PMID- 26957818
TI  - What's new in emergencies, trauma and shock? The tortuous path in the management
      of necrotizing fasciitis: Is early surgical intervention critical?

PMID- 26957819
TI  - Abdominal injuries in communal crises: The Jos experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abdominal injuries contribute significantly to battlefield trauma
      morbidity and mortality. This study sought to determine the incidence,
      demographics, clinical features, spectrum, severity, management, and outcome of
      abdominal trauma during a civilian conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective
      analysis of patients treated for abdominal trauma during the Jos civil crises
      between December 2010 and May 2012 at the Jos University Teaching Hospital.
      RESULTS: A total of 109 victims of communal conflicts with abdominal injuries
      were managed during the study period with 89 (81.7%) males and 20 (18.3%) females
      representing about 12.2% of the total 897 combat related injuries. The peak age
      incidence was between 21 and 40 years (range: 3-71 years). The most frequently
      injured intra-abdominal organs were the small intestine 69 (63.3%), colon 48
      (44%), and liver 41 (37.6%). Forty-four (40.4%) patients had extra-abdominal
      injuries involving the chest in 17 (15.6%), musculoskeletal 12 (11%), and the
      head in 9 (8.3%). The most prevalent weapon injuries were gunshot 76 (69.7%),
      explosives 12 (11%), stab injuries 11 (10.1%), and blunt abdominal trauma 10
      (9.2%). The injury severity score varied from 8 to 52 (mean: 20.8) with a
      fatality rate of 11 (10.1%) and morbidity rate of 29 (26.6%). Presence of
      irreversible shock, 3 or more injured intra-abdominal organs, severe head
      injuries, and delayed presentation were the main factors associated with
      mortality. CONCLUSION: Abdominal trauma is major life-threatening injuries during
      conflicts. Substantial mortality occurred with loss of nearly one in every 10
      hospitalized victims despite aggressive emergency room resuscitation. The
      resources expenditure, propensity for death and expediency of timing reinforce
      the need for early access to the wounded in a concerted trauma care systems.

PMID- 26957820
TI  - Does community emergency care initiative improve the knowledge and skill of
      healthcare workers and laypersons in basic emergency care in India?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to lack of training in emergency care, basic emergency care in
      India is still in its infancy. We designed All India Institute of Medical
      Sciences basic emergency care course (AIIMS BECC) to address the issue. AIM: To
      improve the knowledge and skill of healthcare workers and laypersons in basic
      emergency care and to identify impact of the course. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Prospective study conducted over a period of 4 years. The target groups were
      medical and nonmedical personnel. Provider AIIMS BECC is of 1 day duration
      including lectures on cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, choking, and special
      scenarios. Course was disseminated via lectures, audio-visual aids, and mannequin
      training. For analysis, the participants were categorized on the basis of their
      education and profession. A pre- and a post-course evaluation were done and
      individual scores were given out of 20 and compared among all the groups and P
      value was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 1283 subjects were trained. 99.81%
      became providers and 2.0% were trained as instructors. There was a significant
      improvement in knowledge among all the participants irrespective of their
      education level including medicos/nonmedicos. However, participants who had
      higher education (graduates and postgraduates) and/or belonged to medical field
      had better knowledge gain as compared to those who had low level of education
      (<=12(th) standard) and were nonmedicos. CONCLUSION: BECC is an excellent
      community initiative to improve knowledge and skill of healthcare and laypersons
      in providing basic emergency care.

PMID- 26957821
TI  - Cross-border firing and injury patterns.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cross-border firing are increasingly being common in the modern
      era. The injuries resulting from these low intensity conflicts are a source of
      anxiety among treating physicians and their respective governments. The
      provisions are required to minimise the suffering of the victims viz. Mode of
      injuries, mortality patterns, adequacy of treatment at pre-hospital and tertiary
      care hospital and provisions to decrease morbidity and mortality for the people
      living in these areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted
      in GMCH, Jammu who suffered injuries due to cross border firing in the month of
      October, 2014. 68 patients were reported in the causality wing. All the patients
      were referred from level 2 trauma centre. There were 51 males and 17 females out
      of which 5 were children. The cause of injury, involvement of organ system, cause
      of mortality and morbidity and loopholes in prehospital management were
      identified. RESULTS: Sharpnel were the most common cause of injury followed by
      indirect trauma. The common cause of mortality was abdominal and thoracic
      injuries. There were 4 deaths at hospital 2 of which were brought dead and 2 died
      during the course of treatment. There were twenty patients with extremity
      injuries, fourteen with chest trauma, eleven with abdomen including parineal
      injuries, three with head injuries, eight with ENT injuries, three with eye
      injuries and nine with splinters in the back out of which two were in the spinal
      canal. CONCLUSION: Prehospital stabilisation, early transport, in-transit
      resuscitation, immediate surgery if required and implementation of triage model
      and ATLS protocol has been the key to reduce mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 26957822
TI  - Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with
      necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis and emergent surgical debridement of necrotizing soft
      tissue infections (NSTIs) remains the cornerstone of care. We aimed to study the
      effect of early surgery on patients' outcomes and, in particular, on hospital
      length of stay (LOS) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) LOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Over a 6-year period (January 2003 through December 2008), we analyzed the
      records of patients with NSTIs. We divided patients into two groups based on the
      time of surgery (i.e., the interval from being diagnosed and surgical
      intervention): Early (<6 h) and late (>=6 h) intervention groups. For these two
      groups, we compared baseline demographic characteristics, symptoms, and outcomes.
      For our statistical analysis, we used the Student's t-test and Pearson Chi-square
      (chi(2)) test. To evaluate the clinical predictors of early diagnosis of NSTIs,
      we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In the study
      population (n = 87; 62% males and 38% females), age, gender, wound locations, and
      comorbidities were comparable in the two groups. Except for higher proportion of
      crepitus, the clinical presentations showed no significant differences between
      the two groups. There were significantly shorter hospital LOS and ICU LOS in the
      early than late intervention group. The overall mortality rate in our study
      patients with NSTIs was 12.5%, but early intervention group had a mortality of
      7.5%, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      show that early surgery, within the first 6 h after being diagnosed, improves in
      hospital outcomes in patients with NSTIs.

PMID- 26957823
TI  - Tweeting the meeting: A comparative analysis of an Australian emergency medicine
      conference over four years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Social media allows user-generated content and dialog between users
      and has also entered into the domain of healthcare. The purpose of this study was
      to compare the use of Twitter at the Australasian College of Emergency Medicine
      Annual Scientific Meeting (ACEM ASM) from 2011 to 2014 and analyze its ability to
      spread emergency medicine education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospectively,
      TweetReach was utilized to analyze relevant tweets. Each Annual Scientific
      Meeting (ASM) had an associated Twitter account/s from, which data were
      collected. Duplicate tweets were excluded from the analysis. Information on the
      number of total tweets (regular tweets, retweets, and replies) and contributors
      was gathered. The potential audience, the reach, was calculated. RESULTS: From
      2011 to 2014 the number of tweets rose from 460 to 4694, a 920% increase. Only 54
      Twitter users contributed to the 2011 ASM. This rose to 252 (2012), 291 (2013)
      and 572 (2014). The average number of tweets per contributor ranged from 8.2 to
      10.9. The reach, the potential number of Twitter users exposed to posts, rose >30
      times from 2011 (15,502 users) to 2014 (471,166). CONCLUSION: The use of Twitter
      at the ACEM ASM rose significantly from 2011 to 2014. It is a highly useful tool
      for the dissemination of emergency medicine education. Twitter has been harnessed
      by the ASM to enhance the conference experience by further generating interaction
      between delegates as well as those worldwide.

PMID- 26957824
TI  - Laparotomy for blunt abdominal trauma-some uncommon indications.
AB  - Trauma laparotomy after blunt abdominal trauma is conventionally indicated for
      patients with features of hemodynamic instability and peritonitis to achieve
      control of hemorrhage and control of spillage. In addition, surgery is clearly
      indicated for the repair of posttraumatic diaphragmatic injury with herniation.
      Some other indications for laparotomy have been presented and discussed. Five
      patients with blunt abdominal injury who underwent laparotomy for nonroutine
      indications have been presented. These patients were hemodynamically stable and
      had no overt signs of peritonitis. Three patients had solid organ (spleen,
      kidney) infarction due to posttraumatic occlusion of the blood supply. One
      patient had mesenteric tear with internal herniation of bowel loops causing
      intestinal obstruction. One patient underwent surgery for traumatic abdominal
      wall hernia. In addition to standard indications for surgery in blunt abdominal
      trauma, laparotomy may be needed for vascular thrombosis of end arteries
      supplying solid organs, internal or external herniation through a mesenteric tear
      or anterior abdominal wall musculature, respectively. 

PMID- 26957825
TI  - Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in closed head trauma: A call to look beyond
      fractures and hematomas!

PMID- 26957826
TI  - Successful resuscitation after splenic artery aneurysm rupture.

PMID- 26957827
TI  - Luxatio erecta humeri in the swimmer's shoulder: A combination of ligamentous
      laxity and motion dyskinesis.

PMID- 26957828
TI  - Fulminant pneumatosis coli: A rare presentation of hollow viscus injury after
      blunt abdominal trauma.

PMID- 26957829
TI  - Left ventricular thrombus diagnosed by point-of-care ultrasonography.

PMID- 26957830
TI  - Clinical profile of patients with traumatic cervical spine injury in the
      emergency department of a tertiary care hospital.

PMID- 26957831
TI  - A fatal anal impalement.

PMID- 26957832
TI  - Fatal vascular air embolism during fluid resuscitation as a complication of
      pressure infuser bag.

PMID- 26957833
TI  - Update on Clinical Trials in Retinal Diseases.

PMID- 26957834
TI  - Updates on the Clinical Trials in Diabetic Macular Edema.
AB  - In this era of evidence-based medicine, significant progress has been made in the
      field of pharmacotherapeutics for the management of diabetic macular edema (DME).
      A. number of landmark clinical trials have provided strong evidence of the safety
      and efficacy of agents such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factors for the
      treatment of DME. Decades of clinical research, ranging from the early treatment
      of diabetic retinopathy study to the present-day randomized clinical trials
      (RCTs) testing novel agents, have shifted the goal of therapy from preventing
      vision loss to ensuring a maximum visual gain. Systematic study designs have
      provided robust data with an attempt to optimize the treatment regimens including
      the choice of the agent and timing of therapy. However, due to a number of
      challenges in the management of DME with approved agents, further studies are
      needed. For the purpose of this review, an extensive database search in English
      language was performed to identify prospective, RCTs testing pharmacological
      agents for DME. In order to acquaint the reader with the most relevant data from
      these clinical trials, this review focuses on pharmacological agents that are
      currently approved or have widespread applications in the management of DME. An
      update on clinical trials presently underway for DME has also been provided. 

PMID- 26957835
TI  - Update on Clinical Trials in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration.
AB  - This review article summarizes the most recent clinical trials for dry age
      related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of vision loss in the
      elderly in developed countries. A literature search through websites
      https://www.pubmed.org and https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/, both accessed no
      later than November 04, 2015, was performed. We identified three Phase III
      clinical trials that were completed over the recent 5 years Age-Related Eye
      Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), implantable miniature telescope and tandospirone, and
      several other trials targeting a variety of mechanisms including, oxidative
      stress, complement inhibition, visual cycle inhibition, retinal and choroidal
      blood flow, stem cells, gene therapy, and visual rehabilitation. To date, none of
      the biologically oriented therapies have resulted in improved vision. Vision
      improvement was reported with an implantable mini telescope. Stem cells therapy
      holds a potential for vision improvement. The AREDS2 formulas did not add any
      further reduced risk of progression to advanced AMD, compared to the original
      AREDS formula. Several recently discovered pathogenetic mechanisms in dry AMD
      have enabled development of new treatment strategies, and several of these have
      been tested in recent clinical trials and are currently being tested in ongoing
      trials. The rapid development and understanding of pathogenesis holds promise for
      the future.

PMID- 26957836
TI  - Management of Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Review on Landmark
      Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - In the last decade, a number of prospective clinical trials with carefully
      designed study protocols have been conducted for the treatment of neovascular age
      related macular degeneration (AMD). These landmark clinical trials such as ANCHOR
      and MARINA and, more recently, the Comparison of AMD Treatment Trials and VIEW
      studies have revolutionized the management of neovascular AMD. While AMD
      continues to remain a leading cause of severe visual loss worldwide, advances in
      pharmacotherapeutics have led to substantial improvements in the outcome of these
      patients. The introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents has
      resulted in improvement of visual outcomes and has had a positive impact on the
      quality of life among elderly population. While the contemporary management of
      neovascular AMD has been successful in tremendously reducing the visual
      morbidity, the financial burden of therapy has increased exponentially. To
      overcome these challenges, newer pharmacologic agents are evaluated for their
      efficacy and safety in AMD. Ground-breaking advances in bench to bedside research
      have led to discovery of new pathways that appear to be viable targets for
      preventing visual loss in AMD. In this review, study designs and results of
      landmark clinical trials in AMD from the past decade have been summarized. 

PMID- 26957837
TI  - Clinical Trials in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion.
AB  - Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the second most common retinal vascular
      disorder. The management of macular edema has changed considerably over time. The
      laser is considered the gold standard treatment for over two decades. However,
      visual recovery with laser is usually slow and incomplete. The advent of
      intravitreal agents, specifically anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)
      have heralded a new era which promises rapid recovery of vision and quality of
      vision. Randomized clinical trials have reported optimal results with anti-VEGF
      agents (ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept) compared to laser therapy or
      steroids. However, nearly 50% of the patients require repeat intravitreal anti
      VEGF therapy up to 4 years after initiating therapy to sustain the visual gains.
      The adverse events (systemic and ocular) of these agents are minimal. Monotherapy
      with anti-VEGF agents have been found to provide better results than any
      combination with laser. This review article summarizes evidence from randomized
      controlled trials evaluating treatment options for the treatment of macular edema
      secondary to BRVO with a special focus on anti-VEGF therapy. 

PMID- 26957838
TI  - Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Review of Current Evidence-based Treatment
      Options.
AB  - A central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) can induce an ischemic and hypoxic state
      with resulting sequelae of macular edema and neovascularization. Many treatment
      options have been studied. Our review aims to investigate the safety and efficacy
      of the multiple treatment options of CRVO. A PubMed and Cochrane literature
      search was performed. Well-controlled randomized clinical trials that
      demonstrated strong level 1 evidence-based on the rating scale developed by the
      British Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine were included. Seven clinical trials
      met inclusion criteria to be included in this review. These included studies that
      investigated the safety and efficacy of retinal photocoagulation (1 study),
      intravitreal steroid treatment (2 studies), and antivascular endothelial growth
      factor treatment (4 studies) for the treatment of CRVO. In addition, studies
      evaluating surgical treatment options for CRVO were also included. Many treatment
      modalities have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of
      CRVO. These treatment options offer therapeutic benefits for patients and
      clinically superior visual acuity and perhaps the quality of life after suffering
      from a CRVO.

PMID- 26957839
TI  - Clinical Trials in Retinal Dystrophies.
AB  - Research development is burgeoning for genetic and cellular therapy for retinal
      dystrophies. These dystrophies are the focus of many research efforts due to the
      unique biology and accessibility of the eye, the transformative advances in
      ocular imaging technology that allows for in vivo monitoring, and the potential
      benefit people would gain from success in the field - the gift of renewed sight.
      Progress in the field has revealed the immense complexity of retinal dystrophies
      and the challenges faced by researchers in the development of this technology.
      This study reviews the current trials and advancements in genetic and cellular
      therapy in the treatment of retinal dystrophies and also discusses the current
      and potential future challenges. 

PMID- 26957840
TI  - Incidence of Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth
      Factor: Experience in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the incidence of endophthalmitis, the clinical and
      microbiological aspects, after intravitreal (IVT) injection of anti-vascular
      endothelial growth factor. METHODS: A chart review was performed of patients
      diagnosed with endophthalmitis after receiving IVT injections of bevacizumab
      (Avastin) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) presenting to King Khaled Eye Specialist
      Hospital (KKESH) from May 2006 to December 2012. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed
      clinically as an intraocular infection with vitreous involvement that required
      treatment with IVT antibiotics or had undergone pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) to
      remove the suspected microorganism. Main outcome measures were the incidence of
      endophthalmitis and the clinical and microbiological features. RESULTS: Seven
      cases of endophthalmitis were identified, there was 1 (0.004%) case of
      endophthalmitis of 22674 IVT injections performed at KKESH. All cases were after
      IVT bevacizumab. Three (42.85%) cases were culture-positive and caused by
      Staphylococcus epidermidis. The initial management was vitreous tap and IVT
      injection of antibiotics followed by PPV in 6 (85.7%) cases. One (14.3%) case
      underwent evisceration. Visual acuity improved at last visit in only 2 (28.6%)
      cases. The rate of endophthalmitis was 0.0004% for bevacizumab. CONCLUSIONS: The
      rate of endophthalmitis after IVT bevacizumab and ranibizumab was very low. We
      recommend following a standardized injection protocol, adherence to sterile
      techniques, and proper patient follow-up are determinant factors for low
      incidence rates. In addition, endophthalmitis after IVT bevacizumab and
      ranibizumab have poor visual outcomes despite prompt treatment.

PMID- 26957841
TI  - Incidence of Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Bevacizumab using Aliquots
      Prepared On-site in 2 Operating Rooms in Kuwait.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection
      of bevacizumab and the outcomes of treatment of endophthalmitis at two centers in
      Kuwait. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The aliquots of bevacizumab were prepared under
      aseptic precautions and administered in the operating theater on the same day at
      both centers. All patients received antibiotic drops after injection of
      bevacizumab. Data were collected on the number of cases that received
      intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and those that developed endophthalmitis were
      identified at the two centers. All cases of endophthalmitis received an
      intravitreal antibiotic injection and additional treatments as warranted. Data
      were collected on the outcomes of endophthalmitis treatment. RESULTS: There were
      5 cases of endophthalmitis among a total of 5429 injections (0.09%: Confidence
      interval: 0.084-0.1). The incidence was 3 cases among 4690 (0.06%) and 2 cases
      among 739 injections (0.027%) at each center, respectively (P = 0.08). Four cases
      of endophthalmitis were culture-positive and organisms isolated were, coagulase
      negative Staphylococcus in 2 cases, Staphylococcus lugdunensis and Streptococcus
      pneumoniae in 1 case each. The final visual acuity was better than pre-IVB in 3
      cases, same as pre-IVB in 1 case and worse in 1 case with streptococcal
      infection. No eyes developed phthisis bulbi or required enucleation. CONCLUSIONS:
      The incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab
      using aliquots prepared in the operating room is comparable to other studies.
      There were no clusters of endophthalmitis cases.

PMID- 26957842
TI  - Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Barriers for Eye Care among Diabetic
      Persons Registered at Employee Health Department of a Tertiary Eye Hospital of
      Central Saudi Arabia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to diabetic
      retinopathy (DR) screening among diabetic healthcare staff at a tertiary eye
      hospital in central Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This was a descriptive survey using a
      closed-ended questionnaire. A. 5-grade. Likert scale was used for responses to
      each question. Data were collected on patient demographics and the status of
      diabetes. Survey responses related to knowledge, attitude, and barriers were
      grouped. RESULTS: The study sample was comprised of 45 diabetics employed at the
      hospital. The mean age was 49 +/- 11 years and 33 diabetics were males. One-third
      of the study population was referred to the eye clinic for DR screening. DR
      screening was performed in 25% of diabetics over the previous year. Twenty-nine
      (64%; 95% confidence intervals: 50-78) participants had excellent knowledge of
      eyecare for diabetic complications. Thirteen percent of participants had a
      positive attitude toward periodic eye checkups. Travel distance to an eyecare
      unit, no referral from family physicians for annual eye checkups and the lack of
      availability of gender-specific eyecare professionals were the main perceived
      barriers. CONCLUSION: Annual DR screening needs to be promoted to primary
      healthcare providers and diabetic patients. Barriers should be addressed to
      improve the uptake of DR screening.

PMID- 26957843
TI  - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphism is not Associated with
      Diabetic Retinopathy in Egyptian Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was implicated as a major
      contributor to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study
      investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms of A allele of rs699947 or G
      allele of rs10434 in the VEGF gene were associated with DR in Egyptian patients
      with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: This is a case-controlled study
      which was performed at Cairo University Hospital in 2012 on Egyptian patients
      with type 2 DM with and without DR. Healthy adults without diabetes comprised the
      comparison group. Patients underwent an ophthalmological examination and fundus
      photography. Genotyping was performed for the A allele of rs699947 and the G
      allele of rs10434 polymorphisms using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
      RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were enrolled in this study and divided into
      three groups: Group A included 46 patients with type 2 DM and DR; Group B
      included 41 patients with type 2 DM without DR; and Group C included 41 healthy
      controls. There was no significant association between rs699947 or rs10434 and
      any of the three groups (P = 0.5, P = 0.7, respectively). Allelic frequency in
      the three groups was not statistically significant for rs699947 or rs10434 (P =
      0.6, P = 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSION: Rs699947 or rs10434 polymorphism was not
      associated with the presence of DR in Egyptian patients. Further studies are
      required before genetic testing for polymorphism can be used clinically to
      correlate with DR.

PMID- 26957844
TI  - Cross-Sectional Analysis of Neurocognitive Function, Retinopathy, and Retinal
      Thinning by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Sickle Cell Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose was to examine the relationship between neurocognitive
      function and two distinct forms of retinopathy in sickle cell disease. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Patients with sickle cell disease (n = 44, age range: 19-56 years,
      70% female) were prospectively recruited for this cross-sectional study.
      Retinopathy was characterized by: (1) Presence of focal retinal thinning on
      spectral domain optical coherence tomography and (2) determination of the sickle
      retinopathy stage on funduscopic exam based on Goldberg classification.
      Neurocognitive function was assessed using the Philadelphia Brief Assessment of
      Cognition (PBAC), a validated test of cognition. Univariate and multivariate
      analyses for PBAC score outcomes were performed. Retinal thinning and retinopathy
      stage were primary variables of interest and age, gender, genotype, education,
      and history of stroke were covariates. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed
      associations with total PBAC score and age (P = 0.049), history of stroke (P =
      0.04), and genotype (P < 0.001). Focal retinal thinning and Goldberg retinopathy
      stage were not associated with each other in this sample. Neither the presence of
      focal retinal thinning nor degree of retinopathy was associated with total PBAC
      score in univariate or multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We find an association
      between lower cognitive function and older age, history of stroke and sickle cell
      genotype SS in patients with sickle cell disease. Our data do not provide
      evidence to support an association between cognitive function and retinopathy in
      sickle cell patients.

PMID- 26957845
TI  - Retinal Vessel Caliber, Choroidal Thickness and Ocular Pulse Amplitude
      Measurements in Essential Thrombocythemia.
AB  - PURPOSE: The choroid and retina receive most of the blood that enter to the eye,
      and this uptake may be affected by essential thrombocythemia (ET) in which
      thrombosis and hemorrhage is common. This study compares choroidal thickness,
      retinal vascular caliber, and ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) measurements between
      patients with ET and healthy adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven patients
      with ET and 37 age-sex-matched healthy adults were recruited in this cross
      sectional and comparative study. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was
      used to measure the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and retinal vascular
      caliber measurements. The Pascal dynamic contour tonometer was used for OPA and
      intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. The independent samples t-test was used
      for comparison of measurements between the groups. Pearson's correlation
      coefficient analysis was used to detect correlations between the variables. A P <
      0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: SFCT, OPA, and IOP measurements were
      not statistically significant differences between the study group and the control
      group (P > 0.05, all comparisons). Blood platelet counts were not associated with
      choroidal thickness, OPA, and IOP (P > 0.05). Retinal arteriolar and venular
      calibers were statistically, significantly thicker in healthy controls when
      compared to the study group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that
      choroidal thickness and pulsatile blood flow are not significantly affected in ET
      and under high blood platelet counts. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers are
      thinner in ET when compared to age-sex matched healthy controls.

PMID- 26957846
TI  - National Burden of Eye Diseases in Iran, 1990-2010; Findings from the Global
      Burden of Diseases Study 2010.
AB  - PURPOSE: The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost due to eye diseases and
      trends in DALYs in Iran has not been previously reported. The object of this
      study is to report the burden of eye diseases in Iran and to compare changes from
      1990 to 2010 based on age and gender. METHODS: Data from the Global Burden of
      Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) are used to report DALYs for cataract,
      refraction/accommodation (functional) disorders, macular degeneration, and
      glaucoma. RESULTS: Cataract, refraction/accommodation (functional) disorders,
      macular degeneration, and glaucoma were the 84(th), 87(th), 138(th), and 151(st)
      causes of DALY in 1990 and the 89(th), 72(nd), 99(th), and 137(th) in 2010,
      respectively. Cataract accounted for 0.085% of national DALY in 1990 and 0.09% in
      2010, refraction/accommodation (functional) disorders accounted for 0.42% in 1990
      and 0.47% in 2010, macular degeneration accounted for 0.017% in 1990 and 0.071%
      in 2010 and glaucoma accounted for 0.0099% in 1990 and 0.025% in 2010. There was
      a steady increase in DALY with age for each eye disease for both genders and
      dichotomized for males and females from 1990 to 2010. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiologic
      transition is reflected in major ophthalmic and blinding diseases in the GBD data
      for Iran. The burden of macular degeneration is rising, followed by glaucoma. The
      burden of presbyopia affected individuals past their middle age. The burden of
      cataract manifested as a slower increase that could be attributable to better
      access to treatment.

PMID- 26957847
TI  - Determinants of Utilization of Eye Care Services in a Rural Adult Population of a
      Developing Country.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the factors that determine the utilization of eye care
      services in a rural community in South-Western Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive
      cross-sectional survey using a multistage sampling technique was conducted. The
      main outcome measure was self-reported previous consultation of an orthodox
      medical facility for eye care. RESULTS: The study sample included 643
      participants. Only 122 (19%) respondents had previously visited orthodox
      facilities in search of eye care and 24% of those with presenting visual acuity
      <6/18 had sought eye care. Characteristics associated with previous utilization
      of eye care services were age of =70 years (odds ratio [OR] >= 1.7, P = 0.02);
      male gender (OR = 1.5, P = 0.04); literacy (OR = 1.7, P = 0.007); and residing
      close to an eye care facility (OR = 2.8, P < 0.001). Blind respondents were three
      times more likely to seek eye care (P < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that
      factors associated with increased likelihood of utilization of eye care services
      included age >= 70 years; literacy; residence close to an eye facility; being
      diabetic or hypertensive; history of ocular symptoms, and blindness. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings suggest that a significant proportion (75%) of adults in the study
      area are not utilizing eye care services and that blindness is an important
      determinant of utilization of eye care services. Health education and awareness
      campaigns about the importance and benefits of seeking eye care early, and the
      provision of community-based eye care programs are essential to boost the uptake
      of eye care services in this community as well as other rural areas of West
      Africa.

PMID- 26957848
TI  - Long-term Outcomes of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation in Refractory Glaucoma at
      Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe long-term outcomes and complications of Ahmed glaucoma valve
      (AGV) implantation in subjects with refractory glaucoma at Farabi Eye Hospital,
      Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study evaluated
      patient records of all subjects with refractory glaucoma who had undergone AGV
      implantation up to January 2013. The main outcome measure was the surgical
      success rate. Complete success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) <22
      mmHg, without anti-glaucoma medications or additional surgery. Qualified success
      was IOP <22 mmHg regardless of number of anti-glaucoma medications. In all cases,
      loss of vision (no light perception) was considered an independent indicator of
      failure. Data were also collected on intraoperative and postoperative
      complications. RESULTS: Twenty-eight eyes were included in the study. With a mean
      follow-up of 48.2 +/- 31.7 months (median: 40.50 months; range: 3-124 months),
      the IOP decreased from a mean preoperative value of 30.8 +/- 5.6 mmHg to 20.0 +/-
      6.4 mmHg at last visit. The number of medications decreased from 3.7 +/- 0.4
      preoperatively to 2.5 +/- 1.1 postoperatively. Cumulative qualified success was
      achieved in 69% of eyes. Mean time to failure according to qualified success
      criteria was 92.3 +/- 9.4 months. Postoperative complications were recorded in 16
      (57.1%) eyes. The most common complication was focal endothelial corneal
      decompensation at the site of tube-cornea touch. CONCLUSION: AGV implantation
      with adjunctive topical anti-glaucoma drops controlled IOP in approximately 70%
      of eyes with refractory glaucoma with a median of 40.5 months of follow-up.
      However, complication rates were higher.

PMID- 26957849
TI  - EX-PRESS(r) Implant Position and Function: Comparative Evaluation with Ultrasound
      Biomicroscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study evaluated the feasibility of anterior segment optical
      coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) for the imaging of
      EX-PRESS((r)) implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This nonrandomized comparative case
      series was performed at the Department of Ophthalmology of the University
      Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. The Ellex Eye Cubed (40 MHz) UBM and the
      Zeiss Visante OCT systems were used. The filtering bleb morphology (BL), aqueous
      outflow (AS), and tube position (TB) were evaluated by two independent observers
      using a quality scale of 1 (worst) to 4 (best). Data were also collected on
      corneal and iris clearance from the tip of the tube (CC and IC, respectively).
      Data from both the devices were statistically analyzed. P < 0.05 was considered
      as statistically significant. RESULTS: Ten eyes of 10 patients (6 males) with EX
      PRESS((r)) implant were examined. TB, AS, and BL scores using UBM were 2.40 +/-
      0.39, 3.45 +/- 0.72, and 2.45 +/- 0.64, respectively. TB, AS, and BL scores for
      OCT were 3.35 +/- 0.41, 1.55 +/- 0.43, and 2.55 +/- 0.55, respectively. AS was
      significantly higher with UBM whereas the opposite was true for TB. Differences
      in BL between OCT and UBM were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Imaging of the EX-PRESS((r)) implant is feasible with both UBM and
      OCT. Both modalities allow visualization of the position of the implant tube in
      relation to the iris or cornea and delineate the internal structure of the
      filtering bleb.

PMID- 26957850
TI  - Comparison of Ocular Monochromatic Higher-order Aberrations in Normal Refractive
      Surgery Candidates of Arab and South Asian Origin.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the ocular monochromatic higher-order aberration. (HOA)
      profile in normal refractive surgery candidates of Arab and South Asian origin.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional, observational, comparative study was performed in
      the cornea department of a specialty hospital. Normal refractive surgery
      candidates with no ocular morbidity except refractive error were recruited.
      Refractive surgery candidates underwent a preoperative evaluation, including
      wavefront aberrometry with the iDesign aberrometer (AMO, Inc., Santa Ana,
      California, United States). The HOA from right eyes were analyzed for HOA signed,
      absolute, and polar Zernike coefficients. RESULTS: Two hundred Arab participants
      (group 1) and 200 participants of South-Asian origin (group 2) comprised the
      study sample. The age and refractive status were comparable between groups. The
      mean of the HOA root mean square (RMS) was 0.36 +/- 17 MU and 0.38 +/- 18 MU for
      Arab and South-Asian eyes, respectively (P < 0.05, rank sum test [RST]). Of the
      22 higher order signed Zernike modes, only Z3 (-3), Z3 (-1),3 (1), Z4 (-4), Z4 (
      2), Z4 (0), Z4 (4), and Z5 (-5) were significantly different from zero (one
      sample t-test, P < 0.002, with a Bonferroni correction of 0.05/22). All the
      signed and absolute Zernike terms were comparable between groups (RST, P > 0.002
      [0.05/22]). The polar coefficients for coma, trefoil, spherical aberration, and
      tetrafoil were comparable between groups (P > 0.05, RST). Combined RMS values of
      third, fourth, fifth, and sixth order also were comparable between groups (P >
      0.05, RST). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative whole eye HOA were similar for refractive
      surgery candidates of Arab and South-Asian origin. The values were comparable to
      historical data for Caucasian eyes and were lower than Asian (Chinese) eyes.
      These findings may aid in refining refractive nomograms for wavefront ablations.

PMID- 26957851
TI  - Accuracy of Corneal Power Measurements for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation
      after Myopic Laser In situ Keratomileusis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of corneal power measurements for intraocular
      lens (IOL) power calculation after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).
      METHODS: The study evaluated 45 eyes with a history of myopic LASIK. Corneal
      power was measured using manual keratometry, automated keratometry, optical
      biometry, and Scheimflug tomography. Different hypothetical IOL power calculation
      formulas were performed for each case. RESULTS: The steepest mean K value was
      measured with manual keratometry (37.48 +/- 2.86 D) followed by automated
      keratometry (37.31 +/- 2.83 D) then optical biometry (37.06 +/- 2.98 D) followed
      by Scheimflug tomography (36.55 +/- 3.08). None of the K values generated by
      Scheimflug tomography were steeper than the measurements from the other 3
      instruments. Using equivalent K reading (EKR) 4 mm with the Double-K SRK/T
      formula, the refractive outcome generated 97.8% of cases within +/- 2 D, 80.0% of
      cases within +/- 1 D, and 42.2% of cases within +/- 0.5 D. The best combination
      of formulas was "Shammas-PL + Double-K SRK/T formula using EKR 4 mm." CONCLUSION:
      Scheimflug tomography imaging using the Holladay EKR 4 mm improved the accuracy
      of IOL power calculation in post-LASIK eyes. The best option is a combination of
      formulas. We recommended the use the combined "Shammas-PL +/- Double-K SRK/T
      formula using EKR 4 mm"h for optical outcomes.

PMID- 26957852
TI  - Corneal Biomechanical and Anterior Chamber Parameters Variations after 1-year of
      Transepithelial Corneal Collagen Cross-linking in Eyes of Children with
      Keratoconus.
AB  - AIM: To assess the changes in corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance
      factor (CRF) 1-year following transepithelial corneal collagen cross-linking
      (CXL) treatment in eyes of children with keratoconus. METHODS: This case series
      was conducted in 22 eyes of 22 children. Children aged < 18 years with
      progressive keratoconus were included. They were treated with transepithelial
      CXL. Corneal biomechanical and anterior chamber parameters such as CH, CRF, and
      peak 1 were noted using ocular response analyzer, Pentacam, intraocular lens
      master, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography before and 1, 3, 6, and
      12 months after treatment. RESULTS: Our series had 22 eyes of 22 children with a
      mean age 15.7 +/- 2.1 years. The CH and CRF 1-year after treatment declined
      (difference of mean 0.1 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.24), P = 0.2]
      and (difference of mean 0.1 mmHg [95% CI 0.04-0.30], P = 0.3), respectively. Peak
      1 and peak 2 increased (difference of mean 0.1 mmHg [95% CI 0.006-0.008], P =
      0.2) and (difference of mean 0.1 mmHg [95% CI 0.007-0.006], P = 0.3),
      respectively. The uncorrected distance visual acuity improved from 0.95 +/- 0.34
      logMAR to 0.68 +/- 0.45 logMAR (P < 0.05). No statistically significant changes
      during 12 months follow-up were observed in axial length, corneal volume,
      anterior chamber volume, and anterior chamber depth (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Transepithelial CXL in keratoconus in pediatric age group seems to have good
      stability in corneal biomechanical parameters after 1-year. Further studies with
      a larger sample and better study design are recommended to confirm our findings.

PMID- 26957853
TI  - Tacrolimus Ointment for Treatment of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for the
      treatment of refractory vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      This prospective, nonrandomized case series enrolled 20 patients (40 eyes) with
      severe VKC, who were treated with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. The mean age of the
      patients was 18.25 +/- 4.2 years (range, 9-31 years). Each patient completed a
      follow-up period of at least 24 months. The main outcome measure was the clinical
      response to treatment. RESULTS: Significant improvements in clinical signs and
      symptoms were achieved in all patients 6 weeks after starting treatment with
      topical tacrolimus. Treatment was gradually reduced, with increasing intervals
      between applications. VKC recurred in all patients who attempted to discontinue
      treatment. No additional medications were required and no significant changes in
      visual acuity or refraction were documented. Five patients discontinued treatment
      due to a severe burning sensation and were excluded from the study. CONCLUSIONS:
      Tacrolimus, 0.1% ointment, is a safe and effective treatment for VKC refractory
      to standard treatment and may be used as a substitute for steroid treatments used
      to controlled disease activity. However, adverse effects could cause poor patient
      compliance.

PMID- 26957854
TI  - Novel Mutations in Two Saudi Patients with Congenital Retinal Dystrophy.
AB  - To report novel mutations in two Saudi children with clinical features of Leber
      congenital amaurosis (LCA) and Alstrom syndrome. CASE REPORTS: Case 1 was a child
      with phenotypic features of LCA including oculodigital sign, bilateral
      enophthalmos, nystagmus, pale disc, and retinal changes. Direct sequencing of the
      coding sequence of GUCY2D revealed a missense mutation affecting highly conserved
      position (c. 743C > T; p.S248 L). Case 2 describes a girl with marked nystagmus,
      photophobia, and retinal changes in both eyes with short and stubby fingers
      tapering at the distal phalanges. The electroretinograms were nonrecordable in
      each eye. She had a hearing aid in the left ear, mid-facial hypoplasia, bilateral
      enophthalmos, and insulin dependent diabetes. Mutation screening of candidates
      genes revealed a pathogenic mutation in ALMS1 gene (c. 8441C > A, p.S2814). Two
      novel mutations causing phenotypic LCA and Alstrom syndrome in Saudi patients
      from consanguineous families expand the genotypic spectrum of congenital retinal
      dystrophies.

PMID- 26957855
TI  - Cobbler's Technique for Iridodialysis Repair.
AB  - We describe a novel "Cobbler's technique" for iridodialysis repair in the right
      eye of a patient aged 18 years, with a traumatic iridodialysis secondary to open
      globe injury with an iron rod. Our technique is simple with easy surgical
      maneuvers, that is, effective for repairing iridodialysis. The "Cobbler's
      technique" allows a maximally functional and cosmetic result for iridodialysis.

PMID- 26957856
TI  - Barriers to Cataract Surgery in Africa: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Cataract remains the leading cause of blindness in Africa. We performed a
      systematic literature search of articles reporting barriers to cataract surgery
      in Africa. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched with the terms
      "barriers, cataract, Africa, cataract surgery, cataract surgical coverage (CSC),
      and rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB)." The review covered from 1999
      to 2014. In RAAB studies, barriers related to awareness and access were more
      commonly reported than acceptance. Other type of studies reported cost as the
      most common barrier. Some qualitative studies tended to report community and
      family dynamics as barriers to cataract surgery. CSC was lower in females in
      88.2% of the studies. The variability in outcomes of studies of barriers to
      cataract surgery could be due to context and the type of data collection. It is
      likely that qualitative data will provide a deeper understanding of the complex
      social, family, community, financial and gender issues relating to barriers to
      uptake of cataract surgery in Africa. 

PMID- 26957857
TI  - Atypical Presentation of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Case Report of Exudative Retinal
      Detachment and Choroidal Ischemia.
AB  - A 24-year-old healthy male presented with a chief complaint of blurred vision in
      the right eye for 1-week. Fundus examination indicated right exudative retinal
      detachment and choroidal ischemia. The patient responded well to anti
      toxoplasmosis medications and steroids. Exudative retinal detachment and
      choroidal ischemia are atypical presentations of ocular toxoplasmosis. However,
      both conditions responded well to anti.parasitic therapy with steroid. 

PMID- 26957858
TI  - Ocular Leishmaniasis Treated by Intralesional Amphotericin B.
AB  - Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases with varied clinical manifestations. Ocular
      involvement is an unusual presentation of leishmaniasis, and the eyelid is not a
      common site of cutaneous lesions, likely due to the mobility of the lids. Some
      case reports of conjunctival involvement are either a contiguous dissemination
      from lid margin or in the setting of disseminated leishmaniasis in an
      immunocompromised host. To our knowledge, isolated involvement of the bulbar
      conjunctiva has not been reported. We present the first case in the literature of
      a patient with an erythematous fibrovascular lesion in the interpalpebral zone
      that was clinically diagnosed as pterygium, but recurred at the site of surgical
      excision. After histopathologic diagnosis, the lesion was treated with
      intralesional injection of amphotericin B and improved completely within a few
      weeks. An accurate diagnosis of leishmaniasis in the eye may be challenging in
      many clinical settings. To our knowledge, an isolated pterygium.like lesion has
      not been reported in literature. In addition, intralesional injection of
      amphotericin B is a novel treatment method in this setting. 

PMID- 26957859
TI  - Acute Corneal Hydrops 3 Years after Intra-corneal Ring Segments and Corneal
      Collagen Cross-linking.
AB  - This case report describes a 15-year-old male with allergic conjunctivitis and
      keratoconus, who underwent uneventful intra-corneal ring segment (ICRS)
      implantation and corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in the right eye. During
      the follow-up periods, the patient was noted to have several episodes of allergic
      conjunctivitis that were treated accordingly. At the 2 years postoperatively, he
      presented with another episode of allergic conjunctivitis and progression of
      keratoconus was suspected on topography. However, the patient was lost to follow
      up, until he presented with acute hydrops at 3 years postoperatively. There are
      no reported cases of acute corneal hydrops in cross-linked corneas. We suspect
      the young age, allergic conjunctivitis and eye rubbing may be a risk factors
      associated with possible progression of keratoconus after CXL. Prolonged follow
      up and aggressive control of the allergy might be necessary in similar cases. 

PMID- 26957860
TI  - A Rare Case of Puberty Onset Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria with
      Ophthalmological Manifestations.
AB  - A 27-year-old male patient was presented with foreign body sensation in both the
      eyes for 2 years duration and blisters followed by scarring and pigmentation in
      the photo-exposed areas of the body over the previous 12 years. His urine was
      reddish colored for the previous year. On examination, there was scarring, hyper
      pigmentation of photo-exposed parts of the body along with resorption of the
      distal phalanges of fingers in both hands except the smallest digit which had
      onycholysis. Ocular examination indicated scleral necrosis in the interpalpebral
      areas in both eyes and bilateral dry eye. Hematological examination indicated a
      picture suggestive of hemolytic anemia. Abdominal ultrasonography indicated an
      enlarged spleen. These clinical features are suggestive of puberty onset
      congenital erythropoietic porphyria with ophthalmological manifestations. 

PMID- 26957861
TI  - Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.

PMID- 26957862
TI  - Current status of pyrazole and its biological activities.
AB  - Pyrazole are potent medicinal scaffolds and exhibit a full spectrum of biological
      activities. This review throws light on the detailed synthetic approaches which
      have been applied for the synthesis of pyrazole. This has been followed by an in
      depth analysis of the pyrazole with respect to their medical significance. This
      follow-up may help the medicinal chemists to generate new leads possessing
      pyrazole nucleus with high efficacy. 

PMID- 26957863
TI  - Laboratory approach for diagnosis of toluene-based inhalant abuse in a clinical
      setting.
AB  - The steady increase of inhalant abuse is a great challenge for analytical
      toxicologists. This review describes an overview of inhalant abuse including the
      extent of the problem, types of products abused, modes of administration,
      pharmacology and effects of inhalants, the role of laboratory, interpretation of
      laboratory results and clinical considerations. Regular laboratory screening for
      inhalant abuse as well as other substance abuse and health risk behaviors must be
      a part of standard clinical care. 

PMID- 26957864
TI  - Statins and its hepatic effects: Newer data, implications, and changing
      recommendations.
AB  - Hepatic adverse effects are one of the most commonly known adverse effects
      reported with statins. Frequently, fear of serious hepatic effects contributes to
      underutilization of statins as well as unnecessary discontinuation of its use
      among those indicated. There are changing data on the occurrence of these
      negative hepatic effects, recommendations on their actual risk, monitoring
      required, and safety of use in those with preexisting hepatic disorders. Based on
      reviewed literature, statins appear to be associated with a very low risk of true
      and serious liver injury. Unprecedented fears regarding hepatic adverse effects
      of statins among prescribers and patients can deny patients of the significant
      benefits of these agents. Routine periodic monitoring of liver function does not
      appear to detect or prevent serious liver injury and hence may not be indicated.
      But the potential of statins to cause significant and serious hepatic effects
      should not be overlooked in daily clinical practice. Statin use need not be
      avoided in patients with preexisting liver dysfunction such as nonalcoholic fatty
      liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, compensated cirrhosis, and
      compensated chronic liver disease if its use is clearly indicated. Physician's
      judgment based on the risk and benefit for an individual patient does matter when
      a strategy is chosen regarding the use of statins and monitoring patients while
      on statins. 

PMID- 26957865
TI  - Virulence and antimicrobial resistance of common urinary bacteria from
      asymptomatic students of Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Bayelsa State,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriuria frequently occurs among all ages with the
      possibility of developing into urinary tract infections, and the antimicrobial
      resistance patterns of the etiologic organisms are essential for appropriate
      therapy. Thus, we investigated the virulence and antimicrobial resistance
      patterns of common urinary bacteria in asymptomatic students of Niger Delta
      University, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria in a cross-sectional study.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clean catch mid-stream early morning urine samples
      collected from 200 asymptomatic University students of aged ranges 15-30 years
      were cultured, screened and common bacteria were identified using standard
      microbiological procedures. The isolates were screened for hemolysin production
      and their susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using standard disc assay
      method. RESULTS: A total prevalence rate of 52.0% significant bacteriuria was
      detected and it was significantly higher among the female with a weak association
      (chi (2) = 6.01, phi = 0.173, P = 0.014). The Klebsiella pneumoniae and
      Staphylococcus aureus isolates were most frequently encountered among the
      isolated bacteria and 18 (12.7%) of all the bacterial isolates produced
      hemolysins. All the bacterial isolates exhibited 50-100% resistance to the tested
      beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. The isolated bacteria
      were 85-100% multi-drug resistant. However, most of the isolates were generally
      susceptible to gentamicin and ofloxacin. The phenotypic detection of extended
      spectrum beta-lactamases was 9 (9.6%) among the tested Gram-negative bacterial
      isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The observed high proportions of multidrug resistant
      urinary bacteria among asymptomatic University students call for the need of
      greater control of antibiotic use in this study area.

PMID- 26957866
TI  - Knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward complementary and alternative
      medicines among pharmacy students of a Malaysian Public University.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is
      consistently on the rise worldwide. Consumers often consider pharmacists as a
      major source of information about CAM products and their safety. Due to the
      limitation of data, it is worth exploring the knowledge, perceptions, and
      attitudes of pharmacy students toward CAM. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study
      was to explore the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of pharmacy students
      regarding the use of CAM in Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional
      study was conducted for 3 months among Bachelor of Pharmacy students in a public
      sector University of Malaysia. A pretested, self-administered questionnaire,
      comprised four sections, was used to collect the data from 440 participants.
      Descriptive analysis was used, and Chi-square test was used to test the
      association between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: Of 440
      questionnaire distributed, 287 were returned giving a response rate of (65.2%).
      The results showed that 38.6% participants gave correct answers when asked about
      the use of herbal products with digoxin. Majority of the participants were
      knowledgeable about supplementary therapy (25.3%) while the lack of knowledge was
      mostly evident in traditional Chinese medicines (73.7%). Majority of the students
      were either neutral (49.5%) or disagreed that (42.8%) CAM use is unsafe. Females
      were more in disagreement to the statements than males (P = 0.007). Majority of
      students also agreed to use CAM therapies for their health and well-being
      (51.2%). CONCLUSION: The study revealed that pharmacy students did not have
      adequate knowledge of CAM though their attitudes and perceptions were relatively
      positive.

PMID- 26957867
TI  - Evaluation of anti-malarial drugs' use in Fitche Hospital, North Shoa, Oromia
      Region, Ethiopia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Retrospective evaluation of anti-malarial drugs' use in Fitche
      Hospital, North Shoa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. METHODS: Retrospective cross
      sectional study design was conducted using selected patients cards of 1-year
      (January 2012-January 2013 G.C) with anti-malarial agents from January 18 to 30,
      2013. The sample size was calculated by using Joint Commission on the
      Accreditation of Health care Organization criteria and sampling was done by using
      a systematic random sampling technique. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-five
      patient cards with anti-malarial drugs were reviewed of which 32.8%, 21.6%, 15.2%
      belongs to age range of 20-29, 10-19, and 30-39, respectively. Chloroquine
      prescription accounts for 50.4% from total anti-malarial drugs. 71.2% and 78.4%
      of patients received antibiotics and analgesics, respectively, with anti-malarial
      drugs. 77.6% of drugs were prescribed by generic name while the brand name was
      22.39%. CONCLUSIONS: The study done in Fitche Hospital revealed that the use of
      anti-malarial agent was not in complete agreement with the current guideline of
      Ethiopia despite good practice.

PMID- 26957868
TI  - New fatty acid and acyl glycoside from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus fraternus
      Webster.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (Euphorbiaceae) is used to treat
      dyspepsia, indigestion, jaundice, dysentery, diabetes, influenza, kidney stones,
      urinary tract diseases, vaginitis, and skin eruptions in traditional systems of
      medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanol extract of aerial parts of P.
      fraternus was obtained by soxhlation method. Isolation of compounds was done by
      silica gel column chromatography. Analytical thin layer chromatography was used
      to check the homogeneity of eluted fractions. The structures of isolated
      compounds were established on the basis of spectral studies and chemical
      reactions. RESULTS: Phytochemical investigation of a methanolic extract of the
      aerial parts yielded a new fatty acid characterized as cis-n-octacos-17-enoic
      acid (5) and a new acyl tetraglycoside formulated as n-dodecanoyl-O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(2'->1'')-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(2''->1''')-O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(2'''->1'''')-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7) along with known
      compounds 1-pentacosanol (1), beta-sitosteryl oleate (2), beta-sitosteryl
      linoleate (3), stigmasterol (4) and palmityl glucuronoside (6).

PMID- 26957869
TI  - A study on the interactions of doctors with medical representatives of
      pharmaceutical companies in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of South India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The promotional activities by medical representatives (MRs) of the
      pharmaceutical companies can impact the prescribing pattern of doctors. Hence,
      the interaction between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry is coming under
      increasing scrutiny. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to assess the attitude
      of the doctors toward the interaction with the MRs of the pharmaceutical company.
      The secondary objective was to assess the awareness of the doctors about
      regulations governing their interaction with the pharmaceutical company.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. This study was carried
      out using a pretested questionnaire containing 10 questions between June and
      September 2014. The doctors working in the Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical
      College and Hospital, Perambalur (Tamil Nadu) during the study period was
      included. RESULTS: A total of 100 pretested questionnaires were distributed, and
      81 doctors responded (response rate 81%). 37% doctors responded that they
      interacted with MR once a week whereas 25.9% told that they interact with MRs
      twice a month. About 69.1% doctors think that MR exaggerate the benefits of
      medicines and downplays the risks and contraindications of medicine(P = 0.000).
      61.7% doctors think that MR has an impact on their prescribing (P = 0.000). 63%
      doctors stated that they had received promotional tools such as stationery items,
      drug sample, textbooks or journal reprints from MR in last 12 months (P =
      0.0012). Unfortunately, 70.4% doctors have not read the guidelines about
      interacting with the pharmaceutical industry or its representative (P = 0.000).
      CONCLUSION: Rather than forbidding any connection between doctors and industry,
      it is better to establish ethical guidelines. The Medical Council of India code
      is a step in the right direction, but the majority of doctors in this study have
      not read the guidelines about interacting with the pharmaceutical industry or its
      representative.

PMID- 26957870
TI  - Usage of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with chronic
      kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - AIM: To determine the prevalence and the type of complementary and alternative
      medicine (CAM) use among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on maintenance
      hemodialysis (MHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 200 CKD
      patients who were on MHD. The patients were subjected to a validated interviewer
      administered questionnaire adopted from the National Health Interview Survey
      Adult CAM. The knowledge on CAM and its usage by the patients were assessed based
      on the responses given by the patients. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients, 52 (26%)
      patients were identified to be using CAM therapy. The most commonly used CAM
      modality by these patients was Ayurveda both alone (30.4%) and in combination
      with other CAM modalities (23.2%), followed by acupuncture in 17.3% patients. CAM
      usage was high in the age range of 50-64 years (67%). Of the CAM users, 21% of
      patients were from a rural area; 16.5% of patients were from upper middle class,
      and 24% were on dialysis for 1-4 years. There was a statistically significant
      association between CAM usage and age, gender, place of living, socioeconomic
      status, and duration of dialysis (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present survey
      provides the data on the usage of CAM among dialysis patients and adds to the
      increasing evidence about CAM use. Because many products are at risk to either
      accumulate or cause interactions with medication, a better education on the risks
      and benefits of the CAM therapy by the health care providers to the end stage
      renal disease patients is needed.

PMID- 26957871
TI  - Stress relaxant and antioxidant activities of acid glycoside from Spondias
      mangifera fruit against physically and chemically challenged albino mice.
AB  - AIM: Stress relaxant and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of fruit
      Spondias mangifera (EEFSM) and its isolated compound (Sm-01) were evaluated. The
      structure of Sm-01 was also elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EEFSM at two
      different doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (bw)/day and Sm-01 at dose of 10 mg/kg
      (bw)/day were screened for in vivo stress relaxant activity using anoxia stress
      tolerance, swimming endurance and cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression
      model and in vitro antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
      (DPPH) model. The levels of Hb, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC)
      along with organ and body weights suppressed by cyclophosphamide were estimated.
      The structure of Sm-01 was elucidated by spectroscopy (ultraviolet, infrared,
      (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR],(13) C-NMR and mass spectrometry) and
      chemical analyses. RESULTS: Sm-01 was structurally elucidated as propan-1,2-dioic
      acid-3-carboxyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(6'->1")-beta-D-glucofuranoside. It was
      found that EEFSM and Sm-01 significantly increased the anoxia stress tolerance,
      swimming endurance and duration of stay on rotarod and normalized the levels of
      Hb, RBC, and WBC along with altered organ and body weights suppressed by
      cyclophosphamide. EEFSM and Sm-01 also exhibited significant antioxidant activity
      against DPPH free radical at the concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL with
      obtained IC50 of 0.32 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings
      demonstrated that extract and Sm-01 both possess significant stress relaxant and
      antioxidant activities favoring its use as adaptogens. The activities of the
      extract may be due to the Sm-01.

PMID- 26957872
TI  - A cross-sectional assessment of health-related quality of life among type 2
      diabetic patients in Pakistan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
      profile of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population attending outpatient
      clinics in Sargodha City, Pakistan. METHODS: The study was designed as a cross
      sectional descriptive survey. T2DM patients attending a tertiary care institute
      in Sargodha, Pakistan were targeted for the study. The EuroQol EQ-5D was used for
      the assessment of HRQoL and was scored using values derived from the UK general
      population survey. Descriptive statistics were used for the elaboration of
      sociodemographic characteristics. The Chi-square test was used to depict the
      possible association between study variables and HRQoL. Where significant
      associations were noted, Phi/Cramer's V was used for data interpretation
      accordingly. SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data
      analysis and P < 0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety
      two patients were approached for the study. The cohort was dominated by males (n
      = 222, 56.60%) with 5.58 +/- 4.09 years of history of T2DM. The study highlighted
      poor HRQoL among the study participants (0.471 +/- 0.336). Gender, marital
      status, education, monthly income, occupation, location and duration of the
      disease were reported to be significantly associated with HRQoL (P < 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: T2DM imposes a negative effect on HRQoL of the patients. Attention is
      needed to highlight determinants of HRQoL and to implement policies for better
      management of T2DM, particularly in early treatment phases where improving HRQoL
      is still possible.

PMID- 26957873
TI  - Identification and prevalence of tetracycline resistance in enterococci isolated
      from poultry in Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tetracycline is one of the most frequently used antibiotics in
      Nigeria both for human and animal infections because of its cheapness and ready
      availability. The use of tetracycline in animal husbandry could lead to
      horizontal transfer of tet genes from poultry to human through the gut
      microbiota, especially enterococci. Therefore, this study is designed to identify
      different enterococcal species from poultry feces in selected farms in Ilishan,
      Ogun State, Nigeria, determine the prevalence of tetracycline resistance/genes
      and presence of IS256 in enterococcal strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enterococci
      strains were isolated from 100 fresh chicken fecal samples collected from seven
      local poultry farms in Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria. The strains were identified
      by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Antibiotic susceptibility of the
      isolates to vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin,
      amoxycillin/claulanate, and of loxacin were performed by disc diffusion method.
      Detection of tet, erm, and van genes and IS256 insertion element were done by
      polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS: Sixty enterococci spp. were
      identified comprising of Enterococcus faecalis 33 (55%), Enterococcus
      casseliflavus 21 (35%), and Enterococcus gallinarium 6 (10%). All the isolates
      were resistant to erythromycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (81.67%),
      amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (73.33%), ofloxacin (68.33%), vancomycin (65%), and
      gentamicin (20%). None of the enterococcal spp. harbored the van and erm genes
      while tet(M) was detected among 23% isolates and is distributed mostly among E.
      casseliflavus. IS256 elements were detected only in 33% of E. casseliflavus that
      were also positive for tet(M) gene. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that
      tetracycline resistance gene is present in the studied poultry farms in Ilishan,
      Ogun State, Nigeria and underscores the need for strict regulation on
      tetracycline usage in poultry farming in the studied location and consequently
      Nigeria.

PMID- 26957874
TI  - Effectiveness of posthemodialysis administration of pregabalin (75 mg) in
      treatment resistance uremia pruritus.
AB  - Uremic pruritus (UP) is one of the complications faced by majority of the
      patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Due to complex pathophysiology of
      UP, most of the anti-inflammatory and tropical lubricants often not provide a
      long lasting control over pruritus. Recently the uses of certain anti-epileptics
      are found to demonstrate promising relief to UP. To test the effect of 75 mg
      pregabalin in patients with treatment resistance pruritus. Data was prospectively
      collected from a patient with ESRD and suffering from treatment resistance
      pruritus. Intensity of pruritus was recorded using 5D-itching scale (5D-IS) and
      visual analogue scale (VAS). Pre and post assessment was done for this patient,
      on initial assess the parathyroid hormone level of the patient was 70.5 pg/ml
      with a serum phosphate level of 2.61 mmol/L. Upon initial assess the VAS score
      was 8 and 5D-IS score was twenty. After the duration of four weeks of pregabalin
      75 mg post hemodialysis, 5D-IS score reduced to 8 and VAS score move down to 3.
      Pregabalin 75 mg post hemodialysis was found to reduce the intensity of UP.
      Pregabalin 75 mg post hemodialysis can be another option to treat UP. 

PMID- 26957875
TI  - Personalized medicine: A paradigm shift towards promising health care.

PMID- 26957876
TI  - Biostatistics teaching to the undergraduate medical students through research
      oriented medical education posting program in a Teaching Medical Institute in
      Coastal Area of Pondicherry: An experience of a biostatistician.

PMID- 26957877
TI  - Nanotechnology in medicine: Leads from Ayurveda.

PMID- 26957878
TI  - Understanding and Managing Intravenous Container Overfill.
AB  - Understanding IV container overfill promotes safety. 

PMID- 26957880
TI  - New Medical Devices.

PMID- 26957879
TI  - Confusion From the FDA on Compounding: Agency Tries to Expand List of Useable
      "Bulk Drug Substances".
AB  - Confusion, ire follow FDA interim policy on compounding. 

PMID- 26957881
TI  - Pharmaceutical Approval Update.
AB  - Elbasvir/grazoprevir (Zepatier) for chronic hepatitis C virus; sumatriptin nasal
      powder (Onzetra Xsail) for migraine; eribulin mesylate (Halaven), now for
      liposarcoma; and extended-release amphetamine (Adzenys XR-ODT) for ADHD. 

PMID- 26957882
TI  - Correction.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 64 in vol. 41, PMID: 26766892.]. 

PMID- 26957883
TI  - Naltrexone/Bupropion ER (Contrave): Newly Approved Treatment Option for Chronic
      Weight Management in Obese Adults.
AB  - Naltrexone/bupropion ER (Contrave): newly approved treatment option for chronic
      weight management in obese adults. 

PMID- 26957884
TI  - Formulary Policies a Battleground In HHS Proposal on Nondiscrimination: Are
      Tiering and Cost Sharing Civil Rights Issues?
AB  - The Department of Health and Human Services' proposed rule on Section 1557 of the
      Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act bans discrimination in health care.
      How the rule would affect formularies and P&T committees has prompted varying
      concerns. 

PMID- 26957885
TI  - Value of the Pharmacist in the Medication Reconciliation Process.
AB  - Involving pharmacists in the process of comparing the medications that should be
      ordered for a patient with the new medications that are currently ordered and
      resolving differences improves accuracy, decreases mortality, and improves
      transitions of care. 

PMID- 26957886
TI  - Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia: A Case Report.
AB  - Topical anesthetics, such as benzocaine, have been reported to cause
      methemoglobinemia, in which hemoglobin is unable to release oxygen effectively to
      body tissues. The pathophysiology, symptoms, and treatment of a 46-year-old
      patient are examined. 

PMID- 26957887
TI  - The Checkpoint Immunotherapy Revolution: What Started as a Trickle Has Become a
      Flood, Despite Some Daunting Adverse Effects; New Drugs, Indications, and
      Combinations Continue to Emerge.
AB  - What started as a trickle of new agents that help the body's immune system fight
      cancer has now become a flood, despite some daunting adverse effects. This report
      discusses the new drugs, indications, and combinations that continue to emerge. 

PMID- 26957888
TI  - American Academy of Ophthalmology 2015 Annual Meeting.
AB  - The 119th annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology attracted
      28,000 attendees. The authors review key scientific sessions on endophthalmitis,
      new patient education videos, and ongoing research activities. 

PMID- 26957889
TI  - Midwifery-Led Maternity Care: Back to Basics.
AB  - In this column, the editor of The Journal of Perinatal Education discusses
      Britain's National Health Service's updated evidence-based guidelines stating
      that women with uncomplicated pregnancies are better off in the hands of midwives
      than hospital physicians during birth. The editor also describes the contents of
      this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for
      childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect natural,
      safe, and healthy birth. Women with uncomplicated pregnancies are better off in
      the hands of midwives than hospital physicians during birth. 

PMID- 26957890
TI  - Doula, Sister, Aunt, Storyteller: A Midwife's Retelling of Birth.
AB  - As a midwife, delivering hundreds of babies a year in a busy city hospital, I
      rarely have the opportunity to reconnect with what made me pursue the path of
      midwifery. This is the story of the birth of my niece. 

PMID- 26957892
TI  - Childbirth Education Prior to Pregnancy? Survey Findings of Childbirth
      Preferences and Attitudes Among Young Women.
AB  - The childbirth preferences and attitudes of young women prior to pregnancy (N =
      758) were explored in a cross-sectional survey. Sources of influential childbirth
      information and self-reported childbirth learning needs were described. Young
      women's attitudes about childbirth, including the degree of confidence in coping
      with a vaginal birth, whether birth is considered a natural event, and
      expectations of labor pain were associated with their mode of birth preference.
      Conversations with friends and family were the most influential source of
      childbirth information. Gaps in knowledge about pregnancy and birth were
      identified. An improved understanding of women's preferences and attitudinal
      profiles can inform the structure and content of educational strategies that aim
      to help the next generation of maternity care consumers participate in informed
      decision making. 

PMID- 26957891
TI  - The Broken Thread of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention for Women During the
      Postpartum Period.
AB  - Postpartum maternal health affects maternal functional status, future pregnancy
      outcomes, maternal chronic disease development, and infant health. After
      pregnancy, however, many mothers may find that they face gaps in care related to
      their health and caregiving roles. Research shows that they were unprepared,
      uninformed, and unsupported during the postpartum period as they struggle with
      physical and emotional symptoms, infant caregiving, breastfeeding concerns, and
      lifestyle adjustments. Limited follow-up after a diagnosis of gestational
      hypertension or gestational diabetes and screening for postpartum depression are
      additional gaps in preventive and supportive care. Integrative reviews revealed
      modest efficacy and limitations of recent postpartum health promotion and disease
      prevention interventions. System, clinical, and community strategies are
      identified to address these gaps in women's postpartum health services. 

PMID- 26957893
TI  - Health Professionals' Attitudes and Beliefs About Breastfeeding.
AB  - The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate how health-care providers
      perceived their role in breastfeeding and maternal support. Data was collected
      via interviews of 53 health-care professionals that provided care to
      breastfeeding women. The emerging themes included (a) understanding the benefits
      of breastfeeding: often lacking current knowledge, (b) lacking consistency: gaps
      between knowledge of benefits and actual clinical practice, (c) not knowing how
      to help: lack of assessment and therapeutic skills, and (d) understanding the
      barriers to breastfeeding: how health-care providers can make a difference. Data
      analysis suggests inconsistencies between the health-care provider's perceived
      support and behaviors, lack of knowledge, and significant lack of skill in the
      assessment and management of breastfeeding couples. 

PMID- 26957894
TI  - The Development and Implementation of a Prenatal Education Program for Expectant
      Parents of Multiples.
AB  - Preparing expectant parents of multiples required a unique prenatal education
      program. A thorough explanation of the course layout, curriculum, and content the
      faculty developed for this unique 9-hour program is presented. The unique
      implications for parenting multiples was highlighted throughout the program,
      which included expectations for late pregnancy, preparation for labor and birth,
      assuring infant safety, learning how to provide infant care, identifying sources
      of support, breastfeeding information and support, potential for neonatal
      intensive care, postpartum depression, and providing a multiple parent's personal
      perspective. All classes were interactive and used active learner-based teaching
      strategies. 

PMID- 26957895
TI  - An Integrative Review of Factors Influencing Breastfeeding in Adolescent Mothers.
AB  - The purpose of this integrative review was to describe factors that influence
      breastfeeding behaviors in adolescent mothers. Twenty-two articles met inclusion
      criteria. Findings showed that most adolescent mothers intended to breastfeed
      during pregnancy. Yet, breastfeeding initiation ranged from 39% to 69%. Almost
      half of adolescent mothers stopped within 1 month. Less than 25% continued to
      breastfeeding behaviors to 6 months. Factors that influenced breastfeeding
      decisions in adolescent mothers included social and cultural norms. Personal
      beliefs about being a good mother were important to intention and initiation of
      breastfeeding. Promoting maternal competence was found to be essential to
      breastfeeding initiation and continuation for adolescent mothers. Support from
      partners and professionals also led to positive attitudes toward breastfeeding
      initiation and continuation. 

PMID- 26957896
TI  - Comparison of the Bradley Method and HypnoBirthing Childbirth Education Classes.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast two forms of childbirth
      education: HypnoBirthing (the Mongan Method) and the Bradley Method (husband
      coached natural childbirth). Evidence was obtained using a formal literature
      review, reading published books and workbooks on the two methods, and attending
      classes to document content delivered. Similarities and differences in content
      are reported along with birth outcomes from evaluations of the two methods.
      Tables with this content were formatted so that they can be used by educators and
      providers. 

PMID- 26957897
TI  - Effects of a Workplace Intervention on Parent-Child Relationships.
AB  - This study tested whether effects of a workplace intervention, aimed at promoting
      employees' schedule control and supervisor support for personal and family life,
      had implications for parent-adolescent relationships; we also tested whether
      parent-child relationships differed as a function of how many intervention
      program sessions participants attended. Data came from a group randomized trial
      of a workplace intervention, delivered in the information technology division of
      a Fortune 500 company. Analyses focused on 125 parent-adolescent dyads that
      completed baseline and 12-month follow-up home interviews. Results revealed no
      main effects of the intervention, but children of employees who attended 75% or
      more program sessions reported more time with their parent and more parent
      education involvement compared to adolescents whose parents attended less than
      75% of sessions, and they tended to report more time with parent and more
      parental solicitation of information about their experiences compared to
      adolescents whose parents were randomly assigned to the usual practice condition.

PMID- 26957898
TI  - Next-generation sequencing-based comprehensive molecular analysis of 43 Japanese
      patients with cone and cone-rod dystrophies.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of targeted exome sequencing for mutational
      screening of Japanese patients with cone dystrophy (CD) or cone-rod dystrophy
      (CRD). METHODS: DNA samples from 43 Japanese patients with CD or CRD were
      sequenced using an exome-sequencing panel targeting all 193 known inherited eye
      disease genes and next-generation sequencing methodologies. Subsequently,
      candidate variants were screened using systematic data analyses, and their
      potential pathogenicity was assessed using distinct filtering approaches, which
      included the frequency of the variants in normal populations, in silico
      prediction tools, and cosegregation. RESULTS: Causative mutations were detected
      in 12 patients with CD or CRD (27.9%). In total, 14 distinct mutations were
      identified in the genes ABCA4, CDHR1, CRB1, CRX, GUCY2D, KCNV2, PROM1, PRPH2, and
      RDH5, including four novel mutations, c.3050+1G>A in ABCA4, c.386A>G in CDHR1,
      c.652+1_652+4del in CRB1, and c.454G>A in KCNV2. Moreover, a putative pathogenic
      mutation was identified in RGS9BP, a gene recognized as the source of bradyopsia.
      CONCLUSIONS: Targeted exome sequencing effectively identified causative mutations
      in Japanese patients with CD or CRD. The results confirmed the heterogeneity of
      the genes responsible for CD and CRD in Japanese populations, as well as the
      efficacy of targeted exome sequencing-based screening of patients with inherited
      retinal degeneration.

PMID- 26957899
TI  - Exome sequencing identified null mutations in LOXL3 associated with early-onset
      high myopia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify null mutations in novel genes associated with early-onset
      high myopia using whole exome sequencing. METHODS: Null mutations, including
      homozygous and compound heterozygous truncations, were selected from whole exome
      sequencing data for 298 probands with early-onset high myopia. These data were
      compared with those of 507 probands with other forms of eye diseases. Null
      mutations specific to early-onset high myopia were considered potential
      candidates. Candidate mutations were confirmed with Sanger sequencing and were
      subsequently evaluated in available family members and 480 healthy controls.
      RESULTS: A homozygous frameshift mutation (c.39dup; p.L14Afs*21) and a compound
      heterozygous frameshift mutation (c.39dup; p.L14Afs*21 and c.594delG;
      p.Q199Kfs*35) in LOXL3 were separately identified in two of the 298 probands with
      early-onset high myopia. These mutations were confirmed with Sanger sequencing
      and were not detected in 1,974 alleles of the controls from the same region (507
      individuals with other conditions and 480 healthy control individuals). These two
      probands were singleton cases, and their parents had only heterozygous mutations.
      A homozygous missense mutation in LOXL3 was recently reported in a consanguineous
      family with Stickler syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that null
      mutations in LOXL3 are likely associated with autosomal recessive early-onset
      high myopia. LOXL3 is a potential candidate gene for high myopia, but this
      possibility should be confirmed in additional studies. LOXL3 null mutations in
      human beings are not lethal, providing a phenotype contrary to that in mice.

PMID- 26957900
TI  - A unique lineage gives rise to the meibomian gland.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the lineage that contributes to the morphogenesis of the
      meibomian gland. METHODS: To examine which cell lineage gives rise to the
      meibomian gland, the expression of Pax6 as well as that of various cytokeratin
      markers, including keratin 14 (Krt14), Krt15, Krt4, and Krt10, was examined with
      immunofluorescent staining of C57BL/6J mouse eyelids from P2 to P11 pups and
      adult mice. RESULTS: Pax6 was localized to the cytoplasm within the acinar region
      of the meibomian glands during morphogenesis but was absent in the fully
      developed gland. Keratin 14 was expressed throughout the gland at all stages
      whereas keratin 15 was absent at all stages. Keratin 4, a marker of mucosal
      lineage, was present throughout the gland and was colocalized with keratin 10
      (epidermal lineage marker) in the developing duct at P4. This colocalization
      region decreased as the gland developed becoming restricted to the central duct
      near the opening to the acini in the fully developed gland. CONCLUSIONS: We
      identified a unique cell lineage that expresses markers characteristic of mucosal
      and epidermal epithelia during meibomian gland morphogenesis. This unique group
      of cells was located in the central duct with a concentration near the ductule
      orifice. The expression of these cells reduced during meibomian gland
      morphogenesis and may play a role in the development and homeostasis of the
      gland.

PMID- 26957901
TI  - Analysis of tear inflammatory mediators: A comparison between the microarray and
      Luminex methods.
AB  - PURPOSE: Inflammatory mediators have been shown to modulate dry eye (DE) disease
      and may correlate with disease severity, yet the methods used and the associated
      findings vary significantly in the literature. The goal of this research was to
      compare two methods, the quantitative microarray and the magnetic bead assay, for
      detecting cytokine levels in extracted tear samples across three subject groups.
      METHODS: Tears were collected from Schirmer strips of the right and left eyes of
      20 soft contact lens wearers (CL), 20 normal non-contact lens wearers (NOR), and
      20 DE subjects and stored at -80  degrees C. Tear proteins were eluted and
      precipitated using ammonium bicarbonate and acetone. The right and left eye
      samples were combined for each subject. Following the Bradford protein
      quantitation method, 10 ug of total protein was used for each of the two
      analyses, Quantibody(r) Human Inflammation Array 3 (RayBiotech) and High
      Sensitivity Human Cytokine Magnetic Bead Kit (Millipore). The assays were run
      using the GenePix(r) 4000B Scanner (Molecular Devices) or the Luminex MagPix(r)
      plate reader (Luminex), respectively. The data were then compared between the two
      instruments and the three subject groups. RESULTS: Of the 40 proteins on the
      Quantibody(r) microarray, seven had average expression levels above the lower
      limit of detection: ICAM-1, MCP-1, MIG, MCSF, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TNF-RI.
      Significant differences in expression levels (p<0.05) were detected between the
      CL and DE groups for MCSF, TIMP-1, and TNF R1, between the NOR and DE groups for
      ICAM-1, and between the CL and NOR groups for ICAM-1, MCP-1, MCSF, TIMP-1, TIMP
      2, and TNF-R1 when using the Student t test. Of the 13 proteins tested with
      Luminex, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-8 had expression levels above the
      minimum detectable level, and these were most often detected using the Luminex
      assay compared to the Quantibody(r) microarray. Contrarily, IL-2, IL-12, IL-13,
      INF-g, and GM-CSF were detected more frequently using the Quantibody(r)
      microarray than the Luminex assay. Significant differences in expression levels
      (p<0.05) were only detected between the CL and DE groups for IL-7 and IL-8 and
      between the CL and NOR subjects for IL-8. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to detecting
      more significant differences between the subject groups, the Quantibody(r)
      microarray detected more inflammatory cytokines in total within the range of
      detection than the Luminex assay. Differences were also noted in the types of
      cytokines each assay could detect from the limited protein samples. Both methods
      offer advantages and disadvantages; therefore, these factors should be considered
      when determining the appropriate assay for analyzing tear protein samples.

PMID- 26957902
TI  - Asian Radiology Forum 2015 for Building an Asian Friendship: A Step toward the
      Vigorous Intersociety Collaboration in Asia.
AB  - According to the reports presented at the Asian Radiology Forum 2015, organized
      by the Korean Society of Radiology (KSR) during the Korean Congress of Radiology
      (KCR) in September 2015 in Seoul, there is an increasing need to promote
      international exchange and collaboration amongst radiology societies in Asian
      countries. The Asian Radiology Forum was first held by KSR and the national
      delegates of Asian radiological partner societies, who attended this meeting with
      the aim of discussing selected subjects of global relevance in radiology. In
      2015, current stands, pros and cons, and future plans for inter-society
      collaboration between each Asian radiological partner societies were primarily
      discussed. The Asian radiology societies have international collaborations with
      each other through various activities, such as joint symposia, exchange programs,
      social exchange, and international membership. The advantages of continuing inter
      society collaboration in most of the Asian radiology societies include
      international speakers, diverse clinical research, and cutting edge technology;
      while limited range of financial and human resources, language barrier,
      differences in goals and expectations are claimed as disadvantages. With regard
      to the future, most of the Asian radiology societies focus on expanding partner
      societies and enhancing globalization and collaboration programs through various
      international meetings and exchange programs. 

PMID- 26957903
TI  - Three-Dimensional Printing: Basic Principles and Applications in Medicine and
      Radiology.
AB  - The advent of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has enabled the
      creation of a tangible and complex 3D object that goes beyond a simple 3D-shaded
      visualization on a flat monitor. Since the early 2000s, 3DP machines have been
      used only in hard tissue applications. Recently developed multi-materials for 3DP
      have been used extensively for a variety of medical applications, such as
      personalized surgical planning and guidance, customized implants, biomedical
      research, and preclinical education. In this review article, we discuss the 3D
      reconstruction process, touching on medical imaging, and various 3DP systems
      applicable to medicine. In addition, the 3DP medical applications using multi
      materials are introduced, as well as our recent results. 

PMID- 26957904
TI  - Advances in Multidetector CT Diagnosis of Pediatric Pulmonary Thromboembolism.
AB  - Although pediatric pulmonary thromboembolism is historically believed to be rare
      with relatively little information available in the medical literature regarding
      its imaging evaluation, it is more common than previously thought. Thus, it is
      imperative for radiologists to be aware of the most recent advances in its
      imaging information, particularly multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), the
      imaging modality of choice in the pediatric population. The overarching goal of
      this article is to review the most recent updates on MDCT diagnosis of pediatric
      pulmonary thromboembolism. 

PMID- 26957905
TI  - Intra-Individual, Inter-Vendor Comparison of Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of
      Upper Abdominal Organs at 3.0 Tesla with an Emphasis on the Value of
      Normalization with the Spleen.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of upper
      abdominal organs with 2 different 3.0 tesla MR systems and to investigate the
      usefulness of normalization using the spleen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one
      patients were enrolled in this prospective study, of which, 35 patients (M:F,
      27:8; mean age +/- standard deviation, 62.3 +/- 12.3 years) were finally
      analyzed. In addition to the routine liver MR protocol, single-shot spin-echo
      echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging using b values of 0, 50, 400, and 800
      s/mm(2) in 2 different MR systems was performed. ADC values of the liver, spleen,
      pancreas, kidney and liver lesion (if present) were measured and analyzed. ADC
      values of the spleen were used for normalization. The Pearson correlation,
      Spearman correlation, paired sample t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test and Bland
      Altman method were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: For all anatomical
      regions and liver lesions, both non-normalized and normalized ADC values from 2
      different MR systems showed significant correlations (r = 0.5196-0.8488). Non
      normalized ADC values of both MR systems differed significantly in all anatomical
      regions and liver lesions (p < 0.001). However, the normalized ADC of all
      anatomical regions and liver lesions did not differ significantly (p = 0.065
      0.661), with significantly lower coefficient of variance than that of non
      normalized ADC (p < 0.009). CONCLUSION: Normalization of the abdominal ADC values
      using the spleen as a reference organ reduces differences between different MR
      systems, and could facilitate consistent use of ADC as an imaging biomarker for
      multi-center or longitudinal studies.

PMID- 26957906
TI  - Assessment of Placental Stiffness Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse
      Elastography in Pregnant Women with Fetal Anomalies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate placental stiffness measured by acoustic
      radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in pregnant women in the second
      trimester with a normal fetus versus those with structural anomalies and non
      structural findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty pregnant women carrying a fetus
      with structural anomalies diagnosed sonographically at 18-28 weeks of gestation
      comprised the study group. The control group consisted of 34 healthy pregnant
      women with a sonographically normal fetus at a similar gestational age. Placental
      shear wave velocity (SWV) was measured by ARFI elastography and compared between
      the two groups. Structural anomalies and non-structural findings were scored
      based on sonographic markers. Placental stiffness measurements were compared
      among fetus anomaly categories. Doppler parameters of umbilical and uterine
      arteries were compared with placental SWV measurements. RESULTS: All placental
      SWV measurements, including minimum SWV, maximum SWV, and mean SWV were
      significantly higher in the study group than the control group ([0.86 +/- 0.2,
      0.74 +/- 0.1; p < 0.001], [1.89 +/- 0.7, 1.59 +/- 0.5; p = 0.04], and [1.26 +/-
      0.4, 1.09 +/- 0.2; p = 0.01]), respectively. CONCLUSION: Placental stiffness
      evaluated by ARFI elastography during the second trimester in pregnant women with
      fetuses with congenital structural anomalies is higher than that of pregnant
      women with normal fetuses.

PMID- 26957907
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration with
      Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Liquid Sclerotherapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of balloon-occluded retrograde
      transvenous obliteration (BRTO) with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) liquid
      sclerotherapy of gastric varices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2012
      and August 2014, STS liquid sclerotherapy was performed in 17 consecutive
      patients (male:female = 8:9; mean age 58.6 years, range 44-86 years) with gastric
      varices. Retrograde venography was performed after occlusion of the gastrorenal
      shunt using a balloon catheter and embolization of collateral draining veins
      using coils or gelfoam pledgets, to evaluate the anatomy of the gastric varices.
      We prepared 2% liquid STS by mixing 3% STS and contrast media in a ratio of 2:1.
      A 2% STS solution was injected into the gastric varices until minimal filling of
      the afferent portal vein branch was observed (mean 19.9 mL, range 6-33 mL).
      Patients were followed up using computed tomography (CT) or endoscopy. RESULTS:
      Technical success was achieved in 16 of 17 patients (94.1%). The procedure failed
      in one patient because the shunt could not be occluded due to the large diameter
      of gastrorenal shunt. Complete obliteration of gastric varices was observed in 15
      of 16 patients (93.8%) with follow-up CT or endoscopy. There was no rebleeding
      after the procedure. There was no procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSION: BRTO
      using STS liquid can be a safe and useful treatment option in patients with
      gastric varices.

PMID- 26957908
TI  - Plug-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for the Treatment of Gastric
      Variceal Hemorrhage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcomes of plug
      assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (PARTO) to treat gastric variceal
      hemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May
      2012 to June 2014, 19 patients (11 men and 8 women, median age; 61, with history
      of gastric variceal hemorrhage; 17, active bleeding; 2) who underwent PARTO using
      a vascular plug and a gelfoam pledget were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical and
      laboratory data were examined to evaluate primary (technical and clinical
      success, complications) and secondary (worsening of esophageal varix [EV], change
      in liver function) end points. Median follow-up duration was 11 months, from 6.5
      to 18 months. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare laboratory data
      before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Technical success (complete occlusion of
      the efferent shunt and complete filling of gastric varix [GV] with a gelfoam
      slurry) was achieved in 18 of 19 (94.7%) patients. The embolic materials could
      not reach the GV in 1 patient who had endoscopic glue injection before our
      procedure. The clinical success rate (no recurrence of gastric variceal bleeding)
      was the same because the technically failed patient showed recurrent bleeding
      later. Acute complications included fever (n = 2), fever and hypotension (n = 2;
      one diagnosed adrenal insufficiency), and transient microscopic hematuria (n =
      3). Ten patients underwent follow-up endoscopy; all exhibited GV improvement,
      except 2 without endoscopic change. Five patients exhibited aggravated EV, and 2
      of them had a bleeding event. Laboratory findings were significantly improved
      after PARTO. CONCLUSION: PARTO is technically feasible, safe, and effective for
      gastric variceal hemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension.

PMID- 26957909
TI  - Interposition of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament into the Medial Compartment of
      the Knee Joint on Coronal Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the overall prevalence and
      clinical significance of interposition of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
      into the medial compartment of the knee joint in coronal magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 317 consecutive
      patients referred for knee MRI at our institution between October 2009 and
      December 2009. Interposition of the PCL into the medial compartment of the knee
      joint on proton coronal MRI was evaluated dichotomously (i.e., present or
      absent). We analyzed the interposition according to its prevalence as well as its
      relationship with right-left sidedness, gender, age, and disease categories
      (osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and medial meniscus tear).
      RESULTS: Prevalence of interposition of PCL into the medial compartment of the
      knee joint was 47.0% (149/317). There was no right (50.0%, 83/166) to left
      (43.7%, 66/151) or male (50.3%, 87/173) to female (43.1%, 62/144) differences in
      the prevalence. There was no significant association between the prevalence and
      age, or the disease categories. CONCLUSION: Interposition of the PCL into the
      medial compartment of the knee joint is observed in almost half of patients on
      proton coronal MRI of the knee. Its presence is not associated with any
      particular factors including knee pathology and may be regarded as a normal MR
      finding.

PMID- 26957910
TI  - Sonographic Findings of Common Musculoskeletal Diseases in Patients with Diabetes
      Mellitus.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus (DM) can accompany many musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases. It is
      difficult to distinguish the DM-related MSK diseases based on clinical symptoms
      alone. Sonography is frequently used as a first imaging study for these MSK
      symptoms and is helpful to differentiate the various DM-related MSK diseases.
      This pictorial essay focuses on sonographic findings of various MSK diseases that
      can occur in diabetic patients. 

PMID- 26957911
TI  - Risk of Thyroid Cancer in Euthyroid Asymptomatic Patients with Thyroid Nodules
      with an Emphasis on Family History of Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with thyroid cancer, focusing on
      first-degree family history and ultrasonography (US) features, in euthyroid
      asymptomatic patients with thyroid nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      retrospective study included 1310 thyroid nodules of 1254 euthyroid asymptomatic
      patients who underwent US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy between November
      2012 and August 2013. Nodule size and clinical risk factors-such as patient age,
      gender, first-degree family history of thyroid cancer, multiplicity on US and
      serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels-were considered together with US
      features to compare benign and malignant nodules. Multiple logistic regression
      analysis was performed to assess the risk of thyroid malignancy according to
      clinical and US characteristics. RESULTS: Although all of the clinical factors
      and US findings were significantly different between patients with benign and
      malignant nodules, a solitary lesion on US (p = 0.041-0.043), US features and
      male gender (p < 0.001) were significant independent risk factors for thyroid
      malignancy in a multivariate analysis. Patient age, a first-degree family history
      of thyroid cancer and high normal serum TSH levels did not independently
      significantly increase the risk of thyroid cancer. However, multicollinearity
      existed between US assessment and patient age, first-degree family history of
      thyroid cancer and serum TSH values. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography findings should
      be the primary criterion used to decide the management of euthyroid asymptomatic
      patients with thyroid nodules. The concept of first-degree family history as a
      risk factor for thyroid malignancy should be further studied in asymptomatic
      patients.

PMID- 26957912
TI  - Plunging Ranulas Revisited: A CT Study with Emphasis on a Defect of the Mylohyoid
      Muscle as the Primary Route of Lesion Propagation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the pathogenesis of plunging
      ranulas in regard of the pathway of lesion propagation using CT scans. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed CT scans of 41 patients with plunging
      ranula. We divided plunging ranulas into two types: type 1 was defined as those
      directly passing through a defect of the mylohyoid muscle with the presence (type
      1A) or absence (type 1B) of the tail sign and type 2 as those through the
      traditional posterior route along the free edge of the mylohyoid muscle. Images
      were also analyzed for the extent of the lesion in respect to the spaces
      involved. As for type 1 lesions, we recorded the location of the defect of the
      mylohyoid muscle and the position of the sublingual gland in relation to the
      defect. RESULTS: CT scans demonstrated type 1 lesion in 36 (88%), including type
      1A in 14 and type 1B in 22, and type 2 lesion in 5 (12%). Irrespective of the
      type, the submandibular space was seen to be involved in all cases either alone
      or in combination with one or more adjacent spaces. Of the 36 patients with type
      1 lesions, the anterior one-third was the most common location of the defect of
      the mylohyoid muscle, seen in 22 patients. The sublingual gland partially
      herniated in 30 patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the majority of
      plunging ranulas take an anterior shortcut through a defect of the mylohyoid
      muscle.

PMID- 26957913
TI  - Morphometric Evaluation of Bony Nasolacrimal Canal in a Caucasian Population with
      Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Multidetector Computed
      Tomography Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The bony nasolacrimal duct (BNLD) morphology as a contributory factor
      in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) is still controversial.
      The objectives of this study were to evaluate the morphometric differences of
      BNLDs in unilateral PANDO patients between PANDO and non-PANDO sides, as compared
      with the control group using multidetector computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Bilateral BNLDs in 39 unilateral PANDO patients and 36 control
      subjects were retrospectively reviewed. CT images with 0.5-mm thickness were
      obtained with a 64-slice scanner. The length, volume, coronal orientation type,
      sagittal orientation angle of BNLD, and relative lacrimal sac-BNLD angle were
      assessed. The entrance, minimum and distal end transverse diameters (TD) of BNLD
      was investigated. RESULTS: The mean minimum and distal end BNLD TDs measurements
      were significantly narrower in PANDO patients, both in PANDO and non-PANDO sides,
      as compared with the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively);
      however, there were no significant differences between PANDO and non-PANDO sides
      within PANDO patients. The length, entrance TD, volume, coronal orientation type,
      sagittal orientation angle of BNLD, and relative lacrimal sac-BNLD angle were not
      significantly different between PANDO patients and control subjects, as well as
      between PANDO and non-PANDO sides within PANDO patients. CONCLUSION: The narrow
      mean minimum and distal end BNLD TD in PANDO patients, in both PANDO and non
      PANDO sides, may be associated with PANDO development. The lack of difference
      between PANDO and non-PANDO sides within PANDO patients and some overlap between
      PANDO patients and control subjects suggest that narrow BNLD is not the sole
      factor.

PMID- 26957914
TI  - Chlorfenapyr-Induced Toxic Leukoencephalopathy with Radiologic Reversibility: A
      Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Chlorfenapyr is a widely used, moderately hazardous pesticide. Previous reports
      have indicated that chlorfenapyr intoxication can be fatal in humans. We reported
      the first non-fatal case of chlorfenapyr-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy in a
      44-year-old female with resolution of extensive and abnormal signal intensities
      in white matter tracts throughout the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord on
      serial magnetic resonance imaging. 

PMID- 26957916
TI  - Uterine Intravenous Leiomyomatosis with Intracardiac Extension and Pulmonary
      Benign Metastases on FDG PET/CT: A Case Report.
AB  - A 48-year-old woman presented with a 50-day history of irregular vaginal bleeding
      and lower abdominal pain. Ultrasound indicated an extremely large occupying
      lesion in the pelvic cavity that was highly suggestive of malignancy.
      Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography
      (PET/CT) was performed to further assess the nature of pelvic abnormality. PET/CT
      images demonstrated a diffusely lobulated mass ranging from cervix up to the
      inferior pole of kidneys with mild FDG uptake. Simultaneously, multiple nodules
      in bilateral lungs and a hypodense lesion in the right ventricle were shown
      without FDG-avidity. Based on the imaging results, the presumptive diagnosis was
      uterine intravenous leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension and pulmonary
      benign metastases, which was subsequently confirmed by MRI and the lesion biopsy.

PMID- 26957915
TI  - F-18 Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for
      Detection of Thyroid Cancer Bone Metastasis Compared with Bone Scintigraphy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic performances of F
      18 sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography (bone PET/CT)
      and bone scintigraphy (BS) for the detection of thyroid cancer bone metastasis.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 6 thyroid cancer patients (age
      = 44.7 +/- 9.8 years, M:F = 1:5, papillary:follicular = 2:4) with suspected bone
      metastatic lesions in the whole body iodine scintigraphy or BS, who subsequently
      underwent bone PET/CT. Pathologic diagnosis was conducted for 4 lesions of 4
      patients. RESULTS: Of the 17 suspected bone lesions, 10 were metastatic and 7
      benign. Compared to BS, bone PET/CT exhibited superior sensitivity (10/10 = 100%
      vs. 2/10 = 20%, p = 0.008), and accuracy (14/17 = 82.4% vs. 7/17 = 41.2%, p <
      0.025). The specificity (4/7 = 57.1%) of bone PET/CT was not significantly
      different from that of BS (5/7 = 71.4%, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Bone PET/CT may be
      more sensitive and accurate than BS for the detection of thyroid cancer bone
      metastasis.

PMID- 26957917
TI  - Broncho-Pleural Fistula with Hydropneumothorax at CT: Diagnostic Implications in
      Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease with Pleural Involvement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the patho-mechanism of pleural effusion or
      hydropneumothorax in Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease through the
      computed tomographic (CT) findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively
      collected data from 5 patients who had pleural fluid samples that were culture
      positive for MAC between January 2001 and December 2013. The clinical findings
      were investigated and the radiological findings on chest CT were reviewed by 2
      radiologists. RESULTS: The 5 patients were all male with a median age of 77 and
      all had underlying comorbid conditions. Pleural fluid analysis revealed a wide
      range of white blood cell counts (410-100690/uL). The causative microorganisms
      were determined as Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in 1 and
      4 patients, respectively. Radiologically, the peripheral portion of the involved
      lung demonstrated fibro-bullous changes or cavitary lesions causing lung
      destruction, reflecting the chronic, insidious nature of MAC lung disease. All
      patients had broncho-pleural fistulas (BPFs) and pneumothorax was accompanied
      with pleural effusion. CONCLUSION: In patients with underlying MAC lung disease
      who present with pleural effusion, the presence of BPFs and pleural air on CT
      imaging are indicative that spread of MAC infection is the cause of the effusion.

PMID- 26957918
TI  - A Pulmonary Sequestered Segment with an Aberrant Pulmonary Arterial Supply: A
      Case of Unique Anomaly.
AB  - We presented a rare case of a 64-year-old man with a combined anomaly of the
      bronchus and pulmonary artery that was detected incidentally. Computed tomography
      showed a hyperlucent, aerated sequestered segment of the right lower lung with an
      independent ectopic bronchus, which had no connection to the other airway. The
      affected segment was supplied by its own aberrant pulmonary artery branch from
      the right pulmonary trunk. This anomaly cannot be classified with any of the
      previously reported anomalies. 

PMID- 26957919
TI  - Erratum: Noninvasive Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Elaboration on Korean
      Liver Cancer Study Group-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guidelines
      Compared with Other Guidelines and Remaining Issues.

PMID- 26957920
TI  - Effects of Prophylactic Ankle Supports on Vertical Ground Reaction Force During
      Landing: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - There has been much debate on how prophylactic ankle supports (PASs) may
      influence the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during landing. Therefore,
      the primary aims of this meta-analysis were to systematically review and
      synthesize the effect of PASs on vGRF, and to understand how PASs affect vGRF
      peaks (F1, F2) and the time from initial contact to peak loading (T1, T2) during
      landing. Several key databases, including Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed,
      ProQuest, Medline, Ovid, Web of Science, and the Physical Activity Index, were
      used for identifying relevant studies published in English since inception to
      April 1, 2015. The computerized literature search and cross-referencing the
      citation list of the articles yielded 3,993 articles. Criteria for inclusion
      required that 1) the study was conducted on healthy adults; 2) the subject number
      and trial number were known; 3) the subjects performed landing with and without
      PAS; 4) the landing movement was in the sagittal plane; 5) the comparable vGRF
      parameters were reported; and 6) the F1 and F2 must be normalized to the
      subject's body weight. After the removal of duplicates and irrelevant articles,
      6, 6, 15 and 11 studies were respectively pooled for outcomes of F1, T1, F2 and
      T2. This study found a significantly increased F2 (.03 BW, 95% CI: .001, .05) and
      decreased T1 (-1.24 ms, 95% CI: -1.77, -.71) and T2 (-3.74 ms, 95% CI: -4.83, 
      2.65) with the use of a PAS. F1 was not significantly influenced by the PAS.
      Heterogeneity was present in some results, but there was no evidence of
      publication bias for any outcome. These changes represented deterioration in the
      buffering characteristics of the joint. An ideal PAS design should limit the
      excessive joint motion of ankle inversion, while allowing a normal range of
      motion, especially in the sagittal plane. Key pointsPAS can effectively protect
      the ligamentous structure from spraining by providing mechanical support and
      cutaneous proprioceptive benefits.Using of PAS can significantly elevate F2 and
      reduce T1 and T2 during landing. These changes represented deterioration in the
      buffering characteristics of the joint.An ideal PAS design should limit the
      excessive joint motion of the ankle inversion, while allow normal range of
      motion, especially in the sagittal plane. 

PMID- 26957921
TI  - Differences in Sensation Seeking Between Alpine Skiers, Snowboarders and Ski
      Tourers.
AB  - Despite different injury rates and injury patterns previous personality related
      research in the field of downhill winter sports did not subdivide between
      different alpine slope users. In this study, we tried to find out whether the
      personality trait sensation seeking differs between skiers, snowboarders and ski
      tourers. In a cross-sectional survey 1185 persons (726 alpine skiers, 321
      snowboarders and 138 ski tourers comparable in age and sex) were electronically
      questioned with the sensation seeking scale (SSS-V) comprising the four factors
      thrill and adventure seeking, experiences seeking, disinhibition and boredom
      susceptibility. Kruskal-Wallis Tests revealed a significantly higher total score
      of the SSS-V for snowboarders in comparison to alpine skiers and ski tourers
      (H(2) = 41.5, p < 0.001). Ski tourers and snowboarders scored significantly
      higher in the dimensions "thrill- and adventure-seeking" and "experience-seeking"
      than alpine skiers. Furthermore, snowboarders showed higher scores in
      "disinhibition" related to alpine skiers and ski tourers and "boredom
      susceptibility" compared to alpine skiers. Data show differences in the
      personality trait sensation seeking in people practising different winter sports.
      As snowboarders showed higher SS-scores compared to alpine skiers and ski tourers
      prevention and information programs might benefit from a selective approach
      focusing on special characteristics of the respective group. Key pointsIt is the
      very first research trying to identify differences between different types of
      winter sport slope usersObtained results show higher sensation seeking scores in
      snowboardersThese results might stimulate new approaches in educational campaigns
      to reduce accident rates in winter sports. 

PMID- 26957922
TI  - Daily Overfeeding from Protein and/or Carbohydrate Supplementation for Eight
      Weeks in Conjunction with Resistance Training Does not Improve Body Composition
      and Muscle Strength or Increase Markers Indicative of Muscle Protein Synthesis
      and Myogenesis in Resistance-Trained Males.
AB  - This study determined the effects of heavy resistance training and daily
      overfeeding with carbohydrate and/or protein on blood and skeletal muscle markers
      of protein synthesis (MPS), myogenesis, body composition, and muscle performance.
      Twenty one resistance-trained males were randomly assigned to either a protein +
      carbohydrate [HPC (n = 11)] or a carbohydrate [HC (n = 10)] supplement group in a
      double-blind fashion. Body composition and muscle performance were assessed, and
      venous blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained before and after eight
      weeks of resistance training and supplementation. Data were analyzed by two-way
      ANOVA (p <= 0.05). Total body mass, body water, and fat mass were significantly
      increased in both groups in response to resistance training, but not
      supplementation (p < 0.05); however, lean mass was not significantly increased in
      either group (p = 0.068). Upper- (p = 0.024) and lower-body (p = 0.001) muscle
      strength and myosin heavy chain (MHC) 1 (p = 0.039) and MHC 2A (p = 0.027) were
      also significantly increased with resistance training. Serum IGF-1, GH, and HGF
      were not significantly affected (p > 0.05). Muscle total DNA, total protein, and
      c-Met were not significantly affected (p > 0.05). In conjunction with resistance
      training, the peri-exercise and daily overfeeding of protein and/or carbohydrate
      did not preferentially improve body composition, muscle performance, and markers
      indicative of MPS and myogenic activation. Key pointsIn response to 56 days of
      heavy resistance training and HC or HPC supplementation, similar increases in
      muscle mass and strength in both groups occurred; however, the increases were not
      different between supplement groups.The supplementation of HPC had no
      preferential effect on augmenting serum IGF-1 GH, or HGF.The supplementation of
      HPC had no preferential effect on augmenting increases in total muscle protein
      content or the myogenic markers, total DNA and muscle cMet content.In response to
      56 days of a daily supplemental dose of 94 g of protein and 196 g of
      carbohydrate, the HPC group was no more effective than 312 g of carbohydrate in
      the HC group in increasing muscle strength and mass due to its ability to elevate
      serum anabolic hormones and growth factors and markers of myogenic activation of
      satellite cells. 

PMID- 26957923
TI  - Effects of Loaded Squat Exercise with and without Application of Superimposed EMS
      on Physical Performance.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a multiple set
      squat exercise training intervention with superimposed electromyostimulation
      (EMS) on strength and power, sprint and jump performance. Twenty athletes from
      different disciplines participated and were divided into two groups: strength
      training (S) or strength training with superimposed EMS (S+E). Both groups
      completed the same training program twice a week over a six week period
      consisting of four sets of the 10 repetition maximum of back squats.
      Additionally, the S+E group had EMS superimposed to the squat exercise with
      simultaneous stimulation of leg and trunk muscles. EMS intensity was adjusted to
      70% of individual pain threshold to ensure dynamic movement. Strength and power
      of different muscle groups, sprint, and vertical jump performance were assessed
      one week before (pre), one week after (post) and three weeks (re) following the
      training period. Both groups showed improvements in leg press strength and power,
      countermovement and squat jump performance and pendulum sprint (p < 0.05), with
      no changes for linear sprint. Differences between groups were only evident at the
      leg curl machine with greater improvements for the S+E group (p < 0.05). Common
      squat exercise training and squat exercise with superimposed EMS improves maximum
      strength and power, as well as jumping abilities in athletes from different
      disciplines. The greater improvements in strength performance of leg curl muscles
      caused by superimposed EMS with improvements in strength of antagonistic
      hamstrings in the S+E group are suggesting the potential of EMS to unloaded
      (antagonistic) muscle groups. Key pointsSimilar strength adaptations occurred
      after a 6 week 10 RM back squat exercise program with superimposed EMS (S+E) and
      10 RM back squat exercise (S) alone.Specific adaptations for S+E at the leg curl
      muscles were evident.S and S+E improved SJ, CMJ and pendulum sprint
      performance.No improvement occurred in linear sprint performance. 

PMID- 26957924
TI  - The Effects of Multiple-Joint Isokinetic Resistance Training on Maximal
      Isokinetic and Dynamic Muscle Strength and Local Muscular Endurance.
AB  - The transfer of training effects of multiple-joint isokinetic resistance training
      to dynamic exercise performance remain poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of
      the present study was to investigate the magnitude of isokinetic and dynamic one
      repetition-maximum (1RM) strength and local muscular endurance increases after 6
      weeks of multiple-joint isokinetic resistance training. Seventeen women were
      randomly assigned to either an isokinetic resistance training group (IRT) or a
      non-exercising control group (CTL). The IRT group underwent 6 weeks of training
      (2 days per week) consisting of 5 sets of 6-10 repetitions at 75-85% of subjects'
      peak strength for the isokinetic chest press and seated row exercises at an
      average linear velocity of 0.15 m s(-1) [3-sec concentric (CON) and 3-sec
      eccentric (ECC) phases]. Peak CON and ECC force during the chest press and row,
      1RM bench press and bent-over row, and maximum number of modified push-ups were
      assessed pre and post training. A 2 x 2 analysis of variance with repeated
      measures and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for data analysis. The results
      showed that 1RM bench press (from 38.6 +/- 6.7 to 43.0 +/- 5.9 kg), 1RM bent-over
      row (from 40.4 +/- 7.7 to 45.5 +/- 7.5 kg), and the maximal number of modified
      push-ups (from 39.5 +/- 13.6 to 55.3 +/- 13.1 repetitions) increased
      significantly only in the IRT group. Peak isokinetic CON and ECC force in the
      chest press and row significantly increased in the IRT group. No differences were
      shown in the CTL group for any measure. These data indicate 6 weeks of multiple
      joint isokinetic resistance training increases dynamic muscle strength and local
      muscular endurance performance in addition to specific isokinetic strength gains
      in women. Key pointsMultiple-joint isokinetic resistance training increases
      dynamic maximal muscular strength, local muscular endurance, and maximal
      isokinetic strength in women.Multiple-joint isokinetic resistance training
      increased 1RM strength in the bench press (by 10.2%), bent-over barbell row (by
      11.2%), and maximal modified push-up performance (by 28.6%) indicating a
      carryover of training effects to dynamic exercise performance.The carryover
      effects may be attractive to strength training and conditioning professionals
      seeking to include alternative modalities such as multiple-joint isokinetic
      dynamometers to resistance training programs. 

PMID- 26957925
TI  - Effects of Cycling Versus Running Training on Sprint and Endurance Capacity in
      Inline Speed Skating.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of running versus cycling
      training on sprint and endurance capacity in inline speed skating. Sixteen elite
      athletes (8 male, 8 female, 24 +/- 8 yrs) were randomly assigned into 2 training
      groups performing either 2 session per week of treadmill running or ergometer
      cycling in addition to 3 skating specific sessions (technique, plyometrics,
      parkour) for 8 weeks. Training intensity was determined within non-specific
      (cycling or running) and effects on specific endurance capacity within a specific
      incremental exercise test. Before and after the intervention all athletes
      performed a specific (300m) and one non-specific (30s cycling or 200m running)
      all-out sprint test according to the group affiliation. To determine the
      accumulation of blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (BGL) 20 MUl arterialized blood
      was drawn at rest, as well as in 1 min intervals for 10 min after the sprint
      test. The sport-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was significantly
      increased (+17%; p = 0.01) in both groups and highly correlated with the sprint
      performance (r = -0.71). BLa values decreased significantly (-18%, p = 0.02)
      after the specific sprint test from pre to post-testing without any group effect.
      However, BGL values only showed a significant decrease (-2%, p = 0.04) in the
      running group. The close relationship between aerobic capacity and sprint
      performance in inline speed skating highlights the positive effects of endurance
      training. Although both training programs were equally effective in improving
      endurance and sprint capacities, the metabolic results indicate a faster recovery
      after high intensity efforts for all athletes, as well as a higher reliance on
      the fat metabolism for athletes who trained in the running group. Key pointsIn
      addition to a highly developed aerobic performance inline speed skaters also
      require a highly trained anaerobic capacity to be effective in the sprint
      sections such as the mass start, tactical attacks and finish line sprint.An 8
      week low-intensity endurance training program of either cycling or running
      training combined with additional routine training improves classical aerobic
      characteristics (17% increase of VO2 peak), as well as values for acceleration
      and speed.Athletes who trained in the running group demonstrated a higher
      reliance on the fat metabolism in the sport-specific post-testing.The significant
      reduction in anaerobic ATP turnover during repeated sprints appears to be
      partially compensated by an increase in VO2 in subsequent sprint. The results
      revealed a close relationship between the aerobic capacity and sprint performance
      in inline speed skating. 

PMID- 26957926
TI  - Acute Effects of Foot Rotation in Healthy Adults during Running on Knee Moments
      and Lateral-Medial Shear Force.
AB  - As runners age, the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis (OA) significantly
      increases as 10% of people 55+ have symptomatic knee OA while 70% of people 65+
      have radiographic signs of knee OA. The lateral-medial shear force (LMF) and knee
      adduction moment (KAM) during gait have been associated with cartilage loading
      which can lead to OA. Foot rotation during gait has been shown to alter the LMF
      and KAM, however it has not been investigated in running. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate changes in the KAM and LMF with foot rotation during
      running. Twenty participants volunteered and performed five running trials in
      three randomized conditions (normal foot position [NORM], external rotation
      [EXT], and internal rotation [INT]) at a running speed of 3.35m.s(-1) on a 20
      meter runway. Kinematic and kinetic data were gathered using a 9-camera motion
      capture system and a force plate, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVAs
      determined differences between conditions. The KAM and LMF were lower in both EXT
      and INT conditions compared to the NORM, but there were no differences between
      EXT and INT conditions. The decreases in KAM and LMF in the EXT condition were
      expected and concur with past research in other activities. The reductions in the
      INT condition were unexpected and contradict the literature. This may indicate
      that participants are making mechanical compensations at other joints to reduce
      the KAM and LMF in this abnormal internal foot rotation condition. Key
      pointsExternal rotation of the foot during running reduced the loads on the
      medial compartment of the kneeInternal rotation of the foot also reduced the
      medial loads, but is a more unnatural interventionExternal and internal rotation
      reduced the shear forces on the knee, which may help slow the degeneration of
      knee joint cartilage. 

PMID- 26957927
TI  - Professional Soccer Player Neuromuscular Responses and Perceptions to Acute Whole
      Body Vibration Differ from Amateur Counterparts.
AB  - Acute whole body vibration (WBV) is an increasingly popular training technique
      amongst athletes immediately prior to performance and during scheduled breaks in
      play. Despite its growing popularity, evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness
      on acute neuromuscular responses is unclear, and suggestions that athlete ability
      impacts effectiveness warrant further investigation. The purpose of this study
      was to compare the neuromuscular effects of acute WBV and perceptions of whether
      WBV is an effective intervention between amateur and professional soccer players.
      Participants were 44 male soccer players (22 professional and 22 amateur; age:
      23.1 +/- 3.7 years, body mass: 75.6 +/- 8.8 kg and height: 1.77 +/- 0.05 m).
      Participants in each group were randomly assigned to either an intervention of 3
      x 60 s of WBV at 40 Hz (8mm peak-to-peak displacement) or control group. Peak
      knee isometric force, muscle activation and post activation potentiation (PAP) of
      the knee extensors along with self-report questionnaire of the perceived benefits
      of using the intervention were collected. A three-way ANOVA with repeated
      measures revealed professional players demonstrated a significant 10.6% increase
      (p < 0.01, Partial Eta(2) = 0.22) in peak knee isometric force following acute
      WBV with no significant differences among amateur players. A significant
      difference (p < 0.01, Partial Eta(2) = 0.16) in PAP amongst professional players
      following acute WBVT was also reported. No significant differences amongst
      amateur players were reported across measurements. Results also indicated
      professional players reported significantly stronger positive beliefs in the
      effectiveness of the WBV intervention (p < 0.01, Partial Eta(2) = 0.27) compared
      to amateur players. Acute WBV elicited a positive neuromuscular response amongst
      professional players identified by PAP and improvements in knee isometric peak
      force as well as perceived benefits of the intervention, benefits not found among
      amateur players. Key pointsAcute WBV improves knee extensor peak isometric force
      output and PAP amongst professional and not amateur soccer playersProfessional
      players perceived acute WBV as more beneficial to performance than amateur
      playersIsometric strength,vibration intensity and duration appear to influence
      results amongst players of different playing levels. 

PMID- 26957928
TI  - Effects of a Stretching Development and Maintenance Program on Hamstring
      Extensibility in Schoolchildren: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a physical
      education-based stretching development and maintenance program on hamstring
      extensibility in schoolchildren. A sample of 150 schoolchildren aged 7-10 years
      old from a primary school participated in the present study (140 participants
      were finally included). The six classes balanced by grade were cluster randomly
      assigned to the experimental group 1 (n = 51), experimental group 2 (n = 51) or
      control group (n = 49) (i.e., a cluster randomized controlled trial design was
      used). During the physical education classes, the students from the experimental
      groups 1 and 2 performed a four-minute stretching program twice a week for nine
      weeks (first semester). Then, after a five-week period of detraining coinciding
      with the Christmas holidays, the students from the experimental groups 1 and 2
      completed another stretching program twice a week for eleven weeks (second
      semester). The students from the experimental group 1 continued performing the
      stretching program for four minutes while those from the experimental group 2
      completed a flexibility maintenance program for only one minute. The results of
      the two-way analysis of variance showed that the physical education-based
      stretching development program significantly improved the students' hamstring
      extensibility (p < 0.001), as well as that these gains obtained remained after
      the stretching maintenance program (p < 0.001). Additionally, statistically
      significant differences between the two experimental groups were not found (p >
      0.05). After a short-term stretching development program, a physical education
      based stretching maintenance program of only one-minute sessions twice a week is
      effective in maintaining hamstring extensibility among schoolchildren. This
      knowledge could help and guide teachers to design programs that allow a feasible
      and effective development and maintenance of students' flexibility in the
      physical education setting. Key pointsA physical education-based stretching
      maintenance program of only one-minute sessions twice a week is effective in
      maintaining hamstring extensibility among schoolchildren.A four-minute
      maintenance program shows similar effects that the one-minute maintenance program
      on hamstring extensibility among schoolchildren.Physical education teachers and
      other practitioners could carry out one-minute programs for a feasible and
      effective maintenance of students' flexibility. 

PMID- 26957929
TI  - Use of Ultrasound to Monitor Biceps Femoris Mechanical Adaptations after Injury
      in a Professional Soccer Player.
AB  - This study examined the use of ultrasound to monitor changes in the long head of
      the biceps femoris (BF) architecture of aprofessional soccer player with acute
      first-time hamstring strain. The player followed a 14 session physiotherapy
      treatment until return to sport. The pennation angle and aponeurosis strain of
      the long head of the biceps femoris (BF) were monitored at 6 occasions (up until
      1 year) after injury. The size of the scar / hematoma was reduced by 63.56%
      (length) and 67.9% (width) after the intervention and it was almost non-traceable
      one year after injury. The pennation angle of the fascicles underneath the scar
      showed a decline of 51.4% at the end of the intervention while an increase of
      109.2% of the fascicles which were closer to deep aponeurosis was observed. In
      contrast, pennation angle of fascicles located away from the injury site were
      relatively unaffected. The treatment intervention resulted in a 57.9% to 77.3%
      decline of maximum strain per unit of MVC moment and remained similar one year
      after the intervention. This study provided an example of the potential use of
      ultrasound-based parameters to link the mechanical adaptations of the injured
      muscle to specific therapeutic intervention. Key pointsChanges in fascicle
      orientation after biceps femoris mild tear were reduced after a 28 day
      intervention and remained similar one year after injury.Tendon/aponeurosis strain
      per unit of moment of force decreased during the course of the therapeutic
      intervention.Future studies could utilize ultrasonography to monitor mechanical
      responses after various types of hamstring injury and interventions in order to
      improve criteria for a safe return to sport. 

PMID- 26957930
TI  - Acute Physiological Responses to Short- and Long-Stage High-Intensity Interval
      Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Despite described benefits of aerobic high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE),
      the acute responses during different HIIE modes and associated health risks have
      only been sparsely discovered in heart disease patients. Therefore, the aim of
      this study was to investigate the acute responses for physiological parameters,
      cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers, and catecholamines yielded by two
      different aerobic HIIE protocols compared to continuous exercise (CE) in phase
      III cardiac rehabilitation. Eight cardiac patients (7 with coronary heart
      disease, 1 with myocarditis; 7 males, 1 female; age: 63.0 +/- 9.4 years; height:
      1.74 +/- 0.05 m; weight: 83.6 +/- 8.7 kg), all but one treated with beta-blocking
      agents, performed a maximal symptom-limited incremental exercise test (IET) and
      three different exercise tests matched for mean load (Pmean) and total duration:
      1) short HIIE with a peak workload duration (tpeak) of 20 s and a peak workload
      (Ppeak) equal to the maximum power output (Pmax) from IET; 2) long HIIE with a
      tpeak of 4 min, Ppeak was corresponding to the power output at 85 % of maximal
      heart rate (HRmax) from IET; 3) CE with a target workload equal to Pmean of both
      HIIE modes. Acute metabolic and peak cardiorespiratory responses were
      significantly higher during long HIIE compared to short HIIE and CE (p < 0.05)
      except HRpeak which tended to be higher in long HIIE than in short HIIE (p =
      0.08). Between short HIIE and CE, no significant difference was found for any
      parameter. Acute responses of cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers and
      catecholamines didn't show any significant difference between tests (p > 0.05).
      All health-related variables remained in a normal range in any test except NT
      proBNP, which was already elevated at baseline. Despite a high Ppeak particularly
      in short HIIE, both HIIE modes were as safe and as well tolerated as moderate CE
      in cardiac patients by using our methodological approach. Key pointsHigh
      intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with short peak workload durations (tpeak)
      induce a lower acute metabolic and peak cardiorespiratory response compared to
      intervals with long tpeak despite higher peak workload intensities and identical
      mean load. No significant difference for any physiological parameter was found
      between short HIIE and CE.Between short HIIE, long HIIE, and CE, no significant
      difference was found in the increase (or decrease, respectively,) of health
      related markers such as cardiovascular biomarkers, catecholamines, or
      inflammatory parameters during exercise.During all exercise modes, all risk
      markers remained in a normal range except for NT-proBNP which was, however,
      already elevated at baseline.Short HIIE, long HIIE, and CE were safely performed
      by patients with CHD or myocarditis in cardiac rehabilitation by using our
      methodological approach to exercise prescription. This approach included the
      prescription of exercise intensities with respect to LTP1, LTP2, and Pmax as well
      as a conscious setting of Pmean at a moderate level (80 % of PLTP2). Importantly,
      all exercise modes were matched for Pmean and exercise duration in order to
      enable a comparison of the three protocols. 

PMID- 26957931
TI  - A Kinematic Analysis of the Jumping Front-Leg Axe-Kick in Taekwondo.
AB  - The jumping front-leg axe-kick is a valid attacking and counterattacking
      technique in Taekwondo competition (Streif, 1993). Yet, the existing literature
      on this technique is sparse (Kloiber et al., 2009). Therefore, the goal of this
      study was to determine parameters contributing significantly to maximum linear
      speed of the foot at impact. Parameters are timing of segment and joint angular
      velocity characteristics and segment lengths of the kicking leg. Moreover, we
      were interested in the prevalence of proximal-to-distal-sequencing. Three
      dimensional kinematics of the kicks of 22 male Taekwondo-athletes (age: 23.3 +/-
      5.3 years) were recorded via a motion capturing system (Vicon Motion Systems
      Limited, Oxford, UK). The participants performed maximum effort kicks onto a rack
      held kicking pad. Only the kick with the highest impact velocity was analysed, as
      it was assumed to represent the individual's best performance. Significant
      Pearson correlations to impact velocity were found for pelvis tilt angular
      displacement (r = 0.468, p < 0.05) and for hip extension angular velocity (r = 
      0.446, p < 0.05) and for the timing of the minima of pelvis tilt velocity (r = 
      0.426, p < 0.05) and knee flexion velocity (r = -0.480, p < 0.05). Backward step
      linear regression analysis suggests a model consisting of three predictor
      variables: pelvis tilt angular displacement, hip flexion velocity at target
      contact and timing of pelvic tilt angular velocity minimum (adjusted R(2) =
      0.524). Results of Chi-Squared tests show that neither for the leg-raising period
      (chi(2) = 2.909) of the technique, nor for the leg-lowering period a pattern of
      proximal-to-distal sequencing is prevalent (chi(2) = 0.727). From the results we
      conclude that the jumping front-leg axe-kick does not follow a proximal-to-distal
      pattern. Raising the leg early in the technique and apprehending the upper body
      to be leant back during the leg-lowering period seems to be beneficial for high
      impact velocity. Furthermore, striking by extending the hip rather than by
      flexing the knee could raise impact velocity. Key pointsAngular velocity
      characteristics of the pelvis segment and the kicking leg's hip and knee joint
      show no proximal-to-distal sequencing, neither for the leg-raising or leg
      lowering period in a jumping front-leg axe-kick.Anthropometric parameters of
      taekwondo athlete's do not influence their impact velocities.In order to raise
      the impact velocity in the jumping front-leg axe-kick an athlete should avoid
      tilting back with the torso. Instead, an upright position should be maintained.In
      the leg-lowering period, we suggest hitting the target by using hip extension
      with a rather straight knee, instead of flexing the knee. 

PMID- 26957932
TI  - Assessing Motor Skill Competency in Elementary School Students: A Three-Year
      Study.
AB  - This study was to examine how well fourth- and fifth-grade students demonstrated
      motor skill competency assessed with selected PE Metrics assessment rubrics
      (2009). Fourth- and fifth-grade students (n = 1,346-1,926) were assessed on their
      performance of three manipulative skills using the PE Metrics Assessment Rubrics
      during the pre-intervention year, the post-intervention year 1, and the post
      intervention year 3. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, and
      follow-up comparisons were conducted for data analysis. The results indicated
      that the post-intervention year 2 cohort performed significantly more competent
      than the pre-intervention cohort and the post-intervention year 1 cohort on the
      three manipulative skill assessments. The post-intervention year 1 cohort
      significantly outperformed the pre-intervention cohort on the soccer dribbling,
      passing, and receiving and the striking skill assessments, but not on the
      throwing skill assessment. Although the boys in the three cohorts performed
      significantly better than the girls on all three skills, the girls showed
      substantial improvement on the overhand throwing and the soccer skills from
      baseline to the post-intervention year 1 and the post-intervention year 2.
      However, the girls, in particular, need to improve striking skill. The CTACH PE
      was conducive to improving fourth- and fifth-grade students' motor skill
      competency in the three manipulative skills. This study suggest that PE Metrics
      assessment rubrics are feasible tools for PE teachers to assess levels of
      students' demonstration of motor skill competency during a regular PE lesson. Key
      pointsCATCH PE is an empirically-evidenced quality PE curricular that is
      conducive to improving students' manipulative skill competency.Boys significantly
      outperformed than girls in all three manipulative skills.Girls need to improve
      motor skill competency in striking skill. PE Metrics are feasible assessment
      rubrics that can be easily used by trained physical education teachers to assess
      students' manipulative skill competency. 

PMID- 26957933
TI  - Comparison Between Pre-Exhaustion and Traditional Exercise Order on Muscle
      Activation and Performance in Trained Men.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure the acute effects of pre-exhaustion vs.
      traditional exercise order on neuromuscular performance and sEMG in trained men.
      Fourteen young, healthy, resistance trained men (age: 25.5 +/- 4.0 years, height:
      174.9 +/- 4.1 cm, and total body mass: 80.0 +/- 11.1 kg) took part of this study.
      All tests were randomized and counterbalanced for all subjects and experimental
      conditions. Volunteers attended one session in the laboratory. First, they
      performed ten repetition maximum (10RM) tests for each exercise (bench press and
      triceps pushdown) separately. Secondly, they performed all three conditions at
      10RM: pre-test (bench press and triceps pushdown, separately), pre-exhaustion
      (triceps pushdown+bench press, PE) and traditional (bench press+triceps pushdown,
      TR), and rested 30 minutes between conditions. Results showed that pre-test was
      significantly greater than PE (p = 0.031) but not different than TR, for total
      volume load lifted. There was a significant difference between the pre-test and
      the time-course of lactate measures (p = 0.07). For bench press muscle activity
      of the pectoralis major, the last repetition was significantly greater than the
      first repetition (pre-test: p = 0.006, PE: p = 0.016, and TR: p = 0.005). Also,
      for muscle activity of the triceps brachii, the last repetition was significantly
      greater than the first repetition (pre-test: p = 0.001, PE: p = 0.005, and TR: p
      = 0.006). For triceps pushdown, muscle activity of the triceps brachii, the last
      repetition was significantly greater than the first repetition (pre-test: p =
      0.006, PE: p = 0.016, and TR: p = 0.005). For RPE, there were no significant
      differences between PE and TR (p = 0.15). Our results suggest that exercise order
      decreases repetitions performed, however, neuromuscular fatigue, lactate, and RPE
      are not impacted. The lack of difference in total volume load lifted between PE
      and TR might explain, at least in part, the similar metabolic and perceptual
      responses. Key pointsThe effects of different exercise order schemes (e.g. PE and
      TR) on muscle activity and strength performance indicated that similar responses
      were observed when comparing these schemes.Strength and conditioning coaches
      should consider these results when prescribing resistance training programs.The
      primary target (e.g. muscle group) of the training session should trained first,
      when fatigue level low, in order to maximize training outcomes. 

PMID- 26957934
TI  - Short Duration Heat Acclimation in Australian Football Players.
AB  - This study examined if five sessions of short duration (27 min), high intensity,
      interval training (HIIT) in the heat over a nine day period would induce heat
      acclimation in Australian football (AF) players. Fourteen professional AF players
      were matched for VO2peak (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) and randomly allocated into either a
      heat acclimation (Acc) (n = 7) or Control (Con) group (n = 7). The Acc completed
      five cycle ergometer HIIT sessions within a nine day period on a cycle ergometer
      in the heat (38.7 +/- 0.5  degrees C; 34.4 +/- 1.3 % RH), whereas Con trained in
      thermo-neutral conditions (22.3 +/- 0.2  degrees C; 35.8 +/- 0. % RH). Four days
      prior and two days post HIIT participants undertook a 30 min constant load
      cycling test at 60% VO2peak in the heat (37.9 +/- 0.1  degrees C; 28.5 +/- 0.7 %
      RH) during which VO2, blood lactate concentration ([Lac(-)]), heart rate (HR),
      rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal comfort, core and skin temperatures
      were measured. Heat acclimation resulted in reduced RPE, thermal comfort and
      [Lac(-)] (all p < 0.05) during the submaximal exercise test in the heat. Heart
      rate was lower (p = 0.007) after HIIT, in both groups. Heat acclimation did not
      influence any other measured variables. In conclusion, five short duration HIIT
      sessions in hot dry conditions induced limited heat acclimation responses in AF
      players during the in-season competition phase. In practice, the heat acclimation
      protocol can be implemented in a professional team environment; however the
      physiological adaptations resulting from such a protocol were limited. Key
      pointsSome minor heat acclimation adaptations can be induced in professional AF
      players with five 27 min non-consecutive, short duration HIIT sessions in the
      heat.The heat acclimation protocol employed in this study was able to be
      implemented in a professional team sport environment during an actual competitive
      season.Elevating and maintaining a high core temperature sufficient for heat
      acclimation likely requires a longer heat training session or some pre-heating
      prior to exercise. 

PMID- 26957935
TI  - The Total Work Measured During a High Intensity Isokinetic Fatigue Test Is
      Associated With Anaerobic Work Capacity.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine whether total work measured during a
      high intensity isokinetic fatigue test (TWFAT) could be considered as a valid
      measure of anaerobic work capacity (AWC), such as determined by total work
      measured during a Wingate Anaerobic Test (TWWAnT). Twenty well-trained cyclists
      performed 2 randomly ordered sessions involving a high intensity isokinetic
      fatigue test consisting in 30 reciprocal maximal concentric contractions of knee
      flexors and extensors at 180 degrees .s(-1), and a Wingate Anaerobic Test. We
      found that TWFAT of knee extensors was largely lower than TWWAnT (4151 +/- 691 vs
      22313 +/- 2901 J, respectively, p < 0.05, Hedge's g = 4.27). Both measures were
      highly associated (r = 0.83), and the 95% limits of agreement (LoA) represented
      24.5% of TWWAnT. TWFAT of knee flexors (2151 +/- 540 J) was largely lower than
      TWWAnT (p < 0.05, g = 9.52). By contrast, both measures were not associated (r =
      0.09), and the 95% LoA represented 31.1% of TWWAnT. Combining TWFAT of knee
      flexors and knee extensors into a single measure (6302 +/- 818 J) did not changed
      neither improved these observations. We still found a large difference with
      TWWAnT (p < 0.05, g = 5.26), a moderate association (r = 0.65) and 95% LoA
      representing 25.5% of TWWAnT. We concluded that TWFAT of knee extensors could be
      considered as a valid measure of AWC, since both measure were highly associated.
      However, the mean difference between both measures and their 95% LoA were too
      large to warrant interchangeability. Key pointsTotal work performed during a high
      intensity isokinetic fatigue test can be considered as a valid measure of
      anaerobic work capacity (as determined by total work performance during a 30-s
      Wingate anaerobic test).The 95% limits of agreement are two large to allow a
      direct comparison between both measures. In other words, it is not possible to
      estimate the magnitude of performance improvement during a 30-s Wingate anaerobic
      test from that observed during a high intensity isokinetic fatigue test.In
      addition to provide sport scientists and coaches with measures of peak torque and
      ratios between agonists and antagonists muscles in a perspective of injury
      prevention, isokinetic dynamometry can also be used in the physiological
      assessment of athletes. However, some precautions should be taken in the
      interpretation of data. 

PMID- 26957936
TI  - Using Mean Absolute Relative Phase, Deviation Phase and Point-Estimation Relative
      Phase to Measure Postural Coordination in a Serial Reaching Task.
AB  - The objectives of this communication are to present the methods used to calculate
      mean absolute relative phase (MARP), deviation phase (DP) and point estimate
      relative phase (PRP) and compare their utility in measuring postural coordination
      during the performance of a serial reaching task. MARP and DP are derived from
      continuous relative phase time series representing the relationship between two
      body segments or joints during movements. MARP is a single measure used to
      quantify the coordination pattern and DP measures the stability of the
      coordination pattern. PRP also quantifies coordination patterns by measuring the
      relationship between the timing of maximal or minimal angular displacements of
      two segments within cycles of movement. Seven young adults practiced a bilateral
      serial reaching task 300 times over 3 days. Relative phase measures were used to
      evaluate inter-joint relationships for shoulder-hip (proximal) and hip-ankle
      (distal) postural coordination at early and late learning. MARP, PRP and DP
      distinguished between proximal and distal postural coordination. There was no
      effect of practice on any of the relative phase measures for the group, but
      individual differences were seen over practice. Combined, MARP and DP estimated
      stability of in-phase and anti-phase postural coordination patterns, however
      additional qualitative movement analyses may be needed to interpret findings in a
      serial task. We discuss the strengths and limitations of using MARP and DP and
      compare MARP and DP to PRP measures in assessing coordination patterns in the
      context of various types of skillful tasks. Key pointsMARP, DP and PRP measures
      coordination between segments or joint anglesAdvantages and disadvantages of each
      measure should be considered in relationship to the performance taskMARP and DP
      may capture coordination patterns and stability of the patterns during discrete
      tasks or phases of movements within a taskPRP and SD or PRP may capture
      coordination patterns and stability during continuous oscillating movement tasks.

PMID- 26957937
TI  - The Acute Effect of Local Vibration As a Recovery Modality from Exercise-Induced
      Increased Muscle Stiffness.
AB  - Exercise involving eccentric muscle contractions is known to decrease range of
      motion and increase passive muscle stiffness. This study aimed at using
      ultrasound shear wave elastography to investigate acute changes in biceps brachii
      passive stiffness following intense barbell curl exercise involving both
      concentric and eccentric contractions. The effect of local vibration (LV) as a
      recovery modality from exercise-induced increased stiffness was further
      investigated. Eleven subjects performed 4 bouts of 10 bilateral barbell curl
      movements at 70% of the one-rep maximal flexion force. An arm-to-arm comparison
      model was then used with one arm randomly assigned to the passive recovery
      condition and the other arm assigned to the LV recovery condition (10 min of 55
      Hz vibration frequency and 0.9-mm amplitude). Biceps brachii shear elastic
      modulus measurements were performed prior to exercise (PRE), immediately after
      exercise (POST-EX) and 5 min after the recovery period (POST-REC). Biceps brachii
      shear elastic modulus was significantly increased at POST-EX (+53 +/- 48%; p <
      0.001) and POST-REC (+31 +/- 46%; p = 0.025) when compared to PRE. No differences
      were found between passive and LV recovery (p = 0.210). LV as a recovery strategy
      from exercise-induced increased muscle stiffness was not beneficial, probably due
      to an insufficient mechanical action of vibrations. Key pointsBouts of barbell
      curl exercise induce an immediate increased passive stiffness of the biceps
      brachii muscle, as evidenced by greater shear elastic modulus measured by
      supersonic shear imaging.The administration of a vibratory massage did not reduce
      this acute exercise-induced increased stiffness. 

PMID- 26957938
TI  - Limitations of Spectral Electromyogramic Analysis to Determine the Onset of
      Neuromuscular Fatigue Threshold during Incremental Ergometer Cycling.
AB  - Recently, a new method has been proposed to detect the onset of neuromuscular
      fatigue during an incremental cycling test by assessing the changes in spectral
      electromyographic (sEMG) frequencies within individual exercise periods of the
      test. The method consists on determining the highest power output that can be
      sustained without a significant decrease in spectral frequencies. This study
      evaluated the validity of the new approach by assessing the changes in spectral
      indicators both throughout the whole test and within individual exercise periods
      of the test. Fourteen cyclists performed incremental cycle ergometer rides to
      exhaustion with bipolar surface EMG signals recorded from the vastus lateralis.
      The mean and median frequencies (Fmean and Fmedian, respectively) of the sEMG
      power spectrum were calculated. The main findings were: (1) Examination of
      spectral indicators within individual exercise periods of the test showed that
      neither Fmean nor Fmedian decreased significantly during the last (most
      fatiguing) exercise periods. (2) Examination of the whole incremental test showed
      that the behaviour of Fmean and Fmedian with increasing power output was highly
      inconsistent and varied greatly among subjects. (3) Over the whole incremental
      test, half of the participants exhibited a positive relation between spectral
      indicators and workload, whereas the other half demonstrated the opposite
      behavior. Collectively, these findings indicate that spectral sEMG indexes do not
      provide a reliable measure of the fatigue state of the muscle during an
      incremental cycling test. Moreover, it is concluded that it is not possible to
      determine the onset of neuromuscular fatigue during an incremental cycling test
      by examining spectral indicators within individual exercise periods of the test.
      Key pointsThe behaviour of spectral EMG indicators during the incremental test
      exhibited a high heterogeneity among individuals, with approximately half of the
      participants showing a positive relation between spectral indicators and workload
      and the other half showing the opposite behaviour.None of the spectral EMG
      indicators examined (Fmean nor Fmedian) decreased significantly between the
      ventilatory threshold and the highest power output.Examination of spectral
      indicators within individual exercise periods of the test showed that neither
      Fmean nor Fmedian decreased significantly during the last (most fatiguing)
      exercise periods. 

PMID- 26957939
TI  - Reliability of Three-Dimensional Angular Kinematics and Kinetics of Swimming
      Derived from Digitized Video.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore the reliability of estimating three
      dimensional (3D) angular kinematics and kinetics of a swimmer derived from
      digitized video. Two high-level front crawl swimmers and one high level
      backstroke swimmer were recorded by four underwater and two above water video
      cameras. One of the front crawl swimmers was digitized at 50 fields per second
      with a window for smoothing by a 4(th) order Butterworth digital filter extending
      10 fields beyond the start and finish of the stroke cycle (FC1), while the other
      front crawl (FC2) and backstroke (BS) swimmer were digitized at 25 frames per
      second with the window extending five frames beyond the start and finish of the
      stroke cycle. Each camera view of one stroke cycle was digitized five times
      yielding five independent 3D data sets from which whole body centre of mass (CM)
      yaw, pitch, roll, and torques were derived together with wrist and ankle moment
      arms with respect to an inertial reference system with origin at the CM.
      Coefficients of repeatability ranging from r = 0.93 to r = 0.99 indicated that
      both digitising sampling rates and extrapolation methods are sufficiently
      reliable to identify real differences in net torque production. This will enable
      the sources of rotations about the three axes to be explained in future research.
      Errors in angular kinematics and displacements of the wrist and ankles relative
      to range of motion were small for all but the ankles in the X (swimming)
      direction for FC2 who had a very vigorous kick. To avoid large errors when
      digitising the ankles of swimmers with vigorous kicks it is recommended that a
      marker on the shank could be used to calculate the ankle position based on the
      known displacements between knee, shank, and ankle markers. Key pointsUsing the
      methods described, an inverse dynamics approach based on 3D position data
      digitized manually from multiple camera views above and below the water surface
      is sufficiently reliable to yield insights regarding torque production in
      swimming additional to those of other approaches.The ability to link the torque
      profiles to swimming actions and technique is enhanced by having additional data
      such as wrist and ankle displacements that can be obtained readily from the
      digitized data.An additional marker on the shank should be used to improve
      accuracy and reliability of calculating the ankle motion for swimmers with a
      vigorous kick. 

PMID- 26957940
TI  - Investigating the Contextual Interference Effect Using Combination Sports Skills
      in Open and Closed Skill Environments.
AB  - This study attempted to present conditions that were closer to the real-world
      setting of team sports. The primary purpose was to examine the effects of
      blocked, random and game-based training practice schedules on the learning of the
      field hockey trap, close dribble and push pass that were practiced in
      combination. The secondary purpose was to investigate the effects of
      predictability of the environment on the learning of field hockey sport skills
      according to different practice schedules. A game-based training protocol
      represented a form of random practice in an unstable environment and was compared
      against a blocked and a traditional random practice schedule. In general, all
      groups improved dribble and push accuracy performance during the acquisition
      phase when assessed in a closed environment. In the retention phase, there were
      no differences between the three groups. When assessed in an open skills
      environment, all groups improved their percentage of successful executions for
      trapping and passing execution, and improved total number of attempts and total
      number of successful executions for both dribbling and shooting execution.
      Between-group differences were detected for dribbling execution with the game
      based group scoring a higher number of dribbling successes. The CI effect did not
      emerge when practicing and assessing multiple sport skills in a closed skill
      environment, even when the skills were practiced in combination. However, when
      skill assessment was conducted in a real-world situation, there appeared to be
      some support for the CI effect. Key pointsThe contextual interference effect was
      not supported when practicing several skills in combination when the sports
      skills were assessed in a closed skill environment.There appeared to be some
      support for the contextual interference effect when sports skills were assessed
      in an open skill environment, which were similar to a real game situation.A game
      based training schedule can be used as an alternative practice schedule as it
      displayed superior learning compared to a blocked practice schedule when assessed
      by the game performance test (real-world setting). The game-based training
      schedule also matched the blocked and random practice schedules in the other
      tests. 

PMID- 26957941
TI  - Effects of Short-Term Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Markers of
      Inflammation after Eccentric Strength Exercise in Women.
AB  - The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has anti-inflammatory and anti
      nociceptive (pain inhibiting) effects. Because strenuous exercise often results
      in local inflammation and pain, we hypothesized that DHA supplementation
      attenuates the rise in markers of local muscle inflammation and delayed onset
      muscle soreness (DOMS) that occur after eccentric strength exercise. Twenty
      seven, healthy women (33 +/- 2 y, BMI 23.1+/-1.0 kg.m(-2)) were randomized to
      receive 9d of 3000 mg/d DHA or placebo in a double-blind fashion. On day 7 of the
      supplementation period, the participants performed 4 sets of maximal-effort
      eccentric biceps curl exercise. Before and 48h after the eccentric exercise,
      markers of inflammation were measured including measures of muscle soreness (10
      point visual analog pain scale, VAS), swelling (arm circumference), muscle
      stiffness (active and passive elbow extension), skin temperature, and salivary C
      reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. As expected, muscle soreness and arm
      circumference increased while active and passive elbow extension decreased. The
      increase in soreness was 23% less in the DHA group (48h increase in VAS soreness
      ratings: 4.380.4 vs. 5.600.5, p=0.02). Furthermore, the number of subjects who
      were able to achieve full active elbow extension 48h after eccentric exercise was
      greater in the DHA group (71% vs. 15%, p = 0.006), indicating significantly less
      muscle stiffness. No between-group differences were observed for passive elbow
      extension (p = 0.78) or arm swelling (p = 0.75). Skin temperature and salivary
      CRP concentrations did not change from baseline to 48h after exercise in either
      group. These findings indicate that short-term DHA supplementation reduces
      exercise-induced muscle soreness and stiffness. Therefore, in addition to other
      health benefits that n-3 fatty acids have been associated with, DHA
      supplementation could be beneficial for improving tolerance to new and/or
      strenuous exercise programs and thereby might facilitate better training
      adaptations and exercise adherence. Key pointsSeven days of 3000 mg/day
      supplementation with algae-derived docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) attenuates the
      delayed onset muscle soreness and stiffness, and protects against the loss of
      joint range of motion that is caused by strenuous eccentric exercise.This benefit
      was observed in women, and supports the findings from other studies that were
      conducted on men or a combination of men and womenThe benefits from algae-derived
      DHA appear to be similar to those reported in other studies that used a
      combination of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived from fish oilThe
      findings of better recovery from strenuous exercise with DHA supplementation,
      paired with other research which demonstrated that DHA and EPA protect against
      chronic diseases suggest that DHA is an attractive optionThese findings have
      relevance to athletic populations, in that DHA would be expected to facilitate
      recovery and allow for better performance during training and competition.
      However, DHA supplementation might also benefit non-athletic populations, such as
      individuals starting new exercise programs and patient populations that are prone
      to muscle soreness (e.g. physical therapy patients). 

PMID- 26957942
TI  - A Comparison between Alpine Skiing, Cross-Country Skiing and Indoor Cycling on
      Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Response.
AB  - Since physical inactivity especially prevails during winter months, we set out to
      identify outdoor alternatives to indoor cycling (IC) by comparing the metabolic
      and cardiorespiratory responses during alpine skiing (AS), cross-country skiing
      (XCS) and IC and analyse the effects of sex, age and fitness level in this
      comparison. Twenty one healthy subjects performed alpine skiing (AS), cross
      country skiing (XCS), and IC. Oxygen uptake (VO2), total energy expenditure (EE),
      heart rate (HR), lactate, blood glucose and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were
      determined during three 4-min stages of low, moderate and high intensity. During
      XCS and IC VO2max and EE were higher than during AS. At least 21/2 hours of AS
      are necessary to reach the same EE as during one hour of XCS or IC. HR, VO2,
      lactate, and RPEarms were highest during XCS, whereas RPEwhole-body was similar
      and RPElegs lower than during AS and IC, respectively. Weight adjusted VO2 and EE
      were higher in men than in women while fitness level had no effect. Male, fit and
      young participants were able to increase their EE and VO2 values more pronounced.
      Both AS and XCS can be individually tailored to serve as alternatives to IC and
      may thus help to overcome the winter activity deficit. XCS was found to be the
      most effective activity for generating a high EE and VO2 while AS was the most
      demanding activity for the legs. Key pointsDuring cross-country skiing and indoor
      cycling VO2max and energy expenditure were higher than during alpine
      skiingApproximately 21/2 hours of alpine skiing are necessary to reach the same
      energy expenditure of one hour of cross-country skiing or indoor cycling.Alpine
      skiing and cross-country skiing can be individually tailored to serve as sports
      alternatives in winter to activity deficit.By applying different skiing modes as
      parallel ski steering, carving long radii and short turn skiing, metabolic and
      cardiorespiratory response can be increased during alpine skiing.Male, fit and
      young participants were able to increase their energy expenditure and VO2 more
      pronounced with an increase in intensity compared with their counterparts. 

PMID- 26957943
TI  - Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Modulates NFkappaB and Nrf2 Pathways in Exercise
      Training.
AB  - This study reports the effects of Q10, coenzyme Q10 or ubiquinone, a component of
      the electron transport chain in mitochondria, on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain
      enhancer of activated B cells (NFkappaB), inhibitors of kappa B (IkappaB),
      nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1) in
      rats after chronic exercise training for 6 weeks. 8-week old male Wistar rats
      were assigned randomly to one of four treatments planned in a 2 x 2 factorial
      arrangement of two condition (sedentary vs. exercise training), and two coenzyme
      Q10 levels (0 and 300 mg/kg per day for 6 weeks). The expression levels of the
      target proteins were determined in the heart, liver and muscle, and biochemical
      parameters including creatinine, urea, glucose and lipid profile were
      investigated in plasma. When compared with sedentary group, significant decreases
      in heart, liver and muscle NFkappaB levels by 45%, 26% and 44% were observed in
      Q10 supplemented rats after exercise training, respectively, while the inhibitory
      protein IkappaB increased by 179%, 111% and 127% in heart, liver and muscle
      tissues. Q10 supplementation caused an increase in Nrf2 (167%, 165% and 90%) and
      HO-1 (107%, 156% and 114%) after exercise training in heart, liver and muscle
      tissues (p < 0.05). No significant change was observed in any of the parameters
      associated with protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, except that exercise
      caused a decrease in plasma triglyceride, which was further decreased by Q10. In
      conclusion, these results suggest that Q10 modulates the expression of NFkappaB,
      IkappaB, Nrf2 and HO-1 in exercise training, indicating an anti-inflammatory
      effect of Q10 and emphasizes its role in antioxidant defense. Key pointsCoenzyme
      Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria which is
      linked to the generation of energy in the cell.Coenzyme Q10 may inhibit the
      peroxidation of lipids, thus acting as an antioxidant and protects tissue against
      oxidative injury.Using of coenzyme Q10 can significantly elevate IkappaB, Nrf2
      and HO-1 and reduce NFkappaB during exercise training. 

PMID- 26957944
TI  - Iron Supplementation and Altitude: Decision Making Using a Regression Tree.

PMID- 26957945
TI  - Elastic Knee Sleeves Limit Anterior Tibial Translation in Healthy Females.

PMID- 26957946
TI  - Putting Laughter in Context: Shared Laughter as Behavioral Indicator of
      Relationship Well-Being.
AB  - Laughter is a pervasive human behavior that most frequently happens in a social
      context. However, data linking the behavior of laughter with psychological or
      social outcomes is exceptionally rare. Here, we draw attention to shared laughter
      as a useful objective marker of relationship well-being. Spontaneously-generated
      laughs of 71 heterosexual romantic couples were coded from a videorecorded
      conversation about how the couple first met. Multilevel models revealed that,
      while controlling for all other laughter present, the proportion of the
      conversation spent laughing simultaneously with the romantic partner was uniquely
      positively associated with global evaluations of relationship quality, closeness,
      and social support. Results are discussed with respect to methodological
      considerations and theoretical implications for relationships and behavioral
      research more broadly.

PMID- 26957947
TI  - Minimal second language exposure, SES, and early word comprehension: New evidence
      from a direct assessment.
AB  - Although the extant literature provides robust evidence of the influence of
      language exposure and socioeconomic status (SES) on language acquisition, it is
      unknown how sensitive the early receptive vocabulary system is to these factors.
      The current study investigates effects of minimal second language exposure and
      SES on the comprehension vocabulary of 16-month-old children in the language in
      which they receive the greatest exposure. Study 1 revealed minimal second
      language exposure and SES exert significant and independent effects on a direct
      measure of vocabulary comprehension in English-dominant and English monolingual
      children (N = 72). In Study 2, we replicated the effect of minimal second
      language exposure in Spanish-dominant and Spanish monolingual children (N = 86),
      however no effect of SES on vocabulary was obtained. Our results emphasize the
      sensitivity of the language system to minimal changes in the environment in early
      development.

PMID- 26957948
TI  - Analysis of the immune response of human dendritic cells to Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis by quantitative proteomics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cellular immune response for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
      tuberculosis) infection remained incompletely understood. To uncover membrane
      proteins involved in this infection mechanism, an integrated approach consisting
      of an organic solvent-assisted membrane protein digestion, stable-isotope
      dimethyl labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
      analysis was used to comparatively profile the membrane protein expression of
      human dendritic cells upon heat-killed M. tuberculosis (HKTB) treatment. RESULTS:
      Organic solvent-assisted trypsin digestion coupled with stable-isotope labeling
      and LC-MS/MS analysis was applied to quantitatively analyze the membrane protein
      expression of THP-1 derived dendritic cells. We evaluated proteins that were
      upregulated in response to HKTB treatment, and applied STRING website database to
      analyze the correlations between these proteins. Of the investigated proteins,
      aminopeptidase N (CD13) was found to be largely expressed after HKTB treatment.
      By using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that membranous CD13
      expression was upregulated and was capable of binding to live mycobacteria.
      Treatment dendritic cell with anti-CD13 antibody during M. tuberculosis infection
      enhanced the ability of T cell activation. CONCLUSIONS: Via proteomics data and
      STRING analysis, we demonstrated that the highly-expressed CD13 is also
      associated with proteins involved in the antigen presenting process, especially
      with CD1 proteins. Increasing expression of CD13 on dendritic cells while M.
      tuberculosis infection and enhancement of T cell activation after CD13 treated
      with anti-CD13 antibody indicates CD13 positively involved in the pathogenesis of
      M. tuberculosis.

PMID- 26957949
TI  - Adherence to Traditionally Masculine Norms and Condom-Related Beliefs: Emphasis
      on African American and Hispanic Men.
AB  - Although studies have shown that adherence to traditional masculine norms (i.e.,
      Status, Toughness, Antifemininity) affect men's attitudes toward sexual health,
      there is little research on how men's adherence to these norms affect them in the
      context of heterosexual, dyadic relationships. Among 296 young pregnant couples,
      we investigated the extent to which adherence to traditional masculine norms
      affected male and female partners' own condom-related beliefs (i.e., condom self
      efficacy, positive condom attitudes) and that of their partners. We tested an
      interdependence model using a dyadic-analytic approach to path analysis. We also
      tested for differences across gender and race-ethnicity (i.e., African American,
      Hispanic). Results showed that adherence to the Antifemininity and Toughness
      masculine norms predicted negative condom-related beliefs, whereas, overall,
      adherence to the Status norm predicted positive condom-related beliefs. Men's and
      women's adherence to traditional norms about masculinity were associated with
      their partner's condom self-efficacy, and moderated associations based on gender
      and race-ethnicity were detected. In contrast, each dyad member's traditional
      masculine norms were not associated with his or her partner's positive condom
      attitudes. Taken together, findings indicated that the roles of traditional
      masculinity and condom-related beliefs in sexual health should be addressed
      within the context of relationships and associations between masculine norms and
      condom-related beliefs are not uniformly negative.

PMID- 26957950
TI  - The Development of Selective Attention Orienting is an Agent of Change in
      Learning and Memory Efficacy.
AB  - The present study examined whether the developmental transition from facilitation
      based orienting mechanisms available very early in life to selective attention
      orienting (e.g., inhibition of return, IOR) promotes better learning and memory
      in infancy. We tested a single age group (4-month-olds) undergoing rapid
      development of attention orienting mechanisms. Infants completed a spatial cueing
      task designed to elicit IOR, in which cat or dog category exemplars consistently
      appeared in either the cued or noncued locations. Infants were subsequently
      tested on a visual paired comparison of exemplars from these cued and noncued
      animal categories. As expected, infants showed either facilitation-based
      orienting or the more mature IOR-based orienting during spatial cueing/encoding.
      Infants who demonstrated IOR-based orienting showed memory for both specific
      exemplars and broader category learning, whereas those who showed facilitation
      based orienting showed weaker evidence of learning. Attention orienting also
      interacted with previous pet experience, such that the number of pets at home
      influenced learning only when infants engaged facilitation-based orienting during
      encoding. Learning in the context of IOR-based orienting was stable regardless of
      pet experience, suggesting that selective attention serves as an online learning
      mechanism during visual exploration that is less sensitive to prior experience.

PMID- 26957951
TI  - First on the List: Effectiveness at Self-Regulation and Prioritizing Difficult
      Exercise Goal Pursuit.
AB  - Identifying and understanding the goal pursuit strategies that distinguish
      effective self-regulators from less effective self-regulators is important for
      elucidating how individuals achieve their goals. We suggest that the timing of
      plans for difficult goal pursuits is one differentiation. A pilot study shows
      that effective self-regulators tend to believe they are best suited to pursue
      difficult goals earlier in the day, and two studies provide evidence that
      effective and less effective self-regulators differ in the timing of their plans
      for difficult goal pursuits. Results indicate that when exercising is perceived
      as difficult goal pursuit, effective self-regulators prioritize that difficult
      goal pursuit by planning to exercise earlier in the day whereas less effective
      self-regulators plan exercise for later in the day.

PMID- 26957952
TI  - Muscle contraction velocity, strength and power output changes following
      different degrees of hypohydration in competitive olympic combat sports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is habitual for combat sports athletes to lose weight rapidly to
      get into a lower weight class. Fluid restriction, dehydration by sweating (sauna
      or exercise) and the use of diuretics are among the most recurrent means of
      weight cutting. Although it is difficult to dissuade athletes from this practice
      due to the possible negative effect of severe dehydration on their health,
      athletes may be receptive to avoid weight cutting if there is evidence that it
      could affect their muscle performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present
      study was to investigate if hypohydration, to reach a weight category, affects
      neuromuscular performance and combat sports competition results. METHODS: We
      tested 163 (124 men and 39 woman) combat sports athletes during the 2013 senior
      Spanish National Championships. Body mass and urine osmolality (UOSM) were
      measured at the official weigh-in (PRE) and 13-18 h later, right before competing
      (POST). Athletes were divided according to their USOM at PRE in euhydrated (EUH;
      UOSM 250-700 mOsm . kgH2O(-1)), hypohydrated (HYP; UOSM 701-1080 mOsm . kgH2O(
      1)) and severely hypohydrated (S-HYP; UOSM 1081-1500 mOsm . kgH2O(-1)). Athletes'
      muscle strength, power output and contraction velocity were measured in upper
      (bench press and grip) and lower body (countermovement jump - CMJ) muscle actions
      at PRE and POST time-points. RESULTS: At weigh-in 84 % of the participants were
      hypohydrated. Before competition (POST) UOSM in S-HYP and HYP decreased but did
      not reach euhydration levels. However, this partial rehydration increased bench
      press contraction velocity (2.8-7.3 %; p < 0.05) and CMJ power (2.8 %; p < 0.05)
      in S-HYP. Sixty-three percent of the participants competed with a body mass above
      their previous day's weight category and 70 of them (69 % of that sample)
      obtained a medal. CONCLUSIONS: Hypohydration is highly prevalent among combat
      sports athletes at weigh-in and not fully reversed in the 13-18 h from weigh-in
      to competition. Nonetheless, partial rehydration recovers upper and lower body
      neuromuscular performance in the severely hypohydrated participants. Our data
      suggest that the advantage of competing in a lower weight category could
      compensate the declines in neuromuscular performance at the onset of competition,
      since 69 % of medal winners underwent marked hypohydration.

PMID- 26957953
TI  - Validation of the Self Reporting Questionnaire 20-Item (SRQ-20) for Use in a Low-
      and Middle-Income Country Emergency Centre Setting.
AB  - Common mental disorders are highly prevalent in emergency centre (EC) patients,
      yet few brief screening tools have been validated for low- and middle-income
      country (LMIC) ECs. This study explored the psychometric properties of the SRQ-20
      screening tool in South African ECs using the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview
      (MINI) as the gold standard comparison tool. Patients (n=200) from two ECs in
      Cape Town, South Africa were interviewed using the SRQ-20 and the MINI. Internal
      consistency, screening properties and factorial validity were examined. The SRQ
      20 was effective in identifying participants with major depression, anxiety
      disorders or suicidality and displayed good internal consistency. The optimal
      cutoff scores were 4/5 and 6/7 for men and women respectively. The factor
      structure differed by gender. The SRQ-20 is a useful tool for EC settings in
      South Africa and holds promise for task-shifted approaches to decreasing the LMIC
      burden of mental disorders.

PMID- 26957955
TI  - Experimental Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation and effects of soursop (Annona
      muricata) as natural antivenom.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the Atlantic forest of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil,
      local population often uses the fruit juice and the aqueous extract of leaves of
      soursop (Annona muricata L.) to treat Lachesis muta rhombeata envenomation.
      Envenomation is a relevant health issue in these areas, especially due to its
      severity and because the production and distribution of antivenom is limited in
      these regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of the
      use of soursop leaf extract and its juice against envenomation by Lachesis muta
      rhombeata. METHODS: We evaluated the biochemical, hematological and hemostatic
      parameters, the blood pressure, the inflammation process and the lethality
      induced by Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom. We also assessed the action of
      the aqueous extract of leaves (AmL) and juice (AmJ) from A. muricata on the
      animal organism injected with L. m. rhombeata venom (LmrV) in the laboratory
      environment. RESULTS: LmrV induced a decrease of total protein, albumin and
      glucose; and increase of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea
      concentrations. It provoked hemoconcentration followed by reduction of
      hematocrit, an increase in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time and a
      decrease of the blood pressure. LmrV induced the release of interleukin-6, an
      increase in neutrophils and changes in the serum protein profile, characteristic
      of the acute inflammatory process. LD50 values were similar for the groups
      injected with LmrV and treated or untreated with AmJ and AmL. Both treatments
      play a role on the maintenance of blood glucose, urea and coagulation parameters
      and exert a protective action against the myotoxicity. However, they seem to
      worsen the hypotension caused by LmrV. CONCLUSION: The treatments with AmJ and
      AmL present some beneficial actions, but they might intensify some effects of the
      venom. Therefore, additional studies on A. muricata are necessary to enable its
      use as natural antivenom for bushmaster snakebite.

PMID- 26957954
TI  - Bridged Analogues for p53-Dependent Cancer Therapy Obtained by S-Alkylation.
AB  - A small library of anticancer, cell-permeating, stapled peptides based on potent
      dual-specific antagonist of p53-MDM2/MDMX interactions, PMI-N8A, was synthesized,
      characterized and screened for anticancer activity against human colorectal
      cancer cell line, HCT-116. Employed synthetic modifications included: S
      alkylation-based stapling, point mutations increasing hydrophobicity in key
      residues as well as improvement of cell-permeability by introduction of
      polycationic sequence(s) that were woven into the sequence of parental peptide.
      Selected analogue, ArB14Co, was also tested in vivo and exhibited potent
      anticancer bioactivity at the low dose (3.0 mg/kg). Collectively, our findings
      suggest that application of stapling in combination with rational design of
      polycationic short analogues may be a suitable approach in the development of
      physiologically active p53-MDM2/MDMX peptide inhibitors.

PMID- 26957956
TI  - Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections among
      pregnant women in the Asante Akim North Municipality of the Ashanti region,
      Ghana; a cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem affecting billions
      of people globally with maternal-fetal transmission on the rise. OBJECTIVES: This
      study sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B
      virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among pregnant women in the
      Asante Akim North Municipality, in the Ashanti region of Ghana. METHODS: In this
      cross-sectional study 168 pregnant women were recruited from the Agogo
      Presbyterian hospital. Blood samples were collected for the detection of
      Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies. A pretested
      questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and identify the risk factors
      associated with the two infections. RESULTS: Of the 168 participants studied, 16
      (9.5%) tested positive for HBV and 13 (7.7%) tested positive for HCV representing
      9.5% and 7.7% respectively. A participant tested positive for both HBV and HCV co
      infection representing 0.6%. Undertaking blood transfusion, tattooing and sharing
      of needles were associated with hepatitis C infection (P=0.001). HBV was not
      associated with any of the risk factors (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings
      suggest a high prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among pregnant women;
      blood transfusion, tattooing and sharing of hypodermic needles were associated
      with hepatitis C infection. Measures to reduce the disease and transmission
      burden must be introduced.

PMID- 26957957
TI  - Chronic hepatitis B associated with hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance,
      necroinflammation and fibrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on fatty liver
      disease is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the
      viral and host causes of fatty liver in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This
      study included 88 CHB patients of which 17 were not treated. Liver biopsy was
      performed in each patient. Group 1 included those with hepatic steatosis (n=28)
      and group 2 those without hepatic steatosis. The groups were compared in terms of
      age, body mass index (BMI), Homeostasis Model Assessment- Insulin Resistance
      (HOMA-IR), viral load, biochemical parameters and histological findings. Patients
      in group 1 were subdivided according to the degree of steatosis as follows: grade
      1 (15 patients, 53.6%), grade 2 (6 patients, 21.4%), and grade 3 (7 patients,
      25%). RESULTS: In group 1 (n=28), mean age, BMI, cholesterol, and HOMA-IR were
      found to be significantly higher than in group 2 (n=60). There were no
      significant differences in the positivity of viral load, HbeAg, treatment,
      fibrosis and other laboratory parameters between the two groups. HOMA-IR was the
      only independent predictive factor of liver steatosis in patients with CHB in
      logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Hepatic steatosis in CHB patients was
      associated with host metabolic factors.

PMID- 26957958
TI  - Triple positivity of HBsAg, anti-HCV antibody, and HIV and their influence on
      CD4+ lymphocyte levels in the highly HIV infected population of Abeokuta,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies exist on hospital-based seroprevalence of triple
      positivity of HIV/HBV/HCV in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed at determining
      the triple positivity of HIV, HBsAg and HCV among HIV-infected individuals in
      Abeokuta, Nigeria and defining the influence of these triple infections on CD4+
      counts of HIV-infected individuals as antiretroviral therapy improves in Nigeria.
      METHODS: Enumeration of CD4+ levels in 183 HIV-infected persons was done with
      Partec Flow Cytometer. Seropositivity of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody was detected
      with rapid kits. RESULTS: From the result obtained, significance variance
      (p<0.05) existed between HIV positive persons and persons who tested positive to
      HIV/HBV/HCV triple infection before and after the commencement of HAART. Of these
      infections, 31(16.9%) had HBV/HCV/HIV triple infection, while 152(83.1%) had HIV
      mono infection only, 56(30.6%) had HBV/HIV dual infection only and 43(23.5%) had
      HCV/HIV dual infection only. Significant variance (p<0.05) also existed between
      subjects with CD4 counts of <200 cells/ul, 200-499 cells/ul and >500 cells/ul.
      Highest seroprevalence of HIV (35.0%) was found in age groups 35-44 years and >65
      years had the least (2.7%). Significant variance (p<0.05) also existed in the
      progression of CD4+ lymphocytes cells between subjects with persistent decrease
      (32.3%) in CD4+ lymphocytes cells and those with fluctuation in their CD4+
      lymphocytes cells (12.9%) after the commencement of ART. CONCLUSION: The study
      further confirms that triple positivity of HIV/HBV/HCV infection is common in
      Abeokuta, Nigeria. Testing of these triple infections should be a big concern in
      the best choice and commencement of ART. Also, the study showed that consistent
      and prolonged use of HAART had a positive impact on the CD4 count of HIV-infected
      individuals.

PMID- 26957959
TI  - Anti-HCV antibody among newly diagnosed HIV patients in Ughelli, a suburban area
      of Delta State Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share
      common routes of infection and as such, co-infection is expected. Co-infection of
      the two viruses is of great medical importance as it determines the effect of
      drugs used for treatment at various stages. OBJECTIVE: This interplay between HIV
      and HCV sets the tone for the objective of this study which is to ascertain the
      seroprevalence of HCV among newly diagnosed HIV patients in Ughelli, a suburban
      area of Delta State, Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 200 newly diagnosed HIV
      positive patients were recruited for this study. Each of the sera was tested for
      anti-HCV antibody using SWE-life HCV ultra rapid test strip. Appropriate
      questionnaires were used to ascertain other important information which include
      social behaviour such as whether the patients were MSM (males), IDU, tattoo
      and/or have received blood transfusion in the past. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      HCV among the study population was determined to be 15.0%. A higher
      seroprevalence was observed among females (16.5%) than in males (13.0%). A higher
      seroprevalence was also observed among age groups >26 years (16.0%) than in age
      groups 14-25 years (13.0%) and 2-13 years (0.0%). Of the 7 patients with tattoos,
      1(14.3%) tested positive for HCV compared to 29(15.0%) with no tattoos. We found
      no significant correlation with transfusion, intravenous drug use (IDU), men that
      have sex with men (MSM), tattooing and the seroprevalence of HCV. However,
      significant correlation existed with age, sex and HCV prevalence. CONCLUSION:
      This study reports a 15.0% seroprevalence of HCV among newly diagnosed HIV
      patients and that is alarmingly well above several other studies done in the past
      in Nigeria and other countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Planned preven tion,
      screening, and treatment are needed to reduce further transmission and morbidity.
      Future studies involving HCV-RNA assays are needed.

PMID- 26957960
TI  - Seropositivity and determinants of immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibodies against
      Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types -1 and -2 in pregnant women in Port Harcourt,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study is the first documented prevalence of IgG antibody against
      HSV-1&-2 in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and thus provides baseline data for future in
      depth studies on HSV infection in South-South, Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study
      determined the seropositivity and determinants of serum IgG antibody against HSV
      1 & HIV-2 among pregnant women attending BMSH, Port Harcourt, Rivers State,
      Nigeria. METHODS: Serum samples from 180 pregnant women attending antenatal
      clinic at Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital (BMSH) in Port Harcourt,
      Nigeria. Serum samples were analysed with commercial HSV type-1&-2 specific IgG
      Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Chi-square analysis was used to
      determine the association of infection with socio-demographic variables. RESULTS:
      Of the 180 pregnant women, 179 (99.4%) were seropositive and 1(0.6%) was
      seronegative for HSV 1&2 IgG antibody. No statistical association existed between
      the prevalence of HSV-1&-2 IgG antibodies and the socio-demographic variables
      studied (p>0.05) except for marital status which was significantly associated
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data shows that HSV-1 & 2 seropositivity among pregnant
      women in Port Harcourt is high; thus serological screening for HSV-1&-2 might be
      advisable for antenatal attendees.

PMID- 26957961
TI  - Polymerase chain reaction to search for Herpes viruses in uveitic and healthy
      eyes: a South African perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyse aqueous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in patients
      diagnosed with undifferentiated uveitis and determine prevalence of herpesviridae
      in non-uveitic patients undergoing routine cataract extraction. DESIGN:
      Retrospective comparative case series and prospective cross-sectional study.
      SUBJECTS: 72 patients with idiopathic uveitis and 57 surgical patients. METHODS:
      Diagnostic aqueous paracentesis with PCR testing for 6 herpes viridae in uveitic
      patients. Anterior chamber paracentesis immediately pre-operative in the
      prospective arm, with PCR testing. RESULTS: In the retrospective review we had a
      47.2% positive PCR yield. Data analysis revealed a statistically significant
      correlation between a positive yield and being HIV+ (p=0.018); between an EBV+
      yield and being HIV+ (p= 0.026) and a CMV+ result and being HIV+ (p=0.032).
      Posterior uveitis (p=0.014) and symptoms <30 days (p= 0.0014) had a statistically
      significant yield. In the prospective arm of the study: all 57 patients were HIV-
      and all aqueous samples were negative for the 6 herpesviridae. CONCLUSION: We
      recommend PCR testing for Herpesviridae as a safe second line test for patients
      with undifferentiated uveitis. We were unable to establish prevalence and suggest
      that the idea of a commensal herpes virus is unlikely if the blood-ocular barrier
      is intact.

PMID- 26957962
TI  - Acceptability of self-collected vaginal samples for HPV testing in an urban and
      rural population of Madagascar.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acceptability of self-collected vaginal samples for
      HPV testing in women living in rural and urban areas of Madagascar. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Participants were recruited in a health care center (urban group) and
      smaller affiliated dispensaries (rural group). They were invited to perform
      unsupervised self-sampling for HPV testing and to answer a questionnaire on socio
      demographic information, cervical cancer knowledge and self-sampling
      acceptability. RESULTS: A total of 300 women were recruited. Median age was 44.1
      years (range 29-65 years) in the urban group and 40.9 years (range 29-65 years)
      in the rural group. Urban women had improved knowledge on HPV, cervical cancer
      and cervical cancer screening (p<0.05) as compared to rural women. Urban women
      lived closer to a health care center (P<0.05), had fewer different sexual
      partners (P<0.05) and later first sexual intercourse (p=0.07). Unlike urban
      women, most rural women were married (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Acceptability of self
      sampling for HPV testing was similarly excellent in both groups despite their
      difference in terms of socio-demographic factors and knowledge about cervical
      cancer.

PMID- 26957963
TI  - Inventory of potential vectors of trypanosoma and infection rate of the Tsetse
      fly in the National Park of Ivindo, Gabon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma's vectors distribution is poorly investigated in Gabon,
      where Trypanosomiasis historical foci exist. Thus, an active detection of
      Trypanosoma sp transmission needs to be assessed. OBJECTIVES: The present study
      aims to identify potential vectors of Trypanosoma sp and to evaluate the
      infection rate of the Tsetse fly in an area of Gabon. METHODS: An entomological
      survey was conducted in the National Park of Ivindo in May 2012 using Vavoua
      traps. All captured insects were identified. Tsetse were dissected and organs
      were microscopically observed to detect the presence of Trypanosoma sp. RESULTS:
      247 biting flies known as vectors of Trypanosomiasis were caught including 189
      tsetse flies, 32 Tabanid and 26 Stomoxys. Tsetse flies had the highest bulk
      densities per trap per day (ADT = 3 tsetse / trap / day), while the lowest
      density was found among Stomoxys (ADT= 0.41 Stomoxys / trap / day). The infection
      rate of flies was 6.3%. Infectious organs were midguts and to a lesser extent
      salivary glands and proboscis. CONCLUSION: The presence of Tsetse infected by
      Trypanosoma highlights an existing risk of trypanosomiasis infection in the
      National Park of Ivindo.

PMID- 26957964
TI  - Occupational skin diseases and prevention among sanitation workers in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little research has been focused on the health status or the
      occupational protection awareness of sanitation workers. The policy
      recommendations on the occupational safety and health of sanitation workers based
      on the scientific research are also insufficient in developing countries like
      China. OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of dermatoses and the relevance with
      occupational exposure, protection awareness and protective measures among
      sanitation workers for better management and protection of the sanitation
      workers. METHODS: 273 sanitation workers and 113 administrative staff from 11
      streets of Wuhan were recruited. Dermatological problems were evaluated and
      recorded by physical examination. Occupational exposure, protection awareness,
      the use of protective equipments and personal history of skin disease were
      assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: Compared with administrative staff,
      sanitation workers had much more occupational dermatological problems and had a
      much higher rate of harmful ultraviolet ray exposure. Young sanitation workers
      were more aware of occupational self-protection and a relatively higher rate of
      them using protective equipments compared with old ones. CONCLUSION: Exposure to
      multiple health hazards and the poor use of protective equipments are related to
      skin diseases in sanitation workers. Prejob training of self-protection and the
      use of protective equipments are recommended.

PMID- 26957965
TI  - Trends in HIV prevalence from 2008 to 2012 among young adults in Port Harcourt,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pandemic of HIV lines amongst the utmost infectious disease
      menaces in antiquity. HIV remains a problem worldwide and it's a grave health
      snags in developing nations particularly in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study
      focused on "trends in HIV reporting from 2008 to 2012 among young adults in Port
      Harcourt, Nigeria. METHODS: Secondary data were collected from BMSH, Port
      Harcourt using a Performa specifically intended for this determination. Socio
      demographic data for the subjects were recovered from coded patients' medical
      records kept at BMSH. The data generated was exposed to Fisher's Exact Test.
      RESULTS: The study showed that a total of 3081 HIV-positive cases were reported
      between 2008 and 2012. The HIV trend were not well defined, it peaked in
      2009(36.6%) and 2008(32.8%) and a decrease in 2011(16.6%), 2012(8.3%) and
      2010(5.7%). A 3.8% increase was observed between 2008 and 2009 and 30.9% decrease
      between 2009 and 2010. However, the prevalence seemed to stabilize between 2009
      and 2012. HIV patterns among various age-groups is not well-defined, it rose with
      increasing age and peaked at 26-30 years (35.7%) after which it declined. Sex
      differences (P<0.05) in the trend was observed. Males ages 26-30 years showed
      uniform pattern with an increasing trend while 36-40 years showed decreasing
      trend except in 2009(34.1%). Females ages 26-30 years showed uniform pattern with
      an increasing trend from 2008(21.7%) to 2010(41.9%) and decreased from 41.9%
      (2010) to 36.5%(2012). The low HIV prevalence in 2010 could be attributed to the
      fact that the proportion of centers giving ART enlarged from 2005 to date. Health
      care facilities providing HIV/AIDS counselling and testing services also
      increased. CONCLUSION: The long decades fight against HIV especially in Rivers
      State is making progress, though an unstable one. The observed increase in years
      with high HIV prevalences calls for an intensified focus of intervention.

PMID- 26957966
TI  - Evaluation of the anti-candidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of
      cleistopholis patens (fam. Annonaceae) on candida species isolated from stage II
      HIV patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Candida species (sp) is implicated in causing opportunistic
      disseminated mycotic complications in stage II HIV patients. Cleistopholis patens
      is a West African medicinal tree reported to have significant antifungal activity
      against C. albicans. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the anti-candidal
      activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cleistopholis patens against Candida
      species isolated from stage II HIV patients. METHODS: The minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) of the extract and Nystatin(r)(r) was determined by agar
      dilution method. The killing rate studies of the plant extract and Nystatin(r)
      were also determined. RESULTS: The extract had activity against all Candida
      isolates, with the MIC against the five isolates ranging from 6.0 - 9.8 mg/ml.
      Nystatin(r) also demonstrated plausible activity against the isolates with MICs
      ranging from 0.3125 - 25 mg/ml. Candida albicans strain 2 was the most sensitive
      to both extract and Nystatin(r) with MIC values of 6 and 0.3125 mg/ml
      respectively. Candida krusei was the least sensitive with MIC values of 9.8 and
      25 mg/ml for the extract and Nystatin(r) respectively. The killing rate values
      for the extract ranged from -0.029 to -0.091 min(-1) and that of Nystatin(r)
      ranged from -0.076 to -0.11216 min(-1). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that
      the methanolic extract of Cleistopholis patens is a promising clinical
      alternative besides Nystatin(r) in the treatment of infections caused by Candida
      species in stage II HIV patients.

PMID- 26957967
TI  - Evaluating the use of cell phone messaging for community Ebola syndromic
      surveillance in high risked settings in Southern Sierra Leone.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most underdeveloped countries do not meet core disease outbreak
      surveillance because of the lack of human resources, laboratory and
      infrastructural facilities. The use of cell phone technology for disease outbreak
      syndromic surveillance is a new phenomenon in Sierra Leone despite its successes
      in other developing countries like Sri Lanka. In this study we set to evaluate
      the effectiveness of using cell phone technology for Ebola hemorrhagic fever
      syndromic surveillance in a high risked community in Sierra Leone. OBJECTIVES:
      This study evaluated the effectiveness of using cell phone messaging (text and
      calls) for community Ebola hemorrhagic fever syndromic surveillance in high
      risked community in southern Sierra Leone. METHOD: All cell phone syndromic
      surveillance data used for this study was reported as cell phone alert messages
      texts and voice calls; by the Moyamba District Health Management Team for both
      Ebola hemorrhagic fever suspect and mortalities. We conducted a longitudinal data
      analysis of the monthly cumulative confirmed Ebola hemorrhagic fever cases and
      mortalities collected by both the traditional sentinel and community cell phone
      syndromic surveillance from August 2014 to October 2014. RESULTS: A total of 129
      and 49 Ebola hemorrhagic fever suspect and confirmed cases respectively were
      recorded using the community Ebola syndromic surveillance cell phone alert system
      by the Moyamba District Health Management Team in October 2014. The average
      number of Ebola hemorrhagic fever suspects and confirmed cases for October 2014
      were 4.16 (Std.dev 3.76) and 1.58 (Std.dev 1.43) respectively. Thirty-four
      percent (n=76) of the community Ebola syndromic surveillance cell phone alerts
      that were followed-up within 24 hours reported Ebola hemorrhagic fever suspect
      cases while 65.92% (n=147) reported mortality. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests
      some form of underreporting by the traditional sentinel Ebola hemorrhagic fever
      disease surveillance system in Moyamba District southern Sierra Leone for August
      September 2014. Cell phone messaging technology can be effectively use as a tool
      for community epidemic surveillance from peripheral health care facilities to
      higher levels.

PMID- 26957968
TI  - Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus specific IgG and IgM antibodies in North
      Western and Western provinces of Zambia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: West Nile Virus (WNV) infection has been reported worldwide,
      including in Africa but its existence in Zambia is unknown. Symptoms for the
      virus include headache, myalgia, arthralgia and rash. OBJECTIVES: This study
      aimed to determine the seroprevalence of WNV and its correlates. METHODS: A cross
      sectional study was conducted in North-Western and Western provinces of Zambia.
      Samples were subjected to IgG and IgM antibodies testing against WNV. Logistic
      regression analyses were conducted to determine magnitudes of association.
      RESULTS: A total of 3,625 of persons participated in the survey out of which
      10.3% had WNV infection. Farmers were 20% (AOR=0.80; 95% CI [0.64, 0.99]) less
      likely to have infection compared to students. Meanwhile participants who lived
      in grass roofed houses were 2.97 (AOR=2.97; 95% CI [1.81, 4.88]) times more
      likely to be infected than those who lived in asbestos roofed houses. IRS was
      associated with reduced risk of infection (AOR=0.81; 95% CI [0.69, 0.94]).
      Travelling to Angola was associated with the infection [AOR=1.40; 95% CI [1.09,
      1.81]. CONCLUSION: Spraying houses with insecticide residual spray would minimize
      mosquito-man contact. Furthermore, surveillance at the border with Angola should
      be enhanced in order to reduce importation of the virus into the country.

PMID- 26957969
TI  - Risk factors for placental malaria and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes in
      Rufiji, Tanzania: a hospital based cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prevention and treatment of malaria during pregnancy is crucial for
      reduction of malaria in pregnancy and its adverse outcomes. The spread of
      parasite resistance to Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) used for Intermittent
      Preventive Treatment for malaria in pregnancy (IPTp), particularly in East Africa
      has raised concerns about the usefulness and the reliability of the IPTp regimen.
      We aimed to assess the effectiveness of two doses of SP in treating and
      preventing occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODOLOGY: The study was
      an analytical cross sectional study which enrolled 350 pregnant women from Kibiti
      Health Centre, South Eastern Tanzania. Structured questionnaires were used to
      obtain previous obstetrics and medical history of participants and verified by
      reviewing antenatal clinic cards. Maternal placental blood samples for
      microscopic examination of malaria parasites were collected after delivery. Data
      was analyzed for associations between SP dosage, risk for PM and pregnancy
      outcome. Sample size was estimated based on precision. RESULTS: Prevalence of
      placental maternal (PM) was 8% among pregnant women (95%CI, 4.4-13.1%). Factors
      associated with increased risk of PM were primigravidity (P<0.001) and history of
      fever during pregnancy (P= 0.02). Use of at least 2 doses of SP for IPTp during
      pregnancy was insignificantly associated with reducing the risk PM (P=0.08), low
      birth weight (P=0.73) and maternal anemia (P=0.71) but associated significantly
      with reducing the risk of preterm birth (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Two doses of SP
      for IPTp regime are ineffective in preventing and treating PM and adverse
      pregnancy outcome. Hence a review to the current IPTp regimen should be
      considered with possibility of integrating it with other malaria control
      strategies.

PMID- 26957970
TI  - Potential of household environmental resources and practices in eliminating
      residual malaria transmission: a case study of Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and
      Liberia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The increasing protection gaps of insecticide-treated nets and indoor
      residual spraying methods against malaria have led to an emergence of residual
      transmission in sub-Saharan Africa and thus, supplementary strategies to control
      mosquitoes are urgently required. OBJECTIVE: To assess household environmental
      resources and practices that increase or reduce malaria risk among children under
      five years of age in order to identify those aspects that can be adopted to
      control residual transmission. METHODS: Household environmental resources,
      practices and malaria test results were extracted from Malaria Indicators Survey
      datasets for Tanzania, Burundi, Malawi and Liberia with 16,747 children from
      11,469 households utilised in the analysis. Logistic regressions were performed
      to quantify the contribution of each factor to malaria occurrence. RESULTS:
      Cattle rearing reduced malaria risk between 26%-49% while rearing goats increased
      the risk between 26%-32%. All piped-water systems reduced malaria risk between
      30%-87% (Tanzania), 48%-95% (Burundi), 67%-77% (Malawi) and 58%-73 (Liberia).
      Flush toilets reduced malaria risk between 47%-96%. Protected-wells increased
      malaria risk between 19%-44%. Interestingly, boreholes increased malaria risk
      between 19%-75%. Charcoal use reduced malaria risk between 11%-49%. CONCLUSION:
      Vector control options for tackling mosquitoes were revealed based on their risk
      levels. These included cattle rearing, installation of piped-water systems and
      flush toilets as well as use of smokeless fuels.

PMID- 26957971
TI  - Variations in antimalarial components of Artemisia annua Linn from three regions
      of Uganda.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Artemisia annua plant from the family Asteracea is a powerful
      antimalarial plant introduced to Uganda around 2003. In addition to the
      artemisinin component, the plant also contains flavonoids which work in synergy
      to artemisinin against malaria parasites. The plant also contains aromatic oils
      which repel mosquitoes. In this paper we report the variations in antimalarial
      components of A. annua samples from the regions cultivating it in Uganda.
      METHODS: Artemisia annua samples were obtained from three regions that cultivated
      the plant at the time of this study. The samples were brought to laboratory,
      authenticated and processed. The levels of artemisinin, total flavonoids and
      aromatic components were quantified using high performance thin layer
      chromatography, ultra violet spectrophotometry and gas chromatography
      respectively. RESULTS: Artemisinin and total flavonoids levels were higher in
      samples obtained from high land areas (western and south western region) compared
      to that obtained from lowland regions (central) i.e 0.8% Vs 0.4% and 2.6% Vs 1.5%
      respectively. The aromatic oils (mosquito repellent components) were similar with
      camphor component being highest and levels ranging from 75.4% to 79.0%.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the active components in Artemisia annua
      cultivated and used in the Uganda vary with geographical regions and this calls
      for standardisation by source.

PMID- 26957972
TI  - Antiplasmodial activity of some phenolic compounds from Cameroonians
      Allanblackia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum, one of the causative agents of malaria, has
      high adaptability through mutation and is resistant to many types of anti
      malarial drugs. This study presents an in vitro assessment of the antiplasmodial
      activity of some phenolic compounds isolated from plants of the genus
      Allanblackia. METHODS: Tests were performed on well plates filled with a fixed
      parasitized erythrocytes volume. Compounds to be tested were then added in wells.
      After incubation, tritiated hypoxanthine is added and the plates were returned to
      the incubator. After thawing, the nucleic acids are collected. Inhibitory
      Concentration 50 (IC50) was determined by linear interpolation. RESULTS: From
      Allanblackia floribunda, have been isolated and characterized 1,7
      dihydroxyxanthone 1, macluraxanthone 4, morelloflavone 9, Volkensiflavone 10 and
      morelloflavone 7-O-glucoside 11; from Allanblackia monticola, alpha-mangosine 2,
      rubraxanthone 3, allaxanthone C 5, norcowanine 6, tovophiline A 7, allaxanthone B
      8 and from Allanblackia gabonensis, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone 1. Six of them were
      evaluated for their antimalarial properties. The most active compound,
      macluraxanthone, presented a very interesting activity, with an IC50 of 0.36 and
      0.27 ug/mL with the F32 and FcM29 strains respectively. CONCLUSION: This work
      confirms that species of Allanblackia genus are medicinally important plants
      containing many biologically active compounds that can be used effectively as
      antiplasmodial.

PMID- 26957973
TI  - Potential antimalarial activity of Methyl Jasmonate and its effect on lipid
      profiles in Plasmodium Berghei infected mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The antimalarial activity and lipid profiles of Methyl Jasmonate (MJ)
      were investigated against established malaria infection in vivo using BALB/c
      mice. METHODS: Arteether (AE) and chloroquine (CQ) were used as reference drugs
      while ethanol was used as the vehicle for drug delivery for MJ. RESULTS: Mice
      treated with 10 and 25 mg/kg MJ showed a remarkable reduction in percentage
      parasitemia by 68.3% and 78.2% on day 10(post treatment) respectively while 45.4%
      and 87.2% reduction in percentage parasitemia were observed in the group treated
      with 50 mg/kg on day 3 and 10 (post treatment) respectively. The highest mean
      survival time was observed in CQ followed by AE and MJ in dose-dependent manner.
      A progressive decrease in packed cell volume (PCV) was observed in infected
      untreated mice which led to the death of all the mice by day 9 (post treatment).
      Infected mice treated with MJ showed reduced level of HDL and LDL compared with
      infected untreated group. As the dose of MJ increased in infected mice
      cholesterol levels increased while there was reduction in triglyceride.
      CONCLUSION: Overall there was marked decrease in parasitemia in Plasmodium
      berghei infected mice treated with graded doses of MJ but appears to have reduced
      antimalarial activity compared with CQ and AE.

PMID- 26957974
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors of latent Tuberculosis among adolescents in rural
      Eastern Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Latent Tuberculosis treatment is a key tuberculosis control
      intervention. Adolescents are a high risk group that is not routinely treated in
      low income countries. Knowledge of latent Tuberculosis (TB) burden among
      adolescents may influence policy. OBJECTIVES: We determined the prevalence and
      risk factors of latent TB infection among adolescents in rural Uganda. METHODS:
      We analyzed baseline data from a study that assessed the prevalence and incidence
      of Tuberculosis disease among adolescents. We extracted socio-demographics,
      medical assessment information, and tuberculin skin test results and estimated
      prevalence ratios (PR) of latent TB infection risk factors by binomial
      regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of latent TB was 16.1%, 95% CI (15.1 - 17.2).
      Significant risk factors were: a BCG scar, APR 1.29 (95% CI 1.12 - 1.48); male
      gender, APR 1.37 (95% CI 1.21 - 1.56); age 17 -18 years, APR 1.46 (95% CI 1.24 -
      1.71) and 15-16 years, APR 1.25 (95% CI 1.07 - 1.46) compared to 12-14 years;
      being out of school, APR 1.31 (95% CI 1.05 - 1.62); and a known history of
      household TB contact in last 2 years, APR 1.91 (95% CI 1.55 - 2.35). CONCLUSION:
      Targeted routine latent TB treatment among adolescents out of school may be
      crucial for TB disease control in low income countries.

PMID- 26957975
TI  - Inducible clindamycin resistance and nasal carriage rates of Staphylococcus
      aureus among healthcare workers and community members.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is becoming an increasing
      problem among healthcare workers and community individuals. OBJECTIVES: To
      determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal
      colonization and inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) of S. aureus among
      healthcare workers at Soba University Hospital and community members in Khartoum
      State, Sudan. METHODS: Five hundred nasal swabs samples were collected during
      March 2009 to April 2010. Isolates were identified using conventional laboratory
      assays and MRSA determined by the disk diffusion method. The D-test was performed
      for detection of ICR isolates with Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute
      guidelines. RESULTS: Of the 114 S. aureus isolated, 20.2% represented MRSA. The
      occurrence of MRSA was significantly higher among healthcare worker than
      community individuals [32.7% (18/55) vs. 6.9% (5/59)] (p=0.001). Overall the 114
      S. aureus isolates tested for ICR by D-test, 29 (25.4%) yielded inducible
      resistance. Significantly higher (p=0.026) ICR was detected among MRSA (43.5%)
      than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (20.9%). CONCLUSION: MRSA nasal
      carriage among healthcare workers needs infection control practice in hospitals
      to prevent transmission of MRSA. The occurrence of ICR in S. aureus is of a great
      concern, D- test should be carried out routinely in our hospitals to avoid
      therapeutic failure.

PMID- 26957976
TI  - New pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introductions in four sub-Saharan African
      countries: a cross-country analysis of health systems' impacts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a main cause of under-five mortality in low-income
      settings. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been introduced in many
      countries as a tool in the disease's prevention. Although PCV's effectiveness has
      been established, less is known about the effects of introducing additional
      injectable vaccines into routine immunisation programmes, particularly in the
      context of resource-constrained settings. OBJECTIVES: To explore the effects of
      PCV introduction on the immunisation programmes and health systems in four low
      income countries. METHODS: This study was carried out in Cameroon, Ethiopia,
      Kenya and Mali. Three to four regions and nine to 10 districts were selected
      within each country. Semi-structured interviews were carried out at national,
      regional and district levels (n=173). Researcher-administered questionnaires were
      completed with facility staff (n=124). Routine data on monthly vaccination
      activities were collected at district and facility levels. RESULTS: PCV was
      generally well integrated into existing routine immunisation. Little or no impact
      was found in most areas of the health systems. Some minor effects were found on
      immunisation programmes, particularly in areas with either planning activities or
      investments e.g. staff skills were strengthened and there were limited
      improvements in surveillance. Although health sector workers perceived increases
      in the coverage of other vaccines following the introduction of PCV, routine
      service data did not confirm this claim. No substantial impacts were seen in
      health system management, service delivery or performance. CONCLUSIONS: The
      introduction of PCV had marginal impacts on the Expanded Programme for
      Immunisation and little to none on broader health systems.

PMID- 26957977
TI  - Tackling sexually transmitted infection burden in Ugandan communities living in
      the United Kingdom: a qualitative analysis of the socio-cultural interpretation
      of disease and condom use.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite being in a different country and social environment, Ugandans
      living in the UK still reportedly have the lowest rates of condom usage and one
      of the highest incidences of STIs in UK. In Uganda, STIs and HIV prevalence has
      been reported to be on the increase. Understanding peoples' beliefs and the
      attitudes that influence their behavior is a key factor to effectively designing
      control programs. METHODS: A qualitative study that interviewed 37 purposively
      selected Ugandans living in the UK was conducted. Lay theories and
      interpretations were derived using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Condoms generally
      carried a lot of stigma and were perceived for use primarily in extramarital
      affairs and pregnancy control. HIV/AIDS was most feared due to its perceived
      socio-psychological or physical effects unlike other STIs described as "non
      threatening" due to wide availability of "quality" treatment in UK. Notions of
      trust, the purpose of relationships, symptom recognition and partner selection
      greatly influenced decisions to undertake consistent condom use. CONCLUSIONS: The
      socio-cultural understanding of STIs, sex, trust and relationships are symbolic
      in influencing consistent condom use among Ugandans. This indicates a need to
      acknowledge community beliefs and values about sexual health and design messages
      about STIs and condoms that would help eliminate these serious condom-related
      misconceptions.

PMID- 26957978
TI  - Antibacterial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from cow faeces against
      potential enteric pathogens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The addition of sub therapeutic doses of antibiotics to cattle feed
      for growth promotion is a contributory factor to antibiotic resistance, thus an
      alternative to antibiotics is needed in animal feed additives. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine the antimicrobial activity of cow's intestinal Lactic acid bacteria
      (LAB) against enteric commensals. METHOD: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species
      (spp) and LAB were isolated from thirty different cow faecal samples and the LAB
      identified by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA. The antimicrobial activity of the
      LAB was determined against the test Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. RESULTS:
      Five species of LAB were isolated from thirty cow faecal samples and identified
      as Enterococcus hirae (8), Enterococcus durans (6), Enterococcus faecium (1),
      Enterococcus faecalis (1) and Weissella confusa (1). Viable cells and cell free
      supernatant (CFS) of the LAB were able to inhibit the growth of the test
      organisms with the largest zone of inhibition by the viable cells being 26mm
      against Escherichia coli CB6 produced by Enterococcus hirae CO6A while Weissella
      confusa CO29M and Enterococcus hirae CO2A produced the largest zones of
      inhibition (26mm) against Klebsiella CB2. CONCLUSION: This study shows that LAB
      from cow faeces possess considerable antimicrobial activity against resistant
      Escherichia coli from the same environment.

PMID- 26957979
TI  - Bone metabolism and hand grip strength response to aerobic versus resistance
      exercise training in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus has been shown in many studies to be associated
      with reduced bone mass and an increased risk of fracture. Currently, our
      understanding of how to use exercise effectively in diabetic patients in
      prevention of osteoporosis is incomplete and has prompted our interest to
      identify the type of effective osteogenic exercise. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to compare the changes in handgrip strength and bone metabolism after 6
      months between aerobic and resistance exercise training in non-insulin dependent
      diabetic patients in Jeddah area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred non-insulin
      dependent diabetic male patients participated in this study and were divided into
      two equal groups; the first group (A) received aerobic exercise training, where
      the second group (B) received resistance exercise training. The program consisted
      of three sessions per week for six months. RESULTS: The mean values of serum
      calcium and Hand grip strength were significantly increased, while the mean
      values of parathyroid hormone were significantly decreased in both groups .Also,
      there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated
      parameters in group (A) and group (B) after treatment. CONCLUSION: Aerobic
      exercise training on treadmill is appropriate to improve markers of bone
      metabolism and hand grip strength in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients.

PMID- 26957980
TI  - Implementation of POCT in the diabetic clinic in a large hospital.
AB  - AIM: Point-of-care testing (POCT) is gaining renewed interest, especially in
      resource-limiting primary health care, due to rise in prevalence of communicable
      and non-communicable diseases hence POCT needscontinuous appraisal. METHODS:
      Random glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in 104 diabetic
      patients using standard laboratory multichannel analyzer 917. The utility of
      venous blood compared to capillary blood in measuring HbA1c was evaluated in a
      subset of 20 patients using a POCT device, DCA Vantage. Lastly, the POCT was
      validated against the laboratory multichannel analyser 917, in measurement of
      HbA1c in a second subset of 46 patients. RESULTS: Random blood glucose levels and
      HbA1c levels moderately correlated (r2 = 0.56; p < 0.0001). Random glucose tests
      showed that 41% of the patients had poor glycaemic control while HbA1c showed
      74%. Venous and capillary blood in HbA1c showed strong correlation (r2 = 0.89440;
      p < 0.001. There was also strong correlation (r = 0.9802; p < 0.0001) in HbA1c
      measured using the DCA Vantage and the standard laboratory analyser, Multichannel
      Analyser 917. CONCLUSION: Venous or capillary blood can be used in POCT for
      HbA1c. POCT is ideal for monitoring glucose control and management of diabetes in
      resource-limited countries such as South Africa.

PMID- 26957981
TI  - Association of waist and hip circumferences with the presence of hypertension and
      pre-hypertension in young South African adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular
      diseases (CVDs) including hypertension (HT) which is itself a risk factor for
      CVDs. Recent studies suggest that waist circumference (WC) may be more sensitive
      than Body Mass Index (BMI) in determining individual risk scores for CVDs.
      OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed at investigating the influence of various
      anthropometric variables on blood pressure status in a group of students from
      Walter Sisulu University. METHODS: Informed consent was obtained from 216 male
      and female students from Walter Sisulu University with a mean age of 22.1+/-0.2
      years. Anthropometric measurements were performed for each participant. Blood
      pressure was measured in triplicates after 10 minutes of rest and the average
      computed. RESULTS: Just over 46% of the subjects were diagnosed with hypertension
      (HT) and pre-HT. The gender specific prevalence of HT/pre-HT was higher in the
      male (76.7%) compared to the female (30.5%) group. Waist circumference (WC) and
      total body fat (TBF) correlated significantly with blood pressure and HT/pre-HT
      in females but not males. ROC analysis showed that with the exception of waist-to
      hip (WHR), all other anthropometric measurements and ratios studied can be used
      to discriminate blood pressure in young adult females not males. CONCLUSION:
      Increased WC and HC were associated with HT and pre-HT in young adult females in
      the Walter Sisulu University.

PMID- 26957982
TI  - Activity limitations and participation restrictions experienced by people with
      stroke in Musanze district in Rwanda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. Information
      regarding the limitations in activity and participation experienced by patients
      with stroke in a specific setting such as Musanze district in Rwanda would assist
      to develop the rehabilitation programmes that would take into consideration the
      functional challenges experienced post stroke. OBJECTIVE: To explore the activity
      limitations and participation restrictions experienced by people with stroke in
      Musanze district in Rwanda. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological approach
      using in-depth face-to-face interviews with 10 participants was employed to
      gather the data that was analyzed using a qualitative thematic approach. RESULTS:
      The themes that arose as activity limitations included limitations in walking,
      self care, and domestic life activities. The themes related to participation
      restrictions as expressed by the participants were inability to return to
      previous occupation, decreased social interactions and inability to participate
      in religious activities. CONCLUSION: The current study findings highlight the
      need for interventions to improve the functional status of stroke survivors.

PMID- 26957983
TI  - The comparison of high and standard definition computed tomography techniques
      regarding coronary artery imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare coronary high-definition CT (HDCT) with
      standard-definition CT (SDCT) angiography as to radiation dose, image quality and
      accuracy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 28 patients with history of coronary artery
      disease scanned by HDCT (Discovery CT750 HD) and SDCT (Somatom Definition AS).
      The scan modes were both axial prospective ECG-triggered. The vessel diameters
      and vessel attenuation values of totally 280 measurements from 140 coronary
      arteries were analyzed by two experienced radiologists. All data was analyzed by
      intraclass correlation test. Image quality graded by motion and stair step
      artifacts (grade 1, poor, to grade 4, excellent), accuracy of vessel inner and
      outer diameters were compared between the two CT units using the independent
      samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation
      coefficient (ICC) of measured vessel attenuation values in SDCT between the two
      radiologists was exceedingly good. The ICC was higher in HDCT. The radiation dose
      of HDCT was higher than that of SDCT. The mean tube current was 180 (mA) in HDCT
      and 147(mA) in SDCT with the same tube voltage (kVp). There was no significant
      difference between image quality. CONCLUSION: HDCT has a higher radiation dose
      but has much more atenuation and the spatial resolution which improve measurement
      accuracy for imaging coronary arteries.

PMID- 26957984
TI  - A systematic review and appraisal of methods of developing and validating
      lifestyle cardiovascular disease risk factors questionnaires.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Well developed and validated lifestyle cardiovascular disease (CVD)
      risk factors questionnaires is the key to obtaining accurate information to
      enable planning of CVD prevention program which is a necessity in developing
      countries. We conducted this review to assess methods and processes used for
      development and content validation of lifestyle CVD risk factors questionnaires
      and possibly develop an evidence based guideline for development and content
      validation of lifestyle CVD risk factors questionnaires. MATERIALS/METHODS:
      Relevant databases at the Stellenbosch University library were searched for
      studies conducted between 2008 and 2012, in English language and among humans.
      Using the following databases; pubmed, cinahl, psyc info and proquest. Search
      terms used were CVD risk factors, questionnaires, smoking, alcohol, physical
      activity and diet. RESULTS: Methods identified for development of lifestyle CVD
      risk factors were; review of literature either systematic or traditional,
      involvement of expert and /or target population using focus group
      discussion/interview, clinical experience of authors and deductive reasoning of
      authors. For validation, methods used were; the involvement of expert panel, the
      use of target population and factor analysis. CONCLUSION: Combination of methods
      produces questionnaires with good content validity and other psychometric
      properties which we consider good.

PMID- 26957985
TI  - Prevalence of CKD-MBD in pre-dialysis patients using biochemical markers in
      Enugu, South-East Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As kidney function declines, there is a progressive deterioration in
      mineral homeostasis with disruption of normal serum and tissue concentration of
      phosphorus and calcium, and changes in circulating levels of hormones-parathyroid
      hormone (PTH), calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 D), and Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF
      23). OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of markers of
      CKD-MBD in pre-dialysis patients. METHODS: We evaluated consecutively 168
      subjects made up of 85 CKD patients and 83 healthy controls, who were attending
      the renal clinics and medical outpatient of University of Nigeria Teaching
      Hospital, Enugu. GFR was estimated and serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline
      phosphatase, PTH, and 25(OH) D levels assayed. RESULTS: The prevalence of various
      mineral bone disease abnormalities were 70% hyper-phosphatemia, 85% hyper
      parathyroidism, and 100% low levels of 25 (OH) D among the patients. Estimated
      GFR correlated negatively with both serum phosphorus, and PTH. Age of the
      patients ranged from18-76 years with a male to female ratio of 1.7:1. Chronic
      Glomerulonephritis (CGN), hypertension and diabetes mellitus caused CKD in 75% of
      the patients. There was no significant decrease in serum calcium levels of
      patients compared to controls. The patients did not have pathologically raised
      alkaline phosphatase, although their mean level was significantly higher than
      that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Low 25 (OH) D levels
      (insufficiency/deficiency), hyperparathyroidism, and hyper-phosphatemia were the
      obvious markers of CKD-MBD in our pre-dialysis patients. These should be
      evaluated at presentation in these patients.

PMID- 26957986
TI  - Sonographic evaluation of the spleen among sickle cell disease patients in a
      teaching hospital in Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Regional variations in size and parenchyma echo-texture of the spleen
      among sickle cell disease (SCD) patients have been documented in various
      publications. The objectives of this study were to assess the size and parenchyma
      echo-texture of the spleen of SCD patients and ascertain the relationship of age,
      height and weight with the spleen sizes. METHODS: This was a cross sectional
      study involving 103 each of SCD and age matched control subjects. Aloka ST- 550 
      3500 ultrasound machine with 3.5 and 5 MHz convex transducers was used to scan
      the subjects over a 15 months period (September, 2012 to November, 2013). The
      age, height and weight of each subject were recorded. RESULTS: The spleen sizes
      of SCD patients were generally larger than those of the controls (p < 0.05).
      Abnormal spleen parenchyma of varied appearances was found among the SCD
      subjects. There were negative correlations between mean spleen sizes and height,
      weight and age in SCD patients but positive correlations were found between them
      in the controls. CONCLUSION: Routine sonographic assessment of spleen size and
      echo-texture is useful in the management of SCD patients.

PMID- 26957987
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal diseases in patients for endoscopy in South-Western
      Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of published data regarding upper gastrointestinal
      diseases in Ugandans with upper gastrointestinal symptoms referred for endoscopy.
      OBJECTIVES: To study the presenting complaints, pathology and Helicobacter pylori
      prevalence among patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms in South-Western
      Uganda. METHODS: Patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms
      underwent upper endoscopy and a urease test for Helicobacter Pylori, all
      suspicious lesions were biopsied for histopathology review as appropriate.
      RESULTS: The most common presenting complaints were epigastric pain (51.6%),
      dysphagia (13.6%) and odynophagia (7.1%). The most common endoscopy finding was
      gastritis (40.2%), followed by normal examination (15.2%), oesophageal cancer
      (13.6%), gastric ulcer (7.6%) and gastric cancer (7.1%). Patients older than 40
      years (n=110) had significant findings including gastritis (50.9%), oesophageal
      cancer (22.7%) and gastric cancer (11.8%). However in younger patients, with the
      age range of 18-40 years (n=74), most examinations were normal (92.9%). Of the
      176 patients able to undergo Helicobacter pylori testing 75.6% were positive.
      Helicobacter pylori infection was associated with statistically significant
      increase in gastritis, oesophageal cancer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, and
      duodenal ulcers (p-values< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Gastritis, ulcerative disease, and
      upper gastrointestinal malignancies are common in South-Western Ugandans and are
      associated with a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori.

PMID- 26957988
TI  - Risk of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome among in-patients at a neuropsychiatric
      hospital in Nigeria: a short report.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sleep problems are commonly reported by persons with
      severe mental illness. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSA) is commonly co
      morbid with mental illness. Screening for OSA and its subsequent management may
      improve outcomes in this patient population. We screened for risk of OSA among in
      patients with severe mental illness to determine its prevalence as well as its
      correlates using a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Berlin questionnaire.
      METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive exploratory survey of in-patients (n=89)
      at a regional Neuro- Psychiatric hospital using a socio-demographic questionnaire
      and the Berlin questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (18/89; 20.9%) were
      classed as high risk for OSA. High risk for OSA was significantly associated with
      a higher body mass index; BMI (p<0.01), but not gender (p=0.53), diagnoses
      (p=0.84), co-morbidity (p=0.73) or use of atypical antipsychotics (p=0.48).
      CONCLUSION: Patients with severe mental illness are at high risk for OSA with
      being overweight higher BMI significantly associated with this high risk.

PMID- 26957989
TI  - Assessment of the biomass related indoor air pollution in Kwale district in Kenya
      using short term monitoring.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Indoor air pollution remains an important health problem in some
      countries. Although research data on this issue is available, routine monitoring
      in affected areas is limited. The aims of this study were to quantify exposure to
      biomass-related indoor air pollution; assess the respiratory health of subjects;
      and explore the feasibility of routine monitoring in Kwale district, Kenya.
      METHODS: We sampled 125 rural houses using short-term monitoring for levels of
      CO, CO2 and TSP. Additional exposure information was obtained using a checklist.
      Respiratory health was also assessed using a questionnaire, and electronic
      spirometer in 172 inhabitants. RESULTS: The overall median levels of CO in the
      sampled houses on all study sites ranged from 5.9 (IQR 3-14.5) to 10 (5.5-21.2)
      mg/m3, levels of CO2 ranged from 774 (IQR 724-846) to 839 (IQR 749-961) mg/m3)
      and the levels of TSP ranged from 295 (IQR 79-853 to 1384 (IQR 557-3110) ug/m(3)
      which indicates that safe levels recommended by WHO and USEPA could be exceeded.
      Relatively high incidences of respiratory illness or symptoms were reported and
      the spirometry readings suggested impaired lung function in over 80% of
      respondents. CONCLUSION: Our results quantify that the use of biomass fuel can
      give rise to high levels of indoor air pollution. Given that poor lung function
      contributes to public health problems in rural regions of East Africa, such as
      Kwale in Kenya, our findings create grounds for more detailed investigations of
      the problem and may provide motivation for community based interventions.

PMID- 26957990
TI  - Tryptophan-induced pathogenesis of breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of breast cancer remains unclear. AIMS: To
      investigate the pathogenesis of breast cancer through targeted metabolomics of
      amino acids components in serum of patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Patients
      with breast cancers were enrolled in our hospital between year January 1(st),
      2013 and December 31(st), 2014. Targeted analysis of amino acids was performed
      using ESI-QTOF-MS instrument. In vitro experiment was performed to determine the
      influence of tryptophan towards interleukin-10 (IL-10) secretion by CD4+ T cell.
      RESULTS: Targeted metabolomics of amino acids showed that the level of tryptophan
      significantly (p<0.05) increased in patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, the
      biological function of tryptophan was determined through determining the
      influence of tryptophan towards IL-10 secretion using in vitro method. The
      addition of tryptophan (100 uM) in the cell medium can significantly inhibited
      the secretion of IL-10 by CD4+ T cells, as indicated by the mRNA level and
      protein concentration. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T
      cells is a potential pathogenesis of breast cancer.

PMID- 26957991
TI  - The effect of parity on maternal body mass index, plasma mineral element status
      and new-born anthropometrics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adverse pregnancy outcome is an important public health problem that
      has been partly associated with increasing maternal parity. AIM: To determine the
      effect of parity on maternal body mass index (BMI), mineral element status and
      newborn anthropometrics. METHODS: Data for 349 pregnant women previously studied
      for the impacts of maternal plasma mineral element status on pregnancy and its
      outcomes was analysed. Obstetric and demographic data and 5mls of blood samples
      were obtained from each subject. Blood lead, plasma copper, iron and zinc were
      determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS: Maternal BMI
      increases with parity. Women with parity two had significantly higher plasma zinc
      but lower plasma copper with comparable levels of the elements in nulliparous and
      higher parity groups. Although plasma iron was comparable among the groups, blood
      lead was significantly higher in parity > three. Newborn birth length increases
      with parity with a positive correlation between parity and maternal BMI (r =
      0.221; p = 0.001) and newborn birth length (r = 0.170; p = 0.002) while plasma
      copper was negatively correlated with newborn's head circumference (r = -0.115; p
      = 0.040). CONCLUSION: It is plausible that parity affects maternal BMI and
      newborn anthropometrics through alterations in maternal plasma mineral element
      levels. While further studies are desired to confirm the present findings, there
      is need for pregnant and would-be pregnant women to diversify their diet to
      optimize their mineral element status.

PMID- 26957992
TI  - Relationship between soil cobalt and vitamin B12 levels in the liver of livestock
      in Saudi Arabia: role of competing elements in soils.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the agricultural soils from different
      regions in Saudi Arabia for cobalt and related metals as Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Cr(3+),
      Zn(2+) and Pb(2+). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liver and muscle tissues of livestock
      grazing on the selected areas were analyzed for the content of Co and vitamin
      B12. RESULTS: Our results indicated that the levels of Co in surface soil (0-15
      cm) were higher than in sub-surface soil (>15 cm-45 cm). In contrast, Pb and Zn
      were higher in sub-surface soil than in surface soil. A significant positive
      correlation existed between the levels of Co and vitamin B12 in the liver of
      livestock. However, Co was not detected in muscle tissues while vitamin B12 was
      present at very low levels in comparison with the levels found in the liver. The
      results indicated that Zn(2+), Pb(2+) compete with Co in soil, which eventually
      affected the levels of vitamin B12 in liver. CONCLUSION: It was recommended that
      survey of heavy metals in grazing fields of cattle should consider inclusion of
      multiple elements that compete with the bioavailability of essential elements in
      plants and animals for the prevention of deficiency of essential elements such as
      Co.

PMID- 26957993
TI  - An assessment of university students and staff perceptions regarding the use of
      human urine as a valuable soil nutrient in South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The declines in soil fertility associated with insufficient
      commercial fertilizers have resulted in the use of organic manure (human urine
      and faeces) as a source of fertilizers for production and cultivation of crop
      plants. The aim of this study was to assess perceptions of students and workers
      at the University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus) regarding the fertilizing effect of
      urine. METHODS: A total of 225 questionnaires were administered to staff and
      students. The questionnaire sought to establish the knowledge, attitude and
      behavioural changes as regards the use of urine as a fertilizer for the
      cultivation of vegetables. RESULTS: Descriptive statistical analysis of the data
      indicated that 86.8% of the respondents were unaware of any human urine use as a
      fertilizer, 82.7% and 81.1% would not eat spinach and maize fertilized with urine
      respectively. Only 38.3% said they would eat vegetables fertilized with animal
      urine making it more tolerable as compared to human urine. Health reasons were
      given as the main reasons why respondents were unwilling to eat crops fertilized
      with human urine. However, 69.9% of the respondents [74.3% females, 69.9%
      students, 75.0% (27-36) age group] were willing to change their attitudes and
      unwillingness if they were better informed about the safety of human urine use
      for agricultural purposes. CONCLUSION: Education, awareness and reassurance on
      the importance and safety of urine would have to be done so that urine for
      agricultural purposes could become more acceptable to people.

PMID- 26957994
TI  - Comparison of the inhibition capability of oleanolic acid and betulinic acid
      towards drug-metabolizing enzymes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important membrane
      proteins located in endoplasmic reticulum, and play important roles in metabolism
      of a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. AIMS: To determine the
      influence of subtle difference in the structure of oleanolic acid and betulinic
      acid towards the inhibition towards the activity of UGT isoforms. METHODS: In
      vitro glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) reaction was employed as
      the probe reaction to determine the inhibition of these two compounds towards
      UGTs' activity. RESULTS: The inhibition of capability of oleanolic acid towards
      UGT1A6 and UGT1A8 were higher than betulinic acid. However, no significant
      difference was observed for the inhibition of oleanolic acid and betulinic acid
      towards UGT1A7. Furthermore, concentration-dependent behaviour was determined for
      the inhibition of oleanolic acid and betulinic acid towards UGT1A6 and UGT1A8. At
      various concentrations of oleanolic acid and betulinic acid, the inhibition of
      oleanolic acid towards UGT1A6 and UGT1A8 was higher than betulinic acid.
      CONSLUSION: Given that UGT1A6 and UGT1A8 play key role in the the inhibition of
      oleanolic acid towards UGT1A6 and UGT1A8 will induce drug-drug interaction and
      the risk of diseases.

PMID- 26957995
TI  - The scourge of head injury among commercial motorcycle riders in Kampala; a
      preventable clinical and public health menace.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trauma is an increasingly important cause of disease globally. Half
      of this trauma is from road traffic injuries with motorcycles contributing 21
      58%. Low protective gear use, lack of regulation and weak traffic law enforcement
      contribute to unsafe nature of commercial motorcycles also known as "boda boda"
      in Uganda. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of protective gear use, the
      occurrence of head injury and the relationship between the two among commercial
      motorcycle riders in Kampala. METHODS: Following ethical approval we recruited
      consecutive consenting participants to this analytical cross-sectional study.
      Data was collected using pretested interviewer administered questionnaires,
      double entered in Epidata and analyzed with STATA. Proportions and means were
      used to summarize data. Odds ratios were calculated for association between
      wearing helmets and occurrence and severity of head injury. RESULTS: All 328
      participants recruited were male. Of these, 18.6% used Protective gear and 71.1 %
      sustained head injury. Helmets protected users from head injury (OR 0.43, 95% CI,
      0.23-0.8) and significantly reduced its severity when it occurred. CONCLUSION:
      Protective gear use was low, with high occurrence of head injury among commercial
      motorcycle riders in Uganda. More effective strategies are needed to promote
      protective gear use among Uganda's commercial motorcycle riders.

PMID- 26957996
TI  - The protection of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) towards acetaminophen (APAP)-induced
      toxicity partially through fatty acids metabolic pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver toxicity remains the key factor
      limiting the clinical application of APAP, and herbs are the important sources
      for isolation of compounds preventing APAP-induced toxicity. AIMS: To investigate
      the protection mechanism of glycyrrhetinic acid towards APAP-induced liver damage
      using metabolomics method. METHODS: APAP-induced liver toxicity model was made
      through intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of APAP (400 mg/kg). Glycyrrhetinic acid
      was dissolved in corn oil, and intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of glycyrrhetinic
      acid (500 mg/kg body weight) was performed for 20 days before the injection of
      APAP. UPLC-ESI-QTOF MS was employed to analyze the metabolomic profile of serum
      samples. RESULTS: The pre-treatment of glycyrrhetinic acid significantly
      protected APAP-induced toxicity, indicated by the histology of liver, the
      activity of ALT and AST. Metabolomics showed that the level of palmtioylcarnitine
      and oleoylcarnitine significantly increased in serum of APAP-treated mice, and
      the pre-treatment with GA can prevent this elevation of these two fatty acid
      carnitines. CONCLUSION: Reversing the metabolism pathway of fatty acid is an
      important mechanism for the protection of glycyrrhetinic acid towards
      acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity.

PMID- 26957997
TI  - Assessing unmet anaesthesia need in Sierra Leone: a secondary analysis of a
      cluster-randomized, cross-sectional, countrywide survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the unmet anaesthesia need in a low resource region.
      INTRODUCTION: Surgery and anaesthesia services in low- and middle-income
      countries (LMICs) are under-equipped, under-staffed, and unable to meet current
      surgical need. There is little objective measure as to the true extent and nature
      of unmet need. Without such an understanding it is impossible to formulate
      solutions. Therefore, we re-examined Surgeons OverSeas (SOSAS) unmet surgical
      need data to extrapolate unmet anaesthesia need. METHODS: For the untreated
      surgical conditions identified by SOSAS, we assigned anaesthetic technique
      required to carry out the procedure. The chosen anaesthetic was based on common
      practice in the region. Procedures were categorized into minimal anaesthesia,
      spinal anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia, ketamine/monitored anaesthesia care
      (MAC), and general endotracheal anaesthesia (GETA). DISCUSSIONS: Ninety-two per
      cent (687 of 745) of untreated surgical conditions in Sierra Leone would require
      some form of anaesthesia. Seventeen per cent (125 of 745) would require MAC, 22%
      (167 of 745) would require spinal anaesthesia, and 53% (395 of 745) would require
      GETA. CONCLUSION: Analyses such as this can provide guidance as to the rational
      and efficient production and distribution of personnel, drugs and equipment.

PMID- 26957998
TI  - Retroesophageal right subclavian artery: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Variations of vessels arising from the aortic arch are numerous. One
      of the common anatomical variations is the right subclavian artery originating as
      the last branch of the aortic arch. This is a report of a case of an adult male
      cadaver with a retroesophageal right subclavian artery. OBJECTIVE: To highlight
      the significance of a retroesophageal right subclavian artery, especially its
      clinical and surgical implications. METHOD: Is a report of a case of an anomalous
      vessel found during routine student dissection of the chest region in a male
      cadaver. RESULT: The retroesophageal subclavian artery was seen originating as
      the last branch from the postero-lateral aspect of the thoracic aorta at the
      vertebral level T4. The heart was normal with no other vascular variations seen
      in this region. CONCLUSION: Anatomists and pathologists mainly encounter a
      retroesophageal right subclavian artery by chance and is usually described as
      asymptomatic, but several clinical conditions have been associated with its
      occurrence. This is a clear example of when knowledge of an anatomical variation
      is helpful in clinical practice.

PMID- 26957999
TI  - A case report on near manual strangulation and glasgow coma scale.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is considered as a gold standard in
      estimating the prognosis of the comatose patient. The management of the patient
      relies heavily on this scale. The mechanism of injury must also be included in
      scoring of the GCS. Survival from strangulation is uncommon, and if it occurs, it
      is often associated with various complications such as neurological consequences.
      OBJECTIVE: To highlight a poor correlation with low GCS and ultimate outcome in
      cases of manual strangulation. CASE REPORT: This is a case report of young female
      adult who was raped and manually strangulated by a colleague during a training
      course for traditional healers. She was admitted with very low (3/15) Glasgow
      Coma Scale (GCS) and presumed to have a poor prognosis. She was rigorously
      ventilated in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and was discharged from hospital after a
      week without any complications. The neck and genital injuries are described. This
      report discusses. CONCLUSION: A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not a predictive of
      poor prognosis in cases of manual strangulation.

PMID- 26958000
TI  - Blindness and scalp haematoma in a child following a snakebite.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Snake envenomation is a major public health problem of the Savannah
      regions of West Africa. Ocular manifestations of snakebites are rare with few
      reports documenting blindness as a complication. OBJECTIVE: To highlight an
      unusual manifestation of snake bites and its attendant problems. METHODS: A
      report of scalp haematoma and blindness in a 10 year old child presenting 2 weeks
      after a snake bite (presumably carpet viper) is a rare manifestation. Local
      swelling, epistaxis, bilateral proptosis, exposure keratopathy and use of
      traditional eye medications were associated findings. Anti-venom though
      administered late saved the child's life but blindness could not be reversed.
      RESULTS: Ocular ultrasonography revealed layered retrobulbar collection in the
      left eye, presumably due to hemorrhage. The skull x-ray showed a soft tissue
      swelling and aspirate from scalp swelling was bloody. Cranial Computed Tomography
      (CT) scan done late detected no abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Snakebite is
      associated with lifelong morbidity. Ocular manifestations must be treated as
      emergency. This case highlights the effect of ignorance and poverty in a setting
      of a common medical emergency leading to blindness and reduced quality of life.

PMID- 26958001
TI  - Multiple intracerebral lesions in a young male.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As the incidence of HIV infection has increased its neurological
      complications are being encountered in our clinical practice. Toxoplasmosis is a
      common cerebral opportunistic infection seen in HIV-infected patients, even
      though the incidence has declined with the use of antiretroviral therapy.
      Establishing a definitive diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis is difficult in
      resource limited settings. CLINICAL CASE: A 20 year old gentleman was referred to
      our institute as a case of stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of his brain
      showed multiple ill-defined and nodular enhancing lesions in bilateral
      supratentorial and infratentorial neuroparenchyma. Test for HIV-1 was reactive.
      Toxoplasma serology revealed raised IgG antibody levels. Based on the MRI
      features and positive toxoplasma serology a diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis
      was made. He was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine/
      Sulfadoxine for 3 weeks. After 2 weeks of treatment, repeat MRI of brain was done
      which showed significant resolution of the lesions. CONCLUSION: We are presenting
      this case to highlight the fact that cerebral toxoplasmosis should be considered
      in the differential diagnosis of multiple neuroparenchymal lesions in young
      individuals who present with neurological deficits.

PMID- 26958003
TI  - Hepatitis, HIV and Ebola: light at the end of the tunnel.

PMID- 26958002
TI  - The role of non-governmental organizations in providing curative health services
      in North Darfur State, Sudan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conflict in North Darfur state, Western Sudan started in 2003, and
      the delivering of curative health services was becoming a greater challenge for
      the country's limited resources. NGOs have played an important role in providing
      curative health services. OBJECTIVES: To examine the role that Non-Governmental
      Organizations (NGOs) have played in providing curative health services, as well
      as to identify the difficulties and challenges that affect NGOs in delivering
      curative health services. METHODS: Secondary data was collected from different
      sources, including government offices and medical organizations in Sudan and in
      North Darfur state. Primary data was obtained through interviews with government
      and NGOs representatives. The interviews were conducted with (1) expatriates
      working for international NGOs (N=15) (2) health professionals and administrators
      working in health sector (N= 45) in the period from November 2010 to January
      2011. RESULTS: The government in North Darfur state spent 70% of its financial
      budget on security, while it spent it less than 1% on providing health services.
      The international NGOs have been providing 70% of curative health services to the
      State's population by contributing 52.9% of the health budget and 1 390 health
      personnel. Since 2003 NGOs have provided technical assistance to the health
      staff. As a result, more than fifty nurses have been trained to provide care and
      treatment, more than twenty-three doctors have been trained in laboratory
      equipment operation, and approximately six senior doctors and hospital directors
      have received management training. NGOs have been managing and supporting 89
      public health facilities, and established 24 health centres in IDP camps, and 20
      health centres across all the districts in North Darfur state. CONCLUSION: The
      NGOs have played an important role in providing curative health services and in
      establishing good health facilities, but a future problem is how the government
      will run these health facilities after a peaceful settlement has been reached
      which might cause NGOs to leave the region.

PMID- 26958004
TI  - Contraceptive non-use and associated factors among university students in 22
      countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate contraceptive non-use and
      associated factors (socio-demographics, sexual behaviour, internal assets and
      mental health) among undergraduate university students in 22 countries. METHODS:
      Using anonymous questionnaires, data was collected from 16979 undergraduate
      university students (mean age 20.8, SD=2.8) from 23 universities in 22 countries.
      RESULTS: Of the total sample of 16979 undergraduate university students, 7032
      (41.9%) reported to have been sexually active in the past 12 months. Of those who
      had been sexually active, 42.6% reported never (42.7% among male and 42.6% among
      female students) using contraceptives in the past 12 months. In multivariate
      regression analysis, among both men and women, younger age, religious affiliation
      (Hindu; and among women only being Muslim), intrinsic religiosity, and sexually
      protective behaviour were associated with contraceptive non-use. Lack of internal
      assets (among men, low life satisfaction and lack of personal control, and among
      women low personal mastery) ; among women not having depressive symptoms and
      among men having PTSD symptoms were associated with contraceptive non-use.
      CONCLUSION: Low contraceptive use was found and several factors identified as
      associated with contraceptive non-use may help guide intervention efforts.

PMID- 26958005
TI  - Sexual orientation and quality of life among students of Obafemi Awolowo
      University (OAU), Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexual orientation is an individual's pattern of physical and
      emotional arousal toward members of the same and/or opposite gender. OBJECTIVE:
      To determine the pattern of sexual orientation and the relationship between
      sexual orientation and quality of life among a sample of OAU students. METHODS: A
      descriptive cross sectional study among 481 students of OAU using a multistage
      sampling technique. They completed a Socio-demographic data schedule, questions
      on sexual orientation and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale -
      Brief version (WHO QOL-BREF). RESULTS: 4.9% of the sample self-identified as
      bisexual while 0.1% self-identified as gay/lesbian. 11.8% of the respondents
      reported varying degrees of attraction to the opposite gender. The mean age of
      sexual debut was 17.62 (+/-4.05). Those who self-identified as
      gay/lesbian/bisexual had a lower average score on all domains of the WHO QOL
      BREF. CONCLUSION: Same sex sexual attraction and practice occur among young
      people in Nigeria and this has sexual and reproductive health implications. GLB
      youth report a lower QOL compared to heterosexual counterparts and this may
      suggest some distress among this vulnerable group. More studies should be
      undertaken to explore issues raised in planning interventions and health services
      that would improve safe sexual practices within this group.

PMID- 26958006
TI  - "The fairer the better?" Use of potentially toxic skin bleaching products.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skin bleaching is a widespread phenomenon in spite of their
      potentially toxic health effects. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine if
      such products are used in Sweden in particular by pregnant women, furthermore to
      explore immigrant women's view skin bleaching. METHODS: 455 pregnant women
      completed a questionnaire, which were statistically analysed. Focus groups and
      individual interviews were conducted with immigrant women, content analysis was
      used to assess the data. RESULTS: Skin bleaching products were used by 2.6% of
      pregnant women, significantlly more by women born in non-European countries.
      Motivating factors were associated with the concept of beauty together with
      social and economic advantages. The women had low awareness of the potential
      health risks of the products. Regulations on the trade of skin bleaching products
      have not effectively reduced the availability of the products in Sweden nor the
      popularity of skin bleaching. CONCLUSION: There is need for further research
      especially among pregnant women and possible effects on newborns. Products should
      be tested for toxicity. Public health information should be developed and health
      care providers educated and aware of this practice, due to their potential
      negative health implications.

PMID- 26958007
TI  - Hydatidiform moles among patients with incomplete abortion in Mwanza City, North
      western Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prevalence of hydatidiform mole is not clearly defined, partly
      because most studies have reported different prevalence rates from different
      regions. However, there is no previous study that has determined the prevalence
      and associated risk factors of HM among patients with incomplete abortion
      evacuated at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and Sekou Toure Regional Hospital
      (STRH). METHODS: A total of 180 patients with incomplete abortion were enrolled
      between February 2013 and April 2013. The products of conception were collected
      and analyzed using Haemotoxylin and Eosin staining technique for hydatidiform
      moles. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty patients with incomplete abortion
      scheduled for uterine evacuation agreed to participate in this study. The overall
      prevalence of HM was 12.8%. Majority of patients (27.5%) with HM were those aged
      below 20 years. No significant association was observed with risk factors such as
      parity, contraceptive use, previous abortion and blood group. CONCLUSION: The
      prevalence of HM (12.8%) was high and age between 15-20 years was the only
      significant associated risk factor with the presence of HM among patients with
      incomplete abortion. Therefore, we recommend submission of evacuated products of
      conception for histopathological analysis to minimize missed opportunity.

PMID- 26958008
TI  - Prevalence of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine
      (IPTp-SP) use during pregnancy and other associated factors in Sekondi-Takoradi,
      Ghana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with
      sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) has been adopted as policy by most countries in
      sub-Saharan Africa. This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of IPTp-SP
      usage for prevention of malaria among pregnant women as well as evaluated factors
      associated with IPTp-SP use during pregnancy in Sekondi-Takoradi region of Ghana.
      METHODS: Pregnant women attending their antenatal-care with either
      clinical/ultrasound evidence of pregnancy were recruited. Venous blood was
      screened for malaria using RAPID response antibody kit and Giemsa staining.
      Haemoglobin estimations were done by cyanmethemoglobin method while Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) screening was performed by the national diagnostic
      algorithm of two rapid antibody test and western blot confirmation. RESULTS: Of
      the 754 consented pregnant women interviewed in this study, 57.8% had received
      IPTp-SP while 42.2% had not at their first contact with the study personnel.
      Furthermore, 18.6% (81/436) of those that received IPTp-SP were malaria positive
      while 81.4% (355/436) were malaria negative. The results also indicated that
      47.7% (51/107) of the pregnant women in their third trimester who were meant to
      have received at least two-doses of SP had received >=2 doses while 35.5%
      (38/107) had received 1 dose. In multivariable logistic regression analysis,
      pregnant women in their third trimester who received >=2 doses of SP showed
      decreased likelihoods of malaria (adjusted OR, 0.042; 95% CI, 0.003-0.51; P =
      0.013). CONCLUSION: IPTp-SP usage among pregnant women in Sekondi-Takoradi
      reduces malaria and its use for malaria prevention should be strengthened with
      proper dosage completion and coverage.

PMID- 26958009
TI  - Effect of early amniotomy on the outcome of spontaneous labour: a randomized
      controlled trial of pregnant women in Enugu, South-east Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early amniotomy is common in obstetric practice but, its
      effectiveness has not been proven. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of early
      amniotomy on the duration of labour, and other maternal / neonatal outcomes of
      uncomplicated pregnancies in Enugu, South-east Nigeria. METHODS: A randomized
      controlled study of 214 consenting term pregnant women at the University of
      Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria. Intervention group received amniotomy
      early in active labour while the control group had their membranes conserved.
      RESULTS: Mean duration of labour for the amniotomy group (279.4 +/- 53.7 minutes)
      was significantly lower than that of control group (354.4 +/- 67.5 minutes), (t =
      -8.988, p <0.001). Three (3.8%) women in amniotomy group needed oxytocin
      augmentation as against 21 (19.6%) women in the control group RR = 0.14, (CI 95%:
      0.04 - 0.46), NNT = 16. The two groups did not vary with respect to cesarean
      section rate, newborn Apgar scores, and need for new born special care unit
      admission. CONCLUSION: Early amniotomy when compared to fetal membrane
      conservation reduced the duration of labour and need for oxytocin augmentation
      among term singleton pregnant women in Enugu, Nigeria. Its routine use in well
      selected cases may reduce prolonged labour and its complications.

PMID- 26958010
TI  - Obstetric vesico-vaginal fistulae seen in the Northern Democratic Republic of
      Congo: a descriptive study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a developing country with
      poor obstetric indicators. Despite ongoing efforts to improve care, women
      continue to suffer multiple complications of child birth including vesico-vaginal
      fistulae (VVF). OBJECTIVE: To describe socio-demographic and clinical
      characteristics of VVF patients in Northern DRC. METHODS: Women presenting at two
      VVF mobile surgical campaign missions in the province of Equateur in Northern DRC
      in August 2012 and October 2013 were examined and treated for VVF. We collected
      socio-demographic data, including marital status, education, and accompaniment by
      husbands for treatment, as a proxy for marital support, and clinical data related
      to characteristics of VVF in patients, duration of illness, and the outcome of
      treatment surgery. RESULTS: Out of 163 VVF patients, 100 (61.3%) were less than
      35 years old, 102 had no formal education ( 62.6%), and 100 were married (
      61.3%). The mean duration of illness before surgery was 8.4 years. Successful
      surgery rate for VVF was 87.1% (142/163). A majority of patients who were
      married, were accompanied to the hospital by their husbands for treatment
      (56/100; 56.00%). Association analysis revealed age was the only variable that
      maintained significant association with duration of illness after multivariate
      analysis (p-value <0.0001). Marital status was the only variable associated with
      surgical outcome (0.334, 95% CI 0.125- 0.847, p-value = 0.021). CONCLUSION: We
      found that most VVF patients were young adults, not educated, and married.
      Marital status and age may have important roles in outcome of VVF surgery and
      duration of illness, respectively.

PMID- 26958011
TI  - Correlation of ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight with actual birth weight
      in a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sonographic fetal weight estimation is an important component of
      antenatal care. AIM: To sonographically estimate fetal weight at term and to
      compare estimated with actual birth weights to determine the validity of
      estimated fetal weights. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In the prospective study, a
      convenience sample of 282 women was recruited. Ethical approval and informed
      consent of patients were obtained. An experienced sonographer estimated fetal
      weights by measuring BPD, HC, AC and FL using a scanner with Hadlock 3 weight
      estimation model. Actual birth weights were measured with a Crown weighing scale
      by a midwife. Data was analyzed with SPSS software version 17.0 while descriptive
      and inferential statistics were used to interpret results. Results were tested at
      error level set at p<= 0.05. RESULTS: Mean estimated and actual birth weights
      were 3378+/-40g and 3393+/-60g respectively. Difference between the two means was
      not significant. Eleven percent of fetuses were sonographically estimated to be
      microsomic while 14.5% were microsomic at birth; 12.1% were sonographically
      estimated to be macrosomic but 15.2% were macrosomic at birth. Most macrosomic
      fetuses were delivered through cesarean section(CS) and fetal weights increased
      with maternal age and parity. CONCLUSION: Sonographically estimated fetal weight
      using Hadlock 3 weight estimation model without validation correlated positively
      with actual birth weight in a Nigerian population.

PMID- 26958012
TI  - Prevalence and determinants of low birth weight: the situation in a traditional
      birth home in Benin City, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The traditional birth attendant delivers majority of pregnant women
      in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at determining the prevalence and
      associated risk factors for delivery of low birth weight (LBW) neonates in a
      Traditional Birth Home (TBH)in Benin City, Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 780
      pregnant women who received ante-natal care at a TBH and live singletons born to
      them were recruited for this study. Venous blood was collected from all pregnant
      women at onset of labour, and haemogblobin concentration determined using
      standard method. RESULTS: The prevalence of low birth weight was 6.3%, and was
      significantly affected by maternal age (P =0.039), gestational age (P=0.019),
      maternal height (P = 0.001), marital status (P = 0.015), and time of registration
      (P = 0.016). Being in a polygamous union, was significantly associated with the
      prevalence of LBW (OR = 13.640; 95%CI: = 6.148, 30.261; P = < 0.0001). Maternal
      anaemia was identified as a risk factor for the delivering of LBW neonates (OR =
      2.797; 95% CI = 1.555, 5.029; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of low
      birth weight was 6.3%. Intervention by appropriate agencies is advocated to
      reduce LBW in TBHs in Nigeria.

PMID- 26958013
TI  - Magnitude and factors associated with delayed initiation of breastfeeding among
      mothers who deliver in Mulago hospital, Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding as a determinant of infant health and nutrition saves
      up to 1.5 million infant lives annually. Though breastfeeding is mostly universal
      in sub-Saharan Africa, early initiation of breastfeeding is rarely practiced.
      OBJECTIVE: To determine magnitude and factors associated with delayed initiation
      of breastfeeding among mother-infant pairs who deliver in Mulago hospital.
      METHODS: We carried out a descriptive cross sectional study, where 665 mother
      infant pairs were interviewed within 24 hours following delivery; with additional
      qualitative data collected using focus group discussions to understand reasons
      for delaying initiation. The data was analysed by identification and coding of
      themes. RESULTS: In this study, 31.4% mothers delayed initiation of
      breastfeeding. This was associated with maternal HIV positive status (AOR 2.3;
      95% CI 1.3-4.2), inadequate prenatal guidance, (AOR 3.6; 95% CI 1.9-6.8),
      inadequate professional assistance to initiate breastfeeding (AOR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2
      2.8) and caesarean section delivery (AOR 8.6; 95% CI 4.7-16.0). Other reasons
      were perceived lack of breast milk, need of rest for both mother and baby after
      labor, and negative cultural beliefs. CONCLUSION: In Mulago Hospital 1:3 mothers
      delayed initiation of breastfeeding. The reasons for delayed initiation include;
      inadequate information during ANC, HIV positive serostatus, caesarian section
      delivery and negative cultural ideas.

PMID- 26958014
TI  - Burden and pattern of micro vascular complications in type 2 diabetes in a
      tertiary health institution in Nigeria.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) afflicts at least 5 million people in
      Nigeria, with more than 80% having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Microvascular
      complications increase both morbidity and mortality inpatients with T2DM. The
      aims of this study were to report the burden of various microvascular
      complications in T2DM and to identify various factors associated with these
      complications in patients with T2DM attending the diabetes outpatients' clinic.
      METHODS: Ninety (90) patients with T2DM who have attended diabetes clinic for at
      least 3 months were recruited for this study. Detailed history, physical
      examination and biochemical analysis was done in each of the patients. All
      patients underwent a detailed standard evaluation to detect diabetic retinopathy
      (fundoscopy), neuropathy (10g monofilament and/or diabetes neuropathy scores),
      and nephropathy (microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, serum creatinine and
      estimated glomerular filtration rate). RESULTS: There was high prevalence of
      microvascular complications among patients with T2DM. Almost half of patients
      with T2DM had some form of microvascular complications; diabetic neuropathy being
      the commonest (69.6%),followed by nephropathy (54.5%) and retinopathy (48.9%).
      The factors associated with developing these complications were increasing age,
      duration of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia for nephropathy and
      neuropathy. CONCLUSION: There is a high burden of microvascular complications in
      patients with type 2 diabetes. Age, male gender, hypertension, glycaemic control,
      BMI and duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control were factors associated with
      microvasular complications.

PMID- 26958015
TI  - Aerobic exercises alleviate symptoms of fatigue related to inflammatory cytokines
      in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-insulin dependent diabetic patients frequently suffer from
      fatigue symptoms that result from chronic systemic inflammation. Aerobic exercise
      was proved to modulate systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE: This study was an
      attempt to measure the impact of aerobic exercises on fatigue symptoms related to
      systemic inflammation in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Eighty
      obese patients with type 2 diabetes participated in the present study, their age
      ranged from 40-58 years and their BMI ranged from 31-36 kg/m2 and were assigned
      to two subgroups; group (A) received aerobic exercise training for 12 weeks and
      group (B) received no exercise training for 3 months. Measurements of fatigue
      symptoms and markers of systemic inflammation were assessed before and at the end
      of the study for all participants in both groups. RESULTS: The mean values of
      inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory
      (MFI) was significantly decreased in group (A), while changes were not
      significant in group (B). Moreover, there were significant differences between
      mean levels of the investigated parameters in group (A) and group (B) at the end
      of the study. CONCLUSION: Treadmill walking exercise training is an effective
      treatment policy to improve symptoms of fatigue related to inflammatory cytokines
      in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26958016
TI  - Contribution of ENPP1, TCF7L2, and FTO polymorphisms to type 2 diabetes in mixed
      ancestry ethnic population of South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transcription factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2), fat mass and obesity
      associated gene (FTO), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase gene
      (ENPP1) are known risk loci for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mostly in European
      populations. OBJECTIVES: To assess the association of these genes with T2DM risk
      in a South African mixed-ancestry population. METHODS: Five hundred and sixty six
      participants were genotyped for ENPP1-rs997509 and -rs1044498, FTO-9941349 and 
      rs3751812, TCF7L2-rs12255372 and -rs7903146 polymorphisms using Taqman genotyping
      assays and validated by automated sequencing to assess the association of the
      polymorphisms with cardiometabolic traits. RESULTS: In logistic regression models
      adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance, minor allele
      of rs997509 was associated with a higher risk of prevalent T2DM under a recessive
      model [odd ratio 4.60 (95% confidence interval: 1.07 to 19.86); p = 0.040].Under
      additive model, the rs7903146 [1.43 (1.00 to 2.04); p= 0.053] and rs9941349 [1.43
      (1.00 to 2.04); p = 0.052] minor alleles showed marginally significant
      associations with a high risk of T2DM. However, only the rs7903146 alleles
      (p=0.011) and genotypes (p=0.025) distributions were statistically significantly
      different between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. CONCLUSION: Our findings
      demonstrate that ENPP1, TCF7L2, and FTO may predispose to T2DM in the mixed
      ancestry population.

PMID- 26958017
TI  - Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated to higher BMI and metabolic syndrome
      parameters in adult subjects in Turkey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of 25(OH)D
      levels with biochemical, anthropometric, and metabolic data obtained from normal
      and obese people. METHODS: This study was carried out on 90 individuals between
      the ages of 18 to 63 that had various body mass indexes. Blood samples and
      anthropometric measurements were taken. RESULTS: Waist circumferences, fat mass,
      LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, 25(OH)D levels, and triglyceride
      levels were significantly different according to the body mass index groups of
      the participants (p<0.05). When compared to the normal body mass index group,
      both other groups (overweight and obese) had higher waist circumferences,
      triglyceride levels, LDL cholesterol levels, fasting insulin levels, HOMA-IR
      ratios, parathyroid hormone levels, and fat mass, and had lower 25(OH)D levels
      (p<0.05). The overweight group participants had higher 25(OH)D levels than the
      obese group, and had lower waist circumferences, fat mass, fasting insulin level,
      HOMA-IR ratios, and HbA1C and PTH levels than those in the obese group (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the mean level of 25(OH)D is very low in overweight
      and obese individuals and low serum 25(OH)D levels appear to be associated with
      obesity, visceral obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and
      metabolic syndrome in obese patients.

PMID- 26958018
TI  - Effect of low-intensity continuous training on lung function and
      cardiorespiratory fitness in both cigarette and hookah smokers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The decline in cardiorespiratory fitness and lung function was higher
      in smokers. Training method could mitigate some of the negative consequences of
      smoking among smokers unable or unwilling to quit. OBJECTIVE: To examine the
      effects of continuous training on lungs functional capability and
      cardiorespiratory fitness in smokers. METHODS: Fifteen cigarette smokers, 14
      hookah smokers, and 14 nonsmokers were assigned to low-intensity continuous
      training (20-30 minutes of running at 40% of maximum oxygen uptake (O2max)). Lung
      function and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters were determined using
      respectively spirometer and treadmill maximal exercise test. RESULTS: Continuous
      training improved forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced
      expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50 %) in all participants, smokers and
      nonsmokers (p < 0.05). In contrast, forced vital capacity (FVC) improvement was
      significant only among cigarette smokers (CS) (+1.7+/-2.21%, p < 0.01) and hookah
      smokers (HS) (+1.3+/-1.7 %, p < 0.05). Likewise, an improvement in
      cardiorespiratory fitness in both smokers groups without significant changes in
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for CS group and in velocity at maximum oxygen
      uptake (vO2max) for HS group. CONCLUSION: The low-intensity continuous training
      improves cardiorespiratory fitness and reduces lung function decline in both
      cigarette and hookah smokers. It seems to be beneficial in the prevention
      programs of hypertension. It could have important implications in prevention and
      treatment programs in smokers unable or unwilling to quit.

PMID- 26958019
TI  - Proportion of patients in the Uganda rheumatic heart disease registry with
      advanced disease requiring urgent surgical interventions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since the establishment of the Uganda Rheumatic Heart Registry,
      over 900 patients have been enrolled. We sought to stratify the patients in the
      registry according to disease severity and optimal management strategy. METHODS:
      We reviewed data of 618 patients who had enrolled in the Registry between March
      2010 and February 2013. The 67 patients who had died were excluded leaving 551
      patients who were recruited. The optimum management strategy was determined
      according to the 2012 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on the management
      of valvular heart disease. RESULTS: Out of the 551 patient's records evaluated,
      398 (72.3%) required invasive intervention, with 332(60.3%) patients requiring
      surgery and 66 (12.0%) requiring percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC). This
      leaves only 27.7% of patients who required only medical management. Currently,
      majority of the patients (498, 90.4%) in the registry are on medical treatment.
      Of the 60.3% requiring surgical intervention, only 8.0% (44 patients) underwent
      valvular surgery and 5(1.0%) patients of the 66 (12.0%) underwent PMC
      successfully. CONCLUSION: There is a high proportion of patients with severe
      disease that require surgical treatment yet they cannot access this therapy due
      to absence of local expertise.

PMID- 26958020
TI  - Guidance on the diagnosis and management of asthma among adults in resource
      limited settings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optimal management of asthma in resource limited settings is hindered
      by lack of resources, making it difficult for health providers to adhere to
      international guidelines. The purpose of this review is to identify steps for
      asthma diagnosis and management in resource limited settings. METHODS: Review of
      international asthma guidelines and other published studies on diagnosis and
      management of asthma. RESULTS: We establish that clinical diagnosis of asthma can
      be made if recurrent respiratory symptoms especially current wheeze or wheeze in
      the last 12 months are present. Presence of a trigger, other allergic diseases,
      personal or family history of asthma; clinical improvement and increase in the
      peak flow and forced expiratory volume in one second of >=12% after salbutamol
      administration increases the likelihood of asthma. At diagnosis severity grading,
      patient education, removal or reduction of trigger should be done. Follow up 2-6
      weeks and assessment of control during therapy is essential. Therapy should be
      adjusted up or down depending on control levels. Patients should be instructed to
      increase the frequency of their bronchodilators and/or steroids therapy when they
      start to experience worsening symptoms. CONCLUSION: Good quality asthma care can
      be achieved in resource limited settings by use of clinical data and simple
      tests.

PMID- 26958021
TI  - Bile acids cycle disruption in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma promotes
      the elevation of interleukin-10 secretion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unclear pathogenesis existed for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. AIMS: to
      analyze the role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
      METHODS: 20 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were
      enrolled between January 1(st), 2013 and December 31(st), 2014. ESI-QTOF-MS
      analysis of serum was performed to find altered bile acids components. The
      biological function of changed bile acids was investigated using in vitro
      experiment. RESULTS: Compared with healthy volunteers, the level of DCA and GDCA
      exhibited higher abundance in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (p<0.01).
      Furthermore, the biological function was investigated for the inhibition of DCA
      and GDCA towards the secretion of IL-10 by CD4+CD25- T cells. Both DCA and GDCA
      significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-10 by CD4+CD25- T cells. Furthermore,
      DCA+GDCA can show stronger inhibition towards the secretion of IL-10 than DCA and
      GDCA. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of IL-10 secretion by elevated DCA and GDCA
      components in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients is the inducer for nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 26958022
TI  - No relation between EFHC2 gene polymorphism and Idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is an epilepsy form without an
      underlying brain lesion or neurological indication or symptom. Recent
      investigations on the genetic origins of IGE and its subtypes report that certain
      mutations of various ion and non-ion channels genes in the central nervous system
      may be associated with IGE. PURPOSE: In this study we evaluated the relation
      between IGE and S430Y polymorphism in EFHC2 gene in a Turkish population.
      MATERIAL/METHODS: The study enrolled 96 healthy volunteers (47 male, 49 female),
      served as controls, and 96 IGE patients (41 male, 55 female), IGE diagnosis was
      confirmed in the neurology department. DNA extractions were performed. The
      presence of S430Y polymorphism in the exon 9 of EFHC2 gene were analyzed by Real
      Time PCR. The findings obtained from the control and patient groups were
      compared. RESULTS: In the patient group there was one heterozygous male with 685
      T>C mutation. In the control group, there were two objects with 685 T>C mutation;
      one heterozygous male, one heterozygous female. 662 G>A mutation was determined
      in neither controls nor patients. CONCLUSION: In our series of 96 IGE patients
      and 96 healthy controls, there was no relation between S430Y polymorphism in
      EFHC2 gene and IGE presence.

PMID- 26958023
TI  - Perceived stigma and associated factors among people with epilepsy at Gondar
      University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional institution based
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is the world's most common neurological disorder, affecting
      approximately 69 million people worldwide. Perceived stigma affects many domains
      of the lives of people with epilepsy. However, in Ethiopia there is dearth of
      study on perceived stigma specifically among people with epilepsy. OBJECTIVE: To
      assess the prevalence of perceived stigma and associated factors among people
      with epilepsy (PWE) attending the outpatient department of the University of
      Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. METHODS: Institution based
      quantitative cross - sectional study was employed among 408 individuals people
      with epilepsy. Single population proportion formula was used utilized to
      calculate sample size. The participants were selected using systematic random
      sampling technique. Perceived stigma was measured using by the modified Family
      Interview Schedule (FIS) tool. Binary logistic regression analysis and adjusted
      odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to identify the associated
      factors with perceived stigma.. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of perceived
      stigma was found to be 71.6%. Marital status [single (AOR = 0.23, CI: 0.25,
      0.90), widowed ( AOR = 0.37, CI: 0.15, 0.90) duration of illness [2-5 years (AOR
      = 4.38, CI:1.98,9.62, 6-10 years (AOR =4.29, CI:1.90,9.64, >=11 years (AOR =
      4.31,CI:1.84,10.00) and seizure frequency of [1-11per year (AOR=2.34,
      CI:2.21,3.56), >=1per month (AOR = 5.63, CI:3.42,10.32)] were factors associated
      with perceived stigma. CONCLUSION: Overall, the prevalence of perceived stigma
      was found to be high. Marital status, long duration of illness and seizure
      frequency were factors associated with perceived stigma.

PMID- 26958024
TI  - Post-stroke depression among stroke survivors attending two hospitals in Kampala
      Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The burden of stroke worldwide is increasing rapidly. There is
      paucity of data on post-stroke depression (PSD) among stroke survivors in Uganda,
      despite the high prevalence of PSD reported elsewhere. METHODS: In a cross
      sectional study, we assessed adult participants with confirmed first stroke with
      a standardized questionnaire. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to
      assess for depression among non-aphasic patients while the Aphasic Depression
      Rating Scale was administered to aphasic patients. Univariable and multivariable
      analyses performed to describe associations with PSD. RESULTS: Forty three
      females (58.9%) and 30 males (41.1%) who had a stroke participated. Fifty eight
      (79.5%) had ischemic strokes and 12 participants (16.4%) were aphasic. The
      prevalence of PSD among the study participants was 31.5%. PSD was higher among
      patients assessed within 6 months after the onset of stroke. PSD was strongly
      associated with the total Barthel index of activities of daily living (BIADL)
      score; p=0.001. There was no significant association between demographic
      characteristics and PSD. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of unrecognized
      post-stroke depression. Post-stroke depression was strongly associated with the
      patient's inability to undertake activities of daily life. There is urgent need
      for integration of screening for and management of post-stroke depression among
      stroke survivors.

PMID- 26958025
TI  - Clinical and genetic data of Huntington disease in Moroccan patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) occurs worldwide with prevalence varying
      from 0.1 to 10/100,000 depending of the ethnic origin. Since no data is available
      in the Maghreb population, the aim of this study is to describe clinical and
      genetic characteristics of Huntington patients of Moroccan origin. METHODS:
      Clinical and genetics data of 21 consecutive patients recruited from 2009 to 2014
      from the outpatient clinic of six medical centers were analyzed. Statistical
      analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Twenty one patients
      from 17 families were diagnosed positive for the IT15 gene CAG expansion.
      Clinical symptoms were predominantly motor (19/21). Twelve patients had
      psychiatric and behavioral disorders, and 11 patients had cognitive disorders
      essentially of memory impairment. Analysis of genetic results showed that 5
      patients had reduced penetrant (RP) alleles and 16 had fully penetrant (FP)
      alleles. The mean CAG repeat length in patients with RP alleles was 38.4 +/-
      0.54, and 45.37 +/- 8.30 in FP alleles. The age of onset and the size of the CAG
      repeat length showed significant inverse correlation (p <0.001, r = -0.754).
      CONCLUSION: Clinical and genetic data of Moroccan patients are similar to those
      of Caucasian populations previously reported in the literature.

PMID- 26958026
TI  - A systematic review of published literature describing factors associated with
      tuberculosis recurrence in people living with HIV in Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A summary of factors associated with recurrent tuberculosis (TB) in
      the African HIV-infected population is lacking. We performed a systematic review
      to address this. METHODS: We performed a literature search within PubMed and The
      WHO Global Library with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify
      manuscripts emanating from the African continent which potentially described
      factors associated with recurrent TB in persons living with HIV. RESULTS: The
      literature search yielded 52 unique manuscripts, of which only 4 manuscripts were
      included in the final systematic review following application of the inclusion
      and exclusion criteria. Baseline CD4 count, baseline HIV viral load, a positive
      tuberculin skin test, prior active TB disease, cutaneous hypersensitivity
      reaction to treatment, having < 3 lung zones affected by prior TB disease, and
      anaemia were associated with recurrent TB in HIV-infected individuals, whilst age
      and antiretroviral status were not. CONCLUSION: The lack of studies describing
      recurrent TB in Africa which stratify results by HIV-status is a hindrance to
      understanding risk factors for recurrent TB in this population. This might be
      overcome by implementing guidelines related to the publishing of data from
      observational studies in peer-reviewed medical journals reporting recurrent TB in
      populations with a high-burden of HIV infection.

PMID- 26958027
TI  - Prevalence of positive tuberculin skin test and associated factors among Makerere
      medical students, Kampala, Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis infection among medical students is thought to be higher
      than that among comparable groups. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of
      positive Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and associated factors among medical students
      at Makerere University. METHODS: A-cross-sectional study among randomly selected
      medical students. Using intra-dermal technique, TST was performed by
      administering 0.1ml of purified protein derivative. Readings performed after 72
      hours and positive TST based on an induration of >=10mm. RESULTS: Of 302 students
      selected to participate, 292 received TST and 288 were analyzed. Of 288 students,
      173(60%) were pre-clinical (years 1-3) and 115(40%) clinical (years 4&5). Overall
      130 students [45.1%(C.I.39.3-51.1)] had positive TST, not different from one
      derived from mixture analysis [46.3%(95% Bayesian credibility interval 36.5%
      55.8%)]. Positive TST prevalence among pre-clinical was 39.9%(67/173) compared to
      53.0%(61/115) among clinical students, OR=1.70,C.I.(1.06-2.74) and increases in a
      linear pattern with increasing years of study (p=0.002,OR=5.04). CONCLUSION: The
      prevalence of TB infection among medical students was twice higher than that of
      adults living in the suburbs and higher among those in clinical relative to pre
      clinical years suggesting that exposure and infection might be related to
      clinical work. We recommend urgent institution of infection control measures.

PMID- 26958028
TI  - Effects of treatment on free radicals in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in
      South Western Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Formation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), a free radical, in Tuberculosis
      patients does occur when Tubercule bacilli induces reactive oxygen species as a
      result of phagocytic respiratory burst. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the
      effect of treatment on plasma level of Malondialdehyde among patients infected
      with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Osogbo South Western Nigeria. METHODOLOGY:
      Descriptive cross sectional study among 110 patients, grouped into four
      categories (three TB patient categories and controls). All patients were screened
      for presence or absence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in their sputum and HIV 1 &
      2 in their blood using standard techniques. The level of free radical
      (Malondialdehyde, MDA) was determined by Thiobabituric acid reacting method. Data
      was analyzed using the SPSS software version 17.0. RESULTS: Serum Malondialdehyde
      (MDA) levels were significantly lower in TB patients on drugs (TBD) compared with
      the new cases on treatment (NCT). (0.17+0.88mol/L Vs 0.27+0.08mol/L, p<0.05).
      Varying degrees of correlations were also found between free radicals and
      electrolytes. CONCLUSION: Reduced serum MDA levels in TBD suggested a reduction
      in the levels of free radical injury once treatment was commenced. Therefore
      serum free radical may be an index of monitoring response to treatment in
      tuberculosis management.

PMID- 26958029
TI  - In vivo anti-plasmodial activities and toxic impacts of lime extract of a
      combination of Picralima nitida, Alstonia boonei and Gongronema latifolium in
      mice infected with Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lime extracts of powdered combination of seeds of Picralima nitida,
      stem bark of Alstonia boonei and leaves of Gongronema latifolium is a common
      remedy used in the treatment of malaria in South Western Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine the antiplasmodial activities of the combined herbal extracts and its
      impact on the haematological, hepatological and renological parameters in mice.
      METHODS: The 4-day suppressive and curative tests were used to assess the
      antiplasmodial activities of the extract in mice infected with chloroquine
      sensitive Plasmodium berghei at concentration of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg
      body weight. The haematological parameters including red blood cells, white blood
      cells, packed cell volume and haemoglobin count were analysed with an auto
      analyser. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined, while
      urea, protein and creatinine were analysed by standard procedural methods.
      RESULTS: The 4-day suppressive test revealed that the test extract achieved
      percentage suppression of 39.0%, 41.6% and 54.68% for the 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and
      800mg/kg concentration respectively. Additionally, the curative test achieved a
      high percentage suppression of 80.97%, 83.84% and 86.16% at the 200mg/kg,
      400mg/kg and 800mg/kg concentration respectively. The extracts did not induce
      significant change on haematological parameters (P>0.05), while significant
      elevation in the values of the ALT and AST (P<0.05) was observed and elevation of
      creatinine (P<0.05) at 800mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the traditional
      use of the herbal combination in the treatment of malaria, however the liver
      cells were impacted by the extracts in bioassay conducted with mice.

PMID- 26958030
TI  - Ketolide agents HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 (telithromycin) inhibit the growth of
      Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria is on the increase due to emergence of parasite drug
      resistance and there is thus an urgent need for the development of new
      antiparasitic drugs effective at low concentrations. Ketolides antibiotics are
      used for treatment of various ailments and are relevant candidates to establish
      antiparasitic activity. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigates the activity
      of ketolide compounds HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 (telithromycin) (0.025-12.5 uM) for
      activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium
      falciparum in vitro. METHODS: The antiplasmodial activity of the two ketolide
      agents were determined using microscopic and colorimetric [lactate dehydrogenase
      assay] procedures. RESULTS: Both HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 caused a dose-dependent
      inhibition of growth of both parasite strains with IC50 values 3 and 15 nM,
      respectively. Suppression of parasite growth was evident after 8 hours of
      exposure to both agents at 12.5 uM with total parasite clearance achieved at 40
      hours. CONCLUSION: The results indicate lack of cross-resistance between the
      ketolide compounds and chloroquine, implying presence of a drug target different
      from that of chloroquine. The particular drug target has still to be investigated
      but the stage-specific results indicate that it is expressed in all parasite
      growth phases. These observations demonstrate the anti-malarial potential of the
      ketolide antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 26958031
TI  - Occurrence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes genes (aac(6')-I and ant(2")-I) in
      clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Southwest Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enzymatic modification of aminoglycosides is the primary mechanism of
      resistance by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. OBEJECTIVES: We investigated the occurrence
      and mechanism of aminoglycosides resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates from
      hospitals in SouthWest Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 54 consecutive, non-duplicate
      clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were studied for the presence of
      aminoglycosides -modifying enzymes (AMEs) by PCR amplification and sequencing of
      genes encoding AMEs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two types of AME genes [aac (6') - I
      and ant (2") - I] were found in 12 isolates out of 54. Seven strains harboured
      one or more types of enzymes of which aac (6') - I was the most frequently found
      gene (10/54 isolates, 18.5%). None of the isolates investigated in this study
      were positive for aph, aac (3) and aac (6") - II genes. Prevalence of P.
      aeruginosa producing AME genes in this study may suggest aminoglycosides use in
      Nigeria. This study highlights need for functional antimicrobial surveillance
      system in Nigeria.

PMID- 26958032
TI  - Comparison of identification and antimicrobial resistance pattern of
      Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Amassoma, Bayelsa state, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is often responsible for fatal infections and
      recent upsurge of resistant strains has resulted in therapeutic failure. The
      identification of this microorganism is a major challenge to medical
      microbiologists in developing countries. METHODS: One hundred and eighty five
      isolates which had been previously isolated from the nares of 185 healthy college
      students' volunteers in Amassoma, Bayelsa State, South Nigeria were identified by
      MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and PCR amplification of the spa gene. The
      identified isolates were compared with presumptive identities obtained by growth
      on MSA, tube coagulation and slide agglutination tests. Antimicrobial
      susceptibility testing of S. aureus isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer
      technique while MRSA was screened for by growth on chromlDTM MRSA plate and
      confirmed by PCR-amplification of mecA/mecC genes. RESULTS: From the 185
      staphylococci that grew with yellow colonies on MSA, 24 were positive in the
      slide coagulase test, while 17 were positive in the tube coagulase test; MALDI
      TOF mass spectrometry and PCR amplification of the spa gene showed excellent
      concordance with the tube test, as all tube coagulase-positive strains were
      identified as S. aureus, while tube coagulase-test negative isolates in all cases
      were designated as other staphylococcal species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
      and were spa PCR test negative. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to
      clindamycin, vancomycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin and linezolid, while observed
      resistance to penicillin and trimethoprim were high. Only one MRSA strain was
      detected. CONCLUSION: The study confirms that the tube coagulase test is an
      accurate diagnostic method for identification of S. aureus, while growths on MSA
      and slide agglutination tests are inaccurate. We found a low prevalence of MRSA
      and a high rate of trimethroprim-resistance in the studied population.

PMID- 26958033
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      carriage among emergency department workers and bacterial contamination on touch
      surfaces in Erciyes University Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine Staphylococcus aureus and
      methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among emergency department
      (ED) workers, and bacterial contamination on hand-touch surfaces at ED. METHODS:
      This single-centered study enrolled 105 ED workers and 190 hand-touch surfaces at
      ED in June 2014. Nasal and environmental samples for S. aureus carriage and for
      bacterial contamination were obtained. For isolation swabs were cultured on
      ChromAgar S. aureus and environmental samples first cultured in broth and
      antibiogram obtained by clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A
      questionnaire was completed for each subject. RESULTS: The S. aureus carriage
      rate was 18.1% (n=19), with 2.9% (n=3) MRSA positivity. There were two (1.9%)
      mobile phone positivities for S. aureus, one of them was MRSA, and a computer
      keyboard contamination for MRSA was also detected. All MRSA isolates were
      susceptible for the tested antibiotics. There was significant difference between
      gender (p=0.044) in terms of nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA, all three MRSA
      isolates were from females. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the carriage of
      MRSA was not affected by clinical exposure in the hospital because of the
      existing infection control policy in our hospital.

PMID- 26958034
TI  - Study on the isolation of active constituents in Lonicera japonica and the
      mechanism of their anti-upper respiratory tract infection action in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lonicera japonica has been studied extensively by scholars at home
      and abroad, a number of compounds have been isolated from it, which mainly
      include organic acids and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies have shown that
      Lonicera japonica has antibacterial and gall bladder-protective effects.
      OBJECTIVE: To study the active constituents in Lonicera japonica and the
      mechanism of their anti-upper respiratory tract infection action in children.
      METHODS: Compounds were identified by chromatographic methods, and the mechanism
      of anti-pediatric upper respiratory tract infection action of Lonicera japonica
      decoction was studied using experimental animals. RESULTS: A total of four
      compounds were isolated, after injection of egg white, toe edema in rats in the
      control group was very obvious, different test concentrations of Lonicera
      japonica decoction all inhibited toe edema in rats to some extents, the edema was
      the mildest in the Lonicera japonica decoction high-dose group, which had the
      strongest inhibitory effect on the development of inflammation, the Lonicera
      japonica decoction showed certain dose-effect relationship with toe edema in
      rats. In the rat body temperature control experiment, while body temperature of
      rats in the blank group had already risen, other groups were still able to lower
      the body temperature of rats under the action of test drugs. The severity of ear
      edema in mice in the blank control group was obvious, with increased thickness
      which showed significant difference between left and right ears. Under test
      doses, three Lonicera japonica decoction groups all inhibited xylene-induced ear
      edema in mice. CONCLUSION: Lonicera japonica has an anti-upper respiratory tract
      infection action in children.

PMID- 26958035
TI  - Prevalence and factors associated with dental caries among children and adults in
      selected districts in Uganda.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with
      dental caries among adults and children in seven districts of Uganda. METHODS:
      Participants aged 11-13 (n=1230) and 35-44 years (n=648) were randomly selected
      from urban and rural areas of Gulu, Soroti, Jinja, Masaka, Kabale, Kabarole and
      Hoima districts. They were examined by 4 trained and calibrated dentists for
      dental caries using Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth index as described by World
      Health Organisation. RESULTS: Overall mean DMFT score was 0.73 for children and
      4.71 for adults. Generally, there was a higher mean DMFT score in the rural
      (2.19) compared to urban areas (1.97). In all the districts, except Hoima, there
      was a higher mean DMFT score of children in rural compared to urban. In adults,
      similar trend was mainly registered in Masaka, Hoima and Gulu districts. Most
      participants (79.9%, n=1309) occasionally ate sugared snacks. Overall, 95%
      (n=1795) of the participants cleaned their teeth with plastic tooth brushes
      (71.7%) and chewing sticks (8.3%). CONCLUSION: Although the severity of dental
      caries was low, the disease was widespread in the study population. A high
      proportion of participants reported consumption of sugared snacks and drinks,
      which calls for oral health education.

PMID- 26958036
TI  - Adverse drug reaction reporting among health care workers at Mulago National
      Referral and Teaching hospital in Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are an important contributor to patient
      morbidity and hospitalisation in Uganda. Under-reporting of ADRs may increase
      medicine-induced morbidity and mortality among patients. This study determined
      the extent of ADR reporting, and associated factors, among healthcare workers in
      Uganda. METHODS: A quantitative, cross-sectional, study was conducted. Pretested,
      semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 289 randomly sampled
      healthcare workers over a three-month period in Mulago National Referral
      Hospital, Uganda. The primary outcome was the proportion of healthcare workers
      who had ever reported an ADR. Data was double-entered in Epidata version 3.0,
      cleaned and exported to STATA version 10.1 for analysis. RESULTS: The overall
      response rate was 77.2% (n=223). The majority of the respondents were females
      (139, 62.3%). The median age of all respondents was 32.6 years (min-23; max-65).
      Only about 16.6% (n=37) of healthcare workers had ever reported an ADR. Very few
      (n= 84, 37.7%) healthcare workers knew the tools used in ADR reporting. Less than
      a quarter (n=41, 18.4%) of the healthcare workers knew where to report ADRs. Lack
      of training was reported as the major (56.5%, 126) deterrent to reporting ADRs by
      healthcare workers. CONCLUSION: Adverse drug reactions are under-reported in
      Uganda, and healthcare workers have insufficient knowledge of existing
      pharmacovigilance systems, including ADR reporting systems. To address these
      challenges, there is need to sensitize and train healthcare workers in patient
      centred aspects of medicine surveillance, so as to provide appropriate care while
      optimising patient safety.

PMID- 26958037
TI  - Evaluation of prescription pattern and patients' opinion on healthcare practices
      in selected primary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inappropriate prescribing negatively impacts on health and economy of
      individual and the society. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prescribing patterns and
      patients' opinions on healthcare practices in selected primary healthcare centres
      (PHC) in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional
      study was carried out among patients and healthcare workers in selected PHCs
      using semi-structured questionnaires. Also, patients' prescription records were
      reviewed using the WHO-prescribing indicators. RESULTS: About one-half (210;
      52.5%) were very satisfied with convenience of obtaining prescribed medicines in
      the PHCs, accessibility of PHC to abode (158;39.5%) and affordable medications
      (136;34.0%). Patients were dissatisfied with follow-up of care (191; 47.8%),
      courtesy of workers (184; 46.3%) and non-availability of medicines (138;34.5%).
      Number of drugs per encounter was 5.8+/-2.3 and % encounter with an antibiotic
      was >26.8% in each facility. Hematinics accounted for (814; 35.0%), analgesics
      (544; 23.4%), antimicrobials (303;13.0%) and antihypertensives (5; 0.2%).
      CONCLUSION: Primary healthcare attendees were satisfied with medication costs
      affordability and accessibility of PHC to abode but expressed dissatisfaction
      with follow-up of care and courtesy of workers. Also, inappropriate prescriptions
      characterized by polypharmacy and overuse of antibiotics were common underscoring
      the need for regular training of PHC workers on rational drug use and instituting
      appropriate measures for improvement.

PMID- 26958038
TI  - Poverty and inequality - but of what - as social determinants of health in
      Africa?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many African economies have achieved substantial economic growth over
      the past recent years, yet several of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
      including those concerned with health, remain considerably behind target. This
      paper examines whether progress towards these goals is being hampered by existing
      levels of poverty and income inequality. It also considers whether the inequality
      hypothesis of Wilkinson and Pickett1 applies to population health outcomes in
      African states. METHODS: Correlation analysis and scatter plots were used to
      assess graphically the link between variations in health outcomes, level of
      poverty and income inequality in different countries. Health status outcomes were
      measured by using four indicators: infant and under-five (child) mortality rates;
      maternal mortality ratios; and life expectancy at birth. In each of the 52
      African nations, the proportion of the population living below the poverty line
      is used as an indicator of the level of poverty and Gini coefficient as a measure
      of income inequality. The study used a comprehensive review of secondary and
      relevant literature that are pertinent in the subject area. The data datasets
      obtained online from UNICEF2 and UNDP3 (2009) used to test the research
      questions. World Health Organization the three broad dimensions to consider when
      moving towards better population health outcome through Universal Health Coverage
      and the Social Determinants of Health framework reviewed to establish the poverty
      and income inequality link in African countries population health outcomes.
      RESULTS: The study shows that poverty is strongly associated with all health
      outcome differences in Africa (IMR, cc = 0.63; U5MR, cc = 0.64; MMR, cc = 0.49;
      life expectancy at birth, cc = -0.67); income inequality with only one of the
      four indicators (IMR, cc = 0.14; U5MR, cc = 0.07; MMR, cc = 0.22; life expectancy
      at birth, cc = -0.49), whereas income inequality is associated with one of the
      four indicators. CONCLUSION: The study shows that tackling poverty should be the
      immediate concern in Africaas a means of promoting better health for all. There
      is a question mark over whether the findings of Wilkinson and Pickett1 on the
      relationship between income inequality and health apply to Africa. The reasons
      for this question mark are discussed. More research is needed to investigate
      whether the inequality results found in this study are replicated in other
      studies of African health.

PMID- 26958039
TI  - Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus - a case report of a rare cause of diabetes
      mellitus in East Africa.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterised by chronically high
      glucose levels. Genetic factors have been implicated in the aetiology following
      mutations in a single gene. An extremely rare form of diabetes mellitus is
      monogenic diabetes, a subset of which is permanent neonatal diabetes, and is
      usually suspected if a child is diagnosed with diabetes at less than 6 months of
      age. We present the first case reported from East Africa of a child diagnosed
      with permanent neonatal diabetes resulting from a mutation in the KCNJ11 gene
      encoding the Kir6.2 subunit. Despite the rarity of permanent neonatal diabetes,
      this diagnosis should be considered in infants with persistent hyperglycaemia
      requiring insulin therapy. Children with an ATP-sensitive potassium channel
      defect in the pancreatic beta cell have an overall good prognosis when treated
      with oral sulphonylurea therapy. 

PMID- 26958040
TI  - A case report: the first successful cochlear implant in Uganda.
AB  - Hearing impairment is a significant disability. According to the World Health
      Organization (WHO), more than 80% of the world's approximately 120 million people
      with hearing impairment live in developing countries. Cochlear implant is the
      only therapeutic intervention for those with severe-profound sensorineural
      hearing loss. We are reporting an interesting case of the very first cochlear
      implant operation carried out in Uganda. The patient was a 23 year old male whose
      presenting complaint was inability to hear in the left ear for three and a half
      years and in the right ear for one year. He had been treated for TB(Tuberculosis)
      mastoiditis. After the 8 months of treatment, the otorrhea persisted and he
      underwent a tympanomastoidectomy on the same ear. He reported no familial history
      of hearing loss. On examination, ENT examination revealed a small pars flaccida
      retration pocket of the right tympanic membrane with cholesteatoma. The left ear
      had an intact tympanic membrane. Pure tone audiometry revealed profound
      sensorineural hearing loss in both ears (see attached PTA results), CT scan of
      the temporal bone showed normal inner ear anatomy bilaterally and mild sclerotic
      changes in both mastoid bones. He then had surgery on his right ear which
      included cochlear implantation. The cochlear implant (CI) was activated on the
      first postoperative day remotely via internet with the help of the cochlear
      implant team at New York University Cochlear Implant Center and the patient was
      immediately able to appreciate some sounds. He received a pneumococcal vaccine on
      the first postoperative day and was discharged the following day. 

PMID- 26958041
TI  - Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy after a quarrel.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a case of Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in a blind woman. CASE
      PRESENTATION: We report a confirmed case of Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in a 55
      year-old blind woman with past medical history of ocular trauma. The patient
      suffered from sudden chest pain after a quarrel. Transthoracic echocardiogram
      (TTE) showed regional wall motion abnormalities. Coronary angiogram showed no
      significant coronary stenosis, but ventriculogram demonstrated apical ballooning
      akinesis and hypercontraction in the basal segments. The follow-up TTE revealed a
      recovery of systolic function 6 weeks later. CONCLUSION: We report a case of Tako
      tsubo cardiomyopathy after a quarrel, implicating that severe emotional or
      physical stress could trigger myocardial stunning.

PMID- 26958042
TI  - Epicardial fat thickness and cardiovascular involvements.

PMID- 26958044
TI  - University students' sexual orientation, contraception and toxic skin bleaching
      products.

PMID- 26958043
TI  - From sexual orientation to cochlear transplants in a tropical environment.

PMID- 26958045
TI  - Risk factors for lung diseases after renal transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality
      after renal transplantation. The aim of the study is to define the risk factors
      for infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications in kidney transplant
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 267 patients after
      renal transplantation. The kidney recipients were followed-up for the development
      of pulmonary complications for a period of 7 years. Different noninvasive and
      invasive diagnostic tests were used in cases suspected of lung disease. RESULTS:
      The risk factors associated with the development of pulmonary complications were
      diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 4.60; P = 0.001), arterial hypertension (OR
      = 1.95; P = 0.015), living related donor (OR = 2.69; P = 0.004), therapy for
      acute graft rejection (OR = 2.06; P = 0.038), immunosuppressive regimens that
      includes mycophenolate (OR = 2.40; P = 0.011), azathioprine (OR = 2.25; P =
      0.023), and tacrolimus (OR = 1.83; P = 0.041). The only factor associated with
      the lower risk of complications was a positive serology test for Cytomegalovirus
      of the recipient before transplantation (OR = 0.1412; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The
      risk factors can be used to identify patients at increased risk for
      posttransplant lung diseases. Monitoring of higher-risk patients allow timely
      diagnosis and early adequate treatment and can reduce the morbidity and mortality
      after renal transplantation.

PMID- 26958046
TI  - Comparison of open surgical discectomy versus plasma-laser nucleoplasty in
      patients with single lumbar disc herniation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc herniation is a major cause of low back pain.
      Several treatment methods are available for lumbar disc herniation including
      Chemonucleolysis, open surgery, nucleoplasty, laser disc decompression, and
      intradiscal electrothermal therapy. The high prevalence of lumbar disc herniation
      necessitates a minimally invasive yet effective treatment method. In this study,
      we compared the outcomes of open surgery and nucleoplasty method in patients with
      single lumbar disc herniation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a
      noninferiority randomized clinical trial conducted in one of the University
      Hospitals of Isfahan Medical University; The Alzahra Hospital. About 200 patients
      with the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation were recruited and were assigned to
      either the treatment or control groups using block randomization. One group
      received open surgery and the other group received nucleoplasty as the method of
      treatment. Patients were revisited at 14 days, 1, 2, 3 months, and 1-year after
      surgery and were assessed for the following variables: Lower back pain, lower
      limb pain, common complications of surgery (e.g., discitis, infection and
      hematoma) and recurrence of herniation. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation)
      severity of low back pain was reduced from 6.92 (2.5) to 3.43 (2.3) in the
      nucleoplasty group (P = 0.04) and from 7.5 (2.2) to 3.04 (1.61) in the discectomy
      group (P = 0.73). Between group difference was not statistically significant (P =
      0.44), however, time and treatment interaction was significant (P = 0.001). The
      level of radicular pain evaluated 1 year after treatment was reduced from 8.1
      (1.2) to 2.9 (1.2) (P = 0.004) and from 7.89 (2.1) to 3.6 (2.5) (P =0.04) in the
      discectomy and the nucleoplasty groups respectively, significant interaction
      between time and treatment options was observed (P < 0.001) while there was no
      significant difference between two treatment groups (P = 0.82). CONCLUSION: Our
      results show that while nucleoplasty is as effective as open discectomy in the
      treatment of lumbar disc herniation, it is also less invasive with higher patient
      compliance. Taking factor such as decreased cost and duration of the surgery, as
      well as faster recovery in patients into account; we suggest considering
      nucleoplasty as an effective method of treatment in patients with single-level
      disc herniation.

PMID- 26958047
TI  - Roles of osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase-7 in occurrence, progression,
      and prognosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study detected osteopontin (OPN) and matrix metalloproteinase-7
      (MMP-7) expressions to explore the roles of OPN and MMP-7 in the occurrence,
      progression, and prognosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on NSCLC tissues (n = 152; case
      group) and adjacent nonneoplastic lung parenchyma (adjacent to tumor >5 cm; n =
      152; control group) collected from 152 NSCLC patients. The protein expressions of
      OPN and MMP-7 were detected by immunohistochemistry. OPN and MMP-7 messenger RNA
      (mRNA) expressions were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain
      reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: The protein and mRNA expressions of OPN and MMP-7 in
      NSCLC tissues were evidently higher than those in adjacent nonneoplastic lung
      parenchyma (all P < 0.05). OPN protein and mRNA expression were associated with
      the degree of differentiation, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, and lymph
      node metastasis in NSCLC (all P < 0.05). MMP-7 protein expression was associated
      with TNM staging and lymph node metastasis (both P < 0.05) while MMP-7 mRNA
      expression was associated with the degree of differentiation, TNM staging, and
      lymph node metastasis (all P < 0.05). A significantly positive relativity was
      revealed between OPN expression and MMP-7 expression (protein: r = 0.789, P <
      0.001; mRNA: r = 0.377, P < 0.001). Lymph node metastasis, TNM staging, OPN, and
      MMP-7 protein expressions were independent risk factors for the prognosis of
      NSCLC (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: High MMP-7 and OPN protein expressions are
      closely related to the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of NSCLC, and can
      be served as unfavorable prognostic factors for NSCLC.

PMID- 26958048
TI  - Study of 2 years follow-up of referral patients with abnormal Pap smear.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abnormal Pap smear consists of premalignant or malignant cervical
      lesions. Many of premalignant cervical lesions will never progress to invasive
      malignancy, or even may regress over the time. Thus, there is always a risk of
      overtreatment of patients with an abnormal Pap smear. A long-term follow-up of
      these patients can reveal final events associated with each subtype of abnormal
      Pap smear, and, therefore, help us to prevent unnecessary interventions. The aim
      of our study was to present 2 years follow-up of referral patients with abnormal
      Pap smear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 334 consecutive women aged more than
      16 who were referred with an abnormal Pap smear were entered into the study.
      Patients were followed with biannual Pap smear and annual colposcopy and biopsy
      for 2 years. RESULTS: At baseline, the majority of patients with abnormal Pap
      smear were normal on colposcopy and biopsy (68% and 86%, respectively). Six
      months after first abnormal Pap smear majority of patients in each group showed a
      significant regress to normal or less invasive lesion (P < 0.001). Twelve
      patients (4%) had no change in Pap smear, whereas 313 (94%) had at least one
      stage improvement. Only nine (3%) patients had deteriorated Pap smear after 6
      months. All 308 patients who underwent colposcopy and biopsy had normal Pap smear
      24 months after the first abnormal Pap smear. CONCLUSION: Pap smear is associated
      with a high rate of false-positive results. In addition, the majority of low
      grade cervical lesions can spontaneously regress. A long-term follow-up of a
      patient with abnormal Pap smear can help us to avoid needless interventions.

PMID- 26958050
TI  - A comparative study of vaginal estrogen cream and sustained-release estradiol
      vaginal tablet (Vagifem) in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis in Isfahan, Iran
      in 2010-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrophic vaginitis is a disease, which affects up to 50% of
      postmenopausal women. This study compared the effectiveness and user-friendliness
      of Vagifem (an estradiol vaginal tablet) and vaginal estrogen cream in the
      treatment of atrophic vaginitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty
      postmenopausal women with symptoms of atrophic vaginitis were randomly divided
      into two groups of treatment with Vagifem or with vaginal estrogen cream for 12
      weeks. Patients used the medication daily for the first 2 weeks of the study, and
      twice weekly. Severity of vaginal atrophy and four main symptoms of atrophic
      vaginitis including dysuria, dyspareunia, vaginal itching, and dryness were
      evaluated and compared before and after treatment. In addition, patients were
      asked regarding user-friendliness and hygienic issues of medications. RESULTS:
      Both vaginal estrogen cream and Vagifem significantly improved symptoms of
      atrophic vaginitis but in terms of effectiveness for the treatment symptoms of
      atrophic vaginitis, there was no significant difference between the two
      medications. Vagifem compared to estrogen cream resulted in significantly lower
      rate of hygienic problems (0% versus 23%, P < 0.001), and was reported by the
      patients as a significantly easier method of treatment (90% versus 55%, P <
      0.0001). CONCLUSION: This investigation showed that Vagifem is an appropriate
      medication for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis, which is as effective as
      vaginal estrogen creams and is more user-friendly.

PMID- 26958049
TI  - Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus mini-laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy: A randomized clinical trial study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical technique using small-diameter instruments and single
      incision laparoscopy are two new options for less invasive laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy (LC). In this study, we have compared mini-LC (MLC) with single
      incision LC (SILC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a randomized clinical
      trial conducted on the patients diagnosed with symptomatic cholelithiasis who
      underwent LC. Forty patients were randomized to two equal groups of MLC and SILC.
      They were compared in terms of demographic data, operation time, and surgical
      complications. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in two groups.
      Operation time in MLC was significantly shorter than that in SILC (45.1 +/- 69
      min vs 63.75 +/- 7.57 min, P-value < 0.001). Also, the total length of the wound
      in SILC group was shorter than that in MLC group (P-value < 0.003). Postoperative
      pain scores were similar in two groups. Hospital stay was shorter in MLC (1.2 +/-
      0.6 days vs 1.6 +/- 0.8 days, P < 0.021). There was no difference in
      postoperative complications in two groups. CONCLUSION: MLC because of less
      operation time is preferred than SILC. Also, by subjective measures, it was a
      more comfortable method compared to SILC.

PMID- 26958051
TI  - Hyperglycemia is a predictor of prognosis in traumatic brain injury: Tertiary
      intensive care unit study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is frequently encountered in critically ill patients
      and has been shown to contribute to both morbidity and mortality. We aimed to
      study the predictive role of blood glucose level in clinical outcomes of
      mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic brain injury during intensive
      care unit (ICU) stay and to explore its relationship with Glasgow coma scale
      (GCS) and acute physiology and chronic health examination (APACHE) II scores that
      are used in the evaluation of ICU patients as predictor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      total of 185 patients with craniocerebral trauma who were hospitalized in the ICU
      were included in the study. Comparisons of mean glucose values (MGVs) and APACHE
      II scores between survivors and nonsurvivors were made with Student's t-test and
      chi-square test. Survival analysis was performed with log rank (Mantel-Cox) test
      and Cox regression was used for mortality risk factors analysis. RESULTS: MGVs at
      the initial, last, and all measurements were significantly higher for
      nonsurvivors than for survivors. Hazard rate at any given time point for patients
      with mean glucose value (MGV) between 150 and 179 was found to be 3.691 times
      that of patients with MGV values between 110 and 149. The hazard rate at any
      given time point for patients with MGV values >=180 was found to be 6.571 times
      that of patients with MGV values between 110 and 149. CONCLUSION: High glucose
      level is an independent risk factor for mortality in mechanically ventilated ICU
      patients with traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 26958052
TI  - Outcomes of pediatric inguinal hernia repair with or without opening the external
      oblique muscle fascia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Considering that complications and outcome of each method of
      pediatric inguinal hernia repair are one of the determinants for pediatric
      surgeons for selection of the appropriate surgical technique, we compared the
      early and late complications of two inguinal repair techniques, with and without
      opening the external oblique muscle fascia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this double
      blind clinical trial study, boy children aged 1-month to 6 years with diagnosed
      inguinal hernia were included and randomly allocated into two groups for
      undergoing two types of hernia repair techniques, with and without opening the
      external oblique muscle fascia. Surgical complications such as fever, scrotal
      edema and hematoma, and wound infections classified as early complication and
      recurrence, testis atrophy and sensory impairment of inguinal area classified as
      late complications. The rates of mentioned early and late complications were
      compared in the two interventional groups. RESULTS: In this study, 66 patients
      were selected and allocated to the two interventional groups. The prevalence of
      early and late complications in two studied groups were not different
      significantly in two interventional groups (P > 0.05). Operation time was
      significantly shorter in inguinal repair techniques without opening the external
      oblique muscle fascia than the other studied technique (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION:
      The findings of our study indicated that though early and late complications of
      the two repair methods were similar, but the time of procedure was shorter in
      herniotomy without opening the external oblique muscle, which considered the
      superiority of this method than inguinal hernia repair with opening the external
      oblique muscle.

PMID- 26958054
TI  - The value of otoendoscopy in the management of middle ear cholesteatoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The surgical management of cholesteatoma is a controversial issue,
      particularly regarding intact-canal-wall mastoidectomy (ICWM) versus canal-wall
      down mastoidectomy (CWDM). The current experiment compared the quality of
      visualization in different middle ear structures using ICWM with otoendoscopy
      with findings of CWDM by microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients
      diagnosed with cholesteatoma underwent tympanomastoidectomy, and then the
      patients selected for CWDM were included in the study (25 patients: 11 females
      and 14 males). After removing the cholesteatoma from the involved areas,
      otoendoscopic examination was done with a 4 mm, 0 degrees  endoscope by a
      neurootologist. All five middle ear structures (lateral epitympanum, sinus
      tympani, posterior crus of the stapes, round window niche, and Eustachian tube
      orifice) suspected of occult cholesteatoma were evaluated in terms of having or
      lacking the pathology. Then, CWDM was performed and all of the mentioned sites
      were reevaluated for diagnosing occult cholesteatoma. RESULTS: The symmetric
      measures were 73%, 92%, 63%, 81%, and 100% for lateral epitympanum, sinus
      tympani, posterior crus of the stapes, round window niche, and Eustachian tube
      orifice, respectively. CONCLUSION: Otoendoscopy was confirmed to have a great
      potential to be adopted by surgeons as a less invasive procedure in the surgical
      management of middle ear cholesteatoma.

PMID- 26958053
TI  - Effect of vitamin E succinate on inflammatory cytokines induced by high-intensity
      interval training.
AB  - AIM AND SCOPE: The anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin E under moderate exercises
      has been evaluated. However, the effect of vitamin E succinate, which has more
      potent anti-inflammatory effect than other isomers of vitamin E has not been
      evaluated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of
      vitamin E succinate on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6
      (IL-6) production induced by high-intensity interval training (HIIT). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: In the present study, 24 rats were randomly divided into control
      (C), supplementation (S), HIIT, and HIIT + supplementation (HIIT+S) groups. HIIT
      training protocol on a treadmill (at a speed of 40-54 m/min) and vitamin E
      succinate supplementation (60 mg/kg/day) was conducted for 6 weeks. RESULTS:
      Serum IL-6 in the HIIT group significantly increased compared with the C group
      (350.42 +/- 123.31 pg/mL vs 158.60 +/- 41.96 pg/mL; P = 0.002). Also, serum TNF
      alpha concentrations significantly enhanced (718.15 +/- 133.42 pg/mL vs 350.87 +/
      64.93 pg/mL; P = 0.001) in the HIIT group compared with the C group. Treatment
      of the training group with vitamin E numerically reduced IL-6 and TNF-alpha when
      compared with the HIIT group (217.31 +/- 29.21 and 510.23 +/- 217.88,
      respectively, P > 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in serum
      TNF-alpha (P = 0.31) and IL-6 (P = 0.52) concentrations in the HIIT + S group
      compared with the C group. CONCLUSION: HIIT-induced IL-6 and TNF-alpha decreased
      by administration of Vitamin E succinate.

PMID- 26958056
TI  - A systematic review and meta-analysis on screening lipid disorders in the
      pediatric age group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Different viewpoints exist about lipid screening in all children or
      only in children with positive family history (FH) of premature cardiovascular
      diseases (CVDs) or hypercholesterolemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis
      aim to assess the effectiveness of lipid screening in children and adolescents
      according to the existence of positive FH of CVD risk factors. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar were searched to identify relevant
      papers that were published from November 1980 until 30 November 2013. Irrelevant
      studies were set aside after studying their title, abstract, and full text. Then,
      the relevant studies were assessed by using a quality appraisal checklist. We
      used random effect model for meta-analysis and calculating the total estimation
      of sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value (PPV) of FH in
      predicting dyslipidemia among children and adolescents. RESULTS: Overall, 17,214
      studies were identified in the primary search, out of which 19 primary studies
      were qualified for study entry. The sensitivity of positive FH of premature CVD
      or dyslipidemia for predicting dyslipidemia among children varied between 15 and
      93. Moreover, the effectiveness of screening children for dyslipidemia according
      to premature CVD or dyslipidemia in their relatives was low in 86.9% of the
      primary studies. The total estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive
      value was 42.6, 59, and 20.7, respectively, according to the meta-analysis
      results. CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis indicated that selecting target
      population for screening children and adolescents for dyslipidemia according to
      their FH has low sensitivity.

PMID- 26958055
TI  - Management of ovarian cysts in infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To discuss the experience of diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cyst
      in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 20
      infants who suffered from ovarian cyst. RESULTS: There were no dysplasia ovarian
      was found in children which were preoperatively diagnosed simplex cyst. Within
      thirteen children preoperatively detected mixed cystic-solid lesion, six cases
      ovarian cysts disappeared and two cases underwent poor blood supply in the
      following time. CONCLUSION: Adverse effects for ovarian cyst in infants can be
      prevented by agressive surgical intervention. Harmful effects of ovarian cyst can
      be prevented by positive surgical intervention despite the diagnostic
      difficulties in children with clinical symptoms of this condition.

PMID- 26958057
TI  - Gastric varices: Classification, endoscopic and ultrasonographic management.
AB  - Gastric varices (GV) are responsible for 10-30% of all variceal hemorrhage.
      However, they tend to bleed more severely with higher mortality. Around 35-90%
      rebleed after spontaneous hemostasis. Approximately 50% of patients with
      cirrhosis of liver harbor gastroesophageal varices. In this review, new treatment
      modalities in the form of endoscopic treatment options and interventional
      radiological procedures have been discussed besides discussion on classification
      and pathophysiology of GV. 

PMID- 26958058
TI  - Features and application of wearable biosensors in medical care.
AB  - One of the new technologies in the field of health is wearable biosensor, which
      provides vital signs monitoring of patients, athletes, premature infants,
      children, psychiatric patients, people who need long-term care, elderly, and
      people in impassable regions far from health and medical services. The aim of
      this study was to explain features and applications of wearable biosensors in
      medical services. This was a narrative review study that done in 2015. Search
      conducted with the help of libraries, books, conference proceedings, through
      databases of Science Direct, PubMed, Proquest, Springer, and SID (Scientific
      Information Database). In our searches, we employed the following keywords and
      their combinations; vital sign monitoring, medical smart shirt, smart clothing,
      wearable biosensors, physiological monitoring system, remote detection systems,
      remote control health, and bio-monitoring system. The preliminary search resulted
      in 54 articles, which published between 2002 and 2015. After a careful analysis
      of the content of each paper, 41 sources selected based on their relevancy.
      Although the use of wearable in healthcare is still in an infant stage, it could
      have a magic effect on healthcare. Smart wearable in the technology industry for
      2015 is one that is looking to be a big and profitable market. Wearable
      biosensors capable of continuous vital signs monitoring and feedback to the user
      will be significantly effective in timely prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and
      control of diseases. 

PMID- 26958059
TI  - WHO and UNICEF: Updates on immunization coverage and how can we improve upon?

PMID- 26958060
TI  - Science growth and human development index in Iran.

PMID- 26958061
TI  - Chromogenic agar medium for rapid detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
      and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases producing bacteria from human
      immunodeficiency virus patients.

PMID- 26958063
TI  - Comparison between Kawasaki disease with lymph-node-first presentation and
      Kawasaki disease without cervical lymphadenopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: We evaluated the characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD)
      who presented with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy on admission, and
      compared them with the characteristics of those who presented with typical
      features but no cervical lymphadenopathy. METHODS: We enrolled 98 patients
      diagnosed with KD. Thirteen patients had only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy
      on the day of admission (group 1), 31 had typical features with cervical
      lymphadenopathy (group 2), and 54 had typical features without cervical
      lymphadenopathy (group 3). RESULTS: The mean age (4.3+/-2.1 years) and duration
      of fever (7.5+/-3.6 days) before the first intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
      administration were highest in group 1 (P=0.001). Moreover, this group showed
      higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, and lower lymphocyte counts after
      the first IVIG administration as compared to the other groups (P=0.001, P=0.001,
      and P=0.003, respectively). Group 1 also had a longer duration of hospitalization
      and higher frequency of second-line treatment as compared to groups 2 and 3
      (group 1 vs. group 2, P=0.000 and P=0.024; group 1 vs. group 3, P=0.000 and
      P=0.007). A coronary artery z score of >2.5 was frequently observed in group 1
      than in group 3 (P=0.008). CONCLUSION: KD should be suspected in children who are
      unresponsive to antibiotics and have prolonged fever and cervical
      lymphadenopathy, which indicates that KD is associated with the likelihood of
      requiring second-line treatment and risk of developing coronary artery
      dilatation.

PMID- 26958062
TI  - A practical view of immunotherapy for food allergy.
AB  - Food allergy is common and sometimes life threatening for Korean children. The
      current standard treatment of allergen avoidance and self-injectable epinephrine
      does not change the natural course of food allergy. Recently, oral, sublingual,
      and epicutaneous immunotherapies have been studied for their effectiveness
      against food allergy. While various rates of desensitization (36% to 100%) and
      tolerance (28% to 75%) have been induced by immunotherapies for food allergy, no
      single established protocol has been shown to be both effective and safe. In some
      studies, immunologic changes after immunotherapy for food allergy have been
      revealed. Adverse reactions to these immunotherapies have usually been localized,
      but severe systemic reactions have been observed in some cases. Although
      immunotherapy cannot be recommended for routine practice yet, results from recent
      studies demonstrate that immunotherapies are promising for the treatment of food
      allergy. 

PMID- 26958064
TI  - Infantile Marfan syndrome in a Korean tertiary referral center.
AB  - PURPOSE: Infantile Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a rare congenital inheritable
      connective tissue disorder with poor prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the
      cardiovascular manifestations and overall prognosis of infantile MFS diagnosed in
      a tertiary referral center in Korea. METHODS: Eight patients diagnosed with
      infantile MFS between 2004 and 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS:
      Their median age at the time of diagnosis was 2.5 months (range, 0-20 months).
      The median follow-up period was 25.5 months (range, 0-94 months). The median
      length at birth was 50.0 cm (range, 48-53 cm); however, height became more
      prominent over time, and the patients were taller than the 97th percentile at the
      time of the study. None of the patients had any relevant family history. Four of
      the 5 patients who underwent DNA sequencing had a fibrillin 1 gene mutation. All
      the patients with echocardiographic data of the aortic root had a z score of >2.
      All had mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse, and various degrees of mitral and
      tricuspid regurgitation. Five patients underwent open-heart surgery, including
      mitral valve replacement, of whom two required multiple operations. The median
      age at mitral valve replacement was 28.5 months (range, 5-69 months). Seven
      patients showed congestive heart failure before surgery or during follow-up, and
      required multiple anti-heart failure medications. Four patients died of heart
      failure at a median age of 12 months. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of infantile MFS
      is poor; thus, early diagnosis and timely cautious treatment are essential to
      prevent further morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 26958065
TI  - Impact of lifestyle factors on trends in lipid profiles among Korean adolescents:
      the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys study, 1998 and 2010.
AB  - PURPOSE: Only a few studies have explored nationwide trends in lipid profiles
      among Asian adolescents. We aimed to assess trends in lipid profiles and the
      associated lifestyle factors among Korean children. METHODS: We analyzed data for
      2,094 adolescents who were aged 10-18 years and had participated in the Korea
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys in 1998 and 2010. RESULTS:
      During 1998-2010, the prevalence of obesity significantly increased in boys, but
      no changes were observed in girls. Over this period, there was a small but
      significant decrease in the mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level
      in boys (1998, 87.5 mg/dL; 2010, 83.6 mg/dL; P=0.019) and mean triglyceride
      levels in girls (1998, 90.8 mg/dL; 2010, 85.8 mg/dL; P=0.020). There were no
      significant changes in the prevalence of dyslipidemia in boys, but a modest
      decrease was noted in girls (1998, 25.1%; 2010, 18.3%; P=0.052). During the study
      period, the prevalence of breakfast skipping decreased, whereas that of regular
      exercise increased in both groups. Daily total energy intake did not change
      between these years. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, breakfast
      skipping was associated with increased risk of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia in boys
      (odds ratio [OR], 5.77) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 2.27) in girls. Regular
      exercise was associated with decreased risk of hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia (OR,
      0.40) in boys. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of obesity in boys increased,
      favorable or constant trends in lipid profiles were observed among Korean
      adolescents during 1998-2010. Decrease in breakfast skipping and increase in
      regular exercise may have contributed to these trends.

PMID- 26958067
TI  - Meta-analysis of factors predicting resistance to intravenous immunoglobulin
      treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Studies have been conducted to identify predictive factors of resistance
      to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for Kawasaki disease (KD). However, the
      results are conflicting. This study aimed to identify laboratory factors
      predictive of resistance to high-dose IVIG for KD by performing meta-analysis of
      available studies using statistical techniques. METHODS: All relevant scientific
      publications from 2006 to 2014 were identified through PubMed searches. For
      studies in English on KD and IVIG resistance, predictive factors were included. A
      meta-analysis was performed that calculated the effect size of various laboratory
      parameters as predictive factors for IVIG-resistant KD. RESULTS: Twelve studies
      comprising 2,745 patients were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated significant
      effect sizes for several laboratory parameters: polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMNs) 0.698 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.469-0.926), C-reactive protein
      (CRP) 0.375 (95% CI, 0.086-0.663), pro-brain natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) 0.561
      (95% CI, 0.261-0.861), total bilirubin 0.859 (95% CI, 0.582-1.136), alanine
      aminotransferase (AST) 0.503 (95% CI, 0.313-0.693), aspartate aminotransferase
      (ALT) 0.436 (95% CI, 0.275-0.597), albumin 0.427 (95% CI, -0.657 to -0.198), and
      sodium 0.604 (95% CI, -0.839 to -0.370). Particularly, total bilirubin, PMN,
      sodium, pro-BNP, and AST, in descending numerical order, demonstrated more than a
      medium effect size. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, laboratory
      predictive factors for IVIG-resistant KD included higher total bilirubin, PMN,
      pro-BNP, AST, ALT, and CRP, and lower sodium and albumin. The presence of several
      of these predictive factors should alert clinicians to the increased likelihood
      that the patient may not respond adequately to initial IVIG therapy.

PMID- 26958068
TI  - A new mosaic der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3) with developmental delay and facial
      dysmorphism.
AB  - We report the case of a 22-month-old boy with a new mosaic partial unbalanced
      translocation of 1q and 18q. The patient was referred to our Pediatric Department
      for developmental delay. He showed mild facial dysmorphism, physical growth
      retardation, a hearing disability, and had a history of patent ductus arteriosus.
      White matter abnormality on brain magnetic resonance images was also noted. His
      initial routine chromosomal analysis revealed a normal 46,XY karyotype. In a
      microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, subtle copy
      number changes in 1q32.1-q44 (copy gain) and 18q21.33-18q23 (copy loss) suggested
      an unbalanced translocation of t(1;18). Repeated chromosomal analysis revealed a
      low-level mosaic translocation karyotype of
      46,XY,der(18)t(1;18)(q32.1;q21.3)[12]/46,XY[152]. Because his parents had normal
      karyotypes, his translocation was considered to be de novo. The abnormalities
      observed in aCGH were confirmed by metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization.
      We report this patient as a new karyotype presenting developmental delay, facial
      dysmorphism, cerebral dysmyelination, and other abnormalities. 

PMID- 26958066
TI  - Epilepsy in children with a history of febrile seizures.
AB  - PURPOSE: Febrile seizure, the most common type of pediatric convulsive disorder,
      is a benign seizure syndrome distinct from epilepsy. However, as epilepsy is also
      common during childhood, we aimed to identify the prognostic factors that can
      predict epilepsy in children with febrile seizures. METHODS: The study comprised
      249 children at the Korea University Ansan Hospital who presented with febrile
      seizures. The relationship between the subsequent occurrence of epilepsy and
      clinical factors including seizure and fever-related variables were analyzed by
      multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (10.0%) had additional
      afebrile seizures later and were diagnosed with epilepsy. The subsequent
      occurrence of epilepsy in patients with a history of febrile seizures was
      associated with a seizure frequency of more than 10 times during the first 2
      years after seizure onset (P<0.001). Factors that were associated with subsequent
      occurrence of epilepsy were developmental delay (P<0.001), preterm birth
      (P=0.001), multiple seizures during a febrile seizure attack (P=0.005), and
      epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography (EEG) (P=0.008). Other factors
      such as the age at onset of first seizure, seizure duration, and family history
      of epilepsy were not associated with subsequent occurrence of epilepsy in this
      study. CONCLUSION: Febrile seizures are common and mostly benign. However,
      careful observation is needed, particularly for prediction of subsequent
      epileptic episodes in patients with frequent febrile seizures with known risk
      factors, such as developmental delay, history of preterm birth, several attacks
      during a febrile episode, and epileptiform discharges on EEG.

PMID- 26958069
TI  - Successfully treated infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus Aureus in extremely low birth weight infant.
AB  - Survival rates of preterm infants have improved in the past few decades, and
      central venous catheters play an important role in the intensive medical
      treatment of these neonates. Unfortunately, these indwelling catheters increase
      the risk of intracardiac thrombosis, and they provide a nidus for microorganisms
      during the course of septicemia. Herein, we report a case of persistent
      bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an extremely low
      birth weight (ELBW) infant, along with vegetation observed on an echocardiogram,
      the findings which are compatible with a diagnosis of endocarditis. The
      endocarditis was successfully treated with antibiotic therapy, and the patient
      recovered without major complications. We suggest a surveillance echocardiogram
      for ELBW infants within a few days of birth, with regular follow-up studies when
      clinical signs of sepsis are observed. 

PMID- 26958070
TI  - Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Therapy for a Jehovah's Witness Child With
      Severe Anemia due to Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome.
AB  - Patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) can rapidly develop profound anemia
      as the disease progresses, as a consequence of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis and
      inadequate erythropoietin synthesis. Therefore, RBC transfusion should be
      considered in HUS patients with severe anemia to avoid cardiac or pulmonary
      complications. Most patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood
      transfusion, even in the face of life-threatening medical conditions due to their
      religious convictions. These patients require management alternatives to blood
      transfusions. Erythropoietin is a glycopeptide that enhances endogenous
      erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. With the availability of recombinant human
      erythropoietin (rHuEPO), several authors have reported its successful use in
      patients refusing blood transfusion. However, the optimal dose and duration of
      treatment with rHuEPO are not established. We report a case of a 2-year-old boy
      with diarrhea-associated HUS whose family members are Jehovah's Witnesses. He had
      severe anemia with acute kidney injury. His lowest hemoglobin level was 3.6 g/dL,
      but his parents refused treatment with packed RBC transfusion due to their
      religious beliefs. Therefore, we treated him with high-dose rHuEPO (300
      IU/kg/day) as well as folic acid, vitamin B12, and intravenous iron. The
      hemoglobin level increased steadily to 7.4 g/dL after 10 days of treatment and
      his renal function improved without any complications. To our knowledge, this is
      the first case of successful rHuEPO treatment in a Jehovah's Witness child with
      severe anemia due to HUS. 

PMID- 26958071
TI  - Predictors of perceived male partner concurrency among women at risk for HIV and
      STI acquisition in Durban, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Women in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be at greater risk for HIV
      acquisition than men. Concurrency, viz. multiple sexual partnerships that overlap
      over time, has been studied as a possible risk factor for HIV transmission. The
      aim of this study was to identify predictors of perceived male partner
      concurrency among sexually active, HIV negative women. METHODS: Socio-demographic
      and behavioural data from women enrolled in a biomedical HIV prevention clinical
      trial were assessed in relation to perceived male partner concurrency using the
      Chi squared test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed
      to assess the independent predictors of perceived male partner concurrency.
      Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were obtained for HIV and STI incidence in
      relation to male partner concurrency. A Cox Proportional Hazards model was used
      to assess the association between perceived male partner concurrency and HIV and
      STI incidence. RESULTS: The results revealed that 29 % of women reported their
      male partners to be in concurrent sexual relationships, 22 % reported partners
      that were not engaging in concurrency, whilst 49 % reported not knowing their
      partners concurrency status. Older women, having never married, experiencing
      economic abuse, and women reporting individual concurrency, were found to be
      significant predictors of perceived male partner concurrency in the studied
      population. Perceived male partner concurrency was not found to be a
      significantly associated with incident HIV and STI infections in this analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: The study provides insight into predictors of perceived male partner
      concurrency among women at high risk for STI and HIV acquisition. These results
      may inform the design of behavioural and biomedical interventions, to address the
      role of multiple sexual partnerships in HIV prevention.

PMID- 26958072
TI  - Purpose in Life in Emerging Adulthood: Development and Validation of a New Brief
      Measure.
AB  - Accruing evidence points to the value of studying purpose in life across
      adolescence and emerging adulthood. Research though is needed to understand the
      unique role of purpose in life in predicting well-being and developmentally
      relevant outcomes during emerging adulthood. The current studies (total n = 669)
      found support for the development of a new brief measure of purpose in life using
      data from American and Canadian samples, while demonstrating evidence for two
      important findings. First, purpose in life predicted well-being during emerging
      adulthood, even when controlling for the Big Five personality traits. Second,
      purpose in life was positively associated with self-image and negatively
      associated with delinquency, again controlling for personality traits. Findings
      are discussed with respect to how studying purpose in life can help understand
      which individuals are more likely to experience positive transitions into
      adulthood.

PMID- 26958073
TI  - Novel phthalide derivatives identified from Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuanxiong).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong) is a well-known Chinese
      medicine, and studies on its chemical constituents are important for explaining
      its mechanism of action and quality control. This study aims to investigate the
      chemical constituents of the dried rhizome of. L. chuanxiong. METHODS: The dried
      rhizome of L. chuanxiong was extracted with 60 % ethanol, and the concentrated
      extract was isolated by silica gel, octadecyl silane, and Sephadex LH-20 columns,
      followed by preparative/semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) to obtain the pure chemical constituents. The structures of the
      constituents were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR methods.
      Enantiomeric separation was achieved by a chiral HPLC method. The absolute
      configuration was determined by the modified Mosher's method. RESULTS: Six novel
      phthalide derivatives, (+)/(-)-chuanxiongins A-F (1-6), together with four known
      phthalides (7-10) were isolated from Chuanxiong. All of the new compounds (1-6)
      were present as pairs of enantiomers. Enantiomeric separation of 1 was
      successfully achieved by HPLC on a chiral column. The absolute configuration of (
      )-1 was determined by a modified Mosher's method. CONCLUSION: The six novel
      phthalide derivatives (1-6) isolated from Chuanxiong were phthalide fatty acid
      esters that were structurally analogous and characterized by fatty acid acylation
      at 6-OH or 7-OH.

PMID- 26958074
TI  - Burst nucleation by hot injection for size controlled synthesis of epsilon-cobalt
      nanoparticles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reproducible growth of narrow size distributed epsilon-Co
      nanoparticles with a specific size requires full understanding and identification
      of the role of essential synthesis parameters for the applied synthesis method.
      For the hot injection methodology, a significant discrepancy with respect to
      obtained sizes and applied reaction conditions is reported. Currently, a
      systematic investigation controlling key synthesis parameters as injection
      temperature and time, metal to surfactant ratio and reaction holding time in
      terms of their impact on mean ([Formula: see text]mean) and median ([Formula: see
      text]median) particle diameter using dichlorobenzene (DCB), Co2(CO)8 and oleic
      acid (OA) as the reactant matrix is lacking. METHODS: A series of solution-based
      epsilon-Co nanoparticles were synthesized using the hot injection method.
      Suspensions and obtained particles were analyzed by DLS, ICP-OES,
      (synchrotron)XRD and TEM. Rietveld refinements were used for structural analysis.
      Mean ([Formula: see text]mean) and median ([Formula: see text]median) particle
      diameters were calculated with basis in measurements of 250-500 particles for
      each synthesis. 95 % bias corrected confidence intervals using bootstrapping were
      calculated for syntheses with three or four replicas. RESULTS: epsilon-Co NPs in
      the size range ~4-10 nm with a narrow size distribution are obtained via the hot
      injection method, using OA as the sole surfactant. Typically the synthesis yield
      is ~75 %, and the particles form stable colloidal solutions when redispersed in
      hexane. Reproducibility of the adopted synthesis procedure on replicate syntheses
      was confirmed. We describe in detail the effects of essential synthesis
      parameters, such as injection-temperature and time, metal to surfactant ratio and
      reaction holding time in terms of their impact on mean ([Formula: see text]mean)
      and median ([Formula: see text]median) particle diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The
      described synthesis procedure towards epsilon-Co nanoparticles (NPs) is concluded
      to be robust when controlling key synthesis parameters, giving targeted particle
      diameters with a narrow size distribution. We have identified two major synthesis
      parameters which control particle size, i.e., the metal to surfactant molar ratio
      and the injection temperature of the hot OA-DCB solution into which the cobalt
      precursor is injected. By increasing the metal to surfactant molar ratio, the
      mean particle diameter of the epsilon-Co NPs has been found to increase.
      Furthermore, an increase in the injection temperature of the hot OA-DCB solution
      into which the cobalt precursor is injected, results in a decrease in the mean
      particle diameter of the epsilon-Co NPs, when the metal to surfactant molar ratio
      [Formula: see text] is fixed at ~12.9.

PMID- 26958075
TI  - Novel implementation research designs for scaling up global mental health care:
      overcoming translational challenges to address the world's leading cause of
      disability.
AB  - Despite established knowledge that Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) bear
      the majority of the world's burden of mental disorders, and more than a decade of
      efficacy research showing that the most common disorders, such as depression and
      anxiety, can be treated using readily available local personnel in LMICs to apply
      evidence-based treatments, there remains a massive mental health treatment gap,
      such that 75 % of those in LMICs never receive care. Here, we discuss the use of
      a new type of implementation science study design, the effectiveness
      implementation hybrids, to speed the translation and scale up of mental health
      care in LMICs. We use our current study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
      delivered by local personnel for depression and trauma-related disorders among
      HIV+ women in Kenya as an example of effectiveness-implementation hybrid design
      for mental health services research in LMICs. 

PMID- 26958076
TI  - Involuntary psychiatric admission: how the patients are detected and the general
      practitioners' expectations for hospitalization. An interview-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Norway, it is usually GPs that refer patients to involuntary
      admission. A high proportion of such referrals come from out-of-hours clinics.
      Little is known about who first initiate the contact between the patients and the
      referring doctors and which expectations the referring doctors have with respect
      to the involuntary admissions. The aim of the study was to examine who first
      detected the patients who were subsequently involuntarily admitted, and to
      examine the referring doctors' expectations for the admissions. METHODS: Semi
      structured interviews with 74 doctors that had referred patients for involuntary
      admission at a psychiatric hospital. RESULTS: Patients who were involuntarily
      admitted were detected by other branches of the health service (52 %, n = 39),
      family (25 %, n = 19), and the police (17 %, n = 13). The doctors mentioned these
      expectations for the admission (more than one expectation could be given): start
      treatment with neuroleptics: 58 % (n = 43), take care of the patient: 45 % (n =
      34), extensive changes to the treatment regime: 37 % (n = 28), solve an acute
      situation: 35 % (n = 26), and clarify the diagnosis: 22 % (n = 17). Female
      doctors significantly more often expected that the patients would be examined and
      treated, while the male doctors significantly more often expected that the
      patients would be cared for. CONCLUSIONS: Involuntary admissions are typically
      complex processes involving different people and services and patients with
      various needs. More knowledge about the events preceding hospitalization is
      needed in order to develop alternatives to involuntary admissions.

PMID- 26958079
TI  - Tissue-independent and tissue-specific patterns of DNA methylation alteration in
      cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that DNA methylation alterations contribute
      to carcinogenesis. While cancer tissue exhibits widespread DNA methylation
      changes, the proportion of tissue-specific versus tissue-independent DNA
      methylation alterations in cancer is unclear. In addition, it is unknown which
      factors determine the patterns of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer. RESULTS:
      Using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips (450k), we here analyze genome-wide DNA
      methylation patterns of ten types of fetal tissue, in addition to matched normal
      cancer data for corresponding tissue types, encompassing over 3000 samples. We
      demonstrate that the level of aberrant cancer DNA methylation in gene promoters
      and gene bodies is highly correlated between cancer types. We estimate that up to
      60 % of the DNA methylation variation in a cancer genome of a given tissue type
      is explained by the corresponding variation in a cancer genome of another type,
      implying that much of the cancer DNA methylation landscape is tissue independent.
      We further show that histone marks in normal cells are better predictors of
      aberrant cancer DNA methylation than the corresponding signals in human embryonic
      stem cells. We build predictors of cancer DNA methylation patterns and show that
      although inclusion of three histone marks (H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H3K36me3)
      improves model accuracy, the bivalent marks are the most predictive. Finally, we
      show that chromatin accessibility of gene promoters in normal tissue dictates the
      promoter's propensity to acquire aberrant DNA methylation in cancer in so far as
      it determines its level of DNA methylation in normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data show that a considerable fraction of the aberrant cancer DNA methylation
      landscape results from a mechanism that is largely tissue specific. Histone marks
      as specified in the normal cell of origin provide highly predictive models of
      aberrant cancer DNA methylation and outperform those derived from the same marks
      in hESCs.

PMID- 26958077
TI  - Dissection of early transcriptional responses to water stress in Arundo donax L.
      by unigene-based RNA-seq.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) is considered one of the most promising
      energy crops in the Mediterranean region because of its high biomass yield and
      low input requirements, but to date no information on its transcriptional
      responses to water stress is available. RESULTS: We obtained by Illumina-based
      RNA-seq the whole root and shoot transcriptomes of young A. donax plants
      subjected to osmotic/water stress with 10 and 20 % polyethylene glycol (PEG; 3
      biological replicates/organ/condition corresponding to 18 RNA-Seq libraries), and
      identified a total of 3034 differentially expressed genes. Blast-based mining of
      stress-related genes indicated the higher responsivity of roots compared to
      shoots at the early stages of water stress especially under the milder PEG
      treatment, with a majority of genes responsive to salt, oxidative, and
      dehydration stress. Analysis of gene ontology terms underlined the qualitatively
      different responses between root and shoot tissues. Among the most significantly
      enriched metabolic pathways identified using a Fisher's exact test with FDR
      correction, a crucial role was played in both shoots and roots by genes involved
      in the signaling cascade of abscisic acid. We further identified relatively large
      organ-specific differences in the patterns of drought-related transcription
      factor AP2-EREBP, AUX/IAA, MYB, bZIP, C2H2, and GRAS families, which may underlie
      the transcriptional reprogramming differences between organs. Through comparative
      analyses with major Poaceae species based on Blast, we finally identified a set
      of 53 orthologs that can be considered as a core of evolutionary conserved genes
      important to mediate water stress responses in the family. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study provides the first characterization of A. donax transcriptome in response
      to water stress, thus shedding novel light at the molecular level on the
      mechanisms of stress response and adaptation in this emerging bioenergy species.
      The inventory of early-responsive genes to water stress identified could
      constitute useful markers of the physiological status of A. donax and be a basis
      for the improvement of its productivity under water limitation. The full water
      stressed A. donax transcriptome is available for Blast-based homology searches
      through a dedicated web server (http://ecogenomics.fmach.it/arundo/).

PMID- 26958078
TI  - Hyper-accumulation of starch and oil in a Chlamydomonas mutant affected in a
      plant-specific DYRK kinase.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because of their high biomass productivity and their ability to
      accumulate high levels of energy-rich reserve compounds such as oils or starch,
      microalgae represent a promising feedstock for the production of biofuel.
      Accumulation of reserve compounds takes place when microalgae face adverse
      situations such as nutrient shortage, conditions which also provoke a stop in
      cell division, and down-regulation of photosynthesis. Despite growing interest in
      microalgal biofuels, little is known about molecular mechanisms controlling
      carbon reserve formation. In order to discover new regulatory mechanisms, and
      identify genes of interest to boost the potential of microalgae for biofuel
      production, we developed a forward genetic approach in the model microalga
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. RESULTS: By screening an insertional mutant library on
      the ability of mutants to accumulate and re-mobilize reserve compounds, we
      isolated a Chlamydomonas mutant (starch degradation 1, std1) deficient for a dual
      specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK). The std1 mutant
      accumulates higher levels of starch and oil than wild-type and maintains a higher
      photosynthetic activity under nitrogen starvation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed
      that this kinase (named DYRKP) belongs to a plant-specific subgroup of the
      evolutionarily conserved DYRK kinase family. Furthermore, hyper-accumulation of
      storage compounds occurs in std1 mostly under low light in photoautotrophic
      condition, suggesting that the kinase normally acts under conditions of low
      energy status to limit reserve accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: The DYRKP kinase is
      proposed to act as a negative regulator of the sink capacity of photosynthetic
      cells that integrates nutrient and energy signals. Inactivation of the kinase
      strongly boosts accumulation of reserve compounds under photoautotrophic nitrogen
      deprivation and allows maintaining high photosynthetic activity. The DYRKP kinase
      therefore represents an attractive target for improving the energy density of
      microalgae or crop plants.

PMID- 26958081
TI  - Erratum to: Expression of REG Ialpha gene in type 2 diabetics in Pakistan.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0092-6.]. 

PMID- 26958082
TI  - Factors associated with glucose tolerance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in a
      rural community of south India: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: India's national rural prevalence of type 2 diabetes has quadrupled
      in the past 25 years. Despite the growing rural burden, few studies have examined
      putative risk factors and their relationship with glucose intolerance and
      diabetes in rural areas. We undertook a cross-sectional study to determine the
      prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT),
      and type 2 diabetes in a rural area of south India. In addition, we determined
      which factors were associated with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We sampled 2 % of
      the adult population from 17 villages using a randomized household-level sampling
      technique. Each participant undertook a questionnaire that included basic
      descriptive information and an assessment of socioeconomic status, physical
      activity, and dietary intake. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and
      blood pressure measurements were taken. An oral glucose tolerance test was used
      to determine diabetes status. We used stepwise logistic model building techniques
      to determine associations between several putative factors and type 2 diabetes.
      RESULTS: 753 participants were included in the study. The age- and sex
      standardized prevalence of IFG was 3.9 %, IGT was 5.6 %, and type 2 diabetes was
      10.8 %. Factors associated with type 2 diabetes after adjusting for confounders
      included physical activity [OR 0.81], rurality [OR 0.76], polyunsaturated fat
      intake [OR 0.94], body mass index [OR 1.85], waist to hip ratio [OR 1.62], and
      tobacco consumption [OR 2.82]. CONCLUSION: Our study contributes to the growing
      body of research suggesting that diabetes is a significant concern in rural south
      India. Associated risk factors should be considered as potential targets for
      reducing health burdens in India.

PMID- 26958080
TI  - Cutaneous stimulation at the ankle: a differential effect on proprioceptive
      postural control according to the participants' preferred sensory strategy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ankle movements can be partially encoded by cutaneous afferents.
      However, little is known about the central integration of these cutaneous
      signals, and whether individual differences exist in this integration. The aim of
      this study was to determine whether the effect of cutaneous stimulation at the
      ankle would differ depending on the participants' preferred sensory strategy
      appraised by relative proprioceptive weighting (RPw). METHODS: Forty-seven active
      young individuals free of lower-limb injury stood on a force platform either
      barefoot or wearing a custom-designed bootee. Vibrations (60 Hz, 0.5 mm) were
      applied either to the peroneal tendons or to the lumbar paraspinal muscles.
      RESULTS: The barefoot RPw was strongly negatively correlated to the absolute
      change in RPw measured in the bootee condition (r = -0.81, P < 0.001).
      Participants were then grouped depending on their barefoot RPw value. The RPw was
      significantly higher in the bootee condition than in the barefoot condition only
      for participants with low barefoot RPw. CONCLUSIONS: The external cutaneous
      stimulation given by the bootee increased the weight of ankle proprioceptive
      signals only for participants with low barefoot RPw. This result confirmed that
      optimization of the ankle proprioceptive signals provided by cutaneous afferent
      stimulation has a differential effect depending on the participants' preferred
      sensory strategy.

PMID- 26958083
TI  - The Impact of PD-L1 Expression in Patients with Metastatic GEP-NETs.
AB  - Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed on many cancer cells,
      interacts with PD1 expressed on the surface of T cells, inhibiting the T cells
      and blocking the antitumor immune response. Expression of PD-L1 in
      gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) has not been studied. We
      investigated the impact of PD-L1 expression in 32 patients with metastatic GEP
      NET. The expression of PD-L1 was evaluated using an anti-PD-L1
      immunohistochemistry (IHC) antibody optimized for staining of formalin-fixed
      paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. The correlation between PD-L1 and
      clinicopathological data including survival and response to systemic treatments
      was analyzed. Primary sites were 24 foregut-derived GEP-NETs, including stomach
      (n=1), duodenum (n=2), biliary tract (n=7), and pancreas (n=14), and 8 hindgut
      derived GEP-NETs of the distal colon and rectum. Among the 32 patients with
      metastatic GEP-NET analyzed in this study, 7 (21.9%) had expression of PD-L1 in
      tumor tissues. Expression of PD-L1 was significantly associated with high-grade
      WHO classification (grade 3) (p=0.008) but not with gender, primary site, and
      number of metastatic sites (p>0.05). The status of PD-L1 expression was
      statistically associated with progression-free survival (PFS) for first-line
      systemic treatment (p=0.047). Moreover, the status of PD-L1 expression could
      significantly predict overall survival (p=0.037). The expression of PD-L1 was
      associated with higher WHO tumor grade (grade 3) in metastatic GEP-NETs. PD-L1
      expression had both predictive and prognostic value for survival of patients with
      metastatic GEP-NETs. 

PMID- 26958084
TI  - Evaluation of Plasma miR-21 and miR-152 as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Common Types
      of Human Cancers.
AB  - Stable blood based miRNA species have allowed for the differentiation of patients
      with various types of cancer. Therefore, specific blood-based miRNA might be
      considered as a methodology which could be informative of the presence of cancer
      potentially from multiple distinct organ sites. Recently, miR-21 has been
      identified as an "oncomir" in various tumors while miR-152 as a tumor suppressor.
      In this study, we investigated whether circulating miR-21 and miR-152 can be used
      for early detection of lung cancer (LuCa), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), breast
      cancer (BrCa) and prostate cancer (PCa), with distinguishing cancer from various
      benign lesions on these organ sites. We measured the two miRNA levels by using
      real-time RT-PCR in plasma samples from a total of 204 cancer patients, 159
      various benign lesions, and 228 normal subjects. We observed significantly
      elevated expression of miR-21 and miR-152 in LuCa, CRC, and BrCa when compared
      with normal controls. We also found upregulation of plasma miR-21 and miR-152
      levels in patients with benign lesions of lung and breast, as compared to normal
      controls, respectively. No significant expression variation of the two miRNAs was
      observed in PCa or prostatic benign lesions as compared to healthy controls.
      Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed that miR-21 and/or miR
      152 can discriminate LuCa, CRC and BrCa from normal controls. Our results suggest
      that plasma miR-21 and miR-152 may serve as non-specific noninvasive biomarkers
      for early screening of LuCa, CRC, and BrCa, but not PCa. 

PMID- 26958085
TI  - Ganoderma lucidum Combined with the EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Erlotinib
      Synergize to Reduce Inflammatory Breast Cancer Progression.
AB  - The high incidence of resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) targeted
      against EGFR and downstream pathways has increased the necessity to identify
      agents that may be combined with these therapies to provide a sustained response
      for breast cancer patients. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of
      Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) in breast cancer, focusing on the regulation of
      the EGFR signaling cascade when treated with the EGFR TKI, Erlotinib. SUM-149, or
      intrinsic Erlotinib resistant MDA-MB-231 cells, and a successfully developed
      Erlotinib resistant cell line, rSUM-149 were treated with increasing
      concentrations of Erlotinib, GLE, or their combination (Erlotinib/GLE) for 72h.
      Treatment effects were tested on cell viability, cell proliferation, cell
      migration and invasion. To determine tumor progression, severe combined
      immunodeficient mice were injected with SUM-149 cells and then treated with
      Erlotinib/GLE or Erlotinib for 13 weeks. We assessed the protein expression of
      ERK1/2 and AKT in in vitro and in vivo models. Our results show that GLE
      synergizes with Erlotinib to sensitize SUM-149 cells to drug treatment, and
      overcomes intrinsic and developed Erlotinib resistance. Also, Erlotinib/GLE
      decreases SUM-149 cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion. GLE
      increases Erlotinib sensitivity by inactivating AKT and ERK signaling pathways in
      our models. We conclude that a combinatorial therapeutic approach may be the best
      way to increase prognosis in breast cancer patients with EGFR overexpressing
      tumors. 

PMID- 26958086
TI  - Loss of MKK3 and MK2 Copy Numbers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - Identification of genetic alterations in members of the p38 mitogen-activated
      protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is important as these proteins have dynamic roles
      in tumor progression and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in cancer. We
      analyzed tumor and non-tumorous lung tissue of 233 non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC) patients for the presence of copy number alterations (CNAs) in the MAPK
      kinase 3 (MKK3) and MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) genes. We report frequent CNAs
      in MKK3 and MK2 genes in NSCLC. Copy number losses were detected in 31% of NSCLC
      tumors (odds ratio: 7.08, 95% confidence interval: 3.2-15.6, P<0.001) for the
      MKK3 gene and in 28% of tumors for the MK2 gene (odds ratio: 3.68, 95% confidence
      interval: 1.9-7.2, P<0.001). Several of the non-tumorous tissues showed an
      elevated MKK3 copy number, with a concurrent loss of this in 89% of the paired
      tumors. MKK3 gene deletions were significantly more frequent in squamous and
      large cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma. These data demonstrate a novel loss
      of MKK3 and MK2 genomic copy numbers in NSCLC tumors, and suggest these genes as
      interesting therapeutic candidates in NSCLC. 

PMID- 26958087
TI  - Metabolic Determinants and Anthropometric Indicators Impact Clinical-pathological
      Features in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the last twenty years, the efforts of the scientific community
      devoted to the comprehension and treatment of ovarian cancer have remained poorly
      remunerative, with the case-fatality ratio of this disease remaining
      disappointedly high. Limited knowledge of the basic principles regulating ovarian
      carcinogenesis and factors impacting the course of disease may significantly
      impair our ability to intervene in early stages and lessen our expectations in
      terms of treatment outcomes. In the present study, we sought to assess whether
      metabolic factors and anthropometric indicators, i.e., pre-treatment fasting
      glucose and body mass index, are associated with renown cancer related prognostic
      factors such as tumour stage and grade at diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study
      participants were 147 women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer and treated
      with platinum based regimens and/or surgery at the Regina Elena National Cancer
      Institute of Rome, Italy. Glucose levels were assessed at the institutional
      laboratories on venous blood collected in overnight fasting conditions and prior
      to any therapeutic procedure. Stage was coded according to the FIGO staging
      system based on the results of the diagnostic workup, while tumour grade was
      locally assessed by an expert pathologist. Participants' characteristics were
      descriptively analyzed for the overall study population and in a subgroup of 70
      patients for whom data on body mass index (BMI) were available. FIGO stage and
      grade were compared by categories of pre-treatment fasting glucose defined upon
      the median value, i.e., 89 mg/dl. The association of interest was tested in
      regression models including BMI. RESULTS: For the overall study population,
      patients in the lowest category of fasting glucose were significantly more likely
      to exhibit a FIGO stage III-IV at diagnosis compared with their counterpart in
      the highest glucose category (81.3 vs 66.7%, p: 0.021). Subgroup analysis in 70
      patients with BMI data confirmed this association (81.5 vs 55.8, p: 0.049), which
      remained significant when tested in regression models including BMI (OR: 0.28 95%
      CI 0.086-0.89, p: 0.031). No relevant evidence emerged when testing the
      association between fasting glucose and tumour grade. CONCLUSIONS: In patients
      diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer, pre-treatment glucose levels appear to
      be inversely associated with FIGO stage. Further studies are warranted to
      eventually confirm and correctly interpret the implications of this novel
      finding.

PMID- 26958089
TI  - Assessing the Key Attributes of Low Utilization of Mammography Screening and
      Breast-self Exam among African-American Women.
AB  - PURPOSE: African-American (AA) women living in four Black Belt Counties (BBC) of
      Alabama; consisting of Barbour, Macon, Green and Wilcox are known to have lower
      mammogram utilization and breast self-exam rates when compared to their white
      female counterparts. The influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on
      these disparities has not been clearly defined so far. Our study was designed to
      determine whether these observed disparities can be predicted with the
      socioeconomic and other demographic attributes. METHODS: Health Disparity
      Questionnaires data (n = 516) for BBC of Alabama was analyzed using a logistic
      regression model to examine the association of breast cancer screening rates and
      breast self-exam with income, the level of education, family doctor, type of
      health insurance, obesity, and age. RESULTS: Income, education, family doctor,
      age and health insurance were independent predictors for the low utilization rate
      of mammography and breast self-exam (BSE). CONCLUSION: Improving socioeconomic
      conditions such as level of education and availability of health care are
      essential to increase the rates of breast cancer screening test and breast self
      exam in the BBC of Alabama.

PMID- 26958088
TI  - Immunochemical Assays and Nucleic-Acid Detection Techniques for Clinical
      Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and the
      most common cancer in men in Europe, North America, and some parts of Africa. The
      established methods for detecting PCa are normally based on tests using Prostate
      Specific Antigen (PSA) in blood, Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) in urine and
      tissue Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) as tumour markers in patient
      samples. Prior to the introduction of PSA in clinics, prostatic acid phosphatase
      (PAP) was the most widely used biomarker. An early diagnosis of PCa through the
      detection of these biomarkers requires the availability of simple, reliable, cost
      effective and robust techniques. Immunoassays and nucleic acid detection
      techniques have experienced unprecedented growth in recent years and seem to be
      the most promising analytical tools. This growth has been driven in part by the
      surge in demand for near-patient-testing systems in clinical diagnosis. This
      article reviews immunochemical assays, and nucleic-acid detection techniques that
      have been used to clinically diagnose PCa. 

PMID- 26958090
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Colletotrichum falcatum - A Prelude on Screening of Red
      Rot Pathogen in Sugarcane.
AB  - Colletotrichum falcatum, a concealed fungal ascomycete causes red rot, which is a
      serious disease in sugarcane. It infects economically important stalk tissues,
      considered as store house of sugar in sugarcane. The study is to find genetic
      complexities of C. falcatum in establishing this as a stalk infecting pathogen
      and to decipher the unique lifestyle of this pathogen using NGS technology. We
      report the draft genome of C. falcatum of about 48.16 Mb in size with 12,270
      genes. The genome sequences were compared with other fungal species which
      revealed that C. falcatum is closely related to C. graminicola and C.sublineola
      the causal organisms of anthracnose in maize and sorghum. These results brought a
      new revelation to explore the lifestyle of this unique pathogen which is
      specialized to infect sugarcane stalk tissues in detail. 

PMID- 26958091
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Brevibacillus borstelensis cifa_chp40, a Thermophilic
      Strain Having Biotechnological Importance.
AB  - Brevibacillus borstelensis cifa_chp40 is a thermophilic, strictly aerobic gram
      positive motile bacteria isolated from the alkaline hot water spring located in
      the Eastern Ghats zone of India. It could grow in a wide range of temperature and
      degrade low-density polythene at 37 degrees C. The strain cifa_chp40 produces
      essential enzymes like protease, lipase, esterase and amidase at 50 degrees C.
      Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. borstelensis cifa_chp40 which
      will provide further insight into the metabolic capabilities, function and
      evolution of this important organism. 

PMID- 26958092
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Two Pathogenic Corynebacterial Species Isolated from
      Cows.
AB  - The species Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium
      cystitidis were initially thought to be the same species C. renale, but with
      different immunological types. These bacteria are the causative agent of
      cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis and are found usually as constituents of
      the normal flora in the lower urogenital tract of cattle. Therefore, we present
      the draft genome sequences of two pathogenic Corynebacterium species: C. renale
      CIP 52.96 and C. pilosum CIP 103422. The genome sequences of these species have
      2,322,762 bp with 2,218 protein encoding genes and 2,548,014 bp with 2,428
      protein encoding genes, respectively. These genomes can help clarify the
      virulence mechanisms of these unknown bacteria and enable the development of more
      effective methods for control. 

PMID- 26958093
TI  - Local influence of cell viability on stretch-induced permeability of alveolar
      epithelial cell monolayers.
AB  - Ventilator induced lung injury (VILI), often attributed to over-distension of the
      alveolar epithelial cell layer, can trigger loss of barrier function. Alveolar
      epithelial cell monolayers can be used as an idealized in vitro model of the
      pulmonary epithelium, with cell death and tight junction disruption and
      permeability employed to estimate stretch-induced changes in barrier function. We
      adapted a method published for vascular endothelial permeability, compare its
      sensitivity with our previously published method, and determine the relationship
      between breeches in barrier properties after stretch and regions of cell death
      After 4-5 days in culture, primary rat alveolar epithelial cells seeded on plasma
      treated polydimethylsiloxane membrane coated with biotin-labeled fibronectin, or
      fibronectin alone were stretched in the presence of FITC-tagged streptavidin
      (biotin-labeled membrane) or BODIPY-ouabain. We found that the FITC-labeling
      method was a more sensitive indicator of permeability disruption, with
      significantly larger positively stained areas visible in the presence of stretch
      and with ATP production inhibitor Antimycin-A. Triple-stained images with Hoescht
      (nuclei), Ethidium Homodimer (EthD, damaged cell nuclei) and FITC (permeable
      regions) were used to determine that within permeable regions intact cells were
      positioned closer to damaged cells than in non-permeable regions. We concluded
      that local cell death may be an important contributor to barrier integrity.

PMID- 26958094
TI  - Limited impact of Cntn4 mutation on autism-related traits in developing and adult
      C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mouse models offer an essential tool to unravel the impact of genetic
      mutations on autism-related phenotypes. The behavioral impact of some important
      candidate gene models for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not yet been
      studied, and existing characterizations mostly describe behavioral phenotypes at
      adult ages, disregarding the developmental nature of the disorder. In this
      context, the behavioral influence of CNTN4, one of the strongest suggested ASD
      candidate genes, is unknown. Here, we used our recently established developmental
      test battery to characterize the consequences of disruption of contactin 4
      (Cntn4) on neurological, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral phenotypes across
      different developmental stages. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice with heterozygous and
      homozygous disruption of Cntn4 were studied through an extensive, partially
      longitudinal, test battery at various developmental stages, including various
      paradigms testing social and restricted repetitive behaviors. RESULTS:
      Developmental neurological and cognitive screenings revealed no significant
      differences between genotypes, and ASD-related behavioral domains were also
      unchanged in Cntn4-deficient versus wild-type mice. The impact of Cntn4
      deficiency was found to be limited to increased startle responsiveness following
      auditory stimuli of different high amplitudes in heterozygous and homozygous
      Cntn4-deficient mice and enhanced acquisition in a spatial learning task in
      homozygous mice. CONCLUSIONS: Disruption of Cntn4 in the C57BL/6J background does
      not affect specific autism-related phenotypes in developing or adult mice but
      causes subtle non-disorder specific changes in sensory behavioral responses and
      cognitive performance.

PMID- 26958095
TI  - Erratum to: Imprinting disorders: a group of congenital disorders with
      overlapping patterns of molecular changes affecting imprinted loci.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0143-8.]. 

PMID- 26958096
TI  - Effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist on the cardiovascular
      events, mortality, and prostaglandin E2 production by nitrate-induced tolerant
      rats with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti-ischemic effects of NO releasing by nitroglycerin (NTG) and the
      release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are involved in the decrease of
      vascular remodeling in different cardiovascular diseases. Using a nitrate-free
      period is still generally required to prevent nitrate tolerance and should be
      used as the first-line option to maintain adequate symptom control and on an
      individual basis. Personalized anti-ischemic concerns require the urgent change
      of paradigm from interventional measures to predictive, preventive, and
      personalized treatment with organic nitrates and its combination with drugs that
      may improve prognosis and drugs that can be added for patients who remain
      symptomatic despite therapy with the other classes of agents. The purpose of this
      study was to evaluate the influence of human calcitonin gene-related peptide
      antagonist (CGRP8-37) on cardiohemodynamic events, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plasma
      concentration, the severity of ventricular arrhythmias, and mortality occurring
      during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in NTG-tolerant and nontolerant rats.
      METHODS: In the pilot study of efficacy of calcitonin gene-related peptide
      antagonist (CGRP8-37), 58 male Wistar rats were included. All procedures were
      performed according to protocols approved by the General Animal Care and Use
      Committee. Adult male rats underwent surgery to induce AMI by ligating the left
      anterior descending coronary artery or SHAM. ECG was used to confirm myocardial
      ischemia. In each experiment, a rat was maintained under anesthesia for the
      duration of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the rat was killed by
      an overdose of pentobarbital. All animals in accordance with the received
      pharmacological agent were randomized into three groups: I-received only NTG, 50
      mg/kg daily, s.c. injections b.i.d. 3 days prior to AMI; II-received NTG by the
      same dose, route, and frequency of administration + CGRP antagonist (CGRP8-37),
      10 MUg/kg two times daily by a similar period of administration; and III-served
      as control (C) group without preliminary tolerance to NTG. RESULTS: Subcutaneous
      injections of NTG (50 mg/kg) 30 min prior to AMI in NTG-tolerant animals (group
      I) and in NTG-tolerant rats + CGRP antagonist (group II) caused minor changes in
      blood pressure and heart period that was accompanied before NTG s.c.
      administration with blunted baroreflex sensitivity in response to i.v.
      administration of sodium nitroprusside in these groups of rats (0.66 +/- 0.05 and
      0.56 +/- 0.04 ms/mmHg, P < 0.05, respectively) in comparison to C (group III)
      animals (0.9 +/- 0.1 ms/mmHg). AMI 1 h duration was associated with a high
      incidence of ventricular arrhythmia and significant mortality in group I (70 %)
      and especially in group II (90 %) animals at 72 h after reperfusion as compared
      with group III rats (56 %), that correlated to a decrease of PGE2 plasma content
      in group II (2.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and group I (3.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, P <
      0.01) vs. control group of rats (4.8 +/- 0.3 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: CGRP could be
      involved in the mechanism of nitrate tolerance via the inhibition of release of
      the potent vasodilator CGRP leading to exacerbation of acute myocardial ischemia.
      The influence of CGRP antagonist could enhance this condition.

PMID- 26958097
TI  - A continuous glucose monitoring device by graphene modified electrochemical
      sensor in microfluidic system.
AB  - This paper presents a continuous glucose monitoring microsystem consisting of a
      three-electrode electrochemical sensor integrated into a microfluidic chip. The
      microfluidic chip, which was used to transdermally extract and collect
      subcutaneous interstitial fluid, was fabricated from five polydimethylsiloxane
      layers using micromolding techniques. The electrochemical sensor was integrated
      into the chip for continuous detection of glucose. Specifically, a single-layer
      graphene and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were decorated onto the working electrode
      (WE) of the sensor to construct a composite nanostructured surface and improve
      the resolution of the glucose measurements. Graphene was transferred onto the WE
      surface to improve the electroactive nature of the electrode to enable
      measurements of low levels of glucose. The AuNPs were directly electrodeposited
      onto the graphene layer to improve the electron transfer rate from the activity
      center of the enzyme to the electrode to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor.
      Glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized onto the composite nanostructured surface
      to specifically detect glucose. The factors required for AuNPs deposition and GOx
      immobilization were also investigated, and the optimized parameters were
      obtained. The experimental results displayed that the proposed sensor could
      precisely measure glucose in the linear range from 0 to 162 mg/dl with a
      detection limit of 1.44 mg/dl (S/N = 3). The proposed sensor exhibited the
      potential to detect hypoglycemia which is still a major challenge for continuous
      glucose monitoring in clinics. Unlike implantable glucose sensors, the wearable
      device enabled external continuous monitoring of glucose without interference
      from foreign body reaction and bioelectricity. 

PMID- 26958098
TI  - A flexible device for ocular iontophoretic drug delivery.
AB  - In this work, a flexible ocular iontophoretic device, which can be fabricated by
      batch processing, is reported. In vivo experiments were conducted on rabbit eyes,
      and the results demonstrated this device could realize ocular iontophoresis
      effectively, simply, and conveniently. Compared to conventional eye cups, it can
      be placed under the eyelid and can deliver ions through a small area on the
      eyeball, reducing tissue damage caused by the drug during ion penetration. Owing
      to the flexibility of the device, the device can be easily seated under the
      eyelid stably during iontophoresis. Manganese ions as a tracer for detection of
      optic nerve damage were delivered into rabbit eyes by this iontophoretic device.
      Under 1 mA for 600 s, the average Mn(2+) concentration in the eye ball after
      iontophoresis was 102 ng/ml, while the one in the control group was 23 ng/ml.
      Using 2 mA for 600 s, the average concentration was 271 ng/ml, while it was 38
      ng/ml in the control group. Thermal injury during iontophoresis was not observed
      under an applied current of no more than 2 mA for no longer than 10 min, with the
      local temperature less than 38  degrees C, measured by an infrared thermal
      imager. 

PMID- 26958099
TI  - A microfluidic device for automated, high-speed microinjection of Caenorhabditis
      elegans.
AB  - The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has been widely used as a model organism
      in biological studies because of its short and prolific life cycle, relatively
      simple body structure, significant genetic overlap with human, and
      facile/inexpensive cultivation. Microinjection, as an established and versatile
      tool for delivering liquid substances into cellular/organismal objects, plays an
      important role in C. elegans research. However, the conventional manual procedure
      of C. elegans microinjection is labor-intensive and time-consuming and thus
      hinders large-scale C. elegans studies involving microinjection of a large number
      of C. elegans on a daily basis. In this paper, we report a novel microfluidic
      device that enables, for the first time, fully automated, high-speed
      microinjection of C. elegans. The device is automatically regulated by on-chip
      pneumatic valves and allows rapid loading, immobilization, injection, and
      downstream sorting of single C. elegans. For demonstration, we performed
      microinjection experiments on 200 C. elegans worms and demonstrated an average
      injection speed of 6.6 worm/min (average worm handling time: 9.45 s/worm) and a
      success rate of 77.5% (post-sorting success rate: 100%), both much higher than
      the performance of manual operation (speed: 1 worm/4 min and success rate: 30%).
      We conducted typical viability tests on the injected C. elegans and confirmed
      that the automated injection system does not impose significant adverse effect on
      the physiological condition of the injected C. elegans. We believe that the
      developed microfluidic device holds great potential to become a useful tool for
      facilitating high-throughput, large-scale worm biology research. 

PMID- 26958100
TI  - An optofluidic system with volume measurement and surface plasmon resonance
      sensor for continuous glucose monitoring.
AB  - The traditional technology of glucose monitoring is painful and invasive because
      of the frequent blood collection. Nowadays, the enzyme electrode sensor is mainly
      used for continuous glucose monitoring in clinic, but it has inherent
      disadvantages of significant signal drift of current due to bioelectricity in
      body and the missing of hypoglycemia resulting from the irreversible consumption
      of glucose at the process of enzyme catalytic reaction. Interstitial fluid (ISF)
      transdermal extraction can be nearly unsensible which effectively reduces the
      pain caused by invasive detection so that it may provide a new way to monitor
      glucose. MEMS technology has been used to produce devices for transdermal ISF
      extraction, but there is a lack of on-chip ISF volume measurement capabilities,
      which are required to compensate skin permeability variations. This paper
      presents a lab-on-a-chip system for ISF transdermal extraction, ISF volume
      measurement, and optical glucose sensing towards the application of continuous
      glucose monitoring. The device significantly incorporates a MEMS volume sensor,
      which measures extracted ISF volume via conductance monitoring, and integrates a
      fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensor to measure glucose concentration in
      microchannel. The fiber-based technique provides an excellent approach to
      overcome the above two drawbacks of the enzyme electrode based glucose sensing.
      Six different volumes were tested, and the standard deviation of every sample is
      less than 0.05 MUl, The resonance wavelength moves from 549.081 nm to 592.914 nm
      while the concentration ranges from 0 to 200 mg/dl. The feasibility of the single
      chip device for accurate and continuous monitoring of subcutaneous ISF glucose
      concentrations is verified. 

PMID- 26958101
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the chemotaxis of a green alga, Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii, to bicarbonate using diffusion-based microfluidic device.
AB  - There is a growing interest in the photosynthetic carbon fixation by microalgae
      for the production of valuable products from carbon dioxide (CO2). Microalgae are
      capable of transporting bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)), the most abundant form of
      inorganic carbon species in the water, as a source of CO2 for photosynthesis.
      Despite the importance of HCO3 (-) as the carbon source, little is known about
      the chemotactic response of microalgae to HCO3 (-). Here, we showed the
      chemotaxis of a model alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, towards HCO3 (-) using an
      agarose gel-based microfluidic device with a flow-free and stable chemical
      gradient during the entire assay period. The device was validated by analyzing
      the chemotactic responses of C. reinhardtii to the previously known
      chemoattractants (NH4Cl and CoCl2) and chemotactically neutral molecule (NaCl).
      We found that C. reinhardtii exhibited the strongest chemotactic response to
      bicarbonate at the concentration of 26 mM in a microfluidic device. The
      chemotactic response to bicarbonate showed a circadian rhythm with a peak during
      the dark period and a valley during the light period. We also observed the
      changes in the chemotaxis to bicarbonate by an inhibitor of bicarbonate
      transporters and a mutation in CIA5, a transcriptional regulator of carbon
      concentrating mechanism, indicating the relationship between chemotaxis to
      bicarbonate and inorganic carbon metabolism in C. reinhardtii. To the best of our
      knowledge, this is the first report of the chemotaxis of C. reinhardtii towards
      HCO3 (-), which contributes to the understanding of the physiological role of the
      chemotaxis to bicarbonate and its relevance to inorganic carbon utilization. 

PMID- 26958102
TI  - Biomimetic microchannels of planar reactors for optimized photocatalytic
      efficiency of water purification.
AB  - This paper reports a biomimetic design of microchannels in the planar reactors
      with the aim to optimize the photocatalytic efficiency of water purification.
      Inspired from biology, a bifurcated microchannel has been designed based on the
      Murray's law to connect to the reaction chamber for photocatalytic reaction. The
      microchannels are designed to have a constant depth of 50 MUm but variable aspect
      ratios ranging from 0.015 to 0.125. To prove its effectiveness for photocatalytic
      water purification, the biomimetic planar reactors have been tested and compared
      with the non-biomimetic ones, showing an improvement of the degradation
      efficiency by 68%. By employing the finite element method, the flow process of
      the designed microchannel reactors has been simulated and analyzed. It is found
      that the biomimetic design owns a larger flow velocity fluctuation than that of
      the non-biomimetic one, which in turn results in a faster photocatalytic reaction
      speed. Such a biomimetic design paves the way for the design of more efficient
      planar reactors and may also find applications in other microfluidic systems that
      involve the use of microchannels. 

PMID- 26958103
TI  - Particle migration and sorting in microbubble streaming flows.
AB  - Ultrasonic driving of semicylindrical microbubbles generates strong streaming
      flows that are robust over a wide range of driving frequencies. We show that in
      microchannels, these streaming flow patterns can be combined with Poiseuille
      flows to achieve two distinctive, highly tunable methods for size-sensitive
      sorting and trapping of particles much smaller than the bubble itself. This
      method allows higher throughput than typical passive sorting techniques, since it
      does not require the inclusion of device features on the order of the particle
      size. We propose a simple mechanism, based on channel and flow geometry, which
      reliably describes and predicts the sorting behavior observed in experiment. It
      is also shown that an asymptotic theory that incorporates the device geometry and
      superimposed channel flow accurately models key flow features such as peak speeds
      and particle trajectories, provided it is appropriately modified to account for
      3D effects caused by the axial confinement of the bubble. 

PMID- 26958104
TI  - A Study of Internal Thoracic Arteriovenous Principal Perforators by Using Multi
      detector Row Computed Tomography Angiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There are numerous reports of perforating branches from the
      intercostal spaces of the internal thoracic vessels. These branches have varying
      diameters, and a main perforating branch, the principal perforator, most often
      found in the second or third intercostal space. We report different results based
      on multi-detector row computed tomography. METHODS: We evaluated 121 sides from
      70 women scheduled for breast reconstruction with free lower abdominal skin flaps
      who underwent preoperative multi-detector row computed tomographic scan between
      June 2008 and June 2015. For primary reconstruction, we analyzed both sides, and
      for 1-sided secondary reconstruction, we analyzed only the unaffected side. We
      evaluated both early arterial phase and late venous phase 5-mm horizontal, cross
      sectional, and volume-rendering images for perforation sites and internal
      thoracic arteriovenous perforating branches' intercostal space thickness. We
      analyzed differences in thickness between the internal thoracic arteries and
      veins and symmetry in cases involving both sides. RESULTS: Venous principal
      perforators nearly always perforated the same intercostal spaces as accompanying
      veins of arterial principal perforators (99.2%), forming arteriovenous principal
      perforators. We found 49 principal perforators in the first intercostal space
      (37.4%), 52 in the second intercostal space (39.7%), 23 in the third intercostal
      space (17.6%), 6 in the fourth intercostal space (4.6%), and 1 in the fifth
      intercostal space (0.7%). Of the 51 cases in which we studied both sides, 25
      cases (49%) had principal perforators with bilateral symmetry. CONCLUSIONS: In
      contrast to findings from past reports, we found that internal thoracic
      arteriovenous principal perforators were often present in almost the same numbers
      in the first and second intercostal spaces.

PMID- 26958105
TI  - Perfusion and Oxygenation of Random Advancement Skin Flaps Depend More on the
      Length and Thickness of the Flap Than on the Width to Length Ratio.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the relationship between the dimensions
      (length, width, and thickness) of random advancement skin flaps and retained
      tissue perfusion and oxygenation. METHODS: Flaps were raised on the flanks of
      pigs. The flaps were either 0.5 or 1.0 cm wide, thin (dissected halfway through
      the subcutaneous tissue) or thick (dissected down to the muscle fascia). Tissue
      perfusion was measured by laser Doppler velocimetry, and tissue oxygenation (pO2)
      was measured using a Licox system, every 0.5 cm along the flaps' length. Tissue
      temperature was visualized by high-resolution infrared camera. RESULTS: Perfusion
      and oxygenation decreased gradually from the base to the tip of the flap,
      reaching approximately 40% of presurgical values (2.0 cm) and approximately 20%
      (2.5 cm) from the base of the flap. There was virtually no blood flow, nor oxygen
      tension, 3.0 cm from the base of the flap. The width to length ratio of the flap
      did not determine blood flow or oxygenation, being approximately 30% in a 0.5 cm
      wide and 2 cm long flap, and 0% in a 1.0 cm wide and 4 cm long flap, both with a
      width to length ratio of 1:4. Blood flow and oxygenation were preserved to a
      greater extent in the thick flaps (~40%) than in the thin flaps (~20%), in a 0.5
      cm wide and 2 cm long flap. CONCLUSIONS: The dissection of a random advancement
      flap results in hypoperfusion and oxygenation that cannot be predicted by the
      width to length ratio but depend on the length and thickness of the flap.

PMID- 26958106
TI  - Surgical management of acute quadriceps tendon rupture (a case report with
      literature review).
AB  - Quadriceps tendon rupture is uncommon and often overlooked in emergency. Tearing
      affects weakening tendon by systemic diseases or some medications. The mechanism
      is generally indirect. Inability to actively extend the knee associated to a
      supra-patellar defect evoke easily the diagnosis without other investigations.
      Surgical repair is realized in emergency to completely restore the extension. We
      report a case of a patient who has sustained of complete quadriceps tendon tear
      after a long period of tendon weakening by statin therapy, hypertension and
      diabetes. The repair has consisted on end-to-end Krackow sutures associated with
      bone suture to the proximal pole of the patella. Surgeons and emergency
      physicians must think to this form of extensor apparatus rupture, because early
      diagnosis leads to early treatment and to best outcomes. 

PMID- 26958107
TI  - Prenatal intraventricular hemorrhage in a term infant with congenital CMV
      infection.

PMID- 26958108
TI  - [Intra and suprasellar arachnoid cyst: contribution of MRI].

PMID- 26958109
TI  - Kienbock's disease: a case report.
AB  - Kienbock disease is a condition characterized by avascular necrosis of the lunate
      bone. Advanced imaging can aid in the diagnosis and staging of Kienbock disease.
      Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important adjunct to diagnosis. In
      particular, MRI is helpful early in the disease when plain radiographs may not
      reveal abnormalities. A 17-year-old man with Kienbock disease who underwent
      radiography and MR is described in this article.

PMID- 26958110
TI  - Cervical cancer control and prevention in Malawi: need for policy improvement.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Malawi has the highest incidents of cervical cancer followed by
      Mozambique and Comoros thus according to the 2014 Africa cervical cancer multi
      indicator incidence and mortality score card. Despite having an established
      cervical cancer prevention program, there is low screening coverage. Studies have
      been carried out to determine socio-cultural and economical barriers to cervical
      cancer prevention services utilization and very few have concentrated on health
      system and policy related barriers to cervical cancer prevention and control. The
      paper presents finding on a qualitative study which carried out to determine the
      suitability of the national sexual and reproductive health and rights [SRHR] in
      mitigating challenges in cervical cancer control and prevention. METHODS: a desk
      review of the Malawi National Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights [SRHR]
      policy 2009 was done with an aim of understanding its context, goal and
      objectives. Analysis of the policy history provided insight into the conditions
      that led to the policy. Policies from countries within the region were referred
      in the review. Government officials were interviewed to solicit information on
      the policy. RESULTS: Malawi does not have a standalone policy on cervical cancer;
      however, cervical cancer is covered under reproductive cancer theme in the SRHR.
      Unlike some policies within the region, the Malawian SRHR policy does not mention
      the age at which the women should be screened, the frequency and who is to do the
      screening. The policy does not stipulate policy implications on the ministry of
      health, the SRH programs and health service providers on cervical cancer.
      Furthermore the policy does not include HPV vaccination as a key component of
      cervical cancer control and prevention. CONCLUSION: the policy does not reflect
      fairly the best attempt to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer
      as such we recommend that the Reproductive Health Directorate to consider
      developing a standalone policy on cervical cancer control and prevention.

PMID- 26958111
TI  - Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding: a study of two sub-districts in the
      Atwima Nwabiagya District of Ghana.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Optimal breastfeeding rates have not been encouraging globally with
      sub-optimal feeding being customized in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, in the
      Atwima Nwabiagya district of Ghana, the message of Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF)
      has caught up well with many nursing mothers. we examined the determinants of EBF
      vis-a-vis performance of a community based growth promotion strategy in the
      Atwima Nwabiagya district of the Ashanti region of Ghana. METHODS: The study
      employed a cross-sectional comparative study design to analyze the impact of a
      community based growth promotion strategy on exclusive breast feeding in Abuakwa
      and Barekese, both in the Atwima Nwabiagya district of Ghana. Simple random
      sampling was used to select three communities each from the two sub-districts.
      Data collection tool employed was a standard questionnaire consisting of closed
      ended questions. The variables were EBF knowledge level of mothers, cultural
      practices affecting EBF practice, occupational hindrances and the level of
      community participation in EBF activities. RESULTS: In all three hundred (300)
      nursing mothers of babies (0-12 months) were purposively interviewed. Results
      showed that mother's level of knowledge about EBF was good as such the practice
      was high. In addition, cultural practices in the area did not deter mothers from
      practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Two factors were associated with EBF in the
      univariate logistic model. Unmarried mothers were less likely to practice EB
      compared with mothers who were married (OR = 0.46, 95% 0.28, 0.77). Also the
      duration of breast feeding was associated wit EBF. The adjusted odds ratio was
      0.41(95% CI: 0.32, 0.54) in favor of three months compared with six months.
      CONCLUSION: The Community Based Growth Promotion strategy has had a positive
      impact on the practice of EBF in the district. It is recommended that the
      collapsed initiative be reawaken if the stakes are to be maintained. There is
      also the need to address mothers' occupational needs and effective breastfeeding
      practices as this emerged as a major set-back to the practice of EBF among the
      participants.

PMID- 26958112
TI  - [Stercoral the perforation of the colon: report of a case and review of
      literature].

PMID- 26958113
TI  - Ischemic cardiomyopathy revealed by central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO).
AB  - Here we report a case of central retinal artery occlusion revealing an ischemic
      cardiomyopathy. A 54-year old smoker man presented at the hospital because of
      sudden visual loss in his left eye. There was cherry-red spot in the macula in
      his left eye. We performed a fluorescein angiogram and cervical color Doppler.
      Later investigations revealed an ischemic cardiomyopathy undiagnosed until then.

PMID- 26958114
TI  - [Compression of the external iliac artery by Kerboull frame: report of a case].

PMID- 26958115
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of different brands of albendazole against soil transmitted
      helminths among students of Mendera Elementary School, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Different brands Albendazole are commercially available and the
      efficacious brand/s is/are required for effective control of STHs infection.
      Thus, this study is aimed at determining the therapeutic efficacy of different
      brands of albendazole against soil transmitted helminths among school children of
      Jimma town. METHODS: A cross sectional survey for prevalence of geohelminths and
      a randomized trial for efficacy study of different brands of albendazole was
      conducted among students Mendera Elementary School from March 29 to April 29,
      2010. Positive subjects were randomized into three treatment arms using lottery
      method. The collected stool samples were examined by the McMaster method. CRs
      were calculated using SPSS windows version 16 and ERRs were calculated using
      appropriate formula. RESULTS: Of the 715 school children who had their stools
      examined, 326 were positive for STHs with a prevalence rate of 45.6%. The cure
      rates (CR) for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and Hookworm were 99.4, 59.9 and
      93.7%, respectively. Similarly, the egg reduction rates (ERR) were 97, 99.9 and
      99.9% respectively. A statistical significant mean STH egg count difference were
      observed between pre and post-intervention study (p <0.001). But no statistical
      significant curing effect difference were observed among the three brands used
      against the three STHs (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: All the three brands of Albendazole
      tested regardless of the brand type were therapeutically efficacious for
      Ascariasis, Trichuriasis and Hookworm infections irrespective of the infection
      status whether it was single or multiple.

PMID- 26958116
TI  - Determinants of death among tuberculosis patients in a semi urban diagnostic and
      treatment centre of Bafoussam, West Cameroon: a retrospective case-control study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide public health problem with
      8.6 millions of new cases and 1.3 millions of death annually. Despite the
      progress recorded in fighting against this disease in the recent years, Africa is
      still not on the track to achieve the objective to reduce by half the death rate
      due to this disease by 2015. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on data
      of patients admitted for tuberculosis between 1996 and 2011 in the Diagnostic and
      Treatment Center of Baleng. Cases were patients who died from any cause during
      anti tuberculosis treatment. Logistic regression model was used to identify
      factors associated to death. RESULTS: In 4201 patients treated during the study
      period, 3245 (77.24%) were included in the study. The mean age was 35.9 (SD 14.2)
      and male represent 62.2% (CI 60.6- 63.9) of them. At the end of the follow up,
      2883 patients were successfully treated, 362 died during treatment and 132
      (36.5%) deaths occurred during the first two months of TB treatment. HIV positive
      status, Extra-pulmonary TB, sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB and male sex were
      significant independent risk factors of death with adjusted odds ratio of 4.8 (CI
      3.2- 7.4); 3.0 (CI 1.6- 5.4); 2.7 (CI 1.7- 4.4) and 1.5 (CI 1.0- 2.3)
      respectively. CONCLUSION: The mortality rate of TB patients undergoing TB
      treatment remains high. Studies are needed to identify and test efficient
      interventions of mortality reduction among TB patients in resource limiting
      settings.

PMID- 26958118
TI  - Effect of community level intervention on nutritional status and feeding
      practices of under five children in Ile Ife, Nigeria.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Childhood malnutrition remains a widespread problem in developing
      world like Nigeria. The country ranks second among the ten countries contributing
      to sixty percent of the world's wasted under-five children. Community Integrated
      Management of Childhood illness (CIMCI) is a programme that employs the use of
      community based counsellors to address child health and nutritional challenges of
      the under-five and has the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality
      resulting from poor nutritional and feeding practices. The study assessed the
      effect of community level intervention on nutritional status and feeding
      practices of children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative
      study that employed the use of multi stage cluster sampling techniques in
      selecting 722 mothers of index under five children. The study was done in two
      Local Government Areas of Osun State, Nigeria. Quantitative techniques were used
      in data collection. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive
      and bivariate analyses was performed. RESULTS: The two Local Government Area
      (LGA) did not differ significantly in their wealth index (p = 0.344). However,
      more children in the non-implementing LGA (16.1%) had low weight for age compared
      with 3.6% in the CIMCI implementing LGA (p = 0.000). A statistically significant
      difference exist in the MUAC measurement of children 12-23 months between the
      CIMCI implementing and non-implementing communities (p = 0.007). A higher
      percentage of caregivers (19.3%) introduced complementary feeding earlier than 6
      months in the non-implementing area (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Using community
      level nutritional counseling can greatly improve nutritional status and feeding
      practices of under five children.

PMID- 26958117
TI  - [Ocular decompression retinopathy: a rare complication of trabeculectomy].

PMID- 26958119
TI  - [Merkel cell carcinoma: a new observation].

PMID- 26958120
TI  - [Aberrant course of the internal carotid artery].

PMID- 26958121
TI  - Surgical management of acute distal biceps tendon rupture associated with
      contralateral radial palsy.
AB  - Acute distal biceps tendon rupture constitute a rare lesion of biceps injuries,
      typically, easy to diagnosis after lifting a heavy object. Treatment is
      controversial, nonoperative for sedentary and elderly patients; surgical for
      young and active individuals. Many operative techniques are described, they all
      aim to restore an excellent strength of flexion and supination. We opted for one
      incision method and fixation using trans-osseous anchoring for our patient,
      because we are convinced that is a simpler and safer technique. Postoperative
      rehabilitation, after a period of elbow immobilization, must be operated for
      returning to full activity. Biceps tendon repair has permitted to our patient who
      suffer from right upper limb handicap due to radial nerve palsy, recuperating the
      lost strength and force in his dominant limb and maintaining some quality of
      life. 

PMID- 26958123
TI  - [Ewing sarcoma of petrous bone location].

PMID- 26958122
TI  - [Duodenal diverticulitis: unusual complication not always easy to manage].

PMID- 26958124
TI  - Second trimester abortion as a cause of maternal death: a case report.
AB  - Each year, an estimated 529 000 maternal deaths occur worldwide. In literature,
      it is known that maternal mortality can occur during pregnancy, peripartum and
      also in postpartum period. Although very rare, maternal deaths may occur after
      spontaneous abortion. In present case, 37 year old G5P4 (Caesarean Section) women
      was admitted to Adnan Menderes University, Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic with
      diagnosis of missed abortion at 18 weeks' gestation. She had been hospitalized in
      the public maternity hospital for five days due to abortus incipience and
      prolapse of amnion membranes but had no contractions. Fetal heart beats ceased at
      the second day of hospitalization. Medically induced abortion was recommended but
      not accepted by the patient. At the fifth day of hospitalization, she was
      referred to our clinic due to deterioration of general health condition, low
      blood pressure and tachycardia. In emergency department, it was determined that
      she was not oriented, had confusion, had blood pressure of 49/25 mmHg and
      tachycardia. In ultrasonographic examination, 18 week in utero ex fetus was
      determined and there was free fluid in abdominopelvic cavity. The free fluid was
      suspected to be amniotic fluid due to rupture of uterus. Laparotomy was
      performed, no uterine rupture, hematoma or atony was observed. However during
      laparotomy, a very bad smelling odor, might be due to septicemia, was felt in the
      operation room. Cardiac arrest occurred during that operation. In autopsy report,
      it was concluded that maternal death was because of remaining of inutero ex fetus
      for a long time. In conclusion, although very rare, maternal deaths after
      spontaneous abortion may occur. Because spontaneous abortion is a common outcome
      of pregnancy, continued careful, strict monitoring and immediate treatment of
      especially second trimester spontaneous abortion is recommended to prevent
      related, disappointing, unexpected maternal deaths. 

PMID- 26958125
TI  - [Mandibular tumor? Think of a lung metastasis].

PMID- 26958126
TI  - A clinical challenging situation of intra oral fibroma mimicking pyogenic
      granuloma.

PMID- 26958127
TI  - Comparison of hysterosalpingograms with laparoscopy in the diagnostic of tubal
      factor of female infertility at the Yaounde General Hospital, Cameroon.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objectives were to assess the diagnostic value of
      hysterosalpingography (HSG) with laparoscopy as gold standard in the evaluation
      of tubal patency and pelvic adhesions in women suffering from infertility.
      METHODS: We conducted a comparative cross sectional study on 208 medical files of
      infertile women followed up at the Yaounde General Hospital during a period of
      five years (December 2007 to December 2012). Tubal patency, hydrosalpinx and
      pelvic adhesions detected at HSG were compared with laparoscopic findings as the
      gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV),
      negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy of HSG were calculated
      with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 31.4 +/-
      6.45 years. Secondary infertility was the most frequent type of infertility
      (66.82%). HSG had a moderate sensitivity (51.0%; 95% IC. 37.5-64.4), high
      specificity (90.0%; 95% IC.74.4-96.5), high PPV (89.3%; 95% IC. 72.8-96.3) and a
      moderate NPV (52.9%; 95% IC. 39.5-65.9) in the diagnosis of bilateral proximal
      tubal occlusion. Concerning, distal tubal patency, HSG had a high sensitivity
      (86.8%; 95% IC. 76.7-92.9), low specificity (42.2%; 95% CI. 29.0-56.7), moderate
      PPV (69.4%; 95% IC. 58.9-78.2) and a moderate NPV (67.9%; 95% IC. 49.3-82.0) in
      the diagnosis of bilateral or unilateral distal tubal occlusion. However, HSG had
      a low diagnostic value (27.8%; 95%IC.18.8-39.0) in the pelvic adhesions.
      CONCLUSION: HSG is of limited diagnostic value in tubal factor infertility and is
      of low diagnostic value for pelvic adhesions.

PMID- 26958128
TI  - Torsion of the appendix testis in an undescended testicle.

PMID- 26958129
TI  - Exceptional laceration of flexor digitorum tendons proximal to a severe palmar
      hand wound: a case report with literature review.
AB  - Hand wounds are common, poor functional outcomes are marked because of sequelae
      inherent to posttraumatic and postoperative complications. Suitable surgery
      repair in emergency can ensure best results. Classically, tendon's injuries occur
      near the injured area and their repair depend on traumatized zone, sutures
      techniques, associated lesions and surgeon's abilities. We report a case of a
      farmer who has sustained of a severe hand wound due to blades of a combine
      harvester. Clinical examination showed exceptional laceration of 2(nd) and 3(rd)
      flexor digitorum tendons from musculo-tendinous junction, without any lesion in
      their palmar section. We proceeded; after extensive debridement, abundant lavage
      and removal of foreign body; to modified Kessler sutures using PDS 4.0 followed
      by dorsal splint for protecting tendons repair, and progressive rehabilitation
      program. Final result was interesting after 12 weeks. Thinking to tendon
      laceration is important, when manipulating machines with rotational movements. 

PMID- 26958130
TI  - [Atypical ocular toxoplasmosis in a Congolese woman of 72 years: report of a
      case].

PMID- 26958131
TI  - [Sleeve resection of the cervical trachea on posttraumatic tracheal crush].

PMID- 26958132
TI  - [Sister Mary Joseph nodule revealing digestive and ovarian carcinoma: report of 4
      cases].

PMID- 26958133
TI  - [Skin metastases of vulvar carcinoma].

PMID- 26958134
TI  - [Clinical aspects of primary lung cancers in the cancer ward of CHUA-HUJRA
      Antananarivo].

PMID- 26958135
TI  - Endometrial carcinoma located in the right septate uterus cavity: a case report.
AB  - Endometrial cancer in patients with uterine congenital malformations is
      exceptional and there are only a few rare cases published in the literature. We
      report the case of a 67 years-old patient with an endometrial cancer located in
      the right cavity of a complete septate uterus. 

PMID- 26958136
TI  - Non invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hemodialysis patients with
      viral hepatitis C.
AB  - The liver biopsy has long been the "gold standard" for assessing liver fibrosis
      in patients with hepatitis C. It's an invasive procedure which is associated with
      an elevated bleeding, especially in chronic hemodialysis patients. Main goal is
      to assess liver fibrosis in chronic hemodialysis with HCV by Fibroscan and by
      biological scores (APRI, Forns and Fib-4), and to measure the correlation between
      these tests. Cross-sectional study including all chronic hemodialysis patients
      with hepatitis C virus, in two public hemodialysis centers of Fez. All patients
      were evaluated for liver fibrosis using noninvasive methods (FibroScan and
      laboratory tests). Subsequently, the correlation between different tests has been
      measured. 95 chronic hemodialysis were studied, twenty nine patients (30.5%) with
      chronic hepatitis C. The average age was 52.38 +/- 16.8 years. Nine liver
      fibrosis cases have been concluded by forns score. Fibroscan has objectified
      significant fibrosis in 6 cases. On the other side APRI has objectified
      sgnifivant fibrosis only in 3 cases. The Fib-4 showed severe fibrosis in five
      cases. The results have been most consistent between APRI and Fib-4, followed by
      Fibroscan and Forns, then APRI and FibroScan. 

PMID- 26958137
TI  - [Complications of Meckel diverticulum (MD) in adults: report of 11 cases CHU
      Yalgado Ouedraogo in Burkina Faso].

PMID- 26958139
TI  - Williams-Beuren syndrome associated with single kidney and nephrocalcinosis: a
      case report.
AB  - Williams-Beuren syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by
      congenital heart defects, abnormal facial features, mental retardation with
      specific cognitive and behavioral profile, growth hormone deficiency, renal and
      skeletal anomalies, inguinal hernia, infantile hypercalcaemia. We report a case
      with Williams-Beuren syndrome associated with a single kidney and
      nephrocalcinosis complicated by hypercalcaemia. A male infant, aged 20 months
      presented growth retardation associated with a psychomotor impairment, dysmorphic
      features and nephrocalcinosis. He had also hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia.
      Echocardiography was normal. DMSA renal scintigraphy showed a single functioning
      kidney. The FISH generated one ELN signal in 20 metaphases read and found the
      presence of ELN deletion, with compatible Williams-Beuren syndrome. 

PMID- 26958138
TI  - Prevalence and predictors of HIV sero-discordance among cohabiting couples tested
      in northern Tanzania.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In sub-Saharan Africa where HIV/AIDS epidemic is predominantly
      generalized, majority of HIV infections occur among heterosexual couples. The
      majority of people do not know their sero-status. Thus, utilisation of Couples'
      HIV Counselling and Testing (CHCT) services remain to be critical in preventing
      new infections. The objective was to establish prevalence and predictors of HIV
      sero-discordance among cohabiting couples presenting for CHCT services in
      northern Tanzania. METHODS: A cross-sectional study inteveviewed 1,333 couples
      aged 18-49 years tested from 2005 to 2007 in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions. A
      CHCT checklist was used to collect data from couples. Data were analyzed using
      STATA 10. RESULTS: Generally, 220(16%) out of 1,333 couples were HIV sero
      discordant. In sero-discordance unions, women were likely to be HIV positive than
      men (71% versus 29% respectively p<0.001). HIV sero-discordant relationship was
      associated with age (35-45 years) for both men and women (Adjusted Odds Ratio
      (AOR): 2.3, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.7-3.2) and (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI 1.9-3.7)
      respectively. Women with older men partners were less likely to be in HIV sero
      discordance relationships (AOR: 0.5 95% CI 0.3-09). Arusha couples were likely to
      be HIV sero-discordant than those of Kilimanjaro (AOR: 2.3 95% CI 1.7-3.2).
      Couples living far away from CHCT centres were less likely to be sero-discordant
      than those live nearby (AOR: 0.4 95% CI 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSION: HIV sero
      discordance prevalence is high among our participants. Thus, we recommend CHCT
      utilization should widely be promoted as entry point in treatment as prevention
      strategy in order to protect uninfected partners in HIV sero-discordance
      relationships.

PMID- 26958140
TI  - [Inhalation of scarf pin: emerging respiratory emergency].

PMID- 26958141
TI  - Angio-embolization of a renal pseudoaneurysm complicating a percutaneous renal
      biopsy: a case report.
AB  - We report the treatment of a bleeding renal pseudoaneurysm by angio-embolization.
      A 21 years old woman developed macroscopic haematuria following renal biopsy.
      Renal angio-scan showed a 1.4 cm renal pseudoaneurysm in the left kidney. The
      presence of pseudoaneurysm was confirmed by selective renal angiography.
      Successful embolization was performed using gelatine sponge particles. 

PMID- 26958142
TI  - [Kaposi sarcoma in bronchopulmonary localization revealing HIV infection].

PMID- 26958143
TI  - Right-heart infective endocarditis: a propos of 10 cases.
AB  - The prevalence and characteristics of right heart endocarditis in Africa are not
      well known. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical
      and laboratory profiles of patients with right-heart infective endocarditis. This
      was a 10-year retrospective study conducted in 2 cardiology departments in Dakar,
      Senegal. All patients who met the diagnosis of right heart infective endocarditis
      according to the Duke's criteria were included. We studied the epidemiological,
      clinical as well as their laboratory profiles. There were 10 cases of right-heart
      infective endocarditis representing 3.04% of cases of infective endocarditis.
      There was a valvulopathy in 3 patients, an atrial septal defect in 1 patient,
      parturiency in 2 patients and the presence of a pacemaker in one patient. Anaemia
      was present in 9 patients whilst leukocytosis in 6 patients. The port of entry
      was found to be oral in three cases, ENT in one case and urogenital in two cases.
      Apart from one patient with vegetations in the tricuspid and pulmonary valves,
      the rest had localized vegetation only at the tricuspid valve. However, blood
      culture was positive in only three patients. There was a favorable outcome after
      antibiotic treatment in 4 patients with others having complications; three cases
      of renal impairment, two cases of heart failure and one case of pulmonary
      embolism. There was one mortality. Right heart infective endocarditis is rare but
      associated with potentially fatal complications. 

PMID- 26958144
TI  - Pleomorphic adenoma of the soft palate: major tumor in a minor gland.
AB  - Salivary gland tumors are a relatively rare and morphologically diverse group of
      lesions. Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary gland that
      consists of a combination of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. The tumor most
      commonly arises from the parotid (60-70%) or submandibular glands. It develops
      less frequently in a minor salivary gland, presenting as an intraoral mass depend
      on the soft palate. We describe a case of benign pleomorphic adenoma of soft
      palate in a 45 year old female with computed tomography and histopathological
      findings. This patient presented in ENT department with history of gradually
      increasing mass lesion in the palatal region over a period of few months. 

PMID- 26958145
TI  - What should medical students do to choose their specialty?

PMID- 26958146
TI  - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke in Rodents: A Step-by-Step
      Approach.
AB  - Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed
      countries and an immense amount of medical care resources are devoted to combat
      the poststroke debilitating consequences. The key to develop effective and
      clinically applicable treatment methodologies is a better understanding of the
      pathophysiology of the disease, including the root causes and targets for
      pharmacology. Developing these foundations requires the use of standard animal
      models that mimic the physicochemical process of the diseases that can reliably
      replicate results in order to test and fine-tune therapeutic modalities. Middle
      cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), endothelin-1-induced ischemic stroke,
      photothrombosis, devascularization, embolization, and spontaneous infarction
      using hemorrhage are some examples of different animal models. Reliability of
      MCAO has been proved and due to the ability to induce reperfusion similar to
      tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) therapy, this model is widely used in
      preclinical studies. Here, we describe a detailed methodology on how to develop
      MCAO stroke in rodents using intra-arterial insertion of filament to occlude the
      middle cerebral artery. This approach allows for the study of a wide array of
      basic pathophysiology mechanisms, regenerative medicine and rehabilitation
      therapy. 

PMID- 26958147
TI  - Analysis of Spinal Cord Infarction Associated with Aortic Stent Graft Placement
      Using Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002-2011).
AB  - PURPOSE: We performed this study to identify the rate and determinants of and
      associated outcomes with spinal cord infarction among patients treated with
      aortic stent graft placement at a national level. METHODS: We analyzed the data
      files from Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2002 to 2011. We performed
      multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess the rates of moderate to
      severe disability or death in patients with and without spinal cord infarction
      after adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities that were significant in
      univariate analysis. We also determined change in annual rates of spinal cord
      infarction associated with aortic stent graft placement from 2002 through 2011.
      RESULTS: Spinal cord infarction occurred in 761 (0.2%) of 305,788 patients who
      underwent aortic stent graft placement. There was an increase in the annual rate
      of spinal cord infarction among patients who underwent aortic stent graft
      placement from 2002 (0.03%) to 2011 (0.4%) (p <0.001). The patients who developed
      spinal cord infarction had significantly higher odds of in hospital mortality
      ([odd ratio] OR: 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4-3.8) after adjusting for
      age, gender, race/ethnicity, aortic aneurysms, thoracic graft, hypertension,
      ischemic strokes or transient ischemic attacks, coagulopathy, congestive heart
      failure, deficiency or chronic blood loss anemia, atrial fibrillation, renal
      failure, elective admission, and teaching hospital status. Among those who were
      discharged alive, patients who developed spinal cord infarction had significantly
      higher odds of moderate to severe disability (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 2.5-3.2).
      CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of spinal cord infarction in patients undergoing
      aortic stent graft placement appears to be increasing. Spinal cord infarction is
      associated with prominently higher rates of death and moderate to severe
      disability.

PMID- 26958148
TI  - Preserved Visual Acuity in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Secondary to Giant
      Cell (temporal) Arteritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical profile of patients with
      biopsy-proven arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy presenting with
      preserved visual acuity of 20/40 or better and those with an initial poor visual
      acuity of 20/50 or worse through a retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Nine of
      37 patients with arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy presented with a
      preserved visual acuity of 20/40 or better in the affected eye. All patients with
      preserved visual acuity had initial visual field defects that spared the central
      field. All 37 patients immediately received high-dose corticosteroid therapy.
      Visual acuity worsened by > 2 lines in one of nine patients (11%) with preserved
      visual acuity, with a corresponding progression of visual field constriction.
      CONCLUSION: Although preserved visual acuity of 20/40 or better has traditionally
      been associated with the nonarteritic form of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,
      giant cell arteritis should still be strongly considered, especially if they have
      giant cell arteritis systemic symptoms.

PMID- 26958149
TI  - Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma.

PMID- 26958150
TI  - Stent-Assisted Clip Placement for Complex Internal Carotid Artery Intracranial
      Aneurysms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We report two procedures using a stent-assisted microsurgical clip
      placement to treat complex intracranial aneurysms originating from supraclinoid
      segment of the internal carotid artery. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: In both procedures,
      primary clip placement was considered technically difficult due to either complex
      morphology or inferior protrusion of aneurysm fundus within the interclinoid
      space. A nitinol self-expanding stent was placed across the neck of the aneurysm
      either preoperatively or intraoperatively. Obliteration of aneurysm and patency
      of the artery was confirmed by angiography after clip placement. CONCLUSION:
      Description of an integrated open microsurgical and endovascular approach and
      review of literature pertaining to considerations for treatment approach are
      discussed.

PMID- 26958151
TI  - Stem Cells as a Potential Adjunctive Therapy in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid
      Hemorrhage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite advances in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage, a
      considerable proportion of patients are still left with severe and disabling long
      term consequences. Unfortunately, there are limited therapeutic options to
      counteract the sequelae following the initial insult. The role of stem cells has
      been studied in the treatment of various diseases. The goal of this study was to
      provide a literature review regarding the potential advantages of stem-cell
      therapy to counteract or minimize the sequelae of aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov searches were
      conducted to incorporate pertinent studies that discussed stem cell use in the
      management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Included articles were subjected to data
      extraction for the synthesis of the efficacy of stem-cell therapy. RESULTS: Four
      preclinical studies with 181 animal model subjects (44 mice, 137 rats) were
      incorporated in our review. Endovascular punctures (65%) and blood injections in
      subarachnoid spaces (17%) were used to induce hemorrhage models. Stem cells were
      administered intravenously (3.0 * 10(6) cells) or intranasally (1.5 * 10(6)
      cells). According to literature, mesenchymal cell therapy significantly (p<0.05)
      induces stem-cell migration to lesion sites, decreases associated neural
      apoptosis and inflammation, improves ultrastructural integrity of cerebral
      tissue, and aids in improving sensorimotor function post subarachnoid hemorrhage.
      CONCLUSION: Stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, have shown promising
      cellular, morphological, and functional benefits in animal models suffering from
      induced subarachnoid hemorrhages. However, further studies are warranted to
      elucidate the full effects of stem-cell therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 26958152
TI  - Histopathological Characteristics of IV Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen -Resistant
      Thrombi in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

PMID- 26958153
TI  - Identical Choroid Plexus Cysts in Monozygotic Monochorionic Twins.
AB  - Choroid plexus cysts have been infrequently reported with chromosomal
      abnormalities.Isolated choroid plexus cysts in a monozygotic twin pair hints to a
      genetically determined pathway as a possible cause. 

PMID- 26958154
TI  - Temporary Lumbar Subcutaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Placement in Pediatric
      Patient: A Technical Note.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We report the technical aspects of lumbar subcutaneous cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) shunt for temporary CSF drainage that may be an alternative strategy
      to lumbar catheter placement with external drainage system. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 7
      years and nine-month old boy with developmental delay, intermittent episodes of
      agitation, and combination of myoclonic and generalized tonic clonic seizures,
      associated with communicating hydrocephalus was evaluated. A temporary CSF
      drainage trial was contemplated to determine whether a permanent CSF shunt would
      be beneficial. A temporary lumbar subcutaneous CSF shunt was performed to avoid
      catheter dislodgement or drainage system disruption due to child's agitative
      behavior and seizures. The catheter was inserted into the subarachnoid space at
      L3-L4 vertebral level and advanced approximately 20 cm above site of insertion
      and approximately 4 cm was imbedded into the subcutaneous tissue. An ultrasound
      two days later demonstrated CSF collection in subcutaneous tissue measuring 3.48
      cm * 0.84 cm surrounding the catheter tip. The patient's parents reported
      improvement in clinical symptoms after four days of CSF drainage. CONCLUSIONS:
      Lumbar subcutaneous CSF shunt may be used for temporary CSF drainage for
      diagnostic purposes without the need for in patient admission and monitoring
      required for standard lumbar catheter with external CSF drainage system.

PMID- 26958155
TI  - Recurrent Transcortical Motor Aphasia-Another CNS Infectious Syndrome Associated
      with Herpes Virus Infection.
AB  - Herpes simplex encephalitis is an acute/subacute illness that causes both general
      and focal signs of cerebral dysfunction with fever, headache, and confusion as
      cardinal features. Recurrent herpes simplex meningitis, also known as Mollaret's
      meningitis, is another manifestation of central nervous system herpetic infection
      with recurrent episodes of fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity associated with
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidence of active herpes simplex infection. Bell's
      palsy is yet another manifestation of a herpes virus infection in at least some
      reported cases documented by CSF analysis. We report a case of a 70-year-old male
      who presented with acute transcortical motor aphasia initiating a stroke work-up
      that was negative. Physical examination revealed genital vesicles, and the CSF
      was consistent with active herpes simplex infection. 

PMID- 26958156
TI  - Lumbar Catheter Placement Using Paramedian Approach Under Fluoroscopic Guidance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lumbar catheter placement under fluoroscopic guidance may reduce the
      rate of technical failures and associated complications seen with insertion
      guided by manually palpable landmarks. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with
      43 attempted lumbar catheter placements using paramedian approach under
      fluoroscopic guidance and ascertained rates of technical success, and clinical
      events. RESULTS: Among the 43 patients, 18, 1, and 1 patients were on aspirin
      (with dipyrimadole in 2), clopidogrel, and combination of both, respectively.
      Lumbar catheter placement was successful in 42 of 43 attempted placements.
      Floroscopic guidance was critical in three patients; one patient had severe
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) depletion (empty thecal sac phenomenon) following
      pituitary surgery leading to no cerebrospinal fluid return despite correct
      placement confirmation under fluoroscopy. Two patients had spinal needle
      placement at the junction between epidural and cerebrospinal fluid spaces
      (junctional position) leading to cerebrospinal fluid return but inability to
      introduce the lumbar catheter. After confirmation of position by the injection of
      contrast or radiographic landmarks the needle was advanced by indenting the
      subcutaneous tissue or reinserting at a spinal level above the first insertion.
      The lumbar catheter remained in position over a mean period (+/-standard
      deviation) of 4.1(+/-2.3) days. Improvement in hydrocephalus was seen in two
      patients with intracranial mass lesions. One patient developed cerebrospinal
      fluid leakage through the insertion track following removal of catheter and
      required skin suturing at the site of insertion. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high
      technical success rate with low rate of complications even in patients with
      intracranial mass lesions, those on ongoing antiplatelet medications or in whom
      insertion would not be possible guided by manually palpable landmarks.

PMID- 26958157
TI  - A Probabilistic Graphical Model for Individualizing Prognosis in Chronic, Complex
      Diseases.
AB  - Making accurate prognoses in chronic, complex diseases is challenging due to the
      wide variation in expression across individuals. In many such diseases, the
      notion of subtypes-subpopulations that share similar symptoms and patterns of
      progression-have been proposed. We develop a probabilistic model that exploits
      the concept of subtypes to individualize prognoses of disease trajectories. These
      subtypes are learned automatically from data. On a new individual, our model
      incorporates static and time-varying markers to dynamically update predictions of
      subtype membership and provide individualized predictions of disease trajectory.
      We use our model to tackle the problem of predicting lung function trajectories
      in scleroderma, an autoimmune disease, and demonstrate improved predictive
      performance over existing approaches. 

PMID- 26958158
TI  - An Interactive User Interface for Drug Labeling to Improve Readability and
      Decision-Making.
AB  - FDA-approved prescribing information (also known as product labeling or labels)
      contain critical safety information for health care professionals. Drug labels
      have often been criticized, however, for being overly complex, difficult to read,
      and rife with overwarning, leading to high cognitive load. In this project, we
      aimed to improve the usability of drug labels by increasing the 'signal-to-noise
      ratio' and providing meaningful information to care providers based on patient
      specific comorbidities and concomitant medications. In the current paper, we
      describe the design process and resulting web application, known as myDrugLabel.
      Using the Structured Product Label documents as a base, we describe the process
      of label personalization, readability improvements, and integration of diverse
      evidence sources, including the medical literature from PubMed, pharmacovigilance
      reports from FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS), and social media signals
      directly into the label. 

PMID- 26958159
TI  - Content and Usability Evaluation of Patient Oriented Drug-Drug Interaction
      Websites.
AB  - Drug-Drug Interactions (DDI) are an important source of preventable adverse drug
      events and a common reason for hospitalization among patients on multiple drug
      therapy regimens. DDI information systems are important patient safety tools with
      the capacity to identify and warn health professionals of clinically significant
      DDI risk. While substantial research has been completed on DDI information
      systems in professional settings such as community, hospital, and independent
      pharmacies; there has been limited research on DDI systems offered through online
      websites directly for use by ambulatory patients. The focus of this project is to
      test patient oriented website capacity to correctly identify drug interactions
      among well established and clinically significant medication combinations and
      convey clinical risk data to patients. The patient education capability was
      assessed by evaluating website Information Capacity, Patient Usability and
      Readability. The study results indicate that the majority of websites identified
      which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria operated similarly, but vary in
      risk severity assessment and are not optimally patient oriented to effectively
      deliver risk information. The limited quality of information and complex medical
      term content complicate DDI risk data conveyance and the sites may not provide
      optimal information delivery to allow medication consumers to understand and
      manage their medication regimens. 

PMID- 26958160
TI  - OpenHealth Platform for Interactive Contextualization of Population Health Open
      Data.
AB  - The financial incentives for data science applications leading to improved health
      outcomes, such as DSRIP (bit.ly/dsrip), are well-aligned with the broad adoption
      of Open Data by State and Federal agencies. This creates entirely novel
      opportunities for analytical applications that make exclusive use of the
      pervasive Web Computing platform. The framework described here explores this new
      avenue to contextualize Health data in a manner that relies exclusively on the
      native JavaScript interpreter and data processing resources of the ubiquitous Web
      Browser. The OpenHealth platform is made publicly available, and is publicly
      hosted with version control and open source, at
      https://github.com/mathbiol/openHealth. The different data/analytics workflow
      architectures explored are accompanied with live applications ranging from DSRIP,
      such as Hospital Inpatient Prevention Quality Indicators at
      http://bit.ly/pqiSuffolk, to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as illustrated by
      http://bit.ly/tcgascopeGBM. 

PMID- 26958161
TI  - An Associative Memory Model for Integration of Fragmented Research Data and
      Identification of Treatment Correlations in Breast Cancer Care.
AB  - A major challenge in advancing scientific discoveries using data-driven clinical
      research is the fragmentation of relevant data among multiple information
      systems. This fragmentation requires significant data-engineering work before
      correlations can be found among data attributes in multiple systems. In this
      paper, we focus on integrating information on breast cancer care, and present a
      novel computational approach to identify correlations between administered drugs
      captured in an electronic medical records and biological factors obtained from a
      tumor registry through rapid data aggregation and analysis. We use an associative
      memory (AM) model to encode all existing associations among the data attributes
      from both systems in a high-dimensional vector space. The AM model stores highly
      associated data items in neighboring memory locations to enable efficient
      querying operations. The results of applying AM to a set of integrated data on
      tumor markers and drug administrations discovered anomalies between clinical
      recommendations and derived associations. 

PMID- 26958162
TI  - The Nurse Watch: Design and Evaluation of a Smart Watch Application with Vital
      Sign Monitoring and Checklist Reminders.
AB  - Computerized wearable devices such as smart watches will become valuable nursing
      tools. This paper describes a smart-watch system developed in close collaboration
      with a team of nurses working in a Swedish ICU. The smart-watch system provides
      real-time vital-sign monitoring, threshold alarms, and to-do reminders.
      Additionally, a Kanban board, visualized on a multitouch screen provides an
      overview of completed and upcoming tasks. We describe an approach to implement
      automated checklist systems with smart watches and discuss aspects of importance
      when implementing such memory and attention support. The paper is finalized with
      an in-development formative evaluation of the system. 

PMID- 26958163
TI  - Utilizing Multidimensional Computer Adaptive Testing to Mitigate Burden With
      Patient Reported Outcomes.
AB  - Utilization of patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) had been limited by the
      lack of psychometrically sound measures scored in real-time. The Patient Reported
      Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) initiative developed a broad
      array of high-quality PRO measures. Towards reducing the number of items
      administered in measuring PROs, PROMIS employs Item Response Theory (IRT) and
      Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT). By only administering questions targeted to the
      subject's trait level, CAT has cut testing times in half(1). The IRT/CAT
      implementation in PROMIS is unidimensional in that there is a separate set of
      questions administered for each measured trait. However, there are often
      correlations among traits. Multidimensional IRT (MIRT) and multidimensional CAT
      (MCAT) provide items concerning several correlated traits, and should ameliorate
      patient burden. We developed an MIRT model using existing PROMIS item banks for
      depression and anxiety, developed MCAT software, and compared the efficiency of
      the MCAT approach to the unidimensional approach. Note: Research reported in this
      publication was supported in part by the National Library of Medicine of the
      National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01LM011962. 

PMID- 26958164
TI  - A Low-Cost Method for Multiple Disease Prediction.
AB  - Recently, in response to the rising costs of healthcare services, employers that
      are financially responsible for the healthcare costs of their workforce have been
      investing in health improvement programs for their employees. A main objective of
      these so called "wellness programs" is to reduce the incidence of chronic
      illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, with the
      goal of reducing future medical costs. The majority of these wellness programs
      include an annual screening to detect individuals with the highest risk of
      developing chronic disease. Once these individuals are identified, the company
      can invest in interventions to reduce the risk of those individuals. However,
      capturing many biomarkers per employee creates a costly screening procedure. We
      propose a statistical data-driven method to address this challenge by minimizing
      the number of biomarkers in the screening procedure while maximizing the
      predictive power over a broad spectrum of diseases. Our solution uses multi-task
      learning and group dimensionality reduction from machine learning and statistics.
      We provide empirical validation of the proposed solution using data from two
      different electronic medical records systems, with comparisons to a statistical
      benchmark. 

PMID- 26958165
TI  - Physician handoffs: opportunities and limitations for supportive technologies.
AB  - Shift-to-shift handoffs refer to the process of transferring role and
      responsibility for providing care from one person to another, thus insuring
      continuity of care. Through focus groups of residents and supervising physicians,
      we studied how physicians select patient cases to discuss during handoffs. We
      also compared the selection across level of experience. Understanding the patient
      selection criteria can give us insight into how to improve handoffs, in
      particular using supportive technologies that are integrated into the clinical
      information system. Studying the actual handoff process and note-taking also
      generated suggestions for handoff improvement. 

PMID- 26958166
TI  - Model Checking for Verification of Interactive Health IT Systems.
AB  - Rigorous methods for design and verification of health IT systems have lagged far
      behind their proliferation. The inherent technical complexity of healthcare,
      combined with the added complexity of health information technology makes their
      resulting behavior unpredictable and introduces serious risk. We propose to
      mitigate this risk by formalizing the relationship between HIT and the conceptual
      work that increasingly typifies modern care. We introduce new techniques for
      modeling clinical workflows and the conceptual products within them that allow
      established, powerful modeling checking technology to be applied to interactive
      health IT systems. The new capability can evaluate the workflows of a new HIT
      system performed by clinicians and computers to improve safety and reliability.
      We demonstrate the method on a patient contact system to demonstrate model
      checking is effective for interactive systems and that much of it can be
      automated. 

PMID- 26958167
TI  - Employing complex polyhierarchical ontologies and promoting interoperability of
      i2b2 data systems.
AB  - I2b2 is in widespread use for managing research data warehouses. It employs
      reference ontologies as a record index and supports searching for aggregate cases
      using a pattern match operator on ASCII strings representing the node traversal
      from root to concept(PATHs). This creates complexities in dissemination and
      deployment for large polyhierarchical ontologies such as SNOMED CT. We
      hypothesized that an alternative approach employing transitive closure tables
      (TC) could lead to more accurate, efficient and interoperable search tools for
      i2b2. We evaluated search speed, accuracy and interoperability of queries
      employing each approach. We found both TC-based and PATH-based queries to produce
      accurate results. However, we observed that TC-based queries involving concepts
      included in large numbers of paths ran substantially faster than PATH-based
      queries for the same concept. Oracle query plan resource estimates differed by
      one to three orders of magnitude for these queries. We conclude that a
      simplification of dissemination tools for SNOMED CT and revision in the metadata
      build for i2b2 can effectively employ SNOMED CT with increased efficiency and
      comparable accuracy. Use of transitive closure tables in metadata can promote
      network query interoperability. 

PMID- 26958168
TI  - Implementation and evaluation of a tele-education system for the diagnosis of
      ophthalmic disease by international trainees.
AB  - Tele-education systems are increasingly being utilized in medical education
      worldwide. Due to limited human resources in healthcare in low and middle-income
      countries, developing online systems that are accessible to medical trainees in
      underserved areas potentially represents a highly efficient and effective method
      of improving the quantity and quality of the health care workforce. We developed,
      implemented, and evaluated an interactive web-based tele-education system (based
      on internationally accepted, image-based guidelines) for the diagnosis of
      retinopathy of prematurity among ophthalmologists-in-training in Brazil, Mexico,
      and the Philippines. We demonstrate that participation in this tele-education
      program improved diagnostic accuracy and reliability, and was preferred to
      standard pedagogical methods. This system may be employed not only in training,
      but also in international certification programs, and the process may be
      generalizable to other image-based specialties, such as dermatology and
      radiology. 

PMID- 26958169
TI  - Representation of Drug Use in Biomedical Standards, Clinical Text, and Research
      Measures.
AB  - Drug misuse is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.
      Recent focus on behavioral and social domains in the electronic health record
      (EHR) has highlighted the need for comprehensive examination of social history
      information, such as drug use. In this study, representation of drug use was
      examined in three types of sources: (1) standards from HL7 and openEHR, (2)
      clinical text from publicly accessible clinical notes and a local EHR, and (3)
      research measures from the PhenX Toolkit and CDE Browser. In total, 27 elements
      were identified across the examined sources, revealing a diverse set of values
      that were found to be associated with drug use type, frequency, method, time
      frame, and amount. The findings of this study provide insight into the
      representation of drug use information that may contribute to efforts for
      standardizing collection and use of these data to support clinical care and
      research. 

PMID- 26958170
TI  - Similarity-Based Recommendation of New Concepts to a Terminology.
AB  - Terminologies can suffer from poor concept coverage due to delays in addition of
      new concepts. This study tests a similarity-based approach to recommending
      concepts from a text corpus to a terminology. Our approach involves extraction of
      candidate concepts from a given text corpus, which are represented using a set of
      features. The model learns the important features to characterize a concept and
      recommends new concepts to a terminology. Further, we propose a cost-effective
      evaluation methodology to estimate the effectiveness of terminology enrichment
      methods. To test our methodology, we use the clinical trial eligibility criteria
      free-text as an example text corpus to recommend concepts for SNOMED CT. We
      computed precision at various rank intervals to measure the performance of the
      methods. Results indicate that our automated algorithm is an effective method for
      concept recommendation. 

PMID- 26958171
TI  - Mining and Visualizing Family History Associations in the Electronic Health
      Record: A Case Study for Pediatric Asthma.
AB  - Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease and has seen increasing
      prevalence worldwide. While there is existing evidence of familial and other risk
      factors for pediatric asthma, there is a need for further studies to explore and
      understand interactions among these risk factors. The goal of this study was to
      develop an approach for mining, visualizing, and evaluating association rules
      representing pairwise interactions among potential familial risk factors based on
      information documented as part of a patient's family history in the electronic
      health record. As a case study, 10,260 structured family history entries for a
      cohort of 1,531 pediatric asthma patients were extracted and analyzed to generate
      family history associations at different levels of granularity. The preliminary
      results highlight the potential of this approach for validating known knowledge
      and suggesting opportunities for further investigation that may contribute to
      improving prediction of asthma risk in children. 

PMID- 26958172
TI  - Cloud-based Predictive Modeling System and its Application to Asthma Readmission
      Prediction.
AB  - The predictive modeling process is time consuming and requires clinical
      researchers to handle complex electronic health record (EHR) data in restricted
      computational environments. To address this problem, we implemented a cloud-based
      predictive modeling system via a hybrid setup combining a secure private server
      with the Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic MapReduce platform. EHR data is
      preprocessed on a private server and the resulting de-identified event sequences
      are hosted on AWS. Based on user-specified modeling configurations, an on-demand
      web service launches a cluster of Elastic Compute 2 (EC2) instances on AWS to
      perform feature selection and classification algorithms in a distributed fashion.
      Afterwards, the secure private server aggregates results and displays them via
      interactive visualization. We tested the system on a pediatric asthma readmission
      task on a de-identified EHR dataset of 2,967 patients. We conduct a larger scale
      experiment on the CMS Linkable 2008-2010 Medicare Data Entrepreneurs' Synthetic
      Public Use File dataset of 2 million patients, which achieves over 25-fold
      speedup compared to sequential execution. 

PMID- 26958173
TI  - Inferring Clinical Workflow Efficiency via Electronic Medical Record Utilization.
AB  - Complexity in clinical workflows can lead to inefficiency in making diagnoses,
      ineffectiveness of treatment plans and uninformed management of healthcare
      organizations (HCOs). Traditional strategies to manage workflow complexity are
      based on measuring the gaps between workflows defined by HCO administrators and
      the actual processes followed by staff in the clinic. However, existing methods
      tend to neglect the influences of EMR systems on the utilization of workflows,
      which could be leveraged to optimize workflows facilitated through the EMR. In
      this paper, we introduce a framework to infer clinical workflows through the
      utilization of an EMR and show how such workflows roughly partition into four
      types according to their efficiency. Our framework infers workflows at several
      levels of granularity through data mining technologies. We study four months of
      EMR event logs from a large medical center, including 16,569 inpatient stays, and
      illustrate that over approximately 95% of workflows are efficient and that 80% of
      patients are on such workflows. At the same time, we show that the remaining 5%
      of workflows may be inefficient due to a variety of factors, such as complex
      patients. 

PMID- 26958174
TI  - Modeling a Nursing Guideline with Standard Terminology and Unified Modeling
      Language for a Nursing Decision Support System: A Case Study.
AB  - In recent years, Decision Support Systems (DSSs) have been developed and used to
      achieve "meaningful use". One approach to developing DSSs is to translate
      clinical guidelines into a computer-interpretable format. However, there is no
      specific guideline modeling approach to translate nursing guidelines to computer
      interpretable guidelines. This results in limited use of DSSs in nursing. Unified
      modeling language (UML) is a software writing language known to accurately
      represent the end-users' perspective, due to its expressive characteristics.
      Furthermore, standard terminology enabled DSSs have been shown to smoothly
      integrate into existing health information systems. In order to facilitate
      development of nursing DSSs, the UML was used to represent a guideline for
      medication management for older adults encode with the International
      Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP(r)). The UML was found to be a useful
      and sufficient tool to model a nursing guideline for a DSS. 

PMID- 26958175
TI  - LORD: a phenotype-genotype semantically integrated biomedical data tool to
      support rare disease diagnosis coding in health information systems.
AB  - Characterizing a rare disease diagnosis for a given patient is often made through
      expert's networks. It is a complex task that could evolve over time depending on
      the natural history of the disease and the evolution of the scientific knowledge.
      Most rare diseases have genetic causes and recent improvements of sequencing
      techniques contribute to the discovery of many new diseases every year. Diagnosis
      coding in the rare disease field requires data from multiple knowledge bases to
      be aggregated in order to offer the clinician a global information space from
      possible diagnosis to clinical signs (phenotypes) and known genetic mutations
      (genotype). Nowadays, the major barrier to the coding activity is the lack of
      consolidation of such information scattered in different thesaurus such as
      Orphanet, OMIM or HPO. The Linking Open data for Rare Diseases (LORD) web portal
      we developed stands as the first attempt to fill this gap by offering an
      integrated view of 8,400 rare diseases linked to more than 14,500 signs and 3,270
      genes. The application provides a browsing feature to navigate through the
      relationships between diseases, signs and genes, and some Application Programming
      Interfaces to help its integration in health information systems in routine. 

PMID- 26958176
TI  - Characterization of the Context of Drug Concepts in Research Protocols: An
      Empiric Study to Guide Ontology Development.
AB  - We examined a large body of research study documents (protocols) to identify
      mentions of drug concepts and established base concepts and roles needed to
      characterize the semantics of these instances. We found these concepts in three
      general situations: background knowledge about the drug, study procedures
      involving the drug, and other roles of the drug in the study. We identified 18
      more specific contexts (e.g., adverse event information, administration and
      dosing of the drug, and interactions between the study drug and other drugs). The
      ontology was validated against a test set of protocol documents from NIH and
      ClinicalTrial.gov. The goal is to support the automated extraction of drug
      information from protocol documents to support functions such as study retrieval,
      determination of subject eligibility, generation of order sets, and creation of
      logic for decision support alerts and reminders. Further work is needed to
      formally extend existing ontologies of clinical research. 

PMID- 26958177
TI  - Improving EHR Capabilities to Facilitate Stage 3 Meaningful Use Care Coordination
      Criteria.
AB  - Primary care practices have been limited in their ability to leverage electronic
      health records (EHRs) and health information exchange (HIE) to improve care
      coordination, but will soon be incentivized to do so under proposed Stage 3
      meaningful use criteria. We use mixed methods to understand how primary care
      practices manage, share and reconcile electronic patient information across care
      settings, and identify innovations in EHR design to support enhanced care
      coordination. Opportunities identified by practices focused on availability and
      usability of features that facilitate (1) generation of customized summary of
      care records, (2) team-based care approaches, and (3) management of the increased
      volume of electronic information generated and exchanged during care transitions.
      More broadly, vendors and policymakers need to continue to work together to
      improve interoperability as the key to effective care coordination. If these EHR
      innovations were widespread, the value of meeting the proposed Stage 3 care
      coordination criteria would be substantially enhanced. 

PMID- 26958178
TI  - COHeRE: Cross-Ontology Hierarchical Relation Examination for Ontology Quality
      Assurance.
AB  - Biomedical ontologies play a vital role in healthcare information management,
      data integration, and decision support. Ontology quality assurance (OQA) is an
      indispensable part of the ontology engineering cycle. Most existing OQA methods
      are based on the knowledge provided within the targeted ontology. This paper
      proposes a novel cross-ontology analysis method, Cross-Ontology Hierarchical
      Relation Examination (COHeRE), to detect inconsistencies and possible errors in
      hierarchical relations across multiple ontologies. COHeRE leverages the Unified
      Medical Language System (UMLS) knowledge source and the MapReduce cloud computing
      technique for systematic, large-scale ontology quality assurance work. COHeRE
      consists of three main steps with the UMLS concepts and relations as the input.
      First, the relations claimed in source vocabularies are filtered and aggregated
      for each pair of concepts. Second, inconsistent relations are detected if a
      concept pair is related by different types of relations in different source
      vocabularies. Finally, the uncovered inconsistent relations are voted according
      to their number of occurrences across different source vocabularies. The voting
      result together with the inconsistent relations serve as the output of COHeRE for
      possible ontological change. The highest votes provide initial suggestion on how
      such inconsistencies might be fixed. In UMLS, 138,987 concept pairs were found to
      have inconsistent relationships across multiple source vocabularies. 40
      inconsistent concept pairs involving hierarchical relationships were randomly
      selected and manually reviewed by a human expert. 95.8% of the inconsistent
      relations involved in these concept pairs indeed exist in their source
      vocabularies rather than being introduced by mistake in the UMLS integration
      process. 73.7% of the concept pairs with suggested relationship were agreed by
      the human expert. The effectiveness of COHeRE indicates that UMLS provides a
      promising environment to enhance qualities of biomedical ontologies by performing
      cross-ontology examination. 

PMID- 26958179
TI  - Using Workflow Modeling to Identify Areas to Improve Genetic Test Processes in
      the University of Maryland Translational Pharmacogenomics Project.
AB  - Delivering genetic test results to clinicians is a complex process. It involves
      many actors and multiple steps, requiring all of these to work together in order
      to create an optimal course of treatment for the patient. We used information
      gained from focus groups in order to illustrate the current process of delivering
      genetic test results to clinicians. We propose a business process model and
      notation (BPMN) representation of this process for a Translational
      Pharmacogenomics Project being implemented at the University of Maryland Medical
      Center, so that personalized medicine program implementers can identify areas to
      improve genetic testing processes. We found that the current process could be
      improved to reduce input errors, better inform and notify clinicians about the
      implications of certain genetic tests, and make results more easily understood.
      We demonstrate our use of BPMN to improve this important clinical process for
      CYP2C19 genetic testing in patients undergoing invasive treatment of coronary
      heart disease. 

PMID- 26958180
TI  - A hybrid manifold learning algorithm for the diagnosis and prognostication of
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires a variety of medical tests,
      which leads to huge amounts of multivariate heterogeneous data. Such data are
      difficult to compare, visualize, and analyze due to the heterogeneous nature of
      medical tests. We present a hybrid manifold learning framework, which embeds the
      feature vectors in a subspace preserving the underlying pairwise similarity
      structure, i.e. similar/dissimilar pairs. Evaluation tests are carried out using
      the neuroimaging and biological data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging
      Initiative (ADNI) in a three-class (normal, mild cognitive impairment, and AD)
      classification task using support vector machine (SVM). Furthermore, we make
      extensive comparison with standard manifold learning algorithms, such as
      Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA),
      Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), and isometric feature mapping (Isomap).
      Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm yields an overall accuracy
      of 85.33% in the three-class task. 

PMID- 26958181
TI  - Extracting Characteristics of the Study Subjects from Full-Text Articles.
AB  - Characteristics of the subjects of biomedical research are important in
      determining if a publication describing the research is relevant to a search. To
      facilitate finding relevant publications, MEDLINE citations provide Medical
      Subject Headings that describe the subjects' characteristics, such as their
      species, gender, and age. We seek to improve the recommendation of these headings
      by the Medical Text Indexer (MTI) that supports manual indexing of MEDLINE. To
      that end, we explore the potential of the full text of the publications. Using
      simple recall-oriented rule-based methods we determined that adding sentences
      extracted from the methods sections and captions to the abstracts prior to MTI
      processing significantly improved recall and F1 score with only a slight drop in
      precision. Improvements were also achieved in directly assigning several headings
      extracted from the full text. These results indicate the need for further
      development of automated methods capable of leveraging the full text for
      indexing. 

PMID- 26958182
TI  - PHAST: A Collaborative Machine Translation and Post-Editing Tool for Public
      Health.
AB  - This paper describes a novel collaborative machine translation (MT) plus post
      editing system called PHAST (Public Health Automatic System for Translation,
      phastsystem.org), tailored for use in producing multilingual education materials
      for public health. Its collaborative features highlight a new approach in public
      health informatics: sharing limited bilingual translation resources via a
      groupware system. We report here on the design methods and requirements used to
      develop PHAST and on its evaluation with potential public health users. Our
      results indicate such a system could be a feasible means of increasing the
      production of multilingual public health materials by reducing the barriers of
      time and cost. PHAST's design can serve as a model for other communities
      interested in assuring the accuracy of MT through shared language expertise.

PMID- 26958183
TI  - Semi-supervised Learning for Phenotyping Tasks.
AB  - Supervised learning is the dominant approach to automatic electronic health
      records-based phenotyping, but it is expensive due to the cost of manual chart
      review. Semi-supervised learning takes advantage of both scarce labeled and
      plentiful unlabeled data. In this work, we study a family of semi-supervised
      learning algorithms based on Expectation Maximization (EM) in the context of
      several phenotyping tasks. We first experiment with the basic EM algorithm. When
      the modeling assumptions are violated, basic EM leads to inaccurate parameter
      estimation. Augmented EM attenuates this shortcoming by introducing a weighting
      factor that downweights the unlabeled data. Cross-validation does not always lead
      to the best setting of the weighting factor and other heuristic methods may be
      preferred. We show that accurate phenotyping models can be trained with only a
      few hundred labeled (and a large number of unlabeled) examples, potentially
      providing substantial savings in the amount of the required manual chart review.

PMID- 26958184
TI  - POETenceph - Automatic identification of clinical notes indicating encephalopathy
      using a realist ontology.
AB  - Identifying inpatients with encephalopathy is important. The disorder is
      prevalent, often missed, and puts patients at risk. We describe POETenceph,
      natural language processing pipeline, which ranks clinical notes on the extent to
      which they indicate the patient had encephalopathy. We use a realist ontology of
      the entities and relationships indicative of encephalopathy in clinical notes.
      POETenceph includes a passage rank algorithm, which takes identified disorders;
      matches them to the ontology; calculates the diffuseness, centrality, and length
      of the matched entry; adds the scores; and returns the ranked documents. We
      evaluate it against a corpus of clinical documents annotated for evidence of
      delirium. Higher POETenceph are associated with increasing numbers of reviewer
      annotations. Detailed examination found that 65% of the bottom scoring documents
      contained little or no evidence and 70% of the top contained good evidence.
      POETenceph can effectively rank clinical documents for their evidence of
      encephalopathy as characterized by delirium.

PMID- 26958186
TI  - Effects of HIE/HIT Implementation and Coordination of Care on Health Outcomes and
      Quality.

PMID- 26958185
TI  - Strategies for Managing Mobile Devices for Use by Hospitalized Inpatients.
AB  - Despite the potential advantages, implementation of mobile devices and ongoing
      management pose challenges in the hospital environment. Our team implemented the
      PROSPECT (Promoting Respect and Ongoing Safety through Patient-centeredness,
      Engagement, Communication and Technology) project at Brigham and Women's
      Hospital. The goal of PROSPECT is to transform the hospital environment by
      providing a suite of e-tools to facilitate teamwork among nurses, physicians,
      patients and to engage patients and care partners in their plan of care. In this
      paper, we describe the device-related decisions and challenges faced including
      device and accessory selection, integration, information and device security,
      infection control, user access, and ongoing operation and maintenance. We relate
      the strategies that we used for managing mobile devices and lessons learned based
      on our experiences.

PMID- 26958187
TI  - A Flexible Simulation Architecture for Pandemic Influenza Simulation.
AB  - Simulation is an important resource for studying the dynamics of pandemic
      influenza and predicting the potential impact of interventions. However, there
      are several challenges for the design of such simulator architectures.
      Specifically, it is difficult to develop simulators that combine flexibility with
      run-time performance. This tradeoff is problematic in the pandemic-response
      setting because it makes it challenging to extend and adapt simulators for
      ongoing situations where rapid results are indispensable. Simulation
      architectures based on aspect-oriented programming can model specific concerns of
      the simulator and can allow developers to rapidly extend the simulator in new
      ways without sacrificing run-time performance. It is possible to use such aspects
      in conjunction with separate simulation models, which define community, disease,
      and intervention properties. The implication of this research for pandemic
      response is that aspects can add a novel layer of flexibility to simulation
      environments, which enables modelers to extend the simulator run-time component
      to new requirements that go beyond the original modeling framework.

PMID- 26958188
TI  - Designing Asynchronous Communication Tools for Optimization of Patient-Clinician
      Coordination.
AB  - Asynchronous communication outside the clinical setting has both enriched and
      complicated patient-clinician interactions. Many patients can now interact with a
      patient portal 24 hours a day, asking questions of their clinicians via secure
      message, checking lab results, ordering medication refills, or making
      appointments. However, the mode of communication (asynchronous) and the nature of
      the interaction (lacking tone or body language) strip valuable information from
      each side of patient-clinician asynchronous communication. Using interviews with
      34 individuals who actively manage a chronic illness of their own, or for a child
      or partner, we elicited narratives about patients' experiences and expectations
      for using asynchronous communication to address medical issues with their
      clinicians. Based on these perspectives, we present opportunities for designing
      asynchronous communication tools to better facilitate understanding of and
      coordination around care activities between patients and clinicians.

PMID- 26958189
TI  - Reviewing 741 patients records in two hours with FASTVISU.
AB  - The secondary use of electronic health records opens up new perspectives. They
      provide researchers with structured data and unstructured data, including free
      text reports. Many applications been developed to leverage knowledge from free
      text reports, but manual review of documents is still a complex process. We
      developed FASTVISU a web-based application to assist clinicians in reviewing
      documents. We used FASTVISU to review a set of 6340 documents from 741 patients
      suffering from the celiac disease. A first automated selection pruned the
      original set to 847 documents from 276 patients' records. The records were
      reviewed by two trained physicians to identify the presence of 15 auto-immune
      diseases. It took respectively two hours and two hours and a half to evaluate the
      entire corpus. Inter-annotator agreement was high (Cohen's kappa at 0.89).
      FASTVISU is a user-friendly modular solution to validate entities extracted by
      NLP methods from free-text documents stored in clinical data warehouses.

PMID- 26958190
TI  - Supporting Clinical Cognition: A Human-Centered Approach to a Novel ICU
      Information Visualization Dashboard.
AB  - Advances in intensive care unit bedside displays/interfaces and electronic
      medical record (EMR) technology have not adequately addressed the topic of visual
      clarity of patient data/information to further reduce cognitive load during
      clinical decision-making. We responded to these challenges with a human-centered
      approach to designing and testing a decision-support tool: MIVA 2.0 (Medical
      Information Visualization Assistant, v.2). Envisioned as an EMR visualization
      dashboard to support rapid analysis of real-time clinical data-trends, our
      primary goal originated from a clinical requirement to reduce cognitive overload.
      In the study, a convenience sample of 12 participants were recruited, in which
      quantitative and qualitative measures were used to compare MIVA 2.0 with ICU
      paper medical-charts, using time-on-task, post-test questionnaires, and
      interviews. Findings demonstrated a significant difference in speed and accuracy
      with the use of MIVA 2.0. Qualitative outcomes concurred, with participants
      acknowledging the potential impact of MIVA 2.0 for reducing cognitive load and
      enabling more accurate and quicker decision-making.

PMID- 26958191
TI  - Automated mutual exclusion rules discovery for structured observational codes in
      echocardiography reporting.
AB  - Structured reporting in medicine has been argued to support and enhance machine
      assisted processing and communication of pertinent information. Retrospective
      studies showed that structured echocardiography reports, constructed through
      point-and-click selection of finding codes (FCs), contain pair-wise contradictory
      FCs (e.g., "No tricuspid regurgitation" and "Severe regurgitation") downgrading
      report quality and reliability thereof. In a prospective study, contradictions
      were detected automatically using an extensive rule set that encodes mutual
      exclusion patterns between FCs. Rules creation is a labor and knowledge-intensive
      task that could benefit from automation. We propose a machine-learning approach
      to discover mutual exclusion rules in a corpus of 101,211 structured
      echocardiography reports through semantic and statistical analysis. Ground truth
      is derived from the extensive prospectively evaluated rule set. On the unseen
      test set, F-measure (0.439) and above-chance level AUC (0.885) show that our
      approach can potentially support the manual rules creation process. Our methods
      discovered previously unknown rules per expert review.

PMID- 26958192
TI  - Patient Engagement in Cancer Survivorship Care through mHealth: A Consumer
      centered Review of Existing Mobile Applications.
AB  - With improvements in early detection and treatment, the number of cancer
      survivors has been on the rise. Studies suggest that cancer survivors do not
      often receive proper follow-up care despite existing guidelines. Patient
      engagement is key to healthy survivorship, and mHealth provides a viable platform
      to empower survivors with just- in-time personalized support. However, our
      understanding of existing mHealth solutions in cancer survivorship is limited. In
      this paper, we use Patient Engagement Framework to investigate existing apps to
      bridge this knowledge gap. App features are mapped to the framework components to
      determine the level of engagement facilitated. Ability to record treatment
      summaries has been found in five out of seven apps examined. While collaborative
      care and social engagement are found minimally, the majority of features (95%)
      are limited to information and way finding, e-tools, and interactive forms.
      Limitations of the existing apps and possible improvements to the framework are
      discussed.

PMID- 26958193
TI  - Using Big Data to Evaluate the Association between Periodontal Disease and
      Rheumatoid Arthritis.
AB  - An association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis is believed
      to exist. Most investigations into a possible relationship have been case-control
      studies with relatively low sample sizes. The advent of very large clinical
      repositories has created new opportunities for data-driven research. We conducted
      a retrospective cohort study to measure the association between periodontal
      disease and rheumatoid arthritis in a population of 25 million patients. We
      demonstrated that subjects with periodontal disease were roughly 1.4 times more
      likely to have rheumatoid arthritis. These results compare favorably with those
      of previous studies on smaller cohorts. Additional work is needed to identify the
      mechanisms behind this association and to determine if aggressive treatment of
      periodontal disease can alter the course of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 26958194
TI  - Simulation-based Evaluation of the Generalizability Index for Study Traits.
AB  - The Generalizability Index for Study Traits (GIST) has been proposed recently for
      assessing the population representativeness of a set of related clinical trials
      using eligibility features (e.g., age or BMI), one each time. However, GIST has
      not yet been evaluated. To bridge this knowledge gap, this paper reports a
      simulation-based validation study for GIST. Using the National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, we demonstrated the effectiveness of
      GIST at quantifying the population representativeness of a set of related trials
      that differ in disease domains, study phases, sponsor types, and study designs,
      respectively. We also showed that among seven example medical conditions, the
      GIST of age increases from Phase I trials to Phase III trials in the seven
      disease domains and is the lowest in asthma trials. We concluded that GIST
      correlates with simulation-based generalizability results and is a valid metric
      for quantifying population representativeness of related clinical trials.

PMID- 26958195
TI  - JuFiT: A Configurable Rule Engine for Filtering and Generating New Multilingual
      Umls Terms.
AB  - We here describe JuFiT, an easily adjustable rule engine which allows to filter
      non-natural terms (i.e., ones usually not occurring in running citation texts)
      from the Umls metathesaurus and even adds new terms to the UMLS (by rewriting non
      natural terms). Unlike previous attempts (with MetaMap or Casper), JuFiT serves
      multilingual purposes in that it runs for English, Spanish, French, German and
      Dutch documents, as well - the most prominent European languages in terms of UMLS
      coverage. We evaluated JuFiT under a variety of experimental conditions and found
      evidence that it increases annotation quality for English, and most likely also
      for German and Spanish.

PMID- 26958196
TI  - Mining Twitter as a First Step toward Assessing the Adequacy of Gender
      Identification Terms on Intake Forms.
AB  - The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends that health care providers collect
      data on gender identity. If these data are to be useful, they should utilize
      terms that characterize gender identity in a manner that is 1) sensitive to
      transgender and gender non-binary individuals (trans* people) and 2) semantically
      structured to render associated data meaningful to the health care professionals.
      We developed a set of tools and approaches for analyzing Twitter data as a basis
      for generating hypotheses on language used to identify gender and discuss gender
      related issues across regions and population groups. We offer sample hypotheses
      regarding regional variations in the usage of certain terms such as
      'genderqueer', 'genderfluid', and 'neutrois' and their usefulness as terms on
      intake forms. While these hypotheses cannot be directly validated with Twitter
      data alone, our data and tools help to formulate testable hypotheses and design
      future studies regarding the adequacy of gender identification terms on intake
      forms.

PMID- 26958197
TI  - mobile Digital Access to a Web-enhanced Network (mDAWN): Assessing the
      Feasibility of Mobile Health Tools for Self-Management of Type-2 Diabetes.
AB  - The mobile Digital Access to a Web-enhanced Network (mDAWN) program was
      implemented as an online, mobile self-management system to support patients with
      type-2 diabetes and their informal caregivers. Patients used wireless
      physiological sensors, received text messages, and had access to a secure web
      platform with health resources and semi-facilitated discussion forum. Outcomes
      were evaluated using (1) pre and post self-reported health behavior measures, (2)
      physiological outcomes, (3) program cost, and (4) in-depth participant
      interviews. The group had significantly decreased health distress, HbA1c levels,
      and systolic blood pressure. Participants largely saw the mDAWN as providing good
      value for the costs involved and found the program to be empowering in gaining
      control over their diabetes. mHealth programs have the potential to improve
      clinical outcomes through cost effective patient-led care for chronic illness.
      Further evaluation needs to examine integration of similar mHealth programs into
      the patient-physician relationship.

PMID- 26958198
TI  - Uncertainty, Case Complexity and the Content of Verbal Handoffs at the Emergency
      Department.
AB  - Handoffs are known to increase the risk of medical error and adverse events. Few
      electronic tools can support this process effectively, however. Our objective was
      to describe the relationship between clinical complexity, diagnostic uncertainty,
      fit with illness script and the content of case presentations by physicians. We
      observed the handoff of care for150 patients during eleven shift changes at a
      large urban emergency department (ED). Results indicate that as uncertainty about
      diagnosis and perceived illness script increased, more descriptive detail was
      conveyed to the incoming physicians. Physicians were concerned primarily with
      creating a shared mental model of a patient's clinical state and with describing
      the expected path to disposition rather than simply passing on data and findings.
      Electronic tools for ED handoffs should allow adjustment of structure and content
      to capture complexity and uncertainty appropriately without requiring extra
      effort for more routine cases that better fit to more standard narratives.

PMID- 26958199
TI  - Surgical Duration Estimation via Data Mining and Predictive Modeling: A Case
      Study.
AB  - Operating rooms (ORs) are one of the most expensive and profitable resources
      within a hospital system. OR managers strive to utilize these resources in the
      best possible manner. Traditionally, surgery durations are estimated using a
      moving average adjusted by the scheduler (adjusted system prediction or ASP).
      Other methods based on distributions, regression and data mining have also been
      proposed. To overcome difficulties with numerous procedure types and lack of
      sufficient sample size, and avoid distributional assumptions, the main objective
      is to develop a hybrid method of duration prediction and demonstrate using a case
      study.

PMID- 26958200
TI  - Medical Inpatient Journey Modeling and Clustering: A Bayesian Hidden Markov Model
      Based Approach.
AB  - Modeling and clustering medical inpatient journeys is useful to healthcare
      organizations for a number of reasons including inpatient journey reorganization
      in a more convenient way for understanding and browsing, etc. In this study, we
      present a probabilistic model-based approach to model and cluster medical
      inpatient journeys. Specifically, we exploit a Bayesian Hidden Markov Model based
      approach to transform medical inpatient journeys into a probabilistic space,
      which can be seen as a richer representation of inpatient journeys to be
      clustered. Then, using hierarchical clustering on the matrix of similarities,
      inpatient journeys can be clustered into different categories w.r.t their
      clinical and temporal characteristics. We evaluated the proposed approach on a
      real clinical data set pertaining to the unstable angina treatment process. The
      experimental results reveal that our method can identify and model latent
      treatment topics underlying in personalized inpatient journeys, and yield
      impressive clustering quality.

PMID- 26958201
TI  - Quality Assurance of Cancer Study Common Data Elements Using A Post-Coordination
      Approach.
AB  - Domain-specific common data elements (CDEs) are emerging as an effective approach
      to standards-based clinical research data storage and retrieval. A limiting
      factor, however, is the lack of robust automated quality assurance (QA) tools for
      the CDEs in clinical study domains. The objectives of the present study are to
      prototype and evaluate a QA tool for the study of cancer CDEs using a post
      coordination approach. The study starts by integrating the NCI caDSR CDEs and The
      Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data dictionaries in a single Resource Description
      Framework (RDF) data store. We designed a compositional expression pattern based
      on the Data Element Concept model structure informed by ISO/IEC 11179, and
      developed a transformation tool that converts the pattern-based compositional
      expressions into the Web Ontology Language (OWL) syntax. Invoking reasoning and
      explanation services, we tested the system utilizing the CDEs extracted from two
      TCGA clinical cancer study domains. The system could automatically identify
      duplicate CDEs, and detect CDE modeling errors. In conclusion, compositional
      expressions not only enable reuse of existing ontology codes to define new domain
      concepts, but also provide an automated mechanism for QA of terminological
      annotations for CDEs.

PMID- 26958202
TI  - In Search of Social Translucence: An Audit Log Analysis of Handoff Documentation
      Views and Updates.
AB  - Communication and information sharing are critical parts of teamwork in the
      hospital; however, achieving open and fluid communication can be challenging.
      Finding specific patient information within documentation can be difficult.
      Recent studies on handoff documentation tools show that resident handoff notes
      are increasingly used as an alternative information source by non-physician
      clinicians. Previous findings also show that residents have become aware of this
      unintended use. This study investigated the alignment of resident note updating
      patterns and team note viewing patterns based on usage log data of handoff notes.
      Qualitative interviews with clinicians were used to triangulate findings based on
      the log analysis. The study found that notes that were frequently updated were
      viewed significantly more frequently than notes updated less often (p < 2.2 * 10(
      16)). Almost 44% of all notes had aligned frequency of views and updates. The
      considerable percentage (56%) of mismatched note utilization suggests an
      opportunity for improvement.

PMID- 26958203
TI  - Causal Phenotype Discovery via Deep Networks.
AB  - The rapid growth of digital health databases has attracted many researchers
      interested in using modern computational methods to discover and model patterns
      of health and illness in a research program known as computational phenotyping.
      Much of the work in this area has focused on traditional statistical learning
      paradigms, such as classification, prediction, clustering, pattern mining. In
      this paper, we propose a related but different paradigm called causal phenotype
      discovery, which aims to discover latent representations of illness that are
      causally predictive. We illustrate this idea with a two-stage framework that
      combines the latent representation learning power of deep neural networks with
      state-of-the-art tools from causal inference. We apply this framework to two
      large ICU time series data sets and show that it can learn features that are
      predictively useful, that capture complex physiologic patterns associated with
      critical illnesses, and that are potentially more clinically meaningful than
      manually designed features.

PMID- 26958204
TI  - Initial Readability Assessment of Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria.
AB  - Various search engines are available to clinical trial seekers. However, it
      remains unknown how comprehensible clinical trial eligibility criteria used for
      recruitment are to a lay audience. This study initially investigated this
      problem. Readability of eligibility criteria was assessed according to (i)
      shallow and lexical characteristics through the use of an established, generic
      readability metric; (ii) syntactic characteristics through natural language
      processing techniques; and (iii) health terminological characteristics through an
      automated comparison to technical and lay health texts. We further stratified
      clinical trials according to various study characteristics (e.g., source country
      or study type) to understand potential factors influencing readability. Mainly
      caused by frequent use of technical jargons, a college reading level was found to
      be necessary to understand eligibility criteria text, a level much higher than
      the average literacy level of the general American population. The use of
      technical jargons should be minimized to simplify eligibility criteria text.

PMID- 26958205
TI  - Automatic Assignment of Non-Leaf MeSH Terms to Biomedical Articles.
AB  - Assigning labels from a hierarchical vocabulary is a well known special case of
      multi-label classification, often modeled to maximize micro F1-score. However,
      building accurate binary classifiers for poorly performing labels in the
      hierarchy can improve both micro and macro F1-scores. In this paper, we propose
      and evaluate classification strategies involving descendant node instances to
      build better binary classifiers for non-leaf labels with the use-case of
      assigning Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to biomedical articles. Librarians at
      the National Library of Medicine tag each biomedical article to be indexed by
      their PubMed information system with terms from the MeSH terminology, a
      biomedical conceptual hierarchy with over 27,000 terms. Human indexers look at
      each article's full text to assign a set of most suitable MeSH terms for indexing
      it. Several recent automated attempts focused on using the article title and
      abstract text to identify MeSH terms for the corresponding article. Despite these
      attempts, it is observed that assigning MeSH terms corresponding to certain non
      leaf nodes of the MeSH hierarchy is particularly challenging. Non-leaf nodes are
      very important as they constitute one third of the total number of MeSH terms.
      Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of exploiting training examples of
      descendant terms of non-leaf nodes in improving the performance of conventional
      classifiers for the corresponding non-leaf MeSH terms. Specifically, we focus on
      reducing the false positives (FPs) caused due to descendant instances in
      traditional classifiers. Our methods are able to achieve a relative improvement
      of 7.5% in macro-F1 score while also increasing the micro-F1 score by 1.6% for a
      set of 500 non-leaf terms in the MeSH hierarchy. These results strongly indicate
      the critical role of incorporating hierarchical information in MeSH term
      prediction. To our knowledge, our effort is the first to demonstrate the role of
      hierarchical information in improving binary classifiers for non-leaf MeSH terms.

PMID- 26958206
TI  - Challenges and Insights in Using HIPAA Privacy Rule for Clinical Text Annotation.
AB  - The Privacy Rule of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
      requires that clinical documents be stripped of personally identifying
      information before they can be released to researchers and others. We have been
      manually annotating clinical text since 2008 in order to test and evaluate an
      algorithmic clinical text de-identification tool, NLM Scrubber, which we have
      been developing in parallel. Although HIPAA provides some guidance about what
      must be de-identified, translating those guidelines into practice is not as
      straightforward, especially when one deals with free text. As a result we have
      changed our manual annotation labels and methods six times. This paper explains
      why we have made those annotation choices, which have been evolved throughout
      seven years of practice on this field. The aim of this paper is to start a
      community discussion towards developing standards for clinical text annotation
      with the end goal of studying and comparing clinical text de-identification
      systems more accurately.

PMID- 26958207
TI  - Clinical Predictive Modeling Development and Deployment through FHIR Web
      Services.
AB  - Clinical predictive modeling involves two challenging tasks: model development
      and model deployment. In this paper we demonstrate a software architecture for
      developing and deploying clinical predictive models using web services via the
      Health Level 7 (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard.
      The services enable model development using electronic health records (EHRs)
      stored in OMOP CDM databases and model deployment for scoring individual patients
      through FHIR resources. The MIMIC2 ICU dataset and a synthetic outpatient dataset
      were transformed into OMOP CDM databases for predictive model development. The
      resulting predictive models are deployed as FHIR resources, which receive
      requests of patient information, perform prediction against the deployed
      predictive model and respond with prediction scores. To assess the practicality
      of this approach we evaluated the response and prediction time of the FHIR
      modeling web services. We found the system to be reasonably fast with one second
      total response time per patient prediction.

PMID- 26958208
TI  - An Ensemble Method for Spelling Correction in Consumer Health Questions.
AB  - Orthographic and grammatical errors are a common feature of informal texts
      written by lay people. Health-related questions asked by consumers are a case in
      point. Automatic interpretation of consumer health questions is hampered by such
      errors. In this paper, we propose a method that combines techniques based on edit
      distance and frequency counts with a contextual similarity-based method for
      detecting and correcting orthographic errors, including misspellings, word
      breaks, and punctuation errors. We evaluate our method on a set of spell
      corrected questions extracted from the NLM collection of consumer health
      questions. Our method achieves a F1 score of 0.61, compared to an informed
      baseline of 0.29, achieved using ESpell, a spelling correction system developed
      for biomedical queries. Our results show that orthographic similarity is most
      relevant in spelling error correction in consumer health questions and that
      frequency and contextual information are complementary to orthographic features.

PMID- 26958210
TI  - Supporting Multi-sourced Medication Information in i2b2.
AB  - Postmarketing drug surveillance is critical to assessing adverse events
      associated with medications, because prelaunch clinical trials frequently miss
      negative drug effects. The Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside
      platform (i2b2) has been used effectively for this. However, previous work
      suffers from incomplete medical data present in electronic health record (EHR)
      systems. Here, we develop a system to integrate non-traditional data sources with
      EHR data: pharmacy dispensing information and patient-reported data. We implement
      and validate a toolset to gather medication data from a Pharmacy Benefit Manager
      network, import it into an i2b2 EHR repository using a standard data format,
      merge it with the EHR data, and present it to for annotation with results
      returned to i2b2. This toolkit is enabling studies on medication list data
      quality, adherence, and adverse event detection.

PMID- 26958209
TI  - A Study of Concept Extraction Across Different Types of Clinical Notes.
AB  - Our research investigates methods for creating effective concept extractors for
      specialty clinical notes. First, we present three new "specialty area" datasets
      consisting of Cardiology, Neurology, and Orthopedics clinical notes manually
      annotated with medical concepts. We analyze the medical concepts in each dataset
      and compare with the widely used i2b2 2010 corpus. Second, we create several
      types of concept extraction models and examine the effects of training supervised
      learners with specialty area data versus i2b2 data. We find substantial
      differences in performance across the datasets, and obtain the best results for
      all three specialty areas by training with both i2b2 and specialty data. Third,
      we explore strategies to improve concept extraction on specialty notes with
      ensemble methods. We compare two types of ensemble methods (Voting/Stacking) and
      a domain adaptation model, and show that a Stacked ensemble of classifiers
      trained with i2b2 and specialty data yields the best performance.

PMID- 26958211
TI  - Long-Term Engagement with Health-Management Technology: a Dynamic Process in
      Diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes management is a complex, dynamic process that is largely incumbent on
      patient choices and behavior. We explore how health-management needs-and the
      needs for technological support-change over time for individuals with diabetes.
      Through interviews and a focus group, we found that after initial diagnosis,
      individuals face acute information needs and chiefly turn to mobile applications
      and Internet resources to help understand the diabetes-specific factors that
      affect their health. Over time their focus shifts from highly regimented routines
      to more flexible ones that enable them to maintain a quality of life. Our results
      suggest that long-term engagement with health technology does not necessarily
      require continuous, sustained use: routine disease management could lead to a
      decrease in use, until a new event occurs. Our findings point to a need for tools
      that help patients with diabetes to effectively manage their health as their
      bodies, treatment and circumstances change over time.

PMID- 26958212
TI  - Evolving Patient Compliance Trends: Integrating Clinical, Insurance, and
      Extrapolated Socioeconomic Data.
AB  - Efforts toward improving patient compliance in medication focus on either
      identifying trends in patient features or studying changes through an
      intervention. Our study seeks to provide an important link between these two
      approaches through defining trends of evolving compliance. In addition to using
      clinical covariates provided through insurance claims and health records, we also
      extracted census based data to provide socioeconomic covariates such as income
      and population density. Through creating quadrants based on periods of medicine
      intake, we derive several novel definitions of compliance. These definitions
      revealed additional compliance trends through considering refill histories later
      in a patient's length of therapy. These results suggested that the link between
      patient features and compliance includes a temporal component, and should be
      considered in policymaking when identifying compliant subgroups.

PMID- 26958213
TI  - Automated Reconciliation of Radiology Reports and Discharge Summaries.
AB  - We study machine learning techniques to automatically identify limb abnormalities
      (including fractures, dislocations and foreign bodies) from radiology reports.
      For patients presenting to the Emergency Room (ER) with suspected limb
      abnormalities (e.g., fractures) there is often a multi-day delay before the
      radiology report is available to ER staff, by which time the patient may have
      been discharged home with the possibility of undiagnosed fractures. ER staff,
      currently, have to manually review and reconcile radiology reports with the ER
      discharge diagnosis; this is a laborious and error-prone manual process. Using
      radiology reports from three different hospitals, we show that extracting
      detailed features from the reports to train Support Vector Machines can
      effectively automate the identification of limb fractures, dislocations and
      foreign bodies. These can be automatically reconciled with a patient's discharge
      diagnosis from the ER to identify a number of cases where limb abnormalities went
      undiagnosed.

PMID- 26958214
TI  - Interpretable Probabilistic Latent Variable Models for Automatic Annotation of
      Clinical Text.
AB  - We propose Latent Class Allocation (LCA) and Discriminative Labeled Latent
      Dirichlet Allocation (DL-LDA), two novel interpretable probabilistic latent
      variable models for automatic annotation of clinical text. Both models separate
      the terms that are highly characteristic of textual fragments annotated with a
      given set of labels from other non-discriminative terms, but rely on generative
      processes with different structure of latent variables. LCA directly learns class
      specific multinomials, while DL-LDA breaks them down into topics (clusters of
      semantically related words). Extensive experimental evaluation indicates that the
      proposed models outperform Naive Bayes, a standard probabilistic classifier, and
      Labeled LDA, a state-of-the-art topic model for labeled corpora, on the task of
      automatic annotation of transcripts of motivational interviews, while the output
      of the proposed models can be easily interpreted by clinical practitioners.

PMID- 26958215
TI  - Representation of Functional Status Concepts from Clinical Documents and Social
      Media Sources by Standard Terminologies.
AB  - Patient-reported functional status is widely recognized as an important patient
      centered outcome that adds value to medical care, research, and quality
      improvement. Functional status outcomes are, however, not routinely or uniformly
      collected in the medical record, except in certain small patient populations
      (e.g. geriatrics, nursing home residents). To utilize patient reported functional
      status for clinical research and practice, we manually collected 2,763 terms from
      clinical records and social media sites and modeled them on the widely used Short
      Form-36 Health Survey. We then examined the coverage of the Unified Medical
      Language System (UMLS) for these functional status terms through automated
      mapping. Most terms (85.9%) did not have exact matches in the UMLS. The partial
      matches were prevalent, however, they typically did not capture the terms' exact
      semantics. Our study suggests that there is a need to extend existing standard
      terminologies to incorporate functional status terms used by patients and
      clinicians.

PMID- 26958216
TI  - Reproducing a Prospective Clinical Study as a Computational Retrospective Study
      in MIMIC-II.
AB  - In this paper we sought to reproduce, as a computational retrospective study in
      an EHR database (MIMIC-II), a recent large prospective clinical study: the 2013
      publication, by the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM), about
      disseminated intravascular coagulation, in the journal Critical Care (PMID:
      23787004). We designed in SQL and Java a set of electronic phenotypes that
      reproduced the study's data sampling, and used R to perform the same statistical
      inference procedures. All produced source code is available online at
      https://github.com/fabkury/paamia2015. Our program identified 2,257 eligible
      patients in MIMIC-II, and the results remarkably agreed with the prospective
      study. A minority of the needed data elements was not found in MIMIC-II, and
      statistically significant inferences were possible in the majority of the cases.

PMID- 26958217
TI  - Computer-Supported Feedback Message Tailoring for Healthcare Providers in Malawi:
      Proof-of-Concept.
AB  - Although performance feedback has the potential to help clinicians improve the
      quality and safety of care, healthcare organizations generally lack knowledge
      about how this guidance is best provided. In low-resource settings, tools for
      theory-informed feedback tailoring may enhance limited clinical supervision
      resources. Our objectives were to establish proof-of-concept for computer
      supported feedback message tailoring in Malawi, Africa. We conducted this
      research in five stages: clinical performance measurement, modeling the influence
      of feedback on antiretroviral therapy (ART) performance, creating a rule-based
      message tailoring process, generating tailored messages for recipients, and
      finally analysis of performance and message tailoring data. We retrospectively
      generated tailored messages for 7,448 monthly performance reports from 11 ART
      clinics. We found that tailored feedback could be routinely generated for four
      guideline-based performance indicators, with 35% of reports having messages
      prioritized to optimize the effect of feedback. This research establishes proof
      of-concept for a novel approach to improving the use of clinical performance
      feedback in low-resource settings and suggests possible directions for
      prospective evaluations comparing alternative designs of feedback messages.

PMID- 26958218
TI  - Contrasting Association Results between Existing PheWAS Phenotype Definition
      Methods and Five Validated Electronic Phenotypes.
AB  - Phenome-Wide Association Studies (PheWAS) comprehensively investigate the
      association between genetic variation and a wide array of outcome traits.
      Electronic health record (EHR) based PheWAS uses various abstractions of
      International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes to
      identify case/control status for diagnoses that are used as the phenotypic
      variables. However, there have not been comparisons within a PheWAS between
      results from high quality derived phenotypes and high-throughput but potentially
      inaccurate use of ICD-9 codes for case/control definition. For this study we
      first developed a group of high quality algorithms for five phenotypes. Next we
      evaluated the association of these "gold standard" phenotypes and 4,636,178
      genetic variants with minor allele frequency > 0.01 and compared the results from
      high-throughput associations at the 3 digit, 5 digit, and PheWAS codes for
      defining case/control status. We found that certain diseases contained similar
      patient populations across phenotyping methods but had differences in PheWAS.

PMID- 26958219
TI  - Building Structured Personal Health Records from Photographs of Printed Medical
      Records.
AB  - Personal health records (PHRs) provide patient-centric healthcare by making
      health records accessible to patients. In China, it is very difficult for
      individuals to access electronic health records. Instead, individuals can easily
      obtain the printed copies of their own medical records, such as prescriptions and
      lab test reports, from hospitals. In this paper, we propose a practical approach
      to extract structured data from printed medical records photographed by mobile
      phones. An optical character recognition (OCR) pipeline is performed to recognize
      text in a document photo, which addresses the problems of low image quality and
      content complexity by image pre-processing and multiple OCR engine synthesis. A
      series of annotation algorithms that support flexible layouts are then used to
      identify the document type, entities of interest, and entity correlations, from
      which a structured PHR document is built. The proposed approach was applied to
      real world medical records to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability.

PMID- 26958220
TI  - Design, Development, and Initial Evaluation of a Terminology for Clinical
      Decision Support and Electronic Clinical Quality Measurement.
AB  - When coupled with a common information model, a common terminology for clinical
      decision support (CDS) and electronic clinical quality measurement (eCQM) could
      greatly facilitate the distributed development and sharing of CDS and eCQM
      knowledge resources. To enable such scalable knowledge authoring and sharing, we
      systematically developed an extensible and standards-based terminology for CDS
      and eCQM in the context of the HL7 Virtual Medical Record (vMR) information
      model. The development of this terminology entailed three steps: (1) systematic,
      physician-curated concept identification from sources such as the Health
      Information Technology Standards Panel (HITSP) and the SNOMED-CT CORE problem
      list; (2) concept de-duplication leveraging the Unified Medical Language System
      (UMLS) MetaMap and Metathesaurus; and (3) systematic concept naming using
      standard terminologies and heuristic algorithms. This process generated 3,046
      concepts spanning 68 domains. Evaluation against representative CDS and eCQM
      resources revealed approximately 50-70% concept coverage, indicating the need for
      continued expansion of the terminology.

PMID- 26958221
TI  - Analysis of empty responses from electronic resources in infobutton managers.
AB  - Infobuttons provide context-aware educational materials to both providers and
      patients and are becoming an important element in modern electronic health
      records (EHR) and patient health records (PHR). However, the content from
      different electronic resources (e-resource) as responses from infobutton manager
      has not been fully analyzed and evaluated. In this paper, we propose a method for
      automatically analyzing responses from infobutton manager. A tool is implemented
      to retrieve and analyze responses from infobutton manager. To test the tool, we
      extracted and sampled common and uncommon concepts from EHR usage data in
      Intermountain Healthcare's enterprise data warehouse. From the output of the
      tool, we evaluate infobutton performance by multiple categories, including
      against the most and less common used concepts, grouped by different modules in
      patient portal, by different e-resources, and by type of access (standardized
      Health Level Seven (HL7) vs not). Based on the results of our evaluation, we
      provide suggestions for further enhancements of infobuttons to the current
      implementation, including suggesting accessing priorities of e-resources and
      encouraging the use of the HL7 standard.

PMID- 26958222
TI  - A Novel Multiple Choice Question Generation Strategy: Alternative Uses for
      Controlled Vocabulary Thesauri in Biomedical-Sciences Education.
AB  - Multiple choice questions play an important role in training and evaluating
      biomedical science students. However, the resource intensive nature of question
      generation limits their open availability, reducing their contribution to
      evaluation purposes mainly. Although applied-knowledge questions require a
      complex formulation process, the creation of concrete-knowledge questions (i.e.,
      definitions, associations) could be assisted by the use of informatics methods.
      We envisioned a novel and simple algorithm that exploits validated knowledge
      repositories and generates concrete-knowledge questions by leveraging concepts'
      relationships. In this manuscript we present the development and validation of a
      prototype which successfully produced meaningful concrete-knowledge questions,
      opening new applications for existing knowledge repositories, potentially
      benefiting students of all biomedical sciences disciplines.

PMID- 26958223
TI  - Veterans Health Administration Experience with Data Quality Surveillance of
      Continuity of Care Documents: Interoperability Challenges for eHealth Exchange
      Participants.
AB  - As part of ongoing data quality efforts authors monitored health information
      retrieved through the United States Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) Virtual
      Lifetime Electronic Record (VLER) Health operation. Health data exchanged through
      the eHealth Exchange (managed by Healtheway, Inc.) between VA and external care
      providers was evaluated in order to test methods of data quality surveillance and
      to identify key quality concerns. Testing evaluated transition of care data from
      20 VLER Health partners. Findings indicated operational monitoring discovers
      issues not addressed during onboarding testing, that many issues result from
      specification ambiguity, and that many issues require human review. We make
      recommendations to address these issues, specifically to embed automated testing
      tools within information exchange transactions and to continuously monitor and
      improve data quality, which will facilitate adoption and use.

PMID- 26958224
TI  - Towards data integration automation for the French rare disease registry.
AB  - Building a medical registry upon an existing infrastructure and rooted practices
      is not an easy task. It is the case for the BNDMR project, the French rare
      disease registry, that aims to collect administrative and medical data of rare
      disease patients seen in different hospitals. To avoid duplicating data entry for
      health professionals, the project plans to deploy connectors with the existing
      systems to automatically retrieve data. Given the data heterogeneity and the
      large number of source systems, the automation of connectors creation is
      required. In this context, we propose a methodology that optimizes the use of
      existing alignment approaches in the data integration processes. The generated
      mappings are formalized in exploitable mapping expressions. Following this
      methodology, a process has been experimented on specific data types of a source
      system: Boolean and predefined lists. As a result, effectiveness of the used
      alignment approach has been enhanced and more good mappings have been detected.
      Nonetheless, further improvements could be done to deal with the semantic issue
      and process other data types.

PMID- 26958225
TI  - Diagnostic Characteristics of Patient Self-Assessment of Preoperative Cardiac
      Risk for Non-Cardiac Surgery - Foundations for Patient Driven Decision Support.

PMID- 26958226
TI  - Expanding a First-Order Logic Mitigation Framework to Handle Multimorbid Patient
      Preferences.
AB  - The increasing prevalence of multimorbidity is a challenge for physicians who
      have to manage a constantly growing number of patients with simultaneous
      diseases. Adding to this challenge is the need to incorporate patient preferences
      as key components of the care process, thanks in part to the emergence of
      personalized and participatory medicine. In our previous work we proposed a
      framework employing first order logic to represent clinical practice guidelines
      (CPGs) and to mitigate possible adverse interactions when concurrently applying
      multiple CPGs to a multimorbid patient. In this paper, we describe extensions to
      our methodological framework that (1) broaden our definition of revision
      operators to support required and desired types of revisions defined in secondary
      knowledge sources, and (2) expand the mitigation algorithm to apply revisions
      based on their type. We illustrate the capabilities of the expanded framework
      using a clinical case study of a multimorbid patient with stable cardiac artery
      disease who suffers a sudden onset of deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 26958227
TI  - Design of a Community-Engaged Health Informatics Platform with an Architecture of
      Participation.
AB  - Community-engaged health informatics (CEHI) applies information technology and
      participatory approaches to improve the health of communities. Our objective was
      to translate the concept of CEHI into a usable and replicable informatics
      platform that will facilitate community-engaged practice and research. The
      setting is a diverse urban neighborhood in New York City. The methods included
      community asset mapping, stakeholder interviews, logic modeling, analysis of
      affordances in open-source tools, elicitation of use cases and requirements, and
      a survey of early adopters. Based on synthesis of data collected,
      GetHealthyHeigths.org (GHH) was developed using open-source LAMP stack and Drupal
      content management software. Drupal's organic groups module was used for novel
      participatory functionality, along with detailed user roles and permissions.
      Future work includes evaluation of GHH and its impact on agency and service
      networks. We plan to expand GHH with additional functionality to further support
      CEHI by combining informatics solutions with community engagement to improve
      health.

PMID- 26958228
TI  - Knowledge Extraction from MEDLINE by Combining Clustering with Natural Language
      Processing.
AB  - The identification of relevant predicates between co-occurring concepts in
      scientific literature databases like MEDLINE is crucial for using these sources
      for knowledge extraction, in order to obtain meaningful biomedical predications
      as subject-predicate-object triples. We consider the manually assigned MeSH
      indexing terms (main headings and subheadings) in MEDLINE records as a rich
      resource for extracting a broad range of domain knowledge. In this paper, we
      explore the combination of a clustering method for co-occurring concepts based on
      their related MeSH subheadings in MEDLINE with the use of SemRep, a natural
      language processing engine, which extracts predications from free text documents.
      As a result, we generated sets of clusters of co-occurring concepts and
      identified the most significant predicates for each cluster. The association of
      such predicates with the co-occurrences of the resulting clusters produces the
      list of predications, which were checked for relevance.

PMID- 26958229
TI  - Intelligent Simulation Model To Facilitate EHR Training.
AB  - Despite the rapid growth of EHR use, there are currently no standardized
      protocols for EHR training. A simulation EHR environment may offer significant
      advantages with respect to EHR training, but optimizing the training paradigm
      requires careful consideration of the simulation model itself, and how it is to
      be deployed during training. In this paper, we propose Six Principles that are
      EHR-agnostic and provide the framework for the development of an intelligent
      simulation model that can optimize EHR training by replicating real-world
      clinical conditions and appropriate cognitive loads.

PMID- 26958230
TI  - Developing the Pathologists' Monthly Assignment Schedule: A Case Study at the
      Division of Anatomical Pathology of The Ottawa Hospital.
AB  - In the Division of Anatomical Pathology of a teaching hospital at the beginning
      of each month, clinical managers assign expected daily pathology requests to the
      pathologists on duty. Since the number of these requests is usually large and a
      division employs a number of pathologists with different sub-specialties, the
      size of the problem is significant and finding a feasible assignment schedule
      manually is time-consuming. Moreover, every time there is a need to change, a new
      assignment schedule needs to be developed taking into account all the pre-defined
      constraints including pathologists' availability, sub-specialty mix,
      teaching/research releases, etc. In this paper we describe an analytics
      optimization model embedded in a decision support tool that helps the clinical
      managers of the division determine the optimal monthly assignment schedule. The
      decision support tool has been validated using data from the Division of
      Anatomical Pathology at The Ottawa Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

PMID- 26958231
TI  - Reading and Writing: Qualitative Analysis of Pharmacists' Use of the EHR when
      Preparing for Team Rounds.
AB  - In the collaborative hospital environment, pharmacists are important members of
      the healthcare team, yet compared to physicians and nurses, little is known about
      pharmacists' information needs or how they interact with the electronic health
      record (EHR). We directly observed seven clinical inpatient pharmacists as they
      interacted with the EHR preparing for clinical rounds using an eye-tracking
      camera and contextual inquiry. Pharmacists spent 50% of their time reading
      information from the EHR, such as notes and medication lists, and 27% of their
      time copying EHR data onto paper, such as patient history and laboratory results.
      In an environment where minutes count, the results of this study can help inform
      the development of CDS tools and/or EHR designs to facilitate the information
      needs of the pharmacists in providing care for their patients.

PMID- 26958232
TI  - Assessing the Utility of Automatic Cancer Registry Notifications Data Extraction
      from Free-Text Pathology Reports.
AB  - Cancer Registries record cancer data by reading and interpreting pathology cancer
      specimen reports. For some Registries this can be a manual process, which is
      labour and time intensive and subject to errors. A system for automatic
      extraction of cancer data from HL7 electronic free-text pathology reports has
      been proposed to improve the workflow efficiency of the Cancer Registry. The
      system is currently processing an incoming trickle feed of HL7 electronic
      pathology reports from across the state of Queensland in Australia to produce an
      electronic cancer notification. Natural language processing and symbolic
      reasoning using SNOMED CT were adopted in the system; Queensland Cancer Registry
      business rules were also incorporated. A set of 220 unseen pathology reports
      selected from patients with a range of cancers was used to evaluate the
      performance of the system. The system achieved overall recall of 0.78, precision
      of 0.83 and F-measure of 0.80 over seven categories, namely, basis of diagnosis
      (3 classes), primary site (66 classes), laterality (5 classes), histological type
      (94 classes), histological grade (7 classes), metastasis site (19 classes) and
      metastatic status (2 classes). These results are encouraging given the large
      cross-section of cancers. The system allows for the provision of clinical coding
      support as well as indicative statistics on the current state of cancer, which is
      not otherwise available.

PMID- 26958233
TI  - Nutrition Informatics Applications in Clinical Practice: a Systematic Review.
AB  - Nutrition care and metabolic control contribute to clinical patient outcomes.
      Biomedical informatics applications represent a way to potentially improve
      quality and efficiency of nutrition management. We performed a systematic
      literature review to identify clinical decision support and computerized provider
      order entry systems used to manage nutrition care. Online research databases were
      searched using a specific set of keywords. Additionally, bibliographies were
      referenced for supplemental citations. Four independent reviewers selected
      sixteen studies out of 364 for review. These papers described adult and neonatal
      nutrition support applications, blood glucose management applications, and other
      nutrition applications. Overall, results indicated that computerized
      interventions could contribute to improved patient outcomes and provider
      performance. Specifically, computer systems in the clinical setting improved
      nutrient delivery, rates of malnutrition, weight loss, blood glucose values,
      clinician efficiency, and error rates. In conclusion, further investigation of
      informatics applications on nutritional and performance outcomes utilizing
      rigorous study designs is recommended.

PMID- 26958234
TI  - Drug-drug Interaction Discovery Using Abstraction Networks for "National Drug
      File - Reference Terminology" Chemical Ingredients.
AB  - The National Drug File - Reference Terminology (NDF-RT) is a large and complex
      drug terminology. NDF-RT provides important information about clinical drugs,
      e.g., their chemical ingredients, mechanisms of action, dosage form and
      physiological effects. Within NDF-RT such information is represented using tens
      of thousands of roles. It is difficult to comprehend large, complex terminologies
      like NDF-RT. In previous studies, we introduced abstraction networks to summarize
      the content and structure of terminologies. In this paper, we introduce the
      Ingredient Abstraction Network to summarize NDF-RT's Chemical Ingredients and
      their associated drugs. Additionally, we introduce the Aggregate Ingredient
      Abstraction Network, for controlling the granularity of summarization provided by
      the Ingredient Abstraction Network. The Ingredient Abstraction Network is used to
      support the discovery of new candidate drug-drug interactions (DDIs) not
      appearing in First Databank, Inc.'s DDI knowledgebase.

PMID- 26958235
TI  - Machine Learning Approaches for Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy from Clinical and
      Public Health Records.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Annual eye examinations are recommended for diabetic patients in
      order to detect diabetic retinopathy and other eye conditions that arise from
      diabetes. Medically underserved urban communities in the US have annual screening
      rates that are much lower than the national average and could benefit from
      informatics approaches to identify unscreened patients most at risk of developing
      retinopathy. METHODS: Using clinical data from urban safety net clinics as well
      as public health data from the CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey, we examined different machine learning approaches for predicting
      retinopathy from clinical or public health data. All datasets utilized exhibited
      a class imbalance. RESULTS: Classifiers learned on the clinical data were
      modestly predictive of retinopathy with the best model having an AUC of 0.72,
      sensitivity of 69.2% and specificity of 55.9%. Classifiers learned on public
      health data were not predictive of retinopathy. DISCUSSION: Successful approaches
      to detecting latent retinopathy using machine learning could help safety net and
      other clinics identify unscreened patients who are most at risk of developing
      retinopathy and the use of ensemble classifiers on clinical data shows promise
      for this purpose.

PMID- 26958236
TI  - Understanding patients' health and technology attitudes for tailoring self
      management interventions.
AB  - Healthcare providers are moving towards tailoring self-management interventions
      to include the communication technologies patients use in daily life. Accurate
      understanding of patients' attitudes towards both technology and involvement in
      managing chronic conditions will be critical for informing effective self
      management strategies. The tailoring of these interventions, however, could be
      undermined by providers' implicit biases based on patient age, race, and
      education level that have been shown to negatively affect care. To inform the
      design and tailoring of self-management interventions, we elicited attitudes
      toward technology use and participation in care of 40 participants in a maximum
      variation sample. The analysis revealed three participant clusters-"Proactive
      Techies," "Indie Self-Managers," and "Remind Me! Non-Techies"-that represent
      varying attitudes toward health behaviors and technologies that were independent
      of race, education level, and age. Our approach provides insight into how people
      prioritize important values related to health participation and technology.

PMID- 26958237
TI  - Understanding the acceptance factors of an Hospital Information System: evidence
      from a French University Hospital.
AB  - The goal of this study was to examine the perceived usefulness, the perceived
      ease of use and the perceived behavioral control of a Hospital Information System
      (HIS) for the care staff. We administrated a questionnaire composed of open-end
      and closed questions, based on the main concepts of Technology Acceptance Model.
      As results, the perceived usefulness, ease of use and behavioral control (self
      efficacy and organizational support) are correlated with medical occupations. As
      an example, we found that a half of the medical secretaries consider the HIS is
      ease of use, at the opposite to the anesthesiologists, surgeons and physicians.
      Medical secretaries reported also the highest rate of PBC and a high rate of PU.
      Pharmacists reported the highest rate of PU but a low rate of PBC, which is
      similar to the rate of the surgeons and physicians. Content analysis of open
      questions highlights factors influencing these constructs: ergonomics, errors in
      the documenting process, insufficient compatibility with the medical department
      or the occupational group. Consequently, we suggest that the gap between the
      perceptions of the different occupational groups may be explained by the use of
      different modules and by interdependency of the care stare staff.

PMID- 26958238
TI  - USER FRUSTRATION IN HIT INTERFACES: EXPLORING PAST HCI RESEARCH FOR A BETTER
      UNDERSTANDING OF CLINICIANS' EXPERIENCES.
AB  - User frustration research has been one way of looking into clinicians' experience
      with health information technology use and interaction. In order to understand
      how clinician frustration with Health Information Technology (HIT) use occurs,
      there is the need to explore Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) literature that
      addresses both frustration and HIT use. In the past three decades, HCI
      frustration research has increased and expanded. Researchers have done a lot of
      work to understand emotions, end-user frustration and affect. This paper uses a
      historical literature review approach to review the origins of emotion and
      frustration research and explore the research question; Does HCI research on
      frustration provide insights on clinicians' frustration with HIT interfaces? From
      the literature review HCI research on emotion and frustration provides additional
      insights that can indeed help explain user frustration in HIT. Different
      approaches and HCI perspectives also help frame HIT user frustration research as
      well as inform HIT system design. The paper concludes with a suggested directions
      on how future design and research may take.

PMID- 26958239
TI  - Identifying the Clinical Laboratory Tests from Unspecified "Other Lab Test" Data
      for Secondary Use.
AB  - Clinical laboratory results are stored in electronic health records (EHRs) as
      structured data coded with local or standard terms. However, laboratory tests
      that are performed at outside laboratories are often simply labeled "outside
      test" or something similar, with the actual test name in a free-text result or
      comment field. After being aggregated into clinical data repositories, these
      ambiguous labels impede the retrieval of specific test results. We present a
      general multi-step solution that can facilitate the identification,
      standardization, reconciliation, and transformation of such test results. We
      applied our approach to data in the NIH Biomedical Translational Research
      Information System (BTRIS) to identify laboratory tests, map comment values to
      the LOINC codes that will be incorporated into our Research Entities Dictionary
      (RED), and develop a reference table that can be used in the EHR data extract
      transform-load (ETL) process.

PMID- 26958240
TI  - Homophily of Vocabulary Usage: Beneficial Effects of Vocabulary Similarity on
      Online Health Communities Participation.
AB  - Online health communities provide popular platforms for individuals to exchange
      psychosocial support and form ties. Although regular active participation (i.e.,
      posting to interact with other members) in online health communities can provide
      important benefits, sustained active participation remains challenging for these
      communities. Leveraging previous literature on homophily (i.e., "love of those
      who are like themselves"), we examined the relationship between vocabulary
      similarity (i.e., homophily of word usage) of thread posts and members' future
      interaction in online health communities. We quantitatively measured vocabulary
      similarity by calculating, in a vector space model, cosine similarity between the
      original post and the first reply in 20,499 threads. Our findings across five
      online health communities suggest that vocabulary similarity is a significant
      predictor of members' future interaction in online health communities. These
      findings carry practical implications for facilitating and sustaining online
      community participation through beneficial effects of homophily in the vocabulary
      of essential peer support.

PMID- 26958241
TI  - Approaches to Supporting the Analysis of Historical Medication Datasets with
      RxNorm.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate approaches to supporting the analysis of historical
      medication datasets with RxNorm. METHODS: We created two sets of National Drug
      Codes (NDCs). One is based on historical NDCs harvested from versions of RxNorm
      from 2007 to present. The other comprises all sources of NDCs in the current
      release of RxNorm, including proprietary sources. We evaluated these two
      resources against four sets of NDCs obtained from various sources. RESULTS: In
      two historical medication datasets, 14-19% of the NDCs were obsolete, but 91-96%
      of these obsolete NDCs could be recovered and mapped to active drug concepts.
      CONCLUSION: Adding historical data significantly increases NDC mapping to active
      RxNorm drugs. A service for mapping historical NDC datasets leveraging RxNorm was
      added to the RxNorm API and is available at https://rxnav.nlm.nih.gov/.

PMID- 26958242
TI  - Just One More Patient: Optimizing EMR Documentation in Ambulatory Care.
AB  - The adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) in primary care settings is on
      the rise in the United States and many are feeling the stress. The introduction
      of the EMR or transition to a new EMR is known to create workflow challenges for
      primary care providers and their office staff, as was the case in our health
      system. This study evolved out of an attempt to alleviate stress by defining the
      best practice or most optimal way to document office visits, allowing providers
      to see just one more patient each day. We leveraged a change management model
      that encourages looking for what is working vs. throwing resources at problem
      areas. By doing so we identified several distinguishing behaviors among providers
      who were doing exceptionally well with the EMR. We deployed an intervention aimed
      at enhancing the identified behaviors in a group of providers and it resulted
      marked improvement in efficiency.

PMID- 26958243
TI  - Casting a Wider Net: Data Driven Discovery of Proxies for Target Diagnoses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) introduced in
      October 2012 as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), ties hospital
      reimbursement rates to adjusted 30-day readmissions and mortality performance for
      a small set of target diagnoses. There is growing concern and emerging evidence
      that use of a small set of target diagnoses to establish reimbursement rates can
      lead to unstable results that are susceptible to manipulation (gaming) by
      hospitals. METHODS: We propose a novel approach to identifying co-occurring
      diagnoses and procedures that can themselves serve as a proxy indicator of the
      target diagnosis. The proposed approach constructs a Markov Blanket that allows a
      high level of performance, in terms of predictive accuracy and scalability, along
      with interpretability of obtained results. In order to scale to a large number of
      co-occuring diagnoses (features) and hospital discharge records (samples), our
      approach begins with Google's PageRank algorithm and exploits the stability of
      obtained results to rank the contribution of each diagnosis/procedure in terms of
      presence in a Markov Blanket for outcome prediction. RESULTS: Presence of target
      diagnoses acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF),
      pneumonia (PN), and Sepsis in hospital discharge records for Medicare and
      Medicaid patients in California and New York state hospitals (2009-2011), were
      predicted using models trained on a subset of California state hospitals (2003
      2008). Using repeated holdout evaluation, we used ~30,000,000 hospital discharge
      records and analyzed the stability of the proposed approach. Model performance
      was measured using the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) metric, and importance and
      contribution of single features to the final result. The results varied from
      AUC=0.68 (with SE<1e-4) for PN on cross validation datasets to AUC=0.94, with
      (SE<1e-7) for Sepsis on California hospitals (2009 - 2011), while the stability
      of features was consistently better with more training data for each target
      diagnosis. Prediction accuracy for considered target diagnoses approaches or
      exceeds accuracy estimates for discharge record data. CONCLUSIONS: This paper
      presents a novel approach to identifying a small subset of relevant diagnoses and
      procedures that approximate the Markov Blanket for target diagnoses. Accuracy and
      interpretability of results demonstrate the potential of our approach.

PMID- 26958244
TI  - Impact of Robotic Surgery on Decision Making: Perspectives of Surgical Teams.
AB  - There has been rapid growth in the purchase of surgical robots in both North
      America and Europe in recent years. Whilst this technology promises many benefits
      for patients, the introduction of such a complex interactive system into
      healthcare practice often results in unintended consequences that are difficult
      to predict. Decision making by surgeons during an operation is affected by
      variables including tactile perception, visual perception, motor skill, and
      instrument complexity, all of which are changed by robotic surgery, yet the
      impact of robotic surgery on decision making has not been previously studied.
      Drawing on the approach of realist evaluation, we conducted a multi-site
      interview study across nine hospitals, interviewing 44 operating room personnel
      with experience of robotic surgery to gather their perspectives on how robotic
      surgery impacts surgeon decision making. The findings reveal both potential
      benefits and challenges of robotic surgery for decision making.

PMID- 26958245
TI  - AMIA members' "vital signs": what the HIT implementation listserv says about
      goals for AMIA and for medical informatics.
AB  - The health information technology (HIT) implementation listserv was conceived as
      a way to combine a substantial portion of American Medical Informatics
      Association (AMIA) members who belonged to four working groups (WGs): CIS,
      Evaluation, ELSI, and POI. Other AMIA members joined in significant numbers. It
      immediately became a major forum for discussing medical informatics, informatics
      policies, and discussion of the purpose of AMIA itself. The listserv membership
      approximates 25% of AMIA's members and has generated over 6,000 posts. We report
      on a survey of the listserv's members: what members think about the listserv;
      what participants want for medical informatics; how they think those goals should
      be achieved, and what AMIA's role should be in this process. The listserv
      provides vital signs about AMIA and hopes for informatics. We combine qualitative
      analysis of members' comments and responses about the listserv using ATLAS.ti
      qualitative text analysis tool and a word cloud generator.

PMID- 26958246
TI  - Public Perspectives of Mobile Phones' Effects on Healthcare Quality and Medical
      Data Security and Privacy: A 2-Year Nationwide Survey.
AB  - Given growing interest in mobile phones for health management (mHealth), we
      surveyed consumer perceptions of mHealth in security, privacy, and healthcare
      quality using national random-digit-dial telephone surveys in 2013 and 2014. In
      2013, 48% thought that using a mobile phone to communicate data with a
      physician's electronic health record (EHR) would improve the quality of health
      care. By 2014, the proportion rose to 57% (p < .001). There were no similar
      changes in privacy concerns yet nearly two-thirds expressed privacy concerns. In
      2013 alone, respondents were more likely to express privacy concerns about
      medical data on mobile phones than they were to endorse similar concerns with
      EHRs or health information exchange (HIE). Consumers increasingly believe that
      mHealth improves healthcare quality, but security and privacy concerns need to be
      addressed for quality improvement to be fully realized.

PMID- 26958247
TI  - Automatic Extraction and Post-coordination of Spatial Relations in Consumer
      Language.
AB  - To incorporate ontological concepts in natural language processing (NLP) it is
      often necessary to combine simple concepts into complex concepts (post
      coordination). This is especially true in consumer language, where a more limited
      vocabulary forces consumers to utilize highly productive language that is almost
      impossible to pre-coordinate in an ontology. Our work focuses on recognizing an
      important case for post-coordination in natural language: spatial relations
      between disorders and anatomical structures. Consumers typically utilize such
      spatial relations when describing symptoms. We describe an annotated corpus of
      2,000 sentences with 1,300 spatial relations, and a second corpus of 500 of these
      relations manually normalized to UMLS concepts. We use machine learning
      techniques to recognize these relations, obtaining good performance. Further, we
      experiment with methods to normalize the relations to an existing ontology. This
      two-step process is analogous to the combination of concept recognition and
      normalization, and achieves comparable results.

PMID- 26958248
TI  - Automatic Classification of Structured Product Labels for Pregnancy Risk Drug
      Categories, a Machine Learning Approach.
AB  - With regular expressions and manual review, 18,342 FDA-approved drug product
      labels were processed to determine if the five standard pregnancy drug risk
      categories were mentioned in the label. After excluding 81 drugs with multiple
      risk categories, 83% of the labels had a risk category within the text and 17%
      labels did not. We trained a Sequential Minimal Optimization algorithm on the
      labels containing pregnancy risk information segmented into standard document
      sections. For the evaluation of the classifier on the testing set, we used the
      Micromedex drug risk categories. The precautions section had the best performance
      for assigning drug risk categories, achieving Accuracy 0.79, Precision 0.66,
      Recall 0.64 and F1 measure 0.65. Missing pregnancy risk categories could be
      suggested using machine learning algorithms trained on the existing publicly
      available pregnancy risk information.

PMID- 26958249
TI  - Validating free-text order entry for a note-centric EHR.
AB  - Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have increased the utility and portability of
      health information by storing it in structured formats. However, EHRs separate
      this structured data from the rich, free-text descriptions of clinical notes. The
      ultimate objective of our research is to develop an interactive progress note
      that unifies entry, access, and retrieval of structured and unstructured health
      information. In this study we present the design and subsequent testing with
      eight clinicians of a core element of this envisioned note: free-text order
      entry. Clinicians saw this new order-entry paradigm as a way to save time and
      preserve data quality by reducing double-documentation. However, they wanted the
      prototype to recognize more diverse types of shorthand and apply default values
      to fields that remain fairly constant across orders, such as number of refills
      and pickup location. Future work will test more complex orders, such as cascading
      orders, with a broader range of clinicians.

PMID- 26958250
TI  - Improving Continuity of Care via the Discharge Summary.
AB  - Discharge summaries (DCS) frequently fail to improve the continuity of care. A
      chart review of 188 DCS was performed to identify specific components that could
      be improved through health information technology. Medication reconciliations
      were analyzed for completeness and for medical reasoning. Documentation of
      pending results and follow-up details were analyzed. Patient preferences, patient
      goals, and the handover tone were noted. Patients were discharged on an average
      of 9.8 medications, only 3% of medication reconciliations were complete and
      medical reasoning was frequently absent. There were 358 pending results in 188
      hospital discharges though only 14% were mentioned in the DCS. Documentation of
      clear, timely follow-up was present for less than 50% of patients. Patient
      preferences, patient goals, and lessons learned were rarely included. A handover
      tone was in only 17% of the DCS. Evaluating the DCS as a clinical handover is
      novel but information for safe handovers is frequently missing.

PMID- 26958251
TI  - Determinants of Consumer eHealth Information Seeking Behavior.
AB  - Patients are increasingly using the Internet and other technologies to engage in
      their own healthcare, but little research has focused on the determinants of
      consumer eHealth behaviors related to Internet use. This study uses data from
      115,089 respondents to four years of the National Health Interview Series to
      identify the associations between one consumer eHealth behavior (information
      seeking) and demographics, health measures, and Personal Health Information
      Management (PHIM) (messaging, scheduling, refills, and chat). Individuals who use
      PHIM are 7.5 times more likely to search the internet for health related
      information. Just as health has social determinants, the results of this study
      indicate there are potential social determinants of consumer eHealth behaviors
      including personal demographics, health status, and healthcare access.

PMID- 26958252
TI  - Smartphone Data in Rheumatoid Arthritis - What Do Rheumatologists Want?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To create a relevant and clinically informative visualization of
      passively collected patient mobility data from smartphones of rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) patients for rheumatologists. METHODS: (1) Pilot analysis of
      smartphone mobility data in RA; (2) Assessment of rheumatologists' needs for
      patient data through semi-structured interviews; and (3) Evaluation of the visual
      format of the RA data using scenario-based usability methods. RESULTS: We created
      a color-scale mobility index superimposed on a calendar to summarize the passive
      mobility measures from the smartphone that the rheumatologists confirmed would be
      clinically relevant. CONCLUSION: This assessment of clinician data needs and
      preferences demonstrates the potential value of passively collected smartphone
      data to resolve an important data question in RA. Efforts such as these are
      necessary to ensure that any smartphone data that patients share with their
      doctors will not exacerbate clinician information overload, but actually
      facilitate clinical decisions.

PMID- 26958253
TI  - Vessel Delineation in Retinal Images using Leung-Malik filters and Two Levels
      Hierarchical Learning.
AB  - Blood vessel segmentation is important for the analysis of ocular fundus images
      for diseases affecting vessel caliber, occlusion, leakage, inflammation, and
      proliferation. We introduce a novel supervised method to evaluate performance of
      Leung-Malik filters in delineating vessels. First, feature vectors are extracted
      for every pixel with respect to the response of Leung-Malik filters on green
      channel retinal images in different orientations and scales. A two level
      hierarchical learning framework is proposed to segment vessels in retinal images
      with confounding disease abnormalities. In the first level, three expert
      classifiers are trained to delineate 1) vessels, 2) background, and 3) retinal
      pathologies including abnormal pathologies such as lesions and anatomical
      structures such as optic disc. In the second level, a new classifier is trained
      to detect vessels and non-vessel pixels based on results of the expert
      classifiers. Qualitative evaluation shows the effectiveness of the proposed
      expert classifiers in modeling retinal pathologies. Quantitative results on two
      standard datasets STARE (AUC = 0.971, Acc=0.927) and DRIVE (AUC = 0.955, Acc
      =0.903) are comparable with other state-of-the-art vessel segmentation methods.

PMID- 26958254
TI  - Application of a Consumer Health Information Needs Taxonomy to Questions in
      Maternal-Fetal Care.
AB  - Pregnancy is a time when expectant mothers may have numerous questions about
      their unborn children, especially when congenital anomalies are diagnosed
      prenatally. We sought to characterize information needs of pregnant women seen in
      the Vanderbilt Children's Hospital Fetal Center. Participants recorded questions
      from diagnosis through delivery. Questions were categorized by two researchers
      using a hierarchical taxonomy describing consumer health information needs.
      Consensus category assignments were made, and inter-rater reliability was
      measured with Cohen's Kappa. Sixteen participants reported 398 questions in 39
      subcategories, of which the most common topics were prognosis (53 questions;
      13.3%) and indications for intervention (31 questions; 7.8%). Inter-rater
      reliability of assignments showed moderate (kappa=0.57) to substantial
      (kappa=0.75) agreement for subcategories and primary categories, respectively.
      Pregnant women with prenatal diagnoses have diverse unmet information needs; a
      taxonomy of consumer health information needs may improve the ability to meet
      such needs through content and system design.

PMID- 26958255
TI  - Adaptation of a Published Risk Model to Point-of-care Clinical Decision Support
      Tailored to Local Workflow.
AB  - Electronic clinical decision support can bring newly published knowledge to the
      point of care. However, local organizational buy-in, support for team workflows,
      IT system ease of use and other sociotechnical factors are needed to promote
      adoption. We successfully implemented a multi-variate cardiac risk stratification
      model from another institution into ours. We recreated the model and integrated
      it into our workflow, accessing it from our EHR with patient-specific data and
      facilitating clinical documentation if the user accepts the model results. Our
      clinical leaders championed the change and led educational dissemination efforts.
      We describe the ad-hoc social and technical collaboration needed to build and
      deploy the tool. The tool complements a clinical initiative within a community of
      practice, and is correlated with appropriate use of nuclear imaging.

PMID- 26958256
TI  - Data-driven Temporal Prediction of Surgical Site Infection.
AB  - Analysis of data from Electronic Health Records (EHR) presents unique challenges,
      in particular regarding nonuniform temporal resolution of longitudinal variables.
      A considerable amount of patient information is available in the EHR - including
      blood tests that are performed routinely during inpatient follow-up. These data
      are useful for the design of advanced machine learning-based methods and
      prediction models. Using a matched cohort of patients undergoing gastrointestinal
      surgery (101 cases and 904 controls), we built a prediction model for post
      operative surgical site infections (SSIs) using Gaussian process (GP) regression,
      time warping and imputation methods to manage the sparsity of the data source,
      and support vector machines for classification. For most blood tests, wider
      confidence intervals after imputation were obtained in patients with SSI.
      Predictive performance with individual blood tests was maintained or improved by
      joint model prediction, and non-linear classifiers performed consistently better
      than linear models.

PMID- 26958257
TI  - Ginkgo and Warfarin Interaction in a Large Veterans Administration Population.
AB  - Ginkgo biloba is a widely used herbal product that could potentially have a
      severe interaction with warfarin, which is the most frequently prescribed
      anticoagulant agent in North America. Literature, however, provides conflicting
      evidence on the presence and severity of the interaction. In this study, we
      developed text processing methods to extract the ginkgo usage and combined it
      with prescription data on warfarin from a very large clinical data respository.
      Our statistical analysis suggests that taking concurrently with warfarin, gingko
      does significantly increase patients' risk of a bleeding adverse event (hazard
      ratio = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.20 to 1.58, p<.001). This study also is the first attempt
      of using a large medical record databaseto confirm a suspected herb-drug
      interaction.

PMID- 26958258
TI  - Recognizing Disjoint Clinical Concepts in Clinical Text Using Machine Learning
      based Methods.
AB  - Clinical concept recognition (CCR) is a fundamental task in clinical natural
      language processing (NLP) field. Almost all current machine learning-based CCR
      systems can only recognize clinical concepts of consecutive words (called
      consecutive clinical concepts, CCCs), but can do nothing about clinical concepts
      of disjoint words (called disjoint clinical concepts, DCCs), which widely exist
      in clinical text. In this paper, we proposed two novel types of representations
      for disjoint clinical concepts, and applied two state-of-the-art machine learning
      methods to recognizing consecutive and disjoint concepts. Experiments conducted
      on the 2013 ShARe/CLEF challenge corpus showed that our best system achieved a
      "strict" F-measure of 0.803 for CCCs, a "strict" F-measure of 0.477 for DCCs, and
      a "strict" F-measure of 0.783 for all clinical concepts, significantly higher
      than the baseline systems by 4.2% and 4.1% respectively.

PMID- 26958259
TI  - Challenges and Solutions in Optimizing Execution Performance of a Clinical
      Decision Support-Based Quality Measurement (CDS-QM) Framework.
AB  - Given the close relationship between clinical decision support (CDS) and quality
      measurement (QM), it has been proposed that a standards-based CDS Web service
      could be leveraged to enable QM. Benefits of such a CDS-QM framework include
      semantic consistency and implementation efficiency. However, earlier research has
      identified execution performance as a critical barrier when CDS-QM is applied to
      large populations. Here, we describe challenges encountered and solutions devised
      to optimize CDS-QM execution performance. Through these optimizations, the CDS-QM
      execution time was optimized approximately three orders of magnitude, such that
      approximately 370,000 patient records can now be evaluated for 22 quality measure
      groups in less than 5 hours (approximately 2 milliseconds per measure group per
      patient). Several key optimization methods were identified, with the most impact
      achieved through population-based retrieval of relevant data, multi-step data
      staging, and parallel processing. These optimizations have enabled CDS-QM to be
      operationally deployed at an enterprise level.

PMID- 26958260
TI  - Scaling Out and Evaluation of OBSecAn, an Automated Section Annotator for Semi
      Structured Clinical Documents, on a Large VA Clinical Corpus.
AB  - "Identifying and labeling" (annotating) sections improves the effectiveness of
      extracting information stored in the free text of clinical documents. OBSecAn, an
      automated ontology-based section annotator, was developed to identify and label
      sections of semi-structured clinical documents from the Department of Veterans
      Affairs (VA). In the first step, the algorithm reads and parses the document to
      obtain and store information regarding sections into a structure that supports
      the hierarchy of sections. The second stage detects and makes correction to
      errors in the parsed structure. The third stage produces the section annotation
      output using the final parsed tree. In this study, we present the OBSecAn method
      and its scale to a million document corpus and evaluate its performance in
      identifying family history sections. We identify high yield sections for this use
      case from note titles such as primary care and demonstrate a median rate of 99%
      in correctly identifying a family history section.

PMID- 26958261
TI  - Completing Death Certificates from an EMR: Analysis of a Novel Public-Private
      Partnership.
AB  - With the objective of increasing electronic death registration, Intermountain
      Healthcare and the Utah Office of Vital Records and Statistics have developed a
      system enabling death certification from within Intermountain's electronic
      medical record (EMR), consisting of an EMR module and an HL7 interface.
      Comparison of post-intervention death certification at Intermountain Healthcare
      against a baseline study found a slight increase in the percentage of deaths
      certified electronically (73% pre vs. 77% post). Analysis of deaths certified
      using the EMR-module found that they were completed significantly sooner than
      those certified on paper or using the state's web-based electronic death
      registration system (EDRS) (Mean time: Paper = 114.72 hours, EDRS = 81.84 hours,
      EMR = 43.92 hours; p < 0.0001). EMR-certified deaths also contained significantly
      more causes of deaths than either alternative method (Mean number of causes:
      Paper = 3.9 causes, EDRS = 4.0 causes, EMR = 5.5 causes; p < 0.0001).

PMID- 26958262
TI  - A Method to Compare ICF and SNOMED CT for Coverage of U.S. Social Security
      Administration's Disability Listing Criteria.
AB  - We developed a method to evaluate the extent to which the International
      Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF) and SNOMED CT cover
      concepts used in the disability listing criteria of the U.S. Social Security
      Administration's "Blue Book." First we decomposed the criteria into their
      constituent concepts and relationships. We defined different types of mappings
      and manually mapped the recognized concepts and relationships to either ICF or
      SNOMED CT. We defined various metrics for measuring the coverage of each
      terminology, taking into account the effects of inexact matches and frequency of
      occurrence. We validated our method by mapping the terms in the disability
      criteria of Adult Listings, Chapter 12 (Mental Disorders). SNOMED CT dominates
      ICF in almost all the metrics that we have computed. The method is applicable for
      determining any terminology's coverage of eligibility criteria.

PMID- 26958264
TI  - The State and Trends of Barcode, RFID, Biometric and Pharmacy Automation
      Technologies in US Hospitals.
AB  - The standard of safe medication practice requires strict observance of the five
      rights of medication administration: the right patient, drug, time, dose, and
      route. Despite adherence to these guidelines, medication errors remain a public
      health concern that has generated health policies and hospital processes that
      leverage automation and computerization to reduce these errors. Bar code, RFID,
      biometrics and pharmacy automation technologies have been demonstrated in
      literature to decrease the incidence of medication errors by minimizing human
      factors involved in the process. Despite evidence suggesting the effectivity of
      these technologies, adoption rates and trends vary across hospital systems. The
      objective of study is to examine the state and adoption trends of automatic
      identification and data capture (AIDC) methods and pharmacy automation
      technologies in U.S. hospitals. A retrospective descriptive analysis of survey
      data from the HIMSS Analytics(r) Database was done, demonstrating an optimistic
      growth in the adoption of these patient safety solutions.

PMID- 26958263
TI  - Use of Patient Portals for Personal Health Information Management: The Older
      Adult Perspective.
AB  - The personal health information management (PHIM) practices and needs of older
      adults are poorly understood. We describe initial results from the UW SOARING
      project (Studying Older Adults & Researching Information Needs and Goals), a
      participatory design investigation of PHIM in older adults (60 years and older).
      We conducted in-depth interviews with older adults (n=74) living in a variety of
      residential settings about their management of personal health information. A
      surprising 20% of participants report using patient portals and another 16%
      reported prior use or anticipated use of portals in the future. Participants cite
      ease of access to health information and direct communication with providers as
      valuable portal features. Barriers to the use of patient portals include a
      general lack of computer proficiency, high internet costs and security concerns.
      Design features based on consideration of needs and practices of older adults
      will facilitate appeal and maximize usability; both are elements critical to
      adoption of tools such as patient portals that can support older adults and PHIM.

PMID- 26958265
TI  - Towards a Generalizable Time Expression Model for Temporal Reasoning in Clinical
      Notes.
AB  - Accurate temporal identification and normalization is imperative for many
      biomedical and clinical tasks such as generating timelines and identifying
      phenotypes. A major natural language processing challenge is developing and
      evaluating a generalizable temporal modeling approach that performs well across
      corpora and institutions. Our long-term goal is to create such a model. We
      initiate our work on reaching this goal by focusing on temporal expression
      (TIMEX3) identification. We present a systematic approach to 1) generalize
      existing solutions for automated TIMEX3 span detection, and 2) assess
      similarities and differences by various instantiations of TIMEX3 models applied
      on separate clinical corpora. When evaluated on the 2012 i2b2 and the 2015
      Clinical TempEval challenge corpora, our conclusion is that our approach is
      successful - we achieve competitive results for automated classification, and we
      identify similarities and differences in TIMEX3 modeling that will be informative
      in the development of a simplified, general temporal model.

PMID- 26958266
TI  - Organizational Uses of Health Information Exchange to Change Cost and Utilization
      Outcomes: A Typology from a Multi-Site Qualitative Analysis.
AB  - Health information exchange (HIE) systems facilitate access to patient
      information for a variety of health care organizations, end users, and clinical
      and organizational goals. While a complex intervention, organizations' usage of
      HIE is often conceptualized and measured narrowly. We sought to provide greater
      specificity to the concept of HIE as an intervention by formulating a typology of
      organizational HIE usage. We interviewed representatives of a regional health
      information organization and health care organizations actively using HIE
      information to change patient utilization and costs. The resultant typology
      includes three dimensions: user role, usage initiation, and patient set. This
      approach to categorizing how health care organizations are actually applying HIE
      information to clinical and business tasks provides greater clarity about HIE as
      an intervention and helps elucidate the conceptual linkage between HIE an
      organizational and patient outcomes.

PMID- 26958267
TI  - A Graph Based Methodology for Temporal Signature Identification from HER.
AB  - Data driven technology is believed to be a promising technique for transforming
      the current status of healthcare. Electronic Health Records (EHR) is one of the
      main carriers for conducting the data driven healthcare research, where the goal
      is to derive insights from healthcare data and utilize such insights to improve
      the quality of care delivery. Due to the progression nature of human disease, one
      important aspect for analyzing healthcare data is temporality, which suggests the
      temporal relationships among different healthcare events and how their values
      evolve over time. Sequential pattern mining is a popular tool to extract time
      invariant patterns from discrete sequences and has been applied in analyzing EHR
      before. However, due to the complexity of EHR, those approaches usually suffers
      from the pattern explosion problem, which means that a huge number of patterns
      will be detected with improper setting of the support threshold. To address this
      challenge, in this paper, we develop a novel representation, namely the temporal
      graph, for event sequences like EHR, wherein the nodes are medical events and the
      edges indicate the temporal relationships among those events in patient EHRs.
      Based on the temporal graph representation, we further develop an approach for
      temporal signature identification to identify the most significant and
      interpretable graph bases as temporal signatures, and the expressing coefficients
      can be treated as the embeddings of the patients in such temporal signature
      space. Our temporal signature identification framework is also flexible to
      incorporate semi-supervised/supervised information. We validate our framework on
      two real-world tasks. One is predicting the onset risk of heart failure. The
      other is predicting the risk of heart failure related hospitalization for
      patients with COPD pre-condition. Our results show that the prediction
      performance in both tasks can be improved by the proposed approaches.

PMID- 26958268
TI  - DenguePredict: An Integrated Drug Repositioning Approach towards Drug Discovery
      for Dengue.
AB  - Dengue is a viral disease of expanding global incidence without cures. Here we
      present a drug repositioning system (DenguePredict) leveraging upon a unique drug
      treatment database and vast amounts of disease- and drug-related data. We first
      constructed a large-scale genetic disease network with enriched dengue genetics
      data curated from biomedical literature. We applied a network-based ranking
      algorithm to find dengue-related diseases from the disease network. We then
      developed a novel algorithm to prioritize FDA-approved drugs from dengue-related
      diseases to treat dengue. When tested in a de-novo validation setting,
      DenguePredict found the only two drugs tested in clinical trials for treating
      dengue and ranked them highly: chloroquine ranked at top 0.96% and ivermectin at
      top 22.75%. We showed that drugs targeting immune systems and arachidonic acid
      metabolism-related apoptotic pathways might represent innovative drugs to treat
      dengue. In summary, DenguePredict, by combining comprehensive disease- and drug
      related data and novel algorithms, may greatly facilitate drug discovery for
      dengue.

PMID- 26958269
TI  - Mortality Prediction in ICUs Using A Novel Time-Slicing Cox Regression Method.
AB  - Over the last few decades, machine learning and data mining have been
      increasingly used for clinical prediction in ICUs. However, there is still a huge
      gap in making full use of the time-series data generated from ICUs. Aiming at
      filling this gap, we propose a novel approach entitled Time Slicing Cox
      regression (TS-Cox), which extends the classical Cox regression into a
      classification method on multi-dimensional time-series. Unlike traditional
      classifiers such as logistic regression and support vector machines, our model
      not only incorporates the discriminative features derived from the time-series,
      but also naturally exploits the temporal orders of these features based on a Cox
      like function. Empirical evaluation on MIMIC-II database demonstrates the
      efficacy of the TS-Cox model. Our TS-Cox model outperforms all other baseline
      models by a good margin in terms of AUC_PR, sensitivity and PPV, which indicates
      that TS-Cox may be a promising tool for mortality prediction in ICUs.

PMID- 26958270
TI  - Finding Cervical Cancer Symptoms in Swedish Clinical Text using a Machine
      Learning Approach and NegEx.
AB  - Detection of early symptoms in cervical cancer is crucial for early treatment and
      survival. To find symptoms of cervical cancer in clinical text, Named Entity
      Recognition is needed. In this paper the Clinical Entity Finder, a machine
      learning tool trained on annotated clinical text from a Swedish internal medicine
      emergency unit, is evaluated on cervical cancer records. The Clinical Entity
      Finder identifies entities of the types body part, finding and disorder and is
      extended with negation detection using the rule-based tool NegEx, to distinguish
      between negated and non-negated entities. To measure the performance of the tools
      on this new domain, two physicians annotated a set of clinical notes from the
      health records of cervical cancer patients. The inter-annotator agreement for
      finding, disorder and body part obtained an average F-score of 0.677 and the
      Clinical Entity Finder extended with NegEx had an average F-score of 0.667.

PMID- 26958271
TI  - Machine Learning for Treatment Assignment: Improving Individualized Risk
      Attribution.
AB  - Clinical studies model the average treatment effect (ATE), but apply this
      population-level effect to future individuals. Due to recent developments of
      machine learning algorithms with useful statistical guarantees, we argue instead
      for modeling the individualized treatment effect (ITE), which has better
      applicability to new patients. We compare ATE-estimation using randomized and
      observational analysis methods against ITE-estimation using machine learning, and
      describe how the ITE theoretically generalizes to new population distributions,
      whereas the ATE may not. On a synthetic data set of statin use and myocardial
      infarction (MI), we show that a learned ITE model improves true ITE estimation
      and outperforms the ATE. We additionally argue that ITE models should be learned
      with a consistent, nonparametric algorithm from unweighted examples and show
      experiments in favor of our argument using our synthetic data model and a real
      data set of D-penicillamine use for primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 26958272
TI  - Collecting Family Health History using an Online Social Network: a Nationwide
      Survey among Potential Users.
AB  - Family health history (FHx) is one of the most important risk factors for
      disease. Unfortunately, collection and use of FHx is under-utilized in the
      clinical setting. Efforts to improve collection of FHx have had minimal impact. A
      novel approach to collect FHx using social networking capabilities is being
      explored. We conducted a nationwide survey of 5,258 respondents to 1- assess the
      interest in using an online social network for FHx, 2- identify if such a tool
      would have clinical utility, and 3- identify notable trends and potential
      concerns. We found survey respondents to be very supportive of the proposed
      approach and interesting trends related to age, education, and race were
      identified. Results from this survey will be used to guide future research and
      development of a proposed FHx social network application.

PMID- 26958273
TI  - A Study of Neural Word Embeddings for Named Entity Recognition in Clinical Text.
AB  - Clinical Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a critical task for extracting
      important patient information from clinical text to support clinical and
      translational research. This study explored the neural word embeddings derived
      from a large unlabeled clinical corpus for clinical NER. We systematically
      compared two neural word embedding algorithms and three different strategies for
      deriving distributed word representations. Two neural word embeddings were
      derived from the unlabeled Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive
      Care (MIMIC) II corpus (403,871 notes). The results from both 2010 i2b2 and 2014
      Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) data showed that the binarized word embedding
      features outperformed other strategies for deriving distributed word
      representations. The binarized embedding features improved the F1-score of the
      Conditional Random Fields based clinical NER system by 2.3% on i2b2 data and 2.4%
      on SemEval data. The combined feature from the binarized embeddings and the Brown
      clusters improved the F1-score of the clinical NER system by 2.9% on i2b2 data
      and 2.7% on SemEval data. Our study also showed that the distributed word
      embedding features derived from a large unlabeled corpus can be better than the
      widely used Brown clusters. Further analysis found that the neural word
      embeddings captured a wide range of semantic relations, which could be
      discretized into distributed word representations to benefit the clinical NER
      system. The low-cost distributed feature representation can be adapted to any
      other clinical natural language processing research.

PMID- 26958274
TI  - Citation Sentiment Analysis in Clinical Trial Papers.
AB  - In scientific writing, positive credits and negative criticisms can often be seen
      in the text mentioning the cited papers, providing useful information about
      whether a study can be reproduced or not. In this study, we focus on citation
      sentiment analysis, which aims to determine the sentiment polarity that the
      citation context carries towards the cited paper. A citation sentiment corpus was
      annotated first on clinical trial papers. The effectiveness of n-gram and
      sentiment lexicon features, and problem-specified structure features for citation
      sentiment analysis were then examined using the annotated corpus. The combined
      features from the word n-grams, the sentiment lexicons and the structure
      information achieved the highest Micro F-score of 0.860 and Macro-F score of
      0.719, indicating that it is feasible to use machine learning methods for
      citation sentiment analysis in biomedical publications. A comprehensive
      comparison between citation sentiment analysis of clinical trial papers and other
      general domains were conducted, which additionally highlights the unique
      challenges within this domain.

PMID- 26958275
TI  - tcTKB: an integrated cardiovascular toxicity knowledge base for targeted cancer
      drugs.
AB  - Targeted cancer drugs are often associated with unexpectedly high cardiovascular
      (CV) adverse events. Systematic approaches to studying CV events associated with
      targeted anticancer drugs have high potential for elucidating the complex
      pathways underlying targeted anti-cancer drugs. In this study, we built tcTKB, a
      comprehensive CV toxicity knowledge base for targeted cancer drugs, by extracting
      drug-CV pairs from five large-scale and complementary data sources. The data
      sources include FDA drug labels (44,979 labels), the FDA Adverse Event Reporting
      System (FAERS) (4,285,097 records), the Canada Vigilance Adverse Reaction Online
      Database (CVAROD) (1,107,752 records), published biomedical literature
      (21,354,075 records), and published full-text articles from the Journal of
      Oncology (JCO) (13,855 articles). tcTKB contains 14,351 drug-CV pairs for 45
      targeted anticancer drugs and 1,842 CV events. We demonstrate that CV events
      positively correlate with drug target genes and drug metabolism genes,
      demonstrating that tcTKB in combination with other data resources, could
      facilitate our understanding of targeted anticancer drugs and their associated CV
      toxicities.

PMID- 26958276
TI  - Barriers and Facilitators to Patient-Provider Communication When Discussing
      Breast Cancer Risk to Aid in the Development of Decision Support Tools.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to patient
      provider communication when discussing breast cancer risk to aid in the
      development of decision support tools. Four patient focus groups (N=34) and eight
      provider focus groups (N=10) took place in Northern Manhattan. A qualitative
      analysis was conducted using Atlas.ti software. The coding yielded 62.3%-94.5%
      agreement. The results showed that 1) barriers are time constraints, lack of
      knowledge, low health literacy, and language barriers, and 2) facilitators are
      information needs, desire for personalization, and autonomy when communicating
      risk in patient-provider encounters. These results will inform the development of
      a patient-centered decision aid (RealRisks) and a provider-facing breast cancer
      risk navigation (BNAV) tool, which are designed to facilitate patient-provider
      risk communication and shared decision-making about breast cancer prevention
      strategies, such as chemoprevention.

PMID- 26958277
TI  - Evaluating Term Coverage of Herbal and Dietary Supplements in Electronic Health
      Records.
AB  - Herbal and dietary supplement consumption has rapidly expanded in recent years.
      Due to pharmacological and metabolic characteristics of some supplements, they
      can interact with prescription medications, potentially leading to clinically
      important and potentially preventable adverse reactions. Electronic health record
      (EHR) system provides a valuable source from which drug-supplement interactions
      can be mined and assessed for their clinical effects. A fundamental prerequisite
      is a functional understanding of supplement documentation in EHR and associated
      supplement coverage in major online databases. To address this, clinical notes
      and corresponding medication lists from an integrated healthcare system were
      extracted and compared with online databases. Overall, about 40% of listed
      medications are supplements, most of which are included in medication lists as
      nutritional or miscellaneous products. Gaps were found between supplement and
      standard medication terminologies, creating documentation difficulties in fully
      achieving robust supplement documentation in EHR systems. In addition, in the
      clinical notes we identified supplements which were not mentioned in the
      medication lists.

PMID- 26958278
TI  - Handling Temporality of Clinical Events for Drug Safety Surveillance.
AB  - Using longitudinal data in electronic health records (EHRs) for post-marketing
      adverse drug event (ADE) detection allows for monitoring patients throughout
      their medical history. Machine learning methods have been shown to be efficient
      and effective in screening health records and detecting ADEs. How best to exploit
      historical data, as encoded by clinical events in EHRs is, however, not very well
      understood. In this study, three strategies for handling temporality of clinical
      events are proposed and evaluated using an EHR database from Stockholm, Sweden.
      The random forest learning algorithm is applied to predict fourteen ADEs using
      clinical events collected from different lengths of patient history. The results
      show that, in general, including longer patient history leads to improved
      predictive performance, and that assigning weights to events according to time
      distance from the ADE yields the biggest improvement.

PMID- 26958279
TI  - Using a Clinical Knowledge Base to Assess Comorbidity Interrelatedness Among
      Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions.
AB  - Decision support tools increasingly integrate clinical knowledge such as
      medication indications and contraindications with electronic health record (EHR)
      data to support clinical care and patient safety. The availability of this
      encoded information and patient data provides an opportunity to develop measures
      of clinical decision complexity that may be of value for quality improvement and
      research efforts. We investigated the feasibility of using encoded clinical
      knowledge and EHR data to develop a measure of comorbidity interrelatedness (the
      degree to which patients' co-occurring conditions interact to generate clinical
      complexity). Using a common clinical scenario-decisions about blood pressure
      medications in patients with hypertension-we quantified comorbidity
      interrelatedness by calculating the number of indications and contraindications
      to blood pressure medications that are generated by patients' comorbidities
      (e.g., diabetes, gout, depression). We examined properties of comorbidity
      interrelatedness using data from a decision support system for hypertension in
      the Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

PMID- 26958280
TI  - Three-dimensional Content-Based Cardiac Image Retrieval using global and local
      descriptors.
AB  - The increase in volume of medical images generated and stored has created
      difficulties in accurate image retrieval. An alternative is to generate three
      dimensional (3D) models from such medical images and use them in the search. Some
      of the main cardiac illnesses, such as Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), have
      deformation in the heart's shape as one of the main symptoms, which can be
      identified faster in a 3D object than in slices. This article presents techniques
      developed to retrieve 3D cardiac models using global and local descriptors within
      a content-based image retrieval system. These techniques were applied in pre
      classified 3D models with and without the CHF disease and they were evaluated by
      using Precision vs. Recall metric. We observed that local descriptors achieved
      better results than a global descriptor, reaching 85% of accuracy. The results
      confirmed the potential of using 3D models retrieval in the medical context to
      aid in the diagnosis.

PMID- 26958281
TI  - Analyzing Self-Help Forums with Ontology-Based Text Mining: An Exploration in
      Kidney Space.
AB  - The Internet has emerged as a popular source for health-related information. More
      than eighty percent of American Internet users have searched for health topics
      online. Millions of patients use self-help online forums to exchange information
      and support. In parallel, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases has
      become a financial burden for the healthcare system demanding new, cost-effective
      interventions. To provide such interventions, it is necessary to understand
      patients' preferences of treatment options and to gain insights into their
      experiences as patients. We introduce a text-processing algorithm based on
      semantic ontologies to allow for finer-grained analyses of online forums compared
      to standard methods. We have applied our method in an analysis of two major
      Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) forums. Our results suggest that the analysis of
      forums may provide valuable insights on daily issues patients face, their choice
      of different treatment options and interactions between patients, their relatives
      and clinicians.

PMID- 26958282
TI  - Dynamic Estimation of the Probability of Patient Readmission to the ICU using
      Electronic Medical Records.
AB  - In this paper, we propose a framework to dynamically estimate the probability
      that a patient is readmitted after he is discharged from the ICU and transferred
      to a lower level care. We model this probability as a latent state which evolves
      over time using Dynamical Linear Models (DLM). We use as an input a combination
      of numerical and text features obtained from the patient Electronic Medical
      Records (EMRs). We process the text from the EMRs to capture different diseases,
      symptoms and treatments by means of noun phrases and ontologies. We also capture
      the global context of each text entry using Statistical Topic Models. We fill out
      the missing values using a Expectation Maximization based method (EM).
      Experimental results show that our method outperforms other methods in the
      literature terms of AUC, sensitivity and specificity. In addition, we show that
      the combination of different features (numerical and text) increases the
      prediction performance of the proposed approach.

PMID- 26958283
TI  - Modelling Risk of Cardio-Respiratory Instability as a Heterogeneous Process.
AB  - Cardio-respiratory instability (CRI) occurs frequently in acutely ill. If not
      identified and treated early, it leads to significant morbidity and mortality.
      Current practice primarily relies on vigilance of the clinical personnel for
      early recognition of CRI. Given limited monitoring resources available in
      critical care environment, it can be suboptimal. Thus, an "Early Warning Scoring"
      mechanism is desirable to alert medical team when a patient is approaching
      instability. It is widely recognized that critically ill may show subtle changes
      prior to the onset of CRI, but it is not well known how their risk evolves before
      the onset. Using large amounts of physiological data routinely gathered from
      continuous noninvasive monitoring of Step-Down Unit patients, we demonstrate a
      data-driven approach that: (1) Characterizes patient's individual CRI risk
      process; (2) Identifies groups of patients that progress along similar risk
      evolution trajectories; (3) Utilizes grouping information to help forecast the
      emergence of CRI.

PMID- 26958284
TI  - Combining Human Disease Genetics and Mouse Model Phenotypes towards Drug
      Repositioning for Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder without effective
      treatments. Here, we present a novel drug repositioning approach to predict new
      drugs for PD leveraging both disease genetics and large amounts of mouse model
      phenotypes. First, we identified PD-specific mouse phenotypes using well-studied
      human disease genes. Then we searched all FDA-approved drugs for candidates that
      share similar mouse phenotype profiles with PD. We demonstrated the validity of
      our approach using drugs that have been approved for PD: 10 approved PD drugs
      were ranked within top 10% among 1197 candidates. In predicting novel PD drugs,
      our approach achieved a mean average precision of 0.24, which is significantly
      higher (p<e-11) than 0.16 for a state-of-art drug discovery approach based on
      mouse phenotype data. Comparison of gene expression profiles between PD and top
      ranked drug candidates indicates that quetiapine has the potential to treat PD.

PMID- 26958285
TI  - Automated Classification of Consumer Health Information Needs in Patient Portal
      Messages.
AB  - Patients have diverse health information needs, and secure messaging through
      patient portals is an emerging means by which such needs are expressed and met.
      As patient portal adoption increases, growing volumes of secure messages may
      burden healthcare providers. Automated classification could expedite portal
      message triage and answering. We created four automated classifiers based on word
      content and natural language processing techniques to identify health information
      needs in 1000 patient-generated portal messages. Logistic regression and random
      forest classifiers detected single information needs well, with area under the
      curves of 0.804-0.914. A logistic regression classifier accurately found the set
      of needs within a message, with a Jaccard index of 0.859 (95% Confidence
      Interval: (0.847, 0.871)). Automated classification of consumer health
      information needs expressed in patient portal messages is feasible and may allow
      direct linking to relevant resources or creation of institutional resources for
      commonly expressed needs.

PMID- 26958286
TI  - Health Literacy, Education Levels, and Patient Portal Usage During
      Hospitalizations.
AB  - Patient portal adoption has rapidly increased, and portal usage has been
      associated with patients' sociodemographics, health literacy, and education.
      Research on patient portals has primarily focused on the outpatient setting. We
      explored whether health literacy and education were associated with portal usage
      in an inpatient population. Among 60,159 admissions in 2012-2013, 23.3% of
      patients reported limited health literacy; 50.4% reported some post-secondary
      education; 34.4% were registered for the portal; and 23.4% of registered patients
      used the portal during hospitalization. Probability of registration and inpatient
      portal use increased with educational attainment. Health literacy was associated
      with registration but not inpatient use. Among admissions with inpatient use,
      educational attainment was associated with viewing health record data, and health
      literacy was associated use of appointment and health education tools. The
      inpatient setting may provide an opportunity to overcome barriers to patient
      portal adoption and reduce disparities in use of health information technologies.

PMID- 26958287
TI  - Using High-Fidelity Simulation and Eye Tracking to Characterize EHR Workflow
      Patterns among Hospital Physicians.
AB  - Modern EHR systems are complex, and end-user behavior and training are highly
      variable. The need for clinicians to access key clinical data is a critical
      patient safety issue. This study used a mixed methods approach employing a high
      fidelity EHR simulation environment, eye and screen tracking, surveys, and semi
      structured interviews to characterize typical EHR usage by hospital physicians
      (hospitalists) as they encounter a new patient. The main findings were: 1) There
      were strong similarities across the groups in the information types the
      physicians looked at most frequently, 2) While there was no overall difference in
      case duration between the groups, we observed two distinct workflow types between
      the groups with respect to gathering information in the EHR and creating a note,
      and 3) A majority of the case time was devoted to note composition in both
      groups. This has implications for EHR interface design and raises further
      questions about what individual user workflows exist in the EHR.

PMID- 26958288
TI  - Learning a Severity Score for Sepsis: A Novel Approach based on Clinical
      Comparisons.
AB  - Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Early
      administration of treatment has been shown to decrease sepsis-related mortality
      and morbidity. Existing scoring systems such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic
      Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores
      (SOFA) achieve poor sensitivity in distinguishing between the different stages of
      sepsis. Recently, we proposed the Disease Severity Score Learning (DSSL)
      framework that automatically derives a severity score from data based on clinical
      comparisons - pairs of disease states ordered by their severity. In this paper,
      we test the feasibility of using DSSL to develop a sepsis severity score. We show
      that the learned score significantly outperforms APACHE-II and SOFA in
      distinguishing between the different stages of sepsis. Additionally, the learned
      score is sensitive to changes in severity leading up to septic shock and post
      treatment administration.

PMID- 26958289
TI  - Automated Grading of Gliomas using Deep Learning in Digital Pathology Images: A
      modular approach with ensemble of convolutional neural networks.
AB  - Brain glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumors in adults with
      different pathologic subtypes: Lower Grade Glioma (LGG) Grade II, Lower Grade
      Glioma (LGG) Grade III, and Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Grade IV. The survival
      and treatment options are highly dependent of this glioma grade. We propose a
      deep learning-based, modular classification pipeline for automated grading of
      gliomas using digital pathology images. Whole tissue digitized images of
      pathology slides obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to train
      our deep learning modules. Our modular pipeline provides diagnostic quality
      statistics, such as precision, sensitivity and specificity, of the individual
      deep learning modules, and (1) facilitates training given the limited data in
      this domain, (2) enables exploration of different deep learning structures for
      each module, (3) leads to developing less complex modules that are simpler to
      analyze, and (4) provides flexibility, permitting use of single modules within
      the framework or use of other modeling or machine learning applications, such as
      probabilistic graphical models or support vector machines. Our modular approach
      helps us meet the requirements of minimum accuracy levels that are demanded by
      the context of different decision points within a multi-class classification
      scheme. Convolutional Neural Networks are trained for each module for each sub
      task with more than 90% classification accuracies on validation data set, and
      achieved classification accuracy of 96% for the task of GBM vs LGG
      classification, 71% for further identifying the grade of LGG into Grade II or
      Grade III on independent data set coming from new patients from the multi
      institutional repository.

PMID- 26958290
TI  - Secondary Use of EHR Timestamp data: Validation and Application for Workflow
      Optimization.

PMID- 26958291
TI  - Longitudinal Analysis of Computerized Alerts for Laboratory Monitoring of Post
      liver Transplant Immunosuppressive Care.
AB  - Post-liver transplant patients require lifelong immunosuppressive care and
      monitoring. Computerized alerts can aid laboratory monitoring, but it is unknown
      how the distribution of alerts changes over time. We describe the changes over
      time of the distribution of computerized alerts for laboratory monitoring of post
      liver transplant immunosuppressive care. Data were collected for post-liver
      transplant patients transplanted and managed at Intermountain Healthcare between
      2005 and 2012. Alerts were analyzed based on year triggered, time since
      transplantation, hospitalization status, alert type, action taken (accepted or
      rejected), reason given for the action taken, and narrative comments. Alerts for
      overdue laboratory testing became more prevalent as time since transplantation
      increased. There is an increased need to support monitoring for overdue
      laboratory testing as the time since transplantation increases. Alerts should
      support providers as they monitor the evolving needs of post-transplant patients
      over time. We identify opportunities for improving laboratory monitoring of post
      liver transplant patients.

PMID- 26958292
TI  - Examining the Distribution, Modularity, and Community Structure in Article
      Networks for Systematic Reviews.
AB  - Systematic reviews (SRs) provide high quality evidence for clinical practice, but
      the article screening process is time and labor intensive. As SRs aim to identify
      relevant articles with a specific scope, we propose that a pre-defined article
      relationship, using similarity metrics, could accelerate this process. In this
      study, we established the article relationship using MEDLINE element similarities
      and visualized the article network with the Force Atlas layout. We also analyzed
      the article networks with graph diameter, closeness centrality, and module
      classes. The results revealed the distribution of articles and found that
      included articles tended to aggregate together in some module classes, providing
      further evidence of the existence of strong relationships among included
      articles. This approach can be utilized to facilitate the articles selection
      process through early identification of these dominant module classes. We are
      optimistic that the use of article network visualization can help better SR work
      prioritization.

PMID- 26958293
TI  - A Data Quality Ontology for the Secondary Use of EHR Data.
AB  - The secondary use of EHR data for research is expected to improve health outcomes
      for patients, but the benefits will only be realized if the data in the EHR is of
      sufficient quality to support these uses. A data quality (DQ) ontology was
      developed to rigorously define concepts and enable automated computation of data
      quality measures. The healthcare data quality literature was mined for the
      important terms used to describe data quality concepts and harmonized into an
      ontology. Four high-level data quality dimensions ("correctness", "consistency",
      "completeness" and "currency") categorize 19 lower level measures. The ontology
      serves as an unambiguous vocabulary, which defines concepts more precisely than
      natural language; it provides a mechanism to automatically compute data quality
      measures; and is reusable across domains and use cases. A detailed example is
      presented to demonstrate its utility. The DQ ontology can make data validation
      more common and reproducible.

PMID- 26958295
TI  - Making background work visible: opportunities to address patient information
      needs in the hospital.
AB  - Despite growing use of patient-facing technologies such as patient portals to
      address information needs for outpatients, we understand little about how
      patients manage information and use information technologies in an inpatient
      context. Based on hospital observations and responses to an online questionnaire
      from previously hospitalized patients and caregivers, we describe information
      workspace that patients have available to them in the hospital and the
      information items that patients and caregivers rate as important and difficult to
      access or manage while hospitalized. We found that patients and caregivers
      desired information-such as the plan of care and the schedule of activities-that
      is difficult to access as needed in a hospital setting. Within this study, we
      describe the various tools and approaches that patients and caregivers use to
      help monitor their care as well as illuminate gaps in information needs not
      typically captured by traditional patient portals.

PMID- 26958294
TI  - Evaluating Consumer m-Health Services for Promoting Healthy Eating: A Randomized
      Field Experiment.
AB  - Mobile apps have great potential to deliver promising interventions to engage
      consumers and change their health-related behaviors, such as healthy eating.
      Currently, the interventions for promoting healthy eating are either too onerous
      to keep consumers engaged or too restrictive to keep consumers connected with
      healthcare professionals. In addition, while social media allows individuals to
      receive information from many sources, it is unclear how peer support interacts
      with professional support in the context of such interventions. This study
      proposes and evaluates three mobile-enabled interventions to address these
      challenges. We examine their effects on user engagement and food choices via a 4
      month randomized field experiment. Mixed models provide strong evidence of the
      positive effect of image-based dietitian support and negative effects of peer
      support, and moderate evidence of the positive effects of mobile-based visual
      diary, highlighting the value of mobile apps for delivering advanced
      interventions to engage users and facilitate behavior change.

PMID- 26958296
TI  - Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Prototype of a Learning Electronic
      Medical Record System.
AB  - Electronic medical records (EMRs) are capturing increasing amounts of data per
      patient. For clinicians to efficiently and accurately understand a patient's
      clinical state, better ways are needed to determine when and how to display EMR
      data. We built a prototype system that records how physicians view EMR data,
      which we used to train models that predict which EMR data will be relevant in a
      given patient. We call this approach a Learning EMR (LEMR). A physician used the
      prototype to review 59 intensive care unit (ICU) patient cases. We used the data
      access patterns from these cases to train logistic regression models that, when
      evaluated, had AUROC values as high as 0.92 and that averaged 0.73, supporting
      that the approach is promising. A preliminary usability study identified
      advantages of the system and a few concerns about implementation. Overall, 3 of 4
      ICU physicians were enthusiastic about features of the prototype.

PMID- 26958297
TI  - A Multidimensional Data Warehouse for Community Health Centers.
AB  - Community health centers (CHCs) play a pivotal role in healthcare delivery to
      vulnerable populations, but have not yet benefited from a data warehouse that can
      support improvements in clinical and financial outcomes across the practice. We
      have developed a multidimensional clinic data warehouse (CDW) by working with 7
      CHCs across the state of Indiana and integrating their operational, financial and
      electronic patient records to support ongoing delivery of care. We describe in
      detail the rationale for the project, the data architecture employed, the content
      of the data warehouse, along with a description of the challenges experienced and
      strategies used in the development of this repository that may help other
      researchers, managers and leaders in health informatics. The resulting
      multidimensional data warehouse is highly practical and is designed to provide a
      foundation for wide-ranging healthcare data analytics over time and across the
      community health research enterprise.

PMID- 26958298
TI  - Creating Shareable Clinical Decision Support Rules for a Pharmacogenomics
      Clinical Guideline Using Structured Knowledge Representation.
AB  - Pharmacogenomics (PGx) guidelines contain drug-gene relationships, therapeutic
      and clinical recommendations from which clinical decision support (CDS) rules can
      be extracted, rendered and then delivered through clinical decision support
      systems (CDSS) to provide clinicians with just-in-time information at the point
      of care. Several tools exist that can be used to generate CDS rules that are
      based on computer interpretable guidelines (CIG), but none have been previously
      applied to the PGx domain. We utilized the Unified Modeling Language (UML), the
      Health Level 7 virtual medical record (HL7 vMR) model, and standard terminologies
      to represent the semantics and decision logic derived from a PGx guideline, which
      were then mapped to the Health eDecisions (HeD) schema. The modeling and
      extraction processes developed here demonstrate how structured knowledge
      representations can be used to support the creation of shareable CDS rules from
      PGx guidelines.

PMID- 26958299
TI  - Analyses of Merging Clinical and Viral Genetic Data for Influenza Surveillance.
AB  - The annual influenza vaccine is one of the most common public health
      interventions and is universally recommended for all individuals older than six
      months. Vaccine composition depends on viruses circulating over the past flu
      season and are estimated to be the most prevalent and representative strains in
      the current season. Here, we use clinical data outfitted with viral genetics to
      characterize confirmed influenza cases from the past two flu seasons and
      genetically compare them to the strains that they were vaccinated against that
      year. We show that case similarities to vaccine strains differ by geographic
      region and that the vaccines appear to have different levels of effectiveness by
      region. This study demonstrates the value of merging viral genetics with clinical
      data. Further research is needed to formally evaluate whether this improves
      biosurveillance efforts and enhances efficacy of influenza vaccines.

PMID- 26958300
TI  - Exploration of Temporal ICD Coding Bias Related to Acute Diabetic Conditions.
AB  - Electronic Health Records (EHRs) hold great promise for secondary data reuse but
      have been reported to contain severe biases. The temporal characteristics of
      coding biases remain unclear. This study used a survival analysis approach to
      reveal temporal bias trends for coding acute diabetic conditions among 268
      diabetes patients. For glucose-controlled ketoacidosis patients we found it took
      an average of 7.5 months for the incorrect code to be removed, while for glucose
      controlled hypoglycemic patients it took an average of 9 months. We also examined
      blood glucose lab values and performed a case review to confirm the validity of
      our findings. We discuss the implications of our findings and propose future
      work.

PMID- 26958301
TI  - Classification of Clinically Useful Sentences in MEDLINE.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In a previous study, we investigated a sentence classification model
      that uses semantic features to extract clinically useful sentences from UpToDate,
      a synthesized clinical evidence resource. In the present study, we assess the
      generalizability of the sentence classifier to Medline abstracts. METHODS: We
      applied the classification model to an independent gold standard of high quality
      clinical studies from Medline. Then, the classifier trained on UpToDate sentences
      was optimized by re-retraining the classifier with Medline abstracts and adding a
      sentence location feature. RESULTS: The previous classifier yielded an F-measure
      of 58% on Medline versus 67% on UpToDate. Re-training the classifier on Medline
      improved F-measure to 68%; and to 76% (p<0.01) after adding the sentence location
      feature. CONCLUSIONS: The classifier's model and input features generalized to
      Medline abstracts, but the classifier needed to be retrained on Medline to
      achieve equivalent performance. Sentence location provided additional
      contribution to the overall classification performance.

PMID- 26958302
TI  - Desiderata for Major Eligibility Criteria in Breast Cancer Clinical Trials.
AB  - Use of major eligibility criteria is a popular but unstudied folk practice for
      improving patient screening efficiency for clinical studies. This mixed-methods
      research study derived the desiderata for major eligibility criteria in breast
      cancer clinical trials. We randomly selected thirty interventional breast cancer
      clinical trials conducted at The New York-Presbyterian Hospital on the Columbia
      University Medical Center campus to create training (N=20) and testing (N=10)
      datasets. We utilized the Think-aloud protocol to gauge how clinical researchers
      identify and use major eligibility criteria to prescreen patients for clinical
      trials during an audio-recorded interview. A focus group session was held to
      understand the current prescreening process and investigate how it could be
      optimized to maximize recruitment rates. Using the grounded theory method, we
      annotated transcriptions to discover user rationale and desiderata behind major
      eligibility criteria in breast cancer clinical trials, which were later evaluated
      in a follow-up survey.

PMID- 26958303
TI  - An Assessment of Family History Information Captured in an Electronic Health
      Record.
AB  - Family history is considered a core element of clinical care. In this study we
      assessed the quality of family history data captured in an established commercial
      electronic health record (EHR) at a large academic medical center. Because the
      EHR had no centralized location to store family history information, it was
      collected as part of clinical notes in structured or free-text format. We
      analyzed differences between 10,000 free-text and 9,121 structured family history
      observations. Each observation was classified according to disease
      presence/absence and family member affected (e.g., father, mother, etc.). The
      structured notes did not collect a complete family history as defined by
      standards endorsed by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; the
      free-text notes contained more information than the structured notes, but still
      not enough to be considered "complete." Several barriers remain for collecting
      complete, useful family history data in electronic health records.

PMID- 26958304
TI  - Computational Methods for Unraveling Temporal Brain Connectivity Data.
AB  - Brain science is a frontier research area with great promise for understanding,
      preventing, and treating multiple diseases affecting millions of patients. Its
      key task of reconstructing neuronal brain connectivity poses unique Big Data
      Analysis challenges distinct from those in clinical or "-omics" domains. Our goal
      is to understand the strengths and limitations of reconstruction algorithms,
      measure performance and its determinants, and ultimately enhance performance and
      applicability. We devised a set of experiments in a well-controlled setting using
      an established gold-standard based on calcium fluorescence time series recordings
      of thousands of neurons sampled from a previously validated neuronal model of
      complex time-varying causal neuronal connections. Following empirical testing of
      several state-of-the-art reconstruction algorithms, and using the best-performing
      algorithms, we constructed features of a classifier and predicted the presence or
      absence of connections using meta-learning. This approach combines information
      theoretic, feature construction, and pattern recognition meta-learning methods to
      considerably improve the Area under ROC curve performance. Our data are very
      promising toward the feasibility of reliably reconstructing complex neuronal
      connectivity.

PMID- 26958305
TI  - Variability in Electronic Health Record Usage and Perceptions among Specialty vs.
      Primary Care Physicians.
AB  - Despite federal incentives for adoption of electronic health records (EHRs),
      surveys have shown that EHR use is less common among specialty physicians than
      generalists. Concerns have been raised that current-generation EHR systems are
      inadequate to meet the unique information gathering needs of specialists. This
      study sought to identify whether information gathering needs and EHR usage
      patterns are different between specialists and generalists, and if so, to
      characterize their precise nature. We found that specialists and generalists have
      significantly different perceptions of which elements of the EHR are most
      important and how well these systems are suited to displaying clinical
      information. Resolution of these disparities could have implications for clinical
      productivity and efficiency, patient and physician satisfaction, and the ability
      of clinical practices to achieve Meaningful Use incentives.

PMID- 26958306
TI  - Predicting Health Care Utilization After Behavioral Health Referral Using Natural
      Language Processing and Machine Learning.
AB  - Mental health problems are an independent predictor of increased healthcare
      utilization. We created random forest classifiers for predicting two outcomes
      following a patient's first behavioral health encounter: decreased utilization by
      any amount (AUROC 0.74) and ultra-high absolute utilization (AUROC 0.88). These
      models may be used for clinical decision support by referring providers, to
      automatically detect patients who may benefit from referral, for cost management,
      or for risk/protection factor analysis.

PMID- 26958307
TI  - Translational Meta-analytical Methods to Localize the Regulatory Patterns of
      Neurological Disorders in the Human Brain.
AB  - The task of mapping neurological disorders in the human brain must be informed by
      multiple measurements of an individual's phenotype - neuroimaging, genomics, and
      behavior. We developed a novel meta-analytical approach to integrate disparate
      resources and generated transcriptional maps of neurological disorders in the
      human brain yielding a purely computational procedure to pinpoint the brain
      location of transcribed genes likely to be involved in either onset or
      maintenance of the neurological condition.

PMID- 26958308
TI  - Automated Detection of Benzodiazepine Dosage in ICU Patients through a
      Computational Analysis of Electrocardiographic Data.
AB  - To enable automated maintenance of patient sedation in an intensive care unit
      (ICU) setting, more robust, quantitative metrics of sedation depth must be
      developed. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of a fully
      computational system that leverages low-quality electrocardiography (ECG) from a
      single lead to detect the presence of benzodiazepine sedatives in a subject's
      system. Starting with features commonly examined manually by cardiologists
      searching for evidence of poisonings, we generalized the extraction of these
      features to a fully automated process. We tested the predictive power of these
      features using nine subjects from an intensive care clinical database. Features
      were found to be significantly indicative of a binary relationship between dose
      and ECG morphology, but we were unable to find evidence of a predictable
      continuous relationship. Fitting this binary relationship to a classifier, we
      achieved a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 95%.

PMID- 26958309
TI  - COBE: A Conjunctive Ontology Browser and Explorer for Visualizing SNOMED CT
      Fragments.
AB  - Ontology search interfaces can benefit from the latest information retrieval
      advances. This paper introduces a Conjunctive Ontology Browser and Explorer
      (COBE) for searching and exploring SNOMED CT concepts and visualizing SNOMED CT
      fragments. COBE combines navigational exploration (NE) with direct lookup (DL) as
      two complementary modes for finding specific SNOMED CT concepts. The NE mode
      allows a user to interactively and incrementally narrow down (hence conjunctive)
      the search space by adding word stems, one at a time. Such word stems serve as
      attribute constraints, or "attributes" in Formal Concept Analysis, which allows
      the user to navigate to specific SNOMED CT concept clusters. The DL mode
      represents the common search mechanism by using a collection of key words, as
      well as concept identifiers. With respect to the DL mode, evaluation against
      manually created reference standard showed that COBE attains an example-based
      precision of 0.958, recall of 0.917, and F1 measure of 0.875. With respect to the
      NE mode, COBE leverages 28,371 concepts in non-lattice fragments to construct the
      stem cloud. With merely 9.37% of the total SNOMED CT stem cloud, our navigational
      exploration mode covers 98.97% of the entire concept collection.

PMID- 26958310
TI  - Improving guideline concordance in multidisciplinary teams: preliminary results
      of a cluster-randomized trial evaluating the effect of a web-based audit and
      feedback intervention with outreach visits.
AB  - Despite their widespread use, audit and feedback (A&F) interventions show
      variable effectiveness on improving professional performance. Based on known
      facilitators of successful A&F interventions, we developed a web-based A&F
      intervention with indicator-based performance feedback, benchmark information,
      action planning and outreach visits. The goal of the intervention was to engage
      with multidisciplinary teams to overcome barriers to guideline concordance and to
      improve overall team performance in the field of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). To
      assess its effectiveness we conducted a cluster-randomized trial in 18 CR clinics
      (14,847 patients) already working with computerized decision support (CDS). Our
      preliminary results showed no increase in concordance with guideline
      recommendations regarding prescription of CR therapies. Future analyses will
      investigate whether our intervention did improve team performance on other
      quality indicators.

PMID- 26958311
TI  - Biological Model Development as an Opportunity to Provide Content Auditing for
      the Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology.
AB  - Constructing a biological model using an established ontology provides a unique
      opportunity to perform content auditing on the ontology. We built a Markov chain
      model to study tumor metastasis in the regional lymphatics of patients with head
      and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The model attempts to determine regions
      with high likelihood for metastasis, which guides surgeons and radiation
      oncologists in selecting the boundaries of treatment. To achieve consistent
      anatomical relationships, the nodes in our model are populated using lymphatic
      objects extracted from the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) ontology. During
      this process, we discovered several classes of inconsistencies in the lymphatic
      representations within the FMA. We were able to use this model building
      opportunity to audit the entities and connections in this region of interest
      (ROI). We found five subclasses of errors that are computationally detectable and
      resolvable, one subclass of errors that is computationally detectable but
      unresolvable, requiring the assistance of a content expert, and also errors of
      content, which cannot be detected through computational means. Mathematical
      descriptions of detectable errors along with expert review were used to discover
      inconsistencies and suggest concepts for addition and removal. Out of 106 organ
      and organ parts in the ROI, 8 unique entities were affected, leading to the
      suggestion of 30 concepts for addition and 4 for removal. Out of 27 lymphatic
      chain instances, 23 were found to have errors, with a total of 32 concepts
      suggested for addition and 15 concepts for removal. These content corrections are
      necessary for the accurate functioning of the FMA and provide benefits for future
      research and educational uses.

PMID- 26958312
TI  - Automated Extraction of Substance Use Information from Clinical Texts.
AB  - Within clinical discourse, social history (SH) includes important information
      about substance use (alcohol, drug, and nicotine use) as key risk factors for
      disease, disability, and mortality. In this study, we developed and evaluated a
      natural language processing (NLP) system for automated detection of substance use
      statements and extraction of substance use attributes (e.g., temporal and status)
      based on Stanford Typed Dependencies. The developed NLP system leveraged
      linguistic resources and domain knowledge from a multi-site social history study,
      Propbank and the MiPACQ corpus. The system attained F-scores of 89.8, 84.6 and
      89.4 respectively for alcohol, drug, and nicotine use statement detection, as
      well as average F-scores of 82.1, 90.3, 80.8, 88.7, 96.6, and 74.5 respectively
      for extraction of attributes. Our results suggest that NLP systems can achieve
      good performance when augmented with linguistic resources and domain knowledge
      when applied to a wide breadth of substance use free text clinical notes.

PMID- 26958313
TI  - Evaluating Joint Morbidity after Chondral Harvest for Autologous Chondrocyte
      Implantation (ACI): A Study of ACI-Treated Ankles and Hips with a Knee Chondral
      Harvest.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish if harvesting cartilage to source chondrocytes for
      autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) results in donor site morbidity.
      DESIGN: Twenty-three patients underwent ACI for chondral defects of either the
      ankle or the hip. This involved cartilage harvest from the knee (stage I),
      chondrocyte expansion in the laboratory and implantation surgery (stage II) into
      the affected joint. Prior to chondral harvest, no patient had sought treatment
      for their knee. Lysholm knee scores were completed prior to chondral harvest and
      annually post-ACI. Histological analyses of the donor site were performed at 12.3
      +/- 1.5 months for 3 additional patients who had previously had ACI of the knee.
      RESULTS: The median preoperative Lysholm score was 100, with no significant
      differences observed at either 13.7+/-1.7 months or 4.8+/-1.8 years postharvest
      (median Lysholm scores 91.7 and 87.5, respectively). Patients whose cartilage was
      harvested from the central or medial trochlea had a significantly higher median
      Lysholm score at latest follow-up (97.9 and 93.4, respectively), compared with
      those taken from the intercondylar notch (median Lysholm score 66.7). The mean
      International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) II histological score for the
      biopsies taken from the donor site of 3 additional knee ACI patients was 117 +/-
      10 (maximum score 140). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the chondral
      harvest site in ACI is not associated with significant joint morbidity, at least
      up to 5 years postharvest. However, one should carefully consider the location
      for chondral harvest as this has been shown to affect knee function in the longer
      term.

PMID- 26958315
TI  - Comparative Study of Collagen versus Synthetic-Based Meniscal Scaffolds in
      Treating Meniscal Deficiency in Young Active Population.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 2 different
      meniscal scaffolds in treating patients with irreparable partial medial meniscal
      tear and patients complaining of pain in the medial compartment of the knee due
      to a previous partial medial meniscectomy. Based on previous studies, we
      hypothesized that both the scaffolds are effective in improving clinical outcomes
      in these patient populations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients
      underwent collagen-based medial meniscus implantation (CMI-Menaflex) and 25 with
      a second-generation scaffold (Actifit). All patients were assessed with Lysholm,
      Tegner scale, and MRI evaluation-preoperatively, at 6 months, at 12 moths, and
      followed-up for a minimum of 2 years. Second look arthroscopy and concomitant
      biopsy were performed in 7 and 12 patients of CMI and Actifit groups,
      respectively. RESULTS: The CMI group at final follow-up showed improvement in
      Lysholm score from 58.4 +/- 17.3 to 94.5 +/- 6.0, while the Actifit group showed
      improvement from 67.0 +/- 15.7 to 90.3 +/- 13.1; the improvement was
      statistically significant in both the groups but intergroup difference was not
      statistically significant (P = 0.1061). Tegner Activity Scale score improved in
      both the groups, but intergroup difference was not statistically significant (P =
      0.5918). MRI evaluation showed in situ scaffold and no progression of
      degenerative arthritis in both the groups at final follow-up. Histological
      evaluation showed more fibrous tissue with blood vessels in the CMI group and the
      Actift group showed avascular cartilaginous features. CONCLUSION: Both the
      scaffolds are effective in improving patients' symptoms and joint function at
      short-term follow-up.

PMID- 26958314
TI  - Osteochondral Biopsy Analysis Demonstrates That BST-CarGel Treatment Improves
      Structural and Cellular Characteristics of Cartilage Repair Tissue Compared With
      Microfracture.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and safety of BST-CarGel, a chitosan-based medical device
      for cartilage repair, was compared with microfracture alone at 1 year during a
      multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the knee. The quality of repair
      tissue of osteochondral biopsies collected from a subset of patients was compared
      using blinded histological assessments. METHODS: The international RCT evaluated
      repair tissue quantity and quality by 3-dimensional quantitative magnetic
      resonance imaging as co-primary endpoints at 12 months. At an average of 13
      months posttreatment, 21/41 BST-CarGel and 17/39 microfracture patients underwent
      elective second look arthroscopies as a tertiary endpoint, during which ICRS
      (International Cartilage Repair Society) macroscopic scoring was carried out, and
      osteochondral biopsies were collected. Stained histological sections were
      evaluated by blinded readers using ICRS I and II histological scoring systems.
      Collagen organization was evaluated using a polarized light microscopy score.
      RESULTS: BST-CarGel treatment resulted in significantly better ICRS macroscopic
      scores (P = 0.0002) compared with microfracture alone, indicating better filling,
      integration, and tissue appearance. Histologically, BST-CarGel resulted in a
      significant improvement of structural parameters-Surface Architecture (P = 0.007)
      and Surface/Superficial Assessment (P = 0.042)-as well as cellular parameters
      Cell Viability (P = 0.006) and Cell Distribution (P = 0.032). No histological
      parameters were significantly better for the microfracture group. BST-CarGel
      treatment also resulted in a more organized repair tissue with collagen
      stratification more similar to native hyaline cartilage, as measured by polarized
      light microscopy scoring (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION: Multiple and independent
      analyses in this biopsy substudy demonstrated that BST-CarGel treatment results
      in improved structural and cellular characteristics of repair tissue at 1 year
      posttreatment compared with microfracture alone, supporting previously reported
      results by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 26958317
TI  - Collagen Type IV and Laminin Expressions during Cartilage Repair and in Late
      Clinically Failed Repair Tissues from Human Subjects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the collagen type IV (Col4) isoform in articular cartilage
      and to evaluate the expressions of Col4 and laminin in the pericellular matrix
      (PCM) in damaged cartilage and during cartilage repair. DESIGN: The Col4 isoform
      was determined in chondrocytes isolated from 6 patients cultured up to 6 days and
      in 21% O2 or 1% O2, and the gene expression of Col4 alpha-chains was
      investigated. The distribution of Col4 and laminin in traumatically damaged
      cartilage (n = 7) and clinically failed cartilage repair (microfracture, TruFit,
      autologous chondrocyte implantation; n = 11) were investigated using
      immunohistochemistry. Normal human cartilage was used as control (n = 8). The
      distribution during clinical cartilage repair procedures was investigated in a
      minipig model with 6-month follow-up (untreated chondral, untreated
      osteochondral, microfracture, autologous chondrocyte implantation; n = 10).
      RESULTS: The Col4 isoform in articular cartilage was characterized as
      alpha1alpha1alpha2, which is an isoform containing antiangiogenic domains in the
      NC1-terminals (arresten and canstatin). In normal cartilage, laminin and Col4 was
      exclusively found in the PCM. High amounts (>50%) of Col4 in the PCM
      significantly decreased in damaged cartilage (P = 0.004) and clinically failed
      repair tissue (P < 0.001). Laminin was only found with high expression (>50%) in
      4/8 of the normal samples, which was not statistically significantly different
      from damaged cartilage (P = 0.15) or failed cartilage repair (P = 0.054).
      CONCLUSIONS: Col4 in cartilage contain antiangiogenic domains and may play a role
      in the hypoxic environment in articular cartilage. Col4 and laminin was not found
      in the PCM of damaged and clinically failed repair.

PMID- 26958318
TI  - Electromechanical Assessment of Human Knee Articular Cartilage with Compression
      Induced Streaming Potentials.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the electromechanical properties of human knee articular
      cartilage with compression-induced streaming potentials for reliability among
      users and correlation with macroscopic and histological evaluation tools and
      sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content. METHODS: Streaming potentials are
      induced in cartilage in response to loading when mobile positive ions in the
      interstitial fluid temporarily move away from negatively charged proteoglycans.
      Streaming potential integrals (SPIs) were measured with an indentation probe on
      femoral condyles of 10 human knee specimens according to a standardized location
      scheme. Interobserver reliability was measured using an interclass correlation
      coefficient (ICC). The learning curves of 3 observers were evaluated by
      regression analysis. At each SPI measurement location the degradation level of
      the tissue was determined by means of the International Cartilage Repair Society
      (ICRS) score, Mankin score, and sGAG content. RESULTS: The computed ICC was 0.77
      (0.70-0.83) indicating good to excellent linear agreement of SPI values among the
      3 users. A significant positive linear correlation of the learning index values
      was observed for 2 of the 3 users. Statistically significant negative
      correlations between SPI and both ICRS and Mankin scores were observed (r =
      0.502, P < 0.001, and r = 0.255, P = 0.02, respectively). No correlation was
      observed between SPI and sGAG content (r = 0.004, P = 0.973). CONCLUSIONS: SPI
      values may be used as a quantitative means of cartilage evaluation with
      sufficient reliability among users. Due to the significant learning curve,
      adequate training should be absolved before routine use of the technique.

PMID- 26958316
TI  - High-Resolution Methods for Diagnosing Cartilage Damage In Vivo.
AB  - Advances in current clinical modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging and
      computed tomography, allow for earlier diagnoses of cartilage damage that could
      mitigate progression to osteoarthritis. However, current imaging modalities do
      not detect submicrometer damage. Developments in in vivo or arthroscopic
      techniques, including optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography,
      bioelectricity including streaming potential measurement, noninvasive
      electroarthrography, and multiphoton microscopy can detect damage at an earlier
      time point, but they are limited by a lack of penetration and the ability to
      assess an entire joint. This article reviews current advancements in clinical and
      developing modalities that can aid in the early diagnosis of cartilage injury and
      facilitate studies of interventional therapeutics. 

PMID- 26958319
TI  - Glucosamine Hydrochloride but Not Chondroitin Sulfate Prevents Cartilage
      Degradation and Inflammation Induced by Interleukin-1alpha in Bovine Cartilage
      Explants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are
      commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was
      to assess their effects, alone and in combination, on preventing aggrecan
      degradation and inflammation in an in vitro model of OA. DESIGN: To test the
      effects of GH and/or CS as a preventative treatment, cartilage explants were
      pretreated with the compound(s) using concentrations that showed no detrimental
      effect on chondrocyte viability. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) was added to
      induce cartilage degradation, supernatant and explants were analyzed for
      proteoglycan degradation products, aggrecanase mRNA expression and activity, and
      for the release of inflammatory markers. RESULTS: Following treatment with IL
      1alpha, 2 mg/mL dose of GH pretreatment was associated with a reduction of
      glycosaminoglycan release, reduced generation of the pathological interglobular
      domain aggrecan catabolites, decreased mRNA levels of ADAMTS-4 and -5 and reduced
      activity of ADAMTS-4. In contrast, CS alone did not have a significant effect on
      IL-1alpha-induced cartilage degradation and the addition of 0.4 mg/mL CS to 2
      mg/mL GH did not further inhibit IL-1alpha-induced activity. Pretreatment with 2
      mg/mL GH also reduced the release of inflammatory markers, prostaglandin E2 and
      nitric oxide induced by IL-1alpha while CS did not have a significant effect.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that GH prevents cartilage degradation mediated
      by aggrecanases ADAMTS-4 and -5, and may also reduce inflammation. This could be
      part of the mechanisms by which GH is effective in maintaining joint integrity
      and function, and preventing or delaying early symptoms of OA.

PMID- 26958320
TI  - Efficient, Low-Cost Nucleofection of Passaged Chondrocytes.
AB  - Nucleofection of chondrocytes has been shown to be an adequate method of
      transfection. Using Amaxa's nucleofection system, transfection efficiencies up to
      89% were achievable for vector (pmaxGFP) and 98% for siRNA (siGLO) into passaged
      chondrocytes. However, such methods rely on costly commercial kits with
      proprietary reagents limiting its use in basic science labs and in clinical
      translation. Bovine-passaged chondrocytes were plated in serum reduced media
      conditionsand then nucleofected using various in laboratory-produced buffers.
      Cell attachment, confluency, viability, and transfection efficiency was assessed
      following nucleofection. For each parameter the buffers were scored and a final
      rank for each buffer was determined. Buffer denoted as 1M resulted in no
      significant difference for cell attachment, confluency, and viability as compared
      to non-nucleofected controls. Nucleofection in 1M buffer, in the absence of DNA
      vectors, resulted in increased col2, ki67, ccnd1 mRNA levels, and decreased col1
      mRNA levels at 4 days of culture. Flow cytometry revealed that the transfection
      efficiency of 1M buffer was comparable to that obtained using the Amaxa
      commercial kit. siRNA designed against lamin A/C resulted in an average reduction
      of lamin A and C proteins to 19% and 8% of control levels, respectively. This
      study identifies a cost-effective, efficient method of nonviral nucleofection of
      bovine-passaged chondrocytes using known buffer formulations. Human-passaged
      chondrocytes could also be successfully nucleofected in 1M buffer. Thus this
      method should facilitate cost-efficient gene targeting of cells used for
      articular cartilage repair in a research setting. 

PMID- 26958321
TI  - Effects of Dexamethasone Concentration and Timing of Exposure on Chondrogenesis
      of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Dexamethasone is known to support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)
      chondrogenesis, although the effects of dose and timing of exposure are not well
      understood. The objective of this study was to investigate these variables using
      a laboratory model of MSC chondrogenesis. DESIGN: Equine MSCs were encapsulated
      in agarose and cultured in chondrogenic medium with 1 or 100 nM dexamethasone, or
      without dexamethasone, for 15 days. Samples were analyzed for extracellular
      matrix (ECM) accumulation, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase secretion,
      and gene expression of selected collagens and catabolic enzymes. Timing of
      exposure was evaluated by ECM accumulation after dexamethasone was withdrawn over
      the first 6 days, or withheld for up to 3 or 6 days of culture. RESULTS: ECM
      accumulation was not significantly different between 1 and 100 nM dexamethasone,
      but was suppressed ~40% in dexamethasone-free cultures. Prostaglandin E2
      secretion, and expression of catabolic enzymes, including matrix
      metalloproteinase 13, and type X collagen was generally lowest in 100 nM
      dexamethasone and not significantly different between 1 nM and dexamethasone-free
      cultures. Dexamethasone could be withheld for at least 2 days without affecting
      ECM accumulation, while withdrawal studies suggested that dexamethasone supports
      ECM accumulation beyond day 6. CONCLUSION: One nanomolar dexamethasone supported
      robust cartilage-like ECM accumulation despite not having an effect on markers of
      inflammation, although higher concentrations of dexamethasone may be necessary to
      suppress undesirable hypertrophic differentiation. While early exposure to
      dexamethasone was not critical, sustained exposure of at least a week appears to
      be necessary to maximize ECM accumulation.

PMID- 26958322
TI  - Platelet-Rich Plasma May Improve Osteochondral Donor Site Healing in a Rabbit
      Model.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect(s) of platelet-rich
      plasma (PRP) on osteochondral donor site healing in a rabbit model. METHODS:
      Osteochondral donor sites 3 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth were created
      bilaterally on the femoral condyles of 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Knees were
      randomized such that one knee in each rabbit received an intra-articular
      injection of PRP and the other received saline (placebo). Rabbits were euthanized
      at 3, 6, and 12 weeks following surgery. Repair tissue was evaluated using the
      International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic and histological
      scores. RESULTS: No complications occurred as a result of the interventions.
      There was no significant difference in macroscopic scores between the 2 groups
      (5.5 +/- 3.8 vs. 3.8 +/- 3.5; P = 0.13). Subjective macroscopic assessment
      determined greater tissue infill with fewer fissures and a more cartilage-like
      appearance in PRP-treated knees. Overall ICRS histological scores were better in
      the PRP group compared with the placebo (9.8 +/- 2.0 vs. 7.8 +/- 1.8; P = 0.04).
      Histological scores were also higher in the PRP group compared with the placebo
      group at each time point. Greater glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen content
      were noted in the repair tissue of the PRP group compared with the placebo group.
      CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that PRP used as an intra
      articular injection may improve osteochondral healing in a rabbit model.

PMID- 26958323
TI  - Letter to the Editor for "Management of Osteoarthritis with Avocado/Soybean
      Unsaponifiables".

PMID- 26958324
TI  - Erratum: Response to the Letter to the Editor for "Management of Osteoarthritis
      with Avocado/Soybean Unsaponifiables".

PMID- 26958325
TI  - An overview of treatment options for urinary stones.
AB  - Urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease
      increasing over the past few decades. While various treatment modalities have
      evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications
      and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. In the present review, we
      aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to
      provide a better understanding on the therapeutic approaches as well as their
      clinical indications. 

PMID- 26958326
TI  - The course and outcome of renal failure due to human leptospirosis referred to a
      hospital in North of Iran; A follow-up study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal complication of leptospirosis is common and its clinical
      manifestations vary from urinary sediment changes to acute renal failure. The aim
      of this study was to determine the final outcome of renal involvement in
      leptospirosis. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective study included all
      serologically confirmed cases of leptospirosis with evidence of renal failure.
      All patients were followed for three months while all patients with renal failure
      were followed-up for one year. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients, 53.5+/-14.8 years
      (82.4% males) with acute renal failure were studied. Over the hospitalization
      period, 28 patients recovered, and seven (13.72%) patients died of multiple organ
      failure. At the time of discharge, 16 patients had mild renal failure. Over the
      follow-up period, all patients recovered but in two patients renal failure
      persisted at creatinine level of 1.5 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: Development of renal
      failure in leptospirosis is not rare. Recovery of renal function may last several
      months. However, most patients recover completely at least after one year.

PMID- 26958327
TI  - Salivary oxidant/ antioxidant status and hematological parameters in patients
      with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common inflammatory
      ulcerative condition of oral cavity. The aim of this study was to compare the
      levels of the salivary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
      and blood parameter in RAS versus healthy controls. METHODS: This case-control
      study consisted of 28 patients with RAS and 28 age and sex -matched control
      without RAS. Cell blood count was assessed by sysmex system, serum iron and total
      iron binding capacity was measured by standard laboratory kit and for ferritin
      ELISA kit was utilized. Salivary TAC and MDA level determined using FRAP and
      TBARS method respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version
      21, chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and student's t-test and
      Mann Whitney U-test were used for the comparison of quantitative variables.
      RESULTS: Salivary MDA level was significantly higher (p<0.001) and TAC level was
      significantly lower (p<0.042) in RAS as compared with the control group. Also,
      serum ferritin level was significantly higher in RAS patients (p<0.008).
      CONCLUSION: These findings indicate the alteration of oxidant/antioxidant status
      was observed in recurrent aphthous stomatitis, may be also associated with
      changing several hematinic parameters in this study. The finding maybe helpful to
      clarify the etiologies of RAS and possibely to improve the management or
      preventive options.

PMID- 26958328
TI  - Comparison of pyridostigmine and bisacodyl in the treatment of refractory chronic
      constipation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic constipation is creating one of the major
      problems for doctors and patients. Pyridostigmine increases the gastrointestinal
      motility through the effects on cholinesterase. It seems that this mechanism can
      reduce chronic constipation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of
      pyridostigmine and bisacodyl on chronic constipation. METHODS: This study was
      conducted on 68 patients who suffered from chronic constipation. Patients were
      randomly divided into two groups of Pyridostigmine and bisacodyl in which each
      consisted of 34 patients, respectively. Bristol stool form score, straining
      defecation, the time of defecation, the number of defecation per week, sense of
      incomplete evacuation and self-digitation were collected by means of
      questionnaires and the data were compared. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients with the
      mean age of 68.12+/-84.49 were studied. The mean difference in the frequency of
      defecation per week, VAS score, the time to defecation and the Bristol Stool form
      Scale in pre and post-treatment were 4.33+/-1.88, 5.96+/-2.29, 12.30+/-7.95 min
      and 2.10+/-0.95 in pyridostigmine group and 2.96+/-1.81, 4.06+/-2.22, 6.67+/-5.23
      min and 1.41+/-0.84 in bisacodyl group, respectively. The significant difference
      was observed in both pyridostigmine and bisacodyl groups (P=0.005, P=0.002,
      P=0.002 and P=0.005, respectively). 60% and 32.3 of patients in pyridostigmine
      and bisacodyl groups recovered from self-digitations, respectively. In
      pyridostigmine and bisacodyl groups, 66.7% and 32.3 of them had improvement in
      the sense of incomplete defecation, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pyridostigmine and
      bisacodyl significantly improved the symptoms of chronic constipation similarly.

PMID- 26958329
TI  - Time Trend Analysis of Cancer? Incidence in Caspian Sea, 2004 - 2009: A
      Population-based Cancer Registries Study (northern Iran).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer is a major public health problem in the world. In Iran
      especially after a transition to a dynamic and urban community, the pattern of
      cancer has changed significantly. An important change occurred regarding the
      incidence of cancer at the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including Gilan,
      Mazandaran and Golestan province. This study was designed it investigate the
      epidemiology and changes in trend of cancer incidence in the geographic region of
      the Caspian Sea (North of Iran). METHODS: Data were collected from Cancer
      Registry Center report of Iran health deputy. Trends of incidence were analyzed
      by joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS: During the study period year (2004
      2009), 33,807 cases of cancer had been recorded in three provinces of Gilan,
      Mazandran and Golstan. Joinpoint analysis indicated a significant increase in age
      standardized incidence rates (ASR) with an average annual percentage change
      (AAPC) 10.3, 8.5 and 5.2 in Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, respectively. The
      most common cancer in these provinces were correspondingly cancer of stomach,
      breast, skin, colorectal and bladder, respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of
      cancer tends to be increasing in North of Iran. These findings warrant the
      epidemiologic studies are helpful in planning preventive programs and recognition
      of risk factors.

PMID- 26958330
TI  - The status of antioxidants, malondialdehyde and some trace elements in serum of
      patients with breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are studies that indicated dyshomeostasis of
      oxidant/antioxidant and trace elements in breast cancer patients, but the data
      regarding the status of these parameters in various stages of breast cancer are
      limited. The aim of this study was to highlight the status of these biochemical
      factors in various stages of breast cancer. METHODS: Fifty-eight breast cancers
      patients participated in this study and underwent staging work up for the
      assessment of disease stage. Serum total antioxidant capacity and lipid
      peroxidation were determined spectrophotometically. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX),
      catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed by ELISA
      method. The serum level of Cu, Mn and Zn was measured by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometer. Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were
      used to compare group means. RESULTS: All the patients included in the study
      classified as mild (stages I+II) and advanced stages (stages III+IV). Patients in
      advanced stage had lower serum antioxidant capacity and higher lipid peroxidation
      levels, but the differences were not statistically differet (P=0.690 and 0.666,
      respectively). Patients in advanced stage had higher, but not statistically
      different serum levels of CAT, GPX and SOD levels (p>0.05). Patients in both
      groups had to some extent similar serum Cu, Mn and Zn levels. CONCLUSION: There
      was no evidence of remarkable discrepancy in the status of analyzed factors in
      various stages of breast cancer. It seems that the severity of oxidative stress
      in different stages of breast cancer is similar to some extent.

PMID- 26958331
TI  - Serum C-reactive protein in asthma and its ability in predicting asthma control,
      a case-control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in asthma
      and its association with disease severity has been investigated in many studies.
      This study aimed to determine serum hs-CRP status in asthma versus healthy
      controls and to examine its ability in predicting asthma control. METHODS: Serum
      CRP was measured by ELISA method using a high sensitive CRP kit. Severity of
      asthma was determined using Asthma Control Test. Spearman and chi square tests
      were used for association and correlation respectively. The predictive ability
      was determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Accuracy was
      determined by determination of area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS: A total
      of 120 patients and 115 controls were studied. Median serum hs-CRP in asthma was
      higher than control (P=0.001. In well controlled asthma the hs-CRP decreased
      significantly compared with poorly controlled (P=0.024) but still was higher than
      control (P=0.017). Serum hs-CRP at cutoff level of 1.45 mg/L differentiated the
      patients and controls with accuracy of 63.5 % (AUC= 0.635+/-0.037, P=0.001).
      Serum hs-CRP <= 2.15 mg/L predicted well controlled asthma with accuracy of 62.5%
      (AUC= 0.625+/-0.056, p=0.025). After adjusting for age, sex, weight and smoking,
      there was an independent association between serum hs-CRP >1.45 mg/L and asthma
      by adjusted OR=2.49, p=0.018). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that serum hs
      CRP in asthma is higher than healthy control and increases with severity of
      asthma and decreases with. Thus, serum hs-CRP measurement can be helpful in
      predicting asthma control and treatment response.

PMID- 26958332
TI  - Peripheral blood lymphocytes are able to maintain their viability and basic
      function in normal urine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Similar to inflammatory cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBMCs) can also infiltrate in to kidney and urinary tracts and subsequently
      excreted by urine. In this study we determined the viability rate and response to
      phytohemagglutinin-A (PHA) of human PBMCs in normal urine. METHODS: A number of
      1*10(6) ficoll-hypaque isolated PBMCs were dispensed in 1 ml normal urine and 6
      molar urea and RPMI-1640+FBS10 % were considered as negative and positive
      control, respectively. After 20, 60 and 120 minutes the viability of these cells
      was measured by trypan blue dye exclusion assay. 1*10(5) of PBMCs were isolated
      from urine and cultured as triplicate in RPMI-1640'supplemented with FBS 10% and
      PHA for 96hr. MTT assay was performed to determine the PBMCs response to PHA.
      These experiments were repeated three times independently. RESULTS: There was no
      significant difference between the viability rates of the PBMCs incubated in
      urine and positive control after 20, 60 and 120 minutes. Overall, there was a
      significant difference in trends of viability rate across the three groups
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that not only PBMCs remained remarkably
      alive in urine after 120 minutes, but can also respond to PHA up to 60 minutes
      after incubation in urine. These data open a new avenue in the designation for
      cell culture-based techniques in urine cell analysis.

PMID- 26958333
TI  - A study of the incidence of BCG vaccine complications in infants of Babol,
      Mazandaran (2011-2013).
AB  - BACKGROUND: BCG vaccination which is administered to prevent tuberculosis is
      sometimes associated with serious complications. This study aimed to determine
      the incidence of complications of BCG vaccination in Babol. METHODS: All infants
      who received BCG vaccination between 2011-2013 in health centers of Babol entered
      the study. Data regarding complications of vaccine were extracted according to
      the National Inventory of babies. All complicated cases were confirmed by the
      Academic Committee to review the adverse consequences of the vaccine. RESULTS:
      Among the 15984 vaccinated neonates, 150 (0.93%) cases presented lymphadenitis.
      46.5% were females and 53.5% were males; 43% were rural residents and 57% were
      urban residents. No cases of lymphadenitis including 1% of lymphadenitis with
      abscess formation were recovered without treatment. Disseminated infection
      occurred in 3 cases of immune deficient patients who responded to the treatment.
      Most complications occurred during 4 months after vaccination. CONCLUSION:
      According to the results of this study, the prevalence of lymphadenitis in Babol
      was higher than the standard of WHO. This may be attributed to type and vaccine
      storage and injection technique. These findings justify further training of
      health-center workers.

PMID- 26958334
TI  - Difficulties in the diagnosis and management of alveolar hydatid disease: A case
      series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a chronic, rare and sometimes lethal
      parasitic infection in humans, caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm
      Echinococcus multilocularis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical aspects
      and treatment outcomes of patients with alveolar hydatid disease. METHODS: The
      medical records of patients with alveolar echinococcosis admitted between 1997
      and 2012 were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by physical examination,
      ultrasonography and CT scanning and MRI. Various treatment techniques were used
      such as complete liver resection in seven (38.89%) patients, biliary bypass in
      two (11.11%) patients, laparotomy and tumor biopsy in eight (44.44%) patients and
      long term medical treatment in one (5.56%) patient. After discharge, all patients
      were followed to determine the effect of treatment, complications, recurrences
      and survival. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients with mean age of 46.11+/-15.14
      years (range 23-74 years) were studied. The disease was more prevalent in women
      than men (78.9% vs 4, 21.1%, P=0.021). Fourteen (77.78%) patients live in
      Chenaran, a town located in Khorasan, Iran). Death occurred in (22.22%) patients
      after an average period of 45.70+/-7.50 months after disease onset. 14 remaining
      patients survived after a mean follow-up duration of 54.60+/-29.17 months.
      CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis should be considered in endemic
      area. Early diagnosis and treatment is associated with excellent outcome.

PMID- 26958335
TI  - Literature review in the treatment of calciphylaxis: A case with uncontrolled and
      severe secondary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Calciphylaxis is a serious disorder often observed in dialysis
      patients and less frequently in chronic renal failure patients with secondary
      hyperparathyroidism. Mortality rate increases following the development of
      calciphylaxis, immediate application of parathyroidectomy along with other
      treatment options may be lifesaving. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male
      patient had been on regular hemodialysis three times per week, with 4-hour
      sessions since December 2003. The etiology of his renal failure was unknown and
      the patient had no systemic disease when hemodialysis was started, painful,
      erythematous skin lesions were detected over and around the external malleolus of
      the right foot. In the next two months, erythematous skin lesions gained a
      necrosed character and spread into the malleolar and posterior tibial region and
      back of the ankle in both extremities. The patient showed no clinical signs of
      recovery and despite anti-biotherapy, debridement and protective measures, the
      skin lesions got infected and presented as intolerable, painful wounds. The
      patient was diagnosed with calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) and hospitalized
      for parathyroidectomy. All parathyroid glands were removed after having checked
      quick PTH intraoperatively. A small amount of parathyroid tissue was
      intramuscularly auto-implanted into the right forearm .Skin lesions showed fast
      improvement in further follow-ups. Three months after parathyroidectomy, iPTH
      value was measured as 1197 pg/ml. After 6 months of medical treatment, iPTH was
      found as 970 ng/L and we decided to remove the implanted parathyroid tissue from
      the right forearm. CONCLUSION: In this article, we present a case of
      calciphylaxis accompanied by severe secondary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 26958336
TI  - A case report of peritoneal tuberculosis with multiple miliary peritoneal
      deposits mimicking advanced ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peritoneal tuberculosis accounts 1-2% of all forms of tuberculosis.
      Peritoneal tuberculosis is an important differential diagnosis for ovarian cancer
      in women with ascites, adnexal mass and elevated cancer antigen 125 (CA125)
      levels. We report a case of a 32- year -old woman with multiple miliary
      peritoneal deposits mimicking advanced ovarian carcinoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32
      year-old drug addicted woman presented with menometrorrhagia, fever and
      shivering, ascites and pelvis mass. Ultrasonography revealed a 53*65 mm cyst in
      left ovary and ascites. Multiple miliary peritoneal deposits were observed during
      laparatomy without any mass, histologic examination confirmed tuberculosis of
      uterus, tubes, omentum, liver and external surfaces of small intestine. Finally,
      the patient recovered with anti-tuberculosis treatment. CONCLUSION: These
      findings highlight considering tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of any
      patients with adnexal mass, ascitis and elevated serum CA125 even with negative
      cytology and bacteriology test results.

PMID- 26958337
TI  - The ontogeny of choanocyte chambers during metamorphosis in the demosponge
      Amphimedon queenslandica.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aquiferous body plan of poriferans revolves around internal
      chambers comprised of choanocytes, a cell type structurally similar to
      choanoflagellates. These choanocyte chambers perform a range of physiological and
      developmental functions, including the capture of food and the generation of stem
      cells. Despite the increasing interest for choanocytes as sponge stem cells,
      there is limited knowledge on the development of choanocyte chambers. Using a
      combination of cell lineage tracing, antibody staining and EdU labeling, here we
      examine the development of choanocytes and the chambers they comprise during
      metamorphosis in the marine demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica. RESULTS: Lineage
      tracing experiments show that larval epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal
      pluripotent stem cells, resembling archeocytes, within 24 h of initiating
      metamorphosis. By 36 h, some of these labeled archeocyte-like cells have
      differentiated into choanocytes that will form the first postlarval choanocyte
      chambers. Non-labeled cells also contribute to these primary choanocyte chambers,
      consistent with these chambers being a chimera of multiple transdifferentiated
      larval cell types and not the proliferation of a single choanocyte precursor.
      Moreover, cell proliferation assays demonstrate that, following the initial
      formation of choanocyte chambers, chambers grow at least partially by the
      proliferation of choanocytes within the chamber, although recruitment of
      individual cells into established chambers also appears to occur. EdU labeling of
      postlarvae and juveniles reveals that choanocyte chambers are the primary
      location of cell proliferation during metamorphosis. CONCLUSION: Our results show
      that multiple larval cell lineages typically contribute to formation of
      individual choanocyte chambers at metamorphosis, contrary to previous reports in
      other species that show sponge choanocyte chambers form clonally. Choanocytes in
      postlarval and juvenile A. queenslandica chambers can also divide, with
      choanocyte chambers being the primary location of cell proliferation.
      Interestingly, the level of cell proliferation varies greatly between chambers
      and appears to be contingent on the size, location and developmental state of the
      chamber. Small chambers on the periphery of the body tend to possess more
      dividing cells. As choanocytes can also dedifferentiate into archeocyte-like
      cells, cell proliferation in chambers may not only contribute to chamber growth
      and self-renewal but also increase the number of pluripotent archeocytes.

PMID- 26958339
TI  - Understanding clinical reasoning in osteopathy: a qualitative research approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical reasoning has been described as a process that draws heavily
      on the knowledge, skills and attributes that are particular to each health
      profession. However, the clinical reasoning processes of practitioners of
      different disciplines demonstrate many similarities, including hypothesis
      generation and reflective practice. The aim of this study was to understand
      clinical reasoning in osteopathy from the perspective of osteopathic clinical
      educators and the extent to which it was similar or different from clinical
      reasoning in other health professions. METHODS: This study was informed by
      constructivist grounded theory. Participants were clinical educators in
      osteopathic teaching institutions in Australia, New Zealand and the UK. Focus
      groups and written critical reflections provided a rich data set. Data were
      analysed using constant comparison to develop inductive categories. RESULTS:
      According to participants, clinical reasoning in osteopathy is different from
      clinical reasoning in other health professions. Osteopaths use a two-phase
      approach: an initial biomedical screen for serious pathology, followed by use of
      osteopathic reasoning models that are based on the relationship between structure
      and function in the human body. Clinical reasoning in osteopathy was also
      described as occurring in a number of contexts (e.g. patient, practitioner and
      community) and drawing on a range of metaskills (e.g. hypothesis generation and
      reflexivity) that have been described in other health professions. CONCLUSIONS:
      The use of diagnostic reasoning models that are based on the relationship between
      structure and function in the human body differentiated clinical reasoning in
      osteopathy. These models were not used to name a medical condition but rather to
      guide the selection of treatment approaches. If confirmed by further research
      that clinical reasoning in osteopathy is distinct from clinical reasoning in
      other health professions, then osteopaths may have a unique perspective to bring
      to multidisciplinary decision-making and potentially enhance the quality of
      patient care. Where commonalities exist in the clinical reasoning processes of
      osteopathy and other health professions, shared learning opportunities may be
      available, including the exchange of scaffolded clinical reasoning exercises and
      assessment practices among health disciplines.

PMID- 26958338
TI  - Tolerability of the SQ-standardised grass sublingual immunotherapy tablet in
      patients treated with concomitant allergy immunotherapy: a non-interventional
      observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of allergic patients are poly-sensitized. For causal
      treatment by allergy immunotherapy (AIT) a single or few allergen products
      containing the clinically most relevant allergens are applied, but few data on
      tolerability of multiple application of AIT is available. The aim of our study
      was to investigate safety and tolerability in patients who started treatment by
      sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with the standardised SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet
      and were treated with concomitant AIT products. METHODS: In a non-interventional,
      open-label, observational study in Germany treatment of patients with the SQ((r))
      grass SLIT-tablet and concomitant AIT (SCIT or SLIT) was documented between
      January 2012 and January 2014. Patients were followed at visits at first
      administration of the SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet and after 1-3 months of
      treatment. Tolerability of the treatment with the SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet and
      concomitant AIT were assessed by the physician and administration of AIT and
      adverse events (AEs) were recorded by the patients in diaries. AEs and adverse
      drug reactions (ADRs) were coded by using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory
      Activities. RESULTS: In total, 181 patients were documented by 48 allergists and
      160 patients treated with a concomitant AIT (SCIT 130, SLIT 30). AEs were
      reported in 58 (36.3 %) patients with concomitant AIT, and AEs considered related
      with the SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet in 49 (30.6 %) and with concomitant AIT in 18
      (11.3 %) patients. Treatment was discontinued due to ADRs in 12 (7.5 %) patients
      and severity of ADRs was assessed mild or moderate in 29 (18.1 %), and severe in
      20 (12.5 %) patients. Most common reactions were localised at the application
      site of the SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet as oral pruritus, throat irritation, oedema
      mouth and paraesthesia oral; no serious ADRs were reported. Overall tolerability
      of the SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet if given with concomitant AIT was assessed as
      "good" or "very good" by 91.0 % of patients and 91.6 % of physicians.
      CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to data from previous studies no increase in frequency
      of AEs or change in the tolerability profile was observed when SLIT with the
      SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet was administered with concomitant SCIT or SLIT.

PMID- 26958340
TI  - Some considerations on the current debate about typing resolution in solid organ
      transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The shortage of suitable organs and achieved tolerance are
      uncontested main concerns in transplantation. Long waiting lists for deceased
      donors and limited numbers of living donors are the current scenarios. Kidney
      grafts from living donors have better overall survival compared to cadaveric and
      require less aggressive immunosuppressive regimens. The human leukocyte antigen
      (HLA) labs have the key role to test the recipient and donors compatibility based
      on typing and antibody profile. The current standard molecular procedure in solid
      organ transplantation is low-resolution typing, at the antigen level. MAIN TEXT:
      In this commentary, the merits of high versus low degree of typing resolution in
      solid organ transplantation are discussed. Critical questions and reasons to
      bring high-resolution typing as a routine test in health system are considered.
      Specifically, with the introduction of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) in
      HLA, the pros and cons in living donation and benefits after deceased donation
      are critically evaluated. CONCLUSION: NGS has the potential to improve the
      transplant rates and the overall graft survival. Alternative strategies to
      increase in demanding the number of transplants are briefly highlighted.

PMID- 26958341
TI  - Automatically explaining machine learning prediction results: a demonstration on
      type 2 diabetes risk prediction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Predictive modeling is a key component of solutions to many
      healthcare problems. Among all predictive modeling approaches, machine learning
      methods often achieve the highest prediction accuracy, but suffer from a long
      standing open problem precluding their widespread use in healthcare. Most machine
      learning models give no explanation for their prediction results, whereas
      interpretability is essential for a predictive model to be adopted in typical
      healthcare settings. METHODS: This paper presents the first complete method for
      automatically explaining results for any machine learning predictive model
      without degrading accuracy. We did a computer coding implementation of the
      method. Using the electronic medical record data set from the Practice Fusion
      diabetes classification competition containing patient records from all 50 states
      in the United States, we demonstrated the method on predicting type 2 diabetes
      diagnosis within the next year. RESULTS: For the champion machine learning model
      of the competition, our method explained prediction results for 87.4 % of
      patients who were correctly predicted by the model to have type 2 diabetes
      diagnosis within the next year. CONCLUSIONS: Our demonstration showed the
      feasibility of automatically explaining results for any machine learning
      predictive model without degrading accuracy.

PMID- 26958342
TI  - Occult pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis presenting as 'chronic cough' with a
      normal HRCT chest.
AB  - A diagnosis of 'chronic cough' (CC) requires the exclusion of sinister pulmonary
      pathology, including infection and malignancy. We present a patient with a 3
      month history of CC who had an extensive workup including a normal high
      resolution computed tomography of the chest (HRCT) 6 weeks prior to consultation
      at our center. He subsequently developed constitutional symptoms including weight
      loss and loss of appetite 5 weeks after initial consultation. A repeat HRCT chest
      and a subsequent whole body PET scan found that he had developed extensive
      pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis (PLC) from a colon primary. Treatment of
      the colon cancer resulted in significant decrease in metastatic disease burden
      and cough resolution. PLC is a very rare cause of 'chronic cough' and
      incipient/occult PLC presenting with chronic cough and a normal initial HRCT
      chest has not been previously reported. 

PMID- 26958343
TI  - Comparing the surgical timelines of military and civilians traumatic lower limb
      amputations.
AB  - The care and challenges of injured service have been well documented in the
      literature from a variety of specialities. The aim of this study was to analyse
      the surgical timelines of military and civilian traumatic amputees and compare
      the surgical and resuscitative interventions. A retrospective review of patient
      notes was undertaken. Military patients were identified from the Joint Theatre
      Trauma Registry (JTTR) in 2009. Civilian patients were identified using the
      hospital informatics database. Patient demographics, treatment timelines as well
      as surgical and critical care interventions were reviewed. In total 71 military
      patients sustained traumatic amputations within this time period. This
      represented 11% of the total injury demographic in 2009. Excluding upper limb
      amputees 46 patients sustained lower extremity amputations. These were
      investigated further. In total 21 civilian patients were identified in a 7-year
      period. Analysis revealed there was a statistically significant difference
      between patient age, ITU length of stay, blood products used and number of
      surgical procedures between military and civilian traumatic amputees. This study
      identified that military patients were treated for longer in critical care and
      required more surgical interventions for their amputations. Despite this, their
      time to stump closure and length of stay were not statistically different
      compared to civilian patients. Such observations reflect the importance of an
      Orthoplastic approach, as well as daily surgical theatre co-ordination and weekly
      multi-disciplinary meetings in providing optimal care for these complex patients.
      This study reports the epidemiological observed differences between two lower
      limb trauma groups. 

PMID- 26958344
TI  - Hospitalization for pulmonary embolism associated with antecedent testosterone or
      estrogen therapy in patients found to have familial and acquired thrombophilia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients hospitalized over a 4 year period for pulmonary embolism
      (PE), we assessed relationships of testosterone (TT) and estrogen therapy (ET)
      anteceding PE in patients found to have familial-acquired thrombophilia. METHODS:
      From 2011 through 2014, 347 patients were hospitalized in Cincinnati Mercy
      Hospitals with PE. Retrospective chart review was used to identify patients
      receiving TT or ET before PE; coagulation studies were done prospectively if
      necessary. RESULTS: Preceding hospitalization for PE, 8 of 154 men (5 %) used TT,
      and 24 of 193 women (12 %) used ET. The median number of months from the
      initiation of TT or ET to development of PE was 7 months in men and 18 months in
      women. Of the 6 men having coagulation measures, all had >= 1 thrombophilia, and
      of the 18 women having measures of coagulation, 16 had >= 1 thrombophilia. The
      sensitivity of a previous history of thrombosis to predict PE was low, 25 % (2/8
      men), 4 % (1/24 women). CONCLUSIONS: Of 154 men hospitalized for PE, 8 (5 %) used
      TT, and of 193 women, 24 (12 %) used ET. Our data suggests that PE is an
      important complication of TT in men and ET in women, in part reflecting an
      interaction between familial and acquired thrombophilia and exogenous hormone
      use.

PMID- 26958345
TI  - High-quality genome sequence and description of Paenibacillus dakarensis sp. nov.
AB  - Strain FF9T was isolated in Dakar (Senegal) from a blood-culture taken from a 16
      month-old child. MALDI-TOF analysis did not allow for identification. After
      sequencing, strain FF9T exhibited 98.18% similarity with the 16SrRNA sequence of
      Paenibacillus uliginis. A polyphasic study of phenotypic and genomic analyses
      showed that strain FF9T is Gram variable, catalase-positive, and presents a
      genome of 4,569,428 bp (one chromosome but no plasmid) with 4,427genes (4,352
      protein-coding and 75 RNA genes (including 3 rRNA operons). The G+C content is
      45.7%. On the basis of these genomic and phenotypic data analyses, we propose the
      creation of Paenibacillus dakarensis strain FF9T. 

PMID- 26958346
TI  - Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Paenibacillus ihumii
      sp. nov. strain AT5.
AB  - Paenibacillus ihumii sp. nov. strain AT5 (= CSUR 1981 = DSM 100664) is the type
      strain of P. ihumii. This bacterium was isolated from a stool sample from a
      morbidly obese French patient using the culturomics approach. The genome of this
      Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile and spore-forming bacillus is 5 924
      686 bp long. Genomic analysis identified 253 (5%) of 3812 genes as ORFans and at
      least 2599 (50.03%) of 5194 orthologous proteins not shared with the closest
      phylogenetic species. 

PMID- 26958347
TI  - Citrobacter amalonaticus human urinary tract infections, Marseille, France.
AB  - Citrobacter amalonaticus is a bacterium that has rarely been reported as a human
      pathogen. Here we report four cases of C. amalonaticus infections occurring in
      patients hospitalized in Marseille, France, and review all cases described in the
      published literature. 

PMID- 26958348
TI  - Implementation of routine foot check in patients with diabetes on hemodialysis:
      associations with outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of foot ulcers, which may
      result in limb amputations. While regular foot care prevents ulcerations and
      amputation in those patients with diabetes not on dialysis, evidence is limited
      in diabetic hemodialysis patients. We investigated the association between the
      implementation of a routine foot check program in diabetic incident hemodialysis
      patients, and major lower limb amputations. METHODS: In 1/2008, monthly
      intradialytic foot checks were implemented as part of standard clinic care in all
      Fresenius Medical Care North America hemodialysis facilities. Patients with
      diabetes who initiated hemodialysis between 1/2004 and 12/2007 constituted the
      preimplementation cohort, and patients starting hemodialysis between 1/2008 and
      12/2011 comprised the postimplementation cohort. In addition, we conducted a
      sensitivity analysis where we excluded patients from the clinics with <10
      patients in the postimplementation period and where percent difference in patient
      with diabetes number between postimplementation and preimplementation period was
      <20%. We compared lower limb amputation rates employing Poisson regression models
      with offset of exposure time in these two cohorts. RESULTS: We studied 35 513
      patients in the preimplementation and 25 779 patients in the postimplementation
      cohort. In the postimplementation cohort, amputation rate decreased by 17%
      (p=0.0034). The major lower limb amputation rate was 1.30 per 100 patient years
      in preimplementation and 1.07 in postimplementation cohort. These beneficial
      results were corroborated in the multivariate analysis (p=0.0175) and were even
      more pronounced in the sensitivity analysis (p=0.0083). CONCLUSION: Monthly foot
      checks are associated with reduction of major lower limb amputations in diabetic
      incident hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 26958349
TI  - Performance characteristics between TDx(r)FLx and TBATM-25FR for the therapeutic
      drug monitoring of methotrexate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) is used in the treatment of certain
      malignancies, including leptomeningeal metastases, systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and osteosarcoma. High circulating levels of
      methotrexate can cause severe myelosuppression. The present study aimed to
      examine the differences in plasma MTX concentrations measured by two immunoassay
      systems currently available in the Japanese market, a TDX/FLX analyzer and a TBA
      25FR analyzer. METHODS: A total of 69 plasma samples from 16 patients were
      assayed by a fluorescence polarization immunoassay technique using a TDx/FLx
      analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.) and a homogeneous enzyme
      immunoassay technique using a TBA-25FR analyzer (Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo,
      Japan). RESULTS: Assay results were very consistent between the two systems, with
      good correlation 24 h after the start of treatment (TBA-25FR = 1.06?TDX/FLX, 
      1.31, r = 0.99), 48 h after the start of treatment (TBA-25FR = 1.00?TDX/FLX,
      +0.027, r > 0.99), and 72 h after the start of treatment (TBA-25FR =
      1.09?TDX/FLX, +0.011, r > 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The calibration curve spanned one
      order of magnitude with a linear working range from the lowest to the highest
      standard. The standard deviations show the excellent reproducibility of repeated
      measurements at each standard level for both immunoassay systems. However, when
      using the TBA-25FR, it is necessary to perform measurements in the low
      concentration range with care.

PMID- 26958350
TI  - Characterization of airag collected in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia with emphasis on
      isolated lactic acid bacteria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Airag, alcoholic sour-tasting beverage, has been traditionally
      prepared by Mongolian nomads who naturally ferment fresh mares' milk. Biochemical
      and microbiological compositions of airag samples collected in Ulaanbaatar,
      Mongolia and physiological characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria were
      investigated. METHODS: Protein composition and biochemical composition were
      determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and high performance
      liquid chromatography, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria were identified based
      on nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene. Carbohydrate fermentation, acid
      survival, bile resistance and acid production in skim milk culture were
      determined. RESULTS: Equine whey proteins were present in airag samples more than
      caseins. The airag samples contained 0.10-3.36 % lactose, 1.44-2.33 % ethyl
      alcohol, 1.08-1.62 % lactic acid and 0.12-0.22 % acetic acid. Lactobacillus (L.)
      helveticus were major lactic acid bacteria consisting of 9 isolates among total
      18 isolates of lactic acid bacteria. L. helveticus survived strongly in PBS, pH
      3.0 but did not grow in MRS broth containing 0.1 % oxgall. A couple of L.
      helveticus isolates lowered pH of skim milk culture to less than 4.0 and produced
      acid up to more than 1.0 %. CONCLUSION: Highly variable biochemical compositions
      of the airag samples indicated inconsistent quality due to natural fermentation.
      Airag with low lactose content should be favorable for nutrition, considering
      that mares' milk with high lactose content has strong laxative effect. The
      isolates of L. helveticus which produced acid actively in skim milk culture might
      have a major role in production of airag.

PMID- 26958351
TI  - 'Locked rehabilitation': a need for clarification.
AB  - Recently, the term 'locked rehabilitation' has spread from commissioning to now
      also clinical parlance. This is without any clear service description or category
      of patient which this service manages. Differences between this new term and an
      established definition of low secure services are examined and reasons for the
      introduction of this terminology are discussed. This is contextualised within
      service development, payment by results and measures of quality. It is argued
      that there is a need for ongoing measurements of types of patients admitted to,
      and treatments offered by, this 'new' ward, as well as those within psychiatric
      intensive and low secure care services. 

PMID- 26958352
TI  - Maintaining Adherence Programme: evaluation of an innovative service model.
AB  - Aims and method The Maintaining Adherence Programme (MAP) is a new model of care
      for patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar affective
      disorder which aims to encourage adherence and prevent relapse. This evaluation,
      conducted by retrospective and prospective data collection (including patient
      questionnaires and staff interviews), aimed to describe MAP's impact on
      healthcare resource use, clinical measures and patient and staff satisfaction,
      following its implementation in a university National Health Service (NHS)
      foundation trust in England. We included 143 consenting patients who entered MAP
      before 31 March 2012. Results In-patient bed days and non-MAP NHS costs reduced
      significantly in the 18 months post-MAP entry. At 15-18 months post-MAP,
      Medication Adherence Rating Scale scores had improved significantly from baseline
      and there was a shift towards less severe clinician-rated disease categories.
      Based on patient surveys, 96% would recommend MAP to friends, and staff were also
      overwhelmingly positive about the service. Clinical implications MAP was
      associated with reduced cost of treatment, improvements in clinical outcomes and
      very high patient and staff satisfaction. 

PMID- 26958354
TI  - Reasons for choosing to specialise in psychiatry: differences between core
      psychiatry trainees and consultant psychiatrists.
AB  - Aims and method This questionnaire study aimed to investigate the reasons for
      choosing to specialise in psychiatry in a sample of consultant psychiatrists and
      core trainee psychiatrists from within the West Midlands. Results Five reasons
      were significantly different between the core trainees and consultant
      psychiatrists. 'Emphasis on the patient as a whole' was identified as the most
      important reason for choosing to specialise for both core trainees and
      consultants. Six additional reasons were shared within the top ten 'very
      important' reasons, although their actual ranking varies. Clinical implications
      Some of the reasons for choosing to specialise in psychiatry were shown to
      significantly differ between core trainees and consultants. Numerous key driving
      factors have remained important over time for both groups, whereas other reasons
      have been replaced with a shift of importance towards lifestyle and humanitarian
      factors for core trainees. Consequently, it may be advisable not to use the
      reasons that consultants gave for choosing psychiatry when thinking about how to
      attract today's prospective psychiatrists. 

PMID- 26958353
TI  - Development of a compassion-focused and contextual behavioural environment and
      validation of the Therapeutic Environment Scales (TESS).
AB  - Aims and method The aims of the study were to develop a scale sensitive enough to
      measure the interpersonal processes within a therapeutic environment, and to
      explore whether the new scale was sensitive enough to detect differences between
      settings, including a community based on compassionate mind and contextual
      behaviourism. The Therapeutic Environment Scales (TESS) were validated with 81
      participants in three different settings: a specialist service for anxiety
      disorders, a specialist in-patient ward and a psychodynamic therapeutic
      community. Results TESS was found to be reliable and valid. Significant
      differences were seen between the services on the dimensions of compassion,
      belongingness, feeling safe, positive reinforcement of members' acts of courage,
      extinction and accommodation of unhelpful behaviours, inconsistency and high
      expressed emotion. These processes were over time associated with improved
      outcomes on a specialist service for anxiety disorders. Clinical implications The
      TESS offers a first step in exploring important interpersonal relationships in
      therapeutic environments and communities. An environment based on a compassionate
      mind and contextual behaviourism offers promise for the running of a therapeutic
      community. 

PMID- 26958355
TI  - In-patient rehabilitation: clinical outcomes and cost implications.
AB  - Aims and method A retrospective evaluation was undertaken of the clinical and
      economic effectiveness of three in-patient rehabilitation units across one London
      National Health Service trust. Information on admission days and costs 2 years
      before and 2 years after the rehabilitation placement, length of rehabilitation
      placement and the discharge pathway was collected on 22 service users. Results
      There were statistically significant reductions in hospital admission days in the
      2 years following rehabilitation compared with the 2 years before, further
      reflected in significantly lower bed costs. Longer length of rehabilitation
      placement was correlated with fewer admission days after the placement. A
      substantial proportion of the sample went into more independent living, some with
      no further admissions at follow-up. Clinical implications The findings suggest
      that in-patient rehabilitation is both clinically and cost effective: if benefits
      are sustained they will offset the cost of the rehabilitation placement. 

PMID- 26958356
TI  - BJPsych Bulletin author mentoring scheme - helping trainees become published
      authors.
AB  - The publishing world is changing rapidly. Innovations include the move to open
      access, the rise of social media and the transition to digitalisation. In the
      light of these developments and with ever-increasing pressures on early career
      psychiatrists and trainees to publish papers in journals with a recognised
      pedigree, the BJPsych Bulletin is piloting an author mentoring scheme. Mentors
      will help clinicians and aspiring academics develop articles from a pedestrian
      manuscript to one that will hopefully provoke important debate and aid changes in
      current practices. The scheme will run on a trial basis for approximately 12
      months and will then be reviewed. Mentoring has been found to have an important
      effect of research output including publication and grant success; the hope is
      that this new initiative at the BJPsych Bulletin will result in such dividends to
      all involved. 

PMID- 26958357
TI  - Ending political abuse of psychiatry: where we are at and what needs to be done.
AB  - The number of reports of political activists falling victim to the political
      abuse of psychiatry is increasing. When the USSR first disintegrated, this
      practice virtually ceased to occur. What came in its place, however, was a
      disturbing collection of other forms of abuses, including human rights abuses,
      caused by a lack of resources, outdated treatment methods, a lack of
      understanding of individual human rights and a growing lack of tolerance in
      society. The number of cases of political abuse of psychiatry has increased since
      the 21st century began, particularly over the past few years in Russia, Belarus
      and Kazakhstan. 

PMID- 26958358
TI  - Debating personal health budgets.
AB  - Personal health budgets (PHBs) were piloted in the National Health Service (NHS)
      in England between 2009 and 2012 and were found to have greater positive effects
      on quality of life and psychological well-being for those with mental health
      problems than commissioned service, as well as reducing their use of unplanned
      care. The government intends to extend PHBs in England for long-term conditions,
      including mental health, from April 2015. Given the importance of engaging
      clinicians in the next phase of PHB development, we provide an overview of the
      approach, synthesise the evidence from the national pilot and debate some of the
      opportunities and challenges. Balancing individual choice and recovery with
      concerns for risk, equity and the sustainability of existing community services
      is the central tension underpinning this innovation in mental health service
      delivery. 

PMID- 26958359
TI  - End-of-life care in psychiatry: 'one chance to get it right'.
AB  - End-of-life care has been given increasing importance within healthcare settings.
      In June 2014, the Leadership Alliance for the Care of Dying People published One
      Chance to Get it Right. This nationally accepted guidance replaces previous end
      of-life care pathways such as the Liverpool Care Pathway and outlines how dying
      patients should be managed irrespective of setting. Increasingly, patients with
      mental health problems are entering their final days of life within psychiatric
      in-patient or acute hospital settings, and psychiatrists need to be aware of the
      new guidance and ready to implement it within psychiatric practice. 

PMID- 26958360
TI  - Medical certification of incapacity in guardianship applications: conceptualising
      capacity.
AB  - Aims and method To examine how capacity is recorded in practice and compare this
      with the statutory definition, medical reports accompanying a random 10% sample
      (183 applications; 360 reports) of guardianship applications granted in 2011-2012
      were examined. Results Clinicians did not explicitly use the statutory definition
      of capacity in 47.5% of reports. Over half of applications (56.4%) did not
      explicitly link the powers sought with the patient's vulnerabilities; such a link
      was less common in older adults (P = 0.0175). Clinical implications Guardianship
      orders can justify deprivation of liberty. Therefore it is important that such
      cases involve a thorough assessment of the person and that due process is
      followed, including adherence to the statutory definition of capacity. Practice
      could be improved by altering the paperwork required of medical practitioners, in
      line with mental health legislation. In addition, these findings should inform
      current legislation reform. 

PMID- 26958361
TI  - How psychiatric trainees keep up to date: survey of psychiatric trainees' use of
      journals and other information sources.
AB  - Aims and method To gather information about psychiatric trainees' use of
      different information sources and academic materials, a questionnaire was
      distributed at the London Deanery Annual Psychiatry Trainee Conference and the
      training programmes of two teaching trusts. Results Participants returned 202 out
      of a total of 300 completed questionnaires (67%). Websites were the most commonly
      accessed information source ahead of textbooks, abstracts and journals. Year of
      training correlated positively with journal use and negatively with textbook use.
      Year of training also correlated positively with frequency of reading three
      journals published by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and with specific
      reasons for consulting journals, namely to improve clinical practice and inform
      trainees' own research. Clinical implications Respondents reported consulting
      websites more frequently than more traditional information sources but journals
      are still a widely used source of information for trainee clinicians. It is
      important that trainees continue to be equipped with skills to identify and
      access high-quality information at the point of clinical uncertainty. 

PMID- 26958362
TI  - The exit examination should not function as a selection criterion.

PMID- 26958363
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26958365
TI  - Crystal structure of aqua-(nitrato-kappaO)dioxido{2-[3-(pyridin-2-yl-kappaN)-1H
      1,2,4-triazol-5-yl-kappaN (4)]phenolato-kappaO}uranium(VI) aceto-nitrile
      monosolvate monohydrate.
AB  - In the title compound, [U(C13H9N4O)(NO3)O2(H2O)].CH3CN.H2O, the U(VI) atom is
      seven-coordinated in a distorted penta-gonal-bipyramidal N2O5 manner by one
      tridentate triazole ligand, one monodentate nitrate anion and one water mol-ecule
      in the equatorial plane and by two uran-yl(VI) O atoms in the axial positions. In
      the crystal, the U(VI) complex mol-ecule is linked to the water and aceto-nitrile
      solvent mol-ecules through N-H?N, O-H?O and O-H?N hydrogen bonds, forming a sheet
      structure parallel to the bc plane. The sheets are further linked by an
      additional O-H?O hydrogen bond, forming a three-dimensional network. 

PMID- 26958364
TI  - Association of a multibiomarker disease activity score at multiple time-points
      with radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the SWEFOT
      trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), predictive biomarkers for subsequent
      radiographic progression (RP) could improve therapeutic choices for individual
      patients. We previously showed that the multibiomarker disease activity (MBDA)
      score in patients with newly diagnosed RA identified patients at risk for RP. We
      evaluated the MBDA score at multiple time-points as a predictor of RP during 2
      years of follow-up. METHODS: A subset of patients with RA (N=220) from the
      Swedish Farmacotherapy (SWEFOT) trial were analysed for MBDA score, disease
      activity score of 28 joints (DAS28), C reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR) at baseline (BL), month 3 and year 1, for predicting RP
      based on modified Sharp/van der Heijde scores at BL, year 1 and year 2. RESULTS:
      Patients with persistently low MBDA (<30) scores or those with a decrease from
      moderate (30-44) to low MBDA scores, did not develop RP during 2 years of follow
      up. The highest risk for RP during 2 years of follow-up (42%) was observed among
      patients with persistently high (>44) MBDA scores. Among methotrexate non
      responders with a high MBDA score at BL or month 3, significantly more of those
      who received triple therapy had RP at year 2 compared with those who received
      antitumour necrosis factor therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring the MBDA score both
      before and during treatment in RA was useful for the assessment of individual
      patient risk for RP during 2 years of follow-up. In comparison with low CRP, ESR
      or DAS28, a low MBDA score at any time-point was associated with numerically
      lower proportions of RP. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00764725.

PMID- 26958366
TI  - Crystal structure of fac-tricarbon-yl(quinoline-2-carboxyl-ato-kappa(2) N,O)(tri
      phenyl-arsane-kappaAs)rhenium(I).
AB  - In the title compound, [Re(C10H6NO2)(CO)3{As(C6H5)3}], the coordination
      environment of Re(I) is that of a distorted octa-hedron. Three coordination sites
      are occupied by three carbonyl groups in a facial arrangement and the remaining
      three sites by tri-phenyl-arsane and deprotonated quinaldic acid in As-mono- and
      N,O-bidentate fashions, respectively. In the crystal, the complexes are linked
      through weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. It worth
      noting that, as far as we know, this complex is the first Re(I) tri-phenyl-arsane
      tricarbonyl compound to be reported. 

PMID- 26958367
TI  - Crystal structure of N-hy-droxy-picolinamide monohydrate.
AB  - The crystal structure of the title compound, C6H6N2O2.H2O, consists of N-hy-droxy
      picolinamide and water mol-ecules connected through O-H?O and N-H?N hydrogen
      bonds. The O-H?O inter-actions and pi-pi stacking inter-actions between the
      pyridine rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.427 (1) A] organize the components
      into columns extending along the b axis and the N-H?N hydrogen bonds link these
      columns into a two-dimensional framework parallel to (100). The N-hy-droxy
      picolinamide mol-ecule adopts a strongly flattened conformation and only the O-H
      group H atom deviates significantly from the mol-ecule best plane. The dihedral
      angle between the hydroxamic group and the pyridine ring is 5.6 (2) degrees . The
      conformation about the hydroxamic group C-N bond is Z and that about the C-C bond
      between the pyridine and hydroxamic groups is E. 

PMID- 26958368
TI  - Crystal structure of a Pd4 carbonyl tri-phenyl-phosphane cluster
      [Pd4(CO)5(PPh3)4].2C4H8O, comparing solvates.
AB  - Attempts to synthesize Au-Pd heterometallic compounds from homonuclear palladium
      or gold complexes, [Pd(PtBu2)2] and [Au(PPh3)Cl] in a tetra-hydro-furan (THF)
      solution under a CO atmosphere resulted in a homonuclear Pd cluster, namely penta
      kis-(MU-carbonyl-kappa(2) C:C)tetra-kis-(tri-phenyl-phosphane
      kappaP)tetrapalladium(5 Pd-Pd) tetra-hydro-furan disolvate,
      [Pd4(CO)5(C18H15P)4].2C4H8O. The complex mol-ecule lies on a twofold rotation
      axis. The crystal structure is described in relation to the CH2Cl2 solvate
      previously determined by our group [Willocq et al. (2011 ?). Inorg. Chim. Acta,
      373, 233-242], and in particular to the desolvated structure [Feltham et al.
      (1985 ?). Inorg. Chem. 24, 1503-1510]. It is assumed that the title compound
      transforms into the latter structure, upon gradual loss of solvent mol-ecules. In
      the title compound, the symmetry-unique THF solvent mol-ecule is linked to the
      complex mol-ecule by a weak C-H?O hydrogen bond. Contributions of disordered
      solvent molecules to the diffraction intensities, most likely associated with
      methanol, were removed with the SQUEEZE [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18]
      algorithm. 

PMID- 26958369
TI  - Crystal structure of an organic-inorganic supra-molecular salt based on a 4,4'
      methyl-enebis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium) cation and a beta-octa-molybdate
      anion.
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title compound, bis-[4,4'-methyl-enebis(3,5-dimethyl
      1H-pyrazol-2-ium)] beta-octa-molybdate, (C11H18N4)2[Mo8O26] or
      (H4mbdpz)2[Mo8O26], is composed of an H4mbdpz(2+) cation and half of the beta
      octa-molybdate anion which is completed by inversion symmetry. The organic mol
      ecular units are engaged in a series of N-H?O hydrogen bonds with neighbouring
      anions, with N?O distances and N-H?O angles in the ranges 2.730 (2)-2.941 (2) A
      and 122-166 degrees , respectively. These inter-actions lead to the formation of
      a supra-molecular two-dimensional network parallel to the (010) plane. 

PMID- 26958370
TI  - Crystal structure of 5-tert-but-yl-10,15,20-tri-phenyl-porphyrin.
AB  - In the title free base porphyrin, C42H34N4, the neighbouring N?N distances in the
      center of the ring vary from 2.818 (8) to 2.998 (8) A and the phenyl rings are
      tilted from the 24-atom mean plane at angles varying between 62.42 (2)-71.63 (2)
      degrees . The NH groups are involved in intra-molecular bifurcated N-H?(N,N)
      hydrogen bonds. The Ca-Cm-Ca angles vary slightly for the phenyl rings, between
      124.19 (18)-126.17 (18) degrees . The largest deviation from the mean plane of
      the 24-atom macrocycle is associated with the meso carbon at the substituted tert
      butyl position, which is displaced from the mean plane by 0.44 (2) A. The free
      base porphyrin is characterized by a significant degree of ruffled (B 1u )
      distortion with contributions from domed (A 2u ) and wave [Eg (y) and Eg (x)]
      modes. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by a number of weak C-H?pi inter
      actions, forming a three-dimensional framework. The structure was refined as a
      two-component inversion twin. 

PMID- 26958371
TI  - Crystal structure of 1-benzyl-4-formyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carb-oxamide.
AB  - In the title compound, C13H12N2O2 (I), the mean planes of the pyrrole and benzyl
      rings are approximately perpendicular, forming a dihedral angle of 87.07 (4) 
      degrees . There is an intra-molecular N-H?O hydrogen bond forming an S(7) ring
      motif. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via a pair of N-H?O hydrogen bonds
      forming inversion dimers. C-H?O hydrogen bonds link the dimers into chains along
      direction [10-1]. The chains are further linked by weak C-H?pi inter-actions
      forming layers parallel to the ac plane. 

PMID- 26958372
TI  - Crystal structure of N-(3-oxo-butano-yl)-l-homoserine lactone.
AB  - The structure and absolute configuration of the title compound, C8H11NO4, which
      is a known quorum-sensing modulator, have been determined. The mol-ecule exhibits
      signs of an intra-molecular attractive carbon-yl-carbonyl n->pi* inter-action
      between the amide and lactone ester groups, specifically - a short contact of
      2.709 (2) A between the amide oxygen atom and ester carbon atom, approach of the
      amide oxygen atom to the ester carbonyl group along the Burgi-Dunitz trajectory,
      at 99.1 (1) degrees , and pyramidalization of the ester carbonyl group by 1.1 (1)
      degrees . Moreover, a similar n->pi* inter-action is observed for the amide
      carbonyl group approached by the ketone oxygen donor. These inter-actions
      apparently affect the conformation of the uncomplexed mol-ecule, which adopts a
      different shape when bound to protein receptors. In the crystal, the mol-ecules
      form translational chains along the a axis via N-H?O hydrogen bonds. 

PMID- 26958373
TI  - Supra-molecular hydrogen-bonding patterns in the N(9)-H protonated and N(7)-H
      tautomeric form of an N(6) -benzoyl-adenine salt: N (6)-benzoyl-adeninium
      nitrate.
AB  - In the title molecular salt, C12H10N5O(+).NO3 (-), the adenine unit has an N (9)
      protonated N(7)-H tautomeric form with non-protonated N(1) and N(3) atoms. The
      dihedral angle between the adenine ring system and the phenyl ring is 51.10 (10)
      degrees . The typical intra-molecular N(7)-H?O hydrogen bond with an S(7) graph
      set motif is also present. The benzoyl-adeninium cations also form base pairs
      through N-H?O and C-H?N hydrogen bonds involving the Watson-Crick face of the
      adenine ring and the C and O atoms of the benzoyl ring of an adjacent cation,
      forming a supra-molecular ribbon with R 2 (2)(9) rings. Benzoyl-adeninum cations
      are also bridged by one of the oxygen atoms of the nitrate anion, which acts as a
      double acceptor, forming a pair of N-H?O hydrogen bonds to generate a second
      ribbon motif. These ribbons together with pi-pi stacking inter-actions between
      the phenyl ring and the five- and six-membered adenine rings of adjacent mol
      ecules generate a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture. 

PMID- 26958374
TI  - Crystal structure of Sr2CdPt2 containing linear platinum chains.
AB  - The ternary inter-metallic title phase, distrontium cadmium diplatinum, was
      prepared from stoichiometric amounts of the elements at 1123 K for one day. The
      crystal structure adopts the ortho-rhom-bic Ca2GaCu2 structure type in space
      group Immm. Its main features are characterized by linear (Pt-Pt?Pt-Pt) n chains
      that are aligned along [010] and condensed through cadmium atoms forming Cd
      centred Pt2Cd2/2 rectangles to build up sheets parallel to (001). These sheets
      are connected to each other via alternating (001) sheets of strontium atoms along
      [001]. The strontium sheets consists of corrugated Sr4 units that are condensed
      to each other through edge-sharing parallel to [100]. 

PMID- 26958375
TI  - Crystal structure of MU-oxalodi-hydroxamato-bis-[(2,2'-bipyrid-yl)(di-methyl
      sulfoxide-kappaO)copper(II)] bis-(perchlorate).
AB  - The centrosymmetric binuclear complex, [Cu2(C2H2N2O4)(C10H8N2)2(C2H6OS)2](ClO4)2,
      contains two copper(II) ions, connected through an N-deprotonated oxalodi
      hydroxamic acid dianion, two terminal 2,2'-bi-pyridine ligands, and two apically
      coordinating dimethylsulfoxide mol-ecules. Two non-coordinating perchlorate
      anions assure electrical neutrality. The copper(II) ions in the complex dication
      [Cu2(C10H8N2)2(MU-C2H2N2O4)(C2H6SO)2](2+) are in an O2N3 square-pyramidal donor
      environment, the Cu-Cu separation being 5.2949 (4) A. Two hydroxamate groups in
      the deprotonated oxalodi-hydroxamic acid are located trans to one each other. In
      the crystal, O-H?O and C-H?O hydrogen bonds link the complex cations to the
      perchlorate anions. Further C-H?O hydrogen bonds combine with pi-pi contacts with
      a centroid-to-centroid separation of 3.6371 (12) A to stack the mol-ecules along
      the a-axis direction. 

PMID- 26958376
TI  - Crystal structure of catena-poly[[[trans-bis(aceto-nitrile
      kappaN)diaquacobalt(II)]-MU-pyrazine-kappa(2) N:N'] dinitrate].
AB  - The central structural motif of the title coordination polymer,
      [Co(NO3)2(C4H4N2)(CH3CN)2(H2O)2] n , is a chain composed of Co(II) ions linked by
      bis-monodentate bridging pyrazine ligands through their N atoms. The Co(II) ion
      is located on an inversion center and is additionally coordinated by two O atoms
      of water mol-ecules and two N atoms of aceto-nitrile mol-ecules. The resultant
      N4O2 coordination sphere is distorted octa-hedral. The linear cationic chains
      extend parallel to the a axis and are aligned into layers parallel to the ac
      plane. Nitrate anions are situated in the space between the Co(II) chains and
      form O-H?O hydrogen bonds with the coordinating water mol-ecules, leading to a
      three-dimensional network structure. Weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds are also present
      between pyrazine or aceto-nitrile mol-ecules and the nitrate anions. 

PMID- 26958377
TI  - Crystal structure of (2Z,5Z)-3-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2-[(4-meth-oxy-phenyl)-imino]
      5-[(E)-3-(2-nitro-phen-yl)allyl-idene]-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one.
AB  - In the title compound, C26H21N3O5S, the thia-zole ring is nearly planar with a
      maximum deviation of 0.017 (2) A, and is twisted with respect to the three
      benzene rings, making dihedral angles of 25.52 (12), 85.77 (12) and 81.85 (13)
      degrees . In the crystal, weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds and C-H?pi inter-actions link
      the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional supra-molecular architecture. Aromatic pi
      pi stacking is also observed between the parallel nitro-benzene rings of
      neighbouring mol-ecules, the centroid-to-centroid distance being 3.5872 (15) A. 

PMID- 26958378
TI  - Bis[N-(2-hy-droxy-eth-yl)-N-iso-propyl-dithio-carbamato-kappa(2) S,S'](piperazine
      kappaN)cadmium: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
AB  - The title compound, [Cd(C6H12NOS2)2(C4H10N2)], features a distorted square
      pyramidal coordination geometry about the central Cd(II) atom. The di-thio
      carbamate ligands are chelating, forming similar Cd-S bond lengths and define the
      approximate basal plane. One of the N atoms of the piperazine mol-ecule, which
      adopts a chair conformation, occupies the apical site. In the crystal, supra
      molecular layers propagating in the ac plane are formed via hy-droxy-O-H?O(hy
      droxy), hy-droxy-O-H?N(terminal-piperazine) and coordinated-piperazine-N-H?O(hy
      droxy) hydrogen bonds; the layers also feature methine-C-H?S inter-actions and
      S?S [3.3714 (10) A] short contacts. The layers stack along the b-axis direction
      with very weak terminal-piperazine-N-H?O(hy-droxy) inter-actions between them. An
      evaluation of the Hirshfeld surfaces confirms the importance of inter-molecular
      inter-actions involving oxygen and sulfur atoms. 

PMID- 26958379
TI  - Crystal structure of (4-cyano-pyridine-kappaN){5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4
      (benzoyloxy)phenyl]porphyrinato-kappa(4) N}zinc-4-cyano-pyridine (1/1).
AB  - In the title compound, [Zn(C72H44N4O8)(C6H4N2)].C6H4N2 or [Zn(TPBP)(4-CNpy].(4
      CNpy) [where TPBP and 4-CNpy are 5,10,15,20-(tetra-phenyl-benzoate)porphyrinate
      and 4-cyano-pyridine, respectively], the Zn(II) cation is chelated by four
      pyrrole-N atoms of the porphyrinate anion and coordinated by a pyridyl-N atom of
      the 4-CNpy axial ligand in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The average Zn
      N(pyrrole) bond length is 2.060 (6) A and the Zn-N(4-CNpy) bond length is 2.159
      (2) A. The zinc cation is displaced by 0.319 (1) A from the N4C20 mean plane of
      the porphyrinate anion toward the 4-cyano-pyridine axial ligand. This
      porphyrinate macrocycle exhibits major saddle and moderate ruffling and doming
      deformations. In the crystal, the [Zn(TPBP)(4-CNpy)] complex mol-ecules are
      linked together via weak C-H?N, C-H?O and C-H?pi inter-actions, forming supra
      molecular channels parallel to the c axis. The non-coordinating 4-cyano-pyridine
      mol-ecules are located in the channels and linked with the complex mol-ecules,
      via weak C-H?N inter-actions and pi-pi stacking or via weak C-H?O and C-H?pi
      inter-actions. The non-coordinating 4-cyano-pyridine mol-ecule is disordered over
      two positions with an occupancy ratio of 0.666 (4):0.334 (4). 

PMID- 26958380
TI  - Sodium potassium hydrogen citrate, NaKHC6H5O7.
AB  - The crystal structure of sodium potassium hydrogen citrate has been solved and
      refined using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using
      density functional theory techniques. The Na(+) cation is six-coordinate, with a
      bond-valence sum of 1.17. The K(+) cation is also six-coordinate, with a bond
      valence sum of 1.08. The distorted [NaO6] octahedra share edges, forming chains
      along the a axis. The likewise distorted [KO6] octahedra share edges with the
      [NaO6] octahedra on either side of the chain, and share corners with other [KO6]
      octahedra, resulting in triple chains along the a axis. The most prominent
      feature of the structure is the chain along [111] of very short, very strong
      hydrogen bonds; the O?O distances are 2.414 and 2.400 A. The Mulliken overlap
      populations in these hydrogen bonds are 0.138 and 0.142 e, which correspond to
      hydrogen-bond energies of 20.3 and 20.6 kcal mol(-1). 

PMID- 26958381
TI  - Crystal structure of (n-but-yl)[2-(2,6-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-6-methyl-phen-yl](2
      meth-oxy-phen-yl)phospho-nium chloride monohydrate.
AB  - The title hydrated salt, C26H32O3P(+).Cl(-).H2O, contains four different substit
      uents (H, alkyl, aryl, and biar-yl) on the P atom. The P-H hydrogen atom of the
      phospho-nium ion was located in a difference Fourier map and refined without
      imposing additional restraints. In the crystal, the Cl(-) ions and water mol
      ecules are linked by pairs of Owater-H?Cl(-) hydrogen bonds and further linked to
      the phospho-nium cation by P-H(+)?Cl(-) and CAr/OMe-H?Owater hydrogen bonds to
      form an infinite one-dimensional chain along the [010] direction. 

PMID- 26958383
TI  - Crystal structures of (S)-(+)-5-(3-bromo/chloro-4-isopropoxyphen-yl)-5-methyl
      imidazolidine-2,4-dione.
AB  - In (S)-(+)-5-(3-bromo-4-isopropoxyphen-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione,
      C13H15BrN2O3, (I), the hydantoin groups are connected via inter-molecular N-H?O
      hydrogen bonds, forming a terraced sheet structure. In the chloro analogue, (S)
      (+)-5-(3-chloro-4-isopropoxyphen-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione,
      C13H15ClN2O3, (II), the inter-molecular N-H?O hydrogen-bonding network forms a
      flat sheet. Comparison of the crystal structures reveals that (II) is more
      loosely packed than (I). 

PMID- 26958382
TI  - Two new polytypes of 2,4,6-tri-bromo-benzo-nitrile.
AB  - Three polymorphs of 2,4,6-tri-bromo-benzo-nitrile (RCN), C7H2Br3N, two of which
      are novel and one of which is a redetermination of the original structure first
      determined by Carter & Britton [(1972). Acta Cryst. B28, 945-950] are found to be
      polytypic. Each has a layer structure which differs only in the stacking of the
      layers. Each layer is composed of mol-ecules associated through C N?Br contacts
      which form R (2) 2(10) rings. Two such rings are associated with each N atom; one
      with each ortho-Br atom. No new polytypes of 1,3,5-tri-bromo-2-iso-cyano-benzene
      (RNC) were found but a re-determination of the original structure by Carter et
      al. [(1977). Cryst. Struct. Commun. 6, 543-548] is presented. RNC was found to be
      isostructural with one of the novel polytypes of RCN. Unit cells were determined
      for 23 RCN samples and 11 RNC samples. Polytypes could not be distinguished based
      on crystal habits. In all four structures, each mol-ecule of the asymmetric unit
      lies across a mirror plane. 

PMID- 26958384
TI  - Crystal structure and conformational analysis of 2-hy-droxy-3-(2-methyl-prop-1-en
      1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione.
AB  - In the structure of the title compound, C14H12O3, the substituent side chain, in
      which the H atoms of both methyl groups are disordered over six equivalent sites,
      lies outside of the plane of the naphthalene-dione ring. The ring-to-chain C-C-C
      C torsion angles are 50.7 (3), -176.6 (2) and 4.9 (4) degrees . An intra
      molecular meth-yl-hy-droxy C-H?O hydrogen bond is present. In the crystal, mol
      ecules are primarily connected by inter-molecular O-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming a
      centrosymmetric cyclic dimer motif [graph set R 2 (2)(10)]. Also present is a
      weak inter-molecular C-H?O hydrogen bond linking the dimers and a weak pi-pi ring
      inter-action [ring centroid separation = 3.7862 (13) A], giving layers parallel
      to (10-3). 

PMID- 26958385
TI  - Two mixed-ligand lanthanide-hydrazone complexes: [Pr(NCS)3(pbh)2].H2O and
      [Nd(NCS)(NO3)(pbh)2(H2O)]NO3.2.33H2O [pbh is N'-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)benzo
      hydrazide, C13H11N3O].
AB  - The gel-mediated syntheses and crystal structures of [N'-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene
      kappaN)benzohydrazide-kappa(2) N',O]tris(thiocyanato-kappaN)praseodymium(III)
      mono-hydrate, [Pr(NCS)3(C13H11N3O)2].H2O, (I), and aqua(nitrato-kappa(2) O,O')[N'
      (pyri-din-2-ylmethylidene-kappaN)benzohydrazide-kappa(2) N',O](thiocyanato
      kappaN)neo-dym-ium(III) nitrate 2.33-hydrate,
      [Nd(NCS)(NO3)(C13H11N3O)2(H2O)]NO3.2.33H2O, (II), are reported. The Pr(3+) ion in
      (I) is coordinated by two N,N,O-tridentate N'-(pyridin-2
      ylmethylidene)benzohydrazide (pbh) ligands and three N-bonded thio-cyanate ions
      to generate an irregular PrN7O2 coordination polyhedron. The Nd(3+) ion in (II)
      is coordinated by two N,N,O-tridentate pbh ligands, an N-bonded thio-cyanate ion,
      a bidentate nitrate ion and a water mol-ecule to generate a distorted NdN5O5
      bicapped square anti-prism. The crystal structures of (I) and (II) feature
      numerous hydrogen bonds, which lead to the formation of three-dimensional
      networks in each case. 

PMID- 26958386
TI  - Poly[MU2-aqua-aqua-[MU3-N-butyl-N-(2-hy-droxy-ethyl)di-thio-carbamato-kappa(3)
      O,O':S]sodium].
AB  - In the title compound, [Na(C7H14NOS2)(H2O)2] n , the Na(I) cation is coordinated
      by five O atoms [Na-O = 2.3142 (11)-2.4677 (10) A] from three aqua and two N
      butyl-N-(2-hy-droxy-eth-yl)di-thio-carbamate (L) ligands and one S atom [Na-S =
      3.0074 (6) A] from a third L ligand in a highly distorted octa-hedral geometry.
      Two aqua ligands related by an inversion center bridge two Na(I) cations, and
      each L ligand coordinates three Na(I) cations, leading to a layered arrangement
      aligned parallel to the bc plane. Inter-molecular O-H?S hydrogen bonds are
      observed in the inner part of each polymeric layer; these are packed along the a
      axis and held together by weak van der Waals forces. 

PMID- 26958387
TI  - Crystal structures of (1E,4E)-1,5-bis-(5-bromo-thio-phen-2-yl)-2,4-di-methyl
      penta-1,4-dien-3-one and (E)-4-(5-bromo-thio-phen-2-yl)-1,3-di-phenyl-but-3-en-2
      one.
AB  - The title compounds, C15H12Br2OS2, (I), and C20H15BrOS, (II), were synthesized by
      employing Claisen-Schmidt condensation of pentan-3-one and di-benzyl-acetone with
      5-bromo-thio-phene-2-carbaldehyde in the presence of methano-lic KOH. Even though
      1:2 products were expected in both of the reactions, 1:2 and 1:1 products were
      obtained as (I) and (II), respectively. In (I), the two methyl groups are trans
      to each other, 29.5 (7) and 28.7 (7) degrees  away from the central carbonyl bond
      between them, whereas the two phenyl rings of di-benzyl-acetone subtend a
      dihedral angle of 53.09 (18) degrees . In the crystal of (I), C-H?O hydrogen
      bonds define mol-ecular chains along c. A second type of mol-ecular chain is
      formed along b by means of C-Br?pi inter-actions. These two families of mol
      ecular chains are stacked by pi-pi inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional
      supra-molecular architecture. In (II), similar C-H?O hydrogen bonds as in (I)
      define inversion dimers, whilst C-H?.pi inter-actions build a staircase structure
      along the a axis. 

PMID- 26958388
TI  - Crystal structures of (2,2'-bipyridyl-kappa(2) N,N')bis-[N,N-bis-(2-hydroxy-eth
      yl)di-thio-carbamato-kappa(2) S,S']zinc dihydrate and (2,2'-bipyridyl-kappa(2)
      N,N')bis-[N-(2-hydroxy-eth-yl)-N-iso-propyl-dithio-carbamato-kappa(2) S,S']zinc.
AB  - The common feature of the title compounds, [Zn(C5H10NO2S2)2(C10H8N2)].2H2O, (I),
      and [Zn(C6H12NOS2)2(C10H8N2)], (II), is the location of the Zn(II) atoms on a
      twofold rotation axis. Further, each Zn(II) atom is chelated by two symmetry
      equivalent and symmetrically coordinating di-thio-carbamate ligands and a 2,2'-bi
      pyridine ligand. The resulting N2S4 coordination geometry is based on a highly
      distorted octa-hedron in each case. In the mol-ecular packing of (I), supra
      molecular ladders mediated by O-H?O hydrogen bonding are found whereby the
      uprights are defined by {?HO(water)?HO(hy-droxy)?} n chains parallel to the a
      axis and with the rungs defined by 'Zn[S2CN(CH2CH2)2]2'. The water mol-ecules
      connect the ladders into a supra-molecular layer parallel to the ab plane via
      water-O-H?S and pyridyl-C-H?O(water) inter-actions, with the connections between
      layers being of the type pyridyl-C-H?S. In (II), supra-molecular layers parallel
      to the ab plane are sustained by hy-droxy-O-H?S hydrogen bonds with connections
      between layers being of the type pyridyl-C-H?S. 

PMID- 26958389
TI  - Crystal structure of apatite type Ca2.49Nd7.51(SiO4)6O1.75.
AB  - The title compound, Ca2+x Nd8-x (SiO4)6O2-0.5x (x = 0.49), was synthesized at
      1873 K and rapidly quenched to room temperature. Its structure has been
      determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with results
      reported using neutron and X-ray powder diffraction from samples prepared by slow
      cooling. The single-crystal structure from room temperature data was found to
      belong to the space group P63/m and has the composition Ca2.49Nd7.51(SiO4)6O1.75
      [dicalcium octa-neodymium hexa-kis-(ortho-silicate) dioxide], being isotypic with
      natural apatite and the previously reported Ca2Nd8(SiO4)6O2 and
      Ca2.2Nd7.8(SiO4)6O1.9. The solubility limit of calcium in the equilibrium state
      at 1873 K was found to occur at a composition of Ca2+x Nd8-x (SiO4)6O2-0.5x ,
      where x = 0.49. 

PMID- 26958390
TI  - catena-Poly[bis(1,3-benzo-thia-zol-3-ium) [[di-chlorido-anti-monate(III)]-di-MU
      chlorido-MU-oxido-[chlorido-anti-monate(III)]-MU-chlorido]].
AB  - The title compound, {(C7H6NS)2[Sb2Cl6O]} n , contains two benzo-thia-zolidium
      cations and one tri-MU-chlorido-tri-chlorido-MU-oxido-di-anti-monate(III) anion.
      The structure of the inorganic cation may be described as as being built up from
      two polyhedra, i.e. a square-pyramidal SbCl4O and a distorted octa-hedral SbOCl5
      unit, sharing a common face (comprising the O atom and two Cl atoms). The two
      benzo-thia-zole cations are quasi-planar and subtend a dihedral angle of 19.93
      (5) degrees . The crystal packing can be described by alternating (100) layers
      and [001] chains of the organic cations and inorganic anions connected through an
      extensive three-dimensional network of N-H?Cl, C-H?O and C-H?Cl hydrogen bonds.
      This is consolidated by slipped pi-pi stacking, with centroid-to-centroid
      distances between the benzo-thia-zole rings of 3.7111 (18)-3.8452 (16) A. These
      inter-actions link the mol-ecules within the layers and also link the layers
      together and reinforce the cohesion of the ionic structure. 

PMID- 26958392
TI  - Crystal structure of (Na0.70)(Na0.70,Mn0.30)(Fe(3+),Fe(2+))2Fe(2+)(VO4)3, a
      sodium-, iron- and manganese-based vanadate with the alluaudite-type structure.
AB  - The title compound, sodium (sodium,manganese) triiron(II,III) tris[vana-date(V)],
      (Na0.70)(Na0.70,Mn0.30)(Fe(3+),Fe(2+))2Fe(2+)(VO4)3, was prepared by solid-state
      reactions. It crystallizes in an alluaudite-like structure, characterized by a
      partial cationic disorder. In the structure, four of the 12 sites in the
      asymmetric unit are located on special positions, three on a twofold rotation
      axis (Wyckoff position 4e) and one on an inversion centre (4b). Two sites on the
      twofold rotation axis are entirely filled by Fe(2+) and V(5+), whereas the third
      site has a partial occupancy of 70% by Na(+). The site on the inversion centre is
      occupied by Na(+) and Mn(2+) cations in a 0.7:0.3 ratio. The remaining Fe(2+) and
      Fe(3+) atoms are statistically distributed on a general position. The three
      dimensional framework of this structure is made up of kinked chains of edge
      sharing [FeO6] octa-hedra stacked parallel to [10-1]. These chains are held
      together by VO4 tetra-hedral groups, forming polyhedral sheets perpendicular to
      [010]. Within this framework, two types of channels extending along [001] are
      present. One is occupied by (Na(+)/Mn(2+)) while the second is partially occupied
      by Na(+). The mixed site containing (Na(+)/Mn(2+)) has an octa-hedral
      coordination sphere, while the Na(+) cations in the second channel are
      coordinated by eight O atoms. 

PMID- 26958391
TI  - Crystal structure of (MU-1,4-di-carb-oxy-butane-1,4-di-carboxyl-ato)bis-[bis-(tri
      phenyl-phosphane)silver(I)] di-chloro-methane tris-olvate.
AB  - The mol-ecular structure of the tetra-kis(tri-phenyl-phosphan-yl)disilver salt of
      butane-1,1,4,4-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid, [Ag2(C8H8O8)(C18H15P)4].3CH2Cl2,
      crystallizes with one and a half mol-ecules of di-chloro-methane in the
      asymmetric unit. The coordination complex exhibits an inversion centre through
      the central CH2-CH2 bond. The Ag(I) atom has a distorted trigonal-planar P2O
      coordination environment. The packing is characterized by inter-molecular T
      shaped pi-pi inter-actions between the phenyl rings of the PPh3 substituents in
      neighbouring mol-ecules, forming a ladder-type superstructure parallel to [010].
      These ladders are arranged in layers parallel to (101). Intra-molecular hydrogen
      bonds between the OH group and one O atom of the Ag-bonded carboxyl-ate group
      results in an asymmetric bidendate coordination of the carboxyl-ate moiety to the
      Ag(I) ion. 

PMID- 26958393
TI  - Crystal structure of trans-(1,8-dibutyl-1,3,6,8,10,13-hexa-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane
      kappa(4) N (3),N (6),N (10),N (13))bis-(isonicotinato-kappaO)nickel(II)
      determined from synchrotron data.
AB  - The title compound, [Ni(C6H4NO2)2(C16H38N6)], was prepared through self-assembly
      of a nickel(II) aza-macrocyclic complex with isonicotinic acid. The Ni(II) atom
      is located on an inversion center and exhibits a distorted octa-hedral N4O2
      coordination environment, with the four secondary N atoms of the aza-macrocyclic
      ligand in the equatorial plane [average Ni-Neq = 2.064 (11) A] and two O atoms of
      monodentate isonicotinate anions in axial positions [Ni-Oax = 2.137 (1) A]. Intra
      molecular N-H?O hydrogen bonds between one of the secondary amine N atoms of the
      aza-macrocyclic ligand and the non-coordinating carboxyl-ate O atom of the anion
      stabilize the mol-ecular structure. Inter-molecular N-H?N hydrogen bonds, as well
      as pi-pi inter-actions between neighbouring pyridine rings, give rise to the
      formations of supra-molecular ribbons extending parallel to [001]. 

PMID- 26958394
TI  - Crystal structure of bis-(1,3-di-amino-propane-kappa(2) N,N')bis-[2-(4-nitro-phen
      yl)acetato-kappaO]cadmium.
AB  - In the structure of the title compound, [Cd(C8H6NO4)2(C3H10N2)2], the Cd(II) atom
      is located on a center of symmetry with one independent Cd-O distance of 2.3547
      (17) A and two Cd-N distances of 2.3265 (18) and 2.3449 (19) A. The Cd(II) atom
      has an overall octa-hedral coordination environment. Several types of hydrogen
      bonding inter-actions are evident. Both intra- and inter-molecular inter-actions
      occur between the amino groups and the O atoms of the acetate group. These N-H?O
      hydrogen bonds lead to a layered structure extending parallel to the bc plane. In
      addition, weak inter-molecular C-H?O inter-actions involving the nitro groups
      exist, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure. 

PMID- 26958395
TI  - Crystal structure of zwitterionic 2-[bis-(2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)phosphanium-yl]-4
      methyl-benzene-sulfonate monohydrate di-chloro-methane monosolvate.
AB  - In the title compound, C21H21O5PS.H2O.CH2Cl2, the phospho-nium-sulfonate
      zwitterion has the acidic H atom located on the P atom rather than the sulfonate
      group. The S-O bond lengths [1.4453 (15)-1.4521 (14) A] are essentially equal. In
      the crystal, the water mol-ecules bridge two zwitterions via Owater-H?Osulfonate
      hydrogen bonds into a centrosymmetric dimer. The dimers are further linked by
      weak CAr-yl-H?Osulfonate hydrogen bonds into chains extending along [100]. The
      PH(+) group is not involved in inter-molecular inter-actions. 

PMID- 26958396
TI  - Dimethyl and diethyl esters of 5,6-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine-2,3-di-carb-oxy-lic
      acid: a comparison.
AB  - In dimethyl 5,6-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine-2,3-di-carboxyl-ate, C18H14N4O4, (I),
      and diethyl 5,6-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine-2,3-di-carboxyl-ate, C20H18N4O4, (II),
      the dimethyl and diethyl esters of 5,6-bis-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine-2,3-di-carb-oxy
      lic acid, the orientation of the two pyridine rings differ. In (I), pyridine ring
      B is inclined to pyrazine ring A by 44.8 (2) degrees  and the pyridine and
      pyrazine N atoms are trans to one another, while pyridine ring C is inclined to
      the pyrazine ring by 50.3 (2) degrees , with the pyridine and pyrazine N atoms
      cis to one another. In compound (II), the diethyl ester, which possesses twofold
      rotation symmetry, the pyridine ring is inclined to the pyrazine ring by 40.7 (1)
      degrees , with the pyridine and pyrazine N atoms trans to one another. In the
      crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by C-H?N hydrogen bonds, forming chains
      along [001]. The chains are linked by C-H?pi inter-actions, forming a three
      dimensional structure. In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules are linked via C-H?O
      hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework. There are C-H?pi inter
      actions present within the framework. 

PMID- 26958397
TI  - 6-[6-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetra-zin-3-yl]pyridin-3-amine monohydrate.
AB  - The packing of the title compound, C12H9N7.H2O, is dominated by hydrogen bonding
      and pi-stacking. Layers parallel to [010] are established by hydrogen bonds
      involving all amine donor functions and one of the water donor functions, while
      the remaining water donor function enables the stacking of the layers along [10
      1], which is accompanied by pi-stacking. In the molecule, the plane of the
      central tetra-zine ring forms angles of 5.33 (7) and 19.84 (8) degrees  with the
      adjacent 3-amine-pyridine and pyridine rings, respectively. 

PMID- 26958398
TI  - 2-({[(Pyridin-1-ium-2-ylmeth-yl)carbamo-yl]form-amido}-meth-yl)pyridin-1-ium bis
      (3,5-di-carb-oxy-benzoate): crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C14H16N4O2 (2+).2C9H5O6 (-), comprises
      half a dication, being located about a centre of inversion, and one anion, in a
      general position. The central C4N2O2 group of atoms in the dication are almost
      planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.009 A), and the carbonyl groups lie in an anti
      disposition to enable the formation of intra-molecular amide-N-H?O(carbon-yl)
      hydrogen bonds. To a first approximation, the pyridinium and amide N atoms lie to
      the same side of the mol-ecule [Npy-C-C-Namide torsion angle = 34.8 (2) degrees
      ], and the anti pyridinium rings are approximately perpendicular to the central
      part of the mol-ecule [dihedral angle = 68.21 (8) degrees ]. In the anion, one
      carboxyl-ate group is almost coplanar with the ring to which it is connected
      [Cben-Cben-Cq-O torsion angle = 2.0 (3) degrees ], whereas the other carboxyl-ate
      and carb-oxy-lic acid groups are twisted out of the plane [torsion angles = 16.4
      (3) and 15.3 (3) degrees , respectively]. In the crystal, anions assemble into
      layers parallel to (10-4) via hy-droxy-O-H?O(carbon-yl) and charge-assisted hy
      droxy-O-H?O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds. The dications are linked into supra
      molecular tapes by amide-N-H?O(amide) hydrogen bonds, and thread through the
      voids in the anionic layers, being connected by charge-assisted pyridinium-N
      O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds, so that a three-dimensional architecture ensues.
      An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface points to the importance of O-H?O hydrogen
      bonding in the crystal structure. 

PMID- 26958399
TI  - Rietveld refinement of the crystal structures of Rb2 XSi5O12 (X = Ni, Mn).
AB  - The synthetic leucite silicate framework mineral analogues Rb2 XSi5O12 {X = Ni
      [dirubidium nickel(II) penta-silicate] and Mn [dirubidium manganese(II) penta
      silicate]} have been prepared by high-temperature solid-state synthesis. The
      results of Rietveld refinements, using X-ray powder diffraction data collected
      using Cu Kalpha X-rays, show that the title compounds crystallize in the space
      group Pbca and adopt the cation-ordered structure of Cs2CdSi5O12 and other
      leucites. The structures consist of tetra-hedral SiO4 and XO4 units sharing
      corners to form a partially substituted silicate framework. Extraframework Rb(+)
      cations sit in channels in the framework. All atoms occupy the 8c general
      position for this space group. In these refined structures, silicon and X atoms
      are ordered onto separate tetra-hedrally coordinated sites (T-sites). However,
      the Ni displacement parameter and the Ni-O bond lengths suggest that for the X =
      Ni sample, there may actually be some T-site cation disorder. 

PMID- 26958400
TI  - Crystal structure of diethyl 3-(3-chloro-phen-yl)-2,2-di-cyano-cyclo-propane-1,1
      di-carboxyl-ate.
AB  - In the racemic title compound, C17H15ClN2O4, which has been synthesized and the
      crystal structure of the solvent-free mol-ecule determined, the angle between the
      planes of the benzene and cyclo-propane rings is 54.29 (10) degrees . The mol
      ecular conformation is stabilized by two weak intra-molecular C-H?Ocarbox-yl
      inter-actions. In the crystal, C-H?O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric cyclic R
      2 (2)(10) dimers which are linked into chain substructures extending along c.
      Further C-H?Nnitrile hydrogen bonding, including a centrosymmetric cyclic R 2
      (2)(14) association, link the chain substructures, forming a two-dimensional
      layered structure extending across the approximate ab plane. No significant pi-pi
      or halogen-halogen inter-molecular inter-actions are present in the crystal. 

PMID- 26958401
TI  - Crystal structure of diethyl 2-acet-oxy-2-[3-(4-nitro-phen-yl)-3-oxo-1-phenyl
      prop-yl]malonate.
AB  - In the racemic title compound, C24H25NO9, the dihedral angle between the planes
      of the two benzene-ring systems is 80.16 (6) degrees , while the side-chain
      conformation is stabilized by a methyl-ene-carboxyl C-H?O hydrogen bond. Weak
      inter-molecular C-H?O hydrogen bonds form inversion dimers [graph set R 2
      (2)(16)] which are linked into chains extending along a. Further C-H?O hydrogen
      bonding extends the structure along b through cyclic R 2 (2)(10) motifs. Although
      no pi-pi aromatic ring inter-actions are present in the structure, C-H?pi ring
      inter-actions across c generate an overall three-dimensional supra-molecular
      structure. 

PMID- 26958402
TI  - Crystal structures of methyl (E)-3-(2-chloro-phen-yl)-2-({2-[(E)-2-nitro-vin
      yl]phen-oxy}meth-yl)acrylate and methyl (E)-2-({4-chloro-2-[(E)-2-nitro-vin
      yl]phen-oxy}meth-yl)-3-(2-chloro-phen-yl)acrylate.
AB  - The title compounds, C19H16ClNO5, (I), and C19H15Cl2NO5, (II), both crystallize
      in the monoclinic space group P21/n. They differ essentially in the orientation
      of the methyl acetate group, with the C=O bond directed towards the NO2 group in
      (I) but away from it in (II). In compound (I), the mean plane of the methyl
      acrylate unit is planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0044 (2) A for the methyl
      C atom, while in (II) this deviation is 0.0147 A. The inter-planar angles between
      the two aromatic rings are 74.87 (9) and 75.65 (2) degrees  for compounds (I) and
      (II), respectively. In both compounds, the methyl acrylate and nitro-vinyl groups
      each adopt an E conformation about the C=C bond. In the crystal of (I), mol
      ecules are linked by C-H?O hydrogen bonds forming chains along the b axis. The
      chains are linked via C-H?Cl hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to the ab
      plane. The sheets are linked via C-H?pi inter-actions, forming a three
      dimensional structure. In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules are linked by pairs of
      C-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(30) ring motif.
      The dimers are linked via C-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to the ac
      plane and enclosing R 4 (4)(28) ring motifs. The sheets are linked via parallel
      slipped pi-pi inter-actions (inter-centroid distances are both ca 3.86 A),
      forming a three-dimensional structure. 

PMID- 26958403
TI  - Crystal structure of (1S,2R)-6,6-dimethyl-4,8-dioxo-2-phenyl-spiro-[2.5]octane-1
      carbaldehyde.
AB  - In the title compound, C17H18O3, the two non-spiro C atoms of the cyclo-propane
      ring bear a formyl and a phenyl substituent which are trans-oriented. In the
      crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H?O and C-H?pi contacts resulting in a
      three-dimensional supra-molecular structure. 

PMID- 26958404
TI  - Crystal structure of 3-{[4-(2-meth-oxy-phen-yl)piperazin-1-yl]meth-yl}-5-(thio
      phen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxa-diazole-2(3H)-thione.
AB  - The title compound, C18H20N4O2S2, is a new 1,3,4-oxa-diazole and a key
      pharmacophore of several biologically active agents. It is composed of a meth
      yl(thio-phen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxa-diazole-2(3H)-thione moiety linked to a 2-meth-oxy
      phenyl unit via a piperazine ring that has a chair conformation. The thio-phene
      ring mean plane lies almost in the plane of the oxa-diazole ring, with a dihedral
      angle of 4.35 (9) degrees . The 2-meth-oxy-phenyl ring is almost normal to the
      oxa-diazole ring, with a dihedral angle of 84.17 (10) degrees . In the crystal,
      mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H?S hydrogen bonds and C-H?pi inter-actions,
      forming layers parallel to the bc plane. The layers are linked via weak C-H?O
      hydrogen bonds and slipped parallel pi-pi inter-actions [inter-centroid distance
      = 3.6729 (10) A], forming a three-dimensional structure. The thio-phene ring has
      an approximate 180 degrees  rotational disorder about the bridging C-C bond. 

PMID- 26958405
TI  - Medical Problems during Participation of Medical Congress - A Long Trip to Val
      D'Isere from Korea.
AB  - Since the 3rd WIN meeting in 1982 more than 500 participants join the meeting in
      Val D'Isere every year [1]. One of our authors has attended the meeting more than
      10 times. He experienced many physical illnesses while travelling from South
      Korea to Val D'Isere in France, which is located in the Alps mountain near the
      border between France and Italy. In order to get there, it is necessary to take
      airplane, train, and/or bus with a heavy suitcase. During the trip which usually
      takes more than 15 hours, he experienced headache, gastrointestinal trouble,
      sleep disturbance and other additional physical illnesses. Therefore, we reviewed
      the itinerary to Val D'Isere and presented physical illnesses which occurred
      during a long trip for an academic activity by specialized professionals such as
      university hospital professors. In addition, we discussed the mechanism of such
      illnesses and offered possible solutions including medical treatment. 

PMID- 26958406
TI  - Promotion of Neurointervention to International Journal Based on Journal Metrics.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim is to provide evidence of the internationalization of
      Neurointervention based on journal metrics for articles published from 2011 to
      2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The following metrics and data were collected and
      analyzed with descriptive statistics: number of citable and non-citable articles;
      number of research articles (original papers) supported by grants; editorial
      board members' countries; authors' countries; citing authors' countries; source
      title of citing articles; two-year impact factor; total citations; and Hirsch
      index (h-index). Data were retrieved and analyzed from the journal homepage and
      Web of Science Core Collection in January 24, 2016. RESULTS: There were 80
      citable and eight non-citable articles from 2011 to 2015. Out of 31 original
      articles, nine had research funds (29.0%). Editorial board members are from five
      countries. The authors are from six countries. The top-ranking countries of
      citing authors were USA, Korea, and China. The two-year impact factors were
      1.125, 0.923, and 0.931 from 2013 to 2015. H-index was 7. CONCLUSION: It was
      possible to confirm the internationalization of Neurointervention based on
      journal metrics. New digital standards should be adopted for more rapid
      dissemination of journal content.

PMID- 26958407
TI  - Pipeline Embolization Device for Large/Giant or Fusiform Aneurysms: An Initial
      Multi-Center Experience in Korea.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and early outcomes of
      the Pipeline device for large/giant or fusiform aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The Pipeline was implanted in a total of 45 patients (mean age, 58 years;
      M:F=10:35) with 47 large/giant or fusiform aneurysms. We retrospectively
      evaluated the characteristics of the treated aneurysms, the periprocedural
      events, morbidity and mortality, and the early outcomes after Pipeline
      implantation. RESULTS: The aneurysms were located in the internal carotid artery
      (ICA) cavernous segment (n=25), ICA intradural segment (n=11), vertebrobasilar
      trunk (n=8), and middle cerebral artery (n=3). Procedure-related events occurred
      in 18 cases, consisting of incomplete expansion (n=8), shortening-migration
      (n=5), transient occlusion of a jailed branch (n=3), and in-stent thrombosis
      (n=2). Treatment-related morbidity occurred in two patients, but without
      mortality. Both patients had modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores of 2, but had an
      improved mRS score of 0 at 1-month follow-up. Of the 19 patients presenting with
      mass effect, 16 improved but three showed no changes in their presenting
      symptoms. All patients had excellent outcomes (mRS, 0 or 1) during the follow-up
      period (median, 6 months; range, 2-30 months). Vascular imaging follow-up (n=31,
      65.9%; median, 3 months, range, 1-25 months) showed complete or near occlusion of
      the aneurysm in 24 patients (77.4%) and decreased sac size in seven patients
      (22.6%). CONCLUSION: In this initial multicenter study in Korea, the Pipeline
      seemed to be safe and effective for large/giant or fusiform aneurysms. However, a
      learning period may be required to alleviate device-related events.

PMID- 26958408
TI  - Arterial Wall Imaging in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Delayed Enhancement on
      MDCT Angiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate progressive enhancement in the carotid arterial wall
      overlying plaque in the symptomatic side for patients with cerebrovascular
      symptoms until delayed phase using MDCTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one
      patients (all men; ages, 49-82 years; mean, 67.8 +/- 8.4 years) with recent
      stroke and severe extracranial carotid stenosis were retrospectively analyzed.
      Pre-, early- and delayed phase images of MDCTA were obtained, and Hounsfield
      units (HU) of carotid walls were measured. We also measured HU of the
      asymptomatic contralateral carotid arterial wall for comparison. Friedman's test
      and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to evaluate the differences between
      groups. RESULTS: The averaged HU of the carotid wall in the symptomatic side was
      higher on the delayed phase (65.8 +/- 14.2 HU) compared to early arterial phase
      (54.2 +/- 12.6 HU). The averaged HU difference of wall enhancement between pre
      contrast and delayed phase (28.0 +/- 14.8 HU) was significantly higher than the
      between pre-contrast and early arterial phase (16.4 +/- 12.1 HU) with P < 0.05.
      In analysis of the contralateral asymptomatic side, the HU difference between pre
      contrast and delayed phase (15.5 +/- 12.0 HU) showed no significant higher value
      than between pre-contrast and early arterial phase (14.9 +/- 10.9 HU).
      CONCLUSION: The pronounced enhancement of the carotid wall in the delayed phase
      on MDCTA was demonstrated in symptomatic patients with severe internal carotid
      artery stenosis. In the future, we need more comparative studies to verify this
      finding as one of risk stratification.

PMID- 26958409
TI  - Easy Advancement of a Large-Profile Microcatheter (Excelsior XT27TM) by Parallel
      Use of Two Microguidewires For Stent Delivery.
AB  - PURPOSE: In the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms, navigating a large
      bore microcatheter for delivery of an open-cell stent can be challenging,
      especially in wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms. We were able to overcome this
      difficulty by parallel use of two microguidewires through the stent-delivery
      microcatheter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2014 to April 2015, we
      treated 15 patients with wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms. For stent delivery,
      we used a 300-cm 0.014-in microguidewire (Transend), which was placed into the
      target branch using an exchange technique. A 0.027-in microcatheter (Excelsior XT
      27), which was designed for the stent, was advanced over the exchange
      microguidewire. If we had trouble in advancing the microcatheter over the
      exchange microguidewire, we inserted a regular microguidewire (Traxcess), into
      the microcatheter lumen in a parallel fashion. We also analyzed the mechanism
      underlying microcatheter positioning failure and the success rate of the
      'parallel-wire technique'. RESULTS: Among the 15 cases, we faced with navigation
      difficulty in five patients. In those five cases, we could advance the
      microcatheter successfully by applying the parallel-wire technique. There were no
      procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: Simply by using another
      microguidewire together with pre-existing microguidewire in a parallel fashion,
      the stent-delivery microcatheter can be easily navigated into the target location
      in case of any advancement difficulty.

PMID- 26958410
TI  - Hemodynamic Characteristics Regarding Recanalization of Completely Coiled
      Aneurysms: Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis Using Virtual Models Comparison.
AB  - PURPOSE: Hemodynamic factors are considered to play an important role in
      initiation and progression of the recurrence after endosaccular coiling of the
      intracranial aneurysms. We made paired virtual models of completely coiled
      aneurysms which were subsequently recanalized and compared to identify
      hemodynamic characteristics related to the recurred aneurysmal sac. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We created paired virtual models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
      in five aneurysms which were initially regarded as having achieved complete
      occlusion and then recurred during follow-up. Paired virtual models consisted of
      the CFD model of 3D rotational angiography obtained in the recurred aneurysm and
      the control model of the initial, parent artery after artificial removal of the
      coiled and recanalized aneurysm. Using the CFD analysis of the virtual model, we
      analyzed the hemodynamic characteristics on the neck of each aneurysm before and
      after its recurrence. RESULTS: High wall shear stress (WSS) was identified at the
      cross-sectionally identified aneurysm neck at which recurrence developed in all
      cases. A small vortex formation with relatively low velocity in front of the neck
      was also identified in four cases. The aneurysm recurrence locations corresponded
      to the location of high WSS and/or small vortex formation. CONCLUSION:
      Recanalized aneurysms revealed increased WSS and small vortex formation at the
      cross-sectional neck of the aneurysm. This observation may partially explain the
      hemodynamic causes of future recanalization after coil embolization.

PMID- 26958411
TI  - Outpatient Day-care Neuroangiography and Neurointervention of Unruptured
      Intracranial Aneurysms.
AB  - PURPOSE: Day-care management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms can shorten
      hospital stay, reduce medical cost and improve outcome. We present the process,
      outcome and duration of hospital stay for the management of unruptured
      intracranial aneurysms via a neurointervention clinic in a single center during
      the past four years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 403 patients who were
      referred to Neurointervention Clinic at Asan Medical Center for aneurysm
      evaluation between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014. There were 141 (41%)
      diagnostic catheter angiographies, 202 (59%) neurointerventional procedures and 2
      (0.6%) neurointerventional procedures followed by operation. We analyzed the
      process, outcome of angiography or neurointervention, and duration of hospital
      stay. RESULTS: There was no aneurysm in 58 patients who were reported as having
      an aneurysm in MRA or CTA (14 %). Among 345 patients with aneurysm, there were
      283 patients with a single aneurysm (82%) and 62 patients with multiple aneurysms
      (n=62, 18%). Aneurysm coiling was performed in 202 patients (59%), surgical
      clipping in 14 patients (4%), coiling followed by clipping in 2 patients (0.6%)
      and no intervention was required in 127 patients (37%). The hospital stay for
      diagnostic angiography was less than 6 hours and the mean duration of hospital
      stay was 2.1 days for neurointervention. There were 4 procedure-related adverse
      events (2%) including 3 minor and 1 major ischemic strokes. CONCLUSION: Our study
      revealed that day-care management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms could be
      performed without an additional risk. It could enable rapid patient flow, shorten
      hospital stay and thus reduce hospital costs.

PMID- 26958412
TI  - Delayed Intracerebral Hemorrhage from a Pseudoaneurysm Following a Depressed
      Skull Fracture.
AB  - A 26-year-old male presented with delayed intracerebral hemorrhage from a
      ruptured distal middle cerebral artery pseudoaneurysm that followed a compound
      depressed skull fracture from years ago. The brain protrusion through the skull
      defect likely resulted in stretching and subsequent tearing of the arterial wall
      resulting in the pseudoaneurysm formation. No prior report of such a clinical
      occurrence exists in the literature. We highlight an unusual but treatable cause
      for intracerebral hemorrhage following surgery for traumatic brain injury. 

PMID- 26958413
TI  - Progressive Deconstruction of a Distal Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Using
      Competitive Flow Diversion.
AB  - Progressive deconstruction is an endovascular technique for aneurysm treatment
      that utilizes flow diverting stents to promote progressive thrombosis by
      diverting blood flow away from the aneurysm's parent vessel. While the aneurysm
      thromboses, collateral blood vessels develop over time to avoid infarction that
      can often accompany acute parent vessel occlusion. We report a 37-year-old woman
      with a left distal posterior cerebral artery aneurysm that was successfully
      treated with this strategy. The concept and rationale of progressive
      deconstruction are discussed in detail. 

PMID- 26958414
TI  - Duplicated Origin of the Left Vertebral Artery: A Case Report and Embryological
      Review.
AB  - The duplicated origin of vertebral artery (VA) is a very rare condition. It could
      be easily misdiagnosed as an arterial dissection on selective catheter
      angiography, especially in a patient with acute cerebellar infarction of unknown
      etiology. We report a patient with an acute cerebellar infarction and duplicated
      origin of the left VA, which was found during the selective catheter angiography.

PMID- 26958415
TI  - Successful Cross-circulation Stent-Retriever Embolectomy Through Posterior
      Communicating Artery for Acute MCA Occlusion by Using Trevo XP ProVue.
AB  - Acute ischemic stroke due to embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
      (MCA) in patients with chronic ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA)
      occlusion is quite rare. Several previous reports demonstrated that intra
      arterial (IA) thrombolytic therapy or aspiration thrombectomy using the cross
      circulation technique via an alternative collateral pathway is feasible in acute
      stroke patients with an unfavorable direct route to the occluded sites. However,
      stent-retriever embolectomy via the cross-circulation approach has not been
      reported in the literature. The present paper reports the first case of
      successful stent-retriever embolectomy for acute MCA occlusion via the patent
      posterior communicating artery (PComA) by using Trevo XP ProVue stent-retriever
      in a patient with acute MCA stroke and chronic occlusion at the origin site of
      the ipsilateral ICA. 

PMID- 26958416
TI  - A tiny bleb at Junctional Dilatation of the Posterior Communicating Artery as a
      Predisposing Factor for Development of a De Novo Aneurysm.
AB  - Formation of de novo aneurysm from a junctional dilatation at the origin site of
      the posterior communicating artery (PcomA) has been rarely reported. In this case
      report, three females in sixth decades of age developed a de novo aneurysm from
      the junctional dilatation of the PComA with a tiny bleb-like lesion over 5 years
      after initial presentation. 

PMID- 26958417
TI  - Polyvictimization: Latent profiles and mental health outcomes in a clinical
      sample of adolescents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Exposure to multiple traumatic events (polyvictimization) is a
      reliable predictor of deleterious health outcomes and risk behaviors in
      adolescence. The current study extends the literature on the prevalence and
      consequences of adolescent trauma exposure by (a) empirically identifying and
      characterizing trauma exposure profiles in a large, ethnically diverse, multi
      site, clinical sample of adolescents, and (b) evaluating relations among
      identified profiles with demographic characteristics and clinical correlates.
      METHOD: Data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set were
      used to identify and characterize victimization profiles using latent class
      analysis in a sample of 3,485 adolescents (ages 13-18, 63% female, 35.7% White,
      23.2% Black/African American, 35.0% Hispanic/Latino). Multiple measures of
      psychological distress and risk behaviors were evaluated as covariates of trauma
      exposure classes. RESULTS: Five trauma exposure classes, or profiles, were
      identified. Four classes-representing approximately half the sample-were
      characterized by polyvictimization. Polyvictimization classes were differentiated
      on number of trauma types, whether emotional abuse occurred, and whether
      emotional abuse occurred over single or multiple developmental epochs. Unique
      relations with demographic characteristics and mental health outcomes were
      observed. DISCUSSION: Results suggest polyvictimization is not a unidimensional
      phenomenon but a diverse set of trauma exposure experiences with unique
      correlates among youth. Further research on prevention of polyvictimization and
      mechanisms linking chronic trauma exposure, gender, and ethnicity to negative
      outcomes is warranted.

PMID- 26958418
TI  - Racemose neurocysticercosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an invasive parasitic infection of the
      central nervous system caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium.
      The clinical manifestations of NCC depend on the parasitic load and location of
      infection, as well as the developmental stage of the cysticerci and host immune
      response, with symptoms ranging from subclinical headaches to seizures,
      cerebrovascular events, and life-threatening hydrocephalus. Racemose NCC
      represents a particularly severe variant of extraparenchymal NCC characterized by
      the presence of multiple confluent cysts within the subarachnoid space and is
      associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as a decreased
      response to treatment. Albendazole is the preferred drug for the treatment of
      racemose NCC due to its superior cerebrospinal fluid penetration compared to
      praziquantel and the ability to be used concomitantly with steroids. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: In this report, we describe a 39-year-old man recently emigrated
      from Mexico with racemose NCC and hydrocephalus successfully treated with
      prolonged albendazole treatment, high-dose dexamethasone, and
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for the relief of obstructive hydrocephalus.
      CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of racemose NCC represents a significant clinical
      challenge requiring multimodal intervention to minimize infectious- and treatment
      related morbidity. We review the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features
      relevant to the management of this aggressive form of NCC.

PMID- 26958419
TI  - Resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging integrated with
      intraoperative neuronavigation for functional mapping after aborted awake
      craniotomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Awake craniotomy is currently the gold standard for aggressive tumor
      resections in eloquent cortex. However, a significant subset of patients is
      unable to tolerate this procedure, particularly the very young or old or those
      with psychiatric comorbidities, cardiopulmonary comorbidities, or obesity, among
      other conditions. In these cases, typical alternative procedures include biopsy
      alone or subtotal resection, both of which are associated with diminished
      surgical outcomes. CASE DESCRIPTION: Here, we report the successful use of a
      preoperatively obtained resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) integrated with intraoperative neuronavigation software in order to
      perform functional cortical mapping in the setting of an aborted awake craniotomy
      due to loss of airway. CONCLUSION: Resting state functional connectivity MRI
      integrated with intraoperative neuronavigation software can provide an
      alternative option for functional cortical mapping in the setting of an aborted
      awake craniotomy.

PMID- 26958420
TI  - Effect of repeated transsphenoidal surgery in recurrent or residual pituitary
      adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recurrent or residual pituitary adenomas previously treated by
      transsphenoidal surgery are not uncommon. There are no strongly established
      guidelines to perform treatment of such cases. The objective of this study is to
      elucidate the effect of transsphenoidal reoperation in residual or recurrent
      pituitary adenomas. METHODS: We made a systematic review of the literature to
      elucidate this effect through electronic search in MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane
      Central database. PRISMA statement was used as a basis for this systematic review
      and analysis of the risk of bias was made according to the Grading of
      Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation recommendations. RESULTS:
      In this review, fifteen studies were finally pooled analyzed. Although remission
      rates (RRs) and follow-up periods varied widely, from 149 patients with growth
      hormone-secreting tumors the mean RR was 44.5%, from 273 patients with
      adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumors the mean RR was 55.5% and among 173
      patients with nonsecreting tumors, RR was 76.1%. There was significant higher RR
      in nonsecreting tumors. Mean follow-up was 32.1 months. No difference was found
      between microscopic and endoscopic techniques. CONCLUSIONS: A second
      transsphenoidal surgery is accompanied by a chance of remission in approximately
      half of cases with secreting tumors. In nonsecreting ones, success is higher.

PMID- 26958421
TI  - Spontaneous thrombosis of giant intracranial aneurysm and posterior cerebral
      artery followed by also spontaneous recanalization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spontaneous complete thrombosis of a giant aneurysm and its parent
      artery is a rare event. Their spontaneous recanalization is even rarer, with few
      reports. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 17-year-old male patient presenting blurred vision
      and headache, with a history of seizures, was referred to our service. After
      further investigation with cranial computed tomography, magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI), and cerebral angiography (CAG), it was diagnosed a thrombosed
      aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and also complete thrombosis of
      the PCA. Three years later, he experienced visual worsening. A new MRI scan
      indicated flow both through the aneurysm and the left PCA, which was further
      confirmed by CAG. We decided for a noninterventional treatment combined with
      strict clinical follow-up. The patient continues to present with the previous
      neurological deficit, without recurrence of headaches. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombosis is
      not the final event in the natural history of giant aneurysms, and partial
      thrombosis does not preclude the risk of rupture. Thrombosed aneurysms may
      display additional growth brought about by wall dissections or intramural
      hemorrhages. Their treatment may be either surgical or involve endovascular
      procedures such as embolization. Thrombosed giant aneurysms are dynamic and
      unstable lesions. A noninterventional treatment is feasible, but aneurysmal
      growth or recanalization may suggest the need for a more active intervention.

PMID- 26958422
TI  - Fenestration of bone flap during decompressive craniotomy for subdural hematoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Persistent/recurrent extra-axial hemorrhage may occur after
      decompression of a subdural hematoma (SDH) followed by an immediate replacement
      of bone flap. A fenestration of the bone flap may encourage extra-axial fluid
      absorption; however, the literature has not explored this technique. METHODS:
      Forty-four consecutive patients who underwent surgical decompression of SDH with
      immediate replacement of bone flap were divided into two groups: Fenestration
      (F), n = 33, and no fenestration (NF), n = 11. Fenestration involves placement of
      twist drill holes 1-2 cm apart throughout the bone flap. Clinical data (age, sex,
      history of antiplatelet/anticoagulation [AA], and presence of drains) were
      collected. The size of bone flap, postoperative volume, and midline shift (MLS)
      were measured. A univariate analysis was performed for continuous variables;
      Fisher's exact test was performed for categorical variables. RESULTS: For
      postoperative volume, NF group exhibited 94.4 +/- 15.5 cm(3), while F group
      exhibited 47.3 +/- 15.5 cm(3) (P = 0.04); no AA exhibited 62.9 +/- 12.3 cm(3),
      while AA exhibited 100.5 +/- 19.0 cm(3) (P = 0.07); no drains exhibited 110.1 +/-
      29.6 cm(3), while drains exhibited 63.0 +/- 9.1 cm(3) (P = 0.14). For
      postoperative MLS, NF group exhibited 4.8 +/- 1.1 mm, while F group exhibited 2.5
      +/- 1.1 mm (P = 0.16); no AA exhibited 2.3 +/- 1.0 mm, while AA exhibited 5.8 +/-
      1.4 mm (P = 0.048); no drains exhibited 4.6 +/- 2.2 mm, while drains exhibited
      3.8 +/- 0.7 mm (P = 0.70). Accounting for fenestration status and AA status: For
      F group, AA status did not correlate with postoperative volume or MLS
      significantly; for NF group, history of AA exhibited higher postoperative value
      129.2 +/- 26.5 cm(3), compared to no history of AA at 59.5 +/- 16.2 cm(3) (P =
      0.03). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that fenestration prior to the immediate
      replacement of bone flap after surgical decompression of SDH has the potential to
      reduce extra-axial fluid accumulation.

PMID- 26958423
TI  - Urgent discectomy: Clinical features and neurological outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical features and outcome of patients with
      progressive neurological deficits due to disc herniation who were treated
      surgically within 24 h. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of
      consecutive patients who were admitted between 2004 and 2013 via the Emergency
      Department. Records were screened for presenting symptoms, neurological status at
      admission, discharge, and 6-week follow-up. RESULTS: About 72 of 526 patients
      underwent surgery within 24 h. Magnetic resonance imaging showed lumbar disc
      herniation in 72 patients. The most common presenting symptoms included
      radiculopathy (n = 69), the Lasegue sign (n = 60), sensory deficits (n = 57), or
      motor deficits (n = 47). In addition, 11 patients experienced perineal numbness
      and 12 had bowel and bladder dysfunction. At discharge, motor and sensory
      deficits and bowel and bladder dysfunction had improved significantly (P < 0.001,
      P = 0.029, and P = 0.015, respectively). CONCLUSION: Motor deficits, sensory
      deficits, and cauda equina dysfunction were significantly improved immediately
      after urgent surgery. After 6 weeks, motor and sensory deficits were also
      significantly improved compared to the neurological status at discharge. Thus, we
      advocate immediate surgery of disc herniation in patients with acute onset of
      motor deficits, perineal numbness, or bladder or bowel dysfunction indicative of
      cauda equina syndrome.

PMID- 26958424
TI  - Do we need to establish guidelines for patients with neuromodulation implantable
      devices, including spinal cord stimulators undergoing nonspinal surgeries?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation is currently approved to treat chronic
      intractable pain of the trunk and limbs. However, such implantable electronic
      devices are vulnerable to external electrical currents and magnetic fields.
      Within the hospitals and modern operating rooms (ORs), there is an abundance of
      electrical devices and other types of equipment that could interfere with such
      devices. Despite the increasing number of patients with neuromodulation
      implantable devices, there are no written guidelines available or consensus of
      cautions for such patients undergoing unrelated surgery. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: A 60
      year-old female with a permanent St. Jude's spinal cord stimulator (SCS)
      presented for open total abdominal hysterectomy. Both the anesthesia and
      gynecology staffs were aware of the device presence, but were unaware of any
      precautions regarding intraoperative management. The device was found to be
      nonmagnetic resonance imaging compatible, and bipolar cautery was used instead of
      monopolar cautery. A 59-year-old female with a 9-year-old permanent Medtronic
      SCS, presented for right total hip arthroplasty. The device was switched off
      prior to entering the OR, bipolar cautery was used, and grounding pads were
      placed away from her battery site. In each case, the manufacturer's
      representative was contacted preoperative. Both surgeries proceeded uneventfully.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Food and Drug Administration safety information manual warns
      about the use of diathermy, concomitant implanted stimulation devices,
      lithotripsy, external defibrillation, radiation therapy, ultrasonic scanning, and
      high-output ultrasound, all of which can lead to permanent implant damage if not
      turned off prior to undertaking procedures. Lack of uniform guidelines makes
      intraoperative management, as well as remote anesthesia care of patients with
      previously implanted SCSs unsafe.

PMID- 26958425
TI  - Camptocormia and deep brain stimulation: The interesting overlapping etiologies
      and the therapeutic role of subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation in
      Parkinson disease with camptocormia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Camptocormia is known as "bent spine syndrome" and defined as a
      forward hyperflexion. The most common etiologic factor is related with the
      movement disorders, mainly in Parkinson's disease (PD). CASE DESCRIPTION: We
      present the case of a 51-year-old woman who has been followed with PD for the
      last 10 years, and also under the therapy for PD. An unappreciated correlation
      low back pain with camptocormia developed. She underwent deep brain stimulation
      (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus bilaterally and improved her bending posture.
      CONCLUSION: The relationship between the DBS and camptocormia is discussed in
      this unique condition.

PMID- 26958426
TI  - Radiotherapy-induced tumors of the spine, peripheral nerve, and spinal cord: Case
      report and literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The development of a secondary malignancy in the field of radiation
      is a rare but well-recognized hazard of cancer treatment. The radiotherapy
      induced (RT-I) tumors are even more aggressive and potentially lethal than the
      primary tumor. To goal of this article is to report a case of RT-I neural tumor
      located in the peripheral nerve and spinal cord and to perform a literature
      review of the subject. CASE REPORTS: Thirty-year male with symptoms of
      hypoesthesia and dysesthesia of the L5 nerve root distribution and previous
      treatment of a testicular seminoma 20 years previously. The lumbar magnetic
      resonance imaging showed the growth of a nerve root tumor. Surgery was performed,
      and a fusiform tumor was resected with clear margins. The anatomopathological and
      immunohistochemical studies were compatible with a malignant peripheral nerve
      sheath tumor. A total of 30 cases were included in the review. The mean age of
      the patients at diagnosis of the induced tumor was 39.36 (+/-16.74) years. Most
      were male (63.3%). The main type of primary disease was neural tumors (30%). The
      most common type of histology was fibrosarcoma (20.0%). No difference was found
      in age, gender, and time of diagnosis between neural and nonneural tumors. The
      mean survival after the diagnosis of the secondary tumor was 10.7 months (+/
      13.27), and neural tumors had a longer survival period (P = 0.031). CONCLUSION:
      The current gold standard therapy is complete resection with clear margins, since
      most tumors do not respond to chemotherapy and RT. The neural type of RT-I tumor
      presented a longer survival period.

PMID- 26958427
TI  - Treatment of epidermoid tumors with gamma knife radiosurgery: Case series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidermoid tumors (ETs) are benign lesions that are treated mainly by
      means of surgical resection, with overall good results. External beam
      radiotherapy is an alternative treatment for those recurrent tumors, in which a
      second surgery might not be the best choice for the patient. A little information
      exists about the effectiveness of gamma knife radiosurgery for the treatment of
      newly diagnosed and recurrent ETs. We present three cases of ETs treated with
      gamma knife radiosurgery. CASE DESCRIPTION: Case 1 is a 21-year-old female with
      an ET located in the left cerebellopontine angle (CPA) with symptoms related to
      VIII cranial nerve dysfunction. Symptom control was achieved and maintained after
      single session radiosurgery with gamma knife. Case 2 is a 59-year-old female
      patient with the history of trigeminal neuralgia secondary to a recurrent ET
      located in the left CPA. Significant pain improvement was achieved after
      treatment with gamma knife radiosurgery. Case 3 is a 29-year-old male patient
      with a CPA ET causing long lasting trigeminal neuralgia, pain relief was achieved
      in this patient after gamma knife radiosurgery. CONCLUSION: Long-term symptom
      relief was achieved in all three cases proving that gamma knife radiosurgery is a
      good and safe alternative for patients with recurrent or nonsurgically treated
      ETs.

PMID- 26958428
TI  - Dilemmas surrounding the diagnosis of deep brain stimulation electrode infection
      without associated wound complications: A series of two cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: When wounds are benign, diagnosis of deep brain stimulation (DBS)
      electrode infection and associated intraparenchymal infection can be challenging.
      Only a couple, such cases exist in literature. Since infections of the central
      nervous system can be life-threatening, prompt diagnosis is necessary to prevent
      neurological injury. Employed within the appropriate context, magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of the brain, as well as laboratory data and clinical presentation,
      may help guide diagnosis. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: Case 1 - A 55-year-old male with
      bilateral DBS electrodes and generators (49 days from last procedure), who
      presented with confusion and fever. Pertinent positive laboratory was white blood
      cell 20.5K. MRI of the brain showed edema with enhancement along the right DBS
      electrode. Wound exploration revealed gross purulence in the subgaleal space. The
      entire system was removed; cultures from subgaleal space revealed
      Propionibacterium acnes; cultures from electrode were negative. The patient was
      sent home on antibiotics. Case 2 - A 68-year-old male with a right DBS electrode
      (11 days from placement), who presented after an unwitnessed fall, followed by
      confusion and amnesia. Pertinent laboratory examinations were negative. MRI of
      the brain showed edema with enhancement along the DBS electrode. Wound
      exploration revealed no infection. The DBS system was left in place; final
      cultures were negative; no antibiotics were prescribed. Repeat MRI showed
      resolving fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal and contrast
      enhancement. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast enhancement, T2 FLAIR, and diffusion weighted
      imaging are influenced by postoperative changes. Caution is stressed regarding
      dependence on these features for acute diagnosis of infection and indication for
      electrode removal. Timing of the imaging after surgery must be considered. Other
      factors, such as systemic signs and abnormal laboratory data, should be
      evaluated. Based on these guidelines, retrospectively, the patient in Case 2
      should not have been rushed for a wound exploration; close observation with
      serial imaging and laboratory data may have prevented an unnecessary procedure.

PMID- 26958429
TI  - Tinnitus: Is there a place for brain stimulation?
AB  - Tinnitus is the perception of a "phantom sound" and has a high prevalence.
      Although many therapies have been investigated within the last decades, there is
      still no effective standard therapy. Animal studies and human functional imaging
      studies revealed that tinnitus perception is associated with many complex changes
      in multiple brain structures. There is growing evidence that brain stimulation
      might be able to interrupt the local altered neuronal activity and hereby inhibit
      tinnitus perception. In this editorial review, an update is given on the most
      promising targets for brain stimulation. Promising structures for stimulation are
      the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate
      body of the thalamus. For cortical stimulation, the auditory cortex is considered
      as a target. Nevertheless, the field is waiting for evidence from well-designed
      clinical trials, based on supporting evidence from experimental/mechanistic
      research, to support or discourage the application of brain stimulation in
      tinnitus. 

PMID- 26958430
TI  - Adaptive hypofractionated gamma knife radiosurgery for a large brainstem
      metastasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To demonstrate how adaptive hypofractionated radiosurgery by gamma
      knife (GK) can be successfully utilized to treat a large brainstem metastasis - a
      novel approach to a challenging clinical situation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 42-year
      old woman, diagnosed with metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer in July 2011,
      initially treated with chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, developed
      multiple brain metastases March 2013, with subsequent whole brain radiotherapy,
      after which a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a significant volume
      regression of all brain metastases. A follow-up MRI in October 2013 revealed a
      growing brainstem lesion of 26 mm. Linear accelerator-based radiotherapy and
      microsurgery were judged contraindicated, why the decision was made to treat the
      patient with three separate radiosurgical sessions during the course of 1 week,
      with an 18% tumor volume reduction demonstrated after the last treatment. Follow
      up MRI 2.5 months after her radiosurgical treatment showed a tumor volume
      reduction of 67% compared to the 1(st) day of treatment. Later on, the patient
      developed a radiation-induced perilesional edema although without major clinical
      implications. An MRI at 12 months and 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission
      tomography of the brain at 13 months showed decreased edema with no signs of
      tumor recurrence. Despite disease progression during the last months of her life,
      the patient's condition remained overall acceptable. CONCLUSION: GK-based
      stereotactic adaptive hypofractionation proved to be effective to achieve tumor
      control while limiting local adverse reactions. This surgical modality should be
      considered when managing larger brain lesions in critical areas.

PMID- 26958432
TI  - Intracranial Pial Arteriovenous Fistulae: Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques in
      Pediatric Patients with Review of Literature.
AB  - Pial arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are rare vascular lesions comprising single or
      multiple arterial feeders draining directly into the venous channel without
      intervening tangle of blood vessels as in brain AV malformations. In our present
      paper, we describe three cases of pial AVF in the pediatric age group with
      different presentations treated successfully with endovascular and surgical
      methods. Two patients underwent treatment for pial AVF by the endovascular
      technique and one by surgical clipping. The treatments were successful with good
      clinical outcome. We did not encounter any peri-procedural complications in any
      of the cases. Pial AVF is a rare entity and high degree of suspicion and adequate
      clinical and imaging knowledge is required to make the diagnosis. Exclusion of
      the fistula from the cerebral circulation should be done at the earliest to
      prevent devastating complications that result during the natural course of the
      disease. 

PMID- 26958431
TI  - Renal Collecting System Anatomy in Living Kidney Donors by Computed Tomographic
      Urography: Protocol Accuracy Compared to Intravenous Pyelographic and Surgical
      Findings.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of triple-bolus computed tomography
      urography (CTU) as a surrogate of intravenous pyelography (IVP) for determining
      the anatomy of the urinary collecting system in living kidney donors. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: In an analytic descriptive cross-sectional study, 36 healthy kidney
      donors were recruited during 12 months. Preoperative IVP and CTU were utilized to
      evaluate kidneys' anatomy; major and minor calyces and variation were used as
      anatomical indices to compare the accuracy of CTU and IVP; the images were then
      compared to surgical findings. RESULTS: Thirty-six kidney donors (92% male; mean
      age: 28 +/- 6 years) were enrolled in this study. The kappa coefficient value was
      significant and almost perfect for the CTU and IVP findings in detecting the
      pattern of calyces (kappa coefficient 0.92, asymptotic 95% confidence interval
      0.86-0.97). Anatomic variations or anomalies of the urinary collecting system
      included the bifid pelvis (5.6%), duplication (8.3%), and extra-renal pelvis
      (2.8%). Both the sensitivity and specificity of CTU in the detection of the
      anatomy and variations were 100%; the sensitivity and specificity of IVP were
      83.3% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The triple-bolus preoperative CTU can
      be considered an alternative to IVP for assessing the anatomy of the urinary
      collecting system.

PMID- 26958433
TI  - Silicone-induced Penile Sclerosing Lipogranuloma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
      Findings.
AB  - Sclerosing lipogranuloma is a rare benign disease, representing a peculiar
      granulomatous reaction of fatty tissue. The majority of cases are secondary to
      injection of exogenous foreign bodies, such as silicone, paraffin, mineral, or
      vegetable oils. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first case of a
      silicone-induced penile lipogranuloma in a 52-year-old man evaluated with a
      multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol, including diffusion
      weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced
      MRI. MRI of the penis by combining both conventional and functional information
      represents an important imaging tool in the preoperative workup of silicone
      induced penile lipogranuloma. 

PMID- 26958434
TI  - Processing and Characterization of Nanoparticle Coatings for Quartz Crystal
      Microbalance Measurements.
AB  - The quartz-crystal microbalance is a sensitive and versatile tool for measuring
      adsorption of a variety of compounds (e.g. small molecules, polymers,
      biomolecules, nanoparticles and cells) to surfaces. While the technique has
      traditionally been used for measuring adsorption to flat surfaces and thin ridged
      films, it can also be extended to study adsorption to nanoparticle surfaces when
      the nanoparticles are fixed to the crystal surface. The sensitivity and accuracy
      of the measurement depend on the users' ability to reproducibly prepare a thin
      uniform nanoparticle coating. This study evaluated four coating techniques,
      including spin coating, spray coating, drop casting, and electrophoretic
      deposition, for two unique particle chemistries [nanoscale zero valent iron
      (nZVI) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)] to produce uniform and reproducible
      nanoparticle coatings for real-time quartz-crystal microbalance measurements.
      Uniform TiO2 coatings were produced from a 50 mg/mL methanol suspension via spin
      coating. Nanoscale zero-valent iron was best applied by spray coating a low
      concentration 1.0 mg/mL suspended in methanol. The application of multiple
      coatings, rather than an increase in the suspension concentration, was the best
      method to increase the mass of nanoparticles on the crystal surface while
      maintaining coating uniformity. An upper mass threshold was determined to be
      approximately 96 ug/cm(2); above this mass, coatings no longer maintained their
      uniform rigid characteristic, and a low signal to noise ratio resulted in loss of
      measurable signal from crystal resonances above the fundamental. 

PMID- 26958435
TI  - Report on Pairing-based Cryptography.
AB  - This report summarizes study results on pairing-based cryptography. The main
      purpose of the study is to form NIST's position on standardizing and recommending
      pairing-based cryptography schemes currently published in research literature and
      standardized in other standard bodies. The report reviews the mathematical
      background of pairings. This includes topics such as pairing-friendly elliptic
      curves and how to compute various pairings. It includes a brief introduction to
      existing identity-based encryption (IBE) schemes and other cryptographic schemes
      using pairing technology. The report provides a complete study of the current
      status of standard activities on pairing-based cryptographic schemes. It explores
      different application scenarios for pairing-based cryptography schemes. As an
      important aspect of adopting pairing-based schemes, the report also considers the
      challenges inherent in validation testing of cryptographic algorithms and
      modules. Based on the study, the report suggests an approach for including
      pairing-based cryptography schemes in the NIST cryptographic toolkit. The report
      also outlines several questions that will require further study if this approach
      is followed. 

PMID- 26958436
TI  - Findings and Recommendations from the NIST Workshop on Alternative Fuels and
      Materials: Biocorrosion.
AB  - In 2013, the Applied Chemicals and Materials Division of the National Institute
      of Standards and Technology (NIST) hosted a workshop to identify and prioritize
      research needs in the area of biocorrosion. Materials used to store and
      distribute alternative fuels have experienced an increase in corrosion due to the
      unique conditions caused by the presence of microbes and the chemistry of
      biofuels and biofuel precursors. Participants in this workshop, including experts
      from the microbiological, fuel, and materials communities, delved into the unique
      materials and chemical challenges that occur with production, transport, and
      storage of alternative fuels. Discussions focused on specific problems including:
      a) the changing composition of "drop-in" fuels and the impact of that composition
      on materials; b) the influence of microbial populations on corrosion and fuel
      quality; and c) state-of-the-art measurement technologies for monitoring material
      degradation and biofilm formation. 

PMID- 26958437
TI  - Revision of the NIST Standard for (223)Ra: New Measurements and Review of 2008
      Data.
AB  - After discovering a discrepancy in the transfer standard currently being
      disseminated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we
      have performed a new primary standardization of the alpha-emitter (223)Ra using
      Live-timed Anticoincidence Counting (LTAC) and the Triple-to-Double Coincidence
      Ratio Method (TDCR). Additional confirmatory measurements were made with the
      CIEMAT-NIST efficiency tracing method (CNET) of liquid scintillation counting,
      integral gamma-ray counting using a NaI(Tl) well counter, and several High Purity
      Germanium (HPGe) detectors in an attempt to understand the origin of the
      discrepancy and to provide a correction. The results indicate that a -9.5 %
      difference exists between activity values obtained using the former transfer
      standard relative to the new primary standardization. During one of the
      experiments, a 2 % difference in activity was observed between dilutions of the
      (223)Ra master solution prepared using the composition used in the original
      standardization and those prepared using 1 mol.L(-1) HCl. This effect appeared to
      be dependent on the number of dilutions or the total dilution factor to the
      master solution, but the magnitude was not reproducible. A new calibration factor
      ("K-value") has been determined for the NIST Secondary Standard Ionization
      Chamber (IC "A"), thereby correcting the discrepancy between the primary and
      secondary standards. 

PMID- 26958438
TI  - Design and Operation of an Optically-Accessible Modular Reactor for Diagnostics
      of Thermal Thin Film Deposition Processes.
AB  - The design and operation of a simple, optically-accessible modular reactor for
      probing thermal thin film deposition processes, such as atomic layer deposition
      processes (ALD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is described. This reactor
      has a nominal footprint of 225 cm(2) and a mass of approximately 6.6 kg, making
      it small enough to conveniently function as a modular component of an optical
      train. The design is simple, making fabrication straightforward and relatively
      inexpensive. Reactor operation is characterized using two infrared absorption
      measurements to determine exhaust times for tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium and
      water, proto-typical ALD precursors, in a pressure and flow regime commonly used
      for ALD. 

PMID- 26958439
TI  - An Areal Isotropic Spline Filter for Surface Metrology.
AB  - This paper deals with the application of the spline filter as an areal filter for
      surface metrology. A profile (2D) filter is often applied in orthogonal
      directions to yield an areal filter for a three-dimensional (3D) measurement.
      Unlike the Gaussian filter, the spline filter presents an anisotropic
      characteristic when used as an areal filter. This disadvantage hampers the wide
      application of spline filters for evaluation and analysis of areal surface
      topography. An approximation method is proposed in this paper to overcome the
      problem. In this method, a profile high-order spline filter serial is constructed
      to approximate the filtering characteristic of the Gaussian filter. Then an areal
      filter with isotropic characteristic is composed by implementing the profile
      spline filter in the orthogonal directions. It is demonstrated that the
      constructed areal filter has two important features for surface metrology: an
      isotropic amplitude characteristic and no end effects. Some examples of applying
      this method on simulated and practical surfaces are analyzed. 

PMID- 26958440
TI  - On the Stability of Rotating Drops.
AB  - We consider the equilibrium and stability of rotating axisymmetric fluid drops by
      appealing to a variational principle that characterizes the equilibria as
      stationary states of a functional containing surface energy and rotational energy
      contributions, augmented by a volume constraint. The linear stability of a drop
      is determined by solving the eigenvalue problem associated with the second
      variation of the energy functional. We compute equilibria corresponding to both
      oblate and prolate shapes, as well as toroidal shapes, and track their evolution
      with rotation rate. The stability results are obtained for two cases: (i) a
      prescribed rotational rate of the system ("driven drops"), or (ii) a prescribed
      angular momentum ("isolated drops"). For families of axisymmetric drops
      instabilities may occur for either axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric
      perturbations; the latter correspond to bifurcation points where non-axisymmetric
      shapes are possible. We employ an angle-arc length formulation of the problem
      which allows the computation of equilibrium shapes that are not single-valued in
      spherical coordinates. We are able to illustrate the transition from spheroidal
      drops with a strong indentation on the rotation axis to toroidal drops that do
      not extend to the rotation axis. Toroidal drops with a large aspect ratio (major
      radius to minor radius) are subject to azimuthal instabilities with higher mode
      numbers that are analogous to the Rayleigh instability of a cylindrical
      interface. Prolate spheroidal shapes occur if a drop of lower density rotates
      within a denser medium; these drops appear to be linearly stable. This work is
      motivated by recent investigations of toroidal tissue clusters that are observed
      to climb conical obstacles after self-assembly [Nurse et al., Journal of Applied
      Mechanics 79 (2012) 051013]. 

PMID- 26958441
TI  - An Improved Algorithm of Congruent Matching Cells (CMC) Method for Firearm
      Evidence Identifications.
AB  - The Congruent Matching Cells (CMC) method was invented at the National Institute
      of Standards and Technology (NIST) for firearm evidence identifications. The CMC
      method divides the measured image of a surface area, such as a breech face
      impression from a fired cartridge case, into small correlation cells and uses
      four identification parameters to identify correlated cell pairs originating from
      the same firearm. The CMC method was validated by identification tests using both
      3D topography images and optical images captured from breech face impressions of
      40 cartridge cases fired from a pistol with 10 consecutively manufactured slides.
      In this paper, we discuss the processing of the cell correlations and propose an
      improved algorithm of the CMC method which takes advantage of the cell
      correlations at a common initial phase angle and combines the forward and
      backward correlations to improve the identification capability. The improved
      algorithm is tested by 780 pairwise correlations using the same optical images
      and 3D topography images as the initial validation. 

PMID- 26958442
TI  - SAGRAD: A Program for Neural Network Training with Simulated Annealing and the
      Conjugate Gradient Method.
AB  - SAGRAD (Simulated Annealing GRADient), a Fortran 77 program for computing neural
      networks for classification using batch learning, is discussed. Neural network
      training in SAGRAD is based on a combination of simulated annealing and Moller's
      scaled conjugate gradient algorithm, the latter a variation of the traditional
      conjugate gradient method, better suited for the nonquadratic nature of neural
      networks. Different aspects of the implementation of the training process in
      SAGRAD are discussed, such as the efficient computation of gradients and
      multiplication of vectors by Hessian matrices that are required by Moller's
      algorithm; the (re)initialization of weights with simulated annealing required to
      (re)start Moller's algorithm the first time and each time thereafter that it
      shows insufficient progress in reaching a possibly local minimum; and the use of
      simulated annealing when Moller's algorithm, after possibly making considerable
      progress, becomes stuck at a local minimum or flat area of weight space. Outlines
      of the scaled conjugate gradient algorithm, the simulated annealing procedure and
      the training process used in SAGRAD are presented together with results from
      running SAGRAD on two examples of training data. 

PMID- 26958443
TI  - A Simple and Fast Spline Filtering Algorithm for Surface Metrology.
AB  - Spline filters and their corresponding robust filters are commonly used filters
      recommended in ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) standards
      for surface evaluation. Generally, these linear and non-linear spline filters,
      composed of symmetric, positive-definite matrices, are solved in an iterative
      fashion based on a Cholesky decomposition. They have been demonstrated to be
      relatively efficient, but complicated and inconvenient to implement. A new spline
      filter algorithm is proposed by means of the discrete cosine transform or the
      discrete Fourier transform. The algorithm is conceptually simple and very
      convenient to implement. 

PMID- 26958444
TI  - Development of an Ultra-Pure, Carrier-Free (209)Po Solution Standard.
AB  - Ultra-pure, carrier-free (209)Po solution standards have been prepared and
      standardized for their massic alpha-particle emission rate. The standards, which
      will be disseminated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
      as Standard Reference Material SRM 4326a, have a mean mass of (5.169 +/- 0.003) g
      of a solution of polonium in nominal 2.0 mol?L(-1) HCl (having a solution density
      of (1.032 +/- 0.002) g? mL(-1) at 20  degrees C) that are contained in 5 mL,
      flame-sealed, borosilicate glass ampoules. They are certified to contain a
      (209)Po massic alpha-particle emission rate of (39.01 +/- 0.18) s(-1)?g(-1) as of
      a reference time of 1200 EST, 01 December 2013. This new standard series replaces
      SRM 4326 that was issued by NIST in 1994. The standardization was based on
      4pialpha liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry with two different LS counting
      systems and under wide variations in measurement and counting source conditions.
      The methodology for the standardization, with corrections for detection of the
      low-energy conversion electrons from the delayed 2 keV isomeric state in (205)Pb
      and for the radiations accompanying the small 0.45 % electron-capture branch to
      (209)Bi, involves a unique spectral analysis procedure that is specific for the
      case of (209)Po decay. The entire measurement protocol is similar, but revised
      and improved from that used for SRM 4326. Spectroscopic impurity analyses
      revealed that no photon-emitting or alpha-emitting radionuclidic impurities were
      detected. The most common impurity associated with (209)Po is (208)Po and the
      activity ratio of (208)Po/(209)Po was < 10(-7). 

PMID- 26958445
TI  - Long-Term Stability of One-Inch Condenser Microphones Calibrated at the National
      Institute of Standards and Technology.
AB  - The devices calibrated most frequently by the acoustical measurement services at
      the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) over the 50-year period
      from 1963 to 2012 were one-inch condenser microphones of three specific standard
      types: LS1Pn, LS1Po, and WS1P. Due to its long history of providing calibrations
      of such microphones to customers, NIST is in a unique position to analyze data
      concerning the long-term stability of these devices. This long history has
      enabled NIST to acquire and aggregate a substantial amount of repeat calibration
      data for a large number of microphones that belong to various other standards and
      calibration laboratories. In addition to determining microphone sensitivities at
      the time of calibration, it is important to have confidence that the microphones
      do not typically undergo significant drift as compared to the calibration
      uncertainty during the periods between calibrations. For each of the three
      microphone types, an average drift rate and approximate 95 % confidence interval
      were computed by two different statistical methods, and the results from the two
      methods were found to differ insignificantly in each case. These results apply to
      typical microphones of these types that are used in a suitable environment and
      handled with care. The average drift rate for Type LS1Pn microphones was -0.004
      dB/year to 0.003 dB/year. The average drift rate for Type LS1Po microphones was 
      0.016 dB/year to 0.008 dB/year. The average drift rate for Type WS1P microphones
      was -0.004 dB/year to 0.018 dB/year. For each of these microphone types, the
      average drift rate is not significantly different from zero. This result is
      consistent with the performance expected of condenser microphones designed for
      use as transfer standards. In addition, the values that bound the confidence
      intervals are well within the limits specified for long-term stability in
      international standards. Even though these results show very good long-term
      stability historically for these microphone types, it is expected that periodic
      calibrations will always be done to track the calibration history of individual
      microphones and check for anomalies indicative of shifts in sensitivity. 

PMID- 26958446
TI  - The Optics and Alignment of the Divergent Beam Laboratory X-ray Powder
      Diffractometer and its Calibration Using NIST Standard Reference Materials.
AB  - The laboratory X-ray powder diffractometer is one of the primary analytical tools
      in materials science. It is applicable to nearly any crystalline material, and
      with advanced data analysis methods, it can provide a wealth of information
      concerning sample character. Data from these machines, however, are beset by a
      complex aberration function that can be addressed through calibration with the
      use of NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). Laboratory diffractometers can
      be set up in a range of optical geometries; considered herein are those of Bragg
      Brentano divergent beam configuration using both incident and diffracted beam
      monochromators. We review the origin of the various aberrations affecting
      instruments of this geometry and the methods developed at NIST to align these
      machines in a first principles context. Data analysis methods are considered as
      being in two distinct categories: those that use empirical methods to
      parameterize the nature of the data for subsequent analysis, and those that use
      model functions to link the observation directly to a specific aspect of the
      experiment. We consider a multifaceted approach to instrument calibration using
      both the empirical and model based data analysis methods. The particular benefits
      of the fundamental parameters approach are reviewed. 

PMID- 26958447
TI  - Smart Electronic Laboratory Notebooks for the NIST Research Environment.
AB  - Laboratory notebooks have been a staple of scientific research for centuries for
      organizing and documenting ideas and experiments. Modern laboratories are
      increasingly reliant on electronic data collection and analysis, so it seems
      inevitable that the digital revolution should come to the ordinary laboratory
      notebook. The most important aspect of this transition is to make the shift as
      comfortable and intuitive as possible, so that the creative process that is the
      hallmark of scientific investigation and engineering achievement is maintained,
      and ideally enhanced. The smart electronic laboratory notebooks described in this
      paper represent a paradigm shift from the old pen and paper style notebooks and
      provide a host of powerful operational and documentation capabilities in an
      intuitive format that is available anywhere at any time. 

PMID- 26958448
TI  - An Implementation of the Fundamental Parameters Approach for Analysis of X-ray
      Powder Diffraction Line Profiles.
AB  - This work presents an open implementation of the Fundamental Parameters Approach
      (FPA) models for analysis of X-ray powder diffraction line profiles. The original
      literature describing these models was examined and code was developed to allow
      for their use within a Python based least squares refinement algorithm. The NIST
      interest in the FPA method is specific to its ability to account for the optical
      aberrations of the powder diffraction experiment allowing for an accurate
      assessment of lattice parameter values. Lattice parameters are one of the primary
      certified measurands of NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for powder
      diffraction. Lattice parameter values obtained from analysis of data from SRMs
      640e and 660c using both the NIST FPA Python code and the proprietary, commercial
      code Topas, that constitutes the only other actively supported, complete
      implementation of FPA models within a least-squares data analysis environment,
      agreed to within 2 fm. This level of agreement demonstrates that both the NIST
      code and Topas constitute an accurate implementation of published FPA models. 

PMID- 26958450
TI  - A Journey in Standard Development: The Core Manufacturing Simulation Data (CMSD)
      Information Model.
AB  - This report documents a journey "from research to an approved standard" of a NIST
      led standard development activity. That standard, Core Manufacturing Simulation
      Data (CMSD) information model, provides neutral structures for the efficient
      exchange of manufacturing data in a simulation environment. The model was
      standardized under the auspices of the international Simulation Interoperability
      Standards Organization (SISO). NIST started the research in 2001 and initiated
      the standardization effort in 2004. The CMSD standard was published in two SISO
      Products. In the first Product, the information model was defined in the Unified
      Modeling Language (UML) and published in 2010 as SISO-STD-008-2010. In the second
      Product, the information model was defined in Extensible Markup Language (XML)
      and published in 2013 as SISO-STD-008-01-2012. Both SISO-STD-008-2010 and SISO
      STD-008-01-2012 are intended to be used together. 

PMID- 26958449
TI  - Rapid Prototyping of Nanofluidic Slits in a Silicone Bilayer.
AB  - This article reports a process for rapidly prototyping nanofluidic devices,
      particularly those comprising slits with microscale widths and nanoscale depths,
      in silicone. This process consists of designing a nanofluidic device, fabricating
      a photomask, fabricating a device mold in epoxy photoresist, molding a device in
      silicone, cutting and punching a molded silicone device, bonding a silicone
      device to a glass substrate, and filling the device with aqueous solution. By
      using a bilayer of hard and soft silicone, we have formed and filled nanofluidic
      slits with depths of less than 400 nm and aspect ratios of width to depth
      exceeding 250 without collapse of the slits. An important attribute of this
      article is that the description of this rapid prototyping process is very
      comprehensive, presenting context and details which are highly relevant to the
      rational implementation and reliable repetition of the process. Moreover, this
      process makes use of equipment commonly found in nanofabrication facilities and
      research laboratories, facilitating the broad adaptation and application of the
      process. Therefore, while this article specifically informs users of the Center
      for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) at the National Institute of
      Standards and Technology (NIST), we anticipate that this information will be
      generally useful for the nanofabrication and nanofluidics research communities at
      large, and particularly useful for neophyte nanofabricators and nanofluidicists. 

PMID- 26958451
TI  - Toward Continuous GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer: Eliminating the Time
      Discontinuity at an Anomaly.
AB  - The wide application of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier-phase (CP) time
      transfer is limited by the problem of boundary discontinuity (BD). The
      discontinuity has two categories. One is "day boundary discontinuity," which has
      been studied extensively and can be solved by multiple methods [1-8]. The other
      category of discontinuity, called "anomaly boundary discontinuity (anomaly-BD),"
      comes from a GPS data anomaly. The anomaly can be a data gap (i.e., missing
      data), a GPS measurement error (i.e., bad data), or a cycle slip. Initial study
      of the anomaly-BD shows that we can fix the discontinuity if the anomaly lasts no
      more than 20 min, using the polynomial curve-fitting strategy to repair the
      anomaly [9]. However, sometimes, the data anomaly lasts longer than 20 min. Thus,
      a better curve-fitting strategy is in need. Besides, a cycle slip, as another
      type of data anomaly, can occur and lead to an anomaly-BD. To solve these
      problems, this paper proposes a new strategy, i.e., the satellite-clock-aided
      curve fitting strategy with the function of cycle slip detection. Basically, this
      new strategy applies the satellite clock correction to the GPS data. After that,
      we do the polynomial curve fitting for the code and phase data, as before. Our
      study shows that the phase-data residual is only ~3 mm for all GPS satellites.
      The new strategy also detects and finds the number of cycle slips by searching
      the minimum curve-fitting residual. Extensive examples show that this new
      strategy enables us to repair up to a 40-min GPS data anomaly, regardless of
      whether the anomaly is due to a data gap, a cycle slip, or a combination of the
      two. We also find that interference of the GPS signal, known as "jamming", can
      possibly lead to a time-transfer error, and that this new strategy can compensate
      for jamming outages. Thus, the new strategy can eliminate the impact of jamming
      on time transfer. As a whole, we greatly improve the robustness of the GPS CP
      time transfer. 

PMID- 26958452
TI  - Morphological and Electrical Characterization of MWCNT Papers and Pellets.
AB  - Six types of commercially available multiwall carbon nanotube soot were obtained
      and prepared into buckypapers by pellet pressing and by filtration into a paper.
      These samples were evaluated with respect to thickness, compressibility and
      electrical conductivity. DC conductivity results by two-point and four-point (van
      der Pauw) measurement methods as a function of preparation parameters are
      presented. Topology was investigated qualitatively by way of scanning electron
      microscopy and helium ion microscopy and from this, some generalizations about
      the nanotube structural properties and manufacturing technique with respect to
      conductivity are given. 

PMID- 26958453
TI  - Certification of NIST Room Temperature Low-Energy and High-Energy Charpy
      Verification Specimens.
AB  - The possibility for NIST to certify Charpy reference specimens for testing at
      room temperature (21  degrees C +/- 1  degrees C) instead of -40  degrees C was
      investigated by performing 130 room-temperature tests from five low-energy and
      four high-energy lots of steel on the three master Charpy machines located in
      Boulder, CO. The statistical analyses performed show that in most cases the
      variability of results (i.e., the experimental scatter) is reduced when testing
      at room temperature. For eight out of the nine lots considered, the observed
      variability was lower at 21  degrees C than at -40  degrees C. The results of
      this study will allow NIST to satisfy requests for room-temperature Charpy
      verification specimens that have been received from customers for several years:
      testing at 21  degrees C removes from the verification process the operator's
      skill in transferring the specimen in a timely fashion from the cooling bath to
      the impact position, and puts the focus back on the machine performance. For
      NIST, it also reduces the time and cost for certifying new verification lots. For
      one of the low-energy lots tested with a C-shaped hammer, we experienced two
      specimens jamming, which yielded unusually high values of absorbed energy. For
      both specimens, the signs of jamming were clearly visible. For all the low-energy
      lots investigated, jamming is slightly more likely to occur at 21  degrees C than
      at -40  degrees C, since at room temperature low-energy samples tend to remain in
      the test area after impact rather than exiting in the opposite direction of the
      pendulum swing. In the evaluation of a verification set, any jammed specimen
      should be removed from the analyses. 

PMID- 26958454
TI  - Potential Stable Low-Permeation Rate Standard Based on Micro-machined Silicon.
AB  - Silicon wafers with micro-machined holes were evaluated for use as low-permeation
      rate standard artifacts. Accuracy, stability, and reliability were assessed. Two
      independent experimental techniques for evaluating permeation were used: chilled
      mirror hygrometer and mass loss. The wafers exhibited a well-defined linear
      relationship between hole area and resultant water partial pressure for both
      techniques, although the mass loss curve exhibited a constant vertical offset
      from the hygrometer curve, attributed to water loss through the O-ring seal. In
      contrast to polymer permeation standards, Si wafers provided long-term
      reproducible permeation rates. However, they were also highly fragile, with most
      of them cracking during the course of the investigation. 

PMID- 26958455
TI  - Interaction of CD38 Variant and Chronic Interpersonal Stress Prospectively
      Predicts Social Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Over Six Years.
AB  - Variation in the CD38 gene, which regulates secretion of the neuropeptide
      oxytocin, has been associated with several social phenotypes. Specifically,
      rs3796863 A allele carriers have demonstrated increased social sensitivity. In
      400 older adolescents, we used trait-state-occasion modeling to investigate how
      rs3796863 genotype, baseline ratings of chronic interpersonal stress, and their
      gene-environment (GxE) interaction predicted trait social anxiety and depression
      symptoms over six years. We found significant GxE effects for CD38 A-carrier
      genotypes and chronic interpersonal stress at baseline predicting greater social
      anxiety and depression symptoms. A significant GxE effect of smaller magnitude
      was also found for C/C genotype and chronic interpersonal stress predicting
      greater depression; however, this effect was small compared to the main effect of
      chronic interpersonal stress. Thus, in the context of chronic interpersonal
      stress, heightened social sensitivity associated with the rs3796863 A allele may
      prospectively predict risk for social anxiety and (to a lesser extent)
      depression.

PMID- 26958456
TI  - Microbiological evaluation of different reprocessing methods for cuffed and un
      cuffed tracheostomy tubes in home-care and hospital setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Manufacturers' recommendations on cleaning of tracheostomy tubes
      focus on general warning information and non-specific manual cleaning procedures.
      The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate different reprocessing methods
      and to determine the mechanical integrity and functionality of tracheostomy tubes
      following reprocessing. METHODS: Sixteen cuffed or un-cuffed tracheostomy tubes
      obtained from hospital in-patients were reprocessed using one of the following
      reprocessing methods: a) manual brushing and rinsing with tap water, b) manual
      brushing followed by disinfection with a glutaraldehyde solution, c) manual
      brushing followed machine-based cleaning in a dishwasher, and d) manual brushing
      followed by ultrasound cleaning in a commercially available ultrasound device.
      Microbial burden of the tubes before and after reprocessing was assessed by
      measurement of microbial colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of rinsing fluid.
      After cleaning, tracheostomy tubes were investigated for loss of functionality.
      FINDINGS: Manual brushing and rinsing with tap water reduced microbial
      colonization in average by 10(2) CFU/mL, but with poor reproducibility and
      reliability. Complete microbial reduction was achieved only with additional
      chemical or machine-based thermal disinfection. Ultrasound sonification yielded
      no further microbial reduction after manual brushing. CONCLUSION: Manual brushing
      alone will not result in complete eradication of microorganism colonising cuffed
      or un-cuffed tracheostomy tubes. However, manual cleaning followed by chemical or
      thermal disinfection may be regarded as safe and reproducible reprocessing
      method. If a machine-based reprocessing method is used for cuffed tubes, the
      cuffs' ventilation hose must be secured in a safe position prior to thermal
      disinfection.

PMID- 26958457
TI  - Hygiene guideline for the planning, installation, and operation of ventilation
      and air-conditioning systems in health-care settings - Guideline of the German
      Society for Hospital Hygiene (DGKH).
AB  - Since the publication of the first "Hospital Hygiene Guideline for the
      implementation and operation of air conditioning systems (HVAC systems) in
      hospitals"
      (http://www.krankenhaushygiene.de/informationen/fachinformationen/leitlinien/12)
      in 2002, it was necessary due to the increase in knowledge, new regulations,
      improved air-conditioning systems and advanced test methods to revise the
      guideline. Based on the description of the basic features of ventilation
      concepts, its hygienic test and the usage-based requirements for ventilation, the
      DGKH section "Ventilation and air conditioning technology" attempts to provide
      answers for the major air quality issues in the planning, design and the
      hygienically safe operation of HVAC systems in rooms of health care. 

PMID- 26958459
TI  - Surveillance for parasites in unaccompanied minor refugees migrating to Germany
      in 2015.
AB  - In 2015, most of the refugees arriving in Germany originated from countries with
      poor hygienic and sanitary conditions. Stool samples of 1,230 minor refugees
      unaccompanied by adults were investigated for possible parasites. Giardia lamblia
      was by far the most frequently detected parasite (n=165); all other parasites
      were considerably less frequent and encountered in the following order:
      Hymenolepis nana (n=23), Entamoeba histolytica (n=17), Trichuris trichiura (n=8),
      and Blastocystis hominis (n=1). Ascaris lumbricoides was not detected among any
      of the screened refugees. Considerable differences in prevalence rates in
      refugees originating from different countries could be observed. 

PMID- 26958458
TI  - Presence of exoY, exoS, exoU and exoT genes, antibiotic resistance and biofilm
      production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Northwest Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as Gram-negative rod bacilli, has an
      important role in human infection. In the present study we aimed to investigate
      the presence of exo genes and biofilm production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      isolates in Northwest Iran. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 160 isolates of P. aeruginosa
      were collected and identified by biochemical tests and were characterized for
      antibiotic resistance. Biofilm production was evaluated by microtiter plate assay
      and the presence of exo genes was evaluated by allele-specific PCR (polymerase
      chain reaction). Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The
      most effective antibiotics against isolates were colistin and polymyxin B. 87% of
      the isolates were biofilm producers of which 69% were strongly biofilm producers.
      55% of the isolates carried exoY, 52% of the isolates carried exoU, and 26.3% and
      5% carried exoS and exoT, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed different
      distribution of exo genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Northwest
      Iran. ExoS and exoU were more prevalent in non-biofilm producers and exoY was
      more prevalent in biofilm producer isolates. These results might indicate the
      importance of exoY in biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 26958460
TI  - Differences in the rheological properties and mixing compatibility with
      heparinoid cream of brand name and generic steroidal ointments: The effects of
      their surfactants.
AB  - Most steroidal ointments contain propylene glycol (PG) and surfactants, which
      improve the solubility of corticosteroids in white petrolatum. Surfactants aid
      the uniform dispersal of PG within white petrolatum. Since the surfactants used
      in generic ointments are usually different from those used in brand name
      ointments, we investigated the effects of surfactants on the rheological
      properties of three brand name ointments and six equivalent generic ointments. We
      detected marked differences in hardness, adhesiveness, and spreadability among
      the ointments. Further examinations of model ointments consisting of white
      petrolatum, PG, and surfactants revealed that the abovementioned properties,
      especially hardness and adhesiveness, were markedly affected by the surfactants.
      Since steroidal ointments are often admixed with moisturizing creams prior to
      use, we investigated the mixing compatibility of the ointments with heparinoid
      cream and how this was affected by their surfactants. We found that the ointments
      containing glyceryl monostearate demonstrated good mixing compatibility, whereas
      those containing non-ionic surfactants with polyoxyethylene chains exhibited
      phase separation. These results were also consistent with the findings for the
      model ointments, which indicates that the mixing compatibility of steroidal
      ointments with heparinoid cream is determined by the emulsifying capacity of the
      surfactants in their oily bases. 

PMID- 26958461
TI  - Tinea pedis due to Cylindrocarpon lichenicola beginning onycholysis.
AB  - A 33 year old woman presented with both feet, humid and white Tinea pedis at the
      second, third and fourth inter-toes areas associated with a beginning onycholysis
      of the nails lasting for 18 months. KOH mount of the samples was positive for
      fungal hyphae. The fungus was isolated on Sabouraud-chlorampphenicol agar and
      identified as Cylindrocarpon lichenicola. The patient was treated with an
      association of terbinafine tablet and terbinafine cream and presented clinical
      cure after three months. 

PMID- 26958462
TI  - Correlation between amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry during real
      time fMRI neurofeedback training in patients with depression.
AB  - Real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) is an emerging approach for studies and
      novel treatments of major depressive disorder (MDD). EEG performed simultaneously
      with an rtfMRI-nf procedure allows an independent evaluation of rtfMRI-nf brain
      modulation effects. Frontal EEG asymmetry in the alpha band is a widely used
      measure of emotion and motivation that shows profound changes in depression.
      However, it has never been directly related to simultaneously acquired fMRI data.
      We report the first study investigating electrophysiological correlates of the
      rtfMRI-nf procedure, by combining the rtfMRI-nf with simultaneous and passive EEG
      recordings. In this pilot study, MDD patients in the experimental group (n = 13)
      learned to upregulate BOLD activity of the left amygdala using an rtfMRI-nf
      during a happy emotion induction task. MDD patients in the control group (n = 11)
      were provided with a sham rtfMRI-nf. Correlations between frontal EEG asymmetry
      in the upper alpha band and BOLD activity across the brain were examined. Average
      individual changes in frontal EEG asymmetry during the rtfMRI-nf task for the
      experimental group showed a significant positive correlation with the MDD
      patients' depression severity ratings, consistent with an inverse correlation
      between the depression severity and frontal EEG asymmetry at rest. The average
      asymmetry changes also significantly correlated with the amygdala BOLD
      laterality. Temporal correlations between frontal EEG asymmetry and BOLD activity
      were significantly enhanced, during the rtfMRI-nf task, for the amygdala and many
      regions associated with emotion regulation. Our findings demonstrate an important
      link between amygdala BOLD activity and frontal EEG asymmetry during emotion
      regulation. Our EEG asymmetry results indicate that the rtfMRI-nf training
      targeting the amygdala is beneficial to MDD patients. They further suggest that
      EEG-nf based on frontal EEG asymmetry in the alpha band would be compatible with
      the amygdala-based rtfMRI-nf. Combination of the two could enhance emotion
      regulation training and benefit MDD patients. 

PMID- 26958463
TI  - Klinefelter syndrome has increased brain responses to auditory stimuli and motor
      output, but not to visual stimuli or Stroop adaptation.
AB  - Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) (KS) is a genetic syndrome characterized by the
      presence of an extra X chromosome and low level of testosterone, resulting in a
      number of neurocognitive abnormalities, yet little is known about brain function.
      This study investigated the fMRI-BOLD response from KS relative to a group of
      Controls to basic motor, perceptual, executive and adaptation tasks. Participants
      (N: KS = 49; Controls = 49) responded to whether the words "GREEN" or "RED" were
      displayed in green or red (incongruent versus congruent colors). One of the
      colors was presented three times as often as the other, making it possible to
      study both congruency and adaptation effects independently. Auditory stimuli
      saying "GREEN" or "RED" had the same distribution, making it possible to study
      effects of perceptual modality as well as Frequency effects across modalities. We
      found that KS had an increased response to motor output in primary motor cortex
      and an increased response to auditory stimuli in auditory cortices, but no
      difference in primary visual cortices. KS displayed a diminished response to
      written visual stimuli in secondary visual regions near the Visual Word Form
      Area, consistent with the widespread dyslexia in the group. No neural differences
      were found in inhibitory control (Stroop) or in adaptation to differences in
      stimulus frequencies. Across groups we found a strong positive correlation
      between age and BOLD response in the brain's motor network with no difference
      between groups. No effects of testosterone level or brain volume were found. In
      sum, the present findings suggest that auditory and motor systems in KS are
      selectively affected, perhaps as a compensatory strategy, and that this is not a
      systemic effect as it is not seen in the visual system. 

PMID- 26958464
TI  - Electrical source imaging of interictal spikes using multiple sparse volumetric
      priors for presurgical epileptogenic focus localization.
AB  - Electrical source imaging of interictal spikes observed in EEG recordings of
      patients with refractory epilepsy provides useful information to localize the
      epileptogenic focus during the presurgical evaluation. However, the selection of
      the time points or time epochs of the spikes in order to estimate the origin of
      the activity remains a challenge. In this study, we consider a Bayesian EEG
      source imaging technique for distributed sources, i.e. the multiple volumetric
      sparse priors (MSVP) approach. The approach allows to estimate the time courses
      of the intensity of the sources corresponding with a specific time epoch of the
      spike. Based on presurgical averaged interictal spikes in six patients who were
      successfully treated with surgery, we estimated the time courses of the source
      intensities for three different time epochs: (i) an epoch starting 50 ms before
      the spike peak and ending at 50% of the spike peak during the rising phase of the
      spike, (ii) an epoch starting 50 ms before the spike peak and ending at the spike
      peak and (iii) an epoch containing the full spike time period starting 50 ms
      before the spike peak and ending 230 ms after the spike peak. To identify the
      primary source of the spike activity, the source with the maximum energy from 50
      ms before the spike peak till 50% of the spike peak was subsequently selected for
      each of the time windows. For comparison, the activity at the spike peaks and at
      50% of the peaks was localized using the LORETA inversion technique and an ECD
      approach. Both patient-specific spherical forward models and patient-specific 5
      layered finite difference models were considered to evaluate the influence of the
      forward model. Based on the resected zones in each of the patients, extracted
      from post-operative MR images, we compared the distances to the resection border
      of the estimated activity. Using the spherical models, the distances to the
      resection border for the MSVP approach and each of the different time epochs were
      in the same range as the LORETA and ECD techniques. We found distances smaller
      than 23 mm, with robust results for all the patients. For the finite difference
      models, we found that the distances to the resection border for the MSVP
      inversions of the full spike time epochs were generally smaller compared to the
      MSVP inversions of the time epochs before the spike peak. The results also
      suggest that the inversions using the finite difference models resulted in
      slightly smaller distances to the resection border compared to the spherical
      models. The results we obtained are promising because the MSVP approach allows to
      study the network of the estimated source-intensities and allows to characterize
      the spatial extent of the underlying sources. 

PMID- 26958465
TI  - Temporal filtering of longitudinal brain magnetic resonance images for consistent
      segmentation.
AB  - Longitudinal analysis of magnetic resonance images of the human brain provides
      knowledge of brain changes during both normal aging as well as the progression of
      many diseases. Previous longitudinal segmentation methods have either ignored
      temporal information or have incorporated temporal consistency constraints within
      the algorithm. In this work, we assume that some anatomical brain changes can be
      explained by temporal transitions in image intensities. Once the images are
      aligned in the same space, the intensities of each scan at the same voxel
      constitute a temporal (or 4D) intensity trend at that voxel. Temporal intensity
      variations due to noise or other artifacts are corrected by a 4D intensity-based
      filter that smooths the intensity values where appropriate, while preserving real
      anatomical changes such as atrophy. Here smoothing refers to removal of sudden
      changes or discontinuities in intensities. Images processed with the 4D filter
      can be used as a pre-processing step to any segmentation method. We show that
      such a longitudinal pre-processing step produces robust and consistent
      longitudinal segmentation results, even when applying 3D segmentation algorithms.
      We compare with state-of-the-art 4D segmentation algorithms. Specifically, we
      experimented on three longitudinal datasets containing 4-12 time-points, and
      showed that the 4D temporal filter is more robust and has more power in
      distinguishing between healthy subjects and those with dementia, mild cognitive
      impairment, as well as different phenotypes of multiple sclerosis. 

PMID- 26958468
TI  - Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome): When video-EEG
      polygraphy holds the key to syndrome diagnosis.
AB  - An electroclinical epilepsy syndrome diagnosis enables physicians to predict
      outcomes as well as select appropriate treatment options. We report a child who
      presented with reflex myoclonus at the age of 9 months and was initially
      diagnosed with myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. After 9 years of medically
      resistant myoclonic seizures, extensive investigations, and emerging learning
      difficulties, she was referred for video-telemetry to characterize her seizures
      in an attempt to make a syndromic diagnosis. A three-day video-telemetry
      assessment was performed to document seizures. Neck and deltoid EMG channels were
      applied from the onset of the recording. Frequent generalized bursts of 3- to 5
      Hz spike/polyspike and slow wave discharges, associated with clinical
      manifestations, mostly myoclonic seizures, were noted. In addition, definite
      atonic components were noted on the neck EMG as well as the deltoids associated
      with the slow component of the ictal discharges. The EEG and polygraphy findings
      are suggestive of a generalized epilepsy characterized by predominantly myoclonic
      seizures with atonic components. This raises the possibility whether a variant of
      epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome) may be the underlying
      diagnosis for this girl. A trial of the ketogenic diet would therefore be
      considered as an option in her future management in view of its beneficial effect
      in this condition. 

PMID- 26958469
TI  - Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Renal Tumors.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of actively growing renal
      masses to stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We retrospectively reviewed
      our institutional review board-approved kidney database and identified 4 patients
      who underwent SBRT, 15 Gy dose, for their rapidly growing renal masses. Three
      patients had a decreased tumor size after radiation treatment by 20.8%, 38.1%,
      and 20%. The other patient had a size gain of 5.6%. This patient maintained a
      similar tumor growth rate before and after SBRT. Mean follow-up time was 13.8
      months. SBRT represents an effective management option in select patients with
      larger rapidly growing kidney masses. 

PMID- 26958466
TI  - Unlearning chronic pain: A randomized controlled trial to investigate changes in
      intrinsic brain connectivity following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
AB  - Chronic pain is a complex physiological and psychological phenomenon. Implicit
      learning mechanisms contribute to the development of chronic pain and to
      persistent changes in the central nervous system. We hypothesized that these
      central abnormalities can be remedied with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
      Specifically, since regions of the anterior Default Mode Network (DMN) are
      centrally involved in emotional regulation via connections with limbic regions,
      such as the amygdala, remediation of maladaptive behavioral and cognitive
      patterns as a result of CBT for chronic pain would manifest itself as a change in
      the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) between these prefrontal and limbic
      regions. Resting-state functional neuroimaging was performed in patients with
      chronic pain before and after 11-week CBT (n = 19), as well as a matched (ages 19
      59, both sexes) active control group of patients who received educational
      materials (n = 19). Participants were randomized prior to the intervention. To
      investigate the differential impact of treatment on intrinsic functional
      connectivity (iFC), we compared pre-post differences in iFC between groups. In
      addition, we performed exploratory whole brain analyses of changes in fractional
      amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF). The course of CBT led to
      significant improvements in clinical measures of pain and self-efficacy for
      coping with chronic pain. Significant group differences in pre-post changes in
      both iFC and fALFF were correlated with clinical outcomes. Compared to control
      patients, iFC between the anterior DMN and the amygdala/periaqueductal gray
      decreased following CBT, whereas iFC between the basal ganglia network and the
      right secondary somatosensory cortex increased following CBT. CBT patients also
      had increased post-therapy fALFF in the bilateral posterior cingulate and the
      cerebellum. By delineating neuroplasticity associated with CBT-related
      improvements, these results add to mounting evidence that CBT is a valuable
      treatment option for chronic pain.

PMID- 26958470
TI  - Complete Response to Bicalutamide Withdrawal Prolonged for Almost 2 Years in
      Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer.
AB  - This is the first case report describing a complete response to bicalutamide
      withdrawal that lasted for almost 2 years in a patient with metastatic prostate
      cancer. An 80-year-old man who had prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level
      elevation (168.1 ng/mL) visited our hospital in February 2010. Bone scintigraphy
      showed pelvic metastases. We started hormonal therapy with leuprorelin and
      bicalutamide. The PSA concentration decreased to <0.1 ng/mL but started
      increasing again and reached 1.64 ng/mL in October 2012, at which time
      bicalutamide administration was discontinued. The PSA concentration decreased
      again and has remained below the limit of sensitivity for almost 2 years. 

PMID- 26958471
TI  - Primary Renal Synovial Sarcoma: An Oncologic Surprise.
AB  - Primary renal synovial sarcoma is a rare tumor having a specific chromosomal
      translocation t(X; 18) (p11.2; q11.2). The clinical features of this tumor and
      radiologic appearances are quite similar to those of renal cell carcinoma.
      Confirmatory diagnosis requires fluorescent in situ hybridization or reverse
      transcriptase polymerase chain reaction validation for differentiating the tumors
      from sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. We present a case of primary renal
      synovial sarcoma that was diagnosed in a middle-aged man. 

PMID- 26958467
TI  - The effect of alcohol consumption on the adolescent brain: A systematic review of
      MRI and fMRI studies of alcohol-using youth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large proportion of adolescents drink alcohol, with many engaging
      in high-risk patterns of consumption, including binge drinking. Here, we
      systematically review and synthesize the existing empirical literature on how
      consuming alcohol affects the developing human brain in alcohol-using (AU) youth.
      METHODS: For this systematic review, we began by conducting a literature search
      using the PubMED database to identify all available peer-reviewed magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies
      of AU adolescents (aged 19 and under). All studies were screened against a strict
      set of criteria designed to constrain the impact of confounding factors, such as
      co-occurring psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies (10 MRI and 11
      fMRI) met the criteria for inclusion. A synthesis of the MRI studies suggested
      that overall, AU youth showed regional differences in brain structure as compared
      with non-AU youth, with smaller grey matter volumes and lower white matter
      integrity in relevant brain areas. In terms of fMRI outcomes, despite equivalent
      task performance between AU and non-AU youth, AU youth showed a broad pattern of
      lower task-relevant activation, and greater task-irrelevant activation. In
      addition, a pattern of gender differences was observed for brain structure and
      function, with particularly striking effects among AU females. CONCLUSIONS:
      Alcohol consumption during adolescence was associated with significant
      differences in structure and function in the developing human brain. However,
      this is a nascent field, with several limiting factors (including small sample
      sizes, cross-sectional designs, presence of confounding factors) within many of
      the reviewed studies, meaning that results should be interpreted in light of the
      preliminary state of the field. Future longitudinal and large-scale studies are
      critical to replicate the existing findings, and to provide a more comprehensive
      and conclusive picture of the effect of alcohol consumption on the developing
      brain.

PMID- 26958472
TI  - Bladder Hamartoma in a Fetus: Case Report.
AB  - We present the case of the youngest reported patient with a bladder hamartoma
      detected prenatally by ultrasonography. Bladder tumors in newborns are rare, but
      a hamartoma should not be discarded among the diagnostic possibilities when
      evaluating a fetus or a newborn with a polypoid bladder lesion. 

PMID- 26958473
TI  - Double Trouble: A Rare Case of Bilateral Upper Pole Ureteropelvic Junction
      Obstruction.
AB  - A 16-year-old girl presented with bilateral back pain caused by bilateral upper
      pole ureteropelvic junction obstructions; an extremely rare phenomenon. Bilateral
      robotically assisted upper pole pyeloplasties were preformed at the same setting
      with an excellent clinical response. Although rare, upper pole ureteropelvic
      junction obstruction is a defined entity that urologists should be aware of. 

PMID- 26958474
TI  - Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Review of
      Literature.
AB  - We report a case of a 17-year-old girl with tuberous sclerosis complex who
      underwent partial nephrectomy for a newly discovered 7.5-cm renal mass
      subsequently determined to be an epithelioid angiomyolipoma, a rare variant of
      angiomyolipoma that can be confused clinically, radiographically, and
      pathologically for renal cell carcinoma. Proper diagnosis and treatment are
      critical, especially in the pediatric patient. This case report and review of
      literature serve at increasing the awareness of this renal tumor, with its
      somewhat unpredictable outcome, reviewing the pertinent literature on the topic
      of epithelioid angiomyolipoma in the clinical setting of tuberous sclerosis
      complex. 

PMID- 26958475
TI  - Supernumerary Kidney With a Horseshoe Component.
AB  - We report a case of supernumerary kidney consisting of 4 renal moieties and
      including a horseshoe kidney. A 40-year-old woman presented complaining of
      intermittent vague abdominal pain and heaviness for a few years. Ultrasonography
      of the urinary tract revealed 2 kidneys on the left side and horseshoe kidneys
      located distal to them. The right horseshoe kidney was of small size. Further
      imaging revealed 4 renal moieties. Three moieties were on the left side and the
      other was attached to the most distal moiety on the left, forming a horseshoe
      kidney. 

PMID- 26958476
TI  - Imaging Misdiagnosis Analysis of a Rare Case of Renal Subcapsular Hematoma
      Located in the Renal Hilum and Collecting Area.
AB  - We report a rare case of renal subcapsular hematoma, which was located in the
      renal hilum and collecting area. Preoperative ultrasonography, retrograde
      urethrography, and computed tomographic examinations misdiagnosed the patient
      with simple hydronephrosis, without finding a lesion causing the hydronephrosis.
      We retrospectively summarized the imaging features and analyzed the reasons
      leading to the misdiagnosis. 

PMID- 26958477
TI  - Ectopic Adrenocortical Tissue in the Spermatic Cord in a 44-Year-old Man.
AB  - We report on a 44-year-old man who underwent microsurgical inguinal repair for
      symptomatic varicocele. As an incidental finding during surgery, a yellowish
      tumor (9 * 5 * 4 mm) was found in the spermatic cord. Histologic examination
      revealed ectopic adrenocortical tissue. Ectopic adrenocortical tissue in the
      spermatic cord is known to appear in children and adolescents but is extremely
      rare in adults. Surgical removal of the tissue is recommended, although malignant
      transformation or functional hormonal disorders are very unlikely. 

PMID- 26958478
TI  - Postcoital Hemorrhage of a Recurrent Seminal Vesicle Cyst Requiring Embolization.
AB  - Herein is a case of a 23-year-old man with recurrence of a seminal vesicle cyst
      after percutaneous drainage and laparoscopic excision complicated by hemorrhage
      requiring embolization. He presented to the emergency department for pain after
      ejaculation. Computed tomographic scan of his pelvis revealed extravasation of
      contrast near his cyst and pelvic fluid collection suspicious for a hematoma. The
      patient had steadily decreasing hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. An
      interventional radiologist performed an embolization of the left seminal vesicle
      cystic arteries. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values improved and he was discharged.
      Hemorrhage resolved with embolization procedure and pain dissipated over the
      course of follow up care. 

PMID- 26958479
TI  - Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: A Case Study.
AB  - Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare benign lesion found in many
      locations throughout the body and genitourinary tract. Endoscopically and
      radiographically, these solid lesions cannot be distinguished from malignant
      bladder tumors. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman who presented with
      painful obstructive and irritative voiding symptoms of short duration. After
      extensive preoperative evaluation failed to reveal a definitive diagnosis, the
      patient underwent partial cystectomy. Final pathology revealed IMT. A high index
      of suspicion is required for diagnosis of IMT as it is often difficult to
      distinguish from its malignant counterparts. 

PMID- 26958480
TI  - Tuberculosis of the Spermatic Cord: Case Report.
AB  - The spermatic cord tuberculoma is uncommon, especially in its lower portion. Most
      cases were described in Japanese literature. We report a case of tuberculosis of
      the spermatic cord in a sexually active young man, revealed by a scrotal mass
      mimicking a tumor of the testicle and discuss the suitable diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedures, with preservation of the testes and the other sexual
      organs. 

PMID- 26958481
TI  - A Case of Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma With Renal Metastasis.
AB  - A 62-year-old man was referred to our hospital for an axillary mass. Computed
      tomography (CT) revealed a right axillary tumor and a left renal tumor. Needle
      biopsies of lung tumor and renal tumor were performed, but a definite diagnosis
      was impossible. Because his performance status worsened and the lung tumor grew
      day by day, chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin was started without
      definite diagnosis. However, the chemotherapy could not be continued because of
      interstitial pneumonia and the patient died because of the progression of
      disease. The final histopathologic diagnosis was pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma
      based on immunohistochemical staining. 

PMID- 26958482
TI  - Case of Subcutaneous Leiomyosarcoma of the Scrotum Presenting as a Sebaceous Cyst
      in a 71-Year-old Man: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum is a rare genital malignancy with approximately 35
      reported cases in literature. We present a case of leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum
      in a 71-year-old man appearing as a sebaceous cyst that later developed
      ulcerations. However, because the irregular mass developed ulcerations, this
      should trigger one to consider that lesion is potentially malignant. The
      pathology report demonstrated malignant spindle cell neoplasm consistent with
      leiomyosarcoma, which tested positive for desmin and actin stains. On literature
      review, a study reported a 5-year survival rate of 50%-80%. The clinical
      features, diagnosis, histopathologic images, and treatment are reviewed. 

PMID- 26958483
TI  - Renal Bleeding Due to Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in a Patient With Chronic
      Myelogenous Leukemia.
AB  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder that normally
      presents in middle-aged adults. Renal infiltration and extramedullary
      hematopoiesis in renal tissue has been rarely reported. This case report presents
      a patient with CML and renal insufficiency who developed gross hematuria. Efforts
      at controlling the hematuria led to a cascade of events propelled by the
      underlying disorder that ultimately led to a radical nephrectomy, multiorgan
      failure, and prolonged hospitalization. We suggest that management of gross
      hematuria in clinically stable patients with CML, suspected of having
      extramedullary hematopoiesis, should prioritize treatment of the
      myeloproliferative disorder over efforts to control bleeding. 

PMID- 26958484
TI  - Lithium-induced Nephrotoxicity: A Case Report of Renal Cystic Disease Presenting
      as a Mass Lesion.
AB  - Lithium is an effective therapeutic agent used in the management of bipolar
      disorder. However, lithium is also associated with several side effects,
      including renal toxicity. We present a case of a symptomatic cystic mass lesion
      in the kidney of a patient who had a history of lithium therapy for the
      management of bipolar disorder. 

PMID- 26958485
TI  - Episodic Hypertension With an Adrenal Mass: A Red Herring.
AB  - A 66-year-old man with symptomatic hypertensive episodes was found to have a 9-mm
      adrenal mass and elevated metanephrine levels. He was scheduled for an
      adrenalectomy for suspected pheochromocytoma. Subsequent workup revealed a large
      bladder mass which was found to be a paraganglioma. There is no consensus on what
      should be considered the standard management of primary bladder paraganglioma,
      including surgical technique, assessment of malignancy, and appropriate follow
      up, owing to the rarity of the diagnosis. 

PMID- 26958486
TI  - Accessory Scrotum With Perineal Lipoma: Pathologic Evaluation Including Androgen
      Receptor Expression.
AB  - Accessory scrotum is an unusual developmental anomaly defined as additional
      scrotal tissue in addition to a normally developed scrotum. The accessory scrotum
      arises posterior to the normally located scrotum and does not contain a testis.
      We report a case of an 18-month-old boy with an accessory scrotum attached to a
      perineal lipoma. We resected both and determined histologically that they were of
      the same tissue as the scrotum, including the presence of androgen receptor
      expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case to assess
      androgen receptor expression in an accessory scrotum using immunostaining. 

PMID- 26958488
TI  - Preface on small cell lung cancer.

PMID- 26958487
TI  - Nonspecific Presentation of a Multiloculated Prostatic Abscess After
      Transurethral Prostatic Biopsy for Elevated Prostate-specific Antigen Level.
AB  - Prostate postbiopsy infectious complications typically present in the form of
      prostatitis and uncommonly urosepsis. Prostatic abscesses are generally found
      after multiple bouts of prostatitis and are associated with a clinically septic
      picture requiring intensive care unit admission and resuscitation. We report the
      case of a 65-year-old man who presented with prostatic abscess in the setting of
      nonspecific urinary symptoms after transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate
      biopsy. At 4-month follow-up, he is currently free of disease with undetectable
      prostate-specific antigen level and negative imaging. 

PMID- 26958489
TI  - Cellular and molecular biology of small cell lung cancer: an overview.
AB  - Although the incidence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has declined during the
      past 30 years, it remains a frustrating disease to research and treat. Numerous
      attempts to enhance the anti-tumor effects of traditional chemotherapy for SCLC
      have not been successful. For any tumor to become cancerous, various genetic
      mutations and biologic alterations must occur in the cell that, when combined,
      render it a malignant neoplasm. New and novel therapies based on understanding
      these mechanisms of transformation are needed. Herein we provide an in-depth view
      of some of the genomic alterations in SCLC that have emerged as potential targets
      for therapeutic intervention. 

PMID- 26958490
TI  - Cancer stem cells in small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most aggressive lung tumors, with
      poor survival rates. Although patients may initially respond to treatment, this
      is followed by rapid development of drug resistance and disease progression. SCLC
      patients often present with metastasis at time of diagnosis, ruling out surgery
      as a treatment option. Currently, treatment options for this disease remain
      limited and platinum-based chemotherapy is the treatment of choice. A better
      understanding of the biology of SCLC could allow us to identify new therapeutic
      targets. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory is currently crucial in cancer research
      and could provide a viable explanation for the heterogeneity, drug resistance,
      recurrence and metastasis of several types of tumors. Some characteristics of
      SCLC, such as aggressiveness, suggest that this kind of tumor could be enriched
      in CSCs, and drug resistance in SCLC could be attributable to the existence of a
      CSC subpopulation in SCLC. Herein we summarize current understanding of CSC in
      SCLC, including the evidence for CSC markers and signaling pathways involved in
      stemness. We also discuss potential ongoing strategies and areas of active
      research in SCLC, such as immunotherapy, that focus on inhibition of signaling
      pathways and targeting molecules driving stemness. Understanding of signaling
      pathways and the discovery of new therapeutic markers specific to CSCs will lead
      to new advances in therapy and improvements in prognosis of SCLC patients.
      Therefore, evaluation of these CSC-specific molecules and pathways may become a
      routine part of SCLC diagnosis and therapy. 

PMID- 26958491
TI  - Treatment for small cell lung cancer, where are we now?-a review.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents between 13% and 15% of all diagnosed
      lung cancers worldwide. It is an aggressive neoplasia, with a 5-year mortality of
      90% or more. It has historically been classified as limited disease (LD) and
      extensive disease (ED) in most study protocols. The cornerstone of treatment for
      any stage of SCLC is etoposide-platinum based chemotherapy; in limited stage
      (LS), concomitant radiotherapy to thorax and mediastinum. Prophylactic
      radiotherapy to the central nervous system (CNS) [prophylactic cerebral
      irradiation (PCI)] has diminished the incidence of brain metastasis as the site
      for relapse in LD and ED patients, therefore it should be offered to patients
      with complete response to induction first-line treatment. Regarding second-line
      treatment, results are more modest and topotecan is accepted as treatment for
      this scenario offering a modest benefit. 

PMID- 26958492
TI  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): no treatment advances in recent years.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with a distinct natural
      history and dismal prognosis. Given its predisposition for early dissemination,
      patients are commonly diagnosed with metastatic disease and chemotherapy is
      regarded as the cornerstone of approved treatment strategies. However, over the
      last 30 years there has been a distinct paucity of significant breakthroughs in
      SCLC therapy. Thus, SCLC is characterized as a recalcitrant neoplasm with limited
      therapeutic options. By employing well-established research approaches, proven to
      be efficacious in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a growing amount of data
      has shed light on the molecular biology of SCLC and enhanced our knowledge of the
      "drivers" of tumor cell survival and proliferation. New therapeutic targets have
      emerged, but no significant improvement in patients' survival has been
      demonstrated thus far. In a sense, the more we know, the more we fail. Nowadays
      this is starting to change and methodical research efforts are underway. It is
      anticipated that the next decade will see a revolution in the treatment of SCLC
      patients with the application of effective precision medicine and immunotherapy
      strategies. 

PMID- 26958494
TI  - Second-line therapy for small cell lung cancer: exploring the potential role of
      circulating tumor cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive and invasive variant
      of lung tumors. SCLC, especially in advanced stages, is distinguished by
      extremely high numbers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in comparison to other
      malignancies. CTCs are operative in tumor spread and are currently enumerated to
      assess prognosis and response to cytotoxic therapy. Chemosensitivity of SCLC CTCs
      compared to primary tumors and metastases is not known. METHODS: Establishment of
      two SCLC CTC cell lines, namely BHGc7 and BHGc10, allowed the in vitro
      characterization of their chemosensitivity to the second-line chemotherapeutics
      topotecan and epirubicin in comparison to a range of SCLC cell lines. RESULTS:
      The SCLC CTC cell lines exhibited an approximately 7- and 12-fold increased
      chemosensitivity to epirubicin compared to topotecan, respectively, in in vitro
      cytotoxicity assays. In comparison to a panel of six SCLC cell lines, the two CTC
      lines showed a significantly higher chemosensitivity to epirubicin (range, 3- to
      16-fold) and topotecan (range, 2.2- to 14.4-fold), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CTC
      cell lines derived from SCLC patients with recurrent disease exhibit high
      chemosensitivity to epirubicin vs. topotecan and show considerable more
      cytotoxicity in response to both compounds in comparison to a panel of SCLC cell
      lines. Thus, a decrease in the number of CTCs in response to second-line
      chemotherapy in SCLC patients may overestimate the effect on resident SCLC
      lesions and metastases.

PMID- 26958496
TI  - Surgical controversies in mesothelioma: MesoVATS addresses the role of surgical
      debulking.
AB  - Contemporary multi-modality treatment of malignant mesothelioma remains
      challenging. The merits of surgical resection and the particular extent of
      resection continue to be debated topics. To date few randomized surgical trials
      have been completed to address many lingering issues concerning surgery in
      mesothelioma. Recently, the MesoVATS trial shows us that a minimally invasive
      thoracoscopic procedure for curative resection in mesothelioma is of limited
      benefit. Results of ongoing clinical trials are awaited. 

PMID- 26958493
TI  - Targeted drugs in small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - In contrast to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), few advances have been made in
      systemic treatment of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) in recent years. Most
      patients are diagnosed with extensive stage disease and are commonly treated with
      platinum-based chemotherapy which, although attaining high initial objective
      responses, has a limited impact on survival. Due to the dismal prognosis of SCLC,
      novel and more effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. A deeper
      characterization of the genomic landscape of SCLC has led to the development of
      rational and promising targeted agents. However, despite a large number of
      clinical trials, results have been disappointing and there are still no approved
      targeted drugs for SCLC. Recent comprehensive genomic studies suggest SCLC is a
      heterogeneous disease, characterized by genomic alterations targeting a broad
      variety of genes, including those involved in transcription regulation and
      chromatin modification which seem to be a hallmark of this specific lung cancer
      subtype. Current research efforts are focusing on further understanding of the
      cellular and molecular abnormalities underlying SCLC development, progression and
      resistance to chemotherapy. Unraveling the genomic complexity of SCLC could be
      the key to optimize existing treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy,
      and for identifying those patients most likely to benefit from selected targeted
      therapeutic approaches. 

PMID- 26958495
TI  - Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies at the crossroads: linifanib
      for non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1, 2 and 3, and
      platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) work together to guide the
      microvasculature into tumor lesions, and have been shown to be involved in tumor
      growth, invasion and metastasis. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), tumor
      angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet
      derived growth factor (PDGF) is known to be associated with a poor disease free
      survival and poor overall survival. A randomized phase II trial was carried out
      to compare the efficacy/safety of three doses of linifanib with that of CBDCD +
      paclitaxel (PTX), as the largest and first placebo-controlled trial of linifanib
      for NSCLC. The result revealed modest, but not robust improvement of the
      progression-free and overall survival. A number of negative results and number of
      positive results without robust clinical benefit have been reported from trials
      of treatments targeting tumor angiogenesis, and anti-angiogenesis therapies seem
      to be at the crossroads between a prosperous future and a downhill path.
      Appropriate predictive markers to select right the drugs for the right patients
      need to be developed to obtain clinical benefit from anti-VEGF therapies. 

PMID- 26958497
TI  - AZD9291 in TKI EGFR resistance in non-small cell lung cancer and the new concept
      of phase I trials.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
      constitute the standard of care for stage IV EGFR mutated non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) patients initiating first-line systemic treatment. Despite the
      initial remarkable activity of targeted treatment in these patients rendering
      objective response rates (ORR) of 50-80% and progression-free survivals (PFS) of
      9-12 months, most patients present disease progression during the first 12 to 24
      months. Although the activity of platinum-based doublets has been shown in EGFR
      mutated NSCLC patients after progression to first-line TKIs, PFS is rather short.
      Drug development companies have more recently focused their attention on the
      molecular basis of EGFR TKIs acquired resistance. Secondary resistance mutations
      have proven to be the most frequent cause of acquired resistance. Among them,
      T790M mutation in exon 20 seems to be the leading responsible for that
      resistance. Several agents have shown preliminary preclinical and clinical
      activity in overcoming acquired resistance to firstline EGFR TKIs. To date,
      however, only AZD9291, an oral, potent, irreversible EGFR TKI that is selective
      for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor-sensitizing mutations and the T790M resistance
      mutation has shown to be not only highly active but also fairly tolerable in a
      large cohort of patients. Here we present a critical analysis of this trial in
      its clinical setting and propose some future directions. 

PMID- 26958498
TI  - Raising the bar for enthusiasm when looking at results of randomized phase II
      trials-the case of sunitinib in small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - With the advent of targeted agents, randomized phase II trials designed with
      explicit comparative intent, to allow a better interpretation of the results
      obtained with experimental treatment, have become a common approach for anti
      cancer drug development. In the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 30504
      randomized phase II trial, patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer
      (SCLC), without progression after four to six cycles of standard chemotherapy
      with cisplatin or carboplatin plus etoposide, were randomized to sunitinib or
      placebo, until disease progression. Primary endpoint of the study was progression
      free survival (PFS), and the results were formally positive [hazard ratio (HR)
      0.62; one-sided P=0.02]. However, the prognosis of patients with extensive-stage
      SCLC is particularly bad, and even a relevant relative benefit (i.e., an
      encouraging HR) will likely correspond to a debatable absolute benefit: the
      difference in median PFS between patients treated with sunitinib and patients
      assigned to control arm was slightly higher than 1.5 months. Is this difference
      in median PFS big enough to predict a clinically relevant benefit in overall
      survival? Unfortunately, we do not know. From a "clinical" point of view, is this
      small absolute improvement in PFS relevant enough to further invest in the
      strategy? Probably not, also considering the absence of known predictive factors.
      If the results of the phase II trial had been really promising, the subsequent
      phase III study should have been promptly conducted, but this was not the case.
      It seems that, this time, the bar for enthusiasm was already raised in the phase
      II setting. 

PMID- 26958499
TI  - AZD9291 in epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell
      lung cancer.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in
      advanced EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer have an objective response rate
      (ORR) of approximately 60-70% and a median progression free-survival (PFS) of
      approximately 10-13 months. Studies of tumor biopsies performed after progression
      on EGFR TKI revealed that 50-60% of EGFR mutant NSCLC developed an EGFR exon 20
      T790M mutation as a mechanism of acquired resistance. AZD9291 is a third
      generation irreversible EGFR TKI with activity against the activating EGFR
      mutation, the T790M acquired resistance mutation, and relative sparing of the
      wild-type EGFR. AZD9291 was investigated in a phase I trial with expansion
      cohorts in patients with disease progression after EGFR TKI. Patients with and
      without detectable T790M mutations were enrolled in the trial. The ORR in
      patients with centrally confirmed and without detectable T790M mutations was 61%
      (95% CI, 52-70%) and 21% (95% CI, 12-34%), respectively. The PFS observed in
      patients with centrally confirmed and without detectable T790M mutations was 9.6
      months (95% CI, 8.3 to not reached) and 2.8 months (95% CI, 2.1-4.3 months),
      respectively. At the dose for further investigation, 80 mg daily, the rate of all
      grade 3-5 drug related adverse events was 11%, and the rates of grade 3 diarrhea
      and rash were 1% and 0%, respectively. The identification of the T790M resistance
      mutation and the subsequent development of an agent against the mechanism of
      resistance provide a template for future drug development for acquired resistance
      to targeted therapy. 

PMID- 26958500
TI  - Necitumumab for first-line treatment of advanced, squamous, non-small-cell lung
      cancer: a relevant step forward?

PMID- 26958501
TI  - Is epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in combination with
      cytotoxic chemotherapy a better treatment option for patients with EGFR-mutated
      non-small-cell lung cancer?
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) combined
      with cytotoxic chemotherapy achieved a high disease control rate and favorable
      progression-free survival (PFS) for EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC) patients. This combination therapy might circumvent de novo resistance to
      EGFR-TKI. Randomized phase III studies are required to confirm the survival
      benefit of this combination therapy in NSCLC patients. In addition, there are
      some other promising strategies including the combination of EGFR-TKI plus
      bevacizumab, third-generation EGFR-TKIs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors that
      remain a future challenge for lung cancer treatment. 

PMID- 26958502
TI  - Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer: a
      word of caution.
AB  - Recently published data from pooled randomised trials conclude that stereotactic
      ablative radiotherapy (SABR) can be considered the treatment of choice in
      operable lung cancer patients fit for lobectomy. This conclusion comes for
      comparable 3-year survival and much lower risk of early severe morbidity and
      mortality. In this editorial comment we discuss the validity of the conclusions
      due to the prematurity of the survival analysis and to the poor accuracy of
      patients' staging leading to higher rates of regional relapse in the SABR arm.
      Besides, therapy-related mortality and morbidity in the pooled cohort is much
      higher that the internationally accepted standards maybe because surgery was not
      performed according to the best approaches and procedures currently available.
      The effectiveness of SABR as the sole therapy for resectable lung cancer is still
      awaiting for sound evidences. It could be adopted for individual cases only in
      two situations: (I) the patient does not accept surgical treatment; and (II) in
      cases were the risk of surgical related mortality is considered to exceed the
      probability of long-term survival after lung resection. For this, a
      multidisciplinary team (MDT) assessment, including surgeons and oncologists, is
      mandatory. 

PMID- 26958503
TI  - The continuing role of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung represents about 20-30% of non-small
      cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and is associated with a poorer prognosis with limited
      treatment options. Erlotinib is an approved, standard second-line therapy in this
      setting, besides docetaxel. The LUX-Lung 8 study has shown superior overall
      survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), as well as disease control rates
      for treatment with afatinib compared to erlotinib in this head-to-head trial in
      patients with previously treated advanced SCC of the lung, with manageable side
      effect profile. This is the first and largest prospective phase III trial
      comparing two different tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with advanced SCC
      of the lung. Whether the results would be practice-changing remains to be seen,
      especially with the advent of novel immunotherapeutic agents such as nivolumab,
      which is recently approved for advanced lung SCC. 

PMID- 26958504
TI  - Afatinib in the treatment of squamous non-small cell lung cancer: a new frontier
      or an old mistake?
AB  - Lung squamous cell carcinoma represents approximately 20% of all non-small cell
      lung cancer (NSCLC) and is associated with a very poor prognosis. In the
      randomized phase III LUX-Lung 8 trial afatinib showed a statistical significant
      efficacy advantage compared to erlotinib as second-line treatment of
      advanced/metastatic squamous NSCLC. Despite its well-built design and the
      statistical significant results, in our opinion the study is still far from being
      clinically relevant for this subset of patients. Moreover, during the last years
      other drugs have shown encouraging activity with low toxicity in pretreated lung
      squamous cell carcinomas. In particular, nivolumab in the treatment of platinum
      pretreated squamous NSCLC has recently radically changed the treatment paradigms
      in this histology. Sure, LUX-Lung 8 trial achieved its primary endpoint
      progression-free survival showing some afatinib activity in one of the most
      difficult-to treat and genetically complex neoplasm but we haven't found the most
      active drug in this subset of patients yet. The purpose of this editorial is to
      discuss some of the most controversial aspects of the LUX-Lung 8 trial focusing
      especially on its rational and design. 

PMID- 26958505
TI  - Overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer-what is clinically meaningful?
AB  - The development of molecularly targeted therapies [tyrosine kinase inhibitors
      (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies] has significantly improved outcomes for
      patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) resulting
      in improved progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and quality of
      life (QoL). In addition, targeting the immune axis (CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1) has also
      shown promising results. Major goals of almost all clinical trials based on
      histology and molecular markers for NSCLC patients are improvements of OS and
      QoL. However, in the majority of these trials only small incremental improvements
      in OS were seen. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other health authorities
      have recommended to consider OS to be the standard clinical benefit endpoint that
      should be used to establish the efficacy of a treatment for NSCLC patients,
      however, the question remains what is clinically meaningful and how can this
      outcome be measured. According to suggestions of the American Society of Clinical
      Oncology (ASCO) Cancer Research Committee a relative improvement in median OS of
      at least 20% (3-4 months) is regarded to define a clinically meaningful
      improvement in outcome of NSCLC patients. However, this should not diminish PFS
      as a valid endpoint since a PFS improvement can also result in a meaningful
      palliation (e.g., painful bone metastases). Other factors (e.g., QoL) may also be
      involved to measure and to define the clinical importance of a given trial
      result. Using the "Quality-adjusted Time Without Symptoms of Toxicity" (Q-TWiST)
      analysis method it has been demonstrated that a clinically important and
      meaningful difference for Q-TWiST is 10-15% of OS in a study. Trials that are
      designed with less ambitious goals, however, may still be of benefit to
      individual NSCLC patients if the trial endpoints are met. Since there is no
      single factor which will make a trial clinically meaningful, these
      recommendations, however, are not intended to set standards for regulatory
      approval or insurance coverage but rather to encourage patients and investigators
      to demand more from clinical trials. 

PMID- 26958506
TI  - PiggyBac transposon vectors: the tools of the human gene encoding.
AB  - A transposon is a DNA segment, which is able to change its relative position
      within the entire genome of a cell. The piggyBac (PB) transposon is a movable
      genetic element that efficiently transposes between vectors and chromosomes
      through a "cut-and-paste" mechanism. During transposition, the PB transposase
      recognizes transposon-specific inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) sequences located
      on both ends of the transposon vector and eight efficiently moves the contents
      from its original positions and efficiently integrates them into TTAA chromosomal
      sites. PB has drawn much attention because of its transposition efficiency,
      safety and stability. Due to its priorities, PB can be used as a new genetic
      vehicle, a new tool for oncogene screening and a new method for gene therapy. PB
      has created a new outlook for human gene encoding. 

PMID- 26958507
TI  - Dose escalation for unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: end
      of the line?
AB  - Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0617 was a randomized trial that
      investigated both the impact of radiation dose-escalation and the addition of
      cetuximab on the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results of
      RTOG 0617 were surprising, with the dose escalation randomization being closed
      prematurely due to futility stopping rules, and cetuximab ultimately showing no
      overall survival benefit. Locally advanced unresectable NSCLC has conventionally
      been treated with concurrent chemoradiation. Though advances in treatment
      technology have improved the ability to deliver adequate treatment dose, the
      foundation for radiotherapy (RT) has remained the same since the 1980s. Since
      then, progressive studies have sought to establish the safety and efficacy of
      escalating radiation dose to loco-regional disease. Though RTOG 0617 did not
      produce the anticipated result, much interest remains in dose escalation and
      establishing an explanation for the findings of this study. Cetuximab was also
      not found to provide a survival benefit when applied to an unselected population.
      However, planned retrospective analysis suggests that those patients with high
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression may benefit, suggesting that
      cetuximab should be applied in a targeted fashion. We discuss the results of RTOG
      0617 and additional findings from post-hoc analysis that suggest that dose
      escalation may be limited by normal tissue toxicity. We also present ongoing
      studies that aim to address potential causes for mortality in the dose escalation
      arm through adaptive or proton therapy, and are also leveraging additional
      concurrent systemic agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for EGFR
      activating mutations or EML4-ALK rearrangements, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
      (PARP) inhibitors. 

PMID- 26958508
TI  - Cranial irradiation in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer brain
      metastases.
AB  - The most effective treatment approach for brain metastases in patients with non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and activating epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFR) mutations is a current subject of investigation. Cranial irradiation is
      the standard treatment for brain metastases, but tyrosine kinase inhibitors
      (TKIs) such as erlotinib have also activity against brain metastases in this
      subset of patients. The combination of TKI and radiotherapy is a promising one,
      but data is lacking to indicate whether this is superior to erlotinib or whole
      brain radiation therapy (WBRT) alone. Retrospective data suggest that WBRT
      achieves more durable intracranial control compared to erlotinib alone.
      Randomized, prospective studies will be necessary to determine whether TKI,
      cranial irradiation, or both is the optimal initial treatment for brain
      metastases in EGFR-mutant NSCLC. 

PMID- 26958509
TI  - Immunotherapy in locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer: releasing the
      brakes on consolidation?
AB  - Locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) is optimally treated with
      definitive chemoradiation or surgery in combination with chemotherapy or
      chemoradiation. Prognosis, however, remains poor, and attempts to improve
      outcomes using consolidation or maintenance chemotherapy have not improved
      overall survival. Given the limited success of traditional cytotoxic
      chemotherapies as maintenance therapy for LA-NSCLC, recent studies have
      investigated the role of novel agents such as maintenance or consolidation,
      including antiangiogenic agents and molecular targeted therapy. With multiple
      newly reported trials demonstrating improved outcomes with immunotherapy over
      cytotoxic chemotherapy for stage IV NSCLC, integrating immunotherapy with
      definitive chemoradiation regimens or as consolidative therapy for LA-NSCLC is an
      attractive option. The recently published START trial is the first to test
      immunotherapy in LA-NSCLC in a randomized, phase III setting. In that trial, the
      administration of maintenance tecemotide (L-BLP25), which induces a T-cell
      response to the mucin 1 (MUC1) glycoprotein, was found to be well tolerated and
      improve overall survival compared with placebo among patients receiving
      concurrent, but not sequential, chemoradiation. Despite the promising findings of
      this trial, numerous questions regarding immunotherapy for LA-NSCLC remain, and
      several additional immunotherapy trials are underway or planned in this patient
      population. 

PMID- 26958510
TI  - Concomitant EGFR mutations/ALK rearrangements: beyond a simple dual target.

PMID- 26958511
TI  - Metachronous primary uterine cancer surgically resected during Crizotinib
      treatment in a ALK-rearranged advanced lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene are present in 3% to
      7% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Patients harboring ALK rearrangements
      show very favourable outcomes if treated with targeted agents, among which
      crizotinib is the first and best studied. Crizotinib, an oral small-molecule
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor of ALK, MET, and ROS1 kinases, is a very active and
      well tolerated drug. Nevertheless, the optimal therapy management with this new
      drug is still partially unknown, especially with regard to the safety of combined
      treatments. Recently, the integration of locoregional treatments has been
      proposed as a feasible multimodality strategy in selected patients with good
      clinical conditions and slow-growing or oligoprogressive disease. In this report,
      a case of advanced lung adenocarcinoma, progressed after first line chemotherapy
      and re-biopsied detecting ALK rearrangement, is described. During crizotinib
      treatment the primary lung tumor showed an excellent regression; meanwhile a
      major surgery for a metachronous uterine cancer was safely and successfully
      carried out. 

PMID- 26958512
TI  - Cancer generated lactic acid: Novel therapeutic approach.

PMID- 26958513
TI  - The post-analytical phase of histopathology practice: Storage, retention and use
      of human tissue specimens.
AB  - There are several aspects to a histopathology practice besides the acquisition of
      biopsy specimens and histopathological diagnosis. Pathology Departments are home
      to an abundant source of knowledge in the form of stored specimens and slides. We
      attempt to highlight the importance of regulation of storage, retention, and
      appropriate use of human tissue material in research and ownership rights to the
      same. We also discuss requirement and waiver of informed consent for scientific
      work involving the use of such tissues, which in the absence of defined laws come
      under the purview of Institution Review Boards. Pathology Departments, under the
      binding of the parent institution, are conceded the responsibility of maintenance
      and retention of pathology specimens. This communication highlights some of the
      important aspects in human tissue material handling and research, underscoring
      the necessity for established regulations regarding the same. 

PMID- 26958514
TI  - Serum prolactin in patients with liver disease in comparison with healthy adults:
      A preliminary cross-sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Studies from the west have shown raised prolactin levels in
      patients with liver disease. Considering the lacunae on Indian context, we
      conducted the present study with an objective to assess the prolactin levels in
      patients with cirrhosis and viral hepatitis with or without features of
      encephalopathy. The data presented here are the results of the preliminary
      analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a prospective, cohort
      study among patients diagnosed as either viral hepatitis or cirrhosis liver. A
      cohort of normal healthy adults was selected based on history and laboratory
      investigations (complete blood count, liver and renal function tests). Serum
      prolactin was measured for all the study participants, and Kruskal-Wallis H-test
      with post-hoc Dunn's test was used to analyze the significance of the differences
      in the levels between various groups. Tests of diagnostic accuracy were used to
      assess the prediction capability of serum prolactin with a cut-off level of 50
      ng/ml. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients (10 - normal healthy; 25 - acute viral
      hepatitis; 35 - cirrhosis liver) were recruited in the present study with the
      median (range) age in years of 56 (34-68) and male: female ratio of 2:1. A
      statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in the serum prolactin was observed
      in patients with cirrhosis with or without encephalopathy. But, among the
      patients with viral hepatitis, a significant elevation was observed only in
      patients with encephalopathy. Additionally, a statistically significant
      association was observed between serum prolactin levels with serum bilirubin (rho
      =0.67, P = 0.04) and aspartate aminotransferase (rho =0.72, P = 0.05). A cut-off
      value of 50 ng/ml of serum prolactin was found to predict the mortality. A total
      of 4/12 (33.3%) with prolactin value of <50 ng/ml died while 11/23 (47.8%) died
      with values >50 ng/ml (P < 0.05). Similarly, in patients with viral hepatitis
      with encephalopathy features, 1/4 (25%) with prolactin value of <50 ng/ml died
      while among those without any such features (n = 21), 9 (42.9%) died (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Serum prolactin has a significant association with patients with
      liver disease and predicts mortality.

PMID- 26958515
TI  - Analytical study of intrauterine fetal death cases and associated maternal
      conditions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intrauterine fetal death is an important indicator of maternal and
      perinatal health of a given population. This study was undertaken to study the
      maternal and fetal factors associated with intrauterine fetal death. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This was a retrospective single center study. The details were
      entered in a preformed proforma. The details of complaints at admission,
      obstetrics history, menstrual history, examination findings, per vaginal
      examination findings, mode of delivery and fetal outcomes, placental examination,
      condition of cord and investigation reports were recorded. RESULTS: A total of
      250 intrauterine fetal deaths were reported amongst 6942 deliveries conducted
      during the study period. The incidence rate of intrauterine fetal death was
      36/1000 live births. Two hundred and twenty-two deliveries were unbooked and
      unsupervised. The other observations were rural population (58%), low
      socioeconomic group (71.2%), previous stillbirth (9.2%), gestational hypertension
      (32.8%), anemia (74.4%), antepartum hemorrhage (18.8%), and congenital
      malformations (CMFs) (8.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of intrauterine fetal
      deaths in our population is higher than that reported from developed countries.
      This is associated with anemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, illiteracy, low
      socioeconomic status, and higher incidence of undiagnosed CMFs.

PMID- 26958516
TI  - Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blaNDM-1-positive and carbapenemase-producing
      Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some studies published in recent time revealed that many bacteria
      from Enterobacteriaceae group are multi-antibiotic-resistant because of the
      production enzymes carbapenemase particularly New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase
      encoded by gene called blaNDM-1. Looking at public health importance of this
      issue there is a need for studies at other centers to confirm or refute published
      findings. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed with the aim of exploring
      antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae group of bacteria and also to explore
      gene and enzyme responsible for it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of
      Enterobacteriaceae were collected from wards and outpatient departments.
      Antibiotic sensitivity was checked by an automated system (VITEK 2 COMPACT).
      Carbapenemase production was assessed by Modified Hodge Test. Presence of blaNDM
      1 was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. STATISTICS: Frequency and percentage
      were used to describe the data. Frequency of sensitivity was compared between
      carbapenemase producers and noncarbapenemase producers by Fisher's exact test.
      RESULTS: Forty-seven percent bacteria were found to be producing carbapenemase
      enzyme. These bacteria were significantly less sensitive to cefoperazone,
      cefepime, and amikacin. Among carbapenemase-producing organisms, 3% and 6% were
      resistant to tigecycline and colistin, respectively. Forty percent bacteria were
      found to be having blaNDM-1 gene. There was a significant difference between
      blaNDM-1-positive and blaNDM-1-negative for sensitivity toward cefoperazone +
      sulbactam, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, tobramycine, ciprofloxacin, and
      levofloxacin. CONCLUSION: Presence of carbapenemase enzyme and blaNDM-1 gene is
      associated with high level of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae group of bacteria
      and only few antibiotics have good sensitivity for these organisms.

PMID- 26958517
TI  - The diagnostic accuracy of rapid urease biopsy test compared to histopathology in
      implementing "test and treat" policy for Helicobacter pylori.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most important causes of the varied
      spectrum of gastroduodenal diseases. It is important to have a rapid diagnostic
      method to detect the organism so as to initiate the treatment early and check its
      progression to malignancy. AIMS: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid
      urease biopsy test in detecting H. pylori infection and implementation of "test
      and treat" policy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients of chronic dyspepsia not
      responding to conventional treatment were subjected to endoscopy, and mucosal
      biopsy samples were collected. A rapid urease test (RUT) and histopathology was
      performed on these samples and taking histopathology as gold standard for H.
      pylori demonstration, the diagnostic accuracy of RUT was evaluated. RESULTS: The
      specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value,
      and diagnostic accuracy of RUT were 97.22%, 94.04%, 98.75%, 87.5%, and 95%,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Use of a rapid diagnostic test viz., rapid urease
      biopsy test to confirm H. pylori infection is recommended for early diagnosis and
      treatment of H. pylori associated gastroduodenal diseases.

PMID- 26958518
TI  - The effect of bone growth factor in the tendon to bone healing in anterior
      cruciate ligament reconstruction: An experimental study in rabbits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) involves use
      of semintendinosis and gracilis tendons graft that is transplanted into bone
      tunnels at the femoral and tibial insertion sites and the sites and the bone
      tendon interface is a weak link in the early healing period due to slow rate of
      healing. We hypothesized that an addition of bone growth factor like Sadat-Habdan
      mesenchymal stimulating peptide (SHMSP) could enhance bone tendon healing rate so
      that re-rupture of the tendon does not take place. METHODOLOGY: Twenty skeletally
      mature rabbits underwent ACL reconstruction of the right knee. In 10 of the
      rabbits at the site of the tendon-graft 5 mg/kg body weight of SHMSP was put in
      the bone tunnel. In 10 other animals, nothing was added. At eight and 12 weeks 5
      animals from each group were sacrificed. The tendon-graft site was harvested and
      sent for histopathological examination to assess the healing at the tendon-bone
      graft to the tibial tunnel. RESULTS: There were no deaths in both the groups. One
      rabbit of the control group developed an infection. In all the animals of the
      study group from 4 weeks onward showed bone formation, wherein the control group
      only granulation tissue was observed. By 8 weeks in the study group, the canal
      was totally obliterated with the new bone formation which extended onto the
      periosteal area. In the control, there was minimal change in the formation of the
      new bone formation. CONCLUSION: Addition of a growth factor like SHMSP would
      enhance the osteo-integration of the tendon-graft in the bony tunnel after ACL
      reconstruction in vivo.

PMID- 26958519
TI  - Oral exfoliative cytology as a screening tool for iron overload in beta
      thalassemia patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased iron overload is frequent problem in thalassemia patients,
      and this is monitored by serum ferritin levels or chemical assessment of the iron
      levels in liver tissue. However, repeated monitoring of serum ferritin levels to
      assess the iron overload is an invasive procedure associated with practical
      problems. AIMS: To use Perl's Prussian blue reaction to evaluate the iron
      overload in beta-thalassemia patients by staining the oral cytosmears. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The study comprised 35 patients diagnosed with beta-thalassemia.
      Cytosmears were prepared from exfoliated oral epithelial cells, fixed in 70%
      ethanol and stained with Perl's Prussian blue stain for detection of blue colored
      granules in the cytoplasm. RESULTS: 29/35 (82.9%) cases showed a positive
      reaction for Perl's Prussian blue reaction while 6/35 (17%) cases did not show
      the presence of blue colored granules in the oral cytosmears. The presence of
      iron detected by Perl's Prussian blue reaction correlated with serum ferritin
      level (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Perl's Prussian blue reaction can be used to
      evaluate the iron overload in beta-thalassemia patients by staining the oral
      cytosmears. It is a simple and noninvasive method for assessment of iron overload
      in such patients.

PMID- 26958520
TI  - Association of polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with
      gestational diabetes mellitus in Indian women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous genes have been reported in relation with gestational
      diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the findings were not consistently replicated across
      populations, or there have been no detailed studies on them. Previous literatures
      suggested that, out of all angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene
      polymorphisms, only ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism has a strong
      association with GDM in Asian Indian women. AIM: This study was devoted to
      evaluate the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ACE
      A240T, C1237T, G2350A and I/D with GDM and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This study recruited 105 GDM cases, 119 Type 2 diabetes mellitus
      subjects and 120 controls. PCR-RFLP was used for identifying genotypes of ACE
      A240T, C1237T and G2350A and PCR was performed in the case of ACE I/D. RESULTS:
      Significant associations of ACE SNP's, C1237T, and G2350A with GDM were observed.
      Haplotype analysis revealed the remarkably significant evidence of association
      with SNP combination ACE A240T, C1237T, G2350A, and I/D with GDM patients (P =
      0.024). Individuals possessing haplotype "TTAI" (frequency 30% in GDM and 0 in
      controls) derived from these SNPs had 185 fold increased risk of developing GDM
      (95% of confidence interval: 11.13-3102.15), which was highest when compared with
      other 15 haplotypes. CONCLUSION: Shorter-range haplotypes were also significant,
      but the only consistently associated alleles were found to be in ACE C1237T,
      G2350A, and I/D. These results suggested that the variant in close proximity to
      ACE C1237T, G2350A and/or I/D modulates susceptibility to GDM and noninsulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus in Indian women.

PMID- 26958521
TI  - Evaluation of carotid arteries in stroke patients using color Doppler sonography:
      A prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in South India.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Cerebral ischemic stroke is life-threatening and
      debilitating neurological disease, it is the third leading cause of death in the
      world. Studies have shown that there is a close relationship between carotid
      artery stenosis and ischemic cerebral vascular disease. This study is done to
      assess the carotid arteries with the help of color Doppler sonography and to
      correlate cerebrovascular accidents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective study
      was carried out on 50 patients using purposive sampling technique. Risk factors
      such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and family history were
      documented. The data gathered from color Doppler examination consisted of peak
      systolic velocity of common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery
      (ICA), velocity ratios between CCA and ICA and plaque characteristics as seen on
      real-time image. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The collected data were analyzed and
      presented in the form of tables, figures, graphs, and diagrams wherever
      necessary. As this study deals with the only frequency distribution of various
      factors, so no tests of significance were applied. RESULTS: The highest incidence
      of stroke was found in the male population in the age group of 60-69 years.
      Various risk factors included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and
      family history. Of 50 patients, 12 patients showed significant stenosis (>60%).
      Atherosclerotic plaques were seen in 39 patients (78%). CONCLUSION: Color Doppler
      examination is an economic, safe, reproducible, and less time-consuming method of
      demonstrating the cause of cerebrovascular insufficiency in extracranial carotid
      artery system and will guide in instituting treatment modalities.

PMID- 26958522
TI  - Short-term acute effects of gutkha chewing on heart rate variability among young
      adults: A cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An increase in the consumption of smokeless tobacco
      has been noticed among high school, college students, and adults. Despite the
      antiquity and popularity of chewing tobacco in India, its effects have not been
      investigated systematically in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate
      acute effects of gutkha chewing on heart rate variability (HRV) among healthy
      young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 young adult males were
      included in the study. Each individual was asked to chew tobacco and subjected to
      HRV analysis. HRV analysis using short-term electrocardiogram recording was used
      to measure HRV parameters before gutkha chewing and at 5, 15, and 30 min after
      chewing tobacco. One-way analysis of variance and paired t-test was used to
      assess changes over time. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in heart rate
      (HR) during tobacco chewing. Mean HR at baseline measured 73.0 +/- 6.2 bpm. There
      was a rise in mean HR to 83.7 +/- 9.1 bpm at 5 min during tobacco chewing and
      gradual reduction to baseline observed after 15 min followed by no significant
      change till 30 min. The normalized low-frequency power and LF/high-frequency (HF)
      power ratio were elevated after 5 min; however, normalized HF power was reduced
      after 5 min tobacco chewing. CONCLUSION: Gutkha is closely associated with
      traditional cardiovascular risk factors as detected by a transient enhancing
      sympathetic activity during tobacco chewing in the form of increased HRV
      parameters or an imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic neural
      activity among healthy young adults.

PMID- 26958523
TI  - A study to compare the plasma glucose levels obtained in sodium fluoride and
      citrate buffer tubes at a tertiary care hospital in Punjab.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Recent guidelines for estimation of glucose recommend the use of
      citrate buffer tubes to inhibit glycolysis if the sample cannot be cooled
      immediately and separated within 30 min. These tubes are currently not available
      in India. We prepared the citrate tubes and compared the glucose results obtained
      with sodium fluoride tubes. METHODS: Random blood samples of 44 apparently
      healthy volunteers were collected in three pairs of citrate buffer and sodium
      fluoride tubes during September to October 2013. They were labeled as 0 h, 1 h
      and 2 h samples indicating a delay in centrifugation to separate plasma. Glucose
      was analyzed on the fully auto analyzer in duplicates using glucose oxidase
      peroxidase method. RESULTS: The mean glucose concentrations at 0 h in citrate
      tubes were 105.8 +/- 19.5 mg/dl compared to 99.6 +/- 18.3 mg/dl in sodium
      fluoride tube. There was statistically significant difference in the glucose
      levels measured in plasma separated from citrate buffer tube and sodium fluoride
      tube at 0 h, 1 h, and 2 h. The difference between citrate and sodium fluoride
      tube results ranged from 6.1 mg/dl at 0 h to 7.4 mg/dl at 2 h. Glucose levels
      decreased significantly at 2 h in both citrate and sodium fluoride tubes.
      CONCLUSION: There is a significant decrease in glucose levels in sodium fluoride
      tubes even with immediate separation of plasma. There is urgent need to
      standardize the preanalytical conditions for glucose estimation so that effective
      inhibition of glycolysis can be done.

PMID- 26958524
TI  - Oral teratoma.
AB  - For congenital teratomas, oropharyngeal cavity is one of the rarest sites (2% of
      all teratomas). They are rarely picked up by prenatal ultrasonography.
      Postnatally, newborns present with respiratory distress and at this point role of
      pediatricians is very crucial in establishing secure airway after which they need
      to be carefully evaluated and surgically managed. We present a female neonate
      with palatal teratoma which was treated successfully with surgery. 

PMID- 26958525
TI  - Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome.
AB  - Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) refers to atrophy or hypoplasia of one
      cerebral hemisphere, due to an insult to the developing brain in fetal or early
      childhood period. Age of presentation depends on the time of neurologic insult,
      and characteristic changes may be seen only in adolescence. Male gender and left
      hemisphere are more frequently involved. A 17-year-old female adolescent with a
      history of recurrent refractory seizures, hemiplegia and mental retardation
      reported to Department of Radiology for computed tomography (CT) assessment of
      brain. On examination, she had facial asymmetry, delayed milestones, and spastic
      hemiplegia. The CT brain showed right cortical atrophy with ventricular
      dilatation, prominent sulci, and shifting of falx to the right side. Bone window
      image showed asymmetry in skull vault thickness, the width of diploic space, the
      size of paranasal air sinuses and inclination of the petrous ridge between the
      affected and normal sides. As the above case deviates from the usual presentation
      of male left sided DDMS, hence the report. 

PMID- 26958526
TI  - Tuberous sclerosis with oral manifestations: A rare case report.
AB  - Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous syndrome, inherited as an
      autosomal dominant trait with a high incidence of sporadic cases and protean
      clinical expression, with a incidence of prevalence between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in
      170,000. The cardinal features of TSC are skin lesions, convulsive seizures, and
      mental retardation. We report a sporadically occurring case of definite TSC in a
      young female who presented with oral and cutaneous manifestations without mental
      retardation or history of convulsive seizures, which to the best of our knowledge
      has not been reported so far. 

PMID- 26958527
TI  - Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma: A case report and review of literature.
AB  - Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma is a very rare, but highly aggressive tumor.
      Metastatic pulmonary sarcoma due to hematogenous dissemination is much more
      common. Hence why in any case of pulmonary sarcoma, whole body survey is
      necessary to exclude a primary tumor elsewhere. No clinical or radiological
      presentations are specific for pulmonary sarcoma hence; it is often confused with
      bronchogenic carcinoma. On the other hand, image-guided fine needle aspiration
      cytology (FNAC) is very much helpful in diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma,
      whereas, it may be inclusive in cases pulmonary sarcomas including primary
      synovial sarcoma, especially in cases of huge pulmonary masses. So why image
      guided tru-cut core biopsy or open lung biopsy and their histopathological
      examination, supplemented by immunohistochemistry are preferable for the tissue
      diagnosis of pulmonary synovial sarcoma, although FNAC and immunocytochemistry
      may be used for the diagnosis. Surgical resection is treatment of choice, if it
      is not possible, palliative chemotherapy may be an option. Here, we report a rare
      case of primary synovial sarcoma which occupied almost whole of the right
      hemithorax in a 60-year-old male farmer. 

PMID- 26958528
TI  - Delayed migration of a bullet from loin to scrotum.
AB  - Here, we report a rare case of migration of a foreign body has occurred from loin
      to scrotum. A 35-year-old male patient presented with right sided scrotal mass,
      on exploration it was found to be a metallic bullet. The patient had a history of
      gunshot injury in his loin 8 years back and was treated conservatively that time.
      The probable explanation to this mysterious incident may be that, the bullet
      might have entered the peritoneal cavity through the loin, but did not cause any
      extensive damage, so the patient well responded to the initial conservative
      management. With time, due to changes in abdominal pressure or may be due to
      gravitational force, it had migrated to the dependent scrotum through the patent
      processus vaginalis. So, this case signifies that a foreign body can migrate
      through the body planes and get settled far from the primary place. 

PMID- 26958529
TI  - Unusual communications of the brachial plexus.
AB  - The knowledge of innervation of pectoral muscles is important to surgeons
      performing breast surgeries, axillary lymph node dissection, harvesting
      pectoralis major/minor for flaps, and during neurotization procedures where the
      pectoral nerves are particularly at risk. The present case describes the
      innervation of the pectoral muscles solely by a nerve trunk arising from the ansa
      pectoralis (AP) - the loop of medial and lateral pectoral nerves. Interestingly,
      there was also a communication between the AP and roots forming the median nerve.
      It is imperative for the operating surgeons to be aware of these rare variations
      in order to prevent denervation and subsequent atrophy of the pectoral
      musculature. 

PMID- 26958530
TI  - Twist to matricing: Restoration of adjacent proximal defects in a novel manner.
AB  - The quality treatment in an efficient way is the road map to successful clinical
      practice. Various methods are employed to achieve goals. Refurbishment of the
      adequate marginal ridge, proximal contact, and contour are the prime challenges
      in restoring two adjacent proximal defects. This paper presents an overview of
      achieving satisfactory proximal restorations in a time saving innovative manner. 

PMID- 26958531
TI  - Isolated pulmonary mucormycosis presenting as cavitary lesion in an
      immunocompetent adult: A rare case report.
AB  - Cavitary lung lesions have a specific array of differential diagnosis. Among rare
      causes is mucormycosis that should not be overlooked. A high index of suspicion
      is necessary for a correct diagnosis and aggressive management. It usually occurs
      in immunosupressed patients. It is a life-threatening, rapidly progressive, and
      angioinvasive fungal infection. We present a case of pulmonary mucormycosis
      presenting as a cavity in an immunocompetent middle aged male. 

PMID- 26958533
TI  - Hyaluronic acid and tendon lesions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: recently, the viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) on
      liquid connective tissue have been proposed for the treatment of tendinopathies.
      Some fundamental studies show encouraging results on hyaluronic acid's ability to
      promote tendon gliding and reduce adhesion as well as to improve tendon
      architectural organisation. Some observations also support its use in a clinical
      setting to improve pain and function. This literature review analyses studies
      relating to the use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of tendinopathies.
      METHODS: this review was constructed using the Medline database via Pubmed,
      Scopus and Google Scholar. The key words hyaluronic acid, tendon and tendinopathy
      were used for the research. RESULTS: in total, 28 articles (in English and
      French) on the application of hyaluronic acid to tendons were selected for their
      relevance and scientific quality, including 13 for the in vitro part, 7 for the
      in vivo animal part and 8 for the human section. CONCLUSIONS: preclinical studies
      demonstrate encouraging results: HA permits tendon gliding, reduces adhesions,
      creates better tendon architectural organisation and limits inflammation. These
      laboratory observations appear to be supported by limited but encouraging short
      term clinical results on pain and function. However, controlled randomised
      studies are still needed.

PMID- 26958534
TI  - Clinical evidence in the treatment of rotator cuff tears with hyaluronic acid.
AB  - PURPOSE: the aim of this quantitative review is to document potential benefit and
      adverse effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) injection into the shoulder with rotator
      cuff tears. METHODS: a systematic literature search was performed in english
      PubMed, Medline, Ovid, Google Scholar and Embase databases using the combined key
      words "hyaluronic acid", "rotator cuff tear", "hyaluronate", "shoulder",
      "viscosupplementation", with no limit regarding the year of publication. Articles
      were included if they reported data on clinical and functional outcomes,
      complications in series of patients who had undergone HA injection for management
      of rotator cuff tears. Two Authors screened the selected articles for title,
      abstract and full text in accordance with predefined inclusion and exclusion
      criteria. The papers were accurately analyzed focusing on objective rating scores
      reported. RESULTS: a total of 11 studies, prospective, 7 were randomized were
      included by full text. A total of 1102 patients were evaluated clinically after
      different HA injection compare with corticosteroid injection, physically
      therapies, saline solution injection and control groups. The use of HA in
      patients with rotator cuff tears improve VAS and functional score in all trials
      that we have analyzed. CONCLUSION: intra-articular injection with HA is effective
      in reducing pain and improving function in shoulder with rotator cuff tears and
      without severe adverse reaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

PMID- 26958535
TI  - Rates of surgery for frozen shoulder: an experience in England.
AB  - AIM: the aim of this study was to identify the incidence of surgical treatment
      for frozen shoulder in a western population. METHODS: patients included in this
      study all resided within a well-defined area in the North West of England, all
      had surgery for frozen shoulder over a 3-year period and were identified from
      theatre logbooks of two local hospitals. Cases having surgery for shoulder
      stiffness other than frozen shoulder were excluded. Local and national population
      size estimates were based on data obtained from the UK Office for National
      Statistics. RESULTS: 117 patients underwent surgery for frozen shoulder during
      the period examined; of these 101 had arthroscopic arthrolysis and 16 had
      manipulation under anaesthesia. The overall incidence of frozen shoulder surgery
      was calculated at 2.67 procedures per 10,000 general population per year, and at
      7.55 for those aged 40-60. CONCLUSION: surgical intervention for frozen shoulder
      is common, estimated at over 14,180 cases per year in England. Given the
      variation in costs associated with arthroscopic arthrolysis and manipulation
      under anaesthesia, comparative studies of the cost effectiveness of the two
      procedures would be of great value. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2C (outcome research).

PMID- 26958536
TI  - Percutaneous needling of Morton's complex: a technical note.
AB  - BACKGROUND: the Morton's complex, i.e. fibrotic mass enfolding the medial plantar
      nerve, the bursa and the interdigital transverse ligament in the web space, is a
      common cause of pain and functional disability. Conservative and operative
      treatments are investigated but currently the best approach to treat the Morton's
      complex is unknown. METHODS: we describe a non-invasive, straight forward
      intervention consisting on multiple percutaneous punctures, shearing the fibrotic
      tissue in lateromedial and anteroposterior directions. The goal is to break up
      fibrosis occupying the intermetatarsal space thus releasing the affected nerve
      from the adjacent structures, there by stimulating tissue remodelling. RESULTS:
      slow tissue remodelling occurs following sequential fibrosis cleavage through
      multiple needling. Needling of the intermetatarsal fibrosis is performed every
      eight weeks until pain resolution. Echographic changes are associated to pain
      reduction as measured by Visual Analogue Score (VAS). CONCLUSION: we present an
      original idea that may improve Morton's management. Upcoming prospective clinical
      studies have to demonstrate the symptomatic benefits and the usefulness of this
      novel echographic intervention.

PMID- 26958532
TI  - I.S.Mu.L.T - Rotator Cuff Tears Guidelines.
AB  - Despite the high level achieved in the field of shoulder surgery, a global
      consensus on rotator cuff tears management is lacking. This work is divided into
      two main sessions: in the first, we set questions about hot topics involved in
      the rotator cuff tears, from the etiopathogenesis to the surgical treatment. In
      the second, we answered these questions by mentioning Evidence Based Medicine.
      The aim of the present work is to provide easily accessible guidelines: they
      could be considered as recommendations for a good clinical practice developed
      through a process of systematic review of the literature and expert opinion, in
      order to improve the quality of care and rationalize the use of resources. 

PMID- 26958537
TI  - Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment of sports-related severe acute hamstring
      injuries.
AB  - PURPOSE: hamstring injury is the most common musculoskeletal disorder and one of
      the main causes of missed sporting events. Shortening the time to return to play
      (TTRTP) is a priority for athletes and sports medicine practitioners. HYPOTHESIS:
      platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection at the site of severe acute hamstring injury
      increases the healing rate and shortens the TTRTP. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study.
      METHODS: all patients with ultrasonography and MRI evidence of severe acute
      hamstring injury between January 2012 and March 2014 were offered PRP treatment.
      Those who accepted received a single intramuscular PRP injection within 8 days
      post-injury; the other patients served as controls. The same standardized
      rehabilitation program was used in both groups. A physical examination and
      ultrasonography were performed 10 and 30 days post-injury, then a phone interview
      120 days post-injury, to determine the TTRTP at the pre-injury level. RESULTS: of
      34 patients, 15 received PRP and 19 did not. Mean TTRTP at the pre-injury level
      was 50.9+/-10.7 days in the PRP group and 52.8+/-15.7 days in the control group.
      The difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: a single
      intramuscular PRP injection did not shorten the TTRTP in sports people with
      severe acute hamstring injuries.

PMID- 26958538
TI  - Objective assessment of corticosteroid effect in plantar fasciitis: additional
      utility of ultrasound.
AB  - BACKGROUND: although plantar fascia thickening is well documented as a
      sonographic criterion for the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis (PF), however it was
      less evaluated as an objective measure of response to treatment. It is unknown to
      what extent if any different responses to different treatments are related to the
      ultrasound (US) morphology changes. We aimed to evaluate changes in US findings
      in correlation to pain reported. METHODS: this prospective observational trial
      included 21 plantar fasciitis patients (26 feet), resistant to conservative
      treatment for at least 2 months. Plantar fascia thickness and echogenicity were
      evaluated, compared to asymptomatic feet and correlated with visual analogue
      scale (VAS) and Heel Tenderness Index (HTI), before and after dexam-ethasone
      (DXM) iontophoresis in group I, and DXM injection in group II. RESULTS: increased
      thickness and reduced echogenicity were constant in symptomatic feet, with high
      statistical significant difference compared to asymptomatic side. Correlation
      between plantar fascia thickness with VAS and HTI before and after treatment
      showed statistically significant positive correlation (p<0.05). ROC curve test
      showed that reduction of plantar fascia thickness by US in response to DXM had
      100% sensitivity, 65.2% specificity and 69% accuracy, with higher specificity and
      accuracy than VAS. CONCLUSION: US changes showed concurrent validity correlated
      with self-reported clinical improvement. Accordingly, ultrasound can be
      considered an objective useful tool for monitoring response to corticosteroid in
      patients with plantar fasciitis.

PMID- 26958539
TI  - Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to treat chronic patellar tendinopathies: comparison
      of a single versus two closely-timed injections.

PMID- 26958540
TI  - Tears of the fascia cruris demonstrate characteristic sonographic features: a
      case series analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: fascia cruris (FC) tears have recently been recognised in the
      literature, although little is known about their characteristic ultrasound
      findings. The aim was to describe the echo-graphic features of FC tears in order
      to improve recognition and diagnosis. METHODS: the ultrasound reports and images
      of >600 patients attending a specialist musculoskeletal clinic for Achilles
      tendon ultrasound scans between October 2010-May 2014 were reviewed. Any patient
      diagnosed with a FC tear had a structured data set extracted. All ultrasound
      images were performed by one consultant radiologist. Bilateral Achilles images
      were available for analysis. RESULTS: sixteen patients from >600 subjects were
      diagnosed with a FC tear. Fourteen subjects were male and two female (mean age
      37.8; range 23-61), with seven elite level sports men. Nine tears were right
      sided and seven left, with eight situated laterally and seven medially. Seven of
      the tears were situated in the musculotendinous junction. Symptomatic Achilles
      tendinopathy co-existed in ten of sixteen subjects (average transverse diameter
      of Achilles tendon = 7.1+/-2.0 mm). CONCLUSION: FC tears should be considered in
      the differential diagnoses for Achillodynia, diagnosed using their characteristic
      ultrasound findings, with a hypoechoic area at the medial or lateral attachment
      to the Achilles tendon in the transverse plane.

PMID- 26958541
TI  - Collagen content in the vastus lateralis and the soleus muscle following a 90-day
      bed rest period with or without resistance exercises.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: spaceflight seems associated with deterioration of the function of
      the skeletal muscles. Since muscle collagen is critical for muscle function, an
      improved understanding of the content of the muscle collagen during long-term
      inactivity seems important. Bed-rest with in-bed resistance training serves as a
      proxy for the conditions in space. Therefore, ground-based studies may improve
      the understanding of the consequences of long-term inactivity. PURPOSE: the
      purpose is to compare the change in collagen protein in the vastus lateralis (VL)
      and the soleus (SOL) muscle amongst persons exposed to a 90-day bed rest with or
      without resistance exercise. METHODS: an explorative analysis was completed based
      on data from a randomized, controlled trial. The intervention group (BRE, SOL
      n=4, VL n=8) performed supine-based squat exercises, whereas the controls (BE,
      SOL n=6, VL n=12) remained inactive during follow-up. Muscle biopsies from vastus
      lateralis and soleus were taken at baseline (pre) and after 90-days' follow-up
      (post). Muscle collagen (MUg collagen/mg protein) was quantified. Two-way
      repeated measurements ANOVA was used to compare the interaction between the
      intervention (BRE/BR) and time (pre/post) for each muscle. RESULTS: the collagen
      content of VL was similar between pre and post in the BRE group (-3.8 MUg
      collagen/mg protein [95% CI: -22.0; 14.4], p=0.68) while it rose amongst
      individuals in the BR group (14.9 MUg collagen/mg protein [95% CI: -0.01; 29.7],
      p=0.05). The difference of 18.66 [95% CI: -6.5; 43.9] between BRE and BR across
      time was, however, not significant (p=0.14). No significant reduction in SOL
      muscle collagen content was observed from pre to post in the BR group (-9.3 MUg
      collagen/mg protein [95% CI: -24.9; 6.4], p=0.25) or in the BRE group (-6.5 MUg
      collagen/mg protein [95% CI: -25.6; 12.6], p=0.50). There was no difference in
      the effect of BR versus BRE over time (mean difference -2.78 MUg collagen/mg
      protein [95% CI: -29.7; 24.1], p=0.82). CONCLUSION: muscle collagen content in
      the VL or SOL muscle does not seem to differ after a 90-day bed rest period with
      or without squat exercises.

PMID- 26958542
TI  - Effects of training on postural stability in young basketball players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: in basketball, balance ability is important to reduce non-contact
      injuries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of
      training on balance. METHODS: thirty-two healthy male volunteers were recruited
      from amateur basketball teams. They were asked to perform the Balance Error
      Scoring System BESS test in order to measure the number of stability errors in
      six conditions. The test was performed at the beginning of the season (T0) and
      after 12 weeks (T1). In both cases the test was carried out before (pre-session)
      and after a training session (post-session). RESULTS: the comparison of the total
      BESS scores both pre- and post-session showed a statistically significant
      increase of stability errors at both T0 and T1 (T0: pre-session 8.6+/-6.1 errors,
      post-session 10.7+/-6.3 errors; t=-4.03; p=0.002) (T1: pre-session 7.2+/-3.8
      errors, post-session 9.1+/-5.4 errors; t=-1.93; p=0.03). Between T0 and T1 we
      noticed a reduction of errors which reached a statistical significance during the
      pre-session time (t=2.75; p=0.0049). CONCLUSION: stability improved after 12
      weeks of training, even for those conditions for which no specific training was
      done to improve, such as on the soft surface and feet aligned in a tandem stance.

PMID- 26958543
TI  - In vivo bone tunnel remodeling in symptomatic patients after ACL reconstruction:
      a retrospective comparison of articular and extra-articular fixation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: there is only a paucity of studies dealing with bone remodeling
      within the tunnels after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The
      objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of tendon graft type and
      surgical fixation technique on bone tunnel remodeling in patients with
      symptomatic knees after ACL reconstruction. METHODS: in a retrospective study
      99mTc-HDP bone tracer uptake (BTU) in SPECT/CT of 57 knees with symptoms of pain
      and/or instability after ACL reconstruction was investigated. All 57 knees were
      subdivided according their anatomy (femur and tibia), fixation (articular versus
      extra-articular fixation) and graft types into eight groups: femoral-articular
      versus extra-articular fixation using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and
      hamstring autografts; tibial-articular versus extra-articular fixation using
      patellar tendon and hamstring autografts; BTU grading for each area of the
      localisation scheme were recorded. Tunnel diameter and length was measured in the
      CT scans. RESULTS: BTU was higher for the articular fixation in the femur and for
      the extra-articular fixation in the tibial tunnel. Patellar tendon graft fixation
      showed a significantly higher BTU in the superior-lateral and posterior-central
      area of the tibia, meaning the areas of the tibial tunnel near the entrance into
      the joint. Tunnel enlargement correlated significantly with increased BTU
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: assessment of in vivo bone tunnel remodelling in
      symptomatic patients after ACL reconstruction revealed different patterns of BTU
      with regards to graft and fixation method.

PMID- 26958544
TI  - Sonoelastography in the diagnosis of tendinopathies: an added value.
AB  - BACKGROUND: sonoelastography helps in the detection of abnormalities not yet
      evident on B-mode exam. METHODS: in this observational study, we report a
      collection of cases of symptomatic patients without alterations at ultrasound
      imaging but with evidence of pathological findings at sonoelastography. Patients,
      with clinical history suggestive for tendinopathies or surgically treated, and
      negative at the ultrasound exam, were submitted to sonoelastography. Out of 846,
      632 patients with positive ultrasound exam were excluded. Sonoelastography was
      therefore performed in the remaining 214. RESULTS: the examination was positive
      in 168 cases: 78 patients were affected with shoulder diseases, while elbow
      pathology was observed in 31 subjects; patellar, Achilles and plantar fascia
      disorders were reported in 19, 27, and 13 patients, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      sonoelastography can reveal tendon abnormalities of clinical relevance in a high
      percentage of cases, where the ultrasound exam was negative, making the method a
      complementary tool to ultrasound evaluation.

PMID- 26958545
TI  - Double layer repair of tibialis anterior muscle hernia in a soccer player: a case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: muscle herniations usually present in athletes especially in the
      lower legs; occurring through defects in the deep fascial layer of the muscles
      and typically seen following local blunt trauma or muscle hypertrophy after
      strenuous exercise. Management of muscle hernias varies from conservative therapy
      to surgical repair and usually needs multidisciplinary collaboration for
      differential diagnosis. METHODS: herein tibialis anterior muscle hernia in 17
      year-old male soccer player was presented. The diagnosis was confirmed with
      dynamic ultrasonographic views changing with the different movements of the
      ankle. Since the symptoms were not relieved with conservative methods, surgical
      repair of the defect was offered. RESULTS: we preferred to repair fascial defect
      with double layer and Mesh graft that were placed over primary suture repair. No
      complications were reported such as wound or mesh infection postoperatively. The
      patient was clinically satisfied and returned his previous activity level after 3
      months of surgery. After 2 years of follow-up the feature of the bulge was
      dissolved and player was satisfied with the operation. CONCLUSION: knowledge of
      the lower extremity muscle herniation is essential for both proper management
      and/or surgical referral. The importance of protective devices in prevention,
      dynamic ultrasonography in diagnosis and double layer repair of the fascial
      defect with Mesh graft in treatment of muscle herniations were highlighted.

PMID- 26958547
TI  - Choosing a Post-Fellowship Path.

PMID- 26958548
TI  - Reflecting on Physician "Burnout".

PMID- 26958546
TI  - Guided-Mode Resonance Grating with Self-Assembled Silver Nanoparticles for
      Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy.
AB  - We designed and fabricated guided-mode resonance (GMR) gratings on indium-tin
      oxide (ITO) thin film to generate a significantly enhanced local electric field
      for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Ag nanoparticles (NPs)
      were self-assembled onto the surface of the grating, which can provide a large
      amount of "hot-spots" for SERS sensing. The ITO gratings also exhibit excellent
      tolerance to fabrication deviations due to the large refractive index contrast of
      the ITO grating. Quantitative experimental results of 5,5'-dithiobis(2
      nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) demonstrate the best enhancement factor of ~14* on ITO
      gratings when compared with Ag NPs on a flat ITO film, and the limit of detection
      (LOD) of DTNB is as low as 10 pM.

PMID- 26958549
TI  - Endoscopic Band Ligation: A Safe And Effective Treatment For Active Diverticular
      Bleeding.

PMID- 26958550
TI  - Intrarectal Mesh Migration with Recurrence After Transabdominal Mesh Rectopexy.

PMID- 26958551
TI  - Mature Cystic Teratoma of the Pancreas.

PMID- 26958552
TI  - Dumbbell Gallbladder Diagnosed by ERCP.

PMID- 26958553
TI  - Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome.

PMID- 26958554
TI  - Liver Involvement in Erythropetic Protoporphyria.

PMID- 26958555
TI  - The Black Esophagus: A Rare But Deadly Disease.
AB  - We present a series of cases of acute esophageal necrosis along with a video
      demonstration. The video captures a case showing the severity of necrosis of the
      esophageal mucosa; an orogastric tube easily passed through the esophageal lumen
      and into the right hemithorax. The series also demonstrates the severity of this
      illness, with an associated high mortality rate. 

PMID- 26958556
TI  - Massive Esophageal Variceal Bleeding as a Rare Complication of Sickle Cell
      Anemia.
AB  - A 24-year-old man with sickle cell anemia presented with fatigue, dark stool, and
      coffee ground emesis. He was found to have large esophageal varices and
      experienced massive variceal hemorrhage in the hospital. The varices were caused
      by diffuse splanchnic venous thrombosis, and his only risk factor for
      hypercoagulability was sickle cell anemia. Splanchnic venous thrombosis due to
      sickle cell anemia is exceedingly rare. 

PMID- 26958557
TI  - Esophageal Eosinophilia Treated With Long-Duration Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy.
AB  - We present a case of proton pump inhibitor-responsive eosinophilic esophagitis
      (PPI-REE) in a patient with severe dysphagia and markedly elevated baseline
      esophageal eosinophilia that was previously deemed unresponsive to PPI. Upon
      reintroduction to PPI therapy with monthly endoscopy and dilation over the course
      of 4 months, the patient improved clinically and resolved her mucosal
      eosinophilia. Our case suggests that a longer duration of PPI therapy may be
      required for histologic improvement, especially in patients with very high
      mucosal eosinophil count. 

PMID- 26958558
TI  - Successful Treatment of a Persistent Esophageal Lichen Planus Stricture With a
      Fully Covered Metal Stent.
AB  - We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with an esophageal lichen planus (ELP)
      stricture refractory to medical therapy and endoscopic stricture dilation. A
      multidisciplinary decision was made to place an esophageal fully covered metal
      stent. The stent was removed 6 weeks later and the patient is doing well on 3
      month follow up. We show that a removable esophageal stent is an option after
      standard medical therapy and endoscopic dilations fail. This is the first
      reported use of an esophageal stent for therapy of an ELP stricture. 

PMID- 26958559
TI  - Severe Enteropathy From Mycophenolate Mofetil.
AB  - The adverse effects of mycophenolate mofetil on the colon are well known.
      However, isolated small intestinal involvement resulting in diarrhea and severe
      weight loss is infrequently reported in the literature. We present the case of a
      45-year-old woman on mycophenolate mofetil following renal transplant, who
      presented with abdominal pain and weight loss. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy and
      colonoscopy with biopsies were normal. A small bowel capsule study revealed
      extensive enteropathy of jejunum and ileum that was confirmed on a push
      enteroscopy with biopsies. Her symptoms completely resolved after being switched
      to enteric-coated mycophenolic acid. 

PMID- 26958560
TI  - Perisigmoid Abscess Leading to a Diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV.
AB  - The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of connective tissue disorders
      characterized by triad of joint hypermobility, skin extensibility, and tissue
      fragility. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV places patients at risk for life
      threatening, spontaneous, vascular or visceral rupture due to reduced or abnormal
      secretion of type III collagen. We present an adolescent male who was found to
      have a perisigmoid abscess with a fistula connecting to adjacent sigmoid colon
      secondary to undiagnosed EDS type IV. Conservative management with antibiotics
      and bowel rest was pursued to allow for elective resection for his acute
      complicated diverticulitis at a safer time. 

PMID- 26958561
TI  - Ustekinumab for Successful Treatment of Refractory Esophageal Crohn's Disease.
AB  - Esophageal involvement in Crohn's disease is rare. We present a case of
      refractory esophageal Crohn's disease that responded to ustekinumab, which has
      shown promise in the treatment of refractory, typically intestinal Crohn's
      disease. There are no prior reports on the successful use of ustekinumab in
      esophageal Crohn's disease, but should be considered as a possible management
      strategy in patients with this condition. 

PMID- 26958562
TI  - Somatostatinoma of the Ampulla: An Incidental Postoperative Finding Following
      Colorectal Cancer Resection.
AB  - Somatostatinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare finding, especially
      arising from the ampulla of Vater. We present a man recently diagnosed with
      rectal adenocarcinoma who was found on imaging to have an ampullary mass.
      Histology and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsied tissue were consistent
      with a nonfunctioning somatostatinoma. The patient had neurofibromatosis, which
      have been reported in patients with ampullary somatostatinomas. Our case
      highlights the importance of gastrointestinal findings in those with underlying
      genetic conditions. 

PMID- 26958563
TI  - Pneumobilia Resulting From Choledochoduodenal Fistula Secondary to Metastatic
      Colon Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Pneumobilia, or air within the biliary tree, is a poor prognostic indicator in a
      patient without prior biliary sphincterotomy. Differential diagnosis includes
      infection with gas-forming organisms, choledochoenteric fistula in the setting of
      gallstones or penetrating ulcer disease, malignant invasion from a primary liver
      or biliary tract tumor, or metastatic disease. Treatment depends on etiology and
      patient factors, but often requires surgical intervention. We report a patient
      with gastrointestinal bleeding in whom pneumobilia was incidentally noted on
      abdominal plain film. Computed tomography and endoscopy revealed the biliary
      enteric fistula to be caused by metastatic colon adenocarcinoma invading the
      biliary tree. 

PMID- 26958564
TI  - Granular Cell Tumor of the Common Hepatic Duct as an Unusual Cause of Jaundice in
      a Hepatitis C Patient.
AB  - A 33-year-old woman with a history of intravenous cocaine abuse presented with
      fatigue, nausea, and jaundice. Serologic testing revealed a positive hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) antibody and HCV RNA. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance
      imaging/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a partially
      obstructing lesion in the common hepatic duct, which was confirmed by endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Surgical excision revealed a granular cell
      tumor of the common hepatic duct, with immunohistochemical staining of tumor
      cells positive for S-100. 

PMID- 26958565
TI  - No Stone Left Unturned: Using Choledocholithiasis to Open a Papillary Stenosis
      via a Choledochodudenal Fistula.
AB  - In a patient found to have cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis, a
      choledochoduodenal fistula was used to gain access to the bile duct. Due to
      severe stenosis and atrophy of the major papilla, cannulation was not possible.
      Stones were purposely impacted in the native ampulla to cause bulging and
      stretching of the stenosis. Once the stenosis was stretched, the bile and
      pancreatic duct were accessed via the native ampulla, allowing for stone removal.

PMID- 26958566
TI  - Severe Thrombotic Complication of Eltrombopag in a Cirrhotic Patient.
AB  - We present a patient with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and cirrhosis who was treated
      with eltrombopag for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and was incidentally
      found to have a right atrial thrombus with extension into the left internal
      jugular vein. Eltrombopag was discontinued and the patient was treated with
      thrombectomy and anticoagulation. Given the proposed use of eltrombopag in HCV
      associated thrombocytopenia, we advise caution when treating cirrhotics who are
      at higher intrinsic risk of thrombosis. 

PMID- 26958567
TI  - Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis Presenting as a Spontaneous Left-Sided Bacterial
      Empyema.
AB  - Decompensation of cirrhosis presents with ascites, encephalopathy, variceal
      bleeding, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Infrequently, decompensation can
      result from spontaneous bacterial empyema. A 38-year-old man presented with
      fevers, chills, and dyspnea. Labs were significant for leukocytosis,
      transaminitis, and coagulopathy. Imaging showed liver cirrhosis with ascites and
      a left pleural effusion. Treatment of the effusion consisted of chest tube
      drainage and antibiotics. Spontaneous bacterial empyema was diagnosed after
      pleural fluid cultures were positive for Escherichia coli. Our case demonstrates
      that spontaneous bacterial empyemas can be left-sided, and the first sign of
      decompensation. 

PMID- 26958568
TI  - Dysferlin-Deficient Muscular Dystrophy Identified Through Laboratory Testing for
      Elevated Aminotransferases.
AB  - We present a 24-year-old combat veteran who underwent extensive work-up for
      elevated aminotransferases, including liver biopsy, with no underlying pathology
      identified. Subsequent investigations showed elevated creatinine kinase and
      aldolase. The patient was later diagnosed with biopsy-proven dysferlin-deficient
      muscular dystrophy. Persistent transaminase elevation despite negative liver work
      up should prompt clinicians to consider extrahepatic sources of enzyme elevation.
      Promptly correlating aminotransferase elevation with musculoskeletal pathology
      may present an opportunity for clinicians to detect myopathies such as muscular
      dystrophy in their preclinical stages. 

PMID- 26958569
TI  - Acute Hepatitis and Pneumonitis Caused by Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
      Infection.
AB  - Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the treatment of
      choice for superficial bladder carcinoma. We report a case of disseminated BCG
      infection in an early stage bladder cancer patient that initially presented with
      hepatitis followed by pneumonitis and sepsis. A complete clinical response was
      achieved in 14 days with anti-mycobacterial therapy and prednisolone.
      Disseminated BCG is a rare treatment complication and is likely a combination of
      direct infection and hypersensitivity. 

PMID- 26958570
TI  - Severe Cholestasis and Bile Acid Nephropathy From Anabolic Steroids Successfully
      Treated With Plasmapheresis.
AB  - Severe cholestasis with anabolic androgenic steroids is well-known to cause acute
      liver injury. Treatment is usually supportive after withdrawal of the offending
      agent. Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently occurs in acute liver injury and may
      complicate management and prognosis. We highlight the use of plasmapheresis
      resulting in rapid improvement in cholestatic jaundice with resolution of AKI.
      Plasmapheresis should be considered in special cases in which there is
      progressive clinical decline despite supportive care. 

PMID- 26958571
TI  - Splenic Artery Embolization for Treatment of Refractory Ascites After Liver
      Transplantation.
AB  - Post-transplantation refractory ascites is uncommon; however, it can be a serious
      problem, increasing both morbidity and mortality in patients. Despite scant
      literature available, splenic artery embolization (SAE) has been shown to be an
      effective treatment for refractory ascites after cadaveric orthotopic liver
      transplantation (OLT). We report a successful use of therapeutic SAE for
      refractory ascites post-OLT. 

PMID- 26958572
TI  - Giant Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Buttock.

PMID- 26958573
TI  - Lead Poisoning From a Ceramic Jug Presenting as Recurrent Abdominal Pain and
      Jaundice.
AB  - Lead poisoning may present with non-specific symptoms that may result in
      unnecessary investigations. We report a case of acute lead poisoning in a
      previously healthy 28-year-old man who presented with recurrent abdominal pain,
      jaundice, constipation, and weight loss. An extensive diagnostic work-up was
      completed with inconclusive results. A detailed history revealed an unusual
      source of lead exposure. Chelation therapy resulted in substantial clinical and
      biochemical improvement. 

PMID- 26958574
TI  - The impact of minimally oversized adeno-associated viral vectors encoding human
      factor VIII on vector potency in vivo.
AB  - Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors containing oversized genomes
      provide transgene expression despite low efficiency packaging of complete
      genomes. Here, we characterized the properties of oversized rAAV2/8 vectors (up
      to 5.4 kb) encoding human factor VIII (FVIII) under the transcriptional control
      of three liver promoters. All vectors provided sustained production of active
      FVIII in mice for 7 months and contained comparable levels of vector genomes and
      complete expression cassettes in liver. Therefore, for the 5.4 kb genome size
      range, a strong expression cassette was more important for FVIII production than
      the vector genome size. To evaluate the potency of slightly oversized vectors, a
      5.1 kb AAVrh8R/FVIII vector was compared to a 4.6 kb (wild-type size) vector with
      an identical expression cassette (but containing a smaller C1-domain deleted
      FVIII) for 3 months in mice. The 5.1 kb vector had twofold to threefold lower
      levels of plasma FVIII protein and liver vector genomes than that obtained with
      the 4.6 kb vector. Vector genomes for both vectors persisted equally and existed
      primarily as high molecular weight concatemeric circular forms in liver. Taken
      together, these results indicate that the slightly oversized vectors containing
      heterogeneously packaged vector genomes generated a functional transgene product
      but exhibited a twofold to threefold lower in vivo potency. 

PMID- 26958575
TI  - Multilineage polyclonal engraftment of Cal-1 gene-modified cells and in vivo
      selection after SHIV infection in a nonhuman primate model of AIDS.
AB  - We have focused on gene therapy approaches to induce functional cure/remission of
      HIV-1 infection. Here, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of the clinical grade
      anti-HIV lentiviral vector, Cal-1, in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Cal
      1 animals exhibit robust levels of gene marking in myeloid and lymphoid lineages
      without measurable adverse events, suggesting that Cal-1 transduction and
      autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells are safe, and lead to long
      term, multilineage engraftment following myeloablative conditioning. Ex vivo,
      CD4+ cells from transplanted animals undergo positive selection in the presence
      of simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). In vivo, Cal-1 gene-marked cells
      are evident in the peripheral blood and in HIV-relevant tissue sites such as the
      gastrointestinal tract. Positive selection for gene-marked cells is observed in
      blood and tissues following SHIV challenge, leading to maintenance of peripheral
      blood CD4+ T-cell counts in a normal range. Analysis of Cal-1 lentivirus
      integration sites confirms polyclonal engraftment of gene-marked cells. Following
      infection, a polyclonal, SHIV-resistant clonal repertoire is established. These
      findings offer strong preclinical evidence for safety and efficacy of Cal-1,
      present a new method for tracking protected cells over the course of virus
      mediated selective pressure in vivo, and reveal previously unobserved dynamics of
      virus-dependent T-cell selection. 

PMID- 26958576
TI  - Multichannel continuous electroencephalography-functional near-infrared
      spectroscopy recording of focal seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges
      in human epilepsy: a review.
AB  - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a promising
      neuroimaging technique as it allows noninvasive and long-term monitoring of
      cortical hemodynamics. Recent work by our group and others has revealed the
      potential of fNIRS, combined with electroencephalography (EEG), in the context of
      human epilepsy. Hemodynamic brain responses attributed to epileptic events, such
      as seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), are routinely observed
      with a good degree of statistical significance and in concordance with clinical
      presentation. Recording done with over 100 channels allows sufficiently large
      coverage of the epileptic focus and other areas. Three types of seizures have
      been documented: frontal lobe seizures, temporal lobe seizures, and posterior
      seizures. Increased oxygenation was observed in the epileptic focus in most
      cases, while rapid but similar hemodynamic variations were identified in the
      contralateral homologous region. While investigating IEDs, it was shown that
      their hemodynamic effect is observable with fNIRS, that their response is
      associated with significant (inhibitive) nonlinearities, and that the sensitivity
      and specificity of fNIRS to localize the epileptic focus can be estimated in a
      sample of 40 patients. This paper first reviews recent EEG-fNIRS developments in
      epilepsy research and then describes applications to the study of focal seizures
      and IEDs. 

PMID- 26958577
TI  - Near-infrared measurements of brain oxygenation in stroke.
AB  - We investigated the feasibility of using frequency-domain near-infrared
      spectroscopy (fdNIRS) to study brain oxygenation in the first few hours of stroke
      onset. The OxiplexTS((r)) fdNIRS system was used in this study. Using a standard
      probing protocol based on surface landmarks, we measured brain tHb and [Formula:
      see text] in healthy volunteers, cadavers, and acute stroke patients within 9 h
      of stroke onset and 3 days later. We obtained measurements from 11 controls, 5
      cadavers, and 5 acute stroke patients. [Formula: see text] values were
      significantly lower in cadavers compared to the controls and stroke patients.
      Each stroke patient had at least one area with reduced [Formula: see text] on the
      stroke side compared to the contralateral side. The evolution of tHb and
      [Formula: see text] at 3 days differed depending on whether a large infarct
      occurred. This study shows the proof of principle that quantified measurements of
      brain oxygenation using NIRS could be used in the hectic environment of acute
      stroke management. It also highlights the current technical limitations and
      future challenges in the development of this unique bedside monitoring tool for
      stroke. 

PMID- 26958578
TI  - Automated pericardial fat quantification from coronary magnetic resonance
      angiography: feasibility study.
AB  - Pericardial fat volume (PFV) is emerging as an important parameter for
      cardiovascular risk stratification. We propose a hybrid approach for automated
      PFV quantification from water/fat-resolved whole-heart noncontrast coronary
      magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Ten coronary MRA datasets were acquired.
      Image reconstruction and phase-based water-fat separation were conducted offline.
      Our proposed algorithm first roughly segments the heart region on the original
      image using a simplified atlas-based segmentation with four cases in the atlas.
      To get exact boundaries of pericardial fat, a three-dimensional graph-based
      segmentation is used to generate fat and nonfat components on the fat-only image.
      The algorithm then selects the components that represent pericardial fat. We
      validated the quantification results on the remaining six subjects and compared
      them with manual quantifications by an expert reader. The PFV quantified by our
      algorithm was [Formula: see text], compared to [Formula: see text] by the expert
      reader, which were not significantly different ([Formula: see text]) and showed
      excellent correlation ([Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]). The mean
      absolute difference in PFV between the algorithm and the expert reader was
      [Formula: see text]. The mean value of the paired differences was [Formula: see
      text] (95% confidence interval: [Formula: see text] to 6.21). The mean Dice
      coefficient of pericardial fat voxels was [Formula: see text]. Our approach may
      potentially be applied in a clinical setting, allowing for accurate magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI)-based PFV quantification without tedious manual tracing. 

PMID- 26958579
TI  - Visual saliency-based active learning for prostate magnetic resonance imaging
      segmentation.
AB  - We propose an active learning (AL) approach for prostate segmentation from
      magnetic resonance images. Our label query strategy is inspired from the
      principles of visual saliency that have similar considerations for choosing the
      most salient region. These similarities are encoded in a graph using
      classification maps and low-level features. Random walks are used to identify the
      most informative node, which is equivalent to the label query sample in AL. To
      reduce computation time, a volume of interest (VOI) is identified and all
      subsequent analysis, such as probability map generation using semisupervised
      random forest classifiers and label query, is restricted to this VOI. The
      negative log-likelihood of the probability maps serves as the penalty cost in a
      second-order Markov random field cost function, which is optimized using graph
      cuts for prostate segmentation. Experimental results on the Medical Image
      Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2012 prostate segmentation
      challenge show the superior performance of our approach to conventional methods
      using fully supervised learning. 

PMID- 26958580
TI  - Fabrication and control of CT number through polymeric composites based on
      coronary plaque CT phantom applications.
AB  - Biomedical phantoms are commonly used for various medical imaging modalities to
      improve imaging quality and procedures. Current biomedical phantoms fabricated
      commercially are high in cost and limited in the specificity of human
      environments and structures that can be mimicked. This study aimed to control the
      measurable computed tomography (CT) number in Hounsfield units through polymeric
      biomedical phantom materials using controlled amounts of hydroxyapatite (hA). The
      purpose was to fabricate CT phantoms capable of mimicking various coronary plaque
      types while introducing a fabrication technique and basis for a numerical model
      to which the technique may be applied. The CT number is tunable based on the
      controlled material properties of electron density and atomic numbers. Three
      different polymeric matrices of polyethylene (PE), thermoplastic polyurethane
      (TPU), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were selected due to their varied
      specific densities and ease of fabrication acting as integral properties for CT
      phantom fabrication. These polymers were processed together with additions of hA
      in mass percentages of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20% hA as well as a 0% hA as a control for
      each polymeric material. By adding hA to PE, TPU, and PVDF an increasing trend
      was exhibited between CT number and weight percent of hA. 

PMID- 26958581
TI  - Ligand and interfacial dynamics in a homodimeric hemoglobin.
AB  - The structural dynamics of dimeric hemoglobin (HbI) from Scapharca inaequivalvis
      in different ligand-binding states is studied from atomistic simulations on the
      MUs time scale. The intermediates are between the fully ligand-bound (R) and
      ligand-free (T) states. Tertiary structural changes, such as rotation of the side
      chain of Phe97, breaking of the Lys96-heme salt bridge, and the Fe-Fe separation,
      are characterized and the water dynamics along the R-T transition is analyzed.
      All these properties for the intermediates are bracketed by those determined
      experimentally for the fully ligand-bound and ligand-free proteins, respectively.
      The dynamics of the two monomers is asymmetric on the 100 ns timescale. Several
      spontaneous rotations of the Phe97 side chain are observed which suggest a
      typical time scale of 50-100 ns for this process. Ligand migration pathways
      include regions between the B/G and C/G helices and, if observed, take place in
      the 100 ns time scale. 

PMID- 26958582
TI  - Loop dynamics of thymidine diphosphate-rhamnose 3'-O-methyltransferase (CalS11),
      an enzyme in calicheamicin biosynthesis.
AB  - Structure analysis and ensemble refinement of the apo-structure of thymidine
      diphosphate (TDP)-rhamnose 3'-O-methyltransferase reveal a gate for substrate
      entry and product release. TDP-rhamnose 3'-O-methyltransferase (CalS11) catalyses
      a 3'-O-methylation of TDP-rhamnose, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of
      enediyne antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin. CalS11 operates at the sugar
      nucleotide stage prior to glycosylation step. Here, we present the crystal
      structure of the apo form of CalS11 at 1.89 A resolution. We propose that the L2
      loop functions as a gate facilitating and/or providing specificity for substrate
      entry or promoting product release. Ensemble refinement analysis slightly
      improves the crystallographic refinement statistics and furthermore provides a
      compelling way to visualize the dynamic model of loop L2, supporting the
      understanding of its proposed role in catalysis. 

PMID- 26958583
TI  - Large scale rigidity-based flexibility analysis of biomolecules.
AB  - KINematics And RIgidity (KINARI) is an on-going project for in silico flexibility
      analysis of proteins. The new version of the software, Kinari-2, extends the
      functionality of our free web server KinariWeb, incorporates advanced web
      technologies, emphasizes the reproducibility of its experiments, and makes
      substantially improved tools available to the user. It is designed specifically
      for large scale experiments, in particular, for (a) very large molecules,
      including bioassemblies with high degree of symmetry such as viruses and
      crystals, (b) large collections of related biomolecules, such as those obtained
      through simulated dilutions, mutations, or conformational changes from various
      types of dynamics simulations, and (c) is intended to work as seemlessly as
      possible on the large, idiosyncratic, publicly available repository of
      biomolecules, the Protein Data Bank. We describe the system design, along with
      the main data processing, computational, mathematical, and validation challenges
      underlying this phase of the KINARI project. 

PMID- 26958584
TI  - A modified PATH algorithm rapidly generates transition states comparable to those
      found by other well established algorithms.
AB  - PATH rapidly computes a path and a transition state between crystal structures by
      minimizing the Onsager-Machlup action. It requires input parameters whose range
      of values can generate different transition-state structures that cannot be
      uniquely compared with those generated by other methods. We outline modifications
      to estimate these input parameters to circumvent these difficulties and validate
      the PATH transition states by showing consistency between transition-states
      derived by different algorithms for unrelated protein systems. Although
      functional protein conformational change trajectories are to a degree stochastic,
      they nonetheless pass through a well-defined transition state whose detailed
      structural properties can rapidly be identified using PATH. 

PMID- 26958585
TI  - Stochastic stimulated electronic x-ray Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a well-established tool for
      studying electronic, nuclear, and collective dynamics of excited atoms,
      molecules, and solids. An extension of this powerful method to a time-resolved
      probe technique at x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) to ultimately unravel
      ultrafast chemical and structural changes on a femtosecond time scale is often
      challenging, due to the small signal rate in conventional implementations at
      XFELs that rely on the usage of a monochromator setup to select a small frequency
      band of the broadband, spectrally incoherent XFEL radiation. Here, we suggest an
      alternative approach, based on stochastic spectroscopy, which uses the full
      bandwidth of the incoming XFEL pulses. Our proposed method is relying on
      stimulated resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, where in addition to a pump pulse
      that resonantly excites the system a probe pulse on a specific electronic
      inelastic transition is provided, which serves as a seed in the stimulated
      scattering process. The limited spectral coherence of the XFEL radiation defines
      the energy resolution in this process and stimulated RIXS spectra of high
      resolution can be obtained by covariance analysis of the transmitted spectra. We
      present a detailed feasibility study and predict signal strengths for realistic
      XFEL parameters for the CO molecule resonantly pumped at the [Formula: see text]
      transition. Our theoretical model describes the evolution of the spectral and
      temporal characteristics of the transmitted x-ray radiation, by solving the
      equation of motion for the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom of the
      system self consistently with the propagation by Maxwell equations. 

PMID- 26958586
TI  - A beam branching method for timing and spectral characterization of hard X-ray
      free-electron lasers.
AB  - We report a method for achieving advanced photon diagnostics of x-ray free
      electron lasers (XFELs) under a quasi-noninvasive condition by using a beam
      splitting scheme. Here, we used a transmission grating to generate multiple
      branches of x-ray beams. One of the two primary diffracted branches (+1st-order)
      is utilized for spectral measurement in a dispersive scheme, while the other (
      1st-order) is dedicated for arrival timing diagnostics between the XFEL and the
      optical laser pulses. The transmitted x-ray beam (0th-order) is guided to an
      experimental station. To confirm the validity of this timing-monitoring scheme,
      we measured the correlation between the arrival timings of the -1st and 0th
      branches. The observed error was as small as 7.0 fs in root-mean-square. Our
      result showed the applicability of the beam branching scheme to advanced photon
      diagnostics, which will further enhance experimental capabilities of XFEL. 

PMID- 26958588
TI  - Molecular features in complex environment: Cooperative team players during
      excited state bond cleavage.
AB  - Photoinduced bond cleavage is often employed for the generation of highly
      reactive carbocations in solution and to study their reactivity. Diphenylmethyl
      derivatives are prominent precursors in polar and moderately polar solvents like
      acetonitrile or dichloromethane. Depending on the leaving group, the photoinduced
      bond cleavage occurs on a femtosecond to picosecond time scale and typically
      leads to two distinguishable products, the desired diphenylmethyl cations
      (Ph2CH(+)) and as competing by-product the diphenylmethyl radicals ([Formula: see
      text]). Conical intersections are the chief suspects for such ultrafast branching
      processes. We show for two typical examples, the neutral diphenylmethylchloride
      (Ph2CH-Cl) and the charged diphenylmethyltriphenylphosphonium ions ([Formula: see
      text]) that the role of the conical intersections depends not only on the
      molecular features but also on the interplay with the environment. It turns out
      to differ significantly for both precursors. Our analysis is based on quantum
      chemical and quantum dynamical calculations. For comparison, we use ultrafast
      transient absorption measurements. In case of Ph2CH-Cl, we can directly connect
      the observed signals to two early three-state and two-state conical
      intersections, both close to the Franck-Condon region. In case of the [Formula:
      see text], dynamic solvent effects are needed to activate a two-state conical
      intersection at larger distances along the reaction coordinate. 

PMID- 26958587
TI  - Identification of the dominant photochemical pathways and mechanistic insights to
      the ultrafast ligand exchange of Fe(CO)5 to Fe(CO)4EtOH.
AB  - We utilized femtosecond time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and ab
      initio theory to study the transient electronic structure and the photoinduced
      molecular dynamics of a model metal carbonyl photocatalyst Fe(CO)5 in ethanol
      solution. We propose mechanistic explanation for the parallel ultrafast intra
      molecular spin crossover and ligation of the Fe(CO)4 which are observed following
      a charge transfer photoexcitation of Fe(CO)5 as reported in our previous study
      [Wernet et al., Nature 520, 78 (2015)]. We find that branching of the reaction
      pathway likely happens in the (1)A1 state of Fe(CO)4. A sub-picosecond time
      constant of the spin crossover from (1)B2 to (3)B2 is rationalized by the
      proposed (1)B2 -> (1)A1 -> (3)B2 mechanism. Ultrafast ligation of the (1)B2
      Fe(CO)4 state is significantly faster than the spin-forbidden and diffusion
      limited ligation process occurring from the (3)B2 Fe(CO)4 ground state that has
      been observed in the previous studies. We propose that the ultrafast ligation
      occurs via (1)B2 -> (1)A1 -> (1)A' Fe(CO)4EtOH pathway and the time scale of the
      (1)A1 Fe(CO)4 state ligation is governed by the solute-solvent collision
      frequency. Our study emphasizes the importance of understanding the interaction
      of molecular excited states with the surrounding environment to explain the
      relaxation pathways of photoexcited metal carbonyls in solution. 

PMID- 26958590
TI  - A de novo microdeletion involving PAFAH1B (LIS1) related to lissencephaly
      phenotype.
AB  - Lissencephaly is a type of the congenital malformation of the brain. Due to the
      impairments of neuronal migration, patients show absence of brain convolution
      manifesting smooth brain surfaces. One of the human genes responsible for
      lissencephaly is the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b gene (PAFAH1B;
      also known as LIS1) located on 17p13.3. Patients with heterozygous deletion of
      this chromosomal region exhibit lissencephaly. Recently, we encountered a male
      patient who showed typical lissencephaly. Using a microarray analysis, we
      identified a 1.3 Mb submicroscopic deletion in 17p13.3. This deletion included
      PAFAH1B. Both of the parents showed no deletion in this region. Therefore, this
      was determined to be derived from de novo origin. After obtaining the written
      informed consent, skin fibroblasts were provided from this patient and disease
      specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were generated and used for medical
      research (Shimojima K, Okumura A, Hayashi M, Kondo T, Inoue H, and Yamamoto T.
      CHCHD2 is down-regulated in neuronal cells differentiated from iPS cells derived
      from patients with lissencephaly. Genomics, in press). 

PMID- 26958589
TI  - Carrier-envelope phase dependence of the directional fragmentation and hydrogen
      migration in toluene in few-cycle laser fields.
AB  - The dissociative ionization of toluene initiated by a few-cycle laser pulse as a
      function of the carrier envelope phase (CEP) is investigated using single-shot
      velocity map imaging. Several ionic fragments, CH3 (+), H2 (+), and H3 (+),
      originating from multiply charged toluene ions present a CEP-dependent
      directional emission. The formation of H2 (+) and H3 (+) involves breaking C-H
      bonds and forming new bonds between the hydrogen atoms within the transient
      structure of the multiply charged precursor. We observe appreciable intensity
      dependent CEP-offsets. The experimental data are interpreted with a mechanism
      that involves laser-induced coupling of vibrational states, which has been found
      to play a role in the CEP-control of molecular processes in hydrocarbon
      molecules, and appears to be of general importance for such complex molecules. 

PMID- 26958591
TI  - Human Cytomegalovirus variant peptides adapt by decreasing their total
      coordination upon binding to a T cell receptor.
AB  - The tertiary structure of the native Cytomegalovirus peptide (NLV) presented by
      HLA-A2 and bound to the RA14 T cell receptor was used as a reference for the
      calculation of atomic coordination differences of both the NLV as well as of a
      number of singly substituted NLV variants in the absence of TCR. Among the pMHC
      complexes, the native peptide was found to exhibit the highest total coordination
      difference in respect to the reference structure, suggesting that it experienced
      the widest structural adaptation upon recognition by the TCR. In addition, the
      peptide on the isolated NLV-MHC complex was over-coordinated as compared to the
      rest of the variants. Moreover, the trend was found to account for a set of
      measured dissociation constants and critical concentrations for target-cell lysis
      for all variants in complexation with RA14: functionally, all variant peptides
      were established to be either weak agonists or null peptides, while, at the same
      time, our current study established that they were also under-coordinated in
      respect to NLV. It could, thus, be argued that the most 'efficient' structural
      adaptation upon pMHC recognition by the TCR requires of the peptide to undergo
      the widest under-coordination possible. The main structural characteristic which
      differentiated the NLV in respect to the variants was a the presence of 16 oxygen
      atoms (waters) in the former's second coordination shell which accounted for over
      coordination of roughly 100% and 30% in the O-O and C-O partials respectively. In
      fact, in the absence of second shell oxygens, the NLV peptide was decidedly under
      coordinated in respect to all of the variants, as also suggested by the C-C
      partial. 

PMID- 26958593
TI  - Amino acid sequence alignment of vertebrate CAPN3/calpain-3/p94.
AB  - CAPN3 is a calpain superfamily member that is predominantly expressed in skeletal
      muscle. So far, clear CAPN3 orthologs were found only in vertebrates. CAPN3 is a
      unique protease in that it undergoes extremely rapid and exhaustive autolysis and
      that autolyzed fragments spontaneously associate each other to reconstitute the
      proteolytic activity. These unique properties of CAPN3 are dependent on IS1 and
      IS2, two CAPN3-characterizing sequences that do not exist in other calpains or
      any other proteases. To understand how IS1 and IS2 are conserved among
      vertebrates, this data article provides amino acid sequence alignment of
      representative vertebrate CAPN3s. For further analysis and discussion, see Ono et
      al. [1]. 

PMID- 26958592
TI  - Data for proteomic profiling of Anthers from a photosensitive male sterile mutant
      and wild-type cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).
AB  - Cotton is an important economic crop, used mainly for the production of textile
      fiber. Using a space mutation breeding technique, a novel photosensitive genetic
      male sterile mutant CCRI9106 was isolated from the wild-type upland cotton
      cultivar CCRI040029. To study the male sterile mechanisms of CCRI9106,
      histological and iTRAQ-facilitated proteomic analyses of anthers were performed.
      This data article contains data related to the research article titled iTRAQ
      Facilitated Proteomic Profiling of Anthers From a Photosensitive Male Sterile
      Mutant and Wild-type Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)[1]. This research article
      describes the iTRAQ-facilitated proteomic analysis of the wild-type and a
      photosensitive male sterile mutant in cotton. The report indicated that exine
      formation defect is the key reason for male sterility in mutant plant. The
      information presented here represents the tables and figures that detail the
      processing of the raw data obtained from iTRAQ analysis. 

PMID- 26958594
TI  - Protein functional analysis data in support of comparative proteomics of the
      pathogenic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis under different temperature
      conditions.
AB  - In the current study a comparative proteomic approach was used to investigate the
      response of the human pathogen black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis toward
      temperature treatment. Protein functional analysis - based on cellular process GO
      terms - was performed on the 32 temperature-responsive identified proteins. The
      bioinformatics analyses and data presented here provided novel insights into the
      cellular pathways at the base of the fungus temperature tolerance. A detailed
      analysis and interpretation of the data can be found in "Proteome of tolerance
      fine-tuning in the human pathogen black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis" by Tesei et
      al. (2015) [1]. 

PMID- 26958595
TI  - Benchmark data for identifying N(6)-methyladenosine sites in the Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae genome.
AB  - This data article contains the benchmark dataset for training and testing iRNA
      Methyl, a web-server predictor for identifying N(6)-methyladenosine sites in RNA
      (Chen et al., 2015 [15]). It can also be used to develop other predictors for
      identifying N(6)-methyladenosine sites in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. 

PMID- 26958596
TI  - Analytical purification of a 60-kDa target protein of artemisinin detected in
      Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
AB  - Here we describe the isolation and purity determination of Trypanosoma brucei (T.
      b.) brucei candidate target proteins of artemisinin. The candidate target
      proteins were detected and purified from their biological source (T. b. brucei
      lysate) using the diazirine-free biotinylated probe 5 for an affinity binding to
      a streptavidin-tagged resin and, subsequently, the labeled target proteins were
      purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
      We herein showed the electrophoresis gel and the immunoblotting film containing
      the 60-kDa trypanosomal candidate target protein of artemisinin as a single band,
      which was visualized on-gel by the reverse-staining method and on a Western
      blotting film by enhanced chemiluminescence. The data provided in this article
      are related to the original research article "Biotinylated probes of artemisinin
      with labeling affinity toward Trypanosoma brucei brucei target proteins", by
      Konziase (Anal. Biochem., vol. 482, 2015, pp. 25-31.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.020). 

PMID- 26958597
TI  - Data supporting Arf6 regulation of Schwann cell differentiation and myelination.
AB  - The data is related to the research article entitled "Arf6 mediates Schwann cell
      differentiation and myelination" [1]. To further investigate the role of Arf6 in
      promoting myelination by Schwann cells in vivo, we have characterized an another
      line (#2) of small-hairpin (sh)RNA transgenic mice targeting Arf6. The number of
      transgenes per one allele in this line was very low (2 transgenes), comparing
      with high copies in the previous line (#1, 20 transgenes) [1]. In 4 days of
      neonatal age, transgenic mice exhibited decreased myelin thickness; however,
      decreased levels were not as much as those in the line #1, likely depending on
      transgene copy number. In 60-day-old mice, the difference became smaller. On the
      other hand, transgene's effect was not related to cell proliferation and
      apoptosis. These data support the key role of Arf6 in Schwann cell myelination,
      especially in the initiation. 

PMID- 26958598
TI  - Abnormal number cell division of human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cell line, SW
      1736.
AB  - Cell division, during which a mother cell usually divides into two daughter cells
      during one cell cycle, is the most important physiological event of cell biology.
      We observed one-to-four cell division during imaging of live SW1736 human thyroid
      anaplastic carcinoma cells transfected with a plasmid expressing the hybrid
      protein of green fluorescent protein and histone 2B (plasmid eGFP-H2B). Analysis
      of the images revealed a mother cell divided into four daughter cells. And one of
      the abnormally divided daughter cells subsequently formed a dinucleate cell. 

PMID- 26958599
TI  - Global proteomic characterization of microdissected estrogen receptor positive
      breast tumors.
AB  - We here describe two proteomic datasets deposited in ProteomeXchange via PRIDE
      partner repository [1] with dataset identifiers PXD000484 (defined as "training")
      and PXD000485 (defined as "test") that have been used for the development of a
      tamoxifen outcome predictive signature [2]. Both datasets comprised 56 fresh
      frozen estrogen receptor (ER) positive primary breast tumor specimens derived
      from patients who received tamoxifen as first line therapy for recurrent disease.
      Patient groups were defined based on time to progression (TTP) after start of
      tamoxifen therapy (6 months cutoff): 32 good and 24 poor treatment outcome
      patients were comprised in the training set, respectively. The test set included
      41 good and 15 poor treatment outcome patients. All specimens were subjected to
      laser capture microdissection (LCM) to enrich for epithelial tumor cells prior to
      high resolution mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. Protein identification and
      label-free quantification (LFQ) were performed with MaxQuant software package
      [3]. A total of 3109 and 4061 proteins were identified and quantified in the
      training and test set, respectively. We here present the first public proteomic
      dataset analyzing ER positive recurrent breast cancer by LCM coupled to high
      resolution MS. 

PMID- 26958600
TI  - Data in support of optimized production of angiotensin-I converting enzyme
      inhibitory peptides derived from proteolytic hydrolysate of bitter melon seed
      proteins.
AB  - VY-7 has been demonstrated as a potent ACE inhibitory peptide in the previous
      study [1]. In this article, we provide accompanying data about the identification
      of bitter melon seed proteins (BMSPs), and quantitative analysis and optimized
      production of VY-7 in BMSPs hydrolysate. 

PMID- 26958601
TI  - Data on energy, exergy analysis and optimisation for a sugar factory.
AB  - A huge amount of energy is consumed during sugar production in the food industry.
      The large amount of steam used and the power of the turbine power plant are key
      factors. This makes energy and exergy analysis important in sugar factories. The
      data given in the following paper are related to input and output information of
      the paper entitled Energy - exergy analysis and optimisation of a model sugar
      factory in Turkey by Taner and Sivrioglu (2015) [1]. Factory total energy
      efficiency and exergy efficiency are found to be eta enT=72.2% and eta exT=37.4%,
      respectively, and according to these results, the total energy quality ? T=0.64.
      These results indicate higher efficiency than similar studies (Vuckovic et al.,
      2014; Pellegrini and Oliviera Junior, 2011; Deshmukh et al., 2013; Palacios
      Bereche et al., 2015) [2], [3], [4], [5]. This study can be a model for these
      similar factories by Taner and Sivrioglu (2015) [1]. 

PMID- 26958602
TI  - Adhesion and spreading of osteoblast-like cells on surfaces coated with laminin
      derived bioactive core peptides.
AB  - Functional peptides are attractive as novel therapeutic reagents because their
      amino acid sequences are flexible in adopting and mimicking the local functional
      features of proteins. These peptides are of low molecular weight, synthetically
      versatile and inexpensive to produce, suggesting that they can be used as drug
      targeting, potent, stable and bioavailable agents. A short bioactive peptide is
      expected to be more beneficial in regenerative medicine than an entire protein
      because of the lower antigenicity of short amino acid sequences. We detected core
      peptides from human laminin that are involved in adhesion and spreading, which
      are the first steps of various cells including osteogenic cells, in becoming
      functional. In this experiment, we detected adhesion and spreading of osteoblast
      like cells seeded on the core peptide-coated surface. These in vitro data are
      related to the research article, entitled "Identification of a bioactive core
      sequence from human laminin and its applicability to tissue engineering" (Yeo et
      al., 2015) [1]. 

PMID- 26958603
TI  - Differential expression patterns of Nqo1, AKR1B8 and Ho-1 in the liver and small
      intestine of C57BL/6 mice treated with sulforaphane.
AB  - This data article contains complementary figures and results related to the
      research article entitled "butylated hydroxyanisole induces distinct expression
      patterns of Nrf2 and detoxification enzymes in the liver and small intestine of
      C57BL/6 mice" (Luo et al., 2015 [1]), which defined the basal and butylated
      hydroxyanisole (BHA)-induced expression patterns of Phase II enzymes Nqo1,
      AKR1B8, and Ho-1 in the liver and small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. Sulforaphane
      [1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane] (SFN), a naturally occurring
      isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, is a highly potent inducer of
      phase II cytoprotective enzymes. This dataset reports the histological changes of
      Nqo1, AKR1B8, and Ho-1 in wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 (-/-) mice induced by SFN. The
      mice were given a 25 mg/kg single oral dose of SFN for 24 h and 48 h.
      Immunohistochemistry revealed that, in the liver from WT mice, SFN increased Nqo1
      staining in hepatocytes with slight higher staining in the pericentral region.
      The induction of AKR1B8 appeared mostly in hepatocytes in the periportal region.
      The basal and inducible Ho-1 was located predominately in Kupffer cells. In the
      small intestine from WT mice, the inducible expression of Nqo1 and AKR1B8
      appeared more obvious in the villus than that in the crypt. 

PMID- 26958604
TI  - Wind tunnel data of the analysis of heat pipe and wind catcher technology for the
      built environment.
AB  - The data presented in this article were the basis for the study reported in the
      research articles entitled 'Climate responsive behaviour heat pipe technology for
      enhanced passive airside cooling' by Chaudhry and Hughes [10] which presents the
      passive airside cooling capability of heat pipes in response to gradually varying
      external temperatures and related to the research article "CFD and wind tunnel
      study of the performance of a uni-directional wind catcher with heat transfer
      devices" by Calautit and Hughes [1] which compares the ventilation performance of
      a standard roof mounted wind catcher and wind catcher incorporating the heat pipe
      technology. Here, we detail the wind tunnel test set-up and inflow conditions and
      the methodologies for the transient heat pipe experiment and analysis of the
      integration of heat pipes within the control domain of a wind catcher design. 

PMID- 26958605
TI  - Data of a fluorescent imaging-based analysis of anti-cancer drug effects on three
      dimensional cultures of breast cancer cells.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is a powerful tool to study cell growth under
      3D condition. To perform a simple test for anti-cancer drugs in 3D culture,
      visualization of non-proliferated cells is required. We propose a fluorescent
      imaging-based assay to analyze cancer cell proliferation in 3D culture. We used a
      pulse-labeling technique with a photoconvertible fluorescent protein Kaede to
      identify non-proliferated cells. This assay allows us to observe change in cell
      proliferation in 3D culture by simple imaging. Using this assay, we obtained the
      data of the effects of anti-cancer drugs, 5-fluorouracil and PD0332991 in a
      breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. 

PMID- 26958606
TI  - Housing land transaction data and structural econometric estimation of preference
      parameters for urban economic simulation models.
AB  - This paper describes a dataset of 6284 land transactions prices and plot surfaces
      in 3 medium-sized cities in France (Besancon, Dijon and Brest). The dataset
      includes road accessibility as obtained from a minimization algorithm, and the
      amount of green space available to households in the neighborhood of the
      transactions, as evaluated from a land cover dataset. Further to the data
      presentation, the paper describes how these variables can be used to estimate the
      non-observable parameters of a residential choice function explicitly derived
      from a microeconomic model. The estimates are used by Caruso et al. (2015) to run
      a calibrated microeconomic urban growth simulation model where households are
      assumed to trade-off accessibility and local green space amenities. 

PMID- 26958607
TI  - Data on antioxidant activity in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) following
      cryopreservation by vitrification.
AB  - Cryopreservation is used for the long-term conservation of plant genetic
      resources. This technique very often induces lethal injury or tissue damage. In
      this study, we measured indicators of viability and cell damage following
      cryopreservation and vitrification-cryopreservation in Vitis vinifera L. axillary
      buds cv. "Flame seedless" stored in liquid nitrogen (LN) for: three seconds, one
      hour, one day, one week and one month; after LN thawed at 38  degrees C for three
      minutes. The enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD),
      as well as the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein and viability were
      assayed. 

PMID- 26958608
TI  - Survey of microbial populations within Lake Michigan nearshore waters at two
      Chicago public beaches.
AB  - Lake Michigan is a critical resource for the residents of Chicago, providing
      drinking water to its 9+ million area residents. Along Chicago's 26 miles of
      public beaches the populous urban environment and this freshwater environment
      meet. While city-led monitoring initiatives investigate pathogenic bacteria in
      these nearshore waters, very little is known about other microbial species
      present. We collected surface water samples from two Chicago public beaches -
      Montrose Beach and 57th Street Beach - every ten days from June 5 through August
      4, 2013 as well as once in early Fall (October 4, 2013). Sixteen bacterial
      communities in total were surveyed through targeted sequencing of the V4 16S rRNA
      gene. Taxa were identified using Mothur. Raw sequence data is available via
      NCBI's SRA database (part of BioProject PRJNA245802). OTU calls for each read are
      also available at our online repository: www.lakemichiganmicrobes.com/bacteria/. 

PMID- 26958609
TI  - Supporting data for analysis of the Helicobacter pylori exoproteome.
AB  - The goal of this research was to analyze the composition of the Helicobacter
      pylori exoproteome at multiple phases of bacterial growth (Snider et al., 2015)
      [1]. H. pylori was grown in a serum-free medium and at serial time points,
      aliquots were centrifuged and fractionated to yield culture supernatant, a
      soluble cellular fraction, and a membrane fraction. Samples were analyzed by
      single dimensional LC-MS/MS analyses and multidimensional protein identification
      technology (MudPIT). Here we present data showing the numbers of assigned spectra
      and proportional abundance of individual proteins in each of the samples
      analyzed, along with a calculation of the level of enrichment of individual
      proteins in the supernatant compared to the soluble cellular fraction. 

PMID- 26958610
TI  - Data characterizing flexural properties of Al/Al2O3 syntactic foam core metal
      matrix sandwich.
AB  - Microstructural observations and flexural property datasets are provided for
      aluminum alloy matrix syntactic foam core sandwich composites. The tests are
      conducted in three-point bending configuration. The data supplied includes
      methods used for conducting microscopy and mechanical testing. Raw load
      displacement data, which is used to plot stress-strain graphs, obtained during
      the flexural test is also included. Images from a DSLR camera are stitched
      together to form a detailed failure sequencing video. Failure of specimens is
      captured in sequential images using a digital camera. These images are stitched
      together to develop a video for visualization of failure mechanisms. Calculations
      are also included for a theoretical model that is used to estimate the flexural
      properties of the syntactic foam core sandwich. 

PMID- 26958611
TI  - Structural dataset for the fast-exchanging KRAS G13D.
AB  - Cancers bearing the KRAS G13D mutation are notable for their distinct clinical
      behavior relative to other oncogenic KRAS mutations. We hypothesized that primary
      biochemical or biophysical properties of KRAS G13D might contribute to these
      clinical observations and as part of our study undertook structural studies using
      x-ray crystallography. In this data article we discuss several x-ray diffraction
      datasets that yielded structures of oncogenic KRAS mutants including a high
      resolution (1.13 A) structure of KRAS G13D. The datasets are typical for high
      resolution x-ray diffraction data and allow the construction of atomic
      resolution, three dimensional structural models with high confidence. This data
      can be correlated with biochemical information such as defects in substrate
      binding kinetics, GTPase activities and interactions with the RAS effector RAF
      kinase. 

PMID- 26958612
TI  - Data in support of the comparative genome analysis of Lysinibacillus B1-CDA, a
      bacterium that accumulates arsenics.
AB  - This study is a part of our long term project on bioremediation of toxic metals
      and other pollutants for protection of human health and the environment from
      severe contamination. The information and results presented in this data article
      are based on both in vitro and in silico experiments. in vitro experiments were
      used to investigate the presence of arsenic responsive genes in a bacterial
      strain B1-CDA that is highly resistant to arsenics. However, in silico studies
      were used to annotate the function of the metal responsive genes. By using this
      combined study consisting of in vitro and in silico experiments we have
      identified and characterized specific genes from B1-CDA that can be used as a
      potential tool for removal of arsenics as well as other heavy metals from the
      contaminated environment. 

PMID- 26958613
TI  - Observation of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells retained inside the non-woven fiber
      matrix of the CellTank bioreactor.
AB  - This data article shows how the recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are
      located in the interstices of the matrix fibers of a CellTank bioreactor after
      completion of a perfusion culture, supporting the article entitled "Very high
      cell density perfusion of CHO cells anchored in a non-woven matrix-based
      bioreactor" by Zhang et al. [1]. It provides a visualization of the cell
      distribution in the non-woven fiber matrix in a deeper view. 

PMID- 26958614
TI  - Location of plant species in Norway gathered as a part of a survey vegetation
      mapping programme.
AB  - Georeferenced species data have a wide range of applications and are increasingly
      used for e.g. distribution modelling and climate change studies. As an integrated
      part of an on-going survey programme for vegetation mapping, plant species have
      been recorded. The data described in this paper contains 18.521 registrations of
      plants from 1190 different circular plots throughout Norway. All species
      localities are georeferenced, the spatial uncertainty is provided, and additional
      ecological information is reported. The published data has been gathered from
      1991 until 2015. The entries contain all higher vascular plants and
      pteridophytes, and some cryptogams. Other ecological information is also provided
      for the species locations, such as the vegetation type, the cover of the species
      and slope. The entire material is stored and available for download through the
      GBIF server. 

PMID- 26958615
TI  - Benchmark data for sulcal pits extraction algorithms.
AB  - This article contains data related to the research article Auzias et al. (2015)
      [1]. This data can be used as a benchmark for quantitative evaluation of sulcal
      pits extraction algorithm. In particular, it allows a quantitative comparison
      with our method, and the assessment of the consistency of the sulcal pits
      extraction across two well-matched populations. 

PMID- 26958616
TI  - Data in support of DPF2 regulates OCT4 protein level and nuclear distribution.
AB  - DPF2, also named ubi-d4/requiem (REQU), interacts with a protein complex
      containing OCT4. This paper provides data in support of the research article
      entitled "DPF2 regulates OCT4 protein level and nuclear distribution". The
      highlights include: (1) Denature-immunoprecipitation assay revealed
      ubiquitination of OCT4 in pluripotent H9 cells, which was enhancedby MG132, a
      proteasome inhibitor. (2) Well colocalization of ectopic OCT4 and FLAG-Ub was
      found in HeLa cells, which was also increased by MG132. (3) MG132 treatment
      decreased DPF2 cytoplasmic expression in vivo. These data give insights into how
      proteasome inhibition contributes to studying ubiquitnation of OCT4. 

PMID- 26958617
TI  - Data in support of UbSRD: The Ubiquitin Structural Relational Database.
AB  - This article provides information to support the database article titled "UbSRD:
      The Ubiquitin Structural Relational Database" (Harrison et al., 2015) [1] . The
      ubiquitin-like homology fold (UBL) represents a large family that encompasses
      both post-translational modifications, like ubiquitin (UBQ) and SUMO, and
      functional domains on many biologically important proteins like Parkin, UHRF1
      (ubiquitin-like with PDB and RING finger domains-1), and Usp7 (ubiquitin-specific
      protease-7) (Zhang et al., 2015; Rothbart et al., 2013; Burroughs et al., 2012;
      Wauer et al., 2015) [2], [3], [4], [5]. The UBL domain can participate in several
      unique protein-protein interactions (PPI) since protein adducts can be attached
      to and removed from amino groups of lysine side chains and the N-terminus of
      proteins. Given the biological significance of UBL domains, many have been
      characterized with high-resolution techniques, and for UBQ and SUMO, many protein
      complexes have been characterized. We identified all the UBL domains in the PDB
      and created a relational database called UbSRD (Ubiquitin Structural Relational
      Database) by using structural analysis tools in the Rosetta (Leaver et al., 2013;
      O'Meara et al., 2015; Leaver-fay et al., 2011) [1], [6], [7], [8]. Querying UbSRD
      permitted us to report many quantitative properties of UBQ and SUMO recognition
      at different types interfaces (noncovalent: NC, conjugated: CJ, and
      deubiquitanse: DB). In this data article, we report the average number of non-UBL
      neighbors, secondary structure of interacting motifs, and the type of inter
      molecular hydrogen bonds for each residue of UBQ and SUMO. Additionally, we used
      PROMALS3D to generate a multiple sequence alignment used to construct a phylogram
      for the entire set of UBLs (Pei and Grishin, 2014) [9]. The data described here
      will be generally useful to scientists studying the molecular basis for
      recognition of UBQ or SUMO. 

PMID- 26958618
TI  - Data for the analysis of PolyHIPE scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties
      for bone tissue engineering.
AB  - This article presents data related to the research article titled, 'Emulsion
      templated scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties for bone tissue
      engineering' (Owen et al., in press) [1]. This data article contains excel files
      with the results obtained during the mechanical characterisation of 20 acrylate
      based PolyHIPE compositions, giving the Young's modulus, ultimate tensile stress
      and strain at failure for each specimen tested. Also included are the
      measurements taken to determine the degree of openness (DOO) of each composition,
      and the data for the cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on
      the emulsion templated scaffolds. 

PMID- 26958619
TI  - Data analysis and other considerations concerning the study of precipitation in
      Al-Mg-Si alloys by Atom Probe Tomography.
AB  - Atom Probe Tomography (APT) analysis and hardness measurements were used to
      characterize the early stages of precipitation in an Al-0.51 at%Mg-0.94 at%Si
      alloy as reported in the accompanying Acta Materialia paper [1]. The changes in
      microstructure were investigated after single-stage or multi-stage heat
      treatments including natural ageing at 298 K (NA), pre-ageing at 353 K (PA), and
      automotive paint-bake ageing conditions at 453 K (PB). This article provides and
      a detailed report on the experimental conditions and the data analysis methods
      used for this investigation. Careful design of experimental conditions and
      analysis methods was carried out to obtain consistent and reliable results.
      Detailed data on clustering for prolonged NA and PA treatments have been
      reported. 

PMID- 26958620
TI  - Dataset for genotyping validation of cytochrome P450 2A6 whole-gene deletion
      (CYP2A6*4) by real-time polymerase chain reaction platforms.
AB  - This data article contains a supplementary figure and validation data relating to
      the research article entitled "Genotyping of wild-type cytochrome P450 2A6 and
      whole-gene deletion using human blood samples and a multiplex real-time
      polymerase chain reaction method with dual-labeled probes" (Shimizu et al.,
      Clinica Chimica Acta 441, 71-74, 2015), which presents a multiplex real-time
      polymerase chain reaction method with dual-labeled probes for human P450 2A6 wild
      type and whole-gene deletion. Real-time methods have dramatically improved the
      speed of complex genetic diagnostics compared to conventional assays based on
      restriction enzyme digestion. Here, we show the basic assay validation data by
      single and multiplex determinations in comparison with commercial TaqMan copy
      number assays for P450 2A6. 

PMID- 26958621
TI  - Odor impact of volatiles emitted from marijuana, cocaine, heroin and their
      surrogate scents.
AB  - Volatile compounds emitted into headspace from illicit street drugs have been
      identified, but until now odor impact of these compounds have not been reported.
      Data in support of identification of these compounds and their odor impact to
      human nose are presented. In addition, data is reported on odor detection
      thresholds for canines highlighting differences with human ODTs and needs to
      address gaps in knowledge. New data presented here include: (1) compound
      identification, (2) gas chromatography (GC) column retention times, (3) mass
      spectral data, (4) odor descriptors from 2 databases, (5) human odor detection
      thresholds from 2 databases, (6) calculated odor activity values, and (7)
      subsequent ranking of compounds by concentration and ranking of compounds by odor
      impact (reported as calculated odor activity values). For further interpretation
      and discussion, see Rice and Koziel [1] and Rice [2]. 

PMID- 26958622
TI  - Proteomic and glycomic analyses of a lung-specific protein surfactant protein-D.
AB  - In order to verify the protein enriched from pooled human sera to be a lung
      specific protein surfactant protein-D (SP-D), we performed peptide mass
      fingerprinting (PMF)-based protein identification. MASCOT search results of the
      obtained PMF unequivocally demonstrated that it is identical to human SP-D.
      Meanwhile, we performed MALDI-QIT-TOF mass spectrometry-based N-glycomic analysis
      of the recombinant human SP-D produced in murine myeloma cells. The obtained mass
      spectra of N-glycans from the recombinant SP-D demonstrated that the recombinant
      protein is almost exclusively modified with core-fucosylated N-glycans [1]. 

PMID- 26958623
TI  - Data on synthesis and characterization of new diglycerol based environmentally
      friendly non-isocyanate poly(hydroxyurethanes).
AB  - This article contains original experimental data, figures and methods to the
      preparation of non-isocyanate poly(hydroxyurethanes) by an environmentally
      friendly method without the use of toxic phosgene and isocyanates from bis(2,3
      dihydroxypropyl)ether dicarbonate and various diamines (Tryznowski et al.,
      Submitted for publication) [1]. Bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)ether dicarbonate was
      obtained from a one-step procedure from commercially available diglycerol. The
      product was characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies and for
      the first time by X-Ray diffraction measurements. Then, the bis(cyclic carbonate)
      monomer was used as a precursor for the synthesis of various NIPUs. The NIPUs
      were prepared in a non-solvent process. Spectral and thermal properties of the
      NIPUs are compered. Here we give the procedure in order to perform bis(2,3
      dihydroxypropyl)ether dicarbonate with high yield and the procedure NIPU
      synthesis and the complete set of monomer and NIPU analysis ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR,
      FTIR, X-Ray). 

PMID- 26958624
TI  - Data analysis of "krokodil" samples obtained by street-like synthesis.
AB  - The data described in this work is related to be the subject of an article in the
      Forensic Science International, titled: "The harmful chemistry behind "krokodil":
      street-like synthesis and product analysis"
      (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.042) [1]. The data presented here
      provides additional description of the chemical profile of "krokodil".
      Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, TLC profile, UV/Vis, (1)H NMR
      and FTIR spectrum are presented. These data validate the proposed synthetic
      procedure and pathway and give further information about the contaminants present
      in "krokodil". 

PMID- 26958625
TI  - Nucleotide sequence alignment of hdcA from Gram-positive bacteria.
AB  - The decarboxylation of histidine -carried out mainly by some gram-positive
      bacteria- yields the toxic dietary biogenic amine histamine (Ladero et al. 2010
      <10.2174/157340110791233256> [1], Linares et al. 2016
      <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.013>> [2]). The reaction is
      catalyzed by a pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylase (Linares et al. 2011
      <10.1080/10408398.2011.582813> [3]), which is encoded by the gene hdcA. In order
      to locate conserved regions in the hdcA gene of Gram-positive bacteria, this
      article provides a nucleotide sequence alignment of all the hdcA sequences from
      Gram-positive bacteria present in databases. For further utility and discussion,
      see <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.035>> [4]. 

PMID- 26958626
TI  - Characterisation of the mechanical and fracture properties of a uni-weave carbon
      fibre/epoxy non-crimp fabric composite.
AB  - A complete database of the mechanical properties of an epoxy polymer reinforced
      with uni-weave carbon fibre non-crimp fabric (NCF) is established. In-plane and
      through-the-thickness tests were performed on unidirectional laminates under
      normal loading and shear loading. The response under cyclic shear loading was
      also measured. The material has been characterised in terms of stiffness,
      strength, and failure features for the different loading cases. The critical
      energy release rates associated with different failure modes in the material were
      measured from interlaminar and translaminar fracture toughness tests. The stress
      strain data of the tensile, compressive, and shear test specimens are included.
      The load-deflection data for all fracture toughness tests are also included. The
      database can be used in the development and validation of analytical and
      numerical models of fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs), in particular FRPs with NCF
      reinforcements. 

PMID- 26958627
TI  - Effects of hTERT immortalization on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of
      dental pulp stem cells.
AB  - These data relate to the differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC)
      and DPSC immortalized by constitutively expressing human telomerase reverse
      transcriptase (hTERT) through both osteogenic and adipogenic lineages (i.e. to
      make bone producing and fat producing cells from these dental pulp stem cells).
      The data augment another study to characterize immortalized DPSC for the study of
      neurogenetic "Characterization of neurons from immortalized dental pulp stem
      cells for the study of neurogenetic disorders" [1]. Two copies of one typical
      control cell line (technical replicates) were used in this study. The data
      represent the differentiation of primary DPSC into osteoblast cells approximately
      60% more effectively than hTERT immortalized DPSC. Conversely, both primary and
      immortalized DPSC are poorly differentiated into adipocytes. The mRNA expression
      levels for both early and late adipogenic and osteogenic gene markers are shown. 

PMID- 26958628
TI  - Safety profile of the intravenous administration of brain-targeted stable nucleic
      acid lipid particles.
AB  - In a clinical setting, where multiple administrations of the therapeutic agent
      are usually required to improve the therapeutic outcome, it is crucial to assess
      the immunogenicity of the administered nanoparticles. In this data work, we
      investigated the safety profile of the repeated intravenous administration of
      brain-targeted stable nucleic acid lipid particles (RVG-9r-targeted SNALPs). To
      evaluate local activation of the immune system, we performed analysis of mouse
      tissue homogenates and sections from cerebellum. To investigate peripheral
      activation of the immune system, we used serum of mice that were intravenously
      injected with RVG-9r-targeted SNALPs. These data are related and were discussed
      in the accompanying research article entitled "Intravenous administration of
      brain-targeted stable nucleic acid lipid particles alleviates Machado-Joseph
      disease neurological phenotype" (Conceicao et al., in press) [1]. 

PMID- 26958629
TI  - Data set in support of neurotoxicity of trimethyltin chloride by morphological
      and protein analysis.
AB  - Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is a neurotoxicant widely present in the aquatic
      environment. Chronic exposure of embryos to TMT for 4 days post-fertilization
      (dpf) elicited a concentration-related decrease in head & eye size and increase
      in axial malformation. In addition, Rohon-Beard sensory neurons and motor neurons
      showed decreased patterns of protein expression. These data coincide with
      previous research about the neurotoxicity of TMT on mRNA expression (Kim et al.,
      2016 [1]). These data demonstrates that TMT inhibits specific neurodevelopmental
      stages in zebrafish embryos and suggests a possible mechanism for the toxicity of
      TMT in vertebrate neurodevelopment. This paper contains data related to research
      concurrently published in Kim et al. (2016) [1]. 

PMID- 26958630
TI  - Data on the DNA damaging and mutagenic potential of the BH3-mimetics ABT
      263/Navitoclax and TW-37.
AB  - Unfortunately, the mutagenic activities of chemotherapy and radiotherapy can
      provoke development of therapy-induced malignancies in cancer survivors. Non
      mutagenic anti-cancer therapies may be less likely to trigger subsequent
      malignant neoplasms. Here we present data regarding the DNA damaging and
      mutagenic potential of two drugs that antagonize proteins within the Bcl-2
      family: ABT-263/Navitoclax and TW-37. Our data reveal that concentrations of
      these agents that stimulated Bax/Bak-dependent signaling provoked little DNA
      damage and failed to trigger mutations in surviving cells. The data supplied in
      this article is related to the research work entitled "Inhibition of Bcl-2 or IAP
      proteins does not provoke mutations in surviving cells" [1]. 

PMID- 26958631
TI  - Liver metal levels and expression of genes related to iron homeostasis in rhesus
      monkeys after inhalational manganese exposure.
AB  - Here we present data on liver metal levels and expression of genes related to
      iron homeostasis in rhesus monkeys after inhalational manganese exposure.
      Archived liver samples from rhesus monkeys exposed to 0 (n=6), 0.06 (n=6), 0.3
      (n=4) and 1.5 (n=4) mg/m(3) manganese inhalation for 65 days were obtained from a
      published study ("Tissue manganese concentrations in young male rhesus monkeys
      following subchronic manganese sulfate inhalation" [1]). Samples were analyzed by
      spectroscopy, immunoblotting and quantitative PCR to assess metal levels and gene
      expression. Liver manganese and iron levels were linearly correlated although
      only the intermediate manganese exposure level (0.3 mg Mn/m(3)) led to a
      statistically significant increase in liver iron levels. 

PMID- 26958632
TI  - Delayed early developmental trajectories of white matter tracts of functional
      pathways in preterm-born infants: Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging data.
AB  - Probabilistic maps of white matter pathways related to motor, somatosensory,
      auditory, visual, and limbic functions, and major white matter tracts (the corpus
      callosum, the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the middle cerebellar
      peduncle) were applied to evaluate the developmental trajectories of these
      tracts, using longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) obtained in term-born
      and preterm-born healthy infants. Nineteen term-born and 30 preterm-born infants
      completed MR scans at three time points: Time-point 1, 41.6+/-2.7 postmenstrual
      weeks; Time-point 2, 46.0+/-2.9 postmenstrual weeks; and Time-point 3, 50.8+/-3.7
      postmenstrual weeks. The DTI-derived scalar values (fractional anisotropy,
      eigenvalues, and radial diffusivity) of the three time points are available in
      this Data article. 

PMID- 26958633
TI  - High-throughput imaging method for direct assessment of GM1 ganglioside levels in
      mammalian cells.
AB  - GM1-gangliosidosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder caused by
      mutations in the gene GLB1, which encodes acid beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). The
      lack of activity in this lysosomal enzyme leads to accumulation of GM1
      gangliosides (GM1) in cells. We have developed a high-content-imaging method to
      assess GM1 levels in fibroblasts that can be used to evaluate substrate reduction
      in treated GLB1(-/-) cells [1]. This assay allows fluorescent quantification in a
      multi-well system which generates unbiased and statistically significant data.
      Fluorescently labeled Cholera Toxin B subunit (CTXB), which specifically binds to
      GM1 gangliosides, was used to detect in situ GM1 levels in a fixed monolayer of
      fibroblasts. This sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive method facilitates in vitro
      drug screening in a format that allows a high number of replicates using low
      working volumes. 

PMID- 26958634
TI  - Data supporting the shedding of larger extracellular vesicles by multidrug
      resistant tumour cells.
AB  - To date, there are no simple and minimally invasive methods to diagnose MDR.
      Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed by all cells, carry a specific cargo from
      the donor cells and are present in several body fluids, which means that they can
      potentially be easily collected from cancer patients and become the source of
      biomarkers to diagnose cancer. This data article contains a full list of the
      proteins identified in the EVs shed by an isogenic pair of chronic myeloid
      leukaemia cells (MDR cells and their drug-sensitive counterparts) by LC/MS/MS
      analysis, together with their GeneOntology analysis. In addition, it also
      contains data from protein content analysis and Dynamic light scattering count
      rate events of the referred EVs as well as of the EVs shed from an isogenic pair
      of non-small cell lung cancer cells (MDR cells and their drug-sensitive
      counterparts). The interpretation of the data presented in this article and
      further extensive insights can be found in "Multidrug resistant tumour cells shed
      more microvesicles-like EVs and less exosomes than their drug-sensitive
      counterpart cells" [1]. 

PMID- 26958635
TI  - Data on interaction between adeno-associated virus and U87 cell via cRGD chemical
      modification.
AB  - RGD tripeptide is a specific, high-affinity ligand for integrin, which is highly
      expressed in cancer cells. We previously reported that cRGD chemically modified
      AAV2 (AAV2(N587+1/azido+RGD)) showed significantly enhanced infectivity compared
      to RGD genetically inserted AAV2 (AAV2(N587+RGD))
      (10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.066) [1]. Herein we provide the binding ability
      analysis of RGD modified AAV2 and U87 cell by flow cytometry and the theoretical
      working model of RGD-alphavbeta3 integrin interaction. 

PMID- 26958636
TI  - Data of the molecular dynamics simulations of mutations in the human connexin46
      docking interface.
AB  - The structure of hCx26 derived from the X-ray analysis was used to generate a
      homology model for hCx46. Interacting connexin molecules were used as starting
      model for the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using NAMD and allowed us to
      predict the dynamic behavior of hCx46wt and the cataract related mutant
      hCx46N188T as well as two artificial mutants hCx46N188Q and hCx46N188D. Within
      the 50 ns simulation time the docked complex composed of the mutants dissociate
      while hCx46wt remains stable. The data indicates that one hCx46 molecule forms 5
      7 hydrogen bonds (HBs) with the counterpart connexin of the opposing connexon.
      These HBs appear essential for a stable docking of the connexons as shown by the
      simulation of an entire gap junction channel and were lost for all the tested
      mutants. The data described here are related to the research article entitled
      "The cataract related mutation N188T in human connexin46 (hCx46) revealed a
      critical role for residue N188 in the docking process of gap junction channels"
      (Schadzek et al., 2015) [1]. 

PMID- 26958637
TI  - Mass spectrometry data from proteomic analysis of human skin keratins after
      exposure to UV radiation.
AB  - A mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic methodology was employed to monitor
      oxidative modifications in keratins, the main constituents of human skin ("Non
      invasive proteomic analysis of human skin keratins: screening of methionine
      oxidation in keratins by mass spectrometry" [1], "UV irradiation-induced
      methionine oxidation in human skin keratins: mass spectrometry-based non-invasive
      proteomic analysis" [2]). Human skin proteins were obtained non-invasively by
      tape stripping and solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) buffer, followed
      by purification and digestion using the filter-aided sample preparation method.
      The tryptic peptides were then analyzed by liquid chromatography
      (LC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, tandem MS (MS/MS), and LC/ESI-selected
      reaction monitoring (SRM)/MS. The MS/MS data were generated to confirm amino acid
      sequences and oxidation sites of tryptic peptides D(290)VDGAYMTK(298) (P1) and
      N(258)MQDMVEDYR(267) (P2), which contain the most susceptible oxidation sites
      (Met(259), Met(262), and Met(296) in K1 keratin) upon UVA irradiation [2].
      Subsequently, quantitative determination of the relative oxidation levels of P1
      and P1 [2] was achieved by LC/ESI-SRM/MS analyses of P1 and P2 together with
      their oxidized forms after exposure to UVA radiation or treatment with hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2). 

PMID- 26958638
TI  - Data on cell cycle in breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 with ferulic acid
      treatment.
AB  - Inhibition to repair DNA metabolism to respond to damaged DNA can lead to genetic
      instability, resulting in cancer cell death (Audeh et al., 2010; Bryant et al.,
      2005; Farmer et al., 2005; Lukas et al., 2003; Tutt et al., 2010) [1], [2], [6],
      [8], [11]. Despite of various studies demonstrating efficiency of combination
      therapy through down-regulation of DNA repair pathway, the suppression effects of
      DNA repair pathway by chemotherapeutic agents from natural bioactive compounds
      are less understood (Eitsuka et al., 2014; Kastan et al., 2004; Kawabata et al.,
      2000; Mancuso et al., 2014) [5], [7], [9]. Here, the data shows that ferulic acid
      reduced the S-phases post to UV treatment in breast cancer cells and was
      hypersensitive in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231. 

PMID- 26958639
TI  - A first dataset toward a standardized community-driven global mapping of the
      human immunopeptidome.
AB  - We present the first standardized HLA peptidomics dataset generated by the
      immunopeptidomics community. The dataset is composed of native HLA class I
      peptides as well as synthetic HLA class II peptides that were acquired in data
      dependent acquisition mode using multiple types of mass spectrometers. All
      laboratories used the spiked-in landmark iRT peptides for retention time
      normalization and data analysis. The mass spectrometric data were deposited to
      the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset
      identifier PXD001872. The generated data were used to build HLA allele-specific
      peptide spectral and assay libraries, which were stored in the SWATHAtlas
      database. Data presented here are described in more detail in the original eLife
      article entitled 'An open-source computational and data resource to analyze
      digital maps of immunopeptidomes'. 

PMID- 26958640
TI  - Data defining markers of human neural stem cell lineage potential.
AB  - Neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are self-renewing and
      multipotent cells, however, NPCs are considered to be more lineage-restricted
      with a reduced self-renewing capacity. We present data comparing the expression
      of 21 markers encompassing pluripotency, self-renewal (NSC) as well as neuronal
      and glial (astrocyte and oligodendrocyte) lineage specification and 28
      extracellular proteoglycan (PG) genes and their regulatory enzymes between
      embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived human NSCs (hNSC H9 cells, Thermo Fisher) and
      human cortex-derived normal human NPCs (nhNPCs, Lonza). The data demonstrates
      expression differences of multiple lineage and proteoglycan-associated genes
      between hNSC H9 cells and nhNPCs. Data interpretation of markers and
      proteoglycans defining NSC and neural cell lineage characterisation can be found
      in "Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans as novel markers of human neural
      stem cell fate determination" (Oikari et al. 2015) [1]. 

PMID- 26958641
TI  - CFD and experimental data of closed-loop wind tunnel flow.
AB  - The data presented in this article were the basis for the study reported in the
      research articles entitled 'A validated design methodology for a closed loop
      subsonic wind tunnel' (Calautit et al., 2014) [1], which presented a systematic
      investigation into the design, simulation and analysis of flow parameters in a
      wind tunnel using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The authors evaluated the
      accuracy of replicating the flow characteristics for which the wind tunnel was
      designed using numerical simulation. Here, we detail the numerical and
      experimental set-up for the analysis of the closed-loop subsonic wind tunnel with
      an empty test section. 

PMID- 26958642
TI  - Data in support of the identification of neuronal and astrocyte proteins
      interacting with extracellularly applied oligomeric and fibrillar alpha-synuclein
      assemblies by mass spectrometry.
AB  - alpha-Synuclein (alpha-syn) is the principal component of Lewy bodies, the
      pathophysiological hallmark of individuals affected by Parkinson disease (PD).
      This neuropathologic form of alpha-syn contributes to PD progression and
      propagation of alpha-syn assemblies between neurons. The data we present here
      support the proteomic analysis used to identify neuronal proteins that
      specifically interact with extracellularly applied oligomeric or fibrillar alpha
      syn assemblies (conditions 1 and 2, respectively) (doi:
      10.15252/embj.201591397[1]). alpha-syn assemblies and their cellular partner
      proteins were pulled down from neuronal cell lysed shortly after exposure to
      exogenous alpha-syn assemblies and the associated proteins were identified by
      mass spectrometry using a shotgun proteomic-based approach. We also performed
      experiments on pure cultures of astrocytes to identify astrocyte-specific
      proteins interacting with oligomeric or fibrillar alpha-syn (conditions 3 and 4,
      respectively). For each condition, proteins interacting selectively with alpha
      syn assemblies were identified by comparison to proteins pulled-down from
      untreated cells used as controls. The mass spectrometry data, the database search
      and the peak lists have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium database
      via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifiers PRIDE: PXD002256 to
      PRIDE: PXD002263 and doi: 10.6019/PXD002256 to 10.6019/PXD002263. 

PMID- 26958644
TI  - Data in support of the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food
      and feed samples.
AB  - Food and feed samples were randomly collected from different sources, including
      local and imported materials from the Syrian local market. These included maize,
      barley, soybean, fresh food samples and raw material. GMO detection was conducted
      by PCR and nested PCR-based techniques using specific primers for the most used
      foreign DNA commonly used in genetic transformation procedures, i.e., 35S
      promoter, T-nos, epsps, cryIA(b) gene and nptII gene. The results revealed for
      the first time in Syria the presence of GM foods and feeds with glyphosate
      resistant trait of P35S promoter and NOS terminator in the imported soybean
      samples with high frequency (5 out of the 6 imported soybean samples). While,
      tests showed negative results for the local samples. Also, tests revealed
      existence of GMOs in two imported maize samples detecting the presence of 35S
      promoter and nos terminator. Nested PCR results using two sets of primers
      confirmed our data. The methods applied in the brief data are based on DNA
      analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This technique is specific,
      practical, reproducible and sensitive enough to detect up to 0.1% GMO in food
      and/or feedstuffs. Furthermore, all of the techniques mentioned are economic and
      can be applied in Syria and other developing countries. For all these reasons,
      the DNA-based analysis methods were chosen and preferred over protein-based
      analysis. 

PMID- 26958643
TI  - Detailed analysis of association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms
      and subclinical atherosclerosis: The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
AB  - Previously identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genome wide
      association studies (GWAS) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in participants of
      mostly European descent were tested for association with subclinical
      cardiovascular disease (sCVD), coronary artery calcium score (CAC) and carotid
      intima media thickness (CIMT) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
      (MESA). The data in this data in brief article correspond to the article Common
      Genetic Variants and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of
      Atherosclerosis [1]. This article includes the demographic information of the
      participants analyzed in the article as well as graphical displays and data
      tables of the association of the selected SNPs with CAC and of the meta-analysis
      across ethnicities of the association of CIMT-c (common carotid), CIMT-I
      (internal carotid), CAC-d (CAC as dichotomous variable with CAC>0) and CAC-c (CAC
      as continuous variable, the log of the raw CAC score plus one) and CVD. The data
      tables corresponding to the 9p21 fine mapping experiment as well as the power
      calculations referenced in the article are also included. 

PMID- 26958645
TI  - Proteomic dataset of the organohalide-respiring bacterium Dehalococcoides
      mccartyi strain CBDB1 grown on hexachlorobenzene as electron acceptor.
AB  - The proteome of the anaerobic organohalide-respiring bacterium Dehalococcoides
      mccartyi strain CBDB1 was analyzed by nano liquid chromatography coupled to mass
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two different preparation methods, (i) in-solution and
      (ii) in-gel proteolytic digestion were assessed to elucidate the core and the
      functional proteome of bacterial cultures grown in synthetic anaerobic medium
      with hexachlorobenzene as sole electron acceptor. A detailed analysis of the data
      presented is available (Schiffmann et al., 2014) [1]. 

PMID- 26958646
TI  - In depth analysis of the Sox4 gene locus that consists of sense and natural
      antisense transcripts.
AB  - SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box 4 or Sox4 is an important regulator of the pan
      neuronal gene expression during post-mitotic cell differentiation within the
      mammalian brain. Sox4 gene locus has been previously characterized with multiple
      sense and overlapping natural antisense transcripts [1], [2]. Here we provide
      accompanying data on various analyses performed and described in Ling et al. [2].
      The data include a detail description of various features found at Sox4 gene
      locus, additional experimental data derived from RNA-Fluorescence in situ
      Hybridization (RNA-FISH), Western blotting, strand-specific reverse-transcription
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), gain-of-function and in situ
      hybridization (ISH) experiments. All the additional data provided here support
      the existence of an endogenous small interfering- or PIWI interacting-like small
      RNA known as Sox4_sir3, which origin was found within the overlapping region
      consisting of a sense and a natural antisense transcript known as Sox4ot1. 

PMID- 26958647
TI  - The Learning Objective Catalogue for Patient Safety in Undergraduate Medical
      Education--A Position Statement of the Committee for Patient Safety and Error
      Management of the German Association for Medical Education.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since the report "To err is human" was published by the Institute of
      Medicine in the year 2000, topics regarding patient safety and error management
      are in the focal point of interest of science and politics. Despite international
      attention, a structured and comprehensive medical education regarding these
      topics remains to be missing. GOALS: The Learning Objective Catalogue for Patient
      Safety described below the Committee for Patient Safety and Error Management of
      the German Association for Medical Education (GMA) has aimed to establish a
      common foundation for the structured implementation of patient safety curricula
      at the medical faculties in German-speaking countries. METHODS: The development
      the Learning Objective Catalogue resulted via the participation of 13 faculties
      in two committee meetings, two multi-day workshops, and additional judgments of
      external specialists. RESULTS: The Committee of Patient Safety and Error
      Management of GMA developed the present Learning Objective Catalogue for Patient
      Safety in Undergraduate Medical Education, structured in three chapters: Basics,
      Recognize Causes as Foundation for Proactive Behavior, and Approaches for
      Solutions. The learning objectives within the chapters are organized on three
      levels with a hierarchical organization of the topics. Overall, the Learning
      Objective Catalogue consists of 38 learning objectives. All learning objectives
      are referenced with the National Competency-based Catalogue of Learning
      Objectives for Undergraduate Medical Education. DISCUSSION: The Learning
      Objective Catalogue for Patient Safety in Undergraduate Medical Education is a
      product that was developed through collaboration of members from 13 medical
      faculties. In the German-speaking countries, the Learning Objective Catalogue
      should advance discussion regarding the topics of patient safety and error
      management and help develop subsequent educational structures. The Learning
      Objective Catalogue for Patient Safety can serve as a common ground for an
      intensified, constructive, subject-specific discussion about these topics at the
      medical faculties, and guide the implementation of hopefully multiple patient
      safety curricula in undergraduate medical education.

PMID- 26958648
TI  - Physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia and palliative sedation: attitudes and
      knowledge of medical students.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In November 2015, the German Federal Parliament voted on a new legal
      regulation regarding assisted suicide. It was decided to amend the German
      Criminal Code so that any "regular, repetitive offer" (even on a non-profit
      basis) of assistance in suicide would now be considered a punishable offense. On
      July 2, 2015, a date which happened to be accompanied by great media interest in
      that it was the day that the first draft of said law was presented to Parliament,
      we surveyed 4th year medical students at the Technical University Munich on
      "physician-assisted suicide," "euthanasia" and "palliative sedation," based on a
      fictitious case vignette study. METHOD: The vignette study described two versions
      of a case in which a patient suffered from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (physical
      suffering subjectively perceived as being unbearable vs. emotional suffering).
      The students were asked about the current legal norms for each respective course
      of action as well as their attitudes towards the ethical acceptability of these
      measures. RESULTS: Out of 301 students in total, 241 (80%) participated in the
      survey; 109 answered the version 1 questionnaire (physical suffering) and 132
      answered the version 2 questionnaire (emotional suffering). The majority of
      students were able to assess the currently prevailing legal norms on palliative
      sedation (legal) and euthanasia (illegal) correctly (81.2% and 93.7%,
      respectively), while only a few students knew that physician-assisted suicide, at
      that point in time, did not constitute a criminal offense. In the case study that
      was presented, 83.3% of the participants considered palliative sedation and the
      simultaneous withholding of artificial nutrition and hydration as ethically
      acceptable, 51.2% considered physician-assisted suicide ethically legitimate, and
      19.2% considered euthanasia ethically permissible. When comparing the results of
      versions 1 and 2, a significant difference could only be seen in the assessment
      of the legality of palliative sedation: it was considered legal more frequently
      in the physical suffering version (88.1% vs. 75.8%). CONCLUSION: The majority of
      the students surveyed wrongly assumed that physician-assisted suicide is a
      punishable offense in Germany. However, a narrow majority considered physician
      assisted suicide ethically acceptable in the case study presented. Compared to
      euthanasia, more than twice as many participants considered physician-assisted
      suicide acceptable. There was no significant difference between personal
      attitudes towards palliative sedation, physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia
      in light of physical or emotional suffering. Educational programs in this field
      should be expanded both qualitatively and quantitatively, especially considering
      the relevance of the subject matter, the deficits within the knowledge of legal
      norms and the now even higher complexity of the legal situation due to the new
      law from December 2015.

PMID- 26958649
TI  - Quo vadis?--Medical education 2020 between politics and science.

PMID- 26958650
TI  - Development and implementation of the Clinical Tooth Shade Differentiation Course
      -an evaluation over 3 years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tooth shade differentiation concerns the identification and
      classification of tooth shades. The objective of this project was to implement
      the Clinical Tooth Shade Differentiation Course in the preclinical stage of
      studies and to evaluate the students' perspective over a period of 3 years.
      METHODOLOGY: The course is planned for a duration of 10 weeks with two 45-minute
      sessions per semester week. The entire attendance time was 10:15 h. 2 lectures of
      90 minutes each, 2 seminars of 60 min each and 2 teaching units with the phantom
      head and role playing took place. In addition to the various parameters of tooth
      shade, changes in tooth shade and the basics of dental esthetics, clinical
      procedures for manual and digital tooth shade determination were explained and
      practiced. 96% (69 of 72) of the students participated in the first evaluation in
      2012/2013 (T1), and 68% of these were women. In the following year, 2013/2014
      (T2), 92% (45 of 48 students) took part; 62% of these were women and 38% men. The
      2014/2015 evaluation (T3) comprised 94% (45 of 48 students). Of these, 67% were
      women. RESULTS: In the evaluation, the students gave the course a positive grade.
      The questions in "General/Organization" were given a mean (M) of 1.5 (SD=0.7) in
      T1 and T2, and 1.2 (SD=0.3) in T3. The "Overall Assessment" yielded M(T1)=1.6
      (SD=0.6), M(T2)=1.5 (SD=0.5) and M(T3)=1.1 (SD=0.3). In T1 and T2, the item "The
      instructor actively involved the students in the course" was given a mean of 2.1
      (SD=0.9), and in T3 a mean of 1.2 (SD=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The course presented
      here conceptually shows how practical dental skills can be taught in a
      theoretical and clinical context. Educational objectives from the role of a
      dental expert were taken from the national competence-based catalog of
      educational objectives for dentistry and can also be supplemented. The objectives
      can be transferred to other dental faculties.

PMID- 26958651
TI  - Peer-led Stress Prevention Seminars in the First Year of Medical School--A
      Project Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: From the beginning of the first year of medical studies, increased
      psychological stress and elevated burnout prevalence rates can be registered
      compared to sample populations. Characterized by learning "on an equal footing",
      the principle of peer-assisted learning (PAL) is widely used in medical
      education. This report aims to showcase the development and evaluation of peer
      led stress prevention seminars for first year medical students after one year of
      implementation. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: With each of the three sessions lasting 90
      min., the stress prevention seminars took place in small groups (6-10 students)
      in the period from November 2013 to January 2014 and from November 2014 to
      December 2014 at the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg. Led by trained peers, the
      seminar content ranged from psycho-educational elements, i.e. time management
      strategy development and test anxiety assistance, to relaxation techniques. All
      seminar sessions were evaluated via questionnaire. All questions were answered on
      a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7 (1=strongly agree; 7=strongly disagree).
      RESULTS: 75 students consented to participate in seminars (65% female; aged
      20.5+/-3.3 years). The series of seminars was averagely given the school grade of
      1.2+/-0.4 (1=very good to 6=unsatisfactory) in WS 2013/14 and 1.5+/-0.5 in the
      following year and the peer tutors' competence was evaluated as very high (1.4 to
      1.5 approval rate on the Likert scale). DISCUSSION: The seminar sessions'
      importance to the students is underlined by their very positive evaluations. This
      offer seems to have benefited students especially during the demanding
      transitional phase at the start of their studies. Both the implementation of the
      preventive measure at an early stage as well as the use of PAL seem to have
      proven effective. CONCLUSION: PAL seems to be effective in the field of stress
      prevention. However, specific efficacy studies are still lacking.

PMID- 26958652
TI  - The FAMULATUR PLUS as an innovative approach for teaching physical examination
      skills.
AB  - The FAMULATUR PLUS is an innovative approach to teaching physical examination
      skills. The concept is aimed at medical students during the clinical part of
      their studies and includes a clinical traineeship (English for "Famulatur")
      extended to include various courses ("PLUS"). The courses are divided into
      clinical examination courses and problembased-learning (PBL) seminars. The
      concept's special feature is the full integration of these courses into a 30-day
      hospital traineeship. The aim is to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from the
      courses into daily practice. Each week of the FAMULATUR PLUS is structured in
      line with the courses and focuses on a particular part of the body (e.g.,
      abdomen). A physical examination course under the supervision of a physician is
      offered at the beginning of the week. Here, medical students learn the relevant
      examination techniques by practicing on each other (partner exercises).
      Subsequently, the techniques taught are applied independently during everyday
      work on the ward, corrected by the supervisor, if necessary, and thereby
      reinforced. The final POL seminar takes place towards the end of the week.
      Possible differential diagnoses are developed based on a clinical case study. The
      goal is to check these by taking a fictitious medical history and performing a
      physical examination, as well as to make a preliminary diagnosis. Finally, during
      the PBL seminar, medical students will be shown how physical examination
      techniques can be efficiently applied in the diagnosis of common cardinal
      symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain). The initial implementation of the FAMULATUR PLUS
      proved the practical feasibility of the concept. In addition, the accompanying
      evaluation showed that the participants of the pilot project improved with regard
      to their practical physical examination skills. 

PMID- 26958653
TI  - Vaccination: Developing and implementing a competency-based-curriculum at the
      Medical Faculty of LMU Munich.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Germany medical students should gain proficiency and specific
      skills in the vaccination field. Especially important is the efficient
      communication of scientific results about vaccinations to the community, in order
      to give professional counseling with a complete overview about therapeutic
      options. AIM OF THE PROJECT: The aim of this project is to set up a vaccination
      related curriculum in the Medical Faculty at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in
      Munich. The structure of the curriculum is based on the National catalogue for
      competency-based learning objectives in the field of vaccination (Nationaler
      Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielekatalog Medizin NKLM). Through this curriculum, the
      students will not only acquire the classical educational skills concerning
      vaccination in theory and practice, but they will also learn how to become
      independent in the decision-making process and counseling. Moreover, the students
      will become aware of consequences of action related to this specific topic.
      METHODS: According to defined guidelines, an analysis was performed on courses,
      which are currently offered by the university. A separate analysis of the NKLM
      was carried out. Both analyses identified the active courses related to the topic
      of vaccination as well as the NKLM learning objectives. The match between the
      topics taught in current courses and the NKLM learning objectives identified gaps
      concerning the teaching of specific content. Courses were modified in order to
      implement the missing NKLM learning objectives. RESULTS: These analyses
      identified 24 vaccination-related courses, which are currently taught at the
      University. Meanwhile, 35 learning objectives on vaccination were identified in
      the NKLM catalogue. Four of which were identified as not yet part of the teaching
      program. In summary, this interdisciplinary work enabled the development of a new
      vaccination-related curriculum, including 35 learning objectives, which are now
      implemented in regular teaching courses by the Medical Faculty. CONCLUSIONS: This
      project successfully describes a method to develop and implement a competency
      based teaching program on the topic of vaccination. Importantly, the process
      presented here can serve as a guide to develop and implement similar teaching
      programs on other subjects and Universities.

PMID- 26958654
TI  - A study on effects of and stance over tuition fees.
AB  - AIM: Regarding tuition fees (that in Germany already have been abrogated)
      putative drawbacks like prolonged study duration have been suspected while
      benefits are not clearly proven. We investigated whether tuition fees (500 Euro
      per semester) affected the course of studies of Cologne medical students and
      asked for students' stance over tuition fees. METHODS: Of 1,324 students we
      analyzed the rate of those passing their first medical exam ("Physikum") within
      minimum time and students' discontinuation rate, respectively. Regression
      analysis tested for putative influences of tuition fees and demographic factors.
      In an additional online survey 400 students answered questions regarding the load
      by and their stance over tuition fees. RESULTS: We find that fees did not affect
      rate of Cologne students passing their first medical exam within minimum time or
      students' discontinuation rate. According to the online survey, at times of
      tuition fees significantly more students did not attend courses as scheduled.
      Time spent on earning money was significantly increased. 51% of students who had
      to pay tuition fees and 71% of those who never had to stated tuition fees to be
      not justified. More than two thirds of students did not recognize any lasting
      benefit from tuition fees. CONCLUSION: Tuition fees did not affect
      discontinuation rate or study duration of Cologne medical students. However, they
      obviously influenced the study course due to an increased need to pursue a
      sideline. Cologne medical students rather refused tuition fees and did not
      recognize their advantages in terms of enhanced quality of studies.

PMID- 26958655
TI  - Academic Performance of Students with the Highest and Mediocre School-leaving
      Grades: Does the Aptitude Test for Medical Studies (TMS) Balance Their Prognoses?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Admission to undergraduate medical training in Germany occurs by
      central and local pathways. Central admission includes two distinct groups:
      Students with top school-leaving grades (best-SLG group) and students with
      inferior school-leaving grades who are admitted with a delay of up to seven years
      (delayed admission group). Students with academic difficulties and early dropouts
      are present in both groups. Local admission at our university involves the German
      Test for Medical Studies (TMS) and allows the admission by merit of students with
      a wide range of school-leaving grades. AIMS: To examine the justification of a
      TMS-based strategy to reduce the admission of potentially weak best school
      leavers and enhance the admission of potentially able candidates with mediocre
      school-leaving grades. METHOD: The prognostic contribution of the school-leaving
      (SL) GPA and the TMS to academic performance and to continuity in the pre
      clinical part of the undergraduate medical program was examined in two study
      groups: best school leavers (SL grade 1.0, SL-GPA 823-900 points) and mediocre
      school leavers (SL grades 2.0-2.3, SL-GPA 689-660 points). The outcomes in both
      groups were compared in relation to their TMS results. The prospective study
      included four consecutive cohorts. RESULTS: In each study group the TMS predicted
      the academic performance (beta=0.442-0.446) and the continuity of studies
      (OR=0.890-0.853) better than the SL-GPA (beta=0.238-0.047; OR=1.009-0.998).
      Attrition was most strongly associated with failing to take the TMS (OR=0.230
      0.380). Mediocre school leavers with TMS scores >=125 performed as well as the
      best school leavers. Mediocre school leavers with TMS scores between 110-124
      performed on average less well but within the required standards. Best school
      leavers with mediocre TMS scores and 30% of the best school leavers who hadn't
      taken the TMS performed less well than most mediocre school leavers with high TMS
      scores. DISCUSSION: The TMS appears to differentiate between potentially
      successful and less successful students in both GPA categories. Mediocre school
      leavers (SLG 2.0-2.3) with exceptionally high TMS results reach better pre
      clinical examination results than best school leavers (SLG 1.0) with mediocre TMS
      results. Thus, the present data justify the use of the TMS to facilitate the
      participation of mediocre school leavers in the competition for admission slots.

PMID- 26958656
TI  - Importance and benefits of the doctoral thesis for medical graduates.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The majority of medical graduates in Germany complete a doctorate,
      even though a doctoral degree is not necessary for the practice of medicine. So
      far, little is known about doctoral candidates' view on the individual benefit a
      doctoral thesis has for them. Consequently, this is the subject of the present
      investigation. METHOD: Data from surveys with graduates of the five medical
      faculties of Baden-Wurttemberg from the graduation years 2007/2008 (N=514) and
      2010/2011 (N=598) were analysed. RESULTS: One and a half years after graduating
      53% of those interviewed had completed their doctorate. When asked about their
      motivation for writing a doctoral thesis, participants answered most frequently
      "a doctorate is usual" (85%) and "improvement of job opportunities" (75%), 36%
      said that an academic career has been their primary motive. Less than 10%
      responded that they used their doctoral thesis as a means to apply for a job. The
      proportion of graduates working in health care is equally large among those who
      have completed a thesis and those who have not. Graduates who pursued a thesis
      due to scientific interest are also currently more interested in an academic
      career and recognise more opportunities for research. An implicit benefit of a
      medical thesis emerged with regard to the self-assessment of scientific
      competences as those who completed a doctorate rated their scientific
      competencies higher than those who have not. DISCUSSION: Although for the
      majority of physicians research interest is not the primary motivation for
      completing a doctorate, they might nevertheless achieve some academic
      competencies. For graduates pursuing an academic career the benefit of completing
      a medical thesis is more obvious.

PMID- 26958657
TI  - Stressed out or subjective acquisition of competence--how do veterinary students
      see their curative work placement?
AB  - Veterinary studies in Germany are regulated by the Veterinary Certification Act
      (TAppV). The practical part of the education consists of 1,170 hours, whereby up
      to 850 hours can be spent on the curative work placement. A curative work
      placement can result in physical and psychological stress in the sense of a
      professional overload. It is the aim of this study to find out in what areas and
      to what extent competence is acquired and psychological stress exists in students
      during their work placement. Veterinary students (n=142) from all German
      education institutes participated in a voluntary online-study based on Burnout
      Screening Scales (BOSS) as well as a questionnaire regarding the acquisition of
      competence and excessive stress during the work placement (FKUP). The
      distribution of values for work placement related stress show that such work
      placement related stress is generally slightly increased (T=60) and lies above
      that of occupational stresses within the normal population. Work placement
      related physical complaints also show a significant slight increase (T=61). A
      value (T=42) within the normal range was determined for the resource values. Few
      of the students questioned considered themselves to be excessively stressed in
      favour of a high subjective acquisition of competences. The largest increase
      regarding the acquisition of competence was noted for the areas of animal
      handling/restraint and application and injection techniques. In the sense of a
      perceived excessive demand regarding practical capabilities the areas of
      emergency management, surgery and medication dispensation were mentioned. With
      regard to the load structure and the acquisition of competence by veterinary
      students during their work placement, more support of the individual and a
      balancing of teaching/learning goals would be desirable and represents a
      promising approach. 

PMID- 26958658
TI  - Dual-emissive fluorescence measurements of hydroxyl radicals using a coumarin
      activated silica nanohybrid probe.
AB  - This work reports a novel dual-emissive fluorescent probe based on dye hybrid
      silica nanoparticles for ratiometric measurement of the hydroxyl radical (OH). In
      the probe sensing system, the blue emission of coumarin dye (coumarin-3
      carboxylic acid, CCA) immobilized on the nanoparticle surface is selectively
      enhanced by OH due to the formation of a coumarin hydroxylation product with
      strong fluorescence, whereas the emission of red fluorescent dye encapsulated in
      the silica nanoparticle is insensitive to OH as a self-referencing signal, and so
      the probe provides a good quantitative analysis based on ratiometric fluorescence
      measurement with a detection limit of 1.65 MUM. Moreover, the probe also shows
      high selectivity for OH determination against metal ions, other reactive oxygen
      species and biological species. More importantly, it exhibits low cytotoxicity
      and high biocompatibility in living cells, and has been successfully used for
      cellular imaging of OH, showing its promising application for monitoring of
      intracellular OH signaling events. 

PMID- 26958659
TI  - Chip-based platform for dynamic analysis of NK cell cytolysis mediated by a
      triplebody.
AB  - Cancer therapy via redirected lysis mediated by antibodies and antibody-derived
      agents relies on the availability of substantial numbers of sufficiently active
      immune effector cells. To monitor antitumor responses before and during therapy,
      sensitive methods are needed, capable of quantitating specific lysis of target
      cells. Here we present a chip-based single-cell cytometric assay, which uses
      adherent human target cells arrayed in structured micro-fields. Using a
      fluorescent indicator of cell death and time-lapse microscopy in an automated
      high-throughput mode, we measured specific target cell lysis by activated human
      NK cells, mediated by the therapeutic single chain triplebody SPM-2 (33-16-123).
      This antibody-derived tri-specific fusion protein carries binding sites for the
      myeloid antigens CD33 and CD123 and recruits NK cells via a binding site for the
      Fc-receptor CD16. Specific lysis increased with increasing triplebody
      concentration, and the single-cell assay was validated by direct comparison with
      a standard calcein-release assay. The chip-based approach allowed measurement of
      lysis events over 16 hours (compared to 4 hours for the calcein assay) and
      required far smaller numbers of primary cells. In addition, dynamic properties
      inaccessible to conventional methods provide new details about the activation of
      cytolytic effector cells by antibody-derived agents. Thus, the killing rate
      exhibited a dose-dependent maximum during the reaction interval. In clinical
      applications ex vivo monitoring of NK activity of patient's endogenous cells will
      likely help to choose appropriate therapy, to detect impaired or recovered NK
      function, and possibly to identify rare subsets of cancer cells with particular
      sensitivity to effector-cell mediated lysis. 

PMID- 26958660
TI  - Lateral resolution of desorption nanoelectrospray: a nanospray tip without
      nebulizing gas as a source of primary charged droplets.
AB  - Desorption nanoelectrospray (nanoDESI) was described in 2007 and it represents a
      miniaturized version of desorption electrospray without the assistance of the
      nebulizing gas. Compared to DESI, a nanoelectrospray tip (2 +/- 1 MUm I.D.)
      generates primary charged droplets of smaller sizes and lower spray liquid flow
      rates. This is the first report on utilization of nanoDESI for mass spectrometry
      imaging (MSI). Its new coupling with a Q-TOF instrument allowed faster mass
      spectra acquisition (4 Hz) essential for MSI of fine surface details. To evaluate
      nanoDESI potential for mass spectrometry imaging, etched glass substrates with
      Rhodamine B patterns of different dimensions were prepared. The Rhodamine B lines
      were analysed in 1D scanning mode and their width was determined experimentally
      by nanoDESI measurement. The experimental data revealed that the lateral
      resolution of nanoDESI is close to 30 MUm along the x-axis (orthogonal to the
      inlet). 2D scanning mode confirmed good resolution along both axes as dye squares
      with dimensions about 60 MUm * 60 MUm were easily distinguished. The low flow
      rate of the spray liquid reduced undesirable analyte washing effects, which
      allowed repeated scanning analysis of the surface. The presented results
      demonstrate the applicability of nanoDESI for high surface resolution mass
      spectrometry imaging. 

PMID- 26958661
TI  - High performance perovskite solar cell via multi-cycle low temperature processing
      of lead acetate precursor solutions.
AB  - A lead acetate-based precursor, as a lead source in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite, showed
      potential in rapidly (<60 seconds) forming homogeneous films with a very smooth
      interface and large grain growth at relatively low temperatures via multi-step
      coating. Cells based on this method exhibited high power conversion efficiency
      beyond 17% with good reproducibility. 

PMID- 26958662
TI  - Evaporation-induced self-structuring of organised silica nanohybrid films through
      cooperative physical and chemical interactions.
AB  - In this work, we develop the concept of evaporation-induced self-structuring as a
      novel approach for producing organised films by exploiting cooperative physical
      and chemical interactions under far-from-equilibrium conditions (spin-coating),
      using sol-gel precursors with multiple functional groups. Thin films of self
      structured silsesquioxane nanohybrids have been deposited by spin coating through
      the sol-gel hydrolysis and condensation of a bridged organosilane bearing self
      assembling urea groups. The resulting nanostructure, investigated by FTIR, AFM
      and SEM, is shown to be highly dependent on the catalyst used (nucleophilic or
      acidic), and can be further modulated by varying the spinning rate. FTIR studies
      revealed the presence of highly organised structures under acidic catalysis due
      to strong hydrogen bonding between urea groups and hydrophobic interactions
      between long alkylene chains. The preferential orientation of the urea cross
      links parallel to the substrate is shown using polarized FTIR experiments. 

PMID- 26958663
TI  - Aqueous solvation of amphiphilic molecules by extended depolarized light
      scattering: the case of trimethylamine-N-oxide.
AB  - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions strongly affect the solvation dynamics
      of biomolecules. To understand their role, small model systems are generally
      employed to simplify the investigations. In this study the amphiphile
      trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is chosen as an exemplar, and studied by means of
      extended frequency range depolarized light scattering (EDLS) experiments as a
      function of solute concentration. This technique proves to be a suitable tool for
      investigating different aspects of aqueous solvation, being able at the same time
      to provide information about relaxation processes and vibrational modes of
      solvent and solute. In the case study of TMAO, we find that the relaxation
      dynamics of hydration water is moderately retarded compared to the bulk, and the
      perturbation induced by the solute on surrounding water is confined to the first
      hydration shell. The results highlight the hydrophobic character of TMAO in its
      interaction with water. The number of molecules taking part in the solvation
      process decreases as the solute concentration increases, following a trend
      consistent with the hydration water-sharing model, and suggesting that
      aggregation between solute molecules is negligible. Finally, the analysis of the
      resonant modes in the THz region and the comparison with the corresponding
      results obtained for the isosteric molecule tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) allow us to
      provide new insights into the different solvating properties of these two
      biologically relevant molecules. 

PMID- 26958664
TI  - [Headaches in the elderly can be caused by many different conditions].

PMID- 26958665
TI  - Clinical insights: Understanding the link between nutrition  and pressure ulcer
      prevention.

PMID- 26958667
TI  - OSHA expands push on health care facilities: Assisted lifting  facilities
      included in the hot zone.

PMID- 26958666
TI  - Bridging politics, policy, and practice: Transforming health care  in
      Massachusetts through the creation of a statewide commission  on LGBT aging.

PMID- 26958668
TI  - 2015 updated AGS Beers Criteria offer guide for safer  medication use among older
      adults.

PMID- 26958669
TI  - NICHE Solutions--Next in the series: Transitions.

PMID- 26958670
TI  - Reply from the Author.

PMID- 26958671
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26958672
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26958673
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26958674
TI  - [Miguel Uriguen Saiz (1948-2014)].

PMID- 26958675
TI  - A Conceptual Advance--Two Faces of Neoliberalism.

PMID- 26958676
TI  - New European HIV Test Finder launched during European HIV-Hepatitis Testing Week.

PMID- 26958677
TI  - Reply to R Draijer and GS Duchateau.

PMID- 26958678
TI  - [ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS--UNDERESTIMATED PROBLEM IN PEDIATRICS].
AB  - Pediatric pancreatitis has received much attention during the past few years. The
      incidence of acute pancreatitis in children has increased over the past 20 years.
      Therefore, acute pancreatitis should be considered during the differential
      diagnosis of abdominal pain in children. The etiological factors are different
      than in adults and, in recent reports, a wide range of potential causes has been
      associated with acute pancreatitis in children. The most common etiology of acute
      pancreatitis in children are biliary duct disorders, drugs, systemic diseases,
      trauma and also genetic factors. More than one third of the cases is idiopathic.
      The good knowledge of etiological factors is very useful in the planning of the
      adequate diagnostic procedures. The finding of the proper cause allow us to start
      appropriate treatment.

PMID- 26958679
TI  - CHRONIC PANCREATITIS IN A PATIENT WITH THE p.Asn34Ser HOMOZYGOUS SPINK1 MUTATION-
      OWN EXPERIENCE.
AB  - Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by progressive damage to the exocrine
      and endocrine cell structures and pancreatic ducts with subsequent fibrosis of
      the organ. Patients with no apparent etiological factor are classified as having
      idiopathic CP (ICP). Genetic studies indicate the importance of mutations in the
      serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 gene (SPINK1) in the pathogenesis of CP
      This report describes a case of a 29-year-old Polish-Vietnamese patient with the
      p.Asn34Ser (p.N34S) homozygous mutation in the SPINK1 gene. The patient was
      hospitalized due to pain of average intensity in the epigastric area which
      occurred for the first time in his life. Imaging examination showed the atrophy
      of the pancreatic parenchyma with the presence of numerous small calcifications
      and a single calcified lodgement with a diameter of 22 mm in the distal segment
      of Wirsung 's duct. Clinical interview did not reveal any obvious etiological
      pancreatitis risk factors implying the causative role of the p.Asn34Ser
      homozygous mutation of SPINK1 in this case as proven in our investigation.

PMID- 26958681
TI  - BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN CHILDREN WITH IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar
      spine in children with idiopathic hypercalciuria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study
      group included 31 children (14 boys, 17 girls) aged 5 to 17 years (mean age 9.8
      +/- 4.0 years) with idiopathic hypercalciuria. All children remained on normal
      calcium diet, without vitamin D and citrate supplementation. We evaluated lumbar
      spine (L1-L4) BMD (L1-L4 BMD) (expressed as Z-score) and blood serum levels of 25
      hydroxyvitamin D3 (250HD3), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP), and intact parathormone (iPTH). We also evaluated 24-hour urinary Ca, P,
      and sodium (Na) excretion. RESULTS: Reduced L1-L4 BMD Z-score <-1 was found in
      25.8% of children, Z-score values from -1 to 1 in 64.5% of children, and Z-score
      > 1 in 9.7% of children. Reduced 250HD3 level (< 20 ng/mL) was found in 71% of
      children, levels in the range of 20-30 ng/mL in 22.6% of children, and levels >
      30 ng/mL in 6.4% of children. Seven out of 8 children with L1-L4 BMD Z-score <-1
      were found to have 250HD3 deficiency (level < 20 ng/mL). Among children with
      reduced lumbar spine BMD, most were girls at the mean age of 13.8 years. Ca and P
      levels were normal in all children. We did not find significant differences in
      25OHD3, Ca, and P levels in relation to gender and age. We found a positive
      correlation between L1-L4 BMD Z-score and serum 250HD3 level. Concomitant
      nephrolithiasis was found in 50% of patients with reduced lumbar spine BMD.
      CONCLUSIONS: Reduced lumbar spine BMD in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria
      seems to be related to vitamin D3 deficiency.

PMID- 26958680
TI  - VIT. B12 DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN (IMERSLUND-GRASBECK SYNDROME IN TWO PAIRS OF
      SIBLINGS).
AB  - Improvement in the quality of life in Europe and North America in last decades
      caused that economical and social aspects of living conditions of the population
      have less effect and genetic defects of malabsorption of vitamin B12 became the
      main reason for cobalamin deficiency in children. Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome
      (IGS) is characterized by vitamin B12 deficiency that leads usually to
      megaloblastic anemia and mild proteinuria. We described two pairs of siblings in
      two families with IGS. The diagnosis in first family (two brothers) was
      established at 33 and 22 months of age. The reason for diagnostic tests were
      proteinuria and anemia. Apart from respiratory tract infections, they didn't
      present other symptoms of cobalamin deficiency. In the second family IGS was
      diagnosed in children at 5 and 8 years of age. Diagnostic evaluation procedures
      wereperformedbecause ofneurologicalsigns, including weakness, loss of appetite,
      dysmorphia, psychomotor retardation. Laboratory tests revealed megaloblastic
      anemia, low concentration of vitamin B12 in serum and mild proteinuria. In the
      first pair low concentration of vitamin B12 was validated by the Schilling test,
      in the second pair methylomalonate acid was detected in the urinary metabolic
      test. All children were successfully treated with vitamin B12 and anemia and
      neurological signs disappeared. Long-term follow up showed failure to thrive in
      the girl and physical and mental retardation, microcephaly in her brother.
      Proteinuria in the range: 0.3-1.2 g/24 h was detected in each child, and the
      other laboratory tests were normal. Clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and good
      reaction to parenteral treatment with vitamin B12 allowed us to diagnose
      Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, even without genetic tests. CONCLUSION: A delayed
      diagnosis of congenital malabsorption of cobalamin can lead to physical and
      mental retardation in children. Children with megaloblastic anemia and
      proteinuria resistant to classical treatment should be tested for congenital
      malabsorbtion of cobalamin.

PMID- 26958682
TI  - BODY SOMATIC TYPE INFLUENCE ON THE SPINAL CURVATURES IN EARLY AGE SCHOOL
      CHILDREN: PRELIMINARY REPORT.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sedentary lifestyle and its consequences are becoming a serious
      problem not only among the elderly but also relate to children. Reduced muscle
      mass, disorder of normal spinal curves or problems related to the percentage of
      body fat are part of physical activity limitation. The aim of this study was to
      assess the relationship between somatic type of the body and spinal curvatures in
      school children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 94 randomly selected
      children from 1-3 elementary schools grades, 49 girls and 45 boys. The subjects
      were divided into 3 groups: a group of children with a BMI indicating underweight
      (BMI <14.5, n=25), a group of children with normal BMI (BMI = 14.5-17.5, n = 33)
      and children BMI indicating overweight (BMI > 17.5, n = 36). The Posturometr-S
      was a device used for measurement and evaluation of the formation of the spine in
      the sagittal plane. There were three angles of inclination of anterior-posterior
      curvature of the spine identified: the alpha angle-upper thoracic spine, the beta
      angle-thoraco-lumbar spine and the gamma angle-lumbosacral spine. RESULTS:
      Analysing the results of the different angles of curvature of the spine in the
      sagittal plane we can notice a statistically significant difference between the
      groups only in the a angle. CONCLUSION: The own investigations have showed that
      the somatic type of the body does not affect the shape of the spine in school
      children assessed using Posturometr-S. Ther investigations are needed.

PMID- 26958683
TI  - [RATE OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN BOYS AGED 10-11 YEARS AND THE EFFECTS OF
      TRAINING LOADS DURING A 12-MONTH SOCCER PROGRAM].
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of physical development in
      prepubertal boys in response to training at different loads. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The study involved two groups of soccer players, experimental groups E1
      (n = 26, age 10.4 +/- 0.6 years) and E2 (n = 27, age 10.3 +/- 0.8 years) who were
      involved in a 12-month soccer training program, and a control group (C) of age
      matched untrained boys (n = 22). The training protocol of E1 involved a greater
      share of coordination-based exercises, in E2 more focus was placed on
      conditioning fitness and strength. Body height, mass, fat percentage, and body
      mass index were measured pre-, peri-, and post-training. Chronological and
      developmental age were used to calculate a Biological State Maturity Index
      (BSMI). RESULTS: Between-group differences were observed in body fat percentage,
      which was higher in the control group by 6.8% at post-training compared with E1
      (p < 0.05). E1 showed the most congruence between chronological and developmental
      age. Developmental age was most retarded in E2 by an average of 4.3 months.
      Greatest between-group differences were observed in E1 and the control group for
      the BSMI of body height (49.9%) at pre-training. BSMI of height and mass in the
      control group were different (p < 0.01) from both experimental groups at pre-,
      peri-, and post-training. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The experimental soccer training
      programs were conducive to the physical development of boys aged 10-11 years as
      evidenced by the absence of disturbances in the range of observed variables
      characterizing the body built and biological development. 2. Body mass index did
      not accurately reflect changes in body composition. A more detailed analysis of
      body composition is required in the recruitment and selection of young soccer
      players in order to better control the effects of training and diet. 3. The
      adopted BSMI measure indicated a delay in growth according to developmental age
      norms in the entire sample. However, the accelerated physical development in E1
      during the study duration may be indicative of the stimulative effect of this
      group's training program and the adopted training load on physical development.

PMID- 26958684
TI  - PARENTAL PERCEPTION OF BODY WEIGHT IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE
      CONNECTION BETWEEN SELECTED PARENT-RELATED FACTORS AND THE ASSESSMENT OF THEIR
      CHILDREN'S WEIGHT.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The efforts parents make to maintain the correct body weight in
      children indicates parental awareness of overweight and obesity-related health
      risks. AIM: The objective of the analysis was to define the accuracy of the
      appraisal of weight-to-height proportions in preschool children, as assessed by
      their parents and to analyse the connection of selected parental factors with the
      assessment conducted. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from 230 children
      (121 males and 109 females aged 6.28 +/- 0.56 years) attending preschools in the
      city of Wroclaw, Poland. Body height and weight were measured to calculate BMI;
      cut-offs referenced by the International Obesity Task Force were used to
      determine weight status (underweight, overweight, obese). The participants'
      parents completed a weight-height assessment of their child and provided
      information on how often the child's body weight was checked. Cohen's kappa
      coefficient was used as a statistical measure of inter-rater agreement between
      actual child weight and parental perception of child weight. Selected parental
      factors influencing the correctness of assessing child body weight was tested
      using the chi-square test. RESULTS: This study showed that 42.1% of underweight
      children and 60.9% overweight and obese children are perceived as having normal
      weight. In the group of children with normal weight-to-height proportions, 13.3%
      of the parents declared their normal-weight children to be underweight. No
      relationship was found in the study between the correct assessment of body weight
      and the parents' own body weight, their education, or such factors as sex and the
      frequency of checking the child's body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The incompatibility
      between actual and perceived weight status indicates the need for health
      education among parents in assessing and monitoring the child's body weight
      during the developmental period.

PMID- 26958685
TI  - ATYPICAL DISLOCATION OF IMPACTED PERMANENT TEETH IN CHILDREN. OWN EXPERIENCE.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Disturbances in forming of the hard tissue of teeth and bones can
      be a cause of their malformation and translocation. The impact of permanent teeth
      is one of them. It can occur with translocation of the tooth germ. The aim of the
      study was to present an atypical translocation of impacted permanent teeth in
      children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3.5 year clinical observation was carried out in
      14 children (5 girls and 9 boys), aged between 9 and 12 years old. Patients were
      referred to our Department by orthodontists, paedodontists and General Dental
      Practitioners, due to impacted permanent teeth. According to the interview, in 8
      cases children suffered from a trauma of a facial part of the skull, caused by a
      fall. On admitance patients were generally healthy. Basing on the clinical and
      radiological examination, translocation of the impacted permanent teeth has been
      diagnosed. In 9 cases it concerned medial maxillary incisors, whereas in
      remaining children--maxillary premolars. The extraction of such teeth has been
      performed as a part of the one day surgery procedures. CONCLUSION: In the cases
      where basing on the radiogram, the position of the tooth allows to predict the
      latter translocation, the germ has to be extracted.

PMID- 26958686
TI  - PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA IN NEONATES WITH HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC
      ENCEPHALOPATHY--QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. PART I. PROVIDING NEWBORN CARE BEFORE AND
      DURING TRANSFER TO THE REFERENCE CENTER.
AB  - The first decade of the 21st century saw the worldwide spread of therapeutic
      hypothermia as a beneficial therapeutic procedure in neonates with hypoxic
      ischemic encephalopathy. New guidelines for the resuscitation of newborns confirm
      that therapeutic hypothermia should be the standard method of treatment offered
      to neonates with acute perinatal hypoxia. The quality of care which an
      asphyxiated newborn receives during and immediately after resuscitation, as well
      as the mode of preparation for transport, can have a significant impact on
      improving the outcome, but it can also result in the deterioration of neonates
      treated with hypothermia. Since to a considerable degree the therapeutic effect
      depends on the time of beginning the cooling procedure, there is no reason to
      unnecessarily delay treatment. For this purpose, neonatologists or pediatricians
      from referring hospitals who do not have the equipment for hypothermia can and
      even should begin the cooling process while waiting for the arrival of the
      neonatal transport team. In that short period a number of concerns arise
      regarding the optimal methods of child care and preparation for transport to the
      hypothermia center. The authors discuss the possibility of initiating cooling
      before transportation using simple, so called low-tech cooling methods, the
      possible risks associated with the incidence of hyperthermia, difficulties in the
      interpretation of the eligibility criteria, supportive therapy, and the problems
      connected with the communication process between the medical team and the
      parents. The aspects that have been analyzed should be helpful for professionals
      in neonatal wards, outside hypothermia centers.

PMID- 26958687
TI  - THE CONSEQUENCES OF FAILING ELECTIVE NONINVASIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT AS COMPARED
      TO IMMEDIATE INTUBATION: A POPULATION STUDY OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT NEONATES.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Elective noninvasive respiratory support has become common.
      However, many neonates fail this procedure and they may require intubation. The
      aim of this study was to determine the relative outcome of very low birth weight
      neonates who failed noninvasive respiratory support compared to those that were
      initially intubated and mechanically ventilated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We
      accessed the database of every neonate who received respiratory support in 18
      hospitals in the central region of Poland and examined the records for a 7-year
      period. The evaluation encompassed 1667 neonates with very low birth weight who
      were potential candidates for elective noninvasive respiratory support. Three
      prospective primary outcome measures were assessed using logistic regression to
      control for differences in baseline risk. We also examined the length of
      respiratory support corrected for EGA. RESULTS: After controlling for significant
      baseline factors, we found that there was no statistically significant difference
      in mortality, severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) orsevere bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia (BPD) between infants failing noninvasive respiratory support and those
      electively intubated. However, their mortality and severe ROP were significantly
      higher than in those successfully treated with noninvasive respiratory support.
      Additionally, there was no difference in the length of mechanical ventilation or
      the length of all respiratory support between those that failed noninvasive
      support and those that were electively intubated. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests
      that in those preterm infants who are at a higher risk of failing noninvasive
      ventilation there is no compelling reason to administer elective intubation and
      mechanical ventilation immediately after birth. It seems that efforts should
      rather be made towards the implementation of the optimal non-invasive respiratory
      support.

PMID- 26958688
TI  - USING THE AUTOMATED FIO2- SPO2 CONTROL IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS IN
      POLAND. A PRELIMINARY REPORT.
AB  - AIM: Analysis of the way in which a new method of implementing the automated
      control of oxygen therapy during respiratory support is applied in newborns with
      respiratory failure. MATERIAL, METHODS AND RESULTS: The AVEA-CLiO2 ventilator
      with automated FiO2- SpO2 control was used in our study of 121 newborns conducted
      between February 2014 and January 2015 in five neonatal intensive care units. A
      web-based database was used to gather information entered concurrently with using
      the FiO2- SpO2 control system. This included demographics, clinical status,
      clinical indications, as well as objective and subjective experience. Among the
      121 newborns 94 were preterm and 27 were near-term (33-36 hbd). The primary
      indication for using the system was "routine management" of FiO2 during
      respiratory support and it was generally initiated within the first 2 days of
      life. Many of the newborns were managed with the system for more than a week. The
      control range was usually 90%-95% SpO2, though sometimes it was lower or wider.
      The control range was not related to the newborn's maturity or indication for
      use. The perception of more "frequent and persistent" SpO2 alarms was lower when
      the alarms were set loosely. There were no reports of the system not working
      effectively. CONCLUSIONS: We expect this first report of the routine use of
      automated FiO2- SpO2 control to be useful not only to other centers in Poland but
      also to all those adopting this important new technology. Our registry continues
      and we expect to have an update when we have experience with 1000 infants.
      Carefully controlled trials are also needed to refine the optimum use of
      automated FiO2- SpO2 control and to quantify its impact on neonatal outcomes.

PMID- 26958689
TI  - STRATEGIES OF USING SURFACTANT: RESULTS OF THE FIRST POLISH NATIONAL SURVEY OF
      DAILY PRACTICE.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficiency of routine practices in the management of neonatal
      respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) have never been systematically investigated
      in Poland. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate RDS treatment policies and short-term outcomes
      in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed medical records of premature neonates <= 32 weeks'
      gestation, diagnosed with RDS in level-2 and level-3 referral centers. Collected
      data: comprised clinical variables, antenatal corticosteroids, respiratory
      support, surfactant (SFT) policies and short-term outcomes. RESULTS: Data of 987
      infants from 53 NICUs were analyzed. The median gestational age was 29 weeks
      (range 22-32) and birth weight 1190 g (range 340-2860). Infants requiring SFT had
      significantly lower exposure to antenatal corticosteroids (75%) vs. those managed
      without SFT (83%, p = 0.006). SFT was given to 59% infants in level-3 NICUs and
      40% in level-2. There was significant variability of SFT use between level 2 and
      level 3 NICU. (9% to 100%). Poractant alfa was most commonly used (97%) in the
      median initial dose of 170 mg/kg (IQR 120-200). Single application was most
      frequent (79.8%). SFT administration methods were endotracheal instillation in
      babies maintained on mechanical ventilation (68.0%), INSURE (27.6%) and minimally
      invasive delivery (MIST) 4.4%. Early rescue treatment remained core SFTstrategy
      (57.4% cases), while prophylaxis accounted for only 13.3% cases. CONCLUSIONS:
      There is considerable variation in the frequency of use of surfactant in Polish
      neonatal centers. Traditional intratracheal instillation with subsequent
      mechanical ventilation dominates, although newer methods INSURE and MIST are
      becoming increasingly popular. Early rescue SFT is a predominant strategy, which
      conforms to current standards. The rate of antenatal corticosteroids remains too
      low.

PMID- 26958690
TI  - SUBGALEAL HEMATOMA AS A PERINATAL PRESENTATION OF RARE HEMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS IN
      NEWBORNS. OWN EXPERIENCE.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bleeding to the subgaleal space is a rare and often serious
      complication of childbirth. Delivery with the use of vacuum or forceps is
      considered as the main risk factor of subgaleal hemorrhage. Reports of other
      possible causes (including fetal ones) appear rarely. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this
      study is to present and analyze two unusual cases of bleeding to subgaleal space
      in neonates delivered through caesarean section, in whom two different
      concomitant hematologic problems were diagnosed. The authors demonstrate also the
      mechanisms leading to the formation of subgaleal hematoma as well as discuss the
      impact of the final diagnosis on the course of the perinatal period and the need
      to modify medical practice in a variety of clinical situations in both newborns
      and their mothers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors present two consecutive cases of
      severe subgaleal hemorrhage. RESULTS: In the first newborn hemophilia was finally
      diagnosed. The second neonate was diagnosed with neonatal alloimmune
      thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Subgaleal hemorrhage is a rare complication of
      delivery. In severe cases, other possible risks should be considered apart from
      the traumatic delivery only. An early identification of potential hematological
      risk factors can influence the effectiveness of the treatment and help to modify
      the follow-up of both the infant and its mother.

PMID- 26958691
TI  - THE VALUE OF THE OXYGENATION INDEX IN THE PREDICTION OF POSTNATAL OUTCOME IN
      NEONATES WITH CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA. PRELIMINARY REPORT.
AB  - The predicitive values of fetal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging
      are well established as antenatal outcome predictors in neonates with congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia (CHD). Postnatal outcome predictors remain elusive. THE AIM:
      To evaluate the value of the oxygenation index (OI) as a predictor of postnatal
      survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 58 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia,
      treated in the same centre (a university hospital) between February 2006 and
      March 2014 were involved in the retrospective study. Standardized preoperative
      stabilization involved: sedation without muscle paralysis, high frequency
      oscillation ventilation (HFOV) and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO, used as required).
      Oxygenation index OI = FiO2 x 100 x M AP/PaO2, where FiO2 is the fraction of
      inspired oxygen, MAP is the mean airway pressure, and PaO2 is the partial
      pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, calculated at the end of the first day of
      standardized preoperative stabilization, and evaluated as a predictor of
      survival. RESULTS: The overall survival rate on the hospital discharge was 74.1%.
      As far as the oxygenation index (OI) at the end of the first day of the
      preoperative stabilisation is concerned, in 40/43 survivors it was below or equal
      to 12, in one infant it equalled 12.7, and in two remaining survivors OI was much
      higher (18 and 56, respectively). The prognostic value of the oxygenation index
      was high, with the area under the curve (AUC) 0.943, sensitivity 0.930, and
      specificity 0.876. CONCLUSIONS: The oxygenation index (OI) calculated at the end
      of the first day of standardized preoperative stabilization with high frequency
      oscillation ventilation (HFOV) and nitric oxide (iNO) is a simple and sensitive
      predictor of the survival of neonates with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia. It
      may be a valuable tool to select high-risk neonates who might require more
      invasive therapeutic modalities, i.e. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

PMID- 26958692
TI  - PROCEEDING IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN ASPHYXIATED NEONATES--DIFFICULTIES AND
      SUCCESS.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common consequence of perinatal asphyxia reported
      in 30 to 70% cases. We present 4 full-term neonates with oliguric/anuric AKI
      caused by perinatal asphyxia requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) and their
      long-term outcomes. Patient No. 1 was dialyzed for 12 days (continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)/continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CWHDF)), then
      was treated conservatively, and received pre-emptive kidney transplantation (KTx)
      at the age of 3 3/12 years. Patient No. 2 was treated with CAPD/automated
      peritoneal dialysis (APD) for 15 months, due to recovery of renal function,
      dialysis was withdrawn. He is now 8 5/12 years old and has chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) stage III. Patient No. 3 after 5 days of continuous arteriovenous
      hemofiltration (CAVH) required CAPD for 17 days. The child is now 8 4/12 years
      old and has CKD stage III. Patient No. 4, dialyzed from 3rd day of life for 51
      months (CAVH followed by CAPD/APD), was given cadaver KTx at the age of 4 3/12
      years. Psychomotor development is good in 2 patients, whereas patients No. 3 and
      4 have tetraplegic spastic infantile cerebral palsy, severe mental retardation,
      and epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: Severe perinatal asphyxia with oliguric/anuric AKI is
      a risk factor for chronic kidney disease sometimes end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 26958693
TI  - ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION USING BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN PRETERM
      NEONATES RECEIVING INTENSIVE CARE.
AB  - AIM: Evaluation of bioelectrical impedance values and body composition during
      early infancy in groups of preterm newborns and full-term newborns. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: A total of 38 newborns was enrolled in the study: 26 very low birth
      weight preterm newborns with the mean birth weight of 1236 g (SD: 161) as the
      study group and 12 term newborns with birth weight of 2500-4000 g as the control
      group. Anthropometric measurements and body composition using bioimpedance
      analysis at the age of 1 week and at the age of 3 months were assessed. RESULTS:
      At the age of 1 week we noted higher resistance with the impedance variables R5,
      R50 R100 in the group of preterm newborns compared to the full-term newborns'
      group (923(144) vs. 647(78) p < 0.01; 870 (140) vs. 615 (73) p < 0.01; 844 (141)
      vs. 599 (72) p < 0.01). Moreover, the bioimpedance index and fat mass (%) were
      significantly lower in the group of preterm infants at the age of 3 months (3.81
      (0.9) vs. 5.72 (1.1) p < 0.01; 16.1% (1.7) vs. 18.9% (2.7) p = 0.006). We
      observed a decreased amount of the percentage of total body water (TBW%) in both
      of the analyzed infant groups throughout the observational period. At the age of
      3 months the amount of TBW % was similar in both groups (71.5% (7.03) vs. 70.8%
      (8.8) p = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Bioimpedance analysis is a simple, non-invasive,
      repeatable method to estimate total body water, fat-free mass, and fat mass, both
      in term and preterm newborns. The study confirms differences in body composition
      between preterm newborns and full-term newborns. Moreover, we have shown that the
      differences are present until the end of the 3rd month of life, with the
      exception of the amount of water percentage (TBW %), which are similar in both
      groups.

PMID- 26958694
TI  - THE INCIDENCE OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT PRETERM NEWBORNS.
      RESULTS OF A CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING STUDY--PRELIMINARY REPORT.
AB  - AIM: To determine the incidence of hyperglycaemia in very low birth weight
      preterm newborns. To assess risk factors in hyperglycemia and outcome in groups
      of children with and without clinically significant hyperglycaemia. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The prospective study included newborns with very low birth weight in
      whom the continuous glucose monitoring system was used for glucose measurements.
      A standardized hyperglycaemia treatment schedule was implemented and a uniform
      nutrition strategy introduced. The patients were divided into groups: group A-
      patients with under 5% of the readings over 150 mg/dL of glucose (control group),
      group B--patients with more than 5% of the readings over 150 mg/dL of glucose and
      under 5% of the readings over 180 mg/dL of glucose (mild hyperglycaemia), and
      group C--patients with over 5% of the readings > 180 mg/dL or on insulin
      treatment (moderate or severe hyperglycaemia). RESULTS: 63 patients were included
      in the study. Their mean gestational age was 27.7 weeks (SD:2.4), the mean birth
      weight was 1059g (SD: 262 g). Hyperglycaemia was detected in 27 (42.9%),
      including mild hyperglycaemia in 19 (30.2%), and moderate or severe
      hyperglycaemia in 8 (12.7%) neonates. Lower gestational age (p = 0.02) and higher
      CRIB IIscore (p < 0.01) were positively associated with hyperglycaemia. Early
      onset sepsis (p < 0.01) was associated with higher glucose levels as well. A
      significantly higher mortality rate on the 28th day of life (p = 0.02), depending
      on the severity of hyperglycemia, was noted. No adverse effects related to the
      continuous glucose monitoring system were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The study
      confirmed the usefulness and safety of the continuous glucose monitoring system
      in VLBW neonates. A continuous glucose monitoring system should be used in
      neonatal intensive care units as a standard method.

PMID- 26958695
TI  - MONITORED SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN D IN PRETERM NEONATES--A PRIMARY REPORT.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate vitamin D (vitD) monitored therapy effectiveness and safety in
      preterm neonates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our observational study was carried out
      in 80 neonates born before 33 weeks' gestational age (GA) hospitalized in the
      Clinical Department of Neonatology and Neonatal and Intensive Care Department
      Medical University of Warsaw from July 2013 to July 2014. Daily vitamin D oral
      supplementation was provided from 1 to 3 weeks of age at the dose of 500-1000
      IU/24 h. The dosage was modified according of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D blood serum
      concentration. Both blood serum 25(OH) D concentration and calcium-phosphate
      metabolism were assessed at 4 weeks of age, at 34-37 weeks' post-conceptual age
      (on discharge) and at 39-41 weeks PCA. RESULTS: Mean serum 25(OH)D level was 40
      ng/ml at 4 weeks of age, 61 ng/ml at 34-37 weeks PCA, and 53 ng/ml at 39-41 weeks
      PCA. Higher concentrations were observed in ELBW neonates. Deficiency was noted
      most often at the first measurement. 52.5% of neonates received 500IU vitD before
      discharge, 19% had stopped supplementation due to overdosing. High dose vitD
      supplementation was provided in 34% cases. Disturbance of calcium-phosphate
      metabolism due to vitD deficiency was observed in one patient. Hypervitaminosis
      was associated with higher calcium-creatinine ratio. Very high individual
      heterogeneity of 25(OH)D concentration changes were observed (from 70 ng/ml/4
      weeks decrease to 92 ng/ml/4 weeks increase). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of
      vitamin D in preterm neonates needs monitoring. A safe time interval to monitor
      vitamin D supplementation seems to be 1 month. The schedule of the therapy
      requires further studies.

PMID- 26958696
TI  - WHY IS NEONATAL ANAESTHESIA SUCH A CHALLENGE?
AB  - Approximately 1.5 million neonates receive general anaesthesia each year for
      surgical procedures. Providing anaesthesia to neonates is not easy. Surgical
      procedures are often difficult and extensive, and the physiology of neonates
      makes respiratory and cardiovascular problems more frequent and life-threatening.
      The paper covers the changing concepts in neonatal anaesthesia, including recent
      studies that indicate that anaesthetic exposure could cause neuronal apoptosis in
      the developing brain. This could potentially influence the long-term
      developmental outcome, especially in infants requiring multiple surgical
      procedures. Respiratory and cardiovascular critical events, age-related
      differences of the pharmacokinetics of the drugs used for anaesthesia, as well as
      technical problems are also covered.

PMID- 26958697
TI  - HOW TO DETERMINE THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRETERM BABIES?--REVIEW OF THE
      LITERATURE.
AB  - Prematurity is a high risk factor threatening the well-being of newborns and
      their somatic and psychological development in the future. Preterm babies need
      special medical care in which proper nutrition and metabolic control play an
      evident role. Our review presents the current knowledge concerning the clinical
      value of different methods investigated in the neonatal unit setting, including:
      protein markers of nutritional status (albumin,prealbumin, transferrin, and
      Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) and hormonal markers of nutritional status
      (somatomedin C, visfatin and ghrelin). Moreover, there is a discussion of the
      methods used for evaluating body composition. A variety of different techniques
      based on the physical properties of organisms was tested on neonates, e.g. the
      Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method and Bioelectrical Impedance
      Analysis (BIA). Based on the review of the literature, we can speculate that none
      of the above methods represents a good single marker of the babies' nutritional
      status, or a prognostic factor for the future development of premature infants
      and infants born with IUGR. A combination of several methods from different
      groups seems to be a promising possibility. It is critical to continue looking
      for markers that will in a simple and efficient way help to optimize the correct
      nutritional therapy in infants with IUGR and those who were born prematurely.

PMID- 26958698
TI  - Quantum Chemical Studies of Light Harvesting.
AB  - The design of optimal light-harvesting (supra)molecular systems and materials is
      one of the most challenging frontiers of science. Theoretical methods and
      computational models play a fundamental role in this difficult task, as they
      allow the establishment of structural blueprints inspired by natural
      photosynthetic organisms that can be applied to the design of novel artificial
      light-harvesting devices. Among theoretical strategies, the application of
      quantum chemical tools represents an important reality that has already reached
      an evident degree of maturity, although it still has to show its real potentials.
      This Review presents an overview of the state of the art of this strategy,
      showing the actual fields of applicability but also indicating its current
      limitations, which need to be solved in future developments.

PMID- 26958700
TI  - Strain Control: Reversible H2 Activation and H2/D2 Exchange in Pt Complexes.
AB  - Experiments have indicated that bulky ligands are required for efficient H2
      activation by Pt-Sn complexes. Herein, we unravel the mechanisms for a Pt-Sn
      complex, Pt(Sn(t)Bu3)2(CN(t)Bu)2 (1a), catalyzed reversible H2 activation. Among
      a number of Pt-Sn catalysts used to model H2 activation and H2/D2 exchange
      reactions, only 1a with large strain was found to be suitable because the
      addition of H2 to 1a requires lowest distortion energy, minimal structural
      changes, and smallest entropy of activation. The activity of this Pt-Sn complex
      was compared vis-a-vis its Pt-Ge and Pt-Si analogues, and we predicted that
      strained Pt-Ge complex can efficiently activate H2 reversibly. Direct dynamics
      calculations for the rate of reductive elimination of H2, HD, and D2 from
      Pt(Sn(t)Bu3)(CN(t)Bu)2H3 (4a) and Pt(Sn(t)Bu3)(CN(t)Bu)2HD2 (4a([2D])) shows that
      H/D atom tunneling contributes significantly, which leads to an enhanced kinetic
      isotope effect. Strain control is suggested as a design concept in H2 activation.

PMID- 26958699
TI  - Magnetic Hydrogels from Alkyne/Cobalt Carbonyl-Functionalized ABA Triblock
      Copolymers.
AB  - A series of alkyne-functionalized poly(4-(phenylethynyl)styrene)-block
      poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(4-(phenylethynyl)styrene) (PPES-b-PEO-b-PPES) ABA
      triblock copolymers was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain
      transfer (RAFT) polymerization. PESn[Co2(CO)6]x-EO800-PESn[Co2(CO)6]x ABA
      triblock copolymer/cobalt adducts (10-67 wt % PEO) were subsequently prepared by
      reaction of the alkyne-functionalized PPES block with Co2(CO)8 and their phase
      behavior was studied by TEM. Heating triblock copolymer/cobalt carbonyl adducts
      at 120  degrees C led to cross-linking of the PPES/Co domains and the formation
      of magnetic cobalt nanoparticles within the PPES/Co domains. Magnetic hydrogels
      could be prepared by swelling the PEO domains of the cross-linked materials with
      water. Swelling tests, rheological studies and actuation tests demonstrated that
      the water capacity and modulus of the hydrogels were dependent upon the
      composition of the block copolymer precursors. 

PMID- 26958701
TI  - The safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) in patients with
      heart failure.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been accorded a
      class 1 indication for patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced left
      ventricular ejection fraction (HFREF) in both European and American guidelines.
      Uptake, however, has been less than optimal largely due to concerns about their
      safety, in particular the risk of hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction. AREAS
      COVERED: This review presents the current state of affairs regarding the safety
      of MRAs in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. EXPERT OPINION: Careful
      patient selection and adherence to guideline-recommended inclusion and exclusion
      criteria, dosing, and serial monitoring of serum potassium and renal function,
      along with patient education regarding the potassium content of common foods,
      should minimize these risks and allow increased use of MRAs. Additionally, this
      may also result in a further reduction in cardiovascular mortality and
      hospitalizations for heart failure. The development of new non-steroidal MRAs,
      and especially new potassium binding molecules that are well tolerated and
      effective, hold the promise for increased safety and, therefore, increased and
      more prolonged use of MRAs in patients with heart failure, especially those with
      chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and the elderly.

PMID- 26958702
TI  - Amide Rotation Hindrance Predicts Proteolytic Resistance of Cystine-Knot
      Peptides.
AB  - Cystine-knot peptides have remarkable stability against protease degradation and
      are attractive scaffolds for peptide-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In
      this work, by studying the hydrolysis reaction of a cystine-knot inhibitor MCTI-A
      and its variants with ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations, we have
      elucidated an amide rotation hindrance mechanism for proteolysis resistance: The
      proteolysis of MCTI-A is retarded due to the higher free energy cost during the
      rotation of NH group around scissile peptide bond at the tetrahedral intermediate
      of acylation, and covalent constraint provided by disulfide bonds is the key
      factor to hinder this rotation. A nearly linear correlation has been revealed
      between free energy barriers of the peptide hydrolysis reaction and the amide
      rotation free energy changes at the protease-peptide Michaelis complex state.
      This suggests that amide rotation hindrance could be one useful feature to
      estimate peptide proteolysis stability. 

PMID- 26958704
TI  - Highly Efficient Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Using Solution-Derived NiOx Hole
      Contacts.
AB  - A solution-derived NiOx film was employed as the hole contact of a flexible
      organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cell. The NiOx film, which was spin
      coated from presynthesized NiOx nanoparticles solution, can extract holes and
      block electrons efficiently, without any other post-treatments. An optimal power
      conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.47% was demonstrated in the NiOx-based
      perovskite solar cell on an ITO-glass substrate, which is much higher than that
      of the perovskite solar cells using high temperature-derived NiOx film contacts.
      The low-temperature deposition process made the NiOx films suitable for flexible
      devices. NiOx-based flexible perovskite solar cells were fabricated on ITO-PEN
      substrates, and a preliminary PCE of 13.43% was achieved. 

PMID- 26958703
TI  - Structure-Based Optimization of a Small Molecule Antagonist of the Interaction
      Between WD Repeat-Containing Protein 5 (WDR5) and Mixed-Lineage Leukemia 1
      (MLL1).
AB  - WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) is an important component of the
      multiprotein complex essential for activating mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1).
      Rearrangement of the MLL1 gene is associated with onset and progression of acute
      myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemias, and targeting the WDR5-MLL1 interaction may
      result in new cancer therapeutics. Our previous work showed that binding of small
      molecule ligands to WDR5 can modulate its interaction with MLL1, suppressing MLL1
      methyltransferase activity. Initial structure-activity relationship studies
      identified N-(2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-substituted-phenyl) benzamides as
      potent and selective antagonists of this protein-protein interaction. Guided by
      crystal structure data and supported by in silico library design, we optimized
      the scaffold by varying the C-1 benzamide and C-5 substituents. This allowed us
      to develop the first highly potent (Kdisp < 100 nM) small molecule antagonists of
      the WDR5-MLL1 interaction and demonstrate that N-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3'
      (morpholinomethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-6-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,6
      dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide 16d (OICR-9429) is a potent and selective chemical
      probe suitable to help dissect the biological role of WDR5. 

PMID- 26958705
TI  - Physiological and Behavioral Responses of Horses to Wither Scratching and Patting
      the Neck When Under Saddle.
AB  - Riding is considered to be an arousing activity for horses. It has been suggested
      that wither scratching may be a more useful tool for relaxation compared with the
      common practice of neck patting. In the current study, 18 horses were exposed to
      3 treatments, including control or no interaction, neck patting, and wither
      scratching, for 1 min each following a short obstacle course. Heart rate, heart
      rate variability, and a variety of behaviors were measured in the horses. Wither
      scratching produced a significantly longer duration of relaxed-type behaviors.
      Wither scratching could be a useful tool to help a horse relax while under
      saddle. Additionally, the study identified 2 ear positions that may be useful for
      future research in horse behavior. 

PMID- 26958706
TI  - Solution-Processed p-Dopant as Interlayer in Polymer Solar Cells.
AB  - We report here an original approach to dope the semiconducting polymer-metal
      interface in an inverted bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell. Solution
      processed 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), is
      deposited on top of a P3HT:PC61BM layer before deposition of the top electrode.
      Doping of P3HT by F4-TCNQ occurs after thermally induced diffusion at 100 
      degrees C of the latter into the BHJ. Diffusion and doping are evidenced by XPS
      and UV-vis-NIR absorption. XPS highlights the decrease in Fluorine concentration
      on top of the BHJ after annealing. In the same time, a charge transfer band
      attributed to doping is observed in the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectrum. Inverted
      polymer solar cells using solution-processed F4-TCNQ exhibit power conversion
      efficiency of nearly 3.5% after annealing. This simple and efficient approach,
      together with the low annealing temperature required to allow diffusion and
      doping, leads to standard efficiency P3HT:PC61BM polymer solar cells, which are
      suitable for printing on plastic flexible substrate. 

PMID- 26958707
TI  - Mental Toughness Moderates Social Loafing in Cycle Time-Trial Performance.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if mental toughness moderated
      the occurrence of social loafing in cycle time-trial performance. METHOD: Twenty
      seven men (Mage = 17.7 years, SD = 0.6) completed the Sport Mental Toughness
      Questionnaire prior to completing a 1-min cycling trial under 2 conditions: once
      with individual performance identified, and once in a group with individual
      performance not identified. Using a median split of the mental toughness index,
      participants were divided into high and low mental toughness groups. Cycling
      distance was compared using a 2 (trial) * 2 (high-low mental toughness) analysis
      of variance. We hypothesized that mentally tough participants would perform
      equally well under both conditions (i.e., no indication of social loafing)
      compared with low mentally tough participants, who would perform less well when
      their individual performance was not identifiable (i.e., demonstrating the
      anticipated social loafing effect). RESULTS: The high mental toughness group
      demonstrated consistent performance across both conditions, while the low mental
      toughness group reduced their effort in the non-individually identifiable team
      condition. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm that (a) clearly identifying
      individual effort/performance is an important situational variable that may
      impact team performance and (b) higher perceived mental toughness has the ability
      to negate the tendency to loaf.

PMID- 26958708
TI  - Dual-Energy CT of Urate Deposits in Costal Cartilage and Intervertebral Disks of
      Patients With Tophaceous Gout and Age-Matched Controls.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether monosodium urate
      (MSU) deposits could be identified within the abdomen and axial skeleton of
      patients with tophaceous gout using dual-energy CT (DECT). CONCLUSION: DECT of
      the abdomen, chest wall, and spine revealed extensive MSU deposits in costal
      cartilages and, to a lesser extent, intervertebral disks in the male patients
      with gout in our study. These were quantified volumetrically. However, age
      matched control subjects showed similar deposits, indicating this was not a
      disease-specific finding. Thus, MSU deposition in the axial skeleton may be
      physiologic in middle-aged men.

PMID- 26958709
TI  - The Significance and Challenges of Monocyte Impairment: For the Ill Patient and
      the Surgeon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trauma, major elective surgery, and overt sepsis can lead to a
      cascade of immunological change. A subset of these patients will have a degree of
      immune suppression that leads to hyporesponsive innate defenses, increasing the
      risk of infective co-morbidity and death. This article is an overview of monocyte
      impairment in the high-risk surgical patient. Specifically, our primary focus is
      on observations made pertaining to monocyte function and pathophysiological
      mechanisms underpinning this impairment. Clinical factors influencing monocyte
      function are also discussed. METHODS: A Pubmed search was conducted to review
      aspects of monocyte impairment in the surgical patient. Search terms included
      "monocyte impairment," "immunoparalysis," and "endotoxin tolerance" cross
      referenced against terms including "trauma," "major surgery," and "sepsis."
      RESULTS: Findings revealed a broad variety of monocyte defects reported in
      surgical patients. They ranged from altered cytokine responses, particularly ex
      vivo TNF-alpha production, to impaired antigen presentation such as depressed HLA
      DR expression. The latter is the most commonly described marker of secondary
      infection and death. Studies of underlying mechanisms have commonly utilized a
      model of endotoxin tolerance with in vitro monocytes, revealing a complex array
      of dysregulated pathways. For our purposes, endotoxin tolerance and monocyte
      impairment are sufficiently similar entities to permit further study as a single
      subject. In the high risk patient, microRNAs (also referred to as miRNA or miR)
      are emerging as potential biomarkers that may modify such pathways. Creation of a
      reliable impaired human monocyte model could be important to all such
      considerations. CONCLUSION: Impairment of monocyte function continues to be
      predictive of nosocomial infection, multi-organ failure, and death in some
      surgical patients. However, the optimal marker that could identify a patient as
      high risk early enough, and whether it might guide potential therapy, still is
      yet to be proven.

PMID- 26958710
TI  - GPCR-Bench: A Benchmarking Set and Practitioners' Guide for G Protein-Coupled
      Receptor Docking.
AB  - Virtual screening is routinely used to discover new ligands and in particular new
      ligand chemotypes for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To prepare for a
      virtual screen, we often tailor a docking protocol that will enable us to select
      the best candidates for further screening. To aid this, we created GPCR-Bench, a
      publically available docking benchmarking set in the spirit of the DUD and DUD-E
      reference data sets for validation studies, containing 25 nonredundant high
      resolution GPCR costructures with an accompanying set of diverse ligands and
      computational decoy molecules for each target. Benchmarking sets are often used
      to compare docking protocols; however, it is important to evaluate docking
      methods not by "retrospective" hit rates but by the actual likelihood that they
      will produce novel prospective hits. Therefore, docking protocols must not only
      rank active molecules highly but also produce good poses that a chemist will
      select for purchase and screening. Currently, no simple objective machine
      scriptable function exists that can do this; instead, docking hit lists must be
      subjectively examined in a consistent way to compare between docking methods. We
      present here a case study highlighting considerations we feel are of importance
      when evaluating a method, intended to be useful as a practitioners' guide.

PMID- 26958712
TI  - Forty Years with Emerging Viruses.
AB  - I was raised in a middle-class family in West Texas and was lucky in my
      preparation through high school faculty, short government programs arising from
      the politics of Sputnik, inspiring high school mentors, and university training
      at a first-rate institution. My educational background led me to apply to medical
      school. With some financial aid, I managed to graduate and then obtain a first
      class internal medicine residency at Parkland Hospital, where I acquired skills
      in discerning evaluation and treatment of patients with complicated diseases. In
      spite of a liking for and ability in clinical medicine, I entered the Public
      Health Service and worked for 5 years at the National Institutes of Health
      laboratory in Panama; there, I began to see the fascination of ecological impacts
      on virus transmission in nature and its spillover into human populations. I
      shifted my interests to these themes and their interaction with viral
      pathogenesis. At each stage of my career, I picked an institution to work where
      there were strong leaders and other inspiring scientists. I think the young
      scientist should choose the best available institution and one that offers a
      career direction that leads to a life where he or she awakens and cannot wait to
      arrive at his or her job-regardless of the details of each choice, the outcome
      will be a satisfied person who will contribute greatly to his or her chosen
      field. 

PMID- 26958713
TI  - Inventing Viruses.
AB  - In the nineteenth century, "virus" commonly meant an agent (usually unknown) that
      caused disease in inoculation experiments. By the 1890s, however, some disease
      causing agents were found to pass through filters that retained the common
      bacteria. Such an agent was called "filterable virus," the best known being the
      virus that caused tobacco mosaic disease. By the 1920s there were many examples
      of filterable viruses, but no clear understanding of their nature. However, by
      the 1930s, the term "filterable virus" was being abandoned in favor of simply
      "virus," meaning an agent other than bacteria. Visualization of viruses by the
      electron microscope in the late 1930s finally settled their particulate nature.
      This article describes the ever-changing concept of "virus" and how virologists
      talked about viruses. These changes reflected their invention and reinvention of
      the concept of a virus as it was revised in light of new knowledge, new
      scientific values and interests, and new hegemonic technologies. 

PMID- 26958714
TI  - PHIRE and TWiV: Experiences in Bringing Virology to New Audiences.
AB  - Virology encompasses a broad spectrum of topics touching upon many aspects of our
      everyday lives. However, appreciation of this impact is too often restricted to
      those who have specialized training and participate in virology research. The
      Phage Hunters Integrating Research and Education (PHIRE) program and the This
      Week in Virology (TWiV) podcast seek to bring virology to new audiences through
      two different approaches-direct involvement of undergraduates in discovering and
      genomically characterizing bacteriophages (PHIRE) and clear, accessible, and free
      discussions among experts of all topics in virology (TWiV). Here we discuss these
      two high-impact programs, the audiences that they serve, their broader impacts,
      and their future potential. 

PMID- 26958715
TI  - Role of the Vector in Arbovirus Transmission.
AB  - Many arboviral diseases are uncontrolled, and the viruses that cause them are
      globally emerging or reemerging pathogens that produce significant disease
      throughout the world. The increased spread and prevalence of disease are
      occurring during a period of substantial scientific growth in the vector-borne
      disease research community. This growth has been supported by advances in
      genomics and proteomics, and by the ability to genetically alter disease vectors.
      For the first time, researchers are elucidating the molecular details of vector
      host-seeking behavior, the susceptibility of disease vectors to arboviruses, the
      immunological control of infection in disease vectors, and the determinants that
      facilitate transmission of arboviruses from a vector to a host. These discoveries
      are facilitating the development of novel strategies to combat arboviral disease,
      including the release of transgenic mosquitoes harboring dominant lethal genes,
      the introduction of arbovirus-blocking microbes into mosquito populations, and
      the development of acquisition- and transmission-blocking therapeutics.
      Understanding the role of the vector in arbovirus transmission has provided
      critical practical and theoretical tools to control arboviral disease. 

PMID- 26958716
TI  - Balance and Stealth: The Role of Noncoding RNAs in the Regulation of Virus Gene
      Expression.
AB  - In the past two decades, our knowledge of gene regulation has been greatly
      expanded by the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small (19-24 nt)
      noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) found in metazoans, plants, and some viruses. They have
      been shown to regulate many cellular processes, including differentiation,
      maintenance of homeostasis, apoptosis, and the immune response. At present, there
      are over 300 known viral miRNAs encoded by diverse virus families. One well
      characterized function of some viral miRNAs is the regulation of viral
      transcripts. Host miRNAs can also regulate viral gene expression. We propose that
      viruses take advantage of both host and viral ncRNA regulation to balance
      replication and infectious state (for example, latent versus lytic infection). As
      miRNA regulation can be reversed upon certain cellular stresses, we hypothesize
      that ncRNAs can serve viruses as barometers for cellular stress. 

PMID- 26958717
TI  - Thinking Outside the Triangle: Replication Fidelity of the Largest RNA Viruses.
AB  - When judged by ubiquity, adaptation, and emergence of new diseases, RNA viruses
      are arguably the most successful biological organisms. This success has been
      attributed to a defect of sorts: high mutation rates (low fidelity) resulting in
      mutant swarms that allow rapid selection for fitness in new environments. Studies
      of viruses with small RNA genomes have identified fidelity determinants in viral
      RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and have shown that RNA viruses likely replicate
      within a limited fidelity range to maintain fitness. In this review we compare
      the fidelity of small RNA viruses with that of the largest RNA viruses, the
      coronaviruses. Coronaviruses encode the first known viral RNA proofreading
      exoribonuclease, a function that likely allowed expansion of the coronavirus
      genome and that dramatically increases replication fidelity and the range of
      tolerated variation. We propose models for regulation of coronavirus fidelity and
      discuss the implications of altered fidelity for RNA virus replication,
      pathogenesis, and evolution. 

PMID- 26958718
TI  - The Placenta as a Barrier to Viral Infections.
AB  - Throughout pregnancy, the placenta acts as a physical and immunological barrier
      against the hematogenous transmission of viruses from mother to fetus. Despite
      this, very little is known regarding the specific mechanisms by which the
      placenta shields the developing fetus from viral infections or about the
      strategies utilized by select viruses to bypass and/or weaken the placental
      barrier. In this review, we summarize studies regarding virus-host interactions
      at the placental interface and explore key areas for future investigation. We
      focus our review on placental trophoblasts, which form the barrier between
      maternal and fetal circulations and thus govern the cross talk between the
      maternal and fetal microenvironments. 

PMID- 26958720
TI  - Mechanisms of Virus Membrane Fusion Proteins.
AB  - Enveloped viruses infect host cells by a membrane fusion reaction that takes
      place at the cell surface or in intracellular compartments following virus
      uptake. Fusion is mediated by the membrane interactions and conformational
      changes of specialized virus envelope proteins termed membrane fusion proteins.
      This article discusses the structures and refolding reactions of specific fusion
      proteins and the methods for their study and highlights outstanding questions in
      the field. 

PMID- 26958721
TI  - Herpesvirus Genome Integration into Telomeric Repeats of Host Cell Chromosomes.
AB  - It is well known that numerous viruses integrate their genetic material into host
      cell chromosomes. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and oncogenic Marek's disease virus
      (MDV) have been shown to integrate their genomes into host telomeres of latently
      infected cells. This is unusual for herpesviruses as most maintain their genomes
      as circular episomes during the quiescent stage of infection. The genomic DNA of
      HHV-6, MDV, and several other herpesviruses harbors telomeric repeats (TMRs) that
      are identical to host telomere sequences (TTAGGG). At least in the case of MDV,
      viral TMRs facilitate integration into host telomeres. Integration of HHV-6
      occurs not only in lymphocytes but also in the germline of some individuals,
      allowing vertical virus transmission. Although the molecular mechanism of
      telomere integration is poorly understood, the presence of TMRs in a number of
      herpesviruses suggests it is their default program for genome maintenance during
      latency and also allows efficient reactivation. 

PMID- 26958722
TI  - Viral Manipulation of Plant Host Membranes.
AB  - Plant viruses, like animal viruses, induce the formation of novel intracellular
      membranous structures that provide an optimum environment for coordinating
      diverse viral processes such as viral RNA synthesis and virus egress. Membrane
      reshaping is accomplished by the expression of specific membrane-associated viral
      proteins that interact with host proteins involved in membrane trafficking
      processes. Plant virus-induced membranous structures are motile, and this
      intracellular motility is required for the transport of viral RNA from sites of
      synthesis to plasmodesmata, which are used to move viral RNA from cell to cell.
      Cellular movement of these virus-induced bodies requires myosin motor activity
      and is dependent on the secretory pathway. The coupling of membrane-associated
      replication complexes with virus intra- and intercellular trafficking may explain
      why viral infection of neighboring cells is established rapidly and efficiently. 

PMID- 26958723
TI  - Glycan Engagement by Viruses: Receptor Switches and Specificity.
AB  - A large number of viruses, including many human pathogens, bind cell-surface
      glycans during the initial steps of infection. Viral glycan receptors such as
      glycosaminoglycans and sialic acid-containing carbohydrates are often negatively
      charged, but neutral glycans such as histo-blood group antigens can also function
      as receptors. The engagement of glycans facilitates attachment and entry and,
      consequently, is often a key determinant of the host range, tissue tropism,
      pathogenicity, and transmissibility of viruses. Here, we review current knowledge
      about virus-glycan interactions using representative crystal structures of viral
      attachment proteins in complex with glycans. We illuminate the determinants of
      specificity utilized by different glycan-binding viruses and explore the
      potential of these interactions for switching receptor specificities within or
      even between glycan classes. A detailed understanding of these parameters is
      important for the prediction of binding sites where structural information is not
      available, and is invaluable for the development of antiviral therapeutics. 

PMID- 26958719
TI  - Cytoplasmic RNA Granules and Viral Infection.
AB  - RNA granules are dynamic cellular structures essential for proper gene expression
      and homeostasis. The two principal types of cytoplasmic RNA granules are stress
      granules, which contain stalled translation initiation complexes, and processing
      bodies (P bodies), which concentrate factors involved in mRNA degradation. RNA
      granules are associated with gene silencing of transcripts; thus, viruses repress
      RNA granule functions to favor replication. This article discusses the breadth of
      viral interactions with cytoplasmic RNA granules, focusing on mechanisms that
      modulate the functions of RNA granules and that typically promote viral
      replication. Currently, mechanisms for virus manipulation of RNA granules can be
      loosely grouped into three nonexclusive categories: (a) cleavage of key RNA
      granule factors, (b) regulation of PKR activation, and (c) co-opting of RNA
      granule factors for new roles in viral replication. Viral modulation of RNA
      granules supports productive infection by inhibiting their gene-silencing
      functions and counteracting their role in linking stress sensing with innate
      immune activation. 

PMID- 26958724
TI  - Remarkable Mechanisms in Microbes to Resist Phage Infections.
AB  - Bacteriophages (phages) specifically infect bacteria and are the most abundant
      biological entities on Earth. The constant exposure to phage infection imposes a
      strong selective pressure on bacteria to develop viral resistance strategies that
      promote prokaryotic survival. Thus, this parasite-host relationship results in an
      evolutionary arms race of adaptation and counteradaptation between the
      interacting partners. The evolutionary outcome is a spectrum of remarkable
      strategies used by the bacteria and phages as they attempt to coexist. These
      approaches include adsorption inhibition, injection blocking, abortive infection,
      toxin-antitoxin, and CRISPR-Cas systems. In this review, we highlight the diverse
      and complementary antiphage systems in bacteria, as well as the evasion
      mechanisms used by phages to escape these resistance strategies. 

PMID- 26958725
TI  - Polydnaviruses: Nature's Genetic Engineers.
AB  - Virus-host associations are usually viewed as parasitic, but several studies in
      recent years have reported examples of viruses that benefit host organisms. The
      Polydnaviridae are of particular interest because these viruses are all obligate
      mutualists of insects called parasitoid wasps. Parasitoids develop during their
      immature stages by feeding inside the body of other insects, which serve as their
      hosts. Polydnaviruses are vertically transmitted as proviruses through the germ
      line of wasps but also function as gene delivery vectors that wasps rely upon to
      genetically manipulate the hosts they parasitize. Here we review the evolutionary
      origin of polydnaviruses, the organization and function of their genomes, and
      some of their roles in parasitism. 

PMID- 26958726
TI  - Human Cytomegalovirus: Coordinating Cellular Stress, Signaling, and Metabolic
      Pathways.
AB  - Viruses face a multitude of challenges when they infect a host cell. Cells have
      evolved innate defenses to protect against pathogens, and an infecting virus may
      induce a stress response that antagonizes viral replication. Further, the
      metabolic, oxidative, and cell cycle state may not be conducive to the viral
      infection. But viruses are fabulous manipulators, inducing host cells to use
      their own characteristic mechanisms and pathways to provide what the virus needs.
      This article centers on the manipulation of host cell metabolism by human
      cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We review the features of the metabolic program
      instituted by the virus, discuss the mechanisms underlying these dramatic
      metabolic changes, and consider how the altered program creates a synthetic
      milieu that favors efficient HCMV replication and spread. 

PMID- 26958727
TI  - Vaccine Development as a Means to Control Dengue Virus Pathogenesis: Do We Know
      Enough?
AB  - Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-transmitted RNA virus responsible for 390
      million infections each year and significant morbidity and mortality throughout
      tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Efforts to develop a DENV vaccine
      span 70 years and include the work of luminaries of the virus vaccine field.
      Although vaccines have been used to reduce the global health burden of other
      flaviviruses, the unique requirement for a single vaccine to protect against four
      different groups of dengue viruses, and the link between secondary infections and
      DENV disease pathogenesis, has limited success to date. In this review, we
      discuss several promising DENV vaccine candidates in clinical trials and assess
      how recent advances in understanding of DENV biology and immunity may expedite
      efforts toward the development of safe and effective vaccines. 

PMID- 26958728
TI  - Archaeal Viruses: Diversity, Replication, and Structure.
AB  - The Archaea-and their viruses-remain the most enigmatic of life's three domains.
      Once thought to inhabit only extreme environments, archaea are now known to
      inhabit diverse environments. Even though the first archaeal virus was described
      over 40 years ago, only 117 archaeal viruses have been discovered to date.
      Despite this small number, these viruses have painted a portrait of enormous
      morphological and genetic diversity. For example, research centered around the
      various steps of the archaeal virus life cycle has led to the discovery of unique
      mechanisms employed by archaeal viruses during replication, maturation, and
      virion release. In many instances, archaeal virus proteins display very low
      levels of sequence homology to other proteins listed in the public database, and
      therefore, structural characterization of these proteins has played an integral
      role in functional assignment. These structural studies have not only provided
      insights into structure-function relationships but have also identified links
      between viruses across all three domains of life. 

PMID- 26958729
TI  - AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy for Research and Therapeutic Purposes.
AB  - Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonenveloped virus that was adapted 30
      years ago for use as a gene transfer vehicle. It is capable of transducing a wide
      range of species and tissues in vivo with no evidence of toxicity, and it
      generates relatively mild innate and adaptive immune responses. We review the
      basic biology of AAV, the history of progress in AAV vector technology, and some
      of the clinical and research applications where AAV has shown success. 

PMID- 26958730
TI  - Three-Dimensional Imaging of Viral Infections.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies are beginning to have significant
      impact in the field of virology, as they are helping us understand how viruses
      take control of cells. In this article we review several methodologies for 3D
      imaging of cells and show how these technologies are contributing to the study of
      viral infections and the characterization of specialized structures formed in
      virus-infected cells. We include 3D reconstruction by transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) using serial sections, electron tomography, and focused ion beam
      scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). We summarize from these methods selected
      contributions to our understanding of viral entry, replication, morphogenesis,
      egress and propagation, and changes in the spatial architecture of virus-infected
      cells. In combination with live-cell imaging, correlative microscopy, and new
      techniques for molecular mapping in situ, the availability of these methods for
      3D imaging is expected to provide deeper insights into understanding the
      structural and dynamic aspects of viral infection. 

PMID- 26958731
TI  - Live Cell Imaging of Retroviral Entry.
AB  - Cellular entry of retroviruses is the first critical stage of retroviral
      replication. Live cell imaging has been utilized to visualize the dynamics,
      localization, and kinetics of the viral fusion process. Here, we review the
      different methodologies used for live cell imaging and how the use of these
      techniques has better elucidated the viral entry process of avian sarcoma and
      leukosis virus (ASLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as well as
      cell-to-cell transmission of retroviruses. Although some controversies remain,
      further development of these techniques will provide new insights into the
      process and dynamics of retroviral fusion in vivo. 

PMID- 26958732
TI  - Parvoviruses: Small Does Not Mean Simple.
AB  - Parvoviruses are small, rugged, nonenveloped protein particles containing a
      linear, nonpermuted, single-stranded DNA genome of ~5 kb. Their limited coding
      potential requires optimal adaptation to the environment of particular host
      cells, where entry is mediated by a variable program of capsid dynamics,
      ultimately leading to genome ejection from intact particles within the host
      nucleus. Genomes are amplified by a continuous unidirectional strand-displacement
      mechanism, a linear adaptation of rolling circle replication that relies on the
      repeated folding and unfolding of small hairpin telomeres to reorient the
      advancing fork. Progeny genomes are propelled by the viral helicase into the
      preformed capsid via a pore at one of its icosahedral fivefold axes. Here we
      explore how the fine-tuning of this unique replication system and the mechanics
      that regulate opening and closing of the capsid fivefold portals have evolved in
      different viral lineages to create a remarkably complex spectrum of phenotypes. 

PMID- 26958733
TI  - Naked Viruses That Aren't Always Naked: Quasi-Enveloped Agents of Acute
      Hepatitis.
AB  - Historically, viruses were considered to be either enveloped or nonenveloped.
      However, recent work on hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus challenges this
      long-held tenet. Whereas these human pathogens are shed in feces as naked
      nonenveloped virions, recent studies indicate that both circulate in the blood
      completely masked in membranes during acute infection. These membrane-wrapped
      virions are as infectious as their naked counterparts, although they do not
      express a virally encoded protein on their surface, thus distinguishing them from
      conventional enveloped viruses. The absence of a viral fusion protein implies
      that these quasi-enveloped virions have unique mechanisms for entry into cells.
      Like true enveloped viruses, however, these phylogenetically distinct viruses
      usurp components of the host ESCRT system to hijack host cell membranes and
      noncytolytically exit infected cells. The membrane protects these viruses from
      neutralizing antibodies, facilitating dissemination within the host, whereas
      nonenveloped virions shed in feces are stable in the environment, allowing for
      epidemic transmission. 

PMID- 26958734
TI  - In Vitro Assembly of Retroviruses.
AB  - Assembly, part of the late stages of the retroviral life cycle, begins when the
      structural polyprotein Gag associates with viral genomic RNA. Ultimately, more
      than a thousand Gag molecules form a spherical immature virion. Maturation takes
      place soon after or concomitantly with virus budding and is initiated as Gag is
      cleaved by the retroviral protease into its constituent protein domains. The
      immature core is thought to disassemble and the liberated CA proteins to
      reassemble into a morphologically distinct mature capsid. In vitro assembly with
      derivatives of Gag and CA has been used to study retroviruses for over two
      decades. In this review, we examine the discovery and development of three major
      model systems [human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Rous sarcoma virus
      (RSV), and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV)] and discuss structural features and
      aspects of the retroviral assembly pathway that have been uncovered using in
      vitro assembly. We also put forward two major unresolved questions in the field
      and propose future avenues of research. 

PMID- 26958735
TI  - The Impact of Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics on Fundamental Discoveries in
      Virology.
AB  - In recent years, mass spectrometry has emerged as a core component of fundamental
      discoveries in virology. As a consequence of their coevolution, viruses and host
      cells have established complex, dynamic interactions that function either in
      promoting virus replication and dissemination or in host defense against invading
      pathogens. Thus, viral infection triggers an impressive range of proteome
      changes. Alterations in protein abundances, interactions, posttranslational
      modifications, subcellular localizations, and secretion are temporally regulated
      during the progression of an infection. Consequently, understanding viral
      infection at the molecular level requires versatile approaches that afford both
      breadth and depth of analysis. Mass spectrometry is uniquely positioned to bridge
      this experimental dichotomy. Its application to both unbiased systems analyses
      and targeted, hypothesis-driven studies has accelerated discoveries in viral
      pathogenesis and host defense. Here, we review the contributions of mass
      spectrometry-based proteomic approaches to understanding viral morphogenesis,
      replication, and assembly and to characterizing host responses to infection. 

PMID- 26958736
TI  - Viruses and the DNA Damage Response: Activation and Antagonism.
AB  - Viruses must interact with their hosts in order to replicate; these interactions
      often provoke the evolutionarily conserved response to DNA damage, known as the
      DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR can be activated by incoming viral DNA, during
      the integration of retroviruses, or in response to the aberrant DNA structures
      generated upon replication of DNA viruses. Furthermore, DNA and RNA viral
      proteins can induce the DDR by promoting inappropriate S phase entry, by
      modifying cellular DDR factors directly, or by unintentionally targeting host
      DNA. The DDR may be antiviral, although viruses often require proximal DDR
      activation of repair and recombination factors to facilitate replication as well
      as downstream DDR signaling suppression to ensure cell survival. An unintended
      consequence of DDR attenuation during infection is the long-term survival and
      proliferation of precancerous cells. Therefore, the molecular basis for DDR
      activation and attenuation by viruses remains an important area of study that
      will likely provide key insights into how viruses have evolved with their hosts. 

PMID- 26958737
TI  - Hydroxymethylation beyond Carbonylation: Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed
      Reductive Coupling of Formaldehyde with Allylic Acetates via Enantiotopic pi
      Facial Discrimination.
AB  - Chiral iridium complexes modified by SEGPHOS catalyze the 2-propanol-mediated
      reductive coupling of branched allylic acetates 1a-1o with formaldehyde to form
      primary homoallylic alcohols 2a-2o with excellent control of regio- and
      enantioselectivity. These processes, which rely on enantiotopic pi-facial
      discrimination of sigma-allyliridium intermediates, represent the first examples
      of enantioselective formaldehyde C-C coupling beyond aldol addition. 

PMID- 26958738
TI  - Zika Virus Associated with Meningoencephalitis.

PMID- 26958739
TI  - Stepwise endoscopic resection of a large gastric lipoma causing gastric outlet
      obstruction and GI bleeding.

PMID- 26958740
TI  - An assessment of the ship drag penalty arising from light calcareous tubeworm
      fouling.
AB  - A test coupon coated with light calcareous tubeworm fouling was scanned, scaled
      and reproduced for wind-tunnel testing to determine the equivalent sand grain
      roughness ks. It was found that this surface had a ks = 0.325 mm, substantially
      less than the previously reported values for light calcareous fouling. This
      result was used to predict the drag on a fouled full scale ship. To achieve this,
      a modified method for predicting the total drag of a spatially developing
      turbulent boundary layer (TBL), such as that on the hull of a ship, is presented.
      The method numerically integrates the skin friction over the length of the
      boundary layer, assuming an analytical form for the mean velocity profile of the
      TBL. The velocity profile contains the roughness (fouling) information, such that
      the prediction requires only an input of ks, the free-stream velocity (ship
      speed), the kinematic viscosity and the length of the boundary layer (the hull
      length). Using the equivalent sandgrain roughness height determined from
      experiments, a FFG-7 Oliver Perry class frigate is predicted to experience a 23%
      increase in total resistance at cruise, if its hull is coated in light calcareous
      tubeworm fouling. A similarly fouled very large crude carrier would experience a
      34% increase in total resistance at cruise. 

PMID- 26958741
TI  - Transition-Metal-Free Cyclopropanation of 2-Aminoacrylates with N
      Tosylhydrazones: A General Route to Cyclopropane alpha-Amino Acid with Contiguous
      Quaternary Carbon Centers.
AB  - Cyclopropanation of 2-aminoacrylates with N-tosylhydrazones could proceed
      smoothly under transition-metal-free conditions via a [3 + 2] cycloaddition
      process. This robust protocol exhibits excellent generality, delivering a wide
      spectrum of cyclopropane alpha-amino acid esters bearing contiguous quaternary
      carbon centers in high yields and diastereoselectivities. With these readily
      available products, the steric convergence of cyclopropane alpha-amino acids
      could be readily obtained. 

PMID- 26958742
TI  - A Study to Determine the Most Popular Lifestyle Smartphone Applications and
      Willingness of the Public to Share Their Personal Data for Health Research.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Smartphone lifestyle applications (apps) and wearable fitness
      tracking devices collect a wealth of data that could provide research insights to
      support prevention and treatment of obesity and chronic diseases. The aim of this
      study was to pilot a survey to explore patterns of behavioral tracking using
      smartphone lifestyle apps and individuals' willingness to share their app
      generated data. METHODS: A cross-sectional Web-based survey was conducted within
      a university setting. The 35-item survey asked participants about their self
      tracking patterns; use of lifestyle apps and wearable devices; how their self
      tracked health data could be useful to them; and any restrictions they would
      impose on sharing personal data. Responses were tabulated and analyzed for
      trends. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 101 participants. On average, 3.1
      (standard deviation [SD] +/-1.9) health and fitness apps were installed by
      current app users (n = 85), with MyFitnessPal, MapMyRun, Nike+, and Fitbit being
      most popular. Most participants were willing to share their personal health data
      for research (77%). Those who did not normally share their health-tracking data
      were more likely than sharers to be concerned about privacy (odds ratio [OR] =
      5.93; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.09-16.78), as were those not
      identifying with the quantified-self movement compared with those who were (OR =
      5.04; 95% CI = 1.64-15.50). DISCUSSION: Participants were generally willing to
      share personal data, thus increasing the potential for these data to inform
      public health research and for use in targeted personalized program and
      intervention development. CONCLUSIONS: Opportunities for partnerships between
      researchers and commercial app developers or industry could improve public health
      research and practice.

PMID- 26958743
TI  - Changes in Gait with Anteriorly Added Mass: A Pregnancy Simulation Study.
AB  - During pregnancy, the female body experiences structural changes, such as weight
      gain. As pregnancy advances, most of the additional mass is concentrated
      anteriorly on the lower trunk. The purpose of this study is to analyze kinematic
      and kinetic changes when load is added anteriorly to the trunk, simulating a
      physical change experienced during pregnancy. Twenty healthy females walked on a
      treadmill while wearing a custom made pseudo-pregnancy sac (1 kg) under 3 load
      conditions: sac-only condition, 10-lb condition (4.535 kg added anteriorly), and
      20-lb condition (9.07 kg added anteriorly), used to simulate pregnancy in the
      second trimester and at full-term pregnancy, respectively. The increase in
      anterior mass resulted in kinematic changes at the knee, hip, pelvis, and trunk
      in the sagittal and frontal planes. In addition, ankle, knee, and hip joint
      moments normalized to baseline mass increased with increased load; however, these
      moments decreased when normalized to total mass. These kinematic and kinetic
      changes may suggest that women modify gait biomechanics to reduce the effect of
      added load. Furthermore, the increase in joint moments increases stress on the
      musculoskeletal system and may contribute to musculoskeletal pain. 

PMID- 26958744
TI  - Detection of CTX-M-15-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates of Lineages ST131-B2
      and ST167-A in Environmental Samples of a Tunisian Hospital.
AB  - To investigate the possible role of the hospital environment in the dissemination
      of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates,
      300 samples were taken during 2013 from abiotic surfaces (n = 250), healthcare
      worker hands (n = 27), and hands of patients (n = 23) in a Tunisian Hospital.
      ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were recovered in 3.7% of analyzed samples (4%
      abiotic surfaces; 4.3% hands of patients; 0% in healthcare worker hands), and one
      isolate/sample was further studied. The characterization of beta-lactamase genes,
      as well as the genetic environment of blaCTX-M gene, was performed by PCR and
      sequencing. The ESBL genes found were as follows: blaCTX-M-15 (eight isolates),
      blaCTX-M-15+blaSHV-12 (two isolates), and blaSHV-12 (one isolate). The blaTEM-1b
      gene was detected in seven ESBL-positive isolates. The orf477 was found
      downstream of blaCTX-M-15 gene in 10 strains, whereas the ISEcp1 sequence was
      identified upstream of this gene in two isolates. The analysis of class 1
      integrons by PCR and sequencing revealed five positive isolates with the
      following gene cassette arrangements: dfrA1-aadA1 (two isolates), aadA1 (two
      isolates), and aadA2 (one isolate). The virulence-encoding genes aer, eae, bfp,
      and hly were detected by PCR in six, four, four, and three isolates,
      respectively. The following sequence types and associated phylogroups were
      detected among ESBL-producing strains: ST167-phylogroup-A (six isolates) and
      ST131-phylogroup-B2 (two isolates). In conclusion, the hospital environment could
      be a reservoir of multiresistant bacteria, including ESBL-positive E. coli
      isolates, which could be acquired by the patient population, and strict control
      measures should be established to minimize this problem. 

PMID- 26958745
TI  - 4-Phenylbutyric Acid Reveals Good Beneficial Effects on Vital Organ Function via
      Anti-Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Septic Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sepsis and septic shock are the common complications in ICUs. Vital
      organ function disorder contributes a critical role in high mortality after
      severe sepsis or septic shock, in which endoplasmic reticulum stress plays an
      important role. Whether anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress with 4-phenylbutyric
      acid is beneficial to sepsis and the underlying mechanisms are not known. DESIGN:
      Laboratory investigation. SETTING: State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and
      Combined Injury. SUBJECTS: Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Using cecal
      ligation and puncture-induced septic shock rats, lipopolysaccharide-treated
      vascular smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes, effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid
      on vital organ function and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress
      and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative
      stress were observed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Conventional treatment,
      including fluid resuscitation, vasopressin, and antibiotic, only slightly
      improved the hemodynamic variable, such as mean arterial blood pressure and
      cardiac output, and slightly improved the vital organ function and the animal
      survival of septic shock rats. Supplementation of 4-phenylbutyric acid (5 mg/kg;
      anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress), especially administered at early stage,
      significantly improved the hemodynamic variables, vital organ function, such as
      liver, renal, and intestinal barrier function, and animal survival in septic
      shock rats. 4-Phenylbutyric acid application inhibited the endoplasmic reticulum
      stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins, such as CCAAT/enhancer
      binding protein homologous protein in vital organs, such as heart and superior
      mesenteric artery after severe sepsis. Further studies showed that 4
      phenylbutyric acid inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cytokine
      release, apoptosis, and oxidative stress via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB,
      caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increasing glutathione peroxidase and superoxide
      dismutase expression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-endoplasmic reticulum
      stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid is beneficial to septic shock. This beneficial
      effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid is closely related to the inhibition of
      endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cytokine
      release. This finding provides a potential therapeutic measure for clinical
      critical conditions, such as severe sepsis.

PMID- 26958747
TI  - A Review of the Perceptions of Healthcare Providers and Family Members Toward
      Family Involvement in Active Adult Patient Care in the ICU.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to provide a summary of the
      perceptions of healthcare providers and family members toward their role in
      active patient care in the ICU and compare the views of healthcare providers with
      those of relatives of critically ill patients. DATA SOURCES: The search was
      conducted using PubMed as the primary search engine and EMBASE as a secondary
      search engine. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they were conducted in
      the ICU, had an adult patient population, and contained a discussion of active
      patient care, including perspective or actions of family members or healthcare
      providers about the active participation. DATA EXTRACTION: Titles and abstracts
      of articles identified through PubMed and EMBASE were assessed for relevancy of
      family involvement. The full article was reviewed of titles and abstracts
      involving family involvement of care in the ICU to assess if the topic was active
      care and if the article involved perceptions of healthcare providers or family
      members. The references of all selected articles were then evaluated for the
      inclusion of additional studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Articles including perceptions
      of healthcare providers were grouped separately from articles including attitudes
      of family members. Articles that contained the perceptions of both healthcare
      providers and family members were considered in both groups but were evaluated
      with each perspective separately. Examples of specific patient care tasks that
      were mentioned in each article were identified. CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude
      exists among both family members and providers toward the involvement of family
      members in active care tasks. Providers and family members share the attitude
      that a partnership is necessary and that encouragement for family members to
      participate is essential. The findings in this review support the need for more
      objective research regarding how families are caring for their loved ones and how
      family involvement in care is affecting patient and family outcomes.

PMID- 26958748
TI  - How Long Does (S)He Have? Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes After Palliative
      Extubation in Elderly, Chronically Critically Ill Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: For chronically critically ill elderly patients on mechanical
      ventilation, prognosis for significant recovery may be minimal. These
      individuals, or their surrogates, may decide for "palliative extubation." A
      common prognostic question arises: "How long does she/he have?" This study
      describes demographics, mortality, time to death, and factors associated with
      death after palliative extubation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Retrospective 3
      year study in community hospital with ethnically diverse elderly population.
      Chronically critically ill patients followed from palliative extubation to death
      or survival to discharge. MEASURES: Mortality/survival following palliative
      extubation, time to death or discharge, factors associated with death. RESULTS:
      Hundred and forty-eight subjects underwent palliative extubation. Mean age: 78
      years, 60% female, ethnically diverse with 46% white, and 54% others. Top
      diagnostic categories: sepsis (47%) and respiratory failure (22%). After
      extubation, 114 patients (77%) died in hospital and 34 (23%) were discharged. Of
      those who died, median time to death 8.9 hours (range, 4 min to 7 d). Mortality
      proportion was 56% at 24 hours and increased with time. Factors associated with
      early death: Systolic blood pressure less than 90 (p = 0.002) and Charlson
      Comorbidity Index that is above 6 or 0 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Palliative
      extubation at end of life was an option selected by an ethnically diverse elderly
      population. Approximately three-fourths of subjects died in hospital, and one
      fourth was discharged alive. Over 50% who died did so within 24 hours, making
      this useful information for counseling and anticipatory planning. Subjects with
      systolic blood pressure less than 90 and Charlson Comorbidity Index that is very
      low or very high had higher mortality.

PMID- 26958749
TI  - Pharmacological Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Weakness After
      Critical Illness: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: ICU-acquired weakness is a common complication of critical illness
      and can have significant effects upon functional status and quality of life. As
      part of preliminary work to inform the design of a randomized trial of a complex
      intervention to improve recovery from critical illness, we sought to identify
      pharmacological interventions that may play a role in this area. DATA SOURCES: We
      systematically reviewed the published literature relating to pharmacological
      intervention for the treatment and prevention of ICU-acquired weakness. STUDY
      SELECTION: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL+, Web of Science, and both U.S.
      and European trial registries up to July 2014 alongside reviews and reference
      lists from populations with no age or language restrictions. We included studies
      that reported a measure of muscle structure or physical function as an outcome
      measure. DATA EXTRACTION: We estimated pooled odds ratios and 95% CI using data
      extracted from published articles or where available, original data provided by
      the authors. Assessment of bias was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration's
      risk of bias tool. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The
      current body of evidence does not support the use of any pharmacological agent in
      this setting, although maintaining euglycemia may reduce the prevalence of
      critical illness polyneuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: At present, no pharmacological
      intervention can be recommended to prevent or treat ICU-acquired weakness.
      Further research is required into this field to include more novel agents such as
      myostatin inhibitors. Challenges in the conduct of research in this area are
      highlighted.

PMID- 26958750
TI  - Prediction of Large Vessel Occlusions in Acute Stroke: National Institute of
      Health Stroke Scale Is Hard to Beat.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke with a large vessel
      occlusion was recently shown to be effective. We aimed to develop a score capable
      of predicting large vessel occlusion eligible for endovascular treatment in the
      early hospital management. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING: Two
      tertiary, Swiss stroke centers. PATIENTS: Consecutive acute ischemic stroke
      patients (1,645 patients; Acute STroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne
      registry), who had CT angiography within 6 and 12 hours of symptom onset, were
      categorized according to the occlusion site. Demographic and clinical information
      was used in logistic regression analysis to derive predictors of large vessel
      occlusion (defined as intracranial carotid, basilar, and M1 segment of middle
      cerebral artery occlusions). Based on logistic regression coefficients, an
      integer score was created and validated internally and externally (848 patients;
      Bernese Stroke Registry). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Large vessel occlusions were present in 316 patients (21%) in the derivation and
      566 (28%) in the external validation cohort. Five predictors added significantly
      to the score: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at admission,
      hemineglect, female sex, atrial fibrillation, and no history of stroke and
      prestroke handicap (modified Rankin Scale score, < 2). Diagnostic accuracy in
      internal and external validation cohorts was excellent (area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve, 0.84 both). The score performed slightly better
      than National Institute of Health Stroke Scale alone regarding prediction error
      (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.001) and regarding discriminatory power in
      derivation and pooled cohorts (area under the receiver operating characteristic
      curve, 0.81 vs 0.80; DeLong test, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our score accurately
      predicts the presence of emergent large vessel occlusions, which are eligible for
      endovascular treatment. However, incorporation of additional demographic and
      historical information available on hospital arrival provides minimal incremental
      predictive value compared with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale
      alone.

PMID- 26958751
TI  - Prevalence and Characteristics of Chronic Intensive Care-Related Pain: The Role
      of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is only limited knowledge about chronic pain conditions
      resulting from critical care. Experimental and clinical data suggest a close
      relationship between inflammation and pain perception. Since sepsis is the most
      severe form of systemic inflammation, the primary objective was to evaluate
      chronic pain states and functional impairment of septic and nonseptic patients 6
      months after discharge from ICU. Second, we aimed to obtain the total prevalence
      and characteristics of chronic ICU-related pain. DESIGN: Case-control study.
      SETTING: Observational study in long-term survivors of mixed surgical and medical
      ICUs. PATIENTS: Septic and nonseptic survivors of critical care (n = 207) and
      healthy controls (n = 46). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We
      collected comprehensive information on patients' past and present pain 6 months
      after ICU discharge by means of the German pain questionnaire. Pain intensity
      levels and pain interference ratings were compared between septic and nonseptic
      patients and healthy controls. We found no differences in prevalence, severity,
      and interference of pain between septic and nonseptic patients. However, both
      patient groups differed significantly from controls. In secondary analysis, a
      third of all patients reported chronic clinically relevant pain associated with
      the ICU stay 6 months after ICU discharge. Half of these patients experienced
      chronic pain conditions before ICU admission and reported additional sources of
      pain. Most important, 16% of all patients had no preexisting pain condition and
      now experience chronic ICU-related pain. The majority of patients with chronic
      ICU-related pain reported a high degree of disabling pain, limiting daily
      activities. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of former ICU patients develop chronic
      pain conditions associated with critical care. These patients differ
      significantly from control data in terms of pain intensity and show high levels
      of interference with pain. The presence of sepsis per se seems to play a marginal
      role for the development of chronic ICU-related pain.

PMID- 26958752
TI  - Admission Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Sepsis Patients: Association With
      Outcome and Host Response.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether admission hyperglycemia is associated with the
      presentation and/or outcome of sepsis, what the influence of hyperglycemia is on
      key host responses to sepsis, and whether hyperglycemia differentially affects
      patients with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN AND SETTING: A substudy of a prospective
      observational cohort study was conducted in the intensive care of two tertiary
      hospitals between January 2011 and July 2013. PATIENTS: Of all consecutive
      critically ill sepsis patients, admission glucose was used to stratify patients
      in euglycemia (71-140 mg/dL), mild hyperglycemia (141-199 mg/dL), and severe
      hyperglycemia (>= 200 mg/dL), and patients with hypoglycemia were excluded.
      Fifteen plasma biomarkers providing insight in key host responses implicated in
      sepsis pathogenesis were measured on admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of
      987 sepsis patients with admission glucose levels greater than 70 mg/dL, 519
      (52.6%) had normal glucose levels, 267 (27.1%) had mild, and 201 (20.4%) severe
      hyperglycemia. Admission hyperglycemia was accompanied by mitigated alterations
      in plasma host response biomarker levels indicative of activation of the cytokine
      network, the vascular endothelium, and the coagulation system in patients without
      a history of diabetes. Severe, but not mild, admission hyperglycemia was
      associated with increased 30-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.66 [95% CI,
      1.24-2.23]), in both patients without diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.65 [95%
      CI, 1.12-2.42]) and with diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.01
      3.62]). CONCLUSION: Admission hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome of
      sepsis irrespective of the presence or absence of preexisting diabetes by a
      mechanism unrelated to exaggerated inflammation or coagulation.

PMID- 26958783
TI  - The effect of age on peripheral stem cell mobilization in healthy donors, single
      center experience.
AB  - PURPOSE: Peripheral stem cell transplantation is used as a life-saving
      therapeutic option in hematological malignancies. As previously established, most
      hematological malignancies are seen in the elderly population. Therefore,
      possible HLA-identical sibling donors of elderly patients are generally of an
      advanced age. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of old age on stem
      cell mobilization and quality in older adult healthy sibling donors. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2014, we evaluated 38 healthy donors aged >=55
      years. The granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) analogs were used at a
      dose of 5 ug/kg/day and administered subcutaneously twice a day for five days.
      CD34+ cells were estimated in the peripheral blood before collection of the
      apheresis product. The National Marrow Donor Program selects healthy unrelated
      donors if they are younger than 60 years. Therefore, we compared the product
      quality in donors over the age of 60 to that in donors aged 60 years or less.
      RESULTS: We collected sufficient products from all the donors with one to three
      apheresis procedures. No serious complication was detected in all donors.
      Reaching the target CD34+ cell count in one day were detected in 83% of younger
      and 79% of older donors (P = NS). Collected CD34+ cells x10e6/recipient body
      weight (kg) was same and 5.1 in the groups (P = NS). There were no correlation
      between the donor age and these parameters. CONCLUSION: Healthy donor apheresis
      in older adults can be performed effectively and possible donors should be
      evaluated regardless of their age. J. Clin. Apheresis 32:16-20, 2017. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26958784
TI  - Mutagenicity of N-acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides as an indicator of DNA intercalation
      part 1: evidence for naphthalene as a DNA intercalator.
AB  - N-Acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides are direct-acting mutagens in S. typhimurium TA100 with
      a linear dependence upon log P that maximises at log P0 = 6.4. Eight N-acyloxy-N
      alkoxyamides (2-9) bearing a naphthalene group on any of the three side-chains
      and with log P0 < 6.4 have been demonstrated to be significantly and uniformly
      more mutagenic towards S. typhimurium TA100 than 50 mutagens without naphthalene.
      The activity enhancement of 2-9 is likely due to intercalative binding of
      naphthalene to bacterial DNA as a number are also active in TA98, a frame-shift
      strain of S. typhimurium, which is modified by intercalators. DNA damage profiles
      for naphthalene-bearing mutagens confirm enhanced reactivity with DNA when
      naphthalene is incorporated and a different binding mode when compared to
      mutagens without naphthalene. The effect is independent of whether the
      naphthalene is attached to an electron-donating alkyl or electron-withdrawing
      acyl group, alkyl tether length or, in the case of 6 and 7, the point of
      attachment to naphthalene. A new quantitative structure activity relationship has
      been constructed for all 58 congeners incorporating log P and an indicator
      variable, I, for the presence (I = 1) or absence (I = 0) of naphthalene and from
      which the activity enhancing effect of a naphthalene has been quantified at
      between three and four log P units. Contrary to conventional views, simple
      naphthalene groups could target molecules to DNA through intercalation.

PMID- 26958785
TI  - Observation of the nearly constant loss in super rigid saccharides: in search of
      a hidden crossover in dynamics deep in the glassy state.
AB  - The molecular dynamics of three saccharides: D-glucose, 1,6-anhydro-D-glucose
      (levoglucosan) and 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-beta-D-mannopyranose of various degrees of
      freedom, number of hydroxyl groups and internal structures was investigated over
      a wide range of temperatures and frequencies by means of Broadband Dielectric
      Spectroscopy (BDS). Despite the pronounced variety in the physicochemical
      properties of the carbohydrates, no change in the shape of the structural
      relaxation process was observed in the vicinity of the glass transition
      temperature (beta(KWW) = 0.5). On the other hand further studies of the Debye
      Stokes-Einstein relationship between dc conductivity and structural dynamics
      revealed some significant changes connected with the ability to form strong H
      bonded structures. Moreover the presence of nearly constant loss (NCL) at
      moderate frequencies and just below the T(g) in the glassy state of levoglucosan
      and 1,6:2,3-dianhydro-beta-D-mannopyranose was noticeable. We followed the
      temperature evolution of epsilon'' located at frequencies f = 0.1 kHz and f = 1
      kHz, where the NCL is detected. Interestingly, a clear change in the dynamics far
      below the glass transition was observed in both compounds. This crossover (T(c)),
      found in different materials, and studied by various experimental techniques, is
      usually interpreted as being caused by the freezing of the Johari-Goldstein (JG)
      relaxation process. Alternatively it can also be due to the increasing
      anharmonicity in the density of vibrational states. Interestingly, it was shown
      that the slope of epsilon''(T) measured above the T(c) slightly changes while
      below the T(c) stays constant after physical aging. This is related to the
      densification of the sample that might result in steric hindrance and suppression
      of some kind of motion occurring in the glassy state, involving the larger parts
      of the molecules.

PMID- 26958786
TI  - Acute Effects of Drop-Jump Protocols on Explosive Performances of Elite Handball
      Players.
AB  - Dello Iacono, A, Martone, D, and Padulo, J. Acute effects of drop-jump protocols
      on explosive performances of elite handball players. J Strength Cond Res 30(11):
      3122-3133, 2016-This study aimed to assess the acute effects of vertical and
      horizontal drop jump-based postactivation potentiation (PAP) protocols on
      neuromuscular abilities in tasks such as jumping, sprinting, and change of
      direction (COD). Eighteen handball players were assessed before and after PAP
      regimens, consisting of either vertical single-leg drop-jumps (VDJ) or horizontal
      single-leg drop-jumps (HDJ) single-leg drop-jumps, on countermovement jump (CMJ),
      linear sprint, shuttle sprint, and agility performance. The HDJ led to greater
      improvement of the COD performance in comparison with the VDJ (-6.8 vs. -1.3%; p
      <= 0.05), whereas the VDJ caused greater improvement in the CMJ task compared
      with the HDJs (+6.5 vs. +1%; p <= 0.05). Moreover, the VDJ regimens compared with
      HDJ induced greater changes in most of the kinetic variables associated with
      vertical jumping performance, such as peak ground reaction forces (+9.6 vs.
      +1.3%), vertical displacement (-13.4 vs. -5.3%), leg-spring stiffness (+18.6 vs.
      +3.6%), contact time (-9.2 vs. -1.3%), and reactive strength index (+7.3 vs.
      +2.4%) (all comparisons with p <= 0.05). Conversely, the HDJ regimens were able
      to improve the COD performance only by reducing the contact time on COD more than
      the VDJ (-13.3 vs. -2.4% with p <= 0.05). The results showed that both PAPs were
      able to improve the performances that specifically featured similar force
      orientation production. This investigation showed the crucial role that different
      and specific PAP regimens play in optimizing related functional performances.
      Specifically oriented vertical and horizontal single-leg drop-jump protocols
      represent viable means for achieving enhanced explosive-based tasks such as
      jumping and COD.

PMID- 26958787
TI  - A Bio-Inspired, Heavy-Metal-Free, Dual-Electrolyte Liquid Battery towards
      Sustainable Energy Storage.
AB  - Wide-scale exploitation of renewable energy requires low-cost efficient energy
      storage devices. The use of metal-free, inexpensive redox-active organic
      materials represents a promising direction for environmental-friendly, cost
      effective sustainable energy storage. To this end, a liquid battery is designed
      using hydroquinone (H2BQ) aqueous solution as catholyte and graphite in aprotic
      electrolyte as anode. The working potential can reach 3.4 V, with specific
      capacity of 395 mA h g(-1) and stable capacity retention about 99.7% per cycle.
      Such high potential and capacity is achieved using only C, H and O atoms as
      building blocks for redox species, and the replacement of Li metal with graphite
      anode can circumvent potential safety issues. As H2BQ can be extracted from
      biomass directly and its redox reaction mimics the bio-electrochemical process of
      quinones in nature, using such a bio-inspired organic compound in batteries
      enables access to greener and more sustainable energy-storage technology.

PMID- 26958788
TI  - Endovascular treatment of symptomatic Budd-Chiari syndrome - in favour of early
      transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) has shifted from mainly
      medical treatment, with surgical shunt and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)
      as rescue, to medical treatment combined with an early endovascular intervention
      in the past two decades. PURPOSE: To assess the safety and efficiency of
      endovascular treatment of symptomatic patients with BCS and to compare mortality
      with symptomatic BCS patients in the same region treated with only sporadic
      endovascular techniques. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of clinical
      data, treatment and survival in 14 patients diagnosed with BCS and treated with
      endovascular methods from 2003 to 2015. A national epidemiology study of BCS from
      1986 to 2003 was used for comparison. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 14 patients
      eventually had transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), four after
      previous liver vein angioplasty. TIPS were performed with polytetrafluoroethylene
      covered stents and technical success was 100%. Calculated preinterventional
      prognostic indices indicated a high risk of TIPS dysfunction, OLT and death.
      However, only one patient died and one had an OLT, and the 1- and 2-year primary
      TIPS-patency was 85 and 67%, respectively. Episodes of de-novo hepatic
      encephalopathy occurred in three patients. Overall 1- and 5-year transplantation
      free survival was 100 and 93% compared with 47 and 28%, respectively, in 1986 to
      2003. CONCLUSION: TIPS seems to be a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic
      BCS and there is an obvious improvement in transplantation-free survival compared
      with conservatory medical treatment. It should, therefore, be considered early,
      as first-line intervention, in patients with insufficient response to medical
      treatment.

PMID- 26958789
TI  - A novel low-profile ER-REBOA catheter is not fluoroscopy-free.

PMID- 26958790
TI  - Racial disparities in emergency general surgery: Do differences in outcomes
      persist among universally insured military patients?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Racial disparities in surgical care are well described. As many
      minority patients are also uninsured, increasing access to care is thought to be
      a viable solution to mitigate inequities. The objectives of this study were to
      determine whether racial disparities in 30-/90-/180- day outcomes exist within a
      universally insured population of military-/civilian-dependent emergency general
      surgery (EGS) patients and ascertain whether differences in outcomes
      differentially persist in care received at military versus civilian hospitals and
      among sponsors who are enlisted service members versus officers. It also
      considered longer-term outcomes of EGS care. METHODS: Five years (2006-2010) of
      TRICARE data, which provides insurance to active/reserve/retired members of the
      US Armed Services and dependents, were queried for adults (>=18 years) with
      primary EGS conditions, defined by the AAST. Risk-adjusted survival analyses
      assessed race-associated differences in mortality, major acute care surgery
      related morbidity, and readmission at 30/90/180 days. Models accounted for
      clustering within hospitals and possible biases associated with missing race
      using reweighted estimating equations. Subanalyses considered restricted effects
      among operative interventions, EGS diagnostic categories, and effect modification
      related to rank and military- versus civilian-hospital care. RESULTS: A total of
      101,011 patients were included: 73.5% white, 14.5% black, 4.4% Asian, and 7.7%
      other. Risk-adjusted survival analyses reported a lack of worse mortality and
      readmission outcomes among minority patients at 30, 90, and 180 days. Major
      morbidity was higher among black versus white patients (hazard ratio [95%
      confidence interval): 30 days, 1.23 [1.13-1.35]; 90 days, 1.18 [1.09-1.28]; and
      180 days, 1.15 [1.07-1.24], a finding seemingly driven by appendiceal disorders
      (hazard ratio, 1.69-1.70). No other diagnostic categories were significant.
      Variations in military- versus civilian-managed care and in outcomes for families
      of enlisted service members versus officers altered associations, to some extent,
      between outcomes and race. CONCLUSIONS: While an imperfect proxy of interventions
      is directly applicable to the broader United States, the contrast between
      military observations and reported racial disparities among civilian EGS patients
      merits consideration. Apparent mitigation of disparities among military-/civilian
      dependent patients provides an example for which we as a nation and collective of
      providers all need to strive. The data will help to inform policy within the
      Department of Defense and development of disparities interventions nationwide,
      attesting to important differences potentially related to insurance, access to
      care, and military culture and values. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and
      epidemiologic study, level III.

PMID- 26958791
TI  - Laparotomy: The conquering of the abdomen and the historical journey of
      pancreatic and duodenal injuries.

PMID- 26958792
TI  - Perioperative risk factors impact outcomes in emergency versus nonemergency
      surgery differently: Time to separate our national risk-adjustment models?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emergency surgery (ES) is acknowledged to be riskier than
      nonemergency surgery (NES). Yet, little is known about the relative impact of
      individual perioperative risk factors on 30-day outcomes in ES versus NES.
      METHODS: Using the 2011-2012 American College of Surgeons National Surgical
      Quality Improvement Program nationwide database, the 20 most common ES procedures
      were identified by Current Procedural Terminology code. Current Procedural
      Terminology codes with less than 300 observations in either ES or NES were
      excluded. Emergency surgery cases were defined as "emergent" and "nonelective"
      per American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      criteria. Multivariable regression models were constructed to identify predictors
      of 30-day major morbidity and mortality (MMM) in each group, controlling for
      demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, comorbidities,
      preoperative laboratory values, and procedure type. The odds ratios of
      independent predictors of MMM in ES and NES were derived then individually
      compared between the two groups; "effect modification" of procedure status (ES
      vs. NES) on each risk factor was subsequently calculated. RESULTS: Of 986,034
      patients, 170,131 met inclusion criteria (59,949 ES; 110,182 NES). The overall
      risk of MMM was significantly higher in ES versus NES (16.75% vs. 9.73%, p <
      0.001; odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.24; p < 0.001). Of 40 ES
      and 38 NES-identified independent risk factors, preoperative transfusion and
      white blood cell count of 4.5 * 10/MUL or less carried significantly higher
      relative risk of MMM in ES versus NES. Conversely, ascites, preoperative anemia,
      and white blood cell count of 11 * 10/MUL to 25 * 10/MUL carried greater relative
      risk for MMM in NES. Four procedures (laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparotomy,
      and umbilical and incisional herniorrhaphy) were inherently riskier in ES versus
      NES. The effect modification of ES (vs. NES) ranged between 0.68 (0.52-0.88) for
      ascites and 2.56 (1.67-3.92) for umbilical hernia repair. CONCLUSIONS:
      Perioperative risk factors and procedure type impact postoperative morbidity and
      mortality differently in ES versus NES. Instead of using the same risk-adjustment
      model for both ES and NES, as currently practiced, our findings strongly suggest
      the need to benchmark emergent and elective surgeries separately. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.

PMID- 26958793
TI  - The role of the sensor kinase, QseC, an adrenergic receptor of Escherichia coli,
      in bacterial translocation during hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic shock results in ileal mucosa damage and intestinal
      bacterial translocation. Additionally, during hemorrhagic shock, norepinephrine
      levels increase. Past research has shown that the QseC sensor kinase of
      Escherichia coli modulates the quorum-sensing response to epinephrine and
      norepinephrine. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine whether the
      absence of the ability of E. coli to sense epinephrine/norepinephrine would
      attenuate the bacterial translocation to extraintestinal organs in a rat model of
      hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: An E. coli MC1000 qseC mutant was constructed, and E.
      coli MC1000 and MC1000DeltaqseC with streptomycin resistance were used to track
      bacterial translocation after gavage in rats. A rat model of nonlethal
      hemorrhagic shock was used. The rats were divided into six groups: controls (SS),
      rats that received a sham shock and MC1000 (M-SS), rats that received a sham
      shock and MC1000DeltaqseC (Delta-SS), rats that received a hemorrhagic shock
      alone (HS), rats that received a hemorrhagic shock and MC1000 (M-HS), and rats
      that received a hemorrhagic shock and MC1000DeltaqseC (Delta-HS). RESULTS: We
      found the incidence of bacterial translocation in the M-HS rats was higher than
      in the Delta-HS rats. The observed effects seem to be largely dependent on the
      inability to sense epinephrine/norepinephrine and the decreased motility of E.
      coli MC1000DeltaqseC. CONCLUSION: Therefore, a role for E. coli sensing
      epinephrine/norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of bacterial translocation
      following hemorrhagic shock is proposed. The demonstration of such an effect
      would suggest a new mechanism for the development of shock-induced sepsis.

PMID- 26958795
TI  - Prevention of fall-related injuries in the elderly: An Eastern Association for
      the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fall-related injuries among the elderly (age 65 and older) are the
      cause of nearly 750,000 hospitalizations and 25,000 deaths per year in the United
      States, yet prevention research is lagging. Using the Grading of Recommendations
      Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, the Eastern
      Association for the Surgery of Trauma produced this practice management guideline
      to answer the following injury prevention-related population, intervention,
      comparator, outcomes (PICO) questions:PICO 1: Should bone mineral-enhancing
      agents be used to prevent fall-related injuries in the elderly?PICO 2: Should hip
      protectors be used to prevent fall-related injuries in the elderly?PICO 3: Should
      exercise programs be used to prevent fall-related injuries in the elderly?PICO 4:
      Should physical environment modifications be used to prevent fall-related
      injuries in the elderly?PICO 5: Should risk factor screening be used to prevent
      fall-related injuries in the elderly?PICO 6: Should multiple interventions
      tailored to the population or individual be used to prevent fall-related injuries
      in the elderly? METHODS: A comprehensive search and review of all the available
      literature was performed. We used the GRADE methodology to assess the breadth and
      quality of the data specific to our PICO questions. RESULTS: We reviewed 50
      articles that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria as they applied to our
      PICO questions. CONCLUSION: Given the data constraints, we offer the following
      suggestions and recommendations:PICO 1: We conditionally recommend vitamin D and
      calcium supplementation for frail elderly individuals.PICO 2: We conditionally
      recommend hip protectors for frail elderly individuals, in the appropriate
      environment.PICO 3: We conditionally recommend evidence-based exercise programs
      for frail elderly individuals.PICO 4: We conditionally recommend physical
      environment modification for frail elderly people.PICO 5: We conditionally
      recommend frailty screening for the elderly.PICO 6: We strongly recommend risk
      stratification with targeted comprehensive risk-reduction strategies tailored to
      particular high-risk groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic review, level III.

PMID- 26958794
TI  - Safety of minimizing preoperative starvation in critically ill and intubated
      trauma patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cessation of enteral nutrition prior to an operation/procedure is the
      most common reason for feeding interruption in critically ill trauma patients and
      contributes to substantial calorie deficits. This study reports on a strategy to
      increase calorie intake by continuing feeds until transfer for
      operations/procedures. METHODS: Nutrition guidelines were modified in 2006 to
      allow continuation of feeding in intubated patients up until transfer to the
      operating room. Prior to 2006, enteral feeding was stopped at least 6 hours prior
      to surgery. A retrospective cohort design from 2003 to 2010 compared clinical
      outcomes in groups of adult trauma subjects before and after guideline changes
      and in subjects at other centers without guideline changes. RESULTS: During the
      first week, subjects in the preimplementation cohort (n = 245) received a median
      of 3,787 kcal per person per week, while subjects in the postimplementation
      cohort (n = 368) received a median of 6,662 kcal per person per week (p < 0.001).
      There was no change in calorie intake for subjects at other centers (n = 1,002).
      The risks of acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and mortality were
      decreased after implementation relative to the preimplementation cohort (acute
      respiratory distress syndrome: relative risk ratio [RR], 0.69; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 0.59-0.81; pneumonia: RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.65-1.00; mortality: RR,
      0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.99). Ventilator-free days increased by 1.4 days (95% CI, 0.1
      2.7), while intensive care unit stay and hospital length of stay were unchanged.
      These outcomes showed similar trends over time at other participating centers.
      CONCLUSIONS: Allowing intubated trauma patients to continue enteral nutrition
      until transfer for operations or procedures was associated with increased caloric
      intake without evidence of increased pulmonary complications. This represents an
      important strategy to reduce calorie deficits in the trauma intensive care unit.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study/care management, level III.

PMID- 26958796
TI  - Antibiotics for appendicitis! Not so fast.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emerging literature in acute appendicitis favors the nonoperative
      management of acute appendicitis. However, the actual use of this practice on a
      national level is not assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the changing
      trends in nonoperative management of acute appendicitis and its effects on
      patient outcomes. METHODS: We did an 8-year (2004-2011) retrospective analysis of
      the National Inpatient Sample database. We included all inpatients with the
      diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Patients with a diagnosis of appendiceal abscess
      or patients who underwent surgery for any other pathology were excluded from the
      analysis. Jonckheere-Terpstra trend analysis was performed for operative versus
      nonoperative management and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 436,400 cases of acute
      appendicitis were identified. Mean age of the population was 33 +/- 19.5 years,
      and 54.5% were male. There was no significant change in the number of acute
      appendicitis diagnosed over the study period (p = 0.2). During the study period,
      nonoperative management of acute appendicitis increased significantly from 4.5%
      in 2004 to 6% in 2011 (p < 0.001). When compared with operatively managed
      patients, conservatively managed patients had a significantly longer hospital
      length of stay (3 [2-6] vs. 2 [1-3] days, p < 0.001), and in-hospital
      complications (27.8% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). On comparison of open and laparoscopic
      appendectomy, both had shorter hospital length of stay and rate of in-hospital
      complications. Overall hospital charges were lower in patients managed
      conservatively (15,441 [8,070-31,688] vs. 20,062 [13,672-29,928] USD, p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Nonoperative management of appendicitis has increased over time;
      however, outcomes of nonoperative management did not improve over the study
      period. A more in-depth analysis of patient and system demographics may reveal
      this disparity in trends. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiologic/prognostic study,
      level III.

PMID- 26958797
TI  - The Military Injury Severity Score (mISS): A better predictor of combat mortality
      than Injury Severity Score (ISS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Military Injury Severity Score (mISS) was developed to better
      predict mortality in complex combat injuries but has yet to be validated.
      METHODS: US combat trauma data from Afghanistan and Iraq from January 1, 2003, to
      December 31, 2014, from the US Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) were
      analyzed. Military ISS, a variation of the ISS, was calculated and compared with
      standard ISS scores.Receiver operating characteristic curve, area under the
      curve, and Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics were used to discriminate and calibrate
      between mISS and ISS. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, t test and chi tests were used, and
      sensitivity and specificity calculated. Logistic regression was used to calculate
      the likelihood of mortality associated with levels of mISS and ISS overall.
      RESULTS: Thirty thousand three hundred sixty-four patients were analyzed. Most
      were male (96.8%). Median age was 24 years (interquartile range [IQR], 21-29
      years). Battle injuries comprised 65.3%. Penetrating (39.5%) and blunt (54.2%)
      injury types and explosion (51%) and gunshot wound (15%) mechanisms predominated.
      Overall mortality was 6.0%.Median mISS and ISS were similar in survivors (5 [IQR,
      2-10] vs. 5 [IQR, 2-10]) but different in nonsurvivors, 30 (IQR, 16-75) versus 24
      (IQR, 9-23), respectively (p < 0.0001). Military ISS and ISS were discordant in
      17.6% (n = 5,352), accounting for 56.2% (n = 1,016) of deaths. Among cases with
      discordant severity scores, the median difference between mISS and ISS was 9
      (IQR, 7-16); range, 1 to 59. Military ISS and ISS shared 78% variability (R =
      0.78).Area under the curve was higher in mISS than in ISS overall (0.82 vs.
      0.79), for battle injury (0.79 vs. 0.76), non-battle injury (0.87 vs. 0.86),
      penetrating (0.81 vs. 0.77), blunt (0.77 vs. 0.75), explosion (0.81 vs. 0.78),
      and gunshot (0.79 vs. 0.73), all p < 0.0001. Higher mISS and ISS were associated
      with higher mortality. Compared with ISS, mISS had higher sensitivity (81.2 vs.
      63.9) and slightly lower specificity (80.2 vs. 85.7). CONCLUSION: Military ISS
      predicts combat mortality better than does ISS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and
      epidemiologic study, level III.

PMID- 26958798
TI  - Hemobilia due to a portal vein to common bile duct fistula from a seatbelt
      injury.

PMID- 26958746
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Hyponatremia in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Pooled
      Analysis of the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage
      Trial Studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the association of hyponatremia at presentation with
      clinical and imaging outcomes in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage.
      DESIGN: Retrospective pooled analysis of prospectively collected data from 3,243
      participants of the pilot and main phases of the Intensive Blood Pressure
      Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trials 1 and 2 (international,
      multicenter, open, blinded endpoint, randomized controlled trials designed to
      assess the effects of early intensive blood pressure lowering in patients with
      acute intracerebral hemorrhage). SETTING: Clinical hospital sites in 21
      countries. PATIENTS: Patients with predominantly mild-moderate severity of
      spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage within 6 hours of onset and elevated
      systolic blood pressure (150-220 mm Hg) were included in the study.
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients were assigned to receive intensive (target systolic blood
      pressure, < 140 mm Hg within 1 hr) or guideline-recommended (target systolic
      blood pressure, < 180 mm Hg) blood pressure-lowering therapy. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Presentation hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium less than 135
      mEq/L. The primary outcome was death at 90 days. Multivariable logistic
      regression was used to assess the association of hyponatremia with important
      clinical events. Of 3,002 patients with available data, 349 (12%) had
      hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was associated with death (18% vs 11%; multivariable
      adjusted odds ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.28-2.57; p < 0.001) and larger baseline
      intracerebral hemorrhage volume (multivariable adjusted, p = 0.046) but not with
      baseline perihematomal edema volume nor with growth of intracerebral hemorrhage
      or perihematomal edema during the initial 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia at
      presentation is associated with increased mortality in patients with
      predominantly deep and modest volume intracerebral hemorrhage through mechanisms
      that seem independent of growth in intracerebral hemorrhage or perihematomal
      edema.

PMID- 26958799
TI  - Current management of hemorrhage from severe pelvic fractures: Results of an
      American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is no consensus as to the optimal treatment paradigm for
      patients presenting with hemorrhage from severe pelvic fracture. This study was
      established to determine the methods of hemorrhage control currently being used
      in clinical practice. METHODS: This prospective, observational multi-center study
      enrolled patients with pelvic fracture from blunt trauma. Demographic data,
      admission vital signs, presence of shock on admission (systolic blood pressure <
      90 mm Hg or heart rate > 120 beats per minute or base deficit < -5), method of
      hemorrhage control, transfusion requirements, and outcome were collected.
      RESULTS: A total of 1,339 patients with pelvic fracture were enrolled from 11
      Level I trauma centers. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were male, with a
      mean +/- SD age of 47.1 +/- 21.6 years, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 19.2
      +/- 12.7. In-hospital mortality was 9.0 %. Angioembolization and external fixator
      placement were the most common method of hemorrhage control used. A total of 128
      patients (9.6%) underwent diagnostic angiography with contrast extravasation
      noted in 63 patients. Therapeutic angioembolization was performed on 79 patients
      (5.9%). There were 178 patients (13.3%) with pelvic fracture admitted in shock
      with a mean +/- SD ISS of 28.2 +/- 14.1. In the shock group, 44 patients (24.7%)
      underwent angiography to diagnose a pelvic source of bleeding with contrast
      extravasation found in 27 patients. Thirty patients (16.9%) were treated with
      therapeutic angioembolization. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of
      the aorta was performed on five patients in shock and used by only one of the
      participating centers. Mortality was 32.0% for patients with pelvic fracture
      admitted in shock. CONCLUSION: Patients with pelvic fracture admitted in shock
      have high mortality. Several methods were used for hemorrhage control with
      significant variation across institutions. The use of resuscitative endovascular
      balloon occlusion of the aorta may prove to be an important adjunct in the
      treatment of patients with severe pelvic fracture in shock; however, it is in the
      early stages of evaluation and not currently used widely across trauma centers.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level II; therapeutic study, level III.

PMID- 26958801
TI  - The profile of wounding in civilian public mass shooting fatalities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence and severity of civilian public mass shootings (CPMS)
      continue to rise. Initiatives predicated on lessons learned from military
      woundings have placed strong emphasis on hemorrhage control, especially via use
      of tourniquets, as means to improve survival. We hypothesize that both the
      overall wounding pattern and the specific fatal wounds in CPMS events are
      different from those in military combat fatalities and thus may require a new
      management strategy. METHODS: A retrospective study of autopsy reports for all
      victims involved in 12 CPMS events was performed. Civilian public mass shootings
      was defined using the FBI and the Congressional Research Service definition. The
      site of injury, probable site of fatal injury, and presence of potentially
      survivable injury (defined as survival if prehospital care is provided within 10
      minutes and trauma center care within 60 minutes of injury) was determined
      independently by each author. RESULTS: A total 139 fatalities consisting of 371
      wounds from 12 CPMS events were reviewed. All wounds were due to gunshots.
      Victims had an average of 2.7 gunshots. Relative to military reports, the case
      fatality rate was significantly higher, and incidence of potentially survivable
      injuries was significantly lower. Overall, 58% of victims had gunshots to the
      head and chest, and only 20% had extremity wounds. The probable site of fatal
      wounding was the head or chest in 77% of cases. Only 7% of victims had
      potentially survivable wounds. The most common site of potentially survivable
      injury was the chest (89%). No head injury was potentially survivable. There were
      no deaths due to exsanguination from an extremity. CONCLUSION: The overall and
      fatal wounding patterns following CPMS are different from those resulting from
      combat operations. Given that no deaths were due to extremity hemorrhage, a
      treatment strategy that goes beyond use of tourniquets is needed to rescue the
      few victims with potentially survivable injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level IV; therapeutic/care management study,
      level V.

PMID- 26958800
TI  - The effects of antioxidants on a porcine model of liver hemorrhage.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of the combination of N
      acetylcysteine (NAC) and deferoxamine (DFO) in the resuscitation from hemorrhagic
      shock in a porcine model of bleeding during hepatectomy. METHODS: Twenty-one pigs
      were divided randomly to three groups: Sham (S) group, n = 5; fluid (F)
      resuscitation group, n = 8; and fluid plus NAC plus DFO (NAC&DFO) resuscitation
      group, n = 8. The animals of groups F and NAC&DFO were subjected to left
      hepatectomy and controlled hemorrhage from the traumatic liver surface. Shock was
      established within 10 minutes and maintained for 30 minutes at mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) of 30 to 40 mm Hg. Resuscitation followed the shock period with
      crystalloids and colloids. Group NAC&DFO received additionally NAC and DFO in
      doses of 200 mg/kg and 65 mg/kg, respectively. The total time of the experiment
      was 6 hours. RESULTS: Animal weight, blood loss, excised liver mass, and MAP at
      the end of the shock period were comparable between experimental groups. Group
      NAC&DFO received significantly lower volume of both crystalloids and colloids
      (35% and 42% less, respectively) compared to group F. Hepatocellular
      proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) was higher in the antioxidant
      group. Apoptosis, measured by caspase-3, was restored to sham group levels when
      NAC and DFO were administered. CONCLUSIONS: Our experimental study showed that
      coadministration of NAC and DFO during liver hemorrhage can decrease the amounts
      of fluids needed for resuscitation. Moreover, the antioxidant combination
      restores the energy dependent apoptosis and proliferation of the hepatocytes.

PMID- 26958802
TI  - Disparities in Substance Abuse Treatment Utilization Among Women with
      Intellectual Disability.
AB  - Despite concerns about health disparities among women with intellectual
      disabilities, little is known about substance abuse treatment access in this
      population. Using standardized performance measures, treatment initiation and
      engagement were examined retrospectively for women aged 18 to 64 (N = 3,752), men
      with (N = 5,732) and women without intellectual disability (N = 493,446).
      Logistic regression models of utilization were conducted. Women in the sample
      were less likely than men in the sample or women without intellectual disability
      to utilize treatment, suggesting both gender-related and disability-related
      barriers. Policy and practice implications for improving the health and welfare
      of women with intellectual disabilities are discussed. 

PMID- 26958803
TI  - A computational framework for mapping the timing of vegetative phase change.
AB  - Phase change plays a prominent role in determining the form of growth and
      development. Although considerable attention has been focused on identifying the
      regulatory control mechanisms of phase change, a detailed understanding of the
      genetic architecture of this phenomenon is still lacking. We address this issue
      by deriving a computational model. The model is founded on the framework of
      functional mapping aimed at characterizing the interplay between quantitative
      trait loci (QTLs) and development through biologically meaningful mathematical
      equations. A multiphasic growth equation was implemented into functional mapping,
      which, via a series of hypothesis tests, allows the quantification of how QTLs
      regulate the timing and pattern of vegetative phase transition between
      independently regulated, temporally coordinated processes. The model was applied
      to analyze stem radial growth data of an interspecific hybrid family derived from
      two Populus species during the first 24 yr of ontogeny. Several key QTLs related
      to phase change have been characterized, most of which were observed to be in the
      adjacent regions of candidate genes. The identification of phase transition QTLs,
      whose expression is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals, may
      enhance our understanding of the evolution of development in changing
      environments.

PMID- 26958804
TI  - Three-dimensional imaging MS of lipids in atherosclerotic plaques: Open-source
      methods for reconstruction and analysis.
AB  - Three-dimensional MALDI imaging MS (IMS) is a growing branch of IMS still
      requiring developments in methodology and technology to make the technique
      routinely accessible. Many challenges are simply a matter of producing 3D
      reconstructions and interpreting them in a timely fashion. In this aim and using
      analysis of lipids from atherosclerotic plaques from a human carotid and mouse
      aortic sinuses, we describe 3D reconstruction methods using open-source software
      that provides high-quality visualization and rapid interpretation through
      multivariate segmentation of the 3D IMS data. Multiple datasets were generated
      for each sample and we provide insight into simple means to correlate the
      separate datasets.

PMID- 26958805
TI  - Treatment with oestrogen-receptor agonists or oxytocin in conjunction with
      exercise protects against myocardial infarction in ovariectomized rats.
AB  - NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Could the activation of
      oxytocin or oestrogen receptors be protective against myocardial injury after
      ovariectomy? If so, would exercising have an additional ameliorating effect? What
      is the main finding and its importance? The results revealed that when
      accompanied by exercise, both oestrogen receptor agonists and oxytocin improved
      cardiac dysfunction, inhibited the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and
      reduced myocardial injury in ovariectomized female rats, suggesting a new
      approach for protecting postmenopausal women against ischaemia-induced myocardial
      injury. To investigate the putative protective effects of oxytocin or oestrogen
      receptor agonists against myocardial injury of ovariectomized sedentary or
      exercised rats, female Sprague-Dawley rats assigned to sham-operated control and
      ovariectomized (OVX) groups were kept sedentary or undertook swimming exercise
      for 4 weeks and were treated with saline, an oestrogen receptor (ER) beta (DPN)
      or ERalpha agonist (PPT) or oxytocin. Ovariectomy increased weight gain and
      anxiety in sedentary rats, whereas exercise prevented weight gain. When
      accompanied by exercise, both ER agonists and oxytocin inhibited weight gain and
      anxiety; oxytocin, in the absence or presence of exercise, increased the left
      ventricular diastolic dimensions and ejection fraction, whereas ER agonists also
      increased left ventricular diameter when given to exercised rats. Upon the
      induction of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion in the OVX rats, plasma creatine
      kinase-(muscle-brain) was depressed by PPT and oxytocin, whereas DPN, PPT and OT
      reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations. The increased tumour
      necrosis factor-alpha concentration in OVX rats was also suppressed by exercise
      or DPN, PPT or oxytocin treatments, whereas the interleukin-6 concentration was
      diminished by all the treatments when given in conjunction with exercise.
      Disorganization of cardiac muscle fibres was reduced in all exercised rats.
      Oestrogen receptor agonists, as well as oxytocin, in conjunction with exercise
      may be effective new therapeutics to protect against myocardial ischaemia in
      postmenopausal women.

PMID- 26958806
TI  - Rescue of protein expression defects may not be enough to abolish the pro
      arrhythmic phenotype of long QT type 2 mutations.
AB  - KEY POINTS: Most missense long QT syndrome type 2 (LQTS2) mutations result in
      Kv11.1 channels that show reduced levels of membrane expression. Pharmacological
      chaperones that rescue mutant channel expression could have therapeutic potential
      to reduce the risk of LQTS2-associated arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, but
      only if the mutant Kv11.1 channels function normally (i.e. like WT channels)
      after membrane expression is restored. Fewer than half of mutant channels exhibit
      relatively normal function after rescue by low temperature. The remaining rescued
      missense mutant Kv11.1 channels have perturbed gating and/or ion selectivity
      characteristics. Co-expression of WT subunits with gating defective missense
      mutations ameliorates but does not eliminate the functional abnormalities
      observed for most mutant channels. For patients with mutations that affect gating
      in addition to expression, it may be necessary to use a combination therapy to
      restore both normal function and normal expression of the channel protein.
      ABSTRACT: In the heart, Kv11.1 channels pass the rapid delayed rectifier current
      (IKr ) which plays critical roles in repolarization of the cardiac action
      potential and in the suppression of arrhythmias caused by premature stimuli. Over
      500 inherited mutations in Kv11.1 are known to cause long QT syndrome type 2
      (LQTS2), a cardiac electrical disorder associated with an increased risk of life
      threatening arrhythmias. Most missense mutations in Kv11.1 reduce the amount of
      channel protein expressed at the membrane and, as a consequence, there has been
      considerable interest in developing pharmacological agents to rescue the
      expression of these channels. However, pharmacological chaperones will only have
      clinical utility if the mutant Kv11.1 channels function normally after membrane
      expression is restored. The aim of this study was to characterize the gating
      phenotype for a subset of LQTS2 mutations to assess what proportion of mutations
      may be suitable for rescue. As an initial screen we used reduced temperature to
      rescue expression defects of mutant channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
      Over half (~56%) of Kv11.1 mutants exhibited functional gating defects that
      either dramatically reduced the amount of current contributing to cardiac action
      potential repolarization and/or reduced the amount of protective current elicited
      in response to premature depolarizations. Our data demonstrate that if
      pharmacological rescue of protein expression defects is going to have clinical
      utility in the treatment of LQTS2 then it will be important to assess the gating
      phenotype of LQTS2 mutations before attempting rescue.

PMID- 26958807
TI  - Autocrine epiregulin activates EGFR pathway for lung metastasis via EMT in
      salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma.
AB  - Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is characterized by invasive local
      growth and a high incidence of lung metastasis. Patients with lung metastasis
      have a poor prognosis. Treatment of metastatic SACC has been unsuccessful,
      largely due to a lack of specific targets for the metastatic cells. In this
      study, we showed that epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) were
      constitutively activated in metastatic lung subtypes of SACC cells, and that this
      activation was induced by autocrine expression of epiregulin (EREG), a ligand of
      EGFR. Autocrine EREG expression was increased in metastatic SACC-LM cells
      compared to that in non-metastatic parental SACC cells. Importantly, EREG
      neutralizing antibody, but not normal IgG, blocked the autocrine EREG-induced
      EGFR phosphorylation and the migration of SACC cells, suggesting that EREG
      induced EGFR activation is essential for induction of cell migration and invasion
      by SACC cells. Moreover, EREG-activated EGFR stabilized Snail and Slug, which
      promoted EMT and metastatic features in SACC cells. Of note, targeting EGFR with
      inhibitors significantly suppressed both the motility of SACC cells in vitro and
      lung metastasis in vivo. Finally, elevated EREG expression showed a strong
      correlation with poor prognosis in head and neck cancer. Thus, targeting the EREG
      EGFR-Snail/Slug axis represents a novel strategy for the treatment of metastatic
      SACC even no genetic EGFR mutation. 

PMID- 26958808
TI  - Prevention of irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction by rapamycin in swine
      parotid glands.
AB  - Radiotherapy is commonly used in patients with oral cavity and pharyngeal
      cancers, usually resulting in irreversible salivary hypofunction. Currently
      management of radiation damage to salivary glands still remains a great
      challenge. Recent studies show that activation of mammalian target of rapamycin
      (mTOR) occurs in salivary gland lesions, making it possible to apply mTOR
      inhibitor for treatment. Our results indicate inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin
      significantly alleviated irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction by restoring
      46% salivary flow rate and protecting histological structures in swine.
      Furthermore, rapamycin protected human submandibular gland cell line (HSG) from
      irradiation-induced cell depletion and loss of cell proliferation capacity. These
      findings lay the foundation for a new clinical application of rapamycin to
      prevent irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction. 

PMID- 26958810
TI  - Repeated observation of immune gene sets enrichment in women with non-small cell
      lung cancer.
AB  - There are different biological and clinical patterns of lung cancer between
      genders indicating intrinsic differences leading to increased sensitivity to
      cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage, mutational patterns of KRAS and better
      clinical outcomes in women while differences between genders at gene-expression
      levels was not previously reported. Here we show an enrichment of immune genes in
      NSCLC in women compared to men. We found in a GSEA analysis (by biological
      processes annotated from Gene Ontology) of six public datasets a repeated
      observation of immune gene sets enrichment in women. "Immune system process",
      "immune response", "defense response", "cellular defense response" and
      "regulation of immune system process" were the gene sets most over-represented
      while APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, LAT, CD1D and CCL5 represented the top-five core genes.
      Characterization of immune cell composition with the platform CIBERSORT showed no
      differences between genders; however, there were differences when tumor tissues
      were compared to normal tissues. Our results suggest different immune responses
      in NSCLC between genders that could be related with the different clinical
      outcome. 

PMID- 26958809
TI  - MMP-13 is involved in oral cancer cell metastasis.
AB  - The oral cancer cell line OC3-I5 with a highly invasive ability was selected and
      derived from an established OSCC line OC3. In this study, we demonstrated that
      matrix metalloproteinases protein MMP-13 was up-regulated in OC3-I5 than in OC3
      cells. We also observed that expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT) markers including Twist, p-Src, Snail1, SIP1, JAM-A, and vinculin were
      increased in OC3-I5 compared to OC3 cells, whereas E-cadherin expression was
      decreased in the OC3-I5 cells. Using siMMP-13 knockdown techniques, we showed
      that siMMP-13 not only reduced the invasion and migration, but also the adhesion
      abilities of oral cancer cells. In support of the role of MMP-13 in metastasis,
      we used MMP-13 expressing plasmid-transfected 293T cells to enhance MMP-13
      expression in the OC3 cells, transplanting the MMP-13 over expressing OC3 cells
      into nude mice led to enhanced lung metastasis. In summary, our findings show
      that MMP-13 promotes invasion and metastasis in oral cancer cells, suggesting
      altered expression of MMP-13 may be utilized to impede the process of metastasis.

PMID- 26958812
TI  - ZCWPW1 is associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese: a
      replication study and meta-analyses.
AB  - Recently, a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified a novel
      variant (rs1476679) within ZCWPW1 showing strong association with late-onset
      Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Caucasian. However, the effect of rs1476679 on
      other populations remains unclear. In order to explore whether rs1476679 is also
      associated with the LOAD risk in other ethnic groups, we recruited 2350 unrelated
      Northern Han Chinese subjects, which include 992 LOAD patients and 1358 healthy
      controls. Analysis of data from these subjects suggests that the rs1476679
      polymorphism is significantly associated with the LOAD (genotype P = 0.017,
      allele P = 0.044). The logistic regression reveals the C allele at rs1476679 is a
      protective factor for LOAD in the dominant model (OR = 0.779, 95%CI = 0.659
      0.921, Pc = 0.009) adjusting for gender, age and APOE epsilon4 status.
      Furthermore, rs1476679 can decrease the AD risk (Dominant: OR = 0.733, 95%CI =
      0.607-0.884, Pc = 0.006; Additive: OR = 0.820, 95%CI = 0.708-0.950, Pc = 0.048)
      in APOE epsilon4 non-carriers after stratification. Furthermore, meta-analysis of
      82525 individuals confirmed that rs1476679 within ZCWPW1 decreased the risk of
      LOAD (OR = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.89-0.94). To summarize, the rs1476679 polymorphism in
      ZCWPW1 is associated with LOAD in Northern Han Chinese population. 

PMID- 26958811
TI  - A combination of trastuzumab and BAG-1 inhibition synergistically targets HER2
      positive breast cancer cells.
AB  - Treatment of HER2+ breast cancer with trastuzumab is effective and combination
      anti-HER2 therapies have demonstrated benefit over monotherapy in the neoadjuvant
      and metastatic settings. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of
      targeting the BAG-1 protein co-chaperone in trastuzumab-responsive or -resistant
      cells. In the METABRIC dataset, BAG-1 mRNA was significantly elevated in HER2+
      breast tumors and predicted overall survival in a multivariate analysis (HR =
      0.81; p = 0.022). In a breast cell line panel, BAG-1 protein was increased in
      HER2+ cells and was required for optimal growth as shown by siRNA knockdown.
      Overexpression of BAG-1S in HER2+ SKBR3 cells blocked growth inhibition by
      trastuzumab, whereas overexpression of a mutant BAG-1S protein (BAG-1S H3AB),
      defective in binding HSC70, potentiated the effect of trastuzumab. Injection of a
      Tet-On SKBR3 clone, induced to overexpress myc-BAG-1S into the mammary fat pads
      of immunocompromised mice, resulted in 2-fold larger tumors compared to uninduced
      controls. Induction of myc-BAG-1S expression in two Tet-On SKBR3 clones
      attenuated growth inhibition by trastuzumab in vitro. Targeting endogenous BAG-1
      by siRNA enhanced growth inhibition of SKBR3 and BT474 cells by trastuzumab,
      while BAG-1 protein-protein interaction inhibitor (Thio-S or Thio-2) plus
      trastuzumab combination treatment synergistically attenuated growth. In BT474
      cells this reduced protein synthesis, caused G1/S cell cycle arrest and targeted
      the ERK and AKT signaling pathways. In a SKBR3 subpopulation with acquired
      resistance to trastuzumab BAG-1 targeting remained effective and either Thio-2 or
      BAG-1 siRNA reduced growth more compared to trastuzumab-responsive parental
      cells. In summary, targeting BAG-1 function in combination with anti-HER2 therapy
      might prove beneficial. 

PMID- 26958814
TI  - A novel composite type I collagen scaffold with micropatterned porosity regulates
      the entrance of phagocytes in a severe model of spinal cord injury.
AB  - Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a damage to the spinal cord that results in
      loss or impaired motor and/or sensory function. SCI is a sudden and unexpected
      event characterized by high morbidity and mortality rate during both acute and
      chronic stages, and it can be devastating in human, social and economical terms.
      Despite significant progresses in the clinical management of SCI, there remain no
      effective treatments to improve neurological outcomes. Among experimental
      strategies, bioengineered scaffolds have the potential to support and guide
      injured axons contributing to neural repair. The major aim of this study was to
      investigate a novel composite type I collagen scaffold with micropatterned
      porosity in a rodent model of severe spinal cord injury. After segment resection
      of the thoracic spinal cord we implanted the scaffold in female Sprague-Dawley
      rats. Controls were injured without receiving implantation. Behavioral analysis
      of the locomotor performance was monitored up to 55 days postinjury. Two months
      after injury histopathological analysis were performed to evaluate the extent of
      scar and demyelination, the presence of connective tissue and axonal regrowth
      through the scaffold and to evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration at the
      injured site. We provided evidence that the new collagen scaffold was well
      integrated with the host tissue, slightly ameliorated locomotor function, and
      limited the robust recruitment of the inflammatory cells at the injury site
      during both the acute and chronic stage in spinal cord injured rats. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1040
      1053, 2017.

PMID- 26958815
TI  - Secondary metabolites of seven Hypericum species growing in Turkey.
AB  - Context The genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) has attracted remarkable scientific
      interest as its members have yielded many bioactive compounds. Objective The
      current study presents investigations on the accumulation of hypericin,
      pseudohypericin, hyperforin, adhyperforin, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid,
      caffeic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 13,118-biapigenin, hyperoside,
      isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, avicularin, rutin, (+)-catechin and (-)
      epicatechin in seven Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species growing wild in Turkey,
      namely, H. aviculariifolium Jaup. and Spach subsp. aviculariifolium (Freyn and
      Bornm.) Robson var. albiflorum (endemic), H. bithynicum Boiss., H. calycinum L.,
      H. cardiophyllum Boiss., H. elongatum L. subsp. microcalycinum (Boiss. and
      Heldr.) Robson, H. hirsutum L. and H. xylosteifolium (Spach) N. Robson. Materials
      and methods The plant materials were collected at flowering period and dissected
      in different tissues. Air-dried plant material including stems, leaves and
      flowers was mechanically powdered with a laboratory mill and samples (0.1 g) were
      extracted in 10 mL of 100% methanol by ultrasonication at 40  degrees C for 30
      min for HPLC-PDA analyses. Results Accumulation levels of the investigated
      compounds varied greatly depending on species and plant part. Discussion For the
      first time, the detailed chemical profiles of corresponding Turkish Hypericum
      species were reported and the results were discussed from a phytochemical point
      of view. Conclusions The present data have importance in evaluation of plant
      resources of Hypericum genus in selecting the new potential sources of bioactive
      compounds. 

PMID- 26958813
TI  - Association of helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis with
      risk of colonic, pancreatic and gastric cancer: A ten-year follow-up of the
      ESTHER cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the association of H. pylori and chronic atrophic gastritis
      (AG) with colonic, pancreatic and gastric cancer in a population-based
      prospective cohort. METHODS: Serum antibodies against H. pylori in general and
      specific to cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), as well as serum pepsinogen I and
      II were analyzed in 9,506 men and women, aged 50-75 years in a cohort study from
      Saarland, Germany. Incident cases of colonic, pancreatic and gastric cancer were
      ascertained by record linkage with data from the Saarland Cancer Registry.
      RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 10.6 years, 108 colonic, 46 pancreatic
      and 27 gastric incident cancers were recorded. There was no association between
      H. pylori infection and colonic cancer (HR = 1.07; 95% CI 0.73-1.56) or
      pancreatic cancer (HR = 1.32; 0.73-2.39), regardless of either CagA
      seropositivity or AG status. In contrast, CagA+ infection was associated with a
      strongly increased risk of gastric cancer, especially non-cardia gastric cancer,
      and this association was particularly pronounced in the presence of AG. Compared
      to people without AG and without CagA+ infection, people with both risk factors
      had a significantly increased risk of non-cardia gastric cancer (HR = 32.4; 7.6
      137.6). CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study did not observe an association of H.
      pylori infection or AG with colonic or pancreatic cancer, but underlines that the
      vast majority of non-cardia gastric cancers arise from AG and infection with
      CagA+ H. pylori strains.

PMID- 26958816
TI  - The business of the media and health communication.

PMID- 26958817
TI  - [Personal experiences with induced abortions in private clinics in Northeast
      Brazil].
AB  - Based on a qualitative study conducted in 2012, the article analyzes middle-class
      individuals' experiences with induced abortions performed in private clinics.
      Thirty-four stories of induced abortions were narrated by 19 women and five men
      living in two state capitals in Northeast Brazil. Thematic analysis revealed
      differences in types of clinics and care provided by the physicians. The article
      shows that abortion in private clinics fails to guarantee safe or humane care.
      The narratives furnish descriptions of diverse situations and practices, ranging
      from flaws such as lack of information on medicines to others involving severe
      abuses like procedures performed without anesthesia. The article concludes that
      criminalization of abortion in Brazil allows clinics to operate with no state
      regulation; it does not prevent women from having abortions, but exposes them to
      total vulnerability and violation of human rights. 

PMID- 26958818
TI  - Association between order of birth and chronic malnutrition of children: a study
      of nationally representative Bangladeshi sample.
AB  - This paper examines the net effect of birth order on child nutritional status in
      Bangladesh using data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey, 2011 (BDHS).
      Analyses were restricted to 4,120 surviving, lastborn singleton children who were
      younger than 36 months at the time of the survey. Logistic regression was used to
      assess the association between birth order and child nutritional status. Results
      indicate 38.1% children are stunted and 8.2% children are fifth or higher order
      birth. Order of birth is one of the significant predictors of child being
      stunted. Third order, fourth order, and fifth or higher order children are 24%,
      30%, and 72%, respectively, more likely to be stunted after adjusting for all
      other variables. Besides birth order, results also indicate that child age, size
      at birth, birth intention, maternal education, maternal body mass index, wealth
      index, place of residence and mass media access exert strong influences over
      child malnutrition. Reducing birth rates which limit number of births and birth
      order as well may reduce child malnutrition in Bangladesh. 

PMID- 26958819
TI  - Perception of the value of generic drugs in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
AB  - The objective of this study was to assess the perceptions of opinion-leaders,
      patients and their accompanying family members or carers about generic drugs.
      Three groups of participants were surveyed: (i) 50 customers while they were
      visiting commercial pharmacies located in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, (ii) 25
      patients and 25 companions while they were waiting at the university outpatient
      clinic, and (iii) 50 healthcare opinion-leaders from government, hospitals,
      health plans, academia, and pharmaceutical companies. The questions explored
      socio-demographic characteristics and perceptions regarding value attributes of
      generic drugs compared to brand name drugs. Respondents had an average age of 52
      years and 53% were women. Respondents believed generic drugs to be cheaper than
      brand name drugs (97%), and 31% thought generic drugs to be less effective than
      brand name drugs. Also, generic drugs were perceived by 54% of respondents to be
      as safe as brand name drugs and 74% would prefer brand name drugs if there was no
      price difference. In conclusion, multiple factors may contribute to the decision
      to buy generic drugs; among these, perceived effectiveness, safety and price
      appear to be the most important factors. 

PMID- 26958820
TI  - The impact of the reduction of sodium content in processed foods in salt intake
      in Brazil.
AB  - This study aimed at assessing the potential impact of the reduction of sodium
      content in processed foods in the average salt intake in the Brazilian
      population. A total of 32,900 participants of the first National Dietary Survey
      (NDS 2008-2009), age 10 years and older who provided information about food
      intake over two days were evaluated. The sodium reduction targets established by
      the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2010 and 2013 were used as the reference to
      determine the maximum content of sodium in 21 groups of processed food. The
      results show that sodium reduction targets in processed food have small impact in
      mean Brazilian population intake of salt. For 2017, the expected mean reduction
      is of 1.5%, the average sodium intake being still above the recommended
      2,000mg/day maximum. Therefore, it will hardly be possible to reach the necessary
      reduction in salt intake in Brazil from volunteer agreements like the ones made
      so far. 

PMID- 26958821
TI  - Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and functional disability in Brazilian elders: the
      Bambui Health and Aging Study.
AB  - Numerous studies have associated the apolipoprotein E (apoE) epsilon4 allele with
      worse health status, but few have assessed the existence of genotype-dependent
      variations in functional performance. Among participants in the Bambui Health and
      Aging Study, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 1,408 elderly underwent apoE genotyping.
      Functionality was assessed with a questionnaire, and individuals were classified
      as dependent in basic activities of daily living (BADLs), instrumental activities
      of daily living (IADLs), and mobility. The association between apoE genotype and
      functional status was assessed by logistic regression, taking confounding factors
      into account. Presence of epsilon4 allele was associated with lower odds of
      mobility deficit (OR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.47-0.92) in the adjusted analysis. There
      were no significant differences in relation to presence of dependency in BADLs
      and IADLs. The reasons are not entirely understood, but they may involve the role
      of epsilon4 allele as a "thrifty gene" in a sample exposed to high risk of
      infectious and nutritional diseases in the past. 

PMID- 26958822
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26958823
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26958824
TI  - [Epidemiological survey in schoolchildren: determinants and prevalence of
      cardiovascular risk factors].
AB  - This study focused on the prevalence of dyslipidemia, high blood glucose, and
      high blood pressure in scho-olchildren and the associations with demographic,
      socioeconomic, biological, and behavior factors using a cross-sectional design
      with 1,139 schoolchildren from six to 18 years of age in Amargosa, Bahia State,
      Brazil. Prevalence ratio (PR) was used as the measure of association. Prevalence
      rates for dyslipidemia, high blood glucose, and high blood pressure were 62.1%,
      6.6%, and 27%, respectively. Dyslipidemia was associated with the school's
      geographic location (PR = 1.52) and child's waist circumference (PR = 1.20), and
      high blood glucose with the school's geographic location (PR = 3.41) and child's
      peripheral adiposity (PR = 3.13). High blood pressure was associated with age
      bracket (PR = 2.34), waist-for-height ratio (PR = 1.62), sexual ma-turation (PR =
      2.06), and physical activity (PR = 1.32). Intervention programs are needed to
      change life habits in schoolchildren. 

PMID- 26958825
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of extracts from macroalgae Ulva lactuca against
      clinically important Staphylococci is impacted by lunar phase of macroalgae
      harvest.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is a common human bacterial pathogen that causes skin and
      soft tissue infections. Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) are
      increasingly drug-resistant, and thus there is great need for new therapeutics to
      treat Staph. aureus infections. Attention has focused on potential utility of
      natural products, such as extracts of marine macroalgae, as a source of novel
      antimicrobial compounds. The green macroalgae Ulva lactuca produces compounds
      inhibitory to human pathogens, although the effectiveness of U. lactuca extracts
      against clinically relevant strains of Staph. aureus is poorly understood. In
      addition, macroalgae produce secondary metabolites that may be influenced by
      exogenous factors including lunar phase, but whether lunar phase affects U.
      lactuca antimicrobial capacity is unknown. We sought to evaluate the
      antibacterial properties of U. lactuca extracts against medically important
      Staphylococci, and to determine the effect of lunar phase on antimicrobial
      activity. We report that U. lactuca methanolic extracts inhibit a range of
      Staphylococci, and that lunar phase of macrolagae harvest significantly impacts
      antimicrobial activity, suggesting that antimicrobial properties can be maximized
      by manipulating time of algal harvest. These findings provide useful parameters
      for future studies aimed at isolating and characterizing U. lactuca anti
      Staphylococcal agents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The growing
      prevalence of antibiotic-resistant human pathogens such as methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has intensified efforts towards discovery and
      development of novel therapeutics. Marine macroalgae like Ulva lactuca are
      increasingly recognized as potential sources of antimicrobials, but the efficacy
      of U. lactuca extracts against common, virulent strains of Staph. aureus is
      poorly understood. We demonstrate that U. lactuca methanolic extracts inhibit a
      variety of clinically relevant Staphylococcus strains, and that the antimicrobial
      activity can be maximized by optimizing time of algal harvest. These findings
      provide potentially useful parameters for future work of isolating and
      identifying novel antimicrobial agents from macroalgae.

PMID- 26958826
TI  - Fusarium species and fumonisins in subsistence maize in the former Transkei
      region, South Africa: a multi-year study in rural villages.
AB  - Fumonisin occurrence was investigated in subsistence maize in four rural villages
      in each of Mbizana and Centane areas, South Africa. Samples (total 211) were
      analysed morphologically for Fusarium species and by high performance liquid
      chromatography for fumonisins. The mean incidence levels of Fusarium
      verticillioides in Centane good maize were 16% for both 1997 and 2000, but
      increased to 32% in 2003, whereas Mbizana good maize contained levels of 17% and
      11% (2000 and 2003 seasons, respectively). The mean total fumonisin level in good
      maize in Centane for 1997 and 2000 was 575 and 975 ug/kg and 2150 ug/kg in 2003.
      In Mbizana, the mean total fumonisin level in good maize for 2000 was 950 ug/kg,
      but decreased to 610 ug/kg in 2003. The 2003 drought conditions led to a
      substantial increase in fumonisin levels in dry subhumid Centane, compared to
      humid subtropical Mbizana. This study emphasises the seasonal fluctuation in
      fumonisin levels. 

PMID- 26958828
TI  - Long-Range Electrostatics-Induced Two-Proton Transfer Captured by Neutron
      Crystallography in an Enzyme Catalytic Site.
AB  - Neutron crystallography was used to directly locate two protons before and after
      a pH-induced two-proton transfer between catalytic aspartic acid residues and the
      hydroxy group of the bound clinical drug darunavir, located in the catalytic site
      of enzyme HIV-1 protease. The two-proton transfer is triggered by electrostatic
      effects arising from protonation state changes of surface residues far from the
      active site. The mechanism and pH effect are supported by quantum
      mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The low-pH proton
      configuration in the catalytic site is deemed critical for the catalytic action
      of this enzyme and may apply more generally to other aspartic proteases. Neutrons
      therefore represent a superb probe to obtain structural details for proton
      transfer reactions in biological systems at a truly atomic level. 

PMID- 26958829
TI  - Respiratory disorders: Ironing out smoking-related airway disease.

PMID- 26958827
TI  - Variations in rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies in 20 European
      countries: a study based on routine national data in Euro-Peristat Project.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies are indicators of
      obstetrical quality of care, but their use for international comparisons is
      complicated by difficulties with accurate ascertainment of tears and
      uncertainties regarding the optimal rate of episiotomies. We compared rates of
      severe perineal tears and episiotomies in European countries and analysed the
      association between these two indicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used aggregate
      data from national routine statistics available in the Euro-Peristat project. We
      compared rates of severe (third- and fourth-degree) tears and episiotomies in
      2010 by mode of vaginal delivery (n = 20 countries), and investigated time trends
      between 2004 and 2010 (n = 9 countries). Statistical associations were assessed
      with Spearman's ranked correlations (rho). RESULTS: In 2010 in all vaginal
      deliveries, rates of severe tears ranged from 0.1% in Romania to 4.9% in Iceland,
      and rates of episiotomies from 3.7% in Denmark to 75.0% in Cyprus. A negative
      correlation between the rates of episiotomies and severe tears was observed in
      all deliveries (rho = -0.66; p = 0.001), instrumental deliveries (rho = -0.67; p
      = 0.002) and non-instrumental deliveries (rho = -0.72; p < 0.001). However there
      was no relation between time trends of these two indicators (rho = 0.43; p =
      0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The large variations in severe tears and episiotomies and the
      negative association between these indicators in 2010 show the importance of
      improving the assessment and reporting of tears in each country, and evaluating
      the impact of low episiotomy rates on the perineum.

PMID- 26958830
TI  - Intrinsic honesty and the prevalence of rule violations across societies.
AB  - Deception is common in nature and humans are no exception. Modern societies have
      created institutions to control cheating, but many situations remain where only
      intrinsic honesty keeps people from cheating and violating rules. Psychological,
      sociological and economic theories suggest causal pathways to explain how the
      prevalence of rule violations in people's social environment, such as corruption,
      tax evasion or political fraud, can compromise individual intrinsic honesty. Here
      we present cross-societal experiments from 23 countries around the world that
      demonstrate a robust link between the prevalence of rule violations and intrinsic
      honesty. We developed an index of the 'prevalence of rule violations' (PRV) based
      on country-level data from the year 2003 of corruption, tax evasion and
      fraudulent politics. We measured intrinsic honesty in an anonymous die-rolling
      experiment. We conducted the experiments with 2,568 young participants (students)
      who, due to their young age in 2003, could not have influenced PRV in 2003. We
      find individual intrinsic honesty is stronger in the subject pools of low PRV
      countries than those of high PRV countries. The details of lying patterns support
      psychological theories of honesty. The results are consistent with theories of
      the cultural co-evolution of institutions and values, and show that weak
      institutions and cultural legacies that generate rule violations not only have
      direct adverse economic consequences, but might also impair individual intrinsic
      honesty that is crucial for the smooth functioning of society.

PMID- 26958832
TI  - Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in
      humans.
AB  - The origins of the genus Homo are murky, but by H. erectus, bigger brains and
      bodies had evolved that, along with larger foraging ranges, would have increased
      the daily energetic requirements of hominins. Yet H. erectus differs from earlier
      hominins in having relatively smaller teeth, reduced chewing muscles, weaker
      maximum bite force capabilities, and a relatively smaller gut. This paradoxical
      combination of increased energy demands along with decreased masticatory and
      digestive capacities is hypothesized to have been made possible by adding meat to
      the diet, by mechanically processing food using stone tools, or by cooking.
      Cooking, however, was apparently uncommon until 500,000 years ago, and the
      effects of carnivory and Palaeolithic processing techniques on mastication are
      unknown. Here we report experiments that tested how Lower Palaeolithic processing
      technologies affect chewing force production and efficacy in humans consuming
      meat and underground storage organs (USOs). We find that if meat comprised one
      third of the diet, the number of chewing cycles per year would have declined by
      nearly 2 million (a 13% reduction) and total masticatory force required would
      have declined by 15%. Furthermore, by simply slicing meat and pounding USOs,
      hominins would have improved their ability to chew meat into smaller particles by
      41%, reduced the number of chews per year by another 5%, and decreased
      masticatory force requirements by an additional 12%. Although cooking has
      important benefits, it appears that selection for smaller masticatory features in
      Homo would have been initially made possible by the combination of using stone
      tools and eating meat. 

PMID- 26958831
TI  - Lens regeneration using endogenous stem cells with gain of visual function.
AB  - The repair and regeneration of tissues using endogenous stem cells represents an
      ultimate goal in regenerative medicine. To our knowledge, human lens regeneration
      has not yet been demonstrated. Currently, the only treatment for cataracts, the
      leading cause of blindness worldwide, is to extract the cataractous lens and
      implant an artificial intraocular lens. However, this procedure poses notable
      risks of complications. Here we isolate lens epithelial stem/progenitor cells
      (LECs) in mammals and show that Pax6 and Bmi1 are required for LEC renewal. We
      design a surgical method of cataract removal that preserves endogenous LECs and
      achieves functional lens regeneration in rabbits and macaques, as well as in
      human infants with cataracts. Our method differs conceptually from current
      practice, as it preserves endogenous LECs and their natural environment
      maximally, and regenerates lenses with visual function. Our approach demonstrates
      a novel treatment strategy for cataracts and provides a new paradigm for tissue
      regeneration using endogenous stem cells. 

PMID- 26958833
TI  - Sensory experience regulates cortical inhibition by inducing IGF1 in VIP neurons.
AB  - Inhibitory neurons regulate the adaptation of neural circuits to sensory
      experience, but the molecular mechanisms by which experience controls the
      connectivity between different types of inhibitory neuron to regulate cortical
      plasticity are largely unknown. Here we show that exposure of dark-housed mice to
      light induces a gene program in cortical vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
      expressing neurons that is markedly distinct from that induced in excitatory
      neurons and other subtypes of inhibitory neuron. We identify Igf1 as one of
      several activity-regulated genes that are specific to VIP neurons, and
      demonstrate that IGF1 functions cell-autonomously in VIP neurons to increase
      inhibitory synaptic input onto these neurons. Our findings further suggest that
      in cortical VIP neurons, experience-dependent gene transcription regulates visual
      acuity by activating the expression of IGF1, thus promoting the inhibition of
      disinhibitory neurons and affecting inhibition onto cortical pyramidal neurons. 

PMID- 26958834
TI  - Biomedicine: Visionary stem-cell therapies.

PMID- 26958835
TI  - Co-ordinated ocular development from human iPS cells and recovery of corneal
      function.
AB  - The eye is a complex organ with highly specialized constituent tissues derived
      from different primordial cell lineages. The retina, for example, develops from
      neuroectoderm via the optic vesicle, the corneal epithelium is descended from
      surface ectoderm, while the iris and collagen-rich stroma of the cornea have a
      neural crest origin. Recent work with pluripotent stem cells in culture has
      revealed a previously under-appreciated level of intrinsic cellular self
      organization, with a focus on the retina and retinal cells. Moreover, we and
      others have demonstrated the in vitro induction of a corneal epithelial cell
      phenotype from pluripotent stem cells. These studies, however, have a single,
      tissue-specific focus and fail to reflect the complexity of whole eye
      development. Here we demonstrate the generation from human induced pluripotent
      stem cells of a self-formed ectodermal autonomous multi-zone (SEAM) of ocular
      cells. In some respects the concentric SEAM mimics whole-eye development because
      cell location within different zones is indicative of lineage, spanning the
      ocular surface ectoderm, lens, neuro-retina, and retinal pigment epithelium. It
      thus represents a promising resource for new and ongoing studies of ocular
      morphogenesis. The approach also has translational potential and to illustrate
      this we show that cells isolated from the ocular surface ectodermal zone of the
      SEAM can be sorted and expanded ex vivo to form a corneal epithelium that
      recovers function in an experimentally induced animal model of corneal blindness.

PMID- 26958836
TI  - Soft surfaces of nanomaterials enable strong phonon interactions.
AB  - Phonons and their interactions with other phonons, electrons or photons drive
      energy gain, loss and transport in materials. Although the phonon density of
      states has been measured and calculated in bulk crystalline semiconductors,
      phonons remain poorly understood in nanomaterials, despite the increasing
      prevalence of bottom-up fabrication of semiconductors from nanomaterials and the
      integration of nanometre-sized components into devices. Here we quantify the
      phononic properties of bottom-up fabricated semiconductors as a function of
      crystallite size using inelastic neutron scattering measurements and ab initio
      molecular dynamics simulations. We show that, unlike in microcrystalline
      semiconductors, the phonon modes of semiconductors with nanocrystalline domains
      exhibit both reduced symmetry and low energy owing to mechanical softness at the
      surface of those domains. These properties become important when phonons couple
      to electrons in semiconductor devices. Although it was initially believed that
      the coupling between electrons and phonons is suppressed in nanocrystalline
      materials owing to the scarcity of electronic states and their large energy
      separation, it has since been shown that the electron-phonon coupling is large
      and allows high energy-dissipation rates exceeding one electronvolt per
      picosecond (refs 10-13). Despite detailed investigations into the role of phonons
      in exciton dynamics, leading to a variety of suggestions as to the origins of
      these fast transition rates and including attempts to numerically calculate them,
      fundamental questions surrounding electron-phonon interactions in nanomaterials
      remain unresolved. By combining the microscopic and thermodynamic theories of
      phonons and our findings on the phononic properties of nanomaterials, we are able
      to explain and then experimentally confirm the strong electron-phonon coupling
      and fast multi-phonon transition rates of charge carriers to trap states. This
      improved understanding of phonon processes permits the rational selection of
      nanomaterials, their surface treatments, and the design of devices incorporating
      them.

PMID- 26958837
TI  - Observing cellulose biosynthesis and membrane translocation in crystallo.
AB  - Many biopolymers, including polysaccharides, must be translocated across at least
      one membrane to reach their site of biological function. Cellulose is a linear
      glucose polymer synthesized and secreted by a membrane-integrated cellulose
      synthase. Here, in crystallo enzymology with the catalytically active bacterial
      cellulose synthase BcsA-BcsB complex reveals structural snapshots of a complete
      cellulose biosynthesis cycle, from substrate binding to polymer translocation.
      Substrate- and product-bound structures of BcsA provide the basis for substrate
      recognition and demonstrate the stepwise elongation of cellulose. Furthermore,
      the structural snapshots show that BcsA translocates cellulose via a ratcheting
      mechanism involving a 'finger helix' that contacts the polymer's terminal
      glucose. Cooperating with BcsA's gating loop, the finger helix moves 'up' and
      'down' in response to substrate binding and polymer elongation, respectively,
      thereby pushing the elongated polymer into BcsA's transmembrane channel. This
      mechanism is validated experimentally by tethering BcsA's finger helix, which
      inhibits polymer translocation but not elongation. 

PMID- 26958839
TI  - Behavioural economics: Corruption corrupts.

PMID- 26958840
TI  - Corrigendum: Signalling thresholds and negative B-cell selection in acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia.

PMID- 26958838
TI  - Crystal structures of the M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
AB  - Muscarinic M1-M5 acetylcholine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that
      regulate many vital functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In
      particular, the M1 and M4 receptor subtypes have emerged as attractive drug
      targets for treatments of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and
      schizophrenia, but the high conservation of the acetylcholine-binding pocket has
      spurred current research into targeting allosteric sites on these receptors. Here
      we report the crystal structures of the M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors bound to
      the inverse agonist, tiotropium. Comparison of these structures with each other,
      as well as with the previously reported M2 and M3 receptor structures, reveals
      differences in the orthosteric and allosteric binding sites that contribute to a
      role in drug selectivity at this important receptor family. We also report
      identification of a cluster of residues that form a network linking the
      orthosteric and allosteric sites of the M4 receptor, which provides new insight
      into how allosteric modulation may be transmitted between the two spatially
      distinct domains. 

PMID- 26958841
TI  - Prostate Cancer Associated Lipid Signatures in Serum Studied by ESI-Tandem Mass
      Spectrometryas Potential New Biomarkers.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PCa) is one amongst the most common cancersin western men.
      Incidence rate ofPCa is on the rise worldwide. The present study deals with
      theserum lipidome profiling of patients diagnosed with PCa to identify potential
      new biomarkers. We employed ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS for identification of
      significantly altered lipids in cancer patient's serum compared to controls.
      Lipidomic data revealed 24 lipids are significantly altered in cancer patinet's
      serum (n = 18) compared to normal (n = 18) with no history of PCa. By using
      hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) we could clearly
      separate cancer patients from control group. Correlation and partition analysis
      along with Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) have identified that PC (39:6) and FA
      (22:3) could classify samples with higher certainty. Both the lipids, PC (39:6)
      and FA (22:3) could influence the cataloging of patients with 100% sensitivity
      (all 18 control samples are classified correctly) and 77.7% specificity (of 18
      tumor samples 4 samples are misclassified) with p-value of 1.612*10-6 in
      Fischer's exact test. Further, we performed GC-MS to denote fatty acids altered
      in PCa patients and found that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) levels are altered in
      PCa. We also performed an in vitro proliferation assay to determine the effect of
      ALA in survival of classical human PCa cell lines LNCaP and PC3. We hereby report
      that the altered lipids PC (39:6) and FA (22:3) offer a new set of biomarkers in
      addition to the existing diagnostic tests that could significantly improve
      sensitivity and specificity in PCa diagnosis. 

PMID- 26958842
TI  - Biodiversity and Biogeography of Chthamalid Barnacles from the North-Eastern
      Pacific (Crustacea Cirripedia).
AB  - The biogeography and ecology of the species of Chthamalus present on the west
      coast of America are described, using data from 51 localities from Alaska to
      Panama, together with their zonation on the shore with respect to that of other
      barnacles. The species present were C. dalli, Pilsbry 1916, C. fissus, Darwin,
      1854, C. anisopoma Pilsbry 1916 and four species in the C. panamensis complex.
      The latter are C. panamensis Pilsbry, 1916, C. hedgecocki, Pitombo & Burton,
      2007, C. alani nom. nov. (formerly C. southwardorum Pitombo & Burton, 2007) and
      C. newmani sp. nov.). These four species were initially separated by enzyme
      electrophoresis. They could only be partially separated by DNA bar coding but may
      be separated using morphological characters. 

PMID- 26958843
TI  - Selection of a Relevant In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model to Investigate Pro
      Metastatic Features of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines.
AB  - Around 7-17% of metastatic breast cancer patients will develop brain metastases,
      associated with a poor prognosis. To reach the brain parenchyma, cancer cells
      need to cross the highly restrictive endothelium of the Blood-Brain Barrier
      (BBB). As treatments for brain metastases are mostly inefficient, preventing
      cancer cells to reach the brain could provide a relevant and important strategy.
      For that purpose an in vitro approach is required to identify cellular and
      molecular interaction mechanisms between breast cancer cells and BBB endothelium,
      notably at the early steps of the interaction. However, while numerous studies
      are performed with in vitro models, the heterogeneity and the quality of BBB
      models used is a limitation to the extrapolation of the obtained results to in
      vivo context, showing that the choice of a model that fulfills the biological BBB
      characteristics is essential. Therefore, we compared pre-established and
      currently used in vitro models from different origins (bovine, mice, human) in
      order to define the most appropriate tool to study interactions between breast
      cancer cells and the BBB. On each model, the BBB properties and the adhesion
      capacities of breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. As endothelial cells
      represent the physical restriction site of the BBB, all the models consisted of
      endothelial cells from animal or human origins. Among these models, only the in
      vitro BBB model derived from human stem cells both displayed BBB properties and
      allowed measurement of meaningful different interaction capacities of the cancer
      cell lines. Importantly, the measured adhesion and transmigration were found to
      be in accordance with the cancer cell lines molecular subtypes. In addition, at a
      molecular level, the inhibition of ganglioside biosynthesis highlights the
      potential role of glycosylation in breast cancer cells adhesion capacities. 

PMID- 26958844
TI  - Importance of N2-Fixation on the Productivity at the North-Western Azores
      Current/Front System, and the Abundance of Diazotrophic Unicellular
      Cyanobacteria.
AB  - To understand the impact of the northwestern Azores Current Front (NW-AzC/AzF)
      system on HCO3--and N2-fixation activities and unicellular diazotrophic
      cyanobacteria (UCYN) distribution, we combined geochemical and biological
      approaches from the oligotrophic surface to upper mesopelagic waters. N2-fixation
      was observed to sustain 45-85% of the HCO3--fixation in the picoplanktonic
      fraction performing 47% of the total C-fixation at the deep chlorophyll maximum
      north and south of the AzF. N2-fixation rates as high as 10.9 MUmol N m-3 d-1 and
      surface nitrate delta15N as low as 2.70/00 were found in the warm (18-24 degrees
      C), most saline (36.5-37.0) and least productive waters south of the AzF, where
      UCYN were the least abundant. However, picoplanktonic UCYN abundances up to 55
      cells mL-1 were found at 45-200m depths in the coolest nutrient-rich waters north
      of the AzF. In this area, N2-fixation rates up to 4.5 MUmol N m-3 d-1 were
      detected, associated with depth-integrated H13CO3--fixation rates at least 50%
      higher than observed south of the AzF. The numerous eddies generated at the NW
      AzC/AzF seem to enhance exchanges of plankton between water masses, as well as
      vertical and horizontal diapycnal diffusion of nutrients, whose increase probably
      enhances the growth of diazotrophs and the productivity of C-fixers. 

PMID- 26958845
TI  - Impact of Pre-Dialysis Care on Clinical Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Structured pre-dialysis care is associated with an increase in
      peritoneal dialysis (PD) utilization, but not with peritonitis risk, technical
      and patient survival. This study aimed at analyzing the impact of pre-dialysis
      care on these outcomes. METHODS: All incident patients starting PD between 2004
      and 2011 in a Brazilian prospective cohort were included in this analysis.
      Patients were divided into 2 groups: early pre-dialysis care (90 days of follow
      up by a nephrology team); and late pre-dialysis care (absent or less than 90 days
      follow-up). The socio-demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics
      between the 2 groups were compared. Risk factors for the time to the first
      peritonitis episode, technique failure and mortality based on Cox proportional
      hazards models. RESULTS: Four thousand one hundred seven patients were included.
      Patients with early pre-dialysis care presented differences in gender (female -
      47.0 vs. 51.1%, p = 0.01); race (white - 63.8 vs. 71.7%, p < 0.01); education (<4
      years - 61.9 vs. 71.0%, p < 0.01), respectively, compared to late care. Patients
      with early pre-dialysis care presented a higher prevalence of comorbidities,
      lower levels of creatinine, phosphorus, and glucose with a significantly better
      control of hemoglobin and potassium serum levels. There was no impact of pre
      dialysis care on peritonitis rates (hazard ratio (HR) 0.88; 95% CI 0.77-1.01) and
      technique survival (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.92-1.36). Patient survival (HR 1.20; 95% CI
      1.03-1.41) was better in the early pre-dialysis care group. CONCLUSION: Earlier
      pre-dialysis care was associated with improved patient survival, but did not
      influence time to the first peritonitis nor technique survival in this national
      PD cohort.

PMID- 26958846
TI  - A comparison of AMPV subtypes A and B full genomes, gene transcripts and proteins
      led to reverse-genetics systems rescuing both subtypes.
AB  - Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) infection of poultry causes serious disease in most
      countries and subtype A reverse-genetic (RG) systems have allowed a generation of
      viruses of known sequence, and proved useful in developments towards better
      control by live vaccines. While subtype B viruses are more prevalent, bacterial
      cloning issues made subtype B RG systems difficult to establish. A molecular
      comparison of subtype A and B viruses was undertaken to assess whether subtype A
      RG components could be partially or fully substituted. AMPV subtype A and B gene
      end sequences leading to polyadenylation are, to our knowledge, reported for the
      first time, as well as several leader and trailer sequences. After comparing
      these alongside previously reported gene starts and protein sequences, it was
      concluded that subtype B genome copies would be most likely rescued by a subtype
      A support system, and this assertion was supported when individual subtype A
      components were successfully substituted. Application of an advanced cloning
      plasmid permitted eventual completion of a fully subtype B RG system, and proved
      that all subtype-specific components could be freely exchanged between A and B
      systems. 

PMID- 26958847
TI  - The Combined Effect of Hydrophobic Mismatch and Bilayer Local Bending on the
      Regulation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels.
AB  - The hydrophobic mismatch between the lipid bilayer and integral membrane proteins
      has well-defined effect on mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels. Also, membrane
      local bending is suggested to modulate MS channel activity. Although a number of
      studies have already shown the significance of each individual factor, the
      combined effect of these physical factors on MS channel activity have not been
      investigated. Here using finite element simulation, we study the combined effect
      of hydrophobic mismatch and local bending on the archetypal mechanosensitive
      channel MscL. First we show how the local curvature direction impacts on MS
      channel modulation. In the case of MscL, we show inward (cytoplasmic) bending can
      more effectively gate the channel compared to outward bending. Then we indicate
      that in response to a specific local curvature, MscL inserted in a bilayer with
      the same hydrophobic length is more expanded in the constriction pore region
      compared to when there is a protein-lipid hydrophobic mismatch. Interestingly in
      the presence of a negative mismatch (thicker lipids), MscL constriction pore is
      more expanded than in the presence of positive mismatch (thinner lipids) in
      response to an identical membrane curvature. These results were confirmed by a
      parametric energetic calculation provided for MscL gating. These findings have
      several biophysical consequences for understanding the function of MS channels in
      response to two major physical stimuli in mechanobiology, namely hydrophobic
      mismatch and local membrane curvature. 

PMID- 26958850
TI  - Impact of Market Competition on Continuity of Care and Hospital Admissions for
      Asthmatic Children: A Longitudinal Analysis of Nationwide Health Insurance Data
      2009-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ambulatory care-sensitive conditions, including asthma, can be
      managed with timely and effective outpatient care, thereby reducing the need for
      hospitalization. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship between market
      competition, continuity of care (COC), and hospital admissions in asthmatic
      children according to their health care provider. METHODS: A longitudinal design
      was employed with a 5-year follow-up period, between 2009 and 2013, under a
      Korean universal health insurance program. A total of 253 geographical regions
      were included in the analysis, according to data from the Korean Statistical
      Office. Data from 9,997 patients, aged <= 12 years, were included. We measured
      the COC over a 5-year period using the Usual Provider Continuity (UPC) index.
      Random intercept models were calculated to assess the temporal and multilevel
      relationship between market competition, COC, and hospital admission rate.
      RESULTS: Of the 9,997 patients, 243 (2.4%) were admitted to the hospital in 2009.
      In the multilevel regression analysis, as the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
      increased by 1,000 points (denoting decreased competitiveness), UPC scores also
      increased (beta = 0.001; p < 0.0001). In multilevel logistic regression analysis,
      the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for hospital admissions for individuals with lower
      COC scores (>= 2 ambulatory visits and a UPC index score of < 1) was 3.61 (95%
      CI: 2.98-4.38) relative to the reference group (>= 2 ambulatory visits and a UPC
      index score of 1). CONCLUSIONS: Market competition appears to reduce COC;
      decreased COC was associated with a higher OR for hospital admissions.

PMID- 26958849
TI  - Incidence of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection amongst
      Children in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Study Using Validated Health
      Administrative Data.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: RSV is a common illness among young children that causes significant
      morbidity and health care costs. OBJECTIVE: Routinely collected health
      administrative data can be used to track disease incidence, explore risk factors
      and conduct health services research. Due to potential for misclassification
      bias, the accuracy of data-elements should be validated prior to use. The
      objectives of this study were to validate an algorithm to accurately identify
      pediatric cases of hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from within
      Ontario's health administrative data, estimate annual incidence of
      hospitalization due to RSV and report the prevalence of major risk factors within
      hospitalized patients. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective chart review was
      performed to establish a reference-standard cohort of children from the Ottawa
      region admitted to the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) for RSV
      related disease in 2010 and 2011. Chart review data was linked to Ontario's
      administrative data and used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of algorithms of
      RSV-related ICD-10 codes within provincial hospitalization and emergency
      department databases. Age- and sex-standardized incidence was calculated over
      time, with trends in incidence assessed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: From a
      total of 1411 admissions, chart review identified 327 children hospitalized for
      laboratory confirmed RSV-related disease. Following linkage to administrative
      data and restriction to first admissions, there were 289 RSV patients in the
      reference-standard cohort. The best algorithm, based on hospitalization data,
      resulted in sensitivity 97.9% (95%CI: 95.5-99.2%), specificity 99.6% (95%CI: 98.2
      99.8%), PPV 96.9% (95%CI: 94.2-98.6%), NPV 99.4% (95%CI: 99.4-99.9%). Incidence
      of hospitalized RSV in Ontario from 2005-2012 was 10.2 per 1000 children under 1
      year and 4.8 per 1000 children aged 1 to 3 years. During the surveillance period,
      there was no identifiable increasing or decreasing linear trend in the incidence
      of hospitalized RSV, hospital length of stay and PICU admission rates. Among the
      Ontario RSV cohort, 16.3% had one or more major risk factors, with a decreasing
      trend observed over time. CONCLUSION: Children hospitalized for RSV-related
      disease can be accurately identified within population-based health
      administrative data. RSV is a major public health concern and incidence has not
      changed over time, suggesting a lack of progress in prevention.

PMID- 26958851
TI  - Activation of Acetone and Other Simple Ketones in Anaerobic Bacteria.
AB  - Acetone and other ketones are activated for subsequent degradation through
      carboxylation by many nitrate-reducing, phototrophic, and obligately aerobic
      bacteria. Acetone carboxylation leads to acetoacetate, which is subsequently
      activated to a thioester and degraded via thiolysis. Two different types of
      acetone carboxylases have been described, which require either 2 or 4 ATP
      equivalents as an energy supply for the carboxylation reaction. Both enzymes
      appear to combine acetone enolphosphate with carbonic phosphate to form
      acetoacetate. A similar but more complex enzyme is known to carboxylate the
      aromatic ketone acetophenone, a metabolic intermediate in anaerobic ethylbenzene
      metabolism in denitrifying bacteria, with simultaneous hydrolysis of 2 ATP to 2
      ADP. Obligately anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria activate acetone to a four
      carbon compound as well, but via a different process than bicarbonate- or CO2
      dependent carboxylation. The present evidence indicates that either carbon
      monoxide or a formyl residue is used as a cosubstrate, and that the overall ATP
      expenditure of this pathway is substantially lower than in the known acetone
      carboxylase reactions. 

PMID- 26958852
TI  - Promoters Architecture-Based Mechanism for Noise-Induced Oscillations in a Single
      Gene Circuit.
AB  - It is well known that single-gene circuits with negative feedback loop can lead
      to oscillatory gene expression when they operate with time delay. In order to
      generate these oscillations many processes can contribute to properly timing such
      delay. Here we show that the time delay coming from the transitions between
      internal states of the cis-regulatory system (CRS) can drive sustained
      oscillations in an auto-repressive single-gene circuit operating in a small
      volume like a cell. We found that the cooperative binding of repressor molecules
      is not mandatory for a oscillatory behavior if there are enough binding sites in
      the CRS. These oscillations depend on an adequate balance between the CRS
      kinetic, and the synthesis/degradation rates of repressor molecules. This finding
      suggest that the multi-site CRS architecture can play a key role for oscillatory
      behavior of gene expression. Finally, our results can also help to synthetic
      biologists on the design of the promoters architecture for new genetic
      oscillatory circuits. 

PMID- 26958854
TI  - Crippling Violence: Conflict and Incident Polio in Afghanistan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Designing effective public health campaigns in areas of armed
      conflict requires a nuanced understanding of how violence impacts the
      epidemiology of the disease in question. METHODS: We examine the geographical
      relationship between violence (represented by the location of detonated
      Improvised Explosive Devices) and polio incidence by generating maps of IEDs and
      polio incidence during 2010, and by comparing the mean number of IED detonations
      in polio high-risk districts with non polio high-risk districts during 2004-2009.
      RESULTS: We demonstrate a geographic relationship between IED violence and
      incident polio. Districts that have high-risk for polio have highly statistically
      significantly greater mean numbers of IEDs than non polio high-risk districts (p
      values 0.0010-0.0404). CONCLUSIONS: The geographic relationship between armed
      conflict and polio incidence provides valuable insights as to how to plan a
      vaccination campaign in violent contexts, and allows us to anticipate incident
      polio in the regions of armed conflict. Such information permits vaccination
      planners to engage interested armed combatants to co-develop strategies to
      mitigate the effects of violence on polio.

PMID- 26958853
TI  - Wound-Induced Polyploidization: Regulation by Hippo and JNK Signaling and
      Conservation in Mammals.
AB  - Tissue integrity and homeostasis often rely on the proliferation of stem cells or
      differentiated cells to replace lost, aged, or damaged cells. Recently, we
      described an alternative source of cell replacement- the expansion of resident,
      non-dividing diploid cells by wound-induced polyploidization (WIP). Here we show
      that the magnitude of WIP is proportional to the extent of cell loss using a new
      semi-automated assay with single cell resolution. Hippo and JNK signaling
      regulate WIP; unexpectedly however, JNK signaling through AP-1 limits rather than
      stimulates the level of Yki activation and polyploidization in the Drosophila
      epidermis. We found that polyploidization also quantitatively compensates for
      cell loss in a mammalian tissue, mouse corneal endothelium, where increased cell
      death occurs with age in a mouse model of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
      (FECD). Our results suggest that WIP is an evolutionarily conserved homeostatic
      mechanism that maintains the size and synthetic capacity of adult tissues. 

PMID- 26958857
TI  - Early Surgical Intervention for a Large Newborn Cephalohematoma.
AB  - Cephalohematomas in newborns are often managed nonsurgically and resolve within
      the first month of life. In cases of large hematomas (>7 cm) with delayed
      resorption and persistence over 4 weeks, these masses can often lead to
      complications of calcification, infection, or hyperbilirubinemia. We report a
      case of a 14-day-old child with a persistent, large, noncalcified
      cephalohematoma. After observation alone showed that the cephalohematoma
      increased in size, 100 ml of old blood was surgically evacuated on day 15 of
      life. The procedure required a small 1-cm incision and, unlike most large
      cephalohematomas evacuated after 1 month of observation, there were no signs of
      skull-deforming calcification observed. This case report presents the earliest
      evacuation of large noncalcified cephalohematomas in newborns ever reported in
      the literature, and suggests benefits of early surgical evacuation before 1 month
      of life. 

PMID- 26958856
TI  - T1 Relaxation Time in Lungs of Asymptomatic Smokers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Interest in using T1 as a potential MRI biomarker of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) has recently increased. Since tobacco smoking is the
      major risk factor for development of COPD, the aim for this study was to examine
      whether tobacco smoking, pack-years (PY), influenced T1 of the lung parenchyma in
      asymptomatic current smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lung T1 measurements from 35
      subjects, 23 never smokers and 12 current smokers were retrospectively analyzed
      from an institutional review board approved study. All 35 subjects underwent
      pulmonary function test (PFT) measurements and lung T1, with similar T1
      measurement protocols. A backward linear model of T1 as a function of FEV1, FVC,
      weight, height, age and PY was tested. RESULTS: A significant correlation between
      lung T1 and PY was found with a negative slope of -3.2 ms/year (95% confidence
      interval [CI] [-5.8, -0.6], p = 0.02), when adjusted for age and height. Lung T1
      shortens with ageing among all subjects, -4.0 ms/year (95%CI [-6.3, -1.7], p =
      0.001), and among the never smokers, -3.7 ms/year (95%CI [-6.0, -1.3], p =
      0.003). CONCLUSIONS: A correlation between lung T1 and PY when adjusted for both
      age and height was found, and T1 of the lung shortens with ageing. Accordingly,
      PY and age can be significant confounding factors when T1 is used as a biomarker
      in lung MRI studies that must be taken into account to detect underlying patterns
      of disease.

PMID- 26958855
TI  - Epidemiology, Seasonality and Treatment of Hospitalized Adults and Adolescents
      with Influenza in Jingzhou, China, 2010-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, we conducted hospital
      based severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance in one central
      Chinese city to assess disease burden attributable to influenza among adults and
      adolescents. METHODS: We defined an adult SARI case as a hospitalized patient
      aged >= 15 years with temperature >=38.0 degrees C and at least one of the
      following: cough, sore throat, tachypnea, difficulty breathing, abnormal breath
      sounds on auscultation, sputum production, hemoptysis, chest pain, or chest
      radiograph consistent with pneumonia. For each enrolled SARI case-patient, we
      completed a standardized case report form, and collected a nasopharyngeal swab
      within 24 hours of admission. Specimens were tested for influenza viruses by real
      time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We analyzed data
      from adult SARI cases in four hospitals in Jingzhou, China from April 2010 to
      April 2012. RESULTS: Of 1,790 adult SARI patients enrolled, 40% were aged >= 65
      years old. The median duration of hospitalization was 9 days. Nearly all were
      prescribed antibiotics during their hospitalization, less than 1% were prescribed
      oseltamivir, and 28% were prescribed corticosteroids. Only 0.1% reported
      receiving influenza vaccination in the past year. Of 1,704 samples tested, 16%
      were positive for influenza. Influenza activity in all age groups showed winter
      spring and summer peaks. Influenza-positive patients had a longer duration from
      illness onset to hospitalization and a shorter duration from hospital admission
      to discharge or death compared to influenza negative SARI patients. CONCLUSIONS:
      There is substantial burden of influenza-associated SARI hospitalizations in
      Jingzhou, China, especially among older adults. More effective promotion of
      annual seasonal influenza vaccination and timely oseltamivir treatment among high
      risk groups may improve influenza prevention and control in China.

PMID- 26958859
TI  - Comparing the Performance of NoSQL Approaches for Managing Archetype-Based
      Electronic Health Record Data.
AB  - This study provides an experimental performance evaluation on population-based
      queries of NoSQL databases storing archetype-based Electronic Health Record (EHR)
      data. There are few published studies regarding the performance of persistence
      mechanisms for systems that use multilevel modelling approaches, especially when
      the focus is on population-based queries. A healthcare dataset with 4.2 million
      records stored in a relational database (MySQL) was used to generate XML and JSON
      documents based on the openEHR reference model. Six datasets with different sizes
      were created from these documents and imported into three single machine XML
      databases (BaseX, eXistdb and Berkeley DB XML) and into a distributed NoSQL
      database system based on the MapReduce approach, Couchbase, deployed in different
      cluster configurations of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 machines. Population-based queries
      were submitted to those databases and to the original relational database.
      Database size and query response times are presented. The XML databases were
      considerably slower and required much more space than Couchbase. Overall,
      Couchbase had better response times than MySQL, especially for larger datasets.
      However, Couchbase requires indexing for each differently formulated query and
      the indexing time increases with the size of the datasets. The performances of
      the clusters with 2, 4, 8 and 12 nodes were not better than the single node
      cluster in relation to the query response time, but the indexing time was reduced
      proportionally to the number of nodes. The tested XML databases had acceptable
      performance for openEHR-based data in some querying use cases and small datasets,
      but were generally much slower than Couchbase. Couchbase also outperformed the
      response times of the relational database, but required more disk space and had a
      much longer indexing time. Systems like Couchbase are thus interesting research
      targets for scalable storage and querying of archetype-based EHR data when
      population-based use cases are of interest. 

PMID- 26958858
TI  - Dynamical Allocation of Cellular Resources as an Optimal Control Problem: Novel
      Insights into Microbial Growth Strategies.
AB  - Microbial physiology exhibits growth laws that relate the macromolecular
      composition of the cell to the growth rate. Recent work has shown that these
      empirical regularities can be derived from coarse-grained models of resource
      allocation. While these studies focus on steady-state growth, such conditions are
      rarely found in natural habitats, where microorganisms are continually challenged
      by environmental fluctuations. The aim of this paper is to extend the study of
      microbial growth strategies to dynamical environments, using a self-replicator
      model. We formulate dynamical growth maximization as an optimal control problem
      that can be solved using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. We compare this
      theoretical gold standard with different possible implementations of growth
      control in bacterial cells. We find that simple control strategies enabling
      growth-rate maximization at steady state are suboptimal for transitions from one
      growth regime to another, for example when shifting bacterial cells to a medium
      supporting a higher growth rate. A near-optimal control strategy in dynamical
      conditions is shown to require information on several, rather than a single
      physiological variable. Interestingly, this strategy has structural analogies
      with the regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis by ppGpp in the
      enterobacterium Escherichia coli. It involves sensing a mismatch between
      precursor and ribosome concentrations, as well as the adjustment of ribosome
      synthesis in a switch-like manner. Our results show how the capability of
      regulatory systems to integrate information about several physiological variables
      is critical for optimizing growth in a changing environment. 

PMID- 26958860
TI  - P450 3A-Catalyzed O-Dealkylation of Lapatinib Induces Mitochondrial Stress and
      Activates Nrf2.
AB  - Lapatinib (LAP), an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of
      metastatic breast cancer, has been associated with idiosyncractic hepatotoxicity.
      Recent investigations have implicated the importance of P450 3A4/5 enzymes in the
      formation of an electrophilic quinone imine (LAPQI) metabolite generated through
      further oxidation of O-dealkylated lapatinib (OD-LAP). In the current study,
      hepatic stress was observed via mitochondrial impairment. OD-LAP caused a time-
      and concentration-dependent decrease in oxygen consumption in HepG2 cells,
      whereas LAP did not alter the oxygen consumption rate. Interestingly, however,
      HepG2 cells transfected with human P450 3A4 did exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction
      via P450 3A4-mediated metabolism of LAP to OD-LAP. OD-LAP-induced mitochondrial
      toxicity was enhanced upon depletion of intracellular GSH levels, demonstrating
      that cellular GSH levels are important in the protection of mitochondrial
      function against LAPQI. Given the nature of LAPQI and the importance of GSH
      levels in LAP-induced mitochondrial stress, the activation of nuclear factor
      erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was evaluated, as this transcription factor
      induces the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutathione S
      transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and glutathione synthetase, all of
      which might be expected to decrease the toxicity of LAP. Using a FRET-based
      target gene assay in HepG2 cells, OD-LAP was indeed found to activate Nrf2.
      Follow-up assays showed increased mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes after a 4 h
      treatment with OD-LAP but not with LAP. LAP activation of Nrf2 was observed only
      when HepG2 cells were transduced with P450 3A4. The significance of Nrf2
      protection was established in vivo in Nrf2-KO mice. Increased transaminase levels
      were found after a single LAP dose in both Nrf2-KO and control mice, indicating
      elevated hepatic necrosis, although transaminase levels reverted to baseline
      levels in the control mice upon repeat dosing. They continued to rise in Nrf2-KO
      mice, however, indicating the likelihood that Nrf-2 plays a significant role in
      combatting the hepatotoxicity triggered by LAP.

PMID- 26958861
TI  - Modulation of Domain Size in Polycrystalline n-Type Dicyanoperylene Mono- and
      Bilayer Transistors.
AB  - A single molecular layer (monolayer) of organic semiconductors is proven to be
      sufficient to create a conducting channel for charge carriers in field-effect
      transistors, which is an ideal platform to investigate the correlation between
      molecular self-assembly and device performance. Herein, ultrathin films including
      mono- and bilayers of an n-type dicyanoperylene (PDI8-CN2) are solution-processed
      by dip-coating. The domain size of the polycrystalline layers is modulated via
      the surface roughness of the dielectric within an extremely narrow window from
      0.15 to 0.39 nm. When the surface roughness is varied from smooth to rough, the
      domain size and molecular order in the monolayer are significantly decreased,
      leading to the reduction in electron mobility by 3 orders of magnitude. On the
      contrary, a lower roughness dependence is observed in the case of the bilayers,
      with only a slight difference in domain size and charge carrier transport. On the
      smooth surface, the bilayers exhibit a transistor performance identical to that
      of the bulk film, confirming that the first few layers near the dielectric
      dominate the charge carrier transport. Additionally, these results provide
      insights into the intrinsic role of the interfacial microstructure of small
      molecular organic semiconductors.

PMID- 26958862
TI  - Effect of Structural Transformation of Nanoparticulate Zero-Valent Iron on
      Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.
AB  - While it has been recognized for some time that addition of nanoparticlate
      zerovalent iron (nZVI) to oxygen-containing water results in both corrosion of
      Fe(0) and oxidation of contaminants, there is limited understanding of either the
      relationship between transformation of nZVI and oxidant formation or the factors
      controlling the lifetime and extent of oxidant production. Using Fe K-edge
      extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, we show that while
      nZVI particles are transformed to ferrihydrite then lepidocrocite in less than 2
      h, oxidant generation continues for up to 10 h. The major products (Fe(II) and
      H2O2) of the reaction of nZVI with oxygenated water are associated, for the most
      part, with the surface of particles present with these surface-associated Fenton
      reagents inducing oxidation of a target compound (in this study, (14)C-labeled
      formate). Effective oxidation of formate only occurred after formation of iron
      oxides on the nZVI surface with the initial formation of high surface area
      ferrihydrite facilitating rapid and extensive adsorption of formate with
      colocation of this target compound and surface-associated Fe(II) and H2O2
      apparently critical to formate oxidation. Ongoing formate oxidation long after
      nZVI is consumed combined with the relatively slow consumption of Fe(II) and H2O2
      suggest that these reactants are regenerated during the nZVI-initiated
      heterogeneous Fenton process. 

PMID- 26958863
TI  - Dynamic Octahedral Breathing in Oxygen-Deficient Ba(0.9)Co(0.7)Fe(0.2)Nb(0.1)O(3
      delta) Perovskite Performing as a Cathode in Intermediate-Temperature SOFC.
AB  - Ba(0.9)Co(0.7)Fe(0.2)Nb(0.1)O(3-delta) outperforms as a cathode in solid-oxide
      fuel cells (SOFC), at temperatures as low as 700-750  degrees C. The
      microscopical reason for this performance was investigated by temperature
      dependent neutron powder diffraction (NPD) experiments. In the temperature range
      of 25-800  degrees C, Ba(0.9)Co(0.7)Fe(0.2)Nb(0.1)O(3-delta) shows a perfectly
      cubic structure (a = a0), with a significant oxygen deficiency in a single oxygen
      site, that substantially increases at the working temperatures of a SOFC. The
      anisotropic thermal motion of oxygen atoms considerably rises with T, reaching
      B(eq) ~ 5 A(2) at 800  degrees C, with prolate cigar-shaped, anisotropic
      vibration ellipsoids that suggest a dynamic breathing of the octahedra as oxygen
      ions diffuse across the structure by a vacancies mechanism, thus implying a
      significant ionic mobility that could be described as a molten oxygen sublattice.
      The test cell with a La(0.8)Sr(0.2)Ga(0.83)Mg(0.17)O(3-delta) electrolyte (~300
      MUm in thickness)-supported configuration yields a peak power density of 0.20 and
      0.40 W cm(-2) at temperatures of 700 and 750  degrees C, respectively, with pure
      H2 as fuel and ambient air as oxidant. The electrochemical impedance spectra
      (EIS) evolution with time of the symmetric cathode fuel cell measured at 750 
      degrees C shows that the Ba(0.9)Co(0.7)Fe(0.2)Nb(0.1)O(3-delta) cathode possesses
      a superior ORR catalytic activity and long-term stability. The mixed electronic
      ionic conduction properties of Ba(0.9)Co(0.7)Fe(0.2)Nb(0.1)O(3-delta) account for
      its good performance as an oxygen-reduction catalyst.

PMID- 26958864
TI  - Poly(vinyl alcohol) Physical Hydrogels: Matrix-Mediated Drug Delivery Using
      Spontaneously Eroding Substrate.
AB  - Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels have a long and successful history of applications
      in biomedicine. Historically, these matrices were developed to be nondegradable
      limiting their utility to applications as permanent implants. For tissue
      engineering and drug delivery, herein we develop spontaneously eroding physical
      hydrogels based on PVA. We characterize in detail a mild, noncryogenic method of
      producing PVA physical hydrogels using poly(ethylene glycol) as a gelating agent,
      and investigate PVA molar mass as a means to define the kinetics of erosion of
      these biomaterials. PVA hydrogels are characterized for associated inflammatory
      response in adhering macrophages, antiproliferative effects mediated through
      delivery of cytotoxic drugs to myoblasts, and pro-proliferative activity achieved
      via presentation of conjugated growth factors to endothelial cells. Together,
      these data present a multiangle characterization of these novel multifunctional
      matrices for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery mediated by
      implantable biomaterials.

PMID- 26958865
TI  - Probing the Druggability Limits for Enzymes of the NAD Biosynthetic Network in
      Glioma.
AB  - The biosynthesis of NAD constitutes an important metabolic module in the cell,
      since NAD is an essential cofactor involved in several metabolic reactions. NAD
      concentrations are known to be significantly increased in several cancers,
      particularly in glioma, consistent with the observation of up-regulation of
      several enzymes of the network. Modulating NAD biosynthesis in glioma is
      therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy. Here we report reconstruction of a
      biochemical network of NAD biosynthesis consisting of 22 proteins, 36
      metabolites, and 86 parameters, tuned to mimic the conditions in glioma. Kinetic
      simulations of the network provide comprehensive insights about the role of
      individual enzymes. Further, quantitative changes in the same network between
      different states of health and disease enable identification of drug targets,
      based on specific alterations in the given disease. Through simulations of enzyme
      inhibition titrations, we identify NMPRTase as a potential drug target, while
      eliminating other possible candidates NMNAT, NAPRTase, and NRK. We have also
      simulated titrations of both binding affinities as well as inhibitor
      concentrations, which provide insights into the druggability limits of the
      target, a novel aspect that can provide useful guidelines for designing
      inhibitors with optimal affinities. Our simulations suggest that an inhibitor
      affinity of 10 nM used in a concentration range of 0.1 to 10 MUM achieves a near
      maximal inhibition response for NMPRTase and that increasing the affinity any
      further is not likely to have a significant advantage. Thus, the quantitative
      appreciation defines a maximal extent of inhibition possible for a chosen enzyme
      in the context of its network. Knowledge of this type enables an upper affinity
      threshold to be defined as a goal in lead screening and refinement stages in drug
      discovery.

PMID- 26958866
TI  - Impact of D2O/H2O Solvent Exchange on the Emission of HgTe and CdTe Quantum Dots:
      Polaron and Energy Transfer Effects.
AB  - We have studied light emission kinetics and analyzed carrier recombination
      channels in HgTe quantum dots that were initially grown in H2O. When the solvent
      is replaced by D2O, the nonradiative recombination rate changes highlight the
      role of the vibrational degrees of freedom in the medium surrounding the dots,
      including both solvent and ligands. The contributing energy loss mechanisms have
      been evaluated by developing quantitative models for the nonradiative
      recombination via (i) polaron states formed by strong coupling of ligand
      vibration modes to a surface trap state (nonresonant channel) and (ii) resonant
      energy transfer to vibration modes in the solvent. We conclude that channel (i)
      is more important than (ii) for HgTe dots in either solution. When some of these
      modes are removed from the relevant spectral range by the H2O to D2O replacement,
      the polaron effect becomes weaker and the nonradiative lifetime increases.
      Comparisons with CdTe quantum dots (QDs) served as a reference where the resonant
      energy loss (ii) a priori was not a factor, also confirmed by our experiments.
      The solvent exchange (H2O to D2O), however, is found to slightly increase the
      overall quantum yield of CdTe samples, probably by increasing the fraction of
      bright dots in the ensemble. The fundamental study reported here can serve as the
      foundation for the design and optimization principles of narrow bandgap quantum
      dots aimed at applications in long wavelength colloidal materials for infrared
      light emitting diodes and photodetectors.

PMID- 26958867
TI  - Self-Setting Calcium Phosphate Cements with Tunable Antibiotic Release Rates for
      Advanced Antimicrobial Applications.
AB  - Osteomyelitis, an infectious disease predominantly tied to poor sanitary
      conditions in underdeveloped regions of the world, is in need of inexpensive,
      easily in situ synthesizable and administrable materials for its treatment. The
      results of this study stem from the attempt to create one such affordable and
      minimally invasive therapeutic platform in the form of a self-setting, injectable
      cement with a tunable drug release profile, composed of only nanoparticulate
      hydroxyapatite, the synthetic version of the bone mineral. Cements comprised two
      separately synthesized hydroxyapatite powders, one of which, HAP2, was
      precipitated abruptly, retaining the amorphous nature longer, and the other one
      of which, HAP1, was precipitated at a slower rate, more rapidly transitioning to
      the crystalline structure. Cements were made with four different weight ratios of
      the two hydroxyapatite components: 100/0, 85/15, 50/50, and 0/100 with respect to
      HAP1 and HAP2. Both the setting and the release rates measured on two different
      antibiotics, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin, were controlled using the weight ratio
      of the two hydroxyapatite components. Various inorganic powder properties were
      formerly used to control drug release, but here we demonstrate for the first time
      that the kinetics of the mechanism of formation of a solid compound can be
      controlled to produce tunable drug release profiles. Specifically, it was found
      that the longer the precursor calcium phosphate component of the cement retains
      the amorphous nature of the primary precipitate, the more active it was in terms
      of speeding up the diffusional release of the adsorbed drug. The setting rate
      was, in contrast, inversely proportional to the release rate and to the content
      of this active hydroxyapatite component, HAP2. The empirical release profiles
      were fitted to a set of equations that could be used to tune the release rate to
      the therapeutic occasion. All of the cements loaded with vancomycin or
      ciprofloxacin inhibited the growth of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and
      Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in both agar diffusion
      assays and broth dilution tests with intensities either comparable to the
      antibiotic per se, as in the case of ciprofloxacin, or even larger than the
      antibiotic alone, as in the case of vancomycin. Interestingly, even the pure
      cements exhibited an antibacterial effect ranging from moderate to strong, while
      demonstrating high levels of biocompatibility with osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells
      and only slightly affecting the viability of the osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, in
      direct proportion with the amount of the more active hydroxyapatite component in
      the cements. This antibacterial effect was especially noticeable against Gram
      negative bacteria, where the growth inhibition by the cements was comparable to
      or even stronger than that of the pure antibiotics. The antibiofilm assay against
      P. aeruginosa biofilms reiterated the antibiotic effectiveness of pure,
      antibiotic-free cements. That the carrier per se, composed of a nontoxic, easily
      prepared, bone mineral composite, can exhibit a strong antibacterial effect even
      in the absence of an antibiotic drug is an insight highly relevant in view of the
      rising resistance of an array of pathogens to traditional antibiotic therapies
      and the demands for the timely development of suitable alternatives. 

PMID- 26958868
TI  - Post-Translational Regulation of the Glucose-6-Phosphatase Complex by Cyclic
      Adenosine Monophosphate Is a Crucial Determinant of Endogenous Glucose Production
      and Is Controlled by the Glucose-6-Phosphate Transporter.
AB  - The excessive endogenous glucose production (EGP) induced by glucagon
      participates in the development of type 2 diabetes. To further understand this
      hormonal control, we studied the short-term regulation by cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate (cAMP) of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) enzyme, which
      catalyzes the last reaction of EGP. In gluconeogenic cell models, a 1-h treatment
      by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin increased G6Pase activity and
      glucose production independently of any change in enzyme protein amount or G6P
      content. Using specific inhibitors or protein overexpression, we showed that the
      stimulation of G6Pase activity involved the protein kinase A (PKA). Results of
      site-directed mutagenesis, mass spectrometry analyses, and in vitro
      phosphorylation experiments suggested that the PKA stimulation of G6Pase activity
      did not depend on a direct phosphorylation of the enzyme. However, the
      temperature-dependent induction of both G6Pase activity and glucose release
      suggested a membrane-based mechanism. G6Pase is composed of a G6P transporter
      (G6PT) and a catalytic unit (G6PC). Surprisingly, we demonstrated that the
      increase in G6PT activity was required for the stimulation of G6Pase activity by
      forskolin. Our data demonstrate the existence of a post-translational mechanism
      that regulates G6Pase activity and reveal the key role of G6PT in the hormonal
      regulation of G6Pase activity and of EGP. 

PMID- 26958870
TI  - Angular Impulse and Balance Regulation During the Golf Swing.
AB  - Our aim was to determine how skilled players regulate linear and angular impulse
      while maintaining balance during the golf swing. Eleven highly-skilled golf
      players performed swings with a 6-iron and driver. Components contributing to
      linear and angular impulse generated by the rear and target legs (resultant
      horizontal reaction force [RFh], RFh-angle, and moment arm) were quantified and
      compared across the group and within a player (alpha = .05). Net angular impulse
      generated by both the rear and target legs was greater for the driver than the 6
      iron. Mechanisms used to regulate angular impulse generation between clubs varied
      across players and required coordination between the legs. Increases in net
      angular impulse with a driver involved increases in target leg RFh. Rear leg RFh
      angle was maintained between clubs whereas target leg RFh became more aligned
      with the target line. Net linear impulse perpendicular to the target line
      remained near zero, preserving balance, while net linear impulse along the target
      line decreased in magnitude. These results indicate that the net angular impulse
      was regulated between clubs by coordinating force generation of the rear and
      target legs while sustaining balance throughout the task. 

PMID- 26958869
TI  - Grisemycin, a Bridged Angucyclinone with a Methylsulfinyl Moiety from a Marine
      Derived Streptomyces sp.
AB  - Grisemycin (1), the first sulfur angucyclinone with an unusual ether-bridged
      system, was isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces griseus strain M268. Its
      novel, here cage-like, structure was determined by spectroscopic analysis and
      single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 exhibited modestly selective
      activity against the HL-60 cell line with an IC50 value of 31.54 MUM. Futhermore,
      the absolute stereochemistry of kiamycin (2), an 1,12-epoxybenz[a]anthracene,
      previously obtained from the same strain, was established by X-ray diffraction
      analysis. 

PMID- 26958871
TI  - Cellular Biophysics.

PMID- 26958872
TI  - Optogenetics: Turning the Microscope on Its Head.

PMID- 26958873
TI  - Probing Nature's Nanomachines One Molecule at a Time.

PMID- 26958874
TI  - The Current Revolution in Cryo-EM.

PMID- 26958875
TI  - Making Sense of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.

PMID- 26958876
TI  - Inherited Arrhythmias: Of Channels, Currents, and Swimming.

PMID- 26958877
TI  - Systems Biophysics: Multiscale Biophysical Modeling of Organ Systems.

PMID- 26958878
TI  - How Viruses Invade Cells.

PMID- 26958879
TI  - K-Ras at Anionic Membranes: Orientation, Orientation...Orientation. Recent
      Simulations and Experiments.

PMID- 26958880
TI  - Spatiotemporal Control of Transmembrane Proteins through the Cytoskeleton: An
      Evolving Story.

PMID- 26958881
TI  - Models and Simulations as a Service: Exploring the Use of Galaxy for Delivering
      Computational Models.
AB  - We describe the ways in which Galaxy, a web-based reproducible research platform,
      can be used for web-based sharing of complex computational models. Galaxy allows
      users to seamlessly customize and run simulations on cloud computing resources, a
      concept we refer to as Models and Simulations as a Service (MaSS). To illustrate
      this application of Galaxy, we have developed a tool suite for simulating a high
      spatial-resolution model of the cardiac Ca(2+) spark that requires supercomputing
      resources for execution. We also present tools for simulating models encoded in
      the SBML and CellML model description languages, thus demonstrating how Galaxy's
      reproducible research features can be leveraged by existing technologies.
      Finally, we demonstrate how the Galaxy workflow editor can be used to compose
      integrative models from constituent submodules. This work represents an important
      novel approach, to our knowledge, to making computational simulations more
      accessible to the broader scientific community. 

PMID- 26958882
TI  - Untangling the Influence of a Protein Knot on Folding.
AB  - Entanglement and knots occur across all aspects of the physical world. Despite
      the common belief that knots are too complicated for incorporation into proteins,
      knots have been identified in the native fold of a growing number of proteins.
      The discovery of proteins with this unique backbone characteristic has challenged
      the preconceptions about the complexity of biological structures, as well as
      current folding theories. Given the intricacies of the knotted geometry, the
      interplay between a protein's fold, structure, and function is of particular
      interest. Interestingly, for most of these proteins, the knotted region appears
      critical both in folding and function, although full understanding of these
      contributions is still incomplete. Here, we experimentally reveal the impact of
      the knot on the landscape, the origin of the bistable nature of the knotted
      protein, and broaden the view of knot formation as uniquely decoupled from
      folding. 

PMID- 26958883
TI  - Molecular Basis of S100A1 Activation at Saturating and Subsaturating Calcium
      Concentrations.
AB  - The S100A1 protein mediates a wide variety of physiological processes through its
      binding of calcium (Ca(2+)) and endogenous target proteins. S100A1 presents two
      Ca(2+)-binding domains: a high-affinity "canonical" EF (cEF) hand and a low
      affinity "pseudo" EF (pEF) hand. Accumulating evidence suggests that both Ca(2+)
      binding sites must be saturated to stabilize an open state conducive to peptide
      recognition, yet the pEF hand's low affinity limits Ca(2+) binding at normal
      physiological concentrations. To understand the molecular basis of Ca(2+) binding
      and open-state stabilization, we performed 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations
      of S100A1 in the apo/holo (Ca(2+)-free/bound) states and a half-saturated state,
      for which only the cEF sites are Ca(2+)-bound. Our simulations indicate that the
      pattern of oxygen coordination about Ca(2+) in the cEF relative to the pEF site
      contributes to the former's higher affinity, whereas Ca(2+) binding strongly
      reshapes the protein's conformational dynamics by disrupting beta-sheet coupling
      between EF hands. Moreover, modeling of the half-saturated configuration suggests
      that the open state is unstable and reverts toward a closed state in the absence
      of the pEF Ca(2+) ion. These findings indicate that Ca(2+) binding at the cEF
      site alone is insufficient to stabilize opening; thus, posttranslational
      modification of the protein may be required for target peptide binding at
      subsaturating intracellular Ca(2+) levels.

PMID- 26958884
TI  - Photoactivation Reduces Side-Chain Dynamics of a LOV Photoreceptor.
AB  - We used neutron-scattering experiments to probe the conformational dynamics of
      the light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) photoreceptor PpSB1-LOV from Pseudomonas putida
      in both the dark and light states. Global protein diffusion and internal
      macromolecular dynamics were measured using incoherent neutron time-of-flight and
      backscattering spectroscopy on the picosecond to nanosecond timescales. Global
      protein diffusion of PpSB1-LOV is not influenced by photoactivation. Observation
      time-dependent global diffusion coefficients were found, which converge on the
      nanosecond timescale toward diffusion coefficients determined by dynamic light
      scattering. Mean-square displacements of localized internal motions and effective
      force constants, <k'>, describing the resilience of the proteins were determined
      on the respective timescales. Photoactivation significantly modifies the
      flexibility and the resilience of PpSB1-LOV. On the fast, picosecond timescale,
      small changes in the mean-square displacement and <k'> are observed, which are
      enhanced on the slower, nanosecond timescale. Photoactivation results in a
      slightly larger resilience of the photoreceptor on the fast, picosecond
      timescale, whereas in the nanosecond range, a significantly less resilient
      structure of the light-state protein is observed. For a residue-resolved
      interpretation of the experimental neutron-scattering data, we analyzed molecular
      dynamics simulations of the PpSB1-LOV X-ray structure. Based on these data, it is
      tempting to speculate that light-induced changes in the protein result in altered
      side-chain mobility mostly for residues on the protruding Jalpha helix and on the
      LOV-LOV dimer interface. Our results provide strong experimental evidence that
      side-chain dynamics play a crucial role in photoactivation and signaling of PpSB1
      LOV via modulation of conformational entropy. 

PMID- 26958885
TI  - Free-Energy Landscape of the Amino-Terminal Fragment of Huntingtin in Aqueous
      Solution.
AB  - The first exon of Huntingtin-a protein with multiple biological functions whose
      misfolding is related to Huntington's disease-modulates its localization,
      aggregation, and function within the cell. It is composed of a 17-amino-acid
      amphipathic segment (Htt17), an amyloidogenic segment of consecutive glutamines
      (QN), and a proline-rich segment. Htt17 is of fundamental importance: it serves
      as a membrane anchor to control the localization of huntingtin, it modulates
      huntingtin's function through posttranslational modifications, and it controls
      the self-assembly of the amyloidogenic QN segment into oligomers and fibrils.
      Experimentally, the conformational ensemble of the Htt17 monomer, as well as the
      impact of the polyglutamine and proline-rich segments, remains, however, mostly
      uncharacterized at the atomic level due to its intrinsic flexibility. Here, we
      unveil the free-energy landscape of Htt17, Htt17Q17, and Htt17Q17P11 using
      Hamiltonian replica exchange combined with well-tempered metadynamics. We
      characterize the free-energy landscape of these three fragments in terms of a few
      selected collective variables. Extensive simulations reveal that the free energy
      of Htt17 is dominated by a broad ensemble of configurations that agree with
      solution NMR chemical shifts. Addition of Q17 at its carboxy-terminus reduces the
      extent of the main basin to more extended configurations of Htt17 with lower
      helix propensity. Also, the aliphatic carbons of Q17 partially sequester the
      nonpolar amino acids of Htt17. For its part, addition of Q17P11 shifts the
      overall landscape to a more extended and helical Htt17 stabilized by interactions
      with Q17 and P11, which almost exclusively form a PPII-helix, as well as by
      intramolecular H-bonds and salt bridges. Our characterization of Huntingtin's
      amino-terminus provides insights into the structural origin of its ability to
      oligomerize and interact with phospholipid bilayers, processes closely linked to
      the biological functions of this protein. 

PMID- 26958886
TI  - The Voltage Activation of Cortical KCNQ Channels Depends on Global PIP2 Levels.
AB  - The slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) is a calcium-activated potassium
      conductance with critical roles in multiple physiological processes.
      Pharmacological and genetic data suggest that KCNQ channels partly mediate the
      sAHP. However, these channels are not typically open within the observed voltage
      range of the sAHP. Recent work has shown that the sAHP is gated by increased PIP2
      levels, which are generated downstream of calcium binding by neuronal calcium
      sensors such as hippocalcin. Here, we examined whether changes in PIP2 levels
      could shift the voltage-activation range of KCNQ channels. In HEK293T cells,
      expression of the PIP5 kinase PIPKIgamma90, which increases global PIP2 levels,
      shifted the KCNQ voltage activation to within the operating range of the sAHP.
      Further, the sensitivity of this effect on KCNQ3 channels appeared to be higher
      than that on KCNQ2. Therefore, we predict that KCNQ3 plays an essential role in
      maintaining the sAHP under low PIP2 conditions. In support of this notion, we
      find that sAHP inhibition by muscarinic receptors that increase phosphoinositide
      turnover in neurons is enhanced in Kcnq3-knockout mice. Likewise, the presence of
      KCNQ3 is essential for maintaining the sAHP when hippocalcin is ablated, a
      condition that likely impairs PIP2 generation. Together, our results establish
      the relationship between PIP2 and the voltage dependence of cortical KCNQ
      channels (KCNQ2/3, KCNQ3/5, and KCNQ5), and suggest a possible mechanism for the
      involvement of KCNQ channels in the sAHP. 

PMID- 26958887
TI  - Glutathionylation-Dependence of Na(+)-K(+)-Pump Currents Can Mimic Reduced
      Subsarcolemmal Na(+) Diffusion.
AB  - The existence of a subsarcolemmal space with restricted diffusion for Na(+) in
      cardiac myocytes has been inferred from a transient peak electrogenic Na(+)-K(+)
      pump current beyond steady state on reexposure of myocytes to K(+) after a period
      of exposure to K(+)-free extracellular solution. The transient peak current is
      attributed to enhanced electrogenic pumping of Na(+) that accumulated in the
      diffusion-restricted space during pump inhibition in K(+)-free extracellular
      solution. However, there are no known physical barriers that account for such
      restricted Na(+) diffusion, and we examined if changes of activity of the Na(+)
      K(+) pump itself cause the transient peak current. Reexposure to K(+) reproduced
      a transient current beyond steady state in voltage-clamped ventricular myocytes
      as reported by others. Persistence of it when the Na(+) concentration in patch
      pipette solutions perfusing the intracellular compartment was high and
      elimination of it with K(+)-free pipette solution could not be reconciled with
      restricted subsarcolemmal Na(+) diffusion. The pattern of the transient current
      early after pump activation was dependent on transmembrane Na(+)- and K(+)
      concentration gradients suggesting the currents were related to the
      conformational poise imposed on the pump. We examined if the currents might be
      accounted for by changes in glutathionylation of the beta1 Na(+)-K(+) pump
      subunit, a reversible oxidative modification that inhibits the pump.
      Susceptibility of the beta1 subunit to glutathionylation depends on the
      conformational poise of the Na(+)-K(+) pump, and glutathionylation with the pump
      stabilized in conformations equivalent to those expected to be imposed on voltage
      clamped myocytes supported this hypothesis. So did elimination of the transient
      K(+)-induced peak Na(+)-K(+) pump current when we included glutaredoxin 1 in
      patch pipette solutions to reverse glutathionylation. We conclude that transient
      K(+)-induced peak Na(+)-K(+) pump current reflects the effect of conformation
      dependent beta1 pump subunit glutathionylation, not restricted subsarcolemmal
      diffusion of Na(+). 

PMID- 26958888
TI  - Calculating Transition Energy Barriers and Characterizing Activation States for
      Steps of Fusion.
AB  - We use continuum mechanics to calculate an entire least energy pathway of
      membrane fusion, from stalk formation, to pore creation, and through fusion pore
      enlargement. The model assumes that each structure in the pathway is axially
      symmetric. The static continuum stalk structure agrees quantitatively with
      experimental stalk architecture. Calculations show that in a stalk, the distal
      monolayer is stretched and the stored stretching energy is significantly less
      than the tilt energy of an unstretched distal monolayer. The string method is
      used to determine the energy of the transition barriers that separate
      intermediate states and the dynamics of two bilayers as they pass through them.
      Hemifusion requires a small amount of energy independently of lipid composition,
      while direct transition from a stalk to a fusion pore without a hemifusion
      intermediate is highly improbable. Hemifusion diaphragm expansion is spontaneous
      for distal monolayers containing at least two lipid components, given
      sufficiently negative diaphragm spontaneous curvature. Conversely, diaphragms
      formed from single-component distal monolayers do not expand without the
      continual injection of energy. We identify a diaphragm radius, below which
      central pore expansion is spontaneous. For larger diaphragms, prior studies have
      shown that pore expansion is not axisymmetric, and here our calculations supply
      an upper bound for the energy of the barrier against pore formation. The major
      energy-requiring deformations in the steps of fusion are: widening of a
      hydrophobic fissure in bilayers for stalk formation, splay within the expanding
      hemifusion diaphragm, and fissure widening initiating pore formation in a
      hemifusion diaphragm. 

PMID- 26958889
TI  - Oncogenic K-Ras Binds to an Anionic Membrane in Two Distinct Orientations: A
      Molecular Dynamics Analysis.
AB  - K-Ras is a membrane-associated GTPase that cycles between active and inactive
      conformational states to regulate a variety of cell signaling pathways. Somatic
      mutations in K-Ras are linked to 15-20% of all human tumors. K-Ras attaches to
      the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane via a farnesylated polybasic domain;
      however, the structural details of the complex remain poorly understood. Based on
      extensive (7.5 MUs total) atomistic molecular dynamics simulations here we show
      that oncogenic mutant K-Ras interacts with a negatively charged lipid bilayer
      membrane in multiple orientations. Of these, two highly populated orientations
      account for ~54% of the conformers whose catalytic domain directly interacts with
      the bilayer. In one of these orientation states, membrane binding involves
      helices 3 and 4 of the catalytic domain in addition to the farnesyl and polybasic
      motifs. In the other orientation, beta-strands 1-3 and helix 2 on the opposite
      face of the catalytic domain contribute to membrane binding. Flexibility of the
      linker region was found to be important for the reorientation. The biological
      significance of these observations was evaluated by initial experiments in cells
      overexpressing mutant K-Ras as well as by an analysis of Ras-effector complex
      structures. The results suggest that only one of the two major orientation states
      is capable of effector binding. We propose that the different modes of membrane
      binding may be exploited in structure-based drug design efforts for cancer
      therapy. 

PMID- 26958890
TI  - MreB-Dependent Organization of the E. coli Cytoplasmic Membrane Controls Membrane
      Protein Diffusion.
AB  - The functional organization of prokaryotic cell membranes, which is essential for
      many cellular processes, has been challenging to analyze due to the small size
      and nonflat geometry of bacterial cells. Here, we use single-molecule
      fluorescence microscopy and three-dimensional quantitative analyses in live
      Escherichia coli to demonstrate that its cytoplasmic membrane contains
      microdomains with distinct physical properties. We show that the stability of
      these microdomains depends on the integrity of the MreB cytoskeletal network
      underneath the membrane. We explore how the interplay between cytoskeleton and
      membrane affects trans-membrane protein (TMP) diffusion and reveal that the
      mobility of the TMPs tested is subdiffusive, most likely caused by confinement of
      TMP mobility by the submembranous MreB network. Our findings demonstrate that the
      dynamic architecture of prokaryotic cell membranes is controlled by the MreB
      cytoskeleton and regulates the mobility of TMPs. 

PMID- 26958891
TI  - Endothelial Surface Protrusion by a Point Force.
AB  - During leukocyte rolling on the endothelium, surface protrusion and membrane
      tether extraction occur consecutively on leukocytes. Both surface protrusion and
      tether extraction of leukocytes stabilize leukocyte rolling. Tethers can also be
      extracted from endothelial cells (ECs), but surface protrusion of ECs has never
      been confirmed to exist. In this study, we examined EC surface protrusion with
      the micropipette aspiration technique. We found that, like leukocytes, surface
      protrusion on an EC did exist when a point force was imposed. Both the
      protrusional stiffness and the crossover force of EC surface protrusion were
      dependent on the force loading rate and the cytoskeletal integrity, but neither
      of them was dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation. Temperature (37
      degrees C) affected the protrusional stiffness only at small force loading rates.
      When a neutrophil was employed to directly impose the pulling force on the EC,
      simultaneous surface protrusion from both cells occurred, and it can be modeled
      as two springs connected in series, although the spring constants should be
      adjusted according to the force loading rate. Therefore, EC surface protrusion is
      an important aspect of leukocyte rolling, and it should not be ignored when
      leukocyte rolling stability is studied systematically. 

PMID- 26958892
TI  - Characterization of Ternary Protein Systems In Vivo with Tricolor Heterospecies
      Partition Analysis.
AB  - Tools and assays that characterize protein-protein interactions are of
      fundamental importance to biology, because protein assemblies play a critical
      role in the control and regulation of nearly every cellular process. The
      availability of fluorescent proteins has facilitated the direct and real-time
      observation of protein-protein interactions inside living cells, but existing
      methods are mostly limited to binary interactions between two proteins. Because
      of the scarcity of techniques capable of identifying ternary interactions, we
      developed tricolor heterospecies partition analysis. The technique is based on
      brightness analysis of fluorescence fluctuations from three fluorescent proteins
      that serve as protein labels. We identified three fluorescent proteins suitable
      for tricolor brightness experiments. In addition, we developed the theory of
      identifying interactions in a ternary protein system using tricolor heterospecies
      partition analysis. The theory was verified by experiments on well-characterized
      protein systems. A graphical representation of the heterospecies partition data
      was introduced to visualize interactions in ternary protein systems. Lastly, we
      performed fluorescence fluctuation experiments on cells expressing a coactivator
      and two nuclear receptors and applied heterospecies partition analysis to explore
      the interactions of this ternary protein system. 

PMID- 26958893
TI  - Intracellular Pressure Dynamics in Blebbing Cells.
AB  - Blebs are pressure-driven protrusions that play an important role in cell
      migration, particularly in three-dimensional environments. A bleb is initiated
      when the cytoskeleton detaches from the cell membrane, resulting in the pressure
      driven flow of cytosol toward the area of detachment and local expansion of the
      cell membrane. Recent experiments involving blebbing cells have led to
      conflicting hypotheses regarding the timescale of intracellular pressure
      propagation. The interpretation of one set of experiments supports a poroelastic
      model of the cytoplasm that leads to slow pressure equilibration when compared to
      the timescale of bleb expansion. A different study concludes that pressure
      equilibrates faster than the timescale of bleb expansion. To address this
      discrepancy, a dynamic computational model of the cell was developed that
      includes mechanics of and the interactions among the cytoplasm, the actin cortex,
      the cell membrane, and the cytoskeleton. The model results quantify the
      relationship among cytoplasmic rheology, pressure, and bleb expansion dynamics,
      and provide a more detailed picture of intracellular pressure dynamics. This
      study shows the elastic response of the cytoplasm relieves pressure and limits
      bleb size, and that both permeability and elasticity of the cytoplasm determine
      bleb expansion time. Our model with a poroelastic cytoplasm shows that pressure
      disturbances from bleb initiation propagate faster than the timescale of bleb
      expansion and that pressure equilibrates slower than the timescale of bleb
      expansion. The multiple timescales in intracellular pressure dynamics explain the
      apparent discrepancy in the interpretation of experimental results. 

PMID- 26958896
TI  - Introduction to Biophysics Week: What is Biophysics?

PMID- 26958894
TI  - Limiting Energy Dissipation Induces Glassy Kinetics in Single-Cell High-Precision
      Responses.
AB  - Single cells often generate precise responses by involving dissipative out-of
      thermodynamic-equilibrium processes in signaling networks. The available free
      energy to fuel these processes could become limited depending on the metabolic
      state of an individual cell. How does limiting dissipation affect the kinetics of
      high-precision responses in single cells? I address this question in the context
      of a kinetic proofreading scheme used in a simple model of early-time T cell
      signaling. Using exact analytical calculations and numerical simulations, I show
      that limiting dissipation qualitatively changes the kinetics in single cells
      marked by emergence of slow kinetics, large cell-to-cell variations of copy
      numbers, temporally correlated stochastic events (dynamic facilitation), and
      ergodicity breaking. Thus, constraints in energy dissipation, in addition to
      negatively affecting ligand discrimination in T cells, can create a fundamental
      difficulty in determining single-cell kinetics from cell-population results.

PMID- 26958895
TI  - Dynamics of Mouth Opening in Hydra.
AB  - Hydra, a simple freshwater animal famous for its regenerative capabilities, must
      tear a hole through its epithelial tissue each time it opens its mouth. The
      feeding response of Hydra has been well-characterized physiologically and is
      regarded as a classical model system for environmental chemical biology. However,
      due to a lack of in vivo labeling and imaging tools, the biomechanics of mouth
      opening have remained completely unexplored. We take advantage of the
      availability of transgenic Hydra lines to perform the first dynamical analysis,
      to our knowledge, of Hydra mouth opening and test existing hypotheses regarding
      the underlying cellular mechanisms. Through cell position and shape tracking, we
      show that mouth opening is accompanied by changes in cell shape, but not cellular
      rearrangements as previously suggested. Treatment with a muscle relaxant impairs
      mouth opening, supporting the hypothesis that mouth opening is an active process
      driven by radial contractile processes (myonemes) in the ectoderm. Furthermore,
      we find that all events exhibit the same relative rate of opening. Because one
      individual can open consecutively to different amounts, this suggests that the
      degree of mouth opening is controlled through neuronal signaling. Finally, from
      the opening dynamics and independent measurements of the elastic properties of
      the tissues, we estimate the forces exerted by the myonemes to be on the order of
      a few nanoNewtons. Our study provides the first dynamical framework, to our
      knowledge, for understanding the remarkable plasticity of the Hydra mouth and
      illustrates that Hydra is a powerful system for quantitative biomechanical
      studies of cell and tissue behaviors in vivo.

PMID- 26958897
TI  - Safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants - coronary risks.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since the approval and commercialization of non-vitamin K
      antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs; apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and
      rivaroxaban) several studies and meta-analyses have raised safety concerns
      regarding myocardial infarction (MI) risk among NOAC-treated patients,
      particularly with dabigatran. Uncertainty remains regarding the coronary risk
      associated with dabigatran, and whether this putative risk also applies to the
      other NOACs. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the coronary risks of NOACs based on
      findings from placebo-controlled trials are discussed, and randomized controlled
      trials and major cohort studies in AF patients are also appraised. We performed a
      random-effect meta-analysis, including both interventional trials and
      observational studies ("real-world" data). Further estimates were retrieved from
      the meta-analysis of coronary risk among NOAC-treated patients with concomitant
      AF and coronary disease. EXPERT OPINION: Currently, the best available data from
      both clinical trials and observational studies do not support the claim that
      patients treated with NOACs, including dabigatran, are at increased coronary
      risk. However, a definitive conclusion cannot be made (especially regarding
      dabigatran) and further data are required to address the coronary risks, mostly
      of high-risk patients. As with any therapeutic intervention, the possible
      complications should be balanced against the potential benefits at an individual
      patient level.

PMID- 26958898
TI  - Acute Effects of 30 Minutes Resistance and Aerobic Exercise on Cognition in a
      High School Sample.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in cognition
      between acute bouts of resistance exercise, aerobic exercise, and a nonexercise
      control in an untrained youth sample. METHOD: Ninety-four participants performed
      30 min of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, or nonexercise separated by 7
      days each in a randomized crossover design. After each exercise intervention,
      participants were assessed using 2 cognitive tests. The Dot, Word, and Color
      elements of the Stroop Test (Victoria version) and Parts A and B of the Trail
      Making Test were used to measure cognition. RESULTS: Acute resistance and aerobic
      exercise resulted in similar improvements over nonexercise in all forms of the
      Stroop Test. Acute aerobic exercise led to improved performance over nonexercise
      and resistance exercise in Part B of the Trail-Making Test. Neither exercise
      intervention showed significant changes in time to complete Part A of the Trail
      Making Test. Boys outperformed girls on the Stroop Dot and Color Test following
      acute aerobic exercise, in the Stroop Dot, Word, and Color Test following acute
      resistance exercise, and in the Stroop Color Test and Trail-Making Test Part B
      following nonexercise. CONCLUSIONS: Both acute resistance and aerobic exercise
      increased measures of cognition over a nonexercise control in untrained high
      school youth. These findings suggest the merits of acute resistance exercise as
      an alternative or complement to aerobic activity for educators aiming to increase
      youth physical activity and cognitive function concurrently.

PMID- 26958899
TI  - Pregnancy snapshot: a retrospective, observational case-control study to evaluate
      the potential effects of maternal diabetes treatment during pregnancy on
      macrosomia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy in women with diabetes is associated with increased
      incidence of macrosomia (high birth weight) versus women without diabetes.
      Macrosomia increases the risk of complications during delivery and neonatally.
      The potential effect on macrosomia incidence certain diabetes treatments may have
      is not fully established. This study aims to identify whether specific components
      of the prenatal care of mothers with diabetes are associated with increased
      macrosomia risk in a real-world U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective,
      observational case-controlled study of mothers either without diabetes, or with
      type 1 (T1D), type 2 (T2D), or gestational diabetes mellitus (G.D.M.), using data
      from a U.S. insurance claims database. Treatment selection was at physician
      discretion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of macrosomia. RESULTS: For mothers
      with T2D, use of neutral protamine Hagedorn (N.P.H.) insulin and glyburide
      increased during pregnancy, from 3.4% to 33.3%, and 3.7% to 16.5%, respectively.
      The most common G.D.M. treatments during pregnancy were glyburide (15.5%), N.P.H.
      (12.9%), basal-bolus therapy (10.0%), and metformin (8.1%). Endocrinologist care
      during pregnancy was associated with insulin use - but not glyburide use - for
      mothers with G.D.M., and with insulin use for mothers with T1D and T2D (compared
      with mothers not visiting an endocrinologist). Glyburide was associated with
      higher odds for macrosomia: G.D.M. (odds ratio [O.R.] 1.53, 95% confidence
      interval [C.I.] 1.38-1.69, p < 0.0001); T2D (O.R. 1.93, 95% C.I. 1.51-2.47, p <
      0.0001). Endocrinologist care was associated with lower odds for macrosomia
      overall (O.R. 0.86, 95% C.I. 0.81-0.92) and for mothers with G.D.M. (O.R. 0.85,
      95% C.I. 0.75-0.97, p = 0.0156) when the sub-populations were examined in
      separate models. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare utilization and endocrinologist care
      were related to positive birth outcomes, especially with G.D.M. Further research
      into the safety and efficacy of glyburide in pregnancy is warranted. This study
      cannot infer causality and may not be representative of current U.S. healthcare
      practice.

PMID- 26958901
TI  - A Viability Approach for Robustness Measurement, Organizational Autopoiesis, and
      Cell Turnover in a Multicellular System.
AB  - In this article, we use the potential of computational biology to highlight the
      key role of cell apoptosis for studying some tissue's properties through in
      silico experiments of morphogenesis. Our morphogenesis model is a new approach
      focusing on the deterministic program within cells that controls their placement
      and their differentiation at the beginning of the embryogenesis. Indeed, when the
      tissue is made by just a few pair of cells, we consider that cellular mechanisms
      are related neither to the influence of mechanical forces nor to the spread of
      chemicals. Dynamics are based on spatial and logical choices, the other factors
      being involved when the tissue contains a large number of cells. We had
      established a mathematical formulation of such a model and had enlightened the
      link between phenotype (cell placement and cell differentiation) and genotype
      (cell program) at the early embryogenesis. Indeed, that work allowed for
      generating any early tissue and the associated program that designs it. We
      propose now to study and assess some properties of these tissues for further
      selection and classification purposes. More precisely, we present in this article
      novel methods to measure tissue robustness based on the backward morphogenesis of
      our model. We also show some implementations of their self-maintenance
      properties, on the one hand to deal with environment disturbances through
      autopoiesis and on the other hand to achieve a dynamical steady state which
      ensures tissue renewal. 

PMID- 26958902
TI  - Variability in the Cross-Sectional Area and Narrowing of the Internal Jugular
      Vein in Patients Without Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Chronic cerebrospinal vascular insufficiency is a proposed condition
      of intraluminal stenosis of the internal jugular vein (IJV) that impedes venous
      flow from the brain. Calculations of IJV stenosis are vague and described in
      veins with at least a 50% reduction in IJV caliber at a specific level. The
      purpose of this study was to assess normal changes in anatomic caliber of the
      course of the IJV in a generalized population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images from
      500 consecutive contrast-enhanced neck CT studies performed in January-July 2011
      were reviewed. Cross-sectional areas of the IJV were calculated at the jugular
      foramen, C1-C7 levels, and jugular angles bilaterally. Patients were excluded if
      they had severely motion-limited studies; limited clinical data; a history of
      multiple sclerosis, neck mass, or neck dissection; or known IJV occlusion.
      Normalized IJV cross-sectional areas at each level were compared with an averaged
      normalized cross-sectional area from all patients at each level. RESULTS: Greater
      than 50% narrowing compared with a normalized average was found in 133 of 363
      patients (36.6%) and was seen at all IJV levels. In 36.1% of patients this
      narrowing occurred at the C1 level. Most of the areas of narrowing greater than
      50% occurred above the C4 level. CONCLUSION: The IJV has marked variability in
      its course in the neck. Areas of narrowing greater than 50% occur most commonly
      in the upper cervical and skull base regions. Given the normal anatomic
      variations in IJV caliber, caution should be used when making the diagnosis of
      and treating IJV stenosis.

PMID- 26958903
TI  - Complicating causality: patient and professional perspectives on obstetric
      fistula in Nigeria.
AB  - Obstetric fistula, a preventable maternal morbidity characterised by chronic
      bladder and/or bowel incontinence, is widespread in Nigeria. This qualitative,
      multi-site study examined the competing narratives on obstetric fistula causality
      in Nigeria. Research methods were participant observation and in-depth interviews
      with 86 fistula patients and 43 healthcare professionals. The study found that
      both patient and professional narratives identified limited access to medical
      facilities as a major factor leading to obstetric fistula. Patients and
      professionals beliefs regarding the access problem, however, differed
      significantly. The majority of fistula patients reported either delivering or
      attempting to deliver in medical facilities and most patients attributed fistula
      to a lack of trained medical staff and mismanagement at medical facilities.
      Conversely, a majority of health professionals believed that women developed
      obstetric fistula because they chose to deliver at home due to women's
      traditional beliefs about womanhood and childbirth. Both groups described
      financial constraints and inadequate transport to medical facilities during
      complicated labour as related to obstetric fistula onset. Programmatic insights
      derived from these findings should inform fistula prevention interventions both
      with healthcare professionals and with Nigerian women.

PMID- 26958904
TI  - The Maturation of a Scientist: An Autobiography.
AB  - I was shaped by World War II, years of near starvation as a war refugee, postwar
      chaos, life in several countries, and relative affluence in later life. The truth
      is that as I was growing up I wanted to be a writer. My aspirations came to an
      end when, in order to speed up my graduation from college, I took courses in
      microbiology. It was my second love at first sight-that of my wife preceded it. I
      view science as an opportunity to discover the designs in the mosaics of life.
      What initiates my search of discovery is an observation that makes no sense
      unless there exists a novel design. Once the design is revealed there is little
      interest in filling all the gaps. I was fortunate to understand that what lasts
      are not the scientific reports but rather the generations of scientists whose
      education I may have influenced. 

PMID- 26958905
TI  - The Legacy of Nat Sternberg: The Genesis of Cre-lox Technology.
AB  - Cre-lox of bacteriophage P1 has become one of the most widely used tools for
      genetic engineering in eukaryotes. The origins of this tool date to more than 30
      years ago when Nat L. Sternberg discovered the recombinase, Cre, and its specific
      locus of crossover, lox, while studying the maintenance of bacteriophage P1 as a
      stable plasmid. Recombinations mediated by Cre assist in cyclization of the DNA
      of infecting phage and in resolution of prophage multimers created by generalized
      recombination. Early in vitro work demonstrated that, although it shares
      similarities with the well-characterized bacteriophage lambda integration, Cre
      lox is in many ways far simpler in its requirements for carrying out
      recombination. These features would prove critical for its development as a
      powerful and versatile tool in genetic engineering. We review the history of the
      discovery and characterization of Cre-lox and touch upon the present direction of
      Cre-lox research. 

PMID- 26958906
TI  - Biogeography of Viruses in the Sea.
AB  - Viral ecology is a rapidly progressing area of research, as molecular methods
      have improved significantly for targeted research on specific populations and
      whole communities. To interpret and synthesize global viral diversity and
      distribution, it is feasible to assess whether macroecology concepts can apply to
      marine viruses. We review how viral and host life history and physical properties
      can influence viral distribution in light of biogeography and metacommunity
      ecology paradigms. We highlight analytical approaches that can be applied to
      emerging global data sets and meta-analyses to identify individual taxa with
      global influence and drivers of emergent properties that influence microbial
      community structure by drawing on examples across the spectrum of viral taxa,
      from RNA to ssDNA and dsDNA viruses. 

PMID- 26958907
TI  - Role of the Insect Supervectors Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis in
      the Emergence and Global Spread of Plant Viruses.
AB  - Emergence of insect-transmitted plant viruses over the past 10-20 years has been
      disproportionately driven by two so-called supervectors: the whitefly, Bemisia
      tabaci, and the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. High rates of
      reproduction and dispersal, extreme polyphagy, and development of insecticide
      resistance, together with human activities, have made these insects global pests.
      These supervectors transmit a diversity of plant viruses by different mechanisms
      and mediate virus emergence through local evolution, host shifts, mixed
      infections, and global spread. Associated virus evolution involves reassortment,
      recombination, and component capture. Emergence of B. tabaci-transmitted
      geminiviruses (begomoviruses), ipomoviruses, and torradoviruses has led to global
      disease outbreaks as well as multiple paradigm shifts. Similarly, F. occidentalis
      has mediated tospovirus host shifts and global dissemination and the emergence of
      pollen-transmitted ilarviruses. The plant virus-supervector interaction offers
      exciting opportunities for basic research and global implementation of
      generalized disease management strategies to reduce economic and environmental
      impacts. 

PMID- 26958908
TI  - Coronavirus Host Range Expansion and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
      Emergence: Biochemical Mechanisms and Evolutionary Perspectives.
AB  - Coronaviruses have frequently expanded their host range in recent history, with
      two events resulting in severe disease outbreaks in human populations. Severe
      acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2003 in Southeast
      Asia and rapidly spread around the world before it was controlled by public
      health intervention strategies. The 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome
      coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak represents another prime example of virus
      emergence from a zoonotic reservoir. Here, we review the current knowledge of
      coronavirus cross-species transmission, with particular focus on MERS-CoV. MERS
      CoV is still circulating in the human population, and the mechanisms governing
      its cross-species transmission have been only partially elucidated, highlighting
      a need for further investigation. We discuss biochemical determinants mediating
      MERS-CoV host cell permissivity, including virus spike interactions with the MERS
      CoV cell surface receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), and evolutionary
      mechanisms that may facilitate host range expansion, including recombination,
      mutator alleles, and mutational robustness. Understanding these mechanisms can
      help us better recognize the threat of emergence for currently circulating
      zoonotic strains. 

PMID- 26958909
TI  - Koala Retroviruses: Evolution and Disease Dynamics.
AB  - A retroviral etiology for malignant neoplasias in koalas has long been suspected.
      Evidence for retroviral involvement was bolstered in 2000 by the isolation of a
      koala retrovirus (KoRV), now termed KoRV-A. KoRV-A is an endogenous retrovirus-a
      retrovirus that infects germ cells-a feature that makes it a permanent resident
      of the koala genome. KoRV-A lacks the genetic diversity of an exogenous
      retrovirus, a quality associated with the ability of a retrovirus to cause
      neoplasias. In 2013, a second KoRV isolate, KoRV-B, was obtained from koalas with
      lymphomas in the Los Angeles Zoo. Unlike KoRV-A, which is present in the genomes
      of all koalas in the United States, KoRV-B is restricted in its distribution and
      is associated with host pathology (neoplastic disease). Here, our current
      understanding of the evolution of endogenous and exogenous KoRVs, and the
      relationship between them, is reviewed to build a perspective on the future
      impact of these viruses on koala sustainability. 

PMID- 26958910
TI  - Endogenous Retroviruses in the Genomics Era.
AB  - Endogenous retroviruses comprise millions of discrete genetic loci distributed
      within the genomes of extant vertebrates. These sequences, which are clearly
      related to exogenous retroviruses, represent retroviral infections of the deep
      past, and their abundance suggests that retroviruses were a near-constant
      presence throughout the evolutionary history of modern vertebrates. Endogenous
      retroviruses contribute in myriad ways to the evolution of host genomes, as
      mutagens and as sources of genetic novelty (both coding and regulatory) to be
      acted upon by the twin engines of random genetic drift and natural selection.
      Importantly, the richness and complexity of endogenous retrovirus data can be
      used to understand how viruses spread and adapt on evolutionary timescales by
      combining population genetics and evolutionary theory with a detailed
      understanding of retrovirus biology (gleaned from the study of extant
      retroviruses). In addition to revealing the impact of viruses on organismal
      evolution, such studies can help us better understand, by looking back in time,
      how life-history traits, as well as ecological and geological events, influence
      the movement of viruses within and between populations. 

PMID- 26958911
TI  - Matters of Size: Genetic Bottlenecks in Virus Infection and Their Potential
      Impact on Evolution.
AB  - For virus infections of multicellular hosts, narrow genetic bottlenecks during
      transmission and within-host spread appear to be widespread. These bottlenecks
      will affect the maintenance of genetic variation in a virus population and the
      prevalence of mixed-strain infections, thereby ultimately determining the
      strength with which different random forces act during evolution. Here we
      consider different approaches for estimating bottleneck sizes and weigh their
      merits. We then review quantitative estimates of bottleneck size during cellular
      infection, within-host spread, horizontal transmission, and finally vertical
      transmission. In most cases we find that bottlenecks do regularly occur, although
      in many cases they appear to be virion-concentration dependent. Finally, we
      consider the evolutionary implications of genetic bottlenecks during virus
      infection. Although on average strong bottlenecks will lead to declines in
      fitness, we consider a number of scenarios in which bottlenecks could also be
      advantageous for viruses. 

PMID- 26958912
TI  - The Phage-Inducible Chromosomal Islands: A Family of Highly Evolved Molecular
      Parasites.
AB  - The phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICIs) are a family of highly mobile
      genetic elements that contribute substantively to horizontal gene transfer, host
      adaptation, and virulence. Initially identified in Staphylococcus aureus, these
      elements are now thought to occur widely in gram-positive bacteria. They are
      molecular parasites that exploit certain temperate phages as helpers, using a
      variety of elegant strategies to manipulate the phage life cycle and promote
      their own spread, both intra- and intergenerically. At the same time, these PICI
      encoded mechanisms severely interfere with helper phage reproduction, thereby
      enhancing survival of the bacterial population. In this review we discuss the
      genetics and the life cycle of these elements, with special emphasis on how they
      interact and interfere with the helper phage machinery for their own benefit. We
      also analyze the role that these elements play in driving bacterial and viral
      evolution. 

PMID- 26958913
TI  - Deep Recombination: RNA and ssDNA Virus Genes in DNA Virus and Host Genomes.
AB  - Viruses are notorious for rapidly exchanging genetic information between close
      relatives and with the host cells they infect. This exchange has profound effects
      on the nature and rapidity of virus and host evolution. Recombination between
      dsDNA viruses is common, as is genetic exchange between dsDNA viruses or
      retroviruses and host genomes. Recombination between RNA virus genomes is also
      well known. In contrast, genetic exchange across viral kingdoms, for instance
      between nonretroviral RNA viruses or ssDNA viruses and host genomes or between
      RNA and DNA viruses, was previously thought to be practically nonexistent.
      However, there is now growing evidence for both RNA and ssDNA viruses recombining
      with host dsDNA genomes and, more surprisingly, RNA virus genes recombining with
      ssDNA virus genomes. Mechanisms are still unclear, but this deep recombination
      greatly expands the breadth of virus evolution and confounds virus taxonomy. 

PMID- 26958914
TI  - Hunting Viral Receptors Using Haploid Cells.
AB  - Viruses have evolved intricate mechanisms to gain entry into the host cell.
      Identification of host proteins that serve as viral receptors has enabled
      insights into virus particle internalization, host and tissue tropism, and viral
      pathogenesis. In this review we discuss the most commonly employed methods for
      virus receptor discovery, specifically highlighting the use of forward genetic
      screens in human haploid cells. The ability to generate true knockout alleles at
      high saturation provides a sensitive means to study virus-host interactions. To
      illustrate the power of such haploid genetic screens, we highlight the discovery
      of the lysosomal proteins NPC1 and LAMP1 as intracellular receptors for Ebola
      virus and Lassa virus, respectively. From these studies emerges the notion that
      receptor usage by these viruses is highly dynamic, involving a programmed switch
      from cell surface receptor to intracellular receptor. Broad application of
      genetic knockout approaches will chart functional landscapes of receptors and
      endocytic pathways hijacked by viruses. 

PMID- 26958917
TI  - Flaviviridae Replication Organelles: Oh, What a Tangled Web We Weave.
AB  - Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses occurs in tight association with
      reorganized host cell membranes. In a concerted fashion, viral and cellular
      factors generate distinct organelle-like structures, designated viral replication
      factories. These virus-induced compartments promote highly efficient genome
      replication, allow spatiotemporal coordination of the different steps of the
      viral replication cycle, and protect viral RNA from the hostile cytoplasmic
      environment. The combined use of ultrastructural and functional studies has
      greatly increased our understanding of the architecture and biogenesis of viral
      replication factories. Here, we review common concepts and distinct differences
      in replication organelle morphology and biogenesis within the Flaviviridae
      family, exemplified by dengue virus and hepatitis C virus. We discuss recent
      progress made in our understanding of the complex interplay between viral
      determinants and subverted cellular membrane homeostasis in biogenesis and
      maintenance of replication factories of this virus family. 

PMID- 26958915
TI  - Retroviral Integrase: Then and Now.
AB  - The retroviral integrases are virally encoded, specialized recombinases that
      catalyze the insertion of viral DNA into the host cell's DNA, a process that is
      essential for virus propagation. We have learned a great deal since the existence
      of an integrated form of retroviral DNA (the provirus) was first proposed by
      Howard Temin in 1964. Initial studies focused on the genetics and biochemistry of
      avian and murine virus DNA integration, but the pace of discovery increased
      substantially with advances in technology, and an influx of investigators focused
      on the human immunodeficiency virus. We begin with a brief account of the
      scientific landscape in which some of the earliest discoveries were made, and
      summarize research that led to our current understanding of the biochemistry of
      integration. A more detailed account of recent analyses of integrase structure
      follows, as they have provided valuable insights into enzyme function and raised
      important new questions. 

PMID- 26958919
TI  - Ribosome Profiling as a Tool to Decipher Viral Complexity.
AB  - Viral genomes harbor a variety of unusual translational phenomena that allow them
      to pack coding information more densely and evade host restriction mechanisms
      imposed by the cellular translational apparatus. Annotating translated sequences
      within these genomes thus poses particular challenges, but identifying the full
      complement of proteins encoded by a virus is critical for understanding its life
      cycle and defining the epitopes it presents for immune surveillance. Ribosome
      profiling is an emerging technique for global analysis of translation that offers
      direct and experimental annotation of viral genomes. Ribosome profiling has been
      applied to two herpesvirus genomes, those of human cytomegalovirus and Kaposi's
      sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, revealing translated sequences within presumptive
      long noncoding RNAs and identifying other micropeptides. Synthesis of these
      proteins has been confirmed by mass spectrometry and by identifying T cell
      responses following infection. Ribosome profiling in other viruses will likely
      expand further our understanding of viral gene regulation and the proteome. 

PMID- 26958916
TI  - Continuous and Discontinuous RNA Synthesis in Coronaviruses.
AB  - Replication of the coronavirus genome requires continuous RNA synthesis, whereas
      transcription is a discontinuous process unique among RNA viruses. Transcription
      includes a template switch during the synthesis of subgenomic negative-strand
      RNAs to add a copy of the leader sequence. Coronavirus transcription is regulated
      by multiple factors, including the extent of base-pairing between transcription
      regulating sequences of positive and negative polarity, viral and cell protein
      RNA binding, and high-order RNA-RNA interactions. Coronavirus RNA synthesis is
      performed by a replication-transcription complex that includes viral and cell
      proteins that recognize cis-acting RNA elements mainly located in the highly
      structured 5' and 3' untranslated regions. In addition to many viral
      nonstructural proteins, the presence of cell nuclear proteins and the viral
      nucleocapsid protein increases virus amplification efficacy. Coronavirus RNA
      synthesis is connected with the formation of double-membrane vesicles and
      convoluted membranes. Coronaviruses encode proofreading machinery, unique in the
      RNA virus world, to ensure the maintenance of their large genome size. 

PMID- 26958918
TI  - Modulation of the Translational Landscape During Herpesvirus Infection.
AB  - Herpesviral mRNAs are produced and translated by cellular machinery, rendering
      them susceptible to the network of regulatory events that impact translation. In
      response, these viruses have evolved to infiltrate and hijack translational
      control pathways as well as to integrate specialized host translation strategies
      into their own repertoire. They are robust systems to dissect mechanisms of
      mammalian translational regulation and continue to offer insight into cis-acting
      mRNA features that impact assembly and activity of the translation apparatus.
      Here, I discuss recent advances revealing the extent to which the three
      herpesvirus subfamilies regulate both host and viral translation, thereby
      dramatically impacting the landscape of protein synthesis in infected cells. 

PMID- 26958922
TI  - Novel Functions of the Human Papillomavirus E6 Oncoproteins.
AB  - Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the epidermis as well as mucous membranes of
      humans. They are the causative agents of anogenital tract and some oropharyngeal
      cancers. Infections begin in the basal epithelia, where the viral genome
      replicates slowly along with its host cell. As infected cells begin to
      differentiate and progress toward the periphery, the virus drives proliferation
      in cells that would otherwise be quiescent. To uncouple differentiation from
      continued cellular propagation, HPVs express two oncoproteins, HPV E6 and E7.
      This review focuses on high-risk alpha-HPV E6, which in addition to supporting
      viral replication has transforming properties. HPV E6 promotes p53 degradation
      and activates telomerase, but the multifaceted oncoprotein has numerous other
      functions that are highlighted here. 

PMID- 26958920
TI  - Mechanisms of DNA Packaging by Large Double-Stranded DNA Viruses.
AB  - Translocation of viral double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the icosahedral prohead
      shell is catalyzed by TerL, a motor protein that has ATPase, endonuclease, and
      translocase activities. TerL, following endonucleolytic cleavage of immature
      viral DNA concatemer recognized by TerS, assembles into a pentameric ring motor
      on the prohead's portal vertex and uses ATP hydrolysis energy for DNA
      translocation. TerL's N-terminal ATPase is connected by a hinge to the C-terminal
      endonuclease. Inchworm models propose that modest domain motions accompanying ATP
      hydrolysis are amplified, through changes in electrostatic interactions, into
      larger movements of the C-terminal domain bound to DNA. In phage phi29, four of
      the five TerL subunits sequentially hydrolyze ATP, each powering translocation of
      2.5 bp. After one viral genome is encapsidated, the internal pressure signals
      termination of packaging and ejection of the motor. Current focus is on the
      structures of packaging complexes and the dynamics of TerL during DNA packaging,
      endonuclease regulation, and motor mechanics. 

PMID- 26958923
TI  - Parvovirus Family Conundrum: What Makes a Killer?
AB  - Parvoviruses infect a wide variety of hosts, and their ancestors appear to have
      emerged tens to hundreds of millions of years ago and to have spread widely ever
      since. The diversity of parvoviruses is therefore extensive, and although they
      all appear to descend from a common ancestor and share common structures in their
      capsid and nonstructural proteins, there is often low homology at the DNA or
      protein level. The diversity of these viruses is also seen in the widely
      differing impacts they have on their hosts, which range from severe and even
      lethal disease to subclinical or nonpathogenic infections. In the past few years,
      deep sequencing of DNA samples from animals has shown just how widespread the
      parvoviruses are in nature, but most of the newly discovered viruses have not yet
      been associated with any disease. However, variants of some parvoviruses have
      altered their host ranges to create new epidemic or pandemic viruses. Here, we
      examine the properties of parvoviruses and their interactions with their hosts
      that are associated with these disparate pathogenic outcomes. 

PMID- 26958924
TI  - Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Rabies Virus (But Were Afraid to Ask).
AB  - The cultural impact of rabies, the fatal neurological disease caused by infection
      with rabies virus, registers throughout recorded history. Although rabies has
      been the subject of large-scale public health interventions, chiefly through
      vaccination efforts, the disease continues to take the lives of about 40,000
      70,000 people per year, roughly 40% of whom are children. Most of these deaths
      occur in resource-poor countries, where lack of infrastructure prevents timely
      reporting and postexposure prophylaxis and the ubiquity of domestic and wild
      animal hosts makes eradication unlikely. Moreover, although the disease is rarer
      than other human infections such as influenza, the prognosis following a bite
      from a rabid animal is poor: There is currently no effective treatment that will
      save the life of a symptomatic rabies patient. This review focuses on the major
      unanswered research questions related to rabies virus pathogenesis, especially
      those connecting the disease progression of rabies with the complex dysfunction
      caused by the virus in infected cells. The recent applications of cutting-edge
      research strategies to this question are described in detail. 

PMID- 26958921
TI  - Virus-Based Nanoparticles as Versatile Nanomachines.
AB  - Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the way we prevent, detect, and treat
      diseases. Viruses have played a special role in these developments because they
      can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds that have unique properties and are
      easily modified. The interiors of virus particles can encapsulate and protect
      sensitive compounds, while the exteriors can be altered to display large and
      small molecules in precisely defined arrays. These properties of viruses, along
      with their innate biocompatibility, have led to their development as actively
      targeted drug delivery systems that expand on and improve current pharmaceutical
      options. Viruses are naturally immunogenic, and antigens displayed on their
      surface have been used to create vaccines against pathogens and to break self
      tolerance to initiate an immune response to dysfunctional proteins. Densely and
      specifically aligned imaging agents on viruses have allowed for high-resolution
      and noninvasive visualization tools to detect and treat diseases earlier than
      previously possible. These and future applications of viruses have created an
      exciting new field within the disciplines of both nanotechnology and medicine. 

PMID- 26958925
TI  - Pathophysiological Consequences of Calcium-Conducting Viroporins.
AB  - Eukaryotic cells have evolved a myriad of ion channels, transporters, and pumps
      to maintain and regulate transmembrane ion gradients. As intracellular parasites,
      viruses also have evolved ion channel proteins, called viroporins, which disrupt
      normal ionic homeostasis to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. The first
      viral ion channel (influenza M2 protein) was confirmed only 23 years ago, and
      since then studies on M2 and many other viroporins have shown they serve critical
      functions in virus entry, replication, morphogenesis, and immune evasion. As new
      candidate viroporins and viroporin-mediated functions are being discovered, we
      review the experimental criteria for viroporin identification and
      characterization to facilitate consistency within this field of research. Then we
      review recent studies on how the few Ca(2+)-conducting viroporins exploit host
      signaling pathways, including store-operated Ca(2+) entry, autophagy, and
      inflammasome activation. These viroporin-induced aberrant Ca(2+) signals cause
      pathophysiological changes resulting in diarrhea, vomiting, and proinflammatory
      diseases, making both the viroporin and host Ca(2+) signaling pathways potential
      therapeutic targets for antiviral drugs. 

PMID- 26958926
TI  - Virus-Host Interactions: From Unbiased Genetic Screens to Function.
AB  - Deciphering the many interactions that occur between a virus and host cell over
      the course of infection is paramount to understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis
      and to the future development of antiviral therapies. Over the past decade,
      researchers have started to understand these complicated relationships through
      the development of methodologies, including advances in RNA interference,
      proteomics, and the development of genetic tools such as haploid cell lines,
      allowing high-throughput screening to identify critical contact points between
      virus and host. These advances have produced a wealth of data regarding host
      factors hijacked by viruses to promote infection, as well as antiviral factors
      responsible for subverting viral infection. This review highlights findings from
      virus-host screens and discusses our thoughts on the direction of screening
      strategies moving forward. 

PMID- 26958928
TI  - No Love Lost Between Viruses and Interferons.
AB  - The interferon system protects mammals against virus infections. There are
      several types of interferons, which are characterized by their ability to inhibit
      virus replication and resultant pathogenesis by triggering both innate and cell
      mediated immune responses. Virus infection is sensed by a variety of cellular
      pattern-recognition receptors and triggers the synthesis of interferons, which
      are secreted by the infected cells. In uninfected cells, cell surface receptors
      recognize the secreted interferons and activate intracellular signaling pathways
      that induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes; the proteins encoded
      by these genes inhibit different stages of virus replication. To avoid
      extinction, almost all viruses have evolved mechanisms to defend themselves
      against the interferon system. Consequently, a dynamic equilibrium of survival is
      established between the virus and its host, an equilibrium that can be shifted to
      the host's favor by the use of exogenous interferon as a therapeutic antiviral
      agent. 

PMID- 26958927
TI  - Viruses in Rodent Colonies: Lessons Learned from Murine Noroviruses.
AB  - Noroviruses (NoVs) are highly prevalent, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect a
      range of mammals, including humans and mice. Murine noroviruses (MuNoVs) are the
      most prevalent pathogens in biomedical research colonies, and they have been used
      extensively as a model system for human noroviruses (HuNoVs). Despite recent
      successes in culturing HuNoVs in the laboratory and a small animal host, studies
      of human viruses have inherent limitations. Thus, owing to its versatility, the
      MuNoV system-with its native host, reverse genetics, and cell culture systems
      will continue to provide important insights into NoV and enteric virus biology.
      In the current review, we summarize recent findings from MuNoVs that increase our
      understanding of enteric virus pathogenesis and highlight similarities between
      human and murine NoVs that underscore the value of MuNoVs to inform studies of
      HuNoV biology. We also discuss the potential of endemic MuNoV infections to
      impact other disease models. 

PMID- 26958930
TI  - Bacteriophage Therapy: Advances in Formulation Strategies and Human Clinical
      Trials.
AB  - Recently, a number of phage therapy phase I and II safety trials have been
      concluded, showing no notable safety concerns associated with the use of phage.
      Though hurdles for efficient treatment remain, these trials hold promise for
      future phase III clinical trials. Interestingly, most phage formulations used in
      these clinical trials are straightforward phage suspensions, and not much
      research has focused on the processing of phage cocktails in specific
      pharmaceutical dosage forms. Additional research on formulation strategies and
      the stability of phage-based drugs will be of key importance, especially with
      phage therapy advancing toward phase III clinical trials. 

PMID- 26958931
TI  - Wheelchair seating: A study on the healthy elderly.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many frail elderly and disabled persons have to use a manual
      wheelchair to remain mobile and active. Apart from a well-fitted wheelchair, an
      appropriate wheelchair cushion is considered crucial for postural support and to
      prevent complications. AIM: To examined the effect of two types of seat cushions
      in two types of wheelchairs with regard to pelvic rotation, respiratory function,
      and interface pressure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty healthy elderly between 67
      and 85 years of age participated. Two types of commonly used manual wheelchairs
      and two types of seat cushions were tested. Interface pressure, pelvic position,
      and respiratory function were measured using a sensor array mat, a study-specific
      inclinometer, and a spirometer. RESULTS: Differences in interface pressure and
      pelvic rotation between cushions were found in both wheelchairs. Compared with
      sitting on a standard cushion, sitting on the positioning cushion increased peak
      pressure. The posterior pelvic tilt increased with the positioning cushion in the
      Etac Cross wheelchair and for both cushions in the Etac Cross wheelchair compared
      with the HD Balance wheelchair. No difference was observed in respiratory
      function. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of a thorough
      evaluation of the effects of wheelchair interventions, especially for the elderly
      and disabled.

PMID- 26958932
TI  - Conditions of Use, Reliability, and Quality of Audio/Video-Mediated
      Communications During In-Home Rehabilitation Teletreatment for Postknee
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Audio/video-mediated communication between patients and clinicians
      using videoconferencing over telecommunication networks is a key component of
      providing teletreatments in rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this
      study were to (1) document the conditions of use, performance, and reliability of
      videoconferencing-based communication in the context of in-home teletreatment
      (TELE) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and (2) assess from the
      perspective of the providers, the quality attributes of the technology used and
      its impact on clinical objectives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive embedded
      study in a randomized controlled trial using a sample of 97 post-TKA patients,
      who received a total of 1,431 TELE sessions. Technical support use, service
      delivery reliability, performance, and use of network connection were assessed
      using self-report data from a costing grid and automated logs captured from
      videoconferencing systems. Physical therapists assessed the quality and impact of
      video-mediated communications after each TELE session on seven attributes.
      RESULTS: Installation of a new Internet connection was required in 75% of the
      participants and average technician's time to install test and uninstall
      technology (including travel time) was 308.4 min. The reliability of service
      delivery was 96.5% of planned sessions with 21% of TELE session requiring a
      reconnection during the session. Remote technical support was solicited in 43% of
      the sessions (interventions were less than 3-min duration). Perceived
      technological impacts on video-mediated communications were minimal with quality
      of the overall technical environment evaluated as good or acceptable in 96% of
      the sessions and clinical objectives reached almost completely or completely in
      99% of the sessions. CONCLUSIONS: In-home rehabilitation teletreatments can be
      delivered reliably but requires access to technical support for the initial setup
      and maintenance. Optimization of the processes of reliably connecting patients to
      the Internet, getting the telerehabilitation platform in the patient's home,
      installing, configuring, and testing will be needed to generalize this approach
      of service delivery.

PMID- 26958933
TI  - Parents' Stress and Coping Related to Children's Use of a Cochlear Implant: A
      Qualitative Study.
AB  - The aim was to increase understanding of parents' experiences of having a child
      with a cochlear implant (CI) and to explore how these related to children's use
      of CI. Twelve parents of children, full-time users or limited users of CIs,
      participated in the study. Qualitative content analysis showed that the parents
      of children who used their CI differed from the parents with limited users in how
      they handled stressors. Support from health care professionals was seen as
      insufficient. Parents need to get involved in dynamic processes in which health
      care resources promote parental coping. 

PMID- 26958935
TI  - The Paradox of Increased Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels Following Bariatric
      Surgery.

PMID- 26958936
TI  - Partnerships, Not Parachutists, for Zika Research.

PMID- 26958929
TI  - Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation During Chronic Viral Infections.
AB  - Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host.
      Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral
      response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in
      continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This
      causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation
      and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion)
      of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce
      interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation.
      Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie
      this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment
      in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious
      pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed
      across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species,
      the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical
      implications. 

PMID- 26958937
TI  - Oroxylin A modulates mitochondrial function and apoptosis in human colon cancer
      cells by inducing mitochondrial translocation of wild-type p53.
AB  - Oroxylin A is a flavonoid extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis
      Georgi. We previously demonstrated that oroxylin A induced apoptosis in human
      colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. In the present study, we
      investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for the mitochondrial
      apoptotic pathway triggered by oroxylin A. p53 regulates mitochondrial survival,
      mitochondrial DNA integrity, and protection from oxidative stress. We determined
      that oroxylin A induces p53 mitochondrial translocation and inhibits SOD2
      activity. Additionally, our studies demonstrate that oroxylin A promotes the
      formation and mitochondrial translocation of the p53-Recql4 complex in HCT-116
      cells. Finally, we showed that oroxylin A triggers cytosolic p53 activation,
      thereby promoting apoptosis. Mitochondrial translocation of p53 was also
      validated in vivo. Thus, oroxylin A induces mitochondrial translocation of p53
      and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in human colon cancer cells. 

PMID- 26958938
TI  - Bufalin suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and metastasis by targeting
      HIF-1alpha via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
AB  - It has been reported that there are multiple mechanisms by which bufalin could
      exert its antimetastatic effect. HIF-1alpha has been reported to be involved in
      tumor migration and invasion by regulating EMT. However, it is not known whether
      bufalin could exert the antimetastatic effect by modulating HIF-1alpha expression
      in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the
      antimetastatic potential of bufalin in vivo and in vitro. Our results
      demonstrated that the liver/lung metastases were significantly reduced in bufalin
      treated mice, as tested in the orthotopic transplanted and tail vein injection
      tumor models. Furthermore, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was
      inhibited in bufalin-treated tumors, as reflected the upregulation of E-cadherin,
      and downregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail. Similar results were observed
      in SMMC7721 cells treated with bufalin. Moreover, the transforming growth factor
      beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced EMT was also abrogated by bufalin. Mechanistically, our
      study demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) played an
      important role in the antimetastatic effect of bufalin in hepatocellular
      carcinoma. Importantly, HIF-1alpha expression may be regulated through the
      inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that
      bufalin suppresses hepatic tumor invasion and metastasis and that this process
      may be related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ HIF-1alpha axis. 

PMID- 26958939
TI  - Adipocytes WNT5a mediated dedifferentiation: a possible target in pancreatic
      cancer microenvironment.
AB  - A significant epidemiological association between obesity and pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has previously been described, as well as a correlation
      between the degree of pancreatic steatosis, PDAC risk and prognosis. The
      underlying mechanisms are still not completely known.After co-culture of 3T3-L1
      adipocytes and MiaPaCa2 with an in vitro transwell system we observed the
      appearance of fibroblast-like cells, along with a decrease in number and size of
      remaining adipocytes. RT-PCR analyses of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in co-culture showed a
      decrease in gene expression of typical markers of mature adipocytes, in parallel
      with an increased expression of fibroblast-specific and reprogramming genes. We
      found an increased WNT5a gene and protein expression early in MiaPaCa2 cells in
      co-culture. Additionally, EMSA of c-Jun and AP1 in 3T3-L1 demonstrated an
      increased activation in adipocytes after co-culture. Treatment with WNT5a
      neutralizing antibody completely reverted the activation of c-Jun and AP1
      observed in co-cultured adipocytes.Increasing doses of recombinant SFRP-5, a
      competitive inhibitor for WNT5a receptor, added to the co-culture medium, were
      able to block the dedifferentiation of adipocytes in co-culture.These data
      support a WNT5a-mediated dedifferentiation process with adipocytes reprogramming
      toward fibroblast-like cells that might profoundly influence cancer
      microenvironment. 

PMID- 26958940
TI  - Tumor-promoting function and prognostic significance of the RNA-binding protein T
      cell intracellular antigen-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA1) is an RNA-binding protein involved in many
      regulatory aspects of mRNA metabolism. Here, we report previously unknown tumor
      promoting activity of TIA1, which seems to be associated with its isoform
      specific molecular distribution and regulation of a set of cancer-related
      transcripts, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Immunohistochemical
      overexpression of TIA1 ectopically localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cells was
      an independent prognosticator for worse overall survival in a cohort of 143 ESCC
      patients. Knockdown of TIA1 inhibited proliferation of ESCC cells. By exogenously
      introducing each of two major isoforms, TIA1a and TIA1b, only TIA1a, which was
      localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, promoted anchorage-dependent and
      anchorage-independent ESCC cell proliferation. Ribonucleoprotein
      immunoprecipitation, followed by microarray analysis or massive-parallel
      sequencing, identified a set of TIA1-binding mRNAs, including SKP2 and CCNA2.
      TIA1 increased SKP2 and CCNA2 protein levels through the suppression of mRNA
      decay and translational induction, respectively. Our findings uncover a novel
      oncogenic function of TIA1 in esophageal tumorigenesis, and implicate its use as
      a marker for prognostic evaluation and as a therapeutic target in ESCC. 

PMID- 26958941
TI  - N52 monodeamidated Bcl-xL shows impaired oncogenic properties in vivo and in
      vitro.
AB  - Bcl-xL is a member of the Bcl-2 family, playing a critical role in the survival
      of tumor cells. Here, we show that Bcl-xL oncogenic function can be uncoupled
      from its anti-apoptotic activity when it is regulated by the post-translational
      deamidation of its Asn52.Bcl-xL activity can be regulated by post-translational
      modifications: deamidation of Asn52 and 66 into Asp residues was reported to
      occur exclusively in response to DNA damage, and to cripple its anti-apoptotic
      activity. Our work reports for the first time the spontaneous occurrence of
      monodeamidated Asp52Bcl-xL in control conditions, in vivo and in vitro. In the
      normal and cancer cell lines tested, no less than 30% and up to 56% of Bcl-xL was
      singly deamidated on Asn52. Functional analyses revealed that singly deamidated
      Bcl-xL retains anti-apoptotic functions, and exhibits enhanced autophagic
      activity while harboring impaired clonogenic and tumorigenic properties compared
      to native Bcl-xL. Additionally, Asp52Bcl-xL remains phosphorylatable, and thus is
      still an eligible target of anti-neoplasic agents. Altogether our results
      complement the existing data on Bcl-xL deamidation: they challenge the common
      acceptance that Asn52 and Asn66 are equally eligible for deamidation, and provide
      a valuable improvement of our knowledge on the regulation of Bcl-xLoncogenic
      functions by deamidation. 

PMID- 26958942
TI  - An image guided small animal stereotactic radiotherapy system.
AB  - Small animal radiotherapy studies should be performed preferably on irradiators
      capable of focal tumor irradiation and healthy tissue sparing. In this study, an
      image guided small animal arc radiation treatment system (iSMAART) was developed
      which can achieve highly precise radiation targeting through the utilization of
      onboard cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance. The iSMAART employs a
      unique imaging and radiation geometry where animals are positioned upright. It
      consists of a stationary x-ray tube, a stationary flat panel detector, and a
      rotatable and translational animal stage. System performance was evaluated in
      regards to imaging, image guidance, animal positioning, and radiation targeting
      using phantoms and tumor bearing animals. The onboard CBCT achieved good signal,
      contrast, and sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The iodine contrast CBCT
      accurately delineated orthotopic prostate tumors. Animal positioning was
      evaluated with ~0.3 mm vertical displacement along superior-inferior direction.
      The overall targeting precision was within 0.4 mm. Stereotactic radiation beams
      conformal to tumor targets can be precisely delivered from multiple angles
      surrounding the animal. The iSMAART allows radiobiology labs to utilize an image
      guided precision radiation technique that can focally irradiate tumors while
      sparing healthy tissues at an affordable cost. 

PMID- 26958976
TI  - Profiling analysis of amino acids from hyperlipidaemic rats treated with
      Gynostemma pentaphyllum and atorvastatin.
AB  - Context Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino has been used in traditional
      medicine for the treatment of hyperlipidaemic with a long history. OBJECTIVE: The
      objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Gynostemma pentaphyllum
      (GP) and atorvastatin on amino acids from the plasma and liver tissue of
      hyperlipidaemic rats. Materials and methods The rats were fed a high-fat diet
      continuously for 11 weeks for the construction of hyperlipidaemic model. The
      hyperlipidaemic rats were treated with Gynostemma pentaphyllum (120 mg/kg) and
      atorvastatin (1.8 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, and the rats were intragastric
      administration one time every day. Chromatographic separation was performed on a
      Shim-pack XR-ODSIII C18 analytical column (75 mm * 2.0 mm i.d., 1.6 MUm, Shmadazu
      Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The biomarkers of amino acids were identified by principal
      component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS
      DA). Results After feeding with a high-fat diet, the TC and LDL-C values of the
      hyperlipidaemic mode rats increased dramatically (p < 0.01). The established
      method allowed a target analysis of 12 kinds of amino acids. PCA studies showed
      that the plasma amino acids had not returned to normal after GP treatment, but
      those had recovered slightly after atorvastatin treatment. GP has almost no
      impact on the metabolism of amino acids, while atorvastatin can modify the
      metabolism of amino acids via self-regulatory mechanisms. Discussion and
      conclusion UPLC/DAD combined with SCX-SPE can be successfully used for profiling
      analysis of amino acids. By the comparison of biomarkers following treatment with
      GP and atorvastatin, the influence of the two drugs on biomarkers is revealed.

PMID- 26958977
TI  - A pictorial presentation of 3.0 Chicago Classification for esophageal motility
      disorders.
AB  - High resolution manometry changed several esophageal motility paradigms. The 3.0
      Chicago Classification defined manometric criteria for named esophageal motility
      disorders. We present a pictorial atlas of motility disorders. Achalasia types,
      esophagogastric junction obstruction, absent contractility, distal esophageal
      spasm, hypercontractile esophagus (jackhammer), ineffective esophageal motility,
      and fragmented peristalsis are depicted with high-resolution manometry plots.
      RESUMO A manometria de alta resolucao mudou varios paradigmas da motilidade
      digestiva. A Classificacao de Chicago, na versao 3.0, definiu criterios
      manometricos para as doencas da motilidade esofagiana. O presente artigo e um
      atlas das dismotilidades descritas. Tipos de acalasia, obstrucao ao nivel da
      juncao esofagogastrica, contracoes ausentes, espasmo esofagiano distal, esofago
      hipercontratil, motilidade esofagiana ineficaz e peristalse fragmentada sao
      mostradas em tracados de manometria de alta resolucao.

PMID- 26958978
TI  - Intra-abdominal pressure: an integrative review.
AB  - There is a growing request for measuring intra-abdominal pressure in critically
      ill patients with acute abdominal pain to be clarified. Summarizing the research
      results on measurement of vesical intra-abdominal pressure and analyzing the
      level of evidence were the purposes of this integrative literature review,
      carried out based on the databases LILACS, MEDLINE and PubMed, from 2005 to July
      2012. Twenty articles were identified, in that, 12 literature reviews, 4
      descriptive and exploratory studies, 2 expert opinions, one prospective cohort
      study and one was an experience report. The vesical intra-abdominal pressure
      measurement was considered gold standard. There are variations in the technique
      however, but some common points were identified: complete supine position, in
      absence of abdominal contracture, in the end of expiration and expressed in mmHg.
      Most research results indicate keeping the transducer zeroed at the level of the
      mid-axillary line at the iliac crest level, and instill 25mL of sterile saline.
      Strong evidence must be developed. RESUMO Em pacientes criticos com quadros
      abdominais agudos a esclarecer e crescente a solicitacao da afericao da pressao
      intra-abdominal. Sintetizar resultados de pesquisas sobre a mensuracao da pressao
      intra-abdominal pela via vesical e analisar o nivel de evidencia foram os
      objetivos desta revisao integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases LILACS,
      MEDLINE e PubMed, no periodo de 2005 a julho de 2012. Identificaram-se 20
      artigos, sendo 12 revisoes de literatura, 4 estudos exploratorio-descritivos, 2
      opinioes de especialistas, 1 estudo de coorte prospectivo e 1 relato de
      experiencia. O metodo vesical para mensuracao da pressao intra-abdominal foi
      considerado padrao-ouro. Existem variacoes na tecnica, entretanto pontos em comum
      foram identificados: posicao supina completa, na ausencia de contratura
      abdominal, ao final da expiracao e expressa em mmHg. A maioria indica posicionar
      o ponto zero do transdutor na linha axilar media, ao nivel da crista iliaca e
      instilar 25ml de solucao salina esteril. Evidencias fortes precisam ser
      desenvolvidas.

PMID- 26958979
TI  - Immunophenotypic evolution of blast populations in pediatric acute myeloid
      leukemia.

PMID- 26958980
TI  - Facial subcutaneous emphysema of late onset after frontal sinus fracture.

PMID- 26958981
TI  - Toxicological Perspective on Climate Change: Aquatic Toxins.
AB  - In recent years, our group and several others have been describing the presence
      of new, not previously reported, toxins of high toxicity in vectors that may
      reach the human food chain. These include tetrodotoxin in gastropods in the South
      of Europe, ciguatoxin in fish in the South of Spain, palytoxin in mussels in the
      Mediterranean Sea, pinnatoxin all over Europe, and okadaic acid in the south of
      the U.S. There seem to be new marine toxins appearing in areas that are heavy
      producers of seafood, and this is a cause of concern as most of these new toxins
      are not included in current legislation and monitoring programs. Along with the
      new toxins, new chemical analogues are being reported. The same phenomenom is
      being recorded in freshwater toxins, such as the wide appearance of
      cylindrospermopsin and the large worldwide increase of microcystin. The problem
      that this phenomenon, which may be linked to climate warming, poses for
      toxicologists is very important not only because there is a lack of chronic
      studies and an incomplete comprehension of the mechanism driving the production
      of these toxins but also because the lack of a legal framework for them allows
      many of these toxins to reach the market. In some cases, it is very difficult to
      control these toxins because there are not enough standards available, they are
      not always certified, and there is an insufficient understanding of the toxic
      equivalency factors of the different analogues in each group. All of these
      factors have been revealed and grouped through the massive increase in the use of
      LC-MS as a monitoring tool, legally demanded, creating more toxicological
      problems. 

PMID- 26958982
TI  - Structure-Based Engineering of Lithium-Transport Capacity in an Archaeal Sodium
      Calcium Exchanger.
AB  - Members of the Ca(2+)/cation exchanger superfamily (Ca(2+)/CA) share structural
      similarities (including highly conserved ion-coordinating residues) while
      exhibiting differential selectivity for Ca(2+), Na(+), H(+), K(+), and Li(+). The
      archaeal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX_Mj) and its mammalian orthologs are highly
      selective for Na(+), whereas the mitochondrial ortholog (NCLX) can transport
      either Li(+) or Na(+) in exchange with Ca(2+). Here, structure-based replacement
      of ion-coordinating residues in NCX_Mj resulted in a capacity for transporting
      either Na(+) or Li(+), similar to the case for NCLX. This engineered protein may
      serve as a model for elucidating the mechanisms underlying ion selectivity and
      ion-coupled alternating access in NCX and similar proteins. 

PMID- 26958983
TI  - Intact Endogenous Metabolite Analysis of Mice Liver by Probe Electrospray
      Ionization/Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Preliminary
      Application to in Vivo Real-Time Analysis.
AB  - Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is a recently developed ionization technique
      that enables the direct detection of endogenous compounds like metabolites
      without sample preparation. In this study, we have demonstrated the first
      combination use of PESI with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS),
      which was then applied to intact endogenous metabolite analysis of mice liver,
      achieving detection of 26 metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, and
      sugars. To investigate its practicality, metabolic profiles of control and CCl4
      induced acute hepatic injury mouse model were measured by the developed method.
      Results showed clear separation of the two groups in score plots of principal
      component analysis and identified taurine as the primary contributor to group
      separation. The results were further validated by the established gas
      chromatography/MS/MS method, demonstrating the present method's usefulness. In
      addition, we preliminarily applied the method to real-time analysis of an intact
      liver of a living mouse. We successfully achieved monitoring of the real-time
      changes of two tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, alpha-ketoglutaric acid
      and fumaric acid, in the liver immediately after pyruvic acid injection via a
      cannulated tube to the portal vein. The present method achieved an intact
      analysis of metabolites in liver without sample preparation, and it also
      demonstrates future possibility to establish in vivo real-time metabolome
      analysis of living animals by PESI/MS/MS. 

PMID- 26958984
TI  - Tryptic Stability of Synthetic Bactenecin Derivatives Is Determined by the Side
      Chain Length of Cationic Residues and the Peptide Conformation.
AB  - Synthetic bactenecins 1 (HHC-10) and 10 (HHC-36), with excellent activities
      against bacterial superbugs, display low tryptic stability. To investigate
      factors influencing this stability, a series of 1/10 derived peptides bearing
      arginine and lysine analogues with varied methylene chains as well as all-d
      isomers were synthesized. Whereas incorporation of d-/l-nonproteinogenic amino
      acids into the turn-forming peptides did not dramatically affect the
      antimicrobial activities, the degree of peptide cleavage decreased significantly
      in peptides with the shortest length of cationic side chain and was influenced by
      the relative conformational stabilities of the turn structure and the
      stereoselectivity of tryptic digestion. The site of enzymatic cleavage was
      located at the less conformationally hindered position distant from the turn
      motif. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed strong and weak constant
      increments in the generated heat of enzymatic reaction of unstable and slowly
      degradable peptides with trypsin, respectively, and suggested a one-site binding
      model for the enthalpy-driven all-d-peptide-trypsin interactions. 

PMID- 26958985
TI  - Composite Membrane with Underwater-Oleophobic Surface for Anti-Oil-Fouling
      Membrane Distillation.
AB  - In this study, we fabricated a composite membrane for membrane distillation (MD)
      by modifying a commercial hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane
      with a nanocomposite coating comprising silica nanoparticles, chitosan hydrogel
      and fluoro-polymer. The composite membrane exhibits asymmetric wettability, with
      the modified surface being in-air hydrophilic and underwater oleophobic, and the
      unmodified surface remaining hydrophobic. By comparing the performance of the
      composite membrane and the pristine PVDF membrane in direct contact MD
      experiments using a saline emulsion with 1000 ppm crude oil (in water), we showed
      that the fabricated composite membrane was significantly more resistant to oil
      fouling compared to the pristine hydrophobic PVDF membrane. Force spectroscopy
      was conducted for the interaction between an oil droplet and the membrane surface
      using a force tensiometer. The difference between the composite membrane and the
      pristine PVDF membrane in their interaction with an oil droplet served to explain
      the difference in the fouling propensities between these two membranes observed
      in MD experiments. The results from this study suggest that underwater oleophobic
      coating can effectively mitigate oil fouling in MD operations, and that the
      fabricated composite membrane with asymmetric wettability can enable MD to
      desalinate hypersaline wastewater with high concentrations of hydrophobic
      contaminants. 

PMID- 26958986
TI  - Stereochemically Distinct Cyclotetrasiloxanes Containing 3-Pyridyl Moieties and
      Their Functional Coordination Polymers.
AB  - Synthesis of new cyclotetrasiloxane scaffolds containing peripherally
      functionalized 3-pyridyl moieties, [MeSiO(CH?CH(3)Py)]4 (L(1)) and
      [MeSiO(CH2CH2(3)Py)]4 (L(2)), and their reactivity studies with certain d(10)
      metal ions are reported. The ligand L(1) is obtained by the Heck-coupling
      reaction of tetramethyl tetravinyl tetrasiloxane (D4(vi)) and 3-bromopyridine in
      the presence of the Pd(0) catalysts. The as-synthesized ligand L(1) shows the
      presence of three stereoisomers, cis-trans-cis (L(1A)), cis-cis-trans (L(1B)),
      and all-trans (L(1C)), which are quantitatively separated by column
      chromatography. Subsequent reduction of L(1A), L(1B), and L(1C) with
      triethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd/C leads to the
      formation of the ligands L(2A), L(2B), and L(2C) with retention of
      stereochemistry due to the precursor moieties. Treatment of ZnI2 with L(1A) gives
      a one-dimensional coordination framework [(L(1A))4(ZnI2)2]infinity, 1. These 1D
      chains are further connected by pi-pi stacking interactions between the pyridyl
      groups of the adjacent chains leading to the formation of a three-dimensional
      network with the topology of a PtS net. The reaction of silver nitrate with
      ligand L(1B) gives a chain like one-dimensional cationic coordination polymer
      {[(L(1B))4Ag2].2NO3.H2O.CH3OH }infinity, 2, consisting of two different kinds of
      32-membered macrocycles. Treatment of the all-trans ligand L(2C) with copper(I)
      iodide salt results in the formation of a cubane-type Cu4I4 cluster MOF
      [(L(2C))4Cu4I4]infinity, 3, in a two-dimensional 4-connected uninodal
      sql/Shubnikov tetragonal plane net topology represented by the Schlafli symbol
      {4(4).6(2)}. This MOF displays a thermochromic luminescence behavior due to Cu4I4
      clusters showing an orange emission at 298 K and a blue emission at 77 K. 

PMID- 26958987
TI  - Immunological evaluation of the entirely carbohydrate-based Thomsen-Friedenreich 
      PS B conjugate.
AB  - PS B, a naturally occurring CD4(+) T-cell simulating zwitterionic polysaccharide
      from Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285/NCTC 9343, was conjugated with aminooxy
      Thomsen Friedenreich (TF or T) [alpha-d-Gal-(1,3)-beta-d-GalNAc-ONH2] tumor
      antigen. Immunization in Jax C57BL/6, followed by ELISA revealed IgM and IgG
      antibody TF specificity. FACS data noted preferential binding to TF-laced MCF-7
      cells but not to HCT-116 cells. 

PMID- 26958989
TI  - New perspectives in organolanthanide chemistry from redox to bond metathesis:
      insights from theory.
AB  - A fifteen year contribution of computational studies carried out in close synergy
      with experiments is summarized. This interplay has allowed some important
      breakthroughs in the field of organolanthanide chemistry. The variety of
      different reaction mechanisms in lanthanide chemistry appear to be broader than
      the simple bond metathesis.

PMID- 26958988
TI  - Bowel Ultrasonography in the Management of Crohn's Disease. A Review with
      Recommendations of an International Panel of Experts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bowel ultrasonography (US) is considered a useful technique for
      assessing mural inflammation and complications in Crohn's disease (CD). The aim
      of this review is to appraise the evidence on the accuracy of bowel US for CD. In
      addition, we aim to provide recommendations for its optimal use. METHODS:
      Publications were identified by literature search from 1992 to 2014 and selected
      based on predefined criteria: 15 or more patients; bowel US for diagnosing CD,
      complications, postoperative recurrence, activity; adequate reference standards;
      prospective study design; data reported to allow calculation of sensitivity,
      specificity, agreement, or correlation values; articles published in English.
      RESULTS: The search yielded 655 articles, of which 63 were found to be eligible
      and retrieved as full-text articles for analysis. Bowel US showed 79.7%
      sensitivity and 96.7% specificity for the diagnosis of suspected CD, and 89%
      sensitivity and 94.3% specificity for initial assessment in established patients
      with CD. Bowel US identified ileal CD with 92.7% sensitivity, 88.2% specificity,
      and colon CD with 81.8% sensitivity, 95.3% specificity, with lower accuracy for
      detecting proximal lesions. The oral contrast agent improves the sensitivity and
      specificity in determining CD lesions and in assessing sites and extent.
      CONCLUSIONS: Bowel US is a tool for evaluation of CD lesions in terms of
      complications, postoperative recurrence, and monitoring response to medical
      therapy; it reliably detects postoperative recurrence and complications, as well
      as offers the possibility of monitoring disease progression.

PMID- 26958990
TI  - Associations Between Step Duration Variability and Inertial Measurement Unit
      Derived Gait Characteristics.
AB  - Inertial measurement units (IMU) provide a convenient tool for gait stability
      assessment. However, it is unclear how various gait characteristics relate to
      each other and whether gait characteristics can be obtained from resultant
      acceleration. Therefore, step duration variability was measured in treadmill
      walking from 39 young ambulant volunteers (age 24.2 [+/- 2.5] y; height 1.79 [+/-
      0.09] m; mass 71.6 [+/- 12.0] kg) using motion capture. Accelerations and
      gyrations were simultaneously recorded with an IMU. Harmonic ratio, maximum
      Lyapunov exponents, and multiscale sample entropy (MSE) were calculated. Step
      duration variability was positively associated with MSE with coarseness levels =
      3-6 (r = -.33 to -.42, P <= .045). Harmonic ratio and MSE with all coarseness
      levels were negatively associated (r = -.45 to -.57, P <= .004). The MSE with
      coarseness level = 2 was negatively associated with short-term maximum Lyapunov
      exponents (r = -.32, P = .047). The agreement between resultant and vertical
      acceleration derived gait characteristics was excellent (ICC = 0.97-0.99). In
      conclusion, MSE with varying coarseness levels was associated with the other gait
      characteristics evaluated in the study. Resultant and vertical acceleration
      derived results had excellent agreement, which suggests that resultant
      acceleration is a viable alternative to considering the acceleration dimensions
      independently. 

PMID- 26958992
TI  - Case Study: Semantic Annotation of a Pediatric Critical Care Research Study.

PMID- 26958991
TI  - Treatment patterns of adjuvant interferon-alpha2b for high-risk melanoma: a
      retrospective study of the Grupo Espanol Multidisciplinar de Melanoma - Prima
      study.
AB  - Adjuvant interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) has been studied extensively in
      clinical trials, but there have been few studies of real-world use. The aim of
      this study is to describe the IFN-alpha2b real-world patterns in patients with
      high-risk melanoma in Spain. This was a retrospective and multicentre chart
      review study of an unselected cohort of patients with melanoma at high risk for
      relapse (stage IIB/IIC/III) treated with IFN-alpha2b. Patterns were assessed in
      terms of dose and compliance to planned treatment. A survival analysis was
      carried out for the full population and according to Kirkwood scheme compliance
      and the presence of ulceration. Of 327 patients treated with IFN-alpha2b, 318
      received a high-dose regimen following the standard Kirkwood scheme; thus,
      patterns are described for this regimen. A total of 121 (38%) and 88 (28%)
      patients had at least one dose reduction during the induction and maintenance
      phases, respectively. Dose delay was required in fewer than 10% of patients. A
      total of 78, 40 and 38% of the patients completed the induction phase,
      maintenance phase and completed treatment, respectively. The median progression
      free and overall survival for the full population were 3.2 and 10.5 years,
      respectively. There were no differences in progression-free survival and overall
      survival according to Kirkwood scheme compliance and the presence of ulceration.
      The most frequent adverse events were neutropenia (31%) and fatigue (30%). High
      dose IFN-alpha2b is the most frequently used regimen in Spain as an adjuvant
      systemic treatment for high-risk melanoma. Despite poor compliance, in this
      retrospective study, IFN-alpha2b treatment provided a benefit consistent with
      that described previously.

PMID- 26958993
TI  - Nursing Summit: Improving Transitions in Care Through Collaboration and
      Technology.

PMID- 26958995
TI  - Anti-deformed Polyacrylonitrile/Polysulfone Composite Membrane with Binary
      Structures for Effective Air Filtration.
AB  - Airborne particle filtration proposed for fibers requires their assembly into
      porous structures with small pore size and low packing density. The ability to
      maintain structural stability upon deformation stress in service is essential to
      ensure a highly porous packing material that functions reliably; however, it has
      proven extremely challenging. Here, we report a strategy to create anti-deformed
      poly(ethylene oxide)@polyacrylonitrile/polysulfone (PEO@PAN/PSU) composite
      membranes with binary structures for effective air filtration by combining
      multijet electrospinning and physical bonding process. Our approach allows the
      ambigenous fiber framework including thin PAN nanofibers and fluffy PSU
      microfibers, through which run interpenetrating PEO bonding structures, to
      assemble into stable filtration medium with tunable pore size and packing density
      by facilely optimizing the bimodal fiber construction and benefiting from the PEO
      inspiration. With the integrated features of small pore size, high porosity, and
      robust mechanical properties (8.2 MPa), the resultant composite membrane exhibits
      high filtration efficiency of 99.992%, low pressure drop of 95 Pa, and desirable
      quality factor of 0.1 Pa(-1); more significantly, it successfully gets rid of the
      potential safety hazards caused by unexpected structural collapsing under service
      stress. The synthesis of PEO@PAN/PSU medium would not only make it a promising
      candidate for PM2.5 governance but also provide a versatile strategy to design
      and develop stable porous membranes for various applications. 

PMID- 26958996
TI  - Recyclable Colorimetric Detection of Trivalent Cations in Aqueous Media Using
      Zwitterionic Gold Nanoparticles.
AB  - This report describes a colorimetric assay for trivalent metal cations (M(3+))
      using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-modified with oppositely charged thiols that can
      form intermolecular zwitterionic surfaces. Zwitterionic AuNPs (Zw-AuNPs) are
      stable in high-salt solutions and well-dispersed in a wide range of pH values.
      M(3+) including Fe(3+), Al(3+), and Cr(3+) can effectively trigger the
      aggregation of Zw-AuNPs by interfering with their surface potential, and
      aggregated AuNPs can be regenerated and recycled by removing M(3+). In our
      approach, the output signal can be observed by the naked eye within a micromolar
      (MUM) concentration range. Uniquely, our assay is capable of discriminating
      Fe(3+) from Fe(2+), which is challenging using traditional approaches. More
      importantly, Zw-AuNPs can be stored stably at room temperature for a long period
      (3 months) with constant detection performance. Both the cost-effectiveness and
      the long shelf life make Zw-AuNPs ideal for detecting M(3+) in resource-poor and
      remote areas. 

PMID- 26958997
TI  - Intrinsic Selectivity and Structure Sensitivity of Rhodium Catalysts for C(2+)
      Oxygenate Production.
AB  - Synthesis gas (CO + H2) conversion is a promising route to converting coal,
      natural gas, or biomass into synthetic liquid fuels. Rhodium has long been
      studied as it is the only elemental catalyst that has demonstrated selectivity to
      ethanol and other C2+ oxygenates. However, the fundamentals of syngas conversion
      over rhodium are still debated. In this work a microkinetic model is developed
      for conversion of CO and H2 into methane, ethanol, and acetaldehyde on the Rh
      (211) and (111) surfaces, chosen to describe steps and close-packed facets on
      catalyst particles. The model is based on DFT calculations using the BEEF-vdW
      functional. The mean-field kinetic model includes lateral adsorbate-adsorbate
      interactions, and the BEEF-vdW error estimation ensemble is used to propagate
      error from the DFT calculations to the predicted rates. The model shows the
      Rh(211) surface to be ~6 orders of magnitude more active than the Rh(111)
      surface, but highly selective toward methane, while the Rh(111) surface is
      intrinsically selective toward acetaldehyde. A variety of Rh/SiO2 catalysts are
      synthesized, tested for catalytic oxygenate production, and characterized using
      TEM. The experimental results indicate that the Rh(111) surface is intrinsically
      selective toward acetaldehyde, and a strong inverse correlation between catalytic
      activity and oxygenate selectivity is observed. Furthermore, iron impurities are
      shown to play a key role in modulating the selectivity of Rh/SiO2 catalysts
      toward ethanol. The experimental observations are consistent with the structure
      sensitivity predicted from theory. This work provides an improved atomic-scale
      understanding and new insight into the mechanism, active site, and intrinsic
      selectivity of syngas conversion over rhodium catalysts and may also guide
      rational design of alloy catalysts made from more abundant elements. 

PMID- 26958998
TI  - Fluorous-Tag Assisted Syntheses of Sulfated Keratan Sulfate Oligosaccharide
      Fragments.
AB  - The first block iteration strategy for iterative solution-phase synthesis of
      protected keratan sulfate (KS)-like fragments is reported. Obstacles in a
      strategy using galactose-glucosamine (Gal-GlcNAc) modules led to the discovery of
      a differentially protected GlcNAc-Gal module that could be used to synthesize KS
      like fragments using a fluorous tag that maintained solubility in organic
      solvents for purification of all intermediates via fluorous solid-phase
      extraction. 

PMID- 26958999
TI  - Targeted MS Assay Predicting Tamoxifen Resistance in Estrogen-Receptor-Positive
      Breast Cancer Tissues and Sera.
AB  - We recently reported on the development of a 4-protein-based classifier (PDCD4,
      CGN, G3BP2, and OCIAD1) capable of predicting outcome to tamoxifen treatment in
      recurrent, estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer based on high-resolution MS
      data. A precise and high-throughput assay to measure these proteins in a
      multiplexed, targeted fashion would be favorable to measure large numbers of
      patient samples to move these findings toward a clinical setting. By coupling
      immunoprecipitation to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS and stable isotope
      dilution, we developed a high-precision assay to measure the 4-protein signature
      in 38 primary breast cancer whole tissue lysates (WTLs). Furthermore, we
      evaluated the presence and patient stratification capabilities of our signature
      in an independent set of 24 matched (pre- and post-therapy) sera. We compared the
      performance of immuno-MRM (iMRM) with direct MRM in the absence of fractionation
      and shotgun proteomics in combination with label-free quantification (LFQ) on
      both WTL and laser capture microdissected (LCM) tissues. Measurement of the 4
      proteins by iMRM showed not only higher accuracy in measuring proteotypic
      peptides (Spearman r: 0.74 to 0.93) when compared with MRM (Spearman r: 0.0 to
      0.76) but also significantly discriminated patient groups based on treatment
      outcome (hazard ratio [HR]: 10.96; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.33 to 27.76;
      Log-rank P < 0.001) when compared with LCM (HR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.24 to 6.54; Log
      rank P = 0.013) and WTL (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.57 to 2.33; Log-rank P = 0.680) LFQ
      based predictors. Serum sample analysis by iMRM confirmed the detection of the
      four proteins in these samples. We hereby report that iMRM outperformed regular
      MRM, confirmed our previous high-resolution MS results in tumor tissues, and has
      shown that the 4-protein signature is measurable in serum samples. 

PMID- 26959000
TI  - Synthesis of Isoxazole and 1,2,3-Triazole Isoindole Derivatives via Silver- and
      Copper-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
AB  - The CuI- or Ag2CO3-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of propargyl-substituted
      dihydroisoindolin-1-one (3) with arylnitrile oxides 1a-d (Ar = Ph, p-MeC6H4, p
      MeOC6H4, p-ClC6H4) produces in good yields novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles 4
      of the ethyl-2-benzyl-3-oxo-1-((3-arylisoxazol-5yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H
      isoindole-1-carboxylate type. With aryl azides 2a-d (Ar = Ph, p-MeC6H4, p
      OMeC6H4, p-ClC6H4), a series of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 6 (ethyl-2
      benzyl-3-oxo-1-((1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-1
      carboxylates) was obtained. The reactions proceed in a regioselective manner
      affording exclusively racemic adducts 4 and 6. Compared to the uncatalyzed
      cycloaddition, the yields are significantly improved in the presence of CuI as
      catalyst, without alteration of the selectivity. The regio- and stereochemistry
      of the cycloadducts has been corroborated by an X-ray diffraction study of 4a,
      and in the case of 6a by XH-correlation and HMBC spectra.

PMID- 26959001
TI  - Anti-Metastatic Properties of a Marine Bacterial Exopolysaccharide-Based
      Derivative Designed to Mimic Glycosaminoglycans.
AB  - Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant primary bone tumor characterized by a
      high potency to form lung metastases. In this study, the effect of three
      oversulfated low molecular weight marine bacterial exopolysaccharides (OS-EPS)
      with different molecular weights (4, 8 and 15 kDa) were first evaluated in vitro
      on human and murine osteosarcoma cell lines. Different biological activities were
      studied: cell proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, matrix
      metalloproteinase expression. This in vitro study showed that only the OS-EPS 15
      kDa derivative could inhibit the invasiveness of osteosarcoma cells with an
      inhibition rate close to 90%. Moreover, this derivative was potent to inhibit
      both migration and invasiveness of osteosarcoma cell lines; had no significant
      effect on their cell cycle; and increased slightly the expression of MMP-9, and
      more highly the expression of its physiological specific tissue inhibitor TIMP-1.
      Then, the in vivo experiments showed that the OS-EPS 15 kDa derivative had no
      effect on the primary osteosarcoma tumor induced by osteosarcoma cell lines but
      was very efficient to inhibit the establishment of lung metastases in vivo. These
      results can help to better understand the mechanisms of GAGs and GAG-like
      derivatives in the biology of the tumor cells and their interactions with the
      bone environment to develop new therapeutic strategies. 

PMID- 26959002
TI  - Extraction, Preconcentration and Isolation of Flavonoids from Apocynum venetum L.
      Leaves Using Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Coupled with an
      Aqueous Biphasic System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as green solvents, and widely
      applied for the extraction of various compounds. METHODS: The present research
      focuses on the extraction of flavonoids from Apocynum venetum L. leaves by
      ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Several major influencing factors were
      optimized. Then, an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) was applied for further
      isolation of flavonoids. RESULTS: The flavonoids were mainly distributed in the
      top phase, while impurities were extracted to the bottom phase. The parameters
      influencing the extraction, namely type and concentration of salt, temperature,
      and pH, were studied in detail. Under optimized conditions (72.43% IL extract,
      28.57% (NH4)2SO4, 25  degrees C temperature, pH 4.5), the preconcentration factor
      and extraction efficiency were found to be 3.78% and 93.35%, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: This simple and efficient methodology is expected to see great use
      in the extraction and isolation of pharmaceutically active components from
      medicinal plant resources.

PMID- 26959003
TI  - bis-Nitrile and bis-Dialkylcyanamide Platinum(II) Complexes as Efficient
      Catalysts for Hydrosilylation Cross-Linking of Siloxane Polymers.
AB  - cis- and trans-Isomers of the platinum(II) nitrile complexes [PtCl2(NCR)2] (R =
      NMe2, N(C5H10), Ph, CH2Ph) were examined as catalysts for hydrosilylation cross
      linking of vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane and trimethylsilyl-terminated
      poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-ethylhydrosiloxane) producing high quality silicone
      rubbers. Among the tested platinum species the cis-complexes are much more active
      catalysts than their trans-congeners and for all studied platinum complexes cis
      [PtCl2(NCCH2Ph)2] exhibits the best catalytic activity (room temperature, c = 1.0
      * 10(-4) mol/L, taupot-life 60 min, taucuring 6 h). Although cis
      [PtCl2(NCCH2Ph)2] is less active than the widely used Karstedt's catalyst, its
      application for the cross-linking can be performed not only at room temperature
      (c = 1.0 * 10(-4) mol/L), but also, more efficiently, at 80  degrees C (c = 1.0 *
      10(-4)-1.0 * 10(-5) mol/L) and it prevents adherence of the formed silicone
      rubbers to equipment. The usage of the cis- and trans-[PtCl2(NCR)2] complexes as
      the hydrosilylation catalysts do not require any inhibitors and, moreover, the
      complexes and their mixtures with vinyl- and trimethylsilyl terminated
      polysiloxanes are shelf-stable in air. Tested catalysts do not form colloid
      platinum particles after the cross-linking.

PMID- 26959004
TI  - Inulin and Fibersol-2 Combined Have Hypolipidemic Effects on High Cholesterol
      Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia in Hamsters.
AB  - The resistant carbohydrates, inulin, and Fibersol-2, belong to soluble dietary
      fibers and are considered important prebiotics that maintain biological
      functions, including glucose homeostasis, lipid regulation, colon disease
      prevention, and prebiotics characteristics. However, few studies have
      investigated Fibersol-2 alone or in combination with inulin to assess a pooled
      effect on modulation of hyperlipidemia. We aimed to investigate the effects of
      this combined supplement (defined as InF) on hamsters fed a 0.2% cholesterol and
      10% lard diet (i.e., high-cholesterol diet, HCD) to induce hyperlipidemia. A
      total of 40 male hamsters were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 per group)
      for treatment: standard diet, vehicle (control); or vehicle or InF
      supplementation by oral gavage at 0, 864, 1727, or 2591 mg/kg/day for eight
      weeks, designated HCD, InF-1X, InF-2X, and InF-3X groups, respectively. The
      hypolipidemic efficacy and safety of InF supplementation was assessed by serum
      lipid indexes, hepatic and fecal lipid content, and histology. InF
      supplementation significantly improved serum levels of triacylglycerol (TG) and
      low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C after
      two-week treatment, and reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) levels after four
      week administration. After eight-week supplementation, InF supplementation dose
      dependently improved serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C; LDL-C/HDL-C ratio;
      and hepatic TC and TG levels. It inhibited TC absorption by feces elimination.
      Our study provides experiment-based evidence to support that this prebiotics
      remedy may be useful in preventing or treating hyperlipidemia. 

PMID- 26959005
TI  - Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Study the Antipyretic Effect of
      Qingkailing Injection on Pyrexia Model Rats.
AB  - Qingkailing injection (QKLI) is a modern Chinese medicine preparation derived
      from a well-known classical formulation, An-Gong-Niu-Huang Wan. Although the
      clinical efficacy of QKLI has been well defined, its severe adverse drug
      reactions (ADRs) were extensively increased. Through thorough attempts to reduce
      ADR rates, it was realized that the effect-based rational use plays the key role
      in clinical practices. Hence, the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model
      was introduced in the present study, aiming to link the pharmacokinetic profiles
      with the therapeutic outcomes of QKLI, and subsequently to provide valuable
      guidelines for the rational use of QKLI in clinical settings. The PK properties
      of the six dominant ingredients in QKLI were compared between the normal treated
      group (NTG) and the pyrexia model group (MTG). Rectal temperatures were measured
      in parallel with blood sampling for NTG, MTG, model control group (MCG), and
      normal control group (NCG). Baicalin and geniposide exhibited appropriate PK
      parameters, and were selected as the PK markers to map the antipyretic effect of
      QKLI. Then, a PK-PD model was constructed upon the bacalin and geniposide plasma
      concentrations vs. the rectal temperature variation values, by a two-compartment
      PK model with a Sigmoid Emax PD model to explain the time delay between the drug
      plasma concentration of PK markers and the antipyretic effect after a single dose
      administration of QKLI. The findings obtained would provide fundamental
      information to propose a more reasonable dosage regimen and improve the level of
      individualized drug therapy in clinical settings. 

PMID- 26959006
TI  - Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled Antidiabetic Chalcones: Studies
      towards the Selective Deuteration of the Alkynone Core.
AB  - Flow chemistry-based syntheses of deuterium-labeled analogs of important
      antidiabetic chalcones were achieved via highly controlled partial C=C bond
      deuteration of the corresponding 1,3-diphenylalkynones. The benefits of a
      scalable continuous process in combination with on-demand electrolytic D2 gas
      generation were exploited to suppress undesired over-reactions and to maximize
      reaction rates simultaneously. The novel deuterium-containing chalcone
      derivatives may have interesting biological effects and improved metabolic
      properties as compared with the parent compounds.

PMID- 26959007
TI  - Withaferin-A--A Natural Anticancer Agent with Pleitropic Mechanisms of Action.
AB  - Cancer, being the second leading cause of mortality, exists as a formidable
      health challenge. In spite of our enormous efforts, the emerging complexities in
      the molecular nature of disease progression limit the real success in finding an
      effective cancer cure. It is now conceivable that cancer is, in fact, a
      progressive illness, and the morbidity and mortality from cancer can be reduced
      by interfering with various oncogenic signaling pathways. A wide variety of
      structurally diverse classes of bioactive phytochemicals have been shown to exert
      anticancer effects in a large number of preclinical studies. Multiple lines of
      evidence suggest that withaferin-A can prevent the development of cancers of
      various histotypes. Accumulating data from different rodent models and cell
      culture experiments have revealed that withaferin-A suppresses experimentally
      induced carcinogenesis, largely by virtue of its potent anti-oxidative, anti
      inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. Moreover,
      withaferin-A sensitizes resistant cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic
      agents. The purpose of this review is to highlight the mechanistic aspects
      underlying anticancer effects of withaferin-A. 

PMID- 26959010
TI  - From Olive Fruits to Olive Oil: Phenolic Compound Transfer in Six Different Olive
      Cultivars Grown under the Same Agronomical Conditions.
AB  - Phenolic compounds are responsible of the nutritional and sensory quality of
      extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO). The composition of phenolic compounds in EVOO is
      related to the initial content of phenolic compounds in the olive-fruit tissues
      and the activity of enzymes acting on these compounds during the industrial
      process to produce the oil. In this work, the phenolic composition was studied in
      six major cultivars grown in the same orchard under the same agronomical and
      environmental conditions in an effort to test the effects of cultivars on
      phenolic composition in fruits and oils as well as on transfer between matrices.
      The phenolic fractions were identified and quantified using high-performance
      liquid chromatography-diode array detector-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. A
      total of 33 phenolic compounds were determined in the fruit samples and a total
      of 20 compounds in their corresponding oils. Qualitative and quantitative
      differences in phenolic composition were found among cultivars in both matrices,
      as well as regarding the transfer rate of phenolic compounds from fruits to oil.
      The results also varied according to the different phenolic groups evaluated,
      with secoiridoids registering the highest transfer rates from fruits to oils.
      Moreover, wide-ranging differences have been noticed between cultivars for the
      transfer rates of secoiridoids (4.36%-65.63% of total transfer rate) and for
      flavonoids (0.18%-0.67% of total transfer rate). 'Picual' was the cultivar that
      transferred secoiridoids to oil at the highest rate, whereas 'Changlot Real' was
      the cultivar that transferred flavonoids at the highest rates instead. Principal
      component analysis confirmed a strong genetic effect on the basis of the phenolic
      profile both in the olive fruits and in the oils. 

PMID- 26959009
TI  - The Functions of Metallothionein and ZIP and ZnT Transporters: An Overview and
      Perspective.
AB  - Around 3000 proteins are thought to bind zinc in vivo, which corresponds to ~10%
      of the human proteome. Zinc plays a pivotal role as a structural, catalytic, and
      signaling component that functions in numerous physiological processes. It is
      more widely used as a structural element in proteins than any other transition
      metal ion, is a catalytic component of many enzymes, and acts as a cellular
      signaling mediator. Thus, it is expected that zinc metabolism and homeostasis
      have sophisticated regulation, and elucidating the underlying molecular basis of
      this is essential to understanding zinc functions in cellular physiology and
      pathogenesis. In recent decades, an increasing amount of evidence has uncovered
      critical roles of a number of proteins in zinc metabolism and homeostasis through
      influxing, chelating, sequestrating, coordinating, releasing, and effluxing zinc.
      Metallothioneins (MT) and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP) and Zn transporters
      (ZnT) are the proteins primarily involved in these processes, and their
      malfunction has been implicated in a number of inherited diseases such as
      acrodermatitis enteropathica. The present review updates our current
      understanding of the biological functions of MTs and ZIP and ZnT transporters
      from several new perspectives. 

PMID- 26959008
TI  - Amyloid-beta and Astrocytes Interplay in Amyloid-beta Related Disorders.
AB  - Amyloid-beta (Abeta) pathology is known to promote chronic inflammatory responses
      in the brain. It was thought previously that Abeta is only associated with
      Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. However, studies have shown its
      involvement in many other neurological disorders. The role of astrocytes in
      handling the excess levels of Abeta has been highlighted in the literature.
      Astrocytes have a distinctive function in both neuronal support and protection,
      thus its involvement in Abeta pathological process may tip the balance toward
      chronic inflammation and neuronal death. In this review we describe the
      involvement of astrocytes in Abeta related disorders including Alzheimer's
      disease, Down syndrome, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and frontotemporal dementia.

PMID- 26959011
TI  - Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Eight PgWRKY Genes in Panax ginseng
      Responsive to Salt and Hormones.
AB  - Despite the importance of WRKY genes in plant physiological processes, little is
      known about their roles in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Forty-eight unigenes on this
      species were previously reported as WRKY transcripts using the next-generation
      sequencing (NGS) technology. Subsequently, one gene that encodes PgWRKY1 protein
      belonging to subgroup II-d was cloned and functionally characterized. In this
      study, eight WRKY genes from the NGS-based transcriptome sequencing dataset
      designated as PgWRKY2-9 have been cloned and characterized. The genes encoding
      WRKY proteins were assigned to WRKY Group II (one subgroup II-c, four subgroup II
      d, and three subgroup II-e) based on phylogenetic analysis. The cDNAs of the
      cloned PgWRKYs encode putative proteins ranging from 194 to 358 amino acid
      residues, each of which includes one WRKYGQK sequence motif and one C2H2-type
      zinc-finger motif. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated
      that the eight analyzed PgWRKY genes were expressed at different levels in
      various organs including leaves, roots, adventitious roots, stems, and seeds.
      Importantly, the transcription responses of these PgWRKYs to methyl jasmonate
      (MeJA) showed that PgWRKY2, PgWRKY3, PgWRKY4, PgWRKY5, PgWRKY6, and PgWRKY7 were
      downregulated by MeJA treatment, while PgWRKY8 and PgWRKY9 were upregulated to
      varying degrees. Moreover, the PgWRKY genes increased or decreased by salicylic
      acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and NaCl treatments. The results suggest that the
      PgWRKYs may be multiple stress-inducible genes responding to both salt and
      hormones. 

PMID- 26959012
TI  - Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity.
AB  - This review summarizes current knowledge concerning incidence, risk factors, and
      mechanisms of perioperative nerve injury, with focus on local anesthetic-induced
      neurotoxicity. Perioperative nerve injury is a complex phenomenon and can be
      caused by a number of clinical factors. Anesthetic risk factors for perioperative
      nerve injury include regional block technique, patient risk factors, and local
      anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. Surgery can lead to nerve damage by use of
      tourniquets or by direct mechanical stress on nerves, such as traction,
      transection, compression, contusion, ischemia, and stretching. Current literature
      suggests that the majority of perioperative nerve injuries are unrelated to
      regional anesthesia. Besides the blockade of sodium channels which is responsible
      for the anesthetic effect, systemic local anesthetics can have a positive
      influence on the inflammatory response and the hemostatic system in the
      perioperative period. However, next to these beneficial effects, local
      anesthetics exhibit time and dose-dependent toxicity to a variety of tissues,
      including nerves. There is equivocal experimental evidence that the toxicity
      varies among local anesthetics. Even though the precise order of events during
      local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity is not clear, possible cellular mechanisms
      have been identified. These include the intrinsic caspase-pathway, PI3K-pathway,
      and MAPK-pathways. Further research will need to determine whether these pathways
      are non-specifically activated by local anesthetics, or whether there is a single
      common precipitating factor. 

PMID- 26959014
TI  - Dried Saliva Spots: A Robust Method for Detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae
      Carriage by PCR.
AB  - The earliest studies in the late 19th century on Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.
      pneumoniae) carriage used saliva as the primary specimen. However, interest in
      saliva declined after the sensitive mouse inoculation method was replaced by
      conventional culture, which made isolation of pneumococci from the highly
      polymicrobial oral cavity virtually impossible. Here, we tested the feasibility
      of using dried saliva spots (DSS) for studies on pneumococcal carriage. Saliva
      samples from children and pneumococcus-spiked saliva samples from healthy adults
      were applied to paper, dried, and stored, with and without desiccant, at
      temperatures ranging from -20 to 37  degrees C for up to 35 days. DNA extracted
      from DSS was tested with quantitative-PCR (qPCR) specifically for S. pneumoniae.
      When processed immediately after drying, the quantity of pneumococcal DNA
      detected in spiked DSS from adults matched the levels in freshly spiked raw
      saliva. Furthermore, pneumococcal DNA was stable in DSS stored with desiccant for
      up to one month over a broad range of temperatures. There were no differences in
      the results when spiking saliva with varied pneumococcal strains. The collection
      of saliva can be a particularly useful in surveillance studies conducted in
      remote settings, as it does not require trained personnel, and DSS are resilient
      to various transportation conditions. 

PMID- 26959013
TI  - Computational Study on New Natural Compound Inhibitors of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
      Kinases.
AB  - Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) are key enzymes in glucose metabolism,
      negatively regulating pyruvate dehyrogenase complex (PDC) activity through
      phosphorylation. Inhibiting PDKs could upregulate PDC activity and drive cells
      into more aerobic metabolism. Therefore, PDKs are potential targets for
      metabolism related diseases, such as cancers and diabetes. In this study, a
      series of computer-aided virtual screening techniques were utilized to discover
      potential inhibitors of PDKs. Structure-based screening using Libdock was carried
      out following by ADME (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and
      toxicity prediction. Molecular docking was used to analyze the binding mechanism
      between these compounds and PDKs. Molecular dynamic simulation was utilized to
      confirm the stability of potential compound binding. From the computational
      results, two novel natural coumarins compounds (ZINC12296427 and ZINC12389251)
      from the ZINC database were found binding to PDKs with favorable interaction
      energy and predicted to be non-toxic. Our study provide valuable information of
      PDK-coumarins binding mechanisms in PDK inhibitor-based drug discovery. 

PMID- 26959018
TI  - A High-Efficiency Wind Energy Harvester for Autonomous Embedded Systems.
AB  - Energy harvesting is currently a hot research topic, mainly as a consequence of
      the increasing attractiveness of computing and sensing solutions based on small,
      low-power distributed embedded systems. Harvesting may enable systems to operate
      in a deploy-and-forget mode, particularly when power grid is absent and the use
      of rechargeable batteries is unattractive due to their limited lifetime and
      maintenance requirements. This paper focuses on wind flow as an energy source
      feasible to meet the energy needs of a small autonomous embedded system. In
      particular the contribution is on the electrical converter and system
      integration. We characterize the micro-wind turbine, we define a detailed model
      of its behaviour, and then we focused on a highly efficient circuit to convert
      wind energy into electrical energy. The optimized design features an overall
      volume smaller than 64 cm3. The core of the harvester is a high efficiency buck
      boost converter which performs an optimal power point tracking. Experimental
      results show that the wind generator boosts efficiency over a wide range of
      operating conditions. 

PMID- 26959017
TI  - Effect of Pyridine on the Mesophase of Teraryl Liquid Crystals: A New Series of
      Nematic Liquid Crystals Named 2-(4-Alkoxybiphen-4'-yl)-5-methylpyridines.
AB  - A new series of teraryl 2-(4-alkoxybiphen-4'-yl)-5-methylpyridines (nO-PPPyMe, n
      = 3-8) nematic liquid crystal compounds, bearing a biphenylene core and a
      picoline terminus, were synthesized using a short two-step reaction, and overall
      yields between 34% and 38% were obtained. Spectral analysis results were in
      accordance with the expected structures. The thermotropic behavior of the teraryl
      liquid crystal compounds was investigated through polarized optical microscopy
      and differential scanning calorimetry. All compounds exhibited a solely
      enantiotropic nematic phase at the medium-high temperature range of 162.4-234.2 
      degrees C. Furthermore, the results for the nO-PPPyMe series were analyzed
      relative to three other compound series, mO-PPPyCN (m = 2-8), iO-PPQMe (i = 3-8)
      and xO-PPyPMe (x = 1-10). Consequently, the effect of pyridine on the mesophase
      of teraryl liquid crystals was demonstrated. 

PMID- 26959019
TI  - A Digitalized Gyroscope System Based on a Modified Adaptive Control Method.
AB  - In this work we investigate the possibility of applying the adaptive control
      algorithm to Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) gyroscopes. Through comparing
      the gyroscope working conditions with the reference model, the adaptive control
      method can provide online estimation of the key parameters and the proper control
      strategy for the system. The digital second-order oscillators in the reference
      model are substituted for two phase locked loops (PLLs) to achieve a more steady
      amplitude and frequency control. The adaptive law is modified to satisfy the
      condition of unequal coupling stiffness and coupling damping coefficient. The
      rotation mode of the gyroscope system is considered in our work and a rotation
      elimination section is added to the digitalized system. Before implementing the
      algorithm in the hardware platform, different simulations are conducted to ensure
      the algorithm can meet the requirement of the angular rate sensor, and some of
      the key adaptive law coefficients are optimized. The coupling components are
      detected and suppressed respectively and Lyapunov criterion is applied to prove
      the stability of the system. The modified adaptive control algorithm is verified
      in a set of digitalized gyroscope system, the control system is realized in
      digital domain, with the application of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Key
      structure parameters are measured and compared with the estimation results, which
      validated that the algorithm is feasible in the setup. Extra gyroscopes are used
      in repeated experiments to prove the commonality of the algorithm. 

PMID- 26959016
TI  - Identification of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their Common Hepatotoxicity
      Mechanism.
AB  - Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs) are currently one of the most important botanical
      hepatotoxic ingredients. Glutathion (GSH) metabolism is the most reported pathway
      involved in hepatotoxicity mechanism of PAs. We speculate that, for different
      PAs, there should be a common mechanism underlying their hepatotoxicity in GSH
      metabolism. Computational methods were adopted to test our hypothesis in
      consideration of the limitations of current experimental approaches. Firstly, the
      potential targets of 22 PAs (from three major PA types) in GSH metabolism were
      identified by reverse docking; Secondly, glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) and
      glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) targets pattern was found to be a special
      characteristic of toxic PAs with stepwise multiple linear regressions;
      Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying the interactions within toxic PAs
      and these two targets was demonstrated with the ligand-protein interaction
      analysis; Finally, GSTA1 and GPX1 were proved to be significant nodes in GSH
      metabolism. Overall, toxic PAs could be identified by GSTA1 and GPX1 targets
      pattern, which suggests their common hepatotoxicity mechanism: the interfering of
      detoxication in GSH metabolism. In addition, all the strategies developed here
      could be extended to studies on toxicity mechanism of other toxins. 

PMID- 26959020
TI  - A Real-Time Interference Monitoring Technique for GNSS Based on a Twin Support
      Vector Machine Method.
AB  - Interferences can severely degrade the performance of Global Navigation Satellite
      System (GNSS) receivers. As the first step of GNSS any anti-interference
      measures, interference monitoring for GNSS is extremely essential and necessary.
      Since interference monitoring can be considered as a classification problem, a
      real-time interference monitoring technique based on Twin Support Vector Machine
      (TWSVM) is proposed in this paper. A TWSVM model is established, and TWSVM is
      solved by the Least Squares Twin Support Vector Machine (LSTWSVM) algorithm. The
      interference monitoring indicators are analyzed to extract features from the
      interfered GNSS signals. The experimental results show that the chosen
      observations can be used as the interference monitoring indicators. The
      interference monitoring performance of the proposed method is verified by using
      GPS L1 C/A code signal and being compared with that of standard SVM. The
      experimental results indicate that the TWSVM-based interference monitoring is
      much faster than the conventional SVM. Furthermore, the training time of TWSVM is
      on millisecond (ms) level and the monitoring time is on microsecond (MUs) level,
      which make the proposed approach usable in practical interference monitoring
      applications. 

PMID- 26959015
TI  - Oncostatic-Cytoprotective Effect of Melatonin and Other Bioactive Molecules: A
      Common Target in Mitochondrial Respiration.
AB  - For several years, oncostatic and antiproliferative properties, as well as thoses
      of cell death induction through 5-methoxy-N-acetiltryptamine or melatonin
      treatment, have been known. Paradoxically, its remarkable scavenger,
      cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic characteristics in neurodegeneration models,
      such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are known too. Analogous
      results have been confirmed by a large literature to be associated to the use of
      many other bioactive molecules such as resveratrol, tocopherol derivatives or
      vitamin E and others. It is interesting to note that the two opposite situations,
      namely the neoplastic pathology and the neurodegeneration, are characterized by
      deep alterations of the metabolome, of mitochondrial function and of oxygen
      consumption, so that the oncostatic and cytoprotective action can find a
      potential rationalization because of the different metabolic and mitochondrial
      situations, and in the effect that these molecules exercise on the mitochondrial
      function. In this review we discuss historical and general aspects of melatonin,
      relations between cancers and the metabolome and between neurodegeneration and
      the metabolome, and the possible effects of melatonin and of other bioactive
      molecules on metabolic and mitochondrial dynamics. Finally, we suggest a common
      general mechanism as responsible for the oncostatic/cytoprotective effect of
      melatonin and of other molecules examined. 

PMID- 26959021
TI  - Modeling the Insertion Mechanics of Flexible Neural Probes Coated with
      Sacrificial Polymers for Optimizing Probe Design.
AB  - Single-unit recording neural probes have significant advantages towards improving
      signal-to-noise ratio and specificity for signal acquisition in brain-to-computer
      interface devices. Long-term effectiveness is unfortunately limited by the
      chronic injury response, which has been linked to the mechanical mismatch between
      rigid probes and compliant brain tissue. Small, flexible microelectrodes may
      overcome this limitation, but insertion of these probes without buckling requires
      supporting elements such as a stiff coating with a biodegradable polymer. For
      these coated probes, there is a design trade-off between the potential for
      successful insertion into brain tissue and the degree of trauma generated by the
      insertion. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a finite
      element model (FEM) to simulate insertion of coated neural probes of varying
      dimensions and material properties into brain tissue. Simulations were performed
      to predict the buckling and insertion forces during insertion of coated probes
      into a tissue phantom with material properties of brain. The simulations were
      validated with parallel experimental studies where probes were inserted into
      agarose tissue phantom, ex vivo chick embryonic brain tissue, and ex vivo rat
      brain tissue. Experiments were performed with uncoated copper wire and both
      uncoated and coated SU-8 photoresist and Parylene C probes. Model predictions
      were found to strongly agree with experimental results (<10% error). The ratio of
      the predicted buckling force-to-predicted insertion force, where a value greater
      than one would ideally be expected to result in successful insertion, was plotted
      against the actual success rate from experiments. A sigmoidal relationship was
      observed, with a ratio of 1.35 corresponding to equal probability of insertion
      and failure, and a ratio of 3.5 corresponding to a 100% success rate. This ratio
      was dubbed the "safety factor", as it indicated the degree to which the coating
      should be over-designed to ensure successful insertion. Probability color maps
      were generated to visually compare the influence of design parameters.
      Statistical metrics derived from the color maps and multi-variable regression
      analysis confirmed that coating thickness and probe length were the most
      important features in influencing insertion potential. The model also revealed
      the effects of manufacturing flaws on insertion potential. 

PMID- 26959022
TI  - Efficient Banknote Recognition Based on Selection of Discriminative Regions with
      One-Dimensional Visible-Light Line Sensor.
AB  - Banknote papers are automatically recognized and classified in various machines,
      such as vending machines, automatic teller machines (ATM), and banknote-counting
      machines. Previous studies on automatic classification of banknotes have been
      based on the optical characteristics of banknote papers. On each banknote image,
      there are regions more distinguishable than others in terms of banknote types,
      sides, and directions. However, there has been little previous research on
      banknote recognition that has addressed the selection of distinguishable areas.
      To overcome this problem, we propose a method for recognizing banknotes by
      selecting more discriminative regions based on similarity mapping, using images
      captured by a one-dimensional visible light line sensor. Experimental results
      with various types of banknote databases show that our proposed method
      outperforms previous methods. 

PMID- 26959023
TI  - Per-Pixel Coded Exposure for High-Speed and High-Resolution Imaging Using a
      Digital Micromirror Device Camera.
AB  - High-speed photography is an important tool for studying rapid physical
      phenomena. However, low-frame-rate CCD (charge coupled device) or CMOS
      (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) camera cannot effectively capture the
      rapid phenomena with high-speed and high-resolution. In this paper, we
      incorporate the hardware restrictions of existing image sensors, design the
      sampling functions, and implement a hardware prototype with a digital micromirror
      device (DMD) camera in which spatial and temporal information can be flexibly
      modulated. Combined with the optical model of DMD camera, we theoretically
      analyze the per-pixel coded exposure and propose a three-element median quicksort
      method to increase the temporal resolution of the imaging system. Theoretically,
      this approach can rapidly increase the temporal resolution several, or even
      hundreds, of times without increasing bandwidth requirements of the camera. We
      demonstrate the effectiveness of our method via extensive examples and achieve
      100 fps (frames per second) gain in temporal resolution by using a 25 fps camera.

PMID- 26959024
TI  - SVD-Based Technique for Interference Cancellation and Noise Reduction in NMR
      Measurement of Time-Dependent Magnetic Fields.
AB  - A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment for measurement of time-dependent
      magnetic fields was introduced. To improve the signal-to-interference-plus-noise
      ratio (SINR) of NMR data, a new method for interference cancellation and noise
      reduction (ICNR) based on singular value decomposition (SVD) was proposed. The
      singular values corresponding to the radio frequency interference (RFI) signal
      were identified in terms of the correlation between the FID data and the
      reference data, and then the RFI and noise were suppressed by setting the
      corresponding singular values to zero. The validity of the algorithm was verified
      by processing the measured NMR data. The results indicated that, this method has
      a significantly suppression of RFI and random noise, and can well preserve the
      FID signal. At present, the major limitation of the proposed SVD-based ICNR
      technique is that the threshold value for interference cancellation needs to be
      manually selected. Finally, the inversion waveform of the applied alternating
      magnetic field was given by fitting the processed experimental data. 

PMID- 26959025
TI  - Piezoresistive Soft Condensed Matter Sensor for Body-Mounted Vital Function
      Applications.
AB  - A soft condensed matter sensor (SCMS) designed to measure strains on the human
      body is presented. The hybrid material based on carbon black (CB) and a
      thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) was bonded to a textile elastic band and used as a
      sensor on the human wrist to measure hand motion by detecting the movement of
      tendons in the wrist. Additionally it was able to track the blood pulse wave of a
      person, allowing for the determination of pulse wave peaks corresponding to the
      systole and diastole blood pressures in order to calculate the heart rate. Sensor
      characterization was done using mechanical cycle testing, and the band sensor
      achieved a gauge factor of 4-6.3 while displaying low signal relaxation when held
      at a strain levels. Near-linear signal performance was displayed when loading to
      successively higher strain levels up to 50% strain. 

PMID- 26959026
TI  - Developing an Ear Prosthesis Fabricated in Polyvinylidene Fluoride by a 3D
      Printer with Sensory Intrinsic Properties of Pressure and Temperature.
AB  - An ear prosthesis was designed in 3D computer graphics software and fabricated
      using a 3D printing process of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use as a
      hearing aid. In addition, the prosthesis response to pressure and temperature was
      observed. Pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of this ear prosthesis were
      investigated using an astable multivibrator circuit, as changes in PVDF
      permittivity were observed according to variations of pressure and temperature.
      The results show that this prosthesis is reliable for use under different
      conditions of pressure (0 Pa to 16,350 Pa) and temperature (2  degrees C to 90 
      degrees C). The experimental results show an almost linear and inversely
      proportional behavior between the stimuli of pressure and temperature with the
      frequency response. This 3D-printed ear prosthesis is a promising tool and has a
      great potentiality in the biomedical engineering field because of its ability to
      generate an electrical potential proportional to pressure and temperature, and it
      is the first time that such a device has been processed by the additive
      manufacturing process (3D printing). More work needs to be carried out to improve
      the performance, such as electrical stimulation of the nervous system, thereby
      extending the purpose of a prosthesis to the area of sensory perception. 

PMID- 26959027
TI  - Online Kinematic and Dynamic-State Estimation for Constrained Multibody Systems
      Based on IMUs.
AB  - This article addresses the problems of online estimations of kinematic and
      dynamic states of a mechanism from a sequence of noisy measurements. In
      particular, we focus on a planar four-bar linkage equipped with inertial
      measurement units (IMUs). Firstly, we describe how the position, velocity, and
      acceleration of all parts of the mechanism can be derived from IMU signals by
      means of multibody kinematics. Next, we propose the novel idea of integrating the
      generic multibody dynamic equations into two variants of Kalman filtering, i.e.,
      the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), in a way
      that enables us to handle closed-loop, constrained mechanisms, whose state space
      variables are not independent and would normally prevent the direct use of such
      estimators. The proposal in this work is to apply those estimators over the
      manifolds of allowed positions and velocities, by means of estimating a subset of
      independent coordinates only. The proposed techniques are experimentally
      validated on a testbed equipped with encoders as a means of establishing the
      ground-truth. Estimators are run online in real-time, a feature not matched by
      any previous procedure of those reported in the literature on multibody dynamics.

PMID- 26959028
TI  - Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Surface Breaking Crack Using Rayleigh Wave
      Measurement.
AB  - An improved single sided Rayleigh wave (R-wave) measurement was suggested to
      characterize surface breaking crack in steel reinforced concrete structures.
      Numerical simulations were performed to clarify the behavior of R-waves
      interacting with surface breaking crack with different depths and degrees of
      inclinations. Through analysis of simulation results, correlations between R-wave
      parameters of interest and crack characteristics (depth and degree of
      inclination) were obtained, which were then validated by experimental measurement
      of concrete specimens instigated with vertical and inclined artificial cracks of
      different depths. Wave parameters including velocity and amplitude attenuation
      for each case were studied. The correlations allowed us to estimate the depth and
      inclination of cracks measured experimentally with acceptable discrepancies,
      particularly for cracks which are relatively shallow and when the crack depth is
      smaller than the wavelength. 

PMID- 26959029
TI  - Quaternion-Based Signal Analysis for Motor Imagery Classification from
      Electroencephalographic Signals.
AB  - Quaternions can be used as an alternative to model the fundamental patterns of
      electroencephalographic (EEG) signals in the time domain. Thus, this article
      presents a new quaternion-based technique known as quaternion-based signal
      analysis (QSA) to represent EEG signals obtained using a brain-computer interface
      (BCI) device to detect and interpret cognitive activity. This quaternion-based
      signal analysis technique can extract features to represent brain activity
      related to motor imagery accurately in various mental states. Experimental tests
      in which users where shown visual graphical cues related to left and right
      movements were used to collect BCI-recorded signals. These signals were then
      classified using decision trees (DT), support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest
      neighbor (KNN) techniques. The quantitative analysis of the classifiers
      demonstrates that this technique can be used as an alternative in the EEG-signal
      modeling phase to identify mental states. 

PMID- 26959030
TI  - Robot Guidance Using Machine Vision Techniques in Industrial Environments: A
      Comparative Review.
AB  - In the factory of the future, most of the operations will be done by autonomous
      robots that need visual feedback to move around the working space avoiding
      obstacles, to work collaboratively with humans, to identify and locate the
      working parts, to complete the information provided by other sensors to improve
      their positioning accuracy, etc. Different vision techniques, such as
      photogrammetry, stereo vision, structured light, time of flight and laser
      triangulation, among others, are widely used for inspection and quality control
      processes in the industry and now for robot guidance. Choosing which type of
      vision system to use is highly dependent on the parts that need to be located or
      measured. Thus, in this paper a comparative review of different machine vision
      techniques for robot guidance is presented. This work analyzes accuracy, range
      and weight of the sensors, safety, processing time and environmental influences.
      Researchers and developers can take it as a background information for their
      future works. 

PMID- 26959031
TI  - An Anchor-Based Pedestrian Navigation Approach Using Only Inertial Sensors.
AB  - In inertial-based pedestrian navigation, anchors can effectively compensate the
      positioning errors originating from deviations of Inertial Measurement Units
      (IMUs), by putting constraints on pedestrians' motions. However, these anchors
      often need to be deployed beforehand, which can greatly increase system
      complexity, rendering it unsuitable for emergency response missions. In this
      paper, we propose an anchor-based pedestrian navigation approach without any
      additional sensors. The anchors are defined as the intersection points of
      perpendicular corridors and are considered characteristics of building
      structures. In contrast to these real anchors, virtual anchors are extracted from
      the pedestrian's trajectory and are considered as observations of real anchors,
      which can accordingly be regarded as inferred building structure characteristics.
      Then a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) is used to solve the joint
      estimation of positions (trajectory) and maps (anchors) problem. Compared with
      other building structure-based methods, our method has two advantages. The
      assumption on building structure is minimum and valid in most cases. Even if the
      assumption does not stand, the method will not lead to positioning failure.
      Several real-scenario experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and
      robustness of the proposed method. 

PMID- 26959032
TI  - Worst-Case Cooperative Jamming for Secure Communications in CIoT Networks.
AB  - The Internet of Things (IoT) is a significant branch of the ongoing advances in
      the Internet and mobile communications. The use of a large number of IoT devices
      makes the spectrum scarcity problem even more serious. The usable spectrum
      resources are almost entirely occupied, and thus, the increasing radio access
      demands of IoT devices cannot be met. To tackle this problem, the Cognitive
      Internet of Things (CIoT) has been proposed. In a CIoT network, secondary users,
      i.e., sensors and actuators, can access the licensed spectrum bands provided by
      licensed primary users (such as telephones). Security is a major concern in CIoT
      networks. However, the traditional encryption method at upper layers (such as
      symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography) may be compromised in CIoT
      networks, since these types of networks are heterogeneous. In this paper, we
      address the security issue in spectrum-leasing-based CIoT networks using physical
      layer methods. Considering that the CIoT networks are cooperative networks, we
      propose to employ cooperative jamming to achieve secrecy transmission. In the
      cooperative jamming scheme, a certain secondary user is employed as the helper to
      harvest energy transmitted by the source and then uses the harvested energy to
      generate an artificial noise that jams the eavesdropper without interfering with
      the legitimate receivers. The goal is to minimize the signal to interference plus
      noise ratio (SINR) at the eavesdropper subject to the quality of service (QoS)
      constraints of the primary traffic and the secondary traffic. We formulate the
      considered minimization problem into a two-stage robust optimization problem
      based on the worst-case Channel State Information of the Eavesdropper. By using
      semi-definite programming (SDP), the optimal solutions of the transmit covariance
      matrices can be obtained. Moreover, in order to build an incentive mechanism for
      the secondary users, we propose an auction framework based on the cooperative
      jamming scheme. The proposed auction framework jointly formulates the helper
      selection and the corresponding energy allocation problems under the constraint
      of the eavesdropper's SINR. By adopting the Vickrey auction, truthfulness and
      individual rationality can be guaranteed. Simulation results demonstrate the good
      performance of the cooperative jamming scheme and the auction framework. 

PMID- 26959033
TI  - Deriving the Characteristic Scale for Effectively Monitoring Heavy Metal Stress
      in Rice by Assimilation of GF-1 Data with the WOFOST Model.
AB  - Accurate monitoring of heavy metal stress in crops is of great importance to
      assure agricultural productivity and food security, and remote sensing is an
      effective tool to address this problem. However, given that Earth observation
      instruments provide data at multiple scales, the choice of scale for use in such
      monitoring is challenging. This study focused on identifying the characteristic
      scale for effectively monitoring heavy metal stress in rice using the dry weight
      of roots (WRT) as the representative characteristic, which was obtained by
      assimilation of GF-1 data with the World Food Studies (WOFOST) model. We explored
      and quantified the effect of the important state variable LAI (leaf area index)
      at various spatial scales on the simulated rice WRT to find the critical scale
      for heavy metal stress monitoring using the statistical characteristics.
      Furthermore, a ratio analysis based on the varied heavy metal stress levels was
      conducted to identify the characteristic scale. Results indicated that the
      critical threshold for investigating the rice WRT in monitoring studies of heavy
      metal stress was larger than 64 m but smaller than 256 m. This finding represents
      a useful guideline for choosing the most appropriate imagery. 

PMID- 26959034
TI  - Improving Pulse Rate Measurements during Random Motion Using a Wearable
      Multichannel Reflectance Photoplethysmograph.
AB  - Photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveforms are used to acquire pulse rate (PR)
      measurements from pulsatile arterial blood volume. PPG waveforms are highly
      susceptible to motion artifacts (MA), limiting the implementation of PR
      measurements in mobile physiological monitoring devices. Previous studies have
      shown that multichannel photoplethysmograms can successfully acquire diverse
      signal information during simple, repetitive motion, leading to differences in
      motion tolerance across channels. In this paper, we investigate the performance
      of a custom-built multichannel forehead-mounted photoplethysmographic sensor
      under a variety of intense motion artifacts. We introduce an advanced
      multichannel template-matching algorithm that chooses the channel with the least
      motion artifact to calculate PR for each time instant. We show that for a wide
      variety of random motion, channels respond differently to motion artifacts, and
      the multichannel estimate outperforms single-channel estimates in terms of motion
      tolerance, signal quality, and PR errors. We have acquired 31 data sets
      consisting of PPG waveforms corrupted by random motion and show that the accuracy
      of PR measurements achieved was increased by up to 2.7 bpm when the multichannel
      switching algorithm was compared to individual channels. The percentage of PR
      measurements with error <= 5 bpm during motion increased by 18.9% when the
      multichannel switching algorithm was compared to the mean PR from all channels.
      Moreover, our algorithm enables automatic selection of the best signal fidelity
      channel at each time point among the multichannel PPG data. 

PMID- 26959035
TI  - An Open Source "Smart Lamp" for the Optimization of Plant Systems and Thermal
      Comfort of Offices.
AB  - The article describes the design phase, development and practical application of
      a smart object integrated in a desk lamp and called "Smart Lamp", useful to
      optimize the indoor thermal comfort and energy savings that are two important
      workplace issues where the comfort of the workers and the consumption of the
      building strongly affect the economic balance of a company. The Smart Lamp was
      built using a microcontroller, an integrated temperature and relative humidity
      sensor, some other modules and a 3D printer. This smart device is similar to the
      desk lamps that are usually found in offices but it allows one to adjust the
      indoor thermal comfort, by interacting directly with the air conditioner. After
      the construction phase, the Smart Lamp was installed in an office normally
      occupied by four workers to evaluate the indoor thermal comfort and the cooling
      consumption in summer. The results showed how the application of the Smart Lamp
      effectively reduced the energy consumption, optimizing the thermal comfort. The
      use of DIY approach combined with read-write functionality of websites, blog and
      social platforms, also allowed to customize, improve, share, reproduce and
      interconnect technologies so that anybody could use them in any occupied
      environment. 

PMID- 26959036
TI  - Eutypenoids A-C: Novel Pimarane Diterpenoids from the Arctic Fungus Eutypella sp.
      D-1.
AB  - Eutypenoids A-C (1-3), pimarane diterpenoid alkaloid and two ring A rearranged
      pimarane diterpenoids, were isolated from the culture of Eutypella sp. D-1
      obtained from high-latitude soil of the Arctic. Their structures, including
      absolute configurations, were authenticated on the basis of the mass spectroscopy
      (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray crystallography, and electronic
      circular dichroism (ECD) analysis. The immunosuppressive effects of eutypenoids A
      C (1-3) were studied using a ConA-induced splenocyte proliferation model, which
      suggested that 2 exhibited potent immunosuppressive activities. 

PMID- 26959038
TI  - Toxicity of Smokeless Tobacco Extract after 184-Day Repeated Oral Administration
      in Rats.
AB  - The use of smokeless tobacco (ST) is growing rapidly and globally. The
      consumption of ST is associated with an increased risk for developing chronic
      diseases, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and myocardial infarction, and
      has led to many public health problems. It is very important to access the
      toxicity of ST. This experiment presents data from 184-day toxicology studies in
      Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats designed to characterize the chronic effects of a
      smokeless tobacco extract (STE). The control group and treatment groups were
      matched for a range of nicotine levels. Animals were given STE by oral gavage
      with doses of 3.75 (low-dose), 7.50 (mid-dose) and 15.00 (high-dose) mg .
      nicotine/kg body weight/day for 184 days, followed by 30 days for recovery.
      Variables evaluated included body weights, feed consumption, clinical
      observations, clinical and anatomic pathology (including organ weights), and
      histopathology. Decreased body weights and organ weights (heart, liver and
      kidney) were found in animals in the mid-dose and high-dose groups. STE also
      showed moderate and reversible toxicity in esophagus, stomach, liver, kidney and
      lung.

PMID- 26959037
TI  - Understanding Inequalities of Maternal Smoking--Bridging the Gap with Adapted
      Intervention Strategies.
AB  - Women who are generally part of socially disadvantaged and economically
      marginalized groups are especially susceptible to smoking during pregnancy but
      smoking rates are underreported in both research and interventions. While there
      is evidence to support the short-term efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy
      (NRT) use in pregnancy, long-term abstinence rates are modest. Current health
      strategies and interventions designed to diminish smoking in pregnancy have
      adopted a simplified approach to maternal smoking-one that suggests that they
      have a similar degree of choice to non-pregnant smokers regarding the avoidance
      of risk factors, and overlooks individual predictors of non-adherence. As a
      result, interventions have been ineffective among this high-risk group. For this
      reason, this paper addresses the multiple and interacting determinants that must
      be considered when developing and implementing effective strategies that lead to
      successful smoking cessation: socioeconomic status (SES), nicotine dependence,
      social support, culture, mental health, and health services. Based on our review
      of the literature, we conclude that tailoring cessation programs for pregnant
      smokers may ultimately optimize NRT efficacy and reduce the prevalence of
      maternal smoking. 

PMID- 26959039
TI  - Impact of Integrated Watershed Management on Complex Interlinked Factors
      Influencing Health: Perceptions of Professional Stakeholders in a Hilly Tribal
      Area of India.
AB  - Lack of access to water has a significant impact on the health of people in
      tribal areas, where water in households as well as for productive purposes is
      essential for life. In resource-limited settings such as hilly tribal areas,
      implementation of an integrated watershed management programme (IWMP) can have a
      significant impact on public health by providing a solution to water scarcity and
      related problems. The professional stakeholders in rural healthcare and
      development administration are important pillars of the system that implements
      various programmes and policies of government and non-government organizations,
      and act as facilitators for the improvement of public health in tribal areas.
      Information about the perceptions of these stakeholders on public health
      implications of the integrated watershed management programme is important in
      this context. A qualitative study was conducted using face to face semi
      structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders
      involved in healthcare provision, education and development administration. The
      transcripts of interviews and FGDs were analyzed using manifest and latent
      content analysis. The perceptions and experiences shared by healthcare and
      development administration stakeholders suggest that implementation of IWMP in
      tribal areas helps efficient water and agriculture management, which results in
      improved socio-economic conditions that lead to positive health outcomes. 

PMID- 26959041
TI  - Sports Facilities, Shopping Centers or Homes: What Locations are Important for
      Adults' Physical Activity? A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - Physical activity (PA) is influenced by the built environment. However, little is
      known about the types of built environment where adults spend their time, and at
      what levels of PA they engage in those environments. Understanding the effect of
      the built environment on PA requires insight into PA behavior at different types
      of locations (e.g., home, work, shopping centers, and sports facilities).
      Therefore, this study describes where adults aged 45-65 years were active with
      moderate-to-vigorous intensity (MVPA), and examines associations of socio
      demographic factors and neighborhood with MVPA at these locations. Participants'
      (N = 308) PA was measured for seven days using accelerometers and GPS-devices.
      Adults spent most minutes of MVPA at home and work. Highest MVPA-ratios of total
      time spent at a location were achieved in sports facilities and during transport.
      Neighborhood characteristics and socio-demographic factors such as work status,
      health status and household structure, had significant effects on MVPA at various
      locations and on total MVPA. Understanding PA behavior at various locations may
      provide insights that allow professionals in different domains (e.g., health,
      landscaping, urban planning) to develop strategies to stimulate PA. 

PMID- 26959040
TI  - SNP-SNP Interaction between TLR4 and MyD88 in Susceptibility to Coronary Artery
      Disease in the Chinese Han Population.
AB  - The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)
      dependent signaling pathway plays a role in the initiation and progression of
      coronary artery disease (CAD). We investigated SNP-SNP interactions between the
      TLR4 and MyD88 genes in CAD susceptibility and assessed whether the effects of
      such interactions were modified by confounding risk factors (hyperglycemia,
      hyperlipidemia and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection). Participants with
      CAD (n = 424) and controls (n = 424) without CAD were enrolled. Polymerase chain
      restriction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed on genomic DNA
      to detect polymorphisms in TLR4 (rs10116253, rs10983755, and rs11536889) and
      MyD88 (rs7744). H. pylori infections were evaluated by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays, and the cardiovascular risk factors for each subject were
      evaluated clinically. The significant interaction between TLR4 rs11536889 and
      MyD88 rs7744 was associated with an increased CAD risk (p value for interaction =
      0.024). In conditions of hyperglycemia, the interaction effect was strengthened
      between TLR4 rs11536889 and MyD88 rs7744 (p value for interaction = 0.004). In
      hyperlipidemic participants, the interaction strength was also enhanced for TLR4
      rs11536889 and MyD88 rs7744 (p value for interaction = 0.006). Thus, the novel
      interaction between TLR4 rs11536889 and MyD88 rs7744 was related with an
      increased risk of CAD, that could be strengthened by the presence of
      hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia. 

PMID- 26959042
TI  - E-Cigarettes for Immediate Smoking Substitution in Women Diagnosed with Cervical
      Dysplasia and Associated Disorders.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine if 31 women with cervical dysplasia and
      associated conditions exacerbated by smoking would be successful substituting
      cigarettes with their choice of either nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or
      electronic cigarettes (EC). Women received motivational interviewing and tried
      both NRT and ECs, choosing one method to use during a six-week intervention
      period. Daily cigarette consumption was measured at baseline, six, and 12 weeks,
      with differences analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Study analysis
      consisted only of women choosing to use ECs (29/31), as only two chose NRT. At
      the 12-week follow-up, the seven day point prevalence abstinence from smoking was
      28.6%, and the median number of cigarettes smoked daily decreased from 18.5 to
      5.5 (p < 0.0001). The median number of e-cigarette cartridges used dropped from
      21 at the six-week follow-up to 12.5 at the 12-week follow-up. After initiating
      EC use, women at risk for cervical cancer were able to either quit smoking or
      reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Although a controlled trial with
      a larger sample size is needed to confirm these initial results, this study
      suggests that using ECs during quit attempts may reduce cigarette consumption. 

PMID- 26959043
TI  - Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils
      and the Health Risk Assessment.
AB  - The objectives of the present study were to investigate heavy metal accumulation
      in 22 vegetable species and to assess the human health risks of vegetable
      consumption. Six vegetable types were cultivated on farmland contaminated with
      heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and As). The target hazard quotient (THQ) method
      was used to assess the human health risks posed by heavy metals through vegetable
      consumption. Clear differences were found in the concentrations of heavy metals
      in edible parts of the different vegetables. The concentrations of heavy metals
      decreased in the sequence as leafy vegetables > stalk vegetables/root
      vegetables/solanaceous vegetables > legume vegetables/melon vegetables. The
      ability of leafy vegetables to uptake and accumulate heavy metals was the
      highest, and that of melon vegetables was the lowest. This indicated that the low
      accumulators (melon vegetables) were suitable for being planted on contaminated
      soil, while the high accumulators (leafy vegetables) were unsuitable. In
      Shizhuyuan area, China, the total THQ values of adults and children through
      consumption of vegetables were 4.12 and 5.41, respectively, suggesting that the
      residents may be facing health risks due to vegetable consumption, and that
      children were vulnerable to the adverse effects of heavy metal ingestion. 

PMID- 26959044
TI  - Spatial Patterns of Heat-Related Cardiovascular Mortality in the Czech Republic.
AB  - The study examines spatial patterns of effects of high temperature extremes on
      cardiovascular mortality in the Czech Republic at a district level during 1994
      2009. Daily baseline mortality for each district was determined using a single
      location-stratified generalized additive model. Mean relative deviations of
      mortality from the baseline were calculated on days exceeding the 90th percentile
      of mean daily temperature in summer, and they were correlated with selected
      demographic, socioeconomic, and physical-environmental variables for the
      districts. Groups of districts with similar characteristics were identified
      according to socioeconomic status and urbanization level in order to provide a
      more general picture than possible on the district level. We evaluated lagged
      patterns of excess mortality after hot spell occurrences in: (i) urban areas vs.
      predominantly rural areas; and (ii) regions with different overall socioeconomic
      level. Our findings suggest that climatic conditions, altitude, and urbanization
      generally affect the spatial distribution of districts with the highest excess
      cardiovascular mortality, while socioeconomic status did not show a significant
      effect in the analysis across the Czech Republic as a whole. Only within deprived
      populations, socioeconomic status played a relevant role as well. After taking
      into account lagged effects of temperature on excess mortality, we found that the
      effect of hot spells was significant in highly urbanized regions, while most
      excess deaths in rural districts may be attributed to harvesting effects. 

PMID- 26959045
TI  - A Brief Up-Date of the Use of Sodium Oxybate for the Treatment of Alcohol Use
      Disorder.
AB  - The treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) with sodium oxybate (SMO) or gamma
      hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) was introduced in Italy and Austria more than 20 years
      and 15 years ago, respectively, and it is now widely employed to treat alcohol
      withdrawal syndrome (AWS) and to maintain alcohol abstinence. These indications
      derive from its similar structure to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino
      butyric acid (GABA), exerting an ethanol-mimicking effect, because it binds to
      GABAB receptors. Craving for, and abuse of, SMO remain a controversial issue;
      even though these unfavorable effects are evident in poly-drug addicted patients
      and in those with psychiatric diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. In
      addition, despite cases of severe intoxication and deaths being widely documented
      when GHB is used as "street drug"; its clinical use remains safe. Thus, the aim
      of the present review is to examine the role of SMO in the treatment of AUD, its
      possible implications in reducing alcohol consumption, and cases of abuse, and
      severe intoxication due to SMO during its clinical use in the treatment of AUD. 

PMID- 26959046
TI  - Estimation of the Human Extrathoracic Deposition Fraction of Inhaled Particles
      Using a Polyurethane Foam Collection Substrate in an IOM Sampler.
AB  - Extrathoracic deposition of inhaled particles (i.e., in the head and throat) is
      an important exposure route for many hazardous materials. Current best practices
      for exposure assessment of aerosols in the workplace involve particle size
      selective sampling methods based on particle penetration into the human
      respiratory tract (i.e., inhalable or respirable sampling). However, the
      International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently adopted
      particle deposition sampling conventions (ISO 13138), including conventions for
      extrathoracic (ET) deposition into the anterior nasal passage (ET1) and the
      posterior nasal and oral passages (ET2). For this study, polyurethane foam was
      used as a collection substrate inside an inhalable aerosol sampler to provide an
      estimate of extrathoracic particle deposition. Aerosols of fused aluminum oxide
      (five sizes, 4.9 um-44.3 um) were used as a test dust in a low speed (0.2 m/s)
      wind tunnel. Samplers were placed on a rotating mannequin inside the wind tunnel
      to simulate orientation-averaged personal sampling. Collection efficiency data
      for the foam insert matched well to the extrathoracic deposition convention for
      the particle sizes tested. The concept of using a foam insert to match a particle
      deposition sampling convention was explored in this study and shows promise for
      future use as a sampling device. 

PMID- 26959047
TI  - Association of Maternal and Child Health Center (Posyandu) Availability with
      Child Weight Status in Indonesia: A National Study.
AB  - Little is known about the childhood obesity prevention and treatment practices of
      Maternal and Child Health services (Posyandu) in Indonesia or in other countries.
      The present study aims to assess the association of the availability of Posyandu
      with overweight and obesity in children of different household wealth levels.
      This was a secondary analysis of data collected in the 2013 Riskesdas (or Basic
      Health Research) survey, a cross-sectional study, representative population-based
      data. Height and weight, the availability of Posyandu, and basic characteristics
      of the study population were collected from parents with children aged 0 to 5
      years (n = 63,237). Non-availability of Posyandu significantly raised the odds of
      being obese (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.21) and did not show a significant
      relationship in the odds for overweight (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.93-1.07). This
      relationship persisted after a full adjustment (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07-1.25 and
      OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.96-1.13, respectively). There was effect modification by
      household wealth, which was stronger for obese children. The availability of
      Posyandu has a protective association with childhood obesity in Indonesia.
      Posyandu services are well placed to play an important role in obesity prevention
      and treatment in early life. 

PMID- 26959048
TI  - Spatio-Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Trajectory Similarity Analysis
      of Tuberculosis in Beijing, China.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease with one of the highest reported
      incidences in China. The detection of the spatio-temporal distribution
      characteristics of TB is indicative of its prevention and control conditions.
      Trajectory similarity analysis detects variations and loopholes in prevention and
      provides urban public health officials and related decision makers more
      information for the allocation of public health resources and the formulation of
      prioritized health-related policies. This study analysed the spatio-temporal
      distribution characteristics of TB from 2009 to 2014 by utilizing spatial
      statistics, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and space-time scan statistics.
      Spatial statistics measured the TB incidence rate (TB patients per 100,000
      residents) at the district level to determine its spatio-temporal distribution
      and to identify characteristics of change. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was
      used to detect global and local spatial autocorrelations across the study area.
      Purely spatial, purely temporal and space-time scan statistics were used to
      identify purely spatial, purely temporal and spatio-temporal clusters of TB at
      the district level. The other objective of this study was to compare the
      trajectory similarities between the incidence rates of TB and new smear-positive
      (NSP) TB patients in the resident population (NSPRP)/new smear-positive TB
      patients in the TB patient population (NSPTBP)/retreated smear-positive (RSP) TB
      patients in the resident population (RSPRP)/retreated smear-positive TB patients
      in the TB patient population (RSPTBP) to detect variations and loopholes in TB
      prevention and control among the districts in Beijing. The incidence rates in
      Beijing exhibited a gradual decrease from 2009 to 2014. Although global spatial
      autocorrelation was not detected overall across all of the districts of Beijing,
      individual districts did show evidence of local spatial autocorrelation: Chaoyang
      and Daxing were Low-Low districts over the six-year period. The purely spatial
      scan statistics analysis showed significant spatial clusters of high and low
      incidence rates; the purely temporal scan statistics showed the temporal cluster
      with a three-year period from 2009 to 2011 characterized by a high incidence
      rate; and the space-time scan statistics analysis showed significant spatio
      temporal clusters. The distribution of the mean centres (MCs) showed that the
      general distributions of the NSPRP MCs and NSPTBP MCs were to the east of the
      incidence rate MCs. Conversely, the general distributions of the RSPRP MCs and
      the RSPTBP MCs were to the south of the incidence rate MCs. Based on the combined
      analysis of MC distribution characteristics and trajectory similarities, the NSP
      trajectory was most similar to the incidence rate trajectory. Thus, more
      attention should be focused on the discovery of NSP patients in the western part
      of Beijing, whereas the northern part of Beijing needs intensive treatment for
      RSP patients. 

PMID- 26959049
TI  - Efficient Co-Replication of Defective Novirhabdovirus.
AB  - We have generated defective Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Viruses (VHSV) which
      express either the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a far-red fluorescent
      protein (mKate) by replacing the genes encoding the nucleoprotein N or the
      polymerase-associated P protein. To recover viable defective viruses, rVHSV
      DeltaN-Red and rVHSV-DeltaP-Green, fish cells were co-transfected with both
      deleted cDNA VHSV genomes, together with plasmids expressing N, P and L of the
      RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. After one passage of the transfected cell
      supernatant, red and green cell foci were observed. Viral titer reached 107
      PFU/mL after three passages. Infected cells were always red and green with the
      very rare event of single red or green cell foci appearing. To clarify our
      understanding of how such defective viruses could be so efficiently propagated,
      we investigated whether (i) a recombination event between both defective genomes
      had occurred, (ii) whether both genomes were co-encapsidated in a single viral
      particle, and (iii) whether both defective viruses were always replicated
      together through a complementation phenomenon or even as conglomerate. To address
      these hypotheses, genome and viral particles have been fully characterized and,
      thus, allowing us to conclude that rVHSV-DeltaN-Red and rVHSV-DeltaP-Green are
      independent viral particles which could propagate only by simultaneously
      infecting the same cells. 

PMID- 26959050
TI  - CRISPR-Cas9 as a Powerful Tool for Efficient Creation of Oncolytic Viruses.
AB  - The development of oncolytic viruses has led to an emerging new class of cancer
      therapeutics. Although the safety profile has been encouraging, the transition of
      oncolytic viruses to the clinical setting has been a slow process due to
      modifications. Therefore, a new generation of more potent oncolytic viruses needs
      to be exploited, following our better understanding of the complex interactions
      between the tumor, its microenvironment, the virus, and the host immune response.
      The conventional method for creation of tumor-targeted oncolytic viruses is based
      on homologous recombination. However, the creation of new mutant oncolytic
      viruses with large genomes remains a challenge due to the multi-step process and
      low efficiency of homologous recombination. The CRISPR-associated endonuclease
      Cas9 has hugely advanced the potential to edit the genomes of various organisms
      due to the ability of Cas9 to target a specific genomic site by a single guide
      RNA. In this review, we discuss the CRISPR-Cas9 system as an efficient viral
      editing method for the creation of new oncolytic viruses, as well as its
      potential future applications in the development of oncolytic viruses. Further,
      this review discusses the potential of off-target effects as well as CRISPR-Cas9
      as a tool for basic research into viral biology. 

PMID- 26959051
TI  - A Healthy Dietary Pattern Reduces Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta
      Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diet and nutrients play an important role in cancer development and
      progress; a healthy dietary pattern has been found to be associated with several
      types of cancer. However, the association between a healthy eating pattern and
      lung cancer risk is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, we conducted a
      systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate whether a healthy eating pattern
      might reduce lung cancer risk. METHODS: We identified relevant studies from the
      PubMed and Embase databases up to October 2015, and the relative risks were
      extracted and combined by the fixed-effects model when no substantial
      heterogeneity was observed; otherwise, the random-effects model was employed.
      Subgroup and publication bias analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Finally,
      eight observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled
      relative risk of lung cancer for the highest vs. lowest category of healthy
      dietary pattern was 0.81 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.75-0.86), and no
      significant heterogeneity was detected. The relative risks (RRs) for non-smokers,
      former smokers and current smokers were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.63-1.27), 0.74 (95% CI:
      0.62-0.89) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.79-0.93), respectively. The results remained
      stable in subgroup analyses by other confounders and sensitivity analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of our meta-analysis suggest that a healthy dietary
      pattern is associated with a lower lung cancer risk, and they provide more
      beneficial evidence for changing the diet pattern in the general population.

PMID- 26959052
TI  - Effect of Flaxseed Intervention on Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - Functional food-flaxseed and its derivatives (flaxseed oil or lignans) are
      beneficial for human health, possibly because of their anti-inflammatory effects.
      C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation was chosen to
      evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of flaxseed. We searched randomized
      controlled trials from PubMed and the Cochrane Library in October 2015 and
      conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of flaxseed and its
      derivatives on CRP. The mean differences (net change) in CRP (mg/L)
      concentrations were pooled with a random- or a fixed-effects model depending on
      the results of heterogeneity tests. Overall, flaxseed interventions had no
      effects on reduction of CRP (p = 0.428). The null effects were consistent in the
      subgroup analysis with multiple studies and population characteristics.
      Significant heterogeneity was observed in most of the analyses. Meta-regression
      identified baseline body mass index (BMI) as a significant source of
      heterogeneity (P-interaction = 0.032), with a significant reduction in CRP of
      0.83 mg/L (95% confidence interval -1.34 to -0.31; p = 0.002) among subjects with
      a BMI of >=30 kg/m2. In conclusion, our meta-analysis did not find sufficient
      evidence that flaxseed and its derivatives have a beneficial effect on reducing
      circulating CRP. However, they may significantly reduce CRP in obese populations.

PMID- 26959053
TI  - Vitamin D and Sunlight Exposure in Newly-Diagnosed Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Circulating vitamin D has previously been found to be lower in patients with
      Parkinson's disease (PD), while the effects of sunlight exposure have not yet
      been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the associations between serum
      vitamin D, vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure, and newly-diagnosed PD patients
      in a Chinese population. This case-control study measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin
      D (25(OH)D) levels and sunlight exposure in 201 patients with newly-diagnosed PD
      and 199 controls without neurodegenerative diseases. Data on vitamin D intake and
      sunlight exposure were obtained using a self-report questionnaire. Multivariable
      logistic regressions were employed to evaluate the associations between serum
      25(OH)D levels, sunlight exposure, and PD. Adjustments were made for sex, age,
      smoking, alcohol use, education, BMI, and vitamin D intake. There were
      significantly lower levels of serum 25(OH)D (20.6 +/- 6.5 ng/mL), daily vitamin D
      intake (8.3 +/- 3.7 g/day), and sunlight exposure (9.7 +/- 4.1 h/week) in
      patients with PD compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Crude odds ratios (ORs)
      for PD in the quartiles of serum 25(OH)D were 1 (reference), 0.710 (0.401,
      1.257), 0.631 (0.348, 1.209), and 0.483 (0.267, 0.874), respectively. Crude ORs
      for PD in quartiles of sunlight exposure were 1 (reference), 0.809 (0.454,
      1.443), 0.623 (0.345, 1.124) and 0.533 (0.294, 0.966), respectively. A
      significant positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D and sunlight exposure was
      found, but serum 25(OH)D was not correlated with daily vitamin D intake. This
      study indicates that lower levels of serum 25(OH)D and sunlight exposure are
      significantly associated with an increased risk for PD. 

PMID- 26959055
TI  - Nutrition and Dementia: Evidence for Preventive Approaches?
AB  - In recent years, the possibility of favorably influencing the cognitive
      trajectory through promotion of lifestyle modifications has been increasingly
      investigated. In particular, the relationship between nutritional habits and
      cognitive health has attracted special attention. The present review is designed
      to retrieve and discuss recent evidence (published over the last 3 years) coming
      from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of
      nutritional interventions aimed at improving cognitive functioning and/or
      preventing cognitive decline in non-demented older individuals. A systematic
      review of literature was conducted, leading to the identification of 11 studies
      of interest. Overall, most of the nutritional interventions tested by the
      selected RCTs were found to produce statistically significant cognitive benefits
      (defined as improved neuropsychological test scores). Nevertheless, the clinical
      meaningfulness of such findings was not adequately discussed and appears
      controversial. In parallel, only 2 studies investigated between-group differences
      concerning incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment cases, reporting
      conflicting results. Results of the present review suggest that several dietary
      patterns and nutritional components may constitute promising strategies in
      postponing, slowing, and preventing cognitive decline. However, supporting
      evidence is overall weak and further studies are needed. 

PMID- 26959054
TI  - Phylloquinone and Menaquinone-4 Tissue Distribution at Different Life Stages in
      Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed Different VK Levels Since Weaning or
      Subjected to a 40% Calorie Restriction since Adulthood.
AB  - Whether through the vitamin K-dependent proteins or the individual K vitamers,
      vitamin K (VK) is associated with a number of age-related conditions (e.g.,
      osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, cognitive decline). In light
      of this, we investigated the influence of lifetime dietary VK exposure on the
      tissue distribution of phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4) vitamers in 3
      , 12- and 22-month-old male and female rats fed different K1 diets since weaning
      or subjected to a 40% calorie restricted diet (CR) since adulthood. Dietary K1
      intakes around the minimal amount required for normal blood coagulation had no
      significant influence on body weights of both male and female rats at different
      life stages. Tissue contents of the K vitamers differed according to organs, were
      generally higher in females than in males, and increased with K1 intake. The MK
      4/total VK ratios tended to be increased in old age possibly reflecting an
      increased physiological demand for MK-4 during aging. Our study also confirmed
      the greater susceptibility of male rats to low VK containing diet, notably at a
      younger age. Despite lifelong higher K1 intakes per unit body weight, tissue K1
      and MK-4 contents at 20 months were generally lower in CR rats compared to their
      ad libitum (AL) counterparts. Whether the lower tissue MK-4 content is the result
      of lower synthesis from K1 or greater tissue utilization remains to be
      determined. However, the more youthful coagulation profile observed in old CR
      rats (vs. AL rats) tends to support the notion that CR is associated with greater
      utilization of the K vitamers to sustain physiological functions.

PMID- 26959056
TI  - The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Explosive Performance and Optimal
      Individual Postactivation Potentiation Time.
AB  - Creatine plays an important role in muscle energy metabolism. Postactivation
      potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon that can acutely increase muscle power, but it
      is an individualized process that is influenced by muscle fatigue. This study
      examined the effects of creatine supplementation on explosive performance and the
      optimal individual PAP time during a set of complex training bouts. Thirty
      explosive athletes performed tests of back squat for one repetition maximum (1RM)
      strength and complex training bouts for determining the individual optimal timing
      of PAP, height and peak power of a counter movement jump before and after the
      supplementation. Subjects were assigned to a creatine or placebo group and then
      consumed 20 g of creatine or carboxymethyl cellulose per day for six days. After
      the supplementation, the 1RM strength in the creatine group significantly
      increased (p < 0.05). The optimal individual PAP time in the creatine group was
      also significant earlier than the pre-supplementation and post-supplementation of
      the placebo group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in jump
      performance between the groups. This study demonstrates that creatine
      supplementation improves maximal muscle strength and the optimal individual PAP
      time of complex training but has no effect on explosive performance. 

PMID- 26959057
TI  - Sirt1 Is Required for Resveratrol-Mediated Chemopreventive Effects in Colorectal
      Cancer Cells.
AB  - Sirt1 is a NAD+-dependent protein-modifying enzyme involved in regulating gene
      expression, DNA damage repair, metabolism and survival, as well as acts as an
      important subcellular target of resveratrol. The complex mechanisms underlying
      Sirt1 signaling during carcinogenesis remain controversial, as it can serve both
      as a tumor promoter and suppressor. Whether resveratrol-mediated chemopreventive
      effects are mediated via Sirt1 in CRC growth and metastasis remains unclear;
      which was the subject of this study. We found that resveratrol suppressed
      proliferation and invasion of two different human CRC cells in a dose-dependent
      manner, and interestingly, this was accompanied with a significant decrease in Ki
      67 expression. By transient transfection of CRC cells with Sirt1-ASO, we
      demonstrated that the anti-tumor effects of resveratrol on cells was abolished,
      suggesting the essential role of this enzyme in the resveratrol signaling
      pathway. Moreover, resveratrol downregulated nuclear localization of NF-kappaB,
      NF-kappaB phosphorylation and its acetylation, causing attenuation of NF-kappaB
      regulated gene products (MMP-9, CXCR4) involved in tumor-invasion and metastasis.
      Finally, Sirt1 was found to interact directly with NF-kappaB, and resveratrol did
      not suppress Sirt1-ASO-induced NF-kappaB phosphorylation, acetylation and NF
      kappaB-regulated gene products. Overall, our results demonstrate that resveratrol
      can suppress tumorigenesis, at least in part by targeting Sirt1 and suppression
      of NF-kappaB activation.

PMID- 26959058
TI  - Heat-Killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis in a
      Murine Model.
AB  - Recent reports have shown the immunomodulatory effect of heat-killed lactic acid
      bacteria. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic skin disease, caused by immune
      dysregulation among other factors. The aim of this study was to assess the effect
      of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 (EF-2001) on AD. We established an
      in vivo AD model by repeated local exposure of Dermatophagoides farinae extract
      (DFE; house dust mite extract) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to the ears of
      mice. After oral administration of EF-2001 for four weeks, the epidermal and
      dermal ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, and serum immunoglobulin levels
      were measured. In addition, the gene expression levels of pathogenic cytokines in
      the ears, lymph nodes, and splenocytes were assayed. EF-2001 attenuated AD
      symptoms based on the ear thickness, histopathological analysis, and serum
      immunoglobulin levels. Moreover, EF-2001 decreased the DFE/DNCB-induced
      expression of various pathogenic cytokines in the ears, lymph nodes, and
      splenocytes. These results suggest that EF-2001 has therapeutic potential in the
      treatment of AD owing to its immunomodulatory effects. 

PMID- 26959059
TI  - The Potential Protective Action of Vitamin D in Hepatic Insulin Resistance and
      Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency (i.e., hypovitaminosis D) is associated with increased
      insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and poorly controlled glucose
      homeostasis, and thus is correlated with the risk of metabolic diseases,
      including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The liver plays key roles in glucose
      and lipid metabolism, and its dysregulation leads to abnormalities in hepatic
      glucose output and triglyceride accumulation. Meanwhile, the pancreatic islets
      are constituted in large part by insulin-secreting beta cells. Consequently,
      islet dysfunction, such as occurs in T2DM, produces hyperglycemia. In this
      review, we provide a critical appraisal of the modulatory actions of vitamin D in
      hepatic insulin sensitivity and islet insulin secretion, and we discuss the
      potential roles of a local vitamin D signaling in regulating hepatic and
      pancreatic islet functions. This information provides a scientific basis for
      establishing the benefits of the maintenance, or dietary manipulation, of
      adequate vitamin D status in the prevention and management of obesity-induced
      T2DM and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 

PMID- 26959060
TI  - The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School
      Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Cote d'Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic
      Area.
AB  - Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but
      the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study
      was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and
      women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortified oil and wheat
      flour. The survey was cross-sectional in a rural and an urban area. Data on
      demographics, socioeconomic status, and fortified foods were collected at
      households. Hemoglobin (Hb), retinol binding protein (RBP), ferritin, soluble
      transferrin receptors (sTfR), subclinical inflammation, and Plasmodium spp.
      infection data were collected. In PSC, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was prevalent,
      but for each 1 mg retinol equivalents (RE)/kg of oil consumed, RBP increased by
      0.37 MUmol/L (p = 0.03). In WRA, there was no significant VAD in the population
      (0.7%). Anemia was found in 92.2% of rural and 56.3% of urban PSC (p < 0.001).
      PSC with access to adequately fortified flour had Hb concentrations 15.7 g/L
      higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Hb levels increased by +0.238 g/L per
      mg/kg increase in iron fortification levels (p < 0.001). The national program
      fortifying vegetable oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid
      may have contributed to improved micronutrient status of PSC from two areas in
      Cote d'Ivoire.

PMID- 26959061
TI  - Conversion Ratio between Botox(r), Dysport(r), and Xeomin(r) in Clinical
      Practice.
AB  - Botulinum neurotoxin has revolutionized the treatment of spasticity and is now
      administered worldwide. There are currently three leading botulinum neurotoxin
      type A products available in the Western Hemisphere: onabotulinum toxin-A (ONA)
      Botox((r)), abobotulinum toxin-A (ABO), Dysport((r)), and incobotulinum toxin A
      (INCO, Xeomin((r))). Although the efficacies are similar, there is an intense
      debate regarding the comparability of various preparations. Here we will address
      the clinical issues of potency and conversion ratios, as well as safety issues
      such as toxin spread and immunogenicity, to provide guidance for BoNT-A use in
      clinical practice. INCO was shown to be as effective as ONA with a comparable
      adverse event profile when a clinical conversion ratio of 1:1 was used. The
      available clinical and preclinical data suggest that a conversion ratio ABO:ONA
      of 3:1-or even lower-could be appropriate for treating spasticity, cervical
      dystonia, and blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. A higher conversion ratio may
      lead to an overdosing of ABO. While uncommon, distant spread may occur; however,
      several factors other than the pharmaceutical preparation are thought to affect
      spread. Finally, whereas the three products have similar efficacy when properly
      dosed, ABO has a better cost-efficacy profile. 

PMID- 26959062
TI  - DNA Aptamers against Taiwan Banded Krait alpha-Bungarotoxin Recognize Taiwan
      Cobra Cardiotoxins.
AB  - Bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt) and Naja atra cardiotoxins
      (CTXs) share a common structural scaffold, and their tertiary structures adopt
      three-fingered loop motifs. Four DNA aptamers against alpha-Bgt have been
      reported previously. Given that the binding of aptamers with targeted proteins
      depends on structural complementarity, in this study, we investigated whether DNA
      aptamers against alpha-Bgt could also recognize CTXs. It was found that N. atra
      cardiotoxin 3 (CTX3) reduced the electrophoretic mobility of aptamers against
      alpha-Bgt. Analysis of the changes in the fluorescence intensity of
      carboxyfluorescein-labeled aptamers upon binding toxin molecules revealed that
      CTX3 and alpha-Bgt could bind the tested aptamers. Moreover, the aptamers
      inhibited the membrane-damaging activity and cytotoxicity of CTX3. In addition to
      CTX3, other N. atra CTX isotoxins also bound to the aptamer against alpha-Bgt.
      Taken together, our data indicate that aptamers against alpha-Bgt show cross
      reactivity with CTXs. The findings that aptamers against alpha-Bgt also suppress
      the biological activities of CTX3 highlight the potential utility of aptamers in
      regard to the broad inhibition of snake venom three-fingered proteins. 

PMID- 26959064
TI  - Support Values for Genome Phylogenies.
AB  - We have recently developed a distance metric for efficiently estimating the
      number of substitutions per site between unaligned genome sequences. These
      substitution rates are called "anchor distances" and can be used for phylogeny
      reconstruction. Most phylogenies come with bootstrap support values, which are
      computed by resampling with replacement columns of homologous residues from the
      original alignment. Unfortunately, this method cannot be applied to anchor
      distances, as they are based on approximate pairwise local alignments rather than
      the full multiple sequence alignment necessary for the classical bootstrap. We
      explore two alternatives: pairwise bootstrap and quartet analysis, which we
      compare to classical bootstrap. With simulated sequences and 53 human primate
      mitochondrial genomes, pairwise bootstrap gives better results than quartet
      analysis. However, when applied to 29 E. coli genomes, quartet analysis comes
      closer to the classical bootstrap. 

PMID- 26959065
TI  - Auto Diagnostics of Lung Nodules Using Minimal Characteristics Extraction
      Technique.
AB  - Computer-aided detection (CAD) systems provide useful tools and an advantageous
      process to physicians aiming to detect lung nodules. This paper develops a method
      composed of four processes for lung nodule detection. The first step employs
      image acquisition and pre-processing techniques to isolate the lungs from the
      rest of the body. The second stage involves the segmentation process using a 2D
      algorithm to affect every layer of a scan eliminating non-informative structures
      inside the lungs, and a 3D blob algorithm associated with a connectivity
      algorithm to select possible nodule shape candidates. The combinations of these
      algorithms efficiently eliminate the high rates of false positives. The third
      process extracts eight minimal representative characteristics of the possible
      candidates. The final step utilizes a support vector machine for classifying the
      possible candidates into nodules and non-nodules depending on their features. As
      the objective is to find nodules bigger than 4mm, the proposed approach
      demonstrated quite encouraging results. Among 65 computer tomography (CT) scans,
      94.23% of sensitivity and 84.75% in specificity were obtained. The accuracy of
      these two results was 89.19% taking into consideration that 45 scans were used
      for testing and 20 for training. The rate of false positives was 0.2 per scan. 

PMID- 26959066
TI  - Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Preferences for Specific Pepper
      Cultivars, Plant Parts, Fruit Colors, Fruit Sizes, and Timing.
AB  - Peppers (Capsicum spp.) are an important crop in the USA, with about 32,000 ha
      cultivated in 2007, which resulted in $588 million in farm revenue. The pepper
      weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most
      troublesome insect pest of peppers in the southern United States. It is therefore
      urgent to find different vulnerabilities of pepper cultivars, fruit and plants
      parts, fruit colors and sizes, and timing to infestation by A. eugenii. Also
      relevant is testing whether fruit length and infestation state affect fruit
      numbers, weights, and proportions of fruit that are infested. Counts of A.
      eugenii adults and marks from oviposition and feeding suggested that C. chinense
      Jacquin "Habanero" was least susceptible, and C. annuum L. cultivars "SY" and
      "SR" were most susceptible. Comparison of plant parts and fruit sizes revealed
      that A. eugenii preferred the peduncle, calyx, and top of pepper fruits over the
      middle, bottom, leaves, or remainder of flowers. Anthonomus eugenii does not
      discriminate between green or yellow fruit color nor vary diurnally in numbers.
      Based on adult counts, medium to extra-large fruits (>=1.5 cm long) attracted
      more weevils than small fruits (<1.5 cm). However based on proportions of fruit
      numbers or fruit weights that were infested, there were no differences between
      large and small fruits. Choice of pepper cultivar can thus be an important part
      of an IPM cultural control program designed to combat A. eugenii by reduced
      susceptibility or by synchronous fruit drop of infested fruits. Our results are
      potentially helpful in developing scouting programs including paying particular
      attention to the preferred locations of adults and their sites of feeding and
      oviposition on the fruit. The results also suggested the potential value of
      spraying when the fruits are still immature to prevent and control infestation. 

PMID- 26959063
TI  - South Asian Medicinal Compounds as Modulators of Resistance to Chemotherapy and
      Radiotherapy.
AB  - Cancer is a hyperproliferative disorder that involves transformation,
      dysregulation of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
      During the last 30 years, extensive research has revealed much about the biology
      of cancer. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the mainstays of cancer treatment,
      particularly for patients who do not respond to surgical resection. However,
      cancer treatment with drugs or radiation is seriously limited by chemoresistance
      and radioresistance. Various approaches and strategies are employed to overcome
      resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Many plant-derived
      phytochemicals have been investigated for their chemo- and radio-sensitizing
      properties. The peoples of South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri
      Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan have a large number of medicinal plants from
      which they produce various pharmacologically potent secondary metabolites. The
      medicinal properties of these compounds have been extensively investigated and
      many of them have been found to sensitize cancer cells to chemo- and radio
      therapy. This review focuses on the role of South Asian medicinal compounds in
      chemo- and radio-sensitizing properties in drug- and radio-resistant cancer
      cells. Also discussed is the role of South Asian medicinal plants in protecting
      normal cells from radiation, which may be useful during radiotherapy of tumors to
      spare surrounding normal cells. 

PMID- 26959067
TI  - Up-Regulation of Mitochondrial Antioxidant Superoxide Dismutase Underpins
      Persistent Cardiac Nutritional-Preconditioning by Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated
      Fatty Acids in the Rat.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species paradoxically underpin both ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)
      damage and ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) cardioprotection. Long-chain omega-3
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3 PUFA) are highly susceptible to peroxidation,
      but are paradoxically cardioprotective. This study tested the hypothesis that LCn
      3 PUFA cardioprotection is underpinned by peroxidation, upregulating antioxidant
      activity to reduce I/R-induced lipid oxidation, and the mechanisms of this
      nutritional preconditioning contrast to mechanisms of IPC. Rats were fed: fish
      oil (LCn-3 PUFA); sunflower seed oil (n-6 PUFA); or beef tallow (saturated fat,
      SF) enriched diets for six weeks. Isolated hearts were subject to: 180 min
      normoxic perfusion; a 30 min coronary occlusion ischaemia protocol then 120 min
      normoxic reperfusion; or a 3 * 5 min global IPC protocol, 30 min ischaemia, then
      reperfusion. Dietary LCn-3 PUFA raised basal: membrane docosahexaenoic acid
      (22:6n-3 DHA); fatty acid peroxidisability index; concentrations of lipid
      oxidation products; and superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity (but not CuZnSOD or
      glutathione peroxidase). Infarct size correlated inversely with basal MnSOD
      activity (r2 = 0.85) in the ischaemia protocol and positively with I/R-induced
      lipid oxidation (lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), r2 = 0.475; malondialdehyde (MDA),
      r2 = 0.583) across ischaemia and IPC protocols. While both dietary fish oil and
      IPC infarct-reduction were associated with reduced I/R-induced lipid oxidation,
      fish oil produced nutritional preconditioning by prior LCn-3 PUFA incorporation
      and increased peroxidisability leading to up-regulated mitochondrial SOD
      antioxidant activity. 

PMID- 26959068
TI  - The Application of Genetic Risk Scores in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A
      Review.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a highly prevalent and impactful disease
      of aging, is inarguably influenced by complex interactions between genetic and
      environmental factors. Various risk scores have been tested that assess
      measurable genetic and environmental contributions to disease. We herein
      summarize and review the ability and utility of these numerous models for
      prediction of AMD and suggest additional risk factors to be incorporated into
      clinically useful predictive models of AMD. 

PMID- 26959069
TI  - Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Concise Review.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder characterized by
      immature myeloid cell proliferation and bone marrow failure. Cytogenetics and
      mutation testing remain a critical prognostic tool for post induction treatment.
      Despite rapid advances in the field including new drug targets and increased
      understanding of the biology, AML treatment remains unchanged for the past three
      decades with the majority of patients eventually relapsing and dying of the
      disease. Allogenic transplant remains the best chance for cure for patients with
      intermediate or high risk disease. In this review, we discuss the landmark
      genetic studies that have improved outcome prediction and novel therapies. 

PMID- 26959071
TI  - Fabrication of Gelatin/PCL Electrospun Fiber Mat with Bone Powder and the Study
      of Its Biocompatibility.
AB  - Fabricating ideal scaffolds for bone tissue engineering is a great challenge to
      researchers. To better mimic the mineral component and the microstructure of
      natural bone, several kinds of materials were adopted in our study, namely
      gelatin, polycaprolactone (PCL), nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), and bone powder. Three
      types of scaffolds were fabricated using electrospinning; gelatin/PCL,
      gelatin/PCL/nHA, and gelatin/PCL/bone powder. Scaffolds were examined using
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
      observations. Then, Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) were seeded on these
      scaffolds to study cell morphology, cell viability, and proliferation. Through
      this study, we found that nHA and bone powder can be successfully united in
      gelatin/PCL fibers. When compared with gelatin/PCL and gelatin/PCL/nHA, the
      gelatin/PCL/bone powder scaffolds could provide a better environment to increase
      ADSCs' growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Thus, we think that gelatin/PCL/bone
      powder has good biocompatibility, and, when compared with nHA, bone powder may be
      more effective in bone tissue engineering due to the bioactive factors contained
      in it. 

PMID- 26959073
TI  - The prognostic role of FIGO stage in patients with vulvar cancer: a systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis examining the survival of patients with
      vulvar cancer based on the 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and
      Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system. METHODS: Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane
      databases were searched until 20 March 2015 for prospective or retrospective
      studies using the terms vulvar cancer, prognostic/prognosis, survival,
      recurrence, lymph nodes (LNs), inguinal lymphadenectomy/excision, and staging.
      The primary outcome was 5 year overall survival (OS), and secondary outcomes were
      5 year disease-free survival (DFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS:
      Fourteen retrospective studies were included. The 5 year OS rate decreased with
      increasing 2009 FIGO stage and number of LN metastasis. FIGO stage I, II, III,
      and IV patients had 5 year OS rates of 84.0%, 74.6%, 47.8%, and 9.4%,
      respectively. Pooled estimates showed that the 5 year OS was 84.5% for patients
      without LN metastasis, and for patients with >=3 LN metastases the 5 year OS rate
      was 30.1%. Similarly, the overall 5 year DFS and PFS decreased with the
      increasing number of LN metastases. The 5 year DFS rate was 87.2% for patients
      with no LN metastasis and for patients with >=3 LN metastases was 35.4%. The 5
      year PFS rate was 86.6% for patients with no LN metastasis and for patients with
      >=3 LN metastases was 27.6%. LIMITATIONS: All studies were retrospective studies.
      DFS and PFS rates in patients with different 2009 FIGO stages and with different
      mean tumor sizes were not examined due to a limited number of reports.
      CONCLUSIONS: More advanced 2009 FIGO stage and greater number of LN metastases
      are associated with worse outcomes in patients with vulvar cancer.

PMID- 26959074
TI  - The usefulness of microsurgical pedicle lengthening in free anterolateral thigh
      flaps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A microsurgical pedicle-lengthening technique can be used when a
      pedicle length longer than that usually provided by an anterolateral thigh (ALT)
      flap is required. The purpose of this report is description of pedicle
      lengthening method from original pedicle length for free ALT flaps and
      presentation of the results of application of this technique in reconstruction
      from a series of cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The microsurgical pedicle
      lengthening procedure was used in 10 patients who received free ALT flaps from
      January 2012 to June 2015. The location of reconstruction was the heel in 3
      patients, foot in 3 patients, flank in 2 patients, forehead in 1 patient, and
      lower leg in 1 patient. The technique was categorized as two distinct 2 types
      according to the branching pattern of the perforator. The transected segments of
      the extra vessel lengths were translocated anterogradely, and used to perform
      pedicle extensions. RESULTS: The average length of the original pedicle was 13.1
      cm (range 10.1-16.4 cm), and the average gain in length using the pedicle
      lengthening method was 6.5 cm (range 5.0-8.1 cm). All the flaps survived well
      postoperatively. Of the 10 patients, three experienced complications that
      included partial flap necrosis in one patient, wound dehiscence in one patient,
      and seroma in the third patient. No major complications occurred. CONCLUSION: The
      microsurgical pedicle-lengthening technique described here offers a solution for
      pedicles that are shorter than expected, with additional surgery required. This
      method may help overcome emergency situations that can arise during ALT flap
      surgery. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:559-566, 2016.

PMID- 26959070
TI  - Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Modern Parenteral Nutrition: A Review of the Current
      Evidence.
AB  - Intravenous lipid emulsions are an essential component of parenteral nutrition
      regimens. Originally employed as an efficient non-glucose energy source to reduce
      the adverse effects of high glucose intake and provide essential fatty acids,
      lipid emulsions have assumed a larger therapeutic role due to research
      demonstrating the effects of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
      (PUFA) on key metabolic functions, including inflammatory and immune response,
      coagulation, and cell signaling. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests that the
      effects of omega-3 PUFA on inflammation and immune response result in meaningful
      therapeutic benefits in surgical, cancer, and critically ill patients as well as
      patients requiring long-term parenteral nutrition. The present review provides an
      overview of the mechanisms of action through which omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA
      modulate the immune-inflammatory response and summarizes the current body of
      evidence regarding the clinical and pharmacoeconomic benefits of intravenous n-3
      fatty acid-containing lipid emulsions in patients requiring parenteral nutrition.

PMID- 26959076
TI  - Exchange of Coordinated Solvent During Crystallization of a Metal-Organic
      Framework Observed by In Situ High-Energy X-ray Diffraction.
AB  - Using time-resolved monochromatic high energy X-ray diffraction, we present an in
      situ study of the solvothermal crystallisation of a new MOF [Yb2(BDC)3(DMF)2]?H2O
      (BDC=benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate and DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide) under solvothermal
      conditions, from mixed water/DMF solvent. Analysis of high resolution powder
      patterns obtained reveals an evolution of lattice parameters and electron density
      during the crystallisation process and Rietveld analysis shows that this is due
      to a gradual topochemical replacement of coordinated solvent molecules. The water
      initially coordinated to Yb(3+) is replaced by DMF as the reaction progresses.

PMID- 26959078
TI  - 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson's disease in
      zebrafish.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common age associated neurodegenerative
      disease, which has been extensively studied for its etiology and phenotype. PD
      has been widely studied in alternate model system such as rodents towards
      understanding the role of neurotoxin by inducing PD. This study is aimed to
      understand the biomechanism of PD in zebrafish model system induced by 1-methyl-4
      phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The phenotype and role of various genes
      and proteins for Parkinsonism were tested and evaluated in this study using
      behavior, molecular and proteomic approaches. Zebrafish PD model induced by 1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine showed a significant level of decrease
      in the movement with erratic swimming pattern and increased freezing bouts.
      CHCHD2, EEF2B, LRRK2, PARK7, PARK2, POLG, SNCGB and SYNB genes were
      differentially regulated at the transcript level in PD zebrafish. Similarly a
      total of 73 proteins were recognized as differentially expressed in the nervous
      system of zebrafish due to Parkinsonism based on quantitative proteomics
      approach. Proteins such as NEFL, MUNC13-1, NAV2 and GAPVD1 were down regulated in
      the zebrafish brain for the PD phenotype, which were associated with the
      neurological pathways. This zebrafish based PD model can be used as a potential
      model system for screening prospective drug molecules for PD.

PMID- 26959079
TI  - Host finding of the pigeon tick Argas reflexus.
AB  - The medically and veterinary important feral pigeon tick Argas reflexus (Ixodida:
      Argasidae) Fabricius usually feeds on pigeons, but if its natural hosts are not
      available, it also enters dwellings to bite humans that can possibly react with
      severe allergic reactions. Argas reflexus is ecologically extremely successful as
      a result of some outstanding morphological, physiological, and ethological
      features. Yet, it is still unknown how the pigeon tick finds its hosts. Here,
      different host stimuli such as living nestlings as well as begging calls, body
      heat, smell, host breath and tick faeces, were tested under controlled laboratory
      conditions. Of all stimuli tested, only heat played a role in host-finding. The
      heat stimulus was then tested under natural conditions within a pigeon loft. The
      results showed that A. reflexus is able to find a host over short distances of
      only a few centimetres. Furthermore, it finds its host by random movements and
      recognizes a host only right before direct contact is made. The findings are
      useful for the control of A. reflexus in infested apartments, both to diagnose an
      infestation and to perform a success monitoring after disinfestation.

PMID- 26959080
TI  - Origin and mechanism of crassulacean acid metabolism in orchids as implied by
      comparative transcriptomics and genomics of the carbon fixation pathway.
AB  - Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a CO2 fixation pathway that maximizes water
      use efficiency (WUE), compared with the C3/C4 CO2 pathway, which permits CAM
      plants to adapt to arid environments. The CAM pathway provides excellent
      opportunities to genetically design plants, especially bioenergy crops, with a
      high WUE and better photosynthetic performance than C3/C4 in arid environments.
      The information available on the origin and evolution of CAM is scant, however.
      Here, we analyzed transcriptomes from 13 orchid species and two existing orchid
      genomes, covering CAM and C3 plants, with an emphasis on comparing 13 gene
      families involved in the complete carbon fixation pathway. The dosage of the core
      photosynthesis-related genes plays no substantial role in the evolution of CAM in
      orchids; however, CAM may have evolved primarily by changes at the transcription
      level of key carbon fixation pathway genes. We proposed that in both dark and
      light, CO2 is primarily fixed and then released through two metabolic pathways
      via known genes, such as PPC1, PPDK and PPCK. This study reports a comprehensive
      comparison of carbon fixation pathway genes across different photosynthetic
      plants, and reveals the importance of the level of expression of key genes in the
      origin and evolution of CAM. 

PMID- 26959081
TI  - Gap Filling as Exact Path Length Problem.
AB  - One of the last steps in a genome assembly project is filling the gaps between
      consecutive contigs in the scaffolds. This problem can be naturally stated as
      finding an s-t path in a directed graph whose sum of arc costs belongs to a given
      range (the estimate on the gap length). Here s and t are any two contigs flanking
      a gap. This problem is known to be NP-hard in general. Here we derive a simpler
      dynamic programming solution than already known, pseudo-polynomial in the maximum
      value of the input range. We implemented various practical optimizations to it,
      and compared our exact gap-filling solution experimentally to popular gap-filling
      tools. Summing over all the bacterial assemblies considered in our experiments,
      we can in total fill 76% more gaps than the best previous tool, and the gaps
      filled by our method span 136% more sequence. Furthermore, the error level of the
      newly introduced sequence is comparable to that of the previous tools. The
      experiments also show that our exact approach does not easily scale to larger
      genomes, where the problem is in general difficult for all tools.

PMID- 26959082
TI  - A Two-Dimensional Zirconium Carbide by Selective Etching of Al3C3 from
      Nanolaminated Zr3Al3C5.
AB  - The room-temperature synthesis of a new two-dimensional (2D) zirconium-containing
      carbide, Zr3C2T(z) MXene is presented. In contrast to traditional preparation of
      MXene, the layered ternary Zr3Al3C5 material instead of MAX phases is used as
      source under hydrofluoric acid treatment. The structural, mechanical, and
      electronic properties of the synthesized 2D carbide are investigated, combined
      with first-principles density functional calculations. A comparative study on the
      structrual stability of our obtained 2D Zr3C2T(z) and Ti3C2T(z) MXenes at
      elevated temperatures is performed. The obtained 2D Zr3C2T(z) exhibits relatively
      better ability to maintain 2D nature and strucural integrity compared to Ti-based
      Mxene. The difference in structural stability under high temperature condition is
      explained by a theoretical investigation on binding energy.

PMID- 26959077
TI  - Role of the vagus nerve in the development and treatment of diet-induced obesity.
AB  - This review highlights evidence for a role of the vagus nerve in the development
      of obesity and how targeting the vagus nerve with neuromodulation or pharmacology
      can be used as a therapeutic treatment of obesity. The vagus nerve innervating
      the gut plays an important role in controlling metabolism. It communicates
      peripheral information about the volume and type of nutrients between the gut and
      the brain. Depending on the nutritional status, vagal afferent neurons express
      two different neurochemical phenotypes that can inhibit or stimulate food intake.
      Chronic ingestion of calorie-rich diets reduces sensitivity of vagal afferent
      neurons to peripheral signals and their constitutive expression of orexigenic
      receptors and neuropeptides. This disruption of vagal afferent signalling is
      sufficient to drive hyperphagia and obesity. Furthermore neuromodulation of the
      vagus nerve can be used in the treatment of obesity. Although the mechanisms are
      poorly understood, vagal nerve stimulation prevents weight gain in response to a
      high-fat diet. In small clinical studies, in patients with depression or
      epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation has been demonstrated to promote weight loss.
      Vagal blockade, which inhibits the vagus nerve, results in significant weight
      loss. Vagal blockade is proposed to inhibit aberrant orexigenic signals arising
      in obesity as a putative mechanism of vagal blockade-induced weight loss.
      Approaches and molecular targets to develop future pharmacotherapy targeted to
      the vagus nerve for the treatment of obesity are proposed. In conclusion there is
      strong evidence that the vagus nerve is involved in the development of obesity
      and it is proving to be an attractive target for the treatment of obesity.

PMID- 26959084
TI  - Facilitation contributes to Mediterranean woody plant diversity but does not
      shape the diversity-productivity relationship along aridity gradients.
AB  - The diversity-productivity relationship (humped-back model (HBM)) and the stress
      gradient (SGH) hypotheses may be connected when productivity is limited primarily
      by aridity. We analytically connect both hypotheses and assess the contribution
      of facilitation to woody plant richness along the aridity gradient of the Western
      Mediterranean floristic region. We monitored regeneration niches of woody plants,
      obtaining rarefied species richness and plant relative interaction indices in 54
      forests and scrublands in a 1750-km geographical range across Spain, Morocco and
      the Canary Islands. We verified the monotonic increase in facilitation with
      aridity postulated by SGH and the humped-shape pattern of species richness
      expected from HBM, which became manifest after expanding the aridity gradient or
      crossing vegetation types. Along the gradient, interaction balance turned into
      facilitation earlier in forest than in scrublands. The effects of aridity and
      interaction balance on species diversity were additive rather than
      interdependent. Facilitation is an important driver of woody species richness at
      macroecological scales because it added up to diversity in most sites, with
      enhanced contribution with increased stress. The HBM was not shaped by species
      interactions. Results suggest that facilitation may act in Mediterranean
      vegetation buffering against critical transitions between states allowing woody
      plant communities to cope with the rise in aridity expected with global warming.

PMID- 26959083
TI  - Association between psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: a Danish nationwide
      cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis, Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic
      inflammatory disorders with overlapping genetic architecture. However, data on
      the frequency and risk of CD and UC in psoriasis are scarce and poorly
      understood. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between CD and UC in
      patients with psoriasis. METHODS: All Danish individuals aged >= 18 years between
      1 January 1997 and 31 December 2012 were linked in nationwide registers.
      Psoriasis severity was defined in two models: hospital visits and medication.
      Incidence rates per 10 000 person-years were calculated, and incidence rate
      ratios (IRRs) were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In the total cohort
      (n = 5 554 100) there were 75 209 incident cases of psoriasis, 11 309 incident
      cases of CD and 30 310 incident cases of UC, during follow-up. The adjusted IRRs
      (95% confidence intervals) of CD were 1.28 (1.03-1.59), 2.56 (1.87-3.50), 2.85
      (1.72-4.73) and 3.42 (2.36-4.95) in patients with mild psoriasis, severe
      psoriasis (hospital), severe psoriasis (medication) and psoriatic arthritis,
      respectively. Similarly, the adjusted IRRs of UC were 1.49 (1.32-1.68), 1.56
      (1.22-2.00), 1.96 (1.36-2.83) and 2.43 (1.86-3.17), respectively. The 10-year
      incidence of CD was 2-5 per 1000 patients and of UC 7-11 per 1000 patients,
      depending on psoriasis severity and the presence of psoriatic arthritis.
      Additionally, an increased risk of incident psoriasis was found following CD or
      UC. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a psoriasis-associated increased risk of CD and UC,
      which was higher in severe psoriasis, and an increased risk of psoriasis in
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Increased focus on gastrointestinal
      symptoms in patients with psoriasis may be warranted.

PMID- 26959085
TI  - Unraveling the multivalent binding of a marine family 6 carbohydrate-binding
      module with its native laminarin ligand.
AB  - Laminarin is an abundant brown algal storage polysaccharide. Marine
      microorganisms, such as Zobellia galactanivorans, produce laminarinases for its
      degradation, which are important for the processing of this organic matter in the
      ocean carbon cycle. These laminarinases are often modular, as is the case with
      ZgLamC which has an N-terminal GH16 module, a central family 6 carbohydrate
      binding module (CBM) and a C-terminal PorSS module. To date, no studies have
      characterized a true marine laminarin-binding CBM6 with its natural carbohydrate
      ligand. The crystal structure of ZgLamCCBM6 indicates that this CBM has two
      clefts for binding sugar (variable loop site, VLS; and concave face site, CFS).
      The ZgLamCCBM6 VLS binds in an exo-manner and the CFS interacts in an endo-manner
      with laminarin. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments on native and
      mutant ZgLamCCBM6 confirm that these binding sites have different modes of
      recognition for laminarin, in agreement with the 'regional model' postulated for
      CBM6-binding modules. Based on ITC data and structural data, we propose a model
      of ZgLamCCBM6 interacting with different chains of laminarin in a multivalent
      manner, forming a complex cross-linked protein-polysaccharide network. DATABASE:
      PDB code 5FUI.

PMID- 26959095
TI  - The ABCs (Airway, Blood Vessels, and Compartments) of Pediatric Neck Infections
      and Masses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The radiologist plays several important roles in the diagnosis and
      management of pediatric neck infections and masses. Although the clinical
      diagnosis of an infection is often clear, the radiologist should evaluate for an
      underlying cause and for drainable collections. With neck masses, the
      radiologist's role is to form a differential diagnosis and evaluate for biopsy of
      a potentially neoplastic lesion. With both clinical scenarios, the radiologist
      should also evaluate for complications. CONCLUSION: The mnemonic device ABCs
      (airway, blood vessels, and compartments) serves as a useful reminder for
      potentially critical complications of pediatric neck infections and masses.

PMID- 26959096
TI  - The Economic Impact for Farm Injury in Minnesota, 2004-2010.
AB  - Only 2% of Minnesota's employed population worked in agriculture between the
      years 2005 and 2012. However, this small portion of the state's employed
      population accounted for 31% of total work-related deaths in the state during
      that same time period. During a similar time period, 2007-2013, the contribution
      of agriculture to Minnesota's gross domestic product increased from approximately
      1.5% to about 2.3%. This article describes the economic impact of injuries
      related to farm work between the years 2004 and 2010. Using hospital discharge
      data and the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), estimates of the
      number of injuries and fatalities related to agricultural work were compiled. A
      cost of illness model was applied to these injury and fatality estimates to
      calculate the related indirect and direct costs in 2010 dollars. Estimated total
      costs, in 2010 dollars, ranged between $21 and $31 million annually over the 7
      year study period. The majority of the costs were attributable to indirect costs,
      such as lost productivity at work and home. Fatal injuries accrued the largest
      proportion of the estimated costs followed by hospitalized and nonhospitalized
      injuries. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the impact each
      selected data source had upon the cost estimate. The magnitude of the costs
      associated with these injuries argues for better surveillance of injury related
      to agriculture to prioritize resources and evaluate intervention and prevention
      programs. 

PMID- 26959097
TI  - Changes in cognitive functioning in sick-listed participants in occupational
      rehabilitation: A feasibility study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individuals on long-term sick leave attending occupational
      rehabilitation often complain about impairments in cognitive functions such as
      memory and attention. Knowledge of cognitive functioning in these individuals is
      limited. Such knowledge is clinically relevant for improving occupational
      rehabilitation programmes. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this feasibility study were to
      assess the methodological design and to investigate changes in memory and
      attention on participants during occupational rehabilitation. METHODS:
      Individuals attending occupational rehabilitation (n = 28) and individuals
      working full time (n = 25) matched for age, gender, and education participated.
      The two groups were administered cognitive tests targeting memory and attention
      and self-reported questionnaires at pre-test and post-test. Outcome measures were
      speed and accuracy of responses on the cognitive tests and self-reported work
      ability, subjective health complaints, and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
      RESULTS: In total, 35% of all invited participants agreed to take part and 93% of
      these also completed the second test. The mean gain scores in the intervention
      group were significantly higher than in the control group in response latency on
      simple and choice reaction time and errors in spatial working memory. CONCLUSION:
      The results of this study indicate that the motivation of participants to
      complete testing was high. Improvements in memory and attention were evident in
      rehabilitation participants indicating that rehabilitation may have an effect on
      cognitive functions.

PMID- 26959099
TI  - The Subjective Well-Being of Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities:
      The Role of Hope as Predictor and Fosterer of Well-Being.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify factors that can improve the subjective
      well-being (SWB) of parents of children with a developmental disability, expand
      the knowledge relating to the role of hope in their lives, and improve the extent
      to which parent appraisals of the influence of the disability (on the couple's
      relationship, family functioning, and personal development) moderate this
      association. The results revealed that parental SWB was below the societal
      average; however, it differed significantly across levels of parent appraisals of
      their child's disability. Findings from this study point to the importance of
      hope to improve parental SWB. 

PMID- 26959098
TI  - Primary Care Team Members Report Greater Individual Benefits from Long- Versus
      Short-Term Specialty Telemedicine Mentorship.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary care providers who participate in structured specialty
      telemedicine mentorship report improvements in clinical content mastery,
      professional satisfaction, and specialist communication. INTRODUCTION: Although
      these programs require investments of infrastructure resources and time, the
      duration of participation required to accrue optimal benefits is not known. We
      aimed to assess whether duration of participation is related to improved benefits
      of a longitudinal telemedicine-based mentorship program, specifically regarding
      perceived specialty care access, acquisition of new knowledge and skills, team
      integration, and overall job satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an
      e-mail survey of Veterans Affairs-based primary care team members in the United
      States' Pacific Northwest region who engaged in a longitudinal telemedicine
      mentorship program (n = 78). RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounding
      factors, respondents who engaged in telemedicine mentorship for >=1 year were
      significantly more likely to strongly agree that telemedicine mentorship improved
      patient access to specialty care (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 9.3, p < 0.005) and
      was useful in treating other patients on their panels (AOR = 3.7, p = 0.04).
      Participation >=1 year was also associated with higher self-reported knowledge
      and competencies (AOR = 4.0, p = 0.03) and with perception of integration into a
      clinical team (AOR = 5.6, p = 0.01), but not with overall job satisfaction.
      CONCLUSION: Telemedicine-based specialty mentorship programs are highly valued by
      primary care-based participants, and self-reported benefits accumulate beyond 1
      year of participation.

PMID- 26959108
TI  - Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Performance Among Chinese >=50 Years: A Cross
      Sectional Study with 3988 Participants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and
      cognitive performance has not been well defined. This study aimed to explore the
      relationship between MetS and cognitive performance among Chinese elderly
      population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed, with data collected
      in seven clinical centers from five provinces of Northern China. All recruited
      participants were >=50 years of age and complained with cognitive impairment or
      were reported with cognitive impairment by his/her caregiver(s). MetS was
      diagnosed according to the criteria issued by Chinese Medical Association
      Diabetes Association. Cognitive function was scored by Montreal Cognitive
      Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS: Three thousand nine hundred eighty-eight participants
      (in an average of 66.4 +/- 8.8 years of age, male 53.1%) were included in the
      analysis. Six hundred seventy-three (16.9%) participants were diagnosed with
      MetS, and 3013 (75.6%) participants had mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (MoCA
      score <26). There was no statistically significant difference in the MoCA scores
      between participants with MetS (21.0 +/- 5.4) and without MetS (21.3 +/- 5.3). In
      the logistic regression, after adjusting factors of age, education, marital
      status, smoking, and physical activity, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated
      with MCI, whereas hypertension and overweight or obesity were not. Participants
      with diabetes had a higher risk of MCI (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03-1.50).
      Participants with dyslipidemia had a lower risk of MCI (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68
      0.97). CONCLUSION: In our study, MetS is not associated with cognitive
      performance in elderly Chinese population. However, elderly Chinese with diabetes
      would have lower cognition function, and the dyslipidemia might be reversely
      associated with the cognitive function.

PMID- 26959109
TI  - Finding Value in Unexpected Places--Fixing the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule.

PMID- 26959110
TI  - Clinical management of pulmonary sarcoidosis.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease for which diagnosis relies on the
      integration of clinical, radiologic, laboratory, and pathologic information.
      Assessment of clinical features is an important part of the disease evaluation.
      Computer Tomography provides information not available on routine chest
      roentgenogram which can assist diagnosing and establishing extent of disease.
      Monitoring for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary disease facilitates disease
      management. Patients with quality of life affecting symptoms or threatened end
      organ damage require systemic treatment which can be recommended in a stepwise
      fashion. Here, we provide guidance for the initial assessment, disease
      monitoring, and treatment recommendations for pulmonary and extra pulmonary
      disease. 

PMID- 26959111
TI  - Knock-down of Hdj2/DNAJA1 co-chaperone results in an unexpected burst of
      tumorigenicity of C6 glioblastoma cells.
AB  - The chaperone system based on Hsp70 and proteins of the DnaJ family is known to
      protect tumor cells from a variety of cytotoxic factors, including anti-tumor
      therapy. To analyze whether this also functions in a highly malignant brain
      tumor, we knocked down the expression of Hsp70 (HSPA1A) and its two most abundant
      co-chaperones, Hdj1 (DNAJB1) and Hdj2 (DNAJA1) in a C6 rat glioblastoma cell
      line. As expected, tumor depletion of Hsp70 caused a substantial reduction in its
      growth rate and increased the survival of tumor-bearing animals, whereas the
      reduction of Hdj1 expression had no effect. Unexpectedly, a reduction in the
      expression of Hdj2 led to the enhanced aggressiveness of the C6 tumor,
      demonstrated by its rapid growth, metastasis formation and a 1.5-fold reduction
      in the lifespan of tumor-bearing animals. The in vitro reduction of Hdj2
      expression reduced spheroid density and simultaneously enhanced the migration and
      invasion of C6 cells. At the molecular level, a knock-down of Hdj2 led to the
      relocation of N-cadherin and the enhanced activity of metalloproteinases 1, 2, 8
      and 9, which are markers of highly malignant cancer cells. The changes in the
      actin cytoskeleton in Hdj2-depleted cells indicate that the protein is also
      important for prevention of the amoeboid-like transition of tumor cells. The
      results of this study uncover a completely new role for the Hdj2 co-chaperone in
      tumorigenicity and suggest that the protein is a potential drug target. 

PMID- 26959112
TI  - Radiation therapy generates platelet-activating factor agonists.
AB  - Pro-oxidative stressors can suppress host immunity due to their ability to
      generate oxidized lipid agonists of the platelet-activating factor-receptor (PAF
      R). As radiation therapy also induces reactive oxygen species, the present
      studies were designed to define whether ionizing radiation could generate PAF-R
      agonists and if these lipids could subvert host immunity. We demonstrate that
      radiation exposure of multiple tumor cell lines in-vitro, tumors in-vivo, and
      human subjects undergoing radiation therapy for skin tumors all generate PAF-R
      agonists. Structural characterization of radiation-induced PAF-R agonistic
      activity revealed PAF and multiple oxidized glycerophosphocholines that are
      produced non-enzymatically. In a murine melanoma tumor model, irradiation of one
      tumor augmented the growth of the other (non-treated) tumor in a PAF-R-dependent
      process blocked by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. These results indicate a novel
      pathway by which PAF-R agonists produced as a byproduct of radiation therapy
      could result in tumor treatment failure, and offer important insights into
      potential therapeutic strategies that could improve the overall antitumor
      effectiveness of radiation therapy regimens. 

PMID- 26959113
TI  - Integrin-linked kinase activity modulates the pro-metastatic behavior of ovarian
      cancer cells.
AB  - Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fatal gynecologic cancer in the U.S.,
      resulting in >14,000 deaths/year. Most women are diagnosed at late stage with
      widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastatic disease, resulting in a 5-year
      survival rate of <30%. EOCs spread via direct extension and exfoliation into the
      peritoneal cavity, adhesion to peritoneal mesothelial cells, mesothelial cell
      retraction to expose sub-mseothelial matrix and anchoring in the type I collagen
      rich matrix to generate secondary lesions. As a molecular-level understanding of
      EOC metastasis may identify novel therapeutic targets, the current study
      evaluated the expression and activity of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a Ser/Thr
      protein kinase activated upon integrin-mediated adhesion. Results show that ILK
      is co-expressed in EOC with the pro-metastatic enzyme membrane type 1 matrix
      metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and catalyzed phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail
      of the proteinase. Downregulation of ILK expression or activity reduced adhesion
      to and invasion of collagen gels and organotypic meso-mimetic cultures. As an
      initial early event in EOC metastasis is integrin-mediated adhesion, these
      results suggest that further evaluation of ILK inhibitors as anti-metastatic
      agents in EOC is warranted. 

PMID- 26959114
TI  - Reciprocal positive selection for weakness - preventing olaparib resistance by
      inhibiting BRCA2.
AB  - Human tumor heterogeneity promotes therapeutic failure by increasing the
      likelihood of resistant cell subpopulations. The PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib is
      approved for use in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancers but BRCA2-reversion mutations
      lead to functional homologous recombination repair (HRR) and olaparib resistance.
      To overcome that resistance and expand use of PARP1 inhibition to cancers with
      functional HRR, we developed an antisense strategy to render the majority of
      tumor cells in a population BRCA2-deficient. We predicted that this strategy
      would render HRR-proficient tumor cells sensitive to olaparib and prevent
      emergence of resistance in a tumor cell population heterogeneous for HRR
      proficiency. We report that BRCA2 downregulation sensitized multiple human tumor
      cell lines (but not non-cancer human kidney cells) to olaparib and, combined with
      olaparib, increased aneuploidy and chromosomal translocations in human tumor
      cells. In a mixed HRR-proficient and HRR-deficient cell population, olaparib
      monotherapy allowed outgrowth of HRR-proficient cells resistant to subsequent
      olaparib treatment. Combined BRCA2 inhibition and olaparib treatment prevented
      selection of HRR-proficient cells and inhibited proliferation of the entire
      population. Treatment with BRCA2 siRNA and olaparib decreased ovarian xenograft
      growth in mice more effectively than either treatment alone. In vivo use of BRCA2
      antisense oligonucleotides may be a viable option to expand clinical use of
      olaparib and prevent resistance. 

PMID- 26959115
TI  - Protective role of p53 in skin cancer: Carcinogenesis studies in mice lacking
      epidermal p53.
AB  - p53 is a protein that causes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence, being
      crucial in the process of tumor suppression in several cell types. Different in
      vitro and animal models have been designed for the study of p53 role in skin
      cancer. These models have revealed opposing results, as in some experimental
      settings it appears that p53 protects against skin cancer, but in others, the
      opposite conclusion emerges. We have generated cohorts of mice with efficient p53
      deletion restricted to stratified epithelia and control littermates expressing
      wild type p53 and studied their sensitivity to both chemically-induced and
      spontaneous tumoral transformation, as well as the tumor types originated in each
      experimental group. Our results indicate that the absence of p53 in stratified
      epithelia leads to the appearance, in two-stage skin carcinogenesis experiments,
      of a higher number of tumors that grow faster and become malignant more
      frequently than tumors arisen in mice with wild type p53 genotype. In addition,
      the histological diversity of the tumor type is greater in mice with epidermal
      p53 loss, indicating the tumor suppressive role of p53 in different epidermal
      cell types. Aging mice with p53 inactivation in stratified epithelia developed
      spontaneous carcinomas in skin and other epithelia. Overall, these results
      highlight the truly protective nature of p53 functions in the development of
      cancer in skin and in other stratified epithelia. 

PMID- 26959116
TI  - Cinobufagin inhibits tumor growth by inducing intrinsic apoptosis through AKT
      signaling pathway in human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells.
AB  - The cinobufagin (CB) has a broad spectrum of cytotoxicity to inhibit cell
      proliferation of various human cancer cell lines, but the molecular mechanisms
      still remain elusive. Here we observed that CB inhibited the cell proliferation
      and tumor growth, but induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent
      manner in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Treatment with CB
      significantly increased the reactive oxygen species but decreased the
      mitochondrial membrane potential in NSCLC cells. These effects were markedly
      blocked when the cells were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine, a specific reactive
      oxygen species inhibitor. Furthermore, treatment with CB induced the expression
      of BAX but reduced that of BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1, leading to an activation of
      caspase-3, chromatin condensation and DNA degradation in order to induce
      programmed cell death in NSCLC cells. In addition, treatment with CB reduced the
      expressions of p-AKTT308 and p-AKTS473 and inhibited the AKT/mTOR signaling
      pathway in NSCLC cells in a time-dependent manner. Our results suggest that CB
      inhibits tumor growth by inducing intrinsic apoptosis through the AKT signaling
      pathway in NSCLC cells. 

PMID- 26959118
TI  - Chemical chaperon 4-phenylbutyrate protects against the endoplasmic reticulum
      stress-mediated renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the common and final pathologic change of
      kidney in end-stage renal disease. Interesting, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
      is known to contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms during the
      development of renal fibrosis. Here, we investigated the effects of chemical
      chaperon sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) on renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro.
      In a rat unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model, 4-PBA mimicked endogenous
      ER chaperon in the kidneys and significantly reduced glucose regulated protein 78
      (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP),
      activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and phosphorylated JNK protein
      expressions as well as restored spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1)
      expressions in the kidneys of UUO rats. 4-PBA also attenuated the increases of
      alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
      protein expressions, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and apoptosis in the kidneys of
      UUO rats. Moreover, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta markedly increased ER
      stress-associated molecules, profibrotic factors, and apoptotic markers in the
      renal tubular cells (NRK-52E), all of which could be significantly counteracted
      by 4-PBA treatment. 4-PBA also diminished TGF-beta-increased CTGF promoter
      activity and CTGF mRNA expression in NRK-52E cells. Taken together, our results
      indicated that 4-PBA acts as an ER chaperone to ameliorate ER stress-induced
      renal tubular cell apoptosis and renal fibrosis. 

PMID- 26959117
TI  - Western diet enhances benzo(a)pyrene-induced colon tumorigenesis in a polyposis
      in rat coli (PIRC) rat model of colon cancer.
AB  - Consumption of Western diet (WD), contaminated with environmental toxicants, has
      been implicated as one of the risk factors for sporadic colon cancer. Our earlier
      studies using a mouse model revealed that compared to unsaturated dietary fat,
      the saturated dietary fat exacerbated the development of colon tumors caused by
      B(a)P. The objective of this study was to study how WD potentiates B(a)P-induced
      colon carcinogenesis in the adult male rats that carry a mutation in the Apc
      locus - the polyposis in the rat colon (PIRC) rats. Groups of PIRC rats were fed
      with AIN-76A standard diet (RD) or Western diet (WD) and received 25, 50, or 100
      MUg B(a)P/kg body weight (wt) via oral gavage for 60 days. Subsequent to
      exposure, rats were euthanized; colons were retrieved and preserved in 10%
      formalin for counting the polyp numbers, measuring the polyp size, and
      histological analyses. Blood samples were collected and concentrations of
      cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and leptin were measured. Rats that
      received WD + B(a)P showed increased levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and
      leptin in comparison to RD + B(a)P groups or controls. The colon tumor numbers
      showed a B(a)P dose-response relationship. Adenomas with high grade dysplasia
      were prominent in B(a)P + WD rats compared to B(a)P + RD rats and controls (p <
      0.05). The larger rat model system used in this study allows for studying more
      advanced tumor phenotypes over a longer duration and delineating the role of diet
      - toxicant interactions in sporadic colon tumor development. 

PMID- 26959119
TI  - Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18-2 is highly expressed in endometrial cancers
      along with free E2F1.
AB  - Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death among
      women in developed countries. Histopathological diagnosis and imaging techniques
      for EC are limited, thus new prognostic markers are needed to offer patients the
      best treatment and follow-up.In the present paper we showed that the level of
      mitochondrial ribosomal protein MRPS18-2 (S18-2) increased in EC compared with
      the normal endometrium and hyperplasia, based on a study of 42 patient biopsies.
      Importantly, high expression of free E2F1 in EC correlates well with high S18-2
      expression. The EC cell line HEC-1-A, which overexpresses S18-2 constitutively,
      showed an increased proliferation capacity in vitro and in vivo (in SCID mice).
      Moreover, pan-keratin, beta-catenin and E-cadherin signals are diminished in
      these cells, compared to the parental HEC-1-A line, in contrast to vimentin
      signal that is increased. This may be associated with epithelial-mesenchymal cell
      transition (EMT).We conclude that high expression of S18-2 and free E2F1, and low
      pan-keratin, beta-catenin, and E-cadherin signals might be a good set of
      prognostic markers for EC. 

PMID- 26959120
TI  - Icmt inhibition exerts anti-angiogenic and anti-hyperpermeability activities
      impeding malignant pleural effusion.
AB  - Small GTPases are pivotal regulators of several aspects of tumor progression.
      Their implication in angiogenesis, vascular permeability and tumor-associated
      inflammatory responses is relevant to the pathobiology of Malignant Pleural
      Effusion (MPE). Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (Icmt)
      abrogates small GTPase activation. We therefore hypothesized that cysmethynil, an
      Icmt inhibitor would limit pleural fluid accumulation in two models, a lung
      adenocarcinoma and a mesothelioma-induced MPE. Cysmethynil significantly reduced
      MPE volume in both models and tumor burden in the adenocarcinoma model. It
      inhibited pleural vascular permeability and tumor angiogenesis in vivo and
      reduced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro.
      Cysmethynil also promoted M1 anti-tumor macrophage homing in the pleural space in
      vivo, and inhibited tumor-induced polarization of macrophages towards a M2
      phenotype in vitro. In addition, the inhibitor promoted adenocarcinoma cell
      apoptosis in vivo. Inhibition of small GTPase might thus represent a valuable
      strategy for pharmacotherapy of MPE. 

PMID- 26959122
TI  - Essential oil constituents, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of
      Lavandula stricta Delile growing wild in southern Iran.
AB  - Lavandula stricta belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is considered as an endemic
      medicinal plant in southern Iran. Essential oil composition, total phenolic
      content and antioxidant activity from two different populations of L. stricta
      were studied for the first time. A GC and GC/MS analysis of essential oil
      isolated from the aerial part of L. stricta identified 31 constituents; the major
      constituents were alpha-pinene (58.34-63.52%), linalool (8.85-9.36%), 3-methyl
      butyl 2-methyl butanoate (7.45-7.70%), sabinene (2.84-3.56%), limonene (2.87
      3.21%) and myrcene (2.25%). The total phenolic content of methanolic extracts was
      determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the antioxidant activity of
      methanolic extract and essential oil were determined with the 2, 2-diphenyl-1
      picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Total phenols varied
      from 61.05 to 64.45 mg GAE/g dry weight, and IC50 values in the radical
      scavenging assay ranged from 334.11 to 395.23 MUg/mL in methanolic extracts and
      420-475 MUg/mL in essential oil. 

PMID- 26959121
TI  - Everolimus exhibits anti-tumorigenic activity in obesity-induced ovarian cancer.
AB  - Everolimus inhibits mTOR kinase activity and its downstream targets by acting on
      mTORC1 and has anti-tumorigenic activity in ovarian cancer. Clinical and
      epidemiologic data find that obesity is associated with worse outcomes in ovarian
      cancer. In addition, obesity leads to hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway in
      epithelial tissues, suggesting that mTOR inhibitors may be a logical choice for
      treatment in obesity-driven cancers. However, it remains unclear if obesity
      impacts the effect of everolimus on tumor growth in ovarian cancer. The present
      study was aimed at evaluating the effects of everolimus on cytotoxicity, cell
      metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle, cell stress and invasion in human ovarian
      cancer cells. A genetically engineered mouse model of serous ovarian cancer fed a
      high fat diet or low fat diet allowed further investigation into the inter
      relationship between everolimus and obesity in vivo. Everolimus significantly
      inhibited cellular proliferation, induced cell cycle G1 arrest and apoptosis,
      reduced invasion and caused cellular stress via inhibition of mTOR pathways in
      vitro. Hypoglycemic conditions enhanced the sensitivity of cells to everolimus
      through the disruption of glycolysis. Moreover, everolimus was found to inhibit
      ovarian tumor growth in both obese and lean mice. This reduction coincided with a
      decrease in expression of Ki-67 and phosphorylated-S6, as well as an increase in
      cleaved caspase 3 and phosphorylated-AKT. Metabolite profiling revealed that
      everolimus was able to alter tumor metabolism through different metabolic
      pathways in the obese and lean mice. Our findings support that everolimus may be
      a promising therapeutic agent for obesity-driven ovarian cancers. 

PMID- 26959124
TI  - Lipids and Diabetic Retinopathy.
AB  - The relationship between lipids and the development and/or severity of diabetic
      retinopathy (DR) is complex. Large epidemiologic studies suggest an inconsistent
      and overall modest association between serum triglycerides or major cholesterol
      species and the severity of DR; however, certain specific lipoprotein species may
      have stronger associations with DR severity, suggesting a pathophysiological role
      for lipoproteins analogous to that seen in atherosclerosis. In this lipoprotein
      mediated DR pathogenesis model, damage to the blood-retinal barrier allows
      extravasation of lipoprotein species, which are modified in the intraretinal
      environment, creating substantial local damage. Additionally, hypolipidemic
      therapy with statins and fibrates--particularly the latter--have been shown to
      modulate DR in large-scale studies. Since serum lipid profile changes do not
      necessarily correlate with DR modulation, the efficacy of these agents may be due
      to their tissue-specific changes in lipoproteins and/or their anti-inflammatory,
      antioxidative, antiangiogenic, and antiapoptotic functions.

PMID- 26959123
TI  - Drug Delivery Nanoparticles: Toxicity Comparison in Retinal Pigment Epithelium
      and Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Multiple synthetic polymer nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as drug
      delivery systems. However, their toxicity to the retinal pigment epithelium and
      retinal endothelium remains unclear. In this study, we analyze the cytotoxic
      effects of three different kinds of NPs, made of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
      (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and PEGylated PLGA (PEG-PLGA), in a retinal
      pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) and in primary human retinal vascular
      endothelial cells (RVEC). PEG-PLGA NPs presented the lowest cytotoxicity on ARPE
      19 cells and RVEC as assessed by MTT viability assay. While PLGA and PCL
      exhibited variable amounts of toxicity, no significant toxicity was observed when
      incubating cells with high PEG-PLGA concentrations (100 ug/ml), for up to 6 days.
      On both transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy, Rhodamine 6G
      loaded PEG-PLGA NPs were observed intracellularly in multiple subcellular
      organelles. PEG-PLGA NPs are a potentially viable option for the treatment of eye
      diseases.

PMID- 26959125
TI  - The Role of Plasma Kallikrein-Kinin Pathway in the Development of Diabetic
      Retinopathy: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches.
AB  - Diabetic retinal disease is characterized by a series of retinal microvascular
      changes and increases in retinal vascular permeability that lead to development
      of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME), respectively.
      Current treatment strategies for DR and DME are mostly limited to vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors and laser photocoagulation. These
      treatment modalities are not universally effective in all patients, and potential
      side effects persist in a significant portion of patients. The plasma kallikrein
      kinin system (KKS) is one of the pathways that has been identified in the
      vitreous in proliferative DR and DME. Preclinical studies have shown that the
      activation of intraocular KKS induces retinal vascular permeability,
      vasodilation, and retinal thickening. Proteomic analysis from vitreous of eyes
      with DME has shown that KKS and VEGF pathways are potentially independent
      biologic pathways. Furthermore, proteins associated with DME in the vitreous were
      significantly more correlated with the KKS pathway compared to VEGF pathway.
      Preclinical experiments on diabetic animals showed that inhibition of KKS
      components was found to be an effective approach to decrease retinal vascular
      permeability. An initial phase I human trial of a novel plasma kallikrein
      inhibitor for the treatment of DME is currently ongoing to test the safety of
      this approach and serves as an initial step in the translation of basic science
      discovery into an innovative clinical intervention. 

PMID- 26959126
TI  - Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: From
      Bench to Bedside.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a leading cause of blindness in
      the elderly, and Stargardt's macular dystrophy (SMD) is the most common form of
      juvenile-onset macular degeneration. Dry AMD and SMD share an underlying
      pathophysiology, namely dysfunction and ultimately loss of the retinal pigment
      epithelium (RPE), suggesting that RPE transplantation may offer a potential
      treatment strategy for both patient populations. Stem cells have emerged as a
      promising source of replacement RPE. During the past 15 years, extraordinary
      strides have been made in the identification, characterization, and
      differentiation of stem cells. Recently, this large body of basic science and
      preclinical research has been translated to patient care with the publication of
      results from Phase 1/2 trials demonstrating safety of transplantation of human
      embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived RPE into patients with AMD and SMD. While
      significant challenges remain before dry AMD and SMD become treatable diseases,
      the goal has become more tangible. 

PMID- 26959127
TI  - Subthreshold Diode Micropulse Laser: A Review.
AB  - The subthreshold diode micropulse laser is a form of non-damaging thermal laser
      therapy which has shown efficacy in multiple retinal conditions. The purpose of
      this article is to review the use of subthreshold diode micropulse laser as an
      emerging treatment modality for the treatment of retinal disease. The proposed
      mechanisms of action, safety, efficacy, recommended laser treatment parameters,
      and clinical applications for which the use of subthreshold diode micropulse
      laser has been studied will be reviewed. 

PMID- 26959128
TI  - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Diabetic Retinal Disease.
AB  - Diabetic retinal disease remains a leading cause of blindness among working-aged
      adults around the world. Until this decade, laser photocoagulation for both
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema had been the
      standard of care for millions of patients. The introduction of vascular
      endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF) and subsequent clinical trials
      demonstrating their efficacy for treatment of diabetic eye disease have
      established a new standard in treatment of center-involved diabetic macular edema
      that is highly specific to the pathologic process and highly effective in
      preserving and improving vision. This review focuses on clinically relevant
      developments that led to the shift from focal/grid laser photocoagulation to anti
      VEGF injections in the treatment of center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME),
      with an overview of the disease pathophysiology, clinical disease course, and
      available anti-VEGF agents. This article also reviews the scientific evidence
      exploring the use of anti-VEGF agents in nonproliferative and proliferative
      diabetic retinopathy. 

PMID- 26959129
TI  - Course of Ocular Function in PRPF31 Retinitis Pigmentosa.
AB  - Mutations in pre-mRNA splicing factors are the second most common cause of
      autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, and a major cause of vision loss. The
      development of gene augmentation therapy for disease caused by mutations in
      PRPF31 necessitates defining pretreatment characteristics and disease progression
      of patients with PRPF31-related retinitis pigmentosa. We show rates of decline of
      visual field area -6.9% per year and 30-Hz flicker cone response of -9.2% per
      year, which are both similar to observed rates for retinitis pigmentosa. We
      hypothesize that RNA splicing factor retinitis pigmentosa will be amenable to
      treatment by AAV-mediated gene therapy, and that understanding the clinical
      progression rates of PRPF31 retinitis pigmentosa will help with the design of
      gene therapy clinical trials. 

PMID- 26959130
TI  - New Translational Research in the Medical Management of Orbital Melanoma.
AB  - New translational research has paved the way for more optimistic management of
      melanoma. Medications targeting oncogenic signaling cascades and immune
      regulatory molecules have significantly improved overall survival for patients
      with metastatic melanoma. While isolated, operable orbital melanoma may still
      benefit from surgery, there potentially is an opportunity to provide patients
      with neoadjuvant systemic therapy with sustainable long-term effects.
      Additionally, patients with non-resectable orbital melanoma can benefit from
      systemic treatment. 

PMID- 26959132
TI  - Fungal Infections in Boston Keratoprosthesis Patients: Lessons Learned and Novel
      Developments on the Horizon.
AB  - The Boston Keratoprosthesis (B-KPro) is a widely accepted modality of corneal
      restoration in eyes where traditional penetrating keratoplasty has little chance
      of success. It is the most commonly used keratoprosthesis worldwide. While the
      introduction of broad-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis has virtually eliminated
      cases of bacterial endophthalmitis, fungal colonization and infections are a
      growing concern. This review of the literature summarizes risk factors for fungal
      infections in KPro eyes, rates of fungal infection and colonization, clinical
      presentation, causative organisms, management, and outcomes. We also focus on
      current recommendations for antifungal prophylaxis, and highlight the role of
      translational research at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI, Boston,
      USA) with its aim of developing novel strategies for reducing rates of fungal
      infections in KPro patients. 

PMID- 26959133
TI  - Immunologic Mediators in Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
AB  - Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are a
      spectrum of T-cell mediated immune disorders. While the contributory mechanisms
      leading to the apoptosis of epidermal cells in SJS/TEN remain unproven, the
      keratinocyte apoptosis seen in SJS/TEN is thought to occur through the T-cell
      mediated Fas-Fas ligand (FasL), perforin/granzyme B, and other immune mediators.
      Most recently, emphasis has been placed on the granulysin pathway as being the
      primary mediator of apoptosis and widespread epidermal necrosis in SJS/TEN. This
      article aims to review the proposed mechanisms by which these pathways work and
      the immunomodulatory therapies that have been developed in an attempt to target
      them. 

PMID- 26959134
TI  - Autologous Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation: The Progression of Diagnosis and
      Treatment.
AB  - Though the corneoscleral limbus has been studied for more than 150 years, our
      ability to successfully treat those with limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is
      still a work in progress. Today, the only definitive cure for LSCD is stem cell
      transplantation. This review briefly discusses the evolution of our understanding
      of limbal stem cell function, provides an outline of the history of autologous
      limbal stem cell (LSC) transplantation, and discusses current techniques and
      future strategies for LSCD treatment. 

PMID- 26959135
TI  - Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION): A Review and Update on
      Animal Models.
AB  - Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a relatively common
      optic neuropathy in adults over the age of 50, typically causing sudden,
      painless, unilateral vision loss and always resulting in swelling of the optic
      nerve head. Though several anatomic and vascular risk factors have been
      identified, much remains unknown about its pathophysiology and there is no proven
      treatment. This article reviews the risk factors, clinical presentation, and
      therapies that have been investigated for NAION. In addition, we provide an
      update from recent rodent and primate models, which offer new insight into the
      pathophysiology of this disease and provide a platform for treatment trials. 

PMID- 26959131
TI  - Understanding Neuropathic Corneal Pain--Gaps and Current Therapeutic Approaches.
AB  - The richly innervated corneal tissue is one of the most powerful pain generators
      in the body. Corneal neuropathic pain results from dysfunctional nerves causing
      perceptions such as burning, stinging, eye-ache, and pain. Various inflammatory
      diseases, neurological diseases, and surgical interventions can be the underlying
      cause of corneal neuropathic pain. Recent efforts have been made by the
      scientific community to elucidate the pathophysiology and neurobiology of pain
      resulting from initially protective physiological reflexes, to a more persistent
      chronic state. The goal of this clinical review is to briefly summarize the
      pathophysiology of neuropathic corneal pain, describe how to systematically
      approach the diagnosis of these patients, and finally summarizing our experience
      with current therapeutic approaches for the treatment of corneal neuropathic
      pain. 

PMID- 26959136
TI  - Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: Bringing the Lab to the Clinic.
AB  - Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) was the first clinically characterized
      mitochondrial disorder. Since its first description in 1871, much has been
      discovered regarding the genetics and pathophysiology of the disease. This has
      enabled the development of in vitro cell and animal models that can be used to
      try to determine not only the effects of the genetic mutation upon the clinical
      phenotype but to also test potential novel therapies. Treatments for LHON have
      ranged from vitamins and minerals to immunosuppressants and, more recently,
      targeted gene therapy. This article reviews the pathophysiology and clinical
      features of LHON with a focus on translational research. 

PMID- 26959137
TI  - Investigation-Directed Approach to Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies.
AB  - Any presentation of an optic neuropathy with features that suggest inflammation
      should be addressed promptly because of blindness and the potential for effective
      treatment in some cases. A step-wise approach, including laboratory testing and
      imaging, is often informative, although the diagnosis may remain elusive despite
      detailed investigation. 

PMID- 26959138
TI  - Translating the Low Translaminar Cribrosa Pressure Gradient Hypothesis into the
      Clinical Care of Glaucoma.
AB  - Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy with multiple known risk factors, including age,
      race, family history, and intraocular pressure. Unfortunately, the only currently
      modifiable risk factor in treating the disease is intraocular pressure (IOP).
      Recent studies have investigated intracranial pressure (ICP) and the translaminar
      cribrosa pressure gradient as a potential explanation for glaucomatous optic
      nerve vulnerability across a range of IOP values. The difference between these
      two pressures across the lamina cribrosa may have an effect on the optic nerve,
      which could provide another modifiable parameter in the battle against glaucoma.
      In order for modification of the translaminar pressure gradient to be considered
      in the treatment of glaucoma, noninvasive methods to accurately measure ICP need
      to be developed. The translaminar pressure gradient could be therapeutically
      adjusted by either further lowering the IOP or raising the ICP when it is
      pathologically low, if possible. 

PMID- 26959140
TI  - The Role of the Immune System in Glaucoma: Bridging the Divide Between Immune
      Mechanisms in Experimental Glaucoma and the Human Disease.
AB  - Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide.
      Classically, clinicians have evaluated patients through a full ophthalmological
      examination including gonioscopy, measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), and
      assessment of the optic nerve. New imaging modalities have further enhanced our
      ability to evaluate glaucoma; however, our treatments have not evolved as much.
      Whether one uses medical treatment with topical ocular antihypertensives, laser
      trabeculoplasty, or filtering surgery, the mainstay of treatment is to lower IOP.
      However, as our understanding of the disease evolves, mechanisms other than
      elevated IOP have been implicated in glaucoma pathogenesis. Recent animal model
      studies have shown a possible role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of
      glaucoma. This article explores the current understanding of immune reactions in
      glaucoma, which could lead to a new paradigm of treatment for human disease. 

PMID- 26959141
TI  - Medical Therapies of Amblyopia: Translational Research to Expand Our Treatment
      Armamentarium.
AB  - Amblyopia is a developmental brain disorder in which vision is lost due to
      asymmetric or inadequate visual stimulation early in life. Although amblyopia is
      responsive to treatment if therapy is initiated early, treatment of older
      children and adults is usually unsuccessful due to closure of a window of
      cortical brain plasticity. Extensive basic research has been devoted to
      understanding modulators in shaping the visual cortex during the critical period
      of plasticity, and to providing potential clinical applications of
      neurotransmitters in the treatment of amblyopia. Current pharmacological
      treatments are reviewed from basic science research extending into clinical use,
      focusing on the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donezepil, serotonin receptor
      inhibitor fluoxetine, dopamine precursors carbidopa-levodopa, and catecholamine
      modulator citicoline. 

PMID- 26959139
TI  - Is Estrogen a Therapeutic Target for Glaucoma?
AB  - This article's objective is to provide an overview of the association between
      estrogen and glaucoma. A literature synthesis was conducted of articles published
      in peer-reviewed journals screened through May 5, 2015, using the PubMed
      database. Keywords used were "estrogen and glaucoma," "reproductive factors and
      glaucoma," and "estrogen, nitric oxide and eye." Forty-three journal articles
      were included. Results indicated that markers for lifetime estrogen exposure have
      been measured by several studies and show that the age of menarche onset, oral
      contraceptive (OC) use, bilateral oophorectomy, age of menopause onset and
      duration between menarche to menopause are associated with primary open-angle
      glaucoma (POAG) risk. The Blue Mountain Eye Study found a significantly increased
      POAG risk with later (>13 years) compared with earlier (<=12 years) age of
      menarche. Nurses' Health Study (NHS) investigators found that OC use of greater
      than 5 years was associated with a 25% increased risk of POAG. The Mayo Clinic
      Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging found that women who underwent bilateral
      oophorectomy before age 43 years had an increased risk of glaucoma. The Rotterdam
      Study found that women who went through menopause before reaching the age of 45
      years had a higher risk of open-angle glaucoma (2.6-fold increased risk), while
      the NHS showed a reduced risk of POAG among women older than 65 who entered
      menopause after age >= 54 years. Increased estrogen states may confer a reduced
      risk of glaucoma or glaucoma-related traits such as reduced intraocular pressure
      (IOP). Pregnancy, a hyperestrogenemic state, is associated with decreased IOP
      during the third trimester. Though the role of postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use
      in the reduction of IOP is not fully conclusive, PMH use may reduce the risk of
      POAG. From a genetic epidemiologic perspective, estrogen metabolic pathway single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with POAG in women and
      polymorphisms in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, a gene receptive to estrogen
      regulation, are associated with glaucoma. The study concluded that increasing
      evidence suggests that lifetime exposure to estrogen may alter the pathogenesis
      of glaucoma. Estrogen exposure may have a neuroprotective effect on the
      progression of POAG but further studies need to confirm this finding. The role of
      sex-specific preventive and therapeutic treatment may be on the horizon. 

PMID- 26959142
TI  - Computer-Assisted Digital Image Analysis of Plus Disease in Retinopathy of
      Prematurity.
AB  - The objective of this study is to review the current state and role of computer
      assisted analysis in diagnosis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity.
      Diagnosis and documentation of retinopathy of prematurity are increasingly being
      supplemented by digital imaging. The incorporation of computer-aided techniques
      has the potential to add valuable information and standardization regarding the
      presence of plus disease, an important criterion in deciding the necessity of
      treatment of vision-threatening retinopathy of prematurity. A review of
      literature found that several techniques have been published examining the
      process and role of computer aided analysis of plus disease in retinopathy of
      prematurity. These techniques use semiautomated image analysis techniques to
      evaluate retinal vascular dilation and tortuosity, using calculated parameters to
      evaluate presence or absence of plus disease. These values are then compared with
      expert consensus. The study concludes that computer-aided image analysis has the
      potential to use quantitative and objective criteria to act as a supplemental
      tool in evaluating for plus disease in the setting of retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 26959143
TI  - Role of VEGF Inhibition in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity.
AB  - Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disease characterized
      by retinal neovascularization, which eventually can lead to tractional retinal
      detachment. Improvements have been made regarding the management of retinopathy
      of prematurity (ROP) since it was described in the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of
      Prematurity study. A more appropriate time for therapeutic intervention was
      defined by the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) trial.
      Advances in screening strategies with the use of digital imaging systems are now
      available. All of this and the use of laser photocoagulation and vitreoretinal
      surgery have contributed to significant increases in favorable outcomes and
      decreases in child blindness secondary to ROP. Recently the use of vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors has been introduced to the
      armamentarium for the treatment of ROP. The purpose of this review article is to
      evaluate the role of VEGF inhibition in the treatment of ROP. 

PMID- 26959144
TI  - Translational Vision Rehabilitation: From Eccentric Fixation to Reading
      Rehabilitation.
AB  - Eccentric fixation is a commonly used adaptive strategy in patients with central
      vision loss. A common complaint in patients with central vision loss is reading
      difficulty. The mechanisms as to how and why eccentric fixation develops comprise
      an exciting area of research. As we better understand this phenomenon, we may
      apply these findings to the clinical setting and in particular to reading
      rehabilitation. Biofeedback is a new technique that can be applied to eccentric
      fixation and may have a role in reading rehabilitation. 

PMID- 26959145
TI  - Chronic Ocular Complications of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal
      Necrolysis: The Role of Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy.
AB  - Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, but
      potentially blinding diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. Although
      the cutaneous manifestations tend to be self-limited and resolve without
      sequelae, the chronic ocular complications associated with SJS/TEN can persist
      despite local therapy. Poor understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and
      lack of a standardized clinical approach have resulted in a paucity of data in
      regards to suitable treatment options. Inflammatory cellular infiltration and
      elevated levels of ocular surface cytokines in the conjunctival specimens of
      affected patients give credence to an underlying immunogenic etiology.
      Furthermore, the presence of ongoing ocular surface inflammation and progressive
      conjunctival fibrosis in the absence of exogenous aggravating factors suggest a
      possible role for systemic immunomodulatory therapy (IMT). We review in detail
      the proposed immunogenesis underlying chronic ocular SJS/TEN and the possible
      utility of systemic IMT. 

PMID- 26959147
TI  - Research in Human Resources for Health.

PMID- 26959146
TI  - Updates on the Molecular Pathology of Selected Ocular and Ocular Adnexal Tumors:
      Potential Targets for Future Therapy.
AB  - Ophthalmic pathologic studies of retinoblastoma first definitively elucidated a
      genetic etiology for cancer three decades ago. Advances in DNA sequencing,
      protein expression profiling, and the exploration of epigenetics have since led
      to categorization of tumors and clinical prognostication based on genetic
      aberrancy. There are now many neoplasms that are defined by a characteristic
      genetic signature. In the past several years alone, much has been discovered in
      regard to the original tumor-suppressor gene initially defined in retinoblastoma
      as well as in other intraocular tumors such as medulloepithelioma. Our further
      understanding of ocular adnexal tumors that result in substantial morbidity and
      mortality, such as sebaceous carcinoma, has also benefited from a genetic
      approach. In this article, we review the clinicopathologic features of the
      foregoing three entities--retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, and sebaceous
      carcinoma--in order to highlight discoveries in their underlying abnormal
      molecular genetic functioning.

PMID- 26959148
TI  - Cross-cultural adaptation of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale
      in Brazil.
AB  - Objective Conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the expanded version of the 29
      items Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) into Brazilian
      Portuguese. Method Five steps were adopted: three translations, synthesis, three
      back-translations, assessment by an expert committee, and pre-test. Validation
      comprised 327 students from 13 undergraduate health courses from a public
      university. Parallel analyses were conducted using the R software and factor
      analysis using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Results 1 9 12 16 10 11
      17 19 21 24 25 29 Conclusion Evidences were found relating to the validity of the
      RIPLS version in Brazilian Portuguese in its application in the national context.

PMID- 26959149
TI  - Interprofessional education and collaborative practice in Primary Health Care.
AB  - Objective To understand the perceptions of professors, health care providers and
      students about the articulation of interprofessional education with health
      practices in Primary Health Care. Method To understand and interpret qualitative
      data collection, carried out between 2012 and 2013, through semi-structured
      interviews with 18 professors and four sessions of homogeneous focus groups with
      students, professors and health care providers of Primary Health Care. Results A
      triangulation of the results led to the construction of two categories: user
      centered collaborative practice and barriers to interprofessional education. The
      first perspective indicates the need to change the model of care and training of
      health professionals, while the second reveals difficulties perceived by
      stakeholders regarding the implementation of interprofessional education.
      Conclusion The interprofessional education is incipient in the Brazil and the
      results of this analysis point out to possibilities of change toward
      collaborative practice, but require higher investments primarily in developing
      teaching-health services relationship. 

PMID- 26959150
TI  - Tool to measure workload of health professionals in Primary Health Care:
      development and validation.
AB  - Objective To develop and validate an instrument that addresses the
      interventions/activities carried out by the family health team as reference for
      staff planning. Method Methodological research developed in stages: instrument
      development, content validation, and pilot test in three units located in the
      southeastern region of Brazil. Results 39 interventions were validated in a
      single instrument to measure workload for clinician, dental surgeon, oral health
      technician/assistant, nurse, nurse assistant, and community health agent. In the
      pilot test, the instrument contained 100% of the interventions observed and the
      observers reached 93.7% agreement. Conclusion The proposed instrument is an
      innovating tool because of its configuration for health team and supports staff
      planning in primary health care. 

PMID- 26959151
TI  - Absenteeism of nursing staff: decisions and actions of nurse managers.
AB  - Objective Measure absenteeism among nurses and nursing technicians/aides in three
      hospitals and explore possible management decisions by nursing managers to deal
      with it. Method Quantitative, qualitative study. In the qualitative stage,
      monthly rates, annual average and overall rates of absenteeism were measured
      among nurses and nursing technicians/aides from 12 service units in the
      hospitals, over 12 months, according to the equation proposed by the Support
      Center for Hospital Management (NAGEH - Nucleo de Apoio a Gestao Hospitalar). In
      the qualitative stage, 12 nursing managers from 12 units were interviewed.
      Results The quantitative stage revealed important differences in each institution
      and between institutions, with various monthly rates exceeding the monthly rate
      of 6.7% recommended by the Federal Council of Nursing (COFEN - Conselho Federal
      de Enfermagem). The qualitative stage examined positive impact decisions taken by
      these institutions, where relationships with managers, dialogue, and meeting the
      physical and emotional demands of professionals were considered important
      factors. Conclusion Absenteeism was a reality in day-to-day nursing staff
      management. It varied according to the month of the year and in different service
      units, and it was possible to classify these units according to the degree of the
      problem. In addition, the results showed that employee illness, dissatisfaction
      with institutional conditions, and inadequate interpersonal relationships were
      key factors, enabling management decisions based on each hospital's particular
      reality. 

PMID- 26959152
TI  - Humanization of health care in the perception of nurses and physicians of a
      private hospital.
AB  - Objective Exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study aimed at checking the
      meaning of the term humanization for nurses and physicians at a private hospital
      in the city of Sao Paulo and identify factors that hinder and facilitate
      humanization in care. Method Exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative study
      conducted with 19 health care professionals. After data collection, the reports
      were categorized according to the method proposed by Bardin and analyzed within
      the theoretical framework of humanization. Results Humanization is related to
      respect, caring, and empathy. In professional practice, the actions aimed at
      humanization can be facilitated by organizational culture, but hampered by
      overwork. Conclusion It is necessary to adopt management policies and actions
      that provide professionals to meet the expectations of patients and their
      families in search of humanized care. 

PMID- 26959153
TI  - Nursing staff in the internal medicine and surgical units of teaching hospitals:
      composition and cost.
AB  - Objective Evaluate the mean quantitative and qualitative nursing staff working in
      the internal medicine and surgical units of three public general teaching
      hospitals in the city of Sao Paulo, compared to projected mean staff according to
      the parameters of Cofen Resolution No. 293/04, as well as measure the mean cost
      of current and projected nursing staff. Method Quantitative, descriptive,
      exploratory study using prospective data collection. Results In most of the units
      studied, the number of nursing professionals was adequate. In two of the
      institutions, the percentage of nurses was lower than that recommended by Cofen.
      Qualitative and quantitative adjustment of the staff would represent a monthly
      cost increase of R$141,326 for Hospital A, R$138,989 for Hospital B, and a
      reduction of R$99,028 for Hospital C. Conclusion The main contribution of this
      study was the proposed method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of
      nursing staff, in addition to determining the average cost for adjustments. 

PMID- 26959154
TI  - Pressure ulcers prevalence indicators and patient falls incidence in teaching
      hospitals in the city of Sao Paulo.
AB  - Objective To measure the prevalence of pressure ulcers and the incidence of
      patient falls in three teaching hospitals in the city of Sao Paulo. Method
      Quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study. Data were collected from August
      2012 to July 2013 using a form. They were analyzed according to descriptive and
      inferential statistics. Results The annual mean of pressure ulcers overall
      prevalence (PU) was of 10.1%, and the incidence of patient falls was of 13.8%.
      Conclusion Patients of Hospital 3 were the most vulnerable to pressure ulcers and
      falls, probably due to the aggressiveness of the disease and the complex
      treatments these patients were undergoing. Implementation of such indicators has
      enabled benchmarking and review of both assistance and management institutional
      protocols. 

PMID- 26959155
TI  - Nursing Training in the Brazilian Red Cross in the 1940s: a Foucaultian approach.
AB  - Objectives To identify and analyze the discursive statements that characterizes
      the training of human resources in nursing in the 1940s by the Brazilian Red
      Cross. Method The approach of the documentary sources was through the assumptions
      of the Historical Method and they were questioned by using the thought of Michel
      Foucault. Results Historically, a peculiar model, the military teaching model,
      influenced the training of human resources in nursing, especially in the 1940s.
      The Brazilian Red Cross was linked to the Ministry of War and its nursing
      education had an emphasis on moral conduct, discipline, and respect for
      hierarchy, culminating in the production of nurses' "docile bodies". The
      attributes expected of nurses constituted the triad in the professional formation
      identity at that time: dedication, discipline and obedience. Conclusion The
      military model still reverberates practices in training of nurses in the present,
      as in the management, care and education in nursing. 

PMID- 26959156
TI  - Webquest and Comics in the Formation of Human Resources in Nursing.
AB  - Objective To describe the process of constructing and implementation of Webquest
      as pedagogical strategy as guiding the study about the pedagogical concepts using
      Comic. Method The first stage of the study was outlined applied research of
      technological production. The second stage was characterized as research
      exploratory, descriptive documentary for the analysis of Comic. in the teaching
      diploma in Nursing of EEUSP in 2013. Results The proposed Webquest was
      implemented, resulting in 18 Comic. All Pedagogical Concepts studied were
      addressed; used the software indicated and the power point, the plots developed
      in different scenarios and most Comic contemplated mandatory items. Conclusion
      The use of different technological resources provide learning, by mobilizing
      multiple potentialities, abilities and interests of students, favoring the
      construction of collective and collaborative learning, strengthening important
      and necessary features in training that will influence the human resource profile
      in tune with the aspirations of the labor market. 

PMID- 26959157
TI  - The I Professor Formation in the Wallonian approach.
AB  - Objectives Analyze how teachers perceive the construction of their I Professor
      from the perspective of Wallon and learn about their everyday experiences in
      school in the condition of being self and other. Method Qualitative, with 13
      participants from the Bachelor of Nursing Program. Data collection was carried
      out in 2013 using interviews that were subjected to thematic analysis. Results
      Three categories emerged: Construction of the I Professor; living daily life
      supported by oneself and the other; and the components for constructing the I
      Professor, highlighting consciousness and valuing of oneself and the other.
      Conclusion The teachers traveled a path that allowed them to recognize themselves
      in different movements of the internalization of the I. 

PMID- 26959158
TI  - Nursing interventions in pediatric care: a contribution to measuring workload.
AB  - Objective To identify and validate interventions/activities developed by a
      nursing team in a Brazilian pediatric unit. Method A descriptive, cross
      sectional, and observational study was developed in the pediatric clinic of the
      university hospital of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was
      organized in the following stages: identifying activities carried out by the team
      (from records in patient charts and from direct observation); mapping out and
      validating activities identified in interventions according to the Nursing
      Intervention Classification (NIC). Results The 275 identified activities were
      mapped out into 63 interventions, 22 NIC classes and 7 NIC domains, and 25
      associated and 13 personal activities. After validation, the number of activities
      decreased to 244, corresponding to 53 interventions, 20 NIC classes and 6 NIC
      domains, and 30 associated activities and 9 personal activities. Conclusion
      Identifying the interventions/activities performed by the nursing team can help
      measure workload and is an important contribution to overcoming difficulties when
      it comes to operationalizing the process of sizing professional teams in the
      field of pediatrics. 

PMID- 26959159
TI  - Evaluation of the online management course from the perspective of former
      students.
AB  - Objective To evaluate the online course from the perspective of e-learners as
      well as the relation between variables. Method A quantitative, descriptive and
      exploratory study. Results After three years, the satisfaction rates in the three
      listed categories presented an average rate higher than 75%. The coefficients
      indicated a high consistency of the questionnaire. Considering the overall rates
      in the three years period, the Instructor Performance category presented the
      highest rate. Strong associations between Self-Assessment and Instructor
      Performance, Self-Evaluation and Program of the Course and Instructor performance
      and Program of the course were identified. There was no association between the
      three categories mentioned with any other variables existing in the study.
      Conclusion E-learners expressed satisfaction with the course that means favored
      the interaction and the promotion of collective knowledge in nursing management.
      Also aspects need to be improved, especially the training of the instructor to
      mediate discussions and encourage student involvement throughout the course. 

PMID- 26959160
TI  - Exposure of nursing workers to workloads and their consequences.
AB  - Objective Measure the exposure of nursing workers to workloads and strain
      processes and their consequences, by means of indicators. Method Epidemiological,
      descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study, conducted in 12 units of three
      teaching hospitals in the city of Sao Paulo. The study population consisted of
      452 nursing workers and the data was collected from hospital medical records
      using the software System for Monitoring the Health of Nursing Workers (SIMOSTE).
      The data was analyzed on the basis of indicators that provided information about
      organizational dynamics, occupational health problems and their consequences.
      Results The health problem indicators revealed 879 exposures to worloads and
      1,355 strain processes. The consequences indicators showed 2,709 lost days per
      year. Conclusions Exposure to different workloads subjects workers to numerous
      strain processes, which should be monitored in order to implement preventive
      measures. 

PMID- 26959161
TI  - The educational environment of the undergraduate nursing course from the student
      perspective.
AB  - Objective Evaluate the educational environment of the School of Nursing at the
      University of Sao Paulo from the student perspective. Method Quantitative
      approach with exploratory design. The 176 students who participated in the study
      answered questions ona Likert scale from 1 to 5 to evaluate the educational
      environment. The data underwent an exploratory factor analysis and inferential
      statistical tests, while the reliability of the instrument was verified by
      Cronbach's Alpha. Results The dimensionality analysis established four factors:
      support for hands-on learning, with a mean score of 3.64; attitudes during
      learning, mean score of 2.92; learning atmosphere, mean 3.58; and learning
      weaknesses,mean 3.04. Conclusion The most favorable factor of the environment was
      support for learning. The attitudinal competencies received lower scores,
      suggesting the need to strengthen these aspects during the undergraduate course. 

PMID- 26959162
TI  - Performance analysis of nursing students in teaching by skills and for
      understanding.
AB  - Objective To analyze the performance of students of the course Supervised
      Curricular Internship based on skills (curriculum A) and teaching for
      understanding (curriculum B). Method Exploratory descriptive, quantitative and
      documentary study. The location of the research was a private university of the
      city of Sao Paulo and for data collection were used 312 performance assessment
      tools for students of the course being studied. Results The assessment of the
      performance of curriculum A students had no difference compared to the overall
      average of curriculum B students. The A students showed better performance in
      relation to B in the intensive care unit and in pedagogical practices, and B
      showed better performance in attitudinal bases topics and management. Students
      who are nursing technicians have better performance and, those working in the
      afternoon have better grades. Conclusion It was not proven that students of the
      course Supervised Curricular Internship of the understanding curriculum (B) had
      better performance than the students of the skills curriculum (A). The technical
      training of nursing and work shift were variables that interfered in student
      performance regardless of the type of curriculum. During the study there was the
      possibility of analyzing the performance assessment tools for students, as well
      as the filling by professors, noting that there is need for better structuring of
      the evaluation of student performance and, above all, a process of training of
      professors for the execution of this activity. 

PMID- 26959163
TI  - Nursing workers health and patient safety: the look of nurse managers.
AB  - Objective To understand the perception of nurse managers about the relationship
      between nursing workers health and patient safety. Method A qualitative survey
      was conducted using the social phenomenology approach of Alfred Schutz,
      accomplished through individual interviews with nine nurse managers from five
      Brazilian university hospitals. Results Nurse managers' perception of the
      relationship between nursing workers health and patient safety was evidenced in
      the following categories: "The suffering to balance workers health and patient
      safety" and "Interventions in everyday work life". Conclusion Managers'
      experience showed an everyday work life marked by suffering and concern, due to
      high rates of absenteeism and presenteeism resulting from illness and
      incapability of workers, and the need to ensure patient safety through qualified
      nursing care. 

PMID- 26959164
TI  - Experiences and expectations of nurses in caring for organ donors and their
      families.
AB  - Objective Understand the experiences and expectations of intensive care unit
      nurses in caring for organ donors and their families. Method Qualitative
      research, with a social phenomenological approach, conducted in 2013 with 20
      nurses. Results The experiences of the nurses with the families of donors were
      represented by two categories: obstacles encountered and interventions performed
      in the care of the donors' families. The expectations of these professionals in
      caring for organ donors and their families were described in the category: care
      to save lives. Conclusion The study showed that the day-to-day work of intensive
      care nurses in their care of organ donors and their families is permeated with
      obstacles that interfere in the donation process. In light of this, their goal is
      to provide intensive care to deceased donors and humanized care to the families,
      to help family members agree to organ donation and enable organs to be made
      available for transplants. 

PMID- 26959165
TI  - The American Nurses of the Special Public Health Service and the Formation of
      Human Resources in Brazilian Nursing.
AB  - Objective To historicize the changes in training human resources in nursing in
      Brazil during the period from 1942 to 1961 based on the presence of 35 American
      nurses assigned to work in cooperation with Special Public Health Service. Method
      The sources used for the study were reports written by American nurses who
      described their impressions, suggestions, and the activities they carried out in
      the country. These were analyzed based on the discourse analysis of Michel
      Foucault. Results The period mentioned was marked by an American presence in
      nursing projects developed by the Special Public Health Service. The discourses
      indicated that the period was marked by many changes in Brazilian nursing,
      particularly with respect to attracting and training human resources for the
      profession. Conclusion The results indicate that the American nurses, through
      what they said and their influence, were central to the consolidation of a new
      paradigm in the training of nursing professionals in Brazil. 

PMID- 26959166
TI  - Teacher identity formation in nursing teacher training: reflection mediated by
      digital technologies.
AB  - Objective Analyze the teacher identity formation process from the perspective of
      the past, present and future in the training of nursing teachers through the
      integration of digital technologies. Method Descriptive, exploratory study, with
      a qualitative approach, conducted in the on-site class "Teacher Identity
      Formation" in 2012. Of the synchronous and asynchronous activities, four were
      analyzed using content analysis. Results In chat, positive and negative
      impressions and reflections on the formation of one's own identity were
      identified (six categories); in the "Time tunnel," the projection of future
      identity (four categories); in the "Portfolio," the perception of one's own
      identity (four categories); and in the evaluation of the class, the perception of
      the experiences lived in the class (two categories). Conclusion The integration
      of digital technologies promoted, in a collaborative way, discussion and
      understanding by students of how their identity is formed and the projection of
      their future identity, aligned with the profile and role of teachers demanded in
      the world of today. 

PMID- 26959167
TI  - Educational technology in care management: technological profile of nurses in
      Portuguese hospitals.
AB  - Objective To identify the technological profile of nurses in Portuguese
      hospitals. Method A quantitative exploratory study conducted in two hospitals in
      the northern region and one in the central region of Portugal. The sample was
      randomly selected and included 960 nurses. Results Of the participants, 420
      (46.1%) used computers, 196 (23.4%) reported having knowledge about using
      computers for teaching, 174 (21.1%) used computers to teach, 112 (15.1%)
      recognized that using computers can be a technological means to supplement
      classroom training, 477 (61.6%) would like to receive training on using
      computers, and 382 (40.9%) reported self-learning of information technology. In
      relation to distance education, 706 (74.9%) reported they were familiar with it
      and 752 (76.4%) indicated an interest in participating in training using this
      modality. Conclusion Organizations should be mindful of the technological profile
      shown by this group of nurses and look for ways to introduce educational
      technologies in the management of care. 

PMID- 26959168
TI  - Application of research and information to human resources policies: regional
      goals for the Americas.
AB  - Objective Report experiences involving the use of research and information
      systems to support national human resources policies through benchmarking between
      different countries, with comparisons over time and between similar countries or
      regions. Method In 2007, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) promoted a
      set of goals for all the countries in the Americas to improve the situation of
      health human resources, using a uniform methodology and research process carried
      out by Observatories of Human Resources. Results The analysis focused on the
      progress made in relation to the main challenges in the Southern Cone countries,
      with a special emphasis on Brazil, noting improvements in the distribution of
      professionals in the regions. Conclusion These experiences showed how research
      and the use of information systems can stimulate the expansion of good practices
      in the training, retention and development of the health workforce in the
      Americas. 

PMID- 26959169
TI  - Development of an online nursing management course: successful experience between
      Brazil and Portugal.
AB  - Objective To describe the experience of planning and developing online refresher
      courses in nursing management for nurses in the contexts of Brazil and Portugal.
      Method The instructional design was based on meaningful learning theory,
      andragogy, and dialectical methodology, so it valued interaction between the
      actors, emphasizing the scenarios of practice and applying the concepts covered.
      The course structure is divided into nine theoretical units, four case studies,
      and an essay exam. Results The course was positively evaluated by the
      participants, who reported opportunities for acquisition of new knowledge,
      interaction and exchange of experiences, motivation to study the topics, and self
      learning. Conclusion It is expected that description of this experience will
      stimulate proposals for new courses and programs in distance education
      modalities, improving the processes of teaching and learning so as to give
      support to future analyses of their impact on the development and enhancement of
      management skills in nursing. 

PMID- 26959170
TI  - Computational Study of Binding of MU-Conotoxin GIIIA to Bacterial Sodium Channels
      NaVAb and NaVRh.
AB  - Structures of several voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels from bacteria have been
      determined recently, but the same feat might not be achieved for the mammalian
      counterparts in the near future. Thus, at present, computational studies of the
      mammalian NaV channels have to be performed using homology models based on the
      bacterial crystal structures. A successful homology model for the mammalian
      NaV1.4 channel was recently constructed using the extensive mutation data for
      binding of MU-conotoxin GIIIA to NaV1.4, which was further validated through
      studies of binding of other MU-conotoxins and ion permeation. Understanding the
      similarities and differences between the bacterial and mammalian NaV channels is
      an important issue, and the NaV1.4-GIIIA system provides a good opportunity for
      such a comparison. To this end, we study the binding of GIIIA to the bacterial
      channels NaVAb and NaVRh. The complex structures are obtained using docking and
      molecular dynamics simulations, and the dissociation of GIIIA is studied through
      umbrella sampling simulations. The results are compared to those obtained from
      the NaV1.4-GIIIA system, and the differences in the binding modes arising from
      the changes in the selectivity filters are highlighted. 

PMID- 26959171
TI  - Solid state thermal degradation behaviour of graft copolymers of carboxymethyl
      cellulose with vinyl monomers.
AB  - The graft copolymer of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with acrylamide
      (ACM), dimethylacrylamide (DMA), N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), 2-acrylamido-2-methyl
      1-propane sulphonic acid (AMPS) and vinyl caprolactum (VCL) were synthesized in
      nitrogen atmosphere by employing redox initiators. The integral procedural
      decomposition temperature (IPDT) of CMC and its graft copolymer with ACM, DMA,
      AMPS, NVP and VCL have been found to be 274 degrees C, 375 degrees C, 421 degrees
      C, 404 degrees C, 466 degrees C and 331 degrees C, respectively. The higher value
      of IPDT showed more thermal stability. Among all five graft copolymers, the graft
      copolymer of CMC with NVP is thermally more stable and VCL grafted copolymer was
      found least thermally stable. The higher char yield and final decomposition
      temperature (FDT) were obtained in the case of more thermally stable graft
      copolymer. All five graft copolymers have shown more than one Tmax, which
      suggests that degradations were multistep process. 

PMID- 26959172
TI  - Covalent immobilization of alpha-amylase on magnetic particles as catalyst for
      hydrolysis of high-amylose starch.
AB  - Enzyme immobilized on magnetic particles can be used as efficient recoverable
      biocatalysts under strong magnetic response. To enable re-use of enzyme, modified
      Fe3O4 particles were used as carrier to immobilize alpha-amylase in this paper.
      Firstly, the surface of Fe3O4 particles were coated with amino groups by direct
      using TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) followed by treatment with APTES (3
      aminopropyltriethoxysilane) and then carboxylated by reacting it with succinic
      anhydride. In addition, the effect of the immobilization condition on enzyme
      activity recovery and immobilization efficiency were investigated. The results
      showed that the optimal immobilization occurred under following conditions: pH
      5.5, 40 degrees C, enzyme concentration of 20mgmL(-1), reaction time for 36h.
      Using immobilized alpha-amylase as biocatalyst, the optimum pH and temperature
      for hydrolysis were observed to be 6.5 and 60 degrees C. The kinetics of
      hydrolysis reaction were studied using Michaelis-Menten equation. The affinity
      constant (Km) and maximum reaction rate (vmax) of magnetic particles
      immobilization alpha-amylase (MPIA) was 0.543mgmL(-1) and 1.321mgmin(-1) compared
      to those of 0.377mgmL(-1) and 6.859mgmin(-1) of free enzyme. After
      immobilization, enzymatic activity, storage stability, thermo-stability, and
      reusability of MPIA were found superior to those of the free one. MPIA maintained
      86% enzyme activity after 30 days and maintained 78% enzyme activity after
      recycling six times. 

PMID- 26959174
TI  - Evolution of Slow Magnetic Relaxation: from Diamagnetic Matrix Y(OH)CO3 to
      Dy(0.06)Y(0.94)(OH)CO3 with High Spin-Reversal Barrier and Blocking Temperature.
AB  - A stable Dy(III)-dispersed compound with single-molecule magnet behavior,
      Dy(0.06)Y(0.94)(OH)CO3, was isolated by a general strategy targeted at the doping
      of paramagnetic Dy(3+) into a diamagnetic 3D inorganic network of Y(OH)CO3. The
      single-ion origin of slow magnetic relaxation was gradually released as
      variations of the dysprosium/yttrium ratio and finally gave a relatively large
      spin-reversal barrier around 200 K and high hysteresis temperature of 8 K. This
      study opens up new opportunities to investigate the slow magnetic relaxation and
      magnetostructural correlation by choosing a suitable inorganic architecture with
      strong axial anisotropy.

PMID- 26959175
TI  - E-cadherin is important for cell differentiation during osteoclastogenesis.
AB  - E-cadherin, a protein responsible for intercellular adhesion between epithelial
      cells, is also expressed in the monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this study we
      have explored the involvement of E-cadherin during receptor activator of nuclear
      factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated osteoclast differentiation.
      Osteoclastogenesis involves a period of precursor expansion followed by multiple
      fusion events to generate a multinuclear osteoclast that is capable of bone
      resorption. We asked whether E-cadherin participated in early precursor
      interactions and recognition or was a component of the osteoclast fusion
      machinery. Here, we show that endogenous E-cadherin expression is the highest
      during early stages of osteoclast differentiation, with surface expression
      visible on small precursor cells (fewer than four nuclei per cell) in both RAW
      264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Blocking E-cadherin function with
      neutralizing antibodies prior to the onset of fusion delayed the expression of
      TRAP, Cathepsin K, DC-STAMP and NFATc1 and significantly diminished
      multinucleated osteoclast formation. Conversely, E-cadherin-GFP overexpressing
      macrophages displayed earlier NFATc1 nuclear translocation along with faster
      formation of multinucleated osteoclasts compared to control macrophages. Through
      live imaging we identified that disrupting E-cadherin function prolonged the
      proliferative phase of the precursor population while concomitantly decreasing
      the proportion of migrating precursors. The lamellipodium and polarized membrane
      extensions appeared to be the principal sites of fusion, indicating precursor
      migration was a critical factor contributing to osteoclast fusion. These findings
      demonstrate that E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts can modulate osteoclast
      specific gene expression and prompt differentiating osteoclast precursors toward
      migratory and fusion activities. 

PMID- 26959173
TI  - An in Vitro and in Vivo Investigation of Bivalent Ligands That Display
      Preferential Binding and Functional Activity for Different Melanocortin Receptor
      Homodimers.
AB  - Pharmacological probes for the melanocortin receptors have been utilized for
      studying various disease states including cancer, sexual function disorders,
      Alzheimer's disease, social disorders, cachexia, and obesity. This study focused
      on the design and synthesis of bivalent ligands to target melanocortin receptor
      homodimers. Lead ligands increased binding affinity by 14- to 25-fold and
      increased cAMP signaling potency by 3- to 5-fold compared to their monovalent
      counterparts. Unexpectedly, different bivalent ligands showed preferences for
      particular melanocortin receptor subtypes depending on the linker that connected
      the binding scaffolds, suggesting structural differences between the various
      dimer subtypes. Homobivalent compound 12 possessed a functional profile that was
      unique from its monovalent counterpart providing evidence of the discrete effects
      of bivalent ligands. Lead compound 7 significantly decreased feeding in mice
      after intracerebroventricular administration. To the best of our knowledge, this
      is the first report of a melanocortin bivalent ligand's in vivo physiological
      effects. 

PMID- 26959176
TI  - Issues with the Specificity of Immunological Reagents for Murine IDO1.

PMID- 26959177
TI  - The Nurture of Tumors Can Drive Their Metabolic Phenotype.
AB  - Many commonly accepted principles in tumor metabolism rely on in vitro studies
      performed under conditions which cannot faithfully recapitulate tumor
      heterogeneity. Davidson et al. (2016), in this issue of Cell Metabolism, and
      Hensley et al. (2016) find that the in vivo environment dictates the metabolic
      phenotype of lung tumors in patients and mouse models.

PMID- 26959178
TI  - It's in the Milk: Feeding the Microbiome to Promote Infant Growth.
AB  - Malnutrition is a global health burden affecting the development of millions of
      children worldwide, but the effects of current treatment strategies are modest.
      Charbonneau et al. (2016) identify sialylated oligosaccharides in breast milk as
      microbiota-dependent growth-promoting metabolites, paving the way for a new
      rational treatment of severe infant stunting.

PMID- 26959179
TI  - Deconstructing Dietary Restriction: A Case for Systems Approaches in Aging.
AB  - Dietary restriction is a robust and conserved intervention to slow aging and
      extend lifespan. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Hou et al. (2016) use a
      systems biology approach in C. elegans to uncover key molecular nodes underlying
      the transcriptomic response to dietary restriction and predict novel regulators
      of lifespan.

PMID- 26959180
TI  - Toward a Molecular Definition of Leucine-Dependent mTORC1 Activation.
AB  - The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) coordinates nutrient
      availability with cell growth. Recent reports by Sabatini and coworkers (Saxton
      et al., 2016; Wolfson et al., 2016) characterize a cytoplasmic amino acid
      receptor that couples the binding of leucine to the activation of mTORC1.

PMID- 26959181
TI  - AMPK Promotes Autophagy by Facilitating Mitochondrial Fission.
AB  - AMPK senses decreased cellular energy levels, triggering mitochondrial autophagy
      or mitophagy through activating ULK1 and inhibiting mTORC1. In a recent report,
      Toyama et al. (2016) show that activated AMPK phosphorylation of MFF is critical
      for mitochondrial fission. Unphosphorylatable MFF mutants block mitophagy,
      connecting AMPK to mitochondrial fission and to mitophagy.

PMID- 26959182
TI  - Transferring Fragments of Paternal Metabolism to the Offspring.
AB  - Paternal diet influences offspring metabolism, yet the underlying epigenetic
      mechanisms are unclear. Recently, Chen et al. (2016) and Sharma et al. (2016)
      identified tRNA fragments in sperm and the male reproductive tract as possible
      inherited factors altered by paternal diet that lead to gene misexpression and
      altered metabolism in offspring.

PMID- 26959183
TI  - Of FOXes and Forgetful Worms.
AB  - Age-related cognitive decline is one of the most haunting aspects of human aging.
      In a recent publication, Coleen Murphy and colleagues (Kaletsky et al., 2016)
      describe the transcriptional program that maintains youthful function of aging
      neurons in the nematode worm.

PMID- 26959184
TI  - A Long-Acting FGF21 Molecule, PF-05231023, Decreases Body Weight and Improves
      Lipid Profile in Non-human Primates and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects.
AB  - FGF21 plays a central role in energy, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. To
      characterize the pharmacologic effects of FGF21, we administered a long-acting
      FGF21 analog, PF-05231023, to obese cynomolgus monkeys. PF-05231023 caused a
      marked decrease in food intake that led to reduced body weight. To assess the
      effects of PF-05231023 in humans, we conducted a placebo-controlled, multiple
      ascending-dose study in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. PF
      05231023 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, improved
      plasma lipoprotein profile, and increased adiponectin levels. Importantly, there
      were no significant effects of PF-05231023 on glycemic control. PF-05231023
      treatment led to dose-dependent changes in multiple markers of bone formation and
      resorption and elevated insulin-like growth factor 1. The favorable effects of PF
      05231023 on body weight support further evaluation of this molecule for the
      treatment of obesity. Longer studies are needed to assess potential direct
      effects of FGF21 on bone in humans.

PMID- 26959187
TI  - Taming tosyl azide: the development of a scalable continuous diazo transfer
      process.
AB  - Heat and shock sensitive tosyl azide was generated and used on demand in a
      telescoped diazo transfer process. Small quantities of tosyl azide were accessed
      in a 'one pot' batch procedure using shelf stable, readily available reagents.
      For large scale diazo transfer reactions tosyl azide was generated and used in a
      telescoped flow process, to mitigate the risks associated with handling
      potentially explosive reagents on scale. The in situ formed tosyl azide was used
      to rapidly perform diazo transfer to a range of acceptors, including beta
      ketoesters, beta-ketoamides, malonate esters and beta-ketosulfones. An effective
      in-line quench of sulfonyl azides was also developed, whereby a sacrificial
      acceptor molecule ensured complete consumption of any residual hazardous diazo
      transfer reagent. The telescoped diazo transfer process with in-line quenching
      was used to safely prepare over 21 g of an alpha-diazocarbonyl in >98% purity
      without any column chromatography. 

PMID- 26959186
TI  - A Systems Approach to Reverse Engineer Lifespan Extension by Dietary Restriction.
AB  - Dietary restriction (DR) is the most powerful natural means to extend lifespan.
      Although several genes can mediate responses to alternate DR regimens, no single
      genetic intervention has recapitulated the full effects of DR, and no unified
      system is known for different DR regimens. Here we obtain temporally resolved
      transcriptomes during calorie restriction and intermittent fasting in
      Caenorhabditis elegans and find that early and late responses involve metabolism
      and cell cycle/DNA damage, respectively. We uncover three network modules of DR
      regulators by their target specificity. By genetic manipulations of nodes
      representing discrete modules, we induce transcriptomes that progressively
      resemble DR as multiple nodes are perturbed. Targeting all three nodes
      simultaneously results in extremely long-lived animals that are refractory to DR.
      These results and dynamic simulations demonstrate that extensive feedback
      controls among regulators may be leveraged to drive the regulatory circuitry to a
      younger steady state, recapitulating the full effect of DR.

PMID- 26959185
TI  - The Circadian Clock in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Controls Cyclic Energy
      Expenditure.
AB  - Organismal homeostasis relies on coherent interactions among tissues,
      specifically between brain-driven functions and peripheral metabolic organs.
      Hypothalamic circuits compute metabolic information to optimize energetic
      resources, but the role of the circadian clock in these pathways remains unclear.
      We have generated mice with targeted ablation of the core-clock gene Bmal1 within
      Sf1-neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). While this mutation does not
      affect the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the VMH clock
      controls cyclic thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), a tissue that
      governs energy balance by dissipating chemical energy as heat. VMH-driven control
      is exerted through increased adrenergic signaling within the sympathetic nervous
      system, without affecting the BAT's endogenous clock. Moreover, we show that the
      VMH circadian clock computes light and feeding inputs to modulate basal energy
      expenditure. Thus, we reveal a previously unsuspected circuit where an SCN
      independent, hypothalamic circadian clock controls BAT function, energy
      expenditure, and thermogenesis.

PMID- 26959188
TI  - Brief Report: HIV-1 Tropism During Primary Infections in France: 1996-2014.
AB  - HIV-1 was mainly CCR5 tropic in recent seroconverters. We analyzed the coreceptor
      use in 239 primary HIV-1 infections (PHIs) between 1996 and 2014 using a
      validated recombinant virus phenotypic entry assay. CXCR4-using viruses were
      detected in 8.3%, 3.8%, and 6.1% of PHIs from 1996 to 2004, 2005 to 2009, and
      2010 to 2014, respectively. The presence of CXCR4-using viruses was associated
      with the virological failure of antiretroviral treatment initiated during PHI
      (odds ratio, 7.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 56.5). The phenotypic tropism
      assay data show that the prevalence of X4 tropic transmitted viruses was stable
      in this French cohort of PHIs between 1996 and 2014.

PMID- 26959189
TI  - Implementation and Operational Research: Effectiveness and Patient Acceptability
      of a Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-Testing Program in an HIV Care Setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rates of screening for bacterial sexually transmitted infections
      (STI) among men who have sex with men in HIV care settings remain low despite
      high prevalence of these infections. STI self-testing may help increase screening
      rates in clinical settings. METHODS: We implemented an STI self-testing program
      at a large, urban HIV care clinic and evaluated its effectiveness and
      acceptability. We compared measures obtained during the first year of the STI
      self-testing program (Intervention Year, April 1, 2013-March 31, 2014) to
      Baseline Year (January 1, 2012-December 31, 2012) to determine: (1) overall
      clinic change in STI testing coverage and diagnostic yield and; (2) program
      specific outcomes including appropriate anatomic site screening and patient
      reported acceptability. RESULTS: Overall, testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia
      increased significantly between Baseline and Intervention Year, and 50% more
      gonococcal and 47% more chlamydial infections were detected. Syphilis testing
      coverage remained unchanged. Nearly 95% of 350 men who participated in the STI
      self-testing program completed site-specific testing appropriately based on self
      reported exposures, and 92% rated their self-testing experience as "good" or
      "very good." CONCLUSIONS: STI self-testing in HIV care settings significantly
      increases testing coverage and detection of gonorrhea and chlamydia, and the
      program is acceptable to patients. Additional interventions to increase syphilis
      screening rates are needed.

PMID- 26959190
TI  - Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Enhancing Interventions for Adolescents and
      Young Adults 13-24 Years of Age: A Review of the Evidence Base.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Youth living with HIV are highly under-represented in the evidence
      base for adherence interventions, despite their diverse and unique needs and
      barriers. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to identify antiretroviral
      therapy (ART) adherence interventions specifically targeting adolescents and
      young adults (defined as ages 13-24) with the goal of characterizing the evidence
      base. METHODS: Articles were identified using the PubMed database and cover work
      published through September 14, 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA: (1) average age 13 to
      24, (2) HIV positive, (3) on or beginning ART, (4) intervention targeted ART
      adherence in full or in part, (5) reported adherence, viral load, and/or CD4
      count outcomes. Strength of evidence was defined as level 1 [randomized
      controlled trial (RCT) with significance testing on outcomes], 2 (within group
      studies with statistical testing on outcomes), 3 (RCTs with descriptive results),
      or 4 (within group studies with descriptive results). RESULTS: Of 151 articles,
      10 met inclusion criteria. Published between 2003 and 2014, these studies
      evaluated diverse intervention approaches. Most were conducted in the US and were
      small pilots that have yet to be replicated despite promising results. Only 3
      studies met criteria for highest level strength of evidence; 2 supported a phone
      based counseling approach with adherence monitors and 1 for weekly individual and
      family counseling. CONCLUSIONS: Despite nearly 20 years passing since the wide
      scale availability of ART, and clear recognition that adolescents and youth
      adults fair worse on the cascade of HIV care, the evidence base remains sparse
      and underdeveloped. Promising approaches need replication and more rigorous
      studies are desperately needed.

PMID- 26959191
TI  - The Importance of Context: Neighborhood Drinking Norms and Heavy Drinking Among
      HIV Patients.

PMID- 26959192
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of the Point-of-Care Xpert HIV-1 Viral Load Assay in a South
      African HIV Clinic.

PMID- 26959193
TI  - Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by Cu(II) complexes.
AB  - [Cu(TMPA)Cl]Cl (1) and [Cu(Cl-TMPA)Cl2] (2) exhibited efficient photocatalytic H2
      evolution with a TON of 6108 and 10014 (6 h), respectively, in CH3CN/H2O solution
      (9 : 1, v/v) containing an Ir complex as the photosensitizer and triethylamine as
      the sacrificial reductant, representing the first example of photocatalytic Cu
      complex-based water reduction catalysts. 

PMID- 26959194
TI  - Linking Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Glass-Forming Systems.
AB  - Understanding nonequilibrium glassy dynamics is of great scientific and
      technological importance. However, prediction of the temperature, thermal
      history, and composition dependence of nonequilibrium viscosity is challenging
      due to the noncrystalline and nonergodic nature of the glassy state. Here, we
      show that the nonequilibrium glassy dynamics are intimately connected with the
      equilibrium liquid dynamics. This is accomplished by deriving a new functional
      form for the thermal history dependence of nonequilibrium viscosity, which is
      validated against experimental measurements of industrial silicate glasses and
      computed viscosities for selenium over a wide range of conditions. Since the
      temperature and composition dependence of liquid viscosity can be predicted using
      temperature-dependent constraint theory, our work also opens the possibility to
      improve understanding of the physics of nonequilibrium viscosity. 

PMID- 26959195
TI  - The Effect of Polar Fluctuation and Lattice Mismatch on Carrier Mobility at Oxide
      Interfaces.
AB  - Since the discovery of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the oxide interface
      of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO), improving carrier mobility has become an important
      issue for device applications. In this paper, by using an alternate polar
      perovskite insulator (La0.3Sr0.7) (Al0.65Ta0.35)O3 (LSAT) for reducing lattice
      mismatch from 3.0% to 1.0%, the low-temperature carrier mobility has been
      increased 30 fold to 35,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). Moreover, two critical thicknesses
      for the LSAT/STO (001) interface are found, one at 5 unit cells for appearance of
      the 2DEG and the other at 12 unit cells for a peak in the carrier mobility. By
      contrast, the conducting (110) and (111) LSAT/STO interfaces only show a single
      critical thickness of 8 unit cells. This can be explained in terms of polar
      fluctuation arising from LSAT chemical composition. In addition to lattice
      mismatch and crystal symmetry at the interface, polar fluctuation arising from
      composition has been identified as an important variable to be tailored at the
      oxide interfaces to optimize the 2DEG transport.

PMID- 26959196
TI  - Validity and Reliability of Two Field-Based Leg Stiffness Devices: Implications
      for Practical Use.
AB  - Leg stiffness is an important performance determinant in several sporting
      activities. This study evaluated the criterion-related validity and reliability
      of 2 field-based leg stiffness devices, Optojump NextR (Optojump) and Myotest
      ProR (Myotest) in different testing approaches. Thirty-four males performed, on 2
      separate sessions, 3 trials of 7 maximal hops, synchronously recorded from a
      force platform (FP), Optojump and Myotest. Validity (Pearson's correlation
      coefficient, r; relative mean bias; 95% limits of agreement, 95%LoA) and
      reliability (coefficient of variation, CV; intraclass correlation coefficient,
      ICC; standard error of measurement, SEM) were calculated for first attempt,
      maximal attempt, and average across 3 trials. For all 3 methods, Optojump
      correlated highly to the FP (range r = .98-.99) with small bias (range 0.91-0.92,
      95%LoA 0.86-0.98). Myotest demonstrated high correlation to FP (range r = .81
      .86) with larger bias (range 1.92-1.93, 95%LoA 1.63-2.23). Optojump yielded a low
      CV (range 5.9% to 6.8%), high ICC (range 0.82-0.86), and SEM ranging 1.8-2.1
      kN/m. Myotest had a larger CV (range 8.9% to 13.0%), moderate ICC (range 0.64
      0.79), and SEM ranging from 6.3 to 8.9 kN/m. The findings present important
      information for these devices and support the use of a time-efficient single
      trial to assess leg stiffness in the field. 

PMID- 26959197
TI  - Current Therapies for the Medical Management of Diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes affects a large and diverse number of individuals who share in common
      its risks for complications but who differ greatly from one another in age,
      health, and a number of circumstances influential to successful treatment.
      Because type 2 diabetes comprises the majority of diabetes cases, a number of
      agents have been developed for its treatment. Their unique properties offer
      opportunities to overcome some of the treatment limitations of older medicines
      and enable a more individualized and flexible approach to glucose-lowering. At
      the same time, new medications are accompanied by greater costs and uncertainties
      about their long-term benefits or safety, and thus the present state of care for
      type 2 diabetes places focus on a process of shared decision-making between the
      clinician and patient as to which treatments can optimize health while minimizing
      harms. We review the major classes of diabetes agents and provide some guidance
      for how one might approach decision-making in choosing among them. 

PMID- 26959198
TI  - Complications and Safety of Preconception Low-Dose Aspirin Among Women With Prior
      Pregnancy Losses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate complications and safety of preconception low-dose aspirin
      in 1,228 U.S. women (2007-2011). METHODS: Evaluation of the safety of low-dose
      aspirin in the participants and their fetuses was a planned secondary analysis of
      the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction trial, a multicenter, block
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of
      low-dose aspirin on the incidence of live birth. Women aged 18-40 years with a
      history of one to two pregnancy losses trying to conceive were randomized to
      daily low-dose aspirin (81 mg, n=615) or placebo (n=613) and were followed for up
      to six menstrual cycles or through gestation if they became pregnant. Emergency
      care visits and possible aspirin-related symptoms were assessed at each study
      follow-up using standardized safety interviews. In addition, complications for
      both the participant and her fetus or neonate were captured prospectively using
      case report forms, interviews conducted during pregnancy and postpartum, and
      medical records. RESULTS: The proportion of women with at least one possible
      aspirin-related symptom during the trial was similar between treatment arms (456
      [74%] low-dose aspirin compared with 447 [73%] placebo, P=.65) as was the
      proportion with at least one emergency care visit (104 [17%] low-dose aspirin
      compared with 99 [16%] placebo, P=.76). Maternal complications were evenly
      distributed by treatment arm with the exception of vaginal bleeding, which was
      more commonly reported in the low-dose aspirin arm (22% compared with 17%,
      P=.02). The distribution of fetal and neonatal complications-which included three
      stillbirths, three neonatal deaths, and 10 neonates with birth defect(s)-was
      similar between treatment arms. CONCLUSION: Although rare but serious
      complications resulting from low-dose aspirin cannot be ruled out, preconception
      low-dose aspirin appears to be well tolerated by women trying to conceive, women
      who become pregnant, and by their fetuses and neonates.

PMID- 26959199
TI  - Twin Pregnancy and Severe Maternal Outcomes: The World Health Organization
      Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate maternal complications (potentially life-threatening
      conditions, maternal near miss, and maternal death) that are mutually exclusive
      and severe maternal outcomes (maternal near miss or maternal death) associated
      with twin pregnancies. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of a cross
      sectional World Health Organization Multicountry Survey, which was implemented in
      29 countries. Data from 4,756 twin deliveries were compared with 308,111
      singleton deliveries. Factors associated with maternal morbidity and twin
      pregnancies were reported with adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence
      interval). RESULTS: Potentially life-threatening conditions, maternal near miss,
      severe maternal outcomes, and maternal deaths were 2.14 (1.99-2.30), 3.03 (2.39
      3.85), 3.19 (2.58-3.94), and 3.97 (2.47-6.38) times higher, respectively, among
      twin pregnancies. Maternal age older than 20 years, having a partner,
      multiparity, and elective cesarean delivery were associated with twin
      pregnancies. Postpartum hemorrhage and chronic hypertension were more frequently
      associated with severe maternal outcomes among twin pregnancies. Conditions
      indicating organ dysfunction (maternal near miss) were twofold to fivefold higher
      for twins. Poisson multiple regression analysis identified several factors
      independently associated with a severe maternal outcome, but not twin
      pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Twin pregnancy is associated with greater severe
      maternal morbidity and a higher rate of maternal death than singleton pregnancy.

PMID- 26959200
TI  - Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy Before 24 Weeks of Gestation: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroids compared
      with placebo or no treatment in neonates born before 24 weeks of gestation. DATA
      SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
      Health Literature (CINAHL), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
      databases from 1990 to March 13, 2015, and ClinicalTrials.gov. METHODS OF STUDY
      SELECTION: Studies considered were published randomized or quasirandomized
      controlled trials and observational studies that compared outcomes between
      neonates who received or did not receive antenatal corticosteroids born before 24
      weeks of gestation. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: We performed duplicate
      independent assessment of the title and abstracts, full-text screening, inclusion
      of articles, and data abstraction. We performed meta-analyses using random
      effects models and quality assessment with the Grading of Recommendations
      Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. There were 17
      observational studies, and our primary outcome, mortality to discharge in
      neonates receiving active intensive treatment, had a total of 3,626 neonates. The
      adjusted odds of mortality to discharge were reduced by 52% in the antenatal
      corticosteroid group compared with the control group (crude adjusted odds ratio
      [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.56; adjusted OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.38
      0.61; mortality to discharge 58.1% [intervention] compared with 71.8% [control])
      with a "moderate" quality of evidence based on the GRADE system. There were no
      significant differences between the groups for severe morbidity. CONCLUSION: The
      available data, all observational, show reduced odds of mortality to discharge in
      neonates born before 24 weeks of gestation who received antenatal corticosteroids
      and active intensive treatment. Antenatal corticosteroids should be considered
      for women at risk of imminent birth before 24 weeks of gestation who choose
      active postnatal resuscitation.

PMID- 26959202
TI  - Cervical Pessary and Vaginal Progesterone in Twin Pregnancies With a Short
      Cervix.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cervical pessary as an intervention to prevent preterm
      birth in twin pregnancies with a short cervix. METHODS: This was a retrospective
      cohort study of twin pregnancies managed by a single maternal-fetal medicine
      practice from 2005 to 2015. We included patients at 28 weeks of gestation or less
      who were diagnosed with a cervical length less than 20 mm. At the time of
      diagnosis, all patients were prescribed vaginal progesterone. Starting in 2013,
      they were also offered pessary placement in addition to vaginal progesterone. We
      compared outcomes between patients who received a pessary and matched women in a
      control group in a one-to-three ratio. Women in the control group were matched to
      women in the case group according to cervical length and gestational age (within
      5 mm and 1 week, respectively, of the case patient at the time of pessary
      placement). We excluded patients with cerclage, monochorionic-monoamniotic
      placentation, major fetal congenital anomalies discovered before or after birth,
      patients with twin-twin transfusion syndrome, and patients for whom there were no
      appropriate controls. Chi-square, Fisher exact, and Student's t tests were used,
      as appropriate. Regression analysis was performed to control for significant
      differences at baseline. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients received a cervical
      pessary, and they were compared with 63 matched women in the control group. As
      expected (as a result of matching), baseline gestational age (25.7+/-2.1 compared
      with 25.9+/-2.1 weeks of gestation, P=.671) and cervical length (10.9+/-3.6 mm
      compared with 11.9+/-4.5 mm, P=.327) were similar between the groups. Patients
      with a pessary had a significantly lower incidence of delivery at less than 32
      weeks of gestation (1/21 [4.8%] compared with 18/63 [28.6%], adjusted P=.05),
      longer interval to delivery (65.2+/-16.8 compared with 52.1+/-24.3 days, adjusted
      P=.025), and a lower incidence of severe neonatal morbidity (2/21 [9.5%] compared
      with 22/63 [34.9%], adjusted P=.04). CONCLUSION: For twin pregnancies with a
      short cervix, the addition of a cervical pessary to vaginal progesterone is
      associated with prolonged pregnancy and reduced risk of adverse neonatal
      outcomes. A large randomized trial should be performed to verify these
      retrospective findings.

PMID- 26959201
TI  - Ultrasound Measurement of the Fetal Adrenal Gland as a Predictor of Spontaneous
      Preterm Birth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether ultrasound measurement of the fetal adrenal gland
      remote from delivery in asymptomatic women can accurately predict spontaneous
      preterm birth. METHODS: We conducted a prospective multicenter observational
      nested cohort study of asymptomatic nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy
      to study adverse pregnancy outcomes. Between 22 0/7 and 30 6/7 weeks of
      gestation, credentialed ultrasonographers measured the width (width), length
      (length), and, when able, depth (depth) of the "fetal zone" of the fetal adrenal
      gland as well as the width (Width), length (Length), and depth (Depth) of the
      total gland. We used the ratios of each measurement (width/Width, length/Length,
      and depth/Depth) to control for variation in adrenal size by gestational age. The
      accuracy of each ratio measurement in predicting spontaneous preterm birth at
      less than 37 0/7 weeks of gestation and spontaneous preterm birth at less than 34
      0/7 weeks of gestation was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves
      using area under the curve. RESULTS: Pregnancy outcomes were available for 1,697
      women with one or more fetal adrenal gland measurements. Spontaneous preterm
      birth at less than 37 0/7 weeks of gestation and spontaneous preterm birth at
      less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation occurred in 82 (4.8%) and six women (0.4%),
      respectively. None of the fetal adrenal gland measurements distinguished
      spontaneous preterm birth from term birth. The areas under the curve (95%
      confidence intervals) for spontaneous preterm birth at less than 37 0/7 weeks of
      gestation were 0.51 (0.45-0.58), 0.50 (0.44-0.56), and 0.52 (0.41-0.63) for
      width/Width, length/Length, and depth/Depth ratios, respectively. The areas under
      the curve for spontaneous preterm birth at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation
      were 0.52 (0.25-0.79) and 0.55 (0.31-0.79) for width/Width and length/Length
      ratios, respectively. Additionally, none of the means of the gland measurements
      were statistically different between those delivering at term and spontaneous at
      preterm (P>.05). CONCLUSION: Fetal adrenal size, as measured by ultrasonography
      between 22 0/7 and 30 6/7 weeks of gestation, is not predictive of spontaneous
      preterm birth in asymptomatic nulliparous women.

PMID- 26959203
TI  - Fetal Meconium Peritonitis and Maternal Liver Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are five reported cases of fetal meconium peritonitis
      developing after episodes of maternal hepatitis. These cases demonstrate a
      potential association between severe maternal liver injury and subsequent fetal
      meconium peritonitis. CASE: A 26-year-old primigravid woman developed acute liver
      failure 4 days after unilateral oophorectomy for ovarian torsion at 24 weeks of
      gestation. Her liver function gradually normalized with conservative management.
      She was readmitted for acute abdominal pain with elevated blood pressure at 29
      weeks of gestation. An emergency cesarean delivery was performed for severe
      preeclampsia. Her neonate was noted to have a distended abdomen. Laparotomy and
      bowel resection were performed for meconium peritonitis and bowel perforation.
      CONCLUSION: Fetal meconium peritonitis may develop after severe maternal liver
      disease. Thus, the latter may warrant heightened fetal surveillance.

PMID- 26959204
TI  - Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a genetic
      disorder in which ventricular tachycardia occurs in the absence of structural
      heart disease or a prolonged QT interval. If untreated, there is a high incidence
      of sudden cardiac death. Management of this cardiac condition during pregnancy
      merits a multidisciplinary approach. CASE: A nulliparous woman with
      catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia presented at 15 weeks of
      gestation. Her care involved a multidisciplinary team including cardiology,
      maternal-fetal medicine, obstetric nursing, cardiac nursing, and anesthesia. A
      simulation scenario was designed to prepare for cardiac events during labor. A
      term intrapartum cesarean delivery was performed for fetal indications.
      CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary approach to the antepartum, intrapartum, and
      postpartum care of women with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular
      tachycardia is critical to a team-based successful pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 26959205
TI  - The Role of Social Networks, Medical-Legal Climate, and Patient Advocacy on
      Surgical Options: A New Era.
AB  - The dissemination of information online and resultant public discourse through
      social media and other online channels has influenced the practice of medicine in
      dramatic ways. Physicians have historically worked to develop new techniques and
      devices for the benefit of their patients. It is only a more recent phenomenon,
      however, that these tools are either removed or their use is curtailed largely
      driven by anecdotal reports; passionate, vocal, often media-savvy advocates; and
      plaintiff attorneys. The use of power morcellation, hysteroscopic tubal
      sterilization, and mesh in urogynecologic procedures all have been victims of
      these societal pressures. It is important for health care professionals to be
      involved in the debate to ensure that public outcry does not unduly influence
      what we, as clinicians, are able to safely offer our patients. By being better
      advocates for our field, our instruments, and our patients, we can ensure medical
      decision-making is driven by good science and not public fervor. 

PMID- 26959206
TI  - Pregnancy-Related Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Asymptomatic Women With
      Antithrombin Deficiency: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism in
      women with asymptomatic antithrombin deficiency. DATA SOURCES: The search was
      performed on MEDLINE (Ovid and PubMed databases) for the period 1966 to June 2012
      and ClinicalTrials.gov as of December 15, 2015. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: A
      systematic review including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and
      case-control studies was conducted. Selection criteria included objectively
      diagnosed venous thromboembolism or venous thromboembolism treated with 3 months
      of anticoagulation before the availability of objective testing. The study
      population consisted of pregnant women with asymptomatic antithrombin deficiency.
      TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Seven publications were included in the
      review. No randomized controlled trials were identified. The best available data
      consist of three retrospective cohort studies and four case-control studies.
      Pooled results from case-control studies yielded an estimated odds ratio for
      venous thromboembolism of 6.09 (95% confidence interval 1.58-23.43). No pooled
      estimates could be obtained for cohort studies. Data on use of thromboprophylaxis
      were scarce. CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of patients included, and the
      variation in study designs, pooled results from case-control studies show a
      significant association between asymptomatic antithrombin deficiency and
      pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism. Thromboprophylaxis during pregnancy
      and postpartum should be considered in these women.

PMID- 26959207
TI  - Infant Outcomes After Elective Early-Term Delivery Compared With Expectant
      Management.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk of neonatal morbidity and infant mortality between
      elective early-term deliveries and those expectantly managed and delivered at 39
      weeks of gestation or greater. METHODS: We conducted a population-based
      retrospective cohort study of 675,302 singleton infants born alive at 37-44 weeks
      of gestation from 2005 to 2009 in more than 125 birthing facilities in Florida.
      Data were collected from a validated, longitudinally linked maternal and infant
      database. The study population was categorized into exposure groups based on the
      timing and reason for delivery initiation-four subtypes of deliveries at 37-38
      weeks of gestation and a comparison group of expectantly managed infants
      delivered at 39-40 weeks of gestation. Primary outcomes included neonatal
      respiratory morbidity, sepsis, feeding difficulties, admission to the neonatal
      intensive care unit (NICU), and infant mortality. RESULTS: Neonatal outcome rates
      ranged from 6.0% for respiratory morbidities to 1.3% for both sepsis and feeding
      difficulties, and the infant mortality rate was 1.5 per 1,000 live births. When
      compared with infants expectantly managed and delivered at 39-40 weeks of
      gestation, those delivered after elective induction at 37-38 weeks of gestation
      did not have increased odds of neonatal respiratory morbidity, sepsis, or NICU
      admission but did experience slightly higher odds of feeding difficulty (odds
      ratio 1.18, 99% confidence interval 1.02-1.36). In contrast, infants delivered by
      elective cesarean at 37-38 weeks of gestation had 13-66% increased odds of
      adverse outcomes. Survival experiences were similar when comparing early
      inductions and early cesarean deliveries with the expectant management group.
      CONCLUSION: The issues that surround the timing and reasons for delivery
      initiation are complicated and each pregnancy unique. This study cautions against
      a general avoidance of all elective early-term deliveries.

PMID- 26959209
TI  - Prognostic Factors for Morcellation During Vaginal Hysterectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine prognostic factors associated with cold-knife
      morcellation during vaginal hysterectomy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective
      cohort study evaluating all consecutive patients undergoing a vaginal
      hysterectomy between January 1, 2009, and August 31, 2014. The primary outcome
      was the utilization of uncontained vaginal morcellation performed using cold
      knife wedge resection at the time of vaginal hysterectomy. Secondary outcomes
      included perioperative data. Significant factors were included in a multivariate
      logistic regression model to the binary variable vaginal morcellation at the time
      of vaginal hysterectomy. RESULTS: A total of 743 women met study inclusion
      criteria and underwent vaginal hysterectomy with intact uterine removal (n=383)
      or with uterine morcellation (n=360) with and without other vaginal procedures. A
      nonparametric Wilcoxon-rank-sum test and chi test were used to compare the
      cohorts of patients with and without morcellation. Characteristics associated
      with significantly increased likelihood of morcellation included younger age, non
      Caucasian race, American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 or 2, lower parity,
      lower number of prior vaginal deliveries, absence of prolapse, presence of
      leiomyoma, and an enlarged uterus. A multivariate logistic model utilizing
      factors most likely associated with morcellation revealed lack of prolapse
      (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.87, P<.001), leiomyoma (adjusted OR 2.77, P=.035),
      and larger uterine weight (adjusted OR 7.25, P<.001) increased the likelihood of
      morcellation. Prior vaginal delivery was associated with a decreased likelihood
      of morcellation (adjusted OR 0.79, P=.005). CONCLUSION: Vaginal hysterectomy with
      morcellation is associated with the following factors: absence of prior vaginal
      delivery, absence of prolapse, presence of leiomyoma, and a uterus larger than
      normal size.

PMID- 26959208
TI  - Pregnancy-Associated Hypertension in Glucose-Intolerant Pregnancy and Subsequent
      Metabolic Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether pregnancy-associated hypertension (preeclampsia or
      gestational hypertension) among women with varying degrees of glucose intolerance
      during pregnancy is associated with maternal metabolic syndrome 5-10 years later.
      METHODS: This was an observational cohort study of women previously enrolled in a
      treatment trial of mild gestational diabetes mellitus or an observational study
      of lesser degrees of glucose intolerance evaluated 5-10 years after their index
      pregnancy. At follow-up, women underwent anthropometric and blood pressure
      measurements and analysis of fasting glucose and serum lipids. RESULTS: A total
      of 825 women (47% of eligible women from the original study) were included in
      this analysis and evaluated at a median 7 years after their index pregnancy at a
      median age of 35 years. Overall, 239 (29%) had subsequent metabolic syndrome. The
      frequency of metabolic syndrome and its components was highest in the women who
      had pregnancy-associated hypertension and delivered preterm. After adjusting for
      confounding factors, pregnancy-associated hypertension in women who delivered
      preterm was associated with subsequent hypertension (130/85 mm Hg or greater;
      relative risk 3.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95-4.80, P<.001), high
      triglycerides (150 mg/dL or greater; relative risk 1.82, 95% CI 1.06-3.14,
      P=.03), and metabolic syndrome (per the American Heart Association and National
      Heart Lung and Blood Institute Scientific Statement; relative risk 1.78, 95% CI
      1.14-2.78, P=.01) compared with women who remained normotensive throughout their
      index pregnancy and were delivered at term. CONCLUSION: Women with varying
      degrees of glucose intolerance who experienced pregnancy-associated hypertension
      and then delivered preterm had a higher frequency of subsequent hypertension,
      high triglycerides, and metabolic syndrome 5-10 years later.

PMID- 26959210
TI  - Obstetric Health Care Providers' Counseling Responses to Pregnant Patient
      Disclosures of Marijuana Use.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe obstetric health care providers' responses and counseling
      approaches to patients' disclosures of marijuana use during first prenatal
      visits. METHODS: We performed a content analysis of audio-recorded patient-health
      care provider first prenatal visits for obstetrics health care providers'
      responses to patients' disclosure of marijuana use. The study was conducted at
      five urban outpatient clinics located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. RESULTS: Among
      468 audio-recorded first obstetric encounters, 90 patients (19%) disclosed
      marijuana use to 47 health care providers; mean number of recoded encounters
      containing marijuana disclosures for participating health providers was 1.8+/
      1.4. In 48% of these 90 visits, obstetric health care providers did not respond
      to marijuana use disclosures or offer counseling. When counseling was offered, it
      consisted of general statements without specific information on the risks or
      outcomes related to marijuana use in pregnancy, discussions regarding the need
      for urine toxicology testing, and warnings that use detected at the time of
      delivery would initiate child protective services involvement. CONCLUSION:
      Obstetric health care provider responses to disclosure of marijuana use occurred
      in approximately half of patient encounters when marijuana use was disclosed and
      focused on legal and procedural consequences with less focus on health or medical
      implications. Our results suggest a need for health care provider training on
      potential consequences of perinatal marijuana use and communication skills for
      counseling patients about perinatal marijuana.

PMID- 26959211
TI  - Child Brides, Forced Marriage, and Partner Violence in America: Tip of an Iceberg
      Revealed.
AB  - Forced marriage is a violation of human rights and thwarts personal safety and
      well-being. Child brides are at higher risk of intimate partner violence (IPV)
      and often are unable to effectively negotiate safe sex, leaving them vulnerable
      to sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, and
      early pregnancy. The prevalence of forced marriage and child marriage in the
      United States is unknown. The intersection of forced marriage and child marriage
      and IPV is equally unknown. When 277 mothers who reported IPV to shelter or
      justice services were asked about a forced marriage attempt, frequency and
      severity of IPV, mental health status, and behavioral functioning of their child,
      47 (17%) reported a forced marriage attempt with 45% of the women younger than 18
      years of age at the time of the attempt. Among the 47 women, 11 (23%) reported
      death threats, 20 (43%) reported marriage to the person, and 28 (60%) reported a
      pregnancy. Women younger than 18 years reported more threats of isolation and
      economic deprivation associated with the attempt as well as pressure from parents
      to marry. Regardless of age, women experiencing a forced marriage attempt
      reported more intimate partner sexual abuse, somatization, and behavior problems
      for their children. Forced marriage attempts occurred to one in six women (17%)
      reporting IPV and are associated with worse functioning for mother and child. The
      frequent occurrence and associated effect of forced marriage attempts to maternal
      child functioning indicates routine assessment for a forced marriage attempt as
      part of comprehensive care for women reporting IPV. 

PMID- 26959212
TI  - Umbilical Cord Venous Lactate for Predicting Arterial Lactic Acidemia and
      Neonatal Morbidity at Term.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the utility of umbilical venous lactate, more readily
      available than umbilical cord arterial lactate, for predicting arterial lactic
      acidemia and neonatal outcomes at term. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort
      study of consecutive, nonanomalous, singleton, term births after labor in a large
      academic medical center (2009-2014). Umbilical arterial and venous lactate were
      measured immediately after delivery, before knowledge of neonatal outcomes. The
      outcome measures were arterial lactic acidemia (greater than 3.9 mmol/L) and a
      composite neonatal outcome consisting of neonatal death and any of a number of
      neonatal morbidities including intubation, mechanical ventilation, meconium
      aspiration syndrome, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and therapeutic
      hypothermia. Predictive ability of venous lactate was estimated using the area
      under the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Among 7,741 births,
      venous lactate was strongly predictive of arterial lactic acidemia (area under
      the curve 0.958). The "optimal" cut point of venous lactate for predicting both
      arterial lactic acidemia and the composite neonatal outcome was 3.4 mmol/L. This
      predicted arterial lactic acidemia with sensitivity of 87.0% and specificity of
      91.3%. Positive and negative predictive values were 79.9% and 94.7%,
      respectively. The composite neonatal outcome occurred in 104 neonates (1.3%).
      Compared with arterial lactate, venous lactate predicted the composite neonatal
      outcome with comparable sensitivity (75.0% compared with 74.0%, P>.99) but
      slightly lower specificity (69.7% compared with 72.2%, P<.01). CONCLUSION:
      Umbilical venous lactate strongly predicts arterial lactic acidemia and is
      comparable with arterial lactate for predicting neonatal morbidity at term. It
      could be used as a measure of neonatal morbidity when arterial blood is not
      available.

PMID- 26959214
TI  - Local Access to Family Planning Services and Female High School Dropout Rates.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess whether geographic access to family planning services is
      associated with a reduced female high school dropout rate. METHODS: We conducted
      a retrospective cross-sectional study. We merged the location of Planned
      Parenthood and Title X clinics with microdata from the 2012-2013 American
      Community Surveys. The association between female high school dropout rates and
      local clinic access was assessed using nearest-neighbor matching estimation.
      Models included various covariates to account for sociodemographic differences
      across communities and male high school dropout rates to account for unmeasured
      community characteristics affecting educational outcomes. RESULTS: Our sample
      included 284,910 16- to 22-year-old females. The presence of a Planned Parenthood
      clinic was associated with a decrease (4.08% compared with 4.83%; relative risk
      ratio 0.84, P<.001) in female high school dropout rates. This association was
      consistent across several model specifications. The presence of a Title X clinic
      was associated with a decrease (4.79% compared with 5.07%; relative risk ratio
      0.94, P=.03) in female high school dropout rates, an association that did not
      remain significant across model specifications. CONCLUSION: Local access to
      Planned Parenthood is associated with lower high school dropout rates in young
      women.

PMID- 26959213
TI  - Association of the Duration of Active Pushing With Obstetric Outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the associations between the duration of active pushing
      during the second stage of labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: We
      performed an observational study in which data were obtained by trained
      abstractors from maternal and neonatal charts of deliveries at 25 hospitals over
      a 3-year period. In this secondary analysis, women with no prior cesarean
      delivery who had a term, singleton, cephalic gestation and reached complete
      dilation were analyzed. The duration of pushing, defined as the time from
      initiation of pushing to either vaginal delivery or the decision to proceed with
      a cesarean delivery, was determined. The primary maternal outcome was cesarean
      delivery and the primary neonatal outcome was a composite that included:
      mechanical ventilation, proven sepsis, brachial plexus palsy, clavicular
      fracture, skull fracture, other fracture, seizures, hypoxic-ischemic
      encephalopathy, or death. Nulliparous and parous women were analyzed separately
      in univariable and then multivariable analyses. RESULTS: A total of 53,285 women
      were analyzed. In both nulliparous and parous women, longer duration of pushing
      was associated with increased odds of both cesarean delivery and the neonatal
      adverse outcome composite. Nevertheless, even after 4 hours of pushing,
      approximately 78% of nulliparous women who continued with active pushing had a
      vaginal delivery and more than 97% did not have the composite adverse neonatal
      outcome. Similarly, after more than 2 hours of pushing, approximately 82% of
      parous women who continued active pushing delivered vaginally and more than 97%
      did not have the adverse neonatal outcome. CONCLUSION: A longer duration of
      pushing is associated with an increased relative risk, but small absolute
      difference in risk, of neonatal complications. Approximately 78% of nulliparous
      women delivered vaginally even after 4 hours of pushing.

PMID- 26959215
TI  - Transforming Clinical Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Gone Is the Day of
      the Sage on the Stage.
AB  - Many traditional approaches to clinical education today are outdated and
      inefficient with disruptive changes on the horizon. Millennials are the new wave
      of learners in health care and do not learn the same way as their older faculty.
      Merging health care systems are moving to standardizations of care and reduction
      of errors, and health care providers are going to be increasingly held more
      accountable for their clinical outcomes. Computers, digitalization, and
      connectivity are revolutionizing learning environments, and simulation learning
      in the form of trainers, mannequins, and team training is already widespread.
      Newer technologies like virtual and augmented reality are beginning to be used
      for clinical education and will be a more efficient and standardized way of
      providing simulation learning. Emerging technologies like holograms and head
      mounted displays will follow soon after and be even more disruptive. Faculty and
      mentors will always be crucial to learning in health care but will be empowered
      to teach in more focused and comprehensive ways. The educational model of the
      future will be a hybrid model of experienced faculty, interactive learning, and
      innovative and emerging technology. It is time we start to train health care
      providers for their future, not our past. 

PMID- 26959216
TI  - The Case of Mr. George.

PMID- 26959218
TI  - What Is New in Prevention of Ovarian Cancer?: Best Articles From the Past Year.
AB  - This month we focus on current research in preventing ovarian cancer. Dr. Schorge
      discusses four recent publications, which are concluded with a "bottom line" that
      is the take-home message. The complete reference for each can be found in on this
      page, along with direct links to the abstracts. 

PMID- 26959219
TI  - Pessary for Twins: If Ever, Not Yet.

PMID- 26959220
TI  - Super-Robust Polylactide Barrier Films by Building Densely Oriented Lamellae
      Incorporated with Ductile in Situ Nanofibrils of Poly(butylene adipate-co
      terephthalate).
AB  - Remarkable combination of excellent gas barrier performance, high strength, and
      toughness was realized in polylactide (PLA) composite films by constructing the
      supernetworks of oriented and pyknotic crystals with the assistance of ductile in
      situ nanofibrils of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). On the basis
      that the permeation of gas molecules through polymer materials with anisotropic
      structure would be more frustrated, we believe that oriented crystalline textures
      cooperating with inerratic amorphism can be favorable for the enhancement of gas
      barrier property. By taking full advantage of intensively elongational flow
      field, the dispersed phase of PBAT in situ forms into nanofibrils, and
      simultaneously sufficient row-nuclei for PLA are induced. After appropriate
      thermal treatment with the acceleration effect of PBAT on PLA crystallization,
      oriented lamellae of PLA tend to be more perfect in a preferential direction and
      constitute into a kind of network interconnecting with each other. At the same
      time, the molecular chains between lamellae tend to be more extended. This unique
      structure manifests superior ability in ameliorating the performance of PLA film.
      The oxygen permeability coefficient can be achieved as low as 2 * 10(-15) cm(3)
      cm cm(-2) s(-1) Pa(-1), combining with the high strength, modulus, and ductility
      (104.5 MPa, 3484 MPa, and 110.6%, respectively). The methodology proposed in this
      work presents an industrially scalable processing method to fabricate super
      robust PLA barrier films. It would indeed push the usability of biopolymers
      forward, and certainly prompt wider application of biodegradable polymers in the
      fields of environmental protection such as food packaging, medical packaging, and
      biodegradable mulch. 

PMID- 26959221
TI  - The Honey Bee Pathosphere of Mongolia: European Viruses in Central Asia.
AB  - Parasites and pathogens are apparent key factors for the detrimental health of
      managed European honey bee subspecies, Apis mellifera. Apicultural trade is
      arguably the main factor for the almost global distribution of most honey bee
      diseases, thereby increasing chances for multiple infestations/infections of
      regions, apiaries, colonies and even individual bees. This imposes difficulties
      to evaluate the effects of pathogens in isolation, thereby creating demand to
      survey remote areas. Here, we conducted the first comprehensive survey for 14
      honey bee pathogens in Mongolia (N = 3 regions, N = 9 locations, N = 151
      colonies), where honey bee colonies depend on humans to overwinter. In Mongolia,
      honey bees, Apis spp., are not native and colonies of European A. mellifera
      subspecies have been introduced ~60 years ago. Despite the high detection power
      and large sample size across Mongolian regions with beekeeping, the mite Acarapis
      woodi, the bacteria Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, the
      microsporidian Nosema apis, Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus, Israeli
      acute paralysis virus and Lake Sinai virus strain 2 were not detected, suggesting
      that they are either very rare or absent. The mite Varroa destructor, Nosema
      ceranae and four viruses (Sacbrood virus, Black queen cell virus, Deformed wing
      virus (DWV) and Chronic bee paralysis virus) were found with different
      prevalence. Despite the positive correlation between the prevalence of V.
      destructor mites and DWV, some areas had only mites, but not DWV, which is most
      likely due to the exceptional isolation of apiaries (up to 600 km). Phylogenetic
      analyses of the detected viruses reveal their clustering and European origin,
      thereby supporting the role of trade for pathogen spread and the isolation of
      Mongolia from South-Asian countries. In conclusion, this survey reveals the
      distinctive honey bee pathosphere of Mongolia, which offers opportunities for
      exciting future research. 

PMID- 26959222
TI  - Medical Student Perceptions of the Learning Environment at the End of the First
      Year: A 28-Medical School Collaborative.
AB  - PURPOSE: Accreditation and professional organizations have recognized the
      importance of measuring medical students' perceptions of the learning
      environment, which influences well-being and professional competency development,
      to optimize professional development. This study was conducted to explore
      interactions between students' perceptions of the medical school learning
      environment, student demographic variables, and students' professional attributes
      of empathy, coping, tolerance of ambiguity, and patient-centeredness to provide
      ideas for improving the learning environment. METHOD: Twenty-eight medical
      schools at 38 campuses recruited 4,664 entering medical students to participate
      in the two-cohort longitudinal study (2010-2014 or 2011-2015). The authors
      employed chi-square tests and analysis of variance to examine the relationship
      between Medical School Learning Environment Survey (MSLES) scores and student
      characteristics. The authors used mixed-effects models with random school and
      campus effects to test the overall variances accounted for in MSLES scores at the
      end of the first year of medical school. RESULTS: Student attributes and
      demographic characteristics differed significantly across schools but accounted
      for only 2.2% of the total variance in MSLES scores. Medical school campus
      explained 15.6% of the variance in MSLES scores. CONCLUSIONS: At year's end,
      students' perceptions toward the learning environment, as reported on the MSLES,
      differed significantly according to the medical school campus where they trained.
      Further studies are needed to identify specific factors, such as grading
      policies, administrative support, and existence of learning communities, which
      may influence perceptions of the learning environment at various schools.
      Identifying such variables would assist schools in developing a positive learning
      environment.

PMID- 26959223
TI  - Reflections From the Intersection of Health Professions Education and Clinical
      Practice: The State of the Science of Interprofessional Education and
      Collaborative Practice.
AB  - This informed reflection, from the intersection of health professions education
      and clinical practice, takes stock of the state of the field of interprofessional
      education (IPE) and collaborative practice (CP) (together IPECP) by answering the
      following three questions: (1) As a field of study, where is IPECP? (2) As a
      research enterprise, what are the current analytical gaps? (3) Scientifically,
      what needs to be done going forward? While IPE and CP, as well as IPECP, have
      been areas of scholarly inquiry for nearly 50 years, they have collectively and
      individually had a limited sphere of influence. Analytical gaps identified
      include little research dealing with big picture health-related outcomes; mixed
      results on the effectiveness of health care teams; increasing recognition that
      additional IPECP competencies might be needed; a gap between the identification
      and application of educational best practices; and the need for sound, reliable,
      and validated tools for measuring IPECP. The authors outline the work of the
      National Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education at the University of
      Minnesota, which is focused on filling the identified analytical gaps by way of
      strategic actions organized around three domains-(1) developing an IPECP research
      agenda, (2) nurturing IPECP intervention research grounded in comparative
      effectiveness research study designs and the assumptions of critical realism, and
      (3) the creation of a sound informatics platform. The authors argue that filling
      these gaps is important because if the effectiveness of IPE on CP and of CP on
      health outcomes is ever to be ascertained, generalizable findings are paramount.

PMID- 26959224
TI  - The Role for Virtual Patients in the Future of Medical Education.
AB  - The medical education community is working-across disciplines and across the
      continuum-to address the current challenges facing the medical education system
      and to implement strategies to improve educational outcomes. Educational
      technology offers the promise of addressing these important challenges in ways
      not previously possible. The authors propose a role for virtual patients (VPs),
      which they define as multimedia, screen-based interactive patient scenarios. They
      believe VPs offer capabilities and benefits particularly well suited to
      addressing the challenges facing medical education. Well-designed, interactive VP
      based learning activities can promote the deep learning that is needed to handle
      the rapid growth in medical knowledge. Clinically oriented learning from VPs can
      capture intrinsic motivation and promote mastery learning. VPs can also enhance
      trainees' application of foundational knowledge to promote the development of
      clinical reasoning, the foundation of medical practice. Although not the entire
      solution, VPs can support competency-based education. The data created by the use
      of VPs can serve as the basis for multi-institutional research that will enable
      the medical education community both to better understand the effectiveness of
      educational interventions and to measure progress toward an improved system of
      medical education.

PMID- 26959225
TI  - Building a Framework of Entrustable Professional Activities, Supported by
      Competencies and Milestones, to Bridge the Educational Continuum.
AB  - The transition to competency-based medical education (CBME) and adoption of the
      foundational domains of competence by the Accreditation Council for Graduate
      Medical Education, Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), and American
      Board of Medical Specialties' certification and maintenance of certification
      (MOC) programs provided an unprecedented opportunity for the pediatrics community
      to create a model of learning and assessment across the continuum. Two frameworks
      for assessment in CBME have been promoted: (1) entrustable professional
      activities (EPAs) and (2) milestones that define a developmental trajectory for
      individual competencies. EPAs are observable and measureable units of work that
      can be mapped to competencies and milestones critical to performing them safely
      and effectively.The pediatrics community integrated the two frameworks to create
      a potential pathway of learning and assessment across the continuum from
      undergraduate medical education (UME) to graduate medical education (GME) and
      from GME to practice. The authors briefly describe the evolution of the
      Pediatrics Milestone Project and the process for identifying EPAs for the
      specialty and subspecialties of pediatrics. The method of integrating EPAs with
      competencies and milestones through a mapping process is discussed, and an
      example is provided. The authors illustrate the alignment of the AAMC's Core EPAs
      for Entering Residency with the general pediatrics EPAs and, in turn, the
      alignment of the latter with the subspecialty EPAs, thus helping build the bridge
      between UME and GME. The authors propose how assessment in GME, based on EPAs and
      milestones, can guide MOC to complete the bridge across the education continuum.

PMID- 26959226
TI  - Voltage-Controlled Interfacial Layering in an Ionic Liquid on SrTiO3.
AB  - One prominent structural feature of ionic liquids near surfaces is formation of
      alternating layers of anions and cations. However, how this layering responds to
      an applied potential is poorly understood. We focus on the structure of 1-butyl-1
      methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate (BMPY-FAP) near the
      surface of a strontium titanate (SrTiO3) electric double-layer transistor. Using
      X-ray reflectivity, we show that at positive bias the individual layers in the
      ionic liquid double layer thicken and the layering persists further away from the
      interface. We model the reflectivity using a modified distorted crystal model
      with alternating cation and anion layers, which allows us to extract the charge
      density and the potential near the surface. We find that the charge density is
      strongly oscillatory with and without applied potential and that with an applied
      gate bias of 4.5 V the first two layers become significantly more cation rich
      than at zero bias, accumulating about 2.5 * 10(13) cm(-2) excess charge density.

PMID- 26959227
TI  - TGN1412 Induces Lymphopenia and Human Cytokine Release in a Humanized Mouse
      Model.
AB  - Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as the superagonistic, CD28
      specific antibody TGN1412, or OKT3, an anti-CD3 mAb, can cause severe adverse
      events including cytokine release syndrome. A predictive model for mAb-mediated
      adverse effects, for which no previous knowledge on severe adverse events to be
      expected or on molecular mechanisms underlying is prerequisite, is not available
      yet. We used a humanized mouse model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell
      reconstituted NOD-RAG1-/-Abeta-/-HLADQ(tg+ or tg-)IL-2Rgammac-/- mice to evaluate
      its predictive value for preclinical testing of mAbs. 2-6 hours after TGN1412
      treatment, mice showed a loss of human CD45+ cells from the peripheral blood and
      loss of only human T cells after OKT3 injection, reminiscent of effects observed
      in mAb-treated humans. Moreover, upon OKT3 injection we detected selective CD3
      downmodulation on T cells, a typical effect of OKT3. Importantly, we detected
      release of human cytokines in humanized mice upon both OKT3 and TGN1412
      application. Finally, humanized mice showed severe signs of illness, a rapid drop
      of body temperature, and succumbed to antibody application 2-6 hours after
      administration. Hence, the humanized mouse model used here reproduces several
      effects and adverse events induced in humans upon application of the therapeutic
      mAbs OKT3 and TGN1412. 

PMID- 26959228
TI  - Hierarchy Low CD4+/CD8+ T-Cell Counts and IFN-gamma Responses in HIV-1+
      Individuals Correlate with Active TB and/or M.tb Co-Infection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Detailed studies of correlation between HIV-M.tb co-infection and
      hierarchy declines of CD8+/CD4+ T-cell counts and IFN-gamma responses have not
      been done. We conducted case-control studies to address this issue. METHODS: 164
      HIV-1-infected individuals comprised of HIV-1+ATB, HIV-1+LTB and HIV-1+TB- groups
      were evaluated. Immune phenotyping and complete blood count (CBC) were employed
      to measure CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts; T.SPOT.TB and intracellular cytokine
      staining (ICS) were utilized to detect ESAT6, CFP10 or PPD-specific IFN-gamma
      responses. RESULTS: There were significant differences in median CD4+ T-cell
      counts between HIV-1+ATB (164/MUL), HIV-1+LTB (447/MUL) and HIV-1+TB- (329/MUL)
      groups. Hierarchy low CD4+ T-cell counts (<200/MUL, 200-500/MUL, >500/MUL) were
      correlated significantly with active TB but not M.tb co-infection. Interestingly,
      hierarchy low CD8+ T-cell counts were not only associated significantly with
      active TB but also with M.tb co-infection (P<0.001). Immunologically, HIV-1+ATB
      group showed significantly lower numbers of ESAT-6-/CFP-10-specific IFN-gamma+ T
      cells than HIV-1+LTB group. Consistently, PPD-specific IFN-gamma+CD4+/CD8+ T
      effector cells in HIV-1+ATB group were significantly lower than those in HIV
      1+LTB group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hierarchy low CD8+ T-cell counts and effector
      function in HIV-1-infected individuals are correlated with both M.tb co-infection
      and active TB. Hierarchy low CD4+ T-cell counts and Th1 effector function in HIV
      1+ individuals are associated with increased frequencies of active TB, but not
      M.tb co-infection.

PMID- 26959230
TI  - Identification of Analytical Factors Affecting Complex Proteomics Profiles
      Acquired in a Factorial Design Study with Analysis of Variance: Simultaneous
      Component Analysis.
AB  - Complex shotgun proteomics peptide profiles obtained in quantitative differential
      protein expression studies, such as in biomarker discovery, may be affected by
      multiple experimental factors. These preanalytical factors may affect the
      measured protein abundances which in turn influence the outcome of the associated
      statistical analysis and validation. It is therefore important to determine which
      factors influence the abundance of peptides in a complex proteomics experiment
      and to identify those peptides that are most influenced by these factors. In the
      current study we analyzed depleted human serum samples to evaluate experimental
      factors that may influence the resulting peptide profile such as the residence
      time in the autosampler at 4  degrees C, stopping or not stopping the trypsin
      digestion with acid, the type of blood collection tube, different hemolysis
      levels, differences in clotting times, the number of freeze-thaw cycles, and
      different trypsin/protein ratios. To this end we used a two-level fractional
      factorial design of resolution IV (2(IV)(7-3)). The design required analysis of
      16 samples in which the main effects were not confounded by two-factor
      interactions. Data preprocessing using the Threshold Avoiding Proteomics Pipeline
      (Suits, F.; Hoekman, B.; Rosenling, T.; Bischoff, R.; Horvatovich, P. Anal. Chem.
      2011, 83, 7786-7794, ref 1) produced a data-matrix containing quantitative
      information on 2,559 peaks. The intensity of the peaks was log-transformed, and
      peaks having intensities of a low t-test significance (p-value > 0.05) and a low
      absolute fold ratio (<2) between the two levels of each factor were removed. The
      remaining peaks were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)-simultaneous
      component analysis (ASCA). Permutation tests were used to identify which of the
      preanalytical factors influenced the abundance of the measured peptides most
      significantly. The most important preanalytical factors affecting peptide
      intensity were (1) the hemolysis level, (2) stopping trypsin digestion with acid,
      and (3) the trypsin/protein ratio. This provides guidelines for the
      experimentalist to keep the ratio of trypsin/protein constant and to control the
      trypsin reaction by stopping it with acid at an accurately set pH. The hemolysis
      level cannot be controlled tightly as it depends on the status of a patient's
      blood (e.g., red blood cells are more fragile in patients undergoing
      chemotherapy) and the care with which blood was sampled (e.g., by avoiding shear
      stress). However, its level can be determined with a simple UV spectrophotometric
      measurement and samples with extreme levels or the peaks affected by hemolysis
      can be discarded from further analysis. The loadings of the ASCA model led to
      peptide peaks that were most affected by a given factor, for example, to
      hemoglobin-derived peptides in the case of the hemolysis level. Peak intensity
      differences for these peptides were assessed by means of extracted ion
      chromatograms confirming the results of the ASCA model.

PMID- 26959229
TI  - AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 Intersects Hormonal Signals in the Regulation of Tomato
      Fruit Ripening.
AB  - The involvement of ethylene in fruit ripening is well documented, though
      knowledge regarding the crosstalk between ethylene and other hormones in ripening
      is lacking. We discovered that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2A (ARF2A), a recognized
      auxin signaling component, functions in the control of ripening. ARF2A expression
      is ripening regulated and reduced in the rin, nor and nr ripening mutants. It is
      also responsive to exogenous application of ethylene, auxin and abscisic acid
      (ABA). Over-expressing ARF2A in tomato resulted in blotchy ripening in which
      certain fruit regions turn red and possess accelerated ripening. ARF2A over
      expressing fruit displayed early ethylene emission and ethylene signaling
      inhibition delayed their ripening phenotype, suggesting ethylene dependency. Both
      green and red fruit regions showed the induction of ethylene signaling components
      and master regulators of ripening. Comprehensive hormone profiling revealed that
      altered ARF2A expression in fruit significantly modified abscisates, cytokinins
      and salicylic acid while gibberellic acid and auxin metabolites were unaffected.
      Silencing of ARF2A further validated these observations as reducing ARF2A
      expression let to retarded fruit ripening, parthenocarpy and a disturbed hormonal
      profile. Finally, we show that ARF2A both homodimerizes and interacts with the
      ABA STRESS RIPENING (ASR1) protein, suggesting that ASR1 might be linking ABA and
      ethylene-dependent ripening. These results revealed that ARF2A interconnects
      signals of ethylene and additional hormones to co-ordinate the capacity of fruit
      tissue to initiate the complex ripening process. 

PMID- 26959232
TI  - HPV Serology Testing Confirms High HPV Immunisation Coverage in England.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reported human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage in England
      is high, particularly in girls offered routine immunisation at age 12 years.
      Serological surveillance can be used to validate reported coverage and explore
      variations within it and changes in serological markers over time. METHODS:
      Residual serum specimens collected from females aged 15-19 years in 2010-2011
      were tested for anti-HPV16 and HPV18 IgG by ELISA. Based on these results,
      females were classified as follows: seronegative, probable natural infection,
      probable vaccine-induced seropositivity, or possible natural infection/possible
      vaccine-induced seropositivity. The proportion of females with vaccine-induced
      seropositivity was compared to the reported vaccination coverage. RESULTS: Of
      2146 specimens tested, 1380 (64%) were seropositive for both types HPV16 and
      HPV18 and 159 (7.4%) positive for only one HPV type. The IgG concentrations were
      far higher for those positive for both HPV types than those positive for only one
      HPV type. 1320 (62%) females were considered to have probable vaccine-induced
      seropositivity. Among vaccine-induced seropositives, antibody concentrations
      declined with increasing age at vaccination and increasing time since
      vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of females with vaccine-induced
      seropositivity was closest to the reported 3-dose coverage in those offered the
      vaccination at younger ages, with a greater discrepancy in the older females.
      This suggests either some under-reporting of immunisations of older females
      and/or that partial vaccination (i.e. one- or two-doses) has provided high
      antibody responses in 13-17 year olds.

PMID- 26959231
TI  - Detection of Prokaryotic Genes in the Amphimedon queenslandica Genome.
AB  - Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is common between prokaryotes and phagotrophic
      eukaryotes. In metazoans, the scale and significance of HGT remains largely
      unexplored but is usually linked to a close association with parasites and
      endosymbionts. Marine sponges (Porifera), which host many microorganisms in their
      tissues and lack an isolated germ line, are potential carriers of genes
      transferred from prokaryotes. In this study, we identified a number of potential
      horizontally transferred genes within the genome of the sponge, Amphimedon
      queenslandica. We further identified homologs of some of these genes in other
      sponges. The transferred genes, most of which possess catalytic activity for
      carbohydrate or protein metabolism, have assimilated host genome characteristics
      and are actively expressed. The diversity of functions contributed by the
      horizontally transferred genes is likely an important factor in the adaptation
      and evolution of A. queenslandica. These findings highlight the potential
      importance of HGT on the success of sponges in diverse ecological niches. 

PMID- 26959233
TI  - Multisensory Tracking of Objects in Darkness: Capture of Positive Afterimages by
      the Tactile and Proprioceptive Senses.
AB  - This paper reports on three experiments investigating the contribution of
      different sensory modalities to the tracking of objects moved in total darkness.
      Participants sitting in the dark were exposed to a brief, bright flash which
      reliably induced a positive visual afterimage of the scene so illuminated. If the
      participants subsequently move their hand in the darkness, the visual afterimage
      of that hand fades or disappears; this is presumably due to conflict between the
      illusory visual afterimage (of the hand in its original location) and other
      information (e.g., proprioceptive) from a general mechanism for tracking body
      parts. This afterimage disappearance effect also occurs for held objects which
      are moved in the dark, and some have argued that this represents a case of body
      schema extension, i.e. the rapid incorporation of held external objects into the
      body schema. We demonstrate that the phenomenon is not limited to held objects
      and occurs in conditions where incorporation into the body schema is unlikely.
      Instead, we propose that the disappearance of afterimages of objects moved in
      darkness comes from a general mechanism for object tracking which integrates
      input from multiple sensory systems. This mechanism need not be limited to
      tracking body parts, and thus we need not invoke body schema extension to explain
      the afterimage disappearance. In this series of experiments, we test whether
      auditory feedback of object movement can induce afterimage disappearance,
      demonstrate that the disappearance effect scales with the magnitude of
      proprioceptive feedback, and show that tactile feedback alone is sufficient for
      the effect. Together, these data demonstrate that the visual percept of a
      positive afterimage is constructed not just from visual input of the scene when
      light reaches the eyes, but in conjunction with input from multiple other senses.

PMID- 26959234
TI  - Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancers among Patients with Appendectomy: A Large-Scale
      Swedish Register-Based Cohort Study during 1970-2009.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Removal of the appendix might induce physiological changes in the
      gastrointestinal tract, and subsequently play a role in carcinogenesis.
      Therefore, we conducted a nationwide register-based cohort study in Sweden to
      investigate whether appendectomy is associated with altered risks of
      gastrointestinal cancers. METHODS: A population-based cohort study was conducted
      using the Swedish national registries, including 480,382 eligible patients
      followed during the period of 1970-2009 for the occurrence of site-specific
      gastrointestinal cancer (esophageal/gastric/colon/rectal cancer). Outcome and
      censoring information was collected by linkage to health and demography
      registers. We examined the incidence of appendectomy in Sweden using data from
      1987-2009. We also calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the relative gastrointestinal cancer risk
      through comparison to the general population. RESULTS: We noted an overall
      decrease in the age-standardized incidence of appendectomy among the entire
      Swedish population from 189.3 to 105.6 per 100,000 individuals between 1987 and
      2009. Grouped by different discharge diagnosis, acute appendicitis, incidental
      appendectomy, and entirely negative appendectomy continuously decreased over the
      study period, while the perforation ratio (18%-23%) stayed relatively constant.
      Compared to the general population, no excess cancer risk was observed for
      gastrointestinal cancers under study with the exception of a marginally elevated
      risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma (SIR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.58). CONCLUSIONS: In
      Sweden, the incidence of appendectomy and acute appendicitis has decreased during
      1987-2009. No excess gastrointestinal cancer risks were observed among these
      appendectomized patients, with the possible exception of esophageal
      adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 26959235
TI  - Marine Mammal Brucella Reference Strains Are Attenuated in a BALB/c Mouse Model.
AB  - Brucellosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution with numerous animal host
      species. Since the novel isolation of Brucella spp. from marine mammals in 1994
      the bacteria have been isolated from various marine mammal hosts. The marine
      mammal reference strains Brucella pinnipedialis 12890 (harbour seal, Phoca
      vitulina) and Brucella ceti 12891 (harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena) were
      included in genus Brucella in 2007, however, their pathogenicity in the mouse
      model is pending. Herein this is evaluated in BALB/c mice with Brucella suis 1330
      as a control. Both marine mammal strains were attenuated, however, B. ceti was
      present at higher levels than B. pinnipedialis in blood, spleen and liver
      throughout the infection, in addition B. suis and B. ceti were isolated from
      brains and faeces at times with high levels of bacteraemia. In B. suis-infected
      mice serum cytokines peaked at day 7. In B. pinnipedialis-infected mice, levels
      were similar, but peaked predominantly at day 3 and an earlier peak in spleen
      weight likewise implied an earlier response. The inflammatory response induced
      pathology in the spleen and liver. In B. ceti-infected mice, most serum cytokine
      levels were comparable to those in uninfected mice, consistent with a limited
      inflammatory response, which also was indicated by restricted spleen and liver
      pathology. Specific immune responses against all three strains were detected in
      vitro after stimulation of splenocytes from infected mice with the homologous
      heat-killed brucellae. Antibody responses in vivo were also induced by the three
      brucellae. The immunological pattern of B. ceti in combination with persistence
      in organs and limited pathology has heretofore not been described for other
      brucellae. These two marine mammal wildtype strains show an attenuated pattern in
      BALB/c mice only previously described for Brucella neotomea. 

PMID- 26959236
TI  - The Quest for Comparability: Studying the Invariance of the Teachers' Sense of
      Self-Efficacy (TSES) Measure across Countries.
AB  - Teachers' self-efficacy is an important motivational construct that is positively
      related to a variety of outcomes for both the teachers and their students. This
      study addresses challenges associated with the commonly used 'Teachers' Sense of
      Self-Efficacy (TSES)' measure across countries and provides a synergism between
      substantive research on teachers' self-efficacy and the novel methodological
      approach of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). These challenges
      include adequately representing the conceptual overlap between the facets of self
      efficacy in a measurement model (cross-loadings) and comparing means and factor
      structures across countries (measurement invariance). On the basis of the OECD
      Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2013 data set comprising 32
      countries (N = 164,687), we investigate the effects of cross-loadings in the TSES
      measurement model on the results of measurement invariance testing and the
      estimation of relations to external constructs (i.e., working experience, job
      satisfaction). To further test the robustness of our results, we replicate the 32
      countries analyses for three selected sub-groups of countries (i.e., Nordic, East
      and South-East Asian, and Anglo-Saxon country clusters). For each of the TALIS
      2013 participating countries, we found that the factor structure of the self
      efficacy measure is better represented by ESEM than by confirmatory factor
      analysis (CFA) models that do not allow for cross-loadings. For both ESEM and
      CFA, only metric invariance could be achieved. Nevertheless, invariance levels
      beyond metric invariance are better achieved with ESEM within selected country
      clusters. Moreover, the existence of cross-loadings did not affect the relations
      between the dimensions of teachers' self-efficacy and external constructs.
      Overall, this study shows that a conceptual overlap between the facets of self
      efficacy exists and can be well-represented by ESEM. We further argue for the
      cross-cultural generalizability of the corresponding measurement model. 

PMID- 26959238
TI  - Initiation of cyp26a1 Expression in the Zebrafish Anterior Neural Plate by a
      Novel Cis-Acting Element.
AB  - Early patterning of the vertebrate neural plate involves a complex hierarchy of
      inductive interactions orchestrated by signalling molecules and their
      antagonists. The morphogen retinoic acid, together with the Cyp26 enzymes which
      degrade it, play a central role in this process. The cyp26a1 gene expressed in
      the anterior neural plate thus contributes to the fine modulation of the
      rostrocaudal retinoic acid gradient. Despite this important role of cyp26a1 in
      early brain formation, the mechanisms that control its expression in the anterior
      neural plate are totally unknown. Here, we present the isolation of a 310-base
      pair DNA element adjacent to cyp26a1 promoter, displaying enhancer activity
      restricted to the anterior neural plate of the zebrafish gastrula. We show that
      unlike that of cyp26a1, expression driven by this cyp26a1 anterior neural plate
      element (cANE) is independent of retinoic acid. Through deletion analysis, we
      identify a 12-nucleotide motif essential for cANE activity. A consensus bipartite
      binding site for SoxB:Oct transcription factors overlaps with this motif.
      Mutational analysis suggests that SoxB binding is essential for its activity. We
      discuss the contribution of this study to the elucidation of the regulatory
      hierarchy involved in early neural plate patterning. 

PMID- 26959237
TI  - Chemical and Hormonal Effects on STAT5b-Dependent Sexual Dimorphism of the Liver
      Transcriptome.
AB  - The growth hormone (GH)-activated transcription factor signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) is a key regulator of sexually dimorphic
      gene expression in the liver. Suppression of hepatic STAT5b signaling is
      associated with lipid metabolic dysfunction leading to steatosis and liver
      cancer. In the companion publication, a STAT5b biomarker gene set was identified
      and used in a rank-based test to predict both increases and decreases in liver
      STAT5b activation status/function with high (>= 97%) accuracy. Here, this
      computational approach was used to identify chemicals and hormones that activate
      (masculinize) or suppress (feminize) STAT5b function in a large, annotated mouse
      liver and primary hepatocyte gene expression compendium. Exposure to
      dihydrotestosterone and thyroid hormone caused liver masculinization, whereas
      glucocorticoids, fibroblast growth factor 15, and angiotensin II caused liver
      feminization. In mouse models of diabetes and obesity, liver feminization was
      consistently observed and was at least partially reversed by leptin or
      resveratrol exposure. Chemical-induced feminization of male mouse liver gene
      expression profiles was a relatively frequent phenomenon: of 156 gene expression
      biosets from chemically-treated male mice, 29% showed feminization of liver
      STAT5b function, while <1% showed masculinization. Most (93%) of the biosets that
      exhibited feminization of male liver were also associated with activation of one
      or more xenobiotic-responsive receptors, most commonly constitutive activated
      receptor (CAR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha).
      Feminization was consistently associated with increased expression of peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) but not other lipogenic
      transcription factors linked to steatosis. GH-activated STAT5b signaling in mouse
      liver is thus commonly altered by diverse chemicals, and provides a linkage
      between chemical exposure and dysregulated gene expression associated with
      adverse effects on the liver. 

PMID- 26959239
TI  - Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Inhaled Dry Powder Tobramycin Free
      Base in Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Patients.
AB  - RATIONALE: Bronchiectasis is a condition characterised by dilated and thick
      walled bronchi. The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchiectasis is
      associated with a higher hospitalisation frequency and a reduced quality of life,
      requiring frequent and adequate treatment with antibiotics. OBJECTIVES: To assess
      local tolerability and the pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled excipient free
      dry powder tobramycin as free base administered with the Cyclops dry powder
      inhaler to participants with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. The free base
      and absence of excipients reduces the inhaled powder dose. METHODS: Eight
      participants in the study were trained in handling the device and inhaling
      correctly. During drug administration the inspiratory flow curve was recorded.
      Local tolerability was assessed by spirometry and recording adverse events. Serum
      samples were collected before, and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 min; 4, 8 and
      12 h after inhalation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Dry powder tobramycin base was
      well tolerated and mild tobramycin-related cough was reported only once. A good
      drug dose-serum concentration correlation was obtained. Relatively small inhaled
      volumes were computed from the recorded flow curves, resulting in presumably
      substantial deposition in the central airways-i.e., at the site of infection.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this first study of inhaled dry powder tobramycin free base in
      non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis patients, the free base of tobramycin and the
      administration with the Cyclops dry powder device were well tolerated. Our data
      support further clinical studies to evaluate safety and efficacy of this compound
      in this population.

PMID- 26959240
TI  - High-Resolution Gene Flow Model for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Transgene
      Escape Based on Biological Parameters and Wind Speed.
AB  - Environmental impacts caused by transgene flow from genetically engineered (GE)
      crops to their wild relatives mediated by pollination are longstanding biosafety
      concerns worldwide. Mathematical modeling provides a useful tool for estimating
      frequencies of pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) that are critical for assessing
      such environmental impacts. However, most PMGF models are impractical for this
      purpose because their parameterization requires actual data from field
      experiments. In addition, most of these models are usually too general and
      ignored the important biological characteristics of concerned plant species; and
      therefore cannot provide accurate prediction for PMGF frequencies. It is
      necessary to develop more accurate PMGF models based on biological and climatic
      parameters that can be easily measured in situ. Here, we present a quasi
      mechanistic PMGF model that only requires the input of biological and wind speed
      parameters without actual data from field experiments. Validation of the quasi
      mechanistic model based on five sets of published data from field experiments
      showed significant correlations between the model-simulated and field
      experimental-generated PMGF frequencies. These results suggest accurate
      prediction for PMGF frequencies using this model, provided that the necessary
      biological parameters and wind speed data are available. This model can largely
      facilitate the assessment and management of environmental impacts caused by
      transgene flow, such as determining transgene flow frequencies at a particular
      spatial distance, and establishing spatial isolation between a GE crop and its
      coexisting non-GE counterparts and wild relatives. 

PMID- 26959241
TI  - Combinatorial Generation of Chemical Diversity by Redox Enzymes in Chaetoviridin
      Biosynthesis.
AB  - Chaetoviridins constitute a large family of structurally related secondary
      metabolites isolated from Chaetomium fungi. To elucidate the biosynthesis pathway
      and understand how the chemical diversity of chaetoviridins is generated, gene
      deletion and in vitro characterization of the four post-PKS modifications enzymes
      were undertaken. CazL and CazP were identified to have substrate promiscuity that
      facilitates the formation of nonchlorinated analogues. In addition, enzymatic
      oxidation and reduction combined with spontaneous dehydration and lactonization
      of the intermediates further expand the chemical diversity. 

PMID- 26959242
TI  - Efficient Heat-Bath Sampling in Fock Space.
AB  - We introduce an algorithm for sampling many-body quantum states in Fock space.
      The algorithm efficiently samples states with probability approximately
      proportional to an arbitrary function of the second-quantized Hamiltonian matrix
      element connecting the sampled state to the current state. We apply the new
      sampling algorithm to the recently developed semistochastic full configuration
      interaction quantum Monte Carlo (S-FCIQMC) method, a semistochastic
      implementation of the power method for projecting out the ground state energy in
      a basis of Slater determinants. Our new sampling method requires modest
      additional computational time and memory compared to uniform sampling but results
      in newly spawned weights that are approximately of the same magnitude, thereby
      greatly improving the efficiency of projection. A comparison in efficiency
      between our sampling algorithm and uniform sampling is performed on the all
      electron nitrogen dimer at equilibrium in Dunning's cc-pVXZ basis sets with X ?
      {D, T, Q, 5}, demonstrating a large gain in efficiency that increases with basis
      set size. In addition, a comparison in efficiency is performed on three all
      electron first-row dimers, B2, N2, and F2, in a cc-pVQZ basis, demonstrating that
      the gain in efficiency compared to uniform sampling also increases dramatically
      with the number of electrons. 

PMID- 26959243
TI  - Trends and Outcomes of Severe Sepsis in Patients on Maintenance Dialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Though the incidence of severe sepsis is rising, there is a lack of
      contemporary information regarding the epidemiology and outcomes of severe sepsis
      in those on maintenance dialysis. The objectives of this study were to measure
      the incidence and outcomes of severe sepsis in those on maintenance dialysis.
      METHODS: Using data from Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2005 to 2010,
      we included all hospitalizations of adults with severe sepsis based on the
      International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
      (ICD-9-CM) codes. Those on maintenance dialysis were identified by ICD-9-CM
      codes. We calculated incidence of severe sepsis and mortality. We used logistic
      regression to assess independent effect of maintenance dialysis status on
      mortality. RESULTS: Of the estimated 5,000,152 hospitalizations with severe
      sepsis, 322,734 (6.4%) were on maintenance dialysis. The unadjusted incidence of
      severe sepsis was 145.4 per 1,000 in those on maintenance dialysis in comparison
      to 3.5 per 1,000 in the general population. Mortality was higher in those with
      severe sepsis (30.3 vs. 26.2%; p < 0.001). Maintenance dialysis is an independent
      predictor of death in those with severe sepsis (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.23-1.29).
      CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalizations with severe sepsis are more prevalent and
      associated with poor outcomes in those on maintenance dialysis.

PMID- 26959244
TI  - Mutated Huntingtin Causes Testicular Pathology in Transgenic Minipig Boars.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease is induced by CAG expansion in a single gene
      coding the huntingtin protein. The mutated huntingtin (mtHtt) primarily causes
      degeneration of neurons in the brain, but it also affects peripheral tissues,
      including testes. OBJECTIVE: We studied sperm and testes of transgenic boars
      expressing the N-terminal region of human mtHtt. METHODS: In this study, measures
      of reproductive parameters and electron microscopy (EM) images of spermatozoa and
      testes of transgenic (TgHD) and wild-type (WT) boars of F1 (24-48 months old) and
      F2 (12-36 months old) generations were compared. In addition, immunofluorescence,
      immunohistochemistry, Western blot, hormonal analysis and whole-genome sequencing
      were done in order to elucidate the effects of mtHtt. RESULTS: Evidence for
      fertility failure of both TgHD generations was observed at the age of 13 months.
      Reproductive parameters declined and progressively worsened with age. EM revealed
      numerous pathological features in sperm tails and in testicular epithelium from
      24- and 36-month-old TgHD boars. Moreover, immunohistochemistry confirmed
      significantly lower proliferation activity of spermatogonia in transgenic testes.
      mtHtt was highly expressed in spermatozoa and testes of TgHD boars and localized
      in all cells of seminiferous tubules. Levels of fertility-related hormones did
      not differ in TgHD and WT siblings. Genome analysis confirmed that insertion of
      the lentiviral construct did not interrupt any coding sequence in the pig genome.
      CONCLUSIONS: The sperm and testicular degeneration of TgHD boars is caused by
      gain-of-function of the highly expressed mtHtt.

PMID- 26959245
TI  - Comparison of Peritoneal Low-Molecular-Weight-Protein-Removal in CCPD and CAPD
      Patients Based on C-Terminal Agrin Fragment Clearance.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study compares the peritoneal elimination of the low
      molecular-weight-protein (LMWP) C-terminal agrin fragment (tCAF, size 22 kDa), a
      promising biomarker for kidney function, in continuous cycling peritoneal
      dialysis (CCPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS:
      103 sets of serum, 24h-urine and dialysate samples were obtained in 15 CCPD (63
      sets) and 11 CAPD (40 sets) patients. Total, renal and peritoneal substrate
      removals/clearances were measured/calculated for tCAF, creatinine, blood-urea
      nitrogen (BUN), cystatin C and albumin and correlated with the peritoneal
      transport type. RESULTS: Serum und urine concentrations of all biomarkers did not
      differ between both groups, urinary substrate removal was higher in CAPD patients
      for all biomarkers due to better residual renal function. Peritoneal substrate
      removal of tCAF and albumin were significantly higher in CAPD (tCAF: 35.3 vs.
      19.3 ug/d, p<0.001; albumin: 4.3 vs. 3.7 g/d, p=0.001), whereas cystatin C and
      creatinine did not differ between CAPD and CCPD (cystatin: 7.7 vs. 6.1 mg/d,
      p=0.08, creatinine: 423.9 vs. 456.7 mg/d, p=0.241). BUN was better removed by
      CCPD (4846.6 vs. 3393.4 mg/d, p<0.001). CAPD patients with high-transporter
      characteristics had a higher peritoneal tCAF removal compared to high-average
      transporters (49.8 vs. 28.4 ug/d, p<0.001), no differences could be detected in
      CCPD patients between these groups. CAPD patients using icodextrin twice/day had
      higher peritoneal clearance of tCAF compared to once daily (4.4 vs. 2.8 l/wk/1.73
      m2 body-surface-area, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CAPD was superior to CCPD concerning
      peritoneal tCAF removal. This finding was pronounced in high-transporters and
      CAPD patients using icodextrin twice daily.

PMID- 26959246
TI  - Structure and Function of Benzylsuccinate Synthase and Related Fumarate-Adding
      Glycyl Radical Enzymes.
AB  - The pathway of anaerobic toluene degradation is initiated by a remarkable radical
      type enantiospecific addition of the chemically inert methyl group to the double
      bond of a fumarate cosubstrate to yield (R)-benzylsuccinate as the first
      intermediate, as catalyzed by the glycyl radical enzyme benzylsuccinate synthase.
      In recent years, it has become clear that benzylsuccinate synthase is the
      prototype enzyme of a much larger family of fumarate-adding enzymes, which play
      important roles in the anaerobic metabolism of further aromatic and even
      aliphatic hydrocarbons. We present an overview on the biochemical properties of
      benzylsuccinate synthase, as well as its recently solved structure, and present
      the results of an initial structure-based modeling study on the reaction
      mechanism. Moreover, we compare the structure of benzylsuccinate synthase with
      those predicted for different clades of fumarate-adding enzymes, in particular
      the paralogous enzymes converting p-cresol, 2-methylnaphthalene or n-alkanes. 

PMID- 26959247
TI  - The spectrum of transcatheter mitral valve replacement devices.
AB  - Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular heart disease. The gold standard
      for patients not suitable for valve repair is a surgical valve replacement. A
      significant proportion of patients, however are not referred for surgery due to
      comorbidities, advanced age or severe LV dysfunction. Transcatheter mitral valve
      replacement may be a viable therapeutic option for these high risk patients. With
      improvements in technology and data on the durability of the transcatheter mitral
      valve, this technology has the potential to be used in a lower risk population. A
      number of transcatheter systems have emerged recently and are at different stages
      of investigation. In this review, we outline the key elements and challenges of
      the transcatheter mitral valve design as well as the status of devices that have
      reached First in Man status. 

PMID- 26959248
TI  - Zika: The Tragedy and the Opportunities.

PMID- 26959251
TI  - Insuring Women in the United States Before, During, and After Pregnancies.

PMID- 26959253
TI  - Preventing Zika Virus Infections in Pregnant Women: An Urgent Public Health
      Priority.

PMID- 26959254
TI  - Mounting Evidence of the Effectiveness and Versatility of Community Health
      Workers.

PMID- 26959255
TI  - A Public Health of Consequence: Review of the April 2016 Issue of AJPH.

PMID- 26959256
TI  - A Call for Global Discussion on Universal Coverage.

PMID- 26959257
TI  - Aedes Rides Again: Mosquitoes and Flaviviruses in the Americas.

PMID- 26959258
TI  - Initial Description of the Presumed Congenital Zika Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To provide an initial description of the congenital syndrome
      presumably associated with infection by Zika virus compared with other syndromes
      including congenital infections of established etiologies. METHODS: We provide an
      overview of a published case series of 35 cases, a clinical series of 104 cases,
      and published and unpublished reports of clinical and laboratory findings
      describing cases diagnosed since the beginning of the epidemic of microcephaly in
      Brazil. RESULTS: About 60% to 70% of mothers report rash during pregnancy; mainly
      in the first trimester. Principal features are microcephaly, facial
      disproportionality, cutis girata, hypertonia/spasticity, hyperreflexia, and
      irritability; abnormal neuroimages include calcifications, ventriculomegaly, and
      lissencephaly. Hearing and visual abnormalities may be present. CONCLUSIONS:
      Preliminary data suggest that severe congenital abnormalities are linked to Zika
      virus infection. Cases have severe abnormalities, and although sharing many
      characteristics with congenital abnormalities associated with other viral
      infections, abnormalities presumably linked to the Zika virus may have
      distinguishing characteristics. These severe neurologic abnormalities may result
      in marked mental retardation and motor disabilities for many surviving offspring.
      POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Affected nations need to prepare to provide complex and
      costly multidisciplinary care that children diagnosed with this new congenital
      syndrome will require.

PMID- 26959259
TI  - The Epidemic of Zika Virus-Related Microcephaly in Brazil: Detection, Control,
      Etiology, and Future Scenarios.
AB  - We describe the epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil, its detection and attempts to
      control it, the suspected causal link with Zika virus infection during pregnancy,
      and possible scenarios for the future. In October 2015, in Pernambuco, Brazil, an
      increase in the number of newborns with microcephaly was reported. Mothers of the
      affected newborns reported rashes during pregnancy and no exposure to other
      potentially teratogenic agents. Women delivering in October would have been in
      the first trimester of pregnancy during the peak of a Zika epidemic in March. By
      the end of 2015, 4180 cases of suspected microcephaly had been reported. Zika
      spread to other American countries and, in February 2016, the World Health
      Organization declared the Zika epidemic a public health emergency of
      international concern. This unprecedented situation underscores the urgent need
      to establish the evidence of congenital infection risk by gestational week and
      accrue knowledge. There is an urgent call for a Zika vaccine, better diagnostic
      tests, effective treatment, and improved mosquito-control methods.

PMID- 26959261
TI  - A Three-Dimensional Action Plan to Raise the Quality of Care of US Correctional
      Health and Promote Alternatives to Incarceration.

PMID- 26959262
TI  - On the Distinction--or Lack of Distinction--Between Population Health and Public
      Health.

PMID- 26959260
TI  - History, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Zika: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe salient epidemiological characteristics of Zika virus
      outbreaks across the world and to examine the clinical presentations,
      complications, and atypical manifestations related to their occurrence in recent
      history. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature by searching
      through MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health Library, as well as the
      epidemiological bulletins and alerts from the World Health Organization, the Pan
      American Health Organization, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and
      Control over the period 1954 to 2016. RESULTS: The search yielded 547 records. We
      retained 333 for further analysis, to which we added 11 epidemiological bulletins
      from various sources. Of these, we systematically reviewed 52 articles and
      reports, revealing some epidemiological features and patterns of spread of the
      Zika virus worldwide, as well as pathological outcomes suspected to be linked to
      Zika outbreaks. Neurologic disorders among zika patients were similar in Brazil
      and French Polynesia but a causal link is not established. Incidence of zika
      infection in pregnant women is not known. In Brazil, during the zika outbreak the
      incidence of microcephaly increased more than 20 times. Among 35 infants with
      microcephaly, born from women suspected to have Zika infection during pregnancy
      in northeast Brazil, 74% of the mothers reported rash during the first and second
      trimester. CONCLUSIONS: On February 1, 2016, The World Health Organization
      declared the ongoing Zika crisis an emergency and that, although not yet
      scientifically proven, the link between the virus and growing numbers of
      microcephaly cases was "strongly suspected." However, the causal relationship
      between zika and microcephaly is not universally accepted. Public Health
      Implications. The current situation with regard to Zika is not encouraging,
      because there is no vaccine, no treatment, and no good serological test, and
      vector control remains a challenge.

PMID- 26959263
TI  - Public Health 3.0: Time for an Upgrade.

PMID- 26959264
TI  - My Walk to Water.

PMID- 26959265
TI  - Setting the Agenda for a New Discipline: Population Health Science.

PMID- 26959266
TI  - Affordable Housing: A Key Lever to Community Health for Older Americans.

PMID- 26959267
TI  - Addressing Health Disparities Is a Place-Based Issue.

PMID- 26959268
TI  - Keep the Whole City in Mind.

PMID- 26959269
TI  - Overcrowding and Mortality During the Influenza Pandemic of 1918.
AB  - The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people. Why was 1918
      such an outlier? I. W. Brewer, a US Army physician at Camp Humphreys, Virginia,
      during the First World War, investigated several factors suspected of increasing
      the risk of severe flu: length of service in the army, race, dirty dishes, flies,
      dust, crowding, and weather. Overcrowding stood out, increasing the risk of flu
      10-fold and the risk of flu complicated with pneumonia five-fold. Calculations
      made with Brewer's data show that the overall relationship between overcrowding
      and severe flu was highly significant (P < .001). Brewer's findings suggest that
      man-made conditions increased the severity of the pandemic flu illness.

PMID- 26959270
TI  - Community Vision and Interagency Alignment: A Community Planning Process to
      Promote Active Transportation.
AB  - In 2010, the Brooklyn Active Transportation Community Planning Initiative
      launched in 2 New York City neighborhoods. Over a 2-year planning period,
      residents participated in surveys, school and community forums, neighborhood
      street assessments, and activation events-activities that highlighted the need
      for safer streets locally. Consensus among residents and key multisectoral
      stakeholders, including city agencies and community-based organizations, was
      garnered in support of a planned expansion of bicycling infrastructure. The
      process of building on community assets and applying a collective impact approach
      yielded changes in the built environment, attracted new partners and resources,
      and helped to restore a sense of power among residents.

PMID- 26959274
TI  - Patterns of Health Insurance Coverage Around the Time of Pregnancy Among Women
      With Live-Born Infants--Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 29 States,
      2009.

PMID- 26959275
TI  - Garfield Responds.

PMID- 26959276
TI  - Nepal's Crises Threaten Gains in Public Health.

PMID- 26959277
TI  - Hypoglycemia and diabetes: increased need for awareness.
AB  - Hypoglycemia is an abnormally low plasma glucose concentration that may expose
      individuals to potential harm. It is associated with treatment of type 1 diabetes
      and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes-related hypoglycemia may result in various
      complications, reduced quality of life, and increased costs. Hypoglycemia,
      therefore, impacts patient management and must be considered by primary
      healthcare practitioners at the forefront of diabetes care. This paper reviews
      the impact of hypoglycemia on patients and healthcare practitioners in the
      clinical setting. Recognizing hypoglycemia and its risk factors and identifying
      high-risk patients can assist with prevention and management. Prevention rather
      than treatment of hypoglycemia is preferable by individualizing glycemic goals,
      considering hypoglycemia risk factors, and continuing professional support.
      Education of patients and healthcare practitioners is also a key factor in
      hypoglycemia prevention. Although several newer-generation therapies and
      treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes have a lower risk of hypoglycemia than
      established agents, long-term safety data are currently lacking. Thus, choice of
      therapy is important, with hypoglycemic risk varying according to drug selection.

PMID- 26959278
TI  - Magnetization transfer from inhomogeneously broadened lines (ihMT): Improved
      imaging strategy for spinal cord applications.
AB  - PURPOSE: Inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) shows great promise for
      specific imaging of myelinated tissues. Whereas the ihMT technique has been
      previously applied in brain applications, the current report presents a strategy
      for cervical spinal cord (SC) imaging free of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      pulsatility artifacts. METHODS: A pulsed ihMT preparation was combined with a
      single-shot HASTE readout. Electrocardiogram (ECG) synchronization was used to
      acquire all images during the quiescent phase of SC motion. However ihMT signal
      quantification errors may occur when a variable recovery delay is introduced in
      the sequence as a consequence of variable cardiac cycle. A semiautomatic
      retrospective correction algorithm, based on repetition time (TR) -matching, is
      proposed to correct for signal variations of long T1 -components (e.g., CSF).
      RESULTS: The proposed strategy combining ECG synchronization and retrospective
      data pairing led to clean SC images free of CSF artifacts. Lower variability of
      the ihMT metrics were obtained with the correction algorithm, and allowed for
      shorter TR to be used, hence improving signal-to-noise ratio efficiency.
      CONCLUSION: The proposed methodology enabled faster acquisitions, while offering
      robust ihMT quantification and exquisite SC image quality. This opens great
      perspectives for widening the in vivo characterization of SC physiopathology
      using MRI, such as studying white matter tracts microstructure or impairment in
      degenerative pathologies. Magn Reson Med 77:581-591, 2017. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26959280
TI  - Visualizing fungal metabolites during mycoparasitic interaction by MALDI mass
      spectrometry imaging.
AB  - Studying microbial interactions by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) directly
      from growing media is a difficult task if high sensitivity is demanded. We
      present a quick and robust sample preparation strategy for growing fungi
      (Trichoderma atroviride, Rhizoctonia solani) on glass slides to establish a
      miniaturized confrontation assay. By this we were able to visualize metabolite
      distributions by MALDI MSI after matrix deposition with a home-built sublimation
      device and thorough recrystallization. We present for the first time MALDI MSI
      data for secondary metabolite release during active mycoparasitism.

PMID- 26959279
TI  - Optogenetic and pharmacological evidence that somatostatin-GABA neurons are
      important regulators of parasympathetic outflow to the stomach.
AB  - KEY POINTS: The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) in the brainstem consists
      primarily of vagal preganglionic neurons that innervate postganglionic neurons of
      the upper gastrointestinal tract. The activity of the vagal preganglionic neurons
      is predominantly regulated by GABAergic transmission in the DMV. The present
      findings indicate that the overwhelming GABAergic drive present at the DMV is
      primarily from somatostatin positive GABA (Sst-GABA) DMV neurons. Activation of
      both melanocortin and MU-opioid receptors at the DMV inhibits Sst-GABA DMV
      neurons. Sst-GABA DMV neurons may serve as integrative targets for modulating
      vagal output activity to the stomach. ABSTRACT: We have previously shown that
      local GABA signalling in the brainstem is an important determinant of vagally
      mediated gastric activity. However, the neural identity of this GABA source is
      currently unknown. To determine this, we focused on the somatostatin positive
      GABA (Sst-GABA) interneuron in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), a
      nucleus that is intimately involved in regulating gastric activity. Also of
      particular interest was the effect of melanocortin and MU-opioid agonists on
      neural activity of Sst-GABA DMV neurons because their in vivo administration in
      the DMV mimics GABA blockade in the nucleus. Experiments were conducted in brain
      slice preparation of transgenic adult Sst-IRES-Cre mice expressing tdTomato
      fluorescence, channelrhodopsin-2, archaerhodopsin or GCaMP3. Electrophysiological
      recordings were obtained from Sst-GABA DMV neurons or DiI labelled gastric-antrum
      projecting DMV neurons. Our results show that optogenetic stimulation of Sst-GABA
      neurons results in a robust inhibition of action potentials of labelled premotor
      DMV neurons to the gastric-antrum through an increase in inhibitory post-synaptic
      currents. The activity of the Sst-GABA neurons in the DMV is inhibited by both
      melanocortin and MU-opioid agonists. These agonists counteract the pronounced
      inhibitory effect of Sst-GABA neurons on vagal pre-motor neurons in the DMV that
      control gastric motility. These observations demonstrate that Sst-GABA neurons in
      the brainstem are crucial for regulating the activity of gastric output neurons
      in the DMV. Additionally, they suggest that these neurons serve as targets for
      converging CNS signals to regulate parasympathetic gastric function.

PMID- 26959282
TI  - Structural and functional analysis of tomato beta-galactosidase 4: insight into
      the substrate specificity of the fruit softening-related enzyme.
AB  - Plant beta-galactosidases hydrolyze cell wall beta-(1,4)-galactans to play
      important roles in cell wall expansion and degradation, and turnover of signaling
      molecules, during ripening. Tomato beta-galactosidase 4 (TBG4) is an enzyme
      responsible for fruit softening through the degradation of beta-(1,4)-galactan in
      the pericarp cell wall. TBG4 is the only enzyme among TBGs 1-7 that belongs to
      the beta-galactosidase/exo-beta-(1,4)-galactanase subfamily. The enzyme can
      hydrolyze a wide range of plant-derived (1,4)- or 4-linked polysaccharides, and
      shows a strong ability to attack beta-(1,4)-galactan. To gain structural insight
      into its substrate specificity, we determined crystal structures of TBG4 and its
      complex with beta-d-galactose. TBG4 comprises a catalytic TIM barrel domain
      followed by three beta-sandwich domains. Three aromatic residues in the catalytic
      site that are thought to be important for substrate specificity are conserved in
      GH35 beta-galactosidases derived from bacteria, fungi and animals; however, the
      crystal structures of TBG4 revealed that the enzyme has a valine residue (V548)
      replacing one of the conserved aromatic residues. The V548W mutant of TBG4 showed
      a roughly sixfold increase in activity towards beta-(1,6)-galactobiose, and ~0.6
      fold activity towards beta-(1,4)-galactobiose, compared with wild-type TBG4.
      Amino acid residues corresponding to V548 of TBG4 thus appear to determine the
      substrate specificities of plant beta-galactosidases towards beta-1,4 and beta
      1,6 linkages.

PMID- 26959281
TI  - Concurrent TMPRSS2-ERG and SLC45A3-ERG rearrangements plus PTEN loss are not
      found in low grade prostate cancer and define an aggressive tumor subset.
AB  - BACKGROUND: SLC45A3 is the second most common ERG partner in prostate cancer
      (PrCa). Coexisting TMPRSS2 and SLC45A3 rearrangements are found in a subset of
      cases, but the meaning is still unknown. METHODS: SLC45A3-ERG and TMPRSS2-ERG
      rearrangements and their association with ERG and PTEN expression and with
      clinical and pathological features have been analyzed in 80 PrCa (PSMAR-Biobank,
      Barcelona, Spain). ERG and PTEN mRNA were assessed by qRT-PCR; TMPRSS2-ERG and
      SLC45A3-ERG by RT-PCR, FISH, and direct sequencing; and ERG expression by IHC.
      The endpoints were Gleason score (GS), stage, and PSA progression-free survival.
      RESULTS: Single TMPRSS2-ERG was found in 51.6% GS <= 7 and 22.2% GS >= 8 tumors
      (P = 0.027). SLC45A3-ERG was found in 25 cases, 20 of them with concurrent
      TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement: 11.5% GS = 6, 22.2% GS = 7, and 50% GS >= 8 tumors (P
      = 0.013). Double rearrangements were associated with higher levels of ERG mRNA (P
      = 0.04). Double rearrangement plus PTEN loss was detected in 0% GS = 6; 14.7% GS
      = 7, and 29.4% GS >= 8 tumors (P = 0.032). Furthermore, this triple change was
      present in 19.2% stage T3-4 but not in any of stage T2 tumors (P = 0.05). No
      relationship was found with PSA progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Single
      TMPRSS2-ERG translocation is associated with low grade PrCa. Subsequent
      development of SLC45A3-ERG results in higher ERG expression. The combination of
      double rearrangement plus PTEN loss, according to our series, is never found in
      low grade, low stage tumors. These findings could be potentially useful in
      therapeutic decision making in PrCa. Tumors with combined TMPRSS2-ERG/SLC45A3-ERG
      fusions plus PTEN loss should be excluded from watchful waiting and are
      candidates for intensive therapy. Prostate 76:854-865, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26959283
TI  - A novel corneal explant model system to evaluate antiviral drugs against feline
      herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1).
AB  - Feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) is the most common viral cause of ocular
      surface disease in cats. Many antiviral drugs are used to treat FHV-1, but
      require frequent topical application and most lack well-controlled in vivo
      studies to justify their clinical use. Therefore, better validation of current
      and novel treatment options are urgently needed. Here, we report on the
      development of a feline whole corneal explant model that supports FHV-1
      replication and thus can be used as a novel model system to evaluate the efficacy
      of antiviral drugs. The anti-herpes nucleoside analogues cidofovir and acyclovir,
      which are used clinically to treat ocular herpesvirus infection in cats and have
      previously been evaluated in traditional two-dimensional feline cell cultures in
      vitro, were evaluated in this explant model. Both drugs suppressed FHV-1
      replication when given every 12 h, with cidofovir showing greater efficacy. In
      addition, the potential efficacy of the retroviral integrase inhibitor
      raltegravir against FHV-1 was evaluated in cell culture as well as in the explant
      model. Raltegravir was not toxic to feline cells or corneas, and most
      significantly, inhibited FHV-1 replication at 500 uM in both systems.
      Importantly, this drug was effective when given only once every 24 h. Taken
      together, our data indicate that the feline whole corneal explant model is a
      useful tool for the evaluation of antiviral drugs and, furthermore, that
      raltegravir appears a promising novel antiviral drug to treat ocular herpesvirus
      infection in cats.

PMID- 26959284
TI  - Carbon Nanotube-Based Chemical Sensors.
AB  - The need to sense gases and vapors arises in numerous scenarios in industrial,
      environmental, security and medical applications. Traditionally, this activity
      has utilized bulky instruments to obtain both qualitative and quantitative
      information on the constituents of the gas mixture. It is ideal to use sensors
      for this purpose since they are smaller in size and less expensive; however,
      their performance in the field must match that of established analytical
      instruments in order to gain acceptance. In this regard, nanomaterials as sensing
      media offer advantages in sensitivity, preparation of chip-based sensors and
      construction of electronic nose for selective detection of analytes of interest.
      This article provides a review of the use of carbon nanotubes in gas and vapor
      sensing. 

PMID- 26959285
TI  - Addictive Online Games: Examining the Relationship Between Game Genres and
      Internet Gaming Disorder.
AB  - Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is the most recent term used to describe
      problematic or pathological involvement with computer or video games. This study
      examined whether this disorder is more likely to involve pathological involvement
      with online (i.e., Internet) games as opposed to offline games. We also explored
      the addictive potential of nine video game genres by examining the relationship
      between IGD and 2,720 games played by a sample of 13- to 40-year olds (N =
      2,442). Although time spent playing both online and offline games was related to
      IGD, online games showed much stronger correlations. This tendency is also
      reflected within various genres. Disordered gamers spent more than four times as
      much time playing online role-playing games than nondisordered gamers and more
      than thrice as much time playing online shooters, whereas no significant
      differences for offline games from these genres were found. Results are discussed
      within the frame of social interaction and competition provided by online games. 

PMID- 26959286
TI  - Bandgap Engineering of Titanium-Oxo Clusters: Labile Surface Sites Used for
      Ligand Substitution and Metal Incorporation.
AB  - Through the labile coordination sites of a robust phosphonate-stabilized titanium
      oxo cluster, 14 O-donor ligands have been successfully introduced without
      changing the cluster core. The increasing electron-withdrawing effect of the
      organic species allows the gradual reduction of the bandgaps of the {Ti6 }
      complexes. Transition-metal ions are then incorporated by the use of bifunctional
      O/N-donor ligands, organizing these {Ti6 } clusters into polymeric structures.
      The coordination environments of the applied metal ions show significant
      influence on their visible-light adsorption. Both the above structural
      functionalizations also tune the photocatalytic H2 production activities of these
      clusters. This work provides a systematic bandgap engineering study of titanium
      oxo clusters, which is important not only for their future photocatalytic
      applications, also for the better understanding of the structure-property
      relationships. 

PMID- 26959287
TI  - Association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and outcome of hepatitis B virus
      infection in southern Brazil.
AB  - A number of studies have demonstrated associations between cytokine gene
      polymorphisms and outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, no
      general consensus has been reached, possibly due to differences between ethnic
      groups. In this study, 345 individuals living in southern Brazil, including 196
      chronic HBV carriers and 149 subjects who had spontaneously recovered from acute
      infection, were enrolled to evaluate the influence of cytokine gene polymorphisms
      on the outcome of HBV infection. Most participants were of European descent.
      Genotyping of IL2-330 G/T, IL4-589C/T, IL6-174 G/C, IL10-592C/A, IL10-1082 A/G,
      IL17A-197 G/A, IL17A-692 T/C, TNF-alpha-238 G/A, and TNF-alpha-308 G/A single
      nucleotide polymorphisms was performed by using the minisequencing (single base
      extension) method. By multivariable analysis, a statistically significant
      association was found between genotypic profile AA + GA in TNF-alpha-308 and
      chronic HBV infection (OR, 1.82; 95%CI, 1.01-3.27; P = 0.046). In southern
      Brazil, the carriers of the -308A allele in the TNF-alpha gene promoter have a
      moderately higher risk of becoming chronic carriers in case of HBV infection. In
      addition, patients with chronic active hepatitis B (n = 60) exhibited a decreased
      frequency (3.3%) of the TNF-238A allele when compared to that (14.8%) found among
      asymptomatic HBV carriers (n = 136), suggesting that this could be a protective
      factor against liver injury (OR, 0.17; 95%CI, 0.04-0.076; P = 0.023). J. Med.
      Virol. 88:1759-1766, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26959288
TI  - Both low circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol are associated with hair loss in middle-aged women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple biomarkers have been associated with hair loss in women, but
      studies have shown inconsistent results. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the
      associations between markers of cardiovascular disease risk (e.g. serum lipid
      levels and hypertension) and ageing [e.g. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and insulin-like
      growth factor (IGF)] with hair loss in a population of middle-aged women.
      METHODS: In a random subgroup of 323 middle-aged women (mean age 61.5 years) from
      the Leiden Longevity Study, hair loss was graded by three assessors using the
      Sinclair scale; women with a mean score > 1.5 were classified as cases with hair
      loss. RESULTS: Every 1 SD increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
      was associated with a 0.65-times lower risk [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46
      0.91] of hair loss. For IGF-1 the risk was 0.68 times lower (95% CI 0.48-0.97)
      per 1 SD increase, independently of the other studied variables. Women with both
      IGF-1 and HDL cholesterol levels below the medians of the study population had a
      3.47-times higher risk (95% CI 1.30-9.25) of having hair loss. CONCLUSIONS: Low
      HDL cholesterol and IGF-1 were associated with a higher risk of hair loss in
      women. However, further studies are required to infer causal relationships.

PMID- 26959289
TI  - The impact of FNAC in the management of salivary gland lesions: Institutional
      experiences leading to a risk-based classification scheme.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has proven its value as an
      essential step in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions. Although the majority
      of salivary gland lesions, especially those that are common and benign, can be
      diagnosed with ease on FNAC, limited cellularity and morphologic lesion
      heterogeneity can pose diagnostic challenges and lead to false-positive and false
      negative diagnoses. This study presents the institutional experience of FNAC of
      salivary gland lesions from 2 academic centers. METHODS: A retrospective analysis
      was conducted on 1729 salivary gland FNAC specimens that were diagnosed over an 8
      year period from January 2008 to March 2015. All samples were processed either
      with liquid-based cytology alone or in combination with air-dried, Diff-Quik
      stained or alcohol-fixed, Papanicolaou-stained smears. RESULTS: Surgical excision
      was performed in 709 of 1749 FNACs (41%) that were diagnosed as
      nondiagnostic/inadequate (n = 29), benign (n = 111), neoplasm (n = 453), atypical
      (n = 15), suspicious for malignancy (n = 28), and malignant (n = 73). The overall
      concordance between cytologic and histologic diagnoses was 92.2%, with 91.8%
      concordance in the benign category and 89.5% concordance in cases diagnosed as
      suspicious for malignancy and malignant. The most frequent benign and malignant
      lesions were pleomorphic adenoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. There
      were 46 false-negative and 13 false-positive results, leading to an overall
      specificity of 97.6% and diagnostic accuracy of 91.3%. CONCLUSIONS: FNAC is a
      reliable diagnostic modality for the diagnosis and management of salivary gland
      lesions based on its high specificity and diagnostic accuracy. Cancer Cytopathol
      2016;124:388-96. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26959290
TI  - Comparison of Battery-Powered and Manual Bone Biopsy Systems for Core Needle
      Biopsy of Sclerotic Bone Lesions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare manual and battery-powered
      bone biopsy systems for diagnostic yield and procedural factors during core
      needle biopsy of sclerotic bone lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 155
      consecutive CT-guided core needle biopsies of sclerotic bone lesions were
      performed at one institution from January 2006 to November 2014. Before March
      2012, lesions were biopsied with manual bone drill systems. After March 2012,
      most biopsies were performed with a battery-powered system and either noncoaxial
      or coaxial biopsy needles. Diagnostic yield, crush artifact, CT procedure time,
      procedure radiation dose, conscious sedation dose, and complications were
      compared between the manual and battery-powered core needle biopsy systems by
      Fisher exact test and t test. One-way ANOVA was used for subgroup analysis of the
      two battery-powered systems for procedure time and radiation dose. RESULTS: The
      diagnostic yield for all sclerotic lesions was 60.0% (93/155) and was
      significantly higher with the battery-powered system (73.0% [27/37]) than with
      the manual systems (55.9% [66/118]) (p = 0.047). There was no significant
      difference between the two systems in terms of crush artifact, procedure time,
      radiation dose, conscious sedation administered, or complications. In subgroup
      analysis, the coaxial battery-powered biopsies had shorter procedure times (p =
      0.01) and lower radiation doses (p = 0.002) than the coaxial manual systems, but
      the noncoaxial battery-powered biopsies had longer average procedure times and
      higher radiation doses than the coaxial manual systems. CONCLUSION: In biopsy of
      sclerotic bone lesions, use of a battery-powered bone drill system improves
      diagnostic yield over use of a manual system.

PMID- 26959292
TI  - Neuroanniversary 2016.

PMID- 26959293
TI  - Greater occipital nerve as target for refractory chronic headaches: from
      corticosteroid block to invasive neurostimulation and back.

PMID- 26959294
TI  - Live-in Care Workers in Sheltered Housing for Older Adults in Israel: The New
      Sheltered Housing Law.
AB  - Supportive housing schemes were historically aimed to provide group accommodation
      for older adults. With the aging of residents, facilities were required to enable
      them to receive care services in order to allow them to age in place. Thus,
      different countries and different facilities developed different models of
      housing with care, reflecting cultural and policy diversities. Despite all of the
      different models, there are many commonalities among the supportive housing
      schemes across countries. These include provision of dwelling units and care
      services provided by either the facility or by external agencies. The aims of
      this article are threefold: to describe the historical development of the ever
      evolving supportive care housing phenomena; to point at variations in models of
      housing and care within the international context; and to present a new Israeli
      model that enables residents to privately hire live-in care workers to meet their
      care needs. This is a unique model in the international context that has not been
      reported before. The article describes the main ideas of the new model and
      discusses the challenges that it raises and pinpoints the unresolved issues
      associated with the presence of live-in care workers employed by residents of
      sheltered housing that should be addressed. 

PMID- 26959295
TI  - A Longitudinal Examination of Work-Life Balance in the Collegiate Setting.
AB  - CONTEXT: The literature regarding work-life balance (WLB) is plentiful,
      particularly in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I
      collegiate setting due to its demanding nature as defined by work hours and
      travel. Despite the comprehensive understanding of factors contributing to WLB
      for athletic trainers (ATs) in this setting, the effect of time of year has yet
      to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence sport season timing
      (ie, preseason, in-season, off-season) can have on perceptions and experiences of
      WLB for ATs. DESIGN: Qualitative, case-study design. SETTING: Division I
      collegiate practice setting. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Six ATs employed in
      the Division I college setting (3 women, 3 men) volunteered and completed our
      study over 1 year. The average age of participants was 31.0 +/- 3 years, and they
      had 9.0 +/- 3 years of experience. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We conducted
      semistructured one-on-one phone interviews with each participant at 4 points
      during the year (August, November, February, June). All interviews were
      transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed inductively, and we used peer review,
      multiple-analyst triangulation, and member checks for credibility. RESULTS: Time
      of year (eg, competitive in-season), organizational demands (eg, hours and
      travel), and life stage (eg, roles assumed) were factors that influenced WLB for
      ATs in the collegiate setting. Having a positive and adaptable mind-set; having
      coworker, supervisor, and personal support; and engaging in personal or family
      time were factors that counterbalanced the inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      indicate that a career as an AT in the collegiate setting can create WLB
      concerns; these concerns, however, seem to peak during the competitive in-season
      for the AT's primary coverage team. Additionally, conflict that arises for ATs
      seems to be stimulated by time, as work roles are often less accommodating due to
      the athletic atmosphere.

PMID- 26959296
TI  - Current Health-Related Quality of Life in Former National Collegiate Athletic
      Association Division I Collision Athletes Compared With Contact and Limited
      Contact Athletes.
AB  - CONTEXT: Previous researchers have shown that current health-related quality of
      life (HRQoL) is lower in former National Collegiate Athletic Association Division
      I athletes than in nonathletes. However, evidence supports the idea that
      individuals in collision sports (football) may suffer more serious injuries that
      may affect them later in life. OBJECTIVE: To measure HRQoL in former Division I
      collision, contact, and limited-contact athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
      SETTING: Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 374
      former Division I athletes between the ages of 40 and 65 years were separated
      into collision, contact, and limited-contact groups. INTERVENTION(S): All
      individuals completed the Short Form 36 version 2 via a computer. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES(S): The dependent variables were the physical component and mental
      component summary scores and the physical functioning, physical role functioning,
      bodily pain, general health, vitality, social role functioning, emotional role
      functioning, and mental health scales. An initial multivariate analysis of
      covariance included data from the 2 domains: physical component and mental
      component summary scores. The second multivariate analysis of covariance included
      data from the 8 dimensions: physical function, role physical, bodily pain scale,
      general health, mental health, role emotional, social function, and vitality
      scales. The alpha level was set at P < .05 with a covariate of sex. RESULTS: The
      responses were significantly lower (worse) for the former collision athletes
      compared with the contact and limited-contact athletes for the summary scores
      (F2,370 = 90.09, P < .01) and all 8 scales (F8,364 = 24.33, P < .01). The largest
      differences were between the collision and limited-contact athletes for the
      bodily pain and role physical scales, with mean differences of 12.91 and 11.80
      points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Competing at the Division I level can be
      strenuous on an athlete's physical, mental, and social dimensions, which can
      affect the athlete later in life. Based on these data, collision athletes may
      sacrifice their future HRQoL compared with contact and limited-contact athletes.

PMID- 26959297
TI  - Fatigue and other adverse effects in men treated by pelvic radiation and long
      term androgen deprivation for locally advanced prostate cancer.
AB  - Background We compared the development of adverse effects and psychosocial
      measures from baseline to 36-month follow-up in patients with prostate cancer (T1
      3 M0) referred to our department for definitive radiotherapy encompassing the
      prostate and pelvic lymph nodes (RAD + IMRT) or radiotherapy to the prostatic
      gland only (RAD), applied with standard adjuvant androgen deprivation (AD) in all
      patients. Few studies have explored the impact of fatigue on patients' reported
      quality of life (QoL) after combined therapy for prostate cancer. Material and
      methods The 206 consecutive eligible men (RAD + IMRT = 64 and RAD = 142)
      completed the UCLA-PCI questionnaire for adverse effects at baseline, 12, 24, and
      36 months. QoL, anxiety and depression, and fatigue were rated at the same time
      points. Between-group and longitudinal within-group changes at different time
      points were reported. At 36 months variables associated with fatigue were
      analyzed with regression analyses. Results Our main novel finding is the long
      term high level of fatigue and high prevalence of chronic fatigue, affecting
      patients receiving radiotherapy combined with long-term AD. Except for urinary
      bother in the RAD + IMRT group all functions and the other bothers mean scores
      were significantly worse at 36 months compared to baseline. In multivariable
      analyses only physical QoL remained significantly associated with fatigue at 36
      months follow-up. Conclusions Fatigue and impaired QoL in patients considered to
      curative irradiation with long-term AD should be addressed when counseling men to
      combined treatment. 

PMID- 26959298
TI  - Implementation of Choice from Participants' Perspectives: A Study of Community
      Mental Healthcare Reform in Sweden.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore participants' experiences and opinions about
      a free-choice system in relation to policy objectives articulated by the national
      government and local authorities. A case study was conducted. Thirty-five
      informants participated. Qualitative interviews were undertaken. Results are
      discussed on how to address different dimensions of choice, not only where, but
      also what, by whom, how much, and when. They also concern how to design systems
      that in some ways ensure predictability and continuity to avoid unwanted harm
      caused by the unpredictability embedded in competitive choice systems. Finally,
      different aspects of quality need to be addressed. 

PMID- 26959299
TI  - Older Adults' Experience with a Novel Fall Detection Device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Falls are a significant concern for the older adult (OA) population,
      many of whom are unable to get up following a fall. INTRODUCTION: While many
      devices exist designed to detect a fall, little work has been conducted to
      evaluate the usability of such devices. We present a longitudinal usability study
      of a fall detection (FD) device tested with OAs in real-world settings. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: OAs were recruited and asked to use a wearable FD device for up to 4
      months. Participants were interviewed at baseline and 2 and 4 months and
      encouraged to provide direct feedback on their experience. RESULTS: In total, 18
      OAs participated in the study. Eight completed the 4-month trial. We conducted a
      total of 38 interviews (16 baseline, 7 midpoint, and 15 final) and logged a total
      of 78 comments. While participants enjoyed the GPS and automatic detection
      features of the device, they were unhappy with the volume of false alarms and
      obtrusiveness of the device. Many also did not see a great need for having the
      device or were embarrassed by the device. DISCUSSION: Engineers must work to
      better develop this technology so that it is accessible to people with hearing
      loss, limited dexterity, and low vision. Utilizing age-appropriate design
      techniques will help make such informatics tools more user friendly. CONCLUSION:
      We explored the usability of a particular FD device with OAs and provide design
      recommendations to help future device manufacturers create more age-appropriate
      devices.

PMID- 26959308
TI  - Zika Virus as a Cause of Neurologic Disorders.

PMID- 26959309
TI  - The Association of Alanine Aminotransferase in Early Pregnancy with Gestational
      Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Elevated alanine amino transferase, attributed to nonalcoholic fatty
      liver, is associated with later development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We
      sought to determine whether maternal ALT values are associated with subsequent
      development of gestational diabetes. METHODS: We performed a nested case-control
      study utilizing prospectively banked serum samples collected in early gestation.
      We excluded women with known diabetes, liver disease, or alcohol use. We included
      83 cases of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 247 controls matched for
      prepregnancy body-mass index (BMI) and compared ALT values. We then performed a
      conditional logistic regression to model the adjusted odds of GDM in women with
      ALT >=19 U/L, stratified by prepregnancy BMI. RESULTS: The median (interquartile
      range) ALT in cases was 15 (12, 19) IU/L compared to 13 (11, 18) IU/L in controls
      (P = 0.07). Among women with a prepregnancy BMI <30 kg/m(2), ALT >=19 U/L was
      associated with a fourfold increased odds of GDM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.56
      [1.45, 14.27]), while there was no such association among obese women (aOR 0.36
      [0.11, 1.20]). Similarly, each unit increase in log-transformed ALT was
      associated with a threefold increased odds of GDM in nonobese (aOR 3.15
      [1.04,9.54]), but not obese (aOR 3.15 [0.30,3.15]) women. CONCLUSION: The
      association of high normal ALT and later GDM in nonobese women may reflect the
      role of hepatic insulin resistance and visceral obesity.

PMID- 26959310
TI  - Addressing epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance
      in non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have
      significantly improved the survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR activating mutations. However, nearly all EGFR
      mutant NSCLC tumors eventually acquire resistance to the currently used EGFR-TKIs
      and subsequently progress clinically. Acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is thus a
      huge issue in the treatment of EGFR-mutant NSCLC at present. On one hand, T790M
      second-site mutation has been recognized as a key mechanism of EGFR-TKI
      resistance, and third generation EGFR-TKIs such as osimertinib and rociletinib
      have been developed to overcome tumor cells harboring the T790M mutation. On the
      other hand, combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy is also expected as another
      strategy for preventing the acquired resistance to current EGFR-TKIs and
      prolonging the survival benefits by EGFR-TKIs. Here, we review updated strategies
      for preventing or overcoming acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. 

PMID- 26959311
TI  - Phytochemical screening and chemical variability in volatile oils of aerial parts
      of Morinda morindoides.
AB  - Morinda morindoides is an important Liberian traditional medicine for the
      treatment of malaria, fever, worms etc. The plant was subjected to integrated
      approaches including phytochemical screening and gas chromatography mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. Phytochemical investigation of the powdered plant
      revealed the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes,
      steroidal compounds and volatile oil. Steam distillation followed by GC-MS
      resulted in the identification of 47 volatiles in its aerial parts: 28 were in
      common including various bioactive volatiles. Major constituents of leaves were
      phytol (43.63%), palmitic acid (8.55%) and geranyl linalool (6.95%) and stem were
      palmitic acid (14.95%), eicosane (9.67%) and phytol (9.31%), and hence, a
      significant difference in the percentage composition of aerial parts was
      observed. To study seasonal changes, similarity analysis was carried out by
      calculating correlation coefficient (r) and vector angle cosine (z) that were
      more than 0.91 for stem-to-stem and leaf-to-leaf batches indicating considerable
      consistency. 

PMID- 26959312
TI  - Feasibility Study of a Contrast-Enhanced Multi-Detector CT (64 Channels) Protocol
      for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: The Influence of Different Scan Delays on Tumor
      Conspicuity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, a number of studies have advocated the diagnostic benefit
      of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the current ultrasound (US)
      based preoperative evaluation of thyroid cancer. However, no study has been
      conducted to optimize a CECT protocol focusing on tumor conspicuity using a multi
      detector CT scanner. This study aimed at determining the optimal scan delay for
      increased CT attenuation differences between thyroid cancer and parenchymal
      background using a biphasic CECT examination. METHODS: This study retrospectively
      enrolled 84 patients (M:F = 7:77; Mage = 44.8 +/- 10.9 years) with 87 papillary
      thyroid carcinomas (Msize = 14.1 mm) who consecutively underwent US and CECT
      examination prior to surgery. In each patient, CT scanning was taken twice-once
      with a 40-second delay and once with a 70-second delay-using a 64-channel multi
      detector scanner. After obtaining the mean attenuation value (MAV) of the thyroid
      cancer and the ipsilateral parenchyma by drawing regions of interest on the CECT
      images based on their cytopathologic results and US findings, the parenchyma
      cancer differences (PCD) between the early and delayed scans were simply compared
      using a paired t-test. Then, the mean differences in the MAVs of the thyroid
      cancer and ipsilateral parenchyma (hereafter abbreviated as Group) between the
      early and delayed scans (abbreviated as Time) were compared after adjusting for
      the other factors that significantly affected MAVs, such as concentration of
      iodinated contrast medium (abbreviated as CCM) and size of thyroid cancer
      (abbreviated as Size) using a repeated-measures general linear model. RESULTS:
      Because the ipsilateral parenchyma exhibited significantly higher attenuation on
      the early scan and further decline on the delayed scan compared with thyroid
      cancer (p < 0.001), the PCD for thyroid cancer was significantly better with a 40
      second scan delay than a 70-second delay (58.8 +/- 36.6 Hounsfield units [HU] vs.
      40.4 +/- 25.6 HU; p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained from the repeated
      measures general linear model that considered the effects of CCM, Size, Group,
      and Time, and the interaction of Group and Time. CONCLUSION: Based on this CECT
      study that adjusted for the effects of CCM and size on MAV, early scans (e.g., 40
      second scan delay) are helpful for improving the tumor conspicuity of thyroid
      cancer on CECT images.

PMID- 26959313
TI  - Paraconsistents artificial neural networks applied to the study of mutational
      patterns of the F subtype of the viral strains of HIV-1 to antiretroviral
      therapy.
AB  - The high variability of HIV-1 as well as the lack of efficient repair mechanisms
      during the stages of viral replication, contribute to the rapid emergence of HIV
      1 strains resistant to antiretroviral drugs. The selective pressure exerted by
      the drug leads to fixation of mutations capable of imparting varying degrees of
      resistance. The presence of these mutations is one of the most important factors
      in the failure of therapeutic response to medications. Thus, it is of critical to
      understand the resistance patterns and mechanisms associated with them, allowing
      the choice of an appropriate therapeutic scheme, which considers the frequency,
      and other characteristics of mutations. Utilizing Paraconsistents Artificial
      Neural Networks, seated in Paraconsistent Annotated Logic Et which has the
      capability of measuring uncertainties and inconsistencies, we have achieved
      levels of agreement above 90% when compared to the methodology proposed with the
      current methodology used to classify HIV-1 subtypes. The results demonstrate that
      Paraconsistents Artificial Neural Networks can serve as a promising tool of
      analysis. 

PMID- 26959314
TI  - Arsenic toxicity to cladocerans isolated and associated with iron: implications
      for aquatic environments.
AB  - Arsenic is an ametal ubiquitous in nature and known by its high toxicity. Many
      studies have tried to elucidate the arsenic metabolism in the cell and its impact
      to plants, animals and human health. In aqueous phase, inorganic arsenic is more
      common and its oxidation state (As III and As V) depends on physical and chemical
      environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxicity of
      arsenic to Daphnia similis and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, isolated and associated
      with iron. The results showed differences in toxicity of As III and As V to both
      species. Effective concentration (EC50) mean values were 0.45 mg L-1 (As III) and
      0.54 mg L-1 (As V) for D. similis, and 0.44 mg L-1 (As III) and 0.69 mg L-1 (As
      V) for C. silvestrii. However, As V IC25 mean value was 0.59 mg L-1, indicating
      that C. silvestrii has mechanisms to reduce arsenic toxicity. On the other hand,
      when associated with iron at 0.02 and 2.00 mg L-1, EC50 values decreased for D.
      similis (0.34 and 0.38 mg L-1) as well as C. silvestrii (0.37 and 0.37 mg L-1),
      showing synergistic effect of these substances. 

PMID- 26959315
TI  - FISH-mapping of the 5S rDNA locus in chili peppers (Capsicum-Solanaceae).
AB  - We present here the physical mapping of the 5S rDNA locus in six wild and five
      cultivated taxa of Capsicum by means of a genus-specific FISH probe. In all taxa,
      a single 5S locus per haploid genome that persistently mapped onto the short arm
      of a unique metacentric chromosome pair at intercalar position, was found. 5S
      FISH signals of almost the same size and brightness intensity were observed in
      all the analyzed taxa. This is the first cytological characterization of the 5S
      in wild taxa of Capsicum by using a genus-derived probe, and the most exhaustive
      and comprehensive in the chili peppers up to now. The information provided here
      will aid the cytomolecular characterization of pepper germplasm to evaluate
      variability and can be instrumental to integrate physical, genetic and genomic
      maps already generated in the genus. 

PMID- 26959316
TI  - Improvement on the concentrated grape juice physico-chemical characteristics by
      an enzymatic treatment and Membrane Separation Processes.
AB  - In this work, the improvement on the concentrated grape juice physico-chemical
      characteristics by using an enzymatic treatment followed by Membrane Separation
      Process (MSP) has been investigated. By using Novozym 33095(r) and Ultrazym AFP
      L(r) enzymes varying three operating parameters, the best result on the grape
      pulp characteristics was attained for the Novozym 33095(r) performed at 35oC, 15
      min. and 50 mgL-1. In micro/ultra filtration processes after enzymatic
      pretreatment, the best performance of the MSP with high permeate flux value and
      suitable grape juice characteristics was attained using 0.05 mm membrane pore
      size, 1 bar pressure and 40 oC treatment temperature. When reverse osmosis
      process is operated at 40 bar and 40oC, high soluble solid and low turbidity
      values are attained. An enzymatic treatment along with MSP has shown an
      alternative and efficient grape juice processing system, being possible to extend
      to other foods. 

PMID- 26959317
TI  - Analysis of results of biomass forest inventory in northeastern Amazon for
      development of REDD+ carbon project.
AB  - In Brazil, a significant reduction in deforestation rates occurred during the
      last decade. In spite of that fact, the average annual rates are still too high,
      approximately 400.000 ha/year (INPE/Prodes). The projects of emissions reduction
      through avoided deforestation (REED+) are an important tool to reduce
      deforestation rates in Brazil. Understanding the amazon forest structure, in
      terms of biomass stock is key to design avoided deforestation strategies. In this
      work, we analyze data results from aboveground biomass of 1,019.346,27 hectares
      in the state of Para. It was collected data from 16,722 trees in 83 random
      independent plots. It was tested 4 allometric equations, for DBH > 10cm: Brown et
      al. (1989), Brown and Lugo (1999), Chambers et al. (2000), Higuchi et al. (1998).
      It revealed that the biggest carbon stock of above ground biomass is stocked on
      the interval at DBH between 30cm and 80cm. This biomass compartment stocks 75.70%
      of total biomass in Higuchi et al. (1998) equation, 75.56% of total biomass in
      Brown et al. (1989) equation, 78.83% of total biomass in Chambers et al. (2000)
      equation, and 73.22% in Brown and Lugo (1999) equation. 

PMID- 26959318
TI  - Post-embriononic development of Chrysomya putoria(Diptera: Calliphoridae) on a
      diet containing ampicillin in different concentrations.
AB  - Here we evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the antibiotic
      ampicillin on the growth and development of Chrysomya putoria. Third-generation,
      first instar larvae (L1) reared on 60 grams of homogenate+agar 65% were treated
      with ampicillin sodium. The experiment consisted of four replicates (40
      larvae/replicate) of each antibiotic concentration tested (T1: 466ug/mL ; T2:
      81.33 mg/mL and T3: 166.66mg/mL) and a T4: control. The body mass of the mature
      larvae, after they abandoned the diet, were recorded in batches of five. The
      variation between the mean body mass of larvae and the duration of larval and
      pupal stages, and overall duration of the development, viability and normal rates
      were analyzed by ANOVA. There were no significant differences between the four
      treatments in the following parameters: body mass of larvae that discontinued the
      diet as well as the duration of larval, pupal, and total development. The sex
      ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from those expected. Normality
      rates were 100% for all treatments. There were no significant differences between
      treatments for larval and overall viability, but pupal viability differed
      significantly between T1 and the control, T1 and T2, and between the control and
      T3. The antibiotic did not appear to significantly alter the development of C.
      putoria. 

PMID- 26959319
TI  - Composition and structure of bird communities in vegetational gradients of
      Bodoquena Mountains, western Brazil.
AB  - The informations of bird species distribution in different habitats and the
      structure of their communities are crucial for bird conservation. We tested the
      differences in composition, richness and abundance of birds in different
      phytophysiognomies at Bodoquena Mountains, western Brazil, and we demonstrated
      the variations in richness and abundance of birds between different trophic
      groups. Sampling was conducted between July 2011 and June 2012 in 200 point
      counts arranged in the study area. A total of 3350 contacts were obtained
      belonging to 156 bird species. Woodland savannas, seasonal forests and arboreal
      savannas had higher bird abundance and richness, while riparian forests, clean
      pastures and dirty pastures had smaller values of these parameters. The bird
      community was organized according to local vegetational gradient, with
      communities of forests, open areas and savannas, although many species occurred
      in more than one vegetation type. The insectivorous, omnivorous, frugivorous and
      gramnivorous birds composed most of the community. These data showed how
      important environmental heterogeneity is to bird communities. Furthermore, the
      presence of extensive patches of natural habitats, the small distance between
      these patches and the permeability of pastures, with high arboreal and shrubby
      cover, are indicated as important factors to maintain the bird diversity. 

PMID- 26959320
TI  - Interspecific variation in leaf pigments and nutrients of five tree species from
      a subtropical forest in southern Brazil.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the seasonal variation in the nutrient
      and pigment content of leaves from five tree species - of which three are
      perennial (Cupania vernalis, Matayba elaeagnoides and Nectandra lanceolata) and
      two are deciduous (Cedrela fissilis and Jacaranda micrantha) - in an ecotone
      between a Deciduous Seasonal Forest and a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest in the state
      of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Leaf samples were collected in the four seasons of the
      year to determine the content of macronutrients (N, K, P, Mg, Ca, S) and
      photosynthetic pigments (Chla, Chlb, Chltot, Cartot, Chla:Chlb and
      Cartot:Chltot). The principal component analysis showed that leaf pigments
      contributed to the formation of the first axis, which explains most of the data
      variance for all species, while leaf nutrient contribution showed strong
      interspecific variation. These results demonstrate that the studied species have
      different strategies for acquisition and use of mineral resources and acclimation
      to light, which are determinant for them to coexist in the forest environment. 

PMID- 26959321
TI  - Green method by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and spectral region
      selection for the quantification of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in
      pharmaceutical formulations.
AB  - An alternative method for the quantification of sulphametoxazole (SMZ) and
      trimethoprim (TMP) using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform
      spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and partial least square regression (PLS) was developed.
      Interval Partial Least Square (iPLS) and Synergy Partial Least Square (siPLS)
      were applied to select a spectral range that provided the lowest prediction error
      in comparison to the full-spectrum model. Fifteen commercial tablet formulations
      and forty-nine synthetic samples were used. The ranges of concentration
      considered were 400 to 900 mg g-1SMZ and 80 to 240 mg g-1 TMP. Spectral data were
      recorded between 600 and 4000 cm-1 with a 4 cm-1 resolution by Diffuse
      Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The proposed
      procedure was compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The
      results obtained from the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), during
      the validation of the models for samples of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and
      trimethoprim (TMP) using siPLS, demonstrate that this approach is a valid
      technique for use in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. The
      selected interval algorithm allowed building regression models with minor errors
      when compared to the full spectrum PLS model. A RMSEP of 13.03 mg g-1for SMZ and
      4.88 mg g-1 for TMP was obtained after the selection the best spectral regions by
      siPLS. 

PMID- 26959322
TI  - Radiation dose determines the method for quantification of DNA double strand
      breaks.
AB  - Ionizing radiation induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that trigger
      phosphorylation of the histone protein H2AX (gammaH2AX). Immunofluorescent
      staining visualizes formation of gammaH2AX foci, allowing their quantification.
      This method, as opposed to Western blot assay and Flow cytometry, provides more
      accurate analysis, by showing exact position and intensity of fluorescent signal
      in each single cell. In practice there are problems in quantification of
      gammaH2AX. This paper is based on two issues: the determination of which
      technique should be applied concerning the radiation dose, and how to analyze
      fluorescent microscopy images obtained by different microscopes. HTB140 melanoma
      cells were exposed to gamma-rays, in the dose range from 1 to 16 Gy. Radiation
      effects on the DNA level were analyzed at different time intervals after
      irradiation by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy.
      Immunochemically stained cells were visualized with two types of microscopes:
      AxioVision (Zeiss, Germany) microscope, comprising an ApoTome software, and
      AxioImagerA1 microscope (Zeiss, Germany). Obtained results show that the level of
      gammaH2AX is time and dose dependent. Immunofluorescence microscopy provided
      better detection of DSBs for lower irradiation doses, while Western blot analysis
      was more reliable for higher irradiation doses. AxioVision microscope containing
      ApoTome software was more suitable for the detection of gammaH2AX foci. 

PMID- 26959324
TI  - Sward structure and nutritive value of Alexandergrass fertilized with nitrogen.
AB  - This experiment evaluated forage production, sward structure, stocking rate,
      weight gain per area and nutritive value of forage as grazed by beef heifers on
      Alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea (Link) Hitch) pasture fertilized with
      nitrogen (N): 0; 100; 200 or 300 kg of N/ha. The experiment was a completely
      randomized design following a repeated measurement arrangement. The experimental
      animals were Angus heifers with initial age and weight of 15 months and 241.5+/-5
      kg, respectively. The grazing method was continuous, with put-and-take stocking.
      N utilization, regardless of the level, increase by 25% the daily forage
      accumulation rate and the weight gain per area by 23%. The level of 97.2 kg N/ha
      leads to a higher leaf blade mass and increases by 20% the leaf:stem ratio.
      Alterations in sward structure changes the nutritive value of forage as grazed.
      The utilization of 112.7 kg of N/ha allows the highest stocking rate (2049.8 kg
      of BW/ha), equivalent to 7.5 heifers per hectare. 

PMID- 26959323
TI  - The anti-inflammatory activity of standard aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera
      indica L. as evident in inhibition of Group IA sPLA2.
AB  - The standard aqueous stem bark extract is consumed as herbal drink and used in
      the pharmaceutical formulations to treat patients suffering from various disease
      conditions in Cuba. This study was carried out to evaluate the modulatory effect
      of standard aqueous bark extract of M. indica on Group IA sPLA2. M. indica
      extract, dose dependently inhibited the GIA sPLA2 (NN-XIa-PLA2) activity with an
      IC50 value 8.1 ug/ml. M. indica extract effectively inhibited the indirect
      hemolytic activity up to 98% at ~40 ug/ml concentration and at various
      concentrations (0-50 ug/ml), it dose dependently inhibited the edema formation.
      When examined as a function of increased substrate and calcium concentration,
      there was no relieve of inhibitory effect on the GIA sPLA2. Furthermore, the
      inhibition was irreversible as evidenced from binding studies. It is observed
      that the aqueous extract ofM. indica effectively inhibits sPLA2 and it is
      associated inflammatory activities, which substantiate their anti-inflammatory
      properties. The mode of inhibition could be due to direct interaction of
      components present in the extract, with sPLA2 enzyme. Further studies on
      understanding the principal constituents, responsible for the anti-inflammatory
      activity would be interesting to develop this into potent anti-inflammatory
      agent. 

PMID- 26959325
TI  - Evaluation of antioxidant activity of grapevine leaves extracts (Vitis labrusca)
      in liver of Wistar rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotection of organic and
      conventional grapevine leaves extract (Vitis labrusca). The total polyphenol
      content and the isolate polyphenols by HPLC were evaluate. The animals received
      intraperitoneal injections of saline or extracts (conventional or organic - 30
      mg/kg) for 14 days. On day 15, the rats received carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or
      mineral oil (i.p.). After 4h, the animals were euthanized. The analysis of the
      liver enzymes activity (AST, ALT, GGT) was performed using serum, obtained by
      blood and the levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein oxidation (carbonyl),
      and the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were
      analyzed in the liver. The results showed that the organic extract is richer in
      polyphenol and resveratrol than the conventional one. Both extracts prevent lipid
      peroxidation and protein oxidation generated by CCl4. Moreover, the extracts
      demonstrated ability to modulate the activity of SOD and CAT, as well as to
      establish a balance in the ratio of SOD/CAT. We also found that the CCl4
      increased the levels of AST and GGT, and that both extracts prevent this. These
      results indicate that grapevine leaves extracts, both, organic and conventional,
      can prevent liver disorders. 

PMID- 26959326
TI  - Microbial, physical and chemical properties of irrigation water in rice fields of
      Southern Brazil.
AB  - This paper presents the results of the statistical analysis of microbiological,
      physical and chemical parameters related to the quality of the water used in rice
      fields in Southern Brazil. Data were collected during three consecutive crop
      years, within structure of a comprehensive monitoring program. The indicators
      used were: potential hydrogen, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrogen,
      phosphorus, potassium, calcium, total and fecal coliforms. Principal Component
      and Discriminant Analysis showed consistent differences between the water
      irrigation and drainage, as the temporal variation demonstrated a clear reduction
      in the concentration of most of the variables analyzed. The pattern of this
      reduction is not the same in the two regions - that is, the importance of each of
      the different variables in the observed differentiation is modified in two
      locations. These results suggested that the variations in the water quality
      utilized for rice irrigation was influenced by certain specific aspects of each
      rice region in South Brazilian - such as anthropic action or soil/climate
      conditions in each hydrographic basin. 

PMID- 26959327
TI  - Sleep disturbances among Swedish soldiers after military service abroad.
AB  - Aims Since 1956, more than 100,000 Swedish soldiers have served abroad on various
      international missions. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there was
      a connection between military service abroad and sleep disorders among Swedish
      soldiers. Methods The prevalence of sleep disturbances among 1,080 veterans from
      Kosovo and Afghanistan was compared with almost 27,000 Swedes from a general
      population sample, using propensity score matching and logistic regression. The
      sleep disturbances studied were habitual snoring, difficulty inducing sleep
      (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), early morning awakenings (EMA), and
      excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Insomnia was defined as having at least one
      of DIS, DMS, or EMA. The covariates used in the matching and adjustments were
      age, gender, smoking habits, BMI, education, ever having had asthma, moist snuff,
      and exercise habits. Results The veterans had a significantly lower prevalence of
      insomnia (26.2% versus 30.4%) and EDS (22.7% versus 29.4%) compared with a
      matched group from the reference population, using propensity score matching.
      Analyses with logistic regression showed that belonging to the military
      population was related to a lower risk of having DMS (adjusted OR (95% CI) 0.77
      (0.64-0.91)), insomnia (OR 0.82 (0.71-0.95)), and EDS (OR 0.74 (0.63-0.86)),
      whereas no significant difference was found for snoring, DIS, and EMA. Conclusion
      Swedish veterans have fewer problems with insomnia and daytime sleepiness than
      the general Swedish population. The explanation of our findings may be the
      selection processes involved in becoming a soldier and when sampling personnel
      for military assignments abroad. 

PMID- 26959328
TI  - Competing health policies: insurance against universal public systems.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This article analyzes the content and outcome of ongoing health
      reforms in Latin America: Universal Health Coverage with Health Insurance, and
      the Universal and Public Health Systems. It aims to compare and contrast the
      conceptual framework and practice of each and verify their concrete results
      regarding the guarantee of the right to health and access to required services.
      It identifies a direct relationship between the development model and the type of
      reform. The neoclassical-neoliberal model has succeeded in converting health into
      a field of privatized profits, but has failed to guarantee the right to health
      and access to services, which has discredited the governments. The reform of the
      progressive governments has succeeded in expanding access to services and
      ensuring the right to health, but faces difficulties and tensions related to the
      permanence of a powerful, private, industrial-insurance medical complex and
      persistence of the ideologies about medicalized 'good medicine'. Based on these
      findings, some strategies to strengthen unique and supportive public health
      systems are proposed.

PMID- 26959329
TI  - Coverage, universal access and equity in health: a characterization of scientific
      production in nursing.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: to characterize the scientific contribution nursing has made
      regarding coverage, universal access and equity in health, and to understand this
      production in terms of subjects and objects of study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: this
      was cross-sectional, documentary research; the units of analysis were 97 journals
      and 410 documents, retrieved from the Web of Science in the category, "nursing".
      Descriptors associated to coverage, access and equity in health, and the Mesh
      thesaurus, were applied. We used bibliometric laws and indicators, and analyzed
      the most important articles according to amount of citations and collaboration.
      RESULTS: the document retrieval allowed for 25 years of observation of
      production, an institutional and an international collaboration of 31% and 7%,
      respectively. The mean number of coauthors per article was 3.5, with a transience
      rate of 93%. The visibility index was 67.7%, and 24.6% of production was
      concentrated in four core journals. A review from the nursing category with 286
      citations, and a Brazilian author who was the most productive, are issues worth
      highlighting. CONCLUSIONS: the nursing collective should strengthen future
      research on the subject, defining lines and sub-lines of research, increasing
      internationalization and building it with the joint participation of the academy
      and nursing community.

PMID- 26959330
TI  - Nurses' knowledge of universal health coverage for inclusive and sustainable
      elderly care services.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: to explore nurses' knowledge of universal health coverage (UHC) for
      inclusive and sustainable development of elderly care services. METHOD: this was
      a cross-sectional survey. A convenience sample of 326 currently practicing
      enrolled nurses (EN) or registered nurses (RN) was recruited. Respondents
      completed a questionnaire which was based on the implementation strategies
      advocated by the WHO Global Forum for Governmental Chief Nursing Officers and
      Midwives (GCNOMs). Questions covered the government initiative, healthcare
      financing policy, human resources policy, and the respondents' perception of
      importance and contribution of nurses in achieving UHC in elderly care services.
      RESULTS: the knowledge of nurses about UHC in elderly care services was fairly
      satisfactory. Nurses in both clinical practice and management perceived
      themselves as having more contribution and importance than those in education.
      They were relatively indifferent to healthcare policy and politics. CONCLUSION:
      the survey uncovered a considerable knowledge gap in nurses' knowledge of UHC in
      elderly care services, and shed light on the need for nurses to be more attuned
      to healthcare policy. The educational curriculum for nurses should be
      strengthened to include studies in public policy and advocacy. Nurses can make a
      difference through their participation in the development and implementation of
      UHC in healthcare services.

PMID- 26959331
TI  - The contribution of Portuguese nursing to universal health access and coverage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze the contribution of Portuguese nursing to improving
      universal health access and coverage by means of the identification of nurses in
      the health system; evolution of health indicators; and access-promoting systems,
      in which nurses play a relevant role. METHOD: this was documentary research of
      publications from national and international organizations on planning and health
      outcomes. Statistical databases and legislation on health reforms were consulted.
      RESULTS: nurses represent 30.18% of human resources in the national health
      service; the systems of access promotion performed by nurses have good levels of
      efficacy (95.5%) and user satisfaction (99% completely satisfied); in the local
      care the creation of Community Care Units (185) occurred, and 85.80% of home
      consultations were performed by nurses. CONCLUSION: political strategies, the
      National Health Service and strengthening of human resources in healthcare are
      the main determinants. Nursing is the most numerous professional group in the
      National Health Service, however numbers remain deficient in primary health care.
      The improvement of academic qualification and self-regulation of this
      professional group has allowed for better answers in improving health for the
      Portuguese.

PMID- 26959333
TI  - Education, leadership and partnerships: nursing potential for Universal Health
      Coverage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to discuss possibilities of nursing contribution for universal health
      coverage. METHOD: a qualitative study, performed by means of document analysis of
      the World Health Organization publications highlighting Nursing and Midwifery
      within universal health coverage. RESULTS: documents published by nursing and
      midwifery leaders point to the need for coordinated and integrated actions in
      education, leadership and partnership development. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: this
      article represents a call for nurses, in order to foster reflection and
      understanding of the relevance of their work on the consolidation of the
      principles of universal health coverage.

PMID- 26959332
TI  - Potential access to primary health care: what does the National Program for
      Access and Quality Improvement data show?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of contextual indicators on the performance
      of municipalities regarding potential access to primary health care in Brazil and
      to discuss the contribution from nurses working on this access. METHOD: a
      multicenter descriptive study based on secondary data from External Evaluation of
      the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, with the
      participation of 17,202 primary care teams. The chi-square test of proportions
      was used to verify differences between the municipalities stratified based on
      size of the coverage area, supply, coordination, and integration; when necessary,
      the chi-square test with Yates correction or Fisher's exact test were employed.
      For the population variable, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. RESULTS: the
      majority of participants were nurses (n=15.876; 92,3%). Statistically significant
      differences were observed between the municipalities in terms of territory
      (p=0.0000), availability (p=0.0000), coordination of care (p=0.0000), integration
      (p=0.0000) and supply (p=0.0000), verifying that the municipalities that make up
      area 6 tend to have better performance in these dimensions. CONCLUSION: areas 4,5
      and 6 performed better in every analyzed dimension, and the nurse had a leading
      role in the potential to access primary health care in Brazil.

PMID- 26959334
TI  - Client satisfaction from the perspective of responsiveness: strategy for analysis
      of universal systems?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze patient satisfaction in a Family Health Unit (FHU) of a
      municipality in the interior of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from the perspective of
      responsiveness. METHOD: this was a qualitative study with 41 patients of families
      who used the FHU at least once in the last six months. A semi-structured
      interview was used for data collection, performed from November of 2010 to
      January of 2011, focusing on the dimensions of responsiveness: dignity, autonomy,
      facilities and physical environment, immediate attention, choice,
      confidentiality, and communication. A thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS:
      four themes emerged from the analysis: the health unit environment; access and
      components of accessibility - favoring the responsiveness?; possibilities of
      developing a patient - health service staff relationship; and the FHU team -
      processing care and welcoming. CONCLUSION: responsiveness allows for the tracking
      and monitoring of non-medical aspects of care of the patients; it contributes to
      achieving universal coverage, emphasizing the quality of care.

PMID- 26959335
TI  - RNA G-Quadruplex Invasion and Translation Inhibition by Antisense gamma-Peptide
      Nucleic Acid Oligomers.
AB  - We have examined the abilities of three complementary gamma-peptide nucleic acid
      (gammaPNA) oligomers to invade an RNA G-quadruplex and potently inhibit
      translation of a luciferase reporter transcript containing the quadruplex-forming
      sequence (QFS) within its 5'-untranslated region. All three gammaPNA oligomers
      bind with low nanomolar affinities to an RNA oligonucleotide containing the QFS.
      However, while all probes inhibit translation with low to midnanomolar IC50
      values, the gammaPNA designed to hybridize to the first two G-tracts of the QFS
      and adjacent 5'-overhanging nucleotides was 5-6 times more potent than probes
      directed to either the 3'-end or internal regions of the target at 37  degrees C.
      This position-dependent effect was eliminated after the probes and target were
      preincubated at an elevated temperature prior to translation, demonstrating that
      kinetic effects exert significant control over quadruplex invasion and
      translation inhibition. We also found that antisense gammaPNAs exhibited
      similarly potent effects against luciferase reporter transcripts bearing QFS
      motifs having G2, G3, or G4 tracts. Finally, our results indicate that gammaPNA
      oligomers exhibit selectivity and/or potency higher than those of other antisense
      molecules such as standard PNA and 2'-OMe RNA previously reported to target G
      quadruplexes in RNA. 

PMID- 26959337
TI  - TMS-EEG: A window into the neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical
      stimulation in non-motor brain regions.
AB  - Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques are able to induce changes
      in cortical excitability and plasticity through the administration of weak
      currents to the brain and are currently being used to manipulate a vast array of
      cognitive processes. Despite the widespread use of tES technologies within both
      research and remedial settings, their precise neurophysiological mechanisms of
      action are not well established outside of the motor cortex. The expanding use of
      tES within non-motor brain regions highlights the growing need for a more
      comprehensive understanding of the effects of stimulation across a diversity of
      cortical locations. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation with
      electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) provides a method of directly probing both local
      and widespread changes in brain neurophysiology, through the recording of TMS
      evoked potentials and cortical oscillations. In this review we explore TMS-EEG as
      a tool for examining the impact of tES on cortical function and argue that
      multimodal approaches which combine tES with TMS-EEG could lead to a deeper
      understanding of the mechanisms which underlie tES-induced cognitive modulation. 

PMID- 26959338
TI  - FimH Antagonists: Phosphate Prodrugs Improve Oral Bioavailability.
AB  - The widespread occurrence of urinary tract infections has resulted in frequent
      antibiotic treatment, contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
      Alternative approaches are therefore required. In the initial step of
      colonization, FimH, a lectin located at the tip of bacterial type 1 pili,
      interacts with mannosylated glycoproteins on the urothelial mucosa. This initial
      pathogen/host interaction is efficiently antagonized by biaryl alpha-d
      mannopyranosides. However, their poor physicochemical properties, primarily
      resulting from low aqueous solubility, limit their suitability as oral treatment
      option. Herein, we report the syntheses and pharmacokinetic evaluation of
      phosphate prodrugs, which show an improved aqueous solubility of up to 140-fold.
      In a Caco-2 cell model, supersaturated solutions of the active principle were
      generated through hydrolysis of the phosphate esters by brush border-associated
      enzymes, leading to a high concentration gradient across the cell monolayer. As a
      result, the in vivo application of phosphate prodrugs led to a substantially
      increased Cmax and prolonged availability of FimH antagonists in urine. 

PMID- 26959339
TI  - In vitro digestion of Pickering emulsions stabilized by soft whey protein
      microgel particles: influence of thermal treatment.
AB  - Emulsions stabilized by soft whey protein microgel particles have gained research
      interest due to their combined advantages of biocompatibility and a high degree
      of resistance to coalescence. We designed Pickering oil-in-water emulsions using
      whey protein microgels by a facile route of heat-set gel formation followed by
      mechanical shear and studied the influence of heat treatment on emulsions
      stabilized by these particles. The aim of this study was to compare the barrier
      properties of the microgel particles and heat-treated fused microgel particles at
      the oil-water interface in delaying the digestion of the emulsified lipids using
      an in vitro digestion model. A combination of transmission electron microscopy
      and surface coverage measurements revealed an increased coverage of heat-treated
      microgel particles at the interface. The heat-induced microgel particle
      aggregation and, therefore, a fused network at the oil-water interface were more
      beneficial to delay the rate of digestion in the presence of pure lipase and bile
      salts compared to intact whey protein microgel particles, as shown by the
      measurements of zeta potential and free fatty acid release, plus theoretical
      calculations. However, simulated gastric digestion with pepsin impacted
      significantly on such barrier effects, due to the proteolysis of the particle
      network at the interface irrespective of the heat treatment, as visualized using
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis measurements. 

PMID- 26959340
TI  - Pd@Cu(II)-MOF-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols in Air with High
      Conversion and Selectivity.
AB  - A new 3D porous Cu(II)-MOF (1) was synthesized based on a ditopic pyridyl
      substituted diketonate ligand and Cu(OAc)2 in solution, and it features a 3D NbO
      motif which is determined by the X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, the Pd NPs
      loaded hybrid material Pd@Cu(II)-MOF (2) was prepared based on 1 via solution
      impregnation, and its structure was confirmed by HRTEM, SEM, XRPD, gas adsorption
      desorption, and ICP measurement. 2 exhibits excellent catalytic activity
      (conversion, 93% to >99%) and selectivity (>99% to benzaldehydes) for various
      benzyl alcohol substrates (benzyl alcohol and its derivatives with electron
      withdrawing and electron-donating groups) oxidation reactions in air. In
      addition, 2 is a typical heterogeneous catalyst, which was confirmed by hot
      solution leaching experiment, and it can be recycled at least six times without
      significant loss of its catalytic activity and selectivity. 

PMID- 26959336
TI  - Assessing anhedonia in depression: Potentials and pitfalls.
AB  - The resurgence of interest in anhedonia within major depression has been fuelled
      by clinical trials demonstrating its utility in predicting antidepressant
      response as well as recent conceptualizations focused on the role and
      manifestation of anhedonia in depression. Historically, anhedonia has been
      understood as a "loss of pleasure", yet neuropsychological and neurobiological
      studies reveal a multifaceted reconceptualization that emphasizes different
      facets of hedonic function, including desire, effort/motivation, anticipation and
      consummatory pleasure. To ensure generalizability across studies, evaluation of
      the available subjective and objective methods to assess anhedonia is necessary.
      The majority of research regarding anhedonia and its neurobiological
      underpinnings comes from preclinical research, which uses primary reward (e.g.
      food) to probe hedonic responding. In contrast, behavioural studies in humans
      primarily use secondary reward (e.g. money) to measure many aspects of reward
      responding, including delay discounting, response bias, prediction error,
      probabilistic reversal learning, effort, anticipation and consummatory pleasure.
      The development of subjective scales to measure anhedonia has also increased in
      the last decade. This review will assess the current methodology to measure
      anhedonia, with a focus on scales and behavioural tasks in humans. Limitations of
      current work and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

PMID- 26959342
TI  - Stimulated Emission Enhancement Using Shaped Pulses.
AB  - Controlling stimulated emission is of importance because it competes with
      absorption and fluorescence under intense laser excitation. We performed resonant
      nonlinear optical spectroscopy measurements using femtosecond pulses shaped by pi
      or pi/2-step phase functions and carried out calculations based on density
      matrix representation to elucidate the experimental results. In addition, we
      compared enhancements obtained when using other pulse shaping functions (chirp,
      third-order dispersion, and a time-delayed probe). The light transmitted through
      the high optical density solution was dominated by an intense stimulated emission
      feature that was 14 times greater for shaped pulses than for transform limited
      pulses. Coherent enhancement depending on the frequency, temporal, and phase
      characteristics of the shaped pulse is responsible for the experimental
      observations. 

PMID- 26959343
TI  - Transparent actuators and robots based on single-layer superaligned carbon
      nanotube sheet and polymer composites.
AB  - Transparent actuators have been attracting emerging interest recently, as they
      demonstrate potential applications in the fields of invisible robots, tactical
      displays, variable-focus lenses, and flexible cellular phones. However, previous
      technologies did not simultaneously realize macroscopic transparent actuators
      with advantages of large-shape deformation, low-voltage-driven actuation and fast
      fabrication. Here, we develop a fast approach to fabricate a high-performance
      transparent actuator based on single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube sheet and
      polymer composites. Various advantages of single-layer nanotube sheets including
      high transparency, considerable conductivity, and ultra-thin dimensions together
      with selected polymer materials completely realize all the above required
      advantages. Also, this is the first time that a single-layer nanotube sheet has
      been used to fabricate actuators with high transparency, avoiding the structural
      damage to the single-layer nanotube sheet. The transparent actuator shows a
      transmittance of 72% at the wavelength of 550 nm and bends remarkably with a
      curvature of 0.41 cm(-1) under a DC voltage for 5 s, demonstrating a significant
      advance in technological performances compared to previous conventional
      actuators. To illustrate their great potential usage, a transparent wiper and a
      humanoid robot "hand" were elaborately designed and fabricated, which initiate a
      new direction in the development of high-performance invisible robotics and other
      intelligent applications with transparency. 

PMID- 26959344
TI  - Li(+) Local Structure in Hydrofluoroether Diluted Li-Glyme Solvate Ionic Liquid.
AB  - Hydrofluoroethers have recently been used as the diluent to a lithium battery
      electrolyte solution to increase and decrease the ionic conductivity and the
      solution viscosity, respectively. In order to clarify the Li(+) local structure
      in the 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (HFE) diluted
      [Li(G4)][TFSA] (G4, tetraglyme; TFSA, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide) solvate
      ionic liquid, Raman spectroscopic study has been done with the DFT calculations.
      It has turned out that the HFE never coordinates to the Li(+) directly, and that
      the solvent (G4) shared ion pair of Li(+) with TFSA anion (SSIP) and the contact
      ion pair between Li(+) and TFSA anion (CIP) are found in the neat and HFE diluted
      [Li(G4)][TFSA] solvate ionic liquid. It is also revealed that the two kinds of
      the CIP in which TFSA anion coordinates to the Li(+) in monodentate and bidentate
      manners (hereafter, we call them the monodentate CIP and the bidentate CIP,
      respectively) exist with the SSIP of predominant [Li(G4)](+) ion-pair species in
      the neat [Li(G4)][TFSA] solvate ionic liquid, and that the monodentate CIP
      decreases as diluting with the HFE. To obtain further insight, X-ray total
      scattering experiments (HEXTS) were carried out with the aid of MD simulations,
      where the intermolecular force field parameters, mainly partial atomic charges,
      have been newly proposed for the HFE and glymes. A new peak appeared at around
      0.6-0.7 A(-1) in X-ray structure factors, which was ascribed to the correlation
      between the [Li(G4)][TFSA] ion pairs. Furthermore, MD simulations were in good
      agreement with the experiments, from which it is suggested that the terminal
      oxygen atoms of the G4 in [Li(G4)](+) solvated cation frequently repeat
      coordinating/uncoordinating to the Li(+), although almost all of the G4
      coordinates to the Li(+) to form [Li(G4)](+) solvated cation in the neat and HFE
      diluted [Li(G4)][TFSA] solvate ionic liquid. 

PMID- 26959345
TI  - Interplay between Nanochannel and Microchannel Resistances.
AB  - Current nanochannel system paradigm commonly neglects the role of the interfacing
      microchannels and assumes that the ohmic electrical response of a microchannel
      nanochannel system is solely determined by the geometric properties of the
      nanochannel. In this work, we demonstrate that the overall response is determined
      by the interplay between the nanochannel resistance and various microchannel
      attributed resistances. Our experiments confirm a recent theoretical prediction
      that in contrast to what was previously assumed at very low concentrations the
      role of the interfacing microchannels on the overall resistance becomes
      increasingly important. We argue that the current nanochannel-dominated
      conductance paradigm can be replaced with a more correct and intuitive
      microchannel-nanochannel-resistance-model-based paradigm. 

PMID- 26959346
TI  - The Influence of Minimalist and Maximalist Footwear on Patellofemoral Kinetics
      During Running.
AB  - The current study aimed to comparatively examine the effects of minimalist,
      maximalist, and conventional footwear on the loads experienced by the
      patellofemoral joint during running. Twenty male participants ran over a force
      platform at 4.0 m*s-1. Lower limb kinematics were collected using an 8-camera
      motion capture system allowing patellofemoral kinetics to be quantified using a
      musculoskeletal modeling approach. Differences in patellofemoral kinetic
      parameters were examined using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. The results
      showed the peak patellofemoral force and pressure were significantly larger in
      conventional (4.70 +/- 0.91 BW, 13.34 +/- 2.43 MPa) and maximalist (4.74 +/- 0.88
      BW, 13.59 +/- 2.63 MPa) compared with minimalist footwear (3.87 +/- 1.00 BW,
      11.59 +/- 2.63 MPa). It was also revealed that patellofemoral force per mile was
      significantly larger in conventional (246.81 +/- 53.21 BW) and maximalist (251.94
      +/- 59.17 BW) as compared with minimalist (227.77 +/- 58.60 BW) footwear. As
      excessive loading of the patellofemoral joint has been associated with the
      etiology of patellofemoral pain symptoms, the current investigation indicates
      that minimalist footwear may be able reduce runners' susceptibility to
      patellofemoral disorders. 

PMID- 26959347
TI  - Transabdominal Cerclage.
AB  - The transabdominal cerclage procedure was first introduced 50 years ago as an
      approach in those patients who had failed transvaginal cerclage. We review the
      history, indications, surgical technique, complications, and reported outcomes of
      the procedure. The procedure has evolved over time in its application and risks
      appear to be less than previously perceived. Physicians have found additional
      patient situations in which the procedure may be beneficial outside the
      indications defined 50 years ago. This is a valuable surgical technique which is
      likely underused. 

PMID- 26959348
TI  - PICU Volume and Outcome: A Severity-Adjusted Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between PICU volume and severity
      adjusted mortality in a large, national dataset. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort
      study. SETTING: The VPS database (VPS, LLC, Los Angeles, CA), a national
      multicenter clinical PICU database. PATIENTS: All patients with discharge dates
      between September 2009 and March 2012 and valid Pediatric Index of Mortality 2
      and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores, who were not transferred to another
      ICU and were seen in an ICU that collected at least three quarters of data.
      INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Anonymized data received
      included ICU mortality, hospital and patient demographics, and Pediatric Index of
      Mortality 2 and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores. PICU volume/quarter was
      determined (VPS sites submit data quarterly) per PICU and was divided by 100 to
      assess the impact per 100 discharges per quarter (volume). A mixed-effects
      logistic regression model accounting for repeated measures of patients within
      ICUs was performed to assess the association of volume on severity-adjusted
      mortality, adjusting for patient and unit characteristics. Multiplicative
      interactions between volume and severity of illness were also modeled. We
      analyzed 186,643 patients from 92 PICUs, with an overall ICU mortality rate of
      2.6%. Volume ranged from 0.24 to 8.89 per ICU per quarter; the mean volume was
      2.61. The mixed-effects logistic regression model found a small but nonlinear
      relationship between volume and mortality that varied based on the severity of
      illness. When severity of illness is low, there is no clear relationship between
      volume and mortality up to a Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 risk of mortality of
      10%; for patients with a higher severity of illness, severity of illness-adjusted
      mortality is directly proportional to a unit's volume. CONCLUSIONS: For patients
      with low severity of illness, ICU volume is not associated with mortality. As
      patient severity of illness rises, higher volume units have higher severity of
      illness-adjusted mortality. This may be related to differences in quality of
      care, issues with unmeasured confounding, or calibration of existing severity of
      illness scores.

PMID- 26959349
TI  - Epidemiology of Polypharmacy and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Among Pediatric
      Patients in ICUs of U.S. Children's Hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Polypharmacy is common in hospitalized children in the United States
      and has been identified as a major risk factor for exposure to potential drug
      drug interactions. Little is known about the characteristics and prevalence of
      exposure of pediatric patients to polypharmacy and potential drug-drug
      interactions in PICUs. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric
      Health Information System database. SETTING: Forty-two freestanding children's
      hospitals throughout the United States. PATIENTS: A total of 54,549 patients less
      than 18 years old cared for in PICUs in 2011. Patients in neonatal ICUs were not
      included. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: PICU patients were on average exposed to
      10 distinct drugs each hospital day and to 20 drugs cumulatively during their
      hospitalization. Seventy-five percent of patients were exposed to greater than or
      equal to one potential drug-drug interaction regardless of severity level, 6% to
      greater than or equal to one contraindicated potential drug-drug interaction, 69%
      to greater than or equal to one major potential drug-drug interaction, 57% to
      greater than or equal to one moderate potential drug-drug interaction, 19% to
      greater than or equal to one minor potential drug-drug interaction. Potential
      drug-drug interaction exposures were significantly associated with specific
      diagnoses (p < 0.001), presence of complex chronic conditions (p < 0.001),
      increasing number of total distinct drugs used (p < 0.001), increasing length of
      stay in PICU (p < 0.001), and white race (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Many PICU
      patients are exposed to substantial polypharmacy and potential drug-drug
      interactions. Future research should identify the risk of adverse drug events
      following specific potential drug-drug interaction exposures, especially the risk
      of adverse drug events due to multiple potential drug-drug interaction exposures,
      and determine the probability and magnitude of the actual harm (if any) for each
      specific potential drug-drug interaction, especially for multiple potential drug
      drug interaction exposures.

PMID- 26959350
TI  - Increased Photoconductivity Lifetime in GaAs Nanowires by Controlled n-Type and p
      Type Doping.
AB  - Controlled doping of GaAs nanowires is crucial for the development of nanowire
      based electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a noncontact method
      based on time-resolved terahertz photoconductivity for assessing n- and p-type
      doping efficiency in nanowires. Using this technique, we measure extrinsic
      electron and hole concentrations in excess of 10(18) cm(-3) for GaAs nanowires
      with n-type and p-type doped shells. Furthermore, we show that controlled doping
      can significantly increase the photoconductivity lifetime of GaAs nanowires by
      over an order of magnitude: from 0.13 ns in undoped nanowires to 3.8 and 2.5 ns
      in n-doped and p-doped nanowires, respectively. Thus, controlled doping can be
      used to reduce the effects of parasitic surface recombination in optoelectronic
      nanowire devices, which is promising for nanowire devices, such as solar cells
      and nanowire lasers.

PMID- 26959351
TI  - Factors Associated with Nursing Activities in Humanitarian Aid and Disaster
      Relief.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although nurses play an important role in humanitarian aid and
      disaster relief (HA/DR), little is known about the nursing activities that are
      performed in HA/DR. We aimed to clarify the nursing activities performed by
      Japanese nurses in HA/DR and to examine the factors associated with the frequency
      of nursing activities. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey was
      completed by 147 nurses with HA/DR experience. The survey extracted information
      on demographic characteristics, past experience (e.g., disaster medical training
      experience, HA/DR experience), circumstances surrounding their dispatched to
      HA/DR (e.g., team size, disaster type, post-disaster phase, mission term), and
      the frequency of nursing activities performed under HA/DR. The frequency of
      nursing activities was rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Evaluation of nursing
      activities was conducted based on the "nursing activity score", which represents
      the frequency of each nursing activity. Factors related to the nursing activity
      score were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Nurses
      were involved in 27 nursing activities in HA/DR, 10 of which were performed
      frequently. On analysis, factors significantly associated with nursing activity
      score were nursing license as a registered nurse (OR 7.79, 95% CI 2.95-20.57),
      two or more experiences with disaster medical training (OR 2.90 95%, CI 1.12
      7.49) and a post-disaster phase of three weeks or longer (OR 8.77, 95% CI 2.59
      29.67). CONCLUSIONS: These results will contribute to the design of evidence
      based disaster medical training that improves the quality of nursing activities.

PMID- 26959352
TI  - Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: clinical presentation, management and outcomes
      in women infected with HIV.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing
      preinvasive lesions of the lower genital tract. There are a limited number of
      studies on vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) in HIV-positive women. We aimed
      to review the clinical presentation of VIN, management and survival outcomes in
      this group of patients. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. METHODS: Data was
      collected from women diagnosed with VIN at the Hospital Vall d'Hebron between
      September 1994 and October 2011. The main outcome measures were recurrence-free
      survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Risk factors for recurrence
      and progression were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses.
      RESULTS: Thirty-seven out of 107 women were HIV positive (34.6%). The median
      follow-up time was 32 (range 12-179) months. Compared with the HIV-negative
      group, HIV-positive women were younger (median age 37 vs. 44 years, P = 0.003)
      and presented with multifocal and multicentric disease more frequently (63.6 vs.
      22.2% and 84.8 vs. 43.3%, respectively, P < 0.0001). RFS and PFS were lower in
      the HIV-positive group (42.4 vs. 71.4% P = 0.043 and 69.7 vs. 95.2% P = 0.006,
      respectively). RFS was significantly associated to multicentric and multifocal
      disease on multivariate analysis. PFS was associated to HIV infection on
      univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive women are at increased risk of
      developing VIN and frequently present at a younger age with multifocal and
      multicentric disease. They have shorter RFS and PFS compared with HIV-negative
      women. Close surveillance of the lower genital tract is mandatory to enable early
      recognition and treatment of any suspicious lesions. Close follow-up after
      treatment of VIN is essential to exclude early recurrence or progression.

PMID- 26959355
TI  - Strengthening universal HIV 'test-and-treat' approaches with social science
      research.

PMID- 26959356
TI  - Raltegravir is safely used with long-term viral suppression for HIV-infected
      patients on hemodialysis: a pharmacokinetic study.

PMID- 26959353
TI  - Prevalence of and progression to abnormal noninvasive markers of liver disease
      (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and Fibrosis-4) among US HIV
      infected youth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To longitudinally characterize noninvasive markers of liver disease in
      HIV-infected youth. DESIGN: HIV infection, without viral hepatitis coinfection,
      may contribute to liver disease. Noninvasive markers of liver disease [FIB-4
      (Fibrosis-4) and APRI (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index)] have
      been evaluated in adults with concomitant HIV and hepatitis C, but are less
      studied in children. METHODS: In prospective cohorts of HIV-infected and HIV
      uninfected youth, we used linear regression models to compare log-transformed FIB
      4 and APRI measures by HIV status based on a single visit at ages 15-20 years. We
      also longitudinally modeled trends in these measures in HIV-infected youth with
      two or more visits to compare those with behavioral vs. perinatal HIV infection
      (PHIV) using mixed effect linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, body mass
      index, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Of 1785 participants, 41% were men, 57% black
      non-Hispanic, and 27% Hispanic. More HIV-infected than uninfected youth had an
      APRI score more than 0.5 (13 vs. 3%, P < 0.001). Among 1307 HIV-infected
      participants with longitudinal measures, FIB-4 scores increased 6% per year (P <
      0.001) among all HIV-infected youth, whereas APRI scores increased 2% per year (P
      = 0.007) only among PHIV youth. The incidence rates (95% confidence interval) of
      progression of APRI to more than 0.5 and more than 1.5 were 7.5 (6.5-8.7) and 1.4
      (1.0-1.9) cases per 100 person-years of follow-up, respectively. The incidence of
      progression of FIB-4 to more than 1.5 and more than 3.25 were 1.6 (1.2-2.2) and
      0.3 (0.2-0.6) cases per 100 person-years, respectively. CONCLUSION: APRI and FIB
      4 scores were higher among HIV-infected youth. Progression to scores suggesting
      subclinical fibrosis or worse was common.

PMID- 26959354
TI  - CD4+/CD8+ ratio, age, and risk of serious noncommunicable diseases in HIV
      infected adults on antiretroviral therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults, noncommunicable
      diseases (NCDs) have been associated with immune senescence and low CD4/CD8
      lymphocyte ratio. Age differences in the relationship between CD4/CD8 ratio and
      NCDs have not been described. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. METHODS: We
      assessed CD4/CD8 ratio and incident NCDs (cardiovascular, cancer, liver, and
      renal diseases) in HIV-infected adults started on antiretroviral therapy between
      1998 and 2012. Study inclusion began once patients maintained virologic
      suppression for 12 months (defined as baseline). We examined age and baseline
      CD4/CD8 ratio and used Cox proportional hazard models to assess baseline CD4/CD8
      ratio and NCDs. RESULTS: This study included 2006 patients. Low baseline CD4/CD8
      ratio was associated with older age, male sex, and low CD4 lymphocyte counts. In
      models adjusting for CD4 lymphocyte count, CD4/CD8 ratio was inversely associated
      with age (P < 0.01). Among all patients, 182 had incident NCDs, including 46 with
      coronary artery disease (CAD) events. CD4/CD8 ratio was inversely associated with
      risk of CAD events [adjusted HR per 0.1 increase in CD4/CD8 ratio = 0.87, 95%
      confidence interval (CI): 0.76-0.99, P = 0.03]. This association was driven by
      those under age 50 years (adjusted HR 0.83 [0.70-0.97], P = 0.02) vs. those over
      age 50 years (adjusted HR = 0.96 [0.79-1.18], P = 0.71). CD4/CD8 ratio was not
      significantly associated with incident noncardiac NCDs. CONCLUSIONS: Higher
      CD4/CD8 ratio after 1 year of HIV virologic suppression was independently
      predictive of decreased CAD risk, particularly among younger adults. Advanced
      immune senescence may contribute to CAD events in younger HIV patients on
      antiretroviral therapy.

PMID- 26959357
TI  - Subdominant Gag-specific anti-HIV efficacy in an HLA-B*57-positive elite
      controller.

PMID- 26959358
TI  - Water-in-Water Droplets by Passive Microfluidic Flow Focusing.
AB  - We present a simple microfluidic system that generates water-in-water, aqueous
      two phase system (ATPS) droplets, by passive flow focusing. ATPS droplet
      formation is achieved by applying weak hydrostatic pressures, with liquid-filled
      pipette tips as fluid columns at the inlets, to introduce low speed flows to the
      flow focusing junction. To control the size of the droplets, we systematically
      vary the interfacial tension and viscosity of the ATPS fluids and adjust the
      fluid column height at the fluid inlets. The size of the droplets scales with a
      power law of the ratio of viscous stresses in the two ATPS phases. Overall, we
      find a drop size coefficient of variation (CV; i.e., polydispersity) of about
      10%. We also find that when drops form very close to the flow focusing junction,
      the drops have a CV of less than 1%. Our droplet generation method is easily
      scalable: we demonstrate a parallel system that generates droplets simultaneously
      and improves the droplet production rate by up to one order of magnitude.
      Finally, we show the potential application of our system for encapsulating cells
      in water-in-water emulsions by encapsulating microparticles and cells. To the
      best of our knowledge, our microfluidic technique is the first that forms low
      interfacial tension ATPS droplets without applying external perturbations. We
      anticipate that this simple approach will find utility in drug and cell delivery
      applications because of the all-biocompatible nature of the water-in-water ATPS
      environment. 

PMID- 26959359
TI  - Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP) and Cyclic ADP-Ribose
      (cADPR) Mediate Ca2+ Signaling in Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by beta-Adrenergic
      Stimulation.
AB  - Ca2+ signaling plays a fundamental role in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling, but
      the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of
      Ca2+-mobilizing second messengers, NAADP and cADPR, in the cardiac hypertrophy
      induced by beta-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol. Isoproterenol induced an
      initial Ca2+ transients followed by sustained Ca2+ rises. Inhibition of the cADPR
      pathway with 8-Br-cADPR abolished only the sustained Ca2+ increase, whereas
      inhibition of the NAADP pathway with bafilomycin-A1 abolished both rapid and
      sustained phases of the isoproterenol-mediated signal, indicating that the Ca2+
      signal is mediated by a sequential action of NAADP and cADPR. The sequential
      production of NAADP and cADPR was confirmed biochemically. The isoproterenol
      mediated Ca2+ increase and cADPR production, but not NAADP production, were
      markedly reduced in cardiomyocytes obtained from CD38 knockout mice. CD38
      knockout mice were rescued from chronic isoproterenol infusion-induced myocardial
      hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and decrease in fractional shortening and
      ejection fraction. Thus, our findings indicate that beta-adrenergic stimulation
      contributes to the development of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy via Ca2+
      signaling mediated by NAADP-synthesizing enzyme and CD38 that produce NAADP and
      cADPR, respectively. 

PMID- 26959360
TI  - Oral Administration of p-Hydroxycinnamic Acid Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis by
      Downregulating Th1 and Th2 Cytokine Production and Keratinocyte Activation.
AB  - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease that is caused by various factors,
      including environmental change, genetic defects, and immune imbalance. We
      previously showed that p-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) isolated from the roots of
      Curcuma longa inhibits T-cell activation without inducing cell death. Here, we
      demonstrated that oral administration of HCA in a mouse model of ear AD
      attenuates the following local and systemic AD manifestations: ear thickening,
      immune-cell infiltration, production of AD-promoting immunoregulatory cytokines
      in ear tissues, increased spleen and draining lymph node size and weight,
      increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by draining lymph nodes, and
      elevated serum immunoglobulin production. HCA treatment of CD4+ T cells in vitro
      suppressed their proliferation and differentiation into Th1 or Th2 and their Th1
      and Th2 cytokine production. HCA treatment of keratinocytes lowered their
      production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that drive either Th1 or Th2
      responses in AD. Thus, HCA may be of therapeutic potential for AD as it acts by
      suppressing keratinocyte activation and downregulating T-cell differentiation and
      cytokine production. 

PMID- 26959361
TI  - Anteroposterior Limb Skeletal Patterning Requires the Bifunctional Action of
      SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex in Hedgehog Pathway.
AB  - Graded Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling governs vertebrate limb skeletal patterning
      along the anteroposterior (AP) axis by regulating the activity of bifunctional
      Gli transcriptional regulators. The genetic networks involved in this patterning
      are well defined, however, the epigenetic control of the process by chromatin
      remodelers remains unknown. Here, we report that the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling
      complex is essential for Shh-driven limb AP patterning. Specific inactivation of
      Srg3/mBaf155, a core subunit of the remodeling complex, in developing limb buds
      hampered the transcriptional upregulation of Shh/Gli target genes, including the
      Shh receptor Ptch1 and its downstream effector Gli1 in the posterior limb bud. In
      addition, Srg3 deficiency induced ectopic activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway
      in the anterior mesenchyme, resulting in loss of progressive asymmetry. These
      defects in the Hh pathway accompanied aberrant BMP activity and disruption of
      chondrogenic differentiation in zeugopod and autopod primordia. Notably, our data
      revealed that dual control of the Hh pathway by the SWI/SNF complex is essential
      for spatiotemporal transcriptional regulation of the BMP antagonist Gremlin1,
      which affects the onset of chondrogenesis. This study uncovers the bifunctional
      role of the SWI/SNF complex in the Hh pathway to determine the fate of AP
      skeletal progenitors. 

PMID- 26959362
TI  - Functional Visual Acuity of Early Presbyopia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate visual function in patients with early presbyopia using the
      functional visual acuity (FVA) test. METHODS: This study included 27 eyes of 27
      healthy older volunteers (mean age, 44.1 +/- 2.6 years) and 14 eyes of 14 healthy
      young volunteers (mean age, 28.4+/-4.8 years). The distance-corrected visual
      acuity (DCVA), distance-corrected near VA (DCNVA), subjective amplitude of
      accommodation (AA), and distance and near pupillary diameters were measured. The
      distance FVA and distance-corrected near FVA (DCNFVA) were measured using the FVA
      Measurement System. The standard Schirmer test and standard tear break-up time
      measurement also were performed. RESULTS: The logarithm of the minimum angle of
      resolution (logMAR) DCVA was better than 0 in all subjects. The percentages of
      subjects with logMAR DCNVA below 0 was significantly lower in the presbyopia
      group than in the young group. The DCNFVA in the presbyopia group was
      significantly (P < 0.001) poorer than the DCNVA in that group. Significant linear
      negative correlations were seen between the DCNVA and AA (r = -0.507, P < 0.001)
      and the DCNFVA and AA (r = -0.681, P < 0.001) in the older subjects. Stepwise
      regression analysis showed that only the AA was a significant factor predictive
      of the DCNFVA in the presbyopia group. Tear function parameters were not adopted
      in the regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the DCNFVA can detect
      decreased AA in early presbyopia better than measurement of the conventional near
      VA. The DCNFVA is a good index for early presbyopia.

PMID- 26959363
TI  - A Holistic Landscape Description Reveals That Landscape Configuration Changes
      More over Time than Composition: Implications for Landscape Ecology Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Space-for-time substitution-that is, the assumption that spatial
      variations of a system can explain and predict the effect of temporal variations
      is widely used in ecology. However, it is questionable whether it can validly be
      used to explain changes in biodiversity over time in response to land-cover
      changes. HYPOTHESIS: Here, we hypothesize that different temporal vs spatial
      trajectories of landscape composition and configuration may limit space-for-time
      substitution in landscape ecology. Land-cover conversion changes not just the
      surface areas given over to particular types of land cover, but also affects
      isolation, patch size and heterogeneity. This means that a small change in land
      cover over time may have only minor repercussions on landscape composition but
      potentially major consequences for landscape configuration. METHODS: Using land
      cover maps of the Paris region for 1982 and 2003, we made a holistic description
      of the landscape disentangling landscape composition from configuration. After
      controlling for spatial variations, we analyzed and compared the amplitudes of
      changes in landscape composition and configuration over time. RESULTS: For
      comparable spatial variations, landscape configuration varied more than twice as
      much as composition over time. Temporal changes in composition and configuration
      were not always spatially matched. SIGNIFICANCE: The fact that landscape
      composition and configuration do not vary equally in space and time calls into
      question the use of space-for-time substitution in landscape ecology studies. The
      instability of landscapes over time appears to be attributable to configurational
      changes in the main. This may go some way to explaining why the landscape
      variables that account for changes over time in biodiversity are not the same
      ones that account for the spatial distribution of biodiversity.

PMID- 26959364
TI  - Medical Students' Perceptions of Clinical Teachers as Role Model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Role models facilitate student learning and assists in the
      development of professional identity. However, social organization and cultural
      values influence the choice of role models. Considering that the social
      organization and cultural values in South East Asia are different from other
      countries, it is important to know whether this affects the characteristics
      medical students look for in their role models in these societies. METHODS: A 32
      item questionnaire was developed and self-administered to undergraduate medical
      students. Participants rated the characteristics on a three point scale (0 = not
      important, 1 = mildly important, 2 = very important). One way ANOVA and student's
      t-test were used to compare the groups. RESULTS: A total of 349 (65.23%)
      distributed questionnaires were returned. The highest ranked themes were teaching
      and facilitating learning, patient care and continuing professional development
      followed by communication and professionalism. Safe environment and guiding
      personal and professional development was indicated least important. Differences
      were also observed between scores obtained by males and females. CONCLUSION:
      Globally there are attributes which are perceived as essential for role models,
      while others are considered desirable. An understanding of the attributes which
      are essential and desirable for role models can help medical educators devise
      strategies which can reinforce those attributes within their institutions.

PMID- 26959365
TI  - The Dose-Dependent Organ-Specific Effects of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor
      on Cardiovascular Complications in a Model of Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been suggested
      to have a non-glucoregulatory protective effect in various tissues, the effects
      of long-term inhibition of DPP-4 on the micro- and macro-vascular complications
      of type 2 diabetes remain uncertain. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate the organ-specific protective effects of DPP-4 inhibitor in rodent
      model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Eight-week-old diabetic and obese db/db mice
      and controls (db/m mice) received vehicle or one of two doses of gemigliptin
      (0.04 and 0.4%) daily for 12 weeks. Urine albumin excretion and echocardiography
      measured at 20 weeks of age. Heart and kidney tissue were subjected to molecular
      analysis and immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS: Gemigliptin effectively
      suppressed plasma DPP-4 activation in db/db mice in a dose-dependent manner. The
      HbA1c level was normalized in the 0.4% gemigliptin, but not in the 0.04%
      gemigliptin group. Gemigliptin showed a dose-dependent protective effect on
      podocytes, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects in the diabetic kidney.
      However, the dose-dependent effect of gemigliptin on diabetic cardiomyopathy was
      ambivalent. The lower dose significantly attenuated left ventricular (LV)
      dysfunction, apoptosis, and cardiac fibrosis, but the higher dose could not
      protect the LV dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Gemigliptin exerted
      non-glucoregulatory protective effects on both diabetic nephropathy and
      cardiomyopathy. However, high-level inhibition of DPP-4 was associated with an
      organ-specific effect on cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26959366
TI  - "When Treatment Is More Challenging than the Disease": A Qualitative Study of MDR
      TB Patient Retention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One-fifth of the patients on multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
      treatment at the Drug-Resistant-TB (DR-TB) Site in Gujarat are lost-to-follow
      up(LFU). OBJECTIVE: To understand patients' and providers' perspectives on
      reasons for LFU and their suggestions to improve retention-in-care. DESIGN:
      Qualitative study conducted between December 2013-March 2014, including in-depth
      interviews with LFU patients and DOT-providers, and a focus group discussion with
      DR-TB site supervisors. A thematic-network analysis approach was utilised.
      RESULTS: Three sub-themes emerged: (i) Struggle with prolonged treatment; (ii)
      Strive against stigma and toward support; (iii) Divergent perceptions and
      practices. Daily injections, pill burden, DOT, migratory work, social problems,
      prior TB treatment, and adverse drugs effects were reported as major barriers to
      treatment adherence and retention-in-care by patients and providers. Some
      providers felt that despite their best efforts, LFU patients remain. Patient
      movements between private practitioners and traditional healers further
      influenced LFU. CONCLUSION: The study points to a need for repeated patient
      counselling and education, improved co-ordination between various tiers of
      providers engaged in DR-TB care, collaboration between the public, private and
      traditional practitioners, and promotion of social and economic support to help
      patients adhere to MDR-TB treatment and avoid LFU.

PMID- 26959367
TI  - Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Rectal Tissue from Beef Steers Revealed
      Reduced Host Immunity in Escherichia coli O157:H7 Super-Shedders.
AB  - Super-shedder cattle are a major disseminator of E. coli O157:H7 into the
      environment, and the terminal rectum has been proposed as the primary E. coli
      O157:H7 colonization site. This study aimed to identify host factors that are
      associated with the super-shedding process by comparing transcriptomic profiles
      in rectal tissue collected from 5 super-shedder cattle and 4 non-shedder cattle
      using RNA-Seq. In total, 17,859 +/- 354 genes and 399 +/- 16 miRNAs were
      detected, and 11,773 genes were expressed in all animals. Fifty-eight
      differentially expressed (DE) genes (false discovery rate < 0.05) including 11 up
      regulated and 47 down-regulated (log 2 (fold change) ranged from -5.5 to 4.2),
      and 2 up-regulated DE miRNAs (log 2 (fold change) = 2.1 and 2.5, respectively)
      were identified in super-shedders compared to non-shedders. Functional analysis
      of DE genes revealed that 31 down-regulated genes were potentially associated
      with reduced innate and adaptive immune functions in super-shedders, including 13
      lymphocytes membrane receptors, 3 transcription factors and 5 cytokines,
      suggesting the decreased key host immune functions in the rectal tissue of super
      shedders, including decreased quantity and migration of immune cells such as
      lymphocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells. The up-regulation of bta-miR-29d-3p
      and the down regulation of its predicted target gene, regulator of G-protein
      signaling 13, suggested a potential regulatory role of this miRNA in decreased
      migration of lymphocytes in super-shedders. Based on these findings, the rectal
      tissue of super-shedders may inherently exhibit less effective innate and
      adaptive immune protection. Further study is required to confirm if such effect
      on host immunity is due to the nature of the host itself or due to actions
      mediated by E. coli O157:H7. 

PMID- 26959368
TI  - Turning Up the Heat on a Hotspot: DNA Barcodes Reveal 80% More Species of
      Geometrid Moths along an Andean Elevational Gradient.
AB  - We sampled 14,603 geometrid moths along a forested elevational gradient from 1020
      3021 m in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, and then employed DNA barcoding to
      refine decisions on species boundaries initially made by morphology. We compared
      the results with those from an earlier study on the same but slightly shorter
      gradient that relied solely on morphological criteria to discriminate species.
      The present analysis revealed 1857 putative species, an 80% increase in species
      richness from the earlier study that detected only 1010 species. Measures of
      species richness and diversity that are less dependent on sample size were more
      than twice as high as in the earlier study, even when analysis was restricted to
      an identical elevational range. The estimated total number of geometrid species
      (new dataset) in the sampled area is 2350. Species richness at single sites was
      32-43% higher, and the beta diversity component rose by 43-51%. These impacts of
      DNA barcoding on measures of richness reflect its capacity to reveal cryptic
      species that were overlooked in the first study. The overall results confirmed
      unique diversity patterns reported in the first investigation. Species diversity
      was uniformly high along the gradient, declining only slightly above 2800 m.
      Species turnover also showed little variation along the gradient, reinforcing the
      lack of evidence for discrete faunal zones. By confirming these major
      biodiversity patterns, the present study establishes that incomplete species
      delineation does not necessarily conceal trends of biodiversity along ecological
      gradients, but it impedes determination of the true magnitude of diversity and
      species turnover. 

PMID- 26959369
TI  - Benzene Uptake and Glutathione S-transferase T1 Status as Determinants of S
      Phenylmercapturic Acid in Cigarette Smokers in the Multiethnic Cohort.
AB  - Research from the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) demonstrated that, for the same
      quantity of cigarette smoking, African Americans and Native Hawaiians have a
      higher lung cancer risk than Whites, while Latinos and Japanese Americans are
      less susceptible. We collected urine samples from 2,239 cigarette smokers from
      five different ethnic groups in the MEC and analyzed each sample for S
      phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), a specific biomarker of benzene uptake. African
      Americans had significantly higher (geometric mean [SE] 3.69 [0.2], p<0.005)
      SPMA/ml urine than Whites (2.67 [0.13]) while Japanese Americans had
      significantly lower levels than Whites (1.65 [0.07], p<0.005). SPMA levels in
      Native Hawaiians and Latinos were not significantly different from those of
      Whites. We also conducted a genome-wide association study in search of genetic
      risk factors related to benzene exposure. The glutathione S-transferase T1
      (GSTT1) deletion explained between 14.2-31.6% (p = 5.4x10-157) and the GSTM1
      deletion explained between 0.2%-2.4% of the variance (p = 1.1x10-9) of SPMA
      levels in these populations. Ethnic differences in levels of SPMA remained strong
      even after controlling for the effects of these two deletions. These results
      demonstrate the powerful effect of GSTT1 status on SPMA levels in urine and show
      that uptake of benzene in African American, White, and Japanese American
      cigarette smokers is consistent with their lung cancer risk in the MEC. While
      benzene is not generally considered a cause of lung cancer, its metabolite SPMA
      could be a biomarker for other volatile lung carcinogens in cigarette smoke. 

PMID- 26959370
TI  - A Novel Prior- and Motion-Based Compressed Sensing Method for Small-Animal
      Respiratory Gated CT.
AB  - Low-dose protocols for respiratory gating in cardiothoracic small-animal imaging
      lead to streak artifacts in the images reconstructed with a Feldkamp-Davis-Kress
      (FDK) method. We propose a novel prior- and motion-based reconstruction (PRIMOR)
      method, which improves prior-based reconstruction (PBR) by adding a penalty
      function that includes a model of motion. The prior image is generated as the
      average of all the respiratory gates, reconstructed with FDK. Motion between
      respiratory gates is estimated using a nonrigid registration method based on
      hierarchical B-splines. We compare PRIMOR with an equivalent PBR method without
      motion estimation using as reference the reconstruction of high dose data. From
      these data acquired with a micro-CT scanner, different scenarios were simulated
      by changing photon flux and number of projections. Methods were evaluated in
      terms of contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR), mean square error (MSE), streak artefact
      indicator (SAI), solution error norm (SEN), and correction of respiratory motion.
      Also, to evaluate the effect of each method on lung studies quantification, we
      have computed the Jaccard similarity index of the mask obtained from segmenting
      each image as compared to those obtained from the high dose reconstruction. Both
      iterative methods greatly improved FDK reconstruction in all cases. PBR was prone
      to streak artifacts and presented blurring effects in bone and lung tissues when
      using both a low number of projections and low dose. Adopting PBR as a reference,
      PRIMOR increased CNR up to 33% and decreased MSE, SAI and SEN up to 20%, 4% and
      13%, respectively. PRIMOR also presented better compensation for respiratory
      motion and higher Jaccard similarity index. In conclusion, the new method
      proposed for low-dose respiratory gating in small-animal scanners shows an
      improvement in image quality and allows a reduction of dose or a reduction of the
      number of projections between two and three times with respect to previous PBR
      approaches. 

PMID- 26959371
TI  - Harvest Pressure on Coastal Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) from Recreational Fishing
      Relative to Commercial Fishing Assessed from Tag-Recovery Data.
AB  - Marine recreational fishing is a popular outdoor activity. However, knowledge
      about the magnitude of recreational catches relative to commercial catches in
      coastal fisheries is generally sparse. Coastal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is a
      target species for recreational fishers in the North Atlantic. In Norway,
      recreational fishers are allowed to use a variety of traps and nets as well as
      long-line and rod and line when fishing for cod. From 2005 to 2013, 9729 cod
      (mean size: 40 cm, range: 15-93 cm) were tagged and released in coastal
      Skagerrak, southeast Norway. Both high-reward (NOK 500) and low-reward tags (NOK
      50) were used in this study. Because some harvested fish (even those posting high
      reward tags) may go unreported by fishers, reporting rates were estimated from
      mark-recovery models that incorporate detection parameters in their structure, in
      addition to survival and mortality estimates. During 2005 to 2013, a total of
      1707 tagged cod were recovered and reported by fishers. We estimate the overall
      annual survival to be 33% (SE 1.5). Recreational rod and line fishing were
      responsible for 33.7% (SE 2.4) of total mortality, followed by commercial
      fisheries (15.1% SE 0.8) and recreational fixed gear (6.8% SE 0.4). Natural
      mortality was 44.4% (SE 2.5) of total mortality. Our findings suggest that
      recreational fishing-rod and line fishing in particular-is responsible for a
      substantial part of fishing mortality exerted on coastal cod in southern Norway. 

PMID- 26959372
TI  - 5-Methylcytosine-Rich Heterochromatin in the Indian Muntjac.
AB  - Two 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC)-rich heterochromatic regions were demonstrated in
      metaphase chromosomes of the Indian muntjac by indirect immunofluorescence using
      a monoclonal anti-5-MeC antibody. The metaphases were obtained from diploid and
      triploid cell lines. A major region is located in the 'neck' of the 3;X fusion
      chromosome and can be detected after denaturation of the chromosomal DNA with UV
      light irradiation for 1 h. It is located exactly at the border of the X
      chromosome and the translocated autosome 3. A minor region is found in the
      centromeric region of the free autosome 3 after denaturing the chromosomal DNA
      for 3 h or longer. The structure and possible function of the major
      hypermethylated region as barrier against spreading of the X-inactivation process
      into the autosome 3 is discussed. 

PMID- 26959373
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Study on the Use of Urinalysis for Screening Early-Stage Renal
      Insufficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proteinuria and hematuria detected by routine urinalysis can
      indicate impaired renal function. This study evaluated the effect of routine
      urinalysis in screening out patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate
      (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 at an early stage and investigated its associated
      factors. METHODS: Healthy adults who underwent physical examination between
      September 2008 and September 2013 were enrolled in the study (n = 43,516). Urine
      was analyzed for protein, and red and white blood cells. Ten milliliter blood
      samples were collected for serum creatinine, urea, albumin and other parameters
      for the estimation of eGFR and renal function. RESULTS: Abnormal routine
      urinalysis was found in 7.1% and eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was found in 0.9% of
      subjects. Age and gender were similar in the overall and abnormal urinalysis
      populations (43 vs. 43 years and 36.7 vs. 38.2% females, respectively), but the
      eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 group were older (64 years, p < 0.001) with increased
      females (46.4%, p = 0.002). Sensitivity for predicting eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2
      was 0.110 and specificity was 0.928. Univariate and multivariate analyses in
      6,318 subjects with more detailed clinical data suggested significant
      associations of sex (OR 0.058, 95% CI 0.030-0.113), age (OR 1.045, 95% CI 1.027
      1.064), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 0.158, 95% CI 0.043-0.587) with
      eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. CONCLUSION: Routine urinalysis showed a poor performance
      in the screening for early-stage renal insufficiency. In future, other screening
      methods should be considered. Age, gender and HDL were associated with eGFR <60
      ml/min/1.73 m2.

PMID- 26959374
TI  - Structure and Function of the Unusual Tungsten Enzymes Acetylene Hydratase and
      Class II Benzoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase.
AB  - In biology, tungsten (W) is exclusively found in microbial enzymes bound to a bis
      pyranopterin cofactor (bis-WPT). Previously known W enzymes catalyze redox
      oxo/hydroxyl transfer reactions by directly coordinating their substrates or
      products to the metal. They comprise the W-containing formate/formylmethanofuran
      dehydrogenases belonging to the dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (DMSOR) family and
      the aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR) families, which form a separate
      enzyme family within the Mo/W enzymes. In the last decade, initial insights into
      the structure and function of two unprecedented W enzymes were obtained: the
      acetaldehyde forming acetylene hydratase (ACH) belongs to the DMSOR and the class
      II benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (BCR) to the AOR family. The latter
      catalyzes the reductive dearomatization of benzoyl-CoA to a cyclic diene. Both
      are key enzymes in the degradation of acetylene (ACH) or aromatic compounds (BCR)
      in strictly anaerobic bacteria. They are unusual in either catalyzing a nonredox
      reaction (ACH) or a redox reaction without coordinating the substrate or product
      to the metal (BCR). In organic chemical synthesis, analogous reactions require
      totally nonphysiological conditions depending on Hg2+ (acetylene hydration) or
      alkali metals (benzene ring reduction). The structural insights obtained pave the
      way for biological or biomimetic approaches to basic reactions in organic
      chemistry. 

PMID- 26959375
TI  - Methanogenic Hydrocarbon Degradation: Evidence from Field and Laboratory Studies.
AB  - Microbial transformation of hydrocarbons to methane is an environmentally
      relevant process taking place in a wide variety of electron acceptor-depleted
      habitats, from oil reservoirs and coal deposits to contaminated groundwater and
      deep sediments. Methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation is considered to be a major
      process in reservoir degradation and one of the main processes responsible for
      the formation of heavy oil deposits and oil sands. In the absence of external
      electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, sulfate or Fe(III), fermentation and
      methanogenesis become the dominant microbial metabolisms. The major end product
      under these conditions is methane, and the only electron acceptor necessary to
      sustain the intermediate steps in this process is CO2, which is itself a net
      product of the overall reaction. We are summarizing the state of the art and
      recent advances in methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation research. Both the key
      microbial groups involved as well as metabolic pathways are described, and we
      discuss the novel insights into methanogenic hydrocarbon-degrading populations
      studied in laboratory as well as environmental systems enabled by novel
      cultivation-based and molecular approaches. Their possible implications on energy
      resources, bioremediation of contaminated sites, deep-biosphere research, and
      consequences for atmospheric composition and ultimately climate change are also
      addressed. 

PMID- 26959376
TI  - Neurotropism of Saffold virus in a mouse model.
AB  - Saffold virus (SAFV) is a highly seroprevalent human Cardiovirus discovered
      recently. No clear association between SAFV infection and human disease has been
      established. Rare infection cases, however, correlated with neurological
      symptoms. To gain insight into the pathogenesis potential of the virus, we
      performed experimental mouse infection with SAFV strains of genotypes 2 and 3
      (SAFV-2 and SAFV-3). After intraperitoneal infection, both strains exhibited a
      typical Cardiovirus tropism. Viral load was most prominent in the pancreas.
      Heart, spleen, brain and spinal cord were also infected. In IFN-receptor 1
      deficient (IFNAR-KO) mice, SAFV-3 caused a severe encephalitis. The virus was
      detected by immunohistochemistry in many parts of the brain and spinal cord, both
      in neurons and astrocytes, but astrocyte infection was more extensive. In vitro,
      SAFV-3 also infected astrocytes better than neurons in mixed primary cultures.
      Astrocytes were, however, very efficiently protected by IFN-alpha/beta treatment.

PMID- 26959377
TI  - Being "Good in Bed"-Body Concerns, Self-Perceptions, and Gender Expectations
      Among Swedish Heterosexual Female and Male Senior High-School Students.
AB  - We investigated gender differences regarding body perceptions, self-perceptions,
      values and expectations in sexual situations, and factors associated with
      expectations, among Swedish heterosexual female and male high-school students. A
      total of 2,765 students (aged 18 to 22) completed questionnaires. Women reported
      lower satisfaction with themselves and their body appearance (p < 0.001), and
      felt more inferior to their partner (p < 0.001). Men felt more superior to their
      partner, and felt higher expectations (p < 0.001). Male sex, difficulty saying no
      to sex, dissatisfaction with the body, feeling inferior or superior to partner,
      and considering partner's satisfaction as more important, were all associated
      with feeling expectations during sex.

PMID- 26959378
TI  - Highly efficient de novo mutant identification in a Sorghum bicolor TILLING
      population using the ComSeq approach.
AB  - Screening large populations for carriers of known or de novo rare single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is required both in Targeting induced local
      lesions in genomes (TILLING) experiments in plants and in screening of human
      populations. We previously suggested an approach that combines the mathematical
      field of compressed sensing with next-generation sequencing to allow such large
      scale screening. Based on pooled measurements, this method identifies multiple
      carriers of heterozygous or homozygous rare alleles while using only a small
      fraction of resources. Its rigorous mathematical foundations allow scalable and
      robust detection, and provide error correction and resilience to experimental
      noise. Here we present a large-scale experimental demonstration of our
      computational approach, in which we targeted a TILLING population of 1024 Sorghum
      bicolor lines to detect carriers of de novo SNPs whose frequency was less than
      0.1%, using only 48 pools. Subsequent validation confirmed that all detected
      lines were indeed carriers of the predicted mutations. This novel approach
      provides a highly cost-effective and robust tool for biologists and breeders to
      allow identification of novel alleles and subsequent functional analysis.

PMID- 26959379
TI  - Cryo-sectioning of mice for whole-body imaging of drugs and metabolites with
      desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging - a simplified
      approach.
AB  - A method is presented for whole-body imaging of drugs and metabolites in mice
      with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI).
      Unlike most previous approaches to whole-body imaging which are based on cryo
      sectioning using a cryo-macrotome, the presented approach is based on use of the
      cryo-microtome which is found in any histology lab. The tissue sections are
      collected on tape which is analyzed directly by DESI-MSI. The method is
      demonstrated on mice which have been dosed intraperitoneally with the
      antidepressive drug amitriptyline. By combining full-scan detection with the more
      selective and sensitive MS/MS detection, a number of endogenous compounds
      (lipids) were imaged simultaneously with the drug and one of its metabolites. The
      sensitivity of this approach allowed for imaging of drug and the metabolite in a
      mouse dosed with 2.7 mg amitriptyline per kg bodyweight which is comparable to
      the normal prescribed human dose. The simultaneous imaging of endogenous and
      exogenous compounds facilitates registration of the drug images to certain organs
      in the body by colored-overlay of the two types of images. The method represents
      a relatively low-cost approach to simple, sensitive and highly selective whole
      body imaging in drug distribution and metabolism studies.

PMID- 26959380
TI  - Is there any relationship between Toll-like receptor 3 c.1377C/T and -7C/A
      polymorphisms and susceptibility to Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever?
AB  - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an infectious disease that is caused by
      CCHF virus. A family of transmembrane receptors called as Toll-like receptors
      (TLRs) selectively acts in recognizing a wide range of microbial components and
      endogenous molecules released by damaged tissue and have been preserved
      throughout evolution. TLRs initiate some signaling cascades which activate the
      innate immune system. Mainly four TLRs act in protection against viral
      infections; TLR3 is one of them. TLR3 identifies dsRNA. By producing inflammatory
      cytokines and type I interferons, it generates an antiviral immune response.
      Proper response to TLR ligands may be impaired by single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs) within TLR genes in some indviduals, and this can cause varied
      susceptibility to infections. In the present work, polymerase chain reaction
      based restriction fragment length polymorphism is used to analyze the frequencies
      of TLR3 (c.1377C/T and -7C/A) polymorphisms in 149 CCHF patients and 171 healthy
      adults as controls, in Cumhuriyet University, Sivas/Turkey. We also investigated
      the relation between these polymorphisms and severity or mortality of CCHF
      disease. This is the first study investigating the TLR3 SNPs in patients with
      CCHF. In the present study, the frequency of the TLR3 (c.1377C/T and -7A/C)
      genotypes in fatal and non-fatal cases were comparable, however, the homozygous
      mutant (TT) genotype frequency of TLR3 c.1377C/T in CCHF patients was
      significantly higher than that of the healthy controls. In conclusion, presence
      of TLR3 c.1377 TT genotype may have a role in the susceptibility to CCHF. J. Med.
      Virol. 88:1690-1696, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26959381
TI  - Association study between genome-wide significant variants of vitamin B12
      metabolism and gastric cancer in a han Chinese population.
AB  - Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide.
      Accumulating evidence suggests that vitamin B12 plays an important role in the
      development of gastric cancer. Genome-wide association studies on metabolites in
      the one-carbon metabolism pathway identified several vitamin B12-related
      polymorphisms. Therefore, we investigated the association between variants within
      vitamin B12-related genes and gastric cancer in a Han Chinese population. Eight
      variants within the genome were significant vitamin B12-related genes, and they
      were selected for analysis in this case-control study. This study used a total of
      492 gastric cancer patients and 550 noncancer controls. The variant rs526934 from
      the TCN1 gene was associated with an increased risk of developing gastric cancer.
      Increased risks of gastric cancer occurrence were observed in the minor G allele
      (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03-1.52, P = 0.031) and GG genotype (OR = 2.06, 95% CI =
      1.24-3.42, P = 0.0043) compared with the wild-type A allele and AA-GA genotype,
      respectively. In the haplotypic analysis, we found that the CUBN haplotypes were
      associated with an altered gastric cancer risk. The rs1801222T/rs11254363A (OR =
      1.40, 95% CI = 1.05-1.86, P = 0.021) and rs1801222C/rs11254363G (OR = 4.39, 95%
      CI = 2.32-8.30, P < 0.0001) haplotypes exhibited an increased gastric cancer
      risk, while rs1801222T/rs11254363G showed protective effects against gastric
      cancer (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.25-0.73, P = 0.002) compared with the wild-type
      rs1801222C/rs11254363A haplotype. The circulating vitamin B12 concentration
      related variants were associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer. This
      finding shed light on the unexpected role of vitamin B12 metabolism genes in
      gastric carcinogenesis and highlighted the interplay of diet, genetics, and human
      cancers.

PMID- 26959382
TI  - DWI at MR Enterography for Evaluating Bowel Inflammation in Crohn Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review
      regarding DWI enterography used for evaluating Crohn disease and to summarize the
      relevant evidence. CONCLUSION: Active bowel inflammation in Crohn disease causes
      restricted diffusion on MR enterography with DWI. Enterographic DWI to evaluate
      Crohn disease is increasingly drawing attention for both academic research and
      clinical practice and has shown potential as a quantitative tool for assessing
      bowel inflammation. DWI enterography also has multiple unresolved issues and
      limitations.

PMID- 26959383
TI  - Correlates of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among Vietnamese female
      immigrants in Taiwan.
AB  - Immigration is a demanding and challenging life event that may cause married
      immigrant women to be likely to adopt unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. The aim of
      the authors of this study was to assess the prevalence of health-promoting
      lifestyle behaviors and their correlates among Vietnamese female immigrants in
      Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 140 Vietnamese female
      immigrants from November 2012 to October 2013. Measures included demographic
      information, the Chinese Health Questionnaire, the General Functioning Scale of
      the Family Assessment Device, and a short version of the Chinese Health-Promoting
      Lifestyle Profile. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson's
      product-moment correlation coefficients, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance,
      and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Vietnamese female immigrants
      with better individual health status, higher education from their original
      country, greater communication ability, better health status of the husband, and
      adaptive family functioning demonstrated greater participation in health
      promoting lifestyle behaviors. Particularly, better husband's health status and
      family functioning correlated with greater practices of health-promoting
      lifestyle behaviors after controlling for individual characteristics and
      experiences, with 38% of the total variance explained. Findings may serve to
      guide and design culturally specific, family-focused health promotion
      interventions to assist Vietnamese female immigrants and their families.

PMID- 26959384
TI  - Messages from the RICALOR Study.

PMID- 26959386
TI  - Trichomonas vaginalis induces IL-1beta production in a human prostate epithelial
      cell line by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome via reactive oxygen species and
      potassium ion efflux.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite
      that causes vaginitis in women, and urethritis and prostatitis in men. IL-1beta
      is synthesized as immature pro-IL-1beta, which is cleaved by activated caspase-1.
      Caspase-1 is, in turn, activated by a multi-protein complex known as an
      inflammasome. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory response of a
      prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1) to T. vaginalis and, specifically, the
      capacity of T. vaginalis to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. METHODS: RWPE-1
      cells were stimulated by live T. vaginalis, and subsequent expression of pro-IL
      1beta, IL-1beta, NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 was determined by real-time PCR and
      Western blotting. IL-1beta and caspase-1 production was also measured by ELISA.
      To evaluate the effects of NLRP3 and caspase-1 on IL-1beta production, the
      activated RWPE-1 cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs to silence
      the NLRP3 and caspase-1 genes. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was observed
      by fluorescence microscopy. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were
      evaluated by spectrofluorometry. RESULTS: When RWPE-1 cells were stimulated with
      live T. vaginalis, the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1beta, NLRP3, ASC, and
      caspase-1 increased. Moreover, silencing of NLRP3 and caspase-1 attenuated T.
      vaginalis-induced IL-1beta secretion. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI and high
      extracellular potassium ion suppressed the production of IL-1beta, caspase-1, and
      the expression of NLRP3 and ASC proteins. The specific NF-kappaB inhibitor, Bay
      11-7082, inhibited IL-1beta production, and also inhibited the production of
      caspase-1, ASC and NLRP3 proteins. CONCLUSIONS: T. vaginalis induces the
      formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human prostate epithelial cells via ROS
      and potassium ion efflux, and this results in IL-1beta production. This is the
      first evidence for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the inflammatory
      response by prostate epithelial cells infected with T. vaginalis. Prostate 76:885
      896, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26959385
TI  - Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2012, featuring the
      increasing incidence of liver cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Annual updates on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States
      are provided through an ongoing collaboration among the American Cancer Society
      (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer
      Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries
      (NAACCR). This annual report highlights the increasing burden of liver and
      intrahepatic bile duct (liver) cancers. METHODS: Cancer incidence data were
      obtained from the CDC, NCI, and NAACCR; data about cancer deaths were obtained
      from the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Annual percent
      changes in incidence and death rates (age-adjusted to the 2000 US Standard
      Population) for all cancers combined and for the leading cancers among men and
      women were estimated by joinpoint analysis of long-term trends (incidence for
      1992-2012 and mortality for 1975-2012) and short-term trends (2008-2012). In
      depth analysis of liver cancer incidence included an age-period-cohort analysis
      and an incidence-based estimation of person-years of life lost because of the
      disease. By using NCHS multiple causes of death data, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and
      liver cancer-associated death rates were examined from 1999 through 2013.
      RESULTS: Among men and women of all major racial and ethnic groups, death rates
      continued to decline for all cancers combined and for most cancer sites; the
      overall cancer death rate (for both sexes combined) decreased by 1.5% per year
      from 2003 to 2012. Overall, incidence rates decreased among men and remained
      stable among women from 2003 to 2012. Among both men and women, deaths from liver
      cancer increased at the highest rate of all cancer sites, and liver cancer
      incidence rates increased sharply, second only to thyroid cancer. Men had more
      than twice the incidence rate of liver cancer than women, and rates increased
      with age for both sexes. Among non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, and Hispanic
      men and women, liver cancer incidence rates were higher for persons born after
      the 1938 to 1947 birth cohort. In contrast, there was a minimal birth cohort
      effect for NH Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs). NH black men and Hispanic men
      had the lowest median age at death (60 and 62 years, respectively) and the
      highest average person-years of life lost per death (21 and 20 years,
      respectively) from liver cancer. HCV and liver cancer-associated death rates were
      highest among decedents who were born during 1945 through 1965. CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall, cancer incidence and mortality declined among men; and, although cancer
      incidence was stable among women, mortality declined. The burden of liver cancer
      is growing and is not equally distributed throughout the population. Efforts to
      vaccinate populations that are vulnerable to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection
      and to identify and treat those living with HCV or HBV infection, metabolic
      conditions, alcoholic liver disease, or other causes of cirrhosis can be
      effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of liver cancer. Cancer
      2016;122:1312-1337. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26959388
TI  - Expression of amyloid-beta in mouse cochlear hair cells causes an early-onset
      auditory defect in high-frequency sound perception.
AB  - Increasing evidence indicates that defects in the sensory system are highly
      correlated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). This raises the possibility that sensory cells possess some
      commonalities with neurons and may provide a tool for studying AD. The sensory
      system, especially the auditory system, has the advantage that depression in
      function over time can easily be measured with electrophysiological methods. To
      establish a new mouse AD model that takes advantage of this benefit, we produced
      transgenic mice expressing amyloid-beta (Abeta), a causative element for AD, in
      their auditory hair cells. Electrophysiological assessment indicated that these
      mice had hearing impairment, specifically in high-frequency sound perception (>32
      kHz), at 4 months after birth. Furthermore, loss of hair cells in the basal
      region of the cochlea, which is known to be associated with age-related hearing
      loss, appeared to be involved in this hearing defect. Interestingly,
      overexpression of human microtubule-associated protein tau, another factor in AD
      development, synergistically enhanced the Abeta-induced hearing defects. These
      results suggest that our new system reflects some, if not all, aspects of AD
      progression and, therefore, could complement the traditional AD mouse model to
      monitor Abeta-induced neuronal dysfunction quantitatively over time. 

PMID- 26959387
TI  - Syndecan-1 Attenuates Lung Injury during Influenza Infection by Potentiating c
      Met Signaling to Suppress Epithelial Apoptosis.
AB  - RATIONALE: Syndecan-1 is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan primarily
      expressed in the lung epithelium. Because the influenza virus is tropic to the
      airway epithelium, we investigated the role of syndecan-1 in influenza infection.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine the mechanism by which syndecan-1 regulates the lung
      mucosal response to influenza infection. METHODS: Wild-type (WT) and Sdc1(-/-)
      mice were infected with a H1N1 virus (PR8) as an experimental model of influenza
      infection. Human and murine airway epithelial cell cultures were also infected
      with PR8 to study the mechanism by which syndecan-1 regulates the inflammatory
      response. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: We found worsened outcomes and lung
      injury in Sdc1(-/-) mice compared with WT mice after influenza infection. Our
      data demonstrated that syndecan-1 suppresses bronchial epithelial apoptosis
      during influenza infection to limit widespread lung inflammation. Furthermore, we
      determined that syndecan-1 attenuated apoptosis by crosstalking with c-Met to
      potentiate its cytoprotective signals in airway epithelial cells during influenza
      infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our work shows that cell-associated syndecan-1 has an
      important role in regulating lung injury. Our findings demonstrate a novel
      mechanism in which cell membrane-associated syndecan-1 regulates the innate
      immune response to influenza infection by facilitating cytoprotective signals
      through c-Met signaling to limit bronchial epithelial apoptosis, thereby
      attenuating lung injury and inflammation.

PMID- 26959389
TI  - Motive Arousal Without Pictures? An Experimental Validation of a Hybrid Implicit
      Motive Test.
AB  - Pictures are widely used as stimuli in implicit motive tests. Hybrid forms of
      such tests present pictures and declarative statements underneath pictures. Some
      authors have argued that explicitly declaring agreement with motive-related
      statements presented underneath pictures might shift the validity of such tests
      from capturing less implicit motives to more explicit motives. If that is the
      case, pictures as elicitors of implicit motives might become less relevant.
      Adopting the views on validity presented by Borsboom, Mellenbergh, and van
      Heerden ( 2004 ) and Bornstein ( 2011 ), as well as item generation theory, we
      investigated whether the availability of pictures in hybrid motive tests causally
      affects test scores. To this end, we administered the Multi-Motive Grid (MMG;
      Sokolowski, Schmalt, Langens, & Puca, 2000 ), as an example of a hybrid motive
      test, either with or without pictures to 108 participants. Results revealed that
      the availability of pictures had no effect on 3 out of 6 test scores.
      Furthermore, eliminating pictures had only inconsistent effects on correlations
      with a test of explicit motives. We conclude that pictures might not unanimously
      elicit motives in implicit motive tests that use declarative statements as
      response options.

PMID- 26959390
TI  - Influence of Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area on the Behavior of Papillary
      Thyroid Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined the relationship between body mass
      index (BMI) and the behavior of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). However, the
      results are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to clarify the
      association between PTC behavior and anthropometric parameters including BMI and
      body surface area (BSA). METHODS: This study retrospectively reviewed 5081 PTC
      patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral central neck dissection
      between January 2002 and June 2015. Because of sexual dimorphism in obesity,
      analyses were conducted separately for men and women. The World Health
      Organization BMI classification was used to classify patients as normal (18.5 <=
      BMI <25 kg/m(2)), overweight (25 <= BMI <30 kg/m(2)), or obese (BMI >=30
      kg/m(2)). Since no consensus for BSA categorization exists, enrolled patients
      were grouped into BSA quartiles by sex: women BSA1 (BSA <1.52 m(2)), BSA2 (1.52
      <= BSA <1.59 m(2)), BSA3 (1.59 <= BSA <1.67 m(2)), and BSA4 (BSA >=1.67 m(2));
      and men BSA1 (BSA <1.77 m(2)), BSA2 (1.77 <= BSA <1.86 m(2)), BSA3 (1.86 <= BSA
      <1.96 m(2)), and BSA4 (BSA >=1.96 m(2)). RESULTS: In women, overweight (adjusted
      odds ratio [OR] = 1.187, p = 0.042) and obese (adjusted OR = 2.231, p < 0.001)
      were independent predictors for multiplicity. Furthermore, overweight (adjusted
      OR = 1.237, p = 0.012) and obese (adjusted OR = 1.789, p = 0.005) were
      independent predictors for extrathyroidal extension (ETE). However, higher BMI
      was not an independent predictor for bilaterality or central lymph node
      metastasis (CLNM). In addition, higher BSA-BSA3 (adjusted OR = 1.205, p = 0.049)
      and BSA4 (adjusted OR = 1.524, p < 0.001)-was an independent predictor for
      multiplicity. However, higher BSA was not a predictor for bilaterality, ETE, or
      CLNM. In men, higher BMI and BSA were not predictors for multiplicity,
      bilaterality, ETE, or CLNM. CONCLUSIONS: In women with PTC, higher BMI was an
      independent predictor for multiplicity and ETE. Furthermore, higher BSA was an
      independent predictor for multiplicity. However, BMI and BSA were not predictors
      for the PTC behavior in men.

PMID- 26959395
TI  - How Does Gameplaying Support Values and Psychological Well-Being Among Cancer
      Survivors?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study examined the extent to which playing
      recreational computer games and videogames is perceived by cancer survivors as
      supporting personal values. Values serve as behavioral guides and may thus impact
      health outcomes; therefore activities that have the potential to support values
      deserve further attention so their role in promoting health may be better
      understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We asked a sample of survivors who play
      recreational games (n = 73) open-ended questions about the types of recreational
      games they play, about something they really value in life, and the extent to
      which playing games supports the value. Data analysis used a grounded theory
      approach, supported by computer-assisted qualitative analysis software. RESULTS:
      Three major themes emerged linking gameplaying to survivors' values: the need to
      create and maintain social connections, the desire to help others, and the need
      to experience alternate realities (including escape and exploration).
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study offers a unique perspective by focusing on the
      intersection of values and gameplay among survivors. The findings suggest that
      playing recreational computer games and videogames may be congruent with
      survivors' personal values and may have potential to influence positive health
      outcomes among survivors. The findings have implications for developing effective
      values-based interventions for cancer survivors.

PMID- 26959396
TI  - In vivo imaging of microglial activation by positron emission tomography with
      [(11)C]PBR28 in the 5XFAD model of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Microglial activation has been linked with deficits in neuronal function and
      synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mitochondrial translocator
      protein (TSPO) is known to be upregulated in reactive microglia. Accurate
      visualization and quantification of microglial density by PET imaging using the
      TSPO tracer [(11)C]-R-PK11195 has been challenging due to the limitations of the
      ligand. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the new TSPO tracer [(11)C]PBR28
      as a marker for microglial activation in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD.
      Dynamic PET scans were acquired following intravenous administration of
      [(11)C]PBR28 in 6-month-old 5XFAD mice and in wild-type controls. Autoradiography
      with [(3)H]PBR28 was carried out in the same brains to further confirm the
      distribution of the radioligand. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed
      on adjacent brain sections of the same mice to evaluate the co-localization of
      TSPO with microglia. PET imaging revealed that brain uptake of [(11)C]PBR28 in
      5XFAD mice was increased compared with control mice. Moreover, binding of
      [(3)H]PBR28, measured by autoradiography, was enriched in cortical and
      hippocampal brain regions, coinciding with the positive staining of the
      microglial marker Iba-1 and amyloid deposits in the same areas. Furthermore,
      double-staining using antibodies against TSPO demonstrated co-localization of
      TSPO with microglia and not with astrocytes in 5XFAD mice and human post-mortem
      AD brains. The data provided support of the suitability of [(11)C]PBR28 as a tool
      for in vivo monitoring of microglial activation and assessment of treatment
      response in future studies using animal models of AD.

PMID- 26959397
TI  - Pathological and clinical aspects of alpha/beta synuclein in Parkinson's disease
      and related disorders.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) and related synucleinopathies are characterized by
      extensive neuronal cell loss, which is potentially triggered by alpha-synuclein
      misfolding and aggregation. Therefore it is reasonable to suggest that treatments
      targeting alpha-synuclein could reduce its levels and toxicity, rescue neuronal
      cells and halt the neurodegeneration process. Several approaches to decrease
      alpha-synuclein levels were employed thus far, mainly by using beta-synuclein,
      another protein from the same family, or immunotherapies. These treatments
      demonstrated some positive results in preclinical studies, which may pave the
      road to the development of new promising disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). This
      approach should be further examined in preclinical and clinical settings,
      together with a clear process in order to advance candidates, enable the ability
      to define when there are target engagements and to detect what is a meaningful
      pharmacological response, and how it will be translated in clinical efficacy.

PMID- 26959398
TI  - Cardiac Mortality in Children and Adolescents with Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A
      Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of cardiac death in
      pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) survivors and identify high-risk groups that
      may need additional surveillance. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End
      Results program database was queried to analyze the rates of radiation therapy
      (RT) use and cardiac-specific mortality (CSM) in HL patients, aged 0-21 years,
      treated from 1973 to 2007. Primary endpoint was cardiac mortality. RESULTS: A
      total of 6552 patients were included. Median follow-up was 12 years (range, 0
      40). Median age at diagnosis was 17 years (range, 0-21). The majority were white
      (85.5%), from western states (41.2%), had nodular sclerosis HL (73.2%), presented
      with stage I or II disease (51.5%), and received RT (56.1%). Death from cardiac
      disease occurred in 114 patients (9.2% of all deaths). CSM for the entire cohort
      at 10-, 20-, and 30-year time points was 0.3%, 1.6%, and 5.0%, respectively.
      Median age at the time of cardiac death was 39 years (range, 18-58 years). Under
      multivariate analysis (MVA), adolescent patients (ages 13-21) had higher rates of
      CSM (hazard ratio [HR], 3.05; p = 0.005). Female gender (HR, 0.43; p < 0.001),
      patients treated from 1998 to 2007 (HR, 0.19; p = 0.018), and those with
      lymphocyte-rich histology (HR, 0.14; p = 0.047) had significantly lower rates of
      CSM. Use of RT was not associated with CSM under MVA (HR, 1.18, p = 0.452).
      CONCLUSION: The cumulative incidence of CSM in this population analysis of
      pediatric HL was 9.2%, with a steady decline over the past several decades.
      Adolescent patients at diagnosis and males were more likely to die of cardiac
      related causes.

PMID- 26959399
TI  - Breastmilk Is Unlikely to Be a Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

PMID- 26959400
TI  - Calreticulin, a therapeutic target?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Calreticulin is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein
      critical for maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis and glycoprotein folding in the ER.
      The protein has also been identified on the cell surface of apoptotic and
      necrotic cells and implicated to play a role in immunogenic cell death and other
      extracellular functions. The molecular events that promote cell surface
      association of calreticulin are not clear. Under cell stress conditions
      (environmental, drug induced, hypoxia), calreticulin may be upregulated as it
      attempts to regulate cell survival, death or repair. The initial signaling
      mechanisms involved in these processes may be regulated by the unfolded protein
      response (UPR) and genome damage response (GDR) pathways. AREA COVERED: Here, the
      phenomenon of cell surface calreticulin and its extracellular functions are
      discussed, with a major emphasis on the process of immunogenic cell death. The
      evidence of how cell surface calreticulin may act as a damage associated
      molecular pattern molecule is evaluated, in addition to how these properties of
      the protein can be exploited for therapeutic vaccine development, cancer
      treatment and mediating other inflammatory processes. In addition, clarification
      of calreticulin functions from its intracellular, cell surface, and extracellular
      locations are provided. EXPERT OPINION: While the protein folding and immune
      stimulatory properties of calreticulin can be exploited to develop therapies, the
      molecular pathways involved remain to be elucidated. Nevertheless, exploiting the
      multifaceted properties of calreticulin may in the future provide a means to
      treat a number of diseases.

PMID- 26959401
TI  - Assessment of Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Children Aged 1 to 15 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been shown to be increased
      in children and adolescents with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as
      obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, compared with those of healthy
      children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of sex, age and body mass index
      (BMI) on the CIMT in healthy children and adolescents aged 1 to 15 years.
      METHODS: A total of 280 healthy children and adolescents (males, n=175; mean age,
      7.49+/-3.57 years; mean BMI, 17.94+/-4.1 kg/m2) were screened for CIMT
      assessment. They were divided into 3 groups according to age: GI, 1 to 5 years
      [n=93 (33.2%); males, 57; mean BMI, 16+/-3 kg/m2]; GII, 6 to 10 years [n=127
      (45.4%); males, 78; mean BMI, 17.9+/-3.7 kg/m2], and GIII, 11 to 15 years [n=60
      (21.4%); males, 40; mean BMI, 20.9+/-4.5 kg/m2]. RESULTS: There was no
      significant difference in CIMT values between male and female children and
      adolescents (0.43+/-0.06 mm vs. 0.42+/-0.05 mm, respectively; p=0.243). CIMT
      correlated with BMI neither in the total population nor in the 3 age groups
      according to Pearson correlation coefficient. Subjects aged 11 to 15 years had
      the highest CIMT values (GI vs. GII, p=0.615; GI vs. GIII, p=0.02; GII vs. GIII,
      p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: CIMT is constant in healthy children younger than 10
      years, regardless of sex or BMI. CIMT increases after the age of 10 years.

PMID- 26959402
TI  - Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnant Women With Heart
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart disease in pregnancy is the leading cause of non- obstetric
      maternal death. Few Brazilian studies have assessed the impact of heart disease
      during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated with
      cardiovascular and neonatal complications. METHODS: We evaluated 132 pregnant
      women with heart disease at a High-Risk Pregnancy outpatient clinic, from January
      2005 to July 2010. Variables that could influence the maternal-fetal outcome were
      selected: age, parity, smoking, etiology and severity of the disease, previous
      cardiac complications, cyanosis, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional
      class > II, left ventricular dysfunction/obstruction, arrhythmia, drug treatment
      change, time of prenatal care beginning and number of prenatal visits. The
      maternal-fetal risk index, Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy (CARPREG), was
      retrospectively calculated at the beginning of prenatal care, and patients were
      stratified in its three risk categories. RESULTS: Rheumatic heart disease was the
      most prevalent (62.12%). The most frequent complications were heart failure
      (11.36%) and arrhythmias (6.82%). Factors associated with cardiovascular
      complications on multivariate analysis were: drug treatment change (p = 0.009),
      previous cardiac complications (p = 0.013) and NYHA class III on the first
      prenatal visit (p = 0.041). The cardiovascular complication rates were 15.22% in
      CARPREG 0, 16.42% in CARPREG 1, and 42.11% in CARPREG > 1, differing from those
      estimated by the original index: 5%, 27% and 75%, respectively. This sample had
      26.36% of prematurity. CONCLUSION: The cardiovascular complication risk factors
      in this population were drug treatment change, previous cardiac complications and
      NYHA class III at the beginning of prenatal care. The CARPREG index used in this
      sample composed mainly of patients with rheumatic heart disease overestimated the
      number of events in pregnant women classified as CARPREG 1 and > 1, and
      underestimated it in low-risk patients (CARPREG 0).

PMID- 26959403
TI  - Aerobic Training after Myocardial Infarction: Remodeling Evaluated by Cardiac
      Magnetic Resonance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies show the benefits of exercise training after
      myocardial infarction (MI). Nevertheless, the effects on function and remodeling
      are still controversial. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, in patients after (MI), the
      effects of aerobic exercise of moderate intensity on ventricular remodeling by
      cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). METHODS: 26 male patients, 52.9 +/- 7.9
      years, after a first MI, were assigned to groups: trained group (TG), 18; and
      control group (CG), 8. The TG performed supervised aerobic exercise on treadmill
      twice a week, and unsupervised sessions on 2 additional days per week, for at
      least 3 months. Laboratory tests, anthropometric measurements, resting heart rate
      (HR), exercise test, and CMR were conducted at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS:
      The TG showed a 10.8% reduction in fasting blood glucose (p = 0.01), and a 7.3
      bpm reduction in resting HR in both sitting and supine positions (p < 0.0001).
      There was an increase in oxygen uptake only in the TG (35.4 +/- 8.1 to 49.1 +/-
      9.6 mL/kg/min, p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the
      TG left ventricular mass (LVmass) (128.7 +/- 38.9 to 117.2 +/- 27.2 g, p =
      0.0032). There were no statistically significant changes in the values of left
      ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and ejection fraction in the groups. The
      LVmass/EDV ratio demonstrated a statistically significant positive remodeling in
      the TG (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity improved
      physical capacity and other cardiovascular variables. A positive remodeling was
      identified in the TG, where a left ventricular diastolic dimension increase was
      associated with LVmass reduction.

PMID- 26959404
TI  - Serial High-Sensitivity Troponin T in Post-Primary Angioplasty Exercise Test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The kinetics of high-sensitivity troponin T (hscTnT) release should
      be studied in different situations, including functional tests with transient
      ischemic abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the release of hscTnT by serial
      measurements after exercise testing (ET), and to correlate hscTnT elevations with
      abnormalities suggestive of ischemia. METHODS: Patients with acute ST-segment
      elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary angioplasty were
      referred for ET 3 months after infarction. Blood samples were collected to
      measure basal hscTnT immediately before (TnT0h), 2 (TnT2h), 5 (TnT5h), and 8
      hours (TnT8h) after ET. The outcomes were peak hscTnT, TnT5h/TnT0h ratio, and the
      area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) for hscTnT levels. Log
      transformation was performed on hscTnT values, and comparisons were assessed with
      the geometric mean ratio, along with their 95% confidence intervals. Statistical
      significance was assessed by analysis of covariance with no adjustment, and then,
      adjusted for TnT0h, age and sex, followed by additional variables (metabolic
      equivalents, maximum heart rate achieved, anterior wall STEMI, and creatinine
      clearance). RESULTS: This study included 95 patients. The highest geometric means
      were observed at 5 hours (TnT5h). After adjustments, peak hscTnT, TnT5h/TnT0h and
      AUC were 59% (p = 0.002), 59% (p = 0.003) and 45% (p = 0.003) higher,
      respectively, in patients with an abnormal ET as compared to those with normal
      tests. CONCLUSION: Higher elevations of hscTnT may occur after an abnormal ET as
      compared to a normal ET in patients with STEMI.

PMID- 26959406
TI  - High-Performance Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Fiber from Layer-by-Layer
      Deposition.
AB  - So far, preparation of high-performance carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer composites
      still faces big challenges mainly due to the limited control of CNT dispersion,
      fraction, and alignment in polymers. Here, a new "layer-by-layer deposition"
      method is put forward for preparing CNT/polymer composite fibers using poly(vinyl
      alcohol) (PVA) as an exemplary polymer. This is based on the continuous
      production of a hollow cylindrical CNT assembly from a high temperature reactor
      and its shrinking by a PVA-containing solution and deposition on a removable
      substrate wire. The in situ mixing of the two composite components at the
      molecular level allows CNTs to disperse and PVA to infiltrate into the fiber
      efficiently. As a result, remarkable effects of the CNT reinforcement on the PVA
      matrix are observed, including a strength improvement from ~50 to 1255 MPa and
      electrical conductivity from ~0 to 1948 S cm(-1). The new method offers good
      controllability of CNT dispersion and fraction in the polymer matrix, variability
      for making composite fibers using different polymers, and suitability for scaled
      up production. This study thus provides a new research direction for preparing
      CNT-reinforced composites and future performance maximization. 

PMID- 26959405
TI  - Metformin Decouples Phospholipid Metabolism in Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The antidiabetic drug metformin, currently undergoing trials for
      cancer treatment, modulates lipid and glucose metabolism both crucial in
      phospholipid synthesis. Here the effect of treatment of breast tumour cells with
      metformin on phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) metabolism which plays a key role in
      membrane synthesis and intracellular signalling has been examined. METHODS: MDA
      MB-468, BT474 and SKBr3 breast cancer cell lines were treated with metformin and
      [3H-methyl]choline and [14C(U)]glucose incorporation and lipid accumulation
      determined in the presence and absence of lipase inhibitors. Activities of
      choline kinase (CK), CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyl transferase (CCT) and PtdCho
      phospholipase C (PLC) were also measured. [3H] Radiolabelled metabolites were
      determined using thin layer chromatography. RESULTS: Metformin-treated cells
      exhibited decreased formation of [3H]phosphocholine but increased accumulation of
      [3H]choline by PtdCho. CK and PLC activities were decreased and CCT activity
      increased by metformin-treatment. [14C] incorporation into fatty acids was
      decreased and into glycerol was increased in breast cancer cells treated with
      metformin incubated with [14C(U)]glucose. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to
      show that treatment of breast cancer cells with metformin induces profound
      changes in phospholipid metabolism.

PMID- 26959407
TI  - Age decreases mitochondrial motility and increases mitochondrial size in vascular
      smooth muscle.
AB  - KEY POINTS: Age is proposed to be associated with altered structure and function
      of mitochondria; however, in fully-differentiated cells, determining the
      structure of more than a few mitochondria at a time is challenging. In the
      present study, the structures of the entire mitochondrial complements of cells
      were resolved from a pixel-by-pixel covariance analysis of fluctuations in
      potentiometric fluorophore intensity during 'flickers' of mitochondrial membrane
      potential. Mitochondria are larger in vascular myocytes from aged rats compared
      to those in younger adult rats. A subpopulation of mitochondria in myocytes from
      aged, but not younger, animals is highly-elongated. Some mitochondria in myocytes
      from younger, but not aged, animals are highly-motile. Mitochondria that are
      motile are located more peripherally in the cell than non-motile mitochondria.
      ABSTRACT: Mitochondrial function, motility and architecture are each central to
      cell function. Age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to
      vascular disease. However, mitochondrial changes in ageing remain ill-defined
      because of the challenges of imaging in native cells. We determined the structure
      of mitochondria in live native cells, demarcating boundaries of individual
      organelles by inducing stochastic 'flickers' of membrane potential, recorded as
      fluctuations in potentiometric fluorophore intensity (flicker-assisted
      localization microscopy; FaLM). In freshly-isolated myocytes from rat cerebral
      resistance arteries, FaLM showed a range of mitochondrial X-Y areas in both young
      adult (3 months; 0.05-6.58 MUm(2) ) and aged rats (18 months; 0.05-13.4 MUm(2) ).
      In cells from young animals, most mitochondria were small (mode area 0.051 MUm(2)
      ) compared to aged animals (0.710 MUm(2) ). Cells from older animals contained a
      subpopulation of highly-elongated mitochondria (5.3% were >2 MUm long, 4.2% had a
      length:width ratio >3) that was rare in younger animals (0.15% of mitochondria >2
      MUm long, 0.4% had length:width ratio >3). The extent of mitochondrial motility
      also varied. 1/811 mitochondria observed moved slightly (~0.5 MUm) in myocytes
      from older animals, whereas, in the younger animals, directed and Brownian-like
      motility occurred regularly (215 of 1135 mitochondria moved within 10 min, up to
      distance of 12 MUm). Mitochondria positioned closer to the cell periphery showed
      a greater tendency to move. In conclusion, cerebral vascular myocytes from young
      rats contained small, motile mitochondria. In aged rats, mitochondria were
      larger, immobile and could be highly-elongated. These age-associated alterations
      in mitochondrial behaviour may contribute to alterations in cell signalling,
      energy supply or the onset of proliferation.

PMID- 26959408
TI  - ReAsH as a Quantitative Probe of In-Cell Protein Dynamics.
AB  - The tetracysteine (tc) tag/biarsenical dye system (FlAsH or ReAsH) promises to
      combine the flexibility of fluorescent protein tags with the small size of dye
      labels, allowing in-cell study of target proteins that are perturbed by large
      protein tags. Quantitative thermodynamic and kinetic studies in-cell using FlAsH
      and ReAsH have been hampered by methodological complexities presented by the
      fluorescence properties of the tag-dye complex probed by either Forster resonance
      energy transfer (FRET) or direct excitation. We label the model protein
      phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) with AcGFP1 and ReAsH for direct comparison with
      AcGFP1/mCherry-labeled PGK. We find that fast relaxation imaging (FReI),
      combining millisecond temperature jump kinetics with fluorescence microscopy
      detection, circumvents many of the difficulties encountered working with the
      ReAsH system, allowing us to obtain quantitative FRET measurements of protein
      stability and kinetics both in vitro and in cells. We also demonstrate the to us
      surprising result that fluorescence from directly excited, unburied ReAsH at the
      C-terminus of the model protein also reports on folding in vitro and in cells.
      Comparing the ReAsH-labeled protein to a construct labeled with two fluorescent
      protein tags allows us to evaluate how a bulkier protein tag affects protein
      dynamics in cells and in vitro. We find that the average folding rate in the cell
      is closer to the in vitro rate with the smaller tag, highlighting the effect of
      tags on quantitative in-cell measurements. 

PMID- 26959409
TI  - tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Mediated Cascade Synthesis of 3-Arylsulfonylquinolines.
AB  - 3-Arylsulfonylquinoline derivatives play important roles as pharmaceutical drugs.
      A new method for the synthesis of 3-arylsulfonylquinoline derivatives has been
      achieved through tert-butyl hydroperoxide mediated cycloaddition between N
      propargyl aromatic amine derivatives and arylsulfonylhydrazides without the
      addition of any metals. This transformation offers a straightforward route to the
      formation of a C-S bond and quinoline ring in one step via a sulfonylation
      cyclization-aromatization process. 

PMID- 26959410
TI  - Adherence to oral anticancer agents: Healthcare providers' perceptions, beliefs
      and shared decision making in Belgium and the Netherlands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about healthcare providers' (HCPs) perceptions of
      adherence management of oral anticancer agents (OACA). The study aims to explore
      HCPs perceptions of OACA and adherence. METHODS: A cross-sectional, multi-center
      observational study among HCPs in hemato-oncology settings in Belgium and the
      Netherlands was conducted. Physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses and
      pharmacists were asked to complete questionnaires on their perception of patient
      adherence and its management (PAMQ) and their beliefs about OACA (BMQ-Specific).
      Physicians were also asked to complete a questionnaire on their perception of
      shared decision making (SDM-Q-Doc). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 254 HCPs.
      Variations were found between HCPs on the PAMQ: 56%, 50%, 28% and 23% of,
      respectively, physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses and pharmacists reported to
      know the level of adherence of their patients and 59%, 53%, 43% and 10% of,
      respectively, physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses and pharmacists think that
      patients discuss adherence with them. 70%, 82%, 63% and 62% of, respectively,
      physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses and pharmacists reported to have
      knowledge of causes of non-adherence, while 78%, 87%, 76% and 80% of them
      reported to have knowledge of consequences of non-adherence. 81%, 92%, 83% and
      67% of, respectively, physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses and pharmacists
      felt able to influence adherence. Lower concerns beliefs were associated with a
      higher total score on the PAMQ [beta (SE)=-0.85 (0.24); CI -1.33--0.38].
      Physicians scored a mean of 75 on the SDM-scale. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable part
      of the HCPs states they do not know the adherence of their patients, nor do they
      think patients discuss adherence with them. However, they feel to have knowledge
      of adherence and perceive to be able to influence adherence of their patients.

PMID- 26959411
TI  - Endoscopy in patients with diarrhea during treatment with vascular endothelial
      growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Is the cause in the mucosa?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is a frequently occurring adverse event during treatment
      with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors
      (VEGFR TKIs) and is mostly accompanied by abdominal cramps, flatulence and
      pyrosis. These complaints impair quality of life and lead to dose reductions and
      treatment interruptions. It is hypothesized that the diarrhea might be due to
      ischemia in bowel mucosa or inflammation, but the exact underlying
      pathophysiological mechanism of the diarrhea is still unknown. We aimed at
      exploring the mechanism for diarrhea in these patients by thorough endoscopic and
      histological assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endoscopies of the upper and
      lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract in 10 patients with metastatic renal cell
      carcinoma (mRCC) who developed diarrhea during treatment with VEGFR TKIs were
      performed. RESULTS: Ten patients were included. The results showed endoscopically
      normal mucosa in the lower GI tract in seven patients without signs of ischemic
      colitis or inflammation. Gastroduodenoscopy revealed gastro-esophageal reflux
      disease, bulbitis and/or duodenitis with ulcers in eight patients. In three
      selected patients with bulbitis/duodenitis additional video capsule endoscopy was
      performed but revealed no additional intestinal abnormalities. CONCLUSION: We
      observed frequent mucosal abnormalities in the upper GI tract in VEGFR TKI
      treated mRCC patients with diarrhea. Although these abnormalities provide
      insufficient explanation for the occurrence of diarrhea, we suggest to perform
      routine upper GI endoscopy in VEGFR TKI-treated patients with GI complaints.

PMID- 26959412
TI  - Rhizoleucinoside, a Rhamnolipid-Amino Alcohol Hybrid from the Rhizobial Symbiont
      Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1.
AB  - Rhizoleucinoside (1), a unique rhamnolipid-amino alcohol hybrid, was isolated
      from the rhizobial symbiont bacterium Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1. Compound 1
      features a rare rhamnolipid core attached to an unprecedented leucinol moiety.
      Its structure and absolute configuration were determined by spectroscopic
      analysis, tandem mass spectrometry, chemical degradation, and application of the
      Marfey's method. Compound 1 possesses moderate cytotoxicity to BV-2 murine
      microglia and highly aggressive proliferating immortalized (HAPI) rat microglia
      cells. 

PMID- 26959413
TI  - Successful Control of Ebola Virus Disease: Analysis of Service Based Data from
      Rural Sierra Leone.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The scale and geographical distribution of the current outbreak in
      West Africa raised doubts as to the effectiveness of established methods of
      control. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) was first detected in Sierra Leone in May 2014
      in Kailahun district. Despite high case numbers elsewhere in the country,
      transmission was eliminated in the district by December 2014. We describe
      interventions underpinning successful EVD control in Kailahun and implications
      for EVD control in other areas. METHODS: Internal service data and published
      reports from response agencies were analysed to describe the structure and type
      of response activities, EVD case numbers and epidemic characteristics. This
      included daily national situation reports and District-level data and reports of
      the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, and Medecins Sans Frontieres
      (MSF) patient data and internal epidemiological reports. We used EVD case
      definitions provided by the World Health Organisation over the course of the
      outbreak. Characteristics assessed included level of response activities and
      epidemiological features such as reported exposure (funeral-related or not), time
      interval between onset of illness and admission to the EVD Management Centre
      (EMC), work-related exposures (health worker or not) and mortality. We compared
      these characteristics between two time periods--June to July (the early period of
      response), and August to December (when coverage and quality of response had
      improved). A stochastic model was used to predict case numbers per generation
      with different numbers of beds and a varying percentage of community cases
      detected. RESULTS: There were 652 probable/confirmed EVD cases from June-December
      2014 in Kailahun. An EMC providing patient care opened in June. By August 2014 an
      integrated detection, treatment, and prevention strategy was in place across the
      district catchment zone. From June-July to August-December 2014 surveillance and
      contact tracing staff increased from 1.0 to 8.8 per confirmed EVD case, EMC
      capacity increased from 32 to 100 beds, the number of burial teams doubled, and
      health promotion activities increased in coverage. These improvements in response
      were associated with the following changes between the same periods: the
      proportion of confirmed/probable cases admitted to the EMC increased from 35% to
      83% (chi(2) p-value<0.001), the proportion of confirmed patients admitted to the
      EMC <3 days of symptom onset increased from 19% to 37% (chi(2) p-value <0.001),
      and reported funeral contact in those admitted decreased from 33% to 16% (chi(2)
      p-value <0.001). Mathematical modelling confirmed the importance of both patient
      management capacity and surveillance and contact tracing for EVD control.
      DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that control of EVD can be achieved using
      established interventions based on identification and appropriate management of
      those who are at risk of and develop EVD, including in the context of ongoing
      transmission in surrounding regions. Key attributes in achieving control were
      sufficient patient care capacity (including admission to specialist facilities of
      suspect and probable cases for assessment), integrated with adequate staffing and
      resourcing of community-based case detection and prevention activities. The
      response structure and coverage targets we present are of value in informing
      effective control in current and future EVD outbreaks.

PMID- 26959414
TI  - MiR-3162-3p Is a Novel MicroRNA That Exacerbates Asthma by Regulating beta
      Catenin.
AB  - Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease. In a previous study, we found
      several circulating microRNA signatures associated with childhood asthma and
      selected miR-3162-3p for subsequent studies. Since the target proteins and
      underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-3162-3p in asthma etiopathogenesis are not
      well characterized, we designed this study to clarify its role. We employed
      bioinformatics and quantitative PCR methods as a first step to determine the
      target of miR-3162-3p, and we elucidated beta-catenin. Luciferase assays and
      western blot analysis confirmed beta-catenin as a direct target of miR-3162-3p as
      the 3'-untranslated region of beta-catenin mRNA possesses a specific miR-3162-3p
      pairing site. The correlation between the expression levels of miR-3162-3p and
      beta-catenin is confirmed by quantitative PCR and western blot studies in A549,
      Beas-2B and H1299 cell lines and OVA-induced asthma mouse model. Of note,
      upregulation of the endogenous miR-3162-3p level is concomitant with the
      reduction of beta-catenin mRNA and protein expression levels. MiR-3162-3p
      antagomir treatment antagonizes the endogenous miR-3162-3p and effectively
      rescues the attenuation of endogenous beta-catenin in OVA-induced asthmatic mice,
      which alleviates airway hyperresponsiveness and ameliorates airway inflammation.
      Collectively, our findings suggest a novel relationship between miR-3162-3p and
      beta-catenin and clarify their mechanistic role in asthma etiopathogenesis. 

PMID- 26959416
TI  - Crossed and Locked Quotes in a Multi-Market Simulation.
AB  - Financial markets are often fragmented, introducing the possibility that quotes
      in identical securities may become crossed or locked. There are a number of
      theoretical explanations for the existence of crossed and locked quotes,
      including competition, simultaneous actions, inattentiveness, fee structure and
      market access. In this paper, we perform a simulation experiment designed to
      examine the effect of simple order routing procedures on the properties of a
      fragmented market consisting of a single security trading in two independent
      limit order books. The quotes in the two markets are connected solely by the
      routing decision of the market participants. We report on the health of the
      consolidated market as measured by the duration of crossed and locked states, as
      well as the spread and the volatility of transaction prices in the consolidated
      market. We aim to quantify exactly how the prevalence of order routing among a
      population of market participants affects properties of the consolidated market.
      Our model contributes to the zero-intelligence literature by treating order
      routing as an experimental variable. Additionally, we introduce a parsimonious
      heuristic for limit order routing, allowing us to study the effects of both
      market order routing and limit order routing. Our model refines intuition for the
      sometimes subtle relationships between the prevalence of order routing and
      various market measures. Our model also provides a benchmark for more complex
      agent-based models. 

PMID- 26959415
TI  - Prior Adjuvant Tamoxifen Treatment in Breast Cancer Is Linked to Increased AIB1
      and HER2 Expression in Metachronous Contralateral Breast Cancer.
AB  - AIM: The estrogen receptor coactivator Amplified in Breast Cancer 1 (AIB1) has
      been associated with an improved response to adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer,
      but also with endocrine treatment resistance. We hereby use metachronous
      contralateral breast cancer (CBC) developed despite prior adjuvant tamoxifen for
      the first tumor as an "in vivo"-model for tamoxifen resistance. AIB1-expression
      in the presumable resistant (CBC after prior tamoxifen) and naive setting (CBC
      without prior tamoxifen) is compared and correlated to prognosis after CBC.
      METHODS: From a well-defined population-based cohort of CBC-patients we have
      constructed a unique tissue-microarray including >700 patients. RESULTS: CBC
      developed after adjuvant tamoxifen more often had a HER2-positive/triple negative
      subtype and a high AIB1-expression (37% vs. 23%, p = 0.009), than if no prior
      endocrine treatment had been administered. In patients with an estrogen receptor
      (ER) positive CBC, a high AIB1-expression correlated to an inferior prognosis.
      However, these patients seemed to respond to tamoxifen, but only if endocrine
      therapy had not been administered for BC1. CONCLUSIONS: Metachronous CBC
      developed after prior endocrine treatment has a decreased ER-expression and an
      increased HER2-expression. This is consistent with endocrine treatment escape
      mechanisms previously suggested, and indicates metachronous CBC to be a putative
      model for studies of treatment resistance "in vivo". The increased AIB1
      expression in CBC developed after prior tamoxifen suggests a role of AIB1 in
      endocrine treatment resistance. In addition, we found indications that the
      response to tamoxifen in CBC with a high AIB1-expression seem to differ depending
      on previous exposure to this drug. A different function for AIB1 in the tamoxifen
      treatment naive vs. resistant setting is suggested, and may explain previously
      conflicting results where a high AIB1-expression has been correlated to both a
      good response to adjuvant tamoxifen and tamoxifen resistance.

PMID- 26959417
TI  - Serum Removal from Culture Induces Growth Arrest, Ploidy Alteration, Decrease in
      Infectivity and Differential Expression of Crucial Genes in Leishmania infantum
      Promastigotes.
AB  - Leishmania infantum is one of the species responsible for visceral leishmaniasis.
      This species is distributed basically in the Mediterranean basin. A recent
      outbreak in humans has been reported in Spain. Axenic cultures are performed for
      most procedures with Leishmania spp. promastigotes. This model is stable and
      reproducible and mimics the conditions of the gut of the sand fly host, which is
      the natural environment of promastigote development. Culture media are undefined
      because they contain mammalian serum, which is a rich source of complex lipids
      and proteins. Serum deprivation slows down the growth kinetics and therefore,
      yield in biomass. In fact, we have confirmed that the growth rate decreases, as
      well as infectivity. Ploidy is also affected. Regarding the transcriptome, a high
      throughput approach has revealed a low differential expression rate but important
      differentially regulated genes. The most remarkable profiles are: up-regulation
      of the GINS Psf3, the fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FAS1), the glyoxylase I (GLO1),
      the hydrophilic surface protein B (HASPB), the methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (MMCE)
      and an amastin gene; and down-regulation of the gPEPCK and the arginase.
      Implications for metabolic adaptations, differentiation and infectivity are
      discussed herein. 

PMID- 26959422
TI  - Knowledge of A1c Predicts Diabetes Self-Management and A1c Level among Chinese
      Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - This study was to identify current A1c understanding status among Chinese
      patients with type 2 diabetes, assess if knowledge of A1c affects their diabetes
      self-management and their glycemic control and recognize the factors influencing
      knowledge of A1c among patients with type 2 diabetes. A multi-center, cross
      sectional survey was conducted between April and July 2010 in 50 medical centers
      in the Mainland China. Participants were recruited from inpatients and
      outpatients who were admitted to or visited those medical centers. The survey
      included core questions about their demographic characteristics, diabetes self
      management behavior, and A1c knowledge. Overall, of 5957 patients, the percentage
      of patients with good understanding was 25.3%. In the multivariable logistic
      regression model, the variables related to the knowledge of A1c status are
      presented. We discovered that patients with longer diabetes duration (OR = 1.05;
      95%CI = 1.04-1.06) and having received diabetes education (OR = 1.80; 95%CI =
      1.49-2.17) were overrepresented in the good understanding of A1c group. In
      addition, compared to no education level, higher education level was
      statistically associated with good understanding of A1c (P<0.001). The percentage
      of patients with good understanding varied from region to region (P<0.001), with
      Eastern being highest (OR = 1.54; 95%CI = 1.32-1.80), followed by Central (OR =
      1.25; 95%CI = 1.02-1.53), when referring to Western. Only a minority of patients
      with type 2 diabetes in China understood their A1c value. The patients who had a
      good understanding of their A1c demonstrated significantly better diabetes self
      management behavior and had lower A1c levels than those who did not. 

PMID- 26959423
TI  - Uric Acid, Parathyroid Hormone, and Vitamin D: New Players in an Old Game.

PMID- 26959424
TI  - Climate Change Influences on the Global Potential Distribution of Bluetongue
      Virus.
AB  - The geographic distribution of arboviruses has received considerable attention
      after several dramatic emergence events around the world. Bluetongue virus (BTV)
      is classified among category "A" diseases notifiable to the World Organization of
      Animal Health (OIE), and is transmitted among ruminants by biting midges of the
      genus Culicoides. Here, we developed a comprehensive occurrence data set to map
      the current distribution, estimate the ecological niche, and explore the future
      potential distribution of BTV globally using ecological niche modeling and based
      on diverse future climate scenarios from general circulation models (GCMs) for
      four representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The broad ecological niche and
      potential geographic distribution of BTV under present-day conditions reflected
      the disease's current distribution across the world in tropical, subtropical, and
      temperate regions. All model predictions were significantly better than random
      expectations. As a further evaluation of model robustness, we compared our model
      predictions to 331 independent records from most recent outbreaks from the Food
      and Agriculture Organization Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal
      and Plant Pests and Diseases Information System (EMPRES-i); all were successfully
      anticipated by the BTV model. Finally, we tested ecological niche similarity
      among possible vectors and BTV, and could not reject hypotheses of niche
      similarity. Under future-climate conditions, the potential distribution of BTV
      was predicted to broaden, especially in central Africa, United States, and
      western Russia. 

PMID- 26959425
TI  - Get your share of the NHS healthy staff fund.

PMID- 26959426
TI  - Trust appoints clinical matrons to improve care quality on wards.

PMID- 26959427
TI  - RCNi's online learning resource will help you with revalidation.

PMID- 26959429
TI  - Bieber meets his NHS chart rivals.

PMID- 26959428
TI  - Public health commissioners not making the most of nurses' skills.

PMID- 26959430
TI  - Put care before immigration targets, warns RCN.

PMID- 26959432
TI  - The 'speaking up guardian' quits after two months.

PMID- 26959431
TI  - NHS England will help fund staff health drive for trusts that ditch junk food.

PMID- 26959433
TI  - CNS role reduces miscommunication.

PMID- 26959435
TI  - Nurses to test phone app to help women at risk of FGM.

PMID- 26959436
TI  - Patient group calls for league tables to fight hospital-acquired infections.

PMID- 26959437
TI  - Nurses lead endoscopy pilot.

PMID- 26959438
TI  - Stereotypes and cultural cringe still keeping men out of nursing.

PMID- 26959444
TI  - Myeloma.

PMID- 26959445
TI  - With responsibility comes vulnerability.
AB  - The Medical Defence Union warns that as nurses take on more responsibilities,
      they are more vulnerable to complaints and clinical negligence cases. Advanced
      nurse practitioners are advised to work within their competence, communicate
      clearly and apologise when things go wrong.

PMID- 26959447
TI  - More inspections for poor performers.
AB  - The CQC is consulting on changes to its inspection model. The proposals would
      mean better use of data, more inspections for the worse performing services and
      greater patient involvement in inspections.

PMID- 26959446
TI  - Spotting signs of dementia.
AB  - Care home staff are well placed to notice if an older person living in the home
      may be developing dementia. A tool developed for their use--DeAR GP (Dementia
      Assessment Referral to GP)--empowers care home staff, makes more efficient use of
      GPs' and specialist memory nurses' time, and improves diagnosis of dementia.

PMID- 26959460
TI  - GoodSAM Responder app.

PMID- 26959448
TI  - Scholarship can help ideas flourish.
AB  - Scholarships from the Florence Nightingale Foundation are providing nurses with
      the financial means to put innovative ideas into practice. Nurses from all four
      countries of the UK can apply for leadership, travel and research scholarships to
      support their career development and help improve patient care.

PMID- 26959461
TI  - Constructive criticism is essential, but so is praise.
AB  - In a fast paced, stressful and ever-changing NHS, it is essential that staff
      receive constructive criticism. This is a vital element of ongoing professional
      development and reflective practice, and benefits patient care and working
      relationships. Nurses must also learn how to act on constructive criticism, and
      use it to learn and develop their practice. 

PMID- 26959462
TI  - Seven-day-a-week, non-emergency care will spread staff too thinly.

PMID- 26959463
TI  - Outstanding nurse-led practice is a model for the way forward.

PMID- 26959464
TI  - Even most caring nurses can end up feeling desensitised.

PMID- 26959465
TI  - Pension deal is nothing other than a stunt to save trust money.

PMID- 26959466
TI  - Equality of opportunity is of vital importance at all levels.

PMID- 26959470
TI  - How to suction via a tracheostomy.

PMID- 26959471
TI  - Using risk management to promote person-centred dementia care.
AB  - Risk management for people with dementia has traditionally focused on preventing
      physical harm. However, research has demonstrated that focusing on the physical
      safety of people with dementia may result in their social and psychological
      wellbeing being overlooked - the very aspects that are necessary to achieve
      person-centred care. This article discusses the main challenges for practitioners
      caring for people with dementia in various settings, and encourages a care
      approach which enables appropriate risk taking as a way of promoting person
      centred care. 

PMID- 26959472
TI  - Promoting healthy sleep.
AB  - Nurses are accustomed to helping others with their sleep problems and dealing
      with issues such as pain that may delay or interrupt sleep. However, they may be
      less familiar with what constitutes a healthy night's sleep. This article
      examines what is known about the process and purpose of sleep, and examines the
      ways in which factors that promote wakefulness and sleep combine to help
      establish a normal circadian rhythm. Theories relating to the function of sleep
      are discussed and research is considered that suggests that sleep deficit may
      lead to metabolic risks, including heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes
      mellitus and several types of cancer. 

PMID- 26959473
TI  - NMC revalidation.

PMID- 26959474
TI  - Prepare for interview.

PMID- 26959475
TI  - Take a walk on the wild side.

PMID- 26959477
TI  - An eye-opening placement.

PMID- 26959478
TI  - Interaction Between CYP4F2 rs2108622 and CPY4A11 rs9333025 Variants Is
      Significantly Correlated with Susceptibility to Ischemic Stroke and 20
      Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Level.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the association of four variants of two CYP omega
      hydroxylase genes and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) levels with ischemic
      stroke (IS) and whether gene-gene interactions between these genes increase the
      risk of IS. METHODS: Three hundred ninety-six patients with IS and 378 controls
      were genotyped for rs2269231, rs9333025, rs2108622, and rs3093135. Gene-gene
      interactions were analyzed using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction
      (GMDR) methods. The 20-HETE levels was measured in 218 IS patients and 126
      controls. RESULTS: The frequency of the GG genotype of rs9333025 was
      significantly higher in IS patients than in controls (p < 0.001). The GMDR
      analysis showed a significant gene-gene interaction between rs9333025 and
      rs2108622 (p = 0.0116). This gene-gene interaction predicted a significantly
      higher risk of IS in individuals carrying the genotypes of rs9333025 GG and
      rs2108622 GG (odds ratio = 1.92, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-4.26, p = 0.007).
      The plasma levels of 20-HETE were significantly higher in IS patients than in
      controls, and IS patients carrying the genotype combination of rs9333025 GG and
      rs2108622 GG had higher 20-HETE levels than IS patients with other combinations
      of the two variants. CONCLUSION: CYP4A1l rs9333025 GG and CYP4F2 rs2108622 GG two
      loci interaction significantly increases the risk for IS and an elevated 20-HETE
      level.

PMID- 26959479
TI  - Activity improvement of a Kluyveromyces lactis aldo-keto reductase KlAKR via
      rational design.
AB  - Optically pure t-butyl 6-cyano-(3R, 5R)-dihydroxyhexanoate ((R)-1b) is the key
      chiral precursor for atorvastatin calcium, the most widely used cholesterol
      lowering drug. Wild-type aldo-keto reductase KlAKR from Kluyveromyces lactis has
      ideal diastereoselectivity toward t-butyl 6-cyano-(5R)-hydroxy-3-oxohexanoate
      (1a, dep>99.5%) but poor activity. A rational engineering was used to improve the
      KlAKR activity. Based on homology modeling and molecular docking, two amino acid
      residues (295 and 296) were selected as mutation sites, and two rounds of site
      saturation mutagenesis were performed. Among the mutants, KlAKR-Y295W/W296L
      exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward 1a up to 12.37s(
      1)mM(-1), which was 11.25-fold higher than that of wild-type KlAKR. Moreover, the
      majority of mutations have no negative impact on stereoselectivity. Using KlAKR
      Y295W/W296L coupled with Exiguobacterium sibiricum glucose dehydrogenase (EsGDH)
      for cofactor regeneration, (R)-1b was accumulated up to 162.7mM with dep value
      above 99.5%. KlAKR-Y295W/W296L represents a robust tool for (R)-1b synthesis. 

PMID- 26959480
TI  - Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Drug-Resistant
      Tuberculosis in Chongqing, China.
AB  - To gain insight into the epidemiology of childhood drug resistant tuberculosis
      (DR-TB) in China that has the second largest burden of TB and the largest number
      of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB cases in the world, we performed the cross
      sectional study to investigate drug resistance of four first-line anti-TB drugs
      (isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol) using Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis isolates from 196 culture-confirmed pediatric TB cases diagnosed in
      the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China during 2008-2013.
      Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess
      the associations between patient demographic and clinical characteristics and DR
      and MDR-TB, respectively. Twenty-eight percent (56/196) of the study patients
      exhibited resistance to at least one of the four first-line anti-TB drugs tested.
      MDR was found in 4.6% (9/196) of the study patients. More than half (5/9, 55.6%)
      of the MDR cases were from a single county of Chongqing. A significant
      association was found between being acid-fast bacilli-smear negative and DR-TB
      (adjusted OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.13-4.80) and between having concurrent thoracic
      extrathoracic involvement and MDR-TB (adjusted OR, 9.49; 95% CI, 1.05-85.92),
      respectively. The findings of this study indicate that the rate of DR is high
      among pediatric TB patients in Chongqing and suggest an urgent need for studies
      to identify MDR transmission hotspots in Chongqing, thereby contributing to the
      control DR- and MDR-TB epidemics in China. The study also generates new insight
      into the pathogenesis of DR and MDR M. tuberculosis strains and highlights the
      importance of studying childhood TB to the goal of global TB control. 

PMID- 26959481
TI  - Influence of common genetic variants on childhood kidney outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kidney measures in early life are associated with kidney disease in
      later life. We hypothesized that these associations are partly explained by
      common genetic variants that lead to both smaller kidneys with lower kidney
      function in early childhood and kidney disease in adulthood. METHODS: We examined
      in a population-based prospective cohort study among 4,119 children the
      associations of a weighted genetic risk score combining 20 previously identified
      common genetic variants related to adult eGFRcreat with kidney outcomes in
      children aged 6.0 years (95% range 5.7-7.8). Childhood kidney outcomes included
      combined kidney volume, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on creatinine
      levels, and microalbuminuria based on albumin and creatinine urine levels.
      RESULTS: We observed that the genetic risk score based on variants related to
      impaired kidney function in adults was associated with a smaller combined kidney
      volume (P value 3.0 * 10(-3)) and with a lower eGFR (P value 4.0 * 10(-4)) in
      children. The genetic risk score was not associated with microalbuminuria.
      CONCLUSION: Common genetic variants related to impaired kidney function in adults
      already lead to subclinical changes in childhood kidney outcomes. The well-known
      associations of kidney measures in early life with kidney disease in later life
      may at least be partly explained by common genetic variants.

PMID- 26959482
TI  - Estimations of dietary vitamin D requirements in black and white children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) dietary guidelines for vitamin D are
      based on limited pediatric data. Our objective was to estimate the dietary
      vitamin D requirements for maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]
      concentrations at the various IOM-considered thresholds of vitamin D status (12,
      16, and 20 ng/ml) during fall and winter in children. METHODS: Ninety-six healthy
      8- to 14-y-old Pittsburgh-area black and white children enrolled in a randomized,
      placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D3 1,000 IU daily for 6 mo with baseline and
      2-mo follow-up assessments completed during October through April were studied.
      Vitamin D intake from diet and study supplement adjusted for adherence and serum
      25(OH)D were measured. RESULTS: The vitamin D intakes needed to maintain serum
      25(OH)D concentrations at 12, 16, and 20 ng/ml in 90% of the children were 581,
      1,062, and 1543 IU/day, respectively. The estimated vitamin D intakes needed to
      maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations at 20 ng/ml in 97.5% of the children was
      2,098 IU/day. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the current vitamin D recommended
      dietary allowance (RDA) (600 IU/day) is insufficient to cover the skeletal health
      needs of at least 50% of black and white children.

PMID- 26959483
TI  - Altered gene expression and possible immunodeficiency in cases of sudden infant
      death syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have tried to uncover a genetic
      predisposition for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), but there is still
      uncertainty concerning the pathogenesis of these deaths. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate mRNA gene expression in SIDS cases and controls, in
      order to uncover genes that are differentially expressed in the two groups.
      METHODS: Tissue from brain, heart, and liver from 15 SIDS cases and 15 controls
      were included in the study, and mRNA expression was determined using the Illumina
      whole genome gene expression DASL HT assay. RESULTS: Seventeen genes showed
      significantly altered expression compared to controls, after correction for
      multiple testing. Three genes involved in the immune system were of particular
      interest, including the downregulation of MyD88 in tissue from SIDS brains, as
      well as the downregulation of the genes encoding CCL3 and UNC13 in the liver.
      CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that there is an altered expression of genes
      involved in the inflammatory process in a proportion of SIDS cases, which further
      strengthen the hypothesis that impaired immune response play a role in this
      syndrome.

PMID- 26959484
TI  - Modafinil improves monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) progressively leads to
      increases in pulmonary vasoconstriction. Modafinil plays a role in vasorelaxation
      and blocking KCa3.1 channel with a result of elevating intracellular cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
      the effects on modafinil in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rat. METHODS: The
      rats were separated into three groups: the control group, the monocrotaline (M)
      group (MCT 60 mg/kg), and the modafinil (MD) group (MCT 60 mg/kg + modafinil).
      RESULTS: Reduced right ventricular pressure (RVP) was observed in the MD group.
      Right ventricular hypertrophy was improved in the MD group. Reduced number of
      intra-acinar pulmonary arteries and medial wall thickness were noted in the MD
      group. After the administration of modafinil, protein expressions of endothelin-1
      (ET-1), endothelin receptor A (ERA) and KCa3.1 channel were significantly
      reduced. Modafinil suppressed pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC)
      proliferation via cAMP and KCa3.1 channel. Additionally, we confirmed protein
      expressions such as Bcl-2-associated X, vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 were reduced in the MD group.
      CONCLUSION: Modafinil improved PAH by vasorelaxation and a decrease in medial
      thickening via ET-1, ERA, and KCa3.1 down regulation. This is a meaningful study
      of a modafinil in PAH model.

PMID- 26959485
TI  - Clinical associations of immature breathing in preterm infants: part 1-central
      apnea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is nearly universal among very preterm
      infants, but neither the apnea burden nor its clinical associations have been
      systematically studied in a large consecutive cohort. METHODS: We analyzed
      continuous bedside monitor chest impedance and electrocardiographic waveforms and
      oxygen saturation data collected on all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
      patients <35 wk gestation from 2009 to 2014 (n = 1,211; >50 infant-years of
      data). Apneas, with bradycardia and desaturation (ABDs), defined as central apnea
      >=10 s associated with both bradycardia <100 bpm and oxygen desaturation <80%,
      were identified using a validated automated algorithm. RESULTS: Number and
      duration of apnea events decreased with increasing gestational age (GA) and
      postmenstrual age (PMA). ABDs were more frequent in infants <31 wk GA at birth
      but were not more frequent in those with severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP),
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), or severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
      after accounting for GA. In the day before diagnosis of late-onset septicemia and
      necrotizing enterocolitis, ABD events were increased in some infants. Many
      infants continued to experience short ABD events in the week prior to discharge
      home. CONCLUSION: Frequency of apnea events is a function of GA and PMA in
      infants born preterm, and increased apnea is associated with acute but not with
      chronic pathologic conditions.

PMID- 26959486
TI  - CpG island shore methylation of ZFPM2 is identified in tetralogy of fallot
      samples.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ZFPM2 gene plays an important role in heart morphogenesis and
      development of coronary vessels from epicardium, however, little is known
      regarding its epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of tetralogy of fallot
      (TOF). METHODS: The methylation levels of ZFPM2 gene were measured by MassArray
      (Sequenom, San Diego, CA) and bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) (BSP). Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the mRNA levels for ZFPM2
      gene in the myocardium of TOF. RESULTS: The methylation levels in the CpG island
      shore of ZFPM2 promoter were significantly higher in patients with TOF, with a
      median of 80.32% (interquartile range (IQR): 73.54-85.75%, N = 42), as compared
      to 59.63% in controls (IQR: 44.79-73.83%; P = 0.0186, N = 6). No significant
      difference was observed in the methylation status at the CpG island of ZFPM2
      promoter. The ZFPM2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in patients with TOF
      compared to that in the controls (P < 0.05). The aberrant methylation values of
      ZFPM2 were negatively associated with significant changes in its mRNA level (r = 
      0.40, P = 0.008, N = 42). CONCLUSION: Aberrant methylation status at the promoter
      CpG island shore of ZFPM2 gene may be associated with its gene transcription
      regulation in the TOF patients.

PMID- 26959488
TI  - Differential Health and Social Needs of Older Adults Waitlisted for Public
      Housing or Housing Choice Vouchers.
AB  - Affordable housing is an important form of income security for low-income older
      persons. This article describes characteristics of older persons waitlisted for
      either public housing or a housing choice voucher (HCV; previously Section 8) in
      Portland, Oregon. 358 persons (32% response rate) completed a mailed survey with
      questions about demographics, health and housing status, food insecurity, and
      preference for housing with services. Findings indicate that many waitlisted
      older persons experienced homelessness or housing instability, poor health, high
      hospital use, and food insecurity. Public housing applicants were significantly
      more likely to report lower incomes, homelessness, and food insecurity than HCV
      applicants. We conclude with policy implications for housing and health agencies
      that serve low-income older persons. 

PMID- 26959487
TI  - Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Homocystinuria Patients with
      Remethylation Defects.
AB  - Proper function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria is crucial for
      cellular homeostasis, and dysfunction at either site as well as perturbation of
      mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) have been linked to neurodegenerative
      and metabolic diseases. Previously, we have observed an increase in ROS and
      apoptosis levels in patient-derived fibroblasts with remethylation disorders
      causing homocystinuria. Here we show increased mRNA and protein levels of Herp,
      Grp78, IP3R1, pPERK, ATF4, CHOP, asparagine synthase and GADD45 in patient
      derived fibroblasts suggesting ER stress and calcium perturbations in
      homocystinuria. In addition, overexpressed MAM-associated proteins (Grp75, sigma
      1R and Mfn2) were found in these cells that could result in mitochondrial calcium
      overload and oxidative stress increase. Our results also show an activation of
      autophagy process and a substantial degradation of altered mitochondria by
      mitophagy in patient-derived fibroblasts. Moreover, we have observed that
      autophagy was partially abolished by antioxidants suggesting that ROS participate
      in this process that may have a protective role. Our findings argue that
      alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and autophagy may contribute to the development
      of this metabolic disorder and suggest a therapeutic potential in homocystinuria
      for agents that stabilize calcium homeostasis and/or restore the proper function
      of ER-mitochondria communications. 

PMID- 26959489
TI  - How Different Medical School Selection Processes Call upon Different Personality
      Characteristics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research indicates that certain personality traits relate to
      performance in the medical profession. Yet, personality testing during selection
      seems ineffective. In this study, we examine the extent to which different
      medical school selection processes call upon desirable personality
      characteristics in applicants. METHODS: 1019 of all 1055 students who entered the
      Dutch Bachelor of Medicine at University of Groningen, the Netherlands in 2009,
      2010 and 2011 were included in this study. Students were admitted based on either
      top pre-university grades (n = 139), acceptance in a voluntary multifaceted
      selection process (n = 286), or lottery weighted for pre-university GPA. Within
      the lottery group, we distinguished between students who had not participated (n
      = 284) and students who were initially rejected (n = 310) in the voluntary
      selection process. Two months after admission, personality was assessed with the
      NEO-FFI, a measure of the five factor model of personality. We performed ANCOVA
      modelling with gender as a covariate to examine personality differences between
      the four groups. RESULTS: The multifaceted selection group scored higher on
      extraversion than all other groups(p<0.01), higher on conscientiousness than both
      lottery-admitted groups(p<0.01), and lower on neuroticism than the lottery
      admitted group that had not participated in the voluntary selection process. The
      latter group scored lower on conscientiousness than all other groups(p<0.05) and
      lower on agreeableness than the multifaceted selection group and the top pre
      university group(p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Differences between the four admission
      groups, though statistically significant, were relatively small. Personality
      scores in the group admitted through the voluntary multifaceted selection process
      seemed most fit for the medical profession. Personality scores in the lottery
      admitted group that had not participated in this process seemed least fit for the
      medical profession. It seems that in order to select applicants with suitable
      personalities, an admission process that calls upon desirable personality
      characteristics is beneficial.

PMID- 26959492
TI  - Pregnancy Requires Major Changes in the Quality of the Diet for Nutritional
      Adequacy: Simulations in the French and the United States Populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal nutrition is critical to the health of both mother and
      offspring, but there is a paucity of data on the nutritional adequacy of diets
      during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to identify to what extent
      pregnancy reduces the nutritional adequacy of the expecting mother's diet and if
      this nutritional gap can be resolved by simple quantitative or qualitative
      changes in the diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the observed overall
      nutritional adequacy of diets of French and American women of childbearing age
      participating in ENNS (n = 344) and NHANES (n = 563) using the probabilistic
      approach of the PANDiet system, resulting in a 100-point score. Then, we
      simulated the changes in the PANDiet scores of women of childbearing age who
      would remain on their diet during pregnancy. Finally, by either increasing the
      quantity of consumed foods or using eleven snacks recommended during pregnancy,
      we simulated the effect of a 150-kcal increase in the energy intake of French
      women. RESULTS: Observed PANDiet scores were equal to 59.3 +/- 7.0 and 58.8 +/-
      9.3 points respectively in France and in the US. Simulation of pregnancy for
      women of childbearing age led to a decrease in nutritional adequacy for key
      nutrients during pregnancy and resulted in reducing PANDiet scores by 3.3 +/- 0.1
      and 3.7 +/- 0.1 points in France and in the US. Simulated 150-kcal increases in
      energy intake proved to be only partially effective in filling the gap both when
      the quantity of food consumed was increased and when recommended snacks were
      used. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in nutritional adequacy induced by pregnancy
      cannot be addressed by simply following generic dietary guidelines.

PMID- 26959493
TI  - Generalized Scaling and the Master Variable for Brownian Magnetic Nanoparticle
      Dynamics.
AB  - Understanding the dynamics of magnetic particles can help to advance several
      biomedical nanotechnologies. Previously, scaling relationships have been used in
      magnetic spectroscopy of nanoparticle Brownian motion (MSB) to measure
      biologically relevant properties (e.g., temperature, viscosity, bound state)
      surrounding nanoparticles in vivo. Those scaling relationships can be generalized
      with the introduction of a master variable found from non-dimensionalizing the
      dynamical Langevin equation. The variable encapsulates the dynamical variables of
      the surroundings and additionally includes the particles' size distribution and
      moment and the applied field's amplitude and frequency. From an applied
      perspective, the master variable allows tuning to an optimal MSB biosensing
      sensitivity range by manipulating both frequency and field amplitude. Calculation
      of magnetization harmonics in an oscillating applied field is also possible with
      an approximate closed-form solution in terms of the master variable and a single
      free parameter. 

PMID- 26959494
TI  - Cardiac Rehabilitation Prevents Recurrent Revascularization in Patients With
      Coronary Heart Disease: A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY IN TAIWAN.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) provided within
      the first 3 months of revascularization on reducing recurrent revascularization
      in patients with coronary heart disease in Taiwan. METHODS: In this population
      based cohort study, we used the claims data of 1 million beneficiaries who were
      randomly selected from all beneficiaries enrolled in Taiwan's National Health
      Insurance program from 1996 to 2000. Between 2000 and 2007, 2838 patients
      underwent a first-event revascularization. Of these patients, 442 (15.6%)
      underwent CR within the first 3 months of admission for revascularization. The
      remaining 84.4% (n = 2396) served as the non-CR group. All the study patients
      were followed-up until the end of 2008 for any recurrent revascularization. A
      propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the
      relative risk of recurrent revascularization associated with CR. RESULTS: During
      the 1- to 9-year follow-up, 69 patients (15.6%) in the CR group and 840 (35.1%)
      patients in the non-CR group experienced recurrent revascularization. The results
      of the propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis
      showed that CR was significantly associated with a reduced risk of recurrent
      revascularization with a hazard ratio of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.37 to -0.62).
      CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac rehabilitation within the first 3 months of
      revascularization is significantly associated with a reduced risk of recurrent
      revascularization. This preventive effect was more pronounced in men compared
      with other subgroups of patients.

PMID- 26959496
TI  - Predicting Peak Oxygen Uptake From the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients With
      Pulmonary Hypertension.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine whether the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a predictor of
      peak oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)O2) in patients
      with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). METHODS: A total of 157
      patients treated for IPAH completed a 6MWT in accordance with American Thoracic
      Society standards. Heart rate, pulse oximetry, and Borg rating of perceived
      exertion were determined at baseline and posttest. A cardiopulmonary exercise
      test (CPET) was performed on a cycle ergometer using a ramp protocol.
      Participants were stratified post hoc by age into 3 groups: children (n = 26),
      adolescents (n = 49), and adults (n = 82). Multiple linear regression analysis
      was performed to predict peak (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2 from
      the 6MWT. RESULTS: The regression equation generated for the children was the
      only model to strongly predict peak (Equation is included in full-text
      article.)O2 (r = 0.87; P < .001). Similar models for adolescent (r = 0.59; P <
      .001) and adult groups (r = 0.68; P < .001) did not achieve the same level of
      correlation. CONCLUSION: Six-Minute Walk Test was able to accurately predict peak
      (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2 in children (6-12 years) with
      IPAH; however, the model was weaker for predicting peak (Equation is included in
      full-text article.)O2 in older populations. These findings suggest that 6MWT may
      be as valid a test for predicting peak (Equation is included in full-text
      article.)O2 in children with IPAH as CPET measured peak (Equation is included in
      full-text article.)O2. In older IPAH populations, CPET is the only reliable
      method for the evaluation of peak (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2.

PMID- 26959495
TI  - Strategic Moments: IDENTIFYING OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE CLIENTS IN ATTENDING
      CARDIAC REHABILITATION AND MAINTAINING LIFESTYLE CHANGES.
AB  - PURPOSE: There has been extensive investigation of attendance rates at cardiac
      rehabilitation (CR) but little attention to client reasoning around attendance.
      This study explored decision-making drivers for attendance or nonattendance at CR
      programs in rural Victoria, Australia. METHODS: All new patients referred to the
      CR programs at either the local hospital or community health service over a 6
      month period were invited to participate and were interviewed before, after, and
      at 6 months post-CR. Content analysis was used to identify and group common
      themes that emerged from the semistructured interviews. RESULTS: Eighty-four of
      the 114 patients referred agreed to participate in the study. Multiple barriers
      or facilitators affected the decisions of all clients. Three themes were
      identified that reflected the participant decision-making experience: (1)
      invitation and information about participation in CR; (2) person-centered
      approach to CR provision; and (3) ongoing support needs. Significant decision
      making points identified were after the cardiac event; before and after hospital
      based CR; before and after community-based CR; and at 6 months after the cardiac
      event. At any time there is a risk that the client can become lost or disengaged
      in the service system, but providing contact at these points can allow them to
      reengage. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided the opportunity to hear participant
      voices, describing their decisions around CR attendance after a cardiac event.
      They highlighted the complexity of issues confronting them and suggested
      improvements to optimize their attendance and to maintain lifestyle changes.

PMID- 26959497
TI  - Reproducibility of Anaerobic and Pain Thresholds in Male Patients With
      Intermittent Claudication.
AB  - PURPOSE: Maximal and submaximal parameters assessed during treadmill tests are
      used to prescribe exercise training and assess exercise-induced adaptations in
      patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Although reproducibility of maximal
      parameters is well documented, the reproducibility of submaximal is not clear.
      The aim of this study was to identify the reproducibility (reliability and
      agreement) of heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full
      text article.)O2) measured at the anaerobic (AT) and the pain (PT) thresholds
      assessed during a maximal test in patients with IC. METHODS: Twenty male patients
      with IC underwent 2 cardiopulmonary treadmill tests to maximal pain. The HR and
      (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2 at the AT and PT were identified,
      and differences between repeat tests were compared. Reliability was determined by
      intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC). Agreement was assessed by coefficient
      of variation (CV), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable
      difference (SDD), and limits of agreement (LOA). RESULTS: The (Equation is
      included in full-text article.)O2 at AT and PT exhibited moderate reliability and
      moderate/good agreement (ICC = 0.73 and 0.70; CV = 9.6% and 11.1%, respectively).
      The HR at the AT and PT exhibited high reliability and good agreement (ICC = 0.87
      and 0.92; SEM = 3.9 and 3.2 bpm; SDD = 10.8 and 8.8 bpm, respectively). The LOA
      for (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2 at AT and PT were <=20% and
      for HR <=11 bpm. CONCLUSIONS: The (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2
      and HR measured at the AT and PT were moderately to highly reproducible in male
      patients with IC. The HR and (Equation is included in full-text article.)O2 at AT
      and PT may be used to establish training intensity and evaluate training
      effectiveness for these patients in clinical practice and research.

PMID- 26959500
TI  - Use of Smartphones in Telemedicine: Comparative Study Between Standard and
      Teledermatological Evaluation of High-Complex Care Hospital Inpatients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is estimated that there are around 7 billion mobile phone
      subscriptions worldwide. Considering the availability and convenience, it appears
      to be a suitable device for store-and-forward (SF) consultations. INTRODUCTION:
      Although teledermatology has been suggested as an effective way of reducing costs
      and providing otherwise inaccessible expert evaluation, most studies have relied
      on high cost and high technological means. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a
      study with inpatients that required dermatological evaluation in a high
      complexity university hospital, accessing the correlation between traditional
      face-to-face evaluation and SF teledermatology, with data and pictures collected
      by medical students using smartphone cameras and then sent to consultants by e
      mail. RESULTS: For 2 months, we evaluated 100 patients and, as a result, the
      total agreement between both consultation modalities was 54%, the partial
      agreement was 27%, and the disagreement was 19%. DISCUSSION: This study points
      out that SF teledermatology with the use of mobile phone is comparable to
      traditional face-to-face evaluation. Furthermore, most of the disagreements were
      probably related to the inexperience of the medical residents. CONCLUSION: Our
      study suggests that a smartphone-based teledermatology inpatient consultation
      model could be a reasonable option for hospitals lacking dermatological services.
      Also, it may be as or more effective than face-to-face consultations, if
      performed by a more experienced dermatologist. When feasible, photographing
      training should be performed.

PMID- 26959499
TI  - Effects of High Dissolved Inorganic and Organic Carbon Availability on the
      Physiology of the Hard Coral Acropora millepora from the Great Barrier Reef.
AB  - Coral reefs are facing major global and local threats due to climate change
      induced increases in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and because of land-derived
      increases in organic and inorganic nutrients. Recent research revealed that high
      availability of labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) negatively affects
      scleractinian corals. Studies on the interplay of these factors, however, are
      lacking, but urgently needed to understand coral reef functioning under present
      and near future conditions. This experimental study investigated the individual
      and combined effects of ambient and high DIC (pCO2 403 MUatm/ pHTotal 8.2 and 996
      MUatm/pHTotal 7.8) and DOC (added as Glucose 0 and 294 MUmol L-1, background DOC
      concentration of 83 MUmol L-1) availability on the physiology (net and gross
      photosynthesis, respiration, dark and light calcification, and growth) of the
      scleractinian coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) from the Great Barrier
      Reef over a 16 day interval. High DIC availability did not affect photosynthesis,
      respiration and light calcification, but significantly reduced dark calcification
      and growth by 50 and 23%, respectively. High DOC availability reduced net and
      gross photosynthesis by 51% and 39%, respectively, but did not affect
      respiration. DOC addition did not influence calcification, but significantly
      increased growth by 42%. Combination of high DIC and high DOC availability did
      not affect photosynthesis, light calcification, respiration or growth, but
      significantly decreased dark calcification when compared to both controls and DIC
      treatments. On the ecosystem level, high DIC concentrations may lead to reduced
      accretion and growth of reefs dominated by Acropora that under elevated DOC
      concentrations will likely exhibit reduced primary production rates, ultimately
      leading to loss of hard substrate and reef erosion. It is therefore important to
      consider the potential impacts of elevated DOC and DIC simultaneously to assess
      real world scenarios, as multiple rather than single factors influence key
      physiological processes in coral reefs. 

PMID- 26959501
TI  - Digoxin in Heart Failure with a Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Risk Factor or a
      Risk Marker.
AB  - Digoxin is one of the oldest compounds used in cardiovascular medicine.
      Nevertheless, its mechanism of action and most importantly its clinical utility
      have been the subject of an endless dispute. Positive inotropic and neurohormonal
      modulation properties are attributed to digoxin, and it was the mainstay of heart
      failure therapeutics for decades. However, since the institution of beta-blockers
      and aldosterone antagonists as part of modern heart failure medical therapy,
      digoxin prescription rates have been in free fall. The fact that digoxin is still
      listed as a valid therapeutic option in both American and European heart failure
      guidelines has not altered clinicians' attitude towards the drug. Since the
      publication of original Digitalis Investigation Group trial data, a series of
      reports based predominately on observational studies and post hoc analyses have
      raised concerns about the clinical efficacy and long-term safety of digoxin. In
      the present review, we will attempt a critical appraisal of the available
      clinical evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of digoxin in heart failure
      patients with a reduced ejection fraction. The methodological issues, strengths,
      and limitations of individual studies will be highlighted.

PMID- 26959498
TI  - Correlates of Exercise Self-efficacy in a Randomized Trial of Mind-Body Exercise
      in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure.
AB  - PURPOSE: Exercise self-efficacy is one of the strongest predictors of physical
      activity behavior. Prior literature suggests that tai chi, a mind-body exercise,
      may increase self-efficacy; however, this is not extensively studied. Little is
      known about the factors associated with development of exercise self-efficacy in
      a population with heart failure. METHODS: We utilized data from a randomized
      controlled trial of 12 weeks of group tai chi classes versus education in
      patients with chronic heart failure (n = 100). Multivariable linear regression
      was used to explore possible correlates of change in exercise self-efficacy in
      the entire sample and in the subgroup who received tai chi (n = 50). Covariates
      included baseline quality of life, social support, functional parameters,
      physical activity, serum biomarkers, sociodemographics, and clinical heart
      failure parameters. RESULTS: Baseline 6-minute walk (beta=-0.0003, SE = 0.0001, P
      = .02) and fatigue score (beta= 0.03, SE = 0.01, P = .004) were significantly
      associated with change in self-efficacy, with those in the lowest tertile for 6
      minute walk and higher tertiles for fatigue score experiencing the greatest
      change. Intervention group assignment was highly significant, with self-efficacy
      significantly improved in the tai chi group compared to the education control
      over 12 weeks (beta= 0.39, SE = 0.11, P < .001). In the tai chi group alone,
      lower baseline oxygen uptake (beta=-0.05, SE = 0.01, P = .001), decreased mood
      (beta=-0.01, SE = 0.003, P = .004), and higher catecholamine level (epinephrine
      beta= 0.003, SE = 0.001, P = .005) were significantly associated with
      improvements in self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory analysis, our
      initial findings support the concept that interventions like tai chi may be
      beneficial in improving exercise self-efficacy, especially in patients with heart
      failure who are deconditioned, with lower functional status and mood.

PMID- 26959502
TI  - Screening in Primary Care for Diabetic Retinopathy, Maculopathy and Visual Loss
      in South Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic
      retinopathy, maculopathy and visual loss in primary care patients and to identify
      associated risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a cluster
      randomised trial at primary care clinics in the Tshwane district in South Africa.
      Grades of retinopathy and maculopathy (with fundus camera) and visual acuity
      (Snellen chart) were assessed and, using mobile screening and teleophthalmology,
      clinical and biochemical testing was conducted to obtain information about
      glycaemic control and microvascular complications. RESULTS: The prevalence rates
      for any retinopathy, preproliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy
      were 24.9, 19.5 and 5.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of diabetic
      maculopathy, observable maculopathy and referable maculopathy were 20.8, 11.8 and
      9.0%, respectively. The presence of retinopathy was associated with high body
      mass index, systolic blood pressure, being on insulin treatment, high HbA1c and
      the presence of neuropathy. High systolic blood pressure, being on insulin
      treatment, high HbA1c level and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as
      well as the presence of albuminuria were significant in predicting any diabetic
      maculopathy. Laser photocoagulation was given to 8.3% of patients from the mobile
      unit and 12% of patients were referred to the nearest hospital with an outpatient
      eye clinic for follow-up treatment of various other eye conditions. Using the WHO
      categories, the study found that 78.1% of diabetes patients had normal vision,
      19.3% were visually impaired and 2.2% were severely impaired or blind.
      CONCLUSION: High prevalence rates for diabetic retinopathy, maculopathy and
      visual loss were found and associations were identified.

PMID- 26959504
TI  - Temperature and Pressure Dependent Phase Transitions of beta'-LiZr2(PO4)3 Studied
      by Raman Spectroscopy.
AB  - LiZr2(PO4)3 (LZP) belongs to the NASICON family of compounds whose ionic
      conductivity can be tuned by substitution of different cations or by increasing
      the temperature or pressure. Besides its conductivity, thermal and
      electrochemical stability makes it useful as a cathode material for lithium-ion
      energy storage devices. Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopic studies were
      carried out on the monoclinic (beta') phase of LZP in the temperature range 298
      853 K. A reversible structural phase transition driven by disorder in lithium
      sites is observed at 603 K. The spectral data enable an understanding of dynamics
      of the mobile Li ion and PO4 internal modes across the orthorhombic structural
      phase transition. On the basis of these studies, a reported change in the
      conductivity around 600 K is explained. High pressure Raman spectroscopic
      measurements on beta'-LiZr2(PO4)3 reveal the onset of a structural phase
      transformation at 3.8 GPa and amorphization above 10 GPa. On decompression from
      26 GPa, the amorphous phase remains unchanged, indicating irreversible nature of
      pressure-induced amorphization. Three low frequency Raman modes at 100, 124, and
      144 cm(-1), which soften with an increase in pressure could be the driving force
      for the phase transition at 3.8 GPa. Pressure-induced phase transition prior to
      amorphization in beta'-LiZr2(PO4)3 could be due to collapse of Zr-O-P bond
      angles. Pressure-induced amorphization in this compound might be due to kinetic
      hindrance of equilibrium decomposition. 

PMID- 26959505
TI  - Intraparticle Molecular Orbital Engineering of Semiconducting Polymer
      Nanoparticles as Amplified Theranostics for in Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging and
      Photothermal Therapy.
AB  - Optical theranostic nanoagents that seamlessly and synergistically integrate
      light-generated signals with photothermal or photodynamic therapy can provide
      opportunities for cost-effective precision medicine, while the potential for
      clinical translation requires them to have good biocompatibility and high
      imaging/therapy performance. We herein report an intraparticle molecular orbital
      engineering approach to simultaneously enhance photoacoustic brightness and
      photothermal therapy efficacy of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) for
      in vivo imaging and treatment of cancer. The theranostic SPNs have a binary
      optical component nanostructure, wherein a near-infrared absorbing semiconducting
      polymer and an ultrasmall carbon dot (fullerene) interact with each other to
      induce photoinduced electron transfer upon light irradiation. Such an
      intraparticle optoelectronic interaction augments heat generation and
      consequently enhances the photoacoustic signal and maximum photothermal
      temperature of SPNs by 2.6- and 1.3-fold, respectively. With the use of the
      amplified SPN as the theranostic nanoagent, it permits enhanced photoacoustic
      imaging and photothermal ablation of tumor in living mice. Our study thus not
      only introduces a category of purely organic optical theranostics but also
      highlights a molecular guideline to amplify the effectiveness of light-intensive
      imaging and therapeutic nanosystems.

PMID- 26959506
TI  - Characterization of Conformation and Locations of C-F Bonds in Graphene
      Derivative by Polarized ATR-FTIR.
AB  - It is still a challenge to explore the orientation and location of chemical
      groups in the two-dimensional derivative of graphene. In this study, polarized
      attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (polarized
      ATR-FTIR) was employed to investigate the orientation and location of C-F groups
      in the corresponding graphene derivative sheets, which facilitates building a
      relationship between the bonding nature and fine structure. There were two types
      of C-F bonding, (C-F)I and (C-F)II, in fluorinated graphene sheets. It was found
      that (C-F)II bonds were linked at the coplanar carbon atoms in the weakly
      fluorinated region (CxF, x >= 2), whereas the (C-F)I bonds cluster at the
      strongly deformed carbon framework with a F/C ratio of about 1. The
      thermostability of (C-F)II is lower than that of (C-F)I bonds. This is because
      the coplanar structure of the weakly fluorinated region tends to transform to the
      planar aromatic ring with the breaking of the C-F bond as compared with the
      strong fluorinated nonplanar region. 

PMID- 26959507
TI  - Designing an Antibody-Based Chaperoning System through Programming the Binding
      and Release of the Folding Intermediate.
AB  - The protein folding pathway consists of sequential intramolecular interactions,
      while chaperones exert their functions either by stabilizing folding
      intermediates or by preventing nonspecific intermolecular interactions, which are
      often associated with aggregation involving exposed hydrophobic residues in
      folding intermediates. As chaperones do not possess specificity for individual
      client proteins, we designed an antibody-based chaperoning system to mimic the
      sequential binding and release of client proteins undergoing folding. The single
      chain variable fragment of antibody (scFv) A4 binds to human muscle creatine
      kinase (HCK) and prevents it from aggregating. The slow dissociation of HCK from
      A4 resulted in delayed but eventually high-quality refolding, as reflected by the
      higher recovery of enzymatic activity as well as abolished aggregation. Peptide
      P6, a sequence in HCK involved in A4 binding, competes with HCK, promotes its
      dissociation from A4, and accelerates the rate of high-quality refolding. The
      sequential addition of A4 and P6 is essential for the chaperoning effect. The
      programmed binding/release method can also be applied to refold HCK from
      inclusion bodies. Because the association/dissociation of the folding
      intermediate with the antibody is highly specific, the method can be used to
      design tailored refolding systems and to investigate chaperoning effects on
      protein folding/aggregation in a sequence-specific manner. 

PMID- 26959508
TI  - Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells promotes differentiation of
      regulatory T cells in HIV-1+ individuals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to HIV-1 disease progression by
      impairing antiviral immunity; however, the precise mechanisms responsible for the
      development of Tregs in the setting of HIV-1 infection are incompletely
      understood. DESIGN: In this study, we provide evidence that HIV-induced expansion
      of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) promote the
      differentiation of Foxp3 Tregs. METHODS: We measured MDSC induction and cytokine
      expression by flow cytometry and analyzed their functions by coculturing
      experiments. RESULTS: We observed a dramatic increase in M-MDSC frequencies in
      the peripheral blood of HIV-1 seropositive (HIV-1) individuals, even in those on
      antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viremia, when compared with healthy
      participants. We also observed increases in M-MDSCs after incubating healthy
      peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with HIV-1 proteins (gp120 or Tat) or Toll
      like receptor 4 ligand lipopolysaccharides in vitro, an effect that could be
      abrogated in the presence of the phosphorylated signal transducer and activator
      of transcription 3 inhibitor, STA-21. Functional analyses indicated that M-MDSCs
      from HIV-1 individuals express higher levels of IL-10, tumor growth factor-beta,
      IL-4 receptor alpha, p47, programmed death-ligand 1, and phosphorylated signal
      transducer and activator of transcription 3 - all of which are known mediators of
      myelopoiesis and immunosuppression. Importantly, incubation of healthy CD4 T
      cells with MDSCs derived from HIV-1 individuals significantly increased
      differentiation of Foxp3 Tregs. In addition, depletion of MDSCs from PBMCs of HIV
      1 individuals led to a significant reduction of Foxp3 Tregs and increase of
      IFNgamma production by CD4 T effector cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest
      that HIV-induced MDSCs promote Treg cell development and inhibit T cell function 
      a hallmark of many chronic infectious diseases.

PMID- 26959509
TI  - HIV-associated CD4+/CD8+ depletion in infancy is associated with neurometabolic
      reductions in the basal ganglia at age 5 years despite early antiretroviral
      therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Investigating consequences of early or late antiretroviral therapy
      (ART) initiation in infancy on young brain development using magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy. DESIGN: Most pediatric HIV/ART-related neurological studies are
      from neuropsychological/clinical perspectives. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      can elucidate the mechanisms underpinning neurocognitive outcomes by quantifying
      the brain's chemical condition through localized metabolism to provide insights
      into health and development. METHODS: Basal ganglia metabolite concentrations
      were assessed in thirty-eight 5-year-old HIV-infected children previously
      participating in a randomized trial comparing early limited ART to deferred
      continuous ART, as well as 15 uninfected controls (12 HIV exposed). Metabolite
      levels were compared between 26 infected children who initiated ART at/before 12
      weeks and 12 who initiated afterward, and were correlated with clinical HIV and
      treatment-related measures. RESULTS: HIV-infected children initiating ART after
      12 weeks had lower creatine, choline and glutamate (P < 0.05) than those
      initiating ART at/before 12 weeks. The CD4/CD8 ratio at baseline correlated with
      N-acetyl-aspartate (r = 0.56, P = 0.003) and choline (r = 0.36, P = 0.03) at 5
      years, irrespective of treatment regimen and ART interruption. In comparison with
      uninfected controls, 80% of whom were HIV-exposed in utero, children on early
      treatment had higher N-acetyl-aspartate (P = 0.006) and choline (P = 0.03).
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite early ART (<12 weeks), low baseline CD4/CD8 predicts brain
      metabolite levels in later childhood. Also, HIV exposure and antiretroviral
      exposure for preventing vertical HIV transmission may hinder metabolite health,
      but needs further investigation.

PMID- 26959511
TI  - Identification of a novel and severe pattern of efavirenz drug-induced liver
      injury in South Africa.
AB  - Efavirenz now forms part of many antiretroviral regimens in low and middle-income
      countries. Efavirenz-related drug-induced liver injury is not well characterized
      but is thought to occur less frequently than with nevirapine. We describe our
      observation of three defined clinicopathological patterns of injury, one of
      which, submassive necrosis, is associated with significant morbidity and
      mortality. A high baseline CD4, younger age and possibly female gender, predicts
      for the injury.

PMID- 26959512
TI  - Correction to Bioactive Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinol Derivatives from
      Hypericum cohaerens.

PMID- 26959510
TI  - Frequency and impact of suboptimal immune recovery on first-line antiretroviral
      therapy within the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS in East
      Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of suboptimal immune recovery (SO-IR) and
      associated HIV-related-illnesses during the first 5 years following first-line
      antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation across seven ART sites in East Africa.
      DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of data from seven ART clinical sites (three
      Uganda, two Kenya and two Tanzania). METHODS: SO-IR was described by proportions
      of ART-treated adults with CD4 cell counts less than 200, less than 350 and less
      than 500 cells/MUl. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis techniques were used to assess
      predictors of SO-IR, and incident rates of HIV-related illnesses at CD4 cell
      counts less than 200, 200-350, 351-499, and >500 cells/MUl, respectively.
      RESULTS: Overall 80 843 adults initiated non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
      inhibitor-based first-line ART; 65% were women and median CD4 cell count was 126
      [interquartile range (IQR), 52-202] cells/MUl. Cumulative probability of SO-IR
      <200 cells/MUl, <350 cells/MUl and <500 cells/MUl, after 5 years, was 11, 38 and
      63%, respectively. Incidence of HIV-related illnesses was higher among those with
      CD4 cell counts less than 200 and 200-350 cells/MUl, than those who achieved CD4
      counts above these thresholds. The most common events, at CD4 < 200 cells/MUl,
      were pulmonary tuberculosis [incident rate 15.98 (15.47-16.51)/100 person-years
      at risk (PYAR), oral candidiasis [incident rate 12.5 (12.03-12.94)] and herpes
      zoster [incident rate 6.30 (5.99-6.64)] events/100 PYAR. With attainment of a CD4
      cell count level 200-350 cells/MUl, there was a substantial reduction in
      events/100 PYAR - by 91% to 1.45 (1.29-1.63) for TB, by 94% to 0.75 (0.64-0.89)
      for oral candidiasis, by 84% to 0.99 (0.86-1.14) for Herpes Zoster, and by 78% to
      1.22 (1.07-1.39) for chronic diarrhea. The incidence of all events decreased
      further with CD4 counts above these thresholds. CONCLUSION: Around 40% of adults
      initiated on ART have suboptimal immune recovery with CD4 counts <350 cells/MUl
      after five years. Such patients will require closer monitoring for both HIV
      related and non-HIV-related clinical events.

PMID- 26959513
TI  - Toward the design of high voltage magnesium-lithium hybrid batteries using dual
      salt electrolytes.
AB  - We report a design of high voltage magnesium-lithium (Mg-Li) hybrid batteries
      through rational control of the electrolyte chemistry, electrode materials and
      cell architecture. Prototype devices with a structure of Mg-Li/LiFePO4 (LFP) and
      Mg-Li/LiMn2O4 (LMO) have been investigated. A Mg-Li/LFP cell using a dual-salt
      electrolyte 0.2 M [Mg2Cl2(DME)4][AlCl4]2 and 1.0 M LiTFSI exhibits voltages
      higher than 2.5 V (vs. Mg) and a high specific energy density of 246 W h kg(-1)
      under conditions that are amenable for practical applications. The successful
      demonstrations reported here could be a significant step forward for practical
      hybrid batteries. 

PMID- 26959514
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary interventions: an update on recent
      developments.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage procedures
      can be utilized in patients with biliary obstruction and incomplete drainage with
      prior interventions, in those whose ampulla is inaccessible (i.e. from surgically
      altered anatomy and malignant luminal obstruction), or in those who failed bile
      duct cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Improved
      techniques and accessories have streamlined these procedures; however, further
      investigation is required. The purpose of this review is to provide the
      highlights of the most recent literature on EUS-guided biliary drainage. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Recent literature has demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of EUS
      guided gallbladder drainage, both as a primary intervention in patients with
      cholecystitis who are unfit for urgent surgical intervention and as a secondary
      intervention to internalize biliary drainage after initial placement of a
      cholecystostomy catheter. EUS-guided bile duct drainage can be performed using
      various techniques. The optimal technique requires further study and may vary by
      clinical scenario. SUMMARY: The role of EUS-guided biliary drainage continues to
      evolve. The most recent literature has attempted to clarify the optimal
      strategies and indications for employing the various EUS-guided biliary drainage
      techniques.

PMID- 26959515
TI  - La2SrCr2O7F2: A Ruddlesden-Popper Oxyfluoride Containing Octahedrally Coordinated
      Cr(4+) Centers.
AB  - The low-temperature fluorination of the n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper phase La2SrCr2O7
      yields La2SrCr2O7F2 via a topochemical fluorine insertion reaction. The structure
      conserving nature of the fluorination reaction means that the chromium centers of
      the initial oxide phase retain an octahedral coordination environment in the
      fluorinated product, resulting in a material containing an extended array of apex
      linked Cr(4+)O6 units. Typically materials containing networks of octahedrally
      coordinated Cr(4+) centers can only be prepared at high pressure; thus, the
      preparation of La2SrCr2O7F2 demonstrates that low-temperature topochemical
      reactions offer an alternative synthesis route to materials of this type. Neutron
      diffraction, magnetization, and MU(+)SR data indicate that La2SrCr2O7F2 undergoes
      a transition to an antiferromagnetic state below TN ~ 140 K. The structure
      property relations of this phase and other Cr(4+) oxide phases are discussed. 

PMID- 26959516
TI  - How the Structure of Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids Is Susceptible to High Pressure.
AB  - The structural landscape of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with longer
      cationic alkyl tail(s) exhibits polarity ordering (PO) along with charge ordering
      (CO). In polarity ordering, which is also referred to as intermediate-range
      ordering, polar groups are separated by segregated domains of apolar groups and
      vice versa. Charge ordering resembles alternation of positive-negative charge
      groups. In this work, how these two characteristic orderings respond to applied
      external pressure has been investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The
      present study complements the recent experimental studies of Yoshimura et al. (J.
      Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 8146-8153) and computational studies of Russina et al.
      (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 29496-29500) wherein the authors described in
      detail the effects of pressure on the structural and conformational changes in
      imidazolium based ionic liquids. Our simulations predict that for 1-alkyl-1
      methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, Pyrr1,n(+)/NTf2(-) with n
      = 8 and 10, the PO and CO fade when the external pressure increases from ambient
      pressure to 10000 bar. We observe that the apolar tail group as well as the polar
      group correlations are susceptible to the applied pressure. The decrease of polar
      polar and apolar-apolar correlations at higher pressure is accompanied by the
      enhancement in the polar-apolar correlations and increased stability/probability
      of gauche conformations along the cationic tails. 

PMID- 26959517
TI  - Predictors of Emergency Department Utilization Among Children in Vulnerable
      Families.
AB  - : Preventable visits to the emergency department (ED) are estimated to represent
      as much as 56% of overall annual ED utilization and contribute to the high cost
      of health care in the United States. There are more than 25 million annual
      pediatric ED visits. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors
      associated with high ED utilization among children in vulnerable families.
      METHODS: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a longitudinal cohort
      of approximately 5000 vulnerable children. Data from the 9-year follow-up survey
      were used in this analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression
      analyses were performed to identify correlates with high ED utilization (>=4
      visits per year). RESULTS: 2631 children were included in the analysis. In a
      multivariate model controlling for the child's sex, race, household income, and
      insurance status, 4 variables were significant predictors of ED utilization:
      history of hospitalization within the last year (odds ratio [OR], 15.97; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 6.64-38.41; P < 0.001), diagnosis of asthma (OR, 2.53;
      95% CI, 1.17-5.44; P = 0.02), number of child's office/clinic visits within the
      last year (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12-1.33; P < 0.001), and number of primary
      caregiver ED visits within last year (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.28; P = 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: History of hospitalization, outpatient visits, primary caregiver ED
      utilization, and diagnosis of asthma independently predict high ED utilization by
      9-year-old children in fragile families. Augmented continuity of care, disease
      management, and caregiver education may reduce high ED utilization in this
      population.

PMID- 26959518
TI  - Hot Water Epilepsy Successfully Treated With Daily Clobazam.
AB  - Hot water epilepsy (HWE) is a rare form of reflex epilepsy precipitated by a bath
      or shower in hot water. Although the condition is benign and a decreased bath
      temperature will help, antiepileptic drugs may be needed in some cases.
      Prophylactic clobazam is currently the first choice treatment option. Here we
      report the case of a 10-year-old boy with HWE successfully treated with daily
      doses of clobazam. Daily clobazam was preferred over prophylactic clobazam
      because of the patient's frequent bathing and parental concern. Daily clobazam is
      a novel treatment option for HWE and seems to be a good choice where
      antiepileptic drugs are necessary.

PMID- 26959519
TI  - Safety of Terbutaline for Treatment of Acute Severe Pediatric Asthma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The use of continuous intravenous terbutaline treatment in severe
      asthma attacks has been hampered by the lack of well-powered clinical trials
      where effects of such treatment are described in detail. Here, we aimed to
      provide a descriptive report on the largest cohort of severe pediatric asthma
      patients treated with terbutaline. METHODS: The study was conducted in a
      pediatric intensive care unit in a large metropolitan tertiary care university
      hospital on 124 patients receiving terbutaline infusion. To stratify the effect
      of, and determine any age-related differences of, terbutaline, the patients were
      divided into 3 age groups (0-6 years, 7-12 years, and 13-18 years). Clinical
      response and the potential harmful effects of terbutaline infusion were
      determined. RESULTS: There were significant reductions in systolic (varying
      between 86% and 93% of the baseline) and diastolic blood pressures (varying
      between 74% and 86% of the baseline level). However, the values returned to
      baseline level shortly after discontinuation of infusion. Terbutaline increased
      heart rates in all groups shortly after initiation (9%-13% above baseline), which
      returned to below baseline levels 1 hour after discontinuation. Serum potassium
      levels were also reduced in all patients compared to their baseline values after
      initiation of terbutaline infusion. However, none of the subjects required
      potassium replacement. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that overall,
      terbutaline infusion was well tolerated without irreversible adverse effects of
      the treatment. Although hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances occurred, these
      were clinically easily managed and posed little risk in emergency department or
      pediatric intensive care unit.

PMID- 26959520
TI  - A Knotted Urethral Catheter in the Emergency Department.
AB  - Inadvertent knotting of urethral catheters and enteric feeding tubes is a rare
      complication in pediatric patients. If a small flexible tube is used and advanced
      too far, upon withdrawal, the catheter may knot in the bladder. Surgical
      intervention for retrieval is required in most cases. We present a case of a 26
      day-old female neonate who was catheterized with a 5 French enteric feeding tube,
      which was later removed in the emergency department with gentle traction alone.
      After removal, a knot was noted at the tip. It is important for emergency
      physicians to be aware of this complication, because this particular size feeding
      tube is most susceptible to kinking inside of the urinary tract.

PMID- 26959521
TI  - Intermolecular Homopropargyl Alcohol Addition to Alkyne and a Sequential 1,6
      Enyne Cycloisomerization with Triazole-Gold Catalyst.
AB  - While gold-catalyzed homopropargyl alcohol cyclization is a known process, a
      triazole-gold catalyst prevented the intramolecular cyclization in the presence
      of terminal alkynes. As a result, an intermolecular addition to an alkyne was
      achieved. A sequential 1,6-enyne cycloisomerization gave the unusual 2,3
      dihydrooxepine, which revealed another new reaction path. Diels-Alder reaction of
      oxepine followed by a 1,3-alkoxyl shift gave hydrobezofuran derivatives in high
      yields. Diasterioselective reaction of homopropargyl alcohol to final product
      enabled one-step formation of five stereogenic centers with excellent
      enantiomeric selectivity.

PMID- 26959522
TI  - Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Domino Reaction of 2-Bromoaldehydes,
      Benzylamines, and Sodium Azide for the Assembly of Quinazoline Derivatives.
AB  - An efficient three-component domino reaction of 2-bromoaldehydes, benzylamines,
      and sodium azide has been developed for the synthesis of quinazoline derivatives.
      This domino process involves copper-catalyzed SNAr, oxidation/cyclization, and
      denitrogenation sequences. The mild catalytic system enabled the effective
      construction of three C-N bonds in one operation. 

PMID- 26959523
TI  - Functional Gene Markers for Fumarate-Adding and Dearomatizing Key Enzymes in
      Anaerobic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation in Terrestrial Environments.
AB  - Anaerobic degradation is a key process in many environments either naturally or
      anthropogenically exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons. Considerable advances into
      the biochemistry and physiology of selected anaerobic degraders have been
      achieved over the last decades, especially for the degradation of aromatic
      hydrocarbons. However, researchers have only recently begun to explore the
      ecology of complex anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader communities directly in their
      natural habitats, as well as in complex laboratory systems using tools of
      molecular biology. These approaches have mainly been facilitated by the
      establishment of a suite of targeted marker gene assays, allowing for rapid and
      directed insights into the diversity as well as the identity of intrinsic
      degrader populations and degradation potentials established at hydrocarbon
      impacted sites. These are based on genes encoding either peripheral or central
      key enzymes in aromatic compound breakdown, such as fumarate-adding
      benzylsuccinate synthases or dearomatizing aryl-coenzyme A reductases, or on
      aromatic ring-cleaving hydrolases. Here, we review recent advances in this field,
      explain the different detection methodologies applied, and discuss how the
      detection of site-specific catabolic gene markers has improved the understanding
      of processes at contaminated sites. Functional marker gene-based strategies may
      be vital for the development of a more elaborate population-based assessment and
      prediction of aromatic degradation potentials in hydrocarbon-impacted
      environments. 

PMID- 26959524
TI  - The involvement of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and two Sid-1-like transmembrane
      proteins in double-stranded RNA uptake in the Colorado potato beetle midgut.
AB  - RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool in entomology and shows promise as a
      crop protection strategy, but variability in its efficiency across different
      insect species limits its applicability. For oral uptake of the double-stranded
      RNA (dsRNA), the RNAi trigger, two different mechanisms are known: systemic RNA
      interference deficient-1 (Sid-1) transmembrane channel-mediated uptake and
      clathrin-mediated endocytosis. So far, a wide range of experiments has been
      conducted, confirming the involvement of one of the pathways in dsRNA uptake, but
      never both pathways in the same species. We investigated the role of both
      pathways in dsRNA uptake in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa
      decemlineata, known to have an efficient RNAi response. Through RNAi-of-RNAi
      experiments, we demonstrated the contribution of two different sid-1-like (sil)
      genes, silA and silC, and clathrin heavy chain and the 16kDa subunit of the
      vacuolar H(+) ATPase (vha16), elements of the endocytic pathway, to the RNAi
      response. Furthermore, the sid-1-like genes were examined through phylogenetic
      and hydrophobicity analysis. This article reports for the first time on the
      involvement of two pathways in dsRNA uptake in an insect species and stresses the
      importance of evaluating both pathways through a well-devised reporter system in
      any future experiments on cellular dsRNA uptake.

PMID- 26959525
TI  - Stable Isotope Probing Approaches to Study Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Degradation and
      Degraders.
AB  - Stable isotope probing (SIP) techniques have become state-of-the-art in microbial
      ecology over the last 10 years, allowing for the targeted detection and
      identification of organisms, metabolic pathways and elemental fluxes active in
      specific processes within complex microbial communities. For studying anaerobic
      hydrocarbon-degrading microbial communities, four stable isotope techniques have
      been used so far: DNA/RNA-SIP, PLFA (phospholipid-derived fatty acids)-SIP,
      protein-SIP, and single-cell-SIP by nanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass
      spectrometry) or confocal Raman microscopy. DNA/RNA-SIP techniques are most
      frequently applied due to their most meaningful phylogenetic resolution.
      Especially using 13C-labeled benzene and toluene as model substrates, many new
      hydrocarbon degraders have been identified by SIP under various electron acceptor
      conditions. This has extended the current perspective of the true diversity of
      anaerobic hydrocarbon degraders relevant in the environment. Syntrophic
      hydrocarbon degradation was found to be a common mechanism for various electron
      acceptors. Fundamental concepts and recent advances in SIP are reflected here. A
      discussion is presented concerning how these techniques generate direct insights
      into intrinsic hydrocarbon degrader populations in environmental systems and how
      useful they are for more integrated approaches in the monitoring of contaminated
      sites and for bioremediation. 

PMID- 26959527
TI  - Lack of Clarity in the DSM-5 Criteria of Voyeuristic Disorder.

PMID- 26959526
TI  - Differential proteome and cellular adhesion analyses of the probiotic bacterium
      Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM grown on raffinose - an emerging prebiotic.
AB  - Whole cell and surface proteomes were analyzed together with adhesive properties
      of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (NCFM) grown on the
      emerging prebiotic raffinose, exemplifying a synbiotic. Adhesion of NCFM to mucin
      and intestinal HT-29 cells increased three-fold after culture with raffinose
      versus glucose, as also visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Comparative
      proteomics using 2D-DIGE showed 43 unique proteins to change in relative
      abundance in whole cell lysates from NCFM grown on raffinose compared to glucose.
      Furthermore, 14 unique proteins in 18 spots of the surface subproteome underwent
      changes identified by differential 2DE, including elongation factor G,
      thermostable pullulanase, and phosphate starvation inducible stress-related
      protein increasing in a range of +2.1 - +4.7 fold. By contrast five known
      moonlighting proteins decreased in relative abundance by up to -2.4 fold. Enzymes
      involved in raffinose catabolism were elevated in the whole cell proteome; alpha
      galactosidase (+13.9 fold); sucrose phosphorylase (+5.4 fold) together with
      metabolic enzymes from the Leloir pathway for galactose utilization and the
      glycolysis; beta-galactosidase (+5.7 fold); galactose (+2.9/+3.1 fold) and
      fructose (+2.8 fold) kinases. The insights at the molecular and cellular levels
      contributed to the understanding of the interplay of a synbiotic composed of NCFM
      and raffinose with the host.

PMID- 26959528
TI  - Immunochemical characterization of the O antigens of two Proteus strains, O8
      related antigen of Proteus mirabilis 12 B-r and O2-related antigen of Proteus
      genomospecies 5/6 12 B-k, infecting a hospitalized patient in Poland.
AB  - A hospitalized 73-year-old woman was infected with a Proteus mirabilis strain, 12
      B-r, isolated from the place of injection of a blood catheter. Another strain, 12
      B-k, recognized as Proteus genomospecies 5 or 6, was isolated from the patient's
      faeces, which was an example of a nosocomial infection rather than an auto
      infection. Serological investigation using ELISA and Western blotting showed that
      strain 12 B-k from faeces belonged to the Proteus O2 serogroup. Strain 12 B-r
      from the wound displayed cross-reactions with several Proteus O serogroups due to
      common epitopes on the core or O-specific parts of the lipopolysaccharide.
      Studies of the isolated 12 B-r O-specific polysaccharide by NMR spectroscopy
      revealed its close structural similarity to that of Proteus O8. The only
      difference in 12 B-r was the presence of an additional GlcNAc-linked
      phosphoethanolamine residue, which creates a putative epitope responsible for the
      cross-reactivity with Pt. mirabilis O16. The new O-antigen form could appear as a
      result of adaptation of the bacterium to a changing environment. On the basis of
      the data obtained, we suggest division of the O8 serogroup into two subgroups:
      O8a for strains of various Proteus species that have been previously classified
      into the O8 serogroup, and O8a,b for Pt. mirabilis 12 B-r, where 'a' is a common
      epitope and 'b' is a phosphoethanolamine-associated epitope. These findings
      further confirm serological and structural heterogeneity of O antigens of Proteus
      strains isolated lately from patients in Poland.

PMID- 26959530
TI  - Evaluation of Surefire's precision direct-to-tumor embolization device to augment
      therapeutic response to intra-arterial, liver-directed therapies for patients
      with primary and secondary liver cancers.
AB  - Patients with primary and secondary liver cancers generally have a poor prognosis
      with limited potentially curative options. Liver-directed, intra-arterial
      therapies such as selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT) and trans-arterial
      chemoembolization (TACE) are taking a larger role in the management of these
      patients. The current standard of therapy is for delivery of SIRT or TACE
      particles through an end-hole microcatheter. Antireflux microcatheters (ARM) are
      a novel class of microcatheters designed to enhance intra-arterial therapies.
      These catheters are designed with a flexible tip at the end of the microcatheter,
      which partially collapses during systole and expands during diastole, reducing
      antegrade and retrograde particle reflux while allowing for forward flow.
      Initially designed to reduce the risk of particle reflux during SIRT, there is
      evidence that ARMs may lead to improved particle distribution to tumors during
      SIRT. Furthermore, ARMs improve embolization efficiency which may lead to
      improved disease response from TACE for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. 

PMID- 26959529
TI  - LC-MS/MS analysis of permethylated free oligosaccharides and N-glycans derived
      from human, bovine, and goat milk samples.
AB  - Oligosaccharides in milk not only provide nutrition to the infants but also have
      significant immune biofunctions such as inhibition of pathogen binding to the
      host cell. The main component in milk oligosaccharides is free oligosaccharides.
      Since the proteins in milk are highly glycosylated, N-glycans in milk also play
      an import role. In this study, we investigated the permethylated free
      oligosaccharides and N-glycans extracted from bovine, goat, and human milks using
      LC-MS/MS. Quantitation profiles of free oligosaccharides and N-glycans were
      reported. The number of free oligosaccharides observed in bovine, goat, and human
      milk samples (without isomeric consideration) were 11, 8, and 11, respectively.
      Human milk had more complex free oligosaccharides structures than the other two
      milk samples. Totally 58, 21, and 43 N-glycan structures (without isomeric
      consideration) were associated with whey proteins extracted from bovine, goat,
      and human milk samples, respectively. Bovine milk free oligosaccharides and N
      glycans from whey proteins were highly sialylated and to a lesser extend
      fucosylated. Goat and human milk free oligosaccharides and N-glycans from whey
      proteins were both highly fucosylated. Also, the isomeric glycans in milk samples
      were determined by porous graphitic carbon LC at elevated temperatures. For
      example, separation of human milk free oligosaccharide Gal-GlcNAc-(Fuc)-Gal-Glc
      and Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-Fuc isomers was achieved using porous graphitic carbon
      column. Permethylation of the glycan structures facilitated the interpretation of
      MS/MS. For example, internal cleavage and glycosidic bond cleavage are readily
      distinguished in the tandem mass spectra of permethylated glycans. This feature
      resulted in the identification of several isomers.

PMID- 26959531
TI  - S1P prophylaxis mitigates acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced molecular, biochemical,
      and metabolic disturbances: A preclinical report.
AB  - Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is emerging to have hypoxic preconditioning
      potential in various preclinical studies. The study aims to evaluate the
      preclinical preconditioning efficacy of exogenously administered S1P against
      acute hypobaric hypoxia (HH)-induced pathological disturbances. Male Sprague
      Dawley rats (200 +/- 20 g) were preconditioned with 1, 10, and 100 MUg/kg body
      weight (b.w.) S1P (i.v.) for three consecutive days. On the third day, S1P
      preconditioned animals, along with hypoxia control animals, were exposed to HH
      equivalent to 7,620 m (280 mm Hg) for 6 h. Postexposure status of cardiac energy
      production, circulatory vasoactive mediators, pulmonary and cerebral oxidative
      damage, and inflammation were assessed. HH exposure led to cardiac energy deficit
      indicated by low ATP levels and pronounced AMPK activation levels, raised
      circulatory levels of brain natriuretic peptide and endothelin-1 with respect to
      total nitrate (NOx), redox imbalance, inflammation, and alterations in NOx levels
      in the pulmonary and cerebral tissues. These pathological precursors have been
      routinely reported to be coincident with high-altitude diseases. Preconditioning
      with S1P, especially 1 ug/kg b.w. dose, was seen to reverse the manifestation of
      these pathological disturbances. The protective efficacy could be attributed, at
      least in part, to enhanced activity of cardioprotective protein kinase C and
      activation of small GTPase Rac1, which led to further induction of hypoxia
      adaptive molecular mediators: hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and Hsp70.
      This is a first such report, to the best of our knowledge, elucidating the
      mechanism of exogenous S1P-mediated HIF-1alpha/Hsp70 induction. Conclusively,
      systemic preconditioning with 1 MUg/kg b.w. S1P in rats protects against acute HH
      induced pathological disturbances. (c) 2016 IUBMB Life 68(5):365-375, 2016.

PMID- 26959533
TI  - Toward an Integrated Zebrafish Health Management Program Supporting Cancer and
      Neuroscience Research.
AB  - Zebrafish is already one of the most used model organisms in biomedical sciences
      and other research fields. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to
      assure that zebrafish maintained in laboratory aquaculture conditions are raised
      and housed under rigorous standards that promote health and welfare to guarantee
      the required quality and reproducibility of research data. Specifying the
      programs each facility is adopting would be the first step to achieve this by
      allowing other facilities to compare, improve, and discuss their protocols and
      fish performance. We provide in this article a detailed description of an
      integrated facility health management program, with protocols and readouts, fully
      designed and aimed at maximizing fish health, welfare, and performance for
      research.

PMID- 26959532
TI  - Oxidative Stress by Monoamine Oxidase-A Impairs Transcription Factor EB
      Activation and Autophagosome Clearance, Leading to Cardiomyocyte Necrosis and
      Heart Failure.
AB  - AIMS: In heart failure (HF), mitochondrial quality control and autophagy are
      progressively impaired, but the role of oxidative stress in this process and its
      underlying mechanism remain to be defined. By degrading norepinephrine and
      serotonin, the mitochondrial enzyme, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), is a potent
      source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the heart and its activation leads to
      the persistence of mitochondrial damage. In this study, we analyzed the
      consequences of ROS generation by MAO-A on the autophagy-lysosome pathway in the
      heart. RESULTS: Cardiomyocyte-driven expression of MAO-A in mice led to
      mitochondrial fission and translocation of Drp1 and Parkin in the mitochondrial
      compartment. Ventricles from MAO-A transgenic mice displayed accumulation of LC3
      positive autophagosomes, together with p62 and ubiquitylated proteins, indicating
      impairment of autophagy. In vitro adenoviral delivery of MAO-A in cardiomyocytes
      and the consequent generation of ROS blocked autophagic flux with accumulation of
      LC3II, p62, and ubiquitylated proteins, leading to mitochondrial fission and cell
      necrosis. In addition, MAO-A activation induced accumulation of lysosomal
      proteins, cathepsin D and Lamp1, reduced lysosomal acidification, and blocked the
      nuclear translocation of transcription factor-EB (TFEB), a master regulator of
      autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. Most interestingly, overexpression of TFEB
      attenuated autophagosome buildup, mitochondrial fission, cardiomyocyte death, and
      HF associated with MAO-A activation. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION: This study
      unravels a new link between MAO-dependent H2O2 production and lysosomal
      dysfunction. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that the MAO-A/H2O2 axis has a
      negative impact on the elimination and recycling of mitochondria through the
      autophagy-lysosome pathway, which participates in cardiomyocyte death and HF.
      Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 10-27.

PMID- 26959534
TI  - Current topics on ultrasound in perinatology.

PMID- 26959535
TI  - Serum vascular endothelial cadherin and thrombomodulin are markers of non
      alcoholic fatty liver disease in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is usually
      based on liver ultrasonography and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.
      However, the serum ALT level is not sensitive for detecting NAFLD. If more serum
      markers are available, serum analysis may play a more important role in the
      diagnosis of NAFLD. METHODS: Here, we have investigated whether vascular
      endothelial cadherin (VE-cad) and thrombomodulin (TM) are markers of NAFLD in
      children. After an examination of liver ultrasonography, 90 children were divided
      into a lean control group (n=32), an overweight/obese NAFLD group (group-NAFLD,
      n=34) and an overweight/obese non-NAFLD group (group-SOO, n=24). RESULTS: Two
      overweight/obese groups had similar obesity. However, serum VE-cad and TM levels
      were increased in group-NAFLD but not group-SOO. When data from all children were
      pooled, serum VE-cad and TM levels were positively correlated to body-mass index
      (BMI) and serum ALT levels. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, VE-cad and TM are markers
      of pediatric NAFLD.

PMID- 26959536
TI  - More than one way to skin a thyroid. Managing pediatric hypothyroidism with
      weekly intramuscular levothyroxine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oral levothyroxine (L-T4) supplementation is usually an effective
      therapy in pediatric hypothyroidism, except in patients with malabsorption or
      pseudomalabsorption. In these cases, parenteral L-T4 may be required, but there
      is a paucity of information about this delivery method in the pediatric
      population. CASE PRESENTATION: We present three cases of pediatric patients with
      primary hypothryoidism unresponsive to oral L-T4 that were successfully treated
      with intramuscular (IM) L-T4. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first pediatric case
      series of successful IM L-T4 therapy in refractory primary hypothyroidism. Our
      case series demonstrates that once weekly IM L-T4 dosing may be a safe and well
      tolerated treatment regimen for pediatric patients.

PMID- 26959537
TI  - Leigh syndrome associated with a novel mutation in the COX15 gene.
AB  - Leigh syndrome (LS) is a subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy with a diverse
      range of symptoms, such as psychomotor delay or regression, weakness, hypotonia,
      truncal ataxia, intention tremor as well as lactic acidosis in the blood,
      cerebrospinal fluid or urine. Both nuclear gene defects and mutations of the
      mitochondrial genome have been detected in these patients. Here we report a 7
      year-old girl with hypotonia, tremor, developmental delay and psychomotor
      regression. However, serum lactate level as well as brain magnetic resonance
      imaging were normal. Mutational analysis has revealed a novel mutation in exon 4
      of COX15 gene (c.415C>G) which results in p.Leu139Val. Previous studies have
      demonstrated that COX15 mutations are associated with typical LS as well as fatal
      infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Consequently, clinical manifestations of
      COX15 mutations may be significantly different in patients. Such information is
      of practical importance in genetic counseling. 

PMID- 26959538
TI  - Corrigendum to: The functional role of all postsynaptic potentials examined from
      a first-person frame of reference.

PMID- 26959539
TI  - Fatty acid composition of achenes of Cirsium taxa (Asteraceae, Carduoideae) from
      Turkey.
AB  - The fatty acid compositions and total oil contents in achenes of 22 Cirsium taxa
      collected from different natural habitats in Turkey were investigated. The range
      of total fat in the taxa varied from 1.7% to 13.3%. The taxa contained palmitic
      (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1n-9), linoleic (C18:2n-6), and alpha
      linolenic (C18:3n-3) acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids had the highest level,
      ranging from 52.1% to 75.2% (C18:2n-6) and 0.5%-17.3% (C18:3n-3). Total saturated
      (6.9%-17.4%), monounsaturated (11.7%-28.9%), and polyunsaturated (57.4%-79.9%)
      fatty acids varied substantially, whereas total unsaturated fatty acids ranged
      from 70.6% to 91.3%. Considerable variation was observed (P<0.05) within each
      taxon for these fatty acids, especially alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). Fatty
      acid compositions of the 22 taxa were compared by cluster analysis (UPGMA) and
      principle component analysis (PCA) based on six major fatty acids. This is the
      first report on the lipid content and fatty acid composition of achenes of
      Cirsium taxa growing in different areas of Turkey. Fatty acid profiles, relative
      proportions and levels of fatty acids can be used as additional biochemical
      markers in the taxonomy of Cirsium. 

PMID- 26959541
TI  - Microscopic methods in analysis of submicron phospholipid dispersions.
AB  - Microscopy belongs to the group of tests, used in pharmaceutical technology, that
      despite the lapse of time and the development of new analytical methods, still
      remain irreplaceable for the characterization of dispersed drug dosage forms
      (e.g., suspensions and emulsions). To obtain complete description of a specific
      drug formulation, such as parenteral colloidal products, a combination of
      different microscopic techniques is sometimes required. Electron microscopy
      methods are the most useful ones; however, even such basic methods as optical
      microscopy may be helpful for determination of some properties of a sample. The
      publication explicates the most popular microscopical techniques used nowadays
      for characterization of the morphology of nanoparticles suspended in
      pharmaceutical formulations; advantages and disadvantages of these methods are
      also discussed. Parenteral submicron formulations containing lecithin or a
      particular phospholipid were chosen as examples.

PMID- 26959540
TI  - Thonningiiflavanonol A and thonningiiflavanonol B, two novel flavonoids, and
      other constituents of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae).
AB  - A phytochemical study of Ficus thonningii has led to the isolation of two
      previously unreported compounds, thonningiiflavanonol A and thonningiiflavanonol
      B together with 16 known compounds: shuterin, naringenin, syringic acid, p
      hydroxybenzoic acid, genistein, 5,7,3',4',5'-pentahydroxyflavanone, luteolin,
      methylparaben, aromadendrin, garbanzol, dihydroquercetin, 5,7,3'
      trihydroxyflavanone, beta-sitosterol, sitosterolglucoside, lupeol acetate, and
      taraxerol. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.
      The new compounds and extracts displayed potent antioxidant activity. 

PMID- 26959542
TI  - Design and statistical optimization of an effervescent floating drug delivery
      system of theophylline using response surface methodology.
AB  - The aim of this research was to formulate effervescent floating drug delivery
      systems of theophylline using different release retarding polymers such as ethyl
      cellulose, Eudragit(r) L100, xanthan gum and polyethylene oxide (PEO) N12K.
      Sodium bicarbonate was used as a gas generating agent. Direct compression was
      used to formulate floating tablets and the tablets were evaluated for their
      physicochemical and dissolution characteristics. PEO based formulations produced
      better drug release properties than other formulations. Hence, it was further
      optimized by central composite design. Further subjects of research were the
      effect of formulation variables on floating lag time and the percentage of drug
      released at the seventh hour (D7h). The optimum quantities of PEO and sodium
      bicarbonate, which had the highest desirability close to 1.0, were chosen as the
      statistically optimized formulation. No interaction was found between
      theophylline and PEO by Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and
      Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies. 

PMID- 26959543
TI  - Synthesis and structure elucidation of some novel thiophene and benzothiophene
      derivatives as cytotoxic agents.
AB  - Attempting to produce cyclized systems with potential anti-proliferative
      activity, a series of novel thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives were
      designed and synthesized. The reactivity of the latter derivatives towards
      different chemical reagents was studied. Twenty-one compounds were synthesized
      and evaluated as anti-cancer agents. The results showed that ethyl 5-amino-3-(4
      chlorostyryl)-4-cyanothiophene-2-carboxylate (5b), ethyl 5-amino-4-((4
      methoxyphenyl)carbonyl)-3-methylhiophene-2-carboxylate (8c) and 5-3-(ethoxy-3
      oxopropanamido)-3-methyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (9) were the
      most active compounds towards three tumor cell lines - MCF-7 (breast
      adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer) and SF-268 (CNS cancer)
      and a normal fibro-blast human cell line (WI-38) compared to the anti
      proliferative effects of the reference control doxorubicin. 

PMID- 26959544
TI  - Optimization of amino acid-stabilized erythropoietin parenteral formulation: In
      vitro and in vivo assessment.
AB  - The aim of this study was to optimize the formulation of erythropoietin (EPO)
      using amino acids instead of human serum albumin (HSA) and to evaluate its in
      vivo stability in order to avoid the risk of viral contamination and
      antigenicity. Different EPO formulations were developed in such a way as to allow
      studying the effects of amino acids and surfactants on the EPO stability profile.
      The main techniques applied for EPO analysis were ELISA, Bradford method, and SDS
      gel electrophoresis. The in vivo stability was evaluated in a Balb-c mouse animal
      model. The results showed that the presence of surfactant was very useful in
      preventing the initial adsorption of EPO on the walls of vials and in minimizing
      protein aggregation. Amino acid combinations, glycine with glutamic acid,
      provided maximum stability. Formulation F4 (containing glycine, glutamic acid and
      Tween 20) showed minimum aggregation and degradation and in vivo activity
      equivalent to commercially available HSA-stabilized EPO (Eprex(r)). 

PMID- 26959545
TI  - Simultaneous quantitative analysis of olmesartan, amlodipine and
      hydrochlorothiazide in their combined dosage form utilizing classical and
      alternating least squares based chemometric methods.
AB  - Simultaneous spectrophotometric analysis of a multi-component dosage form of
      olmesartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide used for the treatment of
      hypertension has been carried out using various chemometric methods. Multivariate
      calibration methods include classical least squares (CLS) executed by net analyte
      processing (NAP-CLS), orthogonal signal correction (OSC-CLS) and direct
      orthogonal signal correction (DOSC-CLS) in addition to multivariate curve
      resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). Results demonstrated the
      efficiency of the proposed methods as quantitative tools of analysis as well as
      their qualitative capability. The three analytes were determined precisely using
      the aforementioned methods in an external data set and in a dosage form after
      optimization of experimental conditions. Finally, the efficiency of the models
      was validated via comparison with the partial least squares (PLS) method in terms
      of accuracy and precision. 

PMID- 26959546
TI  - Effect of quercetin on the transport of ritonavir to the central nervous system
      in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify an effective flavonoid that could improve
      the intracellular accumulation of ritonavir in human brain-microvascular
      endothelial cells (HBMECs). An in vivo experiment on Sprague-Dawley rats was then
      designed to further determine the flavonoid's impact on the pharmacokinetics and
      tissue distribution of ritonavir. In the accumulation assay, the intracellular
      level of ritonavir was increased in the presence of 25 mmol L(-1) of flavonoids
      in HBMECs. Quercetin showed the strongest effect by improving the intracellular
      accumulation of ritonavir by 76.9 %. In the pharmacokinetic study, the presence
      of quercetin in the co-administration group and in the pretreatment group
      significantly decreased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0
      t) of ritonavir by 42.2 % (p < 0.05) and 53.5 % (p < 0.01), and decreased the
      peak plasma concentration (cmax) of ritonavir by 23.1 % (p < 0.05) and 45.8 % (p
      < 0.01), respectively, compared to the control group (ritonavir alone). In the
      tissue distribution study, the ritonavir concentration in the brain was
      significantly increased 2-fold (p < 0.01), during the absorption phase (1 h) and
      was still significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the distribution phase (6 h) in
      the presence of quercetin.

PMID- 26959547
TI  - High performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of
      xipamide, triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide in bulk drug samples and dosage
      forms.
AB  - A novel, simple and robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method
      was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of xipamide (XIP),
      triamterene (TRI) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in their bulk powders and dosage
      forms. Chromatographic separation was carried out in less than two minutes. The
      separation was performed on a RP C-18 stationary phase with an isocratic elution
      system consisting of 0.03 mol L(-1) orthophosphoric acid (pH 2.3) and
      acetonitrile (ACN) as the mobile phase in the ratio of 50:50, at 2.0 mL min(-1)
      flow rate at room temperature. Detection was performed at 220 nm. Validation was
      performed concerning system suitability, limits of detection and quantitation,
      accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness. Calibration curves were
      rectilinear over the range of 0.195-100 MUg mL(-1) for all the drugs studied.
      Recovery values were 99.9, 99.6 and 99.0 % for XIP, TRI and HCT, respectively.
      The method was applied to simultaneous determination of the studied analytes in
      their pharmaceutical dosage forms.

PMID- 26959548
TI  - Physicochemical characterization and dissolution studies of acyclovir solid
      dispersions with Pluronic F127 prepared by the kneading method.
AB  - The dissolution rate of anhydrous acyclovir was improved by the preparation of
      physical mixtures and solid dispersions with the non-ionic polymer Pluronic F127
      using the kneading method at different drug-to-polymer ratios. The obtained
      physical mixtures and solid dispersions were examined in terms of drug content
      and possible physical and chemical interactions between the drug and polymer
      using FTIR spectral studies, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray
      diffraction analysis. The dissolution rate of acyclovir was determined using the
      rotating disk method. It was found that the minimal content of the polymer within
      the mixtures needed to increase the dissolution rate of the drug was 50 %. 

PMID- 26959549
TI  - Preliminary in vitro evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity of
      guanylhydrazone derivatives.
AB  - Guanylhydrazones have shown promising antitumor activity in preclinical tumor
      models in several studies. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic
      effect of a series of synthetic guanylhydrazones. Different human tumor cell
      lines, by including HCT-8 (colon carcinoma), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) and SF-295
      (glioblastoma) were continuous exposed to guanylhydrazone derivatives for 72
      hours and growth inhibition of tumor cell lines and macrophages J774 was measured
      using tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay. Compounds 7, 11, 16 and 17 showed strong
      cytotoxic activity with IC50 values lower than 10 MUmol L(-1) against four tumor
      cell lines. Among them, 7 was less toxic to non-tumor cells. Finally, obtained
      data suggest that guanylhydrazones may be regarded as potential lead compounds
      for the design of novel anticancer agents.

PMID- 26959550
TI  - Biphasic dissolution method for quality control and assurance of drugs containing
      active substances in the form of weak acid salts.
AB  - Substances in the form of weak acid salts have been found to be problematic for
      dissolution testing. Their absorption can start only after they are turned into
      the form of an acid following the gastric passage although they were administered
      in the form of a salt. Due to poor solubility, they cannot be tested in acidic
      gastric environment for a biased dissolution profile. The biphasic dissolution
      method is promising for overcoming this obstacle. Tablets with warfarin clathrate
      sodium salt in two concentrations and two different particle size distributions
      were tested as a suitable model for finding the medium and process conditions of
      dissolution. The dissolution method based on the use of the upper organic layer
      (1-octanol) and the lower aqueous layer 0.1 mol L(-1) HCl) was found suitable and
      discriminatory for tablets containing active substances in the form of salts of
      weak acids. The method also reflects physical differences in the quality of used
      substances.

PMID- 26959551
TI  - Methods for preliminary determination of pemetrexed in macromolecular drug
      carrier systems.
AB  - Pemetrexed (PMX) is an antifolate drug utilized in the treatment of non-small
      cell lung cancer. For studies of potential macromolecular carriers for PMX, fast
      and precise methods were developed to determine the bound and free drug contained
      in investigated conjugate preparations. The analysis of the total amount of PMX
      in conjugates was based on absorption spectrophotometry. The linearity was found
      in the range of 4.697-46.97 MUmol L(-1) PMX. The limit of quantitation was 1.070
      MUmol L(-1). The method for the analysis of unbound PMX was based on size
      exclusion chromatography and detection at 225 nm. This method shows linear range
      of 2.230-223.0 MUmol L(-1). LOQ was 0.539 MUmol L(-1). The proposed methods can
      be used both for the characterization of the polysaccharide based conjugates of
      PMX and for the determination of conjugate drug release profiles.

PMID- 26959552
TI  - Assessment of cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction potential of lupeol and
      betulin in rat liver microsomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lupeol and betulin are triterpenoids that are majorly found in
      dietary substances. The aim of present study was to investigate the inhibition
      and induction potential of lupeol and betulin on cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2,
      CYP2C11, CYP2D6 and CYP3A2 activities in rat liver microsomes. METHODS: The
      inhibition and induction studies were conducted using ethoxy resorufin-O
      deethylase (CYP1A2), tolbutamide hydroxylase (CYP2C9), and midazolam hydroxylase
      (CYP3A4) activity assays. In vitro inhibition study was evaluated by incubating
      lupeol and betulin (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 MUM) with rat liver microsomes, and the
      metabolite formation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The
      induction study was conducted by administering lupeol (20 mg/kg) and betulin (50
      mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 14 days to rats followed by liver isolation and
      microsome preparation. RESULTS: The IC50 values in inhibition studies were found
      to be 59.42 MUM (CYP1A2), >100 MUM (CYP2C11, CYP2D6, CYP3A2) for lupeol, 52.24
      MUM (CYP1A2), and >100 MUM (CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A2) for betulin. There was no
      significant modification observed in the CYP450 isoforms, indicating neither
      inhibition nor induction potential of lupeol and betulin. CONCLUSIONS: Lupeol and
      betulin have very low propensity to interact with CYP enzyme, suggesting no CYP
      inhibitory and inducing potential in rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 26959553
TI  - Exploring mechanisms of IgE-mediated autoimmunity through the lens of bullous
      pemphigoid.
AB  - Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease
      characterized by pathogenic autoantibodies targeting collagen XVII (col XVII), a
      hemidesmosomal adhesion molecule. Early studies utilizing IgG were critical for
      establishing col XVII-specific antibodies as primary mediators of blister
      formation; however, these studies lacked key features of the disease, including
      urticarial erythema and eosinophilic infiltration, which are often associated
      with IgE. Although it was recognized that BP patients often had elevated
      circulating IgE, investigations into the pathogenicity of these antibodies was
      delayed until discovery of col XVII-specific IgE in BP sera. Since then, a
      variety of in-vivo and in-vitro studies have provided clear evidence that IgE
      autoantibodies are a key component of BP. Furthermore, studies utilizing IgE
      receptor blockade in BP patients were the first to confirm a pathogenic role of
      IgE autoantibodies in human autoimmunity. In this review we will utilize BP as a
      prototypical autoimmune disease to better understand how IgE autoantibodies
      participate in human autoimmunity. 

PMID- 26959554
TI  - The cancer registry as a cancer-control tool.

PMID- 26959557
TI  - Shame as a Cultural Artifact: A Call for Self-Awareness and Reflexivity in
      Personality Assessment.
AB  - It has become common for assessors to face therapeutic impasses and dilemmas when
      practicing within the Therapeutic Assessment (TA) model. This is due to the
      explicit goal of producing therapeutic changes in clients. In this article the
      author discusses the importance of assessors being aware of how their clinical
      practices relate to their assessment outcomes. To enhance such awareness, the
      author reviews the characteristics of psychological assessment practices as
      derived from 3 paradigms developed almost 1.5 centuries ago in Europe by the
      forefathers of psychology as a scientific discipline. Current assessment
      practices are deeply ingrained in specific cultural, social, and political
      frameworks originating in these paradigms. Being aware of such a historical and
      cultural background might help the assessor avoid blindly reenacting the values,
      norms, and latent relational schemas implied by different assessment methods, and
      instead use assessment tools as potent aids in the service of clients' change.
      Finally, the author illustrates how the experience of clients' shame in
      psychological assessment might also be understood as a by-product of the specific
      cultural and historical background of certain common assessment practices. 

PMID- 26959555
TI  - Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Stimulates Akt1 Phosphorylation via Heat Shock
      Protein 70-Facilitated Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein Degradation in
      Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induces the mitochondrial translocation of
      endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the nitration-mediated
      activation of Akt1. However, it is recognized that the activation of Akt1
      requires phosphorylation events at threonine (T) 308 and serine (S) 473. Thus,
      the current study was performed to elucidate the potential effect of ADMA on Akt1
      phosphorylation and the mechanisms that are involved. Exposure of pulmonary
      arterial endothelial cells to ADMA enhanced Akt1 phosphorylation at both
      threonine 308 and Ser473 without altering Akt1 protein levels, phosphatase and
      tensin homolog activity, or membrane Akt1 levels. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90
      plays a pivotal role in maintaining Akt1 activity, and our results demonstrate
      that ADMA decreased Hsp90-Akt1 interactions, but, surprisingly, overexpression of
      a dominant-negative Hsp90 mutant increased Akt1 phosphorylation. ADMA exposure or
      overexpression of dominant-negative Hsp90 increased Hsp70 levels, and depletion
      of Hsp70 abolished ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation. ADMA decreased the
      interaction of Akt1 with its endogenous inhibitor, carboxyl-terminal modulator
      protein (CTMP). This was mediated by the proteasomal-dependent degradation of
      CTMP. The overexpression of CTMP attenuated ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation at
      Ser473, eNOS phosphorylation at Ser617, and eNOS mitochondrial translocation.
      Finally, we found that the mitochondrial translocation of eNOS in our lamb model
      of pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased Akt1 and eNOS
      phosphorylation and reduced Akt1-CTMP protein interactions. In conclusion, our
      data suggest that CTMP is directly involved in ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation
      in vitro and in vivo, and that increasing CTMP levels may be an avenue to treat
      pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 26959558
TI  - Individualized conditioning regimes in cord blood transplantation: Towards
      improved and predictable safety and efficacy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The conditioning regimen used in cord blood transplantation (CBT)
      may significantly impact the outcomes. Variable pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs
      used may further influence outcome. Individualized dosing takes inter-patient
      differences in PK into account, tailoring drug dose for each individual patient
      in order to reach optimal exposure. Dose individualization may result in a better
      predictable regimen in terms of safety and efficacy, including timely T cell
      reconstitution, which may result in improved survival chances. AREAS COVERED:
      Conditioning regimens used in CBT varies significantly between and within
      centres. For busulfan, individualized dosing with therapeutic drug monitoring has
      resulted in better outcomes. Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), used to prevent
      rejection and GvHD, significantly hampers early T-cell reconstitution (IR).
      Timely IR is crucial in preventing viral reactivations and relapse. By
      individudalizing ATG, IR is better predicted and may prevent morbidity and
      mortality. EXPERT OPINION: Individualization of agents used in the conditioning
      regimen in CBT has proven its added value. Further fine-tuning, including new
      drugs and/or comprehensive models for all drugs, may result in better predictable
      conditioning regimens. A predictable conditioning regimen is also of
      interest/importance when studying adjuvant therapies, including immunotherapies
      (e.g. cellular vaccines or engineered T-cell) in a harmonized clinical trial
      design setting.

PMID- 26959606
TI  - Investigating the Relative Exercise Intensity of Exergames in Prepubertal
      Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The literature remains equivocal as to whether exergames elicit energy
      expenditure (EE) commensurate with physical activity guidelines. Such
      discrepancies may be attributable to a reliance on absolute exercise intensities,
      which fail to account for differences in cardiorespiratory fitness levels.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four prepubertal children (20 boys, 14 girls; 10.8
      +/- 1.0 years old) completed a 30-minute exergame (two 15-minute games from
      "Kinect Adventures! Xbox 360" [Microsoft, Redmond, WA]) and an incremental
      treadmill test to determine peak oxygen uptake ( [Formula: see text]) throughout
      which breath-by-breath gas exchange was measured. RESULTS: Both games elicited
      moderate-intensity physical activity (5.7 +/- 1.5 and 5.5 +/- 1.4 metabolic
      equivalents [METs]), with 36 percent demonstrating a mean EE in excess of 6.0
      METs, commensurate with vigorous intensity. Furthermore, boys demonstrated higher
      EE during both games (boys versus girls: Game 1, 6.0 +/- 1.7 versus 5.2 +/- 1.0
      METs; Game 2, 6.0 +/- 1.4 versus girls, 4.9 +/- 1.2 METs; P < 0.05). Hierarchical
      linear regression revealed sex, maturity, and fitness to be significant
      predictors of EE, accounting for 24 percent of the variance: relative exergame
      [Formula: see text] = 24.53 + (2.12 * Sex) - (0.42 * Maturity offset) - (0.16 *
      Relative peak [Formula: see text]). There was no correlation between absolute
      [Formula: see text] during the exergames and peak [Formula: see text], but
      [Formula: see text] expressed as a percentage of peak [Formula: see text] was
      correlated with peak [Formula: see text] during both Game 1 (r = -0.62, P < 0.01)
      and Game 2 (r = -0.59, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings provide
      further evidence that exergames can elicit EE values commensurate with national
      physical activity guidelines and extend our understanding of the mediators of EE.
      Specifically, cardiorespiratory fitness and sex must both be considered in the
      design and implementation of future interventions seeking to use exergames to
      enhance physical activity levels and/or cardiorespiratory fitness.

PMID- 26959556
TI  - MicroRNA-15b regulates mitochondrial ROS production and the senescence-associated
      secretory phenotype through sirtuin 4/SIRT4.
AB  - Mammalian sirtuins are involved in the control of metabolism and life-span
      regulation. Here, we link the mitochondrial sirtuin SIRT4 with cellular
      senescence, skin aging, and mitochondrial dysfunction. SIRT4 expression
      significantly increased in human dermal fibroblasts undergoing replicative or
      stress-induced senescence triggered by UVB or gamma-irradiation. In-vivo, SIRT4
      mRNA levels were upregulated in photoaged vs. non-photoaged human skin.
      Interestingly, in all models of cellular senescence and in photoaged skin,
      upregulation of SIRT4 expression was associated with decreased levels of miR-15b.
      The latter was causally linked to increased SIRT4 expression because miR-15b
      targets a functional binding site in the SIRT4 gene and transfection of
      oligonucleotides mimicking miR-15b function prevented SIRT4 upregulation in
      senescent cells. Importantly, increased SIRT4 negatively impacted on
      mitochondrial functions and contributed to the development of a senescent
      phenotype. Accordingly, we observed that inhibition of miR-15b, in a SIRT4
      dependent manner, increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species,
      decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and modulated mRNA levels of nuclear
      encoded mitochondrial genes and components of the senescence-associated secretory
      phenotype (SASP). Thus, miR-15b is a negative regulator of stress-induced SIRT4
      expression thereby counteracting senescence associated mitochondrial dysfunction
      and regulating the SASP and possibly organ aging, such as photoaging of human
      skin. 

PMID- 26959607
TI  - Characterization of inflammatory markers and transcriptome profiles of
      differentially activated embryonic stem cell-derived microglia.
AB  - Microglia, the immune cells of the CNS, are highly adaptive cells that can
      acquire different pro- and anti-inflammatory activation states with distinct
      functions in CNS homeostasis and pathologies. To study microglial function in
      vitro, primary microglia or immortalized cell lines are commonly used. An
      alternative to these cells are embryonic stem cell-derived microglia (ESdM). ESdM
      have previously been shown to be very similar to primary microglia in terms of
      expression profiles and surface molecules. In this study, ESdM and primary
      microglia were treated with different inflammatory stimulants to analyze their
      ability to adopt different activation states. Using quantitative real-time PCR,
      comparative transcriptomics, ELISA, and flow cytometry, we found that different
      activation states can be induced in ESdM, which are similar to those found in
      primary microglia. These states are characterized by specific sets of
      inflammatory marker molecules and differential transcriptome signatures. Our
      results show that ESdM are a valuable alternative cell model to study microglial
      functions and neuroinflammatory mechanisms.

PMID- 26959609
TI  - Paediatric sedation for imaging is safe and effective in a district general
      hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To devise a safe and effective sedation protocol for imaging
      paediatric patients in a small district general hospital (DGH). METHODS: Chloral
      hydrate, alimemazine and learned best practice were used for imaging 105 children
      between January 2013 and May 2015. We retrospectively reviewed case notes for
      this time period to establish rates of successful sedation and adverse events.
      RESULTS: Scanning was successful in 100/105 (95%) children. No serious adverse
      events were reported. Non-serious adverse events occurred in eight cases. 12
      patients were discharged more than 4 h after scanning owing to prolonged
      sedation. CONCLUSION: This is a safe and effective protocol for delivering
      sedation for imaging in paediatric patients. We would encourage similar centres
      to adopt this protocol where resources for i.v. sedation and general anaesthesia
      are limited. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: There are many different sedation protocols
      in the literature for imaging in paediatric patients, with varying levels of
      success and adverse event rates. We present here a protocol that offers a high
      efficacy and safe sedation for imaging in a DGH.

PMID- 26959608
TI  - Tumor cells with KRAS or BRAF mutations or ERK5/MAPK7 amplification are not
      addicted to ERK5 activity for cell proliferation.
AB  - ERK5, encoded by MAPK7, has been proposed to play a role in cell proliferation,
      thus attracting interest as a cancer therapeutic target. While oncogenic RAS or
      BRAF cause sustained activation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway, ERK5 is directly
      activated by MEK5. It has been proposed that RAS and RAF proteins can also
      promote ERK5 activation. Here we investigated the interplay between RAS-RAF-MEK
      ERK and ERK5 signaling and studied the role of ERK5 in tumor cell proliferation
      in 2 disease-relevant cell models. We demonstrate that although an inducible form
      of CRAF (CRAF:ER*) can activate ERK5 in fibroblasts, the response is delayed and
      reflects feed-forward signaling. Additionally, oncogenic KRAS and BRAF do not
      activate ERK5 in epithelial cells. Although KRAS and BRAF do not couple directly
      to MEK5-ERK5, ERK5 signaling might still be permissive for proliferation.
      However, neither the selective MEK5 inhibitor BIX02189 or ERK5 siRNA inhibited
      proliferation of colorectal cancer cells harbouring KRAS(G12C/G13D) or
      BRAF(V600E). Furthermore, there was no additive or synergistic effect observed
      when BIX02189 was combined with the MEK1/2 inhibitor Selumetinib (AZD6244),
      suggesting that ERK5 was neither required for proliferation nor a driver of
      innate resistance to MEK1/2 inhibitors. Finally, even cancer cells with MAPK7
      amplification were resistant to BIX02189 and ERK5 siRNA, showing that ERK5
      amplification does not confer addiction to ERK5 for cell proliferation. Thus ERK5
      signaling is unlikely to play a role in tumor cell proliferation downstream of
      KRAS or BRAF or in tumor cells with ERK5 amplification. These results have
      important implications for the role of ERK5 as an anti-cancer drug target. 

PMID- 26959610
TI  - Reducing the within-patient variability of breathing for radiotherapy delivery in
      conscious, unsedated cancer patients using a mechanical ventilator.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Variability in the breathing pattern of patients with cancer during
      radiotherapy requires mitigation, including enlargement of the planned treatment
      field, treatment gating and breathing guidance interventions. Here, we provide
      the first demonstration of how easy it is to mechanically ventilate patients with
      breast cancer while fully conscious and without sedation, and we quantify the
      resulting reduction in the variability of breathing. METHODS: 15 patients were
      trained for mechanical ventilation. Breathing was measured and the left breast
      anteroposterior displacement was measured using an Osiris surface-image mapping
      system (Qados Ltd, Sandhurst, UK). RESULTS: Mechanical ventilation significantly
      reduced the within-breath variability of breathing frequency by 85% (p < 0.0001)
      and that of inflation volume by 29% (p < 0.006) when compared with their
      spontaneous breathing pattern. During mechanical ventilation, the mean amplitude
      of the left breast marker displacement was 5 +/- 1 mm, the mean variability in
      its peak inflation position was 0.5 +/- 0.1 mm and that in its trough inflation
      position was 0.4 +/- 0.0 mm. Their mean drifts were not significantly different
      from 0 mm min(-1) (peak drift was -0.1 +/- 0.2 mm min(-1) and trough drift was 
      0.3 +/- 0.2 mm min(-1)). Patients had a normal resting mean systolic blood
      pressure (131 +/- 5 mmHg) and mean heart rate [75 +/- 2 beats per minute (bpm)]
      before mechanical ventilation. During mechanical ventilation, the mean blood
      pressure did not change significantly, mean heart rate fell by 2 bpm (p < 0.05)
      with pre-oxygenation and rose by only 4 bpm (p < 0.05) during pre-oxygenation
      with hypocapnia. No patients reported discomfort and all 15 patients were always
      willing to return to the laboratory on multiple occasions to continue the study.
      CONCLUSION: This simple technique for regularizing breathing may have important
      applications in radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Variations in the breathing
      pattern introduce major problems in imaging and radiotherapy planning and
      delivery and are currently addressed to only a limited extent by asking patients
      to breathe to auditory or visual guidelines. We provide the first demonstration
      that a completely different technique, of using a mechanical ventilator to take
      over the patients' breathing for them, is easy for patients who are conscious and
      unsedated and reduces the within-patient variability of breathing. This technique
      has potential advantages in radiotherapy over currently used breathing guidance
      interventions because it does not require any active participation from or
      feedback to the patient and is therefore worthy of further clinical evaluation.

PMID- 26959611
TI  - Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: radiological predictors
      of malignant transformation and the introduction of bile duct dilation to current
      guidelines.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the current guidelines as a model to predict malignancy
      and to determine further radiological predictors of malignancy in intraductal
      papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). METHODS: 384 patients who had undergone a
      pancreatic operation with the pathological diagnosis of IPMN as well as
      applicable pre-operative imaging (CT/MRI) were included in the study. Images were
      evaluated retrospectively in consensus by two radiologists, using a standardized
      checklist. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression and receiver
      operator curve analysis were performed to assess the International Consensus
      Guidelines and other radiological predictors of clinical malignancy (defined as
      carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma). RESULTS: The best independent
      predictors of malignancy (n = 191) were solid components [odds ratio (OR) 3.98],
      parenchymal atrophy with main pancreatic duct dilation 5-9 mm (OR: 5.1) and
      common bile duct (CBD) dilation (OR: 31.26). >96% of all cases with CBD dilation
      were malignant IPMNs (positive-predictive value 96.4%; negative-predictive value
      63.1%). Analysis of the current guidelines showed a diagnostic improvement with
      the addition of CBD dilation on determining the malignancy of IPMNs (sensitivity
      82.2%/86.9%; specificity 72.7%/74.6%). Subanalysis of branch duct intraductal
      papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMNs; n = 168) also resulted in a diagnostic
      improvement with the addition of CBD dilation (sensitivity 28.6%/45.2%;
      specificity 92.9%/92.1%). The best independent predictors of malignancy for BD
      IPMNs were parenchymal atrophy (OR: 4.00) and CBD dilation (OR: 29.3). Frequency
      analysis revealed that even small BD-IPMNs had already undergone malignant
      transformation (<=1 cm: 15%; 1-2 cm: 26%; 2-3 cm: 20%) with about 10% of those
      having a dilated bile duct. CONCLUSION: CBD dilation was a significant positive
      predictor of malignancy in IPMNs regardless of their size. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:
      Introduction of CBD dilation as a radiological predictor for malignancy might
      increase the diagnostic accuracy of current imaging-based guidelines.

PMID- 26959612
TI  - Comparison of dosimetric parameters and acute toxicity after whole-pelvic vs
      prostate-only volumetric-modulated arc therapy with daily image guidance for
      prostate cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare dosimetric parameters and acute toxicity rates between
      whole-pelvic (WP) and prostate-only (PO) volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT)
      in patients with localized prostate cancer. METHODS: A total of 224 consecutive
      patients treated with definitive VMAT to 78 Gy in 39 fractions were enrolled. Of
      these, 119 patients received initial WP VMAT at 46.8 Gy in 26 fractions using a
      simultaneous integrated boost technique, and 105 patients received PO VMAT. Image
      guided radiotherapy was practised with daily cone beam CT. RESULTS: The mean
      rectal dose, the rectal volume receiving >=30 Gy (V30Gy), rectal V50Gy, the mean
      bladder dose, bladder V30Gy and bladder V50Gy were significantly increased in the
      WP group (p < 0.05 each); however, the rectal V70Gy did not differ between groups
      (p = 0.101), and the bladder V70Gy was significantly lower in the WP group (p =
      0.029). The WP group experienced a significantly increased frequency of acute
      grade 2 diarrhoea relative to the PO group (5.9% vs 0%; p = 0.015). No
      differences were seen between the WP and PO groups in terms of acute grade 2
      proctitis (10.1% vs 6.7%; p = 0.360) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity (12.6% vs
      10.5%; p = 0.620). CONCLUSION: Despite larger rectum and bladder volumes at low-
      and medium-dose levels, WP VMAT resulted in no significant increase in acute
      proctitis or GU toxicity when compared with PO VMAT. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This
      study demonstrates that whole-pelvic radiotherapy has comparable acute toxicity
      to those observed with prostate-only radiotherapy when VMAT with daily image
      guidance is used.

PMID- 26959613
TI  - Imaging features of blast injuries: experience from 2015 Ankara bombing in
      Turkey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present the radiological features of blast-related injuries in the
      victims of the 10 October 2015 Ankara bombing and emphasize the importance of
      imaging. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study included a total of 28
      patients who underwent CT scan or radiographic imaging within 6 h after the
      bombing on 10 October 2015. CT scans and plain radiographs were evaluated
      regarding mechanisms of injuries. Injuries were categorized as primary,
      secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The number of shrapnel and distribution of
      injuries were noted. Injury Severity Score (ISS) was used to rank the severity of
      the injury. RESULTS: Primary blast injuries consisted of only tympanic membrane
      rupture. A high rate of patients (21/28 patients) in the study group suffered
      from secondary blast injuries. Tertiary injuries were detected in only three
      patients. Of the severely injured patients, five had abdominal injuries, three
      had thoracic injuries and six had extremity injuries. ISS was significantly
      higher in patients with thoracic and abdominal injuries. CONCLUSION: Our results
      after the suicide bomb attacks showed that the most common injury pattern was
      secondary blast injury. The torso was the most commonly injured body region,
      followed by the extremities. This specific injury pattern requires the use of
      immense radiological imaging. Hence, radiologists should be aware of the
      mechanisms and spectrums of blast-related injuries. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Both
      the unique injury pattern and the following chaos make blast-related injuries a
      challenge in terms of triage, diagnosis and management. Radiologists should be
      familiar with the wide spectrum of these unique injuries.

PMID- 26959614
TI  - NMR-based metabolomics of prostate cancer: a protagonist in clinical diagnostics.
AB  - Advances in the application of NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomic profiling of
      prostate cancer comprises a potential tactic for understanding the impaired
      biochemical pathways arising due to a disease evolvement and progression. This
      technique involves qualitative and quantitative estimation of plethora of small
      molecular weight metabolites of body fluids or tissues using state-of-the-art
      chemometric methods delivering an important platform for translational research
      from basic to clinical, to reveal the pathophysiological snapshot in a single
      step. This review summarizes the present arrays and recent advancements in NMR
      based metabolomics and a glimpse of currently used medical imaging tactics, with
      their role in clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer.

PMID- 26959615
TI  - Mir-221/222 are promising targets for innovative anticancer therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key non-coding RNA post-transcriptional
      regulators of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and are deeply dysregulated in human
      cancer. A rising body of evidence indicates that miRNAs represent valuable
      therapeutic targets. In this light, the cluster miR-221/222 are of particular
      relevance, given that they are strongly upregulated in a variety of solid and
      hematologic malignancies. AREA COVERED: This review summarizes recent findings on
      the roles played by miR-221/222 in human cancer and their potential clinical
      value as promising targets for therapeutic studies. EXPERT OPINION: The rising
      body of advanced preclinical evidence on the biological significance of miR
      221/222 in a variety of malignancies indicates that they will play a crucial role
      in the future of innovative therapeutic strategies, both as validated biomarkers
      and targets.

PMID- 26959616
TI  - The effect of prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field on calcineurin
      and bone development in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigated the effects of exposure to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic
      field (EMF) on bone development during the prenatal period in rats. METHODS:
      Pregnant rats in the experimental group were exposed to radiation for six, 12,
      and 24 hours daily for 20 days. No radiation was given to the pregnant rats in
      the control group. We distributed the newborn rats into four groups according to
      prenatal EMF exposure as follows: Group 1 was not exposed to EMF; groups 2, 3,
      and 4 were exposed to EMF for six, 12, and 24 hours a day, respectively. The rats
      were evaluated at the end of the 60th day following birth. RESULTS: Increasing
      the duration of EMF exposure during the prenatal period resulted in a significant
      reduction of resting cartilage levels and a significant increase in the number of
      apoptotic chondrocytes and myocytes. There was also a reduction in calcineurin
      activities in both bone and muscle tissues. We observed that the development of
      the femur, tibia, and ulna were negatively affected, especially with a daily EMF
      exposure of 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Bone and muscle tissue development was
      negatively affected due to prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency
      electromagnetic field.

PMID- 26959617
TI  - Video-assisted ovariohysterectomy in domestic cats (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758)
      using two access portals.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe video-assisted ovariohysterectomy (OHE) with two portals
      access in adult intact queens. METHODS Fifty-two females cats were used. A 4 mm
      cannula was positioned in the abdomen through an incision close to the umbilicus
      (first portal), and a pneumoperitoneum was established. A second portal was
      positioned in the midline of the pre-pubic region. Females were positioned in
      right lateral recumbency to locate the left ovarian pedicle, and the uterine horn
      was held by a transcutaneous suture. The pedicle was cauterized and incised. The
      procedure was then performed on the contralateral ovary. The ovaries were
      exteriorized from the abdomen, along with the uterus, through the second access
      point. The uterine body was exposed, fixed and sectioned, and the abdominal
      incisions were sutured. RESULTS Surgeries were performed in an average of 41.4+/
      14.2 minutes. The main complications included hypotension (7.7%) and subcutaneous
      emphysema (7.7%), and 13.5% of the surgeries were converted to laparotomy.
      CONCLUSION Ovariohysterectomy using a video-assisted technique and two access
      portals is safe, has minimal risks and is effective for the spaying of queens.

PMID- 26959618
TI  - Facial nerve identification with fluorescent dye in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE The parotidectomy technique still has an elevated paresis and paralysis
      index, lowering patient life's quality. The correct identification of the facial
      nerve can prevent nerve damage. Fluorescent dye identifies nerves in experimental
      studies but only few articles focused its use on facial nerve study in
      parotidectomies. We aimed to stain the rat facial nerve with fluorescent dye to
      facilitate visualization and dissection in order to prevent injuries. METHODS
      Forty adult male Wistar rats were submitted to facial injection of saline
      solution (Gsf-control group, 10) or fluorescent dye solution (Gdye group, 30)
      followed by parotidectomy preserving the facial nerve, measuring the time for
      localization and facility of localization (LocTime and LFN). Nerve function was
      assessed using the Vibrissae Movements (PMV) and Eyelid Closure Motion (PFP)
      scores. RESULTS Nerve localization was faster in Gdye group, with 83% Easy LFN
      rate. The Gdye group presented with low nerve injury degree and better PMV and
      PFP scores, with high sensitivity and accuracy. CONCLUSIONS This experimental
      method of facial nerve fluorescence was effective for intraoperative nerve
      visualization, identification and preservation. The technique may be used in
      future facial nerve studies, translated to humans, contributing to the
      optimization of parotid surgery in the near future. 

PMID- 26959619
TI  - Ultrasound biomicroscopy and claudication test for in vivo follow-up of muscle
      repair enhancement based on platelet-rich plasma therapy in a rat model of
      gastrocnemius laceration.
AB  - PURPOSE: To track the regeneration process of lateral gastrocnemius due to a
      muscle laceration in rats, and to treatment with plateletrich plasma (PRP).
      METHODS: Ultrasound (40 MHz) images were used for measuring pennation angle (PA),
      muscle thickness (MT) and mean pixel intensity, along with claudication scores,
      of treated (PRPG) and non-treated (NTG) groups of rats. RESULTS: NTG showed a PA
      increase for the non-injured leg (p<0.05) and a tendency of MT to increase,
      whereas for PRPG there were no differences. There was a progressive reduction of
      the claudication score for the PRPG group throughout the entire period, with an
      immediate difference after seven days (p<0.05), whereas the NTG had a significant
      reduction only at day 28 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was observed a compensatory
      hypertrophic response due to the overload condition imposed to healthy leg for
      NTG that did not occur in PRPG, suggesting an accelerated repair process of the
      injured leg due to treatment, anticipating its use.

PMID- 26959620
TI  - Effect of ozone on colon anastomoses in rat peritonitis model.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of medical ozone theraphy on the colon
      anastomosis of peritonitis model in rats. METHODS: Eighteen rats were randomly
      assigned into three equal groups; control, cecal punctuation and colon
      anastomosis and ozone theraphy. Sepsis was performed with a cecal punctuation in
      groups 2 and 3. The medical ozone theraphy was administered intraperitonealy for
      three weeks in group 3 while the other rats received saline injection. At the
      twenty second day serum were obtained for TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, the colonic
      burst pressures were measured and colonic tissue samples were obtained for MDA
      and MPO levels. Histolopatological examination was evaluated with H&E stain, and
      Ki-67, IL-1beta and the VEGF immunostaining densities were also compared.
      RESULTS: Intraperitoneal ozone administration reversed TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MDA
      and MPO levels and the colonic burst pressures. There was also a significant
      difference at immunostaining densities of histopathological examination.
      CONCLUSION: Medical ozone therapy may contribute to tissue healing by affecting
      the proliferation and the vascularization thus has benefits on colonic
      anastomosis at peritonitis in rats.

PMID- 26959621
TI  - Effects of chitin and sepia ink hybrid sponge on the healing of burning wound
      rats and its impact on macrophages in vitro.
AB  - PURPOSE: To detect whether chitin and sepia ink sponge (CS) can promote wound
      healing and elevate impact of CS on phagocytosis ability of macrophages. METHODS:
      Forty-eight rats were assigned to four groups: Normal group (Normal), negative
      control group (Con), chitin and sepia ink sponge group (CS) and positive control
      Surgicel Gauze(r) group (SG). Deep second-degree burn model was created in rats.
      Wound area was recorded by digital imaging and determined using Image J software.
      Samples were collected and kept at -80oC on 3d, 7d, 14d and 21d for cytokines
      detecting. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, interleukin (IL)-6, matrix
      metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, hydroxyproline (Hyp) and macrophage activity reflected
      by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Comparing to Con and SG, scabs in CS group
      fell off and basically healed on 21 day. TGF-beta1, IL-6, MMP-1 and Hyp were
      significantly increased by CS and SG comparing to Con (p < 0.05), CS had more
      apparently adjustment on TGF-beta1 and MMP-1 compared to SG; results in vitro
      indicated CS significantly promoted phagocytosis ability of macrophages reflected
      in TNF-alpha (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CS improved wound healing through exerting
      significant influences on secretion of kinds of cytokines and activating
      macrophages.

PMID- 26959622
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of allopurinol as a protective factor in post ischemia
      and reperfusion inflammation in Wistar rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the potential protective effect of allopurinol on
      reperfusion injury by determining the inflammatory response through the
      measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). METHODS: Sixty rats were
      distributed into two groups: control and allopurinol and each group was divided
      into three subgroups, ischemia for two hours, ischemia for three hours and
      ischemia simulation. Allopurinol group rats received 100mg/kg dose of
      allopurinol, whereas control group rats received an equivalent dose of saline.
      Clamping of the infrarenal aorta was performed for two or three hours depending
      on the subgroup. Ischemia simulation subgroups did not suffer ischemia, just
      aortic dissection, and maintenance for three hours. After 72 hours of
      reperfusion, blood was collected by cardiac puncture for TNF-alpha measurement.
      RESULTS: Allopurinol reduced TNF-alpha significantly (p <0.001) when compared to
      the matching control subgroups (control X allopurinol in ischemia for two hours
      and for three hours). CONCLUSION: Allopurinol reduced the concentrations of serum
      TNF-alpha when used at different times of ischemia followed by reperfusion, which
      might indicate reduction of the inflammation provoked by the reperfusion injury.

PMID- 26959623
TI  - Effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists on motor disorders induced by 6
      hydroxydopamine in rat.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the role of adenosine A2A receptors on 6-OHDA-induced
      motor disorder in rat. METHODS: In order to induce experimental model of
      Parkinson's disease, 6-hydoxydopamine (8 MUg/rat) was injected unilaterally into
      the SNc. After three weeks as a recovery period, 6-OHDA-induced bradykinesia and
      balance disturbances were assessed by using beam traversal test 10, 30 and 60
      minutes after intraperitoneal injections of the drugs (caffeine, SCH58261).
      RESULTS: The results showed that 6-OHDA (8 MUg/rat, Intra-SNc) induced motor
      disorders of Parkinson's disease and increased elapsed time in the beam test
      (p<0.001). Injection of caffeine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and SCH58261 (2 mg/kg, i.p.)
      attenuated elapsed time on beam (p<0.01 and p<0.001). We showed that acute
      administration of caffeine and SCH 58261 can improve the 6-OHDA-induced
      bradykinesia and motor disturbance. CONCLUSION: Adenosine A2AR antagonists
      improve 6-OHDA-motor deficit and this effect seems to be mediated by the
      inhibition of A2A presynaptic receptors in substantia nigra pars compacta.

PMID- 26959624
TI  - Technique for implanting intramuscular electrodes in the diaphragm by
      videolaparoscopy in pigs.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe a novel approach for implanting intramuscular electrodes in
      the diaphragm through videolaparoscopy. METHODS: We used twelve pigs for this
      videolaparoscopic technique, which permits at the same time to explore the
      diaphragm, to locate its motor points and to fix the electrodes in the diaphragm
      bilaterally. In this technique we used three trocars: one portal for a 10-mm 0
      degrees  viewing angle laparoscope, one portal for the manipulation of structures
      and another for electrode implantation. RESULTS: All animals survived the
      procedure without pneumothorax/capnothorax or other complication. Implanted
      electrodes provided an appropriate interface between the muscle and the
      electrical current generator, and electroventilation was satisfactorily generated
      in all animals. CONCLUSION: This videolaparoscopic technique with three trocars
      enables the exploration and identification of motor points and an efficient
      fixation of one or two electrodes in each hemidiaphragm.

PMID- 26959625
TI  - Ellagic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma
      cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the anticancer activity of ellagic acid (EA) in U251
      human glioblastoma cells and its possible molecular mechanism. METHODS: The cells
      were treated with EA at various concentrations for different time periods. Cell
      viability and cell proliferation were detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)
      assay and live/dead assay respectively. Cell apoptosis were measured with Annexin
      V-FITC/PI double staining method by flow cytometry and Mitochondrial membrane
      potential assay separately. Cell cycle was measured with PI staining method by
      flow cytometry. The expressions of Bcl-2, Survivin, XIAP, Caspase-3, Bax, JNK, p
      JNK, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p38, p-p38, DR4, DR5, CHOP and GRP78-related proteins were
      detected by western blot after EA treatment. RESULTS: Cell viability and
      proliferation of glioblastoma cells treated with EA were significantly lower than
      the control group. EA caused robust apoptosis of the glioblastoma cells compared
      to the control group. EA significantly decreased the proportion at G0/G1 phases
      of cell cycling accompanied by increased populations at S phase in U251 cell
      lines. And the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins were dramatically down
      regulated. CONCLUSION: Ellagic acid potentially up-regulated DR4, DR5 and MAP
      kinases (JNK, ERK1/2 and p38). EA also caused significant increase in the
      expressions of CHOP and GRP78. Our findings suggest that EA would be beneficial
      for the treatment of glioblastoma.

PMID- 26959626
TI  - Enhanced Lateral Ordering in Cylinder Forming PS-b-PMMA Block Copolymers
      Exploiting the Entrapped Solvent.
AB  - The self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP) thin films produces dense and ordered
      nanostructures. Their exploitation as templates for nanolithography requires the
      capability to control the lateral order of the nanodomains. Among a multiplicity
      of polymers, the widely studied all-organic polystyrene-block-poly(methyl
      methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) BCP can easily form nanodomains perpendicularly
      oriented with respect to the substrate, since the weakly unbalanced surface
      interactions are effectively neutralized by grafting to the substrate an
      appropriate poly(styrene-random-methyl methacrylate) P(S-r-MMA) random copolymer
      (RCP). This benefit along with the selective etching of the PMMA component and
      the chemical similarity with the standard photoresist materials deserved for PS-b
      PMMA the role of BCP of choice for the technological implementation in
      nanolithography. This work demonstrates that the synergic effect of thermal
      annealing with the initial solvent naturally trapped in the basic RCP + BCP
      system after the deposition process can be exploited to enhance the lateral
      order. The solvent content embedded in the total RCP + BCP system can be tuned by
      changing the molecular weight and thus the thickness of the grafted RCP brush
      layer, without introducing external reservoirs or dedicated setup and/or systems.
      The appropriate supply of solvent supports a grain coarsening kinetics following
      a power law with a 1/3 growth exponent for standing hexagonally ordered
      cylinders. 

PMID- 26959628
TI  - BORZOUYEH, AN ANCIENT PERSIAN PHYSICIAN WHO FIRST REPORTED UTERINE CONTRACTIONS
      IN NORMAL VAGINAL DELIVERY.
AB  - During the final hours of pregnancy, uterine contractions cause the foetus to
      move through the birth canal and leave the mother's body. Haly Abbas (died 982
      994 CE), is believed to be the first writer to explain the role of these
      contractions. However, this concept had in fact been described in the text titled
      Bab-e-Borzouyeh, written four centuries earlier by the physician Borzouyeh
      (Perzoes in Latin) as a prologue to his translation of the Indian collection of
      fables known as the Panchatantra. Because Haly Abbas probably had access to
      ancient Persian medical texts, the earliest report of uterine contractions may
      need to be re-attributed to this earlier author.

PMID- 26959629
TI  - INSIGHTS INTO AVICENNA'S KNOWLEDGE OF GASTROINTESTINAL MEDICINE AND HIS ACCOUNT
      OF AN ENEMA DEVICE.
AB  - Avicenna (980-1037 AD), also known as Sheikh or-Raeis, was an Muslim philosopher,
      physician, surgeon, astronomer, politician, encyclopedist, and mathematician.
      Avicenna's writings comprise of five books, know as the Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The
      Canon of Medicine) and the canon covers a wide variety of medical issues. This
      canon of medicine was the main reference for medical education in Western
      countries up until the 16th century and in the Middle East until the 19th
      century. Several chapters of the 3rd book of the Canon are devoted to a detailed
      description of gastrointestinal diseases including bowel obstruction, hemorrhoids
      anal fissures, perianal fistulas and perianal itching. Additionally, that same
      volume contains an illustration of an enema device. The aim of this paper was to
      present a brief review of Avicenna's 11th century views on bowel obstruction and
      to present his description of an enema device that has remained relatively
      unnoticed until now. Finally, this article illustrates similarities between
      Avicenna's explanation and modern medical science that celebrate Avicenna as an
      important contributor to medieval knowledge on gastrointestinal diseases, the
      science of which has been passed on to later generations.

PMID- 26959627
TI  - The intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
AB  - The main task of the immune system is to distinguish and respond accordingly to
      'danger' or 'non-danger' signals. This is of critical importance in the
      gastrointestinal tract in which immune cells are constantly in contact with food
      antigens, symbiotic microflora and potential pathogens. This complex mixture of
      food antigens and symbionts are essential for providing vital nutrients, so they
      must be tolerated by the intestinal immune system to prevent aberrant
      inflammation. Therefore, in the gut the balance between immune activation and
      tolerance should be tightly regulated to maintain intestinal homeostasis and to
      prevent hypersensitivity to harmless luminal antigens. Loss of this delicate
      equilibrium can lead to abnormal activation of the intestinal immune system
      resulting in devastating gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD). Recent evidence supports the idea that the central nervous system
      interacts dynamically via the vagus nerve with the intestinal immune system to
      modulate inflammation through humoral and neural pathways, using a mechanism also
      referred to as the intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In this
      review, we will focus on the current understanding of the mechanisms and neuronal
      circuits involved in the intestinal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
      Further investigation on the crosstalk between the nervous and intestinal immune
      system will hopefully provide new insights leading to the identification of
      innovative therapeutic approaches to treat intestinal inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 26959630
TI  - DR. SAKINEH PARI, THE FIRST IRANIAN FEMALE SURGEON.
AB  - Modern surgery has been evolved in Iran by the establishment of Dar al-Funun and
      Tehran University in 1851 and 1934 respectively. Professor Yahya Adl established
      the first academic department of surgery at Tehran University in 1930s and he is
      known as the father of modern surgery in Iran. Until recent times, women's
      options for obtaining advanced surgical training programs were severely
      restricted all over the world. Dr. Sakineh Pari, born in 1902, was the first
      Iranian female surgeon. The aim of this article is to introduce Dr. Sakineh Pari
      as the first woman surgeon in Iran.

PMID- 26959631
TI  - AVICENNA'S MEDICAL DIDACTIC POEM: URJUZEHTEBBI.
AB  - Historical research shows that many physicians experienced in medical sciences
      are also talented in art, literature and poetry. Avicenna was a sage who was
      skilled in poetry in addition to philosophy and medicine. He wrote two different
      types of poetry: those meant to be enjoyed for their literary qualities of
      novelty and imagination, and his didactic Urjuzeh. Didactic poems are different
      from poetry evoked by imagination and feeling. In didactic poetry, the poets want
      to learn science and philosophy, whether spiritual, ethical or practical to the
      readers. Rhyme and poetry were often used for scientific writing in Avicenna's
      era, and were considered a method for memorizing scientific information and
      raising students' interest in difficult scientific concepts. Verse was used to
      simplify the didactic content, ease memorization and make difficult scientific
      issues more attractive. In medieval Persia, students of medicine had learned the
      basics of philosophy before starting medical courses. Poetry could help the
      students memorize the poem itself in combination with its meaning, in a way that
      was better and easier than prose. Avicenna's masterpiece, UrjuzehTebbi, comprises
      a perfect course in traditional Persian medicine in rhyming text written in
      Arabic. This great work was translated into Persian at the research centre for
      traditional medicine and history of medicine. We hope that the Persian
      translation of Urjuzeh Tebbi will allow students and experts to better appreciate
      the role of didactic poems in compiling and transmitting the concepts of Iranian
      medicine.

PMID- 26959632
TI  - URINARY INCONTINENCE (SALASAL BAWL) IN GRECO-ARABIC MEDICINE: A REVIEW.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Greco-Arabic Medicine imparts vast knowledge regarding diseases
      afflicting different systems. Urinary incontinence (UI) is involuntary leakage of
      urine. It is an undiagnosed, under-reported, and frequently untreated medical
      condition that greatlyaffects the quality of life of women in any age. Therefore,
      a literary search in classical literature of Greco-Arabic medicine for UI was
      explored to implement in current era. Material and METHODS: Meticulous literature
      search was carried out to comprehend the concept of urinary incontinence
      described in ancient Unani literature. The classical Greco-Arabic medicine texts
      were searched. Further, browsing of PubMed/Google Scholar and other websites was
      carried by searching complementary and alternative treatment for urinary
      incontinence and herbal remedies useful in urinary incontinence. RESULTS: The
      causes of urinary incontinence described in Greco-Arabic texts are abnormal
      temperament of body or bladder, dislocation of vertebrae, pregnancy, diuretic,
      laxity of musculature of bladder, diseases of surrounding structure such as
      uterine inflammation, omphalitis, constipation, etc. The principle treatment is
      treating the cause viz., the temperament is corrected by diet and herbs in
      abnormal temperament, and elimination of morbid humour is required in dominance
      of humour. Further, web search showed that herbs are useful in Urinary diseases.
      However, evidences are weak. CONCLUSION: The classical Greco-Arabic texts are
      enriched with important information. Thus documentation and preservation of the
      traditional knowledge is required so that it can still be conserved for future
      research in pharmaceuticals and drug discovery.

PMID- 26959633
TI  - Clinical stories and medical histories recorded by Rhazes (865-925), the Iranian
      Islamic physician in the medieval period.
AB  - Recording medical histories of patients is not a new issue in clinical medicine.
      However, the method practiced by the Iranian chemist physician, Rhazes, in the
      ninth century A.D is incredible. Rhazes has written several textbooks in clinical
      medicine, but a particular one, "Clinical Stories and Medical Histories" (Qesas
      va hekayat al-marazi), is a classical case book describing precise clinical
      courses of thirty three patients. Each chapter includes a title, the name and
      demographic data about a patient, his/her history of present illness, past
      medical and family history, findings of physical exam, impression and
      interventions by the physician, including pharmacological or surgical management.
      The reasons for each decision made by Rhazes as well as the outcomes are clearly
      discussed. This book review will shed light on the unknown medical practice
      methods in Islamic-Iranian golden era.

PMID- 26959634
TI  - IBN SINA AND THE ROOTS OF THE SEVEN DOCTRINES OF PRESERVATION OF HEALTH.
AB  - Ibn Sina, the most eminent Muslim physician, illuminative philosopher, great
      thinker and a versatile genius is regarded as the "Father of Early Modern
      Medicine" and as the "Father of Clinical Pharmacology". The "Kitab al-Qanun fi-al
      Tibb", commonly known as the "Canon Medicinae" is the most important of his
      medical works and, at the same time, the most carefully preserved treasury both
      in original Arabic and in the initial Latin version. It is the final codification
      of all Greco-Arabic medical thoughts up to his time, enriched and modified with
      his own scientific experimentations and independent observations. It is
      considered "The First Textbook of Medicine on the Earth". The "Canon" surpassed
      the books of Hippocrates and Galen and remained supreme for more than six
      centuries, in the West. Ibn Sina described "Seven Doctrines" for Preservation of
      Health, based on the Mudawa Salookia, in his magnum opus. The roots of these
      principles can be traced, to a significant extent, to Egyptian Medicine, Hebrew
      Medicine, Greek Medicine, Roman Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ancient
      Persian Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine (Hindu Medicine) and Islamic Medicine.

PMID- 26959635
TI  - ANORECTAL DISEASES IN AVICENNA'S "CANON OF MEDICINE".
AB  - Although the development of modern medicine has helped us detect and treat
      diseases better than in the past, especially in the field of surgery; the history
      of medicine may be a trigger that can help us use neglected aspects of prior
      knowledge for the advancement of modern-day science. Since historical papers that
      have specifically focused on anorectal diseases are rare, but those that exist
      contain brief discussions in this field, the current study aims to present a
      detailed review of Avicenna's approach to anorectal diseases. Therefore, we
      reviewed On the Diseases of the Anus, the 17th chapter of the third volume of the
      Canon of Medicine written by Avicenna, and compared his views on the
      classification and diagnosis of, and the approach to anorectal diseases with that
      of modern proctology. Avicenna discussed in detail about anorectal diseases such
      as hemorrhoid, fissure, perianal abscess and fistula, rectal prolapse, fecal
      incontinence, and pruritus ani. In addition, we introduce herbs which Avicenna
      used to treat these diseases. Our findings show that Avicenna's views on the
      classification and diagnosis of, and the approach to anorectal diseases have few
      fundamental differences with modern medicine. In addition, the pharmacological
      effects of some of the herbs that were recommended by Avicenna, and are used in
      current medicine are proven. Thus the Medieval knowledge can be further
      scientifically investigated to develop new therapeutic options for anorectal
      diseases.

PMID- 26959636
TI  - MANAGEMENT OF ANOREXIA IN ELDERLY AS REMARKED BY MEDIEVAL PERSIAN PHYSICIANS.
AB  - Normal ageing is often accompanied by loss of appetite and decrease in food
      intake. Weight loss of senescence is called anorexia of ageing. As an outstanding
      scientist and physician of Traditional Persian Medicine, Avicenna has introduced
      an unconventional approach to seniors. He also believed that the elderly should
      consider special schemes in order to maintain their health. These schemes include
      consideration of nutrition, mental states, sleep, bathing, and physical
      activities, and even choosing some appropriate hobbies. The elderly should
      consume foods and fruits with laxative and stool-softening properties to prevent
      constipation. They would also do better to decrease the amount of food eaten at
      meals, but at the same time increasing the number of meals to compensate for low
      food intake. Moreover, they should maintain their vital force and avoid any
      activities that tax the body. Furthermore, considering the principles of hifz-al
      sehah can help secure long and healthy lives for the elderly.

PMID- 26959639
TI  - Parasitism of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) by a New Species of Hairworm
      (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) in Arctic Canada.
AB  - The host-parasite associations between ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and
      hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordiida) collected from the Arctic (an understudied and
      ecologically important region) is described. Carabids and their parasites were
      collected from 12 sites spanning the 3 northernmost ecoclimatic zones of Canada
      (north boreal, subarctic, and high Arctic) using standardized methods. The
      beetles and hairworms were identified using traditional morphological approaches.
      Seven beetle species are recorded as hosts: Amara alpina, Pterostichus caribou,
      Pterostichus brevicornis, Pterostichus tareumiut, Pterostichus haematopus,
      Patrobus septentrionis, and Notiophilus borealis. All represent new host records
      (increasing the known North American host list from 14 to 21), and this is the
      first record of hairworm infection in the genus Notiophilus. Beetles from Banks
      Island, Northwest Territory, were infected in high numbers (11-19% per sampling
      period) and were used as an ecological case study. There was no significant
      relationship between infection status and host species, body size, or sex.
      Beetles collected in yellow pan traps and in wet habitats were more likely to be
      infected, likely due to water-seeking behavior induced by the parasites.
      Morphological examinations indicate that the hairworms collected from all
      locations represent a single, new species of Gordionus, making it only the sixth
      hairworm species and the third species of that genus found in Canada. Hosts are
      unknown for all other Canadian (and 1 Alaskan) Gordionus species.

PMID- 26959638
TI  - Long Term Recordings with Immobile Silicon Probes in the Mouse Cortex.
AB  - A key experimental approach in neuroscience involves measuring neuronal activity
      in behaving animals with extracellular chronic recordings. Such chronic
      recordings were initially made with single electrodes and tetrodes, and are now
      increasingly performed with high-density, high-count silicon probes. A common way
      to achieve long-term chronic recording is to attach the probes to microdrives
      that progressively advance them into the brain. Here we report, however, that
      such microdrives are not strictly necessary. Indeed, we obtained high-quality
      recordings in both head-fixed and freely moving mice for several months following
      the implantation of immobile chronic probes. Probes implanted into the primary
      visual cortex yielded well-isolated single units whose spike waveform and
      orientation tuning were highly reproducible over time. Although electrode drift
      was not completely absent, stable waveforms occurred in at least 70% of the
      neurons tested across consecutive days. Thus, immobile silicon probes represent a
      straightforward and reliable technique to obtain stable, long-term population
      recordings in mice, and to follow the activity of populations of well-isolated
      neurons over multiple days. 

PMID- 26959640
TI  - Rhodium-Catalyzed Selective Mono- and Diamination of Arenes with Single Directing
      Site "On Water".
AB  - A Rh(III)-catalyzed selective C-H amination of 2-phenylpyridine derivatives is
      reported. With pyridine as a directing group, the reaction has high mono- or
      diamination selectivity, and a wide range of effective substrates, including
      electron-deficient and -rich aryl azides. Water helps to promote C-H activation,
      and the concept of a water promoted rollover mechanism is postulated for the
      diamination step. The reactions were conducted using a Schlenk flask and
      proceeded smoothly "on water" under atmospheric conditions with nitrogen gas as
      the only byproduct. 

PMID- 26959641
TI  - The Synergistic Effects of Matrix Stiffness and Composition on the Response of
      Chondroprogenitor Cells in a 3D Precondensation Microenvironment.
AB  - Improve functional quality of cartilage tissue engineered from stem cells
      requires a better understanding of the functional evolution of native cartilage
      tissue. Therefore, a biosynthetic hydrogel was developed containing RGD,
      hyaluronic acid and/or type-I collagen conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol)
      acrylate to recapitulate the precondensation microenvironment of the developing
      limb. Conjugation of any combination of the three ligands did not alter the shear
      moduli or diffusion properties of the PEG hydrogels; thus, the influence of
      ligand composition on chondrogenesis could be investigated in the context of
      varying matrix stiffness. Gene expression of ligand receptors (CD44 and the b1
      integrin) as well as markers of condensation (cell clustering and N-cadherin gene
      expression) and chondrogenesis (Col2a1 gene expression and sGAG production) by
      chondroprogenitor cells in this system were modulated by both matrix stiffness
      and ligand composition, with the highest gene expression occurring in softer
      hydrogels containing all three ligands. Cell proliferation in these 3D matrices
      for 7 d prior to chondrogenic induction increased the rate of sGAG production in
      a stiffness-dependent manner. This biosynthetic hydrogel supports the features of
      early limb-bud condensation and chondrogenesis and is a novel platform in which
      the influence of the matrix physicochemical properties on these processes can be
      elucidated.

PMID- 26959642
TI  - Evaluation of PCR Approaches for Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in Blood
      Samples.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The lack of an effective diagnostic tool for Carrion's disease leads
      to misdiagnosis, wrong treatments and perpetuation of asymptomatic carriers
      living in endemic areas. Conventional PCR approaches have been reported as a
      diagnostic technique. However, the detection limit of these techniques is not
      clear as well as if its usefulness in low bacteriemia cases. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate the detection limit of 3 PCR approaches.
      METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We determined the detection limit of 3 different
      PCR approaches: Bartonella-specific 16S rRNA, fla and its genes. We also
      evaluated the viability of dry blood spots to be used as a sample transport
      system. Our results show that 16S rRNA PCR is the approach with a lowest
      detection limit, 5 CFU/MUL, and thus, the best diagnostic PCR tool studied. Dry
      blood spots diminish the sensitivity of the assay. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: From
      the tested PCRs, the 16S rRNA PCR-approach is the best to be used in the direct
      blood detection of acute cases of Carrion's disease. However its use in samples
      from dry blood spots results in easier management of transport samples in rural
      areas, a slight decrease in the sensitivity was observed. The usefulness to
      detect by PCR the presence of low-bacteriemic or asymptomatic carriers is
      doubtful, showing the need to search for new more sensible techniques.

PMID- 26959644
TI  - Obstacles in spatial evaluation of CBCT-reformatted panoramic imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Conventional panoramic radiography (cPR) underlines procedure-related
      limitations in the display of objects. CBCT is presumed to overcome these
      constraints. To virtualize a cPR view, reformatted panoramic images (rPIs) can be
      generated. This study evaluated the rPI with regard to its susceptibility to
      sterical object deposition in comparison with cPR. METHODS: A specially developed
      implant model with dental implants each of 4.0-mm diameter and 11.0-mm length was
      depositioned by shift, rotation and tilt of 5.00 mm (+/-0.01 mm) of horizontal
      shift and 5.0 degrees  (+/-0.167 degrees ), respectively, on a highly precise
      goniometer rotation table, and cPRs and rPIs were generated. Automated evaluation
      of the cPRs was carried out using a specially developed software. rPIs were
      processed and analyzed by a semi-automated image analysis. RESULTS: Object
      deposition lead to distortive effects in the rPI analogue to cPR, but they appear
      in display only. Objects illustrated in the rPI were dimensionally correct, but
      sterical relations are elusive. Results are obtained for the horizontal shift,
      declination and reclination, lateral tilt and rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Distortions
      within the rPI represent the illustration of the hyperbolic-shaped layer out of
      the three-dimensional data set. With this study, we demonstrated these procedure
      related inherent but practically underestimated consequences. Effects of sterical
      object malpositioning must be compensated by the observer by adequate virtual
      adjustment of the processed layer. Accurate virtual adjustment leads to vertical
      dimensions. Sterical relations, e.g. angulation of two objects, are irretraceable
      unless precisely referenced.

PMID- 26959643
TI  - Alterations in the mir-15a/16-1 Loci Impairs Its Processing and Augments B-1
      Expansion in De Novo Mouse Model of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
AB  - New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, a de novo model of CLL, share multiple
      characteristics with CLL patients, including decreased expression of miR-15a/16
      1. We previously discovered a point mutation and deletion in the 3' flanking
      region of mir-16-1 of NZB and a similar mutation has been found in a small number
      of CLL patients. However, it was unknown whether the mutation is the cause for
      the reduced miR-15a/16-1 expression and CLL development. Using PCR and in vitro
      microRNA processing assays, we found that the NZB sequence alterations in the mir
      15a/16-1 loci result in deficient processing of the precursor forms of miR-15a/16
      1, in particular, we observe impaired conversion of pri-miR-15a/16-1 to pre-miR
      15a/16-1. The in vitro data was further supported by derivation of congenic
      strains with replaced mir-15a/16-1 loci at one or both alleles: NZB congenic mice
      (NmiR+/-) and DBA congenic mice (DmiR-/-). The level of miR-15a/16-1 reflected
      the configuration of the mir-15a/16-1 loci with DBA congenic mice (DmiR-/-)
      showing reduced miR-15a levels compared to homozygous wild-type allele, while the
      NZB congenic mice (NmiR+/-) showed an increase in miR-15a levels relative to
      homozygous mutant allele. Similar to Monoclonal B-cell Lymphocytosis (MBL), the
      precursor stage of the human disease, an overall expansion of the B-1 population
      was observed in DBA congenic mice (DmiR-/-) relative to wild-type (DmiR+/+).
      These studies support our hypothesis that the mutations in the mir-15a/16-1 loci
      are responsible for decreased expression of this regulatory microRNA leading to B
      1 expansion and CLL development. 

PMID- 26959645
TI  - Carbon Sequestration Potential in Stands under the Grain for Green Program in
      Southwest China.
AB  - The Grain for Green Program (GGP) is the largest afforestation and reforestation
      project in China in the early part of this century. To assess carbon
      sequestration in stands under the GGP in Southwest China, the carbon stocks and
      their annual changes in the GGP stands in the region were estimated based on the
      following information: (1) collected data on the annually planted area of each
      tree species under the GGP in Southwest China from 1999 to 2010; (2) development
      of empirical growth curves and corresponding carbon estimation models for each
      species growing in the GPP stands; and (3) parameters associated with the stands
      such as wood density, biomass expansion factor, carbon fraction and the change
      rate of soil organic carbon content. Two forest management scenarios were
      examined: scenario A, with no harvesting, and scenario B, with logging at the
      customary rotation followed by replanting. The results showed that by the years
      2020, 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060, the expected carbon storage of the GGP stands in
      Southwest China is 139.58 TgC, 177.50-207.55 TgC, 196.86-259.65 TgC, 240.45
      290.62 TgC and 203.22-310.03 TgC (T = 1012), respectively. For the same years,
      the expected annual change in carbon stocks is 7.96 TgCyr-1, -7.95-5.95 TgCyr-1, 
      0.10-4.67 TgCyr-1, 4.31-2.24 TgCyr-1 and -0.02-1.75 TgCyr-1, respectively. This
      indicates that the stands significantly contribute to forest carbon sinks in this
      region. In 2060, the estimated carbon stocks in the seven major species of GGP
      stands in Southwest China are 4.16-13.01 TgC for Pinus armandii, 6.30-15.01 TgC
      for Pinus massoniana, 11.51-13.44 TgC for Cryptomeria fortunei, 15.94-24.13 TgC
      for Cunninghamia lanceolata, 28.05 TgC for Cupressus spp., 5.32-15.63 TgC for
      Populus deltoides and 5.87-14.09 TgC for Eucalyptus spp. The carbon stocks in
      these seven species account for 36.8%-41.4% of the total carbon stocks in all GGP
      stands over the next 50 years. 

PMID- 26959647
TI  - An Integrated and Interdisciplinary Model for Predicting the Risk of Injury and
      Death in Future Earthquakes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A comprehensive technique for earthquake-related casualty estimation
      remains an unmet challenge. This study aims to integrate risk factors related to
      characteristics of the exposed population and to the built environment in order
      to improve communities' preparedness and response capabilities and to mitigate
      future consequences. METHODS: An innovative model was formulated based on a
      widely used loss estimation model (HAZUS) by integrating four human-related risk
      factors (age, gender, physical disability and socioeconomic status) that were
      identified through a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data.
      The common effect measures of these factors were calculated and entered to the
      existing model's algorithm using logistic regression equations. Sensitivity
      analysis was performed by conducting a casualty estimation simulation in a high
      vulnerability risk area in Israel. RESULTS: the integrated model outcomes
      indicated an increase in the total number of casualties compared with the
      prediction of the traditional model; with regard to specific injury levels an
      increase was demonstrated in the number of expected fatalities and in the
      severely and moderately injured, and a decrease was noted in the lightly injured.
      Urban areas with higher populations at risk rates were found more vulnerable in
      this regard. CONCLUSION: The proposed model offers a novel approach that allows
      quantification of the combined impact of human-related and structural factors on
      the results of earthquake casualty modelling. Investing efforts in reducing human
      vulnerability and increasing resilience prior to an occurrence of an earthquake
      could lead to a possible decrease in the expected number of casualties.

PMID- 26959648
TI  - 3-D graphene-supported mesoporous SiO2 @Fe3 O4 composites for the analysis of
      pesticides in aqueous samples by magnetic solid-phase extraction with high
      performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Three-dimensional graphene-supported mesoporous silica@Fe3 O4 composites (mSiO2
      @Fe3 O4 -G) were prepared by modifying mesoporous SiO2 -coated Fe3 O4 onto
      hydrophobic graphene nanosheets through a simple adsorption co-condensation
      method. The obtained composites possess unique properties of large surface area
      (332.9 m(2) /g), pore volume (0.68 cm(3) /g), highly open pore structure with
      uniform pore size (31.1 nm), as well as good magnetic separation properties. The
      adsorbent (mSiO2 @Fe3 O4 -G) was used for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of
      seven pesticides with benzene rings in different aqueous samples before high
      performance liquid chromatography. The main parameters affecting the extraction
      such as adsorbent amount, volume of elution solvent, time of extraction and
      desorption, salt effect, oscillation rate were investigated. Under the optimal
      conditions, this method provided low limits of detection (S/N = 3, 0.525-3.30
      MUg/L) and good linearity (5.0-1000 MUg/L, R(2) > 0.9954). Method validation
      proved the feasibility of the developed adsorbent, which has a high extraction
      efficiency and excellent enhancement performance for pesticides in this study.
      The proposed method was successfully applied to real aqueous samples, and
      satisfactory recoveries ranging from 77.5 to 113.6% with relative standard
      deviations within 9.7% were obtained. 

PMID- 26959646
TI  - DNA Sequence Determinants Controlling Affinity, Stability and Shape of DNA
      Complexes Bound by the Nucleoid Protein Fis.
AB  - The abundant Fis nucleoid protein selectively binds poorly related DNA sequences
      with high affinities to regulate diverse DNA reactions. Fis binds DNA primarily
      through DNA backbone contacts and selects target sites by reading conformational
      properties of DNA sequences, most prominently intrinsic minor groove widths. High
      affinity binding requires Fis-stabilized DNA conformational changes that vary
      depending on DNA sequence. In order to better understand the molecular basis for
      high affinity site recognition, we analyzed the effects of DNA sequence within
      and flanking the core Fis binding site on binding affinity and DNA structure. X
      ray crystal structures of Fis-DNA complexes containing variable sequences in the
      noncontacted center of the binding site or variations within the major groove
      interfaces show that the DNA can adapt to the Fis dimer surface asymmetrically.
      We show that the presence and position of pyrimidine-purine base steps within the
      major groove interfaces affect both local DNA bending and minor groove
      compression to modulate affinities and lifetimes of Fis-DNA complexes. Sequences
      flanking the core binding site also modulate complex affinities, lifetimes, and
      the degree of local and global Fis-induced DNA bending. In particular, a G
      immediately upstream of the 15 bp core sequence inhibits binding and bending, and
      A-tracts within the flanking base pairs increase both complex lifetimes and
      global DNA curvatures. Taken together, our observations support a revised DNA
      motif specifying high-affinity Fis binding and highlight the range of
      conformations that Fis-bound DNA can adopt. The affinities and DNA conformations
      of individual Fis-DNA complexes are likely to be tailored to their context
      specific biological functions. 

PMID- 26959649
TI  - Planning Abilities in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa Compared with Healthy
      Controls.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Altered cognitive functioning could have an important role in the
      development and maintenance of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The majority of previous
      research has focused on flexibility and global-detail processing. The aim of this
      study was to explore planning abilities in women with AN. METHOD: Women with AN
      (n = 32) were compared to healthy controls (n = 42) using two different types of
      neuropsychological tasks for the assessment of planning abilities: Tower of
      London (ToL), a classic measure of planning abilities, and Zoo Map test, a more
      ecologically valid planning measure. Measures of AN psychopathology, anxiety,
      depression, and obsessive compulsivity were also collected. RESULTS: The AN group
      did not differ from controls in the ToL (all p-values p > .05), although they
      performed significantly worse than controls in the main score of the Zoo Map (p =
      .02). A worse performance in the Zoo Map test More was associated with more
      eating disorders (rho = -.44, p = .018) and depressive (rho = -.42, p = .026)
      symptoms in the AN group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests the presence of subtle
      planning difficulties in women with AN which might be better detected using tasks
      with increased ecological validity.

PMID- 26959650
TI  - An Association Study of the SLC19A1 Gene Polymorphisms/Haplotypes with Idiopathic
      Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in an Iranian Population.
AB  - AIMS: The genetics of folate metabolism is one of the most significant mechanisms
      influencing fetal growth and may underlie some cases of unexplained recurrent
      miscarriage. Reduced folate carrier 1, encoded by the SLC19A1 gene, is a
      transporter of folate. Folate deficiency and elevated levels of homocysteine
      could be disadvantageous for the female reproductive system health. Thus, the
      balance between homocysteine and folate status can be used to measure the risk of
      recurrent pregnancy loss. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to determine the
      association between -43T>C, 80G>A, and 696C>T polymorphisms of the SLC19A1 gene
      in 147 women who had unexplained recurrent miscarriage in comparison with 150
      healthy women. Amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction
      was used to genotype the molecular polymorphisms of this gene. RESULTS: The
      results indicated that the -43T>C single nucleotide of the SLC19A1 gene was
      significantly associated with a risk of recurrent miscarriage in Iranian women (p
      < 0.05). No significant association was observed for the other two polymorphisms.
      The haplotype frequency distribution of -43C/80G/696C, -;43C/80G/696T, -43C/80G,
      and 80G/696T was significantly different in patients than controls, which may
      represent a novel risk factor for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.
      CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms and haplotypes of the SLC19A1 gene can be considered
      risk factors for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.

PMID- 26959652
TI  - The Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Post-Training Recovery in Jiu-Jitsu
      Athletes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of using hyperbaric
      oxygen therapy during post-training recovery in jiu-jitsu athletes. METHODS:
      Eleven experienced Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes were investigated during and
      following two training sessions of 1h30min. Using a cross-over design, the
      athletes were randomly assigned to passive recovery for 2 hours or to hyperbaric
      oxygen therapy (OHB) for the same duration. After a 7-day period, the
      interventions were reversed. Before, immediately after, post 2 hours and post 24
      hours, blood samples were collected to examine hormone concentrations (cortisol
      and total testosterone) and cellular damage markers [creatine kinase (CK),
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH)]. Moreover, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and
      recovery (RPR) scales were applied. RESULTS: Final lactate [La] values (control:
      11.9 +/- 1.4 mmol/L, OHB: 10.2 +/- 1.4 mmol/L) and RPE [control: 14 (13-17 a.u.),
      OHB: 18 (17-20 a.u.)] were not significantly different following the training
      sessions. Furthermore, there was no difference between any time points for blood
      lactate and RPE in the two experimental conditions (P>0.05). There was no effect
      of experimental conditions on cortisol (F1,20 = 0.1, P = 0.793, eta2 = 0.00,
      small), total testosterone (F1,20 = 0.03, P = 0.877, eta2 = 0.00, small), CK
      (F1,20 = 0.1, P = 0.759, eta2 = 0.01, small), AST (F1,20 = 0.1, P = 0.761, eta2 =
      0.01, small), ALT (F1,20 = 0.0, P = 0.845, eta2 = 0.00, small) or LDH (F1,20 =
      0.7, P = 0.413, eta2 = 0.03, small). However, there was a difference between the
      two experimental conditions in RPR with higher values at post 2 h and 24 h in OHB
      when compared to the control condition (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, it can be
      concluded that OHB exerts no influence on the recovery of hormonal status or
      cellular damage markers. Nonetheless, greater perceived recovery, potentially due
      to the placebo effect, was evident following the OHB condition.

PMID- 26959651
TI  - Enhanced Gene Expression Rather than Natural Polymorphism in Coding Sequence of
      the OsbZIP23 Determines Drought Tolerance and Yield Improvement in Rice
      Genotypes.
AB  - Drought is one of the major limiting factors for productivity of crops including
      rice (Oryza sativa L.). Understanding the role of allelic variations of key
      regulatory genes involved in stress-tolerance is essential for developing an
      effective strategy to combat drought. The bZIP transcription factors play a
      crucial role in abiotic-stress adaptation in plants via abscisic acid (ABA)
      signaling pathway. The present study aimed to search for allelic polymorphism in
      the OsbZIP23 gene across selected drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive rice
      genotypes, and to characterize the new allele through overexpression (OE) and
      gene-silencing (RNAi). Analyses of the coding DNA sequence (CDS) of the cloned
      OsbZIP23 gene revealed single nucleotide polymorphism at four places and a 15
      nucleotide deletion at one place. The single-copy OsbZIP23 gene is expressed at
      relatively higher level in leaf tissues of drought-tolerant genotypes, and its
      abundance is more in reproductive stage. Cloning and sequence analyses of the
      OsbZIP23-promoter from drought-tolerant O. rufipogon and drought-sensitive IR20
      cultivar showed variation in the number of stress-responsive cis-elements and a
      35-nucleotide deletion at 5'-UTR in IR20. Analysis of the GFP reporter gene
      function revealed that the promoter activity of O. rufipogon is comparatively
      higher than that of IR20. The overexpression of any of the two polymorphic forms
      (1083 bp and 1068 bp CDS) of OsbZIP23 improved drought tolerance and yield
      related traits significantly by retaining higher content of cellular water,
      soluble sugar and proline; and exhibited decrease in membrane lipid peroxidation
      in comparison to RNAi lines and non-transgenic plants. The OE lines showed higher
      expression of target genes-OsRab16B, OsRab21 and OsLEA3-1 and increased ABA
      sensitivity; indicating that OsbZIP23 is a positive transcriptional-regulator of
      the ABA-signaling pathway. Taken together, the present study concludes that the
      enhanced gene expression rather than natural polymorphism in coding sequence of
      OsbZIP23 is accountable for improved drought tolerance and yield performance in
      rice genotypes. 

PMID- 26959653
TI  - Investigation on torquetenovirus (TTV) microRNA transcriptome in vivo.
AB  - Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a widespread anellovirus that establishes persistent
      infections in human showing an increased viremia in immunosuppressed patients.
      TTV possesses microRNA (miRNA)-coding sequences that might be involved in viral
      immune evasion. Here, the presence of TTV DNA and miRNAs expression was
      investigated in plasma samples of 77 diseased (20 infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 18 infected with hepatitis B (HBV) virus, 18
      infected with hepatitis C (HCV) virus, 21 solid organ transplanted) patients, and
      25 healthy controls. TTV prevalence was significantly different in healthy
      controls (60%, 15/25) versus diseased patients (80%, 62/77), showing the highest
      TTV loads in transplant recipients. Genetic TTV analysis showed the highest
      prevalence of group 1, followed by groups 3, 4 and 5, and a lack of isolates of
      group 2. The expression of at least one TTV miRNAs of group 1, 3 and 5 was found
      in exosomes of plasma of the great majority of individuals (96%, 98/102 subjects)
      showing the higher prevalence of miRNAs of TTV group 3 (90%, 92/102), followed by
      miRNAs of group 1 (66%, 67/102), and miRNA of group 5 (49%, 50/102). TTV miRNAs
      expression and TTV viremia were not always directly correlated, and significant
      differences appeared in production of some TTV miRNAs between healthy controls
      and diseased patients. The reported TTV miRNAs status in exosomes encourages
      further investigation to understand their potential role in the expansion of
      anelloviruses upon immunosuppression.

PMID- 26959654
TI  - Virus-like particles of porcine bocavirus generated by recombinant baculoviruses
      can be applied to sero-epidemic studies.
AB  - Porcine bocaviruses (PBoVs), new members of the Bocavirus genus, have been
      identified in swine worldwide. However, the antigenicity and epidemiology of
      PBoVs are still unclear. Here we used a recombinant baculovirus expression system
      to express the main capsid protein VP2 of Japan strain JY31b in insect Tn5 cells,
      and successfully produced the virus-like particles of PBoV (PBoV-LPs). The
      diameter and densities of the PBoV-LPs were estimated to be 30nm and
      1.300g/cm(3), respectively, which were similar to the values for the native
      virion of PBoV. Antigenic analysis demonstrated that the PBoV-LPs were not cross
      reactive with porcine circovirus 2, but were cross-reactive with human bocavirus
      1, 2, 3 and 4. An ELISA for detection of anti-PBoV IgG antibodies was established
      using PBoV-LPs as antigen, which proved to be useful for monitoring PBoV
      infection in both swine and wild boars. The preliminary epidemiology research
      showed that 90.7% of pigs and 59.5% of wild boars were positive for the anti-PBoV
      IgG, suggesting that both species were also widely infected with PBoV. The seven
      PBoV strains detected in wild boars separated into four subgroups, demonstrating
      the genetic diversity of PBoV.

PMID- 26959655
TI  - Desilylation-Activated Propargylic Transformation: Enantioselective Copper
      Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Propargylic Esters with beta-Naphthol or Phenol
      Derivatives.
AB  - A copper-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of 3-trimethylsilylpropargylic
      esters with either beta-naphthols or electron-rich phenols has been realized and
      proceeds by a desilylation-activated process. Under the catalysis of Cu(OAc)2?H2O
      in combination with a structurally optimized ketimine P,N,N-ligand, a wide range
      of optically active 1,2-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]furans or 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans
      were obtained in good yields and with high enantioselectivities (up to 96 % ee).
      This represents the first desilylation-activated catalytic asymmetric propargylic
      transformation.

PMID- 26959656
TI  - Experiments testing macroscopic quantum superpositions must be slow.
AB  - We consider a thought experiment where the preparation of a macroscopically
      massive or charged particle in a quantum superposition and the associated
      dynamics of a distant test particle apparently allow for superluminal
      communication. We give a solution to the paradox which is based on the following
      fundamental principle: any local experiment, discriminating a coherent
      superposition from an incoherent statistical mixture, necessarily requires a
      minimum time proportional to the mass (or charge) of the system. For a charged
      particle, we consider two examples of such experiments, and show that they are
      both consistent with the previous limitation. In the first, the measurement
      requires to accelerate the charge, that can entangle with the emitted photons. In
      the second, the limitation can be ascribed to the quantum vacuum fluctuations of
      the electromagnetic field. On the other hand, when applied to massive particles
      our result provides an indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational
      vacuum fluctuations and for the possibility of entangling a particle with quantum
      gravitational radiation. 

PMID- 26959657
TI  - Whom Do Centenarians Rely on for Support? Findings From the Second Heidelberg
      Centenarian Study.
AB  - This paper provides a detailed picture of the sources and types of informal
      support available to centenarians, depending on their housing and care
      arrangements. Participants were 112 centenarians and 96 primary contacts of
      centenarians enrolled in the population-based Second Heidelberg Centenarian
      Study. Findings indicate that children of centenarians were their primary source
      of support in daily life. Those without living children had overall less help.
      Most frequently reported was help with administrative tasks, regardless of
      centenarians' residence or living arrangement. All other types of help (e.g.,
      with activities of daily living and housework) were reported by about one-third
      and were mostly provided by children; centenarians without children were more
      likely to have friends/neighbors involved in some of these tasks. The one
      category reported by a third of the centenarians regardless of residence, living
      arrangements, or presence of a child was help with socializing/companionship.
      Findings constitute an important step toward identifying and meeting the support
      needs of centenarians and their families. Policy implications are discussed. 

PMID- 26959658
TI  - Topotecan Delivery to the Optic Nerve after Ophthalmic Artery Chemosurgery.
AB  - Extraocular retinoblastoma is a major challenge worldwide, especially in
      developing countries. Current treatment involves the administration of systemic
      chemotherapy combined with radiation, but there is a clear need for improvement
      of chemotherapy bioavailability in the optic nerve. Our aim was to study the
      ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (OAC) local route for drug delivery assessing
      ocular and optic nerve exposure to chemotherapy and to compare it to exposure
      after intravenous infusion (IV) of the same dose in an animal model. Topotecan
      was used as a prototype drug that is active in retinoblastoma and based on the
      extensive knowledge of its pharmacokinetics in preclinical and clinical settings.
      Five Landrace pigs received 4mg of topotecan via OAC as performed in
      retinoblastoma patients. At the end of the infusion, the eyes were enucleated,
      the optic nerve and retina were dissected, and the vitreous and plasma were
      separated. After recovery and a wash-out period, the animals received a 30-min IV
      infusion of topotecan (4 mg). The remaining eye was enucleated and tissues and
      fluids were separated. All samples were stored until quantitation using HPLC. A
      significantly higher concentration of topotecan in the optic nerve, vitreous, and
      retina was obtained in eyes after OAC compared to IV infusion (p<0.05). The
      median (range) ratio between topotecan concentration attained after OAC to IV
      infusion in the optic nerve, retina and vitreous was 84(54-668), 143(49-200) and
      246(56-687), respectively. However, topotecan systemic exposure after OAC and IV
      infusion remained comparable (p>0.05). The median optic nerve-to-plasma ratio
      after OAC and IV was 44 and 0.35, respectively. Topotecan OAC delivery attained
      an 80-fold higher concentration in the optic nerve compared to the systemic
      infusion of the same dose with similar plasma concentrations in a swine model.
      Patients with retinoblastoma extension into the optic nerve may benefit from OAC
      for tumor burden by increased chemotherapy bioavailability in the optic nerve
      without increasing systemic exposure or toxicity. 

PMID- 26959662
TI  - Improving the Significance and Direction of Sleep Management in Traumatic Brain
      Injury.

PMID- 26959661
TI  - The Efficacy of Acupuncture in Post-Operative Pain Management: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain resulting from surgical trauma is a significant
      challenge for healthcare providers. Opioid analgesics are commonly used to treat
      postoperative pain; however, these drugs are associated with a number of
      undesirable side effects. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis
      evaluated the effectiveness of acupuncture and acupuncture-related techniques in
      treating postoperative pain. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE
      databases were searched until Sep 30, 2014. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:
      Randomized controlled trials of adult subjects (>= 18 years) who had undergone
      surgery and who had received acupuncture, electroacupuncture, or acupoint
      electrical stimulation for managing acute post-operative pain were included.
      RESULTS: We found that patients treated with acupuncture or related techniques
      had less pain and used less opioid analgesics on Day 1 after surgery compared
      with those treated with control (P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis using the leave
      one-out approach indicated the findings are reliable and are not dependent on any
      one study. In addition, no publication bias was detected. Subgroup analysis
      indicated that conventional acupuncture and transcutaneous electric acupoint
      stimulation (TEAS) were associated with less postoperative pain one day following
      surgery than control treatment, while electroacupuncture was similar to control
      (P = 0.116). TEAS was associated with significantly greater reduction in opioid
      analgesic use on Day 1 post surgery than control (P < 0.001); however
      conventional acupuncture and electroacupuncture showed no benefit in reducing
      opioid analgesic use compared with control (P >= 0.142). CONCLUSION: Our findings
      indicate that certain modes of acupuncture improved postoperative pain on the
      first day after surgery and reduced opioid use. Our findings support the use of
      acupuncture as adjuvant therapy in treating postoperative pain.

PMID- 26959663
TI  - Incidence, Characterization, and Predictors of Sleep Apnea in Consecutive Brain
      Injury Rehabilitation Admissions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the incidence and risk factors for sleep
      apnea in consecutive brain injury rehabilitation admissions. SETTING: Inpatient
      neurorehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (n = 86) were
      consecutive neurorehabilitation admissions. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of
      prospectively collected data. MAIN MEASURES: Polysomnography. RESULTS: Half (49%)
      of the sample was diagnosed with sleep apnea. For the full sample, univariate
      logistic regression revealed age (odds ratio: 1.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.04
      1.11) and hypertension (odds ratio: 7.77; 95% confidence interval: 2.81-21.47) as
      significant predictors of sleep apnea diagnosis. Results of logistic regression
      conducted within the traumatic brain injury group revealed age (odds ratio: 1.07;
      95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.13) as the only significant predictor of apnea
      diagnosis after adjustment for other variables. Hierarchical generalized linear
      regression models for the prediction of apnea severity (ie, apnea-hypopnea index
      found that Functional Independence Measure Cognition Score (P = .01) and age (P <
      .01) were significant predictors. Following adjustment for all other terms, only
      age (P < .01) remained significant. CONCLUSION: Sleep apnea is prevalent in acute
      neurorehabilitation admissions and traditional risk profiles for sleep apnea may
      not effectively screen for the disorder. Given the progressive nature of
      obstructive sleep apnea and morbidity associated with even mild obstructive sleep
      apnea, early identification and intervention may address comorbidities
      influencing acute and long-term outcome.

PMID- 26959664
TI  - Sleep Features on Continuous Electroencephalography Predict Rehabilitation
      Outcomes After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Sleep characteristics detected by electroencephalography (EEG) may be
      predictive of neurological recovery and rehabilitation outcomes after traumatic
      brain injury (TBI). We sought to determine whether sleep features were associated
      with greater access to rehabilitation therapies and better functional outcomes
      after severe TBI. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients
      admitted with severe TBI who underwent 24 or more hours of continuous EEG (cEEG)
      monitoring within 14 days of injury for sleep elements and ictal activity.
      Patient outcomes included discharge disposition and modified Rankin Scale (mRS).
      RESULTS: A total of 64 patients underwent cEEG monitoring for a mean of 50.6
      hours. Status epilepticus or electrographic seizures detected by cEEG were
      associated with poor outcomes (death or discharge to skilled nursing facility).
      Sleep characteristics were present in 19 (30%) and associated with better outcome
      (89% discharged to home/acute rehabilitation; P = .0002). Lack of sleep elements
      on cEEG correlated with a poor outcome or mRS > 4 at hospital discharge (P =
      .012). Of those patients who were transferred to skilled nursing/acute
      rehabilitation, sleep architecture on cEEG associated with a shorter inpatient
      hospital stay (20 days vs 27 days) and earlier participation in therapy (9.8 days
      vs 13.2 days postinjury). Multivariable analyses indicated that sleep features on
      cEEG predicted functional outcomes independent of admission Glasgow Coma Scale
      and ictal-interictal activity. CONCLUSION: The presence of sleep features in the
      acute period after TBI indicates earlier participation in rehabilitative
      therapies and a better functional recovery. By contrast, status epilepticus,
      other ictal activity, or absent sleep architecture may portend a worse prognosis.
      Whether sleep elements detected by EEG predict long-term prognosis remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 26959665
TI  - Concordance of Actigraphy With Polysomnography in Traumatic Brain Injury
      Neurorehabilitation Admissions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine concordance of accelerometer-based actigraphy (ACG) with
      polysomnography (PSG) in the determination of sleep states in inpatients with
      traumatic brain injury (TBI), and examine the impact of injury severity and
      comorbid conditions (spasticity, apnea) on concordance. PARTICIPANTS: This was a
      convenience sample of 50 participants with primarily severe TBI. DESIGN: This was
      a retrospective chart review of concurrent administration of PSG with ACG in
      nonconsecutive rehabilitation admissions with TBI. MAIN MEASURES: Total sleep
      time and sleep efficiency were measured by PSG and ACG. RESULTS: Moderate to
      strong correlations between ACG and PSG were observed for total sleep time (r =
      0.78, P < .01) and sleep efficiency (r = 0.66, P < .01). PSG and ACG estimates of
      total sleep time (316 minutes vs 325 minutes, respectively) and sleep efficiency
      (78% vs 77%, respectively) were statistically indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS:
      Actigraphy is a valid proxy for monitoring of sleep in this population across
      injury severity and common comorbidity groups. However, further research with
      larger sample sizes to examine concordance in patients with TBI with disorder of
      consciousness and spasticity is recommended.

PMID- 26959666
TI  - A Qualitative Study of Sleep-Wake Disturbance Among Veterans With Post-Acute
      Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Examine sleep-wake disturbance (SWD) characteristics, factors,
      consequences, and management strategies from the perspective of veterans with
      chronic stage, moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING: VA Medical
      Center, Rocky Mountain. US PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen male veterans with post-acute
      TBI and SWD in the VA Health Administration. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive.
      MEASURES: Semistructured interviews, Ohio State University TBI-Identification
      Method, Insomnia Severity Index. RESULTS: Two main dimensions emerged: "Messed up
      sleep" and Surviving and Managing SWD. Sleep-wake disturbance has long-term
      multidimensional features, etiology, consequences, and practice implications.
      Although SWD may not be consistently discussed with providers, the problem
      appears to be pervasive in many aspects of the lives of the informants.
      Difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings, and poor sleep quality were
      common symptoms that were described as intrusive, isolating, and difficult to
      self-manage. Veterans discussed a host of physical symptoms, mental health
      issues, environmental, and behavioral factors that contributed to SWD.
      Medications, sleep apnea treatment, and self-imposed isolation were frequent
      management strategies. Veterans expressed a willingness to try new approaches and
      work with providers. CONCLUSION: Sleep-wake disturbance among veterans with
      chronic stage TBI is a multidimensional phenomenon with interplay between
      comorbidities, contributing factors, effects on functioning, and sleep management
      strategies. Implications for practice include early and routine evaluation,
      monitoring, and treatment of SWD. Research is needed to test interventions that
      address SWD and common TBI comorbidities.

PMID- 26959667
TI  - Actigraphic and Sleep Diary Measures in Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury:
      Discrepancy in Selected Sleep Parameters.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the discrepancy between sleep diary and actigraphic
      measures of sleep in Veterans with moderate-severe post-acute traumatic brain
      injury (TBI) and to explore whether these discrepancies vary according to
      participant characteristics. SETTING: VA Medical Center in the Rocky Mountain
      United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen males with moderate-severe post-acute TBI
      and insomnia symptoms as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index. DESIGN:
      Descriptive, cross-sectional. MAIN MEASURES: Sleep diary, wrist actigraphy, Ohio
      State University TBI-Identification Method, Insomnia Severity Index, and Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: There was poor agreement between
      actigraphic and sleep diary measurements of (1) total sleep time, (2) wake after
      sleep onset, and (3) sleep onset latency. On average, actigraphy measured greater
      duration of all 3 sleep parameters. Discrepancies were not found to be associated
      with specific TBI characteristics or mood-related symptoms. CONCLUSION: When
      measuring sleep-related outcomes among Veterans with moderate-severe post-acute
      TBI, notable mismatches were found between actigraphic and self-reported sleep
      diary data. Knowledge regarding measure-related limitations is important for both
      clinical and research practices among those with moderate-severe post-acute TBI.

PMID- 26959669
TI  - Adopting Abstract Images for Semantic Scene Understanding.
AB  - Relating visual information to its linguistic semantic meaning remains an open
      and challenging area of research. The semantic meaning of images depends on the
      presence of objects, their attributes and their relations to other objects. But
      precisely characterizing this dependence requires extracting complex visual
      information from an image, which is in general a difficult and yet unsolved
      problem. In this paper, we propose studying semantic information in abstract
      images created from collections of clip art. Abstract images provide several
      advantages over real images. They allow for the direct study of how to infer high
      level semantic information, since they remove the reliance on noisy low-level
      object, attribute and relation detectors, or the tedious hand-labeling of real
      images. Importantly, abstract images also allow the ability to generate sets of
      semantically similar scenes. Finding analogous sets of real images that are
      semantically similar would be nearly impossible. We create 1,002 sets of 10
      semantically similar abstract images with corresponding written descriptions. We
      thoroughly analyze this dataset to discover semantically important features, the
      relations of words to visual features and methods for measuring semantic
      similarity. Finally, we study the relation between the saliency and memorability
      of objects and their semantic importance. 

PMID- 26959668
TI  - Telephone Problem-Solving Treatment Improves Sleep Quality in Service Members
      With Combat-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Results From a Randomized
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evaluate sleep quality, its correlates, and the effect of telephone
      based problem-solving treatment (PST) in active duty postdeployment service
      members with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) SETTING:: Randomized clinical
      trial. PARTICIPANTS: Active duty service members with combat-related mTBI. STUDY
      DESIGN: Education-only (EO) and PST groups (N = 178 each) received printed study
      materials and 12 educational brochures. The PST group additionally received up to
      12 PST telephone calls addressing participant-selected issues. Outcomes were
      evaluated postintervention (6 months) and at 12 months. MAIN MEASURE: Pittsburgh
      Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: Sleep quality was manifestly poor in both groups at
      baseline (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index = 12.5 +/- 4). Overall sleep quality was
      significantly different between the PST and EO groups at 6 months (P = .003) but
      not at 12 months. Longitudinally, PST significantly improved sleep quality at 6
      months (P = .001) but not over the follow-up. Low sleep quality was associated
      with concussion symptoms, pain, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder at
      all time points (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disorders, common in
      postdeployment service members with mTBI, are strongly associated with the
      presence of pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Telephone-based
      PST may be an effective therapeutic approach for reducing sleep disorders in this
      population. Research should focus on maintenance of treatment gains.

PMID- 26959670
TI  - Photometric Ambient Occlusion for Intrinsic Image Decomposition.
AB  - We present a method for computing ambient occlusion (AO) for a stack of images of
      a Lambertian scene from a fixed viewpoint. Ambient occlusion, a concept common in
      computer graphics, characterizes the local visibility at a point: it approximates
      how much light can reach that point from different directions without getting
      blocked by other geometry. While AO has received surprisingly little attention in
      vision, we show that it can be approximated using simple, per-pixel statistics
      over image stacks, based on a simplified image formation model. We use our
      derived AO measure to compute reflectance and illumination for objects without
      relying on additional smoothness priors, and demonstrate state-of-the art
      performance on the MIT Intrinsic Images benchmark. We also demonstrate our method
      on several synthetic and real scenes, including 3D printed objects with known
      ground truth geometry. 

PMID- 26959671
TI  - Map-Based Probabilistic Visual Self-Localization.
AB  - Accurate and efficient self-localization is a critical problem for autonomous
      systems. This paper describes an affordable solution to vehicle self-localization
      which uses odometry computed from two video cameras and road maps as the sole
      inputs. The core of the method is a probabilistic model for which an efficient
      approximate inference algorithm is derived. The inference algorithm is able to
      utilize distributed computation in order to meet the real-time requirements of
      autonomous systems in some instances. Because of the probabilistic nature of the
      model the method is capable of coping with various sources of uncertainty
      including noise in the visual odometry and inherent ambiguities in the map (e.g.,
      in a Manhattan world). By exploiting freely available, community developed maps
      and visual odometry measurements, the proposed method is able to localize a
      vehicle to 4 m on average after 52 seconds of driving on maps which contain more
      than 2,150 km of drivable roads. 

PMID- 26959672
TI  - Leveraging the Wisdom of the Crowd for Fine-Grained Recognition.
AB  - Fine-grained recognition concerns categorization at sub-ordinate levels, where
      the distinction between object classes is highly local. Compared to basic level
      recognition, fine-grained categorization can be more challenging as there are in
      general less data and fewer discriminative features. This necessitates the use of
      a stronger prior for feature selection. In this work, we include humans in the
      loop to help computers select discriminative features. We introduce a novel
      online game called "Bubbles" that reveals discriminative features humans use. The
      player's goal is to identify the category of a heavily blurred image. During the
      game, the player can choose to reveal full details of circular regions
      ("bubbles"), with a certain penalty. With proper setup the game generates
      discriminative bubbles with assured quality. We next propose the "BubbleBank"
      representation that uses the human selected bubbles to improve machine
      recognition performance. Finally, we demonstrate how to extend BubbleBank to a
      view-invariant 3D representation. Experiments demonstrate that our approach
      yields large improvements over the previous state of the art on challenging
      benchmarks. 

PMID- 26959673
TI  - Cascades of Regression Tree Fields for Image Restoration.
AB  - Conditional random fields (CRFs) are popular discriminative models for computer
      vision and have been successfully applied in the domain of image restoration,
      especially to image denoising. For image deblurring, however, discriminative
      approaches have been mostly lacking. We posit two reasons for this: First, the
      blur kernel is often only known at test time, requiring any discriminative
      approach to cope with considerable variability. Second, given this variability it
      is quite difficult to construct suitable features for discriminative prediction.
      To address these challenges we first show a connection between common half
      quadratic inference for generative image priors and Gaussian CRFs. Based on this
      analysis, we then propose a cascade model for image restoration that consists of
      a Gaussian CRF at each stage. Each stage of our cascade is semi-parametric, i.e.,
      it depends on the instance-specific parameters of the restoration problem, such
      as the blur kernel. We train our model by loss minimization with synthetically
      generated training data. Our experiments show that when applied to non-blind
      image deblurring, the proposed approach is efficient and yields state-of-the-art
      restoration quality on images corrupted with synthetic and real blur. Moreover,
      we demonstrate its suitability for image denoising, where we achieve competitive
      results for grayscale and color images. 

PMID- 26959674
TI  - Intrinsic Scene Properties from a Single RGB-D Image.
AB  - In this paper, we present a technique for recovering a model of shape,
      illumination, reflectance, and shading from a single image taken from an RGB-D
      sensor. To do this, we extend the SIRFS ("shape, illumination and reflectance
      from shading") model, which recovers intrinsic scene properties from a single
      image. Though SIRFS works well on neatly segmented images of objects, it performs
      poorly on images of natural scenes which often contain occlusion and spatially
      varying illumination. We therefore present Scene-SIRFS, a generalization of SIRFS
      in which we model a scene using a mixture of shapes and a mixture of
      illuminations, where those mixture components are embedded in a "soft"
      segmentation-like representation of the input image. We use the noisy depth maps
      provided by RGB-D sensors (such as the Microsoft Kinect) to guide and improve
      shape estimation. Our model takes as input a single RGB-D image and produces as
      output an improved depth map, a set of surface normals, a reflectance image, a
      shading image, and a spatially varying model of illumination. The output of our
      model can be used for graphics applications such as relighting and retargeting,
      or for more broad applications (recognition, segmentation) involving RGB-D
      images. 

PMID- 26959675
TI  - Bayesian Constrained Local Models Revisited.
AB  - This paper presents a novel Bayesian formulation for aligning faces in unseen
      images. Our approach revisits the Constrained Local Models (CLM) formulation
      where an ensemble of local feature detectors are constrained to lie within the
      subspace spanned by a Point Distribution Model (PDM). Fitting such a model to an
      image typically involves two main steps: a local search using a detector,
      obtaining response maps for each landmark (likelihood term) and a global
      optimization that finds the PDM parameters that jointly maximize all the
      detections at once. The so-called global optimization can be posed as a Bayesian
      inference problem, where the posterior distribution of the shape (and pose)
      parameters can be inferred in a maximum a posteriori (MAP) sense. This work
      introduces an extended Bayesian global optimization strategy that includes two
      novel additions: (1) to perform second order updates of the PDM parameters
      (accounting for their covariance) and (2) to model the underlying dynamics of the
      shape variations, encoded in the prior term, by using recursive Bayesian
      estimation. Extensive evaluations were performed against state-of-the-art methods
      on several standard datasets (IMM, BioID, XM2VTS, LFW and FGNET Talking Face).
      Results show that the proposed approach significantly increases the fitting
      performance. 

PMID- 26959676
TI  - Hierarchical Image Saliency Detection on Extended CSSD.
AB  - Complex structures commonly exist in natural images. When an image contains small
      scale high-contrast patterns either in the background or foreground, saliency
      detection could be adversely affected, resulting erroneous and non-uniform
      saliency assignment. The issue forms a fundamental challenge for prior methods.
      We tackle it from a scale point of view and propose a multi-layer approach to
      analyze saliency cues. Different from varying patch sizes or downsizing images,
      we measure region-based scales. The final saliency values are inferred optimally
      combining all the saliency cues in different scales using hierarchical inference.
      Through our inference model, single-scale information is selected to obtain a
      saliency map. Our method improves detection quality on many images that cannot be
      handled well traditionally. We also construct an extended Complex Scene Saliency
      Dataset (ECSSD) to include complex but general natural images. 

PMID- 26959677
TI  - Recognition Using Hybrid Classifiers.
AB  - A canonical problem in computer vision is category recognition (e.g., find all
      instances of human faces, cars etc., in an image). Typically, the input for
      training a binary classifier is a relatively small sample of positive examples,
      and a huge sample of negative examples, which can be very diverse, consisting of
      images from a large number of categories. The difficulty of the problem sharply
      increases with the dimension and size of the negative example set. We propose to
      alleviate this problem by applying a "hybrid" classifier, which replaces the
      negative samples by a prior, and then finds a hyperplane which separates the
      positive samples from this prior. The method is extended to kernel space and to
      an ensemble-based approach. The resulting binary classifiers achieve an identical
      or better classification rate than SVM, while requiring far smaller memory and
      lower computational complexity to train and apply. 

PMID- 26959678
TI  - Semantic Concept Co-Occurrence Patterns for Image Annotation and Retrieval.
AB  - Describing visual image contents by semantic concepts is an effective and
      straightforward way to facilitate various high level applications. Inferring
      semantic concepts from low-level pictorial feature analysis is challenging due to
      the semantic gap problem, while manually labeling concepts is unwise because of a
      large number of images in both online and offline collections. In this paper, we
      present a novel approach to automatically generate intermediate image descriptors
      by exploiting concept co-occurrence patterns in the pre-labeled training set that
      renders it possible to depict complex scene images semantically. Our work is
      motivated by the fact that multiple concepts that frequently co-occur across
      images form patterns which could provide contextual cues for individual concept
      inference. We discover the co-occurrence patterns as hierarchical communities by
      graph modularity maximization in a network with nodes and edges representing
      concepts and co-occurrence relationships separately. A random walk process
      working on the inferred concept probabilities with the discovered co-occurrence
      patterns is applied to acquire the refined concept signature representation.
      Through experiments in automatic image annotation and semantic image retrieval on
      several challenging datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
      concept co-occurrence patterns as well as the concept signature representation in
      comparison with state-of-the-art approaches. 

PMID- 26959679
TI  - What Makes for Effective Detection Proposals?
AB  - Current top performing object detectors employ detection proposals to guide the
      search for objects, thereby avoiding exhaustive sliding window search across
      images. Despite the popularity and widespread use of detection proposals, it is
      unclear which trade-offs are made when using them during object detection. We
      provide an in-depth analysis of twelve proposal methods along with four baselines
      regarding proposal repeatability, ground truth annotation recall on PASCAL,
      ImageNet, and MS COCO, and their impact on DPM, R-CNN, and Fast R-CNN detection
      performance. Our analysis shows that for object detection improving proposal
      localisation accuracy is as important as improving recall. We introduce a novel
      metric, the average recall (AR), which rewards both high recall and good
      localisation and correlates surprisingly well with detection performance. Our
      findings show common strengths and weaknesses of existing methods, and provide
      insights and metrics for selecting and tuning proposal methods. 

PMID- 26959680
TI  - Arterial Spin Labeling Imaging for the Parotid Glands of Patients with Sjogren's
      Syndrome.
AB  - Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by hypofunction of the salivary and
      lacrimal glands. The salivary function is largely dependent upon the blood supply
      in the glands. However, the diseased states of the gland perfusion are not well
      understood. The arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique allows noninvasive
      quantitative assessment of tissue perfusion without the need for contrast agent.
      Here, we prospectively compared the perfusion properties of the parotid glands
      between patients with SS and those with healthy glands using ASL MR imaging. We
      analyzed salivary blood flow (SBF) kinetics of 22 healthy parotid glands from 11
      volunteers and 28 parotid glands from 14 SS patients using 3T pseudo-continuous
      ASL imaging. SBF was determined in resting state (base SBF) and at 3 sequential
      segments after gustatory stimulation. SBF kinetic profiles were characterized by
      base SBF level, increment ratio at the SBF peak, and the differences in segments
      where the peak appeared (SBF types). Base SBFs of the SS glands were
      significantly higher than those of healthy glands (59.2 +/- 22.8 vs. 46.3 +/- 9.0
      mL/min/100 g, p = 0.01). SBF kinetic profiles of the SS glands also exhibited
      significantly later SBF peaks (p < 0.001) and higher SBF increment ratios (74 +/-
      49% vs. 47 +/- 39%, p = 0.04) than the healthy glands. The best SBF criterion (=
      51.2 mL/min/100 mg) differentiated between control subjects and SS patients with
      71% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Taken together, these results showed that
      the SS parotid glands were mostly hyperemic and the SS gland responses to
      gustatory stimulation were stronger and more prolonged than those of the healthy
      glands. The ASL may be a promising technique for assessing the diseased salivary
      gland vascularization of SS patients. 

PMID- 26959681
TI  - Introgressive Hybridization and the Evolution of Lake-Adapted Catostomid Fishes.
AB  - Hybridization has been identified as a significant factor in the evolution of
      plants as groups of interbreeding species retain their phenotypic integrity
      despite gene exchange among forms. Recent studies have identified similar
      interactions in animals; however, the role of hybridization in the evolution of
      animals has been contested. Here we examine patterns of gene flow among four
      species of catostomid fishes from the Klamath and Rogue rivers using molecular
      and morphological traits. Catostomus rimiculus from the Rogue and Klamath basins
      represent a monophyletic group for nuclear and morphological traits; however, the
      Klamath form shares mtDNA lineages with other Klamath Basin species (C. snyderi,
      Chasmistes brevirostris, Deltistes luxatus). Within other Klamath Basin taxa, D.
      luxatus was largely fixed for alternate nuclear alleles relative to C. rimiculus,
      while Ch. brevirostris and C. snyderi exhibited a mixture of these alleles.
      Deltistes luxatus was the only Klamath Basin species that exhibited consistent
      covariation of nuclear and mitochondrial traits and was the primary source of
      mismatched mtDNA in Ch. brevirostris and C. snyderi, suggesting asymmetrical
      introgression into the latter species. In Upper Klamath Lake, D. luxatus spawning
      was more likely to overlap spatially and temporally with C. snyderi and Ch.
      brevirostris than either of those two with each other. The latter two species
      could not be distinguished with any molecular markers but were morphologically
      diagnosable in Upper Klamath Lake, where they were largely spatially and
      temporally segregated during spawning. We examine parallel evolution and
      syngameon hypotheses and conclude that observed patterns are most easily
      explained by introgressive hybridization among Klamath Basin catostomids. 

PMID- 26959684
TI  - Thermodynamic Properties of Molecular Crystals Calculated within the Quasi
      Harmonic Approximation.
AB  - A computational study of the possibilities of contemporary theoretical chemistry
      as regards calculated thermodynamic properties for molecular crystals from first
      principles is presented. The study is performed for a testing set of 22 low
      temperature crystalline phases whose properties such as densities of phonon
      states, isobaric heat capacities, and densities are computed as functions of
      temperature within the quasi-harmonic approximation. Electronic structure and
      lattice dynamics are treated by plane-wave based calculations with optPBE-vdW
      functional. Comparison of calculated results with reliable critically assessed
      experimental data is especially emphasized. 

PMID- 26959685
TI  - Labeling the Structural Integrity of Nanoparticles for Advanced In Situ Tracking
      in Bionanotechnology.
AB  - Observing structural integrity of nanoparticles is essential in bionanotechnology
      but not always straightforward to measure in situ and in real-time. Fluorescent
      labels used for tracking intrinsically nonfluorescent nanomaterials generally do
      not allow simultaneous observation of integrity. Consequently, structural changes
      like degradation and disassembly cannot easily be followed in situ using
      fluorescence signals. We show that thioflavin T (ThT), a fluorophore and
      molecular rotor known to tag specific fibril structures in amyloids, can "label"
      the structural integrity of widely used and intrinsically nonfluorescent, silica
      nanoparticles (SiNPs). Entrapment of ThT in SiNPs controls the fluorohphore's
      relaxation pathway and leads to a red-shifted fluorescence spectrum providing
      real time information on SiNP integrity. The dynamic change of ThT fluorescence
      during degradation of doped SiNPs is found much higher than that of common labels
      fluorescein and rhodamine. Degradation kinetics of core-shell structures recorded
      by ThT fluorescence and light scattering prove the capability to clearly
      distinguish structural features during SiNPs degradation and allow obtaining
      degradation kinetics in vitro, in biological media, in serum, and in cells. The
      effect is transferable to different types of materials, here shown for ThT
      incorporated SiNPs with tightly tailorable sizes (9-100 nm), poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) nanoparticles,
      and iron-doped-SiNPs (FeSiNPs). We thus suggest molecular rotors such as ThT as
      additional labels to effectively and easily sense nanoparticle structural status
      in situ and to enhance understanding and development of programmed nanoparticle
      disassembly in bionanotechnology.

PMID- 26959686
TI  - Hydrogen Isotopes as a Sentinel of Biological Invasion by the Japanese Beetle,
      Popillia japonica (Newman).
AB  - Invasive species alter ecosystems, threaten native and endangered species, and
      have negative economic impacts. Knowing where invading individuals are from and
      when they arrive to a new site can guide management. Here, we evaluated how well
      the stable hydrogen isotope composition (delta2H) records the recent origin and
      time since arrival of specimens of the invasive Japanese beetle (Popillia
      japonica Newman) captured near the Portland International Airport (Oregon,
      U.S.A.). The delta2H of Japanese beetle specimens collected from sites across the
      contiguous U.S.A. reflected the delta2H of local precipitation, a relationship
      similar to that documented for other organisms, and one confirming the utility of
      delta2H as a geographic fingerprint. Within weeks after experimental relocation
      to a new isotopic environment, the delta2H of beetles changed linearly with time,
      demonstrating the potential for delta2H to also mark the timing of arrival to a
      new location. We used a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate the recent
      geographical origin and timing of arrival of each specimen based on its delta2H
      value. The geographic resolution was broad, with values consistent with multiple
      regions of origin in the eastern U.S.A., slightly favoring the southeastern
      U.S.A. as the more likely source. Beetles trapped from 2007-2010 had arrived 30
      or more days prior to trapping, whereas the median time since arrival declined to
      3-7 days for beetles trapped from 2012-2014. This reduction in the time between
      arrival and trapping at the Portland International Airport supports the efficacy
      of trapping and spraying to prevent establishment. More generally, our analysis
      shows how stable isotopes can serve as sentinels of biological invasions,
      verifying the efficacy of control measures, or, alternatively, indicating when
      those measures show signs of failure. 

PMID- 26959683
TI  - Microglia Transcriptome Changes in a Model of Depressive Behavior after Immune
      Challenge.
AB  - Depression symptoms following immune response to a challenge have been reported
      after the recovery from sickness. A RNA-Seq study of the dysregulation of the
      microglia transcriptome in a model of inflammation-associated depressive behavior
      was undertaken. The transcriptome of microglia from mice at day 7 after Bacille
      Calmette Guerin (BCG) challenge was compared to that from unchallenged Control
      mice and to the transcriptome from peripheral macrophages from the same mice.
      Among the 562 and 3,851 genes differentially expressed between BCG-challenged and
      Control mice in microglia and macrophages respectively, 353 genes overlapped
      between these cells types. Among the most differentially expressed genes in the
      microglia, serum amyloid A3 (Saa3) and cell adhesion molecule 3 (Cadm3) were over
      expressed and coiled-coil domain containing 162 (Ccdc162) and titin-cap (Tcap)
      were under-expressed in BCG-challenged relative to Control. Many of the
      differentially expressed genes between BCG-challenged and Control mice were
      associated with neurological disorders encompassing depression symptoms. Across
      cell types, S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9), interleukin 1 beta (Il1b)
      and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (Kmo) were differentially expressed between
      challenged and control mice. Immune response, chemotaxis, and chemokine activity
      were among the functional categories enriched by the differentially expressed
      genes. Functional categories enriched among the 9,117 genes differentially
      expressed between cell types included leukocyte regulation and activation,
      chemokine and cytokine activities, MAP kinase activity, and apoptosis. More than
      200 genes exhibited alternative splicing events between cell types including WNK
      lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (Wnk1) and microtubule-actin crosslinking
      factor 1(Macf1). Network visualization revealed the capability of microglia to
      exhibit transcriptome dysregulation in response to immune challenge still after
      resolution of sickness symptoms, albeit lower than that observed in macrophages.
      The persistent transcriptome dysregulation in the microglia shared patterns with
      neurological disorders indicating that the associated persistent depressive
      symptoms share a common transcriptome basis. 

PMID- 26959687
TI  - Full-Field Calcium K-Edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy on
      Cortical Bone at the Micron-Scale: Polarization Effects Reveal Mineral
      Orientation.
AB  - Here, we show results on X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy in
      both transmission and X-ray fluorescence full-field mode (FF-XANES) at the
      calcium K-edge on human bone tissue in healthy and diseased conditions and for
      different tissue maturation stages. We observe that the dominating spectral
      differences originating from different tissue regions, which are well pronounced
      in the white line and postedge structures are associated with polarization
      effects. These polarization effects dominate the spectral variance and must be
      well understood and modeled before analyzing the very subtle spectral variations
      related to the bone tissue variations itself. However, these modulations in the
      fine structure of the spectra can potentially be of high interest to quantify
      orientations of the apatite crystals in highly structured tissue matrices such as
      bone. Due to the extremely short wavelengths of X-rays, FF-XANES overcomes the
      limited spatial resolution of other optical and spectroscopic techniques
      exploiting visible light. Since the field of view in FF-XANES is rather large the
      acquisition times for analyzing the same region are short compared to, for
      example, X-ray diffraction techniques. Our results on the angular absorption
      dependence were verified by both site-matched polarized Raman spectroscopy, which
      has been shown to be sensitive to the orientation of bone building blocks and by
      mathematical simulations of the angular absorbance dependence. As an outlook we
      further demonstrate the polarization based assessment of calcium-containing
      crystal orientation and specification of calcium in a beta-tricalcium phosphate
      (beta-Ca3(PO4)2 scaffold implanted into ovine bone. Regarding the use of XANES to
      assess chemical properties of Ca in human bone tissue our data suggest that
      neither the anatomical site (tibia vs jaw) nor pathology (healthy vs necrotic jaw
      bone tissue) affected the averaged spectral shape of the XANES spectra. 

PMID- 26959689
TI  - Catalysis by Design: Well-Defined Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts.
AB  - Heterogeneous catalysis, a field important industrially and scientifically, is
      increasingly seeking and refining strategies to render itself more predictable.
      The main issue is due to the nature and the population of catalytically active
      sites. Their number is generally low to very low, their "acid strengths" or "
      redox properties" are not homogeneous, and the material may display related yet
      inactive sites on the same material. In many heterogeneous catalysts, the
      discovery of a structure-activity reationship is at best challenging. One
      possible solution is to generate single-site catalysts in which most, if not all,
      of the sites are structurally identical. Within this context and using the right
      tools, the catalyst structure can be designed and well-defined, to reach a
      molecular understanding. It is then feasible to understand the structure-activity
      relationship and to develop predictable heterogeneous catalysis. Single-site well
      defined heterogeneous catalysts can be prepared using concepts and tools of
      surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). This approach operates by reacting
      organometallic compounds with surfaces of highly divided oxides (or of metal
      nanoparticles). This strategy has a solid track record to reveal structure
      activity relationship to the extent that it is becoming now quite predictable.
      Almost all elements of the periodical table have been grafted on surfaces of
      oxides (from simple oxides such as silica or alumina to more sophisticated
      materials regarding composition or porosity). Considering catalytic hydrocarbon
      transformations, heterogeneous catalysis outcome may now be predicted based on
      existing mechanistic proposals and the rules of molecular chemistry
      (organometallic, organic) associated with some concepts of surface sciences. A
      thorough characterization of the grafted metal centers must be carried out using
      tools spanning from molecular organometallic or surface chemistry. By selection
      of the metal, its ligand set, and the support taken as a X, L ligands in the
      Green formalism, the catalyst can be designed and generated by grafting the
      organometallic precursor containing the functional group(s) suitable to target a
      given transformation (surface organometallic fragments (SOMF)). The choice of
      these SOMF is based on the elementary steps known in molecular chemistry applied
      to the desired reaction. The coordination sphere necessary for any catalytic
      reaction involving paraffins, olefins, and alkynes also can thus be predicted.
      Only their most complete understanding can allow development of catalytic
      reactions with the highest possible selectivity, activity, and lifetime. This
      Account will examine the results of SOMC for hydrocarbon transformations on oxide
      surfaces bearing metals of group 4-6. The silica-supported catalysts are
      exhibiting remarkable performances for Ziegler-Natta polymerization and
      depolymerization, low temperature hydrogenolysis of alkanes and waxes, metathesis
      of alkanes and cycloalkanes, olefins metathesis, and related reactions. In the
      case of reactions involving molecules that do not contain carbon (water-gas
      shift, NH3 synthesis, etc.) this single site approach is also valid but will be
      considered in a later review. 

PMID- 26959688
TI  - Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Oral Qing-Dai in Patients with Ulcerative
      Colitis: A Single-Center Open-Label Prospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chinese herbal medicine Qing-Dai (also known as indigo
      naturalis) has been used to treat various inflammatory conditions. However, not
      much has been studied about the use of oral Qing-Dai in the treatment for
      ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Studies exploring alternative treatments for UC
      are of considerable interest. In this study, we aimed at prospectively evaluating
      the safety and efficacy of Qing-Dai for UC patients. METHODS: The open-label,
      prospective pilot study was conducted at Keio University Hospital. A total of 20
      patients with moderate UC activity were enrolled. Oral Qing-Dai in capsule form
      was taken twice a day (daily dose, 2 g) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: At week 8, the
      rates of clinical response, clinical remission, and mucosal healing were 72, 33,
      and 61%, respectively. The clinical and endoscopic scores, CRP levels, and fecal
      occult blood results were also significantly improved. We observed 2 patients
      with mild liver dysfunction; 1 patient discontinued due to infectious colitis and
      1 patient discontinued due to mild nausea. CONCLUSION: This is the first
      prospective study indicating that oral Qing-Dai is effective for inducing
      remission in patients with moderate UC activity and can be tolerated. Thus, Qing
      Dai may be considered an alternative treatment for patients, although further
      investigation is warranted.

PMID- 26959690
TI  - The Effect of Laser Panretinal Photocoagulation on Diabetic Macular Edema Using
      the Pascal(r) Photocoagulator versus the Conventional Argon Laser
      Photocoagulator.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of panretinal
      photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) on diabetic macular
      edema (DME) using a Pascal(r) Photocoagulator (PP) or a conventional argon laser
      photocoagulator (CALP). METHODS: Eighty eyes with PDR and center-involving DME
      were randomized to PP or CALP. Both groups had baseline assessment of best
      corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and were examined with optical coherence
      tomography and fluorescein angiography. RESULTS: The mean number of laser shots
      for the PP and CALP groups was 1,726.10 and 752.00 at session 1 and 1,589.00 and
      830.00 (p < 0.001) at session 2, respectively. The mean central foveal thickness
      (CFT) at baseline was 306 +/- 100 and 314 +/- 98 for the PP and CALP groups,
      respectively. At 8 weeks, the mean CFT was 332 +/- 116 and 347 +/- 111 for the PP
      and CALP groups, respectively (p > 0.05). The mean BCVA was similar during the
      study period with no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: PP and CALP had similar effects on DME in PDR eyes and were equally
      safe with no significant increase in CFT.

PMID- 26959691
TI  - Cutaneous Manifestations of Familial Transthyretin Amyloid Polyneuropathy.
AB  - Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant form
      of systemic amyloidosis, which classically presents with severe motor, sensory,
      and autonomic dysfunction. Cutaneous involvement does not become clinically
      apparent until late stage symptomatic disease and is rarely reported in modern
      literature. Here, the authors review the clinical and histologic cutaneous
      findings of FAP previously described in the literature and report on 3 patients
      with unique genetic mutations (Thr60Ala and Gly6Ser; Trp41Leu; Glu89Gln) for
      which cutaneous involvement has not previously been described. Histologically,
      our patients showed variable amyloid deposition in the subcutaneous adipose
      tissue, papillary dermis, and dermal blood vessel walls. A review of the
      literature suggests cutaneous transthyretin deposition is an underrecognized
      feature of FAP that occurs early on in disease, even before neural involvement
      and related symptoms as seen in one of our patients. As such, a cutaneous punch
      biopsy can serve as quick, easy, and relatively noninvasive diagnostic tool in
      suspected cases. 

PMID- 26959692
TI  - Polarized Microscopy in Lesions With Altered Dermal Collagen.
AB  - Alterations in dermal collagen are noted in dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma
      protuberans, morphea, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, hypertrophic scars, and
      keloids. The authors sought to determine whether variations in birefringence of
      collagen by polarized microscopy could be of help in diagnosing such conditions.
      Representative hematoxylin and eosin sections of 400 cases, including
      dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, hypertrophic scars, keloid,
      morphea, and lichen sclerosus, were examined under polarized microscopy. Distinct
      patterns of birefringence of collagen for each disease were noted under polarized
      microscopy. This study highlights the use of polarized microscopy as adjunctive
      tool in differentiating different diseases with collagen alteration. 

PMID- 26959693
TI  - Demodex Folliculitis of the Scalp: Clinicopathological Study of an Uncommon
      Entity.
AB  - Demodex is a saprophytic mite in humans commonly present in the pilosebaceous
      units, which has been implicated as a pathogen in several skin conditions. The
      clinical presentation and histopathology of Demodex folliculitis of the scalp
      have been described in only a few case reports. This study was performed to
      further elucidate the clinicopathological features of this entity. We have
      studied 333 consecutively submitted scalp biopsies performed for hair loss and
      alopecia. All specimens were completely step-sectioned. Biopsies with Demodex
      mites were further studied histopathologically, and the patients' clinical files
      were reviewed. There were 17 biopsies (5.1%) with Demodex in at least 1
      pilosebaceous unit. Based on the clinical presentation, histopathology, and
      response to therapy, Demodex was considered to be nonpathogenic in 13 cases. The
      remaining 4 cases were characterized by hair loss, scalp erythema, scales, and
      pustules. There were 2 or more pilosebaceous units with Demodex along mononuclear
      and/or neutrophilic infiltrates around and in the involved follicles and
      occasionally granulomas. All 4 cases responded completely to metronidazole
      therapy. In conclusion, Demodex is infrequently found in scalp biopsies for hair
      loss and alopecia, and, in most cases, it does not seem to be pathogenic.
      Occasionally, however, it is associated with folliculitis characterized by hair
      loss, erythema, scales, and pustules clinically; neutrophilic and/or mononuclear
      cell folliculitis with occasional granulomas histopathologically; and a prompt
      response to anti-Demodex therapy. 

PMID- 26959694
TI  - Perianal Tumor With Overlap Features of Fibroadenoma and Phyllodes Tumor Arising
      From Anogenital Mammary-like Glands.

PMID- 26959695
TI  - Vemurafenib-Induced Neutrophilic Panniculitis: A New Case and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - Vemurafenib has proved to be useful in the treatment of patients with
      unresectable or metastatic melanoma harboring the BRAF-V600E mutation, with
      better rates of overall and progression-free survival than previous treatments.
      Adverse cutaneous effects, such as alopecia, pruritus, photosensitivity
      reactions, verrucous keratosis, keratoacanthomas, or squamous cell carcinomas,
      have been described. Thirty cases of vemurafenib-associated panniculitis are
      available in the literature with variable clinical relevance. Only 9 of them
      exhibited definitive evidence of neutrophilic panniculitis. They all consist of
      multiple lesions, usually located in the lower limbs. Histopathologically, they
      have been described as predominantly neutrophilic, lymphocytic, or mixed, more
      commonly with lobular location. We report an additional case of neutrophilic
      panniculitis in a 45-year-old woman treated with vemurafenib for metastatic
      melanoma, presenting as a single lesion on his right leg. The lesion resolved
      spontaneously and did not need treatment reduction. The presentation of this
      condition with a single lesion is particularly challenging. Recognition of this
      association is important given the increasing use of vemurafenib and the
      potential implications of treatment withdrawal. 

PMID- 26959696
TI  - Myoepithelioma-like Tumor of the Vulvar Region Presenting as a Nonmyxoid Spindle
      Cell Neoplasm: A Potential Histologic Mimicker of Solitary Fibrous Tumor.
AB  - A new entity termed "myoepithelioma-like tumor of the vulvar region (MELTVR)" has
      been proposed as a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of the vulvar area. Histologically,
      MELTVRs are usually similar to soft tissue myoepitheliomas; however, they have a
      characteristic immunoprofile, including positivity for estrogen receptor and
      negativity for S100 protein, and loss of SMARCB1 expression. In this first known
      case report of MELTVR, the authors present a case of MELTVR that was
      histologically categorized in a nonmyxoid spindle-cell tumor group and resembled
      solitary fibrous tumor rather than soft tissue myoepithelioma. 

PMID- 26959697
TI  - Intravascular Myopericytoma of the Plantar Region: Case Report and Discussion of
      the Probable Origin From a Cutaneous Vascular Malformation.
AB  - Myopericytoma is a perivascular myoid neoplasm of skin and soft tissues
      characterized by numerous thin-walled blood vessels surrounded concentrically by
      round to spindle myoid tumor cells, which shows alpha-smooth muscle actin and h
      caldesmon coexpression and commonly negativity for desmin. These tumors arise
      predominantly in extremities of adult patients with benign clinical course. Based
      on the architectural pattern, there are various histologic variants as classical
      solid myopericytoma, hemangiopericytoma-like myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma-like
      myopericytoma, myofibroma-like myopericytoma, hipocelular fibroma-like
      myopericytoma, intravascular myopericytoma, cellular immature myopericytoma, and
      malignant myopericytoma. The authors report a case that fully satisfies the
      morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for intravascular myopericytoma,
      which plantar location is not previously described in the literature. In
      addition, the authors discuss about its possible development from a preexistent
      cutaneous vascular malformation. 

PMID- 26959698
TI  - An Index Case of Cutaneous Hodgkin Lymphoma and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), although a common hematopoietic malignancy, presents as a
      primary cutaneous form in extraordinarily rare instances. In this study, we
      present a remarkable case of a 76-year-old woman with a history of bony
      metastatic breast cancer who developed multiple subcutaneous nodules on the left
      neck and scalp. A biopsy revealed the histological and immunohistochemical
      findings of classic HL. She was treated with systemic chemotherapy and quickly
      achieved disease remission. Five months later, she was alive and without evidence
      of lymphoma, consistent with our understanding of primary cutaneous HL as an
      indolent variant of HL. 

PMID- 26959699
TI  - Clear-Cell Atypical Fibroxanthoma: A Combined Immunohistochemistry Analysis.
AB  - Atypical fibroxanthoma is considered to be a low-grade sarcoma, characterized by
      a proliferation of bizarre spindled cells. A case of a rare variant of this
      tumor, a clear-cell atypical fibroxanthoma, presenting with rapid growth on a 63
      year-old female, is reported. The differential diagnosis of a clear cell
      proliferation and a review of the immunohistochemistry markers used in the
      diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma are discussed. In particular, the usefulness
      of markers such as CD10, procollagen 1, CD68, CD163, CD99, and S100A6, and the
      importance of negative markers such as S100, cytokeratin, and desmin are
      emphasized. Furthermore, the development of a keratoacanthoma at the site of
      previous Mohs surgery is recounted. 

PMID- 26959701
TI  - Multinuclear silver(I) XPhos complexes with cyclooctatetraene: photochemical C-C
      bond cleavage of acetonitrile and cyanide bridged Ag cluster formation.
AB  - Cationic mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-nuclear silver complexes with Buchwald-type
      phosphane (XPhos) and cyclooctatetraene (COT) have been synthesized and
      characterized. Formation of [(XPhos-Ag)n(COT)][SbF6]n (n = 1 and 2) complexes was
      confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and multinuclear NMR
      spectroscopy. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy in CD2Cl2 solution shows the
      fluxionality of the COT ring in the mono-Ag(i) XPhos complex. Fluxionality of COT
      was also confirmed in the case of the di-Ag(i) XPhos complex by solid-state and
      solution (31)P NMR spectroscopy. The C-C bond cleavage of coordinated
      acetonitrile [XPhos-Ag(i)-NCCH3] resulting in cyanide bridged Ag cluster
      formation [(XPhos-Ag)2(MU-CN)n(MU-Ag)n-1] (n = 1, 2, 3 and 4) upon light
      excitation of [(XPhos-Ag)n(COT)] was confirmed by HRESI-MS, UV-Absorption and HR
      TEM. 

PMID- 26959700
TI  - General and Stereocontrolled Approach to the Chemical Synthesis of Naturally
      Occurring Cyanogenic Glucosides.
AB  - An effective method for the chemical synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides has been
      developed as demonstrated by the synthesis of dhurrin, taxiphyllin, prunasin,
      sambunigrin, heterodendrin, and epiheterodendrin. O-Trimethylsilylated
      cyanohydrins were prepared and subjected directly to glucosylation using a fully
      acetylated glucopyranosyl fluoride donor with boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate
      as promoter to afford a chromatographically separable epimeric mixture of the
      corresponding acetylated cyanogenic glucosides. The isolated epimers were
      deprotected using a triflic acid/MeOH/ion-exchange resin system without any
      epimerization of the cyanohydrin function. The method is stereocontrolled and
      provides an efficient approach to chemical synthesis of other naturally occurring
      cyanogenic glucosides including those with a more complex aglycone structure. 

PMID- 26959702
TI  - Terpyridine Molybdenum Dinitrogen Chemistry: Synthesis of Dinitrogen Complexes
      That Vary by Five Oxidation States.
AB  - A bimetallic molybdenum complex bridged by an activated dinitrogen ligand and
      supported by phosphine and terpyridine ligands, [{((Ph)Tpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(MU2
      N2)][BArF(24)]2 [(Ph)Tpy = 4'-Ph-2,2',6',2"-terpyridine; ArF(24) = (C6H3-3,5
      (CF3)2)4], was synthesized and structurally characterized, and its electronic
      structure was determined using a combination of experimental and density
      functional theory computational methods. Each molybdenum atom is best described
      as molybdenum(II) bridged by a modestly activated [N2](2-) ligand. The cyclic
      voltammogram of [{((Ph)Tpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(MU2-N2)](2+) displays two reversible
      reductive and two reversible oxidative features, prompting the preparation and
      characterization of a series of molybdenum dinitrogen compounds spanning five
      oxidation states ([{((Ph)Tpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(MU2-N2)][BArF(24)]n, where n = 4, 3,
      2, 1, 0). Raman and (15)N NMR spectroscopic data establish that the bridging
      nitrogen ligand remains intact across the redox series. Electron paramagnetic
      resonance spectroscopy was used to probe the nature of the unpaired electron in
      the mixed-valent electronic oxidized and reduced products. The singly occupied
      molecular orbital is principally metal-based in [{((Ph)Tpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(MU2
      N2)](3+) and ligand-localized in [{((Ph)Tpy)(PPh2Me)2Mo}2(MU2-N2)](+). 

PMID- 26959703
TI  - Genetic insights into statin-associated diabetes risk.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Meta-analyses of major statin trials have suggested that
      statin therapy modestly increases the risk of developing diabetes. However, the
      quality of the data on which these findings are based is not without weaknesses
      and it has also been unclear whether this effect, if true, is an on-target or off
      target effect of statins. RECENT FINDINGS: In a major Mendelian randomization
      study of variants in the HMGCR gene, which encodes the protein through which
      statins exert their effect, two polymorphisms associated with lower LDL
      cholesterol were also associated with higher weight, higher waist circumference,
      higher glucose and higher diabetes risk. These findings correspond with findings
      from the statin trials. In addition, new observational studies using a genetic
      risk score for LDL-cholesterol suggest that other pathways linked to LDL
      cholesterol metabolism may also affect diabetes risk. SUMMARY: Genetic studies
      indicate that the observed effect of statins on diabetes risk in trials is highly
      likely to be a true on-target effect. Although other recent studies have
      suggested that genetically determined lower LDL-cholesterol may be linked to
      diabetes risk, further data from both genetic studies and clinical trials of
      other LDL-cholesterol lowering agents are needed to confirm or refute this.

PMID- 26959705
TI  - Role of sulfatase 2 in lipoprotein metabolism and angiogenesis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article summarizes the current evidence to support a role
      of sulfatase 2 (SULF2) in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism and
      angiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are involved
      in the hepatic clearance of TRLs in mice and in humans. Different genetically
      modified mouse models have been instrumental to provide evidence that syndecan1,
      the core protein of HSPG, but also the degree of sulfation of the heparin sulfate
      chain, attached to syndecan 1, is important for hepatic TRL metabolism. Studies
      in humans demonstrate the regulating role of SULF2 in the hepatic uptake of TRL
      by HSPG and demonstrate the importance of 6-O-sulfation, modulated by SULF2, for
      HSPG function. The role of SULF2 in angiogenesis is illustrated by increased
      SULF2 mRNA expression in the stalk cells of angiogenic vascular sprouts that use
      fatty acids derived from TRL as a source for biomass production. Interestingly,
      SULF2 also interferes with HSPG-vascular endothelial growth factor binding, which
      impacts upon the angiogenic properties of stalk cells. SUMMARY: SULF2 is a
      multifaceted protein involved in TRL homeostasis and angiogenesis. Future
      investigations should focus on the potential benefits of targeting SULF2 in
      atherosclerosis and angiogenesis.

PMID- 26959704
TI  - Trimethylamine-N-oxide: a link between the gut microbiome, bile acid metabolism,
      and atherosclerosis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article evaluates the link between trimethylamine-N-oxide
      (TMAO) and bile acids and the consequent impact on the development of
      atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Elevation in plasma TMAO concentrations is
      associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in many different
      patient cohorts. In addition to the recently identified direct effects of TMAO on
      the development of atherosclerosis, other components involved in TMAO metabolism
      may also have an impact. Furthermore, the relationship between TMAO and bile acid
      regulation is emerging as a possible mediator of atherosclerosis. SUMMARY:
      Studies that are emerging highlight the mechanistic relationship of TMAO to the
      development atherosclerosis in addition to its role as disease biomarker. The
      interplay between TMAO and bile acid metabolism mediated through multiple
      factors, such as the gut microbiome, farnesoid X receptor signaling, and flavin
      monooxygenase 3 activity may help identify another pathway by which
      atherosclerosis occurs. In this review, we discuss the most recent data regarding
      atherosclerosis, TMAO, and bile acid metabolism.

PMID- 26959707
TI  - Developing role of microRNA-33 in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26959708
TI  - Cholesterol metabolism and breast cancer.

PMID- 26959706
TI  - Genetic susceptibility to cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) remains a major cause of death
      and a leading cause of disability worldwide. CeVD is a complex and multifactorial
      disease caused by the interaction of vascular risk factors, environment, and
      genetic factors. In the present article, we discussed genetic susceptibility to
      CeVD, with particular emphasis on genetic studies of the associations between
      lipid traits and CeVD. RECENT FINDINGS: Several animal and clinical studies
      clearly defined genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis and CeVD, and
      particularly to ischemic stroke. Recent evidence has shown that traditional
      vascular risk factors explain only a small proportion of variance in
      atherosclerosis, suggesting that additional nontraditional factors and novel
      genetic determinants impact CeVD. With the help of genome-wide technology, novel
      genetic variants have been implicated in CeVD and lipid metabolism such as those
      in protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene in stroke and familial
      hypercholesterolemia. These studies are important as they contribute to our
      understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying CeVD and to developing more
      effective CeVD prevention strategies. SUMMARY: CeVD is a complex and
      multifactorial disease and genetics likely plays an important role in its
      pathogenesis. The gene-gene and gene-environment interactions of genes involved
      in biology of vascular disease, including the lipid metabolism are important
      factors for individual susceptibility to CeVD. Accounting for individual
      variation in genes, environment and lifestyle will bring us closer to precision
      medicine, which is an emerging and recently introduced new approach for disease
      treatment and prevention in clinical practice.

PMID- 26959709
TI  - Cholesterol-absorbed in thought.

PMID- 26959710
TI  - Endogenous or exogenous antioxidants vs. pro-oxidants in macrophage
      atherogenicity.

PMID- 26959711
TI  - Do the mechanisms by which LDL-c levels are reduced influence the extent of
      clinical benefit which subsequently accrues?

PMID- 26959713
TI  - Copy number variation in ALOX5 and PTGER1 is associated with NSAIDs-induced
      urticaria and/or angioedema.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cross-intolerance to NSAIDs is a class of drug hypersensitivity
      reaction, of which NSAIDs-induced urticaria and/or angioedema (NIUA) are the most
      frequent clinical entities. They are considered to involve dysregulation of the
      arachidonic acid pathway; however, this mechanism has not been confirmed for
      NIUA. In this work, we assessed copy number variations (CNVs) in eight of the
      main genes involved in the arachidonic acid pathway and their possible genetic
      association with NIUA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CNVs in ALOX5, LTC4S, PTGS1, PTGS2,
      PTGER1, PTGER2, PTGER3, and PTGER4 were analyzed using TaqMan copy number assays.
      Genotyping was carried out by real-time quantitative PCR. Individual genotypes
      were assigned using the CopyCaller Software. Statistical analysis was carried out
      using GraphPad prism 5, PLINK, EPIDAT, and R version 3.1.2. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: A total of 151 cases and 139 controls were analyzed during the
      discovery phase and 148 cases and 140 controls were used for replication. CNVs in
      open reading frames were found for ALOX5, PTGER1, PTGER3, and PTGER4.
      Statistically significant differences in the CNV frequency between NIUA and
      controls were found for ALOX5 (Pc=0.017) and PTGER1 (Pc=1.22E-04). This study
      represents the first analysis showing an association between CNVs in exonic
      regions of ALOX5 and PTGER1 and NIUA. This suggests a role of CNVs in this
      pathology that should be explored further.

PMID- 26959714
TI  - Deep sequencing identifies novel regulatory variants in the distal promoter
      region of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enzyme that converts dopamine into
      norepinephrine, is a drug target in cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric
      disorders. We aimed to identify functional variants in this gene by deep
      sequencing and enzyme phenotyping in an Indian cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Targeted resequencing of 12 exons and 10 kb upstream sequences of DBH in healthy
      volunteers (n=50) was performed using the Ion Personal Genome Machine System.
      Enzyme quantity and activity in their sera samples were determined by ELISA and
      ultra performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The association of markers
      with phenotypes was determined using Matrix eQTL. Global P-values for haplotypes
      generated using UNPHASED 3.1.5 were graphed using GrASP v.082 beta. RESULTS: Of
      the 49 variants identified, nine were novel (minor allele frequency>=0.01).
      Though individual markers associated with enzyme quantity did not withstand
      multiple corrections, a novel distal promoter block driven by rs113249250 (global
      P=1.5*10) was associated. Of the nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      associated with enzyme activity, rs3025369, rs1076151 and rs1611115, all from the
      upstream region, withstood false discovery rate correction (false discovery
      rate=0.03, 0.03 and 2.9*10, respectively). Conditioning for rs1611115 identified
      rs1989787 also to affect activity. Importantly, we report an association of a
      novel haplotype block distal to rs1076151 driven by rs3025369 (global P=8.9*10)
      with enzyme activity. This regulatory SNP explained 4.9% of the total 46.1% of
      variance in DBH activity caused by associated SNPs. CONCLUSION: This first study
      combining deep sequencing and enzyme phenotyping identified yet another
      regulatory SNP suggesting that regulatory variants may be central in the
      physiological or metabolic role of this gene of therapeutic and pharmacological
      relevance.

PMID- 26959715
TI  - Clinical efficacy of recombinant versus highly purified follicle-stimulating
      hormone according to follicle-stimulating hormone receptor genotype.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Conflicting data have been reported on the comparative doses of
      recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) and urinary highly purified
      follicle-stimulating hormone (HP-FSH) required for ovarian stimulation. Nothing
      is known about the clinical efficacy of rFSH or HP-FSH depending on the N680S
      follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) polymorphism. Our aim was to
      investigate whether the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR gene affects ovarian
      response with different forms of FSH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective
      cohort study includes 382 cycles performed at Instituto Bernabeu from 191 oocyte
      donors. All donors carried out two cycles: one with rFSH and the other one with
      HP-FSH (group 1, n=63), both with HP-FSH (group 2, n=100) or both with rFSH
      (group 3, n=28). The results were compared by pairs from each patient. The main
      outcomes were oocyte yield, metaphase II matured oocytes (MII), days of
      stimulation, and gonadotropin dosage. RESULTS: No significant differences were
      found when we compared the cycles for donors in group 1. However, according to
      the FSHR polymorphism, statistical differences were shown. For the SS genotype,
      more oocytes (16.9 vs. 18.4) and MII (12.8 vs. 15.5) were yielded in the HP-FSH
      cycle. For the NS genotype, more oocyte (20.1 vs. 16.9) and MII (17.4 vs. 14.2)
      were yielded in the rFSH cycle. For the NN genotype, no differences were found.
      No differences were found when we compared the cycles in groups 2 and 3
      irrespective of the FSHR polymorphism. CONCLUSION: For the first time, we have
      shown in a population of egg donors that the N680S FSHR gene polymorphism affects
      the efficacy of HP-FSH or rFSH. The FSHR genotype is an important factor to
      determine the dosage and the nature of the gonadotropin selected for ovarian
      stimulation.

PMID- 26959718
TI  - Rectified Proton Grotthuss Conduction Across a Long Water-Wire in the Test
      Nanotube of the Polytheonamide B Channel.
AB  - A hydrogen-bonded water-chain in a nanotube is highly proton conductive, and
      examining the proton flux under electric fields is crucial to understanding the
      one-dimensional Grotthuss conduction. Here, we exploited a nanotube-forming
      natural product, the peptide polytheonamide B (pTB), to examine proton conduction
      mechanisms at a single-molecule level. The pTB nanotube has a length of ~40 A
      that spans the membrane and a uniform inner diameter of 4 A that holds a single
      file water-chain. Single-channel proton currents were measured using planar lipid
      bilayers in various proton concentrations and membrane potentials (+/-400 mV). We
      found, surprisingly, that the current-voltage curves were asymmetric with
      symmetric proton concentrations in both solutions across the membrane
      (rectification). The proton flux from the C-terminal to the N-terminal end was
      1.6 times higher than that from the opposite. At lower proton concentrations, the
      degree of rectification was attenuated, but with the addition of a pH-buffer
      (dichloroacetate) that supplies protons near the entrance, the rectification
      emerged. These results indicate that the permeation processes inside the pore
      generate the rectification, which is masked at low concentrations by the
      diffusion-limited access of protons to the pore entrance. The permeation
      processes were characterized by a discrete-state Markov model, in which hops of a
      proton followed by water-chain turnovers were implemented. The optimized model
      revealed that the water-chain turnover exhibited unusual voltage dependence, and
      the distinct voltage-dependencies of the forward and backward transition rates
      yielded the rectification. The pTB nanotube serves as a rectified proton
      conductor, and the design principles can be exploited for proton-conducting
      materials.

PMID- 26959717
TI  - HLA-DRB1*16: 01-DQB1*05: 02 is a novel genetic risk factor for flupirtine-induced
      liver injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Flupirtine is a nonopioid analgesic with regulatory approval in a
      number of European countries. Because of the risk of serious liver injury, its
      use is now limited to short-term pain management. We aimed to identify genetic
      risk factors for flupirtine-related drug-induced liver injury (DILI) as these are
      unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six flupirtine-related DILI patients from Germany
      were included in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving a further 614
      European cases of DILI because of other drugs and 10,588 population controls.
      DILI was diagnosed by causality assessment and expert review. Human leucocyte
      antigen (HLA) and single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes were imputed from the
      GWAS data, with direct HLA typing performed on selected cases to validate HLA
      predictions. Four replication cases that were unavailable for the GWAS were
      genotyped by direct HLA typing, yielding an overall total of 10 flupirtine DILI
      cases. RESULTS: In the six flupirtine DILI cases included in the GWAS, we found a
      significant enrichment of the DRB1*16:01-DQB1*05:02 haplotype compared with the
      controls (minor allele frequency cases 0.25 and minor allele frequency controls
      0.013; P=1.4 * 10(-5)). We estimated an odds ratio for haplotype carriers of 18.7
      (95% confidence interval 2.5-140.5, P=0.002) using population-specific HLA
      control data. The result was replicated in four additional cases, also with a
      haplotype frequency of 0.25. In the combined cohort (six GWAS plus four
      replication cases), the haplotype was also significant (odds ratio 18.7, 95%
      confidence interval 4.31-81.42, P=6.7 * 10(-5)). CONCLUSION: We identified a
      novel HLA class II association for DILI, confirming the important contribution of
      HLA genotype towards the risk of DILI generally.

PMID- 26959719
TI  - Ethyl Nitroacetate in Aza-Henry Addition on Trifluoromethyl Aldimines: A Solvent
      Free Procedure To Obtain Chiral Trifluoromethyl alpha,beta-Diamino Esters.
AB  - A self-catalyzed aza-Henry addition of ethyl nitroacetate on N-alkyl
      trifluoromethyl aldimines was reported to synthesize beta-amino alpha-nitro
      trifluoromethyl esters, precursors of alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives. In the
      presence of a resident chiral center on the imine nitrogen, the use of a suitable
      Lewis acid leads to a good stereofacial control, always resulting from a
      nucleophilic unlike attack. By starting from optically pure N-protected
      trifluoromethyl aldimines or directly from N-alpha-amino ester trifluoromethyl
      aldimines, small psi[CH(CF3)NH]-peptidomimetic backbones can be achieved in which
      a new primary amine function represents a possible center for synthetic
      extension. Finally, a very interesting, and never observed before, palladium
      catalyzed syn beta-elimination occurred, leading to the selective nitro group
      reduction reaction on the syn-alpha-amino ester functionalized aza-Henry adducts
      and obtaining more stable optically pure trifluoromethyl conjugated imines. 

PMID- 26959716
TI  - Dietary intake alters gene expression in colon tissue: possible underlying
      mechanism for the influence of diet on disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the association between diet and disease is well documented,
      the biologic mechanisms involved have not been entirely elucidated. In this
      study, we evaluate how dietary intake influences gene expression to better
      understand the underlying mechanisms through which diet operates. METHODS: We
      used data from 144 individuals who had comprehensive dietary intake and gene
      expression data from RNAseq using normal colonic mucosa. Using the DESeq2
      statistical package, we identified genes that showed statistically significant
      differences in expression between individuals in high-intake and low-intake
      categories for several dietary variables of interest adjusting for age and sex.
      We examined total calories, total fats, vegetable protein, animal protein,
      carbohydrates, trans-fatty acids, mutagen index, red meat, processed meat, whole
      grains, vegetables, fruits, fiber, folate, dairy products, calcium, and prudent
      and western dietary patterns. RESULTS: Using a false discovery rate of less than
      0.1, meat-related foods were statistically associated with 68 dysregulated genes,
      calcium with three dysregulated genes, folate with four dysregulated genes, and
      nonmeat-related foods with 65 dysregulated genes. With a more stringent false
      discovery rate of less than 0.05, there were nine meat-related dysregulated genes
      and 23 nonmeat-related genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified three major
      networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to meat-related
      dietary variables and three networks among genes identified as dysregulated with
      respect to nonmeat-related variables. The top networks (Ingenuity Pathway
      Analysis network score >30) associated with meat-related genes were (i) cancer,
      organismal injury, and abnormalities, tumor morphology, and (ii) cellular
      function and maintenance, cellular movement, cell death, and survival. Among
      genes related to nonmeat consumption variables, the top networks were (i)
      hematological system development and function, nervous system development and
      function, tissue morphology and (ii) connective tissue disorders, organismal
      injury, and abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Several dietary factors were associated
      with gene expression in our data. These findings provide insight into the
      possible mechanisms by which diet may influence disease processes.

PMID- 26959720
TI  - Evidence for horizontal transfer of a recently active Academ transposon.
AB  - Horizontal transfer (HT), the exchange of genetic material between species, plays
      important roles in transposon biology and genome evolution. In this study, we
      provide the first documented example of a new Academ transposon involved in
      recent and distant HTs into the genomes of species belonging to seven different
      orders of insects: Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Embioptera, Dermaptera,
      Trichoptera and Zoraptera. These results suggest that HT of DNA transposons
      amongst insects has occurred on a broader scale than previously appreciated. The
      Academ transposon discovered in the Lepidoptera and parasitic wasps is of
      particular interest because the intimate association between wasps and their
      lepidopteran hosts might provide an opportunity for HT of transposons.

PMID- 26959721
TI  - Funnel-freezing versus heat-stabilization for the visualization of metabolites by
      mass spectrometry imaging in a mouse stroke model.
AB  - Tissue preparation is the key to a successful matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) experiment. Rapid
      post-mortem changes contribute a significant challenge to the use of MSI
      approaches for the analysis of peptides and metabolites. In this technical note
      we aimed to compare the tissue fixation method ex-vivo heat-stabilization with in
      situ funnel-freezing in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) mouse model of
      stroke, which causes profound alterations in metabolite concentrations. The
      influence of the duration of the thaw-mounting of the tissue sections on
      metabolite stability was also determined. We demonstrate improved stability and
      biomolecule visualization when funnel-freezing was used to sacrifice the mouse
      compared with heat-stabilization. Results were further improved when funnel
      freezing was combined with fast thaw-mounting of the brain sections.

PMID- 26959722
TI  - Reciprocal Influences of Drinking Motives on Alcohol Use and Related
      Consequences: A Full Cross-Lagged Panel Study Among Young Adult Men.
AB  - Using a full cross-lagged model, this study investigates the extent to which
      drinking motives predict alcohol use and related consequences, and vice versa. At
      baseline and 15 months later, 4575 men (mean age = 19.4 years) in Switzerland
      completed a questionnaire assessing drinking motives, average weekly consumption,
      risky single-occasion drinking, and alcohol-related consequences. Results
      indicated that social and enhancement motives more strongly influenced alcohol
      use over time than the other way round. Coping motives predicted an increase in
      alcohol-related consequences, and vice versa. Higher social motives predicted an
      increase in coping motives while higher coping motives predicted a decrease in
      enhancement motives. These results suggest that social and enhancement motives
      amplify each other in early adulthood and predict increases in risky drinking.
      Structural measures aimed at reducing opportunities to engage in heavy drinking
      are recommended. Additionally, the detection of young adult men vulnerable to
      maladaptive coping behaviors appears important for alcohol prevention strategies.

PMID- 26959723
TI  - Correlates of partner and family violence among older Canadians: a life-course
      approach.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Knowledge about individual and interpersonal correlates of violence
      in Canadian seniors is limited. This study identifies correlates of current and
      past violence by intimate partner and family member(s) in community-dwelling
      Canadian seniors, while accounting for childhood adverse circumstances. METHODS:
      We performed logistic regression analysis of baseline data from a longitudinal
      study of community-dwelling individuals aged 65 to 74 years and living in
      Kingston (Ontario) and Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec). Domestic violence was assessed
      using the Hurt- Insult-Threaten-Scream (HITS) screening tool. Odds ratios (ORs)
      are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Current violence of a
      psychological nature was reported by 18% of the sample. Women were at greater
      risk of current and lifetime violence perpetrated by a family member (current
      violence: adjusted OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.02-3.30) as well as experiencing violence
      from their intimate partner in their lifetime than were men (adjusted OR = 2.48;
      95% CI: 1.40-4.37). Risk factors have accumulated over the life course that were
      found to be consistently associated with both current and lifetime violence
      included having witnessed violence at home in childhood (lifetime violence by
      family member: adjusted OR = 9.46; 95% CI: 5.11-17.52), as well as poor quality
      of relationships with intimate partners, family and friends. CONCLUSION: Our
      research documents the ongoing impact of early adversity on subsequent partner
      and family violence in Canada. Findings identify some preventable factors
      associated with current psychological violence and past violence among community
      dwelling Canadian seniors.

PMID- 26959725
TI  - Metabolism of Hydrocarbons in n-Alkane-Utilizing Anaerobic Bacteria.
AB  - The glycyl radical enzyme-catalyzed addition of n-alkanes to fumarate creates a C
      C-bond between two concomitantly formed stereogenic carbon centers. The
      configurations of the two diastereoisomers of the product resulting from n-hexane
      activation by the n-alkane-utilizing denitrifying bacterium strain HxN1, i.e. (1
      methylpentyl)succinate, were assigned as (2S,1'R) and (2R,1'R). Experiments with
      stereospecifically deuterated n-(2,5-2H2)hexanes revealed that exclusively the
      pro-S hydrogen atom is abstracted from C2 of the n-alkane by the enzyme and later
      transferred back to C3 of the alkylsuccinate formed. These results indicate that
      the alkylsuccinate-forming reaction proceeds with an inversion of configuration
      at the carbon atom (C2) of the n-alkane forming the new C-C-bond, and thus
      stereochemically resembles a SN2-type reaction. Therefore, the reaction may occur
      in a concerted manner, which may avoid the highly energetic hex-2-yl radical as
      an intermediate. The reaction is associated with a significant primary kinetic
      isotope effect (kH/kD >=3) for hydrogen, indicating that the homolytic C-H-bond
      cleavage is involved in the first irreversible step of the reaction mechanism.
      The (1-methylalkyl)succinate synthases of n-alkane-utilizing anaerobic bacteria
      apparently have very broad substrate ranges enabling them to activate not only
      aliphatic but also alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, two denitrifiers and one
      sulfate reducer were shown to convert the nongrowth substrate toluene to
      benzylsuccinate and further to the dead-end product benzoyl-CoA. For this
      purpose, however, the modified beta-oxidation pathway known from alkylbenzene
      utilizing bacteria was not employed, but rather the pathway used for n-alkane
      degradation involving CoA ligation, carbon skeleton rearrangement and
      decarboxylation. Furthermore, various n-alkane- and alkylbenzene-utilizing
      denitrifiers and sulfate reducers were found to be capable of forming benzyl
      alcohols from diverse alkylbenzenes, putatively via dehydrogenases. The
      thermophilic sulfate reducer strain TD3 forms n-alkylsuccinates during growth
      with n-alkanes or crude oil, which, based on the observed patterns of homologs,
      do not derive from a terminal activation of n-alkanes. 

PMID- 26959724
TI  - Estimating the completeness of physician billing claims for diabetes case
      ascertainment using population-based prescription drug data.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Changes in physician reimbursement policies may hinder the
      collection of billing claims in administrative data; this can result in biased
      estimates of disease prevalence and incidence. However, the magnitude of data
      loss is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to estimate completeness
      of capture of disease cases for Manitoba physicians paid by fee-for-service (FFS)
      and non-fee-for-service (NFFS) methods. METHODS: Manitoba's administrative data
      were used to identify a cohort (>= 20 years) with a new diabetes medication
      between 1 April, 2007, and 31 March, 2009. Cohort members were classified by
      payment method of the prescribing physician (i.e. FFS vs. NFFS). The cohort was
      then classified as missing or not missing a diabetes diagnosis using physician
      claims and hospital records. Then, chi2 statistics were used to test for
      differences in the characteristics of the two groups. RESULTS: The cohort
      consisted of 12 394 individuals; 86.4% had a prescription for a diabetes
      medication from an FFS physician. A total of 1172 physicians (81.8% FFS)
      prescribed these medications for the cohort. Cohort members with a prescription
      from an FFS physician were older and more likely to reside in the urban Winnipeg
      health region than those with a prescription from a NFFS physician. A greater
      percentage of NFFS physicians' cases were missing a diabetes diagnosis (18.7%vs.
      14.9% for FFS physicians). CONCLUSION: The results suggest minimal loss of
      physician claims associated with remuneration policies in Manitoba. This method
      of assessing data completeness could be applied to other chronic diseases and
      jurisdictions to estimate completeness.

PMID- 26959727
TI  - Current aortic endografts for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
AB  - Endovascular Aneurysm Repair is a widely adopted method of treatment for patients
      with abdominal aortic aneurysms. The minimally invasive approach offered with
      EVAR has become popular not only among physicians and patients, but in the
      medical device industry as well. Over the past 25 years the global market for
      aortic endografts has increased rapidly, resulting in a wide range of devices
      from various companies. Currently, there are seven endografts approved by the FDA
      for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. These devices offer a wide range
      of designs intended to increase inclusion criteria while decreasing technical
      complications such as endoleak and migration. Despite advances in device design,
      secondary interventions and follow-up requirements remain a significant issue.
      New devices are currently being studied in the U.S. and abroad and may
      significantly reduce complications and secondary interventions. 

PMID- 26959726
TI  - LC-MS/MS of permethylated N-glycans derived from model and human blood serum
      glycoproteins.
AB  - LC-MS/MS is one of the most powerful tools for N-glycan structure elucidation;
      however, it is still challenging to identify some glycan structures with low
      abundance. In this study, we investigated the chromatographic behavior of
      permethylated N-glycans. The relationship between retention times versus
      molecular weight of dextran, dextrin, and model glycans was investigated. Also,
      the nonpolar surface area of glycans was calculated and compared to their
      experimental retention times. Both retention time and nonpolar surface area
      trends are similar when the intermolecular interaction is included in the
      calculation. Moreover, retention time corresponds to glycan types and branch
      types. The N-glycans analysis model, which combines high mass accuracy and
      retention time, was applied to confirm serum N-glycans. In total, there were 78 N
      glycan compositions identified. A linear relationship between retention times and
      molecular weights were observed for each subgroup of glycan structures, for
      example, R(2) value for complex N-glycans was determined to be > 0.98. Moreover,
      the retention time could be further applied to distinguish between structural
      isomers as well as linkage isomers. MS/MS data were used to confirm the
      structural isomers.

PMID- 26959728
TI  - Pigtail catheter "propping" for MitraClip percutaneous transcatheter mitral valve
      repair.
AB  - In recent years percutaneous therapy has emerged as a feasible and effective
      option for the treatment of mitral regurgitation, particularly in cases where the
      risks of conventional cardiac surgery are prohibitively high. To date the most
      widely used percutaneous approach is beating heart, edge-to-edge repair with the
      MitraClip device (Abbott Vascular-Structural Heart, Menlo Park, CA). The
      technique requires simultaneous grasping and approximation of both mitral valve
      leaflets prior to securing and releasing the clip. However, this may be
      technically challenging or indeed impossible in patients with failure of
      coaptation, particularly when there is a large coaptation gap. We present an
      approach for overcoming this relatively common obstacle based on "propping" the
      anterior mitral valve leaflet toward its posterior counterpart with a diagnostic
      pigtail catheter to reduce the coaptation gap and to allow grasping of both
      leaflets without difficulty. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 26959729
TI  - Fermentative Cyclohexane Carboxylate Formation in Syntrophus aciditrophicus.
AB  - Short-chain fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric or lactic acids are
      typical primary fermentation products in the anaerobic feeding chain. Fifteen
      years ago, a novel fermentation type was discovered in the obligately anaerobic
      Deltaproteobacterium Syntrophus aciditrophicus. During fermentative growth with
      crotonate and/or benzoate, acetate is formed in the oxidative branch and
      cyclohexane carboxylate in the reductive branch. In both cases cyclohexa-1,5
      diene-1-carboxyl-CoA (Ch1,5CoA) is a central intermediate that is either formed
      by a class II benzoyl-CoA reductase (fermentation of benzoate) or by reverse
      reactions of the benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway (fermentation of crotonate).
      Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the enzymology involved in
      fermentations yielding cyclohexane carboxylate as an excreted product. The
      characteristic enzymes involved are two acyl-CoA dehydrogenases specifically
      acting on Ch1,5CoA and cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxyl-CoA. Both enzymes are also
      employed during the syntrophic growth of S. aciditrophicus with cyclohexane
      carboxylate as the carbon source in coculture with a methanogen. An investigation
      of anabolic pathways in S. aciditrophicus revealed a rather unusual pathway for
      glutamate synthesis involving a Re-citrate synthase. Future work has to address
      the unresolved question concerning which components are involved in reoxidation
      of the NADH formed in the oxidative branch of the unique cyclohexane carboxylate
      fermentation pathway in S. aciditrophicus. 

PMID- 26959730
TI  - [Rules and regulations threaten non-pharmacological studies in children].
AB  - Many non-pharmacological interventions have only been tested in adults, and
      evidence on using these in children is lacking. To enhance child healthcare,
      research is required into these interventions in children. However, current rules
      and regulations make it difficult to conduct research into these low-risk,
      minimal-burden interventions. We describe the current rules and regulations on
      conducting research in children in the Netherlands and discuss the possibilities
      for adapting certain rules in accordance with the type of research that is
      performed. 

PMID- 26959731
TI  - [Anorectal symptoms after prostate radiotherapy].
AB  - Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Dutch men and has a relatively good
      survival rate. Anorectal symptoms after irradiation of the prostate, including
      rectal blood loss and faecal incontinence, can have a serious impact on quality
      of life. On endoscopy, the Vienna Rectoscopy Score may reveal telangiectasia or
      other mucosal changes, but there may also be other causes of blood loss.
      Endoscopy or watchful waiting can be considered in patients with rectal bleeding.
      Sucralfate enemas, argon plasma coagulation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are
      effective treatments. Increase in frequency of defaecation, faecal urgency or
      incontinence are related to decreased rectal compliance or to lowered anal
      resting pressure. Dietary measures can be considered in patients with faecal
      urgency or incontinence, but scientific evidence for the effectiveness of this is
      marginal. More accurate radiation techniques and the use of a spacer or
      endorectal balloon will probably contribute to maintaining rectal and anal
      function.

PMID- 26959732
TI  - [Cognitive deterioration following intracranial haemorrhage: predominantly
      dependent on cognitive health before the event].
AB  - Strokes are associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and
      dementia, but little is known about the effect of intracranial haemorrhage on
      cognitive deterioration. The paper discussed here evaluated 167 patients with an
      intracranial haemorrhage and with several mini-mental state examination (MMSE)
      measurements over time, starting 6 months after the index event. Only those risk
      factors already present before the haemorrhage, such as pre-existing cognitive
      dysfunction and cortical atrophy on MRI, were associated with more severe
      cognitive deterioration. This suggests that cognitive deterioration is
      independent of intracranial haemorrhage; however, there are several caveats. The
      lack of a control group and lack of cognitive data before the haemorrhage limit
      the number of conclusions that can be drawn. Whether it has an isolated or a
      neurodegenerative effect on cognition or not, a stroke is always best prevented.
      As strokes and dementia have considerable overlap in risk factors, prevention is
      the key. 

PMID- 26959733
TI  - [Dieffenbachia poisoning in an infant].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plant poisoning is becoming an increasingly common reason to consult
      a doctor. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 7-month-old infant was sent to the emergency room
      by her general practitioner with a suspected apparent life-threatening event
      (ALTE). Her parents reported the sudden development of fluctuating restlessness
      and listlessness, superficial breathing, vomiting, drowsiness and episodes of
      loss of consciousness. On physical examination we saw a pale, listless and
      variably responsive girl. During admission for observation, she improved within a
      few hours, although she had one episode of blood admixture with the stool. After
      discharge from hospital, the infant's grandmother suggested that the symptoms
      could be due to poisoning from a Dieffenbachia plant. The literature supports
      this explanation. CONCLUSION: Young parents and doctors appear to know little
      about plant toxicity in general and Dieffenbachia in particular. In small
      children with poorly-understood symptoms, the possibility plant poisoning should
      be considered.

PMID- 26959734
TI  - [A woman with a locked knee].
AB  - A 25-year-old female presented with locking of the left knee after an
      assertiveness training. The MRI scan showed a bucket-handle tear of the medial
      meniscus. The medial meniscus was dislocated into the intercondylar fossa, in
      which the image of a second posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) was simulated. This
      is also called a 'double PCL sign'. 

PMID- 26959735
TI  - [Active career management needed for female doctors].
AB  - For more than 15 years two-thirds of medical students have been women. Despite
      this, they represent a minority (16-25 %) of professors in academic medicine.
      There is still a major gender gap to the disadvantage of women in leading
      positions in academia, with women earning only 80% of the salary of their male
      counterparts and fewer opportunities for scientific grants. Recent studies have
      shown that career ambition among men and women in medicine is comparable.
      However, successful women more often doubt their own achievements than men do.
      This is known as the 'imposter phenomenon' and acts as a barrier to career
      progression. Female leadership should be more actively promoted and encouraged to
      establish the diversity and creativity that we need in our current healthcare
      system. 

PMID- 26959736
TI  - [Primary care patients hastening death by voluntarily stopping eating and
      drinking].
AB  - PURPOSE: Little is known about the role family physicians play when a patient
      deliberately hastens death by voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED).
      The purpose of this study was to gain more insight for family physicians when
      confronted with patients who wish to hasten death by VSED. We aimed to describe
      physicians' involvement in VSED, to describe characteristics and motives of their
      patients, and to describe the process of VSED in terms of duration, as well as
      common symptoms in the last 3 days of life. METHOD: We undertook a survey of a
      random national sample of 1,100 family physicians (response rate 72%), and 500 of
      these physicians received questions about their last patient who hastened death
      by VSED. RESULTS: Of the 978 eligible physicians, 708 responded (72.4%); 46% had
      cared for a patient who hastened death by VSED. Of the 500 physicians who
      received the additional questions, 440 were eligible and 285 (64.8%) responded;
      they described 99 cases of VSED. Seventy percent of these patients were aged
      older than 80 years, 76% had severe disease (27% with cancer), and 77% were
      dependent on others for everyday care. Frequent reasons for the patients' death
      wish were somatic (79%), existential (77%), and dependence (58%). Median time
      until death was 7 days, and the most common symptoms before death were pain,
      fatigue, impaired cognitive functioning, and thirst or dry throat. Family
      physicians were involved in 62% of cases. CONCLUSION: Patients who hasten death
      by VSED are mostly in poor health. It is not unlikely for family physicians to be
      confronted with VSED. They can play an important role in caring for these
      patients and their proxies by informing them of VSED and by providing support and
      symptom management during VSED.

PMID- 26959737
TI  - MiR-26a and miR-144 inhibit proliferation and metastasis of esophageal squamous
      cell cancer by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2.
AB  - The altered expression of miRNAs is involved in carcinogenesis of esophageal
      squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but whether miRNAs regulate COX-2 expression in
      ESCC is not clear. To this end, the expression levels of miR-26a and miR-144 in
      ESCC clinical tissues and cell lines were investigated by qRT-PCR. COX-2 and PEG2
      were quantified by western blot and ELISA. Decrease in miR-26a and miR-144
      expression in ESCC was found by a comparison between 30 pairs of ESCC tumor and
      adjacent normal tissues as well as in 11 ESCC cell lines (P < 0.001). Co
      transfection of miR-26a and miR-144 in ESCC cell lines more significantly
      suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion than did either miR-26a or
      miR-144 alone (all P < 0.001), as shown by assays of CCK8, migration and invasion
      and flow cytometry. The inhibitory effect of these two miRNAs in vivo was also
      verified in nude mice xenograft models. COX-2 was confirmed as a target of miR
      26a and miR-144. In conclusion, miR-26a and miR-144 expression is downregulated
      in ESCC. Co-expression of miR-26a and miR-144 in ESCC cells resulted in
      inhibition of proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that
      targeting COX-2 may be the mechanism of these two miRNAs. 

PMID- 26959738
TI  - Cholesterol consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: a systematic review and
      dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro studies have indicated the link of cholesterol consumption
      and endometrial cancer risk, however, previous observational studies have yielded
      inconsistent results. Additionally, a previous meta-analysis published in 2007
      found limited evidence of aforementioned association. Therefore, we performed the
      dose-response meta-analysis to address this concern. Studies were identified
      using the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases from the database inception
      to the end of June 2015 as well as by examining the references of retrieved
      articles. Two authors independently performed the eligibility evaluation and data
      extraction. The summary risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were
      summarized by the random-effects models. One cohort and nine case-control studies
      were included in the dose-response analyses. Risk of endometrial cancer increased
      by 6% for 100 mg/day increment in the dietary consumption of cholesterol (Odds
      ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.00-1.12), with significant heterogeneity (I2 =
      64.2, P = 0.003). When stratified by study design, the result was significant in
      case-control studies (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.01-1.13). Additionally, although the
      direction of the associations were consistent in the subgroup analyses stratified
      by study characteristics and adjustment for potential confounders, not all of
      them showed statistical significance. In summary, findings of the present dose
      response meta-analysis partly support the positive association between dietary
      cholesterol consumption and risk of endometrial cancer. Since only one cohort
      study was included, more prospective studies and pooled analysis of observational
      studies are warranted to confirm our findings in the future. 

PMID- 26959739
TI  - Androgen receptor in Sertoli cells regulates DNA double-strand break repair and
      chromosomal synapsis of spermatocytes partially through intercellular EGF-EGFR
      signaling.
AB  - Spermatogenesis does not progress beyond the pachytene stages of meiosis in
      Sertoli cell-specific AR knockout (SCARKO) mice. However, further evidence of
      meiotic arrest and underlying paracrine signals in SCARKO testes is still
      lacking. We utilized co-immunostaining of meiotic surface spreads to examine the
      key events during meiotic prophase I. SCARKO spermatocytes exhibited a failure in
      chromosomal synapsis observed by SCP1/SCP3 double-staining and CREST foci
      quantification. In addition, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were formed but were
      not repaired in the mutant spermatocytes, as revealed by gamma-H2AX staining and
      DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) activity examination. The later stages of
      DSB repair, such as the accumulation of the RAD51 strand exchange protein and the
      localization of mismatch repair protein MLH1, were correspondingly altered in
      SCARKO spermatocytes. Notably, the expression of factors that guide RAD51 loading
      onto sites of DSBs, including TEX15, BRCA1/2 and PALB2, was severely impaired
      when either AR was down-regulated or EGF was up-regulated. We observed that some
      ligands in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family were over-expressed in SCARKO
      Sertoli cells and that some receptors in the EGF receptor (EGFR) family were
      ectopically activated in the mutant spermatocytes. When EGF-EGFR signaling was
      repressed to approximately normal by the specific inhibitor AG1478 in the
      cultured SCARKO testis tissues, the arrested meiosis was partially rescued, and
      functional haploid cells were generated. Based on these data, we propose that AR
      in Sertoli cells regulates DSB repair and chromosomal synapsis of spermatocytes
      partially through proper intercellular EGF-EGFR signaling. 

PMID- 26959740
TI  - A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 3'-UTR region of the adipocyte fatty acid
      binding protein 4 gene is associated with prognosis of triple-negative breast
      cancer.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with poor
      prognosis and high heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to screen patients
      for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the prognosis of TNBC.
      Database-derived SNPs (NextBio, Ensembl, NCBI and MirSNP) located in the 3'
      untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of genes that are differentially expressed in
      breast cancer were selected. The possible associations between 111 SNPs and
      progression risk among 323 TNBC patients were investigated using a two-step case
      control study with a discovery cohort (n=162) and a validation cohort (n=161). We
      identified the rs1054135 SNP in the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4
      (FABP4) gene as a predictor of TNBC recurrence. The G allele of rs1054135 was
      associated with a reduced risk of disease progression as well as a prolonged
      disease-free survival time (DFS), with a hazard ratio (HR) for recurrence in the
      combined sample of 0.269 [95%CI: 0.098-0.735;P=0.001]. Notably, for individuals
      having the rs1054135 SNP with the AA/AG genotype, the magnitude of increased
      tumour recurrence risk for overweight patients (BMI>=25kg/m2) was significantly
      elevated (HR2.53; 95%CI: 1.06-6.03). Immunohistochemical staining of adipocytes
      adjacent to TNBC tissues showed that the expression level of FABP4 was
      statistically significantly lower in patients with the rs1054135-GG genotype and
      those in the disease-free group (P=0.0004 and P=0.0091, respectively). These
      results suggested that the expression of a lipid metabolism-related gene and an
      important SNP in the 3'-UTR of FABP4 are associated with TNBC prognosis, which
      may aid in the screening of high-risk patients with TNBC recurrence and the
      development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. 

PMID- 26959741
TI  - SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 regulates pyruvate kinase M2 in
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is known to promote tumourigenesis through dimer
      formation of p-PKM2Y105. Here, we investigated whether SH2-containing protein
      tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) decreases p-PKM2Y105 expression and, thus,
      determines the sensitivity of sorafenib through inhibiting the nuclear-related
      function of PKM2. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot confirmed the effect of SHP
      1 on PKM2Y105 dephosphorylation. Lactate production was assayed in cells and
      tumor samples to determine whether sorafenib reversed the Warburg effect.
      Clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor samples were assessed for PKM2
      expression. SHP-1 directly dephosphorylated PKM2 at Y105 and further decreased
      the proliferative activity of PKM2; similar effects were found in sorafenib
      treated HCC cells. PKM2 was also found to determine the sensitivity of targeted
      drugs, such as sorafenib, brivanib, and sunitinib, by SHP-1 activation.
      Significant sphere-forming activity was found in HCC cells stably expressing
      PKM2. Clinical findings suggest that PKM2 acts as a predicting factor of early
      recurrence in patients with HCC, particularly those without known risk factors
      (63.6%). SHP-1 dephosphorylates PKM2 at Y105 to inhibit nuclear function of PKM2
      and determines the efficacy of targeted drugs. Targeting PKM2 by SHP-1 might
      provide new therapeutic insights for patients with HCC. 

PMID- 26959743
TI  - Intravenous administration of the selective toll-like receptor 7 agonist DSR
      29133 leads to anti-tumor efficacy in murine solid tumor models which can be
      potentiated by combination with fractionated radiotherapy.
AB  - Strategies to augment anti-cancer immune responses have recently demonstrated
      therapeutic utility. To date clinical success has been achieved through targeting
      co-inhibitory checkpoints such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1. However, approaches
      that target co-activatory pathways are also being actively being developed. Here
      we report that the novel TLR7-selective agonist DSR-29133 is well tolerated in
      mice and leads to acute immune activation. Administration of DSR-29133 leads to
      the induction of IFNalpha/gamma, IP-10, TNFalpha, IL-1Ra and IL-12p70, and to a
      reduction in tumor burden in syngeneic models of renal cancer (Renca), metastatic
      osteosarcoma (LM8) and colorectal cancer (CT26). Moreover, we show that the
      efficacy of DSR-29133 was significantly improved when administered in combination
      with low-dose fractionated radiotherapy (RT). Effective combination therapy
      required weekly administration of DSR-29133 commencing on day 1 of a fractionated
      RT treatment cycle, whereas no enhancement of radiation response was observed
      when DSR-29133 was administered at the end of the fractionated RT cycle. Combined
      therapy resulted in curative responses in a high proportion of mice bearing
      established CT26 tumors which was dependent on the activity of CD8+ T-cells but
      independent of CD4+ T-cells and NK/NKT cells. Moreover, long-term surviving mice
      originally treated with DSR-29133 and RT were protected by a tumor-specific
      memory immune response which could prevent tumor growth upon rechallenge. These
      results demonstrate that DSR-29133 is a potent selective TLR7 agonist that when
      administered intravenously can induce anti-tumor immune responses that can be
      further enhanced through combination with low-dose fractionated RT. 

PMID- 26959742
TI  - Key roles of necroptotic factors in promoting tumor growth.
AB  - Necroptotic factors are generally assumed to play a positive role in tumor
      therapy by eliminating damaged tumor cells. Here we show that, contrary to
      expectation, necroptotic factors RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL promote tumor growth. We
      demonstrate that genetic knockout of necroptotic genes RIPK1, RIPK3, or MLKL in
      cancer cells significantly attenuated their abilities to grow in an anchorage
      independent manner. In addition, they exhibited significantly enhanced
      radiosensitivity. The knockout cells also showed greatly reduced ability to form
      tumors in mice. Moreover, necrosulfonamide (NSA), a previously identified
      chemical inhibitor of necroptosis, could significantly delay tumor growth in a
      xenograft model. Mechanistically, we show that necroptoic factors play a
      significant role in maintaining the activity of NF-kappaB. Finally, we found that
      high levels of phosphorylated MLKL in human esophageal and colon cancers are
      associated with poor overall survival. Taken together, we conclude that pro
      necroptic factors such as RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL may play a role in supporting
      tumor growth, and MLKL may be a promising target for cancer treatment. 

PMID- 26959744
TI  - Combination of metronomic cyclophosphamide and dietary intervention inhibits
      neuroblastoma growth in a CD1-nu mouse model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MYCN-amplification in high-grade Neuroblastoma (NB) tumors correlates
      with increased vascularization and therapy resistance. This study combines an
      anti-angiogenic approach with targeting NB metabolism for treatment. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Metronomic cyclophosphamide (MCP) monotherapy significantly inhibited NB
      growth and prolonged host survival. Growth inhibition was more pronounced in MYCN
      amplified xenografts. Immunohistochemical evaluation of this subtype showed
      significant decrease in blood vessel density and intratumoral hemorrhage
      accompanied by blood vessel maturation and perivascular fibrosis. Up-regulation
      of VEGFA was not sufficient to compensate for the effects of the MCP regimen.
      Reduced Bcl-2 expression and increased caspase-3 cleavage were evident. In
      contrast non MYCN-amplified tumors developed resistance, which was accompanied by
      Bcl-2-up-regulation. Combining MCP with a ketogenic diet and/or calorie
      restriction significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effect. Calorie-restricted
      ketogenic diet in combination with MCP resulted in tumor regression in all cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data show efficacy of combining an anti-angiogenic
      cyclophosphamide dosing regimen with dietary intervention in a preclinical NB
      model. These findings might open a new front in NB treatment.

PMID- 26959745
TI  - The survival benefit and safety of No. 12a lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer
      patients with distal or total gastrectomy.
AB  - There has still not been a consensus in aspects of survival benefit and safety on
      No.12a lymph nodes (LNs) dissection for gastric cancer patients. This study was
      aimed to evaluate this issue for patients with distal or total gastrectomy.
      Patients were retrospectively divided into 12aD+ group (with No.12a dissection)
      and 12aD-group (without No.12a dissection). Clinicopathologic characteristics,
      survival rate, morbidity and mortality were compared. There were 670 patients in
      12aD+ group, while 567 in 12aD-group. The baselines between the two groups were
      comparable. The No.12a LNs metastasis ratio was 11.6% and higher in lower third
      tumor. The metastasis of No.5 LNs, N stage and M stage were correlated to
      metastasis of No.12a LNs. There was no difference in morbidity nor mortality
      between the two groups. The 5-year overall survival rates (5-y OS) were 59.6% and
      55.1% in 12aD+ group and 12aD-group respectively (P = 0.075). The 5-y OS of
      patients with negative and positive No.12a LNs were 62.3% and 24.1%. The survival
      of stage III patients with No.12a positive was better than that of stage IV
      patients. The 5-y OS were better in 12aD+ group for patients with ages more than
      60, lower third tumor, distal gastrectomy, N3 status, or III stages compared with
      12aD-group. No.12a lymphadenectomy was independently better prognostic factors
      for stage III patients. No.12a LNs metastasis should not be considered as distant
      metastasis. No.12a lymphadenectomy can be performed safely and should be
      indicated for potentially curable progressive stage tumors requiring distal
      gastrectomy and might be reserved in patients with stage I or II, or upper third
      tumor. 

PMID- 26959746
TI  - Therapy of pancreatic cancer via an EphA2 receptor-targeted delivery of
      gemcitabine.
AB  - First line treatment for pancreatic cancer consists of surgical resection, if
      possible, and a subsequent course of chemotherapy using the nucleoside analogue
      gemcitabine. In some patients, an active transport mechanism allows gemcitabine
      to enter efficiently into the tumor cells, resulting in a significant clinical
      benefit. However, in most patients, low expression of gemcitabine transporters
      limits the efficacy of the drug to marginal levels, and patients need frequent
      administration of the drug at high doses, significantly increasing systemic drug
      toxicity. In this article we focus on a novel targeted delivery approach for
      gemcitabine consisting of conjugating the drug with an EphA2 targeting agent. We
      show that the EphA2 receptor is highly expressed in pancreatic cancers, and
      accordingly, the drug-conjugate is more effective than gemcitabine alone in
      targeting pancreatic tumors. Our preliminary observations suggest that this
      approach may provide a general benefit to pancreatic cancer patients and offers a
      comprehensive strategy for enhancing delivery of diverse therapeutic agents to a
      wide range of cancers overexpressing EphA2, thereby potentially reducing toxicity
      while enhancing therapeutic efficacy. 

PMID- 26959747
TI  - The paradigm-shifting idea and its practice: from traditional abortion Chinese
      medicine Murraya paniculata to safe and effective cancer metastatic
      chemopreventives.
AB  - Recent large epidemiological studies demonstrated benefit of oral contraceptives
      in reducing cancer risk, and our analysis also showed molecular and cellular
      similarities between embryo implantation and CTCs adhesion-invasion to
      endothelium. We here hypothesize that abortion traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
      may serve well for pre-metastatic chemoprevention. To test the hypothesis, we
      selected the safe and well-known abortifacient TCM Murraya paniculata and
      identified a most-promising extracted fraction G (containing flavonoids and
      coumarins) from its many raw ethanol/dichloromethane extracts by using the
      bioactivity-guided fast screen assay. G showed free radical scavenging effect,
      and specifically inhibited both embryo implantation to human endometrial bed and
      cancer HT29 cells to human endothelium in a concentration-dependent manner (1-30
      MUg/mL) without significant cytotoxicity demonstrated by its high adhesion
      inhibition ratio. The inhibition may result from its down-regulation on
      expression of integrin beta1 and alpha6, and CD44 on HT29 cells, as well as E
      selectin on endothelial cells. Furthermore, G inhibited invasion and migration of
      HT29 cells. Pretreatment followed by one-month oral administration of G to the
      immunocompetent mice inoculated with mouse melanoma cells produced significant
      inhibition on lung metastasis without marked side effects. Collectively, this
      paradigm-shifting study provides, for the first time, a new strategy to discover
      safe and effective pre-metastatic chemopreventives from abortion TCM. 

PMID- 26959751
TI  - Introducing QMC/MMpol: Quantum Monte Carlo in Polarizable Force Fields for
      Excited States.
AB  - We present for the first time a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics scheme
      which combines quantum Monte Carlo with the reaction field of classical
      polarizable dipoles (QMC/MMpol). In our approach, the optimal dipoles are self
      consistently generated at the variational Monte Carlo level and then used to
      include environmental effects in diffusion Monte Carlo. We investigate the
      performance of this hybrid model in describing the vertical excitation energies
      of prototypical small molecules solvated in water, namely, methylenecyclopropene
      and s-trans acrolein. Two polarization regimes are explored where either the
      dipoles are optimized with respect to the ground-state solute density (polGS) or
      different sets of dipoles are separately brought to equilibrium with the states
      involved in the electronic transition (polSS). By comparing with reference
      supermolecular calculations where both solute and solvent are treated quantum
      mechanically, we find that the inclusion of the response of the environment to
      the excitation of the solute leads to superior results than the use of a frozen
      environment (point charges or polGS), in particular, when the solute-solvent
      coupling is dominated by electrostatic effects which are well recovered in the
      polSS condition. QMC/MMpol represents therefore a robust scheme to treat
      important environmental effects beyond static point charges, combining the
      accuracy of QMC with the simplicity of a classical approach. 

PMID- 26959753
TI  - Therapeutic Optimization as Part of the Precision Medicine Paradigm.

PMID- 26959748
TI  - Diagnostic FDG and FDOPA positron emission tomography scans distinguish the
      genomic type and treatment outcome of neuroblastoma.
AB  - Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous childhood cancer that requires multiple
      imaging modalities for accurate staging and surveillances. This study aims to
      investigate the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-fluoro-dihydroxyphenylalanine (FDOPA) in
      determining the prognosis of NB. During 2007-2014, forty-two NB patients
      (male:female, 28:14; median age, 2.0 years) undergoing paired FDG and FDOPA PET
      scans at diagnosis were evaluated for the maximum standardized uptake value
      (SUV(max)) of FDG or FDOPA by the primary tumor. Patients with older age,
      advanced stages, or MYCN amplification showed higher FDG and lower FDOPA SUV(max)
      (all P < 0.02). Receiver operating characteristics analysis identified FDG
      SUV(max) >= 3.31 and FDOPA SUV(max) < 4.12 as an ultra-high-risk feature (PET
      UHR) that distinguished the most unfavorable genomic types, i.e. segmental
      chromosomal alterations and/or MYCN amplification, at a sensitivity of 81.3%
      (54.4%-96.0%) and a specificity of 93.3% (68.1%-99.8%). Considering with age,
      stage, MYCN status, and anatomical image-defined risk factor, PET-UHR was an
      independent predictor of inferior event-free survival (multivariate hazard ratio,
      4.9 [1.9-30.1]; P = 0.012). Meanwhile, the ratio between FDG and FDOPA SUV(max)
      (G:D) correlated positively with HK2 (Spearman's rho = 0.86, P < 0.0001) and
      negatively with DDC (rho = -0.58, P = 0.02) gene expression levels, which might
      suggest higher glycolytic activity and less catecholaminergic differentiation in
      NB tumors taking up higher FDG and lower FDOPA. In conclusion, the intensity of
      FDG and FDOPA uptake on diagnostic PET scans may predict the tumor behavior and
      complement the current risk stratification systems of NB.

PMID- 26959755
TI  - Career Profile.

PMID- 26959756
TI  - A framework for quantifying the influence of adherence and dose
      individualization.
AB  - A failure to accommodate for a patient's imperfect adherence may result in
      therapeutic failure. Similarly, failure to accommodate a patient's individual
      needs via dose individualization may also result in poor patient outcomes. The
      property of a drug that signifies the likelihood of therapeutic success to
      imperfect adherence is termed "forgiveness." We introduce an extension to this
      concept as: (1) a priori forgiveness (forgiveness when dose individualization is
      not considered) and (2) a posteriori forgiveness (forgiveness when considering
      dose individualization). We illustrate cases when adherence is of primary
      importance and in which dose individualization is of primary importance. The
      concept of a priori forgiveness and a posteriori forgiveness provides a
      quantitative measure that allows the influence of adherence to be disentangled
      from dose individualization and could be used to provide clear guidelines about
      the relative importance of each in clinical practice. 

PMID- 26959757
TI  - Long working hours and the risk of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 26959758
TI  - Inter-correlation between working hours, sleep duration, obesity, and 10-year
      risk for CHD.

PMID- 26959759
TI  - Authors' response to letter to editor.

PMID- 26959760
TI  - Repeat Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration for Thyroid Nodules 10 mm or
      Larger Can Be Performed 10.7 Months After Initial Nondiagnostic Results.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate when repeat ultrasound
      (US)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for thyroid nodules 10 mm or larger with
      initial nondiagnostic results due to inadequate or unsatisfactory specimen could
      be performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 228 nodules 10 mm or larger with
      initial nondiagnostic results in 223 patients were classified into three groups
      according to the first follow-up US or US-guided FNA intervals after the initial
      US-guided FNA: within 3 months (group 1), 3-9 months (group 2), and more than 9
      months (group 3). Nodules were classified according to size change. The
      malignancy detection rate and clinicopathologic characteristics were compared
      among the three groups. RESULTS: Seven nodules (3.1%) were malignant, and their
      cancer stages were the same as that determined at the initial US-guided FNA.
      Malignancy detection rates, as well as tumor size, extrathyroidal extension, and
      lymph node metastasis at pathologic analysis, were not significantly different
      among the three groups. Thirteen of 228 nodules (5.7%) showed increased size at a
      mean (+/- SD) of 34.5 +/- 25.1 months (range, 10.7-84.7 months) after initial US
      guided FNA, and one of the 13 nodules (7.7%) was malignant, a minimally invasive
      follicular carcinoma without lymph node metastasis found at 63.2 months. Of 177
      nodules without change, six papillary thyroid carcinomas (3.4%) were found at a
      mean of 10.4 months. None of the 38 nodules with decreased size during a mean
      follow-up interval of 26.1 +/- 19.8 months (range, 2.8-79.5 months) was
      malignant. CONCLUSION: Repeat US-guided FNA for initial nondiagnostic thyroid
      nodules after 10.7 months can reduce unnecessary repeat US-guided FNAs without
      progression of malignancy.

PMID- 26959761
TI  - Measuring aging rates of mice subjected to caloric restriction and genetic
      disruption of growth hormone signaling.
AB  - Caloric restriction and genetic disruption of growth hormone signaling have been
      shown to counteract aging in mice. The effects of these interventions on aging
      are examined through age-dependent survival or through the increase in age
      dependent mortality rates on a logarithmic scale fitted to the Gompertz model.
      However, these methods have limitations that impede a fully comprehensive
      disclosure of these effects. Here we examine the effects of these interventions
      on murine aging through the increase in age-dependent mortality rates on a linear
      scale without fitting them to a model like the Gompertz model. Whereas these
      interventions negligibly and non-consistently affected the aging rates when
      examined through the age-dependent mortality rates on a logarithmic scale, they
      caused the aging rates to increase at higher ages and to higher levels when
      examined through the age-dependent mortality rates on a linear scale. These
      results add to the debate whether these interventions postpone or slow aging and
      to the understanding of the mechanisms by which they affect aging. Since
      different methods yield different results, it is worthwhile to compare their
      results in future research to obtain further insights into the effects of
      dietary, genetic, and other interventions on the aging of mice and other species.

PMID- 26959763
TI  - Evidence for Context Switching in the Effects of Average Item Length and Item
      Length Variability on Internal Consistency.
AB  - This investigation examined the effects of 3 item characteristics-the average
      number of words per item, within-scale variability in item length, and item
      "direction"-on internal consistency reliability and interitem correlation. In
      Study 1, we examined the effects of these variables on overall scale-level
      reliability using 444 subscales from 9 personality scales. In Study 2, we
      examined interitem correlation at the paired-item level using 477 nonredundant
      item pairs from 14 personality scales. Lower scale reliability was associated
      with more average words per item, greater within-scale variability in item
      length, and a greater percentage of reverse-keyed items. Similarly, smaller
      interitem correlations were associated with a greater degree of mismatch in item
      length between the paired items and with a mismatch (vs. match) in the items'
      respective "directions." The pattern of results across both studies supports our
      notion that lower internal consistency results from increased context switching;
      that is, from the confusion that occurs when respondents must switch back and
      forth between the interpretive frames pertaining to short versus long items, or
      between items pertaining to one pole of a personality dimension and its
      "opposite" pole. Suggestions for maximizing the internal consistency of
      personality scales are proposed.

PMID- 26959762
TI  - Immortalized Mouse Achilles Tenocytes Demonstrate Long-Term Proliferative
      Capacity While Retaining Tenogenic Properties.
AB  - Investigating the cellular processes underlying tendon healing can allow
      researchers to improve long-term outcomes after injury. However, conducting
      meaningful studies to uncover the injury healing mechanism at cellular and
      molecular levels remains challenging. This is due to the inherent difficulty in
      isolating, culturing, and expanding sufficient primary tenocytes, due to their
      limited proliferative capacity and short lifespan. In this study, we sought to
      establish a novel line of immortalized mouse Achilles tenocytes (iMATs) with
      primary tenocyte properties, but increased proliferative capacity suitable for
      extensive in vitro experimentation. We show that isolated primary mouse Achilles
      tenocytes (pMATs) can be effectively immortalized using a piggyBac transposon
      expressing SV40 large T antigen flanked by FLP recombination target site (FRT).
      The resulting iMATs exhibit markedly greater proliferation and survival, which
      can be reversed with FLP recombinase. Furthermore, iMATs express the same set of
      tendon-specific markers as that of primary cells, although in lower levels, and
      respond similarly to exogenous stimulation with bone morphogenetic protein 13
      (BMP13) as has been previously reported with pMATs. Taken together, our results
      suggest that iMATs acquire long-term proliferative capacity while maintaining
      tenogenic properties. We believe that iMATs are a suitable model for studying not
      only the native cellular processes involved in injury and healing, but also
      potential therapeutic agents that may augment the stability of tendon repair. 

PMID- 26959764
TI  - One new linear C14 polyacetylene glucoside with antiadipogenic activities on 3T3
      L1 cells from the capitula of Coreopsis tinctoria.
AB  - Based on characteristic UV spectrum of the ene-diyne chromophore, one new
      polyacetylene glucoside and three known polyacetylene glucosides have been
      isolated from the EtOH extract of Coreopsis tinctoria. Their chemical structures
      were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with
      literature data. Compounds 1-2 were tested for their antiadipogenic effects on
      3T3-L1 adipocytes, and both of them reduced lipid accumulation dose-dependently
      in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 

PMID- 26959798
TI  - Metabolic load in dairy cows kept in herbage-based feeding systems and
      suitability of potential markers for compromised well-being.
AB  - Herbage feeding with only little input of concentrates plays an important role in
      milk production in grassland dominated countries like Switzerland. The objective
      was to investigate the effects of a solely herbage-based diet and level of milk
      production on performance, and variables related to the metabolic, endocrine and
      inflammatory status to estimate the stress imposed on dairy cows. Twenty-five
      multiparous Holstein cows were divided into a control (C+, n = 13) and a
      treatment group (C-, n = 12), according to their previous lactation yield (4679
      10 808 kg) from week 3 ante partum until week 8 post-partum (p.p.). While C+
      received fresh herbage plus additional concentrate, no concentrate was fed to C-
      throughout the experiment. Within C+ and C-, the median of the preceding
      lactation yields (7752 kg) was used to split cows into a high (HYC+, HYC-)- and
      low-yielding (LYC+, LYC-) groups. Throughout the study, HYC+ had a higher milk
      yield (35.9 kg/d) compared to the other subgroups (27.2-31.7 kg/d, p < 0.05).
      Plasma glucose (3.51 vs. 3.72 mmol/l) and IGF-1 (66.0 vs. 78.9ng/mL)
      concentrations were lower in HYC-/LYC- compared to HYC+/LYC+ cows (p < 0.05).
      Plasma FFA and BHBA concentrations were dramatically elevated in HYC- (1.1 and
      1.6 mmol/l) compared to all other subgroups (mean values: 0.5 and 0.6 mmol/l, p <
      0.05). Saliva cortisol, plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA),
      haptoglobin (Hp), beta-endorphin (BE) and activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP)
      were not different between C+ and C-. In conclusion, herbage-fed high-yielding
      cows without supplementary concentrate experienced a high metabolic load
      resulting in a reduced performance compared to cows of similar potential fed
      accordingly. Low-yielding cows performed well without concentrate
      supplementation. Interestingly, the selected markers for inflammation and stress
      such as cortisol, Hp, SAA, BE and AP gave no indication for the metabolic load
      being translated into compromised well-being.

PMID- 26959799
TI  - Omics for personalized medicine: defining the current we swim in.

PMID- 26959800
TI  - Constantin A. Bona, M.D., Ph.D.

PMID- 26959801
TI  - In This Issue: Molecular, Genetic and Cellular Aspects Related to Primary and
      Acquired Immunodeficiencies.

PMID- 26959802
TI  - Evaluation of Known Defective Signaling-Associated Molecules in Patients Who
      Primarily Diagnosed as Common Variable Immunodeficiency.
AB  - Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease,
      associated with defective antibody production and recurrent infections. Several
      defective signaling-associated molecules related to B-cell receptor, T-cell
      receptor, toll-like receptor, and other immune cell-associated receptors have
      been identified so far. In this review, defects of cell signaling associated
      molecules at three levels of surface cytoplasmic, and nuclear molecules are
      highlighted in patients who primarily diagnosed as CVID. It could be suggested
      that impaired cell signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of CVID. 

PMID- 26959803
TI  - Brazilian society of hepatology recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment
      of hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignancy of global importance and is associated
      with a high rate of mortality. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of
      this disease make it imperative to update the recommendations on the management
      of the disease. In order to draw evidence-based recommendations concering the
      diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma, the Brazilian Society of
      Hepatology has sponsored a single-topic meeting in Joao Pessoa (PB). All the
      invited pannelists were asked to make a systematic review of the literature and
      to present topics related to the risk factors for its development, methods of
      screening, radiological diagnosis, staging systems, curative and palliative
      treatments and hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver. After the meeting,
      all panelists gathered together for the discussion of the topics and the
      elaboration of those recommendations. The text was subsequently submitted for
      suggestions and approval of all members of the Brazilian Society of Hepatology
      through its homepage. The present paper is the final version of the reviewed
      manuscript containing the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Hepatology.

PMID- 26959804
TI  - Brazilian society of hepatology recommendations for the diagnosis and management
      of autoimmune diseases of the liver.
AB  - In order to draw evidence-based recommendations concerning the management of
      autoimmune diseases of the liver, the Brazilian Society of Hepatology has
      sponsored a single-topic meeting in October 18th, 2014 at Sao Paulo. An
      organizing committee comprised of seven investigators was previously elected by
      the Governing Board to organize the scientific agenda as well as to select twenty
      panelists to make a systematic review of the literature and to present topics
      related to the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis, primary
      sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and their overlap syndromes.
      After the meeting, all panelists gathered together for the discussion of the
      topics and the elaboration of those recommendations. The text was subsequently
      submitted for suggestions and approval of all members of the Brazilian Society of
      Hepatology through its homepage. The present paper is the final version of the
      reviewed manuscript organized in topics, followed by the recommendations of the
      Brazilian Society of Hepatology.

PMID- 26959805
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of benign liver nodules: Brazilian Society of Hepatology
      (SBH) recommendations.
AB  - Space-occupying lesions of the liver may be cystic or solid. Ultrasonography is
      an extremely useful method for initial screening, and suffices for diagnosis of
      simple hepatic cysts. Complex cysts and solid masses require computed tomography
      or magnetic resonance imaging for confirmation. Wide surgical excision is
      indicated in cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma. Clinical and epidemiological data
      are important, as nodules in noncirrhotic livers are more likely to be benign.
      Hemangiomas, the most common benign tumors, require no follow-up after diagnostic
      confirmation if they are small and asymptomatic. Patients with giant, symptomatic
      hemangiomas or compression of adjacent structures should be referred to
      hepatobiliary centers for potential surgery. The genetic heterogeneity of
      hepatocellular adenomas and their epidemiology and prognosis prompted
      classification of these tumors into four subtypes based on histology and
      immunohistochemistry. The major complications of hepatocellular adenomas are
      rupture with bleeding and malignant transformation. Rupture occurs in
      approximately 30% of cases. The main risk factors are tumors size >5 cm and
      inflammatory subtype. Hepatocellular adenomas may enlarge during pregnancy due to
      marked hormonal stimulation. As oral contraceptive pills and anabolic steroids
      have associated with hepatocellular adenomas growth, particularly of the
      hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alfa subtype, these drugs should be discontinued.
      Focal nodular hyperplasia is the second most common benign tumor of the liver. It
      is most frequent in women aged 20 to 60, and 70% to 90% of cases are
      asymptomatic. In the absence of a central scar and/or other hallmarks of Focal
      nodular hyperplasia, with uncertainty between this diagnosis and hepatocellular
      adenoma, liver-specific contrast agents are indicated.

PMID- 26959806
TI  - Intensive care management of patients with liver disease: proceedings of a single
      topic conference sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Hepatology.
AB  - Survival rates of critically ill patients with liver disease has sharply
      increased in recent years due to several improvements in the management of
      decompensated cirrhosis and acute liver failure. This is ascribed to the
      incorporation of evidence-based strategies from clinical trials aiming to reduce
      mortality. In order to discuss the cutting-edge evidence regarding critical care
      of patients with liver disease, a joint single topic conference was recently
      sponsored by the Brazilian Society of Hepatology in cooperation with the
      Brazilian Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Brazilian Association for
      Organ Transplantation. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the
      aforementioned meeting and it is intended to guide intensive care physicians,
      gastroenterologists and hepatologists in the care management of patients with
      liver disease.

PMID- 26959807
TI  - Some Aspects of Thermal Transport across the Interface between Graphene and Epoxy
      in Nanocomposites.
AB  - Owing to the superior thermal properties of graphene, graphene-reinforced polymer
      nanocomposites hold great potential as the thermal interface materials (TIMs)
      dissipating heat for electronic packages. However, this application is greatly
      hindered by the high thermal resistance at the interface between graphene and
      polymer. In this paper, some important aspects of the improvement of the thermal
      transport across the interface between graphene and epoxy in graphene-epoxy
      nanocomposites, including the effectiveness of covalent and noncovalent
      functionalization, isotope doping, and acetylenic linkage in graphene are
      systematically investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The
      simulation results show that the covalent and noncovalent functionalization
      techniques could considerably reduce the graphene-epoxy interfacial thermal
      resistance in the nanocomposites. Among different covalent functional groups,
      butyl is more effective than carboxyl and hydroxyl in reducing the interfacial
      thermal resistance. Different noncovalent functional molecules, including 1
      pyrenebutyl, 1-pyrenebutyric acid, and 1-pyrenebutylamine, yield a similar amount
      of reductions. Moreover, it is found that the graphene-epoxy interfacial thermal
      resistance is insensitive to the carbon isotope doping in graphene, while it can
      be reduced moderately by replacing the sp(2) bonds in graphene with acetylenic
      linkages. 

PMID- 26959808
TI  - Effect of aerobic fitness on capillary blood volume and diffusing membrane
      capacity responses to exercise.
AB  - KEY POINTS: Endurance trained athletes exhibit enhanced cardiovascular function
      compared to non-athletes, although it is considered that exercise training does
      not enhance lung structure and function. An increased pulmonary capillary blood
      volume at rest is associated with a higher VO2 max . In the present study, we
      compared the diffusion capacity, pulmonary capillary blood volume and diffusing
      membrane capacity responses to exercise in endurance-trained males compared to
      non-trained males. Exercise diffusion capacity was greater in athletes, secondary
      to an increased membrane diffusing capacity, and not pulmonary capillary blood
      volume. Endurance-trained athletes appear to have differences within the
      pulmonary membrane that facilitate the increased O2 demand needed for high-level
      exercise. ABSTRACT: Endurance-trained athletes exhibit enhanced cardiovascular
      function compared to non-athletes, allthough it is generally accepted that
      exercise training does not enhance lung structure and function. Recent work has
      shown that an increased resting pulmonary capillary blood volume (VC ) is
      associated with a higher maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max ), although there
      have been no studies to date examining how aerobic fitness affects the VC
      response to exercise. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that endurance
      trained athletes will have greater VC compared to non-athletes during cycling
      exercise. Fifteen endurance-trained athletes (HI: VO2 max 64.6 +/- 1.8 ml kg(-1) 
      min(-1) ) and 14 non-endurance trained males (LO: VO2 max 45.0 +/- 1.2 ml kg(-1) 
      min(-1) ) were matched for age and height. Haemoglobin-corrected diffusion
      capacity (DLCO), VC and diffusing membrane capacity (DM ) were determined using
      the Roughton and Forster () multiple fraction of inspired O2 (FI O2 )-DLCO method
      at baseline and during incremental cycle exercise up to 90% of peak O2
      consumption. During exercise, both groups exhibited increases in DLCO, DM and VC
      with exercise intensity. Athletes had a greater DLCO and greater DM at 80 and 90%
      of VO2 max compared to non-athletes. However, VC was not different between groups
      during exercise. In contrast to our hypothesis, exercise VC was not greater in
      endurance-trained subjects compared to controls; rather, the increased DLCO in
      athletes at peak exercise was secondary to an enhanced DM . These findings
      suggest that endurance-trained athletes appear to have differences within the
      pulmonary membrane that facilitate the increased O2 demand needed for high-level
      exercise.

PMID- 26959809
TI  - Concentration-Dependent hMSC Differentiation on Orthogonal Concentration
      Gradients of GRGDS and BMP-2 Peptides.
AB  - Self-assembled monolayer substrates containing tethered orthogonal concentration
      profiles of GRGDS (glycine/arginine/glycine/aspartic acid/serine) and BMP-2 (bone
      morphogenetic protein) peptides are shown to accelerate or decelerate, depending
      on the concentrations, the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of
      human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) populations in vitro without the use of
      osteogenic additives in culture medium. Concurrently, the single peptide gradient
      controls (GRGDS or BMP-2 only) induce significantly different proliferation and
      differentiation behavior from the orthogonal substrates. Bone sialoprotein (BSP)
      and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) PCR data acquired from hMSC
      populations isolated by laser capture microdissection correspond spatially and
      temporally to protein marker data obtained from immunofluorescent imaging
      tracking of the differentiation process. Although genomic and protein data at
      high concentrations area GRGDS (71-83 pmol/cm(2)):BMP-2 (25 pmol/cm(2)) reveal an
      implicit acceleration on the hMSC differentiation timeline relative to the
      individual peptide concentrations, most of the GRGDS and BMP-2 combinations
      displayed significant antagonistic behavior during the hMSC differentiation.
      These data highlight the utility of the orthogonal gradient approach to aid in
      identifying optimal concentration ranges of translationally relevant peptides and
      growth factors for targeting cell lineage commitment. 

PMID- 26959810
TI  - Cortical Thickness in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at ~24 h and ~3 months post-injury
      on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; n = 75) and orthopedic injury (n = 60)
      cohorts. The mTBI subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group with
      atorvastatin or a non-treatment mTBI group. The treatment group was further
      divided into drug and placebo subgroups. FreeSurfer software package was used to
      compute cortical thickness based on the three dimensional T1-weighted images at
      both time-points. Cross-sectional analysis was carried out to compare cortical
      thickness between the mTBI and control groups. Longitudinal unbiased templates
      were generated for all subjects and cortical thickness measurements were compared
      between baseline and follow-up scans in the mTBI group. At baseline, significant
      reduction in cortical thickness was observed in the left middle temporal and the
      right superior parietal regions in the mTBI group, relative to the control group
      (p = 0.01). At follow-up, significant cortical thinning was again observed in the
      left middle temporal cortex in the mTBI group. Further analysis revealed
      significant cortical thinning only in the non-treatment group relative to the
      control group. In the follow-up, small regions with significant but subtle
      cortical thinning and thickening were seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal
      lobes in the left hemisphere in the non-treatment group only. Our results
      indicate that cortical thickness could serve as a useful measure in identifying
      subtle changes in mTBI patients.

PMID- 26959811
TI  - Optimization of ultrasound-assisted hydroalcoholic extraction of phenolic
      compounds from walnut leaves using response surface methodology.
AB  - Context Walnut leaves are highly appreciated for their pharmacological effects
      and therapeutic properties which are mainly attributed to their high content of
      phenolic compounds. Objective This study optimizes ultrasound assisted
      hydroalcoholic extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from dried walnut leaves by
      the maximization of total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavanoids content
      (TFC) of the extracts. Materials and methods Optimal conditions with regard to
      ethanol concentration (X1: 12.17-95.83% v/v), extraction time (X2: 8.17-91.83
      min) and liquid-to-solid ratio (X3: 4.96-25.04 v/w) were identified using central
      composite design combined with response surface methodology. A high-performance
      liquid chromatography method with diode-array detection was used to quantify
      phenolic acids (gallic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric,
      ferulic, sinapic, salicylic, ellagic and trans-cinnamic), flavonoids (catechin,
      epicatechin, rutin, myricetin and quercetin) and juglone in the extracts. Results
      Liquid-to-solid ratio and ethanol concentration proved to be the primary factors
      affecting the extraction efficiency. The maximum predicted TPC, under the
      optimized conditions (61% ethanol concentration, 51.28 min extraction time and
      4.96 v/w liquid-to-solid ratio) was 10125.4 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter
      while maximum TFC (2925 mg quercetin equivalents per liter) occurred at 67.83%
      ethanol concentration, 4.96 v/w liquid-to-solid ratio and 49.37 min extraction
      time. High significant correlations were found between antioxidant activity and
      both TPC (R(2 )=( )0.81) and TFC (R(2 )=( )0.78). Discussion and conclusion
      Extracts very rich in polyphenols could be obtained from walnut leaves by using
      UAE, aimed at preparing dietary supplements, nutraceuticals or functional food
      ingredients. 

PMID- 26959812
TI  - Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling-In at the Blind Spot.
AB  - Filling-in at the blind spot is a perceptual phenomenon in which the visual
      system fills the informational void, which arises due to the absence of retinal
      input corresponding to the optic disc, with surrounding visual attributes. It is
      known that during filling-in, nonlinear neural responses are observed in the
      early visual area that correlates with the perception, but the knowledge of
      underlying neural mechanism for filling-in at the blind spot is far from
      complete. In this work, we attempted to present a fresh perspective on the
      computational mechanism of filling-in process in the framework of hierarchical
      predictive coding, which provides a functional explanation for a range of neural
      responses in the cortex. We simulated a three-level hierarchical network and
      observe its response while stimulating the network with different bar stimulus
      across the blind spot. We find that the predictive-estimator neurons that
      represent blind spot in primary visual cortex exhibit elevated non-linear
      response when the bar stimulated both sides of the blind spot. Using generative
      model, we also show that these responses represent the filling-in completion. All
      these results are consistent with the finding of psychophysical and physiological
      studies. In this study, we also demonstrate that the tolerance in filling-in
      qualitatively matches with the experimental findings related to non-aligned bars.
      We discuss this phenomenon in the predictive coding paradigm and show that all
      our results could be explained by taking into account the efficient coding of
      natural images along with feedback and feed-forward connections that allow priors
      and predictions to co-evolve to arrive at the best prediction. These results
      suggest that the filling-in process could be a manifestation of the general
      computational principle of hierarchical predictive coding of natural images. 

PMID- 26959813
TI  - Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) Versus Rhabdias paraensis (Nematoda:
      Rhabdiasidae): Expanding the View on a Natural Infection.
AB  - Amphibian and reptile lungs are frequently infected with Rhabdias parasites, and
      this condition ultimately leads to reduced survival, performance, and growth
      because of granulomatous inflammation, nodule formation, and nematodal pneumonia
      onset. Here we investigate the histopathological features of naturally infected
      Rhinella marina by the lung nematode Rhabdias paraensis. A total of 10 host
      animals were captured in peridomiciliar areas in the eastern Brazilian Amazon,
      and anatomic-histological analyses were performed on both the infected and non
      infected lungs of these amphibians. Helminths were usually found within the
      secondary and primary septa of infected lungs whereas parasites were not detected
      within vessels or adhering to tissues. In addition, we observed discrete
      erythrocytes, diapedesis foci, few granulocytes and erythrocytes in the
      interseptal spaces, discrete cell infiltration, and a small number of
      melanomacrophages, and no granulomas or cysts were observed. New aspects related
      to changes in tissue and helminth-host interactions are discussed for the
      relationship of R. paraensis * Rhi. marina from the Amazon region.

PMID- 26959815
TI  - Facing the Heat: Does Desiccation and Thermal Stress Explain Patterns of
      Orientation in an Intertidal Invertebrate?
AB  - A key challenge for ecologists is to quantify, explain and predict the ecology
      and behaviour of animals from knowledge of their basic physiology. Compared to
      our knowledge of many other types of distribution and behaviour, and how these
      are linked to individual function, we have a poor level of understanding of the
      causal basis for orientation behaviours. Most explanations for patterns of animal
      orientation assume that animals will modify their exposure to environmental
      factors by altering their orientation. We used a keystone grazer on rocky shores,
      the limpet Cellana tramoserica, to test this idea. Manipulative experiments were
      done to evaluate whether orientation during emersion affected limpet desiccation
      or body temperature. Body temperature was determined from infrared thermography,
      a technique that minimises disturbance to the test organism. No causal
      relationships were found between orientation and (i) level of desiccation and
      (ii) their body temperature. These results add to the growing knowledge that
      responses to desiccation and thermal stress may be less important in modifying
      the behaviour of intertidal organisms than previously supposed and that
      thermoregulation does not always reflect patterns of animal orientation. Much of
      what we understand about orientation comes from studies of animals able to modify
      orientation over very short time scales. Our data suggests that for animals whose
      location is less flexible, orientation decisions may have less to do with
      responses to environmental factors and more to do with structural habitat
      properties or intrinsic individual attributes. Therefore we suggest future
      studies into processes affecting orientation must include organisms with
      differing levels of behavioural plasticity. 

PMID- 26959814
TI  - Mevalonate-Farnesal Biosynthesis in Ticks: Comparative Synganglion
      Transcriptomics and a New Perspective.
AB  - Juvenile hormone (JH) controls the growth, development, metamorphosis, and
      reproduction of insects. For many years, the general assumption has been that JH
      regulates tick and other acarine development and reproduction the same as in
      insects. Although researchers have not been able to find the common insect JHs in
      hard and soft tick species and JH applications appear to have no effect on tick
      development, it is difficult to prove the negative or to determine whether
      precursors to JH are made in ticks. The tick synganglion contains regions which
      are homologous to the corpora allata, the biosynthetic source for JH in insects.
      Next-gen sequencing of the tick synganglion transcriptome was conducted
      separately in adults of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, the deer
      tick, Ixodes scapularis, and the relapsing fever tick, Ornithodoros turicata as a
      new approach to determine whether ticks can make JH or a JH precursor. All of the
      enzymes that make up the mevalonate pathway from acetyl-CoA to farnesyl
      diphosphate (acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-S, HMG-R, mevalonate kinase,
      phosphomevalonate kinase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, and farnesyl
      diphosphate synthase) were found in at least one of the ticks studied but most
      were found in all three species. Sequence analysis of the last enzyme in the
      mevalonate pathway, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, demonstrated conservation of
      the seven prenyltransferase regions and the aspartate rich motifs within those
      regions typical of this enzyme. In the JH branch from farnesyl diphosphate to JH
      III, we found a putative farnesol oxidase used for the conversion of farnesol to
      farnesal in the synganglion transcriptome of I. scapularis and D. variabilis.
      Methyltransferases (MTs) that add a methyl group to farnesoic acid to make methyl
      farnesoate were present in all of the ticks studied with similarities as high as
      36% at the amino acid level to insect JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT). However,
      when the tick MTs were compared to the known insect JHAMTs from several insect
      species at the amino acid level, the former lacked the farnesoic acid binding
      motif typical in insects. The P450s shown in insects to add the C10,11 epoxide to
      methyl farnesoate, are in the CYP15 family; this family was absent in our tick
      transcriptomes and in the I. scapularis genome, the only tick genome available.
      These data suggest that ticks do not synthesize JH III but have the mevalonate
      pathway and may produce a JH III precursor. 

PMID- 26959816
TI  - Community Health Seeking Behavior for Suspected Human and Animal Rabies Cases,
      Gomma District, Southwest Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Timely presentation to appropriate health service provider of sick
      animals/humans from zoonotic diseases like rabies is important for early
      case/outbreak detection and management. However, data on community's health
      seeking practice for rabies in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore the objective of
      this study was to determine community's health seeking behavior on rabies,
      Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January
      16-February 14, 2015 to collect data from 808 respondents where the respondents
      were selected using multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using
      interviewer administered structured questionnaire by trained epidemiology
      graduate level students. Data were entered to Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed
      using SPSS version 20 for windows. RESULT: Eight hundred three (99.4%)
      respondents participated in the study. Out of 28 respondents who reported their
      family members' exposure to rabies, 8 of them replied that the exposed family
      members sought treatment from traditional healers. More than nine in ten
      respondents perceived that humans and domestic animals with rabies exposure
      should seek help of which 85% of them suggested modern health care facilities as
      the preferred management option for the sick humans and domestic animals.
      However, among those who reported sick domestic animals, near to 72% of them had
      either slaughtered for human consumption, sold immediately, visited traditional
      healer, given home care or did nothing for the sick domestic animals. CONCLUSION:
      Majority of the respondents had favorable perception of seeking treatment from
      modern health care facilities for rabies. However, significant number of them had
      managed inappropriately for the sick domestic animals from rabies. Hence, raising
      awareness of the community about management of sick domestic animals from rabies
      and the need for reporting to both human and animal health service providers is
      needed.

PMID- 26959818
TI  - Preparation of Heteroaryl Ethers from Azine N-Oxides and Alcohols.
AB  - The heteroaryl ether is an important structural feature in molecules of
      biological interest, yet it remains a challenge to synthesize. A new and
      practical method for the synthesis of heteroaryl ethers is reported. In the
      presence of PyBroP, a variety of nonaromatic alcohols readily add to azine N
      oxides to afford the corresponding heteroaryl ethers. The reaction conditions are
      mild, economical, chemoselective, and compatible with a broad range of
      substrates. Thirty-eight examples are provided, as is a discussion of reaction
      optimization and mechanism. 

PMID- 26959817
TI  - Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Fetal Skin Reveals Key Genes Related to
      Hair Follicle Morphogenesis in Cashmere Goats.
AB  - Cashmere goat skin contains two types of hair follicles (HF): primary hair
      follicles (PHF) and secondary hair follicles (SHF). Although multiple genetic
      determinants associated with HF formation have been identified, the molecules
      that determine the independent morphogenesis of HF in cashmere goats remain
      elusive. The growth and development of SHF directly influence the quantity and
      quality of cashmere production. Here, we report the transcriptome profiling
      analysis of nine skin samples from cashmere goats using 60- and 120-day-old
      embryos (E60 and E120, respectively), as well as newborns (NB), through RNA
      sequencing (RNA-seq). HF morphological changes indicated that PHF were initiated
      at E60, with maturation from E120, while differentiation of SHF was identified at
      E120 until formation of cashmere occurred after birth (NB). The RNA-sequencing
      analysis generated over 20.6 million clean reads from each mRNA library. The
      number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in E60 vs. E120, E120 vs. NB, and
      E60 vs. NB were 1,024, 0 and 1,801, respectively, indicating that no significant
      differences were found at transcriptomic levels between E120 and NB. Key genes
      including B4GALT4, TNC, a-integrin, and FGFR1, were up-regulated and expressed in
      HF initiation from E60 to E120, while regulatory genes such as GPRC5D, PAD3,
      HOXC13, PRR9, VSIG8, LRRC15, LHX2, MSX-2, and FOXN1 were up-regulated and
      expressed in HF keratinisation and hair shaft differentiation from E120 and NB to
      E60. Several genes belonging to the KRT and KRTAP gene families were detected
      throughout the three HF developmental stages. The transcriptional trajectory
      analyses of all DEGs indicated that immune privilege, glycosaminoglycan
      biosynthesis, extracellular matrix receptor interaction, and growth factor
      receptors all played dominant roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal interface and
      HF formation. We found that the Wnt, transforming growth factor-beta/bone
      morphogenetic protein, and Notch family members played vital roles in HF
      differentiation and maturation. The DEGs we found could be attributed to the
      generation and development of HF, and thus will be critically important for
      improving the quantity and quality of fleece production in animals for fibres. 

PMID- 26959820
TI  - Validation of the Recording of Acute Exacerbations of COPD in UK Primary Care
      Electronic Healthcare Records.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute Exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) identified from electronic
      healthcare records (EHR) are important for research, public health and to inform
      healthcare utilisation and service provision. However, there is no standardised
      method of identifying AECOPD in UK EHR. We aimed to validate the recording of
      AECOPD in UK EHR. METHODS: We randomly selected 1385 patients with COPD from the
      Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We selected dates of possible AECOPD based
      on 15 different algorithms between January 2004 and August 2013. Questionnaires
      were sent to GPs asking for confirmation of their patients' AECOPD on the dates
      identified and for any additional relevant information. Responses were reviewed
      independently by two respiratory physicians. Positive predictive value (PPV) and
      sensitivity were calculated. RESULTS: The response rate was 71.3%. AECOPD
      diagnostic codes, lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) codes, and
      prescriptions of antibiotics and oral corticosteroids (OCS) together for 5-14
      days had a high PPV (>75%) for identifying AECOPD. Symptom-based algorithms and
      prescription of antibiotics or OCS alone had lower PPVs (60-75%). A combined
      strategy of antibiotic and OCS prescriptions for 5-14 days, or LRTI or AECOPD
      code resulted in a PPV of 85.5% (95% CI, 82.7-88.3%) and a sensitivity of 62.9%
      (55.4-70.4%). CONCLUSION: Using a combination of diagnostic and therapy codes,
      the validity of AECOPD identified from EHR can be high. These strategies are
      useful for understanding health-care utilisation for AECOPD, informing service
      provision and for researchers. These results highlight the need for common coding
      strategies to be adopted in primary care to allow easy and accurate
      identification of events.

PMID- 26959819
TI  - Plasmalogen Augmentation Reverses Striatal Dopamine Loss in MPTP Mice.
AB  - Plasmalogens are a class of glycerophospholipids shown to play critical roles in
      membrane structure and function. Decreased plasmalogens are reported in the brain
      and blood of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The present study investigated
      the hypothesis that augmenting plasmalogens could protect striatal dopamine
      neurons that degenerate in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in mice, a PD model. First, in a pre
      treatment experiment male mice were treated for 10 days with the docosahexaenoic
      acid (DHA)-plasmalogen precursor PPI-1011 (10, 50 and 200 mg/kg). On day 5 mice
      received MPTP and were killed on day 11. Next, in a post-treatment study, male
      mice were treated with MPTP and then received daily for 5 days PPI-1011 (5, 10
      and 50 mg/kg). MPTP treatment reduced serum plasmalogen levels, striatal contents
      of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, serotonin, DA transporter (DAT) and
      vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Pre-treatment with PPI-1011 (10 and 50
      mg/kg) prevented all MPTP-induced effects. Positive correlations were measured
      between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as striatal DAT
      and VMAT2 specific binding. Post-treatment with PPI-1011 prevented all MPTP
      induced effects at 50 mg/kg but not at lower doses. Positive correlations were
      measured between striatal DA contents and serum plasmalogen levels as well as
      striatal DAT and VMAT2 specific binding in the post-treatment experiment. PPI
      1011 treatment (10 days at 5, 10 and 50 mg/kg) of intact mice left unchanged
      striatal biogenic amine contents. These data demonstrate that treatment with a
      plasmalogen precursor is capable of protecting striatal dopamine markers in an
      animal model of PD. 

PMID- 26959821
TI  - Conscious Augmentation of Creative State Enhances "Real" Creativity in Open-Ended
      Analogical Reasoning.
AB  - Humans have an impressive ability to augment their creative state (i.e., to
      consciously try and succeed at thinking more creatively). Though this "thinking
      cap" phenomenon is commonly experienced, the range of its potential has not been
      fully explored by creativity research, which has often focused instead on
      creativity as a trait. A key question concerns the extent to which conscious
      augmentation of state creativity can improve creative reasoning. Although
      artistic creativity is also of great interest, it is creative reasoning that
      frequently leads to innovative advances in science and industry. Here, we studied
      state creativity in analogical reasoning, a form of relational reasoning that
      spans the conceptual divide between intelligence and creativity and is a core
      mechanism for creative innovation. Participants performed a novel Analogy Finding
      Task paradigm in which they sought valid analogical connections in a matrix of
      word-pairs. An explicit creativity cue elicited formation of substantially more
      creative analogical connections (measured via latent semantic analysis).
      Critically, the increase in creative analogy formation was not due to a generally
      more liberal criterion for analogy formation (that is, it appeared to reflect
      "real" creativity rather than divergence at the expense of appropriateness). The
      use of an online sample provided evidence that state creativity augmentation can
      be successfully elicited by remote cuing in an online environment. Analysis of an
      intelligence measure provided preliminary indication that the influential
      "threshold hypothesis," which has been proposed to characterize the relationship
      between intelligence and trait creativity, may be extensible to the new domain of
      state creativity. 

PMID- 26959822
TI  - The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors Ranibizumab and Aflibercept
      Markedly Increase Expression of Atherosclerosis-Associated Inflammatory Mediators
      on Vascular Endothelial Cells.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have suggested that the VEGF inhibitors, Ranibizumab
      and Aflibercept may be associated with an excess of cardiovascular events,
      potentially driven by increasing atheroma instability, leading to plaque rupture
      and clinical events. Inflammation plays a key role in the progression of
      atherosclerotic plaque and particularly conversion to an unstable phenotype.
      Here, we sought to assess the in vitro effects of these drugs on the expression
      of key inflammatory mediators on endothelial cells. METHODS: Human coronary
      artery endothelial cells were co-incubated for 16h with Ranibizumab (0.11nM) or
      Aflibercept (0.45nM), as determined by each drug's peak serum concentration
      (Cmax). Expression at protein (ELISA) and gene (RT-PCR) level of inflammatory
      chemokines CCL2, CCL5 and CXC3L1 as well as gene expression for the cell adhesion
      molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and the key NF-kappab protein p65 was assessed. VEGF-A
      protein levels were also determined. RESULTS: Both drugs significantly increased
      chemokine, cell adhesion molecule (CAM) and p65 expression, while decreasing VEGF
      A protein secretion. At equivalent Cmax concentrations, Aflibercept was
      significantly more pro-inflammatory than Ranibizumab. Reduction of secreted VEGF
      A levels significantly attenuated inflammatory effects of both drugs, whereas
      blockade of the VEGF-A receptor or silencing of VEGF-A gene synthesis alone had
      no effect, suggesting that binding of drug to secreted VEGF-A is crucial in
      promoting inflammation. Finally, blockade of Toll-like receptor 4 significantly
      reduced inflammatory effects of both drugs. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated here, for
      the first time, that both drugs have potent pro-inflammatory effects, mediated
      via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 on the endothelial cell surface by drug
      bound to VEGF-A. Further studies are required to investigate whether these
      effects are also seen in vivo.

PMID- 26959823
TI  - If You're House Is Still Available, Send Me an Email: Personality Influences
      Reactions to Written Errors in Email Messages.
AB  - The increasing prevalence of social media means that we often encounter written
      language characterized by both stylistic variation and outright errors. How does
      the personality of the reader modulate reactions to non-standard text?
      Experimental participants read 'email responses' to an ad for a housemate that
      either contained no errors or had been altered to include either typos (e.g.,
      teh) or homophonous grammar errors (grammos, e.g., to/too, it's/its).
      Participants completed a 10-item evaluation scale for each message, which
      measured their impressions of the writer. In addition participants completed a
      Big Five personality assessment and answered demographic and language attitude
      questions. Both typos and grammos had a negative impact on the evaluation scale.
      This negative impact was not modulated by age, education, electronic
      communication frequency, or pleasure reading time. In contrast, personality
      traits did modulate assessments, and did so in distinct ways for grammos and
      typos. 

PMID- 26959824
TI  - What Evidence Underlies Clinical Practice in Paediatric Surgery? A Systematic
      Review Assessing Choice of Study Design.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Identify every paediatric surgical article published in 1998 and every
      paediatric surgical article published in 2013, and determine which study designs
      were used and whether they were appropriate for robustly assessing interventions
      in surgical conditions. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to a
      pre-specified protocol (CRD42014007629), using EMBASE and Medline. Non-English
      language studies were excluded. Studies were included if meeting population
      criteria and either condition or intervention criteria. POPULATION: Children
      under the age of 18, or adults who underwent intervention for a condition managed
      by paediatric surgeons when they were under 18 years of age. CONDITION: One
      managed by general paediatric surgeons. INTERVENTION: Used for treatment of a
      condition managed by general paediatric surgeons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Studies
      were classified according to whether the IDEAL collaboration recommended their
      design for assessing surgical interventions or not. Change in proportions between
      1998 and 2013 was calculated. RESULTS: 1581 paediatric surgical articles were
      published in 1998, and 3453 in 2013. The most commonly used design, accounting
      for 45% of studies in 1998 and 46.8% in 2013, was the retrospective case series.
      Only 1.8% of studies were RCTs in 1998, and 1.9% in 2013. Overall, in 1998, 9.8%
      of studies used a recommended design. In 2013, 11.9% used a recommended design
      (proportion increase 2.3%, 95% confidence interval 0.5% increase to 4% increase,
      p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A low proportion of published paediatric
      surgical manuscripts utilise a design that is recommended for assessing surgical
      interventions. RCTs represent fewer than 1 in 50 studies. In 2013, 88.1% of
      studies used a less robust design, suggesting the need for a new way of
      approaching paediatric surgical research.

PMID- 26959826
TI  - Peer-Led Team Learning Helps Minority Students Succeed.
AB  - Active learning methods have been shown to be superior to traditional lecture in
      terms of student achievement, and our findings on the use of Peer-Led Team
      Learning (PLTL) concur. Students in our introductory biology course performed
      significantly better if they engaged in PLTL. There was also a drastic reduction
      in the failure rate for underrepresented minority (URM) students with PLTL, which
      further resulted in closing the achievement gap between URM and non-URM students.
      With such compelling findings, we strongly encourage the adoption of Peer-Led
      Team Learning in undergraduate Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
      (STEM) courses. 

PMID- 26959825
TI  - The Role of Aquaporins in pH-Dependent Germination of Rhizopus delemar Spores.
AB  - Rhizopus delemar and associated species attack a wide range of fruit and
      vegetables after harvest. Host nutrients and acidic pH are required for optimal
      germination of R. delemar, and we studied how this process is triggered. Glucose
      induced spore swelling in an acidic environment, expressed by an up to 3-fold
      increase in spore diameter, whereas spore diameter was smaller in a neutral
      environment. When suspended in an acidic environment, the spores started to
      float, indicating a change in their density. Treatment of the spores with HgCl2,
      an aquaporin blocker, prevented floating and inhibited spore swelling and germ
      tube emergence, indicating the importance of water uptake at the early stages of
      germination. Two putative candidate aquaporin-encoding genes-RdAQP1 and RdAQP2
      were identified in the R. delemar genome. Both presented the conserved NPA motif
      and six-transmembrane domain topology. Expressing RdAQP1 and RdAQP2 in
      Arabidopsis protoplasts increased the cells' osmotic water permeability
      coefficient (Pf) compared to controls, indicating their role as water channels. A
      decrease in R. delemar aquaporin activity with increasing external pH suggested
      pH regulation of these proteins. Substitution of two histidine (His) residues,
      positioned on two loops facing the outer side of the cell, with alanine
      eliminated the pH sensing resulting in similar Pf values under acidic and basic
      conditions. Since hydration is critical for spore switching from the resting to
      activate state, we suggest that pH regulation of the aquaporins can regulate the
      initial phase of R. delemar spore germination, followed by germ-tube elongation
      and host-tissue infection. 

PMID- 26959827
TI  - Estrogen Receptor Alpha Distribution and Expression in the Social Neural Network
      of Monogamous and Polygynous Peromyscus.
AB  - In microtine and dwarf hamsters low levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)
      in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and medial amygdala (MeA) play a
      critical role in the expression of social monogamy in males, which is
      characterized by high levels of affiliation and low levels of aggression. In
      contrast, monogamous Peromyscus males display high levels of aggression and
      affiliative behavior with high levels of testosterone and aromatase activity.
      Suggesting the hypothesis that in Peromyscus ERalpha expression will be
      positively correlated with high levels of male prosocial behavior and aggression.
      ERalpha expression was compared within the social neural network, including the
      posterior medial BST, MeA posterodorsal, medial preoptic area (MPOA),
      ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and arcuate nucleus in two monogamous species,
      P. californicus and P. polionotus, and two polygynous species, P. leucopus and P.
      maniculatus. The results supported the prediction, with male P. polionotus and P.
      californicus expressing higher levels of ERalpha in the BST than their polygynous
      counter parts, and ERalpha expression was sexually dimorphic in the polygynous
      species, with females expressing significantly more than males in the BST in both
      polygynous species and in the MeA in P. leucopus. Peromyscus ERalpha expression
      also differed from rats, mice and microtines as in neither the MPOA nor the VMH
      was ERalpha sexually dimorphic. The results supported the hypothesis that higher
      levels of ERalpha are associated with monogamy in Peromyscus and that
      differential expression of ERalpha occurs in the same regions of the brains
      regardless of whether high or low expression is associated with social monogamy.
      Also discussed are possible mechanisms regulating this differential relationship.

PMID- 26959828
TI  - Surgical Management of a Case of a 360-Degree Giant Retinal Break.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim is to describe tools and techniques that can be used to deal
      with total retinal detachment (open funnel) and associated proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy due to a 360-degree giant retinal break following ocular
      trauma. Setting/Venue: The video (available at www.
      karger.com/doi/10.1159/000444811) was created at the Ophthalmology Department,
      Faculty of Medicine Kasr Al Ainy, Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
      METHODS: A 16-year-old female patient presented to the Cairo University Hospital
      after blunt ocular trauma. She had traumatic cataract, and ultrasound examination
      showed total retinal detachment. She was scheduled for surgery at the Cairo
      University Hospital. Phacoemulsification of traumatic cataract was done after
      insertion of the 3-port 23-gauge trocar system. The 25-gauge chandelier
      illumination system was used to assist the peeling of adherent posterior hyaloid
      and epiretinal membranes, allowing bimanual work using an end-gripping forceps
      and a diamond-dusted retinal scrapper. Removal of the vitreous surrounding the
      retinal funnel was performed, and a small perfluorocarbon (PFC) bubble was used
      to support the posterior pole. This was followed by refreshing the rolled edges
      of the retinal break and shaving the vitreous base and anterior leaflet of the
      giant break by surgeon-assisted scleral indentation. The eye was completely
      filled with PFC, and Argon laser retinopexy was performed. Direct PFC-silicone
      oil exchange was done to avoid retinal slippage (silicone oil 5,000 cSt was
      used). RESULTS: Retinal attachment was successfully achieved at the end of the
      surgery. The silicone oil was removed 5 months after the initial surgery. The
      patient's uncorrected visual acuity 1 month after removal of the silicone was
      0.4. CONCLUSIONS: The chandelier-assisted bimanual technique is an effective
      method for dealing with adherent posterior hyaloid and epiretinal membranes in a
      detached retina, particularly in cases of complex open-funnel retinal detachment.
      Proper shaving of the anterior leaflet and refreshing the edges of the retinal
      break helps decrease postoperative PVR formation. Direct PFC-silicone oil
      exchange in giant retinal breaks helps minimize the risk of retinal slippage
      occurrence.

PMID- 26959830
TI  - High Amounts of Total and Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Soluble HLA-G are
      Associated with HLA-G 14-bp Deletion Variant in Women with Embryo Implantation
      Failure.
AB  - PROBLEM: Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) expression is related to 14-bp
      insertion/deletion polymorphism at the 3'UTR of the HLA-G gene. Soluble forms of
      HLA-G are released as free molecules or via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Due to
      the crucial role of HLA-G during pregnancy, we analyzed the 14-bp polymorphism
      and the two secreted forms in implantation failure women (IF) and in fertile
      women (FW). METHOD OF STUDY: For the genetic analysis, 49 IF and 34 FW were
      genotyped. For sHLA-G quantification, serum samples from 35 IF and 23 FW were
      available. ExoQuick(TM) kit was used for EVs precipitation. The total soluble HLA
      G (sHLA-Gtot ) and vesicular sHLA-GEV were quantified by ELISA. The EVs size and
      concentration were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). RESULTS:
      An increased proportion of IF presented high levels of sHLA-Gtot (P = 0.02) and
      vesicular sHLA-GEV (P = 0.0003) compared to FW. The 14-bp deletion allele is more
      frequent in IF (P = 0.0002) and associated with high levels of sHLA-Gtot and
      vesicular sHLA-GEV . CONCLUSION: The high expression of sHLA-Gtot and sHLA-GEV ,
      together with the presence of the 14-bp deletion allele, might be involved in
      implantation failure.

PMID- 26959829
TI  - Considering the Influence of Nonadaptive Evolution on Primate Color Vision.
AB  - Color vision in primates is variable across species, and it represents a rare
      trait in which the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation are fairly
      well-understood. Research on primate color vision has largely focused on adaptive
      explanations for observed variation, but it remains unclear why some species have
      trichromatic or polymorphic color vision while others are red-green color blind.
      Lemurs, in particular, are highly variable. While some species are polymorphic,
      many closely-related species are strictly dichromatic. We provide the first
      characterization of color vision in a wild population of red-bellied lemurs
      (Eulemur rubriventer, Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar) with a sample size
      (87 individuals; NX chromosomes = 134) large enough to detect even rare variants
      (0.95 probability of detection at >= 3% frequency). By sequencing exon 5 of the X
      linked opsin gene we identified opsin spectral sensitivity based on known
      diagnostic sites and found this population to be dichromatic and monomorphic for
      a long wavelength allele. Apparent fixation of this long allele is in contrast to
      previously published accounts of Eulemur species, which exhibit either
      polymorphic color vision or only the medium wavelength opsin. This unexpected
      result may represent loss of color vision variation, which could occur through
      selective processes and/or genetic drift (e.g., genetic bottleneck). To
      indirectly assess the latter scenario, we genotyped 55 adult red-bellied lemurs
      at seven variable microsatellite loci and used heterozygosity excess and M-ratio
      tests to assess if this population may have experienced a recent genetic
      bottleneck. Results of heterozygosity excess but not M-ratio tests suggest a
      bottleneck might have occurred in this red-bellied lemur population. Therefore,
      while selection may also play a role, the unique color vision observed in this
      population might have been influenced by a recent genetic bottleneck. These
      results emphasize the need to consider adaptive and nonadaptive mechanisms of
      color vision evolution in primates. 

PMID- 26959833
TI  - Physical and Structural Characterization of Imidazolium-Based Organic-Inorganic
      Hybrid: (C3N2H5)2[CoCl4].
AB  - (C3N2H5)2[CoCl4] (ICC) was characterized in a wide temperature range by the
      single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Differential scanning calorimetry
      revealed two structural phase transitions: continuous at 245.5 K (from phase I to
      II) and a discontinuous one at 234/237 K (cooling/heating) (II -> III). ICC
      adopts monoclinic space groups C2/c and P21/c in phase (I) and (III),
      respectively. The intermediate phase (II) appears to be incommensurately
      modulated. Dynamic properties of polycrystalline ICC were studied by means of
      dielectric spectroscopy and proton magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR). The presence of
      a low frequency dielectric relaxation process in phase III reflects libration
      motion of the imidazolium cations. The temperature dependence of the (1)H spin
      lattice relaxation time indicated two motional processes with similar activation
      energies that are by about an order of magnitude smaller than the activation
      energy obtained from dielectric studies. There are no abrupt changes in the (1)H
      relaxation time at the phase transitions indicating that the dynamics of the
      imidazolium rings gradually varies with temperature; that is, it does not change
      suddenly at the phase transition. Negative values of the Weiss constant and the
      intermolecular exchange parameter were obtained, confirming the presence of a
      weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the nearest cobalt centers. Moreover,
      the magnitude of zero field splitting was determined. The AC susceptibility
      measurements show that a slow magnetic relaxation is induced by small external
      magnetic field. 

PMID- 26959834
TI  - Increased PR Interval in Fetuses of Patients with Intrahepatic Cholestasis of
      Pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the fetal mechanical PR interval in fetuses from
      pregnancies with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). METHODS: A case
      control study was conducted in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit at Hospital
      Carlos Van Buren between 2011 and 2013. Fetal echocardiography was performed in
      patients with ICP and normal pregnancies. Demographic and clinical
      characteristics were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous
      variables. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 51 patients with
      ICP were compared with 51 unaffected pregnancies. There were no significant
      differences in neither demographic nor clinical characteristics between the two
      groups. The fetal PR interval was significantly longer in the ICP group when
      compared to the control group (134.6 +/- 12 vs. 121.4 +/- 10 ms, p < 0.001).
      Moreover, four fetuses from the ICP group had a mechanical PR interval >150 ms,
      which is compatible with a first-degree atrioventricular block. Two fetuses were
      identified in the neonatal period and were transferred to pediatric cardiology
      for follow-up, with a normal mechanical PR after the first month of life.
      CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that the fetal cardiac conduction system is altered
      in fetuses of patients with ICP. Further research is necessary to determine
      whether this alteration is related to stillbirths seen in ICP.

PMID- 26959835
TI  - Choline and Geranate Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Broad-Spectrum Antiseptic Agent
      for Preventive and Therapeutic Applications.
AB  - Antiseptic agents are the primary arsenal to disinfect skin and prevent pathogens
      spreading within the host as well as into the surroundings; however the Food and
      Drug Administration published a report in 2015 requiring additional validation of
      nearly all current antiseptic agents before their continued use can be allowed.
      This vulnerable position calls for urgent identification of novel antiseptic
      agents. Recently, the ability of a deep eutectic, Choline And Geranate (CAGE), to
      treat biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica was
      demonstrated. Here it is reported that CAGE exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial
      activity against a number of drug-resistant bacteria, fungi, and viruses
      including clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus,
      and Candida albicans as well as laboratory strains of Herpes Simplex Virus.
      Studies in human keratinocytes and mice show that CAGE affords negligible local
      or systemic toxicity, and an ~180-14 000-fold improved efficacy/toxicity ratio
      over currently used antiseptic agents. Further, CAGE penetrates deep into the
      dermis and treats pathogens located in deep skin layers as confirmed by the
      ability of CAGE in vivo to treat Propionibacterium acnes infection. In
      combination, the results clearly demonstrate CAGE holds promise as a
      transformative platform antiseptic agent for preventive as well as therapeutic
      applications.

PMID- 26959836
TI  - A Peptidoglycan-Remodeling Enzyme Is Critical for Bacteroid Differentiation in
      Bradyrhizobium spp. During Legume Symbiosis.
AB  - In response to the presence of compatible rhizobium bacteria, legumes form
      symbiotic organs called nodules on their roots. These nodules house nitrogen
      fixing bacteroids that are a differentiated form of the rhizobium bacteria. In
      some legumes, the bacteroid differentiation comprises a dramatic cell
      enlargement, polyploidization, and other morphological changes. Here, we
      demonstrate that a peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme in Bradyrhizobium strains, a DD
      carboxypeptidase that contains a peptidoglycan-binding SPOR domain, is essential
      for normal bacteroid differentiation in Aeschynomene species. The corresponding
      mutants formed bacteroids that are malformed and hypertrophied. However, in
      soybean, a plant that does not induce morphological differentiation of its
      symbiont, the mutation does not affect the bacteroids. Remarkably, the mutation
      also leads to necrosis in a large fraction of the Aeschynomene nodules,
      indicating that a normally formed peptidoglycan layer is essential for avoiding
      the induction of plant immune responses by the invading bacteria. In addition to
      exopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and lipopolysaccharides, whose role
      during symbiosis is well defined, our work demonstrates an essential role in
      symbiosis for yet another rhizobial envelope component, the peptidoglycan layer. 

PMID- 26959837
TI  - Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Candidate Genes for
      Aggressiveness, Deoxynivalenol Production, and Azole Sensitivity in Natural Field
      Populations of Fusarium graminearum.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies can identify novel genomic regions and genes that
      affect quantitative traits. Fusarium head blight is a destructive disease caused
      by Fusarium graminearum that exhibits several quantitative traits, including
      aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and fungicide resistance. Restriction site
      associated DNA sequencing was performed for 220 isolates of F. graminearum. A
      total of 119 isolates were phenotyped for aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol (DON)
      production under natural field conditions across four environments. The effective
      concentration of propiconazole that inhibits isolate growth in vitro by 50% was
      calculated for 220 strains. Approximately 29,000 single nucleotide polymorphism
      markers were associated to each trait, resulting in 50, 29, and 74 quantitative
      trait nucleotides (QTNs) that were significantly associated to aggressiveness,
      DON production, and propiconazole sensitivity, respectively. Approximately 41% of
      these QTNs caused nonsynonymous substitutions in predicted exons, while the
      remainder were synonymous substitutions or located in intergenic regions. Three
      QTNs associated with propiconazole sensitivity were significant after Bonferroni
      correction. These QTNs were located in genes not previously associated with azole
      sensitivity. The majority of the detected QTNs were located in genes with
      predicted regulatory functions, suggesting that nucleotide variation in
      regulatory genes plays a major role in the corresponding quantitative trait
      variation.

PMID- 26959839
TI  - Electrically-tunable surface deformation of a soft elastomer.
AB  - The flat surface of a thin elastomer on a conducting substrate can be deformed by
      applying an electric field to a percolating network of metallic nanowires
      randomly dispersed over the surface. The magnitude of the field-induced surface
      undulations increases with the applied field and can locally be several times the
      diameter of the nanowires. Optical imaging indicates that the effect is
      reversible and the surface flatness is recovered when the electric field is
      removed. It is found that it is the field-induced changes in the surface
      morphology rather than the nanowires themselves that strongly scatter light. The
      optical effects could be exploited in functional devices including tunable
      privacy windows, displays, and camouflage. There is also the potential for tuning
      the adhesion of elastomers to other materials. 

PMID- 26959838
TI  - Genome Sequencing and Transposon Mutagenesis of Burkholderia seminalis TC3.4.2R3
      Identify Genes Contributing to Suppression of Orchid Necrosis Caused by B.
      gladioli.
AB  - From a screen of 36 plant-associated strains of Burkholderia spp., we identified
      24 strains that suppressed leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B.
      gladioli. To gain insights into the mechanisms of disease suppression, we
      generated a draft genome sequence from one suppressive strain, TC3.4.2R3. The
      genome is an estimated 7.67 megabases in size, with three replicons, two
      chromosomes, and the plasmid pC3. Using a combination of multilocus sequence
      analysis and phylogenomics, we identified TC3.4.2R3 as B. seminalis, a species
      within the Burkholderia cepacia complex that includes opportunistic human
      pathogens and environmental strains. We generated and screened a library of 3,840
      transposon mutants of strain TC3.4.2R3 on orchid leaves to identify genes
      contributing to plant disease suppression. Twelve mutants deficient in
      suppression of leaf necrosis were selected and the transposon insertions were
      mapped to eight loci. One gene is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis
      of extracellular polysaccharide, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions
      in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia
      spp. The fundamental information developed in this study will serve as a resource
      for future research aiming to identify mechanisms contributing to biological
      control. 

PMID- 26959840
TI  - Automated screening of reversed-phase stationary phases for small-molecule
      separations using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry.
AB  - There are various reversed-phase stationary phases that offer significant
      differences in selectivity and retention. To investigate different reversed-phase
      stationary phases (aqueous stable C18 , biphenyl, pentafluorophenyl propyl, and
      polar-embedded alkyl) in an automated fashion, commercial software and associated
      hardware for mobile phase and column selection were used in conjunction with
      liquid chromatography and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer detector. A model
      analyte mixture was prepared using a combination of standards from varying
      classes of analytes (including drugs, drugs of abuse, amino acids, nicotine, and
      nicotine-like compounds). Chromatographic results revealed diverse variations in
      selectivity and peak shape. Differences in the elution order of analytes on the
      polar-embedded alkyl phase for several analytes showed distinct selectivity
      differences compared to the aqueous C18 phase. The electron-rich
      pentafluorophenyl propyl phase showed unique selectivity toward protonated
      amines. The biphenyl phase provided further changes in selectivity relative to
      C18 with a methanolic phase, but it behaved very similarly to a C18 when an
      acetonitrile-based mobile phase was evaluated. This study shows the value of
      rapid column screening as an alternative to excessive mobile phase variation to
      obtain suitable chromatographic settings for analyte separation. 

PMID- 26959842
TI  - Molecular Interaction between Stress and Pain.

PMID- 26959843
TI  - How to minimize morbidity in radiotherapy of pharyngolaryngeal tumors?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatment modalities
      for head and neck cancer. However, because of the intricacy between tumors and
      normal tissues, it can induce morbidity, such as mucositis, dermatitis,
      xerostomia, dysphagia, hearing loss, vision impairment, skin fibrosis, and
      osteoradionecrosis of the jaw, and it can dramatically impact on patient quality
      of life. RECENT FINDINGS: Throughout the last decade, significant improvements
      have been made in head and neck cancer radiotherapy, especially with the
      introduction on a routine basis of intensity-modulated radiotherapy. SUMMARY: In
      this context, this review manuscript will focus on how the implementation of
      intensity-modulated radiotherapy influences treatment morbidity. Specifically,
      the issues of target volume and organ-at-risk delineation, sparing of organs at
      risk, tailored treatment intensity, adaptive treatment, and the use of proton
      therapy will be discussed.

PMID- 26959841
TI  - Fenofibrate attenuates diabetic nephropathy in experimental diabetic rat's model
      via suppression of augmented TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
AB  - CONTEXT: Fibrates, the ligands of peroxisome profileferator-activated receptor
      alpha have been shown to have a renal protective action in diabetic nephropathy
      (DN). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to elucidate the effect of fenofibrate on renal
      transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Smad3 in Streptozotocin (STZ)
      induced DN. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal
      injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were given fenofibrate (100
      mg/kg, p.o.). After 12 weeks, diabetic nephropathy biomarkers were assessed. The
      mRNA expression of collage I and III, TGF-beta1 and Smad3 and were detected by RT
      PCR. RESULTS: Fenofibrate reduced significantly serum creatinine, kidney/body
      weight ratio, serum albumin excretion Collage I & III, TGF-beta1 and Smad3 mRNA
      expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results give further insights into the mechanisms
      underlying the protective role of fenofibrate in DN, suggesting that interference
      with TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling pathway may be a useful therapeutic approach to
      prevent DN.

PMID- 26959844
TI  - Management of arterial injury during endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The most feared complication during endonasal surgery is a
      carotid artery injury. The sheep model of carotid injury provides training for
      this event by giving a realistic endoscopic experience of major vascular injuries
      and tissue hemostasis. RECENT FINDINGS: The sheep model of carotid artery injury
      recreates the narrow nasal confines and high-flow/high-pressure vascular injury
      accurately reproducing the endoscopic challenges seen in such vascular
      emergencies. This has led to the development of surgical techniques that quickly
      and effectively control the field of bleeding and achieve reliable hemostasis
      including the crushed muscle patch new direct vascular closure technologies.
      Vascular emergency simulation training is achieving better outcomes for our
      patients. SUMMARY: All skull base surgeons are at risk of the unexpected carotid
      artery injury and recently, the sheep model not only effectively recreates this
      situation but has identified clinically tried and tested techniques at managing
      this situation and is improving patient outcomes.

PMID- 26959854
TI  - Proteome and carbon flux analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates
      from different infection sites.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known as opportunistic pathogen frequently isolated
      from different infection sites. To investigate the expression rates of P.
      aeruginosa proteins commonly expressed by different clinical isolates, absolute
      protein quantities were determined employing a gel-free and data-independent LC
      IMS(E) approach. Moreover, the metabolic diversity of these isolates was
      investigated by (13) C-metabolic flux analyses. 812 proteins were reproducibly
      identified and absolutely quantified for the reference strain P. aeruginosa PAO1,
      363 of which were also identified and relatively quantified in all isolates.
      Whilst the majority of these proteins were expressed in constant amounts,
      expression rates of 42 proteins were highly variable between the isolates.
      Notably, the outer membrane protein OprH and the response regulator PhoP were
      strongly expressed in burned wounds isolates compared to lung/urinary tract
      isolates. Moreover, proteins involved in iron/amino acids uptake were found to be
      highly abundant in urinary tract isolates. The fluxome data revealed a conserved
      glycolysis, and a niche-specific divergence in fluxes through the glyoxylate
      shunt and the TCA cycle among the isolates. The integrated proteome/fluxome
      analysis did not indicate straightforward correlation between the protein amount
      and flux, but rather points to additional layers of regulation that mediate
      metabolic adaption of P. aeruginosa to different host environments. All MS data
      have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002373
      (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002373).

PMID- 26959855
TI  - Evaluation of O-alkyl and aryl sulfonyl aromatic and heteroaromatic amidoximes as
      novel potent DNA photo-cleavers.
AB  - Several stable O-alkyl and aryl sulfonyl conjugated p-nitro-Ph and o-, m-, p
      pyridine N'-hydroxy imidamides, were subjected to UV irradiation at 312 nm with
      supercoiled circular plasmid DNA pBluescript KS II. The generated amidinyl and
      sulfonyloxyl radicals led to effective DNA photo-cleavage. Both alkyl and aryl
      sulfonyl derivatives were active and the order p-pyridine > p-nitro-Ph > o
      pyridine > m-pyridine was schematized for the N'-hydroxy imidamides moiety. Calf
      thymus-DNA affinity studies which comprised UV interactions, viscosity
      experiments and competitive studies with ethidium bromide showed good to
      excellent affinity of the compounds. These properties revealed sulfonyl
      amidoximes as novel effective DNA-photo-cleavers and may serve in the discovery
      of new leads for "on demand" biotechnological and medical applications. 

PMID- 26959846
TI  - Polymer-coated pH-responsive high-density lipoproteins.
AB  - Intracellular drug delivery by nanoparticles is often hampered by their endosomal
      entrapment followed by their degradation in the lysosomal compartment and/or
      exocytosis. Here, we show that internalization and endosomal escape of cargoes in
      a cationized natural nanocarrier, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), can be
      controlled in a pH-dependent manner through stable complexation with a
      membranolytic anionic block polymer. A genetically and chemically cationized form
      of HDL (catHDL) is prepared for the first time by both genetic fusion with
      YGRKKRRQRRR peptide and incorporation of 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3
      (trimethylammonium)propane. Upon addition of poly(ethylene glycol)-block
      poly(propyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PA), catHDL yields inhibition of
      internalization at neutral pH and its subsequent recovery at mildly acidic pH.
      catHDL forms a stable discoidal-shape complex with PA (catHDL/PA) (ca. 50 nm in
      diameter), even in the presence of serum. Significant enhancement of endosomal
      escape of a catHDL component is observed after a 1-h treatment of human cancer
      cells with catHDL/PA. Doxorubicin and curcumin, fluorescent anti-cancer drugs,
      encapsulated into catHDL/PA are also translocated outside of endosomes, compared
      with that into catHDL, and their cytotoxicities are enhanced inside the cells.
      These data suggest that catHDL/PA may have a potential benefit to improve the
      cellular delivery and endosomal escape of therapeutics under mildly acidic
      conditions such as in tumor tissues.

PMID- 26959857
TI  - Controlling the Reactivity of Bifunctional Ligands: Carboxylate-Bridged Nonheme
      Diiron(II) Complexes Bearing Free Thiol Groups.
AB  - Carboxylate-bridged nonheme diiron(II) complexes, bearing free functional groups
      in general, and free thiol groups in particular, were sought. While the addition
      of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate into a mixture of Fe(BF4)2.6H2O, HN-Et-HPTB, and
      Et3N afforded the complex [Fe2(N-Et-HPTB)(MU-O2C-(CH2)3-OH)](BF4)2 (2) (where N
      Et-HPTB is the anion of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-(1-ethylbenzimidazolyl))-2-hydroxy
      1,3-diaminopropane), a similar, straightforward process could not be used for the
      synthesis of diiron(II) complexes with free thiol groups. In order to circumvent
      this problem, a new class of thiolate bridged diiron(II) complexes, [Fe2(N-Et
      HPTB)(MU-SR(1))](BF4)2 (R(1) = Me (1a), Et (1b), (t)Bu (1c), Ph (1d)) was
      synthesized. Selective proton exchange reactions of one representative compound,
      1b, with reagents of the type HS-R(2)-COOH yielded the target compounds, [Fe2(N
      Et-HPTB)(MU-O2C-R(2)-SH)](BF4)2 (R(2) = C6H4 (3a), CH2CH2 (3b), CH2(CH2)5CH2
      (3c)). Redox properties of the complexes 3a-3c were studied in comparison with
      the complex, [Fe2(N-Et-HPTB)(MU-O2CMe)](BF4)2 (5). Reaction of (Cp2Fe)(BF4) with
      1b yielded [Fe(II)2(N-Et-HPTB)(DMF)3](BF4)3.DMF (4) (when crystallized from
      DMF/diethyl ether), which might indicate the formation of a transient
      ethanethiolate bridged {Fe(II)Fe(III)} species, followed by a rapid internal
      redox reaction to generate diethyldisulfide and the solvent coordinated
      diiron(II) complex, 4. This possibility was supported by a comparative cyclic
      voltammetric study of 1a-1c and 4. Prospects of the complexes of the type 3a-3c
      as potential building blocks for the synthesis of nonheme diiron(II) complexes
      covalently attached with other redox active metals has been substantiated by the
      synthesis of the complexes, [Fe2(N-EtHPTB)(MU-O2C-R(2)-S)Cu(Me3TACN)](BF4)2 (R =
      p-C6H4 (7a), CH2CH2 (7b)). All the compounds were characterized by a combination
      of single-crystal X-ray structure determinations and/or elemental analysis. 

PMID- 26959856
TI  - Bioengineered Magnetoferritin Nanoprobes for Single-Dose Nuclear-Magnetic
      Resonance Tumor Imaging.
AB  - Despite all the advances in multimodal imaging, it remains a significant
      challenge to acquire both magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging in a single dose
      because of the enormous difference in sensitivity. Indeed, nuclear imaging is
      almost 10(6)-fold more sensitive than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); thus,
      repeated injections are generally required to obtain sufficient MR signals after
      nuclear imaging. Here, we show that strategically engineered magnetoferritin
      nanoprobes can image tumors with high sensitivity and specificity using SPECT and
      MRI in living mice after a single intravenous injection. The magnetoferritin
      nanoprobes composed of (125)I radionuclide-conjugated human H-ferritin iron
      nanocages ((125)I-M-HFn) internalize robustly into cancer cells via a novel tumor
      specific HFn-TfR1 pathway. In particular, the endocytic recycling characteristic
      of TfR1 transporters solves the nuclear signal blocking issue caused by the high
      dose nanoprobes injected for MRI, thus enabling simultaneous functional and
      morphological tumor imaging without reliance on multi-injections.

PMID- 26959858
TI  - Successful Treatment of Refractory Dyskinesia Secondary to Anti-N-Methyl-D
      Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis With Electroconvulsive Therapy.

PMID- 26959859
TI  - Demographic and Clinical Profile of Patients With Dementia Receiving
      Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Little is known about the clinical characteristics of patients with
      dementia receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for the treatment of
      behavioral symptoms. This study examined the demographic and clinical profile of
      patients with dementia receiving ECT in China. METHODS: This was a retrospective,
      case-control study. The sample was composed of 23 patients with dementia treated
      with ECT and 71 sex- and age-matched controls treated for a period of 8 years
      (2007-2014) at the National Clinical Research Centre of Mental Disorders, China.
      Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from the electronic chart
      management system. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that
      ECT was independently associated with high risk for suicide at admission. The
      recorded indications for ECT included both high risk for suicide and aggressive
      behavior. Most patients responded to ECT satisfactorily (56.5%) or partially
      (34.8%) with only mild-moderate transient memory impairment (30.4%). CONCLUSIONS:
      Although this is a preliminary study limited by the retrospective design and
      small sample size, findings suggest that ECT is an effective and safe therapeutic
      intervention to reduce the risk for suicide and aggressive behavior in dementia.

PMID- 26959860
TI  - Targeting Type 2: Linguistic Agency Assignment in Diabetes Prevention Policy
      Messaging.
AB  - We explored the effects of linguistic agency assignment on the persuasive impact
      of a fictitious medical journal editorial about Type 2 diabetes. Participants (N
      = 422) read 1 of 4 versions of an editorial that differed in the language used to
      describe the health threat posed by the disease (threat agency) and to outline a
      program for preventing it (prevention agency). Threat agency was assigned either
      to the disease (e.g., diabetes puts individuals' lives at risk) or to humans
      (e.g., individuals who acquire diabetes put their lives at risk). Prevention
      agency was assigned either to the recommended prevention behaviors (e.g., a
      healthy diet and regular exercise protect children from Type 2) or to humans
      (e.g., children who eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly protect themselves
      from Type 2). Respondents' perceptions of disease severity were higher when
      threat agency was assigned to diabetes rather than humans. However, attitudes
      toward the proposed prevention program were higher when prevention agency was
      assigned to humans rather than to the recommended behaviors. The latter finding
      contrasts with agency effects observed in previous research on a viral threat,
      suggesting that the optimal pattern of agency assignment in prevention messaging
      may be different for acute and chronic lifestyle diseases.

PMID- 26959861
TI  - The Driving of Immune Response by Th1 Adjuvants in Immunization of Mice with
      Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei Elicits a Controversial Infection Control.
AB  - In previous studies, we have demonstrated that inoculation with a Trypanosoma
      cruzi marinkellei (avirulent RM1 strain) was able to reduce parasitemia in mice
      challenged with T. cruzi, although it was not able to prevent histopathological
      lesions. Th1 response stimulation by immunization is necessary for T. cruzi
      infection control, but the resistance is also dependent on immunoregulatory
      mechanisms, which can be induced by adjuvants. Thus, we evaluated whether
      inoculation of T. cruzi marinkellei associated with administration of different
      adjuvants would be capable of inducing different patterns of immune response to
      maximize the immune response against T. cruzi (virulent Romildo strain)
      infection. Two hundred eighty nonisogenic mice were divided into 14 groups
      according to the immunization scheme and the subsequent challenge with virulent
      Romildo T. cruzi strain. Nonimmunized groups and animals inoculated without
      adjuvants were also included. Immune protection was not observed with Th2
      adjuvants (incomplete Freund's adjuvant [IFA] and Alum) due to high parasitemia.
      Th1/Th2-polarizing adjuvants also did not induce immune protection because inulin
      was unable to maintain survival, and immune-stimulating complexes induced intense
      inflammatory processes. Animals sensitized with RM1 strain without adjuvants were
      able to reduce parasitemia, increase survival, and protect against severe
      histological lesions, followed by adequate cytokine stimulation. Finally, our
      results demonstrate that the early and balanced IFN-gamma production becomes
      critical to promote protection and that Th1 adjuvant elicited a controversial
      infection control due to increased histopathological damage. Therefore, the
      host's immunomodulation remains one of the most important challenges in the
      research for effective protection against T. cruzi infection. Similarly, the
      identification of protective antigens in the RM1 strain of T. cruzi marinkellei
      may contribute to further studies on vaccine development against human Chagas
      disease.

PMID- 26959862
TI  - Neutral copper(I) complexes featuring phosphinesulfonate chelates.
AB  - The reaction of diphenylphosphinobenzenesulfonic acid with copper(i) oxide
      resulted in the formation of the new neutral dimeric copper(i) complex
      {Cu2(DPPBS)2.(MeOH)2}. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the complex has a
      dimeric structure and a pyramidal trigonal geometry around the copper atom which
      contains coordinated methanol molecules at the copper centers. Cleavage of the
      dimer by reaction with various bipyrimidines enabled the preparation of the
      corresponding well-defined heterotopic mononuclear [Cu(P^O)(N^N)] and dinuclear
      {(P^O)Cu(N^N)Cu(P^O)} complexes. X-ray crystal structure determination shows
      these to have distorted tetrahedral geometries. Their absorption and emission
      properties were investigated experimentally and photophysical data were also
      confirmed by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Owing to the methanol molecules, the
      neutral crystalline dimer {Cu2(DPPBS)2.(MeOH)2} displays green reversible
      photoluminescence upon UV irradiation in the solid state with an absolute
      luminescence quantum yield of 0.51.

PMID- 26959863
TI  - Boron-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Bond Silylation with Hydrosilanes.
AB  - Metal-free catalytic C-H silylation of a series of aromatic compounds such as N,N
      disubstituted anilines with various hydrosilanes has been achieved for the first
      time using commercially available B(C6F5)3 as a catalyst. This protocol features
      simple and neutral reaction conditions, high regioselectivity, wide substrate
      scope (up to 40 examples), Si-Cl bond compatibility, and no requirement for a
      hydrogen acceptor. 

PMID- 26959864
TI  - An Examination of the Biomedical Paradigm: A View of Social Work.
AB  - The biomedical paradigm provides foundational assumptions that shape the context
      within which social workers in health care settings practice. By providing social
      workers with a greater understanding of the history, epistemology, and key
      assumptions, this article aims to promote critical awareness and critical
      reflection on how the biomedical paradigm may be influencing health care
      environments. The analysis of this article raises important questions for social
      workers within health care environments, questions about how social workers are
      able to retain their disciplinary identity as agents of change in the pursuit of
      social justice. 

PMID- 26959865
TI  - Femtosecond Time-Resolved Dynamics of trans-Azobenzene on Gold Nanoparticles.
AB  - We report a first femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption study of the
      photoinduced ultrafast dynamics of trans-azobenzene (AB) on gold nanoparticles
      (AuNPs). The observed changes in optical density following excitation at lambda =
      357 nm were analyzed by using temperature-dependent Mie theory and by Lorentzian
      band fitting to disentangle the ultrafast relaxation of the local surface plasmon
      resonance (LSPR) excitation of the Au core and the electronic deactivation of the
      attached AB ligands. The analysis of the dynamics associated with the AB
      photochrome yielded lifetime constants of tau1 = 1.2 +/- 0.2 ps and tau2 = 4.7 +/
      1.1 ps. Both values together indicate surprisingly little difference in the
      dynamics of the AB ligand on the AuNPs vs in solution. Our results thus highlight
      the extraordinarily efficient electronic decoupling of the azo chromophore and
      the Au core by the alkyl linker chain. 

PMID- 26959866
TI  - Contribution of Nicotine and Nornicotine toward the Production of N'
      Nitrosonornicotine in Air-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).
AB  - N'-Nitrosonornicotine (6) is a potent and organ-specific carcinogen found in
      tobacco and tobacco smoke in substantial amounts. Nicotine (1) and nornicotine
      (2) are proposed to be the precursors of 6 in tobacco. Since 1 can be rapidly
      demethylated to 2 in tobacco, to distinguish between the direct formation of 6
      from these potential precursors is difficult. A gas chromatography/thermal energy
      analyzer method using two columns in series was developed to separate the
      enantiomers of 6, N'-nitrosoanabasine (7), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (8). Tobacco
      lines with different combinations of three nicotine demethylases inhibited were
      grown in the field. Air-cured leaves were analyzed for the enantiomeric
      composition of four main alkaloids and their corresponding tobacco-specific
      nitrosamines. The percentage of (R)-6 of total 6 varied from 7% to 69% in mutant
      lines. The measured 6 had the same enantiomeric composition as 2, rather than 1,
      even when the level of 2 was reduced to 0.6% of 1 in a triple mutant line. The
      pattern of the enantiomeric composition of 1, 2, and 6 demonstrated that the
      direct formation of 6 from 1, if it occurs, is negligible in air-cured tobacco.
      Since (S)-6 is more highly carcinogenic than its R form, the reduction of (S)-2
      should be a priority for the reduction of 6. 

PMID- 26959867
TI  - Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions of 3-Substituted Indoles
      with Electron-Deficient Alkenes.
AB  - Highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts C2-alkylation reactions of 3-substituted
      indoles with alpha,beta-unsaturated esters and nitroalkenes were developed using
      chiral Lewis acids as catalysts, which afforded chiral indole derivatives bearing
      C2-benzylic stereogenic centers in good to excellent yields (up to 99%) and
      enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee). 

PMID- 26959868
TI  - Separation and Identification of Isomeric Glycans by Selected Accumulation
      Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Electron Activated Dissociation Tandem Mass
      Spectrometry.
AB  - One of the major challenges in structural characterization of oligosaccharides is
      the presence of many structural isomers in most naturally occurring glycan
      mixtures. Although ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has shown great promise in
      glycan isomer separation, conventional IMS separation occurs on the millisecond
      time scale, largely restricting its implementation to fast time-of-flight (TOF)
      analyzers which often lack the capability to perform electron activated
      dissociation (ExD) tandem MS analysis and the resolving power needed to resolve
      isobaric fragments. The recent development of trapped ion mobility spectrometry
      (TIMS) provides a promising new tool that offers high mobility resolution and
      compatibility with high-performance Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
      (FTICR) mass spectrometers when operated under the selected accumulation-TIMS (SA
      TIMS) mode. Here, we present our initial results on the application of SA-TIMS
      ExD-FTICR MS to the separation and identification of glycan linkage isomers. 

PMID- 26959869
TI  - Patient reported outcomes in randomized controlled cancer trials in advanced
      disease: a structured literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In advanced cancer quality of life (QoL) is the most important goal
      of care. It is measured by patient-reported-outcomes (PRO). This structured
      review evaluated how randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on anti-cancer therapy
      in advanced cancer reported PRO. METHODS: Search was performed in MEDLINE via
      PubMed for RCTs with median patient survival of <=2 years. Reporting was rated
      with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) PRO extension.
      RESULTS: Of 370 retrieved publications, 117 were eligible, but only 30/117 (26%)
      reported PRO. QoL was most frequently measured (29/30). On average, 4.4 (SD 2.5)
      of the 14 CONSORT items were met. CONCLUSION: PRO are insufficiently reported in
      advanced cancer trials. Yet, this is paramount to enable an informed and patient
      oriented decision making process.

PMID- 26959871
TI  - Differences in physical characteristics between Brazilian World Championship and
      South American Championship National basketball teams.

PMID- 26959870
TI  - Annotation of porcine milk oligosaccharides throughout lactation by hydrophilic
      interaction chromatography coupled with quadruple time of flight tandem mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Swine plays a significant role in livestock agriculture. As a linkage between
      sows and piglets, porcine milk is crucial for the health of newborn piglets. Free
      milk oligosaccharides (MOs) are kinds of important bioactive substance in
      mammalian milk. However, little is known about the component and function of the
      porcine MOs (PMOs). In this study, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography
      coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-Q-TOF MS)
      system was utilized to profile the PMOs. Forty-one distinct PMOs were identified
      totally in three breeds of sows. The PMOs were highly sialylated (~30%) and
      fucosylated PMOs (1-3%) were monitored at low levels. The most abundant
      oligosaccharide was a trisaccharide (Hex3 ) which contributed over 50% of the
      total PMOs abundance. Comparison of free MOs profiles revealed heterogeneity and
      variations among individuals and different breeds of sows, however, the MOs
      variation among breeds was limited even minor than that among individuals.
      Furthermore, most PMOs contents were higher in colostrum and decreased in the
      early lactation, but a few kinds increased at last. Different oligosaccharides
      had different patterns during lactation. Overall, these observations showed a
      more detailed PMOs library and would contribute to the exploration of influence
      of PMOs on piglets' health.

PMID- 26959872
TI  - Hand grip strength and anthropometric characteristics in Italian female national
      basketball teams.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hand and
      body dimensions on hand grip strength and to define a reference scale for talent
      identification in basketball players. METHODS: Body and hand anthropometric data
      and the maximal handgrip strength of 109 female Italian basketball National
      players (Under14-Seniores) were measured. RESULTS: Handgrip strength and arm
      length trend increased, raising the statistical significant differences only for
      players from the age of 19 (U20, Seniores) with respect to sub-elite groups (U14,
      U15) (P<0.05). Handgrip strength showed low positive correlations with height and
      Body Mass Index but a positive relationships with arm length (r=0.5; P<0.001).
      Findings underline training and years of practice have effects on increasing
      handgrip strength. CONCLUSIONS: Data show that to select female basketball
      players by arm length means selecting by handgrip strength. Thus it is possible
      to suggest that in addition to height, arm length could also be considered a
      useful parameter in young female talent identification.

PMID- 26959873
TI  - Factors that influence ground reaction force profiles during counter movement
      jumping.
AB  - BAKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine how hip, knee and ankle
      kinetics and kinematics influence effective impulse production during
      countermovement jumps. METHODS: Eighteen semi-professional soccer players (22.8+/
      2.2 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed three
      maximal countermovement jumps on two force platforms (1000 Hz) that were linked
      to a nine camera infrared motion capture system (500 Hz). RESULTS: Kinetic and
      kinematic data revealed jumpers who fail to achieve uniform ground reaction force
      curves that result in optimal impulse production during their jump always display
      hip adduction and or hip internal rotation during the concentric phase of the
      countermovement jump. The variation of hip adduction and or internal rotation
      likely represents failed joint transition during the concentric phase of the
      countermovement jump and appears to account for a non-uniform force trace seen in
      these jumpers. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest rehabilitation and conditioning
      exercises for injury prevention and performance may benefit from targeting
      frontal and transverse plane movement.

PMID- 26959874
TI  - Dietary macronutrient distribution influences postexercise substrate utilization
      in women: a cross-sectional evaluation of metabolic flexibility.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metabolic flexibility is the ability to alter substrate utilization
      in response to substrate availability, which may influence health and
      performance. The current study evaluated the effects of habitual macronutrient
      distribution on energy expenditure (EE) and metabolic flexibility in physically
      active women. METHODS: Participants (N.=20) completed a 3-day food log and a
      standardized bout of high-intensity interval training to determine EE and
      respiratory exchange ratio (RER). EE and RER were measured via indirect
      calorimetry at rest (PRE) and immediately (IP), 30 minutes (30 min), and 60
      minutes postexercise (60 min). To evaluate metabolic flexibility, RER changes
      were calculated from PRE to IP, IP to 30 min, and IP to 60 min. For each
      macronutrient, participants were categorized into high- and low-intake groups
      using a median split. RESULTS: No significant correlations were observed between
      macronutrient distribution and EE when covaried for lean mass (all P>=0.232), and
      ANCOVAs revealed no significant group * time interactions (all P>=0.241). Fat
      intake was not associated with ?RER (all P>=0.477). Correlations between PRO
      intake and ?RER approached significance (r=0.373-0.411; P=0.079-0.115), as did
      inverse associations between CHO and ?RER (r=-0.404 - -0.409; P=0.084-0.087).
      Lower RER values were observed in the low-CHO group at 30 min and 60 min
      (P=0.030) compared to high-CHO. Higher RER values were observed in the high-PRO
      group at IP (P=0.042) compared to low-PRO. Estradiol was not correlated with RER
      at any time point, or different between diet groups (all P>=0.401). CONCLUSIONS:
      Results suggest that high PRO and low CHO intakes are associated with greater
      metabolic flexibility in women.

PMID- 26959875
TI  - Cross-sectional relationships between sedentary behavior and frailty in older
      adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between frailty
      and sedentary behavior and to examine the discriminative ability of sedentary
      behavior in screening frailty in older adults. METHODS: This was a cross
      sectional study based on data from an epidemiologic population-based household
      survey involving 316 community-dwelling older adults (>=60 years) of both sexes
      (173 women and 143 men). The frailty was measured from an adapted version of the
      criteria proposed by Fried et al. in 2001, which is based on the presence of
      three or more of the following components: shrinking, weakness, poor
      endurance/exhaustion, slowness and low activity. Sedentary behavior was
      determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (long version).
      RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty was 23.8%, and the average time in sedentary
      behavior was 6.1+/-3.2 h/day. Sedentary behavior was independently and positively
      associated with frailty (PR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.19; P=0.013). The ROC curve
      showed that the sedentary behavior could discriminate frail older adults
      (AUC=0.66; 95% CI: 0.61-0.72), and the best cutoff point was 7 h/day (sensitivity
      =54% and specificity =75%). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is strongly associated with
      sedentary behavior. Sedentary behavior can be a potential marker in screening of
      frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Our findings suggest that reducing
      the time with sedentary behavior and increasing the time with physical activity
      may prevent frailty syndrome.

PMID- 26959876
TI  - Structure and Function of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate Decarboxylase and Its Cognate
      Activating Enzyme.
AB  - 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase (4Hpad) is the prototype of a new class of
      Fe-S cluster-dependent glycyl radical enzymes (Fe-S GREs) acting on aromatic
      compounds. The two-enzyme component system comprises a decarboxylase responsible
      for substrate conversion and a dedicated activating enzyme (4Hpad-AE). The
      decarboxylase uses a glycyl/thiyl radical dyad to convert 4-hydroxyphenylacetate
      into p-cresol (4-methylphenol) by a biologically unprecedented Kolbe-type
      decarboxylation. In addition to the radical dyad prosthetic group, the
      decarboxylase unit contains two [4Fe-4S] clusters coordinated by an extra small
      subunit of unknown function. 4Hpad-AE reductively cleaves S-adenosylmethionine
      (SAM or AdoMet) at a site-differentiated [4Fe-4S]2+/+ cluster (RS cluster)
      generating a transient 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical that produces a stable glycyl
      radical in the decarboxylase by the abstraction of a hydrogen atom. 4Hpad-AE
      binds up to two auxiliary [4Fe-4S] clusters coordinated by a ferredoxin-like
      insert that is C-terminal to the RS cluster-binding motif. The ferredoxin-like
      domain with its two auxiliary clusters is not vital for SAM-dependent glycyl
      radical formation in the decarboxylase, but facilitates a longer lifetime for the
      radical. This review describes the 4Hpad and cognate AE families and focuses on
      the recent advances and open questions concerning the structure, function and
      mechanism of this novel Fe-S-dependent class of GREs. 

PMID- 26959877
TI  - The CHRM3 gene is implicated in abnormal thalamo-orbital frontal cortex
      functional connectivity in first-episode treatment-naive patients with
      schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The genetic influences in human brain structure and function and
      impaired functional connectivities are the hallmarks of the schizophrenic brain.
      To explore how common genetic variants affect the connectivities in
      schizophrenia, we applied genome-wide association studies assaying the abnormal
      neural connectivities in schizophrenia as quantitative traits. METHOD: We
      recruited 161 first-onset and treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia and 150
      healthy controls. All the participants underwent scanning with a 3 T-magnetic
      resonance imaging scanner to acquire structural and functional imaging data and
      genotyping using the HumanOmniZhongHua-8 BeadChip. The brain-wide association
      study approach was employed to account for the inherent modular nature of brain
      connectivities. RESULTS: We found differences in four abnormal functional
      connectivities [left rectus to left thalamus (REC.L-THA.L), left rectus to right
      thalamus (REC.L-THA.R), left superior orbital cortex to left thalamus (ORBsup.L
      THA.L) and left superior orbital cortex to right thalamus (ORBsup.L-THA.R)]
      between the two groups. Univariate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based
      association revealed that the SNP rs6800381, located nearest to the CHRM3
      (cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3) gene, reached genomic significance (p =
      1.768 * 10-8) using REC.L-THA.R as the phenotype. Multivariate gene-based
      association revealed that the FAM12A (family with sequence similarity 12, member
      A) gene nearly reached genomic significance (nominal p = 2.22 * 10-6, corrected p
      = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we identified the first evidence that the CHRM3
      gene plays a role in abnormal thalamo-orbital frontal cortex functional
      connectivity in first-episode treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia.
      Identification of these genetic variants using neuroimaging genetics provides
      insights into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help
      us determine the mechanisms of dysfunction in schizophrenia.

PMID- 26959878
TI  - Carbon and Hydrogen Stable Isotope Fractionation Associated with the Aerobic and
      Anaerobic Degradation of Saturated and Alkylated Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
AB  - Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) and alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons are abundant
      environmental compounds. Hydrocarbons are primarily removed from the environment
      by biodegradation, a process usually associated with moderate carbon and
      significant hydrogen isotope fractionation allowing monitoring of biodegradation
      processes in the environment. Here, we review the carbon and hydrogen stable
      isotope fractionation associated with the cleavage of C-H bonds at alkyl chains
      of hydrocarbons. Propane, n-butane and ethylbenzene were used as model components
      for alkyl moieties of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with emphasis on the
      cleavage of the C-H bond without the involvement of molecular oxygen. The carbon
      and hydrogen isotope fractionation factors were further used to explore the
      diagnostic potential for characterizing the mode of bond cleavage under oxic and
      anoxic conditions. x039B; factors, calculated to correlate carbon and hydrogen
      fractionation, allowed to distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic
      biodegradation processes in the environment. 

PMID- 26959879
TI  - A short-term increase of the postoperative naturally circulating dendritic cells
      subsets in flurbiprofen-treated patients with esophageal carcinoma undergoing
      thoracic surgery.
AB  - The present study evaluated whether flurbiprofen increased the naturally
      circulating dendritic cells (DCs) subsets in patients with esophageal squamous
      cell carcinoma (ESCC) undergoing esophageal resection. Compared to healthy donors
      (n=20), the significantly depressed percentages of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), CD1c+
      myeloid DCs (mDCs), and CD141+ mDCs among ESCC patients (n=60) were confirmed.
      Flurbiprofen was administered before skin incision and at the end of operation in
      group F (n=30), as well as placebo in group C (n=30). The postoperative
      suppressed percentages of pDCs, CD1c+ mDCs, and CD141+ mDCs increased
      significantly following the perioperative treatment with flurbiprofen.
      Flurbiprofen also significantly stimulated the postoperative IFN-f and IL-17
      production, but inhibited the immunosuppressive IL-10 and TGF-beta levels.
      Furthermore, flurbiprofen exerted a similar analgesic effect and brought a
      significantly less sufentanil consumption compared to group C. Taken together,
      flurbiprofen provided a short-term increase of postoperative naturally
      circulating DCs in ESCC patients. 

PMID- 26959880
TI  - Prp19 facilitates invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma via p38 mitogen-activated
      protein kinase/twist1 pathway.
AB  - Pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (Prp19) is involved in many cellular events
      including pre-mRNA processing and DNA damage response. However, the pathological
      role of Prp19 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still elusive. Here, we
      reported that Prp19 was increased in most HCC tissues and HCC cell lines, and its
      overexpression in HCC tissues was positively correlated with vascular invasion,
      tumor capsule breakthrough and poor prognosis. Prp19 potentiated migratory and
      invasive abilities of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore Prp19
      facilitated Twist1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistic
      insights revealed that Prp19 directly binded with TGF-beta-activated kinase1
      (TAK1) and promoted the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
      (MAPK), preventing Twist1 from degradation. Finally Prp19/p38 MAPK/Twist1 axis
      was attested in nude mice xenografts and HCC patient specimens. This work implies
      that the gain of Prp19 is a critical event during the progression of HCC, making
      it a promising target for malignancies with aberrant Prp19 expression. 

PMID- 26959881
TI  - Metformin combined with sodium dichloroacetate promotes B leukemic cell death by
      suppressing anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1.
AB  - Metformin and the mitochondrial targeting dichloroacetate (DCA) have recently
      received attention due to their ability to inhibit anaerobic glycolysis, which
      renders most cancer cells resistant to apoptosis induction. We observed that
      Metformin alone exhibited a dose-dependent anti-leukemic activity in both B
      leukemic cell lines and primary B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients'
      cells and its anti-leukemic activity was enhanced when used in combination with
      DCA. In order to overcome the problems of poor bioavailability and cellular
      uptake, which limit DCA efficacy, we have designed and synthetized cocrystals
      consisting of Metformin and DCA (Met-DCA) at different stoichiometric ratios. Of
      note, the MetH(2)(++)*2DCA(-) cocrystal exhibited enhanced in vitro anti-leukemic
      activity, with respect to the treatment with the mix consisting of Metformin plus
      DCA. In particular, the treatment with the cocrystal MetH(2)(++)*2DCA(-) induced
      a synergistic apoptotic cell death coupled to a marked down-modulation of the
      anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein. Taken together, our data emphasize that innovative
      compounds based on Metformin-DCA combination merit to be further evaluated as
      chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of B-CLL.

PMID- 26959882
TI  - P53 activation inhibits all types of hematopoietic progenitors and all stages of
      megakaryopoiesis.
AB  - TP53 also known as p53 is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in a variety of
      cancers. P53 is involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair mechanisms and
      is thus tightly controlled by many regulators. Recently, strategies to treat
      cancer have focused on the development of MDM2 antagonists to induce p53
      stabilization and restore cell death in p53 non-mutated cancers. However, some of
      these molecules display adverse effects in patients including induction of
      thrombocytopenia. In the present study, we have explored the effect of SAR405838
      not only on human megakaryopoiesis but also more generally on hematopoiesis. We
      compared its effect to MI-219 and Nutlin, which are less potent MDM2 antagonists
      than SAR405838. We found that all these compounds induce a deleterious effect on
      all types of hematopoietic progenitors, as well as on erythroid and
      megakaryocytic differentiation. Moreover, they inhibit both early and late stages
      of megakaryopoiesis including ploidization and proplatelet formation. In
      conclusion, MDM2 antagonists induced a major hematopoietic defect in vitro as
      well as an inhibition of all stages of megakaryopoiesis that may account for in
      vivo thrombocytopenia observed in treated patients. 

PMID- 26959883
TI  - Overexpression of USP39 predicts poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis of
      prostate cancer via promoting EGFR mRNA maturation and transcription elongation.
AB  - Castration resistance is a serious problem facing clinical treatment of prostate
      cancer (PCa). The underlying molecular mechanisms of acquired proliferation
      ability of tumor cells upon androgen deprivation are largely undetermined. In the
      present study, we identified that ubiquitin specific peptidase 39 (USP39) was
      significantly upregulated in PCa samples and cell lines. Elevated USP39
      expression was positively correlated with Gleason score, predicted a poor
      outcome, and functioned as an independent risk factor for biochemical recurrence
      (BCR) especially in patients with a Gleason score <=7. Our cell-based study
      showed that the expression level of USP39 was the highest in AR-negative PCa cell
      lines. Knockdown of USP39 in PCa cells inhibited cancer colony formation and
      tumor cell growth, and induced G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis. Microarray
      analysis suggested that knockdown of USP39 caused a reduced expression of EGFR.
      Silencing of USP39 inhibited the expression of EGFR 3'-end, and presented a
      remarkable block to the maturation of EGFR mRNA, suggesting that silencing of
      USP39 decreased the transcriptional elongation and maturation of EGFR mRNA.
      Oncomine datasets analysis showed that USP39 expression was positively correlated
      with EGFR level. The above findings suggest that USP39 plays a vital oncogenic
      role in the tumorigenesis of PCa and may prove to be a potential biomarker for
      predicting the prognosis of PCa patients. 

PMID- 26959884
TI  - Prognostic role of STAT3 in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Accumulated studies have provided controversial evidences of the association
      between signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins 3 (STAT3)
      expression and survival of human solid tumors. To address this inconsistency, we
      performed a meta-analysis with 63 studies identified from PubMed, Medline and
      EBSCO. We found STAT3 overexpression was significantly associated with worse 3
      year overall survival (OS) (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.57 to 2.71, P < 0.00001) and 5
      year OS (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.63, P < 0.00001) of human solid tumors.
      Similar results were observed when disease free survival (DFS) were analyzed.
      Subgroup analysis showed that elevated STAT3 expression was associated with poor
      prognosis of gastric cancer, lung cancer, gliomas, hepatic cancer, osteosarcoma,
      prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer but better prognosis of breast cancer. The
      correlation between STAT3 and survival of solid tumors was related to its
      phosphorylated state. High expression level of STAT3 was also associated with
      advanced tumor stage. In conclusion, elevated STAT3 expression is associated with
      poor survival in most solid tumors. STAT3 is a valuable biomarker for prognosis
      prediction and a promising therapeutic target in human solid tumors. 

PMID- 26959885
TI  - Mutations in histone modulators are associated with prolonged survival during
      azacitidine therapy.
AB  - Early therapeutic decision-making is crucial in patients with higher-risk MDS. We
      evaluated the impact of clinical parameters and mutational profiles in 134
      consecutive patients treated with azacitidine using a combined cohort from
      Karolinska University Hospital (n=89) and from King's College Hospital, London
      (n=45). While neither clinical parameters nor mutations had a significant impact
      on response rate, both karyotype and mutational profile were strongly associated
      with survival from the start of treatment. IPSS high-risk cytogenetics negatively
      impacted overall survival (median 20 vs 10 months; p<0.001), whereas mutations in
      histone modulators (ASXL1, EZH2) were associated with prolonged survival (22 vs
      12 months, p=0.01). This positive association was present in both cohorts and
      remained highly significant in the multivariate cox model. Importantly, patients
      with mutations in histone modulators lacking high-risk cytogenetics showed a
      survival of 29 months compared to only 10 months in patients with the opposite
      pattern. While TP53 was negatively associated with survival, neither RUNX1
      mutations nor the number of mutations appeared to influence survival in this
      cohort. We propose a model combining histone modulator mutational screening with
      cytogenetics in the clinical decision-making process for higher-risk MDS patients
      eligible for treatment with azacitidine. 

PMID- 26959886
TI  - Response of brain metastasis from lung cancer patients to an oral nutraceutical
      product containing silibinin.
AB  - Despite multimodal treatment approaches, the prognosis of brain metastases (BM)
      from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor. Untreated patients with BM
      have a median survival of about 1 month, with almost all patients dying from
      neurological causes. We herein present the first report describing the response
      of BM from NSCLC patients to an oral nutraceutical product containing silibinin,
      a flavonoid extracted from the seeds of the milk thistle. We present evidence of
      how the use of the silibinin-based nutraceutical Legasil(r) resulted in
      significant clinical and radiological improvement of BM from NSCLC patients with
      poor performance status that progressed after whole brain radiotherapy and
      chemotherapy. The suppressive effects of silibinin on progressive BM, which
      involved a marked reduction of the peritumoral brain edema, occurred without
      affecting the primary lung tumor outgrowth in NSCLC patients. Because BM patients
      have an impaired survival prognosis and are in need for an immediate tumor
      control, the combination of brain radiotherapy with silibinin-based
      nutraceuticals might not only alleviate BM edema but also prove local control and
      time for either classical chemotherapeutics with immunostimulatory effects or new
      immunotherapeutic agents such as checkpoint blockers to reveal their full
      therapeutic potential in NSCLC BM patients. New studies aimed to illuminate the
      mechanistic aspects underlying the regulatory effects of silibinin on the
      cellular and molecular pathobiology of BM might expedite the entry of new
      formulations of silibinin into clinical testing for progressive BM from lung
      cancer patients. 

PMID- 26959887
TI  - A wait-and-watch approach to small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: prognosis
      and survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether all the small (o<=20mm) non-functional pancreatic
      neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) should be routinely resected is unclear. AIM: To
      assess the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients
      with small pNENs, followed-up with different management options. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Between 2007-2014, 51 patients were newly diagnosed with pNEN. 15
      patients with pNENs o <=20 mm underwent an intensive follow-up at 3-month
      intervals during the first year and then every 6 months (FU pNEN group). They
      were all at TNM stage I, except for one patient at stage IIA. 21 patients
      underwent surgical resection (SR pNEN group): 2 patients were at TNM stage I, 9
      IIA, one IIIB, 9 IV. 15 patients received systemic therapy (ST pNEN group) due to
      advanced disease or contraindications to surgery: 5 were at stage IIA, 2 IIB, 8
      IV. RESULTS: The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 50 months. Survival
      was similar in the FU and SR pNEN groups, but significantly worst in the ST pNEN
      patients (log-rank test P <0.05). The 4-year survival rate was 100% in the FU
      pNEN group, 90.5% among the SR pNEN patients, 61% for the ST pNEN ones (p
      <0.0001). The disease remained stable in all but one patient in the FU pNEN
      group, whereas six patients in the SR group and five in the ST group showed
      disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: The "wait-and-watch" approach to early-stage
      small pNENs appears to be safe although further studies are needed to confirm
      these results in larger cohorts of patients.

PMID- 26959888
TI  - Germline genetics of cancer of unknown primary (CUP) and its specific subtypes.
AB  - Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is a fatal cancer diagnosed through
      metastases at various organs. Little is known about germline genetics of CUP
      which appears worth of a search in view of reported familial associations in CUP.
      In the present study, samples from CUP patients were identified from 2 Swedish
      biobanks and a German clinical trial, totaling 578 CUP patients and 7628
      regionally matched controls. Diagnostic data specified the organ where metastases
      were diagnosed. We carried out a genome-wide association study on CUP cases and
      controls. In the whole sample set, 6 loci reached an allelic p-value in the range
      of 10-7 and were supported by data from the three centers. Three associations
      were located next to non-coding RNA genes. rs2660852 flanked 5'UTR of LTA4H
      (leukotriene A4 hydrolase), rs477145 was intronic to TIAM1 (T-cell lymphoma
      invasion and metastases) and rs2835931 was intronic to KCNJ6 (potassium channel,
      inwardly rectifying subfamily J, member 6). In analysis of subgroups of CUP
      patients (smokers, non-smokers and CUP with liver metastases) genome-wide
      significant associations were noted. For patients with liver metastases
      associations on chromosome 6 and 11, the latter including a cluster of genes
      DHCR7 and NADSYN1, encoding key enzymes in cholesterol and NAD synthesis, and
      KRTAP5-7, encoding a keratin associated protein. This first GWAS on CUP provide
      preliminary evidence that germline genes relating to inflammation (LTA4H),
      metastatic promotion (TIAM1) in association with lipid metabolic disturbance
      (chromosome 11 cluster) may contribute to the risk of CUP. 

PMID- 26959891
TI  - Automated Selection of Active Orbital Spaces.
AB  - One of the key challenges of quantum-chemical multi-configuration methods is the
      necessity to manually select orbitals for the active space. This selection
      requires both expertise and experience and can therefore impose severe
      limitations on the applicability of this most general class of ab initio methods.
      A poor choice of the active orbital space may yield even qualitatively wrong
      results. This is obviously a severe problem, especially for wave function methods
      that are designed to be systematically improvable. Here, we show how the
      iterative nature of the density matrix renormalization group combined with its
      capability to include up to about 100 orbitals in the active space can be
      exploited for a systematic assessment and selection of active orbitals. These
      benefits allow us to implement an automated approach for active orbital space
      selection, which can turn multi-configuration models into black box approaches. 

PMID- 26959889
TI  - Camptothecin targets WRN protein: mechanism and relevance in clinical breast
      cancer.
AB  - Werner syndrome protein (WRN) is a RecQ helicase that participates in DNA repair,
      genome stability and cellular senescence. The five human RecQ helicases, RECQL1,
      Bloom, WRN, RECQL4 and RECQL5 play critical roles in DNA repair and cell survival
      after treatment with the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT). CPT derivatives are
      widely used in cancer chemotherapy to inhibit topoisomerase I and generate DNA
      double-strand breaks during replication. Here we studied the effects of CPT on
      the stability and expression dynamics of human RecQ helicases. In the cells
      treated with CPT, we observed distinct effects on WRN compared to other human
      RecQ helicases. CPT altered the cellular localization of WRN and induced its
      degradation by a ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. WRN knockdown cells as
      well as CPT treated cells became senescent and stained positive for senescence
      associated beta-galactosidase at a higher frequency compared to control cells.
      However, the senescent phenotype was attenuated by ectopic expression of WRN
      suggesting functional implication of WRN degradation in CPT treated cells.
      Approximately 5-23% of breast cancer tumors are known to respond to CPT-based
      chemotherapy. Interestingly, we found that the extent of CPT-induced WRN
      degradation correlates with increasing sensitivity of breast cancer cells to CPT.
      The abundance of WRN decreased in CPT-treated sensitive cells; however, WRN
      remained relatively stable in CPT-resistant breast cancer cells. In a large
      clinical cohort of breast cancer patients, we find that WRN and topoisomerase I
      expression correlate with an aggressive tumor phenotype and poor prognosis. Our
      novel observations suggest that WRN abundance along with CPT-induced degradation
      could be a promising strategy for personalizing CPT-based cancer chemotherapeutic
      regimens. 

PMID- 26959890
TI  - Suppression of B-Raf(V600E) cancers by MAPK hyper-activation.
AB  - B-Raf(V600E) activates MEK/MAPK signalling and acts as oncogenic driver of a
      variety of cancers, including melanoma, colorectal and papillary thyroid
      carcinoma. Specific B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitors (e.g., Vemurafenib) prove
      initial efficacy in melanoma followed shortly by acquired resistance, while
      failing in most other B-Raf(V600E) cancers due to primary resistance. Resistance
      is due to acquired mutations in the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway and/or other
      oncogenic drivers that bypass B-Raf(V600E). Surprisingly, hyper-activation of
      MAPK by inhibiting its protein phosphatase 2A by a synthetic long-chain fatty
      acid analogue (MEDICA), results in oncogene-induced growth arrest and apoptosis
      of B-Raf(V600E) cancer cells. Growth arrest is accompanied by MAPK-mediated
      serine/threonine phosphorylation and suppression of a variety of oncogenic
      drivers that resist treatment by B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitors, including ErbB
      members, c-Met, IGFR, IRS, STAT3 and Akt. The combined activities of mutated B
      Raf and MEDICA are required for generating hyper-activated MAPK, growth arrest
      and apoptosis, implying strict specificity for mutated B-Raf cancer cells. 

PMID- 26959892
TI  - Antioxidant, antimutagenic and antiproliferative activities in selected seaweed
      species from Sinaloa, Mexico.
AB  - Context Seaweeds from the Mexican Pacific Ocean have not been evaluated as a
      source of chemoprotectants. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate
      chemopreventive activities of the seaweeds Phaephyceae - Padina durvillaei
      (Dictyotaceae) - Rodhophyceae - Spyridia filamentosa (Spyridiaceae), Gracilaria
      vermiculophylla (Gracilariaceae) - and Chlorophyceae - Ulva expansa (Ulvaceae),
      Codium isabelae (Codiaceae), Rhizoclonium riparium (Cladophoraceae) and Caulerpa
      sertularioides (Caulerpaceae). Materials and methods Methanol, acetone and hexane
      seaweed extracts were assessed at 30 and 3 mg/mL on antioxidant capacity (DPPH
      and ABTS assays), 0.003-3.0 mg/plate on antimutagenic activity against AFB1 using
      Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains in Ames test, and 12.5 to
      100 MUg/mL on antiproliferative activity on Murine B-cell lymphoma. Phenols,
      flavonoids and pigments content were also assessed as antioxidant compounds.
      Results Extraction yield was higher in methanol than in acetone and hexane
      extracts (6.4, 2.7 and 1.4% dw). Antioxidant capacity was higher in brown and
      green than in red seaweed species, particularly in P. durvillaei extracted in
      acetone (EC50  value= 16.9 and 1.56 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS). Flavonoids and
      chlorophylls were identified as mainly antioxidant components; particularly in
      hexane extracts, which were correlated with the antioxidant capacity. Highest
      mutagenesis inhibition (> 40%) occurred in R. riparium at the lowest
      concentration assayed (0.003 mg/plate), while highest antiproliferative
      inhibition (37 and 72% for 12.5 and 25 MUg/mL) occurred in C. sertularioides.
      Discussion and conclusion Flavonoids and chlorophylls explained the
      chemopreventive activities assessed in S. filamentosa, R. riparium and C.
      sertularioides. These seaweeds have a high potential as a source of novel
      chemoprotectants. 

PMID- 26959893
TI  - The impact of person-organization fit on innovative work behavior: the mediating
      effect of knowledge sharing behavior.
AB  - PURPOSE: The direct relationship between person-organization (P-O) fit and
      employee's positive work attitudes and behaviours have been well researched.
      However, there has been no study on the impact of P-O fit on innovative work
      behaviour (IWB) of the nurses. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in
      the literature. In order to give a complete understanding of the psychology
      surrounding P-O fit, this study has longitudinally analysed the relationship
      between P-O fit and IWB along with the impact of a potential mediator, i.e.
      knowledge sharing behaviour (KSB) on this relationship.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A total of 357 nurses and 71 doctors from three
      government hospitals of Thailand filled out the questionnaires. Structural
      equation modelling was used to analyse the relationships. FINDINGS: Results of
      the study indicate that a nurse's P-O fit is positively associated with both self
      and doctor ratings of innovative behaviours; and KSB acts as a partial mediator
      between P-O fit and IWB at both Times 1 and 2. These results imply that a nurse's
      perceived fit in the hospital impacts his/her engagement into IWB. As nurses
      share knowledge with their co-workers frequently, it tends to strengthen the
      relationship between P-O fit and IWB. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Study findings begin to
      explain how P-O fit impacts IWB of nurses. Specifically, the author find that KSB
      explains the relationship between P-O fit and IWB.

PMID- 26959894
TI  - Combined quality function deployment and logical framework analysis to improve
      quality of emergency care in Malta.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated patient-focused
      analytical framework to improve quality of care in accident and emergency (A & E)
      unit of a Maltese hospital. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study adopts a case
      study approach. First, a thorough literature review has been undertaken to study
      the various methods of healthcare quality management. Second, a healthcare
      quality management framework is developed using combined quality function
      deployment (QFD) and logical framework approach (LFA). Third, the proposed
      framework is applied to a Maltese hospital to demonstrate its effectiveness. The
      proposed framework has six steps, commencing with identifying patients'
      requirements and concluding with implementing improvement projects. All the steps
      have been undertaken with the involvement of the concerned stakeholders in the A
      & E unit of the hospital. FINDINGS: The major and related problems being faced by
      the hospital under study were overcrowding at A & E and shortage of beds,
      respectively. The combined framework ensures better A & E services and patient
      flow. QFD identifies and analyses the issues and challenges of A & E and LFA
      helps develop project plans for healthcare quality improvement. The important
      outcomes of implementing the proposed quality improvement programme are fewer
      hospital admissions, faster patient flow, expert triage and shorter waiting times
      at the A & E unit. Increased emergency consultant cover and faster first
      significant medical encounter were required to start addressing the problems
      effectively. Overall, the combined QFD and LFA method is effective to address
      quality of care in A & E unit. PRACTICAL/IMPLICATIONS: The proposed framework can
      be easily integrated within any healthcare unit, as well as within entire
      healthcare systems, due to its flexible and user-friendly approach. It could be
      part of Six Sigma and other quality initiatives. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Although QFD
      has been extensively deployed in healthcare setup to improve quality of care,
      very little has been researched on combining QFD and LFA in order to identify
      issues, prioritise them, derive improvement measures and implement improvement
      projects. Additionally, there is no research on QFD application in A & E. This
      paper bridges these gaps. Moreover, very little has been written on the Maltese
      health care system. Therefore, this study contributes demonstration of quality of
      emergency care in Malta.

PMID- 26959895
TI  - Improving healthcare practice behaviors: an exploratory study identifying
      effective and ineffective behaviors in healthcare.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to present the results of exploratory
      research designed to develop an awareness of healthcare behaviors, with a view
      toward improving the customer satisfaction with healthcare services. It examines
      the relationship between healthcare providers and their
      consumers/patients/clients. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study uses a
      critical incident methodology, with both effective and ineffective behavioral
      specimens examined across different provider groups. FINDINGS: The effects of
      these different behaviors on what Berry (1999) identified as the common core
      values of service organizations are examined, as those values are required to
      build a lasting service relationship. Also examined are categories of healthcare
      practice based on the National Quality Strategy priorities. RESEARCH
      LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The most obvious is the retrospective nature of the
      method used. How accurate are patient or consumer memories? Are they capable of
      making valid judgments of healthcare experiences (Berry and Bendapudi, 2003)?
      While an obvious limitation, such recollections are clearly important as they may
      be paramount in following the healthcare practitioners' instructions, loyalty for
      repeat business, making recommendations to others and the like. Further, studies
      have shown retrospective reports to be accurate and useful (Miller et al., 1997).
      PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: With this information, healthcare educators should be in
      a better position to improve the training offered in their programs and
      practitioners to better serve their customers. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings
      would indicate that the human values of excellence, innovation, joy, respect and
      integrity play a significant role in building a strong service relationship
      between consumer and healthcare provider. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Berry (1999) has
      argued that the overriding importance in building a lasting service business is
      human values. This exploratory study has shown how critical incident analysis can
      be used to determine both effective and ineffective practices of different
      medical providers. It also provides guidelines as to what are effective and
      ineffective behaviors in healthcare.

PMID- 26959896
TI  - Advancing the Big Five of user-oriented care and accounting for its variations.
AB  - PURPOSE: Care process quality (i.e. how care is enacted by a care worker toward a
      client at the interpersonal level) is a strong predictor of satisfaction in a
      wide range of health care services. The purpose of this paper is to describe the
      basic elements of care process quality as user-oriented care. Specifically, the
      questions of how and why quality in user-oriented care varies were investigated
      in the context of elderly care. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Two municipalities
      were selected for in-depth field studies. First, in each municipality, the
      authors interviewed and observed care workers' interactions with the older
      persons in both home care and nursing homes during two weeks (Study 1). Second,
      in an attempt to gain a deeper understanding of why process quality in terms of
      user-oriented care varies, the authors conducted interviews with care workers and
      care unit managers (Study 2). FINDINGS: A new taxonomy for categorizing process
      quality variation, the Big Five of user-oriented care (task-focus, person-focus,
      affect, cooperation, and time-use), is proposed. In addition, the perceived
      reasons for process quality variation are reported in our own developed Quality
      Agents Model, suggesting that variations in care process evaluations may be
      explained from different perspectives at multiple levels (i.e., older person,
      care worker-, unit-, department-, and municipality level). ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The
      proposed taxonomy and model are useful for describing user-oriented care quality
      and the reasons for its variations. These findings are of relevance for future
      quality developments of elderly care services, but also may be adapted to
      applications in any other enterprise employing a user-oriented approach.

PMID- 26959897
TI  - Five focus strategies to organize health care delivery.
AB  - PURPOSE: The focused factory is one of the concepts that decision-makers have
      adopted for improving health care delivery. However, disorganized definitions of
      focus have led to findings that cannot be utilized systematically. The purpose of
      this paper is to discuss strategic options to focus health care operations.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: First the literature on focus in health care is
      reviewed revealing conceptual challenges. Second, a definition of focus in terms
      of demand and requisite variety is defined, and the mechanisms of focus are
      explicated. A classification of five focus strategies that follow the original
      idea to reduce variety in products and markets is presented. Finally, the paper
      examines managerial possibilities linked to the focus strategies. FINDINGS: The
      paper proposes a framework of five customer-oriented focus strategies which aim
      at reducing variety in different characteristics of care pathways: population;
      urgency and severity; illnesses and symptoms; care practices and processes; and
      care outcomes. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Empirical research is needed to
      evaluate the costs and benefits of the five strategies and about system-level
      effects of focused units on competition and coordination. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS:
      Focus is an enabling condition that needs to be exploited using specific demand
      and supply management practices. It is essential to understand how focus
      mechanisms differ between strategies, and to select focus that fits with
      organization's strategy and key performance indicators. ORIGINALITY/VALUE:
      Compared to previous more resource-oriented approaches, this study provides
      theoretically solid and practically relevant customer-oriented framework for
      focusing in health care.

PMID- 26959898
TI  - Lean and Six Sigma in acute care: a systematic review of reviews.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic review of
      literature reviews, summarizing how Lean and Six Sigma management techniques have
      been implemented in acute care settings to date, and assessing their impact. To
      aid decision makers who wish to use these techniques by identifying the sectors
      of activity most often targeted, the main results of the interventions, as well
      as barriers and facilitators involved. To identify areas of future research.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A literature search was conducted, using eight
      databases. The methodological quality of the selected reviews was appraised with
      AMSTAR. A narrative synthesis was performed according to the guidelines proposed
      by Popay et al. (2006). Data were reported according to PRISMA. FINDINGS: The
      literature search identified 149 publications published from 1999 to January
      2015. Seven literature reviews were included into the systematic review, upon
      appraisal. The overall quality of the evidence was poor to fair. The clinical
      settings most described were specialized health care services, including
      operating suites, intensive care units and emergency departments. The outcomes
      most often appraised related to processes and quality. The evidence suggests that
      Lean and Six Sigma are better adapted to settings where processes involve a
      linear sequence of events. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: There is a need for
      more studies of high methodological quality to better understand the effects of
      these approaches as well as the factors of success and barriers to their
      implementation. Field studies comparing the effects of Lean and Six Sigma to
      those of other process redesign or quality improvement efforts would bring a
      significant contribution to the body of knowledge. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Lean
      and Six Sigma can be considered valuable process optimization approaches in acute
      health care settings. The success of their implementation requires significant
      participation of clinical personnel from the frontline as well as clinical
      leaders and managers. More research is needed to better understand the factors of
      success and the barriers to their implementation, as well as their long-term
      impact. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This is the first broad systematic review of reviews,
      synthesizing data pertaining to implementation issues and results in acute care
      settings, to be published. It will benefit health care managers assessing the
      potential of these approaches and the potential drawbacks associated with their
      implementation. Moreover, it identifies directions for future research.

PMID- 26959899
TI  - Performance management of the public healthcare services in Ireland: a review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Performance Management (PM) processes have become a potent part of
      strategic and service quality decisions in healthcare organisations. In 2005, the
      management of public healthcare in Ireland was amalgamated into a single
      integrated management body, named the Health Service Executive (HSE). Since then,
      the HSE has come up with a range of strategies for healthcare developments and
      reforms, and has developed a PM system as part of its strategic planning. The
      purpose of this paper is to review the application of PM in the Irish Healthcare
      system, with a particular focus on Irish Hospitals and Emergency Services.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: An extensive review of relevant HSE's publications
      from 2005 to 2013 is conducted. Studies of the relevant literature related to the
      application of PM and of international best practices in healthcare performance
      systems are also presented. FINDINGS: PM and performance measurement systems used
      by the HSE include many performance reports designed to monitor performance
      trends and strategic goals. Issues in the current PM system include inconsistency
      of measures and performance reporting, unclear strategy alignment, and
      deficiencies in reporting (e.g. feedback and corrective actions). Furthermore, PM
      processes have not been linked adequately into Irish public hospitals' management
      systems. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The HSE delivers several services
      such as mental health, social inclusion, etc. This study focuses on the HSE's PM
      framework, with a particular interest in acute hospitals and emergency services.
      ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This is the first comprehensive review of Irish healthcare PM
      since the introduction of the HSE. A critical analysis of the HSE reports
      identifies the shortcomings in its current PM system.

PMID- 26959900
TI  - Management of surgical instruments with radio frequency identification tags.
AB  - PURPOSE: To prevent malpractices, medical staff has adopted inventory time-outs
      and/or checklists. Accurate inventory and maintenance of surgical instruments
      decreases the risk of operating room miscounting and malfunction. In our previous
      study, an individual management of surgical instruments was accomplished using
      Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. The purpose of this paper is to
      evaluate a new management method of RFID-tagged instruments.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The management system of RFID-tagged surgical
      instruments was used for 27 months in clinical areas. In total, 13 study
      participants assembled surgical trays in the central sterile supply department.
      FINDINGS: While using the management system, trays were assembled 94 times.
      During this period, no assembly errors occurred. An instrument malfunction had
      occurred after the 19th, 56th, and 73 th uses, no malfunction caused by the RFID
      tags, and usage history had been recorded. Additionally, the time it took to
      assemble surgical trays was recorded, and the long-term usability of the
      management system was evaluated. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The system could record the
      number of uses and the defective history of each surgical instrument. In
      addition, the history of the frequency of instruments being transferred from one
      tray to another was recorded. The results suggest that our system can be used to
      manage instruments safely. Additionally, the management system was acquired of
      the learning effect and the usability on daily maintenance. This finding suggests
      that the management system examined here ensures surgical instrument and tray
      assembly quality.

PMID- 26959901
TI  - Unlinked Mendelian inheritance of red and black pigmentation in snakes:
      Implications for Batesian mimicry.
AB  - Identifying the genetic basis of mimetic signals is critical to understanding
      both the origin and dynamics of mimicry over time. For species not amenable to
      large laboratory breeding studies, widespread color polymorphism across natural
      populations offers a powerful way to assess the relative likelihood of different
      genetic systems given observed phenotypic frequencies. We classified color
      phenotype for 2175 ground snakes (Sonora semiannulata) across the continental
      United States to analyze morph ratios and test among competing hypotheses about
      the genetic architecture underlying red and black coloration in coral snake
      mimics. We found strong support for a two-locus model under simple Mendelian
      inheritance, with red and black pigmentation being controlled by separate loci.
      We found no evidence of either linkage disequilibrium between loci or sex
      linkage. In contrast to Batesian mimicry systems such as butterflies in which all
      color signal components are linked into a single "supergene," our results suggest
      that the mimetic signal in colubrid snakes can be disrupted through simple
      recombination and that color evolution is likely to involve discrete gains and
      losses of each signal component. Both outcomes are likely to contribute to the
      exponential increase in rates of color evolution seen in snake mimicry systems
      over insect systems. 

PMID- 26959939
TI  - The role of conserved Cys residues in Brassica rapa auxin amidohydrolase: Cys139
      is crucial for the enzyme activity and Cys320 regulates enzyme stability.
AB  - Brassica rapa auxin amidohydrolase (BrILL2) participates in the homeostasis of
      the plant hormones auxins by hydrolyzing the amino acid conjugates of auxins,
      thereby releasing the free active form of hormones. Herein, the potential role of
      the two conserved Cys residues of BrILL2 (at sequence positions 139 and 320) has
      been investigated by using interdisciplinary approaches and methods of molecular
      biology, biochemistry, biophysics and molecular modelling. The obtained results
      show that both Cys residues participate in the regulation of enzyme activity.
      Cys320 located in the satellite domain of the enzyme is mainly responsible for
      protein stability and regulation of enzyme activity through polymer formation, as
      has been revealed by enzyme kinetics and differential scanning calorimetry
      analysis of the BrILL2 wild type and mutants C320S and C139S. Cys139 positioned
      in the active site of the catalytic domain is involved in the coordination of one
      Mn(2+) ion of the bimetal center and is crucial for the enzymatic activity.
      Although the point mutation Cys139 to Ser causes the loss of enzyme activity, it
      does not affect the metal binding to the BrILL2 enzyme, as has been shown by
      isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry and
      differential scanning calorimetry data. MD simulations (200 ns) revealed a
      different active site architecture of the BrILL2C139S mutant in comparison to the
      wild type enzyme. Additional possible reasons for the inactivity of the
      BrILL2C139S mutant have been discussed based on MD simulations and MM-PBSA free
      energy calculations of BrILL2 enzyme complexes (wt and C139S mutant) with IPA-Ala
      as a substrate. 

PMID- 26959940
TI  - Chromic oxide and acid-insoluble ash as markers in digestibility studies with
      growing pigs and sows.
AB  - The results of three experiments, focused on the determination of endogenous
      ileal flow (EIF) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen (N) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal
      digestibility (AID) of AA and N (Exp. 2), and apparent total tract digestibility
      (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus
      (P) (Exps. 2 and 3), were used to compare chromic oxide (Cr2 O3 ) and acid
      insoluble ash (AIA) as digestibility markers. In Exps. 1 and 2, a total of six
      gilts fitted with T-cannula in terminal ileum, and in Exp. 3, a total of 24
      pregnant sows were used. In Exps. 1 and 2, the pigs were assigned into four
      dietary treatments according to 4 * 6 crossover design (Exp. 1; diets with 0%,
      4%, 8% and 12% of casein; Exp. 2 basal diet with different levels of phytase). In
      Exp. 3, the sows were assigned to four dietary treatments (basal diet with
      different levels of phytase) of six sows. In Exps. 1 and 2 ileal digesta and in
      Exps. 2 and 3 faeces were collected for the determination of EIF, AID and ATTD.
      Differences in EIF of AA determined by Cr2 O3 and AIA ranged (p ? 0.05) from 
      4.62 to 4.54%. The lowest EIF was for methionine and the greatest one for
      proline, determined by both markers. Apparent ileal digestibility determined by
      Cr2 O3 was slightly greater (p ? 0.05) in comparison with AIA. Differences ranged
      from 1.88% (Arg) to 7.08% (Gly). The greatest AID was for arginine and the lowest
      one for glycine, determined by both Cr2 O3 and AIA. Similarly for ATTD of DM, OM,
      N, Ca and P, there were no differences in digestibility determined by Cr2 O3 and
      AIA. Both, Cr2 O3 and AIA, are suitable and comparable markers for digestibility
      studies in pigs.

PMID- 26959941
TI  - Single-Incision Laparoscopy Could Be Better than Standard Laparoscopy in Right
      Colectomy for Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is
      slowed down by technical hurdles. Concomitantly, single-incision laparoscopy has
      been increasingly reported as an alternative. By reducing the invasiveness of
      standard laparoscopy, we may further reduce postoperative pain, decrease
      morbidity, preserve abdominal wall, and enhance cosmesis. Such techniques have
      been widely applied, including in colorectal surgery. The aim of this multicenter
      study is to compare the results of single-incision right colectomy (SIRC) with
      the results of the standard laparoscopic right colectomy (SLRC) in patients with
      colon cancer. METHODS: The files of patients who underwent right colectomy for
      cancer in five hospitals between January 2010 and December 2013 have been
      reviewed. Exclusion criteria were open surgery, emergency setting, and American
      Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score >3. Patients were distributed in Groups
      A (SIRC) or B (SLRC). RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-two patients were included in
      this study, 336 in Group A and 256 in Group B. Mean operative time was 129.0
      minutes (range 65-245) in Group A and 168.1 minutes in the Group B (range 70
      290), respectively (P < .001). No mortality occurred in either group. The overall
      30-day morbidity rates were 21.4% in Group A and 25% in Group B, respectively (P
      = .64). The median length of hospital stay was 4.95 days (range 3-14) in Group A
      and 5.5 days in Group B (range 3-12), respectively (P = .28). Conversion to
      laparotomy occurred in four patients in each group (P = 1). Length of skin
      incision was significantly shorter in Group A than in Group B (2.99 +/- 0.63 cm
      versus 4.94 +/- 0.65 cm, P < .001). Histological analysis of the operative
      specimens showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: SIRC is feasible and
      sure for patients with colon cancer. As compared with SLRC, SIRC may offer some
      advantages, including lower operative morbidity, shorter hospital stay, and
      better cosmoses, without compromising the oncological quality of the resected
      specimen.

PMID- 26959942
TI  - Estimating spatially specific demand and supply of dental services: a
      longitudinal comparison in Northern Germany.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Assessing the spatial distribution of oral morbidity-related demand
      and the workforce-related supply is relevant for planning dental services. We
      aimed to establish and validate a model for estimating the spatially specific
      demand and supply. This model was then applied to compare demand-supply ratios in
      2001 and 2011 in the federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Northern Germany).
      METHODS: The spatial units were zip code areas. Demand per area was estimated by
      linking population-specific oral morbidities to working times via insurance claim
      data. Estimated demand was validated against the provided demand in 2001 and
      2011. Supply was calculated for both years using cohort data from the dentist
      register. The ratio of demand and supply was geographically mapped and its
      distribution between areas assessed using the Gini coefficient. RESULTS: Between
      2001 and 2011, a significant decrease of the general population (-7.0 percent),
      the annual demand (-13.1 percent), and the annual supply (-12.9 percent) was
      recorded. The estimated demands were nearly (2001: -4 percent) and completely
      (2011: +/-0 percent) congruent with provided demands. The average demand-supply
      ratio did not change significantly between 2001 and 2011 (P > 0.05), but was
      increasingly unequally distributed. In both years, few areas were over-serviced,
      while many were under-serviced. CONCLUSIONS: The established model can be used to
      estimate spatially specific demand and supply.

PMID- 26959943
TI  - Stabilizing and Modulating Color by Copigmentation: Insights from Theory and
      Experiment.
AB  - Natural anthocyanin pigments/dyes and phenolic copigments/co-dyes form
      noncovalent complexes, which stabilize and modulate (in particular blue, violet,
      and red) colors in flowers, berries, and food products derived from them
      (including wines, jams, purees, and syrups). This noncovalent association and
      their electronic and optical implications constitute the copigmentation
      phenomenon. Over the past decade, experimental and theoretical studies have
      enabled a molecular understanding of copigmentation. This review revisits this
      phenomenon to provide a comprehensive description of the nature of binding (the
      dispersion and electrostatic components of pi-pi stacking, the hydrophobic
      effect, and possible hydrogen-bonding between pigment and copigment) and of
      spectral modifications occurring in copigmentation complexes, in which charge
      transfer plays an important role. Particular attention is paid to applications of
      copigmentation in food chemistry.

PMID- 26959944
TI  - Transfusion practices and infectious risks.
AB  - Transfusion-transmitted infections remain among the most-feared complications of
      allogeneic blood transfusion. Thanks to several strategies including donor
      screening and deferral, blood testing and pathogen inactivation, their risks have
      reached all-time low levels, particularly in developed nations. Nonetheless, new
      and emerging infections remain a threat that is likely to exacerbate in the
      coming years with continued globalization and climate change. More effective
      strategies of pathogen inactivation and more vigilant horizon screening are hoped
      to abate the risk. Additionally, allogeneic transfusion has repeatedly been shown
      to be associated with worsening of outcomes in patients, including the documented
      increased risk of infections (often nosocomial) in recipients of transfusions.
      The underlying mechanism is likely to be related to immunosuppressive effects of
      allogeneic blood, iron content, and bacterial contamination. This issue is best
      addressed by more judicious and evidence-based use of allogeneic blood components
      to ensure the potential benefits outweigh the risks. 

PMID- 26959945
TI  - Microturbellarians (Platyhelminthes and Acoelomorpha) in Brazil: invisible
      organisms?
AB  - Microturbellarians typically belong to the benthos and may occur in a wide
      variety of environments. They are abundant in freshwater and marine ecosystems
      and may occur in moist terrestrial habitats. However, turbellarians are seldom
      taken into account in studies of biodiversity. Most studies on Brazilian
      microturbellarians had taxonomical purposes and were done in the years 1940-1950.
      Thus, information on their occurrence and ecological aspects are dispersed
      throughout several papers. We intend here to summarize the biogeographical
      distribution and ecological aspects of microturbellarians recorded for Brazil,
      indicating the main gaps in their knowledge and possible actions to enhance
      studies on this group. There are 239 species of microturbellarians registered for
      Brazil, with records distributed in 12 states. However, just three states located
      in southern Brazil have records of 94% of microturbellarian species. Thus,
      knowledge on the systematics and geographical distribution of Brazilian
      microturbellarians clearly reflect the scientific activity over many years or
      decades in two states of southeastern and southern Brazil. Considering the scant
      information on this group in Brazil, which is also the situation of the
      Neotropical microturbellarians in general, some actions should be proposed.
      First, it would be necessary to sample in the diverse biomes, as well as in the
      various river and sea basins, based on standardized sampling protocols. Second,
      it would be necessary to encourage diverse research groups to include
      microturbellarians and/or turbellarians in general into biodiversity inventories
      and studies on community structure of invertebrates. Third, it is necessary to
      increase the number of research groups on microturbellarians, in order to augment
      the studies on their morphology, systematics, and ecology. Considering their
      abundance, species richness and ecological importance in aquatic environments,
      despite some peculiarities regarding their sampling, sorting and identification
      procedures, the challenge to study microturbellarians and enhance knowledge about
      them in Brazilian ecosystems should be faced. 

PMID- 26959946
TI  - Biomass allocation and nutrients balance related to the concentration of Nitrogen
      and Phosphorus in Salvinia auriculata (Salviniaceae).
AB  - Aquatic plants can use differential allocation (trade-off) of carbon among their
      structures depending on the nutrition concentration. Given that N and P are
      limiting in the growth of plants, our questions were: Are the N and P
      concentrations in S. auriculata related to the biomass allocation to its
      structures? Is a differential allocation of N and P between floating and
      submerged leaves? We evaluated the relation between the nutrients and the biomass
      allocation, and the trade-off among the leaves using the Spearman correlation.
      Our results showed that N and P concentrations in S. auriculata are related to
      the biomass allocation to its structures, and that there is no trade-off of these
      nutrients between "shoot and root". Thus, we can see the importance of N and P
      concentration in the biomass of S. auriculata, and why this plant is capable to
      development in different environments as a weedy. 

PMID- 26959947
TI  - Phytotoxic potential of young leaves from Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O.
      Berg (Myrtaceae).
AB  - The loss of leaves by plant species found in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is
      an energetically expensive process due to adverse environmental conditions and
      predation by herbivory. The mature leaves have adaptations which minimize these
      events. However, the young individuals lack these structures and produce high
      leaf concentrations of secondary metabolites as a form of protection. These
      compounds can be used in bioprospection of natural herbicides. Thus, this study
      aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts
      of young leaves from Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg on the elongation
      of wheat coleoptiles (Triticum aestivum L.) and evaluate the potential phytotoxic
      of ethyl acetate extract on germination, growth and cell size of metaxylem of
      sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedlings. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts
      inhibited the elongation of wheat coleoptiles at all concentrations; however, the
      most promising results were observed in coleoptile fragments treated with the
      ethyl acetate extract. This treatment changed the mean germination time and the
      synchrony of sesame seeds, inhibited the growth of shoots and roots, reduced the
      dry weight of seedlings, led to abnormalities in the seedlings and reduced the
      length of the metaxylem cells in the sesame seedlings. These results demonstrated
      the phytotoxic potential of young leaf extracts of B. salicifolius and the high
      phytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate extract in the initial development of S.
      indicum. 

PMID- 26959948
TI  - An uncommon feeding habit: mutillid wasps (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) visiting
      extrafloral nectaries in Malpighiaceae.

PMID- 26959949
TI  - Cytotoxicity of Cheese and Cheddar Cheese food flavorings on Allim cepa L root
      meristems.
AB  - Despite their great importance for the food industry, flavorings, in general,
      raise a number of questions regarding their cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and
      carcinogenicity, since, in the literature, there are few studies found evaluating
      the toxicity on the systemic and cellular level, of these chemical compounds. The
      root meristems of Allium cepa (onion) are widely used for the assessment of
      toxicity of chemical compounds of interest. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate,
      in A. cepa meristematic cells, individually and in combination at the cellular
      level, the toxicity of synthetic Cheese and Cheddar Cheese food flavorings,
      identical to the natural, at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mL, at exposure times of 24 and
      48 hours. In combination we used 0.5 mL of Cheese flavor associated with 0.5 mL
      of Cheddar flavor; and 1.0 mL of Cheese flavor associated with 1.0 mL of Cheddar
      flavor, at exposure times of 24 and 48 hours. For these evaluations, we used
      groups of five onion bulbs, which were first embedded in distilled water and then
      transferred to their respective doses. The root tips were collected and fixed in
      acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours. The slides were prepared by crushing and were
      stained with 2% acetic orcein. Cells were analyzed throughout the cell cycle,
      totaling 5,000 for each control and exposure time. The mitotic indices calculated
      and cellular aberrations observed were subjected to statistical analysis using
      the chi-square test (p <0.05). No chromosomal abnormalities nor those of mitotic
      spindle were observed for the treatments performed. The results, both
      individually and in combination, showed that the flavorings under study
      significantly reduced the cell division rate of the test system cells used.
      Therefore, under the conditions studied, the two flavorings were cytotoxic. 

PMID- 26959950
TI  - Calibration of the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vcmax) using data mining
      techniques and ecophysiological data from the Brazilian semiarid region, for use
      in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models.
AB  - The semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, the Caatinga, is extremely important
      due to its biodiversity and endemism. Measurements of plant physiology are
      crucial to the calibration of Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) that are
      currently used to simulate the responses of vegetation in face of global changes.
      In a field work realized in an area of preserved Caatinga forest located in
      Petrolina, Pernambuco, measurements of carbon assimilation (in response to light
      and CO2) were performed on 11 individuals of Poincianella microphylla, a native
      species that is abundant in this region. These data were used to calibrate the
      maximum carboxylation velocity (Vcmax) used in the INLAND model. The calibration
      techniques used were Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), and data mining techniques
      as the Classification And Regression Tree (CART) and K-MEANS. The results were
      compared to the UNCALIBRATED model. It was found that simulated Gross Primary
      Productivity (GPP) reached 72% of observed GPP when using the calibrated Vcmax
      values, whereas the UNCALIBRATED approach accounted for 42% of observed GPP.
      Thus, this work shows the benefits of calibrating DGVMs using field
      ecophysiological measurements, especially in areas where field data is scarce or
      non-existent, such as in the Caatinga. 

PMID- 26959951
TI  - Analysis of food habits of skate Rioraja agassizii (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from
      southern Brazil.
AB  - Catches and exports of skate Rioraja agassizii place this species as "vulnerable
      to extinction" on the IUCN Red List; therefore, biological and ecological
      knowledge becomes an important instrument for its conservation control. This
      study described and quantified the diet composition of R. agassizii by means of
      stomach analysis contents in the periods 2005-2006 and 2012-2013. We analyzed and
      quantified stomach contents in terms of abundance (%N), weight (%M), frequency of
      occurrence (% FO), and index of relative importance (IRI). The results showed
      differences in the food rates between the periods. However, the groups of food
      items were the same: Teleostei fish, decapods, and mollusks. In 2005-2006, the
      diet consisted mainly of shrimp, however, in 2012-2013 it consisted of fish,
      followed by decapods, especially shrimps. The differences in diets may be
      attributed to shrimp abundance, which do not characterize a change in the eating
      habits in 2012-2013, because, in addition to fish, shrimps were also important
      food sources. The presence of a certain prey is more related to its availability
      rather than the feeding preference of skate. The amount of ingested items is
      associated to biological and environmental factors, so that further studies
      relating diet with capture area, seasonality, depth, and other factors should be
      conducted. 

PMID- 26959952
TI  - Reproductive potential of Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in
      the laboratory: effect of multiple couples and the size.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the effect of keeping three couples in the same
      cage, and the size of adults emerged from small, medium-sized and large pupae
      (278.67 mg; 333.20 mg and 381.58 mg, respectively), on the reproductive potential
      of S. eridania (Stoll, 1782) adults, under controlled conditions (25 +/- 1 
      degrees C, 70% RH and 14 hour photophase). We evaluated the survival, number of
      copulations, fecundity and fertility of the adult females. The survival of
      females from these different pupal sizes did not differ statistically, but the
      survival of males from large pupae was statistically shorter than from small
      pupae. Fecundity differed significantly and correlated positively with size. The
      number of effective copulations (espematophores) and fertility did not vary
      significantly with pupal size. Our results emphasize the importance of indicating
      the number of copulations and the size of the insects when reproductive
      parameters are compared. 

PMID- 26959953
TI  - First record of Aglae caerulea (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini) in Brazilian
      Cerrado east of the Amazon Region, Maranhao State, Brazil.

PMID- 26959954
TI  - Can microcystins affect zooplankton structure community in tropical eutrophic
      reservoirs?
AB  - The aim of our study was to assess whether cyanotoxins (microcystins) can affect
      the composition of the zooplankton community, leading to domination of
      microzooplankton forms (protozoans and rotifers). Temporal variations in
      concentrations of microcystins and zooplankton biomass were analyzed in three
      eutrophic reservoirs in the semi-arid northeast region of Brazil. The
      concentration of microcystins in water proved to be correlated with the
      cyanobacterial biovolume, indicating the contributions from colonial forms such
      as Microcystis in the production of cyanotoxins. At the community level, the
      total biomass of zooplankton was not correlated with the concentration of
      microcystin (r2 = 0.00; P > 0.001), but in a population-level analysis, the
      biomass of rotifers and cladocerans showed a weak positive correlation. Cyclopoid
      copepods, which are considered to be relatively inefficient in ingesting
      cyanobacteria, were negatively correlated (r2 = - 0.01; P > 0.01) with the
      concentration of cyanotoxins. Surprisingly, the biomass of calanoid copepods was
      positively correlated with the microcystin concentration (r2 = 0.44; P > 0.001).
      The results indicate that allelopathic control mechanisms (negative effects of
      microcystin on zooplankton biomass) do not seem to substantially affect the
      composition of mesozooplankton, which showed a constant and high biomass compared
      to the microzooplankton (rotifers). These results may be important to better
      understand the trophic interactions between zooplankton and cyanobacteria and the
      potential effects of allelopathic compounds on zooplankton. 

PMID- 26959955
TI  - First record of sea lice Lepeophtheirus curtus (Copepoda, Caligidae) in sea
      farmed Epinephelus marginatus (Serranidae) in Brazil.

PMID- 26959956
TI  - Geographic distribution of Pristimantis vinhai (Bokermann, 1975) (Anura,
      Craugastoridae: Ceuthomantinae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

PMID- 26959957
TI  - The effect of visitor number and spice provisioning in pacing expression by
      jaguars evaluated through a case study.
AB  - Captive animals exhibit stereotypic pacing in response to multiple causes,
      including the inability to escape from human contact. Environmental enrichment
      techniques can minimize pacing expression. By using an individual-based approach,
      we addressed whether the amount of time two males and a female jaguar (Panthera
      onca) devote to pacing varied with the number of visitors and tested the
      effectiveness of cinnamon and black pepper in reducing pacing. The amount of time
      that all jaguars engaged in pacing increased significantly with the number of
      visitors. Despite the difference between the males regarding age and housing
      conditions, both devoted significantly less time to pacing following the addition
      of both spices, which indicates their suitability as enrichment techniques. Mean
      time devoted to pacing among the treatments did not differ for the female. Our
      findings pointed out to the validity of individual-based approaches, as they can
      reveal how suitable olfactory stimuli are to minimizing stereotypies irrespective
      of particular traits. 

PMID- 26959958
TI  - Comparison of rates of fecal colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
      producing enterobacteria among patients in different wards, outpatients and
      medical students.
AB  - Because asymptomatic carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)
      producers is a risk factor for infection, data on colonization dynamics are
      important when planning infection control. This study investigated fecal
      colonization with ESBL producers among inpatients, outpatients and medical
      students and compares the characteristics of ESBL producers among these groups.
      Carriage rates were investigated in 5581 fecal samples; 4343 from inpatients
      (330, 1397, 619 and 1864 from adult ICUs [intensive care units], adult non-ICUs,
      pediatric ICUs and pediatric non-ICUs, respectively), 814 from outpatients and
      424 from screening of medical students. ESBL producers were characterized by co
      resistance, integrons carried, and aminoglycoside resistance and ESBL genes.
      Dynamic regression models were built to identify relationships between
      combinations of time series of monthly antibiotic consumption, prevalence of
      carriers and infected subjects. Inpatients, ICU patients and adults showed higher
      prevalence than outpatients, non-ICU patients or children (7.4%, 9.3% and 12.0%
      vs. 3.1%, 6.1% and 4.1%, respectively). Klebsiella pneumoniae was more frequent
      in ICU patients; dominance of CTX-M-15 producers was more marked in adult than in
      pediatric inpatients. ESBL carriage was shown to be a consequence of infection in
      adults in the time-series analysis; antibiotic consumption had little effect. The
      epidemiology of colonization with ESBL producers differed between pediatric ICU,
      adult ICU and adult non-ICU patients. In adults, carriage of ESBL producers seems
      to be the consequence of infection, especially in ICU patients; the main source
      of colonization is nosocomial acquisition. In contrast, children are less likely
      to acquire colonizer strains in hospitals; importation of ESBL producers by
      colonized children seems to be significant. 

PMID- 26959959
TI  - Timely Antecedent CT or MRI Can Help Predict Hemorrhage Site of Posttreatment
      Head and Neck Cancer, With Digital Subtraction Angiography Used as the Reference
      Standard.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated the timing of CT and MRI performed before digital
      subtraction angiography (DSA) in the prediction of hemorrhage sites in patients
      with head and neck cancers who present with acute oral or neck bleeding after
      receiving treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 123 DSA examinations that
      evaluated 123 oral or neck bleeding events in 85 patients were analyzed. The last
      CT or MRI examinations performed within a time frame of 0-337 days before
      transarterial embolization were reviewed retrospectively, with three findings
      (pseudoaneurysm, air-containing necrotic tissue, and residual tumor) used to
      predict hemorrhage sites. DSA findings of pseudoaneurysm or active contrast
      extravasation were used as a reference standard. The sensitivity of CT and MRI
      for correctly predicting hemorrhage sites was used to determine the optimal
      timing of CT or MRI examinations performed before DSA. RESULTS: A total of 8.9%
      of the DSA examinations (11/123) had equivocal findings but were followed by
      another bleeding event for which DSA findings were positive. CT or MRI was
      statistically significantly better at predicting hemorrhage sites in patients
      with bleeding events associated with nonhypopharyngeal cancers (p = 0.019) than
      in those with bleeding events associated with hypopharyngeal cancers. The
      sensitivity of CT or MRI in the prediction of hemorrhage sites was statistically
      significantly higher for the common carotid artery and the internal carotid
      artery when CT or MRI was performed less than 30 days before bleeding events
      occurred. Prediction of hemorrhagic sites was better with the use of CT
      angiography than with the use of enhanced CT or MRI, although it was not
      statistically significant. CONCLUSION: DSA findings can temporarily be equivocal.
      CT or MRI examinations performed within 30 days of bleeding events can predict
      the site of hemorrhage. If no CT or MRI findings from the past 30 days are
      available, we suggest performing emergent CT angiography for the sake of
      obtaining better arterial detail.

PMID- 26959960
TI  - Chemical constituents from the tubers of Scirpus yagara and their anti
      inflammatory activities.
AB  - A new natural compound, dehydrophyllodulcin (1) was isolated from the tubers of
      Scirpus yagara, together with 11 known compounds. Among them, compounds 2, 5-8,
      and 10-12 were isolated from this plant for the first time. (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR,
      and 2D NMR data of compound 1 are first reported in this article, though it was
      synthesized in 1996. The structures of all compounds were determined by
      comprehensive analyses of their spectroscopic data and compared with literature
      information. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, and
      9 against inflammatory cytokines production in Lipopolysaccharide - or Pam3csk4
      stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells were evaluated by Enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. And these compounds significantly inhibited the tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 productions in RAW264.7 cells,
      with IC50 values less than 20 MUM. 

PMID- 26959961
TI  - "A Psychopath by Any Other Name?": Juror Perceptions of the DSM-5 "Limited
      Prosocial Emotions" Specifier.
AB  - DSM-5 recently added the specifier "Limited Prosocial Emotions" (LPE) to the
      Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnosis, yet little is known about how these traits will
      affect attitudes toward CD youth. Laypersons attending jury duty (N = 326) were
      randomly assigned to one of four case vignette conditions in which a male
      juvenile offender was identified as having (a) CD symptoms only, (b) CD symptoms
      plus a diagnostic label, (c) CD symptoms plus a diagnostic label and description
      of LPE traits, or (d) CD symptoms plus a description of LPE traits and a
      "psychopath" label. LPE traits led to more negative perceptions of the youth
      (e.g., more dangerous, evil, and psychopathic) and adding the psychopath label to
      the LPE specifier resulted in somewhat stronger support for punishment and
      mandated treatment. The LPE specifier may provide useful diagnostic information,
      but these findings raise serious concerns that it will stigmatize youth in the
      legal system.

PMID- 26959962
TI  - Personality Disorder Symptoms and Suicidality: Low Desire and High Plans for
      Suicide in Military Inpatients and Outpatients.
AB  - This study characterizes the personality disorder (PD) symptoms of patients who
      endorse a perplexing combination of low desire and high plans for suicide. Five
      PD (antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, dependent, avoidant) symptoms were
      examined at the junction of two suicide risk factors: (a) suicidal
      desire/ideation and (b) resolved plans/preparations. Participants (N = 250) were
      recruited from U.S. Army Medical Center affiliated sites, including two
      outpatient clinics, an inpatient facility, and an emergency room. Self-report
      measures of PD and suicide symptoms were administered. The interaction of desire
      and plans was entered into multiple regression equations predicting PD symptoms.
      Patients endorsing low desire and high plans for suicide reported significantly
      more antisocial and narcissistic symptoms and fewer borderline, avoidant, and
      dependent PD symptoms. These findings support the existence of patients who
      endorse suicide plans in the absence of strong suicidal desire and suggest that
      they display antisocial and narcissistic personality characteristics. Future
      directions and clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 26959963
TI  - Integrating Alternative Conceptions of Psychopathic Personality: A Latent
      Variable Model of Triarchic Psychopathy Constructs.
AB  - This study undertook confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of data from 567
      participants to quantify constructs specified by the triarchic model of
      psychopathy (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009)-boldness, meanness, and
      disinhibition-as latent variables. Indicators for the CFAs consisted of subscales
      of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure along with triarchic scales derived from
      items of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory, Youth Psychopathic Traits
      Inventory, and Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. A modified three
      factor model provided good fit to the data and outperformed alternative two- and
      one-factor models. Multiple-group CFAs demonstrated gender differences (male >
      female) in factor means and covariances, but not in factor loadings or
      intercepts. These findings support the idea that the triarchic model dimensions
      are embedded in differing models and measures of psychopathy and comprise
      essential building blocks for this clinical condition. Implications for
      understanding the structure of psychopathy, gender differences in psychopathic
      traits, and applications of latent variable modeling in future research are
      discussed.

PMID- 26959964
TI  - Other radiological lesions of the Lower Urinary Tract in patients after isolated
      pelvic radiotherapy and combined with surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The cystographic study of patients who have undergone radiotherapy
      (RT) and pelvic surgeries is uncommon in the literature, not described in
      patients without complications, and mostly related to urinary fistulae.
      OBJECTIVE: The study of the lower urinary tract (LUT) by cystography in these
      patients, with a description of some other types of radiation lesions. METHODS:
      127 cystographies have been performed (88 men and 39 women) in consecutive
      patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) (48 monotherapy and 79 cases combined with
      surgery), with a mean age of 69.6 years, and a mean time from radiation of 215
      months (17 years). A General Electric X ray equipment has been used. We studied:
      behavior of the bladder neck at rest and during micturition, assessment of
      vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), bladder morphology (BM), urethral strictures (UE)
      and fistulas (F). RESULTS: We observed: Filling phase bladder neck incompetence
      (BNI) (37.8%), bladder smooth morphology (60.6%), coughing urinary incontinence
      (UI) (26.4%), basal cystocele (64.7%) and Valsalva cystocele (96.6%), a normal
      opening bladder neck (96,1%), reduction of the urethral diameter during voiding
      (41.3%), and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (13.2%). Five cases of filling BNI, were
      all related to prostate cancer (PC) (one of them with colon cancer as well).
      There were six cases of fistulae (4.14%), five of them women. Forty two patients
      (28.96%) had reduced urethral lumen, thirty five of them affecting the posterior
      urethra (83%), five (11.9%) the anterior and, finally, two cases of mixed lesion
      (5%). 95% were patients with PC without concurrent interventions (67%).
      Significant differences were found regarding the gender and the background of
      pelvic surgery. The filling BNI (p=0.007), the irregular bladder morphology
      (p=0.004) and the reduction of the urethral lumen (p<0.001) have been found to be
      more common in male patients, while the coughing UI was more common in women
      (p=0.007). The study shows that BNI (p=0.046), VUR (p=0.02) and the IU due to
      cough (p=0.03) were more frequent in operated patients, while reduced urethral
      lumen was less common (p<0.01). Patients with VUR present more time from
      radiotherapy, but not in other cystography variables. There was a relationship
      between RT and the BNI, stress urinary incontinence, anterior urethral stricture
      and VUR. The risk factor was increased by surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder neck
      incompetence, stress UI, anterior urethral stricture and VUR have been related to
      radiotherapy. Surgery increased the risk factor in operated patients.

PMID- 26959965
TI  - Comparative study for the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nefhrolithotomy
      (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the treatment of 2-3,5 cm
      kidney stones.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has become an important
      alternative for the treatment of kidney stones due to its increased safety and
      efficiency. The purpose of this study is to compare efficacy and safety features
      of RIRS against percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the treatment of 2 - 3.5
      cm kidney stones. METHODS: 142 cases (106 RIRS and 36 PCNL) encompassing 2 - 3.5
      cm kidney stones that have been treated in our center between December 2009 and
      December 2011 have been considered. Demographic variables, stone characteristics,
      surgical stay and surgical time have been evaluated. Additionally, the
      complication prerate and success rate after one and two procedures (retreatment)
      have also been assessed. Student's T, Mann-Whitney U y Chi2 - V Cramer (p=0.05)
      tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There are not statistically
      significant differences in demographic or stone variables. The calculated mean
      surgical time was lower for PCNL (85 min) than for RIRS (112 min). Mean hospital
      stay was statistically significantly shorter in RIRS (16 h vs. 98 h in RIRS,
      p=0.001). PCNL exhibited a higher global complication rate of 19.4% vs. 6.6% for
      RIRS (p=0.001). PCNL also showed a higher successful rate (80.6% vs. 73.6% for
      RIRS), although this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.40). When
      comparing the success rate after a second procedure, PCNL results in 94.3% vs.
      93.5% for RIRS (p=0.88). CONCLUSION: RIRS was found to be a safe and efficient
      procedure with a short hospital stay. Overall, RIRS can be considered as an
      alternative to PCNL for the treatment of renal stones smaller than 3.5 cm.

PMID- 26959966
TI  - [Folic acid: Primary prevention of neural tube defects. Literature Review].
AB  - Neural tube defects (NTD) are the most common congenital malformations of the
      nervous system, they have a multifactorial etiology, are caused by exposure to
      chemical, physical or biological toxic agents, factors deficiency, diabetes,
      obesity, hyperthermia, genetic alterations and unknown causes. Some of these
      factors are associated with malnutrition by interfering with the folic acid
      metabolic pathway, the vitamin responsible for neural tube closure. Its deficit
      produce anomalies that can cause abortions, stillbirths or newborn serious
      injuries that cause disability, impaired quality of life and require expensive
      treatments to try to alleviate in some way the alterations produced in the
      embryo. Folic acid deficiency is considered the ultimate cause of the production
      of neural tube defects, it is clear the reduction in the incidence of Espina
      Bifida after administration of folic acid before conception, this leads us to
      want to further study the action of folic acid and its application in the primary
      prevention of neural tube defects. More than 40 countries have made the
      fortification of flour with folate, achieving encouraging data of decrease in the
      prevalence of neural tube defects. This paper attempts to make a literature
      review, which clarify the current situation and future of the prevention of
      neural tube defects.

PMID- 26959967
TI  - Scrotal tumors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Basal cell carcinoma and leiomyoma of the scrotum are rare. We
      describe three cases of scrotal tumors and provide information regarding this
      disease. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2014, 3 patients with scrotal tumors were
      diagnosed and treated at our institution. A review was performed using the
      clinical records of these patients. RESULTS: We describe two cases of basal cell
      carcinoma of the scrotum in men 72 and 71 year old, who presented with a left
      scrotal lesion that was excised and the pathological diagnosis was basal cell
      carcinoma. In one patient, surgical margin was affected and a recurrent basal
      cell carcinoma appeared. It was excised with enlargement of surgical margin. We
      also describe a case of scrotal leiomyoma in a 48 year old man with an elastic,
      firm and nontender lesion in the right scrotum. During follow-up the patients
      remain clinically asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Scrotal lesions in the elderly
      should be excised and submitted for pathological examination. The basal cell
      carcinoma of the scrotum appears as a plaque, nodule or ulcer. Long-term
      surveillance is recommended for these patients. Leiomyoma of the scrotum is
      presented as a non-ulcerative nodule and his treatment is complete surgical
      excision.

PMID- 26959968
TI  - Dermatological side effects of intravesical Mitomycin C: Delayed
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To know the dermatologic side effects of intravesical treatment with
      Mitomycin C in non muscle invasive bladder cancer. METHODS: We describe two cases
      of palm and plantar dermatitis after such treatment. RESULT: We describe two
      types of dermatitis pathogenesis during treatment with intravesical Mitomycin C:
      contact dermatitis and delayed hypersensitivity dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Contact
      dermatitis of non-allergic origin is a common side effect described in many
      instances in the literature, on the other hand exists dermatitis secondary to
      delayed hypersensitivity type IV much less common, requiring treatment with
      corticosteroids.

PMID- 26959969
TI  - Use of urinary concentrations in mg/dl in relation to absolute values in 24-hour
      samples for the evaluation of lithogenic factors in stone forming patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze urine concentrations (mg/dl) of
      different lithogenic factors in a sample of 24 h as a predictor of these changes
      rather than absolute values depend on the volume of diuresis. METHODS: A total of
      131 patients from the North Almeria Health Management Area (Spain) with urinary
      calstone disease in whom a metabolic study was indicated were included from June
      2014 to May 2015. The concentrations of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, citrate and
      magnesium were measured in the urine, and the calcium/citrate ratio was
      calculated. The classifications used were: hypercalciuria (>260mg/24h),
      hyperuricosuria (>750mg/24h), hyperoxaluria (>40mg/24h), hypocitraturia
      (<320mg/24h) and hypomagnesuria (<35mg/24h). The statistical analysis was
      performed using SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: A cut-off point of 12.55mg/dl, with a
      sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 85% and a relative risk (RR) of 51.2
      (13.9-188.4), was estimated for urinary calcium. For oxalate the cut-off point
      was 1.86mg/dl, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 84% with an
      estimated RR of 67.2 (8.3-540.6). As regards the uric acid concentration in
      urine, a cut-off point of 31.2mg/dl was estimated, with a sensitivity of 85% and
      a specificity of 70% and a RR of 12 (3.8-37.6). For citrate the cut-off point was
      18.8mg/dl, with a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 74%, respectively, with
      a RR of 13.7 (4.4- 42.6). The cut-off point for magnesium was 2.26mg/dl with a
      sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 78%, with a RR of 67.6 (11.4-398.3).
      CONCLUSION: The determination of urine concentrations, instead of absolute
      values, depends to a large extent on urine output, appears to be useful when
      estimating classic metabolic alterations and should be taken into account in the
      evaluation of patients with urinary stone disease.

PMID- 26959970
TI  - Plasmonic Color-Graded Nanosystems with Achromatic Subwavelength Architectures
      for Light Filtering and Advanced SERS Detection.
AB  - Plasmonic color-graded systems are devices featuring a spatially variable
      plasmonic response over their surface. They are widely used as nanoscale color
      filters; their typical size is small enough to allow integration with
      miniaturized electronic circuits, paving the way to realize novel nanophotonic
      devices. Currently, most plasmonic color-graded systems are intrinsically
      discrete because their chromatic response exploits the tailored plasmon resonance
      of microarchitectures characterized by different size or geometry for each target
      color. Here, we report the realization of multifunctional plasmon-graded devices
      where continuously graded chromatic response is achieved by smoothly tuning the
      composition of the resonator material while simultaneously maintaining an
      achromatic nanoscale geometry. The result is a new class of versatile materials:
      we show their application as plasmonic filters with a potential pixel size
      smaller than half of the exciting wavelength but also as multiplexed surface
      enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. Many more implementations, such as
      photovoltaic efficiency boosters or color routers, await and will benefit from
      the low fabrication cost and intrinsic plasmonic flexibility of the presented
      systems. 

PMID- 26959971
TI  - Teaching Strategies for Personality Assessment at the Undergraduate Level.
AB  - Personality assessment is a crucial component of clinical practice, and the
      training and proficiency criteria to develop competence are complex and
      multifaceted. Like many advanced topics, the field of personality assessment
      would benefit from early exposure in undergraduate classroom settings. This
      research evaluates how an undergraduate personality course can be enhanced
      through 2 enrichment activities (self-assessments and a personality project).
      Students completed several self-assessments of their personality and wrote a
      comprehensive and integrative personality assessment about themselves. Results
      demonstrated that these activities increased interest in personality assessment,
      deepened understanding of course material, and promoted student growth and self
      exploration. We discuss the benefits of these enrichment activities for the
      student, instructor, and field of personality science.

PMID- 26959972
TI  - Increased lead and cadmium tolerance of Typha angustifolia from Huaihe River is
      associated with enhanced phytochelatin synthesis and improved antioxidative
      capacity.
AB  - Heavy metal contamination of water is an increasing environmental problem
      worldwide, and the use of aquatic plants for phytoremediation of heavy metal
      pollution has become an important subject of research. One key to successful
      phytoremediation is the identification of plants that are efficient at
      sequestering heavy metals. In this study, we examined the growth and heavy metal
      accumulation of Typha angustifolia and compared growth characteristics and
      tolerance mechanisms in plants from the Huaihe and Chaohu Rivers irrigated with
      different concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). T. angustifolia from
      Huaihe River showed enhanced tolerance and accumulation of Pb and Cd and had
      greater biomass and more vigorous growth than the ecotype from Chaohu River. In
      addition, higher phytochelatin (PC) content and significantly higher superoxide
      dismutase and catalase activities were detected in T. angustifolia from Huaihe
      River than in T. angustifolia from Chaohu River. These findings suggest that high
      Pb and Cd accumulation and tolerance in T. angustifolia from Chaohu River is
      associated with its higher PC synthesis and better antioxidative capacity, and
      that the Huaihe ecotype of T. angustifolia might also be an efficient species for
      phytoremediation of Pb and Cd in water contaminated by heavy metals. 

PMID- 26959973
TI  - Copper-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Terminal Allenes.
AB  - The ligand-free copper-catalyzed hydroamination of allenes has been accomplished
      in the presence of cyclic secondary amines or anilines derivatives. This novel
      methodology undergoes the selective generation of (E)-allylamines under smooth
      conditions with total regio- and stereoselectivity. 

PMID- 26959974
TI  - Assessment of Haemostasis in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation by Use of
      Point-of-Care Assays and Routine Coagulation Tests, in Critically Ill Patients; A
      Prospective Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) relates to the
      consumption of coagulation factors and platelets with bleeding and micro
      thrombosis events. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare haemostasis
      parameters in critically ill patients with DIC versus patients without DIC, and
      in survivors versus non-survivors over time. Correlations between the DIC-score,
      the degree of organ failure and the haemostasis were assessed. METHOD: Patients
      admitted to the intensive care unit with a condition known to be associated with
      DIC and with an expected length of stay of >3 days were included. Routine
      laboratory tests, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time,
      platelet count, fibrinogen concentration and D-dimer were measured. Coagulation
      and platelet function were assessed with two point-of-care devices; Multiplate
      and ROTEM. DIC scores were calculated according to the International Society on
      Thrombosis and Haemostasis and Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. RESULTS:
      Blood was sampled on days 0-1, 2-3 and 4-10 from 136 patients with mixed
      diagnoses during 290 sampling events. The point-of-care assays indicated a
      hypocoagulative response (decreased platelet aggregation and reduced clot
      strength) in patients with DIC and, over time, in non-survivors compared to
      survivors. Patients with DIC as well as non-survivors had decreased fibrinolysis
      as shown by ROTEM. DIC scores were higher in non-survivors than in survivors.
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DIC displayed signs of a hypocoagulative response and
      impaired fibrinolysis, which was also evident over time in non-survivors.
      Patients with DIC had a higher mortality rate than non-DIC patients, and DIC
      scores were higher in non-survivors than in survivors.

PMID- 26959976
TI  - Religion and the Unmaking of Prejudice toward Muslims: Evidence from a Large
      National Sample.
AB  - In the West, anti-Muslim sentiments are widespread. It has been theorized that
      inter-religious tensions fuel anti-Muslim prejudice, yet previous attempts to
      isolate sectarian motives have been inconclusive. Factors contributing to
      ambiguous results are: (1) failures to assess and adjust for multi-level
      denomination effects; (2) inattention to demographic covariates; (3) inadequate
      methods for comparing anti-Muslim prejudice relative to other minority group
      prejudices; and (4) ad hoc theories for the mechanisms that underpin prejudice
      and tolerance. Here we investigate anti-Muslim prejudice using a large national
      sample of non-Muslim New Zealanders (N = 13,955) who responded to the 2013 New
      Zealand Attitudes and Values Study. We address previous shortcomings by: (1)
      building Bayesian multivariate, multi-level regression models with denominations
      modeled as random effects; (2) including high-resolution demographic information
      that adjusts for factors known to influence prejudice; (3) simultaneously
      evaluating the relative strength of anti-Muslim prejudice by comparing it to anti
      Arab prejudice and anti-immigrant prejudice within the same statistical model;
      and (4) testing predictions derived from the Evolutionary Lag Theory of religious
      prejudice and tolerance. This theory predicts that in countries such as New
      Zealand, with historically low levels of conflict, religion will tend to increase
      tolerance generally, and extend to minority religious groups. Results show that
      anti-Muslim and anti-Arab sentiments are confounded, widespread, and
      substantially higher than anti-immigrant sentiments. In support of the theory,
      the intensity of religious commitments was associated with a general increase in
      tolerance toward minority groups, including a poorly tolerated religious minority
      group: Muslims. Results clarify religion's power to enhance tolerance in peaceful
      societies that are nevertheless afflicted by prejudice. 

PMID- 26959975
TI  - Disruption of STAT5b-Regulated Sexual Dimorphism of the Liver Transcriptome by
      Diverse Factors Is a Common Event.
AB  - Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) is a growth hormone
      (GH)-activated transcription factor and a master regulator of sexually dimorphic
      gene expression in the liver. Disruption of the GH hypothalamo-pituitary-liver
      axis controlling STAT5b activation can lead to metabolic dysregulation,
      steatosis, and liver cancer. Computational approaches were developed to identify
      factors that disrupt STAT5b function in a mouse liver gene expression compendium.
      A biomarker comprised of 144 STAT5b-dependent genes was derived using comparisons
      between wild-type male and wild-type female mice and between STAT5b-null and wild
      type mice. Correlations between the STAT5b biomarker gene set and a test set
      comprised of expression datasets (biosets) with known effects on STAT5b function
      were evaluated using a rank-based test (the Running Fisher algorithm). Using a
      similarity p-value <= 10(-4), the test achieved a balanced accuracy of 99% and
      97% for detection of STAT5b activation or STAT5b suppression, respectively. The
      STAT5b biomarker gene set was then used to identify factors that activate
      (masculinize) or suppress (feminize) STAT5b function in an annotated mouse liver
      and primary hepatocyte gene expression compendium of ~1,850 datasets. Disruption
      of GH-regulated STAT5b is a common phenomenon in liver in vivo, with 5% and 29%
      of the male datasets, and 11% and 13% of the female datasets, associated with
      masculinization or feminization, respectively. As expected, liver STAT5b
      activation/masculinization occurred at puberty and suppression/feminization
      occurred during aging and in mutant mice with defects in GH signaling. A total of
      70 genes were identified that have effects on STAT5b activation in genetic models
      in which the gene was inactivated or overexpressed. Other factors that affected
      liver STAT5b function were shown to include fasting, caloric restriction and
      infections. Together, these findings identify diverse factors that perturb the
      hypothalamo-pituitary-liver GH axis and disrupt GH-dependent STAT5b activation in
      mouse liver.

PMID- 26959977
TI  - Trading Off Global Fuel Supply, CO2 Emissions and Sustainable Development.
AB  - The United Nations Conference on Climate Change (Paris 2015) reached an
      international agreement to keep the rise in global average temperature 'well
      below 2 degrees C' and to 'aim to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees C'. These
      reductions will have to be made in the face of rising global energy demand. Here
      a thoroughly validated dynamic econometric model (Eq 1) is used to forecast
      global energy demand growth (International Energy Agency and BP), which is driven
      by an increase of the global population (UN), energy use per person and real GDP
      (World Bank and Maddison). Even relatively conservative assumptions put a severe
      upward pressure on forecast global energy demand and highlight three areas of
      concern. First, is the potential for an exponential increase of fossil fuel
      consumption, if renewable energy systems are not rapidly scaled up. Second,
      implementation of internationally mandated CO2 emission controls are forecast to
      place serious constraints on fossil fuel use from ~2030 onward, raising energy
      security implications. Third is the challenge of maintaining the international
      'pro-growth' strategy being used to meet poverty alleviation targets, while
      reducing CO2 emissions. Our findings place global economists and
      environmentalists on the same side as they indicate that the scale up of CO2
      neutral renewable energy systems is not only important to protect against climate
      change, but to enhance global energy security by reducing our dependence of
      fossil fuels and to provide a sustainable basis for economic development and
      poverty alleviation. Very hard choices will have to be made to achieve
      'sustainable development' goals. 

PMID- 26959978
TI  - Correction: Network Topology Analysis of Post-Mortem Brain Microarrays Identifies
      More Alzheimer's Related Genes and MicroRNAs and Points to Novel Routes for
      Fighting with the Disease.

PMID- 26959979
TI  - Life History Traits and Niche Instability Impact Accuracy and Temporal
      Transferability for Historically Calibrated Distribution Models of North American
      Birds.
AB  - A primary assumption of environmental niche models (ENMs) is that models are both
      accurate and transferable across geography or time; however, recent work has
      shown that models may be accurate but not highly transferable. While some of this
      is due to modeling technique, individual species ecologies may also underlie this
      phenomenon. Life history traits certainly influence the accuracy of predictive
      ENMs, but their impact on model transferability is less understood. This study
      investigated how life history traits influence the predictive accuracy and
      transferability of ENMs using historically calibrated models for birds. In this
      study I used historical occurrence and climate data (1950-1990s) to build models
      for a sample of birds, and then projected them forward to the 'future' (1960
      1990s). The models were then validated against models generated from occurrence
      data at that 'future' time. Internal and external validation metrics, as well as
      metrics assessing transferability, and Generalized Linear Models were used to
      identify life history traits that were significant predictors of accuracy and
      transferability. This study found that the predictive ability of ENMs differs
      with regard to life history characteristics such as range, migration, and
      habitat, and that the rarity versus commonness of a species affects the predicted
      stability and overlap and hence the transferability of projected models.
      Projected ENMs with both high accuracy and transferability scores, still
      sometimes suffered from over- or under- predicted species ranges. Life history
      traits certainly influenced the accuracy of predictive ENMs for birds, but while
      aspects of geographic range impact model transferability, the mechanisms
      underlying this are less understood. 

PMID- 26959980
TI  - From Community Laywomen to Breast Health Workers: A Pilot Training Model to
      Implement Clinical Breast Exam Screening in Malawi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer burden is high in low-income countries. Inadequate
      early detection contributes to late diagnosis and increased mortality. We
      describe the training program for Malawi's first clinical breast exam (CBE)
      screening effort. METHODS: Laywomen were recruited as Breast Health Workers
      (BHWs) with the help of local staff and breast cancer advocates. The four-week
      training consisted of lectures, online modules, role-playing, case discussions,
      CBE using simulators and patients, and practice presentations. Ministry of Health
      trainers taught health communication, promotion, and education skills. Breast
      cancer survivors shared their experiences. Clinicians taught breast cancer
      epidemiology, prevention, detection, and clinical care. Clinicians and research
      staff taught research ethics, informed consent, data collection, and
      professionalism. Breast cancer knowledge was measured using pre- and post
      training surveys. Concordance between BHW and clinician CBE was assessed. Breast
      cancer talks by BHW were evaluated on a 5-point scale in 22 areas by 3 judges.
      RESULTS: We interviewed 12 women, and 4 were selected as BHWs including 1 breast
      cancer survivor. Training was dynamic with modification based on trainee response
      and progress. A higher-than-anticipated level of comprehension and interest led
      to inclusion of additional topics like breast reconstruction. Pre-training
      knowledge increased from 49% to 91% correct (p<0.0001). Clinician and BHW CBE had
      88% concordance (kappa 0.43). The mean rating of BHW educational talks was 4.4
      (standard deviation 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Malawian laywomen successfully completed
      training and demonstrated competency to conduct CBE and deliver breast cancer
      educational talks. Knowledge increased after training, and concordance was high
      between BHW and clinician CBE.

PMID- 26959982
TI  - Evidence for divergence of response in Indica, Japonica, and wild rice to high
      CO2 * temperature interaction.
AB  - High CO2 and high temperature have an antagonistic interaction effect on rice
      yield potential and present a unique challenge to adapting rice to projected
      future climates. Understanding how the differences in response to these two
      abiotic variables are partitioned across rice germplasm accessions may be key to
      identifying potentially useful sources of resilient alleles for adapting rice to
      climate change. In this study, we evaluated eleven globally diverse rice
      accessions under controlled conditions at two carbon dioxide concentrations (400
      and 600 ppm) and four temperature environments (29  degrees C day/21  degrees C
      night; 29  degrees C day/21  degrees C night with additional heat stress at
      anthesis; 34  degrees C day/26  degrees C night; and 34  degrees C day/26 
      degrees C night with additional heat stress at anthesis) for a suite of traits
      including five yield components, five growth characteristics, one phenological
      trait, and four photosynthesis-related measurements. Multivariate analyses of
      mean trait data from these eight treatments divide our rice panel into two
      primary groups consistent with the genetic classification of INDICA/INDICA-like
      and JAPONICA populations. Overall, we find that the productivity of plants grown
      under elevated [CO2 ] was more sensitive (negative response) to high temperature
      stress compared with that of plants grown under ambient [CO2 ] across this
      diversity panel. We report differential response to CO2 * temperature interaction
      for INDICA/INDICA-like and JAPONICA rice accessions and find preliminary evidence
      for the beneficial introduction of exotic alleles into cultivated rice genomic
      background. Overall, these results support the idea of using wild or currently
      unadapted gene pools in rice to enhance breeding efforts to secure future climate
      change adaptation.

PMID- 26959981
TI  - UCP1 and UCP3 Expression Is Associated with Lipid and Carbohydrate Oxidation and
      Body Composition.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are located in the inner
      membrane of mitochondria. These proteins participate in thermogenesis and energy
      expenditure. This study aimed to evaluate how UCP1 and UCP3 expression influences
      substrate oxidation and elicits possible changes in body composition in patients
      submitted to bariatric surgery. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a longitudinal study
      comprising 13 women with obesity grade III that underwent bariatric surgery and
      10 healthy weight individuals (control group). Body composition was assessed by
      bioelectrical impedance. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation was determined by
      indirect calorimetry. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected for gene
      expression analysis. QPCR was used to evaluate UCP1 and UCP3 expression. RESULTS:
      Obese patients and the control group differed significantly in terms of lipid and
      carbohydrate oxidation. Six months after bariatric surgery, the differences
      disappeared. Lipid oxidation correlated with the percentage of fat mass in the
      postoperative period. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the UCP1
      and UCP3 genes contributed to lipid and carbohydrate oxidation. Additionally,
      UCP3 expression was associated with BMI, percentage of lean body mass, and
      percentage of mass in the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: UCP1 and UCP3
      expression is associated with lipid and carbohydrate oxidation in patients
      submitted to bariatric surgery. In addition, UCP3 participates in body
      composition modulation six months postoperatively.

PMID- 26959983
TI  - Influenza Vaccine Manufacturing: Effect of Inactivation, Splitting and Site of
      Manufacturing. Comparison of Influenza Vaccine Production Processes.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different inactivation and
      splitting procedures on influenza vaccine product composition, stability and
      recovery to support transfer of process technology. Four split and two whole
      inactivated virus (WIV) influenza vaccine bulks were produced and compared with
      respect to release criteria, stability of the bulk and haemagglutinin recovery.
      One clarified harvest of influenza H3N2 A/Uruguay virus prepared on 25.000
      fertilized eggs was divided equally over six downstream processes. The main unit
      operation for purification was sucrose gradient zonal ultracentrifugation. The
      inactivation of the virus was performed with either formaldehyde in phosphate
      buffer or with beta-propiolactone in citrate buffer. For splitting of the viral
      products in presence of Tween(r), either TritonTM X-100 or di-ethyl-ether was
      used. Removal of ether was established by centrifugation and evaporation, whereas
      removal of Triton-X100 was performed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
      All products were sterile filtered and subjected to a 5 months real time
      stability study. In all processes, major product losses were measured after
      sterile filtration; with larger losses for split virus than for WIV. The beta
      propiolactone inactivation on average resulted in higher recoveries compared to
      processes using formaldehyde inactivation. Especially ether split formaldehyde
      product showed low recovery and least stability over a period of five months. 

PMID- 26959984
TI  - STEMI Outcomes in Guangzhou and Hong Kong: Two-Centre Retrospective Interregional
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Healthcare systems are organized very differently in
      Hong Kong (HK) and Guangzhou (GZ). This study compared managements of the
      emergency departments (ED) and one-year mortalities of ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients in two teaching hospitals in Guangzhou and
      Hong Kong. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of STEMI mortalities and
      treatments in the Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH) and the Second Affiliated
      Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (AHGZMU), was conducted between January
      and December 2010. The primary outcome was one-year all cause mortality. RESULTS:
      Univariate analysis of 76 cases from PWH and 111 cases from AHGZMU showed similar
      clinical characteristics, except for lower proportions of males (74% vs 92%, P =
      0.002), hyperlipidemia (5% vs 25%, P<0.001), and Killip class I (56% vs 91%;
      P<0.001) in AHGZMU. The onset-to-door time of STEMI patients in AHGZMU was longer
      than in PWH (median 205 min [(IQR: 95-432) vs 120 min (IQR: 55-225), P = 0.001].
      In AHGZMU, 85 (77%) patients received primary percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PPCI) as the main reperfusion treatment, whereas 18 (24%) received PPCI and 51
      (67%) patients received thrombolytic therapy in PWH. Overall the one-year
      mortality in AHGZMU was 20%, whilst in PWH it was 14% (P = 0.436). The
      standardized one-year all-cause mortality ratios for AHGZMU and PWH were
      comparable (18.7 vs. 18.2%, P = 0894). Independent predictors of one-year
      mortality included older age (>67 years) and hyperglycemia (>10 mmol/L). Aged
      over 65 years, presence of anterior wall infarct, body weight <=65 kg, SBP <100
      mmHg at ED and glucose level >10 mmol/L were the independent predictors of in
      hospital MACE. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference
      between the standardized one-year all-cause mortalities of STEMI patients in the
      setting mainly using thrombolysis with shorter door-to-treatment time and the
      setting mainly using PCI with longer door-to-treatment time. Aged over 67 years
      and glucose level over 10 mmol/L were the independent predictors of one-year
      mortality. Older age, presence of anterior wall infarct, lower body weight, lower
      SBP at ED and hyperglycemia were the independent predictors of in-hospital MACE.

PMID- 26959992
TI  - Children's Quality of Life Based on the KIDSCREEN-27: Child Self-Report, Parent
      Ratings and Child-Parent Agreement in a Swedish Random Population Sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The KIDSCREEN-27 is a measure of child and adolescent quality of life
      (QoL), with excellent psychometric properties, available in child-report and
      parent-rating versions in 38 languages. This study provides child-reported and
      parent-rated norms for the KIDSCREEN-27 among Swedish 11-16 year-olds, as well as
      child-parent agreement. Sociodemographic correlates of self-reported wellbeing
      and parent-rated wellbeing were also measured. METHODS: A random population
      sample consisting of 600 children aged 11-16, 100 per age group and one of their
      parents (N = 1200), were approached for response to self-reported and parent
      rated versions of the KIDSCREEN-27. Parents were also asked about their
      education, employment status and their own QoL based on the 26-item WHOQOL-Bref.
      Based on the final sampling pool of 1158 persons, a 34.8% response rate of 403
      individuals was obtained, including 175 child-parent pairs, 27 child singleton
      responders and 26 parent singletons. Gender and age differences for parent
      ratings and child-reported data were analyzed using t-tests and the Mann-Whitney
      U-test. Post-hoc Dunn tests were conducted for pairwise comparisons when the p
      value for specific subscales was 0.05 or lower. Child-parent agreement was tested
      item-by-item, using the Prevalence- and Bias-Adjusted Kappa (PABAK) coefficient
      for ordinal data (PABAK-OS); dimensional and total score agreement was evaluated
      based on dichotomous cut-offs for lower well-being, using the PABAK and total,
      continuous scores were evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Compared to
      European norms, Swedish children in this sample scored lower on Physical
      wellbeing (48.8 SE/49.94 EU) but higher on the other KIDSCREEN-27 dimensions:
      Psychological wellbeing (53.4/49.77), Parent relations and autonomy (55.1/49.99),
      Social Support and peers (54.1/49.94) and School (55.8/50.01). Older children
      self-reported lower wellbeing than younger children. No significant self-reported
      gender differences occurred and parent ratings showed no gender or age
      differences. Item-by-item child-parent agreement was slight for 14 items (51.9%),
      fair for 12 items (44.4%), and less than chance for one item (3.7%), but
      agreement on all dimensions as well as the total score was substantial according
      to the PABAK-OS. Visual interpretation of the Bland-Altman plot suggested that
      when children's average wellbeing score was lower parents seemed to rate their
      children as having relatively higher total wellbeing, but as children's average
      wellbeing score increased, parents tended to rate their children as having
      relatively lower total wellbeing. Children living with both parents had higher
      wellbeing than those who lived with only one parent. CONCLUSIONS: Results agreed
      with European findings that adolescent wellbeing decreases with age but
      contrasted with some prior Swedish research identifying better wellbeing for boys
      on all dimensions but Social support and peers. The study suggests the importance
      of considering children's own reports and not only parental or other informant
      ratings. Future research should be conducted at regular intervals and encompass
      larger samples.

PMID- 26959991
TI  - A Variant of GJD2, Encoding for Connexin 36, Alters the Function of Insulin
      Producing beta-Cells.
AB  - Signalling through gap junctions contributes to control insulin secretion and,
      thus, blood glucose levels. Gap junctions of the insulin-producing beta-cells are
      made of connexin 36 (Cx36), which is encoded by the GJD2 gene. Cx36-null mice
      feature alterations mimicking those observed in type 2 diabetes (T2D). GJD2 is
      also expressed in neurons, which share a number of common features with
      pancreatic beta-cells. Given that a synonymous exonic single nucleotide
      polymorphism of human Cx36 (SNP rs3743123) associates with altered function of
      central neurons in a subset of epileptic patients, we investigated whether this
      SNP also caused alterations of beta-cell function. Transfection of rs3743123 cDNA
      in connexin-lacking HeLa cells resulted in altered formation of gap junction
      plaques and cell coupling, as compared to those induced by wild type (WT) GJD2
      cDNA. Transgenic mice expressing the very same cDNAs under an insulin promoter
      revealed that SNP rs3743123 expression consistently lead to a post-natal
      reduction of islet Cx36 levels and beta-cell survival, resulting in hyperglycemia
      in selected lines. These changes were not observed in sex- and age-matched
      controls expressing WT hCx36. The variant GJD2 only marginally associated to
      heterogeneous populations of diabetic patients. The data document that a silent
      polymorphism of GJD2 is associated with altered beta-cell function, presumably
      contributing to T2D pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26959993
TI  - The Structural Basis of Coenzyme A Recycling in a Bacterial Organelle.
AB  - Bacterial Microcompartments (BMCs) are proteinaceous organelles that encapsulate
      critical segments of autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic pathways; they are
      functionally diverse and are found across 23 different phyla. The majority of
      catabolic BMCs (metabolosomes) compartmentalize a common core of enzymes to
      metabolize compounds via a toxic and/or volatile aldehyde intermediate. The core
      enzyme phosphotransacylase (PTAC) recycles Coenzyme A and generates an acyl
      phosphate that can serve as an energy source. The PTAC predominantly associated
      with metabolosomes (PduL) has no sequence homology to the PTAC ubiquitous among
      fermentative bacteria (Pta). Here, we report two high-resolution PduL crystal
      structures with bound substrates. The PduL fold is unrelated to that of Pta; it
      contains a dimetal active site involved in a catalytic mechanism distinct from
      that of the housekeeping PTAC. Accordingly, PduL and Pta exemplify functional,
      but not structural, convergent evolution. The PduL structure, in the context of
      the catalytic core, completes our understanding of the structural basis of
      cofactor recycling in the metabolosome lumen. 

PMID- 26959995
TI  - Therapeutic Opportunities for Caffeine and A2A Receptor Antagonists in Retinal
      Diseases.
AB  - Caffeine, the major component of coffee, is the most consumed psychostimulant in
      the world. Caffeine is an adenosine analog and acts as a nonselective adenosine
      receptor antagonist. The majority of the effects of caffeine are mainly mediated
      by the blockade of adenosine receptors, and the proved neuroprotective effects of
      caffeine in brain disorders have been mimicked by the blockade of adenosine A2A
      receptor (A2AR). A growing body of evidence demonstrates that microglia-mediated
      neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of brain and retinal
      diseases. Moreover, the control of microglia reactivity by blocking A2AR has been
      proposed to be the mechanism underlying the observed protective effects of
      caffeine. Hence, it is conceivable that caffeine and A2AR antagonists offer
      therapeutic value for the treatment of retinal diseases, mainly those involving
      microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. 

PMID- 26959996
TI  - The Effect of Trail Pheromone and Path Confinement on Learning of Complex Routes
      in the Ant Lasius niger.
AB  - Route learning is key to the survival of many central place foragers, such as
      bees and many ants. For ants which lay pheromone trails, the presence of a trail
      may act as an important source of information about whether an error has been
      made. The presence of trail pheromone has been demonstrated to support route
      learning, and the effect of pheromones on route choice have been reported to
      persist even after the pheromones have been removed. This could be explained in
      two ways: the pheromone may constrain the ants onto the correct route, thus
      preventing errors and aiding learning. Alternatively, the pheromones may act as a
      'reassurance', signalling that the learner is on the right path and that learning
      the path is worthwhile. Here, we disentangle pheromone presence from route
      confinement in order to test these hypotheses, using the ant Lasius niger as a
      model. Unexpectedly, we did not find any evidence that pheromones support route
      learning. Indeed, there was no evidence that ants confined to the correct route
      learned at all. Thus, while we cannot support the 'reassurance' hypothesis, we
      can rule out the 'confinement' hypothesis. Other findings, such as a reduction in
      pheromone deposition in the presence of trail pheromones, are remarkably
      consistent with previous experiments. As previously reported, ants which make
      errors on their outward journey upregulate pheromone deposition on their return.
      Surprisingly, ants which would go on to make an error down-regulate pheromone
      deposition on their outward journey, hinting at a capacity for ants to gauge the
      quality of their own memories. 

PMID- 26959994
TI  - Still Searching for a Suitable Molecular Test to Detect Hidden Plasmodium
      Infection: A Proposal for Blood Donor Screening in Brazil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Efforts have been made to establish sensitive diagnostic tools for
      malaria screening in blood banks in order to detect malaria asymptomatic
      carriers. Microscopy, the malaria reference test in Brazil, is time consuming and
      its sensitivity depends on microscopist experience. Although molecular tools are
      available, some aspects need to be considered for large-scale screening: accuracy
      and robustness for detecting low parasitemia, affordability for application to
      large number of samples and flexibility to perform on individual or pooled
      samples. METHODOLOGY: In this retrospective study, we evaluated four molecular
      assays for detection of malaria parasites in a set of 56 samples previously
      evaluated by expert microscopy. In addition, we evaluated the effect of pooling
      samples on the sensitivity and specificity of the molecular assays. A well
      characterized cultured sample with 1 parasite/MUL was included in all the tests
      evaluated. DNA was extracted with QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit and eluted in 50 MUL
      to concentrate the DNA. Pools were assembled with 10 samples each. Molecular
      protocols targeting 18S rRNA, included one qPCR genus specific (Lima-genus), one
      duplex qPCR genus/Pf (PET-genus, PET-Pf) and one duplex qPCR specie-specific
      (Rougemont: Roug-Pf/Pv and Roug-Pm/Po). Additionally a nested PCR protocol specie
      specific was used (Snou-Pf, Snou-Pv, Snou-Pm and Snou-Po). RESULTS: The limit of
      detection was 3.5 p/MUL and 0.35p/MUl for the PET-genus and Lima-genus assays,
      respectively. Considering the positive (n = 13) and negative (n = 39) unpooled
      individual samples according to microscopy, the sensitivity of the two genus qPCR
      assays was 76.9% (Lima-genus) and 72.7% (PET-genus). The Lima-genus and PET-genus
      showed both sensitivity of 86.7% in the pooled samples. The genus protocols
      yielded similar results (Kappa value of 1.000) in both individual and pooled
      samples. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts should be made to improve performance of molecular
      tests to enable the detection of low-density parasitemia if these tests are to be
      utilized for blood transfusion screening.

PMID- 26959997
TI  - Effects of Fluorine Substitution on the Microsolvation of Aromatic Azines: The
      Microwave Spectrum of 3-Fluoropyridine-Water.
AB  - The rotational spectra of the parent species and of four water isotopologues (
      DOH, -HOD, -DOD, and -H(18)OH) of the adduct 3-fluoropyridine-water have been
      investigated using pulsed supersonic-jet Fourier-transform microwave
      spectroscopy. From the rotational constants, the structure of the adduct was
      deduced where the water is linked to the aromatic ring through an intermolecular
      O-H...N hydrogen bond with a bond distance of 1.9961(5) A and an O-H...N angle of
      156.8(1) degrees . The shape of the complex is such that the water oxygen is in
      the plane of the aromatic ring, on the opposite side of fluorine, and forming a C
      H...N weak hydrogen bond with the adjacent aromatic hydrogen. 

PMID- 26959998
TI  - A Textile-Based Stretchable Multi-Ion Potentiometric Sensor.
AB  - A textile-based wearable multi-ion potentiometric sensor array is described. The
      printed flexible sensors operate favorably under extreme mechanical strains (that
      reflect daily activity) while offering attractive real-time noninvasive
      monitoring of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium.

PMID- 26959999
TI  - Lack of Interactions Between an Antisense Oligonucleotide with 2'-O-(2
      Methoxyethyl) Modifications and Major Drug Transporters.
AB  - ISIS 141923 is a model compound of 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE) modified
      antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). The purpose of this study is to determine
      whether ISIS 141923 is a substrate or an inhibitor against a panel of nine major
      uptake or efflux drug transporters, namely breast cancer resistance protein
      (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, organic
      cation transporter (OCT)1, OCT2, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B
      (OATP1B)1, OATP1B3, and bile salt export pump (BSEP), in vitro. The uptake test
      system for transporters in the solute carrier (SLC) family (OAT1, OAT3, OCT1,
      OCT2, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3) was studied in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-II
      cells transfected to express the transporters of interest. BCRP was studied using
      carcinoma colon-2 (Caco-2) cells with endogenously expressed BCRP. P-gp
      transporter was studied in MDCK-multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) cells, while BSEP
      was studied using Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) membrane vesicles containing
      human BSEP. The ISIS 141293 concentrations evaluated were 10 and 100 MUM for the
      substrate and inhibition study, respectively. Cellular uptake of ISIS 141923 was
      analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method,
      while concentrations of known substrates (used as positive controls) of each
      transporters evaluated were determined by radiometric detection. At 10 MUM ISIS
      141923, there was no significant transporter-mediated uptake of ISIS 141923 (P >
      0.05) in the SLC family, and the efflux ratios were not above 2.0 for either BCRP
      or P-gp. Therefore, no transporter-mediated uptake of ISIS 141923 was observed by
      any of the nine transporters studied. At 100 MUM ISIS 141923, the % inhibition
      was in the range of -16.0% to 19.0% for the nine transporters evaluated.
      Therefore, ISIS 141923 is not considered as an inhibitor of the nine transporters
      studied. Overall, the results from this study suggest that it is unlikely that
      ISIS 141923 or similar 2'-MOE ASOs would interact with small molecule drugs
      either as a victim (substrate) or perpetrator (inhibitor) of major transporters
      in humans. The results from available clinical drug-drug interaction studies
      conducted with this class of compounds to date are also supportive of this
      conclusion.

PMID- 26960000
TI  - First Multitarget Chemo-Bioinformatic Model To Enable the Discovery of
      Antibacterial Peptides against Multiple Gram-Positive Pathogens.
AB  - Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising therapeutic alternatives
      to fight against the diverse infections caused by different pathogenic
      microorganisms. In this context, theoretical approaches in bioinformatics have
      paved the way toward the creation of several in silico models capable of
      predicting antimicrobial activities of peptides. All current models have several
      significant handicaps, which prevent the efficient search for highly active AMPs.
      Here, we introduce the first multitarget (mt) chemo-bioinformatic model devoted
      to performing alignment-free prediction of antibacterial activity of peptides
      against multiple Gram-positive bacterial strains. The model was constructed from
      a data set containing 2488 cases of AMPs sequences assayed against at least 1 out
      of 50 Gram-positive bacterial strains. This mt-chemo-bioinformatic model
      displayed percentages of correct classification higher than 90.00% in both
      training and prediction (test) sets. For the first time, two computational
      approaches derived from basic concepts in genetics and molecular biology were
      applied, allowing the calculations of the relative contributions of any amino
      acid (in a defined position) to the antibacterial activity of an AMP and
      depending on the bacterial strain used in the biological assay. The present mt
      chemo-bioinformatic model constitutes a powerful tool to enable the discovery of
      potent and versatile AMPs. 

PMID- 26960001
TI  - Semi-micro reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the separation of alkyl
      benzenes and proteins exploiting methacrylate- and polystyrene-based monolithic
      columns.
AB  - Monolithic columns were synthesized inside 1.02 mm internal diameter fused-silica
      lined stainless-steel tubing. Styrene and butyl, hexyl, lauryl, and glycidyl
      methacrylates were the functional monomers. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and
      divinylbenzene were the crosslinkers. The glycidyl methacrylate polymer was
      modified with gold nanoparticles and dodecanethiol (C12 ). The separation of
      alkylbenzenes was investigated by isocratic elution in 60:40 v/v
      acetonitrile/water. The columns based on polystyrene-co-divinylbenzene and
      poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate modified with
      dodecanethiol did not provide any separation of alkyl benzenes. The poly(hexyl
      methacrylate)-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and poly(lauryl methacrylate)-co
      ethylene glycol dimethacrylate columns separated the alkyl benzenes with plate
      heights between 30 and 60 MUm (50 MUL min(-1) and 60 degrees C). Similar
      efficiency was achieved in the poly(butyl methacrylate)-co-ethylene glycol
      dimethacrylate column, but only at 10 MUL min(-1) (0.22 mm s(-1) ). Backpressures
      varied from 0.38 MPa in the hexyl methacrylate to 13.4 MPa in lauryl methacrylate
      columns (50 MUL min(-1) and 60 degrees C). Separation of proteins was achieved in
      all columns with different efficiencies. At 100 MUL min(-1) and 60 degrees C, the
      lauryl methacrylate columns provided the best separation, but their low
      permeability prevented high flow rates. Flow rates up to 500 MUL min(-1) were
      possible in the styrene, butyl and hexyl methacrylate columns. 

PMID- 26960002
TI  - Evaluation of the Fas/FasL signaling pathway in diabetic rat testis.
AB  - We investigated the role of the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) signaling pathway in
      diabetic male infertility. Male rats were divided into two groups: a control
      group and a streptozotocin induced diabetic group. Thirty days after induction of
      diabetes, samples of testes were harvested and fixed in 10% formalin for light
      microscopy. Germ cell apoptosis was determined using the terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick end
      labeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining of caspase 8 and active caspase 3. We also
      investigated the expressions of Fas and FasL using immunohistochemistry.
      Streptozotocin-induced diabetes caused severe histopathological damage and
      increased apoptotic tubule and apoptotic cell indices, caspase 8 and caspase 3
      expressions, and Fas and FasL-immunopositive cells in the rat testes. We suggest
      that the Fas/FasL signaling pathway may play a role in male infertility caused by
      diabetes. 

PMID- 26960004
TI  - . . . Nothing Is So Credulous as Misery.

PMID- 26960003
TI  - The Use of a Novel Optical Algorithm in the Diagnosis of Cervical Pre-Invasive
      Pathology - A Preliminary Proof of Principal Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a novel optical probe monitoring cervical tissues in real
      time and to compare the new imaging technique to actual cervical pathologic
      findings on resected cone biopsy specimens. METHODS: A loop electro-excisional
      procedure was performed on 15 women with a biopsy diagnosis of dysplasia. The
      conization specimen was then assessed with the novel optical system and results
      recorded. The 'normal' and 'abnormal' areas were tested by the optical setup at
      several points. Extracted parameters were used as the input of the classifier
      function of a logistic regression algorithm model to assess for system accuracy
      vs. clinical examination. RESULTS: Ninety-seven samples were taken - forty-five
      samples from 'abnormal zones' and 42 samples from 'normal zones', as defined by
      the surgeon. The pathologist diagnosed 58 samples as dysplastic and 39 samples as
      normal. The novel optical method predicted 58 sample points as abnormal and 39
      points as normal. The sensitivity of the system was 90% with a specificity of
      77%. The probability of correct differentiation of dysplastic cervical tissue
      from normal cervical tissue was 85%. CONCLUSIONS: The optical probe and the
      algorithms of image processing in combination with the logistic regression
      algorithm correlated well with pathology results for cervical dysplasia ex-vivo.

PMID- 26960005
TI  - Origin, Reality, and Clinical Importance of the Arcade of Struthers, an Anatomic
      Study: Retraction.

PMID- 26960006
TI  - Use of Implant-Derived Minimally Invasive Sinus Floor Elevation: A Multicenter
      Clinical Observational Study With 12- to 65-Month Follow-Up.
AB  - The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of implant-derived minimally
      invasive sinus floor elevation. A multicenter retrospective study was performed
      in 5 dental clinics. Patients requiring sinus augmentation for single implant
      placement were recorded and followed up. The dental implant used in this trial
      was a self-tapping endosseous dental implant that contains an internal channel to
      allow the introduction of liquids through the implant body into the maxillary
      sinus; those liquids include saline and a flowable bone grafting material.
      Overall, 37 implants were installed in 37 patients. The age range of the patients
      was 37-75 years (mean: 51.2 years). The average residual bone height prior to the
      procedure was 5.24 +/- 1 mm. Of all cases, 25 implants replaced the maxillary
      first molar and 12 replaced the maxillary second premolar. All surgeries were
      uneventful with no apparent perforation of the sinus membrane. The mean follow-up
      time was 24.81 +/- 13 months ranging from 12 to 65 months. All implants
      integrated and showed stable marginal bone level. No adverse events were recorded
      during the follow-up period. The presented method for transcrestal sinus floor
      elevation procedure can be accomplished using a specially designed dental
      implant. Further long-term studies are warranted to reaffirm the results of this
      study. 

PMID- 26960007
TI  - Multidrug-resistant pathogens in patients with pneumonia coming from the
      community.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Identification of patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR)
      pathogens at initial diagnosis is essential for the appropriate selection of
      empiric treatment of patients with pneumonia coming from the community. The term
      Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) is controversial for this purpose. Our
      goal is to summarize and interpret the data addressing the association of MDR
      pathogens and community-onset pneumonia. RECENT FINDINGS: Most recent clinical
      studies conclude that HCAP risk factor does not accurately identify resistant
      pathogens. Several risk factors related to MDR pathogens, including new ones that
      were not included in the original HCAP definition, have been described and
      different risk scores have been proposed. The present review focuses on the most
      recent literature assessing the importance of different risk factors for MDR
      pathogens in patients with pneumonia coming from the community. These included
      generally MDR risk factors, specific risk factors related to methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa and clinical scoring
      systems develop to assess the MDR risk factors and its application in clinical
      practice. SUMMARY: Different MDR risk factors and prediction scores have been
      recently developed. However, further research is needed in order to help
      clinicians in distinguishing between different MDR pathogens causing pneumonia.

PMID- 26960008
TI  - Direct affinity of dopamine to lipid membranes investigated by Nuclear Magnetic
      Resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Dopamine, a naturally occurring neurotransmitter, plays an important role in the
      brain's reward system and acts on sensory receptors in the brain.
      Neurotransmitters are contained in lipid membraned vesicles and are released by
      exocytosis. All neurotransmitters interact with transport and receptor proteins
      in glial cells, on neuronal dendrites, and at the axonal button, and also must
      interact with membrane lipids. However, the extent of direct interaction between
      lipid membranes in the absence of receptors and transport proteins has not been
      extensively investigated. In this report, we use UV and NMR spectroscopy to
      determine the affinity and the orientation of dopamine interacting with lipid
      vesicles made of either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS)
      lipids which are primary lipid components of synaptic vesicles. We quantify the
      interaction of dopamine's aromatic ring with lipid membranes using our newly
      developed method that involves reference spectra in hydrophobic environments. Our
      measurements show that dopamine interacts with lipid membranes primarily through
      the aromatic side opposite to the hydroxyl groups, with this aromatic side
      penetrating deeper into the hydrophobic region of the membrane. Since dopamine's
      activity involves its release into extracellular space, we have used our method
      to also investigate dopamine's release from lipid vesicles. We find that dopamine
      trapped inside PC and PS vesicles is released into the external solution despite
      its affinity to membranes. This result suggests that dopamine's interaction with
      lipid membranes is complex and involves both binding as well as permeation
      through lipid bilayers, a combination that could be an effective trigger for
      apoptosis of dopamine-generating cells. 

PMID- 26960009
TI  - Oxytocin mediates copulation-induced hypoalgesia of male rats.
AB  - Copulatory behavior has been reported to raise the pain threshold in male rats.
      In this study, we examined the effect of copulatory behavior with or without
      ejaculation on pain threshold measured by electrical shock via an electrode
      attached to the tail. It was demonstrated that ejaculation is not necessary to
      raise the pain threshold in male rats. In addition, we examined whether oxytocin,
      a hypothalamic neuropeptide, was involved in copulation-induced hypoalgesia.
      Sexually experienced males were subjected to stereotaxic implantation of a guide
      cannula targeting the lateral ventricle. After the recovery period, half of the
      males were intracerebroventricularly treated with an oxytocin antagonist (OTA,
      100ng d(CH2)51,Tyr(Me)2,Thr4, Orn8,Tyr-NH29]-vasotocin/1MUL saline) and the
      remaining half were administered saline without anesthesia. Fifteen minutes
      later, half of each group were given sexual behavior with receptive females. We
      found no effect of OTA on sexual activity. Immediately after ejaculation, pain
      threshold was measured. While raised pain threshold was observed after sexual
      behavior in saline-treated males, no change in pain threshold was found in OTA
      treated males even after copulation. The results suggest that central oxytocin
      mediates copulation-induced hypoalgesia in male rats. 

PMID- 26960011
TI  - Ultrafast Multidimensional Laplace NMR Using a Single-Sided Magnet.
AB  - Laplace NMR (LNMR) consists of relaxation and diffusion measurements providing
      detailed information about molecular motion and interaction. Here we demonstrate
      that ultrafast single- and multidimensional LNMR experiments, based on spatial
      encoding, are viable with low-field, single-sided magnets with an inhomogeneous
      magnetic field. This approach shortens the experiment time by one to two orders
      of magnitude relative to traditional experiments, and increases the sensitivity
      per unit time by a factor of three. The reduction of time required to collect
      multidimensional data opens significant prospects for mobile chemical analysis
      using NMR. Particularly tantalizing is future use of hyperpolarization to
      increase sensitivity by orders of magnitude, allowed by single-scan approach. 

PMID- 26960010
TI  - Water column depth and light intensity modulate the zebrafish preference response
      in the black/white test.
AB  - Currently, the black/white preference test has been used to evaluate anxiety-like
      behaviors in zebrafish. However, several inconsistent results have been reported
      across literature. Since animal behavior can be influenced by several
      environmental factors, the main goal of the present study was to investigate the
      influence of different water column depths and light intensities on zebrafish
      behavioral responses in the black/white test. On a 4cm water column depth,
      animals spent more time in the black than in the white compartment. However, when
      animals were tested in an 8cm water column, no significant difference was found.
      Using an inclined acrylic floor inside the aquarium, animals spent more time in
      the deep compartment when this was black. However, there is no difference in time
      spent in each compartment when the deeper compartment was white. For light
      intensity test, animals showed preference for the white compartment only when
      both compartments were illuminated with 100lx. For the others illumination
      settings, there was no difference in the compartment preference. In conclusion,
      our results suggest that variations in water column depth and light intensity can
      modulate zebrafish preference in the black/white test. These variations may be
      implicated in the discrepancies observed in literature. 

PMID- 26960012
TI  - Comparative proteomics analysis of silkworm hemolymph during the stages of
      metamorphosis via liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
AB  - The silkworm is a lepidopteran insect that has an open circulatory system with
      hemolymph consisting of blood and lymph fluid. Hemolymph is not only considered
      as a depository of nutrients and energy, but it also plays a key role in
      substance transportation, immunity response, and proteolysis. In this study, we
      used LC-MS/MS to analyze the hemolymph proteins of four developmental stages
      during metamorphosis. A total of 728 proteins were identified from the hemolymph
      of the second day of wandering stage, first day of pupation, ninth day of
      pupation, and first day as an adult moth. GO annotations and categories showed
      that silkworm hemolymph proteins were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism,
      proteolysis, protein binding, and antibacterial humoral response. The levels of
      nutrient, immunity-related, and structural proteins changed significantly during
      development and metamorphosis. Some, such as cuticle, odorant-binding, and
      chemosensory proteins, showed stage-specific expression in the hemolymph. In
      addition, the expression of several antimicrobial peptides exhibited their
      highest level of abundance in the hemolymph of the early pupal stage. These
      findings provide a comprehensive proteomic insight of the silkworm hemolymph and
      suggest additional molecular targets for studying insect metamorphosis.

PMID- 26960013
TI  - Electro-optical Neural Platform Integrated with Nanoplasmonic Inhibition
      Interface.
AB  - Engineering of neural interfaces with nanomaterials for remote manipulation
      facilitates the development of platforms for the study and treatment of brain
      disorders, yet extending their capability to inhibiting the electrical activities
      of unmodified neurons has been difficult. Here we report the development of an
      electro-optical neural platform integrated with gold nanorods for simultaneous
      electrical excitation and readout, and photothermal inhibition of neural
      activities. A monolayer of gold nanorods was placed at the electrode-neuron
      interfaces of a microelectrode array for photothermal stimulation of neural
      activities. This nanoplasmonic interface interacted well with neurons and metal
      electrodes without affecting the biological and electrical properties. We
      demonstrated that spontaneous firing of neurons and their signal propagation
      along the neurites evoked by electrical stimulation were optically inhibited on
      this neural platform. We believe that our platform could be an alternative to the
      optogenetic approach and may ultimately be applied to prosthetic devices based on
      optical neuromodulation.

PMID- 26960014
TI  - HYPERREFLECTIVE INTRARETINAL SPOTS IN RADIATION MACULAR EDEMA ON SPECTRAL DOMAIN
      OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To better pathophysiologically characterize macular edema secondary to
      eye irradiation, analyzing the presence of optical coherence tomography (OCT)
      hyperreflective spots. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive eyes affected by
      radiation maculopathy, secondary to irradiation for a primary uveal melanoma,
      without macular involvement in the irradiation field, were consecutively
      enrolled. All subjects underwent full ophthalmologic examination, including
      fluorescein angiography, color fundus photography, and spectral domain OCT, even
      in en face modality. Optical coherence tomography central subfield thickness was
      stratified into the following 3 categories: <400 MUm, 400 to 600 MUm, and >600
      MUm. Spectral domain OCT images were analyzed to measure and localize
      hyperreflective spots by two independent masked graders. RESULTS: Hyperreflective
      spots were documented in all eyes (100%). Hyperreflective spots significantly
      increased in number according to OCT central subfield thickness (<400 MUm, 400
      600 MUm, >600 MUm, P < 0.05). The intergrader agreement was at least substantial
      for all measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.80). CONCLUSION:
      Spectral domain OCT documents discrete intraretinal reflectivity changes
      (hyperreflective spots) in all (studied) eyes affected by radiation maculopathy.
      Hyperreflective spots increase in number with increasing central subfield
      thickness and could be considered as a new clinical biomarker of intraretinal
      inflammation in patients affected by macular edema secondary to irradiation for
      uveal melanoma.

PMID- 26960015
TI  - OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE MACULA AFTER PLAQUE RADIOTHERAPY
      OF CHOROIDAL MELANOMA: Comparison of Irradiated Versus Nonirradiated Eyes in 65
      Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study radiation retinopathy after plaque radiotherapy of choroidal
      melanoma using optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: Retrospective
      comparative analysis of 65 consecutive patients with choroidal melanoma, treated
      with standard dose I-125 plaque radiotherapy and imaged with optical coherence
      tomography angiography. A comparison of irradiated versus contralateral,
      nonirradiated (control) eyes was performed. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 55
      years. Underlying medical diseases included diabetes mellitus (4/65, 4%) or
      hypertension (25/65, 38%), but no patient demonstrated disease-related
      retinopathy. The mean pretreatment melanoma diameter was 11 mm and mean thickness
      was 5 mm. The mean radiation dose to the foveola was 5663 centiGray. At mean
      follow-up of 46 months after plaque radiotherapy, the most frequent qualitative
      finding on optical coherence tomography angiography (irradiated eye) was
      nonperfusion in the superficial capillary plexus (19/65, 29%) and deep capillary
      plexus (20/65, 31%), followed by loss of choriocapillaris within tumor margins
      (11/65, 17%). The quantitative findings revealed foveal avascular zone with
      significantly larger mean area (irradiated vs. nonirradiated eye) in the
      superficial plexus (0.961 vs. 0.280 mm, P < 0.0001) and deep plexus (1.396 vs.
      0.458 mm, P < 0.0001), even in eyes without clinical evidence of radiation
      maculopathy (superficial 0.278 mm, P = 0.03; deep 0.454 mm, P = 0.02). Parafoveal
      capillary density (superficial and deep) was decreased in all irradiated eyes (P
      < 0.001). This difference was maintained after subgroup analysis of eyes with (P
      < 0.001) or without (P < 0.001) clinical evidence of radiation maculopathy. Mean
      logMAR visual acuity was significantly reduced in irradiated eyes (0.7 vs. 0.1
      [Snellen equivalent 20/100 vs. 20/25], P < 0.001) and the reduced vision was
      significant even in eyes without clinical evidence of radiation maculopathy (0.4
      vs. 0.1 [Snellen equivalent 20/50 vs. 20/25], P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Optical
      coherence tomography angiography demonstrated significant enlargement of the
      foveal avascular zone and decreased parafoveal capillary density of both
      superficial and deep capillary plexuses in eyes after plaque radiotherapy of
      choroidal melanoma, even in eyes with no clinical evidence of radiation
      maculopathy.

PMID- 26960016
TI  - Dissolution of Sn, SnO, and SnS in a Thiol-Amine Solvent Mixture: Insights into
      the Identity of the Molecular Solutes for Solution-Processed SnS.
AB  - Binary solvent mixtures of alkanethiols and 1,2-ethylenediamine have the ability
      to readily dissolve metals, metal chalcogenides, and metal oxides under ambient
      conditions to enable the facile solution processing of semiconductor inks;
      however, there is little information regarding the chemical identity of the
      resulting solutes. Herein, we examine the molecular solute formed after
      dissolution of Sn, SnO, and SnS in a binary solvent mixture comprised of 1,2
      ethanedithiol (EDT) and 1,2-ethylenediamine (en). Using a combination of solution
      (119)Sn NMR and Raman spectroscopies, bis(1,2-ethanedithiolate)tin(II) was
      identified as the likely molecular solute present after the dissolution of Sn,
      SnO, and SnS in EDT-en, despite the different bulk material compositions and
      oxidation states (Sn(0) and Sn(2+)). All three semiconductor inks can be
      converted to phase-pure, orthorhombic SnS after a mild annealing step (~350 
      degrees C). This highlights the ability of the EDT-en solvent mixture to dissolve
      and convert a variety of low-cost precursors to SnS semiconductor material. 

PMID- 26960018
TI  - Immune Responses to HIV.

PMID- 26960019
TI  - Understanding of human metabolic pathways of different sub-classes of phenols
      from Arbutus unedo fruit after an acute intake.
AB  - Arbutus unedo is a small Mediterranean fruit, commonly named strawberry tree,
      which is a rich source of different sub-classes of phenolic compounds, the more
      representative being the gallic acid derivatives, including its mono and
      oligomeric forms esterified with quinic and shikimic acids. In addition, galloyl
      derivatives, particularly gallotannins, described in A. unedo, are part of a very
      selective phenolic group, present in a reduced number of plant-products. The aim
      of the present study is to provide a better understanding of human metabolic
      pathways of different sub-classes of phenols from the A. unedo fruit after an
      acute intake by healthy adults. Therefore, the A. unedo phenolic metabolites were
      studied in whole blood samples (0 to 24 h), urine (24 h) and feces (12 and 24 h).
      Special focus was placed on the application of dried blood spot (DBS) cards for
      the sample collection and for the analysis of phenolic metabolites in whole blood
      samples. The results of the blood analysis revealed two peaks for the maximum
      concentrations of the main phenolic metabolites. Furthermore, it is appropriate
      to highlight the application of DBS cards as an efficient and accurate way to
      collect blood samples in post-prandial bioavailability studies. The analysis of
      urine (24 h) gave a wide range of phenolic metabolites showing the extensive
      metabolism that A. unedo phenolic compounds underwent in the human body. The
      results of the study provide a relevant contribution to the understanding of the
      in vivo human bioavailability of phenolic compounds, especially galloyl
      derivatives, a singular phenolic sub-group present in the A. unedo fruit. 

PMID- 26960017
TI  - Relationship between Housing Status and Retention Rates among HIV-Positive
      African Americans Enrolled in a Comprehensive Care Program.
AB  - Service provision using "one-stop shopping" of medical, psychiatric, and case
      management services at the same location has been associated with superior client
      retention. The Yadumu project tested this premise, with attention to HIV-infected
      African Americans. Each client was assigned a case manager, who arranged meetings
      with mental health, substance abuse, and medical care professionals. The Center
      for Mental Health Services, National Outcome Measures (CMHS NOMs) questionnaire
      was used to evaluate client progress. Data were collected longitudinally and the
      program evaluation was performed by an outside center. Among 129 clients, 47%
      were male, 30% were female, and 22% were transgender. The majority (72%) were
      African American. Clients who lived in detox/drug treatment programs had higher
      completion rates (48%) than those who were homeless or otherwise housed (28%) (p
      = 0.04). Logistic regression was used to assess associations between independent
      factors and retention. Clients satisfied with their housing situation were less
      likely to retain in the program than those who were not satisfied with their
      housing situation (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.78). High discharge rates among HIV
      infected people were observed and may reflect the unstable circumstances of the
      population studied, but structured residential programs could be advantageous for
      improving retention.

PMID- 26960020
TI  - Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through
      SnF2-Pyrazine Complex.
AB  - To fabricate efficient formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) perovskite solar cells
      (PSCs), it is essential to deposit uniform and dense perovskite layers and reduce
      Sn(4+) content. Here we used solvent-engineering and nonsolvent dripping process
      with SnF2 as an inhibitor of Sn(4+). However, excess SnF2 induces phase
      separation on the surface of the perovskite film. In this work, we report the
      homogeneous dispersion of SnF2 via the formation of the SnF2-pyrazine complex.
      Consequently, we fabricated FASnI3 PSCs with high reproducibility, achieving a
      high power conversion efficiency of 4.8%. Furthermore, the encapsulated device
      showed a stable performance for over 100 days, maintaining 98% of its initial
      efficiency.

PMID- 26960021
TI  - Negotiating Religiosity and Sexual Identity Among Hispanic Lesbian Mothers.
AB  - Hispanic lesbian mothers face bicultural tensions that stigmatize their roles as
      mothers. Religion could produce heightened conflict given their potential
      incompatibility with the role of a "good mother." In particular, there is a
      potential for conflict between the definition of a "good mother" set forth in
      Catholicism and the sexual orientation of Hispanic lesbians. I conducted
      semistructured in-depth interviews to examine how Hispanic lesbian mothers
      negotiate their Catholic religious identity with aspects of their sexual
      identity. More specifically, I examined the strategies that Hispanic lesbian
      mothers use to reconcile or navigate perceived conflict between their roles as a
      Catholic and as a lesbian. The research questions to be answered were: How do
      Hispanic lesbian mothers negotiate a Catholic religious and a sexual identity?
      How do Hispanic lesbian mothers create and maintain a religious narrative? How do
      Hispanic lesbian mothers redefine religion and spirituality? 

PMID- 26960022
TI  - A Comparison of Zoo Animal Behavior in the Presence of Familiar and Unfamiliar
      People.
AB  - As recorded in domestic nonhuman animals, regular interactions between animals in
      zoos and keepers and the resulting relationship formed (human-animal relationship
      [HAR]) are likely to influence the animals' behaviors with associated welfare
      consequences. HAR formation requires that zoo animals distinguish between
      familiar and unfamiliar people. This ability was tested by comparing zoo animal
      behavioral responses to familiar (routine) keepers and unfamiliar keepers
      (participants in the "Keeper for the Day" program). Study subjects included 1
      African elephant (Loxodonta Africana), 3 Rothschild's giraffes (Giraffa
      camelopardalis rothschildi), 2 Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), and 2
      slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Different behavior was evident and
      observed as decreased avoidance behavior toward familiar keepers (t7 = 6.00, p < 
      .001). This finding suggests the zoo animals have a lower level of fear toward
      familiar keepers. Keeper familiarity did not significantly affect any other
      behavioral measure. This finding suggests that in the current study, unfamiliar
      keeper presence did not appear to have detrimental effects. Furthermore,
      unfamiliar keeper-animal interactions could provide an increased number of
      positive human-animal interactions and potentially enhance animal welfare. 

PMID- 26960024
TI  - Underwater Visual Computing: The Grand Challenge Just around the Corner.
AB  - Visual computing technologies have traditionally been developed for conventional
      setups where air is the surrounding medium for the user, the display, and/or the
      camera. However, given mankind's increasingly need to rely on the oceans to solve
      the problems of future generations (such as offshore oil and gas, renewable
      energies, and marine mineral resources), there is a growing need for mixed
      reality applications for use in water. This article highlights the various
      research challenges when changing the medium from air to water, introduces the
      concept of underwater mixed environments, and presents recent developments in
      underwater visual computing applications. 

PMID- 26960023
TI  - The Tensions of In Situ Visualization.
AB  - In situ visualization is the coupling of visualization software with a simulation
      or other data producer to process the data "in memory" before the data are
      offloaded to a storage system. Although in situ visualization provides superior
      analysis, it has implementation tradeoffs resulting from conflicts with some
      traditional expected requirements. Numerous conflicting requirements create
      tensions that lead to difficult implementation tradeoffs. This article takes a
      look at the most prevailing tensions of in situ visualization. 

PMID- 26960025
TI  - Pulsing Blood Vessels: A Figurative Approach to Traffic Visualization.
AB  - By using semantic figurative metaphors, a visualization designer invests in a
      more figurative graphic representation, seeking provocative perspectives on
      common topics and trying to invoke emotional responses while clearly
      communicating meaningful data stories. The use of figurative metaphors in
      visualization, however, involves adding nondata aspects to a visualization. The
      authors survey this exploratory side of visualization, using a visualization of
      Lisbon traffic data as a system of pulsing blood vessels as an example, and
      discuss the strengths and limitations of such as approach. 

PMID- 26960026
TI  - Underwater Depth Estimation and Image Restoration Based on Single Images.
AB  - In underwater environments, the scattering and absorption phenomena affect the
      propagation of light, degrading the quality of captured images. In this work, the
      authors present a method based on a physical model of light propagation that
      takes into account the most significant effects to image degradation: absorption,
      scattering, and backscattering. The proposed method uses statistical priors to
      restore the visual quality of the images acquired in typical underwater
      scenarios. 

PMID- 26960027
TI  - Evaluating Existing Strategies to Limit Video Game Playing Time.
AB  - Public concern surrounding the effects video games have on players has inspired a
      large body of research, and policy makers in China and South Korea have even
      mandated systems that limit the amount of time players spend in game. The authors
      present an experiment that evaluates the effectiveness of such policies. They
      show that forcibly removing players from the game environment causes distress,
      potentially removing some of the benefits that games provide and producing a
      desire for more game time. They also show that, with an understanding of player
      psychology, playtime can be manipulated without significantly changing the user
      experience or negating the positive effects of video games. 

PMID- 26960029
TI  - Unfolding Dynamic Networks for Visual Exploration.
AB  - Visualization builds on the human capacity to quickly process parallel visual
      inputs and to offload cognitive processes. Interactive visualizations can become
      interfaces between humans, their data, and the phenomena represented by the data.
      Such interfaces can allow for exploration, enable serendipitous discoveries, and
      serve as a mental metaphor to help us remember and reason about the data. This
      article gives a brief overview of the author's dissertation research, which is
      concerned with creating and evaluating novel interfaces to explore dynamic
      networks, supporting analysts in formulating hypotheses, and discussing proper
      analysis methods. 

PMID- 26960028
TI  - 3D Image Display Courses for Information Media Students.
AB  - Three-dimensional displays are used extensively in movies and games. These
      displays are also essential in mixed reality, where virtual and real spaces
      overlap. Therefore, engineers and creators should be trained to master 3D display
      technologies. For this reason, the Department of Information Media at the
      Kanagawa Institute of Technology has launched two 3D image display courses
      specifically designed for students who aim to become information media engineers
      and creators. 

PMID- 26960030
TI  - Lessons Learned from Designing Visualization Dashboards.
AB  - A variety of visualization guidelines, principles, and techniques are available
      to help create a visualization-based dashboard, but few publications discuss the
      experience of designing dashboards in the real world. This article discuss the
      lessons learned from designing applications for small start-up companies and
      institutions. From their experience as visualization practitioners, the authors
      confirm the need for tailored and customizable approaches, emphasize the need for
      a quicker way to create functional prototypes, point out frequent misconceptions
      on the scope of a functional prototype, discuss how performance can affect
      prototyping, and discuss the resistance of industrial partners to involve their
      customers in requirements gathering. 

PMID- 26960031
TI  - GyroWand: An Approach to IMU-Based Raycasting for Augmented Reality.
AB  - Optical see-through head-mounted displays enable augmented reality (AR)
      applications that display virtual objects overlaid on the real world. At the core
      of this new generation of devices are low-cost tracking technologies that allow
      us to interpret users' motion in the real world in relation to the virtual
      content for the purposes of navigation and interaction. The advantages of
      pervasive tracking come at the cost of limiting interaction possibilities,
      however. To address these challenges the authors introduce GyroWand, a raycasting
      technique for AR HMDs using inertial measurement unit (IMU) rotational data from
      a handheld controller. 

PMID- 26960033
TI  - Conformational Study of N,N'-Diacyl Bispidines and Dioxo Bis-bispidines: Planar
      Chirality and Molecular Switching.
AB  - N,N'-Diacyl bispidines exhibit chirality in the absence of a chiral center and
      axis. Conformational analysis indicates planar chirality in the molecular
      structure as a result of open-ended chiral planes, which has been confirmed by X
      ray diffraction studies. Substantial chiral-achiral molecular switching is
      observed in di(haloacetyl) bispidines upon changing the solvent polarity.
      Tethering the chiral planes with a bispidine linker alters the planar chirality
      significantly and renders the resulting bis-bispidine macrocycles achiral. 

PMID- 26960032
TI  - Identification of PTP1B and alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Serrulatanes from
      Eremophila spp. by Combined use of Dual High-Resolution PTP1B and alpha
      Glucosidase Inhibition Profiling and HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR.
AB  - According to the International Diabetes Federation, type 2 diabetes (T2D) has
      reached epidemic proportions, affecting more than 382 million people worldwide.
      Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) and alpha-glucosidase is a
      recognized therapeutic approach for management of T2D and its associated
      complications. The lack of clinical drugs targeting PTP1B and side effects of the
      existing alpha-glucosidase drugs, emphasize the need for new drug leads for these
      T2D targets. In the present work, dual high-resolution PTP1B and alpha
      glucosidase inhibition profiles of Eremophila gibbosa, E. glabra, and E. aff.
      drummondii "Kalgoorlie" were used for pinpointing alpha-glucosidase and/or PTP1B
      inhibitory constituents directly from the crude extracts. A subsequent targeted
      high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry-solid
      phase extraction-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR)
      analysis and preparative-scale HPLC isolation led to identification of 21
      metabolites from the three species, of which 16 were serrulatane-type
      diterpenoids (12 new) associated with either alpha-glucosidase and/or PTP1B
      inhibition. This is the first report of serrulatane-type diterpenoids as
      potential alpha-glucosidase and/or PTP1B inhibitors. 

PMID- 26960035
TI  - Metal cation control of electroosmotic flow magnitude in phospholipid-coated
      capillaries.
AB  - CZE has become widespread for the separation and analysis of biomolecules such as
      proteins and peptides, due to factors such as, the speed of the separations, low
      sample volume, and high resolution associated with the technique. However, the
      separation of biomolecules by CZE does present a significant challenge due to the
      electrostatic attraction and adsorption of cationic, or cation containing,
      biomolecules to the capillary surface. To that end numerous methods have been
      developed to passivate, or protect the surface, in order to prevent the
      adsorption of analytes. Yet, in the process of protecting the capillary surface,
      the potential for further modification of the EOF, a factor crucial to effective
      analyte resolution, is greatly diminished. In seeking to overcome this limitation
      we have explored the potential of incorporating a range of metal cations into a
      phospholipid bilayer capillary coating. It has previously been established that
      the inclusion of calcium into the separation buffer with a phospholipid coating
      will reverse the EOF in the capillary. Here, we present our investigation of a
      broader range of metal cations included in the separation buffer (Ca(2+) , Mg(2+)
      , Co(2+) , Ni(2+) , Sr(2+) , Ba(2+) , and Ce(3+) ) revealing that the choice of
      metal cation can drastically influence the EOF, with observed values between 
      3.80 * 10(-4) and -5.74 * 10(-5) cm(2) /V.s.

PMID- 26960034
TI  - Atrial fibrillation management: evaluating rate vs rhythm control.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an increasing global issue leading to increased
      hospitalizations, adverse health related events and mortality. This review
      focuses on the management of atrial fibrillation, in particular in the past
      decade, comparing two major strategies, rate or rhythm control. We evaluate the
      evidence for each strategy, pharmacological options and the increasing
      utilization of invasive techniques, in particular catheter ablation and use of
      implantable cardiac pacing devices. Pharmacological comparative trials evaluating
      both strategies have shown rate control being non-inferior to rhythm control for
      clinical outcomes of mortality and other cardiovascular events (including
      stroke). Catheter ablation techniques, involving radiofrequency ablation and
      recently cryoablation, have shown promising results in particular with paroxysmal
      AF. However, persistent AF provides ongoing challenges and will be a particular
      focus of continued research. 

PMID- 26960036
TI  - Guideline for the Treatment of Breakthrough and the Prevention of Refractory
      Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Children With Cancer.
AB  - This clinical practice guideline provides an approach to the treatment of
      breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and the prevention
      of refractory CINV in children. It was developed by an international,
      interprofessional panel and is based on systematic literature reviews. Evidence
      based interventions for the treatment of breakthrough and prophylaxis of
      refractory CINV are recommended. Gaps in the evidence used to support the
      recommendations made in this clinical practice guideline were identified. The
      contribution of these recommendations to breakthrough and refractory CINV control
      in children requires prospective evaluation. 

PMID- 26960038
TI  - [The diagnosis artifice].
AB  - The clinical diagnosis is considered the cornerstone in the decisions making
      process, since it has various functions, including the executive. However, the
      diagnosis is not only a goal by itself, but a mean to help patients. It is not
      enough to identify how the disease which ails the patient is called; the
      diagnosis must be individualized as much as possible in each case, for the mere
      mention of the diagnosis can mean a wide variety of problems. 

PMID- 26960037
TI  - Ultrasound-targeted hepatic delivery of factor IX in hemophiliac mice.
AB  - Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) was used to direct the
      delivery of plasmid and transposase-based vectors encoding human factor IX (hFIX)
      to the livers of hemophilia B (FIX-/-) mice. The DNA vectors were incorporated
      into cationic lipid microbubbles, injected intravenously, and transfected into
      hepatocytes by acoustic cavitation of the bubbles as they transited the liver.
      Ultrasound parameters were identified that produced transfection of hepatocytes
      in vivo without substantial damage or bleeding in the livers of the FIX-deficient
      mice. These mice were treated with a conventional expression plasmid, or one
      containing a piggyBac transposon construct, and hFIX levels in the plasma and
      liver were evaluated at multiple time points after UTMD. We detected hFIX in the
      plasma by western blotting from mice treated with either plasmid during the 12
      days after UTMD, and in the hepatocytes of treated livers by immunofluorescence.
      Reductions in clotting time and improvements in the percentage of FIX activity
      were observed for both plasmids, conventional (4.15+/-1.98%), and transposon
      based (2.70+/-.75%), 4 to 5 days after UTMD compared with untreated FIX (-/-)
      control mice (0.92+/-0.78%) (P=0.001 and P=0.012, respectively). Reduced clotting
      times persisted for both plasmids 12 days after treatment (reflecting percentage
      FIX activity of 3.12+/-1.56%, P=0.02 and 3.08+/-0.10%, P=0.001, respectively).
      Clotting times from an additional set of mice treated with pmGENIE3-hFIX were
      evaluated for long-term effects and demonstrated a persistent reduction in
      average clotting time 160 days after a single treatment. These data suggest that
      UTMD could be a minimally invasive, nonviral approach to enhance hepatic FIX
      expression in patients with hemophilia.

PMID- 26960039
TI  - [Lymphocele surgical treatment in pediatric kidney transplantation].
AB  - BACKGROUND: In a retrospective study, we evaluated; frequency, clinical
      presentation and treatment of lymphocele in pediatric patients with kidney
      transplant. METHODS: Between January 2004 and January 2009, we had 242 kidney
      transplantations, 197 from living donors and 45 from cadaveric donors. The
      technique was the usual, and the implants of the ureteres were by the technique
      Ricard modified. The treatment of lymphocele was by percutaneous punction and
      laparoscopic intraperitoneal drainage. RESULTS: We diagnosed lymphocele in seven
      patients (2.9 % with an IC95 %: 0.6- 5.2 %) one female and six males. All
      patients went trough percutaneous drainage. Six patients presented lymphocele
      recurrence at 48 to 72 hours after the drainage. Surgical laparoscopic
      intraperitoneal drainage was performed with success. CONCLUSIONS: Our frequency
      of lymphocele is the same reported in other studies (6-18 %). The treatment by
      laparoscopic intraperitoneal window seems to be the most appropriate in pediatric
      patients.

PMID- 26960040
TI  - [Dermatoglyphics differences among children with nephrotic syndrome according to
      steroid response].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the association between the type of idiopathic nephrotic
      syndrome (INS) and a peculiar pattern of fingerprints digital would suggest the
      presence of genetic factors related to both, this has not been previously
      studied. This study aimed to evaluate if there are fingerprints patterns
      differences between children with steroid-resistant INS (SRNS) and those with
      steroid-sensitive INS (SSNS). METHODS: The frequencies distribution of arches,
      ulnar loops, radial loops, and whorls was studied in 60 children with SRNS, and
      60 children with SSNS. Bivariate analysis to detect the relationship between each
      fingerprint pattern with the study groups was performed by chi-square test and to
      evaluate its possible association, the odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 95%
      confidence's intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: The patients with SRNS had a higher
      frequency of digital whorls compared with that of patients with SSNS (46.7% vs.
      30.7%, p = 0.005). Additional comparisons using a "whorls excesses" definition
      obtained from normative data in our population (>= 7 whorls in females or >= 8 in
      males) were associated with increased odds for SRNS (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.15-7.61).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that there are differences between children
      with SRNS and SSNS at the level of digital dermatoglyphics, but further studies
      are needed to confirm this association and its possible implications.

PMID- 26960041
TI  - [Predictive psychophysiological stress symptoms in dentists].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dentistry has been identified as one of the most stressful
      occupations in which a dentist's mental and/or physical health may be affected.
      The objective of this study was to identify chronic psychophysiological stress
      symptoms in relation with the presence of high stress levels perceived in
      dentists at a Social Security institution in Guadalajara, Mexico. METHODS: The
      design was cross-sectional and analytical by means of a 2011 census consisting of
      87 dentists. The Stress Profile and the Stress Symptom Inventory were applied and
      the analysis was performed with multiple regression. RESULTS: The perceived
      stress levels were: high (67.8 %), medium (29.9 %) and low (2.3 %). The most
      frequent psychophysiological symptom of perceived high level of stress was
      fatigue with 51 %, and the female gender was the most affected. The existence of
      a meaningful association was shown between the chronic psychophysiological stress
      symptoms of insomnia, fatigue and the female gender, and perceived high level
      stress. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of the symptoms of chronic stress in
      dentists would favor the implementation of appropriate preventive programs to
      care for their health and work place security.

PMID- 26960042
TI  - [Return to work in patients with heart disease after cardiac rehabilitation].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation is a secondary prevention strategy which it
      includes a set of activities that would assure cardiac patients a place as normal
      as it could be into the society, being also essential for going back to work, by
      improving their quality of life and reducing costs for institutions. METHODS: A
      non-randomized clinical study was conducted at the "Siglo XXI" Cardiology
      Hospital; We included patients with the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease
      and/or valve disease, the response variables were: percentage of patients going
      back to work and disability time upon return to duty. Cardiac rehabilitation
      program was applied for 1 month and followed up at 2 months and 1 year. RESULTS:
      Two groups were formed, the ones who received cardiac rehabilitation, N = 40
      (experimental group) against a control group, N = 25. The percentage of patients
      going back to work with a cardiac rehabilitation was 75 % versus 60 % of the
      group did not receive cardiac rehabilitation, p = 0.2, with a mean of 68 days of
      disability in the experimental group against 128 in the control group, p = 0.001.
      CONCLUSIONS: The experimental group showed a higher percentage of patients who
      returned to work, working time reentry (in days) was lower compared to the
      control group.

PMID- 26960044
TI  - [Identification of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex by PCR of AIDS and
      disseminated mycobacteriosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to differentially identify MAC by PCR in
      patients with AIDS and disseminated mycobacteriosis. METHODS: A cross sectional
      study was conducted in Mexico to identify MAC by Molecular Biology. Two sets of
      primers were synthesized: MAV and MIN, for M. avium and M. intracellulare,
      respectively. Whole-cell DNAs obtained from 29 clinical isolates and clinical
      serum specimens from other 24 patients with AIDS and disseminated mycobacterial
      infection were extracted and amplified by PCR with the MAV and MIN primers. The
      MAV and MIN primers each amplified one highly specific 1.3-kb segment of the
      homologous DNA, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-nine DNAs from MAC clinical
      isolates identified by Gen-Probe AccuProbes were amplified with the MAV primers.
      Of the 24 clinical samples, 3 were positive for M. avium and 6 for M.
      tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that PCR technique could be
      applied for the differentiation of M. avium and M. intracellulare by specific 16S
      rRNA primers. In patients with advanced stage AIDS and in whom disseminated
      mycobacteriosis is suspected, the presence of anemia (even with negative
      cultures), elevated alkaline phosphatase and a median CD4 count of 15.9/mL, the
      diagnosis of infection by MAC should be strongly considered; we suggest that in
      accordance with our findings, a more precise stratification of patients in terms
      of their CD4 T cell counts is warranted.

PMID- 26960043
TI  - [Neovascularization corneal regression in patients treated with photodynamic
      therapy with verteporfin].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Corneal neovascularization is a vision-threatening condition usually
      associated with inflammatory or infectious disorders of the ocular surface. One
      current treatment is photodynamic therapy, which uses a photosensitizer to
      occlude the vessel, is successfully produced microvascular thrombosis with
      minimal damage to surrounding normal tissue. The aim of this article is to
      quantitatively determine the percentage of regression of corneal
      neovascularization experienced by patients treated with photodynamic therapy with
      verteporfin. METHODS: A before and after treatment; experimental, analytical,
      prospective and longitudinal. RESULTS: Of the 25 new vessels analyzed, 8 glasses
      (32 %) had total occlusion one month after, 15 vessels (60 %) had a partial
      occlusion in the range of 15.3 to 85.1 %, and 2 vessels (8 %) worsening in
      corneal vascularization. The mean area of corneal neovascularization decreased
      significantly a 70 % from 0.147 +/- 0.118 mm2 to 0.045 +/- 0.046 mm2 (p < 0.0005)
      after photodynamic therapy. No side efects were reported. CONCLUSIONS:
      Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin is a safe and effective method of reducing
      corneal neovascularization and can be used to inhibit angiogenesis in the cornea.

PMID- 26960045
TI  - [Evaluation of quality of life in patients with liver transplant].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complications in patients with liver transplant may occur in less
      than 10 % of cases. These appear in short and/or long term and are due to a
      vascular or biliary cause, rejection, recurrence of the disease or adverse
      effects of immunosuppression, among others, which may affect the quality of life.
      The aim of this article is to evaluate the quality of life in patients with
      deceased donor liver transplantation through the questionnaire SF-36. METHODS: A
      descriptive cross-sectional study. The quality of life of patients with deceased
      donor liver transplantation was assessed during the period from January 1, 2005
      to December 31, 2012. The variables evaluated were: age, sex, time and main
      reason for transplantation and quality of life using the short form SF-36 version
      1.1 for Mexican population. RESULTS: 37 patients were included. The mean age was
      48.7 years. The most frequent cause was cirrhosis (n = 35). The highest average
      score corresponded to the mental health component, and the lowest score to the
      physical component. The average time of liver transplantation was 6.73 +/- 3.53
      years. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation is still the most effective treatment
      for end-stage liver disease. It can increase the patient's life expectancy and
      their quality of life, assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire. The results were
      similar to those in other studies in both the physical and mental component.

PMID- 26960046
TI  - [Incidence and risk factors associated with nosocomial infection in pediatric
      heart surgery].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are responsible for a high rate of morbidity
      and mortality in pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery. Our objective was
      to determine the incidence and associated risk factors to nosocomial infections
      in this group of patients. METHODS: A descriptive, prospective, clinical study
      was conducted in a tertiary hospital for a year. We calculated the rate of
      incidence, accumulated incidence and devices used. Was Applied the EPIDAT 2004
      version 3.1 program OPS for obtaining of Chi-square with Yates correction for p
      with a confidence of 95 %, alpha of 0.05 with a degree of freedom, we calculated
      odds ratio, besides of the identification of microorganisms, their sensitivity
      and resistance to antibiotics. RESULTS: We calculated rates of: 45 % the
      incidence, 80.6 % cumulative incidence, 7.4 % of mortality, 13.3 % of case
      fatality rate of infected and 2.7 % non-infected. The 44.4 % with pneumonia, 74 %
      associated with mechanical ventilation, 100 % nasogastric tube. The most
      frequently isolated microorganisms are: Acinetobacter baumanni, Staphylococcus
      aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with high
      resistance to antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients undergoing heart
      surgery have high risk of infection heart disease, cyanogen's have 5 times more
      risk. We observed a statistically significant association with infection using
      nasogastric probe and endotracheal tube, the risk increases to increased hospital
      stay. Infected patients have 4 times the risk of death.

PMID- 26960048
TI  - [Maternal morbidity and mortality in a unit of tertiary care without obstetrics].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal morbidity is a health problem for developing countries, the
      causes of death among obstetric patients varies according to geographic region
      and other factors, which include health services. The aim of this study was to
      identify the causes of maternal mortality and morbidity, as well as factors
      associated with mortality in patients attending on 2011-2012. METHODS: Clinical
      data of the patients on admission, severity of illness, presence of comorbidity,
      complications that occurred during treatment and causes of death in pregnant or
      postpartum patients were analyzed. RESULTS: 137 patients were analyzed, 87 (63.5
      %) patients were hospitalized, 36 (41.3 %) cases with severe maternal
      complication (SMC); most patients with SMC were in the postpartum postcesarean.
      Eleven patients died, five maternal deaths and 6 late deaths. CONCLUSIONS: SMC
      and death were more frequent in the postpartum period. The indirect causes of
      death were more frequent.

PMID- 26960047
TI  - [Risk factors and rejection frequency in patients undergoing penetrating
      keratoplasty].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Corneal transplantation is one of the surgical procedures most
      frequently performed worldwide and with better prognosis. Among its main
      indications include: keratoconus, bullous keratopathy, previous graft rejection,
      corneal dystrophy, and infection. The known risk factors for graft rejection are:
      recipient's age, presence of vessels in the recipient cornea, intraocular
      pressure, and retransplantation. The objective of this article is to determine
      the risk factors and frequency of corneal rejection in patients undergoing
      penetrant keratoplasty. METHODS: The study's design was descriptive,
      observational, transversal, analytical and retrospective. Patients operated of
      penetrating keratoplasty in cornea clinic with follow up during at least 6 months
      were studied. A review of the medical records of patients undergoing penetrating
      keratoplasty at the Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional Siglo
      XXI was performed. RESULTS: The 35.3 % of the transplanted patients had corneal
      transplant rejection. Corneal neovascularization of the recipient cornea previous
      to transplant was present in 21.3 %. CONCLUSIONS: In our study we found similar
      results to the reported in the literature, the most important risk factors for
      rejection was the use of threphine 7.50 mm, older patient with a history with
      previous corneal neovascularization, keratopathy and herpetic keratitis.

PMID- 26960049
TI  - [Brainstem auditory evoked potentials latencies, by age and sex, among Mexican
      adult population].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) evaluate the auditory
      pathway, and are a complementary test for tone audiometry in evaluating auditory
      diseases. The aim of the study was to determine BAEP mean latencies of waves and
      intervals, among healthy adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, comprising 196
      subjects, aged 16 to 65 years, without auditory diseases, to whom family and
      personal history were asked, physical examination and laboratory studies were
      made, as well as tonal audiometry, impedanciometry and BAEP. RESULTS: A total of
      107 men and 89 women were studied. The mean latency periods of waves I, III and
      V, and intervals I-III, III-V and I-V from both ears were similar. An increase in
      the latency periods for each age category was observed. Latency periods were
      significantly shorter in women compared to men. The predictors that increased the
      latency periods in the multiple linear regression models for waves and intervals
      were male gender and age >=45 years. CONCLUSIONS: Age and sex were the variables
      that showed more statistical power to explain the latencies' differences.

PMID- 26960050
TI  - [Technical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Zika virus
      infection].
AB  - Infection Zika virus is an emerging disease in the Americas region, which is
      caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus. The ZIKV is
      transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, both in urban and jungle area. After
      the mosquito bite, the disease symptoms usually appear after an incubation period
      of three to twelve days. The infection may be asymptomatic or presented with
      fever and not purulent conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, asthenia,
      maculopapular rash, edema in lower limbs and, less frequently, retro-orbital
      pain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or pain abdominal. Symptoms last for 4-7 days
      and are self-limiting. Neurological and autoimmune complications are rare. Since
      2014 it has been detected native circulation of Zika virus in the Americas. So
      far, there is no specific antiviral treatment or effective vaccine, so it's
      giving priority symptomatic and supportive treatment for the acute phase and make
      an early diagnosis of atypical and severe forms.

PMID- 26960051
TI  - [Clinical features of Zika virus].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Zika virus was introduced to the country and threatens to spread, so
      the health personnel must be able to identify the disease and face an operational
      definition given case; in this review the clinical manifestations of probable
      cases of Zika of the last five years were described. METHODS: A search was
      performed in Google Scholar and PubMed with "Zika". He settled for a database and
      obtained simple frequencies and calculated the limits for proportions with an
      alpha of 0.05 through test Wilson. RESULTS: 109 probable cases of fever came
      together by Zika, the clinical manifestations was heterogeneous, with predominant
      involvement to musculoskeletal, dermatological and systemic level. CONCLUSIONS:
      It is necessary to continue the documentation of the clinical manifestations of
      Zika virus, which will be achieved by strengthening epidemiological surveillance.

PMID- 26960053
TI  - [Burnout syndrome in medical residents at the General Hospital of Durango,
      Mexico].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The burnout syndrome is commonly spread among health workers and
      students, due to the excessive demands they feel on their workspaces.
      Depersonalization, emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment are the areas
      assessed. METHODS: To determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome in medical
      residents at the General Hospital of Durango; a descriptive, prolective, cross
      sectional study was designed and applied to residents of different specialties of
      the General Hospital of Durango who agreed to participate, the "Maslach Burnout
      Inventory" was applied. RESULTS: We surveyed 116 residents, 43.1 % (50) women and
      56.89 % (66) men. The overall prevalence was 89.66 % (95 % CI: 82.63- 94.54).
      Affected in a single area the 48.28 % (95 % CI: 38.90-57.74), in two areas the
      35.34 % (95 % CI: 26.69-44.76) and in the three areas 6.03 % (95 % CI: 2.46
      12.04). Stratified by areas, high emotional exhaustion was 41.38 % (95 % CI:
      32.31-50.90), high depersonalization in 54.31 % (95 % CI: 44.81-63.59), and low
      personal accomplishment 41.38 % (95 % CI: 32.31-50.90). CONCLUSIONS: The
      prevalence is higher than the reported. The most frequently affected is
      depersonalization, followed by emotional exhaustion and finally the personal
      accomplishment. In the areas of Gynecology and obstetrics, Internal medicine,
      Pediatrics and Orthopedics, the 100 % of the residents are affected.

PMID- 26960052
TI  - [The perception of ethics from the point of view of medical students].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to characterize the ethical
      environment in which medical students and internal are trained. The aim of this
      article is to identify the perception of ethics in medical students. METHODS: The
      instrument was constructed by pairs: the socially desirable and socially
      undesirable exploring 10 principles and 24 ethical values. Through rounds of
      experts the instrument was validated with 35 pairs with 70 statements. The
      internal consistency of the instrument with the coefficient of determination "r2"
      reached a "p" value of < 0.025. RESULTS: In the overall analysis to compare
      means, students gave higher scores than interns with "p" value of < 0.002. A
      comparison of the principal differences was found in seven of the ten principles
      explored and in three (freedom, honesty and solidarity) no differences were noted
      in the rate of perception of the ethics (RPE). The were statistically significant
      differences between groups with a "p" value of < 0.04 in which students perceive
      higher scores with interns. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that learning environments
      are not prone to ethical reflection and changes depending on the degree in
      training in medical school, with a worse perception in greater degrees.

PMID- 26960054
TI  - [Key recommendations of the clinical guidelines of arterial hypertension in
      primary care].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension ranks first medical care in first level units. It is
      estimated that half of the patients with hypertension are uncontrolled. The
      purpose of this document is to provide recommendations to guide diagnosis and
      treatment of arterial hypertension in primary care, which have been considered
      key to the process of care, in order to help health professionals in the clinical
      decision-making. METHODS: The guide is integrated with recommendations of
      international guidelines and evidence of published studies indicated the changes
      regarding the management and treatment of hypertension, as well as differences
      between the target populations of the guide. Searching for information it is
      performed by means of a standardized sequence in PubMed and Cochrane Library
      Plus, from the questions asked. The key recommendations were chosen by a
      consensus of a group of professionals and health managers. CONCLUSIONS: The key
      recommendations evidence-based standardized help you make decisions about
      prevention, diagnosis and treatment in patients with hypertension, and will
      contribute to reducing cardiovascular risk, promote changes in lifestyle, control
      the disease and reduce complications.

PMID- 26960055
TI  - [Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. A report of two cases].
AB  - Patients in treatment with allopurinol are in risk of having life threatening
      adverse reactions particularly at the beginning of the treatment. Two percent of
      the patients prescribed with this drug have associated severe cutaneous adverse
      reactions. We present two cases of allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome in
      mexican patients in which asymptomatic hyperuricemia was the indication to its
      use. The general physician and the specialist must be alert of this syndrome that
      causes elevate morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 26960056
TI  - [Scorpionism causing severe acute flaccid paralysis. Case report].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Scorpionism is a public health problem in various regions of the
      world, being Mexico the country with the highest number of cases. Clinical
      manifestations range from local symptoms to severe disease with an impact on
      cardiovascular, respiratory and neurological level, and even death. There are no
      reports of acute flaccid paralysis as a manifestation of the clinical picture of
      the scorpion sting of the Centruroides gender, Family Buthidae, highly toxic,
      causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in our region. CLINICAL CASE: We
      documented a case of scorpionism, caused by a scorpion gender Buthidae,
      Centruroides family, which caused acute flaccid paralysis, after resolution of
      other severe manifestations. There is only one case report of scorpionism that
      produces acute flaccid paralysis in the literature, but it is related to the
      Parabuthus scorpion, endemic of South Africa. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of this
      complication, new for our region, will maximize efforts to diagnose and
      appropriately manage this symptoms, with the adequate application of the specific
      fabotherapy and advanced life support for proper survival in the patients with
      compromise of vital functions and imminent risk of death mainly by respiratory
      failure.

PMID- 26960057
TI  - How Bond Length Alternation and Thermal Disorder Affect the Optical Excitation
      Energies of pi-Conjugated Chains: A Combined Density Functional Theory and
      Molecular Dynamics Study.
AB  - We dissect the sources of error leading to inaccuracies in the description of the
      geometry and optical excitation energies of pi-conjugated polymers. While the
      ground-state bond length alternation is shown to be badly reproduced by standard
      functionals, the recently adapted functionals PBEh* and omegaPBE* as well as the
      double hybrid functional XYGJ-OS manage to replicate results obtained at the
      CCSD(T) level. By analysis of the bond length alternation in the excited state, a
      sensitive dependence of the exciton localization on the long-range behavior of
      the functional and the amount of Hartree-Fock exchange present is shown.
      Introducing thermal disorder through molecular dynamics simulations allows the
      consideration of a range of thermally accessible configurations of each oligomer,
      including trans to cis rotations, which break the conjugation of the backbone.
      Thermal disorder has a considerable effect when combined with functionals that
      overestimate the delocalization of the excitation, such as B3LYP. For functionals
      with a larger amount of exact exchange such as our PBEh* and omegaPBE*, however,
      the effect is small, as excitations are often localized enough to fit between
      twists in the chain. 

PMID- 26960058
TI  - Metformin pretreatment enhanced learning and memory in cerebral forebrain
      ischaemia: the role of the AMPK/BDNF/P70SK signalling pathway.
AB  - Context Metformin induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protected
      neurons in cerebral ischaemia. Objective This study examined pretreatment with
      metformin and activation of AMPK in molecular and behavioral levels associated
      with memory. Materials and methods Rats were pretreated with metformin (200
      mg/kg) for 2 weeks and 4-vessels occlusion global cerebral ischaemia was induced.
      Three days after ischaemia, memory improvement was done by passive avoidance task
      and neurological scores were evaluated. The amount of Brain-Derived Neurotropic
      Factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated and total P70S6 kinase (P70S6K) were measured.
      Results Pretreatment with metformin (met) in the met + ischaemia/reperfusion
      (I/R) group reduced latency time for enter to dark chamber compared with the sham
      group (p < 0.001) and increased latency time compared with the I/R group (p <
      0.001). Injection of Compound C (CC) (as an AMPK inhibitor) concomitant with
      metformin reduced latency time in I/R rats compared with the I/R + met group (p <
      0.05). Neurological scores were reduced in met treated rats compared with the
      sham group. Pretreatment with metformin in I/R animals reduced levels of pro-BDNF
      compared with the I/R group (p < 0.001) but increased that compared with the sham
      group (p < 0.001). The level of pro-BDNF decreased in the met + CC + I/R group
      compared with the met + I/R group (p < 0.01). Pretreatment with metformin in I/R
      animals significantly increased P70S6K compared with the I/R group (p < 0.001).
      Conclusion Short-term memory in ischaemic rats treated with metformin increased
      step-through latency; sensory-motor evaluation was applied and a group of
      ischaemia rats that were pretreated with metformin showed high levels of BDNF,
      P70S6K that seemed to be due to increasing AMPK. 

PMID- 26960059
TI  - Anaerobic Degradation of p-Alkylated Benzoates and Toluenes.
AB  - The anaerobic degradation of 4-alkylbenzoates and 4-alkyltoluenes is to date a
      rarely reported microbial capacity. The newly isolated Alphaproteobacterium
      Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1 represents the first pure culture demonstrated
      to degrade 4-methylbenzoate completely to CO2 in a process coupled to
      denitrification. Differential proteogenomic studies in conjunction with targeted
      metabolite analyses and enzyme activity measurements elucidated a specific 4
      methylbenzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) pathway in this bacterium alongside the classical
      central benzoyl-CoA pathway. Whilst these two pathways are analogous, in the
      former the p-methyl group is retained and its 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA reductase
      (MbrCBAD) is phylogenetically distinct from the archetypical class I benzoyl-CoA
      reductase (BcrCBAD). Subsequent global regulatory studies on strain pMbN1 grown
      with binary or ternary substrate mixtures revealed benzoate to repress the
      anaerobic utilization of 4-methylbenzoate and succinate. The shared nutritional
      property of betaproteobacterial 'Aromatoleum aromaticum' pCyN1 and Thauera sp.
      strain pCyN2 is the anaerobic degradation of the plant-derived hydrocarbon p
      cymene (4-isopropyltoluene) coupled to denitrification. Notably, the two strains
      employ two different peripheral pathways for the conversion of p-cymene to 4
      isopropylbenzoyl-CoA as the possible first common intermediate. In 'A.
      aromaticum' pCyN1 a putative p-cymene dehydrogenase (CmdABC) is proposed to
      hydroxylate the benzylic methyl group, which is subsequently further oxidized to
      the CoA-thioester. In contrast, Thauera sp. strain pCyN2 employs a reaction
      sequence analogous to the known anaerobic toluene pathway, involving a distinct
      branching (4-isopropylbenzyl)succinate synthase (IbsABCDEF). 

PMID- 26960060
TI  - Hospital resource use of patients receiving isavuconazole vs voriconazole for
      invasive mold infections in the phase III SECURE trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the phase III SECURE trial, isavuconazole was non-inferior to
      voriconazole for all-cause mortality for the primary treatment of invasive mold
      disease (IMD) caused by Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi. This
      analysis assessed whether hospital resource utilization was different between
      patients treated with isavuconazole vs voriconazole in SECURE. METHODS: The
      analysis population comprised adults with proven/probable/possible IMD enrolled
      in SECURE. The primary endpoint was hospital length of stay (LOS) in the overall
      trial population. Patients were also stratified by estimated glomerular
      filtration rate-modification of diet in renal disease category (< 60 mL/min/1.73
      m(2) [moderate-to-severe impairment] and >=60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) [mild or no
      impairment]), body mass index (BMI; <25, >=25-<30, and >=30 kg/m(2)), and age
      (<=45, >45-<=65, and >65 years). RESULTS: Data from 516 patients (258 per arm)
      were evaluated. Overall, median LOS was not statistically significantly different
      between the isavuconazole (15.0 days) and voriconazole (16.0 days; p = 0.607)
      arms. Median LOS was statistically significantly shorter in patients with
      moderate-to-severe renal impairment treated with isavuconazole (9.0 days) vs
      voriconazole (19.0 days; hazard ratio [HR]: 3.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] =
      1.51-7.83). Median LOS was shorter, but not significantly, in patients with a BMI
      >=30 kg/m(2) (isavuconazole 13.5 days vs voriconazole 22 days; HR = 1.57; 95% CI
      = 0.70-3.52) or aged >65 years (isavuconazole 15.0 days vs voriconazole 20.0
      days; HR = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.87-2.16). LIMITATIONS: As the patient subgroups
      analyzed were small, sub-group findings should be interpreted with caution in
      light of the lack of statistical significance for each sub-group-by-treatment
      interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Isavuconazole may reduce hospital LOS in certain
      subgroups of patients with IMD, especially those with moderate-to-severe renal
      impairment.

PMID- 26960061
TI  - Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbons: From Enzymatic Reactions to the
      Environment.
AB  - Hydrocarbons are abundant in anoxic environments and pose biochemical challenges
      to their anaerobic degradation by microorganisms. Within the framework of the
      Priority Program 1319, investigations funded by the Deutsche
      Forschungsgemeinschaft on the anaerobic microbial degradation of hydrocarbons
      ranged from isolation and enrichment of hitherto unknown hydrocarbon-degrading
      anaerobic microorganisms, discovery of novel reactions, detailed studies of
      enzyme mechanisms and structures to process-oriented in situ studies. Selected
      highlights from this program are collected in this synopsis, with more detailed
      information provided by theme-focused reviews of the special topic issue on
      'Anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons' [this issue, pp. 1-244]. The
      interdisciplinary character of the program, involving microbiologists,
      biochemists, organic chemists and environmental scientists, is best exemplified
      by the studies on alkyl-/arylalkylsuccinate synthases. Here, research topics
      ranged from in-depth mechanistic studies of archetypical toluene-activating
      benzylsuccinate synthase, substrate-specific phylogenetic clustering of alkyl
      /arylalkylsuccinate synthases (toluene plus xylenes, p-cymene, p-cresol, 2
      methylnaphthalene, n-alkanes), stereochemical and co-metabolic insights into n
      alkane-activating (methylalkyl)succinate synthases to the discovery of bacterial
      groups previously unknown to possess alkyl-/arylalkylsuccinate synthases by means
      of functional gene markers and in situ field studies enabled by state-of-the-art
      stable isotope probing and fractionation approaches. Other topics are Mo-cofactor
      dependent dehydrogenases performing O2-independent hydroxylation of hydrocarbons
      and alkyl side chains (ethylbenzene, p-cymene, cholesterol, n-hexadecane),
      degradation of p-alkylated benzoates and toluenes, glycyl radical-bearing 4
      hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase, novel types of carboxylation reactions (for
      acetophenone, acetone, and potentially also benzene and naphthalene), W-cofactor
      containing enzymes for reductive dearomatization of benzoyl-CoA (class II benzoyl
      CoA reductase) in obligate anaerobes and addition of water to acetylene,
      fermentative formation of cyclohexanecarboxylate from benzoate, and methanogenic
      degradation of hydrocarbons. 

PMID- 26960074
TI  - Environmental constraints and call evolution in torrent-dwelling frogs.
AB  - Although acoustic signals are important for communication in many taxa, signal
      propagation is affected by environmental properties. Strong environmental
      constraints should drive call evolution, favoring signals with greater
      transmission distance and content integrity in a given calling habitat. Yet, few
      empirical studies have verified this prediction, possibly due to a shortcoming in
      habitat characterization, which is often too broad. Here we assess the potential
      impact of environmental constraints on the evolution of advertisement call in
      four groups of torrent-dwelling frogs in the family Ranidae. We reconstruct the
      evolution of calling site preferences, both broadly categorized and at a finer
      scale, onto a phylogenetic tree for 148 species with five markers (~3600 bp). We
      test models of evolution for six call traits for 79 species with regard to the
      reconstructed history of calling site preferences and estimate their ancestral
      states. We find that in spite of existing morphological constraints,
      vocalizations of torrent-dwelling species are most probably constrained by the
      acoustic specificities of torrent habitats and particularly their high level of
      ambient noise. We also show that a fine-scale characterization of calling sites
      allows a better perception of the impact of environmental constraints on call
      evolution. 

PMID- 26960076
TI  - The importance of margins in head and neck cancer.
AB  - An estimated 200,000 deaths each year worldwide are due to cancer of the head and
      neck, mostly mucosal squamous cell carcinoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The
      status of surgical margins is important for prognosis and need for adjuvant
      therapy. We will discuss how margin status impacts outcomes and therapy, and the
      conundrum of determining margin status.

PMID- 26960077
TI  - Radiology Resident' Satisfaction With Their Training and Education in the United
      States: Effect of Program Directors, Teaching Faculty, and Other Factors on
      Program Success.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Radiology residency education must evolve to meet the growing demands
      of radiology training. Resident opinions are a major resource to identify needs.
      However, few published data are available on a national level investigating the
      radiology resident perspective on factors that influence the resident experience.
      Our study investigates factors that affect residents' satisfaction with their
      residency experience and education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 67-item survey was
      sent to all radiology residency program directors and coordinators in the United
      States to be distributed at their discretion. Questions were multiple choice,
      free-text answer, or 5-point Likert scale. Statistical significance (p < 0.05)
      was determined using chi-square test, t test, and logistic regression analysis,
      respectively. RESULTS: Two hundred seventeen radiology residents responded to the
      survey (range, 212-217 responses per question). Overall, 77.8% (168/216) of
      residents were satisfied with their residency programs. Subcategories that showed
      a statistically significant correlation with overall satisfaction, in decreasing
      strength according to the odds ratio (OR), include the program director or
      administrative office (OR, 72.2; 95% CI, 27.4-221.9), the daily workstation
      experience (OR, 30.5; 95% CI, 12.8-80.9), the faculty (OR, 19.5; 95% CI, 8.9
      45.4), educational conferences (OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 3.9-16.4), work hours (OR, 6.4;
      95% CI, 3.2-13.2), teaching opportunities (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 3.1-13.8), research
      opportunities (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 2.6-10.6), personal study (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1
      4.1), and compensation (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.7). CONCLUSION: Our study provides
      incremental data to the existing literature that offers insight into factors that
      contribute to a successful radiology residency program.

PMID- 26960078
TI  - Benthic assemblages, biodiversity and invasiveness in marinas and commercial
      harbours: an investigation using a bioindicator group.
AB  - Fouling communities on artificial marine structures are generally different from
      benthic communities in natural rocky habitats. However, they may also differ
      among different types of artificial structures. Two artificial structures in
      direct contact with arriving vessels were compared: floating pontoons within
      recreational marinas, and sea-walls within commercial harbours. Natural rocky
      habitats were used as a reference, and the genus Eudendrium (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)
      was chosen as a bioindicator. The assemblages were different among the three
      types of habitat studied, with different species characterising each habitat. The
      probability of finding an invasive Eudendrium species was significantly higher on
      pontoons. Diversity was the lowest on pontoons, but it was not significantly
      different between sea-walls and natural rocks. In general, a barrier to the
      spread of exotic species exists between harbours and natural rocky habitats.
      Floating pontoons seem to be a less suitable habitat for native fauna and a key
      element in marine biological invasions. 

PMID- 26960079
TI  - Water and public health: updating the agenda.

PMID- 26960075
TI  - The current state of the art of quantitative phosphoproteomics and its
      applications to diabetes research.
AB  - Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental regulatory mechanism in many cellular
      processes and aberrant perturbation of phosphorylation has been implicated in
      various human diseases. Kinases and their cognate inhibitors have been considered
      as hotspots for drug development. Therefore, the emerging tools, which enable a
      system-wide quantitative profiling of phosphoproteome, would offer a powerful
      impetus in unveiling novel signaling pathways, drug targets and/or biomarkers for
      diseases of interest. This review highlights recent advances in
      phosphoproteomics, the current state of the art of the technologies and the
      challenges and future perspectives of this research area. Finally, some exemplary
      applications of phosphoproteomics in diabetes research are underscored. 

PMID- 26960080
TI  - The human right to water and sanitation: a new perspective for public policies.
AB  - The recognition of the human right to water and sanitation (HRtWS) by the United
      Nations General Assembly and Human Rights Council in 2010 constituted a
      significant political measure whose direct consequences are still being assessed.
      Previous to this date, the HRtWS and its link to a healthy life and adequate
      standard of living had been recognised in diverse legal and judicial spheres
      worldwide, in some cases under the pressure of the initiatives of strong social
      movements. However, while the HRtWS is recognised by the UN State Members, it
      constitutes a concept in construction that has not been approached and
      interpreted in consensual ways by all concerned stakeholders. The present article
      presents a formal definition of this right with a base in human rights
      regulation. It attempts to dialogue with the different existing perspectives
      regarding the impact of its international recognition as a human right. It then
      elucidates the progressive development of the HRtWS in law and jurisprudence.
      Finally, it considers the urgency and challenge of monitoring the HRtWS and
      discusses important implications for public policies. 

PMID- 26960081
TI  - Measuring the invisible: Analysis of the Sustainable Development Goals in
      relation to populations exposed to drought.
AB  - Brazil, together with all the member countries of the United Nations, is in a
      process of adoption of a group of Sustainable Development Goals, including
      targets and indicators. This article considers the implications of these goals
      and their proposed targets, for the Semi-Arid region of Brazil. This region has
      recurring droughts which may worsen with climate change, further weakening the
      situation of access of water for human consumption in sufficient quantity and
      quality, and as a result, the health conditions of the exposed populations. This
      study identifies the relationship between drought and health, in an effort to
      measure progress in this region (1,135 municipalities), comparing relevant
      indicators with the other 4,430 municipalities in Brazil, based on census data
      from 1991, 2000 and 2010. Important inequalities between the municipalities of
      this region and the municipalities of the rest of Brazil are identified, and
      discussed in the context of what is necessary for achieving the Sustainable
      Development Goals in the Semi-arid Region, principally in relation to the
      measures for adaptation to achieve universal and equitable access to drinking
      water. 

PMID- 26960082
TI  - Loss and damage affecting the public health sector and society resulting from
      flooding and flash floods in Brazil between 2010 and 2014 - based on data from
      national and global information systems.
AB  - This article outlines the results of a descriptive study that analyses loss and
      damage caused by hydrometeorological disasters in Brazil between 2010 and 2014
      using the EM DAT (global) and S2iD (national) databases. The analysis shows major
      differences in the total number of disaster events included in the databases (EM
      DAT = 36; S2iD = 4,070) and estimated costs of loss and damage (EM-DAT - R$ 9.2
      billion; S2iD - R$331.4 billion). The analysis also shows that the five states
      most affected by these events are Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas
      Gerais, Sao Paulo and Parana in Brazil's South and Southeast regions and that
      these results are consistent with the findings of other studies. The costs of
      disasters were highest for housing, public infrastructure works, collectively
      used public facilities, other public service facilities, and state health and
      education facilities. The costs associated with public health facilities were
      also high. Despite their limitations, both databases demonstrated their
      usefulness for determining seasonal and long-term trends and patterns, and risk
      areas, and thus assist decision makers in identifying areas that are most
      affected by and vulnerable to natural disasters. 

PMID- 26960083
TI  - Assessment of the quality of water for consumption by river-bank communities in
      areas exposed to urban and industrial pollutants in the municipalities of
      Abaetetuba and Barcarena in the state of Para, Brazil.
AB  - In spite of the great technological advances in processes for treatment of water
      for human consumption, water actually used for supply has become a major public
      health challenge. This study assesses the quality of the water consumed in two
      riverside communities in the Brazilian state of Para, in an area exposed to
      domestic and industrial pollutants. Four campaigns of sampling were carried out
      in the two communities. The variables used for the calculation of the water
      quality index - Indice de Qualidade da Agua, or IQA - were: pH, total solids,
      chloride, fluoride, hardness and N-Nitrate. The waters used for human consumption
      in the Maranhao Community, where there is no contamination by industrial
      pollutants, presented adequate samples, with improvement in the dry season; on
      the other hand the waters of the Vila do Conde, a location close to the
      industrial activity, had quality that was unacceptable for human consumption in
      both the seasonal periods. The principal parameters affected were pH and N
      Nitrate, with values up to 25 times the reference level of the Brazilian
      legislation for water for human consumption. These results indicated greater
      anthropic interference in the vicinity of Vila do Conde, in Barcarena. It is
      concluded that this population is in need of clinical assessments by specialized
      professionals on the state of its health. 

PMID- 26960085
TI  - Determinants in implementing a public policy for an essential volume of free
      water in Bogota and Medellin, Colombia.
AB  - Within the framework for the realization of the human right to water and
      sanitation, States have the obligation to implement programs and public policies
      that satisfy the basic needs of their population, especially its most vulnerable
      demographics. In Colombia, this challenge has been addressed through policies
      that provide a determined essential amount of free water to people whose access
      to water and sanitation services are limited due to low income. Through a review
      of legal and technical documents as well as relevant literature, this article
      presents an analysis of the particular determinants involved in implementing this
      program in Bogota and Medellin, as well as some related concerns. Among such
      factors, we discuss the evolution and changes of the tariff model used in service
      provision, estimates of basic consumption, the role of social movements and
      collective action, and user disconnection due to non-payment. The main
      particularities and differences of each case highlighted the inconveniences
      related to the method of identifying eligible users and applying assistance to
      beneficiary user groups, and the need for national guidelines in implementing
      this policy. 

PMID- 26960084
TI  - Management of health sector actions in drought situations.
AB  - Water is essential for the socio-economic development of a region and also for
      the survival of human beings. Water scarcity has direct and indirect impacts on
      the environment, the economy and human health. It can change the profile of
      morbidity and mortality of diseases, as well as having an impact on the supply of
      services that are essential public to the quality of life. This study aims to
      contextualize the occurrence of drought in Brazil, its effects on human health,
      as well as actions to be developed by the health sector to reduce the risk to
      those living in affected areas, with an emphasis on the monitoring of the quality
      of drinking water. This is a descriptive, qualitative study with a documental
      basis. The documents that were researched were related to initiatives by the
      Health Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health up until 2014. It is
      necessary to strengthen the performance capacity of the Unified Health System
      (SUS) in order to develop timely responses to reduce the risk to public health. 

PMID- 26960086
TI  - Using satellite data to study the relationship between rainfall and diarrheal
      diseases in a Southwestern Amazon basin.
AB  - The North region is the second region in Brazil with the highest incidence rate
      of diarrheal diseases in children under 5 years old. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the relationship between rainfall and water level during the rainy
      season principally with the incidence rate of this disease in a southwestern
      Amazon basin. Rainfall estimates and the water level were correlated and both of
      them were correlated with the diarrheal incidence rate. For the Alto Acre region,
      2 to 3 days' time-lag is the best interval to observe the impact of the rainfall
      in the water level (R = 0.35). In the Lower Acre region this time-lag increased
      (4 days) with a reduction in the correlation value was found. The correlation
      between rainfall and diarrheal disease was better in the Lower Acre region
      (Acrelandia, R = 0.7) and rainfall upstream of the city. Between water level and
      diarrheal disease, the best results were found for the Brasileia gauging station
      (Brasileia, R = 0.3; Epitaciolandia, R = 0.5). This study's results may support
      planning and financial resources allocation to prioritize actions for local Civil
      Defense and health care services before, during and after the rainy season. 

PMID- 26960087
TI  - Management and use of water resources and the expansion of agribusiness: water
      for what and for whom?
AB  - This article aims to conduct an analysis of the correlation between the
      management and use of water resources with the expansion of agribusiness and its
      reflections in environmental and human contamination, pointing toward challenges
      for SUS in the area of monitoring pesticides in water for human consumption. It
      is qualitative study with an adopted methodological framework of the case study,
      applied in an area of agribusiness expansion in the semi-arid region of the state
      of Ceara. The results demonstrate that there exists an unequal relationship in
      the management and use of water, in which agribusiness in Ceara is prioritized
      for access to water at the expense of the great majority of the rural population.
      As a result, pesticide contamination of surface and ground water brings
      challenges to surveillance of the control of pesticides in water for human
      consumption. In this sense, we present alternatives to develop health services
      with more effective actions in surveillance of health in general, and of Vigiagua
      in particular, such as: overcoming the fragmentation of vision and intervention
      regarding health problems; human exposure to multiple pesticides; the lack of
      laboratories and trained professionals; and enlarging the dissemination of
      information to the users of water. 

PMID- 26960088
TI  - [Impact on human health of endocrine disruptors present in environmental water
      bodies: is there an association with obesity?].
AB  - There is growing evidence that endocrine disruptors (ED) may adversely affect
      humans. Surface and underground water are the main sources for obtaining potable
      water, however they can be contaminated with ED, which are not completely removed
      by conventional water and sewage treatment processes. Some health problems are
      related to the exposure of humans to ED, obesity being one of them. There is
      currently an increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide, a fact that is
      considered a concern in view of its potential impact on the health care system,
      since obesity is the major risk factor of the leading chronic diseases including
      diabetes and cardiovascular disease. By means of a review of the literature, this
      paper sought to gather scientific publications linking exposure to ED with
      obesity, in order to verify the importance of removal of ED from water bodies,
      thereby preserving the population's health and aquatic biota. Most of the
      selected studies suggest an association between ED and obesity in humans. 

PMID- 26960089
TI  - Evaluation of simple diffusion chlorinators for decontamination of wells in a
      rural settlement in Amazonia, Brazil.
AB  - While the Amazon region has the world's largest reserve of fresh water, the lack
      of water services and water treatment, especially in non-urban regions, causes
      environmental and health problems. In isolated rural settlements supply is
      usually by shallow wells, and the quality of water is a concern for residents.
      These are situations where there are restricted options for water treatment. This
      study aimed to assess the use of simplified diffusion chlorinators as an
      alternative water treatment method. Bacteriological analyses were made of 100
      samples of water from the wells, before and after application of the
      chlorinators, in the Rural Settlement of Rio Pardo, Presidente Figueiredo in the
      Brazilian State of Amazonas. The sources that were analyzed were considered
      inappropriate for consumption without prior treatment, and the use of the
      chlorinators eliminated all contamination by thermotolerant coliforms in the
      great majority of cases. Also, the method was well received by residents, because
      it does not leave a taste in the water, is relatively low-cost and handling is
      easy. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the use of this method of
      treatment for this social-environmental context and present suggestions for
      improvement and adaptation, for application of this methodology in other
      settlements. 

PMID- 26960090
TI  - Diarrhea outbreaks in northeastern Brazil in 2013, according to media and health
      information systems - Surveillance of climate risk and health emergencies.
AB  - This study has the objective of analyzing information about diarrhea outbreaks in
      Brazil's northeast in the year 2013. Information came from electronic media and
      from health information systems. A total of 33 news events related to diarrhea
      outbreaks were identified, some of them mentioning causes and aggravating
      factors. The analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of the news,
      admissions and deaths showed that more than 100,000 persons were affected and,
      according to the news analyzed, the most affected states were Alagoas and
      Pernambuco, with a greater extent in the months from May to July. The use of
      alternative sources of water such as ponds, wells, water trucks and household
      water reservoirs were identified as the most immediate causes of these outbreaks.
      However, other underlying factors such as precarious water supply systems in the
      semi-arid region, the exceptional conditions of drought, considered the worst in
      the last 60 years, as well as the capacity of the health sector to respond to a
      large number of cases, should be considered to recover the context in which these
      outbreaks are produced. 

PMID- 26960092
TI  - Environmental Education as a social mobilization strategy to face water scarcity.
AB  - Article 225 of the Brazilian Constitution establishes that all citizens have the
      right to an ecologically balanced environment, as a common good that is essential
      for a healthy life, and that the government and society have the duty to protect
      and preserve the environment for present and future generations. This article
      outlines a methodology for promoting social mobilization to address water
      scarcity developed under the National Environmental Education and Social
      Mobilization for Sanitation Program (PEAMSS, acronym in Portuguese). The main aim
      of this article is to show the importance of education as a driving force for
      empowerment for water resources management. It outlines the main concepts of
      emancipatory environmental education and then goes on to describe the elaboration
      of a PEAMMS action plan. It concludes that the universalization of the right to
      safe and clean drinking water and access to sanitation is only possible through
      democratic and participatory water resources management. Actions are necessary to
      evaluate the reach of the PEAMSS and define the way ahead for the program. 

PMID- 26960091
TI  - The involvement of community leaders in healthcare, the environment and
      sanitation in areas of social vulnerability.
AB  - The main purpose of this article is to identify access to: social assistance
      inclusion programs; assistance from health agents; public water supply services;
      and water saving practices, in areas of irregular occupation in Brazil. A
      stratified random sampling technique by clusters was adopted with a simple
      sampling strategy. In the universe of 14,079 households, 68 community leaders
      were identified, representing 6,800 households on average, in a normalized
      distribution (mean zero, standard deviation 1), deemed to include situations
      covering 96% of the cases with a margin of error of + or - 1% of the average. The
      theoretical approach proposes a reflection and verification through
      questionnaires on the mechanisms of exclusion. Poverty perpetuates the vicious
      circle of inequality, risks to health and the environment, and it is necessary
      that these should be considered in the policies and procedures for urban
      expansion. As a conclusion, various challenges were identified for serving areas
      of social-environmental vulnerability - the needs to: improve the low quality of
      health and water services in subnormal agglomerations; modify the behavior of the
      population accessing the networks in a clandestine manner; and to put inclusive
      governance mechanisms in place. 

PMID- 26960093
TI  - Disasters related to droughts and public health - a review of the scientific
      literature.
AB  - In Brazil, the history of droughts has been marked by constant social and health
      tragedies, with estimates of up to 3 million deaths from the early 19th century
      until the late 20th century. There is a record of nearly 32,000 events related to
      the above and more than 96 million people were affected between 1991 and 2010.
      Although droughts have historically brought disasters to Brazil, which was noted
      in the scientific expeditions of Arthur Neiva and Belisario Penna that documented
      these droughts, there have not been many studies on them. The objective of this
      paper is to present a revision of the scientific articles related to droughts and
      public health. The following databases were used: PubMed, the Preparation and
      Response to Disasters Portal from BVS and the Capes Periodical Portal. The
      descriptors drought and health were used to search titles and summaries of
      articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Among the repercussions related to
      health that were discovered: malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies, mental
      health problems, issues relating to water and air quality and commitments made
      concerning access to health services. As there is a trend for more intense
      droughts and a scarcity of water until 2030, there is an urgent need for more
      research and studies in these areas. 

PMID- 26960094
TI  - Sociology of health textbooks and narratives: historical significance.
AB  - This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of
      production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a
      brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of
      these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and
      England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In
      addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of
      constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the
      biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to
      the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical;
      analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the
      final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are
      presented. 

PMID- 26960095
TI  - The emergence of medical professions of [re]habilitation and childhood: a history
      intertwined with theoretical tensions.
AB  - This article is the product of a review of historical-critical literature that
      analyzes the global historical events during the 20th century that made the
      emergence and consolidation of the medical rehabilitation professions possible
      and an examination of the ways in which these professions approach childhood. The
      analysis of and reflections upon the reviewed documents are outlined below
      according to three theoretical tensions: 1) the child of today and the adult of
      tomorrow, 2) the meaning of habilitation-rehabilitation, and 3) the positioning
      of the subject in society. To account for the breadth of these topics, the text
      is divided into two sections: the first covers the first half of the 20th
      century, the period between the wars and the emergence of [re]habilitation, and
      the second covers the second half of the 20th century through the present, a
      period of political organization and technological advances. In the contemporary
      era, these views of [re]habilitation are confronted by the overwhelming reality
      of historical conceptions of childhood. The realities that children face today
      are diverse and complex; therefore, it is necessary to rethink the normalizing
      view of childhood that was instituted in the 20th century. 

PMID- 26960096
TI  - Between flows and therapeutic projects: revisiting the notions of lines of care
      in health and therapeutic itineraries.
AB  - This essay discusses the possibilities of conceptual and practical connections
      between the ideas of line of care and therapeutic itineraries, beginning with the
      theoretical contributions that lay the foundations for the Line of Integrated
      Healthcare and the hermeneutic approaches to Care. The implementation of lines of
      care tuned to individual and collective health needs can be glimpsed in the
      construction of therapeutic projects, inasmuch as they privilege the
      particularities of each situation in the agreement of flows of appointments,
      exams, and other procedures. The therapeutic project - taken as an arrangement,
      strategy, device, or basic dimension of Care in the work process in health - can
      be seen as an image that lays out a possibility of the future, which in turn is a
      projection conditioned by past experiences of health, illness, and life. From the
      criticism of explanatory models, preponderant in the studies of therapeutic
      itineraries, we defend the investment in approaches that privilege interpretation
      and understanding, capable of recuperating, contextualizing, and reconstructing
      trajectories, beginning with the subjects involved in the care process. 

PMID- 26960097
TI  - Sexual violence, mood disorders and suicide risk: a population-based study.
AB  - This article seeks to analyze the association between sexual violence, manic and
      depressive episodes, and suicide risk among young adults. This is a cross
      sectional population-based study carried out with young people between 18 and 24
      years of age in a town in southern Brazil. The sample was selected through
      clusters. The prevalence of sexual violence, manic, depressive and mixed episodes
      and suicide risk were evaluated, as well as the association between them. The chi
      square test and Poisson regression were used for statistical analysis. The study
      sample comprised 1,560 subjects. Among these, 3.1% had suffered sexual violence
      at some point in their life. The prevalence of depressive, mixed episodes, and
      (hypo)manic episodes were 10%, 2.4% and 2.3%, respectively. Suicide risk had a
      prevalence of 8.6% in the total sample. Young people who have suffered sexual
      violence are more likely to be subject to mood changes or suicide risk than those
      who have not (p < 0.05), except for the occurrence of (hypo)manic episodes. These
      results revealed a strong association between sexual violence and depressive and
      mixed episodes and suicide risk. 

PMID- 26960098
TI  - Patterns of cancer-related internet searches: reactiveness; risks; the role of
      affect.
AB  - The popularization of ICTs and the availability of information have not
      influenced the habits of prevention - cancers are lately diagnosed, as before in
      the scarcity of information era. This paper analyzes patterns of accesses to the
      National Cancer Institute website (already described in previous articles) as
      well as contradictions between the purposes and results of cancer prevention
      campaigns. We identified a reactive pattern of queries which was indifferent to
      information on prevention, but interested in treatment technologies and news
      about celebrity's diseases. These findings contrast with the paradigm of the best
      data for decision making, based in the heteronomy of "banking education", its
      means and efficacy. We discussthe symbolic power of campaigns under the
      theoretical framework of emotional heuristic models - analytical tools rarely
      employed in studies of risks, but here considered essential elements to the
      comprehention of public perception of health. Ambiguities are portrayed and as
      well as its pendulum between certainties and uncertainties in the midst on which
      they are formed. It is discussed the risk tripartition - as perception, analysis
      and policy, the latest posed as a public clash between the first concerning the
      major risks aligned to their historical circumstances. 

PMID- 26960099
TI  - Violence against children in Brazilian scenery.
AB  - Violence is a social and public health phenomenon, with greater exacerbation when
      it affects children, causing an impact on child development and a catastrophic
      impact on the behavior of an adult life. The purpose of this article is to
      characterizing by the scientific evidence child abuse on the brasilian scene.
      There was used the integrative literature review and, as a source of research,
      the databases Lilacs and Scielo from August 2013. Among the six identified
      publications showed negligence as the main type of violence, five discoursed that
      Male gender is the most affected gender and ten stated that the perpetrator is
      always a family member. Also in this heart, it becomes clear that the parents are
      the greatest perpetrators of violence against children, especially the mother as
      the most frequent aggressors. The results demonstrate the need to identify early
      all types of violence, especially the neglect, recognizing that there is no
      significant distinction of violence between the genders and sharing the family
      environment as the most conducive environment for the growth of violent events. 

PMID- 26960101
TI  - Incorporation of information technology in Primary Care of SUS in North-eastern
      Brazil: expectations and experiences.
AB  - The incorporation of information technology (IT) via an electronic record of
      health data in primary care is transforming the organization of labor and
      professional practices in Brazil. The scope of this study is to establish the
      expectations and experiences of incorporating IT in the primary health care of
      the Unified Health System (SUS) with the implementation of the National Health
      Card System (SCNS). It involved qualitative research with 50 interviews and 96
      questionnaires comparing the opinion of health professionals about technological
      innovation in locations with the SCNS and where it has not yet been incorporated
      in the cities of Joao Pessoa and Aracaju, respectively. The expectation was that
      IT would speed up the work schedule, which was not confirmed at the location
      where the SCNS had been incorporated. IT can improve labor organization, the flow
      of data and information and enable the digital insertion of the professional. The
      "light" technology of health care cannot be expedited by IT, as it is necessary
      to impart knowledge to the professionals. However, it can improve working
      conditions by data gathering and organization, giving immediate feedback to the
      professional recording the data and enhance the ability to manage health
      policies. 

PMID- 26960100
TI  - Coming to terms with the other's perspective: empathy in the relation between
      psychiatrists and persons diagnosed with schizophrenia.
AB  - This article presents qualitative research into the empathic dimension in the
      physician-patient relationship. The ways to gain access to the other's
      perspective and collaborate in clinical management are investigated. The material
      was researched in Community Mental Health Centers in Rio de Janeiro and Campinas.
      Focus groups were conducted with psychiatrists and persons diagnosed with
      schizophrenia and the transcribed material was analyzed using phenomenology and
      medical anthropology as theoretical frameworks. The narratives studied were
      organized into five main categories: clinical management; negotiation of
      medication; diagnosis communication; understanding the user's perspective; and
      limits of empathy. In these thematic categories the participants developed the
      following subjects: shared construction of care; the desire to know the diagnosis
      juxtaposed with hesitation to divulge it; managing the control of symptoms and
      side effects for the negotiation of medication; the effort to understand the
      user's experience; and crisis as the limit of empathy. 

PMID- 26960102
TI  - [Supply and demand in home health care].
AB  - The changes in the demographic and epidemiologic profiles of the Brazilian
      population and the need to rethink the health care model have led many countries
      like Brazil to consider Home Care (HC) as a care strategy. However, there is a
      gap between the supply of HC services, the demand for care and the health needs
      manifested by the population. Thus, this article analyzes scientific output
      regarding the status of the relation between supply, demand and the needs related
      to home health care. This work is based on an integrative review of the
      literature in the following databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
      Health Literature (CINAHL), Latin America and the Caribbean Literature on Health
      and Science (Lilacs), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online
      (Medline) and Web of Science. Despite the fact that few articles refer to the
      issue in question, there is evidence indicating that health demands and needs are
      seldom taken into account either in a quantitative or qualitative approach when
      developing the organization of HC services. The analysis would indicate that
      there is a national and international deficit in the supply of HC services
      considering the demand for health care and needs currently prevailing. 

PMID- 26960103
TI  - [Ongoing Health Education in Brazil:education or ongoing management?].
AB  - The scope of this study was to analyze the concept and principles of Ongoing
      Health Education (OHE) - the Brazilian acronym is PNEPS. The methodology was
      based on the analysis of documents from the Ministry of Health and related
      scientific articles. It was revealed that the concept of OHE transcends its
      pedagogical significance and is undergoing a service restructuring process in the
      face of the new demands of the model. Precisely at the time in which jobs are
      increasingly unstable and precarious, the Ministry of Health engages in discourse
      regarding innovative management, focusing on the issue of OHE. The idea is not
      one of ongoing education, but of ongoing management. Rather than being an
      instrument for radical transformation, OHE becomes an attractive ideology due to
      its appearance as a pedagogical novelty. 

PMID- 26960104
TI  - [Homicides and social vulnerability].
AB  - The goal of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of homicide rates
      (H) according to the social vulnerability index (SVI) and the quality of urban
      life index (QUL) in Betim, State of Minas Gerais, from 2006 to 2011. Descriptive
      analysis was performed using Moran's spatial correlation analysis, and the H, SVI
      and QUL spatial analyses. During this period there were 1,383 deaths, mostly of
      males (91.9%), aged 15-24 years (46.9%), brown/black (76.9%), with secondary
      education (51.1%), and single (83.9%). No spatial autocorrelation was revealed,
      indicating that the distribution of homicide rates is random; the same occurred
      with the SVI and the QUL index. Taken together, however, the H, SVI and QUL index
      overlapped, which was analyzed using different theories of crime, such as those
      addressing socioeconomic issues, arms of drugs dealing and Durkheim's and
      Habermas' theories, namely anomie and colonization of the lifeworld. CONCLUSION:
      social vulnerability and homicide are associated from both empirical and
      theoretical perspectives.

PMID- 26960105
TI  - [Factors associated with linear growth of socially vulnerable children of the
      State of Paraiba, Brazil].
AB  - This study set out to examine the associated factors, including zinc deficiency,
      of stunting in children attended in daycare centers in the State of Paraiba. It
      is a cross-sectional study, involving 353 children aged 6-72 months old. Data on
      biological characteristics, health situation and socioeconomic conditions of
      children were obtained by a questionnaire. Children with height for age indices
      two z scores below the median value of the reference population were considered
      to be stunted. The level of zinc in hair was determined by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. The prevalence of stunting was 7.36%. Low birth weight, age
      range 6-36 months, incomplete immunization, low maternal weight, per capita
      income of less than 0.5 minimum wages and living in a given/donated or invaded
      house were significantly associated with height for age index deficit. Stunted
      children were more prone to zinc deficiency, however, without statistical
      difference with normal growth children. Thus, there is a clear differential in
      linear growth that favors the children of higher socioeconomic status and
      favorable maternal history and health. 

PMID- 26960106
TI  - [Impact on reading scientific articles:an attempt to dialogue with "my reader"].
AB  - This article discusses the concept of "impact" and is based on the scientific
      output of the author that is examined for the analysis of impacts from the
      qualitative standpoint. It is done not as an end in itself, but under the aegis
      of the author/text/reader relationship. Seeking to establish this relationship,
      the way in which the author is quoted in a selected article, entering each of the
      quotes and identifying what aspects were emphasized by the readers who referenced
      the quote is explored in detail. This qualitative observation of each of the
      quotes provided an indication of how each author/reader perceived the original
      text. This personal experience of this finite and delicate dialogue with "my
      reader" is presented here as a recommendation, to anyone who may be interested,
      of a viable device that can be repeated by authors in order to re-visit their
      writings based on the acknowledgement of the impact that it has on others. 

PMID- 26960107
TI  - [Unemployment and mental health among Hispanics in the US: an epidemiological
      analysis].
AB  - The high unemployment rates observed in the United States during the recent
      economic crisis, that moreover vary between ethnic groups, make it relevant to
      inquire into how this problem is linked to the mental health of employed and
      unemployed persons. Therefore, in this paper the relationship between
      unemployment and mental health among Mexican immigrants, Mexicans born in the US,
      and other Hispanics in comparison with non-Hispanic native whites and Afro
      Americans in the US is analyzed. To achieve this objective prevalence, prevalence
      ratios and odds ratios for the population between 18 and 65 years of age in the
      labor force was calculated using data from the 1999 and 2009 National Health
      Interview Surveys. It was seen that in times of crisis the prevalence of Non
      Specific Psychological Disorders (NSPD) in the labor force increased in all
      ethnic groups. The prevalence ratios indicate that the unemployed face a higher
      risk of suffering from NSPD than the employed, especially for the non-Mexican
      Hispanics. Mexican immigrants, in contrast, show the lowest risks. 

PMID- 26960108
TI  - Is there an association between the presence of dental fluorosis and dental
      trauma amongst school children?
AB  - Our objective was to evaluate whether there is an association with the different
      levels of dental fluorosis and the presence of dental trauma amongst school
      children. A transversal study was conducted amongst school children from the age
      of 12. Dental examinations were conducted by 24 well trained and fully qualified
      dental surgeons. Data was collected from 36 randomly selected public schools
      amongst 89 schools in a municipality. The criteria used to diagnose dental
      fluorosis was based on the Dean's fluorosis Index and for diagnosing dental
      trauma we looked for clinical signs of crown fractures and dental avulsions.
      Multiple descriptive analysis, which was bivariate, was carried out. Amongst the
      2,755 school children that took part in the study 1,089 (39.6%) were diagnosed
      with dental fluorosis and 106 (3.8%) had one tooth or more with dental trauma. We
      noted a high prevalence of dental fluorosis, independent of the level of
      severity, amongst individuals with one tooth or more who had dental trauma. This
      association was even more evident where there were severely high levels of
      fluorosis. We also noted that the presence of fluorosis was greater amongst those
      that actively paid more attention to discoloration on their teeth and who
      received treatment from a dental professional at their schools. Nevertheless
      dental fluorosis was associated with the presence of dental trauma, independent
      of its severity. 

PMID- 26960109
TI  - Situation of the supplementary diet of children between 6 and 24 months attended
      in the Primary Care Network of Macae, RJ, Brazil.
AB  - This study aimed to analyze the supplementary nutritional situation of children
      aged 6-24 months attended by the Primary Care unit of Macae/RJ. It was conducted
      as a cross-sectional study, and data was obtained from the SISVAN Web website,
      including and analyzing all of the records (n=218) of children between 6-24
      months in the year 2013. In infants between 6-12 months, the consumption of 72.3%
      of vegetables, 75.3% of fruits, and 63.4% of meats was detected, considered
      indicators of healthy supplementary nutrition. In contrast, 23.8% were already
      consuming sugar-based food sources (honey, molasses, simple sugar, and unrefined
      cane sugar), 34.7% industrialized juice, and 17.8% soft drinks. The consumption
      of industrialized juice was significantly greater in boys (p-value <0.001). In
      children between 12-18 months, 77.6% consumed vegetables, 77.4% fruits, and 86.3%
      meats. The consumption of sugar-based foods was 31%, 58.6% for industrialized
      juices, and 50% for soft drinks. Between 18-24 months, it was recorded that 89.9%
      of children consumed vegetables, 83.1% fruits, and 96.7% meat. The consumption of
      sugar-based foods was 33.9%, 69.5% for industrialized juices, and 55.5% for soft
      drinks. We conclude that the indicators of healthy complementary nutrition come
      close to the target set by the Ministry of Health (80%). 

PMID- 26960111
TI  - [Risks and benefits of breast cancer screening in Brazil].

PMID- 26960112
TI  - Grapevine red blotch-associated virus is Present in Free-Living Vitis spp.
      Proximal to Cultivated Grapevines.
AB  - Red blotch is an emerging disease of grapevine associated with grapevine red
      blotch-associated virus (GRBaV). The virus spreads with infected planting stocks
      but no vector of epidemiological significance has been conclusively identified. A
      vineyard block of red-blotch-affected Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet franc' clone 214
      was observed in California, with a clustering of infected, symptomatic vines
      focused along one edge of the field proximal to a riparian habitat with free
      living Vitis spp. No genetic heterogeneity was observed in a 587-nucleotide
      region of the GRBaV genome in a population of 44 Cabernet franc clone 214
      isolates. By contrast, genetic differences were observed in isolates from other
      cultivars and clones growing in adjacent blocks. GRBaV was confirmed infecting
      four free-living vines, two of which were shown to be V. californica * V.
      vinifera hybrids. The genomes of three free-living GRBaV vine isolates and seven
      from V. vinifera cultivars were compared; free-living vine isolates were shown to
      be more similar to each other and a 'Merlot' isolate than to the other cultivated
      vine isolates. The finding that GRBaV is present in free-living Vitis spp.
      indicates the virus can be spread by natural (nonhuman-mediated) means, and we
      hypothesize that in-field spread of GRBaV is occurring. 

PMID- 26960113
TI  - Direct to Consumer Mobile Teledermatology Apps: An Exploratory Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since 2012, "Direct to Consumer" mobile teledermatology apps have
      become more available, relinquishing many data collection tasks normally done by
      healthcare professionals directly to patients. INTRODUCTION: To determine user
      friendliness, diagnostic quality, and service of commercially available mobile
      teledermatology apps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All mobile teledermatology apps
      available at the Apple App Store were reviewed. The two most popular mobile
      teledermatology apps were identified and tested together with three apps having
      similar functionality using a single case of a patient who was also examined by a
      dermatologist in-person. RESULTS: Apps varied in diagnostic scope, data gathering
      methods, services, rendered results, and in geographic coverage and cost.
      DISCUSSION: None of the apps take a history as thoroughly as recommended by
      textbooks. Key medical questions like current medications and allergies are not
      asked often. Most apps rendered concordant results, except for the one having the
      least thorough history taking. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile teledermatology application
      interfaces, services, and cost vary, with some risking medical errors and
      possible distribution of continuity of care. The American Telemedicine
      Association's guidelines for teledermatology need to address the use of direct to
      consumer apps. To protect consumers, app regulation, certification, or guidelines
      suggesting appropriate development and use might be considered.

PMID- 26960114
TI  - Mapping the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF Restructured Clinical Scales Onto Mood Markers in an
      Israeli Sample.
AB  - This study cross-culturally evaluated the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory-2/MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF) emotion-focused
      Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales to examine whether their patterns of
      associations with positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) are as expected
      based on Tellegen, Watson, and Clark's ( 1999a , 1999b ) mood model. The sample
      was composed of 100 men and 133 women from psychiatric settings in Israel who
      completed the MMPI-2 and the Mood Check List (MCL; Zevon & Tellegen, 1982 ).
      Results indicated that RCd was substantially correlated with both PA and NA in
      opposite directions, and that RC2 and RC7 were more highly correlated with PA and
      NA, respectively. Further, when compared with their Clinical Scale counterparts,
      RC2 and RC7 exhibited comparable convergent validities and improved discriminant
      properties. Findings provide support for Tellegen et al.'s ( 2003 ) goal to link
      the RC scales to contemporary conceptualizations of mood.

PMID- 26960115
TI  - Advances in experimental phasing.

PMID- 26960116
TI  - A history of experimental phasing in macromolecular crystallography.
AB  - It was just over a century ago that W. L. Bragg published a paper describing the
      first crystal structures to be determined using X-ray diffraction data. These
      structures were obtained from considerations of X-ray diffraction (Bragg
      equation), crystallography (crystal lattices and symmetry) and the scattering
      power of different atoms. Although W. H. Bragg proposed soon afterwards, in 1915,
      that the periodic electron density in crystals could be analysed using Fourier
      transforms, it took some decades before experimental phasing methods were
      developed. Many scientists contributed to this development and this paper
      presents the author's own perspective on this history. There will be other
      perspectives, so what follows is a history, rather than the history, of
      experimental phasing. 

PMID- 26960117
TI  - Efficient merging of data from multiple samples for determination of anomalous
      substructure.
AB  - Merging of data from multiple crystals has proven to be useful for determination
      of the anomalously scattering atomic substructure for crystals with weak
      anomalous scatterers (e.g. S and P) and/or poor diffraction. Strategies for
      merging data from many samples, which require assessment of sample isomorphism,
      rely on metrics of variability in unit-cell parameters, anomalous signal
      correlation and overall data similarity. Local scaling, anomalous signal
      optimization and data-set weighting, implemented in phenix.scale_and_merge,
      provide an efficient protocol for merging data from many samples. The protein NS1
      was used in a series of trials with data collected from 28 samples for phasing by
      single-wavelength anomalous diffraction of the native S atoms. The local-scaling,
      anomalous-optimization protocol produced merged data sets with higher anomalous
      signal quality indicators than did standard global-scaling protocols. The local
      scaled data were also more successful in substructure determination. Merged data
      quality was assessed for data sets where the multiplicity was reduced in either
      of two ways: by excluding data from individual crystals (to reduce errors owing
      to non-isomorphism) or by excluding the last-recorded segments of data from each
      crystal (to minimize the effects of radiation damage). The anomalous signal was
      equivalent at equivalent multiplicity for the two procedures, and structure
      determination success correlated with anomalous signal metrics. The quality of
      the anomalous signal was strongly correlated with data multiplicity over a range
      of 12-fold to 150-fold multiplicity. For the NS1 data, the local-scaling and
      anomalous-optimization protocol handled sample non-isomorphism and radiation
      induced decay equally well. 

PMID- 26960118
TI  - An overview of heavy-atom derivatization of protein crystals.
AB  - Heavy-atom derivatization is one of the oldest techniques for obtaining phase
      information for protein crystals and, although it is no longer the first choice,
      it remains a useful technique for obtaining phases for unknown structures and for
      low-resolution data sets. It is also valuable for confirming the chain trace in
      low-resolution electron-density maps. This overview provides a summary of the
      technique and is aimed at first-time users of the method. It includes guidelines
      on when to use it, which heavy atoms are most likely to work, how to prepare
      heavy-atom solutions, how to derivatize crystals and how to determine whether a
      crystal is in fact a derivative. 

PMID- 26960119
TI  - Phasing and structure of bestrophin-1: a case study in the use of heavy-atom
      cluster compounds with multi-subunit transmembrane proteins.
AB  - The purification and three-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins are
      commonly affected by a cumulation of pathologies that are less prevalent in their
      soluble counterparts. This may include severe anisotropy, poor spot shape, poor
      to moderate-resolution diffraction, crystal twinning, translational pseudo
      symmetry and poor uptake of heavy atoms for derivatization. Such challenges must
      be circumvented by adaptations in the approach to crystallization and/or phasing.
      Here, an example of a protein that exhibited all of the above-mentioned
      complications is presented. Bestrophin-1 is a eukaryotic calcium-activated
      chloride channel, the structure of which was recently determined in complex with
      monoclonal antibody fragments using SAD phasing with tantalum bromide clusters
      (Ta6Br12.Br2). Some of the obstacles to obtaining improved diffraction and
      phasing for this particular channel are discussed, as well as the approach and
      adaptations that were key to determining the structure. 

PMID- 26960120
TI  - Tackling the crystallographic structure determination of the COP9 signalosome.
AB  - The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an essential multi-protein complex in eukaryotes.
      CSN is a master regulator of intracellular protein degradation, controlling the
      vast family of cullin-RING ubiquitin (E3) ligases (CRLs). Important in many
      cellular processes, CSN has prominent roles in DNA repair, cell-cycle control and
      differentiation. The recent crystal structure of human CSN provides insight into
      its exquisite regulation and functionality [Lingaraju et al. (2014), Nature
      (London), 512, 161-165]. Structure determination was complicated by low
      resolution diffraction from crystals affected by twinning and rotational pseudo
      symmetry. Crystal instability and non-isomorphism strongly influenced by flash
      cooling, radiation damage and difficulty in obtaining heavy-atom derivatives,
      were overcome. Many different subunits of the same fold class were distinguished
      at low resolution aided by combinatorial selenomethionine labelling. As an
      example of how challenging projects can be approached, the structure
      determination of CSN is described as it unfolded using cluster-compound MIRAS
      phasing, MR-SAD with electron-density models and cross-crystal averaging
      exploiting non-isomorphism among unit-cell variants of the same crystal form. 

PMID- 26960121
TI  - Using selenomethionyl derivatives to assign sequence in low-resolution structures
      of the AP2 clathrin adaptor.
AB  - Selenomethionine incorporation is a powerful technique for assigning sequence to
      regions of electron density at low resolution. Genetic introduction of methionine
      point mutations and the subsequent preparation and crystallization of
      selenomethionyl derivatives permits unambiguous sequence assignment by enabling
      the placement of the anomalous scatterers (Se atoms) thus introduced. Here, the
      use of this approach in the assignment of sequence in a part of the AP2 clathrin
      adaptor complex that is responsible for clathrin binding is described. AP2 plays
      a pivotal role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a tightly regulated process in
      which cell-surface transmembrane proteins are internalized from the plasma
      membrane by incorporation into lipid-enclosed transport vesicles. AP2 binds cargo
      destined for internalization and recruits clathrin, a large trimeric protein that
      helps to deform the membrane to produce the transport vesicle. By
      selenomethionine labelling of point mutants, it was shown that the clathrin
      binding site is buried within a deep cleft of the AP2 complex. A membrane
      stimulated conformational change in AP2 releases the clathrin-binding site from
      autoinhibition, thereby linking clathrin recruitment to membrane localization. 

PMID- 26960122
TI  - Can I solve my structure by SAD phasing? Anomalous signal in SAD phasing.
AB  - A key challenge in the SAD phasing method is solving a structure when the
      anomalous signal-to-noise ratio is low. A simple theoretical framework for
      describing measurements of anomalous differences and the resulting useful
      anomalous correlation and anomalous signal in a SAD experiment is presented.
      Here, the useful anomalous correlation is defined as the correlation of anomalous
      differences with ideal anomalous differences from the anomalous substructure. The
      useful anomalous correlation reflects the accuracy of the data and the absence of
      minor sites. The useful anomalous correlation also reflects the information
      available for estimating crystallographic phases once the substructure has been
      determined. In contrast, the anomalous signal (the peak height in a model-phased
      anomalous difference Fourier at the coordinates of atoms in the anomalous
      substructure) reflects the information available about each site in the
      substructure and is related to the ability to find the substructure. A
      theoretical analysis shows that the expected value of the anomalous signal is the
      product of the useful anomalous correlation, the square root of the ratio of the
      number of unique reflections in the data set to the number of sites in the
      substructure, and a function that decreases with increasing values of the atomic
      displacement factor for the atoms in the substructure. This means that the
      ability to find the substructure in a SAD experiment is increased by high data
      quality and by a high ratio of reflections to sites in the substructure, and is
      decreased by high atomic displacement factors for the substructure. 

PMID- 26960124
TI  - A log-likelihood-gain intensity target for crystallographic phasing that accounts
      for experimental error.
AB  - The crystallographic diffraction experiment measures Bragg intensities;
      crystallographic electron-density maps and other crystallographic calculations in
      phasing require structure-factor amplitudes. If data were measured with no
      errors, the structure-factor amplitudes would be trivially proportional to the
      square roots of the intensities. When the experimental errors are large, and
      especially when random errors yield negative net intensities, the conversion of
      intensities and their error estimates into amplitudes and associated error
      estimates becomes nontrivial. Although this problem has been addressed
      intermittently in the history of crystallographic phasing, current approaches to
      accounting for experimental errors in macromolecular crystallography have
      numerous significant defects. These have been addressed with the formulation of
      LLGI, a log-likelihood-gain function in terms of the Bragg intensities and their
      associated experimental error estimates. LLGI has the correct asymptotic
      behaviour for data with large experimental error, appropriately downweighting
      these reflections without introducing bias. LLGI abrogates the need for the
      conversion of intensity data to amplitudes, which is usually performed with the
      French and Wilson method [French & Wilson (1978), Acta Cryst. A35, 517-525],
      wherever likelihood target functions are required. It has general applicability
      for a wide variety of algorithms in macromolecular crystallography, including
      scaling, characterizing anisotropy and translational noncrystallographic
      symmetry, detecting outliers, experimental phasing, molecular replacement and
      refinement. Because it is impossible to reliably recover the original intensity
      data from amplitudes, it is suggested that crystallographers should always
      deposit the intensity data in the Protein Data Bank. 

PMID- 26960123
TI  - Can I solve my structure by SAD phasing? Planning an experiment, scaling data and
      evaluating the useful anomalous correlation and anomalous signal.
AB  - A key challenge in the SAD phasing method is solving a structure when the
      anomalous signal-to-noise ratio is low. Here, algorithms and tools for evaluating
      and optimizing the useful anomalous correlation and the anomalous signal in a SAD
      experiment are described. A simple theoretical framework [Terwilliger et al.
      (2016), Acta Cryst. D72, 346-358] is used to develop methods for planning a SAD
      experiment, scaling SAD data sets and estimating the useful anomalous correlation
      and anomalous signal in a SAD data set. The phenix.plan_sad_experiment tool uses
      a database of solved and unsolved SAD data sets and the expected characteristics
      of a SAD data set to estimate the probability that the anomalous substructure
      will be found in the SAD experiment and the expected map quality that would be
      obtained if the substructure were found. The phenix.scale_and_merge tool scales
      unmerged SAD data from one or more crystals using local scaling and optimizes the
      anomalous signal by identifying the systematic differences among data sets, and
      the phenix.anomalous_signal tool estimates the useful anomalous correlation and
      anomalous signal after collecting SAD data and estimates the probability that the
      data set can be solved and the likely figure of merit of phasing. 

PMID- 26960125
TI  - Radiation damage and derivatization in macromolecular crystallography: a
      structure factor's perspective.
AB  - During, or even after, data collection the presence and effects of radiation
      damage in macromolecular crystallography may not always be immediately obvious.
      Despite this, radiation damage is almost always present, with site-specific
      damage occurring on very short time (dose) scales well before global damage
      becomes apparent. A result of both site-specific radiation damage and
      derivatization is a change in the relative intensity of reflections. The size and
      approximate rate of onset of X-ray-induced transformations is compared with the
      changes expected from derivatization, and strategies for minimizing radiation
      damage are discussed. 

PMID- 26960126
TI  - Radiation-damage-induced phasing: a case study using UV irradiation with light
      emitting diodes.
AB  - Exposure to X-rays, high-intensity visible light or ultraviolet radiation results
      in alterations to protein structure such as the breakage of disulfide bonds, the
      loss of electron density at electron-rich centres and the movement of side
      chains. These specific changes can be exploited in order to obtain phase
      information. Here, a case study using insulin to illustrate each step of the
      radiation-damage-induced phasing (RIP) method is presented. Unlike a traditional
      X-ray-induced damage step, specific damage is introduced via ultraviolet light
      emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). In contrast to UV lasers, UV-LEDs have the advantages
      of small size, low cost and relative ease of use. 

PMID- 26960127
TI  - Data collection with a tailored X-ray beam size at 2.69 A wavelength (4.6 keV):
      sulfur SAD phasing of Cdc23(Nterm).
AB  - The capability to reach wavelengths of up to 3.1 A at the newly established EMBL
      P13 beamline at PETRA III, the new third-generation synchrotron at DESY in
      Hamburg, provides the opportunity to explore very long wavelengths to harness the
      sulfur anomalous signal for phase determination. Data collection at lambda = 2.69
      A (4.6 keV) allowed the crystal structure determination by sulfur SAD phasing of
      Cdc23(Nterm), a subunit of the multimeric anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C). At
      this energy, Cdc23(Nterm) has an expected Bijvoet ratio<|Fanom|>/<F>of 2.2%, with
      282 residues, including six cysteines and five methionine residues, and two
      molecules in the asymmetric unit (65.4 kDa; 12 Cys and ten Met residues).
      Selectively illuminating two separate portions of the same crystal with an X-ray
      beam of 50 um in diameter allowed crystal twinning to be overcome. The crystals
      diffracted to 3.1 A resolution, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 61.2, c = 151.5
      A, and belonged to space group P43. The refined structure to 3.1 A resolution has
      an R factor of 18.7% and an Rfree of 25.9%. This paper reports the structure
      solution, related methods and a discussion of the instrumentation.

PMID- 26960128
TI  - Facilitating best practices in collecting anomalous scattering data for de novo
      structure solution at the ESRF Structural Biology Beamlines.
AB  - The constant evolution of synchrotron structural biology beamlines, the viability
      of screening protein crystals for a wide range of heavy-atom derivatives, the
      advent of efficient protein labelling and the availability of automatic data
      processing and structure-solution pipelines have combined to make de novo
      structure solution in macromolecular crystallography a less arduous task.
      Nevertheless, the collection of diffraction data of sufficient quality for
      experimental phasing is still a difficult and crucial step. Here, some examples
      of good data-collection practice for projects requiring experimental phasing are
      presented and recent developments at the ESRF Structural Biology beamlines that
      have facilitated these are illustrated. 

PMID- 26960129
TI  - Data-collection strategy for challenging native SAD phasing.
AB  - Recent improvements in data-collection strategies have pushed the limits of
      native SAD (single-wavelength anomalous diffraction) phasing, a method that uses
      the weak anomalous signal of light elements naturally present in macromolecules.
      These involve the merging of multiple data sets from either multiple crystals or
      from a single crystal collected in multiple orientations at a low X-ray dose.
      Both approaches yield data of high multiplicity while minimizing radiation damage
      and systematic error, thus ensuring accurate measurements of the anomalous
      differences. Here, the combined use of these two strategies is described to solve
      cases of native SAD phasing that were particular challenges: the integral
      membrane diacylglycerol kinase (DgkA) with a low Bijvoet ratio of 1% and the
      large 200 kDa complex of the CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas9) bound to guide
      RNA and target DNA crystallized in the low-symmetry space group C2. The optimal
      native SAD data-collection strategy based on systematic measurements performed on
      the 266 kDa multiprotein/multiligand tubulin complex is discussed.

PMID- 26960130
TI  - In-vacuum long-wavelength macromolecular crystallography.
AB  - Structure solution based on the weak anomalous signal from native (protein and
      DNA) crystals is increasingly being attempted as part of synchrotron experiments.
      Maximizing the measurable anomalous signal by collecting diffraction data at
      longer wavelengths presents a series of technical challenges caused by the
      increased absorption of X-rays and larger diffraction angles. A new beamline at
      Diamond Light Source has been built specifically for collecting data at
      wavelengths beyond the capability of other synchrotron macromolecular
      crystallography beamlines. Here, the theoretical considerations in support of the
      long-wavelength beamline are outlined and the in-vacuum design of the endstation
      is discussed, as well as other hardware features aimed at enhancing the accuracy
      of the diffraction data. The first commissioning results, representing the first
      in-vacuum protein structure solution, demonstrate the promising potential of the
      beamline. 

PMID- 26960131
TI  - Initiating heavy-atom-based phasing by multi-dimensional molecular replacement.
AB  - To obtain an electron-density map from a macromolecular crystal the phase problem
      needs to be solved, which often involves the use of heavy-atom derivative
      crystals and concomitant heavy-atom substructure determination. This is typically
      performed by dual-space methods, direct methods or Patterson-based approaches,
      which however may fail when only poorly diffracting derivative crystals are
      available. This is often the case for, for example, membrane proteins. Here, an
      approach for heavy-atom site identification based on a molecular-replacement
      parameter matrix (MRPM) is presented. It involves an n-dimensional search to test
      a wide spectrum of molecular-replacement parameters, such as different data sets
      and search models with different conformations. Results are scored by the ability
      to identify heavy-atom positions from anomalous difference Fourier maps. The
      strategy was successfully applied in the determination of a membrane-protein
      structure, the copper-transporting P-type ATPase CopA, when other methods had
      failed to determine the heavy-atom substructure. MRPM is well suited to proteins
      undergoing large conformational changes where multiple search models should be
      considered, and it enables the identification of weak but correct molecular
      replacement solutions with maximum contrast to prime experimental phasing
      efforts. 

PMID- 26960132
TI  - Progress in low-resolution ab initio phasing with CrowdPhase.
AB  - Ab initio phasing by direct computational methods in low-resolution X-ray
      crystallography is a long-standing challenge. A common approach is to consider it
      as two subproblems: sampling of phase space and identification of the correct
      solution. While the former is amenable to a myriad of search algorithms, devising
      a reliable target function for the latter problem remains an open question. Here,
      recent developments in CrowdPhase, a collaborative online game powered by a
      genetic algorithm that evolves an initial population of individuals with random
      genetic make-up (i.e. random phases) each expressing a phenotype in the form of
      an electron-density map, are presented. Success relies on the ability of human
      players to visually evaluate the quality of these maps and, following a Darwinian
      survival-of-the-fittest concept, direct the search towards optimal solutions.
      While an initial study demonstrated the feasibility of the approach, some
      important crystallographic issues were overlooked for the sake of simplicity. To
      address these, the new CrowdPhase includes consideration of space-group symmetry,
      a method for handling missing amplitudes, the use of a map correlation
      coefficient as a quality metric and a solvent-flattening step. Performances of
      this installment are discussed for two low-resolution test cases based on bona
      fide diffraction data. 

PMID- 26960133
TI  - Viral protein requirements for assembly and release of human parainfluenza virus
      type 3 virus-like particles.
AB  - To understand the roles of human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) proteins in
      assembly and release, viral proteins were expressed individually and in
      combination in 293T cells. Expression of the matrix (M) protein triggered release
      of enveloped, matrix-containing virus-like particles (VLPs) from cells. When M
      was co-expressed with the nucleocapsid (N), fusion (F) or haemagglutinin
      neuraminidase (HN) proteins, VLPs that contained M+N, M+F and M+HN, respectively,
      were generated, suggesting that M can independently interact with each protein to
      facilitate assembly and release. Additionally, expression of N protein enabled
      incorporation of the phosphoprotein (P) into VLPs, likely due to known N-P
      interactions. Finally, the HPIV3 C protein did not enhance VLP release, in
      contrast to observations with the related Sendai virus. These findings reinforce
      the central importance of the M protein in virus assembly and release, but also
      illustrate the variable roles of other paramyxovirus proteins during these
      processes.

PMID- 26960135
TI  - Strategic Sexual Signals: Women's Display versus Avoidance of the Color Red
      Depends on the Attractiveness of an Anticipated Interaction Partner.
AB  - The color red has special meaning in mating-relevant contexts. Wearing red can
      enhance perceptions of women's attractiveness and desirability as a potential
      romantic partner. Building on recent findings, the present study examined whether
      women's (N = 74) choice to display the color red is influenced by the
      attractiveness of an expected opposite-sex interaction partner. Results indicated
      that female participants who expected to interact with an attractive man
      displayed red (on clothing, accessories, and/or makeup) more often than a
      baseline consisting of women in a natural environment with no induced
      expectation. In contrast, when women expected to interact with an unattractive
      man, they eschewed red, displaying it less often than in the baseline condition.
      Findings are discussed with respect to evolutionary and cultural perspectives on
      mate evaluation and selection. 

PMID- 26960136
TI  - Unpacking the mechanisms captured by a correlative species distribution model to
      improve predictions of climate refugia.
AB  - Climate refugia are regions that animals can retreat to, persist in and
      potentially then expand from under changing environmental conditions. Most
      forecasts of climate change refugia for species are based on correlative species
      distribution models (SDMs) using long-term climate averages, projected to future
      climate scenarios. Limitations of such methods include the need to extrapolate
      into novel environments and uncertainty regarding the extent to which proximate
      variables included in the model capture processes driving distribution limits
      (and thus can be assumed to provide reliable predictions under new conditions).
      These limitations are well documented; however, their impact on the quality of
      climate refugia predictions is difficult to quantify. Here, we develop a detailed
      bioenergetics model for the koala. It indicates that range limits are driven by
      heat-induced water stress, with the timing of rainfall and heat waves limiting
      the koala in the warmer parts of its range. We compare refugia predictions from
      the bioenergetics model with predictions from a suite of competing correlative
      SDMs under a range of future climate scenarios. SDMs were fitted using
      combinations of long-term climate and weather extremes variables, to test how
      well each set of predictions captures the knowledge embedded in the bioenergetics
      model. Correlative models produced broadly similar predictions to the
      bioenergetics model across much of the species' current range - with SDMs that
      included weather extremes showing highest congruence. However, predictions in
      some regions diverged significantly when projecting to future climates due to the
      breakdown in correlation between climate variables. We provide unique insight
      into the mechanisms driving koala distribution and illustrate the importance of
      subtle relationships between the timing of weather events, particularly rain
      relative to hot-spells, in driving species-climate relationships and
      distributions. By unpacking the mechanisms captured by correlative SDMs, we can
      increase our certainty in forecasts of climate change impacts on species.

PMID- 26960137
TI  - Correction: Regulation of Tyrosine Phosphatase STEP61 by Protein Kinase A during
      Motor Skill Learning in Mice.

PMID- 26960134
TI  - Acellularization-Induced Changes in Tensile Properties Are Organ Specific - An In
      Vitro Mechanical and Structural Analysis of Porcine Soft Tissues.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Though xenogeneic acellular scaffolds are frequently used for
      surgical reconstruction, knowledge of their mechanical properties is lacking.
      This study compared the mechanical, histological and ultrastructural properties
      of various native and acellular specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Porcine
      esophagi, ureters and skin were tested mechanically in a native or acellular
      condition, focusing on the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress and maximum
      strain. The testing protocol for soft tissues was standardized, including the
      adaption of the tissue's water content and partial plastination to minimize
      material slippage as well as templates for normed sample dimensions and precise
      cross-section measurements. The native and acellular tissues were compared at the
      microscopic and ultrastructural level with a focus on type I collagens. RESULTS:
      Increased elastic modulus and ultimate tensile stress values were quantified in
      acellular esophagi and ureters compared to the native condition. In contrast,
      these values were strongly decreased in the skin after acellularization.
      Acellularization-related decreases in maximum strain were found in all tissues.
      Type I collagens were well-preserved in these samples; however, clotting and a
      loss of cross-linking type I collagens was observed ultrastructurally. Elastins
      and fibronectins were preserved in the esophagi and ureters. A loss of the
      epidermal layer and decreased fibronectin content was present in the skin.
      DISCUSSION: Acellularization induces changes in the tensile properties of soft
      tissues. Some of these changes appear to be organ specific. Loss of cross-linking
      type I collagen may indicate increased mechanical strength due to decreasing
      transverse forces acting upon the scaffolds, whereas fibronectin loss may be
      related to decreased load-bearing capacity. Potentially, the alterations in
      tissue mechanics are linked to organ function and to the interplay of cells and
      the extracellular matrix, which is different in hollow organs when compared to
      skin.

PMID- 26960140
TI  - Hsp72 (HSPA1A) Prevents Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregation and Toxicity:
      A New Approach for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes is a growing public health concern and accounts for approximately
      90% of all the cases of diabetes. Besides insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes is
      characterized by a deficit in beta-cell mass as a result of misfolded human islet
      amyloid polypeptide (h-IAPP) which forms toxic aggregates that destroy pancreatic
      beta-cells. Heat shock proteins (HSP) play an important role in combating the
      unwanted self-association of unfolded proteins. We hypothesized that Hsp72
      (HSPA1A) prevents h-IAPP aggregation and toxicity. In this study, we demonstrated
      that thermal stress significantly up-regulates the intracellular expression of
      Hsp72, and prevents h-IAPP toxicity against pancreatic beta-cells. Moreover,
      Hsp72 (HSPA1A) overexpression in pancreatic beta-cells ameliorates h-IAPP
      toxicity. To test the hypothesis that Hsp72 (HSPA1A) prevents aggregation and
      fibril formation, we established a novel C. elegans model that expresses the
      highly amyloidogenic human pro-IAPP (h-proIAPP) that is implicated in amyloid
      formation and beta-cell toxicity. We demonstrated that h-proIAPP expression in
      body-wall muscles, pharynx and neurons adversely affects C. elegans development.
      In addition, we demonstrated that h-proIAPP forms insoluble aggregates and that
      the co-expression of h-Hsp72 in our h-proIAPP C. elegans model, increases h
      proIAPP solubility. Furthermore, treatment of transgenic h-proIAPP C. elegans
      with ADAPT-232, known to induce the expression and release of Hsp72 (HSPA1A),
      significantly improved the growth retardation phenotype of transgenic worms.
      Taken together, this study identifies Hsp72 (HSPA1A) as a potential treatment to
      prevent beta-cell mass decline in type 2 diabetic patients and establishes for
      the first time a novel in vivo model that can be used to select compounds that
      attenuate h-proIAPP aggregation and toxicity. 

PMID- 26960145
TI  - Exposure Estimation for Risk Assessment of the Phthalate Incident in Taiwan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In May 2011, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates (DEHP) and, to a lesser
      extent, di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) were found to have been illegally used for
      many years in Taiwan as clouding agents in foods including sports drinks, juice
      beverages, tea drinks, fruit jam/nectar/jelly, and health or nutrient
      supplements. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the DEHP exposure for the study participants
      for the follow-up epidemiological study and health risk assessment. METHODS: A
      total of 347 individuals possibly highly exposed to phthalate-tainted foods
      participated in the study. Exposure assessment was performed based on the
      participants' responses to a structured questionnaire, self-report of exposure
      history, urinary metabolite concentrations, and DEHP concentration information in
      2449 food records. A Bayesian statistical approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo
      simulation was employed to deal with the uncertainties in the DEHP concentrations
      of the contaminated foods and the participants' likelihood of being exposed.
      RESULTS: An estimated 37% and 15% of children younger than 12 years old were
      exposed to DEHP at medium (20-50 MUg / kg_bw / day) and high AvDIs (50-100 MUg /
      kg_bw / day), respectively, prior to the episode (9% and 3% in adults,
      respectively). Moreover, 11% of children and 1% of adults were highly exposed (>
      100 MUg / kg_bw / day), with a maximum of 414.1 MUg / kg_bw / day and 126.4 MUg /
      kg_bw / day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The phthalate exposure-associated adverse
      health effects for these participants warrant further investigation. The
      estimation procedure may be applied to other exposure assessment with various
      sources of uncertainties.

PMID- 26960147
TI  - Correction: Modular Coils with Low Hydrogen Content Especially for MRI of Dry
      Solids.

PMID- 26960146
TI  - Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer
      Risk: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that intake of dietary flavonoids or
      flavonoid subclasses is associated with the ovarian cancer risk, but presented
      controversial results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to derive a more
      precise estimation of these associations. METHODS: We performed a search in
      PubMed, Google Scholar and ISI Web of Science from their inception to April 25,
      2015 to select studies on the association among dietary flavonoids, flavonoid
      subclasses and ovarian cancer risk. The information was extracted by two
      independent authors. We assessed the heterogeneity, sensitivity, publication bias
      and quality of the articles. A random-effects model was used to calculate the
      pooled risk estimates. RESULTS: Five cohort studies and seven case-control
      studies were included in the final meta-analysis. We observed that intake of
      dietary flavonoids can decrease ovarian cancer risk, which was demonstrated by
      pooled RR (RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68-0.98). In a subgroup analysis by flavonoid
      subtypes, the ovarian cancer risk was also decreased for isoflavones (RR = 0.67,
      95% CI = 0.50-0.92) and flavonols (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.58-0.80). While there
      was no compelling evidence that consumption of flavones (RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.71
      1.03) could decrease ovarian cancer risk, which revealed part sources of
      heterogeneity. The sensitivity analysis indicated stable results, and no
      publication bias was observed based on the results of Funnel plot analysis and
      Egger's test (p = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggested that
      consumption of dietary flavonoids and subtypes (isoflavones, flavonols) has a
      protective effect against ovarian cancer with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer
      except for flavones consumption. Nevertheless, further investigations on a larger
      population covering more flavonoid subclasses are warranted.

PMID- 26960148
TI  - Exogenous Thyropin from p41 Invariant Chain Diminishes Cysteine Protease Activity
      and Affects IL-12 Secretion during Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role as antigen presenting cells (APC) and
      their maturation is crucial for effectively eliciting an antigen-specific immune
      response. The p41 splice variant of MHC class II-associated chaperone, called
      invariant chain p41 Ii, contains an amino acid sequence, the p41 fragment, which
      is a thyropin-type inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes. The effects of exogenous p41
      fragment and related thyropin inhibitors acting on human immune cells have not
      been reported yet. In this study we demonstrate that exogenous p41 fragment can
      enter the endocytic pathway of targeted human immature DC. Internalized p41
      fragment has contributed to the total amount of the immunogold labelled p41 Ii
      specific epitope, as quantified by transmission electron microscopy, in
      particular in late endocytic compartments with multivesicular morphology where
      antigen processing and binding to MHC II take place. In cell lysates of treated
      immature DC, diminished enzymatic activity of cysteine proteases has been
      confirmed. Internalized exogenous p41 fragment did not affect the perinuclear
      clustering of acidic cathepsin S-positive vesicles typical of mature DC. p41
      fragment is shown to interfere with the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65
      subunit in LPS-stimulated DC. p41 fragment is also shown to reduce the secretion
      of interleukin-12 (IL-12/p70) during the subsequent maturation of treated DC. The
      inhibition of proteolytic activity of lysosomal cysteine proteases in immature DC
      and the diminished capability of DC to produce IL-12 upon their subsequent
      maturation support the immunomodulatory potential of the examined thyropin from
      p41 Ii. 

PMID- 26960150
TI  - Difference in Restricted Mean Survival Time for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using
      Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis: Evidence from a Case Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In economic evaluation, a commonly used outcome measure for the
      treatment effect is the between-arm difference in restricted mean survival time
      (rmstD). This study illustrates how different survival analysis methods can be
      used to estimate the rmstD for economic evaluation using individual patient data
      (IPD) meta-analysis. Our aim was to study if/how the choice of a method impacts
      on cost-effectiveness results. METHODS: We used IPD from the Meta-Analysis of
      Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer concerning 2,000 patients with locally advanced non
      small cell lung cancer, included in ten trials. We considered methods either used
      in the field of meta-analysis or in economic evaluation but never applied to
      assess the rmstD for economic evaluation using IPD meta-analysis. Methods were
      classified into two approaches. With the first approach, the rmstD is estimated
      directly as the area between the two pooled survival curves. With the second
      approach, the rmstD is based on the aggregation of the rmstDs estimated in each
      trial. RESULTS: The average incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and
      acceptability curves were sensitive to the method used to estimate the rmstD. The
      estimated rmstDs ranged from 1.7 month to 2.5 months, and mean ICERs ranged from
      ? 24,299 to ? 34,934 per life-year gained depending on the chosen method. At a
      ceiling ratio of ? 25,000 per life year-gained, the probability of the
      experimental treatment being cost-effective ranged from 31% to 68%. CONCLUSIONS:
      This case study suggests that the method chosen to estimate the rmstD from IPD
      meta-analysis is likely to influence the results of cost-effectiveness analyses.

PMID- 26960151
TI  - The GPlates Portal: Cloud-Based Interactive 3D Visualization of Global
      Geophysical and Geological Data in a Web Browser.
AB  - The pace of scientific discovery is being transformed by the availability of 'big
      data' and open access, open source software tools. These innovations open up new
      avenues for how scientists communicate and share data and ideas with each other
      and with the general public. Here, we describe our efforts to bring to life our
      studies of the Earth system, both at present day and through deep geological
      time. The GPlates Portal (portal.gplates.org) is a gateway to a series of virtual
      globes based on the Cesium Javascript library. The portal allows fast interactive
      visualization of global geophysical and geological data sets, draped over digital
      terrain models. The globes use WebGL for hardware-accelerated graphics and are
      cross-platform and cross-browser compatible with complete camera control. The
      globes include a visualization of a high-resolution global digital elevation
      model and the vertical gradient of the global gravity field, highlighting small
      scale seafloor fabric such as abyssal hills, fracture zones and seamounts in
      unprecedented detail. The portal also features globes portraying seafloor geology
      and a global data set of marine magnetic anomaly identifications. The portal is
      specifically designed to visualize models of the Earth through geological time.
      These space-time globes include tectonic reconstructions of the Earth's gravity
      and magnetic fields, and several models of long-wavelength surface dynamic
      topography through time, including the interactive plotting of vertical motion
      histories at selected locations. The globes put the on-the-fly visualization of
      massive data sets at the fingertips of end-users to stimulate teaching and
      learning and novel avenues of inquiry. 

PMID- 26960149
TI  - HapX Mediates Iron Homeostasis in the Pathogenic Dermatophyte Arthroderma
      benhamiae but Is Dispensable for Virulence.
AB  - For many pathogenic fungi, siderophore-mediated iron acquisition is essential for
      virulence. The process of siderophore production and further mechanisms to adapt
      to iron limitation are strictly controlled in fungi to maintain iron homeostasis.
      Here we demonstrate that the human pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae
      produces the hydroxamate siderophores ferricrocin and ferrichrome C.
      Additionally, we show that the iron regulator HapX is crucial for the adaptation
      to iron starvation and iron excess, but is dispensable for virulence of A.
      benhamiae. Deletion of hapX caused downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis
      genes leading to a decreased production of siderophores during iron starvation.
      Furthermore, HapX was required for transcriptional repression of genes involved
      in iron-dependent pathways during iron-depleted conditions. Additionally, the
      DeltahapX mutant of A. benhamiae was sensitive to high-iron concentrations
      indicating that HapX also contributes to iron detoxification. In contrast to
      other pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae was redundant for virulence and a
      DeltahapX mutant was still able to infect keratinized host tissues in vitro. Our
      findings underline the highly conserved role of the transcription factor HapX for
      maintaining iron homeostasis in ascomycetous fungi but, unlike in many other
      human and plant pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae is not a virulence
      determinant. 

PMID- 26960152
TI  - Health and academic success: A look at the challenges of first-generation
      community college students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Community colleges in the United States serve more than six million
      students and are the gateway to postsecondary education for individuals from
      typically underserved populations such as low-income, ethnic minorities, and
      first-generation college students. First-generation college students are defined
      as students whose adoptive or natural parents' highest level of education was a
      high school diploma or less. Postsecondary education has the potential to reduce
      both health and socioeconomic disparities. First-generation community college
      students face significant economic, social, and cultural barriers to academic
      success and are the most at risk for "dropping-out." PURPOSE: The purpose of this
      brief report was to explore what is known about social, psychological, and
      physical factors that impede first-generation community college students'
      academic success. CONCLUSION: Little is known about potential health and
      psychological barriers experienced by first-generation community college students
      that impact academic achievement. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) on community
      college campuses are in the ideal position to identify and treat health issues,
      and conduct much-needed research into these areas. College health centers are an
      important practice setting for APNs to provide direct care to students as well as
      influence college policies that improve student health, well-being, and promote
      academic success.

PMID- 26960153
TI  - Characterization of the Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Global Transcriptome Using
      Illumina Paired-End Sequencing and Development of EST-SSR Markers.
AB  - Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an economically important natural fiber crop
      grown worldwide. However, only 20 expressed tag sequences (ESTs) for kenaf are
      available in public databases. The aim of this study was to develop large-scale
      simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to lay a solid foundation for the
      construction of genetic linkage maps and marker-assisted breeding in kenaf. We
      used Illumina paired-end sequencing technology to generate new EST-simple
      sequences and MISA software to mine SSR markers. We identified 71,318 unigenes
      with an average length of 1143 nt and annotated these unigenes using four
      different protein databases. Overall, 9324 complementary pairs were designated as
      EST-SSR markers, and their quality was validated using 100 randomly selected SSR
      markers. In total, 72 primer pairs reproducibly amplified target amplicons, and
      61 of these primer pairs detected significant polymorphism among 28 kenaf
      accessions. Thus, in this study, we have developed large-scale SSR markers for
      kenaf, and this new resource will facilitate construction of genetic linkage
      maps, investigation of fiber growth and development in kenaf, and also be of
      value to novel gene discovery and functional genomic studies. 

PMID- 26960154
TI  - Determination of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by solid
      phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
AB  - Given the potential risks of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the
      analysis of their presence in water is very urgent. We have developed a novel
      procedure for determining chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water
      based on solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass
      spectrometry. The extraction parameters of solid-phase extraction were optimized
      in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method showed wide linear
      ranges (1.0-1000 ng/L) with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9952 to
      0.9998. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were in the
      range of 0.015-0.591 and 0.045-1.502 ng/L, respectively. Recoveries ranged from
      82.5 to 102.6% with relative standard deviations below 9.2%. The obtained method
      was applied successfully to the determination of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons in real water samples. Most of the chlorinated polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons were detected and 1-monochloropyrene was predominant in the studied
      water samples. This is the first report of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons in water samples in China. The toxic equivalency quotients of
      chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the studied tap water were 9.95
      ng the toxic equivalency quotient m(-3) . 9,10-Dichloroanthracene and 1
      monochloropyrene accounted for the majority of the total toxic equivalency
      quotients of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tap water. 

PMID- 26960156
TI  - Landscape Alteration by Pre-Pottery Neolithic Communities in the Southern Levant 
      The Kaizer Hilltop Quarry, Israel.
AB  - This study focuses on Kaizer Hill, a quarry site located in the vicinity of the
      city of Modiin where remains of a single prehistoric cultural entity assigned to
      the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A were discovered. A systematic survey revealed that
      large-scale quarrying activities have left damage markings on the bedrock of the
      Hilltop and its slopes. We aim to present here our findings from the Hilltop,
      which are concerned with the human impact on rock surfaces and the lithic
      artifacts retrieved during the survey. It is evident that the Pre-Pottery
      Neolithic A inhabitants of the area changed their landscape forever, "stripping"
      the caliche surface and penetrating it in search of flint bedded in the bedrock. 

PMID- 26960155
TI  - Invagination of Ectodermal Placodes Is Driven by Cell Intercalation-Mediated
      Contraction of the Suprabasal Tissue Canopy.
AB  - Ectodermal organs such as teeth, hair follicles, and mammary glands begin their
      development as placodes. These are local epithelial thickenings that invaginate
      into mesenchymal space. There is currently little mechanistic understanding of
      the cellular processes driving the early morphogenesis of these organs and of why
      they lead to invagination rather than simple tissue thickening. Here, we show
      that placode invagination depends on horizontal contraction of superficial layers
      of cells that form a shrinking and thickening canopy over underlying epithelial
      cells. This contraction occurs by cell intercalation and is mechanically coupled
      to the basal layer by peripheral basal cells that extend apically and
      centripetally while remaining attached to the basal lamina. This process is
      topologically analogous to well-studied apical constriction mechanisms, but very
      different from them both in scale and molecular mechanism. Mechanical cell-cell
      coupling is propagated through the tissue via E-cadherin junctions, which in turn
      depend on tissue-wide tension. We further present evidence that this mechanism is
      conserved among different ectodermal organs and is, therefore, a novel and
      fundamental morphogenetic motif widespread in embryonic development. 

PMID- 26960157
TI  - Antipsychotic Drugs Differentially Affect mRNA Expression of Genes Encoding the
      Neuregulin 1-Downstream ErbB4-PI3K Pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The PIK3CD gene encodes the delta catalytic subunit of
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), an element of the neuregulin 1-downstream ErbB4
      PI3K signaling pathway, which was recently identified as a molecular target for
      the treatment of schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of
      haloperidol (HALO), clozapine (CLO), olanzapine (OLA), quetiapine (QUE) and
      amisulpride (AMI) on the mRNA and protein expression of genes encoding the
      elements of ErbB4-PI3K pathway, in a human central nervous system cell line.
      METHODS: The U-87MG human glioblastoma cell line was used as an experimental
      model. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the expression
      of mRNA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for protein expression. RESULTS: At
      concentrations reached in clinical settings in the brain, CLO, as well as OLA and
      QUE to a lesser extent, but not AMI and probably not HALO, decreased the mRNA
      expression of PIK3CD. Protein expression of the gene did not confirm the mRNA
      expression profile. CONCLUSIONS: The tested antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in the U
      87MG glioblastoma cell line differentially regulates the mRNA expression of
      PIK3CD; however, the protein expression does not confirm these findings. The
      results of the study may help deepen the understanding of the mechanism of action
      of APDs.

PMID- 26960158
TI  - Ultrastructural investigation of the protective effects of propolis on bleomycin
      induced pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of propolis on
      bleomycin induced lung fibrosis and compared these effects to prednisolone
      treatment. Forty rats were divided into four groups of ten: group 1 was treated
      with intratracheal infusion of 0.2 ml physiological saline followed by daily
      treatment with 0.5 ml physiological saline for 20 days. In the remaining groups
      (groups 2 - 4), 5 mg/kg bleomycin was given via the trachea. Rats in group 2 were
      given 0.5 ml physiological saline. Rats in group 3 were treated with 100 mg/kg
      propolis, and 10 mg/kg prednisolone was given to rats in group 4. The treatments
      for all groups were continued for 20 days. On postoperative day 21, blood and
      lung samples were taken for biochemistry, histopathology and electron microscopy
      evaluation. We compared oxidative stress parameters and found lower
      malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels, and higher total sulfhydryl levels
      and catalase activities for the bleomycin + propolis group than for the bleomycin
      and bleomycin + prednisolone groups. The highest mean fibrosis score was detected
      in the bleomycin group. Although the mean fibrosis scores of the bleomycin +
      propolis and bleomycin + prednisolone groups were not significantly different,
      electron microscopy revealed that propolis diminished bleomycin induced lung
      fibrosis more effectively than prednisolone. The effects of propolis might be due
      to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. 

PMID- 26960159
TI  - Molecular Phylogeny and Morphological Analysis Support a New Species and New
      Synonymy in Iranian Astragalus (Leguminosae).
AB  - As a result of a taxonomic and phylogenetic revision of Astragalus section
      Hymenostegis we identified a new species of Astragalus from northwestern Iran,
      namely A. remotispicatus spec. nov., which is described and illustrated here. It
      is morphologically similar to A. karl-heinzii in possessing a lax inflorescence.
      Phylogenetic inference of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer
      (ITS) region support A. remotispicatus as a clearly distinct species within the
      lax-inflorescence group of this section. Also the placement of A. sciureus var.
      subsessilis was found to be wrong and this taxon should be treated as a synonym
      within A. kohrudicus. 

PMID- 26960161
TI  - Effects of nucleus accumbens oxytocin and its antagonist on social approach
      behavior.
AB  - Severe impairment of social interaction is a core symptom of numerous psychiatric
      disorders. Oxytocin (OT) has been shown to be involved in various aspects of
      social behavior related to reproduction, but little is known about its effects on
      nonreproductive social interaction between adults or the neuroanatomical location
      where OT exerts its action. Here, we examined the nucleus accumbens, a region of
      the brain containing high levels of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) and comprising an
      important node in the neural circuitry possibly related to social interaction.
      Behavioral effects of a local microinfusion of OT (0.1, 1, and 10 ng/side) and an
      oxytocin receptor antagonist (OTR-A) (1, 10, and 100 ng/side) were evaluated in
      naturally high social and low social female and male monogamous mandarin voles
      (Microtus mandarinus) using the social preference paradigm and open-field tests.
      The results showed that administration of 1 ng/side OT increased social
      preference; however, this effect was not apparent at lower or higher doses. OT
      did not alter anxiety-like behavior or total locomotion. Microinfusions of a
      selective OTR-A at 10 and 100 ng doses reduced social approach behavior; a dose
      of 1 ng had no effect. In conclusion, our results suggest that accumbal OT and
      OTR-A regulate social preferences in voles in a dose-dependent manner.

PMID- 26960162
TI  - GM1 ganglioside reverses the cognitive deficits induced by MK801 in mice.
AB  - Cognitive deficits are core symptoms of schizophrenia, but effective treatments
      are still lacking. Previous studies have reported that the brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling is closely involved in learning and memory.
      Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) is a ganglioside with wide-ranging
      pharmacologic effects that enhances the BDNF signaling cascade. This study aimed
      to assess the effects of GM1 on schizophrenia-related cognitive impairments. A
      brief disruption of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with MK801 was used to
      generate the animal model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. It was found
      that MK801-treated mice showed significant deficits in memory ability compared
      with control mice in different behavior tests, and this was accompanied by
      decreased hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway. Consecutive administration of GM1
      fully restored the MK801-induced cognitive deficits and the impaired BDNF
      signaling in the hippocampus. Furthermore, a BDNF system inhibitor abolished the
      effects of GM1 in the MK801 model. Taken together, our results show that GM1
      could reverse the MK801-induced cognitive deficits, suggesting a potential
      usefulness of GM1 in treating the schizophrenia-related cognitive impairments.

PMID- 26960160
TI  - Delayed yet persistent effects of daily risperidone on activity in developing
      rats.
AB  - Early-life administration of risperidone, the most widely used antipsychotic drug
      in children, leads to persistently elevated locomotor activity in adult rats.
      This study determined whether and when elevated locomotor activity emerges during
      developmental risperidone administration. Developing and adult rats were
      administered daily injections of risperidone (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle for 4
      weeks beginning at postnatal days 14 and 74, respectively. Starting with the
      first injection and every 7 days thereafter, locomotor activity was measured
      immediately after the injection and 20 min before the next day's injection.
      Activity was also recorded 1 week after the final injection. Risperidone markedly
      decreased locomotor activity in developing and adult rats immediately after
      injection. Within 24 h after their first injection, adult rats administered
      risperidone showed greater activity levels. In contrast, developing rats did not
      show compensatory hyperactivity until the beginning of the fourth week of
      risperidone administration. One week after the final risperidone injection, there
      was no evidence of hyperactivity in the adult rats maintained on risperidone, but
      developing rats administered risperidone, especially females, showed greater
      activity levels relative to vehicle-administered controls. In comparison with
      adult rats, the emergence of compensatory hyperactivity during long-term
      antipsychotic drug administration is delayed in developing rats, but persists
      after treatment cessation.

PMID- 26960163
TI  - Carotenoid intake from natural sources and colorectal cancer: a systematic review
      and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.
AB  - Carotenoid intake from natural sources has been hypothesized to reduce the risk
      of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to systematically review
      the epidemiological evidence for the association between carotenoid intake from
      natural sources and CRC development. We carried out a systematic review and meta
      analysis of epidemiological studies to investigate whether the intake of specific
      carotenoids from natural sources, as well as combined carotenoids, is associated
      with the risk of CRC overall and by anatomic subsite. A comprehensive literature
      search of MEDLINE and Scopus databases was performed. Twenty-two articles were
      identified from the literature search, of which 16 were case-control studies and
      6 were cohort studies. In the random-effects meta-analysis of case-control and
      cohort studies, we found no association between the intake of individual and
      total carotenoids and the risk of CRC overall and by anatomic subsite. Overall,
      our findings do not support a significant association between intake of specific
      carotenoids from dietary sources, as well as combined carotenoids, and the risk
      of CRC overall and by anatomic subsite.

PMID- 26960164
TI  - PRECIS-2 in perspective: what is next for pragmatic trials?

PMID- 26960167
TI  - Evolved Colloidosomes Undergoing Cell-like Autonomous Shape Oscillations with
      Buckling.
AB  - In living systems, there are many autonomous and oscillatory phenomena to sustain
      life, such as heart contractions and breathing. At the microscopic level,
      oscillatory shape deformations of cells are often observed in dynamic behaviors
      during cell migration and morphogenesis. In many cases, oscillatory behaviors of
      cells are not simplistic but complex with diverse deformations. So far, we have
      succeeded in developing self-oscillating polymers and gels, but complex
      oscillatory behaviors mimicking those of living cells have yet to be reproduced.
      Herein, we report a cell-like hollow sphere composed of self-oscillating
      microgels, that is, a colloidosome, that exhibits drastic shape oscillation in
      addition to swelling/deswelling oscillations driven by an oscillatory reaction.
      The resulting oscillatory profile waveform becomes markedly more complex than a
      conventional one. Especially for larger colloidosomes, multiple buckling and
      moving buckling points are observed to be analogous to cells. 

PMID- 26960166
TI  - Dermal lymphatic dilation in a mouse model of alopecia areata.
AB  - Mouse models of various types of inflammatory skin disease are often accompanied
      by increased dermal angiogenesis. The C3H/HeJ inbred strain spontaneously
      develops alopecia areata (AA), a cell mediated autoimmune disorder that can be
      controllably expanded using full thickness skin grafts to young unaffected mice.
      This provides a reproducible and progressive model for AA in which the
      vascularization of the skin can be examined. Mice receiving skin grafts from AA
      or normal mice were evaluated at 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks after engraftment.
      Lymphatics are often overlooked as they are small slit-like structures above the
      hair follicle that resemble artifact-like separation of collagen bundles with
      some fixatives. Lymphatics are easily detected using lymphatic vessel endothelial
      hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1) by immunohistochemistry to label their endothelial
      cells. Using LYVE1, there were no changes in distribution or numbers of
      lymphatics although they were more prominent (dilated) in the mice with AA. Lyve1
      transcripts were not significantly upregulated except at 10 weeks after skin
      grafting when clinical signs of AA first become apparent. Other genes involved
      with vascular growth and dilation or movement of immune cells were dysregulated,
      mostly upregulated. These findings emphasize aspects of AA not commonly
      considered and provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 26960168
TI  - Isotype-specific glycosylation analysis of mouse IgG by LC-MS.
AB  - With mice being the top model organism in immunology and with Fc glycosylation
      being increasingly recognized as important modulator of antibody function, the
      time has come to take a look at the glycosylation of mouse IgG isotypes. Tryptic
      glycopeptides of mouse IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 differ in mass and so these three
      isoforms can be easily discriminated by MS. Commercial IgG contained a rare IgG1
      variant but no IgG3, which, however, was found in sera of C57BL/6 and BALB/c
      mice. These strains deviated with regard to IgG2a and IgG2b alleles. The Ig2a B
      allele was not observed in any of the four samples investigated. All a/c isotypes
      contain the same glycopeptide sequence, which deviates from that of IgG2b by
      containing Leu instead of Ile. The Leu/Ile glycopeptide variants were separated
      by RP chromatography and the order of elution was determined. The major
      glycoforms on all isotypes were fucosylated with no and one galactose (GnGnF and
      GnAF) followed by fully galactosylated AAF and smaller amounts of mono- and
      disialylated N-glycans. In the commercial serum pool, the relative ratios of
      glycans differed between isotypes. Sialic acid exclusively occurred as N
      glycolylneuraminic acid. Fucosylation was essentially complete. No bisected and
      no alpha1,3-galactosylated glycans were found.

PMID- 26960169
TI  - Growth Hormone Deficiency in Prepubertal Children: Predictive Markers of
      Cardiovascular Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors have been identified in adults with
      untreated growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Existing evidence suggests that the
      development of the atheromatous plaque begins early in childhood. Previous
      reports have shown that GHD children are prone to increased CV risks including
      impaired cardiac function, dyslipidemia and abnormalities in body composition.
      Recent studies in epigenetics and metabolomics have defined specific fingerprints
      that might be associated with an increased risk of CV disease. AIM: The aim of
      this review is to point out the most significant biochemical and clinical
      predictive markers of CV disease in prepubertal children and to evaluate the
      effect of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on most of these alterations.
      The novel findings in epigenetics and metabolomics are also reviewed, with a
      particular focus on translating them into clinical practice.

PMID- 26960170
TI  - Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management and Prevention of Cisplatin
      Induced Hearing Loss Using Pharmacogenetic Markers.
AB  - Currently no pharmacogenomics-based criteria exist to guide clinicians in
      identifying individuals who are at risk of hearing loss from cisplatin-based
      chemotherapy. This review summarizes findings from pharmacogenomic studies that
      report genetic polymorphisms associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss and
      aims to (1) provide up-to-date information on new developments in the field, (2)
      provide recommendations for the use of pharmacogenetic testing in the prevention,
      assessment, and management of cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children and
      adults, and (3) identify knowledge gaps to direct and prioritize future research.
      These practice recommendations for pharmacogenetic testing in the context of
      cisplatin-induced hearing loss reflect a review and evaluation of recent
      literature, and are designed to assist clinicians in providing optimal clinical
      care for patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

PMID- 26960171
TI  - Severe Colonic Stricture in Immunosuppressed Patient With Chronic CMV Colitis.

PMID- 26960172
TI  - Noninvasive Assessment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Nonalcoholic
      Steatohepatitis-Related Fibrosis: Is There a Role for Cytokeratin 18?

PMID- 26960173
TI  - Are We Overdoing Pediatric Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lower gastrointestinal endoscopy (LGIE)/colonoscopy is frequently
      performed for rectal bleeding, recurrent abdominal pain, and the diagnosis of
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although these are common indications, the
      causes of isolated rectal bleeding and recurrent abdominal pain in the otherwise
      well child have not been described. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients
      who had had an LGIE/colonoscopy from January 2001 to December 2010 was performed.
      The following data were collected: demographic data, indication, distance
      reached, macroscopic findings, microscopic findings, diagnosis, additional
      procedures, and complications. RESULTS: There were a total of 999 colonoscopies.
      The colonoscopy was normal in 390 of 999 (39%). The commonest indication for
      colonoscopy was a diagnosis of suspected IBD, 449 of 999 (45%). IBD was confirmed
      in 282 of 449 (63%), but colonoscopy was normal in 143 of 449 (32%) of suspected
      IBD. Colonoscopy was performed for rectal bleeding in 197 of 999 (20%) of whom
      141 of 197 (72%) were normal. There were 46 (5%) colonoscopies performed for
      recurrent abdominal pain, which were all normal. Our completion rate to the cecum
      and beyond was 521 of 999 (52%). Our perforation rate during the 10 years was
      0.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Colonoscopy is a safe procedure in pediatrics; however, 39% of
      colonoscopies in this series were normal. Many of these could have been avoided
      by eliminating colonoscopy in patients with recurrent abdominal pain in the
      absence of other clinical features, conservative management with laxatives for
      those with fresh blood per rectum typical of anal fissures, and fecal
      calprotectin screening before endoscopy in patients with suspected IBD.

PMID- 26960174
TI  - Identification of Circulating MicroRNAs in Biliary Atresia by Next-Generation
      Sequencing.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Biliary atresia (BA) is an idiopathic neonatal liver disease,
      characterized by inflammatory and fibrotic obliteration of extrahepatic bile
      ducts. Therefore, reliable methods for noninvasive diagnosis are needed. The
      present study aimed to analyze circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with BA
      using next-generation sequencing for identifying novel diagnostic biomarkers.
      METHODS: An initial screening of miRNAs in plasma from patients with BA and
      healthy controls (HCs) was performed on an Illumina next-generation sequencing
      platform. Differential miRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase
      chain reaction (qPCR). Target genes and related signal transduction pathways of
      differential miRNAs were predicted by online software. RESULTS: In total, 146
      differential miRNAs were identified by deep sequencing. Fifteen miRNAs with read
      counts >1000, that included 7 upregulated and 8 downregulated miRNAs, were
      predicted to be associated with liver fibrosis, biliary differentiation, and bile
      duct development. Of these, 6 miRNAs with read counts >5000 were analyzed by qPCR
      on an independent sample set comprising 44 patients with BA, 20 cholestatic
      disease controls, and 20 HCs. Two upregulated miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-100-5p) and
      2 downregulated miRNAs (miR-140-3p, miR-126-3p) were confirmed by individual
      qPCR. Only miR-140-3p was significantly different from controls (P < 0.05),
      yielding an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.75 with
      sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 79.1% at optimal threshold. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our findings indicate that patients with BA exhibit a distinct profile of
      circulating miRNAs and that plasma miR-140-3p may be a promising diagnostic
      biomarker for this disease.

PMID- 26960176
TI  - Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Children With Inflammatory Bowel
      Diseases: A Single-Center Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and use of
      complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are both common and increasing. The
      definition of CAM therapy among both practitioners and patients is variable. The
      aim of our study was to update our understanding of how pediatric IBD patients
      use, perceive, and define CAM therapies. METHODS: We surveyed families of
      patients with IBD followed in the Gastroenterology Division at Nationwide
      Children's Hospital in summer 2014 during a routine clinic visit. The survey
      included questions about the following demographic and disease information; use
      and side effects associated with prior conventional therapies (CT); and attitudes
      toward, and use of CAM. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 104 of 118
      patients approached (14 +/- 3 years; 43% women). Patients had previously used an
      average of 3 CT. CAM therapy was used by 84% of patients surveyed, although only
      24% of patients/families considered themselves to be using CAM. Common CAM
      therapies included vitamins/supplements, stress management techniques, and/or
      dietary changes. Factors associated with using specific CAM therapies included
      self-reported prior CT-related side effects (P < 0.01) and moderate/severe
      disease activity (P < 0.01). Most families (77%) desired to learn more about CAM.
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients seen in a tertiary care center for pediatric IBD frequently
      integrated CAM therapies into their treatment regimen. Patients with prior side
      effects from CT or more severe disease were more likely to use CAM. Given the
      high prevalence of CAM use, pediatric gastrointestinal physicians should be
      knowledgeable and open to discussions about CAM therapies with their patients.

PMID- 26960178
TI  - Creating Public Awareness of How Goats Are Reared and Milk Produced May Affect
      Consumer Acceptability.
AB  - This study evaluated whether showing a video of the different ways of raising
      goats for milk affected consumer acceptability. Four combinations, 2 Videos
      (intensive [INT] and semiextensive [SEM] system) * 2 Milk Types (semiskimmed [S]
      and whole [W] milk), were evaluated by 70 habitual consumers of goat milk, who
      scored their liking and purchase intention during blind (B), expected (E), and
      informed (I) acceptability sessions. In the B session, consumers tasted both milk
      types without information. S samples were preferred over W samples. In the E
      session, SEM video created high expectations in terms of milk liking and purchase
      intent, whereas the opposite happened when showing INT video. In the I session,
      consumers showed a clear preference for combinations created using SEM video,
      regardless of milk type. W-SEM and S-INT were worse (negative disconfirmation)
      and better (positive disconfirmation) than expected, respectively. A complete
      assimilation toward expectations occurred only for S-INT. INT video adversely
      affected the acceptability of S samples. Concerning purchase intent, W-SEM and S
      SEM were worse than expected, but the assimilation was complete only for S-SEM:
      SEM video increased purchase intent for S samples. 

PMID- 26960177
TI  - Evaluation of the Physical Activity and Public Health Course for Practitioners.
AB  - PURPOSE: From 1996 to 2013, a 6-day Physical Activity and Public Health Course
      for Practitioners has been offered yearly in the United States. An evaluation was
      conducted to assess the impact of the course on building public health capacity
      for physical activity and on shaping the physical activity and public health
      careers of fellows since taking the courses. METHOD: An evaluation quantified
      time that fellows spent in different course offerings and surveyed fellows.
      RESULTS: From 1996 to 2012, 410 fellows attended the course, and in 2013, 186
      participated in the Web-based survey (56% response rate). The number of fellows
      attending the course ranged from 15 to 33 yearly. From 1996 to 2012, the course
      averaged 38 hr of instructional time that included topics on interventions and
      environment/policy work to increase physical activity, program evaluation, public
      health research, and health disparities. The course included consultations,
      collaborative work, and field-based experiences. Fellows who participated in the
      survey agreed that the course had a positive impact on the physical activity
      research or practice work they did (98%), met their expectations (96%), helped
      them with research/practice collaborations with other physical activity
      professionals (96%), assisted them in conducting higher-quality
      interventions/programs (95%), helped increase their professional networking in
      the field (93%), and had a positive impact on other work they did (91%).
      Following the course, 66% and 56% had further contact with faculty and other
      fellows, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Physical Activity and Public Health Course
      for Practitioners made important contributions toward building the capacity of
      physical activity and public health practitioners.

PMID- 26960179
TI  - Methodological and conceptual issues regarding occupational psychosocial coronary
      heart disease epidemiology.
AB  - Overview Psychosocial occupational epidemiology has mainly focused on the demand
      control and, to a much lesser extent, the effort-reward-imbalance (ERI) models.
      These models and the strong focus on them raise some conceptual and
      methodological issues we will address in the following letter. The conceptual
      issues include the empirical confirmation of the assumptions of these models, the
      extent to which the focus on the demand-control and ERI models is warranted, and
      whether the sub-dimensions of the scales in these models have common health
      effects. We argue that there is a lack of empirical approval of (i) the
      assumptions behind both models and (ii) the focus on these models. The
      methodological issues include how exposure to job strain is categorized, how ERI
      previously has been measured, and the validity of self-reports of job strain. We
      argue that (i) a population independent definition of job strain is lacking, (ii)
      the older measurements of ERI mix exposure and effect, and (iii) we know little
      regarding the validity of the measurement of the psychosocial working
      environment. Finally, we suggest that analyses of monitoring data with a broader
      focus on the psychosocial working environment can be used to shed light to some
      of the issues raised above. Introduction In the last three decades (1, 2),
      psychosocial occupational epidemiology related to coronary heart disease (CHD)
      has mainly focused on the job-strain model, also referred to as the demand
      control model (3, 4). In this model, two aspects of work are deemed relevant:
      demands and control. Negative consequences to health are to be expected when high
      demands are simultaneously present with low control. This combination has been
      termed job strain (3, 4). Recently, there has also been increased interest in the
      ERI model (5, 6) which considers the level of effort relative to rewards at work:
      an imbalance is present when the efforts outweigh the rewards (5, 6). In
      longitudinal studies of CHD, there has been only a limited focus on investigating
      occupational psychosocial factors outside of these two models (1, 2). In this
      letter, we would like to raise some conceptual and methodological issues which
      are inherent to these two stress models but also which arise from the heavy
      emphasis placed on them. Conceptual issues The conceptual issues we discuss below
      are empirical confirmation of the assumptions of these models and to what extent
      the focus on the demand-control and ERI models is warranted. Investigating the
      assumptions of the models Both the demand-control and the ERI models are based on
      assumptions which have only been tested empirically to a limited extent (1, 2).
      We pose three specific questions: (i) Does the interaction of demands and control
      constitute a risk factor for CHD? (ii) Does the imbalance between effort and
      reward explain more variance in CHD risk than high effort and low reward alone?
      (iii) Do the sub-dimensions of the scales in these models have common health
      effects? Regarding the interaction of demands and control. The concept of the
      demand-control model is useful when the health risk of being exposed to job
      strain (simultaneous high demands and low control) differs greatly from the sum
      of individual health risks of being exposed solely to high demands and low
      control. If this interaction were not present, it would be warranted to look
      separately at high demands and low control. This would for instance counteract
      overlooking those persons exposed to low control but not high demands (known as
      "passive work"; 3, 4). It should be emphasized that the interaction of demands
      and control has only been tested in very few - underpowered - cases (1, 2).
      Initial support for an interaction within the demand-control model can be
      tentatively derived from the work of the IPD-Work Consortium (7): In a reanalysis
      of an earlier study (8), it was shown that while neither demands nor job control
      alone (appendix to 8) predicted CHD, job strain did when controlling for sex, age
      and socioeconomic status (SES) (9). This indicates that an interaction takes
      place. Controlling for SES is of high relevance - otherwise, the results point in
      a different direction (10). However, a formal test of interaction was not
      performed on the IPD-Work Consortium data. Even the IPD study itself might not
      have sufficient statistical power to analyze a possible interaction directly:
      this requires many more observations than simply looking at the main effects (2).
      If one is interested in investigating an interaction, more incident outcomes are
      often required (11). Regarding effort-reward imbalance. Similarly to the combined
      effect of demands and control described above, focusing on the ERI model makes
      sense only if the imbalance of effort and reward explains the risk of CHD over
      and above the effect of high efforts and low rewards. To our knowledge, this has
      not been verified in any longitudinal study of CHD (1, 2). Regarding the effect
      of sub-dimensions. Finally, using the scales of the two models (demands and
      control or efforts and rewards) is meaningful only if the sub-dimensions of the
      scales all have about equal effect sizes and signs. For example, the scale
      psychological demands covers the sub-dimensions work pace, role conflict and work
      amount while control covers both influence (decision authority) and opportunities
      for development (skill discretion). Do these dimensions predict the risk of CHD
      to equal amounts within their respective scales? For now, this has not been
      tested elaborately to our knowledge (1, 2, 12). Consequently, it is possible that
      certain risk factors in the psychosocial work environment may be overlooked due
      to different risk factors being merged into one scale. Is the focus on the demand
      control and ERI models warranted? In the past, longitudinal epidemiological
      research on psychosocial work characteristics and their association with the risk
      of CHD has mainly focused on the demand-control and - to a much lesser extent -
      ERI models (1). For example, in a recent review (2) covering 44 papers and
      including 170 analyses, 70% percent of those dealt with these models or sub
      dimensions thereof. Interestingly, the demand-control model alone accounted for
      66% of the analyses and ERI only 4%. A further 11% of the analyses dealt with
      working hours, 9% with social support, 5% with job insecurity, 3% with leadership
      and the remaining 3% covered conflicts, justice or predictability. Maintaining
      the currently high degree of focus on the DC and ERI models requires evidence
      that job strain and ERI are by far the most important risk factors for CHD. The
      review by Pejtersen et al (2) has additionally pointed out that of the 44 studies
      mentioned above, only two - an IPD-Work Consortium study (8) and a Swedish case
      control study (13) - contained analyses with sufficient statistical power to
      detect an elevated CHD risk of 20%. These two sufficiently powered studies
      available as of April 2013 have led to the following conclusions: (i) job strain
      was found to be predictive of CHD in the IPD-Work Consortium study (8); and (ii)
      both low control and low social support predicted CHD in the Swedish study (13).
      Recently, a well-powered study on working hours (14) indicated that long working
      hours constitute a risk factor for CHD. Additionally, a recently published large
      study on job insecurity (15) is worth mentioning. While there was not sufficient
      power to detect a 20% increased risk due the relatively low prevalence of job
      insecurity, the study did have sufficient power to find a risk of 1.32 - which is
      the value actually found empirically (15). Summarizing the small number of well
      powered studies available at this time indicates that both model dimensions (job
      strain) as well as non-model dimensions (social support and working hours)
      predict CHD (8, 13-15). In this context, one should bear in mind that the variety
      of possible dimensions that can be considered as constituting "psychosocial work
      environment" is large. The latter is exemplified by a recent analysis of the
      psychosocial content of seven European work environment monitoring questionnaires
      which showed that there are 34 distinct dimensions of the psychosocial work
      environment (16). Around half of these dimensions are not found in either the
      demand-control or ERI models (16). These include for instance emotional demands,
      demands on hiding emotions, sensorial demands, meaning of work, commitment to the
      workplace, organizational influence, trust, social community at work, quality of
      leadership, predictability, role clarity, restructuring, safety culture, work
      life balance, and negative acts (eg, violence, bullying). Little is currently
      known on the health effects of these "non-model" dimensions. Research on their
      possible effects might show that they are small - and that the DC and ERI
      dimensions are indeed the main psychosocial risk factors for CHD. However,
      results may also point to the importance of the non-model dimensions. To date,
      this remains to be investigated. Methodological issues In addition to the
      conceptual issues discussed above, we would like to highlight some methodological
      issues related to one or both of these models. The three main points address: (i)
      how exposure to job strain is categorized; (ii) how ERI has been measured up to
      now; and (iii) the validity of self-reports of job strain. Practical definition
      of job strain Job strain is usually operationalized as a median split of the two
      dimensions demands and control in the population investigated (3, 17). Hence,
      whether a certain worker experiences job strain or not depends on which other
      workers are part of the sample (18). This poses a problem when the distributions
      of demands and control differ between populations. Comparisons between Denmark
      and Spain and across Europe suggest that such differences exist (19, 20),
      rendering it at the least a challenge to combine populations in meta-analyses.
      (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

PMID- 26960181
TI  - Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli and microbiological quality of chilled
      shrimp sold in street markets.
AB  - Foodborne illnesses caused by Escherichia coli are one of the most important
      gastrointestinal diseases and therefore represent a public health risk. The
      presence of E. coli in water or in products such as shrimp indicates faecal
      contamination. However, indicator micro-organisms can be used to evaluate the
      microbiological quality of food sold in markets. This study focused on detecting
      isolates of E. coli containing the genes stx1A, stx2A, eae, LTI, STa, STb, aggR
      and pCVD432 in chilled shrimp sold in street markets in the municipality of Sao
      Paulo, Brazil, and to assess the microbiological quality of this product.
      Enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic E. coli pathotypes were detected on the
      surface of two chilled shrimp samples. Salmonella spp. was not isolated. In
      addition, contamination of surface and muscle of the shrimp samples was found to
      be correlated. The detection of EPEC and ETEC pathotypes in chilled shrimp sold
      in street markets in Brazil provides useful epidemiological information for
      public health authorities to improve food safety and public health. SIGNIFICANCE
      AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Shrimps are crustaceans commonly produced and consumed
      in Brazil. Specimens of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and Litopenaeus schmitti
      sold in street markets were examined by PCR to detect the presence of Escherichia
      coli pathotypes (enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enterohemorrhagic and
      enteroinvasive). EPEC and ETEC strains were detected in whole shrimp. These
      findings provide useful information for public health authorities to improve the
      food safety and health of the Brazilian population.

PMID- 26960180
TI  - Gastrostomy Complications in Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Single
      Institution Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complications in pediatric cancer patients after a gastrostomy (GT)
      placement have not been widely investigated. We aimed to evaluate the
      complication rate and nature of complications in this specific population.
      PROCEDURE: Medical records of pediatric cancer patients having a GT placed at our
      institution from 1998 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables analyzed
      included gender, age, diagnosis, surgical procedure, GT device, duration of GT
      usage, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) level at surgery, and complications.
      RESULTS: One hundred seventy-one patients (92 males, 79 females), median age of 6
      years (range, 0.2-21), who underwent 181 procedures (110 open, 59 endoscopic, and
      12 laparoscopic) were identified. Diagnosis included central nervous system tumor
      (n = 101), solid tumor (n = 45), and leukemia/lymphoma (n = 25). A GT tube was
      used in 139 procedures and a GT button in 42. Median ANC level at procedure was
      3,300/mm(3) (range, 0-38,988). Median duration of GT usage was 8 months (range,
      0.2-142). One hundred seventy-seven complications occurred in 106 patients
      (61.9%) and were categorized as perioperative (<1 month after surgery, 20.3%) and
      late (>1 month after surgery, 79.7%). Major complications included 42 (23.7%) GT
      site infections and four (2.2%) intrabdominal complications. The most common
      minor complication was granulation tissue (28.8%). Younger age at procedure was
      associated with complications (P = 0.048) and an open technique was associated
      with GT site infection (P = 0.003). No statistical significance was observed
      between complications and gender, diagnosis, GT device, duration of GT usage, and
      ANC at procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Younger patients were more likely to have
      complications, and GT site infections were more common after open GT procedures.

PMID- 26960183
TI  - The Impact of Epigenetics on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biology.
AB  - Changes in epigenetic marks are known to be important regulatory factors in stem
      cell fate determination and differentiation. In the past years, the investigation
      of the epigenetic regulation of stem cell biology has largely focused on
      embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Contrarily, less is known about the epigenetic
      control of gene expression during differentiation of adult stem cells (AdSCs).
      Among AdSCs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most investigated stem cell
      population because of their enormous potential for therapeutic applications in
      regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. In this review, we analyze the main
      studies addressing the epigenetic changes in MSC landscape during in vitro
      cultivation and replicative senescence, as well as follow osteocyte, chondrocyte,
      and adipocyte differentiation. In these studies, histone acetylation, DNA
      methylation, and miRNA expression are among the most investigated phenomena. We
      describe also epigenetic changes that are associated with in vitro MSC trans
      differentiation. Although at the at initial stage, the epigenetics of MSCs
      promise to have profound implications for stem cell basic and applied research.
      J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2393-2401, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26960184
TI  - Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenase and Related Molybdenum Enzymes Involved in Oxygen
      Independent Alkyl Chain Hydroxylation.
AB  - Ethylbenzene dehydrogenase initiates the anaerobic bacterial degradation of
      ethylbenzene and propylbenzene. Although the enzyme is currently only known from
      a few closely related denitrifying bacterial strains affiliated to the
      Rhodocyclaceae, it clearly marks a universally occurring mechanism used for
      attacking recalcitrant substrates in the absence of oxygen. Ethylbenzene
      dehydrogenase belongs to subfamily 2 of the DMSO reductase-type molybdenum
      enzymes together with paralogous enzymes involved in the oxygen-independent
      hydroxylation of p-cymene, the isoprenoid side chains of sterols and even
      possibly n-alkanes; the subfamily also extends to dimethylsulfide dehydrogenases,
      selenite, chlorate and perchlorate reductases and, most significantly,
      dissimilatory nitrate reductases. The biochemical, spectroscopic and structural
      properties of the oxygen-independent hydroxylases among these enzymes are
      summarized and compared. All of them consist of three subunits, contain a
      molybdenum-bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactor, five Fe-S clusters
      and a heme b cofactor of unusual ligation, and are localized in the periplasmic
      space as soluble enzymes. In the case of ethylbenzene dehydrogenase, it has been
      determined that the heme b cofactor has a rather high redox potential, which may
      also be inferred for the paralogous hydroxylases. The known structure of
      ethylbenzene dehydrogenase allowed the calculation of detailed models of the
      reaction mechanism based on the density function theory as well as QM-MM (quantum
      mechanics - molecular mechanics) methods, which yield predictions of mechanistic
      properties such as kinetic isotope effects that appeared consistent with
      experimental data. 

PMID- 26960182
TI  - Enhanced binding of antibodies generated during chronic HIV infection to mucus
      component MUC16.
AB  - Transmission of HIV across mucosal barriers accounts for the majority of HIV
      infections worldwide. Thus, efforts aimed at enhancing protective immunity at
      these sites are a top priority, including increasing virus-specific antibodies
      (Abs) and antiviral activity at mucosal sites. Mucin proteins, including the
      largest cell-associated mucin, mucin 16 (MUC16), help form mucus to provide a
      physical barrier to incoming pathogens. Here, we describe a natural interaction
      between Abs and MUC16 that is enhanced in specific disease settings such as
      chronic HIV infection. Binding to MUC16 was independent of IgG subclass, but
      strongly associated with shorter Ab glycan profiles, with agalactosylated (G0)
      Abs demonstrating the highest binding to MUC16. Binding of Abs to epithelial
      cells was diminished following MUC16 knockdown, and the MUC16 N-linked glycans
      were critical for binding. Further, agalactosylated VRC01 captured HIV more
      efficiently in MUC16. These data point to a novel opportunity to enrich Abs at
      mucosal sites by targeting Abs to MUC16 through changes in Fc glycosylation,
      potentially blocking viral movement and sequestering the virus far from the
      epithelial border. Thus, next-generation vaccines or monoclonal therapeutics may
      enhance protective immunity by tuning Ab glycosylation to promote the enrichment
      of Abs at mucosal barriers.

PMID- 26960186
TI  - Nanoscale Mechanics of Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Composites: A Scientific
      and Technological Perspective.
AB  - Graphene shows considerable promise in structural composite applications thanks
      to its unique combination of high tensile strength, Young's modulus and
      structural flexibility which arise due to its maximal chemical bond strength and
      minimal atomic thickness. However, the ultimate performance of graphene
      composites will depend, in addition to the properties of the matrix and
      interface, on the morphology of the graphene used, including the size and shape
      of the sheets and the number of chemical defects present. For example, whilst
      oxidized sp(3) carbon atoms and vacancies in a graphene sheet can degrade its
      mechanical strength, they can also increase its interaction with other materials
      such as the polymer matrix of a composite, thus maximizing stress transfer and
      leading to more efficient mechanical reinforcement. Herein, we present an
      overview of some recently published work on graphene mechanical properties and
      discuss a list of challenges that need to be overcome (notwithstanding the strong
      hype existing on this material) for the development of graphene-based materials
      into a successful technology. 

PMID- 26960187
TI  - Mercury concentrations in Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) and sediments
      in the Columbia River basin.
AB  - The accumulation of mercury was investigated in Pacific lamprey and stream
      sediments in the Columbia River basin. Mercury concentrations in larval lamprey
      differed significantly among sample locations (p < 0.001) and were correlated
      with concentrations in sediments (r2  = 0.83). Adult concentrations were highly
      variable (range, 0.1-9.5 MUg/g) and unrelated to holding time after collection.
      The results suggest that Pacific lamprey in the Columbia River basin may be
      exposed to mercury levels that have adverse ecological effects. Environ Toxicol
      Chem 2016;35:2571-2576. (c) 2016 SETAC.

PMID- 26960188
TI  - Analysis of Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation in Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
      Associated with Rheumatic Heart Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Among patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 45% to 60% present
      with atrial fibrillation (AF), which is associated with increased rates of
      thromboembolism, heart failure, and even death. The bipolar radiofrequency
      ablation (BRFA) combining with mitral valve procedure has been adopted in
      patients of AF associated with RHD, but evaluations about its effectiveness are
      still limited. METHODS: A total of 87 patients with RHD and long persistent AF
      who had accepted mitral valve replacement concomitant with BRFA were studied.
      Clinical data were collected to analyze the midterm results of BRFA and evaluate
      its efficiency. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the
      independent factors associated with late AF recurrence. RESULTS: Sixty-six
      (75.9%) patients maintained sinus rhythm after a mean follow-up of 13.4 +/- 5.2
      months. Late AF recurrence had been detected in 21 (24.1%) patients, 11 (12.6%)
      patients were confirmed to be AF, 8 (9.2%) patients were atrial flutter and 2
      (2.3%) patients were junctional rhythm. In Multivariate logistic regression
      analysis, body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.756, 95% CI = 1.289-2.391, p = 0.000) and
      early AF recurrence (OR = 5.479, 95% CI = 1.189-25.254, p = 0.029) were
      independent predictors of late AF recurrence. In addition, left ventricular
      ejection fraction (LVEF) and New York Heart Association class showed a greater
      improvement in patients who maintained sinus rhythm than those who experienced
      late AF recurrence. CONCLUSION: BRFA is an effective technique for the treatment
      of long persistent AF associated with RHD during mitral valve replacement. The
      BMI and early AF recurrence are independent predictors for late AF recurrence.
      Patients with long-term restoration of sinus rhythm experienced a greater
      improvement of left ventricular function after BRFA.

PMID- 26960189
TI  - Effect of Exposure to Smoking in Movies on Young Adult Smoking in New Zealand.
AB  - ONSCREEN SMOKING IS A FORM OF TOBACCO MARKETING: Tobacco advertising has been
      prohibited in New Zealand since 1990, and the government has set a goal of
      becoming a smokefree nation by 2025. However, tobacco marketing persists
      indirectly through smoking in motion pictures, and there is strong evidence that
      exposure to onscreen smoking causes young people to start smoking. We
      investigated the relationship between exposure to smoking in movies and youth
      smoking initiation among New Zealand young adults. Data from an online survey of
      419 smokers and non-smokers aged 18 to 25 were used to estimate respondents'
      exposure to smoking occurrences in 50 randomly-selected movies from the 423 US
      top box office movies released between 2008 and 2012. Analyses involved
      calculating movie smoking exposure (MSE) for each respondent, using logistic
      regression to analyse the relationship between MSE and current smoking behaviour,
      and estimating the attributable fraction due to smoking in movies. EFFECT OF
      SMOKING IN MOVIES ON NEW ZEALAND YOUTH: Exposure to smoking occurrences in movies
      was associated with current smoking status. After allowing for the influence of
      family, friends and co-workers, age and rebelliousness, respondents' likelihood
      of smoking increased by 11% for every 100-incident increase in exposure to
      smoking incidents, (aOR1.11; p< .05). The estimated attributable fraction due to
      smoking in movies was 54%; this risk could be substantially reduced by
      eliminating smoking from movies currently rated as appropriate for youth. We
      conclude that exposure to smoking in movies remains a potent risk factor
      associated with smoking among young adults, even in a progressive tobacco control
      setting such as New Zealand. Harmonising the age of legal tobacco purchase (18)
      with the age at which it is legal to view smoking in movies would support New
      Zealand's smokefree 2025 goal.

PMID- 26960191
TI  - Researchers' Individual Publication Rate Has Not Increased in a Century.
AB  - Debates over the pros and cons of a "publish or perish" philosophy have inflamed
      academia for at least half a century. Growing concerns, in particular, are
      expressed for policies that reward "quantity" at the expense of "quality,"
      because these might prompt scientists to unduly multiply their publications by
      fractioning ("salami slicing"), duplicating, rushing, simplifying, or even
      fabricating their results. To assess the reasonableness of these concerns, we
      analyzed publication patterns of over 40,000 researchers that, between the years
      1900 and 2013, have published two or more papers within 15 years, in any of the
      disciplines covered by the Web of Science. The total number of papers published
      by researchers during their early career period (first fifteen years) has
      increased in recent decades, but so has their average number of co-authors. If we
      take the latter factor into account, by measuring productivity fractionally or by
      only counting papers published as first author, we observe no increase in
      productivity throughout the century. Even after the 1980s, adjusted productivity
      has not increased for most disciplines and countries. These results are robust to
      methodological choices and are actually conservative with respect to the
      hypothesis that publication rates are growing. Therefore, the widespread belief
      that pressures to publish are causing the scientific literature to be flooded
      with salami-sliced, trivial, incomplete, duplicated, plagiarized and false
      results is likely to be incorrect or at least exaggerated. 

PMID- 26960190
TI  - Cudrania tricuspidata Stem Extract Induces Apoptosis via the Extrinsic Pathway in
      SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells.
AB  - The focus of this study is the anti-cancer effects of Cudrania tricuspidata stem
      (CTS) extract on cervical cancer cells. The effect of CTS on cell viability was
      investigated in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells and HaCaT human normal
      keratinocytes. CTS showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in
      cervical cancer cells. However, there was no cytotoxic effect of CTS on HaCaT
      keratinocytes at concentrations of 0.125-0.5 mg/mL. Based on this cytotoxic
      effect, we demonstrated that CTS induced apoptosis by down-regulating the E6 and
      E7 viral oncogenes. Apoptosis was detected by DAPI staining, annexin V-FITC/PI
      staining, cell cycle analysis, western blotting, RT-PCR, and JC-1 staining in
      SiHa cervical cancer cells. The mRNA expression levels of extrinsic pathway
      molecules such as Fas, death receptor 5 (DR5), and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing
      ligand (TRAIL) were increased by CTS. Furthermore, CTS treatment activated
      caspase-3/caspase-8 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). However,
      the mitochondrial membrane potential and expression levels of intrinsic pathway
      molecules such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and cytochrome C were not modulated by CTS.
      Taken together, these results indicate that CTS induced apoptosis by activating
      the extrinsic pathway, but not the intrinsic pathway, in SiHa cervical cancer
      cells. These results suggest that CTS can be used as a modulating agent in
      cervical cancer. 

PMID- 26960192
TI  - Simultaneous monitoring of quantum dots and their assembly and disassembly with
      PreScission protease using capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection.
AB  - A novel assay was developed for the simultaneous monitoring of quantum dots and
      their assembly and disassembly with PreScission protease using capillary
      electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. Quantum dots and PreScission
      protease were injected into a capillary sequentially, then mixed and assembled
      via a thioether bond upon coupling to glutathione S-transferase tag inside the
      capillary. The in-capillary assembly was influenced by the molar ratio and the
      time interval of injection. Furthermore, the simultaneous monitoring of quantum
      dots and their assembly with PreScission protease and glutathione induced
      disassembly was achieved by adjusting the sampling sequence and the time interval
      of injection. More importantly, the in-capillary assay could be also applied to
      the online detection of glutathione. 

PMID- 26960193
TI  - Glucose Augments Killing Efficiency of Daptomycin Challenged Staphylococcus
      aureus Persisters.
AB  - Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in stationary growth phase with high doses of
      the antibiotic daptomycin (DAP) eradicates the vast majority of the culture and
      leaves persister cells behind. Despite resting in a drug-tolerant and dormant
      state, persister cells exhibit metabolic activity which might be exploited for
      their elimination. We here report that the addition of glucose to S. aureus
      persisters treated with DAP increased killing by up to five-fold within one hour.
      This glucose-DAP effect also occurred with strains less sensitive to the drug.
      The underlying mechanism is independent of the proton motive force and was not
      observed with non-metabolizable 2-deoxy-glucose. Our results are consistent with
      two hypotheses on the glucose-DAP interplay. The first is based upon glucose
      induced carbohydrate transport proteins that may influence DAP and the second
      suggests that glucose may trigger the release or activity of cell-lytic proteins
      to augment DAP's mode of action. 

PMID- 26960195
TI  - A Pilot Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Electroacupuncture for Women with
      Pure Stress Urinary Incontinence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is a potential conservative therapy for women with stress
      urinary incontinence (SUI). There is limited evidence to support its
      effectiveness due to the poor quality of existing studies. METHODS: We performed
      a pilot randomized, controlled trial to preliminarily assess the efficacy of
      electroacupuncture (EA) in women with pure SUI. A total of 80 women with pure SUI
      were randomly assigned to receive EA with deep needling at BL33 and BL35 (n = 40)
      or sham EA with non-penetrating needling at sham acupoints (n = 40) three
      sessions per week for 6 weeks. The women were followed for 24 weeks. The primary
      outcome was the change from baseline in the amount of urine leakage measured by a
      1-hour pad test after 6 weeks. The secondary outcomes included the 72-hour
      incontinence episode frequency (IEF), International Consultation on Incontinence
      Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) score, and patient self-evaluation of
      therapeutic effect. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored throughout the trial.
      RESULTS: The median decrease from baseline of urine leakage measured by the 1
      hour pad test was 2.5 g [interquartile range (IQR): 1.80-14.6 in the EA group,
      which was greater than the median decrease of 0.05 g (IQR: -2.80-+0.50) in the
      sham EA group after 6 weeks (p<0.01). The differences between groups in the
      decrease from baseline of 72-hour IEF became statistically significant at week 30
      with a median decrease of 3.25 g (IQR: 1.25-5.69) in the EA group, and a median
      decrease of 1.00 g (IQR: -0.69-+2.88) in the sham EA group (p = 0.01). The
      participants in the EA group showed greater decreases in ICIQ-SF score and higher
      ratings in the help they received from the treatment than those in the sham EA
      group at weeks 6,18 and 30 (all p<0.05). No obvious AEs were observed in either
      group. CONCLUSION: EA may effectively and safely relieve urinary incontinence
      symptoms and improve quality of life in women with pure SUI. EA demonstrated more
      than a placebo effect. Since this is a pilot study, results should be interpreted
      with caution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02445573.

PMID- 26960194
TI  - Relationship between G1287A of the NET Gene Polymorphisms and Brain Volume in
      Major Depressive Disorder: A Voxel-Based MRI Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Earlier studies implicated norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene
      (SLC6A2) polymorphisms in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD).
      Recently, two single nucleotide SLC6A2 polymorphisms, G1287A in exon 9 and T-182C
      in the promoter region, were found to be associated with MDD in different
      populations. We investigated the relationship between the brain volume and these
      two polymorphisms of the SLC6A2 in MDD patients. METHODS: We obtained 3D high
      resolution T1-weighted images of 30 first-episode MDD patients and 48 age- and
      sex-matched healthy subjects (HS). All were divided into 4 groups based on
      polymorphism of either the G1287A or the T-182C genotype. VBM analysis examined
      the effects of diagnosis, genotype, and genotype-diagnosis interactions. RESULTS:
      Diagnosis effects on the brain morphology were found in the left superior
      temporal cortex. No significant genotype effects were found in the T-182C and the
      G1287A. A significant genotype (G1287A)-diagnosis interaction was found in the
      left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. No significant genotype (T-182C)-diagnosis
      interaction effects were observed in any brain region. CONCLUSIONS: In MDD
      patients there seems to be a relationship between the volume of the dorsolateral
      prefrontal cortex and polymorphism of the SLC6A2 G1287A gene.

PMID- 26960198
TI  - Correction: Fine Tuning Inflammation at the Front Door: Macrophage Complement
      Receptor 3-mediates Phagocytosis and Immune Suppression for Francisella
      tularensis.

PMID- 26960196
TI  - Activity Based High-Throughput Screening for Novel O-GlcNAc Transferase
      Substrates Using a Dynamic Peptide Microarray.
AB  - O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible and dynamic protein post-translational
      modification in mammalian cells. The O-GlcNAc cycle is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc
      transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation plays important role in
      many vital cellular events including transcription, cell cycle regulation, stress
      response and protein degradation, and altered O-GlcNAcylation has long been
      implicated in cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, numerous
      approaches have been developed to identify OGT substrates and study their
      function, but there is still a strong demand for highly efficient techniques.
      Here we demonstrated the utility of the peptide microarray approach to discover
      novel OGT substrates and study its specificity. Interestingly, the protein RBL-2,
      which is a key regulator of entry into cell division and may function as a tumor
      suppressor, was identified as a substrate for three isoforms of OGT. Using
      peptide Ala scanning, we found Ser 420 is one possible O-GlcNAc site in RBL-2.
      Moreover, substitution of Ser 420, on its own, inhibited OGT activity, raising
      the possibility of mechanism-based development for selective OGT inhibitors. This
      approach will prove useful for both discovery of novel OGT substrates and
      studying OGT specificity. 

PMID- 26960197
TI  - Diagnostic Pathways as Social and Participatory Practices: The Case of Herpes
      Simplex Encephalitis.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is a potentially devastating disease,
      with significant rates of mortality and co-morbidities. Although the prognosis
      for people with HSV encephalitis can be improved by prompt treatment with
      aciclovir, there are often delays involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the
      disease. In response, National Clinical Guidelines have been produced for the UK
      which make recommendations for improving the management of suspected viral
      encephalitis. However, little is currently known about the everyday experiences
      and processes involved in the diagnosis and care of HSV encephalitis. The
      reported study aimed to provide an account of the diagnosis and treatment of HSV
      encephalitis from the perspective of people who had been affected by the
      condition. Thirty narrative interviews were conducted with people who had been
      diagnosed with HSV encephalitis and their significant others. The narrative
      accounts reveal problems with gaining access to a diagnosis of encephalitis and
      shortfalls in care for the condition once in hospital. In response, individuals
      and their families work hard to obtain medical recognition for the problem and
      shape the processes of acute care. As a consequence, we argue that the diagnosis
      and management of HSV encephalitis needs to be considered as a participatory
      process, which is co-produced by health professionals, patients, and their
      families. The paper concludes by making recommendations for developing the
      current management guidelines by formalising the critical role of patients and
      their significant others in the identification, and treatment of, HSV
      encephalitis. 

PMID- 26960199
TI  - Why Are Girls Less Physically Active than Boys? Findings from the LOOK
      Longitudinal Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A gender-based disparity in physical activity (PA) among youth,
      whereby girls are less active than boys is a persistent finding in the
      literature. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying this difference
      has potential to guide PA intervention strategies. METHODS: Data were collected
      at age 8 and 12 years (276 boys, 279 girls) from 29 schools as part of the LOOK
      study. Multilevel linear models were fitted separately for boys and girls to
      examine effects of individual, family and environmental level correlates on
      pedometer measured PA. Cardio-respiratory fitness (multi-stage run), percent fat
      (DEXA), eye-hand coordination (throw and catch test) and perceived competence in
      physical education (questionnaire) were used as individual level correlates. At
      the family level, parent's support and education (questionnaire) were used.
      School attended and extracurricular sport participation were included as
      environmental level correlates. RESULTS: Girls were 19% less active than boys
      (9420 vs 11360 steps/day, p<0.001, 95%CI [1844, 2626]). Lower PA among girls was
      associated with weaker influences at the school and family levels and through
      lower participation in extracurricular sport. School attended explained some of
      the variation in boys PA (8.4%) but not girls. Girls compared to boys had less
      favourable individual attributes associated with PA at age 8 years, including 18%
      lower cardio-respiratory fitness (3.5 vs 4.2, p<0.001, CI [0.5,0.9]), 44% lower
      eye-hand coordination (11.0 vs 17.3, p<0.001, CI [5.1,9.0]), higher percent body
      fat (28% vs 23%, p<0.001, CI [3.5,5.7]) and 9% lower perceived competence in
      physical education (7.7 vs 8.4, p<0.001, CI [0.2,0.9]). Participation in
      extracurricular sport at either age 8 or 12 years was protective against declines
      in PA over time among boys but not girls. CONCLUSION: Girls PA was less
      favourably influenced by socio-ecological factors at the individual, family,
      school and environmental levels. These factors are potentially modifiable
      suggesting the gap in PA between boys and girls can be reduced. Strategies aiming
      to increase PA should be multicomponent and take into consideration that pathways
      to increasing PA are likely to differ among boys and girls.

PMID- 26960200
TI  - Structural and Psycho-Social Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in the Great
      Barrier Reef Region.
AB  - Adaptation, as a strategy to respond to climate change, has limits: there are
      conditions under which adaptation strategies fail to alleviate impacts from
      climate change. Research has primarily focused on identifying absolute bio
      physical limits. This paper contributes empirical insight to an emerging
      literature on the social limits to adaptation. Such limits arise from the ways in
      which societies perceive, experience and respond to climate change. Using
      qualitative data from multi-stakeholder workshops and key-informant interviews
      with representatives of the fisheries and tourism sectors of the Great Barrier
      Reef region, we identify psycho-social and structural limits associated with key
      adaptation strategies, and examine how these are perceived as more or less
      absolute across levels of organisation. We find that actors experience social
      limits to adaptation when: i) the effort of pursuing a strategy exceeds the
      benefits of desired adaptation outcomes; ii) the particular strategy does not
      address the actual source of vulnerability, and; iii) the benefits derived from
      adaptation are undermined by external factors. We also find that social limits
      are not necessarily more absolute at higher levels of organisation: respondents
      perceived considerable opportunities to address some psycho-social limits at the
      national-international interface, while they considered some social limits at the
      local and regional levels to be effectively absolute. 

PMID- 26960201
TI  - Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is associated with adverse outcomes in
      acute right ventricular infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with acute right ventricular infarction (RVI), global
      right ventricular (RV) performance is dependent on compensatory left ventricular
      (LV)-septal contractile contributions. This study was designed to assess the
      influence of depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on hemodynamics
      and clinical outcomes in patients with RVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      retrospectively identified 338 patients with acute inferior ST elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing a primary percutaneous coronary
      intervention. RVI was determined echocardiographically by right ventricular free
      wall motion abnormalities and depressed global RV performance (fractional area
      change); LV function was similarly calculated. RVI was documented in 185 (55%)
      cases. Compared with those with inferior myocardial infarction alone, patients
      with RVI suffered more hemodynamic compromise (need for inotropes or vasopressors
      39 vs. 15%, P<0.0001, and intra-aortic balloon pump 32 vs. 13%, P<0.0001) and
      higher in-hospital mortality (14 vs. 3%, P=0.0006). In cases without RVI, the
      status of LV function did not influence in-hospital mortality (ejection
      fraction<=40%=7.3% vs. ejection fraction>40%=1.8, P=0.12). In contrast, in
      patients with RVI, LVEF was an important determinant of outcome: those with LVEF
      <= 40% suffered more hemodynamic compromise (need for inotropes or vasopressors
      63 vs. 30%, P<0.0001, and intra-aortic balloon pump 59 vs. 22%, P<0.0001) and had
      markedly higher in-hospital mortality (33 vs. 7%, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: In
      patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction complicated by RVI, depressed
      LVEF is associated with greater hemodynamic compromise and higher in-hospital
      mortality. These findings may have clinical implications for supportive efforts
      in such cases.

PMID- 26960202
TI  - Adrenocortical carcinoma in a 17th-century girl.
AB  - Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, often fatal disease, that may be seen
      sporadically or with hereditary predisposition syndromes. Patients with ACC are
      usually girls under the age of seven who present signs of excess production of
      adrenal glucocorticoids and androgens, with the diagnosis being confirmed by
      imaging. Here we reproduce and examine what we believe to be the first autopsy
      case report of a child with ACC, reported by Dr. Henry Sampson in Philosophical
      Transactions, published by The Royal Society of London in 1697. The paper
      describes the autopsy of a girl with severe virilization and profound signs of
      Cushing syndrome who died at age six, strongly suggesting ACC. She apparently had
      extensive pulmonary metastases, and may have had liver involvement. The report
      indicates her disease arose from her left kidney and there is no indication of an
      adrenal origin, perhaps because the adrenal gland was not generally known as a
      separate organ at that time. This classic example of an early case report is
      particularly instructive in the context of medical knowledge and understanding in
      the 17th century compared to current knowledge.

PMID- 26960203
TI  - Disorders in the initial steps of steroid hormone synthesis.
AB  - Steroidogenesis begins with cellular internalization of low-density lipoprotein
      particles and subsequent intracellular processing of cholesterol. Disorders in
      these steps include Adrenoleukodystrophy, Wolman Disease and its milder variant
      Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease, and Niemann-Pick Type C Disease, all of which
      may present with adrenal insufficiency. The means by which cholesterol is
      directed to steroidogenic mitochondria remains incompletely understood. Once
      cholesterol reaches the outer mitochondrial membrane, its delivery to the inner
      mitochondrial membrane is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
      (StAR). Severe StAR mutations cause classic congenital lipoid adrenal
      hyperplasia, characterized by lipid accumulation in the adrenal, adrenal
      insufficiency, and disordered sexual development in 46,XY individuals. The lipoid
      CAH phenotype, including spontaneous puberty in 46,XX females, is explained by a
      two-hit model. StAR mutations that retain partial function cause a milder, non
      classic disease characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency, with lesser disorders
      of mineralocorticoid and sex steroid synthesis. Once inside the mitochondria,
      cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage
      enzyme, P450scc, encoded by the CYP11A1 gene. Rare patients with mutations of
      P450scc are clinically and hormonally indistinguishable from those with lipoid
      CAH, and may also present as milder non-classic disease. Patients with P450scc
      defects do not have the massive adrenal hyperplasia that characterizes lipoid
      CAH, but adrenal imaging may occasionally fail to distinguish these,
      necessitating DNA sequencing.

PMID- 26960204
TI  - Pathway-Based Genomics Prediction using Generalized Elastic Net.
AB  - We present a novel regularization scheme called The Generalized Elastic Net
      (GELnet) that incorporates gene pathway information into feature selection. The
      proposed formulation is applicable to a wide variety of problems in which the
      interpretation of predictive features using known molecular interactions is
      desired. The method naturally steers solutions toward sets of mechanistically
      interlinked genes. Using experiments on synthetic data, we demonstrate that
      pathway-guided results maintain, and often improve, the accuracy of predictors
      even in cases where the full gene network is unknown. We apply the method to
      predict the drug response of breast cancer cell lines. GELnet is able to reveal
      genetic determinants of sensitivity and resistance for several compounds. In
      particular, for an EGFR/HER2 inhibitor, it finds a possible trans-differentiation
      resistance mechanism missed by the corresponding pathway agnostic approach. 

PMID- 26960205
TI  - Antioxidant Activity and alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of the
      Polycondensate of Catechin with Glyoxylic Acid.
AB  - In order to investigate polymeric flavonoids, the polycondensate of catechin with
      glyoxylic acid (PCG) was prepared and its chemically antioxidant, cellular
      antioxidant (CAA) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. The
      DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and antiproliferative effect of PCG
      were lower than those of catechin, while PCG had higher CAA activity than
      catechin. In addition, PCG had very high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities
      (IC50 value, 2.59 MUg/mL) in comparison to catechin (IC50 value, 239.27 MUg/mL).
      Inhibition kinetics suggested that both PCG and catechin demonstrated a mixture
      of noncompetitive and anticompetitive inhibition. The enhanced CAA and alpha
      glucosidase inhibitor activities of PCG could be due to catechin polymerization
      enhancing the binding capacity to the cellular membrane and enzymes. 

PMID- 26960206
TI  - Plagiocephaly due to Frontosphenoidal Suture Synostosis: Report of 2 Cases and
      Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The most common cause of anterior plagiocephaly is the fusion of
      the unilateral coronal suture. In some rare cases, however, the fusion of the
      frontosphenoidal suture may lead to a resembling pattern with specific clinical
      and radiological features. The aim of the present study is to further enlighten
      this entity as it is misdiagnosed most of the time. METHODS: A report of 2 cases
      of plagiocephaly due to frontosphenoidal synostosis with a review of the
      literature. RESULTS: One female and one male baby were identified. The mean age
      at presentation was 11.5 months (range: 1-22). Head circumference was normal in
      each patient. The two fusions were on the left side. Unilateral frontal
      flattening and recession of the supraorbital rim were the most important physical
      findings. Computed tomography confirmed the patency of the frontoparietal suture
      and the closure of the frontosphenoidal suture. Fronto-orbital advancement was
      performed in both cases with good cosmetic outcome. CONCLUSION: Frontosphenoidal
      synostosis should be suspected and carefully searched when dealing with
      plagiocephaly with patent coronal suture. Good outcome requires a prompt
      diagnosis and early correction.

PMID- 26960208
TI  - Microhyla laterite sp. nov., A New Species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia:
      Anura: Microhylidae) from a Laterite Rock Formation in South West India.
AB  - In recent times, several new species of amphibians have been described from
      India. Many of these discoveries are from biodiversity hotspots or from within
      protected areas. We undertook amphibian surveys in human dominated landscapes
      outside of protected areas in south western region of India between years 2013
      2015. We encountered a new species of Microhyla which is described here as
      Microhyla laterite sp. nov. It was delimited using molecular, morphometric and
      bioacoustics comparisons. Microhyla laterite sp. nov. appears to be restricted to
      areas of the West coast of India dominated by laterite rock formations. The
      laterite rock formations date as far back as the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and
      are considered to be wastelands in-spite of their intriguing geological history.
      We identify knowledge gaps in our understanding of the genus Microhyla from the
      Indian subcontinent and suggest ways to bridge them. 

PMID- 26960207
TI  - Chemical Synthesis of Phosphorylated Histone H2A at Tyr57 Reveals Insight into
      the Inhibition Mode of the SAGA Deubiquitinating Module.
AB  - Monoubiquitination of histone H2B plays a central role in transcription
      activation and is required for downstream histone-methylation events.
      Deubiquitination of H2B by the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) coactivator
      complex is regulated by a recently discovered histone mark, phosphorylated H2AY57
      (H2AY57p), which inhibits deubiquitination of H2B by the SAGA complex as well as
      restricting demethylation of H3 and increasing its acetylation. Evidence for the
      effect of H2AY57p, however, was indirect and was investigated in vivo by
      monitoring the effects of chemical inhibition of Tyr kinase CK2 or by mutating
      the phosphorylation site. We applied the total chemical synthesis of proteins to
      prepare H2AY57p efficiently and study the molecular details of this regulation.
      This analogue, together with semisynthetically prepared ubiquitinated H2B,
      enabled us to provide direct evidence for the cross-talk between those two marks
      and the inhibition of SAGA activity by H2AY57p. 

PMID- 26960209
TI  - New Options of Apheresis in Renal Diseases: How and When?
AB  - The 100-year anniversary of the first experimental apheresis performed by John
      Abel on uremic dogs in 1914 provides the opportunity for discussion on the
      current state of classic apheresis as well as technological progress and clinical
      experiences with its new options presented in the world literature in the last 15
      years, such as the following: double filtration, plasma adsorption and
      immunoadsorption, leuko- and cytapheresis and low-density lipoprotein apheresis.
      In our review, we highlight the potential limitations for further development of
      those highly promising techniques, such as the following: the lack of
      multicenter, controlled clinical studies; insufficient knowledge of the
      mechanisms of those techniques and last but not least, the restricted access to
      apheresis, caused both by high expenditure and organizational negligence, even in
      highly developed countries. Special attention was paid to the most recent
      recommendations by the American Society of Apheresis in primary and secondary
      renal diseases, which are the subject of our professional interest.

PMID- 26960210
TI  - Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus on
      Peritoneal Dialysis: Correlation with Glycated Hemoglobin and Detection of High
      Incidence of Unaware Hypoglycemia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Glycated hemoglobin is used to assess diabetic control although its
      accuracy in dialysis has been questioned. How does it compare to the Continuous
      Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients? METHODS:
      We conducted a retrospective analysis of 60 insulin-treated diabetic patients on
      PD. We determined the mean interstitial glucose concentration and the proportion
      of patients with hypoglycemia (<4 mmol/l) or hyperglycemia (>11 mmol/l). RESULTS:
      The correlation between HbA1c and glucose was 0.48, p < 0.0001. Three of 15
      patients with HbA1c >75 mmol/mol experienced significant hypoglycemia (14-144 min
      per day). The patients with frequent episodes of hypoglycemia could not be
      differentiated from those with frequent hyperglycemia by demographics or PD
      prescription. CONCLUSION: HbA1c and average glucose levels measured by the CGMS
      are only weakly correlated. On its own, HbA1c as an indicator of glycemic control
      in patients with diabetes on PD appears inadequate. We suggest that the CGMS
      technology should be more widely adopted.

PMID- 26960212
TI  - The Role of Cell-Free Plasma DNA in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The identification of highly reliable outcome predictors in severe
      sepsis is important to define disease severity, predict bedside prognosis and
      monitor response to treatment. Cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) has been recently
      proposed as a possible prognostic marker of clinical outcome in septic patients.
      In this study, we investigated the prognostic value of cfDNA in patients with
      sepsis and its possible correlation with caspase-3, IL-6 and IL-18 levels.
      METHODS: We enrolled 34 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Out
      of these 34, 27 patients were septic and 7 were non-septic. cfDNA was extracted
      from plasma and quantified by real time PCR. Plasma levels of caspase-3, IL-6 and
      IL-18 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: We observed significantly higher levels of
      cfDNA in septic patients. No significant differences were found between cfDNA
      levels in patients with Gram+, Gram- and fungal infections. Out of the 27 septic
      patients, 12 developed acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal
      replacement therapy (CRRT), and cfDNA levels resulted to be higher in this group.
      Out of the 27 septic patients, 11 had a negative outcome during the ICU stay. The
      cfDNA concentrations at admission were higher in non-survivors than in survivors.
      Caspase-3, IL-6 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher in septic patients
      when compared to these levels in non-septic patients and correlated with cfDNA
      levels. CONCLUSION: cfDNA can be considered a good prognostic marker of clinical
      outcome in septic patients. Its levels increase in case of AKI complicating
      sepsis, in particular if CRRT is needed, and are associated with poor outcome.
      Caspase-3, IL-6 and IL-18 levels are higher in septic patients and correlate to
      cfDNA concentrations.

PMID- 26960211
TI  - Telomere Attrition and Elongation after Chronic Dialysis Initiation in Patients
      with End-Stage Renal Disease.
AB  - AIMS: To analyze changes in telomere length (TL) after dialysis initiation.
      METHODS: In 59 Japanese incident dialysis patients, associations between TL in
      peripheral blood leukocytes, inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional status at
      baseline and changes in TL during 1 year of dialysis, were investigated. RESULTS:
      Whereas relative TL decreased by 8.6% (median 14.4%), TL elongation occurred in
      16 patients (27%). Change in TL (x0394;TL), defined as TL at 1 year minus TL at
      baseline, was associated with baseline TL (x03C1; = -0.70, p < 0.0001) and
      leukocyte count (x03C1; = 0.26, p = 0.044). In a logistic regression model,
      baseline TL (p < 0.0001) and leukocyte count (p = 0.047) were associated with
      x0394;TL. CONCLUSIONS: TL shortening was observed in most incident dialysis
      patients. In 16 of the 59 patients, TL elongation occurred, possibly reflecting a
      more robust biological aging in patients whose naive leukocytes may have
      undergone less proliferation to replace lost leukocytes.

PMID- 26960213
TI  - Ionized Magnesium and Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Continuous Renal
      Replacement Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) induces changes in total
      (Catot) and ionized (Ca2+) calcium. As of now, we do not have much information
      about parallel changes of total (Mgtot) and ionized (Mg2+) magnesium. METHODS:
      The authors compared changes of Mg2+ and Mgtot with changes of Ca2+ and Catot in
      32 critically ill patients on 4% trisodium citrate (4% TSC) with calcium-free
      fluids. RESULTS: The median continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration balance of
      Mgtot was -0.91 (-1.18 to -0.53) mmol/h compared to the median balance of Catot
      0.86 (0.08-1.55) mmol/h. Postfilter Mg2+ decreased by 68.3% (70.8-65.6) in
      parallel (r = 0.41, p = 0.03) to decrease of postfilter Ca2+ (by 70.2% (73.0
      66.1)) and was significantly related to the postfilter Ca2+ (r = 0.50, p <
      0.001). The decrease of prefilter to postfilter Ca2+ correlated to a dosage of 4%
      TSC per blood flow (r = 0.37, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The loss of Mgtot during
      RCA is not covered by magnesium concentration in ordinary dialysis/substitution
      fluid and may lead to the depletion of total body magnesium. The postfilter Mg2+
      is significantly related to the postfilter Ca2+. Video Journal Club "Cappuccino
      with Claudio Ronco" at http://www.karger.com/?doi = 440972.

PMID- 26960214
TI  - Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
AB  - Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      are very slowly degraded without molecular oxygen. Here, we review the recent
      advances in the elucidation of the first known degradation pathways of these
      environmental hazards. Anaerobic degradation of benzene and PAHs has been
      successfully documented in the environment by metabolite analysis, compound
      specific isotope analysis and microcosm studies. Subsequently, also enrichments
      and pure cultures were obtained that anaerobically degrade benzene, naphthalene
      or methylnaphthalene, and even phenanthrene, the largest PAH currently known to
      be degradable under anoxic conditions. Although such cultures grow very slowly,
      with doubling times of around 2 weeks, and produce only very little biomass in
      batch cultures, successful proteogenomic, transcriptomic and biochemical studies
      revealed novel degradation pathways with exciting biochemical reactions such as
      for example the carboxylation of naphthalene or the ATP-independent reduction of
      naphthoyl-coenzyme A. The elucidation of the first anaerobic degradation pathways
      of naphthalene and methylnaphthalene at the genetic and biochemical level now
      opens the door to studying the anaerobic metabolism and ecology of anaerobic PAH
      degraders. This will contribute to assessing the fate of one of the most
      important contaminant classes in anoxic sediments and aquifers. 

PMID- 26960216
TI  - Privacy-Preserving Patient-Centric Clinical Decision Support System on Naive
      Bayesian Classification.
AB  - Clinical decision support system, which uses advanced data mining techniques to
      help clinician make proper decisions, has received considerable attention
      recently. The advantages of clinical decision support system include not only
      improving diagnosis accuracy but also reducing diagnosis time. Specifically, with
      large amounts of clinical data generated everyday, naive Bayesian classification
      can be utilized to excavate valuable information to improve a clinical decision
      support system. Although the clinical decision support system is quite promising,
      the flourish of the system still faces many challenges including information
      security and privacy concerns. In this paper, we propose a new privacy-preserving
      patient-centric clinical decision support system, which helps clinician
      complementary to diagnose the risk of patients' disease in a privacy-preserving
      way. In the proposed system, the past patients' historical data are stored in
      cloud and can be used to train the naive Bayesian classifier without leaking any
      individual patient medical data, and then the trained classifier can be applied
      to compute the disease risk for new coming patients and also allow these patients
      to retrieve the top- k disease names according to their own preferences.
      Specifically, to protect the privacy of past patients' historical data, a new
      cryptographic tool called additive homomorphic proxy aggregation scheme is
      designed. Moreover, to leverage the leakage of naive Bayesian classifier, we
      introduce a privacy-preserving top- k disease names retrieval protocol in our
      system. Detailed privacy analysis ensures that patient's information is private
      and will not be leaked out during the disease diagnosis phase. In addition,
      performance evaluation via extensive simulations also demonstrates that our
      system can efficiently calculate patient's disease risk with high accuracy in a
      privacy-preserving way. 

PMID- 26960217
TI  - A Novel Congestion Avoidance Technique for Simultaneous Real-Time Medical Data
      Transmission.
AB  - The use of wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) in medical services aims at
      providing continuous monitoring of patients' physiological data. However, the
      scarce resources in WBSN nodes limit their capabilities to cope with massive
      traffic during multiple, simultaneous data transmissions. This will create a high
      tendency for congestion, causing severe performance degradation. Congestion may
      lead to high number of packet loss and unbounded delay which are critical and may
      lead to wrong diagnosis. This paper, therefore, aims at improving this limitation
      using a novel congestion avoidance technique to avoid losing real-time and life
      critical medical data (e.g., electrocardiogram and electroencephalography) which
      are vital for diagnosis. The main idea is to integrate the existing rate control
      scheme of relaxation theory (RT) with a method known as max-min fairness (MMF) to
      achieve better performance. The MMF can be accomplished using a progressive
      filling algorithm, which cuts-down excessive sending rates that may overwhelme
      the limited buffer in WBSN. This paper builds upon our prior study, which
      provides a preliminary analysis of RT technique in single node. Our current
      technique integrates the MMF phase to enhance RT performance when the
      transmission rates exceed certain threshold. Performance evaluation on RT-MMF
      technique shows remarkable performance improvements, while maintaining the
      desired quality of service. 

PMID- 26960219
TI  - Empirical Minimum Bayes Risk Prediction.
AB  - When building vision systems that predict structured objects such as image
      segmentations or human poses, a crucial concern is performance under task
      specific evaluation measures (e.g., Jaccard Index or Average Precision). An
      ongoing research challenge is to optimize predictions so as to maximize
      performance on such complex measures. In this work, we present a simple meta
      algorithm that is surprisingly effective - Empirical Min Bayes Risk. EMBR takes
      as input a pre-trained model that would normally be the final product and learns
      three additional parameters so as to optimize performance on the complex instance
      level high-order task-specific measure. We demonstrate EMBR in several domains,
      taking existing state-of-the-art algorithms and improving performance up to 8
      percent, simply by learning three extra parameters. Our code is publicly
      available and the results presented in this paper can be replicated from our code
      release.

PMID- 26960218
TI  - Modeling Endovascular MRI Coil Coupling With Transmit RF Excitation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To model inductive coupling of endovascular coils with transmit RF
      excitation for selecting coils for MRI-guided interventions. METHODS: Independent
      and computationally efficient FEM models are developed for the endovascular coil,
      cable, transmit excitation, and imaging domain. Electromagnetic and circuit
      solvers are coupled to simulate net B1 + fields and induced currents and
      voltages. Our models are validated using the Bloch-Siegert B1 + mapping sequence
      for a series-tuned multimode coil, capable of tracking, wireless visualization,
      and high-resolution endovascular imaging. RESULTS: Validation shows good
      agreement at 24-, 28-, and 34-MUT background RF excitation within experimental
      limitations. Quantitative coil performance metrics agree with simulation. A
      parametric study demonstrates tradeoff in coil performance metrics when varying
      number of coil turns. Tracking, imaging, and wireless marker multimode coil
      features and their integration is demonstrated in a pig study. CONCLUSION:
      Developed models for the multimode coil were successfully validated. Modeling for
      geometric optimization and coil selection serves as a precursor to time consuming
      and expensive experiments. Specific applications demonstrated include parametric
      optimization, coil selection for a cardiac intervention, and an animal imaging
      experiment. SIGNIFICANCE: Our modular, adaptable, and computationally efficient
      modeling approach enables rapid comparison, selection, and optimization of
      inductively coupled coils for MRI-guided interventions.

PMID- 26960220
TI  - Detailed Evaluation of Five 3D Speckle Tracking Algorithms Using Synthetic
      Echocardiographic Recordings.
AB  - A plethora of techniques for cardiac deformation imaging with 3D ultrasound,
      typically referred to as 3D speckle tracking techniques, are available from
      academia and industry. Although the benefits of single methods over alternative
      ones have been reported in separate publications, the intrinsic differences in
      the data and definitions used makes it hard to compare the relative performance
      of different solutions. To address this issue, we have recently proposed a
      framework to simulate realistic 3D echocardiographic recordings and used it to
      generate a common set of ground-truth data for 3D speckle tracking algorithms,
      which was made available online. The aim of this study was therefore to use the
      newly developed database to contrast non-commercial speckle tracking solutions
      from research groups with leading expertise in the field. The five techniques
      involved cover the most representative families of existing approaches, namely
      block-matching, radio-frequency tracking, optical flow and elastic image
      registration. The techniques were contrasted in terms of tracking and strain
      accuracy. The feasibility of the obtained strain measurements to diagnose
      pathology was also tested for ischemia and dyssynchrony.

PMID- 26960222
TI  - Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Convolutional Neural Networks in MRI Images.
AB  - Among brain tumors, gliomas are the most common and aggressive, leading to a very
      short life expectancy in their highest grade. Thus, treatment planning is a key
      stage to improve the quality of life of oncological patients. Magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) is a widely used imaging technique to assess these tumors, but the
      large amount of data produced by MRI prevents manual segmentation in a reasonable
      time, limiting the use of precise quantitative measurements in the clinical
      practice. So, automatic and reliable segmentation methods are required; however,
      the large spatial and structural variability among brain tumors make automatic
      segmentation a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an automatic
      segmentation method based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), exploring small
      3 *3 kernels. The use of small kernels allows designing a deeper architecture,
      besides having a positive effect against overfitting, given the fewer number of
      weights in the network. We also investigated the use of intensity normalization
      as a pre-processing step, which though not common in CNN-based segmentation
      methods, proved together with data augmentation to be very effective for brain
      tumor segmentation in MRI images. Our proposal was validated in the Brain Tumor
      Segmentation Challenge 2013 database (BRATS 2013), obtaining simultaneously the
      first position for the complete, core, and enhancing regions in Dice Similarity
      Coefficient metric (0.88, 0.83, 0.77) for the Challenge data set. Also, it
      obtained the overall first position by the online evaluation platform. We also
      participated in the on-site BRATS 2015 Challenge using the same model, obtaining
      the second place, with Dice Similarity Coefficient metric of 0.78, 0.65, and 0.75
      for the complete, core, and enhancing regions, respectively.

PMID- 26960221
TI  - Sparse Multi-Response Tensor Regression for Alzheimer's Disease Study With
      Multivariate Clinical Assessments.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative
      disorder that has recently seen serious increase in the number of affected
      subjects. In the last decade, neuroimaging has been shown to be a useful tool to
      understand AD and its prodromal stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
      The majority of AD/MCI studies have focused on disease diagnosis, by formulating
      the problem as classification with a binary outcome of AD/MCI or healthy
      controls. There have recently emerged studies that associate image scans with
      continuous clinical scores that are expected to contain richer information than a
      binary outcome. However, very few studies aim at modeling multiple clinical
      scores simultaneously, even though it is commonly conceived that multivariate
      outcomes provide correlated and complementary information about the disease
      pathology. In this article, we propose a sparse multi-response tensor regression
      method to model multiple outcomes jointly as well as to model multiple voxels of
      an image jointly. The proposed method is particularly useful to both infer
      clinical scores and thus disease diagnosis, and to identify brain subregions that
      are highly relevant to the disease outcomes. We conducted experiments on the
      Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, and showed that the
      proposed method enhances the performance and clearly outperforms the competing
      solutions.

PMID- 26960223
TI  - A generic hybrid model for the simulation of three-dimensional bulk
      elastodynamics for use in non-destructive evaluation.
AB  - A three-dimensional generic hybrid model is developed for the simulation of
      elastic waves in applications in Non- Destructive Evaluation that efficiently
      links different solution strategies but, crucially, is independent of the
      particular schemes employed. This is an important step forward in facilitating
      rapid and accurate large-scale simulations and this advances the twodimensional
      generic hybrid methodology recently developed by the authors. The hybrid model
      provides an efficient and effective tool for creating highly accurate simulations
      that model the wave propagation and scattering, enabling the interpretation of
      inspection data; the new methodology is verified against other numerical
      simulations. Furthermore, its deployment to simulate wave reflection from side
      drilled holes, comparing the results with experimental measurements, provides a
      realistic demonstration as well as further validation.

PMID- 26960224
TI  - Optimum Diffraction-Corrected Frequency-Shift Estimator of the Ultrasonic
      Attenuation Coefficient.
AB  - The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient is an important parameter that has been
      studied extensively in Quantitative Ultrasound and Tissue Characterization. There
      are various methods described in the literature that estimate this parameter by
      measuring either spectral difference (i.e., decay) or spectral shift of the
      backscattered echo signal. Under ideal conditions, i.e., in the absence of abrupt
      changes in tissue backscattering, Spectral Difference methods can produce
      estimates with high accuracy and precision. On the other hand, diffraction
      corrected Spectral Shift methods (e.g., the Hybrid method) are better suited for
      application in practical settings using clinical ultrasound scanners. However,
      current Spectral Shift methods use inefficient frequency shift estimators that
      ultimately degrade the quality of attenuation coefficient estimates. In this
      paper, a probabilistic model of the backscattered radiofrequency (RF) echo is
      used to derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on estimation variance of the
      spectral centroid. Next, an efficient correlation-based shift estimator is
      presented that achieves the CRLB. Used in conjunction with a well-characterized
      reference phantom to correct for diffraction and other system-related effects,
      this estimator greatly improves the accuracy and precision of Spectral- Shift
      attenuation estimation. A theoretical analysis of this method is provided, and
      its performance is quantitatively compared with that of the Hybrid method using
      simulated and experimental phantom studies. A minimum of 3-fold reduction in the
      standard deviation of attenuation coefficient estimates is observed using the new
      method.

PMID- 26960225
TI  - Toward a Blind Deep Quality Evaluator for Stereoscopic Images Based on Monocular
      and Binocular Interactions.
AB  - During recent years, blind image quality assessment (BIQA) has been intensively
      studied with different machine learning tools. Existing BIQA metrics, however, do
      not design for stereoscopic images. We believe this problem can be resolved by
      separating 3D images and capturing the essential attributes of images via deep
      neural network. In this paper, we propose a blind deep quality evaluator (DQE)
      for stereoscopic images (denoted by 3D-DQE) based on monocular and binocular
      interactions. The key technical steps in the proposed 3D-DQE are to train two
      separate 2D deep neural networks (2D-DNNs) from 2D monocular images and cyclopean
      images to model the process of monocular and binocular quality predictions, and
      combine the measured 2D monocular and cyclopean quality scores using different
      weighting schemes. Experimental results on four public 3D image quality
      assessment databases demonstrate that in comparison with the existing methods,
      the devised algorithm achieves high consistent alignment with subjective
      assessment. 

PMID- 26960226
TI  - Segmentation of Pollen Tube Growth Videos Using  Dynamic Bi-Modal Fusion and Seam
      Carving.
AB  - The growth of pollen tubes is of significant interest in plant cell biology, as
      it provides an understanding of internal cell dynamics that affect observable
      structural characteristics such as cell diameter, length, and growth rate.
      However, these parameters can only be measured in experimental videos if the
      complete shape of the cell is known. The challenge is to accurately obtain the
      cell boundary in noisy video images. Usually, these measurements are performed by
      a scientist who manually draws regions-of-interest on the images displayed on a
      computer screen. In this paper, a new automated technique is presented for
      boundary detection by fusing fluorescence and brightfield images, and a new
      efficient method of obtaining the final cell boundary through the process of Seam
      Carving is proposed. This approach takes advantage of the nature of the fusion
      process and also the shape of the pollen tube to efficiently search for the
      optimal cell boundary. In video segmentation, the first two frames are used to
      initialize the segmentation process by creating a search space based on a
      parametric model of the cell shape. Updates to the search space are performed
      based on the location of past segmentations and a prediction of the next
      segmentation.Experimental results show comparable accuracy to a previous method,
      but significant decrease in processing time. This has the potential for real time
      applications in pollen tube microscopy.

PMID- 26960227
TI  - Low-Radiation Cellular Inductive Powering of Rodent Wireless Brain Interfaces:
      Methodology and Design Guide.
AB  - This paper presents a general methodology of inductive power delivery in wireless
      chronic rodent electrophysiology applications. The focus is on such systems
      design considerations under the following key constraints: maximum power delivery
      under the allowable specific absorption rate (SAR), low cost and spatial
      scalability. The methodology includes inductive coil design considerations within
      a low-frequency ferrite-core-free power transfer link which includes a scalable
      coil-array power transmitter floor and a single-coil implanted or worn power
      receiver. A specific design example is presented that includes the concept of low
      SAR cellular single-transmitter-coil powering through dynamic tracking of a
      magnet-less receiver spatial location. The transmitter coil instantaneous supply
      current is monitored using a small number of low-cost electronic components. A
      drop in its value indicates the proximity of the receiver due to the reflected
      impedance of the latter. Only the transmitter coil nearest to the receiver is
      activated. Operating at the low frequency of 1.5 MHz, the inductive powering
      floor delivers a maximum of 15.9 W below the IEEE C95 SAR limit, which is over
      three times greater than that in other recently reported designs. The power
      transfer efficiency of 39% and 13% at the nominal and maximum distances of 8 cm
      and 11 cm, respectively, is maintained.

PMID- 26960228
TI  - Haptics in Robot-Assisted Surgery: Challenges and Benefits.
AB  - Robotic surgery is transforming the current surgical practice, not only by
      improving the conventional surgical methods but also by introducing innovative
      robot-enhanced approaches that broaden the capabilities of clinicians. Being
      mainly of man-machine collaborative type, surgical robots are seen as media that
      transfer pre- and intraoperative information to the operator and reproduce
      his/her motion, with appropriate filtering, scaling, or limitation, to physically
      interact with the patient. The field, however, is far from maturity and, more
      critically, is still a subject of controversy in medical communities. Limited or
      absent haptic feedback is reputed to be among reasons that impede further spread
      of surgical robots. In this paper, objectives and challenges of deploying haptic
      technologies in surgical robotics are discussed, and a systematic review is
      performed on works that have studied the effects of providing haptic information
      to the users in major branches of robotic surgery. It attempts to encompass both
      classical works and the state-of-the-art approaches, aiming at delivering a
      comprehensive and balanced survey both for researchers starting their work in
      this field and for the experts.

PMID- 26960229
TI  - Quantized Iterative Learning Consensus Tracking of Digital Networks With Limited
      Information Communication.
AB  - This brief investigates the quantized iterative learning problem for digital
      networks with time-varying topologies. The information is first encoded as
      symbolic data and then transmitted. After the data are received, a decoder is
      used by the receiver to get an estimate of the sender's state. Iterative learning
      quantized communication is considered in the process of encoding and decoding. A
      sufficient condition is then presented to achieve the consensus tracking problem
      in a finite interval using the quantized iterative learning controllers. Finally,
      simulation results are given to illustrate the usefulness of the developed
      criterion.

PMID- 26960230
TI  - Maximizing Spectral Efficiency for Energy Harvesting-Aware WBAN.
AB  - In this paper, we investigate the spectral efficiency of a communication link in
      a wireless body area network (WBAN) capable of harvesting energy from the
      environment. We consider two scenarios for the transmission which are single- and
      dual-hop and achieve the power management policy for each scenario. In the first
      scenario, the aim is to maximize the link's spectral efficiency over N time slots
      subject to the battery capacity, energy harvesting constraint, and WBAN
      limitations including power and outage probability. In the second scenario, a
      decode-and-forward relay node is considered, and a spectral efficiency
      optimization problem with constraints similar to the first scenario is evaluated.
      In addition, since the channel distribution information is available at the
      transmitters, the lower and upper bounds of the average spectral efficiency are
      also derived in both scenarios. Finally, numerical results corroborate the
      analytical results.

PMID- 26960232
TI  - MIGS-GPU: Microarray Image Gridding and Segmentation on the GPU.
AB  - Complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray is a powerful tool for simultaneously
      studying the expression level of thousands of genes. Nevertheless, the analysis
      of microarray images remains an arduous and challenging task due to the poor
      quality of the images that often suffer from noise, artifacts, and uneven
      background. In this study, the MIGS-GPU [Microarray Image Gridding and
      Segmentation on Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)] software for gridding and
      segmenting microarray images is presented. MIGS-GPU's computations are performed
      on the GPU by means of the compute unified device architecture (CUDA) in order to
      achieve fast performance and increase the utilization of available system
      resources. Evaluation on both real and synthetic cDNA microarray images showed
      that MIGS-GPU provides better performance than state-of-the-art alternatives,
      while the proposed GPU implementation achieves significantly lower computational
      times compared to the respective CPU approaches. Consequently, MIGS-GPU can be an
      advantageous and useful tool for biomedical laboratories, offering a user
      friendly interface that requires minimum input in order to run.

PMID- 26960231
TI  - Prediction of Impaired Performance in Trail Making Test in MCI Patients With
      Small Vessel Disease Using DTI Data.
AB  - Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common condition in patients with diffuse
      hyperintensities of cerebral white matter (WM) in T2-weighted magnetic resonance
      images and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). In MCI due to SVD, the most
      prominent feature of cognitive impairment lies in degradation of executive
      functions, i.e., of processes that supervise the organization and execution of
      complex behavior. The trail making test is a widely employed test sensitive to
      cognitive processing speed and executive functioning. MCI due to SVD has been
      hypothesized to be the effect of WM damage, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is
      a well-established technique for in vivo characterization of WM. We propose a
      machine learning scheme tailored to 1) predicting the impairment in executive
      functions in patients with MCI and SVD, and 2) examining the brain substrates of
      this impairment. We employed data from 40 MCI patients with SVD and created
      feature vectors by averaging mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy maps
      within 50 WM regions of interest. We trained support vector machines (SVMs) with
      polynomial as well as radial basis function kernels using different DTI-derived
      features while simultaneously optimizing parameters in leave-one-out nested cross
      validation. The best performance was obtained using MD features only and linear
      kernel SVMs, which were able to distinguish an impaired performance with high
      sensitivity (72.7%-89.5%), specificity (71.4%-83.3%), and accuracy (77.5%-80.0%).
      While brain substrates of executive functions are still debated, feature ranking
      confirm that MD in several WM regions, not limited to the frontal lobes, are
      truly predictive of executive functions.

PMID- 26960235
TI  - Information Fusion of Passive Sensors for Detection of Moving Targets in Dynamic
      Environments.
AB  - This paper addresses the problem of target detection in dynamic environments in a
      semi-supervised data-driven setting with low-cost passive sensors. A key
      challenge here is to simultaneously achieve high probabilities of correct
      detection with low probabilities of false alarm under the constraints of limited
      computation and communication resources. In general, the changes in a dynamic
      environment may significantly affect the performance of target detection due to
      limited training scenarios and the assumptions made on signal behavior under a
      static environment. To this end, an algorithm of binary hypothesis testing is
      proposed based on clustering of features extracted from multiple sensors that may
      observe the target. First, the features are extracted individually from time
      series signals of different sensors by using a recently reported feature
      extraction tool, called symbolic dynamic filtering. Then, these features are
      grouped as clusters in the feature space to evaluate homogeneity of the sensor
      responses. Finally, a decision for target detection is made based on the distance
      measurements between pairs of sensor clusters. The proposed procedure has been
      experimentally validated in a laboratory setting for mobile target detection. In
      the experiments, multiple homogeneous infrared sensors have been used with
      different orientations in the presence of changing ambient illumination
      intensities. The experimental results show that the proposed target detection
      procedure with feature-level sensor fusion is robust and that it outperforms
      those with decision-level and data-level sensor fusion.

PMID- 26960236
TI  - Weighted Joint Sparse Representation for Removing Mixed Noise in Image.
AB  - Joint sparse representation (JSR) has shown great potential in various image
      processing and computer vision tasks. Nevertheless, the conventional JSR is
      fragile to outliers. In this paper, we propose a weighted JSR (WJSR) model to
      simultaneously encode a set of data samples that are drawn from the same subspace
      but corrupted with noise and outliers. Our model is desirable to exploit the
      common information shared by these data samples while reducing the influence of
      outliers. To solve the WJSR model, we further introduce a greedy algorithm called
      weighted simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit to efficiently approximate the
      global optimal solution. Then, we apply the WJSR for mixed noise removal by
      jointly coding the grouped nonlocal similar image patches. The denoising
      performance is further improved by incorporating it with the global prior and the
      sparse errors into a unified framework. Experimental results show that our
      denoising method is superior to several state-of-the-art mixed noise removal
      methods.

PMID- 26960237
TI  - Cooperative Semi-Global Output Regulation of Nonlinear Strict-Feedback Multi
      Agent Systems With Nonidentical Relative Degrees.
AB  - In this paper, we study the cooperative semi-global output regulation problem for
      a class of nonlinear strict-feedback multi-agent systems, where the subsystems
      are assumed to have nonidentical relative degrees. We first introduce the so
      called distributed internal model that converts our problem into the cooperative
      semi-global stabilization problem of the corresponding augmented system composed
      of the original multi-agent system and the internal model. We then put this
      augmented system into the general block lower triangular form, and develop the
      block semi-global backstepping technique to stabilize it. Comparing with some
      existing literatures, our design has removed the identical relative degree
      assumption, and hence applies to a much larger group of nonlinear multi-agent
      systems.

PMID- 26960238
TI  - Distributed $k$ -Means Algorithm and Fuzzy $c$ -Means Algorithm for Sensor
      Networks Based on Multiagent Consensus Theory.
AB  - This paper is concerned with developing a distributed k-means algorithm and a
      distributed fuzzy c-means algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where
      each node is equipped with sensors. The underlying topology of the WSN is
      supposed to be strongly connected. The consensus algorithm in multiagent
      consensus theory is utilized to exchange the measurement information of the
      sensors in WSN. To obtain a faster convergence speed as well as a higher
      possibility of having the global optimum, a distributed k-means++ algorithm is
      first proposed to find the initial centroids before executing the distributed k
      means algorithm and the distributed fuzzy c-means algorithm. The proposed
      distributed k-means algorithm is capable of partitioning the data observed by the
      nodes into measure-dependent groups which have small in-group and large out-group
      distances, while the proposed distributed fuzzy c-means algorithm is capable of
      partitioning the data observed by the nodes into different measure-dependent
      groups with degrees of membership values ranging from 0 to 1. Simulation results
      show that the proposed distributed algorithms can achieve almost the same results
      as that given by the centralized clustering algorithms.

PMID- 26960239
TI  - What's Hindering Dentistry From the Widespread Adoption of CT-Guided Surgery?
AB  - Although computed tomography (CT)-guided technology has been shown to increase
      implant placement accuracy, decrease surgical complications, and improve the
      predictability of implant case outcome, many in the dental implant community
      continue to resist using it for three main reasons: time, money, and fear. While
      it is true that there are additional preparatory steps necessary in patient case
      planning and the practitioner must invest in unfamiliar technologies and overcome
      a learning curve, increased efficiency, improved restorative outcomes, and clear
      benefits to both patients and practitioners make a strong case for adopting this
      approach.

PMID- 26960240
TI  - Today's Dental Imaging: Providing Clinicians Improved Control Over Treatment.

PMID- 26960241
TI  - New form of the journal Prilozi (Contributions) of the Macedonian Academy of
      Sciences and Arts, Section of Medical Sciences.

PMID- 26960242
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26960243
TI  - Caring for Caregivers: Bridging the Care Gap.
AB  - While drawing on different perspectives, the insightful responses of our
      commentators all highlight the increasingly crucial role of informal, and mostly
      unpaid caregivers. They also raise key questions. The first question, "how should
      we refer to caregivers," pushes us to acknowledge the diversity of caregiver
      characteristics, contexts and roles. The second, "how should we understand the
      caregiver 'problem'," reminds us that although often thought of as an individual
      matter, caregiving is a public policy issue requiring broader systems thinking
      and approaches. The third, "what should we do about it," draws attention to the
      importance of building and strengthening social networks to support caregivers
      and bridge a "growing care gap." We offer the example of Japan which, as part of
      its national dementia care policy, is now encouraging the development of inter
      generational dementia-friendly communities.

PMID- 26960244
TI  - Letter from the editor.

PMID- 26960246
TI  - Three-Dimensional Metal-Fullerene Frameworks.
AB  - Hexakis-substituted [60]fullerene adducts with icosahedral symmetry provide an
      unprecedented scaffold for the spatial arrangement of twelve functional groups
      with high geometric precision. This unique molecular symmetry identifies such
      polyfunctional organic building blocks as potential highly connective linkers for
      coordination polymer and metal-organic framework synthesis. Hereby, the linker
      exhibits a higher connectivity than the metal ions and with the main connectivity
      based on the ligand, this can create a new type of inversely cross-linked
      framework. Two hexakis adducts bearing either twelve glycolic acid or 3
      hydroxypropionic acid side chains attached to its malonate units were
      incorporated as organic connectivity centers in the first fullerene-containing
      three-dimensional frameworks by coordination with Zn(2+) . 

PMID- 26960245
TI  - Tiotropium add-on therapy in adolescents with moderate asthma: A 1-year
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Results from phase III clinical trials in adults and phase II
      clinical trials in children and adolescents demonstrate that tiotropium is an
      effective treatment when added to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) maintenance
      therapy. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of once-daily
      tiotropium Respimat added to ICSs with or without a leukotriene receptor
      antagonist in a phase III trial in adolescent patients with moderate symptomatic
      asthma. METHODS: In this 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel
      group study, 398 patients aged 12 to 17 years were randomized to receive 5 MUg (2
      puffs of 2.5 MUg) or 2.5 MUg (2 puffs of 1.25 MUg) of once-daily tiotropium or
      placebo (2 puffs) administered through the Respimat device every evening, each as
      add-on treatment to ICS background therapy, with or without a leukotriene
      receptor antagonist; long-acting beta2-agonist therapy was not permitted during
      the study. RESULTS: Improvement in peak FEV1 within 3 hours after dosing at 24
      weeks (primary end point) was statistically significant with both tiotropium
      doses compared with placebo: 5 MUg of tiotropium, 174 mL (95% CI, 76-272 mL); 2.5
      MUg of tiotropium, 134 mL (95% CI, 34-234 mL). Significant improvements in trough
      FEV1 at week 24 (a secondary end point) were observed with the 5-MUg dose only.
      Trends for improvement in asthma control and health-related quality of life over
      the 48-week treatment period were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily tiotropium
      significantly improved lung function and was safe and well tolerated when added
      to at least ICS maintenance therapy in adolescent patients with moderate
      symptomatic asthma. Larger responses were observed with the 5-MUg tiotropium
      dose.

PMID- 26960248
TI  - Errata.

PMID- 26960247
TI  - Efficient network disintegration under incomplete information: the comic effect
      of link prediction.
AB  - The study of network disintegration has attracted much attention due to its wide
      applications, including suppressing the epidemic spreading, destabilizing
      terrorist network, preventing financial contagion, controlling the rumor
      diffusion and perturbing cancer networks. The crux of this matter is to find the
      critical nodes whose removal will lead to network collapse. This paper studies
      the disintegration of networks with incomplete link information. An effective
      method is proposed to find the critical nodes by the assistance of link
      prediction techniques. Extensive experiments in both synthetic and real networks
      suggest that, by using link prediction method to recover partial missing links in
      advance, the method can largely improve the network disintegration performance.
      Besides, to our surprise, we find that when the size of missing information is
      relatively small, our method even outperforms than the results based on complete
      information. We refer to this phenomenon as the "comic effect" of link
      prediction, which means that the network is reshaped through the addition of some
      links that identified by link prediction algorithms, and the reshaped network is
      like an exaggerated but characteristic comic of the original one, where the
      important parts are emphasized. 

PMID- 26960249
TI  - Prescribers' behavior following below- versus above-range international
      normalized ratio values in warfarin-treated deep vein thrombosis patients.
AB  - Maintaining acceptable international normalized ratio (INR) control among deep
      vein thrombosis (DVT) patients taking warfarin is challenging. We evaluated
      prescribers' behavior to out-of-range INRs in DVT patients following initial INR
      stabilization. Following INR stabilization, a below-range INR was associated with
      fewer subsequent measurements and warfarin-dosing adjustments, and a longer time
      to re-achieve a therapeutic INR compared to an above-range INR.

PMID- 26960251
TI  - Corrigendum: X-Linked Retinoschisis: Phenotypic Variability in a Chinese Family.

PMID- 26960250
TI  - In vivo cross-sectional imaging of the phonating larynx using long-range Doppler
      optical coherence tomography.
AB  - Diagnosis and treatment of vocal fold lesions has been a long-evolving science
      for the otolaryngologist. Contemporary practice requires biopsy of a glottal
      lesion in the operating room under general anesthesia for diagnosis. Current in
      office technology is limited to visualizing the surface of the vocal folds with
      fiber-optic or rigid endoscopy and using stroboscopic or high-speed video to
      infer information about submucosal processes. Previous efforts using optical
      coherence tomography (OCT) have been limited by small working distances and
      imaging ranges. Here we report the first full field, high-speed, and long-range
      OCT images of awake patients' vocal folds as well as cross-sectional video and
      Doppler analysis of their vocal fold motions during phonation. These vertical
      cavity surface-emitting laser source (VCSEL) OCT images offer depth resolved,
      high-resolution, high-speed, and panoramic images of both the true and false
      vocal folds. This technology has the potential to revolutionize in-office imaging
      of the larynx. 

PMID- 26960252
TI  - Late Sequel of Meningococcemia: Skeletal Dysplasia.

PMID- 26960253
TI  - [Toward a New Immunization Schedule in Spain, 2016 (Part 1)].
AB  - The immunization Schedule is a dynamic public health tool that has incorporated
      different changes over the years influenced by the epidemiologic situation and
      the scientific evidence. The Immunization Advisory Committee [Ponencia de
      Programa y Registro de Vacunaciones], as the Interterritorial Council scientific
      and technical advisory body, carries out assessments of different programmes and
      vaccines and proposes changes that after approval will be introduced in the
      Regions schedule. This article is divided into two parts presenting the rationale
      followed to propose a new schedule for the immunization against diphtheria,
      tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and invasive disease by Haemophilus influenzae
      type b. This first part is focused in the reasoning to undertake the assessment,
      the review of the immunization policy and the impact of immunization in Spain, as
      well as a review of the immunization schedules in similar countries. 

PMID- 26960255
TI  - Evaluating the capabilities model of dementia care: a non-randomized controlled
      trial exploring resident quality of life and care staff attitudes and
      experiences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This 12 month, Australian study sought to compare the Capabilities
      Model of Dementia Care (CMDC) with usual long-term care (LTC), in terms of (1)
      the effectiveness of the CMDC in assisting care staff to improve Quality Of Life
      (QOL) for older people with dementia; and (2) whether implementation of the CMDC
      improved staff attitudes towards, and experiences of working and caring for the
      person with dementia. METHODS: A single blind, non-randomized controlled trial
      design, involving CMDC intervention group (three facilities) and a comparison
      usual LTC practice control group (one facility), was conducted from August 2010
      to September 2011. Eighty-one staff members and 48 family members of a person
      with dementia were recruited from these four LTC facilities. At baseline, 6 and
      12 months, staff completed a modified Staff Experiences of Working with Demented
      Residents questionnaire (SEWDR), and families completed the Quality of Life -
      Alzheimer's Disease questionnaire (QOL-AD). RESULTS: LTC staff in the usual care
      group reported significantly lower SEWDR scores (i.e. less work satisfaction)
      than those in the CMDC intervention group at 12 months (p = 0.005). Similarly,
      family members in the comparison group reported significantly lower levels of
      perceived QOL for their relative with dementia (QOL-AD scores) than their
      counterparts in the CMDC intervention group at 12 months (p = 0.012).
      CONCLUSIONS: Although the study has a number of limitations the CMDC appears to
      be an effective model of dementia care - more so than usual LTC practice. The
      CMDC requires further evaluation with participants from a diverse range of LTC
      facilities and stages of cognitive impairment.

PMID- 26960256
TI  - Correction: Self-monitored photothermal nanoparticles based on core-shell
      engineering.
AB  - Correction for 'Self-monitored photothermal nanoparticles based on core-shell
      engineering' by Erving C. Ximendes et al., Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 3057-3066. 

PMID- 26960254
TI  - The unconventional myosin CRINKLED and its mammalian orthologue MYO7A regulate
      caspases in their signalling roles.
AB  - Caspases provide vital links in non-apoptotic regulatory networks controlling
      inflammation, compensatory proliferation, morphology and cell migration. How
      caspases are activated under non-apoptotic conditions and process a selective set
      of substrates without killing the cell remain enigmatic. Here we find that the
      Drosophila unconventional myosin CRINKLED (CK) selectively interacts with the
      initiator caspase DRONC and regulates some of its non-apoptotic functions. Loss
      of CK in the arista, border cells or proneural clusters of the wing imaginal
      discs affects DRONC-dependent patterning. Our data indicate that CK acts as
      substrate adaptor, recruiting SHAGGY46/GSK3-beta to DRONC, thereby facilitating
      caspase-mediated cleavage and localized modulation of kinase activity. Similarly,
      the mammalian CK counterpart, MYO7A, binds to and impinges on CASPASE-8,
      revealing a new regulatory axis affecting receptor interacting protein kinase-1
      (RIPK1)>CASPASE-8 signalling. Together, our results expose a conserved role for
      unconventional myosins in transducing caspase-dependent regulation of kinases,
      allowing them to take part in specific signalling events. 

PMID- 26960257
TI  - [Early detection or screening in the prevention of prostate cancer?]
AB  - Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in men in the developed world
      and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA, behind lung
      cancer. In Europe, it is the third leading cause of cancer death in men (after
      lung and colorectal cancers). The role of PC screening is currently being
      questioned. The following article summarises the most relevant epidemiological
      aspects of PC, as well as major clinical trials of PC screening, and
      recommendations of the various medical scientific associations on whether or not
      to screen for PC.

PMID- 26960258
TI  - Modifications in nitric oxide and superoxide anion metabolism induced by fructose
      overload in rat heart are prevented by (-)-epicatechin.
AB  - Fructose overload promotes functional and metabolic derangements in humans and in
      animal experimental models. Evidence suggests that dietary flavonoids have the
      ability to prevent/attenuate the development of metabolic diseases. In this work
      we investigated the effects of (-)-epicatechin on the modifications induced by
      fructose overload in the rat heart in terms of nitric oxide and superoxide
      metabolism. Male Sprague Dawley rats received 10% (w/v) fructose in the drinking
      water for 8 weeks, with or without (-)-epicatechin (20 mg per kg body weight per
      day) in the rat chow diet. These conditions of fructose overload did not lead to
      overt manifestations of heart hypertrophy or tissue remodeling. However,
      biochemical and molecular changes were observed and could represent the onset of
      functional alterations. (-)-Epicatechin prevented a compromised NO
      bioavailability and the development of oxidative stress produced by fructose
      overload essentially acting on superoxide anion metabolism. In this line, the
      increase in superoxide anion production, the overexpression of NOX2 subunit
      p47phox and of NOX4, the decrease in superoxide dismutase activity, and the
      higher oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio installed by fructose overload were
      absent in the rats receiving (-)-epicatechin. These results support the
      hypothesis that diets rich in (-)-epicatechin could prevent the onset and
      progression of heart dysfunctions associated with metabolic alterations. 

PMID- 26960260
TI  - Response to: Sjogren's syndrome and halitosis: A case report.

PMID- 26960259
TI  - Brain mechanisms associated with internally directed attention and self-generated
      thought.
AB  - Internal cognition like imagination and prospection require sustained internally
      directed attention and involve self-generated thought. This fMRI study aimed to
      disentangle the brain mechanisms associated with attention-specific and task
      specific processes during internally directed cognition. The direction of
      attention was manipulated by either keeping a relevant stimulus visible
      throughout the task, or by masking it, so that the task had to be performed "in
      the mind's eye". The level of self-directed thought was additionally varied
      between a convergent and a divergent thinking task. Internally directed attention
      was associated with increased activation in the right anterior inferior parietal
      lobe (aIPL), bilateral lingual gyrus and the cuneus, as well as with extended
      deactivations of superior parietal and occipital regions representing parts of
      the dorsal attention network. The right aIPL further showed increased
      connectivity with occipital regions suggesting an active top-down mechanism for
      shielding ongoing internal processes from potentially distracting sensory
      stimulation in terms of perceptual decoupling. Activation of the default network
      was not related to internally directed attention per se, but rather to a higher
      level of self-generated thought. The findings hence shed further light on the
      roles of inferior and superior parietal cortex for internally directed cognition.

PMID- 26960261
TI  - The interlocking finger test in patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The interlocking finger test (ILFT) is a bedside screening test in which the
      subject must imitate four bimanual finger gestures without symbolic meaning. We
      assessed the utility of the test in the cognitive evaluation of patients with
      Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated 88 healthy subjects and 101 patients with
      PD using a simplified motor score of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
      (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr and Schwab and England scales, Geriatric Depression
      Scale, Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire, Clinical Dementia Rating,
      Mini-Mental State Examination, clock drawing test, digit span, word list battery
      of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease assessment,
      Frontal Assessment Battery, semantic verbal fluency test, and the ILFT. Diagnoses
      of mild cognitive impairment and dementia were made using the Movement Disorder
      Society diagnostic criteria. ILFT scores in healthy subjects correlated
      significantly with age (p=0.001) and only one healthy subject scored 2 in the
      test. ILFT scores were significantly lower in patients with PD and dementia
      (p=0.001) and significantly correlated with cognitive and functional tests, but
      not with depressive symptoms (p=0.607), Hoehn and Yahr scores (p=0.907), or
      Schwab and England scores (p=0.701). Twenty-five patients with dementia, three
      patients with mild cognitive impairment, and six patients with apparently normal
      cognition scored less than 3 in the ILFT. The area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve for the ILFT to discriminate patients with dementia from
      those without it was 0.76 (cut-off score of 3/2: sensitivity of 61%, specificity
      of 0.85). In conclusion, the ILFT seems to be a useful bedside test to assess
      cognitive impairment in patients with PD. 

PMID- 26960262
TI  - Chronic basilar artery dissection with an associated symptomatic aneurysm
      presenting with massive subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - Basilar artery dissection (BAD) is a rare condition with a worse prognosis than a
      dissection limited to the vertebral artery. We report a rare case of chronic BAD
      with an associated symptomatic aneurysm presenting with massive subarachnoid
      hemorrhage (SAH) in a 54-year-old woman. The diagnosis of acute BAD could only be
      made retrospectively, based on clinical and neuroradiological studies from a
      hospital admission 10months earlier. Angiography performed after her SAH showed
      unequivocal signs of imperfect healing; she was either post-recanalization of a
      complete occlusion or post-dissection. Residual multi-channel intraluminal
      defects led to the development of a small aneurysm, which was responsible for the
      massive hemorrhage. The occurrence of an associated aneurysm, and wall disease,
      but not an intraluminal process, reinforces the diagnosis of dissection. The
      patient was fully recovered at 90day follow-up. This case reinforces the need for
      long-term neuroradiological surveillance after non-hemorrhagic intracranial
      dissections to detect the development of de novo aneurysms. 

PMID- 26960264
TI  - Proteus mirabilis abscess involving the entire neural axis.
AB  - Intramedullary spinal cord abscesses are rare and potentially devastating lesions
      usually associated with other infective processes such as bacterial endocarditis,
      or pulmonary or urogenital infection. We describe a 2-year-old girl who presented
      with an infected dermal sinus leading to an intraspinal abscess. This abscess
      eventually spread and involved the entire neural axis leaving her quadriparetic.
      Drainage of the abscess resulted in recovery and the child regained normal
      function of her limbs. To our knowledge this is the first documented case of an
      intramedullary abscess involving the entire neural axis. 

PMID- 26960263
TI  - Utility of positron emission tomography in schwannomatosis.
AB  - Schwannomatosis is characterized by multiple non-intradermal schwannomas with
      patients often presenting with a painful mass in their extremities. In this
      syndrome malignant transformation of schwannomas is rare in spite of their large
      size at presentation. Non-invasive measures of assessing the biological behavior
      of plexiform neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis type 1 such as positron emission
      tomography (PET), CT scanning and MRI are well characterized but little
      information has been published on the use of PET imaging in schwannomatosis. We
      report a unique clinical presentation portraying the use of PET imaging in
      schwannomatosis. A 27-year-old woman presented with multiple, rapidly growing,
      large and painful schwannomas confirmed to be related to a constitutional
      mutation in the SMARCB1 complex. Whole body PET/MRI revealed numerous PET-avid
      tumors suggestive of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Surgery was
      performed on multiple tumors and none of them had histologic evidence of
      malignant transformation. Overall, PET imaging may not be a reliable predictor of
      malignant transformation in schwannomatosis, tempering enthusiasm for surgical
      interventions for tumors not producing significant clinical signs or symptoms. 

PMID- 26960265
TI  - Optimal duration of video-electroencephalographic monitoring to capture seizures.
AB  - We aimed to find the optimal duration of long-term video-electroencephalographic
      monitoring (VEM) to capture seizures in patients with epileptic seizures (ES) and
      psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) by evaluating the time to first
      clinical event and the diagnostic yield of clinical events and positive cases in
      each day of VEM. Patients aged ?18years who underwent VEM from May 2009 to June
      2014 were studied retrospectively. Demographic, clinical and VEM data (including
      total monitoring length, type and time to first event, total number of ES/PNES)
      were collected. The difference in time to the first event between ES and PNES was
      analysed with Mann-Whitney U test. Of 207 VEM studies performed during the 5year
      period, 108 recordings captured seizures (ES and PNES) (52.2%). Median times to
      the first ES and PNES were 19.7 and 23.4hours, respectively (p=0.99). A small
      majority (53.7%) of event-positive patients had their first event on the first
      day of monitoring. By the end of the fifth day, 98% of all clinical events were
      captured and 99% of all positive cases were diagnosed. In conclusion, in a
      patient monitoring program where a diagnosis is reached by capturing seizures,
      5days is probably sufficient to capture the greatest number of events and
      diagnose 99% of those patients. 

PMID- 26960266
TI  - Geographical access to radiation therapy in North Queensland: a retrospective
      analysis of patient travel to radiation therapy before and after the opening of
      an additional radiotherapy facility.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Access to radiation therapy (RT) underlies optimal care for
      prostate and breast cancer patients. This study investigates the impact of
      opening a new RT clinic on distance and road travel time to RT, and overall
      utilisation for prostate and breast cancer patients over a 3-year period in North
      Queensland (NQ), Australia. METHODS: The study used retrospective audit of two
      radiotherapy databases and a geographic information system to illustrate patient
      origins and distance to the RT clinic used over 3 years. Prostate and female
      breast cancer patients were selected from the radiation oncology databases of The
      Townsville Hospital (TTH) and Radiation Oncology Queensland (ROQ) Cairns between
      1 July 2010 and 30 June 2013. Distance from a patient's home origin to the RT
      facility was mapped using a geographic information system (ArcGIS software), and
      travel time (minutes) and road distance (km) determined by Google Maps road
      directions. RESULTS: Overall number of prostate and breast cancer patients
      treated by RT in Cairns and Townsville clinics increased by 16% in 2011-2012 and
      by 29% in 2012-2013 from year 1 values. In 2010, 44% of the patients travelled
      200-400 km to RT, which reduced to 21% in 2013. By 2013, with a second treatment
      facility, more than 70% of patients lived within 200 km of an RT facility
      (p<0.0001). Total median road travel time reduced annually from 201 minutes in
      2010-2011 to 66 minutes in 2011-2012 and 56 minutes in 2012-2013 (p<0.0001),
      corresponding to a decrease in the median distance travelled to an RT facility.
      CONCLUSIONS: An additional RT facility in NQ has led to an increase in patients
      treated with RT for prostate and breast cancer and, on average, less travel
      distance and time to treatment, suggesting improvement in access to RT in NQ.

PMID- 26960268
TI  - Colorimetric method for rapid detection of Oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus
      aureus and its comparison with PCR for mec A gene.
AB  - Rapid and accurate detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      (MRSA) is an important role of clinical microbiology laboratories to avoid
      treatment failure. The detection of MRSA is based on phenotypic assays which
      require at least 24 h to perform. Detection of the mecA gene or of PBP 2a is the
      "gold standard", but not always available. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      a rapid method for detection of MRSA by using 3 (4, 5 dimethyl thiazole -2-yl) 
      2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Total 126 isolates of MRSA were
      collected from tertiary healthcare center and were confirmed by oxacillin
      screening agar test as per CLSI guidelines. Amplification of mecA gene was
      performed by using PCR. MTT assay was carried out for all the isolates in 96 well
      Microtitre plate and compared with standard methods of CLSI. Out of 126 isolates,
      98 were found to be mecA positive. MTT method was found to be 98.98% sensitive
      and 96.43% specific. The MTT based colorimetric method is rapid and simple test
      for screening of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. It significantly
      shortens the time to just 7 h required to obtained a drug susceptibility test and
      could be useful to screen MRSA. 

PMID- 26960267
TI  - Estrogen ameliorates microglial activation by inhibiting the Kir2.1 inward
      rectifier K(+) channel.
AB  - Microglial activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
      (PD). Although the etiology of PD remains unclear, age and male gender are known
      PD risk factors. By comparing microglia and dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the
      substantia nigra (SN) of male and female mice of different ages, we found that
      the degrees of microglial activation and DA neuron loss increased with age in
      both genders, but were more pronounced in males, as were peripheral
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation and DA neuron loss. A
      bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) eliminated the female-associated protection against
      age- and LPS-induced microglial activation, which suggests that ovary hormones
      are involved in gender-specific responses. Treating female mice with 17beta
      estradiol supplements reduced the age-associated microglial activation in OVX
      mice. Moreover, pretreating mouse BV2 microglial cells with 17beta-estradiol
      inhibited LPS-induced elevation of Toll-like receptor 4, phosphorylated p38, and
      TNF-alpha levels. We then examined the effect of 17beta-estradiol on inward
      rectifier K(+) channel Kir2.1, a known regulator of microglial activation. We
      found that 17beta-estradiol inhibited the Kir2.1 activity of BV2 cells by
      reducing the probability that the channel would be open. We conclude that age-
      and inflammation-associated microglial activation is attenuated by ovarian
      estrogen, because it inhibits Kir2.1. 

PMID- 26960269
TI  - [A case of MELAS associated with histochemical findings of muscles characteristic
      of MERRF].
AB  - We here report a 39-year-old woman of short stature with sensorineural deafness,
      who suddenly developed status epilepticus. T2-weighed image of brain magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a high signal lesion in the left temporal area,
      the distribution of which was not compatible with any particular arterial supply.
      Lactate and pyruvate were elevated in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. As the
      mitochondrial gene analysis revealed the m.3243A>G mutation, diagnosis of
      mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episode
      (MELAS) was made. In the histochemical study of a biopsied muscle, the
      intramuscular blood vessels reacted strongly with SDH (SSV), but the SSV was
      negative for cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the findings characteristic of myoclonic
      epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF). This is the first case of MELAS in which
      the muscle histochemistry showed positive SSV unassociated with increased COX. 

PMID- 26960270
TI  - [A case of rhabdomyolysis after status epilepticus without stroke-like episodes
      in mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like
      episodes].
AB  - A 24-year-old man was referred to our hospital emergency department due to a
      sudden onset of convulsions after drinking. On arrival he presented status
      epilepticus and was managed by artificial ventilation. He had no brainstem signs
      or meningeal irritation. Head MRI showed an old infarction-like lesion in the
      left occipital lobe, but no abnormal signals on diffusion-weighted images. The
      patient showed acute rhabdomyolysis (CK 18,000 IU/l) and renal failure, and
      hemodialysis was started. On 18 day after admission, he was transferred to our
      department with mild proximal limb muscle weakness and bilateral sensorineural
      hearing impairment. Electroencephalography demonstrated diffuse intermittent slow
      wave activities. We suspected a mitochondrial disease because of a significant
      increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio (24.1) in the spinal fluid, and identified
      A3243G mutations in mitochondrial DNA (heteroplasmy 20%) in peripheral white
      blood cells. We diagnosed his illness as mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy,
      lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). This is a rare case presenting
      an acute onset of rhabdomyolysis following alcohol intake related to A3243G
      mitochondrial mutation without preceding stroke-like episodes. 

PMID- 26960271
TI  - [A case of primary central nervous system vasculitis diagnosed by second brain
      biopsy and treated successfully].
AB  - We report a case of primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) diagnosed
      by second brain biopsy. A 53-year-old man initially presented with left lateral
      gaze diplopia. Brain MRI revealed multiple enhanced lesions in the bilateral
      frontal lobe, bilateral basal ganglia, left cerebellum and brainstem. An initial
      brain biopsy of the right frontal lobe suggested immune-related encephalitis with
      angiocentric accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells, while malignant lymphoma
      could not be completely ruled out. The patient deteriorated despite being treated
      with repeated methylprednisolone pulse therapy, cyclophosphamide, and
      plasmapheresis. A second brain biopsy of the right temporal lobe was then
      performed. The biopsied specimens showed vascular wall disruption and fibrinoid
      necrosis with perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, mainly composed of CD8
      positive T cells, and PCNSV was diagnosed. He was treated with high dose
      corticosteroids, in combination with methotrexate (8 mg/week), which reduced the
      brain lesions. As brain biopsy is an essential investigation for the histological
      diagnosis of PCNSV; subsequent biopsies may be required when a histopathological
      diagnosis has not been obtained by the first biopsy, and further aggressive
      therapy is being considered. 

PMID- 26960272
TI  - [Multiple cerebral artery occlusion due to non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis:
      an autopsy case report].
AB  - A 60-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of vertigo and repeated
      vomiting, which suddenly occurred 25 hours before admission. Neurologic
      examination revealed Wallenberg syndrome on the left side, and brain MRI showed
      acute infarcts in the left lateral medulla as well as in the left internal
      carotid artery (ICA) territory. MR angiography did not depict the left vertebral
      artery (VA) and the left ICA. Despite antithrombotic treatment, he developed
      bulbar palsy, and then, brain herniation due to infarct growth in the left middle
      cerebral artery territory. He died on day 9. Histopathlogical examination found
      verruca involving the mitral leaflet, which was consistent with non-bacterial
      thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). Atherosclerosis was also found in the systemic
      arteries, and there was sclerotic stenosis with calcification at the portion of
      piercing dulla matter in the left VA and at the cavernous segment of the left
      ICA. Because the cerebral emboli in the narrowed lumen presented a histologic
      appearance similar to that of the verruca, the diagnosis of brain embolism due to
      NBTE was confirmed. 

PMID- 26960273
TI  - Correspondence: Reply to 'SEMA4A variation and risk of colorectal cancer'.

PMID- 26960274
TI  - Effect of students' determination of testing time on their test performance.
AB  - This article investigates whether giving students control over preparing for and
      the moment of taking a test affects their test results in comparison with when
      the school is in control of the amount of training followed by a predetermined
      test moment. The students participated in training for manual dexterity. After
      the training, the students performed a test. The results of the test were stored
      in a database. Students from the group with freedom to select the moment of the
      test performed much better than those in the other group who did not have the
      freedom to select the moment for the test, with significantly fewer students
      requiring three attempts to pass the test. The fact that students when given the
      responsibility to develop manual skills performed better than when guided by the
      policy of the school is hopeful in the sense that students can learn in an early
      stage of their study to take responsibility for learning.

PMID- 26960276
TI  - Endoscope-Assisted Microsurgical Removal of an Intraventricular Ependymal Cyst
      That Manifested with Tremor.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intraventricular ependymal cysts (ECs) are rare, histologically
      benign neuroepithelial cysts. Most of these cysts are clinically silent and
      discovered incidentally. Rarely, they become symptomatic, leading to obstruction
      of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. ECs located inside the ventricles may
      manifest with signs of increased intracranial pressure. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 32
      year-old woman presented with a 6-year history of tremor affecting her left hand.
      In the last month, she had been experiencing headache as well, and the tremor of
      the left hand was affecting her quality of life. The patient demonstrated a fine
      resting and intention tremor of the left hand and a voice tremor. Magnetic
      resonance imaging revealed a large cystic, nonenhancing lesion within the right
      lateral ventricle. The fluid within the cyst was isointense to cerebrospinal
      fluid on all sequences. Because of the rapid progression of her symptoms and no
      response to medication, surgical decompression of the cyst was considered. The
      cyst was removed by an endoscope-assisted microsurgical technique. Her
      postoperative course was uneventful. A marked reduction in her tremor was noted
      in the immediate postoperative period. Histopathologic diagnosis was of an EC.
      During the follow-up period, the patient's tremor, although still present, had
      improved dramatically. At 6 months postoperatively, she could hold a drinking
      glass without spilling. CONCLUSIONS: This is a unique case of an intraventricular
      EC that manifested with tremor, which improved by endoscope-assisted
      microsurgical removal of the cyst. This case also supports the important role of
      endoscopic surgery in the treatment of intraventricular cystic lesions.

PMID- 26960277
TI  - Endoscopic Endonasal Anterior Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review of
      Complications During the Past 65 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endoscopic skull base surgery is becoming more popular as an approach
      to the anterior skull base for tumors and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulae. It
      offers the advantages of better cosmesis and improved quality of life after
      surgery. We reviewed the complication rates reported in the literature. METHODS:
      A literature search was performed in the electronic database Ovid MEDLINE (1950
      to August 25, 2015) with the search item "([Anterior] AND Skull base surgery) AND
      endoscopic." RESULTS: We identified 82 relevant studies that included 7460 cases.
      An average overall complication rate of 17.1% (range 0%-68.0%) and a mortality
      rate of 0.4% (0%-10.0%) were demonstrated in a total of 82 studies that included
      7460 cases. The average CSF leak rate for all studies was 8.9% (0%-40.0%) with
      meningiomas and clival lesions having the greatest CSF leak rates. The most
      frequent benign pathology encountered was pituitary adenomas (n = 3720, 49.8% of
      all cases) and the most frequent malignant tumor was esthesioneuroblastoma (n =
      120, 1.6% of all cases). Studies that included only CSF fistula repairs had a
      lower average total complication rate (12.9%) but a greater rate of meningitis
      compared with studies that reported mixed pathology (2.4% vs. 1.3%). A trend
      towards a lower total complication rate with increasing study size was observed.
      CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic approach is an increasingly accepted technique for
      anterior skull base tumor surgery and is associated with acceptable complication
      rates. Increasing experience with this technique can decrease rates of
      complications.

PMID- 26960278
TI  - Progesterone for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis Review of Randomized
      Controlled Trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis to determine whether progesterone, compared
      with placebo or no treatment, influences mortality and neurologic outcome in
      traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: To identify eligible studies, systematic
      searches for randomized controlled trials of progesterone treatment in TBI were
      conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and
      ClinicalTrials.gov databases. The search yielded 8 studies that were included in
      the meta-analysis. Included data were study characteristics, patient
      demographics, baseline characteristics, progesterone treatment protocol, main
      outcome of mortality, and secondary neurologic outcome evaluated using the
      Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: The 8 studies comprised 2585 patients. The meta
      analysis indicated that there was no evidence that progesterone treatment
      decreased the risk of mortality in patients with TBI; the overall risk ratio was
      0.852 (95% confidence interval, 0.632-1.144; P = 0.284). In the secondary outcome
      analysis, progesterone had no neuroprotective role in improving neurologic
      outcome; the overall risk ratio was 1.151 (95% confidence interval, 0.0991-1.338;
      P = 0.06). Subgroup analysis according to the degree of injury assessed by the
      Glasgow Coma Scale demonstrated similar results. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the
      largest meta-analysis conducted to date to determine whether progesterone is
      effective in the treatment of TBI. The findings indicate that progesterone
      treatment does not decrease mortality or improve neurologic outcome in patients
      with TBI.

PMID- 26960280
TI  - Telemedicine Is Here.

PMID- 26960281
TI  - Operant Conditioning and the Practice of Defensive Medicine.

PMID- 26960279
TI  - Management Overview: Taking a Patient with Intracranial Hemorrhage Related to
      Direct Oral Anticoagulants to the Operating Room.
AB  - Options for anticoagulation have been expanding constantly during the past few
      years, providing a greater number of agents for prevention and management of
      thromboembolic disease. Although heparins and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) has
      been used extensively for many decades, their narrow therapeutic range,
      interactions with other medications and food, and the need for routine monitoring
      of blood levels have led to the search for less problematic alternatives. Direct
      oral anticoagulants represent an important advance in anticoagulation therapy,
      directly inhibiting thrombin (dabigatran) or factor Xa (rivaroxaban, apixaban)
      they represent an effective and safe alternatives to VKAs and heparins in the
      prevention and treatment of several thromboembolic disorders. DOCAs are
      associated with a low overall intracranial hemorrhage risk; however, life
      threatening bleeding can occur. Reversal agents are approved for some and under
      development for others, concerns over the lack of antidotes or difficulty in
      obtaining them has tempered enthusiasm for their use because of the perception of
      better safety with heparins and VKAs as a result of the availability of effective
      reversal strategies. Appropriate use of these agents requires knowledge of their
      individual characteristics, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, ways of
      monitoring, and when needed, manage patients in need of urgent surgery especially
      in life-threatening bleeds. This article provides a suggested comprehensive
      approach to manage patients with intracranial hemorrhage while on direct oral
      anticoagulants who require an urgent surgical intervention and who cannot wait
      for plasma concentration to decline. 

PMID- 26960283
TI  - The Philosophy of Kaizen and Telemedicine.

PMID- 26960282
TI  - High Carbonic Anhydrase-9 Expression Identifies a Subset of 1p/19q Co-Deletion
      and Favorable Prognosis in Oligodendroglioma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between 3 hypoxic markers, carbonic
      anhydrase-9 (CA-9), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, and HIF-2alpha and the
      traditional genetic markers, deletions of chromosomes 1p and 19q and Isocitrate
      dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H mutation in oligodendrogliomas. METHODS: Thirty-one
      oligodendrogliomas (27 World Health Organization Grade [WHO] II and 4 WHO Grade
      III) were processed into tissue microarray. Fluorescence in situ hybridization
      was exploited to detect chromosome deletion, whereas immunohistochemistry was
      performed to assess IDH1R132H mutation, CA-9, HIF-1alpha, and HIF-2alpha
      expression. RESULTS: The frequencies of 1p/19q co-deletion and IDH1 R132H
      mutation were 68% and 71%, respectively. High expression of CA-9 was observed in
      42% and was associated with longer survival (P = 0.04) in WHO Grade II
      oligodendroglioma. High CA-9 expression also identified 62% of 1p/19q-codeleted
      oligodendroglioma (P = 0.001). In addition, all tumors with high CA-9 expression
      displayed 1p/19q-codeletion. HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha provided no additional
      prognostic value for survival. CONCLUSIONS: High expression of CA-9, a marker for
      hypoxia and acidosis, is associated with favorable prognosis in
      oligodendroglioma. In addition, it may serve as a simple screening test for
      1p/19q co-deletion if validated in larger cohorts.

PMID- 26960284
TI  - Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Neurogenic Bladder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurogenic bladder refers to dysfunction of the urinary bladder
      secondary to diseases of the nervous system that result in problems with urine
      storage, micturition, or both. The most common causes are multiple sclerosis and
      spinal cord injury. Patients commonly present with recurrent UTIs, obstructive
      uropathies, and urinary retention. Without proper treatment, neurogenic bladder
      may result in nephropathy and renal failure, both of which have a significant
      negative impact on the health and life expectancy of patients. Restoration of
      lost neural function using artificial stimulators is a feasible therapeutic
      strategy. This article reviews the pathophysiology of neurogenic bladder and the
      2 most commonly employed sacral nerve stimulation methods-the Brindley procedure
      and sacral neuromodulation.

PMID- 26960285
TI  - Techniques and Outcomes of Gore-Tex Clip-Wrapping of Ruptured and Unruptured
      Cerebral Aneurysms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Some aneurysms without a definable neck and associated parent vessel
      pathology are particularly difficult to treat and may require clipping with
      circumferential wrapping. We report the largest available contemporary series
      examining the techniques of Gore-Tex clip-wrapping of ruptured and unruptured
      intracranial aneurysms and patient outcomes. METHODS: The presentation, location,
      and shape of the aneurysm; wrapping technique; outcome at discharge and last
      follow-up; and any change in the aneurysm at last angiographic follow-up were
      reviewed retrospectively in 30 patients with Gore-Tex clip-wrapped aneurysms.
      RESULTS: Gore-Tex clip-wrapping was used in 8 patients with ruptured aneurysms
      and 22 patients with unruptured aneurysms. Aneurysms included 23 fusiform, 3
      blister, and 4 otherwise complex, multilobed, or giant aneurysms. Of the 30
      aneurysms, 63% were in the anterior circulation. The overall mean patient age was
      52.5 years (range, 17-80 years). Postoperatively, there were no deaths or
      worsening of neurologic status and no parent vessel stenoses or strokes. The mean
      Glasgow Outcome Scale score at last follow-up was 4.7. The mean follow-up time
      was 42.3 months (median, 37.0 months; range, 3-96 months). There were 105.8
      patient follow-up years. Aneurysms recurred in 2 patients with Gore-Tex clip
      wrapping. No patients developed rehemorrhage. Overall risk of recurrence was 1.9%
      annually. CONCLUSIONS: Gore-Tex has excellent material properties for
      circumferential wrapping of aneurysms and parent arteries. It is inert and does
      not cause a tissue reaction or granuloma formation. Gore-Tex clip-wrapping can be
      used safely for microsurgical management of ruptured and unruptured cerebral
      aneurysms with acceptable recurrence and rehemorrhage rates.

PMID- 26960286
TI  - Patterns of Recurrence After Resection of Malignant Gliomas With BCNU Wafer
      Implants: Retrospective Review in a Single Institution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU) wafers have been demonstrated to be
      effective for prolonging survival for patients with malignant glioma and have
      been approved worldwide. BCNU wafers are implantable and have a unique feature of
      delivering chemotherapeutic drug at high concentration at tumor margin over time
      after resection. BCNU wafers presumably, by this mechanistic rationale, have a
      beneficial effect on local tumor control and thus could change the pattern of
      recurrence, which is most frequently local. However, no studies have demonstrated
      such phenomenon after BCNU wafer implants. METHODS: To investigate whether the
      surgeries with BCNU wafers alter the predominant tendency of local recurrence
      pattern, we retrospectively reviewed 8 malignant glioma patients treated with
      BCNU wafers (BCNU wafer group), together with 22 glioma patients who did not
      receive BCNU wafers (no-BCNU wafer group) for comparison. RESULTS: Out of 6
      patients in BCNU wafer group who exhibited recurrence, 1 showed local, 2 showed
      diffuse, and 3 showed a distant recurrence pattern, which was away from resection
      cavity. On the other hand, out of 18 patients in the no-BCNU wafer group who
      exhibited recurrence, 10 showed a local pattern, 8 showed a diffuse pattern, and
      no cases showed distant pattern. Distant pattern was observed significantly more
      frequently in the BCNU wafer group than in the no-BCNU wafer group. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results suggest that BCNU wafers could have a beneficial effect on local
      tumor control and may provide BCNU wafers with a new profile that could be
      considered for establishing future chemotherapeutic strategy for glioma patients.

PMID- 26960287
TI  - Prognostic Factors in Patients with Primary Hemangiopericytomas of the Central
      Nervous System: A Series of 103 Cases at a Single Institution.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a rare mesenchymal tumor that tends to
      affect the central nervous system and is associated with distant metastasis and a
      high recurrence rate. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic
      factors in patients with primary HPC who received surgical treatment. METHODS:
      This retrospective study reviewed all adult patients with primary HPC of the
      central nervous system treated from 2001 to 2009 at our institution. Clinical
      information, adjuvant radiation, and expression levels of Ki-67 and p53 were
      correlated with patient outcomes. RESULTS: The final analysis included 103
      patients. The mean follow-up period was 75.9 months +/- 36.5 (range, 1-165
      months). There was a significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) (P
      < 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.014) between patients who underwent gross
      total resection versus subtotal resection. Expression of p53 was found in 48.5%
      of patients and showed utility as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor
      for PFS (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed that only extent of tumor
      resection (P = 0.004) and p53 expression (P = 0.024) were independent prognostic
      factors for PFS. Adjuvant radiation was found to extend PFS only in the p53
      negative expression group (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Gross total resection
      significantly improves the outcome of patients with primary HPCs, whereas
      adjuvant radiation contributes significantly to PFS only in patients with
      negative p53 expression and in patients with incomplete resections. Extent of
      resection and p53 expression may serve as prognostic markers for the outcome of
      patients with primary HPC.

PMID- 26960288
TI  - Determination of Protein Content by NIR Spectroscopy in Protein Powder Mix
      Products.
AB  - Protein is a principal component in commonly used dietary supplements and health
      food products. The analysis of these products, within the consumer package form,
      is of critical importance for the purpose of ensuring quality and supporting
      label claims. A rapid test method was developed using near-infrared (NIR)
      spectroscopy as a compliment to current protein determination by the Dumas
      combustion method. The NIR method was found to be a rapid, low-cost, and green
      (no use of chemicals and reagents) complimentary technique. The protein powder
      samples analyzed in this study were in the range of 22-90% protein. The samples
      were prepared as mixtures of soy protein, whey protein, and silicon dioxide
      ingredients, which are common in commercially sold protein powder drink-mix
      products in the market. A NIR regression model was developed with 17 samples
      within the constituent range and was validated with 20 independent samples of
      known protein levels (85-88%). The results show that the NIR method is capable of
      predicting the protein content with a bias of +/-2% and a maximum bias of 3%
      between NIR and the external Dumas method. 

PMID- 26960289
TI  - Associations between urban metrics and mortality rates in England.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Seventy-five percent of the population in Europe live in urban areas
      and analysing the effects of urban form on the health of the urban population is
      of great public health interest. Not much is known, however, on the effects of
      urban form on the health of city dwellers. This study uses a novel approach to
      investigate whether associations exist between different measures of urban form
      and mortality risks in cities in England. METHODS: We conducted an ecological,
      cross-sectional study for urban areas in England with more than 100,000 residents
      (n = 50) and included all registered premature deaths (<65 years) between 1(st)
      January 2002 and 31(st) December 2009. To describe and categorise urban form we
      quantified the distribution and density of population, land cover and transport
      networks and measures of geographical characteristics. We used Poisson regression
      models to examine associations between the measures of urban form and age
      standardised risks of deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and traffic
      accidents after adjustment for socioeconomic status and smoking. Analysis was
      stratified by gender to explore differential associations between females and
      males. RESULTS: There were a total of 200,200 premature deaths during the study
      period (Females: 37 %; Males: 63 %). Transport network patterns were associated
      with overall and cardiovascular mortality rates in cities. We saw 12 % higher
      mortality risk after adjustment in cities with high junction density compared to
      cities with low density [Females: RR 1.12 (95 % CI 1.10 - 1.15); Males: RR 1.12
      (95 % CI 1.10-1.14)]; the risk was slightly higher for cardiovascular mortality
      [Females: RR 1.16 (95 % CI 1.10 - 1.22); Males: RR 1.12 (95 % CI 1.09 - 1.16)].
      Associations between mortality and population patterns were of similar magnitude
      [Females: RR 1.10 (95 % CI 1.09 - 1.13); Males: RR 1.09 (95 % CI 1.07-1.10)];
      associations between mortality and land cover patterns were inconclusive.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found an association between transport patterns and risk of
      premature mortality. Associations between urban form and mortality observed in
      this study suggest that characteristics of city structure might have negative
      effects on the overall health of urban communities. Future urban planning and
      regeneration strategies can benefit from such knowledge to promote a healthy
      living environment for an increasing urban population.

PMID- 26960290
TI  - Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Development of SCAR Markers in a Mycogone
      perniciosa Population.
AB  - The fungus Mycogone perniciosa is a major pathogen of the common button mushroom
      Agaricus bisporus. Analysis of genetic diversity in M. Perniciosa may assist in
      developing methods for prophylaxis and treatment of M. Perniciosa infections. For
      this, it is necessary to classify M. Perniciosa into relevant class groups
      quickly and efficiently. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple
      sequence repeats (ISSR), and sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)
      markers were used to obtain genetic fingerprints and assess the genetic variation
      among 49 strains of M. perniciosa collected from different areas of Fujian
      Province in China. Analysis of DNA sequence polymorphism revealed two major
      distinct groups (Group I and Group II). Specific DNA fragments that were
      identified through RAPD, ISSR, and SRAP markers were sequenced and used for the
      designing of stable sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. The
      resulting SCAR markers were then validated against the classified groups of M.
      perniciosa. 

PMID- 26960293
TI  - Shakespeare in the Operating Theater: A Review of Steven Soderberg's The Knick,
      2014.

PMID- 26960291
TI  - Spongiiferula fulva gen. nov., sp. nov., a Bacterium of the Family
      Flavobacteriaceae Isolated from a Marine Sponge.
AB  - A Gram stain-negative, strictly aerobic, brown-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped,
      chemoheterotrophic bacterial strain-designated A6F-119(T) was isolated from a
      marine sponge (Rhabdastrella sp.). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA
      gene sequence revealed that the new strain represented a member of the family
      Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it showed highest sequence
      similarity (93 %) to Tenacibaculum maritimum NBRC 15946(T). The strain could be
      differentiated phenotypically from the recognized members of the family
      Flavobacteriaceae. The DNA G + C content of strain A6F-119(T) was determined to
      be 30.8 mol%; MK-6 was identified as the major menaquinone; and the presence of
      iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and C16:1 omega7c and/or C16:1 omega6c as the major
      (>10 %) cellular fatty acids. A polar lipid profile was present consisting of
      phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, and three unidentified
      lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and
      phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus
      for which the name Spongiiferula fulva gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type
      strain of S. fulva is A6F-119(T) (= KCTC 42752(T) = NBRC 111402(T)). 

PMID- 26960292
TI  - Analysis of the Impact of Rosuvastatin on Bacterial Mevalonate Production Using a
      UPLC-Mass Spectrometry Approach.
AB  - Statins are widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering medications and act through
      inhibition of the human enzyme 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-R)
      which produces mevalonate (MVAL), a key substrate for cholesterol biosynthesis.
      Some important microbial species also express an isoform of HMG-R; however, the
      nature of the interaction between statins and bacteria is currently unclear and
      studies would benefit from protocols to quantify MVAL in complex microbial
      environments. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol for the
      analytical quantification of MVAL in bacterial systems and to utilise this
      approach to analyse the effects of Rosuvastatin (RSV) on bacterial MVAL
      formation. To determine the effective concentration range of RSV, we examined the
      dose-dependent inhibition of growth in the HMG-R(+) bacterial pathogens Listeria
      monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium at various
      concentrations of pure RSV. Growth inhibition generally correlated with a
      reduction in bacterial MVAL levels, particularly in culture supernatants at high
      RSV concentrations, as determined using our ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography mass spectrometry protocol. This work therefore outlines a refined
      protocol for the analysis of MVAL in microbial cultures and provides evidence for
      statin-mediated inhibition of bacterial HMG-R. Furthermore, we show that MVAL is
      readily transported and secreted from bacterial cells into the growth media. 

PMID- 26960294
TI  - Mindfulness, Mysticism, and Narrative Medicine.
AB  - Mindfulness based interventions (MBIs) are rapidly emerging in health care
      settings for their role in reducing stress and improving physical and mental
      health. In such settings, the religious roots and affiliations of MBIs are
      downplayed, and the possibilities for developing spiritual, even mystical, states
      of consciousness are minimized. This article helps rebalance this trend by using
      the tools of medical humanities and narrative medicine to explore MBI as a bridge
      between medical and spiritual approaches to health related suffering. My
      narrative medicine method draws insights from the arts and humanities that are
      rarely used in standard clinical research but are increasingly common among
      medical humanities and narrative medicine scholars. The specific path I take will
      be to work through historical, linguistic, and philosophic dimensions of
      mindfulness and mysticism as relevant to illness, suffering, death, and dying. I
      close with two case examples in which mindfulness is used as an intentionally
      spiritual practice for health concerns.

PMID- 26960295
TI  - Introduction - Beckett, Medicine and the Brain.

PMID- 26960296
TI  - Safety, Stability and Pharmacokinetic Properties of (super)Factor Va, a Novel
      Engineered Coagulation Factor V for Treatment of Severe Bleeding.
AB  - PURPOSE: Activated (super)Factor V ((super)FVa) is a novel engineered FV with
      excellent prohemostatic efficacy. (Super)FVa has three APC cleavage site
      mutations and an interdomain disulfide bond. Stability, pharmacokinetics, and
      immunogenic and thrombogenic potential are reported here. METHODS: Stability and
      circulating half-life were determined after incubation in buffer and human
      plasma, and after injection into FVIII-deficient mice. Immunogenicity potential
      was assessed by B- and T-cell specific epitope prediction and structural analysis
      using surface area and atomic depth computation. Thrombogenic potential was
      determined by quantification of lung fibrin deposition in wild-type mice after
      intravenous injection of (super)FVa (200 U/kg), recombinant human (rh) Tissue
      Factor (0.4-16 pmol/kg), rhFVIIa (3 mg/kg) or saline. RESULTS: FVa retained full
      activity over 30 h in buffer, the functional half-life in human plasma was 4.9 h,
      and circulating half-life in FVIII-deficient mice was ~30 min. Predicted
      immunogenicity was not increased compared to human FV. While rh Tissue Factor,
      the positive control, resulted in pronounced lung fibrin depositions (mean 121
      MUg/mL), (super)FVa did not (6.7 MUg/mL), and results were comparable to fibrin
      depositions with rhFVIIa (7.6 MUg/mL) or saline (5.6 MUg/mL). CONCLUSION: FVa has
      an appropriate safety and stability profile for further preclinical development
      as a prohemostatic against severe bleeding.

PMID- 26960299
TI  - From four hands to two feet: human evolution in the context of primate evolution.

PMID- 26960298
TI  - Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system placement for severe uterine
      cervical stenosis after conization: two case reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several approaches for treating severe uterine cervical stenosis
      after conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia have been reported; yet,
      the condition can still be difficult to treat successfully. CASE PRESENTATION: We
      performed uterine cervical dilation surgery in two patients with severe stenosis,
      followed by insertion of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, which
      is used for dysmenorrhea or endometriosis-related pain because of its strong
      progesterone activity. Patient 1 was a 34-year-old Japanese woman who was
      diagnosed with dysmenorrhea caused by recurrent uterine cervical stenosis and
      hematometra after laser conization. Patient 2 was a 44-year-old Japanese woman
      who developed dysmenorrhea and prolonged menstruation caused by uterine cervical
      stenosis without hematometra. After providing informed consent, they underwent
      cervical dilation surgery followed by insertion of the levonorgestrel-releasing
      intrauterine system. After treatment, their symptoms immediately improved, and
      after removal of their devices, they remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the first report to confirm the usefulness and
      easy applicability of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for
      uterine cervical stenosis. Although we had success with the method, this study of
      two patients is preliminary. Further study with larger numbers of patients is
      necessary to confirm the usefulness of our technique.

PMID- 26960300
TI  - "Identification Card": Sites on Histone Modification of Cancer Cell.
AB  - Formation of malignant tumor originating from normal healthy cell is a multistep
      process including genetic and epigenetic lesions. Previous studies of cell line
      model systems displayed that early important epigenetic events happened in
      stepwise fashion prior to cell immortalization. Once these epigenetic alterations
      are integrated into chromatin, they will perform vertical propagation through
      cell subculture. Hence, status of epigenetics is dramatically important in
      maintaining of cell identity. Histone modification is another factor of
      epigenetic alterations during human oncogenesis. Histones, one of main components
      of chromatin, can be modified post-translationally. Histone tail modifications
      are regulated by corresponding modification enzymes. This review focuses on the
      description of relationship between the main sites of histone modification and
      oncogenesis. 

PMID- 26960301
TI  - Efficacy of Topical Tacrolimus for Erosive Oral Lichen Planus: A Meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus for erosive
      oral lichen planus (EOLP). METHODS: Literatures published up to December 2013
      were searched from PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Chinese BioMedical Literature
      Database (CBM), and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE).
      All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of topical tacrolimus for EOLP which
      compared with other interventions or a placebo were considered in this Meta
      analysis. Two researchers collected data independently. The assessment of
      methodological quality was based on Cochrane Handbook and the materials were
      analyzed with the software Revman 5.2.5. The primary outcome measures were the
      symptoms (e.g. pain, discomfort) complained by patients. The secondary outcome
      measures included the improvement rate of clinical signs assessed by the
      investigators and the incidence of adverse effects (e.g. clinical candidiasis).
      RESULTS: A total of 9 RCTs involving 476 patients were finally included. The
      pooled odds ratio (OR) of clinical improvement for topical tacrolimus vs. topical
      corticosteroids was 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-2.22, I2: 44%].
      Regarding to 0.1% tacrolimus and 0.03% tacrolimus, the pooled OR were 1.87 (95%
      CI: 0.60-5.82) and 1.47 (95% CI: 0.14-16.04) respectively in subgroup analysis.
      No serious adverse events were reported in topical tacrolimus group. CONCLUSIONS:
      There was no evidence to support that topical tacrolimus for EOLP was more
      effective and safer than topical corticosteroids in this Meta-analysis. Clinical
      assessment criteria should be established and accepted by clinicians and
      researchers before further RCTs are undertaken.

PMID- 26960297
TI  - Rhinoviruses and Their Receptors: Implications for Allergic Disease.
AB  - Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are picornaviruses that can cause a variety of illnesses
      including the common cold, lower respiratory tract illnesses such as bronchitis
      and pneumonia, and exacerbations of asthma. RVs are classified into three
      species, RV-A, B, and C, which include over 160 types. They utilize three major
      types of cellular membrane glycoproteins to gain entry into the host cell:
      intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (the majority of RV-A and all RV-B),
      low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family members (12 RV-A types), and
      cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) (RV-C). CDHR3 is a member of cadherin
      superfamily of transmembrane proteins with yet unknown biological function, and
      there is relatively little information available about the mechanisms of RV-C
      interaction with CDHR3. A coding single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330) in
      CDHR3 could promote RV-C infections and illnesses in infancy, which could in turn
      adversely affect the developing lung to increase the risk of asthma. Further
      studies are needed to determine how RV infections contribute to pathogenesis of
      asthma and to develop the optimal treatment approach to control asthma
      exacerbations. 

PMID- 26960302
TI  - Effect of Ursolic Acid on Breast Cancer Resistance Protein-mediated Transport of
      Rosuvastatin In Vivo and Vitro.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether ursolic acid can inhibit breast cancer resistance
      protein (BCRP)-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vivo and in vitro. METHODS:
      Firstly, we explored the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, a substrate of
      BCRP) in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid. Secondly, we studied
      the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats in the presence or absence of
      ursolic acid or Ko143 (inhibitor of BCRP). Finially, the concentration-dependent
      transport of rosuvastatin and the inhibitory effects of ursolic acid and Ko143
      were examined in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) 2-BCRP421CC (wild type) cells
      and MDCK2-BCRP421AA (mutant type) cells. RESULTS: As a result, significant
      changes in pharmacokinetics parameters of 5-FU were observed in rats following
      pretreatment with ursolic acid. Both ursolic acid and Ko143 could significantly
      affect the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. The rosuvastatin transport in the
      BCRP overexpressing system was increased in a concentration-dependent manner.
      However, there was no statistical difference in BCRP-mediated transport of
      rosuvastatin betweent the wild type cells and mutant cells. The same as Ko143,
      ursolic acid inhibited BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vitro.
      CONCLUSION: Ursolic acid appears to be a potent modulator of BCRP that affects
      the pharmacokinetic of rosuvastatin in vivo and inhibits the transport of
      rosuvastatin in vitro.

PMID- 26960303
TI  - Management of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: A Case Series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To survey effective treatment strategies for cesarean scar pregnancy
      (CSP). METHODS: The clinical data of 78 patients diagnosed with CSP from January
      2010 to December 2013 were reviewed. RESULTS: Among these patients, 17 patients
      were first treated at our hospital; of them, 2 were misdiagnosed. The other 61
      patients were referred from other hospitals; of them, 21 were initially
      misdiagnosed. There were 9 patients who were treated with laparotomy, 50 patients
      with curettage after uterine artery embolization (UAE) with or without local
      methotrexate (MTX) infusion, 10 patients with dilatation and curettage, 6
      patients with transvaginal sonographic guided local intragestational MTX
      injection, and 3 patients with systemic MTX injection. All patients finally
      recovered. Patients with excessive vaginal hemorrhage underwent either emergency
      UAE treatment or laparotomy. These two treatments had similar success rates
      (81.82% vs. 100%, chi2 =0.289, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The accurate diagnosis of
      CSP is important. Curettage after UAE with or without local MTX infusion is a
      safe and effective method.

PMID- 26960304
TI  - Gender Differences in Ventricular-vascular Coupling Following Exercise.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the differences of cardiovascular system between men and
      women in response to exercise stress. METHODS: Forty healthy youth were tested
      according to Bruce protocol of exercise stress. They were detected by
      ultrasonography during the rest, peak exercise, and recovery stages,
      respectively. The left ventricular diastolic elastance (Ed), effective arterial
      elastance (Ea), left ventricular end-systolic elatance (Ees), ventricular
      vascular coupling index (VVI), and total stiffness index (TSI) were measured and
      calculated according to the formulas. The results of all stages were compared
      according to genders. RESULTS: All stages, the Ed, TSI, and VVI of women were
      higher than those of men, but the Ees was lower than that of men (all P<0.05);
      there was no significant difference in Ea between men and women. The Ed, Ees, Ea,
      and TSI were closely related with left ventricular oxygen consumption and heart
      function, and women showed more closely. Before and after exercise, the changes
      were different in Ed, Ees, Ea, TSI, and VVI (all P<0.05), and VVI changed least.
      CONCLUSIONS: Before and after exercise, the ventricular stiffness matched well
      with arterial stiffness and maintained within a narrow range. For women, the
      tolerance of exercise was lower than that of men.

PMID- 26960305
TI  - Retroperitoneal Versus Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review published literatures comparing the safety and effectiveness
      of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RLPN) with transperitoneal
      laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (TLPN) and provide reference for clinical work.
      METHODS: The search strategy was performed to identify relevant papers from the
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar,
      China Hospital Knowledge Database, Wangfang Chinese Periodical Database, and VIP
      Chinese Periodical Database. All papers comparing RLPN with TLPN were included
      from 2000 to 2015. Two to three reviewers independently screened, evaluated, and
      extracted the included papers. A Meta-analysis was executed by using Review
      Manager 5.3 software. The interesting outcomes were tumor size, operating time,
      estimated blood loss, warm ischaemia time, length of hospital stay, positive
      margin rate, open conversion rate, overall complication rate, and recurrence
      rate. RESULTS: The literature search obtained 378 papers, then 10 of them were
      ultimately met the inclusion criteria and included in the systematic review.
      Finally, 6 of the 10 papers were included in the Meta-analysis. RLPN had
      significantly less operating time [P = 0.01, mean difference (MD)=-33.68, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) within (-60.35, -7.01)] and shorter length of hospital
      stay [P < 0.0001, MD=-1.47, 95% CI within (-2.18, -0.76)] than TLPN. Significant
      differences were not found between RLPN and TLPN in other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:
      RLPN may be equally safe and be faster than TLPN. Each center can choose a
      modality according to your own operating habits and experience.

PMID- 26960306
TI  - Effect of Atorvastatin on Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated
      Receptor Beta/delta in Angiotensin II-induced Hypertrophic Myocardial Cells In
      Vitro.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of atorvastatin on cardiac hypertrophy and to
      determine the potential mechanism involved. METHODS: An in vitro cardiomyocyte
      hypertrophy from neonatal rats was induced with angiotensin II (Ang II)
      stimulation. Before Ang II stimulation, the cultured rat cardiac myocytes were
      pretreated with atorvastatin at different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10
      MUmol/L). The following parameters were evaluated: the myocyte surface area, 3H
      leucine incorporation into myocytes, mRNA expressions of atrial natriuretic
      peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, matrix metalloproteinase 9, matrix
      metalloproteinase 2, and interleukin-1beta, mRNA and protein expressions of the
      delta/beta peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes. RESULTS:
      It was shown that atorvastatin could ameliorate Ang II-induced neonatal
      cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the area of cardiomyocytes, 3H-leucine
      incorporation, and the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain
      natriuretic peptide markedly. Meanwhile, atorvastatin also inhibited the
      augmented mRNA level of several cytokines in hypertrophic myocytes. Furthermore,
      the down-regulated expression of PPAR- delta/beta at both the mRNA and protein
      levels in hypertrophic myocytes could be significantly reversed by atorvastatin
      treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin could improve Ang II-induced cardiac
      hypertrophy and inhibit the expression of cytokines. Such effect might be partly
      achieved through activation of the PPAR-delta/beta pathway.

PMID- 26960307
TI  - Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Apoptosis and Invasion of Human
      Cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 Cell Line.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by
      hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) on apoptosis and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma
      QBC939 cell lines. METHODS: In vitro cultured cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cell line
      was exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 MUg/ml HPD with 5, 10, and 15 J/cm2
      light intensity, respectively. The optical density at 450 nm of the QBC939 cells
      was measured by CCK8 assay and its growth inhibition ratio was calculated. Flow
      cytometry and transwell migration assay were applied to detect cell apoptosis and
      invasion respectively. RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry analyses were used to
      detect expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C),
      cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to examine the secretion of
      VEGF-C and COX-2 in QBC939 cells. RESULTS: Exposure to HPD-PDT can significantly
      suppress the growth of QBC939 cells (all P<0.05). HPD-PDT can promote apoptosis
      of QBC939 cells at the early stage. When the concentration of HPD was 2 MUg/ml
      and light irradiation was 5 J/cm2, HPD-PDT had no obvious inhibitory effect on
      QBC939 cell growth, but can obviously inhibit cell invasion, and significant
      difference was observed between the HPD-PDT and control groups (P<0.01). The HPD
      PDT can reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF-C, COX-2, and PCNA, and
      decrease the secretion of VEGF-C and COX-2 in QBC939 cells. CONCLUSION: PDT could
      promote apoptosis and inhibit growth and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells
      QBC939 in vitro.

PMID- 26960308
TI  - Inhibition Mechanism of Novel Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4(5H)-one Derivatives
      Against Proliferation of A549 and H322 Cancer Cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the inhibition mechanism and safety of pyrazolo[1,5
      a]pyrazin-4(5H)-one derivatives against proliferation of human lung cancer A549
      cells, H322 cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). METHODS:
      Cells were treated with 40 MUmol/L of the ppo3a, ppo3b, ppo3i, and 0.1% DMSO
      (control) for 48 hours, respectively. Apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33258
      staining assay in H322 and A549 cells. Cell cycle distribution was determined by
      flow cytometry analysis in A549 cell. LC3-II, p53, and heat shock protein (HSP)
      70 protein levels were detected by Western blotting in A549 cells treated with
      ppo3b for 48 hours. The morphology and viability of HUVEC were observed by
      inverted microscope and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. RESULTS: Ppo3a, ppo3b, and
      ppo3i significantly induced apoptosis in H322 and A549 cells. A strong G1-phase
      arrest was concomitant with the growth inhibitory effect on A549 cells. Ppo3b
      effectively elevated the p53 protein level, but significantly reduced the HSP70
      protein level. There were no significantly inhibitory effect on the morphology
      and viability of HUVEC when treated with ppo3a, ppo3b, and ppo3i. CONCLUSIONS:
      ppo3a, ppo3b, and ppo3i could inhibit H322 proliferation through apoptosis and
      inhibit A549 through apoptosis and G1-phase arrest. The protein p53 and HSP70
      might involve in the inhibition effects. These derivatives might be a clue to
      find effective and safe drug for lung cancers.

PMID- 26960309
TI  - Pseudophakic Malignant Glaucoma Treatment Assisted with Anterior Segment Optical
      Coherence Tomography: A Case Report.

PMID- 26960310
TI  - Extraskeletal Chondroma in the Popliteal Region: A Case Report.

PMID- 26960311
TI  - Adjusting to a Diagnosis of Cancer: Processes for Building Patient Capacity for
      Decision-Making.
AB  - This short report contributes to the expanding body of qualitative research
      literature about the cognitive processes of newly diagnosed cancer patients as
      they adjust to a diagnosis of cancer. The study is based on secondary qualitative
      analysis of audio records collected as part of a larger NIH study (RO1D: An
      Interdisciplinary Perspective: A Social Science Examination of Oncofertility RL1
      HD058296). Core categories illustrate the processes of "naming it," "dealing with
      dealing with it," and finding the "new norm" and were based on nine patient
      experiences. We observe that our substantive conceptual categories have
      equivalents in bereavement and grief literature where researchers have posited
      the theory that processing the diagnosis of a terminal illness is the equivalent
      to adjusting to a bereavement. These findings emphasize the importance of
      understanding real-time patient thoughts and feelings as soon after diagnosis as
      was possible with full patient consent.

PMID- 26960312
TI  - Unilateral facial flushing precipitated by eating.

PMID- 26960313
TI  - Erratum to: DAPK plays an important role in panobinostat-induced autophagy and
      commits cells to apoptosis under autophagy deficient conditions.

PMID- 26960314
TI  - Novel SDHB and TMEM127 Mutations in Patients with Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma
      Syndrome.
AB  - Pheochromocytomas (Pheo) and paragangliomas (PGL) are rare tumors, with
      heterogeneous genetic background. In up to 30 % of all, apparently sporadic
      Pheo/PGL cases germline mutations can be identified in one of the 15 genes
      representing genetic susceptibility for Pheo/PGL. Malignancy is rare but it
      frequently associates with SDHB mutations. Our aim was to determine the
      prevalence of germline SDHx, SDHAF2, MAX and TMEM127 mutations in Hungarian
      patients with apparently sporadic Pheo/PGLs. Mutation screening of the SDHx,
      SDHAF2, MAX and TMEM127 genes was performed in 82 Hungarian patients with
      apparently sporadic Pheo/PGL using PCR and bidirectional Sanger sequencing.
      Disease-causing germline mutations were identified in 11 patients, of which 4
      SDHB and 2 TMEM127 mutations were novel. Earlier development of Pheo/PGL, more
      malignant phenotype and multiple tumors were observed in genetically positive
      cases especially in those with SDHB mutations. The presence of bilateral or
      multiple tumors was the most predictive for identification of a pathogenic
      mutation. Together with cases harboring germline RET, VHL and NF1 mutations,
      Hungarian patients with Pheo/PGL exhibit a heterogeneous mutation spectrum,
      indicating that all of the Pheo/PGL susceptibility genes should be tested. Novel
      genotype-phenotype associations revealed by our study may contribute to
      improvement of diagnostic approaches and may help to achieve a better clinical
      follow up for patients with Pheo/PGL. 

PMID- 26960315
TI  - The C2H2-type transcription factor, FlbC, is involved in the transcriptional
      regulation of Aspergillus oryzae glucoamylase and protease genes specifically
      expressed in solid-state culture.
AB  - Aspergillus oryzae produces a large amount of secreted proteins in solid-state
      culture, and some proteins such as glucoamylase (GlaB) and acid protease (PepA)
      are specifically produced in solid-state culture, but rarely in submerged
      culture. From the disruption mutant library of A. oryzae transcriptional
      regulators, we successfully identified a disruption mutant showing an extremely
      low production level of GlaB but a normal level of alpha-amylase production. This
      strain was a disruption mutant of the C2H2-type transcription factor, FlbC, which
      is reported to be involved in the regulation of conidiospore development.
      Disruption mutants of other upstream regulators comprising a conidiation
      regulatory network had no apparent effect on GlaB production in solid-state
      culture. In addition to GlaB, the production of acid protease in solid-state
      culture was also markedly decreased by flbC disruption. Northern blot analyses
      revealed that transcripts of glaB and pepA were significantly decreased in the
      flbC disruption strain. These results suggested that FlbC is involved in the
      transcriptional regulation of genes specifically expressed under solid-state
      cultivation conditions, possibly independent of the conidiation regulatory
      network. 

PMID- 26960317
TI  - Erratum to: Impacts of ruminal microorganisms on the production of fuels: how can
      we intercede from the outside?

PMID- 26960316
TI  - Discovery of the cell-penetrating function of A2 domain derived from LTA subunit
      of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.
AB  - Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is a protein toxin produced by enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli (ETEC). As a bacterial toxin, LT holotoxin can enter intestinal
      epithelial cells and cause diarrhea. In addition, LT is also a powerful mucosal
      adjuvant capable of enhancing the strong immune responses to co-administered
      antigens. However, the LT immunological mechanism is still not clear in some
      aspects, especially with the respect to how the LTA subunit functions alone.
      Here, we discovered that the A2 domain of LTA could carry a fluorescent protein
      into cells, whose function is similar to a cell-penetrating peptide. The
      transmembrane-transporting ability of the A2 domain is non-specific in its cell
      penetrating function, which was shown through testing with different cell types.
      Moreover, the LTA2 fusion protein penetrated a fluorescently labeled cell
      membrane that identified LTA2 internalization through membrane transport
      pathways, and showed it finally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
      Furthermore, low-temperature stress and pharmacological agent treatments showed
      that the LTA2 internalization route is a temperature-dependent process involving
      the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the macropinocytosis pathways. These
      results could explain the internalization of the LTA subunit alone without the
      LTB pentamer, contributing to a better understanding of LTA working as a mucosal
      adjuvant; they also suggest that the A2 domain could be used as a novel transport
      vehicle for research and treatment of disease. 

PMID- 26960318
TI  - Antibacterial activity of curcumin via apoptosis-like response in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - Curcumin, a naturally occurring phenolic compound, has been shown to exhibit
      antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, etc., but the mechanism remains unclear. The present study was
      designed to investigate the novel antibacterial mechanism of curcumin that shows
      an apoptosis-like response in E. coli. We found that curcumin induces membrane
      damage at relatively high concentrations, but there was no effect at the minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC). At the MIC, curcumin-treated cells displayed
      various apoptotic markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation,
      membrane depolarization, and Ca(2+) influx. Expression of RecA protein, which
      mediates a bacterial apoptosis-like response, was also increased by curcumin. In
      order to evaluate the influence of RecA on the appearance of other apoptotic
      markers, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and DNA fragmentation were examined and
      compared with a RecA deletion strain (DeltaRecA). These markers were detected in
      E. coli wild-type cells, but not in DeltaRecA cells. In conclusion, our data
      demonstrate that curcumin induces an apoptosis-like response in E. coli that
      involves RecA. 

PMID- 26960319
TI  - Population and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in a
      pollutants' receiving area in Hangzhou Bay.
AB  - The community structure of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms is sensitive to
      various environmental factors, including pollutions. In this study, real-time PCR
      and 454 pyrosequencing were adopted to investigate the population and diversity
      of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) temporally and spatially in
      the sediments of an industrial effluent receiving area in the Qiantang River's
      estuary, Hangzhou Bay. The abundances of AOA and AOB amoA genes fluctuated in
      10(5)-10(7) gene copies per gram of sediment; the ratio of AOA amoA/AOB amoA
      ranged in 0.39-5.52. The AOA amoA/archaeal 16S rRNA, AOB amoA/bacterial 16S rRNA,
      and AOA amoA/AOB amoA were found to positively correlate with NH4 (+)-N
      concentration of the seawater. Nitrosopumilus cluster and Nitrosomonas-like
      cluster were the dominant AOA and AOB, respectively. The community structures of
      both AOA and AOB in the sediments exhibited significant seasonal differences
      rather than spatial changes in the effluent receiving area. The phylogenetic
      distribution of AOB in this area was consistent with the wastewater treatment
      plants (WWTPs) discharging the effluent but differed from the Qiantang River and
      other estuaries, which might be an outcome of long-term effluent discharge. 

PMID- 26960320
TI  - Biological denitrification using poly(butanediol succinate) as electron donor.
AB  - Poly(butanediol succinate) (PBS), a biodegradable polymer, was used as both solid
      carbon source and biofilm carrier for biological nitrate removal process, in
      which PBS was filled in a packed-bed bioreactor. The denitrification performance
      and the microbial diversity of biofilm attached on the surface of PBS were
      investigated. The experimental results showed that the volumetric denitrification
      rate was 0.60 kg m(-3) day(-1) when NO3-N loading rate was 0.63 kg m(-3) day(-1),
      and the average NO2-N concentration was below 0.20 mg L(-1). The effluent pH
      value decreased slightly from a range of 6.98-7.87 to 6.46-7.18. The analysis of
      microbial community structure of biofilm by pyrosequencing method showed that
      Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum (89.87 %), and beta-Proteobacteria
      represented the most abundant class. Among the 76 identified genera,
      Dechloromonas (10.26 %), Alicycliphilus (9.15 %), Azospira (8.92 %), and
      Sinobacteraceae-uncultured (8.75 %) were the abundant genera. PBS, as a promising
      alternative carbon source, is a suitable solid carbon source and biofilm carrier
      for nitrate removal. 

PMID- 26960321
TI  - Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermentations to reduce
      ethanol content in wine.
AB  - Decreasing the ethanol content in wine is a current challenge, mainly due to the
      global climate change and to the consumer preference for wines from grapes with
      increased maturity. In this study, a central composite design (CCD) and response
      surface methodology (RSM) approach was used to investigate the potential
      application of Starmerella bacillaris (synonym Candida zemplinina) in combination
      with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in mixed (co-inoculated and sequential) cultures,
      to understand better the mechanism of co-habitation and achieve the objective of
      reducing the ethanol in wines. Laboratory scale fermentations demonstrated a
      decrease up to 0.7 % (v/v) of ethanol and an increase of about 4.2 g/L of
      glycerol when S. cerevisiae was inoculated with a delay of 48 h with respect to
      the inoculation of S. bacillaris. Pilot-scale fermentations, carried out in
      winemaking conditions, confirmed the laboratory results. This study demonstrates
      that the combination of strains and inoculation protocol could help to reduce the
      ethanol content in wines. 

PMID- 26960322
TI  - Solid lipid nanoparticle loaded with paromomycin: in vivo efficacy against
      Leishmania tropica infection in BALB/c mice model.
AB  - Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted through the bite of an infected
      phlebotomine sand fly and caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania.
      There is no available vaccine for leishmaniasis in human, and the current
      chemotherapy approaches are hampered by different clinical problems. Most of
      available drugs are confined to a limited number of toxic chemical compounds,
      which some parasite strains have evolved drug resistance against. Hence, drug
      discovery and production of a new anti leishmanial compound is essential. One
      promising strategy is using the nanoparticle delivery systems with the aim of
      accelerating the efficacy of the available treatments. In the present study,
      paromomycin sulfate (PM) was formulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and
      the in vivo efficacy was investigated against Leishmania tropica in BALB/c mice
      model. To do so, the increase in footpad thickness was measured and real-time PCR
      was performed to quantify the parasite load after infectious challenge. The level
      of nitric oxide and cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon
      (IFN -gamma) were assessed. Altogether, the results show that PM loaded into SLN
      is significantly more effective than PM alone in inhibiting the parasite
      propagation and switching towards Th1 response. 

PMID- 26960323
TI  - A breakthrough in enzyme technology to fight penicillin resistance-industrial
      application of penicillin amidase.
AB  - Enzymatic penicillin hydrolysis by penicillin amidase (also penicillin acylase,
      PA) represents a Landmark: the first industrially and economically highly
      important process using an immobilized biocatalyst. Resistance of infective
      bacteria to antibiotics had become a major topic of research and industrial
      activities. Solutions to this problem, the antibiotics resistance of infective
      microorganisms, required the search for new antibiotics, but also the development
      of derivatives, notably penicillin derivatives, that overcame resistance. An
      obvious route was to hydrolyse penicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), as
      a first step, for the introduction via chemical synthesis of various different
      side chains. Hydrolysis via chemical reaction sequences was tedious requiring
      large amounts of toxic chemicals, and they were cost intensive. Enzymatic
      hydrolysis using penicillin amidase represented a much more elegant route. The
      basis for such a solution was the development of techniques for enzyme
      immobilization, a highly difficult task with respect to industrial application.
      Two pioneer groups started to develop solutions to this problem in the late 1960s
      and 1970s: that of Gunter Schmidt-Kastner at Bayer AG (Germany) and that of
      Malcolm Lilly of Imperial College London. Here, one example of this development,
      that at Bayer, will be presented in more detail since it illustrates well the
      achievement of a solution to the problems of industrial application of enzymatic
      processes, notably development of an immobilization method for penicillin amidase
      suitable for scale up to application in industrial reactors under economic
      conditions. A range of bottlenecks and technical problems of large-scale
      application had to be overcome. Data giving an inside view of this pioneer
      achievement in the early phase of the new field of biocatalysis are presented.
      The development finally resulted in a highly innovative and commercially
      important enzymatic process to produce 6-APA that created a new antibiotics
      industry and that opened the way for the establishment of over 100 industrial
      processes with immobilized biocatalysts worldwide today. 

PMID- 26960324
TI  - Extracted magnetic resonance texture features discriminate between phenotypes and
      are associated with overall survival in glioblastoma multiforme patients.
AB  - GBM is a markedly heterogeneous brain tumor consisting of three main volumetric
      phenotypes identifiable on magnetic resonance imaging: necrosis (vN), active
      tumor (vAT), and edema/invasion (vE). The goal of this study is to identify the
      three glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) phenotypes using a texture-based gray-level
      co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) approach and determine whether the texture features
      of phenotypes are related to patient survival. MR imaging data in 40 GBM patients
      were analyzed. Phenotypes vN, vAT, and vE were segmented in a preprocessing step
      using 3D Slicer for rigid registration by T1-weighted imaging and corresponding
      fluid attenuation inversion recovery images. The GBM phenotypes were segmented
      using 3D Slicer tools. Texture features were extracted from GLCM of GBM
      phenotypes. Thereafter, Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to select the
      significant features. Robust predictive GBM features were identified and
      underwent numerous classifier analyses to distinguish phenotypes. Kaplan-Meier
      analysis was also performed to determine the relationship, if any, between
      phenotype texture features and survival rate. The simulation results showed that
      the 22 texture features were significant with p value <0.05. GBM phenotype
      discrimination based on texture features showed the best accuracy, sensitivity,
      and specificity of 79.31, 91.67, and 98.75 %, respectively. Three texture
      features derived from active tumor parts: difference entropy, information measure
      of correlation, and inverse difference were statistically significant in the
      prediction of survival, with log-rank p values of 0.001, 0.001, and 0.008,
      respectively. Among 22 features examined, three texture features have the ability
      to predict overall survival for GBM patients demonstrating the utility of GLCM
      analyses in both the diagnosis and prognosis of this patient population.

PMID- 26960325
TI  - Automated Bone Scan Index as a quantitative imaging biomarker in metastatic
      castration-resistant prostate cancer patients being treated with enzalutamide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Having performed analytical validation studies, we are now assessing
      the clinical utility of the upgraded automated Bone Scan Index (BSI) in
      metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In the present study, we
      retrospectively evaluated the discriminatory strength of the automated BSI in
      predicting overall survival (OS) in mCRPC patients being treated with
      enzalutamide. METHODS: Retrospectively, we included patients who received
      enzalutamide as a clinically approved therapy for mCRPC and had undergone bone
      scan prior to starting therapy. Automated BSI, prostate-specific antigen (PSA),
      hemoglobin (HgB), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were obtained at baseline.
      Change in automated BSI and PSA were obtained from patients who have had bone
      scan at week 12 of treatment follow-up. Automated BSI was obtained using the
      analytically validated EXINI Bone(BSI) version 2. Kendall's tau (tau) was used to
      assess the correlation of BSI with other blood-based biomarkers. Concordance
      index (C-index) was used to evaluate the discriminating strength of automated BSI
      in predicting OS. RESULTS: Eighty mCRPC patients with baseline bone scans were
      included in the study. There was a weak correlation of automated BSI with PSA
      (tau = 0.30), with HgB (tau = -0.17), and with ALP (tau = 0.56). At baseline, the
      automated BSI was observed to be predictive of OS (C-index 0.72, standard error
      (SE) 0.03). Adding automated BSI to the blood-based model significantly improved
      the C-index from 0.67 to 0.72, p = 0.017. Treatment follow-up bone scans were
      available from 62 patients. Both change in BSI and percent change in PSA were
      predictive of OS. However, the combined predictive model of percent PSA change
      and change in automated BSI (C-index 0.77) was significantly higher than that of
      percent PSA change alone (C-index 0.73), p = 0.041. CONCLUSIONS: The upgraded and
      analytically validated automated BSI was found to be a strong predictor of OS in
      mCRPC patients. Additionally, the change in automated BSI demonstrated an
      additive clinical value to the change in PSA in mCRPC patients being treated with
      enzalutamide.

PMID- 26960326
TI  - Neurolymphomatosis in a cat.
AB  - A 9-year-old male mixed breed cat showed chronic progressive neurological
      symptoms, which are represented by ataxia and seizures. At necropsy, spinal roots
      and spinal ganglions at the level of sixth cervical nerve to second thoracic
      nerve were bilaterally swollen and replaced by white mass lesions. Right brachial
      plexus and cranial nerves (III, V and VII) were also swollen. A mass lesion was
      found in the right frontal lobe of the cerebrum. Histologically, neoplastic
      lymphocytes extensively involved the peripheral nerves, and they infiltrated into
      the cerebral and spinal parenchyma according to the peripheral nerve tract.
      Immunohistochemically, most neoplastic lymphocytes were positive for CD20. The
      clinical and histological features in this case resemble those of
      neurolymphomatosis in humans. 

PMID- 26960327
TI  - Anopheles farauti is a homogeneous population that blood feeds early and outdoors
      in the Solomon Islands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the 1970s, Anopheles farauti in the Solomon Island responded to
      indoor residual spraying with DDT by increasingly feeding more outdoors and
      earlier in the evening. Although long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are now
      the primary malaria vector control intervention in the Solomon Islands, only a
      small proportion of An. farauti still seek blood meals indoors and late at night
      where they are vulnerable to being killed by contract with the insecticides in
      LLINs. The effectiveness of LLINs and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in
      controlling malaria transmission where the vectors are exophagic and early biting
      will depend on whether the predominant outdoor or early biting phenotypes are
      associated with a subpopulation of the vectors present. METHODS: Mark-release
      recapture experiments were conducted in the Solomon Islands to determine if
      individual An. farauti repeat the same behaviours over successive feeding cycles.
      The two behavioural phenotypes examined were those on which the WHO recommended
      malaria vector control strategies, LLINs and IRS, depend: indoor and late night
      biting. RESULTS: Evidence was found for An. farauti being a single population
      regarding time (early evening or late night) and location (indoor or outdoor) of
      blood feeding. Individual An. farauti did not consistently repeat behavioural
      phenotypes expressed for blood feeding (e.g., while most mosquitoes that fed
      early and outdoors, and would repeat those behaviours, some fed late at night or
      indoors in the next feeding cycle). CONCLUSIONS: The finding that An. farauti is
      a homogeneous population is significant, because during the multiple feeding
      cycles required to complete the extrinsic incubation period, many individual
      female anophelines will enter houses late at night and be exposed to the
      insecticides used in LLINs or IRS. This explains, in part, the control that LLINs
      and IRS have exerted against a predominantly outdoor feeding vector, such as An.
      farauti. These findings may be relevant to many of the outdoor feeding vectors
      that dominate transmission in much of the malaria endemic world and justifies
      continued use of LLINs. However, the population-level tendency of mosquitoes to
      feed outdoors and early in the evening does require complementary interventions
      to accelerate malaria control towards elimination.

PMID- 26960328
TI  - IL-22 Impedes the Proliferation of Schwann cells: Transcriptome Sequencing and
      Bioinformatics Analysis.
AB  - Schwann cells (SCs) proliferation is crucial for nerve regeneration following
      nerve injury. This study aims to investigate effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on
      SCs proliferation in vitro, as well as the corresponding mechanism. Rat SCs were
      treated with 100 ng/ml rat IL-22 for 48 h, and cell proliferation and apoptosis
      were detected using fluorescent staining and flow cytometry. After transcriptome
      sequencing, raw reads were filtered and mapped to reference genome rn5. Then,
      differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs)
      between IL-22 and control groups were identified (tool: Cuffdiff). Functional and
      pathway enrichment analyses were performed (tool: GOFunction), and protein
      protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed (tool: STRING and Cytoscape).
      Furthermore, Pearson's correlations between DEGs and DElncRNAs were analyzed, and
      regulatory network of DEGs, DElncRNAs, and transcription factors (TFs) was
      constructed. IL-22 significantly inhibited proliferation (p value < 0.05) and
      promoted apoptosis of Schwann cells. Totally, 932 DEGs and 118 DElncRNAs were
      identified, among which Ccl2 and Ccna2 were hub genes in PPI network. Up
      regulated DEGs were enriched in apoptosis related terms, whereas down-regulated
      DEGs were enriched in proliferation related terms. DElncRNAs like NONRATT023505,
      NONRATG020400, and NONRATT022748 were correlated with multiple DEGs enriched in
      cell cycle and division. Moreover, up-regulated TFs Egr1, Cebpd, and Atf4 play
      crucial roles in regulatory network, and NONRATG020400-Cebpd-Ccl2,
      NONRATT023505/NONRATT022748-Atf4-Ccna2, and NONRATT022748-Egr1
      Id1/Aldoc/Eno2/F3/Serpine1 regulatory pathways were identified in SCs after IL-22
      treatment. IL-22 might influence SCs proliferation and apoptosis via regulating
      lncRNA-TF-gene pathways in SCs. However, more studies are required to confirm
      these results.

PMID- 26960331
TI  - Erratum to: 'MicroRNA target prediction using thermodynamic and sequence curves'.

PMID- 26960329
TI  - Chloride Co-transporter NKCC1 Inhibitor Bumetanide Enhances Neurogenesis and
      Behavioral Recovery in Rats After Experimental Stroke.
AB  - Bumetanide, a selective Na+-K+-Cl--co-transporter inhibitor, is widely used in
      clinical practice as a loop diuretic. In addition, bumetanide has been reported
      to attenuate ischemia-induced cerebral edema and reduce neuronal injury. This
      study examined whether bumetanide could influence neurogenesis and behavioral
      recovery in rats after experimentally induced stroke. Adult male Wistar rats were
      randomly assigned to four groups: sham, sham treated with bumetanide, ischemia,
      and ischemia treated with bumetanide. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by
      injection of endothelin-1. Bumetanide (0.2 mg/kg/day) was infused into the
      lateral ventricle with drug administration being initiated 1 week after ischemia
      and continued for 3 weeks. Behavioral impairment and recovery were evaluated by
      tapered/ledged beam-walking test on post-stroke days 28. Then, the rats were
      perfused for BrdU/DCX (neuroblast marker), BrdU/NeuN (neuronal marker), BrdU/GFAP
      (astrocyte marker), and BrdU/Iba-1 (microglia marker) immunohistochemistry. The
      numbers of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone (SVZ) were significantly
      increased after the experimentally induced stroke. Bumetanide treatment increased
      migration of neuroblasts in the SVZ towards the infarct area, enhanced long-term
      survival of newborn neurons, and improved sensorimotor recovery, but it did not
      exert any effects on inflammation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that
      chronic bumetanide treatment enhances neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after
      experimentally induced stroke in rats.

PMID- 26960332
TI  - Why balls are not put inside the basket? A reflection on testicular cancer
      clinical trial design.
AB  - New concepts of trial design are being developed based on biomarkers, namely
      basket and umbrella trials. Basket trials appear optimally positioned to evaluate
      new molecular markers for testicular germ cell tumors, a rare heterogeneous
      disease with relatively few molecular alterations. However, not uncommonly, the
      "balls" fall outside the "basket". In this short communication, we discussed the
      different causes limiting the inclusion of TGCT in basket trials and we proposed
      a new design for trials suitable for this malignancy.

PMID- 26960330
TI  - KU0063794, a Dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 Inhibitor, Reduces Neural Tissue Damage and
      Locomotor Impairment After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.
AB  - Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic mechanism for the degradation of
      cytoplasmic constituents in the autophagosomal-lysosomal pathway. This mechanism
      plays an important role in homeostasis and it is defective in certain diseases.
      Preceding studies have revealed that autophagy is developing as an important
      moderator of pathological responses associated to spinal cord injury (SCI) and
      plays a crucial role in secondary injury initiating a progressive degeneration of
      the spinal cord. Thus, based on this evidence in this study, we used two
      different selective inhibitors of mTOR activity to explore the functional role of
      autophagy in an in vivo model of SCI as well as to determine whether the
      autophagic process is involved in spinal cord tissue damage. We treated animals
      with a novel synthetic inhibitor temsirolimus and with a dual mTORC1 and mTORC2
      inhibitor KU0063794 matched all with the well-known inhibitor of mTOR the
      rapamycin. Our results demonstrated that mTOR inhibitors could regulate the
      neuroinflammation associated to SCI and the results that we obtained evidently
      demonstrated that rapamycin and temsirolimus significantly diminished the
      expression of iNOS, COX2, GFAP, and re-established nNOS levels, but the
      administration of KU0063794 is able to blunt the neuroinflammation better than
      rapamycin and temsirolimus. In addition, neuronal loss and cell mortality in the
      spinal cord after injury were considerably reduced in the KU0063794-treated mice.
      Accordingly, taken together our results denote that the administration of
      KU0063794 produced a neuroprotective function at the lesion site following SCI,
      representing a novel therapeutic approach after SCI.

PMID- 26960333
TI  - Erratum to: Clinical trial and in-vitro study comparing the efficacy of treating
      bony lesions with allografts versus synthetic or highly-processed xenogeneic bone
      grafts.

PMID- 26960334
TI  - High incidence of TERT mutation in brain tumor cell lines.
AB  - TERT promoter gene mutations are highly recurrent in malignant glioma. However,
      little information exists regarding their presence in experimental brain tumor
      models. To better characterize systems in which TERT mutation studies could be
      appropriately modeled experimentally, the TERT promoter was examined by
      conventional sequencing in primary brain tumor initiating cells (BTIC), two
      matched recurrent BTIC lines, a panel of established malignant glioma cell lines,
      and two meningioma cell lines. Telomerase gene expression was examined by
      quantitative PCR. We found that all glioblastoma BTIC lines harbored a TERT
      mutation, which was retained in two patient-matched recurrent BTIC. The TERT
      C228T or C250T mutation was found in 33/35 (94 %) of established malignant glioma
      cell lines and both meningioma cell lines examined. Brain tumor cell lines
      expressed variably high telomerase levels. Thus, a high percentage of glioma cell
      lines, as well as two meningioma cell lines, harbors TERT mutations. These data
      characterize tractable, accessible models with which to further explore
      telomerase biology in these tumor types. 

PMID- 26960335
TI  - [Retrorectal space-occupying lesion: a rare differential diagnosis].

PMID- 26960336
TI  - [A rare pathology of the pelvis with a high potential for complications].

PMID- 26960337
TI  - Sevoflurane anesthesia during acute right ventricular ischemia in pigs preserves
      cardiac function better than propofol anesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The intention of the present study was to evaluate possible
      cardioprotective properties of inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane. METHODS
      AND MATERIALS: A porcine, open-chest model of right ventricular ischemia was used
      in 7 pigs receiving inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane. The model was earlier
      developed and published by our group, using pigs receiving intravenous anesthesia
      with propofol. They served as controls. The animals were observed for three hours
      after the induction of right ventricular ischemia by ligation of the main
      branches supplying the right ventricular free wall. RESULTS: In the sevoflurane
      group, the cardiac output recovered 2 hours after the induction of ischemia and
      intact right ventricular stroke work was observed. In the propofol group, no such
      recovery occurred. The release of troponin T was significantly lower than in the
      sevoflurane group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane seems
      superior to intravenous anesthesia with propofol in acute right ventricular
      ischemic dysfunction.

PMID- 26960338
TI  - Foxo3b but not Foxo3a activates cyp19a1a in Epinephelus coioides.
AB  - FOXO3 has been shown to be a critical transcription factor for folliculogenesis
      in mammals, while the information on its roles in reproduction of nonmammalian
      vertebrates remains scarce. In this study, two foxo3 homologs, namely foxo3a and
      foxo3b, were identified in a teleost, the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus
      coioides. foxo3a was mainly expressed in the central nervous system, ovary, and
      gut whereas foxo3b was expressed ubiquitously in tissues examined. In contrast to
      the dominant expression of mammalian FOXO3 in germ cells but barely detectable in
      ovarian follicular cells, immunoreactive Foxo3a and Foxo3b were identified both
      in the ovarian germ cells and follicular cells. The immunointensities of both
      Foxo3a and Foxo3b in ovarian follicular cells during vitellogenesis were
      significantly increased stage-dependently, and co-localized with Cyp19a1a. In the
      nucleus of ovarian follicular cells, both Foxo3a and Foxo3b immunostaining could
      be detected at the vitellogenic stages. Transient transfection and EMSA showed
      that Foxo3a and Foxo3b upregulated cyp19a1a promoter activities in vitro through
      a conserved Foxo-binding site, with the latter being a more potent activator.
      However, ChIP analysis showed that only Foxo3b binds to cyp19a1a proximal
      promoter region containing the conserved Foxo-binding site in the vitellogenic
      ovary. Taken together, these results suggested that Foxo3a and Foxo3b are
      involved in the ovarian development possibly through regulating the ovarian germ
      cells as well as follicular cells, and Foxo3b but not Foxo3a may activate
      cyp19a1a in the ovarian follicular cells during vitellogenesis in the orange
      spotted grouper.

PMID- 26960339
TI  - Reasoning on the Autism Spectrum: A Dual Process Theory Account.
AB  - Dual process theory proposes two distinct reasoning processes in humans, an
      intuitive style that is rapid and automatic and a deliberative style that is more
      effortful. However, no study to date has specifically examined these reasoning
      styles in relation to the autism spectrum. The present studies investigated
      deliberative and intuitive reasoning profiles in: (1) a non-clinical sample from
      the general population with varying degrees of autism traits (n = 95), and (2)
      males diagnosed with ASD (n = 17) versus comparisons (n = 18). Taken together,
      the results suggest reasoning on the autism spectrum is compatible with the
      processes proposed by Dual Process Theory and that higher autism traits and ASD
      are characterised by a consistent bias towards deliberative reasoning (and
      potentially away from intuition).

PMID- 26960342
TI  - Boosting the Potency of T-cell Therapies.
AB  - Researchers in the adoptive T-cell therapy field are continuing to refine the
      ways in which the specificity of these immune cells can be redirected toward
      tumors. They've found that selecting the most persistent, proliferative T cells
      and genetically manipulating only these defined subsets-ensures a potent
      therapeutic product that's effective even at minuscule doses. 

PMID- 26960344
TI  - Cellular and System Biology of Memory: Timing, Molecules, and Beyond.
AB  - The storage of information in the mammalian nervous systems is dependent on a
      delicate balance between change and stability of neuronal networks. The induction
      and maintenance of processes that lead to changes in synaptic strength to a
      multistep process which can lead to long-lasting changes, which starts and ends
      with a highly choreographed and perfectly timed dance of molecules in different
      cell types of the central nervous system. This is accompanied by synchronization
      of specific networks, resulting in the generation of characteristic "macroscopic"
      rhythmic electrical fields, whose characteristic frequencies correspond to
      certain activity and information-processing states of the brain. Molecular events
      and macroscopic fields influence each other reciprocally. We review here cellular
      processes of synaptic plasticity, particularly functional and structural changes,
      and focus on timing events that are important for the initial memory acquisition,
      as well as mechanisms of short- and long-term memory storage. Then, we cover the
      importance of epigenetic events on the long-time range. Furthermore, we consider
      how brain rhythms at the network level participate in processes of information
      storage and by what means they participating in it. Finally, we examine memory
      consolidation at the system level during processes of sleep. 

PMID- 26960340
TI  - Targeted Thromboelastographic (TEG) Blood Component and Pharmacologic Hemostatic
      Therapy in Traumatic and Acquired Coagulopathy.
AB  - Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is a recently described condition which
      traditionally has been diagnosed by the common coagulation tests (CCTs) such as
      prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR), activated partial
      thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet count, and fibrinogen levels. The varying
      sensitivity and specificity of these CCTs have led trauma coagulation researchers
      and clinicians to use Viscoelastic Tests (VET) such as Thromboelastography (TEG)
      to provide Targeted Thromboelastographic Hemostatic and Adjunctive Therapy
      (TTHAT) in a goal directed fashion to those trauma patients in need of hemostatic
      resuscitation. This review describes the utility of VETs, in particular, TEG, to
      provide TTHAT in trauma and acquired non-trauma-induced coagulopathy.

PMID- 26960341
TI  - Structural and Functional Aspects of Class A Carbapenemases.
AB  - The fight against infectious diseases is probably one of the greatest public
      health challenges faced by our society, especially with the emergence of
      carbapenem-resistant gram-negatives that are in some cases pan-drug resistant.
      Currently,beta-lactamase-mediated resistance does not spare even the newest and
      most powerful beta-lactams (carbapenems), whose activity is challenged by
      carbapenemases. The worldwide dissemination of carbapenemases in gram-negative
      organisms threatens to take medicine back into the pre-antibiotic era since the
      mortality associated with infections caused by these "superbugs" is very high,
      due to limited treatment options. Clinically-relevant carbapenemases belong
      either to metallo-beta- lactamases (MBLs) of Ambler class B or to serine-beta
      lactamases (SBLs) of Ambler class A and D enzymes. Class A carbapenemases may be
      chromosomally-encoded (SME, NmcA, SFC-1, BIC-1, PenA, FPH-1, SHV-38), plasmid
      encoded (KPC, GES, FRI-1) or both (IMI). The plasmid-encoded enzymes are often
      associated with mobile elements responsible for their mobilization. These
      enzymes, even though weakly related in terms of sequence identities, share
      structural features and a common mechanism of action. They variably hydrolyse
      penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and are inhibited by
      clavulanate and tazobactam. Three-dimensional structures of class A
      carbapenemases, in the apo form or in complex with substrates/inhibitors,
      together with site-directed mutagenesis studies, provide essential input for
      identifying the structural factors and subtle conformational changes that
      influence the hydrolytic profile and inhibition of these enzymes. Overall, these
      data represent the building blocks for understanding the structure-function
      relationships that define the phenotypes of class A carbapenemases and can guide
      the design of new molecules of therapeutic interest.

PMID- 26960345
TI  - [Toward a New Immunization Schedule in Spain, 2016 (Part 2)].
AB  - Immunization schedules are intrinsically dynamic in order to embed the
      immunologic and epidemiologic changes in any specific geographic Region.
      According to this, the current study addresses a proposal to modify the Childhood
      Immunization Schedule in Spain. In order to move from a three plus one schema to
      a two plus one, we undertake a review of the available literature to explore the
      immunological and clinical rationale behind this change, including an overview of
      the potential impact on this schedule of premature infants. Additionally, some
      recommendations are made regarding those Spanish regions which start hepatitis B
      vaccination at the newborn period. 

PMID- 26960347
TI  - Managing pain by visually distorting the size of painful body parts: is there any
      therapeutic value?

PMID- 26960346
TI  - Repression of Biotin-Related Proteins by Benzo[a]Pyrene-Induced Epigenetic
      Modifications in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells.
AB  - Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) exposure has been associated with the alteration in
      epigenetic marks that are involved in cancer development. Biotinidase (BTD) and
      holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) are 2 major enzymes involved in maintaining the
      homeostasis of biotinylation, and the deregulation of this pathway has been
      associated with a number of cancers. However, the link between B[a]P exposure and
      the dysregulation of BTD/HCS in B[a]P-associated tumorigenesis is unknown. Here
      we showed that the expression of both BTD and HCS was significantly decreased
      upon B[a]P treatment in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. Benzo[a]pyrene
      exposure led to the global loss of DNA methylation by immunofluorescence, which
      coincided with the reduction in acetylation levels on histones H3 and H4 in 16HBE
      cells. Consistent with decreased histone acetylation, histone deacetylases
      (HDACs) HDAC2 and HDAC3 were significantly upregulated in a dosage-dependent
      manner. When DNA methylation or HDAC activity was inhibited, we found that the
      reduction in BTD and HCS was separately regulated through distinct epigenetic
      mechanisms. Together, our results suggested the potential link between B[a]P
      toxicity and deregulation of biotin homeostasis pathway in B[a]P-associated
      cancer development.

PMID- 26960348
TI  - Aperture number influences pollen survival in Arabidopsis mutants.
AB  - PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pollen grains are subject to intense dehydration before
      dispersal. They rehydrate after landing on a stigma or when placed in humid
      environment by absorbing water from the stigma or surroundings. Resulting
      fluctuations in water content cause pollen grains to undergo significant changes
      in volume. Thus, morphological or structural adaptations might exist to help
      pollen adjust to sudden volume changes, though little is known about the
      correlation between pollen morphology and its ability to accommodate volume
      changes. We studied the effect of one morphological feature of pollen grains, the
      aperture number, on pollen wall resistance to water inflow in Arabidopsis
      thaliana. METHODS: We used three Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that differ in the
      number of apertures in their pollen (zero, four, or a mix of four to eight,
      respectively) and the wild type with pollen with three apertures. We tested
      pollen survival in solutions with various mannitol concentrations. KEY RESULTS:
      The number of intact pollen grains increased with increasing mannitol
      concentration for all pollen morphs tested. At a given mannitol concentration,
      however, an increase in aperture number was associated with an increase in pollen
      breakage. CONCLUSIONS: Aperture patterns, i.e., number, shape, and position,
      influence the capacity to accommodate volume variations in pollen grains. When
      subjected to water inflow, pollen grains with few apertures survive better than
      pollen with many apertures. Trade-offs between survival and germination are
      likely to be involved in the evolution of pollen morphology.

PMID- 26960349
TI  - Hydrogel control of water uptake by pectins during in vitro pollen hydration of
      Eucalyptus globulus.
AB  - PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Upon pollination, dehydrated pollen grains take water out
      of the stigma surface, an event that constitutes the first functional checkpoint
      of sexual reproduction in higher plants. Little is known about possible
      functional connections between rehydration speed and further steps of
      fertilization. Here we addressed the mechanisms of water uptake control by
      dehydrated pollen grains. Because dehydrated cells have no energy-driven active
      mechanism such as membrane-based osmoregulation for controlling water movement,
      we tested the hypothesis that another mechanism might exist, namely, the use of
      hydrogel-behaving molecules. METHODS: We developed an imaging protocol to
      visualize and quantify the rate of water entry into pollen grains of Eucalyptus
      globulus and tested the influence of different treatments linked to hydrogel
      behaving molecules. We complemented these analyses by immunostaining pectins in
      the pollen grain with monoclonal antibodies JIM5 and JIM7. KEY RESULTS: Water
      entry seemed to proceed exclusively through the germination apertures of the
      pollen grain, and the changes observed in different hydration media are
      compatible with hydrogel behavior. When JIM5 and JIM7 were used to characterize
      pectins on the germination apertures during hydration, pectin localization and
      esterification changed during hydration and were affected by the hydration
      solutions. These results suggest that chemical modification of the pectins may
      change their hydrogel behavior, thus modifying the hydration speed. CONCLUSIONS:
      The hydrogel behavior of pectins and pectin localization on apertures strongly
      suggest that pectins act like "valves" for water entry, enabling a regulated
      process of water uptake into the dehydrated pollen grain. We propose that this
      regulation evolved in terms of achieving the correct self-organization of
      molecules and cellular components to resume metabolism and pollen tube growth,
      especially in species that are subject to demanding environmental water stress.

PMID- 26960350
TI  - Commentary on Nicola Williams and Stephen Wilkinson: 'Should Uterus Transplants
      Be Publicly Funded?'.

PMID- 26960351
TI  - Halliday's 'The ethics of a smoking licence'.

PMID- 26960352
TI  - Significant hypertriglyceridaemia and HDL cholesterol assays.

PMID- 26960353
TI  - Parallel inputs to memory in bee colour vision.
AB  - In the 19(th) century, it was found that attraction of bees to light was
      controlled by light intensity irrespective of colour, and a few critical
      entomologists inferred that vision of bees foraging on flowers was unlike human
      colour vision. Therefore, quite justly, Professor Carl von Hess concluded in his
      book on the Comparative Physiology of Vision (1912) that bees do not distinguish
      colours in the way that humans enjoy. Immediately, Karl von Frisch, an assistant
      in the Zoology Department of the same University of Munich, set to work to show
      that indeed bees have colour vision like humans, thereby initiating a new
      research tradition, and setting off a decade of controversy that ended only at
      the death of Hess in 1923. Until 1939, several researchers continued the
      tradition of trying to untangle the mechanism of bee vision by repeatedly testing
      trained bees, but made little progress, partly because von Frisch and his legacy
      dominated the scene. The theory of trichromatic colour vision further developed
      after three types of receptors sensitive to green, blue, and ultraviolet (UV),
      were demonstrated in 1964 in the bee. Then, until the end of the century, all
      data was interpreted in terms of trichromatic colour space. Anomalies were
      nothing new, but eventually after 1996 they led to the discovery that bees have a
      previously unknown type of colour vision based on a monochromatic measure and
      distribution of blue and measures of modulation in green and blue receptor
      pathways. Meanwhile, in the 20(th) century, search for a suitable
      rationalization, and explorations of sterile culs-de-sac had filled the
      literature of bee colour vision, but were based on the wrong theory. 

PMID- 26960354
TI  - Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on Harderian and lacrimal
      glands of the Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus major L.).
AB  - This study describes the macroscopic anatomy and the microscopic and
      ultrastructural features of the Harderian gland and lacrimal gland of the
      Capercaillies. It was conducted both on adult male and female Capercaillies.
      Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, azan trichrome, modified
      Mallory's trichrome, methyl green-pyronin Y, periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue pH
      2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and Hale's dialysed iron. The morphometric study of the
      Harderian and lacrimal glands indicated that they are both larger in male than in
      female Capercaillies. The histological analysis showed that the HG has a
      multilobar tubulo-alveolar structure with numerous lymphocytes and plasma cells.
      The LG has a multilobar tubulo-acinar structure without lymphocytes and plasma
      cells. The periodic acid-Schiff staining and alcian blue pH 2.5 staining
      demonstrated a mild positive reaction in the epithelial cells of the Harderian
      gland and weak positive reaction in the lacrimal gland. The HDI staining detected
      the presence of carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides in the Harderian and
      lacrimal glands. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of two
      types of secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm of both studied glands. It also
      showed that lipid droplets and glycogen granules were more abundant in the
      Harderian gland than in the lacrimal gland of this species. 

PMID- 26960356
TI  - Plant growth regulators induced urease activity in Cucurbita pepo L. cotyledons.
AB  - This study is aimed to investigate the activity of urease (EC 3.5.1.5, urea
      amidohydrolase) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea in 5-day-old Cucurbita pepo
      cotyledons subjected to various concentrations of different growth regulators.
      The treatment of C. pepo cotyledons with different concentrations (100-600 MUmol)
      of different auxins [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole butyric acid (IBA),
      indole propionic acid (IPA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)]; or with different
      concentrations (100-300 MUmol) of different cytokinins [kinetin, zeatin and
      benzyladenine (6-BA)] resulted in a significant increase of urease activity,
      compared to control. The optimal effects were recorded for each of 500 MUmol of
      IAA and 300 MUmol of zeatin treatments. A gradual increase in urease activity was
      detected in cotyledons treated with various concentrations (0.2-1.0 mM) of 28
      homobrassinolide (HBL), in relative to control. A substantial increase in urease
      activity was observed in cotyledons subjected to different concentrations of
      triazole (10-60 mg L(-1)), containing either triadimefon (TDM) or hexaconazole
      (HEX), compared to control. The combination of 300 MUmol zeatin with any of
      protein inhibitors, namely 5-fluorouridine (FUrd), cordycepin and alpha-amanitin,
      resulted in the alleviation of their inhibitory effect on the urease activity. 

PMID- 26960355
TI  - Tamarix arborea var. arborea and Tamarix parviflora: Two species valued for their
      adaptability to stress conditions.
AB  - The choice of stress resistant and highly adaptable species is a fundamental step
      for landscaping and ornamental purposes in arid and coastal environments such as
      those in the Mediterranean basin. The genus Tamarix L. includes about 90 species
      with a high endurance of adversity. We investigated the water relations and
      photosynthetic response of Tamarix arborea (Sieb. ex Ehrenb.) Bge. var. arborea
      and T. parviflora DC. growing in an urban environment. Both species showed no
      evidence of drought or salt stress in summer, and appeared to follow two
      strategies with T. arborea var. arborea investing in high carbon gain at the
      beginning of the summer, and then reducing photosynthetic activity at the end of
      the season, and T. parviflora showing lower but constant levels of photosynthetic
      activity throughout the vegetative season. For landscaping and ornamental
      purposes, we suggest T. arborea var. arborea when a fast-growing, high-cover
      species is necessary, and T. parviflora when less-invasive species are required. 

PMID- 26960358
TI  - Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some novel sulfonylamido-benzoxazoles.
AB  - A series of 2-(p-substituted phenyl)-5-[(4-substituted phenyl) sulfonylamido]
      benzoxazoles were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activities. The
      structures of the new derivatives were elucidated by spectral techniques. The
      minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the new benzoxazoles were determined
      against standard bacterial and fungal strains and drug-resistant isolates and
      compared to those of several reference drugs. 

PMID- 26960357
TI  - Effect of water supply on growth and polyphenols of lemon balm (Melissa
      officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.).
AB  - A pot experiment was carried out with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and
      thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Different water supply was applied: 25%, 40% and 70%
      saturation of soil water capacity (SWC). Morphological traits, biomass and
      phenolic type active ingredients were investigated. Among the two species, main
      differences were registered in biomass and TPC. Lower SWC resulted in reduced
      biomass production of lemon balm, while the applied stress treatments did not
      effect the biomass of thyme. In lemon balm, highest TPC contents were measured in
      control plants both in shoots and roots but in thyme, the shoots showed a
      significantly increased TPC at the 25% SWC conditions. Neither the content of
      total flavonoids nor that of the rosmarinic acid was affected by the treatments.
      The antioxidant capacity proved to be in tight connection with the TPC in both
      species (r = 0.766-0.883). The rosmarinic acid content of lemon balm plants
      contributed to the antioxidant capacity, as well (r = 0.679-0.869). 

PMID- 26960359
TI  - The role of oxidative stress genes and effect of pH on methylene blue sensitized
      photooxidation of Escherichia coli.
AB  - In this study, the survival time of wild type E. coli W3110 and 11 mutants was
      analysed with a plate count method in methylene blue added or control groups
      under daylight fluoroscence illumination (4950 lux) at different pH values (5.0,
      6.0, 7.0, and 8.0) in phosphate buffer. As a result, while the number of bacteria
      did not decrease under photooxidative stress at pH 5.0 and 6.0 during a 6-hour
      incubation, the wild type and all mutants decreased more than 2 log. at pH 8.0,
      and approximately one log. at pH 7.0. It was determined that a 2 log decrease in
      wild type E. coli takes 3.7 h according to t99 value at pH 8, these values were
      2.39 h in the katE mutant, 2.64 h in the soxR mutant, 2.67 h in the oxyR mutant,
      2.71 h in the sodB mutant, 3 h in the btuE mutant, 3.38 h in the zwf mutant and
      3.40 h in the soxS mutant, respectively (p < 0.05). The roles of these genes were
      proved with complement tests. Finally, it is found that the effectiveness of
      photooxidative stress is in direct relation with pH, and the katE, soxR, oxyR,
      sodB, btuE, zwf, and soxS genes are important for the protection against this
      stress. 

PMID- 26960360
TI  - Modeling and predicting the biofilm formation of Salmonella Virchow with respect
      to temperature and pH.
AB  - Biofilm formation of Salmonella Virchow was monitored with respect to time at
      three different temperature (20, 25 and 27.5  degrees C) and pH (5.2, 5.9 and
      6.6) values. As the temperature increased at a constant pH level, biofilm
      formation decreased while as the pH level increased at a constant temperature,
      biofilm formation increased. Modified Gompertz equation with high adjusted
      determination coefficient (Radj(2)) and low mean square error (MSE) values
      produced reasonable fits for the biofilm formation under all conditions.
      Parameters of the modified Gompertz equation could be described in terms of
      temperature and pH by use of a second order polynomial function. In general, as
      temperature increased maximum biofilm quantity, maximum biofilm formation rate
      and time of acceleration of biofilm formation decreased; whereas, as pH
      increased; maximum biofilm quantity, maximum biofilm formation rate and time of
      acceleration of biofilm formation increased. Two temperature (23 and 26  degrees
      C) and pH (5.3 and 6.3) values were used up to 24 h to predict the biofilm
      formation of S. Virchow. Although the predictions did not perfectly match with
      the data, reasonable estimates were obtained. In principle, modeling and
      predicting the biofilm formation of different microorganisms on different
      surfaces under various conditions could be possible. 

PMID- 26960361
TI  - Characterisation of mitochondrial haplotypes occurred in a Candida albicans
      population.
AB  - The genetic background of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Candida albicans was
      studied by physical and functional mapping of four haplotypes identified recently
      in a hospital-population. The restriction patterns revealed considerable
      differences; however, the size of the mitochondrial DNA did not vary
      significantly. Sequence data demonstrated that size differences arose by short
      deletions, while restriction fragment length polymorphisms are caused by
      nucleotide substitutions in single sites. Gene rearrangement could not be
      detected; nevertheless, the coincidence of nucleotide substitution pattern in the
      inverted repeat region suggested the occurrence of homologue recombination. 

PMID- 26960362
TI  - First report of Lividin and Spinulosain peptides from the skin secretion of an
      Indian frog.
AB  - Here, we report two novel peptides identified from the skin secretion, having
      homologies to Lividin and Spinulosain, of an endemic frog, Hydrophylax
      bahuvistara, of Western Ghats. This is the first report of these peptides from
      Indian frogs and first identification of Lividin from the Hydrophylax genus. Both
      peptides exhibited weak antimicrobial activity but very low haemolytic activity.
      The problems of naming amphibian host defense peptides (HDPs) are also discussed.

PMID- 26960363
TI  - Identification, localization, and functional analysis of the homologues of mouse
      CABS1 protein in porcine testis.
AB  - Previously, we have identified a calcium-binding protein that is specifically
      expressed in spermatids and localized to the flagella of the mature sperm in
      mouse, so-called mCABS1. However, the physiological roles of CABS1 in the male
      reproductive system have not been fully elucidated yet. In the current study, we
      aimed to localize and clarify the role of CABS1 in porcine (pCABS1). We
      determined for the first time the full nucleotides sequence of pCABS1 mRNA.
      pCABS1 protein was detected on SDS-PAGE gel as two bands at 75 kDa and 70 kDa in
      adult porcine testis, whereas one band at 70 kDa in epididymal sperm. pCABS1
      immunoreactivity in seminiferous tubules was detected in the elongated
      spermatids, and that in the epididymal sperm was found in the acrosome as well as
      flagellum. The immunoreactivity of pCABS1 in the acrosomai region disappeared
      during acrosome reaction. We also identified that pCABS1 has a transmembrane
      domain using computational prediction of the amino acids sequence. The treatment
      of porcine capacitated sperm with anti-pCABS1 antiserum significantly decreased
      acrosome reactions. These results suggest that pCABS1 plays an important role in
      controlling calcium ion signaling during the acrosome reaction. 

PMID- 26960364
TI  - Effects of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Serum Angiopoietin-2 in Patients
      with Coronary Heart Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) plays a crucial role in hypoxia-induced
      angiogenesis and is expressed only in sites of vascular remodeling. Ang-2
      expression can be regulated by hypoxia inducible factors and other regulators
      with exposure to hypoxia. The objective of this study was to investigate the
      influence of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on serum Ang-2
      concentrations, and analyze the correlation between serum Ang-2 and the severity
      of coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).
      METHODS: Sixty-four patients with CHD were selected as the study group, each
      undergone PCI. Thirty-two healthy subjects were selected as the control group.
      Pre-PCI and post-PCI serum Ang-2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. The severity of coronary artery stenosis was evaluated using angiographic
      Gensini scores, and the coronary collateral vessels were scored according to
      Rentrop's classification. RESULTS: Concentrations of pre-PCI serum Ang-2 in the
      study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (4625.06 +/
      1838.06 vs. 1945.74 +/- 1588.17 pg/ml, P < 0.01); however, concentrations of
      post-PCI serum Ang-2 were significantly lower than those of pre-PCI (3042.63 +/-
      1845.33 pg/ml vs. 4625.06 +/- 1838.06 pg/ml, P < 0.01). Concentrations of pre-PCI
      serum Ang-2 were significantly correlated with Gensini scores (r = 0.488, P <
      0.01); however, the decrease in serum Ang-2 after PCI was not correlated with
      Gensini scores, coronary collateral vessel grading, or left ventricular ejection
      fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Serum Ang-2 concentrations significantly increased in
      patients with CHD, and PCI treatment significantly decreased these
      concentrations. Serum Ang-2 concentrations, but not the decrease in serum Ang-2
      concentrations, were significantly correlated with the severity of coronary
      artery stenosis. These results suggested that Ang-2 may be a biomarker of
      myocardial ischemia and vessel remodeling.

PMID- 26960365
TI  - Cancer Incidence and Mortality Survey in Wuwei, Gansu Province, Northwestern
      China from 2003 to 2012: A Retrospective Population-based Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Population-based cancer registry collects the data on cancer
      incidence and mortality deaths from covered population to describe and survey the
      epidemics in certain areas. The aim of this study was to estimate the cancer
      incidence and mortality in Wuwei, Gansu province, Northwestern China from 2003 to
      2012. The goal is to better understand cancer distribution and long-term
      development of cancer prevention and treatment in Wuwei. METHODS: Data were
      collected from the Wuwei Cancer Registry between 2003 and 2012. In this registry,
      data from 46 cancer report centers were included in this analysis.
      Incidence/mortality rates, age-specific incidence/mortality rates, age
      standardized incidence/mortality rates, and cumulative incidence/mortality rates
      were calculated. Totally, 9,836,740 person-years (5,110,342 for males and
      4,726,398 for females) had been monitored over this time period. The gender ratio
      of male/female was 1.08:1. The number of new cancer cases and related deaths was
      24,705 and 17,287 from 2003 to 2012, respectively. RESULTS: The proportion of
      morphological verification was 74.43%. The incidence of cases identified through
      death certification only was 1.21%, and the mortality to incidence ratio was
      0.70. The average crude incidence was 251.15/100,000 persons (310.61 and 186.87
      for males and females per 100,000 persons, respectively). The age-standardized
      rates by Chinese standard population (ASR-China) and by world standard population
      (ASR-world) were 207.76 and 245.42 per 100,000 persons, respectively. The crude
      cancer mortality was 175.74/100,000 persons (228.34 and 118.86 for males and
      females per 100,000 persons). ASR for China and the world was 149.57 and
      175.13/100,000 persons, respectively. The most common cancers and leading causes
      of cancer-related deaths in Wuwei were as follows: cancers of stomach, esophagus,
      liver, lung, colorectum, breast, cervix, lymphoma, blood (leukemia), brain, and
      central nervous system. In Wuwei, during 2003 and 2012, cancer incidence and
      mortality rates increased by 1.32% and 1.31%/year, respectively. During this
      time, colorectum cancer incidence and mortality rates increased by 2.69% and
      7.54%/year, respectively, in Wuwei. The incidence and mortality of other gastric,
      esophageal, liver, and lung cancers also all increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      of this study report a more accurate cancer burden among the population of Wuwei,
      China. Active research of cancers etiology and effective prevention should be
      established to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with cancers.

PMID- 26960366
TI  - Clinical Characteristics and Urodynamic Analysis of Urinary Dysfunction in
      Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both lower urinary tract dysfunction and urinary symptoms are
      prevalent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the significance of
      identifying and treating urinary symptoms in MS is currently well-known, there is
      no information about the real prevalence and therapeutic effect of urinary
      symptoms in patients with MS. The purpose of this study was to analyze the major
      symptoms and urodynamic abnormalities, and observe the therapeutic effect in
      different MS characteristics. METHODS: We enrolled 126 patients with urological
      dysfunction who were recruited between July 2008 and January 2015 in Beijing Tian
      Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University and conducted overactive bladder system
      score (OABSS), urodynamic investigation, and expanded disability status scale
      (EDSS). Changes of urinary symptoms and urodynamic parameters were investigated.
      RESULTS: Urgency was the predominant urinary symptom, and detrusor overactivity
      was the major bladder dysfunction. There was a positive correlation between EDSS
      and OABSS. Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) had lowest EDSS and OABSS. CIS
      exhibited significant improvements in OABSS, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax),
      and bladder volume at the first desire to voiding and maximum bladder volume
      after the treatment (P < 0.05). Relapsing-remitting MS showed significant
      improvements in the OABSS, Qmax, and bladder volume at the first desire to
      voiding, maximum bladder volume and bladder compliance after the treatment (P <
      0.05). Progressive MS exhibited significant increase in the bladder volume at the
      first desire to voiding, the detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (PdetQmax),
      and bladder compliance after the treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Urodynamic
      parameters examined are important in providing an accurate diagnosis, guiding
      management decisions of MS. Early and effective treatment may improve the bladder
      function and the quality of life at the early stages of MS.

PMID- 26960367
TI  - Three-dimensional Evaluation of Nasal Surgery in Patients with Obstructive Sleep
      Apnea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder and is
      characterized by airway collapse at multiple levels of upper airway. The
      effectiveness of nasal surgery has been discussed in several studies and shows a
      promising growing interest. In this study, we intended to evaluate the effects of
      nasal surgery on the upper airway dimensions in patients with OSA using three
      dimensional (3D) reconstruction of cone-beam computed tomography (CT). METHODS:
      Twelve patients with moderate to severe OSA who underwent nasal surgery were
      included in this study. All patients were diagnosed with OSA using
      polysomnography (PSG) in multi sleep health centers associated with Massachusetts
      General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Partners Health
      Care from May 31, 2011 to December 14, 2013. The effect of nasal surgery was
      evaluated by the examination of PSG, subjective complains, and 3D reconstructed
      CT scan. Cross-sectional area was measured in eleven coronal levels, and nasal
      cavity volume was evaluated from anterior nasal spine to posterior nasal spine.
      The thickness of soft tissue in oral pharynx region was also measured. RESULTS:
      Five out of the 12 patients were successfully treated by nasal surgery, with more
      than 50% drop of apnea-hypopnea index. All the 12 patients showed significant
      increase of cross-sectional area and volume postoperatively. The thickness of
      soft tissue in oral pharynx region revealed significant decrease postoperatively,
      which decreased from 19.14 +/- 2.40 cm 2 and 6.11 +/- 1.76 cm 2 to 17.13 +/- 1.91
      cm 2 and 5.22 +/- 1.20 cm 2 . CONCLUSIONS: Nasal surgery improved OSA severity as
      measured by PSG, subjective complaints, and 3D reconstructed CT scan. 3D
      assessment of upper airway can play an important role in the evaluation of
      treatment outcome.

PMID- 26960368
TI  - Association Between Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (rs10019009) Polymorphism and
      Ankylosing Spondylitis in a Chinese Han Population from Shandong Province.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the most common rheumatic condition
      that is slowly progressive and predominantly affects adolescents. Pathological
      bone formation associated with AS is an important cause of disability. The aim of
      the study was to investigate the possible involvement of the genes related to
      endochondral ossification and ectopia ossification in genetic susceptibility to
      AS in a Chinese Han population. METHODS: Sixty-eight single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) from 13 genes were genotyped in discovery cohorts including
      300 AS patients and 180 healthy controls. The rs10019009 in dentin matrix protein
      1 (DMP1) gene shown as association with AS after multiple testing corrections in
      discovery cohorts was replicated in a validation independent cohort of 620 AS
      patients and 683 healthy controls. The rs10019009 was assessed with
      bioinformatics including phylogenetic context, F-SNP and FastSNP functional
      predictions, secondary structure prediction, and molecular modeling. We performed
      a functional analysis of rs10019009 via reverse transcription-polymerase chain
      reaction, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human osteosarcoma U 2 OS cells.
      RESULTS: Interestingly, the SNP rs10019009 was associated with AS in both the
      discovery cohort (P = 0.0012) and validation cohort (P = 0.0349), as well as
      overall (P = 0.0004) in genetic case-control association analysis. After a
      multivariate logistic regression analysis, the effect of this genetic variant was
      observed to be independent of linkage disequilibrium. Via bioinformatics
      analysis, it was found that the amino acid change of the rs10019009 led to
      changes of SNP function, secondary structure, tertiary conformation, and splice
      mode. Finally, functional analysis of rs10019009 in U 2 OS cells demonstrated
      that the risk T allele of the rs10019009 increased enzymatic activity of ALP,
      compared to that of the nonrisk allele (P = 0.0080). CONCLUSIONS: These results
      suggested that the DMP1 gene seems to be involved in genetic predisposition to
      AS, which may contribute to the ectopic mineralization or ossification in AS. In
      addition, DMP1 gene may be a promising intervention target for AS in the future.

PMID- 26960369
TI  - Assessing the Early Response of Advanced Cervical Cancer to Neoadjuvant
      Chemotherapy Using Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-weighted Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging: A Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with the intravoxel incoherent
      motion (IVIM) model has shown promising results for providing both diffusion and
      perfusion information in cervical cancer; however, its use to predict and monitor
      the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in cervical cancer is relatively
      rare. The study aimed to evaluate the use of DWI with IVIM and monoexponential
      models to predict and monitor the efficacy of NACT in cervical cancer. METHODS:
      Forty-two patients with primary cervical cancer underwent magnetic resonance
      exams at 3 time points (pre-NACT, 3 weeks after the first NACT cycle, and 3 weeks
      after the second NACT cycle). The response to treatment was determined according
      to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors 3 weeks after the second NACT
      treatment, and the subjects were classified as two groups: responders and
      nonresponders groups. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), true diffusion
      coefficient (D), perfusion-related pseudo-diffusion coefficient (DFNx01), and
      perfusion fraction (f) values were determined. The differences in IVIM-derived
      variables and ADC between the different groups at the different time points were
      calculated using an independent samples t-test. RESULTS: The D and ADC values
      were all significantly higher for the responders than for the nonresponders at
      all 3 time points, but no significant differences were observed in the DFNx01 and
      f values. An analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
      indicated that a D value threshold <0.93 * 10-3 mm 2 /s and an ADC threshold
      <1.11 * 10-3 mm 2 /s could differentiate responders from nonresponders at pre
      NACT time point, yielding area under the curve (AUC) of which were 0.771 and
      0.806, respectively. The ROC indicated that the AUCs of D and ADC at the 3 weeks
      after the first NACT cycle and 3 weeks after the second NACT cycle were 0.823,
      0.763, and 0.787, 0.794, respectively. The AUC values of D and ADC at these 3
      time points were not significantly different (P = 0.641, 0.512, and 0.547,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: D and ADC values may be useful for predicting and
      monitoring the efficacy of NACT in cervical cancer. An IVIM model may be equal to
      monoexponential model in predicting and monitoring the efficacy of NACT in
      cervical cancer.

PMID- 26960370
TI  - Analyses of Genotypes and Phenotypes of Ten Chinese Patients with Wolf-Hirschhorn
      Syndrome by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification and Array
      Comparative Genomic Hybridization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a contiguous gene syndrome that is
      typically caused by a deletion of the distal portion of the short arm of
      chromosome 4. However, there are few reports about the features of Chinese WHS
      patients. This study aimed to characterize the clinical and molecular cytogenetic
      features of Chinese WHS patients using the combination of multiplex ligation
      dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and array comparative genomic hybridization
      (array CGH). METHODS: Clinical information was collected from ten patients with
      WHS. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of the patients. The
      deletions were analyzed by MLPA and array CGH. RESULTS: All patients exhibited
      the core clinical symptoms of WHS, including severe growth delay, a Greek warrior
      helmet facial appearance, differing degrees of intellectual disability, and
      epilepsy or electroencephalogram anomalies. The 4p deletions ranged from 2.62 Mb
      to 17.25 Mb in size and included LETM1, WHSC1, and FGFR3. CONCLUSIONS: The
      combined use of MLPA and array CGH is an effective and specific means to diagnose
      WHS and allows for the precise identification of the breakpoints and sizes of
      deletions. The deletion of genes in the WHS candidate region is closely
      correlated with the core WHS phenotype.

PMID- 26960371
TI  - Aberrant Global and Regional Topological Organization of the Fractional
      Anisotropy-weighted Brain Structural Networks in Major Depressive Disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most previous neuroimaging studies have focused on the structural and
      functional abnormalities of local brain regions in major depressive disorder
      (MDD). Moreover, the exactly topological organization of networks underlying MDD
      remains unclear. This study examined the aberrant global and regional topological
      patterns of the brain white matter networks in MDD patients. METHODS: The
      diffusion tensor imaging data were obtained from 27 patients with MDD and 40
      healthy controls. The brain fractional anisotropy-weighted structural networks
      were constructed, and the global network and regional nodal metrics of the
      networks were explored by the complex network theory. RESULTS: Compared with the
      healthy controls, the brain structural network of MDD patients showed an intact
      small-world topology, but significantly abnormal global network topological
      organization and regional nodal characteristic of the network in MDD were found.
      Our findings also indicated that the brain structural networks in MDD patients
      become a less strongly integrated network with a reduced central role of some key
      brain regions. CONCLUSIONS: All these resulted in a less optimal topological
      organization of networks underlying MDD patients, including an impaired
      capability of local information processing, reduced centrality of some brain
      regions and limited capacity to integrate information across different regions.
      Thus, these global network and regional node-level aberrations might contribute
      to understanding the pathogenesis of MDD from the view of the brain network.

PMID- 26960372
TI  - Failure to Identify Somatic Mutations in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for
      Schizophrenia by Whole Exome Sequencing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe, debilitating, and complex
      psychiatric disorder with multiple causative factors. An increasing number of
      studies have determined that rare variations play an important role in its
      etiology. A somatic mutation is a rare form of genetic variation that occurs at
      an early stage of embryonic development and is thought to contribute
      substantially to the development of SCZ. The aim of the study was to explore the
      novel pathogenic somatic single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and somatic
      insertions and deletions (indels) of SCZ. METHODS: One Chinese family with a
      monozygotic (MZ) twin pair discordant for SCZ was included. Whole exome
      sequencing was performed in the co-twin and their parents. Rigorous filtering
      processes were conducted to prioritize pathogenic somatic variations, and all
      identified SNVs and indels were further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS:
      One somatic SNV and two somatic indels were identified after rigorous selection
      processes. However, none was validated by Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study is not alone in the failure to identify pathogenic somatic variations in MZ
      twins, suggesting that exonic somatic variations are extremely rare. Further
      efforts are warranted to explore the potential genetic mechanism of SCZ.

PMID- 26960373
TI  - Expressions of Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37, Human Beta Defensin-2 and -3 in the
      Lesions of Cutaneous Tuberculosis and Tuberculids.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial peptides, including cathelicidin LL-37, human beta
      defensin (HBD)-2, and HBD-3, are important elements of the innate immune response
      and involved in modulation of the adaptive immunity, and they also play an
      important role in cutaneous defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS:
      The fresh skin tissues and paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from three cutaneous
      tuberculosis, two tuberculids, and ten healthy individuals were collected. The
      expressions of LL-37, HBD-2, and HBD-3 mRNA in the lesions of three cutaneous
      tuberculosis and two tuberculids were detected by quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction; the protein expressions were detected by
      immunohistochemistry and Western blotting methods. RESULTS: The expressions of LL
      37 mRNA and protein in the lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids were
      similar to that of normal skin. The expression of HBD-2 mRNA had an increasing
      trend in the lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids compared with that
      of normal skin; however, the expression of HBD-2 protein in the lesions of
      cutaneous tuberculosis had a decreasing trend compared with that of normal skin,
      and the expression of HBD-2 protein in the lesions of tuberculids was similar to
      that of normal skin. The expressions of HBD-3 mRNA and protein in lesions of
      cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids were similar to that of normal skin.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that the expression of HBD-2 and HBD-3 mRNA and
      protein in lesions of cutaneous tuberculosis may be not consistent with that of
      tuberculids. However, an inherent limitation of the present study was that the
      sample size was small, and the roles and regulation mechanisms of LL-37, HBD-2,
      and HBD-3 in cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids need to be further
      investigated.

PMID- 26960374
TI  - Cerebral Metabolic Profiling of Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest with and Without
      Antegrade Selective Cerebral Perfusion: Evidence from Nontargeted Tissue
      Metabolomics in a Rabbit Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP) is regarded to perform
      cerebral protection during the thoracic aorta surgery as an adjunctive technique
      to deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). However, brain metabolism profile
      after ASCP has not been systematically investigated by metabolomics technology.
      METHODS: To clarify the metabolomics profiling of ASCP, 12 New Zealand white
      rabbits were randomly assigned into 60 min DHCA with (DHCA+ASCP [DA] group, n =
      6) and without ( DHCA [D] group, n = 6) ASCP according to the random number
      table. ASCP was conducted by cannulation on the right subclavian artery and cross
      clamping of the innominate artery. Rabbits were sacrificed 60 min after weaning
      off cardiopulmonary bypass. The metabolic features of the cerebral cortex were
      analyzed by a nontargeted metabolic profiling strategy based on gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. Variable importance projection values exceeding
      1.0 were selected as potentially changed metabolites, and then Student's t-test
      was applied to test for statistical significance between the two groups. RESULTS:
      Metabolic profiling of brain was distinctive significantly between the two groups
      (Q 2 Y = 0.88 for partial least squares-DA model). In comparing to group D, 62
      definable metabolites were varied significantly after ASCP, which were mainly
      related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism.
      Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that metabolic pathways
      after DHCA with ASCP were mainly involved in the activated glycolytic pathway,
      subdued anaerobic metabolism, and oxidative stress. In addition, L-kynurenine (P
      = 0.0019), 5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid (P = 0.0499), and 5-hydroxyindole-3
      acetic acid (P = 0.0495) in tryptophan metabolism pathways were decreased, and
      citrulline (P = 0.0158) in urea cycle was increased in group DA comparing to
      group D. CONCLUSIONS: The present study applied metabolomics analysis to identify
      the cerebral metabolic profiling in rabbits with ASCP, and the results may shed
      new lights that cerebral metabolism is better preserved by ASCP compared with
      DHCA alone.

PMID- 26960375
TI  - microRNA-218 Inhibits Oxygen-induced Retinal Neovascularization via Reducing the
      Expression of Roundabout 1.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV)
      remain unknown. Several microRNAs were reported to be involved in the process of
      RNV. Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is a useful model to investigate RNV. Our
      present work explored the expression and the role of microRNA-128 (miR-218) in
      oxygen-induced RNV. METHODS: OIR was used to establish RNV model. The expression
      level of miR-218 in the retina from OIR mice was assessed by quantitative real
      time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Fluorescein angiography was
      performed in retinae of OIR mice, and RNV was quantified by hematoxylin and eosin
      staining to evaluate the effect of pCDH-CMV-miR-218 intravitreal injection on RNV
      in OIR mice. Roundabout 1 (Robo1) expression was detected by Western blotting in
      mouse retinal vascular endothelial cells expressing a high or low level of miR
      218 and retinal tissues from OIR mice. Cell migration was evaluated by scratch
      wound assay. RESULTS: In OIR mice, the expression level of miR-218 was
      significantly down-regulated (P = 0.006). Retinal Robo1 expression was
      significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels (P = 0.001, 0.008;
      respectively). miR-218 intravitreal injection inhibited retinal angiogenesis in
      OIR mice, and the restoration of miR-218 in retina led to down-regulation of
      Robo1. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiments showed that restoration of miR-218 inhibited
      retinal angiogenesis via targeting Robo1. MiR-218 contributed to the inhibition
      of retinal angiogenesis and miR-218 might be a new therapeutic target for
      preventing RNV.

PMID- 26960376
TI  - Estimated Financing Amount Needed for Essential Medicines in China, 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: At the present time, the government is considering to establish the
      independent financing system for essential medicines (EMs). However, it is still
      in the exploration phase. The objectives of this study were to calculate and
      estimate financing amount of EMs in China in 2014 and to provide data evidence
      for establishing financing mechanism of EMs. METHODS: Two approaches were adopted
      in this study. First, we used a retrospective research to estimate the cost of
      EMs in China in 2014. We identified all the 520 drugs listed in the latest
      national EMs list (2012) and calculated the total sales amount of these drugs in
      2014. The other approach included the steps that first selecting the 109 most
      common diseases in China, then identifying the EMs used to treat them, and
      finally estimating the total cost of these drugs. RESULTS: The results of the two
      methods, which showed the estimated financing amounts of EMs in China in 2014,
      were 17,776.44 million USD and 19,094.09 million USD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Comparing these two results, we concluded that the annual budget needed to
      provide for the EMs in China would be about 20 billion USD. Our study also
      indicated that the irrational drug use continued to plague the health system with
      intravenous fluids and antibiotics being the typical examples, as observed in
      other studies.

PMID- 26960377
TI  - Assessment on the Efficacy and Safety of Aidi Injection Combined with Vinorelbine
      and Cisplatin for Treatment of Advanced Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of
      vinorelbine and cisplatin (NP chemotherapy) alone or in combination with Aidi
      injection for the treatment of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
      METHODS: Pertinent publications were identified in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane
      Library, CNKI, CQVIP, and Wanfang databases, up to December 8, 2015. After
      quality assessment of all included randomized controlled trials evaluating Aidi
      injection combined with NP chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced NSCLC, a
      meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.2 and STATA 12.0 for statistical
      analyses. RESULTS: Twelve studies including 509 and 503 cases in the experimental
      and control groups, respectively, were finally analyzed. The meta-analysis
      revealed that when cisplatin dose ranging from 20 to 40 mg/m 2 , combination of
      Aidi injection and NP chemotherapy was statistically different compared with NP
      chemotherapy alone in enhancing efficiency (relative risk [RR] = 1.24, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] [1.05-1.47], P = 0.010) and reducing the incidence of
      Grade II or above nausea and vomiting (RR = 0.49, 95% CI [0.30-0.80], P = 0.005).
      Meanwhile, with cisplatin ranging from 80 to 120 mg/m 2 , no significant
      differences in efficiency (RR = 1.11, 95% CI [0.87-1.42], P = 0.390) and Grade II
      or above nausea and vomiting (RR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.71-1.10], P = 0.260) were
      obtained. In addition, Aidi injection combined with NP chemotherapy was superior
      to NP chemotherapy alone in improving the quality of life, alleviating Grade II
      or above leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Aidi injection combined
      with NP chemotherapy can enhance efficiency, improve the quality of life, and
      decrease adverse effects in patients with advanced NSCLC.

PMID- 26960378
TI  - Application and Exploration of Big Data Mining in Clinical Medicine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review theories and technologies of big data mining and their
      application in clinical medicine. DATA SOURCES: Literatures published in English
      or Chinese regarding theories and technologies of big data mining and the
      concrete applications of data mining technology in clinical medicine were
      obtained from PubMed and Chinese Hospital Knowledge Database from 1975 to 2015.
      STUDY SELECTION: Original articles regarding big data mining theory/technology
      and big data mining's application in the medical field were selected. RESULTS:
      This review characterized the basic theories and technologies of big data mining
      including fuzzy theory, rough set theory, cloud theory, Dempster-Shafer theory,
      artificial neural network, genetic algorithm, inductive learning theory, Bayesian
      network, decision tree, pattern recognition, high-performance computing, and
      statistical analysis. The application of big data mining in clinical medicine was
      analyzed in the fields of disease risk assessment, clinical decision support,
      prediction of disease development, guidance of rational use of drugs, medical
      management, and evidence-based medicine. CONCLUSION: Big data mining has the
      potential to play an important role in clinical medicine.

PMID- 26960380
TI  - Acute Pulmonary Embolism Caused by Local Resection of Choroidal Melanoma.

PMID- 26960379
TI  - Lophomonas blattarum Infection or Just the Movement of Ciliated Epithelial Cells?

PMID- 26960381
TI  - A Case of Thromboembolism After Injection of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone
      Agonist.

PMID- 26960382
TI  - Difficult Airway for Patients Undergoing Spine Surgeries.

PMID- 26960383
TI  - Serum Concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and its Soluble Receptors in
      Soldiers with and Without Combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Influence
      of Age and Body Mass Index.

PMID- 26960384
TI  - Venous Sinus Dysplasia Masking the Diagnosis of Cryptococcal Meningitis.

PMID- 26960385
TI  - Foreign Body Aspiration-induced Unusual Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive
      Pulmonary Disease.

PMID- 26960386
TI  - In Situ Binding Sb Nanospheres on Graphene via Oxygen Bonds as Superior Anode for
      Ultrafast Sodium-Ion Batteries.
AB  - Graphene incorporation should be one effective strategy to develop advanced
      electrode materials for a sodium-ion battery (SIB). Herein, the
      micro/nanostructural Sb/graphene composite (Sb-O-G) is successfully prepared with
      the uniform Sb nanospheres (~100 nm) bound on the graphene via oxygen bonds. It
      is revealed that the in-situ-constructed oxygen bonds play a significant role on
      enhancing Na-storage properties, especially the ultrafast charge/discharge
      capability. The oxygen-bond-enhanced Sb-O-G composite can deliver a high capacity
      of 220 mAh/g at an ultrahigh current density of 12 A/g, which is obviously
      superior to the similar Sb/G composite (130 mAh/g at 10 A/g) just without Sb-O-C
      bonds. It also exhibits the highest Na-storage capacity compared to Sb/G and pure
      Sb nanoparticles as well as the best cycling performance. More importantly, this
      Sb-O-G anode achieves ultrafast (120 C) energy storage in SIB full cells, which
      have already been shown to power a 26-bulb array and calculator. All of these
      superior performances originate from the structural stability of Sb-O-C bonds
      during Na uptake/release, which has been verified by ex situ X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopies and infrared spectroscopies. 

PMID- 26960387
TI  - The concentration of ascorbic acid and glutathione in 13 provenances of Acacia
      melanoxylon.
AB  - Climate change can negatively affect sensitive tree species, affecting their
      acclimation and adaptation strategies. A common garden experiment provides an
      opportunity to test whether responses of trees from different provenances are
      genetically driven and if this response is related to factors at the site of
      origin. We hypothesized that antioxidative defence systems and leaf mass area
      ofAcacia melanoxylonR. Br. samples collected from different provenances will vary
      depending on local rainfall. Thirteen provenances ofA. melanoxylonoriginating
      from different rainfall habitats (500-2000 mm) were grown for 5 years in a common
      garden. For 2 years, phyllode samples were collected during winter and summer,
      for measurements of leaf mass area and concentrations of glutathione and ascorbic
      acid. Leaf mass area varied between seasons, years and provenances ofA.
      melanoxylon, and an increase was associated with decreasing rainfall at the site
      of origin. Ascorbic acid and glutathione concentrations varied between seasons,
      years (i.e., environmental factors) and among provenances ofA. melanoxylon In
      general, glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations were higher in winter
      compared with summer. Ascorbic acid and glutathione were different among
      provenances, but this was not associated with rainfall at the site of origin. 

PMID- 26960388
TI  - The importance of storage and redistribution in vascular plants.

PMID- 26960390
TI  - The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) faecal microbiota.
AB  - Cetaceans have evolved from herbivorous terrestrial artiodactyls closely related
      to ruminants and hippopotamuses. Delphinidae, a family included in this order,
      represent an extreme and successful re-adaptation of mammalian physiology to the
      marine habitat and piscivorous diet. The anatomical aspects of Delphinidae
      success are well understood, whereas some physiological aspects of their
      environmental fitness are less defined, such as the gut microbiota composition
      and its adaptation to their dietary niche. Here, we explored the faecal
      microbiota structure of nine adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and
      one breast-fed calf living in a controlled environment. According to our
      findings, dolphins possess a unique microbiota profile within the Mammalia class,
      highly resembling that of carnivorous marine fishes. The breast-fed calf showed a
      distinctive compositional structure of the gut microbial ecosystem, which
      partially overlaps with the mother's milk microbiota. Taken together, our data
      indicate that in dolphins the adaptation to the marine niche and piscivorous diet
      involved the convergence of their gut microbiota structure with that of marine
      fishes, overcoming the gut microbiota phylogenetic inertia previously described
      in terrestrial mammalians. 

PMID- 26960389
TI  - Tree-ring delta13C and delta18O, leaf delta13C and wood and leaf N status
      demonstrate tree growth strategies and predict susceptibility to disturbance.
AB  - Understanding how tree growth strategies may influence tree susceptibility to
      disturbance is an important goal, especially given projected increases in diverse
      ecological disturbances this century. We use growth responses of tree rings to
      climate, relationships between tree-ring stable isotopic signatures of carbon
      (delta(13)C) and oxygen (delta(18)O), wood nitrogen concentration [N], and
      contemporary leaf [N] and delta(13)C values to assess potential historic drivers
      of tree photosynthesis in dying and apparently healthy co-occurring northern red
      oak (Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae)) during a region-wide oak decline event in
      Arkansas, USA. Bole growth of both healthy and dying trees responded negatively
      to drought severity (Palmer Drought Severity Index) and temperature; healthy
      trees exhibited a positive, but small, response to growing season precipitation.
      Contrary to expectations, tree-ring delta(13)C did not increase with drought
      severity. A significantly positive relationship between tree-ring delta(13)C and
      delta(18)O was evident in dying trees (P < 0.05) but not in healthy trees.
      Healthy trees' wood exhibited lower [N] than that of dying trees throughout most
      of their lives (P < 0.05), and we observed a significant, positive relationship
      (P < 0.05) in healthy trees between contemporary leaf delta(13)C and leaf N (by
      mass), but not in dying trees. Our work provides evidence that for plants in
      which strong relationships between delta(13)C and delta(18)O are not evident,
      delta(13)C may be governed by plant N status. The data further imply that
      historic photosynthesis in healthy trees was linked to N status and, perhaps, C
      sink strength to a greater extent than in dying trees, in which tree-ring stable
      isotopes suggest that historic photosynthesis was governed primarily by stomatal
      regulation. This, in turn, suggests that assessing the relative dominance of
      photosynthetic capacity vs stomatal regulation as drivers of trees' C accrual may
      be a feasible means of predicting tree responses to some disturbance events. Our
      work demonstrates that a dual isotope, tree-ring approach can be integrated with
      tree N status to begin to unravel a fundamental question in forest ecology: why
      do some trees die during a disturbance, while other conspecifics with apparently
      similar access to resources remain healthy?

PMID- 26960392
TI  - Bacterial communities potentially involved in iron-cycling in Baltic Sea and
      North Sea sediments revealed by pyrosequencing.
AB  - To gain insight into the bacterial communities involved in iron-(Fe) cycling
      under marine conditions, we analysed sediments with Fe-contents (0.5-1.5 wt %)
      from the suboxic zone at a marine site in the Skagerrak (SK) and a brackish site
      in the Bothnian Bay (BB) using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Several bacterial
      families, including Desulfobulbaceae, Desulfuromonadaceae and Pelobacteraceae and
      genera, includingDesulfobacterandGeobacter, known to reduce Fe were detected and
      showed highest abundance near the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox boundary. Additional
      genera with microorganisms capable of coupling fermentation to Fe-reduction,
      includingClostridiumandBacillus, were observed. Also, the Fe-oxidizing families
      Mariprofundaceae and Gallionellaceae occurred at the SK and BB sites,
      respectively, supporting Fe-cycling. In contrast, the sulphate (SO4 (2-))
      reducing bacteriaDesulfococcusandDesulfobacteriumwere more abundant at greater
      depths concurring with a decrease in Fe-reducing activity. The communities
      revealed by pyrosequencing, thus, match the redox stratification indicated by the
      geochemistry, with the known Fe-reducers coinciding with the zone of Fe
      reduction. Not the intensely studied model organisms, such asGeobacterspp., but
      rather versatile microorganisms, including sulphate reducers and possibly unknown
      groups appear to be important for Fe-reduction in these marine suboxic sediments.

PMID- 26960391
TI  - Modulation of the eps-ome transcription of bifidobacteria through simulation of
      human intestinal environment.
AB  - Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are mono- or oligo-saccharide units linked by
      glycosidic bonds, forming homo- or hetero-polymers. In gut commensals, these
      macromolecules are claimed to protect bacterial cells against gastrointestinal
      challenges and to be involved in modulating the cross talk between the producing
      bacterium and its gut environment. The predicted EPS arsenal of
      theBifidobacteriumgenus, which we designate here as theeps-ome, consists of
      9epsgene clusters conserved among different bifidobacterial species and a further
      44 uniqueepsloci, together representing a large proportion of the
      inter(sub)species variability identified among bifidobacterial genomes. Co
      cultivations of bifidobacterial species in media simulating adult and infant
      human gut environments resulted in an increased transcription of key genes for
      EPS biosynthesis, including glycosyltransferase-encoding genes, as well as genes
      specifying EPS transporter and polymerase functions, and saccharide biosynthesis
      and modification enzymes. 

PMID- 26960393
TI  - Improving health in cities through systems approaches for urban water management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As human populations become more and more urban, decision-makers at
      all levels face new challenges related to both the scale of service provision and
      the increasing complexity of cities and the networks that connect them. These
      challenges may take on unique aspects in cities with different cultures,
      political and institutional frameworks, and at different levels of development,
      but they frequently have in common an origin in the interaction of human and
      environmental systems and the feedback relationships that govern their dynamic
      evolution. Accordingly, systems approaches are becoming recognized as critical to
      understanding and addressing such complex problems, including those related to
      human health and wellbeing. Management of water resources in and for cities is
      one area where such approaches hold real promise. RESULTS: This paper seeks to
      summarize links between water and health in cities and outline four main elements
      of systems approaches: analytic methods to deal with complexity,
      interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, and multi-scale thinking. Using case
      studies from a range of urban socioeconomic and regional contexts (Maputo,
      Mozambique; Surat and Kolkata, India; and Vienna, Austria). CONCLUSION: We show
      how the inclusion of these elements can lead to better research design, more
      effective policy and better outcomes.

PMID- 26960394
TI  - Left middle lobectomy for bronchiectasis in a patient with Kartagener syndrome: a
      case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kartagener syndrome (KS) is a rare disorder characterized by the
      triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus. CASE
      PRESENTATION: A 23-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of recurrent
      cough with purulent expectoration, which had occurred intermittently for the past
      ten years. During the past 3 years, the episode frequency was 3-4 times per year.
      He was diagnosed with pulmonary infection and bronchiectasis of the left upper
      lobe, situs inversus, and KS. We concluded that the damaged left middle lobe was
      the source of repeat pulmonary infections. Thus the left middle lobe resection
      was performed to remove the source of the lung infection. CONCLUSIONS: The post
      operative course was successful and pneumonia was apparently resolved during the
      6 months' follow-up period. We further describe this case in the following
      report.

PMID- 26960397
TI  - PD-L1 Negative Status is Associated with Lower Mutation Burden, Differential
      Expression of Immune-Related Genes, and Worse Survival in Stage III Melanoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Understanding why some melanomas test negative for PD-L1 by IHC may have
      implications for the application of anti-PD-1 therapies in melanoma management.
      This study sought to determine somatic mutation and gene expression patterns
      associated with tumor cell PD-L1 expression, or lack thereof, in stage III
      metastatic melanoma to better define therapeutically relevant patient subgroups.
      EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: IHC for PD-L1 was assessed in 52 American Joint Committee on
      Cancer stage III melanoma lymph node specimens and compared with specimen-matched
      comprehensive clinicopathologic, genomic, and transcriptomic data. RESULTS: PD-L1
      negative status was associated with lower nonsynonymous mutation (NSM) burden (P
      = 0.017) and worse melanoma-specific survival [HR = 0.28 (0.12-0.66), P = 0.002]
      in stage III melanoma. Gene set enrichment analysis identified an immune-related
      gene expression signature in PD-L1-positive tumors. There was a marked increase
      in cytotoxic T-cell and macrophage-specific genes in PD-L1-positive melanomas.
      CD8A(high) gene expression was associated with better melanoma-specific survival
      [HR = 0.2 (0.05-0.87), P = 0.017] and restricted to PD-L1-positive stage III
      specimens. NF1 mutations were restricted to PD-L1-positive tumors (P = 0.041).
      CONCLUSIONS: Tumor negative PD-L1 status in stage III melanoma lymph node
      metastasis is a marker of worse patient survival and is associated with a poor
      immune response gene signature. Lower NSM levels were associated with PD-L1
      negative status suggesting differences in somatic mutation profiles are a
      determinant of PD-L1-associated antitumor immunity in stage III melanoma. Clin
      Cancer Res; 22(15); 3915-23. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26960396
TI  - The Genomic Landscape of Male Breast Cancers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Male breast cancer is rare, and its genomic landscape has yet to be
      fully characterized. Lacking studies in men, treatment of males with breast
      cancer is extrapolated from results in females with breast cancer. We sought to
      define whether male breast cancers harbor somatic genetic alterations in genes
      frequently altered in female breast cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: All male breast
      cancers were estrogen receptor-positive, and all but two were HER2-negative.
      Fifty-nine male breast cancers were subtyped by immunohistochemistry, and tumor
      normal pairs were microdissected and subjected to massively parallel sequencing
      targeting all exons of 241 genes frequently mutated in female breast cancers or
      DNA-repair related. The repertoires of somatic mutations and copy number
      alterations of male breast cancers were compared with that of subtype-matched
      female breast cancers. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent and 71% of male breast
      cancers were immunohistochemically classified as luminal A-like or luminal B
      like, respectively. Male breast cancers displayed a heterogeneous repertoire of
      somatic genetic alterations that to some extent recapitulated that of estrogen
      receptor (ER)-positive/HER2-negative female breast cancers, including recurrent
      mutations affecting PIK3CA (20%) and GATA3 (15%). ER-positive/HER2-negative male
      breast cancers, however, less frequently harbored 16q losses, and PIK3CA and TP53
      mutations than ER-positive/HER2-negative female breast cancers. In addition, male
      breast cancers were found to be significantly enriched for mutations affecting
      DNA repair-related genes. CONCLUSIONS: Male breast cancers less frequently harbor
      somatic genetic alterations typical of ER-positive/HER2-negative female breast
      cancers, such as PIK3CA and TP53 mutations and losses of 16q, suggesting that at
      least a subset of male breast cancers are driven by a distinct repertoire of
      somatic changes. Given the genomic differences, caution may be needed in the
      application of biologic and therapeutic findings from studies of female breast
      cancers to male breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4045-56. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26960399
TI  - Soluble B-Cell Maturation Antigen Mediates Tumor-Induced Immune Deficiency in
      Multiple Myeloma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Reduced uninvolved immunoglobulin (Ig) levels are a hallmark of multiple
      myeloma. We previously showed that B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is
      solubilized and at high levels in multiple myeloma patient serum. We hypothesize
      that soluble BCMA binds B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) preventing its function
      to stimulate late B cells, and would result in lower polyclonal antibody levels
      in these patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Mice were dosed with recombinant human
      BCMA (rhBCMA) and BCMA-BAFF complexes were analyzed in plasma, and its effects on
      antibody and Ig heavy chain mRNA levels determined. Using flow cytometry, BAFF
      binding to B cells was examined in the presence of rhBCMA and sera from multiple
      myeloma patients. In multiple myeloma sera, BCMA-BAFF complex formation and BCMA,
      IgA, IgG levels, and heavy-light chain isoform pair levels were determined.
      RESULTS: rhBCMA-BAFF complexes formed in immune-competent and deficient mice.
      Mice with human multiple myeloma xenografts, which contain plasma hBCMA and hBCMA
      BAFF complexes, showed reduced plasma-free BAFF levels. rhBCMA administered to
      immune competent mice markedly reduced plasma IgA, IgG, and IgM levels and
      splenic Ig heavy chain mRNA levels. In serum from multiple myeloma patients, BCMA
      BAFF complexes were detected and BAFF levels were reduced. Multiple myeloma
      patient sera containing BCMA prevented binding of BAFF to B cells. There is an
      inverse correlation between serum BCMA and uninvolved polyclonal Ig level in
      multiple myeloma patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that soluble BCMA
      sequesters circulating BAFF, thereby preventing it from performing its signaling
      to stimulate normal B-cell and plasma cell development, resulting in reduced
      polyclonal antibody levels in multiple myeloma patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13);
      3383-97. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26960400
TI  - Preparation and Evaluation of Stomatitis Film Using Xyloglucan Containing
      Loperamide.
AB  - Stomatitis induced by radiation therapy or cancer chemotherapy is a factor in
      sleep disorders and/or eating disorders, markedly decreasing patient quality of
      life. In recent years, disintegrating oral films that are easy to handle have
      been developed; therefore, we focused on the formulation of these films. We
      prepared an adhesive film for the oral cavity using xyloglucan (Xylo), which is a
      water-soluble macromolecule. We used loperamide, which has been reported to
      relieve pain caused by stomatitis effectively, as a model drug in this study.
      Films were prepared from Xylo solutions (3% (w/w)) and hypromellose (HPMC)
      solutions (1% (w/w)). Xylo and HPMC solutions were mixed at ratios of 1 : 1, 2 :
      1, or 3 : 1 for each film, and films 2*2 cm weighing 3 g were prepared and dried
      at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Physicochemical properties such as strength,
      adhesiveness, disintegration behavior, and dissolution of loperamide from films
      were evaluated. Films prepared from Xylo solution alone had sufficient strength
      and mucosal adhesion. On the other hand, films prepared from a mixture of Xylo
      and HPMC were inferior to those made from Xylo, but showed sufficient strength
      and mucosal adhesion and were flexible and easy to handle. The films prepared in
      this study are useful as adhesion films in the oral cavity. 

PMID- 26960401
TI  - Quality Aware Compression of Electrocardiogram Using Principal Component
      Analysis.
AB  - Electrocardiogram (ECG) compression finds wide application in various patient
      monitoring purposes. Quality control in ECG compression ensures reconstruction
      quality and its clinical acceptance for diagnostic decision making. In this
      paper, a quality aware compression method of single lead ECG is described using
      principal component analysis (PCA). After pre-processing, beat extraction and PCA
      decomposition, two independent quality criteria, namely, bit rate control (BRC)
      or error control (EC) criteria were set to select optimal principal components,
      eigenvectors and their quantization level to achieve desired bit rate or error
      measure. The selected principal components and eigenvectors were finally
      compressed using a modified delta and Huffman encoder. The algorithms were
      validated with 32 sets of MIT Arrhythmia data and 60 normal and 30 sets of
      diagnostic ECG data from PTB Diagnostic ECG data ptbdb, all at 1 kHz sampling.
      For BRC with a CR threshold of 40, an average Compression Ratio (CR), percentage
      root mean squared difference normalized (PRDN) and maximum absolute error (MAE)
      of 50.74, 16.22 and 0.243 mV respectively were obtained. For EC with an upper
      limit of 5 % PRDN and 0.1 mV MAE, the average CR, PRDN and MAE of 9.48, 4.13 and
      0.049 mV respectively were obtained. For mitdb data 117, the reconstruction
      quality could be preserved up to CR of 68.96 by extending the BRC threshold. The
      proposed method yields better results than recently published works on quality
      controlled ECG compression.

PMID- 26960398
TI  - Next-Generation Sequencing of Pulmonary Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
      Reveals Small Cell Carcinoma-like and Non-Small Cell Carcinoma-like Subsets.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a highly
      aggressive neoplasm, whose biologic relationship to small cell lung carcinoma
      (SCLC) versus non-SCLC (NSCLC) remains unclear, contributing to uncertainty
      regarding optimal clinical management. To clarify these relationships, we
      analyzed genomic alterations in LCNEC compared with other major lung carcinoma
      types. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: LCNEC (n = 45) tumor/normal pairs underwent targeted
      next-generation sequencing of 241 cancer genes by Memorial Sloan Kettering
      Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT) platform
      and comprehensive histologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical analysis. Genomic
      data were compared with MSK-IMPACT analysis of other lung carcinoma histologies
      (n = 242). RESULTS: Commonly altered genes in LCNEC included TP53 (78%), RB1
      (38%), STK11 (33%), KEAP1 (31%), and KRAS (22%). Genomic profiles segregated
      LCNEC into 2 major and 1 minor subsets: SCLC-like (n = 18), characterized by
      TP53+RB1 co-mutation/loss and other SCLC-type alterations, including MYCL
      amplification; NSCLC-like (n = 25), characterized by the lack of coaltered
      TP53+RB1 and nearly universal occurrence of NSCLC-type mutations (STK11, KRAS,
      and KEAP1); and carcinoid-like (n = 2), characterized by MEN1 mutations and low
      mutation burden. SCLC-like and NSCLC-like subsets revealed several
      clinicopathologic differences, including higher proliferative activity in SCLC
      like tumors (P < 0.0001) and exclusive adenocarcinoma-type differentiation marker
      expression in NSCLC-like tumors (P = 0.005). While exhibiting predominant
      similarity with lung adenocarcinoma, NSCLC-like LCNEC harbored several
      distinctive genomic alterations, including more frequent mutations in NOTCH
      family genes (28%), implicated as key regulators of neuroendocrine
      differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: LCNEC is a biologically heterogeneous group of
      tumors, comprising distinct subsets with genomic signatures of SCLC, NSCLC
      (predominantly adenocarcinoma), and rarely, highly proliferative carcinoids.
      Recognition of these subsets may inform the classification and management of
      LCNEC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3618-29. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26960403
TI  - Hip fractures in 2016, where do we stand and have we made any progress?

PMID- 26960402
TI  - Improvement of soybean transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens methods
      involving alpha-aminooxyacetic acid and sonication treatments enlightened by gene
      expression profile analysis.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: Antagonists and sonication treatment relieved the structural
      barriers of Agrobacterium entering into cells; hindered signal perception and
      transmission; alleviated defense responses and increased cell susceptibility to
      Agrobacterium infection. Soybean gene expression analysis was performed to
      elucidate the general response of soybean plant to Agrobacterium at an early
      stage of infection. Agrobacterium infection stimulated the PAMPs-triggered
      immunity (BRI1, BAK1, BZR1, FLS2 and EFR) and effector-triggered immunity (RPM1,
      RPS2, RPS5, RIN4, and PBS1); up-regulated the transcript factors (WRKY25, WRKY29,
      MEKK1P, MKK4/5P and MYC2) in MAPK pathway; strengthened the biosynthesis of
      flavonoid and isoflavonoid in the second metabolism; finally led to a fierce
      defense response of soybean to Agrobacterium infection and thereby lower
      transformation efficiency. To overcome it, antagonist alpha-aminooxyacetic acid
      (AOA) and sonication treatment along with Agrobacterium infection were applied.
      This novel method dramatically decreased the expression of genes coding for F3'H,
      HCT, beta-glucosidase and IF7GT, etc., which are important for isoflavone
      biosynthesis or the interconversion of aglycones and glycon; genes coding for
      peroxidase, FLS2, PBS1 and transcription factor MYC2, etc., which are important
      components in plant-pathogen interaction; and genes coding for GPAT and alpha-L
      fucosidase, which are important in polyesters formation in cell membrane and the
      degradation of fucose-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids on the external
      surface of cell membrane, respectively. This analysis implied that AOA and
      sonication treatment not only relieved the structural membrane barriers of
      Agrobacterium entering into cells, but also hindered the perception of 'invasion'
      signal on cell membrane and intercellular signal transmission, thus effectively
      alleviated the defense responses and increased the cell susceptibility to
      Agrobacterium infection. All these factors benefit the transformation process;
      other measures should also be further explored to improve soybean transformation.

PMID- 26960404
TI  - Erratum to: Seeking to understand: using generic qualitative research to explore
      access to medicines and pharmacy services among resettled refugees.

PMID- 26960405
TI  - Harmful excipients in medicines for neonates in Spain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neonates may respond differently from adults to drug components.
      Hence, ingredients that seem safe in adults may not be safe in this age group.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe the content of harmful excipients in drugs used in our
      neonatal wards and compare the daily dose a neonate may receive with the accepted
      daily intake (ADI) in adults. METHODS: All drugs included in the hospital's
      neonatal treatment guide were reviewed, using information from the package
      inserts or the summary of product characteristics. Those containing at least one
      harmful excipient (e.g., metabisulfite, sorbitol) were analyzed. Minimum and
      maximum usual daily drug doses were determined, and excipient exposure was
      estimated by extrapolation of the minimum and maximum of excipient referred to
      the active ingredient. These amounts were compared with ADIs for each excipient
      in adults. RESULTS: In total, 32 % of intravenous and 62 % of oral formulations
      used in neonates contained at least one harmful excipient. On quantitative
      analysis, 25 % of intravenous and 19 % of oral drugs contained harmful excipients
      exceeding the ADI in adults. CONCLUSION: Several drugs commonly used to treat
      neonates contain harmful excipients in amounts that may exceed the ADI in adults.
      Clinicians should be aware of this to prescribe appropriate treatment in this
      population.

PMID- 26960406
TI  - Home medication management review in outpatients with chronic diseases in Jordan:
      a randomized control trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medication Management Review (MMR) is a patient-focused, structured
      and collaborative health care service provided in the community setting to
      optimize patient understanding and quality use of medicines. OBJECTIVE: To
      conduct a randomized control trial of the MMR program in Jordan, by a pharmacist
      identifying treatment related problems (TRPs) through home visits, assessing type
      and frequency of TRPs, and eventual effect of resolving TRPs identified by the
      pharmacist and accepted by the physician on the health status of participating
      patients. SETTING: Outpatient clinic at the Jordan University Hospital, Amman,
      Jordan. METHOD: Consecutive patients from outpatient clinics who were eligible
      for the study were recruited and randomly distributed into two groups (control
      and intervention). All patients were visited at home by the pharmacist who
      delivered only for intervention group counseling regarding self-reported
      adherence, frequency of monitoring and education regarding pharmacological and
      non-pharmacological therapy. After identifying TRPs, the pharmacist sent a letter
      to the physician with certain recommendations for patients in the intervention
      group only. Physician ticked the approved recommendations and returned the report
      to the pharmacist, allowing the pharmacist to convey the approved changes to the
      patients. Patients were referred back to their physicians for confirmation of any
      changes in treatment. Both groups were reassessed after 2-3 months during their
      regular follow-up visits to their physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: To assess the
      impact of home medication review on the number of TRPs and self-reported
      adherence in outpatients with chronic diseases via hospital-based clinics in
      Jordan. RESULTS: A total of 158 TRPs were identified in 112 patients; mean TRP
      number was 1.63 per patient. As a result of the pharmacist intervention, there
      was a significant decrease in number of TRPs in the intervention group, the
      change in the mean was (1.23 (+/-1.19), P < 0.001) versus the control group (0.29
      (+/-1.24), P = 0.114). After 3 months, a reduction in non-adherence was observed
      in the intervention (-0.81 (+/-1.48), P < 0.001) in contrast to no change in self
      reported adherence in the control (0.22 (+/- 1.12), P = 0.168) group. CONCLUSION:
      Overall, home-based medication review for patients with chronic conditions
      decreased the total number of TRPs and improved patient self-reported adherence.

PMID- 26960407
TI  - Ultra-precise detection of mutations by droplet-based amplification of
      circularized DNA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: NGS (next generation sequencing) has been widely used in studies of
      biological processes, ranging from microbial evolution to cancer genomics.
      However, the error rate of NGS (0.1 % ~ 1 %) is still remaining a great challenge
      for comprehensively investigating the low frequency variations, and the current
      solution methods have suffered severe amplification bias or low efficiency.
      RESULTS: We creatively developed Droplet-CirSeq for relatively efficient, low
      bias and ultra-sensitive identification of variations by combining millions of
      picoliter uniform-sized droplets with Cir-seq. Droplet-CirSeq is entitled with an
      incredibly low error rate of 3 ~ 5 X 10(-6). To systematically evaluate the
      performances of amplification uniformity and capability of mutation
      identification for Droplet-CirSeq, we took the mixtures of two E. coli strains as
      specific instances to simulate the circumstances of mutations with different
      frequencies. Compared with Cir-seq, the coefficient of variance of read depth for
      Droplet-CirSeq was 10 times less (p = 2.6 X 10(-3)), and the identified allele
      frequency presented more concentrated to the authentic frequency of mixtures (p =
      4.8 X 10(-3)), illustrating a significant improvement of amplification bias and
      accuracy in allele frequency determination. Additionally, Droplet-CirSeq detected
      2.5 times genuine SNPs (p < 0.001), achieved a 2.8 times lower false positive
      rate (p < 0.05) and a 1.5 times lower false negative rate (p < 0.001), in the
      case of a 3 pg DNA input. Intriguingly, the false positive sites predominantly
      represented in two types of base substitutions (G- > A, C- > T). Our findings
      indicated that 30 pg DNA input accommodated in 5 ~ 10 million droplets resulted
      in maximal detection of authentic mutations compared to 3 pg (p = 1.2 X 10(-8))
      and 300 pg input (p = 2.2 X 10(-3)). CONCLUSIONS: We developed a method namely
      Droplet-CirSeq to significantly improve the amplification bias, which presents
      obvious superiority over the currently prevalent methods in exploitation of ultra
      low frequency mutations. Droplet-CirSeq would be promisingly used in the
      identification of low frequency mutations initiated from extremely low input DNA,
      such as DNA of uncultured microorganisms, captured DNA of target region,
      circulation DNA of plasma et al, and its creative conception of rolling circle
      amplification in droplets would also be used in other low input DNA amplification
      fields.

PMID- 26960408
TI  - Establishment and characterization of a novel ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell
      line, TU-OC-2, with loss of ARID1A expression.
AB  - A new cell line of human ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC), TU-OC-2, was
      established and characterized. The cells were polygonal in shape, grew in
      monolayers without contact inhibition and were arranged in islands like pieces of
      a jigsaw puzzle. The chromosome numbers ranged from 41 to 96. A low rate of
      proliferation was observed and the doubling time was 37.5 h. The IC50 values of
      cisplatin, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), which is an active metabolite
      of camptothecin, and paclitaxel were 7.7 MUM, 17.7 nM and 301 nM, respectively.
      The drug sensitivity assay indicated that TU-OC-2 was sensitive to SN38, but
      resistant to cisplatin and paclitaxel. Mutational analysis revealed that TU-OC-2
      cells have no mutations of PIK3CA in exons 9 and 20 and of TP53 in exons 4-9. We
      observed the loss of ARID1A protein expression in TU-OC-2 cells by western blot
      analysis and in the original tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry. This cell line
      may be useful for studying the chemoresistant mechanisms of CCC and exploring
      novel therapeutic targets such as the ARID1A-related signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26960410
TI  - Erratum to: Transportan 10 improves the anticancer activity of cisplatin.

PMID- 26960411
TI  - 2-Positional pyrene end-capped oligothiophenes for high performance organic field
      effect transistors.
AB  - Three new 2-positional pyrene end-capped oligothiophene co-oligomers, BPynT (n =
      1, 2, 3), have been synthesized for application in organic field effect
      transistors (OFETs). BPy2T showed the highest hole mobility of 3.3 cm(2) V(-1) s(
      1) in a single crystal OFET and a good photoluminescence efficiency of 32% in the
      crystalline state. A green light emission was observed for the OFET based on a
      BPy2T single crystal. 

PMID- 26960409
TI  - In vitro assembly of the bacterial actin protein MamK from ' Candidatus
      Magnetobacterium casensis' in the phylum Nitrospirae.
AB  - Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), a group of phylogenetically diverse organisms that
      use their unique intracellular magnetosome organelles to swim along the Earth's
      magnetic field, play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of iron and
      sulfur. Previous studies have revealed that the bacterial actin protein MamK
      plays essential roles in the linear arrangement of magnetosomes in MTB cells
      belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum. However, the molecular mechanisms of
      multiple-magnetosome-chain arrangements in MTB remain largely unknown. Here, we
      report that the MamK filaments from the uncultivated 'Candidatus Magnetobacterium
      casensis' (Mcas) within the phylum Nitrospirae polymerized in the presence of ATP
      alone and were stable without obvious ATP hydrolysis-mediated disassembly. MamK
      in Mcas can convert NTP to NDP and NDP to NMP, showing the highest preference to
      ATP. Unlike its Magnetospirillum counterparts, which form a single magnetosome
      chain, or other bacterial actins such as MreB and ParM, the polymerized MamK from
      Mcas is independent of metal ions and nucleotides except for ATP, and is
      assembled into well-ordered filamentous bundles consisted of multiple filaments.
      Our results suggest a dynamically stable assembly of MamK from the uncultivated
      Nitrospirae MTB that synthesizes multiple magnetosome chains per cell. These
      findings further improve the current knowledge of biomineralization and organelle
      biogenesis in prokaryotic systems. 

PMID- 26960412
TI  - Burden of hospitalization in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study sought to quantify the economic burden of adults with
      Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph-) relapsed B-precursor acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) by examining hospitalization events in the US. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: The Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Database was used to identify
      eligible patients hospitalized between April 2009 and July 2014. Eligible
      patients were continuously enrolled 6 months before (pre-index) their first claim
      with an eligible relapsed ALL diagnosis (index date) and followed up for a
      maximum of 18 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 583 hospitalizations involving 205
      adults with Ph(-) relapsed B-precursor ALL were identified. Mean (SD) percentage
      of follow-up time spent in the hospital was 56.2% (40.0%). Mean (SD) length of
      stay per hospitalization was 13.1 (15.7) days; mean (SD) reimbursement per
      hospitalization stay was $89,663 ($195,725). The highest reimbursements were
      hospitalization for ALL in relapse ($132,137 [$178,742]) and ALL without
      remission ($120,932 [$134,254]). CONCLUSIONS: Adults with Ph(-) relapsed B
      precursor ALL had repeated and prolonged hospitalizations during chemotherapy
      treatment associated with extremely high costs. More effective, tolerable
      treatments are needed. LIMITATIONS: The key limitation was that the data source
      included only individuals from the health plans or the mid to large size
      employers in the MarketScan database. Patients who were not covered under these
      plans, or were only on Medicaid or only on Medicare, would not appear in our
      analysis.

PMID- 26960413
TI  - Graphene induces spontaneous cardiac differentiation in embryoid bodies.
AB  - Graphene was embedded into the structure of mouse embryoid bodies (EBs) using the
      hanging drop technique. The inclusion of 0.2 mg per mL graphene in the EBs did
      not affect the viability of the stem cells. However, the graphene decreased the
      stem cell proliferation, probably by accelerating cell differentiation. The
      graphene also enhanced the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of
      the EBs. Interestingly, the cardiac differentiation of the EB-graphene was
      significantly greater than that of the EBs at day 5 of culture, as confirmed by
      high-throughput gene analysis. Electrical stimulation (voltage, 4 V; frequency, 1
      Hz; and duration, 10 ms for 2 continuous days) further enhanced the cardiac
      differentiation of the EBs, as demonstrated by analyses of the cardiac protein
      and gene expression and the beating activity of the EBs. Taken together, the
      results demonstrated that graphene played a major role in directing the cardiac
      differentiation of EBs, which has potential cell therapy and tissue regeneration
      applications. 

PMID- 26960415
TI  - Levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 produces a levan
      exopolysaccharide with immunomodulating activity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 was cloned and
      expressed and its enzymatic product was characterized. RESULTS: The
      fructansucrase gene from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was cloned and expressed in
      Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified as a single protein and its
      properties investigated. The polymer produced by the recombinant enzyme was
      identified as levan by various means including TLC and NMRs, and the enzyme was
      identified as a GH68 levansucrase. The enzyme was optimal at pH 5.5-6 and 30 
      degrees C, and its activity was stimulated by Ca(2+). The levan produced by this
      strain induced IgA production in mice. CONCLUSION: Leuconostoc mesenteroides, a
      probiotic strain, possessed levansucrase which catalyzed the produced levan that
      had immunomodulating activity.

PMID- 26960417
TI  - Low-molecular-weight polyphenols protect kidney damage through suppressing NF
      kappaB and modulating mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic db/db mice.
AB  - Hyperglycemia, increased inflammatory responses, and dysregulation of
      mitochondrial function accompanied by type 2 diabetes may eventually lead to
      kidney damage. We examined the protective effects of oligonol, a low-molecular
      weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit and green tea, on kidney damage in
      diabetic db/db mice. Dietary oligonol supplementation lowered glucose and insulin
      levels and improved oral glucose tolerance. Oligonol attenuated serum resistin
      and IL-6 levels and reduced glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion
      caused by diabetes. Oligonol reduced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF
      kappaB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Suppressed renal oxidative
      stress by oligonol was associated with stimulated sirtuin1 expression and
      restored AMP-activated kinase protein alpha activity, mitochondrial DNA copy
      number, and mitochondrial biogenesis associated genes including nuclear
      respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A. In conclusion,
      oligonol reduced fasting glucose level, improved insulin sensitivity, suppressed
      inflammatory responses, and upregulated metabolic regulators involved in
      mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby leading to protection against diabetes-induced
      kidney damage. 

PMID- 26960416
TI  - Matured hop extract reduces body fat in healthy overweight humans: a randomized,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hops are the main components of beer that provide flavor and
      bitterness. Iso-alpha-acids, the bitter components of beer, have been reported to
      reduce body fat in humans, but the bitterness induced by effective doses of iso
      alpha-acids precludes their acceptance as a nutrient. The matured hop bitter
      acids (MHBA) of oxidized hops appear to have a more pleasant bitterness compared
      to the sharper bitterness of iso-alpha-acids. While there has been little
      information concerning the identity of the MHBA compounds and their physiological
      effects, MHBA was recently found to be primarily composed of oxides derived from
      alpha-acids, and structurally similar to iso-alpha-acids. Here, we investigated
      the effects of matured hop extract (MHE) containing MHBA on reducing abdominal
      body fat in healthy subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to below 30
      kg/m(2), classified as "obese level 1" in Japan or as "overweight" by the WHO.
      TRIAL DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group
      study. METHODS: Two hundred subjects (male and female aged 20 to below 65 years
      with a BMI of 25 or more and less than 30 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to two
      groups. During a 12-week ingestion period, the subjects in each group ingested
      daily 350 mL of test-beverage, either containing MHE (with 35 mg MHBA), i.e. the
      namely active beverage, or a placebo beverage without MHE. The primary endpoint
      was reduction of the abdominal fat area as determined by CT scanning after
      continual ingestion of MHE for 12 weeks. RESULTS: Compared to the placebo group,
      a significant reduction was observed in the visceral fat area after 8 and 12 w,
      and in the total fat area after 12 w in the active group. There was also a
      concomitant decrease in body fat ratio in the active group compared to the
      placebo group. No adverse events related to the test beverages or clinically
      relevant abnormal changes in the circulatory, blood and urine parameters were
      observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that continual
      ingestion of MHE safely reduces body fat, particularly the abdominal visceral fat
      of healthy overweight subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN-CTR UMIN000014185.

PMID- 26960418
TI  - Cars kill chimpanzees: case report of a wild chimpanzee killed on a road at
      Bulindi, Uganda.
AB  - Roads have broadly adverse impacts on wildlife, including nonhuman primates. One
      direct effect is mortality from collisions with vehicles. While highly
      undesirable, roadkills provide valuable information on the health and condition
      of endangered species. We present a case report of a wild chimpanzee (Pan
      troglodytes schweinfurthii) killed crossing a road in Bulindi, Uganda, where
      chimpanzees inhabit forest fragments amid farmland. Details of the collision are
      constructed from eyewitness accounts of pedestrians. Physical examination of the
      cadaver indicated good overall body condition; at 40 kg, the deceased female was
      heavier than usual for an adult female East African chimpanzee. No external
      wounds or fractures were noted. Coprological assessment demonstrated infection by
      several gastrointestinal parasites commonly reported in living wild chimpanzees.
      Histopathology revealed eosinophilic enteritis and biliary hyperplasia
      potentially caused by parasite infection. However, eosinophilia was not widely
      spread into the submucosa, while egg/cyst counts suggested low-intensity parasite
      infections compared to healthy female chimpanzees of similar age in nearby
      Budongo Forest. No behavioral indicators of ill health were noted in the deceased
      female in the month prior to the accident. We conclude that cause of death was
      acute, i.e., shock from the collision, and was probably unrelated to parasite
      infection or any other underlying health condition. Notably, this female had
      asymmetrical polythelia, and, while nursing at the time of her death, had one
      functioning mammary gland only. In Uganda, where primates often inhabit human
      dominated landscapes, human population growth and economic development has given
      rise to increasing motor traffic, while road development is enabling motorists to
      travel at greater speeds. Thus, the danger of roads to apes and other wildlife is
      rising, necessitating urgent strategies to reduce risks. Installation of simple
      speed-bumps-common on Ugandan roads-would be effective in reducing risks to
      wildlife, and would also make roads safer for human pedestrians. 

PMID- 26960420
TI  - Dramatic mechanistic switch in Sn/Au(I) group exchanges: transmetalation vs.
      oxidative addition.
AB  - The mechanism of Ph/X exchange in reactions involving SnPh(n)Bu3 and [AuXL]
      complexes switches dramatically from the usual concerted mechanism involving Ar/X
      mixed bridges when X = Cl, to an unexpected oxidative addition/reductive
      elimination pathway via an Au(III) intermediate when X = vinyl. 

PMID- 26960419
TI  - Averting the legacy of kidney disease: focus on childhood.
AB  - World Kidney Day 2016 focuses on kidney disease in childhood and the antecedents
      of adult kidney disease that can begin in earliest childhood. Chronic kidney
      disease (CKD) in childhood differs from that in adults, as the largest diagnostic
      group among children includes congenital anomalies and inherited disorders, with
      glomerulopathies and kidney disease in the setting of diabetes being relatively
      uncommon. In addition, many children with acute kidney injury will ultimately
      develop sequelae that may lead to hypertension and CKD in later childhood or in
      adult life. Children born early or who are small-for date newborns have
      relatively increased risk for the development of CKD later in life. Persons with
      a high-risk birth and early childhood history should be watched closely in order
      to help detect early signs of kidney disease in time to provide effective
      prevention or treatment. Successful therapy is feasible for advanced CKD in
      childhood; there is evidence that children fare better than adults, if they
      receive kidney replacement therapy including dialysis and transplantation, while
      only a minority of children may require this ultimate intervention Because there
      are disparities in access to care, effort is needed so that those children with
      kidney disease, wherever they live, may be treated effectively, irrespective of
      their geographic or economic circumstances. Our hope is that World Kidney Day
      will inform the general public, policy makers and caregivers about the needs and
      possibilities surrounding kidney disease in childhood.

PMID- 26960421
TI  - Homeotropically-aligned main-chain and side-on liquid crystalline elastomer films
      with high anisotropic thermal conductivities.
AB  - Homeotropically-aligned main-chain and side-on liquid crystalline elastomer films
      are prepared by using LC thiol-ene and acrylate systems respectively. Evaluated
      by laser flash analysis, the room temperature thermal conductivities of these two
      LCP films in the film normal direction are both dramatically higher than those
      along the horizontal direction. 

PMID- 26960422
TI  - Synovial haemangioma of the knee joint: an unusual cause of knee pain in a 14
      month old girl.
AB  - We report a histologically proven case of synovial haemangioma of the knee in a
      14-month old girl who presented to the emergency department with an acute 1-day
      history of refusing to weight-bear on the right leg and a preceding 3-week
      history of a right knee lump. Physical examination revealed a non-tender, soft
      lump over the lateral infrapatellar region. Radiographs revealed a poorly defined
      soft tissue density over the infrapatellar fat pad and a suprapatellar joint
      effusion. Ultrasound was used to confirm the presence of a vascular soft tissue
      mass compatible with a synovial haemangioma within the infrapatellar fat pad
      which showed both intra-articular and extra-articular extension. There was good
      correlation of the ultrasound findings with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
      highlighting the potential clinical utility of ultrasound as an alternative
      imaging modality in establishing the pre-operative diagnosis and extent of a
      synovial haemangioma about the knee joint. 

PMID- 26960424
TI  - Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Relationship Between Procedural Volume and
      Outcomes.
AB  - Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an integral treatment modality for
      acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as well as chronic stable coronary artery disease
      (CAD) not responsive to optimal medical therapy. This coupled with studies on the
      feasibility and safety of performing PCI in centers without on-site surgical
      backup led to widespread growth of PCI centers. However, this has been
      accompanied by a recent steep decline in the volume of PCIs at both the operator
      and hospital level, which raises concerns regarding minimal procedural volumes
      required to maintain necessary skills and favorable clinical outcomes. The 2011
      ACC/AHA/SCAI competency statement required PCI be performed by operators with a
      minimal procedural volume of >75 PCIs annually at high-volume centers with >400
      PCIs per year, a number which was relaxed in the 2013 ACC/AHA/SCAI update to >50
      PCIs/operator/year in hospitals with >200 PCIs annually to coincide with
      reduction in national PCI volume. Recent data suggests that many hospitals do not
      meet these thresholds. We review data on the importance of volume as a vital
      quality metric at both an operator and hospital level in determining procedural
      outcomes following PCI. 

PMID- 26960423
TI  - Role of Echocardiography Before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI).
AB  - Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common primary valve disorder in the elderly
      with an increasing prevalence; transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has
      become an accepted alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) in the
      high risk or inoperable patient. Appropriate selection of patients for TAVI is
      crucial and requires a multidisciplinary approach including cardiothoracic
      surgeons, interventional cardiologists, anaesthetists, imaging experts and
      specialist nurses. Multimodality imaging including echocardiography, CT and MRI
      plays a pivotal role in the selection and planning process; however,
      echocardiography remains the primary imaging modality used for patient selection,
      intra-procedural guidance, post-procedural assessment and long-term follow-up.
      The contribution that contemporary transthoracic and transoesophageal
      echocardiography make to the selection and planning of TAVI is described in this
      article. 

PMID- 26960426
TI  - Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator
      for Chinese Patients over 80 Years of Age with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot
      Study.

PMID- 26960427
TI  - Corrigendum: Observation of strongly enhanced photoluminescence from inverted
      cone-shaped silicon nanostructures.

PMID- 26960425
TI  - Yeast Two-Hybrid Screening for Proteins that Interact with the Extracellular
      Domain of Amyloid Precursor Protein.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which amyloid beta
      plaques are a pathological characteristic. Little is known about the
      physiological functions of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). Based on its
      structure as a type I transmembrane protein, it has been proposed that APP might
      be a receptor, but so far, no ligand has been reported. In the present study, 9
      proteins binding to the extracellular domain of APP were identified using a yeast
      two-hybrid system. After confirming the interactions in the mammalian system,
      mutated PLP1, members of the FLRT protein family, and KCTD16 were shown to
      interact with APP. These proteins have been reported to be involved in Pelizaeus
      Merzbacher disease (PMD) and axon guidance. Therefore, our results shed light on
      the mechanisms of physiological function of APP in AD, PMD, and axon guidance. 

PMID- 26960429
TI  - Intracellular acidification is required for full activation of the sweet taste
      receptor by miraculin.
AB  - Acidification of the glycoprotein, miraculin (MCL), induces sweet taste in
      humans, but not in mice. The sweet taste induced by MCL is more intense when
      acidification occurs with weak acids as opposed to strong acids. MCL interacts
      with the human sweet receptor subunit hTAS1R2, but the mechanisms by which the
      acidification of MCL activates the sweet taste receptor remain largely
      unexplored. The work reported here speaks directly to this activation by
      utilizing a sweet receptor TAS1R2 + TAS1R3 assay. In accordance with previous
      data, MCL-applied cells displayed a pH dependence with citric acid (weak acid)
      being right shifted to that with hydrochloric acid (strong acid). When histidine
      residues in both the intracellular and extracellular region of hTAS1R2 were
      exchanged for alanine, taste-modifying effect of MCL was reduced or abolished.
      Stronger intracellular acidification of HEK293 cells was induced by citric acid
      than by HCl and taste-modifying effect of MCL was proportional to intracellular
      pH regardless of types of acids. These results suggest that intracellular acidity
      is required for full activation of the sweet taste receptor by MCL. 

PMID- 26960430
TI  - Tunable high-order sideband spectra generation using a photonic molecule
      optomechanical system.
AB  - A tunable high-order sideband spectra generation scheme is presented by using a
      photonic molecule optomechanical system coupled to a waveguide beyond the
      perturbation regime. The system is coherently driven by a two-tone laser
      consisting of a continuous-wave control field and a pulsed driving field which
      propagates through the waveguide. The frequency spectral feature of the output
      field is analyzed via numerical simulations, and we confirm that under the
      condition of intense and nanosecond pulse driving, the output spectrum exhibits
      the properties of high-order sideband frequency spectra. In the experimentally
      available parameter range, the output spectrum can be efficiently tuned by the
      system parameters, including the power of the driving pulse and the coupling rate
      between the cavities. In addition, analysis of the carrier-envelop phase
      dependent effect of high-order sideband generation indicates that the system may
      present dependence upon the phase of the pulse. This may provide a further
      insight of the properties of cavity optomechanics in the nonlinear and non
      perturbative regime, and may have potential applications in optical frequency
      comb and communication based on the optomechanical platform. 

PMID- 26960428
TI  - Factors Associated with Productive Recruiting in a Respondent-Driven Sample of
      Men who Have Sex with Men in Vancouver, Canada.
AB  - Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) has become a preferred sampling strategy for HIV
      research and surveillance in many global settings. Methodological investigation
      into the validity of RDS-generated samples has helped improve theoretical
      components of design. However, the operational challenges of implementing RDS
      remain underreported. We sought to identify factors independently associated with
      productive recruiting in an urban RDS-generated sample of gay, bisexual, and
      other men who have sex with men (MSM). Data were collected from the Momentum
      Health Study, a cohort of MSM recruited by RDS in Vancouver, Canada. Eligible men
      were given up to six RDS coupons to recruit their peers. The primary outcome was
      a count variable of each participant's number of eligible recruits. Multivariable
      Poisson regression identified independent predictors of productive recruitment.
      In total, 719 individuals comprised this analysis, of which 119 were seeds. The
      distribution of eligible recruits was right skewed, with 391 (54.4 %) having
      never recruited another participant and only eight participants (1.1 %) having
      recruited five. Significant, independent predictors of recruiting one additional
      participant included network size per ten unit increase (adjusted risk ratio
      [aRR] 1.03), being of Aboriginal race/ethnicity compared with White (aRR 1.51),
      being HIV-positive (aRR 1.31), being sexually active with only males (aRR 2.48),
      being single compared with common law/married (aRR 1.37), having recently read
      gay newspapers (aRR 1.58), having recently sought sex partners online (aRR 1.33)
      and being out to a male parent (aRR 1.30). This analysis demonstrates the
      importance of social network size in RDS adjustment, but also identifies other
      socio-demographic and behavioral variables that increased RDS coupon return,
      which may help researchers better operationalize the implementation of RDS.

PMID- 26960431
TI  - Interphase APC/C-Cdc20 inhibition by cyclin A2-Cdk2 ensures efficient mitotic
      entry.
AB  - Proper cell-cycle progression requires tight temporal control of the Anaphase
      Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a large ubiquitin ligase that is activated
      by one of two co-activators, Cdh1 or Cdc20. APC/C and Cdc20 are already present
      during interphase but APC/C-Cdc20 regulation during this window of the cell
      cycle, if any, is unknown. Here we show that cyclin A2-Cdk2 binds and
      phosphorylates Cdc20 in interphase and this inhibits APC/C-Cdc20 activity.
      Preventing Cdc20 phosphorylation results in pre-mature activation of the APC/C
      Cdc20 and several substrates, including cyclin B1 and A2, are destabilized which
      lengthens G2 and slows mitotic entry. Expressing non-degradable cyclin A2 but not
      cyclin B1 restores mitotic entry in these cells. We have thus uncovered a novel
      positive feedback loop centred on cyclin A2-Cdk2 inhibition of interphase APC/C
      Cdc20 to allow further cyclin A2 accumulation and mitotic entry. 

PMID- 26960432
TI  - Colour-Difference Measurement Method for Evaluation of Quality of Electrolessly
      Deposited Copper on Polymer after Laser-Induced Selective Activation.
AB  - In this work a novel colour-difference measurement method for the quality
      evaluation of copper deposited on a polymer is proposed. Laser-induced selective
      activation (LISA) was performed onto the surface of the
      polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) polymer by using
      nanosecond laser irradiation. The laser activated PC/ABS polymer was copper
      plated by using the electroless copper plating (ECP) procedure. The sheet
      resistance measured by using a four-point probe technique was found to decrease
      by the power law with the colour-difference of the sample images after LISA and
      ECP procedures. The percolation theory of the electrical conductivity of the
      insulator conductor mixture has been adopted in order to explain the experimental
      results. The new proposed method was used to determine an optimal set of the
      laser processing parameters for best plating conditions. 

PMID- 26960434
TI  - Phylogenetic evidence for intratypic recombinant events in a novel human
      adenovirus C that causes severe acute respiratory infection in children.
AB  - Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are prevalent in hospitalized children with severe
      acute respiratory infection (SARI). Here, we report a unique recombinant HAdV
      strain (CBJ113) isolated from a HAdV-positive child with SARI. The whole-genome
      sequence was determined using Sanger sequencing and high-throughput sequencing. A
      phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome indicated that the CBJ113 strain
      shares a common origin with HAdV-C2, HAdV-C6, HAdV-C1, HAdV-C5, and HAdV-C57 and
      formed a novel subclade on the same branch as other HAdV-C subtypes. BootScan and
      single nucleotide polymorphism analyses showed that the CBJ113 genome has an
      intra-subtype recombinant structure and comprises gene regions mainly originating
      from two circulating viral strains: HAdV-1 and HAdV-2. The parental penton base,
      pVI, and DBP genes of the recombinant strain clustered with the HAdV-1 prototype
      strain, and the E1B, hexon, fiber, and 100 K genes of the recombinant clustered
      within the HAdV-2 subtype, meanwhile the E4orf1 and DNA polymerase genes of the
      recombinant shared the greatest similarity with those of HAdV-5 and HAdV-6,
      respectively. All of these findings provide insight into our understanding of the
      dynamics of the complexity of the HAdV-C epidemic. More extensive studies should
      address the pathogenicity and clinical characteristics of the novel recombinant. 

PMID- 26960433
TI  - NADPH oxidase promotes Parkinsonian phenotypes by impairing autophagic flux in an
      mTORC1-independent fashion in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Oxidative stress and aberrant accumulation of misfolded proteins in the cytosol
      are key pathological features associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). NADPH
      oxidase (Nox2) is upregulated in the pathogenesis of PD; however, the underlying
      mechanism(s) of Nox2-mediated oxidative stress in PD pathogenesis are still
      unknown. Using a rotenone-inducible cellular model of PD, we observed that a
      short exposure to rotenone (0.5 MUM) resulted in impaired autophagic flux through
      activation of a Nox2 dependent Src/PI3K/Akt axis, with a consequent disruption of
      a Beclin1-VPS34 interaction that was independent of mTORC1 activity. Sustained
      exposure to rotenone at a higher dose (10 MUM) decreased mTORC1 activity;
      however, autophagic flux was still impaired due to dysregulation of lysosomal
      activity with subsequent induction of the apoptotic machinery. Cumulatively, our
      results highlight a complex pathogenic mechanism for PD where short- and long
      term oxidative stress alters different signaling pathways, ultimately resulting
      in anomalous autophagic activity and disease phenotype. Inhibition of Nox2
      dependent oxidative stress attenuated the impaired autophagy and cell death,
      highlighting the importance and therapeutic potential of these pathways for
      treating patients with PD. 

PMID- 26960436
TI  - Polish school nurses' knowledge of the first-aid in tooth avulsion of permanent
      teeth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The frequency of dental trauma in schools is secondary only to
      accidents at home. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of first
      aid in the avulsion of permanent teeth presented by Polish school nurses from
      different areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with the use of a structured
      self-administrative questionnaire was conducted in 2014 on school nurses working
      in randomly selected Polish provinces. The instrument consisted of demographic
      questions, questions referring to nurses' experience and training in dental
      trauma and questions checking knowledge of first-aid in the avulsion of permanent
      teeth. The maximum number of points to be scored was eight. Data were analyzed
      with the Kruskal-Wallis, the Mann-Whitney U and Chi(2) tests with the level of
      statistical significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 164
      nurses of which 70.1 % had experience with dental injuries and 45.7 % witnessed a
      tooth avulsion in pupils. 10.4 % nurses participated in training courses
      concerning tooth avulsion and 67.1 % of them independently broadened their
      knowledge. The knowledge of the first-aid management of an avulsed tooth was
      moderate (4.72 +/- 1.95 points). 78.1 % of nurses chose a correct definition of
      the term of 'tooth avulsion'. Only 7.3 % of them were aware that the replantation
      could be conducted by any witness of an accident. Saline was most often chosen as
      a proper transport medium for an avulsed tooth (57.9 %), whereas 16.1 % of nurses
      indicated milk. 13.4 % of evaluated nurses showed readiness to conduct an
      immediate replantation. Most respondents preferred calling child's parents and
      advising them to bring the child to a dentist (63.4 %). The main factor
      influencing nurses' level of knowledge was self-education (p < 0.001). Being a
      witness to dental trauma (p = 0.0032) and working in schools with sports classes
      (p = 0.0423) were positive determinants of improved knowledge. Nurses from large
      agglomerations had significantly lower knowledge (p = 0.005). The main source of
      information for self-education was the Internet. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluated
      nurses were in need of education with regard to the management of dental trauma
      cases. The Internet should be used to deliver evidence-based knowledge to medical
      staff working at schools.

PMID- 26960435
TI  - Macroscopic self-reorientation of interacting two-dimensional crystals.
AB  - Microelectromechanical systems, which can be moved or rotated with nanometre
      precision, already find applications in such fields as radio-frequency
      electronics, micro-attenuators, sensors and many others. Especially interesting
      are those which allow fine control over the motion on the atomic scale because of
      self-alignment mechanisms and forces acting on the atomic level. Such machines
      can produce well-controlled movements as a reaction to small changes of the
      external parameters. Here we demonstrate that, for the system of graphene on
      hexagonal boron nitride, the interplay between the van der Waals and elastic
      energies results in graphene mechanically self-rotating towards the hexagonal
      boron nitride crystallographic directions. Such rotation is macroscopic (for
      graphene flakes of tens of micrometres the tangential movement can be on hundreds
      of nanometres) and can be used for reproducible manufacturing of aligned van der
      Waals heterostructures. 

PMID- 26960437
TI  - [Endoscopic therapy for gastroduodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms].
AB  - Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) represent a group of potentially malignant tumors,
      which can be located in every section of the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas
      and the bronchopulmonary system. Gastroduodenal NENs have a relatively good
      prognosis in comparison to other subentities, e.g. pancreatic or ileojejunal
      NENs. In the stomach there are four different types of NENs, while in the
      duodenum there are five types and all vary in the malignant potential and the
      therapeutic approach. Due to the simple access endoscopic methods not only have
      diagnostic but also important therapeutic relevance in this subgroup. Lesions
      smaller than 1 cm can easily be resected with forceps or snare resection and for
      larger lesions up to 2 cm more invasive strategies, such as endoscopic mucosal
      resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are available.
      Important criteria in gastric NEN for the risk evaluation of endoscopic treatment
      alone are the size of the lesion, depth of invasion and the tumor biology, e.g.
      neuroendocrine tumor (NET) G1/G2 versus neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) G3. In
      duodenal NEN the aforementioned risk factors also apply and in addition only
      lesions outside the ampulla of Vater should be endoscopically resected whereas
      periampullary lesions need to be addressed surgically. As an individualized
      therapeutic approach the possibility of a combined endoscopic and laparoscopic
      resection technique exists. Follow-up endoscopic investigations are necessary,
      especially in gastric type 1 NENs, which have a tendency to relapse. 

PMID- 26960441
TI  - Understanding underspecification: A comparison of two computational
      implementations.
AB  - Swets et al. (2008. Underspecification of syntactic ambiguities: Evidence from
      self-paced reading. Memory and Cognition, 36(1), 201-216) presented evidence that
      the so-called ambiguity advantage [Traxler et al. (1998). Adjunct attachment is
      not a form of lexical ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language,
      39(4), 558-592], which has been explained in terms of the Unrestricted Race
      Model, can equally well be explained by assuming underspecification in ambiguous
      conditions driven by task-demands. Specifically, if comprehension questions
      require that ambiguities be resolved, the parser tends to make an attachment:
      when questions are about superficial aspects of the target sentence, readers tend
      to pursue an underspecification strategy. It is reasonable to assume that
      individual differences in strategy will play a significant role in the
      application of such strategies, so that studying average behaviour may not be
      informative. In order to study the predictions of the good-enough processing
      theory, we implemented two versions of underspecification: the partial
      specification model (PSM), which is an implementation of the Swets et al.
      proposal, and a more parsimonious version, the non-specification model (NSM). We
      evaluate the relative fit of these two kinds of underspecification to Swets et
      al.'s data; as a baseline, we also fitted three models that assume no
      underspecification. We find that a model without underspecification provides a
      somewhat better fit than both underspecification models, while the NSM model
      provides a better fit than the PSM. We interpret the results as lack of
      unambiguous evidence in favour of underspecification; however, given that there
      is considerable existing evidence for good-enough processing in the literature,
      it is reasonable to assume that some underspecification might occur. Under this
      assumption, the results can be interpreted as tentative evidence for NSM over
      PSM. More generally, our work provides a method for choosing between models of
      real-time processes in sentence comprehension that make qualitative predictions
      about the relationship between several dependent variables. We believe that
      sentence processing research will greatly benefit from a wider use of such
      methods.

PMID- 26960438
TI  - Proton pump inhibitors and gastroenteritis.
AB  - An association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and bacterial
      gastroenteritis has been suggested as well as contradicted. The aim of this study
      was to examine the association between the use of PPIs and occurrence of
      bacterial gastroenteritis in the prospective Rotterdam Study. The Rotterdam Study
      is a population-based cohort study among 14,926 subjects aged 45 years and older
      with up to 24 years of follow-up. Analyses were performed with a generalized
      estimating equations method in participants who handed-in a diagnostic stool
      sample. Furthermore, a nested case-control analysis was performed using the total
      cohort as a reference group. A bacterial microorganism was isolated in 125
      samples, whereas 1174 samples were culture negative. In the generalized
      estimating equations analysis, we found that participants with a bacterial
      gastroenteritis were more likely than controls to be current users of PPIs
      (adjusted OR 1.94; 95 % CI 1.15-3.25). Different sensitivity analyses did not
      change this result. A considerably higher effect was observed (adjusted OR 6.14;
      95 % CI 3.81-9.91), using the total cohort as a reference in a nested case
      control analysis. Current PPI therapy is associated with an increased risk of
      bacterial gastroenteritis. However, by reducing the risk of selection and
      information bias in our study design, we demonstrated that the effect is lower
      than previously assumed.

PMID- 26960442
TI  - Trabeculectomy in patients with uveal melanoma after proton beam therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retrospective evaluation of intraocular pressure, use of topical and
      systemic anti-glaucoma medication, secondary complications, local tumor control
      and survival in patients treated with trabeculectomy for the regulation of the
      intraocular pressure (IOP) after proton beam therapy for uveal melanoma. METHODS:
      In this retrospective clinical case series we evaluated the follow-up of 15
      patients receiving a trabeculectomy as surgical treatment if the IOP could not be
      lowered adequately by medications or laser surgery. All patients had received
      proton beam therapy for uveal melanoma at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin between
      1998 and 2010. RESULTS: The median IOP decreased significantly from 35 mmHg +/-
      8.8 before TE to 16 mmHg +/- 8.2 (=52.3 %) six months after TE (Wilcoxon-Mann
      Whitney-U Test, p<0.01). None of the patients needed any glaucoma medication six
      months after trabeculectomy. Two patients developed local recurrence during
      follow-up, which were independent of the trabeculectomy. One patient had to be
      enucleated due to intractable pain and suspected remaining tumor activity. One
      patient died due to metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Trabeculectomy is an option in
      intractable glaucoma in patients with uveal melanoma after proton beam therapy in
      single cases. Secondary interventions are common. Inoculation metastases are
      possible. Secure local tumor control must be a prerequisite for filtrating
      operations.

PMID- 26960443
TI  - Identification of training status differences using perceived exertion threshold.
AB  - We investigated if the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) threshold is as sensitive
      as the lactate threshold to detect training differences. Lactate and RPE
      thresholds were identified in well-trained cyclists and physically active males.
      Power output was higher in well-trained cyclists than in physically active
      individuals for both thresholds (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that RPE
      threshold is successful in discriminating differences between well-trained
      cyclists and physically active individuals. 

PMID- 26960444
TI  - Day to day variability in fat oxidation and the effect after only 1 day of change
      in diet composition.
AB  - Indirect calorimetry is a common and noninvasive method to estimate rate of fat
      oxidation (FatOx) during exercise, and test-retest reliability should be
      considered when interpreting results. Diet also has an impact on FatOx. The aim
      of the present study was to investigate day to day variations in FatOx during
      moderate exercise given the same diet and 2 different isoenergetic diets. Nine
      healthy, moderately-trained females participated in the study. They performed 1
      maximal oxygen uptake test and 4 FatOx tests. Habitual diets were recorded and
      repeated to assess day to day variability in FatOx. FatOx was also measured after
      1 day of fat-rich (26.8% carbohydrates (CHO), 23.2% protein, 47.1% fat) and 1 day
      of CHO-rich diet (62.6% CHO, 20.1% protein, 12.4% fat). The reliability test
      revealed no differences in FatOx, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), oxygen
      uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, or
      blood glucose between the 2 habitual diet days. FatOx decreased after the CHO
      rich diet compared with the habitual day 2 (from 0.42 +/- 0.15 to 0.29 +/- 0.13
      g.min(-1), p < 0.05). No difference was found in FatOx between fat-rich diet and
      the 2 habitual diet days. FatOx was 31% lower (from 0.42 +/- 0.14 to 0.29 +/-
      0.13 g.min(-1), p < 0.01) after the CHO-rich diet compared with the fat-rich
      diet. Using RER data to measure FatOx is a reliable method as long as the diet is
      strictly controlled. However, even a 1-day change in macronutrient composition
      will likely affect the FatOx results. 

PMID- 26960445
TI  - Protein "requirements" beyond the RDA: implications for optimizing health.
AB  - Substantial evidence supports the increased consumption of high-quality protein
      to achieve optimal health outcomes. A growing body of research indicates that
      protein intakes well above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance help to
      promote healthy aging, appetite regulation, weight management, and goals aligned
      with athletic performance. Higher protein intakes may help prevent age-related
      sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass, and strength that predisposes older adults
      to frailty, disability, and loss of autonomy. Higher protein diets also improve
      satiety and lead to greater reductions in body weight and fat mass compared with
      standard protein diets, and may therefore serve as a successful strategy to help
      prevent and/or treat obesity. Athletes can also benefit from higher protein
      intakes to maximize athletic performance given the critical role protein plays in
      stimulating muscle protein remodelling after exercise. Protein quality, per meal
      dose, and timing of ingestion are also important considerations. Despite
      persistent beliefs to the contrary, we can find no evidence-based link between
      higher protein diets and renal disease or adverse bone health. This brief
      synopsis highlights recent learnings based on presentations at the 2015 Canadian
      Nutrition Society conference, Advances in Protein Nutrition across the Lifespan.
      Current evidence indicates intakes in the range of at least 1.2 to 1.6 g/(kg.day)
      of high-quality protein is a more ideal target for achieving optimal health
      outcomes in adults. 

PMID- 26960446
TI  - Ebolavirus and evidence-based speculations.

PMID- 26960447
TI  - Association between insurance status and mortality in individuals with
      albuminuria: an observational cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the general population, the association between uninsurance and
      mortality is well established. We sought to evaluate the association of health
      insurance status with mortality among working-age participants with albuminuria
      in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 (NHANES
      III). METHODS: We used data from non-elderly adult participants (18-64) of NHANES
      III (1988-1994), a nationally representative study of the US civilian,
      noninstitutionalized population, who provided information on insurance and who
      had albuminuria, defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR] >= 30 mg/g
      and their subsequent mortality to December 31, 2006. Cox proportional hazards
      models were used to determine associations between insurance status and all-cause
      mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD while adjusting in a
      stepwise fashion for sociodemographic factors, co-morbidities, and co-morbidity
      severity/control covariates. RESULTS: In our sample of individuals with
      albuminuria (n = 903), mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 101.6
      ml/min/1.73 m(2) with 4.7 % with an eGFR <60. Approximately 15 % of the sample
      was uninsured, 18 % had public insurance and 67 % had private insurance. Compared
      to individuals with private insurance, those with public insurance or no
      insurance were significantly more likely to be a racial or ethnic minority, to
      have income <200 % below the federal poverty level, to have less than high school
      education; and they were less likely to be married and to report good or
      excellent health, all p < 0.05. Being uninsured or having public insurance was
      associated with increased all-cause mortality in the fully adjusted model (HR
      2.97 and 3.65, respectively, p < 0.05). There was no significant relationship
      between insurance status and cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In a
      nationally representative sample of individuals with albuminuria, uninsurance and
      public insurance were associated with increased mortality compared to the private
      insurance even after controlling for sociodemographic, health status, and health
      care variables. Improving access to care and the quality of care received may
      potentially reduce mortality in individuals with evidence of early CKD.

PMID- 26960449
TI  - Biological Significance of Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 and 2 in
      Gliomagenesis.
AB  - Mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes are considered an important
      event that occurs at an early stage during gliomagenesis. The mutations often
      occur in grade 2 or 3 gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. Most IDH mutations are
      associated with codon 132 and 172 in IDH1 and IDH2 in gliomas, respectively.
      While IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form
      alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG), IDH1 and IDH2 mutations convert alpha-KG to 2
      hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). The accumulation of oncometabolite 2-HG is believed to
      lead progenitor cells into gliomas, inhibiting several alpha-KG-dependent
      enzymes, including ten-eleven translocation enzymes, histone demethylases, and
      prolyl hydroxylases, although the mechanisms have not been fully revealed.
      Herein, we review the contribution of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations to gliomagenesis. 

PMID- 26960448
TI  - Acute Subdural Hematoma in Infants with Abusive Head Trauma: A Literature Review.
AB  - The number of cases with child abuse is increasing in Japan, and abusive head
      trauma (AHT) is a major cause of death in abused children. Child abuse has been
      recognized by the late 19th century, and widely accepted as battered child
      syndrome in the middle of the 20th century. As terms, there had been considerable
      mechanistic controversies between shaken-baby and -impact syndrome until the
      beginning of the 21st century. In recent years, AHT has been utilized as a less
      mechanistic term. Most of the characteristics of AHT in Japan have been similar
      to those in the United States as follows: infant is the most common victim, acute
      subdural hematoma (SDH) is the most common intracranial lesion, and retinal
      hemorrhage is often complicated. On the other hand, several characteristics have
      been different as follows: mother is the most common perpetrators, impact is a
      more common mechanism of trauma than shaking, and external trauma is more common
      reflecting the existence of impact. Since AHT as well as child abuse is a social
      pathological phenomenon influenced by victims, perpetrators, socioeconomic
      circumstances, and so on, various aspects of AHT as well as child abuse can be
      changed with times. Actually, a recent paper suggests such changes in infants
      with acute SDH due to AHT. In this review article, AHT, abusive infantile acute
      SDH in particular, are reviewed from the aspect of neurosurgical perspectives,
      including its mechanisms of trauma, biomechanics, clinical features, management,
      and prognosis, to update the trend in Japan. 

PMID- 26960451
TI  - Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide as Highly Stable Electron Collection Layer for
      Perovskite Solar Cells.
AB  - Although low-temperature, solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely
      adopted as the electron collection layer (ECL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs)
      because of its simple synthesis and excellent electrical properties such as high
      charge mobility, the thermal stability of the perovskite films deposited atop ZnO
      layer remains as a major issue. Herein, we addressed this problem by employing
      aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) as the ECL and obtained extraordinarily thermally
      stable perovskite layers. The improvement of the thermal stability was ascribed
      to diminish of the Lewis acid-base chemical reaction between perovskite and ECL.
      Notably, the outstanding transmittance and conductivity also render AZO layer as
      an ideal candidate for transparent conductive electrodes, which enables a
      simplified cell structure featuring glass/AZO/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au.
      Optimization of the perovskite layer leads to an excellent and repeatable
      photovoltaic performance, with the champion cell exhibiting an open-circuit
      voltage (Voc) of 0.94 V, a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 20.2 mA cm(-2), a fill
      factor (FF) of 0.67, and an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.6%
      under standard 1 sun illumination. It was also revealed by steady-state and time
      resolved photoluminescence that the AZO/perovskite interface resulted in less
      quenching than that between perovskite and hole transport material. 

PMID- 26960452
TI  - Cytochrome P450 1A1 genetic polymorphisms as cancer biomarkers.
AB  - Phase I metabolic enzyme CYP1A1 plays an important role in xenobiotics metabolism
      and has been extensively studied as a cancer risk biomarker. CYP1A1 is
      polymorphic and its four variants, e.g., CYP1A1* 2 A, CYP1A1* 2C, CYP1A1* 3 and
      CYP1A1* 4 with trivial names m1, m2, m3, and m4 respectively, are most commonly
      studied for cancer link. Gene- gene interaction studies combining polymorphisms
      of this enzyme with those of phase II detoxifying enzymes, especially glutathione
      S- transferases (GSTs) revealed greater risk for cancer susceptibility. Variants
      of CYP1A1 have also been found to be associated with chemotherapeutic adverse-
      effects. Results of these studies, however, remained largely contradictory mainly
      because of lack of statistical power due to involvement of small sample size.
      Strongly powered experimental designs involving gene- gene, gene- environment
      interactions are required in order to validate CYP1A1 as reliable cancer-
      biomarker. 

PMID- 26960450
TI  - The investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genotyping in
      patients with systemic lupus erytematosus and systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the
      production of autoantibodies and the involvement of multiple organ systems.
      Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is another autoimmune disease that causes fibrosis. We
      will aim to analyse the role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)
      genotypes and their existence with the respective HLA ligands in patients with
      SLE and SSc. Forty-five SLE, 25 SSc and 40 healthy controls were included. We
      examined the presence/absence of KIR2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3, 2DL4, 2DL5A, 2DL5B, 2DS1,
      2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS4, 2DS5, 3DL1, 3DL2, 3DL3, 3DS1, 2DP1, 3DP1 and their known
      HLA ligands. In the SLE group, the KIR2DL5, KIR2DL5B and KIR2DS3 genes were
      significantly more frequent, and KIR2DL3 gene was significantly less than in
      controls (p values <0.05). In SSc patients, the KIR2DS3 gene was more frequent
      than in controls (p = 0.032). The KIR2DL3 gene was detected more frequently in
      controls while KIR2DS3 gene was more frequent in the patient group when SLE and
      SSc patients were combined (p values < 0.05). The KIR2DS2/HLA-C and KIR2DS2/HLA-C
      combinations were significantly more in both SLE and SSc groups than in controls.
      The KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL5B genes were protective from neurologic involvement in SLE
      patients (p values <0.05). The variations of some KIR genes such as KIR2DL5,
      KIR2DL5B, KIR2DS3 and KIR2DL3 may have a role in the pathogenesis of SLE and SSc.
      Also, the presence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL5B may cause major organ involvement,
      like neurologic involvement, in SLE. 

PMID- 26960453
TI  - Arsenic contamination in Thai Ayurveda products and cancer risk estimation.

PMID- 26960454
TI  - Glutathione S transferase (GSTP 1, GSTM 1, and GSTT 1) gene polymorphisms in
      Egyptian patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The super family of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) is composed of
      multiple isoenzymes with significant evidence of functional polymorphic
      variation. GSTs detoxify potentially mutagenic and toxic DNA-reactive
      electrophiles, including metabolites of several chemotherapeutic agents, some of
      which are suspected human carcinogens. Polymorphisms within the phase II
      metabolizer enzymes GST T1, GST M1, and GST P1 affect the body's ability to
      detoxify a range of potential leukemogens encountered in the environment. AIM OF
      WORK: To address how differences in the human GST isoenzyme expression patterns
      influence cancer susceptibility, prognosis, and treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      A total of 50 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), as well as 50 age and
      sex matched apparently healthy volunteers were genotyped for GSTP 1, GSTM 1, and
      GSTT 1 gene polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
      respectively. RESULTS: For GSTP1 313 A -> G (GSTP1 Ile105Val) polymorphism, It
      was found that the wild genotype (AA) was significantly higher among control
      subjects (P value = 0.0277), while the frequency of heteromutant genotype (AG)
      and mutant G allele (AG + GG) was significantly higher among patients (P value =
      0.0402, P value = 0.0277, respectively). For GSTM1 and GSTT1gene, we found
      statistically significantly higher frequency among patients regarding homozygous
      gene deletion (P value = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that GSTM1 null or
      GSTT1 null genotypes may be considered independent risk factors for AML with no
      impact on prognosis and GSTP1 * 105 genotype is a prognostic factor, adding
      independent information to the routine laboratory parameters and cytogenetic and
      molecular alterations of the tumor cells.

PMID- 26960455
TI  - Bloodstream infections in children with febrile neutropenia: Isolates and their
      antimicrobial susceptibility profile.

PMID- 26960456
TI  - Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix showing horizontal endometrial spread
      with extension and involvement of the myometrium: A case report.

PMID- 26960457
TI  - The role of Ki-67, p16, CD34, Bcl-2, cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of
      proliferative verrucous leukoplakia.
AB  - CONTEXT: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a highly persistent and
      aggressive oral pre-malignant lesion with an obscure etiopathogenesis and a
      malignant transformation rate of 85-100%. AIMS: The aim of the present study is
      to assess the role of Ki-67, p16, CD34, Bcl-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the
      spectrum of PVL to ascertain their role in its etiopathogenesis. SETTINGS AND
      DESIGN: A retrospective chart analysis was carried out on a series of seven
      confirmed cases of PVL, which were followed-up for 2 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      Immunohistochemical appraisal of these cases was carried out by a panel of
      markers, related to cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis,
      apoptosis and inflammation. The expression of these markers was correlated with
      patients' clinicopathological profile. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The frequency
      distribution of the group data was analyzed. RESULTS: The latest labeling index
      of Ki-67 in our cases ranged from 8.18 to 12.6. p16 was positive in 3/7 cases.
      Bcl-2 expression was moderately positive in 2/7 cases. All cases were intensely
      positive for COX-2 staining. Microvascular density assessed by CD34 staining
      ranged from 11 to 20/high power fields. One case which transformed into squamous
      cell carcinoma demonstrated increased Ki-67, Bcl-2, COX-2, CD34 expression, but
      negative p16 and Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Application of these markers in
      understanding the behavior of PVL suggests that an imbalance between the
      proliferation apoptosis dynamics of the lesion accompanied by an increase in
      inflammation and angiogenesis underlie the molecular pathogenesis of the PVL
      spectrum.

PMID- 26960458
TI  - Microsatellite stable adenocarcinoma in a pediatric patient presenting as a dual
      mass in the colon and cecum: A rare presentation.

PMID- 26960459
TI  - Immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral
      squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The B cell lymphoma-2 gene is a proto-oncogene whose protein product
      inhibits apoptosis. Its role is associated with keeping cells alive, but not by
      stimulating them to proliferation, as other proto-oncogenes do. Increased
      expression of protein product of Bcl-2 gene appears in the early phase of
      carcinogenesis leading to apoptosis impairment and in consequence to the
      progression of neoplastic changes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the
      expression of Bcl-2 protein in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell
      carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty cases of formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded archival specimens comprising of 30 cases of leukoplakia with oral
      epithelial dysplasia and 30 cases of OSCC were taken for immunohistochemical
      analysis using monoclonal antibody against anti-human Bcl-2 oncoprotein. RESULTS:
      Immunostaining for Bcl-2 protein was identified in basal and parabasal layers as
      granular cytoplasmic staining in oral epithelial dysplasia. In OSCC, Bcl-2
      immunoreactivity was most prominent in the peripheral cells of the infiltrating
      tumor islands which diminished toward the center in well-differentiated and
      moderately differentiated OSCC, whereas stronger and more diffuse expression of
      Bcl-2 oncoprotein was seen in poorly differentiated OSCC. Overall positivity of
      26.7% (8/30) was observed in oral epithelial dysplasia and 30% (9/30) in OSCC in
      this study. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Altered expression of Bcl-2
      oncoprotein may be an early molecular event which leads to prolonged cell
      survival, increased chances of accumulation of genetic alterations, and
      subsequent increase in malignant transformation potential.

PMID- 26960460
TI  - "Gastro-Esophageal junction GIST".

PMID- 26960461
TI  - The accuracy of Breastlight in detection of breast lesions.
AB  - AIM: Breastlight is a new product to improve breast health awareness of women.
      However, its accuracy in detection of breast lesions (BLs) is unknown. The aim of
      this study was to determine the Breastlight accuracy in detection of BLs.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2011 to September 2013, a total of 500 women
      referred to mammography unit in Yazd, Iran for screening were recruited to the
      study. The sensitivity and specificity of Breast light was measured with clinical
      breast examination (CBE), mammography and sonography. Sonographic and mammography
      examinations were performed according to breast density among women in two groups
      of younger (n = 105) and older (n = 395) than 30 years. RESULTS: The results have
      shown a statistically significant positive correlation between Breastlight, CBE,
      sonography, and mammography in detection of BLs. Breastlight significantly
      detected 60.3%, 35.8%, and 59% of lesions which were detected by mammography,
      CBE, and sonography, respectively. Its sensitivity varied significantly with
      breast density. Comparing the sensitivity of Breastlight among women younger and
      older than 30 years indicated that the Breastlight had a higher sensitivity for
      women older than 30 years. The greatest and lowest portion of positive predictive
      value occurred with CBE (94.7%) and mammography (91.1%). As well, its greatest
      and lowest portion of negative predictive value occurred with CBE (65.6%) and
      sonography (29.7%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the
      efficacy of Breastlight in detection of breast changes as domestic apparatus was
      appropriate. However, it is recommended further studies to evaluate the
      Breastlight efficacy and accuracy in detection of the BLs.

PMID- 26960463
TI  - Breast self-examination practices in Nigerian women attending a tertiary
      outpatient clinic.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The morbidity and mortality caused by breast cancer can be decreased
      by early detection with breast self-examination (BSE). The objective of this
      study was to determine the prevalence and the factors determining the practice of
      BSE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 140 women aged above 18
      years who presented consecutively in a General Outpatient's clinic in a tertiary
      hospital in Nigeria. This was the baseline study from an intervention study which
      looked at the effect of demonstration of BSE on improving Clinical Breast
      Examination (CBE) among two groups of respondents. Structured questionnaires were
      validated and administered by an interviewer and the data were analyzed using
      Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 12. RESULTS: The overall
      self-reported prevalence of BSE practice was 62.1% among the respondents. Older
      women (16, 76.2%), married women (63, 65.6%) and women with tertiary education
      (51, 68.9%) had the highest prevalence of BSE practice. Prevalence rate was
      highest for civil servant (25, 78.1%), P = 0.04. The practice of BSE was higher
      among women with a previous history of breast disease (15, 68.2%) and in
      respondents with a family history of breast disease (7, 63.6%), Only 11 (12.6%)
      performed BSE as per guidelines, which was once in a month. CONCLUSION: The
      prevalence of BSE was found to be high, especially in those with tertiary
      education and in those with a past personal or family history of breast disease.
      In resource-constrained countries, BSE is a screening tool that can be employed
      to help reduce the breast cancer burden because routine mammography screening is
      not yet feasible. Women need to be informed about the when and how to perform
      BSE.

PMID- 26960462
TI  - Factors predicting lapatinib efficacy in HER-2+ metastatic breast carcinoma: Does
      it work better in different histologic subtypes?
AB  - CONTEXT: Introduction of trastuzumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody against
      the extracellular domain of HER-2, is a cornerstone in the treatment of HER-2+
      breast carcinoma. However, many cancers that have an initial response to
      trastuzumab will progress some time later. After progression on trastuzumab-based
      first-line treatment, there are several options. Although TDM-1 (Trastuzumab
      emtansine) has prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival in
      patients previously treated with trastuzumab and taxane, it is still not
      available in Turkey. Patients may be switched to lapatinib (an oral tyrosine
      kinase inhibitor targeting both HER-1 and HER-2), or they may re-challenge with
      trastuzumab. There is no clear definition of the patients who should be switched
      to lapatinib. AIM: In this study, we investigated the factors predicting the
      efficacy of lapatinib. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Totally, 94 patients treated with
      lapatinib for metastatic breast carcinoma was included in our study.
      Retrospective data including pathology, treatments and treatment results,
      metastatic sites, and laboratory tests were collected. RESULTS: Progression-free
      survival was 9.1 months. Histologic subtypes other than invasive ductal carcinoma
      and liver metastasis were inversely related with PFS. Overall survival was 22.1
      months, and patients with histologic subtypes other than invasive ductal
      carcinoma and who progress with brain metastasis had a worse prognosis.
      CONCLUSION: Clinicians should give attention to histologic subtype and metastatic
      sites when choosing patients for lapatinib treatment.

PMID- 26960464
TI  - Unusual solitary splenic metastasis from pyriform fossa carcinoma detected by FDG
      PET.

PMID- 26960466
TI  - Leydig cell tumor of testis with indeterminate features.

PMID- 26960465
TI  - Male breast cancer: A single institute experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and accounts for 1% of all
      breast cancers. There is limited data on MBC from India. The aim of our study was
      to assess clinico-pathological parameters and outcome in MBC patients. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This analysis was carried out in 76 patients of MBC who were
      registered at Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital of All India Institute Of Medical
      Sciences between 1996 and 2012. Patients' records were retrospective reviewed and
      data obtained from the computer database using International Classification of
      Diseases code (C-50). RESULTS: The median age was 59 years (range: 28-80). The
      median duration of symptoms was 11 months (range: 0.5-40). Breast lump was the
      most common presenting symptom (left > right side). American Joint Committee on
      Cancer (7th edition) stage distribution was Stage I-2.6%, Stage II-13.1%, Stage
      III-59.3% and Stage IV-25%. Modified radical mastectomy was the commonest
      surgical procedure. Moreover, 30% of tumors were high-grade and 70% had
      pathological node positive disease. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and
      human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu positivity was 80% and 28%,
      respectively. Triple negative breast cancer constituted 19% of cases. With a
      median follow-up of 36 months, 3 years relapse free survival and overall survival
      was 60% and 80%. Advanced stage and visceral metastasis at baseline predicted
      poor outcome. CONCLUSION: MBC constituted 0.8% at our institute. Our study
      population had a longer time to presentation, advanced disease at presentation,
      more HER2/neu positivity and triple negativity higher than the available
      literature.

PMID- 26960468
TI  - Pathological examination after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (breast carcinoma): A
      diagnostic challenge in surgical pathology.

PMID- 26960467
TI  - Study on knowledge, experiences and barriers to mammography among working women
      from Delhi.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mammography is not a popular screening tool for deducting breast
      cancer in India although regular screening is associated with reduced mortality
      from breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to find out
      knowledge, experiences and barriers to mammography among working women of Delhi.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from
      October 2012 to March 2013 among working women from Delhi, India. The study was
      conducted as a part of ongoing training workshops organized for women on early
      detection of breast cancer. Total of eight such programs were organized and were
      attended by a total of 439 women. Each participant got a self-administered
      questionnaire to fill. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analysis was done
      using Statistical product and service solutions (SPSS) version 21 (IBM). RESULTS:
      A total of 439 participants were included in the study. 230 (52.4%) of the women
      were more than 40 years of age. Only four participants (1%) had not heard about
      the term mammography before. Less than half (45.1%) of the participants knew
      correctly the purpose of a mammogram. Only 11.8% of the women knew correctly
      about the age of getting the first baseline mammogram. Knowledge of frequency of
      getting the mammogram was also low only 95 (21.6%) correctly knew about it. Only
      59 (11.9%) correctly responded that one needs to go to an imaging facility
      located either in a hospital or elsewhere to get mammogram done. Main experience
      shared by the women regarding mammography was that 42 (95.45%) did not know
      anything about the procedure when they went for this investigation. Out of a
      total of 230 women over 40 years of age only 38 (16.5%) had ever got a mammogram
      carried out. There is a statistically significant association between education
      status and practice of mammography (P < 0.05). There were 18 women with family
      history of breast cancer out, of which 10 (55.5%) had got mammography carried
      out. 192 out of 230 (83.5%) women over 40 years of age had never got a mammogram
      done. Main reason 74 (38.5%) cited for this was that they did not know/were not
      aware they were supposed to go for mammography. CONCLUSION: As knowledge and
      utilization of mammography is low among women, there is a need to have a
      multipronged strategy to inform women about mammography and bring about a
      behavioral change along with having a formal national level screening guidelines
      for breast cancer early detection.

PMID- 26960469
TI  - Bortezomib in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma: A retrospective
      analysis from a tertiary care center in India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bortezomib is a novel proteasome inhibitor in myeloma. There is a
      paucity of data from India regarding the efficacy and tolerance to bortezomib.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma from
      January 2008 to December 2011 treated with bortezomib as the first-line therapy
      were studied in a retrospective analysis. The primary end point was the overall
      rate of response. Secondary end points were the progression free survival (PFS),
      reversibility of renal compromise and safety of bortezomib. RESULTS: Our study
      included 41 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma. The overall response to
      bortezomib was 88.5% (complete response [CR] 31.4%, very good partial response
      34.2%, partial response [PR] 22.8%). A renal response (CR renal, PR renal or
      Minimal Response renal combined) was documented 96.2% patients with initial renal
      impairment. The median time to the first renal response was 21 days. 17 patients
      (41.4%) had severe toxicity (Grade 3 and 4). Bortezomib induced peripheral
      neuropathy (BIPN) was the most common toxicity seen (53.6%) and the most common
      cause for discontinuation of therapy. At a median follow-up of 9 months, median
      PFS was not reached. DISCUSSION: The results obtained in our study are comparable
      with those of established studies on bortezomib. Our patient population has
      similar responses and renal reversibility patterns. However, they are at an
      increased susceptibility to BIPN, leading to discontinuation of therapy.
      CONCLUSION: Bortezomib as first-line therapy has a good efficacy and safety.

PMID- 26960470
TI  - Retrospective audit of clinico-pathologic features and treatment outcomes in a
      cohort of elderly non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients in a tertiary cancer center.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is limited data from India regarding elderly non-Hodgkin's
      lymphomas (NHL) patients. Hence, this audit was planned to study the clinic
      pathological features and treatment outcomes in elderly NHL patients. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis of all NHL patients above age of 59 years treated at the
      author's institute, between December 2010 and December 2013 was done. Case
      records were reviewed for baseline details, staging details, prognostic factors,
      treatment delivered, response, toxicity and efficacy. SPSS version 16 (IBM,
      Newyork) was used for analysis. Descriptive statistics was performed. Kaplan-Meir
      survival analysis was done for estimation of progression-free survival (PFS) and
      overall survival (OS). Univariate analysis was done for identifying factors
      affecting PFS and OS. RESULTS: Out of 141 NHL patients, 67 patients were
      identified subjected to the inclusion criteria. The median age was 68 years (60
      92). Majority were B-cell NHL (86.6%). The commonest subtype in B-cell was
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (55.2%). Fifty-four patients took treatment. The
      treatment intent was curative in 41 patients (61.2%). Among the patients
      receiving curative treatment, 16 patients couldn't receive treatment in
      accordance with NCCN guidelines due to financial issues. Two years PFS was 55%.
      Two years PFS for B-cell NHL and T-cell NHL were 55% and 50% respectively (P =
      0.982). Two years PFS for standard Rx and nonstandard Rx were 62% and 50%
      respectively, but it didn't reach statistical significance (P = 0.537). Two years
      OS for the entire cohort was 84%. CONCLUSION: Standard treatment in accordance
      with guidelines can be delivered in elderly patients irrespective of age. There
      is a need for creating financial assistance for patients, so that potentially
      curative treatments are not denied.

PMID- 26960471
TI  - A new perspective in the treatment of radiodermatitis.

PMID- 26960472
TI  - Evaluation of primary thyroid lymphoma by ultrasonography combined with contrast
      enhanced ultrasonography: A pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the features of primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) by
      ultrasonography (US) combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 20 patients (8 male and 12
      female) with PTL were evaluated by conventional US and among them, 10 patients
      underwent CEUS examination. The appearance of US features was classified into
      three types: Diffusive mass type, multiple nodular type and mixed type. The CEUS
      patterns included diffusive homogeneous enhancement and diffusive heterogeneous
      enhancement pattern. Parameters of CEUS time-intensive curve were analyzed in
      primary tumor and involved lymph nodes compared to ipsilateral common carotid
      artery. RESULTS: Of 20 patients with PTL, 18 presented an enlarging neck mass
      that grew rapidly with an average duration of 3.2 months, and 17 were associated
      with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In conventional US, all patients had marked
      hypoechoic masses. Among them, 12 patients were diffusive mass type, 6 were
      multiple nodular type and 2 were mixed type. For CEUS patterns, 8 were diffusive
      homogeneous enhancement and 2 were diffusive heterogeneous enhancement. Necrosis
      areas were showed in diffuse heterogeneous pattern which were hardly seen in
      conventional US. In the quantitative analysis of CEUS parameters, the time to
      peak of time-intensive curve in the primary tumors or involved lymph nodes was
      longer than that of the ipsilateral common carotid artery (P = 0.004).
      CONCLUSION: PTL mainly demonstrated as a diffusive mass type with marked
      hypoechogenecity on conventional US and diffusive homogeneous enhancement pattern
      on CEUS. And the heterogeneous enhancement pattern is also helpful for detecting
      necrosis areas of PTL.

PMID- 26960473
TI  - Estimation of cancer risk due to exposure to lead contamination in Thai Ayurveda
      products.

PMID- 26960474
TI  - Prevalence and clinical manifestation of lymphomas in North Eastern Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lymphomas are one of the commonest childhood malignancies. Due to
      varied clinical features many patients are misdiagnosed and treated for other
      diseases. It is imperative to keep health workers informed about the current
      trend of lymphomas in northeastern Nigeria to facilitate prompt diagnosis and
      treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent of lymphomas at presentation and to
      define the pattern of presentation in relation to gender and site. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases of lymphomas over a 15 year period was
      conducted. Structured questionnaires were used to document demographic
      characteristics and clinical features. The non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cases were categorized using standard classification
      schemes. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
      (SPSS) software version 16, Illinois, Chicago, USA. Spearman's correlation and
      Student's t-test were applied where appropriate. A P value < 0.05 was considered
      significant. RESULTS: Fifty cases of lymphoma, 10 (20%) belong to HL and 40 (80%)
      belong to NHL. Lymphoma is common in male, though the male to female
      preponderance was not significant in both the cases (P = 0.107 and 0.320,
      respectively). Maxilla was the commonest site of primary malignancy (36%) and
      late presentation of patients were observed. New trend was noticed, the NHL
      patients present commonly with severe symptoms than HL (P = 0.038). HL was
      dominated by lymphocytic predominant type, while NHL was dominated by the small
      non cleaved cells (Burkitt's) lymphoma (70%). CONCLUSION: Childhood lymphoma in
      northeastern Nigeria has a slight shift in varied clinical presentation in favor
      of NHL. Patients in this study had late presentation.

PMID- 26960475
TI  - "Low-grade adenocarcinoma of fetal lung type: In an elderly non-smoker female"
      with aberrant beta-catenin expression.

PMID- 26960476
TI  - Distribution of nodal lymphomas in a referral hospital of Mangalore city.
AB  - CONTEXT: The distribution of different types of lymphoma varies across geographic
      regions. AIMS: The present study was done to understand the occurrence of nodal
      lymphomas in a referral hospital of Mangalore city. SETTINGS AND DESIGN:
      Descriptive study. SETTING: The present study was conducted on 95 lymph node
      biopsy specimens, received in a referral hospital of Mangalore city. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: All cases of nodal lymphoma diagnosed between January 2007 and June
      2010 in a referral hospital of Mangalore were selected for the study. The
      patients age and clinical details were obtained. Immunophenotyping was done for
      all cases of NHL and selected cases of HL. IPI score for NHL was noted and
      correlated with the outcome. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi square test was used.
      RESULTS: Out of the total 95 cases of nodal lymphoma 37 (39%) were HL while 58
      (61%) were NHL. Classical HL was diagnosed in 35 cases (37%) while 2 cases (2%)
      were diagnosed NLPHL. B cell lymphoma formed 72% of NHL. Follicular lymphoma
      accounted for 28% of all NHL. T cell lymphoma formed 28% of NHL. CONCLUSIONS: In
      conclusion the following points are significant about the distribution of
      lymphomas in a referral hospital of Mangalore city. The incidence of NSHL is
      higher while national data suggests MCHL as the most common subtype. The
      incidence of FL as well as T cell NHL is much higher when compared to national
      incidence. The epidemiological factors for this high frequency (either genetic or
      environmental) needs to be studied further.

PMID- 26960477
TI  - Bridging the gap between biostatisticians and oncologists: Need of the hour in
      comprehensive cancer research.

PMID- 26960478
TI  - Plasmablastic lymphoma in HIV patients: Experience at a tertiary care hospital in
      eastern India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), a rare non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
      variant specifically associated with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), expresses well-differentiated plasma cell
      markers like CD138, bright CD38, and MUM1; but not conventional B-cell markers.
      It occurs at unusual sites like oral cavity and orbit, and has poor survival
      rates. AIMS: This study serves as a review of a clinical experience with six HIV
      patients with PBL and observes the spectrum of clinical presentations,
      histopathologies, and 1-year outcomes in PBL patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      This review of six PBL patients was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in
      eastern India using relevant radiological, histopathogical, and
      immunohistological studies. RESULTS: Incidence of PBL among HIV patients was
      0.58% (6/1,028). Mean CD4 count at presentation was 125.5 +/- 71.1 cells/MUL.
      Sites of involvement included pleura, lung parenchyma, suprarenal gland, pelvic
      cavity, and retroorbital space (one each). Immunohistopathology of biopsied
      sample in each patient revealed PBL (positive plasma cell markers MUM-1/IRF4,
      CD38, and CD138/syndecan; and negative of B-cell markers CD3, CD20, and CD30).
      Three (60%) were positive for Epstein Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin G (IgG).
      Five surviving patients received CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
      vincristine, prednisone) regimen and attained partial remission (PR) after six
      cycles. Subsequently, three patients were started on EPOCH (etoposide,
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) therapy; two attained
      near total regression after 6 months (four cycles). Overall, four patients
      remained alive with good quality of life at the end of 1 year of follow-up.
      CONCLUSION: PBL in HIV occurs at unusual sites with varying aggressivity. This
      study is too small to comment on the long-term outcomes of PBL in HIV; however,
      coadministration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with standard chemotherapy may
      improve survival.

PMID- 26960479
TI  - Xeroderma pigmentosum with squamous cell carcinoma of face: A rare case report of
      two siblings.

PMID- 26960480
TI  - Therapy and progression--induced O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and
      mismatch repair alterations in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
AB  - Despite multimodality treatment protocol including surgical resection,
      radiotherapy, and chemotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM),
      most suffer from treatment failure and tumor recurrence within a few months of
      initial surgery. The effectiveness of temozolomide (TMZ), the most commonly used
      chemotherapeutic agent, is largely dependent on the methylation status of the
      promoter of the gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and the
      integrity of the mismatch repair (MMR) system. Changes in these regulatory
      mechanisms at the time of recurrence may influence response to therapy.
      Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of resistance to these drugs may in future
      lead to improvised patient management. In this article, we provide an update of
      the spectrum of molecular changes that occur in recurrent GBMs, and thus may have
      an impact on patient survival and treatment response. For review, electronic
      search for the keywords "Recurrent GBM", "Recurrent GBM AND MGMT" "Recurrent
      glioma AND MGMT", "Recurrent GBM AND MMR" and "Recurrent glioma AND MMR",
      "Recurrent GBM AND MMR" and "Recurrent glioma AND MMR" was done on PubMed and
      relevant citations were screened including cross-references. 

PMID- 26960482
TI  - An analysis of medulloblastoma: 10 year experience of a referral institution in
      South India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is an embryonal tumor with aggressive behavior and is
      more commonly seen in children than adults. The aim of this study was to
      determine the epidemiological patterns of medulloblastoma in a tertiary care
      center in Southern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a retrospective study, in
      which the records of all the clinically diagnosed medulloblastoma cases in the
      last 10 years (2002-2012) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 58 cases were found,
      with the mean age at diagnosis being 10 years. There was a slight predilection
      for the male sex (58.62%). The first presenting symptom was mostly related to
      raise intracranial pressure and the mean duration of symptoms was 200 days.
      Nearly, 89.6% of patients were in Stage 0 and had a central tumor location.
      Multimodality treatment included surgery followed by craniospinal irradiation up
      to 36 gray followed by posterior fossa boost up to 54 gray. Median radiation
      therapy duration was 6.5 weeks and concurrent single agent vincristine was the
      most common chemotherapy used. Most of the patients showed only a partial
      response to treatment, mainly because of large tumors at presentation, which
      could be attributed to the lack of awareness, delayed medical attention and poor
      follow-up. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and treatment is the key to management of
      medulloblastoma, which still needs to be achieved. Bulky tumors have a poor
      outcome, efforts should be aimed at complete surgery and giving risk
      stratification based treatment. Resources need to be allocated to make more
      conformal methods of radiotherapy available, which will decrease the growth
      abnormalities and cognitive impairments.

PMID- 26960481
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder-potential mimicker of carcinoma: Case report
      and short review of literature.

PMID- 26960483
TI  - Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of fourth ventricle and 7-8(th) cranial
      nerve complex: Case report.

PMID- 26960484
TI  - Quality of life measures in glioma patients with different grades: A preliminary
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plethora of information exists in the literature on pathology of the
      glioma while prevailing research data on quality-of-life (QOL) of glioma patients
      marks dearth thus demanding more studies. AIMS: In this study, we examined the
      QOL of different grades of glioma patients among the Chennai population in India.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 162 patients with different grades of glioma
      enrolled from August 2007 to February 2011, at their first contact to Department
      of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Government General Hospital, Chennai, India were
      included and their QOL was assessed by European Organization for Research and
      Treatment of Cancer Core QOL questionnaire (EORTC QLQc-30), EORTC brain cancer
      module (QLQ BN-20). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both low and high grade glioma (LGG
      and HGG) patients had poor mean scores in social functioning (87.0), physical
      functioning (82.0) and emotional functioning (75.2) and role functioning (58.9).
      The mean scores on cognitive functioning (61.9) and global QOL (60.3) were
      better. Age, Karnofsky performance status, World Health Organization grades
      showed significant associations with all functional scales. The percentage values
      were higher for symptoms of fatigue (76.9%), pain (71.5%), financial difficulties
      (77.6%) and appetite loss (38.46%) in both LGG and HGG. Similarly, with respect
      to QLQ-BN20 domains, HGG patients showed more symptoms than low grade with a
      significant correlation in communication deficit problems (P = 0.02), headache (P
      = 0.04), seizures (P < 0.01), hair loss (P < 0.05) than the other symptoms. This
      initial assessment suggests that an increasing burden of symptoms exists, with
      poor QOL and survival, which has become a major concern in different grades of
      glioma patients.

PMID- 26960485
TI  - Lactating adenoma with infiltrating ductal carcinoma breast in a pregnant woman.

PMID- 26960486
TI  - Effect of dendritic cell vaccine therapy on lymphocyte subpopulation in
      refractory primary brain tumor.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has the potential to induce
      an antitumor response within the immunologically privileged brain. AIMS: The aim
      of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of DC vaccine therapy on
      lymphocyte subsets in patients with refractory primary brain tumor. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Eighteen cases with refractory primary brain tumor who refused any
      treatment against tumor within 6 months of the therapy, were referred to one
      medicine center, from January 2011 to October 2012. All patients received 1 *
      10(7) tumor lysate-pulsed DC vaccinations both intradermal injection and
      intravenous infusion 3 times/week. RESULTS: There were increases of lymphocytes
      CD8+ (P = 0.002) and CD56+ (P = 4.207E-10), but no change of lymphocytes CD3+ (P
      = 0.651). Six patients were positive response of delayed-type hypersensitivity.
      There were improving of appetite in 14 cases and increasing of physical strength
      17 cases. CONCLUSIONS: DC vaccine has the potential for inducing an immune
      cytotoxic effect directed toward tumor cells.

PMID- 26960487
TI  - Aggressive angiomyxoma perineum: A rare soft tissue neoplasm in males.

PMID- 26960488
TI  - Role of adjuvant radiation in the management of central neurocytoma: Experience
      from a tertiary cancer care center of India.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Neurocytoma (NC) is a rare benign neuronal tumor. A
      complete excision remains curative for most of these tumors, but atypical
      histology and extra-ventricular location often necessitates adjuvant therapy. We
      intended to explore the clinico-pathological features and treatment outcome in
      patients of NC in our institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records were
      reviewed and data collected on NC over a 6-year period (2006-2012) from the
      departmental archives. Disease free survival (DFS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier
      method. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients met the study criteria. Fourteen patients
      had intra-ventricular neurocytoma (IVNC), right lateral ventricle being the most
      common site of origin. Gross total resection and near total resection were
      achieved in eight cases each whereas tumor decompression and biopsy could be done
      in two cases. On post-operative histopathological examination, eight patients
      were found to have atypical NC while 10 patients had typical NC. All patients
      underwent adjuvant radiation. The median dose of post-operative radiation was 56
      Gy. All patients were alive at their final follow-up. One patient had both
      clinical and radiological evidence of local relapse. In the evaluable patients (n
      = 18), after a median follow-up of 35 months the DFS rate at 2 years and 3 years
      are 100% and 83% respectively. CONCLUSION: Use of adjuvant radiation to a total
      dose of 56 Gy enhances the local control and achieves superior survival in
      patients of NC. Use of 3D conformal planning techniques may help us to achieve
      better therapeutic ratio in patients with NC.

PMID- 26960489
TI  - Adrenal myelolipoma: A rare lesion of adrenal gland.

PMID- 26960490
TI  - Clinical outcome of patients with primary gliosarcoma treated with concomitant
      and adjuvant temozolomide: A single institutional analysis of 27 cases.
AB  - CONTEXT AND AIM: The prognosis of primary gliosarcoma (PGS) remains dismal with
      current treatment modalities. We analyzed the outcome of PGS patients treated
      with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ). SETTINGS AND DESIGN:
      Retrospective single institutional analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      retrospectively evaluated 27 patients of PGS treated with radiotherapy (RT) and
      TMZ during 2007-2012. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Overall survival (OS) was
      estimated by the use of Kaplan Meier method and toxicities were evaluate using
      common terminology criteria for adverse events version 2.0 (National Cancer
      Institute, USA). RESULTS: Median age at presentation and Karnofsky performance
      status was 45 years and 90 respectively and male: female ratio was 20:7. Patients
      received adjuvant RT to a total dose of 60 Gy at 2 Gy/fraction. All patients
      except 5 received adjuvant TMZ to a median number of 6 cycles. Grade 2 and 3
      hematological toxicity was seen in 8% and 4% of patients respectively during
      concurrent RT. During adjuvant chemotherapy, 13.6% had Grade 3 thrombocytopenia
      and 9.5% had Grade 3 neutropenia. Median OS was 16.7 months (1 year and 2 year
      actuarial OS was 70.8% and 32.6% respectively). Adjuvant TMZ was associated with
      a better survival (median survival 21.21 vs. 11.93 months; P = 0.0046) on
      univariate analysis and also on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 1.82, 95%
      confidence interval: 1.503-25.58; P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our
      study, largest series of patients with PGS treated with concurrent and adjuvant
      TMZ shows an impressive survival with acceptable toxicity. We suggest TMZ be
      included in the "standard of care" for this tumor.

PMID- 26960491
TI  - Squamous cell and neuroendocrine carcinoma of esophagus: Collision versus
      composite tumor: A case report and review of literature.

PMID- 26960492
TI  - Carcinoma of buccal mucosa: A site specific clinical audit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carcinoma of buccal mucosa is the most common cancer of the oral
      cavity in India. Treatment of oral cancer poses unique reconstructive challenges,
      owing to the dynamic architecture of the oral cavity. Despite current progress in
      various treatment modalities, over the past 50 years survival rates have not
      improved drastically. Although, philosophy on treatment of buccal mucosa
      carcinoma remains well-established, due to the relative paucity of reported data,
      retrospective reviews of institutional experiences are of prime importance. This
      study provides a detailed insight on this site specific cancer of the oral cavity
      in the Indian population. AIM: The aim of this study is to analyze our experience
      with the management of carcinoma of buccal mucosa; associated clinical
      presentation, outcomes and prognostic factors. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A
      retrospective chart review was performed of all cases of primary buccal mucosa
      carcinoma treated surgically between years 2008 and 2012 in SDM Craniofacial
      Unit, Karnataka, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All cases were analyzed based on
      patient characteristics, clinical presentation, surgical and adjuvant therapy
      rendered and treatment outcomes. A retrospective chart review was carried out
      using the hospital's data base for the same. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Kaplan
      Meier methods were used for analyzing disease free survival (DFS). Univariate
      analysis of prognostic factors was performed with log rank test. RESULTS: The
      significant variables in univariate analysis were: Overall stage, T-stage (T1/T2
      vs. T3/T4) and nodal status (N0 vs. N+). We found that staging, tumor size and
      nodal status were significant prognostic factors for DFS. CONCLUSION: The strong
      influence of overall disease stage, tumor size, nodal status, final
      histopathological report and habits of tobacco/betel quid chewing, on prognosis;
      emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prevention of carcinoma of
      buccal mucosa in the Indian population.

PMID- 26960493
TI  - Pathology of advanced buccal mucosa cancer involving masticator space (T4b).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Buccal mucosa cancer involving masticator space is classified as very
      advanced local disease (T4b). The local recurrence rate is very high due to poor
      understanding of the extent of tumor spread in masticator space and technically
      difficult surgical clearance. The objective of this study is to understand the
      extent of tumor spread in masticator space to form basis for appropriate surgical
      resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with T4b-buccal cancer
      underwent compartment resection, with complete anatomical removal of involved
      soft-tissue structures. Specimens were systematically studied to understand the
      extent of invasion of various structures. The findings of clinical history,
      imaging and pathologic evaluation were compared and the results were evaluated.
      RESULTS: A total of 45 patients with advanced buccal cancer (T4b) were included
      in this study. The skin, mandible and lymph nodes were involved in 30, 24 and 17
      cases respectively. The pterygoid muscles were involved in 34 cases (medial
      pterygoid in 12 and both pterygoids in 22 cases) and masseter-muscle in 32 cases.
      Average distance for soft-tissue margins after compartment surgery was 2 cm and
      the margins were positive in 3 cases. The group with involvement of medial
      pterygoid muscle had safest margin with compartment surgery while it was also
      possible to achieve negative margins for group involving lateral pterygoid muscle
      and plates.The involvement of pterygomaxillary fissure was area of concern and
      margin was positive in 2 cases with one patient developing local recurrence with
      intracranial extension. At 21 months median follow-up (13-35 months), 38 patients
      were alive without disease while two developed local recurrence at the skull
      base. CONCLUSIONS: T4b buccal cancers have significant soft-tissue involvement in
      the masticator space. En bloc removal of all soft-tissues in masticator space is
      advocated to remove tumor contained within space. The compartment surgery
      provides an opportunity to achieve negative margins for cancers actually
      contained within masticator space.It is inappropriate to club all patients with
      masticator space involvement in one group.

PMID- 26960494
TI  - Dermatological lesions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 26960495
TI  - Role of podoplanin in potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell
      carcinoma and its correlation with lymphangiogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) ranks as one of the most common
      types of cancer and oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) provides with an
      overall increased risk for development of carcinoma. As podoplanin expression is
      attracting interest as a marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, this study
      assesses the role of podoplanin expression in such lesions. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Podoplanin expression and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was determined
      using D2-40, a marker for podoplanin, in 70 diagnosed cases of potentially
      malignant lesions and OSCC. RESULTS: Normal epithelium showed negligible
      podoplanin expression, whereas the expression extended predominantly at the basal
      layer and the suprabasal layer or above at one or multiple areas in potentially
      malignant lesions. Podoplanin expression in OSCC showed two different patterns
      diffuse and focal. A statistically significant increase in mean LVD was seen from
      normal epithelium to potentially malignant lesions (P < 0.001) and to OSCC (P <
      0.022) while a non-significant increase was seen (P < 0.594) between OPMLs and
      OSCC. Overall no significant correlation was found between D2-40 epithelial
      positivity and LVD (P = 0.122). CONCLUSION: This study suggests the utility of
      podoplanin as a biomarker for cancer risk assessment as it detects the early
      changes and thus provides an additional value beyond current clinical and
      histopathological evaluations. Hence, podoplanin is suggested to be a marker of
      tumor initiation and to a lesser extent of tumor progression.

PMID- 26960496
TI  - Co-occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and combined hepatocellular
      cholangiocarcinoma.

PMID- 26960497
TI  - External auditory canal carcinoma: Impact of chemotherapy.

PMID- 26960498
TI  - Oral squamous cell carcinoma in patients with and without predisposing habits in
      glossal and extra-glossal site: An institutional experience in South India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We report our cohort of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
      patients with or without predisposing habits in glossal and extraglossal sites.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of OSCC cases over a period of
      13.75 years from the archives of Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai,
      India. Demographic details, site, details of habits, and grade of OSCC were
      retrieved. Social Package for Social Service version 17.0 was used to analyze the
      data. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and comparison of mean were
      employed appropriately. RESULTS: There were 151 OSCC cases, of which 60.9%
      (92/151) were males, 21.2% (32/151) were aged <= 40 years and 27.82% (42/151)
      occurred in the tongue. The glossal to extraglossal site ratio was 1:2.6.
      Predisposing habits were present in 52.4% of glossal OSCC and 82.6% with extra
      glossal sites (P = 0.000). Besides tobacco, exclusive areca nut chewing was
      observed in 15.23% (23/151) patients. Thirty-nine (25.8%) belonged to non
      tobacco, non-areca nut, non-alcohol (NTND) group with male to female ratio was
      1:3. DISCUSSION: In our cohort, 112 of 151 OSCC (74.8%) had at least one
      predisposing habit. Chewing of areca nut alone was a predisposing habit by
      itself. In addition, there was a small, subset of cases that were not associated
      with history of any habits. This study brings to focus the subsets of OSCC
      predisposed by areca nut and NTND, that needs to be studied further.

PMID- 26960499
TI  - Irreversible cerebellar toxicity after infusional 5-flurouracil therapy.

PMID- 26960500
TI  - Efficacy of second-line erlotinib in patients postprogression of first-line
      chemotherapy in head and neck cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (gefitinib and erlotinib) have been
      used in the palliative treatment of head and neck cancers with limited success.
      In this report, we aim to quantify the symptomatic benefit, progression-free
      survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) when erlotinib is given as second-line
      treatment in Head and neck cancers. METHODS: This was a post-hoc retrospective
      analysis of a randomized study comparing metronomic chemotherapy with cisplatin.
      A patient who progressed on chemotherapy and had a PS0-2 were offered second-line
      chemotherapy. Patients who had received erlotinib (150 mg PO OD) as second line
      treatment were selected for this analysis. Erlotinib was discontinued in case of
      either progression of disease or if the patient had intolerable side effects.
      Patient were monitored 1-week after the start of erlotinib and subsequently at
      monthly intervals. The toxicity was recorded in accordance with CTCAE version
      4.02 (NCI,USA) and the response were graded in accordance with RECIST version
      1.1. All of these patients were followed-up till death. RESULTS: Twenty-three
      patients were identified. The median age of these patients at the start of the
      second line was 47 years (interquartile range 40.5-51.75 years). The primary site
      of distribution was oral cavity primary in 17 patients (77.3%) and nonoral cavity
      primary in 05 (22.7%) patients. The immediate last chemotherapy regimen received
      was cisplatin in 9 patients (40.9%) and metronomic chemotherapy in 13 patients
      (59.1%). Symptomatic benefits post second-line erlotinib was seen in 18 patients
      (81.8%). The most common adverse events (any grade) seen were anemia in 20
      patients (90.9%), rash in 10 patients (45.5%) and diarrhea in 7 patients
      (31.8%).The best radiological response documented were a partial response in 04
      patients (19.2%). The median estimated PFS and OS were 110 days (95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 61-175 days) and 156 days (95% CI: 126-185 days) respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Erlotinib single agent has promising activity in the second line and
      needs to be explored in future studies.

PMID- 26960501
TI  - Does the use of induction chemotherapy in oral cavity cancer compromise
      subsequent loco-regional treatment delivery: Results from a matched pair
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is being increasingly used in patients with
      unresectable oral cavity cancers to make them resectable. However, its impact on
      locoregional treatment delivery in such setting remains poorly studied. AIMS: To
      evaluate the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on delivery of further
      locoregional treatment. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Mono institutional retrospective
      audit of patients with oral cavity squamous cell cancers treated with neoadjuvant
      triplet chemotherapy in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients receiving
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 14) from May 2012 to April 2014 were matched 1:2 to
      patients undergoing upfront surgery (n = 28) based on age (>60 or 60 and less),
      gender (male or female) and subsite site (tongue and floor of mouth or
      buccoalveolar complex). Data regarding factors related to the delivery of
      locoregional treatment and toxicities were compiled. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
      Descriptive analysis in the form of median (range) for continuous variables and
      frequencies for categorical variables. RESULTS: Patients undergoing neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy required more extensive resections and had greater operative time
      (460 vs. 415 min, P < 0.001). A greater incidence of locoregional wound
      complications was seen as a consequence (57.1% vs. 14.3%, P, 0.01). However,
      toxicities during radiotherapy were not substantially different between the two
      groups and compliance to radiation was also similar. Total package time of 100
      days or less, was maintained in 90% of patients in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Delivery of neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not impair the ability to deliver
      locoregional treatment.

PMID- 26960502
TI  - Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: A rare and distinct entity.

PMID- 26960503
TI  - Brachytherapy in modern oncology practice: A survey based assessment of knowledge
      levels among oncology professionals and need for comprehensive oncology
      education.

PMID- 26960504
TI  - The influence of the bowel and bladder preparation protocol for radiotherapy of
      prostate cancer using kilo-voltage cone beam CT: Our experience.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of bladder and bowel
      preparation protocols on the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of these organs using
      the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-based intensity modulated radiotherapy
      (IMRT) treatment planning for prostate cancer patients. The pelvic DVHs of 12
      prostate cancer patients were studied using CBCT images obtained immediately
      before each treatment. Six patients had bladder and bowel preparation protocol
      whilst the other six patients were the control group. Contoured bladder and
      rectal volumes on CBCT images were compared with planning computed tomography.
      All patients were treated with IMRT with 7800 cGy in 39 fractions over 8 weeks.
      Compared with the patient with bladder preparation protocol, patients without
      bladder preparation instruction had higher bladder volume and dose variation. The
      maximum variation in bladder volume was as high as 98% in the control group.
      Without bowel preparation protocol, the rectal volumes were more variability.
      Owing to changes in rectal filling on the day of treatment, the maximum variation
      in rectal volume was as high as + 96%. With bowel preparation protocol, the
      maximum rectum volume variations were less than 25%. The changes in prostate
      target dose compared with planning dose were minimal as would be expected from
      positioning with daily image guidance and gold seed implanted. 

PMID- 26960505
TI  - Low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands in pregnancy.

PMID- 26960506
TI  - Outcome of radical prostatectomy as primary treatment for high-risk prostate
      cancer patients.
AB  - CONTEXT: Recently, there has been considerable interest in the role of radical
      prostatectomy (RP) in men with high-risk prostate cancer. AIMS: The objective of
      our study is to report the outcome of upfront RP in our patients with high-risk
      prostate cancer (Stage >= cT2c, a pre-operative serum prostate specific antigen
      >20 ng/ml or a biopsy Gleason score [GS] 8-10). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From 1996
      to 2010, 208 patients of prostate cancer (high risk category D'Amico's criteria)
      underwent open RP with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
      USED: The data was statistically analyzed using Kaplan Meier method and log rank
      test to calculate progression free, metastasis free survival (MFS) and cancer
      specific survival (CSS). Furthermore multivariate analysis (MVA) was carried out
      using SPSS 14 software. (IBM company). RESULTS: At 7 and 10 years, prostate
      cancer-specific survival (PCSS) was found to be 79.7% and 65%, respectively,
      biochemical recurrence free survival (BRFS) was 42.4% and 36.7%, respectively and
      the MFS was 71.1% and 64.4% respectively. High GS was highly predictable of PCSS,
      BRFS and MFS. Node positivity was the single poor risk factor on MVA whereas
      biopsy GS, pStage (P = 0.016) and seminal vesicle invasion (P = 0.045) had
      statistical significance in predicting the MFS. CONCLUSIONS: RP provides accurate
      pathologic staging of patients with high risk prostate cancer, allows better
      stratification of patients for further adjuvant therapy and either as an initial
      approach or part of a multimodal regimen, can provide durable local control and
      provides excellent CSS.

PMID- 26960507
TI  - Role of PET-CT versus MRI in carcinoma breast: Which one is indicated for
      detecting the primary?

PMID- 26960508
TI  - Hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer using three
      dimensional conformal radiotherapy technique: 3 years toxicity analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypofractionated radiotherapy in the radical treatment of localized
      prostate cancer has potential biological advantages relative to conventional
      fractionation. We report prospectively collected toxicity data from a cohort of
      patients treated with a 3D conformal technique (3DCRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 90
      patients receiving curative intent hypofractionated radiotherapy with 57Gy in 19
      daily fractions over 3.8 weeks were evaluated prospectively for the development
      of radiation related toxicity over a 3 year period. RESULTS: All patients
      completed treatment. Maximal acute toxicity experienced was 58.6, 10 and 1.1% for
      grade 1, 2 and 3 genitourinary (GU) toxicity respectively and 75.6, 9 and 0% for
      gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. For late toxicity the three year actuarial rates
      of grade 1, 2 and 3 GU and GI toxicity respectively were 47.3, 2.4 and 0%; and
      40, 9.3 and 4.7%. There were no grade 4 or worse acute or late toxicities. 97.6%
      of evaluable patients remained free of biochemical failure 36 months post
      radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: A 57Gy in 19 daily fraction radiotherapy schedule
      using 3D conformal radiotherapy for the definitive treatment of localized
      prostate cancer has acceptable early and late toxicity.

PMID- 26960509
TI  - Line of abiraterone acetate in castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer-
      Does it matter? report of a multi-institutional experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We present our data comparing retrospectively the efficacy of
      abiraterone and cabazitaxel in patients who progress after docetaxel treatment.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 56 patients diagnosed with hormone
      refractory metastatic prostate cancer who were previously treated with
      abiraterone therapy at four oncology centers in Turkey. RESULTS: With
      abiraterone, the patients had a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 5.9
      months (95% confidence interval (CI) for hazard ratio (HR) (4.4-7.4)) and an
      overall survival of 13.4 months (95% CI for HR (5.5-21.3)). When we compared the
      disease-free survival (DFS) of reference patients treated with cabazitaxel as a
      second-line treatment with those receiving second-line abiraterone therapy, there
      was no significant difference. (PFS = 5.9 months with cabazitaxel vs. 6.7 months
      with abiraterone, P = 0.213). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that in our
      experience abiraterone acetate is an effective agent in metastatic castration
      resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) regardless of the line of treatment.

PMID- 26960510
TI  - Aggressive spinal glioblastoma in a child with adrenocortical adenoma--Case
      report and review of literature.

PMID- 26960511
TI  - A review on harmful effects of pan masala.
AB  - Pan masala (PM) is a mixture of areca nut with slaked lime, catechu and other
      flavoring agents. It is widely available and used by all the sections of the
      Indian society. It is genotoxic as it increases sister chromatin exchange and
      chromatin aberrations. Among humans, it is a leading cause of oral submucous
      fibrosis that often progresses to oral cancer. Among experimental animals, it
      leads to neoplastic lesions in lung, liver and stomach. It is hepatotoxic leading
      to increased level of enzymes, deranged carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is
      harmful to kidneys and testes leading to increased creatinine and sperm
      deformities respectively. PM is a very harmful substance affecting almost all
      organ systems, and there is immediate need for a national policy on complete ban
      on the production, storage, sale and marketing of PM.

PMID- 26960512
TI  - Metachronous intradural and liver metastasis from adrenocortical carcinoma.

PMID- 26960513
TI  - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the pharynx: A rare entity.

PMID- 26960515
TI  - Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: A report of five cases with
      review of literature.

PMID- 26960514
TI  - Dosimetric evaluation and clinical outcome in post-operative patients of
      carcinoma vulva treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare dosimetric parameters of intensity-modulated radiation
      therapy (IMRT) with 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) in post-operative patients
      of vulvar cancer and to assess clinical outcome and toxicity with IMRT. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A total of 8 post-operative patients of vulvar cancer were treated
      with IMRT. All patients were also planned by 3DCRT for comparison with IMRT. The
      two plans were compared in terms of conformity index, homogeneity index, tumor
      control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for
      the planning target volume and organs at risk (OAR). RESULTS: IMRT resulted in
      significantly lesser doses to rectum, bladder, bowel and femoral head as compared
      with 3DCRT plans. Mean conformity and homogeneity indices were better and within
      range with IMRT. The TCP was comparable between the two treatment plans and NTCP
      for rectum, bladder, bowel and femoral head was significantly less with IMRT as
      compared with 3DCRT. Treatment was well-tolerated and none of the patients
      developed Grade 3 or higher toxicity. CONCLUSION: IMRT yielded superior plans
      with respect to target coverage, homogeneity and conformality while lowering dose
      to adjacent OAR as compared with 3DCRT. Thus, IMRT offers a reduction in NTCP
      while maintaining TCP.

PMID- 26960516
TI  - Discrepancy between clinicoradiological and surgicopathological staging in stage
      1 carcinoma endometrium: Identification of risk factors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Carcinoma endometrium carries an excellent prognosis when diagnosed
      early. But controversies exist in the management of Ca endometrium confined to
      the uterus as to whether a complete surgical staging including lymph node
      dissection is needed always. This may increase unnecessary surgical morbidity for
      some. On the other hand, if not done it fails to recognize a subset of patients
      who require adjuvant treatment, thus affecting the outcome. Hence it is very
      important to categorize the patients to assess the need of complete surgical
      staging. AIM: The aim of the following study is to identify the risk factors
      influencing the upstaging of disease in clinicoradiologically stage 1 carcinoma
      endometrium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective database evaluation of all
      cases of clinicoradiologically stage 1 carcinoma endometrium from January 2009 to
      September 2012. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Done using the statistical software SPSS-
      version 16 for windows (SPSS Inc. 233 South Wacker Drive, 11th Floor Chicago, IL
      60606-6412) Independent samples test (t-test for equality of means) were done and
      (two-tailed) P < 0.05--were significant. RESULTS: Carcinoma endometrium patients
      with grade 1, no or < 50% myometrial involvement, <2 cm size and no isthmus
      involvement had low risk of upstaging. CONCLUSION: Significant upstaging is seen
      in the present study with per-operative staging procedures. Until the
      standardization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and reporting, or
      until a more sensitive non-invasive technique is devised, staging lymphadenectomy
      appears to be invaluable in risk assessment and prognosis.

PMID- 26960517
TI  - Secondary plasmacytoma of the testis with hydrocele: A rare case report.

PMID- 26960519
TI  - Impact of modular training on tobacco control on the knowledge of health workers
      in two jurisdictions of northern India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: National Tobacco Control Programme was launched in India in year 2007
      08. It was realized that community health workers can play an important role of
      agents for positive change to bring down the tobacco morbidity and mortality in
      the country. Keeping this in view, a health worker guide was developed by the
      Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (GOI) in collaboration
      with The Union South-East Asia (The Union) in the year 2010. The guide provides
      the information needed by the most basic level of health workers to effectively
      address the problem of tobacco use in the community. A modular training was
      conducted in two jurisdictions in India (namely, Chandigarh and Hamirpur
      (Himachal Pradesh)) to assess the usefulness of the guide as training material
      for community health workers in undertaking tobacco control activities at
      community and village levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 271 participants
      were trained, which included 133 from Chandigarh and 138 from Hamirpur. The pre
      and post-training assessment of knowledge of health worker was done. RESULTS:
      There was marked increase in post-test scores as compared to the pretest scores.
      The health workers scoring more than 60% increased from 40% in the pretest to
      over 80% in the post-test. Only three workers had a post-test score of less than
      30% against 54 workers in the pretest. CONCLUSION: The understanding on tobacco
      control had increased significantly after the training in each group. It is
      strongly recommended that such training should be replicated to all community
      health workers across all the states in India.

PMID- 26960518
TI  - Tumor recurrence and tumor-related mortality in endometrial cancer: Analysis in
      276 patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this manuscript, we assessed tumor recurrence and tumor-related
      mortality in a clinical series of endometrial cancer patients. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of 276 patients (mean age 64 years) with
      histologically confirmed endometrial cancer treated at a single hospital in
      Madrid (Spain) was conducted. The median follow-up was estimated using the
      inverse Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Salient findings were endometrioid
      carcinoma (84.8% of cases), grade G1 (48.9%) and stages IB (35.1%) and IC
      (23.2%). Myometrial infiltration >50% was documented in 31.2% of cases and
      lymphovascular space invasion in 11.9%. After surgery, 52.5% of patients were
      classified into the low risk group, 21.4% into the intermediate risk group and
      26.1% into the high risk group. Tumor recurrence occurred in 14.5% of patients,
      with an estimated median follow-up of 45 months (95% confidence interval (CI):
      41.2-48.8), locoregional recurrence in 42.5% and distant recurrences in 57.5%.
      Furthermore, 40% of tumor recurrences developed during the first year after
      primary treatment and 90% over the first 3 years of follow-up. The tumor-related
      mortality rate was 15.9%. The estimated median follow-up was 46 months (95% CI:
      43.0-49.0). Furthermore, 5.07% of death because of tumor developed during the
      first year after primary treatment and 13.77% over the first 3 years of follow
      up. CONCLUSION: The rates of tumor-related death and tumor recurrence in
      endometrial cancer patients are low, with the highest percentages occurring
      within 3 years of primary treatment. Most of the recurrences occur outside the
      pelvis.

PMID- 26960520
TI  - Intrascrotal paratesticular malignant fibrous histiocytoma-a rare case and its
      management.

PMID- 26960521
TI  - Tobacco use among high school children in Bangalore, India: A study of knowledge,
      attitude and practice.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use among school children is becoming a serious problem in
      developing countries. The early age of initiation underscores the urgent need to
      intervene and protect this vulnerable group from becoming victims of this
      addiction. AIM: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices about tobacco
      use among 13-15 year old school children of Bangalore City. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed and data on tobacco usage was
      collected from 1288 students aged 13-15 years studying in six government and
      private schools of Bangalore using a self-administered closed ended
      questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 15.0 and descriptive statistics was
      applied. Chi-square tests were used to determine the significant differences in
      the variables of interest. RESULTS: Out of 1288 children, 1281 (99.5%) children
      had heard about tobacco and 1162 (90.2%) students knew the harmful effects of
      tobacco. Only 28 (2.2%) had used tobacco products. Peer pressure was the main
      reason for tobacco use among children and age was not a barrier in buying tobacco
      products. Television (58%) was the main source of information for tobacco
      products followed by newspapers (26%) and movies (16%). CONCLUSION: It is
      encouraging to find that majority of the 13-15 year old children surveyed in the
      present study did not use tobacco and were aware of the health risks associated
      with tobacco use. This calls for the school authorities to be included in
      stricter implementation and monitoring of the implementation of legislation.
      Regular and systematic education programs catering to teachers, children, and
      also their parents should be undertaken.

PMID- 26960522
TI  - Perception of young adults toward hookah use in Mumbai.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of tobacco has been on the rise globally including in India,
      posing a grave public health problem. Recently, tobacco use through hookah
      smoking has increased among young adults in India, Middle East, Southwest Asia,
      Africa, Europe and North America. Hookah prevalence of 0.4-15% has been reported
      in India. AIM: The aim of the study was to understand perception of hookah use
      among young adults in Mumbai. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 500 college
      students, with/without hookah habit, were given a self-administered questionnaire
      to indicate their perception of hookah use, using yes/no responses. The responses
      were analyzed in the users/non-users and considered significantly different at P
      < 0.05. RESULTS: Responses were received from 122 hookah users and 325 non-users.
      The perception of hookah use between users and non-users and males and females,
      showed significant differences (P < 0.05), with respect to hookah being injurious
      to health, causes cancer, is addictive, influence of a close friend, flavors,
      curiosity toward hookah use and willingness to prepare hookah at home. Whereas,
      differences in the groups perception of hookah as safer than cigarettes, harmful
      air quality, ambience, cool look and means of socializing, was not observed.
      CONCLUSION: The perception of young adults in Mumbai, toward hookah use,
      indicates an increased trend to use hookah. We recommend deterrents for hookah
      use by display of health warnings on hookah assembly and the tobacco products,
      implementation of government policies on hookah and tobacco use and punitive
      measures for offenders.

PMID- 26960523
TI  - Bizarre leiomyoma of uterus/smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential:
      A diagnostic dilemma.

PMID- 26960524
TI  - Tobacco use among rural Nepalese women: Cross-sectional community based study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use is responsible for a considerable number of morbidity
      and mortality in the world. Annually 14,000 deaths are attributed to tobacco use
      in Nepal. Despite having social acceptability of tobacco in Nepalese society,
      little has been known about tobacco use among rural women. The aim of this study
      was to report the prevalence of and examine the factors associated with tobacco
      consumption among women of reproductive age in a rural community of Dailekh
      district of Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was descriptive, cross-sectional
      study carried out among women of reproductive age in the rural community of
      Dailekh district. A random sampling was used to obtain 110 women aged 15-49
      years. RESULTS: More than two in five were tobacco user and among them 4 in 5
      used smoked form of tobacco. This study showed early initiation of tobacco using
      habit (mean: 14.96 year) where 92% of participants initiated <19 years.
      Influencing factors for initiation of tobacco use was peer's pressure (95.8%),
      and respondents reported that they used tobacco to reduce stress (37.5%).
      CONCLUSION: Tobacco using pattern was high in reproductive age group women.
      Knowledge and perceptions on tobacco use were poor. Hence, an effective and
      appropriate community based awareness programs are required to discourage the use
      of tobacco.

PMID- 26960525
TI  - Giant cell glioblastoma with calcification and long-term survival.

PMID- 26960526
TI  - The unnoticed umbilical nodule of ovarian malignancy with seudomyxomaperitonei: A
      rare presentation.

PMID- 26960527
TI  - Indoor air quality due to secondhand smoke: Signals from selected hospitality
      locations in rural and urban areas of Bangalore and Dharwad districts in
      Karnataka, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoke has compounds that are known as human carcinogens. With
      every breath of secondhand smoke we inhale thousands of chemicals. The Government
      of India in the interest of public health has enacted the Cigarette and Other
      Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, which bans smoking in all the public places
      including hotels and restaurants. The purpose of this study was to observe and
      record air pollution in smoke free and smoke observed locations and thereby find
      out whether the owners/managers of hotels, restaurants, and bars comply with
      rules of COTPA. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to measure and
      compare the level of particulate air pollution from secondhand smoke (PM2.5) in
      smoking and nonsmoking venues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted
      from September 2009 to March 2010 in Karnataka, India following a nonrandom
      sample of 79 locations, which included restaurants, bars, cafes, hotels, and tea
      stalls in two districts. The concentration of PM2.5 was measured using a TSI
      SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor. RESULTS: In Karnataka out of the 79
      hospitality locations, smoking was observed in 58% places and only 28% had
      displayed the required "No Smoking" signage. Places where indoor smoking was
      observed had high levels of air pollution with average 135 PM2.5, which were 3.1
      times higher than the average 43 PM2.5 in smoke-free locations and 14 times
      higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) target air quality guideline for
      PM2.5. The average PM2.5 levels in different locations ranged from 11 to 417
      MUg/m(3) and was lower in the case of apparently compliant designated smoking
      area (DSR). CONCLUSIONS: The patrons and the workers in the hospitality sector
      continue to be exposed to secondhand smoke despite the enactment of COTPA, which
      bans smoking in public places. This situation demands stringent measures for
      effective implementation of the Smoke Free Act and negative response to smoking
      among civil society.

PMID- 26960528
TI  - Rash: An initial presentation of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 26960530
TI  - Prevention of Tetanus Outbreak Following Natural Disaster in Indonesia: Lessons
      Learned from Previous Disasters.
AB  - In Indonesia, the Aceh earthquake and tsunami in 2004 killed 127,000 people and
      caused half a million injuries, while the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006 caused
      5,700 deaths and 37,000 injuries. Because disaster-affected areas are vulnerable
      to epidemic-prone diseases and tetanus is one such disease that is preventable,
      we systematically reviewed the literature related to tetanus outbreaks following
      previous two natural disasters in Indonesia. Based on our findings,
      recommendations for proper vaccination and education can be made for future
      countermeasures. Using specified keywords related to tetanus and disasters,
      relevant documents were screened from PubMed, the WHO website, and books. Reports
      offering limited data and those released before 2004 were excluded. In all, 16
      publications were reviewed systematically. Results show that 106 cases of tetanus
      occurred in Aceh, with a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 18.9%; 71 cases occurred in
      Yogyakarta, with CFR of 36.6%. For both outbreaks, most patients had been wounded
      during scavenging or evacuation after the disaster occurred. Poor access to
      health care because of limited transportation or hospital facilities, and low
      vaccination coverage and lack of awareness of tetanus risk contributed to delayed
      treatment and case severity. Tetanus outbreaks after disasters are preventable by
      increasing vaccination coverage, improving wound care treatment, and establishing
      a regular surveillance system, in addition to good practices of disaster
      management and supportive care following national guidelines. Furthermore, health
      education for communities should be provided to raise awareness of tetanus risk
      reduction. 

PMID- 26960531
TI  - Relaxation Dynamics and Magnetic Anisotropy in a Low-Symmetry Dy(III) Complex.
AB  - The magnetic behaviour of a Dy(LH)3 complex (LH(-) is the anion of 2-hydroxy-N'
      [(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzhydrazide) was analysed in depth
      from both theoretical and experimental points of view. Cantilever torque
      magnetometry indicated that the complex has Ising-type anisotropy, and provided
      two possible directions for the easy axis of anisotropy due to the presence of
      two magnetically non-equivalent molecules in the crystal. Ab initio calculations
      confirmed the strong Ising-type anisotropy and disentangled the two possible
      orientations. The computed results obtained by using ab initio calculations were
      then used to rationalise the composite dynamic behaviour observed for both pure
      Dy(III) phase and Y(III) diluted phase, which showed two different relaxation
      channels in zero and non-zero static magnetic fields. In particular, we showed
      that the relaxation behaviour at the higher temperature range can be correctly
      reproduced by using a master matrix approach, which suggests that Orbach
      relaxation is occurring through a second excited doublet. 

PMID- 26960529
TI  - Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health-new concepts,
      methods and tools to improve health in cities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of people live in cities and urbanization is continuing
      worldwide. Cities have long been known to be society's predominant engine of
      innovation and wealth creation, yet they are also a main source of pollution and
      disease. METHODS: We conducted a review around the topic urban and transport
      planning, environmental exposures and health and describe the findings. RESULTS:
      Within cities there is considerable variation in the levels of environmental
      exposures such as air pollution, noise, temperature and green space. Emerging
      evidence suggests that urban and transport planning indicators such as road
      network, distance to major roads, and traffic density, household density,
      industry and natural and green space explain a large proportion of the
      variability. Personal behavior including mobility adds further variability to
      personal exposures, determines variability in green space and UV exposure, and
      can provide increased levels of physical activity. Air pollution, noise and
      temperature have been associated with adverse health effects including increased
      morbidity and premature mortality, UV and green space with both positive and
      negative health effects and physical activity with many health benefits. In many
      cities there is still scope for further improvement in environmental quality
      through targeted policies. Making cities 'green and healthy' goes far beyond
      simply reducing CO2 emissions. Environmental factors are highly modifiable, and
      environmental interventions at the community level, such as urban and transport
      planning, have been shown to be promising and more cost effective than
      interventions at the individual level. However, the urban environment is a
      complex interlinked system. Decision-makers need not only better data on the
      complexity of factors in environmental and developmental processes affecting
      human health, but also enhanced understanding of the linkages to be able to know
      at which level to target their actions. New research tools, methods and paradigms
      such as geographical information systems, smartphones, and other GPS devices,
      small sensors to measure environmental exposures, remote sensing and the exposome
      paradigm together with citizens observatories and science and health impact
      assessment can now provide this information. CONCLUSION: While in cities there
      are often silos of urban planning, mobility and transport, parks and green space,
      environmental department, (public) health department that do not work together
      well enough, multi-sectorial approaches are needed to tackle the environmental
      problems. The city of the future needs to be a green city, a social city, an
      active city, a healthy city.

PMID- 26960532
TI  - Teaching and assessment of communication skills in undergraduate dental education
      - a survey in German-speaking countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Teaching communication is perceived to be of importance in dental
      education. Several reports have been published worldwide in the educational
      literature describing modifications of the dental curriculum by implementing the
      teaching of communication skills. Surveys which evaluate the current state of
      training and assessment of communication skills in dental education in different
      countries exist already in some countries, but little information is available
      about German-speaking countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study
      with the aim of a census, all 36 dental schools in Germany (30), Austria (3), and
      Switzerland (3) were surveyed. RESULTS: The present survey revealed that at 26 of
      the 34 dental schools (76%), communication skills training has been implemented.
      Training of communication skills mainly takes place between the 6th and the 9th
      semester. Ten schools were able to implement a partly longitudinal curriculum,
      while the other sites only offer stand-alone courses. Of the 34 dental schools,
      six assess communication skills in a summative way. Three of those schools also
      use formative assessments for their students. Another seven sites only use
      formative assessment. From the various formats of assessment, OSCE is mentioned
      most frequently. CONCLUSION: The necessity to train and assess communication
      skills has reached German-speaking dental schools. The present survey allows an
      overview of the training and assessment of communication skills in undergraduate
      dental education in German-speaking Europe.

PMID- 26960534
TI  - Characteristics of neurocognitive functions in mild cognitive impairment with
      depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that there is a strong association between
      depression and cognitive decline, and that concurrent depressive symptoms in MCI
      patients could contribute to a difference in neurocognitive characteristics
      compared to MCI patients without depression. The authors tried to compare
      neurocognitive functions between MCI patients with and without depression by
      analyzing the results of neuropsychological tests. METHODS: Participants included
      153 MCI patients. Based on the diagnosis of major depressive disorder, the
      participants were divided into two groups: depressed MCI (MCI/D+) versus non
      depressed MCI (MCI/D-). The general cognitive and functional statuses of
      participants were evaluated. And a subset of various neuropsychological tests was
      presented to participants. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed using
      Student t-test or chi 2 test. RESULTS: A total of 153 participants were divided
      into two groups: 94 MCI/D+ patients and 59 MCI/D- patients. Age, sex, and years
      of education were not significantly different between the two groups. There were
      no significant differences in general cognitive status between MCI/D+ and MCI/D-
      patients, but MCI/D+ participants showed significantly reduced performance in the
      six subtests (Contrasting Program, Go-no-go task, Fist-edge-palm task,
      Constructional Praxis, Memory Recall, TMT-A) compared with MCI/D- patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: There were significantly greater deficits in neurocognitive
      functions including verbal memory, executive function, attention/processing
      speed, and visual memory in MCI/D+ participants compared to MCI/D-. Once the
      biological mechanism is identified, distinct approaches in treatment or
      prevention will be determined.

PMID- 26960533
TI  - Atypical sensors for direct and rapid neuronal detection of bacterial pathogens.
AB  - Bacterial infection can threaten the normal biological functions of a host, often
      leading to a disease. Hosts have developed complex immune systems to cope with
      the danger. Preceding the elimination of pathogens, selective recognition of the
      non-self invaders is necessary. At the forefront of the body's defenses are the
      innate immune cells, which are equipped with particular sensor molecules that can
      detect common exterior patterns of invading pathogens and their secreting toxins
      as well as with phagocytic machinery. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines
      released from these innate immune cells and infected tissues can boost the
      inflammatory cascade and further recruit adaptive immune cells to maximize the
      elimination and resolution. The nervous system also seems to interact with this
      process, mostly known to be affected by the inflammatory mediators through the
      binding of neuronal receptors, consequently activating neural circuits that tune
      the local and systemic inflammatory states. Recent research has suggested new
      contact points: direct interactions of sensory neurons with pathogens. Latest
      findings demonstrated that the sensory neurons not only share pattern recognition
      mechanisms with innate immune cells, but also utilize endogenous and exogenous
      electrogenic components for bacterial pathogen detection, by which the electrical
      firing prompts faster information flow than what could be achieved when the
      immune system is solely involved. As a result, rapid pain generation and active
      accommodation of the immune status occur. Here we introduced the sensory neuron
      specific detector molecules for directly responding to bacterial pathogens and
      their signaling mechanisms. We also discussed extended issues that need to be
      explored in the future. 

PMID- 26960535
TI  - Mesenchymal stem cells and cutaneous wound healing: novel methods to increase
      cell delivery and therapeutic efficacy.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (also known as multipotent mesenchymal stromal
      cells) possess the capacity for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation,
      and their ability to enhance cutaneous wound healing has been well characterized.
      Acting via paracrine interactions, MSCs accelerate wound closure, increase
      angiogenesis, promote resolution of wound inflammation, favorably regulate
      extracellular matrix remodeling, and encourage regeneration of skin with normal
      architecture and function. A number of studies have employed novel methods to
      amplify the delivery and efficacy of MSCs. Non-traditional sources of MSCs,
      including Wharton's jelly and medical waste material, have shown efficacy
      comparable to that of traditional sources, such as bone marrow and adipose
      tissue. The potential of alternative methods to both introduce MSCs into wounds
      and increase migration of MSCs into wound areas has also been demonstrated.
      Taking advantage of the associations between MSCs with M2 macrophages and
      microRNA, methods to enhance the immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs have shown
      success. New measures to enhance angiogenic capabilities have also exhibited
      effectiveness, often demonstrated by increased levels of proangiogenic vascular
      endothelial growth factor. Finally, hypoxia has been shown to have strong wound
      healing potential in terms of increasing MSC efficacy. We have critically
      reviewed the results of the novel studies that show promise for the continued
      development of MSC-based wound-healing therapies and provide direction for
      continued research in this field. 

PMID- 26960536
TI  - The performance of model-based versus rule-based phase I clinical trials in
      oncology : A quantitative comparison of the performance of model-based versus
      rule-based phase I trials with molecularly targeted anticancer drugs over the
      last 2 years.
AB  - Phase I studies with anticancer drugs are used to evaluate safety and
      tolerability and to choose a recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Traditionally,
      phase I trial designs are rule-based, but for several years there is a trend
      towards model-based designs. Simulations have shown that model-based designs
      perform better, faster and are safer to establish the RP2D than rule-based
      designs. However, the superiority of model-based designs has never been confirmed
      based on true trial performance in practice. To aid evidence-based decisions for
      designing phase I trials, we compared publications of model-based and rule-based
      phase I trials in oncology. We reviewed 172 trials that have been published in
      the last 2 years and assessed the following operating characteristics: efficiency
      (trial duration, population size, dose-levels), patient safety (dose-limiting
      toxicities (DLTs)) and treatment optimality (percentage of patients treated below
      and at or above the recommended phase 2 dose). Our results showed a non
      significant but clinically relevant difference in trial duration. Model-based
      trials needed 10 months less than rule-based trials (26 versus 36 months; p =
      0.25). Additionally, fewer patients were treated at dose-levels below the RP2D
      (31 % versus 40 %; p = 0.73) while safety was preserved (13 % DLTs versus 14 %
      DLTs). In this review, we provide evidence to encourage the use of model-based
      designs for future phase I studies, based on a median of 10 months of time gain,
      acceptable toxicity rates and minimization of suboptimal treatment.

PMID- 26960537
TI  - Real-time SPARSE-SENSE cardiac cine MR imaging: optimization of image
      reconstruction and sequence validation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Improved real-time cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) sequences have
      currently been introduced, but so far only limited practical experience exists.
      This study aimed at image reconstruction optimization and clinical validation of
      a new highly accelerated real-time cine SPARSE-SENSE sequence. METHODS: Left
      ventricular (LV) short-axis stacks of a real-time free-breathing SPARSE-SENSE
      sequence with high spatiotemporal resolution and of a standard segmented cine
      SSFP sequence were acquired at 1.5 T in 11 volunteers and 15 patients. To
      determine the optimal iterations, all volunteers' SPARSE-SENSE images were
      reconstructed using 10-200 iterations, and contrast ratios, image entropies, and
      reconstruction times were assessed. Subsequently, the patients' SPARSE-SENSE
      images were reconstructed with the clinically optimal iterations. LV volumetric
      values were evaluated and compared between both sequences. RESULTS: Sufficient
      image quality and acceptable reconstruction times were achieved when using 80
      iterations. Bland-Altman plots and Passing-Bablok regression showed good
      agreement for all volumetric parameters. CONCLUSIONS: 80 iterations are
      recommended for iterative SPARSE-SENSE image reconstruction in clinical routine.
      Real-time cine SPARSE-SENSE yielded comparable volumetric results as the current
      standard SSFP sequence. Due to its intrinsic low image acquisition times, real
      time cine SPARSE-SENSE imaging with iterative image reconstruction seems to be an
      attractive alternative for LV function analysis. KEY POINTS: * A highly
      accelerated real-time CMR sequence using SPARSE-SENSE was evaluated. * SPARSE
      SENSE allows free breathing in real-time cardiac cine imaging. * For clinically
      optimal SPARSE-SENSE image reconstruction, 80 iterations are recommended. * Real
      time SPARSE-SENSE imaging yielded comparable volumetric results as the reference
      SSFP sequence. * The fast SPARSE-SENSE sequence is an attractive alternative to
      standard SSFP sequences.

PMID- 26960538
TI  - Safety of gadobutrol in over 23,000 patients: the GARDIAN study, a global
      multicentre, prospective, non-interventional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the safety and tolerability of gadobutrol at the
      recommended dose in patients requiring contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance
      imaging/angiography (MRI/MRA) in the routine setting. METHODS: GARDIAN
      prospectively enrolled 23,708 patients undergoing routine gadobutrol-enhanced
      MRI/MRA for approved indications at 272 study centres in Europe, Asia, North
      America, and Africa and monitored for adverse events. RESULTS: Median gadobutrol
      dose was 0.11 mmol/kg body weight. The overall incidence of adverse drug
      reactions (ADRs) was 0.7 % (n = 170 patients), with similar incidences in
      patients with renal impairment or cardiac disease, from different geographic
      regions and in different gadobutrol dose groups. Patients at risk for contrast
      media reaction had an ADR incidence of 2.5 %. Five patients (0.02 %) experienced
      serious adverse events, four were drug-related. One patient experienced a fatal
      anaphylactoid shock, assessed to be related to injection of gadobutrol. The
      contrast quality of gadobutrol-enhanced images was rated by treating physicians
      as good or excellent in 97 % cases, with similar ratings in all patient subgroups
      and indications. CONCLUSIONS: The GARDIAN study shows that gadobutrol at the
      recommended dose is well tolerated across a large, diverse patient population.
      KEY POINTS: * Gadobutrol at recommended dose shows low rates of adverse drug
      reactions * Gadobutrol demonstrates a uniform safety profile across diverse
      patient groups * Gadobutrol provides excellent contrast quality in routine
      practice.

PMID- 26960539
TI  - Adipose tissue and muscle attenuation as novel biomarkers predicting mortality in
      patients with extremity sarcomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess CT-attenuation of abdominal adipose tissue and psoas muscle
      as predictors of mortality in patients with sarcomas of the extremities. METHODS:
      Our study was IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. The study group comprised 135
      patients with history of extremity sarcoma (mean age: 53 +/- 17 years) who
      underwent whole body PET/CT. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT),
      visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and psoas muscle attenuation (HU) was assessed on
      non-contrast, attenuation-correction CT. Clinical information including survival,
      tumour stage, sarcoma type, therapy and pre-existing comorbidities were recorded.
      Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine longitudinal associations
      between adipose tissue and muscle attenuation and mortality. RESULTS: There were
      47 deaths over a mean follow-up period of 20 +/- 17 months. Higher SAT and lower
      psoas attenuation were associated with increased mortality (p = 0.03 and p =
      0.005, respectively), which remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI,
      sex, tumor stage, therapy, and comorbidities (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02,
      respectively). VAT attenuation was not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION:
      Attenuation of SAT and psoas muscle, assessed on non-contrast CT, are predictors
      of mortality in patients with extremity sarcomas, independent of other
      established prognostic factors, suggesting that adipose tissue and muscle
      attenuation could serve as novel biomarkers for mortality in patients with
      sarcomas. KEY POINTS: * CT-attenuation of adipose tissue and muscle predict
      mortality in sarcoma patients * CT-attenuation predicts mortality independent of
      established prognostic factors * Patients with sarcomas often undergo CT for
      staging or surveillance * Adipose tissue and muscle attenuation could serve as
      biomarkers for mortality.

PMID- 26960540
TI  - Does size reliably predict malignancy in soft tissue tumours?
AB  - PURPOSE: In this retrospective study we examined whether size is a viable marker
      of tumour malignancy in soft tissue masses (STM) and if the ratio of width and
      length (RALD) of an STM reflects tumour biology more accurately. METHODS:
      Measurements of maximal lesion size and perpendicular diameter were performed in
      available MRI and ultrasonography studies of 212 patients (mean age 54.4 +/- 17.2
      years, male:female 1:1.12) with a histologically verified diagnosis. RESULTS:
      Overall, 28.2 % of lesions were malignant, 11.1 % intermediate, and 58.8 %
      benign. Size alone was a weak predictor of malignancy in STMs (sensitivity 68.8
      %, specificity 50.3 %, positive predictive value [PPV] 44.0 %, negative
      predictive value [NPV] 80.4 %). RALD showed better discriminatory power with
      greater separation between benign and malignant entities and higher values for
      sensitivity (83.6 %), specificity (53.6 %), and NPV (89.0 %). A weighted
      combination of size, age and RALD improved diagnostic power, demonstrating higher
      values for sensitivity (77.0 %), specificity (80.1 %), PPV (61.0 %), and NPV
      (89.6 %). CONCLUSIONS: Size should not be used alone to estimate an STM's
      malignancy. RALD better reflects a lesion's growth pattern and a combination of
      age, size, and RALD helps to discriminate more accurately between benign,
      intermediate, and malignant entities. These findings should help to estimate
      easily whether a newly found STM is benign or malignant prior to further workup.
      KEY POINTS: *Size does not reliably differentiate between benign, intermediate,
      and malignant tumours *The R ALD (ratio of lateral to axial diameter) improves
      diagnostic confidence *When combined with age and size, STM differentiation was
      further enhanced *These measurements can aid in earlier detection of sarcomas.

PMID- 26960541
TI  - A noise-optimized virtual monochromatic reconstruction algorithm improves stent
      visualization and diagnostic accuracy for detection of in-stent re-stenosis in
      lower extremity run-off CT angiography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of noise-optimized virtual monochromatic imaging
      (VMI+) on stent visualization and accuracy for in-stent re-stenosis at lower
      extremity dual-energy CT angiography (DE-CTA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated
      third-generation dual-source DE-CTA studies in 31 patients with prior stent
      placement. Images were reconstructed with linear blending (F_0.5) and VMI+ at 40
      150 keV. In-stent luminal diameter was measured and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
      calculated. Diagnostic confidence was determined using a five-point scale. In 21
      patients with invasive catheter angiography, accuracy for significant re-stenosis
      (>=50 %) was assessed at F_0.5 and 80 keV-VMI+ chosen as the optimal energy level
      based on image-quality analysis. RESULTS: At CTA, 45 stents were present. DSA was
      available for 28 stents whereas 12 stents showed significant re-stenosis. CNR was
      significantly higher with <=80 keV-VMI+ (17.9 +/- 6.4-33.7 +/- 12.3) compared to
      F_0.5 (16.9 +/- 4.8; all p < 0.0463); luminal stent diameters were increased at
      >=70 keV (5.41 +/- 1.8-5.92 +/- 1.7 vs. 5.27 +/- 1.8, all p < 0.001) and
      diagnostic confidence was highest at 70-80 keV-VMI+ (4.90 +/- 0.48-4.88 +/- 0.63
      vs. 4.60 +/- 0.66, p = 0.001, 0.0042). Sensitivity, negative predictive value and
      accuracy for re-stenosis were higher with 80 keV-VMI+ (100, 100, 96.4 %) than
      F_0.5 (90.9, 94.1, 89.3 %). CONCLUSION: 80 keV-VMI+ improves image quality,
      diagnostic confidence and accuracy for stent evaluation at lower extremity DE
      CTA. KEY POINTS: * The impact of noise-optimized virtual monochromatic imaging on
      stent visualization was assessed. * Virtual monochromatic imaging significantly
      improves stent lumen visualization and diagnostic confidence. * At 80 keV
      diagnostic performance for detection of in-stent restenosis was increased. * 80
      keV virtual monochromatic images are recommended for stent evaluation of lower
      extremity vasculature.

PMID- 26960543
TI  - Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African
      traditional fermented foods and beverages.
AB  - Diverse African traditional fermented foods and beverages, produced using
      different types of fermentation, have been used since antiquity because of their
      numerous nutritional values. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from these
      products have emerged as a welcome source of antimicrobials and therapeutics, and
      are accepted as probiotics. Probiotics are defined as live microbial food
      supplements which beneficially affect the host by improving the intestinal
      microbial balance. Currently, popular probiotics are derived from fermented milk
      products. However, with the growing number of consumers with lactose intolerance
      that are affected by dietary cholesterol from milk products, there is a growing
      global interest in probiotics from other food sources. The focus of this review
      is to provide an overview of recent developments on the applications of probiotic
      LAB globally, and to specifically highlight the suitability of African fermented
      foods and beverages as a viable source of novel probiotics. 

PMID- 26960544
TI  - Effects of quercetin on chronic constriction nerve injury in an experimental rat
      model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Flavonoids are popular substances in the literature, with proven
      effects on cardiovascular, neoplastic and neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidant
      effect is the most pronounced and studied one. Among thousands of flavonoids,
      quercetin (QUE) is a prototype with significant antioxidant effects. This study
      aims to demonstrate the effects of QUE in an experimental rat model of chronic
      constriction injury (CCI). METHOD: A two-level study was designed with 42 adult
      Wistar rats that were randomly assigned to different groups. In the first part,
      animals in sham, control, quercetin, morphine and gabapentine groups received
      chronic constriction injury to their sciatic nerves and received a single dose of
      QUE, morphine and gabapentine. In the second part, different dose regimens of QUE
      were administered to different groups of animals. Pre-injury and post-injury
      assessments for mechanical hypersensitivity, thermal sensitivity, locomotor
      activity and anxiety were recorded and statistical comparisons were performed
      between different groups. RESULTS: Comparison of QUE with morphine and
      gabapentine has revealed significant effects of this agent in the current chronic
      constriction injury model. QUE was significantly superior to Gabapentine and
      morphine in terms of alleviating mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity.
      Additionally, pre-injury administration of QUE for 4 days demonstrated long-term
      effectiveness on mechanical hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary
      report the on effects of QUE in a chronic constriction injury model proved
      significant effects of the agent, which should be supplemented with different
      studies using different dose regimens.

PMID- 26960542
TI  - MR molecular imaging of tumours using ferritin heavy chain reporter gene
      expression mediated by the hTERT promoter.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Using the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter and
      the modified ferritin heavy chain (Fth) reporter gene, reporter gene expression
      for MRI was examined in telomerase positive and negative tumour cells and
      xenografts. METHODS: Activity of the reporter gene expression vector Lenti-hTERT
      Fth1-3FLAG-Puro was compared to constitutive CMV-driven expression and to the
      untransfected parental control in five tumour cell lines: A549, SKOV3, 293T, U2OS
      and HPDLF. In vitro, transfected cells were evaluated for FLAG-tagged protein
      expression, iron accumulation and transverse relaxation. In vivo, tumours
      transduced by lentiviral vector injection were imaged using T2*WI. Changes in
      tumour signal intensity were validated by histology. RESULTS: Only telomerase
      positive tumour cells expressed FLAG-tagged Fth and displayed an increase in R2*
      above the parental control, with a corresponding change in T2*WI. In addition,
      only telomerase positive tumours, transduced by injection of the reporter gene
      expression construct, exhibited a change in signal intensity on T2*WI. Tumour
      histology verified the expression of FLAG-tagged Fth and iron accumulation in
      telomerase positive tissue. CONCLUSION: Reporter gene expression for MRI, using
      the Fth reporter and the hTERT promoter, may be a useful strategy for the non
      invasive diagnosis of many types of cancer. KEY POINTS: * Modified heavy chain of
      ferritin can serve as an MR reporter gene * hTERT promoter can direct the
      expression of reporter gene in cancer cells * MR reporter imaging mediated by
      hTERT promoter can be used for cancer diagnosis.

PMID- 26960546
TI  - First Record of Drosophila buzzatii (Patterson & Wheeler) (Diptera:
      Drosophilidae) Emerging from a Non-Cactus Host.
AB  - Drosophila buzzatii (Patterson & Wheeler), a typical cactophilic species of the
      repleta group, is registered for the first time emerging from Melon (Cucumis
      melo) in western Argentina. The analysis of inversion polymorphism and genetic
      diversity of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOI) provided
      additional evidence that corroborated the presence of a high proportion of D.
      buzzatii among the flies emerged from melon. This finding set the scenario for a
      broader range of possible hosts and host-related distribution and dispersion for
      this widespread species. 

PMID- 26960545
TI  - Effects of sodium bicarbonate concentration on growth, photosynthesis, and
      carbonic anhydrase activity of macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis,
      Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Gracilaria chouae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta).
AB  - There is potential for bicarbonate to improve crop yields and economic efficiency
      of marine algae. However, few studies have focused on the effect of bicarbonate
      on the growth, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity associated with carbon
      utilization, especially in commercial macroalgae. Here, the addition of
      bicarbonate (up to 420 mg L(-1)) to macroalgal cultures has been evaluated for
      Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, and Gracilaria chouae
      with respect to growth rate, photosynthetic activity, carbonic anhydrase
      activity, and biochemical composition. The results showed that the effects of
      NaHCO3 on growth, chlorophyll a, phycoerythrin, photosynthetic oxygen evolution,
      photochemical parameters of PSI and PSII, carbonic anhydrase activity, and
      nitrogen content were significant (P < 0.05) and followed the same pattern in the
      three species. The parameter values were promoted in lower NaHCO3 concentrations
      (up to 252 or 336 mg L(-1)) and inhibited in higher NaHCO3 concentrations (>336
      mg L(-1) for Gp. lemaneiformis and >420 mg L(-1) for the other two species).
      Moreover, species-specific differences induced by supplementation with
      bicarbonate were discovered during culture. Optimal concentrations of NaHCO3 used
      in this study were 252 mg L(-1) for Gp. lemaneiformis and 336 mg L(-1) for G.
      vermiculophylla and G. chouae. These results suggest that an adequate
      supplementation of sodium bicarbonate is a viable strategy for promoting growth
      and photosynthetic activity in some macroalgae as well as for improving
      biochemical composition. The study will help to accelerate the growth rate of
      algae and improve the quality of thalli, and will also be useful for enhancing
      the understanding of carbon utilization in macroalgae. 

PMID- 26960547
TI  - Transition of radiative recombination channels from delocalized states to
      localized states in a GaInP alloy with partial atomic ordering: a direct optical
      signature of Mott transition?
AB  - Anderson localization is a predominant phenomenon in condensed matter and
      materials physics. In fact, localized and delocalized states often co-exist in
      one material. They are separated by a boundary called the mobility edge. Mott
      transition may take place between these two regimes. However, it is widely
      recognized that an apparent demonstration of Anderson localization or Mott
      transition is a challenging task. In this article, we present a direct optical
      observation of a transition of radiative recombination dominant channels from
      delocalized (i.e., local extended) states to Anderson localized states in the
      GaInP base layer of a GaInP/GaAs single junction solar cell by the means of the
      variable-temperature electroluminescence (EL) technique. It is found that by
      increasing temperature, we can boost a remarkable transition of radiative
      recombination dominant channels from the delocalized states to the localized
      states. The delocalized states are induced by the local atomic ordering domains
      (InP/GaP monolayer superlattices) while the localized states are caused by random
      distribution of indium (gallium) content. The efficient transfer and thermal
      redistribution of carriers between the two kinds of electronic states was
      revealed to result in both a distinct EL mechanism transition and an electrical
      resistance evolution with temperature. Our study gives rise to a self-consistent
      precise picture for carrier localization and transfer in a GaInP alloy, which is
      an extremely technologically important energy material for fabricating high
      efficiency photovoltaic devices. 

PMID- 26960549
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of breast augmentation: a pictorial review.
AB  - The increasing prevalence of breast augmentation presents new challenges in
      breast imaging interpretation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recognized as
      the gold standard for the evaluation of augmented breasts. This article reviews
      the MRI features of different breast augmentation techniques, their associated
      complications, and the role of MRI in the assessment of concurrent breast
      abnormalities. TEACHING POINTS: * MRI has the highest sensitivity and specificity
      for implant rupture detection. * MRI is able to discriminate the nature of
      implanted prosthesis or injected materials. * Sensitivity of cancer detection by
      MRI is not reduced through implants.

PMID- 26960548
TI  - Comparative transcriptome analysis of Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) in response
      to fungus symbiosis to identify gastrodin biosynthesis-related genes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is an important Chinese medicine
      with several functional components. In the life cycle of G. elata, the orchid
      develops a symbiotic relationship with two compatible mycorrhizal fungi Mycena
      spp. and Armillaria mellea during seed germination to form vegetative propagation
      corm and vegetative growth to develop tubers, respectively. Gastrodin (p
      hydroxymethylphenol-beta-D-glucoside) is the most important functional component
      in G. elata, and gastrodin significantly increases from vegetative propagation
      corms to tubers. To address the gene regulation mechanism in gastrodin
      biosynthesis in G. elata, a comparative analysis of de novo transcriptome
      sequencing among the vegetative propagation corms and tubers of G. elata and A.
      mellea was conducted using deep sequencing. RESULTS: Transcriptome comparison
      between the vegetative propagation corms and juvenile tubers of G. elata revealed
      703 differentially expressed unigenes, of which 298 and 405 unigenes were,
      respectively up-regulated (fold-change >= 2, q-value < 0.05, the trimmed mean of
      M-values (TMM)-normalized fragments per kilobase of transcript per Million mapped
      reads (FPKM) > 10) and down-regulated (fold-change <= 0.5, q-value <0.05, TMM
      normalized FPKM > 10) in juvenile tubers. After Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and
      Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, 112 up-regulated
      unigenes with KEGG Ortholog identifiers (KOids) or enzyme commission (EC) numbers
      were assigned to 159 isogroups involved in seventy-eight different pathways, and
      132 down-regulated unigenes with KOids or EC numbers were assigned to 168
      isogroups, involved in eighty different pathways. The analysis of the isogroup
      genes from all pathways revealed that the two unigenes TRINITY_DN54282_c0_g1
      (putative monooxygenases) and TRINITY_DN50323_c0_g1 (putative
      glycosyltransferases) might participate in hydroxylation and glucosylation in the
      gastrodin biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The gene expression of the two
      unique unigenes encoding monooxygenase and glycosyltransferase significantly
      increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers, and the molecular basis of
      gastrodin biosynthesis in the tubers of G. elata is proposed.

PMID- 26960551
TI  - High-flux ionic diodes, ionic transistors and ionic amplifiers based on external
      ion concentration polarization by an ion exchange membrane: a new scalable ionic
      circuit platform.
AB  - A microfluidic ion exchange membrane hybrid chip is fabricated using polymer
      based, lithography-free methods to achieve ionic diode, transistor and amplifier
      functionalities with the same four-terminal design. The high ionic flux (>100
      MUA) feature of the chip can enable a scalable integrated ionic circuit platform
      for micro-total-analytical systems. 

PMID- 26960553
TI  - On the phenotypic spectrum of serine biosynthesis defects.
AB  - L-serine is a non-essential amino acid that is de novo synthesized via the
      enzymes phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH), phosphoserine aminotransferase
      (PSAT), and phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP). Besides its role in protein
      synthesis, L-serine is a precursor of a number of important compounds. Serine
      biosynthesis defects result from deficiencies in PGDH, PSAT, or PSP and have a
      broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from Neu-Laxova syndrome, a lethal multiple
      congenital anomaly disease at the severe end to a childhood disease with
      intellectual disability at the mild end, with infantile growth deficiency, and
      severe neurological manifestations as an intermediate phenotype. In this report,
      we present three subjects with serine biosynthesis effects. The first was a
      stillbirth with Neu-Laxova syndrome and a homozygous mutation in PHGDH. The
      second was a neonate with growth deficiency, microcephaly, ichthyotic skin
      lesions, seizures, contractures, hypertonia, distinctive facial features, and a
      homozygous mutation in PSAT1. The third subject was an infant with growth
      deficiency, microcephaly, ichthyotic skin lesions, anemia, hypertonia,
      distinctive facial features, low serine and glycine in plasma and CSF, and a
      novel homozygous mutation in PHGDH gene. Herein, we also review previous reports
      of serine biosynthesis defects and mutations in the PHGDH, PSAT1, and PSPH genes,
      discuss the variability in the phenotypes associated with serine biosynthesis
      defects, and elaborate on the vital roles of serine and the potential
      consequences of its deficiency.

PMID- 26960552
TI  - Molecular basis for globotriaosylceramide regulation and enzyme uptake in
      immortalized aortic endothelial cells from Fabry mice.
AB  - Fabry disease is caused by deficient activity of alpha-galactosidase A and
      subsequent intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly
      globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Vascular endothelial cells may play important roles
      in disease pathogenesis, and are one of the main target cell types in therapeutic
      interventions. In this study, we generated immortalized aortic endothelial cell
      lines from a mouse model of Fabry disease. These cells retained endothelial cell
      specific markers and functions. Gb3 expression level in one of these clones
      (referred to as FMEC2) was highly susceptible to culture media, and appeared to
      be regulated by glucosylceramide synthase. Results also showed that Gb3 could be
      upregulated by hydrocortisone. FMEC2 express the mannose 6-phosphate receptor and
      sortilin but not the mannose receptor. Uptake studies suggested that sortilin
      plays a role in the binding and internalization of mammalian cell-produced alpha
      galactosidase A. Moss-aGal (a plant-made enzyme) was endocytosed by FMEC2 via a
      receptor other than the aforementioned receptors. In conclusion, this study
      suggests that glucosylceramide synthase and hydrocortisone may play important
      roles in modulating Gb3 levels in Fabry mouse aortic endothelial cells, and that
      endocytosis of recombinant alpha-galactosidase A involves a combination of
      multiple receptors depending on the properties of the enzyme.

PMID- 26960554
TI  - Monitoring of CRT-D devices during radiation therapy in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Using of active cardiac medical devices increases steadily. In
      Europe, there were 183 implants of ICD and 944 implants of PM, 119 of
      biventricular ICD and 41 of biventricular PM, all per million inhabitants in
      2014. Healthcare environments, including radiotherapy treatment rooms, are
      considered challenging for these implantable devices. Exposure to radiation may
      cause the device to experience premature elective replacement indicator,
      decreased pacing amplitude or pacing inhibition, inappropriate shocks or
      inhibition of tachyarrhythmia therapy and loss of device function. These impacts
      may be temporary or permanent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      influence of linear accelerator ionizing radiation dose of 10 Gy on the activity
      of the biventricular cardioverter-defibrillator in different position in
      radiation beam. METHODS: Two identical wireless communication devices with all
      three leads were used for the measurement. Both systems were soused into solution
      saline and exposed in different position in the beam of linear accelerator per 10
      Gy fractions. In comparison of usually used maximum recommended dose of 2 Gy, the
      radiation doses used in test were five times higher. Using the simultaneous
      monitoring wireless communication between device and its programmer allowed
      watching of the devices activities, noise occurrence or drop of biventricular
      pacing on the programmer screen, observed by local television loop camera.
      RESULTS: At any device position in radiation beam, there were no influences of
      the device activity at dose of 10 Gy neither a significant increase of a solution
      saline temperature in any of the measured positions of CRT-D systems in linear
      accelerator. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicated, that the
      recommendation dose for treating the patients with implantable devices are too
      conservative and the risk of device failure is not so high. The systems can
      easily withstand the dose fractions of tens Gy, which would allow current single
      dose-procedure treatment in radiation therapy. Even though the process of the
      random alteration of device memory and electrical components by scatter particles
      not allowed to specify a safe dose during ionizing radiation, this study showed
      that the safe limit are above the today used dose fractions.

PMID- 26960555
TI  - Bacterial associations reveal spatial population dynamics in Anopheles gambiae
      mosquitoes.
AB  - The intolerable burden of malaria has for too long plagued humanity and the
      prospect of eradicating malaria is an optimistic, but reachable, target in the
      21(st) century. However, extensive knowledge is needed about the spatial
      structure of mosquito populations in order to develop effective interventions
      against malaria transmission. We hypothesized that the microbiota associated with
      a mosquito reflects acquisition of bacteria in different environments. By
      analyzing the whole-body bacterial flora of An. gambiae mosquitoes from Burkina
      Faso by 16 S amplicon sequencing, we found that the different environments gave
      each mosquito a specific bacterial profile. In addition, the bacterial profiles
      provided precise and predicting information on the spatial dynamics of the
      mosquito population as a whole and showed that the mosquitoes formed clear local
      populations within a meta-population network. We believe that using microbiotas
      as proxies for population structures will greatly aid improving the performance
      of vector interventions around the world. 

PMID- 26960556
TI  - Disease Heterogeneity in Na+/Citrate Cotransporter Deficiency.
AB  - We report a novel mutation found in two siblings, a male and a female aged 8 and
      5 years, respectively. Both patients presented with developmental delay and
      intractable seizures consistent with previous reports of SLC13A5 transporter
      deficiency. Both had two mutations in the SLC13A5 gene, c.655G>A (G219R) and the
      novel mutation c.245A>G (Y82C). However, the phenotypes were not identical as the
      female had focal cortical dysplasia that led to brain surgery. This is another
      example of the heterogeneity in disease expression even when the genotype is
      identical in the affected individuals.

PMID- 26960557
TI  - A Founder Effect for the HGD G360R Mutation in Italy: Implications for a Regional
      Screening of Alkaptonuria.
AB  - We sought to establish rapid and specific genotyping methods for G360R mutation
      and for seven tightly linked markers in the homogentisate dioxygenase gene to
      address the question of whether G360R is a mutational hot spot or the result of a
      founder effect, as it has been repeatedly found in alkaptonuric patients from a
      geographic isolate in Italy.For G360R and single nucleotide polymorphism
      genotyping, high-resolution melting analysis was performed. Microsatellites were
      analysed by multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis. To investigate the
      natural history of the G360R mutation, we genotyped markers in 52 controls and in
      8 unrelated patients from the UK and USA, who also segregated the G360R mutation,
      and calculated its age using DMLE+2.3 software.A distinct G360R-bearing haplotype
      was identified in all patients of Caucasian descent. Estimated mutation age was
      545 generations (95% credible set, 402-854), suggesting that G360R arose in an
      ancestor who lived 8,000-10,000 years BC. Archaeological, historical and
      demographic data support that a G360R carrier has settled the remote valley where
      present-day population might have a heterozygote frequency of at least 6%.Given
      the late health-threatening complications of alkaptonuria and a cure within
      reach, inhabitants of this isolate would benefit from screening and genetic
      counselling.

PMID- 26960558
TI  - Comparison of clinical outcomes among 3 marking methods for toric intraocular
      lens implantation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes of 3 marking methods for toric
      intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in cataract patients. METHODS: This study
      included 48 eyes of 48 cataract patients who underwent cataract surgery with
      toric IOL implantation. The rotational errors of 3 marking methods-the iris
      pattern marking method (iris pattern group), the pendulum marking method
      (pendulum group), and the 3-point marking method (3-point group)-were assessed.
      RESULTS: The respective rotational errors were 4.0 degrees  +/- 3.1 degrees 
      (mean +/- SD), 5.3 degrees  +/- 4.1 degrees , and 7.3 degrees  +/- 6.0 degrees .
      The iris pattern group had significantly (P = 0.048) smaller rotational errors
      than did the 3-point group; no significant difference was found between the iris
      pattern and pendulum groups. However, the differences in postoperative
      uncorrected distance visual acuity and astigmatism did not reach significance
      among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: The refractive and visual results of toric IOL
      implantation using the 3-point marking method were comparable to the other
      methods evaluated in this study, although the accuracy of the axis alignment of
      the toric IOLs was significantly lower than that obtained with the iris pattern
      method.

PMID- 26960559
TI  - Residual neck disease management in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck
      treated with radiotherapy plus cetuximab.
AB  - PURPOSE: Management of residual neck disease (RND) is one of the unsolved points
      after bio-radiotherapy (BRT) in loco-regional advanced squamous-cell carcinoma of
      the head and neck (SCCHN). The aims of the study were to characterize the
      radiological pattern of response by computed tomography (CT) and to assess the
      role of positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT in this setting for a better
      decision-making in the indication of neck dissection (ND). METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed 202 patients consecutively diagnosed with node-positive
      SCCHN (N1: 24; N2: 152; N3: 26) who had been treated with concomitant
      radiotherapy and cetuximab with or without previous induction chemotherapy
      between 2006 and 2013. Radiological evaluation after treatment was assessed by
      standard criteria using CT and in addition by PET/CT when RND was suspected in
      cases from 2010. RESULTS: There were 42 (21 %) patients who achieved complete
      response of the primary tumor persisting RND by CT. From this group, 24 patients
      were managed without PET/CT, leading to the performance of ND in 22 (92 %). On
      the other hand, 18 patients underwent PET/CT and ND was performed in only 6 (33
      %). The overall survival was not different between both groups (p = 0.32). After
      histological examination and follow-up, PET/CT obtained a positive predictive
      value of 56 % and a negative predictive value of 89 %. CONCLUSIONS: Radiological
      response after BRT is similar to that after treatment with chemo-radiotherapy,
      thereby validating in this scenario the accepted CT criteria to define complete
      response of the neck. However, when RND is suspected by CT, PET/CT is useful to
      prevent unnecessary ND.

PMID- 26960560
TI  - Extreme liver surgery as treatment of liver tumors involving the hepatocaval
      confluence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Analyze the characteristics, surgical technique, morbidity and
      survival of patients treated with extreme liver surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      We present a series of consecutive patients with malignant liver tumors in
      hepatocaval confluence treated in a single center with extreme liver surgery
      (April 2008-March 2015). Data were collected prospectively and analyzed with SPSS
      21.0. RESULTS: 12 patients were included. 50 % were male and 50 % were female
      with a mean age of 59 +/- 10 years old. The median of comorbidities was 7
      according to the Charlson Age Comorbidity Index. The 75 % of the tumors were
      metastases, most of them from colorectal cancer. Most of the patients received
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy and in 58 % preoperative portal embolization was
      performed. Major hepatectomies were performed (66.7 % extended right hepatectomy,
      33.3 % left extended hepatectomy). The 83.3 % of the patients needed vascular
      reconstruction. Postoperative morbidity was more than grade II in 50 % of the
      patients according to Dindo-Clavien classification. There was no intraoperative
      mortality. The postoperative mortality rate at 90 days was 33 % due to hepatic
      failure and biliary fistula. In December 2015, 33 % of the patients are still
      alive with a mean survival of 19 months (13-23) with an ECOG Performance Status
      of 0. CONCLUSION: Extreme liver surgery carries a high rate of morbidity and
      mortality that seem to increase with age and with higher tumor volumes, according
      to the literature. It is a therapeutic option to consider in patients with low
      comorbidity suffering from malignant neoplasms that involve the hepatocaval
      confluence, when no other treatment with curative intention can be performed.

PMID- 26960561
TI  - Survival in glioblastoma: a review on the impact of treatment modalities.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal tumor of the central nervous
      system. The natural history of treated GBM remains very poor with 5-year survival
      rates of 5 %. Survival has not significantly improved over the last decades.
      Currently, the best that can be offered is a modest 14-month overall median
      survival in patients undergoing maximum safe resection plus adjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy. Prognostic factors involved in survival include age,
      performance status, grade, specific markers (MGMT methylation, mutation of IDH1,
      IDH2 or TERT, 1p19q codeletion, overexpression of EGFR, etc.) and, likely, the
      extent of resection. Certain adjuncts to surgery, especially cortical mapping and
      5-ALA fluorescence, favor higher rates of gross total resection with apparent
      positive impact on survival. Recurrent tumors can be offered re-intervention,
      participation in clinical trials, anti-angiogenic agent or local electric field
      therapy, without an evident impact on survival. Molecular-targeted therapies,
      immunotherapy and gene therapy are promising tools currently under research.

PMID- 26960562
TI  - (18)F-FACBC (anti1-amino-3-(18)F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid) versus
      (11)C-choline PET/CT in prostate cancer relapse: results of a prospective trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of (18)F-FACBC and (11)C-choline PET/CT in
      patients radically treated for prostate cancer presenting with biochemical
      relapse. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 100 consecutive patients
      radically treated for prostate cancer and presenting with rising PSA. Of these
      100 patients, 89 were included in the analysis. All had biochemical relapse after
      radical prostatectomy (at least 3 months previously), had (11)C-choline and (18)F
      FACBC PET/CT performed within 1 week and were off hormonal therapy at the time of
      the scans. The two tracers were compared directly in terms of overall
      positivity/negativity on both a per-patient basis and a per-site basis.
      Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive
      value (NPV) and accuracy were calculated for both the tracers; follow-up at 1
      year (including correlative imaging, PSA trend and pathology when available) was
      considered as the standard of reference. RESULTS: In 51 patients the results were
      negative and in 25 patients positive with both the tracers, in eight patients the
      results were positive with (18)F-FACBC but negative with (11)C-choline, and in
      five patients the results were positive with (11)C-choline but negative with
      (18)F-FACBC. Overall in 49 patients the results were false-negative (FN), in two
      true-negative, in 24 true-positive (TP) and in none false-positive (FP) with both
      tracers. In terms of discordances between the tracers: (1) in one patient, the
      result was FN with (11)C-choline but FP with (18)F-FACBC (lymph node), (2) in
      seven, FN with (11)C-choline but TP with (18)F-FACBC (lymph node in five, bone in
      one, local relapse in one), (3) in one, FP with (11)C-choline (lymph node) but TP
      with (18)F-FACBC (local relapse), (4) in two, FP with (11)C-choline (lymph nodes
      in one, local relapse in one) but FN with (18)F-FACBC, and (5) in three, TP with
      (11)C-choline (lymph nodes in two, bone in one) but FN with (18)F-FACBC. With
      (11)C-choline and (18)F-FACBC, sensitivities were 32 % and 37 %, specificities 40
      % and 67 %, accuracies 32 % and 38 %, PPVs 90 % and 97 %, and NPVs 3 % and 4 %,
      respectively. Categorizing patients by PSA level (<1 ng/ml 28 patients, 1 - <2
      ng/ml 28 patients, 2 - <3 ng/ml 11 patients, >=3 ng/ml 22 patients), the number
      (percent) of patients with TP findings were generally higher with (18)F-FACBC
      than with (11)C-choline: six patients (21 %) and four patients (14 %), eight
      patients (29 %) and eight patients (29 %), five patients (45 %) and four patients
      (36 %), and 13 patients (59 %) and 11 patients (50 %), respectively. CONCLUSION:
      (18)F-FACBC can be considered an alternative tracer superior to (11)C-choline in
      the setting of patients with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy.

PMID- 26960564
TI  - Local control on precipitation in a fully coupled climate-hydrology model.
AB  - The ability to simulate regional precipitation realistically by climate models is
      essential to understand and adapt to climate change. Due to the complexity of
      associated processes, particularly at unresolved temporal and spatial scales this
      continues to be a major challenge. As a result, climate simulations of
      precipitation often exhibit substantial biases that affect the reliability of
      future projections. Here we demonstrate how a regional climate model (RCM)
      coupled to a distributed hydrological catchment model that fully integrates water
      and energy fluxes between the subsurface, land surface, plant cover and the
      atmosphere, enables a realistic representation of local precipitation.
      Substantial improvements in simulated precipitation dynamics on seasonal and
      longer time scales is seen for a simulation period of six years and can be
      attributed to a more complete treatment of hydrological sub-surface processes
      including groundwater and moisture feedback. A high degree of local influence on
      the atmosphere suggests that coupled climate-hydrology models have a potential
      for improving climate projections and the results further indicate a diminished
      need for bias correction in climate-hydrology impact studies. 

PMID- 26960563
TI  - A systematic study on drug-response associated genes using baseline gene
      expressions of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia.
AB  - We have studied drug-response associated (DRA) gene expressions by applying a
      systems biology framework to the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia data. More than
      4,000 genes are inferred to be DRA for at least one drug, while the number of DRA
      genes for each drug varies dramatically from almost 0 to 1,226. Functional
      enrichment analysis shows that the DRA genes are significantly enriched in genes
      associated with cell cycle and plasma membrane. Moreover, there might be two
      patterns of DRA genes between genders. There are significantly shared DRA genes
      between male and female for most drugs, while very little DRA genes tend to be
      shared between the two genders for a few drugs targeting sex-specific cancers
      (e.g., PD-0332991 for breast cancer and ovarian cancer). Our analyses also show
      substantial difference for DRA genes between young and old samples, suggesting
      the necessity of considering the age effects for personalized medicine in
      cancers. Lastly, differential module and key driver analyses confirm cell cycle
      related modules as top differential ones for drug sensitivity. The analyses also
      reveal the role of TSPO, TP53, and many other immune or cell cycle related genes
      as important key drivers for DRA network modules. These key drivers provide new
      drug targets to improve the sensitivity of cancer therapy. 

PMID- 26960565
TI  - Making the hydrogen evolution reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane
      electrolysers even faster.
AB  - Although the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the fastest
      electrocatalytic reactions, modern polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)
      electrolysers require larger platinum loadings (~0.5-1.0 mg cm(-2)) than those in
      PEM fuel cell anodes and cathodes altogether (~0.5 mg cm(-2)). Thus, catalyst
      optimization would help in substantially reducing the costs for hydrogen
      production using this technology. Here we show that the activity of platinum(111)
      electrodes towards HER is significantly enhanced with just monolayer amounts of
      copper. Positioning copper atoms into the subsurface layer of platinum weakens
      the surface binding of adsorbed H-intermediates and provides a twofold activity
      increase, surpassing the highest specific HER activities reported for acidic
      media under similar conditions, to the best of our knowledge. These improvements
      are rationalized using a simple model based on structure-sensitive hydrogen
      adsorption at platinum and copper-modified platinum surfaces. This model also
      solves a long-lasting puzzle in electrocatalysis, namely why polycrystalline
      platinum electrodes are more active than platinum(111) for the HER.

PMID- 26960566
TI  - Sex-specific local life-history adaptation in surface- and cave-dwelling Atlantic
      mollies (Poecilia mexicana).
AB  - Cavefishes have long been used as model organisms showcasing adaptive
      diversification, but does adaptation to caves also facilitate the evolution of
      reproductive isolation from surface ancestors? We raised offspring of wild-caught
      surface- and cave-dwelling ecotypes of the neotropical fish Poecilia mexicana to
      sexual maturity in a 12-month common garden experiment. Fish were raised under
      one of two food regimes (high vs. low), and this was crossed with differences in
      lighting conditions (permanent darkness vs. 12:12 h light:dark cycle) in a 2 * 2
      factorial design, allowing us to elucidate potential patterns of local adaptation
      in life histories. Our results reveal a pattern of sex-specific local life
      history adaptation: Surface molly females had the highest fitness in the
      treatment best resembling their habitat of origin (high food and a light:dark
      cycle), and suffered from almost complete reproductive failure in darkness, while
      cave molly females were not similarly affected in any treatment. Males of both
      ecotypes, on the other hand, showed only weak evidence for local adaptation.
      Nonetheless, local life-history adaptation in females likely contributes to
      ecological diversification in this system and other cave animals, further
      supporting the role of local adaptation due to strong divergent selection as a
      major force in ecological speciation. 

PMID- 26960567
TI  - A New NO-Releasing Nanoformulation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial
      Hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive disease which
      continues to carry an unacceptably high mortality and morbidity. The nitric oxide
      (NO) pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of the
      disease. Its extremely short half-life and systemic effects have hampered the
      clinical use of NO in PAH. In an attempt to circumvent these major limitations,
      we have developed a new NO-nanomedicine formulation. The formulation was based on
      hydrogel-like polymeric composite NO-releasing nanoparticles (NO-RP). The
      kinetics of NO release from the NO-RP showed a peak at about 120 min followed by
      a sustained release for over 8 h. The NO-RP did not affect the viability or
      inflammation responses of endothelial cells. The NO-RP produced concentration
      dependent relaxations of pulmonary arteries in mice with PAH induced by hypoxia.
      In conclusion, NO-RP drugs could considerably enhance the therapeutic potential
      of NO therapy for PAH. 

PMID- 26960568
TI  - Improvement in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction with Electronic Health Records.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the QRISKII, an electronic health data-based
      risk score, to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular
      disease (ASCVD) score. Risk estimates were calculated for a cohort of 8783
      patients, and the patients were followed up from November 29, 2012, through June
      1, 2015, for a cardiovascular disease (CVD) event. During follow-up, 246 men and
      247 women had a CVD event. Cohen's kappa statistic for the comparison of the
      QRISKII and FRS was 0.22 for men and 0.23 for women, with the QRISKII classifying
      more patients in the higher-risk groups. The QRISKII and ASCVD were more similar
      with kappa statistics of 0.49 for men and 0.51 for women. The QRISKII shows
      increased discrimination with area under the curve (AUC) statistics of 0.65 and
      0.71, respectively, compared to the FRS (0.59 and 0.66) and ASCVD (0.63 and
      0.69). These results demonstrate that incorporating additional data from the
      electronic health record (EHR) may improve CVD risk stratification.

PMID- 26960570
TI  - I fed you milk as we condemned you to die.

PMID- 26960569
TI  - Structure of ThiM from Vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway of Staphylococcus aureus -
      Insights into a novel pro-drug approach addressing MRSA infections.
AB  - Infections caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are
      today known to be a substantial threat for global health. Emerging multi-drug
      resistant bacteria have created a substantial need to identify and discover new
      drug targets and to develop novel strategies to treat bacterial infections. A
      promising and so far untapped antibiotic target is the biosynthesis of vitamin B1
      (thiamin). Thiamin in its activated form, thiamin pyrophosphate, is an essential
      co-factor for all organisms. Therefore, thiamin analogous compounds, when
      introduced into the vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway and further converted into
      non-functional co-factors by the bacterium can function as pro-drugs which thus
      block various co-factor dependent pathways. We characterized one of the key
      enzymes within the S. aureus vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway, 5-(hydroxyethyl)-4
      methylthiazole kinase (SaThiM; EC 2.7.1.50), a potential target for pro-drug
      compounds and analyzed the native structure of SaThiM and complexes with the
      natural substrate 5-(hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole (THZ) and two selected
      substrate analogues. 

PMID- 26960571
TI  - Promoting Health Literacy to Prevent Hospital Readmissions: Necessary but not
      Sufficient.

PMID- 26960572
TI  - Predictors of surgical outcome in thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum:
      focusing on the quantitative signal intensity.
AB  - The association between intramedullary increased signal intensity (ISI) on T2
      weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and surgical outcome in thoracic
      ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) remains controversial. We aimed to
      determine the impact of signal change ratio (SCR) on thoracic OLF surgical
      outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed 96 cases of thoracic OLF surgery and
      investigated myelopathy severity, symptom duration, MRI and computed tomographic
      findings, surgical technique and postoperative recoveries. Surgical outcomes were
      evaluated according to the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score
      and recovery rate. JOA recovery rate <50% was defined as a poor surgical outcome.
      By multivariate logistic regression analysis, we identified risk factors
      associated with surgical outcomes. Forty patients (41.7%) had a recovery rate of
      <50%. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the optimal preoperative
      SCR cutoff value as a predictor of poor surgical outcome was 1.54. Multivariate
      logistic regression analysis revealed that a preoperative SCR >=1.54 and symptom
      duration >12 months were significant risk factors for a poor surgical outcome.
      These findings suggest that preoperative SCR and duration of symptoms were
      significant risk factors of surgical outcome for patients with thoracic OLF.
      Patients with preoperative SCR >=1.54 can experience poor postoperative recovery.

PMID- 26960574
TI  - Treatment of clostridium difficile infections.

PMID- 26960575
TI  - Revisiting the Classics.

PMID- 26960576
TI  - Dentin Conditioning with Bioactive Molecule Releasing Nanoparticle System
      Enhances Adherence, Viability, and Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical
      Papilla.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Temporal-controlled bioactive molecule (BM) releasing systems allow
      the delivery of appropriate concentration of BM to enhance the interaction of
      stem cells to dentin matrix and subsequent odontogenic differentiation in
      regenerative endodontics. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to evaluate the
      effect of dentin conditioning with 2 variants of dexamethasone (Dex) releasing
      chitosan nanoparticles (CSnp), (1) Dex-CSnpI (slow releasing) and (2) Dex-CSnpII
      (rapid releasing), on adherence, viability, and differentiation of stem cells
      from apical papilla (SCAP) on root dentin exposed to endodontic irrigants.
      METHODS: Slab-shaped dentin specimens were prepared parallel to the root canal
      and treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 10 minutes and/or 17% EDTA
      for 2 minutes. Dentin was then conditioned accordingly by (1) no nanoparticle
      treatment, (2) CSnp, (3) Dex-CSnpI, and (4) Dex-CSnpII. The effect of
      nanoparticle conditioning on SCAP viability was determined by cell count and a
      circularity index. SCAP adherence and viability on dentin were assessed by
      fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy and odontogenic differentiation by
      immunofluorescence. RESULTS: SCAP on dentin treated with NaOCl alone or NaOCl as
      the last irrigant showed the least adherence, minimal cytoplasmic extensions, and
      higher circularity. SCAP adherence and viability on Dex-CSnpI and Dex-CSnpII
      conditioned dentin were increased and had a well-developed cytoplasmic matrix and
      significantly lower circularity (P < .05). SCAP cultured in Dex-CSnpII group
      expressed higher levels for DSPP and DMP-1 than in CSnp or Dex-CSnpI groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: Dex-CSnpI and Dex-CSnpII conditioning of dentin enhanced SCAP
      adherence and viability. Temporal-controlled release of Dex from Dex-CSnpII
      enhanced odontogenic differentiation of SCAP. This study highlighted the ability
      of dentin conditioning with temporal-controlled BM releasing nanoparticles to
      improve the local environment in regenerative endodontics.

PMID- 26960573
TI  - G9a-mediated methylation of ERalpha links the PHF20/MOF histone acetyltransferase
      complex to hormonal gene expression.
AB  - The euchromatin histone methyltransferase 2 (also known as G9a) methylates
      histone H3K9 to repress gene expression, but it also acts as a coactivator for
      some nuclear receptors. The molecular mechanisms underlying this activation
      remain elusive. Here we show that G9a functions as a coactivator of the
      endogenous oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in breast cancer cells in a histone
      methylation-independent manner. G9a dimethylates ERalpha at K235 both in vitro
      and in cells. Dimethylation of ERalphaK235 is recognized by the Tudor domain of
      PHF20, which recruits the MOF histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex to ERalpha
      target gene promoters to deposit histone H4K16 acetylation promoting active
      transcription. Together, our data suggest the molecular mechanism by which G9a
      functions as an ERalpha coactivator. Along with the PHF20/MOF complex, G9a links
      the crosstalk between ERalpha methylation and histone acetylation that governs
      the epigenetic regulation of hormonal gene expression. 

PMID- 26960577
TI  - Root Maturation in Teeth Treated by Unsuccessful Revitalization: 2 Case Reports.
AB  - This article deals with the unusual course of failed
      revascularization/revitalization cases. Up to this date the evidence of success
      and failure rates of revascularization/revitalization treatment is scarce. These
      case reports present "unsuccessful" revascularization/revitalization treatment of
      permanent immature teeth with apical periodontitis. Although the teeth were
      treated by protocol suggested by the American Association of Endodontists and the
      symptoms disappeared, maturation of teeth continued, and periapical lesion was
      reduced, the teeth went symptomatic during the follow-up. Subsequently, regular
      root canal treatment was performed. Despite chronic infection that was probably
      left inside the root canal after a disinfection protocol, the secondary aims of
      the treatment were achieved even when the primary ones were not. The possible
      causes of failures of revascularization/revitalization treatment and their
      prevention are discussed. 

PMID- 26960578
TI  - Parathyroid hormone attenuates radiation-induced increases in collagen crosslink
      ratio at periosteal surfaces of mouse tibia.
AB  - As part of our ongoing efforts to understand underlying mechanisms contributing
      to radiation-associated bone fragility and to identify possible treatments, we
      evaluated the longitudinal effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment on bone
      quality in a murine model of limited field irradiation. We hypothesized PTH would
      mitigate radiation-induced changes in the chemical composition and structure of
      bone, as measured by microscope-based Raman spectroscopy. We further hypothesized
      that collagen crosslinking would be especially responsive to PTH treatment. Raman
      spectroscopy was performed on retrieved tibiae (6-7/group/time point) to quantify
      metrics associated with bone quality, including: mineral-to-matrix ratio,
      carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, mineral crystallinity, collagen crosslink
      (trivalent:divalent) ratio, and the mineral and matrix depolarization ratios.
      Irradiation disrupted the molecular structure and orientation of bone collagen,
      as evidenced by a higher collagen crosslink ratio and lower matrix depolarization
      ratio (vs. non-irradiated control bones), persisting until 12weeks post
      irradiation. Radiation transiently affected the mineral phase, as evidenced by
      increased mineral crystallinity and mineral-to-matrix ratio at 4weeks compared to
      controls. Radiation decreased bone mineral depolarization ratios through 12weeks,
      indicating increased mineral alignment. PTH treatment partially attenuated
      radiation-induced increases in collagen crosslink ratio, but did not restore
      collagen or mineral alignment. These post-radiation matrix changes are consistent
      with our previous studies of radiation damage to bone, and suggest that the
      initial radiation damage to bone matrix has extensive effects on the quality of
      tissue deposited thereafter. In addition to maintaining bone quality, preventing
      initial radiation damage to the bone matrix (i.e. crosslink ratio, matrix
      orientation) may be critical to preventing late-onset fragility fractures. 

PMID- 26960580
TI  - Food allergy is associated with Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children
      with atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 26960579
TI  - Retrospective study of teicoplanin loading regimen that rapidly achieves target
      15-30 MUg/mL serum trough concentration.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There are several studies of assessment for teicoplanin loading dose
      regimen. However, the optimal loading dose achieving the target range 15-30
      MUg/mL has been still unclear. We investigated the probability of target
      attachment as teicoplanin concentration 15-30 MUg/mL at the 3rd day after
      teicoplanin therapy started, clinical efficacy and safety in retrospective study.
      METHODS: In total, 42 patients treated with teicoplanin from January 2010 to July
      2014 at Aichi Medical University Hospital were divided into three groups; group 1
      (about 40 mg/kg for 2 days), group 2 (about 35 mg/kg for 2 days) and group 3
      (about 30 mg/kg for 2 days; the previous regimen). The probability of target
      attachment as teicoplanin concentration, efficacy and toxicity were compared
      among three groups. RESULTS: The proportion of patients achieving the target
      range was 100% in group 1, 57.9% in group 2, and 38.9% in group 3 (p = 0.05). The
      percentage of patients that showed hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was not
      different from three groups (hepatotoxicity: group 1, 20%; group 2, 21.1%; group
      3, 16.7%: p = 0.48; nephrotoxicity: group 1, 0%; group 2, 5.3%; group 3, 16.7%: p
      = 0.38). Finally, there were not significant differences of clinical efficacy
      among three regimens, but CRP 4-7 day after teicoplanin therapy in group 1 and
      group 2 exhibited a significant lower value, compared with group 3. CONCLUSIONS:
      We suggested that 35-40 mg/kg for 2 days as a loading does would be needed for
      the early achieving target range (15-30 MUg/mL) and improvement of infection.

PMID- 26960583
TI  - Pregnancy-associated Deaths: 31-year Experience.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics
      of pregnancy-associated maternal deaths. METHODS: We performed a retrospective
      analysis with medical records and autopsy reports of cases of pregnancy
      associated deaths. We collected information on all maternal deaths related to
      pregnancy that occurred in 3 hospitals affiliated with Nippon Medical School in
      Japan from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2014. Data analyzed were maternal
      age, past medical history, parity, gestational age, clinical signs and symptoms,
      cause of death, and maternal autopsy findings. RESULTS: A total of 26 maternal
      deaths occurred during the 31-year study period. Autopsies were performed for 16
      patients (61.5%). The 26 deaths included 19 (73.1%) classified as direct maternal
      deaths and 7 (26.9%) classified as indirect maternal deaths. The mean maternal
      age at death was 33.1+/-4.3 years (range, 26-41 years). The highest percentage of
      women was aged 35 to 39 years (38.5%). Of the 26 maternal deaths, 69% occurred at
      32 to 41 weeks of gestation. In cases of direct maternal death, the leading
      causes were amniotic fluid embolism (7 cases, 27.0% of all deaths) and hemorrhage
      (6 cases, 23.1% of all deaths). In cases of indirect obstetric deaths, the causes
      included cardiovascular disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, sepsis due to group
      A streptococcal infection, and hepatic failure of unknown etiology. CONCLUSIONS:
      Amniotic fluid embolism was the leading cause of maternal deaths and was followed
      by obstetric hemorrhage. To prevent and reduce the number of maternal deaths in
      Japan, further basic and clinical research on amniotic fluid embolism is
      required.

PMID- 26960582
TI  - Conservative Treatment for Fracture of the Proximal Femur with Complications.
AB  - We retrospectively compared two groups of patients with hip fractures and severe
      complications. One group had been treated surgically; the other group had been
      treated conservatively to prevent worsening of general status, with transfer to
      wheelchair as soon as possible. This study aimed to determine if early prognosis
      after conservative treatment would be worse than that following surgical
      treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were patients (n=230) with hip
      fracture who had been admitted and treated at our hospital from 1993 through
      2006. Patients' medical records were retroactively investigated to obtain
      information on age, sex, complications, type of fracture, and course of
      subsequent hospitalizations. Additional information for conservatively treated
      patients included reasons for avoiding surgery and time-to-transfer to
      wheelchair. In case of death, the cause and timing of death were investigated.
      RESULTS: Of the 230 patients, 22 (mean age, 83.5 years) were treated
      conservatively. Complications at admission included cardiac disease, respiratory
      disease, malignancy, renal disease, dementia, and other conditions. Multiple
      complications were commonly seen. The reasons for selecting conservative
      treatment were cardiac function disturbance in 13 cases and decision of patients'
      families in 9 cases. Almost all patients were able to transfer to wheelchair. A
      total of 9 patients died in the hospital: 8 were in the surgical treatment group
      and 1 was in the conservative treatment group. The patients who died in the
      surgical treatment group had a mean age of 80.3 years, and pneumonia was the main
      cause of death. The timing of death ranged from 12 to 129 days after surgery. The
      number of perioperative deaths was 3 (1.4%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This
      study showed that in patients with hip fractures, severe complications, and poor
      general conditions, early prognosis after conservative treatment aiming for early
      transfer to wheelchair is no worse than that following surgical treatment. Thus,
      conservative treatment should be considered for patients with poor ability for
      activities of daily living.

PMID- 26960581
TI  - Perspectives of healthcare providers and HIV-affected individuals and couples
      during the development of a Safer Conception Counseling Toolkit in Kenya: stigma,
      fears, and recommendations for the delivery of services.
AB  - Reproduction is important to many HIV-affected individuals and couples and
      healthcare providers (HCPs) are responsible for providing resources to help them
      safely conceive while minimizing the risk of sexual and perinatal HIV
      transmission. In order to fulfill their reproductive goals, HIV-affected
      individuals and their partners need access to information regarding safer methods
      of conception. The objective of this qualitative study was to develop a Safer
      Conception Counseling Toolkit that can be used to train HCPs and counsel HIV
      affected individuals and couples in HIV care and treatment clinics in Kenya. We
      conducted a two-phased qualitative study among HCPs and HIV-affected individuals
      and couples from eight HIV care and treatment sites in Kisumu, Kenya. We
      conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) to assess
      the perspectives of HCPs and HIV-affected individuals and couples in order to
      develop and refine the content of the Toolkit. Subsequently, IDIs were conducted
      among HCPs who were trained using the Toolkit and FGDs among HIV-affected
      individuals and couples who were counseled with the Toolkit. HIV-related stigma,
      fears, and recommendations for delivery of safer conception counseling were
      assessed during the discussions. One hundred and six individuals participated in
      FGDs and IDIs; 29 HCPs, 49 HIV-affected women and men, and 14 HIV-serodiscordant
      couples. Participants indicated that a safer conception counseling and training
      program for HCPs is needed and that routine provision of safer conception
      counseling may promote maternal and child health by enhancing reproductive
      autonomy among HIV-affected couples. They also reported that the Toolkit may help
      dispel the stigma and fears associated with reproduction in HIV-affected couples,
      while supporting them in achieving their reproductive goals. Additional research
      is needed to evaluate the Safer Conception Toolkit in order to support its
      implementation and use in HIV care and treatment programs in Kenya and other HIV
      endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 26960584
TI  - Effect of Dual Therapy with Botulinum Toxin A Injection and Electromyography
      controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation on Active Function in the Spastic
      Paretic Hand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many previous studies have demonstrated that botulinum toxin A (BTX
      A) injections satisfactorily reduce spasticity. Nevertheless, BTX-A, with or
      without an adjuvant therapy, effectively improves the direct functional movement
      in few patients with spastic upper extremity paralysis. Therefore the present
      study aimed to determine the effectiveness of task-orientated therapy on
      spasticity and functional movement by using electromyography-triggered functional
      electrical stimulation (EMG-FES) after BTX-A injections. DESIGN: Open-label,
      prospective clinical trial Method: The subjects were 15 patients with spastic
      paresis (12 male, 3 female; age range, 17-74 years; 14 due to stroke, 1 due to
      spinal cord injury) who received BTX-A injections. Before the study was started,
      all subjects had undergone task-orientated therapy sessions with EMG-FES for 4
      months. Despite all patients showing a various extent of improved upper extremity
      function, upper extremity function reached a plateau because of upper extremity
      spasticity. After BTX-A injection, all patients underwent task-orientated therapy
      sessions with EMG-FES for 4 months. The outcomes were assessed with the modified
      Ashworth scale, the simple test for evaluating hand function, box and block test,
      grip and release test, finger individual movement test, and grip strength.
      Assessments were performed at baseline and 10 days and 4 months after BTX-A
      injection. RESULTS: The median modified Ashworth scale score decreased from 2 at
      baseline to 1 at 10 days and 4 months after BTX-A injection. The finger
      individual movement test score increased slightly at 10 days (p=0.29) and further
      increased at 4 months (p<0.05). The simple test for evaluating hand function,
      grip and release test, box and block test, and grip strength decreased after 10
      days (p<0.05, p=0.26, p<0.01, and p<0.01, respectively) but increased after 4
      months (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01, and p=0.18, respectively). CONCLUSION: Task
      orientated therapy with EMG-FES after BTX-A injection effectively reduced
      spasticity and improved upper limb motor function. Our results also suggest that
      spasticity occurs as a compensation for the force of the affected muscles and
      leads to misuse movements and ostensible dexterity in many patients. In addition,
      we hypothesize that BTX-A injection initializes the abnormal adapted movement
      pattern and that more active hand movements with facilitation of the paretic
      muscles when using EMG-FES induce an efficient muscle reeducation of the inherent
      physiological movement pattern that ultimately could prove useful in the
      activities of daily living.

PMID- 26960585
TI  - Superior Dislocation of the Patella in a Young Woman without Osteophytes: A Case
      Report.
AB  - Superior dislocation of the patella without patellar ligament injury is an
      extremely rare condition. A review of the English-language literature found only
      23 reported cases. In addition, the primary factor for dislocation in most of
      these cases was considered to be osteophytes in the inferior pole of the patella
      and the anterior surface of the femoral condyle; only 1 case had no osteophytes.
      We treated a 19-year-old woman who sustained a painful locking of the left knee
      after colliding with a friend. Plain radiography and computed tomography showed
      superior-lateral dislocation of the patella and an interlocking between notches
      in the inferior pole of the patella and the anterior surface of the femoral
      condyle. Closed reduction without sedation was performed without difficulty, and
      the patient was able to walk home without pain. After 1 week, the knee was
      without problems. The patient had no osteophytes in the knee and had no other
      common risk factors, such as patella alta, ligamentous laxity, genu recurvatum,
      and paralytic disorders. After a comparison with previously reported cases of
      superior patella dislocation, we concluded that the primary factor in the present
      case might have been a different condition. 

PMID- 26960586
TI  - Glue Embolization of a Blunt Traumatic Hepatic Arteriovenous Fistula under Inflow
      and Outflow Control.
AB  - We report on a rare case of blunt traumatic hepatic arteriovenous fistula arising
      from a pseudoaneurysm in a 35-year-old woman. Transarterial embolization was
      performed with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, under inflow control with loose coil
      packing within the pseudoaneurysm and outflow control by balloon occlusion of the
      hepatic vein. A promising therapeutic outcome was achieved without any serious
      adverse events. Thus, the combination of these techniques to control inflow and
      outflow was successfully used to treat this rare hepatic vascular injury. 

PMID- 26960587
TI  - Therapeutic Effect of 0.1% Topical Tacrolimus for Childhood Interstitial
      Keratitis Refractory to Cyclosporine.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report our findings in a case of childhood refractory interstitial
      keratitis successfully treated with 0.1% topical tacrolimus. METHODS: A 12-year
      old boy presented with a 3-year history of interstitial keratitis. For the
      recurrent interstitial keratitis he had been treated with topical and systemic
      acyclovir, steroids, and topical cyclosporine for 3 years. Our examinations
      revealed severe stromal infiltrates and neovascularization. Treatment was changed
      from topical 0.5% cyclosporine to topical 0.1% tacrolimus combined with topical
      acyclovir and betamethasone. RESULTS: After 2 weeks of treatment with topical
      tacrolimus, the degree of stromal infiltrates decreased. Although the
      improvements were slow, the stromal infiltrates resolved somewhat, and
      neovascularization and topical acyclovir and betamethasone were tapered and
      stopped in 18 months. Since then, the patient has not shown any recurrence for 9
      months without medication. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that topical
      tacrolimus should be considered for treating refractory interstitial keratitis in
      children.

PMID- 26960588
TI  - Epstein-Barr Virus-positive T-cell Lymphoproliferative Disease Following
      Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
AB  - We report a case of the extremely rare condition Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) which occurred after umbilical
      cord blood transplantation. A 25-year-old Japanese man underwent cord blood
      transplantation from a male human leukocyte antigen 4/6-matched donor due to
      acute myeloid leukemia with trisomy 8. Bone marrow examination on day 30 showed
      chimerism with at least 90% donor cells and complete hematological response.
      Chronic symptoms of graft-versus-host disease appeared only on the skin and were
      successfully treated with cyclosporine alone. Three years later, however, the
      patient experienced repeated cold-like symptoms and was hospitalized with liver
      dysfunction. A high fever developed and was followed by significant edema of the
      right side of the face. The EBV DNA copy number in whole peripheral blood was
      2*10(4)/mL. Liver biopsy showed invasion of EBV-infected CD8-positive T cells.
      Southern blotting analysis of the whole peripheral blood showed that the T-cell
      receptor Cbeta1 rearrangement was positive. On the basis of these results, EBV
      positive T-cell LPD was diagnosed and treated with prednisolone, cyclosporine,
      and etoposide, followed by cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and
      prednisone. However, the patient died of cardiac function failure, pneumonia, and
      pulmonary hemorrhage, all of unidentified cause. Most cases of EBV-related LPD
      after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation consist of EBV-positive B-cell LPD,
      and, to our knowledge, de novo EBV-positive T-cell LPD subsequent to
      transplantation has not been previously reported. 

PMID- 26960590
TI  - Self-perceived halitosis influences social interactions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To determine the impact of self-perceived halitosis on social
      interactions, and the effect of using an oral rinse for management of halitosis.
      METHODS: A survey among a representative sample of the Dutch population (n =
      1082), and a pre-post study among a sample of consecutive coming-by volunteers (n
      = 292). RESULTS: Participants of the representative sample rated their oral odor
      as 66.8 +/- 17.2 and the consecutive volunteers as 70.9 +/- 16.7 (range: 0-100).
      Sizable proportions (15.3 % and 38.1 %, respectively) indicated to always take
      into account their (bad) oral odor when meeting a person for the first time. The
      worse people perceived their oral odor, the more likely they were to take into
      account to keep a certain distance. Following the use of the oral rinse, a
      significant decline was found of the extent to which the participants reported to
      take into account their oral odor when meeting a person for the first time. Both
      studies identified a subgroup of individuals (9.1 % and 28.1 % respectively) who
      reported to keep a certain distance when meeting other people, despite a "fresh"
      self-perceived oral odor. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that self-perceived
      oral odor negatively affects social interactions, and that adequate management of
      halitosis has the potential to improve such interactions.

PMID- 26960595
TI  - Curriculum Vitae of James G. Anderson.

PMID- 26960591
TI  - Thoracoscopic side-to-side esophagogastrostomy by use of linear stapler-a
      simplified technique facilitating a minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis operation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been met with increased
      interest for the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. One critical obstacle
      for the implementation of MIE has been the intrathoracic anastomosis. In this
      study, we describe a technique of thoracoscopic intrathoracic anastomosis using a
      linear stapler in prone position and present the short-term outcomes of this
      procedure. METHODS: This prospective pilot study included 46 consecutive patients
      with a cancer either of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) or the distal
      esophagus who underwent either total MIE or thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy
      followed by intrathoracic stapled side-to-side anastomosis. The short-term
      outcomes including postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed.
      RESULTS: This pilot study included 41 males (89 %) and 5 females (11 %) with a
      mean age of 65.7 years. The majority had adenocarcinoma (93 %). Before surgery, 4
      patients (8.7 %) had an incomplete endoscopic submucosal resection, 5 patients
      (11 %) received chemotherapy alone, and 33 patients (71 %) had chemoradiotherapy.
      Mean operation time was 408 minutes. Postoperative complications classified as
      Clavien-Dindo Grade IIIa or more severe occurred in 7 patients (15 %), of whom 4
      patients (8.7 %) developed anastomotic leakages without any need for intensive
      care. Another 2 patients (4.3 %) required intensive care due to aspiration
      pneumonia and acute renal failure. No in-hospital mortality was registered. Only
      one patient (2.2 %) with anastomotic leakage developed postoperative anastomotic
      stenosis requiring balloon dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: The intrathoracic stapled
      side-to-side anastomosis technique seems to be feasible, safe, and easy to
      perform, associated with a limited postsurgical complication rate and a good
      functional outcome.

PMID- 26960593
TI  - James G. Anderson Tribute.

PMID- 26960597
TI  - MOOCers and shakers and chemistry course takers.

PMID- 26960592
TI  - Rescue management of early complications after liver transplantation-key for the
      long-term success.
AB  - PURPOSE: Postoperative complications may have not only immediate but also long
      term effects on the outcomes. Here, we analyzed the effect of postoperative
      complications requiring a reoperation (grade 3b) within the first 30 days on
      patients' and graft survival following liver transplantation. METHODS: Graft and
      patient survival in relation to donor and recipient variables and the need of
      reoperation for complications of 277 consecutive liver transplants performed from
      January 2007 to December 2012 were analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven
      liver transplants were performed in 252 patients. Overall patient and graft
      survival at 1, 2, and 3 years were significantly reduced in patients requiring a
      reoperation. The labMELD score was significantly elevated (p = 0.04) and cold
      ischemia time was prolonged (p = 0.03) in recipients undergoing reoperations.
      Kaplan-Meier curves indicate that complications impact the outcome primarily
      within the first 3 months after transplantation. In multivariate analyses, the
      actual need of reoperation (p < 0.001), the labMELD score (p = 0.05), cold
      ischemia time (p = 0.02), and the need for hemodialysis pre-transplant (p = 0.05)
      were the only variables which correlated with the overall survival. CONCLUSION:
      Postoperative complications resulting in reoperations have a significant impact
      on the outcome primarily in the early phase after liver transplantation.
      Successful management of postoperative complications is key to every successful
      liver transplant program.

PMID- 26960598
TI  - Zika virus and microcephaly: is the correlation, causal or coincidental?

PMID- 26960599
TI  - Millennium development Goal 5: progress and challenges in reducing maternal
      deaths in Ghana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High maternal deaths in developing countries are recognised as a
      public health issue. To address this concern, targets were set as part of the
      Millennium Development Goals, launched in 2000 by the United Nations General
      Assembly. However, despite focused efforts, the maternal health targets in
      developing regions may not be achieved by 2015. DISCUSSION: We highlight progress
      and challenges in reducing maternal deaths, with a particular focus on Ghana. We
      discuss key issues like the free maternal healthcare package, transportation and
      referral concerns, human resources challenges, as well as the introduction of
      direct-entry midwifery training and the Community-based Health and Planning
      Services rolled out to specifically help curb poor maternal health outcomes. A
      key contribution to the country's slow progress towards achieving Millennium
      Development Goal 5 is that policy choices have often been in response to
      emergency or advancing problems rather than the use of preventive measures. Ghana
      can benefit greatly from long-term preventive strategies, the development of
      human resources, infrastructure and community health education.

PMID- 26960600
TI  - Smart pH/Redox Dual-Responsive Nanogels for On-Demand Intracellular Anticancer
      Drug Release.
AB  - Efficient accumulation and intracellular drug release in cancer cells remain a
      crucial challenge in developing ideal anticancer drug delivery systems. Here,
      poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-ss-acrylic acid (P(NIPAM-ss-AA)) nanogels based on
      NIPAM and AA cross-linked by N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC) were constructed
      by precipitation polymerization. The nanogels exhibited pH/redox dual responsive
      doxorubicin (DOX) release behavior in vitro and in tumor cells, in which DOX
      release from nanogels was accelerated in lysosomal pH (pH 4.5) and cytosolic
      reduction (10 mM GSH) conditions. Moreover, intracellular tracking of DOX-loaded
      nanogels confirmed that after the nanogels and the loaded DOX entered the cells
      simultaneously mainly via lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytosis, DOX-loaded
      nanogels were transported to lysosomes and then the loaded DOX was released to
      nucleus triggered by lysosomal pH and cytoplasmic high GSH. MTT analysis showed
      that DOX-loaded nanogels could efficiently inhibit the proliferation of HepG2
      cells. In vivo animal studies demonstrated that DOX-loaded nanogels were
      accumulated and penetrated in tumor tissues more efficiently than free DOX.
      Meanwhile, DOX-loaded nanogels exhibited stronger tumor inhibition activity and
      fewer side effects. This study indicated that pH/redox dual-responsive nanogels
      might present a prospective platform for intracellular drug controlled release in
      cancer therapy. 

PMID- 26960602
TI  - "Frontiers of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry".

PMID- 26960601
TI  - "New Analytical Methodology and Materials for Mechanobiology".

PMID- 26960603
TI  - "Recent Advances in Nanoscale Particles and Structures for Analytical
      Applications".

PMID- 26960604
TI  - Backward-scattering-based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors with Gold
      Nanospheres and Nanoshells.
AB  - Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors based on plasmonic
      nanoparticles are sensitive to changes in local refractive index, so that they
      are used for affinity-based chemical sensing and biosensing. Conventional LSPR
      sensors are generally based on transmission of light through the sensor and a
      sample solution, which could be colored or turbid. In this study, we develop
      backward-scattering-based LSPR sensors that can be applied to colored or turbid
      sample solutions. Au nanospheres (100 nm diameter) and Au nanoshells (25 nm
      thick) with SiO2 cores (80 nm diameter) are used as plasmonic nanoparticles and
      immobilized on a glass substrate. The refractive index sensitivities of the Au
      nanospheres and nanoshells are 128 and 278 nm RIU(-1), respectively, which are in
      good agreement with simulated values and the values for conventional transmission
      based LSPR sensors. The Au nanoshells require a lower amount of Au for the same
      scattering intensity in comparison with the Au nanospheres. The backward
      scattering-based LSPR sensing is possible with the Au nanospheres and nanoshells
      even in coffee as a colored and turbid sample. 

PMID- 26960605
TI  - Thermal and Chemical Stabilization of Silver Nanoplates for Plasmonic Sensor
      Application.
AB  - Thermal and chemical stabilities of silver nanoplates (AgPLs), which are triangle
      plate-shaped silver nanoparticles, were improved by coating with titanium oxide.
      The titanium oxide layer prepared by a dip-coating method was certainly
      advantageous for the improvement of thermal stability. Furthermore, the
      overlayering of titanium oxide by a spray pyrolysis method was quite useful for
      improving the chemical stability against I(-) exposure. Such a coating exhibited
      satisfactory refractive index sensitivities. 

PMID- 26960606
TI  - Optical Characterization of Gold Nanoparticle Layers Formed on Plastic
      Microbeads.
AB  - Generally, the characterization of a metal layer formed on a planar substrate has
      been achieved using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
      microscopy. These techniques provide details of the surface and/or the cross
      section of a planar structure with high resolution. However, the evaluation of
      sphere-like structures is troublesome owing to the necessity to observe a sample
      from various angles and/or to calculate the yield from many values obtained for
      many samples, since the conventional methods can observe a sample only from one
      direction. We have developed a simple evaluation method for a thin metal layer on
      plastic microbeads based on its light-scattering properties using dark-field
      microscopy coupled with a spectrometer. The light-scattering intensity of gold
      nanoparticle-coated microbeads depends significantly on the gold coverage. We
      believe that our study is significant because it describes the development and
      evaluation of the surface coverage of a thin metal layer on a sphere-like
      microstructure. 

PMID- 26960607
TI  - Morphology Effects of Cap-shaped Silver Nanoparticle Films as a SERS Platform.
AB  - In this paper, we evaluate randomly adsorbed cap-shaped silver nanoparticles for
      applications to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS. They were prepared by
      depositing silver on top of surface-adsorbed monodisperse SiO2 nanospheres, in a
      manner similar to the method for preparing metal film on nanosphere, MFON, but
      one major difference lies in the fact that nanospheres are randomly adsorbed
      rather than as a close-packed MFON. With random MFON, it is possible to
      incorporate nanospheres with more than one size. Mixing has been found to
      increase SERS performance. More specifically, by using 50 and 100 nm nanospheres,
      we found that substrates containing both types outperform substrates prepared
      from 100% of either 50 or 100 nm nanospheres. As evaluated by spectrophotometry,
      this increase could not be attributed to an increase in the extinction
      coefficient of the substrate at the irradiation wavelength of SERS measurements. 

PMID- 26960608
TI  - Biocatalytic Formation of Gold Nanoparticles Decorated with Functional Proteins
      inside Recombinant Escherichia coli Cells.
AB  - A novel strategy for the preparation of protein-decorated gold nanoparticles (Au
      NPs) was developed inside Escherichia coli cells, where an artificial
      oxidoreductase, composed of antibody-binding protein (pG), Bacillus
      stearothermophilus glycerol dehydrogenase (BsGLD) and a peptide tag with gold
      binding affinity (H6C), was overexpressed in the cytoplasm. In situ formation of
      Au NPs was promoted by a natural electron-donating cofactor, nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide (NAD), which was regenerated to the reduced form of NADH by the
      catalytic activity of the fusion protein (pG-BsGLD-H6C) overexpressed in the
      cytoplasm of E. coli, with the concomitant addition of exogenous glycerol to the
      reaction system. The fusion protein was self-immobilized on Au NPs inside the E.
      coli cells, which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting analyses of the
      resultant Au NPs. Finally, the IgG binding ability of the pG moiety displayed on
      Au NPs was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 

PMID- 26960609
TI  - Light-scattering Characteristics of Metal Nanoparticles on a Single Bacterial
      Cell.
AB  - Metal nanoparticles express unique light-scattering characteristics based on the
      localized surface plasmon resonance, which depends on the metal species, particle
      size, and aggregation state of the nanoparticles. Therefore, we focused on the
      light-scattering characteristics of metal nanoparticles, such as silver, gold,
      and copper oxide, adsorbed on a bacterium. Monodisperse silver nanoparticles
      expressed the strongest scattered light among them, and showed various colors of
      scattered light. Although a monodisperse gold nanoparticle produced monochromatic
      light (green color), the color of the scattered light strongly depended on the
      aggregation state of the nanoparticles on a bacterium. On the other hand, copper
      oxide nanoparticles expressed monochromatic light (blue color), regardless of
      their aggregation states on a bacterium. We examined details concerning the light
      scattering characteristics of metal nanoparticles, and discussed the possibility
      of their applications to bacterial cell imaging. 

PMID- 26960610
TI  - Dark Field Microscopic Sensitive Detection of Amyloid Fibrils Using Gold
      Nanoparticles Modified with Antibody.
AB  - Dark field microscopy (DFM) was employed to detect amyloid beta (Abeta) fibrils
      induced gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation at the single-particle level, with a
      detection limit of 40 pM fibrils. The sensitivity of this method is higher than
      that of the current fibril-specific detection method using probe dye, such as
      thioflavin T, for which sub-MUM level of fibrils are necessary. This study
      further proved the potential application of DFM in the analytical methods based
      on AuNP aggregation. 

PMID- 26960611
TI  - Spectrofluorimetric Method for Quantification of Triazine Herbicides in
      Agricultural Matrices.
AB  - A spectrofluorimetric method for determination of triazine herbicides was
      developed. The method involves reaction of ammonical 2-cyanoacetamide with the
      herbicide. The net fluorescent intensity (FI) of the product was measured at 376
      nm using 330 nm as excitation wavelength. A linear relationship between
      concentration and FI was found in the range of 0.3 - 10 MUg mL(-1) for atrazine
      and 0.2 - 10 MUg mL(-1) for terbutryn. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.07 +/-
      0.023 MUg mL(-1) and 0.23 +/- 0.023 MUg mL(-1), respectively, with %RSD <12.1%
      for atrazine and 0.027 +/- 0.009 MUg mL(-1) and 0.091 +/- 0.009 MUg mL(-1),
      respectively, with %RSD <5% for terbutryn. The %recoveries of the subject
      triazines from soil and wheat grains were found in the range of 90.0 +/- 0.14 to
      96.0 +/- 0.15% for atrazine and 95.0 +/- 0.05 to 98 +/- 0.02% for terbutryn. 

PMID- 26960612
TI  - Inhibition of Rhodamine B-Ferricyanide Chemiluminescence by Gold Nanoparticles
      and Sensitive Determination of Hazardous Cyanide.
AB  - We describe a new turn off-on chemiluminescence (CL) method for the sensitive and
      selective determination of cyanide based on the inhibiting effect of gold
      nanoparticles (AuNPs) on rhodamine B (RohB)-ferricyanide (Fe(CN)6(3-)) reaction.
      Free RohB can generate strong chemiluminescence emission when oxidized with
      Fe(CN)6(3-), but undergoes an intense extinction in the presence of AuNPs. Energy
      transfer and collisions between RohB molecules and AuNPs are probably the reason
      for this decreasing effect. Furthermore, it was found that CL intensity gradually
      recovered in the presence of cyanide due to its interaction with the AuNPs. The
      relation between the decreased CL intensity and cyanide concentration was
      exploited to develop a method for the determination of cyanide in the 16.7 - 1333
      nmol L(-1) concentration range, with a detection limit of 13.6 nmol L(-1). In
      comparison with other nanoparticle-based methods, the presented assay shows good
      sensitivity and reliability for the determination of cyanide. The method was
      satisfactorily applied to the determination of cyanide in environmental and
      biological samples. 

PMID- 26960613
TI  - A Sensitive and Disposable Graphene Oxide Electrochemical Immunosensor for Label
      free Detection of Human Immunoglobulin G.
AB  - In this work, a cost-effective and simple-to-prepare label-free electrochemical
      immunosensor was, for the first time, fabricated by modifying high-quality
      graphene oxide (GPO) onto a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The anti-IgG
      antibody was then covalently immobilized to the carboxylic group anchoring on the
      surface of GPO particles. Under the optimized condition, our newly developed
      immunosensor selectively bound to human immunoglobulin G (IgG), a model
      biomarker, with high sensitivity at a limit of detection of 1.99 ng mL(-1),
      potentially sensitive enough for IgG detection at the pathophysiological level,
      and had a linear range of 2.5 to 100 ng mL(-1). The proposed immunosensor also
      exhibited high reproducibility and regenerability, resulting in no significant
      change in electrochemical signals from different replicates of the electrode, and
      a robust electrochemical current after being subjected to alkaline base washing
      with several cycles. To this end, our immunosensor demonstrates ability as a
      promising diagnostic tool for clinical assessment. 

PMID- 26960614
TI  - A Green Sequential Injection Spectrophotometric Approach Using Natural Reagent
      Extracts from Heartwood of Ceasalpinia sappan Linn. for Determination of
      Aluminium.
AB  - A cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach using a simple sequential
      injection spectrophotometric system with a non-synthetic reagent from plant
      extracts was proposed for a green analytical-chemistry methodology. The crude
      aqueous extracts from heartwood of Ceasalpinia sappan Linn. in acetate buffer pH
      5.5 were utilized as an alternative natural reagent for the quantification of
      aluminium. The extracts contained homoisoflavonoid compounds, brazilin, and
      brazilein, which reacted with Al(3+) to form reddish complexes with the maximum
      absorption wavelength at 530 nm. The optimum conditions for the sequential
      injection parameters, such as sequential profile, sample and reagent volumes, and
      the pH effect, were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, a linear
      calibration graph in the range of 0.075 - 1.0 mg L(-1) Al(3+) was obtained with
      limits of detection and quantification of 0.021 and 0.072 mg L(-1) Al(3+),
      respectively. Relative standard deviations of 3.2 and 2.4% for 0.1 and 0.25 mg L(
      1) Al(3+) (n = 11), respectively, and sampling rate of 128 injections h(-1) were
      achieved. The developed system was successfully applied to pharmaceutical
      preparations, water, and beverage samples. The results agreed well with those
      obtained from the ICP-AES method. Good recoveries between 87 and 104% were
      obtained. 

PMID- 26960615
TI  - Flow-Injection Determination of Thiabendazole Fungicide in Water Samples Using a
      Diperiodatocuprate(III)-Sulfuric Acid-Chemiluminescence System.
AB  - Chemiluminescence (CL) with a flow-injection method is reported for the
      determination of thiabendazole (TBZ) fungicide based on its enhancement effect on
      diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC)-sulfuric acid-CL system. The calibration graph was
      linear in the concentration range of 1 - 2000 MUg L(-1) (R(2) = 0.9999, n = 8)
      with a limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.3 MUg L(-1). The injection throughput
      was 160 h(-1) with relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 4) of 1.1 - 2.9% in the
      concentration range studied. The experimental variables e.g., reagents
      concentrations, flow rates, sample volume, and PMT voltage were optimized, and
      the potential interferences were investigated individually. The method was
      successfully applied to the determination of TBZ in water samples showing good
      agreement and recovery in the range of 92 +/- 2.2 - 108 +/- 3% (n = 3) using
      dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME). The possible CL reaction
      mechanism for DPC-sulfuric acid-TBZ is also discussed. 

PMID- 26960616
TI  - Enhanced Retention of Chelating Reagents in Octadecylsilyl Silica Phase by
      Interaction with Residual Silanol Groups in Solid Phase Extraction of Divalent
      Metal Ions.
AB  - Solid-phase extraction (SPE) of divalent metal ions with a lipophilic and
      potentially divalent hexadentate chelating reagent (H2L), with which
      octadecylsilyl silica (ODS), was impregnated with was studied to gain more
      insight into and develop the potential of this methodology. This is the first
      time to demonstrate that this reagent as well as other common nitrogen-containing
      reagents were retained both by adsorption due to hydrogen bonding between
      nitrogen atoms of the reagent and residual silanol groups in the ODS phase and by
      simple distribution into the hydrophobic space. An appreciably large amount of
      this reagent could be retained by the adsorption mechanism even with a relatively
      thin loading solution. The divalent metal ions of Mn(2+), Co(2+) and Zn(2+) were
      extracted as 1:1 neutral complexes ([ML]), while Ni(2+) and Cu(2+) as ion-pairs
      of 1:1 cationic complex ([MHL](+)) with anion in SPE with H2L. The extractability
      and selectivity were substantially the same as that in liquid-liquid extraction. 

PMID- 26960617
TI  - An Easy-to-Use Polystyrene Microchip-based Cell Culture System.
AB  - In this study, we developed an integrated, low-cost microfluidic cell culture
      system that is easy to use. This system consists of a disposable polystyrene
      microchip, a polytetrafluoroethylene valve, an air bubble trap, and an indium tin
      oxide temperature controller. Valve pressure resistance was validated with a
      manometer to be 3 MPa. The trap protected against bubble contamination. The
      temperature controller enabled the culture of Macaca mulatta RF/6A 135 vascular
      endothelial cells, which are difficult to culture in glass microchips, without a
      CO2 incubator. We determined the optimal coating conditions for these cells and
      were able to achieve stable, confluent culture within 1 week. This practical
      system is suitable for low-cost screening and has potential applications as
      circulatory cell culture systems and research platforms in cell biology. 

PMID- 26960618
TI  - Impedance Analysis of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles in Chromatography Paper for
      Quantitation of an Immunochromatographic Assay.
AB  - A detection method of gold nanoparticles in chromatography paper has been
      developed for a simple, cost-effective and reliable quantitation of
      immunochromatographic strip test. The time courses of the solution resistance in
      chromatography paper with the gold nanoparticles solution are electrochemically
      measured by chrono-impedimetry. The dependence of the solution resistance on the
      concentration of gold nanoparticles has been successfully observed. The main
      factor to increase the solution resistance may be obstruction of the ion
      transport due to the presence of gold nanoparticles. The existence of gold
      nanoparticles with 1.92 * 10(9) particles/mL in an indistinctly-colored
      chromatography paper is also identified by a solution resistance measurement.
      This indicates that the solution resistance assay has the potential to lower the
      detection limit of the conventional qualitative assay. 

PMID- 26960619
TI  - A Method for the Highly Selective, Colorimetric and Ratiometric Detection of
      Hg(2+) in a 100% Aqueous Solution.
AB  - Mercury (Hg) and its derivatives pose a serious threat to the environment and
      human health. Thus, the development of methods for the selective and sensitive
      determination of Hg(2+) is very important to understand its distribution, and to
      implement more detailed toxicological studies. Herein, we developed a new method
      for the detection of Hg(2+) based on the tricyanoethylene derivative and
      mercaptoethanol. This method could selectively detect Hg(2+) in a 100% aqueous
      solution by the naked-eye within the range of 1 - 60 MUM. Importantly, this
      method also could detect Hg(2+) quantitatively by ratiometic absorption
      spectroscopy in the range of 0.1 - 6 MUM with a detection limit of 55 nM. We
      anticipate that this proposed method will be used widely to monitor Hg(2+) in the
      environment. 

PMID- 26960620
TI  - Improvement of the Mutation-Discrimination Threshold for Rare Point Mutations by
      a Separation-Free Ligase Detection Reaction Assay Based on Fluorescence Resonance
      Energy Transfer.
AB  - We previously developed a separation-free ligase detection reaction assay based
      on fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a donor quantum dot to an acceptor
      fluorescent dye. This assay could successfully detect one cancer mutation among
      10 wild-type templates. In the current study, the mutation-discrimination
      threshold was improved by one order of magnitude by replacing the original
      acceptor dye (Alexa Fluor 647) with another fluorescent dye (Cyanine 5) that was
      spectrally similar but more fluorescent. 

PMID- 26960621
TI  - A Rapid and Automated Device for Purifying Nucleic Acids.
AB  - We have developed a rapid, automated nucleic acid purification device in a single
      cartridge containing silica-coated magnetic beads. We succeeded in extracting the
      matrix protein gene of influenza A virus from pharyngeal swab samples within 3
      min. The device will be widely applicable to detect a specific gene from the
      various samples for clinical diagnosis and genetic research. 

PMID- 26960623
TI  - Highly Stable Mesoporous Zirconium Porphyrinic Frameworks with Distinct
      Flexibility.
AB  - The construction of highly stable metal-porphyrinic frameworks (MPFs) is
      appealing as these materials offer great opportunities for applications in
      artificial light-harvesting systems, gas storage, heterogeneous catalysis, etc.
      Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel mesoporous metal-porphyrinic framework
      (denoted as NUPF-1) and its catalytic properties. NUPF-1 is constructed from a
      new porphyrin linker and a Zr6 O8 structural building unit, possessing an
      unprecedented doubly interpenetrating scu net. The structure exhibits not only
      remarkable chemical and thermal stabilities, but also a distinct structural
      flexibility, which is seldom seen in metal-organic framework (MOF) materials. By
      the merit of high chemical stability, NUPF-1 could be easily post-metallized with
      [Ru3 (CO)12 ], and the resulting {NUPF-1-RuCO} is catalytically active as a
      heterogeneous catalyst for intermolecular C(sp(3) )-H amination. Excellent yields
      and good recyclability for amination of small substrates with various organic
      azides have been achieved. 

PMID- 26960624
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, efficacy prediction indexes, and residue depletion of ribavirin
      in Atlantic salmon's (Salmo salar) muscle after oral administration in feed.
AB  - Ribavirin is an antiviral used in human medicine, but it has not been authorized
      for use in veterinary medicine although it is effective against infectious salmon
      anemia (ISA) virus, between others. In this study, we present a pharmacokinetic
      profile of ribavirin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), efficacy prediction
      indexes, and the measure of its withdrawal time. To determine the pharmacokinetic
      profile, fishes were orally administered with a single ribavirin dose of 1.6
      mg/kg bw, and then, plasma concentrations were measured at different times. From
      the time-vs.-concentration curve, Cmax = 413.57 ng/mL, Tmax  = 6.96 h, AUC =
      21394.01 MUg.h/mL, t1/2  = 81.61 h, and K10  = 0.0421/h were obtained. Ribavirin
      reached adequate concentrations during the pharmacokinetic study, with prediction
      indexes of Cmax /IC50  = 20.7, AUC/IC50  = 1069.7, and T>IC50  = 71 h, where IC
      is the inhibitory concentration 50%. For ribavirin depletion study, fishes were
      orally administered with a dairy dose of 1.6 mg/kg bw during 10 days.
      Concentrations were measured on edible tissue on different days post-treatment. A
      linear regression of the time vs. concentration was conducted, obtaining a
      withdrawal time of 1966  degrees C days. Results obtained reveal that the dose of
      1.6 mg/kg bw orally administered is effective for ISA virus, originating a
      reasonable withdrawal period within the productive schedules of Atlantic salmon. 

PMID- 26960625
TI  - From Editor's desk.

PMID- 26960627
TI  - Iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in
      transplant and nontransplant settings.
AB  - Iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders comprise a
      group of lymphoid neoplasms that are associated with an immunosuppressed state,
      either in the posttransplant period, or during the treatment of various
      autoimmune and rheumatologic disorders by immunomodulatory medications. Their
      morphologies vary widely but are generally classified according to the lymphomas
      that they most closely resemble. This group is strongly associated with
      infections by the Epstein-Barr virus as a result of impaired immune function in
      the immunosuppressed state. Although further classification may become necessary
      in the coming years, they are distinguished from lymphomas in immunocompetent
      hosts because reduction or cessation of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory
      therapy can result in complete clinical remission.

PMID- 26960626
TI  - The revised guidelines of the Medical Council of India for academic promotions:
      Need for a rethink.

PMID- 26960628
TI  - Panniculitis is a common unrecognized histopathological feature of cutaneous
      leishmaniasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic cutaneous infection
      caused by Leishmania parasite. The histopathology is usually granulomatous in
      nature. AIMS: The aim of the present study is to elucidate the histology of CL
      and evaluate the presence and the frequency of panniculitis among the affected
      patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Case series interventional study. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Thirty-five patients with CL were diagnosed clinically between December
      2012 and May-2013. Diagnostic confirmation established by smears, culture, and
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The histopathological assessment was carried out
      to study the general pathology and to look for the presence of panniculitis.
      STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Simple statistics utilized via SPSS version 16.0
      (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA). RESULTS: Eighteen women and 17 men with CL were
      enrolled in the present work with a mean duration of their disease was 3 months.
      The results of the diagnostic tests were as follow: The smear was positive in 21
      (60%) of cases, Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies were seen in 7 (20%) patients,
      culture was positive in 24 (68%), and PCR was positive in 32 (91.4%) patients.
      The epidermal changes included acanthosis, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia,
      ulceration, focal spongiosis, and interface dermatitis while the dermal changes
      were dependent on the spectrum of the disease, so in the ulcerative lesions there
      was lymphohistiocytic infiltration with foci of plasma cells and sometimes
      aggregate of LD bodies, whereas in the dry lesions the pathology is mainly of
      epithelioid granuloma. Panniculitis was seen in 16 (46%) cases as a diffuse
      lymphohistiocytic infiltration of both the septum and lobules of the subcutaneous
      layer of the skin. CONCLUSION: Panniculitis is an important feature of CL that
      must be differentiated from other diseases that can simulate CL such as chronic
      skin infections, Discoid lupus erythematosus, and cutaneous lymphoma.

PMID- 26960629
TI  - A clinicopathological study of mediastinal masses operated in a tertiary care
      hospital in Eastern India in 3 years with special reference to thymoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The mediastinum is the central portion of the thoracic cavity,
      limited by pleural cavities laterally, thoracic inlet superiorly, and the
      diaphragm inferiorly. Housing numerous organs, it is a veritable Pandora's box,
      within which various lesions may develop. This study was conducted to assess the
      epidemiologic profile, clinicoradiological features, cytological, and
      histopathological findings in patients presenting with mediastinal masses in a
      tertiary care hospital over a period of 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a
      retrospective study of cases presenting with mediastinal masses attending the
      Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Medical College, Kolkata between May 2011
      and April 2014. Detailed history, physical, and radiological findings were noted.
      Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed when feasible. Following
      surgery, histopathological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations of the
      specimens were undertaken. RESULTS: Of the 22 cases included in our study, ten
      were anterior, seven middle, and five posterior mediastinal masses. Fifteen cases
      were male and seven were female. Thymic pathology was detected in seven cases,
      lymphoma in five, extragonadal germ cell tumor (GCT) in three, schwannoma and
      pericardial cyst in two cases each and neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma, and
      retrosternal thyroid in one case each. The age group of the patients for each
      diagnostic category was found to be of significance. FNAC was done in 15 cases.
      IHC was required for classification of lymphoma cases (CD45, CD15, CD30, CD20,
      CD3, Tdt, CD34, and Ki-67). CONCLUSION: This study reflects the incidence of
      different mediastinal masses in West Bengal with their clinicopathologic
      correlation.

PMID- 26960630
TI  - Clinico-histopathological study of varicose vein and role of matrix
      metalloproteinases-1, matrix metalloproteinases-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix
      metalloproteinase-1 in varicose vein formation.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Varicose vein (VV) is an important cause of morbidity in the
      young and elderly population. Many studies of the Western country suggest that
      matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs have a crucial
      role in the pathogenesis of VV, but limited work has been done in Indian
      population. The aim of this study is to study detailed histology of VV and to see
      the expression of MMP-1, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1
      (TIMP-1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 63 cases of VV and 10 control leg
      veins were included in this prospective study. Paraffin sections of VV were
      prepared. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), Masson trichrome and Verhoeff's
      staining were performed. Immunohistochemistry of VV was done with MMP-1, MMP-9,
      and TIMP-1 antibodies. Cytoplasmic expression of MMP-1, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were
      graded as intense positive (++), weak/slight positive (+), and absent (-).
      RESULTS: Focal intimal thickening (47.6%), increased medial thickening (73%) and
      fragmentation of elastin fibers (84.1%) were the major histological changes noted
      in H and E and special stained sections. MMP-1 expression increased in all layers
      of VV in 58 cases (92.1%) as compared to control veins. As compared to the
      control veins, intimal and adventitial expression of MMP-9 were increased in 31
      (49.2%) and 40 (63.5%) cases, respectively. Expression of TIMP-1 was absent in
      both the varicose and the control veins. CONCLUSION: Increased expression of MMP
      1 and MMP-9 suggests they have an important role in the pathogenesis of VV.

PMID- 26960631
TI  - Kaleidoscope of oral artifacts: A vivid picture through light and polarizing
      microscope.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study is based on finding of an inexplicable artifact that was
      seen in the tissue received as periapical granuloma. AIM: To observe the
      histological appearance of different commonly implanted food particles and easily
      incorporated substances from a laboratory in the oral biopsy tissues. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Various food particles such as wheat chapatti, beans, peas, pulses,
      and coriander leaves and substances such as a suture, cotton, and paper that can
      easily gain entry during biopsy and histotechnical procedures were intentionally
      introduced in the tissue specimens of a uterus from outside. Both light and
      polarizing microscopes were utilized to view them. RESULTS: Different food
      particles and substances gave different appearances that could lead to
      misdiagnosis. Some of these also exhibited positive birefringence under the
      polarizing microscope. CONCLUSION: Knowledge and familiarity with probable
      foreign substances which can appear in tissues may help prevent misdiagnosis or
      erroneous diagnosis of biopsy specimens.

PMID- 26960632
TI  - Prognostic impact of epidermal growth factor receptor on clear cell renal cell
      carcinoma: Does it change with different expression patterns?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess whether epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR) overexpression was a significant prognostic factor in clear cell
      renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) and whether its prognostic significance was affected
      by immunohistochemical expression patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Immunohistochemistry was performed on 100 cases of CRCC using an antibody against
      EGFR. Tumors were grouped by nuclear grade (NG) as low-NG (NG1, 2) or high NG
      (NG3, 4), and by pathological stage as localized (pT1, 2), or locally invasive
      (pT3, 4). Clinical disease was grouped by clinical stage as early stage (stage I,
      II), or late stage (stage III, IV). Evaluation of the EGFR overexpression was
      based on cytoplasmic (EGFR Cyt), and membranous (EGFR Mem) staining. RESULTS:
      EGFR Cyt correlated with high NG (P = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (P =
      0.028), regional lymph node involvement (P = 0.027), metastasis (P = 0.001), late
      stage (P = 0.003), cancer-specific death (P = 0.036), and was a predictor for
      disease-specific survival (P = 0.012) whereas EGFR Mem correlated with only local
      invasion (P = 0.021) and perirenal invasion (P = 0.009) and did not show any
      correlation with cancer-specific death or disease specific survival. CONCLUSION:
      Our findings suggest that EGFR overexpression is an important prognostic factor
      in CRCC, and its prognostic value differs significantly with respect to the
      location of EGFR immunostaining. This prognostic difference may give direction on
      the management and treatment of CRCC patients.

PMID- 26960633
TI  - C-MYC and BCL2 translocation frequency in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: A study
      of 97 patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma with marked biologic heterogeneity. MYC and BCL2 rearrangements have
      been reported in a proportion of DLBCLs, where they may be associated with an
      adverse clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of
      MYC and BCL2 translocations in DLBCL and assess the prognostic impact in DLBCL
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we evaluated the
      expression patterns of CD 10, BCL6, and MUM 1 by immunohistochemistry in 121
      cases with DLBCL in tissue microarray (TMA): 62 cases in germinal center B-cells
      (GCBs); and 59 cases in activated B-cells (ABCs) of which 60 were females and 61
      were males. MYC and BCL2 rearrangements were investigated by interphase
      fluorescence in situ hybridization on TMAs in 97 DLBCLs. RESULT: MYC
      rearrangements were observed in 11 of 97 cases. There was no association with
      other clinical features, including age, sex, and nodal/extranodal disease. MYC
      rearrangement was associated with significantly worse overall survival (P <
      0.01). BCL2 rearrangements were observed in 14 of 97 cases. There was no
      association with other clinical features including age and sex. BCL2
      rearrangement had a worse outcome (P < 0.01). MYC and BCL2 rearrangements were
      observed in 3 of 97 cases with the age of  53 (female), 53, 63 years old,
      respectively, died in 24, 18, and 35 months after the diagnosis. Two cases had
      primary nodal and one case primary extranodal presentations. All these patients
      had stage IV disease. CONCLUSION: We concluded that C-MYC and BCL2 may contribute
      to aggressive transformation, and more mechanism-based therapy should be
      explored. Targeted therapies involving these rearrangements and its associated
      pathways may change the fate of DLBCLs. Analysis of MYC gene rearrangement along
      with BCL2 is critical in the identification of high-risk patients with poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 26960634
TI  - Rare and unusual isolates of viridans streptococci from the human oral cavity.
AB  - CONTEXT: The genus Streptococcus consists of more than 65 species. The taxonomic
      classification of these members is not well-defined. Among the viridans group
      streptococci (VGS), there are major taxonomic changes by the addition of many new
      species; whereas, most of the new strains are of animal origin and only a few
      have been reported to be isolated from humans. Rare and unusual species of VGS
      such as Streptococcus thoraltensis, S. pluranimalium and S. hyointestinalis are
      normally associated with different animals. Their isolation from human being is
      not yet reported. AIM: To find out the rare and unusual species of viridans group
      streptococci from human oral cavity. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A case-controlled study
      carried out at hospital-based dental services in a tertiary care hospital.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subgingival plaque samples of the tooth were collected
      from 80 patients (34 with periodontitis and 46 without periodontitis) undergoing
      tooth extraction. Cultures were subcultured onto special media such as Tryptone
      Soya blood Agar supplemented with strepto supplement and Mutans-Sanguis Agar.
      Identification of strains and antimicrobial susceptibilities were measured as
      minimum inhibitory concentration using Vitek 2 (BioMerieux, Paris, France)
      automated system. RESULTS: We have identified three strains of VGS - S.
      thoraltensis, S. pluranimalium and S. hyointestinalis from subgingival plaque
      samples from patients with periodontitis. S. thoraltensis and S. pluranimalium
      were found to be resistant to most of the antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: To the best
      of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of these rare and unusual
      strains from the human oral cavity.

PMID- 26960635
TI  - Emergence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors among the unusual
      species of enterococci, from North India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several enterococcal species are increasingly being reported from
      clinical infections, besides the major species. AIM: This study was undertaken to
      determine the prevalence of unusual enterococcal species and their antimicrobial
      susceptibility patterns, virulence factors, and molecular characterization. STUDY
      DESIGN AND SETTINGS: The study was conducted in Department of Microbiology and
      associated Tertiary Care University Hospital in North India. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Enterococcal isolates were collected for a period of 2 years from
      clinical specimens. Identification and elaborate phenotypic characterization was
      done biochemically. All the isolates were tested by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion
      method and breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentration for susceptibility against
      standard antibiotics. Screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), high
      level aminoglycoside resistance was done on brain heart infusion agar
      incorporated with 6 MUg/ml vancomycin, 500 MUg/ml gentamicin, and 2000 MUg/ml
      streptomycin, respectively. VRE isolates were tested for the presence of vanA,
      vanB, and vanC genes and high-level gentamicin resistant (HLGR) isolates for aac
      6'- aph-2' gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hemolysin and gelatinase
      production, hemagglutination and biofilm formation were detected along with asa1,
      gelE, esp, hyl, and cylA genes by multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Of 403 enterococci, 93
      (23.07%) isolates were identified as unusual species and atypical variants.
      Resistance of 52.68%, 46.23%, 44.08%, and 6.45% for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin,
      high strength gentamicin, and vancomycin, respectively were noted. Presence of
      vanC gene in Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus isolates and
      vanA gene in Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae and aac-6'- aph-2'' gene
      was found in 33.14% (14/41) of the HLGR isolates. The most frequent virulence
      factor was biofilm production. Only a few isolates harbored asa1 (2), gelE (9),
      and hyl (3) genes. CONCLUSION: Considerable prevalence of pathogenic unusual
      species of enterococci was seen along with their emerging drug resistance and
      virulence. Complete identification and routine speciation is essential to limit
      their emergence as major species in near future.

PMID- 26960636
TI  - Pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis with migrated lesions cured by multiple therapies.
AB  - Paragonimiasis is an infectious disease caused by Trematodes of the genus
      Paragonimus that is endemic in Asia, Africa, and South America. Most patients
      with paragonimiasis are cured by standard praziquantel treatment. However,
      several cases have been reported to have unsatisfactory responses to the standard
      praziquantel treatment. To probe the clinical characteristics, possible cause,
      and management of the paragonimiasis individuals improved by multiple therapies,
      we present a 12-year-old Chinese boy, who was infected with Paragonimus
      accompanied by arachnoid cyst involvement, as not having typical clinical
      symptoms, but repeatedly presenting with migrated lesions between the lung and
      pleura. He responded to treatment with 3 cycles of praziquantel and 1 cycle of
      albendazole.

PMID- 26960638
TI  - Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases in sub-Himalayan region, 2014-2015 India.
AB  - Current influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain severely involved many parts of the
      country. The study was conducted to analyze the clinicoepidemiological trend of
      influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases from October 2014 to March 2015. Samples processing
      was done as per the Center for Disease Control guidelines. A total of 333
      specimens were processed out of which influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 constituted 24% (81)
      of total, 5% (18) cases were seasonal influenza A virus strains. Mean age group
      involved was 49 years with case fatality rate of 20%. Patients died were 63%
      males and 44% had comorbidities, and among them, 38% patients died within 24 h of
      hospitalization. The mean age of comorbid patients who died was 59 years; whereas
      the mean age of patients died having no co-morbidities was 41 years (P < 0.005).
      Mortality was seen among 81% (13) of patients who were on ventilator support.
      Added mortality in specific human group demands continuous surveillance
      monitoring followed by the detection of mutation, even in susceptible animal
      population.

PMID- 26960637
TI  - Genetic diversity through human leukocyte antigen typing in end-stage renal
      disease patients and prospective donors of North India.
AB  - As the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is rapidly increasing, the
      demand for dialysis and transplantation has dramatically increased, which has led
      to concerns about the availability and equitable allocation of kidneys for
      transplantation. The distribution of HLA-A, B and DR alleles in 148 renal
      transplant recipients and 191 live related prospective donors from 2009 to 2010
      were analyzed. Allele frequencies and haplotype frequencies were calculated in
      recipients and donors. The prospective donors were further analyzed on the basis
      of their relationship to the patients and according to the sex ratio. A
      significant female preponderance was noted in the prospective donor population,
      most of whom were either siblings or parents of the recipients. On the contrary,
      the recipient population predominantly comprised of males. The most frequent HLA
      A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1 alleles in renal transplant patients were HLA-AFNx0111,
      AFNx0102, AFNx0101, AFNx0124; HLA-BFNx0135, BFNx0140, BFNx0144, BFNx0115,
      BFNx0152, and HLA-DRB1FNx0115, DRB1FNx0107, DRB1FNx0113, DRB1FNx0111
      respectively. The most frequent HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1 alleles in prospective
      donors were HLA-AFNx0102, AFNx0111, AFNx0133, AFNx0124; HLA-BFNx0135, BFNx0144,
      BFNx0140, BFNx0115 and HLA-DRB1FNx0115, DRB1FNx0107, DRB1FNx0111, DRB1FNx0113
      respectively. AFNx0111-BFNx0135, AFNx0102-DRB1FNx0115, BFNx0140-DRB1FNx0115 were
      the most common HLA A-B , HLA A-DR, HLA B-DR haplotypes respectively in renal
      transplant patients, whereas, AFNx0111-BFNx0135, AFNx0111-DRB1FNx0115, BFNx0144
      DRB1FNx0107 were the most common haplotypes in renal donors. In three locus
      haplotype, HLA-AFNx0102-BFNx0140-DRB1FNx0115 was the most frequent haplotype in
      patients, whereas, in prospective renal donors HLA-AFNx0133-BFNx0144-DRB1FNx0107
      was the most frequent haplotype.

PMID- 26960639
TI  - Application of a stool antigen test to evaluate the burden of Helicobacter pylori
      infection in dyspepsia patients.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori (HP) is causally associated with peptic ulcer disease and
      gastric carcinoma. Determination of the prevalence of HP infection in dyspepsia
      patients' in particular geographical area is imperative for the appropriate
      management of dyspepsia. HP antigen detection in stool is a noninvasive
      diagnostic test of HP infection. This prospective study was conducted to find out
      the prevalence of HP infection based on stool antigen testing in dyspeptic
      patients who had also undergone upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. This study
      highlights the high prevalence of HP infection in dyspeptic Indian patients,
      particularly males, and emphasizes the growing importance of the bacterium
      causing infection among children. We also found HP stool antigen testing to be
      superior to upper GI endoscopy for detecting HP infection. Hence, we recommend
      initial testing for HP stool antigen in dyspeptic patients before initiating
      treatment and before carrying out any invasive procedure such as endoscopy.

PMID- 26960640
TI  - Sclerosing liposarcoma of the anterior mediastinum: An unusual case.
AB  - Liposarcomas are extremely rare in the mediastinum. Patients usually present late
      due to the compressive effect of the tumor on the adjacent structures. Severity
      of the symptoms depend mainly on the size of the tumor and the structure it
      infiltrates. Well differentiated slow growing liposarcomas are the most common
      ones in the mediastinum followed by dedifferentiated and poorly differentiated
      ones. These tumors have bad prognosis because of incomplete surgical excision due
      to its inaccessible location. Hence these patients should be kept under close
      follow up because of high recurrent rates. Here we are presenting a rare case of
      anterior mediastinal sclerosing liposarcoma in a 77 year old male.

PMID- 26960641
TI  - Ambiguous genitalia: A rare case report.
AB  - Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) is a rare disorder of sexual development (DSD). A
      seven-year-old child with vagina and an elongated clitoris looking like a penile
      part of male external genitalia, presented in the Paediatric Surgery Department.
      Ultrasound of pelvis revealed a streak ovary on the right side and ovotestis on
      the left side. Uterus was not visualized. Karyotyping revealed 46, XY/45, XO
      genotype. Laparoscopic gonadectomy with vaginoplasty and the clitoral reduction
      was performed. A thorough histopathological examination of the specimen revealed
      structure of ovotestis-consisting of the ovary with Graafian follicles, fallopian
      tube, infantile testis with Leydig and Sertoli cells, epididymis, vas deference,
      and pampiniform plexus. Presence of Graafian follicle in the ovary, Leydig and
      Sertoli cells in the testis, at this age makes this case extremely interesting.
      The child was rehabilitated to lead her life as a girl.

PMID- 26960642
TI  - Type III collagen disorders: A case report and review of literature.
AB  - Collagen type III is a normal component of interstitium and blood vessels.
      Collagenofibrotic glomerulopathy (CG) and nail patella syndrome (NPS) are the
      diseases of abnormal type III collagen deposition. In spite of these curved
      frayed structures with a periodicity of 45-60 nm are deposited in subendothelium
      and mesangium in CG, they are found only in the basement membrane in NPS. The
      clinical features of CG are confined to the kidney, NPS has associated extra
      renal manifestations. Electron microscopy is essential to make the renal
      diagnosis in both these rare diseases. Both the entities considered to be
      systemic diseases evidence to suggest similar deposition in other organs,
      understanding etiopathogenesis and disease progression await research.

PMID- 26960643
TI  - Postradiation angiosarcoma of bladder with extensive osseous metaplasia.
AB  - Angiosarcomas are rare soft tissue neoplasms accounting for <2% of all sarcomas.
      Rare cases have been reported in other sites like breast, spleen, liver, bone and
      bladder. This is a case report of an angiosarcoma of the bladder in a 65 year old
      lady who came with complaints of haematuria. Ultrasonography and computerized
      tomography revealed a bladder tumour with calcification, which on cystoscopy also
      showed a calcified mass. The patient had a past history of carcinoma cervix for
      which she had undergone surgery and radiotherapy, 22 years ago. Biopsy of the
      bladder mass showed features of a high grade epithelioid sarcoma with extensive
      osseous metaplasia. On immune stains,the tumour was positive for CD31 and
      vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, desmin and CD34. Until now, only sixteen
      cases of angiosarcoma of the bladder have been reported in english literature, of
      which 6 occurred secondary to radiation. Our case is the first to occur after 22
      years of radiotherapy and have extensive osseous metaplasia.

PMID- 26960644
TI  - Type D lymphomatoid papulosis simulating aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic
      lymphoma.
AB  - Three histological subtypes of lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), type A
      (histiocytic), type B (mycosis fungoides like) and type C (anaplastic large cell
      lymphoma like) are well recognized. Two new histological variants, type D
      (simulating an aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic lymphoma) and type E
      (angioinvasive type) has been described recently. We describe a 27-year-old man
      presented with a history of asymptomatic erythematous papules on both upper and
      lower limbs noted since 10 years of age. There were no systemic symptoms. Biopsy
      revealed an atypical dermal lymphoid infiltrate with epidermotropism, and the
      immunohistochemical markers showed a diffuse positivity for CD3, CD8, CD56, T1A
      and granzyme B with the focal positivity of CD30. All other relevant tests were
      normal. In this case report of a recently described delineated variant of LyP we
      emphasize the indolent course of this entity although the histology would suggest
      a more aggressive disease.

PMID- 26960646
TI  - Primary endobronchial myxoid leiomyoma in a child: An unusual case report and
      review of literature.
AB  - Primary leiomyomas are rare benign tumors of the lung and only 25 cases have been
      documented in children, most of which are endobronchial. Leiomyomas are benign
      smooth muscle neoplasms, usually diagnosed on morphological characteristics.
      However, immunohistochemistry plays a crucial role in the lineage differentiation
      when these are encountered at unusual sites or with unexpected morphological
      features. We report a case of endobronchial tumor of a 13-year-old male child who
      presented with a dry cough and hemoptysis. A mass lesion in the right main
      bronchus was detected by bronchoscopy and contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
      On histopathological examination of the resected specimen, a diagnosis of myxoid
      leiomyoma was made. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of
      myxoid leiomyoma to be reported in the respiratory tract. This case also
      demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion and the role of immunomarkers
      in the diagnosis of such challenging cases.

PMID- 26960645
TI  - Adult-onset Still's disease with myocarditis and hemophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis: Rare manifestation with fatal outcome.
AB  - Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of unknown
      etiology characterized by fever, evanescent pink salmon rash, arthritis, and
      multiorgan involvement. Here, we report an unusual manifestation of AOSD in a 40
      year-old male who presented to our hospital with pyrexia of unknown origin and
      rash of 3 weeks duration. All his serological investigations and imaging studies
      were unremarkable. He was fulfilling clinical and laboratory criteria as per
      Yamaguchi for AOSD and was managed for the same. Our patient did not respond well
      to the treatment, had a downhill course, and succumbed to his illness. Autopsy
      confirmed myocarditis and florid bone marrow reactive hemophagocytosis as the
      cause of his death.

PMID- 26960647
TI  - Synchronous existence of granular cell tumor and small cell carcinoma of lung: An
      unusual entity.
AB  - Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor that uncommonly
      occurs in the lung and tracheobronchial tree. Small cell carcinoma of lung is a
      centrally located malignant neoplasm that commonly occurs in elderly smokers.
      Concomitant existence of both the neoplasm in lung is extremely rare with only
      one reported case in the literature. Few rare combinations of GCT with other
      primary bronchogenic carcinomas have also been reported. Clinical symptoms depend
      upon the site and size of the tumor. Definitive diagnosis is by histopathological
      and proper immunohistochemical analysis. Identification of this entity is
      important as treatment requires individual therapy protocols that depend on the
      presence of metastasis, location of the tumors, and type of bronchogenic
      carcinoma.

PMID- 26960648
TI  - Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the
      urachus: A rare neoplasm in an unusual location.
AB  - Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are uncommon benign neoplasms in the
      abdomen, and urachal involvement is very rare. IMT of the urachus is usually
      mistaken clinically and radiologically for a malignant tumor. The tumor has
      spindle cell proliferation with a prominent inflammatory infiltrate and myxoid
      degeneration favoring other designations such as inflammatory pseudotumor and
      fibromyxoid pseudotumor. Complete excision is the treatment of choice. The case
      documented here was in a 50-year-old male, with an abdominal mass diagnosed on
      computed tomography scan as adenocarcinoma of urachus infiltrating the bladder.
      Histopathology showed a benign spindle cell tumor invading bladder muscle.
      Immunohistochemistry aided in diagnosing an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-1
      positive IMT. Approximately, 50% of the IMTs show ALK positivity, and though when
      present, it indicates neoplastic nature of the spindle cells, the pathogenesis of
      IMT is still elusive. The urachal IMTs need documentation in literature for their
      rarity and diagnostic dilemma posed by them.

PMID- 26960649
TI  - Lipofibromatous hamartoma of the digital branches of the median nerve presenting
      as carpal tunnel syndrome: A rare case report with review of the literature.
AB  - Lipofibromatous hamartoma (LFH) is a rare, benign fibrofatty tumor composed of a
      proliferation of mature adipocytes within peripheral nerves, which form a
      palpable neurogenic mass. It affects the median nerve in 66-80% of cases, causing
      pain and sensory and motor deficits in the affected nerve distribution. Patients
      typically present with gradually enlarging nontender lesions in the distribution
      of the affected nerve. The lesion is also seen to be associated with
      macrodactyly. The pathophysiology of LFH is unknown. Treatment of LFH is based on
      symptoms of the condition. Histopathology is characteristic. We present a case of
      young male diagnosed as lipofibromatous hamartoma of the median nerve involving
      the right index finger. The case is presented due to its rarity.

PMID- 26960650
TI  - Hemoglobin Agenogi--A rare abnormal beta globin chain variant.
AB  - Haemoglobin (Hb) Agenogi is clinically asymptomatic, rare beta-globin chain
      variant characterized by a substitution of glutamic acid by lysine at position 90
      of beta-chain. It elutes in the C-window on high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC). We report a 10-year-old male with easy fatigability,
      lethargy, pallor, and mild splenomegaly. Hematological parameters revealed
      microcytic hypochromic anemia and mildly raised red blood cells count, suggestive
      of thalassemia trait. On HPLC, a predominant peak was observed in the C-window
      (82.6%) along with raised HbA 2 level (9.3%). Based on these findings, a
      possibility of HbC disease/beta-thalassemia trait doubly heterozygous was
      considered. Family studies were advised. HPLC findings in father were suggestive
      of beta-thalassemia trait, while both his mother and brother had an abnormal peak
      in the C-window of 42.7% and 40.8%, respectively, with elevated HbA 2 values of
      5% and 4.9%, respectively. Direct DNA sequencing revealed intervening sequences 1
      5 (G ; C) in father, confirming beta-thalassemia trait. His mother and brother
      had heterozygous gene mutation at codon 90 of beta-globin chain (G ; A)
      suggestive of Hb Agenogi. The child carried mutations for both beta-thalassemia
      trait as well as Hb Agenogi.

PMID- 26960651
TI  - The pursuit of rare hemoglobins.

PMID- 26960652
TI  - Acute monoblastic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils and inversion (16): A rare
      entity.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant hematopoietic stem cell disorder
      which is sub-classified based on bone marrow morphology and the presence of
      specific genetic abnormalities. One such cytogenetic abnormality is the
      pericentric inversion (inv) of chromosome 16 which is typically seen in AML M4
      with eosinophilia and is associated with a favorable prognosis. We report the inv
      (16) in a young woman with AML M5 and abnormal eosinophils. This is a rare entity
      with only about 20 cases being reported till date.

PMID- 26960654
TI  - Severe anemia due to parvovirus B19 in a silver haired boy.
AB  - Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder
      in which the affected children present with characteristic silvery-white hairs.
      The hair microscopy of these children is characteristic and is helpful in
      differentiating GS from Chediak-Higashi syndrome which also presents with
      immunodeficiency and silver hairs. We report a 17-month-old boy with GS type 2
      who presented with severe anemia. Bone marrow examination of the child suggested
      parvovirus B19 as the cause of severe anemia, which was later confirmed by DNA
      polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 26960653
TI  - Bilineage T-lymphoblastic/myeloid extramedullary blast crisis in chronic
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - The blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) can be hematological or
      extramedullary. About 25% of these cases fulfill the criteria for mixed phenotype
      acute leukemia. We here report a case of a second blast crisis of CML which was
      extramedullary and was immunophenotypically bilineage T/myeloid.

PMID- 26960655
TI  - Griscelli syndrome type 2: A rare and fatal syndrome in a South Indian boy.
AB  - Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation
      in the MYO5A (GS1), RAB27A (GS2), and MLPH (GS3) genes, characterized by a common
      feature, partial albinism. The common variant of three, GS type 2, in addition,
      shows primary immunodeficiency which leads to recurrent infections and
      hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. We, herewith, describe a case of GS type 2,
      in a 4-year-old male child who presented with chronic and recurrent fever,
      lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and secondary neurological deterioration;
      highlighting the cytological and histopathological features of lymph nodes. Hair
      shaft examination of the child confirmed the diagnosis.

PMID- 26960656
TI  - Keratomycosis caused by Blastoschizomyces capitatus.
AB  - Keratomycosis or fungal infections of cornea are common causes of ocular
      morbidity particularly in developing countries and in tropical climate. Traumatic
      inoculation is the predominant predisposing factor for this condition. Most of
      the cases are caused by filamentous fungi. Blastoschizomyces capitatus is one of
      the emerging fungal agents causing infection in different organ systems
      particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Barring one case of keratitis and
      melting of corneal graft there is no report of keratomycosis by B. capitatus.
      Here we present a case of keratomycosis caused by B. capitatus, which is the
      first such case reported from India.

PMID- 26960657
TI  - Sphingomonas paucimobilis septicemia in a neonate: A rare case report.
AB  - Sphingomonas paucimobilis , a yellow-pigmented, aerobic, glucose nonfermenting,
      Gram-negative bacilli is a rare cause of human infection. It was first discovered
      as an infective agent in humans in 1977 and named Pseudomonas paucimobilis. It
      was renamed as S. paucimobilis in 1990 in accordance with phylogenetic data. S.
      paucimobilis is an aerobic bacterium found in soil and water; it is a rare cause
      of healthcare associated infections. S. paucimobilis can cause infections in
      healthy as well as immunocompromised individuals. At first, its colony looks like
      Gram-positive bacilli colony, so by mistake it is discarded as contaminants. S.
      paucimobilis is an emerging pathogen and it should not be discarded as
      contaminants. Here, we report a case of S. paucimobilis bacteremia in a neonate
      who presented with respiratory distress.

PMID- 26960658
TI  - Ovarian malignant mixed germ cell tumor: A rare combination with five germ cell
      components.

PMID- 26960659
TI  - Hepatic capillariasis: A rare parasitic infection.

PMID- 26960660
TI  - Pregnancy-like hyperplasia and cystic hypersecretory changes adjacent to
      metaplastic carcinoma of the breast.

PMID- 26960661
TI  - Cytokeratin-positive interstitial reticulum cells in the lymph node: A potential
      pitfall.

PMID- 26960662
TI  - Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: An unusual presentation with near
      total occlusion of airways.

PMID- 26960663
TI  - Primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma: A
      case report and significance of timely ancillary testing.

PMID- 26960664
TI  - Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable; rare cause
      of granulocytic sarcoma: A diagnostic dilemma.

PMID- 26960665
TI  - Immunoglobulin A gammopathy on serum electrophoresis: A diagnostic conundrum.

PMID- 26960666
TI  - Can Metabolic Profiles Be Used as a Phenotypic Readout of the Genome to Enhance
      Precision Medicine?

PMID- 26960668
TI  - Dental students' perception of their approaches to learning in a PBL programme.
AB  - AIM: To compare dental students' perceptions of their learning approaches between
      different years of a problem-based learning (PBL) programme. The hypothesis was
      that in a comparison between senior and junior students, the senior students
      would perceive themselves as having a higher level of deep learning approach and
      a lower level of surface learning approach than junior students would. This
      hypothesis was based on the fact that senior students have longer experience of a
      student-centred educational context, which is supposed to underpin student
      learning. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Students of three cohorts (first year, third
      year and fifth year) of a PBL-based dental programme were asked to respond to a
      questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) developed to analyse students' learning approaches, that
      is deep approach and surface approach, using four subscales including deep
      strategy, surface strategy, deep motive and surface motive. The results of the
      three cohorts were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A P
      value was set at <0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS: The fifth-year
      students demonstrated a lower surface approach than the first-year students (P =
      0.020). There was a significant decrease in surface strategy from the first to
      the fifth year (P = 0.003). No differences were found concerning deep approach or
      its subscales (deep strategy and deep motive) between the mean scores of the
      three cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The results did not show the expected increased depth
      in learning approaches over the programme years.

PMID- 26960667
TI  - Antianginal Efficacy of Ivabradine in Patients With History of Coronary
      Revascularization.
AB  - Although coronary revascularization procedures are widely performed in patients
      with coronary artery disease (CAD), angina is often reported, even after such
      procedures. This study evaluated the antianginal efficacy and effect of
      ivabradine treatment on quality of life (QOL) in patients with CAD and history of
      coronary revascularization. This is a post hoc analysis (926 post
      revascularization patients) of a prospective, noninterventional study, which
      included 2403 patients with CAD and stable angina. The data were recorded at
      baseline, at 1 month and 4 months after inclusion. After ivabradine
      administration, mean number of anginal events decreased from 2.2 +/- 2.3 (median:
      2.0, minimum: 0.0, maximum: 21.0, range: 21.0) to 0.3 +/- 0.6 (median: 0.0,
      minimum: 0.0, maximum: 7.0, range: 7.0) times/week (P < .001), while
      nitroglycerin consumption decreased from 1.5 +/- 2.2 (median: 1.0, minimum: 0.0,
      maximum: 20.0, range: 20.0) to 0.1 +/- 0.4 times/week (median: 0.0, minimum: 0.0,
      maximum: 5.0, range: 5.0; P < .001). Quality of life improved at study completion
      compared to baseline (P < .001). Ivabradine addition on top of optimal
      individualized dose of beta-blockers is associated with decreased anginal events
      and improvement in QOL in patients with stable angina and history of coronary
      revascularization.

PMID- 26960670
TI  - Semi-in situ atomic force microscopy imaging of intracellular neurofilaments
      under physiological conditions through the 'sandwich' method.
AB  - Neurofilaments are intermediate filament proteins specific for neurons and
      characterized by formation of biochemically stable, obligate heteropolymers in
      vivo While purified or reassembled neurofilaments have been subjected to
      morphological analyses by electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, there
      has been a need for direct imaging of cytoplasmic genuine intermediate filaments
      with minimal risk of artefactualization. In this study, we applied the modified
      'cells on glass sandwich' method to exteriorize intracellular neurofilaments,
      reducing the risk of causing artefacts through sample preparation. SW13vim(-)
      cells were double transduced with neurofilament medium polypeptide (NF-M) and
      alpha-internexin (alpha-inx). Cultured cells were covered with a cationized
      coverslip after prestabilization with tannic acid to form a sandwich and then
      split into two. After confirming that neurofilaments could be deposited on
      ventral plasma membranes exposed via unroofing, we performed atomic force
      microscopy imaging semi-in situ in aqueous solution. The observed thin filaments,
      considered to retain native structures of the neurofilaments, exhibited an
      approximate periodicity of 50-60 nm along their length. Their structural property
      appeared to reflect the morphology formed by their constituents, i.e. NF-M and
      alpha-inx. The success of semi-in situ atomic force microscopy of exposed bona
      fide assembled neurofilaments through separating the sandwich suggests that it
      can be an effective and alternative method for investigating cytoplasmic
      intermediate filaments under physiological conditions by atomic force microscopy.

PMID- 26960671
TI  - AAP urges pediatricians to act against child poverty.

PMID- 26960672
TI  - Pretreatment Differences in Intraindividual Variability in Reaction Time between
      Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer and Healthy Controls.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Chemotherapy has adverse effects on cognitive performance in women
      treated for breast cancer, but less is known about the period before
      chemotherapy. Studies have focused on mean level of performance, yet there is
      increasing recognition that variability in performance within an individual is
      also an important behavioral indicator of cognitive functioning and underlying
      neural integrity. METHODS: We examined intraindividual variability (IIV) before
      chemotherapy and surgery in women diagnosed with breast cancer (n=31), and a
      healthy control group matched on age and education (n=25). IIV was calculated
      across trials of a computerized Stroop task, including an examination of the
      slowest and fastest trials of reaction time (RT) responses. RESULTS: The groups
      were equivalent on overall accuracy and speed, and participants in both groups
      were less accurate and slower on incongruent trials compared with congruent
      trials. However, women with breast cancer became more variable with increased
      task difficulty relative to healthy controls. Among the slowest RT responses,
      women with breast cancer were significantly more variable than healthy controls
      on incongruent trials. This suggests that a specific variability-producing
      process (e.g., attentional lapses) occurs in task conditions that require
      executive control (e.g., incongruent trials). CONCLUSIONS: Results are consistent
      with other evidence of executive dysfunction among women treated for breast
      cancer. These findings highlight the importance of pretreatment assessment and
      show that variability in performance provides information about cognition that
      measures of central tendency do not.

PMID- 26960673
TI  - Individual Differences in Loss Aversion: Conscientiousness Predicts How Life
      Satisfaction Responds to Losses Versus Gains in Income.
AB  - Loss aversion is considered a general pervasive bias occurring regardless of the
      context or the person making the decision. We hypothesized that conscientiousness
      would predict an aversion to losses in the financial domain. We index loss
      aversion by the relative impact of income losses and gains on life satisfaction.
      In a representative German sample (N = 105,558; replicated in a British sample, N
      = 33,848), with conscientiousness measured at baseline, those high on
      conscientiousness have the strongest reactions to income losses, suggesting a
      pronounced loss aversion effect, whereas for those moderately unconscientious,
      there is no loss aversion effect. Our research (a) provides the first evidence of
      personality moderation of any loss aversion phenomena, (b) supports contextual
      perspectives that both personality and situational factors need to be examined in
      combination, (c) shows that the small but robust relationship between income and
      life satisfaction is driven primarily by a subset of people experiencing highly
      impactful losses. 

PMID- 26960675
TI  - Clinical Impact of Hypomethylating Agents in the Treatment of Myelodysplastic
      Syndromes.
AB  - Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic
      diseases, mainly affecting the elderly, characterized by unilinear or multilinear
      peripheral cytopenia, bone marrow ineffective haemopoiesis, and a varying risk of
      progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). On the basis of the prognostic score
      systems currently used, MDS patients are generally classified as having higher
      risk (HR) or lower risk (LR) MDS. Two drugs, azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine
      (DAC), defined, because of their proven mechanism of action, as DNA
      methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTIs), or hypomethylating agents (HMAs), have
      proven effective in improving peripheral cytopenias and quality of life, reducing
      or eliminating transfusion need, delaying leukemic evolution, and (only for AZA)
      prolonging overall survival (OS). HMAs are currently the first therapeutic choice
      for MDS patients who are not candidates for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (allo-HSCT). HMAs have also been used before and after allo-HSCT,
      but their role in this setting needs to be confirmed by larger studies. Although
      data from several clinical and biological studies might help to identify patients
      with a higher probability to respond to HMAs, to date this treatment should not
      be denied to any HR MDS patient. Several attempts have been made to combine HMAs
      with other therapeutic agents, and these results await confirmation by further
      studies.

PMID- 26960674
TI  - Risk factors for erectile dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between risk factors for cardiac disease
      and erectile dysfunction (ED) in men from Xi'an, China. METHODS: Participants
      were patients with cardiovascular disease who visited the Cardiovascular Medicine
      Department of Xi'an Jiaotong University First Affiliated Hospital between
      September 2011 and March 2012. Two hundred and fifty patients were issued with
      questionnaires and underwent a physical examination and blood test.Risk factors
      for ED were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: In
      total, 222 participants returned valid questionnaires (89% response rate),
      underwent a physical examination and blood test, and were included in the study.
      The most common cardiovascular diseases were hypertension (n = 142; 64%),
      coronary heart disease (n = 90; 41%) and angina pectoris (n = 78; 35%). Most
      patients (n = 144; 65%) had two or more cardiovascular diseases. Age, smoking,
      body mass index, total cholesterol level, hypertension and the ratio of total
      cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly associated
      with ED. Domestic location, level of education, participation in physical
      activity, diabetes and drinking alcohol were not associated with ED. CONCLUSIONS:
      Common risk factors for cardiovascular disease are associated with ED in patients
      with cardiovascular disease. This study furthers understanding of the risk
      factors for ED in Chinese patients with cardiovascular disease and paves the way
      for further research into the prevention of ED.

PMID- 26960676
TI  - Continuous glucose monitoring in preterm infants: evaluation by a modified Clarke
      error grid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring using subcutaneous sensors has been
      validated in adults and children with diabetes, and was found to be useful in the
      management of glucose control. We aimed to assess feasibility and reliability of
      a new continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in a population of preterm
      neonates using a Clarke error grid (CEG) specifically modified for preterm
      infants. METHODS: Preterm infants were recruited within 24 h from delivery. A
      subcutaneous sensor connected to a CGMS was inserted and maintained for 6 days.
      Data collected from CGMS were compared with data obtained using a glucometer.
      Management of the infants followed standard protocols and was not influenced by
      CGMS readings. RESULTS: Twenty patients (9 males) were included. Median (range)
      gestational age was 32 weeks (27-36) and median (range) birth weight was 1350 g
      (860-3360). Average CGMS recording time was 137 h, for a total of 449 paired
      glucose levels. CEG and modified CEG criteria for clinical significance were met.
      CONCLUSION: CGMS is a safe and clinically adequate method to estimate glucose
      levels in preterm infants. As the glucose level can be evaluated in real time,
      this CGMS could be useful to reduce the number of heel sticks, to observe
      glycaemic trends and to promptly detect episodes of both hypo- and hyper
      glycaemia.

PMID- 26960677
TI  - An evaluation of psychometric properties of caregiver burden outcome measures
      used in caregivers of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common, life-long paediatric
      disability. Taking care of a child with CP often results in caregiver
      burden/strain in the long run. As caregivers play an essential role in the
      rehabilitation of these children, it is therefore important to routinely screen
      for health outcomes in informal caregivers. Consequently, a plethora of caregiver
      burden outcome measures have been developed; however, there is a dearth of
      evidence of the most psychometrically sound tools. Therefore, the broad objective
      of this systematic review is to evaluate the psychometrical properties and
      clinical utility of tools used to measure caregiver burden in caregivers of
      children with CP. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a systematic review for the evaluation
      of the psychometric properties of caregiver burden outcome tools. Two independent
      and blinded reviewers will search articles on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science,
      CINAHL, PsychINFO and Africa-Wide Google Scholar. Information will be analysed
      using predefined criteria. Thereafter, three independent reviewers will then
      screen the retrieved articles. The methodological quality of studies on the
      development and validation of the identified tools will be evaluated using the
      four point COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement
      INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Finally, the psychometric properties of the tools
      which were developed and validated from methodological sound studies will then be
      analysed using predefined criteria. DISCUSSION: The proposed systematic review
      will give an extensive review of the psychometrical properties of tools used to
      measure caregiver burden in caregivers of children with CP. We hope to identify
      tools that can be used to accurately screen for caregiver burden both in clinical
      setting and for research purposes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO
      CRD42015028026.

PMID- 26960678
TI  - Unique Characteristics of Recombinant Hybrid Manganese Superoxide Dismutase from
      Staphylococcus equorum and S. saprophyticus.
AB  - A recombinant hybrid of manganese dependent-superoxide dismutase of
      Staphylococcus equorum and S. saprophyticus has successfully been overexpressed
      in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), purified, and characterized. The recombinant
      enzyme suffered from degradation and aggregation upon storage at -20  degrees C,
      but not at room temperature nor in cold. Chromatographic analysis in a size
      exclusion column suggested the occurrence of dimeric form, which has been
      reported to contribute in maintaining the stability of the enzyme. Effect of
      monovalent (Na(+), K(+)), divalent (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)), multivalent (Mn(2+/4+),
      Zn(2+/4+)) cations and anions (Cl(-), SO4 (2-)) to the enzyme stability or
      dimeric state depended on type of cation or anion, its concentration, and pH.
      However, tremendous effect was observed with 50 mM ZnSO4, in which
      thermostability of both the dimer and monomer was increased. Similar situation
      was not observed with MnSO4, and its presence was detrimental at 200 mM. Finally,
      chelating agent appeared to destabilize the dimer around neutral pH and
      dissociate it at basic pH. The monomer remained stable upon addition of ethylene
      diamine tetraacetic acid. Here we reported unique characteristics and stability
      of manganese dependent-superoxide dismutase from S. equorum/saprophyticus.

PMID- 26960679
TI  - Preparation of Curcumin Loaded Egg Albumin Nanoparticles Using Acetone and
      Optimization of Desolvation Process.
AB  - In this study, acetone was used as a desolvating agent to prepare the curcumin
      loaded egg albumin nanoparticles. Response surface methodology was employed to
      analyze the influence of process parameters namely concentration (5-15%w/v) and
      pH (5-7) of egg albumin solution on solubility, curcumin loading and entrapment
      efficiency, nanoparticles yield and particle size. Optimum processing conditions
      obtained from response surface analysis were found to be the egg albumin solution
      concentration of 8.85%w/v and pH of 5. At this optimum condition, the solubility
      of 33.57%, curcumin loading of 4.125%, curcumin entrapment efficiency of 55.23%,
      yield of 72.85% and particles size of 232.6 nm were obtained and these values
      were related to the values which are predicted using polynomial model equations.
      Thus, the model equations generated for each response was validated and it can be
      used to predict the response values at any concentration and pH.

PMID- 26960680
TI  - In vitro/in vivo evaluation of an optimized fast dissolving oral film containing
      olanzapine co-amorphous dispersion with selected carboxylic acids.
AB  - Improvement of water solubility, dissolution rate, oral bioavailability, and
      reduction of first pass metabolism of OL (OL), were the aims of this research. Co
      amorphization of OL carboxylic acid dispersions at various molar ratios was
      carried out using rapid solvent evaporation. Characterization of the dispersions
      was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform
      infrared spectrometry (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM). Dispersions with highest equilibrium solubility were formulated
      as fast dissolving oral films. Modeling and optimization of film formation were
      undertaken using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results indicated co
      amorphization of OL-ascorbic acid through H-bonding. The co-amorphous dispersions
      at 1:2 molar ratio showed more than 600-fold increase in solubility of OL. The
      model optimized fast dissolving film prepared from the dispersion was physically
      and chemically stable, demonstrated short disintegration time (8.5 s), fast
      dissolution (97% in 10 min) and optimum tensile strength (4.9 N/cm2). The results
      of in vivo data indicated high bioavailability (144 ng h/mL) and maximum plasma
      concentration (14.2 ng/mL) compared with the marketed references. Therefore, the
      optimized co-amorphous OL-ascorbic acid fast dissolving film could be a valuable
      solution for enhancing the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of OL.

PMID- 26960681
TI  - Relaxation behavior of shear-induced crystallization precursors in isotactic
      polypropylene containing sorbitol-based nucleating agents with different
      nucleating abilities.
AB  - The nature of shear-induced crystallization precursors, especially their
      relaxation behaviour, is an important issue in polymer chemical physics. In our
      work, relaxation behavior of shear-induced crystallization precursors in
      isotactic polypropylene containing various sorbitol-based nucleating agents (NAs)
      with different nucleating abilities was investigated by using both rheological
      and in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) methods. Rheological
      crystallization kinetics results showed that the amount of shear-induced
      precursors, calculated separately from the total nuclei, decayed exponentially
      with relaxation time in both pure and nucleated iPP. By fitting the decay of
      shear-induced precursors with relaxation time, the relaxation rate of precursors
      in nucleated iPP was found to be slower than that in pure iPP. Interestingly, it
      further decreased with the increase in the nucleating ability of sorbitol-based
      NAs. Meanwhile, the life-time of precursors was prolonged in nucleated iPP with
      increasing nucleating ability. Similar results were also testified by in situ
      SAXS measurements. By investigating the life-times at different temperatures, the
      activation energy for the relaxation of precursors was calculated and found to
      increase with stronger nucleating abilities. Our results demonstrated that
      sorbitol-based NAs could stabilize the iPP precursors and the effect of
      stabilization enhanced with the increase in nucleating ability. We believe that
      our work can not only help better reveal the relaxation behavior of shear-induced
      precursors but also provides a new perspective for understanding the role of NAs
      in real processing. 

PMID- 26960682
TI  - Direct UV Spectrophotometry and HPLC Determination of Triton X-100 in Split Virus
      Influenza Vaccine.
AB  - One of the most commonly used surfactants in the production of split virus
      influenza vaccine is nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. After splitting of the
      virus is accomplished, Triton X-100 is removed from the vaccine by subsequent
      production steps. Because of toxicity of Triton X-100, which remains in the
      vaccine in residual amounts, a sufficiently sensitive method for its detection
      and quantification needs to be defined. Two methods for determination of Triton X
      100 residuals were developed: the UV-spectrophotometry and HPLC methods. For both
      methods, preparation of vaccine samples and removal of proteins and virus
      particles were crucial: samples were treated with methanol (1:1) and then
      centrifuged at 25 000 * g for 30 min. After such treatment, the majority of
      vaccine components that interfered in the UV region were removed, and diluted
      samples could be directly measured. The chromatographic system included C18
      column, step methanol gradient, and detection at 225 nm with a single peak of
      Triton X-100 at 12.6 min. Both methods were validated and gave satisfactory
      results for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and robustness. LOQ was
      slightly lower for the HPLC method. Hence, it was shown that both methods are
      suitable for analysis of residual amounts of Triton X-100, with the advantages of
      the UV method being its simplicity and availability in most laboratories. 

PMID- 26960683
TI  - Effect of the consumption of beta-lactoglobulin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate
      with or without calcium on glucose tolerance in C57BL/6 mice.
AB  - Interactions between beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate
      (EGCG) may modulate their health benefits. The objective of this study was
      therefore to investigate the synergistic effect of consuming beta-lg and EGCG
      complexes on glucose tolerance of C57BL/6 male mice given an oral glucose
      tolerance test (OGTT) and randomized to one of the following treatments
      administered prior to the OGTT: 1) simulated milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF(-)), 2)
      SMUF(-) + EGCG, 3) SMUF(-) + beta-lg, 4) SMUF(-) + EGCG + beta-lg, 5) SMUF +
      calcium (SMUF(+)) and 6) SMUF(+) + EGCG + beta-lg. We found no significant
      between-group difference in postprandial glucose response. However, when mice
      were separated in those who received beta-lg from those who did not, we found
      that the latter displayed significantly higher postprandial glucose
      concentrations. Our results support the beneficial impact of beta-lg on glycemic
      control and suggest that concomitant EGCG or calcium consumption does not improve
      this effect.

PMID- 26960684
TI  - Correction: Continuous inertial microparticle and blood cell separation in
      straight channels with local microstructures.
AB  - Correction for 'Continuous inertial microparticle and blood cell separation in
      straight channels with local microstructures' by Zhenlong Wu et al., Lab Chip,
      2016, 16, 532-542. 

PMID- 26960685
TI  - Therapeutic outcomes for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
      complicated by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are no guidelines regarding the optimal treatment of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients complicated by Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
      (TCM). Although coiling has been favored as the first-line treatment, clipping
      may also be indicated in patients with ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms
      or in those with massive intracerebral hemorrhage. The study objective is (1) to
      report the feasibility/safety of clipping/coiling and (2) to identify possible
      prognosticators in that population. METHODS: Between January 2008 and December
      2014, 371 consecutive patients with aneurysmal SAH underwent transthoracic
      echocardiography after admission, and 30 with TCM (7.7 %) were identified. We
      reviewed the incidence and type of perioperative complications among clipped (n =
      11) and coiled (n = 19) patients. The 30 patients were dichotomized based on
      their 90-day modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores into favorable (mRS: 0-2) and
      unfavorable (mRS: 3-6) groups, and their demographic, laboratory and
      echocardiographic variables were compared. RESULTS: Neither clipped nor coiled
      patients developed serious perioperative cardiopulmonary complications, but
      coiled patients had a higher incidence of fatal procedure-related complications.
      Among the 30 patients, 13 (43 %) had favorable 90-day outcomes, and the favorable
      group was significantly younger. Age, but not the degree of cardiac dysfunction,
      correlated with outcomes by multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS:
      Clipping was shown to be a safe treatment modality in our cohort, and treatment
      selection may better be made on a case-by-case basis in most patients with SAH
      induced TCM. The lack of correlation between the degree of cardiac dysfunction
      and outcomes indicates that aggressive intervention is justified in patients with
      severely impaired cardiac function.

PMID- 26960686
TI  - Healthy ageing in Isan-Thai culture--A phenomenographic study based on older
      persons' lived experiences.
AB  - Healthy ageing is a concept that concerns older persons' quality of life and is a
      key factor in promoting well-being. The older population in Thailand is growing.
      Isan (a region of north-eastern Thailand) has been reported as having one of the
      most rapidly increasing older populations in the country. In order to care for
      and promote the health of older people, healthcare providers should understand
      how healthy ageing is perceived by this target group. Although healthy ageing has
      been studied in different contexts as well as perspectives, no studies have
      previously focused on older persons' experiences of healthy ageing from a
      lifeworld perspective in Isan-Thai. Therefore, the aim of this study is to
      describe older persons' qualitatively different conceptions of healthy ageing in
      Isan-Thai culture. A phenomenographic approach with an epistemological base in
      lifeworld theory was used to disclose the various ways to conceptualize healthy
      ageing. Individual, qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 people aged 60
      and above who live in Isan-Thai. The findings of this study revealed three
      categories of descriptions: "being independent in dependence," "being at peace,"
      and "being a valuable person." This study also found family members, friends,
      healthcare providers, and religion important to healthy ageing in the Isan-Thai
      culture. Understanding how older people conceptualize healthy ageing is valuable
      for healthcare providers. They can apply these findings regarding healthy ageing
      in their fieldwork when caring for older people. 

PMID- 26960687
TI  - Analyzing Proportion Scores as Outcomes for Prevention Trials: a Statistical
      Primer.
AB  - In prevention trials, outcomes of interest frequently include data that are best
      quantified as proportion scores. In some cases, however, proportion scores may
      violate the statistical assumptions underlying common analytic methods. In this
      paper, we provide guidelines for analyzing frequency and proportion data as
      primary outcomes. We describe standard methods including generalized linear
      regression models to compare mean proportion scores and examine tools for testing
      normality and other assumptions for each model. Recommendations are made for
      instances when the assumptions are not met, including transformations for
      proportion scores that are non-normal. We also discuss more sophisticated
      analytical tools to model change in proportion scores over time. The guidelines
      provide ready-to-use analytical strategies for frequency and proportion data that
      are commonly encountered in prevention science.

PMID- 26960688
TI  - miR-522 contributes to cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma by
      targeting DKK1 and SFRP2.
AB  - The morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very high,
      finding new therapeutic targets are critical for HCC treatment. miR-522 has been
      demonstrated to be upregulated in HCC tissues, but its role in HCC progression
      remains to be elucidated. In this report, we found miR-522 was upregulated in HCC
      cells and tissues, miR-522 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, colony
      formation, and cell cycle progression, whereas knockdown of miR-522 reduced these
      effects. We also analyzed the expression of several key cell cycle regulatory
      proteins and found overexpression of miR-522-inhibited cell cycle inhibitors p21
      and p27 expression and enhanced cyclin D1 expression and the level of Rb
      phosphorylation, vice versa. These suggested miR-522-accelerated G1/S transition.
      DKK1 (dickkopf-1) and SFRP2 (secreted frizzled-related protein 2) were the
      targets of miR-522, their expression was inversely with miR-522 in HCC tissues.
      DKK1 and SFRP2 the antagonists of Wnt signaling, suggesting miR-522-promoted HCC
      progression through activating Wnt signaling. miR-522 might be a valuable target
      for HCC therapy. 

PMID- 26960689
TI  - Low level of FOXL1 indicates a worse prognosis for gastric cancer patients.
AB  - The aim of this study was to detect forkhead box L1 (FOXL1) expression in gastric
      cancer (GC) and to analyze its association with the prognosis of GC patients.
      Immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse
      transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect FOXL1 tissue
      expression in 109 GC patients. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival
      data were retrospectively analyzed to discover the clinical importance of FOXL1
      expression. The chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between
      FOXL1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics. Survival curves
      were plotted by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank
      test. Survival data were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox
      regression analyses. The expression of FOXL1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was
      significantly higher in adjacent normal samples than in the tumor tissues (P =
      0.043). Clinicopathological analysis showed that FOXL1 expression was
      significantly correlated with depth of invasion (P = 0.017), lymph node
      metastasis (P = 0.019), and distant metastasis (P = 0.047). FOXL1-negative as
      opposed to the FOXL1-positive patients had lower 5-year overall survival (14.06
      vs. 37.78 %, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis suggested that FOXL1 expression
      might be an independent prognostic indicator (hazard ratio = 0.307, 95 %
      confidence interval, 0.187-0.505; P < 0.001) for GC patients. In conclusion, our
      findings provide evidence that FOXL1 might serve as a candidate tumor suppressor
      and a potential prognostic biomarker for GC. 

PMID- 26960690
TI  - PCA3 long noncoding RNA modulates the expression of key cancer-related genes in
      LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
AB  - Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a prostate-specific long noncoding RNA
      (lncRNA) involved in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival, through
      modulating androgen receptor (AR) signaling. To further comprehend the mechanisms
      by which PCA3 modulates LNCaP cell survival, we characterized the expression
      patterns of several cancer-related genes, including those involved in epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT) and AR cofactors in response to PCA3 silencing. We
      also aimed to develop a strategy to stably silence PCA3. Small interfering RNA
      (siRNA) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down PCA3 in LNCaP cells.
      The expression of 84 cancer-related genes, as well as those coding for AR
      cofactors and EMT markers, was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
      LNCaP-PCA3 silenced cells differentially expressed 16 of the 84 cancer genes
      tested, mainly those involved in gene expression control and cell signaling. PCA3
      knockdown also induced the upregulation of several transcripts coding for AR
      cofactors and modulated the expression of EMT markers. LNCaP cells transduced
      with lentivirus vectors carrying an shRNA sequence targeting PCA3 stably
      downregulated PCA3 expression, causing a significant drop (60 %) in the
      proportion of LNCaP cells expressing the transgene. In conclusion, our data
      provide evidence that PCA3 silencing modulates the expression of key cancer
      related genes, including those coding for AR cofactors and EMT markers.
      Transducing LNCaP cells with an shRNA sequence targeting PCA3 led to loss of
      viability of the cells, supporting the proposal of PCA3 knockdown as a putative
      therapeutic approach to inhibit PCa growth. 

PMID- 26960691
TI  - Oligoesculin fraction induces anti-tumor effects and promotes immune responses on
      B16-F10 mice melanoma.
AB  - Laccase was used to enzymatically polymerize esculin. Oligoesculin fraction was
      obtained after ultrafiltration through a 5-kDa membrane. Several studies have
      been carried out to prove the effectiveness of natural substances such as
      immunomodulators to promote the anti-cancer activity in situ. The purpose of our
      report was to explore whether the anti-tumor potential of the oligoesculin
      fraction in vitro and in vivo is linked to its immunological mechanisms in
      melanoma-bearing mice. We revealed that oligoesculin fraction reduced B16-F10
      proliferation and migration in vitro in a dose-related manner. Moreover, melanin
      synthesis and tyrosinase activity were inhibited in these melanoma cells in a
      concentration-dependent way. The anti-tumor potential of oligoesculin fraction
      was also assessed in vivo. Our results showed that intraperitoneal administration
      of oligoesculin fraction, at 50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for 21 days, reduced
      tumor size and weight with percentages of inhibition of 94 and 87 %,
      respectively. Oligoesculin fraction was effective in promoting lysosomal activity
      and nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal macrophages in tumor-implanted
      mice. In addition, the activities of natural killer (NK), cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes, and macrophages were significantly enhanced by oligoesculin
      fraction. These findings suggested that this polymer with its anti-tumor and
      immunomodulatory properties could be used for the treatment of melanoma. 

PMID- 26960692
TI  - Body composition of the host influences dendritic cell phenotype in patients
      treated for colorectal cancer.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that can acquire tumour
      antigens and initiate cytotoxic T cell reactions. Obesity has been proposed as a
      cause for tumours escaping immune surveillance, but few studies investigate the
      impact of other body composition parameters. We examined the relationship of DC
      phenotype with computer tomography (CT)-defined parameters in patients with
      colorectal cancer (CRC). DCs were identified within peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells by flow cytometry as HLA-DR positive and negative for markers of other cell
      lineages in 21 patients. Analysis of CT scans was used to calculate lumbar
      skeletal muscle index (LSMI) and mean muscle attenuation (MA). Positive
      correlation between the LSMI and expression of CD40 in all DCs (r = 0.45; p =
      0.04) was demonstrated. The MA was positively correlated with scavenger receptor
      CD36 [all DCs (r = 0.60; p = 0.01) and myeloid DCs (r = 0.63; p < 0.01)].
      However, the MA was negatively correlated with CCR7 expression in all DCs (r = 
      0.46, p = 0.03.) and with CD83 [all DCs (r = -0.63; p = 0.01) and myeloid DCs (r
      = -0.75; p < 0.01)]. There were no relationships between the fat indexes and the
      DC phenotype. These results highlight a direct relationship between muscle
      depletion and changes in stimulatory, migratory and fatty acid-processing
      potential of DC in patients with CRC. 

PMID- 26960693
TI  - Naringenin inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as induces
      apoptosis of gastric cancer SGC7901 cell line by downregulation of AKT pathway.
AB  - The preliminary anti-cancer activity of Naringenin (Nar) has been proven in
      several cancers. However, the therapeutic activity of Nar on gastric cancer SGC
      7901 cell line is not yet well understood. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate the effect and mechanisms of Nar on proliferation, apoptosis,
      migration, and invasion of SGC-7901 cells. In this in vitro study, SGC-7901 cells
      were treated with Nar at serial concentrations. Our data showed that Nar
      efficiently inhibited SGC-7901 cell proliferation in a time- and concentration
      dependent manner, as well as downregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen
      (PCNA) levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the cell migration
      and invasion also dramatically decreased after Nar incubation, and the
      expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 were significantly downregulated. In addition, a
      strong proapoptotic effect was observed in the SGC-7901 cells after Nar
      treatment. Apoptosis-related proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were up
      regulated, whereas Bcl-2 and Survivin were downregulated. After administration
      with Nar, we found that phosphorylation of AKT was inhibited, and this inhibitory
      action could be mildly enhanced by the combination treatment of Nar and AKT
      inhibitor LY294002. In conclusion, our study confirmed that Nar could inhibit SGC
      7901cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as induces apoptosis, and
      Nar might provide a new potential therapeutic strategy for treating gastric
      cancer. 

PMID- 26960695
TI  - Intracellular nanoparticles mass quantification by near-edge absorption soft X
      ray nanotomography.
AB  - We used soft X-ray three-dimensional imaging to quantify the mass of
      superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) within whole cells, by
      exploiting the iron oxide differential absorption contrast. Near-edge absorption
      soft X-ray nanotomography (NEASXT) combines whole-cell 3D structure determination
      at 50 nm resolution, with 3D elemental mapping and high throughput. We detected
      three-dimensional distribution of SPIONs within cells with 0.3 g/cm(3)
      sensitivity, sufficient for detecting the density corresponding to a single
      nanoparticle. 

PMID- 26960694
TI  - Genome-wide association between single nucleotide polymorphisms with beef fatty
      acid profile in Nellore cattle using the single step procedure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Saturated fatty acids can be detrimental to human health and have
      received considerable attention in recent years. Several studies using taurine
      breeds showed the existence of genetic variability and thus the possibility of
      genetic improvement of the fatty acid profile in beef. This study identified the
      regions of the genome associated with saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty
      acids, and n-6 to n-3 ratios in the Longissimus thoracis of Nellore finished in
      feedlot, using the single-step method. RESULTS: The results showed that 115
      windows explain more than 1 % of the additive genetic variance for the 22 studied
      fatty acids. Thirty-one genomic regions that explain more than 1 % of the
      additive genetic variance were observed for total saturated fatty acids, C12:0,
      C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0. Nineteen genomic regions, distributed in sixteen
      different chromosomes accounted for more than 1 % of the additive genetic
      variance for the monounsaturated fatty acids, such as the sum of monounsaturated
      fatty acids, C14:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-11, C18:1 cis-9, and C18:1 trans-9. Forty
      genomic regions explained more than 1 % of the additive variance for the
      polyunsaturated fatty acids group, which are related to the total polyunsaturated
      fatty acids, C20:4 n-6, C18:2 cis-9 cis12 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C18:3 n-6, C22:6 n-3
      and C20:3 n-6 cis-8 cis-11 cis-14. Twenty-one genomic regions accounted for more
      than 1 % of the genetic variance for the group of omega-3, omega-6 and the n-6:n
      3 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of such regions and the respective
      candidate genes, such as ELOVL5, ESSRG, PCYT1A and genes of the ABC group (ABC5,
      ABC6 and ABC10), should contribute to form a genetic basis of the fatty acid
      profile of Nellore (Bos indicus) beef, contributing to better selection of the
      traits associated with improving human health.

PMID- 26960696
TI  - Ultrasonic vocalization in rats self-administering heroin and cocaine in
      different settings: evidence of substance-specific interactions between drug and
      setting.
AB  - RATIONALE: Clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that the setting of drug
      use affects drug reward in a substance-specific manner. Heroin and cocaine co
      abusers, for example, indicated distinct settings for the two drugs: heroin being
      used preferentially at home and cocaine preferentially outside the home. Similar
      results were obtained in rats that were given the opportunity to self-administer
      intravenously both heroin and cocaine. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the present study
      was to investigate the possibility that the positive affective state induced by
      cocaine is enhanced when the drug is taken at home relative to a non-home
      environment, and vice versa for heroin. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we
      trained male rats to self-administer both heroin and cocaine on alternate days
      and simultaneously recorded the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), as
      it has been reported that rats emit 50-kHz USVs when exposed to rewarding
      stimuli, suggesting that these USVs reflect positive affective states. RESULTS:
      We found that Non-Resident rats emitted more 50-kHz USVs when they self
      administered cocaine than when self-administered heroin whereas Resident rats
      emitted more 50-kHz USVs when self-administering heroin than when self
      administering cocaine. Differences in USVs in Non-Resident rats were more
      pronounced during the first self-administration (SA) session, when the SA
      chambers were completely novel to them. In contrast, the differences in USVs in
      Resident rats were more pronounced during the last SA sessions. CONCLUSION: These
      findings indicate that the setting of drug taking exerts a substance-specific
      influence on the ability of drugs to induce positive affective states.

PMID- 26960697
TI  - Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder have altered sensitivity to
      allopregnanolone over the menstrual cycle compared to controls-a pilot study.
AB  - RATIONALE: In premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a condition that afflicts 3
      8 % of women in fertile ages, the cyclic recurrence of debilitating mood symptoms
      is restricted to the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone
      metabolite allopregnanolone is produced by the corpus luteum, and circulating
      levels are reflected in the brain. Allopregnanolone is a modulator of the GABAA
      receptor, enhancing the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Previous
      studies have demonstrated different sensitivity to other GABAA receptor agonists,
      i.e., benzodiazepines, alcohol, and pregnanolone, in PMDD patients compared to
      controls. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the sensitivity to
      intravenous allopregnanolone over the menstrual cycle in PMDD patients. METHODS:
      Allopregnanolone, 0.05 mg/kg, was administered intravenously once in the mid
      follicular and once in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle to 10 PMDD
      patients and 10 control subjects. The saccadic eye velocity (SEV) was recorded by
      electrooculography as a measurement of functional GABAA receptor activity, at
      baseline and repeatedly after the injection. A mixed model was used to analyze
      data. RESULTS: There was a highly significant group * phase interaction in the
      SEV response to allopregnanolone (F(1,327.489) = 12.747, p < 0.001). In the PMDD
      group, the SEV response was decreased in the follicular phase compared to the
      luteal phase (F(1,168) = 7.776, p = 0.006), whereas in the control group, the
      difference was opposite during the menstrual cycle (F(1,158.45) = 5.70, p =
      0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of exogenous allopregnanolone is associated with
      menstrual cycle phase in PMDD patients and in controls. The results suggest an
      altered sensitivity to allopregnanolone in PMDD patients.

PMID- 26960699
TI  - Bedside Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Correction of Congenital Diaphragmatic
      Hernia: Is Repair without Compromise?
AB  - Objectives This study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, limitations, and
      outcomes of performing different surgical approaches and techniques for the
      bedside repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in critically ill
      patients who cannot be transferred to the operating room. Study Design Between
      December 1997 and July 2013, medical charts of all neonates operated on at the
      bedside for CDH while on high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and nitric
      oxide were reviewed. Demographic data; contributing antenatal, perinatal, and
      postnatal factors; clinical presentation; associated anomalies; respiratory and
      hemodynamic status; operative details; complications, and outcome were analyzed.
      Results A total of 101 cases of CDH were operated on, of which 11 were in very
      critical condition and operated on at the bedside in the neonatal intensive care
      unit (NICU). The mean gestational age was 38.09 weeks, birth weight, 2.91 kg, and
      age at surgery, 10 days. All were on HFOV and inotropic support and had pulmonary
      hypertension. Nine of them were on nitric oxide. Mean preoperative parameters
      were as follows: O2, 52%; mean airway pressure, 15; pH, 7.40; Po 2, 88.5 mm Hg;
      and Pco 2, 47 mm Hg. Nine patients underwent laparotomy and two underwent
      thoracoscopy. All procedures were completed uneventfully. Conclusions Bedside
      repair of CDH in the NICU while on HFOV is feasible and safe. It is not
      associated with any compromise in the surgical approach or technique.

PMID- 26960698
TI  - Rottlerin impairs the formation and maintenance of psychostimulant-supported
      memory.
AB  - RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Since brain proteins such as protein kinase C (PKC),
      brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and mammalian target of rapamycin
      (mTOR) are involved in the establishment and maintenance of psychostimulant
      memory, we sought to determine if systemic treatment with rottlerin, a natural
      compound affecting all these proteins, may modulate stimulant-supported memory.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stimulant-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was
      used in modeling stimulant-supported memory. RESULTS: Three cocaine (10 mg/kg;
      COC) or three methamphetamine (1 mg/kg; MA) conditioning trials reliably
      established the drug-induced CPP in male C57BL/6 mice. An intra-peritoneal
      rottlerin injection (5 mg/kg) at least 24 h prior to the first COC or first MA
      conditioning trial prevented the establishment of CPP. Following the
      establishment of the COC- or MA-induced CPP, saline conditioning trial was used
      to extinguish the CPP. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal (i.p.)) administered
      20 h prior to the first saline conditioning trial diminished subsequent drug- and
      stressor-primed reinstatement of the extinguished CPP. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p.)
      produced a fast-onset and long-lasting increase in hippocampal BDNF levels.
      However, treatment with a BDNF tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor
      antagonist, K252a (5 MUg/kg), did not affect rottlerin's suppressing effect on
      COC-induced CPP and treatment with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (10 mg/kg x 6, 7,8-DHF),
      a selective TrkB agonist, prior to each conditioning trial did not affect COC
      induced CPP. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that systemic rottlerin treatment
      may impair the formation of COC- and MA-supported memory. Importantly, such a
      treatment may advance our understanding of the underlying mechanism through which
      extinction training resulted in the "forgetting" of the COC- and MA-supported
      memory.

PMID- 26960700
TI  - Clinical Indicators of Late-Onset Sepsis Workup in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants
      in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
AB  - Background Late-onset sepsis (LOS) in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants is
      associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives To determine the
      incidence of LOS workup, association, and predictive value of clinical indicators
      leading to culture-positive versus culture-negative sepsis workup. Methods All
      sepsis workups performed after 7 days of life, in neonates with birth weight of <
      1,500 g were included. Each case (culture-positive workup) was matched with a
      control (culture-negative workup) for gestational age (GA), birth weight,
      corrected gestational age, and chronological age, at the time of workup. The
      clinical indicators leading to the performance of sepsis workup were compared
      between cases and controls. Results The incidence of culture-positive workup was
      87/345 (25.2%) and that of LOS was 84/279 (30.1%). Among various clinical
      indicators, hypothermia and apnea were significantly associated with culture
      positive sepsis workup (p = 0.015 and 0.004, respectively), with a positive
      predictive value of 81.2 and 71.4%, respectively. Conclusion In VLBW infants, one
      fourth of sepsis workups resulted in a positive culture. Apnea and hypothermia
      were the most significant predictors of culture-positive workup after matching
      for GA, birth weight, chronological age, and corrected GA at the time of the
      workup.

PMID- 26960701
TI  - Impact of Gestational Weight Gain on Perinatal Outcomes in Obese Women.
AB  - Objective This study aims to evaluate perinatal outcomes, according to
      gestational weight gain (GWG) in obese women. Study Design A retrospective cohort
      of perinatal outcomes in obese women who gained below, within, or above the 2009
      Institute of Medicine guidelines and delivered >= 36 weeks. Additionally,
      outcomes, according to the rate of GWG (kg/week; minimal [< 0.16], moderate [0.16
      0.49], or excessive [> 0.49]) were compared among women delivering preterm.
      Results Overall, 5,651 obese women delivered >= 36 weeks. GWG above guidelines
      was associated with increased cesarean section (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.44,
      95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-1.72), gestational hypertension (aOR: 1.58,
      95% CI: 1.21-2.06), and macrosomia (birth weight >= 4,000 g) (aOR: 2.08, 95% CI:
      1.62-2.67). GWG below recommendations was associated with less large for
      gestational age infants (aOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.47-0.75). A total of 6,663 women
      delivered >= 20 weeks. Minimal weekly GWG was associated with increased
      spontaneous preterm birth (aOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.23-1.98) and more small for
      gestational age (SGA) infants (aOR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19-2.01). Excessive weekly
      GWG was associated with increased indicated preterm birth (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI:
      1.29-2.01), cesarean section (aOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20-1.61), preeclampsia (aOR:
      1.83, 95% CI: 1.49-2.26), neonatal intensive care unit admission (aOR: 1.33, 95%
      CI: 1.08-1.63), and macrosomia (aOR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.94-2.96). Conclusions Obese
      women with excessive GWG had worse outcomes than women with GWG within
      recommendations. Limited GWG was associated with increased spontaneous preterm
      birth and SGA infants.

PMID- 26960702
TI  - Perinatal Outcomes after Short versus Prolonged Indomethacin for Tocolysis in
      Women with Preterm Labor.
AB  - Objective Indomethacin tocolysis is generally limited to 48 hours. Indomethacin
      has been administered for longer durations to prolong gestation in extreme
      prematurity. Our aim is to compare perinatal outcomes after a prolonged course, >
      48 hours versus <=  48 hours in preterm labor. Methods A retrospective chart
      review of women admitted with preterm labor < 32 weeks gestation who received
      indomethacin for tocolysis. The primary maternal outcome was latency from
      admission until delivery. The primary neonatal outcome was a composite of severe
      neonatal morbidities. Results A total of 73 women were included: 32 (43.8%)
      received indomethacin for > 48 hours (prolonged) and 41 (56.2%) for <= 48 hours
      (standard). Prolonged group started on indomethacin at an earlier gestational age
      compared with standard group (23.9 [23.1-27.3] vs. 25.7 [23.8-28.5] weeks, p =
      0.03). Latency from admission until delivery was longer in the prolonged group
      versus the standard group (1.8 [1.1-3] vs. 0.4 [0.1-0.8] weeks, p < 0.001).
      Prolonged use was not associated with increased risk of the composite neonatal
      outcome; however, there was a trend for more necrotizing enterocolitis.
      Conclusion A prolonged course of indomethacin may be an option for women with
      preterm labor at risk of extreme prematurity; it may also be associated with
      higher risks of some adverse neonatal outcomes.

PMID- 26960703
TI  - Evaluating the Obstetrical Implications of Antenatal Testing for Women with
      Morbid Obesity: Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Increased Surveillance.
AB  - Objectives Despite limited data, antenatal testing has been initiated in many
      institutions for women with morbid obesity given their increased risk of
      stillbirth. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the obstetrical implications
      of antenatal testing in the morbidly obese population. Study Design We performed
      a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing antenatal testing from January
      2011 through December 2012 who delivered at our institution. The exposed group
      was women undergoing antenatal testing with morbid obesity (body mass index [BMI]
      >= 40 kg/m(2)). This group was subdivided into two groups: group 1, which
      included women undergoing testing for morbid obesity alone, and group 2, which
      included women undergoing testing for morbid obesity with an additional medical
      comorbidity. The unexposed group (group 3) comprised nonmorbidly obese women (BMI
      < 35 kg/m(2)) undergoing antenatal testing for similar medical comorbidities. Our
      primary outcomes were induction of labor and gestational age at delivery. Results
      A total of 512 women met inclusion criteria. Group 1 had a lower induction rate
      as compared with groups 2 and 3 (22.2, 32.5, and 37.6%, respectively; p = 0.003).
      Additionally, women delivered at a later gestational age in group 1 (39.3 weeks
      [38.4-40.2]) compared with groups 2 (38.5 weeks [36.1-40.3]) or 3 (37.1 weeks
      [37.0-38.2]), p = 0.04. There were no significant differences in our secondary
      outcomes including rate of cesarean delivery (p = 0.11) or rate of nonreactive
      nonstress test (p = 0.4). Conclusions While it remains unknown whether antenatal
      testing decreases the stillbirth risk in morbidly obese women, this population
      does not appear to be at increased risk of induction of labor or delivery prior
      to 39 weeks secondary to testing. Future studies should evaluate neonatal
      implications and cost-effectiveness of antenatal testing in this group.

PMID- 26960704
TI  - Monitoring Uterine Activity during Labor: Clinician Interpretation of
      Electrohysterography versus Intrauterine Pressure Catheter and Tocodynamometry.
AB  - Objective The aim of this article was to compare clinical interpretation of
      uterine activity tracings acquired by tocodynamometry and electrohysterography
      with the gold standard, intrauterine pressure. Study Design Using data from a
      previous study, subjects who had simultaneous monitoring with all three uterine
      activity devices were included in this study. These were parturients who required
      intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC) placement for obstetric indication. A Web
      based application displayed scrolling 30-minute segments of uterine activity. Two
      blinded obstetricians and two blinded obstetric nurses independently reviewed the
      segments, marking uninterpretable segments and the peak of each contraction.
      Interpretability was compared using positive percent agreement. False positives
      are contractions marked in the noninvasive strip that have no corresponding
      contraction in the IUPC strip. False negatives are the reverse. Results A total
      of 135 segments, acquired during either Stage 1 (active labor) or Stage 2
      (pushing), from 105 women, were included in this analysis. For all four
      observers, both interpretability and sensitivity of electrohysterography exceeded
      that of tocodynamometry (p < 0.0001). This remained true for the obese population
      (96 segments). Conclusion Compared with the IUPC, electrohysterography is more
      sensitive and provides tracings that are more often interpretable than
      tocodynamometry for intrapartum monitoring; electrohysterography is also less
      affected by increasing maternal body mass index.

PMID- 26960705
TI  - Invited Commentary: Hypertension and Arterial Stiffness--Origins Remain a
      Dilemma.
AB  - In this issue of the Journal, Chen et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(7):599-608)
      present repeated measures of aorto-femoral pulse wave velocity, capacitive
      compliance (C1), and oscillatory compliance (C2) in the Bogalusa Heart Study,
      with the purpose of addressing which comes first: blood pressure elevation or
      arterial stiffening. After an average follow-up period of 7 years (2000-2010),
      the authors found that blood pressure at a mean age of 36 years predicted change
      in arterial stiffening by a mean age of 43 years, but not the reverse. Essential
      hypertension results from a mosaic of pathological mechanisms. It has been
      theorized that biological pathways involving increased sympathetic tone, insulin
      resistance, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation, and inflammation lead to
      hyperkinetic circulation, volume overload, and vascular remodeling. The resultant
      accelerated vascular aging may be assessed by determining the degree of arterial
      stiffness. The findings of Chen et al. add important empirical information to the
      literature but do not solve the dilemma regarding the origins of essential
      hypertension, partly because there are many techniques for estimating the many
      aspects of arterial stiffness which are not fully understood. Mathematical
      features of estimates might not be uniform across the age range. There is a need
      for tracking blood pressure and different aspects of arterial stiffness from
      childhood onward, with an aim of preventing hypertension in adult life. 

PMID- 26960707
TI  - In-situ preparation of functionalized molecular sieve material and a methodology
      to remove template.
AB  - A series of diaminosilane-functionalized silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve
      (SAPO-37) was prepared by in-situ synthesis, and a novel method was developed for
      the selective removal of structure directing agent (SDA)/template from the
      functionalized SAPO-37.The complete removal of the SDA was evident according to
      FT-IR, TGA, (13)C MAS-NMR and elemental analysis. The developed method was found
      to be efficient for removal of template from microporous molecular sieve viz.,
      SAPO-37 and can be applied for other microporous molecular sieves such as SAPO-5,
      SAPO-40, etc. The powder XRD pattern of the template-removed samples showed a
      highly crystalline SAPO-37 phase. Argentometric titration revealed that more than
      90% of diamine functionality exposed on the surface was accessible for catalytic
      applications. The resultant materials showed promising activity for ring opening
      of epoxide with aniline to yield beta-amino-alcohol. 

PMID- 26960706
TI  - Temporal Relationship Between Elevated Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffening
      Among Middle-Aged Black and White Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study.
AB  - This study assessed the temporal relationship between elevated blood pressure
      (BP) and arterial stiffness in a biracial (black-white) cohort of middle-aged
      adults aged 32-51 years from the semirural community of Bogalusa, Louisiana.
      Measurements of aortic-femoral pulse wave velocity (afPWV; n = 446) and large-
      and small-arterial compliance (n = 381) were obtained at 2 time points between
      2000 and 2010, with an average follow-up period of 7 years. A cross-lagged path
      analysis model was used to examine the temporal relationship of elevated BP to
      arterial stiffness and elasticity. The cross-lagged path coefficients did not
      differ significantly between blacks and whites. The path coefficient (rho2) from
      baseline BP to follow-up afPWV was significantly greater than the path
      coefficient (rho1) from baseline afPWV to follow-up BP (rho2 = 0.20 vs. rho1 =
      0.07 (P = 0.048) for systolic BP; rho2 = 0.19 vs. rho1 = 0.05 (P = 0.034) for
      diastolic BP). The results for this 1-directional path from baseline BP to follow
      up afPWV were confirmed, although marginally significant, by using large- and
      small-artery elasticity measurements. These findings provide strong evidence that
      elevated BP precedes large-artery stiffening in middle-aged adults. Unlike the
      case in older adults, the large-arterial wall is not stiff enough in youth to
      alter BP levels during young adulthood. 

PMID- 26960709
TI  - Corrigendum: Elucidating the role of disorder and free-carrier recombination
      kinetics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films.

PMID- 26960708
TI  - In vivo visualization and quantification of collecting lymphatic vessel
      contractility using near-infrared imaging.
AB  - Techniques to image lymphatic vessel function in either animal models or in the
      clinic are limited. In particular, imaging methods that can provide robust
      outcome measures for collecting lymphatic vessel function are sorely needed. In
      this study, we aimed to develop a method to visualize and quantify collecting
      lymphatic vessel function in mice, and to establish an in vivo system for
      evaluation of contractile agonists and antagonists using near-infrared
      fluorescence imaging. The flank collecting lymphatic vessel in mice was exposed
      using a surgical technique and a near-infrared tracer was infused into the
      inguinal lymph node. Collecting lymphatic vessel contractility and valve function
      could be easily visualized after the infusion. A diameter tracking method was
      established and the diameter of the vessel was found to closely correlate to near
      infrared fluorescence signal. Phasic contractility measures of frequency and
      amplitude were established using an automated algorithm. The methods were
      validated by tracking the vessel response to topical application of a contractile
      agonist, prostaglandin F2alpha, and by demonstrating the potential of the
      technique for non-invasive evaluation of modifiers of lymphatic function. These
      new methods will enable high-resolution imaging and quantification of collecting
      lymphatic vessel function in animal models and may have future clinical
      applications. 

PMID- 26960710
TI  - Erratum to: Low expression of ULK1 is associated with operable breast cancer
      progression and is an adverse prognostic marker of survival for patients.
AB  - Erratum to: Breast Cancer Res Treat (2012),134:549-560,DOI 10.1007/s10549-012
      2080-y. In the original publication of the article, Fig. 5c was published
      incorrectly. The authors apologize for this error and the correct Fig. 5c is
      given below.

PMID- 26960711
TI  - Increased CD4 and CD8-positive T cell infiltrate signifies good prognosis in a
      subset of triple-negative breast cancer.
AB  - Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) signify immune response to tumour in a
      variety of cancers including breast cancer. However, earlier studies examining
      the clinical significance of TILs in breast cancers have generated mixed results.
      There are only a few that address the relationship between TILs and clinical
      outcomes in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). The aim of this study is to
      evaluate the clinical significance of TILs that express CD4 + and CD8 + , in
      TNBC. Immunohistochemical staining of CD4 and CD8 was performed on tissue
      microarrays of 164 cases of TNBC. TILs were counted separately as intratumoral
      when within the cancer cell nests (iTILs) and as stromal when within cancer
      stroma (sTILs). High CD8 + iTILs and sTILs, and CD4 + iTILs correlated with
      histologic grade. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, a significantly better survival rate
      was observed in high CD8 + iTIL (disease-free survival, DFS: P = 0.004, overall
      survival, OS: P = 0.02) and both high CD4 + iTILs (DFS: P = 0.025, OS: P = 0.023)
      and sTILs (DFS: P = 0.01, OS: P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, CD8 + iTILs
      (DFS: P = 0.0095), CD4 + sTILs (DFS: P = 0.0084; OS: P = 0.0118), and CD4 (high)
      CD8 (high) CD8 iTILs (DFS: P = 0.0121; OS: P = 0.0329) and sTILs (DFS: P =
      0.0295) showed significantly better survival outcomes. These results suggest that
      high levels of both CD8 + iTILs and CD4 + sTILs as well as CD4 (high) CD8 (high)
      iTILs and sTILs are independent prognostic factors in TNBC. 

PMID- 26960712
TI  - Adherence to the breast cancer surveillance program for women at risk for
      familial breast and ovarian cancer versus overscreening: a monocenter study in
      Germany.
AB  - Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cancer among women worldwide and in 5-10 % of
      cases is of hereditary origin, mainly due to BRCA1/2 mutations. Therefore, the
      German Consortium for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) with its 15
      specialized academic centers offers families at high risk for familial/hereditary
      cancer a multimodal breast cancer surveillance program (MBCS) with regular breast
      MRI, mammography, ultrasound, and palpation. So far, we know a lot about the
      psychological effects of genetic testing, but we know little about risk
      correlated adherence to MBCS or prophylactic surgery over time. The aim of this
      study was to investigate counselees' adherence to recommendations for MBCS in
      order to adjust the care supply and define predictors for incompliance. All
      counselees, who attended HBOC consultation at the University Hospital Heidelberg
      between July 01, 2009 and July 01, 2011 were eligible to participate. A
      tripartite questionnaire containing sociodemographic information, psychological
      parameters, behavioral questions, and medical data collection from the German
      consortium were used. A high participation rate was achieved among the study
      population, with 72 % returning the questionnaire. This study showed a rate of 59
      % of full-adherers to the MBCS. Significant predictors for partial or full
      adherence were having children (p = 0.0221), younger daughters (p = 0.01795), a
      higher awareness of the topic HBOC (p = 0.01795, p < 0.0001), a higher perceived
      breast cancer risk (p < 0.0001), and worries (p = 0.0008)/impairment (p = 0.0257)
      by it. Although the current data suggest a good adherence of MBCS, prospective
      studies are needed to understand counselees' needs to further improve
      surveillance programs and adherence to them. Adherence to the breast cancer
      surveillance program for women at risk for familial breast and ovarian cancer
      versus overscreening-a monocenter study in Germany. 

PMID- 26960714
TI  - Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Environmental Health and Sustainability:
      the HEALTHY-POLIS initiative.
AB  - Cities around the world face many environmental health challenges including
      contamination of air, water and soil, traffic congestion and noise, and poor
      housing conditions exacerbated by unsustainable urban development and climate
      change. Integrated assessment of these risks offers opportunities for holistic,
      low carbon solutions in the urban environment that can bring multiple benefits
      for public health. The Healthy-Polis consortium aims to protect and promote urban
      health through multi-disciplinary, policy-relevant research on urban
      environmental health and sustainability. We are doing this by promoting improved
      methods of health risk assessment, facilitating international collaboration,
      contributing to the training of research scientists and students, and engaging
      with key stakeholders in government, local authorities, international
      organisations, industry and academia. A major focus of the consortium is to
      promote and support international research projects coordinated between two or
      more countries. The disciplinary areas represented in the consortium are many and
      varied, including environmental epidemiology, modelling and exposure assessment,
      system dynamics, health impact assessment, multi-criteria decision analysis, and
      other quantitative and qualitative approaches. This Healthy-Polis special issue
      presents a range of case studies and reviews that illustrate the need for a
      systems-based understanding of the urban environment. 

PMID- 26960713
TI  - Synthesis and Larvicidal Activity of Novel Thenoylhydrazide Derivatives.
AB  - A pair of chemical isomeric structures of novel N-tert-butylphenyl
      thenoylhydrazide compounds I and II were designed and synthesized. Their
      structures were characterized by MS, IR, (1)H NMR, elemental analysis and X-ray
      single crystal diffraction. The regioselectivity of the Meerwein arylation
      reaction and the electrophilic substitution reaction of N-tert-butyl hydrazine
      were studied by density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical method. The
      larvicidal tests revealed that some compounds I had excellent larvicidal activity
      against Culex pipiens pallens. As the candidates of insect growth regulators
      (IGRs), the larval growth inhibition and regulation against Culex pipiens pallens
      were examined for some compounds, especially I1 and I7. Compounds I1 and I7 were
      further indicated as an ecdysteroid agonist by reporter gene assay on the
      Spodoptera frugiperda cell line (Sf9 cells). Finally, a molecular docking study
      of compound I7 was conducted, which was not only beneficial to understand the
      structure-activity relationship, but also useful for development of new IGRs for
      the control of mosquitos. 

PMID- 26960715
TI  - Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosis of epithelioid renal angiomyolipoma
      with renal vein and inferior vena cava extension.
AB  - Epithelioid angiomyolipoma is considered to be a rare variant of angiomyolipoma
      and potentially malignant. Reported cases of renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma
      with extension into the renal vein and inferior vena cava are even rarer. Once it
      occurs, it is difficult to differentiate from renal cell carcinoma on imaging. In
      addition, very few of the reported cases presented contrast-enhanced ultrasound
      images. Here, we report a case of a renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma extending
      into the renal vein and inferior vena cava along with its contrast-enhanced
      ultrasonic information. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound provided valuable
      information for diagnosis in this case. 

PMID- 26960716
TI  - Gene Mutation in Neonatal Jaundice - Mutations in UGT1A1 and OATP2 Genes.
AB  - This study evaluated the correlation of UGT1A1, OATP2 gene mutations and
      hyperbilirubinemia in newborns in Northern China. Gene mutations were analyzed at
      the 211 locus of UGT1A1 (Gly71Arg) and 388 locus of OATP2 (Asn130Asp). The 226
      enrolled infants were divided into high, moderate, and low risk subgroups
      according to American Academy of Pediatrics guideline. Blood samples of the
      enrolled infants were collected for the analysis of the PCR-restriction fragment
      length polymorphism. The genotypes and allele frequencies of the polymorphisms
      were compared in each group. Both UGT1A1 and OATP2 gene mutations occur more
      often in high risk group and moderate risk group than in low risk group. The
      results suggested that Gly71Arg and Asn130Asp mutations in UGT1A1 and OATP2 genes
      might be involved in the development of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. 

PMID- 26960717
TI  - Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor: A New Biomarker in the
      Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator
      receptor (suPAR) in diagnosing sepsis and predicting mortality in critically ill
      children. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 69 critically ill children
      admitted into the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were randomly enrolled in
      addition to 15 healthy children as a control group. Clinical examination was
      performed, including calculation of the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) and
      Pediatric Index of Mortality2 (PIM2). suPAR was measured in patients at admission
      as well as in the controls. Patients were followed up for 30 d. RESULTS: suPAR
      level was significantly higher among the total patient cohort compared to
      controls (p < 0.0001). suPAR was also significantly higher among patients with
      sepsis compared to both controls (p < 0.0001) and patients without sepsis (p <
      0.0001). Furthermore, suPAR level was significantly elevated in non-survivors
      compared to survivors (p 0.008). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC
      curve) analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 for suPAR for
      diagnosis of sepsis while C-reactive protein (CRP) had an AUC of 0.82. Regarding
      the prognosis, suPAR had an AUC of 0.69 for prediction of mortality, whereas the
      AUC for PRISM, PIM2, and CRP were 0.82, 0.81, and 0.77 respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      suPAR has both a diagnostic and a prognostic value for critically ill children.
      However, it does not seem to be superior to the classic laboratory markers and
      clinical scoring systems.

PMID- 26960719
TI  - Comment on: Mortality due to blaKPC Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia.

PMID- 26960720
TI  - Mortality due to blaKPC Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia-authors' response.

PMID- 26960718
TI  - Reduction Impairs the Antibacterial Activity but Benefits the LPS Neutralization
      Ability of Human Enteric Defensin 5.
AB  - Oxidized human defensin 5 (HD5OX), a Paneth cell-secreted antibacterial peptide
      with three characteristic disulfide bonds, protects the host from invasion by
      morbigenous microbes in the small intestine. HD5OX can be reduced by thioredoxin
      (Trx) in vitro, while the biochemical properties of the reduced linear peptide,
      HD5RED, remain unclear. Here, we first confirm that HD5RED does exist in vivo.
      Furthermore, we reveal that the recruitment of HD5RED to the outer membrane of
      Gram-negative bacteria and to the anionic lipid A is lower than that of HD5OX,
      and HD5RED is less efficient in penetrating bacterial outer and inner membranes
      and inducing membrane depolarization, which confers an attenuated antibacterial
      activity to HD5RED. However, due to its higher structural flexibility, the
      binding of HD5RED to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is markedly stronger than
      that of HD5OX. Consequently, HD5RED is more effective in suppressing the
      production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated
      macrophages by blocking the interaction between LPS and LPS-binding protein, thus
      suggesting that HD5RED might act as a scavenger to neutralize LPS in the gut.
      This study provides insights into the antibacterial and immunoregulatory effects
      of HD5RED and expands the known repertoire of the enteric defensins. 

PMID- 26960721
TI  - Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of a posaconazole tablet formulation in
      patients at risk for invasive fungal disease.

PMID- 26960722
TI  - Anastomosing hemangiomas: locations of occurrence, imaging features, and
      diagnosis with percutaneous biopsy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe a series of anastomosing hemangiomas and report its
      locations, imaging features, and the use of image-guided percutaneous biopsy to
      establish the diagnosis. METHODS: In this institutional review board-approved,
      HIPAA compliant, retrospective study, an electronic pathology database was
      searched for all cases of anastomosing hemangioma from January 2009 to January
      2015, yielding 32 cases (18 men, mean age 62 years). Tumor locations were
      recorded, and in a subgroup of patients with imaging, image characteristics
      (contour, attenuation, enhancement after intravenous contrast injection, the
      presence of hemorrhage or fat attenuation, and non-enhancing component) were
      evaluated. The number of cases diagnosed using percutaneous biopsy specimen was
      determined, and in a subgroup of these patients, biopsy technique and
      complications were assessed. RESULTS: Anastomosing hemangioma occurred in
      different locations, more commonly in the retroperitoneum (15/32, 47%), including
      the kidney (7/32, 22%), and more rarely in the ovary (4/32, 13%) and liver (2/32,
      6%). Of the 5 cases with imaging available, four anastomosing hemangiomas were in
      the retroperitoneum (one in retroperitoneal fat, one para-aortic, one renal and
      one adrenal) and the fifth was mesenteric. Most tumors were well circumscribed
      (4/5, 80%), and on non-contrast CT, they appeared as mildly hyperdense (4/5, 80%)
      with avid contrast enhancement and heterogeneous attenuation (4/5, 80%) due to
      the presence of fat (2/5, 40%) or non-enhancing components (2/5, 40%). Diagnosis
      was rendered solely based on percutaneous biopsy in 7/32 (22%), all of which were
      core biopsy specimens. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 1 case,
      which was non-diagnostic. CONCLUSIONS: Anastomosing hemangioma, a rare benign
      vascular tumor, is most commonly seen in the retroperitoneal fat and kidneys. On
      imaging, they are usually circumscribed, hyperdense, and heterogeneous due to
      fatty or non-enhancing hypodense areas and show avid post-contrast enhancement.
      Percutaneous biopsy can yield the diagnosis, potentially avoiding surgery.

PMID- 26960723
TI  - The role of the radiologist in new payment systems.
AB  - Many economists and policy makers believe that United States healthcare costs are
      rising at an unsustainable rate. In response, newer payment systems such as
      bundled payments, accountable care organizations, and population health
      management have been proposed. These new paradigms all aim to encourage
      collaboration between health care providers to conserve costs and increase
      quality. To succeed in this evolving environment, radiologists should consider
      embracing change by working to standardize radiology practice, participating in
      radiology utilization management, working with vendors to increase storage of
      radiology imaging data to improve access and interconnectivity, and exploring
      targeted screening in high risk populations. 

PMID- 26960724
TI  - The actionable imaging report.
AB  - The goal of a diagnostic imaging examination is to provide the referring provider
      with an actionable imaging report that can be used to impart information to
      determine optimal clinical management for the patient. An actionable imaging
      report not only conveys the findings of the examination accurately, but does so
      in a timely and safe manner for an imaging examination that was performed
      appropriately and using the correct technique. The use of information technology
      tools has been paramount in improving the value of the imaging report and
      continues to play a prominent role in this process. The diversity of abdominal
      imaging, in both the variety of imaging modalities available and the organ
      systems evaluated, makes it well-suited to adopt these information technology
      solutions to improve report quality, including increased consistency in reports
      and in follow-up recommendations. This review discusses the components of the
      imaging chain involved in optimizing the imaging report with specific emphasis on
      the role of information technology applications to address the challenges that
      are frequently encountered. Specific abdominal imaging examples are presented to
      provide practical guidance and clinical context. 

PMID- 26960725
TI  - A case of polypoid endometriosis with malignant transformation.
AB  - Polypoid endometriosis is a benign, rare variant of endometriosis which forms
      multiple polypoid nodules in the female pelvis mimicking malignant tumors;
      however, it may rarely cause malignant transformation. We report magnetic
      resonance imaging findings of a case of polypoid endometriosis with malignant
      transformation. Multiple high-signal intensity polypoid nodules in the cul-de-sac
      surrounded by low-signal intensity rim-like fibrous adhesion protruding to the
      posterior wall of the uterine body were demonstrated on T2-weighted images. The
      polypoid nodules showed weak contrast enhancement compared with that of uterine
      myometrium on post-contrast T1-weighted images, and slight high signal intensity
      on diffusion-weighted images with relatively high mean apparent diffusion
      coefficient. Reported cases of polypoid endometriosis showed intense contrast
      enhancement similar to that of uterine myometrium, and weak contrast enhancement
      similar to that of endometrial carcinoma may be suggestive for malignant
      transformation of polypoid endometriosis.

PMID- 26960726
TI  - Quantitative volumetric functional MR imaging: an imaging biomarker of early
      treatment response in hypo-vascular liver metastasis patients after yttrium-90
      transarterial radioembolization.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of quantitative volumetric functional MR imaging
      in early assessment of response to yttrium-90-labeled ((90)Y) transarterial
      radioembolization (TARE) in patients with hypo-vascular liver metastases.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy four metastatic lesions in 14 patients with hypo
      vascular liver metastases after TARE were included in this retrospective study.
      Diffusion and contrast-enhanced MR imaging was performed before and early after
      treatment. All MR images were analyzed by two experienced radiologists. Response
      by anatomic metrics (RECIST, mRECIST, EASL) and functional metrics (ADC and
      arterial and venous enhancement) were reported in targeted and non-targeted
      lesions. A two-sample paired t test was used to compare the changes after TARE. A
      p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The anatomic
      metrics did not show any significant changes in both targeted and non-targeted
      groups. Targeted lesions demonstrated an increase in mean volumetric ADC (23.4%;
      p = 0.01), a decrease in arterial and venous enhancement (-22.9% and -6.7%,
      respectively; p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively) 1 month after treatment.
      Twenty one responding lesions (42%) by RECIST at 6 months demonstrated a
      significant increase in volumetric ADC (37.2%; p = 0.01), decrease in arterial
      and venous enhancement (-58.5% and -23.9%, respectively; p < 0.001) at 1 month
      post-treatment. Responding lesions did not change significantly by anatomic
      metrics. CONCLUSIONS: RECIST, mRECIST, and EASL criteria failed to stratify
      lesions into responders and non-responders early after TARE in hypo-vascular
      liver metastasis. Quantitative volumetric functional MR imaging could be a
      promising tool as a biomarker for predicting early response and can potentially
      be utilized in clinical trials.

PMID- 26960727
TI  - Comparison of gadoxetic acid to gadobenate dimeglumine for assessment of biliary
      anatomy of potential liver donors.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare MRI using gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) vs. gadoxetic
      acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) for the assessment of biliary anatomy of potential
      liver donors. METHODS: 76 potential liver donors (39 M/37 F, mean 38 years) who
      underwent 1.5T MRI using Gd-BOPTA (n = 37) or Gd-EOB-DTPA (n = 39) were
      retrospectively evaluated. T2 cholangiogram (T2 MRC) and delayed hepatobiliary
      phase (HBP) T1 cholangiogram (T1 MRC) (performed during HBP 20 min after
      injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA and 1-2 h after Gd-BOPTA injection) were obtained in
      addition to MR angiogram/venogram. Two independent observers evaluated image
      quality (IQ) and conspicuity scores (CS) of the biliary system. Biliary anatomy
      was assessed in 3 reading sessions (T2 MRC, T1 MRC, and combined T2/T1 MRC).
      Reference standard consisted of consensus reading of two separate observers of
      all image sets, clinical/surgical information and intraoperative cholangiogram
      when available. Datasets were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test or Chi
      squared test. RESULTS: There was no difference in IQ for T1 MRC using either
      contrast agent or T2 MRC vs. T1 MRC for both observers (all p values >0.07).
      There was superior CS for T2 MRC vs. Gd-BOPTA T1 MRC for both observers and T2
      MRC vs. Gd-EOB for one observer (p < 0.001). No difference was found for biliary
      variant detection for T1 MRC (with either contrast agent) vs. T2 MRC. Combined
      T2/T1 MRC demonstrated improved sensitivity for biliary variant detection using
      Gd-BOPTA for both observers (p < 0.004) and Gd-EOB-DTPA for one observer (p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Equivalent image quality was found for T1 MRC obtained with
      Gd-BOPTA or Gd-EOB-DTPA and T2 MRC. T1 MRC is equivalent to T2 MRC for detection
      of variant biliary anatomy, and the combination of sequences may have added
      value.

PMID- 26960728
TI  - Percutaneous cryoablation of hepatic tumors: long-term experience of a large U.S.
      series.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report our long-term experience with percutaneous cryotherapy for
      primary and metastatic liver tumors, including historical perspectives on
      complications over time and local recurrence rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Following IRB approval under HIPAA compliance, 342 CT fluoroscopic-guided,
      percutaneous cryotherapy procedures were performed for 443 masses in 212
      outpatients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; N = 36), or metastatic disease (N
      = 176), grouped as colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and non-CRC metastases. Tumor and
      ablation sizes were noted in relation to adjacent vasculature. All complications
      were graded according to standardized criteria. Patients were followed by CT
      and/or MRI at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 months and yearly thereafter. Local recurrences
      were defined as either "procedural" within the ice ablation zone, or "satellite"
      within 1 cm of the ablation rim to evaluate recurrence patterns. RESULTS: Average
      tumor diameter of 2.8 cm was treated by average cryoprobe number of 4.5, which
      produced CT-visible ice ablation zone diameters averaging 5.2 cm. Grade >3
      complications were primarily hematologic [N = 20/342; (5.8%)], and appeared
      related to pre-procedural anemia/thrombocytopenia, carcinoid tumor type, and
      large ablation volumes. No significant central biliary leak, strictures, or
      bilomas were noted. At a mean follow-up of 1.8 years, local tumor recurrences
      were 5.5%, 11.1%, and 9.4% for HCC, CRC, and non-CRC metastases, respectively,
      consisting mainly of satellite foci. No significant difference was noted for
      local recurrences near major blood vessels or tumors >3 cm diameter. CONCLUSIONS:
      Percutaneous hepatic cryotherapy is a well-visualized, safe procedure that
      produces very low local recurrence rates, even for tumors near vasculature and
      diameters over 3 cm. Cryoablation deserves to be in the armamentarium of
      percutaneous hepatic ablation, especially with careful patient selection for
      tumors <4 cm and patients with platelet counts >100,000. Percutaneous hepatic
      cryoablation represents a highly flexible technique with particular benefits near
      central biliary structures and/or adjacent crucial structures.

PMID- 26960729
TI  - Comparison of Doppler ultrasound and transient elastography in the diagnosis of
      significant fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis is an important prognostic determinant in patients
      with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatic artery resistivity index (HARI)
      is a doppler ultrasonography (US) parameter that is used to follow up
      microcirculatory resistance in fatty liver. We aimed to asses whether it is
      possible to demonstrate significant fibrosis by means of doppler US in comparison
      with transient elastography (TE) and liver biopsy in NASH patients. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 63 (mean age 47.1 +/- 8.4 years, 39 male, 24 female) biopsy
      proven NASH patients were enrolled in this prospective study. The study
      population was classified into two groups: significant and no-significant
      fibrosis patients. Doppler US and TE were performed in two groups. RESULTS: HARI
      and TE values were significantly higher in significant fibrosis group (0.81 +/-
      0.05 vs. 0.63 +/- 0.14, p < 0.0005; 15.9 +/- 4.8 vs. 6.2 +/- 2.6 kilopascals, p <
      0.0005; respectively). Based on the ROC curve, the optimal cut-off value of HARI
      for a significant fibrosis was >0.75, which yielded a sensitivity of 78% and a
      specificity of 75%, with the area under the curve at 0.90. The optimal cut-off
      value of TE for a significant fibrosis was >9.8 kilopascals, which yielded a
      sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 91%, with the area under the curve at
      0.95. HARI values were moderately correlated with TE values (r = 0.53, p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Doppler US has moderate % sensitivity and % specificity,
      which is lower compared with TE for the diagnosis significant fibrosis. However,
      it may be used as an alternative method for the assessment of fibrosis in
      patients with NASH who are not good candidates for TE evaluation.

PMID- 26960730
TI  - Growth of high quality and uniformity AlGaN/GaN heterostructures on Si substrates
      using a single AlGaN layer with low Al composition.
AB  - By employing a single AlGaN layer with low Al composition, high quality and
      uniformity AlGaN/GaN heterostructures have been successfully grown on Si
      substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The
      heterostructures exhibit a high electron mobility of 2150 cm(2)/Vs with an
      electron density of 9.3 * 10(12) cm(-2). The sheet resistance is 313 +/- 4
      Omega/? with +/-1.3% variation. The high uniformity is attributed to the reduced
      wafer bow resulting from the balance of the compressive stress induced and
      consumed during the growth, and the thermal tensile stress induced during the
      cooling down process. By a combination of theoretical calculations and in situ
      wafer curvature measurements, we find that the compressive stress consumed by the
      dislocation relaxation (~1.2 GPa) is comparable to the value of the thermal
      tensile stress (~1.4 GPa) and we should pay more attention to it during growth of
      GaN on Si substrates. Our results demonstrate a promising approach to simplifying
      the growth processes of GaN-on-Si to reduce the wafer bow and lower the cost
      while maintaining high material quality. 

PMID- 26960731
TI  - OsDMC1 Is Not Required for Homologous Pairing in Rice Meiosis.
AB  - Meiotic homologous recombination is pivotal to sexual reproduction. DMC1, a
      conserved recombinase, is involved in directing single-end invasion between
      interhomologs during meiotic recombination. In this study, we identified OsDMC1A
      and OsDMC1B, two closely related proteins in rice (Oryza sativa) with high
      sequence similarity to DMC1 proteins from other species. Analysis of Osdmc1a and
      Osdmc1b Tos17 insertion mutants indicated that these genes are functionally
      redundant. Immunolocalization analysis revealed OsDMC1 foci occurred at
      leptotene, which disappeared from late pachytene chromosomes in wild-type
      meiocytes. According to cytological analyses, homologous pairing is accomplished
      in the Osdmc1a Osdmc1b double mutant, but synapsis is seriously disrupted. The
      reduced number of bivalents and abnormal OsHEI10 foci in Osdmc1a Osdmc1b
      establishes an essential role for OsDMC1 in crossover formation. In the absence
      of OsDMC1, early recombination events probably occur normally, leading to normal
      localization of gammaH2AX, PAIR3, OsMRE11, OsCOM1, and OsRAD51C. Moreover, OsDMC1
      was not detected in pairing-defective mutants, such as pair2, pair3, Oscom1, and
      Osrad51c, while it was loaded onto meiotic chromosomes in zep1, Osmer3, Oszip4,
      and Oshei10 Taken together, these results suggest that during meiosis, OsDMC1 is
      dispensable for homologous pairing in rice, which is quite different from the
      DMC1 homologs identified so far in other organisms.

PMID- 26960732
TI  - Gatekeeper Tyrosine Phosphorylation of SYMRK Is Essential for Synchronizing the
      Epidermal and Cortical Responses in Root Nodule Symbiosis.
AB  - Symbiosis receptor kinase (SYMRK) is indispensable for activation of root nodule
      symbiosis (RNS) at both epidermal and cortical levels and is functionally
      conserved in legumes. Previously, we reported SYMRK to be phosphorylated on
      "gatekeeper" Tyr both in vitro as well as in planta. Since gatekeeper
      phosphorylation was not necessary for activity, the significance remained
      elusive. Herein, we show that substituting gatekeeper with nonphosphorylatable
      residues like Phe or Ala significantly affected autophosphorylation on selected
      targets on activation segment/alphaEF and beta3-alphaC loop of SYMRK. In
      addition, the same gatekeeper mutants failed to restore proper symbiotic features
      in a symrk null mutant where rhizobial invasion of the epidermis and nodule
      organogenesis was unaffected but rhizobia remain restricted to the epidermis in
      infection threads migrating parallel to the longitudinal axis of the root,
      resulting in extensive infection patches at the nodule apex. Thus, gatekeeper
      phosphorylation is critical for synchronizing epidermal/cortical responses in
      RNS.

PMID- 26960734
TI  - Portal thrombosis and liver necrosis: Exceptional complication of acute
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 26960736
TI  - Lipoxygenase inhibitors from the latex of Calotropis Procera.
AB  - A radical-scavenging, guided phytochemical study of the latex of Calotropis
      Procera afforded five lignans (1-5), including a new one (4). The structural
      determination was accomplished using 1D- and 2D-NMR, high-resolution electrospray
      ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), and correlation with known compounds.
      Among the isolated compounds, acylated lignans (3-5) showed stronger antioxidant
      activity than non-acylated derivatives (1,2). Anti-inflammatory activity was
      evaluated by determining the inhibitory potential against 5- and 15-lipoxygenase
      enzymes. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was observed in compound 4, with
      IC50s values of 7.6 uM and 2.7 uM against 5-LOX and 15-LOX, respectively.

PMID- 26960733
TI  - Constructing 3D interaction maps from 1D epigenomes.
AB  - The human genome is tightly packaged into chromatin whose functional output
      depends on both one-dimensional (1D) local chromatin states and three-dimensional
      (3D) genome organization. Currently, chromatin modifications and 3D genome
      organization are measured by distinct assays. An emerging question is whether it
      is possible to deduce 3D interactions by integrative analysis of 1D epigenomic
      data and associate 3D contacts to functionality of the interacting loci. Here we
      present EpiTensor, an algorithm to identify 3D spatial associations within
      topologically associating domains (TADs) from 1D maps of histone modifications,
      chromatin accessibility and RNA-seq. We demonstrate that active promoter
      promoter, promoter-enhancer and enhancer-enhancer associations identified by
      EpiTensor are highly concordant with those detected by Hi-C, ChIA-PET and eQTL
      analyses at 200 bp resolution. Moreover, EpiTensor has identified a set of
      interaction hotspots, characterized by higher chromatin and transcriptional
      activity as well as enriched TF and ncRNA binding across diverse cell types,
      which may be critical for stabilizing the local 3D interactions. 

PMID- 26960735
TI  - BRAF mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: has finally Janus opened the door?
AB  - B-Raf mutations occur in about 1-2% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). These
      mutations generate a permanent activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase
      (MAPK) pathway, which promotes tumor growth and proliferation. In the present
      review, we discuss B-Raf mutation epidemiology, diagnostic methods to detect B
      Raf mutations, the role of B-Raf as a driver mutation and a potential therapeutic
      target in NSCLC. The results of clinical trials involving B-Raf or MAPK pathway
      inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC are also discussed. Clinical trials
      evaluating B-Raf inhibitors in BRAF mutated NSCLC patients have shown promising
      results, and larger prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings.
      Enrollment of these patients in clinical trials is an interesting strategy to
      offer a potentially more effective and less toxic targeted therapy. 

PMID- 26960737
TI  - Effects of candesartan cilexetil and amlodipine orotate on receptor for advanced
      glycation end products expression in the aortic wall of Otsuka Long-Evans
      Tokushima Fatty (OETFF) type 2 diabetic rats.
AB  - The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays a key role in the
      development of vascular inflammation and acceleration of atherosclerosis in type
      2 diabetes. We investigated the effect of candesartan cilexetil (CDRT) and
      amlodipine orotate (AMDP) on the expression of RAGE in the aortic walls of Otsuka
      Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats and AGE-treated endothelial cells. Twenty
      five-week-old OLETF rats were randomized to 8 week treatments consisting of CDRT
      (n = 8), AMDP (n = 8) or saline (control, n = 8). Immunohistochemical and
      dihydroethidine staining revealed reduced RAGE and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      signals in rats treated with CDRT or AMDP compared with control rats. Both CDRT
      and AMDP suppressed the expression of p22phox and p47phox NADPH oxidase subunits.
      However, only CDRT significantly reduced expression of phosphorylated
      extracellular signal regulated kinase (pERK)1/2 in the aortic wall of OLETF rats.
      In addition, both drugs reduced RAGE expression and total and mitochondrial ROS
      production in the AGE-treated endothelial cells. Both ARBs and CCBs reduced RAGE
      expression in the aortic walls of OLETF rats, which was attributed to decreased
      ROS production through inhibition of NADPH oxidase. In addition, only CDRT
      reduced aortic expression of RAGE via suppression of the ERK1/2 pathway unlike
      AMDP. 

PMID- 26960738
TI  - Early coagulopathy and metabolic acidosis predict transfusion of packed red blood
      cells in pediatric trauma patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severely injured pediatric trauma patients often present to hospital
      with early coagulopathy and metabolic acidosis. These derangements are associated
      with poor outcomes, but it is unclear to what degree they predict transfusion of
      packed red blood cells (pRBC). METHODS: We retrospectively identified pediatric
      trauma patients from a level 1 trauma center from 2006 to 2013. Inclusion
      criteria were age less than 18years, Injury Severity Score greater than 12, and
      pRBC transfusion within 24h of admission. RESULTS: We identified 96 pediatric
      trauma patients who underwent pRBC transfusion within 24h of presentation to
      hospital. On admission, 43% of these patients had one or more signs of
      coagulopathy, and 81% had metabolic acidosis. Size of pRBC transfusion in the
      first 24h ranged from 3 to 177mL/kg (mean 29mL/kg), and nineteen patients (20%)
      underwent massive transfusion (>40ml/kg in 24h). Univariate analysis indicated
      that size of pRBC transfusion was associated with initial base excess (r=0.46),
      international normalized ratio (r=0.35), partial thromboplastin time (r=0.41),
      fibrinogen (r=0.46), and BIG score (Base deficit, INR, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS),
      r=0.36). Platelet count, age, GCS, and direct versus referred presentation were
      not predictive. Multivariable linear regression confirmed that coagulopathy and
      metabolic acidosis remained predictive after adjusting for direct versus referred
      presentation (R(2)=0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Early coagulopathy and metabolic acidosis
      predict size of pRBC transfusion among pediatric trauma patients. Further
      research is needed to develop massive transfusion protocols and guidelines for
      activation.

PMID- 26960741
TI  - Aerobic and resistance exercise improve walking speed and endurance in people
      with multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26960740
TI  - Bimanual coordination and the intermittency of visual information in isometric
      force tracking.
AB  - The effect of the intermittency of visual information in the bimanual
      coordination of an isometric force coordination task was investigated as a
      function of criterion force level. Eight levels of visual information
      intermittency (.2-25.6 Hz) were used in blocked fashion at each force level.
      Participants were required to produce a constant force output matching as
      accurately as possible the criterion force target. The results showed that
      performance improved as the intermittency of visual information was reduced-this
      effect being a function of force level. The distribution of the relative phase
      through the trial revealed a preference for the two hands to be coupled together
      (in-phase) at the slower rates of visual presentation (~.2 Hz). However, as the
      rate of visual feedback was increased (up to ~25.6 Hz), there was a transition to
      predominantly a negative correlation pattern (anti-phase). The pattern of
      bimanual coordination in this isometric tracking task is driven by the
      availability of information for error correction and the interactive influence of
      perceptual-motor constraints.

PMID- 26960739
TI  - Lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) activity is greatest while viewing dance
      compared to visualization and movement: learning and expertise effects.
AB  - The lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) is comprised of subregions selectively
      activated by images of human bodies (extrastriate body area, EBA), objects
      (lateral occipital complex, LO), and motion (MT+). However, their role in motor
      imagery and movement processing is unclear, as are the influences of learning and
      expertise on its recruitment. The purpose of our study was to examine putative
      changes in LOTC activation during action processing following motor learning of
      novel choreography in professional ballet dancers. Subjects were scanned with
      functional magnetic resonance imaging up to four times over 34 weeks and
      performed four tasks: viewing and visualizing a newly learned ballet dance,
      visualizing a dance that was not being learned, and movement of the foot. EBA,
      LO, and MT+ were activated most while viewing dance compared to visualization and
      movement. Significant increases in activation were observed over time in left LO
      only during visualization of the unlearned dance, and all subregions were
      activated bilaterally during the viewing task after 34 weeks of performance,
      suggesting learning-induced plasticity. Finally, we provide novel evidence for
      modulation of EBA with dance experience during the motor task, with significant
      activation elicited in a comparison group of novice dancers only. These results
      provide a composite of LOTC activation during action processing of newly learned
      ballet choreography and movement of the foot. The role of these areas is
      confirmed as primarily subserving observation of complex sequences of whole-body
      movement, with new evidence for modification by experience and over the course of
      real world ballet learning.

PMID- 26960742
TI  - A randomised trial of an intensive physiotherapy program for patients in
      intensive care [synopsis].

PMID- 26960743
TI  - The Formation of Crystal Defects in a Fe-Mn-Si Alloy Under Cyclic Martensitic
      Transformations.
AB  - Formation of crystalline defects due to cyclic martensitic transformations (CMT)
      in the iron-manganese Fe-18 wt.% Mn-2 wt.% Si alloy was investigated using X-ray
      diffractometry. Conditions for accumulation of fragment sub-boundaries with low
      angle misorientations and chaotic stacking faults in crystal lattice of austenite
      and epsilon-martensite were analyzed. 

PMID- 26960744
TI  - Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc ions and eugenol during
      setting of ZOE in immortalized human oral keratinocytes grown as three
      dimensional spheroids.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to assess the cytotoxic and anti
      inflammatory effects of ZOE cement during setting in two-dimensional (2D) or
      three-dimensional (3D) cultures of immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs)
      with determining the extract components responsible for these effects. METHODS:
      Extracts of mixed ZOE at different stages of setting were analyzed by a digital
      pH meter, ICP-MS, and GC-MS. Serial concentrations of extract and their mixture
      of ZnCl2, ZnSO4.H2O, and eugenol liquid were added to the 2D and 3D IHOK cultures
      to determine the half maximal effective concentration in investigating the cause
      of cytotoxicity by means of WST assay and to investigate mRNA expression levels
      of inflammatory cytokines by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Zn(2+) and eugenol (4-19 ppm) were
      detected in the extracts. In the early setting stage, significant cytotoxicity
      was observed in the 2D and 3D IHOK cultures (P<0.05). The EC50 of Zn(2+) from
      ZnCl2 was 5-44 ppm in both cultures, whereas the EC50 of eugenol was not
      detectable under 100 ppm. Along with the lower levels of inflammatory cytokine
      gene expressions in the extract, treatment of the 2D IHOKs with Zn(2+) alone and
      treatment of the 3D IHOKs with Zn(2+) plus eugenol resulted in significantly
      lower expression levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 (P<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The
      cytotoxic effect of ZOE on IHOKs was greater during the setting stage owing to
      the presence of Zn(2+). The anti-inflammatory response to ZOE was induced by a
      combination of Zn(2+) and eugenol. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects
      differed between the 2D and 3D IHOK cultures.

PMID- 26960745
TI  - Finding the Patient's Voice Using Big Data: Analysis of Users' Health-Related
      Concerns in the ChaCha Question-and-Answer Service (2009-2012).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The development of effective health care and public health
      interventions requires a comprehensive understanding of the perceptions,
      concerns, and stated needs of health care consumers and the public at large. Big
      datasets from social media and question-and-answer services provide insight into
      the public's health concerns and priorities without the financial, temporal, and
      spatial encumbrances of more traditional community-engagement methods and may
      prove a useful starting point for public-engagement health research
      (infodemiology). OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to describe user
      characteristics and health-related queries of the ChaCha question-and-answer
      platform, and discuss how these data may be used to better understand the
      perceptions, concerns, and stated needs of health care consumers and the public
      at large. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective automated textual analysis of
      anonymous user-generated queries submitted to ChaCha between January 2009 and
      November 2012. A total of 2.004 billion queries were read, of which 3.50%
      (70,083,796/2,004,243,249) were missing 1 or more data fields, leaving 1.934
      billion complete lines of data for these analyses. RESULTS: Males and females
      submitted roughly equal numbers of health queries, but content differed by sex.
      Questions from females predominantly focused on pregnancy, menstruation, and
      vaginal health. Questions from males predominantly focused on body image, drug
      use, and sexuality. Adolescents aged 12-19 years submitted more queries than any
      other age group. Their queries were largely centered on sexual and reproductive
      health, and pregnancy in particular. CONCLUSIONS: The private nature of the
      ChaCha service provided a perfect environment for maximum frankness among users,
      especially among adolescents posing sensitive health questions. Adolescents'
      sexual health queries reveal knowledge gaps with serious, lifelong consequences.
      The nature of questions to the service provides opportunities for rapid
      understanding of health concerns and may lead to development of more effective
      tailored interventions.

PMID- 26960746
TI  - Post-laryngectomy voice rehabilitation with a voice prosthesis in a young girl
      with advanced thyroid cancer.
AB  - The aim of this report is to evaluate the effects of voice rehabilitation with a
      voice prosthesis in a young patient with thyroid cancer. A 17-year-old girl
      underwent voice restoration with a voice prosthesis after laryngectomy to treat
      thyroid cancer. She completed voice-related questionnaires (the Voice Handicap
      Index-10 and Voice-Related Quality Of Life Survey) at ages 17 and 21 and
      underwent phonetic functional evaluation. The sound spectrograms of her phonation
      using the voice prosthesis showed low frequency sounds without an obvious basic
      frequency. She was ashamed of her hoarse voice and did not use her voice
      prosthesis during high school. However, after beginning to work at age 20, she
      used her voice to communicate in the workplace. At age 21, her questionnaire
      scores, especially those related to the physical and functional domains, improved
      compared with those at age 17. Voice restoration with a voice prosthesis is
      recommended for young patients who undergo laryngectomy for advanced thyroid
      cancer. The advantages of voice restoration with a voice prosthesis may increase
      when the patient reaches working age, and it may improve post-laryngectomy
      quality of life considerably. 

PMID- 26960748
TI  - Predictors of Trigeminal Neuropathy After Radiosurgery for Vestibular
      Schwannomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship between dosimetric characteristics and
      symptoms related to trigeminal neuropathy (TN) observed after radiosurgery (RS)
      for vestibular schwannomas (VS); to propose guidelines to optimize planification
      in VS RS regarding TN preservation; and to detail the mechanism of TN impairment
      after VS RS. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred seventy-nine patients treated
      between 2011 and 2013 for VS RS and without trigeminal impairment before RS were
      included in a retrospective study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were
      performed to determine predictors of TN among characteristics of the patients,
      the dosimetry, and the VS. RESULTS: There were 20 Koos grade 1, 99 grade 2, 57
      grade 3, and 3 grade 4. Fourteen patients (7.8%) presented a transitory or
      permanent TN. Between the patients with and without TN after VS RS, there was no
      significant difference regarding dosimetry or VS volume itself. Significant
      differences (univariate analysis P<.05, Mann-Whitney test) were found for
      parameters related to the cisternal portion of the trigeminal nerve: total
      integrated dose, maximum dose, mean dose, volume of the Vth nerve (Volv), and
      volume of the Vth nerve receiving at least 11 Gy (VolVcist>11Gy), but also for
      maximal dose to the Vth nerve nucleus and intra-axial portion (Dose maxVax).
      After multivariate analysis, the best model predicting TN included VolVcist>11Gy
      (P=.0045), Dose maxVax (P=.0006), and Volv (P=.0058). The negative predictive
      value of this model was 97%. CONCLUSIONS: The parameters VolVcist>11Gy, Dose
      maxVax, and Volv should be checked when designing dosimetry for VS RS.

PMID- 26960747
TI  - Carbon-Ion Pencil Beam Scanning Treatment With Gated Markerless Tumor Tracking:
      An Analysis of Positional Accuracy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Having implemented amplitude-based respiratory gating for scanned carbon
      ion beam therapy, we sought to evaluate its effect on positional accuracy and
      throughput. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 10 patients with tumors of the lung
      and liver participated in the first clinical trials at our center. Treatment
      planning was conducted with 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) under free
      breathing conditions. The planning target volume (PTV) was calculated by adding a
      2- to 3-mm setup margin outside the clinical target volume (CTV) within the
      gating window. The treatment beam was on when the CTV was within the PTV. Tumor
      position was detected in real time with a markerless tumor tracking system using
      paired x-ray fluoroscopic imaging units. RESULTS: The patient setup error (mean
      +/- SD) was 1.1 +/- 1.2 mm/0.6 +/- 0.4 degrees . The mean internal gating
      accuracy (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.5 mm. If external gating had been
      applied to this treatment, the mean gating accuracy (95% CI) would have been 4.1
      mm. The fluoroscopic radiation doses (mean +/- SD) were 23.7 +/- 21.8 mGy per
      beam and less than 487.5 mGy total throughout the treatment course. The setup,
      preparation, and irradiation times (mean +/- SD) were 8.9 +/- 8.2 min, 9.5 +/-
      4.6 min, and 4.0 +/- 2.4 min, respectively. The treatment room occupation time
      was 36.7 +/- 67.5 min. CONCLUSIONS: Internal gating had a much higher accuracy
      than external gating. By the addition of a setup margin of 2 to 3 mm, internal
      gating positional error was less than 2.2 mm at 95% CI.

PMID- 26960751
TI  - Presumptive Gnathostoma binucleatum-infection in a Belgian traveler returning
      from South America.

PMID- 26960750
TI  - Diagnosis, management and follow-up of pregnant women with Zika virus infection:
      A preliminary report of the ZIKERNCOL cohort study on Sincelejo, Colombia.

PMID- 26960749
TI  - Dovitinib Acts As a Novel Radiosensitizer in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by
      Targeting SHP-1/STAT3 Signaling.
AB  - PURPOSE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most lethal human
      malignancies, and curative therapy is not an option for most patients. There is
      growing interest in the potential benefit of combining targeted therapies with
      radiation therapy (RT). This study aimed to characterize the efficacy and
      mechanism of an investigational drug, dovitinib, used in combination with RT.
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: HCC cell lines (PLC5, Hep3B, SK-Hep1, HA59T, and Huh-7)
      were treated with dovitinib, RT, or both, and apoptosis and signal transduction
      were analyzed. RESULTS: Dovitinib treatment resulted in Src homology region 2
      (SH2) domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-mediated downregulation of p-STAT3
      and promoted potent apoptosis of HCC cells. Ectopic expression of STAT3, or
      inhibition of SHP-1, diminished the effects of dovitinib on HCC cells. By ectopic
      expression and purified recombinant proteins of various mutant forms of SHP-1,
      the N-SH2 domain of SHP-1 was found to be required for dovitinib treatment.
      Overexpression of STAT3 or catalytic-dead mutant SHP-1 restored RT-induced
      reduction of HCC cell survival. Conversely, ectopic expression of SHP-1 or
      activation of SHP-1 by dovitinib enhanced the effects of RT against HCC in vitro
      and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: SHP-1/STAT3 signaling is critically associated with the
      radiosensitivity of HCC cells. Combination therapy with RT and the SHP-1 agonist,
      such as dovitinib, resulted in enhanced in vitro and in vivo anti-HCC effects.

PMID- 26960754
TI  - Balloon Atrial Septostomy in Congenital Heart Disease.

PMID- 26960753
TI  - Male professional tennis players maintain constant serve speed and accuracy over
      long matches on grass courts.
AB  - The potential effect of fatigue on stroke production in tennis players is still
      controversial. The aim of this study was to analyse the tennis serve speed and
      accuracy in prolonged male professional matches played on grass courts. We
      analysed tennis serve statistics from five-set Wimbledon matches (n = 15; 30
      players). Results showed that match duration averaged 208.3 +/- 28.3 min. The
      overall serve speed was 177.0 +/- 10.2 km/h in the first set and 176.1 +/- 11.7
      km/h in the fifth set (p = .34). The difference of all accuracy values of first
      set serves was not significantly different from those of the fifth set:
      percentage of valid first serves, 63.1 +/- 11.1% vs. 62.3 +/- 11.8%, respectively
      (p = .78); percentage of "aces", 11.2 +/- 9.1% vs. 10.0 +/- 8.9%, respectively (p
      = .39); percentage of "winners", 2.6 +/- 7.6% vs. 1.2 +/- 2.2%, respectively (p =
      .36); percentage of "double faults", 2.8 +/- 3.0% vs. 2.8 +/- 3.4% (p = .97). In
      conclusion, tennis players were able to maintain constant serve speed and
      accuracy over five-set matches played on grass courts. Professional tennis
      players are capable of overcoming fatigue and/or make movement adjustments to
      effectively perform complex technical strokes like the serve throughout matches
      played on grass courts lasting more than 3 h in average. 

PMID- 26960752
TI  - Surveillance of mosquito-borne infectious diseases in febrile travelers entering
      China via Shenzhen ports, China, 2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: About 100 million passengers enter China via Shenzhen ports every
      year and such huge populations increase the risk of various infectious diseases,
      particularly mosquito-borne diseases, entering China. This paper reports the
      testing and monitoring of mosquito-borne diseases in febrile travelers through
      Shenzhen ports in 2013. METHODS: The blood samples of 619 febrile cases were
      collected and the serum of each sample was used for the specific gene
      amplification and IgM antibody detection of five typical mosquito-borne
      pathogens: Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Chikungunya
      virus (CHIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and West Nile Virus (WNV). Additionally,
      malaria was diagnosed by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). RESULTS: In total, 34
      cases were detected of DENV infection (serotype I to IV), 17 cases of JEV
      infection, 2 cases of CHIKV infection, and 3 cases of malaria infection. No virus
      genes or IgM antibodies of YFV or WNV were detected in the samples. DENV, JEV and
      CHIKV cases were mainly from Southeast Asia, while malaria cases from Africa.
      CONCLUSIONS: DENV, JEV and CHIKV were the primary pathogens imported via Shenzhen
      ports. International travelers with mosquito-borne infections would accelerate
      the spread of these diseases, thus reinforcing the need for surveillance of
      mosquito-borne infections at ports should become a high priority.

PMID- 26960755
TI  - Balloon Atrial Septostomy in Congenital Heart Disease - Reply.

PMID- 26960756
TI  - Impact of Funneliformis mosseae on the growth, lead uptake, and localization of
      Sophora viciifolia.
AB  - On the basis of a pot experiment under lead (Pb) stress, we investigated the
      effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on the
      growth and Pb uptake of Sophora viciifolia L., and explored the Pb localization
      in AM roots using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X
      ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that high Pb levels (500 and 1000
      MUg/g) inhibited the growth of S. viciifolia seedlings. Compared with the
      noninoculation treatment, F. mosseae inoculation decreased the Pb concentrations
      above- and belowground by 61.0% and 15.2%, when exposed to Pb at a concentration
      of 1000 MUg/g. The root length, fork number, tip number, surface area, and volume
      of mycorrhizal S. viciifolia were higher than those of the corresponding
      nonmycorrhizal plants. These parameters of mycorrhizal plants increased by 220%,
      219%, 157%, 225%, and 278% when plants were exposed to Pb at 1000 MUg/g compared
      with nonmycorrhizal plants. The ratio of root length with diameters between 0-0.2
      mm to the total root length significantly increased under Pb stress, and F.
      mosseae inoculation significantly reduced the ratio. Under Pb stress, F. mosseae
      increased the ratios of root length with 0.61-0.8 and 0.81-1.0 mm diameters to
      the total root length, indicating that F. mosseae tended to thicken the roots of
      S. viciifolia under Pb additions. The combined results of TEM and EDS indicated
      that Pb deposited in not only plant cells but also the cell walls and vacuoles of
      the AM fungal intracellular hyphae, thus revealing the subcellular-level
      mechanism of AM fungi in alleviating the Pb toxicity to the host plant. 

PMID- 26960757
TI  - MicroRNAs let7 expression in thyroid cancer: correlation with their deputed
      targets HMGA2 and SLC5A5.
AB  - PURPOSE: Thyroid cancer (TC), the most common endocrine malignancy, increases its
      incidence worldwide. MicroRNAs have been shown to be abnormally expressed in
      tumors and could represent valid diagnostic markers for patients affected by TC.
      Our aim was to analyze the expression of tumorsuppressor hsa-let7b-5p and hsa
      let7f-5p, together with their predicted targets SLC5A5 (NIS) and HMGA2, in
      papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC) and anaplastic (ATC). METHODS: 8 FTC, 14 PTC,
      12 ATC and three normal thyroid tissue samples were analyzed for the expression
      of pre-let7b, hsa-let7b-5p and hsa-let7f-5p as SLC5A5 and HMGA2 by RT-qPCR. Data
      were analyzed by REST 2008. RESULTS: FTC patients showed a significant down
      regulation of hsa-let7b-5p and its precursor. hsa-let7f-5p was overexpressed, and
      SLC5A5 was strongly suppressed. HMGA2 was overexpressed, reflecting no
      correlation with its regulatory let7 miRNAs. PTC samples were characterized by up
      regulation of hsa-let7b-5p, its precursor and hsa-let7f-5p. SLC5A5 was strongly
      suppressed in comparison with normal thyroid tissue. HMGA2 was overexpressed, as
      shown in FTC, also. ATC samples showed a similar miRNAs profile as PTC. In
      contrast with FTC and PTC, these patients showed a stable or up-regulated SLC5A5
      and HMGA2. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of HMGA2 is not correlated with the regulatory
      let7 miRNAs. Interestingly, SLC5A5 was down-regulated in FTC and PTC. Its
      expression could be modulated by hsa-let-7f-5p. ATC showed a loss of SLC5A5/hsa
      let7f-5p correlation. SLC5A5, in ATC, needs further investigation to clarify the
      genetic/epigenetic mechanism altering its expression.

PMID- 26960758
TI  - SOX2 inhibits metastasis in gastric cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the potential role of SOX2 in gastric cancer (GC)
      metastasis. METHODS: The SOX2 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry
      on a GC tissue microarray. The correlations of SOX2 expression with
      clinicopathological factors and 5-year survival were evaluated. To test the role
      of SOX2 in inhibiting GC metastasis, the cell transwell assay was performed. Real
      time PCR and Western blot were used to explore the possible mechanism that SOX2
      inhibits GC metastasis. RESULTS: In the present study, SOX2 expression was
      downregulated in GC tissues when compared to matching normal tissues. Moreover,
      patients with high SOX2 expression in cancerous tissues had less lymph node
      metastasis and better treatment outcome. At the subcellular level, SOX2 inhibited
      the GC cell migration and invasion by upregulating p21 expression. Moreover, SOX2
      was determined to associate with the nuclear p21 expression. GC patients with
      high SOX2 and nuclear p21 expression had synergistically less lymph node
      metastasis and the better overall survival. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that
      SOX2 is a promising and favorable metastatic biomarker for GC.

PMID- 26960759
TI  - Egr-1 deficiency protects from renal inflammation and fibrosis.
AB  - NF-kappaB and TGFbeta play critical roles in renal inflammation and fibrosis, and
      their regulation in the kidney is thus of great interest. Early growth response-1
      (Egr-1), a transcription factor belonging to the immediate early gene family, has
      been found to regulate inflammation and fibrosis in non-kidney tissues, but its
      role in renal failure has not been clear. In this study, wild-type and Egr1 (-/-)
      mice were fed with an adenine-enriched diet to induce tubulointerstitial
      nephritis (TIN), and primary tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) were treated with
      pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines. Kidney tissues from patients with or
      without renal failure were stained for Egr-1. Our results showed that Egr-1
      expression was upregulated in the kidney with TIN, and the tubular epithelial
      cell is the primary site for Egr-1 upregulation and nuclear translocation. Egr1 (
      /-) mice were protected from renal failure, reflected by low levels of serum urea
      and creatinine. The protective effect was related to an attenuation of tubular
      injury, immune cell infiltration, NF-kappaB activity, and cytokine/chemokine
      expressions in the kidney. Renal fibrotic area and TGFbeta signaling were also
      reduced in Egr1 (-/-) mice. In vitro study showed that Egr-1 deficiency
      attenuated the ordinary responses of PTECs to TNFalpha and TGFbeta. Importantly,
      Egr-1 is of clinical significance since the activity of Egr-1 in renal tubular
      cells was upregulated in renal failure patients. Our study highlights the
      integrative role of Egr-1 in renal inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, Egr-1 may
      serve as a therapeutic target for human kidney diseases. KEY MESSAGES: Renal
      failure activates Egr-1 in human and mouse tubular cells. Egr-1 deficiency
      attenuates NF-kappaB and TGFbeta-mediated renal inflammation/fibrosis. Egr1 (-/-)
      PTECs respond weakly to pro-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic stimulation.

PMID- 26960760
TI  - K-Ras protein as a drug target.
AB  - K-Ras proteins are major drivers of human cancers, playing a direct causal role
      in about one million cancer cases/year. In cancers driven by mutant K-Ras, the
      protein is locked in the active, GTP-bound state constitutively, through a defect
      in the off-switch mechanism. As such, the mutant protein resembles the normal K
      Ras protein from a structural perspective, making therapeutic attack extremely
      challenging. K-Ras is a member of a large family of related proteins, which share
      very similar GDP/GTP-binding domains, making specific therapies more difficult.
      Furthermore, Ras proteins lack pockets to which small molecules can bind with
      high affinity, with a few interesting exceptions. However, new insights into the
      structure and function of K-Ras proteins reveal opportunities for intervention
      that were not appreciated many years ago, when efforts were launched to develop K
      Ras therapies. Furthermore, K-Ras undergoes post-translational modification and
      interactions with cellular signaling proteins that present additional therapeutic
      opportunities, such as specific binding to calmodulin and regulation of non
      canonical Wnt signaling. 

PMID- 26960762
TI  - Perceived exercise barriers are reduced and benefits are improved with lifestyle
      modification in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a
      randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study assessed the perceived benefits and barriers to exercise
      participation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
      and monitored changes in response to a lifestyle intervention. METHODS: Forty
      three overweight/obese PCOS women (Age, 30.3(6.2) yrs; BMI, 36.4(5.6) kg/m(2))
      were randomised to one of three 20-week lifestyle programs: diet only (DO, n =
      13), diet and aerobic exercise (DA, n = 11) and diet and combined aerobic
      resistance exercise (DC, n = 19). Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS),
      weight, aerobic fitness, depression and PCOS specific health-related quality of
      life were measured. RESULTS: Barriers score was related to depression (r = 0.45,
      P = 0.002) and aerobic fitness (r = -0.32, P = 0.04), while benefits score was
      related to aerobic fitness (r = 0.41, P = 0.007). EBBS, benefits and barriers
      scores improved overtime (P <= 0.001). Benefits subscales psychological outlook
      and social interaction increased (P <= 0.001) and life enhancement and
      preventative health did not change (P >= 0.3). Physical performance increased
      only in DA (P = 0.009). There were no differences between treatments for any of
      the other subscales (P >= 0.2). Barriers subscales exercise milieu, time
      expenditure and physical exertion reduced (P <= 0.003) and family discouragement
      did not change (P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that lifestyle
      modification consisting of an energy-restricted diet with or without exercise
      training improved the perceived benefits from and barriers to exercise. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Register
      ACTRN12606000198527, registered 26 May 2006.

PMID- 26960761
TI  - Regulation of Langerhans cell functions in a hypoxic environment.
AB  - Langerhans cells (LCs) are a specialized dendritic cell subset that resides in
      the epidermis and mucosal epithelia and is critical for the orchestration of skin
      immunity. Recent evidence suggest that LCs are involved in aberrant wound healing
      and in the development of hypertrophic scars and chronic wounds, which are
      characterized by a hypoxic environment. Understanding LCs biology under hypoxia
      may, thus, lead to the identification of novel pathogenetic mechanisms of wound
      repair disorders and open new therapeutic opportunities to improve wound healing.
      In this study, we characterize a previously unrecognized role for hypoxia in
      significantly affecting the phenotype and functional properties of human monocyte
      derived LCs, impairing their ability to stimulate naive T cell responses, and
      identify the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (TREM)-1, a member of the
      Ig immunoregulatory receptor family, as a new hypoxia-inducible gene in LCs and
      an activator of their proinflammatory and Th1-polarizing functions in a hypoxic
      environment. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence of TREM-1 expression in
      vivo in LCs infiltrating hypoxic areas of active hypertrophic scars and
      decubitous ulcers, pointing to a potential pathogenic role of this molecule in
      wound repair disorders. KEY MESSAGES: Hypoxia modulates surface molecule
      expression and cytokine profile in Langerhans cells. Hypoxia impairs human
      Langerhans cell stimulatory activity on naive T cells. Hypoxia selectively
      induces TREM-1 expression in human Langerhans cells. TREM-1 engagement stimulates
      Langerhans cell inflammatory and Th1-polarizing activity. TREM-1 is expressed in
      vivo in Langerhans cells infiltrating hypoxic skin lesions.

PMID- 26960763
TI  - Regional-scale fluxes of zinc, copper, and nickel into and out of the
      agricultural soils of the Kermanshah province in western Iran.
AB  - It is important to study the status and trend of soil contamination with trace
      elements to make sustainable management strategies for agricultural soils. This
      study was conducted in order to model zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni)
      accumulation rates in agricultural soils of Kermanshah province using input and
      output fluxes mass balance and to evaluate the associated uncertainties. The
      input and output fluxes of Zn, Cu, and Ni into (from) the agricultural soils of
      Kermanshah province via livestock manure, mineral fertilizers, municipal waste
      compost, pesticides, atmospheric deposition, and crop removal were assessed for
      the period 2000-2014. The data were collected to compute the fluxes at both
      township and regional scales from available databases such as regional
      agricultural statistics. The basic units of the balance were 9 townships of
      Kermanshah province. Averaged over the entire study region, the estimated net
      fluxes of Zn, Cu, and Ni into agricultural soils were 341, 84, and131 g ha year(
      1), with a range of 211 to 1621, 61 to 463, and 114 to 679 among the townships.
      The livestock manure was responsible for 55, 56, and 67 % of the total Zn, Cu,
      and Ni inputs at regional scale, while municipal waste compost and mineral
      fertilizers accounted for approximately 19, 38, and 15 % and 24, 4, and 14 % of
      the total Zn, Cu, and Ni inputs, respectively. Atmospheric deposition was a
      considerable source only for Ni and at township scale (7-29 % of total Ni input).
      For Zn, Cu, and Ni, the input-to-output ratio of the fluxes ranged from 1.8 to
      48.9, 2 to 48.2, and 4 to 303 among townships and averaged 2.8, 3, and 9 for the
      entire study area, respectively. Considering that outputs other than with crop
      harvests are minor, this means that Zn, Cu, and Ni (in particular Ni) stocks are
      rapidly building up in soils of some parts of the study region. Uncertainties in
      the livestock manure and crop removal data were the main sources of estimation
      uncertainty in this study. This study provides the basic information to develop
      policies for controlling the trace elements inputs into agricultural soils of the
      study area. 

PMID- 26960764
TI  - Spatial distribution and enteroparasite contamination in peridomiciliar soil and
      water in the Apucaraninha Indigenous Land, southern Brazil.
AB  - The prevalence and distribution of soil and water samples contaminated with
      enteroparasites of humans and animals with zoonotic potential (EHAZP) in
      Apucaraninha Indigenous Land (AIL), southern Brazil, was evaluated. An
      environmental survey was conducted to evaluate the presence of parasitic forms in
      peridomiciliary soil and associated variables. Soil samples were collected from
      40/293 domiciles (10 domiciles per season), from November 2010 to June 2011, and
      evaluated by modified methods of Faust et al. and Lutz. Analyses of water from
      seven consumption sites were also performed. The overall prevalence of soil
      samples contaminated by EHAZP was 23.8 %. The most prevalent parasitic forms were
      cyst of Entamoeba spp. and eggs of Ascaris spp. The highest prevalence of
      contaminated soil samples was observed in winter (31 %). The probability map
      obtained with geostatistical analyses showed an average of 47 % soil
      contamination at a distance of approximately 140 m. The parasitological analysis
      of water did not detect Giardia spp. or Cryptosporidium spp. and showed that all
      collection points were within the standards of the Brazilian law. However, the
      microbiological analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 6/7 sampled
      points. Despite the low level of contamination by EHAZP in peridomiciliar soil
      and the absence of pathogenic protozoa in water, the AIL soil and water (due to
      the presence of fecal coliforms) are potential sources of infection for the
      population, indicating the need for improvements in sanitation and water
      treatment, in addition periodic treatment of the population with antiparasitic. 

PMID- 26960766
TI  - Land degradation due to erosion in public perception. Case study: Secasul Mare
      river basin settlements (Transylvanian Depression, Romania).
AB  - According to the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR 1990
      1999), the risk indicates potential losses due to particular natural phenomenon,
      and these could be reduced by improving of prevention and education. People
      perceive these losses differently depending on phenomenon occurrence, severity,
      and impact in time. Starting from this idea, this research presents public
      perception on land degradation through erosion in a small area from the central
      part of Romania (south-west of Transylvanian Depression). The research was based
      on a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions. The items were structured by
      issues: awareness assessment regarding hazard and risk phenomena, assessment of
      type of property and land use, assessment of knowledge and information on the
      possible production of negative effects by natural phenomena, and evaluation of
      land owners' attitudes towards the occurrence of erosion on their land. Results
      reveal that the public perception on erosion is weak. This process is perceived
      as insignificant due to lack of phenomenon knowledge and especially because of
      scarcity preoccupation in land's quality monitoring. Even though the owned lands
      are affected by erosion forms, the owners are not aware of the phenomenon that
      generates them. Material damages caused by erosion, loss of soil quality, and
      land fertility decrease are less perceived because the economic losses fill only
      at long term. This perception leads to underestimating erosion risk compared to
      other natural phenomena and to a passive attitude towards this particular
      phenomenon. 

PMID- 26960767
TI  - Erratum to: The dissolved organic matter as a potential soil quality indicator in
      arable soils of Hungary.

PMID- 26960765
TI  - Dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride concentration as a reflection of fluoride
      exposure and its impact on IQ level and BMI of children of Laxmisagar, Simlapal
      Block of Bankura District, W.B., India.
AB  - There has been growing public concern about intellectual performance of children
      at high levels of fluoride exposure. A cross-sectional study was conducted in
      Simlapal Block of Bankura District, West Bengal, to find out the relationship
      between fluoride (F) exposure as exposure dose (ED) with dental fluorosis (DF),
      urinary fluoride concentration (UF), intelligence quotient (IQ) and body mass
      index (BMI). Fifty groundwater samples were collected from the target area. One
      hundred forty-nine children belonging to age group 6 to 18 years were considered
      for this study. Experimental results reveal that mean F(-) concentration of that
      area is 2.11 mg/L (+/-SD 1.64). On the basis of F concentration in groundwater
      and water consumption pattern, ED was calculated to explore the impact of F(-) on
      DF, UF, IQ, and BMI. Paired t test results suggest that exposure rate of F does
      not show any significant differences (<0.05) among the children of 12 different
      places. As a result of F exposure, DF cases are mostly found in the order of
      moderate > severe > mild > very mild > questionable > normal conditions. The
      highest UF concentration was recorded as 17 mg/L, but the status of DF in the
      affected children was recorded as moderate. The results also reveal that ED has a
      positive correlation with DF (r = 0.299, P < 0.01) and UF (r = 0.513, P < 0.01)
      and a negative correlation with IQ (r = -0.343, P < 0.01) along with BMI (r =
      0.083, non-significant). Therefore, from this study, it may be concluded that UF
      and DF concentration could act as a biomarker of fluoride toxicity. 

PMID- 26960770
TI  - [Role of uridine adenosine tetraphosphate on vascular function in (patho)
      physiological states].

PMID- 26960769
TI  - Graphene Biosensor Programming with Genetically Engineered Fusion Protein
      Monolayers.
AB  - We demonstrate a label-free biosensor concept based on specific receptor modules,
      which provide immobilization and selectivity to the desired analyte molecules,
      and on charge sensing with a graphene field effect transistor. The receptor
      modules are fusion proteins in which small hydrophobin proteins act as the anchor
      to immobilize the receptor moiety. The functionalization of the graphene sensor
      is a single-step process based on directed self-assembly of the receptor modules
      on a hydrophobic surface. The modules are produced separately in fungi or plants
      and purified before use. The modules form a dense and well-oriented monolayer on
      the graphene transistor channel and the receptor module monolayer can be removed,
      and a new module monolayer with a different selectivity can be assembled in situ.
      The receptor module monolayers survive drying, showing that the functionalized
      devices can be stored and have a reasonable shelf life. The sensor is tested with
      small charged peptides and large immunoglobulin molecules. The measured
      sensitivities are in the femtomolar range, and the response is relatively fast,
      of the order of one second. 

PMID- 26960771
TI  - [Role/function of protease-activated receptor 2 on vascular endothelium in
      metabolic syndrome].

PMID- 26960772
TI  - [Omentin and cardiovascular disease].

PMID- 26960768
TI  - miRNA profiling, detection of BRAF V600E mutation and RET-PTC1 translocation in
      patients from Novosibirsk oblast (Russia) with different types of thyroid tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The postoperative typing of thyroid lesions, which is instrumental in
      adequate patient treatment, is currently based on histologic examination.
      However, it depends on pathologist's qualification and can be difficult in some
      cases. Numerous studies have shown that molecular markers such as microRNAs and
      somatic mutations may be useful to assist in these cases, but no consensus exists
      on the set of markers that is optimal for that purpose. The aim of the study was
      to discriminate between different thyroid neoplasms by RT-PCR, using a limited
      set of microRNAs selected from literature. METHODS: By RT-PCR we evaluated the
      relative levels of 15 microRNAs (miR-221, -222, -146b, -181b, -21, -187, -199b, 
      144, -192, -200a, -200b, -205, -141, -31, -375) and the presence of BRAF(V600E)
      mutation and RET-PTC1 translocation in surgically resected lesions from 208
      patients from Novosibirsk oblast (Russia) with different types of thyroid
      neoplasms. Expression of each microRNA was normalized to adjacent non-tumor
      tissue. Three pieces of lesion tissue from each patient (39 goiters, 41
      follicular adenomas, 16 follicular thyroid cancers, 108 papillary thyroid
      cancers, 4 medullary thyroid cancers) were analyzed independently to take into
      account method variation. RESULTS: The diagnostic classifier based on profiling
      of 13 microRNAs was proposed, with total estimated accuracy varying from 82.7 to
      99% for different nodule types. Relative expression of six microRNAs (miR-146b, 
      21, -221, -222, 375, -199b) appeared significantly different in BRAF(V600E)
      positive samples (all classified as papillary thyroid carcinomas) compared to
      BRAF(V600E)-negative papillary carcinoma samples. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      confirm practical feasibility of using molecular markers for typing of thyroid
      neoplasms and clarification of controversial cases.

PMID- 26960773
TI  - [Kampo pharmacology: modulation by Hojin formulations of age-dependent
      vasodilatation and the dependence of diseases].

PMID- 26960774
TI  - [Molecular pharmacology of (-)maackiain, from Kujin, an anti-allergic Kampo
      medicine].

PMID- 26960775
TI  - [Phytosterol saponin of ginseng (ginsenoside) provides cardiovascular protection
      as a specific non-genomic ligand of sex hormone receptors].

PMID- 26960776
TI  - []Improving effects of chotosan on the brain malfunction in rodent's disease
      models].

PMID- 26960777
TI  - [Small animal imaging studies and their prospects].

PMID- 26960778
TI  - [Current status and new trends in therapeutic antibodies].

PMID- 26960779
TI  - Copper-Catalyzed Reaction Cascade of Thiophenol Hydroxylation and S-Arylation
      through Disulfide-Directed C-H Activation.
AB  - Copper-catalyzed thiophenol C-H activation is described. Through an initial
      attempt to conduct C-arylation with arylboronic acid, a rather surprising
      sequential C-H activation and S-arylation was discovered. Mechanistic
      investigation revealed the disulfide intermediate as the key component in
      directing C-H oxidation. The overall reaction proceeded under mild conditions
      with molecular oxygen as the oxidant. Discovery of disulfide as the directing
      group provides a potential new direction for catalytic C-H functionalization
      under mild conditions. 

PMID- 26960780
TI  - Genome characterization of a novel vibriophage VpKK5 (Siphoviridae) specific to
      fish pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
AB  - Vibrio parahaemolyticus has long been known pathogenic to shrimp but only
      recently it is also reported pathogenic to tropical cultured marine finfish.
      Traditionally, bacterial diseases in aquaculture are often treated using
      synthetic antibiotics but concern due to side effects of these chemicals is
      elevating hence, new control strategies which are both environmental and consumer
      friendly, are urgently needed. One promising control strategy is the
      bacteriophage therapy. In this study, we report the isolation and
      characterization of a novel vibriophage (VpKK5), belonging to the family
      Siphoviridae that was specific and capable of complete lysing the fish pathogenic
      strain of V. parahaemolyticus. The VpKK5 exhibited short eclipse and latent
      periods of 24 and 36 min, respectively, but with a large burst size of 180
      pfu/cell. The genome analysis revealed that the VpKK5 is a novel bacteriophage
      with the estimated genome size of 56,637 bp and has 53.1% G + C content. The
      vibriophage has about 80 predicted open reading frames consisted of 37 complete
      coding sequences which did not match to any protein databases. The analysis also
      found no lysogeny and virulence genes in the genome of VpKK5. With such genome
      features, we suspected the vibriophage is novel and could be explored for phage
      therapy against fish pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus in the near
      future. 

PMID- 26960781
TI  - Dental students' self-perceived communication skills for patient motivation.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate dental students' self-perceived
      communication skills for patient motivation over the course of their training.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre-clinical and clinical dental students at the
      University of Bern School of Dental Medicine were surveyed annually from 2008 to
      2011 utilising a written questionnaire. Self-reported data were pooled from all
      classes per time-point in the curriculum. RESULTS: A total of 157 students were
      surveyed from five classes with an overall response rate of 94.8%. A total of 393
      questionnaires were available for analysis. The self-perceived skill-sets for
      general patient care and patient communication were rated at the end of the first
      clinical year with mean Visual Analog Scale values of 75.0 +/- 1.6 and 75.1 +/-
      1.5, respectively. During the second clinical year, the self-perceived skills
      increased in both patient care (82.5 +/- 1.2, P = 0.0004) and patient
      communication (81.4 +/- 1.4, P = 0.0034). The students rated their competence
      higher when providing oral hygiene instructions as opposed to motivating patients
      to quit tobacco use, modify their diet or employ stress-reduction strategies (P <
      0.005). At the end of the pre-clinical year, 74.5% of the students expressed
      interest in receiving more extensive communication training (P < 0.004).
      CONCLUSIONS: Though dental students in this study demonstrated a steady increase
      in their level of comfort motivating patients to utilise oral hygiene
      instructions, they also expressed the desire for more motivational training early
      in their curriculum. Therefore, these results may indicate the need to enhance
      communications training in patient motivation on all behavioural aspects early in
      the dental curriculum.

PMID- 26960782
TI  - Exposure-response relationship of wind turbine noise with self-reported symptoms
      of sleep and health problems: A nationwide socioacoustic survey in Japan.
AB  - The association of wind turbine noise (WTN) with sleep and physical/mental health
      has not been fully investigated. To investigate the relationship of WTN with the
      prevalence of self-reported symptoms of sleep and health problems, a
      socioacoustic survey of 1079 adult residents was conducted throughout Japan (2010
      2012): 747 in 34 areas surrounding wind turbine plants and 332 in 16 control
      areas. During face-to-face interviews, the respondents were not informed of the
      purpose of the survey. Questions on symptoms such as sleeplessness and
      physical/mental complaints were asked without specifying reasons. Insomnia was
      defined as having one or any combination of the following that occurs three or
      more times a week and bothers a respondent: Difficulty initiating sleep,
      difficulty maintaining sleep, premature morning awakening, and feeling of light
      overnight sleep. Poor health was defined as having high scores for health
      complaints, as determined using the Total Health Index, exceeding the criteria
      proposed by the authors of the index. The noise descriptor for WTN was LAeq,n
      outdoor, estimated from the results of actual measurement at some locations in
      each site. Multiple logistic analysis was applied to the LAeq,n and insomnia or
      poor health. The odds ratio (OR) of insomnia was significantly higher when the
      noise exposure level exceeded 40 dB, whereas the self-reported sensitivity to
      noise and visual annoyance with wind turbines were also independently associated
      with insomnia. OR of poor health was not significant for noise exposure, but
      significant for noise sensitivity and visual annoyance. The above two moderators
      appear to indicate the features of respondents who are sensitive to stimuli or
      changes in their homeostasis. 

PMID- 26960783
TI  - Comparison of direct measurement methods for headset noise exposure in the
      workplace.
AB  - The measurement of noise exposure from communication headsets poses a
      methodological challenge. Although several standards describe methods for general
      noise measurements in occupational settings, these are not directly applicable to
      noise assessments under communication headsets. For measurements under occluded
      ears, specialized methods have been specified by the International Standards
      Organization (ISO 11904) such as the microphone in a real ear and manikin
      techniques. Simpler methods have also been proposed in some national standards
      such as the use of general purpose artificial ears and simulators in conjunction
      with single number corrections to convert measurements to the equivalent diffuse
      field. However, little is known about the measurement agreement between these
      various methods and the acoustic manikin technique. Twelve experts positioned
      circum-aural, supra-aural and insert communication headsets on four different
      measurement setups (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3.3 artificial ears, and acoustic
      manikin). Fit-refit measurements of four audio communication signals were taken
      under quiet laboratory conditions. Data were transformed into equivalent diffuse
      field sound levels using third-octave procedures. Results indicate that the Type
      1 artificial ear is not suited for the measurement of sound exposure under
      communication headsets, while Type 2 and Type 3.3 artificial ears are in good
      agreement with the acoustic manikin technique. Single number corrections were
      found to introduce a large measurement uncertainty, making the use of the third
      octave transformation preferable. 

PMID- 26960784
TI  - Comparison of staff and family perceptions of causes of noise pollution in the
      Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and suggested intervention strategies.
AB  - Noise and excessive, unwanted sound in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)
      is common and has a major impact on patients' sleep and recovery. Previous
      research has focused mostly on absolute noise levels or included only staff as
      respondents to acknowledge the causes of noise and to plan for its reduction.
      Thus far, the suggested interventions have not ameliorated noise, and it
      continues to serve as a barrier to recovery. In addition to surveying PICU
      providers through internet-based software, patients' families were evaluated
      through in-person interviews utilizing a pretested instrument over 3 months.
      Families of patients admitted for more than 24 h were considered eligible for
      evaluation. Participants were asked to rank causes of noise from 1 to 8, with
      eight being highest, and identified potential interventions as effective or
      ineffective. In total, 50 families from 251 admissions and 65 staff completed the
      survey. Medical alarms were rated highest (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 4.9
      +/- 2.1 [2.8-7.0]), followed by noise from medical equipment (mean +/- SD, 4.7 +/
      2.1 [2.5-6.8]). This response was consistent among PICU providers and families.
      Suggested interventions to reduce noise included keeping a patient's room door
      closed, considered effective by 93% of respondents (98% of staff; 88% of
      families), and designated quiet times, considered effective by 82% (80% of staff;
      84% of families). Keeping the patient's door closed was the most effective
      strategy among survey respondents. Most families and staff considered medical
      alarms an important contributor to noise level. Because decreasing the volume of
      alarms such that it cannot be heard is inappropriate, alternative strategies to
      alert staff of changes in vital signs should be explored. 

PMID- 26960785
TI  - Noise and sleep on board vessels in the Royal Norwegian Navy.
AB  - Previous research indicates that exposure to noise during sleep can cause sleep
      disturbance. Seamen on board vessels are frequently exposed to noise also during
      sleep periods, and studies have reported sleep disturbance in this occupational
      group. However, studies of noise and sleep in maritime settings are few. This
      study's aim was to examine the associations between noise exposure during sleep,
      and sleep variables derived from actigraphy among seamen on board vessels in the
      Royal Norwegian Navy (RNoN). Data were collected on board 21 RNoN vessels, where
      navy seamen participated by wearing an actiwatch (actigraph), and by completing a
      questionnaire comprising information on gender, age, coffee drinking, nicotine
      use, use of medication, and workload. Noise dose meters were used to assess noise
      exposure inside the seamen's cabin during sleep. Eighty-three sleep periods from
      68 seamen were included in the statistical analysis. Linear mixed-effects models
      were used to examine the association between noise exposure and the sleep
      variables percentage mobility during sleep and sleep efficiency, respectively.
      Noise exposure variables, coffee drinking status, nicotine use status, and
      sleeping hours explained 24.9% of the total variance in percentage mobility
      during sleep, and noise exposure variables explained 12.0% of the total variance
      in sleep efficiency. Equivalent noise level and number of noise events per hour
      were both associated with increased percentage mobility during sleep, and the
      number of noise events was associated with decreased sleep efficiency. 

PMID- 26960786
TI  - Therapeutic role of Vitamin B12 in patients of chronic tinnitus: A pilot study.
AB  - True tinnitus is a phantom auditory perception arising from a source or trigger
      in the cochlea, brainstem, or at higher centers and has no detectable acoustic
      generator. The most accepted is the famous neurophysiologic model of Jastreboff,
      which stresses that tinnitus, is a subcortical perception and results from the
      processing of weak neural activity in the periphery. The aim of this study is to
      determine the role of Vitamin B12 in treatment of chronic tinnitus. In this
      randomized, double-blind pilot study, total 40 patients were enrolled, of which
      20 in Group A (cases) received intramuscular therapy of 1 ml Vitamin B12 (2500
      mcg) weekly for a period of 6 weeks and Group B (20) patients received placebo
      isotonic saline 01 ml intramuscular. The patients were subjected to Vitamin B12
      assay and audiometry pre- and post-therapy. Of the total patients of tinnitus, 17
      were Vitamin B12 deficient that is 42.5% showed deficiency when the normal levels
      were considered to be 250 pg/ml. A paired t-test showed that in Group A, patients
      with Vitamin B12 deficiency showed significant improvement in mean tinnitus
      severity index score and visual analog scale (VAS) after Vitamin B12 therapy.
      This pilot study highlights the significant prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency
      in North Indian population and improvement in tinnitus severity scores and VAS in
      cobalamin-deficient patients receiving intramuscular Vitamin B12 weekly for 6
      weeks further provides a link between cobalamin deficiency and tinnitus thereby
      suggestive of a therapeutic role of B12 in cobalamin-deficient patients of
      tinnitus. 

PMID- 26960787
TI  - Student's music exposure: Full-day personal dose measurements.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that collegiate level music students are exposed to
      potentially hazardous sound levels. Compared to professional musicians,
      collegiate level music students typically do not perform as frequently, but they
      are exposed to intense sounds during practice and rehearsal sessions. The purpose
      of the study was to determine the full-day exposure dose including individual
      practice and ensemble rehearsals for collegiate student musicians. Sixty-seven
      college students of classical music were recruited representing 17 primary
      instruments. Of these students, 57 completed 2 days of noise dose measurements
      using Cirrus doseBadge programed according to the National Institute for
      Occupational Safety and Health criterion. Sound exposure was measured for 2 days
      from morning to evening, ranging from 7 to 9 h. Twenty-eight out of 57 (49%)
      student musicians exceeded a 100% daily noise dose on at least 1 day of the two
      measurement days. Eleven student musicians (19%) exceeded 100% daily noise dose
      on both days. Fourteen students exceeded 100% dose during large ensemble
      rehearsals and eight students exceeded 100% dose during individual practice
      sessions. Approximately, half of the student musicians exceeded 100% noise dose
      on a typical college schedule. This finding indicates that a large proportion of
      collegiate student musicians are at risk of developing noise-induced hearing loss
      due to hazardous sound levels. Considering the current finding, there is a need
      to conduct hearing conservation programs in all music schools, and to educate
      student musicians about the use and importance of hearing protection devices for
      their hearing. 

PMID- 26960789
TI  - Call centers and noise-induced hearing loss.
AB  - Noise is defined as unwelcome sound. It has been estimated that 16% of adult
      hearing loss in the world is due to noise exposure at the workplace. This report
      offers a case that diagnosed with hearing loss of whom working as a call center
      operator at home. Home agent operators should be explored. 

PMID- 26960788
TI  - Effect of personal music system use on sacculocollic reflex assessed by cervical
      vestibular-evoked myogenic potential: A preliminary investigation.
AB  - Listening to music through a portable personal music system (PMS) is a growing
      trend, especially among the youth. The preferred listening level in such kinds of
      PMS has been reported to cross the safe levels and its impact on the auditory
      system was demonstrated in several previous investigations. Owing to the
      commonality in several aspects between the auditory and the vestibular systems,
      it appears likely that the deleterious effects of PMS use could also be impinging
      on the vestibular system, which has never been investigated. The present study
      therefore, aimed at evaluating the effects of PMS use on the sacculocollic reflex
      assessed by the cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) technique.
      Thirty-two regular PMS users and 32 nonregular PMS users underwent cVEMP testing
      using alternating polarity 500 Hz tone bursts. The results revealed no
      significant group difference in latencies and interaural asymmetry ratio.
      However, the cVEMP was significantly reduced in the group of individuals in whom
      the diffused field equivalent sound pressure levels (SPLs) were above the damage
      risk criteria (DRC) compared to those with diffused field equivalent SPLs below
      it (P< 0.01). Therefore, the use of PMS at high levels of volume controls could
      be deleterious to the vestibular well-being of an individual. 

PMID- 26960790
TI  - Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Inhibits Multidrug-Resistant Gut Pathogens:
      Preliminary Report Performed in an Immunocompromised Host.
AB  - Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with multidrug-resistant (MDR)
      bacteria is a consequence of gut dysbiosis. We describe the successful
      utilization of fecal microbiota transplantation to inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae
      MBL(+) and Escherichia coli ESBL(+) gut colonization in the immunocompromised
      host as a novel tool in the battle against MDR microorganisms. ClinicalTrials.gov
      identifier NCT02461199. 

PMID- 26960791
TI  - An observational study assessing peripheral neuropathy related to multiple
      myeloma.
AB  - We aimed at assessing the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in newly diagnosed,
      treatment-naive patients with multiple myeloma. We enrolled 153 patients with
      multiple myeloma at initial diagnosis. All patients underwent neurological
      examination and nerve conduction study. Patients with suspected pure small fiber
      neuropathy underwent skin biopsy. Of the 153 patients included in this study, 7.2
      % had a multiple myeloma-related neuropathy. All patients suffered from a distal
      symmetric sensory peripheral neuropathy, associated with age (P = 0.04). Our
      study on prevalence rate of multiple myeloma-related peripheral neuropathy might
      provide a basis for improving the clinical management of this condition. 

PMID- 26960792
TI  - Rga6 is a Fission Yeast Rho GAP Involved in Cdc42 Regulation of Polarized Growth.
AB  - Active Cdc42 is essential for the establishment of polarized growth. This GTPase
      is negatively regulated by the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which are
      important for the spatial specificity of Cdc42 function. Rga4 is the only GAP
      described as negative regulator of fission yeast Cdc42. We report here that Rga6
      is another fission yeast Cdc42 GAP which shares some functions with Rga4. Cells
      lacking Rga6 are viable but slightly shorter and broader than wild type, and
      cells lacking Rga6 and Rga4 simultaneously are rounded. In these cells, active
      Cdc42 is observed all around the membrane. These additive effects indicate that
      both GAPs collaborate in the spatial regulation of active Cdc42. Rga6 localizes
      to the plasma membrane forming clusters different from those formed by Rga4. A
      polybasic region at the Rga6 C-terminus is responsible for its membrane
      localization. Rga6-GFP fluorescence decreases considerably at the growing tips,
      and this decrease is dependent on the actin cables. Notably, in the absence of
      Rga6 the amplitude of active Cdc42 oscillations at the tips decreases, and less
      GTP-Cdc42 accumulates at the new end of the cells. We propose here that Rga6
      collaborates with Rga4 to spatially restrict active Cdc42 at the cell tips and
      maintain cell dimensions.

PMID- 26960793
TI  - SNX9 promotes metastasis by enhancing cancer cell invasion via differential
      regulation of RhoGTPases.
AB  - Despite current advances in cancer research, metastasis remains the leading
      factor in cancer-related deaths. Here, we identify sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) as a
      new regulator of breast cancer metastasis. We detected an increase in SNX9
      expression in human breast cancer metastases compared with primary tumors and
      demonstrated that SNX9 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is necessary
      to maintain their ability to metastasize in a chick embryo model. Reciprocally,
      SNX9 knockdown impairs the process. In vitro studies using several cancer cell
      lines derived from a variety of human tumors revealed a role for SNX9 in cell
      invasion and identified mechanisms responsible for this novel function. We showed
      that SNX9 controls the activation of RhoA and Cdc42 GTPases and also regulates
      cell motility via the modulation of well-known molecules involved in metastasis,
      namely RhoA-ROCK and N-WASP. In addition, we have discovered that SNX9 is
      required for RhoGTPase-dependent, clathrin-independent endocytosis, and in this
      capacity, can functionally substitute to the bona fide Rho GAP, GRAF1 (GTPase
      Regulator Associated with Focal Adhesion Kinase). Together, our data establish
      novel roles for SNX9 as a multifunctional protein scaffold that regulates, and
      potentially coordinates, several cellular processes that together can enhance
      cancer cell metastasis.

PMID- 26960795
TI  - SUMO-Targeted Ubiquitin Ligase (STUbL) Slx5 regulates proteolysis of centromeric
      histone H3 variant Cse4 and prevents its mislocalization to euchromatin.
AB  - Centromeric histone H3, CENP-ACse4, is essential for faithful chromosome
      segregation. Stringent regulation of cellular levels of CENP-ACse4 restricts its
      localization to centromeres. Mislocalization of CENP-ACse4 is associated with
      aneuploidy in yeast, flies and tumorigenesis in human cells; thus, defining
      pathways that regulate CENP-A levels is critical for understanding how
      mislocalization of CENP-A contributes to aneuploidy in human cancers. Previous
      work in budding yeast has shown that ubiquitination of overexpressed Cse4 by
      Psh1, an E3 ligase, partially contributes to proteolysis of Cse4. Here, we
      provide the first evidence that Cse4 is sumoylated by E3 ligases Siz1 and Siz2 in
      vivo and in vitro. Ubiquitination of Cse4 by Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier
      (SUMO)-Targeted Ubiquitin Ligase (STUbL) Slx5 plays a critical role in
      proteolysis of Cse4 and prevents mislocalization of Cse4 to euchromatin under
      normal physiological conditions. Accumulation of sumoylated Cse4 species and
      increased stability of Cse4 in slx5? strains suggest that sumoylation precedes
      ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cse4. Slx5-mediated Cse4 proteolysis is
      independent of Psh1 since slx5? psh1? strains exhibit higher levels of Cse4
      stability and mislocalization compared to either slx5? or psh1? strains. Our
      results demonstrate a role for Slx5 in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Cse4 to
      prevent its mislocalization and maintain genome stability.

PMID- 26960796
TI  - Vinculin Regulates Directionality and Cell Polarity in 2D, 3D Matrix and 3D
      Microtrack Migration.
AB  - During metastasis, cells can use proteolytic activity to form tube-like
      "microtracks" within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Using these microtracks,
      cells can migrate unimpeded through the stroma. To investigate the molecular
      mechanisms of microtrack migration, we developed an in vitro 3D micromolded
      collagen platform. When in microtracks, cells tend to migrate unidirectionally.
      Since focal adhesions are the primary mechanism by which cells interact with the
      ECM, we examined the roles of several focal adhesion molecules in driving
      unidirectional motion. Vinculin knockdown results in the repeated reversal of
      migration direction compared with control cells. Tracking the position of the
      Golgi centroid relative to the position of the nucleus centroid reveals that
      vinculin knockdown disrupts cell polarity in microtracks. Vinculin also directs
      migration on 2D substrates and in 3D uniform collagen matrices, indicated by
      reduced speed, shorter net displacement and decreased directionality in vinculin
      deficient cells. In addition, vinculin is necessary for Focal Adhesion Kinase
      (FAK) activation in 3D as vinculin knockdown results in reduced FAK activation in
      both 3D uniform collagen matrices and microtracks, but not on 2D substrates, and
      accordingly, FAK inhibition halts cell migration in 3D microtracks. Together,
      these data indicate that vinculin plays a key role in polarization during
      migration.

PMID- 26960794
TI  - Transcription factor ATF4 directs basal and stress-induced gene expression in the
      unfolded protein response and cholesterol metabolism in the liver.
AB  - Disturbances in protein folding and membrane compositions in the endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) elicit the unfolded protein response (UPR). Each of three UPR
      sensory proteins-PERK (PEK/EIF2AK3), IRE1, and ATF6-is activated by ER stress.
      PERK phosphorylation of eIF2 represses global protein synthesis, lowering influx
      of nascent polypeptides into the stressed ER, coincident with preferential
      translation of ATF4 (CREB2). In cultured cells, ATF4 induces transcriptional
      expression of genes directed by the PERK arm of the UPR, including genes involved
      in amino acid metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress, and the proapoptotic
      transcription factor CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3). In this study, we characterize whole
      body and tissue-specific ATF4-knockout mice and show in liver exposed to ER
      stress that ATF4 is not required for CHOP expression, but instead ATF6 is a
      primary inducer. RNA-Seq analysis indicates that ATF4 is responsible for a small
      portion of the PERK-dependent UPR genes and reveals a requirement for expression
      of ATF4 for expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response basally and
      cholesterol metabolism both basally and under stress. Consistent with this
      pattern of gene expression, loss of ATF4 resulted in enhanced oxidative damage,
      and increased free cholesterol in liver under stress accompanied by lowered
      cholesterol in sera.

PMID- 26960798
TI  - Prediction of High-grade Vesicoureteral   Reflux in Children Younger Than 2 Years
      Using Renal Sonography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the predictive value of renal sonography for
      vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and the efficacy of renal sonography, technetium Tc
      99m-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scanning, and a combination of the two
      for VUR screening in children younger than 2 years with a first episode of
      febrile urinary tract infection. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients younger than 2
      years with a first febrile urinary tract infection were included in our study,
      which was conducted from April through October 2014. Each kidney was considered a
      separate renal unit. A retrospective review of clinical information and images
      (renal sonography, DMSA scanning, and voiding cystourethrography) was performed.
      RESULTS: Of the 14 renal units (18.4%) with VUR, 4 (28.5%) had high-grade VUR.
      Among single findings, dilatation of the renal collecting system, wall thickening
      of the renal collecting system, and DMSA scans significantly predicted VUR (P=
      .038, .027, and .01, respectively). Dilatation was the most common single finding
      (46 of 76 renal units). The sensitivity values for dilatation, wall thickening,
      and DMSA scans were 85.7%, 64.2%, and 50.0%, and the negative predictive values
      were 93.3%, 89.7%, and 87.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The negative predictive values
      indicate that normal renal sonographic and DMSA findings can predict the absence
      of high-grade VUR. We propose that renal sonographic findings of wall thickening
      as well as dilatation of the renal collecting system should be considered
      predictive of high-grade VUR.

PMID- 26960797
TI  - Expansion and concatenation of non-muscle myosin IIA filaments drive cellular
      contractile system formation during interphase and mitosis.
AB  - Cell movement and cytokinesis are facilitated by contractile forces generated by
      the molecular motor, non-muscle myosin II (NMII). NMII molecules form a filament
      (NMII-F) through interactions of their C-terminal rod domains, positioning groups
      of N-terminal motor domains on opposite sides. The NMII motors then bind and pull
      actin filaments toward the NMII-F, thus driving contraction. Inside of crawling
      cells, NMIIA-Fs form large macromolecular ensembles (i.e., NMIIA-F stacks) but
      how this occurs is unknown. Here we show NMIIA-F stacks are formed through two
      non-mutually exclusive mechanisms: expansion and concatenation. During expansion,
      NMIIA molecules within the NMIIA-F spread out concurrent with addition of new
      NMIIA molecules. Concatenation occurs when multiple NMIIA-F/NMIIA-F stacks move
      together and align. We found NMIIA-F stack formation was regulated by both motor
      activity and the availability of surrounding actin filaments. Furthermore, our
      data showed expansion and concatenation also formed the contractile ring in
      dividing cells. Thus, interphase and mitotic cells share similar mechanisms for
      creating large contractile units, and these are likely to underlie how other
      myosin II-based contractile systems are assembled.

PMID- 26960800
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Fasciotomy for   Anterior Chronic Exertional   Compartment
      Syndrome of the Leg.
AB  - Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is characterized by exertional pain and
      elevated intracompartmental pressures affecting the leg in physically active
      young people. In patients who have failed conservative measures, fasciotomy is
      the treatment of choice. This study presents a new method for performing
      fasciotomy using high-resolution ultrasound (US) guidance and reports on the
      clinical outcomes in a group of these patients. Over a 3-year period, 7
      consecutive patients with a total of 9 involved legs presented clinically with
      anterior compartment chronic exertional compartment syndrome, which was confirmed
      by intracompartmental pressure measurements before and after exercise. After a US
      examination, fasciotomy under US guidance was performed. Preoperative and
      postoperative pain and activity levels were assessed as well as number of days
      needed to "return to play." All patients had a decrease in pain, and all except 1
      returned to presymptomatic exercise levels with a median return to play of 35
      days.

PMID- 26960801
TI  - Nonobliteration of the Processus  Vaginalis.   Sonography of Related
      Abnormalities in Children.
AB  - The objective of this pictorial essay is to systematically classify processus
      vaginalis- related disorders in the light of embryology and present illustrative
      sonograms with corresponding diagrams. Failure of the processus vaginalis to
      obliterate during gestation results in a wide spectrum of anomalies, including
      communicating and noncommunicating hydroceles and inguinal and inguinoscrotal
      hernias, along with other related disorders of the genital system. There are
      varying classifications in the literature regarding the aforementioned entities.
      Proper and timely diagnosis of these entities is essential, given the differences
      in treatment. Although physical examination can narrow the differential
      diagnosis, sonography plays an essential role in establishing the diagnosis.

PMID- 26960799
TI  - Third- or Fourth-Degree Intrapartum   Anal Sphincter Tears Are Associated   With
      Levator Ani Avulsion in Primiparas.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated primiparous women with clinically diagnosed third- and
      fourth-degree and anal sphincter tears, to evaluate the rate of levator ani
      muscle injury compared to primiparous women without sphincter tears. METHODS:
      Primiparous women delivering in our maternity ward with intrapartum diagnoses of
      third- or fourth-degree anal sphincter tears, repaired by the overlapping
      technique, were recruited to undergo 3-dimensional transperineal sonography of
      the pelvic floor anatomy, including the anterior and posterior compartments.
      Primiparas with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries were recruited as a comparison
      group. Patient files were examined, and maternal backgrounds and delivery and
      neonatal details were extracted for all patients. RESULTS: Ninety-four women with
      tears were recruited to the study group, and 464 women with normal vaginal
      deliveries constituted the comparison group. The groups differed significantly in
      the rates of levator ani defects: 38 of 94 women (40.4%) in the study group
      versus 75 of 464 (16.2%) in the comparison group (P < .001; odds ratio, 3.53; 95%
      confidence interval, 2.18-5.7). Neonatal head circumference differed
      significantly between the study and comparison groups: (mean ?} SD, 34.5 ?} 1.3
      cm in the study group versus 33.9 ?} 1.3 cm in the comparison group; P= .005), as
      did birth weight (3322 ?} 430 g in the study group versus 3169 ?} 458 g in the
      comparison group; P= .007). The groups did not differ in maternal age,
      gestational age at delivery, length of second stage of labor, and rates of
      epidural anesthesia, episiotomy, and vacuum extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Third- and
      fourth-degree intrapartum sphincter tears are associated with levator ani
      avulsion. Knowledge of complex pelvic floor damage may allow for prompt referral
      to secondary preventive measures for pelvic floor disorders.

PMID- 26960802
TI  - Effects of Low-Intensity Pulsed   Ultrasound on Implant Osseointegration   in
      Ovariectomized Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) on
      periimplant bone healing and osseointegration under osteoporotic conditions.
      METHODS: Seventy-two 12-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats received bilateral
      ovariectomies. Twelve weeks later, titanium implants were bilaterally placed in
      the proximal tibial metaphysis. The right tibia was exposed to low-intensity
      pulsed US (40 mW/cm2, spatial and temporal average) for 20 min/d starting the 2nd
      day after implantation, and the left tibia served as a control without
      stimulation. The rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups of 12 each according to
      the US duration (group 1: weeks 0-2, 280 minutes; group 2: weeks 0-4, 560
      minutes; group 3: weeks 0-6, 840 minutes; group 4: weeks 0-8, 1120 minutes; group
      5: weeks 0-10, 1400 minutes; group 6: weeks 0-12, 1680 minutes). At the end of
      the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks, the rats were euthanized, and
      bilateral tibias were harvested. Peri-implant bone volume and bone-implant
      contact were assessed by micro-computed tomography; the implantbone interface was
      assessed histologically; and implant fixation strength was determined by a
      removal torque test. RESULTS: Low-intensity pulsed US increased bone-implant
      contact at the 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks (P = .019, .017, <.001, <.001,
      and <.001, respectively) and periimplant bone volume at all times (P = <.001,
      .002, .012, .007, .005, and .010). Removal torque on the US side was improved at
      the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th weeks (P= .012, <.001, .006, and .009). Ultrasound
      evoked a favorable bone response in the histologic study. CONCLUSIONS: Low
      intensity pulsed US might enhance new bone formation, especially at an early
      stage, and improve osseointegration in osteoporotic bone as an auxiliary method.
      However, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its
      action.

PMID- 26960803
TI  - Portable A-Mode Ultrasound for   Body Composition Assessment   in Adolescents.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound (US) imaging is a low-cost, highly feasible alternative
      method for monitoring the nutritional status of a population; however, only a few
      studies have tested the body composition agreement between US and reference
      standard methods, especially in adolescents. The purposes of this study were to
      assess the agreement of portable US with a reference standard method, dual-energy
      x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), for body fat percentage (BF%) in adolescents and to
      verify whether the use of a new mathematical model, based on the anatomic
      thickness obtained by US, is capable of improving BF% prediction. METHODS: This
      research was a descriptive study. Measures of total body mass, BF% on DXA, and
      BF% on US were collected from 105 adolescents. RESULTS: The participants included
      71 male adolescents (median age ?} interquartile range, 14.0 ?} 2.0 years) and 34
      female adolescents (13.0 ?} 2.3 years). Ultrasound yielded significantly lower
      BF% values than DXA for male (mean ?} SD, US, 9.6% ?} 6.6%; DXA, 20.0% ?} 7.2%;
      R= 0.848; P< .05) and female (US, 22.5% ?} 5.7%; DXA, 30.3% ?} 4.9%; R = 0.495; P
      < .05) participants. In addition, Bland-Altman analysis showed low concordance.
      When a multivariate regression was tested, the results improved for both sexes
      (US, 20.3% ?} 4.6%; R= 0.848; P= .503) and female participants (US, 29.0% ?}
      5.7%; R= 0.712; P = .993) with a standard estimate of error of 1.57%.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that US applied in a specific regression for
      BF% prediction in adolescents

PMID- 26960805
TI  - Ultra-processed food purchases in Norway: a quantitative study on a
      representative sample of food retailers - CORRIGENDUM.

PMID- 26960804
TI  - Serum retinol binding protein 4 is negatively related to estrogen in Chinese
      women with obesity: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) and
      obesity is still controversial. Serum RBP4 levels varies by gender, and estradiol
      may play a role in the difference. To investigate the participation of sex
      hormones in the association of RBP4 and obesity in humans, we measured serum
      RBP4, BMI, and sex hormones in 87 women from the outpatient. METHODS: Eighty
      seven subjects of Chinese women origin from the outpatient (aged 40.22 +/- 15.54
      years) were enrolled. Subjects with diseases affecting the metabolic state or not
      suitable to participate in this study were excluded. Anthropometrics and
      laboratory tests, including lipid profile, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2),progesterone (PROG),
      testosterone (TESTO), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were conducted. Serum
      RBP4 was detected by an enzyme immunoassay kit and validated by quantitative
      Western blotting. RESULTS: Circulating RBP4 levels were positively associated
      with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic
      (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides (TG), low high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), and testosterone (TESTO) in the total group.
      While only in obese individuals, serum RBP4 levels were negatively associated
      with E2. The highest value was in the subjects with both obesity and the low
      estrogen level. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RBP4 correlated
      independently with TG, TC and insulin in all subjects, TC in non- obese
      individuals. However, E2 were significantly associated with serum RBP4 only in
      obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS: RBP4 could be a marker of obesity-related
      factors; estrogen was negatively related to RBP4 and might be one of the
      influential factors.

PMID- 26960807
TI  - Crossing the line: NICE's value for money threshold.

PMID- 26960806
TI  - A genome-wide association study for genetic susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis
      infection in dairy cattle identifies a susceptibility QTL on chromosome 23.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in cattle is a significant
      economic concern in many countries, with annual costs to the UK and Irish
      governments of approximately ?190 million and ?63 million, respectively, for bTB
      control. The existence of host additive and non-additive genetic components to
      bTB susceptibility has been established. METHODS: Two approaches i.e. single-SNP
      (single nucleotide polymorphism) regression and a Bayesian method were applied to
      genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using high-density SNP genotypes (n =
      597,144 SNPs) from 841 dairy artificial insemination (AI) sires. Deregressed
      estimated breeding values for bTB susceptibility were used as the quantitative
      dependent variable. Network analysis was performed using the quantitative trait
      loci (QTL) that were identified as significant in the single-SNP regression and
      Bayesian analyses separately. In addition, an identity-by-descent analysis was
      performed on a subset of the most prolific sires in the dataset that showed
      contrasting prevalences of bTB infection in daughters. RESULTS: A significant QTL
      region was identified on BTA23 (P value >1 * 10(-5), Bayes factor >10) across all
      analyses. Sires with the minor allele (minor allele frequency = 0.136) for this
      QTL on BTA23 had estimated breeding values that conferred a greater
      susceptibility to bTB infection than those that were homozygous for the major
      allele. Imputation of the regions that flank this QTL on BTA23 to full sequence
      indicated that the most significant associations were located within introns of
      the FKBP5 gene. CONCLUSIONS: A genomic region on BTA23 that is strongly
      associated with host susceptibility to bTB infection was identified. This region
      contained FKBP5, a gene involved in the TNFalpha/NFkappa-B signalling pathway,
      which is a major biological pathway associated with immune response. Although
      there is no study that validates this region in the literature, our approach
      represents one of the most powerful studies for the analysis of bTB
      susceptibility to date.

PMID- 26960808
TI  - Changes of serum aspergillus galactomannan during hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation in children with prior invasive aspergillosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) has recently increased and has a high
      mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. IA before hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (HSCT) is not uncommon, but how to cope with it is very tough.
      The serum aspergillus galactomannan antigen (GM) is a helpful marker for
      diagnosis of IA, and a serial follow-up of GM levels is important to evaluate the
      response of treatment. However, data on the changes of GM during HSCT are very
      limited. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient 1 was a 2-year-old female with severe
      aplastic anemia. A typical lung lesion in the computed tomography of the chest
      with elevated GM levels was noted, and probable IA was diagnosed. After a
      combination treatment of voriconazole and caspofungin, the GM levels decreased.
      Although of significant improvement, the pulmonary lesion in the chest X-ray did
      not disappear before HSCT. The GM levels increased when she received the
      conditioning regimen during HSCT. The GM levels remained high during the use of
      steroids for the graft-versus-host disease and declined gradually after tapering
      off steroids and cyclosporine. Patient 2 was a 12-year-old female with severe
      aplastic anemia. Voriconazole was administered after the diagnosis of a probable
      IA. The pulmonary lesions in the chest X-ray disappeared before HSCT. The GM
      levels flared up during the administration of conditioning regimen and declined
      after neutrophil engraftment. At present, the two patients were cured of the
      disease without requiring surgical resection of their pulmonary IA. CONCLUSION:
      To our knowledge, this is the first report about the changes of GM during HSCT in
      patients with prior IA. With appropriate antifungal therapy and restoration of
      patient's immunity, IA can be cured without surgical resection. Further studies
      are warranted.

PMID- 26960812
TI  - Recovery, non-profit organisations and mental health services: 'Hit and miss' or
      'dump and run'?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The evolution of Recovery-oriented mental health services in Western
      nations across the globe has given rise to a growth in community-based
      psychosocial support services, to assist in meeting the diverse needs of
      consumers. This article reports findings of research that explored the
      perceptions of community workers who are employed by non-profit organisations and
      deliver psychosocial support services to support delivery of Recovery-oriented
      clinical mental health services. AIMS: The focus of the research reported in this
      article includes the benefits and challenges encountered by the community workers
      when working with clinicians. METHOD: The research was undertaken as part of a
      single-case embedded study, which evaluated the implementation of Recovery
      oriented approaches to the delivery of clinical mental health services in a major
      urban centre located in south-eastern Australia. RESULTS: Generally, community
      workers employed by the non-profit organisations perceived the implementation of
      Recovery-oriented clinical mental health services to be a positive step forward
      for consumers. Challenges to the delivery of Recovery-oriented services included
      issues arising from the many different understandings of what it means to
      experience mental health Recovery, the quality of communication between the
      community workers and clinicians and the clinicians' lack of understanding of the
      role of non-profit organisations and community workers. CONCLUSION: The article
      concludes with recommendations to address the challenges involved, with a view to
      improving the partnerships between community workers and clinicians, and the
      Recovery journey of people with serious mental illness.

PMID- 26960809
TI  - Drug-drug interactions and QT prolongation as a commonly assessed cardiac effect 
      comprehensive overview of clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proarrhythmia assessment is one of the major concerns for regulatory
      bodies and pharmaceutical industry. ICH guidelines recommending preclinical tests
      have been established in attempt to eliminate the risk of drug-induced
      arrhythmias. However, in the clinic, arrhythmia occurrence is determined not only
      by the inherent property of a drug to block ion currents and disturb
      electrophysiological activity of cardiac myocytes, but also by many other factors
      modifying individual risk of QT prolongation and subsequent proarrhythmia
      propensity. One of those is drug-drug interactions. Since polypharmacy is a
      common practice in clinical settings, it can be anticipated that there is a
      relatively high risk that the patient will receive at least two drugs mutually
      modifying their proarrhythmic potential and resulting either in triggering the
      occurrence or mitigating the clinical symptoms. The mechanism can be observed
      either directly at the pharmacodynamic level by competing for the molecular
      targets, or indirectly by modifying the physiological parameters, or at the
      pharmacokinetic level by alteration of the active concentration of the victim
      drug. METHODS: This publication provides an overview of published clinical
      studies on pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions in
      humans and their electrophysiological consequences (QT interval modification).
      Databases of PubMed and Scopus were searched and combinations of the following
      keywords were used for Title, Abstract and Keywords fields: interaction,
      coadministration, combination, DDI and electrocardiographic, QTc interval, ECG.
      Only human studies were included. Over 4500 publications were retrieved and
      underwent preliminary assessment to identify papers accordant with the topic of
      this review. 76 papers reporting results for 96 drug combinations were found and
      analyzed. RESULTS: The results show the tremendous variability of drug-drug
      interaction effects, which makes one aware of complexity of the problem, and
      suggests the need for assessment of an additional risk factors and careful ECG
      monitoring before administration of drugs with anticipated QT prolongation.
      CONCLUSIONS: DDIs can play significant roles in drugs' cardiac safety, as
      evidenced by the provided examples. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic effects of
      the drug interactions is more challenging as compared to the pharmacokinetic due
      to the significant diversity in the endpoints which should be analyzed
      specifically for various clinical effects. Nevertheless, PD components of DDIs
      should be accounted for as PK changes alone do not allow to fully explain the
      electrophysiological effects in clinic situations.

PMID- 26960813
TI  - Self-assembled SnO2 micro- and nanosphere-based gas sensor thick films from an
      alkoxide-derived high purity aqueous colloid precursor.
AB  - Tin oxide is considered to be one of the most promising semiconductor oxide
      materials for use as a gas sensor. However, a simple route for the controllable
      build-up of nanostructured, sufficiently pure and hierarchical SnO2 structures
      for gas sensor applications is still a challenge. In the current work, an aqueous
      SnO2 nanoparticulate precursor sol, which is free of organic contaminants and
      sorbed ions and is fully stable over time, was prepared in a highly reproducible
      manner from an alkoxide Sn(OR)4 just by mixing it with a large excess of pure
      neutral water. The precursor is formed as a separate liquid phase. The structure
      and purity of the precursor is revealed using XRD, SAXS, EXAFS, HRTEM imaging,
      FTIR, and XRF analysis. An unconventional approach for the estimation of the
      particle size based on the quantification of the Sn-Sn contacts in the structure
      was developed using EXAFS spectroscopy and verified using HRTEM. To construct
      sensors with a hierarchical 3D structure, we employed an unusual emulsification
      technique not involving any additives or surfactants, using simply the extraction
      of the liquid phase, water, with the help of dry butanol under ambient
      conditions. The originally generated crystalline but yet highly reactive
      nanoparticles form relatively uniform spheres through self-assembly and solidify
      instantly. The spheres floating in butanol were left to deposit on the surface of
      quartz plates bearing sputtered gold electrodes, producing ready-for-use gas
      sensors in the form of ca. 50 MUm thick sphere-based-films. The films were dried
      for 24 h and calcined at 300  degrees C in air before use. The gas sensitivity of
      the structures was tested in the temperature range of 150-400  degrees C. The
      materials showed a very quickly emerging and reversible (20-30 times) increase in
      electrical conductivity as a response to exposure to air containing 100 ppm of H2
      or CO and short (10 s) recovery times when the gas flow was stopped. 

PMID- 26960811
TI  - Combined probes of X-ray scattering and optical spectroscopy reveal how global
      conformational change is temporally and spatially linked to local structural
      perturbation in photoactive yellow protein.
AB  - Real-time probing of structural transitions of a photoactive protein is
      challenging owing to the lack of a universal time-resolved technique that can
      probe the changes in both global conformation and light-absorbing chromophores of
      the protein. In this work, we combine time-resolved X-ray solution scattering
      (TRXSS) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to investigate how the global
      conformational changes involved in the photoinduced signal transduction of
      photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is temporally and spatially related to the local
      structural change around the light-absorbing chromophore. In particular, we
      examine the role of internal proton transfer in developing a signaling state of
      PYP by employing its E46Q mutant (E46Q-PYP), where the internal proton transfer
      is inhibited by the replacement of a proton donor. The comparison of TRXSS and TA
      spectroscopy data directly reveals that the global conformational change of the
      protein, which is probed by TRXSS, is temporally delayed by tens of microseconds
      from the local structural change of the chromophore, which is probed by TA
      spectroscopy. The molecular shape of the signaling state reconstructed from the
      TRXSS curves directly visualizes the three-dimensional conformations of protein
      intermediates and reveals that the smaller structural change in E46Q-PYP than in
      wild-type PYP suggested by previous studies is manifested in terms of much
      smaller protrusion, confirming that the signaling state of E46Q-PYP is only
      partially developed compared with that of wild-type PYP. This finding provides
      direct evidence of how the environmental change in the vicinity of the
      chromophore alters the conformational change of the entire protein matrix. 

PMID- 26960810
TI  - A Novel Strategy for the Preparation of Codon-Optimized Truncated Ulp1 and its
      Simplified Application to Cleavage the SUMO Fusion Protein.
AB  - Ubiquitin-like protease 1 (Ulp1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae emerges as a
      fundamental tool to obtain the natural N-terminal target protein by cleavage of
      the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) fusion protein. However, the costly
      commercial Ulp1 and its complicated procedures limit its application in the
      preparation of the target protein with natural N-terminal sequence. Here, we
      describe the preparation of bioactive codon-optimized recombinant truncated Ulp1
      (Leu403-Lys621) (rtUlp1) of S. cerevisiae in Escherichia coli using only one-step
      with Ni-NTA affinity chromatograph, and the application of rtUlp1 to cleave the
      SUMO fusion protein by simply mixing the purified rtUlp1, SUMO fusion protein and
      DL-Dithiothreitol in Tris-HCl buffer. The optimal expression level of non-fusion
      protein rtUlp1 accounts for approximately 50 % of the total cellular protein and
      36% of the soluble form by addition of isopropyl beta-D-l-thiogalactopyranoside
      at a final concentration of 0.4 mM at 18  degrees C for 20 h. The purification of
      target protein rtUlp1 was conducted by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The final
      yield of rtUlp1 was 45 mg/l in flask fermentation with a purity up to 95%.
      Furthermore, the high purity of rtUlp1 could effectively cleave the SUMO
      tTbetaRII fusion protein (SUMO gene fused to truncated transforming growth factor
      beta receptor type II gene) with the above simplified approach, and the specific
      activity of the rtUlp1 reached up to 2.8 * 10(4) U/mg, which is comparable to the
      commercial Ulp1. The preparation and application strategy of the rtUlp1 with
      commonly available laboratory resources in this study will be convenient to the
      cleavage of the SUMO fusion protein to obtain the natural N-terminal target
      protein, which can be implemented in difficult-to-express protein functional
      analysis.

PMID- 26960814
TI  - A prospective study of sexual and urinary function before and after total
      mesorectal excision.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although rectal cancer is a very common malignancy and has an improved
      cure rate in response to oncological treatment, research on rectal cancer
      survivors' urogenital function remains limited. In this study, urogenital
      dysfunction after surgical rectal cancer treatment was measured and possible
      predisposing factors that may have an impact on the development of this disorder
      were discussed. METHODS: One hundred eight patients undergoing curative rectal
      cancer surgery from January 2008 to December 2014 were questioned using
      questionnaires: male urinary function was assessed using the International
      Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire, for sexual function-International
      Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract
      Symptoms (BFLUTS) questionnaire and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were
      used for female urogenital function assessment prior to the operation and 6
      months postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 67.0 % of male (36) and 33.0 % (18)
      of female patients who completed the questionnaire were included in the study.
      Preoperatively, male urinary dysfunction was 80.1 % and postoperatively-88.9 %.
      In female patients, preoperative urinary dysfunction was seen in 75.0 % patients,
      postoperatively-78.0 %. Erectile dysfunction was seen in 41.7 % males
      preoperatively and in 63.9 % postoperatively. A total of 83.3 % of female
      patients had sexual dysfunction preoperatively and 94 % postoperatively.
      CONCLUSION: Sexual and urinary problems after surgery for rectal cancer are
      common. Preoperative genitourinary dysfunction is not uncommon in patients older
      than 60 years as well. Female patients reported higher rates of sexual
      dysfunction than males. These results point out the importance of sexual and
      urinary (dys)function in survivors of rectal cancer. More attention should be
      drawn to this topic for clinical and research purposes.

PMID- 26960815
TI  - Novel elastic membrane vesicles (EMVs) and ethosomes-mediated effective topical
      delivery of aceclofenac: a new therapeutic approach for pain and inflammation.
AB  - CONTEXT: Aceclofenac (ACE) is a systematically designed drug, developed to
      circumvent the concerns associated with diclofenac. But ACE is also associated
      with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)-tagged side effects, although
      of decreased amplitude. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to develop phospholipid
      based vesicles (elastic membrane vesicles; EMV and ethosomes) loaded with ACE and
      explore their potential in topical delivery. METHODS: Elastic membrane vesicles
      (EMVs) were prepared by thin-film hydration method and ethosomes by cold method.
      The composition of both the vesicular systems was selected on the basis of
      vesicle density and drug entrapment. The developed systems were characterized for
      micromeritics, surface charge, drug entrapment, and morphology. Ex vivo
      permeation and retention studies on Laca mice skin were performed. In vivo
      pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed by tail-flick method and carrageenan
      induced rat paw-edema model. During stability studies, percent drug leakage was
      studied. RESULTS: The selected ratios of phospholpid:drug:stearylamine for EMVs
      and ethosomes were 8:1:1 and 3:1:1, respectively. The ethosomes were found to
      offer more vesicle density, drug loading, and deformability index as compared
      with that of EMVs. The drug permeation and the retention offered by both the
      vesicular systems were superior to that of the conventional cream; however,
      performance of ethosomes superseded that of EMVs. The phospholipid-based vesicles
      were found to be well tolerated on mice skin. Although, the in vivo performance
      of ethosomes was found to be better than that of EMVs in both the studied models.
      CONCLUSION: The phospholipid-based vesicular systems, especially, ethosomes can
      be a promising tool to enhance the delivery and safety of ACE by topical route.

PMID- 26960816
TI  - Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of a milk protein matrix in vitro and in
      vivo in women aged 50-70 years.
AB  - Bovine milk proteins have emerged as a novel, dairy-based source of dietary
      antioxidants and a component of a nutritional strategy to maintain muscle mass
      during ageing. The aim of this study was to characterise the in vitro antioxidant
      capacity (AOC) of a milk-based protein matrix (MPM) before and after simulated
      gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) and determine whether plasma AOC was similarly
      modified in vivo following acute ingestion of the MPM in healthy 50-70 years old
      women. To achieve this, the AOC of the MPM was measured by the oxygen radical
      absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay prior to and following SGID. In parallel, plasma
      obtained from women prior to and for 3 h following ingestion of the MPM was
      analysed ex vivo for change in AOC to evaluate the translation in vivo. SGID of
      the MPM increased AOC by ~ 35% (27,365 +/- 2152 versus 42,592 +/- 2299 MUmol
      TE/100 g dw; p < 0.05). Sampled ex vivo, ingestion of the MPM increased fasting
      plasma AOC by ~ 23% (10,952 +/- 751 to 13,519 +/- 800 MUmol TE/L; p < 0.05).
      These data provide preliminary evidence of an association between the change in
      the ORAC-based measurement of AOC of an MPM subjected to simulated digest in
      vitro and the change in plasma AOC following ingestion of the MPM sampled ex vivo
      from healthy elderly women.

PMID- 26960818
TI  - Hindered rotor tunneling splittings: an application of the two-dimensional non
      separable method to benzyl alcohol and two of its fluorine derivatives.
AB  - In this work we present a novel application of the two-dimensional non-separable
      (2D-NS) method to the calculation of torsional tunneling splittings in systems
      with two hindered internal rotors. This method could be considered an extension
      of one-dimensional methods for the case of compounds with two tops. The 2D-NS
      method includes coupling between torsions in the kinetic and potential energy.
      Specifically, it has been applied to benzyl alcohol (BA) and two of its fluorine
      derivatives: 3-fluorobenzyl alcohol (3FBA) and 4-fluorobenzyl alcohol (4FBA).
      These molecules present two torsions, i.e., about the -CH2OH (phi1) and -OH
      (phi2) groups. The electronic structure calculations to build the two-dimensional
      torsional potential energy surface were performed at the DF-LMP2-F12//DF-LMP2/cc
      pVQZ level of theory. For BA and 4FBA the calculated ground-state vibrational
      level splittings are 429 and 453 MHz, respectively, in good agreement with the
      experimental values of 337.10 and 492.82 MHz, respectively. In these two cases
      there are four equivalent wells and the tunneling splitting is the result of
      transitions between the two closer minima along phi1. The analysis of the
      wavefunctions, as well as the previous experimental work on the system, supports
      this conclusion. For 3FBA the observed ground-state splitting is 0.82 MHz,
      whereas in this case the calculated value amounts only to 0.02 MHz. The 2D-NS
      method, through the analysis of the wavefunctions, shows that this tiny tunneling
      splitting occurs between the two most stable minima of the potential energy
      surface. Additionally, we predict that the first vibrationally excited tunneling
      splitting will also be small and exclusively due to the interconversion between
      the second lowest minima. 

PMID- 26960817
TI  - Exploring the gating mechanisms of aquaporin-3: new clues for the design of
      inhibitors?
AB  - The pH gating of human AQP3 and its effects on both water and glycerol
      permeabilities have been fully characterized for the first time using a human red
      blood cell model (hRBC). For comparison, the effects of pH on the gating of rat
      AQP3 have also been characterized in yeast. The obtained results highlight
      similarities as well as differences between the two isoforms. In addition, we
      investigated the molecular mechanism of hAQP3 pH gating in silico, which may
      disclose new pathways to AQP regulation by small molecule inhibitors, and
      therefore may be important for drug development.

PMID- 26960819
TI  - Dose-rate effects in radiation biology and radiation protection.
AB  - Quantification of biological effects (cancer, other diseases, and cell damage)
      associated with exposure to ionising radiation has been a major issue for the
      International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) since its foundation
      in 1928. While there is a wealth of information on the effects on human health
      for whole-body doses above approximately 100 mGy, the effects associated with
      doses below 100 mGy are still being investigated and debated intensively. The
      current radiological protection approach, proposed by ICRP for workers and the
      public, is largely based on risks obtained from high-dose and high-dose-rate
      studies, such as the Japanese Life Span Study on atomic bomb survivors. The risk
      coefficients obtained from these studies can be reduced by the dose and dose-rate
      effectiveness factor (DDREF) to account for the assumed lower effectiveness of
      low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures. The 2007 ICRP Recommendations continue to
      propose a value of 2 for DDREF, while other international organisations suggest
      either application of different values or abandonment of the factor. This paper
      summarises the current status of discussions, and highlights issues that are
      relevant to reassessing the magnitude and application of DDREF.

PMID- 26960820
TI  - Current global and Korean issues in radiation safety of nuclear medicine
      procedures.
AB  - In recent years, the management of patient doses in medical imaging has evolved
      as concern about radiation exposure has increased. Efforts and techniques to
      reduce radiation doses are focussed not only on the basis of patient safety, but
      also on the fundamentals of justification and optimisation in cooperation with
      international organisations such as the International Commission on Radiological
      Protection, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the World Health
      Organization. The Image Gently campaign in children and Image Wisely campaign in
      adults to lower radiation doses have been initiated in the USA. The European
      Association of Nuclear Medicine paediatric dosage card, North American consensus
      guidelines, and Nuclear Medicine Global Initiative have recommended the
      activities of radiopharmaceuticals that should be administered in children.
      Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs), developed predominantly in Europe, may be an
      important tool to manage patient doses. In Korea, overexposure to radiation, even
      from the use of medical imaging, has become a public issue, particularly since
      the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant. As a result, the Korean
      Nuclear Safety and Security Commission revised the technical standards for
      radiation safety management in medical fields. In parallel, DRLs for nuclear
      medicine procedures have been collected on a nationwide scale. Notice of total
      effective dose from positron emission tomography-computed tomography for cancer
      screening has been mandatory since mid-November 2014. 

PMID- 26960822
TI  - Unroofing Technique as an Option for the Endoscopic Treatment of Giant
      Gastrointestinal Lipomas.
AB  - Gastrointestinal lipomas are usually asymptomatic, detected incidentally.
      However, they can cause severe symptoms such as obstruction, invagination, and
      bleeding. The transsection of an infarcted or large lipoma by needle
      sphincterotome (needle knife) and/or snare polypectomy of the upper part of the
      tumour is an option for the endoscopy treatment of giant infarcted lipomas.
      Cutting a top of lipoma (unroofing technique) allowed flow out of adipose tissue
      from the lipoma. 

PMID- 26960821
TI  - Cell wall accumulation of fluorescent proteins derived from a trans-Golgi
      cisternal membrane marker and paramural bodies in interdigitated Arabidopsis leaf
      epidermal cells.
AB  - In most dicotyledonous plants, leaf epidermal pavement cells develop jigsaw
      puzzle-like shapes during cell expansion. The rapid growth and complicated cell
      shape of pavement cells is suggested to be achieved by targeted exocytosis that
      is coordinated with cytoskeletal rearrangement to provide plasma membrane and/or
      cell wall materials for lobe development during their morphogenesis. Therefore,
      visualization of membrane trafficking in leaf pavement cells should contribute an
      understanding of the mechanism of plant cell morphogenesis. To reveal membrane
      trafficking in pavement cells, we observed monomeric red fluorescent protein
      tagged rat sialyl transferases, which are markers of trans-Golgi cisternal
      membranes, in the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative
      fluorescence imaging techniques and immunoelectron microscopic observations
      revealed that accumulation of the red fluorescent protein occurred mostly in the
      curved regions of pavement cell borders and guard cell ends during leaf
      expansion. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that apoplastic
      vesicular membrane structures called paramural bodies were more frequent beneath
      the curved cell wall regions of interdigitated pavement cells and guard cell ends
      in young leaf epidermis. In addition, pharmacological studies showed that
      perturbations in membrane trafficking resulted in simple cell shapes. These
      results suggested possible heterogeneity of the curved regions of plasma
      membranes, implying a relationship with pavement cell morphogenesis.

PMID- 26960823
TI  - Histological Changes of the Middle Ear Ossicles Harvested during Cholesteatoma
      Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the cholesteatoma surgery ossicles can be replaced to reconstruct
      middle ear function. It is important that these ossicles are free of squamous
      epithelium, to prevent residual disease. This study focuses on the histological
      findings of the malleus and incus harvested during cholesteatoma surgery.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty middle ears ossicles were examined in vivo and
      histologically to consider the relationship of cholesteatoma to ossicles, grade
      of bone destruction and invasion of cholesteatoma to deeper layers of bone.
      RESULTS: Serious ossicular destruction was observed more frequently in incus
      compared to malleus (p=0.0065). Difference of ossicles destruction between
      children and adults was not significant (p=0.3032). Deep invasion of
      cholesteatoma into the vascular spaces or inner core of the bone was not
      observed. CONCLUSIONS: Autograft ossicles from cholesteatomatous ears should not
      necessarily be rejected for reconstruction of the ossicular chain. Regarding the
      histological finding, the authors suggest mechanical cleaning of the ossicle
      surface to eliminate residual disease.

PMID- 26960824
TI  - Dental and Oral Lesions in HIV-Positive Individuals in East Bohemia--Czech
      Republic, Single Centre Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a serious health
      issue and one of the world most devastating epidemics. An estimated 1.5 million
      people died from AIDS-related illnesses in 2013, and an estimated 37 million
      people with AIDS have died worldwide since the epidemic has begun. HIV infection
      is known for its oral manifestations which causes discomfort and pain for
      infected individuals. The objective of this study was to document oral conditions
      of HIV positive patients and the pattern and frequency of oral and dental
      lesions. METHODS: All patients with confirmed HIV infection who were treated at
      the Department of Dentistry, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, were
      examined. RESULTS: During the study period, 29 HIV positive patients were
      examined and treated--19 men, 10 women, with mean age of 32.9 years (range 22-58
      years). 72.41% patients received ART. In total, all patients underwent 186
      visits. The most frequent treatments were associated with teeth and periodontal
      lesions (71.80%), oral mucosal lesions were diagnosed and treated only in 3.96%
      cases. CONCLUSION: Since the introduction of ART, the frequency of oral mucosal
      lesions is minimal in patients with HIV infection.

PMID- 26960825
TI  - Natural Detoxification Capacity to Inactivate Nerve Agents Sarin and VX in the
      Rat Blood.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The method of continual determination of the rat blood cholinesterase
      activity was developed to study the changes of the blood cholinesterases
      following different intervetions. AIMS: The aim of this study is registration of
      cholinesterase activity in the rat blood and its changes to demonstrate
      detoxification capacity of rats to inactivate sarin or VX in vivo. METHODS: The
      groups of female rats were premedicated (ketamine and xylazine) and cannulated to
      a. femoralis. Continual blood sampling (0.02 ml/min) and monitoring of the
      circulating blood cholinesterase activity were performed. Normal activity was
      monitored 1-2 min and then the nerve agent was administered i.m. (2*LD50). Using
      different time intervals of the leg compression and relaxation following the
      agent injection, cholinesterase activity was monitored and according to the
      inhibition obtained, detoxification capacity was assessed. RESULTS:
      Administration of sarin to the leg, then 1 and 5 min compression and 20 min later
      relaxation showed that further inhibition in the blood was not observed. On the
      other hand, VX was able to inhibit blood cholinesterases after this intervention.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that sarin can be naturally detoxified on
      the contrary to VX. Described method can be used as model for other studies
      dealing with changes of cholinesterases in the blood following different factors.

PMID- 26960826
TI  - Oesophageal Manometry in Experimental Pigs: Methods and Initial Experience.
AB  - The aim of this study project was to prepare our own method of porcine
      oesophageal manometry. Ten mature experimental pigs entered the study.
      Conventional water-perfused system was decided for manometry. Porcine resting and
      relaxed pressures of the lower oesophageal sphincter are fully comparable with
      healthy human subjects. Evocable swallowing is doable and oesophageal peristalsis
      is quantifiable. Basic manometric parameters were different in male and female
      animals. Oesophageal manometry in experimental pigs is feasible. Porcine
      oesophageal manometry will be usable for preclinical studies in future. 

PMID- 26960827
TI  - The Evaluation of the Potency of Newly Developed Oximes (K727, K733) and
      Trimedoxime to Counteract Acute Neurotoxic Effects of Tabun in Rats.
AB  - AIM: The ability of two newly developed oximes (K727, K733) to reduce tabun
      induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms was evaluated and compared with
      currently available trimedoxime in rats. METHODS: The neuroprotective effects of
      the oximes studied combined with atropine on Wistar rats poisoned with tabun at a
      lethal dose (380 ug/kg i.m.; 90% of LD50 value) were evaluated. Tabun-induced
      neurotoxicity was monitored by the functional observational battery consisting of
      38 measurements of sensory, motor and autonomic nervous functions at 2 hours
      following tabun challenge. RESULTS: All tested oximes combined with atropine
      enable tabun-poisoned rats to survive till the end of experiment. Both newly
      developed oximes (K727, K733) combined with atropine were able to decrease tabun
      induced neurotoxicity in the case of lethal poisoning although they did not
      eliminate all tabun-induced acute neurotoxic signs and symptoms. CONCLUSION: The
      ability of both novel bispyridinium oximes to decrease tabun-induced acute
      neurotoxicity was slightly lower than that of trimedoxime. Therefore, the newly
      developed oximes are not suitable for the replacement of commonly used oximes
      such as trimedoxime in the treatment of acute tabun poisonings.

PMID- 26960828
TI  - Pneumoperitoneum in in-vitro Conceived Quadruplet Neonate: Rare Manifestation of
      Hirschsprung's Disease--Report of a Case.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital colonic aganglionosis,
      usually presented as inability or difficulty in passing of meconium, chronic and
      persistent obstipation, maleficent feeding, vomiting, distension and lethargy.
      CASE PRESENTATION: We presented a case of an in-vitro conceived quadruplet
      premature neonate who presented with pneumoperitoneum caused by transverse colon
      spontaneous perforation and microcolon appearance of distal bowel, treated by
      resection and temporary colostomy turns to be a rare manifestation of
      Hirschsprung's disease. CONCLUSION: Assisted reproductive technologies increases
      chances for multiple pregnancies and may increase chance for major congenital
      anomalies. Rare manifestation of Hirschsprung's disease is spontaneous
      pneumoperitoneum which remains a surgical emergency. Delay in recognizing and
      treatment can significantly worsen prognosis. In neonate with intestinal
      perforation one should consider Hirschsprung's disease.

PMID- 26960829
TI  - Concha Bullosa Mucopyocele: a Case Report.
AB  - Concha bullosa (CB) is among the most common anatomic variations of sinonasal
      anatomy. Although usually asymptomatic, CB can occasionally cause nasal
      obstruction or headache. Obstructions within the mucociliary transport system can
      develop into a mucocele or mucopyocele. A 48-year-old female, with a history of
      progressive headache and nasal obstruction, was referred to our department.
      Paranasal sinus tomography revealed a nasal mass in the left nasal cavity
      resembling a mucopyocele in the middle turbinate. Under general anesthesia, the
      purulent material was aspirated, and the lateral part of the left turbinate was
      resected. Mucopyoceles are common within the paranasal sinuses, but uncommon with
      CB; thus, they should be considered in patients with a large hyperemic nasal
      mass. 

PMID- 26960830
TI  - Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for HPLC-UV Determination of PAHs in
      Milk.
AB  - A simple and rapid analytical method for the extraction and quantification of
      four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk sample has been developed using
      dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by the use of HPLC.
      Benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene were used as model
      compounds; the milk sample was spiked with these compounds to assess the
      extraction procedure. Experimental parameters that influence the extraction
      efficiency, including the nature and volume of the disperser and extraction
      solvents, pH, and the volume of milk sample, were optimized. Under the optimum
      extraction conditions (extraction solvent: chloroform, 200 MUL; dispersive
      solvent: acetonitrile, 700 MUL; and extraction time 5 s or less), the performance
      of the proposed method was evaluated. The chromatographic peak area was linear
      with concentrations in the range of 0.2-10 ng/mL(-1) and with correlation
      coefficients ranging from 0.9968 to 0.9985. The LODs, based on a S/N ratio of 3,
      ranged from 0.06 to 0.18 ng/mL(-1). The RSDs varied from 3.68 to 9.7% (n = 3).
      The recoveries of these compounds were from 88.38 to 100%. The performance of the
      present method was evaluated for the determination of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons in various types of milk samples. 

PMID- 26960834
TI  - [A non-itching lesion on the stomach].

PMID- 26960836
TI  - [Fever best measured rectally].

PMID- 26960835
TI  - [Polypoid structures of the bulbus duodeni]].

PMID- 26960831
TI  - A comprehensive characterization of cell cultures and xenografts derived from a
      human verrucous penile carcinoma.
AB  - This study aimed to establish and characterize primary cell cultures and
      xenografts derived from penile carcinoma (PeCa) in order to provide experimental
      models for cellular processes and efficacy of new treatments. A verrucous
      squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) was macrodissected, dissociated, and cultivated in
      KSFM/DF12 medium. Cell cultures were evaluated at passage 5 (P5) using migration
      and invasion assays and were serially propagated, in vivo, in BALB/c nude mice
      until passage 3 (X1-X3). Immunophenotypic characterization of cultures and
      xenografts was performed. Genomic (CytoScan HD, Affymetrix) and transcriptomic
      profiles (HTA 2.0 platform, Affymetrix) for VSCC, cell cultures, and xenografts
      were assessed. P5 cells were able to migrate, invade the Matrigel, and produce
      tumors in immunodeficient mice, demonstrating their malignant potential. The
      xenografts unexpectedly presented a sarcomatoid-like carcinoma phenotype. Genomic
      analysis revealed a high similarity between the VSCC and tumor-derived xenograft,
      confirming its xenograft origin. Interestingly, a subpopulation of P5 cells
      presented stem cell-related markers (CD44(+)CD24(-) and ALDH1(high)) and sphere
      forming capacity, suggesting their potential xenograft origin. Cell cultures and
      xenografts retained the genomic alterations present in the parental tumor.
      Compared to VSCC, differentially expressed transcripts detected in all
      experimental conditions were associated with cellular morphology, movement, and
      metabolism and organization pathways. Malignant cell cultures and xenografts
      derived from a verrucous penile carcinoma were established and fully
      characterized. Nevertheless, xenograft PeCa models must be used with caution,
      taking into consideration the selection of specific cell populations and
      anatomical sites for cell/tumor implantation. 

PMID- 26960837
TI  - [What happened to the diabetic stollen gone?].

PMID- 26960838
TI  - [Sex and beauty].

PMID- 26960839
TI  - [Beer belly worse than overweight].

PMID- 26960840
TI  - [Currently your infectious diseases knowledge is required].

PMID- 26960841
TI  - [Stricter blood pressure control improves the prognosis significantly].

PMID- 26960842
TI  - ["A milestone study"].

PMID- 26960845
TI  - [Home cooking protects against diabetes].

PMID- 26960846
TI  - [Empagliflozin reduces heart failure risk by a third].

PMID- 26960847
TI  - ["Enteritis" diagnosis seemed obvious, but was wrong].

PMID- 26960848
TI  - [Phytotherapy for control of nausea and vomiting].

PMID- 26960850
TI  - [Treatable traits" to replace exact diagnosis].

PMID- 26960849
TI  - [Targeting inflammation].

PMID- 26960851
TI  - [Opiate substitution records success stories].

PMID- 26960853
TI  - [Gout: a systemic disease with many facets].

PMID- 26960852
TI  - [Health care chain for lasting success].

PMID- 26960854
TI  - [Observation first of all in acute hepatitis C].

PMID- 26960855
TI  - [Arthroscopy referral in gonarthrosis will be eliminated].

PMID- 26960856
TI  - [GOA reference: do not forget a numeral in venous treatment].

PMID- 26960857
TI  - [A refreshing appropriate word at the right time].

PMID- 26960858
TI  - [Iridescent danger from the aquarium].

PMID- 26960859
TI  - [Family practice adventures in DDR and BDR].

PMID- 26960860
TI  - [2015 Oskar Prize in Medicine awarded].

PMID- 26960861
TI  - [Insurance fund must pay for breast reduction due to pain].

PMID- 26960862
TI  - [Constitutional court finds no inappropriate aspect in G-BA].

PMID- 26960863
TI  - [No obligation for overtime].

PMID- 26960864
TI  - [Is your work - life balance appropriate? Take the test!].

PMID- 26960865
TI  - [Family physician in the future].

PMID- 26960866
TI  - [High calcium intake does not help old bones].

PMID- 26960867
TI  - [Calcium mine in the extremities].

PMID- 26960868
TI  - [Polyneuropathy begins in prediabetes].

PMID- 26960869
TI  - [Children of mothers who smoke have increased asthma risk].

PMID- 26960870
TI  - [Roentgen image shows a colon-simulating megaesophagus].

PMID- 26960871
TI  - [Supplements for cognitive function unsuitable].

PMID- 26960872
TI  - [Crohn's disease at the dentist].

PMID- 26960873
TI  - [Label for colorectal cancer screening].

PMID- 26960874
TI  - [Indispensable neurological key symptoms for the general practitioner].

PMID- 26960875
TI  - [Medical attendance for refugees at Mc Graw barracks 2015. Medical report from
      Munich].

PMID- 26960876
TI  - [Tendon injuries--a short overview?].

PMID- 26960877
TI  - [Why is his heart stumbling?].

PMID- 26960878
TI  - [Is city living detrimental to your health?].

PMID- 26960880
TI  - [Multimodal non-pharmacological therapy of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 26960879
TI  - [Clinical trials--benefit for the patient].

PMID- 26960881
TI  - [Sacubitril/valsartan receives European approval].

PMID- 26960882
TI  - [First NOAK with specific antidote].

PMID- 26960883
TI  - [ICS not indicated in the early stage].

PMID- 26960884
TI  - [Phytotherapy drug is convincing once again].

PMID- 26960885
TI  - [New attempt in a benefit evaluation].

PMID- 26960887
TI  - [Polypill for secondary coronary heart disease prevention].

PMID- 26960886
TI  - [IQWiG confirms significant additional applications for edoxaban ].

PMID- 26960888
TI  - [New NRTI with optimized long-term tolerance].

PMID- 26960889
TI  - [How long should therapy last?].

PMID- 26960890
TI  - [Fewer subcutaneous injections with the same effectiveness].

PMID- 26960891
TI  - [From cancer prevention via precision medicine to patient involvement: 2016
      German Oncology Congress offers a broad topic spectrum].

PMID- 26960892
TI  - [PCSK9 inhibitor is convincing a large analysis].

PMID- 26960893
TI  - [Physician routine encounter: therapy of thrombophlebitis].

PMID- 26960894
TI  - [Rather phytotherapy than antibiotic].

PMID- 26960895
TI  - [Dual effect prevents chronic course].

PMID- 26960896
TI  - [Bandage system improves self management].

PMID- 26960897
TI  - [Complication sequelae prevented, morbidity decreased].

PMID- 26960900
TI  - Erratum to: 'DECKO: Single-oligo, dual-CRISPR deletion of genomic elements
      including long non-coding RNAs'.

PMID- 26960902
TI  - Detection of zinc oxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticles during drinking water
      treatment by rapid single particle ICP-MS methods.
AB  - Nanoparticles (NPs) entering water systems are an emerging concern as NPs are
      more frequently manufactured and used. Single particle inductively coupled plasma
      mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) methods were validated to detect Zn- and Ce
      containing NPs in surface and drinking water using a short dwell time of 0.1 ms
      or lower, ensuring precision in single particle detection while eliminating the
      need for sample preparation. Using this technique, information regarding NP size,
      size distribution, particle concentration, and dissolved ion concentrations was
      obtained simultaneously. The fates of Zn- and Ce-NPs, including those found in
      river water and added engineered NPs, were evaluated by simulating a typical
      drinking water treatment process. Lime softening, alum coagulation, powdered
      activated carbon sorption, and disinfection by free chlorine were simulated
      sequentially using river water. Lime softening removed 38-53 % of Zn-containing
      and ZnO NPs and >99 % of Ce-containing and CeO2 NPs. Zn-containing and ZnO NP
      removal increased to 61-74 % and 77-79 % after alum coagulation and disinfection,
      respectively. Source and drinking water samples were collected from three large
      drinking water treatment facilities and analyzed for Zn- and Ce-containing NPs.
      Each facility had these types of NPs present. In all cases, particle
      concentrations were reduced by a minimum of 60 % and most were reduced by >95 %
      from source water to finished drinking water. This study concludes that uncoated
      ZnO and CeO2 NPs may be effectively removed by conventional drinking water
      treatments including lime softening and alum coagulation. 

PMID- 26960901
TI  - Sex-dependent effects of microcystin-LR on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis and
      gametogenesis of adult zebrafish.
AB  - While microcystins (MCs) have been reported to exert reproductive toxicity on
      fish with a sex-dependent effect, the underlying mechanism has been rarely
      investigated. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 1, 5 and 20 MUg/L
      MC-LR for 30 d. The gonad-somatic index declined in all treated males. 17beta
      estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), 11-keto testosterone (11-KT) and follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increased in serum from all treated females,
      while T, FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels changed in all treated males.
      Histomorphological observation showed that MC-LR exposure evidently retarded
      oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Transcriptional changes of 22 genes of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis exhibited sex-specific responses, and the
      relationship between gene transcriptions and gametogenesis was evaluated by
      principle component analysis (PCA). Major contributors to PC1 (gnrh2, gnrhr3, ar,
      lhr, hmgra, hmgrb and cyp19a) were positively correlated with the number of post
      vitellogenic oocytes, while PC1 (gnrh2, lhbeta, erbeta, fshr, cyp11a and
      17betahsd) were positively correlated with the number of spermatozoa. The protein
      levels of 17betaHSD and CYP19a were affected in both females and males. In
      conclusion, this study first investigated the sex-dependent effects of
      microcystins on fish reproduction and revealed some important molecular
      biomarkers related to gametogenesis in zebrafish suffered from MC-LR. 

PMID- 26960905
TI  - Surface-directed modulation of supramolecular gel properties.
AB  - Supramolecular materials are widely studied and used for a variety of
      applications; in most applications, these materials are in contact with surfaces
      of other materials. Whilst much focus has been placed on elucidating factors that
      affect supramolecular material properties, the influence of the material surface
      on gel formation is poorly characterised. Here, we demonstrate that surface
      properties directly affect the fibre architecture and mechanical properties of
      self-assembled cytidine based gel films. 

PMID- 26960903
TI  - Screening of the binding properties of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles via
      capillary electrophoresis.
AB  - In response to the need for straightforward analytical methods to assess the
      affinity of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MIP NPs) for ligands, capillary
      electrophoresis (CE) was exploited using MIP NPs targeting the iron-regulating
      hormone hepcidin. In this work, MIP NPs were challenged with their template
      peptide, i.e., the N-terminal 5-mer of hepcidin, in comparison to unrelated
      ligand peptides. A CE separation method was developed ex novo achieving, after
      optimization of the background electrolyte (150 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.4) and
      of the running temperature (35  degrees C), the full separation of the free
      ligand from the complexed MIP NPs. The CE binding isotherm allowed the estimation
      of a micromolar dissociation constant for the 5-mer template-MIP NPs complex, in
      agreement with independent measurements. The CE offered the advantages of a
      direct injection of the MIP NPs/ligand incubation mix, without preliminary
      fractionation steps, requiring only minimal sample volumes and short analysis
      times. In conclusion CE proved to be a valid technique for characterizing the
      interactions of MIP NP libraries for selected target compounds.

PMID- 26960904
TI  - Homogeneous electrochemical immunoassay of aflatoxin B1 in foodstuff using
      proximity-hybridization-induced omega-like DNA junctions and exonuclease III
      triggered isothermal cycling signal amplification.
AB  - A new homogeneous electrochemical immunosensing platform was designed for
      sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuff. The system consisted of
      anti-AFB1 antibody labeled DNA1 (Ab-DNA1), AFB1-bovine serum albumin (BSA)
      conjugated DNA2 (AFB1-DNA2), and methylene blue functionalized hairpin DNA. Owing
      to a specific antigen-antibody reaction between anti-AFB1 and AFB1-BSA, the
      immunocomplex formed assisted the proximity hybridization of DNA1 with DNA2, thus
      resulting in the formation of an omega-like DNA junction. Thereafter, the
      junction opened the hairpin DNA to construct a new double-stranded DNA, which
      could be readily cleaved by exonuclease III to release the omega-like DNA
      junction and methylene blue. The dissociated DNA junction could repeatedly
      hybridize with residual hairpin DNA molecules with exonuclease III-based
      isothermal cycling amplification, thereby releasing numerous free methylene blue
      molecules into the detection solution. The as-produced free methylene blue
      molecules could be captured by a negatively charged indium tin oxide electrode,
      each of which could produce an electronic signal within the applied potentials.
      On introduction of target AFB1, the analyte competed with AFB1-DNA2 for the
      conjugated anti-AFB1 on the Ab-DNA1, subsequently decreasing the amount of omega
      like DNA junctions formed, hence causing methylene blue labeled hairpin DNA to
      move far away from the electrode surface. Under optimal conditions the detectable
      electrochemical signal decreased with increasing amount of target AFB1 in a
      dynamic working range of 0.01-30 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 4.8 pg mL-1.
      In addition, the precision and reproducibility of this system were acceptable.
      Finally, the method was further evaluated for analysis of naturally contaminated
      or AFB1-spiked peanut samples, giving results that matched well with those
      obtained with a commercial AFB1 ELISA kit.

PMID- 26960906
TI  - The Current Status of Oral Contraceptives: Progress and Recent Innovations.
AB  - Millions of women in the United States and abroad use oral contraceptive pills.
      These popular contraceptives are the most common reversible birth control method
      in the United States, and a wide variety of pills are available for prescription.
      Oral contraceptives provide safe and effective protection against pregnancy and
      offer several noncontraceptive benefits. Over the years, advances in the
      laboratory and knowledge gained through epidemiologic data promoted the
      development of new contraceptive preparations. Generations of oral contraceptives
      emerged over time, containing lower doses of estrogens and new and novel
      progestins. The current review discusses the clinical characteristics of oral
      contraceptives, with emphasis on basic pharmacology and the evolution of various
      contraceptive formulations and regimens. 

PMID- 26960907
TI  - Permanent Contraception for Women.
AB  - Permanent contraception is a highly desired and commonly used contraceptive
      option for women around the world who desire never to become pregnant. Current
      methods of female permanent contraception require surgery. Postpartum tubal
      ligation and interval surgical tubal ligation are safe and effective, do not
      interfere with menstrual cycles, and require no ongoing cost or medical checkups.
      Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion offers a less invasive surgical approach, but
      requires an imaging study for verification of correct placement. However, not all
      women have access to a surgeon trained to provide permanent contraception, or
      they may face other prohibitive logistic or financial burdens. The development of
      novel permanent contraception methods that are immediately effective and/or
      nonsurgical could help improve access to and acceptability of permanent
      contraception. The expansion of permanent contraception options could help women
      achieve their family planning goals and reduce unintended pregnancies. 

PMID- 26960909
TI  - The changing uses of accuracy in science communication.
AB  - Tracing its historical trajectories, this article explores the preoccupation with
      accuracy in science communication research and explores the resurgence in the
      present century of concerns about accuracy, balance and impartiality in public
      communication of science. It is argued that many of the original insights from
      news and journalism research are still relevant and important if re-formulated in
      constructionist terms about voice, access and claims-making, and asking, in whose
      interest? Key to this is also the recognition of a radically changing -
      technologically, economically and professionally - media and communications
      environment, with implications for science journalism and a very different
      dynamic regarding the range and type of actors involved in discursively
      constructing opinions and information about controversial science and expertise.
      The article concludes with proposals for future emphases and directions in
      research broadly concerned with accuracy in science communication.

PMID- 26960908
TI  - DBS-platform for biomonitoring and toxicokinetics of toxicants: proof of concept
      using LC-MS/MS analysis of fipronil and its metabolites in blood.
AB  - A simple, sensitive and high throughput LC-MS/MS method was developed and
      validated for quantification of fipronil, fipronil sulfone and fipronil
      desulfinyl in rat and human dried blood spots (DBS). DBS samples were prepared by
      spiking 10 MUl blood on DMPK-C cards followed by drying at room temperature. The
      whole blood spots were then punched from the card and extracted using
      acetonitrile. The total chromatographic run time of the method was only 2 min.
      The lower limit of quantification of the method was 0.1 ng/ml for all the
      analytes. The method was successfully applied to determine fipronil desulfinyl in
      DBS samples obtained from its toxicokinetic study in rats following intravenous
      dose (1 mg/kg). In conclusion, the proposed DBS methodology has significant
      potential in toxicokinetics and biomonitoring studies of environmental toxicants.
      This microvolume DBS technique will be an ideal tool for biomonitoring studies,
      particularly in paediatric population. Small volume requirements, minimally
      invasive blood sampling method, easier storage and shipping procedure make DBS a
      suitable technique for such studies. Further, DBS technique contributes towards
      the principles of 3Rs resulting in significant reduction in the number of rodents
      used and refinement in sample collection for toxicokinetic studies. 

PMID- 26960910
TI  - Predictors of trust in the general science and climate science research of US
      federal agencies.
AB  - In this article, we focus on a key strategic objective of scientific
      organizations: maintaining the trust of the public. Using data from a nationally
      representative survey of American adults ( n = 1510), we assess the extent to
      which demographic factors and political ideology are associated with citizens'
      trust in general science and climate science research conducted by US federal
      agencies. Finally, we test whether priming individuals to first consider
      agencies' general science research influences trust in their climate science
      research, and vice versa. We found that federal agencies' general science
      research is more trusted than their climate science research-although a large
      minority of respondents did not have an opinion-and that political ideology has a
      strong influence on public trust in federal scientific research. We also found
      that priming participants to consider general scientific research does not
      increase trust in climate scientific research. Implications for theory and
      practice are discussed.

PMID- 26960911
TI  - Integrated mRNA and miRNA expression profiling in blood reveals candidate
      biomarkers associated with endurance exercise in the horse.
AB  - The adaptive response to extreme endurance exercise might involve transcriptional
      and translational regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, the objective of
      the present study was to perform an integrated analysis of the blood
      transcriptome and miRNome (using microarrays) in the horse before and after a 160
      km endurance competition. A total of 2,453 differentially expressed genes and 167
      differentially expressed microRNAs were identified when comparing pre- and post
      ride samples. We used a hypergeometric test and its generalization to gain a
      better understanding of the biological functions regulated by the differentially
      expressed microRNA. In particular, 44 differentially expressed microRNAs
      putatively regulated a total of 351 depleted differentially expressed genes
      involved variously in glucose metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrion
      biogenesis, and immune response pathways. In an independent validation set of
      animals, graphical Gaussian models confirmed that miR-21-5p, miR-181b-5p and miR
      505-5p are candidate regulatory molecules for the adaptation to endurance
      exercise in the horse. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the
      first to provide a comprehensive, integrated overview of the microRNA-mRNA co
      regulation networks that may have a key role in controlling post-transcriptomic
      regulation during endurance exercise. 

PMID- 26960912
TI  - Enhancing the use of Asthma and COPD Assessment Tools in Balearic Primary Care
      (ACATIB): a region-wide cluster-controlled implementation trial.
AB  - Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) health status assessment
      tools have demonstrated their value in guiding clinical management. Their use in
      primary care is still suboptimal. The objective of this study was to assess the
      effect of an educational intervention programme on the use of the Asthma Control
      Test (ACT), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and COPD Assessment Test
      (CAT) among primary care settings of the Balearic Islands, Spain. In this region
      wide cluster-controlled implementation study, an educational intervention on the
      use of respiratory health status tools was provided to primary care practices in
      Mallorca (intervention group). Practices in Ibiza and Menorca functioned as
      control practices. Written and multimedia materials were provided to all
      participants to educate their colleagues. Primary outcome was the difference
      between intervention and control practices in the percentage of practices that
      increased the use-and recording-of ACT, CAT and mMRC tests between the 6-month
      period before intervention and the 6-month period after intervention. In the
      intervention group, 32 out of 45 (71%) centres enhanced the total number of
      tests, compared with 4 out of 12 (33%) in the non-intervention group (chi(2);
      P=0.02). Before intervention, 399 test scores were recorded in 88,194 patients
      (asthma: 57,339; COPD: 30,855). After intervention, 1,576 test scores were
      recorded in 92,714 patients (asthma: 61,841; COPD: 30,873). An educational
      intervention programme targeted on primary care physicians enhances the use of
      respiratory health status tools and promotes behavioural changes. However, the
      effect is very low and difficult to measure in clinical terms. 

PMID- 26960913
TI  - Hemiarthroplasty Versus Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Shoulder Osteoarthritis:
      A Matched Comparison of Return to Sports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Return to activity is a commonly used indication for shoulder
      hemiarthroplasty (HA) compared with total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Despite
      clinical studies demonstrating better functional outcomes after TSA, the
      literature has failed to show a difference in return to sports. PURPOSE: To
      compare rates of return to sports in a matched cohort of TSA and HA patients with
      a preoperative diagnosis of glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA). STUDY DESIGN:
      Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A prospectively collected registry
      was queried retrospectively for consecutive patients who underwent HA. Inclusion
      criteria were preoperative diagnosis of OA and more than 2 years of follow-up.
      After meeting the inclusion criteria, all HA patients were statistically matched
      to a TSA patient. All patients had end-stage OA with significant glenohumeral
      joint space narrowing. RESULTS: At final follow-up, 40 HA patients and 40 TSA
      patients were available. The average (+/-SD) age at surgery was 65.7 +/- 10.5
      years and 66.2 +/- 9.6 years for the HA and TSA groups, respectively (P = .06).
      Average follow-up was 62.0 months and 61.1 months for the HA and TSA groups,
      respectively (P = .52). Average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores
      improved from 36.3 to 70.2 for HA patients and from 34.0 to 78.5 for TSA patients
      (P < .001 for both); final scores were not significantly different between groups
      (P = .21). Average visual analog scale pain scores improved from 6.3 to 2.2 for
      HA patients and from 6.1 to 0.6 for TSA patients (P < .001 for both). HA patients
      had significantly worse final visual analog scale scores compared with the TSA
      group (P = .002). Significantly more TSA patients were satisfied with their
      surgery compared with HA patients (100% vs 70%) (P = .01). Of both groups, 65.5%
      of HA patients (19 of 29) returned to at least 1 sport postoperatively compared
      with 97.3% of TSA patients (36 of 37) (P < .001). Average timing for return to
      full sports was 5.5 +/- 4.2 months and 5.4 +/- 3.1 months for the HA and TSA
      groups, respectively (P = .92). Significantly more TSA patients returned to
      higher upper extremity use sports (P = .01). CONCLUSION: In patients with OA,
      rate of return to sports was significantly better after TSA compared with HA. HA
      patients had significantly more pain, worse surgical satisfaction, and decreased
      ability to return to high upper extremity use sports. For patients with OA who
      wish to return to sporting activities, these results help manage expectations.

PMID- 26960915
TI  - Rhinoplasty for the Cleft Lip and Palate Patient.
AB  - Septorhinoplasties in cleft patients are challenging procedures to perform for
      even the most experienced surgeon. Unilateral cleft rhinoplasties present a
      unique challenge given that the tissue bed has had previous manipulation and
      scarring is found around the tissue matrix, making it typically necessary to
      place several sturdy cartilaginous grafts to provide structural support. Rib
      graft provides an abundance of cartilage that can be used for multiple areas. The
      ability to manipulate and adjust the thickness of the cartilage strut allows for
      improved integrity of the graft to resist deformation and warping from the
      formant scar tissue. 

PMID- 26960914
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle core biopsy for the diagnosis of
      pancreatic malignant lesions: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle core biopsy (EUS-FNB) has been used as
      an effective method of diagnosing pancreatic malignant lesions. It has the
      advantage of providing well preserved tissue for histologic grading and
      subsequent molecular biological analysis. In order to estimate the diagnostic
      accuracy of EUS-FNB for pancreatic malignant lesions, studies assessing EUS-FNB
      to diagnose solid pancreatic masses were selected via Medline. Sixteen articles
      published between 2005 and 2015, covering 828 patients, met the inclusion
      criteria. The summary estimates for EUS-FNB differentiating malignant from benign
      solid pancreatic masses were: sensitivity 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI),
      0.82-0.87); specificity 0.98 (95% CI, 0.93-1.00); positive likelihood ratio 8.0
      (95% CI 4.5-14.4); negative likelihood ratio 0.17 (95% CI 0.10-0.26); and DOR 64
      (95% CI 30.4-134.8). The area under the sROC curve was 0.96. Subgroup analysis
      did not identify other factors that could substantially affect the diagnostic
      accuracy, such as the study design, location of study, number of centers,
      location of lesion, whether or not a cytopathologist was present, and so on. EUS
      FNB is a reliable diagnostic tool for solid pancreatic masses and should be
      especially considered for pathology where histologic morphology is preferred for
      diagnosis. 

PMID- 26960916
TI  - Metal-Diazo Radicals of alpha-Carbonyl Diazomethanes.
AB  - Metal-diazo radicals of alpha-carbonyl diazomethanes are new members of the
      radical family and are precursors to metal-carbene radicals. Herein, using
      electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with spin-trapping, we detect diazo
      radicals of alpha-carbonyl diazomethanes, induced by [Rh(I)Cl(cod)]2,
      [Co(II)(por)] and PdCl2, at room temperature. The unique quintet signal of the Rh
      diazo radical was observed in measurements of alpha-carbonyl diazomethane adducts
      of [Rh(I)Cl(cod)]2 in the presence of 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-1-N-oxide (DMPO).
      DFT calculations indicated that 97.2% of spin density is localized on the diazo
      moiety. Co- and Pd-diazo radicals are EPR silent but were captured by DMPO to
      form spin adducts of DMPO-N? (triplet-of-sextets signal). The spin-trapping also
      provides a powerful tool for detection of metal-carbene radicals, as evidenced by
      the DMPO-trapped carbene radicals (DMPO-C?, sextet signal) and 2-methyl-2
      nitrosopropane-carbene adducts (MNP-C?, doublet-of-triplets signal). The
      transformation of alpha-carbonyl diazomethanes to metal-carbene radicals was
      confirmed to be a two-step process via metal-diazo radicals. 

PMID- 26960917
TI  - Impact of hypertension on the lifetime risk of coronary heart disease.
AB  - The lifetime risk estimate conveys the probability of disease in the remaining
      lifetime for an index age. These estimates may be useful for general audience
      targeted knowledge translation activities against hypertension. There are only a
      few reports on the impact of hypertension on the lifetime risk of cardiovascular
      events. The Suita Study, a cohort study of urban residents, was established in
      1989. We included all participants who were coronary heart disease (CHD) free at
      baseline. Age (in years) was used as the timescale. Age-specific incidence rates
      were calculated with the person-year method within 5-year bands. We estimated the
      sex- and index-age-specific lifetime risk of first-ever CHD, taking the competing
      risk of death into account. We followed 5834 participants from 1989 to 2007 for a
      total of 75 387.5 person-years. At age 45 years, the competing risk of death
      adjusted lifetime risk for all CHD for men was 14.12% for normotensive men and
      26.95% for hypertensive men. The competing risk of death-adjusted lifetime risk
      for all CHD at 45 years of age for women was 6.21% for normotensive women and
      14.85% for hypertensive women. This increased lifetime risk of CHD for
      hypertensive patients was observed among both men and women across all index
      ages. Although the overall lifetime risk of CHD was lower than in the Western
      population, hypertension showed a significant effect on the residual lifetime
      risk of CHD among Japanese middle-aged men and women. This easy-to-understand
      knowledge may be used as an important index to assist public health education and
      planning.

PMID- 26960919
TI  - Extubating Extremely Preterm Infants: Predictors of Success and Outcomes
      following Failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify variables that predict extubation success in extremely
      preterm infants born <28 weeks gestational age (GA), and to compare outcomes
      between those who had successful or failed extubation. STUDY DESIGN: A secondary
      analysis of data from a randomized trial of postextubation respiratory support
      that included 174 extremely preterm infants. "Extubation success" was defined as
      not requiring reintubation within 7 days, and "extubation failure" the converse.
      Predictive variables that were different between groups were included in a
      multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of infants
      were successfully extubated. Compared with those infants who had extubation
      failure, they had a higher GA and birth weight, were extubated earlier, were more
      often exposed to prolonged ruptured membranes, more often avoided intubation in
      the delivery room, had a higher pre-extubation pH, and had lower mean pre
      extubation fraction of inspired oxygen and partial pressure of carbon dioxide
      (PCO2). Only GA and PCO2 remained significant in the multivariable analysis (area
      under a receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.81). Extubation failure was
      associated with death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe retinopathy of
      prematurity, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, and longer durations of
      respiratory support, oxygen supplementation, and hospitalization. When adjusted
      for allocated treatment in the randomized trial, GA, and birth weight z-score,
      extubation failure remained associated with death before discharge and prolonged
      respiratory support and hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In extremely preterm
      infants, higher GA and lower pre-extubation PCO2 predicted extubation success.
      Infants in whom extubation failed were more likely to die and have prolonged
      respiratory support and hospitalization. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New
      Zealand Clinical Trials Network: ACTRN12610000166077.

PMID- 26960918
TI  - Areas with High Rates of Police-Reported Violent Crime Have Higher Rates of
      Childhood Asthma Morbidity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess whether population-level violent (and all) crime rates were
      associated with population-level child asthma utilization rates and predictive of
      patient-level risk of asthma reutilization after a hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN:
      A retrospective cohort study of 4638 pediatric asthma-related emergency
      department visits and hospitalizations between 2011 and 2013 was completed. For
      population-level analyses, census tract asthma utilization rates were calculated
      by dividing the number of utilization events within a tract by the child
      population. For patient-level analyses, hospitalized patients (n = 981) were
      followed until time of first asthma-related reutilization. The primary predictor
      was the census tract rate of violent crime as recorded by the police; the all
      crime (violent plus nonviolent) rate was also assessed. RESULTS: Census tract
      level violent and all crime rates were significantly correlated with asthma
      utilization rates (both P < .0001). The violent crime rate explained 35% of the
      population-level asthma utilization variance and remained associated with
      increased utilization after adjustment for census tract poverty, unemployment,
      substandard housing, and traffic exposure (P = .002). The all crime rate
      explained 28% of the variance and was similarly associated with increased
      utilization after adjustment (P = .02). Hospitalized children trended toward
      being more likely to reutilize if they lived in higher violent (P = .1) and all
      crime areas (P = .01). After adjustment, neither relationship was significant.
      CONCLUSIONS: Crime data could help facilitate early identification of potentially
      toxic stressors relevant to the control of asthma for populations and patients.

PMID- 26960920
TI  - Extremely Preterm-Born Infants Demonstrate Different Facial Recognition Processes
      at 6-10 Months of Corrected Age.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare cortical hemodynamic responses to known and unknown facial
      stimuli between infants born extremely preterm and term-born infants, and to
      correlate the responses of the extremely preterm-born infants to regional
      cortical volumes at term-equivalent age. STUDY DESIGN: We compared 27 infants
      born extremely preterm (<28 gestational weeks) with 26 term-born infants.
      Corrected age and chronological age at testing were between 6 and 10 months,
      respectively. Both groups were exposed to a gray background, their mother's face,
      and an unknown face. Cerebral regional concentrations of oxygenated and
      deoxygenated hemoglobin were measured with near-infrared spectroscopy. In the
      preterm group, we also performed structural brain magnetic resonance imaging and
      correlated regional cortical volumes to hemodynamic responses. RESULTS: The
      preterm-born infants demonstrated different cortical face recognition processes
      than the term-born infants. They had a significantly smaller hemodynamic response
      in the right frontotemporal areas while watching their mother's face (0.13
      MUmol/L vs 0.63 MUmol/L; P < .001). We also found a negative correlation between
      the magnitude of the oxygenated hemoglobin increase in the right frontotemporal
      cortex and regional gray matter volume in the left fusiform gyrus and amygdala
      (voxels, 25; r = 0.86; P < .005). CONCLUSION: At 6-10 months corrected age, the
      preterm-born infants demonstrated a different pattern in the maturation of their
      cortical face recognition process compared with term-born infants.

PMID- 26960921
TI  - Initial Presentation of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To inform the decision to test and empirically treat for herpes
      simplex virus (HSV) by describing the initial clinical presentation and
      laboratory findings of infants with a confirmed diagnosis of neonatal HSV. STUDY
      DESIGN: This is a retrospective case series performed at 2 pediatric tertiary
      care centers. Infants who developed symptoms prior to 42 days of age with
      laboratory confirmed HSV from 2002 through 2012 were included. We excluded
      infants <34 weeks gestation, those who developed illness before discharge from
      their birth hospital, and those who developed symptoms after 42 days of age.
      RESULTS: We identified 49 infants with HSV meeting these criteria. Most infants
      (43/49, 88%) came to medical attention at <=28 days. Of 49 infants, 22 (45%) had
      disseminated, 16 (33%) central nervous system, and 10 (20%) skin, eye, mouth HSV
      disease. Eight infants (16%) had nonspecific presentations without the classic
      signs of seizure, vesicular rash, or critical illness (intensive care admission).
      All infants with nonspecific presentation were <=14 days, had cerebrospinal fluid
      pleocytosis, or both. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of infants with HSV (84%)
      presented with seizure, vesicular rash, or critical illness. A subset of patients
      (16%) lacked classic signs at hospitalization; most manifested signs suggestive
      of HSV within 24 hours. Further studies are needed to validate the risk factors
      identified in this study including age <14 days and cerebrospinal fluid
      pleocytosis at presentation.

PMID- 26960922
TI  - Stability of titania nanotube arrays in aqueous environment and the related
      factors.
AB  - Titania nanotube arrays (NTAs) on titanium (Ti) fabricated by electrochemical
      anodization have attracted tremendous interest for diverse applications, of which
      most perform in aqueous environment or related to interaction with water. The
      NTAs are widely studied however the related factor of stability of NTAs when
      applied in such environment has rarely been concerned. We report that the
      annealed anatase NTAs are stable but the non-annealed amorphous NTAs are unstable
      to undergo specific structural change accompanied with a process of amorphous
      TiO2 dissolution and anatase TiO2 recrystallization. Quite unexpectedly, the non
      annealed NTAs still show good stability without structural change in the cell
      culture media, possibly due to the presence of inorganics that may interfere with
      the TiO2 dissolution/redeposition process. The pH value of the aqueous
      environment is not a determinant factor for the structural change for non
      annealed NTAs or not, while the temperature and the existence of F(-) can
      accelerate the structural change process. F(-) may play a very important role in
      the change process. 

PMID- 26960924
TI  - The normal-weight type 2 diabetes phenotype revisited.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance
      and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). In non-diabetic populations, features of
      metabolic obesity (MO) are observed in a minority of normal-weight (NW) subjects.
      The cardiometabolic status of metabolically obese but normal-weight (MONW)
      individuals has not yet been phenotyped in T2DM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prevalence
      and features of MONW were analyzed in 1244 T2DM patients, in whom MONW was
      identified as a BMI <25.0 and a MetS score >=3/5. Among NW (n=262; 21%), those
      without MetS (n=152; NW-MetS[-]) were compared to NW-MetS[+] (n=110; i.e. 42% of
      NW and 9% of all T2DM). RESULTS: There were no differences between groups in age;
      gender; diabetes duration; smoking; BP; and LDL-C. NW-MetS[+] had higher BMI;
      waist; fat mass; visceral fat; liver steatosis and HbA1c, and lower insulin
      sensitivity. Non-right-handedness was twice-higher (18%) in NW-MetS[-]. NW
      MetS[+] had higher apoB100 and triglycerides, and lower HDL-C and LDL size.
      Macroangiopathy was present in 39% of NW-MetS[+] vs. 22% of NW-MetS[-], as
      coronary (23% vs. 14%) or peripheral artery disease (14% vs. 5%) and TIA/stroke
      (15% vs. 7%). Microangiopathy was present in 54% of NW-MetS[+] vs. 32% of NW
      MetS[-], as retinopathy (25% vs. 13%); neuropathy (29% vs. 18%); and albuminuria
      (39% vs. 20%). CONCLUSIONS: MONW among T2DM represents a significant minority
      (about 1 in 10). Their cardiometabolic phenotype deserves attention due to
      multiple comorbidities, including a twice-higher prevalence of micro
      /macrovascular damage in patients wrongly perceived at lower risk due to normal
      BMI. Unexpectedly, non-right-handedness was over-represented among metabolically
      healthy patients.

PMID- 26960923
TI  - Three mechanisms control E-cadherin localization to the zonula adherens.
AB  - E-cadherin localization to the zonula adherens is fundamental for epithelial
      differentiation but the mechanisms controlling localization are unclear. Using
      the Drosophila follicular epithelium we genetically dissect E-cadherin transport
      in an in vivo model. We distinguish three mechanisms mediating E-cadherin
      accumulation at the zonula adherens. Two membrane trafficking pathways deliver
      newly synthesized E-cadherin to the plasma membrane. One is Rab11 dependent and
      targets E-cadherin directly to the zonula adherens, while the other transports E
      cadherin to the lateral membrane. Lateral E-cadherin reaches the zonula adherens
      by endocytosis and targeted recycling. We show that this pathway is dependent on
      RabX1, which provides a functional link between early and recycling endosomes.
      Moreover, we show that lateral E-cadherin is transported to the zonula adherens
      by an apically directed flow within the plasma membrane. Differential activation
      of these pathways could facilitate cell shape changes during morphogenesis, while
      their misregulation compromises cell adhesion and tissue architecture in
      differentiated epithelia. 

PMID- 26960926
TI  - Glycemic index and glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer: a population
      based cohort study (JPHC Study).
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was for the first time to assess the association
      between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and colorectal cancer using a
      prospective Japanese population-based cohort. METHODS: In our study participants
      aged 40-69 at baseline of the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study
      (JPHC Study) in 10 prefectural public health centers (PHC) were included.
      Subjects responding to the five-year follow-up survey (1995-1999) without
      previous history of cancer and missing data were included in the current analysis
      n = 73,501 (men n = 34,560 and women n = 38,941). We reported results as hazard
      ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by Cox proportional hazards
      modeling. RESULTS: The average follow-up time was 12.5 years (919,276 person
      years). A total of 1,468 colorectal cancer cases were detected. Overall, no
      significant results were observed; however, GL was inversely nonsignificantly
      associated with colon cancer in men HR = 0.74 (95% CI 0.51-1.09) and rectal
      cancer in women 0.52 (95% CI 0.24-1.14). The GL tended to be inversely associated
      with proximal colon cancer among men 0.62 (95% CI 0.36-1.08), while a positive
      association with the GI was observed among women 1.37 (95% CI 0.88-2.14).
      Sensitivity analyses excluding the first three years of observation showed
      similar results. Results stratified by diabetes status, BMI, smoking and red meat
      were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the prospective JPHC Study
      suggests that the GI and GL do not have a substantial impact on the risk of
      colorectal cancer in Japanese adults.

PMID- 26960925
TI  - Public health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from
      the URGENCHE EU-China project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Climate change is a global threat to health and wellbeing. Here we
      provide findings of an international research project investigating the health
      and wellbeing impacts of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in urban
      environments. METHODS: Five European and two Chinese city authorities and partner
      academic organisations formed the project consortium. The methodology involved
      modelling the impact of adopted urban climate-change mitigation transport,
      buildings and energy policy scenarios, usually for the year 2020 and comparing
      them with business as usual (BAU) scenarios (where policies had not been
      adopted). Carbon dioxide emissions, health impacting exposures (air pollution,
      noise and physical activity), health (cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and
      leukaemia) and wellbeing (including noise related wellbeing, overall wellbeing,
      economic wellbeing and inequalities) were modelled. The scenarios were developed
      from corresponding known levels in 2010 and pre-existing exposure response
      functions. Additionally there were literature reviews, three longitudinal
      observational studies and two cross sectional surveys. RESULTS: There are four
      key findings. Firstly introduction of electric cars may confer some small health
      benefits but it would be unwise for a city to invest in electric vehicles unless
      their power generation fuel mix generates fewer emissions than petrol and diesel.
      Second, adopting policies to reduce private car use may have benefits for carbon
      dioxide reduction and positive health impacts through reduced noise and increased
      physical activity. Third, the benefits of carbon dioxide reduction from
      increasing housing efficiency are likely to be minor and co-benefits for health
      and wellbeing are dependent on good air exchange. Fourthly, although heating
      dwellings by in-home biomass burning may reduce carbon dioxide emissions,
      consequences for health and wellbeing were negative with the technology in use in
      the cities studied. CONCLUSIONS: The climate-change reduction policies reduced
      CO2 emissions (the most common greenhouse gas) from cities but impact on global
      emissions of CO2 would be more limited due to some displacement of emissions. The
      health and wellbeing impacts varied and were often limited reflecting existing
      relatively high quality of life and environmental standards in most of the
      participating cities; the greatest potential for future health benefit occurs in
      less developed or developing countries.

PMID- 26960928
TI  - Laparoscopic Insulinoma Enucleation from the Retro-Pancreatic Neck: A Stepwise
      Approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enucleation is the preferred surgical management of small, likely
      benign, insulinomas. Sparing pancreatic parenchyma and minimizing morbidity are
      of greater importance in these patients due to their anticipated long survival
      time. Although a laparoscopic approach is ideal, it can be particularly
      challenging when the insulinoma is retropancreatic or adjacent to critical
      vascular structures [i.e., superior mesenteric vein-portal vein confluence (SMV
      PV)]. PATIENT: A 35-year-old woman with neuroglycopenic symptoms and hypoglycemia
      was diagnosed with hyperinsulinemia. Preoperative CT and EUS-FNA confirmed a 6- *
      9-mm neuroendocrine tumor in the parenchyma of the posterior pancreatic neck
      along the left lateral aspect of the SMV-PV. TECHNIQUE: With the patient in
      stirrups and arms tucked (French Position), the lesser sac was opened to expose
      the pancreatic body. A retropancreatic tunnel was created anterior to the SMV-PV
      and the pancreatic neck encircled with umbilical tape to allow for retraction
      while minimizing pancreatic manipulation. The insulinoma was definitively
      identified using intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). IOUS-guided clip placement
      facilitated direct identification and permitted safe image-guided enucleation.
      The enucleation was performed at the parenchymal interface, minimizing the risk
      of main pancreatic duct injury. CONCLUSIONS: Complete pancreatic neck
      mobilization and view through the laparoscope along the axis of the PV can
      facilitate exposure at the challenging location of the retropancreatic neck.
      Transpancreatic IOUS guidance is crucial to identify and safely enucleate small
      insulinomas in this location. This totally minimally invasive approach can reduce
      the morbidity of pancreatic surgery for these patients and permit organ-sparing
      despite the challenging anatomic location.

PMID- 26960927
TI  - Is Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Indicated at Completion Mastectomy for Ductal
      Carcinoma In Situ?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is recommended when mastectomy is
      performed for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The role of SLNB for women with
      DCIS who undergo mastectomy following one or more attempts at breast-conserving
      surgery (BCS) is uncertain. We examined the upgrade rate and SLNB yield in women
      who converted to mastectomy after one or more attempts at BCS for DCIS. METHODS:
      All patients who underwent one or more attempts at BCS prior to conversion to
      mastectomy with SLNB for DCIS were identified. Margin status as the indication
      for mastectomy was confirmed, and comparisons were made between patients
      with/without upgrade on final pathology. RESULTS: From February 2006 to November
      2012, a total of 233 patients underwent completion mastectomy following one or
      more attempts at BCS for positive/close margins (median age 50 years; range 34
      84). The median number of BCS attempts was 1 (range 1-4). Overall, 20 (9 %)
      patients were upgraded on final pathology; 15 (6 %) stage I, and 5 (3 %) stage II
      (three micrometastasis, two macrometastasis). In two of five cases with a
      positive SLN, invasive carcinoma was not identified in the mastectomy specimen.
      The only factor associated with any upgrade was the presence of micropapillary
      DCIS (80 vs. 55 %, with and without upgrade; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: In this
      cohort of patients with DCIS who converted to mastectomy for positive/close
      margins after one or more attempts at BCS, 18 (8 %) would have required second
      stage axillary surgery had an SLNB not been performed, and in two (1 %) patients,
      the SLN provided the only evidence of invasion. These findings support the
      recommendation for SLNB at the time of completion mastectomy.

PMID- 26960929
TI  - Intraductal Papilloma with Benign Pathology on Breast Core Biopsy: To Excise or
      Not?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The management of intraductal papillomas on core biopsy continues to
      be controversial. Papillomas with atypia are typically excised. However, it is
      unclear whether surgical excision is warranted for benign lesions. METHODS: A
      retrospective review of our institution's pathology and radiology databases from
      January 2009 through May 2014 identified 119 patients with a diagnosis of benign
      papilloma without atypia on core biopsy. We determined the rate of carcinoma
      identification on surgical excision. RESULTS: The average patient age was 52.8
      years (range 24-84 years). Indication for core biopsy included: abnormal imaging
      (n = 106), nipple discharge (n = 21), or palpable mass (n = 24). Seventy-five
      patients underwent surgical excision after core biopsy. Sixteen patients (21.3 %)
      had atypia in the excision specimen (combination atypical ductal hyperplasia, n =
      11; atypical lobular hyperplasia, n = 8; lobular carcinoma-in situ, n = 3), 15
      (93.8 %) of which were in the surrounding breast tissue. Two patients (2.7 %) had
      malignancy (ductal carcinoma-in situ and micropapillary carcinoma-in situ). As a
      result of surgical findings, 12 % of patients had a change in management. In
      comparing those with benign findings on surgical pathology and those whose
      disease was upstaged, there was no statistically significant difference in family
      history of breast cancer, indication for core biopsy, mammographic findings, or
      location of papilloma. CONCLUSIONS: Benign papillomas diagnosed on core biopsy
      are rarely upstaged to malignancy on surgical excision. However, at least 21 % of
      patients may have atypical findings in the surrounding tissue, which could change
      clinical management. Surgical excision should be considered in patients with
      benign papillomas.

PMID- 26960930
TI  - Biliary hemostasis using an endoscopic plastic stent placement for uncontrolled
      hemobilia caused by transpapillary forceps biopsy (with video).
AB  - A 78-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for the examination and
      treatment of jaundice. A transpapillary forceps biopsy for a long distal bile
      duct stricture was performed using endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography. Immediately after the biopsy, massive bleeding was
      observed from the orifice of the papilla. Although hemobilia was pulsatile, an
      endoscopic biliary plastic stent placement was very effective in achieving
      hemostasis. However, a nasal biliary catheter was required because a blood clot
      clogged the stent on the following day. Although covered self-expandable metal
      stent (CSEMS) placement has been reported for achieving endoscopic hemostasis for
      bleeding, we chose to use a plastic stent to reduce the risk of post-procedure
      pancreatitis. The placement of both an endoscopic biliary plastic stent and a
      nasobiliary drainage catheter can be an alternative hemostatic tool to CSEMSs. 

PMID- 26960931
TI  - Recent Developments in Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia.
AB  - Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common acute infectious cause of
      death in children worldwide. Consequently, research into the epidemiology,
      diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pediatric CAP spans the translational
      research spectrum. Herein, we aim to review the most significant findings
      reported by investigators focused on pediatric CAP research that has been
      reported in 2014 and 2015. Our review focuses on several key areas relevant to
      the clinical management of CAP. First, we will review recent advances in the
      understanding of CAP epidemiology worldwide, including the role of vaccination in
      the prevention of pediatric CAP. We also report on the expanding role of existing
      and emerging diagnostic technologies in CAP classification and management, as
      well as advances in optimizing antimicrobial use. Finally, we will review CAP
      management from the policy and future endeavors standpoint, including the
      influence of clinical practice guidelines on clinician management and patient
      outcomes, and future potential research directions that are in the early stages
      of investigation. 

PMID- 26960933
TI  - From Mind to Context, from Accuracy to Meaning. Exploring the Grammar of
      Remembering as a Socially Situated Act.
AB  - This paper begins by addressing the so-called memory crisis, a crisis which,
      since the 90s, has problematized the traditional manner in which memory is
      studied and understood. Special attention is paid to the changing role attributed
      to accuracy and meaning when remembering the past. In light of this crisis, I
      comment on Smorti and Fioretti's paper (2015), focusing on the point that they
      make regarding how autobiographical narratives affect and change autobiographical
      memories. Complementing that view, according to which memories are transformed
      when they are externalized through a communicative act by means of narratives,
      this paper focuses on a more narrative and situated approach to memory, shifting
      from mind to social settings, from accuracy to meaning. Building on that
      approach, I briefly discuss the notion of event as a narrative construction.
      Finally, drawing on Burke's pentad model (1969), I put forward a framework for
      studying remembering as a situated activity. The pentad of elements are addressed
      as follows: 1) Agency, or the mediational means for the construction of past
      events; 2) Act, or remembering as a reconstructive activity; 3) Scene, or the
      social dynamics of remembering; 4) Agent, or subjective positionings when
      reconstructing the past; and 5) Purpose, or uses of the past in relation to the
      future. 

PMID- 26960934
TI  - Institutional Guidance of Affective Bonding: Moral Values Development in
      Brazilian Military Education.
AB  - In this article, our aim is to analyze institutional practices guided to promote
      the development of moral values within the context of military education of
      Brazilian Army combatant commissioned officers. From a cultural psychological
      approach, we discuss how social guidance within military culture operates at
      different levels of the affective-semiotic regulation of individuals, structuring
      complex experiences that give rise to hypergeneralized meaning fields regarding
      morality and military values. For this goal, we first introduce some theoretical
      topics related to values development, emphasizing their affective roots and role
      in the emergence, maintenance, amplification and attenuation of all relations
      between the person and the environment. Following a brief discussion on how
      social institutions try to promote changes in personal values, we provide an
      overview of values present in the military culture and socialization. Finally,
      the text focuses on the education of Brazilian Army combatant commissioned
      officers, describing how practices related to different levels of affective
      semiotic experience combine in order to promote the internalization and
      externalization of specific moral values. We conclude suggesting issues for
      future investigation. 

PMID- 26960932
TI  - Systemic delivery of chTNT-3/CpG immunoconjugates for immunotherapy in murine
      solid tumor models.
AB  - CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) potently activate the immune system by mimicking
      microbial DNA. Conjugation of CpG to chTNT-3, an antibody targeting the necrotic
      centers of tumors, enabled CpG to accumulate in tumors after systemic delivery,
      where it can activate the immune system in the presence of tumor antigens. CpG
      chemically conjugated to chTNT-3 (chTNT-3/CpG) were compared to free CpG in their
      ability to stimulate the immune system in vitro and reduce tumor burden in vivo.
      In subcutaneous Colon 26 adenocarcinoma and B16-F10 melanoma models in BALB/c and
      C57BL/6 mice, respectively, chTNT-3/CpG, free CpG, or several different control
      constructs were administered systemically. Intraperitoneal injections of chTNT
      3/CpG delayed tumor growth and improved survival and were comparable to
      intratumorally administered CpG. Compared to saline-treated mice, chTNT-3/CpG
      treated mice had smaller average tumor volumes by as much as 72% in Colon 26
      bearing mice and 79% in B16-bearing mice. Systemically delivered free CpG and CpG
      conjugated to an isotype control antibody did not reduce tumor burden or improve
      survival. In this study, chTNT-3/CpG retained immunostimulatory activity of the
      CpG moiety and enabled delivery to tumors. Because systemically administered CpG
      rapidly clear the body and do not accumulate into tumors, chTNT-3/CpG provide a
      solution to the limitations observed in preclinical and clinical trials.

PMID- 26960935
TI  - Inhibition of store-operated calcium entry by sub-lethal levels of proteasome
      inhibition is associated with STIM1/STIM2 degradation.
AB  - Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and calcium homeostasis has
      been implicated in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
      The cytosolic calcium concentration is maintained by store-operated calcium entry
      (SOCE), which is repressed by Alzheimer's disease-associated mutants, such as
      mutant presenilins. We hypothesized that inhibition of UPS impacts SOCE. This
      study showed that pretreatment with sub-lethal levels of proteasome inhibitors,
      including MG-132 and clasto-lactacystin-beta-lactone (LA), reduced SOCE after
      depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium in rat neurons. With the same
      treatment, MG-132 and LA reduced the protein levels of stromal interaction
      molecule 1and 2 (STIM1/2), but not the levels of Orai1 and canonical transient
      receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1). STIM1 or STIM2 protein was mobilized to
      lysosome by MG-132/LA treatment as observed under an immunofluorescence confocal
      laser microscope. In the neurons, MG-132 and LA degraded p62/SQSTM1, promoted
      autophagy, converted LC3I to LC3II, and promoted co-localization of LC3 and
      lysosomes. Rapamycin, which enhances autophagy, reduced STIM1/2 protein levels,
      whereas bafilomycin, which inhibits autophagy, increased their protein levels.
      The protein levels of STIM1/2 and the amplitude of SOCE were decreased in SH-SY5Y
      with decreased protein level of proteasome subunit beta type-5 induced by shRNA.
      We conclude that sub-lethal levels of proteasome inhibition reduce SOCE and
      promote autophagy-mediated degradation of STIM1/2. UPS inhibition, a common
      finding in neurodegenerative diseases, interferes with calcium homeostasis via
      repression of SOCE.

PMID- 26960937
TI  - Calcium signalling in stem cells: Molecular physiology and multiple roles.

PMID- 26960936
TI  - Calcium signalling in pancreatic stellate cells: Mechanisms and potential roles.
AB  - Hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells may or may not be regarded as stem cells,
      but they are capable of remarkable transformations. There is less information
      about stellate cells in the pancreas than in the liver, where they were
      discovered much earlier and therefore have been studied longer and more
      intensively than in the pancreas. Most of the work on pancreatic stellate cells
      has been carried out in studies on cell cultures, but in this review we focus
      attention on Ca(2+) signalling in stellate cells in their real pancreatic
      environment. We review current knowledge on patho-physiologically relevant Ca(2+)
      signalling events and their underlying mechanisms. We focus on the effects of
      bradykinin in the initial stages of acute pancreatitis, an often fatal disease in
      which the pancreas digests itself and its surroundings. Ca(2+) signals, elicited
      in the stellate cells by the action of bradykinin, may have a negative effect on
      the outcome of the acute disease process and promote the development of chronic
      pancreatitis. The bradykinin-elicited Ca(2+) signals can be inhibited by blockade
      of type 2 receptors and also by blockade of Ca(2+)-release activated Ca(2+)
      channels. The potential benefits of such pharmacological inhibition for the
      treatment of pancreatitis are reviewed.

PMID- 26960940
TI  - Update on Baylisascariasis, a Highly Pathogenic Zoonotic Infection.
AB  - Baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, infects a wide range of
      vertebrate animals, including humans, in which it causes a particularly severe
      type of larva migrans. It is an important cause of severe neurologic disease
      (neural larva migrans [NLM]) but also causes ocular disease (OLM; diffuse
      unilateral subacute neuroretinitis [DUSN]), visceral larva migrans (VLM), and
      covert/asymptomatic infections. B. procyonis is common and widespread in
      raccoons, and there is increasing recognition of human disease, making a clinical
      consideration of baylisascariasis important. This review provides an update for
      this disease, especially its clinical relevance and diagnosis, and summarizes the
      clinical cases of human NLM and VLM known to date. Most diagnosed patients have
      been young children less than 2 years of age, although the number of older
      patients diagnosed in recent years has been increasing. The recent development of
      recombinant antigen-based serodiagnostic assays has aided greatly in the early
      diagnosis of this infection. Patients recovering with fewer severe sequelae have
      been reported in recent years, reinforcing the current recommendation that early
      treatment with albendazole and corticosteroids should be initiated at the
      earliest suspicion of baylisascariasis. Considering the seriousness of this
      zoonotic infection, greater public and medical awareness is critical for the
      prevention and early treatment of human cases. 

PMID- 26960942
TI  - Quantitative structure-(chromatographic) retention relationship models for
      dissociating compounds.
AB  - The aim of this work was to develop mathematical models relating the
      hydrophobicity and dissociation constant of an analyte with its structure, which
      would be useful in predicting analyte retention times in reversed-phase liquid
      chromatography. For that purpose a large and diverse group of 115 drugs was used
      to build three QSRR models combining retention-related parameters (logkw
      chromatographic measure of hydrophobicity, S-slope factor from Snyder-Soczewinski
      equation, and pKa) with structural descriptors calculated by means of molecular
      modeling for both dissociated and nondissociated forms of analytes. Lasso,
      Stepwise and PLS regressions were used to build statistical models. Moreover a
      simple QSRR equations based on lipophilicity and dissociation constant parameters
      calculated in the ACD/Labs software were proposed and compared with quantum
      chemistry-based QSRR equations. The obtained relationships were further used to
      predict chromatographic retention times. The predictive performances of the
      obtained models were assessed using 10-fold cross-validation and external
      validation. The QSRR equations developed were simple and were characterized by
      satisfactory predictive performance. Application of quantum chemistry-based and
      ACD-based descriptors leads to similar accuracy of retention times' prediction. 

PMID- 26960944
TI  - Towards new TB vaccines: What are the challenges?
AB  - New and effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are urgently needed to control
      pulmonary TB, and in particular to prevent the spread of drug-resistant strains
      of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These drug-resistant strains can range from those
      resistant to first-line drugs to those that are almost impossible to treat. To
      develop new and effective vaccines for HIV and malaria has been difficult and it
      is proving to be just as challenging for TB. TB is a complicated disease with a
      spectrum from apparently controlled latent infection to active clinical disease
      and so different types of preventive or post-exposure vaccine may be needed.
      Identifying the most promising vaccine candidates to move into clinical trials is
      difficult, as we lack biomarker signatures that can predict protective efficacy.
      There is a risk that the failure of the MVA-85A vaccine to show efficacy when
      given to previously BCG-vaccinated South African infants will impact on the
      resources available for the development and trials of other candidate TB
      vaccines. Continued support for the development of new TB vaccines should remain
      a priority as an effective vaccine would bring huge public health benefits.

PMID- 26960938
TI  - Fosfomycin.
AB  - The treatment of bacterial infections suffers from two major problems: spread of
      multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens and lack
      of development of new antibiotics active against such MDR and XDR bacteria. As a
      result, physicians have turned to older antibiotics, such as polymyxins,
      tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Lately, due to development of resistance to
      these agents, fosfomycin has gained attention, as it has remained active against
      both Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR and XDR bacteria. New data of higher
      quality have become available, and several issues were clarified further. In this
      review, we summarize the available fosfomycin data regarding pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic properties, the in vitro activity against susceptible and
      antibiotic-resistant bacteria, mechanisms of resistance and development of
      resistance during treatment, synergy and antagonism with other antibiotics,
      clinical effectiveness, and adverse events. Issues that need to be studied
      further are also discussed. 

PMID- 26960939
TI  - Plesiomonas shigelloides Revisited.
AB  - After many years in the family Vibrionaceae, the genus Plesiomonas, represented
      by a single species, P. shigelloides, currently resides in the family
      Enterobacteriaceae, although its most appropriate phylogenetic position may yet
      to be determined. Common environmental reservoirs for plesiomonads include
      freshwater ecosystems and estuaries and inhabitants of these aquatic environs.
      Long suspected as being an etiologic agent of bacterial gastroenteritis,
      convincing evidence supporting this conclusion has accumulated over the past 2
      decades in the form of a series of foodborne outbreaks solely or partially
      attributable to P. shigelloides. The prevalence of P. shigelloides enteritis
      varies considerably, with higher rates reported from Southeast Asia and Africa
      and lower numbers from North America and Europe. Reasons for these differences
      may include hygiene conditions, dietary habits, regional occupations, or other
      unknown factors. Other human illnesses caused by P. shigelloides include
      septicemia and central nervous system disease, eye infections, and a variety of
      miscellaneous ailments. For years, recognizable virulence factors potentially
      associated with P. shigelloides pathogenicity were lacking; however, several good
      candidates now have been reported, including a cytotoxic hemolysin, iron
      acquisition systems, and lipopolysaccharide. While P. shigelloides is easy to
      identify biochemically, it is often overlooked in stool samples due to its
      smaller colony size or relatively low prevalence in gastrointestinal samples.
      However, one FDA-approved PCR-based culture-independent diagnostic test system to
      detect multiple enteropathogens (FilmArray) includes P. shigelloides on its
      panel. Plesiomonads produce beta-lactamases but are typically susceptible to many
      first-line antimicrobial agents, including quinolones and carbapenems. 

PMID- 26960945
TI  - Altered spontaneous activity of posterior cingulate cortex and superior temporal
      gyrus are associated with a smoking cessation treatment outcome using varenicline
      revealed by regional homogeneity.
AB  - Compared to nonsmokers, smokers exhibit a number of potentially important
      differences in regional brain function. However, little is known about the
      associations between the local spontaneous brain activity and smoking cessation
      treatment outcomes. In the present analysis, we aimed to evaluate whether the
      local features of spontaneous brain activity prior to the target quit date was
      associated with the smoking cessation outcomes. All the participants underwent
      magnetic resonance imaging scans and smoking-related behavioral assessments.
      After a 12-week treatment with varenicline, 23 smokers succeeded in quitting
      smoking and 32 failed. Smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (fMRI) scanning prior to an open label smoking cessation treatment trial.
      Regional homogeneity (ReHo) was used to measure spontaneous brain activity, and
      whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons of ReHo were performed to detect brain regions
      with altered spontaneous brain activity between relapser and quitter groups.
      After controlling for potentially confounding factors including years of
      education, years smoked, cigarettes smoked per day and FTND score as covariates,
      compared to quitters, relapsers displayed significantly decreased ReHo in
      bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), as well as increased ReHo in left
      superior temporal gyrus (STG). These preliminary results suggest that regional
      brain function variables may be promising predictors of smoking relapse. This
      study provided novel insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying
      smoking relapse. A deeper understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms
      associated with relapse may result in novel pharmacological and behavioral
      interventions.

PMID- 26960946
TI  - "Small World" architecture in brain connectivity and hippocampal volume in
      Alzheimer's disease: a study via graph theory from EEG data.
AB  - Brain imaging plays an important role in the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      where atrophy has been found to occur in the hippocampal formation during the
      very early disease stages and to progress in parallel with the disease's
      evolution. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible correlation
      between "Small World" characteristics of the brain connectivity architecture-as
      extracted from EEG recordings-and hippocampal volume in AD patients. A dataset of
      144 subjects, including 110 AD (MMSE 21.3) and 34 healthy Nold (MMSE 29.8)
      individuals, was evaluated. Weighted and undirected networks were built by the
      eLORETA solutions of the cortical sources' activities moving from EEG recordings.
      The evaluation of the hippocampal volume was carried out on a subgroup of 60 AD
      patients who received a high-resolution T1-weighted sequence and underwent
      processing for surface-based cortex reconstruction and volumetric segmentation
      using the Freesurfer image analysis software. Results showed that,
      quantitatively, more correlation was observed in the right hemisphere, but the
      same trend was seen in both hemispheres. Alpha band connectivity was negatively
      correlated, while slow (delta) and fast-frequency (beta, gamma) bands positively
      correlated with hippocampal volume. Namely, the larger the hippocampal volume,
      the lower the alpha and the higher the delta, beta, and gamma Small World
      characteristics of connectivity. Accordingly, the Small World connectivity
      pattern could represent a functional counterpart of structural hippocampal
      atrophying and related-network disconnection.

PMID- 26960947
TI  - Inflammatory cells, ceramides, and expression of proteases in perivascular
      adipose tissue adjacent to human abdominal aortic aneurysms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a deadly irreversible weakening
      and distension of the abdominal aortic wall. The pathogenesis of AAA remains
      poorly understood. Investigation into the physical and molecular characteristics
      of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) adjacent to AAA has not been done before
      and is the purpose of this study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Human aortae, periaortic
      PVAT, and fat surrounding peripheral arteries were collected from patients
      undergoing elective surgical repair of AAA. Control aortas were obtained from
      recently deceased healthy organ donors with no known arterial disease. Aorta and
      PVAT was found in AAA to larger extent compared with control aortas.
      Immunohistochemistry revealed neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and T-cells
      surrounding necrotic adipocytes. Gene expression analysis showed that
      neutrophils, mast cells, and T-cells were found to be increased in PVAT compared
      with AAA as well as cathepsin K and S. The concentration of ceramides in PVAT was
      determined using mass spectrometry and correlated with content of T-cells in the
      PVAT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a role for abnormal necrotic, inflamed,
      proteolytic adipose tissue to the adjacent aneurysmal aortic wall in ongoing
      vascular damage.

PMID- 26960948
TI  - Current developments and challenges in the assessment of negative symptoms.
AB  - Reliable and valid assessment of negative symptoms is crucial to further develop
      etiological models and improve treatments. Our understanding of the concept of
      negative symptoms has undergone significant advances since the introduction of
      quantitative assessments of negative symptoms in the 1980s. These include the
      conceptualization of cognitive dysfunction as separate from negative symptoms and
      the distinction of two main negative symptom factors (avolition and diminished
      expression). In this review we provide an overview of existing negative symptom
      scales, focusing on both observer-rated and self-rated measurement of negative
      symptoms. We also distinguish between measures that assess negative symptoms as
      part of a broader assessment of schizophrenia symptoms, those specifically
      developed for negative symptoms and those that assess specific domains of
      negative symptoms within and beyond the context of psychotic disorders. We
      critically discuss strengths and limitations of these measures in the light of
      some existing challenges, i.e. observed and subjective symptom experiences, the
      challenge of distinguishing between primary and secondary negative symptoms, and
      the overlap between negative symptoms and related factors (e.g. personality
      traits and premorbid functioning). This review is aimed to inform the ongoing
      development of negative symptom scales.

PMID- 26960941
TI  - Clinical Significance and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcal Small Colony Variants in
      Persistent Infections.
AB  - Small colony variants (SCVs) were first described more than 100 years ago for
      Staphylococcus aureus and various coagulase-negative staphylococci. Two decades
      ago, an association between chronic staphylococcal infections and the presence of
      SCVs was observed. Since then, many clinical studies and observations have been
      published which tie recurrent, persistent staphylococcal infections, including
      device-associated infections, bone and tissue infections, and airway infections
      of cystic fibrosis patients, to this special phenotype. By their intracellular
      lifestyle, SCVs exhibit so-called phenotypic (or functional) resistance beyond
      the classical resistance mechanisms, and they can often be retrieved from therapy
      refractory courses of infection. In this review, the various clinical infections
      where SCVs can be expected and isolated, diagnostic procedures for optimized
      species confirmation, and the pathogenesis of SCVs, including defined underlying
      molecular mechanisms and the phenotype switch phenomenon, are presented.
      Moreover, relevant animal models and suggested treatment regimens, as well as the
      requirements for future research areas, are highlighted. 

PMID- 26960949
TI  - Atrial natriuretic peptide as a novel biomarker of hereditary angioedema.

PMID- 26960943
TI  - Pathogenesis of Candida albicans biofilm.
AB  - Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen causing diseases
      ranging from mucosal to systemic infections. As a commensal, C. albicans
      asymptomatically colonizes mucosal surfaces; however, any disruption in the host
      environment or under conditions of immune dysfunction, C. albicans can
      proliferate and invade virtually any site in the host. The ability of this highly
      adaptable fungal species to transition from commensal to pathogen is due to a
      repertoire of virulence factors. Specifically, the ability to switch morphology
      and form biofilms are properties central to C. albicans pathogenesis. In fact,
      the majority of C. albicans infections are associated with biofilm formation on
      host or abiotic surfaces such as indwelling medical devices, which carry high
      morbidity and mortality. Significantly, biofilms formed by C. albicans are
      inherently tolerant to antimicrobial therapy and therefore, the susceptibility of
      Candida biofilms to the current therapeutic agents remains low. The aim of this
      review is to provide an overview of C. albicans highlighting some of the diverse
      biofilm-associated diseases caused by this opportunistic pathogen and the animal
      models available to study them. Further, the classes of antifungal agents used to
      combat these resilient infections are discussed along with mechanisms of drug
      resistance.

PMID- 26960951
TI  - Clinical and mutational features of X-linked agammaglobulinemia in Mexico.
AB  - X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is caused by BTK mutations, patients typically
      show <2% of peripheral B cells and reduced levels of all immunoglobulins; they
      suffer from recurrent infections of bacterial origin; however, viral infections,
      autoimmune-like diseases, and an increased risk of developing gastric cancer are
      also reported. In this work, we report the BTK mutations and clinical features of
      12 patients diagnosed with XLA. Furthermore, a clinical revision is also
      presented for an additional cohort of previously reported patients with XLA. Four
      novel mutations were identified, one of these located in the previously reported
      mutation refractory SH3 domain. Clinical data support previous reports accounting
      for frequent respiratory, gastrointestinal tract infections and other symptoms
      such as the occurrence of reactive arthritis in 19.2% of the patients. An equal
      proportion of patients developed septic arthritis; missense mutations and
      mutations in SH1, SH2 and PH domains predominated in patients who developed
      arthritis. 

PMID- 26960950
TI  - Soluble alpha-klotho is a potential biomarker associated with neuropsychiatric
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - A reduced level of the single-pass transmembrane protein alpha-Klotho is known to
      be associated with neuronal damage. We investigated whether alpha-Klotho in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be a candidate marker for the diagnosis of
      neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). We analyzed the laboratory
      data, symptoms and radiological image findings of 34 NPSLE patients. Patients
      with SLE without neuropsychiatric manifestations (SLE) (n=25), and patients with
      viral meningitis (VM) (n=19), multiple sclerosis (MS) (n=20) or neuromyelitis
      optica (NMO) (n=20) were included as controls. The multivariable analyses
      revealed that lower CSF alpha-Klotho level, lower serum anti-Smith antibodies
      (U/mL) and higher serum C3 (mg/dL) were significant factors for predicting NPSLE.
      The CSF alpha-Klotho levels of the NPSLE patients were inversely correlated with
      the level of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Our data suggested
      that the determination of CSF alpha-Klotho levels will contribute to the
      diagnosis of NPSLE and help elucidate the mechanisms underlying this disease. 

PMID- 26960952
TI  - Histological improvement in salivary gland along with effector memory Th17-1 cell
      reduction in a primary Sjogren's syndrome patient with dermatomyositis and
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by R-CHOP therapy.
AB  - We treated a 45-year-old Japanese woman with primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS)
      complicated with dermatomyositis (DM) followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
      She was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation of fever, weight loss and
      peritoneal lymphadenopathy. The histological examination of her lymph node
      revealed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was then treated with 8
      cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and
      prednisone) therapy, which resulted in histological and functional improvement of
      her salivary glands. Of note, the percentage of effector memory Th17-1
      (CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CCR7-CXCR3+CCR6+) cells in the peripheral blood was decreased
      after the R-CHOP treatment. This case suggests that an altered Th17-1 cell subset
      by B-cell depletion therapy is critical for the improvement of tissue damage in
      patients with SS, and the case suggests that clinicians should consider measuring
      the effector memory Th-subsets to predict the disease activity in SS patients.

PMID- 26960953
TI  - Resveratrol protects PC12 cells against OGD/ R-induced apoptosis via the
      mitochondrial-mediated signaling pathway.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of resveratrol
      against oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced apoptotic
      damages in well-differentiated PC12 cells and the underlying mechanisms. Cells
      were incubated under normal condition or OGD/R in the presence or absence of 10
      MUM resveratrol. Cell viability was determined with methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium
      (MTT) assay. Apoptotic ratio was determined with Hoechst 33342 staining and
      Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring
      the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitochondrial superoxide,
      the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was estimated by
      Fluo-3/AM. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was evaluated by 5,5',6,6'
      tetrachloro-1,1,3,3'-tetraethyl-benzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) and
      rhodamine 123 (Rh123). The opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore
      (MPTP) was determined by the Calcein/Co2+-quenching technique. The protein levels
      of cytochrome c, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 were
      detected by western blot analysis. The results showed that 10 MUM resveratrol
      attenuated OGD/R-induced cell viability loss and cell apoptosis, which was
      associated with the decreases in the MDA content and the increases in the SOD and
      CAT activities. Furthermore, the accumulation of intracellular ROS and
      mitochondrial superoxide, disturbance of [Ca2+]i homeostasis, reduction of MMP,
      opening of MPTP, and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c observed in OGD/R
      injured cells, which indicated a switch on the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic
      pathway, were all reversed by resveratrol. These results suggest that resveratrol
      administration may play a neuroprotective role via modulating the mitochondrial
      mediated signaling pathway in OGD/R-induced PC12 cell injury.

PMID- 26960954
TI  - Next Generation Sequencing and Linkage Analysis for the Molecular Diagnosis of a
      Novel Overlapping Syndrome Characterized by Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and
      Typical Electrical Instability of Brugada Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant
      inherited disorder; mutations in at least 20 genes have been associated. Brugada
      syndrome (BrS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by mutations
      mainly in theSCN5Agene. A new clinical entity that consists of HCM, typical
      electrical instability of BrS and sudden death (SD), is described. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: The family was constituted by 7 members, 4 of who presented clinical
      features of HCM and electrical instability of BrS. The clinical presentation of
      proband was ventricular fibrillation. All members were clinically evaluated by
      physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiography, 2-dimensional
      echocardiography, stress test, electrocardiogram Holter, flecainide test, and
      electrophysiological study. An integrated linkage analysis and next generation
      sequencing (NGS) approach was used to identify the causative mutation. Linkage
      with the alpha-tropomyosin (TPM1) gene on chromosome 15q22 was identified. The
      NGS study identified a missense mutation within theTPM1gene (c.574G>A; p.E192K),
      exactly located in a binding domain with polycystin-2 protein. No other
      pathogenic mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of an
      association between HCM and BrS, and the first to use a combined approach of
      linkage and NGS to identify a causative mutation in SD. The present study expands
      the clinical spectrum of disorders associated with theTPM1gene and may be useful
      to report novel mechanisms of electrical instability in HCM and BrS.

PMID- 26960955
TI  - Knowing the Risks of the Vessels From the Vessels.

PMID- 26960956
TI  - Innovative Edoxaban Overcomes Undesirable Characteristics of Warfarin in East
      Asian Patients.

PMID- 26960957
TI  - History of ABVD alters the number of oocytes vitrified after in vitro maturation
      in fertility preservation candidates.
AB  - AIM: This retrospective case-control study aimed at analyzing the results of in
      vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes, used for fertility preservation (FP), in
      patients with history of ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and
      dacarbazine) for classical Hodgkin lymphoma. PATIENTS & METHODS: A total of 22
      candidates for FP, having received ABVD at least 2 years before IVM for FP were
      studied. IVM results were compared with those of 44 breast cancer patients,
      without history of chemotherapy, matched for ovarian reserve parameters. RESULTS:
      The number of cumulo-oocyte complexes recovered and the total number of matured
      oocytes vitrified was lower in patients having received AVBD (5.5 +/- 4.8 vs 8.5
      +/- 4.4 oocytes; p = 0.03 and 3.5 +/- 3.7 vs 6 +/- 3.0 oocytes; p < 0.04,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: In light of these results, FP should be discussed
      before ABVD.

PMID- 26960958
TI  - Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 (Taeniidae): new data on sperm
      ultrastructure.
AB  - The present study establishes the ultrastructural organisation of the mature
      spermatozoon of Echinococcus multilocularis, which is essential for future
      research on the location of specific proteins involved in the sperm development
      in this species and also in Echinococcus granulosus. Thus, the ultrastructural
      characteristics of the sperm cell are described by means of transmission electron
      microscopy. The spermatozoon of E. multilocularis is a filiform cell, which is
      tapered at both extremities and lacks mitochondria. It exhibits all the
      characteristics of type VII spermatozoon of tapeworms, namely a single axoneme,
      crested bodies, spiralled cortical microtubules and nucleus, a periaxonemal
      sheath and intracytoplasmic walls. Other characteristics observed in the male
      gamete are the presence of a >900-nm long apical cone in its anterior extremity
      and only the axoneme in its posterior extremity. The ultrastructural characters
      of the spermatozoon of E. multilocularis are compared with those of other
      cestodes studied to date, with particular emphasis on representatives of the
      genus Taenia. The most interesting finding concerns the presence of two helical
      crested bodies in E. multilocularis while in the studied species of Taenia, there
      is only one crested body. Future ultrastructural studies of other species of the
      genus Echinococcus would be of particular interest in order to confirm whether or
      not the presence of two crested bodies is a characteristic of this genus. 

PMID- 26960959
TI  - Molecular detection and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding
      cattery cats in Japan.
AB  - Cryptosporidium spp. are pathogenic protozoan that can cause gastrointestinal
      illness in mammalian hosts. As a result of the close contact between humans and
      cats, there is concern regarding the potential zoonotic transmission of
      Cryptosporidium spp. from infected cats; however, few data have been reported
      regarding the prevalence of this pathogen among cats. Here, we report the
      prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding cattery cats in Japan. A total
      of 286 fresh fecal samples were collected from breeding cattery cats at seven
      facilities located across Japan. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay
      targeting the 18S rRNA gene was employed for the detection of Cryptosporidium
      spp. Four cats (1.4 %), from two catteries, were positive for Cryptosporidium
      spp. Age and fecal condition were not significantly associated with prevalence.
      The four positive samples displayed 99-100 % sequence similarity to
      Cryptosporidium felis sequences. Our findings indicated that the prevalence of
      Cryptosporidium spp. was low among breeding cattery cats in Japan, and therefore
      the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans was also likely to be low. 

PMID- 26960961
TI  - Are Symbiotic Methanotrophs Key Microbes for N Acquisition in Paddy Rice Root?
AB  - The relationships between biogeochemical processes and microbial functions in
      rice (Oryza sativa) paddies have been the focus of a large number of studies. A
      mechanistic understanding of methane-nitrogen (CH4-N) cycle interactions is a key
      unresolved issue in research on rice paddies. This minireview is an opinion paper
      for highlighting the mechanisms underlying the interactions between
      biogeochemical processes and plant-associated microbes based on recent
      metagenomic, metaproteomic, and isotope analyses. A rice symbiotic gene, relevant
      to rhizobial nodulation and mycorrhization in plants, likely accommodates
      diazotrophic methanotrophs or the associated bacterial community in root tissues
      under low-N fertilizer management, which may permit rice plants to acquire N via
      N2 fixation. The amount of N fixed in rice roots was previously estimated to be
      approximately 12% of plant N based on measurements of (15)N natural abundance in
      a paddy field experiment. Community analyses also indicate that methanotroph
      populations in rice roots are susceptible to environmental conditions such as the
      microclimate of rice paddies. Therefore, CH4 oxidation by methanotrophs is a
      driving force in shaping bacterial communities in rice roots grown in CH4-rich
      environments. Based on these findings, we propose a hypothesis with unanswered
      questions to describe the interplay between rice plants, root microbiomes, and
      their biogeochemical functions (CH4 oxidation and N2 fixation). 

PMID- 26960960
TI  - Spread and genotype of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpine chamois
      (Rupicapra r. rupicapra).
AB  - The complex life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii involves many animal species, raising
      zoonotic, economic, and conservation issues. This complexity is reflected in the
      molecular structure of T. gondii, whose different genotypes differ in
      pathogenicity. Among the intermediate hosts of T. gondii, wild ungulates may be a
      source of human infection. Despite intense hunting activity and the consumption
      of raw or undercooked meat, little information is available on the spread of T.
      gondii and the distribution of its genotypes in these species, including the
      alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra). Ninety-three sera and 50 brain tissues
      from chamois were sampled (1) to investigate the spread of T. gondii with
      serological and molecular analyses, and (2) to genotype the strains with a
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the SAG2 locus. The
      prevalence of T. gondii was low on both serological (3.2 %) and molecular (2 %)
      analyses, and infections were concentrated in individuals >1 year old. These
      findings demonstrate the sporadic presence of the protozoan in this species on
      consistent diagnostic tests. Horizontal transmission seems to be the main route
      of infection, and cats are the only definitive host in the study area. This
      prevalence suggests that the environment of the chamois is less contaminated with
      oocysts than environments close to human settlements. The SAG2 type II genotype
      was detected in this species for the first time. Although this genotype is
      predominant in human toxoplasmosis, these results suggest that the chamois is a
      minor source of human infection. 

PMID- 26960962
TI  - Determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in
      Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is the most common form of
      violence that harms the health of women and the fetus but practiced commonly in
      developing countries. There is scarcity of information regarding intimate partner
      violence during pregnancy in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the
      prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence during recent
      pregnancy in Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia. METHODS: Community based
      cross sectional study was conducted among married pregnant women in Abay Chomen
      district in April, 2014 using a standard WHO multi-country study questionnaire.
      Two hundred eighty two randomly selected pregnant women aged 15-49 years
      participated in the study. Logistic regression and multivariate analysis were
      employed. RESULTS: The prevalence of intimate partner violence during recent
      pregnancy was 44.5% (95% CI, 32.6, 56.4). More than half 157 (55.5%) experienced
      all three forms of intimate partner violence during recent pregnancy. The joint
      occurrence of intimate partner physical and psychological violence during recent
      pregnancy as well as joint occurrence of intimate partner physical and sexual
      violence was 160 (56.5%). Pregnant women who were ever lived with their partner's
      family were 46% less likely to experience recent intimate partner violence. Dowry
      payment decreases intimate partner violence during recent pregnancy (AOR 0.09,
      95% CI 0.04, 0.2) and pregnant women who didn't undergo marriage ceremony during
      their marriage were 79% are less likely to experience violence (AOR 0.21, 95% CI
      0.1, 0.44). CONCLUSION: Nearly half of interviewed pregnant women experienced
      intimate partner violence during pregnancy implying the prevalence of such
      practice in the study site. To that end, increasing community awareness about the
      consequences of the practice could be important. Moreover, as health extension
      workers works closely with households, they could be crucial players to increase
      community awareness about intimate partner violence on pregnant mothers and halt
      it or its risk factors.

PMID- 26960964
TI  - Melting curve analysis in canine lymphoma by calculating maximum fluorescence
      decrease.
AB  - PARR is widely used in the diagnostics of canine lymphoma. In human and
      veterinary medicine, melting curve analysis (MCA) has successfully been
      introduced to facilitate the process. Since visual interpretation of melting
      curves can be rather subjective, the purpose of this study was to develop an
      objective interpretation of melting curves by calculating the maximum
      fluorescence decrease (dFmax ) within a defined rise of temperature. Lymph node
      aspirates and blood of 34 dogs with lymphoma and 28 control dogs were tested.
      27/34 lymphoma cases were correctly detected to be monoclonal (sensitivity 79%).
      2/28 control dogs showed a monoclonal rearrangement (specificity 93%). B- and T
      cell neoplasia were still detectable using DNA amount as low as 10 ng. In serial
      dilutions of tumor DNA with DNA of normal tonsils, the detection limit was 25%
      for B-cell lymphomas and 100% for T-cell lymphoma, suggesting that PCR conditions
      could still be optimized.

PMID- 26960963
TI  - Pd(0)-Catalyzed Direct C-H Functionalization of 2-H-4-Benzylidene Imidazolones:
      Friendly and Large-Scale Access to GFP and Kaede Protein Fluorophores.
AB  - The first one-pot synthesis of N-substituted 2-H-4-benzylidene imidazolones and
      their subsequent palladium-catalyzed and copper-assisted direct C2-H arylation
      and alkenylation with aryl- and alkenylhalides are described. This innovative
      synthesis is step-economical, azide-free, high yielding, highly flexible in the
      introduction of a variety of electronically different groups, and can be operated
      on large-scale. Moreover, the method allows direct access to C2-arylated or
      alkenylated imidazolone-based green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Kaede protein
      fluorophores, including ortho-hydroxylated models. 

PMID- 26960965
TI  - Metformin prescription patterns among US adolescents aged 10-19 years: 2009-2013.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Metformin is the only oral antihyperglycemic agent
      approved for use in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are
      reports of metformin used to treat conditions such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia,
      prediabetes, metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). It is
      important to understand metformin prescription patterns and underlying diagnoses
      in adolescents as it can provide estimates of the extent of on-label (i.e.
      treatment of T2DM) and off-label use of metformin in this population. Our study
      sought to assess metformin prescription patterns among US adolescents from 2009
      to 2013. METHODS: Data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI)
      database, the MarketScan((r)) Commercial Claims and Encounters database and the
      Multi-State Medicaid database were analysed. The proportion of diagnoses
      associated with metformin that was recommended during a clinical visit was
      identified in the NDTI database. In the MarketScan((r)) Commercial and Medicaid
      databases, adolescents with at least one metformin prescription with +/-6 months
      continuous enrolment from the date of the index metformin prescription were
      included in the analyses. All diagnosis and procedure codes were extracted within
      +/-6 months of the index metformin prescription. The proportion of T2DM was
      calculated irrespective of any other medical conditions, whereas all other
      prespecified conditions were classified as positive only if no concurrent T2DM
      diagnosis codes were present. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In the NDTI database, the
      most common diagnoses associated with metformin use were diabetes (34.9%),
      followed by metabolic syndrome (20.9%), PCOS (17.2%) and obesity (6.5%). In the
      MarketScan((r)) Commercial database, T2DM was the most common diagnosis among
      girls aged 10-14 years (22.8-23.6%), boys aged 10-14 years (20.5-24.5%) and boys
      aged 15-19 years (37.1-43.1%), whereas PCOS (24.1-28.3%) was the most common
      diagnosis among girls aged 15-19 years. In the Medicaid database, T2DM was the
      most common diagnosis among all four groups and the proportions were higher than
      their counterparts in the Commercial database. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION:
      Analyses from three separate US data sources suggest that off-label prescribing
      of metformin is common among US adolescents aged 10-19 years. To avoid potential
      overestimation, caution should be exercised when utilizing metformin prescription
      as a proxy measure to estimate the burden of T2DM in adolescents.

PMID- 26960966
TI  - [Nerve injuries after elbow luxation fractures in childhood : Indication and
      timing for surgical revision].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Supracondylar humerus fractures are very common in pediatric
      populations. In cases of dislocated fractures, closed reduction and percutaneous
      K-wire fixation is recommended. Initially, 10-16 % of the patients also present
      lesion of the ulnar nerve as well as median nerve palsy in 6.4% and radial nerve
      palsy in 2.6 % of cases, respectively. METHOD: We present the case of a 10-year
      old boy with a dislocation of the elbow and fracture of the medial epicondyle.
      After closed reduction and K-wire fixation from medial, he presents a median
      nerve palsy. That a lesion of the ulnar nerve is also present is only noticed
      31/2 years posttraumatically. A surgical decompression and neurolysis of the
      ulnar and median nerve is performed and the postoperative grip and key strength
      presented. DISCUSSION: With the help of the presented case we discuss the
      indication and the point of surgical revision. Clinical assessment and
      neurosonography are essential for an exact diagnosis.

PMID- 26960968
TI  - Gene discovery for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by machine learning
      techniques.
AB  - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a neuromuscular disorder that
      shows a preference for the facial, shoulder and upper arm muscles. FSHD affects
      about one in 20-400,000 people, and no effective therapeutic strategies are known
      to halt disease progression or reverse muscle weakness or atrophy. Many genes may
      be incorrectly regulated in affected muscle tissue, but the mechanisms
      responsible for the progressive muscle weakness remain largely unknown. Although
      machine learning (ML) has made significant inroads in biomedical disciplines such
      as cancer research, no reports have yet addressed FSHD analysis using ML
      techniques. This study explores a specific FSHD data set from a ML perspective.
      We report results showing a very promising small group of genes that clearly
      separates FSHD samples from healthy samples. In addition to numerical prediction
      figures, we show data visualizations and biological evidence illustrating the
      potential usefulness of these results. 

PMID- 26960967
TI  - Comparison of digital scanning and polyvinyl siloxane impression techniques by
      dental students: instructional efficiency and attitudes towards technology.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With increasing use of digital scanning with restorative procedures
      in the dental office, it becomes necessary that educational institutions adopt
      instructional methodology for introducing this technology together with
      conventional impression techniques. OBJECTIVE: To compare the time differences
      between instructing dental students on digital scanning (DS) (LAVA C.O.S. digital
      impression system) and a conventional impression technique (CI) (polyvinyl
      siloxane), and to compare students' attitudes and beliefs towards both
      techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volunteer sophomore dental students (n = 25)
      with no prior experience in clinical impressions were recruited and IRB consent
      obtained. Participants responded to a pre-and post-exposure questionnaire.
      Participants were instructed on the use of both DS and CI for a single tooth full
      coverage crown restoration using a consecutive sequence of video lecture,
      investigator-led demonstration and independent impression exercise. The time
      necessary for each step (minutes) was recorded. Statistical significance was
      calculated using dependent t-tests (time measurements) and 2-sample Mann-Whitney
      (questionnaire responses). RESULTS: The time spent teaching students was greater
      for DS than CI for video lecture (15.95 and 10.07 min, P = 0.0000), demonstration
      time (9.06 and 4.70 min, P = 0.0000) and impression time (18.17 and 8.59 min, P =
      0.0000). Prior to the instruction and practice, students considered themselves
      more familiar with CI (3.96) than DS (1.96) (P = 0.0000). After the instruction
      and practice, participants reported CI technique proved significantly easier than
      expected (pre-instruction: 3.52 and post-instruction: 4.08, P = 0.002). However,
      overall participants' perception of ease of use for DS was not influenced by this
      instruction and practice experience (pre-instruction: 3.84 and post-instruction:
      3.56, P = 0.106). Despite the results, 96% of participants expressed an
      expectation that DS will become their predominant impression technique during
      their careers. CONCLUSIONS: Dental students with no clinical experience have high
      expectations for digital scanning, and despite their initial difficulty, expect
      it to become their primary impression technique during their professional
      futures. The instructional time necessary for introducing DS into the curriculum
      is significantly greater than CI in both classroom (lecture) and clinical
      simulation settings (investigator-led demonstration).

PMID- 26960969
TI  - Effects of postnatal alcohol exposure on hippocampal gene expression and learning
      in adult mice.
AB  - Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition resulting from excessive drinking by
      pregnant women. Symptoms of FAS include abnormal facial features, stunted growth,
      intellectual deficits and attentional dysfunction. Many studies have investigated
      FAS, but its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study evaluated the
      relationship between alcohol exposure during the synaptogenesis period in
      postnatal mice and subsequent cognitive function in adult mice. We delivered two
      injections, separated by 2 h, of ethanol (3 g/kg, ethanol/saline, 20% v/v) to ICR
      mice on postnatal day 7. After 10 weeks, we conducted a behavioral test,
      sacrificed the animals, harvested brain tissue and analyzed hippocampal gene
      expression using a microarray. In ethanol-treated mice, there was a reduction in
      brain size and decreased neuronal cell number in the cortex, and also cognitive
      impairment. cDNA microarray results indicated that 1,548 genes showed a > 2-fold
      decrease in expression relative to control, whereas 974 genes showed a > 2-fold
      increase in expression relative to control. Many of these genes were related to
      signal transduction, synaptogenesis and cell membrane formation, which are
      highlighted in our findings. 

PMID- 26960970
TI  - CTNNB1-mutant colorectal carcinomas with immediate invasive growth: a model of
      interval cancers in Lynch syndrome.
AB  - The implementation of regular colonoscopy programs has significantly decreased
      the mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Lynch syndrome patients.
      However, interval CRCs in Lynch syndrome that remain undetected by colonoscopy
      still represent a substantial problem in the management of the syndrome. One
      possible reason of interval cancers could be a non-polypous pathway of cancer
      development. To examine the possibility of a non-polypous pathway of CRC
      development in Lynch syndrome, we analyzed the histological appearance of 46
      Lynch syndrome-associated CRCs and compared them to 34 sporadic microsatellite
      unstable cancers. We observed that 25 (62.5 %) out of 40 assessable Lynch
      syndrome-associated carcinomas lacked evidence of polypous growth, compared to 17
      (50 %) out of 34 sporadic MSI-H cancers. We detected CTNNB1 mutations in 8 (17.4
      %) out of 46 Lynch syndrome-associated cancers compared to 0 out of 34 sporadic
      MSI-H cancers (p = 0.01). The majority of CTNNB1-mutant cancers presented with a
      histological appearance suggesting immediate invasive growth. Our results suggest
      that a distinct subgroup of CRCs in Lynch syndrome may in fact emerge from a non
      polypous precursor, thus potentially explaining the phenomenon of interval
      cancers. Such a non-polypous precursor may be the recently described mismatch
      repair-deficient crypt focus, which remains invisible for the examiner during
      colonoscopy. This calls for considering the implementation of active, primary
      preventive measures in the management of Lynch syndrome. Future studies on
      pathogenic pathways and precursor lesions in Lynch syndrome are strongly
      encouraged, and the clinical efficacy of new prevention approaches should be
      evaluated in prospective clinical trials.

PMID- 26960971
TI  - Estimating cumulative risks for breast cancer for carriers of variants in
      uncommon genes.
AB  - The rapid clinical embrace of next generation multigene cancer predisposition
      panels has resulted in discovery of DNA variants in genes for which very limited
      data on penetrance has been published. Evidence for increased risks associated
      with these genes is often expressed in odds ratios and studies often were
      conducted on a priori high risk cohorts, i.e. those with young onset disease
      and/or positive family histories. Despite these limitations, one can estimate
      cumulative risks, which may be useful for health care providers who are
      counselling individuals on their results. We present cumulative risks for several
      under-studied genes and provide generic information that can be extrapolated to
      data still emerging.

PMID- 26960973
TI  - Stress chaperone mortalin contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and
      cancer metastasis.
AB  - Mortalin/mthsp70 (HSPA9) is a stress chaperone enriched in many cancers that has
      been implicated in carcinogenesis by promoting cell proliferation and survival.
      In the present study, we examined the clinical relevance of mortalin upregulation
      in carcinogenesis. Consistent with high mortalin expression in various human
      tumors and cell lines, we found that mortalin overexpression increased the
      migration and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Expression analyses revealed
      that proteins involved in focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt and JAK-STAT signaling, all
      known to play key roles in cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT), were upregulated in mortalin-expressing cancer cells. We
      further determined that expression levels of the mesenchymal markers vimentin
      (VIM), fibronectin (FN1), beta-catenin (CTNNB1), CK14 (KRT14) and hnRNP-K were
      also increased upon mortalin overexpression, whereas the epithelial markers E
      cadherin (CDH1), CK8 (KRT8), and CK18 (KRT18) were downregulated. Furthermore,
      shRNA-mediated and pharmacological inhibition of mortalin suppressed the
      migration and invasive capacity of cancer cells and was associated with a
      diminished EMT gene signature. Taken together, these findings support a role for
      mortalin in the induction of EMT, prompting further investigation of its
      therapeutic value in metastatic disease models.

PMID- 26960974
TI  - Quantitative phosphotyrosine profiling of patient-derived xenografts identifies
      therapeutic targets in pediatric leukemia.
AB  - Activating mutations in tyrosine kinases (TKs) drive pediatric high-risk acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and confer resistance to standard chemotherapy.
      Therefore, there is urgent need to characterize dysregulated TK signaling axes in
      patients with ALL and identify actionable kinase targets for the development of
      therapeutic strategies. Here, we present the first study to quantitatively
      profile TK activity in xenografted patient biopsies of high-risk pediatric ALL.
      We integrated a quantitative phosphotyrosine profiling method with 'spike-in'
      stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and quantified
      1394 class I phosphorylation sites in 16 ALL xenografts. Moreover, hierarchical
      clustering of phosphotyrosine sites could accurately classify these leukemias
      into either B or T-cell lineages with the high-risk early T-cell precursor (ETP)
      and Ph-like ALL clustering as a distinct group. Furthermore, we validated this
      approach by using specific kinase pathway inhibitors to perturb ABL1, FLT3, and
      JAK TK signaling in four xenografted patient samples. By quantitatively assessing
      the tyrosine phosphorylation status of activated kinases in xenograft models of
      ALL, we were able to identify and validate clinically relevant targets.
      Therefore, this study highlights the application and potential of phosphotyrosine
      profiling for identifying clinically relevant kinase targets in leukemia.

PMID- 26960972
TI  - Testing the effects of narrative and play on physical activity among breast
      cancer survivors using mobile apps: study protocol for a randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical activity reduces risk for numerous negative health outcomes,
      but postmenopausal breast cancer survivors do not reach recommended levels. Many
      interventions encourage self-monitoring of steps, which can increase physical
      activity in the short term. However, these interventions appear insufficient to
      increase motivation for sustained change. There is a need for innovative
      strategies to increase physical activity motivation in this population.
      Narratives are uniquely persuasive, and video games show promise for increasing
      motivation. This study will determine the effectiveness of an intervention that
      combines narrative and gaming to encourage sustained physical activity.
      METHODS/DESIGN: SMARTGOAL (Self-Monitoring Activity: a Randomized Trial of Game
      Oriented AppLications) is a randomized controlled intervention trial. The
      intervention period is six months, followed by a six month maintenance period.
      Participants (overweight, sedentary postmenopausal breast cancer survivors aged
      45-75) will be randomized to a self-monitoring group or an enhanced narrative
      game group. The self-monitoring group will be encouraged to use a mobile
      application for self-monitoring and feedback and will receive 15 counseling phone
      calls emphasizing self-regulation. The narrative game group will be encouraged to
      use a mobile application that includes self-monitoring and feedback as well as a
      narrative-based active video game. The 15 calls for this group will emphasize
      concepts related to the game storyline. Counseling calls in both groups will
      occur weekly in months 1 - 3 and monthly in months 4 - 6. No counseling calls
      will occur after month 6, but both groups will be encouraged to continue using
      their apps. The primary outcome of the study is minutes of moderate to vigorous
      physical activity at six months. Other objectively measured outcomes include
      fitness and physical function. Self-reported outcomes include quality of life,
      depression, and motivation. DISCUSSION: This protocol will result in
      implementation and evaluation of two technology-based physical activity
      interventions among breast cancer survivors. Both interventions hold promise for
      broad dissemination. Understanding the potential benefit of adding narrative and
      game elements to interventions will provide critical information to
      interventionists, researchers, clinicians, and policymakers. This study is
      uniquely suited to investigate not just whether but how and why game elements may
      improve breast cancer survivors' health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov
      NCT02341235 (January 9, 2015).

PMID- 26960976
TI  - Frequency and Dynamics of Leukemia-Initiating Cells during Short-term Ex Vivo
      Culture Informs Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is sustained by a subpopulation of rare leukemia
      initiating cells (LIC) detected in the xenograft assay by their capacity to self
      renew and to generate non-LICs in vivo The xenotransplantation model captures
      functional properties of LICs that have clinical prognostic value. However, the
      long duration of this in vivo assay has hampered its use as a prognostic tool.
      Here, we show, using an ex vivo coculture system, that intermediate and poor risk
      AML patient samples at diagnosis have a 5 to 7 times higher frequency of leukemic
      long-term culture-initiating cells (L-LTC-IC) compared with the good risk group.
      We defined a fluorescence dilution factor (FDF) parameter that monitors sample
      proliferation over 1 week and established a strong correlation of this parameter
      with the L-LTC-IC frequency. A higher FDF was found for poor prognostic AMLs or
      for samples capable of engrafting NSG mice compared with good risk AMLs or
      nonengrafters. Importantly, FDF could classify normal karyotype intermediate risk
      patients into two groups with a significant difference in their overall survival,
      thus making this nongenetic and non-in vivo approach a new clinically relevant
      tool for better diagnosis of AML patients. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2082-6. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26960975
TI  - The Error-Prone DNA Polymerase kappa Promotes Temozolomide Resistance in
      Glioblastoma through Rad17-Dependent Activation of ATR-Chk1 Signaling.
AB  - The acquisition of drug resistance is a persistent clinical problem limiting the
      successful treatment of human cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). However, the
      molecular mechanisms by which initially chemoresponsive tumors develop
      therapeutic resistance remain poorly understood. In this study, we report that
      Pol kappa, an error-prone polymerase that participates in translesion DNA
      synthesis, was significantly upregulated in GBM cell lines and tumor tissues
      following temozolomide treatment. Overexpression of Pol kappa in temozolomide
      sensitive GBM cells conferred resistance to temozolomide, whereas its inhibition
      markedly sensitized resistant cells to temozolomide in vitro and in orthotopic
      xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, depletion of Pol kappa disrupted
      homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair and restart of stalled replication
      forks, impaired the activation of ATR-Chk1 signaling, and delayed cell-cycle re
      entry and progression. Further investigation of the relationship between Pol
      kappa and temozolomide revealed that Pol kappa inactivation facilitated
      temozolomide-induced Rad17 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation,
      subsequently silencing ATR-Chk1 signaling and leading to defective HR repair and
      the reversal of temozolomide resistance. Moreover, overexpression of Rad17 in Pol
      kappa-depleted GBM cells restored HR efficiency, promoted the clearance of
      temozolomide-induced DNA breaks, and desensitized cells to the cytotoxic effects
      of temozolomide observed in the absence of Pol kappa. Finally, we found that Pol
      kappa overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in GBM patients undergoing
      temozolomide therapy. Collectively, our findings identify a potential mechanism
      by which GBM cells develop resistance to temozolomide and suggest that targeting
      the DNA damage tolerance pathway may be beneficial for overcoming resistance.
      Cancer Res; 76(8); 2340-53. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26960978
TI  - The role of a multidisciplinary student team in the community management of
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a community-based, multidisciplinary team
      consisting of home-based caregivers and supervised students could improve the
      functional status and quality of life of patients living with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) in a low-income, peri-urban setting in South Africa.
      METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted over three months.
      Attention was paid to health literacy, inhaler technique, respiratory
      conditioning and nutrition. RESULTS: Health literacy was poor and most patients
      were not using their inhalers correctly. Five of 12 patients found exercising
      challenging and withdrew from the study early. In the remaining seven patients,
      statistically significant improvements in FEV1%, and quality of life scores were
      seen at three months. Improvements in exercise tolerance and BODE prognostic
      index did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: A home-based
      multidisciplinary student team can improve the functional status and the quality
      of life in patients living with COPD in a low-income setting. This approach
      offers a suitable model for community-based service learning.

PMID- 26960977
TI  - Achievement of successful pulmonary vein isolation: methods of adenosine testing
      and incremental benefit of exit block.
AB  - PURPOSE: Several approaches were tried to achieve complete pulmonary vein
      isolation (PVI). The aims of this study were to (1) compare adenosine-induced PV
      conduction and exit conduction, (2) determine the adequate adenosine dose, and
      (3) investigate the correlation of dormant conduction and recurrence of atrial
      fibrillation (AF). METHODS: A total of 378 consecutive patients who underwent PVI
      from June 2012 to April 2015 were prospectively included (the de novo procedure
      in 318 (84.1 %) and a redo procedure in 60 (15.9 %)). After the exit block was
      assessed, 20 mg adenosine was injected into the left atrium. If dormant
      conduction was observed, 12 and 6 mg of adenosine were injected sequentially.
      RESULTS: Exit conduction during PV pacing was observed in 34 patients (9 %), and
      dormant conduction was observed in 92 patients (24.3 %). Among them, 74 (80.4 %,
      74/92) demonstrated dormant conduction without exit conduction and 16 (47.1 %,
      16/34) showed exit conduction without dormant conduction. The 20-mg dose of
      adenosine had an additive yield in patients with dormant conduction, compared to
      that of 12 mg (93 %, 86/92) or 6 mg (80 %, 74/92). There was no significant
      difference in the recurrence rate regarding dormant conduction. The pattern of
      prevalence of reconnected origin during the redo procedure was similar to that of
      dormant conduction during the index procedure. CONCLUSIONS: There was a
      discrepancy between adenosine-induced PVI and exit block. Therefore, exit block
      test has additional value to verify latent incomplete PVI in conjunction with
      adenosine test. Furthermore, high-dose adenosine had an additive yield. CLINICAL
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01932112.

PMID- 26960980
TI  - The challenge of basilar artery occlusion wake-up stroke: too late for
      intravenous thrombolysis?
AB  - We describe the case of a patient carried to our emergency department, with the
      wake-up finding of dysarthria, right hemiplegia and worsening consciousness
      impairment (NIHSS 12). After performing a CT angiography, which showed complete
      basilar occlusion, we determined the MR DWI-FLAIR mismatch to estimate the stroke
      onset time. Because of the favorable mismatch (DWI hyperintensity in the left
      pons, no FLAIR hyperintensity in the same region), the patient underwent
      thrombolysis with sudden neurological improvement. In addition, the DWI
      hyperintensity first observed in the left pons totally regressed after
      thrombolysis. Wake-up stroke constitutes about 14 % of all strokes, while the
      percentage of basilar artery occlusion wake-up strokes is still unknown. Although
      thrombolysis in patients with unknown-onset time is still an off-label therapy,
      basilar artery occlusion is a potentially fatal event. In our case we used RM DWI
      FLAIR mismatch to rapidly estimate the stroke onset time and to treat the patient
      with an off-label but potentially effective and safe therapy. 

PMID- 26960979
TI  - The role of adenosine and adenosine receptors in the immunopathogenesis of
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous neurological disorder
      with multifactorial etiologies characterized by demyelination, axonal
      degeneration, and oligodendroglial death. It is believed that both genetics and
      environmental risk factors such as infection are involved in disease etiology.
      Accumulating evidence indicates that alteration in purinergic system signaling is
      involved in immunity and inflammation. Adenosine, a key purine nucleoside, has
      been shown to be produced during metabolic stress, including ischemia,
      inflammatory condition, and tissue injury. METHODS: Extracellular adenosine
      directly affects various physiological and pathological processes of MS by
      stimulating G protein-coupled adenosine receptors A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 on the
      surface of immune cells. It has been suggested that promotion of adenosinergic
      system may be an important factor in MS pathophysiology and considered as
      promising therapeutic target for this disease. CONCLUSION: In this review, we
      will discuss about the immunopathologic effects of adenosine on MS and its animal
      model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 26960981
TI  - Medium-chain TAG improve energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in the
      liver of intra-uterine growth-retarded and normal-birth-weight weanling piglets.
AB  - We previously reported that medium-chain TAG (MCT) could alleviate hepatic
      oxidative damage in weanling piglets with intra-uterine growth retardation
      (IUGR). There is a relationship between oxidative status and energy metabolism, a
      process involved in substrate availability and glucose flux. Therefore, the aim
      of this study was to investigate the effects of IUGR and MCT on hepatic energy
      metabolism and mitochondrial function in weanling piglets. Twenty-four IUGR
      piglets and twenty-four normal-birth-weight (NBW) piglets were fed a diet of
      either soyabean oil (SO) or MCT from 21 d of postnatal age to 49 d of postnatal
      age. Then, the piglets' biochemical parameters and gene expressions related to
      energy metabolism and mitochondrial function were determined (n 4). Compared with
      NBW, IUGR decreased the ATP contents and succinate oxidation rates in the liver
      of piglets, and reduced hepatic mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) activity
      (P<0.05). IUGR piglets exhibited reductions in hepatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
      contents and gene expressions related to mitochondrial biogenesis compared with
      NBW piglets (P<0.05). The MCT diet increased plasma ghrelin concentration and
      hepatic CS and succinate dehydrogenase activities, but decreased hepatic pyruvate
      kinase activity compared with the SO diet (P<0.05). The MCT-fed piglets showed
      improved mtDNA contents and PPARgamma coactivator-1alpha expression in the liver
      (P<0.05). The MCT diet alleviated decreased mRNA abundance of the hepatic
      PPARalpha induced by IUGR (P<0.05). It can therefore be postulated that MCT may
      have beneficial effects in improving energy metabolism and mitochondrial function
      in weanling piglets.

PMID- 26960982
TI  - Incidence of neoplasias and effectiveness of postoperative surveillance endoscopy
      for patients with ulcerative colitis: comparison of ileorectal anastomosis and
      ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of neoplasia after surgery has not been sufficiently
      evaluated in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), particularly in the Japanese
      population, and it is not clear whether surveillance endoscopy is effective in
      detecting dysplasia/cancer in the remnant rectum or pouch. The aims of this study
      were to assess and compare postoperative development of dysplasia/cancer in
      patients with UC who underwent ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) or ileal pouch-anal
      anastomosis (IPAA) and to evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative
      surveillance endoscopy. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients who received
      postoperative surveillance endoscopy were retrospectively reviewed for
      development of dysplasia/cancer in the remnant rectal mucosa or pouch. RESULTS:
      Three hundred seventy-nine endoscopy sessions were conducted for 30 patients
      after IRA, while 548 pouch endoscopy sessions were conducted for 90 patients
      after IPAA. In the IRA group, 5 patients developed dysplasia/cancer during
      postoperative surveillance and in all cases, neoplasia was detected at an early
      stage. In the IRA group, no patient developed neoplasia within 10 years of
      diagnosis; the cumulative incidence of neoplasia after disease onset was 7.2,
      12.0, and 23.9% at 15, 20, and 25 years, respectively. In one case after stapled
      IPAA, dysplasia was found at the ileal pouch; a subsequent 9 endoscopy sessions
      in 8 years did not detect any dysplasia. Neoplasia was found more frequently
      during postoperative surveillance in the IRA group than in the IPAA group (p =
      .0028). The cumulative incidence of neoplasia after IRA was 3.8, 8.7, and 21.7%
      at 10, 15, and 20 years, respectively, and that after IPAA was 1.6% at 20 years.
      CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative incidence of neoplasia after IPAA was minimal. Those
      who underwent IRA had a greater risk of developing neoplasia than those who
      underwent IPAA, although postoperative surveillance endoscopy was able to detect
      dysplasia/cancer at an early stage. IRA can be the surgical procedure of choice
      only in selected cases in which it would be of benefit to the patient, with more
      careful surveillance.

PMID- 26960984
TI  - Lipoprotein insertion into membranes of various complexity: lipid sorting,
      interfacial adsorption and protein clustering.
AB  - In a combined chemical-biological and biophysical approach we explored the
      membrane partitioning of the lipidated signaling proteins N-Ras and K-Ras4B into
      membrane systems of different complexity, ranging from one-component lipid
      bilayers and anionic binary and ternary heterogeneous membrane systems even up to
      partitioning studies on protein-free and protein-containing giant plasma membrane
      vesicles (GPMVs). To yield a pictorial view of the localization process, imaging
      using confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy was performed. The
      results reveal pronounced isoform-specific differences regarding the lateral
      distribution and formation of protein-rich membrane domains. Line tension is one
      of the key parameters controlling not only the size and dynamic properties of
      segregated lipid domains but also the partitioning process of N-Ras that acts as
      a lineactant. The formation of N-Ras protein clusters is even recorded for almost
      vanishing hydrophobic mismatch. Conversely, for K-Ras4B, selective localization
      and clustering are electrostatically mediated by its polybasic farnesylated C
      terminus. The formation of K-Ras4B clusters is also observed for the multi
      component GPMV membrane, i.e., it seems to be a general phenomenon, largely
      independent of the details of the membrane composition, including the anionic
      charge density of lipid headgroups. Our data indicate that unspecific and entropy
      driven membrane-mediated interactions play a major role in the partitioning
      behavior, thus relaxing the need for a multitude of fine-tuned interactions. Such
      a scenario seems also to be reasonable recalling the high dynamic nature of
      cellular membranes. Finally, we note that even relatively simple models of
      heterogeneous membranes are able to reproduce many of the properties of much more
      complex biological membranes. 

PMID- 26960983
TI  - MK-4101, a Potent Inhibitor of the Hedgehog Pathway, Is Highly Active against
      Medulloblastoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is implicated in the
      pathogenesis of many cancers, including medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma
      (BCC). In this study, using neonatally irradiated Ptch1(+/-) mice as a model of
      Hh-dependent tumors, we investigated the in vivo effects of MK-4101, a novel SMO
      antagonist, for the treatment of medulloblastoma and BCC. Results clearly
      demonstrated a robust antitumor activity of MK-4101, achieved through the
      inhibition of proliferation and induction of extensive apoptosis in tumor cells.
      Of note, beside antitumor activity on transplanted tumors, MK-4101 was highly
      efficacious against primary medulloblastoma and BCC developing in the cerebellum
      and skin of Ptch1(+/-) mice. By identifying the changes induced by MK-4101 in
      gene expression profiles in tumors, we also elucidated the mechanism of action of
      this novel, orally administrable compound. MK-4101 targets the Hh pathway in
      tumor cells, showing the maximum inhibitory effect on Gli1 MK-4101 also induced
      deregulation of cell cycle and block of DNA replication in tumors. Members of the
      IGF and Wnt signaling pathways were among the most highly deregulated genes by MK
      4101, suggesting that the interplay among Hh, IGF, and Wnt is crucial in Hh
      dependent tumorigenesis. Altogether, the results of this preclinical study
      support a therapeutic opportunity for MK-4101 in the treatment of Hh-driven
      cancers, also providing useful information for combination therapy with drugs
      targeting pathways cooperating with Hh oncogenic activity. Mol Cancer Ther;
      15(6); 1177-89. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26960985
TI  - NETTAB 2014: From high-throughput structural bioinformatics to integrative
      systems biology.
AB  - The fourteenth NETTAB workshop, NETTAB 2014, was devoted to a range of
      disciplines going from structural bioinformatics, to proteomics and to
      integrative systems biology. The topics of the workshop were centred around
      bioinformatics methods, tools, applications, and perspectives for models,
      standards and management of high-throughput biological data, structural
      bioinformatics, functional proteomics, mass spectrometry, drug discovery, and
      systems biology.43 scientific contributions were presented at NETTAB 2014,
      including keynote, special guest and tutorial talks, oral communications, and
      posters. Full papers from some of the best contributions presented at the
      workshop were later submitted to a special Call for this Supplement.Here, we
      provide an overview of the workshop and introduce manuscripts that have been
      accepted for publication in this Supplement. 

PMID- 26960987
TI  - Editor's Note.

PMID- 26960986
TI  - Interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms in Egyptian children with febrile seizures: a
      case-control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Febrile seizures are the most common form of childhood seizures.
      Among pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 is the key acute-phase cytokine.
      To date, only a few studies concerned the association of interleukin-6 gene
      polymorphisms with febrile seizures.In this study, we aimed to investigate 3
      cytokine single-nucleotide polymorphisms situated at positions -174 (G/C), -572
      (G/C), and -597 (G/A) in the promoter region of the interleukin-6 gene for the
      first time in Egyptian children with febrile seizures. METHODS: This was a case
      control study included 100 patients with febrile seizure, and matched with age,
      gender, ethnicity 100 healthy control subjects. Interleukin-6 -174 (G/C), -572
      (G/C), and -597 (G/A) polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), while the serum IL6 levels
      were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS: Compared to the controls subjects, the
      frequency of the -174 GG and -597 GG IL6 genotypes were observed to be increased
      in children with febrile seizures (OR: 4.17; 95 % CI: 1.86-9.49; P <0.01 and OR:
      1.96; 95 % CI: 1.06-3.63;P <0.05, respectively). We found a significant positive
      association between the -597 GG genotype and susceptibility to complex febrile
      seizures as did the G allele at the same position (OR: 4.2; 95 % CI: 1.4-13.3 for
      the GG genotype; P <0.01) and (OR: 2.89; 95 % CI: 1.1-7.7 for the G allele; P
      <0.05 respectively). Our data revealed no association between IL6- genotypes and
      serum IL6 levels in patients with febrile seizures (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In
      conclusion, our data brought a novel observation that the presence of a G allele
      or GG genotype at the -174 and the GG genotype at the -597 positions of the
      promoter region of the interleukin-6 gene constitute risk factors for developing
      febrile seizures in Egyptian children. Moreover, we observed a significant
      positive association between the IL6 -597 GG genotype and susceptibility to
      complex febrile seizures as did the G allele at the same position. However, we
      found no association between IL6- genotypes and serum IL6 levels in patients with
      febrile seizures.

PMID- 26960988
TI  - Canine parvovirus in vaccinated dogs: a field study.
AB  - The authors report a field study that investigated the canine parvovirus (CPV)
      strains present in dogs that developed the disease after being vaccinated. Faecal
      samples of 78 dogs that have been vaccinated against CPV and later presented with
      clinical signs suspected of parvovirus infection were used. Fifty (64.1 per cent)
      samples tested positive by PCR for CPV. No CPV vaccine type was detected. The
      disease by CPV-2b occurred in older and female dogs when compared with that by
      CPV-2c. The clinical signs presented by infected dogs were similar when any of
      both variants were involved. In most cases of disease, the resulting infection by
      field variants occurred shortly after CPV vaccination. Two dogs that had been
      subjected to a complete vaccination schedule and presented with clinical signs
      after 10 days of vaccination, had the CPV-2c variant associated. The phylogenetic
      studies showed a close relationship of the isolates in vaccinated dogs to
      European field strains. Despite the limited sample size in this study, the
      findings point to the significance of the continuous molecular typing of the
      virus as a tool to monitor the prevalent circulating CPV strains and access the
      efficacy of current vaccines. Adjustments on the vaccine types to be used may
      have to be evaluated again according to each epidemiological situation in order
      to achieve the dog's optimal immune protection against CPV.

PMID- 26960989
TI  - Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with fluorescent and MRI reporters
      for the visualization of murine tumors overexpressing alphavbeta3 receptors.
AB  - A novel fluorescein/Gd-DOTAGA containing nanoprobe for the visualization of
      tumors by optical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is reported herein. It is
      based on the functionalization of the surface of small mesoporous silica
      nanoparticles (MSNs) (~30 nm) with the arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) moieties,
      which are known to target alphavbeta3 integrin receptors overexpressed in several
      tumor cells. The obtained nanoprobe (Gd-MSNs-RGD) displays good stability,
      tolerability and high relaxivity (37.6 mM(-1) s(-1) at 21.5 MHz). After a
      preliminary evaluation of their cytotoxicity and targeting capability toward
      U87MG cells by in vitro fluorescence and MR imaging, the nanoprobes were tested
      in vivo by T1-weighted MR imaging of xenografted murine tumor models. The
      obtained results demonstrated that the Gd-MSNs-RGD nanoprobes are good reporters
      both in vitro and in vivo for the MR-visualization of tumor cells overexpressing
      alphavbeta3 integrin receptors. 

PMID- 26960990
TI  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal women in Lagos.
AB  - This cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of
      asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), the commonest bacterial isolates and the
      antibiotic sensitivity pattern among 556 pregnant women in Lagos University
      Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria. Women with a bacterial count over 100,000
      colony-forming units per millilitre of the same organisms in paired urine samples
      were considered to have ASB. The prevalence of ASB was 14.6%. Klebsiella was the
      commonest micro-organism (39.2%) isolated. ASB was significantly associated with
      marital status, body mass index and parity. There was a significant relationship
      between urinary nitrites and ASB. The isolated organisms showed remarkable
      resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics such as amoxicillin, cloxacillin
      and trimethoprim but good sensitivity to ofloxacin, gentamycin and ceftazidime.
      These facts have implications for the management of ASB in pregnancy.

PMID- 26960991
TI  - Peptide-tags for site-specific protein labelling in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Peptide-tag based labelling can be achieved by (i) enzymes (ii) recognition of
      metal ions or small molecules and (iii) peptide-peptide interactions and enables
      site-specific protein visualization to investigate protein localization and
      trafficking.

PMID- 26960993
TI  - Culture of bullying at Birmingham hospital prevented staff from reporting high
      cardiac death rates.

PMID- 26960992
TI  - Poly(ester amine) constructed from polyethylenimine and pluronic for gene
      delivery in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - A series of poly (ester amines) (PEAs) constructed from low molecular weight
      polyethyleneimine (LPEI, Mw: 0.8k, 1.2k Da) and Pluronic (different molecular
      weight (Mw) and hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB)) components were
      synthesized, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as gene delivery carriers. Most
      PEA polymers were able to bind and condense plasmid DNA effectively into
      particles of approximately 150 nm in solution at the polymer/DNA ratio of 5 and
      above. Transfection efficiency of the PEA polymers depends on particle size of
      the polymer/DNA complex, molecular weight and HLB of the Pluronics and the size
      of PEI within PEA composition, as well as the cell type. Significant improvement
      in gene delivery efficacy was achieved with PEA01/04/05 composed of Pluronic size
      (Mw: 3000-5000 Da), and HLB (12-18) in CHO, C2C12 and HSkM cell lines; and the
      effective transfection was reflected with PEA 01/04/07 composed of Pluronics with
      size (2000-5000 Da) and HLB (12-23) in mdx mice. The best formulation for pDNA
      delivery was obtained with PEA 01 producing transgene expression efficiency 5, 19
      folds of that of PEI 25k in vitro and in vivo, respectively. These results potent
      some of these PEA polymers as attractive vehicles for gene or oligonucleotide
      delivery.

PMID- 26960995
TI  - Interlocked multi-armed carbon for stable oxygen reduction.
AB  - Structurally interlocked multi-armed carbon with a highly extended surface may be
      conveniently prepared by the deterministic growth of ZIF-8 on ZnO multiarms and
      the subsequent pyrolysis, which exhibits excellent stability and methanol
      corrosion resistance for oxygen reduction application. 

PMID- 26960994
TI  - Resource Loss and Gain, Life Satisfaction, and Health Among Retirees in Spain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This article focuses on retirement transition from the Conservation of
      Resources (COR) perspective to better understand how aged participants'
      perceptions of retirement losses and gains significantly explain retirement well
      being. In this article, the mediation of social support in the losses-well-being
      relationship is explored. METHOD: The study was conducted with a two-wave
      longitudinal design. Participants at T1 were aged Spanish workers (>64 years) and
      at T2 were retirees, with a final sample of 275, who had retired during the
      previous 6 months. RESULTS: Findings supported the assertion that losses better
      explain well-being than gains. In addition, specific losses revealed a higher
      explaining power of life satisfaction and health complaints depending on their
      content. Social support mediated between perceived losses and well-being.
      DISCUSSION: This study suggests that both perceived losses and gains associated
      with retirement and social support during retirement should be taken into account
      when addressing postretirement well-being.

PMID- 26960996
TI  - Identification of different pathways of electron injection in dye-sensitised
      solar cells of electrodeposited ZnO using an indoline sensitiser.
AB  - Charge transfer dynamics in fully operational dye sensitised solar cells
      consisting of an electrolyte or organic spiroOMeTAD in contact with a highly
      porous electrodeposited ZnO film sensitised with a monolayer of the indoline dye
      DN216 were observed using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. From the
      temporal evolution of spectral signatures assigned with the help of
      spectroelectrochemical experiments to the population and depopulation of initial,
      transient and final states, a model was completed for the multistep injection of
      photoexcited electrons from the molecular absorber to the ZnO acceptor. Injection
      was found to occur via three different paths with three characteristic rates:
      directly from the dye's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital into the ZnO
      conduction band (200 fs) and via intermediate molecular dominated and surface
      dominated hybrid states (2 ps and 10 ps, respectively). 

PMID- 26960997
TI  - International consensus statement regarding the use of animal models for research
      on anastomoses in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - PURPOSE: This project aimed to reach consensus on the most appropriate animal
      models and outcome measures in research on anastomoses in the lower
      gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The physiology of anastomotic healing remains an
      important research topic in gastrointestinal surgery. Recent results from
      experimental studies are limited with regard to comparability and clinical
      translation. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched for experimental studies
      investigating anastomotic healing in the lower GIT published between January 1,
      2000 and December 31, 2014 to assess currently used models. All corresponding
      authors were invited for a Delphi-based analysis that consisted of two online
      survey rounds followed by a final online recommendation survey to reach consensus
      on the discussed topics. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven original articles
      were retrieved and 167 articles were included in the systematic review. Mice,
      rats, rabbits, pigs, and dogs are currently being used as animal models, with a
      large variety in surgical techniques and outcome measures. Forty-four
      corresponding authors participated in the Delphi analysis. In the first two
      rounds, 39/44 and 35/39 participants completed the survey. In the final meeting,
      35 experts reached consensus on 76/122 items in six categories. Mouse, rat, and
      pig are considered appropriate animal models; rabbit and dog should be abandoned
      in research regarding bowel anastomoses. ARRIVE guidelines should be followed
      more strictly. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was reached on several recommendations for
      the use of animal models and outcome measurements in research on anastomoses of
      the lower GIT. Future research should take these suggestions into account to
      facilitate comparison and clinical translation of results.

PMID- 26960998
TI  - Response of single bacterial cells to stress gives rise to complex history
      dependence at the population level.
AB  - Most bacteria live in ever-changing environments where periods of stress are
      common. One fundamental question is whether individual bacterial cells have an
      increased tolerance to stress if they recently have been exposed to lower levels
      of the same stressor. To address this question, we worked with the bacterium
      Caulobacter crescentus and asked whether exposure to a moderate concentration of
      sodium chloride would affect survival during later exposure to a higher
      concentration. We found that the effects measured at the population level
      depended in a surprising and complex way on the time interval between the two
      exposure events: The effect of the first exposure on survival of the second
      exposure was positive for some time intervals but negative for others. We
      hypothesized that the complex pattern of history dependence at the population
      level was a consequence of the responses of individual cells to sodium chloride
      that we observed: (i) exposure to moderate concentrations of sodium chloride
      caused delays in cell division and led to cell-cycle synchronization, and (ii)
      whether a bacterium would survive subsequent exposure to higher concentrations
      was dependent on the cell-cycle state. Using computational modeling, we
      demonstrated that indeed the combination of these two effects could explain the
      complex patterns of history dependence observed at the population level. Our
      insight into how the behavior of single cells scales up to processes at the
      population level provides a perspective on how organisms operate in dynamic
      environments with fluctuating stress exposure. 

PMID- 26961000
TI  - Network synchronization in hippocampal neurons.
AB  - Oscillatory activity is widespread in dynamic neuronal networks. The main
      paradigm for the origin of periodicity consists of specialized pacemaking
      elements that synchronize and drive the rest of the network; however, other
      models exist. Here, we studied the spontaneous emergence of synchronized periodic
      bursting in a network of cultured dissociated neurons from rat hippocampus and
      cortex. Surprisingly, about 60% of all active neurons were self-sustained
      oscillators when disconnected, each with its own natural frequency. The
      individual neuron's tendency to oscillate and the corresponding oscillation
      frequency are controlled by its excitability. The single neuron intrinsic
      oscillations were blocked by riluzole, and are thus dependent on persistent
      sodium leak currents. Upon a gradual retrieval of connectivity, the synchrony
      evolves: Loose synchrony appears already at weak connectivity, with the
      oscillators converging to one common oscillation frequency, yet shifted in phase
      across the population. Further strengthening of the connectivity causes a
      reduction in the mean phase shifts until zero-lag is achieved, manifested by
      synchronous periodic network bursts. Interestingly, the frequency of network
      bursting matches the average of the intrinsic frequencies. Overall, the network
      behaves like other universal systems, where order emerges spontaneously by
      entrainment of independent rhythmic units. Although simplified with respect to
      circuitry in the brain, our results attribute a basic functional role for
      intrinsic single neuron excitability mechanisms in driving the network's activity
      and dynamics, contributing to our understanding of developing neural circuits. 

PMID- 26960999
TI  - Origin and prediction of free-solution interaction studies performed label-free.
AB  - Interaction/reaction assays have led to significant scientific discoveries in the
      biochemical, medical, and chemical disciplines. Several fundamental driving
      forces form the basis of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions in
      chemical and biochemical systems (London dispersion, hydrogen bonding,
      hydrophobic, and electrostatic), and in the past three decades the sophistication
      and power of techniques to interrogate these processes has developed at an
      unprecedented rate. In particular, label-free methods have flourished, such as
      NMR, mass spectrometry (MS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), biolayer
      interferometry (BLI), and backscattering interferometry (BSI), which can
      facilitate assays without altering the participating components. The shortcoming
      of most refractive index (RI)-based label-free methods such as BLI and SPR is the
      requirement to tether one of the interaction entities to a sensor surface. This
      is not the case for BSI. Here, our hypothesis is that the signal origin for free
      solution, label-free determinations can be attributed to conformation and
      hydration-induced changes in the solution RI. We propose a model for the free
      solution response function (FreeSRF) and show that, when quality bound and
      unbound structural data are available, FreeSRF correlates well with the
      experiment (R(2)> 0.99, Spearman rank correlation coefficients >0.9) and the
      model is predictive within ~15% of the experimental binding signal. It is also
      demonstrated that a simple mass-weighted deta/dC response function is the
      incorrect equation to determine that the change in RI is produced by binding or
      folding event in free solution.

PMID- 26961002
TI  - Allosteric switch regulates protein-protein binding through collective motion.
AB  - Many biological processes depend on allosteric communication between different
      parts of a protein, but the role of internal protein motion in propagating
      signals through the structure remains largely unknown. Through an experimental
      and computational analysis of the ground state dynamics in ubiquitin, we identify
      a collective global motion that is specifically linked to a conformational switch
      distant from the binding interface. This allosteric coupling is also present in
      crystal structures and is found to facilitate multispecificity, particularly
      binding to the ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) family of deubiquitinases. The
      collective motion that enables this allosteric communication does not affect
      binding through localized changes but, instead, depends on expansion and
      contraction of the entire protein domain. The characterization of these
      collective motions represents a promising avenue for finding and manipulating
      allosteric networks. 

PMID- 26961001
TI  - Molecular hydrogen and catalytic combustion in the production of hyperpolarized
      83Kr and 129Xe MRI contrast agents.
AB  - Hyperpolarized (hp) (83)Kr is a promising MRI contrast agent for the diagnosis of
      pulmonary diseases affecting the surface of the respiratory zone. However, the
      distinct physical properties of (83)Kr that enable unique MRI contrast also
      complicate the production of hp (83)Kr. This work presents a previously
      unexplored approach in the generation of hp (83)Kr that can likewise be used for
      the production of hp (129)Xe. Molecular nitrogen, typically used as buffer gas in
      spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP), was replaced by molecular hydrogen without
      penalty for the achievable hyperpolarization. In this particular study, the
      highest obtained nuclear spin polarizations were P =29% for(83)Kr and P= 63% for
      (129)Xe. The results were reproduced over many SEOP cycles despite the laser
      induced on-resonance formation of rubidium hydride (RbH). Following SEOP, the H2
      was reactively removed via catalytic combustion without measurable losses in
      hyperpolarized spin state of either (83)Kr or (129)Xe. Highly spin-polarized
      (83)Kr can now be purified for the first time, to our knowledge, to provide high
      signal intensity for the advancement of in vivo hp (83)Kr MRI. More generally, a
      chemical reaction appears as a viable alternative to the cryogenic separation
      process, the primary purification method of hp(129)Xe for the past 2 1/2 decades.
      The inherent simplicity of the combustion process will facilitate hp (129)Xe
      production and should allow for on-demand continuous flow of purified and highly
      spin-polarized (129)Xe.

PMID- 26961004
TI  - Correlates of postpartum common mental disorders: results from a population-based
      study in Amhara region, Ethiopia.
AB  - Postpartum common mental disorders are prevalent among women in Ethiopia. Data on
      associated factors are limited. This population-based study assessed mental
      health among 1294 nonpregnant, postpartum women in Amhara region. Poor health of
      the last delivered child and inequitable gender attitudes were associated with
      poor mental health among other factors. Social support from female friends was
      strongly protective. Community mental health services could strengthen social
      support between female friends with education and support group facilitation by
      health extension workers.

PMID- 26961005
TI  - Eating disorder symptoms pre- and postpartum.
AB  - The study aimed to investigate symptoms of disordered eating pre- and postpartum
      using a standardised and widely used measure of eating disorder (ED)
      psychopathology. A consecutive series of women attending either prenatal (N =
      426) or postnatal (N = 345) clinics in metropolitan Stockholm were assessed using
      the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Assessments were conducted
      at either the first visit to prenatal clinics (10-12 weeks of pregnancy) or 6 to
      8 months postpartum. An optimised shortened version of the EDE-Q was best suited
      for studying eating disorders pre- and postpartum. Using the optimised version of
      the instrument with 14 items and a cut-off score of >=2.8, it was estimated that
      5.3 % of prepartum and 12.8 % of postpartum mothers were suffering from clinical
      eating disorders. Seriously disordered eating behaviour during, and especially
      after, pregnancy may be more common than previously thought. It is imperative
      that health services focus increased attention on these problems by raising
      awareness, developing and extending specialist services, as well as through
      implementing educational programmes and training directed toward frontline
      healthcare services.

PMID- 26961003
TI  - Experiences of chronic stress and mental health concerns among urban Indigenous
      women.
AB  - We measured stress, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) levels
      of urban Indigenous women living with and without HIV in Ontario, Canada, and
      identified correlates of depression. We recruited 30 Indigenous women living with
      HIV and 60 without HIV aged 18 years or older who completed socio-demographic and
      health questionnaires and validated scales assessing stress, depression and PTSD.
      Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize variables and linear
      regression to identify correlates of depression. 85.6 % of Indigenous women self
      identified as First Nation. Co-morbidities other than HIV were self-reported by
      82.2 % (n = 74) of the sample. High levels of perceived stress were reported by
      57.8 % (n = 52) of the sample and 84.2 % (n = 75) had moderate to high levels of
      urban stress. High median levels of race-related (51/88, IQR 42-68.5) and
      parental-related stress (40.5/90, IQR 35-49) scores were reported. 82.2 % (n =
      74) reported severe depressive symptoms and 83.2 % (n = 74) severe PTSD. High
      levels of perceived stress was correlated with high depressive symptoms (estimate
      1.28 (95 % CI 0.97-1.58), p < 0.001). Indigenous women living with and without
      HIV reported elevated levels of stress and physical and mental health concerns.
      Interventions cutting across diverse health care settings are required for
      improving and preventing adverse health outcomes.

PMID- 26961007
TI  - Refining a Web-based goal assessment interview: item reduction based on
      reliability and predictive validity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Goals are an important basis for patients' cognitive appraisal
      processes underlying quality-of-life (QOL) assessment because they are the
      foundation to one's frame of reference. We sought to identify the best of six
      goal delineation items and relevant themes for two new versions of the QOL
      Appraisal Profile: an interview tool using a subset of the best open-ended goal
      delineation items, and a shorter close-ended version for use in survey research.
      METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of longitudinal data (n = 1126) of
      participants in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
      registry. The open-ended data were coded by at least two trained coders with
      moderately high inter-rater agreement. There were 31 themes reflecting goal
      content such as health, interpersonal, independence, mental health, and financial
      themes. Descriptive statistics identified most prevalent themes. Reliability
      analysis (alpha, item-total correlations) and hierarchical linear modeling
      identified the best goal items. RESULTS: Based on these qualitative and
      quantitative analyses, Solve (item 2) is the best single item because it is clear
      anchor for about a third of the goal themes, and explains the most variance in
      outcomes and demographic characteristics, suggesting that it taps into and
      reveals diversity in the sample. The next best items are Accomplish and Maintain
      (items 1 and 4), which are useful in tapping into and revealing diversity among
      people reporting cognitive deficits (Accomplish), and demographic factors (both
      Accomplish and Maintain items). CONCLUSIONS: The goal delineation items
      identified as best performers in this study will be used to develop a shorter
      open-ended version of the QOL Appraisal Profile, and an entirely close-ended
      version of the QOL Appraisal Profile for use in more standard survey research
      settings. These tools will enable coaching patients in medical decision making as
      well as investigations of appraisal and response shift in QOL research.

PMID- 26961009
TI  - Sialolithiasis in an Accessory Submandibular Gland Identified by Magnetic
      Resonance Sialography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accessory submandibular gland is a very rare anatomical variant.
      There have been only 6 reported cases of this entity in the English literature,
      only 1 of which was identified using magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: We
      report the case of a 39-year-old female with symptoms of left submandibular
      sialoadenitis who was diagnosed of sialolithiasis within the left accessory
      submandibular gland by magnetic resonance sialography (MR-Si). RESULTS: The
      calculus was palpated near the submandibular papilla and was extracted by an
      intraoral approach. One-year follow-up revealed no evidence of recurrence.
      CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case reported to date in the English literature of
      a patient with sialolithiasis within an accessory submandibular gland diagnosed
      by MR-Si.

PMID- 26961006
TI  - Transcriptional induction of the heat shock protein B8 mediates the clearance of
      misfolded proteins responsible for motor neuron diseases.
AB  - Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are often associated with the presence of
      misfolded protein inclusions. The chaperone HSPB8 is upregulated in mice, the
      human brain and muscle structures affected during NDs progression. HSPB8 exerts a
      potent pro-degradative activity on several misfolded proteins responsible for
      familial NDs forms. Here, we demonstrated that HSPB8 also counteracts
      accumulation of aberrantly localized misfolded forms of TDP-43 and its 25 KDa
      fragment involved in most sporadic cases of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (sALS)
      and of Fronto Lateral Temporal Dementia (FLTD). HSPB8 acts with BAG3 and the
      HSP70/HSC70-CHIP complex enhancing the autophagic removal of misfolded proteins.
      We performed a high-through put screening (HTS) to find small molecules capable
      of inducing HSPB8 in neurons for therapeutic purposes. We identified two
      compounds, colchicine and doxorubicin, that robustly up-regulated HSPB8
      expression. Both colchicine and doxorubicin increased the expression of the
      master regulator of autophagy TFEB, the autophagy linker p62/SQSTM1 and the
      autophagosome component LC3. In line, both drugs counteracted the accumulation of
      TDP-43 and TDP-25 misfolded species responsible for motoneuronal death in sALS.
      Thus, analogs of colchicine and doxorubicin able to induce HSPB8 and with better
      safety and tolerability may result beneficial in NDs models. 

PMID- 26961008
TI  - The EQ-5D-5L valuation study in Korea.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to estimate Korean preference weights for EQ-5D-5L
      based on values elicited from Korean population by applying the EuroQol Valuation
      Technology (EQ-VT) program and the standard protocol by the EuroQol Group.
      METHODS: The multistage quota sampling method was used to recruit 1085 subjects
      from the general population in Korea. Each respondent valuated 10 health states
      using the composite time trade-off (cTTO) and 7 health states using discrete
      choice experiment. The EQ-VT program was developed by the EuroQol Group and
      translated into Korean with the Korean research team. Computer-assisted, face-to
      face interviews were conducted. A range of predictive models were explored using
      cTTO. The most appropriate model was determined after assessing goodness of fit,
      logical consistency, and parsimony. RESULTS: Of 3206 contacted, 1085 subjects
      completed interviews (33.8 %) and 1080 were used for modeling. A model with dummy
      variables for each level of severity and dimension and a term that picked up
      whether any dimension in the state was at level 4 or 5 was selected as the best
      predictive model. All coefficients of the final model were statistically
      significant and logically consistent. In addition, it was parsimonious. This
      model had mean absolute error of 0.027, and the absolute error for all 86 health
      states was below 0.1. CONCLUSIONS: The final model built in this study appears to
      predict the utilities of the states which were valuated directly. This model
      could be used to interpolate quality weights for all EQ-5D-5L health states.

PMID- 26961010
TI  - International trade causes large net economic losses in tropical countries via
      the destruction of ecosystem services.
AB  - Despite the large implications of the use of tropical land for exports ("land
      absorption") on ecosystem services (ES) and global biodiversity conservation, the
      magnitude of these externalities is not known. We quantify the net value of ES
      lost in tropical countries as a result of cropland, forestland and pastureland
      absorption for exports after deducting ES gains through imports ("land
      displacement"). We find that net ES gains occur only in 7 out of the 41 countries
      and regions considered. We estimate global annual net losses of over 1.7 x 10(12)
      international dollars (I$) (I$1.1 x 10(12) if carbon-related services are not
      considered). After deducting the benefits from agricultural, forest and livestock
      rents in land replacing tropical forests, the net annual losses are I$1.3 and
      I$0.7 x 10(12), respectively. The results highlight the large magnitude of
      tropical ES losses through international trade that are not compensated by the
      rents of land uses in absorbed land. 

PMID- 26961014
TI  - [Facial skin like worm eaten wood].

PMID- 26961016
TI  - [Losing weight more easily with vegetarian diet].

PMID- 26961011
TI  - When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest
      and landscape restoration.
AB  - We present a historical overview of forest concepts and definitions, linking
      these changes with distinct perspectives and management objectives. Policies
      dealing with a broad range of forest issues are often based on definitions
      created for the purpose of assessing global forest stocks, which do not
      distinguish between natural and planted forests or reforests, and which have not
      proved useful in assessing national and global rates of forest regrowth and
      restoration. Implementing and monitoring forest and landscape restoration
      requires additional approaches to defining and assessing forests that reveal the
      qualities and trajectories of forest patches in a spatially and temporally
      dynamic landscape matrix. New technologies and participatory assessment of forest
      states and trajectories offer the potential to operationalize such definitions.
      Purpose-built and contextualized definitions are needed to support policies that
      successfully protect, sustain, and regrow forests at national and global scales.
      We provide a framework to illustrate how different management objectives drive
      the relative importance of different aspects of forest state, dynamics, and
      landscape context. 

PMID- 26961015
TI  - [Travel warning due to Zika viruses].

PMID- 26961017
TI  - [Commercially prepared milk changes baby's microbiome].

PMID- 26961018
TI  - [Every second dosage is wrong].

PMID- 26961019
TI  - [Skin symptoms only appear harmless].

PMID- 26961020
TI  - [Purple coneflower as antiviral agent].

PMID- 26961022
TI  - [How much exercise can a COPD patient tolerate?].

PMID- 26961021
TI  - ["Better control of asthma with winter sports"].

PMID- 26961023
TI  - [Ketogenic diet also for adult epileptics?].

PMID- 26961024
TI  - [Discharge management in clinics: what is the general practitioner's role].

PMID- 26961025
TI  - [This is how much debated appointment services must immediately function].

PMID- 26961026
TI  - [Dramatic hours at the other end of the world].

PMID- 26961027
TI  - [Visit to the refugee camp: diagnosis in the dark].

PMID- 26961028
TI  - [Calculating all delegated services according to GOA].

PMID- 26961029
TI  - [The paper calendar is far from dead!].

PMID- 26961030
TI  - [Sick employee is not required to appear for a personal discussion].

PMID- 26961031
TI  - [It won't get better than this unfortunately].

PMID- 26961032
TI  - [Why Putin runs like a gunman].

PMID- 26961033
TI  - [Rejection of the rejection of scientific articles].

PMID- 26961034
TI  - [Let's at least make the world beautiful with our words!].

PMID- 26961035
TI  - [Does the blood in veins really freeze in fear?].

PMID- 26961036
TI  - [How Bob Dylan's citations pervade the medical literature].

PMID- 26961037
TI  - [When eating becomes a problem].

PMID- 26961038
TI  - [Anorexia nervosa--diagnostic criteria and state of the art therapy].

PMID- 26961039
TI  - [Bulimia nervosa].

PMID- 26961041
TI  - [Diverticular disease].

PMID- 26961040
TI  - [Emergency checklist: Nosebleed again and again].

PMID- 26961042
TI  - [Geriatric Assessment].

PMID- 26961043
TI  - [Lymphangioma circumscriptum].

PMID- 26961044
TI  - [Long-term consequences of physical and psychological trauma exposition].

PMID- 26961045
TI  - [Phytotherapy usually better than "resistance by prescription"].

PMID- 26961046
TI  - [New drug combination for initial therapy].

PMID- 26961047
TI  - [Survey confirms high daily stress due to itchy hives].

PMID- 26961048
TI  - [2nd PCSK9 inhibitor for effective LDL decrease].

PMID- 26961049
TI  - [Retard morphine reduces craving for heroin].

PMID- 26961050
TI  - [Compression therapy independent of etiology is useful].

PMID- 26961051
TI  - [Networking with the diabetes team per smart phone app].

PMID- 26961052
TI  - [LAMA/LABA supports physical activity in COPD patients].

PMID- 26961053
TI  - [GLP-1 agonist supports weight loss].

PMID- 26961054
TI  - [Topical psoriasis therapy becomes more tolerable].

PMID- 26961055
TI  - [Not a cure, but a normal life].

PMID- 26961056
TI  - [Drug therapy rarely fully utilized].

PMID- 26961057
TI  - [Exacerbation alarm in eosinophilia].

PMID- 26961058
TI  - [Grippe simulation on the internet].

PMID- 26961059
TI  - The Matthew Effect.

PMID- 26961061
TI  - Asymmetrical Deterministic Lateral Displacement Gaps for Dual Functions of
      Enhanced Separation and Throughput of Red Blood Cells.
AB  - Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) method for particle separation in
      microfluidic devices has been extensively used for particle separation in recent
      years due to its high resolution and robust separation. DLD has shown versatility
      for a wide spectrum of applications for sorting of micro particles such as
      parasites, blood cells to bacteria and DNA. DLD model is designed for spherical
      particles and efficient separation of blood cells is challenging due to non
      uniform shape and size. Moreover, separation in sub-micron regime requires the
      gap size of DLD systems to be reduced which exponentially increases the device
      resistance, resulting in greatly reduced throughput. This paper shows how simple
      application of asymmetrical DLD gap-size by changing the ratio of lateral-gap
      (GL) to downstream-gap (GD) enables efficient separation of RBCs without greatly
      restricting throughput. This method reduces the need for challenging fabrication
      of DLD pillars and provides new insight to the current DLD model. The separation
      shows an increase in DLD critical diameter resolution (separate smaller
      particles) and increase selectivity for non-spherical RBCs. The RBCs separate
      better as compared to standard DLD model with symmetrical gap sizes. This method
      can be applied to separate non-spherical bacteria or sub-micron particles to
      enhance throughput and DLD resolution. 

PMID- 26961062
TI  - Effects of Nosema apis, N. ceranae, and coinfections on honey bee (Apis
      mellifera) learning and memory.
AB  - Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) face an increasing number of challenges that
      in recent years have led to significant economic effects on apiculture, with
      attendant consequences for agriculture. Nosemosis is a fungal infection of honey
      bees caused by either Nosema apis or N. ceranae. The putative greater virulence
      of N. ceranae has spurred interest in understanding how it differs from N. apis.
      Little is known of effects of N. apis or N. ceranae on honey bee learning and
      memory. Following a Pavlovian model that relies on the proboscis extension
      reflex, we compared acquisition learning and long-term memory recall of
      uninfected (control) honey bees versus those inoculated with N. apis, N. ceranae,
      or both. We also tested whether spore intensity was associated with variation in
      learning and memory. Neither learning nor memory differed among treatments. There
      was no evidence of a relationship between spore intensity and learning, and only
      limited evidence of a negative effect on memory; this occurred only in the co
      inoculation treatment. Our results suggest that if Nosema spp. are contributing
      to unusually high colony losses in recent years, the mechanism by which they may
      affect honey bees is probably not related to effects on learning or memory, at
      least as assessed by the proboscis extension reflex. 

PMID- 26961063
TI  - Determination of Narasin in Chicken Fat: A Bridging Study Comparing the
      Bioautographic Method (FSIS CLG Method R22) to a Liquid Chromatography with
      Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method (AOAC Method 2011.24).
AB  - Lilly Method AM-AA-CA-R108-AB-755, which is substantially the same as U.S.
      Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) Chemistry
      Laboratory Guidebook (CLG) method R22, is the current regulatory method for
      determining narasin in cattle and chicken tissues and is based on bioautography,
      creating a zone of inhibition of bacterial growth, with the size of the zone
      correlating to the amount of narasin extracted from the tissue. AOAC Method
      2011.24 is an LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method for determining narasin
      content from bovine, swine, or chicken tissues. It has many advantages over the
      regulatory method, including higher throughput, less solvent use, no use of
      carbon tetrachloride, a wider method range, inclusion of swine tissues, and it is
      less labor intensive. In this study, AOAC Method 2011.24 was compared to FSIS CLG
      method R22 for the determination of narasin in chicken abdominal fat. Fortified
      chicken-fat samples ranging from 20 to 960 ng/g and incurred chicken-fat samples
      ranging from 40 to 480 ng/g were assayed by both methods in triplicate. Mean
      accuracies for the two methods were similar, 77-110% for CLG R22 and 84-96% for
      AOAC Method 2011.24, and the method results showed a linear correlation. The
      methods differed in precision, however, with the CLG R22 method yielding 2.6-34%
      RSD and AOAC Method 2011.24 yielding 0.15-6.4% RSD. It is recommended that AOAC
      Method 2011.24-granted AOAC Official Method(SM) Final Action status-be adopted as
      the official U.S. regulatory method. 

PMID- 26961065
TI  - Cardioprotection: Cardiotoxicity of anticancer therapy.

PMID- 26961067
TI  - Hypertension: Surgery remains treatment of choice for CTEPH.
AB  - The long-term outcomes of operated and nonoperated patients with chronic
      thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension were reported in a large, prospective,
      multicentre, European and Canadian registry. The long-term prognosis of operated
      patients was superior to that of nonoperated patients, indicating that surgery
      should be the first-choice treatment in this patient cohort.

PMID- 26961066
TI  - Heart failure: SGLT2 inhibitors and heart failure -- clinical implications.
AB  - The latest findings from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial show a 34% reduction in
      hospitalization for heart failure or cardiovascular death in patients receiving
      empagliflozin, a sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, compared with
      placebo. These outstanding results call for discussion of the clinical
      implications, and in-depth studies of the mechanisms of action of SGLT2
      inhibitors.

PMID- 26961068
TI  - Antiplatelet therapy: Safe to continue aspirin therapy before CABG surgery.

PMID- 26961064
TI  - Thrombus aspiration in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The success of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with
      ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is often hampered by
      incomplete microvascular myocardial reperfusion owing to distal embolization of
      thrombus resulting in microvascular obstruction. To address this problem,
      thrombus aspiration devices have been developed that can be used to evacuate
      coronary thrombus either manually or mechanically. Thrombus aspiration has the
      potential to reduce the local thrombus load, minimize the need for balloon
      predilatation, facilitate direct stenting, prevent distal embolization, and
      ultimately improve myocardial reperfusion. Furthermore, thrombus aspiration has
      enabled us to study coronary thrombus in vivo, and has facilitated recognition of
      distinct mechanisms of coronary thrombosis. Clinical trials focusing on manual
      thrombus aspiration in primary PCI have generally shown improved myocardial
      reperfusion. However, in two large trials powered for clinical end points, no
      reduction in 1-year mortality or other adverse clinical events was observed with
      the use of this strategy. Moreover, one of these trials showed a marginally
      increased risk of stroke. Consequently, current guidelines do not recommend
      routine use of thrombus aspiration. Future studies should focus on the
      identification of subgroups of patients with STEMI who might derive benefit from
      manual thrombus aspiration, and establish the effect of operator performance on
      the efficacy and safety of the procedure.

PMID- 26961070
TI  - Silicon moderated the K deficiency by improving the plant-water status in
      sorghum.
AB  - Although silicon (Si) has been widely reported to alleviate plant nutrient
      deficiency, the underlying mechanism in potassium (K) deficiency is poorly
      understood. In this study, sorghum seedlings were treated with Si under a K
      deficiency condition for 15 days. Under control conditions, plant growth was not
      affected by Si application. The growth and water status were reduced by K
      deficient stress, but Si application significantly alleviated these decreases.
      The leaf gas exchanges, whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant), and root
      hydraulic conductance (Lpr) were reduced by K deficiency, but Si application
      moderated the K-deficiency-induced reductions, suggesting that Si alleviated the
      plant hydraulic conductance. In addition, 29% of Si-alleviated transpiration was
      eliminated by HgCl2 treatment, suggesting that aquaporin was not the primary
      cause for the reversal of plant hydraulic conductance. Moreover, the K(+)
      concentration in xylem sap was significantly increased and the xylem sap osmotic
      potential was decreased by Si application, suggesting that the major cause of Si
      induced improvement in hydraulic conductance could be ascribed to the enhanced
      xylem sap K(+) concentration, which increases the osmotic gradient and xylem
      hydraulic conductance. The results of this study show that Si mediates K(+)
      accumulation in xylem, which ultimately alleviates the plant-water status under
      the K-deficient condition. 

PMID- 26961069
TI  - Comprehensive molecular portrait using next generation sequencing of resected
      intestinal-type gastric cancer patients dichotomized according to prognosis.
AB  - In this study, we evaluated whether the presence of genetic alterations detected
      by next generation sequencing may define outcome in a prognostically-selected and
      histology-restricted population of resected gastric cancer (RGC). Intestinal type
      RGC samples from 34 patients, including 21 best and 13 worst prognostic
      performers, were studied. Mutations in 50 cancer-associated genes were evaluated.
      A significant difference between good and poor prognosis was found according to
      clinico-pathologic factors. The most commonly mutated genes in the whole
      population were PIK3CA (29.4%), KRAS (26.5%), TP53 (26.5%) MET (8.8%), SMAD4
      (8.8%) and STK11 (8.8%). Multiple gene mutations were found in 14/21 (67%)
      patients with good prognosis, and 3/13 (23%) in the poor prognosis group. A
      single gene alteration was found in 5/21 (24%) good and 6/13 (46%) poor prognosis
      patients. No mutation was found in 2/21 (9.5%) and 4/13 (31%) of these groups,
      respectively. In the overall series, beta-catenin expression was the highest
      (82.4%), followed by E-Cadherin (76.5%) and FHIT (52.9%). The good prognosis
      group was characterized by a high mutation rate and microsatellite instability.
      Our proof-of-principle study demonstrates the feasibility of a molecular
      profiling approach with the aim to identify potentially druggable pathways and
      drive the development of customized therapies for RGC. 

PMID- 26961072
TI  - Work Role Residuals Among Fully Retired Individuals: Results of a 10-Year Panel
      Study.
AB  - From a role theoretical perspective, it can be expected that individuals differ
      in the extent to which they experience aspects of the work role after they have
      fully retired from it. This study presents a measure of these "postretirement
      work role residuals" and examines them in relation to structural preretirement
      factors, psychological preretirement factors, and the nature of the retirement
      transition. Heckman selection models were estimated based on three-wave panel
      data collected among 848 older Dutch individuals who were employed at Wave 1 and
      fully retired thereafter. Although for the majority of retirees prior work plays
      only a minor role in their current lives, also for a considerable share prior
      work is still important. Higher levels of postretirement work role residuals were
      observed among those who expected to miss work-related social status in
      retirement, who were less disengaged from work in preretirement years, and among
      those who retired involuntarily.

PMID- 26961071
TI  - Inheritance of the Bantu/Benin haplotype causes less severe hemolytic and
      oxidative stress in sickle cell anemia patients treated with hydroxycarbamide.
AB  - Beta S-globin gene cluster haplotypes (beta(S)-haplotypes) can modulate the
      response to hydroxycarbamide (HC) treatment in sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients.
      In Brazil, the most common haplotypes are Bantu and Benin, and both confer a poor
      prognosis for patients when untreated with HC. We evaluated oxidative and
      hemolytic biomarkers in 48 SCA patients undergoing HC treatment separated in
      three subgroups: Bantu/Bantu, Bantu/Benin and Benin/Benin haplotype. On the basis
      of reduced haptoglobin (HP) levels, patients with Bantu/Bantu haplotypes had 3.0%
      higher hemolysis degree when compared with those with Bantu/Benin haplotypes
      (P=0.01). The Benin/Benin patients had 53.6% greater lipid peroxidation index
      than the Bantu/Bantu patients (P=0.01) because of evaluated thiobarbituric acid
      reactive species levels. The Bantu/Benin subgroup had intermediate levels of
      hemolytic and oxidative stress markers compared with the homozygous subgroups.
      Through strict inclusion criteria adopted, as well as consolidated and well
      described hemolytic and the oxidative parameters evaluated, we suggest a
      haplotype-interaction response to HC treatment mediated by a 'balance' between
      the genetic factors of each haplotype studied. 

PMID- 26961073
TI  - Screen-printed flexible MRI receive coils.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging is an inherently signal-to-noise-starved technique
      that limits the spatial resolution, diagnostic image quality and results in
      typically long acquisition times that are prone to motion artefacts. This
      limitation is exacerbated when receive coils have poor fit due to lack of
      flexibility or need for padding for patient comfort. Here, we report a new
      approach that uses printing for fabricating receive coils. Our approach enables
      highly flexible, extremely lightweight conforming devices. We show that these
      devices exhibit similar to higher signal-to-noise ratio than conventional ones,
      in clinical scenarios when coils could be displaced more than 18 mm away from the
      body. In addition, we provide detailed material properties and components
      performance analysis. Prototype arrays are incorporated within infant blankets
      for in vivo studies. This work presents the first fully functional, printed coils
      for 1.5- and 3-T clinical scanners.

PMID- 26961074
TI  - FNDC5 is produced in the stomach and associated to body composition.
AB  - The fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) discovered in 2002
      has recently gained attention due to its potential role in protecting against
      obesity. In rat, no data exist regarding FNDC5 production and regulation in the
      stomach. The aim of the present work was to determine the expression of FNDC5 in
      the rat stomach and its potential regulation by body composition. The present
      data shows FNDC5 gene expression in the gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemical
      studies found FNDC5 immunopositivity in chief cells of gastric tissue. By the use
      of three different antibodies FNDC5 was found expressed in gastric mucosa and
      secreted by the stomach. The rate of gastric FNDC5 secretion parallels the
      circulating levels of FNDC5. The body fat mass increase after intervention with
      high fat diet coincided with a decrease in the secretion of FNDC5 from the
      stomach and a diminution in the FNDC5 circulating levels. In summary, the present
      data shows, for the first time, the expression of FNDC5 in the stomach of rats
      and its regulation by body composition, suggesting a potential role of gastric
      FNDC5 in energy homeostasis. 

PMID- 26961075
TI  - Allele frequency distribution of 21 forensic autosomal STR loci of GoldeneyeTM
      DNA ID 22NC Kit in Chinese Tibetan group.

PMID- 26961077
TI  - Erratum to: ASNC imaging guidelines for SPECT nuclear cardiology procedures:
      Stress, protocols, and tracers.

PMID- 26961076
TI  - Enlightenment from a small but rapidly evolving penetrating aortic ulcer.
AB  - Penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) is a pathologic type of acute aortic syndrome and
      usually locates in the descending aorta. The presentation, behavior and natural
      history of this disease process have not been clear. Here we report a case in
      which a rapidly evolving PAU in descending aorta needed aggressive percutaneous
      interventional treatment. The present case with its unique scenario might draw
      clinicians' attention on a "beyond the guidelines" issue. 

PMID- 26961078
TI  - Awareness, knowledge and healthy lifestyle behaviors related to coronary heart
      disease among women: An integrative review.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to examine recent literature on the awareness,
      knowledge, and healthy lifestyle behaviors related to Coronary Heart Disease
      (CHD) among women. Literature published in the English language from 2004 to 2015
      was reviewed. Of the 684 articles retrieved, 21 were deemed relevant. Being aware
      that CHD is the leading cause of death in women and knowledge of the risk factors
      of CHD were found to be generally suboptimal in the women studied. Awareness was
      seen to be positively associated with healthy lifestyle behaviors, though
      findings on the predictive relationship of knowledge of risk factors on healthy
      lifestyle behaviors in women seem to be divided. Diabetes was the prominent risk
      factor that most women did not associate with CHD. Translating these findings
      into clinical practice can help health care providers be more attuned when
      discussing CHD with their female patients so as to provide targeted education on
      CHD prevention. 

PMID- 26961079
TI  - Sequence Data, Phylogenetic Inference, and Implications of Downward Causation.
AB  - Framing systematics as a field consistent with scientific inquiry entails that
      inferences of phylogenetic hypotheses have the goal of producing accounts of past
      causal events that explain differentially shared characters among organisms.
      Linking observations of characters to inferences occurs by way of why-questions
      implied by data matrices. Because of their form, why-questions require the use of
      common-cause theories. Such theories in phylogenetic inferences include natural
      selection and genetic drift. Selection or drift can explain 'morphological'
      characters but selection cannot be causally applied to sequences since fitness
      differences cannot be directly associated with individual nucleotides or amino
      acids. The relation of selection to sequence data is by way of downward or top
      down causation from those phenotypes upon which selection occurs. The application
      of phylogenetic inference to explain sequence data is thus restricted to
      instances where drift is the relevant theory; those nucleotides or amino acids
      that can be explained via downward causation are precluded from inclusion in the
      data matrix. The restrictions on the inclusion of sequence data in phylogenetic
      inferences equally apply to species hypotheses, precluding the more restrictive
      approach known as DNA barcoding. Not being able to discern drift and selection as
      relevant causal mechanisms can severely constrain the inclusion and explanations
      of sequence data. Implications of such exclusion are discussed in relation to the
      requirement of total evidence. 

PMID- 26961080
TI  - Efficacy of simulation application SimMon for emergency response training.

PMID- 26961081
TI  - Integrated decision-making about housing, energy and wellbeing: a qualitative
      system dynamics model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The UK government has an ambitious goal to reduce carbon emissions
      from the housing stock through energy efficiency improvements. This single policy
      goal is a strong driver for change in the housing system, but comes with positive
      and negative "unintended consequences" across a broad range of outcomes for
      health, equity and environmental sustainability. The resulting policies are also
      already experiencing under-performance through a failure to consider housing as a
      complex system. This research aimed to move from considering disparate objectives
      of housing policies in isolation to mapping the links between environmental,
      economic, social and health outcomes as a complex system. We aimed to support a
      broad range of housing policy stakeholders to improve their understanding of
      housing as a complex system through a collaborative learning process. METHODS: We
      used participatory system dynamics modelling to develop a qualitative causal
      theory linking housing, energy and wellbeing. Qualitative interviews were
      followed by two interactive workshops to develop the model, involving
      representatives from national and local government, housing industries, non
      government organisations, communities and academia. RESULTS: More than 50
      stakeholders from 37 organisations participated. The process resulted in a shared
      understanding of wellbeing as it relates to housing; an agreed set of criteria
      against which to assess to future policy options; and a comprehensive set of
      causal loop diagrams describing the housing, energy and wellbeing system. The
      causal loop diagrams cover seven interconnected themes: community connection and
      quality of neighbourhoods; energy efficiency and climate change; fuel poverty and
      indoor temperature; household crowding; housing affordability; land ownership,
      value and development patterns; and ventilation and indoor air pollution.
      CONCLUSIONS: The collaborative learning process and the model have been useful
      for shifting the thinking of a wide range of housing stakeholders towards a more
      integrated approach to housing. The qualitative model has begun to improve the
      assessment of future policy options across a broad range of outcomes. Future work
      is needed to validate the model and increase its utility through computer
      simulation incorporating best quality data and evidence. Combining system
      dynamics modelling with other methods for weighing up policy options, as well as
      methods to support shifts in the conceptual frameworks underpinning policy, will
      be necessary to achieve shared housing goals across physical, mental,
      environmental, economic and social wellbeing.

PMID- 26961082
TI  - Expression and Characterization of a Novel 1,3-Propanediol Dehydrogenase from
      Lactobacillus brevis.
AB  - 1,3-Propanediol dehydrogenase (PDOR) is important in the biosynthesis of 1,3
      propanediol. In the present study, the dhaT gene encoding PDOR was cloned from
      Lactobacillus brevis 6239 and expressed in Escherichia coli for the first time.
      Sequence analysis revealed that PDOR containing two Fe(2+)-binding motifs and a
      cofactor motif belongs to the type III alcohol dehydrogenase. The purified
      recombinant PDOR exhibited a single band of 42 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. Optimal
      temperatures and pH values of this dehydrogenase are 37  degrees C, 7.5 for
      reduction and 25  degrees C, 9.5 for oxidation, respectively. We found that PDOR
      was more stable in acid buffer than in alkaline condition, and 60 % of its
      relative activity still remained after a 2-h incubation at 37  degrees C. The
      activity of PDOR can be enhanced in the presence of Mn(2+) or Fe(2+) iron and
      inhibited by EDTA or PMSF by different degrees. The K m and V max of this
      dehydrogenase are 1.25 mM, 64.02 MUM min(-1) mg(-1) for propionaldehyde and 2.26
      mM, 35.05 MUM min(-1) mg(-1) for 1,3-PD, respectively. Substrate specificity
      analysis showed that PDOR has a broad range of substrate specificities. The
      modeling superposition indicated that the structural differences may account for
      the diversity of PDORs' properties. Thus, our PDOR is a potential candidate for
      facilitating the 1,3-PD biosynthesis. 

PMID- 26961083
TI  - Effect of Tetracycline Antibiotics on Performance and Microbial Community of
      Algal Photo-Bioreactor.
AB  - Tetracycline antibiotics have been increasingly used in medical applications and
      have been found in wastewater treatment plants as a result of human and
      industrial activities. This study investigates the combined effects of
      tetracycline antibiotics on the performance of an algal photo-bioreactor operated
      under different antibiotic concentrations in the ranges of 0.25 to 30 mg/L and
      considers the inhibition of algal growth, carbon and nutrient removal rates, and
      eukaryotic and cyanobacterial algal community changes. The results indicated that
      increases in the concentration of tetracycline mixtures have adverse effects on
      the algal community and the performance of a photo-bioreactor, and the eukaryotic
      algae species were more sensitive to tetracycline antibiotics than were the
      cyanobacterial species. Cultivation tests showed that approximately 94 % growth
      inhibition of mixed algae occurred at 30 mg/L. 

PMID- 26961084
TI  - Immune checkpoint inhibitors enhance cytotoxicity of cytokine-induced killer
      cells against human myeloid leukaemic blasts.
AB  - We studied whether blockade of inhibitory receptors on cytokine-induced killer
      (CIK) cells by immune checkpoint inhibitors could increase its anti-tumour
      potency against haematological malignancies. CIK cultures were generated from
      seven normal donors and nine patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute
      lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or multiple myeloma (MM). The inhibitory receptors
      B and T lymphocyte attenuator, CD200 receptor, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG
      3) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM-3) were present
      at variable percentages in most CIK cultures, while cytotoxic T lymphocyte
      associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1 (PD-1) and killer cell
      immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR2DL1/2/3) were expressed at low level in most
      cultures. Without blockade, myeloid leukaemia cells were susceptible to
      autologous and allogeneic CIK-mediated cytotoxicity. Blockade of KIR, LAG-3, PD-1
      and TIM-3 but not CTLA-4 resulted in remarkable increase in killing against these
      targets, even in those with poor baseline cytotoxicity. ALL and MM targets were
      resistant to CIK-mediated cytotoxicity, and blockade of receptors did not
      increase cytotoxicity to a meaningful extent. Combination of inhibitors against
      two receptors did not further increase cytotoxicity. Interestingly, potentiation
      of CIK killing by blocking antibodies was not predicted by expression of
      receptors on CIK and their respective ligands on the targets. Compared to un
      activated T and NK cells, blockade potentiated the cytotoxicity of CIK cells to a
      greater degree and at a lower E:T ratio, but without significant increase in
      cytotoxicity against normal white cell. Our findings provide the basis for
      clinical trial combining autologous CIK cells with checkpoint inhibitors for
      patients with AML. 

PMID- 26961085
TI  - Poxvirus-based active immunotherapy synergizes with CTLA-4 blockade to increase
      survival in a murine tumor model by improving the magnitude and quality of
      cytotoxic T cells.
AB  - The dramatic clinical benefit of immune checkpoint blockade for a fraction of
      cancer patients suggests the potential for further clinical benefit in a broader
      cancer patient population by combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with active
      immunotherapies. The anti-tumor efficacy of MVA-BN-HER2 poxvirus-based active
      immunotherapy alone or in combination with CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade was
      investigated in a therapeutic CT26-HER-2 lung metastasis mouse model. MVA-BN-HER2
      immunotherapy significantly improved the median overall survival compared to
      untreated controls or CTLA-4 blockade alone (p < 0.001). Robust synergistic
      efficacy was achieved with the combination therapy (p < 0.01). Improved survival
      following MVA-BN-HER2 administration was accompanied by increased tumor
      infiltration by HER-2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). These tumor
      specific CTL had characteristics similar to antiviral CTL, including strong
      expression of activation markers and co-expression of IFNgamma and TNFalpha.
      Combination with CTLA-4 blockade significantly increased the magnitude of HER-2
      specific T cell responses, with a higher proportion co-expressing TNFalpha and/or
      IL-2 with IFNgamma. Furthermore, in mice treated with MVA-BN-HER2 (alone or in
      combination with CTLA-4 blockade), the inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS)
      protein was expressed predominantly on CD4 and CD8 effector T cells but not on
      regulatory T cells (T(reg)). In contrast, mice left untreated or treated solely
      with CTLA-4 blockade harbored elevated ICOS(+) Treg, a phenotype associated with
      highly suppressive activity. In conclusion, poxvirus-based active immunotherapy
      induced robust tumor infiltration by highly efficient effector T cells.
      Combination with CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade amplified this response
      resulting in synergistically improved efficacy. These hypothesis-generating data
      may help elucidate evidence of enhanced clinical benefit from combining CTLA-4
      blockade with poxvirus-based active immunotherapy.

PMID- 26961086
TI  - Long-term persistence to mono and combination therapies with angiotensin
      converting enzymes and angiotensin II receptor blockers in Australia.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of initial
      antihypertensive therapy including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE)
      or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) on long-term persistence to therapy.
      METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using prescription claims data from the
      Australian Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS). Kaplan-Meier analysis of
      prescription refills and cox proportional hazard models were used to compare the
      time on therapy (persistence) in people newly initiated to monotherapy or
      combination therapy including ACE or ARB, between April 2007 and March 2008.
      Differences in persistence to initial drug class or any antihypertensive therapy
      were reported at 4-year follow-up. RESULTS: About 119,500 persons initiated ACE
      or ARB: 47 % initiated ACE monotherapy; 32 % ARB monotherapy; 13 % ACE
      combinations; and 8 % ARB combinations. Persistence (% on treatment at 4 years)
      to index therapy was lower in people starting ACE and ARB combinations compared
      to ACE or ARB monotherapies: ACE combination (12 %) versus ACE monotherapy (25 %)
      and ARB combinations (22 %) versus ARB monotherapy (35 %). Persistence was higher
      in those initiating fixed dose combinations (FDC) versus separate pill
      combinations of ACEs (19 vs. 10 %) and ARBs (25 vs. 14 %). Persistence at 4 years
      to any antihypertensive therapy was similar between initiators to ACE or ARB
      monotherapy (60 and 61 %, p = 0.08), ACE or ARB combinations (56 %, p = 0.99),
      and was slightly higher for separate pill combinations (57-59 %) versus FDC (55
      %). CONCLUSION: Choice of initial antihypertensive may have little impact on long
      term persistence to therapy.

PMID- 26961087
TI  - Total Knee Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis: Is it Time for a New
      Classification?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often the best answer for end-stage,
      posttraumatic osteoarthritis after intra-articular and periarticular fractures
      about the knee. Although TKA in this setting is often considered more technically
      demanding, outcomes are typically worse for patients. This study examines the
      intraoperative differences and 30-day outcomes in posttraumatic vs primary TKA
      cohorts. METHODS: Patients undergoing TKA were selected from the National
      Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2010 to 2013. Patients were
      stratified on the basis of concurrent procedures and administrative codes
      indicating posttraumatic diagnoses. Thirty-day complications were recorded, and
      multivariate analyses were performed to determine whether posttraumatic arthritis
      was a risk factor for poor outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 67,675 primary and 674
      posttraumatic TKAs were identified. Posttraumatic TKA patients were on average
      younger and healthier than the primary TKA population. The posttraumatic TKA
      group had higher rates of superficial surgical site infections and bleeding
      requiring transfusion. History of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis was found to
      be an independent risk factor for prolonged operative time, increased length of
      hospital stay, and 30-day hospital readmission. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated
      increased intraoperative times, heightened transfusion requirements and surgical
      site infections, and higher readmission rates after conversion TKA in the
      posttraumatic cohort. In contrast to total hip arthroplasty, current diagnosis
      and reimbursement schemes do not differentiate posttraumatic patients from
      primary osteoarthritis groups undergoing TKA. We believe that classification
      reform would improve medical documentation and improve patient care.

PMID- 26961088
TI  - Moderate Hypofractionation with Simultaneous Integrated Boost in Prostate Cancer:
      Long-term Results of a Phase I-II Study.
AB  - AIMS: To report 5 year outcome and late toxicity in prostate cancer patients
      treated with image-guided tomotherapy with a moderate hypofractionated
      simultaneous integrated boost approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 211
      prostate cancer patients, 78 low risk, 53 intermediate risk and 80 high risk were
      treated between 2005 and 2011. Intermediate- and high-risk patients received 51.8
      Gy to pelvic lymph nodes and concomitant simultaneous integrated boost to
      prostate up to 74.2 Gy/28 fractions, whereas low-risk patients were treated to
      the prostate only with 71.4 Gy/28 fractions. Daily megavoltage computed
      tomography (MVCT) image guidance was applied. Androgen deprivation was prescribed
      for a median duration of 6 months for low-risk patients (for downsizing), 12
      months for intermediate-risk and 36 months for high-risk patients. The 5 year
      biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall
      survival and late gastrointestinal and genitourinary CTCAE.v3 toxicity were
      assessed. The effect of several clinical variables on both outcome and
      gastrointestinal/genitourinary toxicity was tested by uni- and multivariate Cox
      regression analyses. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 5 years, the late
      toxicity actuarial incidence was: genitourinary >= grade 2: 20.2%; genitourinary
      >= grade 3: 5.9%; gastrointestinal >= grade 2: 17%; gastrointestinal >= grade 3:
      6.3% with lower prevalence at the last follow-up visit (>= grade 3:
      genitourinary: 1.9%; gastrointestinal: 1.9%). Major predictors of >= grade 3
      genitourinary and gastrointestinal late toxicity were genitourinary acute
      toxicity >= grade 2 (hazard ratio: 4.9) and previous surgery (hazard ratio: 3.4).
      The overall 5 year bRFS was 93.7% (low risk: 94.6%; intermediate risk: 96.2%;
      high risk: 91.1%), overall survival and CSS were 88.6% (low risk: 90.5%;
      intermediate risk: 87.4%; high risk: 87%) and 97.5% (low risk: 98.7%;
      intermediate risk: 95%; high risk: 94.3%), respectively. Risk classes and
      androgen deprivation were not significantly correlated with either bRFS, overall
      survival or CSS. Twelve patients experienced a biochemical relapse but none
      experienced clinically proven local and/or pelvic recurrence. CONCLUSION: A
      satisfactory 5 year outcome with an acceptable toxicity profile was observed. The
      combination of image-guided radiotherapy-intensity-modulated radiotherapy, high
      equivalent 2 Gy dose (EQD2) with a moderate hypofractionated approach and
      extensive prophylactic lymph node irradiation also leads to very good outcome in
      high-risk patients.

PMID- 26961089
TI  - Prognostic value of pre-operative glucose-corrected maximum standardized uptake
      value in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after complete surgical
      resection and 5-year follow-up.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In this study we evaluated the value of pre-operative glucose
      corrected maximum standard uptake value (GC-SUVmax) as prognostic factor in
      patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after complete
      surgical resection. METHODS: This study was designed as a retrospectively
      evaluated single center study with prospective data registry. Inclusion criteria
      were: histologically proven stage I NSCLC, 18F-FDG-PET/CT scan prior to surgery,
      complete resection (R0) and follow up in our outpatient department. Exclusion
      criteria were: history of malignancy other than NSCLC, diabetes and (neo)
      adjuvant therapy. Follow up period was 5 years. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2008 a
      total of 33 patients (16 males, 17 females) met the inclusion criteria. SUVmax
      and GC-SUVmax were strongly correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.97). Five-year overall
      survival (OS) rate was 70 % (95 % CI = 56-87 %). Patients who died within 5 years
      of follow up had significantly higher pre-operative GC-SUVmax (median = 10.6, IQR
      = 8.3-14.4) than patients who were alive at 5-year follow up (median = 6.4, IQR =
      3.0-9.8), p = 0.04. SUVmax showed similar differences: 10.4 (8-12.9) vs. 6.6 (3.0
      8.8), p = 0.047. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve
      at 5 years was 0.70 (95 % CI = 0.50-0.90) for GC-SUVmax and 0.71 (95 % CI = 0.51
      0.91) for SUVmax (p = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Pre-operative FDG tumor uptake in
      patients with NSCLC is predictive for survival after complete surgical resection.
      GC-SUVmax, as an additional value to SUVmax, may better approach competitive
      inhibition of FDG and glucose in tumors, however, in this study this potential
      advantage, if any, was very small.

PMID- 26961090
TI  - Cannabis in Pain Treatment: Clinical and Research Considerations.
AB  - Cannabinoids show promise as therapeutic agents, particularly as analgesics, but
      their development and clinical use has been complicated by recognition of their
      botanical source, cannabis, as a substance of misuse. Although research into
      endogenous cannabinoid systems and potential cannabinoid pharmaceuticals is
      slowly increasing, there has been intense societal interest in making herbal
      (plant) cannabis available for medicinal use; 23 U.S. States and all Canadian
      provinces currently permit use in some clinical contexts. Whether or not
      individual professionals support the clinical use of herbal cannabis, all
      clinicians will encounter patients who elect to use it and therefore need to be
      prepared to advise them on cannabis-related clinical issues despite limited
      evidence to guide care. Expanded research on cannabis is needed to better
      determine the individual and public health effects of increasing use of herbal
      cannabis and to advance understanding of the pharmaceutical potential of
      cannabinoids as medications. This article reviews clinical, research, and policy
      issues related to herbal cannabis to support clinicians in thoughtfully advising
      and caring for patients who use cannabis, and it examines obstacles and
      opportunities to expand research on the health effects of herbal cannabis and
      cannabinoids. PERSPECTIVE: Herbal cannabis is increasingly available for clinical
      use in the United States despite continuing controversies over its efficacy and
      safety. This article explores important considerations in the use of plant
      Cannabis to better prepare clinicians to care for patients who use it, and
      identifies needed directions for research.

PMID- 26961092
TI  - Cognitive reserve moderates the relationship between neuropsychological
      performance and white matter fiber bundle length in healthy older adults.
AB  - Recent work using novel neuroimaging methods has revealed shorter white matter
      fiber bundle length (FBL) in older compared to younger adults. Shorter FBL also
      corresponds to poorer performance on cognitive measures sensitive to advanced
      age. However, it is unclear if individual factors such as cognitive reserve (CR)
      effectively moderate the relationship between FBL and cognitive performance. This
      study examined CR as a potential moderator of cognitive performance and brain
      integrity as defined by FBL. Sixty-three healthy adults underwent
      neuropsychological evaluation and 3T brain magnetic resonance imaging. Cognitive
      performance was measured using the Repeatable Battery of Assessment of
      Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). FBL was quantified from tractography tracings
      of white matter fiber bundles, derived from the diffusion tensor imaging. CR was
      determined by estimated premorbid IQ. Analyses revealed that lower scores on the
      RBANS were associated with shorter whole brain FBL (p = 0.04) and lower CR (p =
      0.01) CR moderated the relationship between whole brain FBL and RBANS score (p <
      0.01). Tract-specific analyses revealed that CR also moderated the association
      between FBL in the hippocampal segment of the cingulum and RBANS performance (p =
      0.03). These results demonstrate that lower cognitive performance on the RBANS is
      more common with low CR and short FBL. On the contrary, when individuals have
      high CR, the relationship between FBL and cognitive performance is attenuated.
      Overall, CR protects older adults against lower cognitive performance despite age
      associated reductions in FBL.

PMID- 26961093
TI  - Relationships between workplace well-being, job demands and resources in a sample
      of veterinary nurses in New Zealand.
AB  - AIM: To use a job demands-resources model to examine the associations among
      perceived job demands, job resources, family-to-work enrichment, positive team
      relationships, work engagement, emotional exhaustion, cynicism and intention to
      leave, in a sample of New Zealand veterinary nurses. METHODS: Data were collected
      by means of a self-reported online survey, with the help of eight New Zealand
      tertiary education providers and the New Zealand Veterinary Nurses' Association.
      Nine measures or variables were assessed using questions or statements with
      responses categorised on a linear scale. Measurement models for each of the
      variables in the study were assessed to establish whether the variables
      represented the respective item-level data. Structural equation modelling was
      then used to test the hypothesised interrelationships among study variables.
      RESULTS: There were 253 respondents; 17.1% of individuals who classified
      themselves as veterinary nurses in the 2013 New Zealand census. In the final
      structural model job demands were associated with emotional exhaustion
      (standardised regression coefficient beta=0.57), which was related to cynicism
      (beta=0.52) and intention to leave (beta=0.56). Job resources were negatively
      related to emotional exhaustion (beta=-0.32). Higher work engagement was
      associated with lower emotional exhaustion (beta=-0.29) and lower intention to
      leave (beta=-0.30). Job resources were associated with work-to-family enrichment
      (beta=0.69), which was related to work engagement (beta=0.57); and job resources
      were associated with positive team relationships (beta=0.79). CONCLUSION: It is
      important that job resources are available to help deal with demanding work.
      Without resources, demanding work is associated with exhaustion, cynicism and
      increased intention to leave, while positive spill over between work and family
      life are related to higher work engagement.

PMID- 26961095
TI  - Trait anxiety and attenuated negative affect differentiation: a vulnerability
      factor to consider?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Describing emotional experiences using distinct terms,
      or affect differentiation, has been associated with emotion regulation and
      adaptive behavior under stress. There is little data, however, examining the
      association between differentiation and dispositional factors underlying
      psychopathology. The current study examines the association between
      differentiation and trait anxiety (TA) given prior evidence of cognitive biases
      in TA relevant to higher order processing of emotional experiences. DESIGN: We
      examined cross-sectionally, via lab-based repeated assessment, the association
      between differentiation of negative and positive experiences and TA. METHODS: Two
      hundred twenty-two adults completed an emotion reactivity task including repeated
      assessments of affect. We hypothesized that individuals higher in trait anxiety
      (HTA) would have greater difficulty differentiating their experiences. RESULTS:
      HTA individuals exhibited lower levels of negative affect (NA) differentiation
      even when controlling for depression. Although negative emotion intensity was
      consistently associated with lower differentiation, this did not account for the
      influence of HTA on differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that HTA
      individuals have greater difficulty differentiating negative emotions, regardless
      of negative emotion intensity and depression. As HTA is common to many emotional
      disorders; this evidence suggests that poor differentiation may also be an
      important transdiagnostic consideration in models of risk and of affective
      disease.

PMID- 26961091
TI  - Methylene blue modulates functional connectivity in the human brain.
AB  - Methylene blue USP (MB) is a FDA-grandfathered drug used in clinics to treat
      methemoglobinemia, carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning that has been
      shown to increase fMRI evoked blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response
      in rodents. Low dose MB also has memory enhancing effect in rodents and humans.
      However, the neural correlates of the effects of MB in the human brain are
      unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a single low oral dose of MB modulates the
      functional connectivity of neural networks in healthy adults. Task-based and task
      free fMRI were performed before and one hour after MB or placebo administration
      utilizing a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design. MB
      administration was associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow in a task
      related network during a visuomotor task, and with stronger resting-state
      functional connectivity in multiple regions linking perception and memory
      functions. These findings demonstrate for the first time that low-dose MB can
      modulate task-related and resting-state neural networks in the human brain. These
      neuroimaging findings support further investigations in healthy and disease
      populations.

PMID- 26961096
TI  - Changes in Right Ventricular Volume and Function After Tricuspid Valve Surgery -
      Tricuspid Annuloplasty vs. Tricuspid Valve Replacement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a concern that clinical outcome of tricuspid valve
      replacement (TVR) is inferior compared with tricuspid annuloplasty (TAP). The aim
      of this study was therefore to compare changes in right ventricular (RV) volume
      and function following TAP with that following TVR on cardiac magnetic resonance
      imaging (CMR) in patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR).
      METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty patients who underwent surgery for severe functional
      TR and who underwent CMR preoperatively and on postoperative follow-up (24.8+/
      13.3 months after surgery) were enrolled. Thirteen patients underwent TAP (TAP
      group) and 27 patients underwent TVR (TVR group). Both RV end-diastolic and end
      systolic volume indices decreased significantly after surgery (from 178.9+/-53.9
      to 116.3+/-26.7 ml/m(2), P<0.001, and from 95.7+/-36.1 to 67.3+/-28.0 ml/m(2),
      P<0.001, respectively), without intergroup differences. In the TAP group, RV
      ejection fraction (EF) was preserved following surgery (from 43.3+/-9.5 to 46.9+/
      10.9%, P=0.312). In the TVR group, however, it decreased significantly following
      surgery (from 51.8+/-9.2 to 42.4+/-12.3%, P<0.001). In addition, postoperative
      RVEF was lower in the TVR than TAP group, with a marginal significance (mean
      difference, -6.967; 95% confidence interval: -14.529 to 0.595; P=0.070).
      CONCLUSIONS: For patients with severe functional TR, both TAP and TVR are
      beneficial for reduction of RV volume indices. TAP, however, might be superior to
      TVR, because RVEF is well preserved following surgery. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1142
      1147).

PMID- 26961097
TI  - Regenerated Endothelium and Its Senescent Response to Aggregating Platelets.
AB  - This essay summarizes 30 years of work attempting to understand why regenerated
      endothelium becomes dysfunctional. It focuses on the activation of endothelial
      nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the production of NO in response to platelet
      products and thrombin, which represents a first-line protection against vasospasm
      and atherosclerosis. Serotonin and adenosine diphosphate released by aggregating
      platelets are coupled to the activation of eNOS by different G-proteins. The
      endothelium-dependent relaxation that they cause is modulated non-selectively by
      the lipid content in the diet. When the endothelium regenerates after mechanical
      disruption, the newly formed endothelial cells selectively lose their Gi-mediated
      coupling and become less responsive to serotonin and thrombin. Accelerated
      senescence and the emergence of adipocyte-fatty acid binding protein leading to
      increased oxidative stress play a key role in the genesis of the dysfunction of
      regenerated endothelium. The consequent local NO deficiency not only favors the
      occurrence of vasospasm but sets the stage for the occurrence of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26961098
TI  - Systemic Abnormalities Derived From Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
      and Their Improvement by Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty.

PMID- 26961100
TI  - A dual-learning paradigm can simultaneously train multiple characteristics of
      walking.
AB  - Impairments in human motor patterns are complex: what is often observed as a
      single global deficit (e.g., limping when walking) is actually the sum of several
      distinct abnormalities. Motor adaptation can be useful to teach patients more
      normal motor patterns, yet conventional training paradigms focus on individual
      features of a movement, leaving others unaddressed. It is known that under
      certain conditions, distinct movement components can be simultaneously adapted
      without interference. These previous "dual-learning" studies focused solely on
      short, planar reaching movements, yet it is unknown whether these findings can
      generalize to a more complex behavior like walking. Here we asked whether a dual
      learning paradigm, incorporating two distinct motor adaptation tasks, can be used
      to simultaneously train multiple components of the walking pattern. We developed
      a joint-angle learning task that provided biased visual feedback of sagittal
      joint angles to increase peak knee or hip flexion during the swing phase of
      walking. Healthy, young participants performed this task independently or
      concurrently with another locomotor adaptation task, split-belt treadmill
      adaptation, where subjects adapted their step length symmetry. We found that
      participants were able to successfully adapt both components of the walking
      pattern simultaneously, without interference, and at the same rate as adapting
      either component independently. This leads us to the interesting possibility that
      combining rehabilitation modalities within a single training session could be
      used to help alleviate multiple deficits at once in patients with complex gait
      impairments.

PMID- 26961099
TI  - Serotonin modulates the excitatory synaptic transmission in the dentate granule
      cells.
AB  - Serotonergic fibers from the raphe nuclei project to the hippocampal formation,
      the activity of which is known to modulate the inhibitory interneurons in the
      dentate gyrus. On the other hand, serotonergic modulation of the excitatory
      synapses in the dentate gyrus is not well examined. In the present study, we
      examined the effects of 5-HT on the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in
      the dentate granule cells evoked by the selective stimulation of the lateral
      perforant path (LPP), the medial perforant path (MPP), or the mossy cell fibers
      (MCF). 5-HT depressed the amplitude of unitary EPSPs (uEPSPs) evoked by the
      stimulation of LPP or MPP, whereas uEPSPs evoked by MCF stimulation were little
      affected. The effect was partly explained by the decrease of the resting membrane
      resistance following the activation of 5-HT1A receptors, which was confirmed by
      computer simulations. We also found that the probability of evoking uEPSP by LPP
      stimulation but not MPP or MCF stimulation was reduced by 5-HT and that the
      paired-pulse ratio of LPP-evoked EPSP but not that of MPP- or MCF-evoked ones was
      increased by 5-HT. These effects were blocked by 5-HT2 antagonist, suggesting
      that the transmitter release in the LPP-granule cell synapse is inhibited by the
      activation of 5-HT2 receptors. The present results suggest that 5-HT can modulate
      the EPSPs in the dentate granule cells by at least two distinct mechanisms.

PMID- 26961101
TI  - Unitary synaptic connections among substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons.
AB  - Neurons in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are synaptically coupled by
      local axon collaterals, providing a potential mechanism for local signal
      processing. Because SNr neurons fire spontaneously, these synapses are constantly
      active. To investigate their properties, we recorded spontaneous inhibitory
      postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) from SNr neurons in brain slices, in which
      afferents from upstream nuclei are severed, and the cells fire rhythmically. The
      sIPSC trains contained a mixture of periodic and aperiodic events.
      Autocorrelation analysis of sIPSC trains showed that a majority of cells had one
      to four active unitary inputs. The properties of the unitary IPSCs (uIPSCs) were
      analyzed for cells with one unitary input, using a model of periodic presynaptic
      firing and stochastic synaptic transmission. The inferred presynaptic firing
      rates and coefficient of variation of interspike intervals (ISIs) corresponded
      well with direct measurements of spiking in SNr neurons. Methods were developed
      to estimate the success probability, amplitude distributions, and kinetics of the
      uIPSCs, while removing the contribution from aperiodic sIPSCs. The sIPSC
      amplitudes were not increased upon release from halorhodopsin silencing,
      suggesting that most synapses were not depressed at the spontaneous firing rate.
      Gramicidin perforated-patch recordings indicated that the average reversal
      potential of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials was -64 mV. Because
      of the change in driving force across the ISI, the unitary inputs are predicted
      to have a larger postsynaptic impact when they arrive late in the ISI.
      Simulations of network activity suggest that this very sparse inhibitory coupling
      may act to desynchronize the activity of SNr neurons while having only a small
      effect on firing rate.

PMID- 26961102
TI  - GluA4 subunit of AMPA receptors mediates the early synaptic response to altered
      network activity in the developing hippocampus.
AB  - Development of the neuronal circuitry involves both Hebbian and homeostatic
      plasticity mechanisms that orchestrate activity-dependent refinement of the
      synaptic connectivity. AMPA receptor subunit GluA4 is expressed in hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons during early postnatal period and is critical for neonatal long
      term potentiation; however, its role in homeostatic plasticity is unknown. Here
      we show that GluA4-dependent plasticity mechanisms allow immature synapses to
      promptly respond to alterations in network activity. In the neonatal CA3, the
      threshold for homeostatic plasticity is low, and a 15-h activity blockage with
      tetrodotoxin triggers homeostatic upregulation of glutamatergic transmission. On
      the other hand, attenuation of the correlated high-frequency bursting in the CA3
      CA1 circuitry leads to weakening of AMPA transmission in CA1, thus reflecting a
      critical role for Hebbian synapse induction in the developing CA3-CA1. Both of
      these developmentally restricted forms of plasticity were absent in GluA4(-/-)
      mice. These data suggest that GluA4 enables efficient homeostatic upscaling and
      responsiveness to temporal activity patterns during the critical period of
      activity-dependent refinement of the circuitry.

PMID- 26961104
TI  - Motor control differs for increasing and releasing force.
AB  - Control of the motor output depends on our ability to precisely increase and
      release force. However, the influence of aging on force increase and release
      remains unknown. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether
      force control differs while increasing and releasing force in young and older
      adults. Sixteen young adults (22.5 +/- 4 yr, 8 females) and 16 older adults (75.7
      +/- 6.4 yr, 8 females) increased and released force at a constant rate (10%
      maximum voluntary contraction force/s) during an ankle dorsiflexion isometric
      task. We recorded the force output and multiple motor unit activity from the
      tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and quantified the following outcomes: 1)
      variability of force using the SD of force; 2) mean discharge rate and
      variability of discharge rate of multiple motor units; and 3) power spectrum of
      the multiple motor units from 0-4, 4-10, 10-35, and 35-60 Hz. Participants
      exhibited greater force variability while releasing force, independent of age (P
      < 0.001). Increased force variability during force release was associated with
      decreased modulation of multiple motor units from 35 to 60 Hz (R(2) = 0.38).
      Modulation of multiple motor units from 35 to 60 Hz was further correlated to the
      change in mean discharge rate of multiple motor units (r = 0.66) and modulation
      from 0 to 4 Hz (r = -0.64). In conclusion, these findings suggest that force
      control is altered while releasing due to an altered modulation of the motor
      units.

PMID- 26961103
TI  - A common neural element receiving rhythmic arm and leg activity as assessed by
      reflex modulation in arm muscles.
AB  - Neural interactions between regulatory systems for rhythmic arm and leg movements
      are an intriguing issue in locomotor neuroscience. Amplitudes of early latency
      cutaneous reflexes (ELCRs) in stationary arm muscles are modulated during
      rhythmic leg or arm cycling but not during limb positioning or voluntary
      contraction. This suggests that interneurons mediating ELCRs to arm muscles
      integrate outputs from neural systems controlling rhythmic limb movements.
      Alternatively, outputs could be integrated at the motoneuron and/or supraspinal
      levels. We examined whether a separate effect on the ELCR pathways and cortico
      motoneuronal excitability during arm and leg cycling is integrated by neural
      elements common to the lumbo-sacral and cervical spinal cord. The subjects
      performed bilateral leg cycling (LEG), contralateral arm cycling (ARM), and
      simultaneous contralateral arm and bilateral leg cycling (A&L), while ELCRs in
      the wrist flexor and shoulder flexor muscles were evoked by superficial radial
      (SR) nerve stimulation. ELCR amplitudes were facilitated by cycling tasks and
      were larger during A&L than during ARM and LEG. A low stimulus intensity during
      ARM or LEG generated a larger ELCR during A&L than the sum of ELCRs during ARM
      and LEG. We confirmed this nonlinear increase in single motor unit firing
      probability following SR nerve stimulation during A&L. Furthermore, motor-evoked
      potentials following transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation did not
      show nonlinear potentiation during A&L. These findings suggest the existence of a
      common neural element of the ELCR reflex pathway that is active only during
      rhythmic arm and leg movement and receives convergent input from contralateral
      arms and legs. 

PMID- 26961105
TI  - Failure to suppress low-frequency neuronal oscillatory activity underlies the
      reduced effectiveness of random patterns of deep brain stimulation.
AB  - Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established
      treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the
      mechanisms of action of DBS are unknown. Random temporal patterns of DBS are less
      effective than regular DBS, but the neuronal basis for this dependence on
      temporal pattern of stimulation is unclear. Using a rat model of PD, we
      quantified the changes in behavior and single-unit activity in globus pallidus
      externa and substantia nigra pars reticulata during high-frequency STN DBS with
      different degrees of irregularity. Although all stimulus trains had the same
      average rate, 130-Hz regular DBS more effectively reversed motor symptoms,
      including circling and akinesia, than 130-Hz irregular DBS. A mixture of
      excitatory and inhibitory neuronal responses was present during all stimulation
      patterns, and mean firing rate did not change during DBS. Low-frequency (7-10 Hz)
      oscillations of single-unit firing times present in hemiparkinsonian rats were
      suppressed by regular DBS, and neuronal firing patterns were entrained to 130 Hz.
      Irregular patterns of DBS less effectively suppressed 7- to 10-Hz oscillations
      and did not regularize firing patterns. Random DBS resulted in a larger
      proportion of neuron pairs with increased coherence at 7-10 Hz compared with
      regular 130-Hz DBS, which suggested that long pauses (interpulse interval >50 ms)
      during random DBS facilitated abnormal low-frequency oscillations in the basal
      ganglia. These results suggest that the efficacy of high-frequency DBS stems from
      its ability to regularize patterns of neuronal firing and thereby suppress
      abnormal oscillatory neural activity within the basal ganglia.

PMID- 26961106
TI  - Low- and high-gamma oscillations deviate in opposite directions from zero-phase
      synchrony in the limbic corticostriatal loop.
AB  - The loop structure of cortico-striatal anatomy in principle enables both
      descending (cortico-striatal) and ascending (striato-cortical) influences, but
      the factors that regulate the flow of information in these loops are not known.
      We report that low- and high-gamma oscillations (~50 and ~80 Hz, respectively) in
      the local field potential of freely moving rats are highly synchronous between
      the infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the ventral
      striatum (vStr). Strikingly, high-gamma oscillations in mPFC preceded those in
      vStr, whereas low-gamma oscillations in mPFC lagged those in vStr, with short (~1
      ms) time lags. These systematic deviations from zero-phase synchrony were
      consistent across measures based on amplitude cross-correlation and phase slopes
      and were robustly maintained between behavioral states and different individual
      subjects. Furthermore, low- and high-gamma oscillations were associated with
      distinct ensemble spiking patterns in vStr, even when controlling for overt
      behavioral differences and slow changes in neural activity. These results imply
      that neural activity in vStr and mPFC is tightly coupled at the gamma timescale
      and raise the intriguing possibility that frequency-specific deviations from this
      coupling may signal transient leader-follower switches.

PMID- 26961110
TI  - Yellow nail syndrome.

PMID- 26961108
TI  - Demand on skillfulness modulates interhemispheric inhibition of motor cortices.
AB  - The role of primary motor cortex (M1) in the control of hand movements is still
      unclear. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of unimanual
      performance reported a relationship between level of precision of a motor task
      and additional ipsilateral M1 (iM1) activation. In the present study, we
      determined whether the demand on accuracy of a movement influences the magnitude
      of the inhibitory effect between primary motor cortices (IHI). We used
      transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure active IHI (aIHI) of the iM1
      on the contralateral M1 (cM1) in the premovement period of a left-hand motor
      task. Ten healthy participants manipulated a joystick to point to targets of two
      different sizes. For aIHI, the conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to iM1, and
      the test stimulus (TS) to cM1, with an interstimulus interval of 10 ms. The
      amount of the inhibitory effect of the CS on the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of
      the subsequent TS was expressed as percentage of the mean MEP amplitude evoked by
      the single TS. Across different time points of aIHI measurements in the
      premovement period, there was a significant effect for target size on aIHI.
      Preparing to point to small targets was associated with weaker aIHI compared with
      pointing to large targets. The present findings suggest that, during the
      premovement period, aIHI from iM1 on cM1 is modulated by the demand on accuracy
      of the motor task. This is consistent with task fMRI findings showing bilateral
      M1 activation during high-precision movements but only unilateral M1 activity
      during low-precision movements.

PMID- 26961107
TI  - Active sensing associated with spatial learning reveals memory-based attention in
      an electric fish.
AB  - Active sensing behaviors reveal what an animal is attending to and how it changes
      with learning. Gymnotus sp, a gymnotiform weakly electric fish, generates an
      electric organ discharge (EOD) as discrete pulses to actively sense its
      surroundings. We monitored freely behaving gymnotid fish in a large dark "maze"
      and extracted their trajectories and EOD pulse pattern and rate while they
      learned to find food with electrically detectable landmarks as cues. After
      training, they more rapidly found food using shorter, more stereotyped
      trajectories and spent more time near the food location. We observed three forms
      of active sensing: sustained high EOD rates per unit distance (sampling density),
      transient large increases in EOD rate (E-scans) and stereotyped scanning
      movements (B-scans) were initially strong at landmarks and food, but, after
      learning, intensified only at the food location. During probe (no food) trials,
      after learning, the fish's search area and intense active sampling was still
      centered on the missing food location, but now also increased near landmarks. We
      hypothesize that active sensing is a behavioral manifestation of attention and
      essential for spatial learning; the fish use spatial memory of landmarks and path
      integration to reach the expected food location and confine their attention to
      this region.

PMID- 26961111
TI  - Impact of Total Risk Management on Coronary Plaque Regression in Diabetic
      Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.
AB  - AIM: Diabetic patients with coronary artery disease have a high incidence of
      cardiovascular events, which was associated with increased coronary plaque
      volume. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood pressure (BP) play
      pivotal roles in the progression of coronary plaque. Several trials have shown
      that intervention for a single risk factor reduced the development of coronary
      plaque progression. However, it remained uncertain whether total risk management
      for LDL-C, BP, and glycosylated Hb (HbA1c) has a beneficial effect on coronary
      plaque volume in diabetic patients. METHODS: This study was a sub-study of the
      JAPAN-ACS that was a prospective, randomized, open-label trial that evaluated the
      impact of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on coronary plaque volume in patients
      with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Among a total of 252 patients, 73 diabetic
      patients were analyzed. We examined the impact of total risk management (LDL-C
      <80 mg/dL, systolic BP <130 mmHg, and HbA1c <6.5%) on changes in coronary plaque
      volume. The patients were divided into four groups according to the number of
      risk factors that achieved the target value. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics
      were similar among the groups. The degree of coronary plaque regression was
      greater in patients who achieved total risk management. The number of risk
      factors that achieved the target level was associated with the extent of the
      coronary plaque volume reduction in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Total
      risk management that focused on LDL-C, BP, and HbA1c had a beneficial impact on
      the coronary plaque regression in diabetic patients with ACS.

PMID- 26961109
TI  - VIP+ interneurons control neocortical activity across brain states.
AB  - GABAergic interneurons are positioned to powerfully influence the dynamics of
      neural activity, yet the interneuron-mediated circuit mechanisms that control
      spontaneous and evoked neocortical activity remains elusive. Vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP+) interneurons are a specialized cell class which synapse
      specifically on other interneurons, potentially serving to facilitate increases
      in cortical activity. In this study, using in vivo Ca(2+) imaging, we describe
      the interaction between local network activity and VIP+ cells and determine their
      role in modulating neocortical activity in mouse visual cortex. VIP+ cells were
      active across brain states including locomotion, nonlocomotion, visual
      stimulation, and under anesthesia. VIP+ activity correlated most clearly with the
      mean level of population activity of nearby excitatory neurons during all brain
      states, suggesting VIP+ cells enable high-excitability states in the cortex. The
      pharmacogenetic blockade of VIP+ cell output reduced network activity during
      locomotion, nonlocomotion, anesthesia, and visual stimulation, suggesting VIP+
      cells exert a state-independent facilitation of neural activity in the cortex.
      Collectively, our findings demonstrate that VIP+ neurons have a causal role in
      the generation of high-activity regimes during spontaneous and stimulus evoked
      neocortical activity.

PMID- 26961112
TI  - Control Status of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Japanese High
      Risk Subjects:Analyses of a Japanese Health Check Database from 2008 to 2011.
AB  - AIMS: Several guidelines propose target levels (TLs) of atherosclerotic risk
      factors (ARFs) to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases; however, few
      data are available regarding the attainment statuses of TLs in Japan. In this
      study, utilizing the data obtained from the annual "Specific Health Check and
      Guidance in Japan" conducted from 2008 to 2011 (approximately 280,000 subjects
      each year), we determined TL attainments of ARFs in cardiovascular high-risk
      subjects. METHODS: Those who had suffered from cerebrovascular disease (pCVD) or
      coronary heart disease (pCHD) or were receiving diabetes mellitus treatment (DM)
      were selected, and the rates of subjects that attained TLs of blood pressure
      (BP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of pCVD or pCHD and 35% of subjects with DM
      attained TLs of BP. With regard to HbA1c, >90% of pCVD or pCHD and approximately
      50% of subjects with DM attained TLs. With regard to LDL-C, <25% of pCHD females
      and approximately 35% of pCHD males and 50%-55% of subjects with pCVD or DM
      attained TLs. The TL-attainment rates of HDL-C and TGs were approximately 90% and
      75%, respectively, for the three diseases. Analyses of time course changes in
      their attainment statuses revealed that the attainment rates of BP and LDL-C
      significantly improved in all the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: TL-attainment rates of
      BP and LDL-C were not as high as those for HDL-C, TGs, and HbA1c; however, they
      both showed highly significant improvements during the study period.

PMID- 26961114
TI  - Rationale and Design of the Standard Versus Intensive Statin Therapy for
      Hypercholesterolemic Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy (EMPATHY) Study: a
      Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - AIM: Hyperlipidemia and diabetic retinopathy increase the risk of cardiovascular
      disease (CVD). The standard versus intEnsive statin therapy for
      hypercholesteroleMic Patients with diAbetic retinopaTHY (EMPATHY) study examines
      whether intensive lipid-lowering therapy is superior to standard therapy in
      reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with hyperlipidemia
      and diabetic retinopathy, but without a history of coronary artery disease.
      METHODS: Patients who had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)
      and diabetic retinopathy without a history of coronary artery disease were
      eligible for the study. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive
      intensive or standard therapy. Patients are being treated with monotherapy with 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) for a maximum of
      5.5 years to achieve the following LDL-C target: <70 mg/dL for the intensive
      therapy group or >=100 and <120 mg/dL for the standard therapy group. The primary
      endpoint is a composite of incidence of CVD and death from CVD. RESULTS: Between
      May 2010 and October 2013, 5,995 patients were assessed for eligibility, and
      5,144 were assigned to the study treatment (2,571 and 2,573 in the intensive and
      standard therapy groups, respectively), and baseline data were analyzed from
      5,107 (2,550 in the intensive therapy group and 2,557 in the standard therapy
      group). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study assessing the benefits of intensive
      statin therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia and diabetic retinopathy in
      a primary prevention setting. Furthermore, this study evaluates the
      appropriateness of the treat-to-target approach because all patients are treated
      to achieve specific LDL-C targets by titrating statin therapy. CLINICAL TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN000003486.

PMID- 26961113
TI  - Association of Cytochrome P450 Genetic Variants with Clopidogrel Resistance and
      Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - AIMS: Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug primarily used to treat or prevent
      acute ischemic stroke (IS) or myocardial infarction (MI). This prodrug requires
      biotransformation to an active metabolite by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and
      CYP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could affect the efficiency of such
      biotransformation. METHODS: A total of 375 consecutive IS patients were genotyped
      for eight CYP SNPs using mass spectrometry. Platelet aggregation activity was
      measured before and after the 7-10 day treatment. Gene-gene interactions were
      analyzed using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) analysis.
      All patients received clopidogrel therapy and were followed up for six months.
      Primary outcomes were evaluated as a composite of recurrent ischemic stroke
      (RIS), MI, and death. The secondary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).
      RESULTS: Clopidogrel resistance occurred in 153 patients (40.8%). The frequency
      of CYP3A5 (rs776746) GG/AG and CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) AA/AG genotypes was
      significantly higher in clopidogrel-resistant patients than in sensitive
      patients. There was a significant gene-gene interaction between CYP3A5 (rs776746)
      and CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285). CYP2C19*2 AA and its interaction with CYP3A5 GG were
      independent predictors of clopidogrel resistance and affected the activity of
      platelet aggregation. Diabetes mellitus, CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285), clopidogrel
      resistance, and the interaction of CYP2C19*2 with CYP3A5 were all independent
      risk factors for the primary outcomes of clopidogrel treatment. Clopidogrel
      resistant patients were more likely to have poor outcomes (mRS >2 points)
      compared with clopidogrel-sensitive patients. CONCLUSION: CYP SNPs and their
      interactions are associated with drug resistance and outcomes in acute IS
      patients.

PMID- 26961116
TI  - Antigen-encoding bone marrow terminates islet-directed memory CD8+ T-cell
      responses to alleviate islet transplant rejection.
AB  - Islet-specific memory T cells arise early in type 1 diabetes (T1D), persist for
      long periods, perpetuate disease and are rapidly reactivated by islet
      transplantation. As memory T cells are poorly controlled by 'conventional'
      therapies, memory T-cell mediated attack is a substantial challenge in islet
      transplantation and this will extend to application of personalized approaches
      using stem-cell derived replacement beta cells. New approaches are required to
      limit memory autoimmune attack of transplanted islets or replacement beta cells.
      Here we show that transfer of bone marrow encoding cognate antigen directed to
      dendritic cells, under mild, immune-preserving conditions inactivates established
      memory CD8+ T-cell populations and generates a long-lived, antigen-specific
      tolerogenic environment. Consequently, CD8+ memory T cell-mediated targeting of
      islet-expressed antigens is prevented and islet graft rejection alleviated. The
      immunological mechanisms of protection are mediated through deletion and
      induction of unresponsiveness in targeted memory T-cell populations. The data
      demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy effectively
      terminates antigen-specific memory T-cell responses and this can alleviate
      destruction of antigen-expressing islets. This addresses a key challenge facing
      islet transplantation and importantly, the clinical application of personalized
      beta-cell replacement therapies using patient-derived stem cells.

PMID- 26961115
TI  - B-lymphocytes expressing an Ig specificity recognizing the pancreatic beta-cell
      autoantigen peripherin are potent contributors to type 1 diabetes development in
      NOD mice.
AB  - While the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells underlying type 1
      diabetes (1D) development is ultimately mediated by T-cells in NOD mice and also
      likely humans, B-lymphocytes play an additional key pathogenic role. It appears
      expression of plasma membrane bound immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules that
      efficiently capture beta-cell antigens allows autoreactive B-lymphocytes
      bypassing normal tolerance induction processes to be the subset of antigen
      presenting cells most efficiently activating diabetogenic T-cells. NOD mice
      transgenically expressing Ig molecules recognizing antigens that are (insulin) or
      not (hen egg lysozyme; HEL) expressed by beta-cells have proven useful in
      dissecting the developmental basis of diabetogenic B-lymphocytes. However, these
      transgenic Ig specificities were originally selected for their ability to
      recognize insulin or HEL as foreign, rather than autoantigens. Thus, we generated
      and characterized NOD mice transgenically expressing an Ig molecule
      representative of a large proportion of naturally occurring islet-infiltrating B
      lymphocytes in NOD mice recognizing the neuronal antigen peripherin. Transgenic
      peripherin autoreactive B-lymphocytes infiltrate NOD pancreatic islets, acquire
      an activated proliferative phenotype, and potently support accelerated T1D
      development. These results support the concept of neuronal autoimmunity as a
      pathogenic feature of T1D, and targeting such responses could ultimately provide
      an effective disease intervention approach.

PMID- 26961117
TI  - Is there a difference between the STOP-BANG and the Berlin Obstructive Sleep
      Apnoea Syndrome questionnaires for determining respiratory complications during
      the perioperative period?
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the efficiency of the STOP-BANG
      and Berlin Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome questionnaires for evaluating
      potential respiratory complications during the perioperative period. BACKGROUND:
      Questionnaires that are used to determine obstructive sleep apnoea risk are not
      widely used for surgical patients. Among the questionnaires that are commonly
      used for obstructive sleep apnoea screening, it remains unclear whether the STOP
      BANG or Berlin Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome questionnaire is more effective
      in terms of ease of use, usage period and diagnosis of surgical patients with
      obstructive sleep apnoea risk. DESIGN: This study was designed as a descriptive
      and prospective study. METHODS: The study included 126 patients over 18 years of
      age who were American Society of Anesthesiologists classification class I-II and
      underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. To determine the potential obstructive
      sleep apnoea syndrome risk, the STOP-BANG and Berlin questionnaires were
      administered. Respiratory complications were then observed during the
      perioperative period. RESULTS: During intubation and extubation, we observed
      statistically significant differences in difficult intubation, difficult facemask
      ventilation and desaturation frequency between the high- and low-risk groups for
      obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, as determined by the STOP-BANG questionnaire.
      During extubation, statistically significant differences in coughing, breath
      holding and desaturation frequency were observed between the high-risk and low
      risk groups, according to the Berlin questionnaire. In the post-anaesthesia care
      unit, both questionnaires found statistically significant differences between the
      low- and high-risk groups. CONCLUSION: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
      screening questionnaires administered during the preoperative period are useful
      for predicting perioperative respiratory complications. It may be most useful to
      administer the STOP-BANG questionnaire as the initial evaluation. RELEVANCE TO
      CLINICAL PRACTICE: Questionnaires may be used to determine the risk of
      obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, which could impact the anaesthetisation of
      surgical patients. Questionnaires for determining the risk of obstructive sleep
      apnoea syndrome should be used regularly for surgical patients, and these
      questionnaires should be used to improve clinical protocols for anaesthesia and
      postanaesthesia care.

PMID- 26961119
TI  - Immunological and angiogenic markers during metronomic temozolomide and
      cyclophosphamide in canine cancer patients.
AB  - Metronomic chemotherapy stimulates the immune response via depletion of
      regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppresses angiogenesis by modulating the
      secretion of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF). In this study, blood was collected from 10 healthy dogs and from 30
      canine cancer patients before and 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with metronomic
      temozolomide (6.6 mg m-2 ), cyclophosphamide (12.5 mg m-2 ) or cyclophosphamide
      and temozolomide. The percentage of circulating CD25+ Foxp3+ CD4+ Tregs and the
      plasma levels of TSP-1 and VEGF were measured. There was a significant difference
      in the percentage of Tregs between cancer patients and healthy dogs. A
      significant decrease in Tregs was noted in patients treated with metronomic
      cyclophosphamide and the combination. Treatment with temozolomide had no effect
      on the percentage of Tregs. TSP-1 and VEGF levels were, respectively,
      significantly lower and higher in cancer patients than in healthy dogs, but they
      were not influenced by any of the studied metronomic treatment regimens.

PMID- 26961120
TI  - Validity of Self-Reported Pre-Pregnancy Weight and Body Mass Index Classification
      in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-reported weight prior to pregnancy is prone to error. We
      utilised a measured pre-conceptional weight from the electronic health record
      (EHR) to investigate error in recalled pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)
      category and compared how associations between pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy
      outcomes varied by using the two measures. METHODS: We assessed differences in
      means, correlations, and categorisation of pre-pregnancy BMI for 5092 singleton
      pregnancies delivered between 2007 and 2013 in Kaiser Permanente Northern
      California. Associations between measured and self-reported BMI category and
      gestational diabetes, infant size for gestational age, and exceeding the
      Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain recommendations were assessed.
      RESULTS: Overall, the two measures assigned the same BMI category for 86.7% of
      women with higher risks of misclassification for overweight (Relative Risk (RR)
      3.38, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.79, 4.10), obese class I (RR 3.81, 95% CI
      3.07, 4.75), and obese class II (RR 1.80, 95% CI 1.28, 2.55) women compared to
      normal weight women. However, associations between self-reported or measured BMI
      category and several pregnancy outcomes were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Despite
      misclassification, self-reported and measured pre-pregnancy weights were
      similarly associated with perinatal outcomes in this study population. Our
      results illustrate the value of the EHR for recording measured pre-pregnancy
      weight for use in research.

PMID- 26961118
TI  - Identification of putative candidate genes for red rot resistance in sugarcane
      (Saccharum species hybrid) using LD-based association mapping.
AB  - Red rot is a serious disease of sugarcane caused by the fungus Colletotrichum
      falcatum that has a colossal damage potential. The fungus, prevalent mainly in
      the Indian sub-continent, keeps on producing new pathogenic strains leading to
      breakdown of resistance in newly released varieties and hence the deployment of
      linked markers for marker-assisted selection for resistance to this disease can
      fine tune the breeding programme. This study based on a panel of 119 sugarcane
      genotypes fingerprinted for 944 SSR alleles was undertaken with an aim to
      identify marker-trait associations (MTAs) for resistance to red rot. Mixed linear
      model containing population structure and kinship as co-factor detected four MTAs
      that were able to explain 10-16 % of the trait variation, individually. Among the
      four MTAs, EST sequences diagnostic of three could be BLAST searched to the
      sorghum genome with significant sequence homology. Several genes encoding
      important plant defence related proteins, viz., cytochrome P450, Glycerol-3
      phosphate transporter-1, MAP Kinase-4, Serine/threonine-protein kinase, Ring
      finger domain protein and others were localized to the vicinity of these MTAs.
      These positional candidate genes are worth of further investigation and possibly
      these could contribute directly to red rot resistance, and may find a potential
      application in marker-assisted sugarcane breeding. 

PMID- 26961121
TI  - Five-year follow-up of cognitive impairment in older adults with bipolar
      disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To date, cognitive impairment has been thought to be an integral part
      of bipolar disorder. In clinical staging models, cognitive impairment is one of
      the hallmarks to define the clinical stage and it plays an important role in
      identifying the risk factors for progression to later stages of the illness. It
      is important to examine neurocognitive performance over longer periods to test
      the hypothesis of neuroprogression of bipolar disorder. METHODS: A comprehensive
      neuropsychological test battery was applied at baseline and five years later to
      56 euthymic older outpatients with bipolar disorder (mean age = 68.35 years,
      range: 60-90 years) and to a demographically matched sample of 44 healthy
      subjects. A group-by-time repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was
      performed to measure changes over time for the two groups. The impact of baseline
      illness characteristics on the intra-individual change in neurocognitive
      performance within the bipolar disorder group was studied by using logistic
      regression analysis. RESULTS: At baseline and at follow-up, patients with bipolar
      disorder performed worse on all neurocognitive measures compared to the matched
      healthy subjects. However, there was no significant group-by-time interaction
      between the patients with bipolar disorder and the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Although older patients with bipolar disorder had worse cognitive function than
      healthy subjects, they did not have greater cognitive decline over a five-year
      period. The change in acquired cognitive impairment of patients with bipolar
      disorder might parallel the cognitive development as seen in normal aging.

PMID- 26961122
TI  - Inverse agonism: the classic concept of GPCRs revisited [Review].
AB  - In the classical two-state model, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are
      considered to exist in equilibrium between an active and an inactive
      conformation. Thus, even at the resting state, some subpopulation of GPCRs is in
      the active state, which underlies the basal activity of the GPCRs. In this
      review, we discuss inverse agonists, which are defined as GPCR ligands that shift
      the equilibrium toward the inactive state and thereby suppress the basal
      activity. Theoretically, if constitutive activation plays an essential role in
      the pathogenesis of a disease, only inverse agonists, and not neutral
      antagonists, can reverse this pathophysiological activation. Although many
      pharmacological examples of inverse agonism have been identified, its clinical
      importance is still unclear and debated. Thus, even though inverse agonism of
      angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been discussed for more than 10 years,
      its clinical relevance remains to be completely clarified. 

PMID- 26961123
TI  - Use of reproductive health care services among urban migrant women in Bangladesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent internal migration flows from rural to urban areas pose
      challenges to women using reproductive health care services in their migratory
      destinations. No studies were found which examined the relationship between
      migration, migration-associated indicators and reproductive health care services
      in Bangladesh. METHODS: We analyzed the 2006 Bangladesh Urban Health Survey (data
      made publically available in June 2013) of 14,191 ever-married women aged 10-59
      years. Cross tabulations and logistic regression were conducted. RESULTS:
      Migrants and non-migrants did not differ significantly in their use of modern
      contraceptives and treatment for STI but were less likely to receive ANC even
      after controlling for a range of variables. Compared to non-migrants, more
      migrants had home births, did not take vitamin A after delivery, and had no
      medical exam post-birth. Migrant women being village-born (rather than urban
      born) were associated with risk of diminished: use of ANC; treatment for STI;
      medical exam post-birth; vitamin A post-birth. Migrating for work or education
      (rather than other reasons) was associated with risk of diminished: use of ANC;
      use of modern facilities for birth; and medical exam post-birth. Each additional
      year lived in urban areas was associated with a greater likelihood of receiving
      ANC. CONCLUSIONS: Women who migrated to urban areas in Bangladesh were
      significantly less likely than non-migrants to use reproductive health care
      services related to pregnancy care. Pro-actively identifying migrant women,
      especially those who originated from villages or migrated for work or education
      may be warranted to ensure optimal use of pregnancy-related services.

PMID- 26961124
TI  - Influence of temperature on patch residence time in parasitoids: physiological
      and behavioural mechanisms.
AB  - Patch time allocation has received much attention in the context of optimal
      foraging theory, including the effect of environmental variables. We investigated
      the direct role of temperature on patch time allocation by parasitoids through
      physiological and behavioural mechanisms and its indirect role via changes in sex
      allocation and behavioural defences of the hosts. We compared the influence of
      foraging temperature on patch residence time between an egg parasitoid,
      Trichogramma euproctidis, and an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. The latter
      attacks hosts that are able to actively defend themselves, and may thus
      indirectly influence patch time allocation of the parasitoid. Patch residence
      time decreased with an increase in temperature in both species. The increased
      activity levels with warming, as evidenced by the increase in walking speed,
      partially explained these variations, but other mechanisms were involved. In T.
      euproctidis, the ability to externally discriminate parasitised hosts decreased
      at low temperature, resulting in a longer patch residence time. Changes in sex
      allocation with temperature did not explain changes in patch time allocation in
      this species. For A. ervi, we observed that aphids frequently escaped at
      intermediate temperature and defended themselves aggressively at high
      temperature, but displayed few defence mechanisms at low temperature. These
      defensive behaviours resulted in a decreased patch residence time for the
      parasitoid and partly explained the fact that A. ervi remained for a shorter time
      at the intermediate and high temperatures than at the lowest temperature. Our
      results suggest that global warming may affect host-parasitoid interactions
      through complex mechanisms including both direct and indirect effects on
      parasitoid patch time allocation. 

PMID- 26961125
TI  - Sickness certification for common mental disorders and GP return-to-work advice.
AB  - Aim To report the types and duration of sickness certification for different
      common mental disorders (CMDs) and the prevalence of GP advice aimed at returning
      the patient to work. BACKGROUND: In the United Kingdom, common mental health
      problems, such and depression and stress, have become the main reasons for
      patients requesting a sickness certificate to abstain from usual employment.
      Increasing attention is being paid to mental health and its impact on
      employability and work capacity in all parts of the welfare system. However,
      relatively little is known about the extent to which different mental health
      diagnoses impact upon sickness certification outcomes, and how the GP has used
      the new fit note (introduced in 2010) to support a return to work for patients
      with mental health diagnoses. METHODS: Sickness certification data was collected
      from 68 UK-based general practices for a period of 12 months. Findings The study
      found a large part of all sickness absence certified by GPs was due to CMDs (29%
      of all sickness absence episodes). Females, younger patients and those living in
      deprived areas were more likely to receive a fit note for a CMD (compared with
      one for a physical health problem). The highest proportion of CMD fit notes were
      issued for 'stress'. However, sickness certification for depression contributed
      nearly half of all weeks certified for mental health problems. Only 7% of CMD fit
      notes included any 'may be fit' advice from the GP, with type of advice varying
      by mental health diagnostic category. Patients living in the most socially
      deprived neighbourhoods were less likely to receive 'may be fit' advice on their
      CMD fit notes.

PMID- 26961126
TI  - Functional characterization of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
      Sox2 gene promoter.
AB  - Sox2 has essential roles in early embryogenesis and the development of the
      central nervous system. Sox2 is also necessary in maintaining the identity of
      progenitor cells. In our study, a 1.8-kb fragment of the 5' flanking region of
      Paralichthys olivaceus Sox2 (Po-Sox2) gene was cloned and functionally
      characterized. The activity and specificity of Po-Sox2 promoter were analyzed by
      comparing various deletion mutants for their ability to direct luciferase and GFP
      expression in flounder brain cell line. Results indicated that the basal promoter
      is located between -978 and -442 bp, and the region from -1370 to -978 bp
      enhances the promoter activity. The regulatory elements in the -1370 to -442 bp
      fragment were further investigated. Many binding sites of transcription factors
      closely related to neurogenesis and stem cell properties were found in this
      region. Mutational analysis indicated that Nanog, Pax6, p53, and POU binding
      sites play functional roles in the transcription of Po-Sox2 gene, whereas NF-Y
      binding sites did not affect this gene. In vivo studies using transient
      transgenic zebrafish embryos showed that the Po-Sox2 promoter region can drive
      GFP expression in brain, yolk syncytial layer, and notochord. Our results provide
      valuable information in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of Po
      Sox2 gene during neurogenesis and embryonic development. 

PMID- 26961127
TI  - Seasonality of reproduction in male spotted murrel Channa punctatus: correlation
      of environmental variables and plasma sex steroids with histological changes in
      testis.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to develop a comprehensive understanding of how
      environmental cues and sex steroids relate with cyclic changes in spermatogenesis
      in freshwater spotted snakehead Channa punctatus that is nutritious and
      economically important. The seasonal histological changes in testis and annual
      profile of gonadosomatic index (GSI) of C. punctatus delineated the testicular
      cycle into four phases: regressed (December-March), preparatory (April-June),
      spawning (July and August) and postspawning (September-November). Among
      environmental variables, correlation and regression analyses exhibited an
      important relationship between photoperiod and testicular weight while role of
      rainfall was seen confined to spawning. The seasonal profile of plasma sex
      steroids when correlated with cyclic changes in spermatogenesis in spotted
      snakehead, testosterone (T) seems to be involved in controlling the major events
      of spermatogenesis from renewal of stem cells to spawning of spermatozoa. Another
      important androgen prevalent in teleosts, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), was high
      during preparatory phase, suggesting that 11-KT in addition to T plays an
      important role in progression of spermatogenesis and spermiation in C. punctatus.
      However, 11-KT was not seen to be associated with milt production and release of
      spermatozoa during spawning. Plasma profile of estradiol-17beta (E2) during
      different reproductive phases revealed the involvement of E2 in repopulation of
      stem cells during postspawning phase and in maintaining quiescence of testis
      during regressed phase. 

PMID- 26961128
TI  - Effect of chronic undernutrition on body mass and mechanical bone quality under
      normoxic and altitude hypoxic conditions.
AB  - Both undernutrition and hypoxia exert a negative influence on both growth pattern
      and bone mechanical properties in developing rats. The present study explored the
      effects of chronic food restriction on both variables in growing rats exposed to
      simulated high-altitude hypoxia. Male rats (n 80) aged 28 d were divided into
      normoxic (Nx) and hypoxic (Hx) groups. Hx rats were exposed to hypobaric air (380
      mmHg) in decompression chambers. At T0, Nx and Hx rats were subdivided into four
      equal subgroups: normoxic control and hypoxic controls, and normoxic growth
      restricted and hypoxic growth-restricted received 80 % of the amount of food
      consumed freely by their respective controls for a 4-week period. Half of these
      animals were studied at the end of this period (T4). The remaining rats in each
      group continued under the same environmental conditions, but food was offered ad
      libitum to explore the type of catch-up growth during 8 weeks. Structural bone
      properties (strength and stiffness) were evaluated in the right femur midshaft by
      the mechanical three-point bending test; geometric properties (length, cross
      sectional area, cortical mass, bending cross-sectional moment of inertia) and
      intrinsic properties of the bone tissue (elastic modulus) were measured or
      derived from appropriate equations. Bone mineralisation was assessed by ash
      measurement of the left femur. These data indicate that the growth-retarded
      effects of diminished food intake, induced either by food restriction or hypoxia
      related inhibition of appetite, generated the formation of corresponding smaller
      bones in which subnormal structural and geometric properties were observed.
      However, they seemed to be appropriate to the body mass of the animals and
      suggest, therefore, that the bones were not osteopenic. When food restriction was
      imposed in Hx rats, the combined effects of both variables were additive,
      inducing a further reduction of bone mass and bone load-carrying capacity. In all
      cases, the mechanical properties of the mineralised tissue were unaffected. This
      and the capacity of the treated bones to undergone complete catch-up growth with
      full restoration of the biomechanical properties suggest that undernutrition,
      under either Nx or Hx conditions, does not affect bone behaviour because it
      remains appropriate to its mechanical functions.

PMID- 26961129
TI  - Solid-state NMR chemical-shift perturbations indicate domain reorientation of the
      DnaG primase in the primosome of Helicobacter pylori.
AB  - We here investigate the interactions between the DnaB helicase and the C-terminal
      domain of the corresponding DnaG primase of Helicobacter pylori using solid-state
      NMR. The difficult crystallization of this 387 kDa complex, where the two
      proteins interact in a six to three ratio, is circumvented by simple co
      sedimentation of the two proteins directly into the MAS-NMR rotor. While the
      amount of information that can be extracted from such a large protein is still
      limited, we can assign a number of amino-acid residues experiencing significant
      chemical-shift perturbations upon helicase-primase complex formation. The
      location of these residues is used as a guide to model the interaction interface
      between the two proteins in the complex. Chemical-shift perturbations also reveal
      changes at the interaction interfaces of the hexameric HpDnaB assembly on HpDnaG
      binding. A structural model of the complex that explains the experimental
      findings is obtained.

PMID- 26961131
TI  - A blue 4',7-diaminoflavylium cation showing an extended pH range stability.
AB  - The introduction of two amine substituents in 4' and 7 positions, leads to the
      formation of a blue flavylium cation, 7-(N,N'-diethylamino)-2-(9-julolidine)-1
      benzopyrilium, which is extremely stable across a wide acidic pH range. The
      kinetic and thermodynamic constants of the multistate system have been calculated
      by studying the relaxation kinetics after equilibrium perturbation by addition of
      base (direct pH jumps) or acid (reverse pH jumps). Except for the cis-chalcone,
      which is an elusive species, the relative energy levels of the other species
      could be calculated and a global energy level diagram constructed. The diagram
      explains that the stability of the diamino compound is due to the high energy
      level of the hemiketal species, which is difficult to access in acidic medium. 

PMID- 26961130
TI  - The Linked CENTURY Study: linking three decades of clinical and public health
      data to examine disparities in childhood obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the need to identify the causes of disparities in childhood
      obesity, the existing epidemiologic studies of early life risk factors have
      several limitations. We report on the construction of the Linked CENTURY
      database, incorporating CENTURY (Collecting Electronic Nutrition Trajectory Data
      Using Records of Youth) Study data with birth certificates; and discuss the
      potential implications of combining clinical and public health data sources in
      examining the etiology of disparities in childhood obesity. METHODS: We linked
      the existing CENTURY Study, a database of 269,959 singleton children from birth
      to age 18 years with measured heights and weights, with each child's
      Massachusetts birth certificate, which captures information on their mothers'
      pregnancy history and detailed socio-demographic information of both mothers and
      fathers. RESULTS: Overall, 74.2 % were matched, resulting in 200,343 children in
      the Linked CENTURY Study with 1,580,597 well child visits. Among this cohort,
      94.0 % (188,334) of children have some father information available on the birth
      certificate and 60.9 % (121,917) of children have at least one other sibling in
      the dataset. Using maternal race/ethnicity from the birth certificate as an
      indicator of children's race/ethnicity, 75.7 % of children were white, 11.6 %
      black, 4.6 % Hispanic, and 5.7 % Asian. Based on socio-demographic information
      from the birth certificate, 20.0 % of mothers were non-US born, 5.9 % smoked
      during pregnancy, 76.3 % initiated breastfeeding, and 11.0 % of mothers had their
      delivery paid for by public health insurance. Using clinical data from the
      CENTURY Study, 22.7 % of children had a weight-for-length >= 95(th) percentile
      between 1 and 24 months and 12.0 % of children had a body mass index >= 95(th)
      percentile at ages 5 and 17 years. CONCLUSIONS: By linking routinely-collected
      data sources, it is possible to address research questions that could not be
      answered with either source alone. Linkage between a clinical database and each
      child's birth certificate has created a unique dataset with nearly complete
      racial/ethnic and socio-demographic information from both parents, which has the
      potential to examine the etiology of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities
      in childhood obesity.

PMID- 26961134
TI  - Genetic variation in one-carbon metabolism in relation to genome-wide DNA
      methylation in breast tissue from heathy women.
AB  - Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one-carbon metabolism genes and
      lifestyle factors (alcohol drinking and breast folate) may be determinants of
      whole-genome methylation in the breast. DNA methylation profiling was performed
      using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip in 81 normal breast
      tissues from women undergoing reduction mammoplasty and no history of cancer.
      ANCOVA, adjusting for age, race and BMI, was used to identify differentially
      methylated (DM) CpGs. Gene expression, by the Affymetrix GeneChip Human
      Transcriptome Array 2.0, was correlated with DM. Biological networks of DM genes
      were assigned using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Fifty-seven CpG sites were DM in
      association with eight SNPs in FTHFD, MTHFD1, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, and TYMS (P <5.0
      x 10-5); 56% of the DM CpGs were associated with FTHFD SNPs, including DM within
      FTHFD. Gene expression was negatively correlated with FTHFD methylation (r=-0.25,
      P=0.017). Four DM CpGs identified by SNPs in MTRR, MTHFR, and FTHFD were
      significantly associated with alcohol consumption and/or breast folate. The top
      biological network of DM CpGs was associated with Energy Production, Molecular
      Transportation, and Nucleic Acid Metabolism. This is the first comprehensive
      study of the association between SNPs in one-carbon metabolism genes and genome
      wide DNA methylation in normal breast tissues. These SNPs, especially FTHFD, as
      well as alcohol intake and folate exposure, appear to affect DM in breast tissues
      of healthy women. The finding that SNPs in FTHFD and MTR are associated with
      their own methylation is novel and highlights a role for these SNPs as cis
      methylation quantitative trait loci.

PMID- 26961133
TI  - Minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer: the American experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgical techniques are increasingly being
      implemented in oncologic care. This study assesses the impact of minimally
      invasive surgery on oncologic and perioperative outcomes in the management of
      gastric cancer in the USA. METHODS: From the American College of Surgeons and
      American Cancer Society National Cancer Data Base, we identified 6427 patients
      who underwent gastrectomy for cancer from 2010 to 2012. Treatment groups were
      categorized with an intention-to-treat paradigm as robotic, laparoscopic, and
      open surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the
      impact of the surgical approach on oncologic and perioperative outcomes. RESULTS:
      Of patients undergoing definitive surgical intervention, 3.5 % (n = 223)
      underwent robotic gastrectomy, 23.1 % (n = 1487) underwent laparoscopic
      gastrectomy, and 73.4 % (n = 4717) underwent open surgery. Minimally invasive
      gastrectomy was more frequently performed on white (P = 0.018), privately insured
      patients (P = 0.049) treated at academic centers (P < 0.0001) in the eastern USA
      (P < 0.0001). After demographics, comorbidities, and tumor-related factors had
      been controlled for, patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy had the
      postoperative length of stay decreased by 1.08 days (P < 0.0001) and greater odds
      of having at least 15 lymph nodes resected (odds ratio 1.16, P = 0.023). Use of
      robotic surgery did not have a statistically significant effect on the
      postoperative length of stay relative to open surgery (P = 0.222) but the
      patients so treated had greater odds of having at least 15 lymph nodes resected
      (odds ratio 1.51, P = 0.005). There were no differences in R0 resection rates or
      perioperative mortality on the basis of the surgical approach alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings suggest that use of minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer
      in the USA is impacting the adequacy of oncologic resection but is not yet having
      a clinically significant impact on perioperative outcomes relative to a
      conventional open approach.

PMID- 26961136
TI  - Nanoplasmonics tuned "click chemistry".
AB  - Nanoplasmonics is a growing field of optical condensed matter science dedicated
      to optical phenomena at the nanoscale level in metal systems. Extensive research
      on noble metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has emerged within the last two decades due
      to their ability to keep the optical energy concentrated in the vicinity of NPs,
      in particular, the ability to create optical near-field enhancement followed by
      heat generation. We have exploited these properties in order to induce a
      localised "click" reaction in the vicinity of gold nanostructures under
      unfavourable experimental conditions. We demonstrate that this reaction can be
      controlled by the plasmonic properties of the nanostructures and we propose two
      physical mechanisms to interpret the observed plasmonic tuning of the "click"
      chemistry. 

PMID- 26961137
TI  - Tandem autologous versus autologous/allogeneic transplantation for multiple
      myeloma: propensity score analysis.
AB  - Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) is considered a
      standard therapy for transplant-eligible patients with multiple myeloma, while
      allogeneic HCT (allo-HCT) is controversial. We retrospectively analyzed 765
      patients with myeloma who underwent tandem transplantation between 1998 and 2012
      using Japanese registry data. We evaluated the clinical outcomes of tandem auto
      HCT (n = 676) and auto/allo-HCT (n = 89). To adjust for a selection bias, we
      compared overall survival (OS) between the two groups by a propensity score
      analysis. The probability of OS at six years was 58.5% for the tandem auto-HCT
      group and 54.4% for the tandem auto/allo-HCT group (p = 0.47). In a matched-pair
      analysis based on the propensity score, the difference in survival between the
      two groups was not statistically significant, although the survival curve
      appeared to reach a plateau beyond five years in the auto/allo group. Further
      strategies to reduce treatment-related mortality and enhance a graft-versus
      myeloma effect are necessary to improve OS.

PMID- 26961138
TI  - Selectivity profile of afatinib for EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has long been a research focus in
      lung cancer studies. Besides reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), new
      generation irreversible inhibitors, such as afatinib, embark on playing an
      important role in NSCLC treatment. To achieve an optimal application of these
      inhibitors, the correlation between the EGFR mutation status and the potency of
      such an inhibitor should be decoded. In this study, the correlation was profiled
      for afatinib, based on a cohort of patients with the EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Relying
      on extracted DNAs from the paraffin-embedded tumor samples, EGFR mutations were
      detected by direct sequencing. Progression-free survival (PFS) and the response
      level were recorded as study endpoints. These PFS and response values were
      analyzed and correlated to different mutation types, implying a higher potency of
      afatinib to classic activation mutations (L858R and deletion 19) and a lower one
      to T790M-related mutations. To further bridge the mutation status with afatinib
      related response or PFS, we conducted a computational study to estimate the
      binding affinity in a mutant-afatinib system, based on molecular structural
      modeling and dynamics simulations. The derived binding affinities were well in
      accordance with the clinical response or PFS values. At last, these computational
      binding affinities were successfully mapped to the patient response or PFS
      according to linear models. Consequently, a detailed mutation-response or
      mutation-PFS profile was drafted for afatinib, implying the selective nature of
      afatinib to various EGFR mutants and further encouraging the design of
      specialized therapies or innovative drugs.

PMID- 26961139
TI  - Genome and network visualization facilitates the analyses of the effects of drugs
      and mutations on protein-protein and drug-protein networks.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biologists generally interrogate genomics data using web-based genome
      browsers that have limited analytical potential. New generation genome browsers
      such as the Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) have largely overcome this limitation
      and permit customized analyses to be implemented using plugins. We illustrate the
      use of a plugin for IGB that exploits advanced visualization techniques to
      integrate the analysis of genomics data with network and structural approaches.
      RESULTS: We show how visualization technologies that combine both genomics and
      network biology can facilitate the selection of the key amino acid contacts from
      protein-protein and protein-drug interactions. Starting from the MDM2-P53
      interaction, which is a high-value target for cancer therapy, and Nutlin, the
      parent small molecule of an MDM2 antagonist that is currently in clinical trials,
      we show that this method can be generalized to analyze how drugs and mutations
      can interfere with both protein-protein and drug-protein networks. We illustrate
      this point by two additional use-cases exploring the molecular basis of tamoxifen
      side effects and of drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Combined network and structure biology approaches provide key
      insights into both the genetic and the edgetic roles of variants in diseases. 3D
      interactomes facilitate the identification of disease-relevant interactions that
      can then be specifically targeted by drugs. Recent advances in molecular
      interaction and structure visualization tools have greatly simplified the mapping
      of mutated residues to molecular interaction interfaces. Such approaches can now
      also be integrated with genome visualization tools to enable comparative analyses
      of interaction contacts.

PMID- 26961132
TI  - Achilles' heel of pluripotent stem cells: genetic, genomic and epigenetic
      variations during prolonged culture.
AB  - Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into almost any specialized adult cell type
      of an organism. PSCs can be derived either from the inner cell mass of a
      blastocyst-giving rise to embryonic stem cells-or after reprogramming of somatic
      terminally differentiated cells to obtain ES-like cells, named induced
      pluripotent stem cells. The potential use of these cells in the clinic, for
      investigating in vitro early embryonic development or for screening the effects
      of new drugs or xenobiotics, depends on capability to maintain their genome
      integrity during prolonged culture and differentiation. Both human and mouse PSCs
      are prone to genomic and (epi)genetic instability during in vitro culture, a
      feature that seriously limits their real potential use. Culture-induced
      variations of specific chromosomes or genes, are almost all unpredictable and, as
      a whole, differ among independent cell lines. They may arise at different culture
      passages, suggesting the absence of a safe passage number maintaining genome
      integrity and rendering the control of genomic stability mandatory since the very
      early culture passages. The present review highlights the urgency for further
      studies on the mechanisms involved in determining (epi)genetic and chromosome
      instability, exploiting the knowledge acquired earlier on other cell types. 

PMID- 26961140
TI  - In patients with metastatic breast cancer the identification of circulating tumor
      cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is associated with a poor
      prognosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although recent models suggest that the detection of Circulating
      Tumor Cells (CTC) in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EM CTC) might be
      related to disease progression in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients,
      current detection methods are not efficient in identifying this subpopulation of
      cells. Furthermore, the possible association of EM CTC with both
      clinicopathological features and prognosis of MBC patients has still to be
      demonstrated. Aims of this study were: first, to optimize a DEPArray-based
      protocol meant to identify, quantify and sort single, viable EM CTC and,
      subsequently, to test the association of EM CTC frequency with clinical data.
      METHODS: This prospective observational study enrolled 56 MBC patients regardless
      of the line of treatment. Blood samples, depleted of CD45(pos) leukocytes, were
      stained with an antibody cocktail recognizing both epithelial and mesenchymal
      markers. Four CD45(neg) cell subpopulations were identified: cells expressing
      only epithelial markers (E CTC), cells co-expressing epithelial and mesenchymal
      markers (EM CTC), cells expressing only mesenchymal markers (MES) and cells
      negative for every tested marker (NEG). CTC subpopulations were quantified as
      both absolute cell count and relative frequency. The association of CTC
      subpopulations with clinicopathological features, progression free survival
      (PFS), and overall survival (OS) was explored by Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and
      Univariate Cox Regression Analysis, respectively. RESULTS: By employing the
      DEPArray-based strategy, we were able to assess the presence of cells pertaining
      to the above-described classes in every MBC patient. We observed a significant
      association between specific CD45(neg) subpopulations and tumor subtypes (e.g.
      NEG and triple negative), proliferation (NEG and Ki67 expression) and sites of
      metastatic spread (e.g. E CTC and bone; NEG and brain). Importantly, the fraction
      of CD45(neg) cells co-expressing epithelial and mesenchymal markers (EM CTC) was
      significantly associated with poorer PFS and OS, computed, this latter, both from
      the diagnosis of a stage IV disease and from the initial CTC assessment.
      CONCLUSION: This study suggests the importance of dissecting the heterogeneity of
      CTC in MBC. Precise characterization of CTC could help in estimating both
      metastatization pattern and outcome, driving clinical decision-making and
      surveillance strategies.

PMID- 26961141
TI  - Pregnant Women's Infant Oral Health Knowledge and Beliefs: Influence of Having
      Given Birth and of Having a Child in the Home.
AB  - Introduction Prenatal oral health interventions can positively impact maternal
      and child oral health, yet limited information exists concerning how to best
      educate pregnant women about infant oral health. Our objective was to examine the
      influence of having given birth on pregnant women's infant oral health knowledge
      and beliefs. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected from a
      cross-sectional survey of pregnant women >=18 years old attending UNC's
      Ultrasound Clinic. Four binomial items were categorized as infant knowledge (IK)
      and five rated on a Likert scale (1-5) as infant belief (IB). Overall IK and IB
      scores were calculated, averaging the items within each construct. Respondents
      were categorized into two groups: multiparous (N = 268), women having at least
      one previous live birth and a child between 2 and 6 years old, or nulliparous (N
      = 186), women with no previous live births or a child between 2 and 6 years old.
      Regression models for IK and IB were conducted using SAS 9.2 with maternal
      demographic characteristics, dental utilization, and birth history as explanatory
      variables (p <= 0.05). Results IK was affected by race (p = 0.04), mother's oral
      health self-rating (p = 0.0002), and birth history (p < 0.0001). On average, IK
      was 0.12 units higher in subjects with a history of giving birth, adjusting for
      explanatory variables. IB was influenced by maternal oral health beliefs (p =
      0.002) and history of access to dental care (p = 0.0002). IB did not differ based
      on birth history (p = 0.17). Discussion The influence of birth history on
      pregnant women's infant oral health knowledge and beliefs can be considered in
      future intervention designs to maximize available resources.

PMID- 26961142
TI  - Implications of Comprehensive Mental Health Services Embedded in an Adolescent
      Obstetric Medical Home.
AB  - Purpose Mental health issues in perinatal adolescents are well documented and
      studies have shown high rates of depressive disorders among this population.
      Treatment is challenging because pregnant adolescents are poorly adherent with
      mental health services. We describe a novel integrated mental health care program
      for pregnant and parenting adolescent mothers and their children. Methods The
      Colorado Adolescent Maternity Program (CAMP) is a comprehensive,
      multidisciplinary teen pregnancy and parenting medical home program serving an
      ethnically diverse and low socioeconomic status population in the Denver metro
      area. We describe the Healthy Expectations Adolescent Response Team (HEART), an
      embedded mental health care program focused on improving identification of mental
      health symptoms and increasing rates mental health treatment in adolescent
      mothers. Results From January 1, 2011-January 16 2014, 894 pregnant adolescents
      were enrolled in CAMP and 885 patients were screened for mental health issues.
      Prior to HEART's inception, 20 % of patients were identified as having mood
      symptoms in the postpartum period. Successful referrals to community mental
      health facilities occurred in only 5 % of identified patients. Following the
      creation of HEART, 41 % of patients were identified as needing mental health
      services. Nearly half of the identified patients (47 %) engaged in mental health
      treatment with the psychologist. Demographic factors including age, parity,
      ethnicity, and parent and partner involvement did not have a significant impact
      on treatment engagement. Trauma history was associated with lower treatment
      engagement. Conclusion Our findings suggest that an embedded mental health
      program in an adolescent obstetric and pediatric medical home is successful in
      improving identification and engagement in mental health treatment. Key
      components of the program include universal screening, intensive social work and
      case management involvement, and ready access to onsite mental health care
      providers. Limitations of the program are discussed as well directions for future
      research.

PMID- 26961143
TI  - Risk Factors for Non-use of Skilled Birth Attendants: Analysis of South Sudan
      Household Survey, 2010.
AB  - Objectives South Sudan has the lowest percentage of births attended by skilled
      health personnel in the world. This paper aims to identify potential risk factors
      associated with non-use of skilled birth attendants at delivery in South Sudan.
      Methods Secondary data analyses of the 2010 South Sudan Household Health Survey
      second round were conducted with data for 3504 women aged 15-49 years who gave
      birth in the 2 years prior to the survey. The risk of non-use of skilled birth
      attendants was examined using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses.
      Results The prevalence rates for skilled, unskilled and no birth attendants at
      delivery were 41 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 38.2, 43.0], 36 [95 % CI 33.9,
      38.8], and 23 % [95 % CI 20.6, 24.9] respectively. Multivariable analyses
      indicated that educated mothers [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.70; 95 % CI 0.57,
      0.86], mothers who had three and more complications during pregnancy [AOR 0.77;
      95 % CI 0.65, 0.90], mothers who had at least 1-3 ANC visits [AOR 0.38; 95 % CI
      0.30, 0.49] and mothers from rich households [AOR 0.52; 95 % CI 0.42, 0.65] were
      significantly more likely to use skilled birth attendants (SBAs) at delivery.
      Mothers who lived in rural areas [AOR 1.44; 95 % CI 1.06, 1.96] were less likely
      to deliver with SBAs. Conclusion Intensive investments to recruit and train more
      skilled birth attendants' on appropriate delivery care are needed, as well as
      building a community-based skilled birth attendants' program to reduce avoidable
      maternal mortality in South Sudan.

PMID- 26961144
TI  - Transferrin liposomes of docetaxel for brain-targeted cancer applications:
      formulation and brain theranostics.
AB  - Diagnosis and therapy of brain cancer was often limited due to low permeability
      of delivery materials across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their poor
      penetration into the brain tissue. This study explored the possibility of
      utilizing theranostic d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mono
      ester (TPGS) liposomes as nanocarriers for minimally invasive brain-targeted
      imaging and therapy (brain theranostics). The aim of this work was to formulate
      transferrin conjugated TPGS coated theranostic liposomes, which contain both
      docetaxel and quantum dots (QDs) for imaging and therapy of brain cancer. The
      theranostic liposomes with and without transferrin decoration were prepared and
      characterized for their particle size, polydispersity, morphology, drug
      encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro release study and brain theranostics. The
      particle sizes of the non-targeted and targeted theranostic liposomes were found
      below 200 nm. Nearly, 71% of drug encapsulation efficiency was achieved with
      liposomes. The drug release from transferrin conjugated theranostic liposomes was
      sustained for more than 72 h with 70% of drug release. The in-vivo results
      indicated that transferrin receptor-targeted theranostic liposomes could be a
      promising carrier for brain theranostics due to nano-sized delivery and its
      permeability which provided an improved and prolonged brain targeting of
      docetaxel and QDs in comparison to the non-targeted preparations. 

PMID- 26961145
TI  - Dietary and lifestyle determinants of malondialdehyde DNA adducts in a
      representative sample of the Florence City population.
AB  - Malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, is
      a mutagenic and carcinogenic compound that can react with DNA to form several
      types of DNA adducts including the deoxyguanosine adduct (M1dG). The aim of this
      cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between individual dietary
      and lifestyle habits and M1dG levels, measured in peripheral leukocytes in a
      large representative sample of the general population of Florence City (Italy).
      Selected anthropometric measurements, detailed information on dietary and
      lifestyle habits and blood samples were available for 313 adults of the Florence
      City Sample enrolled in the frame of European Prospective Investigation into
      Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. A multivariate regression analysis adjusted
      for selected individual characteristics possibly related to M1dG levels (sex,
      age, BMI, smoke, physical activity level, education level, total caloric intake
      and a Mediterranean dietary score) was performed to estimate the association
      between these parameters and M1dG levels. M1dG levels were significantly higher
      in women (P = 0.014) and lower in moderately active or active subjects (P =
      0.037).We also found a significant inverse association with the Modified
      Mediterranean dietary score (P for trend = 0.049), particularly evident for the
      highest categories of adherence. Our results indicate that M1dG levels can be
      modulated by selected individual characteristics such as gender, physical
      activity and a Mediterranean dietary pattern.

PMID- 26961146
TI  - Olaparib monotherapy in patients with advanced relapsed ovarian cancer and a
      germline BRCA1/2 mutation: a multistudy analysis of response rates and safety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The PARP inhibitor olaparib (LynparzaTM) demonstrates antitumor
      activity in women with relapsed ovarian cancer and a germline BRCA1/2 mutation
      (gBRCAm). Data from olaparib monotherapy trials were used to explore the
      treatment effect of olaparib in patients with gBRCAm ovarian cancer who had
      received multiple lines of prior chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This
      analysis evaluated pooled data from two phase I trials [NCT00516373 (study 2);
      NCT00777582 (study 24)] and four phase II trials [NCT00494442 (study 9);
      NCT00628251 (study 12); NCT00679783 (study 20); NCT01078662 (study 42)] that
      recruited women with relapsed ovarian, fallopian tube or peritoneal cancer. All
      patients had a documented gBRCAm and were receiving olaparib 400 mg monotherapy
      twice daily (capsule formulation) at the time of relapse. Objective response rate
      (ORR) and duration of response (DoR) were evaluated using original patient
      outcomes data for patients with measurable disease at baseline. RESULTS: Of the
      300 patients in the pooled population, 273 had measurable disease at baseline, of
      whom 205 (75%) had received >=3 lines of prior chemotherapy. In the pooled
      population, the ORR was 36% [95% confidence interval (CI) 30-42] and the median
      DoR was 7.4 months (95% CI 5.7-9.1). The ORR among patients who had received >=3
      lines of prior chemotherapy was 31% (95% CI 25-38), with a DoR of 7.8 months (95%
      CI 5.6-9.5). The safety profile of olaparib was similar in patients who had
      received >=3 lines of prior chemotherapy compared with the pooled population;
      grade >=3 adverse events were reported in 54% and 50% of patients, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Durable responses to olaparib were observed in patients with relapsed
      gBRCAm ovarian cancer who had received >=3 lines of prior chemotherapy.
      CLINICALTRIALSGOV: NCT00516373; NCT00494442; NCT00628251; NCT00679783;
      NCT00777582; NCT01078662.

PMID- 26961147
TI  - Combination of the MEK inhibitor pimasertib with BTK or PI3K-delta inhibitors is
      active in preclinical models of aggressive lymphomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lymphomas are among the most common human cancers and represent the
      cause of death for still too many patients. The B-cell receptor with its
      downstream signaling pathways represents an important therapeutic target for B
      cell lymphomas. Here, we evaluated the activity of the MEK1/2 inhibitor
      pimasertib as single agent and in combination with other targeted drugs in
      lymphoma preclinical models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell lines derived mature B
      cell lymphomas were exposed to increasing doses of pimasertib alone.
      Immunoblotting and gene expression profiling were performed. Combination of
      pimasertib with idelalisib or ibrutinib was assessed. RESULTS: Pimasertib as
      single agent exerted a dose-dependent antitumor activity across a panel of 23
      lymphoma cell lines, although at concentrations higher than reported for solid
      tumors. Strong synergism was observed with pimasertib combined with the PI3K
      inhibitor idelalisib and the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib in cell lines derived from
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma. The data were
      confirmed in an in vivo experiment treating DLBCL xenografts with pimasertib and
      ibrutinib. CONCLUSION: The data presented here provide the basis for further
      investigation of regimens including pimasertib in relapsed and refractory
      lymphomas.

PMID- 26961148
TI  - Osimertinib (AZD9291)-a science-driven, collaborative approach to rapid drug
      design and development.

PMID- 26961149
TI  - Reduced intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma
      relapsing after an autologous transplant achieves durable long term disease
      control. An analysis from the Lymphoma Working Party Of the EBMT.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) relapsing after an autologous
      transplant (autoSCT) may be treated with a variety of therapies including a
      reduced intensity allogeneic transplant (RICalloSCT). We conducted a
      retrospective analysis of a large cohort of patients undergoing RICalloSCT for FL
      in this setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 183 patients, median age 45 years (range
      21-69), had undergone an autoSCT at a median of 30 months prior to the
      RICalloSCT. Before the RICalloSCT they had received a median of 4 lines (range 3
      10) of therapy and 81% of patients had chemosensitive disease and 16% had
      chemoresistant disease. Grafts were donated from sibling (47%) or unrelated
      donors (53%). RESULTS: With a median follow up of 59 months the non-relapse
      mortality (NRM) was 27% at 2 years. The median remission duration post autoSCT
      and RICalloSCT were 14 and 43 months respectively. The 5 year relapse/progression
      rate, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 16%, 48% and
      51% respectively and were associated with age and disease status at RICalloSCT.
      CONCLUSION: This data suggests that a RICalloSCT is an effective salvage strategy
      in patients with FL recurring after a prior autoSCT and might overcome the poor
      prognostic impact of early relapse after autoSCT.

PMID- 26961150
TI  - Targeted treatment and immunotherapy in leptomeningeal metastases from melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Historically leptomeningeal metastases (LM) from melanoma have a poor
      prognosis, with a median survival of only 2 months despite treatment. Targeted
      therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors are promising new treatment options in
      advanced melanoma. We sought to determine the impact of targeted therapy and
      immunotherapy on the outcome of melanoma patients with LM and to evaluate the
      influence of prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed a series of 39
      consecutive patients diagnosed with LM from melanoma between May 2010 and March
      2015 treated at the Netherlands Cancer Institute. Thirty-four of these patients
      also had brain metastases (BM). Statistical analyses assessed the influence of
      clinical and biological characteristics on survival. RESULTS: Median overall
      survival of the entire cohort was 6.9 weeks (95% confidence interval 0.9-12.8).
      Due to a poor performance status or rapidly progressive disease, 14 patients
      received no treatment. Median overall survival of untreated patients after the
      diagnosis of LM was 2.9 versus 16.9 weeks for treated patients (P < 0.001). The
      median survival of 21 patients treated with systemic targeted therapy and/or
      immunotherapy, with or without RT was 21.7 weeks (range 2-235 weeks). Five
      patients had LM without BM. Three of these patients died within 3 weeks before
      any treatment was given, whereas 2 patients are in ongoing remission for 26 weeks
      (following dabrafenib) and 235 weeks (following WBRT and ipilimumab). Elevated
      serum lactate dehydrogenase and S100B at diagnosis of LM were associated with
      shorter survival. CONCLUSION: LM from melanoma still has an extremely poor
      prognosis. As observed in extracranial metastatic disease, new treatment
      modalities such as systemic targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors
      seem to increase overall survival in LM, and may result in long-term remission.
      These new treatment options should be considered in patients with LM.

PMID- 26961151
TI  - Progression-free survival as surrogate end point for overall survival in clinical
      trials of HER2-targeted agents in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The gold standard end point in randomized clinical trials in
      metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is overall survival (OS). Although therapeutics
      have been approved based on progression-free survival (PFS), its use as a primary
      end point is controversial. We aimed to assess to what extent PFS may be used as
      a surrogate for OS in randomized trials of anti-HER2 agents in HER2+ MBC.
      METHODS: Eligible trials accrued HER2+ MBC patients in 1992-2008. A correlation
      approach was used: at the individual level, to estimate the association between
      investigator-assessed PFS and OS using a bivariate model and at the trial level,
      to estimate the association between treatment effects on PFS and OS. Correlation
      values close to 1.0 would indicate strong surrogacy. RESULTS: We identified 2545
      eligible patients in 13 randomized trials testing trastuzumab or lapatinib. We
      collected individual patient data from 1963 patients and retained 1839 patients
      from 9 trials for analysis (7 first-line trials). During follow-up, 1072 deaths
      and 1462 progression or deaths occurred. The median survival time was 22 months
      [95% confidence interval (CI) 21-23 months] and the median PFS was 5.7 months
      (95% CI 5.5-6.1 months). At the individual level, the Spearman correlation was
      equal to rho = 0.67 (95% CI 0.66-0.67) corresponding to a squared correlation
      value of 0.45. At the trial level, the squared correlation between treatment
      effects (log hazard ratios) on PFS and OS was provided by R(2) = 0.51 (95% CI
      0.22-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: In trials of HER2-targeted agents in HER2+ MBC, PFS
      moderately correlates with OS at the individual level and treatment effects on
      PFS correlate moderately with those on overall mortality, providing only modest
      support for considering PFS as a surrogate. PFS does not completely substitute
      for OS in this setting.

PMID- 26961152
TI  - The effects of n-type doping on lithium storage in TiO2.
AB  - In this report, we discuss the Li-storage performance of niobium-doped TiO2
      nanostructures (Ti(1-y)Nb(y)O(2+delta)), with a special focus on the effects of
      ionic/electronic charge carrier concentration (defect chemistry) on Li storage
      and transport properties. By Nb-doping, Li storage kinetics of titania electrode
      material is significantly improved mainly due to the increased electronic charge
      carrier concentration (n-type doping). However, it was found that there is a
      maximum beyond which further doping is rather detrimental to Li diffusion
      kinetics. Defect chemical analysis indicates that this limited doping effect is
      due to the trapping of free lithium ions by the critical electron-ion association
      reactions at room temperature such as Li(i)(*) + e' ? Li(i)(*) and Nb(Ti)(*) + e'
      ? Nb(Ti)(*).

PMID- 26961154
TI  - [Advances in pediatric rheumatology. Experimental and clinical].

PMID- 26961155
TI  - Trusts have been set "impossible task" to balance books, say NHS leaders.

PMID- 26961153
TI  - Insight into determinants of substrate binding and transport in a multidrug
      efflux protein.
AB  - Multidrug resistance arising from the activity of integral membrane transporter
      proteins presents a global public health threat. In bacteria such as Escherichia
      coli, transporter proteins belonging to the major facilitator superfamily make a
      considerable contribution to multidrug resistance by catalysing efflux of myriad
      structurally and chemically different antimicrobial compounds. Despite their
      clinical relevance, questions pertaining to mechanistic details of how these
      promiscuous proteins function remain outstanding, and the role(s) played by
      individual amino acid residues in recognition, binding and subsequent transport
      of different antimicrobial substrates by multidrug efflux members of the major
      facilitator superfamily requires illumination. Using in silico homology
      modelling, molecular docking and mutagenesis studies in combination with
      substrate binding and transport assays, we identified several amino acid residues
      that play important roles in antimicrobial substrate recognition, binding and
      transport by Escherichia coli MdtM, a representative multidrug efflux protein of
      the major facilitator superfamily. Furthermore, our studies suggested that
      'aromatic clamps' formed by tyrosine and phenylalanine residues located within
      the substrate binding pocket of MdtM may be important for antimicrobial substrate
      recognition and transport by the protein. Such 'clamps' may be a structurally and
      functionally important feature of all major facilitator multidrug efflux
      proteins. 

PMID- 26961156
TI  - Positive prenatal well-being: conceptualising and measuring mindfulness and
      gratitude in pregnancy.
AB  - Little research has examined the usefulness of positive well-being factors during
      pregnancy. Recent mindfulness research demonstrates that inconsistencies and the
      suitability of extant measures have yet to be examined in pregnancy. Effects of
      gratitude during pregnancy have yet to be examined despite consistently reported
      benefits in non-pregnant groups. The aims of this paper were to develop the
      Gratitude during Pregnancy (GDP) scale, validate the Mindfulness Awareness
      Attention Scale (MAAS) and examine the importance of gratitude and mindfulness
      during pregnancy. In study 1, 375 pregnant women completed gratitude and
      mindfulness measures. The one-factor structure of the MAAS was retained and
      demonstrated good reliability alpha = 0.88. Using exploratory factor analysis, an
      18-item GDP scale was developed, demonstrating good reliability alpha = 0.89. The
      four GDP factors are as follows: general gratitude, physical changes, antenatal
      care and social support. In study 2, 87 pregnant women completed well-being
      questionnaires, including the GDP and MAAS. Gratitude correlated with positive
      affect, life satisfaction and pregnancy uplifts (p < .001); mindfulness
      correlated negatively with negative affect and pregnancy hassles (p < .001) and
      positively correlated with positive affect and pregnancy uplifts (p < .05). These
      findings highlight the importance of mindfulness and gratitude and provide a
      reliable means to measure both constructs during pregnancy.

PMID- 26961157
TI  - Atomic structures of a liquid-phase bonded metal/nitride heterointerface.
AB  - Liquid-phase bonding is a technologically important method to fabricate high
      performance metal/ceramic heterostructures used for power electronic devices.
      However, the atomic-scale mechanisms of how these two dissimilar crystals
      specifically bond at the interfaces are still not well understood. Here we
      analyse the atomically-resolved structure of a liquid-phase bonded
      heterointerface between Al alloy and AlN single crystal using aberration
      corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). In addition, energy
      dispersive X-ray microanalysis, using dual silicon drift X-ray detectors in STEM,
      was performed to analyze the local chemistry of the interface. We find that a
      monolayer of MgO is spontaneously formed on the AlN substrate surface and that a
      polarity-inverted monolayer of AlN is grown on top of it. Thus, the Al alloy is
      bonded with the polarity-inverted AlN monolayer, creating a complex atomic-scale
      layered structure, facilitating the bonding between the two dissimilar crystals
      during liquid-phase bonding processes. Density-functional-theory calculations
      confirm that the bonding stability is strongly dependent on the polarity and
      stacking of AlN and MgO monolayers. Understanding the spontaneous formation of
      layered transition structures at the heterointerface will be key in fabricating
      very stable Al alloy/AlN heterointerface required for high reliability power
      electronic devices. 

PMID- 26961158
TI  - The prevalence of hyperglycaemia and its relationship with mortality,
      readmissions and length of stay in an older acute surgical population: a
      multicentre study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to examine the prevalence of
      hyperglycaemia in an older acute surgical population and its effect on clinically
      relevant outcomes in this setting. METHODS: Using Older Persons Surgical Outcomes
      Collaboration (OPSOC) multicentre audit data 2014, we examined the prevalence of
      admission hyperglycaemia, and its effect on 30-day and 90-day mortality,
      readmission within 30 days and length of acute hospital stay using logistic
      regression models in consecutive patients, >=65 years, admitted to five acute
      surgical units in the UK hospitals in England, Scotland and Wales. Patients were
      categorised in three groups based on their admission random blood glucose: <7.1,
      between 7.1 and 11.1 and >=11.1 mmol/L. RESULTS: A total of 411 patients (77.25+/
      8.14 years) admitted during May and June 2014 were studied. Only 293 patients
      (71.3%) had glucose levels recorded on admission. The number (%) of patients with
      a blood glucose <7.1, 7.1-11.1 and >=11.1 mmol/L were 171 (58.4), 99 (33.8) and
      23 (7.8), respectively. On univariate analysis, admission hyperglycaemia was not
      predictive of any of the outcomes investigated. Although the characteristics of
      those with no glucose level were not different from the included sample, 30-day
      mortality was significantly higher in those who had not had their admission
      glucose level checked (10.2% vs 2.7%), suggesting a potential type II error.
      CONCLUSION: Despite current guidelines, nearly a third of older people with
      surgical diagnoses did not have their glucose checked on admission highlighting
      the challenges in prognostication and evaluation research to improve care of
      older frail surgical patients.

PMID- 26961159
TI  - Carnosic acid slows photoreceptor degeneration in the Pde6b(rd10) mouse model of
      retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - The photoreceptor cell death associated with the various genetic forms of
      retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is currently untreatable and leads to partial or
      complete vision loss. Carnosic acid (CA) upregulates endogenous antioxidant
      enzymes and has proven neuroprotective in studies of neurodegenerative models
      affecting the brain. In this study, we examined the potential effect of CA on
      photoreceptor death in the Pde6b(rd10) mouse model of RP. Our data shows that CA
      provided morphological and functional preservation of photoreceptors. CA appears
      to exert its neuroprotective effects through inhibition of oxidative stress and
      endoplasmic reticulum stress. 

PMID- 26961161
TI  - "The Buoy": Utilization of a low-threshold ambulatory setting for traumatized
      children and adolescents in Austria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This investigation intended to assess the use of an outpatient clinic
      providing low-threshold, short-term trauma therapy for children and adolescents
      across the first 6 years of its existence. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of
      the records of all patients undergoing treatment in this institution between 2001
      and 2007 (n = 2510) has been performed. We evaluated demographic data, reason for
      contacting the unit, the referring person or institution, the person or
      institution in charge of the care and custody of the child, the number of
      contacts with the clinic, presence of physical or psychiatric illness of a
      parent, and medications prescribed. RESULTS: Ages of patients ranged from 1 to
      17. Gender distribution was even. Having experienced the death of a relative,
      experienced violence, or having witnessed traumatic death were the main reasons
      for presentation. The utilization rates of immigrants rose throughout the
      observation period. Children from foster care were seen less frequently than
      expected. Medication was hardly prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: Ample utilization of
      this institution clearly demonstrates the need for short-term acute outpatient
      trauma therapy for children and adolescents. Efforts to provide easily accessible
      institutions for youth who experience traumatic events should be stepped up.

PMID- 26961162
TI  - Neural repair: Networking for regeneration.

PMID- 26961160
TI  - Cardiometabolic crosstalk in obesity-associated arterial hypertension.
AB  - Abdominal obesity and elevated blood pressure commonly occur in the same patient
      and are key components of the metabolic syndrome. However, the association
      between obesity and increased blood pressure is variable. We review mechanisms
      linking cardiovascular and metabolic disease in such patients including altered
      systemic and regional hemodynamic control, neurohumoral activation, and relative
      natriuretic peptide deficiency. Moreover, we discuss recent results using omics
      techniques providing insight in molecular pathways linking adiposity, metabolic
      disease, and arterial hypertension. Recognition of the mechanisms orchestrating
      the crosstalk between cardiovascular and metabolic regulation in individual
      patients may lead to better and more precise treatments. It is reassuring that
      recently developed cardiovascular and metabolic medications may in fact
      ameliorate, both, cardiovascular and metabolic risks.

PMID- 26961165
TI  - Neural circuits: A circuit to sigh for.

PMID- 26961168
TI  - A clinicopathologic study of paragangliomas of the urinary bladder: can the
      clinical behavior of the tumor be predicted?
AB  - Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an independent predictor of metastatic lymph
      node disease in penile carcinoma and is one factor used to guide clinical
      management. The presence of LVI with and without the use of the endothelial
      immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, ERG and CD31, was retrospectively assessed in
      46 penectomy cases containing invasive penile carcinoma (43 squamous cell
      carcinoma and 3 non-squamous cell carcinoma). Concordance for the detection of
      LVI between the original report, upon pathology review, and with the use of IHC
      was determined and histologic pitfalls were identified. For penile squamous cell
      carcinoma, LVI was diagnosed in 27.9% of tumors in the original reports, 16.3%
      upon pathology review, and in 16.3% with use of ERG and CD31. Concordance of LVI
      identification in the original report compared to IHC was 74.4% while concordance
      of review compared to IHC was 95.3%. Using IHC data as the reference, false
      positive LVI diagnoses were more common in the original report than false
      negatives. Histologic mimickers of LVI including involvement of the penile
      corpora cavernosum or spongiosum vasculature, seromucinous colonization, and a
      nested pattern of tumor invasion were identified. We demonstrated that it was not
      uncommon for LVI in penile carcinoma to be overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. The
      use of endothelial IHC markers, such as ERG or CD31, or additional pathology
      consultation is recommended for penectomy cases in which LVI is difficult to
      histologically discern. 

PMID- 26961170
TI  - Large Optical Gain AlInN-Delta-GaN Quantum Well for Deep Ultraviolet Emitters.
AB  - The optical gain and spontaneous emission characteristics of low In-content AlInN
      delta-GaN quantum wells (QWs) are analyzed for deep ultraviolet (UV) light
      emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers. Our analysis shows a large increase in the
      dominant transverse electric (TE) polarized spontaneous emission rate and optical
      gain. The remarkable enhancements in TE-polarized optical gain and spontaneous
      emission characteristics are attributed to the dominant conduction (C)-heavy hole
      (HH) transitions achieved by the AlInN-delta-GaN QW structure, which could lead
      to its potential application as the active region material for high performance
      deep UV emitters. In addition, our findings show that further optimizations of
      the delta-GaN layer in the active region are required to realize the high
      performance AlInN-based LEDs and lasers with the desired emission wavelength.
      This work illuminates the high potential of the low In-content AlInN-delta-GaN QW
      structure to achieve large dominant TE-polarized spontaneous emission rates and
      optical gains for high performance AlN-based UV devices. 

PMID- 26961163
TI  - Rhythms of the hippocampal network.
AB  - The hippocampal local field potential (LFP) shows three major types of rhythms:
      theta, sharp wave-ripples and gamma. These rhythms are defined by their
      frequencies, they have behavioural correlates in several species including rats
      and humans, and they have been proposed to carry out distinct functions in
      hippocampal memory processing. However, recent findings have challenged
      traditional views on these behavioural functions. In this Review, I discuss our
      current understanding of the origins and the mnemonic functions of hippocampal
      theta, sharp wave-ripples and gamma rhythms on the basis of findings from rodent
      studies. In addition, I present an updated synthesis of their roles and
      interactions within the hippocampal network.

PMID- 26961169
TI  - Indomethacin treatment prior to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures downregulates
      the expression of il1b and cox2 and decreases seizure-like behavior in zebrafish
      larvae.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that the zebrafish model of
      pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-evoked seizures and the well-established rodent models
      of epilepsy are similar pertaining to behavior, electrographic features, and c
      fos expression. Although this zebrafish model is suitable for studying seizures,
      to date, inflammatory response after seizures has not been investigated using
      this model. Because a relationship between epilepsy and inflammation has been
      established, in the present study we investigated the transcript levels of the
      proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (il1b) and cyclooxygenase-2 (cox2a
      and cox2b) after PTZ-induced seizures in the brain of zebrafish 7 days post
      fertilization. Furthermore, we exposed the fish to the nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug indomethacin prior to PTZ, and we measured its effect on
      seizure latency, number of seizure behaviors, and mRNA expression of il1b, cox2b,
      and c-fos. We used quantitative real-time PCR to assess the mRNA expression of
      il1b, cox2a, cox2b, and c-fos, and visual inspection was used to monitor seizure
      latency and the number of seizure-like behaviors. RESULTS: We found a short-term
      upregulation of il1b, and we revealed that cox2b, but not cox2a, was induced
      after seizures. Indomethacin treatment prior to PTZ-induced seizures
      downregulated the mRNA expression of il1b, cox2b, and c-fos. Moreover, we
      observed that in larvae exposed to indomethacin, seizure latency increased and
      the number of seizure-like behaviors decreased. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      study showing that il1b and cox-2 transcripts are upregulated following PTZ
      induced seizures in zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrated the anticonvulsant
      effect of indomethacin based on (1) the inhibition of PTZ-induced c-fos
      transcription, (2) increase in seizure latency, and (3) decrease in the number of
      seizure-like behaviors. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin is
      clearly demonstrated by the downregulation of the mRNA expression of il1b and
      cox2b. Our results are supported by previous evidences suggesting that zebrafish
      is a suitable alternative for studying inflammation, seizures, and the effect of
      anti-inflammatory compounds on seizure suppression.

PMID- 26961172
TI  - Positive effects of aggressive vasodilator treatment of well-treated essential
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - Increased systemic vascular resistance and coronary microvascular dysfunction are
      well-documented in essential hypertension (EH). We investigated the effect of
      additional vasodilating treatment on coronary and peripheral resistance
      circulation in EH patients with high systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI)
      despite well-treated blood pressure (BP). We enroled patients on stable
      antihypertensive treatment that were given intensified vasodilating therapy (ACE
      inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker or calcium channel blocker). Before
      and following 6 months of intensified therapy, coronary resting and maximal
      artery flow were measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography to calculate
      coronary flow reserve (CFR) and minimum vascular resistance (C-Rmin). Cardiac
      output was estimated by inert gas rebreathing to calculate SVRI. Maximal forearm
      blood flow was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography to calculate
      minimum vascular resistance (F-Rmin). Patients were assigned into two groups:
      high-SVRI and low-SVRI subgroups, based on a median split at baseline. Following
      additional treatment SVRI decreased more in the high-SVRI group than in the low
      SVRI group (14.4 vs -2.2%: P=0.003), despite similar baseline ambulatory BP
      (132/81 mm Hg) and BP reduction (6.5 and 4.6%: P=0.19). F-Rmin remained unchanged
      (6.5 vs -2.0%: P=0.30), while C-Rmin decreased by 22 and 24% (P=0.80) and CFR
      increased by 23 and 17% (P=0.16). Thus, intensified vasodilating therapy improved
      SVRI more in patients with high SVRI than in those with low SVRI. Regardless of
      SVRI status, the treatment improved cardiac but not forearm dilatation capacity.
      The substantial improvement of the hypertensive cardiac microvascular dysfunction
      was not related to the reduction in SVRI.

PMID- 26961171
TI  - The three-dimensional structure of Clostridium absonum 7alpha-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase: new insights into the conserved arginines for NADP(H) recognition.
AB  - 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7alpha-HSDH) can catalyse the oxidation of
      C7 alpha-OH of the steroid nucleus in the bile acid metabolism. In the paper we
      determined the crystal structure of 7alpha-HSDH from Clostridium absonum (CA
      7alpha-HSDH) complexed with taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) and NADP(+) by X
      ray diffraction, which, as a tetramer, possesses the typical alpha/beta folding
      pattern. The four subunits of an asymmetric unit lie in the fact that there are
      the stable hydrophobic interactions between Q-axis-related subunits.
      Significantly, we captured an active state of the NADP(+), confirming that
      nicotinamide moiety of NADP(+) act as electron carrier in the dehydrogenation. On
      the basis of crystal structure analysis, site-directed mutagenesis and MD
      simulation, furthermore, we find that the guanidinium of Arg38 can form the
      stable cation-pi interaction with the adenine ring of NADP(+), and the cation-pi
      interaction and hydrogen bonds between Arg38 and NADP(+) have a significant
      anchor effect on the cofactor binding to CA 7alpha-HSDH. 

PMID- 26961173
TI  - The occurrence of PAHs and faecal sterols in Dublin Bay and their influence on
      sedimentary microbial communities.
AB  - The source, concentration, and potential impact of sewage discharge and
      incomplete organic matter (OM) combustion on sedimentary microbial populations
      were assessed in Dublin Bay, Ireland. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
      faecal steroids were investigated in 30 surface sediment stations in the bay.
      Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) content at each station was used to identify and
      quantify the broad microbial groups present and the impact of particle size,
      total organic carbon (%TOC), total hydrogen (%H) and total nitrogen (%N) was also
      considered. Faecal sterols were found to be highest in areas with historical
      point sources of sewage discharge. PAH distribution was more strongly associated
      with areas of deposition containing high %silt and %clay content, suggesting that
      PAHs are from diffuse sources such as rainwater run-off and atmospheric
      deposition. The PAHs ranged from 12 to 3072ng/g, with 10 stations exceeding the
      suggested effect range low (ERL) for PAHs in marine sediments. PAH isomer pair
      ratios and sterol ratios were used to determine the source and extent of
      pollution. PLFAs were not impacted by sediment type or water depth but were
      strongly correlated to, and influenced by PAH and sewage levels. Certain
      biomarkers such as 10Me16:0, i17:0 and a17:0 were closely associated with PAH
      polluted sediments, while 16:1omega9, 16:1omega7c, Cy17:0, 18:1omega6, i16:0 and
      15:0 all have strong positive correlations with faecal sterols. Overall, the
      results show that sedimentary microbial communities are impacted by anthropogenic
      pollution. 

PMID- 26961174
TI  - G protein-coupled receptor 37 is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte
      differentiation and myelination.
AB  - While the formation of myelin by oligodendrocytes is critical for the function of
      the central nervous system, the molecular mechanism controlling oligodendrocyte
      differentiation remains largely unknown. Here we identify G protein-coupled
      receptor 37 (GPR37) as an inhibitor of late-stage oligodendrocyte differentiation
      and myelination. GPR37 is enriched in oligodendrocytes and its expression
      increases during their differentiation into myelin forming cells. Genetic
      deletion of Gpr37 does not affect the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells,
      but results in precocious oligodendrocyte differentiation and hypermyelination.
      The inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation by GPR37 is mediated by
      suppression of an exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC)-dependent activation
      of Raf-MAPK-ERK1/2 module and nuclear translocation of ERK1/2. Our data suggest
      that GPR37 regulates central nervous system myelination by controlling the
      transition from early-differentiated to mature oligodendrocytes. 

PMID- 26961175
TI  - A transducible nuclear/nucleolar protein, mLLP, regulates neuronal morphogenesis
      and synaptic transmission.
AB  - Cell-permeable proteins are emerging as unconventional regulators of signal
      transduction and providing a potential for therapeutic applications. However,
      only a few of them are identified and studied in detail. We identify a novel cell
      permeable protein, mouse LLP homolog (mLLP), and uncover its roles in regulating
      neural development. We found that mLLP is strongly expressed in developing
      nervous system and that mLLP knockdown or overexpression during maturation of
      cultured neurons affected the neuronal growth and synaptic transmission.
      Interestingly, extracellular addition of mLLP protein enhanced dendritic
      arborization, demonstrating the non-cell-autonomous effect of mLLP. Moreover,
      mLLP interacts with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) as well as transcriptional
      machineries and modulates gene expression involved in neuronal growth. Together,
      these results illustrate the characteristics and roles of previously unknown cell
      permeable protein mLLP in modulating neural development. 

PMID- 26961177
TI  - Modelling High-temperature EBPR by Incorporating Glycogen and GAOs: Challenges
      from a Preliminary Study.
AB  - Recently reported kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of the Activated Sludge
      Model no. 2d (ASM2d) for high-temperature EBPR processes suggested that the
      absence of glycogen in the model contributed to underestimation of PHA
      accumulation at 32  degrees C. Here, two modified ASM2d models were used to
      further explore the contribution of glycogen in the process. The ASM2d-1G model
      incorporated glycogen metabolism by PAOs (polyphosphate-accumulating organisms),
      while the ASM2d-2G model further included processes by GAOs (glycogen
      accumulating organisms). These models were calibrated and validated using
      experimental data at 32  degrees C. The ASM2d-1G model supported the hypothesis
      that the excess PHA was attributed to glycogen, but remained inadequate to
      capture the dynamics of glycogen without considering GAOs activities. The ASM2d
      2G model performed better, but it was challenging to calibrate as it often led to
      wash-out of either PAOs or GAOs. Associated hurdles are highlighted and
      additional efforts in calibrating ASM2d-2G more effectively are proposed.

PMID- 26961176
TI  - Inhibition of adhesion, migration and of alpha5beta1 integrin in the HCT-116
      colorectal cancer cells treated with the ruthenium drug NAMI-A.
AB  - NAMI-A, imidazolium trans-imidazoledimethylsulfoxidetetrachlororuthenate, is a
      ruthenium-based drug characterised by the selective activity against tumour
      metastases. Previously we have shown the influence of the hepatic
      microenvironment to direct the arrest of the metastatic cells of colorectal
      cancer. Here we used the experimental model of HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells in
      vitro to explore whether the interference with alpha5beta1 integrin may
      mechanistically explain the anti-metastatic effect of NAMI-A. NAMI-A inhibits two
      important steps of the tumour metastatic progression of colorectal cancer, i.e.
      the adhesion and migration of the tumour cells on the extracellular matrix
      proteins. The fibronectin receptor alpha5beta1 integrin is likely involved in the
      anti-adhesive effects of NAMI-A on the HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells during
      their interaction with the extracellular matrix. Mechanistically, NAMI-A
      decreases the alpha5beta1 integrin expression, and reduces FAK (Focal Adhesion
      Kinase) auto-phosphorylation on Tyr397, an important signalling event, involved
      in alpha5beta1 integrin activation. These effects were validated by siRNA-induced
      knock down of the alpha5 integrin subunit and/or by the use of specific blocking
      mAbs against the active site of the integrin. Our results demonstrate the
      relevance of alpha5beta1 integrin for colorectal cancer. We also show that the
      anti-metastatic effect of NAMI-A depends on the modulation of this integrin.
      Thus, our data on NAMI-A support the new concept that metal-based drugs can
      inhibit tumour metastases through targeting of integrins and of other proteins
      which mediate tumour progression-related cell functions such as adhesion and
      migration.

PMID- 26961178
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Study of Medical Student Knowledge of Evidence-Based Medicine
      as Measured by the Fresno Test of Evidence-Based Medicine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been included in the Accreditation
      Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Board of
      Emergency Medicine (ABEM) milestones project as a required component during
      emergency medicine (EM) residency training. Milestone Level One states that
      graduating medical students must be able to "describe basic principles of EBM."
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify the EBM skills of third- and fourth-year medical
      students. METHODS: Our institution, a network with 17 different residencies,
      hosts U.S. osteopathic and allopathic medical students. As a part of orientation,
      students are required to complete an entry Fresno Test of EBM (FTEBM).
      Retrospectively, medical student FTEBM scores from 2011 were assessed using
      descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Four hundred seventeen FTEBM scores were
      analyzed. Participants represented 40 medical schools, including 17 allopathic
      (MD) and 23 osteopathic (DO) schools. Fifty percent of participants (n = 210)
      were female, and 51.6% (n = 215) were from a DO medical school. Overall mean
      performance for the FTEBM was 47.2%. Exploring the results by individual question
      were (individual EBM question topics are in parentheses): 1A (study question),
      62.0%; 1B (study question), 64.4%: 2 (sources of evidence), 67.6%; 3 (study
      design), 57.1%; 4 (search strategies), 53.2%; 5 (relevance), 41.2%; 6 (internal
      validity), 43.6%; 7 (magnitude), 37.8%; 8 (two-by-two grids), 30.0%; 9 (number
      needed to treat), 16.9%; 10 (confidence intervals), 34.3%; 11 (diagnosis), 5.0%;
      and 12 (prognosis), 43.4%. CONCLUSIONS: As measured by the FTEBM, senior medical
      students demonstrate understanding of about half of EBM. EM residencies can
      anticipate the need to instruct their residents in EBM concepts in order to meet
      ACGME/ABEM milestone requirements.

PMID- 26961179
TI  - Appropriate use criteria in clinical routine practice: implications in a nuclear
      cardiology lab.
AB  - The efforts for a broad application of the appropriate use criteria to reduce
      inappropriate nuclear stress testing have frequently been unsuccessful and the
      reported rates of inappropriateness have varied widely between studies. We sought
      to analyze the criteria of clinical appropriateness of a cohort of consecutive
      patients referred to our nuclear cardiology laboratory to perform stress
      myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and to assess the relationships between test
      appropriateness and the evaluation of ischaemia. A cohort of 251 consecutive
      patients, admitted to our Institute from January to March 2015, who underwent
      stress/rest MPI on a dedicated cardiac camera equipped with cadmium-zinc
      telluride detectors, was selected. The level of clinical appropriateness of each
      MPI test was categorized in each patient according to the AUC criteria. According
      to the accepted criteria, the majority of the MPI stress-tests could be
      classified as clinically appropriate (218 of 251, 87 % of the tests), while only
      16 (6 %) and 17 (7 %) resulted of uncertain appropriateness or clearly
      inappropriate, respectively. Of the 251 appropriate tests, 22 (10 %), 65 (30 %),
      and 131 (60 %) showed the presence of a mild (SDS < 4), moderate (4 >= SDS < 7),
      and severe (SDS >= 7) ischemic burden, respectively, while none of the
      inappropriate test showed moderate-to-severe ischaemia (P < 0.001 for
      comparisons). The rate of inappropriate MPI tests is considerably low in a high
      volume laboratory. Appropriate and inappropriate studies identify patients at
      high and low probability of significant ischemia, respectively, providing
      insights on the effects of the level of appropriateness on stress-test results. 

PMID- 26961180
TI  - Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Hepatobiliary Hemolymphatic Vascular
      System with Emphasis on Embryonic Days 11.5-18.5 and Early Postnatal Development.
AB  - A critical event in embryo development is the proper formation of the vascular
      system, of which the hepatobiliary system plays a pivotal role. This has led
      researchers to use transgenic mice to identify the critical steps involved in
      developmental disorders associated with the hepatobiliary vascular system.
      Vascular development is dependent upon normal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and
      the transformation of vessels into their adult counterparts. Any alteration in
      vascular development has the potential to cause deformities or embryonic death.
      Numerous publications describe specific stages of vascular development relating
      to various organs, but a single resource detailing the stage-by-stage development
      of the vasculature pertaining to the hepatobiliary system has not been available.
      This comprehensive histology atlas provides hematoxylin & eosin and
      immunohistochemical-stained sections of the developing mouse blood and lymphatic
      vasculature with emphasis on the hepatobiliary system between embryonic days (E)
      11.5-18.5 and the early postnatal period. Additionally, this atlas includes a 3
      dimensional video representation of the E18.5 mouse venous vasculature. One of
      the most noteworthy findings of this atlas is the identification of the portal
      sinus within the mouse, which has been erroneously misinterpreted as the ductus
      venosus in previous publications. Although the primary purpose of this atlas is
      to identify normal hepatobiliary vascular development, potential embryonic
      abnormalities are also described.

PMID- 26961183
TI  - Mouse-Based Research on Quiescent Primate Malaria Parasites.
AB  - Mice engrafted with primate tissue make two important plasmodial dormancy-related
      questions researchable. The first is concerned with whether latent merozoites in
      the lymphatic system can give rise to relapse-like, recurrent malaria in
      primates. The second is that genetic evidence of hypnozoite activation as the
      source of relapsing primate malaria can be looked for. 

PMID- 26961185
TI  - Virtual shopping: A viable alternative to direct assessment of real life
      function?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Real-life function is markedly impaired in schizophrenia and is an
      important outcome for interventions, but direct assessment is time consuming and
      resource intensive. Virtual reality (VR) enables assessment using simulation,
      akin to real life (RL), but allowing greater experimental control, reliability,
      and a more timely assessment. This study explores whether VR simulation predicts
      RL performance in supermarket shopping and how both relate to underlying
      cognitive abilities. METHOD: Forty three people with DSM-IV schizophrenia were
      included in the study. Participants were required to shop for items using a self
      directed search in both RL and VR. In each task, accuracy (number of correct
      items) and efficiency (time taken and number of aisles entered) were measured.
      IQ, executive function, working memory, spatial memory and social cognition were
      also assessed. RESULTS: Specific correlations were found between RL accuracy and
      VR accuracy, and between RL and VR efficiency measures. Multiple regression
      analyses indicated that VR efficiency measures contributed significant unique
      variance to RL efficiency outcomes, in addition to that explained by background
      cognitive measures, with a final model predicting 58% of variance in RL
      efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: VR functional shopping measures may enhance predictions
      of real life performance, over and above existing cognitive test procedures, and
      provide a more time-efficient method for evaluating real life outcomes.

PMID- 26961186
TI  - Anterior commissure versus corpus callosum: A quantitative comparison across
      mammals.
AB  - Mammals rely on two major pathways to transfer information between the two
      hemispheres of the brain: the anterior commissure and the corpus callosum.
      Metatheria and monotremes rely exclusively on the anterior commissure for
      interhemispheric transfer between the isocortices and olfactory allocortices of
      each side, whereas Eutheria use a combination of the anterior commissure and an
      additional pathway exclusive to Eutheria, the corpus callosum. Midline cross
      sectional area of the anterior commissure and corpus callosum were measured in a
      range of mammals from all three infraclasses and plotted against brain volume to
      determine how midline anterior commissure area and its size relative to the
      corpus callosum vary with brain size and taxon. In Metatheria, the square root of
      anterior commissure area rises in almost direct proportion with the cube root of
      brain volume (i.e. the ratio of the two is relatively constant), whereas among
      Eutheria the ratio of the square root of anterior commissure area to the cube
      root of brain volume declines slightly with increasing brain size. The total of
      isocortical and olfactory allocortical commissure area rises more rapidly with
      increasing brain volume among Eutheria than among Metatheria. This means that the
      midline isocortical and olfactory allocortical commissural area of metatherians
      with large brains (about 70 ml) is only about 50% of that among eutherians with
      similarly sized brains. On the other hand, isocortical and olfactory allocortical
      commissural area is similar in Metatheria and Eutheria at brain volumes around 1
      ml. Among the Eutheria, some groups make less use of the anterior commissure
      pathway than do others: soricomorphs, rodents and cetaceans have smaller anterior
      commissures for their brain size than do afrosoricids, erinaceomorphs and
      proboscideans. The findings suggest that use of the anterior commissural route
      for isocortical commissural connections may have placed limitations on
      interhemispheric transfer of information among the metatherians, but only when
      brain size reaches 50 ml or more.

PMID- 26961182
TI  - The differential effects of metronomic gemcitabine and antiangiogenic treatment
      in patient-derived xenografts of pancreatic cancer: treatment effects on
      metabolism, vascular function, cell proliferation, and tumor growth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metronomic chemotherapy has shown promising activity against solid
      tumors and is believed to act in an antiangiogenic manner. The current study
      describes and quantifies the therapeutic efficacy, and mode of activity, of
      metronomic gemcitabine and a dedicated antiangiogenic agent (DC101) in patient
      derived xenografts of pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Two primary human pancreatic
      cancer xenograft lines were dosed metronomically with gemcitabine or DC101
      weekly. Changes in tumor growth, vascular function, and metabolism over time were
      measured with magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and
      immunofluorescence microscopy to determine the anti-tumor effects of the
      respective treatments. RESULTS: Tumors treated with metronomic gemcitabine were
      10-fold smaller than those in the control and DC101 groups. Metronomic
      gemcitabine, but not DC101, reduced the tumors' avidity for glucose,
      proliferation, and apoptosis. Metronomic gemcitabine-treated tumors had higher
      perfusion rates and uniformly distributed blood flow within the tumor, whereas
      perfusion rates in DC101-treated tumors were lower and confined to the periphery.
      DC101 treatment reduced the tumor's vascular density, but did not change their
      function. In contrast, metronomic gemcitabine increased vessel density, improved
      tumor perfusion transiently, and decreased hypoxia. CONCLUSION: The aggregate
      data suggest that metronomic gemcitabine treatment affects both tumor vasculature
      and tumor cells continuously, and the overall effect is to significantly slow
      tumor growth. The observed increase in tumor perfusion induced by metronomic
      gemcitabine may be used as a therapeutic window for the administration of a
      second drug or radiation therapy. Non-invasive imaging could be used to detect
      early changes in tumor physiology before reductions in tumor volume were evident.

PMID- 26961184
TI  - Decision support for risk prioritisation of environmental health hazards in a UK
      city.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is increasing appreciation of the proportion of the health
      burden that is attributed to modifiable population exposure to environmental
      health hazards. To manage this avoidable burden in the United Kingdom (UK),
      government policies and interventions are implemented. In practice, this
      procedure is interdisciplinary in action and multi-dimensional in context. Here,
      we demonstrate how Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used as a
      decision support tool to facilitate priority setting for environmental public
      health interventions within local authorities. We combine modelling and expert
      elicitation to gather evidence on the impacts and ranking of interventions.
      METHODS: To present the methodology, we consider a hypothetical scenario in a UK
      city. We use MCDA to evaluate and compare the impact of interventions to reduce
      the health burden associated with four environmental health hazards and rank them
      in terms of their overall performance across several criteria. For illustrative
      purposes, we focus on heavy goods vehicle controls to reduce outdoor air
      pollution, remediation to control levels of indoor radon, carbon monoxide and
      fitting alarms, and encouraging cycling to target the obesogenic environment.
      Regional data was included as model evidence to construct a ratings matrix for
      the city. RESULTS: When MCDA is performed with uniform weights, the intervention
      of heavy goods vehicle controls to reduce outdoor air pollution is ranked the
      highest. Cycling and the obesogenic environment is ranked second. CONCLUSIONS: We
      argue that a MCDA based approach provides a framework to guide environmental
      public health decision makers. This is demonstrated through an online interactive
      MCDA tool. We conclude that MCDA is a transparent tool that can be used to
      compare the impact of alternative interventions on a set of pre-defined criteria.
      In our illustrative example, we ranked the best intervention across the equally
      weighted selected criteria out of the four alternatives. Further work is needed
      to test the tool with decision makers and stakeholders.

PMID- 26961187
TI  - Enhancing L-Lysine Production of Beet Molasses by Engineered Escherichia coli
      Using an In Situ Pretreatment Method.
AB  - Reducing the viscosity of molasses environmentally and selectively removing the
      harmful ingredients for microbes are the keys to promoting the bioavailability of
      molasses. A simple and environmental in situ pretreatment method integrating
      surfactants and alkali was developed to reduce the viscosity of molasses prior to
      L-lysine production using Escherichia coli ZY0217. Adding activated carbon and
      modified orange peel based on the in situ pretreatment process effectively
      removed pigments and excessive zinc in the molasses and also significantly
      increased the cell growth and L-lysine yield from E. coli ZY0217. The
      experimental results showed that a mixture of secondary alkane sulfonate, an
      anionic surfactant, and HodagCB-6, a non-ionic surfactant, effectively reduced
      the viscosity of the molasses more so than any single surfactant. When the
      surfactant mixture was added at a concentration of 0.04 g/L to the molasses, the
      omega value was 0.4, and when ammonia was added at 0.6 %, the lowest viscosity of
      705 mPa . s was obtained. Further, 91.5 % of the color and 86.68 % of the
      original levels of zinc were removed using an activated carbon and modified
      orange peel treatment on the molasses with the lowest viscosity, which further
      promoted cell growth and L-lysine production. In the fed-batch cultivation
      process, the L-lysine concentration achieved using a constant-speed feeding
      strategy was 45.89 g/L, with an L-lysine yield of 27.18 %, whereas the L-lysine
      yield from untreated molasses was only 10.13 %. The increase in L-lysine yield
      was related to the reduced viscosity and the detoxification of the molasses.
      Lastly, the pretreatment was found to significantly enhance the conversion of
      sugars in the molasses to L-lysine. 

PMID- 26961188
TI  - Comprehensive Profiling of Proteome Changes Provide Insights of Industrial
      Penicillium chrysogenum During Pilot and Industrial Penicillin G Fermentation.
AB  - The intracellular proteomes of the Penicillium chrysogenum throughout pilot and
      industrial processes were investigated by using 2-DE combined with MALDI-TOF-TOF
      MS, respectively. We detected a total of 223 spots corresponding to 154 proteins
      and 231 spots corresponding to 157 proteins throughout pilot and industrial
      processes, respectively. The levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      increased (5.1- and 2.5-fold) under the pilot process, while its levels were no
      significant changes under the industrial process at 140 and 170 h when compared
      with that at 2 h. The levels of isocitrate lyase and fumarate hydratase were
      increased significantly under the industrial process, while their levels had no
      obvious changes after 20 h of fermentation throughout the pilot process. These
      results indicate that there were remarkable differences in carbohydrate
      metabolism (including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and
      tricarboxylic acid cycle) of P. chrysogenum during the pilot and industrial
      fermentations, which likely result in alterations of the primary metabolism and
      penicillin biosynthesis. Moreover, the differences in the levels of proteins
      involved in amino acid metabolisms (including valine, cysteine, and alpha
      aminoadipic acid biosynthesis) indicated that the pilot and industrial processes
      influenced the supplies of penicillin precursors. Compared with that at 2 h, the
      maximum levels of superoxide (6.9-fold, at 32 h) and catalase (9-fold, at 80 h)
      during the industrial process and the maximum levels of superoxide (1.2-fold, at
      20 h) and catalase (7.7-fold at 128 h) during the pilot process revealed the
      significant difference in cell redox homeostasis and stress responses during
      scale-up fermentation. Particularly, 10 spots corresponding to isopenicillin N
      synthetase and 4 spots corresponding to isopenicillin N (IPN) acyltransferase in
      pilot and industrial processes were identified, respectively. The levels of IPN
      acyltransferase (spots 197 and 198) and CoA ligase at 80 h during the industrial
      process were around 2-fold of that during the pilot process, indicating that the
      industrial process with a higher penicillin production per cell might provide
      available environments to induce over-expression of IPN acyltransferase and
      accelerate penicillin formation. These results provide new insights into the
      globally potential responses of P. chrysogenum to variations of environments in
      different fermentation scales so as to consequently regulate the penicillin
      production. 

PMID- 26961189
TI  - Characterization and Inhibitor Screening of Plateau Zokor Lactate Dehydrogenase
      C4.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4) is considered to be a target protein for the
      development of contraceptives. In this work, the characterization of plateau
      zokor LDH-C4 and the screening of a series of N-substituted oxamic acids as
      inhibitors against zokor LDH-C4 were reported. The cDNA of zokor LDH-C gene was
      cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, from which the protein was purified and
      further characterized. The protein was a tetramer (LDH-C4) and thermally stable
      up to 62  degrees C with a K m of 63.9 MUM for pyruvate and with optimal pH
      values of 7.95 and 10.1 for the forward and backward reactions respectively.
      Virtual and in vitro screening against zokor LDH-C4 revealed eight N-substituted
      oxamic acids with IC50s ranging from 198 to 2513 MUM, higher than that of oxamic
      acid (150 MUM) and (ethylamino)(oxo)acetic acid (59 MUM). The inhibition
      potencies of N-substituted oxamic acids tested are in the micromolar range, and
      the increase in the length of substituting chain seems not to increase inhibition
      potency. 

PMID- 26961190
TI  - Olive Recombinant Hydroperoxide Lyase, an Efficient Biocatalyst for Synthesis of
      Green Leaf Volatiles.
AB  - Volatile C6-aldehydes are the main contributors to the characteristic odor of
      plants known as "green note" and are widely used by the flavor industry.
      Biotechnological processes were developed to fulfill the high demand in C6
      aldehydes in natural flavorants and odorants. Recombinant hydroperoxide lyases
      (HPLs) constitute an interesting alternative to overcome drawbacks arising from
      the use of HPL from plant extracts. Thus, olive recombinant 13-HPL was assayed as
      biocatalysts to produce C6-aldehydes. Firstly, a cDNA encoding for olive HPL of
      Leccino variety was isolated and cloned in pQE-30 expression vector. In order to
      improve the enzyme solubility, its chloroplast transit peptide was deleted. Both
      enzymes (HPL wild type and HPL deleted) were expressed into Escherichia coli
      strain M15, purified, characterized, and then used for bioconversion of 13
      hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids. Aldehydes produced were
      extracted, then identified and quantified using gas chromatography and mass
      spectrometry. Recombinant HPL wild type (HPLwt) allowed producing 5.61 mM of
      hexanal and 4.39 mM of 3Z-hexenal, corresponding to high conversion yields of
      93.5 and 73 %, respectively. Using HPL deleted (HPLdel) instead of HPLwt failed
      to obtain greater quantities of hexanal or 3Z-hexenal. No undesirable products
      were formed, and no isomerization of 3Z-hexenal in 2E-hexenal occurred. The olive
      recombinant HPLwt appears to be a promising efficient biocatalyst for the
      production of C6-aldehydes. 

PMID- 26961191
TI  - The incidence and risk factors for post-operative ileus after spinal fusion
      surgery: a multivariate analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Post-operative ileus is a recognized complication of surgery. Little is
      known about the incidence and risk factors for post-operative ileus following
      spinal fusion surgery. To report the incidence and to assess for independent risk
      factors of post-operative ileus after spinal fusion surgery. METHODS:
      Retrospective single-centre cohort study. Patients with prolonged or recurrent
      post-operative ileus were identified by review of hospital stay documentation.
      Patients with post-operative ileus were matched 1:2 to a control cohort without
      post-operative ileus. Uni and multi variate analyses were performed on
      demographic, comorbidity, surgical indication, medication, and peri-operative
      details to identify risk factors for post-operative ileus. RESULTS: Two thousand
      six hundred and twenty five patients underwent spinal fusion surgery between
      January 2012 and December 2012. Forty nine patients with post-operative ileus
      were identified (1.9 %). Post-operative length of hospital stay was significantly
      longer for patients with post-operative ileus (9.3 +/- 5.2 days), than control
      patients (5.5 +/- 3.2 days) (p < 0.001). Independent risk factors were Lactated
      Ringers solution (aOR: 2.12, p < 0.001), 0.9 % NaCl solution (aOR: 2.82, p <
      0.001), and intra-operative hydromorphone (aOR: 2.31, p < 0.01) and a history of
      gastro-oesophageal reflux (aOR: 4.86, p = 0.03). Albumin administration (aOR:
      0.09, p < 0.01) was protective against post-operative ileus. CONCLUSIONS: Post
      operative ileus is multifactorial in origin, and this study identified intra
      operative hydromorphone and post-operative crystalloid fluid administration >=2
      litres as independent risk factors for the development of ileus.

PMID- 26961192
TI  - Natural hydroxyapatite as a bone graft extender for posterolateral spine
      arthrodesis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective analysis of spinal fusion, was to document
      the clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes with a local bone graft plus
      the highly osteoconductive hydroxyapatite, bio-derived Orthoss(r), with or
      without bone marrow aspirate. METHODS: Forty seven patients submitted to spinal
      posterolateral fusion were operated for four major indications: scoliosis in
      young patients (11), degenerative spine (18), lumbosacral transitional anomalies
      in young adults (14), and spine trauma (four). Sixteen patients had more than
      four levels fused. In addition to spinal decompression and instrumented fusion,
      autologous bone grafts from the excised lamina were augmented with Orthoss(r)
      granules in a 1:1 ratio. In addition iliac crest bone marrow aspirate was used in
      70 % of the patients. The results were assessed clinically in terms of pain, and
      return to school or professional activities were checked at three, six, and 12
      months following surgery with a mean follow-up of 20 months. In scoliotic
      patients, correction of the major angle was evaluated from one to four years
      after surgery. RESULTS: Pain persistence was reported only in four cases, after
      three months after surgery. A functional recovery was noted in almost all
      patients groups within these three months. Progressive bone formation with
      evidence of bone fusion masses were already observed at six months. No fusion
      failure was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Local bone enhanced by an osteoconductive long
      term stable scaffold, used with and without bone marrow aspirate, led to
      successful fusion in all patients by six months while functional recovery was
      reported already within three to six months.

PMID- 26961193
TI  - Bone morphogenetic protein use in spine surgery-complications and outcomes: a
      systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Because of significant complications related to the use of autologous
      bone grafts in spinal fusion surgery, bone substitutes and growth factors such as
      bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) have been developed. One of them, recombinant
      human (rh) BMP-2, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for
      use under precise conditions. However, rhBMP-2-related side effects have been
      reported, used in FDA-approved procedures, but also in off-label use.A systematic
      review of clinical data was conducted to analyse the rhBMP-2-related adverse
      events (AEs), in order to assess their prevalence and the associated surgery
      practices. METHODS: Medline search with keywords "bone morphogenetic protein 2",
      "lumbar spine", "anterolateral interbody fusion" (ALIF) and the filter "clinical
      trial". FDA published reports were also included. Study assessment was made by
      authors (experienced spine surgeons), based on quality of study designs and level
      of evidence. RESULTS: Extensive review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and
      controlled series published up to the present point, reveal no evidence of a
      significant increase of AEs related to rhBMP-2 use during ALIF surgeries,
      provided that it is used following FDA guidelines. Two additional RCTs performed
      with rhBMP-2 in combination with allogenic bone dowels reported increased bone
      remodelling in BMP-treated patients. This AE was transient and had no consequence
      on the clinical outcome of the patients. No other BMP-related AEs were reported
      in these studies. CONCLUSIONS: This literature review confirms that the use of
      rhBMP-2 following FDA-approved recommendations (i.e. one-level ALIF surgery with
      an LT-cage) is safe. The rate of complications is low and the AEs had been
      identified by the FDA during the pre-marketing clinical trials. The clinical
      efficiency of rhBMP-2 is equal or superior to that of allogenic or autologous
      bone graft in respect to fusion rate, low back pain disability, patient
      satisfaction and rate of re-operations. For all other off-label use, the safety
      and effectiveness of rhBMP-2 have not been established, and further RCTs with
      high level of evidence are required.

PMID- 26961196
TI  - Sporadic intramedullary hemangioblastoma with holo-hydrosyringomyelia.

PMID- 26961195
TI  - Computed tomography perfusion as a diagnostic tool for seizures after ischemic
      stroke.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cerebral cortical ischemia is a risk factor for post-stroke
      seizures. However, the optimal imaging method is unclear. We investigated CT
      perfusion (CTP) in detecting cortical ischemia and its correlation with post
      stroke seizures compared with non-contrast CT (NCCT). METHODS: We included
      patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital
      between 2009 and 2014. Post-stroke seizure information was collected. Cortical
      involvement was determined on acute NCCT and CTP (T max, cerebral blood volume
      [CBV], and cerebral blood flow [CBF]). The association between cortical
      involvement detected by different imaging modalities and post-stroke seizures was
      examined. RESULTS: Three-hundred fifty-two patients were included for analysis.
      Fifty-nine percent were male, and median age was 73 years (inter-quartile range
      61-82). Follow-up was available for 96 %; median follow-up duration was 377 days
      (inter-quartile range 91-1018 days). Thirteen patients had post-stroke seizures
      (3.9 %). Cortical involvement was significantly associated with post-stroke
      seizures across all modalities. CBV had the highest hazard ratio (11.3, 95 %
      confidence interval (CI) 1.1-41.2), followed by NCCT (5.3, 95 % CI 1.5-18.0) and
      CBF (4.2, 95 % CI 1.1-15.2). Sensitivity was highest for T max (100 %), followed
      by CBV and CBF (both 76.9 %) and NCCT (63.6 %). Specificity was highest for CBV
      (77.8 %), then NCCT (75.6 %), CBF (54.0 %), and T max (29.1 %). Receiver
      operating characteristic area under the curve was significantly different between
      imaging modalities (p < 0.001), CBV 0.77, NCCT 0.70, CBF 0.65, and T max 0.65.
      CONCLUSION: CTP may improve sensitivity and specificity of cortical involvement
      for post-stroke seizures compared to NCCT.

PMID- 26961194
TI  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: evidence for intrinsic factors driving aetiology
      and progression.
AB  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is now considered to be a multifactorial
      heterogeneous disease, with recent genomic studies supporting the role of
      intrinsic factors in contributing to the onset of disease pathology and curve
      progression. Understanding the key molecular signalling pathways by which these
      intrinsic factors mediate AIS pathology may facilitate the development of
      pharmacological therapeutics and the identification of predictive markers of
      progression. The heterogenic nature of AIS has implicated multiple tissue types
      in the disease pathophysiology, including spinal bone, intervertebral disc and
      paraspinal muscles. In this review, we highlight some of the mechanisms and
      intrinsic molecular regulators within these different tissue types and review the
      evidence for their involvement in AIS pathology.

PMID- 26961197
TI  - A particular case of pyogenic spondylodiscitis misdiagnosed as a vertebral
      fragility fracture and erroneously treated with balloon kyphoplasty.

PMID- 26961199
TI  - Giant ganglion cell tumor associated with thoracolumbar scoliosis.

PMID- 26961198
TI  - Transoral vertebroplasty for a C2 aneurysmal bone cyst.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Aneurysmal bone cysts at the cervical spine represent a real
      challenge both diagnostically and therapeutically, especially in young patients.
      PURPOSE: We present an unusual case of a C2 aneurysmal bone cyst expanding in the
      entire vertebral body in a girl successfully treated with a transoral
      vertebroplasty. STUDY DESIGN: This is a case report study. METHODS: We report the
      case of a 17-year-old girl with a history of cervical pain and occipital headache
      after a car accident. Routine x-rays disclosed a C2 lesion. Her neurologic
      examination was normal. Computed tomography showed a lytic lesion occupying
      almost the entire body of the C2 vertebra. The cortical bone was intact but
      notably thinned. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic image with blood
      inside. Transoral vertebroplasty was selected among other surgical options for
      the following reasons: (1) to improve the clinical symptoms, and (2) to prevent
      future vertebral collapse with devastating neurologic consequences. Under general
      anesthesia and continuous neurophysiological monitoring, we conducted a
      fluoroscopic-guided transoral vertebroplasty through a Jamshidi needle. A
      cytology sample from the cystic lesion was taken through the needle. RESULTS: The
      blood smear showed no tumoral cellularity. There were no complications during
      surgery or postoperative infections. After 4 years of follow-up, the patient is
      pain-free and leads a normal life. CONCLUSIONS: Transoral vertebroplasty seems to
      be a direct, safe, and effective technique to stabilize cystic lesions that
      endanger the stability of C2 and to improve symptoms. Aneurysmal bone cysts
      should be included in the differential diagnosis of lytic lesions at the C2
      vertebral body.

PMID- 26961200
TI  - The usefulness of a mobile device-based system for patient-reported outcomes in a
      spine outpatient clinic.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are typically collected
      using a paper form, but this format is cumbersome to incorporate into outpatient
      clinic visits as well as in research. Therefore, we developed a mobile device
      based system (mobile system) for spinal PRO. We hypothesized that this system may
      improve the quality of care in an outpatient clinic. PURPOSE: This study aimed to
      analyze the patient-reported efficacy of a mobile system through a survey of
      patients' responses compared with a paper system. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A
      prospective observational study was carried out. PATIENT SAMPLE: Surveys were
      conducted for 103 patients who had experience using both the paper and electronic
      systems in the outpatient clinic. OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient-reported positive
      response score (PRS) was the outcome measure. METHODS: The survey included the
      characteristics of the patients (sex, age, use of smartphone, familiarity with
      smartphone applications, proficiency of typing with mobile device, site of pain,
      and education level) and eight questions in four domains: (1) efficacy in the
      waiting room, (2) efficacy during the clinic visit, (3) overall satisfaction, and
      (4) opinion about the use of this system. The response to each question was
      scored from 1 to 5 (1, negative; 5, positive response). The patient-reported PRS
      was calculated by adding the scores of the 8 questions and converting the total
      range to 0-100 (60, neutral). RESULTS: The mean PRS of the 8 questions was 79.8
      (95% CI, 76.7-83.9). The mean PRS was 78.9 (75.6-82.2) at the waiting room and
      was 80.5 (77.1-83.9) during the clinic. The PRS for overall satisfaction and use
      of this system were 83.3 (79.6-87.0) and 77.1 (71.9-82.3), respectively. The use
      of smartphones and the proficiency of typing were independently significant
      predictors of PRS with an R(2) value of 0.325. CONCLUSIONS: The mobile device
      based system improved the patient-reported efficacy in spine outpatient clinics.
      However, various factors such as the use of smartphones need to be considered
      when developing and applying mobile systems.

PMID- 26961201
TI  - Congenital lumbar hemivertebra kyphosis with progressive cauda equina
      compression.

PMID- 26961202
TI  - A portrait of prefrontal lobotomy performed at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital
      in Sydney by Dr Rex Money.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to provide a portrait of prefrontal
      lobotomy performed at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney by the Head of
      Neurosurgery Dr Rex Money and to describe Dr Money's role in the promotion of
      psychosurgery in Sydney. METHODS: We draw attention to an oral presentation by Dr
      Rex Money in 1951, a journal article written by Money, archival information held
      at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, including Dr Money's accounts of his travels
      and his reports regarding neurosurgery - both internationally and in Australia.
      RESULTS: Dr Rex Money performed a series of 13 prefrontal lobotomies between 1945
      and 1951, and presented the theoretical basis for his series, his operative
      procedures and the outcomes at the annual meeting of its medical officers'
      association. CONCLUSION: Notwithstanding various deficiencies in his clinical
      research, Money's descriptions give a relatively comprehensive account of one of
      the first series of prefrontal lobotomies performed in Australia. The current
      article also describes Dr Money's contributions to the promotion of psychosurgery
      in Sydney, and illustrates the participation of a senior neurosurgeon and of a
      major Sydney teaching hospital during the psychosurgery saga.

PMID- 26961203
TI  - The advent of psychosurgery in Australia-with particular attention to its
      introduction into Sydney.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the advent of prefrontal
      lobotomy in Sydney and, less comprehensively, its introduction into Australia.
      METHOD: Reference to journal articles, books, reports and archival data held at
      the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and via internet searches, interviews and
      personal memory. RESULT: This paper describes the arrival of psychosurgery in
      Sydney in the mid-1940s, and less comprehensively, its arrival in other
      Australian cities. CONCLUSIONS: In New South Wales, from 1945 or 1946, prefrontal
      lobotomies were conducted in private clinics and in public hospitals but, because
      of legal and practical hurdles, it is unlikely that psychosurgery was performed
      in mental hospitals prior to December 1958. This paper gives some details
      regarding the participation of neurosurgeons and of the major public hospitals in
      psychosurgery, and touches on the attitudes within the Australian medical
      profession towards this dramatic new therapy.

PMID- 26961204
TI  - The client "experiencing" scale as a predictor of treatment outcomes: A meta
      analysis on psychotherapy process.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The experiencing scale (EXP) is an often used measure of client's
      depth of processing and meaning-making in-session. While research suggests that
      "client experiencing" predicts psychotherapy outcomes, this relationship has
      never been summarized in a meta-analysis. We examine this specific client factor
      as an in-session process predictor of good treatment outcomes. METHOD: A meta
      analysis quantified the relationship between client experiencing and therapy
      outcomes using a total of 10 studies and 406 clients. RESULTS: Analysis indicated
      that client experiencing is a small to medium predictor of standardized symptom
      improvements at final treatment outcomes with an effect of r = -.19 (95% CI -.10
      to -.29), which we consider a "best estimate" for robustly quantifying the
      association between EXP and self-reported clinical outcomes. However, effects
      were higher (i.e., r = -.25) when observational measures of outcome were also
      included: Subgroup analyses indicated that EXP effects were moderated by the
      modality of outcome measurement (i.e., symptom reports vs. observational
      measures). On the other hand, statistical index, treatment phase, or treatment
      approach did not have significant impacts, which addresses some perennial
      questions in the EXP literature. CONCLUSIONS: Client experiencing is a small to
      medium predictor of treatment outcomes and a probable common factor.

PMID- 26961205
TI  - B-type natriuretic peptide and acute heart failure: Fluid homeostasis, biomarker
      and therapeutics.
AB  - Natriuretic peptides are a family of peptides with similar structures, but are
      genetically distinct with diverse actions in cardiovascular, renal and fluid
      homeostasis. The family consists of an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and a
      brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) of myocardial cell origin, a C-type natriuretic
      peptide (CNP) of endothelial origin, and a urodilatin (Uro) which is processed
      from a prohormone ANP in the kidney. Nesiritide, a human recombinant BNP, was
      approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of acute
      heart failure (AHF) in 2001. Human recombinant ANP (Carperitide) was approved for
      the same clinical indication in Japan in 1995, and human recombinant Urodilatin
      (Ularitide) is currently undergoing phase III clinical trial (TRUE AHF). This
      review will provide an update on important issues regarding the role of BNP in
      fluid hemostasis as a biomarker and therapeutics in AHF.

PMID- 26961206
TI  - The Tripartite Model of Risk Perception (TRIRISK): Distinguishing Deliberative,
      Affective, and Experiential Components of Perceived Risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although risk perception is a key predictor in health behavior
      theories, current conceptions of risk comprise only one (deliberative) or two
      (deliberative vs. affective/experiential) dimensions. PURPOSE: This research
      tested a tripartite model that distinguishes among deliberative, affective, and
      experiential components of risk perception. METHOD: In two studies, and in
      relation to three common diseases (cancer, heart disease, diabetes), we used
      confirmatory factor analyses to examine the factor structure of the tripartite
      risk perception (TRIRISK) model and compared the fit of the TRIRISK model to dual
      factor and single-factor models. In a third study, we assessed concurrent
      validity by examining the impact of cancer diagnosis on (a) levels of
      deliberative, affective, and experiential risk perception, and (b) the strength
      of relations among risk components, and tested predictive validity by assessing
      relations with behavioral intentions to prevent cancer. RESULTS: The tripartite
      factor structure was supported, producing better model fit across diseases
      (studies 1 and 2). Inter-correlations among the components were significantly
      smaller among participants who had been diagnosed with cancer, suggesting that
      affected populations make finer-grained distinctions among risk perceptions
      (study 3). Moreover, all three risk perception components predicted unique
      variance in intentions to engage in preventive behavior (study 3). CONCLUSIONS:
      The TRIRISK model offers both a novel conceptualization of health-related risk
      perceptions, and new measures that enhance predictive validity beyond that
      engendered by unidimensional and bidimensional models. The present findings have
      implications for the ways in which risk perceptions are targeted in health
      behavior change interventions, health communications, and decision aids.

PMID- 26961207
TI  - Do Anxiety Disorders Play a Role in Adolescent Obesity?
AB  - BACKGROUND: There have been few prospective studies on the association between
      anxiety disorders and adolescent obesity; none examine potential reciprocal
      effects. PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to examine the prospective
      association between anxiety disorders and obesity among adolescents. METHODS:
      Using data from a two-wave, prospective study of 3134 adolescents, we examined
      reciprocal effects between body weight and DSM-IV anxiety disorders. RESULTS:
      Weight status did not increase future risk of anxiety disorders nor did anxiety
      disorders at baseline increase risk of future obesity in the overall sample.
      Stratifying by gender revealed an increased risk of overweight and obesity in
      males with anxiety disorders, but not for females. Major depression did not
      mediate these associations. CONCLUSION: Similar to prospective studies of
      depression, it appears anxiety disorders may increase risk of obesity. However,
      more research is needed on the role of psychopathology in adolescent obesity, in
      particular anxiety disorders and possible moderators (such as gender) and
      mediators.

PMID- 26961208
TI  - Characterization of wheat - Psathyrostachys huashanica small segment
      translocation line with enhanced kernels per spike and stripe rust resistance.
AB  - Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs), a distant wild relative of
      common wheat, possesses rich potentially valuable traits, such as disease
      resistance and more spikelets and kernels per spike, that could be useful for
      wheat genetic improvement. Development of wheat - P. huashanica translocation
      lines will facilitate its practical utilization in wheat breeding. In the present
      study, a wheat - P. huashanica small segmental translocation line, K-13-835-3,
      was isolated and characterized from the BC1F5 population of a cross between wheat
      - P. huashanica amphiploid PHW-SA and wheat cultivar CN16. Cytological studies
      showed that the mean chromosome configuration of K-13-835-3 at meiosis was 2n =
      42 = 0.10 I + 19.43 II (ring) + 1.52 II (rod). GISH analyses indicated that
      chromosome composition of K-13-835-3 included 40 wheat chromosomes and a pair of
      wheat - P. huashanica translocation chromosomes. FISH results demonstrated that
      the small segment from an unidentified P. huashanica chromosome was translocated
      into wheat chromosome arm 5DS, proximal to the centromere region of 5DS. Compared
      with the cultivar wheat parent CN16, K-13-835-3 was highly resistant to stripe
      rust pathogens prevalent in China. Furthermore, spikelets and kernels per spike
      in K-13-835-3 were significantly higher than those of CN16 in two growing
      seasons. These results suggest that the desirable genes from P. huashanica were
      successfully transferred into CN16 background. This translocation line could be
      used as novel germplasm for high-yield and, eventually, resistant cultivar
      breeding. 

PMID- 26961209
TI  - Cardiac ultrasound at the bedside: the power of videos in medical education.

PMID- 26961210
TI  - Control of antibiotic resistance in China must not be delayed: The current state
      of resistance and policy suggestions for the government, medical facilities, and
      patients.
AB  - Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections.
      Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these
      medicines. Antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels in all
      parts of the world, leading to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays,
      and increased mortality. In the European Union alone, drug-resistant bacteria are
      estimated to cause 25,000 deaths and cost more than US$1.5 billion every year in
      healthcare expenses and productivity losses. The problems of antibiotic misuse
      and antibiotic resistance are quite serious in China. In 2015, results of a study
      by the State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of
      Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences indicated that the total antibiotic
      usage in China in 2013 was approximately 162,000 tons, including human use (48%)
      and use in animals (52%). This amount accounted for about half of the antibiotic
      usage worldwide. The per-capita use of antibiotics in China is more than 5 times
      that in Europe and the United States. These data mean that China is one of the
      world's leading countries with serious problems in terms of antibiotic misuse and
      antibiotic resistance. The current article analyzes the current state and harms
      of antibiotic misuse and causes of antibiotic resistance in China. The Government
      needs to pay close attention to the issue of antibiotic resistance in China and
      formulate a strategy at the national level. Thus, the following suggestions are
      offered: i) The Chinese Government should implement policies that promote
      antibiotic research and development; ii) Medical facilities in China should
      create multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) and encourage early action by MDTs to
      control the spread of multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDRB); iii) An intervention
      in the form of health education should target patients and accompanying family
      members (AFM) in China. In other words, antibiotic resistance is not a personal
      problem but an urgent public health problem. Without urgent action, China is
      heading for a post-antibiotic era in which common infections and minor injuries
      can once again kill. Therefore, the aforementioned proposals have been offered
      with the hope that policy suggestions help to limit the phenomenon of antibiotic
      misuse and antibiotic resistance in China. 

PMID- 26961211
TI  - Atypical pathogen infection in community-acquired pneumonia.
AB  - Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a world wide cause of morbidity and
      mortality. The etiology of CAP is different between countries and changes over
      time. With the increasing incidence, atypical pathogens are attracting more and
      more attention all over the world. In many countries, atypical pathogens are one
      of the main pathogens of CAP, and even could be the most prevalent etiology in
      China. Atypical pathogen infections can cause multi-system complications, which
      leads to a worse prognosis. Although still controversial, empirical antibiotic
      coverage of atypical pathogens in CAP may improve outcomes, shorten length of
      hospitalization, reduce mortality and lower total hospitalization costs. The
      macrolide resistance rate of atypical pathogens, especially Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
      (M. Pneumoniae) is high, so fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines should be
      considered as alternative therapy. 

PMID- 26961212
TI  - Controversy and progress for treatment of acute cholangitis after Tokyo
      Guidelines (TG13).
AB  - Tokyo Guideline 2013 (TG13) is an international guideline for the diagnosis,
      classification and treatment of acute cholangitis. Progress and controversy for
      the two years after TG13 was summarized. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic
      resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) are both effective imaging tests for
      common bile duct (CBD) stones. More factors e.g. obesity may be involved in
      severity assessment. Initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics addressing the
      typical Gram-negative enteric bacteria spectrum and early biliary drainage are
      the mainstay therapeutic options. Early laparoscopic exploration is also an
      option for stone-related nonsevere acute cholangitis besides endoscopic
      retrograde cholangial or percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage. Surgical
      biliary drainage should be avoided in severe cholangitis. 

PMID- 26961214
TI  - RETRACTED: A systematic review and meta-analysis of feasibility, safety and
      efficacy of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged
      hepatectomy (ALPPS) versus twostage hepatectomy (TSH).

PMID- 26961213
TI  - Workload, burnout, and medical mistakes among physicians in China: A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of burnout among
      different grade hospitals and to examine if a relation exists between burnout and
      medical mistakes. A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted. Physicians
      were interviewed in hospitals from 10 provinces in China. Burnout was measured
      using the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey.
      Overall, 1,537 physicians were included in this study. Of these, 76.9% reported
      some burnout symptoms or serious burnout symptoms and 54.8% reported committing
      medical mistakes during the last year. 39.6%, 50.0%, and 59.5% of the respondents
      in primary, secondary, and tertiary hospitals respectively reported having made
      mistakes over the course of the previous year. Multivariate analysis demonstrated
      that being female was protective against medical mistakes (OR = 0.72, 95% CI:
      0.58-0.89), whereas physician-reported 60 or more work hours per week (OR = 1.65,
      95% CI: 1.22-2.22), and physicians who reported serious burnout (OR = 2.28, 95%
      CI: 1.63-3.17) were independently associated with higher incidence of medical
      mistakes. In conclusion, Chinese physicians reported high workloads, high rates
      of burnout and high medical mistakes. Physicians in tertiary hospitals were
      especially overworked and suffered the most serious burnout. Longer work hours
      per week, and burnout were the independent risk factors for medical mistakes. 

PMID- 26961215
TI  - Sodium-Oxygen Battery: Steps Toward Reality.
AB  - Rechargeable metal-oxygen batteries are receiving significant interest as a
      possible alternative to current state of the art lithium ion batteries due to
      their potential to provide higher gravimetric energies, giving significantly
      lighter or longer-lasting batteries. Recent advances suggest that the Na-O2
      battery, in many ways analogous to Li-O2 yet based on the reversible formation of
      sodium superoxide (NaO2), has many advantages such as a low charge overpotential
      (~100 mV) resulting in improved efficiency. In this Perspective, we discuss the
      current state of knowledge in Na-O2 battery technology, with an emphasis on the
      latest experimental studies, as well as theoretical models. We offer special
      focus on the principle outstanding challenges and issues and address the
      advantages/disadvantages of the technology when compared with Li-O2 batteries as
      well as other state-of-the-art battery technologies. We finish by detailing the
      direction required to make Na-O2 batteries both commercially and technologically
      viable. 

PMID- 26961216
TI  - Fluxional sigma-Bonds of the 2,5,8-Trimethylphenalenyl Dimer: Direct Observation
      of the Sixfold sigma-Bond Shift via a pi-Dimer.
AB  - Direct evidence for sigma-bond fluxionality in a phenalenyl sigma-dimer was
      successfully obtained by a detailed investigation of the solution-state dynamics
      of 2,5,8-trimethylphenalenyl (TMPLY) using both experimental and theoretical
      approaches. TMPLY formed three diamagnetic dimers, namely, the sigma-dimer
      (RR/SS), sigma-dimer (RS), and pi-dimer, which were fully characterized by (1)H
      NMR spectroscopy and electronic absorption measurements. The experimental
      findings gave the first quantitative insights into the essential preference of
      these competitive and unusual dimerization modes. The spectroscopic analyses
      suggested that the sigma-dimer (RR/SS) is the most stable in terms of energy,
      whereas the others are metastable; the energy differences between these three
      isomers are less than 1 kcal mol(-1). Furthermore, the intriguing dynamics of the
      TMPLY dimers in the solution state were fully revealed by means of (1)H-(1)H
      exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) measurements and variable-temperature (1)H NMR
      studies. Surprisingly, the sigma-dimer (RR/SS) demonstrated a sixfold sigma-bond
      shift between the six sets of alpha-carbon pairs. This unusual sigma-bond
      fluxionality is ascribed to the presence of a direct interconversion pathway
      between the sigma-dimer (RR/SS) and the pi-dimer, which was unambiguously
      corroborated by the EXSY measurements. The proposed mechanism of the sixfold
      sigma-bond shift based on the experimental findings was well-supported by
      theoretical calculations. 

PMID- 26961218
TI  - Relationship between Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low-Density
      Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the General Population.
AB  - AIM: The Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Diagnosis and
      Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases for Japanese 2012 version
      have set a non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C)-management target
      of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) +30 mg/dL. However, the actual
      difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C is not clear. Therefore, we evaluated its
      joint distribution and assessed the validity of this criterion in the general
      Japanese population. METHODS: We used baseline cross-sectional data of 4,110
      participants from two studies; the KOBE Study (n=1,108) and the Tsuruoka
      Metabolomic Cohort Study (n=3,002). To evaluate whether the difference between
      LDL-C and non-HDL-C in the general population match that of the current
      guidelines, we classified LDL-C levels into four groups according to the JAS
      Guideline and evaluated its agreement with the corresponding non-HDL-C group.
      Analysis was also done using six groups (the previous four groups plus the upper
      and lower cut-off values). RESULTS: The mean difference (mg/dL) between the non
      HDL-C and LDL-C (for the KOBE Study and Tsuruoka Metabolomic Cohort Study,
      respectively) was 19.6 and 24.1 (p<0.001) for men and 15.9 and 18.3 (p<0.001) for
      women. In both the cohort studies, the difference was lower than 30 mg/dL. It was
      especially small among individuals with normal triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS:
      In the general Japanese population, the difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C
      was lower than the expected difference of 30 mg/dL. Changes to the criteria for
      non-HDL-C target levels may be considered in the future.

PMID- 26961217
TI  - Association of Advanced Glycation End Products with coronary Artery Calcification
      in Japanese Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes as Assessed by Skin Autofluorescence.
AB  - AIM: Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are considered to be among the
      critical pathogenic factors involved in the progression of diabetic
      complications. Skin autofluorescence (AF), a noninvasive measurement of AGE
      accumulation, has been recognized as a useful and convenient marker for diabetic
      vascular diseases in Caucasians. This study aimed to evaluate the association of
      tissue AGE, assessed using skin AF, with coronary artery calcification in
      Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In total, 122 Japanese subjects
      with type 2 diabetes enrolled in this cross-sectional study underwent multi-slice
      computed tomography for total coronary artery calcium scores (CACS) estimation
      and examination with a skin AF reader. RESULTS: Skin AF positively correlated
      with age, sex, diabetes duration, pulse wave velocity, systolic blood pressure,
      serum creatinine, and CACS. In addition, skin AF results negatively correlated
      with BMI, eGFR, and serum C-peptide concentration. According to multivariate
      analysis, age and systolic blood pressure showed strong positive correlation and
      eGFR showed negative correlation with skin AF values. Multiple linear regression
      analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between skin AF values and
      logCACS, independent of age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c, BMI, IMT, and blood
      pressure. However, skin AF showed no association with serum levels of AGE, such
      as Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine and 3-deoxyglucosone. CONCLUSION: Skin AF
      results positively correlated with CACS in Japanese subjects with type 2
      diabetes. This result indicates that AGE plays a role in the pathogenesis of
      diabetic macrovascular disease. Measurement of skin AF values may be useful for
      assessing the severity of diabetic complications in Japanese subjects.

PMID- 26961219
TI  - Delirium recall - an integrative review.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to review and synthesise the
      empirical literature on patient recall of delirium episodes and to provide a
      direction for future research. BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common and costly
      condition seen in hospitalised and institutionalised patients. Much of the
      existing literature focuses on delirium detection, risk factors, aetiologies and
      treatment. Few studies describe the patient experience of delirium recall.
      DESIGN: A literature search was conducted using the databases of the National
      Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE/OVID), the Cumulative Index of Nursing and
      Allied Health Literature and the American Psychological Association (PsycINFO).
      Articles were restricted to the English language and from the years 1980-2014.
      METHODS: An integrative review of 12 selected studies on delirium recall was
      performed. RESULTS: The majority of participants recalled their delirious
      episodes and during these episodes experienced both perceptual disturbances and
      psychological distress. Common themes from the qualitative data included
      incomprehensible experiences, strong emotional feelings and fear. CONCLUSION:
      Delirium recall is common, is distressing and warrants further investigation.
      Future studies should employ standardised delirium detection tools and a
      systematic examination of factors that may predict delirium recall. RELEVANCE TO
      CLINICAL PRACTICE: Understanding delirium recall may help nurses mitigate the
      psychological morbidity and distress associated with the phenomenon and generate
      new theories to improve care.

PMID- 26961220
TI  - Assessment and parameter identification of simplified models to describe the
      kinetics of semi-continuous biomethane production from anaerobic digestion of
      green and food waste.
AB  - Biochemical reactions occurring during anaerobic digestion have been modelled
      using reaction kinetic equations such as first-order, Contois and Monod which are
      then combined to form mechanistic models. This work considers models which
      include between one and three biochemical reactions to investigate if the choice
      of the reaction rate equation, complexity of the model structure as well as the
      inclusion of inhibition plays a key role in the ability of the model to describe
      the methane production from the semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of green
      waste (GW) and food waste (FW). A parameter estimation method was used to
      investigate the most important phenomena influencing the biogas production
      process. Experimental data were used to numerically estimate the model parameters
      and the quality of fit was quantified. Results obtained reveal that the model
      structure (i.e. number of reactions, inhibition) has a much stronger influence on
      the quality of fit compared with the choice of kinetic rate equations. In the
      case of GW there was only a marginal improvement when moving from a one to two
      reaction model, and none with inclusion of inhibition or three reactions.
      However, the behaviour of FW digestion was more complex and required either a two
      or three reaction model with inhibition functions for both ammonia and volatile
      fatty acids. Parameter values for the best fitting models are given for use by
      other authors. 

PMID- 26961221
TI  - Septic peritonitis in a dog caused by Anaerobiospirillum succiniproducens.
AB  - This is the first reported case of septic peritonitis caused by
      Anaerobiospirillum succiniproducens in a dog. The infection was associated with
      marked exfoliation of reactive mesothelial cells into the abdominal fluid
      mimicking neoplasia. The source of the infection was not determined but was
      presumed to be of gastrointestinal origin as A succiniproducens is part of the
      normal gastrointestinal flora of dogs. Anaerobiospirillum spp. have been
      previously reported as causing diarrhea and bacteremia in people, particularly if
      immunocompromised; however, there were no indicators for a compromised immune
      system in this dog.

PMID- 26961222
TI  - Photoinduced Copper-Catalyzed C-H Arylation at Room Temperature.
AB  - Room-temperature azole C-H arylations were accomplished with inexpensive
      copper(I) compounds by means of photoinduced catalysis. The expedient copper
      catalysis set the stage for site-selective C-H arylations of non-aromatic
      oxazolines under mild reaction conditions, and provides step-economical access to
      the alkaloid natural products balsoxin and texamine. 

PMID- 26961223
TI  - Changing trends in the management of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in
      Korea.
AB  - A questionnaire administered in 2009 found that members of the Korean Association
      of Thyroid-Endocrine Surgeons (KATES) favored more aggressive treatment of well
      differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) than physicians from other countries.
      This study assessed the changes in practical management of WDTC in Korea from the
      previous survey. Questionnaires were sent by e-mail to KATES members. A total of
      101 members completed the questionnaire. Their responses were compared with
      response for the 2009 survey. Of the respondents, 53.5% and 80.2% indicated that
      they would perform fine-needle aspiration cytology on nodules that were <0.5 cm
      and 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter, respectively. If the cytology was positive, a large
      number of respondents favored surgical treatment, regardless of tumor size.
      Compared with the 2009 survey, a slightly higher percentage favored observation
      for patients with tumors that were <0.5 cm in diameter, and a larger percentage
      recommended less-than-total thyroidectomy for patients with T1 cancers.
      Respondents in 2014 favored aggressive lymph node dissection less, irrespective
      of tumor size, preferring short-term treatment with thyroid stimulating hormone
      suppressors. The percentage preferring postoperative high-dose radioactive iodine
      therapy slightly increased, whereas the percentage favoring external irradiation
      decreased, in 2014 compared with 2009. The management of Korean patients with
      WDTC changed from 2009 to 2014. In 2009, Korean respondents favored more
      aggressive treatment of WDTC compared with respondents from other countries. In
      2014, however, Korean respondents favored a more conservative approach,
      especially in patients with microcarcinomas. 

PMID- 26961224
TI  - Combination with Red ginseng and Polygoni Multiflori ameliorates highfructose
      diet induced metabolic syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity,
      impaired glucose tolerance and fatty liver, can be caused by modification of diet
      by means of overconsumption of high fructose diet. This study was designed to
      investigate whether combination with Red ginseng and Polygoni Multiflori Radix
      (RGPM), widely used traditional herbal medicine, ameliorates on highfructose (HF)
      diet-induced metabolic syndrome. METHODS: SD rats were fed the 60% HF diet
      with/without rosiglitazone, and RGPM 100, 300 mg/kg/day, respectively. All groups
      received regular diet or HF diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. The last three
      groups treatment of rosiglitazone and RPGM orally for a period of 6 weeks.
      RESULTS: Chronic treatment with RGPM significantly decreased body weight, fat
      weight and adipocyte size. RGPM significantly prevented the development of the
      metabolic disturbances such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose
      tolerance. RGPM also led to increase in high density lipoprotein level in the HF
      group. RGPM suppressed high-fructose diet induced vascular inflammation marker
      expression such as adhesion molecules and ET-1 in aorta as well as increasing of
      C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in plasma. Similarly, RGPM attenuated hepatic
      lipid accumulation by inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
      expression. CONCLUSION: An administration of RGPM may be a beneficial therapy for
      the treatment of metabolic syndrome through the improvement of hypertension,
      obesity, hyperlipidemia, vascular inflammation and insulin resistance.

PMID- 26961226
TI  - CAEP 2015 Academic Symposium: Current State and Recommendations to Achieve
      Adequate and Sustainable Funding for Emergency Medicine Academic Units.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the current state of academic emergency medicine (EM)
      funding in Canada and develop recommendations to grow and establish sustainable
      funding. METHODS: A panel of eight leaders from different EM academic units was
      assembled. Using mixed methods (including a literature review, sharing of
      professional experiences, a survey of current EM academic heads, and data
      previously collected from an environmental scan), 10 recommendations were drafted
      and presented at an academic symposium. Attendee feedback was incorporated, and
      the second set of draft recommendations was further distributed to the Canadian
      Association Emergency Physicians (CAEP) Academic Section for additional comments
      before being finalized. RESULTS: Recommendations were developed around the
      funding challenges identified and solutions developed by academic EM university
      based units across Canada. A strategic plan was seen as integral to achieving
      strong funding of an EM unit, especially when it aligned with departmental and
      institutional priorities. A business plan, although occasionally overlooked, was
      deemed an important component for planning and sustaining the academic mission. A
      number of recommendations surrounding philanthropy consisted of creating
      partnerships with existing foundations and engaging multiple stakeholders and
      communities. Synergy between academic and clinical EM departments was also viewed
      as an opportunity to ensure integration of common missions. Education and
      networking for current and future leaders were also viewed as invaluable to
      ensure that opportunities are optimized through strong leadership development and
      shared experiences to further the EM academic missions across the country.
      CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations were designed to improve the financial
      circumstances for many Canadian EM units. There is a considerable wealth of
      resources that can contribute to financial stability for an academic unit, and an
      annual networking meeting and continuing education on these issues will
      facilitate more rapid implementation of these recommendations.

PMID- 26961227
TI  - [Current situation of experimental radiology in Germany].

PMID- 26961225
TI  - Iodine status and thyroid function among Spanish schoolchildren aged 6-7 years:
      the Tirokid study.
AB  - I deficiency is still a worldwide public health problem, with children being
      especially vulnerable. No nationwide study had been conducted to assess the I
      status of Spanish children, and thus an observational, multicentre and cross
      sectional study was conducted in Spain to assess the I status and thyroid
      function in schoolchildren aged 6-7 years. The median urinary I (UI) and thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in whole blood were used to assess the I status
      and thyroid function, respectively. A FFQ was used to determine the consumption
      of I-rich foods. A total of 1981 schoolchildren (52 % male) were included. The
      median UI was 173 MUg/l, and 17.9 % of children showed UI<100 MUg/l. The median
      UI was higher in males (180.8 v. 153.6 MUg/l; P<0.001). Iodised salt (IS) intake
      at home was 69.8 %. IS consumption and intakes of >=2 glasses of milk or 1 cup of
      yogurt/d were associated with significantly higher median UI. Median TSH was 0.90
      mU/l and was higher in females (0.98 v. 0.83; P<0.001). In total, 0.5 % of
      children had known hypothyroidism (derived from the questionnaire) and 7.6 % had
      TSH levels above reference values. Median TSH was higher in schoolchildren with
      family history of hypothyroidism. I intake was adequate in Spanish
      schoolchildren. However, no correlation was found between TSH and median UI in
      any geographical area. The prevalence of TSH above reference values was high and
      its association with thyroid autoimmunity should be determined. Further
      assessment of thyroid autoimmunity in Spanish schoolchildren is desirable.

PMID- 26961228
TI  - [Modern imaging of renal tumors - application in diagnostics and therapy.
      Characterization, operation planning and therapy monitoring of renal lesions].
AB  - This article elucidates the various tools used for the diagnostics and
      characterization of renal lesions. The advantages and limitations of ultrasound,
      contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) are presented and discussed. In addition, modern imaging
      features of CT and MRI, such as iodine quantification in CT as well as diffusion
      weighted and perfusion imaging in MRI are presented. Lastly, recent developments
      in standardized reporting of renal tumors regarding the intraoperative surgical
      risk are presented. 

PMID- 26961230
TI  - Crystallographic origin of cycle decay of the high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel
      lithium-ion battery electrode.
AB  - High-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is considered a potential high-power
      density positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries, however, it suffers from
      capacity decay after extended charge-discharge cycling, severely hindering
      commercial application. Capacity fade is thought to occur through the significant
      volume change of the LNMO electrode occurring on cycling, and in this work we use
      operando neutron powder diffraction to compare the structural evolution of the
      LNMO electrode in an as-assembled 18650-type battery containing a Li4Ti5O12
      negative electrode with that in an identical battery following 1000 cycles at
      high-current. We reveal that the capacity reduction in the battery post cycling
      is directly proportional to the reduction in the maximum change of the LNMO
      lattice parameter during its evolution. This is correlated to a corresponding
      reduction in the MnO6 octahedral distortion in the spinel structure in the cycled
      battery. Further, we find that the rate of lattice evolution, which reflects the
      rate of lithium insertion and removal, is ~9 and ~10% slower in the cycled than
      in the as-assembled battery during the Ni(2+)/Ni(3+) and Ni(3+)/Ni(4+)
      transitions, respectively. 

PMID- 26961232
TI  - Taxonomic status and origin of the Egyptian weasel (Mustela subpalmata) inferred
      from mitochondrial DNA.
AB  - The Egyptian weasel (Mustela subpalmata) is a small mustelid with a distribution
      restricted to the lower Nile Valley and the Nile Delta. Traditionally considered
      a subspecies of the least weasel (M. nivalis), it is currently recognized as a
      separate species based on morphology. Here we present the first genetic
      assessment of the taxonomic status of the Egyptian weasel by comparing
      mitochondrial DNA (Cytochrome b gene and control region) sequences to those of
      least weasels from the western Palearctic, with a focus on the Mediterranean
      region. Our results provide no evidence to support the view that the Egyptian
      weasel is genetically distinct from the least weasel, as we found that, for both
      Cytochrome b and control region, haplotypes were shared between the two taxa.
      Specifically, the Cytochrome b and control region haplotypes detected in the
      Egyptian weasel were also present in M. nivalis from Turkey and Malta, two
      populations genetically analysed here for the first time. Our results suggest
      that the Egyptian weasel is distinct from the least weasel populations currently
      living in the Maghreb, which were inferred to be the result of an earlier
      colonization of North Africa, but the genetic data alone do not allow us to
      determine whether the Egyptian weasel is native or introduced. Nevertheless, the
      observed genetic patterns, together with the weasel fossil record in Israel and
      the unique commensal lifestyle of the Egyptian weasel, are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the Egyptian population is a relict of past range expansion from
      the Levant into Egypt. We suggest that the large size and characteristic sexual
      dimorphism of the Egyptian weasel are likely to represent ecotypic variation, but
      genomic studies are required to clarify the extent of its functional genetic
      divergence. 

PMID- 26961231
TI  - Common mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: a key role
      of chronic bacterial infection and inflammation.
AB  - Strong epidemiologic evidence and common molecular mechanisms support an
      association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2-diabetes. Local
      inflammation and amyloidosis occur in both diseases and are associated with
      periodontitis and various infectious agents. This article reviews the evidence
      for the presence of local inflammation and bacteria in type 2 diabetes and
      discusses host pathogen interactions in chronic inflammatory disorders.
      Chlamydophyla pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and spirochetes are demonstrated in
      association with dementia and brain lesions in AD and islet lesions in type 2
      diabetes. The presence of pathogens in host tissues activates immune responses
      through Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Evasion of pathogens from
      complement-mediated attack results in persistent infection, inflammation and
      amyloidosis. Amyloid beta and the pancreatic amyloid called amylin bind to lipid
      bilayers and produce Ca(2+) influx and bacteriolysis. Similarly to AD,
      accumulation of amylin deposits in type 2 diabetes may result from an innate
      immune response to chronic bacterial infections, which are known to be associated
      with amyloidosis. Further research based on an infectious origin of both AD and
      type 2 diabetes may lead to novel treatment strategies.

PMID- 26961233
TI  - Chronic and Invasive Fungal Infections in a Family with CARD9 Deficiency.
AB  - Chronic mucocutaneous or invasive fungal infections are generally the result of
      primary or secondary immune dysfunction. Patients with autosomal recessive CARD9
      mutations are also predisposed to recurrent mucocutaneous and invasive fungal
      infections with Candida spp., dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton spp.) and
      phaeohyphomycetes (Exophiala spp., Phialophora verrucosa). We study a
      consanguineous family of Turkish origin in which three members present with
      distinct clinical phenotypes of chronic mucocutaneous and invasive fungal
      infections, ranging from chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) in one patient,
      treatment-resistant cutaneous dermatophytosis and deep dermatophytosis in a
      second patient, to CMC with Candida encephalitis and endocrinopathy in a third
      patient. Two patients consented to genetic testing and were found to have a
      previously reported homozygous R70W CARD9 mutation. Circulating IL-17 and IL-22
      producing T cells were decreased as was IL-6 and granulocyte/macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretion upon stimulation with Candida albicans.
      Patients with recurrent fungal infections in the absence of known
      immunodeficiencies should be analyzed for CARD9 gene mutations as the cause of
      fungal infection predisposition.

PMID- 26961234
TI  - Prevention and care of paediatric HIV infection in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso:
      knowledge, attitudes and practices of the caregivers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The paediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic still
      progresses because of operational challenges in implementing prevention of mother
      to-child HIV transmission (PMCT) programs. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes
      and practices (KAP) of children's caregivers regarding mother-to-child
      transmission (MTCT) of HIV, paediatric HIV infection, early infant diagnosis
      (EID), and paediatric antiretroviral treatment in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
      METHODS: We undertook a qualitative survey in the four public hospitals managing
      HIV exposed or infected children, in Ouagadougou in 2011. A sociologist used a
      semi-structured questionnaire to interview caregivers of children less than 5
      years old attending the paediatrics wards on their KAP. Study participants were
      divided into four groups as follows: those who did not yet know their children's
      HIV infection status, those who were waiting for their children's HIV test
      results, those who were waiting for antiretroviral treatment, and those who were
      already on antiretroviral treatment. RESULTS: A total of 37 caregivers were
      interviewed. The mean age was 32.5 years, and 29 (78 %) were mothers. Twenty
      seven (73 %) caregivers had primary or higher level of education, and 15 (40 %)
      described their occupation as "housewife". Overall, 36 (97 %) of caregivers knew
      that the main route of HIV transmission for infants was through MTCT and 14 (38
      %) specified that it occurred during pregnancy or delivery. Five percent thought
      that MTCT of HIV occurred during conception. PMTCT interventions could help
      prevent infant HIV infection according to 32 (87 %) caregivers. Thirty five
      percent of caregivers stated EID as a prevention strategy. Fifty-four percent of
      the participants believed that replacement feeding option would prevent MTCT of
      HIV; 24 (65 %) stated that they would prefer medical practitioners seek
      caregivers' consent before carrying out any HIV-test for their child, and that
      caregivers' consent was not compulsory before antiretroviral treatment. All
      caregivers thought that it was necessary to treat HIV-infected children, although
      they did not know what interventions could be done. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      highlighted the low level of caregivers' knowledge on paediatric HIV prevention
      and care in Ouagadougou. Awareness programs targeting caregivers need to be
      strengthened in order to improve the uptake of HIV early infant diagnosis and
      care.

PMID- 26961236
TI  - [PCSK9 inhibitors in hypercholesterolemia. New hope for patients with diabetes
      mellitus?].
AB  - The interrelation between glucose and lipid metabolism is complex and comprises
      many aspects. In this context diabetic dyslipidemia is of utmost importance as it
      represents the crucial link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although
      hypertriglyceridemia is usually the most prominent lipid abnormality in diabetic
      patients, reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is the most
      important strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease. Statin trials and more
      recently the combination of statin with ezetimibe clearly showed that diabetic
      patients benefit from low LDL cholesterol levels. In this context the newly
      developed proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are of
      great interest as they reduce LDL cholesterol by 50-70 % independent of co
      medication and largely independent of the underlying dyslipidemia. Subgroup
      analyses of phase 2 and phase 3 studies indicated that diabetic patients show a
      similar response to PCSK9 inhibitors as non-diabetic patients. Furthermore, the
      overall very low rate of side effects seems to be comparable between diabetic and
      non-diabetic patients. In contrast to statins PCSK9 inhibitors do not lead to an
      increased rate of new onset diabetes. Although data from safety studies (post hoc
      analyses) are very promising concerning the prevention of cardiovascular events,
      data from outcome studies will only become available in 2016. Until then PCSK9
      inhibitors should be restricted to patients with very high risk and a significant
      distance from the LDL cholesterol target values (despite maximum possible lipid
      lowering therapy with statins and ezetimibe). This approach will most likely have
      to be adapted when outcome data are available. 

PMID- 26961235
TI  - Prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted protein contrast agents for molecular
      imaging of prostate cancer by MRI.
AB  - Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is one of the most specific cell
      surface markers for prostate cancer diagnosis and targeted treatment. However,
      achieving molecular imaging using non-invasive MRI with high resolution has yet
      to be achieved due to the lack of contrast agents with significantly improved
      relaxivity for sensitivity, targeting capabilities and metal selectivity. We have
      previously reported our creation of a novel class of protein Gd(3+) contrast
      agents, ProCA32, which displayed significantly improved relaxivity while
      exhibiting strong Gd(3+) binding selectivity over physiological metal ions. In
      this study, we report our effort in further developing biomarker-targeted protein
      MRI contrast agents for molecular imaging of PSMA. Among three PSMA targeted
      contrast agents engineered with addition of different molecular recognition
      sequences, ProCA32.PSMA exhibits a binding affinity of 1.1 +/- 0.1 MUM for PSMA
      while the metal binding affinity is maintained at 0.9 +/- 0.1 * 10(-22) M. In
      addition, ProCA32.PSMA exhibits r1 of 27.6 mM(-1) s(-1) and r2 of 37.9 mM(-1) s(
      1) per Gd (55.2 and 75.8 mM(-1) s(-1) per molecule r1 and r2, respectively) at
      1.4 T. At 7 T, ProCA32.PSMA also has r2 of 94.0 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd (188.0 mM(-1)
      s(-1) per molecule) and r1 of 18.6 mM(-1) s(-1) per Gd (37.2 mM(-1) s(-1) per
      molecule). This contrast capability enables the first MRI enhancement dependent
      on PSMA expression levels in tumor bearing mice using both T1 and T2-weighted MRI
      at 7 T. Further development of these PSMA-targeted contrast agents are expected
      to be used for the precision imaging of prostate cancer at an early stage and to
      monitor disease progression and staging, as well as determine the effect of
      therapeutic treatment by non-invasive evaluation of the PSMA level using MRI. 

PMID- 26961237
TI  - A recurring rollercoaster ride: a qualitative study of the emotional experiences
      of parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the wealth of clinical research carried out in children with
      juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), little is known about the emotional
      experiences of their parents. This article describes the predominant emotional
      experiences reported by parents of children with JIA in two Canadian cities.
      METHODS: Research participants included 15 experienced parents and 8 novice
      parents (<6 months since children's JIA diagnosis). Their children were 2 to 16
      years old with various JIA categories. A qualitative dataset including audio
      recordings and verbatim transcripts of three focus groups, and written reports of
      59 reciprocal interviews (parents interviewing each other) were examined by a
      multidisciplinary research team following a four-step qualitative analytical
      process. RESULTS: Parents of children with JIA experienced recurrent mixed
      negative and positive emotions that varied over time. Between disease onset and
      diagnosis, mounting anxiety, fear and confusion were the predominant emotions.
      Shortly after diagnosis there were shock, disbelief, and fear, with a sense of
      having being blindsided by the disease. At times of disease quiescence there was
      hope and gratitude, but also fatigue and frustration with ongoing treatment and
      fear of flares. During periods of increasing or ongoing symptoms there was
      admiration and sympathy for the courageous way children coped with JIA, as well
      as sorrow and frustration for ongoing pain and limitations. There were at times,
      frustration and indignation with peers and teachers unable to understand the
      child's fluctuations in physical activity and schoolwork. Throughout the disease,
      parents felt an underlying anxiety and powerlessness. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of
      children with JIA described complex emotional journeys akin to the recurring ups
      and downs of rollercoaster rides, instead of ordered emotional phases ending in
      resolution. This has implications for healthcare providers who need to be aware
      of the complexity of these emotional journeys to support parents more
      effectively, thereby helping improve patient outcomes.

PMID- 26961238
TI  - Potential Role of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 5 in the Protection of Vagal
      Related Bradycardia and Atrial Tachyarrhythmia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (Rgs5), which functions as the
      regulator of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) including muscarinic receptors,
      has a potential effect on atrial muscarinic receptor-activated IKA ch current.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, hearts of Rgs5 knockout (KO) mice had
      decreased low-frequency/high-frequency ratio in spectral measures of heart rate
      variability. Loss of Rgs5 provoked dramatically exaggerated bradycardia and
      significantly (P<0.05) prolonged sinus nodal recovery time in response to
      carbachol (0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Compared to those from wild-type (WT)
      mice, Langendorff perfused hearts from Rgs5 KO mice had significantly (P<0.01)
      abbreviated atrial effective refractory periods and increased dominant frequency
      after administration of acetylcholine (ACh; 1 MUmol/L). In addition, whole patch
      clamp analyses of single atrial myocytes revealed that the ACh-regulated
      potassium current (IKA ch) was significant increased in the time course of
      activation and deactivation (P<0.01) in Rgs5 KO, compared to those in WT, mice.
      To further determine the effect of Rgs5, transgenic mice with cardiac-specific
      overexpression of human Rgs5 were found to be resistant to ACh-related effects in
      bradycardia, atrial electrophysiology, and atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT).
      CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that, as a critical regulator of
      parasympathetic activation in the heart, Rgs5 prevents vagal-related bradycardia
      and AT through negatively regulating the IKA ch current.

PMID- 26961241
TI  - Phosphocholine conjugation: an unexpected in vivo conjugation pathway associated
      with hepatitis c ns5b inhibitors featuring a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane.
AB  - During a medicinal chemistry campaign to identify inhibitors of the hepatitis C
      virus nonstructural protein 5B (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), a
      bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane was introduced into the chemical scaffold to improve
      metabolic stability. The inhibitors bearing this feature, 5-(3
      (bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylcarbamoyl)-4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-methyl
      6-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide (1) and 5-(3
      (bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-methyl-6-(3,3,3
      trifluoropropyl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide (2), exhibited low turnover in
      incubations with liver S9 or hepatocytes (rat, human), with hydroxylation of the
      bicyclic moiety being the only metabolic pathway observed. In subsequent
      disposition studies using bile-duct-cannulated rats, the metabolite profiles of
      bile samples revealed, in addition to multiple products of bicyclopentane
      oxidation, unexpected metabolites characterized by molecular masses that were 181
      Da greater than those of 1 or 2. Further LC/MSn and NMR analysis of the isolated
      metabolite of 1 demonstrated the presence of a phosphocholine (POPC) moiety bound
      to the methine carbon of the bicyclic moiety through an ester bond. The POPC
      conjugate of the NS5B inhibitors was assumed to result from two sequential
      reactions: hydroxylation of the bicyclic methine to a tertiary alcohol and
      addition of POPC by CDP-choline: 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase, an
      enzyme responsible for the final step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine.
      However, this pathway could not be recapitulated using CDP-choline-supplemented
      liver S9 or hepatocytes due to inadequate formation of the hydroxylation product
      in vitro. The observation of this unexpected pathway prompted concerns about the
      possibility that 1 and 2 might interfere with routine phospholipid synthesis.
      These results demonstrate the participation in xenobiotic metabolism of a process
      whose function is ordinarily limited to the synthesis of endogenous compounds.

PMID- 26961239
TI  - Traditional Chinese Exercise for Cardiovascular Diseases: Systematic Review and
      Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) has widespread use for the
      prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease; however, there appears to be
      no consensus about the benefits of TCE for patients with cardiovascular disease.
      The objective of this systematic review was to determine the effects of TCE for
      patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Relevant studies were
      searched by PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative
      Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the China National Knowledge
      Infrastructure. We covered only published articles with randomized controlled
      trials. The outcome measures included physiological outcomes, biochemical
      outcomes, physical function, quality of life, and depression. A total of 35
      articles with 2249 cardiovascular disease patients satisfied the inclusion
      criteria. The pooling revealed that TCE could decrease systolic blood pressure by
      9.12 mm Hg (95% CI -16.38 to -1.86, P=0.01) and diastolic blood pressure by 5.12
      mm Hg (95% CI -7.71 to -2.52, P<0.001). Patients performing TCE also found
      benefits compared with those in the control group in terms of triglyceride
      (standardized mean difference -0.33, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.09, P=0.006), 6-minute
      walk test (mean difference 59.58 m, 95% CI -153.13 to 269.93, P=0.03), Minnesota
      Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire results (mean difference -17.08, 95% CI 
      23.74 to -10.41, P<0.001), 36-Item Short Form physical function scale (mean
      difference 0.82, 95% CI 0.32-1.33, P=0.001), and Profile of Mood States
      depression scale (mean difference -3.02, 95% CI -3.50 to -2.53, P<0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that TCE can effectively improve
      physiological outcomes, biochemical outcomes, physical function, quality of life,
      and depression among patients with cardiovascular disease. More high-quality
      randomized controlled trials on this topic are warranted.

PMID- 26961240
TI  - Immobilized Cytochrome P450 for Monitoring of P450-P450 Interactions and
      Metabolism.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 (P450) protein-protein interactions have been shown to alter
      their catalytic activity. Furthermore, these interactions are isoform specific
      and can elicit activation, inhibition, or no effect on enzymatic activity.
      Studies show that these effects are also dependent on the protein partner
      cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and the order of protein addition to purified
      reconstituted enzyme systems. In this study, we use controlled immobilization of
      P450s to a gold surface to gain a better understanding of P450-P450 interactions
      between three key drug-metabolizing isoforms (CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6).
      Molecular modeling was used to assess the favorability of homomeric/heteromeric
      P450 complex formation. P450 complex formation in vitro was analyzed in real time
      utilizing surface plasmon resonance. Finally, the effects of P450 complex
      formation were investigated utilizing our immobilized platform and reconstituted
      enzyme systems. Molecular modeling shows favorable binding of CYP2C9-CPR, CYP2C9
      CYP2D6, CYP2C9-CYP2C9, and CYP2C9-CYP3A4, in rank order.KDvalues obtained via
      surface plasmon resonance show strong binding, in the nanomolar range, for the
      above pairs, with CYP2C9-CYP2D6 yielding the lowestKD, followed by CYP2C9-CYP2C9,
      CYP2C9-CPR, and CYP2C9-CYP3A4. Metabolic incubations show that immobilized CYP2C9
      metabolism was activated by homomeric complex formation. CYP2C9 metabolism was
      not affected by the presence of CYP3A4 with saturating CPR concentrations. CYP2C9
      metabolism was activated by CYP2D6 at saturating CPR concentrations in solution
      but was inhibited when CYP2C9 was immobilized. The order of addition of proteins
      (CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CPR) influenced the magnitude of inhibition for
      CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. These results indicate isoform-specific P450 interactions and
      effects on P450-mediated metabolism. 

PMID- 26961243
TI  - Metabolism of glycerophospholipid, bile acid and retinol is correlated with the
      early outcomes of autoimmune hepatitis.
AB  - Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a complex liver disease with an increasing
      prevalence in recent years and can develop into the severe or fulminant form if
      the patients are not diagnosed accurately or treated in time. However, AIH
      accurate diagnosis, especially at the early stage, is still difficult to perform
      due to the absence of specific diagnostic markers and the large heterogeneity of
      its clinical, laboratory and histological features. To evaluate the biochemical
      process of AIH at the early stage, we investigated serum metabolic alterations in
      mice with liver injury induced by concanavalin A (Con A), which closely mimics
      the immune and inflammatory response of AIH in humans. Metabonomic profiling was
      performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight
      mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF MS). As a result, fourteen metabolites were
      detected as potential biomarkers related to the early stage of the liver injury,
      including two bile acids (taurocholic acid (V1) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid
      (V2)), three long-chain acylcarnitines (tetradecanoylcarnitine (V4), linoleyl
      carnitine (V8) and l-palmitoylcarnitine (V9)), seven glycerophospholipids (lysoPE
      (18 : 0/0 : 0) (V3), lysoPC (16 : 0) (V5), lysoPC (18 : 1) (V7), lysoPC (18 : 0)
      (V10), lysoPC (20 : 1) (V11), lysoPE (22 : 0/0 : 0) (V12) and lysoPC (20 : 0)
      (V13)), a bilirubin (V14), and a retinyl ester (V6). Moreover, partial least
      square regression analysis (RLS-RA) showed that metabolism of
      glycerophospholipids (P2), bile acids (P4) and retinol (P5) was highly correlated
      with the clinical outcomes, suggesting they played key roles in the early stage
      of the liver injury. Our results also demonstrated that a metabonomic approach
      coupled with PLS-RA is a powerful tool with which changes can be characterized in
      the levels of endogenous metabolites associated with disease progression and to
      assist in further understanding the molecular mechanism of the disease.

PMID- 26961242
TI  - A five-gene reverse transcription-PCR assay for pre-operative classification of
      breast fibroepithelial lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast fibroepithelial lesions are biphasic tumors and include
      fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors. Preoperative distinction between
      fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors is pivotal to clinical management.
      Fibroadenomas are clinically benign while phyllodes tumors are more unpredictable
      in biological behavior, with potential for recurrence. Differentiating the tumors
      may be challenging when they have overlapping clinical and histological features
      especially on core biopsies. Current molecular and immunohistochemical techniques
      have a limited role in the diagnosis of breast fibroepithelial lesions. We aimed
      to develop a practical molecular test to aid in distinguishing fibroadenomas from
      phyllodes tumors in the pre-operative setting. METHODS: We profiled the
      transcriptome of a training set of 48 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
      fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors and further designed 43 quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to verify differentially expressed genes.
      Using machine learning to build predictive regression models, we selected a five
      gene transcript set (ABCA8, APOD, CCL19, FN1, and PRAME) to discriminate between
      fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors. We validated our assay in an independent
      cohort of 230 core biopsies obtained pre-operatively. RESULTS: Overall, the assay
      accurately classified 92.6 % of the samples (AUC = 0.948, 95 % CI 0.913-0.983, p
      = 2.51E-19), with a sensitivity of 82.9 % and specificity of 94.7 %. CONCLUSIONS:
      We provide a robust assay for classifying breast fibroepithelial lesions into
      fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors, which could be a valuable tool in assisting
      pathologists in differential diagnosis of breast fibroepithelial lesions.

PMID- 26961244
TI  - Emergency Peripartum Hysterectomy: A Multicenter Study of Incidence, Indications
      and Outcomes in Southwestern Nigeria.
AB  - Objective To determine the incidence, indications and outcomes of emergency
      peripartum hysterectomy (EPH) in three tertiary institutions in south-west
      Nigeria between January, 2010 and December , 2013. Methods A retrospective review
      of all cases of EPH over a 4 year period was done. EPH was defined as
      hysterectomy performed at the time of delivery or within 24 h of delivery for
      uncontrollable postpartum bleeding not responsive to conservative measures.
      Relevant information was extracted from the hospital records and operation notes.
      Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 17.0. Statistical
      significance was set at p < 0.05. Results There were 102 EPHs performed among
      39,738 deliveries within the study period, giving a rate of 2.6 per thousand
      deliveries. Indications were uterine rupture (44.1 %), uterine atony (37.3 %),
      morbidly adherent placenta (17.6 %) and extension of caesarean section incision
      involving the uterine arteries (1 %). Subtotal hysterectomy was performed in most
      cases (67.6 %).Maternal case fatality rate was 11.8 % and perinatal mortality
      rate was 55.9 %. Blood transfusion, severe postoperative anaemia, wound sepsis,
      febrile morbidity and acute kidney injury were common morbidities associated with
      the procedure. Following multivariate logistic regression, the unbooked status
      [odds-ratio 95 % CI = 12.80 (1.22-133.97) p = 0.03] was the only variable that
      significantly predicted maternal death. Conclusion The incidence of EPH from our
      study is high. Much more needs to be done in maternal health services,
      particularly provision of quality obstetric care to reduce the rates of EPH and
      the associated high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 26961245
TI  - Surfactant-free poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for improving in vitro
      anticancer efficacy of tetrandrine.
AB  - The objective of this study was to improve the efficacy of a natural compound
      tetrandrine against cancer by designing surfactant-free poly(lactic-co-glycolic
      acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles as drug carriers for tetrandrine. Nanoparticles were
      prepared from PLGA via the nano-precipitation method with or without the presence
      of surfactant poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to encapsulate tetrandrine. Tetrandrine
      loaded surfactant-free PLGA nanoparticles had an average particle size of 169.3
      nm and morphology similar to the PLGA nanoparticles prepared using PVA as the
      surfactant. Tetrandrine-loaded surfactant-free PLGA nanoparticles could retard
      drug release in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 and the cumulative
      release of tetrandrine reached up to 68.33% over a period of 120 h. A549 cell
      line was used as the model cancer cells to investigate anticancer capability of
      tetrandrine-loaded surfactant-free PLGA nanoparticles via apoptosis assay,
      cytotoxicity and lysosome injury studies. The results showed that tetrandrine
      loaded surfactant-free PLGA nanoparticles could effectively reduce cell viability
      and synergistically enhance tetrandrine-induced cell apoptosis. 

PMID- 26961246
TI  - A novel molecular dynamics approach to evaluate the effect of phosphorylation on
      multimeric protein interface: the alphaB-Crystallin case study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phosphorylation is one of the most important post-translational
      modifications (PTM) employed by cells to regulate several cellular processes.
      Studying the effects of phosphorylations on protein structures allows to
      investigate the modulation mechanisms of several proteins including chaperones,
      like the small HSPs, which display different multimeric structures according to
      the phosphorylation of a few serine residues. In this context, the proposed study
      is aimed at finding a method to correlate different PTM patterns (in particular
      phosphorylations at the monomers interface of multimeric complexes) with the
      dynamic behaviour of the complex, using physicochemical parameters derived from
      molecular dynamics simulations in the timescale of nanoseconds. RESULTS: We have
      developed a methodology relying on computing nine physicochemical parameters,
      derived from the analysis of short MD simulations, and combined with N
      identifiers that characterize the PTMs of the analysed protein. The nine general
      parameters were validated on three proteins, with known post-translational
      modified conformation and unmodified conformation. Then, we applied this approach
      to the case study of alphaB-Crystallin, a chaperone which multimeric state (up to
      40 units) is supposed to be controlled by phosphorylation of Ser45 and Ser59.
      Phosphorylation of serines at the dimer interface induces the release of
      hexamers, the active state of alphaB-Crystallin. 30 ns of MD simulation were
      obtained for each possible combination of dimer phosphorylation state and average
      values of structural, dynamic, energetic and functional features were calculated
      on the equilibrated portion of the trajectories. Principal Component Analysis was
      applied to the parameters and the first five Principal Components, which summed
      up to 84 % of the total variance, were finally considered. CONCLUSIONS: The
      validation of this approach on multimeric proteins, which structures were known
      both modified and unmodified, allowed us to propose a new approach that can be
      used to predict the impact of PTM patterns in multi-modified proteins using data
      collected from short molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis on the alphaB
      Crystallin case study clusters together all-P dimers with all-P hexamers and no-P
      dimer with no-P hexamer and results suggest a great influence of Ser59
      phosphorylation on chain B.

PMID- 26961248
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, cleavage activity, cytotoxicity and
      molecular docking of new nano water-soluble [M(5-CH2PPh3-3,4-salpyr)](ClO4)2 (M =
      Ni, Zn) complexes.
AB  - Some new water soluble complexes [N,N'-bis{5-[(triphenyl phosphonium chloride)
      methyl]salicylidine}-3,4-diaminopyridine] M(ii), which are formulated as nano
      [Zn(5-CH2PPh3-3,4-salpyr)](ClO4)2 (), [Zn(5-CH2PPh3-3,4-salpyr)](ClO4)2 (), nano
      [Ni(5-CH2PPh3-3,4-salpyr)](ClO4)2 (), [Ni(5-CH2PPh3-3,4-salpyr)](ClO4)2 (), and
      [N,N'-bis{5-[(triphenyl phosphonium chloride)-methyl]salicylidine}-2,3
      diaminopyridine]Ni(ii) [Ni(5-CH2PPh3-2,3-salpyr)](ClO4)2 () have been isolated
      and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (31)P NMR,
      and UV-vis spectroscopy. The morphology and size of the nano complexes were
      determined using FE-SEM and TEM. In vitro DNA binding studies were investigated
      by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, CD spectroscopy,
      cyclic voltammetry, emission spectra and gel electrophoresis, which suggest that
      the metal complexes act as efficient DNA binders. The absorption spectroscopy of
      the compounds with DNA reveals that the DNA binding affinity (Kb) has this order:
      > > > > > Ligand. The metal complexes show DNA binding stronger than the ligand,
      which is expected due to the nature of the metal. The nano complexes display DNA
      binding stronger than the other complexes which is related to the effect of size
      on binding affinity and the Ni(ii) complexes reveal DNA binding stronger than the
      corresponding Zn(ii) analogues, which is expected due to their z* effect and
      geometry. The prominent double strand DNA cleavage abilities of compound are
      observed in the absence of H2O2 with efficiencies of more than 50% even at 70 MUM
      complex concentration. Surprisingly, Zn(ii) complexes (compounds & ) exhibit a
      higher cytotoxicity (IC50: 7.3 & 10.9 MUM at 24 h; IC50: 4.6 & 8.7 MUM at 48 h)
      against human hepatoma (HepG2) and HeLa cell lines than the Ni(ii) complexes
      (compounds , & ) and 5-fluorouracil as control in spite of their inability to
      cleave DNA. Finally, DNA binding interactions were performed by docking studies.
      Density functional theory (DFT) studies were performed using the GAUSSIAN 03
      program. The DFT method with B3LYP functional, LANL2DZ basis set for metal
      centers and 6-311g* for other atoms was used. The synthesized compounds and DNA
      were simulated by molecular docking to explore more details of the ligands
      conformation and their orientations in the active site of the receptor.

PMID- 26961247
TI  - Dynamics of spinal microglia repopulation following an acute depletion.
AB  - Our understanding on the function of microglia has been revolutionized in the
      recent 20 years. However, the process of maintaining microglia homeostasis has
      not been fully understood. In this study, we dissected the features of spinal
      microglia repopulation following an acute partial depletion. By injecting
      intrathecally Mac-1-saporin, a microglia selective immunotoxin, we ablated 50%
      microglia in the spinal cord of naive mice. Spinal microglia repopulated rapidly
      and local homeostasis was re-established within 14 days post-depletion. Mac-1
      saporin treatment resulted in microglia cell proliferation and circulating
      monocyte infiltration. The latter is indeed part of an acute, transient
      inflammatory reaction that follows cell depletion, and was characterized by an
      increase in the expression of inflammatory molecules and by the breakdown of the
      blood spinal cord barrier. During this period, microglia formed cell clusters and
      exhibited a M1-like phenotype. MCP-1/CCR2 signaling was essential in promoting
      this depletion associated spinal inflammatory reaction. Interestingly, ruling out
      MCP-1-mediated secondary inflammation, including blocking recruitment of monocyte
      derived microglia, did not affect depletion-triggered microglia repopulation. Our
      results also demonstrated that newly generated microglia kept their
      responsiveness to peripheral nerve injury and their contribution to injury
      associated neuropathic pain was not significantly altered. 

PMID- 26961249
TI  - A novel method for correcting scanline-observational bias of discontinuity
      orientation.
AB  - Scanline observation is known to introduce an angular bias into the probability
      distribution of orientation in three-dimensional space. In this paper, numerical
      solutions expressing the functional relationship between the scanline
      observational distribution (in one-dimensional space) and the inherent
      distribution (in three-dimensional space) are derived using probability theory
      and calculus under the independence hypothesis of dip direction and dip angle.
      Based on these solutions, a novel method for obtaining the inherent distribution
      (also for correcting the bias) is proposed, an approach which includes two
      procedures: 1) Correcting the cumulative probabilities of orientation according
      to the solutions, and 2) Determining the distribution of the corrected
      orientations using approximation methods such as the one-sample Kolmogorov
      Smirnov test. The inherent distribution corrected by the proposed method can be
      used for discrete fracture network (DFN) modelling, which is applied to such
      areas as rockmass stability evaluation, rockmass permeability analysis, rockmass
      quality calculation and other related fields. To maximize the correction capacity
      of the proposed method, the observed sample size is suggested through
      effectiveness tests for different distribution types, dispersions and sample
      sizes. The performance of the proposed method and the comparison of its
      correction capacity with existing methods are illustrated with two case studies. 

PMID- 26961251
TI  - The role of glial-specific Kir4.1 in normal and pathological states of the CNS.
AB  - Kir4.1 is an inwardly rectifying K(+) channel expressed exclusively in glial
      cells in the central nervous system. In glia, Kir4.1 is implicated in several
      functions including extracellular K(+) homeostasis, maintenance of astrocyte
      resting membrane potential, cell volume regulation, and facilitation of glutamate
      uptake. Knockout of Kir4.1 in rodent models leads to severe neurological
      deficits, including ataxia, seizures, sensorineural deafness, and early postnatal
      death. Accumulating evidence indicates that Kir4.1 plays an integral role in the
      central nervous system, prompting many laboratories to study the potential role
      that Kir4.1 plays in human disease. In this article, we review the growing
      evidence implicating Kir4.1 in a wide array of neurological disease. Recent
      literature suggests Kir4.1 dysfunction facilitates neuronal hyperexcitability and
      may contribute to epilepsy. Genetic screens demonstrate that mutations of KCNJ10,
      the gene encoding Kir4.1, causes SeSAME/EAST syndrome, which is characterized by
      early onset seizures, compromised verbal and motor skills, profound cognitive
      deficits, and salt-wasting. KCNJ10 has also been linked to developmental
      disorders including autism. Cerebral trauma, ischemia, and inflammation are all
      associated with decreased astrocytic Kir4.1 current amplitude and astrocytic
      dysfunction. Additionally, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease
      and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis demonstrate loss of Kir4.1. This is
      particularly exciting in the context of Huntington disease, another
      neurodegenerative disorder in which restoration of Kir4.1 ameliorated motor
      deficits, decreased medium spiny neuron hyperexcitability, and extended survival
      in mouse models. Understanding the expression and regulation of Kir4.1 will be
      critical in determining if this channel can be exploited for therapeutic benefit.

PMID- 26961250
TI  - Ancient Duplications Have Led to Functional Divergence of Vitellogenin-Like Genes
      Potentially Involved in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Honey Bees.
AB  - Protection against inflammation and oxidative stress is key in slowing down aging
      processes. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) shows flexible aging patterns linked to
      the social role of individual bees. One molecular factor associated with honey
      bee aging regulation is vitellogenin, a lipoglycophosphoprotein with anti
      inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Recently, we identified three genes in
      Hymenopteran genomes arisen from ancient insect vitellogenin duplications, named
      vg-like-A, -B, and -C. The function of these vitellogenin homologs is unclear. We
      hypothesize that some of them might share gene- and protein-level similarities
      and a longevity-supporting role with vitellogenin. Here, we show how the
      structure and modifications of the vg-like genes and proteins have diverged from
      vitellogenin. Furthermore, all three vg-like genes show signs of positive
      selection, but the spatial location of the selected protein sites differ from
      those found in vitellogenin. We show that all these genes are expressed in both
      long-lived winter worker bees and in summer nurse bees with intermediate life
      expectancy, yet only vg-like-A shows elevated expression in winter bees as found
      in vitellogenin. Finally, we show that vg-like-A responds more strongly than
      vitellogenin to inflammatory and oxidative conditions in summer nurse bees, and
      that also vg-like-B responds to oxidative stress. We associate vg-like-A and, to
      lesser extent, vg-like-B to the antiaging roles of vitellogenin, but that vg-like
      C probably is involved in some other function. Our analysis indicates that an
      ancient duplication event facilitated the adaptive and functional divergence of
      vitellogenin and its paralogs in the honey bee. 

PMID- 26961253
TI  - Biological properties of novel ruthenium- and osmium-nitrosyl complexes with
      azole heterocycles.
AB  - Since the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) is a physiologically relevant
      molecule, there has been great interest in the use of metal nitrosyl compounds as
      antitumor pharmaceuticals. Particularly interesting are those complexes which can
      deliver NO to biological targets. Ruthenium- and osmium-based compounds offer
      lower toxicity compared to other metals and show different mechanisms of action
      as well as different spectra of activity compared to platinum-based drugs. Novel
      ruthenium- and osmium-nitrosyl complexes with azole heterocycles were studied to
      elucidate their cytotoxicity and possible interactions with DNA. Apoptosis
      induction, changes of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and possible
      formation of reactive oxygen species were investigated as indicators of NO
      mediated damage by flow cytometry. Results suggest that ruthenium- and osmium
      nitrosyl complexes with the general formula (indazolium)[cis/trans-MCl4(NO)(1H
      indazole)] have pronounced cytotoxic potency in cancer cell lines. Especially the
      more potent ruthenium complexes strongly induce apoptosis associated with
      depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, and elevated reactive oxygen species
      levels. Furthermore, a slight yet not unequivocal trend to accumulation of
      intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate attributable to NO-mediated effects
      was observed.

PMID- 26961252
TI  - Nitrogen acquisition by plants and microorganisms in a temperate grassland.
AB  - Nitrogen (N) limitation is common in most terrestrial ecosystems, often leading
      to strong competition between microorganisms and plants. The mechanisms of niche
      differentiation to reduce this competition remain unclear. Short-term (15)N
      experiments with NH4(+), NO3(-), and glycine were conducted in July, August and
      September in a temperate grassland to evaluate the chemical, spatial and temporal
      niche differentiation by competition between plants and microorganisms for N.
      Microorganisms preferred NH4(+) and NO3(-), while plants preferred NO3(-). Both
      plants and microorganisms acquired more N in August and September than in July.
      The soil depth had no significant effects on microbial uptake, but significantly
      affected plant N uptake. Plants acquired 67% of their N from the 0-5 cm soil
      layer and 33% from the 5-15 cm layer. The amount of N taken up by microorganisms
      was at least seven times than plants. Although microorganisms efficiently compete
      for N with plants, the competition is alleviated through chemical partitioning
      mainly in deeper soil layer. In the upper soil layer, neither chemical nor
      temporal niche separation is realized leading to strong competition between
      plants and microorganisms that modifies N dynamics in grasslands. 

PMID- 26961255
TI  - The Sentinel Lymph Node Concept and Novel Approaches in Detecting Lymph Node
      Metastasis in Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 26961254
TI  - MPs criticise government for complacency over GP crisis.

PMID- 26961256
TI  - Pt-Free Counter Electrodes with Carbon Black and 3D Network Epoxy Polymer
      Composites.
AB  - Carbon black (CB) and a 3D network epoxy polymer composite, representing dual
      functions for conductive corrosion protective layer (CCPL) and catalytic layer
      (CL) by the control of CB weight ratio against polymer is developed. Our strategy
      provides a proper approach which applies high catalytic ability and chemical
      stability of CB in corrosive triiodide/iodide (I3(-)/I(-)) redox electrolyte
      system. The CB and a 3D network epoxy polymer composite coated on the stainless
      steel (SS) electrode to alternate counter electrodes in dye sensitized solar
      cells (DSSCs). A two-step spray pyrolysis process is used to apply a solution
      containing epoxy monomers and a polyfunctional amine hardener with 6 wt% CB to a
      SS substrate, which forms a CCPL. Subsequently, an 86 wt% CB is applied to form a
      CL. The excellent catalytic properties and corrosion protective properties of the
      CB and 3D network epoxy polymer composites produce efficient counter electrodes
      that can replace fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) with CCPL/SS and Pt/FTO with
      CL/CCPL/SS in DSSCs. This approach provides a promising approach to the
      development of efficient, stable, and cheap solar cells, paving the way for large
      scale commercialization. 

PMID- 26961259
TI  - Sustainable development goals put violence prevention on the map.

PMID- 26961257
TI  - Complement factor H binding of monomeric C-reactive protein downregulates
      proinflammatory activity and is impaired with at risk polymorphic CFH variants.
AB  - Inflammation and immune-mediated processes are pivotal to the pathogenic
      progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although plasma levels of
      C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to be associated with an increased risk
      for AMD, the pathophysiological importance of the prototypical acute-phase
      reactant in the etiology of the disease is unknown, and data regarding the exact
      role of CRP in ocular inflammation are limited. In this study, we provide
      mechanistic insight into how CRP contributes to the development of AMD. In
      particular, we show that monomeric CRP (mCRP) but not the pentameric form (pCRP)
      upregulates IL-8 and CCL2 levels in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Further, we
      show that complement factor H (FH) binds mCRP to dampen its proinflammatory
      activity. FH from AMD patients carrying the "risk" His402 polymorphism displays
      impaired binding to mCRP, and therefore proinflammatory effects of mCRP remain
      unrestrained. 

PMID- 26961258
TI  - Practice patterns and complication rates of thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Practice patterns, bleeding complication rates, and outcomes of thrombolytic use
      for pulmonary embolism (PE) outside of clinical trials are not well
      characterized. Retrospective cohort study of patients with PE, using an enhanced
      administrative database of approximately 20 % of hospitalizations in the United
      States, 2008-2011. We used hierarchical logistic regression to identify patient-
      and hospital-level factors associated with thrombolytic use and quantified
      between-hospital variation in thrombolysis. We calculated rates of hemorrhagic
      complications and mortality in patients receiving thrombolytics stratified by
      vasopressor use. We identified 91,860 hospitalizations for PE; thrombolytics were
      utilized in 13.2 % (578/4363) who received vasopressors and 1.6 % (1320/82,997)
      who did not receive vasopressors. Patients who received thrombolytics were
      younger, more likely white, with private insurance, fewer comorbidities and more
      acute organ failures. Hospitals varied widely in thrombolysis rates for PE (0-100
      % of patients on vasopressors, 0-12.5 % not on vasopressors) with 17 % of
      variation unexplained by patient or hospital characteristics. Bleeding
      complication rates for patients receiving thrombolytics versus no thrombolytics,
      respectively, were: ICH (0.8 vs. 0.08 %, p < 0.01), major bleeding (13 vs. 3 %, p
      < 0.01), and major bleeding with transfusion (2.5 vs. 0.05 %, p < 0.01). Among
      patients given vasopressors, thrombolytics were not associated with hospital
      mortality (thrombolysis 41 % vs. no thrombolysis 35 % mortality; adjusted OR
      0.97, 95 % CI 0.93-1.01, p = 0.15). There is wide variation in thrombolytic use
      for PE in the US. Patient characteristics and complications associated with real
      world thrombolytic use were similar to published randomized trials. 

PMID- 26961261
TI  - Accelerating access to new medicines: Current status of facilitated regulatory
      pathways used by emerging regulatory authorities.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We assessed the characteristics of currently implemented expedited
      (facilitated) regulatory pathways (FRPs) used by national regulatory authorities
      (NRAs) in emerging economies to speed access to important new medicines. METHODS:
      We identified NRAs with FRPs through Thomson Reuters Cortellis Regulatory
      Intelligence and through agency Websites. We developed a list of 27 FRP
      characteristics. We categorised characteristics as procedural or substantive and
      based them on five sequential regulatory activities. FINDINGS: We assessed 29
      countries with 33 FRPs. The regions with the characteristics described most
      extensively by their FRPs were the Middle East/North Africa and Eastern Europe.
      The Sub-Saharan African region included the FRPs that were least specific in
      describing characteristics. Overall, FRPs presented at least twice as many
      procedural as substantive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: We observed diversity by
      region in FRP characteristics, suggesting a role for further engagement with
      emerging NRAs in their design and implementation. Common processes could advance
      regulatory alignment initiatives and help the WHO inform the development of
      novel, globally aligned accelerated development and regulatory pathways for
      products that fulfil serious unmet public health needs.Journal of Public Health
      Policy advance online publication, 10 March 2016; doi:10.1057/jphp.2016.8.

PMID- 26961260
TI  - Eviction and loss of income assistance among street-involved youth in Canada.
AB  - Loss of housing and income assistance among vulnerable youth has not been well
      described in the literature, yet it is a crucial issue for public health. This
      study examines the prevalence and correlates of loss of income assistance as well
      as eviction among street-involved youth. We collected data from a prospective
      cohort of street-involved youth aged 14-26. Among 770 participants, 64.3 per cent
      reported having housing and 77.1 per cent reported receiving income assistance at
      some point during the study period. Further, 28.6 and 20.0 per cent of youth
      reported having been evicted and losing income assistance, respectively. In
      multivariable generalized estimating equations analysis, heavy alcohol use,
      unprotected sex, being a victim of violence, and homelessness were all
      independently associated with eviction. Separately, homelessness, recent
      incarceration, and drug dealing were independently associated with loss of income
      assistance. Eviction and loss of income assistance are common experiences among
      street-involved youth with multiple vulnerabilities. Our findings highlight the
      importance of improving continued engagement with critical social services. 

PMID- 26961262
TI  - Moyamoya Syndrome in South African Children With HIV-1 Infection.
AB  - A national multicenter study identified 17 South African children with vertically
      acquired HIV-1 infection and HIV-associated vasculopathy. Five of the children
      (all indigenous African ancestry) had progressive vascular disease, consistent
      with moyamoya syndrome. Median presentation age 5.8 years (range 2.2-11). The
      children with moyamoya syndrome presented with abnormal CD4 counts and raised
      viral loads. Clinical features included motor deficits, neuroregression, and
      intellectual disability. Neuroimaging supported progressive vascular disease with
      preceding clinically silent disease course. Neurologic recovery occurred in 1
      patient with improved CD4 counts. Four of the 5 children presented during the era
      when access to antiretroviral therapy was limited, suggesting that with improved
      management of HIV-1, progressive vasculopathy is less prevalent. However the
      insidious disease course illustrated indicates that the syndrome can progress
      "silently," and manifest with misleading phenotypes such as cognitive delay or
      regression. Sub-Saharan Africa has limited access to neuroimaging and affected
      children may be underdiagnosed.

PMID- 26961264
TI  - Acute Cerebellitis in Children: A Many-Faceted Disease.
AB  - Acute cerebellitis is a rare inflammatory condition. It may have a benign, self
      limiting course or present as a fulminant disease resulting in severe cerebellar
      damage or even sudden death. We present the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic
      data in 9 children diagnosed with acute cerebellitis, who were identified by
      database search in our pediatric medical center from January 2000 to November
      2014. The main presenting symptom was headache, and the main presenting sign was
      ataxia. Bilateral diffuse hemispheric involvement was the most common imaging
      finding at presentation. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most common infectious
      pathogen found. Treatment included steroids in all cases, antibiotics in 4, and
      intravenous immunoglobulins in 6. Six patients had a full recovery, and 3 had
      residual neurologic complications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the
      modality of choice for diagnosis. The course of acute cerebellitis varies from a
      commonly benign and self-limiting disease to an occasionally fulminant disease,
      resulting in severe cerebellar damage or sudden death.

PMID- 26961263
TI  - The Genetics of Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis of Infancy: Is There an Association
      With Mutations in the CACNA1A Gene?
AB  - Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy is an unusual movement disorder, often
      accompanied by a family history of migraine. Some benign paroxysmal torticollis
      cases are associated with CACNA1A mutations. The authors sought to determine the
      frequency of CACNA1A mutations in benign paroxysmal torticollis by testing 8
      children and their parents and by searching the literature for benign paroxysmal
      torticollis cases with accompanying CACNA1A mutations or other disorders linked
      to the same gene. In our 8 benign paroxysmal torticollis cases, the authors found
      3 different polymorphisms, but no pathogenic mutations. By contrast, in the
      literature, the authors found 4 benign paroxysmal torticollis cases with CACNA1A
      mutations, 3 with accompanying family histories of 1 or more of familial
      hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia, and paroxysmal tonic upgaze. Thus, CACNA1A
      mutations are more likely to be found in children with benign paroxysmal
      torticollis if accompanied by family histories of familial hemiplegic migraine,
      episodic ataxia, or paroxysmal tonic upgaze.

PMID- 26961265
TI  - Quantitative Analysis of Lower Leg Adipose Tissue Distribution in Youth with
      Myelomeningocele.
AB  - Children with myelomeningocele have a high prevalence of obesity and excess fat
      accumulation in their lower extremities. However, it is not known if this is
      subcutaneous or intramuscular fat, the latter of which has been associated with
      insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. This study quantified lower leg bone,
      muscle, and adipose tissue volume in children with myelomeningocele, classifying
      adipose as subcutaneous or muscle-associated. Eighty-eight children with
      myelomeningocele and 113 children without myelomeningocele underwent lower leg
      computed tomographic scans. Subcutaneous and muscle-associated adipose were
      classified based on location relative to the crural fascia. No differences were
      seen in subcutaneous adipose. Higher level disease severity was associated with
      increased muscle-associated adipose volume and decreased muscle volume. Bone
      volume tended to decrease with higher levels of involvement. Increases in lower
      leg adiposity in children with myelomeningocele are primarily attributable to
      accumulation of muscle-associated adipose, which may signify increased risk for
      metabolic disorders.

PMID- 26961266
TI  - Behavioral Symptoms in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Relation to Fatigue and
      Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - The emotional and behavioral problems associated with pediatric multiple
      sclerosis remain unclear. Participants with pediatric multiple sclerosis or
      clinically isolated syndrome (n = 140; ages 5-18 years) completed self- and
      parent ratings using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second
      Edition, neurologic exam, the Fatigue Severity Scale, and neuropsychological
      assessment. Mean self- and parent-ratings on the Behavioral Assessment System for
      Children, Second Edition, were in the typical range across all scales. However,
      33.1% indicated a clinically significant problem on a least 1 scale. Although the
      type of clinical problems varied across participants, attention problems,
      somatization, and anxiety were found to be most common. Disease features
      including duration, age of onset, neurologic disability, and fatigue did not
      distinguish those with and without clinical problems. However, cognitive
      functioning significantly predicted the presence of a clinical problem (P =02).
      Pediatric multiple sclerosis is associated with a range of nonspecific emotional
      and behavioral clinical problems, occurring more frequently in those patients
      with cognitive involvement.

PMID- 26961267
TI  - The Impact of a 35-Week Long-Term Exercise Therapy on Psychosocial Health of
      Children With Benign Epilepsy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a 35-week exercise
      program and its efficacy on neurocognitive and psychological variables in
      children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Ten children with
      benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (aged 8 to 12 years) completed a 35
      week exercise program consisting of supervised sport activities for 5 weeks and
      home-based exercise program for 30 weeks. The children and their parents
      participated in neurocognitive and psychological evaluations including measures
      of attention, executive function, behaviors, and quality of life at baseline and
      postexercise follow-up at the 35th week. At postintervention evaluation,
      significant improvements were seen relative to baseline in neurocognitive domains
      such as psychomotor speed, sustained attention, divided attention, and inhibition
      disinhibition ability, and in psychological domains including internalizing
      behavior problems, general health, and general quality of life. Long-term
      exercise intervention may have benefits for some aspects of neurocognitive and
      psychological function in children with benign epilepsy.

PMID- 26961269
TI  - Impaired Automatic Arm Movements in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy Suggest a
      Central Disorder.
AB  - The authors aimed to find evidence for a central component of the impairment of
      movement of the affected arm in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy.
      The authors performed a cross-sectional study in 19 children (median age 5 years)
      with obstetric brachial plexus palsy who were able to voluntarily abduct their
      affected arm beyond 90 degrees. They were asked to perform 4 tasks designed to
      provoke automatic arm movements to maintain balance. The authors assumed
      automatic motor programming to be impaired when 2 of 3 investigators agreed using
      video recordings that the affected arm did not abduct beyond 90 degrees while the
      unaffected arm did. Children abducted the affected arm less often than the
      healthy one (generalized binary logistic model of all 4 tasks, P = .001). The
      deficit during automatic arm abduction was not observed during voluntary
      movements and therefore cannot be explained by a peripheral deficit, suggesting a
      central component.

PMID- 26961268
TI  - Diet Redux: Outcomes from Reattempting Dietary Therapy for Epilepsy.
AB  - The outcome for patients attempting dietary therapy for epilepsy a second time is
      unknown. Twenty-six subjects treated with the ketogenic diet as children who then
      began either the ketogenic diet or a Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) at least 6 months
      later were evaluated. The mean age at the first diet trial was 5.6 years and at
      the second diet trial was 11.5 years. Most restarted dietary therapy because of
      persistent seizures (65%) or recurrence after seizure freedom (19%). Overall, 77%
      had a >=50% seizure reduction with the first diet, and 50% with the second diet,
      P = .04. Individual subject responses were largely similar, with 14 (54%) having
      identical seizure reduction both times, 9 worse (35%) with the second attempt,
      and 3 (16%) improved. The second diet trial was more likely to lead to >50%
      seizure reduction if the first trial was started at a later age (7.4 vs 3.9
      years, P = .04).

PMID- 26961270
TI  - Validating the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Sleep Apnea Clinical Score for Use in
      Primary Care Populations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide external validation of the diagnostic accuracy of the Sleep
      Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) tool in a new setting and patient population.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study. Potential
      participants were adult family medicine patients. We excluded patients with a
      SACS of 0, known obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), negative results of previous
      testing, or life-limiting conditions. After SACS determination, participants
      completed overnight oximetry, sleep medicine consultation, and polysomnography.
      Those interpreting tests were blind to the participant's SACS. We determined
      likelihood ratios (LRs) for OSA diagnosis and posttest probabilities (PTPs). We
      calculated OSA prevalence (pretest probability), sensitivity, specificity, and
      positive and negative predictive values. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-one of 312
      participants (61%) completed all steps. The prevalence of OSA was similar to that
      found in the derivation cohort (40% vs 45%; P=.31). With OSA defined as Apnea
      Hypopnea Index greater than 10, a SACS greater than 15 was 40% sensitive and 90%
      specific, with a positive predictive value of 73% and a negative predictive value
      of 69%. A SACS greater than 15 in our cohort produced an LR of 4.03 (95% CI, 3.12
      5.22) with 73% PTP for OSA as compared with an LR of 5.17 (95% CI, 2.54-10.51)
      with 78% PTP found in the derivation cohort. CONCLUSION: The present study
      provides external validation of the SACS tool. It reliably predicted OSA for
      patients in our family medicine practice. Broader implementation in primary care
      practice is recommended. Further study will examine SACS uptake by clinicians and
      the resulting impact on utilization and clinical efficiency in primary care
      practices.

PMID- 26961271
TI  - Mobility overestimation due to gated contacts in organic field-effect
      transistors.
AB  - Parameters used to describe the electrical properties of organic field-effect
      transistors, such as mobility and threshold voltage, are commonly extracted from
      measured current-voltage characteristics and interpreted by using the classical
      metal oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor model. However, in recent
      reports of devices with ultra-high mobility (>40 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)), the device
      characteristics deviate from this idealized model and show an abrupt turn-on in
      the drain current when measured as a function of gate voltage. In order to
      investigate this phenomenon, here we report on single crystal rubrene transistors
      intentionally fabricated to exhibit an abrupt turn-on. We disentangle the channel
      properties from the contact resistance by using impedance spectroscopy and show
      that the current in such devices is governed by a gate bias dependence of the
      contact resistance. As a result, extracted mobility values from d.c. current
      voltage characterization are overestimated by one order of magnitude or more.

PMID- 26961272
TI  - Timing of Delivery in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Need for Person-Centered,
      Shared Decision-Making.
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a medical as well as obstetric challenge,
      which needs person-centered management. The timing of delivery of women with GDM
      is discussed by various obstetric professional bodies. We highlight pertinent
      medical, obstetric, and psychosocial factors which may influence the timing of
      delivery in women with GDM. This commentary proposes a person-centered approach
      to decide the delivery timing in GDM and supports shared decision-making based
      upon the individual's biopsychosocial characteristics and environmental factors. 

PMID- 26961273
TI  - Twin Boundaries merely as Intrinsically Kinematic Barriers for Screw Dislocation
      Motion in FCC Metals.
AB  - Metals with nanoscale twins have shown ultrahigh strength and excellent
      ductility, attributed to the role of twin boundaries (TBs) as strong barriers for
      the motion of lattice dislocations. Though observed in both experiments and
      simulations, the barrier effect of TBs is rarely studied quantitatively. Here,
      with atomistic simulations and continuum based anisotropic bicrystal models, we
      find that the long-range interaction force between coherent TBs and screw
      dislocations is negligible. Further simulations of the pileup behavior of screw
      dislocations in front of TBs suggest that screw dislocations can be blocked
      kinematically by TBs due to the change of slip plane, leading to the pileup of
      subsequent dislocations with the elastic repulsion actually from the pinned
      dislocation in front of the TB. Our results well explain the experimental
      observations that the variation of yield strength with twin thickness for
      ultrafine-grained copper follows the Hall-Petch relationship. 

PMID- 26961274
TI  - Serological and molecular investigation of Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. in
      ticks and blood of dogs, in the Thrace Region of Turkey.
AB  - In recent years, tick-borne diseases like ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis became
      widespread worldwide threatening the health of both human and companion animals.
      Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of Anaplasma spp.,
      and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs and ticks in the Thrace Region of Turkey. A total of
      400 blood samples and 912 ticks were collected from dogs living in shelters that
      are located in four cities (Istanbul, Edirne, Tekirdag and Kirklareli) of the
      Thrace Region. Blood and buffy coat smears were prepared for microscopic
      examination. Hematologic and serologic analyses were performed using cell counter
      and commercial Snap3Dx test kit, respectively. Eight hundred fifty of collected
      ticks were classified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 33 as Rhipicephalus turanicus
      and 29 as Ixodes ricinus. After DNA extraction from blood samples and pooled
      ticks (127 tick pools, in total), nested PCR was performed to detect the DNA of
      Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. The seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis was
      27.25% (109) by Snap3Dx test and the total molecular positivity was 11.75% (47)
      in dog blood samples and 21.25% (27) in tick pools by nested PCR. The frequencies
      of the infected blood samples with E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and
      Anaplasma platys were detected as 6%, 4% and 6%, respectively. E. canis and A.
      platys were detected in R. sanguineus pools with a ratio of 15.75% and 0.7%,
      respectively. In addition, A. platys was also detected in R. turanicus pools
      (0.7%). A. phagocytophilum was found only in I. ricinus pools (3.93%). Morulae of
      three species were detected in buffy coat and blood smears. While anemia was
      observed in dogs infected with E. canis and co-infected (with one or more
      species), thrombocytopenia was observed only in co-infected dogs. This is the
      first study providing evidence for the presence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia
      spp. in dogs and ticks in the Thrace Region of Turkey. Based on the results of
      the tests used in this study, we recommend the combined use of serologic,
      molecular, cytologic, hematologic analyses and physical examination of tick
      exposure for an accurate diagnosis of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis.

PMID- 26961275
TI  - Geographical differences in seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in
      Norway, 2011-2013.
AB  - Detection of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a
      useful aid for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. However, antibodies are present
      in the general population. The seroprevalence increase with age, and varies
      according to the prevalence of infected ticks. We performed a seroprevalence
      study of IgM and IgG antibody reactivity against B. burgdorferi sensu lato in
      Norway by age-groups and geography, in order to provide a reference set of
      seroprevalence to inform the interpretation of positive test results. We used two
      commercially available enzyme immuno assays (EIA) and a multiplexed bead assay to
      detect Borrelia IgG antibodies in a convenience sample of 3057 sera collected
      from clinical chemistry laboratories in 10 of 19 counties in Norway between
      December 2011 and January 2013. We estimated seroprevalence by age and county by
      a logistic regression model. IgM antibodies were detected by two commercially
      available EIAs and a multiplexed bead assay. The overall seroprevalence of
      Borrelia IgG was 4.0% (95% CI: 2.4-6.6%) and 4.2% (2.6-6.8%) by the two EIAs,
      respectively. The seroprevalence increased by age, and by geography from north to
      south. The IgG assays showed a good agreement for positive test results. All sera
      positive for IgG in the multiplexed bead assay reacted with the VlsE antigen, and
      also had high antibody levels by EIA. The Borrelia seroprevalence varied by
      geography and increased by age. The results indicate regional differences in pre
      test probabilities for positive test results, and can inform the interpretation
      of laboratory results.

PMID- 26961276
TI  - Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness of Insulin Glargine Versus Neutral Protamine
      Hagedorn Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes in Thailand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Even though Insulin glargine (IGlar) has been available and used in
      other countries for more than a decade, it has not been adopted into Thai
      national formulary. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term cost effectiveness
      of IGlar versus neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in type 2 diabetes from
      the perspective of Thai Health Care System. METHODS: A validated computer
      simulation model (the IMS CORE Diabetes Model) was used to estimate the long-term
      projection of costs and clinical outcomes. The model was populated with published
      characteristics of Thai patients with type 2 diabetes. Baseline risk factors were
      obtained from Thai cohort studies, while relative risk reduction was derived from
      a meta-analysis study conducted by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology
      in Health. Only direct costs were taken into account. Costs of diabetes
      management and complications were obtained from hospital databases in Thailand.
      Both costs and outcomes were discounted at 3 % per annum and presented in US
      dollars in terms of 2014 dollar value. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
      (ICER) was calculated. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were also
      performed. RESULTS: IGlar is associated with a slight gain in quality-adjusted
      life years (0.488 QALYs), an additional life expectancy (0.677 life years), and
      an incremental cost of THB119,543 (US$3522.19) compared with NPH insulin. The
      ICERs were THB244,915/QALY (US$7216.12/QALY) and THB176,525/life-year gained
      (LYG) (US$5201.09/LYG). The ICER was sensitive to discount rates and IGlar cost.
      At the acceptable willingness to pay of THB160,000/QALY (US$4714.20/QALY), the
      probability that IGlar was cost effective was less than 20 %. CONCLUSIONS:
      Compared to treatment with NPH insulin, treatment with IGlar in type 2 diabetes
      patients who had uncontrolled blood glucose with oral anti-diabetic drugs did not
      represent good value for money at the acceptable threshold in Thailand.

PMID- 26961277
TI  - Human temperatures for syndromic surveillance in the emergency department: data
      from the autumn wave of the 2009 swine flu (H1N1) pandemic and a seasonal
      influenza outbreak.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The emergency department (ED) increasingly acts as a gateway to the
      evaluation and treatment of acute illnesses. Consequently, it has also become a
      key testing ground for systems that monitor and identify outbreaks of disease.
      Here, we describe a new technology that automatically collects body temperatures
      during triage. The technology was tested in an ED as an approach to monitoring
      diseases that cause fever, such as seasonal flu and some pandemics. METHODS:
      Temporal artery thermometers that log temperature measurements were placed in a
      Boston ED and used for initial triage vital signs. Time-stamped measurements were
      collected from the thermometers to investigate the performance a real-time system
      would offer. The data were summarized in terms of rates of fever (temperatures
      >=100.4  degrees F [>=38.0  degrees C]) and were qualitatively compared with
      regional disease surveillance programs in Massachusetts. RESULTS: From September
      2009 through August 2011, 71,865 body temperatures were collected and included in
      our analysis, 2073 (2.6 %) of which were fevers. The period of study included the
      autumn-winter wave of the 2009-2010 H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic, during which the
      weekly incidence of fever reached a maximum of 5.6 %, as well as the 2010-2011
      seasonal flu outbreak, during which the maximum weekly incidence of fever was 6.6
      %. The periods of peak fever rates corresponded with the periods of regionally
      elevated flu activity. CONCLUSIONS: Temperature measurements were monitored at
      triage in the ED over a period of 2 years. The resulting data showed promise as a
      potential surveillance tool for febrile disease that could complement current
      disease surveillance systems. Because temperature can easily be measured by non
      experts, it might also be suitable for monitoring febrile disease activity in
      schools, workplaces, and transportation hubs, where many traditional syndromic
      indicators are impractical. However, the system's validity and generalizability
      should be evaluated in additional years and settings.

PMID- 26961278
TI  - Do patients want choice? An observational study of neurology consultations.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine how often patients are given choice in neurology
      outpatient consultations and whether choice is associated with greater patient
      satisfaction. METHODS: Prospective study in outpatient clinics in two United
      Kingdom centres. Interactions between 14 neurologists and 223 patients were
      studied. Participating doctors and patients completed post-appointment
      questionnaires asking whether choice had been offered/perceived. Patients
      completed the Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale 21 (MISS-21). RESULTS: Choice
      was reported after most encounters (patients 71.8%, neurologists 67.9%). Patients
      and Neurologists failed to agree about whether choice was offered after 32% of
      consultations. Choice was not associated with increased patient satisfaction. In
      fact, satisfaction was greater when no choice had been offered (p=0.05).
      Satisfaction scores were also greater when doctors were more certain about the
      diagnosis and when symptoms were considered explained by a medical condition
      (p<=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Choice featured in the majority of clinical interactions
      but clinicians and patients often disagreed whether this was the case. Choice was
      not associated with greater patient satisfaction. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:
      Clinicians need to be very explicit if they want patients to know that they are
      being given choices. Choice is not necessarily valued by patients in all clinical
      interactions.

PMID- 26961281
TI  - Editorial response to JPUROL-D-15-00312: Study of clitoral hood anatomy in the
      pediatric population.

PMID- 26961280
TI  - Hypospadias anatomy: Elastosonographic evaluation of the normal and hypospadic
      penis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies in
      childhood. The aim of this study is to apply elastosonography on normal and
      hypospadic penis to verify the structural differences in tissues composition and
      stiffness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed medical chart of patients treated
      at our Institution for hypospadias during the period December 2005 and December
      2014 (group 1). Other two groups were enrolled for this study: group 2- patients
      with hypospadias waiting for surgery and group 3-patients without hypospadias.
      Inclusion and exclusion criteria were created; all patients underwent penile
      ultrasound and elastosonography. Elastographic index of elasticity was defined as
      soft, medium-hard or hard. We assigned the value 1 to soft tissue, 2 and 3 to
      medium-hard and hard respectively. RESULTS: During the study period 294 patients
      were treated for hypospadias. After reviewing medical chart 115 patients were
      considered for analysis (group 1). 22 patients were enrolled in group 2 and 38
      patients were enrolled in group 3. Group 1: 7 proximal hypospadias, 29 penile
      hypospadias, 79 distal hypospadias. Patients with hypospadias had malformation
      also at corpus spongiosum and cavernosum respect to controls. Elastography showed
      a corpus spongiosum stiffness defined as medium-hard or hard in all cases of the
      pathologic group and soft in all the subjects of the control group (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Elastosonography showed how the hypospadia anatomy is deeply
      altered, even in an anatomical area far from meatal abnormality: corpus
      spongiosum in hypospadic penis seems to be globally stiffer and less elastic and
      cavernous corpora are less developed.

PMID- 26961279
TI  - Extension and grading of osteomyelitis are not related to limb salvage in Charcot
      neuropathic osteoarthropathy: A cohort prospective study.
AB  - AIMS: Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy (CN) represents a complication for
      diabetic patients which involves a progressive alteration of the osteoarticular
      apparatus with high risk of amputation. The aim of the study was to assess
      whether the localization of CN and the extent or grading of the osteomyelitis
      have an influence on the rate of limb salvage and the time to recovery. METHODS:
      We treated a diabetic population affected by CN complicated by ulceration and
      widespread osteomyelitic involvement. All patients were treated surgically to
      eliminate infected tissues, stabilize and correct the bone deformities.
      Histopathological and microbiological analyses were carried out on the bone
      specimens. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients affected by CN complicated by large
      osteomyelitic involvement of midfoot and/or ankle were treated between January
      2010 and May 2014. The mean follow-up was 409,35 +/- 154,06 days. Thirty patients
      had complete recovery (90.91%) at the end of follow-up. No difference in limb
      salvage rate and time to recovery was observed when stratifying the population
      according to CN localization, extent and grading of osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS:
      In this cohort prospective study we observed a high percentage of limb salvage in
      patients affected by CN complicated by diffuse midfoot/hindfoot osteomyelitis.
      The localization of Charcot deformity and the extent/stage of osteomyelitis did
      not change the rate of limb salvage.

PMID- 26961282
TI  - Rainfall Threshold Assessment Corresponding to the Maximum Allowable Turbidity
      for Source Water.
AB  - This study aims to assess the upstream rainfall thresholds corresponding to the
      maximum allowable turbidity of source water, using monitoring data and artificial
      neural network computation. The Taipei Water Source Domain was selected as the
      study area, and the upstream rainfall records were collected for statistical
      analysis. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the cumulative rainfall records of
      one-day Ping-lin, two-day Ping-lin, two-day Tong-hou, one-day Guie-shan, and one
      day Tai-ping (rainfall in the previous 24 or 48 hours at the named weather
      stations) were found to be the five most significant parameters for downstream
      turbidity development. An artificial neural network model was constructed to
      predict the downstream turbidity in the area investigated. The observed and model
      calculated turbidity data were applied to assess the rainfall thresholds in the
      studied area. By setting preselected turbidity criteria, the upstream rainfall
      thresholds for these statistically determined rain gauge stations were
      calculated.

PMID- 26961284
TI  - Genetic evolution during tumor progression: from basic research to clinical
      practice.

PMID- 26961283
TI  - In vitro and in silico PTP-1B inhibition and in vivo antidiabetic activity of
      semisynthetic moronic acid derivatives.
AB  - Six derivatives (1-6) of moronic acid were semi-synthesized and their in vitro
      protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) inhibition activity assessed.
      Derivatives 2 (IC50=10.8 +/- 0.5 MUM) and 6 (IC50=7.5 +/- 0.1 MUM) displayed the
      most potent inhibitory activity. Therefore, they (50mg/Kg) were tested for their
      antidiabetic effect in vivo using a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus rat
      model. The results indicated that they decrease plasma glucose levels during all
      the experiment (p <0.05). Docking analysis of 2 and 6 with PTP-1B orthosteric
      site A and allosteric site B, showed that 2 had polar and Van der Waals
      interactions in both sites with Val49, Gln262, Met258, Phe182, Ala217, Ile219 and
      Gly259, displaying more affinity for site A. Compound 6 showed polar interaction
      with Gln262 and Van der Waals with Val49, Ile219, Gly259, Arg254, Ala27, Phe52,
      Met258, Asp48 and Phe182, suggesting that the potential binding site is localized
      in site B, close to the catalytic site A. Therefore, derivatives 2 and 6 have
      potential for the development of antidiabetic agents.

PMID- 26961285
TI  - How do clinicians become teachers? A communities of practice perspective.
AB  - There is widespread acceptance that clinical educators should be trained to
      teach, but faculty development for clinicians is undermined by poor attendance
      and inadequate learning transfer. As a result there has been growing interest in
      situating teacher development initiatives in clinical workplaces. The
      relationship between becoming a teacher and clinical workplace contexts is under
      theorised. In response, this qualitative research set out to explore how
      clinicians become teachers in relation to clinical communities and institutions.
      Using communities of practice (CoP) as a conceptual framework this research
      employed the sensitising concepts of regimes of competence and vertical
      (managerial) and horizontal (professional) planes of accountability to elucidate
      structural influences on teacher development. Fourteen hospital physicians
      completed developmental timelines and underwent semi-structured interviews,
      exploring their development as teachers. Despite having very different
      developmental pathways, participants' descriptions of their teacher identities
      and practice that were remarkably congruent. Two types of CoP occupied the
      horizontal plane of accountability i.e. clinical teams (Firms) and communities of
      junior doctors (Fraternities). Participants reproduced teacher identities and
      practice that were congruent with CoPs' regimes of competence in order to gain
      recognition and legitimacy. Participants also constructed their teacher
      identities in relation to institutions in the vertical plane of accountability
      (i.e. hospitals and medical schools). Institutions that valued teaching supported
      the development of teacher identities along institutionally defined lines. Where
      teaching was less valued, clinicians adapted their teacher identities and
      practices to suit institutional norms. Becoming a clinical educator entails
      continually negotiating one's identity and practice between two potentially
      conflicting planes of accountability. Clinical CoPs are largely conservative and
      reproductive of teaching practice whereas accountability to institutions is
      potentially disruptive of teacher identity and practice.

PMID- 26961286
TI  - Attribution of mortality to the urban heat island during heatwaves in the West
      Midlands, UK.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect describes the phenomenon whereby
      cities are generally warmer than surrounding rural areas. Traditionally,
      temperature monitoring sites are placed outside of city centres, which means that
      point measurements do not always reflect the true air temperature of urban
      centres, and estimates of health impacts based on such data may under-estimate
      the impact of heat on public health. Climate change is likely to exacerbate
      heatwaves in future, but because climate projections do not usually include the
      UHI, health impacts may be further underestimated. These factors motivate a two
      dimensional analysis of population weighted temperature across an urban area, for
      heat related health impact assessments, since populations are typically densest
      in urban centres, where ambient temperatures are highest and the UHI is most
      pronounced. We investigate the sensitivity of health impact estimates to the use
      of population weighting and the inclusion of urban temperatures in exposure data.
      METHODS: We quantify the attribution of the UHI to heat related mortality in the
      West Midlands during the heatwave of August 2003 by comparing health impacts
      based on two modelled temperature simulations. The first simulation is based on
      detailed urban land use information and captures the extent of the UHI, whereas
      in the second simulation, urban land surfaces have been replaced by rural types.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the UHI contributed around 50 %
      of the total heat-related mortality during the 2003 heatwave in the West
      Midlands. We also find that taking a geographical, rather than population
      weighted, mean of temperature across the regions under-estimates the population
      exposure to temperatures by around 1  degrees C, roughly equivalent to a 20 %
      underestimation in mortality. We compare the mortality contribution of the UHI to
      impacts expected from a range of projected temperatures based on the UKCP09
      Climate Projections. For a medium emissions scenario, a typical heatwave in 2080
      could be responsible for an increase in mortality of around 3 times the rate in
      2003 (278 vs. 90 deaths) when including changes in population, population
      weighting and the UHI effect in the West Midlands, and assuming no change in
      population adaptation to heat in future.

PMID- 26961287
TI  - Efficacy and safety of porous hydroxyapatite/type 1 collagen composite
      implantation for bone regeneration: A randomized controlled study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Porous hydroxyapatite/collagen composite (HAp/Col) is a bioresorbable
      bone substitute composed of nano-scale HAp and porcine type 1 collagen. In this
      study, the efficacy and safety were assessed in comparison to commercially
      available porous beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP). METHODS: Patients with
      bone defects caused by benign bone tumors, fractures, or harvesting of autografts
      were randomly allocated for implantation of porous HAp/Col (n = 63) or porous
      beta-TCP (n = 63). X-ray images were scored and used to evaluate the efficacy of
      the implantation until 24 weeks after surgery. Blood tests and observation of the
      surgical site were also performed to evaluate the safety of the implants. In
      total, 59 and 60 cases were analyzed in the porous HAp/Col and beta-TCP groups,
      respectively. RESULTS: At 18 and 24 weeks after surgery, the highest grade of
      bone regeneration was more frequent in the porous HAp/Col group than in the
      porous beta-TCP group (p = 0.0004 and 0.0254 respectively). Wilcoxon's rank sum
      test confirmed the superiority of porous HAp/Col from early time points onward (p
      = 0.0084, 4 w; p = 0.0037, 8 w; p = 0.0030, 12 w; p < 0.0001, 18 w; and p =
      0.0316, 24 w). The incidence of adverse effects was higher in the porous HAp/Col
      group than in the beta-TCP group. However, no serious adverse events were
      reported and no cases needed to drop out of the clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS: The
      superiority of porous HAp/Col for bone regeneration in comparison to an
      established porous beta-TCP was confirmed. Although the incidence of side effects
      associated with the porous HAp/Col implant was higher than that in the beta-TCP
      group, no serious adverse events occurred that resulted in rejection of the
      implants.

PMID- 26961289
TI  - An approximation technique for primary anastomosis (Gazi method) in selected
      cases of long gap esophageal atresia.

PMID- 26961290
TI  - Correspondence.

PMID- 26961288
TI  - The etiology of congenital nephrotic syndrome: current status and challenges.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS), defined as heavy proteinuria,
      hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema presenting in the first 0-3 months of
      life, may be caused by congenital syphilis, toxoplasmosis, or congenital viral
      infections (such as cytomegalovirus). However, the majority of CNS cases are
      caused by monogenic defects of structural proteins that form the glomerular
      filtration barrier in the kidneys. Since 1998, an increasing number of genetic
      defects have been identified for their involvements in the pathogenesis of CNS,
      including NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, PLCE1, and LAMB2. DATA SOURCES: We searched
      databases such as PubMed, Elsevier and Wanfang with the following key words:
      congenital nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria, infants, neonate, congenital
      infection, mechanism and treatment; and we selected those publications written in
      English that we judged to be relevant to the topic of this review. RESULTS: Based
      on the data present in the literature, we reviewed the following topics: 1)
      Infection associated CNS including congenital syphilis, congenital toxoplasmosis,
      and congenital cytomegalovirus infection; 2) genetic CNS including mutation of
      NPHS1 (Nephrin), NPHS2 (Podocin), WT1, LAMB2 (Laminin-beta2), PLCE1 (NPHS3); 3)
      Other forms of CNS including maternal systemic lupus erythematosus, mercury
      poisoning, renal vein thrombosis, neonatal alloimmunization against neutral
      endopeptidase. CONCLUSION: At present, the main challenge in CNS is to identify
      the cause of disease for individual patients. To make a definitive diagnosis,
      with the exclusion of infection-related CNS and maternal-associated disorders,
      pathology, family history, inheritance mode, and other accompanying congenital
      malformations are sometimes, but not always, useful indicators for diagnosing
      genetic CNS. Next-generation sequencing would be a more effective method for
      diagnosing genetic CNS in some patients, however, there are still some challenges
      with next-generation sequencing that need to be resolved in the future.

PMID- 26961291
TI  - The Efficacy of Boric Acid Used to Treat Experimental Osteomyelitis Caused by
      Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an In Vivo Study.
AB  - We explored the ability of local and systemic applications of boric acid (BA) to
      reduce the numbers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a rat
      model of tibial osteomyelitis (OM), and compared boric acid with vancomycin (V).
      Implant-associated osteomyelitis was established in 35 rats. After 4 weeks, at
      which time OM was evident both radiologically and serologically in all animals,
      the rats were divided into five groups of equal number: group 1, control group
      (no local application of BA or other medication); group 2, V group; group 3,
      local BA + V group; group 4, local BA group; and group 5, local + systemic BA
      group. Serum total antioxidant status, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6, were measured. Pathological changes
      attributable to bone OM were evaluated using a grading system. Bacterial colony
      forming units (CFUs) per gram of bone were counted. The lowest bacterial numbers
      were evident in group 3, and the bacterial numbers were significantly lower than
      that of the control group in all four test groups (p < 0.001). Group 3 also had
      the least severe bone infection (OM score 1.7 +/- 1.1, p < 0.05). Upon
      histological and microbiological evaluation, no significant difference was
      evident between groups 2 and 3. Total antioxidant levels were significantly
      different in all treatment groups compared to the control group. Microbiological
      and histopathological evaluation showed that systemic or local application of BA
      was effective to treat OM, although supplementary V increased the effectiveness
      of BA. 

PMID- 26961292
TI  - In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Au, Ag Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Commelina
      nudiflora L. Aqueous Extract Against HCT-116 Colon Cancer Cells.
AB  - Recently, metal nanoparticles have been getting great medical and social
      interests due to their potential physico-chemical properties such as higher
      affinity, low molecular weight, and larger surface area. The biosynthesized gold
      and silver nanoparticles are spherical, triangular in shape with an average size
      of 24-150 nm as reported in our earlier studies. The biological properties of
      synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles are demonstrated in this paper. The
      different in vitro assays such as MTT, flow cytometry, and reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) techniques were used to evaluate the in vitro
      anticancer properties of synthesized metal nanoparticles. The biosynthesized gold
      and silver nanoparticles have shown reduced cell viability and increased
      cytotoxicity in HCT-116 colon cancer cells with IC50 concentration of 200 and 100
      MUg/ml, respectively. The flow cytometry experiments revealed that the IC50
      concentrations of gold and silver nanoparticle-treated cells that have
      significant changes were observed in the sub-G1 cell cycle phase compared with
      the positive control. Additionally, the relative messenger RNA (mRNA) gene
      expressions of HCT-116 cells were studied by RT-qPCR techniques. The pro
      apoptotic genes such as PUMA (++), Caspase-3 (+), Caspase-8 (++), and Caspase-9
      (++) were upregulated in the treated HCT-116 cells compared with cisplatin.
      Overall, these findings have proved that the synthesized gold and silver
      nanoparticles could be potent anti-colon cancer drugs. 

PMID- 26961293
TI  - Trace Elements and Chemotherapy Sensitivity.
AB  - Trace elements might be associated with the development of hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) and the efficacy of chemotherapy against HCC. Therefore, this
      study aimed to explore the association between trace elements and efficacy of
      chemotherapy in patients with HCC. Cancer, cancer-adjacent, and cancer-free
      tissues were collected intraoperatively from 55 patients with HCC between January
      2001 and April 2004 at the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical
      University in Guangxi (China), a high HCC incidence area in the world. Trace
      element levels were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In vitro
      sensitivity of cancer cells to five chemotherapeutic drugs (5-fluorouracil,
      doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, and mitomycin) was tested using the 3-(4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in cancer cells
      from 32 patients. Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels had the same
      gradient distribution in different liver tissues: cancer < cancer-adjacent <
      cancer-free tissues. Copper levels of cancer tissues were negatively correlated
      with body weight (r = -0.278, P = 0.027), while manganese and selenium levels
      were negatively correlated with age (r = -0.297, P = 0.015; r = -0.285, P =
      0.018, respectively). Simple correlation analyses revealed that the carboplatin
      sensitivity was negatively correlated with selenium levels of cancer tissues,
      while doxorubicin sensitivity was negatively correlated with manganese levels (r
      = -0.497, P = 0.004). Partial correlation analyses showed that doxorubicin
      sensitivity only was negatively correlated with manganese levels (r = -0.450, P =
      0.014). These results suggest that the selenium and manganese content in primary
      HCC tissues could influence the response of the HCC cells to carboplatin and
      doxorubicin. These preliminary results provide a basis for future studies. 

PMID- 26961295
TI  - In primary Sjogren's syndrome high absolute numbers and proportions of B cells in
      parotid glands predict responsiveness to rituximab as defined by ESSDAI, but not
      by SSRI.

PMID- 26961294
TI  - Pan PPAR agonist IVA337 is effective in prevention and treatment of experimental
      skin fibrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) involves a distinctive
      triad of autoimmune, vascular and inflammatory alterations resulting in fibrosis.
      Evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play
      an important role in SSc-related fibrosis and their agonists may become effective
      therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE: To determine the expression of PPARs in human
      fibrotic skin and investigate the effects of IVA337, a pan PPAR agonist, in in
      vitro and in vivo models of fibrosis. METHODS: The antifibrotic effects of IVA337
      were studied using a bleomycin-induced mouse model of dermal fibrosis. The in
      vivo effect of IVA337 on wound closure and inflammation were studied using an
      excisional model of wound healing. RESULTS: Low levels of PPARalpha and PPARgamma
      were detected in the skin of patients with SSc compared with controls. In mice,
      IVA337 was associated with decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and
      reduced expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3-intracellular effector of
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Although the antifibrotic effect of pan
      PPAR was similar to that of PPARgamma agonist alone, a significant downregulation
      of several markers of inflammation was associated with IVA337. Despite its anti
      inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, IVA337 did not interfere with wound
      closure. In vitro effects of IVA337 included attenuation of transcription of ECM
      genes and alteration of canonical and non-canonical TGF-beta signalling pathways.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that simultaneous activation of all three
      PPAR isoforms exerts a dampening effect on inflammation and fibrosis, making
      IVA337 a potentially effective therapeutic candidate in the treatment of fibrotic
      diseases including SSc.

PMID- 26961297
TI  - Comparative effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation for the
      prevention of recurrent ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable
      cardioverter-defibrillators: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
      controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment strategies to prevent ventricular tachycardia (VT) in
      patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) include
      antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) and catheter ablation (CA). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of
      this study was to systematically compare the efficacy of AADs and CA for the
      prevention of VT in patients with ICDs. METHODS: Major databases were searched
      (October 2015) for randomized trials evaluating AADs or CA vs standard medical
      therapy to prevent VT in ICD patients. Primary outcome was the number of VT
      episodes leading to appropriate ICD interventions. RESULTS: Eight trials (n =
      2268, follow-up 15 +/- 6 months) evaluated AADs, and 6 trials (n = 427, follow-up
      14 +/- 8 months) evaluated CA. A significant reduction in appropriate ICD
      interventions was found with both CA (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 0.28-0.71, P = .001) and AADs (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44-0.97, P =
      .037), with no significant difference between the 2 treatment strategies. The
      benefit of AADs was driven by amiodarone and not confirmed with other AADs. A
      reduction of inappropriate ICD interventions was found with AADs (OR 0.30, P =
      .001) but not with CA. Both CA and AADs were not associated with decreased
      mortality over follow-up. Amiodarone appeared to increase the risk of death (OR
      3.36, 95% CI 1.36-8.30, P = .009). CONCLUSION: In patients with an ICD, both AADs
      (amiodarone) and CA reduce the risk of recurrent VT compared to control medical
      therapy, with no significant difference between the 2 treatments. AADs are also
      associated with a reduction of inappropriate ICD therapies. The significant
      reduction of recurrent VT episodes does not appear to result in a mortality
      benefit, with a potential for increased mortality with amiodarone.

PMID- 26961298
TI  - Performance of a new atrial fibrillation detection algorithm in a miniaturized
      insertable cardiac monitor: Results from the Reveal LINQ Usability Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For clinicians, confidence in atrial fibrillation (AF) episode
      classification is an important consideration when electing to use insertable
      cardiac monitors (ICMs). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report on
      the improved AF detection algorithm in the Reveal LINQ ICM. METHODS: The Reveal
      LINQ Usability Study is a nonrandomized, prospective, multicenter trial. The ICM
      has been miniaturized, uses wireless telemetry for remote patient monitoring, and
      its AF algorithm includes a new p-wave filter. At 1 month post-device insertion,
      Holter monitor data were collected and annotated for true AF episodes >=2
      minutes, and performance metrics were evaluated by comparing Holter annotations
      with ICM detections. RESULTS: The study enrolled 151 patients (age 56.6 +/- 12.1,
      male 67%). Reasons for monitoring included AF ablation or AF management in 81.5%
      (n = 123), syncope in 12.6% (n = 19), and other indications in 5.9% (n = 9) of
      patients. Of the 138 patients with an analyzable Holter recording, a total of 112
      true AF episodes were identified in 38 patients (27.5%). The overall accuracy of
      the ICM to detect durations of AF or non-AF episodes was 99.4%, and the AF burden
      measured by the ICM was highly correlated with the Holter (Pearson coefficient
      0.995). CONCLUSION: The new AF detection algorithm in the Reveal LINQ ICM
      accurately detects the presence or absence of AF. Additionally, it showed high
      sensitivity in detecting AF duration in patients with a history of intermittent
      and symptomatic AF.

PMID- 26961296
TI  - Mechanism and outcomes of catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in adults
      with repaired congenital heart disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Repaired congenital heart disease (rCHD) is strongly associated with
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) as an important late cause of morbidity and
      mortality. Ventricular reentry most commonly includes anatomic isthmuses created
      during the repair procedures. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze
      the long-term outcomes of catheter ablation, a commonly used standalone or
      adjunctive therapy, in a cohort of rCHD patients. METHODS: A retrospective
      analysis of 21 consecutive patients with rCHD (45.0 +/- 3.0 years, 71.4% male)
      undergoing ablation for VT was performed. The primary composite outcome was
      defined as in-hospital arrhythmic death, out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death, or
      appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. RESULTS: At initial
      electrophysiologic study, 14 patients (66.7%) had reentrant VT through an
      electroanatomic isthmus; the remaining 7 patients (33.3%) demonstrated focal VT.
      Isthmus-dependent reentry was identified as the mechanism for VT in 14 patients
      (66.7%), and conduction block was confirmed in 8 of these patients (57.1%). No
      patients with confirmed block developed VT recurrence. During long-term follow-up
      (33 +/- 7 months), 20 of 21 patients (95.2%) had not reached the primary
      composite outcome. Three patients died of nonarrhythmic causes. CONCLUSION:
      Catheter-based VT ablation in patients with rCHD is associated with a low rate of
      VT recurrence. Focal VT was not uncommon in this cohort. If a reentrant mechanism
      is present, confirmation of conduction block across the isthmus is vital to
      prevent recurrence.

PMID- 26961299
TI  - Effects of stepwise denervation of the stellate ganglion: Novel insights from an
      acute canine study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The stellate ganglion (SG) is important for cardiac autonomic
      control. SG modification is an option for treating refractory ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias. The optimal extent of left- and right-sided SG denervation
      necessary for antiarrhythmic effect, however, remains to be learned. OBJECTIVE:
      The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of stepwise SG denervation
      on hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters in dogs. METHODS: After
      sequential left and right thoracotomy in 8 healthy dogs, the SG was exposed by
      dissection. Two pacing wires were placed in the upper SG to deliver high
      frequency stimulation. The lower SG, ansae subclaviae, and upper SG were removed
      in a stepwise manner. The same protocol was performed on the right side. Blood
      pressure (BP), heart rate, and electrophysiological parameters were recorded at
      baseline and after 5 minutes of stimulation. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic BP
      significantly increased during stimulation of the upper left SG. The mean
      increase in systolic BP from baseline was 49.4 +/- 26.6 mm Hg (P = .007), 25.5 +/
      14.1 mm Hg after the lower SG was removed (P = .02), and 8.6 +/- 3.4 mm Hg after
      resection of the ipsilateral ansae subclaviae (P = .048). Heart rate and other
      electrophysiological parameters did not change significantly. After the complete
      removal of the left SG, systolic BP increased by 34.0 +/- 17.6 mm Hg (P = .005)
      after stimulation of the right SG. CONCLUSION: Sympathetic output remains after
      the lower SG is removed, and sympathetic output from the right SG remains after
      the complete resection of the left SG and ansae subclaviae. Thus, some patients
      who undergo left SG denervation can still have significant sympathetic response
      via right SG regulation.

PMID- 26961300
TI  - Typical, atypical, and asymptomatic presentations of new-onset atrial
      fibrillation in the community: Characteristics and prognostic implications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of the clinical presentation of atrial
      fibrillation (AF) is poorly defined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to
      determine the frequency, associations, and prognostic impact of different
      clinical presentations of new-onset AF. METHODS: One thousand patients with
      incident AF in Olmsted County, Minnesota, were randomly selected (2000-2010).
      Patients with AF that was complicated at presentation (heart failure [n = 71],
      thromboembolism [n = 24]), provoked (n = 346), or unable to determine symptoms (n
      = 83) were excluded. In the remaining patients, characteristics and prognosis
      associated with different types of symptoms were examined. RESULTS: Among 476
      patients, 193 had typical (palpitations), 122 had atypical (other non-palpitation
      symptoms), and 161 had asymptomatic AF presentation. Patients with typical
      presentation had lower CHA2DS2-VASc scores (mean 2.3 +/- 2) compared to atypical
      and asymptomatic presentation (mean 3.2 +/- 1.8 and 3.3 +/- 1.9, respectively; P
      <.001). Fifty-nine cerebrovascular events and 149 deaths (n = 49 cardiovascular)
      were documented over median 5.6 and 6.0 years, respectively. Atypical and
      asymptomatic AF conferred higher risks of cerebrovascular events compared to
      typical AF after adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc score and age (hazard ratio [HR]
      3.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65-7.48, and HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.29-5.66,
      respectively), and associations remained statistically significant after further
      adjustments including comorbidities and warfarin use. Asymptomatic AF was
      associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (HR 3.12, 95% CI 1.50-6.45)
      and all-cause mortality (HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.89-4.64) compared to typical AF after
      adjustment for CHA2DS2-VASc score and age. CONCLUSION: The type of clinical
      presentation may have important implications for the prognosis of new-onset AF in
      the community.

PMID- 26961302
TI  - Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in
      patients with Brugada syndrome and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator to
      prevent inappropriate shock therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and
      Brugada syndrome (BrS), the long-term efficacy of catheter ablation for
      preventing inappropriate shock therapy due to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
      (PAF) has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of atrial
      fibrillation (AF) ablation for PAF for prevention of inappropriate ICD therapy
      over a longer follow-up period. METHODS: We enrolled 76 men with BrS and an ICD,
      with a mean age of 46.2 +/- 16.5 years. Twenty-one patients had AF (19 had PAF, 1
      had persistent AF, and 1 had longstanding persistent AF). Fourteen patients with
      PAF underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and received follow-up
      electrophysiological study (EPS) 6 months after the first PVI. If necessary,
      ablation was performed. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up period of 3.3 +/- 1.4
      years after the repeat session, 13 of the 14 patients (92.9%) had no recurrence
      of AF. Six patients with PAF without inappropriate ICD therapy before PVI had no
      recurrence of AF and no inappropriate therapy during follow-up. Among the 8
      patients who had inappropriate therapy because of PAF before PVI, 1 patient who
      had recurrent AF underwent another ablation session. After this final session,
      there were no recurrences of AF and no inappropriate therapy (mean follow-up
      period 3.1+/- 1.2 years). CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation is effective in patients
      with BrS and an ICD, and prevents inappropriate ICD therapy owing to PAF; thus,
      catheter ablation is an appropriate first-line therapy for PAF among such
      patients.

PMID- 26961301
TI  - Small conductance calcium-activated potassium current and the mechanism of atrial
      arrhythmia in mice with dysfunctional melanocyte-like cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The melanin synthesis enzyme dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) regulates
      intracellular Ca(2+) in melanocytes. Homozygous Dct knockout (Dct(-/-)) adult
      mice are vulnerable to atrial arrhythmias (AA). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this
      study was to determine whether apamin-sensitive small conductance Ca(2+)
      activated K(+) (SK) currents are upregulated in Dct(-/-) mice and contribute to
      AA. METHODS: Optical mapping was used to study the membrane potential of the
      right atrium in Langendorff perfused Dct(-/-) (n = 9) and Dct(+/-) (n = 9) mice.
      RESULTS: Apamin prolonged action potential duration (APD) by 18.8 ms (95%
      confidence interval [CI] 13.4-24.1 ms) in Dct(-/-) mice and by 11.5 ms (95% CI
      5.4-17.6 ms) in Dct(+/-) mice at a pacing cycle length of 150 ms (P = .047). The
      pacing cycle length threshold to induce APD alternans was 48 ms (95% CI 34-62 ms)
      for Dct(-/-) mice and 21 ms (95% CI 12-29 ms) for Dct(+/-) mice (P = .002) at
      baseline, and it was 35 ms (95% CI 21-49 ms) for Dct(-/-) mice and 22 ms (95% CI
      11-32 ms) for Dct(+/-) mice (P = .025) after apamin administration. Apamin
      prolonged post-burst pacing APD by 8.9 ms (95% CI 3.9-14.0 ms) in Dct(-/-) mice
      and by 1.5 ms (95% CI 0.7-2.3 ms) in Dct(+/-) mice (P = .005). Immunoblot and
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that protein and
      transcripts levels of SK1 and SK3 were increased in the right atrium of Dct(-/-)
      mice. AA inducibility (89% vs 11%; P = .003) and duration (281 seconds vs 66
      seconds; P = .008) were greater in Dct(-/-) mice than in Dct(+/-) mice at
      baseline, but not different (22% vs 11%; P = 1.00) after apamin administration.
      Five of 8 (63%) induced atrial fibrillation episodes in Dct(-/-) mice had focal
      drivers. CONCLUSION: Apamin-sensitive SK current upregulation in Dct(-/-) mice
      plays an important role in the mechanism of AA.

PMID- 26961303
TI  - Bipolar left ventricular pacing is associated with significant reduction in heart
      failure or death in CRT-D patients with LBBB.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the significance of left ventricular (LV)
      lead pacing polarity to predict clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to
      determine the association between the LV lead pacing polarity for heart failure
      (HF) or death and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) in patients enrolled in
      MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial with Cardiac
      Resynchronization Therapy), receiving a cardiac resynchronization therapy device
      with implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (CRT-D). METHODS: We retrospectively
      analyzed LV pacing polarity. Patients with LV bipolar leads paced between LV ring
      and LV tip were identified as True Bipolar, while those with LV bipolar leads
      paced between LV tip or LV ring and right ventricular coil or unipolar leads were
      identified as Unipolar/Extended Bipolar. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and
      multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used. RESULTS: Of
      the 969 patients, 421 had True Bipolar pacing while the remainder (n = 548) had
      Unipolar/Extended Bipolar pacing. Among patients with left bundle branch block
      (LBBB), True Bipolar pacing was associated with lower cumulative incidence of
      death (P = .022) and HF/death (P = .046) compared to those with Unipolar/Extended
      Bipolar LV pacing. After adjustment for clinical covariates, bipolar LV pacing in
      LBBB patients was associated with 54% lower risk for death (HR: 0.46; 95% CI:
      0.24-0.88; P = .020) and 32% lower risk for HF/death (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.46
      1.00; P = .048) compared to Unipolar/Extended Bipolar LV pacing, but not in those
      with non-LBBB. No association was seen with risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia.
      CONCLUSION: True Bipolar LV pacing configuration is associated with a
      significantly lower risk of HF/death and all-cause mortality in CRT-D patients
      with LBBB.

PMID- 26961304
TI  - A new electrophysiologic observation in patients with idiopathic left ventricular
      tachycardia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT), the
      arrhythmogenic substrate is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this
      study was to elucidate the ILVT characteristics and outcome of radiofrequency
      catheter ablation in patients with ILVT. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with ILVT
      and 15 patients with left accessory pathways (control) underwent high-density
      mapping of the left His-Purkinje system during sinus rhythm (SR) using 3
      dimensional electroanatomic mapping. RESULTS: Fragmented antegrade Purkinje
      potential (FAP) was represented at the left ventricular septum slightly
      inferoposterior to the left posterior fascicle (LPF) in 23 patients with ILVT. In
      control subjects, no FAPs could be recorded at the same region, FAPs were
      identified at the proximal portion of the LPF (4 patients) and at the distal LPF
      (1 patient). The finding of any FAPs in ILVT patients was significantly higher
      than that in control patients (23/24 vs 5/15, P < .01). Radiofrequency ablation
      at the area of FAP resulted in successful ablation in 23 patients with ILVT. No
      ILVT recurred during follow-up of 16.3 +/- 7.2 months. CONCLUSION: In patients
      with ILVT, FAP located at the left ventricular septum slightly inferoposterior to
      the LPF is a novel finding using 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. The FAP
      may represent an arrhythmogenic substrate in ILVT and may be used for guiding
      successful ablation.

PMID- 26961305
TI  - Ecological Status of a Patagonian Mountain River: Usefulness of Environmental and
      Biotic Metrics for Rehabilitation Assessment.
AB  - This work evaluates the consequences of anthropogenic pressures at different
      sections of a Patagonian mountain river using a set of environmental and
      biological measures. A map of risk of soil erosion at a basin scale was also
      produced. The study was conducted at 12 sites along the Percy River system, where
      physicochemical parameters, riparian ecosystem quality, habitat condition,
      plants, and macroinvertebrates were investigated. While livestock and wood
      collection, the dominant activities at upper and mean basin sites resulted in an
      important loss of the forest cover still the riparian ecosystem remains in a
      relatively good status of conservation, as do the in-stream habitat conditions
      and physicochemical features. Besides, most indicators based on
      macroinvertebrates revealed that both upper and middle basin sections supported
      similar assemblages, richness, density, and most functional feeding group
      attributes. Instead, the lower urbanized basin showed increases in conductivity
      and nutrient values, poor quality in the riparian ecosystem, and habitat
      condition. According to the multivariate analysis, ammonia level, elevation,
      current velocity, and habitat conditions had explanatory power on benthos
      assemblages. Discharge, naturalness of the river channel, flood plain morphology,
      conservation status, and percent of urban areas were important moderators of
      plant composition. Finally, although the present land use in the basin would not
      produce a significant risk of soil erosion, unsustainable practices that promotes
      the substitution of the forest for shrubs would lead to severe consequences.
      Mitigation efforts should be directed to protect headwater forest, restore
      altered riparian ecosystem, and to control the incipient eutrophication process.

PMID- 26961306
TI  - Enhanced gray-white matter differentiation on non-enhanced CT using a frequency
      selective non-linear blending.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim if this study is to find out if contrast between gray (GM)
      and white matter (WM) on non-enhanced brain CT (NECT) can be enhanced by using a
      frequency selective non-linear blending. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients (40
      % female; mean age 67.73 +/- 12.71 years), who underwent NECT of the brain, were
      retrospectively included in this study. Brain scan readings were performed by two
      radiologists independently, for NECT and subsequently the images were read using
      a new frequency selective non-linear blending algorithm (best contrast, BC).
      Optimal settings of BC for enhanced delineation of anatomical structures were set
      at an averaged center of 30 HU, averaged delta of 5 HU, and a slope of 5. For
      contrast-to-noise ratio calculation (CNR), gray and white matter attenuation
      values were measured for both NECT and BC in different anatomical structures.
      RESULTS: CNR increase in the gray matter was 5.91 +/- 2.45 for the cortical gray
      matter and 4.41 +/- 1.82 for the basal ganglia. The contrast ratio between
      cortical gray and white matter was 1.87 and 1.7 (basal ganglia/WM) for BC
      quantification vs. 1.43 (cortex/WM) and 1.33 (basal ganglia/WM) for standard NECT
      (both p < 0.0001). Improved CNR did not depend on the anatomical structures
      measured. CONCLUSION: Frequency selective non-linear blending allows better
      discrimination between WM and GM and therefore may enhance diagnostic accuracy of
      NECT.

PMID- 26961307
TI  - Neural substrates of lower extremity motor, balance, and gait function after
      supratentorial stroke using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Stroke impairs motor, balance, and gait function and influences
      activities of daily living. Understanding the relationship between brain lesions
      and deficits can help clinicians set goals during rehabilitation. We sought to
      elucidate the neural substrates of lower extremity motor, balance, and ambulation
      function using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) in supratentorial stroke
      patients. METHODS: We retrospectively screened patients who met the following
      criteria: first-ever stroke, supratentorial lesion, and available brain magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) data. MRIs of 133 stroke patients were selected for VLSM
      analysis. We generated statistical maps of lesions related to lower extremity
      motor (lower extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment, LEFM), balance (Berg Balance Scale,
      BBS), and gait (Functional Ambulation Category, FAC) using VLSM. RESULTS: VLSM
      revealed that lower LEFM scores were associated with damage to the bilateral
      basal ganglia, insula, internal capsule, and subgyral white matter adjacent to
      the corona radiata. The lesions were more widely distributed in the left than in
      the right hemisphere, representing motor and praxis function necessary for
      performing tasks. However, no associations between lesion maps and balance and
      gait function were established. CONCLUSION: Motor impairment of the lower
      extremities was associated with lesions in the basal ganglia, insula, internal
      capsule, and white matter adjacent to the corona radiata. However, VLSM revealed
      no specific lesion locations with regard to balance and gait function. This might
      be because balance and gait are complex skills that require spatial and temporal
      integration of sensory input and execution of movement patterns. For more
      accurate prediction, factors other than lesion location need to be investigated.

PMID- 26961308
TI  - C-terminal region of bacterial Ku controls DNA bridging, DNA threading and
      recruitment of DNA ligase D for double strand breaks repair.
AB  - Non-homologous end joining is a ligation process repairing DNA double strand
      breaks in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes. The ring structured eukaryotic Ku
      binds DNA ends and recruits other factors which can access DNA ends through the
      threading of Ku inward the DNA, making this protein a key ingredient for the
      scaffolding of the NHEJ machinery. However, this threading ability seems unevenly
      conserved among bacterial Ku. As bacterial Ku differ mainly by their C-terminus,
      we evaluate the role of this region in the loading and the threading abilities of
      Bacillus subtilis Ku and the stimulation of the DNA ligase LigD. We identify two
      distinct sub-regions: a ubiquitous minimal C-terminal region and a frequent basic
      C-terminal extension. We show that truncation of one or both of these sub-regions
      in Bacillus subtilis Ku impairs the stimulation of the LigD end joining activity
      in vitro. We further demonstrate that the minimal C-terminus is required for the
      Ku-LigD interaction, whereas the basic extension controls the threading and DNA
      bridging abilities of Ku. We propose that the Ku basic C-terminal extension
      increases the concentration of Ku near DNA ends, favoring the recruitment of LigD
      at the break, thanks to the minimal C-terminal sub-region.

PMID- 26961309
TI  - Endonuclease domain of non-LTR retrotransposons:  loss-of-function mutants and
      modeling of the R2Bm  endonuclease.
AB  - Non-LTR retrotransposons are an important class of mobile elements that insert
      into host DNA by target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT). Non-LTR
      retrotransposons must bind to their mRNA, recognize and cleave their target DNA,
      and perform TPRT at the site of DNA cleavage. As DNA binding and cleavage are
      such central parts of the integration reaction, a better understanding of the
      endonuclease encoded by non-LTR retrotransposons is needed. This paper explores
      the R2 endonuclease domain from Bombyx mori using in vitro studies and in silico
      modeling. Mutations in conserved sequences located across the putative PD-(D/E)XK
      endonuclease domain reduced DNA cleavage, DNA binding and TPRT. A mutation at the
      beginning of the first alpha-helix of the modeled endonuclease obliterated DNA
      cleavage and greatly reduced DNA binding. It also reduced TPRT when tested on pre
      cleaved DNA substrates. The catalytic K was located to a non-canonical position
      within the second alpha-helix. A mutation located after the fourth beta-strand
      reduced DNA binding and cleavage. The motifs that showed impaired activity form
      an extensive basic region. The R2 biochemical and structural data are compared
      and contrasted with that of two other well characterized PD-(D/E)XK
      endonucleases, restriction endonucleases and archaeal Holliday junction
      resolvases.

PMID- 26961310
TI  - E2F7 regulates transcription and maturation of multiple microRNAs to restrain
      cell proliferation.
AB  - E2F transcription factors (E2F1-8) are known to coordinately regulate the
      expression of a plethora of target genes, including those coding for microRNAs
      (miRNAs), to control cell cycle progression. Recent work has described the
      atypical E2F factor E2F7 as a transcriptional repressor of cell cycle-related
      protein-coding genes. However, the contribution of E2F7 to miRNA gene expression
      during the cell cycle has not been defined. We have performed a genome-wide RNA
      sequencing analysis to identify E2F7-regulated miRNAs and show that E2F7 plays as
      a major role in the negative regulation of a set of miRNAs that promote cellular
      proliferation. We provide mechanistic evidence for an interplay between E2F7 and
      the canonical E2F factors E2F1-3 in the regulation of multiple miRNAs. We show
      that miR-25, -26a, -27b, -92a and -7 expression is controlled at the
      transcriptional level by the antagonistic activity of E2F7 and E2F1-3. By
      contrast, let-7 miRNA expression is controlled indirectly through a novel E2F/c
      MYC/LIN28B axis, whereby E2F7 and E2F1-3 modulate c-MYC and LIN28B levels to
      impact let-7 miRNA processing and maturation. Taken together, our data uncover a
      new regulatory network involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional
      mechanisms controlled by E2F7 to restrain cell cycle progression through
      repression of proliferation-promoting miRNAs.

PMID- 26961311
TI  - Evolutionarily conserved autoregulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing by
      ribosomal protein L10a.
AB  - Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs can regulate expression of protein-coding genes
      by generating unproductive mRNAs rapidly degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
      (NMD). Many of the genes directly regulated by alternative splicing coupled with
      NMD (AS-NMD) are related to RNA metabolism, but the repertoire of genes regulated
      by AS-NMD in vivo is to be determined. Here, we analyzed transcriptome data of
      wild-type and NMD-defective mutant strains of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis
      elegans and demonstrate that eight of the 82 cytoplasmic ribosomal protein (rp)
      genes generate unproductively spliced mRNAs. Knockdown of any of the eight rp
      genes exerted a dynamic and compensatory effect on alternative splicing of its
      own transcript and inverse effects on that of the other rp genes. A large subunit
      protein L10a, termed RPL-1 in nematodes, directly and specifically binds to an
      evolutionarily conserved 39-nt stretch termed L10ARE between the two alternative
      5' splice sites in its own pre-mRNA to switch the splice site choice.
      Furthermore, L10ARE-mediated splicing autoregulation of the L10a-coding gene is
      conserved in vertebrates. These results indicate that L10a is an evolutionarily
      conserved splicing regulator and that homeostasis of a subset of the rp genes are
      regulated at the level of pre-mRNA splicing in vivo.

PMID- 26961313
TI  - Anticancer Vitamin K3 Analogs: A Review.
AB  - Menadione (Vitamin K3) comprises of 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) moiety that can form
      redox isomers such as napthosemiquinone (NSQ) and catechol by accepting one or
      two electrons, respectively. The quinone redox cycling ability leads to the
      generation of "reactive oxygen species" (ROS) as well as arylation reactions,
      which are of biological relevance. This ability can be modulated with the help of
      suitable derivatization. A pharmacophore can be appended at suitable position of
      Vitamin K3 to have a synergistic or additive effect. In the present review, an
      attempt has been made to accrue such derivatives modified at 1 or 2 position and
      evaluated for their cytotoxicity activity on different series of human cancer
      cell lines such as HeLa, HL-60 and MCF- 7 etc. Production of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Vitamin K3 derivatives
      leads to apoptosis and tumor inhibition. Recently, the CR-108 compound has shown
      to exhibit oxidative path together with non-oxidative phosphorylation of p38 MAP
      kinase in human breast cancer cells. Thus the chemical-biological interactions
      have been discussed which can be further extrapolated for the development of a
      potent anticancer drug.

PMID- 26961312
TI  - Fab(nimotuzumab)-HYNIC-99mTc: Antibody Fragmentation for Molecular Imaging
      Agents.
AB  - Finally, fast blood clearance nimotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that
      recognise, with high specific affinity, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF
      R) which play an important role in the growth process associated with many solid
      tumors. In this work, the whole antibody was digested with papain in order to
      generate a Fab fragment, derivatized with NHS-HYNIC-Tfa and radiolabel with
      technetium-99m (99mTc) as a potential agent of molecular imaging of cancer. Both,
      whole and fragment radiolabels were in-vivo and in-vitro characterized.
      Radiolabeling conditions with Tricine as coligand and quality controls were
      assessed to confirm the integrity of the labeled fragment. Biodistribution and
      imaging studies in normal and spontaneous adenocarcinoma mice were performed at
      different times to determine the in-vivo characteristics of the radiolabel
      fragment. Tumor localization was visualized by conventional gamma camera imaging
      studies, and the results were compared with the whole antibody. Also, an
      immunoreactivity assay was carried out for both. The results showed clearly the
      integrity of the nimotuzumab fragment and the affinity by the receptor was
      verified. Fab(nimotuzumab)-HYNIC was obtained with high purity and a simple
      strategy of radiolabeling was performed. Finally, a fast blood clearance was
      observed in the biodistribution studies increasing the tumor uptake of
      Fab(nimotuzumab)- HYNIC-99mTc over time, with tumor/muscle ratios of 3.81 +/-
      0.50, 5.16 +/- 1.97 and 6.32 +/- 1.98 at 1 h, 4 h and 24 h post injection.
      Urinary excretion resulted in 32.89 +/- 3.91 %ID eliminated at 24 h. Scintigraphy
      images showed uptake in the tumor and the activity in non-target organs was
      consistent with the biodistribution data at the same time points. Hence, these
      preliminary results showed important further characteristic of Fab(nimotuzumab)
      HYNIC-99mTc as a molecular imaging agent of cancer.

PMID- 26961314
TI  - Evolving Role of Radiopharmaceuticals in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment.
AB  - The global incidence of primary liver cancer has been increased during recent
      decades. Among the primary liver malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is
      recognized as the most prevalent and aggressive. Although HCC has come to be
      regarded as a radioresponsive tumor during the last decade, it has also been
      noted that the ability to deliver destructive radioactive doses exclusively to
      HCC is limited with conventional external irradiation techniques. This review
      examines a number of radiotherapeutic techniques used to treat HCC, and the
      radiopharmaceuticals associated with those techniques. Selective internal
      radiotherapy (SIRT) is a powerful therapeutic technique developed during recent
      decades that is increasingly used in HCC treatment due to its superior ability to
      target and destroy cancer cells while sparing normal tissue. The
      radiopharmaceuticals used in SIRT are usually comprised of a simple ion and a
      complex or a carrier. Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is a technique that
      is increasingly used in adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy following the surgical
      treatment of HCC, as well as the treatment of unresectable or untransplantable
      HCC. The primary radiopharmaceuticals used in TARE include Iodine- 131-labeled
      Lipiodol and Yttrium-90 microspheres. Radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) is currently used
      as targeted procedure for adjuvant therapy and combination therapy of HCC. The
      primary radiopharmaceutical used in RAIT is 131I-metuximab. Interstitial
      brachytherapy has also been the subject of recent HCC treatment investigations.
      The primary radiopharmaceuticals used in interstitial brachytherapy are implanted
      iodine-125 seed strands. This review surveys the important milestones in the
      development and clinical implementation of the radiopharmaceuticals used in HCC
      therapy and critically examines new and emerging trends for the delivery of
      radiopharmaceuticals to HCC tissues.

PMID- 26961316
TI  - Cytotoxicity and Anti-proliferative Properties of Heterocyclic Compounds Derived
      from Progesterone.
AB  - The following study explored the cytotoxic effect on human cancer cells of a
      series of novel progesterone derivatives through the synthesis of heterocyclic
      compounds incorporating progesterone moiety. The reaction of progesterone (1)
      with cyanoacetanilide derivatives gave the condensation products 3a,b. Either of
      compound 3a or 3b reacted with elemental sulfur affording the thiophene
      derivatives 4a and 4b, respectively. In addition, progesterone (1) underwent some
      multi-component reactions with aromatic aldehydes and cyanomethylene reagents in
      triethylamine to give the pyran derivatives 10a-f. Carrying the same reactions
      but using ammonium acetate afforded the pyridine derivatives 11a-f. The anti
      tumor evaluations of the newly synthesized products were tested against six human
      cancer and normal cell lines. The results showed that nine compounds (3b, 7c,
      10b, 10d, 10f, 11d, 13a, 13b and 14b) revealed optimal cytotoxic effect against
      cancer cell lines with IC50 ? 550 nM and their cytotoxicity's were higher than
      that of progesterone. Moreover, the toxicity of the most active compounds was
      measured against shrimp larvae. In addition, the anti-proliferative evaluations
      of these potent compounds were measured.

PMID- 26961318
TI  - Sirtuin Inhibitors: An Overview from Medicinal Chemistry Perspective.
AB  - The role of sirtuins in age-related diseases is an area of rapidly expanding
      investigation. Sirtuins are NAD+ -dependent class III histone deacetylases
      (HDACs) that share extensive homologies with the yeast HDAC Sir2. Class I and
      class II HDACs inhibitors have been identified as potential anticancer agents and
      are in clinical studies, but much less is known about class III HDAC inhibitors.
      However, inhibitors of sirtuins are currently being targeted as potential
      therapeutic agents for disease such as cancer, neurodegenerative disease and
      other disorders as sirtuins are discovered to regulate numerous downstream
      enzymes. Given the link between sirtuins and cancer, understanding the
      functionality of these enzymes may ultimately have significant impact in cancer
      prevention or cancer treatment. This review gives an updated overview regarding
      the regulation of sirtuin enzymes, their implications in cancer, various sirtuin
      inhibitor scaffolds and their insights in drug design.

PMID- 26961315
TI  - New 2-Imino-2H-Chromene-3(N-aryl)carboxamides as Potential Cytotoxic Agents.
AB  - Synthesis and structure activity relationships of four series of novel 2-imino-2H
      chromene-3(N-aryl) carboxamides (V-VIII) have been described by bioisosteric
      replacement of usually present ketone at 2nd position of coumarin with imine.
      Various substitutents are introduced on aryl and chromene ring of iminocoumarin
      to investigate the effect of lipophilicity and electronic properties of
      substituents on cytotoxic activity against four human cancer cell lines. Novel 2
      imino-2H-chromene-3(N-aryl)carboxamides (V-VIII) were synthesized by the reaction
      of substituted 2- cyanoacetamides with different salicyaldehydes in the presence
      of sodium acetate in glacial acetic acid. Compound VIa showed potent activity
      against MCF-7 (IC50 = 8.5 MUM), PC-3 (IC50 = 35.0 MUM), A-549 (IC50 = 0.9 MUM)
      and Caco-2 (IC50 = 9.9 MUM) cell lines. The anticancer results revealed that most
      of the synthesized compounds showed equipotent activity with the standard 5
      fluorouracil and docetaxel on Caco-2 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively.

PMID- 26961317
TI  - alpha(N)-Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazones: Iron Chelators that are Promising for
      Revival of Gallium in Cancer Chemotherapy.
AB  - The metal-based drugs have gained increasing attention in the fight against
      cancer. Ga(III) in the form of inorganic salts has demonstrated efficacy in the
      treatment of a number of malignancies in experimental animals and humans, and has
      therefore attracted considerable pharmaceutical interest. However, the poor
      hydrolytic stability of Ga(III) in physiological medium owing to its property of
      hard Lewis acid prevents its widespread use in systemic cancer chemotherapy.
      Complexation of suitable chelators capable of stabilising Ga(III) against
      hydrolysis affords an opportunity for overcoming this drawback. Thiosemicarbazone
      (TSC) derivatives, a class of well-studied iron chelators featuring softer donor
      sulfur, also were evaluated to possess antineoplastic activities in an arrary of
      tumour cell lines. The structural modifications can affect the activities of
      TSCs, and related structure-activity relationships (SAR) have been studied over
      these years. Combination of Ga(III) and TSCs that are both pharmaceutically
      active has proved to exert synergistic effects of each component in one compound
      in most cases, and may produce more potent Ga(III) drugs. In this review, the SAR
      of alpha(N)-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone (HCT) analogues, a family of TSCs,
      were scrupulously surveyed, and the effect of Ga(III) complexation on their
      anticancer activity sparsely reported in literature was comparatively examined,
      in order to stimulate further advances in the field of gallium-based anticancer
      drugs.

PMID- 26961319
TI  - Modeling, control, and simulation of grid connected intelligent hybrid
      battery/photovoltaic system using new hybrid fuzzy-neural method.
AB  - Nowadays, photovoltaic (PV) generation is growing increasingly fast as a
      renewable energy source. Nevertheless, the drawback of the PV system is its
      dependence on weather conditions. Therefore, battery energy storage (BES) can be
      considered to assist for a stable and reliable output from PV generation system
      for loads and improve the dynamic performance of the whole generation system in
      grid connected mode. In this paper, a novel topology of intelligent hybrid
      generation systems with PV and BES in a DC-coupled structure is presented. Each
      photovoltaic cell has a specific point named maximum power point on its
      operational curve (i.e. current-voltage or power-voltage curve) in which it can
      generate maximum power. Irradiance and temperature changes affect these
      operational curves. Therefore, the nonlinear characteristic of maximum power
      point to environment has caused to development of different maximum power point
      tracking techniques. In order to capture the maximum power point (MPP), a hybrid
      fuzzy-neural maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is applied in the PV
      system. Obtained results represent the effectiveness and superiority of the
      proposed method, and the average tracking efficiency of the hybrid fuzzy-neural
      is incremented by approximately two percentage points in comparison to the
      conventional methods. It has the advantages of robustness, fast response and good
      performance. A detailed mathematical model and a control approach of a three
      phase grid-connected intelligent hybrid system have been proposed using
      Matlab/Simulink. 

PMID- 26961320
TI  - Observation and sliding mode observer for nonlinear fractional-order system with
      unknown input.
AB  - The main purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the observability and the left
      invertibility properties and the observable canonical form for nonlinear
      fractional-order systems are introduced. By using a transformation, we show that
      these properties can be deduced from an equivalent nonlinear integer-order
      system. Second, a step by step sliding mode observer for fault detection and
      estimation in nonlinear fractional-order systems is proposed. Starting with a
      chained fractional-order integrators form, a step by step first-order sliding
      mode observer is designed. The finite time convergence of the observer is
      established by using Lyapunov stability theory. A numerical example is given to
      illustrate the performance of the proposed approach. 

PMID- 26961321
TI  - When does chronic migraine strike? A clinical comparison of migraine according to
      the headache days suffered per month.
AB  - Introduction According to the IHCD-3beta classification, chronic migraine (CM) is
      headache occurring on 15 or more days/month. Episodic migraine (EM) can be
      divided into low frequency (LFEM) and high frequency (HFEM) depending on the
      headache days suffered per month. Methods We performed a clinical comparison of
      migraine characteristics according to monthly headache days suffered. Patients
      were divided into three groups: LFEM (1-9 headache days/month), HFEM (10-14
      headache days/month) and CM (>=15 headache days/month). Results The analysis
      included 1109 patients. Previously reported differences between EM and CM were
      replicated. However, there were three times more clinical differences between
      LFEM and HFEM than between HFEM and CM (15 vs. 6). A new model that takes 10
      headache days as a cut-off value for CM would have a minimally higher predictive
      capacity (72.8%) and no statistical differences (71.8%) when comparing it to the
      current classification. Conclusions HFEM patients have few clinical differences
      compared with CM patients. This includes the poor outcomes regarding headache
      related disability and impact on daily life. According to these findings,
      neurologists and headache specialists should consider that the emotional and
      functional impact in HFEM patients could be as disabling as in those with CM.

PMID- 26961322
TI  - Anti-melanoma and UV-B protective effect of microbial pigment produced by marine
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa GS-33.
AB  - Bioactivity of a microbial pigment, extracted from fermented broth of culture
      marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa was screened for anticancer activity against human
      skin melanoma cell line SK-MEL-2. Upon characterisation, the pigment was
      confirmed as Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). The PCA was found effective
      against SK-MEL-2 cell line at low concentration (GI50 value <10 MUg/mL). Reduced
      cell density and cell shrinkage with typical morphological changes such as
      rounding of cells with loss/breaking of cell membrane were seen in SK-MEL-2 cells
      treated with PCA and Adriamycin. The pigment exhibited UV-B protecting activity
      as calculated by in vitro spectrophotometric assay and potentiated sun protection
      factor of commercial sunscreen lotion. Moreover, the pigment was non-toxic up to
      concentration of 100 ppm as assessed erythrocyte haemolysis assay. These results
      suggest that microbial pigment PCA could be effective and promising in the
      treatment as well as prevention of melanoma skin cancers.

PMID- 26961323
TI  - Pyrosequencing as a fast and reliable tool to determine clade affiliation for
      equine Influenza A virus.
AB  - The objective of our study was to determine the clade affiliation of 116
      contemporary equine Influenza A virus (EIV) isolates using pyrosequencing. The
      EIV isolates originated from horses with clinical signs of equine influenza and
      laboratory confirmation of EIV by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in nasal
      secretions. Clade affiliation was performed on the basis of a single nucleotide
      polymorphism at 2 positions of the hemagglutinin 1 gene. Pyrosequencing was able
      to clearly classify EIV Florida sublineage prototype A/equine/Ohio/1/2003 and
      prototype A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 as clade 1 and 2, respectively. Out of the 116
      EIV qPCR-positive samples, 113 (97.4%) were classified as belonging to clade 1
      Florida sublineage, whereas 3 (2.6%) were classified as clade 2. All clade 1 EIV
      strains were detected in domestic horses, whereas the 3 clade 2 EIV strains
      originated from horses recently imported to the United States. Although clade 1
      EIV strains are endemic in the United States, international transportation of
      horses represents a real risk in introducing clade 2 EIV strains into North
      America.

PMID- 26961324
TI  - Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of feline
      haptoglobin.
AB  - Haptoglobin is a positive moderate acute phase protein (APP) in cats. Measurement
      of haptoglobin can be used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of
      systemic inflammatory disease, especially by creating profiles with major APPs.
      The aim of our study was to validate a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) for measurement of feline haptoglobin. The validation included an
      assessment of precision, accuracy, detection limit, method comparison with a
      spectrophotometric assay, and evaluation of the overlap performance. The
      concentration of haptoglobin was measured in serum from 27 healthy and 23 sick
      cats. The coefficients of variation were 2.5-4.7% for intra-assay variability and
      7.1-11.6% for interassay variability. The ratio of observed to expected
      dilutional parallelism of 4 serum samples was 108.1-118.4%. The ratio of observed
      to expected spike recovery of 4 serum samples was 90.8-94.0%. The lower detection
      limit was 0.19 g/L. Method comparison revealed a positive correlation (rs =
      0.949, P < 0.0001) and a proportional bias between the methods of -38.9%.
      Agreement between the methods was not clinically acceptable. Overlap performance
      of the ELISA was deemed satisfactory. The sandwich ELISA measures feline
      haptoglobin with an analytical and overlap performance acceptable for clinical
      purposes. Given the observed bias, the ELISA cannot be used interchangeably with
      the spectrophotometric assay.

PMID- 26961325
TI  - Megaloblastic anemia presenting with skin hyperpigmentation.

PMID- 26961326
TI  - The Priority and Challenge of High-Power Performance of Low-Platinum Proton
      Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.
AB  - Substantial progress has been made in reducing proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
      (PEMFC) cathode platinum loadings from 0.4-0.8 mgPt/cm(2) to about 0.1
      mgPt/cm(2). However, at this level of cathode Pt loading, large performance loss
      is observed at high-current density (>1 A/cm(2)), preventing a reduction in the
      overall stack cost. This next developmental step is being limited by the presence
      of a resistance term exhibited at these lower Pt loadings and apparently due to a
      phenomenon at or near the catalyst surface. This issue can be addressed through
      the design of catalysts with high and stable Pt dispersion as well as through
      development and implementation of ionomers designed to interact with Pt in a way
      that does not constrain oxygen reduction reaction rates. Extrapolating from
      progress made in past decades, we are optimistic that the concerted efforts of
      materials and electrode designers can resolve this issue, thus enabling a large
      step toward fuel cell vehicles that are affordable for the mass market. 

PMID- 26961327
TI  - Tenascin C affects mineralization of SaOS2 osteoblast-like cells through matrix
      vesicles.
AB  - Tenascin C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in osteogenesis
      and bone mineralization. In a previous study, we identified TNC protein located
      in the matrix vesicles (MVs) of osteoblasts. MVs are determinant in the
      mineralization formation. Therefore, we hypothesize whether TNC can modulate
      osteoblast mineralization via MVs. In this study, we demonstrated that the
      expression level of TNC was increased with osteoblast differentiation of
      osteoblast-like SaOS2 cells, and down-regulation of TNC expression by siRNA could
      significantly inhibit SaOS2 differentiation toward osteoblasts and mineralization
      as evidenced by decreases in ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, calcium
      deposition, and down-regulation of osteogenic marker genes ALP, and COL1A1.
      Furthermore, we validated that TNC located in the MVs of mineralized SaOS2 cells,
      and that down-regulation of TNC could decrease MVs mineralization ability in
      vitro, and the decrease of MVs mineralization ability was not associated with
      annexins. In conclusion, in this study, we extended the role of TNC during
      osteogenesis previous progresses, and that supported TNC as an important
      functional MVs component in modulating osteoblast mineralization. 

PMID- 26961328
TI  - Evaluation of anti-diabetic drugs by using silkworm, Bombyx mori.
AB  - Since diabetes patients are increasing in the world, establishment of a novel
      method for development of anti-diabetic drugs is desired. In this review, we
      describe recent results of our studies regarding diabetic model using silkworms
      for evaluation of anti-diabetic drugs for patients of both type I and type II
      diabetes. The use of the evaluation systems using silkworms is expected to
      contribute to reduction in cost and in the number of mammals sacrificed for
      screening of anti-diabetic drugs. 

PMID- 26961329
TI  - Rhodium-Catalyzed Stitching Reaction: Convergent Synthesis of Quinoidal Fused
      Oligosiloles.
AB  - Quinoidal fused oligosiloles, a new family of silicon-bridged pi-conjugated
      compounds, have been synthesized for the first time based on a new synthetic
      strategy, a stitching reaction. Multiple carbon-carbon bonds can be formed
      consecutively between two oligo(silylene-ethynylene)s under rhodium catalysis in
      a stitching manner, and up to five siloles have been fused in a quinoidal form.
      Physical properties of these oligosiloles have also been investigated to find a
      unique trend in their LUMO levels, which become higher with longer pi
      conjugation. 

PMID- 26961330
TI  - Comparison of Adhesive Resistance to Chewing Gum among Denture Base Acrylic
      Resin, Cobalt-Chromium Alloy, and Zirconia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the adhesiveness of chewing gum to
      acrylic resin, cobalt-chromium alloy, and zirconia. Test specimens were
      fabricated using acrylic resin (resin), cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr), and Ceria
      stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal-based nanostructured zirconia/alumina
      composite (zirconia). Specimens of each material were attached to the upper and
      lower terminals of a digital force gauge. The operator masticated chewing gum,
      wiped off any saliva, and placed the gum on the lower specimen. The gum was
      compressed to a thickness of 1 mm between the upper and lower specimens.
      Thereafter, traction was applied to the upper specimen at a cross-head speed of
      100 mm/min under 3 different conditions (dry, wet with distilled water, and wet
      with artificial saliva) to determine the maximum adhesive strength of the chewing
      gum. The statistical analysis was performed using the Bonferroni test after a one
      way analysis of variance (alpha=0.05). Under dry conditions, adhesive force was
      14.8+/-6.8 N for resin, 14.0+/-4.8 N for Co-Cr, and 4.3+/-2.3 N for zirconia.
      Significant differences were noted between resin and zirconia, and between Co-Cr
      and zirconia. When distilled water was applied to the specimen surface, the
      adhesive strength was 16.8+/-1.7 N for resin, 8.3+/-2.1 N for Co-Cr, and 2.7+/
      0.8 N for zirconia. Significant differences were noted between resin and Co-Cr,
      resin and zirconia, and Co-Cr and zirconia. When artificial saliva was applied to
      the specimen surface, the adhesive force was 18.5+/-2.8 N for resin, 5.3+/-0.8 N
      for Co-Cr, and 3.0+/-1.7 N for zirconia. Significant differences were noted
      between resin and Co-Cr, and resin and zirconia. Chewing gum adhered less
      strongly to zirconia than to acrylic resin or cobalt-chromium alloy. 

PMID- 26961331
TI  - Effect of Cuff Pressure Elevation on Internal Diameter of Tracheal Tube in
      Simulated Trachea.
AB  - Application of nitrous oxide during anesthesia causes an increase in tracheal
      tube cuff pressure over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
      effect of an increase in cuff pressure on 3 types of tube (the Portex,
      Mallinckrodt, and Parker) commonly used for nasotracheal intubation. A
      cylindrical vessel was used to simulate a trachea. Cuff pressure was set at 0
      cmH2O (R0) or 20 cmH2O (R20) at room temperature, or at 20 cmH2O (H20), 40 cmH2O
      (H40), 60 cmH2O (H60), or 80 cmH2O (H80) in 38 degrees C hot water and pressure
      applied for 30 min. The value obtained at R0 was used as a reference (100%) and
      the rate of change under each condition determined. No change was observed at R20
      in any of the 3 groups. In 38 degrees C hot water, internal diameter in the
      Portex group decreased by 5.4% at H20 and 7.3% at H40, while that in the
      Mallinckrodt group decreased by 6% at H40. No significant change was observed in
      internal diameter in the Parker group, even when cuff pressure was increased. The
      internal diameter in the Portex group was the smallest at all cuff pressures in
      hot water. When the nasotracheal intubation tubes selected were placed in a
      simulated trachea and cuff pressure increased, internal diameter in the Portex
      and Mallinckrodt groups decreased. 

PMID- 26961332
TI  - Tooth Loss in Problem-oriented, Irregular, and Regular Attenders at Dental
      Offices.
AB  - The aim of this retrospective study was to compare number of teeth lost among
      regular attenders (RAs), irregular attenders (IRAs), and problem-oriented
      attenders (POAs) at dental offices over a 10-yr observation period. Information
      on tooth loss was obtained from general practitioners. Patients were divided into
      3 groups based on appointment adherence. A total of 1,886 teeth were lost in
      1,400 patients. The mean number of teeth lost in men was 2.2+/-2.6 per patient
      over 10 yr in POAs, 1.2+/-1.7 in IRAs, and 1.5+/-1.5 in RAs. This number was
      significantly lower in IRAs (p = 0.011) or RAs (p=0.012) than in POAs. When the
      dependent variable was defined as "a patient with at least 2 or more extracted
      teeth", the independent variables showed the following correlations with tooth
      loss: IRAs (OR: 0.54; 95%CI: 0.35-0.84), RAs (OR: 0.65; 95%CI: 0.47-0.89), man
      (OR: 1.43; 95%CI: 1.11-1.83), hypertension (OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.04-1.85), 20-25
      present teeth (OR: 2.41; 95%CI: 1.81-3.22), and 1-19 present teeth (OR: 3.75;
      95%CI: 2.73-5.16). The risk of tooth loss showed a 0.65-fold increase in RAs
      undergoing maintenance compared with POAs. Motivating patients to visit the
      dentist more regularly and undergo maintenance is important. The present results
      may be of use to dental professionals in providing patients with detailed
      information on potential tooth loss and associated risk factors with the aim of
      achieving such a change in behavior. 

PMID- 26961333
TI  - Application of 17% EDTA Enhances Diffusion of (45)Ca-labeled OH(-) and Ca(2+) in
      Primary Tooth Root Canal.
AB  - Proper cleaning of the root canal is key to the success of endodontic treatment
      as it allows more effective diffusion of medication throughout the dentinal
      tubules. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the efficacy of 17%
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in enhancing diffusion of hydroxyl (OH(-))
      and calcium ions (Ca(2+)) throughout the root canal in primary teeth. The canals
      of 25 primary tooth roots were cleaned with endodontic files and 1% sodium
      hypochlorite. Three groups (G) were then established: GI, in which final
      irrigation was performed with 1% sodium hypochlorite; GII, in which 17% EDTA was
      used; and GIII, in which no irrigation was performed. The roots canals in GI and
      GII were filled with a calcium hydroxide-based paste labeled with the
      radioisotope calcium-45. Diffusion of OH(-) was detected with pH strips and
      Ca(2+) analyzed by measuring radioactivity in counts per min. Group II differed
      statistically from the other groups in diffusion of OH(-) at 24 hr (p<0.05), but
      no significant difference among groups was found at the day 7 evaluation; GII
      also differed statistically from the other groups in diffusion of Ca(2+) at 24 hr
      (p<0.05). These results suggest that application of 17% EDTA in primary tooth
      enhances diffusion of OH(-) and Ca(2+). 

PMID- 26961334
TI  - Post-treatment Stability in Angle Class III Cases.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare post-treatment stability in Angle Class
      III cases grouped by treatment modality into extraction, non-extraction, or
      surgical. Twenty-seven Angle Class III patients (9 men, 18 women) were selected
      from among the records of qualified retention cases treated at the Department of
      Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College. The patients were divided into the following
      groups: Group 1, extraction (n=10); Group 2, non-extraction (n=9); and Group 3,
      surgery (n=8). Lateral cephalograms, panoramic X-rays, and study casts were
      obtained at baseline (T0), after active treatment (T1), and after retention (T2).
      The ABO Model Grading System (ABO) and Gottlieb's Grading Analysis (GGA) were
      used as indices of occlusion, and the scores at each stage and differences in
      scores at T1 and T2 (|T1-T2|), defined as post-retention stability, recorded.
      Little's Irregularity Index (IRI) from the study casts and the ANB from lateral
      cephalograms at T0, T1, and T2 were also recorded to assess post-treatment
      stability from a different perspective. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for
      statistical comparisons. Mean ranking according to the ABO and Kruskal-Wallis
      test at T1, T2, and |T1-T2| was lowest in Group 1 and highest in Group 3, and the
      mean amount of change in the ABO score after active treatment was also the same.
      This suggests that post-treatment stability is highest in non-extraction cases
      and lowest in surgical cases. This result correlated with change in the ANB from
      T0 to T1. This indicates that amount of change in the ANB affects post-treatment
      stability and that relapse will tend to be greater in surgical cases. However,
      the amount of change in IRI after active treatment was highest in Group 2 and
      lowest in Group 3, suggesting that relapse of the lower incisors is greatest in
      non-extraction cases. 

PMID- 26961335
TI  - Endodontic Management of Maxillary First Molar with Five Root Canals, Including
      Two Distobuccal Root Canals: A Case Report.
AB  - Multiple canals in the root are part of the normal morphology of the tooth. A
      canal may sometimes be overlooked, however, and this may lead to failure of
      treatment. The first step in successful endodontic treatment, therefore, is
      gaining access to the pulp chamber and locating all the canals. In order to
      achieve this goal, practitioners need to be familiar with all possible variations
      in root canal morphology, and should thoroughly explore roots to ensure that all
      canals are identified, debrided, and obturated. Here, we report the diagnosis,
      treatment planning, and endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with
      five root canals, including two distobuccal root canals, in a 22-year-old woman. 

PMID- 26961336
TI  - Prenatal Counseling on Prenatal Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate at
      Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital.
AB  - Remarkable technological advances have been made in the field of medicine in
      recent years, one result of which is that a prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip
      and/or cleft palate (CL/P) is now possible. In this situation, it is extremely
      important to provide the parents with mental care from the moment they are
      informed. Here, we describe cases of CL/P treated at our hospital and how such a
      diagnosis and prenatal counseling are handled. A survey was carried out on 4
      cases seen at our department between April 2013 and March 2014. Patients are
      referred to our department from local or our own obstetrics clinics on a prenatal
      diagnosis of CL/P based on findings from ultrasonography. If the case is a
      referral from outside, the patient will first be seen at our own obstetrics
      department. Our department may then be subsequently requested to provide the
      parents with prenatal counseling. Effort is made to reassure the parents that
      postnatal support will be provided, right from the start. Next, the
      multidisciplinary nature of the treatment process is explained. However, only the
      essential outline is given at first so as to avoid inducing unnecessary anxiety.
      A response is also given to any questions the parents may have. Our experience of
      giving such care leads us to believe that improvements are required in the way
      that explanations and assistance are provided. The number of cases in which
      prenatal counseling is required is expected to increase in future. 

PMID- 26961338
TI  - End-Group-Functionalized Poly(alpha-olefinates) as Non-Polar Building Blocks:
      Self-Assembly of Sugar-Polyolefin Hybrid Conjugates.
AB  - Living coordinative chain-transfer polymerization of alpha-olefins, followed by
      chemical functionalization of a Zn(polymeryl)2 intermediate, provides entry to
      end-group functionalized poly(alpha-olefinates) (x-PAOs) that can serve as a new
      class of non-polar building block with tailorable occupied volumes. Application
      of these x-PAOs for the synthesis and self-assembly of sugar-polyolefin hybrid
      conjugates demonstrate the ability to manipulate the morphology of the ultra-thin
      film nanostructure through variation in occupied volume of the x-PAO domain. 

PMID- 26961337
TI  - It is important that they care - older persons' experiences of telephone advice
      nursing.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to explore older persons'
      experiences of telephone advice nursing at primary healthcare centres.
      BACKGROUND: Telephone advice nursing is expanding worldwide, and the older
      population is increasing. Little is known about older persons' experiences of
      telephone advice nursing provided by primary healthcare. DESIGN: This study has a
      descriptive design with a qualitative inductive approach. METHODS: Data were
      collected via interviews with a purposive sample of 10 older persons in 2014. The
      data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The older
      persons' experiences were described in two themes: the patient-friendly aspects
      of telephone advice nursing and the patient-unfriendly aspects of telephone
      advice nursing. The themes can be understood as two sides of the same coin; the
      differences point to both the advantages and disadvantages of the service and are
      further illuminated through seven subthemes. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes
      to increased awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of the telephone
      advice nursing system as experienced by older persons. To be the focus of
      attention during calls was highlighted as important; and clear communication was
      deemed crucial. When the communication between the nurse and the older persons
      was perceived as good and the perspective of the caller was the focus, an
      experience of safety and satisfaction was described. Older persons had great
      confidence in the telephone nurses' competence and perceived their ability to
      access the service as mostly good, even if it was sometimes difficult to use the
      service. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The communicative competence of
      telephone nurses is essential when providing telephone advice nursing to older
      persons. In addition, a person-centred approach is important to provide optimal
      care in telephone advice nursing.

PMID- 26961339
TI  - Insulin degludec: The new standard long acting insulin analogue for people with
      type 1 diabetes? [Letter to the Editor].

PMID- 26961340
TI  - A simple and effective method to apply TachoSil(r) Tissue Sealing sheet using
      Esmarch's bandage.
AB  - We report a novel hemostatic method for using hemostatic patches impregnated with
      human fibrinogen and thrombin (TachoSil(r)) together with Esmarch's bandage. The
      combined use of TachoSil(r) with Esmarch's bandage is easy and inexpensive.
      Further, it would ensure sustained and appropriate pressure on the bleeding site,
      while providing further adhesive strength to TachoSil(r) at the site.

PMID- 26961341
TI  - Surgical treatment for elderly patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate the validity of surgery for secondary
      spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) by comparison with other treatments or with
      perioperative results for primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). METHODS:
      Between January 2009 and March 2015, 144 patients with SSP, aged 60 years or
      over, were treated in our institution. We reviewed the patients' characteristics,
      perioperative results, and relapse rate. Treatment to arrest air-leakage included
      surgery (n = 79), drainage only (n = 30), and pleurodesis (n = 35), and the
      pneumothorax relapse rate or mortality before discharge was compared for each.
      Additionally, we compared the perioperative results or relapse rate between SSP
      (n = 70) and PSP (n = 70) in patients who underwent 3-port thoracoscopic surgery.
      RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the relapse rate between the
      surgery and non-surgery groups (5.3 vs. 27.4 %, p = 0.0006). However, no
      significant difference in mortality before discharge was determined (p = 0.66).
      Significant differences were identified between the SSP and PSP groups for
      operation time, duration of chest drainage, and the length of postoperative
      hospitalization, and the postoperative morbidity were greater in the SSP group (p
      < 0.0001 for all). However, there was no significant difference in postoperative
      30-day mortality or the relapse rate (p = 0.5, p = 0.68, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment under general anesthesia for SSP is effective for
      arresting persistent air leaks or avoiding pneumothorax relapse, compared with
      drainage or pleurodesis, and is feasible if the appropriate perioperative
      management is performed.

PMID- 26961342
TI  - Continuity of cannabis use and violent offending over the life course.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the association between cannabis use and violence has been
      reported in the literature, the precise nature of this relationship, especially
      the directionality of the association, is unclear. METHOD: Young males from the
      Cambridge Study of Delinquent Development (n = 411) were followed up between the
      ages of 8 and 56 years to prospectively investigate the association between
      cannabis use and violence. A multi-wave (eight assessments, T1-T8) follow-up
      design was employed that allowed temporal sequencing of the variables of interest
      and the analysis of violent outcome measures obtained from two sources: (i)
      criminal records (violent conviction); and (ii) self-reports. A combination of
      analytic approaches allowing inferences as to the directionality of associations
      was employed, including multivariate logistic regression analysis, fixed-effects
      analysis and cross-lagged modelling. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression
      revealed that compared with never-users, continued exposure to cannabis (use at
      age 18, 32 and 48 years) was associated with a higher risk of subsequent violent
      behaviour, as indexed by convictions [odds ratio (OR) 7.1, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) 2.19-23.59] or self-reports (OR 8.9, 95% CI 2.37-46.21). This
      effect persisted after controlling for other putative risk factors for violence.
      In predicting violence, fixed-effects analysis and cross-lagged modelling further
      indicated that this effect could not be explained by other unobserved time
      invariant factors. Furthermore, these analyses uncovered a bi-directional
      relationship between cannabis use and violence. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these
      results provide strong indication that cannabis use predicts subsequent violent
      offending, suggesting a possible causal effect, and provide empirical evidence
      that may have implications for public policy.

PMID- 26961343
TI  - 'Restoring the person's life': a qualitative study to inform development of care
      for people with severe mental disorders in rural Ethiopia.
AB  - AIMS: In low-income countries, care for people with severe mental disorders
      (SMDs) who manage to access treatment is usually emergency-based, intermittent or
      narrowly biomedical. The aim of this study was to inform development of a
      scalable district-level mental health care plan to meet the long-term care needs
      of people with SMD in rural Ethiopia. METHODS: The present study was carried out
      as formative work for the Programme for Improving Mental health CarE which seeks
      to develop, implement and evaluate a district level model of integrating mental
      health care into primary care. Six focus group discussions and 25 in-depth
      interviews were conducted with service planners, primary care providers,
      traditional and religious healers, mental health service users, caregivers and
      community representatives. Framework analysis was used, with findings mapped onto
      the domains of the Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC) framework.
      RESULTS: Three main themes were identified. (1) Focused on 'Restoring the
      person's life', including the need for interventions to address basic needs for
      food, shelter and livelihoods, as well as spiritual recovery and reintegration
      into society. All respondents considered this to be important, but service users
      gave particular emphasis to this aspect of care. (2) Engaging with families,
      addressed the essential role of families, their need for practical and emotional
      support, and the importance of equipping families to provide a therapeutic
      environment. (3) Delivering collaborative, long-term care, focused on enhancing
      accessibility to biomedical mental health care, utilising community-based health
      workers and volunteers as an untapped resource to support adherence and
      engagement with services, learning from experience of service models for chronic
      communicable diseases (HIV and tuberculosis) and integrating the role of
      traditional and religious healers alongside biomedical care. Biomedical
      approaches were more strongly endorsed by health workers, with traditional
      healers, religious leaders and service users more inclined to see medication as
      but one component of care. The salience of poverty to service planning was cross
      cutting. CONCLUSIONS: Stakeholders prioritised interventions to meet basic needs
      for survival and endorsed a multi-faceted approach to promoting recovery from
      SMD, including social recovery. However, sole reliance on this over-stretched
      community to mobilise the necessary resources may not be feasible. An adapted
      form of the ICCC framework appeared highly applicable to planning an acceptable,
      feasible and sustainable model of care.

PMID- 26961344
TI  - Perioperative spleen embolization as a useful tool in laparoscopic splenectomy
      for simple and massive splenomegaly in children: a prospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate the efficiency of
      perioperative spleen embolization prior to laparoscopic splenectomy indicated for
      hypersplenism. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study exploring a technique
      combining ultra-selective perioperative embolization and splenectomy. Between
      January 2008 and March 2013, 16 splenectomies were performed in children
      suffering from hypersplenism due to varying hematologic diseases. Spleen
      embolization was performed by an interventional radiologist in the operating room
      (OR) just before splenectomy and during the same general anesthesia. Ages varied
      from 3 to 17 years. Spleen volume was measured by preoperative ultrasound. One
      patient underwent a laparotomy because of suspected adhesions due to previous
      surgery. All other operations were performed laparoscopically. RESULTS: One
      complication arose from embolization: a perforation of the splenic artery. After
      immediately placing a platinum coil proximal to the perforation, the splenectomy
      was carried out as usual. Fourteen children (87.5 %) had splenomegaly, of which
      eight (50 %) had massive splenomegaly. There were no deaths, no conversions to
      laparotomy, no reoperations and none of these patients had to be transfused.
      CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative spleen embolization performed in the OR by an
      interventional radiologist makes laparoscopic splenectomy a safer procedure. We
      propose a preoperative method for spleen measurement that is adapted to children:
      simple and massive splenomegaly is defined through patient body weight and a
      preoperative ultrasound. We conclude that spleen size is no more a limiting
      factor for laparoscopic splenectomy in children.

PMID- 26961345
TI  - Evaluation of the HystSimTM-virtual reality trainer: an essential additional tool
      to train hysteroscopic skills outside the operation theater.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery is a major pillar of gynecological
      surgery. However, there are very few training opportunities outside the operation
      theater (OR) due to the cost and equipment requirements of organ simulators,
      virtual reality trainers (VRT) are promising tools to fill this gap. METHODS:
      Experienced and inexperienced participants of a minimally invasive surgery course
      followed the standardized HystSimTM-VRT training program. RESULTS: Performance of
      39 Participants (15 inexperienced and 24 experienced) was evaluated in the
      standardized hysteroscopic program HystSimTM. Tasks included three rounds of both
      a polyp and a myoma resection. Primary measurements were improvement in resection
      time, cumulative resection path length, and distention media use. CONCLUSION: The
      HystSimTM-VRT is an effective tool to improve the psychomotor skills needed in
      hysteroscopic surgery for experienced and inexperienced surgeons prior to OR
      exposure. Additional organ models training is advisable for hysteroscopic haptic
      skills.

PMID- 26961346
TI  - The Nephrologist's Tumor: Basic Biology and Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Kidney cancer, or renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is a disease of increasing
      incidence that is commonly seen in the general practice of nephrology. However,
      RCC is under-recognized by the nephrology community, such that its presence in
      curricula and research by this group is lacking. In the most common form of RCC,
      clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau
      tumor suppressor is nearly universal; thus, the biology of ccRCC is characterized
      by activation of hypoxia-relevant pathways that lead to the associated
      paraneoplastic syndromes. Therefore, RCC is labeled the internist's tumor. In
      light of this characterization and multiple other metabolic abnormalities
      recently associated with ccRCC, it can now be viewed as a metabolic disease. In
      this review, we discuss the basic biology, pathology, and approaches for
      treatment of RCC. It is important to distinguish between kidney confinement and
      distant spread of RCC, because this difference affects diagnostic and therapeutic
      approaches and patient survival, and it is important to recognize the key
      interplay between RCC, RCC therapy, and CKD. Better understanding of all aspects
      of this disease will lead to optimal patient care and more recognition of an
      increasingly prevalent nephrologic disease, which we now appropriately label the
      nephrologist's tumor. 

PMID- 26961348
TI  - Predicting Individual Renal Allograft Outcomes Using Risk Models with 1-Year
      Surveillance Biopsy and Alloantibody Data.
AB  - The ability to predict outcomes for individual patients would be a significant
      advance for not only counseling, but also identifying those for whom
      interventions may be needed. The goals of this study were to validate an existing
      risk prediction score that incorporates easily obtainable clinical factors and
      determine if histologic findings at 1-year surveillance biopsy and/or serum donor
      specific alloantibody status could improve predictability of graft loss by 5
      years. We retrospectively studied 1465 adults who received a solitary kidney
      transplant between January of 1999 and December of 2008 and had sufficiently
      detailed 5-year follow-up data for modeling. In this cohort, the Birmingham risk
      model (incorporating recipient factors at 1 year, including age, sex, ethnicity,
      renal function, proteinuria, and prior acute rejection) predicted death-censored
      and overall graft survival (c statistics =0.84 and 0.78, respectively). The
      presence of glomerulitis or chronic interstitial fibrosis (g and ci scores by
      Banff, respectively) on 1-year biopsy specimens independently correlated with
      graft loss by 5 years. Adding these variables to the model for death-censored
      graft loss increased predictability (c statistic =0.90), improved calibration
      (ability to stratify risk from high to low), and reclassified risk of failure in
      29% of patients. Adding the presence of donor-specific alloantibody at 1 year did
      not improve predictability or reclassification but did improve calibration
      marginally. We conclude that, at 1 year after kidney transplant, a risk model of
      graft survival that incorporates clinical factors and histologic findings at
      surveillance biopsy is highly predictive of individual risk and well calibrated.

PMID- 26961352
TI  - Coordination polymers of Fe(iii) and Al(iii) ions with TCA ligand: distinctive
      fluorescence, CO2 uptake, redox-activity and oxygen evolution reaction.
AB  - Fe and Al belong to different groups in the periodic table, one from the p-block
      and the other from the d-block. In spite of their different groups, they have the
      similarity of exhibiting a stable 3+ oxidation state. Here we have prepared
      Fe(iii) and Al(iii) based coordination polymers in the form of metal-organic gels
      with the 4,4',4''-tricarboxyltriphenylamine (TCA) ligand, namely Fe-TCA and Al
      TCA, and evaluated some important physicochemical properties. Specifically, the
      electrical conductivity, redox-activity, porosity, and electrocatalytic activity
      (oxygen evolution reaction) of the Fe-TCA system were noted to be remarkably
      higher than those of the Al-TCA system. As for the photophysical properties,
      almost complete quenching of the fluorescence originating from TCA was observed
      in case of the Fe-TCA system, whereas for the Al-TCA system a significant
      retention of fluorescence with red-shifted emission was observed. Quantum
      mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were performed
      to unravel the origin of such discriminative behaviour of these coordination
      polymer systems. 

PMID- 26961347
TI  - YAP/TAZ Are Mechanoregulators of TGF-beta-Smad Signaling and Renal Fibrogenesis.
AB  - Like many organs, the kidney stiffens after injury, a process that is
      increasingly recognized as an important driver of fibrogenesis. Yes-associated
      protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are
      related mechanosensory proteins that bind to Smad transcription factors, the
      canonical mediators of profibrotic TGF-beta responses. Here, we investigated the
      role of YAP/TAZ in the matrix stiffness dependence of fibroblast responses to TGF
      beta In contrast to growth on a stiff surface, fibroblast growth on a soft matrix
      led to YAP/TAZ sequestration in the cytosol and impaired TGF-beta-induced Smad2/3
      nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity. YAP knockdown or treatment
      with verteporfin, a drug that was recently identified as a potent YAP inhibitor,
      elicited similar changes. Furthermore, verteporfin reduced YAP/TAZ levels and
      decreased the total cellular levels of Smad2/3 after TGF-beta stimulation.
      Verteporfin treatment of mice subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction
      similarly reduced YAP/TAZ levels and nuclear Smad accumulation in the kidney, and
      attenuated renal fibrosis. Our data suggest that organ stiffening cooperates with
      TGF-beta to induce fibrosis in a YAP/TAZ- and Smad2/3-dependent manner.
      Interference with this YAP/TAZ and TGF-beta/Smad crosstalk likely underlies the
      antifibrotic activity of verteporfin. Finally, through repurposing of a
      clinically used drug, we illustrate the therapeutic potential of a novel
      mechanointerference strategy that blocks TGF-beta signaling and renal
      fibrogenesis.

PMID- 26961353
TI  - Examining the role of a decision aid in reducing decisional conflict amongst
      hospital healthcare workers towards receiving the influenza vaccine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Currently the uptake of the influenza vaccine amongst Australian
      hospital staff remains low. While some staff members choose not to receive the
      vaccine, others may feel decisional conflict around whether to receive the
      vaccine or not. Having access to information that is personalized to the staff
      members' concerns may alleviate this conflict. Our study aimed to explore the
      attitudes of hospital staff towards an online decision aid (DA), which focuses on
      influenza and the vaccine. We were also interested to examine whether they
      accepted the new tool and whether they had any suggestions for improvements.
      METHODS: Forty-one semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a range of
      hospital staff from two major public hospitals in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia
      in 2013. Emails and posters were used to inform staff members about the study.
      Thematic analysis was performed to explore the attitudes of hospital staff
      towards the DA. RESULTS: Our participants were well aware of the time/location of
      the staff vaccination clinics, however very few reported attending or receiving
      any educational material about the disease or the vaccine. Amongst those who did
      receive material, they felt that the messages were "dumbed down". There was a
      mostly positive response to the DA from participants, however they felt that
      unless it was included as part of mandatory training or orientation, it would be
      difficult to get staff to use the tool. CONCLUSIONS: Previous studies have
      established that education is an important component of an influenza vaccination
      program. We believe that the decision aid offers an alternative approach to
      delivering balanced information to staff members, which may reduce workload
      burdens on administrators and drive up rates.

PMID- 26961349
TI  - Dichloroacetate Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity without Compromising
      Cisplatin Anticancer Properties.
AB  - Cisplatin is an effective anticancer drug; however, cisplatin use often leads to
      nephrotoxicity, which limits its clinical effectiveness. In this study, we
      determined the effect of dichloroacetate, a novel anticancer agent, in a mouse
      model of cisplatin-induced AKI. Pretreatment with dichloroacetate significantly
      attenuated the cisplatin-induced increase in BUN and serum creatinine levels,
      renal tubular apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Additionally, pretreatment with
      dichloroacetate accelerated tubular regeneration after cisplatin-induced renal
      damage. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that dichloroacetate prevented
      mitochondrial dysfunction and preserved the energy-generating capacity of the
      kidneys by preventing the cisplatin-induced downregulation of fatty acid and
      glucose oxidation, and of genes involved in the Krebs cycle and oxidative
      phosphorylation. Notably, dichloroacetate did not interfere with the anticancer
      activity of cisplatin in vivo. These data provide strong evidence that
      dichloroacetate preserves renal function when used in conjunction with cisplatin.

PMID- 26961351
TI  - Endothelial Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor-1 Mediates Protection and Recovery
      from Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - Epithelial and endothelial injury and a cascade of immune and interstitial cell
      activation in the kidney lead to AKI. After mild to moderate AKI, the epithelium
      can regenerate and restore kidney function, yet little is known about the
      endothelium during these repair processes. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1
      (S1P1), a G protein-coupled receptor, is necessary for vascular homeostasis.
      Here, we used an inducible genetic approach in a mouse model of AKI, ischemia
      reperfusion injury (IRI), to determine the temporal effects of endothelial S1P1
      during AKI. Deletion of endothelial S1P1 before IRI exacerbated kidney injury and
      inflammation, and the delayed deletion of S1P1 after IRI prevented kidney
      recovery, resulting in chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis.
      Specifically, S1P1 directly suppressed endothelial activation of leukocyte
      adhesion molecule expression and inflammation. Altogether, the data indicate
      activation of endothelial S1P1 is necessary to protect from IRI and permit
      recovery from AKI. Endothelial S1P1 may be a therapeutic target for the
      prevention of early injury as well as prevention of progressive kidney fibrosis
      after AKI.

PMID- 26961355
TI  - Time-evolution of in vivo protein corona onto blood-circulating PEGylated
      liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL) nanoparticles.
AB  - Nanoparticles (NPs) are instantly modified once injected in the bloodstream
      because of their interaction with the blood components. The spontaneous coating
      of NPs by proteins, once in contact with biological fluids, has been termed the
      'protein corona' and it is considered to be a determinant factor for the
      pharmacological, toxicological and therapeutic profile of NPs. Protein exposure
      time is thought to greatly influence the composition of protein corona, however
      the dynamics of protein interactions under realistic, in vivo conditions remain
      unexplored. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively
      investigate the time evolution of in vivo protein corona, formed onto blood
      circulating, clinically used, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin. Protein adsorption
      profiles were determined 10 min, 1 h and 3 h post-injection of liposomes into CD
      1 mice. The results demonstrated that a complex protein corona was formed as
      early as 10 min post-injection. Even though the total amount of protein adsorbed
      did not significantly change over time, the fluctuation of protein abundances
      observed indicated highly dynamic protein binding kinetics. 

PMID- 26961354
TI  - Improved survival in HIV treatment programmes in Asia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV-positive patients has expanded
      rapidly in Asia over the last 10 years. Our study aimed to describe the time
      trends and risk factors for overall survival in patients receiving first-line ART
      in Asia. METHODS: We included HIV-positive adult patients who initiated ART
      between 2003-2013 (n=16,546), from seven sites across six Asia-Pacific countries.
      Patient follow-up was to May 2014. We compared survival for each country and
      overall by time period of ART initiation using Kaplan-Meier curves. Factors
      associated with mortality were assessed using Cox regression, stratified by site.
      We also summarized first-line ART regimens, CD4+ T-cell count at ART initiation,
      and CD4+ T-cell and HIV viral load testing frequencies. RESULTS: There were 880
      deaths observed over 54,532 person-years of follow-up, a crude rate of 1.61 (95%
      CI 1.51, 1.72) per 100 person-years. Survival significantly improved in more
      recent years of ART initiation. The survival probability at 4 years follow-up for
      those initiating ART in 2003-2005 was 92.1%, 2006-2009 was 94.3% and 2010-2013
      was 94.5% (P<0.001). Factors associated with higher mortality risk included
      initiating ART in earlier time periods, older age, male sex, injecting drug use
      as HIV exposure and lower pre-ART CD4+ T-cell count. Concurrent with improved
      survival was increased tenofovir use, ART initiation at higher CD4+ T-cell counts
      and greater monitoring of CD4+ T-cells and HIV viral load. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that HIV-positive patients from Asia have improved survival in
      more recent years of ART initiation. This is likely a consequence of improvements
      in treatment, patient management and monitoring over time.

PMID- 26961356
TI  - [Late consequences of urethral injuries. Reconstruction options].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stricture excision and posterior urethroplasty is the most common
      procedure after posttraumatic urethral strictures. RESULTS: Re-strictures and
      fistulas are treated by repeat urethroplasty. Tension-free anastomosis is
      prerequisite for surgical success. Urinary incontinence after posttraumatic
      injuries is treated by an artificial urinary sphincter.

PMID- 26961357
TI  - Comparative analysis of genome-wide Mlo gene family in Cajanus cajan and
      Phaseolus vulgaris.
AB  - The Mlo gene was discovered in barley because the mutant 'mlo' allele conferred
      broad-spectrum, non-race-specific resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria
      graminis f. sp. hordei. The Mlo genes also play important roles in growth and
      development of plants, and in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Mlo
      gene family has been characterized in several crop species, but only a single
      legume species, soybean (Glycine max L.), has been investigated so far. The
      present report describes in silico identification of 18 CcMlo and 20 PvMlo genes
      in the important legume crops Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. and Phaseolus vulgaris
      L., respectively. In silico analysis of gene organization, protein properties and
      conserved domains revealed that the C. cajan and P. vulgaris Mlo gene paralogs
      are more divergent from each other than from their orthologous pairs. The
      comparative phylogenetic analysis classified CcMlo and PvMlo genes into three
      major clades. A comparative analysis of CcMlo and PvMlo proteins with the G. max
      Mlo proteins indicated close association of one CcMlo, one PvMlo with two GmMlo
      genes, indicating that there was no further expansion of the Mlo gene family
      after the separation of these species. Thus, most of the diploid species of
      eudicots might be expected to contain 15-20 Mlo genes. The genes CcMlo12 and 14,
      and PvMlo11 and 12 are predicted to participate in powdery mildew resistance. If
      this prediction were verified, these genes could be targeted by TILLING or CRISPR
      to isolate powdery mildew resistant mutants.

PMID- 26961358
TI  - Human T Follicular Helper Cells in Primary Immunodeficiency: Quality Just as
      Important as Quantity.
AB  - T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of effector CD4(+) T cells
      specialised to induce Ab production by B cells. This review highlights some of
      the recent advances in the field of human Tfh cells that have come from the study
      of primary immunodeficiencies. In particular it is increasingly evident that the
      quality of the Tfh cells that are generated, is just as important as the
      quantity.

PMID- 26961359
TI  - Immune Complex-Mediated Glomerulonephritis in a Patient with Wiskott-Aldrich
      Syndrome.

PMID- 26961361
TI  - A 'Too Negative' ANA Test Predicts Antibody Deficiency.

PMID- 26961360
TI  - The Elements Steering Pathogenesis in IgG-Mediated Alloimmune Diseases.
AB  - Alloimmune diseases can occur in pregnancy and after blood transfusions, where
      antibodies are formed, targeting foreign cells and tissues for destruction by
      myeloid cells through IgG Fc-receptors (FcgammaR). In pregnancy, antibodies
      against human blood group or platelet antigens (e.g. HPA1-a) cause life
      threatening anemia or thrombocytopenia in the developing fetus or newborn. Here
      we discuss how both the induction of those IgG antibodies as well as the
      proinflammatory status of the fetus affects the effector functions through
      FcgammaR. Recent studies have found IgG-glycosylation to be important with low
      IgG-Fc-core fucosylation resulting in increased affinity to FcgammaRIIIa and
      FcgammaRIIIb and enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and
      phagocytosis. The importance of these and other features, including oxidative
      stress and acute phase responses (C-reactive protein, CRP), will be discussed and
      how these features may collectively synergize resulting in elevated disease
      pathology in these allo-, but also autoimmune mediated diseases.

PMID- 26961362
TI  - Spondylodiscitis in a Boy with X-linked Agammaglobulinemia: an Unusual
      Occurrence.

PMID- 26961363
TI  - Translation, Validation, and Reliability of the Dutch Late-Life Function and
      Disability Instrument Computer Adaptive Test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adequate and user-friendly instruments for assessing physical
      function and disability in older adults are vital for estimating and predicting
      health care needs in clinical practice. The Late-Life Function and Disability
      Instrument Computer Adaptive Test (LLFDI-CAT) is a promising instrument for
      assessing physical function and disability in gerontology research and clinical
      practice. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were: (1) to translate the LLFDI-CAT
      to the Dutch language and (2) to investigate its validity and reliability in a
      sample of older adults who spoke Dutch and dwelled in the community. DESIGN: For
      the assessment of validity of the LLFDI-CAT, a cross-sectional design was used.
      To assess reliability, measurement of the LLFDI-CAT was repeated in the same
      sample. METHODS: The item bank of the LLFDI-CAT was translated with a forward
      backward procedure. A sample of 54 older adults completed the LLFDI-CAT, World
      Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, RAND 36-Item Short-Form
      Health Survey physical functioning scale (10 items), and 10-Meter Walk Test. The
      LLFDI-CAT was repeated in 2 to 8 days (mean=4.5 days). Pearson's r and the
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1) were calculated to assess
      validity, group-level reliability, and participant-level reliability. RESULTS: A
      correlation of .74 for the LLFDI-CAT function scale and the RAND 36-Item Short
      Form Health Survey physical functioning scale (10 items) was found. The
      correlations of the LLFDI-CAT disability scale with the World Health Organization
      Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and the 10-Meter Walk Test were -.57 and -.53,
      respectively. The ICC (2,1) of the LLFDI-CAT function scale was .84, with a group
      level reliability score of .85. The ICC (2,1) of the LLFDI-CAT disability scale
      was .76, with a group-level reliability score of .81. LIMITATIONS: The high
      percentage of women in the study and the exclusion of older adults with recent
      joint replacement or hospitalization limit the generalizability of the results.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Dutch LLFDI-CAT showed strong validity and high reliability when
      used to assess physical function and disability in older adults dwelling in the
      community.

PMID- 26961364
TI  - Multiple anti-epileptic drug use in children with epilepsy in Mulago hospital,
      Uganda: a cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Seizures in up to one third of children with epilepsy may not be
      controlled by the first anti-epileptic drug (AED). In this study, we describe
      multiple AED usage in children attending a referral clinic in Uganda, the factors
      associated with multiple AED use and seizure control in affected patients.
      METHODS: One hundred thirty nine patients attending Mulago hospital paediatric
      neurology clinic with epilepsy and who had been on AEDs for >=6 months were
      consecutively enrolled from July to December 2013 to reach the calculated sample
      size. With consent, the history and physical examination were repeated and the
      neurophysiologic and imaging features obtained from records. Venous blood was
      also drawn to determine AED drug levels. We determined the proportion of children
      on multiple AEDs and performed regression analyses to determine factors
      independently associated with multiple AED use. RESULTS: Forty five out of 139
      (32.4 %) children; 46.7 % female, median age 6 (IQR = 3-9) years were on multiple
      AEDs. The most common combination was sodium valproate and carbamazepine. We
      found that 59.7 % of children had sub-therapeutic drug levels including 42.2 % of
      those on multi-therapy. Sub-optimal seizure control (adjusted odds ratio [OR(a)]
      3.93, 95 % CI 1.66-9.31, p = 0.002) and presence of focal neurological deficits
      (OR(a) 3.86, 95 % CI 1.31-11.48, p = 0.014) were independently associated with
      multiple AED use but not age of seizure onset, duration of epilepsy symptoms,
      seizure type or history of status epilepticus. CONCLUSION: One third of children
      with epilepsy in Mulago receive multiple AEDs. Multiple AED use is most frequent
      in symptomatic focal epilepsies but doses are frequently sub-optimal. There is
      urgent need to improve clinical monitoring in our patients.

PMID- 26961365
TI  - Long-term cost effectiveness of cardiac secondary prevention in primary care in
      the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
AB  - While cardiac secondary prevention in primary care is established practice,
      little is known about its long-term cost effectiveness. This study examines the
      cost effectiveness of a secondary prevention intervention in primary care in the
      Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland over 6 years. An economic evaluation,
      based on a cluster randomised controlled trial of 903 patients with heart
      disease, was conducted 4.5 years after the intervention ceased to be delivered.
      Patients originally randomised to the control received usual practice while those
      randomised to the intervention received a tailored care package over the 1.5-year
      delivery period. Data on healthcare costs and quality adjusted life expectancy
      were used to undertake incremental cost utility analysis. Multilevel regression
      was used to estimate mean cost effectiveness and uncertainty was examined using
      cost effectiveness acceptability curves. At 6 years, there was a divergence in
      the results across jurisdictions. While the probability of the intervention being
      cost effective in the Republic of Ireland was 0.434, 0.232, 0.180, 0.150, 0.115
      and 0.098 at selected threshold values of ?5000, ?15,000, ?20,000, ?25,000,
      ?35,000 and ?45,000, respectively, all equivalent probabilities for Northern
      Ireland equalled 1.000. Our findings suggest that the intervention in its current
      format is likely to be more cost effective than usual general practice care in
      Northern Ireland, but this is not the case in the Republic of Ireland.

PMID- 26961366
TI  - Potential role of microRNA-7 in the anti-neuroinflammation effects of nicorandil
      in astrocytes induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is generally recognized that the inflammatory reaction in glia is
      one of the important pathological factors in brain ischemic injury. Our previous
      study has revealed that opening ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels could
      attenuate glial inflammation induced by ischemic stroke. However, the detailed
      mechanisms are not well known. METHODS: Primary cultured astrocytes separated
      from C57BL/6 mice were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD); cellular
      injuries were determined via observing the changes of cellular morphology and
      cell viability. MicroRNA (miR) and messenger RNA (mRNA) level was validated by
      real-time PCR. The interaction between microRNA and the target was confirmed via
      dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Expressions of proteins and inflammatory
      cytokines were respectively assessed by western blotting and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: OGD resulted in astrocytic damage, which was
      prevented by K-ATP channel opener nicorandil. Notably, we found that OGD
      significantly downregulated miR-7 and upregulated Herpud2. Our further study
      proved that miR-7 targeted Herpud2 3'UTR, which encoded endoplasmic reticulum
      (ER) stress protein-HERP2. Correspondingly, our results showed that OGD increased
      the levels of ER stress proteins along with significant elevations of pro
      inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and
      interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta). Pretreatment with nicorandil could remarkably
      upregulate miR-7, depress the ER-related protein expressions including glucose
      regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase-12,
      and thereby attenuate inflammatory responses and astrocytic damages. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings demonstrate that opening K-ATP channels protects astrocytes
      against OGD-mediated neuroinflammation. Potentially, miR-7-targeted ER stress
      acts as a key molecular brake on neuroinflammation.

PMID- 26961367
TI  - Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a patient-initiated botulinum toxin
      treatment model for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm compared to standard care:
      study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are debilitating conditions that
      significantly impact on patient quality of life. Cyclical treatment with
      botulinum toxin injections offers temporary relief, but the duration of treatment
      efficacy is variable. The standard model of patient care defines routine fixed
      time based scheduled treatment cycles which may lead to unnecessarily frequent
      treatment for some patients and experience of distressing symptoms in others, if
      symptoms return before the scheduled follow-up period. METHODS/DESIGN: A
      randomised controlled trial will compare a patient-initiated model of care, where
      patients determine botulinum toxin treatment timing, to the standard model of
      care in which care is scheduled by the clinical team. A sample of 266 patients
      with blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm will be recruited from Moorfields Eye
      Hospital (MEH), London. The trial will be accompanied by a mixed-methods
      evaluation of acceptability of the new service. Patients who meet eligibility
      criteria will be assessed at baseline and those in the intervention group will be
      provided with instructions on how to book their own treatment appointments.
      Patients in both groups will be followed up 3 and 9 months into the trial and all
      patients will be returned to usual care after 9 months to meet safety protocols.
      Primary outcome measures include disease severity (questionnaire), functional
      disability (questionnaire) and patient satisfaction with care (questionnaire).
      Secondary outcomes include disease-specific quality of life (questionnaire), mood
      (questionnaire), illness and treatment perceptions (questionnaire and semi
      structured interviews), economic impact (questionnaire) and acceptability
      (questionnaire and semi-structured interviews). DISCUSSION: This trial will
      assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a patient-led care model for
      botulinum toxin therapy. If the new model is shown to be effective in reducing
      distress and disability in these populations and is found to be acceptable to
      patients, whilst being cost-effective, this will have significant implications
      for service organisation across the NHS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UK Clinical Research
      Network (UKCRN) Portfolio 18660. Clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT102577224 (registered
      29 October 2015).

PMID- 26961368
TI  - Differential effect of Se on insulin resistance: regulation of adipogenesis and
      lipolysis.
AB  - Insulin resistance is the characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and
      metabolic disorder. The biological effect of selenium (Se) on insulin sensitivity
      and metabolic function was contradictory. In this study, we designed two animal
      protocols to investigate the effect of physiological Se on high-fat (HF) diet
      induced insulin resistance in mice and examined the influence of Se on adipocyte
      differentiation and lipolysis in isolated bone marrow stromal stem cells. The
      results showed that pre-treatment with Se, mimicking thiazolidinediones,
      increased adipocyte differentiation and fat deposit in adipose tissue and reduced
      ectopic lipid content and consequent ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction
      in livers, protecting against HF diet-induced insulin resistance. Post-treatment
      with Se promoted lipolysis in adipose tissue and ectopic lipid accumulation in
      livers and aggravated subsequent ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction,
      exacerbating insulin resistance induced by HF diet. Activation of GPx1 and Sepp1
      was responsible for Se-exhibited bi-directional significance, which was at the
      crossroad of the biological effect of Se, leading to differential directions: one
      way is to accelerate mitotic clonal expansion and increase key regulators of
      adipocyte differentiation, such as PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha/beta, leading to
      enhancement of adipogenic differentiation; the other way is to activate PKA/HSL
      pathway, reinforcing lipolysis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the
      mechanism underlying GPx1 and Sepp1-exerted differential effects under different
      conditions. Anyhow, these findings may partly explain the contradiction of the
      biological significance of Se and demonstrate a novel understanding of the
      mechanism of Se-exerted benefit or harmful effects in the context of high
      consumption of fat. 

PMID- 26961369
TI  - Multi-Center, Community-Based Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Registry:
      Population, Device Utilization, and Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to describe key elements, clinical
      outcomes, and potential uses of the Kaiser Permanente-Cardiac Device Registry.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: This is a cohort study of implantable cardioverter
      defibrillators (ICD), pacemakers (PM), and cardiac resynchronization therapy
      (CRT) devices implanted between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2013 by ~400
      physicians in 6 US geographical regions. Registry data variables, including
      patient characteristics, comorbidities, indication for procedures, complications,
      and revisions, were captured using the healthcare system's electronic medical
      record. Outcomes were identified using electronic screening algorithms and
      adjudicated via chart review. There were 11 924 ICDs, 33 519 PMs, 4472 CRTs, and
      66 067 leads registered. A higher proportion of devices were implanted in males:
      75.1% (ICD), 55.0% (PM), and 66.7% (CRT), with mean patient age 63.2 years (ICD),
      75.2 (PM), and 67.2 (CRT). The 30-day postoperative incidence of tamponade,
      hematoma, and pneumothorax were <=0.3% (ICD), <=0.6% (PM), and <=0.4% (CRT).
      Device failures requiring revision occurred at a rate of 2.17% for ICDs, 0.85%
      for PMs, and 4.93% for CRTs, per 100 patient observation years. Superficial
      infection rates were <0.03% for all devices; deep infection rates were 0.6%
      (ICD), 0.5% (PM), and 1.0% (CRT). Results were used to monitor vendor-specific
      variations and were systematically shared with individual regions to address
      potential variations in outcomes, utilization, and to assist with the management
      of device recalls. CONCLUSIONS: The Kaiser Permanente-Cardiac Device Registry is
      a robust tool to monitor postprocedural patient outcomes and postmarket
      surveillance of implants and potentially change practice patterns.

PMID- 26961371
TI  - Fast, accurate, and lightweight analysis of BS-treated reads with ERNE 2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bisulfite treatment of DNA followed by sequencing (BS-seq) has become
      a standard technique in epigenetic studies, providing researchers with tools for
      generating single-base resolution maps of whole methylomes. Aligning bisulfite
      treated reads, however, is a computationally difficult task: bisulfite treatment
      decreases the (lexical) complexity of low-methylated genomic regions, and C-to-T
      mismatches may reflect cytosine unmethylation rather than SNPs or sequencing
      errors. Further challenges arise both during and after the alignment phase: data
      structures used by the aligner should be fast and should fit into main memory,
      and the methylation-caller output should be somehow compressed, due to its
      significant size. METHODS: As far as data structures employed to align bisulfite
      treated reads are concerned, solutions proposed in the literature can be roughly
      grouped into two main categories: those storing pointers at each text position
      (e.g. hash tables, suffix trees/arrays), and those using the information
      theoretic minimum number of bits (e.g. FM indexes and compressed suffix arrays).
      The former are fast and memory consuming. The latter are much slower and light.
      In this paper, we try to close this gap proposing a data structure for aligning
      bisulfite-treated reads which is at the same time fast, light, and very accurate.
      We reach this objective by combining a recent theoretical result on succinct
      hashing with a bisulfite-aware hash function. Furthermore, the new versions of
      the tools implementing our ideas|the aligner ERNE-BS5 2 and the caller ERNE-METH
      2|have been extended with increased downstream compatibility (EPP/Bismark cov
      output formats), output compression, and support for target enrichment protocols.
      RESULTS: Experimental results on public and simulated WGBS libraries show that
      our algorithmic solution is a competitive tradeoff between hash-based and BWT
      based indexes, being as fast and accurate as the former, and as memory-efficient
      as the latter. CONCLUSIONS: The new functionalities of our bisulfite aligner and
      caller make it a fast and memory efficient tool, useful to analyze big datasets
      with little computational resources, to easily process target enrichment data,
      and produce statistics such as protocol efficiency and coverage as a function of
      the distance from target regions.

PMID- 26961372
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis in the
      German health care setting.
AB  - Systemic treatments of moderate-to-severe psoriasis differ substantially in terms
      of effectiveness and costs. Comprehensive economic-evaluations of all systemic
      treatments for psoriasis from a societal perspective are missing. The objective
      of our study was to compare the cost-effectiveness all systemic treatments
      approved for moderate-to-severe psoriasis from a societal perspective, by
      including all cost categories. An incremental cost-effectiveness-analysis was
      performed for all systemic treatments for psoriasis, currently recommended by the
      German S3-Guideline i.e. methotrexate, cyclosporine, fumaric acid esters, and
      retinoids, adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and ustekinumab. We used a Markov
      model with time-dependent transition probabilities and a time horizon of 2 years
      to investigate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Both direct and indirect
      costs were considered to reflect the societal perspective. Effectiveness outcome
      was PASI-75 response. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses explored the
      effect of treatment duration, discount rate, effectiveness, and the perspective
      (societal vs. healthcare system) on the findings. According to the base-case
      analysis a cost-effective treatment pathway for moderate-to-severe psoriasis
      starts with methotrexate, followed by ustekinumab 90 mg and infliximab, if
      methotrexate does not achieve or maintain PASI-75 response. Sensitivity analyses
      confirmed the general robustness of these findings with methotrexate being most
      cost-effective. However, from a third-party-payer perspective (without indirect
      cost) conventional therapies were generally more cost-effective than biologics.
      From a value-based healthcare perspective, methotrexate should be the systemic
      treatment of first choice, ustekinumab 90 mg second choice and infliximab third
      choice for patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. From a societal
      perspective, the other treatments are less efficient according to our model. From
      a third-party-payer perspective conventional therapies are more cost-effective
      than biologics. 

PMID- 26961373
TI  - Metallopolymer precursors to L10-CoPt nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization,
      nanopatterning and potential application.
AB  - Ferromagnetic (L10 phase) CoPt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with extremely high
      magnetocrystalline anisotropy are promising candidates for the next generation of
      ultrahigh-density data storage systems. It is a challenge to generate L10 CoPt
      NPs with high coercivity, controllable size, and a narrow size distribution. We
      report here the fabrication of L10 CoPt NPs by employing a heterobimetallic CoPt
      containing polymer as a single-source precursor. The average size of the
      resulting L10 CoPt NPs is 3.4 nm with a reasonably narrow size standard deviation
      of 0.58 nm. The coercivity of L10 CoPt NPs is 0.54 T which is suitable for
      practical application. We also fabricated the L10 CoPt NP-based nanoline and
      nanodot arrays through nanoimprinting the polymer blend of CoPt-containing
      metallopolymer and polystyrene followed by pyrolysis. The successful transfer of
      the pre-defined patterns of the stamps onto the surface of the polymer blend
      implies that this material holds great application potential as a data storage
      medium. 

PMID- 26961370
TI  - Genome-wide survey of codons under  diversifying selection in a highly
      recombining  bacterial species, Helicobacter pylori.
AB  - Selection has been a central issue in biology in eukaryotes as well as
      prokaryotes. Inference of selection in recombining bacterial species, compared
      with clonal ones, has been a challenge. It is not known how codons under
      diversifying selection are distributed along the chromosome or among functional
      categories or how frequently such codons are subject to mutual homologous
      recombination. Here, we explored these questions by analysing genes present in
      >90% among 29 genomes of Helicobacter pylori, one of the bacterial species with
      the highest mutation and recombination rates. By a method for recombining
      sequences, we identified codons under diversifying selection (dN/dS> 1), which
      were widely distributed and accounted for ~0.2% of all the codons of the genome.
      The codons were enriched in genes of host interaction/cell surface and genome
      maintenance (DNA replication,recombination, repair, and restriction modification
      system). The encoded amino acid residues were sometimes found adjacent to
      critical catalytic/binding residues in protein structures.Furthermore, by
      estimating the intensity of homologous recombination at a single nucleotide
      level, we found that these codons appear to be more frequently subject to
      recombination.We expect that the present study provides a new approach to
      population genomics of selection in recombining prokaryotes.

PMID- 26961374
TI  - Leukocyte receptor expression in chronic periodontitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Microbial recognition in the periodontium through
      specific leukocyte receptors gives rise to the response which in susceptible
      individuals can lead to periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to
      explore the expression of leukocyte receptors in the gingival tissues of chronic
      periodontitis patients and to analyse differences between diseased and control
      sites (sites with probing pocket depth <4 mm). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-seven
      chronic periodontitis patients were included in the study. Gingival biopsies were
      harvested from diseased and control sites and processed by flow cytometry for the
      determination of the expression of 16 leukocyte receptors (CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD14,
      CD16, CD19, CD25, CD28, CD49d, CD49e, CD62, CD71, CD80, CCR7, Ly6G and HLA-DR).
      RESULTS: Expression of all studied receptors was higher in test compared with
      control sites (p < 0.005). Sampled sites with less bleeding on probing exhibited
      higher expression of CD16 and CD14 receptors (p = 0.020 and 0.011, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study points towards considerable differences in the expression
      of leukocyte receptors between diseased and control sites in the same periodontal
      patients.

PMID- 26961377
TI  - Memorized chiral arrangement of gemini surfactant assemblies in nanometric hybrid
      organic-silica helices.
AB  - Hybrid nanohelices were obtained from silicification of self-assemblies of gemini
      surfactants with tartrate counterions. The chiral arrangement of these non-chiral
      gemini surfactants was preserved in the silica matrix even after the counterion
      exchange for a non-chiral bromide, and was capable of inducing the chiral
      organisation of a non-chiral dye, methyl orange. 

PMID- 26961375
TI  - Dabigatran and rivaroxaban do not affect AA- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation
      in patients receiving concomitant platelet inhibitors.
AB  - Dabigatran and rivaroxaban are novel, vitamin K-independent oral anticoagulants
      (NOACs) and act via antagonism of the coagulation factor (F) IIa (dabigatran) or
      FXa (rivaroxaban), respectively. Compared to vitamin-K-antagonists, NOACs have
      shown non-inferiority of risk and benefit in patients with non valvular atrial
      fibrillation (AF). In clinical practice there is increasing use of NOACs combined
      with platelet inhibitors in patients with AF and coronary artery disease.
      However, whether NOACs affect the function of platelet inhibitors remains
      incompletely known. This observational study aimed to assess the platelet
      function in patients receiving dabigatran or rivaroxaban and concomitant platelet
      inhibitors. A single centre observational study was performed analysing the
      platelet aggregation of patients treated with dabigatran or rivaroxaban with or
      without concomitant platelet inhibitors. Measurements before the initiation of
      NOAC therapy served as the respective control group. Platelet aggregation was
      measured by multiple electrode aggregometry and was induced with adenosine
      diphosphate (ADP, 6.5 uM) and arachidonic acid (AA, 0.5 mM), respectively. In
      order to evaluate whether NOACs interact with platelet inhibition by ASA or the
      P2Y12-antagonist clopidogrel, 87 patients were grouped according to their
      concomitant antiplatelet medication. Comparing the ADP- and AA-induced platelet
      aggregation in patients without concomitant platelet inhibitors (n = 45) no
      significant differences under therapy with dabigatran (d) or rivaroxaban (r)
      compared to the control group (c) were observed. In patients taking clopidogrel
      as a concomitant platelet inhibitor (n = 21), neither dabigatran nor rivaroxaban
      affected the ADP-induced platelet aggregation (c 20 +/- 11, d 21 +/- 14, r 18 +/-
      8 AU*min, p = 0.200). Patients receiving dabigatran or rivaroxaban in combination
      with ASA (n = 42; 21 ASA only, 21 ASA + clopidogrel) showed no significant
      differences of the AA-induced aggregation compared to the control group (c 10 +/-
      8, d 9 +/- 7, r 10 +/- 8 AU*min, p = 0.810). The antiplatelet effects of ASA and
      clopidogrel monitored by AA- or ADP-induced platelet aggregation were not
      affected by NOAC therapy. 

PMID- 26961378
TI  - Erratum to: The use of the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity
      Questionnaire in oncology research: a systematic review.

PMID- 26961379
TI  - Treatment of the iatrogenic lesion of the biliary tree secondary to laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy: a single center experience.
AB  - Surgical bile duct injury (SBDI), during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is a
      worldwide ongoing problem. The purpose of this study is to analyze a single
      center retrospective experience with this topic. From 1999 to 2012, 30 patients
      with diagnosis of SBDI after laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed in other
      institute for gallbladder lithiasis and then transferred to our facility were
      enrolled in this analysis. We considered in the study the following parameters:
      classification and site of the bile duct injury, infective complications and
      therapeutic management according to early or late referral. Twenty four patients
      (80 %) had a SBDI type E1; a concomitant vascular injury was described in 3/30
      (10 %) in right hepatic artery. 11 patients had HJJ as primary surgical treatment
      in our hospital. Surgical site infection was documented in 9/30 (30 %). The most
      common micro-organisms documented in SSI were E. coli with an incidence of 55.5 %
      of SSI. Worse infective complications were detected in the late referral group.
      Complex SBDI occurred during laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be early
      referred to advanced hepatobiliary program, for appropriate multidisciplinary
      management. 

PMID- 26961380
TI  - Barriers to Linkage to HIV Care in Ugandan Fisherfolk Communities: A Qualitative
      Analysis.
AB  - Among Ugandan fisherfolk, HIV prevalence (with estimates ranging from 15 to 40 %)
      is higher than in the general population (about 7 %), potentially due to high
      risk behaviors and low access to HIV testing and healthcare. We conducted semi
      structured interviews on barriers to linkage to care with 10 key stakeholders and
      25 fisherfolk within 1-2 months of their testing HIV-positive at clinic outreach
      events in Ugandan Lake Victoria communities. Interviews were recorded,
      transcribed, translated, and coded using grounded theory methods. Participants
      cited low healthcare access and quality of care, mobility, competing needs for
      work during clinic hours, stigma, and low social support as barriers. Over 10 %
      of clients screened positive for HIV at outreach events, and only half accessed
      care. Linkage to care issues may begin with the failure to attract high-risk
      fisherfolk to testing. New models of HIV testing and treatment delivery are
      needed to reach fisherfolk.

PMID- 26961382
TI  - Saikosaponin-D Reduces H2O2-Induced PC12 Cell Apoptosis by Removing ROS and
      Blocking MAPK-Dependent Oxidative Damage.
AB  - Neuronal oxidative stress (OS) injury has been proven to be associated with many
      neurodegenerative diseases, and thus, antioxidation treatment is an effective
      method for treating these diseases. Saikosaponin-D (SSD) is a sapogenin extracted
      from Bupleurum falcatum and has been shown to have many pharmacological
      activities. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether and how SSD
      protects PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis. The non-toxic level of SSD
      significantly mitigated the H2O2-induced decrease in cell viability, reduced the
      apoptosis rate, improved the nuclear morphology, and reduced caspase-3 activation
      and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Additionally, exogenous H2O2
      induced apoptosis by damaging the intracellular antioxidation system. SSD
      significantly slowed the H2O2-induced release of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and
      lactate dehydrogenase and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      and the total antioxidant capacity, thereby reducing apoptosis. More importantly,
      SSD effectively blocked H2O2-induced phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated
      kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (p38MAPK), and specific inhibitors of ERK, JNK, and p38-reduced OS injury
      and apoptosis, suggesting that SSD reduces OS injury and apoptosis via MAPK
      signalling pathways. Finally, we confirmed that SSD significantly reduced H2O2
      induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and the ROS inhibitor blocked
      the apoptosis caused by MAPK activation and cellular oxidative damage. In short,
      our study confirmed that SSD reduces H2O2-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by removing
      ROS and blocking MAPK-dependent oxidative damage.

PMID- 26961383
TI  - Reducing burden of disease from residential indoor air exposures in Europe
      (HEALTHVENT project).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The annual burden of disease caused indoor air pollution, including
      polluted outdoor air used to ventilate indoor spaces, is estimated to correspond
      to a loss of over 2 million healthy life years in the European Union (EU). Based
      on measurements of the European Environment Agency (EEA), approximately 90 % of
      EU citizens live in areas where the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines
      for air quality of particulate matter sized < 2.5 mm (PM2.5) are not met. Since
      sources of pollution reside in both indoor and outdoor air, selecting the most
      appropriate ventilation strategy is not a simple and straightforward task.
      METHODS: A framework for developing European health-based ventilation guidelines
      was created in 2010-2013 in the EU-funded HEALTHVENT project. As a part of the
      project, the potential efficiency of control policies to health effects caused by
      residential indoor exposures of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), outdoor
      bioaerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon oxide (CO) radon and
      dampness was estimated. The analysis was based on scenario comparison, using an
      outdoor-indoor mass-balance model and varying the ventilation rates. Health
      effects were estimated with burden of diseases (BoD) calculations taking into
      account asthma, cardiovascular (CV) diseases, acute toxication, respiratory
      infections, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
      RESULTS: The quantitative comparison of three main policy approaches, (i)
      optimising ventilation rates only; (ii) filtration of outdoor air; and (iii)
      indoor source control, showed that all three approaches are able to provide
      substantial reductions in the health risks, varying from approximately 20 % to 44
      %, corresponding to 400 000 and 900 000 saved healthy life years in EU-26. PM2.5
      caused majority of the health effects in all included countries, but the
      importance of the other pollutants varied by country. CONCLUSIONS: The present
      modelling shows, that combination of controlling the indoor air sources and
      selecting appropriate ventilation rate was the most effective to reduce health
      risks. If indoor sources cannot be removed or their emissions cannot be limited
      to an accepted level, ventilation needs to be increased to remove remaining
      pollutants. In these cases filtration of outdoor air may be needed to prevent
      increase of health risks.

PMID- 26961381
TI  - Beyond Condoms: Risk Reduction Strategies Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who
      Have Sex With Men Receiving Rapid HIV Testing in Montreal, Canada.
AB  - Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) have adapted their
      sexual practices over the course of the HIV/AIDS epidemic based on available data
      and knowledge about HIV. This study sought to identify and compare patterns in
      condom use among gay, bisexual, and other MSM who were tested for HIV at a
      community-based testing site in Montreal, Canada. Results showed that while study
      participants use condoms to a certain extent with HIV-positive partners and
      partners of unknown HIV status, they also make use of various other strategies
      such as adjusting to a partner's presumed or known HIV status and viral load,
      avoiding certain types of partners, taking PEP, and getting tested for HIV. These
      findings suggest that MSM who use condoms less systematically are not necessarily
      taking fewer precautions but may instead be combining or replacing condom use
      with other approaches to risk reduction.

PMID- 26961384
TI  - Insight into the Conformational Variations in SoxYZ Protein Complex from Two
      Different Members of the beta-Proteobacterial Family Involved in Sulfur
      Oxidation.
AB  - Sulfur anions serve as the important environmental pollutants. Microbes use
      hydrogen sulfide in different redox reactions and thus make the environment
      pollution-free. The sulfur redox processes are performed by a gene cluster called
      the sox operon, possessed by a diverse set of microorganisms. However, most of
      the previous studies were confined to alpha-proteobacteria. In this work, we
      tried to elucidate the mechanistic details of sulfur oxidation in beta
      proteobacteria. We compared the molecular mechanism of sulfur oxidation process
      using Dechloromonas aromatica and Thiobacillus denitrificans. Dechloromonas
      aromatica possesses the entire sox operon, whereas T. denitrificans lacks SoxCD.
      In both the organisms, SoxYZ complex formation is essential for thiosulfate
      oxidation. This SoxYZ protein complex interacts with SoxCD and SoxAX,
      respectively, for recycling the thiosulfate-bound SoxY protein. For this purpose,
      individual proteins were modeled via manifold modeling techniques. Protein
      protein docking studies were executed to generate duo- and quadro-protein
      complexes. Different stability parameters such as free energy of folding, solvent
      accessibility area (for final complexes), and electrostatic surface potential
      (for SoxYZ complexes) were calculated and analyzed. Fifteen strengthening ionic
      interactions were accomplished in the SoxYZAX complex, whereas eight such
      interactions were observed in SoxYZCD complex. From the result, SoxYZAX complex
      was found to be more stable and interactive one. This study is the first of its
      kind that analyzes the comparative aspects of the binding interactions of the
      proteins involved in redox reactions of sulfur anions. This study may, therefore,
      be helpful in tailoring the microorganisms to function in a better way to remove
      the environmental sulfur pollutants.

PMID- 26961385
TI  - Rising Strengths Hong Kong SAR in Bioinformatics.
AB  - Hong Kong's bioinformatics sector is attaining new heights in combination with
      its economic boom and the predominance of the working-age group in its
      population. Factors such as a knowledge-based and free-market economy have
      contributed towards a prominent position on the world map of bioinformatics. In
      this review, we have considered the educational measures, landmark research
      activities and the achievements of bioinformatics companies and the role of the
      Hong Kong government in the establishment of bioinformatics as strength. However,
      several hurdles remain. New government policies will assist computational
      biologists to overcome these hurdles and further raise the profile of the field.
      There is a high expectation that bioinformatics in Hong Kong will be a promising
      area for the next generation.

PMID- 26961387
TI  - A 3D MOF constructed from dysprosium(III) oxalate and capping ligands:
      ferromagnetic coupling and field-induced two-step magnetic relaxation.
AB  - A novel 3D MOF based on dysprosium(iii) oxalate and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen),
      {[Dy(C2O4)1.5phen].0.5H2O}n (1), has been hydrothermally synthesized. The Dy(3+)
      ion acts as a typical Y-shaped node, linking to each other to generate an
      interesting 3D topology structure. Complex 1 is the first 3D DyMOF displaying
      both ferromagnetic coupling and field-induced two-step magnetic relaxation. 

PMID- 26961388
TI  - Radiological indeterminate vestibular schwannoma and meningioma in
      cerebellopontine angle area: differentiating using whole-tumor histogram analysis
      of apparent diffusion coefficient.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the role of whole-tumor histogram analysis of apparent
      diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps in differentiating radiological indeterminate
      vestibular schwannoma (VS) from meningioma in cerebellopontine angle (CPA).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffusion-weighted (DW) images (b = 0 and 1000 s/mm2) of
      pathologically confirmed and radiological indeterminate CPA meningioma (CPAM) (n
      = 27) and VS (n = 12) were retrospectively collected and processed with mono
      exponential model. Whole-tumor regions of interest were drawn on all slices of
      the ADC maps to obtain histogram parameters, including the mean ADC (ADCmean),
      median ADC (ADCmedian), 10th/25th/75th/90th percentile ADC (ADC10, ADC25, ADC75
      and ADC90), skewness and kurtosis. The differences of ADC histogram parameters
      between CPAM and VS were compared using unpaired t-test. Multiple receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was used to determine and compare
      the diagnostic value of each significant parameter. RESULTS: Significant
      differences were found on the ADCmean, ADCmedian, ADC10, ADC25, ADC75 and ADC90
      between CPAM and VS (all p values < 0.001), while no significant difference was
      found on kurtosis (p = 0.562) and skewness (p = 0.047). ROC curves analysis
      revealed, a cut-off value of 1.126 * 10-3 mm2/s for the ADC90 value generated
      highest area under curves (AUC) for differentiating CPAM from VS (AUC, 0.975;
      sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 88.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Histogram analysis of ADC
      maps based on whole tumor can be a useful tool for differentiating radiological
      indeterminate CPAM from VS. The ADC90 value was the most promising parameter for
      differentiating these two entities.

PMID- 26961386
TI  - Molecular and Immunological Basis of Tubulo-Interstitial Injury in Lupus
      Nephritis: a Comprehensive Review.
AB  - Lupus nephritis is an important cause of kidney failure in patients of Asian,
      African, or Hispanic descent. Its etiology and pathogenesis are multifactorial
      and remain to be elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-double
      stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies play a critical role in the pathogenesis, through
      its direct binding to cross-reactive antigens on resident renal cells or indirect
      binding through chromatin material to extracellular matrix components, resulting
      in complement activation, cell activation and proliferation, and induction of
      inflammatory and fibrotic processes. While tubulo-interstitial damage portends
      poor long-term renal prognosis, the mechanisms leading to tubulo-interstitial
      injury in lupus nephritis has received relatively less attention to date. Immune
      deposition along the tubular basement membrane is often observed in lupus
      nephritis and correlates with tubulo-interstitial infiltration of immune cells
      and interstitial fibrosis. Anti-dsDNA antibodies bind to resident renal cells,
      including proximal renal tubular epithelial cells, and contribute to renal
      inflammation and fibrosis. There is emerging evidence that epigenetic influence
      such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs (miRs) also
      contribute to kidney fibrosis. Overexpression of miR-150 is observed in renal
      biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis and correlates with kidney fibrosis
      and chronicity score. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an established and effective
      standard-of-care therapy for patients with lupus nephritis. Accumulating data
      suggest that in addition to its immunosuppressive actions on lymphocyte
      proliferation, mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of MMF, can exert a
      direct effect on nonimmune cells. Mediators of inflammation and fibrosis induced
      by anti-dsDNA antibodies in cultured proximal renal tubular epithelial cells are
      ameliorated by the addition of MPA, suggesting that in addition to its
      immunosuppressive actions, MPA may also have a beneficial effect in improving
      tubulo-interstitial inflammation and fibrosis through its direct action on
      proximal renal tubular epithelial cells.

PMID- 26961391
TI  - [When the information provided to participants of a comparative effectiveness
      trial ends up in the court: The opening of Pandora's box?].

PMID- 26961389
TI  - Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral
      lichen planus.
AB  - Several studies have explored the origin and development mechanism of oral lichen
      planus (OLP) with limited attention to the role of bacteria in the progression of
      this common oral disease. Here we utilized MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene
      amplicons to identify complex oral microbiota associated with OLP from saliva
      samples of two subtypes (reticular and erosive) of OLP patients and healthy
      controls. Our analyses indicated that the overall structure of the salivary
      microbiome was not significantly affected by disease status. However, we did
      observe evident variations in abundance for several taxonomic groups in OLP.
      Porphyromonas and Solobacterium showed significantly higher relative abundances,
      whereas Haemophilus, Corynebacterium, Cellulosimicrobium and Campylobacter showed
      lower abundances in OLP patients, as compared with healthy controls. In addition,
      we explored specific microbial co-occurrence patterns in OLP, and revealed
      significantly fewer linkers of Streptococcus comprising species in erosive OLP.
      Furthermore, the disease severity and immune dysregulation were also genus
      associated, including with Porphyromonas that correlated to disease scores and
      salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23. Overall, this study provides a
      general description of oral microbiome in OLP, and it will be useful for further
      investigation of their potential roles in the initiation and immune modulation of
      OLP. 

PMID- 26961390
TI  - Patients' Knowledge, Beliefs, and Distress Associated with Detection and
      Evaluation of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules for Cancer: Results from a Multicenter
      Survey.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary nodules are detected in more than 1 million Americans
      each year. Prior qualitative work suggests that the detection of incidental
      pulmonary nodules can be burdensome for patients, but whether these findings
      generalize to a broader sample of patients is unknown. We categorized patients'
      knowledge, beliefs, and distress associated with detection and evaluation of a
      pulmonary nodule, as well as their impressions of clinician communication.
      METHODS: We administered a cross-sectional survey to adults with an incidental
      pulmonary nodule who were recruited from a rural medical center, an urban safety
      net hospital, and a Veterans Affairs hospital. RESULTS: Of the 490 individuals
      mailed surveys, 244 (50%) responded. Median nodule size was 7 mm, mean patient
      age was 67 years, 29% of respondents were female, and 86% were white. A quarter
      of the respondents (26%) reported clinically significant distress related to
      their nodule, our primary outcome, as measured by the Impact of Event Scale.
      Patients reported multiple concerns, including uncertainty about the nodule's
      cause (78%), the possibility of cancer (73%), and the possible need for surgery
      (64%). Only 25% of patients accurately estimated their lung cancer risk (within
      15% of their actual risk); overall, there was no correlation between perceived
      and actual risk (r = -0.007, p = 0.93). The 23% of patients who did receive
      information on cancer risk from their provider were more likely to find this
      information reassuring (16%) than scary (7%). CONCLUSION: A quarter of patients
      with incidental pulmonary nodules experienced clinically significant distress.
      Knowledge about cancer risk and evaluation was poor. Clinician communication may
      help bridge knowledge gaps and alleviate distress in some patients.

PMID- 26961392
TI  - [Leptomeningeal gliomatosis].

PMID- 26961393
TI  - [Hospital complications in the elderly].

PMID- 26961394
TI  - [Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome: From an historical perspective to the
      emergence of new autoantibodies].

PMID- 26961395
TI  - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as Sneddon syndrome].

PMID- 26961396
TI  - [Current treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

PMID- 26961397
TI  - [Levels of vitamin D in relation to injury profiles of professional football
      players].

PMID- 26961398
TI  - [Schnitzler syndrome: Report of 3 cases].

PMID- 26961399
TI  - [Current aspects of sarcoidosis].

PMID- 26961400
TI  - [Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: Analysis of 7 cases].

PMID- 26961401
TI  - [Rituximab action on the antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with thrombotic
      antiphospholipid syndrome].

PMID- 26961402
TI  - [Primary anetoderma: A cutaneous marker of prothrombotic states].

PMID- 26961403
TI  - [Digital clubbing in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease].

PMID- 26961404
TI  - [IgG4-related Riedel's thyroiditis].

PMID- 26961405
TI  - Environmental dynamics of metal oxide nanoparticles in heterogeneous systems: A
      review.
AB  - Metal oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used for many purposes including water
      treatment, health, cosmetics, electronics, food packaging, and even food
      products. As their applications continue to expand, concerns have been mounting
      about the environmental fate and potential health risks of the nanoparticles in
      the environment. Based on the latest information, this review provides an
      overview of the factors that affect the fate, transformation and toxicity of
      MNPs. Emphasis is placed on the effects of various aquatic contaminants under
      various environmental conditions on the transformation of metal oxides and their
      transport kinetics - both in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems - and the
      effects of contaminants on the toxicity of MNPs. The presence of existing
      contaminants decreases bioavailability through hetero-aggregation, sorption,
      and/or complexation upon an interaction with MNPs. Contaminants also influence
      the fate and transport of MNPs and exhibit their synergistic toxic effects that
      contribute to the extent of the toxicity. This review will help regulators,
      engineers, and scientists in this field to understand the latest development on
      MNPs, their interactions with aquatic contaminants as well as the environmental
      dynamics of their fate and transformation. The knowledge gap and future research
      needs are also identified, and the challenges in assessing the environmental fate
      and transport of nanoparticles in heterogeneous systems are discussed.

PMID- 26961406
TI  - Immunomodulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived soluble factors on
      antigen-presenting cells of healthy blood donors.
AB  - Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) cells have been shown to promote type-1 immune
      responsiveness; however knowledge of immunomodulation of soluble factors secreted
      by LGG is limited. This is the first study to investigate whether LGG soluble
      factors promote a comparable immune responsiveness as the bacterial cells. Both
      treatments - LGG conditioned medium with (CM + LGG) or without (CM) LGG cells, in
      this study increased expression of several toll-like receptors (TLRs) in all
      studied cell types and antigen presentation-associated receptor HLA-DR in
      macrophages and "intermediate" monocytes; but decreased that of activation
      markers on monocytes and macrophages and production of IL-10, IL-12 and TNFalpha
      in macrophages. In co-culture with mononuclear cells, CM increased Th1-type
      cytokine profile but not as pronounced as CM + LGG. This study suggests that LGG
      soluble factors exert similar immunomodulatory effects as the intact cells, but
      cells may be required for optimal type-1 immune responsiveness polarizing
      capacity of this probiotic strain. 

PMID- 26961407
TI  - Protein Kinase C-alpha is a Critical Protein for Antisense Oligonucleotide
      mediated Silencing in Mammalian Cells.
AB  - We have identified the existence of a productive, PKC-alpha-dependent endocytotic
      silencing pathway that leads gymnotically-delivered locked nucleic acid (LNA)
      gapmer phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) into late endosomes. By
      blocking the maturation of early endosomes to late endosomes, silencing the
      expression of PKC-alpha results in the potent reduction of ASO silencing ability
      in the cell. We have also demonstrated that silencing of gene expression in the
      cytoplasm is vitiated when PKC-alpha expression is reduced. Restoring PKC-alpha
      expression via a reconstitution experiment reinstates the ability of ASOs to
      silence. These results advance our understanding of intracellular ASO trafficking
      and activity following gymnotic delivery, and further demonstrate the existence
      of two distinct silencing pathways in mammalian cells, one in the cytoplasmic and
      the other in the nuclear compartment.

PMID- 26961410
TI  - Temperature and pressure variations of d-d luminescence band maxima of
      bis(pyridylalkenolato)palladium(II) complexes with different ligand substituents:
      opposite-signed trends.
AB  - Luminescence spectra of two d(8)-configured bis(pyridylalkenolato)palladium(ii)
      complexes, [Pd{PyCHC(C3F7)O}2] and [Pd{PyCHC(CH3)O}2], are presented at variable
      temperature and pressure. Bands are assigned as d-d transitions. The
      heptafluoropropyl and methyl substituents on the ligands have different steric
      demands, influencing luminescence spectra. Broad bands with maxima at
      approximately 12 700 cm(-1) (790 nm) for ligands with heptafluoropropyl
      substituents and 12,100 cm(-1) (830 nm) for ligands with methyl substituents and
      widths of approximately 2100 cm(-1) for both complexes are observed at 80 K.
      Quenching of the luminescence is observed as temperature increases. The maxima of
      [Pd{PyCHC(C3F7)O}2] show a shift of -0.9 +/- 0.1 cm(-1) K(-1) due to broadening
      of the spectra to lower energy. The luminescence maxima of [Pd{PyCHC(CH3)O}2]
      shift in the opposite direction by +7.2 +/- 0.7 cm(-1) K(-1). Shifts with
      different signs are also obtained from variable-pressure luminescence spectra,
      with values of +13 +/- 2 cm(-1) kbar(-1) and -15 +/- 7 cm(-1) kbar(-1) for
      [Pd{PyCHC(C3F7)O}2] and [Pd{PyCHC(CH3)O}2], respectively. The pressure-induced
      decrease is unusual and likely caused by intermolecular interactions involving
      the palladium(ii) center and a vinylic proton of a neighboring complex.

PMID- 26961409
TI  - Graphene growth from reduced graphene oxide by chemical vapour deposition: seeded
      growth accompanied by restoration.
AB  - Understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in graphene growth via chemical
      vapour deposition (CVD) is critical for precise control of the characteristics of
      graphene. Despite much effort, the actual processes behind graphene synthesis
      still remain to be elucidated in a large number of aspects. Herein, we report the
      evolution of graphene properties during in-plane growth of graphene from reduced
      graphene oxide (RGO) on copper (Cu) via methane CVD. While graphene is laterally
      grown from RGO flakes on Cu foils up to a few hundred nanometres during CVD
      process, it shows appreciable improvement in structural quality. The monotonous
      enhancement of the structural quality of the graphene with increasing length of
      the graphene growth from RGO suggests that seeded CVD growth of graphene from RGO
      on Cu surface is accompanied by the restoration of graphitic structure. The
      finding provides insight into graphene growth and defect reconstruction useful
      for the production of tailored carbon nanostructures with required properties. 

PMID- 26961408
TI  - Vastatin, an Endogenous Antiangiogenesis Polypeptide That Is Lost in
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Effectively Inhibits Tumor Metastasis.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a hypervascular cancer without effective
      treatment. Here we report that polypeptide of NC1 domain of type VIII collagen
      (Vastatin) is an endogenous polypeptide expressed in normal liver tissue but lost
      in the liver of most HCC patients (73.1%). Its expression level is negatively
      associated with tumor size (P = 0.035) and metastasis (P = 0.016) in HCC
      patients. To evaluate its potential use as a therapeutic, we constructed a
      recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying Vastatin (rAAV-Vastatin) to treat HCC
      in an orthotopic Buffalo rat model. rAAV-Vastatin treatment significantly
      prolonged the median survival, inhibited tumor growth, and completely prevented
      metastasis in HCC-bearing rats by decreasing microvessel density and increasing
      tumor necrosis. No detectable toxicity in nontumor-bearing mice was observed. To
      investigate its molecular mechanisms, we performed DNA microarray, western
      blotting assays, and bioinformatic analysis to determine its effect on global
      gene expression patterns and signal transduction pathways. Our results indicated
      that rAAV-Vastatin significantly reduced the expressions of Pck1, JAG2, and c
      Fos, thus inhibiting the cellular metabolism, Notch and AP-1 signaling pathways,
      respectively. Hence, we demonstrated for the first time that Vastatin is a novel,
      safe, and effective antiangiogenic therapeutic and a potential biomarker for HCC.

PMID- 26961411
TI  - Experimental Investigation of Temperature-Dependent Gilbert Damping in Permalloy
      Thin Films.
AB  - The Gilbert damping of ferromagnetic materials is arguably the most important but
      least understood phenomenological parameter that dictates real-time magnetization
      dynamics. Understanding the physical origin of the Gilbert damping is highly
      relevant to developing future fast switching spintronics devices such as magnetic
      sensors and magnetic random access memory. Here, we report an experimental study
      of temperature-dependent Gilbert damping in permalloy (Py) thin films of varying
      thicknesses by ferromagnetic resonance. From the thickness dependence, two
      independent contributions to the Gilbert damping are identified, namely bulk
      damping and surface damping. Of particular interest, bulk damping decreases
      monotonically as the temperature decreases, while surface damping shows an
      enhancement peak at the temperature of ~50 K. These results provide an important
      insight to the physical origin of the Gilbert damping in ultrathin magnetic
      films. 

PMID- 26961413
TI  - Three-Dimensional Printing and Surgical Simulation for Preoperative Planning of
      Deformity Correction in Foot and Ankle Surgery.
AB  - A paucity of published data is available describing the methods for the
      integration of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology and surgical simulation
      into orthopedic surgery. The cost of this technology has decreased and the ease
      of use has increased, making routine use of 3D printed models and surgical
      simulation for difficult orthopedic problems a realistic option. We report the
      use of 3D printed models and surgical simulation for preoperative planning and
      patient education in the case of deformity correction in foot and ankle surgery
      using open source, free software.

PMID- 26961412
TI  - Hyperactive mTOR signals in the proopiomelanocortin-expressing hippocampal
      neurons cause age-dependent epilepsy and premature death in mice.
AB  - Epilepsy is a frequent comorbidity in patients with focal cortical dysplasia
      (FCD). Recent studies utilizing massive sequencing data identified subsets of
      genes that are associated with epilepsy and FCD. AKT and mTOR-related signals
      have been recently implicated in the pathogenic processes of epilepsy and FCD. To
      clarify the functional roles of the AKT-mTOR pathway in the hippocampal neurons,
      we generated conditional knockout mice harboring the deletion of Pten (Pten-cKO)
      in Proopiomelanocortin-expressing neurons. The Pten-cKO mice developed normally
      until 8 weeks of age, then presented generalized seizures at 8-10 weeks of age.
      Video-monitored electroencephalograms detected paroxysmal discharges emerging
      from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These mice showed progressive
      hypertrophy of the dentate gyrus (DG) with increased expressions of excitatory
      synaptic markers (Psd95, Shank3 and Homer). In contrast, the expression of
      inhibitory neurons (Gad67) was decreased at 6-8 weeks of age. Immunofluorescence
      studies revealed the abnormal sprouting of mossy fibers in the DG of the Pten-cKO
      mice prior to the onset of seizures. The treatment of these mice with an mTOR
      inhibitor rapamycin successfully prevented the development of seizures and
      reversed these molecular phenotypes. These data indicate that the mTOR pathway
      regulates hippocampal excitability in the postnatal brain. 

PMID- 26961415
TI  - Do Broken Toes Need Follow-Up in the Fracture Clinic?
AB  - Most toe phalangeal fractures can be successfully treated nonoperatively without
      any residual deformity and are usually clinically asymptomatic. Toe phalangeal
      fractures are nevertheless common fracture clinic referrals. Our aim was to
      evaluate the injury characteristics of patients with toe fractures attending a
      fracture clinic and to understand how current management affects the fracture
      clinic workload. We retrospectively evaluated all new referrals to a
      subspecialized foot and ankle fracture clinic during a 12-month period at our
      institution under the care of 1 consultant. Data were collected regarding patient
      demographics, fracture type, patient outcome, and the number of clinic
      appointments attended, cancelled, or not attended. A total of 707 new patients
      (mean age 39 +/- 19 years; 345 males, 362 females) were seen in 47 foot and ankle
      fracture clinics within the study period. Seventy-four phalangeal fractures were
      identified in 65 patients. A total of 135 outpatient appointments were scheduled
      for these patients (initial and follow-up), with 93 (69%) attended, 25 (19%) not
      attended, and 15 (11%) cancelled and rescheduled at the patient's request.
      Seventeen patients (13%) failed to attend their first clinic appointment. The
      results of the present study highlight that 9% of all new patient referrals to a
      fracture clinic were for toe phalangeal fractures. Only 2 patients required
      surgery for significant loss of articular congruency or deformity. No patient
      subsequently developed a symptomatic malunion or required toe surgery during the
      following 2 years. We believe that undisplaced and stable toe phalangeal
      fractures do not need to be referred to the fracture clinic. This would result in
      a reduction of outpatient appointments for toe fractures by 52%. 

PMID- 26961414
TI  - An Alternative Surgical Approach to Pseudoainhum: A Case Report.
AB  - Pseudoainhum is a disorder of unknown etiology that is usually congenital and
      nonprogressive. One theory states it is caused by amnion band constriction in
      utero. These constriction bands lead, not only to a less cosmetically appealing
      foot, but also to long-term neurovascular compromise, resulting in amputation of
      the digit. The described surgical approaches have been limited within published
      data. The 2 procedures that have been described are either a Z-plasty or
      amputation, depending on the degree of the deformity. The present case report
      provides an alternative surgical approach to a pseudoainhum deformity of a third
      digit. 

PMID- 26961416
TI  - Fatigue Stress Fracture of the Talar Body: An Uncommon Cause of Ankle Pain.
AB  - Fatigue stress fractures of the talus are rare and usually involve the head of
      the talus in military recruits. We report an uncommon cause of ankle pain due to
      a fatigue stress fracture of the body of the talus in a 32-year-old male social
      soccer player. Healing was achieved after weightbearing suppression for 6 weeks.
      Although rare, a stress fracture of the body of the talus should be considered in
      an athlete with a gradual onset of chronic ankle pain. Magnetic resonance imaging
      and bone scan are useful tools for early diagnosis. 

PMID- 26961418
TI  - Corrigendum: Soot superaggregates from flaming wildfires and their direct
      radiative forcing.

PMID- 26961417
TI  - Talar Neck Fractures Treated Using a Highly Selective Incision: A Case-Control
      Study and Review of the Literature.
AB  - We describe a highly selective incision combined with percutaneous manipulation
      for reduction and internal fixation of talar neck fractures. We retrospectively
      investigated the clinical data from 29 cases of talar neck fractures treated from
      January 2009 to June 2013. Fifteen patients (study group) were treated using a 1-
      to 2-cm limited incision placed on the anteromedial or anterolateral side of the
      talus, followed by percutaneous reduction and fixation. Another 14 patients
      (control group) underwent open reduction and internal fixation through a
      conventional anteromedial or anterolateral approach. All cases were fixed with
      Herbert screws or cannulated titanium screws. All the patients were followed up
      for a minimum of 18 (median 24) months. All the fractures displayed bony union at
      or before the final follow-up visit. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle
      Society ankle scale score in the study group was 75.3 +/- 17.7, 9 patients (60%)
      had good or excellent results, and 3 (20%) developed talar avascular necrosis.
      The mean ankle scale score in the control group was 78.9 +/- 15.2, 9 patients
      (64.3%) had good to excellent results, and 6 (42.9%) developed avascular
      necrosis. No statistically significant differences were found in the American
      Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, the number of good to excellent
      outcomes, or the incidence of complications between the incision groups. A highly
      selective incision combined with percutaneous reduction and internal fixation can
      be used to treat fractures of the neck of the talus satisfactorily. 

PMID- 26961419
TI  - Application of Effective Discharge Analysis to Environmental Flow Decision
      Making.
AB  - Well-informed river management decisions rely on an explicit statement of
      objectives, repeatable analyses, and a transparent system for assessing trade
      offs. These components may then be applied to compare alternative operational
      regimes for water resource infrastructure (e.g., diversions, locks, and dams).
      Intra- and inter-annual hydrologic variability further complicates these already
      complex environmental flow decisions. Effective discharge analysis (developed in
      studies of geomorphology) is a powerful tool for integrating temporal variability
      of flow magnitude and associated ecological consequences. Here, we adapt the
      effectiveness framework to include multiple elements of the natural flow regime
      (i.e., timing, duration, and rate-of-change) as well as two flow variables. We
      demonstrate this analytical approach using a case study of environmental flow
      management based on long-term (60 years) daily discharge records in the Middle
      Oconee River near Athens, GA, USA. Specifically, we apply an existing model for
      estimating young-of-year fish recruitment based on flow-dependent metrics to an
      effective discharge analysis that incorporates hydrologic variability and
      multiple focal taxa. We then compare three alternative methods of environmental
      flow provision. Percentage-based withdrawal schemes outcompete other
      environmental flow methods across all levels of water withdrawal and ecological
      outcomes.

PMID- 26961421
TI  - A critical role of mevalonate for peptidoglycan synthesis in Staphylococcus
      aureus.
AB  - 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, a mevalonate synthetase, is
      required for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. However, the essential role of
      the enzyme in cell growth has remained unclear. Here we show that three mutants
      possessed single-base substitutions in the mvaA gene, which encodes HMG-CoA
      reductase, show a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The phenotype was suppressed
      by the addition of mevalonate or farnesyl diphosphate, which is a product
      synthesized from mevalonate. Farnesyl diphosphate is a precursor of undecaprenyl
      phosphate that is required for peptidoglycan synthesis. The rate of peptidoglycan
      synthesis was decreased in the mvaA mutants under the non-permissive conditions
      and the phenotype was suppressed by the addition of mevalonate. HMG-CoA reductase
      activities of mutant MvaA proteins in the temperature sensitive mutants were
      lower than that of wild-type MvaA protein. Our findings from genetic and
      biochemical analyses suggest that mevalonate produced by HMG-CoA reductase is
      required for peptidoglycan synthesis for S. aureus cell growth. 

PMID- 26961422
TI  - [Prognosis of symptomatic epilepsies in relation to their age of onset, monitored
      at a neuropediatric section of regional reference over a period of three years].
AB  - AIM: To analyze the factors involved in the prognosis of symptomatic epilepsies
      in relation to their age at onset, monitored at a neuropediatric section of
      regional reference over a period of three years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children
      diagnosed with symptomatic epilepsy, supervised from January 1, 2008 to December
      31, 2010, collecting epidemiological, clinical and developmental data. RESULTS:
      Of the 4595 children attended during the period, the diagnosis of epilepsy was
      established at 605 (13.17%): 277 (45.79%) symptomatic epilepsies. Symptomatic
      etiology predomininates in epileptic patients that started below one year of age,
      67.72%, and between 1-3 years, 61.39%. 37.54% of symptomatic epilepsy is
      refractory, 72.92% have cognitive impairment, 55.23% have motor impairment and
      17.32% have autism spectrum disorder. The younger the patient, the higher the
      percentage of refractoriness and display of any neurological or associated
      development impact. Some etiologies have higher rates of refractoriness.
      CONCLUSIONS: A useful classification would be etiological, with two groups: a
      large group with established etiology or very likely genetic syndromes and
      another with no established cause. The age of onset of epilepsy in each
      etiological group adds prognostic orientation. Prognosis of epilepsy is
      overshadowed by refractoriness and associated neurodevelopmental disorders, which
      are generally worse at an earlier onset and in certain etiologies.

PMID- 26961420
TI  - Utilization of Alcohol Treatment Among HIV-Positive Women with Hazardous
      Drinking.
AB  - Hazardous alcohol consumption has been frequently reported among women with HIV
      infection and is associated with a variety of negative health consequences.
      Treatments to reduce alcohol use may bring in health benefits. However, little is
      known regarding the utilization of alcohol treatment services among HIV+ women
      with hazardous drinking. Using data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study
      (WIHS), this study assessed utilization of any alcohol treatment in the past 6
      months and performed multivariable logistic regression to determine correlates of
      receipt of any alcohol treatment. Among 474 HIV+ women reporting recent hazardous
      drinking, less than one in five (19%) reported recent utilization of any alcohol
      treatment. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was the most commonly reported (12.9%),
      followed by inpatient detoxification (9.9%) and outpatient alcohol treatment
      program (7.0%). Half (51%) receiving any alcohol treatment reported utilization
      of multiple treatments. Multivariable analyses found alcohol treatment was more
      often utilized by those who had social support (odds ratio [OR]=1.68, 95%
      confidence interval [CI]=1.00 to 2.83), fewer economic resources (income
      <=$12,000 vs. >$12,000, OR=3.10, 95% CI=1.53 to 6.27), higher levels of drinking
      (16-35 drinks/week vs. 12-15 drinks/week, OR=3.02, 95% CI=1.47 to 6.21; 36+
      drinks/week vs. 12-15 drinks/week, OR=4.41, 95% CI=2.03 to 9.59), and those who
      reported any illicit drug use (OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.44 to 5.34). More efforts are
      needed to enhance the utilization of alcohol treatment. Our findings highlight
      the unique profile of those who utilized alcohol treatment. Such information is
      vital to improve treatment delivery to address unmet need in this particular
      population.

PMID- 26961423
TI  - [Neuropsychological profile in opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome presenting as
      neuroblastic tumours].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sociosanitary improvements experienced in western society have
      significantly increased the survival of patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia
      syndrome (OMAS). However, several studies have reported neurological, cognitive
      behavioral and development persistent deficits in 70-80% of these patients.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed cases of neuroblastic tumors diagnosed in a
      total period of 13 years and six months (from January 2000 to May 2013) and its
      association with OMAS in the pediatric service of a general hospital of a third
      level. Furthermore, it conducts a full neuropsychological study in three children
      diagnosed with OMAS. RESULTS: We objectified deficits in intelligence, attention,
      processing speed, memory, language, visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills,
      fine motor skills and executive functions. In addition, we found alterations in
      the psychological profile. CONCLUSIONS: Data emphasize the role of the cerebellum
      in complex cognitive processing in child population probably linked to
      neurodevelopmental deficits in this structure caused by deficiencies of the
      immune system. The results are interpreted in the framework of child
      neuropsychology and their interest in studying the brain-behavior relationships
      in the dynamic context of brain development.

PMID- 26961424
TI  - [Postmastectomy pain syndrome in our region: characteristics, treatment, and
      experience with gabapentin].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Postmastectomy pain syndrome affects up to a half of the patients
      treated for breast cancer. AIMS: Characterization of this syndrome and its
      evolution. Measure pharmaceutical treatment (specifically with gabapentin).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 89 patients with more than five
      years monitoring was carried out. RESULTS: Of the patients included in the study
      88% had not been previously diagnosed. The mean age of the patients was 56.49
      years old. The pain lasted on average 29.15 months. In 71% the neurological
      symptoms corresponded to the second intercostobrachial nerve. The average pain
      value for patients before treatment on the Visual Analog Scale was 66.5 and 13.14
      on the Lattinen Index. The treatment with gabapentin at an average dose of 1,135
      mg for 14 weeks reduced pain in 80% of the patients (p < 0.0001). In the majority
      of the patients the reduction was maintained in the long term. Ten percent
      continued the treatment whereas another 10% suspended treatment due to side
      effects. The average necessary number of patients to be treated was 2.13. Of
      those treated with gabapentin 35% relapsed while 15.68% changed medication
      compared to 50% of those treated with other indicated neuropathic drugs (p =
      0.046). No difference in the effectiveness between both groups was found.
      CONCLUSIONS: Postmastectomy pain is an under-diagnosed pathology. Treatment (in
      particular with gabapentin) can be significantly effective and well tolerated in
      up to 90% of postmastectomy pain syndrome patients.

PMID- 26961425
TI  - [Effects of a 'theory of mind' cognitive development pilot programme in three
      children with autism: emotional component].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Theory of mind is defined as the capacity to predict, understand
      and act when faced with other people's behaviour, their knowledge, their
      intentions, their emotions and their beliefs. It is proposed as a feasible
      alternative for establishing a programme adapted to the characteristics of
      children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. CASE REPORTS: The effect of a
      'theory of mind' cognitive development pilot programme on the emotional skills of
      three children with autism spectrum disorder is reported. Case 1: 9-year-old boy,
      with scarce emotional identification and expression, as well as difficulties to
      hold fluent and coherent conversations. Case 2: 10-year-old boy, with mechanical,
      not very fluent language, and difficulties to start and maintain a conversation.
      Case 3: 8-year-old girl who presents deficits in the non-verbal communicative
      behaviours used in social interaction and difficulties to adapt to situations
      other than everyday ones. In the three cases there is an improvement in the
      emotional capacities following implementation of the programme; moreover, their
      parents, teachers or therapists perceived positive changes in the children's
      adaptive skills. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological and structural aspects of the
      cognitive development programme were well-suited to the children with autism who
      took part in the research study. Due to the preliminary nature of this study, it
      is suggested that future research should utilise a larger sample and a double
      blind design with randomised case-controls that allow the findings to be
      generalised.

PMID- 26961426
TI  - [Enhancement of motor relearning and functional recovery in stroke patients: non
      invasive strategies for modulating the central nervous system].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Most of the stroke survivors do not recover the basal state of the
      affected upper limb, suffering from a severe disability which remains during the
      chronic phase of the illness. This has an extremely negative impact in the
      quality of life of these patients. Hence, neurorehabilitation strategies aim at
      the minimization of the sensorimotor dysfunctions associated to stroke, by
      promoting neuroplasticity in the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENT: Brain
      reorganization can facilitate motor and functional recovery in stroke subjects.
      None-theless, after the insult, maladaptive neuroplastic changes can also happen,
      which may lead to the appearance of certain sensori-motor disorders such as
      spasticity. Noninvasive brain stimulation strategies, like transcranial direct
      current stimulation or transcranial magnetic stimulation, are widely used
      techniques that, when applied over the primary motor cortex, can modify neural
      networks excitability, as well as cognitive functions, both in healthy subjects
      and individuals with neurological disorders. Similarly, brain-machine-interface
      systems also have the potential to induce a brain reorganization by the
      contingent and simultaneous association between the brain activation and the
      peripheral stimulation. CONCLUSION: This review describes the positive effects of
      the previously mentioned neurorehabilitation strategies for the enhancement of
      cortical reorganization after stroke, and how they can be used to alleviate the
      symptoms of the spasticity syndrome.

PMID- 26961427
TI  - [Management of a traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous fistula: a schematic
      representation of the different types of carotid-cavernous communication].

PMID- 26961428
TI  - [Alice in Wonderland syndrome as a prodrome of streptococcal
      tonsillopharyngitis].

PMID- 26961429
TI  - [Thalamic stroke secondary to vertebral dissection after doing yoga].

PMID- 26961430
TI  - [In Memoriam. Jaime Campos Castello (1940-2015)].

PMID- 26961431
TI  - Evolution of the alpha-Subunit of Na/K-ATPase from Paramecium to Homo sapiens:
      Invariance of Transmembrane Helix Topology.
AB  - Na/K-ATPase is a key plasma membrane enzyme involved in cell signaling, volume
      regulation, and maintenance of electrochemical gradients. The alpha-subunit,
      central to these functions, belongs to a large family of P-type ATPases.
      Differences in transmembrane (TM) helix topology, sequence homology, helix-helix
      contacts, cell signaling, and protein domains of Na/K-ATPase alpha-subunit were
      compared in fungi (Beauveria), unicellular organisms (Paramecia), primitive
      multicellular organisms (Hydra), and vertebrates (Xenopus, Homo sapiens), and
      correlated with evolution of physiological functions in the alpha-subunit. All
      alpha-subunits are of similar length, with groupings of four and six helices in
      the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively. Minimal homology was seen for
      protein domain patterns in Paramecium and Hydra, with high correlation between
      Hydra and vertebrates. Paramecium alpha-subunits display extensive disorder, with
      minimal helix contacts. Increases in helix contacts in Hydra approached
      vertebrates. Protein motifs known to be associated with membrane lipid rafts and
      cell signaling reveal significant positional shifts between Paramecium and Hydra
      vulgaris, indicating that regional membrane fluidity changes occur during
      evolution. Putative steroid binding sites overlapping TM-3 occurred in all
      species. Sites associated with G-protein-receptor stimulation occur both in
      vertebrates and amphibia but not in Hydra or Paramecia. The C-terminus moiety
      "KETYY," necessary for the Na(+) activation of pump phosphorylation, is not
      present in unicellular species indicating the absence of classical Na(+)/K(+)
      pumps. The basic protein topology evolved earliest, followed by increases in
      protein domains and ordered helical arrays, correlated with appearance of alpha
      subunit regions known to involve cell signaling, membrane recycling, and ion
      channel formation.

PMID- 26961433
TI  - Detection of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma:
      Comparing Cobas 4800 EGFR Assay With Sanger Bidirectional Sequencing.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Accurate detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
      mutations has a crucial role in the current treatment of patients with lung
      adenocarcinoma, and identification of clinically relevant mutations would qualify
      patients for treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Historically, Sanger
      sequencing has been used as the reference standard assay for EGFR mutational
      analysis; however, Cobas 4800 is a relatively new method. In the present study,
      we compared the performance of the Cobas assay against that of Sanger sequencing.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 493 consecutive formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded samples of lung adenocarcinoma were simultaneously tested for EGFR
      mutations using both methods. RESULTS: After exclusion of the invalid results (n
      = 19), 474 samples from 455 patients were analyzed. The Cobas assay showed a
      mutation detection rate comparable to that of Sanger sequencing (18.1% vs. 17.9%,
      respectively; P < .05). Excellent agreement of 98.9% (kappa, 0.964) was observed
      between the 2 methods. CONCLUSION: The Cobas assay is a fast and diagnostically
      robust platform with high analytical sensitivity; however, it is limited by its
      detection range and low tolerance to low DNA quality. Sanger sequencing is mostly
      affected by its lower analytic sensitivity. Ultimately, a dual testing strategy
      will be justified to increase the detection of novel mutations and reduce the
      false-negative results within an acceptable turnaround time.

PMID- 26961432
TI  - Unmasking the ancestral activity of integron integrases reveals a smooth
      evolutionary transition during functional innovation.
AB  - Tyrosine (Y)-recombinases have evolved to deliver mechanistically different
      reactions on a variety of substrates, but these evolutionary transitions are
      poorly understood. Among them, integron integrases are hybrid systems recombining
      single- and double-stranded DNA partners. These reactions are asymmetric and need
      a replicative resolution pathway, an exception to the canonical second strand
      exchange model of Y-recombinases. Integron integrases possess a specific domain
      for this specialized pathway. Here we show that despite this, integrases are
      still capable of efficiently operating the ancestral second strand exchange in
      symmetrical reactions between double-stranded substrates. During these reactions,
      both strands are reactive and Holliday junction resolution can follow either
      pathway. A novel deep-sequencing approach allows mapping of the crossover point
      for the second strand exchange. The persistence of the ancestral activity in
      integrases illustrates their robustness and shows that innovation towards new
      recombination substrates and resolution pathways was a smooth evolutionary
      process. 

PMID- 26961434
TI  - Distal locking in short hip nails: Cause or prevention of peri-implant fractures?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The most common cause of femoral fractures after osteosynthesis of
      trochanteric fractures with short nails is weakening of the femoral cortex via
      distal locking and stress concentrations at the tip of the nail. The aim of the
      study was to verify whether the incidence of peri-implant fractures is dependent
      upon the distal locking technique. METHODS: We prospectively analysed a group of
      849 pertrochanteric fractures (AO/ASIF 31-A1+2) managed with short nails from
      2009 to 2013. Unlocked nailing was performed in 70.1% and distal dynamic locking
      was performed in 29.9%. The mean age was 82.0 years. Peri-implant fractures were
      divided into 3 groups according to the height of the fracture in relation to the
      tip of the nail. RESULTS: In total 17 fractures (2.0%) were detected. One peri
      implant fracture occurred after locked nailing, whereas 16 cases occurred after
      unlocked nailing (p=0.037). Patients without distal locking had an 85.7% greater
      risk of peri-implant fracture. Fractures of the proximal femur (Type I) occurred
      significantly earlier than fractures at the tip of the nail (Type II) (p=0.028).
      CONCLUSION: Unlocked nails do not guarantee sufficient stability. Distal locking
      serves to prevent postoperative femoral fractures. We recommend the routine use
      of distal locking when utilizing short nails.

PMID- 26961435
TI  - A forensic inquiry into compliance to guidelines for emergency resuscitative
      thoracotomy in trauma: If the dead can't talk and the living won't tell, it is a
      story half told.

PMID- 26961437
TI  - What we need to know about Zika virus.

PMID- 26961438
TI  - Understanding safe discharge of patients with dementia from the acute hospital.

PMID- 26961440
TI  - Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: past, present and future.
AB  - Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is one of the most significant
      technological advances in cardiovascular medicine. It offers a safe alternative
      in high risk cardiac patients with proven durability, economical viability and
      survival advantage. Current trials may expand its application in intermediate or
      low risk groups. 

PMID- 26961436
TI  - Cross-cultural variation in preference for replantation or revision amputation:
      Societal and surgeon views.
AB  - Treatment decisions after an injury like finger amputation are made based on
      injury and patient factors. However, decisions can also be influenced by provider
      and patient preferences. We compared hand surgeon and societal preferences and
      attitudes regarding finger amputation treatment in Japan and the US. We performed
      a cross-sectional survey with subjects derived from large tertiary care academic
      institutions in the US and Japan. We secured 100% participation of American hand
      surgeon members of the Finger Replantation and Amputation Multicenter Study and
      presenting hand surgeons at the 32nd Annual meeting of the Central Japanese
      Society for Surgery of the Hand. Societal preferences were gathered from
      volunteers at the 2 universities in the US and Japan. There were no significant
      differences in estimations of function, sensation, or appearance after
      replantation; American and Japanese societal participants preferred replantation
      compared to surgeons, although this was more pronounced in Japan. The Japanese
      society displayed more negative attitudes toward finger amputees than did
      Japanese surgeons. American respondents anticipated more public stigmatisation of
      amputees than did American surgeons. Societal preference for replantation was not
      caused by inflated expectations of outcomes after replantation. Japanese societal
      preference was likely driven by negative views of finger amputees. American
      society noted no decrease in physical health after amputation, but did note a
      quality of life decrease attributed to public stigmatisation. Japanese society
      and surgeons had a stronger preference for replantation than American society and
      surgeons, possibly attributed to cultural differences. 

PMID- 26961441
TI  - The assessment of aortic stenosis: echocardiography and beyond.
AB  - Aortic stenosis is the most common primary valve problem. This article describes
      its assessment and clinical interpretation using echocardiography and also shows
      how magnetic resonance, cardiac computed tomography and stress testing may be
      useful. 

PMID- 26961442
TI  - Sound mind vs sound heart.
AB  - Depressive and anxiety disorders have both have been associated with an increased
      risk of cardiovascular disease. This article highlights the multifactorial and
      bidirectional interaction between cardiovascular diseases, depression and
      anxiety, and the need for early assessment, diagnosis and intervention. 

PMID- 26961443
TI  - Abdominal wall reconstruction: an emerging and rewarding specialty.

PMID- 26961444
TI  - Abdominal wall reconstruction.
AB  - Abdominal wall hernias can be challenging and complicated to manage. The
      techniques to deal with them are evolving rapidly with increasing adaptation and
      utilization in general surgery. 

PMID- 26961445
TI  - Which mesh or graft? Prosthetic devices for abdominal wall reconstruction.
AB  - This article reviews the ever-increasing number of prosthetic devices--both
      synthetic mesh and biologic grafts--now in use for abdominal wall reconstruction.
      It also introduces a novel hybrid synthetic/biologic graft (Zenapro) and suture
      passer device (Novapass).

PMID- 26961446
TI  - Transforming surgery through biomaterial template technology.
AB  - Templates inserted into surgical wounds strongly influence the healing responses
      in humans. The science of these templates, in the form of extracellular matrix
      biomaterials, is rapidly evolving and improving as the natural interactions with
      the body become better understood. 

PMID- 26961447
TI  - The Liverpool Care Pathway: what went right and what went wrong.
AB  - The history of the Liverpool Care Pathway shows how the best of intentions, and
      good guidelines, can be perverted by poor practice, lack of thought, poor
      training and inadequate communication. Good clinical leadership can encourage
      high quality care of dying people, whatever guidelines are being used, or not. 

PMID- 26961448
TI  - The management of bipolar disorder.
AB  - Bipolar disorder is a common mental disorder which is relapsing and remitting in
      nature. Subsyndromal symptoms are common and associated with poorer outcomes.
      Management of the disorder can be challenging and depends on the polarity and
      severity of the mood episode. 

PMID- 26961450
TI  - Safe and sustainable increases in day case emergency surgery.
AB  - Selected patients referred to emergency general surgery departments are suitable
      for day case emergency surgery with no overnight hospital stay. There are no well
      described sustainable pathways for these expedited operations and in many
      hospitals patients undergo unnecessary admissions and experience long waiting
      times. METHODS: The authors proposed a new, sustainable, day case emergency
      surgery pathway which was implemented to streamline the assessment, treatment and
      discharge of acute surgical referrals. It requires rapid assessment of the
      patient by a senior clinician, and ready availability of diagnostic services and
      operating facilities. To assess this pathway, the authors conducted a prospective
      audit of general surgical referrals to a district general hospital in the UK.
      RESULTS: During the inclusion period 746 emergency referrals were assessed, 281
      (37%) of these underwent an operation. Over a 5-month investigation period, the
      audit found that approximately 27% of all emergency general surgery patients
      requiring an operation could be managed with day case emergency surgery. This
      figure was maintained throughout the duration of the study. Operations included
      incision and drainage of abscesses, incarcerated hernia repairs and
      appendicectomies. The average length of stay of all surgical admissions decreased
      from 5 days to less than 3 days and the median time to senior review was 30
      minutes. DISCUSSION: The authors have developed a pathway involving permanent
      members of the surgical assessment team that is sustainable over a 5-month
      period. The pathway has allowed rapid assessment of patients and reduced
      unnecessary inpatient stay in a sustainable and reproducible manner.

PMID- 26961451
TI  - The importance and practice of debrief in medical simulation.

PMID- 26961452
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma causing light-chain (AL) amyloidosis.

PMID- 26961453
TI  - Recognizing and managing food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis.

PMID- 26961454
TI  - Hamman syndrome.

PMID- 26961455
TI  - Elie Metchnikoff, father of phagocytosis.

PMID- 26961457
TI  - Regional anaesthesia: asleep vs awake?

PMID- 26961458
TI  - Hand anatomy.

PMID- 26961459
TI  - Assessment of hand injuries.

PMID- 26961460
TI  - Examination of the adult knee.

PMID- 26961461
TI  - Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: From chronic kidney disease to cardiovascular
      impairment.
AB  - Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4), or chronic renocardiac syndrome, has
      been defined as "chronic abnormalities in renal function leading to cardiac
      disease" and recognizes the extreme burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk
      in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is common and increasingly
      recognized as a risk factor for CVD. Even though the treatment for CVD has
      dramatically improved over the past decades, it still takes responsibility for up
      to 50% of deaths in CKD patients. For this reason, patients with CKD should be
      thoroughly evaluated for cardiovascular risk factors that require careful
      management, given the significant burden of CRS type 4 on the healthcare system.
      This review focuses on the most significant conventional and non-conventional CVD
      risk factors related to CKD. 

PMID- 26961462
TI  - A smart fluorescence nanoprobe for the detection of cellular alkaline phosphatase
      activity and early osteogenic differentiation.
AB  - In the past decades, biomaterials were designed to induce stem cell toward
      osteogenic differentiation. However, conventional methods for evaluation
      osteogenic differentiation all required a process of cell fixation or lysis,
      which induce waste of a large number of cells. In this study, a fluorescence
      nanoprobe was synthesized by combining phosphorylated fluoresceinamine isomer I
      (FLA) on the surface of mesoporous silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide
      (Fe3O4@mSiO2) nanoparticles. In the presence of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the
      phosphorylated FLA on the nanoprobe would be hydrolyzed, resulting in a
      fluorescence recovery of FLA. During early osteogenic differentiation, a high
      level expression of cellular ALP was induced, which accelerated the hydrolysis of
      phosphorylated FLA, resulting in an enhancement of cellular fluorescence
      intensity. This fluorescence nanoprobe provides us a rapid and non-toxic method
      for the detection of cellular ALP activity and early osteogenic differentiation.

PMID- 26961464
TI  - Enhanced efficacy and anti-biofilm activity of novel nanoemulsions against skin
      burn wound multi-drug resistant MRSA infections.
AB  - Multi-drug resistant MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a
      global problem for human health, especially skin burn wound patients. Therefore,
      we estimated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of a chlorhexidine
      acetate nanoemulsion (CNE) by previously ourselves designed against skin burn
      wound MRSA infections. Compared with its water solution (CHX), CNE showed a
      better and faster action against MRSA both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, CNE
      was more effective at inhibiting biofilm formation and clearing the biofilm. We
      also found that the cell walls and membranes of MRSA were severely disrupted
      after treatment with CNE. Moreover, the relative electrical conductivity and the
      leakage of alkaline phosphates, K(+), Mg(2+), DNA and protein obviously increased
      because the cell wall and membrane were damaged. These data show that novel CNE
      is a promising potential antimicrobial candidate, especially for skin burn wound
      MRSA infections.

PMID- 26961463
TI  - Cellular distribution of injected PLGA-nanoparticles in the liver.
AB  - The cellular fate of nanoparticles in the liver is not fully understood. Because
      the effectiveness and safety of nanoparticles in liver therapy depends on
      targeting nanoparticles to the right cell populations, this study aimed to
      determine a relative distribution of PLGA-nanoparticles (sizes 271+/-1.4 nm)
      among liver cells in vivo. We found that Kupffer cells were the major cells that
      took up nanoparticles, followed by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic
      stellate cells. Nanoparticles were found in only 7% of hepatocytes. Depletion of
      Kupffer cells by clodronate liposomes increased nanoparticle retention in liver
      sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells, but not in hepatocytes.
      It is importantly suggested that studies of drug-loaded nanoparticle delivery to
      the liver have to demonstrate not only uptake of nanoparticles by the target cell
      type but also non-uptake by other cell types to assess their effect as well as
      ensure their safety.

PMID- 26961465
TI  - The osteogenic capacity of biomimetic hierarchical micropore/nanorod-patterned Sr
      HA coatings with different interrod spacings.
AB  - Advanced titanium based bone implant with fast established, rigid and stable
      osseointegration is stringently needed in clinic. Here the hierarchical
      micropore/nanorod-patterned strontium doped hydroxyapatite (Ca9Sr1(PO4)6(OH)2,
      Sr1-HA) coatings (MNRs) with different interrod spacings varying from about 300
      to 33nm were developed. MNRs showed dramatically differential biological
      performance closely related to the interrod spacing. Compared to
      micropore/nanogranule-patterned Sr1-HA coating (MNG), MNRs with an interrod
      spacing of larger than 137nm resulted in inhibited in vitro mesenchymal stem cell
      functions and in vivo osseointegration, while those of smaller than 96nm gave
      rise to dramatically enhanced the biological effect, especially those of mean
      67nm displayed the best effect. The differential biological effect of MNRs was
      related to their modulation on the focal adhesion mediated mechanotransduction.
      These results suggest that MNRs with a mean interrod spacing of 67nm may give
      rise to an advanced implant of improved clinical performance.

PMID- 26961466
TI  - Investigating the role of mucin in the delivery of nanoparticles to cellular
      models of human cancer disease: an in vitro study.
AB  - Mucin, a glycosylated protein, is aberrantly overexpressed in a variety of tumor
      cells. The glycoprotein mesh decreases the rate of intracellular drug uptake and
      effectiveness. We investigated the influence of the mucin mesh on the cellular
      uptake of anti-MUC1 antibody and nanoparticles by fluorescence spectroscopy and
      microscopy. A glycosylation inhibitor (benzyl-alpha-GalNAc) was employed to
      regulate mucin glycosylation events. In our panel of pancreatic cell lines, only
      PANC-1 cells exhibited a significant increase in the uptake of liposomes
      following glycosylation inhibition, resulting in improved cytotoxicity of
      gemcitabine-loaded liposomes. Interestingly, areas devoid of liposome uptake were
      observed for pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1, Capan-1, and Capan-2; however,
      these restricted regions could be diminished for PANC1 cells only. In conclusion,
      investigating the reason(s) for differential cellular uptake of nanoparticles, in
      association with the production of mucin glycosylation mesh, should provide
      valuable leads to the future development of nanomedicine for cancer treatment.

PMID- 26961467
TI  - Coassembled nanostructured bioscaffold reduces the expression of proinflammatory
      cytokines to induce apoptosis in epithelial cancer cells.
AB  - The local inflammatory environment of the cell promotes the growth of epithelial
      cancers. Therefore, controlling inflammation locally using a material in a
      sustained, non-steroidal fashion can effectively kill malignant cells without
      significant damage to surrounding healthy cells. A promising class of materials
      for such applications is the nanostructured scaffolds formed by epitope
      presenting minimalist self-assembled peptides; these are bioactive on a cellular
      length scale, while presenting as an easily handled hydrogel. Here, we show that
      the assembly process can distribute an anti-inflammatory polysaccharide,
      fucoidan, localized to the nanofibers within the scaffold to create a biomaterial
      for cancer therapy. We show that it supports healthy cells, while inducing
      apoptosis in cancerous epithelial cells, as demonstrated by the significant down
      regulation of gene and protein expression pathways associated with epithelial
      cancer progression. Our findings highlight an innovative material approach with
      potential applications in local epithelial cancer immunotherapy and drug
      delivery.

PMID- 26961468
TI  - RGD peptide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles: antiangiogenesis by suppressing
      VEGF-VEGFR2-ERK/AKT pathway.
AB  - Angiogenesis is essential for tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. Herein
      we described the synthesis of RGD peptide-decorated and doxorubicin-loaded
      selenium nanoparticles (RGD-NPs) targeting tumor vasculature to enhance the
      cellular uptake and antiangiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo. After
      internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis, this nanosystem disassembled
      under acidic condition with the presence of lysozymes and cell lysate, leading to
      bioresponsive triggered drug release. Mechanistic investigation revealed that RGD
      NPs inhibited angiogenesis through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest
      in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via suppression of VEGF-VEGFR2
      ERK/AKT signaling axis by triggering ROS-mediated DNA damage. Additionally, RGD
      NPs can inhibit MCF-7 tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice via down
      regulation of VEGF-VEGFR2, effectively reduce the toxicity and prolong the blood
      circulation in vivo. Our results suggest that the strategy to use RGD-peptide
      functionalized SeNPs as carriers of anticancer drugs is an efficient way to
      achieve cancer-targeted antiangiogenesis synergism.

PMID- 26961469
TI  - Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Aspidodasycarpine, Lonicerine, and the Proposed
      Structure of Lanciferine.
AB  - Aspidodasycarpine and lonicerine are a pair of epimeric aspidophylline-type
      alkaloids bearing vicinal quaternary C7 and C16. The first and enantioselective
      total syntheses of these molecules are described here. A Ru-catalyzed asymmetric
      transfer hydrogenation established the first stereocenter. An Au-promoted Toste
      cyclization was exploited to assemble the bridged tetracyclic core and define the
      geometry of the exocyclic olefin; electron deficient (p-CF3C6H4)3P was a suitable
      ligand for this transformation. An aldol condensation followed by an
      intramolecular indole C3 alkylation constructed the adjacent quaternary C7 and
      C16 diastereoselectively, leading to a pentacyclic lactol as an advanced common
      intermediate for synthesizing both alkaloids. The proposed structure of
      lanciferine, a highly oxidized congener of aspidodasycarpine, was synthesized
      from the lactol by tuning the oxidation states of various carbons.

PMID- 26961470
TI  - An Introduction to a Special Issue on Stormwater.

PMID- 26961471
TI  - Impact of Stormwater Discharges on Water Quality in Coastal Marine Protected
      Areas.
AB  - Marine protected areas worldwide limit harvest to protect sensitive fisheries,
      but rarely do they address water quality goals that may have equally demonstrable
      impacts. California has over 500 coastal shoreline miles of marine protected
      areas designated as Areas of Special Biological Significance (ASBS), but receives
      untreated wet weather runoff discharges from over 1600 storm drain outfalls. The
      goal of this study was to assess the extent and magnitude of water quality
      impacts in ASBS following storm events. A stratified probabilistic design was
      used for sampling receiving water shorelines near (discharge) and far (non
      discharge) from storm drain outfalls. In general, reasonably good water quality
      exists in California's ASBS following storm events. Many of the target analytes
      measured did not exceed water quality standards. The post-storm concentrations of
      most constituents in discharge and non-discharge strata of ASBS were similar. The
      three potentially problematic parameters identified were total PAH, chromium, and
      copper. 

PMID- 26961473
TI  - Laboratory Evaluation of Sorptive Filtration Media Mixtures for Targeted
      Pollutant Removals from Simulated Stormwater.
AB  - Urban stormwater pollutants including nutrients, trace metals, polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total suspended solids (TSS) and indicator
      microorganisms (E. coli) were the target pollutants in this study. Their
      simultaneous removal from synthetic stormwater using different sorptive media was
      investigated through laboratory-scale column experiments. The media considered
      for testing were calcite (C), sand (S), zeolite (Z) and iron filings (Fe(0)).
      These media are easily/commercially available, environmentally benign, long
      lasting (non-biodegradable), highly permeable and effective in removing multiple
      target pollutants. Based on individual media testing, three different mixed media
      compositions were selected (1) C-Z-S, (2) C-S-Fe(0) and (3) C-Z-S-Fe(0), for
      simultaneous removal of target pollutants using column experiments. The mixed
      media composition, C-Z-S-Fe(0) showed significantly better simultaneous removal
      of all the target pollutants as compared to the other two compositions. These
      compositions can be tailored to meet site-specific stormwater pollutant removal
      in a passive in-ground sorptive media filter. 

PMID- 26961472
TI  - Settling Efficiency of Urban Particulate Matter Transported by Stormwater Runoff.
AB  - The main purpose of control measures in urban areas is to retain particulate
      matter washed out by stormwater over impermeable surfaces. In stormwater control
      measures, particulate matter removal typically occurs via sedimentation. Settling
      column tests were performed to examine the settling efficiency of such units
      using monodisperse and heterodisperse particulate matter (for which the particle
      size distributions were measured and modelled by the cumulative gamma
      distribution). To investigate the dependence of settling efficiency from the
      particulate matter, a variant of the evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR), a
      Microsoft Excel function based on multi-objective EPR technique (EPR-MOGA),
      called EPR MOGA XL, was used as a data-mining strategy. The results from this
      study have shown that settling efficiency is a function of the initial total
      suspended solids (TSS) concentration and of the median diameter (d50 index),
      obtained from the particle size distributions (PSDs) of the samples. 

PMID- 26961474
TI  - Effects of Stormwater Pipe Size and Rainfall on Sediment and Nutrients Delivered
      to a Coastal Bayou.
AB  - Pollutants discharged from stormwater pipes can cause water quality and ecosystem
      problems in coastal bayous. A study was conducted to characterize sediment and
      nutrients discharged by small and large (< 20 cm and >20 cm in internal
      diameters, respectively) pipes under different rainfall intensities (< 2.54 cm
      and > 2.54 cm, respectively). Results showed that large pipes had greater
      discharge than small pipes. Pollutants concentrations did not vary by pipe size.
      Large pipes had greater loads of TSS (138.2 vs. 24.0 mg/s), NO3(-) (5.54 vs. 2.74
      mg/s), and NH4(+) (0.39 vs. 0.19 mg/s) than small pipes. Neither discharge nor
      constituents varied by rainfall events. Pipe size may be a useful metric for
      estimating loads to a system. Nutrient reduction efforts should be directed to
      reducing the dissolved nutrient pools, while stormwater management efforts should
      be directed to reducing pipe freshwater discharge volumes that drive constituent
      loads. 

PMID- 26961475
TI  - Emission of Carbon Dioxide and Methane from Duckweed Ponds for Stormwater
      Treatment.
AB  - This study determined the greenhouse gas emission from two laboratory-scale
      duckweed ponds for stormwater treatment. The rate of carbon dioxide (CO2)
      emission from the two duckweed systems was 1472 +/- 721 mg/m(2).d and 626 +/- 234
      mg/m(2).d, respectively. After the removal of duckweeds, CO2 emissions decreased
      to 492 +/- 281 mg/m(2).d and 395 +/- 53 mg/m(2).d, respectively. The higher CO2
      emissions in the duckweed systems were attributed to duckweed biomass decay on
      the pond soil surface. A thin-film model was able to predict the increasing CO2
      concentrations in the closed static chamber during 2 weeks of sampling. The
      initial methane fluxes from the duckweed systems were 299 +/- 74 mg/m(2).d and
      180 +/- 91 mg/m(2).d, respectively. After the removal of duckweeds, the flux
      increased to 559 +/- 215 mg/m(2).d and 328 +/- 114 mg/m(2).d, respectively.

PMID- 26961476
TI  - Characterization of Stormwater Runoff from a Light Rail Transit Area.
AB  - The monitoring of stormwater runoff from Light Rail Transit (LRT) facilities is
      insufficient in many regions around the world. In this study, runoff quality and
      quantity were monitored during operational and non-operational LRT phases during
      2010-2013. The event mean concentration (EMC) of pollutants showed little
      statistical variability during both phases. The antecedent dry day (ADD) showed a
      strong to moderate positive correlation with most pollutant EMCs during the non
      operational phase. The existence and magnitude of the first flush from LRT runoff
      was found to be similar to those from other transportation land uses. The
      comparison of LRT runoff data with an adjacent road bridge site showed that the
      pollutant EMC and unit load were 2 to 9 times higher from the road bridge. It was
      suggested that LRT automated operation and the elevated track makes this
      transportation mode a viable option for the management of non-point source
      pollution. 

PMID- 26961477
TI  - Roofing Materials Assessment: Investigation of Five Metals in Runoff from Roofing
      Materials.
AB  - To assess the contribution of five toxic metals from new roofing materials to
      stormwater, runoff was collected from 14 types of roofing materials and controls
      during 20 rain events and analyzed for metals. Many of the new roofing materials
      evaluated did not show elevated metals concentrations in the runoff. Runoff from
      several other roofing materials was significantly higher than the controls for
      arsenic, copper, and zinc. Notably, treated wood shakes released arsenic and
      copper, copper roofing released copper, PVC roofing released arsenic, and
      Zincalume(r) and EPDM roofing released zinc. For the runoff from some of the
      roofing materials, metals concentrations decreased significantly over an
      approximately one-year period of aging. Metals concentrations in runoff were
      demonstrated to depend on a number of factors, such as roofing materials, age of
      the materials, and climatic conditions. Thus, application of runoff
      concentrations from roofing materials to estimate basin-wide releases should be
      undertaken cautiously. 

PMID- 26961478
TI  - Critical Review of Technical Questions Facing Low Impact Development and Green
      Infrastructure: A Perspective from the Great Plains.
AB  - Since its inception, Low Impact Development (LID) has become part of urban
      stormwater management across the United States, marking progress in the gradual
      transition from centralized to distributed runoff management infrastructure. The
      ultimate goal of LID is full, cost-effective implementation to maximize watershed
      scale ecosystem services and enhance resilience. To reach that goal in the Great
      Plains, the multi-disciplinary author team presents this critical review based on
      thirteen technical questions within the context of regional climate and
      socioeconomics across increasing complexities in scale and function. Although
      some progress has been made, much remains to be done including continued basic
      and applied research, development of local LID design specifications, local
      demonstrations, and identifying funding mechanisms for these solutions. Within
      the Great Plains and beyond, by addressing these technical questions within a
      local context, the goal of widespread acceptance of LID can be achieved,
      resulting in more effective and resilient stormwater management. 

PMID- 26961479
TI  - Biosecurity Measures Applied in the United Arab Emirates - a Comparative Study
      Between Livestock and Wildlife Sectors.
AB  - In 2013, the livestock population in the UAE exceeded 4.3 million heads with
      sheep and goats accounting for 90% of this. The overall number of captive wild
      ungulates (gazelle types) is difficult to assess as there is no registration
      system in place or enforced in the UAE with regard to the possession of wildlife.
      Those animal collections, mainly owned by high-ranking families, are therefore
      not registered and kept far from public viewing. Nonetheless, some collections
      are housing more than 30 000 ungulates in one location. The primary objective of
      this study was to describe the biosecurity measures currently applied in UAE
      ungulate facilities for different wildlife and livestock sectors. A secondary
      objective was to use the output from this biosecurity survey to investigate which
      sector could be categorized into risk groups for disease introduction and spread.
      Between October 2014 and May 2015, biosecurity questionnaire data were collected
      in the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujeirah, Ajman, Umm al
      Quwain and Sharjah from 14 wildlife collections, 30 livestock farms and 15 mixed
      (wildlife and livestock farms). These investigations through questionnaires
      allowed us to quantify and assess statistically biosecurity practices and levels
      for both livestock and wildlife sectors. In both sectors, biosecurity measures
      could be improved and only a few facilities had high biosecurity scores. The
      group of small unregistered farms (Ezba) represented the highest risk of disease
      transmission to other animals due to their lack of biosecurity awareness.

PMID- 26961480
TI  - An Analysis of the Effects and the Molecular Mechanism of Deep Hypothermic Low
      Flow on Brain Tissue in Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects and molecular mechanisms of deep
      hypothermic low flow (DHLF) on brain tissue in three genotypes of 3-week-old
      C57BL/6 mice (N = 180). METHODS: Mice in the model condition were subjected to
      cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) while undergoing DHLF, then reperfused and
      rewarmed. Brain tissue damage was measured with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium
      chloride (TTC) staining, and protein expression was measured by Western blot at 2
      h, 24 h, and 72 h after treatment; messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions
      were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 2 h, 24 h, and 72
      h. RESULTS: The expressions of p-Akt1 and p-GSK-3beta were significantly higher
      in the model condition than the condition across genotypes, but both were
      significantly lower in the Akt1 mice. The expressions of Akt1 mRNA and Akt3 mRNA,
      but not Akt2 mRNA, were significantly higher in the model condition across
      genotypes. Brain damage was significantly greater in the Akt1 knockout gene mice
      compared with Akt2 gene knockout and wild type mice at 24 h and 72 h. CONCLUSION:
      These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of DHLF reflect increased
      expression of p-GSK-3beta induced through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Findings
      of real-time PCR imply that Akt1 mRNA and Akt3 mRNA may influence the expression
      of p-Akt1 and p-GSK-3beta in mice undergoing DHLF.

PMID- 26961481
TI  - The Outcomes of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair with the Chimney Technique for
      Juxtarenal Aortic Aneurysms.
AB  - PURPOSE: We collected our experience in the use of chimney technique with
      endovascular aneurysm repair (Ch-EVAR) for juxtarenal aortic aneurysms (JAAs),
      and reviewed the outcomes. METHODS: The patients who were treated with Ch-EVAR
      between January 2012 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. All of the
      patients underwent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) under general anesthesia.
      Femoral arterial access was obtained to place the main body of the endograft;
      brachial or axillary access was obtained to perform the placement of the chimney
      stent. RESULTS: We treated 12 patients with 15 renal arteries using the Ch-EVAR
      procedure. Technical success was achieved in 11 of the 12 (91.6%) cases. Within
      the first 30 days of postoperative period, the target vessel patency rate was
      93.3% (14 of 15 renal arteries). After a median follow-up period of 28 months,
      one patient required Ch-EVAR-related re-intervention due to a type Ia endoleak,
      and 13 of the 15 renal arteries were patent at the end of the follow-up period.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that Ch-EVAR can be completed with a high
      rate of success. Although early target vessel occlusion or early postoperative
      mortality might occur, Ch-EVAR could be an alternative treatment for JAA,
      especially in high risk patients.

PMID- 26961482
TI  - Editorial: Special Thematic Issuue: Development of Biomarkers in Tumors of
      Digestive System Part I.

PMID- 26961483
TI  - MicroRNA-183 Functions As an Oncogene by Regulating PDCD4 in Gastric Cancer.
AB  - MicroRNA-183 (miR-183) has recently been identified to be implicated in a variety
      of critical processes in multiple human malignancies, and its fuction has been
      poorly characterized in gastric cancer (GC). Here we reported that miR-183 was
      markedly over-expressed in GC and its up-regulation was markedly associated with
      GC clinicopathologicalcharacters. Endogenous miR-183 was inhibited in GC cells,
      which dramatically attenuated cell proliferation, colony formation, migration,
      invasion and adhesion and enhancedGC cells apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, in
      this study we demonstrated that the tumor suppressor gene PDCD4 was a target of
      miR-183 in GC. Collectively, these observations showed that miR-183 maybe
      function as an oncogene by regulating GC cell proliferation, apoptosis and
      metastasis and the oncogenic effect of miR-183 may relate the direct targeting
      PDCD4. 

PMID- 26961484
TI  - Dasatinib induces severe hemorrhagic colitis in a patient with accelerated phase
      of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 26961486
TI  - Phenolic Composition and Evaluation of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Bitter
      Gourd (Momordica charantia L) Leaves on Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme and Some
      Pro-oxidant-Induced Lipid Peroxidation In Vitro.
AB  - This study sought to assess the effects of bitter gourd leaf extracts (methanol
      and aqueous) on enzyme linked with hypertension (angiotensin-I-converting enzyme
      and some pro-oxidants (iron sulfate, sodium nitroprusside, and cisplatin]-induced
      lipid peroxidation in rat kidney homogenates. Chromatographic analysis of the
      extract was done using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array
      detection. The results revealed that methanol extract (IC50 = 109.63 ug/mL) had
      significantly (P < .05) higher angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory
      activity than aqueous extract (IC50 = 182.95 ug/mL). Similarly, methanol extract
      had significantly (P < .05) higher inhibitory effect on Fe2+- and cisplatin
      induced lipid peroxidation than aqueous extract. However, there was no
      significant (P > .05) difference in the inhibition of sodium nitroprusside
      induced lipid peroxidation of both extracts. High-performance liquid
      chromatography-diode array detection analysis revealed the presence of quercetin,
      caffeic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids in the leaf. Thus, inhibition of
      angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity and the antioxidant properties of the
      extracts could be linked to the presence of phenolic phytochemicals.

PMID- 26961487
TI  - Does Rapid Diffusion of HbA1c Testing Affect Amputation Rates?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association of speed of diffusion of Hemoglobin A1C (hbA1c)
      testing with temporal changes in outcomes of primary importance to patients with
      diabetes, such as amputation, remains an issue of debate. We investigated these
      correlations. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of diabetics,
      based on Medicare fee-for-service claims data from 2002 to 2012. We examined the
      association of the rate of diffusion of HbA1c testing with changes in amputation
      rates. Our unit of analysis was the hospital referral region (HRR), a definition
      of tertiary care markets defined in the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. RESULTS:
      From the 11 096 270 diabetics followed in our study for a mean follow-up of 4.1
      years, 106 340 (0.96%) underwent lower extremity amputations. The speed of
      diffusion of HbA1c testing had a moderate association with the speed of diffusion
      of lower extremity amputations, after adjusting for multiple factors including
      baseline regional amputation and testing rates (adjusted difference, -0.7%; 95%
      confidence interval, -1.0% to -0.3%). The risk-adjusted HRR-level speed of
      diffusion of testing demonstrated significant correlation with the risk-adjusted
      HRR-level diffusion of amputations (r = .250, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed
      a moderate association of the speed of diffusion of HbA1c testing with the speed
      of diffusion of lower extremity amputations among Medicare patients with
      diabetes. Improvements in performance on quality metrics such as HbA1c testing
      may not immediately translate into tangible patient outcomes.

PMID- 26961488
TI  - Erratum to: A comparison of heterosexual and LGBTQ cancer survivors' outlooks on
      relationships, family building, possible infertility, and patient-doctor
      fertility risk communication.

PMID- 26961485
TI  - Efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus for active rheumatoid arthritis with
      an inadequate response to methotrexate.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: To determine the efficacy and safety of low-dose tacrolimus in
      Korean rheumatoid arthritis (RA) subjects with an inadequate response to
      methotrexate (MTX). METHODS: This was a multicenter, open-label study conducted
      at five Korean sites. Fifty-six patients with active RA, despite treatment for >=
      1 month with a stable, maximally tolerated dosage of oral MTX (median dosage, 15
      mg/wk), were enrolled and received 1.5 mg/day of tacrolimus as a single oral dose
      once per day for 16 weeks while continuing to receive MTX. All other disease
      modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were discontinued, whereas stable dosages of
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral corticosteroids (<= 10 mg/day of
      prednisone or an equivalent corticosteroid) were allowed. The primary clinical
      response criterion was the American College of Rheumatology's definition of 20%
      improvement (ACR20) at the end of treatment. RESULTS: The ACR20 response rate was
      42.9% (24 of 56 patients) in patients who had received tacrolimus at least once.
      The overall ACR50 and ACR70 responses at the end of treatment for all patients
      were 30.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Throughout the treatment period, 37 patients
      experienced 71 adverse events (AEs) in total, and four patients left the study
      because of AEs. In addition, 15 patients in total experienced treatment-related
      AEs. Throughout the treatment period, two patients were reported to experience
      two serious AEs, and one patient left the study because of a serious AE.
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients whose active RA persists despite treatment with MTX, low
      dose tacrolimus in combination with MTX appears to be safe and well tolerated,
      and provides clinical benefit.

PMID- 26961489
TI  - Adiponectin Promotes Human Jaw Bone Marrow Stem Cell Osteogenesis.
AB  - Human jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (h-JBMMSCs) are multipotent
      progenitor cells with osteogenic differentiation potential. The relationship
      between adiponectin (APN) and the metabolism of h-JBMMSCs has not been fully
      elucidated, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study
      was to investigate the effect and mechanism of APN on h-JBMMSC metabolism. h
      JBMMSCs were obtained from the primary culture of human jaw bones and treated
      with or without APN (1 ug/mL). Osteogenesis-related gene expression was evaluated
      by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity
      assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To further investigate the
      signaling pathway, mechanistic studies were performed using Western blotting,
      immunofluorescence, lentiviral transduction, and SB202190 (a specific p38
      inhibitor). Alizarin Red staining showed that APN promoted h-JBMMSC osteogenesis.
      Real-time PCR, ALP assay, and ELISA showed that ALP, osteocalcin (OCN),
      osteopontin, and integrin-binding sialoprotein were up-regulated in APN-treated
      cells compared to untreated controls. Immunofluorescence revealed that adaptor
      protein containing a pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine domain, and
      leucine zipper motif (APPL1) translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with
      APN treatment. Additionally, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (MAPK) increased over time with APN treatment. Moreover, knockdown of
      APPL1 or p38 MAPK inhibition blocked the expression of APN-induced calcification
      related genes including ALP, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and
      OCN. Furthermore, Alizarin Red staining of calcium nodes was not increased by the
      knockdown of APPL1 or p38 inhibition. Our data suggest that this regulation is
      mediated through the APPL1-p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These findings
      collectively provide evidence that APN induces the osteogenesis of h-JBMMSCs
      through APPL1-mediated p38 MAPK activation.

PMID- 26961490
TI  - Autophagy Modulates Cell Mineralization on Fluorapatite-Modified Scaffolds.
AB  - As a major intracellular degradation and recycling machinery, autophagy plays an
      important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and remodeling during normal
      development. Our previous study showed that fluorapatite (FA) crystal-coated
      electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) was capable of inducing differentiation and
      mineralization of human dental pulp stem cells. However, how autophagy changes
      and whether autophagy plays a vital role during these processes is still unknown.
      In this study, we seeded STEMPRO human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) on both
      PCL+FA and PCL scaffolds to investigate the osteogenic inductive ability of FA
      crystals and we observed the autophagy changes of these cells. Scanning electron
      microscopy and fluorescence microscopy images, along with DNA quantitation,
      showed that both PCL+FA and PCL scaffolds could sustain ASC growth but only the
      PCL+FA scaffold could sustain cell mineralization. This was confirmed by alkaline
      phosphatase activity and Alizarin red and Von Kossa staining results. The
      autophagy RT2 Profiler polymerase chain reaction array analysis showed many
      autophagy-related genes changes during ASC differentiation. Western blot analysis
      indicated that several autophagy-related proteins fluctuated during the
      procedure. Among them, the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)
      II protein changes of the ASCs grown on the 2- or 3-dimensional environments at 6
      h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d reached a peak value at day 7 during
      osteogenesis. At earlier stages (from day 0 to day 3), the addition of autophagy
      inhibitors (3-mathyladenine, bafilomycin A1, and NH4Cl) attenuated the expression
      of osteogenic related markers (osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase activity,
      Alizarin red, and Von Kossa) compared with the control group. All data indicated
      that autophagy played an important role in ASC differentiation on the PCL+FA
      scaffold. Inhibition of autophagy before day 3 strongly inhibited osteogenic
      differentiation and mineralization of ASCs in the 3-dimensional model. This
      observation further elucidates the mechanism of autophagy in mesenchymal stem
      cell osteogenic differentiation.

PMID- 26961491
TI  - Surface Engineering of Nanostructured  Titanium Implants with Bioactive Ions.
AB  - Surface nanofeatures and bioactive ion chemical modification are centrally
      important in current titanium (Ti) oral implants for enhancing osseointegration.
      However, it is unclear whether the addition of bioactive ions definitively
      enhances the osteogenic capacity of a nanostructured Ti implant. We
      systematically investigated the osteogenesis process of human multipotent adipose
      stem cells triggered by bioactive ions in the nanostructured Ti implant surface.
      Here, we report that bioactive ion surface modification (calcium [Ca] or
      strontium [Sr]) and resultant ion release significantly increase osteogenic
      activity of the nanofeatured Ti surface. We for the first time demonstrate that
      ion modification actively induces focal adhesion development and expression of
      critical adhesion-related genes (vinculin, talin, and RHOA) of human multipotent
      adipose stem cells, resulting in enhanced osteogenic differentiation on the
      nanofeatured Ti surface. It is also suggested that fibronectin adsorption may
      have only a weak effect on early cellular events of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
      at least in the case of the nanostructured Ti implant surface incorporating Sr.
      Moreover, results indicate that Sr overrides the effect of Ca and other important
      surface factors (i.e., surface area and wettability) in the osteogenesis function
      of various MSCs (derived from human adipose, bone marrow, and murine bone
      marrow). In addition, surface engineering of nanostructured Ti implants using Sr
      ions is expected to exert additional beneficial effects on implant bone healing
      through the proper balancing of the allocation of MSCs between adipogenesis and
      osteogenesis. This work provides insight into the future surface design of Ti
      dental implants using surface bioactive ion chemistry and nanotopography.

PMID- 26961493
TI  - A message to the next generation of biomedical informatics professionals.

PMID- 26961494
TI  - The Chief Clinical Informatics Officer (CCIO).

PMID- 26961492
TI  - The nephrologist of tomorrow: towards a kidney-omic future.
AB  - Omics refers to the collective technologies used to explore the roles and
      relationships of the various types of molecules that make up the phenotype of an
      organism. Systems biology is a scientific discipline that endeavours to quantify
      all of the molecular elements of a biological system. Therefore, it reflects the
      knowledge acquired by omics in a meaningful manner by providing insights into
      functional pathways and regulatory networks underlying different diseases. The
      recent advances in biotechnological platforms and statistical tools to analyse
      such complex data have enabled scientists to connect the experimentally observed
      correlations to the underlying biochemical and pathological processes. We discuss
      in this review the current knowledge of different omics technologies in kidney
      diseases, specifically in the field of pediatric nephrology, including biomarker
      discovery, defining as yet unrecognized biologic therapeutic targets and linking
      omics to relevant standard indices and clinical outcomes. We also provide here a
      unique perspective on the field, taking advantage of the experience gained by the
      large-scale European research initiative called "Systems Biology towards Novel
      Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Treatment" (SysKid). Based on the
      integrative framework of Systems biology, SysKid demonstrated how omics are
      powerful yet complex tools to unravel the consequences of diabetes and
      hypertension on kidney function.

PMID- 26961496
TI  - No mental health without physical health - a call to arms.

PMID- 26961495
TI  - Influence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection on level of acute phase
      proteins in goats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Goat caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic disease caused by
      Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. However, there is paucity of data about
      goat's acute phase response during the course of CLA. This study was conducted to
      investigate the response of acute phase proteins, mainly haptoglobin (Hp), serum
      amyloid A (SAA) and the negative acute phase response, especially albumin after
      an experimental challenge of C. pseudotuberculosis and phospholipase D (PLD) in
      Cross bred Boer goats. RESULTS: Serum Hp concentration in goats challenged with
      C. pseudotuberculosis (inoculated with 1x10(9) cfu subcutaneously) showed a
      significant increase, 5 fold in males (0.98 +/- 0.12 mg/ml) and 3 fold in females
      (0.66 +/- 0.12 mg/ml) compared to the control (0.2 +/- 0.02 mg/ml). Challenge
      with PLD (1 ml/20 kg body weight intravenously) also showed significant increase,
      4 fold in males and females (0.89 +/- 0.11 mg/ml; 0.82 +/- 0.12 mg/ml)
      respectively compared to the control (0.2 +/- 0.02 mg/ml). Albumin concentration
      showed a significant decrease in both treated groups compared to the control.
      There were no significant changes in SAA concentration between challenged and
      control goats. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant response by Hp to C.
      pseudotuberculosis infection and PLD challenge. This was supported by the early
      acute response in which Hp was detected before CLA lesions were developed.
      Therefore, it concluded that C. pseudotuberculosis and PLD can influence the
      level of acute phase proteins in goats.

PMID- 26961497
TI  - Lewis Acid Catalyzed Borotropic Shifts in the Design of Diastereo- and
      Enantioselective gamma-Additions of Allylboron Moieties to Aldimines.
AB  - Catalytic allylboron additions to aldimines are presented for which small amounts
      of Zn(OMe)2 serve as the co-catalyst to accelerate allyl exchange and 1,3
      borotropic shift processes. Low-yielding and moderately alpha- and
      diastereoselective reactions are thus turned into highly efficient gamma-,
      diastereo-, and enantioselective transformations that exhibit considerable scope.

PMID- 26961498
TI  - Evaluation of bishexadecyltrimethyl ammonium palladium tetrachloride based dual
      functional colloidal carrier as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
AB  - We have developed a dual function carrier using bishexadecyltrimethyl ammonium
      palladium tetrachloride, which has anticancer as well as antibacterial activity,
      using a ligand insertion method with a simple and easy work procedure. The
      complex is prepared by a simple and cost effective method using
      hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and palladium chloride under controlled
      stoichiometry. Herein, we report the aggregation (self assembly) of the
      metallosurfactant having palladium as a counter ion, in aqueous medium along with
      its binding affinity with bovine serum albumin. The palladium surfactant has
      exhibited excellent antimicrobial efficacy against fungus and bacteria (both Gram
      positive and Gram-negative bacteria). Cytotoxicity of palladium surfactant
      against cancerous (Human leukemia HL-60, pancreatic MIA-Pa-Ca-2 and prostate
      cancer PC-3) and healthy cells (fR2 human breast epithelial cells) was also
      evaluated using MTT assay. The present dual functional moiety shows a low IC50
      value and has potential to be used as an anticancer agent. Our dual function
      carrier which itself possesses antimicrobial and anticancer activity represents a
      simple and effective system and can also be utilized as a drug carrier in the
      future. 

PMID- 26961499
TI  - Five year follow-up of non-psychotic adults with frequent auditory verbal
      hallucinations: are they still healthy?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previously, we described 103 adults (mean age 41 years) who
      experienced frequent, auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), in the absence of a
      need for mental healthcare. Importantly, these adults were largely past the peak
      incidence age for psychosis (15-35 years). It is unclear if these older
      individuals with AVH are still at increased risk for psychosis or other
      psychopathology. To address this question, we conducted a 5-year follow-up of
      previously included individuals (103 with AVH, 60 controls). METHOD: Eighty-one
      adults with AVH (78.6%) and forty-nine controls (81.7%) could be contacted and
      were willing to participate. Participants were screened for psychosis and a need
      for mental healthcare at follow-up using the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms
      and History interview (CASH). Need for mental healthcare was defined as a
      clinical diagnosis as identified using the CASH and/or treatment by a mental
      healthcare specialist. Phenomenology of AVH was assessed with the PSYRATS
      Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale. RESULTS: Five individuals with AVH (6.2%)
      had developed psychosis and 32 (39.5%) had developed a need for mental
      healthcare. Voice-related distress at baseline significantly predicted need for
      mental healthcare. AVH persisted in most individuals (86.4%), without significant
      changes in phenomenology. None of the controls had developed psychotic symptoms,
      and need for mental healthcare (n = 6, 12.2%) was significantly lower in this
      group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that frequent AVH in non-psychotic
      adults past the peak incidence age for psychosis constitute a rather static
      symptom and that individuals with AVH may be best viewed as situated on a need
      for care continuum.

PMID- 26961500
TI  - Eye lens dosimetry in anesthesiology: a prospective study.
AB  - The eye lens is one of the most sensitive organs for radiation injury and
      exposure might lead to radiation induced cataract. Eye lens dosimetry in
      anesthesiology has been published in few clinical trials and an active debate
      about the causality of radiation induced cataract is still ongoing. Recently, the
      International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended a
      reduction in the annual dose limit for occupational exposure for the lens of the
      eye from 150 to 20 mSv, averaged over a period of 5 years, with the dose in a
      single year not exceeding 50 mSv. This prospective study investigated eye lens
      dosimetry in anesthesiology practice during a routine year of professional
      activity. The radiation exposure measured represented the exposure in a normal
      working schedule of a random anesthesiologist during 1 month and this cumulative
      eye lens dose was extrapolated to 1 year. Next, eye lens doses were measured in
      anesthesiology during neuro-embolisation procedures, radiofrequency ablations or
      vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty procedures. The eye lens doses are measured in terms
      of the dose equivalent H p(3) with the Eye-D dosimeter (Radcard, Poland) close to
      the right eye (on the temple). In 16 anesthesiologists, the estimated annual eye
      lens doses range from a minimum of 0.4 mSv to a maximum of 3.5 mSv with an
      average dose of 1.33 mSv. Next, eye lens doses were measured for nine neuro
      embolisation procedures, ten radiofrequency ablations and six
      vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty procedures. Average eye lens doses of 77 +/- 76 uSv
      for neuro-embolisations, 38 +/- 34 uSv for cardiac ablations and 40 +/- 44 uSv
      for vertebro-/kyphoplasty procedures were recorded. The maximum doses were
      respectively 264, 97 and 122 uSv. This study demonstrated that the estimated
      annual eye lens dose is well below the revised ICRP's limit of 20 mSv/year.
      However, we demonstrated high maximum and average doses during neuro
      embolisation, cardiac ablation and vertebro-/kyphoplasty procedures. With
      radiation induced cataract being explained as a possible stochastic effect,
      without a threshold dose, anesthesiologists who regularly work in a radiological
      environment should remain vigilant and maintain radiation safety standards at all
      times. This includes adequately protective equipment (protection shields, apron,
      thyroid shield and leaded eye wear), keeping distance, routine monitoring and
      appropriate education.

PMID- 26961501
TI  - Smart respiratory monitoring: clinical development and validation of the IPITM
      (Integrated Pulmonary Index) algorithm.
AB  - Continuous electronic monitoring of patient respiratory status frequently
      includes PetCO2 (end tidal CO2), RR (respiration rate), SpO2 (arterial oxygen
      saturation), and PR (pulse rate). Interpreting and integrating these vital signs
      as numbers or waveforms is routinely done by anesthesiologists and intensivists
      but is challenging for clinicians in low acuity areas such as medical wards,
      where continuous electronic respiratory monitoring is becoming more common place.
      We describe a heuristic algorithm that simplifies the interpretation of these
      four parameters in assessing a patient's respiratory status, the Integrated
      Pulmonary Index (IPI). The IPI algorithm is a mathematical model combining SpO2,
      RR, PR, and PetCO2 into a single value between 1 and 10 that summarizes the
      adequacy of ventilation and oxygenation at that point in time. The algorithm was
      designed using a fuzzy logic inference model to incorporate expert clinical
      opinions. The algorithm was verified by comparison to experts' scoring of
      clinical scenarios. The validity of the index was tested in a retrospective
      analysis of continuous SpO2, RR, PR, and PetCO2 readings obtained from 523
      patients in a variety of clinical settings. IPI correlated well with expert
      interpretation of the continuous respiratory data (R = 0.83, p <<< 0.001), with
      agreement of -0.5 +/- 1.4. Receiver operating curves analysis resulted in high
      levels of sensitivity (ranging from 0.83 to 1.00), and corresponding specificity
      (ranging from 0.96 to 0.74), based on IPI thresholds 3-6. The IPI reliably
      interpreted the respiratory status of patients in multiple areas of care using
      off-line continuous respiratory data. Further prospective studies are required to
      evaluate IPI in real time in clinical settings.

PMID- 26961502
TI  - Variants in the FTO and CDKAL1 loci have recessive effects on risk of obesity and
      type 2 diabetes, respectively.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified hundreds
      of common genetic variants associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. These
      studies have usually focused on additive association tests. Identifying
      deviations from additivity may provide new biological insights and explain some
      of the missing heritability for these diseases. METHODS: We performed a GWA study
      using a dominance deviation model for BMI, obesity (29,925 cases) and type 2
      diabetes (4,040 cases) in 120,286 individuals of British ancestry from the UK
      Biobank study. We also investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms
      previously shown to be associated with these traits showed any enrichment for
      departures from additivity. RESULTS: Known obesity-associated variants in FTO
      showed strong evidence of deviation from additivity (p DOMDEV = 3 * 10(-5))
      through a recessive effect of the allele associated with higher BMI. The average
      BMI of individuals carrying zero, one or two BMI-raising alleles was 27.27 (95%
      CI 27.22, 27.31) kg/m(2), 27.54 (95% CI 27.50, 27.58) kg/m(2) and 28.07 (95% CI
      28.00, 28.14) kg/m(2), respectively. A similar effect was observed in 105,643
      individuals from the GIANT Consortium (p DOMDEV = 0.003; meta-analysis p DOMDEV =
      1 * 10(-7)). For type 2 diabetes, we detected a recessive effect (p DOMDEV = 5 *
      10(-4)) at CDKAL1. Relative to homozygous non-risk allele carriers, homozygous
      risk allele carriers had an OR of 1.48 (95% CI 1.32, 1.65), while the
      heterozygous group had an OR of 1.06 (95% CI 0.99, 1.14), a result consistent
      with that of a previous study. We did not identify any novel associations at
      genome-wide significance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Although we found no
      evidence of widespread non-additive genetic effects contributing to obesity and
      type 2 diabetes risk, we did find robust examples of recessive effects at the FTO
      and CDKAL1 loci. ACCESS TO RESEARCH MATERIALS: Summary statistics are available
      at www.t2diabetesgenes.org and by request (a.r.wood@exeter.ac.uk). All underlying
      data are available on application from the UK Biobank.

PMID- 26961503
TI  - Pleotropic effects of leptin to reverse insulin resistance and diabetic
      ketoacidosis.
AB  - In this review we discuss the mechanisms for the pleotropic effects of leptin
      replacement therapy to reverse liver and muscle insulin resistance in
      lipodystrophic individuals, as well as insulin-independent effects of leptin
      replacement therapy to suppress white adipose tissue lipolysis, hepatic
      gluconeogenesis and fasting hyperglycaemia in rodent models of poorly controlled
      diabetes. On the basis of these studies we conclude with a view of the potential
      therapeutic applications of leptin replacement therapy in humans. This review
      summarises a presentation given at the 'Is leptin coming back?' symposium at the
      2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics
      from this symposium (by Thomas Meek and Gregory Morton, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016
      3898-3 , and by Christoffer Clemmensen and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016
      3906-7 ) and an overview by the Session Chair, Ulf Smith (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016
      3894-7 ). 

PMID- 26961505
TI  - Erratum to: 'Tocolysis for inhibiting preterm birth in extremely preterm birth,
      multiple gestations and in growth-restricted fetuses: a systematic review and
      meta-analysis'.

PMID- 26961504
TI  - Erratum to: Low-energy diets differing in fibre, red meat and coffee intake
      equally improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes: a randomised feasibility
      trial.

PMID- 26961506
TI  - Efficient phosphate sequestration for water purification by unique sandwich-like
      MXene/magnetic iron oxide nanocomposites.
AB  - Rationally tailored intercalation for two-dimensional (2D) layered MXene
      materials has aroused extraordinary enthusiasm for broadening their applications.
      Herein, a novel sandwiched structural 2D MXene-iron oxide (MXI) material,
      prepared by selectively exfoliating an Al layer followed by magnetic ferric oxide
      intercalation, exhibits remarkable applicability to trace phosphate sequestration
      in the environmental remediation realm. Compared with commercial adsorbents, the
      resultant MXI nanocomposite exhibits a fast separation in 120 s together with the
      superior treatment capacities of 2100 kg and 2400 kg per kg in simulated and real
      phosphate wastewater applications, respectively. Such efficient sequestration is
      ascribed to the formation of a unique nano-ferric oxide morphology. The ultrafine
      nano-Fe2O3 particles can intercalate into the interior layers of MXene, widening
      the layer distance, and stimulating the available overlapping activated layers;
      while the efficient phosphate removal can be achieved by the strong complexation
      onto the embedded magnetic nano-Fe3O4 with a unique sandwich-structure as well as
      the stimulated Ti-O terminal within MXene. Apart from the fact that this approach
      suggests a complementary means for environmental remediation, it opens a new
      trajectory to achieve the functionalization of MXene. 

PMID- 26961507
TI  - Measurement of breast-tissue x-ray attenuation by spectral mammography: solid
      lesions.
AB  - Knowledge of x-ray attenuation is essential for developing and evaluating x-ray
      imaging technologies. For instance, techniques to distinguish between cysts and
      solid tumours at mammography screening would be highly desirable to reduce
      recalls, but the development requires knowledge of the x-ray attenuation for
      cysts and tumours. We have previously measured the attenuation of cyst fluid
      using photon-counting spectral mammography. Data on x-ray attenuation for solid
      breast lesions are available in the literature, but cover a relatively wide
      range, likely caused by natural spread between samples, random measurement
      errors, and different experimental conditions. In this study, we have adapted a
      previously developed spectral method to measure the linear attenuation of solid
      breast lesions. A total of 56 malignant and 5 benign lesions were included in the
      study. The samples were placed in a holder that allowed for thickness
      measurement. Spectral (energy-resolved) images of the samples were acquired and
      the image signal was mapped to equivalent thicknesses of two known reference
      materials, which can be used to derive the x-ray attenuation as a function of
      energy. The spread in equivalent material thicknesses was relatively large
      between samples, which is likely to be caused mainly by natural variation and
      only to a minor extent by random measurement errors and sample inhomogeneity. No
      significant difference in attenuation was found between benign and malignant
      solid lesions. The separation between cyst-fluid and tumour attenuation was,
      however, significant, which suggests it may be possible to distinguish cystic
      from solid breast lesions, and the results lay the groundwork for a clinical
      trial. In addition, the study adds a relatively large sample set to the published
      data and may contribute to a reduction in the overall uncertainty in the
      literature. 

PMID- 26961509
TI  - Erratum to: 'Updated prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in 11- to 17-year
      old adolescents in Germany. Results from the telephone-based KiGGS Wave 1 after
      correction for bias in self-reports'.

PMID- 26961508
TI  - Dimorphic male scutal patterns and upper-eye facets of Simulium mirum n. sp.
      (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Malaysia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A species of Simulium in the Simulium melanopus species-group of the
      subgenus Simulium (formerly misidentified as S. laterale Edwards from Sabah and
      Sarawak, Malaysia) is suspected to have dimorphic male scutal color patterns
      linked with different numbers of upper-eye facets. This study aimed to confirm
      whether or not these two forms of adult males represent a single species.
      METHODS: DNA sequences generated from four genetic loci, the mitochondrial
      encoded COI, COII, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, of both forms of Simulium sp.
      males were compared with each other and also with those of the females and larvae
      of the same species. Four other related Simulium spp. were also used for
      comparison. RESULTS: Both the concatenated dataset and single-locus phylogenetic
      analyses indicate that the two distinct morphological males of Simulium sp. are
      indeed conspecific, and represent, together with their associated females and
      larvae, a distinct species. CONCLUSIONS: Based on DNA analyses, Simulium sp. is
      proven to show dimorphism in males and is herein described as a new species,
      Simulium mirum Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Low. This is the first report of such a
      novel species among the family Simuliidae.

PMID- 26961510
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26961512
TI  - Computational modeling of the arterial wall based on layer-specific histological
      data.
AB  - Arterial walls typically have a heterogeneous structure with three different
      layers (intima, media, and adventitia). Each layer can be modeled as a fiber
      reinforced material with two families of relatively stiff collagenous fibers
      symmetrically arranged within an isotropic soft ground matrix. In this paper, we
      present two different modeling approaches, the embedded fiber (EF) approach and
      the angular integration (AI) approach, to simulate the anisotropic behavior of
      individual arterial wall layers involving layer-specific data. The EF approach
      directly incorporates the microscopic arrangement of fibers that are
      synthetically generated from a random walk algorithm and captures material
      anisotropy at the element level of the finite element formulation. The AI
      approach smears fibers in the ground matrix and treats the material as
      homogeneous, with material anisotropy introduced at the constitutive level by
      enhancing the isotropic strain energy with two anisotropic terms. Both approaches
      include the influence of fiber dispersion introduced by fiber angular
      distribution (departure of individual fibers from the mean orientation) and take
      into consideration the dispersion caused by fiber waviness, which has not been
      previously considered. By comparing the numerical results with the published
      experimental data of different layers of a human aorta, we show that by using
      histological data both approaches can successfully capture the anisotropic
      behavior of individual arterial wall layers. Furthermore, through a comprehensive
      parametric study, we establish the connections between the AI phenomenological
      material parameters and the EF parameters having straightforward physical or
      geometrical interpretations. This study provides valuable insight for the
      calibration of phenomenological parameters used in the homogenized modeling based
      on the fiber microscopic arrangement. Moreover, it facilitates a better
      understanding of individual arterial wall layers, which will eventually advance
      the study of the structure-function relationship of arterial walls as a whole.

PMID- 26961513
TI  - From the image towards a new concept.

PMID- 26961514
TI  - Recent advances in 2D materials for photocatalysis.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing attention for
      photocatalytic applications because of their unique thickness dependent physical
      and chemical properties. This review gives a brief overview of the recent
      developments concerning the chemical synthesis and structural design of 2D
      materials at the nanoscale and their applications in photocatalytic areas. In
      particular, recent progress on the emerging strategies for tailoring 2D material
      based photocatalysts to improve their photo-activity including elemental doping,
      heterostructure design and functional architecture assembly is discussed. 

PMID- 26961515
TI  - Promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease has not yet been
      fully resolved, with motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesia
      representing special therapeutic challenges. Furthermore, no disease-modifying
      therapies are currently available. AREAS COVERED: This review focuses on
      promising novel therapies that are at present under investigation in Phase I or
      Phase II trials. Special emphasis is placed on gene therapies: vectors, the
      utilized gene constructs and the side-effects. Moreover, the main risk factors of
      the gene therapy (the insertional mutagenesis, the uncontrolled overproduction of
      the expressed protein and the autoimmune and inflammatory responses) are
      described. EXPERT OPINION: Gene therapies represent a promising field in the
      therapeutic palette. In order to mitigate the side-effects of this therapy, the
      developments focus on the vectors applied. Gene therapy appears to be promising
      candidate for the management of motor complications in advanced stages of
      Parkinson's disease. In addition to dopamine replacement therapy, this field may
      also offer a solution for neurogenesis and neuroprotection.

PMID- 26961516
TI  - Geena 2, improved automated analysis of MALDI/TOF mass spectra.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mass spectrometry (MS) is producing high volumes of data supporting
      oncological sciences, especially for translational research. Most of related
      elaborations can be carried out by combining existing tools at different levels,
      but little is currently available for the automation of the fundamental steps.
      For the analysis of MALDI/TOF spectra, a number of pre-processing steps are
      required, including joining of isotopic abundances for a given molecular species,
      normalization of signals against an internal standard, background noise removal,
      averaging multiple spectra from the same sample, and aligning spectra from
      different samples. In this paper, we present Geena 2, a public software tool for
      the automated execution of these pre-processing steps for MALDI/TOF spectra.
      RESULTS: Geena 2 has been developed in a Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP web development
      environment, with scripts in PHP and Perl. Input and output are managed as simple
      formats that can be consumed by any database system and spreadsheet software.
      Input data may also be stored in a MySQL database. Processing methods are based
      on original heuristic algorithms which are introduced in the paper. Three simple
      and intuitive web interfaces are available: the Standard Search Interface, which
      allows a complete control over all parameters, the Bright Search Interface, which
      leaves to the user the possibility to tune parameters for alignment of spectra,
      and the Quick Search Interface, which limits the number of parameters to a
      minimum by using default values for the majority of parameters. Geena 2 has been
      utilized, in conjunction with a statistical analysis tool, in three published
      experimental works: a proteomic study on the effects of long-term
      cryopreservation on the low molecular weight fraction of serum proteome, and two
      retrospective serum proteomic studies, one on the risk of developing breat cancer
      in patients affected by gross cystic disease of the breast (GCDB) and the other
      for the identification of a predictor of breast cancer mortality following breast
      cancer surgery, whose results were validated by ELISA, a completely alternative
      method. CONCLUSIONS: Geena 2 is a public tool for the automated pre-processing of
      MS data originated by MALDI/TOF instruments, with a simple and intuitive web
      interface. It is now under active development for the inclusion of further
      filtering options and for the adoption of standard formats for MS spectra.

PMID- 26961517
TI  - 10 years of Vertigo Clinic at National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria: what have we
      learned?
AB  - The clinician's major role in management of the dizzy patient involves
      determining what dizziness is vertigo, and what vertigo is of central or
      peripheral origin. These demand attention to details of history,
      otolaryngological workup including vestibular assessment, and often use of
      diagnostic and management algorithms. There is paucity of published reports of
      the management outcomes of peripheral vestibular diseases from Africa. Two
      tertiary care otologist-led dedicated vertigo clinics are located in Abuja,
      Nigeria. A prospective, non-randomized study of patients presenting with features
      of peripheral vestibular diseases attending the National Hospital Abuja Nigeria
      (between May 2005 and April 2014) and CSR Otologics Specialist Clinics (May 2010
      to April 2014) was carried out. Both institutions adopted the same diagnostic and
      management protocols. Data extracted from anonymized databases created for this
      study include age, sex, vertigo duration (acute <12 weeks, chronic >12 weeks),
      dizziness handicap inventory score at presentation and at subsequent visits,
      otological and vestibular findings, ice-water caloric testing results, other
      investigation outcomes, treatments offered and outcomes. 561/575 (97.5 %) of the
      cases recorded had peripheral vestibular disease. The male-to-female ratio was
      290:271. The mean age of the subjects was 44.7 years. Duration of vertigo at
      presentation was acute in 278 subjects and chronic in 283 subjects. Identifiable
      clinical diagnostic groups include BPPV (n = 200), Meniere's disease (n = 189),
      cervicogenic vertigo (n = 35), labyrinthitis (n = 32), Migraine-associated
      vertigo (MAV) (n = 32), cholesteatoma/perilymph Fistula (n = 10), climacteric
      vertigo (n = 8) and unclassified vertigo (n = 55). Migraine-associated vertigo
      recorded the highest DHI score (95 % CI 75 +/- 4.3), followed by
      cholesteatoma/perilymph fistula (95 % CI 72 +/- 6.1) and labyrinthitis (95 % CI
      62 +/- 1.9). Pure tone audiometry (95 % CI 67.3 +/- 3.43), followed by thyroid
      function tests (95 % CI 66.7 +/- 23.55) and ice-water caloric testing (95 % CI
      59.7 +/- 2.69) were investigations with the highest yields. 86.5 % of cases were
      treated by either vestibular suppressant medications alone (n = 285) and/or
      particle repositioning maneuver (n = 200) with improvement in vertigo control (95
      % CI 63.63 to 74.37 % and 62.59 to 75.41 %, respectively). Peripheral vestibular
      diseases constitute majority of cases of self-reported vertigo seen in our
      setting. Migraine-associated vertigo seen in our setting all have peripheral
      vestibular signs. Dedicated vertigo clinics could significantly improve the
      diagnostic and treatment yield in a resource-constrained setting like ours. Most
      cases can be managed using non-operative measures.

PMID- 26961518
TI  - Oral HPV prevalence in women positive for cervical HPV infection and their sexual
      partners: a German screening study.
AB  - The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal squamous
      cell cancer (OSCC) is on the rise. With the HPV-positive uterine cervix as a
      reservoir, HPV-positive OSCC is discussed as a sexually transmitted disease.
      Mechanisms of HPV transmission to the oral cavity are poorly understood. To gain
      more insight into HPV-transmission routes, cervically HPV-positive women and
      their sexual partners are screened for oral HPV infection. Women with cervical
      dysplasia underwent HPV testing of the uterine cervix and tonsillar region via
      brush test. In addition, sexual partners received oral HPV testing. Tonsillar
      brush tests of patients admitted for routine surgery served as the control group.
      The HPV-PCR (Roche Linear Array Kit) was used to differentiate 37 HPV types. All
      participants completed a risk-factor questionnaire focusing on sexual habits. 101
      women were tested HPV-positive at the cervix. Only 3/101 (3 %) were tested HPV
      positive in the oropharynx. In 60/101 (60 %) women the sexual partner could be
      tested for oral HPV infection: testing was positive in 3/60 (5 %). No oral HPV
      was detected in the control group. The risk-factor questionnaire revealed
      significant differences between the female study- and control group in terms of
      age at first sexual intercourse and smoking habits. The limited data suggest that
      among sexual partners in Germany, HPV transmission to the oropharynx by oral
      genital sex or by autoinoculation is a rare and unlikely event with low HPV
      concordance. Another explanation for the low oral prevalence could be an
      independent clearance of HPV from the oropharyngeal site compared to cervix uteri
      or at different time intervals. 

PMID- 26961519
TI  - Insertion trauma of a cochlear implant electrode array with Nitinol inlay.
AB  - The integration of a shape memory actuator is a potential mechanism to achieve a
      consistent perimodiolar position after electrode insertion during cochlear
      implant surgery. After warming up, and therefore activation of the shape memory
      effect, the electrode array will change from a straight configuration into a
      spiral shaped one leading to a final position close to the modiolus. The aim of
      this study was to investigate whether the integration of an additional thin wire
      (referred to as an "inlay") made of Nitinol, a well-established shape memory
      alloy, in a conventional hearing preservation electrode array will affect the
      insertion behaviour in terms of increased risk of insertion trauma. Six
      conventional Hybrid-L electrode arrays (Cochlear Ltd., Sydney, Australia) were
      modified to incorporate a wire inlay made of Nitinol. The diameter of the wires
      was 100 um with a tapered tip region. Electrodes were inserted into human
      temporal bone specimens using a standard surgical approach. After insertion and
      embedding in epoxy resin, histological sections were prepared to evaluate
      insertion trauma. Insertion was straightforward and no difficulties were
      observed. The addition of a shape memory wire, thin but also strong enough to
      curl the electrode array, does not result in histologically detectable insertion
      trauma. Atraumatic insertion seems possible.

PMID- 26961521
TI  - Personalised discharge care planning for postmyocardial infarction patients
      through the use of the Personalised Patient Education Protocol - implementing
      theory into practice.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the service impact of the
      integration of an evidence-based instrument - the Personalised Patient Education
      Protocol - into an existing postmyocardial infarction care pathway. BACKGROUND:
      Recent research indicates that while better patient health outcomes can be
      achieved when care planning is personalised, delivery staff feel less satisfied
      and less confident in its provision. To achieve a shift to personalised care,
      innovations are needed to enable an effective transition for staff. DESIGN: A
      service evaluation using a patient survey and nurse interviews. METHOD: A
      longitudinal patient survey measured changes in patient illness beliefs, cardiac
      diet and exercise self-efficacy, anxiety, depression and quality of life study of
      a patient cohort of 74. Paired t-tests analysed the effects before and after the
      implementation of the Personalised Patient Education Protocol. Cardiac
      rehabilitation nurses who implemented the Personalised Patient Education Protocol
      were interviewed and a patient survey identified perceptions of the usefulness of
      the service innovation. RESULTS: Analysis of change from baseline to three months
      results showed statistically significant changes in Illness Belief component
      'Understanding' and the Dartmouth Quality of Life 'General Health'. The
      integration of the Personalised Patient Education Protocol into the existing
      discharge process identified service improvements for cardiac nurse training and
      care pathway delivery, while patients identified the level and frequency of their
      use of the protocol following discharge. CONCLUSION: The introduction of the
      Personalised Patient Education Protocol succeeded in increasing patient
      engagement, facilitated a more patient-centred service by enabling practitioners
      to systematically provide personalised patient education, and gave patients a
      postdischarge structure to better follow-up their illness concerns with health
      professionals in the community. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Integration of
      the Personalised Patient Education Protocol into an existing postmyocardial
      infarction care pathway enabled nurses to systematically respond to individual
      patients' illness beliefs and expectations.

PMID- 26961520
TI  - Sample Size in Clinical Cardioprotection Trials Using Myocardial Salvage Index,
      Infarct Size, or Biochemical Markers as Endpoint.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can quantify myocardial infarct (MI)
      size and myocardium at risk (MaR), enabling assessment of myocardial salvage
      index (MSI). We assessed how MSI impacts the number of patients needed to reach
      statistical power in relation to MI size alone and levels of biochemical markers
      in clinical cardioprotection trials and how scan day affect sample size. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: Controls (n=90) from the recent CHILL-MI and MITOCARE trials were
      included. MI size, MaR, and MSI were assessed from CMR. High-sensitivity troponin
      T (hsTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CKMB) levels were assessed in CHILL
      MI patients (n=50). Utilizing distribution of these variables, 100 000 clinical
      trials were simulated for calculation of sample size required to reach sufficient
      power. For a treatment effect of 25% decrease in outcome variables, 50 patients
      were required in each arm using MSI compared to 93, 98, 120, 141, and 143 for MI
      size alone, hsTnT (area under the curve [AUC] and peak), and CKMB (AUC and peak)
      in order to reach a power of 90%. If average CMR scan day between treatment and
      control arms differed by 1 day, sample size needs to be increased by 54% (77 vs
      50) to avoid scan day bias masking a treatment effect of 25%. CONCLUSION: Sample
      size in cardioprotection trials can be reduced 46% to 65% without compromising
      statistical power when using MSI by CMR as an outcome variable instead of MI size
      alone or biochemical markers. It is essential to ensure lack of bias in scan day
      between treatment and control arms to avoid compromising statistical power.

PMID- 26961522
TI  - Frequency of remnants of sealants left behind in pits and fissures of occlusal
      surfaces after 2 and 3 years.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The null-hypothesis tested was that there was no difference in the
      frequency of remnants of high-viscosity glass-ionomer sealants left behind in
      pits and fissures of occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars and that of
      resin composite and glass-carbomer sealants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the
      results of a sealant trial, a sample of sealed teeth from which the material had
      apparently completely disappeared from at least one of the three sections into
      which the occlusal surface was divided, assessed through visible clinical
      examination, was also assessed from images of colour photographs and Scanning
      Electron Microscopy (SEM) as the reference image. The sample size consisted of
      112 and 120 teeth from 59 and 98 children at evaluation years 2 and 3
      respectively. Two examiners performed the assessments. Fisher's Exact Test was
      applied to test for the differences between the dependent variable and the
      sealant groups. RESULTS: The remnants of sealant material left in the deeper
      parts of pits and fissures were assessed from colour photograph and SEM images in
      five sections at year 2 and in eight sections at year 3. The assessment found no
      sealant group effect. CONCLUSION: The frequency of remnants of glass-ionomer
      sealant in pits and fissures of occlusal surfaces in first permanent molars is
      not higher than the frequency of glass-carbomer and resin sealants after 2 and 3
      years. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Contrary to the current assumption, there appears to
      be no significant difference in the frequency of remnants left behind in pits and
      fissures between glass-ionomer and resin sealants.

PMID- 26961523
TI  - Treatment of real coal gasification wastewater using a novel integrated system of
      anoxic hybrid two stage aerobic processes: performance and the role of pure
      oxygen microbubble.
AB  - A novel integrated system of anoxic-pure oxygen microbubble-activated sludge
      reactor-moving bed biofilm reactor was employed in treatment of real coal
      gasification wastewater. The results showed the integrated system had efficient
      performance of pollutants removal in short hydraulic retention time. While pure
      oxygen microbubble with the flow rate of 1.5 L/h and NaHCO3 dosage ratio of 2:1
      (amount NaHCO3 to NH4 (+)-N ratio, mol: mol) were used, the removal efficiencies
      of COD, total phenols (TPh) and NH4 (+)-N reached 90, 95, and 95 %, respectively,
      with the influent loading rates of 3.4 kg COD/(m(3) d), 0.81 kg TPh/(m(3) d), and
      0.28 kg NH4 (+)-N/(m(3) d). With the recycle ratio of 300 %, the concentrations
      of NO2 (-)-N and NO3 (-)-N in effluent decreased to 12 and 59 mg/L, respectively.
      Meanwhile, pure oxygen microbubble significantly improved the enzymatic
      activities and affected the effluent organic compositions and reduced the foam
      expansion. Thus, the novel integrated system with efficient, stable, and
      economical advantages was suitable for engineering application. 

PMID- 26961524
TI  - Degradation and acute toxicity removal of the antidepressant Fluoxetine
      (Prozac((r))) in aqueous systems by electron beam irradiation.
AB  - Electron beam irradiation (EBI) has been considered an advanced technology for
      the treatment of water and wastewater, whereas very few previous investigations
      reported its use for removing pharmaceutical pollutants. In this study, the
      degradation of fluoxetine (FLX), an antidepressant marketed as Prozac((r)), was
      investigated by using EBI at FLX initial concentration of 19.4 +/- 0.2 mg L(-1).
      More than 90 % FLX degradation was achieved at 0.5 kGy, with FLX below the
      detection limit (0.012 mg L(-1)) at doses higher than 2.5 kGy. The elucidation of
      organic byproducts performed using direct injection mass spectrometry, along with
      the results of ion chromatography, indicated hydroxylation of FLX molecules with
      release of fluoride and nitrate anions. Nevertheless, about 80 % of the total
      organic carbon concentration remained even for 7.5 kGy or higher doses. The
      decreases in acute toxicity achieved 86.8 and 9.6 % for Daphnia similis and
      Vibrio fischeri after EBI exposure at 5 kGy, respectively. These results suggest
      that EBI could be an alternative to eliminate FLX and to decrease residual
      toxicity from wastewater generated in pharmaceutical formulation facilities,
      although further investigation is needed for correlating the FLX degradation
      mechanism with the toxicity results. 

PMID- 26961525
TI  - Potentially toxic element contamination in soil and accumulation in maize plants
      in a smelter area in Kosovo.
AB  - A biogeochemical field study was carried out in the industrial area of Kosovska
      Mitrovica in northern Kosovo, where agricultural soils were contaminated by
      potentially toxic elements due to smelting activity. Total and bioavailable
      contents of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Sb, U and Zn in soil and their concentrations in
      maize roots and grains were determined. Soil contamination by As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb
      and Zn was variable from slightly to highly contaminated soils and influenced
      both the bioavailable fraction and accumulation of these potentially toxic
      elements in maize tissues. The comparison between potentially toxic element
      concentrations in roots and grains indicated that maize is able to limit the
      transfer of non-essential elements to edible parts. The plant-to-soil
      bioconcentration indices suggested that the transfer of potentially toxic
      elements from soil to plant was predicted better by bioavailable concentrations
      than by the total contents. These indices further identified some competitions
      and interactions among these elements in root uptake and root-to-grain
      translocation. 

PMID- 26961526
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban tunnels of Guanajuato city (Mexico)
      measured in deposited dust particles and in transplanted lichen Xanthoparmelia
      mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale.
AB  - Sixteen priority PAHs were determined in five urban tunnels of Guanajuato city,
      through which about 4 % of population walks and about 25,000 vehicles pass daily.
      Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale, highly abundant lichen in this region, was
      exposed during 6 months and then the samples were collected together with the
      wall dust; both materials were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
      Total PAH concentrations in dust and in lichen samples were in the range 1392
      7961 ng g(-1) (average per tunnel 4637 ng g(-1)) and 522-3571 ng g(-1) (average
      2587 ng g(-1)), respectively. In dust, the highest concentrations corresponded to
      PYR, FLA, BaA, CHR, BaP, and PHE, whereas in lichens the most abundant were DahA,
      IcdP, BghiP, and PYR. The obtained results suggested passive deposition of PAHs
      on lipophilic lichen surface rather than phenomena associated with metabolic
      activity of the exposed organisms. Application of seven different molecular
      diagnostic ratios pointed to gasoline-operated cars as the principal source of
      PAHs. Based on the obtained results and their comparison with data reported for
      other geographical regions, Guanajuato tunnels were considered moderately
      contaminated with PAHs; however toxic BaP equivalent concentrations integrated
      for seven carcinogenic compounds presented relatively high values in four
      tunnels: 567-1051 ngBaPeq g(-1) as evaluated for dust samples. Since up to 7000
      persons walk daily through tunnels, the obtained data call for more detailed
      study evaluating PAHs toxicity in Guanajuato population. 

PMID- 26961527
TI  - Preliminary investigation on the effect of earthworm and vegetation for sludge
      treatment in sludge treatment reed beds system.
AB  - Sewage sludge treatment is becoming one of the most significant challenges for
      domestic wastewater management. Optimization of sludge management for reducing
      sludge handling cost in wastewater treatment plant is highly demanded. Sludge
      treatment reed bed system (STRB) is an eco-environmentally friendly technology
      which has a low investment input and reduced costs for operation and maintenance.
      The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of earthworm assistant STRB
      in terms of sludge dewatering and stabilization of surplus sludge. The results
      show that draining and evapotranspiration (ET) take the main role for sludge
      dewatering; with maximum of 77 and 43 % water was removed through draining and
      ET, respectively. Plants improved ET rate up to 13.1 % in the planted STRB
      compare with the unplanted STRB. The combination of plants and earthworms
      increased ET rate of 20.9 % more than the control STRB (unplanted without
      earthworms). The planted STRB with earthworm reached the lowest water content in
      accumulated sludge of 46 %. There was a systematic increase of total solids (TS)
      concentration from 0.5 % in the influent to 25-54 % in the accumulated sludge.
      Earthworms enhanced the sludge stabilization dramatic with the ratio of volatile
      solids (VS)/TS decreased from 49 % in the influent to 18 % in the accumulated
      sludge in the earthworm assistant STRB. The results demonstrated a good
      efficiency for sludge dewatering and stabilization with the assistant of
      earthworms in STRBs, which can be an alternative technology for sludge treatment
      in wastewater treatment plants. 

PMID- 26961528
TI  - Changing roles of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in a continuously
      acidifying soil caused by over-fertilization with nitrogen.
AB  - Nitrification coupled with nitrate leaching contributes to soil acidification.
      However, little is known about the effect of soil acidification on nitrification,
      especially on ammonia oxidation that is the rate-limiting step of nitrification
      and performed by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Serious soil
      acidification occurs in Chinese greenhouses due to the overuse of N-fertilizer.
      In the present study, greenhouse soils with 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years of vegetable
      cultivation showed a consistent pH decline (i.e., 7.0, 6.3, 5.6, 4.9, and 4.3).
      Across the pH gradient, we analyzed the community structure and abundance of AOB
      and AOA by pyrosequencing and real-time PCR techniques, respectively. The
      recovered nitrification potential (RNP) method was used to determine relative
      contributions of AOA and AOB to nitrification potential. The results revealed
      that soil acidification shaped the community structures of AOA and AOB. In
      acidifying soil, soil pH, NH3 concentration, and DOC content were critical
      factors shaping ammonia oxidizer community structure. AOB abundance, but not AOA,
      was strongly influenced by soil acidification. When soil pH was below 5.0, AOA
      rather than AOB were responsible for almost all of the RNP. However, when soil pH
      ranged from 5.6 to 7.0, AOB were the major contributors to RNP. The group I.1a
      associatied AOA had more relative abundance in low pH (pH<6.3), whereas group
      I.1b tended to prefer neutral pH. Clusters 2, 10, and 12 in AOB were more
      abundant in acidic soil (pH <5.6), while Nitrosomonas-like lineage and
      unclassified lineage 3 were prevailing in neutral soil and slightly acidic soil
      (pH, 6.0-6.5), respectively. These results suggested that soil acidification had
      a profound impact on ammonia oxidation and more specific lineages in AOB
      occupying different pH-associated niches required further investigation. 

PMID- 26961529
TI  - Mercury concentrations in the coastal marine food web along the Senegalese coast.
AB  - This paper presents the results of seasonal (wet and dry seasons) and spatial
      (five sites) variation of mercury concentration in seven marine organisms
      representative for shallow Senegalese coastal waters and including species of
      commercial importance. Total mercury levels were recorded in the green algae
      (Ulva lactuca); the brown mussel (Perna perna); the Caramote prawn (Penaeus
      kerathurus); and in the liver and muscles of the following fish: Solea
      senegalensis, Mugil cephalus, Saratherondon melanotheron, and Sardinella aurita.
      The total selenium (Se) contents were determined only in the edible part of Perna
      perna, Penaeus kerathurus and in the muscles of Sardinella aurita and Solea
      senegalensis. Hg concentration in fish species was higher in liver compared to
      the muscle. Between species differences in Hg, concentrations were recorded with
      the highest concentration found in fish and the lowest in algae. The
      spatiotemporal study showed that there was no clear seasonal pattern in Hg
      concentrations in biota, but spatial differences existed with highest
      concentrations in sites located near important anthropogenic pressure. For
      shrimp, mussel, and the muscles of sardine and sole, Hg concentrations were below
      the health safety limits for human consumption as defined by the European Union.
      The Se/Hg molar ratio was always higher than one whatever the species or location
      suggesting a protection of Se against Hg potential adverse effect. 

PMID- 26961530
TI  - Comparative study on metal biosorption by two macroalgae in saline waters: single
      and ternary systems.
AB  - The biosorption capability of two marine macroalgae (green Ulva lactuca and brown
      Fucus vesiculosus) was evaluated in the removal of toxic metals (Hg, Cd and Pb)
      from saline waters, under realistic conditions. Results showed that,
      independently of the contamination scenario tested, both macroalgae have a
      remarkable capacity to biosorb Hg and Pb. In single-contaminant systems, by using
      only c.a. 500 mg of non-pre-treated algae biomass (size <200 MUm) per litter, it
      was possible to achieve removal efficiencies between 96 and 99 % for Hg and up to
      86 % for Pb. Despite the higher removal of Hg, equilibrium was reached more
      quickly for Pb (after 8 h). In multi-contaminant systems, macroalgae exhibited a
      similar selectivity toward the target metals: Hg > Pb> > Cd, although Pb removal
      by U. lactuca was more inhibited than that achieved by F. vesiculosus. Under the
      experimental conditions used, none of the macroalgae was effective to remove Cd
      (maximum removal of 20 %). In all cases, the kinetics of biosorption was
      mathematically described with success. Globally, it became clear that the studied
      macroalgae may be part of simple, efficient, and cost-effective water treatment
      technologies. Nevertheless, Fucus vesiculosus has greater potential, since it
      always presented higher initial sorption rates and higher removal efficiencies. 

PMID- 26961531
TI  - Characteristic oxidation behavior of beta-cyclocitral from the cyanobacterium
      Microcystis.
AB  - The cyanobacterium Microcystis produces volatile organic compounds such as beta
      cyclocitral and 3-methyl-1-butanol. The lysis of cyanobacteria involving the blue
      color formation has been occasionally observed in a natural environment. In this
      study, we focused on the oxidation behavior of beta-cyclocitral that contributed
      to the blue color formation in a natural environment and compared beta
      cyclocitral with a structurally related compound concerning its oxidation,
      acidification, and lytic behavior. The oxidation products of beta-cyclocitral
      were identified by the addition of beta-cyclocitral in water, in which 2,2,6
      trimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1-yl formate and 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone were
      structurally characterized. That is, beta-cyclocitral was easily oxidized to
      produce the corresponding carboxylic acid and the enol ester in water without an
      oxidizing reagent, suggesting that this oxidation proceeded according to the
      Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The oxidation behavior of beta-cyclocitral in a
      laboratory was different from that in the natural environment, in which 2,2,6-
      trimethylcyclohexanone was detected at the highest amount in the natural
      environment, whereas the highest amount in the laboratory was beta-cyclocitric
      acid. A comparison of beta-cyclocitral with structurally similar aldehydes
      concerning the lytic behavior of a Microcystis strain and the acidification
      process indicated that only beta-cyclocitral was easily oxidized. Furthermore, it
      was found that a blue color formation occurred between pH 5.5 and 6.5, suggesting
      that chlorophyll a and beta-carotene are unstable and decomposed, whereas
      phycocyanin was stable to some extent in this range. The obtained results of the
      characteristic oxidation behavior of beta-cyclocitral would contribute to a
      better understanding of the cyanobacterial life cycle. 

PMID- 26961533
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Sphingomonas sp. Y2 capable of high-efficiency
      degradation of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in wastewater.
AB  - Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), although banned for decades, are still
      widely used in manufactories and thus affect human lives. In this study, a highly
      efficient NPEO-degrading bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. Y2, was isolated from sewage
      sludge by enrichment culture. Strain Y2 ensured the complete removal of NPEO in
      48 h and degraded 99.2 % NPEO (1,000 mg L(-1)) within 30 h at a specific growth
      rate of 0.73 h(-1) in minimum salt medium. To date, this degradation efficiency
      is the highest reported for NPEO metabolism by a pure bacterium under this
      condition. Furthermore, the application of this bacterium to wastewater treatment
      demonstrated that it metabolized 98.5 % NPEO (1,000 mg L(-1)) within 5 days with
      a specific growth rate of 2.03 day(-1). The degradation intermediates, identified
      as nonylphenol, short-chain NPEOs and short-chain nonylphenol
      polyethoxycarboxylates by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicated the sequential exo-cleavage of the EO
      chain. Additionally, the enzymes involved in the biodegradation were inducible
      rather than constitutive. Considering that strain Y2 exhibits prominent
      biodegradation advantages in industrial wastewater treatment, it might serve as a
      promising potential candidate for in situ bioremediation of contamination by
      NPEOs and other structurally similar compounds. 

PMID- 26961532
TI  - Escherichia coli as a fatty acid and biodiesel factory: current challenges and
      future directions.
AB  - Biodiesel has received widespread attention as a sustainable, environment
      friendly, and alternative source of energy. It can be derived from plant, animal,
      and microbial organisms in the form of vegetable oil, fats, and lipids,
      respectively. However, biodiesel production from such sources is not economically
      feasible due to extensive downstream processes, such as trans-esterification and
      purification. To obtain cost-effective biodiesel, these bottlenecks need to be
      overcome. Escherichia coli, a model microorganism, has the potential to produce
      biodiesel directly from ligno-cellulosic sugars, bypassing trans-esterification.
      In this process, E. coli is engineered to produce biodiesel using metabolic
      engineering technology. The entire process of biodiesel production is carried out
      in a single microbial cell, bypassing the expensive downstream processing steps.
      This review focuses mainly on production of fatty acid and biodiesel in E. coli
      using metabolic engineering approaches. In the first part, we describe fatty acid
      biosynthesis in E. coli. In the second half, we discuss bottlenecks and
      strategies to enhance the production yield. A complete understanding of current
      developments in E. coli-based biodiesel production and pathway optimization
      strategies would reduce production costs for biofuels and plant-derived
      chemicals. 

PMID- 26961534
TI  - Fate and removal of various antibiotic resistance genes in typical pharmaceutical
      wastewater treatment systems.
AB  - The high levels of antibiotic residues in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment
      plants (PWWTPs) make these plants the hotspots for the proliferation of
      antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigated the fate and removal
      of 11 ARG subtypes for sulfonamide, tetracycline, beta-lactam, and macrolide
      resistance in each processing stage of two full-scale PWWTPs in northern China.
      The levels of typical ARG subtypes in the final effluents ranged from (2.56 +/-
      0.13) * 10(1) to (2.36 +/- 0.11) * 10(7) copies/ml. The absolute abundance of
      ARGs in effluents accounted for only 0.03-78.1 % of influents of the two PWWTPs,
      while the majority of the ARGs were transported to the dewatered sludge with
      concentrations from (2.65 +/- 0.43) * 10(5) to (4.27 +/- 0.03) * 10(10) copies/g
      dry weight (dw). The total loads of ARGs discharged through dewatered sludge plus
      effluent was 1.01-14.09-fold higher than that in the raw influents, suggesting
      the proliferation of ARGs occurred in the wastewater treatment. The proliferation
      of ARGs mainly occurs in biological treatment process, such as aeration tank,
      anoxic tank, sequencing batch reactor (SBR), and bio-contact oxidation,
      facilitates the proliferation of various ARGs, implying significant replication
      of certain ARG subtypes may be attributable to microbial growth. Chemical
      oxidation seems promising to remove ARGs, with removal efficiency ranged from
      29.3 to 85.7 %, while the partial correlation analysis showed significant
      correlations between antibiotic concentration and ARG removal. Thus, the high
      antibiotic residues within the PWWTPs may have an influence on the proliferation,
      fate, and removal of the associated ARG subtypes. 

PMID- 26961535
TI  - Microbial composition and ecological features of phototrophic biofilms
      proliferating in the Moidons Caves (France): investigation at the single-cell
      level.
AB  - The authors investigated the microbial composition of phototrophic biofilms
      proliferating in a show cave using flow cytometry for the first time in such a
      context. Results are based on several biofilms sampled in the Moidons Caves
      (France) and concern both heterotrophic prokaryotes and autotrophic
      microorganisms. Heterotrophic microorganisms with low nucleic acid content were
      dominant in biofilms, as can be expected from the oligotrophic conditions
      prevailing within the cave. Analysis of the biofilm autotrophic components
      revealed the presence of several taxa, particularly the unicellular green algae
      Chlorella minutissima, specifically well adapted to this cave. Relationships
      between flow cytometry results and environmental variables determined in the cave
      were established and discussed so as to better understand biofilm proliferation
      processes in caves. 

PMID- 26961537
TI  - Sixty seconds on . . . meldonium.

PMID- 26961536
TI  - Signal of Gastrointestinal Congenital Malformations with Antipsychotics After
      Minimising Competition Bias: A Disproportionality Analysis Using Data from
      Vigibase((r)).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Investigations have highlighted the lack of evidence regarding the
      likelihood of congenital malformations following exposure to antipsychotic drugs
      during pregnancy. To gain further knowledge regarding their safety, we evaluated
      signals of congenital malformations with antipsychotics using VigiBase((r)), the
      World Health Organization (WHO) Global Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR)
      database. METHOD: A case/non-case study was conducted in VigiBase((r)) between
      1967 and 2014. Signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs) were detected using
      the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), which defines SDRs as drug-report
      associations with a PRR >=2, Chi square >=4, and number of cases >=3. SDR
      detection for antipsychotics was performed for congenital malformations after
      removing all reports related to drug competitors and reports of movement
      disorders from the database. RESULTS: After removing reports related to drug
      competitors (antiepileptics, antidepressants, antivirals) and movement disorders,
      three signals were revealed: 'palate disorders congenital' (PRR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.6
      2.9, Chi square = 30; n = 41), 'oesophageal disorders congenital' (PRR 2.5, 95 %
      CI 1.3-4.7, Chi square = 11; n = 10) and 'anorectal disorders congenital' (PRR
      3.0, 95 % CI 1.6-5.6, Chi square = 13; n = 11). Among antipsychotics,
      phenothiazines with a piperazine side-chain, risperidone and aripiprazole
      appeared to be more suspect. CONCLUSION: Confirming a first signal from
      spontaneous reporting data, three SDRs for antipsychotics and gastrointestinal
      congenital abnormalities were unmasked in VigiBase((r)). This signal should be
      further explored by ad hoc pharmacoepidemiologic studies in order to assess
      whether it is relevant for prescription and public health.

PMID- 26961538
TI  - Measuring Health Literacy Among Adults with HIV Infection in Mozambique:
      Development and Validation of the HIV Literacy Test.
AB  - The role of health literacy on HIV outcomes has not been evaluated widely in
      Africa, in part because few appropriate literacy measures exist. We developed a
      16-item scale, the HIV Literacy Test (HIV-LT) to assess literacy-related tasks
      needed to participate in HIV care. Items were scored as correct or incorrect;
      higher scores indicated higher literacy skill (range 0-100 %). We tested internal
      reliability (Kuder-Richardson coefficient) of the HIV-LT in a convenience sample
      of 319 Portuguese-speaking, HIV infected adults on antiretroviral treatment in
      Maputo, Mozambique. Construct validity was assessed by a hypothetical model
      developed a priori. The HIV-LT was reliable and valid to measure participants'
      literacy skills. The mean HIV-LT score was 42 %; literacy skills applicable to
      HIV care were challenging for many participants. The HIV-LT could be used to
      assess the relationship of literacy and HIV-related outcomes in diverse settings,
      and evaluate interventions to improve health communication for those in HIV care.

PMID- 26961539
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Sacubitril/Valsartan (LCZ696) After
      Single-Dose Administration in Healthy Chinese Subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) is a first-in-class
      angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) and has been recently approved
      in several countries for the treatment of patients with heart failure and reduced
      ejection fraction. This was the first study conducted to characterise the
      pharmacokinetics of LCZ696 analytes (pro-drug sacubitril, active neprilysin
      inhibitor LBQ657 and valsartan) after single-dose administration of LCZ696 in
      healthy Chinese subjects. METHODS: In this open-label, randomised, parallel-group
      study, following screening and baseline evaluation, eligible healthy subjects
      received single oral doses of LCZ696 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg. The
      pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of LCZ696 were assessed up to 72 h
      after dosing. A total of 40 healthy male subjects were enrolled, and all
      completed the study. RESULTS: Following oral administration, LCZ696 delivered
      systemic exposure to sacubitril, LBQ657 and valsartan with a median time to reach
      maximum plasma concentration (T max) ranging from 0.50 to 1.25, 2.00 to 3.00 and
      1.50 to 2.50 h, respectively, over the investigated dose range. The mean terminal
      elimination half-life (T 1/2) ranged from 0.89 to 1.35, 8.57 to 9.24 and 5.33 to
      7.91 h for sacubitril, LBQ657 and valsartan, respectively. The area under the
      plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last
      quantifiable concentration (AUC0-last), and maximum plasma concentration (C max)
      for LBQ657 increased dose proportionally over the entire dose range. Dose linear
      increase in the exposure was observed across the dose range for sacubitril and
      valsartan. LCZ696 was safe and well tolerated at all doses in this study. Adverse
      events of only mild intensity, which required no treatment, were reported in 6
      (15 %) subjects. CONCLUSION: The pharmacokinetic profiles of LCZ696 analytes in
      Chinese subjects are similar to those reported previously in Caucasian subjects.

PMID- 26961540
TI  - Identification of Transporters Involved in Beraprost Sodium Transport In Vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Beraprost sodium (BPS) is a chemically stable and
      orally active prostacyclin analog that is used in the treatment of chronic
      arterial occlusive disease since 1992 and primary pulmonary hypertension since
      1999 in Japan. Multiple-drug therapy is common in clinical practice, and BPS is
      co-administered with other drugs. Membrane transporters are known to markedly
      affect pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy, and many transporter-based drug
      drug interactions have been recently reported. However, information on the
      transporters involved in the pharmacokinetics of BPS is limited. METHODS: First
      of all, we have examined 11 transporters, ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein: P-gp), ABCG2
      (breast cancer resistance protein: BCRP), SLC22A6 (organic anion transporter 1:
      OAT1), SLC22A8 (organic anion transporter 3: OAT3), SLCO1B1 (organic anion
      transporting polypeptide 1B1: OATP1B1), SLCO1B3 (organic anion transporting
      polypeptide 1B3: OATP1B3), SLCO2B1 (organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1:
      OATP2B1), SLC22A1 (organic cation transporter 1: OCT1), SLC22A2 (organic cation
      transporter 2: OCT2), ABCB11 (bile-salt export pump: BSEP), and ABCC2 (multidrug
      resistance associated protein 2: MRP2) to clarify which of them would be
      candidates that might recognize BPS as their substrate in transporter-expressing
      LLC-PK1, S2, and HEK293 cells as well as in membrane vesicles. Furthermore, we
      determined whether the transport of BPS was inhibited by the typical inhibitors
      of each transporter, i.e., verapamil for P-gp, Ko143 for BCRP, probenecid for
      OAT3, rifampicin for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, cyclosporine for BSEP, and
      sulfobromophthalein (BSP) for MRP2. RESULTS: The results obtained showed that P
      gp, BCRP, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, BSEP and MRP2 might be candidates for BPS
      transporters. From the further evaluation with the typical inhibitors of each
      transporter, it was confirmed that BPS is a substrate for P-gp, BCRP, OAT3,
      OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and MRP2, because the typical inhibitor, cyclosporine, had no
      effects on BPS transport by BSEP. CONCLUSIONS: BPS is a substrate of 6
      transporters: P-gp, BCRP, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and MRP2, because their
      expressing cells and vesicles transported BPS more than in the controls, and BPS
      transport activities were reduced by the typical inhibitors of tested
      transporters. Although there are no reports regarding drug-drug interactions
      between BPS and possible combination drugs expected due to transporters, it may
      be necessary to notice that that substrates or inhibitors for the 6 mentioned
      transporters may have effects on pharmacokinetics of BPS when co-administered.

PMID- 26961541
TI  - Changes in population susceptibility to heat and cold over time: assessing
      adaptation to climate change.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the context of a warming climate and increasing urbanisation (with
      the associated urban heat island effect), interest in understanding temperature
      related health effects is growing. Previous reviews have examined how the
      temperature-mortality relationship varies by geographical location. There have
      been no reviews examining the empirical evidence for changes in population
      susceptibility to the effects of heat and/or cold over time. The objective of
      this paper is to review studies which have specifically examined variations in
      temperature related mortality risks over the 20(th) and 21(st) centuries and
      determine whether population adaptation to heat and/or cold has occurred.
      METHODS: We searched five electronic databases combining search terms for three
      main concepts: temperature, health outcomes and changes in vulnerability or
      adaptation. Studies included were those which quantified the risk of heat related
      mortality with changing ambient temperature in a specific location over time, or
      those which compared mortality outcomes between two different extreme temperature
      events (heatwaves) in one location. RESULTS: The electronic searches returned
      9183 titles and abstracts, of which eleven studies examining the effects of
      ambient temperature over time were included and six studies comparing the effect
      of different heatwaves at discrete time points were included. Of the eleven
      papers that quantified the risk of, or absolute heat related mortality over time,
      ten found a decrease in susceptibility over time of which five found the decrease
      to be significant. The magnitude of the decrease varied by location. Only two
      studies attempted to quantitatively attribute changes in susceptibility to
      specific adaptive measures and found no significant association between the risk
      of heat related mortality and air conditioning prevalence within or between
      cities over time. Four of the six papers examining effects of heatwaves found a
      decrease in expected mortality in later years. Five studies examined the risk of
      cold. In contrast to the changes in heat related mortality observed, only one
      found a significant decrease in cold related mortality in later time periods.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that across a number of different settings,
      population susceptibility to heat and heatwaves has been decreasing. These
      changes in heat related susceptibility have important implications for health
      impact assessments of future heat related risk. A similar decrease in cold
      related mortality was not shown. Adaptation to heat has implications for future
      planning, particularly in urban areas, with anticipated increases in temperature
      due to climate change.

PMID- 26961542
TI  - Cellular Uptake of alpha-Synuclein Oligomer-Selective Antibodies is Enhanced by
      the Extracellular Presence of alpha-Synuclein and Mediated via Fcgamma Receptors.
AB  - Immunotherapy targeting aggregated alpha-synuclein has emerged as a potential
      treatment strategy against Parkinson's disease and other alpha-synucleinopathies.
      We have developed alpha-synuclein oligomer/protofibril selective antibodies that
      reduce toxic alpha-synuclein in a human cell line and, upon intraperitoneal
      administration, in spinal cord of transgenic mice. Here, we investigated under
      which conditions and by which mechanisms such antibodies can be internalized by
      cells. For this purpose, human neuroglioma H4 cells were treated with either
      monoclonal oligomer/protofibril selective alpha-synuclein antibodies, linear
      epitope monoclonal alpha-synuclein antibodies, or with a control antibody. The
      oligomer/protofibril selective antibody mAb47 displayed the highest cellular
      uptake and was therefore chosen for additional analyses. Next, alpha-synuclein
      overexpressing cells were incubated with mAb47, which resulted in increased
      antibody internalization as compared to non-transfected cells. Similarly, regular
      cells exposed to mAb47 together with media containing alpha-synuclein displayed a
      higher uptake as compared to cells incubated with regular media. Finally,
      different Fcgamma receptors were targeted and we then found that blockage of
      FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIB/C resulted in reduced antibody internalization. Our
      data thus indicate that the robust uptake of the oligomer/protofibril selective
      antibody mAb47 by human CNS-derived cells is enhanced by extracellular alpha
      synuclein and mediated via Fcgamma receptors. Altogether, our finding lend
      further support to the belief that alpha-synuclein pathology can be modified by
      monoclonal antibodies and that these can target toxic alpha-synuclein species in
      the extracellular milieu. In the context of immunotherapy, antibody binding of
      alpha-synuclein would then not only block further aggregation but also mediate
      internalization and subsequent degradation of antigen-antibody complexes.

PMID- 26961543
TI  - Pretreatment of Mouse Neural Stem Cells with Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-2
      Interferes with NF-kappaB p65 Signaling and Suppresses Iron Overload-Induced
      Apoptosis.
AB  - Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising approach to repair the
      damaged brain after hemorrhagic stroke; however, it is largely limited by the
      poor survival of donor cells. Breakdown products of the hematoma and subsequent
      iron overload contribute to the impairment of survival of neural cells. There is
      little information regarding the mechanism involved in the death of grafted
      cells. Furthermore, therapeutic research targeted to improving the survival of
      grafted neural stem cells (NSCs) is strikingly lacking. Here, we showed that iron
      overload induced apoptosis of C17.2 cells, a cell line originally cloned from
      mouse NSCs and immortalized by v-myc. Pretreatment with carbon monoxide-releasing
      molecule-2 (CORM-2) markedly protected C17.2 cells against iron overload in a
      dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CORM-2 interfered with NF-kappaB signaling,
      including inhibition of nuclear translocation and down-regulation of NF-kappaB
      p65. TUNEL staining showed that preconditioning C17.2 cells with CORM-2 enhanced
      their resistance to apoptosis induced by iron overload, which was concomitant
      with down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and cleaved caspase-3)
      and up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2. The protective effect of
      CORM-2 could be simulated by BAY11-7082, a special inhibitor of NF-kappaB p65.
      These results provide a novel and effective strategy to enhance the survival of
      NSCs after transplantation and, therefore, their efficacy in repairing brain
      injury due to hemorrhagic stroke.

PMID- 26961545
TI  - CD40 Negatively Regulates ATP-TLR4-Activated Inflammasome in Microglia.
AB  - During acute brain injury and/or sterile inflammation, release of danger
      associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activates pattern recognition receptors
      (PRRs). Microglial toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 activated by DAMPs potentiates
      neuroinflammation through inflammasome-induced IL-1beta and pathogenic Th17
      polarization which critically influences brain injury. TLR4 activation
      accompanies increased CD40, a cognate costimulatory molecule, involved in
      microglia-mediated immune responses in the brain. During brain injury, excessive
      release of extracellular ATP (DAMPs) is involved in promoting the damage.
      However, the regulatory role of CD40 in microglia during ATP-TLR4-mediated
      inflammasome activation has never been explored. We report that CD40, in the
      absence of ATP, synergizes TLR4-induced proinflammatory cytokines but not IL
      1beta, suggesting that the response is independent of inflammasome. The presence
      of ATP during TLR4 activation leads to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase
      1-mediated IL-1beta secretion which was inhibited during CD40 activation,
      accompanied with inhibition of ERK1/2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and
      elevation in p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Experiments using selective inhibitors
      prove indispensability of ERK 1/2 and ROS for inflammasome activation. The ATP
      TLR4-primed macrophages polarize the immune response toward pathogenic Th17
      cells, whereas CD40 activation mediates Th1 response. Exogenous supplementation
      of IFN-gamma (a Th1 cytokine and CD40 inducer) results in decreased IL-1beta,
      suggesting possible feedback loop mechanism of inflammasome inhibition, whereby
      IFN-gamma-mediated increase in CD40 expression and activation suppress neurotoxic
      inflammasome activation required for Th17 response. Collectively, the findings
      indicate that CD40 is a novel negative regulator of ATP-TLR4-mediated
      inflammasome activation in microglia, thus providing a checkpoint to regulate
      excessive inflammasome activation and Th17 response during DAMP-mediated brain
      injury.

PMID- 26961544
TI  - Neuroprotective Effects of Resatorvid Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat:
      Involvement of Neuronal Autophagy and TLR4 Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy and inflammatory responses
      contributes to secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and
      toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is considered to involvement of this cascade and
      plays an important role. The present study was designed to determine the
      hypothesis that administration of resatorvid (TAK-242), a TLR4 antagonist, might
      provide a neuroprotective effect by inhibit TLR4-mediated pathway in a TBI rat
      model. Rat subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with TAK
      242 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v. injected) 10 min prior to injury. The results demonstrated
      that TAK-242 treatment significantly attenuated TBI-induced neurons loss, brain
      edema, and neurobehavioral impairment in rats. Immunoblotting analysis showed
      that TAK-242 treatment reduced TBI-induced TLR4, Beclin 1, and LC3-II levels, and
      maintained p62 levels at 24 h. Double immunolabeling demonstrated that LC3 dots
      co-localized with the hippocampus pyramidal neurons, and TLR4 was localized with
      the hippocampus neurons and astrocytes. In addition, the expression of TLR4
      downstream signaling molecules, including MyD88, TRIF, NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, and
      IL-1beta, was significantly downregulated in hippocampus tissue by Western blot
      analysis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that pre-injury treatment with TAK
      242 could inhibit neuronal autophagy and neuroinflammation responses in the
      hippocampus in a rat model of TBI. The neuroprotective effects of TAK-242 may be
      related to modulation of the TLR4-MyD88/TRIF-NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
      Furthermore, the study also suggests that TAK-242, an attractive potential drug,
      may be a promising drug candidate for TBI.

PMID- 26961546
TI  - Safety of Adalimumab and Predictors of Adverse Events in 1693 Japanese Patients
      with Crohn's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Data from an all-cases post-marketing study were used to
      evaluate the safety and effectiveness of adalimumab in Japanese patients with
      Crohn's disease [CD]. METHODS: Patients received adalimumab for 24 weeks. Data
      from all patients [n = 1693] were used for the safety assessment. Data from
      patients with CD activity index [CDAI] >= 150 at baseline were used for the
      effectiveness assessment. RESULTS: The most frequent serious adverse drug
      reaction [ADR] was infection and infestations [6.6 events/100 patient-years]. The
      risk of serious infections increased in patients who had a history of malignancy
      and those with concomitant corticosteroid use. Of 415 patients who had switched
      from another anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNFalpha] agent to adalimumab due
      to ADRs, 7.2% discontinued due to ADRs to adalimumab. Ten of 13 patients with a
      history of tuberculosis [TB] received prophylactic medication, and none developed
      TB. TB developed in one patient with no history of TB or anti-TB prophylaxis.
      Remission rates were 41.3% and 32.4% at 4 and 24 weeks, respectively. Remission
      rates did not differ between patients with and without concomitant use of
      immunomodulators. Predictive variables for increased effectiveness were CDAI <=
      220 and disease duration of <= 2 years. Perianal lesions and loss of response to
      previous anti-TNFalpha agents affected effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The most
      frequent serious ADR was infection. Adalimumab significantly reduced disease
      activity, without any unexpected ADRs. Development of active TB during adalimumab
      therapy can be prevented through TB screening and prophylaxis. In patients who
      switched from another anti-TNFalpha agent to adalimumab due to ADRs, adalimumab
      was well tolerated.

PMID- 26961547
TI  - Guided online self-management interventions in primary care: a survey on use,
      facilitators, and barriers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guided online psychological self-management interventions offer broad
      prospects for the treatment of people with mild to moderate mental health
      problems, but implementation is challenging. The aims of this study are (1) to
      gain insight into use of and intention to use these interventions among primary
      care health professionals, (2) to determine the main barriers to use such
      interventions among non-users. METHODS: An online survey based on the Unified
      Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was disseminated among mental
      health counsellors (MHCs; in Dutch POHs) in GP practices and primary care
      psychologists (PCP) in mental health care practices. The survey covered the
      current use of online interventions, the intention to use these in the future,
      and an operationalization of the UTAUT concepts: performance expectancy, effort
      expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. RESULTS: In total, 481
      MHCs and 290 PCPs responded (24%). Of them, 49% of MHCs and 21% of PCPs currently
      use online interventions in their treatments. A further 40% of MHCs and 27% of
      PCPs plan to introduce such interventions within the next year. Both groups were
      moderately positive about the presence of eHealth facilitators in their daily
      practice. Among current non-users, performance expectancy and facilitating
      conditions were significant predictors of usage intention in both groups of
      health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Use of and intention to use online
      interventions is relatively high in Dutch primary care. Non-users, particularly,
      experience several barriers which need attention to enhance implementation. There
      is a need for further efforts regarding facilitation of and education on eHealth,
      as well as for research directed to its normalization in daily practice.

PMID- 26961548
TI  - Low-dose tolvaptan for the treatment of hyponatremia in the syndrome of
      inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH).

PMID- 26961549
TI  - Transient severe tricuspid regurgitation during atrioventricular block.

PMID- 26961551
TI  - Carotid artery calcification.

PMID- 26961550
TI  - Hospitalized acute patients with fever and severe infection have lower mortality
      than patients with hypo- or normothermia: a follow-up study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Severe infection is a frequent cause of admission to an acute medical
      unit (AMU). However, not all infected patients present with fever. The aim was to
      assess differences in 30-day mortality among patients hospitalized with community
      acquired severe infection presenting with hypothermia, normothermia or fever.
      METHODS: A retrospective single-center follow-up at an AMU from August 1, 2009 to
      August 31, 2011. Patients were included the first time they presented with severe
      infection within the study period. Temperature was categorized into hypothermia
      (<36.0oC), normothermia (36.0oC-38.0oC) and fever (>38.0oC). Severe infection was
      defined as a discharge diagnosis indicating infection combined with organ failure
      within the first 24 h after arrival. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was
      computed to assess the association between temperature and 30-day mortality.
      RESULTS: A total of 2128 patients with severe infection were included. 3.0% (N  =
      64) were hypothermic, 57.1% (N  =  1216) normothermic and 39.9% (N  =  848) had
      fever at arrival. Crude 30-day mortality was 16.1% (N  =  342, 95%CI 14.5-17.7%);
      37.5% (N  =  24, 95% CI 25.7-50.5%) for hypothermic patients, 18.3% (N  =  223,
      95%CI 16.2-20.6%) for normothermic patients and 11.2% (N = 95, 95%CI 9.2-13.5%)
      for patients with fever. Compared to normothermic patients, the adjusted hazard
      ratio of 30-day mortality among hypothermic patients was 1.62 (95%CI 1.06-2.49)
      and 0.74 (95%CI 0.58-0.94) among patients with fever. CONCLUSIONS: Over half of
      the patients admitted to an AMU with severe infection were normothermic at
      arrival. Hypothermia was associated with an increased risk of short-term
      mortality, whereas patients with fever were associated with a lower risk compared
      to those with normothermia.

PMID- 26961552
TI  - Swallow syncope unravelled by fizzy drink challenge.

PMID- 26961553
TI  - Rare case of accidental fire and burns caused by e-cigarette batteries.
AB  - E-cigarettes have become very popular among adult smokers, and many users carry e
      cigarette devices and their components on their person. We present a case of a 35
      year-old man who was admitted to our regional burns unit after his clothing was
      set-alight following the self-combustion of an e-cigarette lithium battery that
      was in his pocket. The patient had sustained a 1.5% mixed depth burn to the
      lateral aspect of his right thigh. Ward debridement under local anaesthetic was
      performed to remove clothing residue and reduce the risk of tattooing. Following
      conservative management with outpatient dressings, the burn wound healed by day
      56. 

PMID- 26961554
TI  - Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome secondary to the transformation of chronic
      myelomonocytic leukaemia into acute myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - A 78-year-old man, with a 6-year history of stable chronic myelomonocytic
      leukaemia (CMML), presented with general deterioration and worsening
      pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy showed that his disease had transformed into
      acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). He was started on a supportive transfusion regimen
      and did not receive any chemotherapy or corticosteroids. Several weeks later, he
      developed acute renal failure and was admitted to a medical admissions ward.
      Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome (sTLS, grade 1) was diagnosed, as per the Cairo
      and Bishop criteria. He was treated with intravenous fluids, rasburicase and
      allopurinol. His renal function improved and he recovered from the sTLS. The
      authors believe that this is the first published case of sTLS occurring as a
      result of CMML transforming into AML; it highlights the importance of recognising
      sTLS as a cause of renal failure and electrolyte disturbance before cancer
      treatment begins. 

PMID- 26961555
TI  - Ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst causing headache and meningism.

PMID- 26961556
TI  - Cardiac arrest in an 18-year-old man caused by anomalous right coronary artery
      origin.
AB  - An 18-year-old man presented to hospital following an out of hospital ventricular
      fibrillation cardiac arrest, with successful resuscitation at the scene. The
      incident happened during a competitive football match in which the man was
      playing. In the course of an extensive work up, a CT coronary angiogram
      demonstrated an anomalous right coronary artery (RCA) origin in the left coronary
      sinus. The RCA followed an initial intramural and subsequent interarterial course
      between the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery trunk. Cardiac MRI showed a
      small subendocardial area of delayed gadolinium enhancement in the inferoseptal
      wall, consistent with a small infarct. Treatment involved elective coronary
      artery bypass of the RCA with a right internal mammary artery graft. The patient
      made a full recovery. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was not inserted
      and he was advised not to return to competitive sports. 

PMID- 26961558
TI  - Rare case of sacral mass due to chondromyxoid fibroma.

PMID- 26961557
TI  - Long-term survival in a patient with brain metastases of papillary thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - We present the case of a 43-year-old woman who underwent total thyroidectomy with
      bilateral lymphadenectomy for a papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), solid variant
      (T4bN1bMx), with V600E BRAF mutation. After ablative therapy, she presented
      undetectable thyroglobulin (Tg) but progressively increasing anti-Tg antibodies
      (TgAbs). During follow-up, nodal, lung and brain metastases were identified. She
      was submitted to surgical excision of lung lesions, radiosurgery of brain
      metastases and five radioiodine treatments. The latest brain MRI showed no
      lesions, pulmonary CT showed stable micronodules and there was progressive
      reduction in TgAbs. This is a peculiar case of a PTC with lung and brain
      metastatic lesions detected through TgAbs. Initial histological and molecular
      study suggested a more aggressive clinical behaviour, which was eventually
      confirmed. Although PTC brain metastases are extremely rare and present poor
      prognosis, our patient presented a good response to treatment and longer survival
      than usually reported for similar cases. 

PMID- 26961559
TI  - Solitary plasmacytoma of the mandible: report of two cases.
AB  - Plasma cell neoplasms (plasmacytoma) are discrete, solitary masses of lymphoid
      neoplastic proliferations of B cells. Plasmacytomas comprise three groups:
      multiple myeloma, solitary plasmacytoma (SP) and extramedullary plasmacytoma. SP
      originates as a clone of transformed malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow.
      SP of the jaw is a rare condition; therefore diagnosis is quite difficult and
      often results in misdiagnosis. MM is a lymphoproliferative disease the prognosis
      of which is worse than SP. SP can progress to MM in a few months to years after
      diagnosis. In this regard, early diagnosis of the disease is of utmost
      importance. This article presents two cases of SP diagnosed in the mandible and
      documented with clinical, radiographic and histological findings. 

PMID- 26961560
TI  - Meyer dysplasia: a diagnosis to consider.

PMID- 26961561
TI  - Bowel perforation after endoscopic submucosal dissection due to colon cancer and
      successful endoscopic treatment using an Ovesco clip.
AB  - An 83-year-old woman under intravenous anaesthesia underwent endoscopic
      submucosal dissection due to early well-differentiated colon cancer with no deep
      invasion (pT1). Wide perforation in the deep site of excision of the descending
      colon was identified and an Ovesco clip placed to close the defect. The patient
      was discharged from the hospital on day 4 after the procedure, with no abdominal
      pain and no peritoneal signs of inflammation. Follow-up CT and colonoscopy were
      performed after 6 months, and no recurrence was observed.

PMID- 26961562
TI  - Early and delayed presentation of traumatic small bowel injury.
AB  - Traumatic small bowel injury (TSBI) is rare and presents in only 1% of patients
      following blunt trauma. Delay in diagnosis can result in significant morbidity so
      a high index of suspicion is required in patients with abdominal injuries and a
      significant mechanism of injury. We discuss three cases of TSBI with varying
      presentations, and discuss their investigation and treatment. 

PMID- 26961563
TI  - Adult jejunojejunal intussusception in the face of jejunal adenocarcinoma: two
      infrequently encountered entities.
AB  - Adult intussusception and small bowel adenocarcinoma are rarely encountered
      together. Intussusception should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      adult patients presenting with abdominal pain, especially those with unremitting
      symptoms. Concomitant anaemia should lower the threshold for suspicion of
      underlying malignancy. Jejunal adenocarcinoma represents a rare, but possible
      aetiology. 

PMID- 26961564
TI  - Carotid body tumour associated with cyanotic heart disease.

PMID- 26961565
TI  - A discrepancy between plasma glycated albumin and HbA1c levels in a patient with
      steroid-induced diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A 57-year-old man was admitted for the treatment of steroid-induced diabetes
      mellitus (DM). He also had interstitial pneumonia and, to treat it, 20 mg
      prednisolone had been started in April 2014. Although glycated haemoglobin
      (HbA1c) level was 7.8% (62 mmol/mol), his glycated albumin (GA) level was normal
      (13.9%) and the ratio of GA to HbA1c (GA:HbA1c) was lower than that of normal
      participants and patients with type 2 DM. Plasma GA and GA:HbA1c levels became
      persistently lower. In September 2015, HbA1c levels measured by HPLC and
      immunoprecipitation methods were almost the same (6.8% (51 mmol/mol) and 6.7% (50
      mmol/mol), respectively), but GA (10.2%) and GA:HbA1c (1.6) were much lower. We
      report the case of a patient with DM where steroid administration may have caused
      a decrease in plasma GA and GA:HbA1c levels via increased albumin turnover.

PMID- 26961566
TI  - Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia: a close mimicker of juvenile idiopathic
      arthritis.

PMID- 26961567
TI  - Spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of a postpartum rectus sheath haematoma.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) with acute severe
      abdominal pain at 4 days postpartum. CT of the abdomen revealed a type II rectus
      sheath haematoma for which she was initially treated conservatively and
      discharged. A few hours later, she returned to the ED with a picture suggestive
      of peritonitis. Exploratory laparoscopy was performed and revealed
      haemoperitoneum and a ruptured area on the posterior rectus sheath. Approximately
      2 L of blood was aspirated. Haemostatic control was achieved and closed suction
      drains secured in position. The patient was discharged in stable condition on
      postadmission day 6. She continued to follow-up on an outpatient basis and was
      doing well 3 months postoperatively.

PMID- 26961569
TI  - Pediatric Cardiology Boot Camp: Description and Evaluation of a Novel Intensive
      Training Program for Pediatric Cardiology Trainees.
AB  - The transition from residency to subspecialty fellowship in a procedurally driven
      field such as pediatric cardiology is challenging for trainees. We describe and
      assess the educational value of a pediatric cardiology "boot camp" educational
      tool designed to help prepare trainees for cardiology fellowship. A two-day
      intensive training program was provided for pediatric cardiology fellows in July
      2015 at a large fellowship training program. Hands-on experiences and simulations
      were provided in: anatomy, auscultation, echocardiography, catheterization,
      cardiovascular intensive care (CVICU), electrophysiology (EP), heart failure, and
      cardiac surgery. Knowledge-based exams as well as surveys were completed by each
      participant pre-training and post-training. Pre- and post-exam results were
      compared via paired t tests, and survey results were compared via Wilcoxon rank
      sum. A total of eight participants were included. After boot camp, there was a
      significant improvement between pre- and post-exam scores (PRE 54 +/- 9 % vs.
      POST 85 +/- 8 %; p <= 0.001). On pre-training survey, the most common concerns
      about starting fellowship included: CVICU emergencies, technical aspects of the
      catheterization/EP labs, using temporary and permanent pacemakers/implantable
      cardiac defibrillators (ICDs), and ECG interpretation. Comparing pre- and post
      surveys, there was a statistically significant improvement in the participants
      comfort level in 33 of 36 (92 %) areas of assessment. All participants (8/8, 100
      %) strongly agreed that the boot camp was a valuable learning experience and
      helped to alleviate anxieties about the start of fellowship. A pediatric
      cardiology boot camp experience at the start of cardiology fellowship can provide
      a strong foundation and serve as an educational springboard for pediatric
      cardiology fellows. 

PMID- 26961568
TI  - Comparing the defence-related gene expression changes upon root-knot nematode
      attack in susceptible versus resistant cultivars of rice.
AB  - Rice is one of the major staple food crops in the world and an excellent model
      system for studying monocotyledonous plants. Diseases caused by nematodes in rice
      are well documented and among them, root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne
      graminicola, causes extensive yield decline. It is therefore necessary to
      identify novel sources of natural resistance to RKN in rice and to investigate
      the rice-RKN interaction in detail to understand the basal plant defence
      mechanisms and nematode manipulation of the host physiology. To this end, six
      different cultivars of rice were initially screened for RKN infection and
      development; Pusa 1121 and Vandana were found to be most susceptible and
      resistant to RKN infection, respectively. In order to investigate the role of
      major hormone-regulated plant defence pathways in compatible/incompatible rice
      RKN interaction, some well-identified marker genes involved in
      salicylate/jasmonate/ethylene pathway were evaluated for their differential
      expression through qRT-PCR. In general, our study shows a remarkable discrepancy
      in the expression pattern of those genes between compatible and incompatible rice
      RKN interaction. As most information on the molecular interplay between plants
      and nematodes were generated on dicotyledonous plants, the current study will
      strengthen our basic understanding of plant-nematode interaction in the monocot
      crops, which will aid in defining future strategies for best plant health
      measures. 

PMID- 26961570
TI  - Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Accessory Atrioventricular Pathways in
      Infants and Toddlers <= 15 kg.
AB  - Accessory atrioventricular pathways (AP) are the most common substrate for
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in infants and small children. Up-to-date
      data on AP ablation in infants and small children are limited. The aim of the
      present study was to gain additional insight into radiofrequency (RF) catheter
      ablation of AP in infants and toddlers focusing on efficacy and safety in
      patients with a body weight of <= 15 kg. Since 10/2002, RF ablation of AP was
      performed in 281 children in our institution. Indications, procedural data as
      well as success and complication rates in children with a body weight <= 15 kg (n
      = 22) were compared with children > 15 kg (n = 259). Prevalence of structural
      heart anomalies was significantly higher among children <= 15 kg (27 vs. 5.7 %; p
      = 0.001). Procedure duration (median 262 vs. 177 min; p = 0.001) and fluoroscopy
      time (median 20.6 vs. 14.0 min; p = 0.007) were significantly longer among
      patients <= 15 kg. Procedural success rate did not differ significantly between
      the two groups (82 vs. 90 %). More RF lesions were required for AP ablation in
      the smaller patients (median 12 vs. 7; p = 0.019). Major complication rate was
      significantly higher in children <= 15 kg (9 vs. 1.1 %; p = 0.05) with femoral
      vessel occlusion being the only major adverse event in patients <= 15 kg.
      Catheter ablation of AP in children was effective irrespective of body weight. In
      children <= 15 kg, however, procedures were more challenging and time-consuming.
      Complication rate and number of RF lesions in smaller children were higher when
      compared to older children. 

PMID- 26961571
TI  - Clinical Factors Associated with Dose of Loop Diuretics After Pediatric Cardiac
      Surgery: Post Hoc Analysis.
AB  - A post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing the clinical
      effects of furosemide and ethacrynic acid was conducted. Infants undergoing
      cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were included in order to explore
      which clinical factors are associated with diuretic dose in infants with
      congenital heart disease. Overall, 67 patients with median (interquartile range)
      age of 48 (13-139) days were enrolled. Median diuretic dose was 0.34 (0.25-0.4)
      mg/kg/h at the end of postoperative day (POD) 0 and it significantly decreased (p
      = 0.04) over the following PODs; during this period, the ratio between urine
      output and diuretic dose increased significantly (p = 0.04). Age (r -0.26, p =
      0.02), weight (r -0.28, p = 0.01), cross-clamp time (r 0.27, p = 0.03),
      administration of ethacrynic acid (OR 0.01, p = 0.03), and, at the end of POD0,
      creatinine levels (r 0.3, p = 0.009), renal near-infrared spectroscopy saturation
      (-0.44, p = 0.008), whole-blood neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels
      (r 0.30, p = 0.01), pH (r -0.26, p = 0.02), urinary volume (r -0.2755, p = 0.03),
      and fluid balance (r 0.2577, p = 0.0266) showed a significant association with
      diuretic dose. At multivariable logistic regression cross-clamp time (OR 1.007, p
      = 0.04), use of ethacrynic acid (OR 0.2, p = 0.01) and blood pH at the end of
      POD0 (OR 0.0001, p = 0.03) was independently associated with diuretic dose. Early
      resistance to loop diuretics continuous infusion is evident in post-cardiac
      surgery infants: Higher doses are administered to patients with lower urinary
      output. Independently associated variables with diuretic dose in our population
      appeared to be cross-clamping time, the administration of ethacrynic acid, and
      blood pH. 

PMID- 26961572
TI  - Abnormal Mitral Valve Dimensions in Pediatric Patients with Hypertrophic
      Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The hearts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) show structural
      abnormalities other than isolated wall thickening. Recently, adult HCM patients
      have been found to have longer mitral valve leaflets than control subjects. The
      aim of the current study was to assess whether children and adolescents with HCM
      have similar measureable differences in mitral valve leaflet dimensions when
      compared to a healthy control group. Clinical and echocardiographic data from 46
      children with myocardial hypertrophy and a phenotype and/or genotype consistent
      with sarcomeric HCM were reviewed. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies
      were evaluated. The anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflet lengths and
      myocardial structure were compared to 20 healthy controls. The anterior mitral
      valve was longer in the HCM group than in the control group (28.4 +/- 4.9 vs.
      25.2 +/- 3.6 mm in control patients, p = 0.013) as was the posterior mitral valve
      leaflet (16.3 +/- 3.0 vs. 13.1 +/- 2.3 mm for controls <0.0001). There was no
      correlation between the resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient and
      anterior mitral valve leaflet length, nor was the anterior mitral valve leaflet
      longer in those with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve compared to
      those without (28.9 +/- 6.1 vs. 28.1 +/- 4.5 mm, p = 0.61). Children and
      adolescents with HCM have abnormally long mitral valve leaflets when compared
      with healthy control subjects. These abnormalities do not appear to result in, or
      be due to, obstruction to left ventricular outflow. The mechanism of this mitral
      valve elongation is not clear but appears to be independent of hemodynamic
      disturbances.

PMID- 26961574
TI  - Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta-1 selective beta blockers for primary
      hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension. The blood
      pressure reading is the primary tool for physicians and patients to assess the
      efficacy of the treatment. The blood pressure lowering effect of beta-1 selective
      blockers is not known. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the dose-related effects of
      various doses and types of beta-1 selective adrenergic receptor blockers on
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure versus placebo in people with primary
      hypertension. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of
      Effectiveness (DARE) for related reviews.We searched the following databases for
      primary studies: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register (All years to 15
      October 2015), CENTRAL via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (2015, Issue
      10), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to 15 October 2015), Ovid EMBASE (1974 to 15 October
      2015) and ClinicalTrials.gov (all years to 15 October 2015).The Hypertension
      Group Specialised Register includes controlled trials from searches of CAB
      Abstracts, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Food
      Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), Global Health, LILACS, MEDLINE, ProQuest
      Dissertations & Theses, PsycINFO, Web of Science and the WHO International
      Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).Electronic databases were searched
      using a strategy combining the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for
      identifying randomized trials in MEDLINE: sensitivity-maximizing version (2008
      revision) with selected MeSH terms and free text terms. No language restrictions
      were used. The MEDLINE search strategy was translated into CENTRAL, EMBASE, the
      Hypertension Group Specialised Register and ClinicalTrials.gov using the
      appropriate controlled vocabulary as applicable. Full strategies are in Appendix
      1. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel or
      cross-over trials. Studies had to contain a beta blocker monotherapy arm with
      fixed dose. People enrolled into the studies had to have primary hypertension at
      baseline. Duration of studies had to be between 3 weeks to 12 weeks. Drugs in
      this class of beta blockers are atenolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol,
      esmolol, metoprolol, nebivolol, pafenolol, practolol. DATA COLLECTION AND
      ANALYSIS: Two authors confirmed the inclusion of studies and extracted the data
      independently. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3.5 was used to synthesise data. MAIN
      RESULTS: We identified 56 RCTs (randomised controlled trials) that examined the
      blood pressure (BP) lowering efficacy of beta-1 selective blockers (beta-1
      blocker) in 7812 primary hypertensive patients. Among the included trials, 26
      RCTs were parallel studies and 30 RCTs were cross-over studies, examining eight
      beta-1 blockers. Overall, the majority of beta-1 blockers studied significantly
      lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In
      people with mild to moderate hypertension, beta-1 selective blockers lowered BP
      by an average of -10/-8 mmHg and reduced heart rate by 11 beats per minute. The
      maximum BP reduction of beta-1 blockers occurred at twice the starting dose.
      Individual beta-1 blockers did not exhibit a graded dose-response effect on SBP
      and DBP over the recommended dose range.Most beta-1 blockers tested significantly
      lowered heart rate. A graded dose-response of beta-1 blockers on heart rate was
      evident. Higher dose beta-1 blockers lowered heart rate more than lower doses.
      Individually and overall beta-1 blockers did not affect pulse pressure, which
      distinguishes them from other classes of drugs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review
      provides low quality evidence that in people with mild to moderate hypertension,
      beta-1 selective blockers lowered BP by an average of -10/-8 mmHg and reduced
      heart rate by 11 beats per minute as compared to placebo. The effect of beta-1
      blockers at peak hours, -12/-9 mmHg, was greater than the reduction at trough
      hours, -8/-7 mmHg. Beta-1 selective blockers lowered BP by a greater magnitude
      than dual receptor beta-blockers and partial agonist beta-blockers, lowered BP
      similarly to nonselective beta-blockers. Beta-1 selective blockers lowered SBP by
      a similar degree and lowered DBP by a greater degree than diuretics, angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Because DBP is
      lowered by a similar extent to SBP, beta-1 selective blockers do not reduce pulse
      pressure.

PMID- 26961573
TI  - Castration influences intestinal microflora and induces abdominal obesity in high
      fat diet-fed mice.
AB  - Late-onset hypogonadism (i.e. androgen deficiency) raises the risk for abdominal
      obesity in men. The mechanism for this obesity is unclear. Here, we demonstrated
      that hypogonadism after castration caused abdominal obesity in high-fat diet
      (HFD)-fed, but not in standard diet (SD)-fed, C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, the
      phenotype was not induced in mice treated with antibiotics that disrupt the
      intestinal microflora. In HFD-fed mice, castration increased feed efficiency and
      decreased fecal weight per food intake. Castration also induced in an increase of
      visceral fat mass only in the absence of antibiotics in HFD-fed mice, whereas
      subcutaneous fat mass was increased by castration irrespective of antibiotics.
      Castration reduced the expression in the mesenteric fat of both adipose
      triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in HFD-fed mice, which was not
      observed in the presence of antibiotics. Castration decreased thigh muscle (i.e.
      quadriceps and hamstrings) mass, elevated fasting blood glucose levels, and
      increased liver triglyceride levels in a HFD-dependent manner, whereas these
      changes were not observed in castrated mice treated with antibiotics. The
      Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Lactobacillus species increased in the feces
      of HFD-fed castrated mice. These results show that androgen (e.g. testosterone)
      deficiency can alter the intestinal microbiome and induce abdominal obesity in a
      diet-dependent manner. 

PMID- 26961575
TI  - Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in
      hypertensive individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High blood pressure is an important public health problem because of
      associated risks of stroke and cardiovascular events. Antihypertensive drugs are
      often used in the belief that lowering blood pressure will prevent cardiac
      events, including myocardial infarction and sudden death (death of unknown cause
      within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms or within 24 hours of observation
      of the patient as alive and symptom free). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of
      antihypertensive pharmacotherapy in preventing sudden death, non-fatal myocardial
      infarction and fatal myocardial infarction among hypertensive individuals. SEARCH
      METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register (all years to
      January 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via
      the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (2016, Issue 1), Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to
      January 2016), Ovid EMBASE (1980 to January 2016) and ClinicalTrials.gov (all
      years to January 2016). SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised trials evaluating any
      antihypertensive drug treatment for hypertension, defined, when possible, as
      baseline resting systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg and/or resting
      diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mmHg. Comparisons included one or more
      antihypertensive drugs versus placebo, or versus no treatment. DATA COLLECTION
      AND ANALYSIS: Review authors independently extracted data. Outcomes assessed were
      sudden death, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and change in blood
      pressure. MAIN RESULTS: We included 15 trials (39,908 participants) that
      evaluated antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for a mean duration of follow-up of
      4.2 years. This review provides moderate-quality evidence to show that
      antihypertensive drugs do not reduce sudden death (risk ratio (RR) 0.96, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.15) but do reduce both non-fatal myocardial
      infarction (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74, 0.98; absolute risk reduction (ARR) 0.3% over
      4.2 years) and fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.90; ARR
      0.3% over 4.2 years). Withdrawals due to adverse effects were increased in the
      drug treatment group to 12.8%, as compared with 6.2% in the no treatment group.
      AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Although antihypertensive drugs reduce the incidence of
      fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, they do not appear to reduce the
      incidence of sudden death. This suggests that sudden cardiac death may not be
      caused primarily by acute myocardial infarction. Continued research is needed to
      determine the causes of sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 26961576
TI  - Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of
      overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6 years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Child overweight and obesity has increased globally, and can be
      associated with short- and long-term health consequences. OBJECTIVES: To assess
      the effects of diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the
      treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool children up to the age of 6
      years. SEARCH METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search in the
      databases Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and LILACS, as
      well as in the trial registers ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP Search Portal. We
      also checked references of identified trials and systematic reviews. We applied
      no language restrictions. The date of the last search was March 2015 for all
      databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of
      diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for treating overweight or
      obesity in preschool children aged 0 to 6 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:
      Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias, evaluated the overall
      quality of the evidence using the GRADE instrument, and extracted data following
      the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We contacted trial
      authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: We included 7 RCTs with a total
      of 923 participants: 529 randomised to an intervention and 394 to a comparator.
      The number of participants per trial ranged from 18 to 475. Six trials were
      parallel RCTs, and one was a cluster RCT. Two trials were three-arm trials, each
      comparing two interventions with a control group. The interventions and
      comparators in the trials varied. We categorised the comparisons into two groups:
      multicomponent interventions and dietary interventions. The overall quality of
      the evidence was low or very low, and six trials had a high risk of bias on
      individual 'Risk of bias' criteria. The children in the included trials were
      followed up for between six months and three years.In trials comparing a
      multicomponent intervention with usual care, enhanced usual care, or information
      control, we found a greater reduction in body mass index (BMI) z score in the
      intervention groups at the end of the intervention (6 to 12 months): mean
      difference (MD) -0.3 units (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.4 to -0.2); P <
      0.00001; 210 participants; 4 trials; low-quality evidence, at 12 to 18 months'
      follow-up: MD -0.4 units (95% CI -0.6 to -0.2); P = 0.0001; 202 participants; 4
      trials; low-quality evidence, and at 2 years' follow-up: MD -0.3 units (95% CI 
      0.4 to -0.1); 96 participants; 1 trial; low-quality evidence.One trial stated
      that no adverse events were reported; the other trials did not report on adverse
      events. Three trials reported health-related quality of life and found
      improvements in some, but not all, aspects. Other outcomes, such as behaviour
      change and parent-child relationship, were inconsistently measured.One three-arm
      trial of very low-quality evidence comparing two types of diet with control found
      that both the dairy-rich diet (BMI z score change MD -0.1 units (95% CI -0.11 to 
      0.09); P < 0.0001; 59 participants) and energy-restricted diet (BMI z score
      change MD -0.1 units (95% CI -0.11 to -0.09); P < 0.0001; 57 participants)
      resulted in greater reduction in BMI than the comparator at the end of the
      intervention period, but only the dairy-rich diet maintained this at 36 months'
      follow-up (BMI z score change in MD -0.7 units (95% CI -0.71 to -0.69); P <
      0.0001; 52 participants). The energy-restricted diet had a worse BMI outcome than
      control at this follow-up (BMI z score change MD 0.1 units (95% CI 0.09 to 0.11);
      P < 0.0001; 47 participants). There was no substantial difference in mean daily
      energy expenditure between groups. Health-related quality of life, adverse
      effects, participant views, and parenting were not measured.No trial reported on
      all-cause mortality, morbidity, or socioeconomic effects.All results should be
      interpreted cautiously due to their low quality and heterogeneous interventions
      and comparators. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Muticomponent interventions appear to be
      an effective treatment option for overweight or obese preschool children up to
      the age of 6 years. However, the current evidence is limited, and most trials had
      a high risk of bias. Most trials did not measure adverse events. We have
      identified four ongoing trials that we will include in future updates of this
      review.The role of dietary interventions is more equivocal, with one trial
      suggesting that dairy interventions may be effective in the longer term, but not
      energy-restricted diets. This trial also had a high risk of bias.

PMID- 26961577
TI  - Comparison of central adjudication of outcomes and onsite outcome assessment on
      treatment effect estimates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Assessment of events by adjudication committees (ACs) is recommended
      in multicentre randomised controlled trials (RCTs). However, its usefulness has
      been questioned. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to compare 1)
      treatment effect estimates of subjective clinical events assessed by onsite
      assessors versus by AC, and 2) treatment effect estimates according to the
      blinding status of the onsite assessor as well as the process used to select
      events to adjudicate. SEARCH METHODS: We searched Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Google Scholar
      (25 August 2015 as the last updated search date), using a combination of terms to
      retrieve RCTs with commonly used terms to describe ACs. SELECTION CRITERIA: We
      included all reports of RCTs and the published RCTs included in reviews and meta
      analyses that reported the same subjective outcome event assessed by both an
      onsite assessor and an AC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted the odds
      ratio (OR) from onsite assessment and the corresponding OR from AC assessment and
      calculated the ratio of the odds ratios (ROR). A ratio of odds ratios < 1
      indicated that onsite assessors generated larger effect estimates in favour of
      the experimental treatment than ACs. MAIN RESULTS: Data from 47 RCTs (275,078
      patients) were used in the meta-analysis. We excluded 11 RCTs because of
      incomplete outcome data to calculate the OR for onsite and AC assessments. On
      average, there was no difference in treatment effect estimates from onsite
      assessors and AC (combined ROR: 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.04;
      I(2) = 0%, 47 RCTs). The combined ROR was 1.00 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.04; I(2) = 0%,
      35 RCTs) when onsite assessors were blinded; 0.76 (95% CI 0.48 to 1.12, I(2) =
      0%, two RCTs) when AC assessed events identified independently from unblinded
      onsite assessors; and 1.11 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.27, I(2) = 0%, 10 RCTs) when AC
      assessed events identified by unblinded onsite assessors. However, there was a
      statistically significant interaction between these subgroups (P = 0.03) AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: On average, treatment effect estimates for subjective outcome events
      assessed by onsite assessors did not differ from those assessed by ACs. Results
      of subgroup analysis showed an interaction according to the blinded status of
      onsite assessors and the process used to submit data to AC. These results suggest
      that the use of ACs might be most important when onsite assessors are not blinded
      and the risk of misclassification is high. Furthermore, research is needed to
      explore the impact of the different procedures used to select events to
      adjudicate.

PMID- 26961578
TI  - Damage-free vibrational spectroscopy of biological materials in the electron
      microscope.
AB  - Vibrational spectroscopy in the electron microscope would be transformative in
      the study of biological samples, provided that radiation damage could be
      prevented. However, electron beams typically create high-energy excitations that
      severely accelerate sample degradation. Here this major difficulty is overcome
      using an 'aloof' electron beam, positioned tens of nanometres away from the
      sample: high-energy excitations are suppressed, while vibrational modes of
      energies <1 eV can be 'safely' investigated. To demonstrate the potential of
      aloof spectroscopy, we record electron energy loss spectra from biogenic guanine
      crystals in their native state, resolving their characteristic C-H, N-H and C=O
      vibrational signatures with no observable radiation damage. The technique opens
      up the possibility of non-damaging compositional analyses of organic functional
      groups, including non-crystalline biological materials, at a spatial resolution
      of ~10 nm, simultaneously combined with imaging in the electron microscope.

PMID- 26961579
TI  - Serum anti-Mullerian hormone concentration in women with polycystic ovary
      syndrome and type 1 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - PURPOSE: A single prior study conducted in Chilean women has shown that women
      with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a
      normal serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) concentrations despite polycystic
      ovarian morphology. As it is not clear why women with PCOS+T1DM would not have an
      elevated concentrations of AMH, we hypothesize that women with T1DM and PCOS have
      a similar hormonal profile and serum AMH levels as is observed in classic PCOS.
      METHODS: We studied 89 women: 37 with T1DM (16 with PCOS+T1DM, 21 with T1DM/no
      PCOS), 36 with PCOS (PCOS) and 16 healthy women (control group) matched for age
      and body mass index (BMI). A clinical examination, determination of serum AMH and
      sex hormones, and an ultrasonographic evaluation of the ovaries were performed
      for all study participants. RESULTS: Serum AMH concentrations were significantly
      higher in women with PCOS+T1DM than in those with T1DM/no-PCOS (p<0.001) and was
      not different between both PCOS groups (PCOS vs PCOS+T1DM). Ovarian volume and
      ovarian follicle count did not differ between women with PCOS+T1DM and PCOS. The
      number of ovarian follicles was higher in patients with PCOS+T1DM and PCOS versus
      the control (p=0.007, p<0.001) and versus cases of T1DM/no-PCOS (p<0.001,
      p<0.001, respectively). Cross-sectionally, AMH concentrations correlated
      positively with luteinizing hormone (LH) (r=0.4; p<0.001), testosterone (r=0.2,
      p=0.02), ovarian volume (r=0.4, p<0.001) and follicle count (r=0.7, p<0.001). In
      both groups, PCOS+T1DM and PCOS, AMH was related to LH (r=0.5; p=0.036; r=0.3;
      p=0.031) and to ovarian follicle number (r=0.7; p<0.001; r=0.4; p=0.006). In
      multivariate logistic regression analysis, serum AMH was the only predictor of
      PCOS in T1DM women (OR=1.73; 95% CI 1.07-2.79, p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Women with
      T1DM and PCOS have a similar hormonal profile and serum AMH concentrations as
      observed in classic PCOS.

PMID- 26961580
TI  - Similarities and differences between pediatric and adult nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly common and potentially serious
      in children and adolescents. The term NAFLD refers to a spectrum of diseases
      ranging from accumulation of fat in the liver (simple steatosis or nonalcoholic
      fatty liver "NAFL") to the potentially progressive form of nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by hepatocyte ballooning, inflammation, and
      often associated with fibrosis. While large prospective longitudinal studies in
      pediatric NAFLD are still lacking, growing evidence suggests that children with
      NAFL are at increased risk for cardiometabolic complications, while those with
      NASH and advance fibrosis are also at risk for significant liver-related
      morbidity including cirrhosis and its complications. Pediatric NAFLD shares
      features of adult NAFLD but also shows many different characteristics in terms of
      prevalence, histology, diagnosis and management. Translational studies suggest
      that NAFLD is a highly heritable disease in which genetic variations and
      environment closely interact to determine the disease phenotype and the
      progression to the more advanced forms of the disease. Changes in lifestyle,
      targeting gradual weight reduction, and physical exercise continue to be the
      mainstay of treatment for NAFLD in children. Recent advances in development of
      noninvasive diagnostic modalities and the potential for identifying effective
      pharmacological interventions may result in significant progress in the
      management of NAFLD in the pediatric population. 

PMID- 26961581
TI  - Obesity and Structural Brain Integrity in Older Women: The Women's Health
      Initiative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Midlife obesity has been linked to age-related brain atrophy and risk
      of dementia, but the relationships are less clear for older individuals. These
      associations may be explained by changes in appetite or metabolism in the
      dementia prodrome; thus, prospective studies with adequate follow-up are needed.
      We examined the associations that obesity (body mass index, BMI) and change in
      BMI over an average of 6.6 (1.0-9.1) years have with global and regional brain
      and white matter lesion volumes in a sample of 1,366 women aged 65-80. METHODS:
      Least square means for regional brain volumes and white matter lesion loads for
      women grouped by BMI and changes in BMI were generated from multivariable linear
      models with and without adjustment for demographic and health covariates.
      RESULTS: Both global obesity and increase in BMI were associated with lower
      cerebrospinal fluid and higher specific brain volumes (ps < .05), after
      controlling for diabetes and other cerebrovascular disease risk factors. Obesity,
      but not change in BMI, predicted lower lesion loads for the total, parietal, and
      occipital white matter (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity in this cohort is
      associated with less brain atrophy and lower ischemic lesion loads. The findings
      are consistent with our previous report of worse cognitive performance in
      association with weight loss (probably not due to frailty) in this cohort and in
      line with the idea of the "obesity paradox" as differences in dementia risk vary
      across time, whereby midlife obesity seems to be a predictor of dementia, whereas
      weight loss seems to be a better predictor at older ages.

PMID- 26961582
TI  - Cystatin C and Objectively Measured Mobility 10 Years Later in Older Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serum biomarkers predicting physical performance in late life are
      uncertain. We tested the hypotheses that lower serum cystatin C (cysC) in older
      women is associated with good mobility 10 years later. METHODS: We conducted a
      longitudinal analysis of a prospective cohort of 1,384 women attending Year 10
      and Year 20 examinations of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Serum cysC was
      measured using Year 10 frozen serum specimens. Year 20 mobility was ascertained
      by the Short Physical Performance Battery; scores of 10-12 indicated good
      mobility. RESULTS: At Year 20, mean age was 87.5 years and 364 women (26.3%) had
      good mobility. After adjustment for age, race, education, health status,
      diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and body mass index, lower cysC at Year 10 was
      associated with a higher likelihood of good mobility at Year 20. Compared with
      quartile (Q) 4 of cysC (referent group), odds ratios (95% confidence interval)
      were 1.52 (1.02-2.25) for Q3, 1.93 (1.32-2.84) for Q2 and 1.80 (1.21-2.67) for Q1
      (p trend across Qs .003). The association was only modestly attenuated after
      further adjustment for mobility as assessed by a modified Short Physical
      Performance Battery at Year 10 (p trend .02) or consideration of potential
      biologic mediators including Year 10 levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D,
      interleukin 6, and cytokine soluble receptors (p trend .04). CONCLUSIONS: Lower
      cysC in older women is independently associated with good mobility 10 years later
      and may be a biomarker for successful aging as manifested by preservation of
      lower extremity performance in late life.

PMID- 26961583
TI  - Effects of Mobility and Cognition on Hospitalization and Inpatient Days in Women
      in Late Life.
AB  - Background: This study examines effects of mobility and cognition on
      hospitalization and inpatient days among women late in life. Methods: Prospective
      study of 663 women (mean age 87.7 years) participating in the Study of
      Osteoporotic Fractures Year 20 examination (2006-2008) linked with their
      inpatient claims data. At Year 20, mobility ascertained by Short Physical
      Performance Battery categorized as poor, intermediate, or good. Cognitive status
      adjudicated based on neuropsychological tests and classified as normal, mild
      cognitive impairment, or dementia. Hospitalizations (n = 182) during 12 months
      following Year 20. Results: Reduced mobility and poorer cognition were each
      associated in a graded manner with higher inpatient health care utilization, even
      after accounting for each other and traditional prognostic indicators. For
      example, adjusted mean inpatient days per year were 0.94 (95% confidence interval
      [CI] 0.52-1.45) among women with good mobility increasing to 2.80 (95% CI 1.64
      3.89) among women with poor mobility and 1.59 (95% CI 1.08-2.03) among women with
      normal cognition increasing to 2.53 (95% CI 1.55-3.40) among women with dementia.
      Women with poor mobility/dementia had a nearly sixfold increase in mean inpatient
      days per year (4.83, 95% CI 2.73-8.54) compared with women with good
      mobility/normal cognition (0.84, 95% CI 0.49-1.44). Conclusions: Among women late
      in life, mobility limitations and cognitive deficits were each independent
      predictors of higher inpatient health care utilization even after considering
      each other and conventional predictors. Additive effects of reduced mobility and
      poorer cognition may be important to consider in medical decision making and
      health care policy planning for the growing population of adults aged >=85 years.

PMID- 26961585
TI  - Geriatric assessment in daily oncology practice for nurses and allied health care
      professionals: Opinion paper of the Nursing and Allied Health Interest Group of
      the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG).
AB  - The management of older persons with cancer has become a major public health
      concern in developed countries because of the aging of the population and the
      steady increase in cancer incidence with advancing age. Nurses and allied health
      care professionals are challenged to address the needs of this growing
      population. The International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) Nursing and
      Allied Health (NAH) Interest Group described key issues that nurses and allied
      health care professionals face when caring for older persons with cancer. The
      domains of the Geriatric Assessment (GA) are used as a guiding framework. The
      following geriatric domains are described: demographic data and social support,
      functional status, cognition, mental health, nutritional status, fatigue,
      comorbidities, polypharmacy, and other geriatric syndromes (e.g. falls,
      delirium). In addition to these geriatric domains, quality of life (QoL) is
      described based on the overall importance in this particular population. Advice
      for integration of assessment of these geriatric domains into daily oncology
      practice is made. Research has mainly focused on the role of treating physicians
      but the involvement of nurses and allied health care professionals is crucial in
      the care of older persons with cancer through the GA process. The ability of
      nurses and allied health care professionals to perform this assessment requires
      specialized training and education beyond standard oncology knowledge.

PMID- 26961584
TI  - Thermosporothrix narukonensis sp. nov., belonging to the class Ktedonobacteria,
      isolated from fallen leaves on geothermal soil, and emended description of the
      genus Thermosporothrix.
AB  - A thermophilic, Gram-stain-positive, spore-forming bacterium that formed branched
      vegetative and aerial mycelia was isolated from fallen leaves on geothermal soil.
      This strain, designated F4T, grew at temperatures between 30 and 60  degrees C;
      optimum growth temperature was 50  degrees C, whereas no growth was observed
      below 28  degrees C or above 65  degrees C. The pH range for growth was 4.9-9.5;
      the pH for optimum growth was 7.0, but no growth was observed at pH below 4.4 or
      above 10.0. Strain F4T was able to hydrolyse polysaccharides such as cellulose,
      xylan, chitin and starch. The G+C content in the DNA of strain F4T was 52.5 mol%.
      The major fatty acid was iso-C17 : 0 and the major menaquinone was MK-9 (H2). The
      cell wall of strain F4T contained glutamic acid, serine, glycine, alanine and
      ornithine in a molar ratio of 1.0:1.5:1.4:1.8:0.7. The polar lipids of this
      strain consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylinositol, one unknown phospholipid, three unknown glycolipids and two
      unknown lipids. The cell-wall sugar was mannose. Detailed phylogenetic analysis
      based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain F4T belongs to the genus
      Thermosporothrix, and that it was related most closely to Thermosporothrix
      hazakensis SK20-1T (98.7 % similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization showed relatedness
      values of less than 15 % with the type strain of Thermosporothrix hazakensis. On
      the basis of phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, strain F4T is
      considered to represent a novel species, Thermosporothrix narukonensis sp. nov.
      The type strain is F4T(=NBRC 111777T=BCCM/LMG 29329T). 

PMID- 26961586
TI  - Percolation, sliding, localization and relaxation in topologically closed
      circuits.
AB  - Considering a random walk in a random environment in a topologically closed
      circuit, we explore the implications of the percolation and sliding transitions
      for its relaxation modes. A complementary question regarding the "delocalization"
      of eigenstates of non-hermitian Hamiltonians has been addressed by Hatano,
      Nelson, and followers. But we show that for a conservative stochastic process the
      implied spectral properties are dramatically different. In particular we
      determine the threshold for under-damped relaxation, and observe "complexity
      saturation" as the bias is increased. 

PMID- 26961587
TI  - Ethical health care of sex workers.

PMID- 26961588
TI  - Fetal vascular adaptation before and after treatment of severe maternal anemia in
      pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To use color Doppler ultrasonography indices to study the effects on
      fetal circulation of treating severe maternal anemia. METHODS: A prospective
      cohort study enrolled patients who were at 30-34weeks of pregnancy and had
      hemoglobin levels below 70g/L between November 1, 2011 and March 31, 2013 at a
      hospital in New Delhi, India. A control group consisting of patients with the
      same duration of pregnancy and with hemoglobin levels above 110g/L was included.
      Umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery velocimetry were performed using
      color Doppler ultrasonography at admission and after 4weeks and 6weeks of
      treatment. RESULTS: The maternal anemia cohort demonstrated a significantly lower
      middle cerebral artery resistance index and middle cerebral/umbilical artery
      resistance ratio (P<0.001) at admission. Following 4weeks of treatment for
      maternal anemia, significant increases in these parameters were observed
      (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Fetuses of individuals with severe maternal anemia
      demonstrated altered cerebral and umbilical artery flows. Normal flows were
      restored following treatment of maternal anemia.

PMID- 26961589
TI  - Evaluation of the speed of kill, effects on reproduction, and effectiveness in a
      simulated infested-home environment of sarolaner (SimparicaTM) against fleas on
      dogs.
AB  - Four studies were conducted to evaluate the speed of kill, effect on egg
      production, and efficacy in a simulated infested-home environment of a novel
      isoxazoline, sarolaner (SimparicaTM, Zoetis), against fleas on dogs. Individually
      identified and housed, purpose-bred Beagles were used in each study and were
      allocated randomly to groups based on pretreatment parasite counts. In two speed
      of kill studies, groups of dogs infested with 100 fleas prior to treatment were
      treated orally with placebo or sarolaner tablets providing the minimum dose of
      2mg/kg and then re-infested with fleas weekly for five weeks post-treatment. Comb
      counts were conducted to determine the numbers of viable fleas at one to three,
      four, eight and 12h after treatment and each subsequent infestation. In the egg
      production study, sarolaner- and placebo-treated dogs were similarly challenged
      with fleas and at 48h after each infestation the dogs were housed for 20h in
      cages allowing the collection and counting of all flea eggs produced during this
      period. Collected eggs were incubated to evaluate hatch and development to
      adults. The last study used dogs housed in a flea-infested simulated-home
      environment. Dogs were allocated to treatment with either placebo or sarolaner
      tablets providing a dose of 2mg/kg once a month for three treatments. Flea
      infestations were assessed by comb counts (fleas were replaced on the dogs) on
      Days 14, 30, 44, 60, 74 and 90. The speed of kill studies demonstrated that a
      single 2mg/kg oral dose of sarolaner started killing fleas within three to four
      hours after treatment or subsequent re-infestations for up to a month, and
      achieved >=98% control of fleas by eight hours after treatment or re-infestation
      for 28 days. In the study to assess effects on flea reproduction, a single oral
      treatment of sarolaner resulted in the complete cessation of egg-laying for 35
      days. This rapid kill of fleas and inhibition of reproduction were confirmed in a
      simulated-home environment where the existing infestations were reduced by >95%
      within two weeks of the first treatment and eliminated from the dogs after two
      monthly doses. 

PMID- 26961590
TI  - Discovery of sarolaner: A novel, orally administered, broad-spectrum, isoxazoline
      ectoparasiticide for dogs.
AB  - The novel isoxazoline ectoparasiticide, sarolaner, was identified during a lead
      optimization program for an orally-active compound with efficacy against fleas
      and ticks on dogs. The aim of the discovery program was to identify a novel
      isoxazoline specifically for use in companion animals, beginning with de novo
      synthesis in the Zoetis research laboratories. The sarolaner molecule has unique
      structural features important for its potency and pharmacokinetic (PK)
      properties, including spiroazetidine and sulfone moieties. The flea and tick
      activity resides in the chirally pure S-enantiomer, which was purified to
      alleviate potential off-target effects from the inactive enantiomer. The
      mechanism of action was established in electrophysiology assays using CHO-K1 cell
      lines stably expressing cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) RDL (resistance-to
      dieldrin) genes for assessment of GABA-gated chloride channel (GABACls)
      pharmacology. As expected, sarolaner inhibited GABA-elicited currents at both
      susceptible (CfRDL-A285) and resistant (CfRDL-S285) flea GABACls with similar
      potency. Initial whole organism screening was conducted in vitro using a blood
      feeding assay against C. felis. Compounds which demonstrated robust activity in
      the flea feed assay were subsequently tested in an in vitro ingestion assay
      against the soft tick, Ornithodoros turicata. Efficacious compounds which were
      confirmed safe in rodents at doses up to 30mg/kg were progressed to safety, PK
      and efficacy studies in dogs. In vitro sarolaner demonstrated an LC80 of
      0.3MUg/mL against C. felis and an LC100 of 0.003MUg/mL against O. turicata. In a
      head-to-head comparative in vitro assay with both afoxolaner and fluralaner,
      sarolaner demonstrated superior flea and tick potency. In exploratory safety
      studies in dogs, sarolaner demonstrated safety in dogs>=8 weeks of age upon
      repeated monthly dosing at up to 20mg/kg. Sarolaner was rapidly and well absorbed
      following oral dosing. Time to maximum plasma concentration occurred within the
      first day post-dose. Bioavailability for sarolaner was calculated at >85% and the
      compound was highly protein bound (>99.9%). The half-life for sarolaner was
      calculated at 11-12 days. Sarolaner plasma concentrations indicated dose
      proportionality over the range 1.25-5mg/kg, and these same doses provided robust
      efficacy (>99%) for >=35days against both fleas (C. felis) and multiple species
      of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus)
      after oral administration to dogs. As a result of these exploratory
      investigations, sarolaner was progressed for development as an oral monthly dose
      for treatment and control of fleas and ticks on dogs. 

PMID- 26961591
TI  - Phylogenetic inference of the porcine Rotavirus A origin of the human G1 VP7
      gene.
AB  - Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
      worldwide. The most common VP7 genotype of human RVA is G1, but G1 is rarely
      detected in porcine strains. To understand the evolutionary relationships between
      human and porcine G1 VP7 genes, we sequenced the VP7 genes of three Japanese G1
      porcine strains; the first two (PRV2, S80B) were isolated in 1980 and the third
      (Kyusyu-14) was isolated in 2001. Then, we performed phylogenetic and in-silico
      structural analyses. All three VP7 sequences clustered into lineage VI, and the
      mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of porcine G1 VP7 sequences
      belonging to lineage VI was 91.9%. In contrast, the mean nucleotide sequence
      identity between any pair of human G1 VP7 sequences belonging to lineages I-V was
      95.5%. While the mean nucleotide sequence identity between any pair of porcine
      lineage VI strain and human lineage I-V strain was 85.4%, the VP7 genes of PRV2
      and a rare porcine-like human G1P[6] strain (AU19) were 98% identical,
      strengthening the porcine RVA origin of AU19. The phylogenetic tree suggests that
      human G1 VP7 genes originated from porcine G1 VP7 genes. The time of their most
      recent common ancestor was estimated to be 1948, and human and porcine RVA
      strains evolved along independent pathways. In-silico structural analyses
      identified 7 amino acid residues within the known neutralisation epitopes that
      show differences in electric charges and shape between different porcine and
      human G1 strains. When compared with much divergent porcine G1 VP7 lineages,
      monophyletic, less divergent human G1 VP7 lineages support the hypothesis that
      all human G1 VP7 genes included in this study originated from a rare event of a
      porcine RVA transmitting to humans that was followed by successful adaptation to
      the human host. By contrast, AU19 represents interspecies transmission that
      terminated in dead-end infection.

PMID- 26961592
TI  - Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant
      to macrolide in Casablanca, Morocco.
AB  - In Morocco, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) was introduced
      in the national immunization program (NIP) in October 2010 and replaced by the
      PCV-10 in July 2012. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of
      erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (ERSP) and to analyze the
      phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these isolates in Casablanca, Morocco
      from January 2007 to December 2014. Isolates were obtained from the Microbiology
      Laboratory of Ibn Rochd University Hospital Centre of Casablanca. Serogrouping
      was done using Pneumotest Kit and serotyping by the Quellung capsular swelling.
      Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by disk diffusion and Etest
      methods. A total of 655S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 2007 to 2014
      from pediatric and adult patients. Fifty-five percent of these isolates were from
      invasive pneumococcal diseases. Of the 655 isolates, 92 (14%) were ERSP.
      Globally, the proportion of ERSP from 2007 to 2010 (before vaccination) and from
      2011 to 2014 (after vaccination) were 11.6% and 17.2% (p=0.04), respectively. Of
      the 92 ERSP, 89%, 4% and 7% displayed constitutive MLSB (resistance to macrolide,
      lincosamide and streptogramin B), inducible MLSB, and M phenotype (resistance to
      macrolide only), respectively. ERSP genotypic analysis showed that 90.2% carried
      the ermB gene, 6.5% the mefE gene, and 3.3% both the genes (ermB+mefE). The most
      prevalent ERSP serotypes were 6B, 19F and 23F before vaccination and 19F, 6B, 6A
      and 23F after vaccination. Erythromycin resistance among S. pneumoniae is
      relatively high in Casablanca. The contribution of PCVs to the reduction in
      antibiotic use is encouraging but this should be accompanied by a rational use of
      antibiotic.

PMID- 26961593
TI  - ORF5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a target
      of diversifying selection as infection progresses from acute infection to virus
      rebound.
AB  - Genetic variation in both structural and nonstructural genes is a key factor in
      the capacity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to
      evade host defenses and maintain within animals, farms and metapopulations.
      However, the exact mechanisms by which genetic variation contribute to immune
      evasion remain unclear. In a study to understand the role of host genetics in
      disease resistance, a population of pigs were experimentally infected with a type
      2 PRRSV isolate. Four pigs that showed virus rebound at 42days post-infection
      (dpi) were analyzed by 454 sequencing to characterize the rebound quasispecies.
      Deep sequencing of variable regions in nsp1, nsp2, ORF3 and ORF5 showed the
      largest number of nucleotide substitutions at day 28 compared to days 4 and 42
      post-infection. Differences were also found in genetic variations when comparing
      tonsil versus serum. The results of dN/dS ratios showed that the same regions
      evolved under negative selection. However, eight amino acid sites were identified
      as possessing significant levels of positive selection, including A27V and N32S
      substitutions in the GP5 ectodomain region. These changes may alter GP5 peptide
      signal sequence processing and N-glycosylation, respectively. The results
      indicate that the greatest genetic diversity occurs during the transition between
      acute and rebound stages of infection, and the introduction of mutations that may
      result in a gain of fitness provides a potential mechanism for persistence.

PMID- 26961595
TI  - Potential use of sludge cake from paper mill wastewater treatment as degradable
      flower pot.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sludge cake produced in paper mill industries is disposed into a
      landfill and may cause the environmental and health problems. Now many
      researchers have tried to recycle rigid materials from it for the purpose of
      decreasing its volume. The aims of this study were to clarify three hypotheses:
      (1) whether a flower pot would be economically made from sludge cake, (2) whether
      it would be safe for environment, and (3) when vegetables would grow enough in
      it, whether they would be safe for human consumption. METHODS: Sludge cake was
      mixed with soil (soil texture: heavy clay). The circular plaster mold was used as
      a fixed mold. As the toxicological testing, leaching test and seed germination
      test were used. Heavy metal concentrations in vegetables grown in the flower pot
      were measured. RESULTS: The flower pot was sufficiently formed by drying in
      natural open air. The results of leaching test showed three heavy metals, lead,
      nickel and copper, were lower than the standard in Thailand. The seed germination
      test suggested no negative effects of the flower pot on the germination of
      Chinese kale. Lead concentrations in the Chinese kale were higher than the
      recommended maximum level in leafy vegetables. CONCLUSION: The new flower pot can
      be made from sludge cake with soil. It has the possibility to have no negative
      effect on the environment. Although the vegetables grown in this flower pot are
      not suitable to eat, this flower pot has the possibility to solve the
      environmental and health problems.

PMID- 26961594
TI  - Integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in the liver of Pelteobagrus
      vachelli in response to hypoxia.
AB  - Pelteobagrus vachelli is a well-known commercial species in Asia. However, a
      sudden lack of oxygen will result in mortality and eventually to pond turnover.
      Studying the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation in fishes will not only
      help us to understand fish speciation and the evolution of the hypoxia-signaling
      pathway, but will also guide us in the breeding of hypoxia-tolerant fish strains.
      Despite this, the genetic regulatory network for miRNA-mRNA and the signaling
      pathways involved in hypoxia responses in fish have remained unexamined. In the
      present study, we used next-generation sequencing technology to characterise mRNA
      seq and miRNA-seq of control- and hypoxia-treated P. vachelli livers to elucidate
      the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation. We were able to find miRNA-mRNA
      pairs using bioinformatics analysis and miRNA prediction algorithms. Furthermore,
      we compared several key pathways which were identified as involved in the hypoxia
      response of P. vachelli. Our study is the first report on integrated analysis of
      mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in fishes and offers a deeper insight into the molecular
      mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed the results
      of mRNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq analysis. We provide a good case study for analyzing
      mRNA/miRNA expression and profiling a non-model fish species using next
      generation sequencing technology. 

PMID- 26961596
TI  - Large-scale production of functional human lysozyme from marker-free transgenic
      cloned cows.
AB  - Human lysozyme is an important natural non-specific immune protein that is highly
      expressed in breast milk and participates in the immune response of infants
      against bacterial and viral infections. Considering the medicinal value and
      market demand for human lysozyme, an animal model for large-scale production of
      recombinant human lysozyme (rhLZ) is needed. In this study, we generated
      transgenic cloned cows with the marker-free vector pBAC-hLF-hLZ, which was shown
      to efficiently express rhLZ in cow milk. Seven transgenic cloned cows, identified
      by polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot, and western blot analyses, produced
      rhLZ in milk at concentrations of up to 3149.19 +/- 24.80 mg/L. The purified rhLZ
      had a similar molecular weight and enzymatic activity as wild-type human lysozyme
      possessed the same C-terminal and N-terminal amino acid sequences. The
      preliminary results from the milk yield and milk compositions from a naturally
      lactating transgenic cloned cow 0906 were also tested. These results provide a
      solid foundation for the large-scale production of rhLZ in the future. 

PMID- 26961598
TI  - Intramolecular sensitization of americium luminescence in solution: shining light
      on short-lived forbidden 5f transitions.
AB  - The photophysical properties and solution thermodynamics of water soluble
      trivalent americium (Am(III)) complexes formed with multidentate chromophore
      bearing ligands, 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), Enterobactin, and 5-LIO(Me-3,2-HOPO), were
      investigated. The three chelators were shown to act as antenna chromophores for
      Am(III), generating sensitized luminescence emission from the metal upon
      complexation, with very short lifetimes ranging from 33 to 42 ns and low
      luminescence quantum yields (10(-3) to 10(-2)%), characteristic of Near Infra-Red
      emitters in similar systems. The specific emission peak of Am(III) assigned to
      the (5)D1 -> (7)F1 f-f transition was exploited to characterize the high proton
      independent stability of the complex formed with the most efficient sensitizer
      3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), with a log beta110 = 20.4 +/- 0.2 value. In addition, the
      optical and solution thermodynamic features of these Am(III) complexes, combined
      with density functional theory calculations, were used to probe the influence of
      electronic structure on coordination properties across the f-element series and
      to gain insight into ligand field effects. 

PMID- 26961597
TI  - Tranexamic Acid Reduces Hidden Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Total Knee
      Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To explore the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) on reducing hidden
      blood loss (HBL) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) by conducting a comparative
      study and meta-analysis. MATERIAL/METHODS: A total of 108 patients underwent TKA
      was equally distributed to experimental and control groups. The only difference
      between two groups was the administrations of 15 mg of TXA mixed in 100 mL normal
      saline for experimental group and 100 mL of normal saline for control group. The
      volumes of blood loss, red blood loss (RBL) were recorded, calculated and
      analyzed. Stata 12.0 software was applied for data analysis. RESULTS: The
      intraoperative and postoperative blood loss volume in experimental group were
      remarkably reduced compared with those in control group (intraoperative: 105.1+/
      12.1 mL vs. 185.5+/-20.3 mL, P<0.001; postoperative: 220.7+/-16.8 mL vs. 290.5+/
      22.4 mL, P<0.001). Accordingly, the control group had significantly higher
      transfusion rate than experimental group (3.7% vs.25.9%, P=0.001). Our results
      also found that both the measured and hidden RBL were obviously reduced in
      experimental group compared with control group (measured RBL: 96.9+/-11.8 mL vs.
      135.2+/-13.5 mL, P<0.001; hidden RBL: 170.8+/-37.2 mL vs. 364.2+/-41.5 mL,
      P<0.001). Furthermore, meta-analysis confirmed that TXA can notably decrease HBL
      (SMD=2.68, 95%CI=1.55~3.80, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TXA can significantly reduce
      the intraoperative and postoperative blood loss and HBL, therefore decreasing the
      transfusion need in TKA.

PMID- 26961599
TI  - The urinary metabolomic profile following the intake of meals supplemented with a
      cocoa extract in middle-aged obese subjects.
AB  - Metabolomics is used to assess the compliance and bioavailability of food
      components, as well as to evaluate the metabolic changes associated with food
      consumption. This study aimed to analyze the effect of consuming ready-to-eat
      meals containing a cocoa extract, within an energy restricted diet on urinary
      metabolomic changes. Fifty middle-aged volunteers [30.6 (2.3) kg m(-2)]
      participated in a 4-week randomised, parallel and double-blind study. Half
      consumed meals supplemented with 1.4 g of cocoa extract (645 mg polyphenols)
      while the remaining subjects received meals without cocoa supplementation. Ready
      to-eat meals were included within a 15% energy restricted diet. Urine samples (24
      h) were collected at baseline and after 4 weeks and were analyzed by high
      performance-liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS)
      in negative and positive ionization modes followed by multivariate analysis. The
      relationship between urinary metabolites was evaluated by the Spearman
      correlation test. Interestingly, the principal component analysis discriminated
      among the baseline group, control group at the endpoint and cocoa group at the
      endpoint (p < 0.01), although in the positive ionization mode the baseline and
      control groups were not well distinguished. Metabolites were related to
      theobromine metabolism (3-methylxanthine and 3-methyluric acid), food processing
      (L-beta-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine), flavonoids (2,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavanone
      5-O-glucoside and 7,4'-dimethoxy-6-C-methylflavanone), catecholamine (3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol-sulphate) and endogenous metabolism (uridine monophosphate).
      These metabolites were present in higher (p < 0.001) amounts in the cocoa group.
      3-Methylxanthine and l-beta-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine were confirmed with
      standards. Interestingly, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol-sulphate was positively
      correlated with 3-methylxanthine (rho = 0.552; p < 0.001) and 7,4'-dimethoxy-6-C
      methylflavanone (rho = 447; p = 0.002). In conclusion, the metabolomic approach
      supported the compliance of the volunteers with the intervention and suggested
      the bioavailability of cocoa compounds within the meals.

PMID- 26961600
TI  - Triple Boron-Cored Chromophores Bearing Discotic 5,11,17-Triazatrinaphthylene
      Based Ligands.
AB  - A series of novel chromophores fused with multiple boron cores have been
      successfully synthesized by the complexation of three difluoroboryl or
      diphenylboryl at the periphery of 5,11,17-triazatrinaphthylene derivative
      ligands. Their sterically congested molecular scaffolds with expanded pi
      conjugated discotic backbones render them with unique electronic properties
      including large Stokes shifts, tunable electrochemical behaviors, and low-lying
      LUMO energy levels up to -3.18 eV. 

PMID- 26961602
TI  - miR-23b targets Smad 3 and ameliorates the LPS-inhibited osteogenic
      differentiation in preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been confirmed to be the main inhibitor in
      osteogenic differentiation, posing a clinical challenge to bone healing,
      particularly for trauma followed by endotoxinemia/sepsis. However, the molecular
      mechanism remains ambiguous. miR-23b, which regulates multiple signaling pathways
      in inflammation, has been shown to be deregulated by LPS. In this study, we
      examined the LPS-mediated regulation on the expression of miR-23b and Smad 3 in
      preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Then we determined the regulation of miR-23b
      overexpression on the Smad 3 expression and on the LPS-mediated inhibition of
      bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced osteogenic differentiation. Our
      results demonstrated that LPS significantly downregulated the expression of miR
      23b, while upregulating Smad 3 in MC3T3-E1 cells. However, the transfection with
      miR-23b mimics markedly downregulated the Smad 3 in both mRNA and protein levels,
      via the specific binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of Smad 3. Moreover,
      though LPS markedly downregulated the BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of
      MC3T3-E1 cells by inhibiting the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
      Osteocalcin (OCN), Osteopontin (OPN) and Runt-related transcription factor 2
      (RUNX2). The upregulated miR-23b reversed such downregulation of ALP, OCN, OPN
      and RUNX2 in the MC3T3-E1 cells which were treated both with LPS and BMP-2. In
      conclusion, our data indicates that miR-23b ameliorates the LPS-mediated
      inhibition of BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells,
      implying the protective role of miR-23b in the LPS-mediated inhibition of
      osteogenic differentiation and bone formation. 

PMID- 26961601
TI  - Evaluation of the potential toxicity of unmodified and modified cyclodextrins on
      murine blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of unmodified alpha
      cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and modified cyclodextrins, including trimethyl-beta
      cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD), on
      immortalized murine microvascular endothelial (cEND) cells of the blood-brain
      barrier (BBB). A CellTiter-Glo viability test, performed on the cEND cells showed
      significant differences among the different cyclodextrins. After 24 hr of
      incubation, TRIMEB was the most cytotoxic, and HPbetaCD was non-toxic. alpha-CD
      and TRIMEB exhibited greater cytotoxicity in the Dulbecco's modified Eagle's
      medium than in heat-inactivated human serum indicating protective properties of
      the human serum. The predicted dynamic toxicity profiles (Td) for alpha-CD and
      TRIMEB indicated higher cytotoxicity for these cyclodextrins compared to the
      reference compound (dimethylsulfoxide). Molecular dynamics simulation of
      cholesterol binding to the CDs suggested that not just cholesterol but
      phospholipids extraction might be involved in the cytotoxicity. Overall, the
      results demonstrate that HPbetaCD has the potential to be used as a candidate for
      drug delivery vector development and signify a correlation between the in vitro
      cytotoxic effect and cholesterol binding of cyclodextrins.

PMID- 26961603
TI  - In utero-exposed di(n-butyl) phthalate induce dose dependent, age-related changes
      of morphology and testosterone-biosynthesis enzymes/associated proteins of Leydig
      cell mitochondria in rats.
AB  - Female pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically (ig) administered di(n
      butyl) phthalate (DBP) at four doses (0, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg) during gestation
      days (GD) 12-21 (n = 5 per group). The age-related morphological changes of
      Leydig cell mitochondrion (LC-Mt) and testosterone biosynthesis
      enzymes/associated genes/proteins expression levels were investigated. As
      compared to the control (no DBP), the 10 mg, and 50 mg DBP dose groups, the 100
      mg DBP dose group at weeks 5 and 7 showed a significant amount of small LC-Mt.
      Thereafter, from weeks 9 to 17, the LC-Mt size and quantity in the 100 mg DBP
      dose group increased and became statistically similar to the other dose groups;
      hence, dose and time-dependent LC-Mt changes were observed. Throughout the study,
      the 100 mg DBP dose group had significantly lower testosterone levels. In
      addition, the 100 mg DBP dose group displayed lower StAR (StAR, steroidogenic
      acute regulatory protein) and P450scc (CYP11a1, cholesterol side-chain cleavage
      enzyme) levels at weeks 5 and 7, but they became statistically similar to all
      other dose groups at weeks 9 to 17; in contrast, the SR-B1 (Sarb1, scavenger
      receptor class B member 1) levels were similar for all DBP dose groups. The rats
      in utero 100 mg DBP /kg/day (GD 12-21) exposure results from this study indicate
      a dose-dependent, age-related morphological change in LC-Mt which are linked to
      reductions in testosterone biosynthesis genes / proteins expression, specifically
      StAR and P450scc. 

PMID- 26961604
TI  - Tributyltin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest via NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate
      dehydrogenase in human embryonic carcinoma cells.
AB  - Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT), are well-known endocrine
      disrupting chemicals (EDCs). We have recently reported that TBT induces growth
      arrest in the human embryonic carcinoma cell line NT2/D1 at nanomolar levels by
      inhibiting NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH), which catalyzes
      the irreversible conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate. However, the
      molecular mechanisms by which NAD-IDH mediates TBT toxicity remain unclear. In
      the present study, we examined whether TBT at nanomolar levels affects cell cycle
      progression in NT2/D1 cells. Propidium iodide staining revealed that TBT reduced
      the ratio of cells in the G1 phase and increased the ratio of cells in the G2/M
      phase. TBT also reduced cell division cycle 25C (cdc25C) and cyclin B1, which are
      key regulators of G2/M progression. Furthermore, apigenin, an inhibitor of NAD
      IDH, mimicked the effects of TBT. The G2/M arrest induced by TBT was abolished by
      NAD-IDHalpha knockdown. Treatment with a cell-permeable alpha-ketoglutarate
      analogue recovered the effect of TBT, suggesting the involvement of NAD-IDH.
      Taken together, our data suggest that TBT at nanomolar levels induced G2/M cell
      cycle arrest via NAD-IDH in NT2/D1 cells. Thus, cell cycle analysis in embryonic
      cells could be used to assess cytotoxicity associated with nanomolar level
      exposure of EDCs. 

PMID- 26961605
TI  - Zinc diethyldithiocarbamate as an inducer of metallothionein in cultured vascular
      endothelial cells.
AB  - Vascular endothelial cells are in direct contact with blood. Inorganic zinc is
      thought to be incapable of inducing metallothionein, which protects cells from
      heavy metal toxicity and oxidative stress, in vascular endothelial cells. Here,
      we aimed to further characterize the induction of metallothionein in vascular
      endothelial cells. Our results confirmed that inorganic zinc could not induce
      metallothionein in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, ZnSO4 could not activate
      both the metal response element (MRE) transcription factor 1 (MTF-1)/MRE and
      Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathways and was incapable of inducing
      metallothionein. In addition, bis(L-cysteinato)zincate(II), a zinc complex that
      activates the MTF-1/MRE pathway, increased MRE promoter activity but failed to
      induce metallothionein, suggesting that vascular endothelial metallothionein was
      not induced only by activation of the MTF-1/MRE pathway. Further analysis of a
      library of zinc complexes showed that zinc(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)
      activated the MTF-1/MRE pathway but not the Nrf2/ARE pathway, increased MT-1A, MT
      1E, and MT-2A mRNA levels, and induced metallothionein proteins. These data
      indicated that zinc complexes may be excellent tools to analyze metallothionein
      induction in vascular endothelial cells. 

PMID- 26961607
TI  - A simple method for oral mucosal irritation test by intraoral instillation in
      rats.
AB  - Evaluation of oral mucosal irritation is required by regulatory agencies when the
      intended clinical route of the drug candidate is intraoral administration. In
      this study, we investigated whether it was possible to evaluate oral mucosal
      irritation in rats by an intraoral instillation which was thought to mimic the
      clinical route of gargle products. Although no oral mucosal irritation was
      observed in the animals instilled with 0.5% and 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS,
      an anionic detergent) solutions for 10 days, instillation of 15% SDS solution for
      4 days induced oral mucosal irritation macro- and microscopically, and this was
      evaluated as moderate irritant. It was suggested that the oral mucosal irritation
      test by intraoral instillation in rats could be a simple and useful method
      mimicking the clinical route of gargle products. 

PMID- 26961606
TI  - Induction of metallothionein isoforms by copper diethyldithiocarbamate in
      cultured vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - Metallothionein (MT) plays a central role in cellular defense against heavy
      metals and oxidative stress. Since the induction of MT requires the activation of
      metal response element (MRE)-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) by binding of
      zinc ions, inorganic zinc is regarded as a typical MT inducer. However, in a
      previous report, we showed that inorganic zinc could not induce MT in vascular
      endothelial cells. While it is suggested that endothelial MT presents mechanisms
      different from those of other cell types, these remain unclear. In this study, we
      investigated whether the induction of endothelial MT expression involves the Nrf2
      ARE pathway using copper(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate), termed Cu10, using a
      culture system of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Cu10 induced MT-1/2 protein
      expression and increased the expression of mRNAs for MT-1A, MT-1E, and MT-2, MT
      isoforms expressed in the cells. Cu10 activated not only the MTF-1-MRE, but also
      the Nrf2-ARE pathway. MTF-1 knockdown resulted in the repression of Cu10-induced
      MT-1 and -2 expression. Cu10-induced MT-1 expression was down-regulated by Nrf2
      knockdown. However, MT-2 expression was not affected by Nrf2 knockdown. These
      results suggest that the expression of endothelial MT is up-regulated by the Nrf2
      ARE pathway as well as by the MTF-1-MRE pathway. Moreover, MT-1 regulation
      mechanisms differ from that of MT-2. Specifically, the present data support the
      hypothesis that MT-1 participates in the biological defense system, while MT-2
      mainly regulates intracellular zinc metabolism. 

PMID- 26961608
TI  - Metallomics approach to changes in element concentration during differentiation
      from fibroblasts into adipocytes by element array analysis.
AB  - We aimed to establish an element array analysis that involves the simultaneous
      detection of all elements in cells and the display of changes in element
      concentration before and after a cellular event. In this study, we demonstrated
      changes in element concentration during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 mouse
      fibroblasts into adipocytes. This metallomics approach yielded unique information
      of cellular response to physiological and toxicological events. 

PMID- 26961609
TI  - Decreased hepatic phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase contributes
      to attenuation of thioacetamide-induced hepatic necrosis in diet-induced obese
      mice.
AB  - We previously reported that thioacetamide (TA)-induced hepatocellular necrosis
      was attenuated in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD mice) compared with mice fed a
      normal rodent diet (ND mice). In this study, we investigated whether p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was involved in this attenuation. Western
      blot analysis revealed that hepatic phosphorylated p38 MAPK protein decreased at
      8 and 24 hours (hr) after TA dosing in the HFD mice, while it decreased only at
      24 hr in the ND mice in comparison to the time- and diet-matched, vehicle-treated
      mice. p38 MAPK regulates various biological functions including inflammation,
      therefore, hepatic metabolomics analysis focusing on pro-inflammatory lipid
      mediators was performed. At 24 hr after TA dosing, only one pro-inflammatory
      mediator, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), was higher in the HFD mice. On
      the other hand, in addition to 12-HETE, 15-HETE and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic
      acid (HEPE) were higher and omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios
      were lower in the ND mice at 24 hr. These results of metabolomics indicated that
      less pro-inflammatory state was seen in HFD mice than in ND mice at 24 hr.
      Finally, to confirm whether the observed decrease in phosphorylated p38 MAPK
      could attenuate TA-induced hepatocellular necrosis, we showed that SB203580
      hydrochloride, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, partially attenuated TA-induced hepatic
      necrosis in ND mice. Collectively, these results suggest that a prompt decrease
      in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK after TA administration is one of the factors that
      attenuate TA-induced hepatic necrosis in HFD mice. 

PMID- 26961610
TI  - Methoxychlor and fenvalerate induce neuronal death by reducing GluR2 expression.
AB  - GluR2, an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)
      receptor subunit, plays important roles in neuronal survival. We previously
      showed that exposure of cultured rat cortical neurons to several chemicals
      decreases GluR2 protein expression, leading to neuronal toxicity. Methoxychlor,
      the bis-p-methoxy derivative of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and fenvalerate,
      a synthetic pyrethroid chemical, have been used commercially as agricultural
      pesticides in several countries. In this study, we investigated the effects of
      long-term methoxychlor and fenvalerate exposure on neuronal glutamate receptors.
      Treatment of cultured rat cortical neurons with 1 or 10 uM methoxychlor and
      fenvalerate for 9 days selectively decreased GluR2 protein expression; the
      expression of other AMPA receptor subunits GluR1, GluR3, and GluR4 did not change
      under the same conditions. Importantly, the decreases in GluR2 protein expression
      were also observed on the cell surface membrane where AMPA receptors typically
      function. In addition, both chemicals decreased neuronal viability, which was
      blocked by pretreatment with 1-naphtylacetylspermine, an antagonist of GluR2
      lacking AMPA receptors, and MK-801, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
      antagonist. These results suggest that long-term exposure to methoxychlor and
      fenvalerate decreases GluR2 protein expression, leading to neuronal death via
      overactivation of GluR2-lacking AMPA and NMDA receptors. 

PMID- 26961611
TI  - Maternal administration of nanomaterials elicits hemoglobin upregulation in the
      neonatal brain of non-human primates.
AB  - To investigate the influence of nanomaterial exposure during fetal development,
      diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), carbon black (CB), or titanium dioxide (TiO2)
      was injected intradermally to pregnant rhesus macaques. The hippocampus and
      cerebellum of newborn infants were then examined. DNA microarray and quantitative
      real-time RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses were used to
      measure the expression of the hemoglobin genes, HBA, HBB, and HBG. Of the
      nanomaterials tested, DEP elicited the greatest increase in mRNA and protein
      levels of hemoglobin genes in the brain tissues. Strong signal of HbA protein was
      detected in the pyramidal cell layer, the polymorphic cell layer and in the
      alveus of the hippocampi of the DEP-treated animals. The altered gene expression
      was likely due to responses to oxidative or nitrosative stress and/or hypoxia in
      the fetal/neonatal brain. Since excessive hemoglobin is reportedly neurotoxic,
      the vulnerability of developing brains by long-term upregulation of hemoglobin
      should be considered. Maternal exposure to nanomaterials may increase the risk of
      brain dysfunction in offspring. 

PMID- 26961612
TI  - NF-kappaB activation via MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling is
      inhibited by trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol.
AB  - Macrophages induce the innate immunity by recognizing pathogens through Toll-like
      receptors (TLRs), which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Myeloid
      differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which is an essential adaptor molecule for
      most TLRs, mediates the induction of inflammatory cytokines through nuclear
      factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) shows
      immunotoxic effects by interrupting inflammatory mediators produced by activated
      macrophages. The present study investigates the effect of DON on NF-kappaB in
      activated macrophages through MyD88-dependent pathways. DON inhibited NF-kappaB
      dependent reporter activity induced by MyD88-dependent TLR agonists. In addition,
      lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated
      kinase 1 and inhibitor kappaBalpha were attenuated by DON. Furthermore, DON
      downregulated the expression level of MyD88. These results suggest that DON
      inhibits NF-kappaB activation in macrophages stimulated with TLR ligands via
      MyD88-dependent TLR signals. Therefore exposure to DON may lead to the inhibition
      of MyD88-dependent pathway of TLR signaling. 

PMID- 26961613
TI  - Detection of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens and prediction of their mechanism of
      action in rats using gene marker sets.
AB  - Several studies have successfully detected hepatocarcinogenicity in rats based on
      gene expression data. However, prediction of hepatocarcinogens with certain
      mechanisms of action (MOAs), such as enzyme inducers and peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonists, can prove difficult using a single
      model and requires a highly toxic dose. Here, we constructed a model for
      detecting non-genotoxic (NGTX) hepatocarcinogens and predicted their MOAs in
      rats. Gene expression data deposited in the Open Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics
      Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System (TG-GATEs) was used to investigate gene
      marker sets. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate
      different MOAs, and a support vector machine algorithm was applied to construct
      the prediction model. This approach identified 106 probe sets as gene marker sets
      for PCA and enabled the prediction model to be constructed. In PCA, NGTX
      hepatocarcinogens were classified as follows based on their MOAs: cytotoxicants,
      PPARalpha agonists, or enzyme inducers. The prediction model detected
      hepatocarcinogenicity with an accuracy of more than 90% in 14- and 28-day
      repeated-dose studies. In addition, the doses capable of predicting NGTX
      hepatocarcinogenicity were close to those required in rat carcinogenicity assays.
      In conclusion, our PCA and prediction model using gene marker sets will help
      assess the risk of hepatocarcinogenicity in humans based on MOAs and reduce the
      number of two-year rodent bioassays. 

PMID- 26961614
TI  - Systematic identification of seven ribosomal protein genes in bighead carp and
      their expression in response to microcystin-LR.
AB  - Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is one of the most toxic cyanotoxins produced in algal
      blooms. The toxic effects of MCLR on the expression of some organelles genes
      (mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton etc) have been widely
      investigated, but little is known how it impacts on the expression of ribosomal
      genes. In this study we identified seven ribosomal protein genes RPS6, RPS12,
      RPS24, RPS27a, RPL12, RPL27 and RPL29 in bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis),
      whose expression was regulated by MCLR. The amino acid sequences of those 7 genes
      shared more than 90% identity with corresponding sequences from zebrafish, and
      were well conserved throughout evolution. The 3D structure prediction showed that
      the structures of these ribosomal proteins were conserved, but had species
      specificity. Q-PCR analysis revealed that expression of seven genes changed
      dramatically at 3 hr, then went back to a moderate change- level at 24 hr in
      almost all tested tissues (liver, kidney, intestine, heart, spleen and gill) post
      MCLR injection, but in brain expression of the seven genes stayed same as the
      normal level. This study will help us to know not only about the evolution and
      functions of ribosomal proteins in anti-MCLR response in bighead carp, but also
      about the MCLR toxicity and its impact on aquaculture and human health. 

PMID- 26961615
TI  - Effects of prolonged antipsychotic administration on neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling
      in rat prefrontal cortex and myocardium: implications for the therapeutic action
      and cardiac adverse effect.
AB  - Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) are at higher risk for developing
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neuregulin-1 (NRG1)/ErbB signaling has been
      identified as a common susceptibility pathway for the comorbidity. Antipsychotic
      treatment can change NRG1/ErbB signaling in the brain, which has been implicated
      in their therapeutic actions, whereas the drug-induced alterations of NRG1/ErbB
      pathway in cardiovascular system might be associated with the prominent cardiac
      side-effects of antipsychotic medication. To test this hypothesis, we examined
      NRG1/ErbB system in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and myocardium following 4-week
      intraperitoneal administration of haloperidol, risperidone or clozapine.
      Generally, the antipsychotics significantly enhanced NRG1/ErbB signaling with
      increased expression of NRG1 and phosphorylation of ErbB4 and ErbB2 in the brain
      and myocardium, except that clozapine partly blocked the cardiac NRG1/ErbB2
      activation, which could be associated with its more severe cardiac adverse
      actions. Combined, our data firstly showed evidence of the effect of
      antipsychotic exposure on myocardial NRG1/ErbB signaling, along with the
      activated NRG1/ErbB system in brain, providing a potential link between the
      therapeutic actions and cardiotoxicity. 

PMID- 26961616
TI  - Low doses of the mycotoxin citrinin protect cortical neurons against glutamate
      induced excitotoxicity.
AB  - Citrinin, a natural mycotoxin that is found in fermented foods, is known as a
      cytotoxin and nephrotoxin. Exposure to high doses of citrinin result in
      apoptosis; however, the effects of low doses are not fully understood. Glutamate
      excitotoxicity is responsible for neuronal death in acute neurological disorders
      including stroke, trauma and other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we show the
      neuroprotective effect of low doses of citrinin against glutamate-induced
      excitotoxicity. We examined the effect of citrinin exposure on glutamate-induced
      cell death in cultured rat cortical neurons under two conditions: simultaneous
      treatment with citrinin 0.1 to 1,000 nM and glutamate (30 MUM) for 1, 3 hr; the
      same simultaneous treatment for 3 hr after pretreatment with citrinin for 21 hr.
      Both the MTT and immunocytochemical assay showed significant neuroprotective
      effects at several doses and exposure times tested. All concentrations of
      citrinin tested showed no remarkable cell death following 14-day exposure, and no
      marked alterations to synapses. These data suggest that low doses of citrinin can
      be used as a neuroprotective agent against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity
      without additional harmful cellular alterations. 

PMID- 26961618
TI  - Who ordered that?

PMID- 26961617
TI  - Establishment of an in silico phospholipidosis prediction method using
      descriptors related to molecular interactions causing phospholipid-compound
      complex formation.
AB  - Although phospholipidosis (PLD) often affects drug development, there is no
      convenient in vitro or in vivo test system for PLD detection. In this study, we
      developed an in silico PLD prediction method based on the PLD-inducing mechanism.
      We focused on phospholipid (PL)-compound complex formation, which inhibits PL
      degradation by phospholipase. Thus, we used some molecular interactions, such as
      electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and intermolecular forces,
      between PL and compounds as descriptors. First, we performed descriptor screening
      for intermolecular force and then developed a new in silico PLD prediction using
      descriptors related to molecular interactions. Based on the screening, we
      identified molecular refraction (MR) as a descriptor of intermolecular force. It
      is known that ClogP and most-basic pKa can be used for PLD prediction. Thereby,
      we developed an in silico prediction method using ClogP, most-basic pKa, and MR,
      which were related to hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and
      intermolecular forces. In addition, a resampling method was used to determine the
      cut-off values for each descriptor. We obtained good results for 77 compounds as
      follows: sensitivity = 95.8%, specificity = 75.9%, and concordance = 88.3%.
      Although there is a concern regarding false-negative compounds for pKa
      calculations, this predictive ability will be adequate for PLD screening. In
      conclusion, the mechanism-based in silico PLD prediction method provided good
      prediction ability, and this method will be useful for evaluating the potential
      of drugs to cause PLD, particularly in the early stage of drug development,
      because this method only requires knowledge of the chemical structure. 

PMID- 26961619
TI  - Food processing.

PMID- 26961620
TI  - Gene intelligence.

PMID- 26961621
TI  - Support communities involved in disease studies.

PMID- 26961632
TI  - 'Open-hardware' pioneers push for low-cost lab kit.

PMID- 26961633
TI  - How the US CRISPR patent probe will play out.

PMID- 26961634
TI  - Chinese gravitational-wave hunt hits crunch time.

PMID- 26961635
TI  - Statisticians issue warning over misuse of P values.

PMID- 26961636
TI  - Five million US seeds banked for resurrection experiment.

PMID- 26961637
TI  - First Zika-linked birth defects detected in Colombia.

PMID- 26961638
TI  - CRISPR everywhere.

PMID- 26961639
TI  - CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning.

PMID- 26961640
TI  - Welcome to the CRISPR zoo.

PMID- 26961646
TI  - Zika virus: accurate terminology matters.

PMID- 26961642
TI  - Governance: Learn from DIY biologists.

PMID- 26961641
TI  - Policy: Reboot the debate on genetic engineering.

PMID- 26961647
TI  - Europe: Better management of alien species.

PMID- 26961648
TI  - Disciplinary balance: How to engage social scientists in IPBES.

PMID- 26961649
TI  - Scientific record: Class uncorrected errors as misconduct.

PMID- 26961650
TI  - Zika virus: designate standardized names.

PMID- 26961651
TI  - Superconductors: Exponential boost for quantum information.

PMID- 26961652
TI  - Plant biology: LURE is bait for multiple receptors.

PMID- 26961653
TI  - Sustainable chemistry: Putting carbon dioxide to work.

PMID- 26961654
TI  - Exponential protection of zero modes in Majorana islands.
AB  - Majorana zero modes are quasiparticle excitations in condensed matter systems
      that have been proposed as building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computers.
      They are expected to exhibit non-Abelian particle statistics, in contrast to the
      usual statistics of fermions and bosons, enabling quantum operations to be
      performed by braiding isolated modes around one another. Quantum braiding
      operations are topologically protected insofar as these modes are pinned near
      zero energy, with the departure from zero expected to be exponentially small as
      the modes become spatially separated. Following theoretical proposals, several
      experiments have identified signatures of Majorana modes in nanowires with
      proximity-induced superconductivity and atomic chains, with small amounts of mode
      splitting potentially explained by hybridization of Majorana modes. Here, we use
      Coulomb-blockade spectroscopy in an InAs nanowire segment with epitaxial
      aluminium, which forms a proximity-induced superconducting Coulomb island (a
      'Majorana island') that is isolated from normal-metal leads by tunnel barriers,
      to measure the splitting of near-zero-energy Majorana modes. We observe
      exponential suppression of energy splitting with increasing wire length. For
      short devices of a few hundred nanometres, sub-gap state energies oscillate as
      the magnetic field is varied, as is expected for hybridized Majorana modes.
      Splitting decreases by a factor of about ten for each half a micrometre of
      increased wire length. For devices longer than about one micrometre, transport in
      strong magnetic fields occurs through a zero-energy state that is energetically
      isolated from a continuum, yielding uniformly spaced Coulomb-blockade conductance
      peaks, consistent with teleportation via Majorana modes. Our results help to
      explain the trivial-to-topological transition in finite systems and to quantify
      the scaling of topological protection with end-mode separation. 

PMID- 26961655
TI  - Carbon dioxide utilization via carbonate-promoted C-H carboxylation.
AB  - Using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a feedstock for commodity synthesis is an
      attractive means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and a possible stepping
      stone towards renewable synthetic fuels. A major impediment to synthesizing
      compounds from CO2 is the difficulty of forming carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds
      efficiently: although CO2 reacts readily with carbon-centred nucleophiles,
      generating these intermediates requires high-energy reagents (such as highly
      reducing metals or strong organic bases), carbon-heteroatom bonds or relatively
      acidic carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. These requirements negate the environmental
      benefit of using CO2 as a substrate and limit the chemistry to low-volume
      targets. Here we show that intermediate-temperature (200 to 350 degrees Celsius)
      molten salts containing caesium or potassium cations enable carbonate ions (CO3(2
      )) to deprotonate very weakly acidic C-H bonds (pKa > 40), generating carbon
      centred nucleophiles that react with CO2 to form carboxylates. To illustrate a
      potential application, we use C-H carboxylation followed by protonation to
      convert 2-furoic acid into furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA)--a highly desirable
      bio-based feedstock with numerous applications, including the synthesis of
      polyethylene furandicarboxylate (PEF), which is a potential large-scale
      substitute for petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Since 2-furoic
      acid can readily be made from lignocellulose, CO3(2-)-promoted C-H carboxylation
      thus reveals a way to transform inedible biomass and CO2 into a valuable
      feedstock chemical. Our results provide a new strategy for using CO2 in the
      synthesis of multi-carbon compounds.

PMID- 26961656
TI  - The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
AB  - The terrestrial biosphere can release or absorb the greenhouse gases, carbon
      dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and therefore has an
      important role in regulating atmospheric composition and climate. Anthropogenic
      activities such as land-use change, agriculture and waste management have altered
      terrestrial biogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, and the resulting increases in
      methane and nitrous oxide emissions in particular can contribute to climate
      change. The terrestrial biogenic fluxes of individual greenhouse gases have been
      studied extensively, but the net biogenic greenhouse gas balance resulting from
      anthropogenic activities and its effect on the climate system remains uncertain.
      Here we use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of local flux
      measurements, and process-based modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversions)
      approaches to quantify the global net biogenic greenhouse gas balance between
      1981 and 2010 resulting from anthropogenic activities and its effect on the
      climate system. We find that the cumulative warming capacity of concurrent
      biogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions is a factor of about two larger than
      the cooling effect resulting from the global land carbon dioxide uptake from 2001
      to 2010. This results in a net positive cumulative impact of the three greenhouse
      gases on the planetary energy budget, with a best estimate (in petagrams of CO2
      equivalent per year) of 3.9 +/- 3.8 (top down) and 5.4 +/- 4.8 (bottom up) based
      on the GWP100 metric (global warming potential on a 100-year time horizon). Our
      findings suggest that a reduction in agricultural methane and nitrous oxide
      emissions, particularly in Southern Asia, may help mitigate climate change. 

PMID- 26961657
TI  - Tip-localized receptors control pollen tube growth and LURE sensing in
      Arabidopsis.
AB  - Directional control of tip-growing cells is essential for proper tissue
      organization and cell-to-cell communication in animals and plants. In the sexual
      reproduction of flowering plants, the tip growth of the male gametophyte, the
      pollen tube, is precisely guided by female cues to achieve fertilization. Several
      female-secreted peptides have recently been identified as species-specific
      attractants that directly control the direction of pollen tube growth. However,
      the method by which pollen tubes precisely and promptly respond to the guidance
      signal from their own species is unknown. Here we show that tip-localized pollen
      specific receptor-like kinase 6 (PRK6) with an extracellular leucine-rich repeat
      domain is an essential receptor for sensing of the LURE1 attractant peptide in
      Arabidopsis thaliana under semi-in-vivo conditions, and is important for ovule
      targeting in the pistil. PRK6 interacted with pollen-expressed ROPGEFs (Rho of
      plant guanine nucleotide-exchange factors), which are important for pollen tube
      growth through activation of the signalling switch Rho GTPase ROP1 (refs 7, 8).
      PRK6 conferred responsiveness to AtLURE1 in pollen tubes of the related species
      Capsella rubella. Furthermore, our genetic and physiological data suggest that
      PRK6 signalling through ROPGEFs and sensing of AtLURE1 are achieved in
      cooperation with the other PRK family receptors, PRK1, PRK3 and PRK8. Notably,
      the tip-focused PRK6 accumulated asymmetrically towards an external AtLURE1
      source before reorientation of pollen tube tip growth. These results demonstrate
      that PRK6 acts as a key membrane receptor for external AtLURE1 attractants, and
      recruits the core tip-growth machinery, including ROP signalling proteins. This
      work provides insights into the orchestration of efficient pollen tube growth and
      species-specific pollen tube attraction by multiple receptors during male-female
      communication. 

PMID- 26961660
TI  - Metastability and no criticality.

PMID- 26961658
TI  - Structure, inhibition and regulation of two-pore channel TPC1 from Arabidopsis
      thaliana.
AB  - Two-pore channels (TPCs) comprise a subfamily (TPC1-3) of eukaryotic voltage- and
      ligand-gated cation channels with two non-equivalent tandem pore-forming subunits
      that dimerize to form quasi-tetramers. Found in vacuolar or endolysosomal
      membranes, they regulate the conductance of sodium and calcium ions,
      intravesicular pH, trafficking and excitability. TPCs are activated by a decrease
      in transmembrane potential and an increase in cytosolic calcium concentrations,
      are inhibited by low luminal pH and calcium, and are regulated by
      phosphorylation. Here we report the crystal structure of TPC1 from Arabidopsis
      thaliana at 2.87 A resolution as a basis for understanding ion permeation,
      channel activation, the location of voltage-sensing domains and regulatory ion
      binding sites. We determined sites of phosphorylation in the amino-terminal and
      carboxy-terminal domains that are positioned to allosterically modulate
      cytoplasmic Ca(2+) activation. One of the two voltage-sensing domains (VSD2)
      encodes voltage sensitivity and inhibition by luminal Ca(2+) and adopts a
      conformation distinct from the activated state observed in structures of other
      voltage-gated ion channels. The structure shows that potent pharmacophore trans
      Ned-19 (ref. 17) acts allosterically by clamping the pore domains to VSD2. In
      animals, Ned-19 prevents infection by Ebola virus and other filoviruses,
      presumably by altering their fusion with the endolysosome and delivery of their
      contents into the cytoplasm. 

PMID- 26961661
TI  - Palmer et al. reply.

PMID- 26961663
TI  - Corrigendum: Can silicon carbide serve as a saturable absorber for passive mode
      locked fiber lasers?

PMID- 26961662
TI  - Total testosterone levels are correlated to metabolic syndrome components.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of interrelated risk
      factors of metabolic origin. Some studies suggest a possible link between low
      total testosterone (TT) levels and the presence of MetS. AIM: To analyze the
      strength and independence of associations between TT and MetS components in non
      diabetic men. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 143 non-diabetic men older
      than 40 were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE: Blood samples were collected to
      evaluate metabolic profile and TT levels. MetS was defined as the presence of
      three or more of the following characteristics: fasting blood glucose levels >=
      100 mg/dL, triglyceride >= 150 mg/dL, HDL-c < 40 mg/dL, hypertension or blood
      pressure >= 130/85 mmHg, and waist girth > 102 cm. RESULTS: Mean age of the study
      population was 61.5 +/- 8.61 years old. MetS was present in 47.9% of the
      individuals. Thirty-four men had low TT and MetS was observed in 23 (70%) against
      50 (46%) in those with normal TT (>= 300 ng/dL) (OR 4.94, p < 0.01), adjusted to
      confounder's factors. In multiple linear regression analysis, only waist
      circumference (Beta: -0.395; p = 0.03) and HDL-c (Beta: 0.19; p = 0.04) remained
      significantly correlated with TT levels. CONCLUSIONS: Low TT levels were
      associated with MetS diagnosis. Abdominal obesity was the MetS component
      independently correlated to low TT levels.

PMID- 26961664
TI  - Lifelong Cyclic Mechanical Strain Promotes Large Elastic Artery Stiffening:
      Increased Pulse Pressure and Old Age-Related Organ Failure.
AB  - The arterial wall is under a huge mechanical constraint imposed by the cardiac
      cycle that is bound to generate damage with time. Each heartbeat indeed imposes a
      pulsatile pressure that generates a vascular stretch. Lifetime accumulation of
      pulsatile stretches will eventually induce fatigue of the elastic large arterial
      walls, such as aortic and carotid artery walls, promoting their stiffening that
      will gradually perturb the normal blood flow and local pressure within the
      organs, and lead to organ failure. The augmented pulse pressure induced by
      arterial stiffening favours left ventricular hypertrophy because of the repeated
      extra work against stiff high-pressure arteries, and tissue damage as a result of
      excessive pulsatile pressure transmitted into the microcirculation, especially in
      low resistance/high-flow organs such as the brain and kidneys. Vascular aging is
      therefore characterized by the stiffening of large elastic arteries leading to a
      gradual increase in pulse pressure with age. In this review we focus on the
      effect of age-related stiffening of large elastic arteries. We report the
      clinical evidence linking arterial stiffness and organ failure and discuss the
      molecular pathways that are activated by the increase of mechanical stress in the
      wall. We also discuss the possible interventions that could limit arterial
      stiffening with age, such as regular aerobic exercise training, and some
      pharmacological approaches.

PMID- 26961665
TI  - Dyspnea and Chest Pain in a Young Woman Caused by a Giant Pericardial
      Lymphohemangioma: Diagnosis and Treatment.
AB  - We describe a 21-year-old woman who presented with chest pain and dyspnea on
      exertion and who was found to have a large pericardial mass. Multimodality
      imaging was instrumental in narrowing the differential diagnosis and planning
      surgical treatment, which included coronary artery bypass and right-sided heart
      reconstruction. The final pathologic diagnosis was lymphohemangioma; to our
      knowledge, this was the largest cardiac/pericardial vascular tumor ever to be
      reported in the literature.

PMID- 26961667
TI  - Recent Patents in Oncolytic Virotherapy.
AB  - Recent innovative and advanced developments in the diagnosis and treatment of
      human diseases as well as enhanced in-depth understanding of virus molecular
      biology have opened novel avenues with respect to the patent landscape. Included
      are viruses utilized in the development of anticancer agents, agents that are
      employed against the spread of infectious viral diseases, RNA silencing agents
      and virus-derived expression vectors that can be used for over-expression of
      therapeutic proteins or as gene therapy vehicles. The current review describes
      several recent patents pertaining to virus sequences and their medical and
      biotechnological applications. 

PMID- 26961666
TI  - Definition and estimation of osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ), and optimal duration of
      antiresorptive treatment in bone metastatic cancer patients: supplementary data
      from the denosumab extension study?

PMID- 26961668
TI  - Recent Patents for Homologous Recombination Deficiency Assays Among Women with
      Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - Ovarian cancer continues to present a significant health challenge with little
      progress being made over the past two decades in reducing the incidence and
      mortality. More recently, novel therapeutics have emerged as a potential way of
      improving outcomes for women with advanced ovarian cancer who harbor mutations in
      genes involved in homologous recombination (HR), most notably BRCA1 and BRCA2. In
      the United States, Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, has been recently approved for
      ovarian cancer patients treated with three or more lines of prior chemotherapy
      who harbor germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. As a caveat to Olaparib's FDA
      approval, BRACAnalysis CDx((r)) was approved as a companion diagnostic test for
      women with ovarian cancer to determine their BRCA1/2 mutation status and
      eligibility for treatment. This review article will provide essential background
      information on hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), describe the
      therapeutic mechanism of PARP inhibitors, and will chronicle the current and
      emerging homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) assays and their associated
      patents. 

PMID- 26961669
TI  - Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Microbacterium oleivorans A1: A Possible
      Mechanism of Chromate -Detoxification and -Bioremediation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(6+)) contamination is one of the mejor
      problems of environmental protection for its carcinogenic effect on human health.
      Remediation of Cr(6+) contaminated environment thus becomes highest priority.
      METHODS: A Gram positive tiny rod shaped chromate (Cr(6+)) reducing bacterium
      strain A1 was isolated from uranium ore collected from Jaduguda, East Singhbhum,
      Jharkhand. The strain was identified and characterized in terms of its potential
      to reduce more toxic Cr(6+) to its less toxic form for its application in
      bioremediation of Cr(6+) contaminated environments. RESULTS: 16S rRNA gene based
      phylogentic analysis identified the strain as Microbacterium oleivorans. Along
      with Cr(6+), the strain showed resistance to other heavy metals including Ag, Cu,
      Co, Hg, Ni and Zn also. Complete reduction of Cr(6+) (750 uM) was achieved within
      84 h with optimum reduction at pH 9 and 30 degrees C. Effect of different
      parameters including cell mass concentration, pH, induction with Cr(6+), SO4 =
      ion, heavy metals, etc. on Cr(6+) reduction were studied thoroughly at resting
      cell condition to study its potential towards Cr(6+) bioremediation. Chromate
      reductase gene (chrA) was detected within this strain. CONCLUSION: Along with
      presence of appropriate genetic determinant, efficient Cr(6+) reduction ability
      of the strain indicated its potential for developing redox based Cr(6+)
      remediation system for varied concentrations of Cr6+ under a wide range of
      environmental conditions. Patent data have suggested the efficient application of
      Cr(6+) reducing bacteria in cleaning up of Cr(6+) contaminated environments.

PMID- 26961670
TI  - Exploration of Recombinant Streptokinase Degradation Products Under Various pH
      Reduction Conditions in Downstream Processing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Methods of producing streptokinase, which can be used in the
      treatment of myocardial infarction, by hemolytic streptococci and recombinant E.
      coli have been described in patents since 1955. Degradation products in active
      pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished pharmaceutical products are
      considered as impurities and it is required that these degradation impurities are
      minimized or rather avoided throughout manufacturing process. OBJECTIVE: The aim
      of this study was to explore the occurrence of rSK degradation during
      acidification step in downstream processing. METHODS: The polyclonal antibody was
      produced by immunization of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit with pure rSK
      (purity>98%). The solubilized inclusion bodies with various pH values (4.2, 5.0
      and 6.0) were analyzed by Western blotting using rSK polyclonal antibody.
      RESULTS: Western blot analysis demonstrated the generation of rSK degradation
      products (with the molecular weight of about 27, 20 and 17 kDa) when the pH value
      of the solubilized inclusion bodies was reduced to 5.0 and 4.2, while no
      degradation of rSK observed at pH 6.0. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that
      the level of pH reduction in the solubilized inclusion bodies during downstream
      processing plays an important role in generating rSK degradation products, and
      substantial post-solubilization degradation of rSK occurs at pH lower than 6.0.
      Development of these degradation impurities, which cannot be eliminated by
      subsequent chromatographic purifications, can be exclusively avoided during
      acidification procedure by appropriate pH adjustment approach in downstream
      processing.

PMID- 26961671
TI  - Phytochemistry, Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Actvities of Methanolic
      Leaves Extract of Lannea schimperi (Hoschst. Ex Rich) ENG.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain whether acute or chronic, peripheral or central is believed to
      originate from inflammation and inflammatory response. The potential toxicity of
      antinociceptive and antiinflammatory agents such as non steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) necessitates sourcing for less toxic alternative
      drugs. Many natural substances have been used for the management of pain and
      inflammation with success traditionally. METHODS: The present study sought to
      investigate phytochemistry, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of
      the methanolic leaves extract of Lannea schimperi. Preliminary phytochemical test
      was conducted on the extract. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of
      the extract at doses of 12 and 24 mg/kg were evaluated using acetic acid induced
      writhing model in mice and egg albumin induced acute inflammation model in rats'
      respectively. Aspirin at dose of 80 mg/kg was used as the standard drug given to
      the positive control group, while the drug vehicle was given to the negative
      control group. RESULT: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of
      carbohydrate, glycoside, reducing sugars, triterpene, steroids, cardiac
      glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, condensed
      tannins and saponins. The data obtained showed that at both doses the extract
      significantly (P< 0.05) decreased the acetic acid induced writhing reflex in mice
      when compared to the negative control group. The result also demonstrated
      significant (P< 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity of the extract at both doses.
      However, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the extract
      treated groups and the group treated with the standard drug (positive control).
      CONCLUSION: The patent data revealed the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory
      potentials of the methanolic leaves extract of Lannea schimperi which could be
      beneficial in alleviating painful inflammatory conditions.

PMID- 26961673
TI  - Diagnostic potential of YKL-40 in bladder cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: YKL-40 is a glycoprotein, which is thought to play a role in
      inflammatory conditions and tissue remodeling. Although it has been investigated
      in numerous cancers, there is very limited knowledge about the role of YKL-40 in
      bladder cancer. In this study, our aim was to determine the levels of YKL-40 in
      the sera and urines of the patients with bladder cancer, and compare it to
      urinary bladder tumor antigen (BTA), a tumor marker that can be used in the
      diagnosis of bladder cancer. METHODS: The study was comprised of 2 major groups
      as 65 healthy controls and 67 patients with bladder cancer. The patient group was
      also divided into subgroups according to tumor stage and grade. Serum and urine
      YKL-40 levels and urine BTA levels in controls and patients were determined using
      commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: Serum YKL
      40 and urinary BTA levels were significantly elevated in patients and all patient
      subgroups compared to healthy controls. Urine YKL-40 levels, on the other hand,
      were significantly elevated in all subgroups except low stage (Ta) and low grade,
      compared to controls. Although serum YKL-40 levels could not differentiate any
      subgroup from one another, urinary BTA could only differentiate low stage (Ta)
      from all invasive (T1-T4) cancers. However, urine YKL-40 levels were
      significantly elevated in all invasive subgroups (T1, T2-T4, and T1-T4), compared
      to low stage (Ta). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, urine YKL-40 levels can be used to
      assist BTA in the diagnosis of bladder cancer as a marker for early invasiveness
      and thus help determine its treatment regimen.

PMID- 26961672
TI  - Differential macrophage function in Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cattle.
AB  - There is strong evidence that high yielding dairy cows are extremely susceptible
      to infectious diseases, and that this has severe economic consequences for the
      dairy industry and welfare implications. Here we present preliminary functional
      evidence showing that the innate immune response differs between cow breeds. The
      ability of macrophages (MO) to kill pathogens depends in part on oxygen-dependent
      and independent mechanisms. The oxygen-dependent mechanisms rely on the
      generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS, respectively). ROS
      production has been shown to activate the inflammasome complex in MO leading to
      increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1beta (IL
      1beta). Conversely RNS inhibits inflammasome mediated IL-1beta activation,
      indicating a division between inflammasome activation and RNS production. In the
      present study MO from Brown Swiss (BS) cattle produce significantly more RNS and
      less IL-1beta when compared to cells from Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle in
      response to bacterial or fungal stimuli. Furthermore, BS MO killed ingested
      Salmonella typhimurium more efficiently, supporting anecdotal evidence of
      increased disease resistance of the breed. Inhibition of autophagy by 3
      methyladenine (3-MA) stimulated IL-1beta secretion in cells from both breeds, but
      was more pronounced in HF MO. Blocking RNS production by l-arginase completely
      abolished RNS production but increased IL-1beta secretion in BS MO. Collectively
      these preliminary data suggest that the dichotomy of inflammasome activation and
      RNS production exists in cattle and differs between these two breeds. As pattern
      recognition receptors and signaling pathways are involved in the assessed
      functional differences presented herein, our data potentially aid the
      identification of in vitro predictors of appropriate innate immune response.
      Finally, these predictors may assist in the discovery of candidate genes
      conferring increased disease resistance for future use in combination with known
      production traits.

PMID- 26961674
TI  - Isoorientin Prevents Hyperlipidemia and Liver Injury by Regulating Lipid
      Metabolism, Antioxidant Capability, and Inflammatory Cytokine Release in High
      Fructose-Fed Mice.
AB  - Isoorientin (ISO), a natural flavonoid, has been found to have multiple
      biological properties. In the present study, obese mice with high-fructose (HF)
      induced liver injury were used to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of
      ISO. The results showed that ISO significantly reduced the serum lipid parameters
      in mice fed 20% HF water. Meanwhile, ISO appeared to alleviate HF-induced lipid
      metabolic disorders by increasing the serum levels of apo-A1 and decreasing the
      serum apoB levels, apoB/apo-A1 ratio, and FAS activity in the liver. ISO also
      remarkably ameliorated HF-induced hepatic oxidative injury and inflammation by
      decreasing ALT, AST, and ALP levels; enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities; and
      inhibiting inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6) release. Histopathology
      of liver stained by H&E and Oil Red O showed the liver steatosis and oxidative
      injury after HF treatment and the protective effect of ISO. Furthermore, aortic
      pathology observation found that ISO had a protective effect on the vascular
      endothelium. This is the first report that ISO efficiently inhibited HF-induced
      hyperlipidemia and liver injury by ameliorating lipid metabolism, enhancing the
      antioxidant defensedefense system, and regulating the secretion of inflammatory
      cytokines. 

PMID- 26961675
TI  - Population Attributable Risk Fractions of Maternal Overweight and Obesity for
      Adverse Perinatal Outcomes.
AB  - The objective of the current study was to determine the proportion of adverse
      perinatal outcomes that could be potentially prevented if maternal obesity were
      to be reduced or eliminated (population attributable risk fractions, PARF); and
      the number needed to treat (NNT) of overweight or obese women to prevent one case
      of adverse perinatal outcome. Data from the Atlee Perinatal Database on 66,689
      singleton infants born in Nova Scotia, Canada, between 2004 and 2014, and their
      mothers were used. Multivariable-adjusted PARFs and NNTs of maternal pre
      pregnancy weight status were determined for various perinatal outcomes under
      three scenarios: If all overweight and obese women were to i) become normal
      weight before pregnancy; ii) shift down one weight class; or iii) lose 10% of
      their body weight, significant relative reductions would be seen for gestational
      diabetes mellitus (GDM, 57/33/15%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP,
      26/16/6%), caesarean section (CS, 18/10/3%), and large for gestational age births
      (LGA, 24/14/3%). The NNT were lowest for the outcomes GDM, induction of labour,
      CS, and LGA, where they ranged from 13 to 73. The study suggests that a
      substantial proportion of adverse perinatal outcomes may be preventable through
      reductions in maternal pre-pregnancy weight. 

PMID- 26961676
TI  - A Simple Model to Rank Shellfish Farming Areas Based on the Risk of Disease
      Introduction and Spread.
AB  - The European Union Council Directive 2006/88/EC requires that risk-based
      surveillance (RBS) for listed aquatic animal diseases is applied to all
      aquaculture production businesses. The principle behind this is the efficient use
      of resources directed towards high-risk farm categories, animal types and
      geographic areas. To achieve this requirement, fish and shellfish farms must be
      ranked according to their risk of disease introduction and spread. We present a
      method to risk rank shellfish farming areas based on the risk of disease
      introduction and spread and demonstrate how the approach was applied in 45
      shellfish farming areas in England and Wales. Ten parameters were used to inform
      the risk model, which were grouped into four risk themes based on related
      pathways for transmission of pathogens: (i) live animal movement, (ii)
      transmission via water, (iii) short distance mechanical spread (birds) and (iv)
      long distance mechanical spread (vessels). Weights (informed by expert knowledge)
      were applied both to individual parameters and to risk themes for introduction
      and spread to reflect their relative importance. A spreadsheet model was
      developed to determine quantitative scores for the risk of pathogen introduction
      and risk of pathogen spread for each shellfish farming area. These scores were
      used to independently rank areas for risk of introduction and for risk of spread.
      Thresholds were set to establish risk categories (low, medium and high) for
      introduction and spread based on risk scores. Risk categories for introduction
      and spread for each area were combined to provide overall risk categories to
      inform a risk-based surveillance programme directed at the area level. Applying
      the combined risk category designation framework for risk of introduction and
      spread suggested by European Commission guidance for risk-based surveillance, 4,
      10 and 31 areas were classified as high, medium and low risk, respectively.

PMID- 26961677
TI  - Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter Complications in Children Receiving
      Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy (OPAT).
AB  - OBJECTIVE To identify the frequency of and risk factors associated with
      complications necessitating removal of the peripherally inserted central
      catheters (PICCs) in patients receiving outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy
      (OPAT) and to determine the appropriateness of OPAT in children with OPAT-related
      complications. METHODS A retrospective cohort of children who had a PICC inserted
      at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center between January 1, 2003, and December 31,
      2013, and were discharged from the hospital on OPAT was assembled. RESULTS A
      total of 1,465 PICCs were used to provide antibiotic therapy for 955 children
      after hospital discharge. Among these, 117 PICCs (8%) required removal due to a
      complication (4.6 of 1,000 catheter days). Children discharged to a long-term
      care facility were at increased risk of adverse PICC events (incidence risk ratio
      [IRR], 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79-6.17). For children receiving
      OPAT, age of the child (adjusted IRR [aIRR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98), noncentral
      PICC tip location (aIRR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.66-4.82), and public insurance (aIRR,
      1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.40) were associated with adverse PICC events. In addition,
      34 patients (32%) with adverse events may not have required intravenous
      antibiotics at the time of hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS Of children discharged
      with PICCs on OPAT during the study period, 8% developed a complication
      necessitating PICC removal. Children discharged to a long-term care facility had
      an increased rate of complication compared with children who were discharged
      home. With improved education regarding appropriate duration of antibiotic
      therapy and situations in which early conversion to enteral therapy should be
      considered, PICC-related complications may have been avoided in 32% of children.
      Infect.

PMID- 26961678
TI  - Computed tomography, radiology and echocardiography in cats naturally infected
      with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus.
AB  - Objectives The aims of the study were to describe the radiographic and computed
      tomographic features in cats naturally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus,
      and to identify signs of pulmonary hypertension with echocardiography. Methods
      Fourteen cats positive on Baermann test for A abstrusus were included in the
      study. All cats underwent thoracic radiography, CT and echocardiography. Results
      The most common clinical signs were coughing (10/14) and dyspnoea (5/14).
      Radiographic findings included a generalised unstructured interstitial pulmonary
      pattern (8/14), mixed bronchointerstitioalveolar pattern (3/14) and
      bronchointerstitial pattern with bronchial wall thickening (3/14). Sternal
      lymphadenopathy was detected on thoracic radiographs in six cats. On CT, features
      were mixed bronchointerstitioalveolar pattern with ground-glass appearance in six
      cats, interstitioalveolar with multiple pulmonary nodules in five, interstitial
      ground-glass infiltrates in three, regional lymph node enlargement in 11 (10
      sternal, three cranial mediastinal and three tracheobronchial lymph nodes) and
      subpleural thickening in four. None of the thoracic radiographs revealed
      subpleural thickening. In all cases, pulmonary vessels were normal in terms of
      size, shape and attenuation on both radiography and CT. Pulmonary hypertension
      and cardiac abnormalities were not observed in any cat during echocardiography.
      Conclusions and relevance CT provided a more thorough characterisation of
      pulmonary and mediastinal lesions compared with thoracic radiographs in cats
      naturally infected with A abstrusus. Although feline aelurostrongylosis has been
      previously associated with histopathological lesions in lung arteries, in this
      cohort clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension was not documented.

PMID- 26961679
TI  - Reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects with bilobed forehead flap.
AB  - To describe the use of bilobed forehead flap for reconstruction of orbital
      exenteration defect. The medical records of 2 patients in whom orbital
      exenteration defect repair was performed with bilobed forehead flap were
      reviewed. In both patients (male, ages 74 and 65 years), extended exenteration
      was performed because of basal cell carcinoma infiltrating the upper and lower
      eyelids and orbit. One patient had a history of multiple eyelid surgeries and
      periorbital radiotherapy. In the other, the tumor also involved the maxillary and
      ethmoid sinuses and nasal dorsum. The bilobed flap was combined with a cheek
      advancement flap in 1 patient. The excisional defect could be primarily covered
      in both patients. In 1 patient, a skin graft was needed to cover the forehead
      donor area defect. In both patients, transient, distal flap ischemia developed
      after surgery and, in 1 patient, eyebrow malposition required surgical correction
      at the late period. No other complication developed during follow-up (18 and 26
      months). The bilobed forehead flap can be effectively used to reconstruct total
      or extended orbital exenteration defects.

PMID- 26961680
TI  - Identification of two novel mutations in the cornea-specific TGFBI gene causing
      unique phenotypes in patients with corneal dystrophies.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to report on two novel missense mutations of the
      cornea-specific TGFBI gene in one single patient and in two generations of a
      family diagnosed with unique corneal dystrophy (CD) phenotypes. Ophthalmologic
      examination, in several cases ocular coherence tomography of the anterior segment
      (AS-OCT), was performed in 21 affected patients and in two unaffected members of
      one affected family. Coding regions of the TGFBI gene were direct sequenced in
      all 23 individuals. The two novel mutations were verified by RFLP analysis. A
      novel mutation c.1640T > G (p.Phe574Cys) in exon 12 of the TGFBI gene was
      detected in one single patient with recurrent granular intrastromal deposits
      comparable to a type of granular dystrophy. In AS-OCT, the deposit pattern
      reached up to the Descemet's layer. A further novel mutation c.393G >
      T(p.Glu131Asp) in exon 4 of the TGFBI gene was detected in all three affected
      members of one family with superficial cloud- and honeycomb-like opacifications,
      comparable to a Schnyder corneal dystrophy. Two unaffected members did not carry
      this alteration. The two identified novel mutations add other two phenotypes in
      patients suffering from TGFBI-linked CD to those reported so far. In one case,
      clinical finding indicates a Schnyder corneal dystrophy-like phenotype due to its
      superficial crystalline shape, and in the second one, granular deposits who reach
      Descemet's layer indicate a granular CD subtype. Molecular genetic analysis may
      help to distinguish those subtypes and to decide for specific treatment in time
      of a wide variation of corneal surgical techniques.

PMID- 26961681
TI  - Seasonal Changes Affect Root Prunasin Concentration in Prunus serotina and
      Override Species Interactions between P. serotina and Quercus petraea.
AB  - The allocation of resources to chemical defense can decrease plant growth and
      photosynthesis. Prunasin is a cyanogenic glycoside known for its role in defense
      against herbivores and other plants. In the present study, fluctuations of
      prunasin concentrations in roots of Prunus serotina seedlings were hypothesized
      to be: (1) dependent on light, air temperature, and humidity; (2) affected by
      competition between Prunus serotina and Quercus petraea seedlings, with mulching
      with Prunus serotina leaves; (3) connected with optimal allocation of resources.
      For the first time, we determined prunasin concentration in roots on several
      occasions during the vegetative season. The results indicate that seasonal
      changes have more pronounced effects on prunasin concentration than light regime
      and interspecific competition. Prunus serotina invested more nitrogen in the
      synthesis of prunasin under highly restricted light conditions than in higher
      light environments. In full sun, prunasin in roots of Prunus serotina growing in
      a monoculture was correlated with growth and photosynthesis, whereas these
      relationships were not found when interspecific competition with mulching was a
      factor. The study demonstrates that prunasin concentration in Prunus serotina
      roots is the result of species-specific adaptation, light and temperature
      conditions, ontogenetic shift, and, to a lesser extent, interspecific plant-plant
      interactions.

PMID- 26961682
TI  - Movement distributions of stroke survivors exhibit distinct patterns that evolve
      with training.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While clinical assessments provide tools for characterizing abilities
      in motor-impaired individuals, concerns remain over their repeatability and
      reliability. Typical robot-assisted training studies focus on repetition of
      prescribed actions, yet such movement data provides an incomplete account of
      abnormal patterns of coordination. Recent studies have shown positive effects
      from self-directed movement, yet such a training paradigm leads to challenges in
      how to quantify and interpret performance. METHODS: With data from chronic stroke
      survivors (n = 10, practicing for 3 days), we tabulated histograms of the
      displacement, velocity, and acceleration for planar motion, and examined whether
      modeling of distributions could reveal changes in available movement patterns. We
      contrasted these results with scalar measures of the range of motion. We
      performed linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification with selected
      histogram features to compare predictions versus actual subject identifiers. As a
      basis of comparison, we also present an age-matched control group of healthy
      individuals (n = 10, practicing for 1 day). RESULTS: Analysis of range of motion
      did not show improvement from self-directed movement training for the stroke
      survivors in this study. However, examination of distributions indicated that
      increased multivariate normal components were needed to accurately model the
      patterns of movement after training. Stroke survivors generally exhibited more
      complex distributions of motor exploration compared to the age-matched control
      group. Classification using linear discriminant analysis revealed that movement
      patterns were identifiable by individual. Individuals in the control group were
      more difficult to identify using classification methods, consistent with the idea
      that motor deficits contribute significantly to unique movement signatures.
      CONCLUSIONS: Distribution analysis revealed individual patterns of abnormal
      coordination in stroke survivors and changes in these patterns with training.
      These findings were not apparent from scalar metrics that simply summarized
      properties of motor exploration. Our results suggest new methods for
      characterizing motor capabilities, and could provide the basis for powerful tools
      for designing customized therapy.

PMID- 26961683
TI  - CoINcIDE: A framework for discovery of patient subtypes across multiple datasets.
AB  - Patient disease subtypes have the potential to transform personalized medicine.
      However, many patient subtypes derived from unsupervised clustering analyses on
      high-dimensional datasets are not replicable across multiple datasets, limiting
      their clinical utility. We present CoINcIDE, a novel methodological framework for
      the discovery of patient subtypes across multiple datasets that requires no
      between-dataset transformations. We also present a high-quality database
      collection, curatedBreastData, with over 2,500 breast cancer gene expression
      samples. We use CoINcIDE to discover novel breast and ovarian cancer subtypes
      with prognostic significance and novel hypothesized ovarian therapeutic targets
      across multiple datasets. CoINcIDE and curatedBreastData are available as R
      packages. 

PMID- 26961684
TI  - Hierarchical organization and molecular diffusion in gold nanorod/silica
      supercrystal nanocomposites.
AB  - Hierarchical organization of gold nanorods was previously obtained on a
      substrate, allowing precise control over the morphology of the assemblies and
      macroscale spatial arrangement. Herein, a thorough description of these gold
      nanorod assemblies and their orientation within supercrystals is presented
      together with a sol-gel technique to protect the supercrystals with mesoporous
      silica films. The internal organization of the nanorods in the supercrystals was
      characterized by combining focused ion beam ablation and scanning electron
      microscopy. A mesoporous silica layer is grown both over the supercrystals and
      between the individual lamellae of gold nanorods inside the structure. This not
      only prevented the detachment of the supercrystal from the substrate in water,
      but also allowed small molecule analytes to infiltrate the structure. These
      nanocomposite substrates show superior Raman enhancement in comparison with gold
      supercrystals without silica owing to improved accessibility of the plasmonic hot
      spots to analytes. The patterned supercrystal arrays with enhanced optical and
      mechanical properties obtained in this work show potential for the practical
      implementation of nanostructured devices in spatially resolved ultradetection of
      biomarkers and other analytes. 

PMID- 26961685
TI  - 'Don't put the parent out': parents' perspectives of being present during an
      inter-hospital transfer.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To understand Irish parents' experiences of the inter
      hospital transfer of their acutely ill child from a regional hospital to a
      tertiary children's hospital. BACKGROUND: Much of the literature on inter
      hospital transfer focuses on the medical outcome of children who have been
      transferred for specialist care. While parental presence during this journey is
      the focus of discussion papers, little is known about the experience of parents
      as service users. DESIGN: A qualitative design using a Husserlian
      phenomenological approach was adopted for this study. METHODS: Semi-structured
      interviews were conducted with ten parents between March and October 2014 to
      explore their experiences of parental presence during the transfer of an acutely
      ill child. Data were analysed using the modified Van Kaam method. RESULTS: Two
      key themes emerged 'don't put the parent out' and 'being a parent'. Given a
      choice, all parents interviewed would have wished to stay with their child during
      transfer and the findings portray the specific contribution of parents during the
      journey. CONCLUSIONS: Not being permitted to travel with their acutely ill child
      had a negative effect on parents' perceptions of their ability to continue to
      parent their child during transfer to specialist paediatric services. To address
      this there is a need for parents to have the choice, when at all possible, to
      stay with their child at this time. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: There is a
      need to maximise the facilitation of parental presence in an Irish context
      through the introduction of guidelines to support staff involved in the transfer
      of an acutely ill child.

PMID- 26961687
TI  - Self-calibration of cone-beam CT geometry using 3D-2D image registration.
AB  - Robotic C-arms are capable of complex orbits that can increase field of view,
      reduce artifacts, improve image quality, and/or reduce dose; however, it can be
      challenging to obtain accurate, reproducible geometric calibration required for
      image reconstruction for such complex orbits. This work presents a method for
      geometric calibration for an arbitrary source-detector orbit by registering 2D
      projection data to a previously acquired 3D image. It also yields a method by
      which calibration of simple circular orbits can be improved. The registration
      uses a normalized gradient information similarity metric and the covariance
      matrix adaptation-evolution strategy optimizer for robustness against local
      minima and changes in image content. The resulting transformation provides a
      'self-calibration' of system geometry. The algorithm was tested in phantom
      studies using both a cone-beam CT (CBCT) test-bench and a robotic C-arm (Artis
      Zeego, Siemens Healthcare) for circular and non-circular orbits. Self-calibration
      performance was evaluated in terms of the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of
      the point spread function in CBCT reconstructions, the reprojection error (RPE)
      of steel ball bearings placed on each phantom, and the overall quality and
      presence of artifacts in CBCT images. In all cases, self-calibration improved the
      FWHM-e.g. on the CBCT bench, FWHM  =  0.86 mm for conventional calibration
      compared to 0.65 mm for self-calibration (p  <  0.001). Similar improvements were
      measured in RPE-e.g. on the robotic C-arm, RPE  =  0.73 mm for conventional
      calibration compared to 0.55 mm for self-calibration (p  <  0.001). Visible
      improvement was evident in CBCT reconstructions using self-calibration,
      particularly about high-contrast, high-frequency objects (e.g. temporal bone air
      cells and a surgical needle). The results indicate that self-calibration can
      improve even upon systems with presumably accurate geometric calibration and is
      applicable to situations where conventional calibration is not feasible, such as
      complex non-circular CBCT orbits and systems with irreproducible source-detector
      trajectory. 

PMID- 26961689
TI  - Referrals to Pediatric Cardiology Outpatients: Continued Evidence of Increasing
      Workload.

PMID- 26961688
TI  - The Case of the Previously Shaky, Unimmunized, Itchy Infant With Rash and
      Pancytopenia.

PMID- 26961686
TI  - Adenosine can thwart antitumor immune responses elicited by radiotherapy :
      Therapeutic strategies alleviating protumor ADO activities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: By studying the bioenergetic status we could show that the
      development of tumor hypoxia is accompanied, apart from myriad other biologically
      relevant effects, by a substantial accumulation of adenosine (ADO). ADO has been
      shown to act as a strong immunosuppressive agent in tumors by modulating the
      innate and adaptive immune system. In contrast to ADO, standard radiotherapy (RT)
      can either stimulate or abrogate antitumor immune responses. Herein, we present
      ADO-mediated mechanisms that may thwart antitumor immune responses elicited by
      RT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An overview of the generation, accumulation, and ADO
      related multifaceted inhibition of immune functions, contrasted with the
      antitumor immune effects of RT, is provided. RESULTS: Upon hypoxic stress, cancer
      cells release ATP into the extracellular space where nucleotides are converted
      into ADO by hypoxia-sensitive, membrane-bound ectoenzymes (CD39/CD73). ADO
      actions are mediated upon binding to surface receptors, mainly A2A receptors on
      tumor and immune cells. Receptor activation leads to a broad spectrum of strong
      immunosuppressive properties facilitating tumor escape from immune control.
      Mechanisms include (1) impaired activity of CD4 (+) T and CD8 (+) T, NK cells and
      dendritic cells (DC), decreased production of immuno-stimulatory lymphokines, and
      (2) activation of Treg cells, expansion of MDSCs, promotion of M2 macrophages,
      and increased activity of major immunosuppressive cytokines. In addition, ADO can
      directly stimulate tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. CONCLUSION: ADO
      mechanisms described can thwart antitumor immune responses elicited by RT.
      Therapeutic strategies alleviating tumor-promoting activities of ADO include
      respiratory hyperoxia or mild hyperthermia, inhibition of CD39/CD73 ectoenzymes
      or blockade of A2A receptors, and inhibition of ATP-release channels or ADO
      transporters.

PMID- 26961691
TI  - The use and risks of antibiotics in critically ill patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The altered pathophysiology in critically ill patients presents a
      unique challenge in both the diagnosis of infection and the appropriate
      prescription of antibiotics. In this context, the importance of effective and
      timely treatment needs to be weighed against the individual and community harms
      associated with antibiotic collateral damage and antibiotic resistance. AREAS
      COVERED: We evaluate the principles of antibiotic use in critically ill patients,
      including dose optimisation, use of combination antibiotic therapy, therapeutic
      drug monitoring, appropriate antibiotic therapy duration, de-escalation, and
      utilisation of sepsis biomarkers. We also describe the potential risks associated
      with antibiotic therapy including antibiotic resistance, delayed treatment,
      treatment failure, and collateral damage. EXPERT OPINION: Prescribing teams must
      be aware of the impact of critical illness on their patients and tailor
      antibiotic therapy appropriately to prevent the significant harms associated with
      suboptimal antibiotic administration.

PMID- 26961690
TI  - Lenalidomide potentiates CD4+CD25+Treg-related suppression of lymphoma B-cell
      proliferation.
AB  - We have previously found that ex vivo expanded human CD4+CD25+Treg cells suppress
      proliferation of lymphoma B-cell lines. Here we demonstrate that the
      immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide potentiates suppression of lymphoma B-cell
      proliferation by freshly isolated CD4+CD25+Tregs, as well as suppression by Tregs
      expanded polyclonally in the presence of rapamycin from CD4+CD25+T cells or
      CD4+CD25+CD127loT cells. The regulation of lymphoma cell proliferation by Tregs
      pre-expanded with "third-party" allogeneic MoDCs in the presence of rapamycin was
      also potentiated by lenalidomide. Lenalidomide contributed to the suppression
      exerted by Tregs despite concomitant downregulation of Treg proliferation.
      Lenalidomide did not reduce the suppression of conventional T cells by expanded
      Tregs. The exposure of polyclonally expanded Tregs to lenalidomide did not
      significantly alter their phenotype. There was no uniform pattern of lenalidomide
      effect on Treg-mediated regulation of lymphoma B cells freshly isolated from
      patients. Freshly isolated lymphoma cells activated with multimeric CD40L and IL
      4 to support their survival in vitro varied in their sensitivity to lenalidomide,
      and the regulatory effect of Tregs on such lymphoma cells ranged from suppression
      to help in individual patients. Lenalidomide potentiated or attenuated Treg
      effects on the survival of freshly isolated lymphoma cells. A combination of
      lenalidomide treatment with adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+Tregs or
      CD4+CD25+CD127loTregs expanded ex vivo could be used to suppress proliferation of
      residual lymphoma in select patients with lymphoma responsive to the regulation
      by Tregs and sensitive to lenalidomide.

PMID- 26961693
TI  - Lessons learned from the past on mental health care of refugee children in
      Serbia.

PMID- 26961692
TI  - Multiplex methods provide effective integration of multi-omic data in genome
      scale models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic variations shape the complex
      adaptation landscape of bacteria to varying environmental conditions. Elucidating
      the genotype-phenotype relation paves the way for the prediction of such effects,
      but methods for characterizing the relationship between multiple environmental
      factors are still lacking. Here, we tackle the problem of extracting network
      level information from collections of environmental conditions, by integrating
      the multiple omic levels at which the bacterial response is measured. RESULTS: To
      this end, we model a large compendium of growth conditions as a multiplex network
      consisting of transcriptomic and fluxomic layers, and we propose a multi-omic
      network approach to infer similarity of growth conditions by integrating layers
      of the multiplex network. Each node of the network represents a single condition,
      while edges are similarities between conditions, as measured by phenotypic and
      transcriptomic properties on different layers of the network. We then fuse these
      layers into one network, therefore capturing a global network of conditions and
      the associated similarities across two omic levels. We apply this multi-omic
      fusion to an updated genome-scale reconstruction of Escherichia coli that
      includes underground metabolism and new gene-protein-reaction associations.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our method can be readily used to evaluate and cross-compare
      different collections of conditions among different species. Acquiring multi-omic
      information on the topology of the space of experimental conditions makes it
      possible to infer the position and to build condition-specific models of untested
      or incomplete profiles for which experimental data is not available. Our weighted
      network fusion method for genome-scale models is freely available at
      https://github.com/maxconway/SNFtool .

PMID- 26961694
TI  - Age-related decline in muscle mass and muscle function in Flemish Caucasians: a
      10-year follow-up.
AB  - Aging is a complex process that is accompanied with changes in both muscle mass
      and muscle function (strength and performance). Therefore, the current
      longitudinal study aimed to provide a better insight in 10-year aging-related
      changes in whole-body muscle mass and strength performance of the leg extensors
      during the adult life span. Data were gathered within the framework of the first-
      (2002-2004: baseline) and third-generation Flemish Policy Research Center Sport
      (2012-2014: follow-up). Results are based on muscle characteristics data of 591
      Flemish Caucasian adults (19-73 years, 381 men). Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was
      determined with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Biodex Medical System 3(r)
      dynamometer was used to measure isometric (PTstatic120 degrees ) and isokinetic
      (PTdynamic60 degrees  and PTdynamic240 degrees ) strength, ballistic movement
      speed (S 20 %), and muscular endurance (work) of the knee extensors. Overall
      strength performance was higher at both evaluation moments in men compared to
      women (p < 0.01). But only S 20 % declined significantly faster in men compared
      to women (p < 0.01). Age and baseline strength performance were negatively
      related with the change in strength performance, even when corrected for SMM,
      protein intake, and energy expenditure during sports (E sport). In conclusion,
      strength performance was not associated with E sport in this study, but protein
      intake was associated with isometric strength in men, and with ballistic and
      isokinetic strength in women. Changes in S 20 % were significantly greater in men
      compared to women. Baseline values of strength performance and age were
      associated with changes in strength performance parameters, even after correction
      for SMM, protein intake, and E sport. 

PMID- 26961696
TI  - Pharmacist-Led Home Medicines Review and Residential Medication Management
      Review: The Australian Model.
AB  - Older people are often prescribed multiple medicines and have a high prevalence
      of polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is associated with an increased risk of
      inappropriate use of medicines and drug-related problems. As experts in
      pharmacotherapy, pharmacists are well placed to review complex medication
      regimens and identify causes of drug-related problems and recommend solutions to
      prevent or resolve them. Involvement in medication review services represents a
      major philosophical shift and paradigm change in the way pharmacists practice, in
      that the focus is shifted away from the dispensing of prescription medicines to
      the provision of a professional service for a patient, in collaboration with
      their general practitioner (GP). In Australia, there are two established
      medication review programs: Home Medicines Review (HMR) and Residential
      Medication Management Review (RMMR). The objectives of this article were to
      describe the process of government-funded medication review services in Australia
      and to evaluate the contribution of pharmacists to HMR and RMMR, using evidence
      based measures, such as the Drug Burden Index (DBI) and the Medication
      Appropriateness Index (MAI). This review found that there is good evidence to
      support the role of pharmacists in delivering medication review services across
      different settings. Although the positive impact of such services has been
      demonstrated using a variety of validated measures (DBI, MAI), there remains a
      need to also evaluate actual clinical outcomes and/or patient-reported outcomes. 

PMID- 26961695
TI  - Differences in EEG power in young and mature healthy adults during an
      incidental/spatial learning task are related to age and execution efficiency.
AB  - The differential characteristics of absolute power in the EEG theta (4-8 Hz) and
      gamma (30-45 Hz) frequency bands have been analysed in young (18-25 years old, n
      = 14) and mature adults (45-65 years old, n = 12) during the incidental or
      intentional behavioural conditions of learning and recalling in a visuospatial
      task. A printed drawing of a maze including eight figures of common objects in
      specific placements, solved by connecting its entrance and exit points, allowed
      the subject's performance efficiency to be measured based on the number, position
      accuracy and/or identity of incidentally or intentionally learned and remembered
      objects. Meanwhile, EEG recordings from frontal, parietal and temporal
      derivations were obtained to determine the power values of the theta (4-8 Hz) and
      gamma (30-45 Hz) bands for each behavioural condition and derivation. Relative to
      the young adults, the mature adults generally showed lower absolute theta power
      values, mainly due to their low theta powers under the basal and incidental
      learning conditions, and higher absolute gamma power values in the frontal and
      temporal regions. Furthermore, higher theta band power in the frontal regions was
      related to higher performance efficiency in both incidental and intentional
      learning, regardless of the subjects' age. A significant negative correlation
      between the parameters of individual incidental or intentional learning
      performance and age was also found. Indeed, a differential accuracy of remembered
      information seems to be associated with age and incidental or intentional
      learning/memory testing conditions. These data support an increasing
      vulnerability of visuospatial learning abilities at mature ages and as ageing
      progresses. 

PMID- 26961698
TI  - Association Between Severe Hypoglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in
      Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether severe hypoglycemia is associated with
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Asian populations with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
      Furthermore, no study in Japan, where the prescription patterns differ from those
      in other countries, has examined this association. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      retrospectively included 58 223 patients (18-74 years old) with T2D. First, we
      examined the potential predictors of severe hypoglycemia. Then, we investigated
      the association between severe hypoglycemia and CVD risk. Finally, we performed
      an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to incorporate our findings and
      recently published studies into the previous systematic review and meta-analysis.
      During 134 597 person-years from cumulative observation periods, 128 persons
      experienced severe hypoglycemia and 550 developed CVD events. In a multivariate
      Cox proportional hazard model, severe hypoglycemia was strongly and positively
      associated with the risk of CVD (multivariate-adjusted adjusted hazard ratio,
      3.39; 95% CI, 1.25-9.18). In a propensity score-matched cohort that had similar
      baseline characteristics for patients with severe hypoglycemia and those without,
      severe hypoglycemia was more strongly associated with the risk of CVD. An updated
      systematic review and meta-analysis that included 10 studies found that severe
      hypoglycemia was associated with an ~2-fold increased risk of CVD (pooled
      relative risk, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.69-2.15). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that
      severe hypoglycemia is strongly associated with an increased risk of CVD in
      Japanese patients with T2D, further supporting the notion that avoiding severe
      hypoglycemia may be important in preventing CVD in this patient population.

PMID- 26961699
TI  - First report of the emerging zoonotic agent Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica
      isolated from a retail frozen chicken in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
AB  - Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica is an emerging zoonotic bacterium commensally
      living in larvae of particular flies. It has been associated with human and
      animal infections but never isolated from food. In the present study, a whole
      chicken carcass was rinsed in buffered peptone water which was then inoculated
      into BHI and the growth plated onto selective medium. Species identification was
      performed by MALDI-TOF MS. Those bacteria identified as W. chitiniclastica were
      subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing for confirmation and MEGA software was used to
      obtain their phylogenetic position. The findings of this study raise concerns
      regarding the abattoir, transport and stock practices of frozen meat carcasses
      and should be of interest with regard to microbiology, entomology and food
      production. 

PMID- 26961697
TI  - Management of Elderly Patients with Newly Diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in
      the Accelerated or Blastic Phase.
AB  - In the elderly population, the accelerated and blastic phases of chronic myeloid
      leukemia (CML) are difficult to treat, not just because of the higher chance of
      acquired mutations than in younger individuals, but because of additional
      associated co-morbidities. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are well-established in the
      treatment of the chronic phase of CML, and their use in advanced phases is ever
      increasing. Elderly patients who are still eligible candidates for transplant can
      undergo reduced-intensity transplants from related or unrelated donors after
      reverting to chronic phase. Post-transplantation, these patients require adequate
      monitoring and therapy to prevent relapses. Newer modalities of treatment or
      interventions are urgently required in this complex group of patients. 

PMID- 26961700
TI  - Health and climate related ecosystem services provided by street trees in the
      urban environment.
AB  - Urban tree planting initiatives are being actively promoted as a planning tool to
      enable urban areas to adapt to and mitigate against climate change, enhance urban
      sustainability and improve human health and well-being. However, opportunities
      for creating new areas of green space within cities are often limited and tree
      planting initiatives may be constrained to kerbside locations. At this scale, the
      net impact of trees on human health and the local environment is less clear, and
      generalised approaches for evaluating their impact are not well developed.In this
      review, we use an urban ecosystems services framework to evaluate the direct, and
      locally-generated, ecosystems services and disservices provided by street trees.
      We focus our review on the services of major importance to human health and well
      being which include 'climate regulation', 'air quality regulation' and
      'aesthetics and cultural services'. These are themes that are commonly used to
      justify new street tree or street tree retention initiatives. We argue that
      current scientific understanding of the impact of street trees on human health
      and the urban environment has been limited by predominantly regional-scale
      reductionist approaches which consider vegetation generally and/or single out
      individual services or impacts without considering the wider synergistic impacts
      of street trees on urban ecosystems. This can lead planners and policymakers
      towards decision making based on single parameter optimisation strategies which
      may be problematic when a single intervention offers different outcomes and has
      multiple effects and potential trade-offs in different places.We suggest that a
      holistic approach is required to evaluate the services and disservices provided
      by street trees at different scales. We provide information to guide decision
      makers and planners in their attempts to evaluate the value of vegetation in
      their local setting. We show that by ensuring that the specific aim of the
      intervention, the scale of the desired biophysical effect and an awareness of a
      range of impacts guide the choice of i) tree species, ii) location and iii)
      density of tree placement, street trees can be an important tool for urban
      planners and designers in developing resilient and resourceful cities in an era
      of climatic change. 

PMID- 26961701
TI  - Overcoming doxorubicin resistance of cancer cells by Cas9-mediated gene
      disruption.
AB  - In this study, Cas9 system was employed to down-regulate mdr1 gene for overcoming
      multidrug resistance of cancer cells. Disruption of the MDR1 gene was achieved by
      delivery of the Cas9-sgRNA plasmid or the Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complex
      using a conventional gene transfection agent and protein transduction domain
      (PTD). Doxorubicin showed considerable cytotoxicity to the drug-resistant breast
      cancer cells pre-treated with the RNA-guided endonuclease (RGEN) systems, whereas
      virtually non-toxic to the untreated cells. The potency of drug was enhanced in
      the cells treated with the protein-RNA complex as well as in those treated with
      plasmids, suggesting that mutation of the mdr1 gene by intracellular delivery of
      Cas9-sgRNA complex using proper protein delivery platforms could recover the drug
      susceptibility. Therefore, Cas9-mediated disruption of the drug resistance
      related gene can be considered as a promising way to overcome multidrug
      resistance in cancer cells. 

PMID- 26961702
TI  - I'm over 65, but I don't need a discounted bus fare.

PMID- 26961703
TI  - The Interactive Effects of Stressful Family Life Events and Cortisol Reactivity
      on Adolescent Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors.
AB  - This study investigated the associations between stressful family life events and
      adolescent externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and the interactive effects
      of family life events and cortisol reactivity on problem behaviors. In a sample
      of 100 mothers and their adolescents (M age = 15.09; SD age = .98; 68 % girls),
      adolescent cortisol reactivity was measured in response to a mother-adolescent
      conflict interaction task designed to elicit a stress response. Mothers reported
      on measures of family life events and adolescent problem behaviors. Results
      indicated that a heightened adolescent cortisol response moderated the relations
      between stressful family life events and both externalizing and internalizing
      behaviors. Results support context-dependent theoretical models, suggesting that
      for adolescents with higher cortisol reactivity (compared to those with lower
      cortisol reactivity), higher levels of stressful family life events were
      associated with greater problem behaviors, whereas lower levels of stressful
      family life events were related to fewer problem behaviors.

PMID- 26961705
TI  - Human activity accelerating the rapid desertification of the Mu Us Sandy Lands,
      North China.
AB  - Over the past several thousand years, arid and semiarid China has experienced a
      series of asynchronous desertification events in its semiarid sandy and desert
      regions, but the precise identification of the driving forces of such events has
      remained elusive. In this paper we identify two rapid desertification events
      (RDEs) at ~4.6 +/- 0.2 ka BP and ~3.3 +/- 0.2 ka BP from the JJ Profile, located
      in the eastern Mu Us Sandy Lands. These RDEs appear to have occurred immediately
      following periods marked by persistently frequent and intense fires. We argue
      that such fire patterns, directly linked to an uncontrolled human use of
      vegetation as fuel, played a key role in accelerating RDEs by ensuring that the
      land surface was degraded beyond the threshold required for rapid
      desertification. This would suggest that the future use of a massive and
      sustained ecological program of vegetation rehabilitation should reduce the risk
      of destructive fire. 

PMID- 26961704
TI  - A Case of Cushing's Syndrome with Multiple Adrenocortical Adenomas Composed of
      Compact Cells and Clear Cells.
AB  - A 58-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for Cushingoid features and
      diagnosed as adrenal Cushing's syndrome due to a right adrenocortical mass (60 *
      55 mm). The mass was composed of three different tumors; the first one was
      homogeneously lipid-poor neoplasm measuring 20 * 13 mm located at the most dorsal
      region, the second one was heterogeneous and lipid-rich tumor containing multiple
      foci of calcification measuring 50 * 32 mm located at the central region, and the
      last one was heterogeneous harboring dilated and tortuous vessels and lipid-poor
      one measuring 35 * 18 mm at the most ventral region of the adrenal gland. A right
      adrenalectomy was subsequently performed by open surgery. Macroscopic and
      microscopic analyses revealed that all three tumors were adrenocortical adenomas;
      the first one represents a pigmented adrenocortical adenoma, the second one
      adrenocortical adenoma associated with degeneration, and the third one
      adrenocortical adenoma harboring extensive degeneration. Immunohistochemical
      analysis of the steroidogenic enzymes also revealed that all of the tumors had
      the capacity of synthesizing cortisol. This is a very rare case of Cushing's
      syndrome caused by multiple adrenocortical adenomas including a pigmented
      adenoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of steroidogenic enzymes contributed to
      understanding of steroidogenesis in each of these three different adrenocortical
      adenomas in this case. 

PMID- 26961706
TI  - The Effect of Chronic Mild Stress and Imipramine on the Markers of Oxidative
      Stress and Antioxidant System in Rat Liver.
AB  - Liver abnormalities have been reported to occur in up to 20 % of patients on a
      long-term therapy with the tricyclic antidepressant drug imipramine (IMI). The
      mechanism involved in this IMI-induced process is unknown but a contribution of
      oxidative stress is highly likely. Chronic mild stress (CMS) is widely used for
      modeling depressive-like behavior in rats. In the present study, we examined the
      effects of CMS and chronic IMI treatment, applied alone or in combination, on the
      levels of oxidative stress markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS),
      malondialdehyde (MDA), non-protein sulfhydryl groups, and sulfane sulfur as well
      as on activities of key antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), glutathione
      peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase in the rat liver. Administration of
      IMI for 5 weeks to rats subjected to CMS resulted in a gradual significant
      reduction of anhedonia measured by sucrose intake, in a majority of animals (CMS
      IMI-reactive, CMS IMI-R), although about 20 % of rats did not respond to the IMI
      treatment (CMS IMI non-reactive, CMS IMI-NR). CMS-induced hepatic oxidative
      stress, estimated by increased ROS and MDA concentrations, was not prevented by
      the IMI administration, moreover, in CMS IMI-NR animals, the level of the marker
      of lipid peroxidation, i.e., MDA was increased in comparison to CMS-subjected
      rats and activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx and CAT) was decreased compared to
      IMI-treated rats. The clinical significance of this observation remains to be
      established.

PMID- 26961707
TI  - Self-perceived health in functionally independent older people: associated
      factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-perceived health (SPH) is a powerful indicator of the health
      status of elderly people. This issue has been widely studied in oldest
      populations considering altogether functionally independent and dependent
      individuals. The objective of this study was to describe SPH and to identify the
      main factors that have an impact on SPH in a sample of functionally independent
      community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, face-to
      face interviews were carried out with non-institutionalized functionally
      independent older individuals in a northern region of Spain. Participants were
      asked: "Overall, you would say that your health is excellent, very good, good,
      fair or poor?". SPH responses were grouped in two categories: good and poor.
      Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with poor SPH.
      RESULTS: A sample of 634 individuals was studied, of whom 55 % were women. The
      mean age was 74.8 (SD 6.7) years. About 18 % of the respondents rated their
      health as poor. In the multivariate model adjusted for age and sex, reported poor
      health was significantly associated with polypharmacy (>=3 drugs per day) (OR:
      5.76, 95 % CI: 3.60-9.18), the presence of sensory impairment (OR: 1.87, 95 % CI:
      1.15-3.04), bad sleep quality (OR:1.82, 95 % CI: 1.02-3.28), a bad nutrition
      pattern (OR: 2.37, 95 % CI: 1.08-5.21), not engaging in cognitively stimulating
      activities (OR: 4.08, 95 % CI: 1.64-10.20), or group social activities (OR: 2.62,
      95 % CI: 1.63-4.23). CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that several health and
      social variables are strongly related to SPH in independent community-dwelling
      older adults. This finding highlights the need for thorough assessment of factors
      related to SPH in older independent adults, this being essential to develop
      health-related programmes for promoting active and healthy ageing and to delay
      the onset of dependence in this population.

PMID- 26961708
TI  - Spatial control of chemical processes on nanostructures through nano-localized
      water heating.
AB  - Optimal performance of nanophotonic devices, including sensors and solar cells,
      requires maximizing the interaction between light and matter. This efficiency is
      optimized when active moieties are localized in areas where electromagnetic (EM)
      fields are confined. Confinement of matter in these 'hotspots' has previously
      been accomplished through inefficient 'top-down' methods. Here we report a rapid
      'bottom-up' approach to functionalize selective regions of plasmonic
      nanostructures that uses nano-localized heating of the surrounding water induced
      by pulsed laser irradiation. This localized heating is exploited in a chemical
      protection/deprotection strategy to allow selective regions of a nanostructure to
      be chemically modified. As an exemplar, we use the strategy to enhance the
      biosensing capabilities of a chiral plasmonic substrate. This novel spatially
      selective functionalization strategy provides new opportunities for efficient
      high-throughput control of chemistry on the nanoscale over macroscopic areas for
      device fabrication. 

PMID- 26961709
TI  - Impact of early postoperative platelet count on volumetric liver gain and
      perioperative outcomes after major liver resection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although perioperative platelet count has been associated with
      postoperative morbidity and mortality, its impact on liver regeneration has not
      been examined directly. This study sought to determine the impact of platelet
      count on liver regeneration after major liver resection using cross-sectional
      imaging volumetric assessment. METHODS: Patients who underwent major liver
      resection between 2004 and 2015 and had available data on immediate postoperative
      platelet count, as well as preoperative and postoperative CT images, were
      identified retrospectively. Resected liver volume was subtracted from total liver
      volume (TLV) to define postoperative remnant liver volume (RLVp ). The liver
      regeneration index was defined as the relative increase in liver volume within 2
      months ((RLV2m  - RLVp )/RLVp , where RLV2m is the remnant liver volume around 2
      months after surgery). The association between platelet count, liver regeneration
      and outcomes was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 99 patients met the inclusion
      criteria. Overall, 25 patients (25 per cent) had a low platelet count (less than
      150 * 10(9) /l), whereas 74 had a normal-high platelet count (at least 150 *
      10(9) /l). Despite having comparable clinicopathological characteristics and RLVp
      /TLV at surgery (P = 0.903), the relative increase in liver volume within 2
      months was considerably lower in the low-platelet group (3.9 versus 16.5 per
      cent; P = 0.043). Patients with a low platelet count had an increased risk of
      postoperative complications (72 versus 38 per cent; P = 0.003), longer hospital
      stay (8 versus 6 days; P = 0.004) and worse median overall survival (24.5 versus
      67.3 months; P = 0.005) than those with a normal or high platelet count.
      CONCLUSION: After major liver resection, a low postoperative platelet count was
      associated with inhibited liver regeneration, as well as worse short- and long
      term outcomes. Immediate postoperative platelet count may be an early indicator
      to identify patients at increased risk of worse outcomes.

PMID- 26961710
TI  - The diagnosis of death by neurological criteria in infants less than 2 months
      old: RCPCH guideline 2015.

PMID- 26961711
TI  - It Is Time for Carotid Artery Stenting to Rise from the Ashes.

PMID- 26961713
TI  - Enzymatic saccharification of brown seaweed for production of fermentable sugars.
AB  - This study shows that high drying temperatures negatively affect the enzymatic
      saccharification yield of the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima. The optimal
      drying temperature of the seaweed in terms of enzymatic sugar release was found
      to be 30 degrees C. The enzymatic saccharification process was optimized by
      investigating factors such as kinetics of sugar release, enzyme dose, solid
      loading and different blend ratios of cellulases and an alginate lyase. It was
      found that the seaweed biomass could be efficiently hydrolysed to fermentable
      sugars using a commercial cellulase cocktail. The inclusion of a mono-component
      alginate lyase was shown to improve the performance of the enzyme blend, in
      particular at high solid loadings. At 25% dry matter loading a combined glucose
      and mannitol concentration of 74g/L was achieved. 

PMID- 26961712
TI  - Abundance and Diversity of Bacterial, Archaeal, and Fungal Communities Along an
      Altitudinal Gradient in Alpine Forest Soils: What Are the Driving Factors?
AB  - Shifts in soil microbial communities over altitudinal gradients and the driving
      factors are poorly studied. Their elucidation is indispensable to gain a
      comprehensive understanding of the response of ecosystems to global climate
      change. Here, we investigated soil archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities at
      four Alpine forest sites representing a climosequence, over an altitudinal
      gradient from 545 to 2000 m above sea level (asl), regarding abundance and
      diversity by using qPCR and Illumina sequencing, respectively. Archaeal community
      was dominated by Thaumarchaeota, and no significant shifts were detected in
      abundance or community composition with altitude. The relative bacterial
      abundance increased at higher altitudes, which was related to increasing levels
      of soil organic matter and nutrients with altitude. Shifts in bacterial richness
      and diversity as well as community structure (comprised basically of
      Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) significantly
      correlated with several environmental and soil chemical factors, especially soil
      pH. The site at the lowest altitude harbored the highest bacterial richness and
      diversity, although richness/diversity community properties did not show a
      monotonic decrease along the gradient. The relative size of fungal community also
      increased with altitude and its composition comprised Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,
      and Zygomycota. Changes in fungal richness/diversity and community structure were
      mainly governed by pH and C/N, respectively. The variation of the predominant
      bacterial and fungal classes over the altitudinal gradient was the result of the
      environmental and soil chemical factors prevailing at each site.

PMID- 26961714
TI  - Bioelectrochemical systems-driven directional ion transport enables low-energy
      water desalination, pollutant removal, and resource recovery.
AB  - Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are integrated water treatment technologies
      that generate electricity using organic matter in wastewater. In situ use of
      bioelectricity can direct the migration of ionic substances in a BES, thereby
      enabling water desalination, resource recovery, and valuable substance
      production. Recently, much attention has been placed on the microbial
      desalination cells in BESs to drive water desalination, and various
      configurations have optimized electricity generation and desalination performance
      and also coupled hydrogen production, heavy metal reduction, and other reactions.
      In addition, directional transport of other types of charged ions can remediate
      polluted groundwater, recover nutrient, and produce valuable substances. To
      better promote the practical application, the use of BESs as directional drivers
      of ionic substances requires further optimization to improve energy use
      efficiency and treatment efficacy. This article reviews existing researches on
      BES-driven directional ion transport to treat wastewater and identifies a few key
      factors involved in efficiency optimization. 

PMID- 26961715
TI  - Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for vestibular schwannomas:
      Dosimetric factors predictive of hearing outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine dosimetric factors predictive of hearing loss in vestibular
      schwannoma (VS) patients treated with definitive fractionated stereotactic
      radiation therapy (FSRT), and to report tumor control, serviceable hearing
      preservation, and cranial nerve toxicities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We identified
      45 patients (29 men and 16 women) with unilateral sporadic VS, who underwent
      definitive FSRT. All patients had serviceable hearing prior to treatment, defined
      as Gardner-Robertson Class 1 or 2. All patients underwent an audiogram before the
      start of treatment and serial audiometric assessments after treatment. The median
      audiometric follow-up time was 35.2 months (range, 5.0-89.7 months). Patients
      underwent a median of 4.5 (range, 1-9) posttreatment audiograms. The ipsilateral
      cochlea was contoured retrospectively, and dosimetric data were used to determine
      factors predictive of losing serviceable hearing. The median clinical follow-up
      time was 29.9 months (range, 1.5-83.6 months). RESULTS: At the time of the last
      audiometric follow-up, 62% of patients retained serviceable hearing. The
      actuarial 1-, 2-, and 3-year serviceable hearing preservation rates were 83%,
      75%, and 51%, respectively. The estimated median time to loss of serviceable
      hearing was 42.2 months. On multivariate analysis, cochlear volume <0.15 mL
      (hazard ratio, 2.849; 95% confidence interval, 1.116-7.270; P = .029) and mean
      cochlear dose <4000 cGy (hazard ratio, 3.178; 95% confidence interval, 1.116
      9.049; P = .030) were statistically significant variables associated with
      serviceable hearing preservation. The actuarial tumor control was 100%. Three of
      39 patients (8%) developed hemifacial spasm after FSRT (House-Brackmann Grade 3),
      2 of which completely resolved. No patients experienced deterioration in
      trigeminal nerve function after FSRT. CONCLUSIONS: Fractionated stereotactic
      radiation therapy can provide excellent tumor control with acceptable clinical
      outcomes. The mean dose to the cochlea is highly predictive of the probability of
      maintaining serviceable hearing after FSRT.

PMID- 26961716
TI  - Bladder dose-volume parameters are associated with urinary incontinence after
      postoperative intensity modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Urinary incontinence is a potential side effect of prostatectomy and
      intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer. There are
      limited data on dosimetric parameters that may predict for poor continence
      recovery in men who receive postoperative IMRT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighty
      seven men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer who underwent prostatectomy followed
      by adjuvant (13%) or salvage (87%) IMRT were identified. The Expanded Prostate
      Cancer Index composite questionnaire was prospectively collected at baseline, 6
      weeks, and 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 months post-IMRT. Relevant critical
      structures were contoured and dose-volume metrics collected. The primary endpoint
      was urinary continence global score. Longitudinal analysis using a generalized
      estimating equation model was performed. RESULTS: There was no statistically
      significant change in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index composite urinary continence
      global scores over time as compared with baseline (all P > .05). In univariate
      analysis, bladder volume receiving 70 Gy (V70 Gy) and penile bulb V70 Gy were
      associated with urinary continence (odds ratio, 0.82; P < .05). In a
      multivariable model that included body mass index, distance between
      vesicourethral junction and genitourinary diaphragm, time from surgery, use of
      antihypertensive medications, age, diabetes, and bladder V70 Gy, only bladder V70
      Gy (odds ratio, 0.82; P = .03) was associated with outcome. After 2 years, there
      was a significant difference in global score for those with V70 Gy < 42.27 versus
      >=42.27 mL (all P < .05 at 2 and 3 years post-IMRT). CONCLUSION: There was no
      significant change in patient-reported urinary continence scores after
      postprostatectomy IMRT. Bladder V70 Gy was independently associated with a
      decrease in urinary continence scores. Further evaluation is necessary to
      optimize quality of life in these men.

PMID- 26961718
TI  - Hymenobacter marinus sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative and non-motile bacterial strain that formed straight rods
      and reddish colonies, designated KJ035T, was isolated from seawater from the East
      Sea, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences
      indicated that strain KJ035T belonged to the genus Hymenobacter. The most closely
      related species were Hymenobacter metalli A2-91T (96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence
      similarity), Hymenobacter flocculans A2-50AT (96.7 %) and Hymenobacter
      ginsengisoli DCY57T (96.0 %). The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso
      C15:0, C16:1omega5c and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1omega6c and/or
      C16:1omega7c). The major isoprenoid quinone and polyamine were menaquinone 7 (MK
      7) and homospermidine, respectively. The major polar lipids were
      phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminophospholipids, three
      unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified
      polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.0 mol%. The results
      of physiological and biochemical tests allowed the discrimination of the new
      isolate from its phylogenetic relatives. Strain KJ035T is thus considered to be a
      representative of a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name
      Hymenobacter marinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KJ035T (=KCTC
      42854T=CECT 9069T). 

PMID- 26961719
TI  - Memorial - Professor Samuel Sideman.

PMID- 26961717
TI  - TXNIP/TRX/NF-kappaB and MAPK/NF-kappaB pathways involved in the cardiotoxicity
      induced by Venenum Bufonis in rats.
AB  - Venenum Bufonis (VB) is a widely used traditional medicine with serious
      cardiotoxic effects. The inflammatory response has been studied to clarify the
      mechanism of the cardiotoxicity induced by VB for the first time. In the present
      study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, were administered VB (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)
      intragastrically, experienced disturbed ECGs (lowered heart rate and elevated ST
      segment), increased levels of serum indicators (creatine kinase (CK), creatine
      kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST)) and serum interleukin (IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) at 2 h,
      4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h, which reflected that an inflammatory response,
      together with cardiotoxicity, were involved in VB-treated rats. In addition, the
      elevated serum level of MDA and the down-regulated SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx levels
      indicated the appearance of oxidative stress in the VB-treated group.
      Furthermore, based on the enhanced expression levels of TXNIP, p-NF-kappaBp65, p
      IkappaBalpha, p-IKKalpha, p-IKKbeta, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-P38 and the obvious
      myocardial degeneration, it is proposed that VB-induced cardiotoxicity may
      promote an inflammatory response through the TXNIP/TRX/NF-kappaB and MAPK/NF
      kappaB pathways. The observed inflammatory mechanism induced by VB may provide a
      theoretical reference for the toxic effects and clinical application of VB. 

PMID- 26961721
TI  - IMPORTANCE OF MULTIPLE CRITERIA FOR PRIORITY SETTING OF HIV/AIDS INTERVENTIONS.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study describes the views of various stakeholders on the
      importance of different criteria for priority setting of HIV/AIDS interventions
      in Indonesia. METHODS: Based on a general list of criteria and a focus group
      discussion with stakeholders (n = 6), a list was developed of thirty-two criteria
      that play a role in priority setting in HIV/AIDS control in West-Java province.
      Criteria were categorized according to the World Health Organization's health
      system goals and building block frameworks. People living with HIV/AIDS (n = 49),
      healthcare workers (HCW) (n = 41), the general population (n = 43), and policy
      makers (n = 22) rated the importance of thirty-two criteria on a 5-point Likert
      scale. Thereafter, respondents ranked the highest rated criteria to express more
      detailed preferences. RESULTS: Stakeholders valued the following criteria as most
      important for the priority setting of HIV/AIDS interventions: an intervention's
      impact on the HIV/AIDS epidemic, reduction of stigma, quality of care,
      effectiveness on individual level, and feasibility in terms of current capacity
      of the health system (i.e., HCW, product, information, and service requirements),
      financial sustainability, and acceptance by donors. Overall, stakeholders'
      preferences for the importance of criteria are similar. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      design outlines an approach for other settings to identify which criteria are
      important for priority setting of health interventions. For Indonesia, these
      study results may be used in priority setting processes for HIV/AIDS control and
      may contribute to more transparent and systematic allocation of resources.

PMID- 26961720
TI  - A Dual-Function Transcription Factor, AtYY1, Is a Novel Negative Regulator of the
      Arabidopsis ABA Response Network.
AB  - Abscisic acid (ABA) plays crucial roles in plant growth and development, as well
      as in response to various environmental stresses. To date, many regulatory genes
      involved in the ABA response network have been identified; however, their roles
      have remained to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified AtYY1, an
      Arabidopsis homolog of the mammalian C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor Yin
      Yang 1 (YY1), as a novel negative regulator of the ABA response. AtYY1 is a dual
      function transcription factor with both repression and activation domains. The
      expression of AtYY1 was induced by ABA and stress conditions including high salt
      and dehydration. The yy1 mutant was more sensitive to ABA and NaCl than the wild
      type, while overexpressing AtYY1 plants were less sensitive. AtYY1 loss also
      enhanced ABA-induced stomatal closing and drought resistance. Moreover, AtYY1 can
      bind the ABA REPRESSOR1 (ABR1) promoter and directly upregulate ABR1 expression,
      as well as negatively regulate ABA- and salt-responsive gene expression.
      Additional analysis indicated that ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) might positively
      regulate AtYY1 expression and that ABR1 can antagonize this regulation. Our
      findings provide direct evidence that AtYY1 is a novel negative regulator of the
      ABA response network and that the ABI4-AtYY1-ABR1 regulatory pathway may fine
      tune ABA-responsive gene expression in Arabidopsis.

PMID- 26961722
TI  - REVIEWING TRANSFERABILITY IN ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS ORIGINATING FROM EASTERN
      EUROPE.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to analyze the quality and transferability
      issues reported in published peer-reviewed English-language economic evaluations
      based in healthcare settings of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) and former
      Soviet countries. METHODS: A systematic search of economic evaluations of
      healthcare interventions was performed for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
      Bulgaria, Estonia, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, the former
      Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, the Russian
      Federation, Serbia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. The included studies were assessed
      according to their characteristics, quality (using Drummond's checklist), use of
      local data, and the transferability of inputs and results, if addressed. RESULTS:
      Most of the thirty-four economic evaluations identified were conducted from a
      healthcare or payer perspective (74 percent), with 47 percent of studies focusing
      on infectious diseases. The least frequently and transparently addressed
      parameters were the items' stated perspectives, relevant costs included,
      accurately measured costs in appropriate units, outcomes and costs credibly
      valued, and uncertainties addressed. Local data were often used to assess unit
      costs, baseline risk, and resource usage, while jurisdiction-specific utilities
      were included in only one study. Only 32 percent of relevant studies discussed
      the limitations of using foreign data, and 36 percent of studies discussed the
      transferability of their own study results to other jurisdictions. CONCLUSIONS:
      Transferability of the results is not sufficiently discussed in published
      economic evaluations. To simplify the transferability of studies to other
      jurisdictions, the following should be comprehensively addressed: uncertainty,
      impact of influential parameters, and data transferability. The transparency of
      reporting should be improved.

PMID- 26961723
TI  - Conformal Invariance of Graphene Sheets.
AB  - Suspended graphene sheets exhibit correlated random deformations that can be
      studied under the framework of rough surfaces with a Hurst (roughness) exponent
      0.72 +/- 0.01. Here, we show that, independent of the temperature, the iso-height
      lines at the percolation threshold have a well-defined fractal dimension and are
      conformally invariant, sharing the same statistical properties as Schramm-Loewner
      evolution (SLEkappa) curves with kappa = 2.24 +/- 0.07. Interestingly, iso-height
      lines of other rough surfaces are not necessarily conformally invariant even if
      they have the same Hurst exponent, e.g. random Gaussian surfaces. We have found
      that the distribution of the modulus of the Fourier coefficients plays an
      important role on this property. Our results not only introduce a new
      universality class and place the study of suspended graphene membranes within the
      theory of critical phenomena, but also provide hints on the long-standing
      question about the origin of conformal invariance in iso-height lines of rough
      surfaces. 

PMID- 26961725
TI  - A novel photo-responsive europium(III) complex for advanced anti-counterfeiting
      and encryption.
AB  - A novel europium(iii) complex simultaneously exhibiting photocolorimetric and
      photofluorometric behavior was obtained. Multiple distinguishable identities can
      be obtained and reversibly modulated using light as external stimuli. With this
      novel photo-responsive complex, double encryption and advanced anti
      counterfeiting were realized. 

PMID- 26961724
TI  - Antioxidant Lignans and Neolignans from Acorus tatarinowii.
AB  - Eleven new lignans and neolignans, named acortatarinowins G-N (1-8), including
      three pairs of enantiomers (1a/1b-3a/3b) and five optically pure lignans and
      neolignans (4-8), along with five known analogs (9-14), were isolated from the
      rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott. Compounds 1-3 were successfully separated
      by chiral HPLC to afford 1a/1b-3a/3b. The planar structures of 1-8 were
      elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including HRESIMS and NMR. Their
      absolute configurations were determined by analyses of single-crystal X-ray
      diffraction and a modified Mosher's method, assisted by experimental and
      calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Compounds 1a and 1b were
      rare 7,8'-epoxy-8,7'-oxyneolignane. Compounds 1-8 were evaluated for their
      antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reducing
      antioxidant power assay. Compound 6, exhibiting strong DPPH radical scavenging
      capacity with IC50 value of 16.4 +/- 0.22 MUg/mL, could interpret the herbal
      traditional usage. 

PMID- 26961726
TI  - Investigations of in vitro bioaccessibility from interesterified stearic and
      oleic acid-rich blends.
AB  - Interesterification was previously found to impact stearic acid absorption in a
      randomized cross-over study, when human volunteers consumed a 70 : 30 wt% high
      oleic sunflower and canola stearin blend (NIE) compared to the same blend which
      had undergone either chemical (CIE) or enzymatic (EIE) interesterification. In
      this research, in vitro lipid digestion, bioaccessibility, and changes in
      undigested lipid composition and melting behavior of these same test fats were
      investigated using the dynamic, multi-compartmental TIM-1 digestion model and
      compared with the previous human study. Overall, TIM-1 bioaccessibility was
      higher with interesterification (p < 0.05). Oleic acid bioaccessibility was
      higher than stearic acid bioaccessibility for NIE, and vice versa for the
      interesterified blends (p < 0.05). Stearic acid was more concentrated in the
      undigested triacylglycerols (TAG) from NIE, corresponding to a relatively higher
      melting temperature of the undigested lipids. The results confirm the impact of
      TAG composition, fatty acid position and/or physical properties on lipid
      digestion. TIM-1 bioaccessibility was linearly correlated (R(2) = 0.8640) with
      postprandial serum TAG concentration in the human study. Therefore, the in vitro
      digestion model offered predictive insights related to the impacts of lipid
      interesterificaton on absorption. 

PMID- 26961727
TI  - Acromegaly-induced cardiomyopathy with dobutamine-induced outflow tract
      obstruction.
AB  - A 50-year-old man with a history of acromegaly was referred for preoperative
      cardiac evaluation preceding trans-sphenoidal resection of a pituitary
      macroadenoma. Dobutamine stress echocardiography was negative for myocardial
      ischaemia. Resting left ventricular (LV) LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was 64% and
      there was hypertrophy of ventricular septum (18 mm) without resting LV outflow
      tract obstruction. With 40 ug/kg/min of dobutamine, the LVEF became hyperdynamic
      at 80%, and there was a maximal instantaneous LV outflow tract gradient of 77 mm
      Hg. There was no delayed myocardial enhancement on cardiac MRI and the pattern of
      hypertrophy was concentric. Acromegaly-induced cardiomyopathy can mimic
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the setting of dobutamine provocation. Because
      cardiomyopathy is an important cause of mortality in acromegaly, diagnosis and
      appropriate management are critical to improve survival.

PMID- 26961728
TI  - Inferior wall STEMI presenting with a ruptured intraseptal pseudoaneurysm.

PMID- 26961729
TI  - "Floating shoulder" injuries.
AB  - "Floating shoulder" is a rare injury complex resulting from high-energy blunt
      force trauma to the shoulder, resulting in scapulothoracic dissociation. It is
      commonly associated with catastrophic neurovascular injury. Two cases of
      motorcyclists with floating shoulder injuries are described. 

PMID- 26961736
TI  - Corrigendum: X-ray Scatter Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Mouse Model
      Using Nanoparticle Contrast Agents.

PMID- 26961734
TI  - Correspondence: SEMA4A variation and risk of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 26961735
TI  - The lady with the dragon tattoo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Though the skin is affected in sarcoidosis in about one-third of
      cases, granulomatous tattoo reactions are an unusual manifestation of the
      disease. It is important phenomenon to recognize, as it frequently leads to the
      diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old Caucasian
      female with multiple tattoos presented with a 5-week history of tenderness of the
      black dye in a tattoo depicting a dragon. She also described a 15-month history
      of fatigue, polyarthralgia, and mild dyspnea. Skin biopsy demonstrated multiple
      dermal non-caseating granulomata with associated tattoo ink. Further
      investigation revealed the presence of systemic sarcoidosis. Her symptoms and
      skin changes improved with conservative management. CONCLUSION: Sarcoidal tattoo
      reactions in those without systemic sarcoidosis are a rare occurrence, and their
      presence should prompt a search for systemic involvement. The accurate
      identification of skin involvement in sarcoidosis is important, as it tends to
      occur early in the course of disease, and the skin is a readily accessible site
      for biopsy, allowing for prompt diagnosis.

PMID- 26961737
TI  - Hepatocellular Carcinoma Post Embolotherapy: Imaging Appearances and Pitfalls on
      Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
AB  - Embolotherapies used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include
      bland embolization, conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) using
      ethiodol as a carrier, TACE with drug-eluting beads and super absorbent polymer
      microspheres (DEB-TACE), and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT).
      Successfully treated HCC lesions undergo coagulation necrosis, and appear as
      nonenhancing hypoattenuating or hypointense lesions in the embolized region on
      computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance. Residual or recurrent tumours
      demonstrate arterial enhancement with portal venous phase wash-out of contrast,
      features characteristic of HCC, in and/or around the embolized area. Certain
      imaging features that result from the procedure itself may limit assessment of
      response. In conventional TACE, the high-attenuating retained ethiodized oil may
      obscure arterially-enhancing tumours and limit detection of residual tumours;
      thus a noncontrast CT on follow-up imaging is important post-cTACE.
      Hyperenhancement within or around the treated zone can be seen after cTACE, DEB
      TACE, or SIRT due to physiologic inflammatory response and may mimic residual
      tumour. Recognition of these pitfalls is important in the evaluation
      embolotherapy response. 

PMID- 26961738
TI  - Current treatment approaches and trials in central sleep apnea.
AB  - Central sleep apnea (CSA) is one of the most common comorbidities in patients
      with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and is associated with negative
      consequences. Despite several recent advances, there are currently no widely
      accepted therapies for CSA. In this review we will discuss available therapies
      for CSA and review the published trials addressing treatment of CSA in HFrEF
      patients. 

PMID- 26961739
TI  - Relationship between central sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes Respiration.
AB  - Central sleep apnea (CSA) in patients with heart failure (HF) occurs frequently
      and shows a serious influence on prognosis in this population. The key elements
      in the pathophysiology of CSA are respiratory instability with chronic
      hyperventilation, changes of arterial carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2) and
      elongated circulation time. The main manifestation of CSA in patients with HF is
      Cheyne-Stokes Respiration (CSR). The initial treatment is the optimization of HF
      therapy. However, many other options of the therapeutic management have been
      studied, particularly those based on positive airway pressure methods. In
      patients with heart failure we often can observe the overlap of CSA and CSR; we
      will discuss the differences between these forms of breathing disorders during
      sleep. We will also discuss when CSA and CSR occur independently of each other
      and the importance of CSR occurring during the daytime in context of CSA during
      the nighttime. 

PMID- 26961740
TI  - Left coronary cusp cryoablation guided by electroanatomic mapping for outflow
      ventricular arrhythmias.

PMID- 26961741
TI  - Exercise-based pre-habilitation is feasible and effective in radical cystectomy
      pathways-secondary results from a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical exercises offer a variety of health benefits to cancer
      survivors during and post-treatment. However, exercise-based pre-habilitation is
      not well reported in major uro-oncology surgery. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the feasibility, the adherence, and the efficacy of a short-term
      physical pre-habilitation program to patients with invasive bladder cancer
      awaiting radical cystectomy (RC). METHODS: A parent prospective randomized
      controlled clinical trial investigated efficacy of a multidisciplinary
      rehabilitation program on length of stay following RC. A total of 107 patients
      were included in the intension-to-treat population revealing 50 patients in the
      intervention group and 57 patients in the standard group. Pre-operatively, the
      intervention group was instructed to a standardized exercise program consisting
      of both muscle strength exercises and endurance training. The number of training
      sessions and exercise repetitions was patient-reported. Feasibility was expressed
      as adherence to the program and efficacy as the differences in muscle power
      within and between treatment groups at time for surgery. RESULTS: A total of 66 %
      (95 % confidence interval (CI) 51; 78) adhered more than 75 % of the recommended
      progressive standardized exercise program. In the intervention group, a
      significant improvement in muscle power of 18 % (p < 0.002) was found at time for
      surgery. Moreover, muscle power was significantly improved compared to that in
      the standard group with 0.3 W/kg (95 % CI 0.08; 0.5 %) (p < 0.006). Adherence was
      not associated with pre-operative BMI, nutritional risk, comorbidity, pain,
      gender, or age. CONCLUSION: In patients awaiting RC, a short-term exercise-based
      pre-habilitation intervention is feasible and effective and should be considered
      in future survivorship strategies.

PMID- 26961742
TI  - Protein Structural Analysis of Calbindin D28k Function and Dysregulation:
      Potential Competition Between Ca(2+) and Zn(2.).
AB  - Calcium homeostasis is an essential physiological process requiring tight control
      in the normal cell. The dysregulation of calcium homeostasis may play a key role
      in the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders, whether through the
      loss of calcium binding or calcium sensing capacity. Calbindin D28k (CB-D28k), a
      calcium binding protein composed of six EF-hands, four of which can bind Ca(2+),
      has been implicated in AD-related calcium dysregulation. In this study, docking
      and molecular dynamics calculations were employed to refine the protein data base
      model in order to understand the underlying structural variations between
      functional and non-functional EF-hands. Molecular modeling calculations improved
      the modelled protein structure: helix-loop-helix sequences were formed in all
      hands and most canonical interactions were formed in the four functional hands.
      The protein can also bind Zn(2+), potentially altering the Ca(2+) binding
      capability. Analysis of calculated structures of Zn(2+) bound protein showed that
      only half of the correct EF-hand canonical interactions of Ca(2+) were formed
      with loop residues. These results have important implications for the
      understanding of calcium dysregulation as well as for the development of novel
      therapeutic strategies in AD and other central nervous system disease processes,
      or in conditions of brain injury where calcium homeostasis is compromised.

PMID- 26961743
TI  - Distress, misperceptions, poor coping and suicidal ideation in psoriatic
      arthritis: a qualitative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: PsA is associated with significant distress and can be life-ruining.
      Reducing distress can improve quality of life and disease outcomes. Quality of
      life measures broadly identify the extent to which PsA impacts on people's lives
      but do not enable clinicians to address PsA-specific distress in the setting of
      the clinic. The aim of this study was to explore people's illness beliefs,
      emotions and behaviours that relate to living with PsA and account for the
      distress experienced by those living with this condition. METHODS: Semi
      structured individual interviews were conducted in the UK with adults with PsA.
      Interview questions were theoretically informed by the Common-Sense Self
      Regulation Model (CS-SRM). Two stages of data analysis, in line with thematic and
      framework analysis principles, involved coding pre-determined CS-SRM components
      and identifying any additional emergent themes. Constant comparison techniques
      allowed for patterns across CS-SRM components to emerge inductively from the
      data. RESULTS: Twenty-four people with PsA participated (54% male; aged 27-71;
      time since onset ranged between 4 months and 29 years). Four core themes
      comprising clusters of illness beliefs, emotions and related behaviours emerged
      accounting for patient distress: restrictions, role of others, resentment and
      resignation. Suicidal ideation in the sample was commonly expressed and patients
      feared exponential degeneration of their condition. Patients reported the
      condition being dismissed or belittled by others and therefore hiding their
      distress from people around them. CONCLUSION: People with PsA experience
      significant disease-related distress, including suicidal ideation.
      Misperceptions, ineffective coping styles (e.g. avoidance/blocking) and negative
      emotions should be actively identified and addressed with people with PsA.

PMID- 26961745
TI  - Using the common sense model of illness to examine interrelationships between
      symptom severity and health outcomes in end-stage osteoarthritis patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the utility of the common sense model (CSM) in
      characterizing contributors to psychological well-being and quality of life (QoL)
      in patients with end-stage OA. METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients [34
      males, 86 females; mean (s.d.) age 65.52 (9.14) years] with end-stage OA (57.5%
      hip, 42.5% knee) were recruited. OA symptom severity was evaluated according to
      the WOMAC; coping styles were assessed with the Carver Brief COPE scale; illness
      perceptions were explored with the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire; self
      efficacy was assessed with the Arthritis Self-efficacy scale; anxiety, depression
      and overall distress were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression
      Scale; and QoL was assessed using the WHO Quality of Life-short version. The CSM
      was used to explore the interrelationships between OA symptom severity, illness
      perceptions and coping strategies in patients. RESULTS: Two structural equation
      models were developed, with both found to have good fit. Consistent with the CSM,
      the standard model indicated that self-reported OA symptom severity directly
      influenced illness perceptions, which in turn had direct impacts upon maladaptive
      coping, distress and QoL. The addition of self-efficacy to the CSM resulted in a
      complex interaction, with OA severity directly influencing self-efficacy and self
      efficacy influencing maladaptive coping, distress and QoL. CONCLUSION: We found
      interrelationships amongst OA activity, illness perceptions, coping strategies,
      self-efficacy, psychological distress and QoL broadly consistent with the CSM.
      The CSM may help inform the approach to the psychological support that patients
      with end-stage OA often require.

PMID- 26961744
TI  - Autoantibodies to human citrullinated fibrinogen and their subfamilies to the
      alpha36-50Cit and beta60-74Cit fibrin peptides similarly predict radiographic
      damages: a prospective study in the French ESPOIR cohort of very early
      arthritides.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether subfamilies of the RA-specific autoantibodies
      to human citrullinated fibrinogen (AhFibA) differentially associate with the RA
      risk factors, HLA-DRB1 shared epitope containing alleles (SE alleles) and
      cigarette smoking, and thus help to predict the disease outcome. METHODS: AhFibA
      and their anti-alpha36-50Cit and anti-beta60-74Cit subfamilies were assayed by
      ELISA, at baseline, in the French ESPOIR (Etude et Suivi des Polyarthrites
      Indifferenciees Recentes) cohort composed of undifferentiated arthritides and RA
      patients of < 6 months' duration. Cigarette smoking, SE alleles' presence, DAS28,
      HAQ and modified Sharp-van der Heijde Score data were obtained at baseline, and
      after follow-up. RESULTS: After 3 years, 701 patients were classified as having
      RA according to the ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria. Among them, 349 (50%), 203 (29%) and
      257 (37%) were AhFibA-, anti-alpha36-50Cit- and anti-beta60-74Cit-positive,
      respectively. The presence and titres of AhFibA and their subfamilies similarly
      associated with SE alleles, irrespective of their fine specificity, without
      significant effect of smoking. Neither their presence nor their titre was
      associated with DAS28 or HAQ. The presence of at least one subfamily was
      associated with a faster Sharp/van der Heijde score progression, albeit without
      correlation with the titre. CONCLUSION: AhFibA and their main subfamilies are
      similarly associated with SE alleles without additional effect of smoking.
      Whatever their fine specificity was, their presence (but not their titre)
      similarly constituted a marker of faster joint destruction.

PMID- 26961747
TI  - Landfill site selection using combination of GIS and fuzzy AHP, a case study:
      Iranshahr, Iran.
AB  - One of the most important recent challenges in solid waste management throughout
      the world is site selection of sanitary landfill. Commonly, because of
      simultaneous effects of social, environmental, and technical parameters on
      suitability of a landfill site, landfill site selection is a complex process and
      depends on several criteria and regulations. This study develops a multi-criteria
      decision analysis (MCDA) process, which combines geographic information system
      (GIS) analysis with a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), to determine
      suitable sites for landfill construction in Iranshahr County, Iran. The GIS was
      used to calculate and classify selected criteria and FAHP was used to assess the
      criteria weights based on their effectiveness on selection of potential landfill
      sites. Finally, a suitability map was prepared by overlay analyses and suitable
      areas were identified. Four suitability classes within the study area were
      separated, including high, medium, low, and very low suitability areas, which
      represented 18%, 15%, 55%, and 12% of the study area, respectively.

PMID- 26961746
TI  - Have radiographic progression rates in early rheumatoid arthritis changed? A
      systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term cohorts.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, firstly, all published data on baseline and annual
      progression rates of radiographic damage from all longitudinal observational
      cohorts, and secondly, the association of standard clinical and laboratory
      parameters with long-term radiographic joint damage. METHODS: A comprehensive
      search of the literature from 1975 to 2014, using PubMed, SCOPUS and Cochrane
      databases, identified a total of 28 studies that investigated long-term
      radiographic progression, and 41 studies investigating predictors of long-term
      radiographic progression. This was submitted and approved by PROSPERO in February
      2014 (Registration Number: CRD42014007589). RESULTS: Meta-analysis indicated an
      overall baseline rate of 2.02%, and a yearly increase of 1.08% of maximum damage.
      Stratified analysis found that baseline radiographic scores did not differ
      significantly between cohorts recruiting patients pre- and post-1990 (2.01% vs
      2.03%; P > 0.01); however, the annual rate of progression was significantly
      reduced in the post-1990 cohorts (0.68% vs 1.50%; P < 0.05). High levels of acute
      phase markers, baseline radiographic damage, anti-CCP and RF positivity remain
      consistently predictive of long-term radiographic joint damage. CONCLUSION:
      Critical changes in treatment practices over the last three decades are likely to
      explain the reduction in the long-term progression of structural joint damage.
      Acute phase markers and presence of RF/anti-CCP are strongly associated with
      increased radiographic progression.

PMID- 26961749
TI  - Multistable internal resonance in electroelastic crystals with nonlinearly
      coupled modes.
AB  - Nonlinear modal interactions have recently become the focus of intense research
      in micro- and nanoscale resonators for their use to improve oscillator
      performance and probe the frontiers of fundamental physics. However, our
      understanding of modal coupling is largely restricted to clamped-clamped beams,
      and lacking in systems with both geometric and material nonlinearities. Here we
      report multistable energy transfer between internally resonant modes of an
      electroelastic crystal plate and use a mixed analytical-numerical approach to
      provide new insight into these complex interactions. Our results reveal a rich
      bifurcation structure marked by nested regions of multistability. Even the simple
      case of two coupled modes generates a host of topologically distinct dynamics
      over the parameter space, ranging from the usual Duffing bistability to complex
      multistable behaviour and quasiperiodic motion. 

PMID- 26961750
TI  - Efficient Conversion of Inulin to Inulooligosaccharides through Endoinulinase
      from Aspergillus niger.
AB  - Inulooligosaccharides (IOS) represent an important class of oligosaccharides at
      industrial scale. An efficient conversion of inulin to IOS through endoinulinase
      from Aspergillus niger is presented. A 1482 bp codon optimized gene fragment
      encoding endoinulinase from A. niger DSM 2466 was cloned into pPIC9K vector and
      was transformed into Pichia pastoris KM71. Maximum activity of the recombinant
      endoinulinase, 858 U/mL, was obtained at 120 h of the high cell density
      fermentation process. The optimal conditions for inulin hydrolysis using the
      recombinant endoinulinase were investigated. IOS were harvested with a high
      concentration of 365.1 g/L and high yield up to 91.3%. IOS with different degrees
      of polymerization (DP, mainly DP 3-6) were distributed in the final reaction
      products.

PMID- 26961751
TI  - Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Carbon Centers through Copper-Catalyzed
      Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation of Azoles.
AB  - Copper-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation of azoles with gamma,gamma
      disubstituted primary allylic phosphates was achieved using a new chiral N
      heterocyclic carbene ligand bearing a naphtholic hydroxy group. This reaction
      occurred with excellent branch regioselectivity and high enantioselectivity, thus
      forming a controlled all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center at the position
      alpha to the heteroaromatic ring. 

PMID- 26961752
TI  - The Pharmacokinetics of Pregabalin in Breast Milk, Plasma, and Urine of Healthy
      Postpartum Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the presence of pregabalin in human breast milk
      of nursing mothers. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine pregabalin
      concentrations in breast milk, estimate the infant daily pregabalin dose from
      nursing mothers, and evaluate pregabalin pharmacokinetic data in lactating women
      (>= 12 weeks postpartum). METHODS: In this multiple-dose, open-label,
      pharmacokinetic study, 4 doses of pregabalin 150 mg were administered orally at
      12-hour intervals. Urine, blood, and breast milk samples were collected up to 12,
      24, and 48 hours, respectively, following the fourth dose. Pharmacokinetic
      parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. Adverse events were
      monitored throughout. RESULTS: Ten healthy lactating women (age 24-37 years)
      received pregabalin. Geometric mean pregabalin Cmaxss and AUCtau values in breast
      milk were approximately 53% and 76%, respectively, of those for plasma. The mean
      amount of pregabalin in breast milk recovered in a 24-hour period after the last
      dose was 574 MUg (range, 270-1720 MUg), which is approximately 0.2% of the
      administered daily maternal dose of 300 mg. The estimated average daily infant
      dose of pregabalin from breast milk was 0.31 mg/kg/day, which would be
      approximately 7% (23% coefficient of variation) of the body weight normalized
      maternal dose. Approximately 89% of the dose administered was recovered in urine.
      Renal clearance averaged 68.2 mL/min. Adverse events were of mild or moderate
      severity. CONCLUSION: Lactation appears to have had little influence on
      pregabalin pharmacokinetics. Overall, the estimated dose of pregabalin in
      breastfed children of women receiving pregabalin is low. Pregabalin was well
      tolerated in lactating women. DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS: The authors
      declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the
      research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Peter A. Lockwood,
      Lynne Pauer, Joseph M. Scavone, Maud Allard, Laure Mendes da Costa, Tanja Alebic
      Kolbah, Anna Plotka, Christine W. Alvey, and Marci L. Chew were all full-time
      employees of Pfizer at the time the study was completed and hold stock and/or
      stock options in Pfizer. FUNDING: The authors disclosed receipt of the following
      financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
      article: This study was sponsored by Pfizer, which was involved in the study
      design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, the writing of
      the report, and the decision to submit the paper for publication. Medical writing
      support was provided by Penny Gorringe, MSc, of Engage Scientific Solutions and
      funded by Pfizer.

PMID- 26961753
TI  - Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Kashmir: A temperate zone.
AB  - The objective of this study was to observe the clinical features of patients with
      vernal keratoconjunctivitis attending the Outpatient Department of a mobile eye
      unit, Directorate of Health Services, Jammu and Kashmir over a period of 1 year.
      The greater prevalence of VKC is seen in the regions with hot, humid climate, and
      higher load of airborne allergens. The clinical profile of this disease seems to
      have geographical variation. The study was conducted in the mobile eye unit,
      Directorate of Health Services, Kashmir, a comparatively cooler area. All the
      patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis who presented to the OPD during this
      period were examined. The diagnosis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis was based on
      typical history, clinical features, and examination. All the patients with the
      complaints of itching, watering, and photophobia were examined. After proper
      history, clinical features, and ocular examination under slit lamp, the data were
      recorded for patients who were diagnosed with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Of all
      the patients who had allergic ocular disorders, a total of 212 patients were
      diagnosed as cases with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. This is a non-interventional
      study, and the ethical clearance was obtained from the regulatory board of the
      hospital. The study abides by the tenets laid down in the declaration of
      Helsinki. During this 1-year period, 212 vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients
      were examined, of whom 155 (73 %) were males and 57 (27 %) were females. As per
      the age group, 40 % (85) of patients were in the age group of 11-15 years. 93 %
      (197) of patients had bilateral disease, and 7 % (15) had unilateral. It was seen
      that 75 % (159) had seasonal attack. Different types of disease were observed: 77
      % (163) had bulbar disease, 7 % (15) had palpebral, and 16 % (34) had mixed
      disease. During this period, we noticed that VKC led to complications also. It
      was seen that 3 % (6) of patients had steroid induced glaucoma, 5 % (11) had
      developed cataract, 6 % (13) of patients had keratoconus, and 6 % (13) of
      patients had corneal scarring. Other complications were also seen. VKC is a
      bilateral disease. Males are affected more than females. Ocular complications
      were seen in around 30 % of patients. Visual impairment ranging from severe
      visual impairment to blindness was observed in 2 % of patients. VKC patients
      should be instructed to use medication under the supervision of an
      ophthalmologist. There is a need to assess disease severity in order to develop
      standardized guidelines based on the stage of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

PMID- 26961748
TI  - Efficient and biologically relevant consensus strategy for Parkinson's disease
      gene prioritization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The systemic information enclosed in microarray data encodes relevant
      clues to overcome the poorly understood combination of genetic and environmental
      factors in Parkinson's disease (PD), which represents the major obstacle to
      understand its pathogenesis and to develop disease-modifying therapeutics. While
      several gene prioritization approaches have been proposed, none dominate over the
      rest. Instead, hybrid approaches seem to outperform individual approaches.
      METHODS: A consensus strategy is proposed for PD related gene prioritization from
      mRNA microarray data based on the combination of three independent prioritization
      approaches: Limma, machine learning, and weighted gene co-expression networks.
      RESULTS: The consensus strategy outperformed the individual approaches in terms
      of statistical significance, overall enrichment and early recognition ability. In
      addition to a significant biological relevance, the set of 50 genes prioritized
      exhibited an excellent early recognition ability (6 of the top 10 genes are
      directly associated with PD). 40 % of the prioritized genes were previously
      associated with PD including well-known PD related genes such as SLC18A2, TH or
      DRD2. Eight genes (CCNH, DLK1, PCDH8, SLIT1, DLD, PBX1, INSM1, and BMI1) were
      found to be significantly associated to biological process affected in PD,
      representing potentially novel PD biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
      Additionally, several metrics of standard use in chemoinformatics are proposed to
      evaluate the early recognition ability of gene prioritization tools. CONCLUSIONS:
      The proposed consensus strategy represents an efficient and biologically relevant
      approach for gene prioritization tasks providing a valuable decision-making tool
      for the study of PD pathogenesis and the development of disease-modifying PD
      therapeutics.

PMID- 26961754
TI  - Stability of colloidal dispersions in the presence of protein fibrils.
AB  - We studied the stability of monodispersed polystyrene latex dispersions with
      protein fibrils at different concentrations at pH 2 using microscopy and
      diffusing wave spectroscopy. At low fibril concentrations, fibrils induced
      bridging flocculation due to the opposite charges between fibrils and the latex
      particles. At higher fibril concentration the dispersions were stabilized due to
      steric and/or electrostatic repulsion. Upon further increasing fibril
      concentration, we find that the dispersion is destabilized again by depletion
      interaction. At even higher fibril concentration, the dispersions are stabilized
      again. These dispersions have a higher stability compared to the dispersions
      without fibrils. Interestingly, these dispersions contain single particles and
      small clusters of particles that do not grow beyond a certain size. Although the
      stabilization mechanism is not clear yet, the results from microscopy and
      diffusing wave spectroscopy point in the direction of a kinetic barrier that
      depends on fibril concentration. 

PMID- 26961755
TI  - Interactions between Bacteria And Aspen Defense Chemicals at the Phyllosphere -
      Herbivore Interface.
AB  - Plant- and insect-associated microorganisms encounter a diversity of
      allelochemicals, and require mechanisms for contending with these often
      deleterious and broadly-acting compounds. Trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides,
      contains two principal groups of defenses, phenolic glycosides (salicinoids) and
      condensed tannins, which differentially affect the folivorous gypsy moth,
      Lymantria dispar, and its gut symbionts. The bacteria genus Acinetobacter is
      frequently associated with both aspen foliage and gypsy moth consuming that
      tissue, and one isolate, Acinetobacter sp. R7-1, previously has been shown to
      metabolize phenolic glycosides. In this study, we aimed to characterize further
      interactions between this Acinetobacter isolate and aspen secondary metabolites.
      We assessed bacterial carbon utilization and growth in response to different
      concentrations of phenolic glycosides and condensed tannins. We also tested if
      enzyme inhibitors reduce bacterial growth and catabolism of phenolic glycosides.
      Acinetobacter sp. R7-1 utilized condensed tannins but not phenolic glycosides or
      glucose as carbon sources. Growth in nutrient-rich medium was increased by
      condensed tannins, but reduced by phenolic glycosides. Addition of the P450
      enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide increased the effects of phenolic glycosides
      on Acinetobacter sp. R7-1. In contrast, the esterase inhibitor S,S,S,-tributyl
      phosphorotrithioate did not affect phenolic glycoside inhibition of bacterial
      growth. Degradation of phenolic glycosides by Acinetobacter sp. R7-1 appears to
      alleviate the cytotoxicity of these compounds, rather than provide an energy
      source. Our results further suggest this bacterium utilizes additional,
      complementary mechanisms to degrade antimicrobial phytochemicals. Collectively,
      these results provide insight into mechanisms by which microorganisms contend
      with their environment within the context of plant-herbivore interactions.

PMID- 26961756
TI  - Glucosinolate Desulfation by the Phloem-Feeding Insect Bemisia tabaci.
AB  - Glucosinolates are plant secondary defense metabolites confined nearly
      exclusively to the order Brassicales. Upon tissue rupture, glucosinolates are
      hydrolyzed to various bioactive breakdown products by the endogenous plant enzyme
      myrosinase. As the feeding of chewing insect herbivores is associated with plant
      tissue damage, these insects have developed several independent strategies for
      coping with the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system. On the other hand, our
      knowledge of how phloem-feeding insects interact with the glucosinolate
      myrosinase system is much more limited. In fact, phloem feeders might avoid
      contact with myrosinase altogether so their susceptibility to intoxication by
      glucosinolate hydrolysis products is unclear. Previous studies utilizing
      Arabidopsis thaliana plants accumulating high levels of aliphatic- or indolic
      glucosinolates indicated that both glucosinolate groups have moderate negative
      effects on the reproductive performance of Bemisia tabaci, a generalist phloem
      feeding insect. To get a deeper understanding of the interaction between B.
      tabaci and glucosinolate-defended plants, adults were allowed to feed on
      artificial diet containing intact glucosinolates or on Brussels sprout and A.
      thaliana plants, and their honeydew was analyzed for the presence of possible
      metabolites. We found that B. tabaci is capable of cleaving off the sulfate group
      of intact glucosinolates, producing desulfoglucosinolates that cannot be
      activated by myrosinases, a mechanism described to date only in several chewing
      insect herbivores. The presence of desulfated glucosinolates in the honeydew of a
      generalist phloem-feeder may indicate the necessity to detoxify glucosinolates,
      likely due to some level of cellular damage during feeding, which results in
      glucosinolate activation, or as a mechanism to circumvent the non-enzymatic
      breakdown of indolic glucosinolates.

PMID- 26961757
TI  - Management of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor-Induced Hypomagnesemia:
      A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite occurring in 30% of patients, there are no evidence-based
      guidelines on the management of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor
      (EGFRI)-induced hypomagnesemia. Based on expert opinion, severe hypomagnesemia
      should be treated by intravenous magnesium replacement. A systematic review of
      published data of intervention on EGFRI-induced hypomagnesemia was performed.
      METHODS: Articles from 1960 to March 2015 were identified from Medline, Embase,
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PubMed using a peer-reviewed
      systematic search strategy. Eligible studies included randomized controlled
      trials or observational studies that evaluated management of hypomagnesemia in
      adult patients treated with EGFRIs. Risk factors for severe hypomagnesemia were
      also assessed. The quality of included studies was rated using Jadad scores.
      RESULTS: A total of 1327 references were identified, and 6 studies, involving 486
      patients, met inclusion criteria for analysis. There were no randomized
      controlled trials, and all included studies were of poor quality. From the
      studies included in this review, severity of EGFRI-induced hypomagnesemia was
      associated with length of EGFRI treatment, concomitant platinum chemotherapy,
      increasing age, and baseline magnesium concentration. In most patients with grade
      3 or 4 hypomagnesemia, high-dose intravenous magnesium replacement did not
      achieve sustainable magnesium repletion beyond 72 hours. Oral magnesium
      supplementation was not effective or tolerable. Severe hypomagnesemia has been
      associated with tachycardia and mental alteration. After discontinuation of EGFRI
      therapy, hypomagnesemia generally resolves within weeks to months. CONCLUSIONS:
      There is an absence of high-quality evidence for the management of EGFRI-induced
      hypomagnesemia. As hypomagnesemia is often refractory to frequent intravenous or
      oral replacement, there is a need for prospective trials of new interventions for
      this common toxicity.

PMID- 26961759
TI  - Perceived feasibility of a primary care intervention for Tobacco Cessation on
      Prescription targeting disadvantaged groups in Sweden: a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a lack of scientific evidence on how socioeconomically
      disadvantaged tobacco users can be reached with tobacco cessation interventions
      in Swedish primary healthcare (PHC). In this setting other lifestyle
      interventions are available by prescription, and there is the potential to
      develop a similar tool for tobacco cessation. The aim of this study was thus to
      explore the perceived feasibility and optimal design of Tobacco Cessation on
      Prescription (TCP) in PHC, targeting disadvantaged groups in Sweden. METHODS:
      This qualitative study is based on semi-structured interviews with 32
      participants including (1) three experts in lifestyle interventions on
      prescription, (2) 14 healthcare providers and (3) 15 clients from three PHC
      centres in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas in Stockholm where tobacco use
      is high. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The
      manifest content of the transcripts was analysed according to a modified
      conventional approach to content analysis. RESULTS: The interviewees proposed
      that TCP should include a template comprising the client's information, evidence
      based tobacco cessation options and choices for follow-up. They also suggested
      including information about the benefits of tobacco cessation, as well as
      empowerment and planning support tools. The participants also commented that
      other measures for tobacco cessation could be included on the prescription. From
      the clients' point of view, the perceived advantages of TCP were often linked to
      an emotional meaning (e.g. increased motivation to quit tobacco use, sign of
      support from the healthcare system to seek care for tobacco cessation). For
      providers, advantages with TCP were frequently related to a practical meaning
      (e.g. improved documentation and facilitation of tobacco cessation treatment).
      The disadvantages identified were mainly connected with the future implementation
      of TCP (e.g. low self-efficacy among clients and providers). CONCLUSIONS: TCP was
      perceived to be a useful tool for both clients and providers, potentially
      facilitating a structured and effective approach to tobacco cessation in PHC, and
      targeting disadvantaged groups. More research is needed to develop the
      prescription and investigate its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness compared to
      current strategies for tobacco cessation in a PHC setting.

PMID- 26961761
TI  - Endostapling Can Constrain a Hyperangulated Neck and Successfully Treat a
      Proximal Type I Endoleak After EVAR.

PMID- 26961760
TI  - Globalization and Health: developing the journal to advance the field.
AB  - Founded in 2005, Globalization and Health was the first open access global health
      journal. The journal has since expanded the field, and its influence, with the
      number of downloaded papers rising 17-fold, to over 4 million. Its ground
      breaking papers, leading authors -including a Nobel Prize winner- and an impact
      factor of 2.25 place it among the top global health journals in the world. To
      mark the ten years since the journal's founding, we, members of the current
      editorial board, undertook a review of the journal's progress over the last
      decade. Through the application of an inductive thematic analysis, we
      systematically identified themes of research published in the journal from 2005
      to 2014. We identify key areas the journal has promoted and consider these in the
      context of an existing framework, identify current gaps in global health research
      and highlight areas we, as a journal, would like to see strengthened. 

PMID- 26961762
TI  - Mid- and Longer-term Follow up of Chimney and/or Periscope Grafts and Risk
      Factors for Failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to report on chimney and periscope grafts (CPGs) and their
      mid- and longer-term outcomes when they are used to preserve reno-visceral artery
      (RVA) perfusion in endovascular repair of pararenal (PRAAs) or thoraco-abdominal
      aortic aneurysm (TAAAs). In addition, factors associated with CPG failure are
      presented. Limited data exist on the outcomes of CPGs, and mid- and long-term
      results are generally not reported. METHODS: This was a prospective study in a
      cohort of 100 patients with PRAA (69) or TAAA (31). A total of 224 (mean 2.24 per
      patient) RVAs were preserved with 136 (61%) chimney and 88 (39%) periscope
      grafts. CPGs were constructed mainly using self expandable stent grafts. Patients
      were followed by clinical examination, CTA (82%), and/or duplex (18%). Data were
      collected until February 2015. RESULTS: CPG immediate technical success was 99%
      (222/224 branches). Mean follow up was 29 months (range 0-65; SD 17); 59%
      patients were followed > 2 years, 30% > 3 years, and 16% > 4 years. Post
      operatively, CPG occlusion was observed early (<=30 days) in three (1.3%)
      branches and during follow up in 10 (4.5%). At 36 and 48 months, the estimated
      primary patency was 93% and 93%. After corrective percutaneous (10) or surgical
      (3) re-interventions, the estimated secondary patency was 96% and 96%. Thirty day
      mortality was 2%; at 36 and 48 months the estimated patient survival was 79%.
      Significant shrinkage (72 [SD 23] vs. 62 [SD 24] mm; p < .001) was observed, with
      a substantial reduction (>5 mm) in 55 patients, and sac enlargement in four.
      Incomplete aneurysm sac sealing was treated successfully by a secondary
      intervention in 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Self expandable CPGs have proved to be
      a highly successful and durable treatment for RVA preservation up to 5 years.
      Incomplete CPG expansion, inadequate length, and CPG use in small and diseased
      target arteries were risk factors for occlusion. These mid- and longer-term
      results support CPG use to treat PRAAs or TAAAs in patients unfit for open
      surgery or fenestrated/branched stent grafts.

PMID- 26961763
TI  - Audit and Feedback Processes Among Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Survey
      of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Research Network.
AB  - Optimal implementation of audit-and-feedback is an important part of advancing
      antimicrobial stewardship programs. Our survey demonstrated variability in how 61
      programs approach audit-and-feedback. The median (interquartile range) number of
      recommendations per week was 9 (5-19) per 100 hospital-beds. A major perceived
      barrier to more comprehensive stewardship was lack of resources. Infect Control
      Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:704-706.

PMID- 26961764
TI  - Validation of a track repeating algorithm for intensity modulated proton therapy:
      clinical cases study.
AB  - Monte Carlo (MC) methods are acknowledged as the most accurate technique to
      calculate dose distributions. However, due its lengthy calculation times, they
      are difficult to utilize in the clinic or for large retrospective studies. Track
      repeating algorithms, based on MC-generated particle track data in water,
      accelerate dose calculations substantially, while essentially preserving the
      accuracy of MC. In this study, we present the validation of an efficient dose
      calculation algorithm for intensity modulated proton therapy, the fast dose
      calculator (FDC), based on a track-repeating technique. We validated the FDC
      algorithm for 23 patients, which included 7 brain, 6 head-and-neck, 5 lung, 1
      spine, 1 pelvis and 3 prostate cases. For validation, we compared FDC-generated
      dose distributions with those from a full-fledged Monte Carlo based on GEANT4
      (G4). We compared dose-volume-histograms, 3D-gamma-indices and analyzed a series
      of dosimetric indices. More than 99% of the voxels in the voxelized phantoms
      describing the patients have a gamma-index smaller than unity for the 2%/2 mm
      criteria. In addition the difference relative to the prescribed dose between the
      dosimetric indices calculated with FDC and G4 is less than 1%. FDC reduces the
      calculation times from 5 ms per proton to around 5 MUs. 

PMID- 26961766
TI  - Becoming ex-obese: narrations about identity changes before and after the
      experience of the bariatric surgery.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This exploratory research investigates obese patients'
      beliefs and expectations before and one year after bariatric surgery. Changes and
      resistance to change in the identity system, in the perception of the body, in
      relationships and in the quality of life were of particular interest. BACKGROUND:
      Although bariatric surgery represents a promising treatment for obesity,
      nevertheless, it is still under utilised. This may be because, either the
      intervention is not always easily accessible or because very little is known
      about its psychological implications. DESIGN: Open answers provided by
      participants were analysed through discourse analysis. METHODS: A semi-structured
      interview about the exchanges in self-representations through time was
      administered to 30 Italian women, 15 of whom were obese before surgery and 15
      were ex-obese, one year after surgery. RESULTS: The research shows that those
      participants who have already been operated on are generally satisfied with the
      results obtained; however, they faced considerable difficulties in adapting their
      identity to their new body. Participants reported that even one year after
      surgery they still thought, behaved and related to others as though they were
      still obese, and only after a change in awareness did they become able to realise
      they are now ex-obese. CONCLUSIONS: This paper contributes to the understanding
      of the unrealistic expectations of patients before surgery compared with the real
      changes in their lives, as well the difficulties they still faced one year later.
      More studies in evaluating how bariatric patients live with this long-term
      condition are recommended to foster patient-centered care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL
      PRACTICE: Health professionals should also help people to face the difficulties
      of the postsurgery period, which are linked to the acceptance of the new body and
      of the new emerging self-image in relationships with others.

PMID- 26961765
TI  - Sleep duration and risk of obesity among a sample of Victorian school children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Insufficient sleep is potentially an important modifiable risk factor
      for obesity and poor physical activity and sedentary behaviours among children.
      However, inconsistencies across studies highlight the need for more objective
      measures. This paper examines the relationship between sleep duration and
      objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and weight status, among a
      sample of Victorian Primary School children. METHODS: A sub-sample of 298 grades
      four (n = 157) and six (n = 132) Victorian primary school children (aged 9.2-13.2
      years) with complete accelerometry and anthropometry data, from 39 schools, were
      taken from a pilot study of a larger state based cluster randomized control trial
      in 2013. Data comprised: researcher measured height and weight; accelerometry
      derived physical activity and sedentary time; and self-reported sleep duration
      and hypothesised confounding factors (e.g. age, gender and environmental
      factors). RESULTS: Compared with sufficient sleepers (67 %), those with
      insufficient sleep (<10 hrs/day) were significantly more likely to be overweight
      (OR 1.97, 95 % CI:1.11-3.48) or obese (OR 2.43, 95 % CI:1.26-4.71). No
      association between sleep and objectively measured physical activity levels or
      sedentary time was found. CONCLUSION: The strong positive relationship between
      weight status and sleep deprivation merits further research though PA and
      sedentary time do not seem to be involved in the relationship. Strategies to
      improve sleep duration may help obesity prevention initiatives in the future.

PMID- 26961767
TI  - [Guidelines desirable for treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning].

PMID- 26961768
TI  - [Structure follows Process follows Strategy].

PMID- 26961769
TI  - Fluorescent boronate-based polymer nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species
      (ROS)-triggered cargo release for drug-delivery applications.
AB  - A new drug-delivery system of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) bearing pinacol-type
      boronic ester and alkyne moieties displaying triggered self-immolative polymer
      degradation in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the capability
      of cellular imaging is presented. The NPs specifically release their drug cargo
      under concentrations of ROS that are commonly found in the intracellular
      environment of certain tumors and of inflamed tissues and exhibit significant
      cytotoxicity to cancer cells compared to their non-ROS-responsive counterparts. 

PMID- 26961770
TI  - A study on calcium oxalate crystals in Tinantia anomala (Commelinaceae) with
      special reference to ultrastructural changes during anther development.
AB  - Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in higher plants occur in five forms: raphides,
      styloids, prisms, druses, and crystal sand. CaOx crystals are formed in almost
      all tissues in intravacuolar crystal chambers. However, the mechanism of
      crystallization and the role of CaOx crystals have not been clearly explained.
      The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence and location of CaOx crystals
      in organs of Tinantia anomala (Torr.) C.B. Clarke (Commelinaceae) with special
      attention to ultrastructural changes in the quantity of tapetal raphides during
      microsporogenesis. We observed various parts of the plant, that is, stems,
      leaves, sepals, petals, anthers, staminal trichomes and stigmatic papillae and
      identified CaOx crystals in all parts except staminal trichomes and stigmatic
      papillae in Tinantia anomala. Three morphological forms: styloids, raphides and
      prisms were found in different amounts in different parts of the plant.
      Furthermore, in this species, we identified tapetal raphides in anthers. The
      number of tapetal raphides changed during microsporogenesis. At the beginning of
      meiosis, the biosynthesis of raphides proceeded intensively in the provacuoles.
      These organelles were formed from the endoplasmic reticulum system. In the tetrad
      stage, we observed vacuoles with needle-shaped raphides (type I) always localised
      in the centre of the organelle. When the amoeboid tapetum was degenerating,
      vacuoles also began to fade. We observed a small number of raphides in the stage
      of mature pollen grains. 

PMID- 26961771
TI  - Long-term results of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with CyberKnife
      for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma: evaluation by the Cortina
      consensus.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of
      hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with CyberKnife for growth
      hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (GH-PA). Fifty-two patients with GH-PA were
      treated with hypofractionated SRT between September 2001 and October 2012. Eight
      patients had clinically silent GH-PA and 44 were symptomatic. Only 1 patient was
      inoperable. The other patients had recurrent or postoperative residual tumors on
      MRI. All patients had received pharmacotherapy prior to SRT with a somatostatin
      analog, dopamine agonist, and/or GH receptor antagonist. The marginal doses were
      17.4-26.8 Gy for the 3-fraction schedule and 20.0-32.0 Gy for the 5-fraction
      schedule. Endocrinological remission was assessed by the Cortina consensus
      criteria 2010 (random GH <1 ng/ml or nadir GH after an oral glucose tolerance
      test <0.4 ng/ml and normalization of age- and sex-adjusted insulin-like growth
      factor-1). The median follow-up period was 60 months (range 27-137). The 5-year
      overall survival, local control, and disease-free survival rates were 100, 100,
      and 96 %, respectively. Nine patients (5 clinically silent and 4 symptomatic
      patients) satisfied the Cortina criteria without receiving further
      pharmacotherapy, whereas the remaining 43 patients did not. No post-SRT grade 2
      or higher visual disorder occurred. Symptomatic post-SRT hypopituitarism was
      observed in 1 patient. CyberKnife hypofractionated SRT is safe and effective when
      judged by imaging findings for GH-PA. However, it may be difficult to satisfy the
      Cortina consensus criteria in most symptomatic patients with SRT alone. Further
      investigations of optimal treatments are warranted.

PMID- 26961774
TI  - Consequential considerations when mapping tRNA fragments.
AB  - We examine several of the choices that went into the design of tDRmapper, a
      recently reported tool for identifying transfer RNA (tRNA) fragments in deep
      sequencing data, evaluate them in the context of currently available knowledge,
      and discuss their potential impact on the output that the tool generates. 

PMID- 26961772
TI  - The brain tissue response to surgical injury and its possible contribution to
      glioma recurrence.
AB  - Surgery is the first line therapy for glioma. However, glioma recurs in 90 % of
      the patients in the resection margin. The impact of surgical brain injury (SBI)
      on glioma recurrence is largely overlooked. Herein, we review some of the
      mechanisms involved in tissue repair that may impact glioma recurrence at the
      resection margin. Many processes or molecules involved in tissue repair after
      brain injury are also critical for glioma growth. They include a wide array of
      secreted growth factors, cytokines and transcription factors including NFKB and
      STAT3 which in turn activate proliferative and anti-apoptotic genes and processes
      such as angiogenesis and inflammation. Because some residual glioma cells always
      remain in the tumor resection margin, there are now compelling arguments to
      suggest that some aspects of the brain tissue response to SBI can also
      participate to glioma recurrence at the resection margin. Brain tissue response
      to SBI recruits angiogenesis and inflammation that precede and then follow tumor
      recurrence at the resection margin. The healing response to SBI is double edged,
      as inflammation is involved in regeneration and healing, and has both pro- and
      anti-tumorigenic functions. A promising therapeutic approach is to normalize and
      re-educate the molecular and cellular responses at the resection margin to
      promote anti-tumorigenic processes involved in healing while inhibiting pro
      tumorigenic activities. Manipulation of the inflammatory response to SBI to
      prevent local recurrence could also enhance the efficacy of other therapies such
      as immunotherapy. However, our current knowledge is far from sufficient to
      achieve this goal. Acknowledging, understanding and manipulating the double-edged
      role played by SBI in glioma recurrence is surely challenging, but it cannot be
      longer delayed.

PMID- 26961773
TI  - Tumor DNA in cerebral spinal fluid reflects clinical course in a patient with
      melanoma leptomeningeal brain metastases.
AB  - Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from brain tumor patients contains tumor cellular and
      cell-free DNA (cfDNA), which provides a less-invasive and routinely accessible
      method to obtain tumor genomic information. In this report, we used droplet
      digital PCR to test mutant tumor DNA in CSF of a patient to monitor the treatment
      response of metastatic melanoma leptomeningeal disease (LMD). The primary
      melanoma was known to have a BRAF (V600E) mutation, and the patient was treated
      with whole brain radiotherapy and BRAF inhibitors. We collected 9 CSF samples
      over 6 months. The mutant cfDNA fraction gradually decreased from 53 % (time of
      diagnosis) to 0 (time of symptom alleviation) over the first 6 time points. Three
      months after clinical improvement, the patient returned with severe symptoms and
      the mutant cfDNA was again detected in CSF at high levels. The mutant DNA
      fraction corresponded well with the patient's clinical response. We used whole
      exome sequencing to examine the mutation profiles of the LMD tumor DNA in CSF
      before therapeutic response and after disease relapse, and discovered a canonical
      cancer mutation PTEN (R130*) at both time points. The cellular and cfDNA revealed
      similar mutation profiles, suggesting cfDNA is representative of LMD cells. This
      study demonstrates the potential of using cellular or cfDNA in CSF to monitor
      treatment response for LMD.

PMID- 26961775
TI  - Comparison of two- and six-minute walk tests in detecting oxygen desaturation in
      patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A randomized
      crossover trial.
AB  - The two-minute walk test (2MWT) is less well validated than the well-known six
      minute walk test (6MWT) as a field walking test in patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The primary objective of this study was to
      compare the accuracy of the 2MWT to the 6MWT in detecting exercise-induced oxygen
      desaturation in patients with severe COPD. Twenty-six patients with COPD (age: 61
      +/- 10 years, forced expired volume in one second: 37 +/- 10%) that were
      normoxemic at rest performed a 2MWT and a 6MWT under normal ambient conditions on
      two consecutive days in random order. Oxygen saturation, total walking distance,
      heart rate, breathing frequency, dyspnea, and leg fatigue were evaluated. Average
      walking distances were 150 m (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 134-165 m) and
      397 m (95% CI: 347-447 m) for the 2MWT and 6MWT, respectively (r = 0.80, p <
      0.0001). The difference in minimum oxygen saturation during the 2MWT (83%, 95%
      CI: 81-86%) and 6MWT (mean 82%, 95% CI: 80-84%) was not statistically different
      and the data strongly correlated between the groups (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Other
      measurements from the 6MWT, including heart rate, breathing rate, and levels of
      perceived exertion were also comparable in 2MWT. The 2MWT showed comparable
      validity in detecting exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in patients with
      severe COPD compared to the 6MWT.

PMID- 26961776
TI  - A study on the effect of the internal exposure to (210)Po on the excretion of
      urinary proteins in rats.
AB  - This study was designed to assess the feasibility of a noninvasive urine specimen
      for the detection of proteins as indicators of internal exposure to ionizing
      radiation. Three groups of rats (five in each group) were intravenously injected
      with 1601 +/- 376, 10,846 +/- 591 and 48,467 +/- 2812 Bq of (210)Po in citrate
      form. A sham-exposed control group of five rats was intravenously injected with
      sterile physiological saline. Daily urine samples were collected over 4 days
      following injection. Purification and pre-concentration of urinary proteins were
      carried out by ultrafiltration using a 3000 Da molecular weight cutoff membrane
      filter. The concentration of common urinary proteins, namely albumin, alpha-1
      acid glycoprotein, immunoglobulins IgA and IgG, was measured by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Urinary excretion of albumin decreased dose-dependently (p <
      0.05) 96 h post-injection relative to the control group. In contrast, no
      statistically significant effects were observed for other proteins tested. The
      dose-dependent decrease in urinary excretion of albumin observed in this study
      underscores the need for further research, which may lead to the discovery of new
      biomarkers that would reflect the changes in the primary target organs for
      deposition of (210)Po.

PMID- 26961777
TI  - Diversity of gene cassettes and the abundance of the class 1 integron-integrase
      gene in sediment polluted by metals.
AB  - The integron-gene cassette system has typically been associated with antibiotic
      resistant pathogens. However, the diversity of gene cassettes and the abundance
      of class 1 integrons outside of the clinical context are not fully explored.
      Primers targeting the conserved segments of attC recombination sites were used to
      amplify gene cassettes from the sediment of the Mina stream, which exhibited a
      higher degree of stress to metal pollution in the dry season than the rainy
      season. Of the 143 total analyzed sequences, 101 had no matches to proteins in
      the database, where cassette open reading frames could be identified by homology
      with database entries. There was a predominance of sequences encoding essential
      cellular functions. Each season that was sampled yielded a specific pool of gene
      cassettes. Real-time PCR revealed that 8.5 and 41.6 % of bacterial cells
      potentially harbored a class 1 integron in the rainy and dry seasons,
      respectively. In summary, our findings demonstrate that most of the gene
      cassettes have no ascribable function and, apparently, historically metal
      contaminated sediment favors the maintenance of bacteria containing the intI1
      gene. Thus, the diversity of gene cassettes is far from being fully explored
      deserving further attention. 

PMID- 26961778
TI  - Examining the Path Taken and the Road Ahead.
AB  - Much has changed in the world of addictions and mental health in the last decade.
      As we reflect on the changes to legislation and public attitudes of recovery, we
      must focus on what matters to continue the momentum to improve outcomes for
      people with mental illness and addictions into the next 10 years.

PMID- 26961779
TI  - Discretely Integrated Condition Event (DICE) Simulation for Pharmacoeconomics.
AB  - Several decision-analytic modeling techniques are in use for pharmacoeconomic
      analyses. Discretely integrated condition event (DICE) simulation is proposed as
      a unifying approach that has been deliberately designed to meet the modeling
      requirements in a straightforward transparent way, without forcing assumptions
      (e.g., only one transition per cycle) or unnecessary complexity. At the core of
      DICE are conditions that represent aspects that persist over time. They have
      levels that can change and many may coexist. Events reflect instantaneous
      occurrences that may modify some conditions or the timing of other events. The
      conditions are discretely integrated with events by updating their levels at
      those times. Profiles of determinant values allow for differences among patients
      in the predictors of the disease course. Any number of valuations (e.g., utility,
      cost, willingness-to-pay) of conditions and events can be applied concurrently in
      a single run. A DICE model is conveniently specified in a series of tables that
      follow a consistent format and the simulation can be implemented fully in MS
      Excel, facilitating review and validation. DICE incorporates both state
      transition (Markov) models and non-resource-constrained discrete event simulation
      in a single formulation; it can be executed as a cohort or a microsimulation; and
      deterministically or stochastically.

PMID- 26961781
TI  - "Hospital was the Only Option": Experiences of Frequent Emergency Department
      Users in Mental Health.
AB  - The experiences of individuals with mental illness and addictions who frequently
      present to hospital emergency departments (EDs) have rarely been explored. This
      study reports findings from self-reported, quantitative surveys (n = 166) and in
      depth, qualitative interviews (n = 20) with frequent ED users with mental health
      and/or substance use challenges in a large urban centre. Participants presented
      to hospital for mental health (35 %), alcohol/drug use (21 %), and physical
      health (39 %) concerns and described their ED visits as unavoidable and
      appropriate, despite feeling stigmatized by hospital personnel and being
      discharged without expected treatment. Supporting this population may require
      alternative service models and attention to staff training in both acute and
      community settings.

PMID- 26961780
TI  - Urbanization and health in China, thinking at the national, local and individual
      levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: China has the biggest population in the world, and has been
      experiencing the largest migration in history, and its rapid urbanization has
      profound and lasting impacts on local and national public health. Under these
      conditions, a systems understanding on the correlation among urbanization,
      environmental change and public health and to devise solutions at national, local
      and individual levels are in urgent need. METHODS: In this paper, we provide a
      comprehensive review of recent studies which have examined the relationship
      between urbanization, urban environmental changes and human health in China.
      Based on the review, coupled with a systems understanding, we summarize the
      challenges and opportunities for promoting the health and wellbeing of the whole
      nation at national, local, and individual levels. RESULTS: Urbanization and urban
      expansion result in urban environmental changes, as well as residents' lifestyle
      change, which can lead independently and synergistically to human health
      problems. China has undergone an epidemiological transition, shifting from
      infectious to chronic diseases in a much shorter time frame than many other
      countries. Environmental risk factors, particularly air and water pollution, are
      a major contributing source of morbidity and mortality in China. Furthermore,
      aging population, food support system, and disparity of public service between
      the migrant worker and local residents are important contributions to China's
      urban health. CONCLUSIONS: At the national level, the central government could
      improve current environmental policies, food safety laws, and make adjustments to
      the health care system and to demographic policy. At the local level, local
      government could incorporate healthy life considerations in urban planning
      procedures, make improvements to the local food supply, and enforce environmental
      monitoring and management. At the individual level, urban residents can be
      exposed to education regarding health behaviour choices while being encouraged to
      take responsibility for their health and to participate in environmental
      monitoring and management.

PMID- 26961782
TI  - Human malignant mesothelioma is recapitulated in immunocompetent BALB/c mice
      injected with murine AB cells.
AB  - Malignant Mesothelioma is a highly aggressive cancer, which is difficult to
      diagnose and treat. Here we describe the molecular, cellular and morphological
      characterization of a syngeneic system consisting of murine AB1, AB12 and AB22
      mesothelioma cells injected in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, which allows the
      study of the interplay of tumor cells with the immune system. Murine mesothelioma
      cells, like human ones, respond to exogenous High Mobility Group Box 1 protein, a
      Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern that acts as a chemoattractant for leukocytes
      and as a proinflammatory mediator. The tumors derived from AB cells are
      morphologically and histologically similar to human MM tumors, and respond to
      treatments used for MM patients. Our system largely recapitulates human
      mesothelioma, and we advocate its use for the study of MM development and
      treatment. 

PMID- 26961783
TI  - Conditioned context aversion learning in the laboratory mouse.
AB  - It is well known that pairing of large contextual changes with illness can cause
      conditioned context aversion in laboratory rats. The aim of present study was to
      develop a paradigm to study this phenomenon in laboratory mice, a species widely
      employed in neurobehavioral studies. Genetically heterogeneous mice, drinking
      from plastic bottles in the colony room, learned to avoid glass bottles after a
      single conditioning trial when drinking from these was paired with injections of
      lithium chloride. The aversion was independent of any difference in the taste of
      water in plastic vs. glass bottles. When the variation in the visual stimulus was
      less distinct, development of a strong aversion required two conditioning trials
      and was not retained as well. The results also showed that conditioned context
      aversion, just like conditioned taste aversion, could also be developed across a
      30-minute CS-UCS delay. The fact that taste was not a factor in distinguishing
      drinking from glass and plastic water bottles raises the possibility that,
      contextual stimuli, not taste, may have been the CS when rats (in Garcia's
      original experiments) avoided drinking from plastic bottles that had been paired
      with radiation. The development of contextual aversion conditioning protocols for
      mice will enable the molecular resources available for this species to be
      exploited. Furthermore, representation of the CS by discrete rather than the
      multimodal CSs typically used in most studies on contextual conditioning offers
      more focus when considering its neuroanatomical basis.

PMID- 26961786
TI  - Tough to Swallow: Esophageal Food Impaction from Esophageal Amyloidosis.

PMID- 26961785
TI  - New fossil insect order Permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of
      suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects (Hexapoda: Acercaria).
AB  - With nearly 100,000 species, the Acercaria (lice, plant lices, thrips, bugs)
      including number of economically important species is one of the most successful
      insect lineages. However, its phylogeny and evolution of mouthparts among other
      issues remain debatable. Here new methods of preparation permitted the
      comprehensive anatomical description of insect inclusions from mid-Cretaceous
      Burmese amber in astonishing detail. These "missing links" fossils, attributed to
      a new order Permopsocida, provide crucial evidence for reconstructing the
      phylogenetic relationships in the Acercaria, supporting its monophyly, and
      questioning the position of Psocodea as sister group of holometabolans in the
      most recent phylogenomic study. Permopsocida resolves as sister group of Thripida
      + Hemiptera and represents an evolutionary link documenting the transition from
      chewing to piercing mouthparts in relation to suction feeding. Identification of
      gut contents as angiosperm pollen documents an ecological role of Permopsocida as
      early pollen feeders with relatively unspecialized mouthparts. This group existed
      for 185 million years, but has never been diverse and was superseded by new
      pollenivorous pollinators during the Cretaceous co-evolution of insects and
      flowers. The key innovation of suction feeding with piercing mouthparts is
      identified as main event that triggered the huge post-Carboniferous radiation of
      hemipterans, and facilitated the spreading of pathogenic vectors. 

PMID- 26961787
TI  - Radiographic Localization Study of a Novel Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker,
      Vonoprazan, in the Rat Gastric Mucosa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vonoprazan fumarate (TAK-438) is a novel potassium-competitive acid
      blocker that appears to exert a longer/more potent antisecretory effect than
      lansoprazole due to high accumulation/slow clearance from the gastric glands.
      However, there is no direct evidence that vonoprazan selectively accumulates in
      gastric parietal cells of gastric glands. AIM: To investigate the distribution of
      radioactivity in the rat stomach after single intravenous administration of
      [(3)H]-labeled vonoprazan. METHODS/RESULTS: Autoradioluminography of the stomach
      revealed that at 5 h after administration, radioactivity levels in the corpus
      mucosal layer was higher than radioactivity levels in the muscular layer,
      pylorus, and forestomach. At 24 h, although overall radioactivity was
      significantly decreased, the highest radioactivity was still observed in the
      mucosal layer. Accumulation of radioactivity in gastric parietal cells was
      quantitatively analyzed using microautoradiography. The number of silver granules
      in parietal cells from vonoprazan-injected rats was higher than in cells from a
      saline-injected rat. At 24 h, the number of granules was approximately at 20 % of
      the number of granules at 5 h. There was no clear deposition of granules in other
      components. At 5 h, radioactivity was measured at 1.799 ug Eq/g in the stomach
      and 0.172 ug Eq/mL in plasma. After 24 h, radioactivity had decreased to 0.584 ug
      Eq/g in the stomach and 0.078 ug Eq/mL in plasma. CONCLUSIONS: Vonoprazan
      selectively accumulates in gastric parietal cells in the mucosal layer of the rat
      stomach after intravenous administration.

PMID- 26961788
TI  - A metallic mosaic phase and the origin of Mott-insulating state in 1T-TaS2.
AB  - Electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions are two major driving forces
      that stabilize various charge-ordered phases of matter. In layered compound 1T
      TaS2, the intricate interplay between the two generates a Mott-insulating ground
      state with a peculiar charge-density-wave (CDW) order. The delicate balance also
      makes it possible to use external perturbations to create and manipulate novel
      phases in this material. Here, we study a mosaic CDW phase induced by voltage
      pulses, and find that the new phase exhibits electronic structures entirely
      different from that of the original Mott ground state. The mosaic phase consists
      of nanometre-sized domains characterized by well-defined phase shifts of the CDW
      order parameter in the topmost layer, and by altered stacking relative to the
      layers underneath. We discover that the nature of the new phase is dictated by
      the stacking order, and our results shed fresh light on the origin of the Mott
      phase in 1T-TaS2. 

PMID- 26961790
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of Gall Bladder Metastasis to Cervix: a Case Report with Review of
      Literature.

PMID- 26961789
TI  - A Patient with HIV-Associated Metastatic Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Receiving
      Multimodality Therapy with Curative Intent: Case Report and Review of the
      Literature.

PMID- 26961792
TI  - Stephen Bolsin: Whistleblower on the Bristol scandal.

PMID- 26961791
TI  - Racial and Ethnic Variability in the Prevalence and Incidence of Comorbidities
      Associated with Gastric Cancer in the United States.
AB  - PURPOSE: Comorbidities are known to impact quality of life, treatment choices,
      and survival. Our objectives were to characterize comorbid conditions in a cohort
      of elderly gastric cancer patients and to determine if there is variability in
      the prevalence or incidence of the comorbid conditions across racial/ethnic
      groups. METHODS: A total of 12,612 individuals, >=66 years of age, diagnosed with
      gastric cancer between 2000 and 2007, and an equal number of gender- and region
      matched cancer-free individuals, were identified using the National Cancer
      Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked to
      Medicare claims in the United States. The prevalence (%) in the year before
      diagnosis and the 12-month incidence rates after diagnosis were estimated for 32
      chronic and ten acute comorbid conditions for the entire cohort and by
      race/ethnicity (Asian, Black, Hispanic, White, and other) and Asian subgroups
      (e.g., Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Pacific Islander). RESULTS: White and Black
      cases exhibited the highest prevalence of most comorbid conditions. Asian and
      Pacific Islander cases exhibited the lowest. There was substantial variability in
      the 12-month incidence of the comorbidities across the racial/ethnic groups.
      Electrolyte disorder was the most common incident condition among Whites and
      Blacks. With the exception of Whites, anemia was the most common incident
      condition in all racial and ethnic groups 180 days following chemotherapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is variability in the prevalence and incidence in
      comorbidities across racial/ethnic groups.

PMID- 26961794
TI  - Methamphetamine Intoxication Encephalopathy Associated With Hyperammonemia.

PMID- 26961793
TI  - Salvage Treatment of Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Trofosfamide.
AB  - Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has a dismal prognosis in advanced stages. Despite
      treatment with the adrenal toxicant mitotane and/or aggressive chemotherapy,
      tumor control is often short-lived. Here, we examine trofosfamide as a salvage
      treatment of ACC in an observational cohort study within the German ACC registry.
      Response defined as progression-free survival (PFS) at first tumor evaluation was
      assessed by RECIST 1.1 or clinically, and PFS and overall survival (OS) were
      estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Twenty-seven patients (11 males; median age
      46.9 years) progressing after mitotane and three (median, range 0-5) other
      systemic treatments were evaluated for safety. Trofosfamide (150 mg/day) was
      administered as monotherapy (n = 13) or in combination with mitotane (n = 14).
      Overall tolerability was good with only mild adverse events. Six patients did not
      meet criteria for response assessment. Of the 21 patients, 8 patients had
      clinically progressive disease (3 deaths from ACC); among the 13 patients
      evaluable by RECIST 1.1, best response to treatment was stable disease (SD, n =
      3) or progressive disease (n = 10). Hence, predefined response criteria were met
      in 3/21 patients (14 %). Median PFS was 84 days (95 % confidence interval 74-95)
      and median OS survival 198 days (95 % CI 89-307). One prolonged disease
      stabilization (best response by RECIST 1.1 -26 %) was observed for 479 days. In
      conclusion, trofosfamide is overall well tolerated but disease stabilization is
      rather rare. Accordingly, it may be used in selected cases of ACC not amenable to
      other treatment options such as clinical trials.

PMID- 26961795
TI  - Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of novel kyotorphin
      nitroxide hybrid molecules.
AB  - Mitochondrial oxidative damage contributes to a wide range of pathologies,
      including ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, cardiovascular disorders and
      neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, protecting mitochondria from oxidative
      damage should possess therapeutic relevance. In the present study, we have
      designed and synthesized a series of novel kyotorphin-nitroxide hybrid molecules,
      and examined their free radical scavenging activities, in addition to their anti
      inflammatory and analgesic activities. We have further characterized these
      compounds in a simulated I/R cellular model. Our findings suggest that the
      protective effects of kyotorphin-nitroxides partially reside in maintaining
      optimal mitochondrial function. 

PMID- 26961796
TI  - Interventional Cardiology 2015: A Selection of Topical Issues.

PMID- 26961798
TI  - Multiphysics simulation of the effect of leaflet thickness inhomogeneity and
      material anisotropy on the stress-strain distribution on the aortic valve.
AB  - This study developed a realistic 3D FSI computational model of the aortic valve
      using the fixed-grid method, which was eventually employed to investigate the
      effect of the leaflet thickness inhomogeneity and leaflet mechanical nonlinearity
      and anisotropy on the simulation results. The leaflet anisotropy and thickness
      inhomogeneity were found to significantly affect the valve stress-strain
      distribution. However, their effect on valve dynamics and fluid flow through the
      valve were minor. Comparison of the simulation results against in-vivo and in
      vitro data indicated good agreement between the computational models and
      experimental data. The study highlighted the importance of simulating multi
      physics phenomena (such as fluid flow and structural deformation), regional
      leaflet thickness inhomogeneity and anisotropic nonlinear mechanical properties,
      to accurately predict the stress-strain distribution on the natural aortic valve.

PMID- 26961799
TI  - Cell death induced by mechanical compression on engineered muscle results from a
      gradual physiological mechanism.
AB  - Deep tissue injury (DTI), a type of pressure ulcer, arises in the muscle layers
      adjacent to bony prominences due to sustained mechanical loading. DTI presents a
      serious problem in the clinic, as it is often not visible until reaching an
      advanced stage. One of the causes can be direct mechanical deformation of the
      muscle tissue and cell. The mechanism of cell death induced by mechanical
      compression was studied using bio-artificial skeletal muscle tissues. Compression
      was applied by placing weights on top of the constructs. The morphological
      changes of the cytoskeleton and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein
      kinases (MAPK) under compression were investigated. Moreover, inhibitors for each
      of the three major MAPK groups, p38, ERK, and JNK, were applied separately to
      look at their roles in the compression caused apoptosis and necrosis. The present
      study for the first time showed that direct mechanical compression activates MAPK
      phosphorylation. Compression also leads to a gradual destruction of the
      cytoskeleton. The percentage apoptosis is strongly reduced by p38 and JNK
      inhibitors down to the level of the unloaded group. This phenomenon could be
      observed up to 24h after initiation of compression. Therefore, cell death in bio
      artificial muscle tissue caused by mechanical compression is primarily caused by
      a physiological mechanism, rather than through a physical mechanism which kills
      the cell directly. These findings reveal insight of muscle cell death under
      mechanical compression. Moreover, the result indicates a potential clinical
      solution to prevent DTI by pre-treating with p38 or/and JNK inhibitors.

PMID- 26961801
TI  - The Hypercoagulable state in Hyperthyroidism is mediated via the Thyroid Hormone
      beta Receptor pathway.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hyperthyroidism is associated with a hypercoagulable state, but the
      underlying mechanism is unknown. Patients with resistance to thyroid hormone
      (RTH) due to defective thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRbeta) exhibit elevated
      circulating thyroid hormones (TH) with refractoriness to TH action in TRbeta
      expressing tissues. We tested the hypothesis that the hypercoagulable state in
      hyperthyroidism is mediated via the TRbeta. DESIGN: We conducted a cross
      sectional study from November 2013 to January 2015 in 3 hospitals in the
      Netherlands and the United Kingdom. METHODS: Patients with RTH due to defective
      TRbeta (n=18), patients with hyperthyroidism (n=16) and euthyroid subjects (n=18)
      were included. TH concentrations and markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis were
      measured. Data are expressed as median [interquartile range]. RESULTS: Free
      thyroxine (FT4) levels were slightly higher in hyperthyroid patients than in RTH
      patients (53.9 [30.5-70.0] and 34.9 [28.4-42.2]pmol/l, respectively, P=0.042).
      Both groups had raised FT4 levels compared to euthyroid subjects (14.0 [13.0
      15.8] pmol/l, P<=0.001). Levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF), factor (F) VIII,
      fibrinogen, and D-dimer were significantly higher in hyperthyroid patients than
      in RTH patients (VWF 231 [195-296] vs. 111 [82-140]%, FVIII 215 [192-228] vs. 145
      [97-158]%, fibrinogen 3.6 [3.0-4.4] vs. 2.8 [2.5-3.2]g/L, D-dimer 0.41 [0.31
      0.88] vs. 0.20 [0.17-0.26]mg/L, respectively, P<=0.001), while there were no
      differences between RTH patients and euthyroid controls. CONCLUSIONS: Parameters
      of coagulation and fibrinolysis were elevated in hyperthyroid patients compared
      to patients with RTH due to defective TRbeta, whereas these parameters were not
      different between euthyroid controls and RTH patients, despite elevated FT4
      concentrations in RTH patients. This indicates that the procoagulant effects
      observed in hyperthyroidism are mediated via the TRbeta.

PMID- 26961797
TI  - Generation of a novel, multi-stage, progressive, and transplantable model of
      plasma cell neoplasms.
AB  - Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm with an extremely variable clinical
      course. Animal models are needed to better understand its pathophysiology and for
      preclinical testing of potential therapeutic agents. Hematopoietic cells
      expressing the hypermorphic Rad50(s) allele show hematopoietic failure, which can
      be mitigated by the lack of a transcription factor, Mef/Elf4. However, we find
      that 70% of Mef(-/-)Rad50(s/s) mice die from multiple myeloma or other plasma
      cell neoplasms. These mice initially show an abnormal plasma cell proliferation
      and monoclonal protein production, and then develop anemia and a decreased bone
      mineral density. Tumor cells can be serially transplanted and according to array
      CGH and whole exome sequencing, the pathogenesis of plasma cell neoplasms in
      these mice is not linked to activation of a specific oncogene, or inactivation of
      a specific tumor suppressor. This model recapitulates the systemic manifestations
      of human plasma cell neoplasms, and implicates cooperativity between the Rad50(s)
      and Mef/Elf4 pathways in initiating myelomagenic mutations that promote plasma
      cell transformation. 

PMID- 26961800
TI  - Posterior tympanotomy is a riskier procedure in chronic otitis media than in a
      normal mastoid: a high-resolution computed tomography study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to compare the difficulty in performing a
      posterior tympanotomy in chronic otitis media (COM) versus the same procedure in
      a normal mastoid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 122 patients who
      underwent tympanomastoidectomy for unilateral chronic otitis media with
      contralateral normal mastoid pneumatization. We evaluated the anatomical
      relationships between the mastoid segment and neighboring structures by analyzing
      axial temporal bone computed tomography scans. A vertical line (line A) was drawn
      tangential to the most lateral end of the posterior semicircular canal (point A).
      Three distances were measured: the distance (D1) between the point A and the most
      lateral end of the mastoid segment of the facial nerve (point B), the distance
      (D2) between the line A and the point B, and the distance (D3) between the point
      B and the posterior end of the bony annulus of the external auditory canal.
      RESULTS: The average measurements of D1 and D3 were 3.79 +/- 0.55 and 2.63 +/-
      0.51 mm, respectively, in the normal mastoid ears and 3.47 +/- 0.59 and 2.35 +/-
      0.44 mm, respectively, in the COM ears. The measurements of D1 and D3 were
      statistically shorter in the COM ears than in the normal ears. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings suggest that the facial recess in COM may be narrower than in a normal
      mastoid and that performing a posterior tympanotomy may be riskier in COM than in
      a normal mastoid due to the potential for injury to the neighboring structures
      and the facial nerve.

PMID- 26961802
TI  - Analysis of Dissolved Organic Nutrients in the Interstitial Water of Natural
      Biofilms.
AB  - In biofilms, the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) retains
      water in the interstitial region of the EPS. This interstitial water is the
      ambient environment for microorganisms in the biofilms. The nutrient condition in
      the interstitial water may affect microbial activity in the biofilms. In the
      present study, we measured the concentrations of dissolved organic nutrients,
      i.e., saccharides and proteins, contained in the interstitial water of biofilms
      formed on the stones. We also analyzed the molecular weight distribution,
      chemical species, and availability to bacteria of some saccharides in the
      interstitial water. Colorimetric assays showed that the concentrations of
      saccharides and proteins in the biofilm interstitial water were significantly
      higher (ca. 750 times) than those in the surrounding lake waters (p < 0.05).
      Chromatographic analyses demonstrated that the saccharides in the interstitial
      waters were mainly of low molecular-weight saccharides such as glucose and
      maltose, while proteins in the interstitial water were high molecular-weight
      proteins (over 7000 Da). Bacterial growth and production of EPS occurred
      simultaneously with the decrease in the low molecular-weight saccharide
      concentrations when a small portion of biofilm suspension was inoculated to the
      collected interstitial water, suggesting that the dissolved saccharides in the
      interstitial water support bacterial growth and formation of biofilms.

PMID- 26961803
TI  - PELA microspheres with encapsulated arginine-chitosan/pBMP-2 nanoparticles induce
      pBMP-2 controlled-release, transfected osteoblastic progenitor cells, and
      promoted osteogenic differentiation.
AB  - Repair of the bone injury remains a challenge in clinical practices. Recent
      progress in tissue engineering and therapeutic gene delivery systems have led to
      promising new strategies for successful acceleration of bone repair process. The
      aim of this study was to create a controlled-release system to slowly release the
      arginine-chitosan/plasmid DNA nanoparticles encoding BMP-2 gene (Arg-CS/pBMP-2
      NPs), efficiently transfect osteoblastic progenitor cells, secrete functional BMP
      2 protein, and promote osteogenic differentiation. In this study, chitosan was
      conjugated with arginine to generate arginine-chitosan polymer (Arg-CS) for gene
      delivery. Mix the Arg-CS with pBMP-2 to condense pBMP-2 into nano-sized
      particles. In vitro transfection assays demonstrated that the transfection
      efficiency of Arg-CS/pBMP-2 nanoparticles and the expression level of BMP-2 was
      obviously exceed control groups. Further, PELA microspheres as the controlled
      release carrier for the nanoparticles were used to encapsulate Arg-CS/pBMP-2 NPs.
      We demonstrated that the Arg-CS/pBMP-2 NPs could slowly release from the PELA
      microspheres at least for 42 d. During the co-culture with the PELA microspheres,
      the content of BMP-2 protein secreted by MC3T3-E1 reached the peak at 7 d. After
      21d, the secretion of BMP-2 protein still maintain a higher level. The alkaline
      phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining, and osteogenesis-related gene
      expression by real-time quantitative PCR analysis all showed the PELA
      microspheres entrapping with Arg-CS/pBMP-2 NPs can obviously induce the
      osteogenic differentiation. The results indicated that the Arg-CS is a suitable
      gene vector which can promote the gene transfection. And the novel PELA
      microspheres-nanoparticle controlled-release system has potential clinical
      application in the future after further research.

PMID- 26961804
TI  - Material properties of mouse cervical tissue in normal gestation.
AB  - An appropriately timed cervical remodeling process is critical for a healthy
      delivery, yet little is known about the material property changes of the cervix
      in pregnancy because obtaining human tissue samples is difficult. Rodent models
      offer advantages including accurately timed pregnant tissues and genetically
      altered models. Determining the material properties of the mouse cervix, however,
      is challenging because of its small size and complex geometry. The aim of this
      study is to quantify cervical material property changes in a normal mouse
      pregnancy using a microstructurally-inspired porous fiber composite model. We
      mechanically test intact, whole, gestation-timed mouse cervix by pulling apart
      tensioned sutures through its inner canal. To interpret our mechanical testing
      results, we conduct an inverse finite element analysis, taking into account the
      combined loading state of the thick-walled cylindrical tissue. We fit the
      material model to previous osmotic swelling data and load-deformation data from
      this study using a nonlinear optimization scheme, and validate the model by
      predicting a separate set of deformation data. Overall, the proposed porous fiber
      composite model captures the mechanical behavior of the mouse cervix in large
      deformation. The evolution of cervical material parameters indicates that in a
      normal mouse pregnancy, the cervix begins to soften between day 6 and day 12 of a
      19-day gestation period. The material parameter associated with the collagen
      fiber stiffness decreases from 3.4MPa at gestation day 6 to 9.7e-4MPa at
      gestation day 18, while the ground substance stiffness decreases from 2.6e-1MPa
      to 7.0e-4MPa. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Accelerated cervical remodeling can lead
      to extremely premature births. Little is known, however, about the material
      property changes of the cervix in pregnancy because pregnant human tissue samples
      are limited. Rodent models overcome this limitation and provide access to
      gestation-timed samples. Measuring the material property changes of the mouse
      cervix in pregnancy is challenging due to its small size and complex geometry.
      Here, we establish a combined experimental and modeling framework. We use this
      framework to determine the cervical material property changes throughout a normal
      mouse pregnancy. We present our experimental methods for mechanically testing
      whole, intact cervical tissue samples. We fit a porous fiber composite material
      model to the mechanical data and show that the mouse cervix begins to soften
      between day 6 and day 12 of a 19-day gestation period.

PMID- 26961806
TI  - Development of anti-biofouling interface on hydroxyapatite surface by coating
      zwitterionic MPC polymer containing calcium-binding moieties to prevent oral
      bacterial adhesion.
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to synthesize a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl
      phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer capable of being immobilized on the tooth surface
      to prevent oral bacterial adhesion. The strategy is to develop an MPC-based
      polymer with Ca(2+)-binding moieties, i.e., phosphomonoester groups, for stronger
      binding with hydroxyapatite (HA) of the tooth surface. To this end, a 2
      methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate (MOEP) monomer was synthesized and copolymerized
      with MPC by free radical polymerization. The coating efficiency of the
      synthesized polymer, MPC-ran-MOEP (abbreviated as PMP) with varied composition,
      onto a HA surface was estimated by means of contact angle measurement and X-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy. The anti-biofouling nature of PMP-coated HA surfaces
      was estimated by analyzing protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and Streptococcus
      mutans adhesion. As a result, HA surface coated with a copolymer containing
      around 50% MPC (PMP50) showed the best performance in preventing protein
      adsorption and the downstream cell and bacterial adhesion. STATEMENT OF
      SIGNIFICANCE: Preparation of anti-biofouling surface on the tooth enamel is the
      key technique to prevent dental and periodontal diseases, which are closely
      related with the biofilm formation that induced by the adsorption of salivary
      proteins and the adhesion of oral bacteria on the tooth surface. In this
      research, a PMP copolymer with an optimized ratio of zwitterionic and Ca(2+)
      binding moieties could form a highly effective and robust anti-biofouling surface
      on HA surfaces by a simple coating method. The PMP-coated surface with high
      stability can provide a new strategy for an anti-adsorptive and anti-bacterial
      platform in dentistry and related fields.

PMID- 26961807
TI  - Fibrin hydrogels functionalized with cartilage extracellular matrix and
      incorporating freshly isolated stromal cells as an injectable for cartilage
      regeneration.
AB  - Freshly isolated stromal cells can potentially be used as an alternative to in
      vitro expanded cells in regenerative medicine. Their use requires the development
      of bioactive hydrogels or scaffolds which provide an environment to enhance their
      proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation in vivo. The goal of the
      current study was to develop an injectable fibrin hydrogel functionalized with
      cartilage ECM microparticles and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta3 as a
      putative therapeutic for articular cartilage regeneration. ECM microparticles
      were produced by cryomilling and freeze-drying porcine articular cartilage. Up to
      2% (w/v) ECM could be incorporated into fibrin without detrimentally affecting
      its capacity to form stable hydrogels. To access the chondroinductivity of
      cartilage ECM, we compared chondrogenesis of infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem
      cells in fibrin hydrogels functionalized with either particulated ECM or control
      gelatin microspheres. Cartilage ECM particles could be used to control the
      delivery of TGF-beta3 to IFP-derived stem cells within fibrin hydrogels in vitro,
      and furthermore, led to higher levels of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and
      collagen accumulation compared to control constructs loaded with gelatin
      microspheres. In vivo, freshly isolated stromal cells generated a more cartilage
      like tissue within fibrin hydrogels functionalized with cartilage ECM particles
      compared to the control gelatin loaded constructs. These tissues stained strongly
      for type II collagen and contained higher levels of sGAGs. These results support
      the use of fibrin hydrogels functionalized with cartilage ECM components in
      single-stage, cell-based therapies for joint regeneration. STATEMENT OF
      SIGNIFICANCE: An alternative to the use of in vitro expanded cells in
      regenerative medicine is the use of freshly isolated stromal cells, where a
      bioactive scaffold or hydrogel is used to provide an environment that enhances
      their proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation in vivo. The objective of
      this study was to develop an injectable fibrin hydrogel functionalized with
      cartilage ECM micro-particles and the growth factor TGF-beta3 as a therapeutic
      for articular cartilage regeneration. This study demonstrates that freshly
      isolated stromal cells generate cartilage tissue in vivo when incorporated into
      such a fibrin hydrogels functionalized with cartilage ECM particles. These
      findings open up new possibilities for in-theatre, single-stage, cell-based
      therapies for joint regeneration.

PMID- 26961805
TI  - A novel platelet lysate hydrogel for endothelial cell and mesenchymal stem cell
      directed neovascularization.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) hold promise in promoting vascular regeneration of
      ischemic tissue in conditions like critical limb ischemia of the leg. However,
      this approach has been limited in part by poor cell retention and survival after
      delivery. New biomaterials offer an opportunity to localize cells to the desired
      tissue after delivery, but also to improve cell survival after delivery. Here we
      characterize the mechanical and microstructural properties of a novel hydrogel
      composed of pooled human platelet lysate (PL) and test its ability to promote MSC
      angiogenic activity using clinically relevant in vitro and in vivo models. This
      PL hydrogel had comparable storage and loss modulus and behaved as a viscoelastic
      solid similar to fibrin hydrogels despite having 1/4-1/10th the fibrin content of
      standard fibrin gels. Additionally, PL hydrogels enabled sustained release of
      endogenous PDGF-BB for up to 20days and were resistant to protease degradation.
      PL hydrogel stimulated pro-angiogenic activity by promoting human MSC growth and
      invasion in a 3D environment, and enhancing endothelial cell sprouting alone and
      in co-culture with MSCs. When delivered in vivo, the combination of PL and human
      MSCs improved local tissue perfusion after 8days compared to controls when
      assessed with laser Doppler perfusion imaging in a murine model of hind limb
      ischemia. These results support the use of a PL hydrogel as a scaffold for MSC
      delivery to promote vascular regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Innovative
      strategies for improved retention and viability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
      are needed for cellular therapies. Human platelet lysate is a potent serum
      supplement that improves the expansion of MSCs. Here we characterize our novel PL
      hydrogel's desirable structural and biologic properties for human MSCs and
      endothelial cells. PL hydrogel can localize cells for retention in the desired
      tissue, improves cell viability, and augments MSCs' angiogenic activity. As a
      result of these unique traits, PL hydrogel is ideally suited to serve as a cell
      delivery vehicle for MSCs injected into ischemic tissues to promote vascular
      regeneration, as demonstrated here in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia.

PMID- 26961808
TI  - Aliifodinibius halophilus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic member of the genus
      Aliifodinibius, and proposal of Balneolaceae fam. nov.
AB  - A novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase
      negative and catalase-positive bacterium, designated 2W32T, was isolated from a
      marine solar saltern on the coast of Weihai, Shandong Province, China. Strain
      2W32T was tolerant to moderate salt conditions. Optimal growth occurred at 33-37 
      degrees C (range 20-45  degrees C) and pH 7.5-8.0 (range pH 7.0-8.5) with 6-10 %
      (w/v) NaCl (range 2-18 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences
      revealed that strain 2W32T shared highest similarity with Aliifodinibius
      sediminis YIM J21T (94.6 %), Aliifodinibius roseus YIM D15T (94.4 %), Fodinibius
      salinus YIM C003T (93.6 %), Gracilimonas tropica CL-CB462T (88.6 %) and Balneola
      vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T (86.4 %) and less than 83.0 % similarity with other
      species of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The isolate and closely related species
      formed a novel family-level clade in the phylum Bacteroidetes. The polar lipid
      profile of the novel isolate consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid, an
      unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The dominant cellular fatty
      acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1omega9c and summed feature 3
      (C16:1omega7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and the sole respiratory quinone was
      menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The DNA G+C content of strain 2W32T was 47.5 mol %.
      Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and characterization indicated
      that strain 2W32T represents a novel species within the genus Aliifodinibius, for
      which the name Aliifodinibius halophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is
      2W32T (=KCTC 42497T=CICC 23869T). In addition, a novel family, Balneolaceae fam.
      nov., is proposed to accommodate the genera Fodinibius, Aliifodinibius,
      Gracilimonas and Balneola. 

PMID- 26961810
TI  - Contrast Medium Extravasation: The Importance of Radiographic Assessment.

PMID- 26961809
TI  - Novel GRN Mutations in Patients with Corticobasal Syndrome.
AB  - Loss-of-function GRN mutations lead to GRN haploinsufficiency and consequently
      neurodegeneration with significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation of
      various syndromes. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetics and
      clinical features of patients with GRN-related frontotemporal lobar degeneration
      (FTLD) syndromes. We performed mutation analysis of GRN in 45 unrelated Canadian
      patients with a broad spectrum of FTLD-like syndromes (mean age at onset of 64.0
      +/- 11.2 years). In our cohort, two patients were carriers of two novel
      heterozygous alterations in GRN: 2 bp insertion (c.769-770insCC:p.Q257fs) and 12
      bp deletion (c.1009-1020del:p.337-340del). Both patients presented with
      corticobasal syndrome supported by clinical and radiological findings. The
      absence of the mutant allele in the RT-PCR product was only observed for the
      sample with 2 bp insertion in GRN. In contrast, the allele with 12 bp deletion in
      GRN was not down-regulated at the RNA level and did not segregate with FTLD in
      the family. Our report extends the evidence for genetic and phenotypic
      variability in FTLD disorders, and detects a novel pathogenic GRN mutation,
      carriers of which could eventually help to evaluate the efficacy of different
      treatments at early stages of dementia. 

PMID- 26961811
TI  - Intrinsic phenotypic stability of a bi-stable auto regulatory gene.
AB  - Even under homogenous conditions clonal cells can assume different distinct
      states for generations to follow, also known as epigenetic inheritance. Such long
      periods of different phenotypic states can be formed due to the existence of more
      than one stable state in the molecule concentration, where the different states
      are explored through molecular fluctuations. By formulating a single reaction
      variable representing the birth and death of molecules, including transcription,
      translation and decay, we calculate the escape time from the phenotypic states
      attained from autocatalytic synthesis through a Fokker- Planck formulation and
      integration of an effective pseudo-potential. We calculate the stability of the
      phenotypic states both for cooperative binding feedback and dimer binding
      feedback, resulting in non-linear decay. 

PMID- 26961812
TI  - Inactivation of urease by 1,4-benzoquinone: chemistry at the protein surface.
AB  - The high activity of urease, a Ni(ii) enzyme, has several adverse effects on
      human health and agriculture, and its modulation needs the use of inhibitors. 1,4
      Benzoquinone (BQ) irreversibly inactivates Sporosarcina pasteurii urease (SPU),
      with first order kinetics for both the inhibitor and the enzyme. This reaction is
      stoichiometrically quenched in the presence of sulphite. The 2.07 A crystal
      structure of SPU bound to BQ shows the presence of a 1,4-hydroquinone moiety
      covalently bound to the thiol group of alphaCys322, a key residue found on the
      mobile flap regulating the substrate access to the active site. The 1.75 A
      crystal structure obtained when sulphite is added to a solution of SPU previously
      incubated with BQ shows the presence of a 2,5-dihydroxy-benzenesulphonate moiety
      bound to the alphaCys322 thiol group. These data reveal how the active site
      cysteine reacts with a prototypical BQ moiety, found in a large number of natural
      substances potentially suitable to control the urease activity. 

PMID- 26961813
TI  - Analytical Methods for Assessing Chondroitin Sulfate in Human Plasma.
AB  - Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear heteropolysaccharide of repeating
      disaccharide units bearing sulfate groups in various positions, commonly at C4
      and/or C6 of galactosamine. CS plays important roles in various
      (patho)physiological processes also performing intriguing biological and
      therapeutical activities. Plasmatic CS is mainly composed of nonsulfated and 4
      sulfated disaccharides. To obtain samples for the determination of CS amount and
      composition in blood/plasma, dried blood spot (DBS) could be used. DBSs have many
      advantages over other laboratory methods, allowing for large-scale population
      screening. Many analytical techniques may be used for the determination of CS. In
      particular, CE has proved to be a very attractive alternative separation
      technique for complex polysaccharide characterization. In this work, we compared
      CS levels between plasma and DBS samples, using CE equipped with the highly
      sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector. CS from DBS differs from plasma CS
      owing to the high content of disaccharides sulfated in C4 and C6. This is due to
      the presence of the more sulfated CS derived from blood cellular fraction, in
      particular leukocytes. The identification and quantification of CS in blood
      plasma could be a useful prognostic and diagnostic tool in pathological
      conditions and for pharmacological applications. 

PMID- 26961814
TI  - Prebiotics as functional food ingredients preventing diet-related diseases.
AB  - This paper reviews the potential of prebiotic-containing foods in the prevention
      or postponement of certain diet-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases
      with hypercholesterolemia, osteoporosis, diabetes, gastrointestinal infections
      and gut inflammation. Also the data on prebiotics as food ingredients and their
      impact on food product quality are presented. Prebiotics are short chain
      carbohydrates that are resistant to the digestion process in the upper part of
      the digestive system, are not absorbed in any segment of the gastrointestinal
      system, and finally are selectively fermented by specific genera of colonic
      bacteria. The mechanisms of the beneficial impacts of prebiotics on human health
      are very difficult to specify directly, because their health-promoting functions
      are related to fermentation by intestinal microflora. The impact of prebiotics on
      diet-related diseases in many ways also depends on the products of their
      fermentation. Prebiotics as functional food ingredients also have an impact on
      the quality of food products, due to their textural and gelling properties.
      Prebiotics as food additives can be very valuable in the creation of functional
      food aimed at preventing or postponing many diet-related diseases. They
      additionally have beneficial technological properties which improve the quality
      of food products. 

PMID- 26961815
TI  - Access to chlamydia testing in remote and rural Scotland.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess access to sexual health care in
      remote and rural settings using <i>Chlamydia</i> testing as a focus by measuring
      the extent of Chlamydia testing and positivity across the Scottish Highlands in
      relation to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation Quintile (SIMD) and Urban
      Rural 8-fold index (UR8). METHODS: Tests processed through Raigmore Hospital in
      Inverness, the main testing laboratory for microbiology tests in North and West
      and South and Mid Highlands, were studied. Where people are tested in relation to
      where they live was assessed, as well as the type of test they opt for. Also
      assessed was the rate of positivity in male and female patients in rural compared
      with urban settings using the Scottish Government UR8 and in relation to the
      SIMD. RESULTS: 9644 results were analysed. 77.2% of the results were for females
      and 22.4% for males. 8.1% of the results were positive and 84.4% were negative.
      There were proportionately more positive tests from the sexual health sources
      than from general practice. The proportion of men who had positive tests was
      almost double that for women (12.7% vs 6.6%) although men made up only 27.9% of
      the total number of tests. There was no significant difference in positivity when
      compared with UR8 index or SIMD. 37.7% of people living in the most rural areas
      (UR8 7-8) had their test performed in a more urban setting (UR8 1-6), and 20.4%
      people had their test performed in a very urban setting (UR8 1-2). Of these
      tests, there was a tendency for UR8 7-8 patients to be more likely to have a
      positive test if tested in an urban setting. CONCLUSIONS: These results are
      similar to previous results in other countries that suggest that Chlamydia
      positivity is similar in rural and urban settings. A large proportion of people
      living in more rurally classified areas, and perhaps those with a higher risk,
      have their test in a central setting, suggesting that they may be bypassing local
      resources to get a test. The reason for this is not clear. The results also show
      that men are more likely to have their test in a genitourinary setting as well as
      have proportionately more positive results. These results support the case for
      customising sexual health services to the most rural areas and suggest that
      providing an anonymous testing service in these areas might be beneficial,
      especially for men.

PMID- 26961816
TI  - Acoustic trapping of active matter.
AB  - Confinement of living microorganisms and self-propelled particles by an external
      trap provides a means of analysing the motion and behaviour of active systems.
      Developing a tweezer with a trapping radius large compared with the swimmers'
      size and run length has been an experimental challenge, as standard optical traps
      are too weak. Here we report the novel use of an acoustic tweezer to confine self
      propelled particles in two dimensions over distances large compared with the
      swimmers' run length. We develop a near-harmonic trap to demonstrate the
      crossover from weak confinement, where the probability density is Boltzmann-like,
      to strong confinement, where the density is peaked along the perimeter. At high
      concentrations the swimmers crystallize into a close-packed structure, which
      subsequently 'explodes' as a travelling wave when the tweezer is turned off. The
      swimmers' confined motion provides a measurement of the swim pressure, a unique
      mechanical pressure exerted by self-propelled bodies. 

PMID- 26961817
TI  - Associations between schizotypy and cerebral laterality.
AB  - Atypical lateralization for language has been found in schizophrenia, suggesting
      that language and thought disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum may be due to
      left hemispheric dysfunction. However, research with those with non-clinical
      schizotypy has been inconsistent, with some studies finding reduced or reversed
      language laterality (particularly with positive schizotypal traits), and others
      finding typical left hemispheric specialization. The aim of the current study was
      to use both a behavioural (dual reading-finger tapping) task and an functional
      magnetic resonance imaging lexical decision task to investigate language
      laterality in a university sample of high- and low-schizotypal adults. Findings
      revealed no evidence for atypical lateralization in our sample for both overall
      schizotypy (measured by the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and
      Experiences) and positive schizotypy (measured by the Unusual Experiences
      subscale) groups. Our findings provide further evidence that non-clinical
      schizotypy is not associated with atypical language laterality.

PMID- 26961818
TI  - Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Disease
      Mediated Therapeutic Protein-Drug Interactions: Modulation of Multiple Cytochrome
      P450 Enzymes by Interleukin-6.
AB  - Disease-mediated therapeutic protein-drug interactions have recently gained
      attention from regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industries in the
      development of new biological products. In this study, we developed a
      physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model using SimCYP to predict the
      impact of elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes
      and the treatment effect of an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, sirukumab, in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A virtual RA patient population was
      first constructed by incorporating the impact of systemic IL-6 level on hepatic
      and intestinal expression of multiple CYP enzymes with information from in vitro
      studies. Then, a PBPK model for CYP enzyme substrates was developed for healthy
      adult subjects. After incorporating the virtual RA patient population, the PBPK
      model was applied to quantitatively predict pharmacokinetics of multiple CYP
      substrates in RA patients before and after sirukumab treatment from a clinical
      cocktail drug interaction study. The results suggested that, compared with
      observed clinical data, changes in systemic exposure to multiple CYP substrates
      by anti-IL-6 treatment in virtual RA patients have been reasonably captured by
      the PBPK model, as manifested by modulations in area under plasma concentration
      versus time curves for midazolam, omeprazole, S-warfarin, and caffeine. This PBPK
      model reasonably captured the modulation effect of IL-6 and sirukumab on activity
      of CYP3A, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 and holds the potential to be utilized to
      assess the modulation effect of sirukumab on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics
      of concomitant small-molecule drugs in RA patients.

PMID- 26961820
TI  - Non-lactate strong ion difference: a clearer picture.
AB  - PURPOSE: The recommended method for elucidating the effects of strong ions other
      than lactate on acid-base balance is to calculate the non-lactate strong ion
      difference (SIDnl). A relationship between HCO3 (-) and SIDnl in hyperchloremic
      patients has already been demonstrated; in the present study, the relationships
      between SIDnl, the apparent strong ion difference (SIDa), and mortality at
      intensive care unit (ICU) admission were investigated. METHODS: In our two-center
      study, 2691 patients admitted to the ICU were retrospectively evaluated,
      including 1069 critically ill patients. These patients were divided into three
      subgroups according to their SIDnl levels at admission to the ICU: low (<38 mmol
      L(-1)), normal (38-40 mmol L(-1)), and high (>40 mmol L(-1)). Patient age,
      gender, diagnosis, blood gas values, length of ICU stay, and mortality were
      recorded. RESULTS: The low-SIDnl group included 768 patients (71.8 %), the normal
      SIDnl group consisted of 127 patients (11.9 %), and the high-SIDnl group
      contained 174 patients (16.3 %). There was no significant difference in lactate
      levels among the SIDnl groups (p = 0.635). In a multivariate logistic regression
      model, likelihood of mortality was increased 1.24-fold (1.20-1.28), 2.56-fold
      (1.61-4.08) and 2.55-fold (1.003-6.47) by APACHE II, lactate level >=2mmol L(-)
      and low SIDnl (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:
      SIDnl can be used to determine the effects of strong ions other than lactate on
      SIDa values and acid-base balance. Furthermore, a low SIDnl at ICU admission can
      be a prognostic indicator of mortality.

PMID- 26961821
TI  - Hemodynamic monitoring and management in high-risk surgery: a survey among
      Japanese anesthesiologists.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the current practices of hemodynamic
      management in high-risk surgical patients among Japanese anesthesiologists. An
      invitation letter to the survey, which included 35 questions related to
      hemodynamic monitoring in high-risk surgery, was mailed to every hospital
      approved by the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists (JSA) (1260 hospitals). Of
      the 692 JSA respondents, 573 completed the survey. Despite reporting a high rate
      of cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume variation (SVV) monitoring in JSA
      members (70 and 74 %, respectively), fluid goal-directed therapy was poorly
      implemented in high-risk surgery (7.4 %). Also, 47 % of the JSA respondents did
      not consistently perform CO optimization. SVV was more commonly used (76 %) as an
      indicator of volume expansion among JSA respondents, while central venous
      pressure was less frequently used (48 %). Despite a broader use of advanced
      hemodynamic monitoring, optimization of CO is still poorly protocolized and
      applied in Japan. The development of guidelines and protocols for hemodynamic
      management, including the establishment of strong evidence aimed at improving
      clinical outcomes, is needed to assist anesthesiologists in more universal
      adoption of perioperative CO optimization.

PMID- 26961819
TI  - Minimally invasive or noninvasive cardiac output measurement: an update.
AB  - Although cardiac output (CO) by pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) has been
      an important guideline in clinical management for more than four decades, some
      studies have questioned the clinical efficacy of CO in certain patient
      populations. Further, the use of CO by PAC has been linked to numerous
      complications including dysrhythmia, infection, rupture of pulmonary artery,
      injury to adjacent arteries, embolization, pulmonary infarction, cardiac valvular
      damage, pericardial effusion, and intracardiac catheter knotting. The use of PAC
      has been steadily declining over the past two decades. Minimally invasive and
      noninvasive CO monitoring have been studied in the past two decades with some
      evidence of efficacy. Several different devices based on pulse contour analysis
      are available currently, including the uncalibrated FloTrac/Vigileo system and
      the calibrated PiCCO and LiDCO systems. The pressure-recording analytical method
      (PRAM) system requires only an arterial line and is commercially available as the
      MostCare system. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can measure CO by non
      Doppler- or Doppler-based methods. The partial CO2 rebreathing technique, another
      method to measure CO, is marketed by Novametrix Medical Systems as the NICO
      system. Thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) and electric bioreactance (EB) are
      totally noninvasive CO monitoring. Nexfin HD and the newer ClearSight systems are
      examples of noninvasive CO monitoring devices currently being marketed by Edwards
      Lifesciences. The developing focus in CO monitoring devices appears to be
      shifting to tissue perfusion and microcirculatory flow and aimed more at markers
      that indicate the effectiveness of circulatory and microcirculatory
      resuscitations.

PMID- 26961823
TI  - Facial and Efficient Access to Dihydropyrano[3,2-c]Chromenes via Three-Component
      Reaction Using N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine As a New Organocatalyst.
AB  - The N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (DMBA), as an efficient and commercially available
      organocatalyst was employed for the one-pot synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2
      c]chromene derivatives in ethanol medium. In this work, the one-pot Knoevenagel
      Michael-Thorpe-Ziegler type cascade heterocyclization has been developed for the
      synthesis of dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene-containing heterocycles from the one
      pot multicomponent condensation reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin,
      malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate, and various aldehydes at 60 degrees C. The
      salient features of this basecatalyzed reaction are mild reaction conditions,
      reusability of the reaction medium, shorter reaction times, and easy separation
      of the reaction mixture.

PMID- 26961822
TI  - Transcriptome analysis reveals a ribosome constituents disorder involved in the
      RPL5 downregulated zebrafish model of Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) was the first ribosomopathy associated
      with mutations in ribosome protein (RP) genes. The clinical phenotypes of DBA
      include failure of erythropoiesis, congenital anomalies and cancer
      predisposition. Mutations in RPL5 are reported in approximately 9 ~ 21 % of DBA
      patients, which represents the most common pathological condition related to a
      large-subunit ribosomal protein. However, it remains unclear how RPL5
      downregulation results in severe phenotypes of this disease. RESULTS: In this
      study, we generated a zebrafish model of DBA with RPL5 morphants and implemented
      high-throughput RNA-seq and ncRNA-seq to identify key genes, lncRNAs, and miRNAs
      during zebrafish development and hematopoiesis. We demonstrated that RPL5 is
      required for both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis processes. By comparing
      with other DBA zebrafish models and processing functional coupling network, we
      identified some common regulated genes, lncRNAs and miRNAs, that might play
      important roles in development and hematopoiesis. CONCLUSIONS: Ribosome
      biogenesis and translation process were affected more in RPL5 MO than in other RP
      MOs. Both P53 dependent (for example, cell cycle pathway) and independent
      pathways (such as Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway) play important roles in
      DBA pathology. Our results therefore provide a comprehensive basis for the study
      of molecular pathogenesis of RPL5-mediated DBA and other ribosomopathies.

PMID- 26961826
TI  - Evaluation of a Team-Based, Transition-of-Care Management Service on 30-Day
      Readmission Rates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transitions of care from the hospital to the outpatient setting often
      fail to meet the Triple Aim of improving quality, improving the health of
      populations, and decreasing the cost of care. A major push to improve the quality
      of transitions and reduce hospital readmissions is under way. METHODS: We
      implemented a team-based, transition-of-care model and assessed the impact on 30
      day readmission rates. The 3 components of the intervention were contact with a
      nurse care manager, medication reconciliation, and follow-up with a physician. We
      compared 30-day readmission rates for the period before versus after
      implementation of this intervention. RESULTS: The 30-day readmission rate
      decreased from 14.2% in the usual care group to 5.3% in the intervention group (P
      = .011). Almost 90% of patients in the intervention group received all 3
      components of the intervention. LIMITATIONS: Generalizability is limited to
      practices with embedded team members. Not all patients received all 3 components
      of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Development of a team-based intervention was
      associated with a significant reduction in hospital readmissions. This method
      could be implemented in other primary care offices with team-based care.

PMID- 26961825
TI  - Intra-Arterial Therapy for Acute Stroke and the Effect of Technological Advances
      on Recanalization: Findings in a Community Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent randomized controlled studies have shown improvement in
      recanalization outcomes when physicians use the latest intra-arterial therapy
      devices in patients with acute, large-vessel, intracranial occlusions. The goal
      of this study was to explore how new procedures affected degree of and time to
      recanalization at a single center over the past 12 years as technology has
      improved. METHODS: Patients were included in the study if they had a large or
      medium intracranial vessel occlusion and had undergone intra-arterial therapy for
      acute stroke during the period 2002-2013. Therapies were categorized as intra
      arterial thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (IA tPA), mechanical
      thrombectomy using 1st-generation devices (Merci and Penumbra), or mechanical
      thrombectomy using 2nd-generation devices (stent-trievers). Recanalization was
      defined using a modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale.
      RESULTS: Primary treatment was IA tPA in 24 (12.4%) patients, 1st-generation
      devices in 128 (66.0%) patients, and 2nd-generation devices in 42 (21.6%)
      patients. TICI 2b was achieved in 7 (29.2%) patients treated with IA tPA, in 79
      (61.7%) patients treated with 1st-generation devices, and in 38 (90.5%) patients
      treated with 2nd-generation devices. Compared to patients treated with IA tPA,
      patients treated with 2nd-generation devices were more likely to reach TICI 2b
      recanalization (odds ratio, 11.66; 95% CI, 1.56-87.01), and they did so in
      shorter times. CONCLUSION: Technological advances over 12 years in endovascular
      stroke treatments significantly improved the chance of and reduced time to
      achieving TICI 2b recanalization in our community hospital. This shows the
      importance of adopting new technologies in a rapidly evolving field in order to
      provide the best-practice standard of care for the people of our region.

PMID- 26961824
TI  - Pre- and Perinatal Risk for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Does
      Neuropsychological Weakness Explain the Link?
AB  - Etiological investigations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
      disruptive behavior problems support multiple causal pathways, including
      involvement of pre- and perinatal risk factors. Because these risks occur early
      in life, well before observable ADHD and externalizing symptoms emerge, the
      relation between risk and symptoms may be mediated by neurodevelopmental effects
      that manifest later in neuropsychological functioning. However, potential
      dissociable effects of pre/perinatal risk elements on ADHD and familial confounds
      must also be considered to test alternative hypotheses. 498 youth aged 6-17 years
      (55.0 % male) completed a multi-stage, multi-informant assessment including
      parent and teacher symptom reports of symptoms and parent ratings of
      pre/perinatal health risk indicators. Youth completed a neuropsychological
      testing battery. Multiple mediation models examined direct effects of pre- and
      perinatal health risk on ADHD and other disruptive behavior disorder symptoms and
      indirect effects via neuropsychological functioning. Parental ADHD symptoms and
      externalizing status was covaried to control for potential familial effects.
      Effects of prenatal substance exposure on inattention were mediated by memory
      span and temporal processing deficits. Further, effects of perinatal health risk
      on inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and ODD were mediated by deficits in
      response variability and temporal processing. Further, maternal health risks
      during pregnancy appeared to exert direct rather than indirect effects on
      outcomes. Results suggest that after controlling for familial relatedness of ADHD
      between parent and child, early developmental health risks may influence ADHD via
      effects on neuropsychological processes underpinning the disorder.

PMID- 26961828
TI  - Building a Value-Based Workforce in North Carolina.
AB  - Health care in the United States is likely to change more in the next 10 years
      than in any previous decade. However, changes in the workforce needed to support
      new care delivery and payment models will likely be slower and less dramatic. In
      this issue of the NCMJ, experts from education, practice, and policy reflect on
      the "state of the state" and what the future holds for multiple health
      professional groups. They write from a broad range of perspectives and
      disciplines, but all point toward the need for change-change in the way we
      educate, deploy, and recruit health professionals. The rapid pace of health
      system change in North Carolina means that the road map is being redrawn as we
      drive, but some general routes are evident. In this issue brief we suggest that,
      to make the workforce more effective, we need to broaden our definition of who is
      in the health workforce; focus on retooling and retraining the existing
      workforce; shift from training workers in acute settings to training them in
      community-based settings; and increase accountability in the system so that
      public funds spent on the health professions produce the workforce needed to meet
      the state's health care needs. North Carolina has arguably the best health
      workforce data system in the country; it has historically provided the data
      needed to inform policy change, but adequate and ongoing financial support for
      that system needs to be assured. 

PMID- 26961827
TI  - Keeping the End in Mind.

PMID- 26961829
TI  - Challenges of Recruitment and Retention in Rural Areas.
AB  - There have long been rural health care workforce shortages; however, the urgency
      to find real solutions has increased with the changing health care landscape. The
      evidence makes a compelling case to be intentional in the candidates we support
      and to align educational resources across multiple systems. Programs need to
      continually evolve, utilizing workforce data, best practices, and new
      technological advances. This leads the Office of Rural Health (ORH) to secure
      funding for therapists practicing in integrated settings and to expand loan
      repayment to general surgeons and providers creating access through telehealth.
      While access is ORH's core mission, North Carolina's rural health plan reframed
      the discussion around creating healthy rural communities. This will require
      further refinement of the critical workforce definition, and it brings to the
      forefront the fact that a variety of new partnerships will be key to achieving
      the objective of healthy rural communities. 

PMID- 26961830
TI  - Surviving the Silver Tsunami: Training a Health Care Workforce to Care for North
      Carolina's Aging Population.
AB  - North Carolina's aging population will require a health care workforce prepared
      to meet patients' complex care needs. The keys to training this workforce include
      continuing to mobilize the state's educational infrastructure to provide
      interprofessional, community-based experiences and maximizing exposure to new
      models of care. 

PMID- 26961831
TI  - Access to Health Care of Your Choice.

PMID- 26961832
TI  - Educating North Carolina's Oral Health Workforce in an Evolving Environment.
AB  - In 2014, North Carolina had 4,681 actively practicing dentists and ranked 47th
      among US states in dentist-to-population ratio. The need for dentists is
      increasing as the population grows, and underserved areas persist. This
      commentary discusses the impact of the state's 2 dental schools and external
      factors on dental workforce trends. 

PMID- 26961833
TI  - The Impacts of Electronic Health Record Implementation on the Health Care
      Workforce.
AB  - Health care organizations at various levels are transitioning into the new
      electronic era by implementing and adopting electronic health record systems. New
      job roles will be needed for this transition, and some current job roles will
      inevitably become obsolete due to the change. In addition to training new
      personnel to fill these new roles, the focus should also be on equipping the
      current health care workforce with knowledge and skills in health information
      technology and health informatics that will support their work and improve
      quality of care. 

PMID- 26961834
TI  - Transforming Medical Education is the Key to Meeting North Carolina's Physician
      Workforce Needs.
AB  - To meet the needs of the population of North Carolina, an epic transformation is
      under way in health care. This transformation requires that we find new ways to
      educate and train physicians and other health care professionals. In this
      commentary, we propose that the success of the Brody School of Medicine in
      preparing a primary care physician workforce can serve as a model for meeting the
      state's future physician workforce needs. Other considerations include increasing
      graduate medical education positions through state funding and providing
      incentives for medical students who stay in North Carolina. 

PMID- 26961835
TI  - Kenan Primary Care Medical Scholars Program: Preparing Physicians for Service in
      Rural North Carolina.

PMID- 26961836
TI  - Improving the Return on Investment of Graduate Medical Education in North
      Carolina.
AB  - The National Academy of Medicine has called for fundamental reform in the
      governance and accountability of graduate medical education, but how to implement
      this change is unclear. We describe the North Carolina graduate medical education
      system, and we propose tracking outcomes and aligning residency stipends with
      outcomes such as specialty choice, practice in North Carolina, and acceptance of
      new Medicaid and Medicare patients. 

PMID- 26961837
TI  - New Psychiatry Residency Program at Carolinas HealthCare System.

PMID- 26961838
TI  - The Importance of Interprofessional Practice and Education in the Era of
      Accountable Care.
AB  - In order to succeed in today's health care environment, interprofessional teams
      are essential. The terms "multidisciplinary care" and "interdisciplinary care"
      have been replaced by the more contemporary term "interprofessional practice and
      education" (IPE), which occurs when individuals "from two or more professions
      learn about, from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and
      improve health outcomes." This commentary discusses new models of care, team
      members who contribute to IPE, and incentives and challenges. 

PMID- 26961839
TI  - Community Health Workers: An Integral Part of an Integrated Health Care Team.

PMID- 26961840
TI  - Transition of New Graduate Nurses to the Workforce: Challenges and Solutions in
      the Changing Health Care Environment.
AB  - New graduate nurses face a host of challenges that impact successful transition
      to practice. Health care organizations thus need to understand how changes in the
      health care landscape impact new graduate nurses who are transitioning to the
      practice environment. This commentary discusses challenges and possible solutions
      to successful transition of new graduates into the work environment. 

PMID- 26961841
TI  - Improving Diversity in the Health Professions.
AB  - The health professional workforce of North Carolina does not reflect the rich
      diversity of the state's population, and the underrepresentation of various
      demographic groups in health care may affect the health outcomes of the state's
      citizens. There are opportunities for educational institutions to partner with
      others, share successful strategies, and implement measures to promote diversity
      among health professionals. 

PMID- 26961842
TI  - Does North Carolina's Health Care Workforce Reflect the Diversity of the State's
      Population?

PMID- 26961843
TI  - Beyond Climate Change: Why Medical Institutions Should Divest From Fossil Fuels.

PMID- 26961844
TI  - 2016 North Carolina Child Health Report Card.

PMID- 26961846
TI  - Expanding Wilderness Medicine Fellowship Eligibility Beyond Emergency Medicine.

PMID- 26961845
TI  - Synthesis, DNA/HSA Interaction Spectroscopic Studies and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of
      a New Mixed Ligand Cu(II) Complex.
AB  - A new mixed ligand copper(II)-dipeptide complex with 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzothiazole
      (pbt), [Cu(Gly-L-leu)(pbt)(H2O)].ClO4 (Gly-L-leu = Glycyl-L-leucine anion) was
      synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical means. The DNA binding
      and cleavage properties of the complex investigated by viscosity, agarose gel
      electrophoresis and multi-spectroscopic techniques (UV, circular dichroism (CD)
      and fluorescence) showed that the complex was bound to CT-DNA through
      intercalation mode with moderate binding constant (K b = 3.132 * 10(4) M(-1)),
      and cleaved pBR322 DNA efficiently (~ 5 MUM) in the presence of Vc, probably via
      an oxidative mechanism induced by *OH. Additionally, the interaction of the
      complex with human serum albumin (HSA) was explored by UV-visible, CD,
      fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy. The
      complex exhibits desired affinity to HSA through hydrophobic interaction.
      Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the complex against three human carcinoma cell
      lines (HeLa, HepG2 and A549) was evaluated by MTT assay, which showed that the
      complex had effective cytotoxicity and higher inhibition toward A549 cell lines
      with IC50 of 38.0 +/- 3.2 MUM. 

PMID- 26961847
TI  - Twostriped Walkingstick Targets Human Eye With Chemical Defense Spray.
AB  - Stick insects are commonly known for their fascinating and functional shape,
      which allows them to blend with their surroundings. However, many may not be
      aware of another, more threatening protective feature, a toxic spray. Anisomorpha
      buprestoides, one of two stick insect types in the United States to use this
      defense, targets the eyes and can cause ocular injury, with cases ranging from
      conjunctivitis to corneal ulceration. We present the case of an older woman
      exposed to the walkingstick's painful venom while in her home. The patient
      presented to an Orlando emergency department with conjunctival injection and
      tearing that improved with water irrigation. 

PMID- 26961848
TI  - Attenuation of Urinary Cadmium in Inhabitants of the Environmentally Exposed
      Jinzu River Basin Determined by Applying a Mixed Linear Model.
AB  - Half-life of urinary cadmium level (U-Cd) was estimated in inhabitants whose
      initial U-Cd was >=5 MUg/L (131 men and 177 women) or >=5 MUg/gcr (195 men and
      246 women), using a linear mixed model adjusted for the baseline age. To clarify
      the effect of initial U-Cd, the target participants were divided into higher or
      lower initial U-Cd group. In the higher groups, the half-lives were 15.4 and 13.1
      years for unadjusted U-Cd and 19.0 and 23.0 years for creatinine-adjusted U-Cd,
      in men and women, respectively. In the lower groups, the half-lives were 38.0 and
      26.0 years for unadjusted U-Cd in men and women. For creatinine-adjusted U-Cd, it
      was 42.9 years in men. For attenuation of U-Cd, there were an early fast
      component shown in the higher group and late slow component shown in the lower
      group. The attenuation of U-Cd is slower in the longer time compared to that
      previously reported. 

PMID- 26961849
TI  - Recovery of the Reproductive Capability Following Exposure to 4-tert-Octylphenol
      in the Neotropical Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma dimerus.
AB  - Here, we analyzed the recovery of the reproductive capability in male Cichlasoma
      dimerus after exposure to sublethal concentrations of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), a
      demonstrated estrogenic chemical. Adult fish were exposed to 0, 30, 150 and 300
      MUg/L OP during 60 days and subsequently transferred to OP-free water for another
      60 days. At 150 and 300 MUg/L, absence of fertilized spawnings were recorded
      during the first 4 weeks following OP exposure, which could be explained by the
      impairment of testis architecture recorded at the highest OP concentrations. The
      restoration of the testicular organization began by day 14 in OP-free water, when
      the germinal epithelium re-started to proliferate. Testicular functionality was
      recovered by day 28, yielding fertilized eggs and viable F1 embryos. These
      results show that pathological features induced in the testes of C. dimerus by OP
      exposure are not permanent since fish recover their fertilization capacity after
      an adequate depuration period.

PMID- 26961850
TI  - Penile cancer metastasizing to the breast: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Penile cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer in developed nations.
      Metastatic disease is rare, but lymphatic or vascular spreading has been
      previously reported to the liver, lungs, bones, brain, heart and skin. CASE
      PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 49-year-old white man with a penile squamous
      cell carcinoma previously treated with partial penectomy and bilateral inguinal
      lymph node dissection, followed by adjuvant therapy. Three years after treatment,
      the primitive neoplasm metastasized to the breast, presenting as a painful lump.
      Differentials of a secondary versus a malignant primary tumor were considered and
      in view of a diagnostic dilemma the lesion was excised. CONCLUSIONS: This case is
      unusual in its site of metastatic progression as well as in its pattern of
      clinical presentation. Awareness of such a condition by physicians is mandatory
      in order to make an early diagnosis and start prompt and correct therapeutic
      planning.

PMID- 26961852
TI  - Recombinant Tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius: Overproduction in Escherichia
      coli, Characterization, and Use in a Study of Aurones as Tyrosinase Effectors.
AB  - Tyrosinases act in the development of organoleptic properties of tea, raisins,
      etc., but also cause unwanted browning of fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms. The
      tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus has been used as a model to study tyrosinase
      inhibitors, which are also indispensable in the treatment of skin pigmentation
      disorders. However, this model has disadvantages such as side enzyme activities
      and the presence of multiple isoenzymes. Therefore, we aimed to introduce a new
      tyrosinase model. The pro-tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius was overproduced
      in Escherichia coli. Trypsin digestion led to a cleavage after R388 and hence
      enzyme activation. The tyrosinase was a homodimer and transformed L-DOPA and tert
      butylcatechol preferentially. Various aurons were examined as effectors of this
      enzyme. 2'- and 3'-hydroxyaurones acted as its activators and 2',4'
      dihydroxyaurone as an inhibitor, whereas 4'-hydroxyaurones were its substrates.
      The enzyme is a promising model for tyrosinase effector studies, being a single
      isoenzyme and void of side enzyme activities.

PMID- 26961853
TI  - Correction: Particle shape optimization by changing from an isotropic to an
      anisotropic nanostructure: preparation of highly active and stable supported Pt
      catalysts in microemulsions.
AB  - Correction for 'Particle shape optimization by changing from an isotropic to an
      anisotropic nanostructure: preparation of highly active and stable supported Pt
      catalysts in microemulsions' by Riny Y. Parapat et al., Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 796
      805. 

PMID- 26961851
TI  - Hepatocellular adenoma classification: a comparative evaluation of
      immunohistochemistry and targeted mutational analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Four subtypes of hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are recognized:
      hepatocyte-nuclear-factor-1alpha mutated (H-HCA), beta-catenin-mutated type with
      upregulation of glutamine synthetase (b-HCA), inflammatory type (IHCA) with serum
      amyloid-A overexpression, and unclassified type. Subtyping may be useful since b
      HCA appear to have higher risk of malignant transformation. We sought to apply
      subtype analysis and assess histological atypia, correlating these with next
      generation sequencing analysis. METHODS: Twenty-six HCA were stained with serum
      amyloid A (SAA), liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP), glutamine synthetase
      (GS), and beta-catenin IHC, followed by analysis with a targeted multiplex
      sequencing panel. RESULTS: By IHC, 4 HCA (15.4 %) were classified as b-HCA, 11
      (42.3 %) as IHCA, 9 (34.6 %) as H-HCA, and two (7.7 %) unclassifiable. Eight HCA
      (30.8 %) showed atypia (3 b-HCA, 4 IHCA and 1 H-HCA). Targeted sequencing
      confirmed HNF1A mutations in all H-HCA, confirming reliability of LFABP IHC in
      identifying these lesions. CTNNB1 mutations were detected in 1 of 4 (25 %) of
      GS/beta-catenin-positive cases, suggesting that positive GS stain does not always
      correlate with CTNNB1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemistry does not
      consistently identify b-HCA. Mutational analysis improves the diagnostic accuracy
      of beta-catenin-mutated HCA and is an important tool to assess risk of malignancy
      in HCA.

PMID- 26961854
TI  - Corrigendum: Studying biological membranes with extended range high-speed atomic
      force microscopy.

PMID- 26961855
TI  - Direct and Highly Selective Conversion of Synthesis Gas into Lower Olefins:
      Design of a Bifunctional Catalyst Combining Methanol Synthesis and Carbon-Carbon
      Coupling.
AB  - The direct synthesis of lower (C2 to C4) olefins, key building-block chemicals,
      from syngas (H2/CO), which can be derived from various nonpetroleum carbon
      resources, is highly attractive, but the selectivity for lower olefins is low
      because of the limitation of the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution. We report
      that the coupling of methanol-synthesis and methanol-to-olefins reactions with a
      bifunctional catalyst can realize the direct conversion of syngas to lower
      olefins with exceptionally high selectivity. We demonstrate that the choice of
      two active components and the integration manner of the components are crucial to
      lower olefin selectivity. The combination of a Zr-Zn binary oxide, which alone
      shows higher selectivity for methanol and dimethyl ether even at 673 K, and SAPO
      34 with decreased acidity offers around 70% selectivity for C2-C4 olefins at
      about 10% CO conversion. The micro- to nanoscale proximity of the components
      favors the lower olefin selectivity.

PMID- 26961856
TI  - Contribution of a Comparative Western Blot Method to Early Postnatal Diagnosis of
      Congenital Syphilis.
AB  - Serology has a pivotal role in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis (CS), but
      problems arise because of the passive transfer of IgG antibodies across the
      placenta. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of a
      comparative Western blot (WB) method finalized to match the IgG immunological
      profiles of mothers and their own babies at birth in order to differentiate
      between passively transmitted maternal antibodies and antibodies synthesized by
      the infants against Treponema pallidum Thirty infants born to mothers with
      unknown or inadequate treatment for syphilis were entered in a retrospective
      study, conducted at St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy. All of the
      infants underwent clinical, instrumental, and laboratory examinations, including
      IgM WB testing. For the retrospective study, an IgG WB assay was performed by
      blotting T. pallidum antigens onto nitrocellulose sheets and incubating the
      strips with serum specimens from mother-child pairs. CS was diagnosed in 11 out
      of the 30 enrolled infants; 9/11 cases received the definitive diagnosis within
      the first week of life, whereas the remaining two were diagnosed later because of
      increasing serological test titers. The use of the comparative IgG WB testing
      performed with serum samples from mother-child pairs allowed a correct CS
      diagnosis in 10/11 cases. The CS diagnosis was improved by a strategy combining
      comparative IgG WB results with IgM WB results, leading to a sensitivity of 100%.
      The comparative IgG WB test is thus a welcome addition to the conventional
      laboratory methods used for CS diagnosis, allowing identification and adequate
      treatment of infected infants and avoiding unnecessary therapy of uninfected
      newborns.

PMID- 26961857
TI  - Development of a Simple, Peripheral-Blood-Based Lateral-Flow Dipstick Assay for
      Accurate Detection of Patients with Enteric Fever.
AB  - Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by typhoidal strains of Salmonella
      enterica and is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in many parts of
      the world, especially in resource-limited areas. Unfortunately, currently
      available diagnostic tests for enteric fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity.
      No true clinically practical gold standard for diagnosing patients with enteric
      fever exists. Unfortunately, microbiologic culturing of blood is only 30 to 70%
      sensitive although 100% specific. Here, we report the development of a lateral
      flow immunochromatographic dipstick assay based on the detection of Salmonella
      enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific IgG in
      lymphocyte culture secretion. We tested the assay using samples from 142
      clinically suspected enteric fever patients, 28 healthy individuals residing in a
      zone where enteric fever is endemic, and 35 patients with other febrile
      illnesses. In our analysis, the dipstick detected all blood culture-confirmed S
      Typhi cases (48/48) and 5 of 6 Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A blood
      cultured-confirmed cases. The test was negative in all 35 individuals febrile
      with other illnesses and all 28 healthy controls from the zone of endemicity. The
      test was positive in 19 of 88 individuals with suspected enteric fever but with
      negative blood cultures. Thus, the dipstick had a sensitivity of 98% compared to
      blood culture results and a specificity that ranged from 78 to 100% (95%
      confidence interval [CI], 70 to 100%), depending on the definition of a true
      negative. These results suggest that this dipstick assay can be very useful for
      the detection of enteric fever patients especially in regions of endemicity.

PMID- 26961859
TI  - Gradients in pore size enhance the osteogenic differentiation of human
      mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional scaffolds.
AB  - Small fractures in bone tissue can heal by themselves, but in case of larger
      defects current therapies are not completely successful due to several drawbacks.
      A possible strategy relies on the combination of additive manufactured polymeric
      scaffolds and human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). The architecture of bone
      tissue is characterized by a structural gradient. Long bones display a structural
      gradient in the radial direction, while flat bones in the axial direction. Such
      gradient presents a variation in bone density from the cancellous bone to the
      cortical bone. Therefore, scaffolds presenting a gradient in porosity could be
      ideal candidates to improve bone tissue regeneration. In this study, we present a
      construct with a discrete gradient in pore size and characterize its ability to
      further support the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Furthermore, we studied
      the behaviour of hMSCs within the different compartments of the gradient
      scaffolds, showing a correlation between osteogenic differentiation and ECM
      mineralization, and pore dimensions. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium
      content increased with increasing pore dimensions. Our results indicate that
      designing structural porosity gradients may be an appealing strategy to support
      gradual osteogenic differentiation of adult stem cells. 

PMID- 26961860
TI  - Novel BODIPY-based Ru(II) and Ir(III) metalla-rectangles: cellular localization
      of compounds and their antiproliferative activities.
AB  - The first examples of Ru(ii) and Ir(iii) metalla-rectangles [1](4+)-[4](4+)
      containing a BODIPY-based linker are reported; some of these compounds exhibited
      highly selective anticancer activity and interact strongly with DNA as well as
      protein. The characteristic green fluorescence of a BODIPY ligand and associated
      aggregation-induced emission (AIE) permitted visualization of compounds inside
      the cells using confocal microscopy.

PMID- 26961861
TI  - Introducing Chirality into Nonionic Dendritic Amphiphiles and Studying Their
      Supramolecular Assembly.
AB  - Chiral head groups have been introduced into water-soluble hydroxyl-terminated
      nonionic amphiphiles and the impact of the head group stereochemistry on the
      supramolecular ultrastructures has been studied. Enantiomeric isomers were
      compared with the achiral meso form and the racemic mixture by means of cryogenic
      transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy.
      Structurally, all amphiphiles are composed of the first-generation hydrophilic
      polyglycerol head group coupled to a single hydrophobic hexadecyl chain through
      an amide linkage and diaromatic spacer. The enantiomers aggregate to form twisted
      ribbons with uniform handedness, whereas the meso stereoisomer and racemic
      mixture produce elongated assemblies, namely, tubules and platelets, but without
      a chiral ultrastructure. Simulations on the molecular packing geometries of the
      stereoisomers indicate different preferential assembly routes that explain the
      individual supramolecular aggregation behavior. 

PMID- 26961858
TI  - Viability and Functionality of Cryopreserved Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
      in Pediatric Dengue.
AB  - Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are widely used in
      studies of dengue. In this disease, elevated frequency of apoptotic PBMCs has
      been described, and molecules such as soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related
      apoptosis-inducing ligands (sTRAIL) are involved. This effect of dengue may
      affect the efficiency of PBMC cryopreservation. Here, we evaluate the viability
      (trypan blue dye exclusion and amine-reactive dye staining) and functionality
      (frequency of gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]-producing T cells after polyclonal
      stimulation) of fresh and cryopreserved PBMCs from children with dengue (in acute
      and convalescence phases), children with other febrile illnesses, and healthy
      children as controls. Plasma sTRAIL levels were also evaluated. The frequencies
      of nonviable PBMCs detected by the two viability assays were positively
      correlated (r = 0.74; P < 0.0001). Cryopreservation particularly affected the
      PBMCs of children with dengue, who had a higher frequency of nonviable cells than
      healthy children and children with other febrile illnesses (P <= 0.02), and PBMC
      viability levels were restored in the convalescent phase. In the acute phase, an
      increased frequency of CD3+ CD8+ amine-positive cells was found before
      cryopreservation (P = 0.01). Except for B cells in the acute phase,
      cryopreservation usually did not affect the relative frequencies of viable PBMC
      subpopulations. Dengue infection reduced the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing
      CD3+ cells after stimulation compared with healthy controls and convalescent
      phase patients (P <= 0.003), and plasma sTRAIL correlated with this decreased
      frequency in dengue (rho = -0.56; P = 0.01). Natural dengue infection in children
      can affect the viability and functionality of cryopreserved PBMCs.

PMID- 26961862
TI  - Long-term clinical outcomes after successful and failed recanalization to native
      chronic Total occlusion: Insights from the Busan chronic Total occlusion (B-CTO)
      Registry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess hard major adverse clinical events (HMACE) after successful
      versus failed percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion (PCI
      CTO). BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding long-term HMACE risks based on
      PCI-CTO success. METHODS: First-time PCI was performed in 438 consecutive
      patients with 473 target CTO lesions. Patients after procedural success (n=355;
      378 CTO lesions) and failure (n=83; 95 CTO lesions) were followed for an average
      40months (7-77months range). We compared HMACE (composite of cardiac death, non
      fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke) dependent on the success of PCI.
      RESULTS: The incidence of HMACE was low, with a total of 16 events, and did not
      differ {6% vs.3.1%, HR=0.47; CI [0.16-1.35; p=0.162} dependent on the success of
      PCI-CTO. There were less cardiac deaths {0.3% vs. 1.2%, RR=0.22; CI [0.01
      3.50];p=0.283}, non fatal MI {1.1% vs.3.6%, RR=0.27; CI [0.06-1.22], p=0.089},
      but more strokes {1.7% vs.1.2%, RR=1.32; CI [0.16-10.99], p=0.795} after
      successful PCI-CTO. CONCLUSIONS: The risks of HMACE after PCI-CTO over long-term
      follow-up were minimal, and do not depend on the procedure success. This
      unexpected finding somewhat challenge the aggressive interventional approach, and
      should be confirmed in the adequately powered randomized trial.

PMID- 26961863
TI  - AGEs and HMGB1 Increase Inflammatory Cytokine Production from Human Placental
      Cells, Resulting in an Enhancement of Monocyte Migration.
AB  - PROBLEM: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and high-mobility group box-1
      (HMGB1) are considered contributing to placental inflammation. We examined the
      effect of AGEs and HMGB1 on cytokines from Sw.71 human trophoblast cell lines and
      the interactions between Sw.71 cells and THP-1-monocytes. METHODS OF STUDY: Sw.71
      cells were cultured with/without AGEs or HMGB1. We examined the role of AGEs or
      HMGB1 on THP1 migration and effect of AGEs on IL-6 from Sw.71 cells using co
      cultures or conditioned medium from THP-1 cells. RESULTS: AGEs and HMGB1
      increased interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2)
      secretion from Sw.71 cells. The secretion of IL-6 was dependent on reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) and NF-kappaB. AGEs stimulated IL-6 secretion through
      receptor RAGE and TLR4, whereas HMGB1 stimulated it through TLR4. AGEs, but not
      HMGB1, increased monocyte migration via IL-8 and CCL2 from Sw.71 cells. THP-1
      monocytes induced IL-6 secretion from Sw.71 cells, and AGEs further stimulated
      it. CONCLUSIONS: AGEs and HMGB1 may promote sterile placental inflammation
      cooperating with monocytes/macrophages.

PMID- 26961864
TI  - Revisiting photodynamic therapy dosimetry: reductionist & surrogate approaches to
      facilitate clinical success.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a highly complex treatment, with many
      parameters influencing treatment efficacy. The extent to which dosimetry is used
      to monitor and standardize treatment delivery varies widely, ranging from
      measurement of a single surrogate marker to comprehensive approaches that aim to
      measure or estimate as many relevant parameters as possible. Today, most clinical
      PDT treatments are still administered with little more than application of a
      prescribed drug dose and timed light delivery, and thus the role of patient
      specific dosimetry has not reached widespread clinical adoption. This disconnect
      is at least partly due to the inherent conflict between the need to measure and
      understand multiple parameters in vivo in order to optimize treatment, and the
      need for expedience in the clinic and in the regulatory and commercialization
      process. Thus, a methodical approach to selecting primary dosimetry metrics is
      required at each stage of translation of a treatment procedure, moving from
      complex measurements to understand PDT mechanisms in pre-clinical and early phase
      I trials, towards the identification and application of essential dose-limiting
      and/or surrogate measurements in phase II/III trials. If successful, identifying
      the essential and/or reliable surrogate dosimetry measurements should help
      facilitate increased adoption of clinical PDT. In this paper, examples of
      essential dosimetry points and surrogate dosimetry tools that may be implemented
      in phase II/III trials are discussed. For example, the treatment efficacy as
      limited by light penetration in interstitial PDT may be predicted by the amount
      of contrast uptake in CT, and so this could be utilized as a surrogate dosimetry
      measurement to prescribe light doses based upon pre-treatment contrast. Success
      of clinical ALA-based skin lesion treatment is predicted almost uniquely by the
      explicit or implicit measurements of photosensitizer and photobleaching, yet the
      individualization of treatment based upon each patients measured bleaching needs
      to be attempted. In the case of ALA, lack of PpIX is more likely an indicator
      that alternative PpIX production methods must be implemented. Parsimonious
      dosimetry, using surrogate measurements that are clinically acceptable, might
      strategically help to advance PDT in a medical world that is increasingly cost
      and time sensitive. Careful attention to methodologies that can identify and
      advance the most critical dosimetric measurements, either direct or surrogate,
      are needed to ensure successful incorporation of PDT into niche clinical
      procedures. 

PMID- 26961865
TI  - The partner in late-life repartnering: caregiving expectations from an
      intergenerational perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Late-life repartnering among functionally independent adults,
      resulting in complex stepfamilies, has emerged with increased life expectancy,
      and is likely to develop further. It is perceived as a chance for renewal and
      autonomy, enabling a release from dependency on offspring, whereas caregiving is
      associated with dependency and becoming a burden on family members. Thus, the
      experiences of late-life repartnering and caregiving are opposites. Using a life
      course perspective, we explore partner caregiving expectations in late-life
      repartnering from the viewpoints of three generations in complex stepfamilies in
      Israel, a society characterized by collectivist alongside individualist familial
      norms. METHODS: Using criterion sampling, we recruited 19 stepfamily units (38
      families) of functionally independent persons who repartnered at the official
      retirement age or older and had offspring from a lifelong marriage that ended in
      widowhood or divorce. One-hundred-seven semi-structured qualitative interviews
      with older partners, their adult children, and grandchildren were audio-recorded
      and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was based on grounded theory principles and
      dyadic analysis adapted to families. RESULTS: Two themes emerged: caregiving
      commitment and decision making. Issues included: influences of partner-caregiving
      history; chronic versus temporary caregiving situations; caregiving strengthening
      partner relationships and influencing stepfamily relationships, and moral
      dilemmas, such as what happens when fun - a motive for repartnering - is no
      longer possible. Could abandonment become an option? CONCLUSIONS: From a life
      course perspective, caregiving, as "on-time," and late-life repartnering, as "off
      time," highlight the lack of norms and the need to establish normative behavior
      for caregiving in late-life repartnering in diverse cultural contexts along with
      its reservations.

PMID- 26961866
TI  - [Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects: innovative research for a young
      patient group].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease is the most frequent congenital malformation
      in humans and affects almost 1 % of all newborns. Thanks to advances in
      diagnostics and treatment, over 90 % of those affected reach adulthood today.
      Patient numbers are therefore growing constantly. The majority of those affected,
      however, remain chronically ill throughout life and require continuous
      specialized care. The spectrum of different clinical pictures is vast. Since this
      is a relatively young patient group, both research and care are lacking relevant
      knowledge and experience. OBJECTIVE: The Competence Network for Congenital Heart
      Defects (CNCHD) was founded in 2003 to tackle the challenge of heterogeneity and
      accordingly small sample sizes by means of networked research. The following
      article offers an overview of the network and its mode of operation. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The Germany-wide research network involves all relevant levels of
      research, public health care, the patient community and the general public. On
      the basis of a complex and flexible database infrastructure, it facilitates
      multicenter and interdisciplinary research in the field of congenital heart
      disease. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The CNCHD succeeded in establishing research on
      congenital heart disease throughout Germany by providing a powerful research
      network and a suitable infrastructure. Scientists from across Germany and all
      over the world use this basis to jointly find answers to burning questions in the
      field of congenital heart disease.

PMID- 26961867
TI  - [From the Competence Network on Depression and Suicidality to the German
      Depression Foundation. National and international prevention of suicidal
      behaviour and optimizing health care through using of E-Mental-Health].
AB  - Depression is a very common, severe, socio-economically highly relevant disorder
      and the main cause for approximately 10,000 suicides in Germany annually. There
      is capital room for improvement and optimization of the care for depressed
      patients, as effective and evidence-based treatment options are available.
      However, they are only used optimally by a minority of the people affected due to
      huge diagnostic and therapeutic deficits. The "Compentence Network on Depression
      and Suicidality" provided several evidence-based concepts to improve care for
      patients affected by depression and to prevent suicidal behaviour. Especially the
      four-level intervention approach of the Alliances Against Depression has been
      successfully adapted and implemented by more than 100 regions within Europe and
      globally as well. The infrastructure of the Competence Network could be
      efficiently sustained throughout the establishment of the German Depression
      Foundation and the European Alliance against Depression. Since 2014, all research
      activities have been extended nationally and internationally by the establishment
      of a Depression Research Centre with a special focus on various E-Mental-Health
      projects. 

PMID- 26961868
TI  - [The Competence Network for HIV/AIDS. Data, Samples, Facts].
AB  - BACKGROUND: With funding for the Competence Networks in Medicine from the Federal
      Ministry of Education and Research, the Competence Network for HIV/AIDS (KompNet
      HIV/AIDS) was established as an interdisciplinary research association. Essential
      working groups were incorporated all over Germany, which are active in clinical
      and basic HIV/AIDS research. OBJECTIVES: After successful establishment,
      providing research infrastructure for national and international cooperation in
      the field of HIV/AIDS was the focus of the network. By bringing together research
      activities, preconditions are created for improving HIV infection treatment and
      increasing life expectancy of HIV-infected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      members of KompNet HIV/AIDS are HIV experts from university clinics, HIV
      physicians, patient representatives, as well as national reference centers. As a
      scientific research basis, the network established an HIV patient cohort.
      Clinical and sociodemographic data of HIV patients were documented biannually and
      complemented by serum and DNA-samples collected twice per year. Furthermore, a
      child cohort was set up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Within the KompNet HIV/AIDS, a
      research infrastructure for HIV was established for internal, external as well
      international scientists. Within the HIV cohort a total of 16,500 patients are
      documented. The associated biobank comprises ~ 56,000 serum samples and ~ 16,000
      DNA samples. The child cohort consists of 647 HIV-exposed and 230 infected
      children. The KompNet HIV/AIDS cohorts became an important partner in several
      international collaborations. Nevertheless, the maintenance of such
      infrastructures without public funding is a challenge.

PMID- 26961869
TI  - Transforming Growth Factor-beta Family Ligands Can Function as Antagonists by
      Competing for Type II Receptor Binding.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family ligands are pleiotropic
      cytokines. Their physiological activities are not determined by a simple coupling
      of stimulus and response, but depend critically on context, i.e. the interplay of
      receptors, ligands, and regulators that form the TGF-beta signal transduction
      system of a cell or tissue. How these different components combine to regulate
      signaling activities remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a ligand
      mediated mechanism of signaling regulation. Based on the observation that the
      type II TGF-beta family receptors ActRIIA, ActRIIB, and BMPRII interact with a
      large group of overlapping ligands at overlapping epitopes, we hypothesized high
      affinity ligands compete with low affinity ligands for receptor binding and
      signaling. We show activin A and other high affinity ligands directly inhibited
      signaling by the low affinity ligands BMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-9. We demonstrate
      activin A functions as a competitive inhibitor that blocks the ligand binding
      epitope on type II receptors. We propose binding competition and signaling
      antagonism are integral functions of the TGF-beta signal transduction system.
      These functions could help explain how activin A modulates physiological
      signaling during extraordinary cellular responses, such as injury and wound
      healing, and how activin A could elicit disease phenotypes such as cancer-related
      muscle wasting and fibrosis. 

PMID- 26961870
TI  - Human and Murine Interleukin 23 Receptors Are Novel Substrates for A Disintegrin
      and Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17.
AB  - IL-23 (interleukin 23) regulates immune responses against pathogens and plays a
      major role in the differentiation and maintenance of TH17 cells and the
      development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. The IL-23 receptor (IL-23R)
      complex consists of the unique IL-23R and the common IL-12 receptor beta1 (IL
      12Rbeta1). Differential splicing generates antagonistic soluble IL-23R (sIL-23R)
      variants, which might limit IL-23-mediated immune responses. Here, ectodomain
      shedding of human and murine IL-23R was identified as an alternative pathway for
      the generation of sIL-23R. Importantly, proteolytically released sIL-23R has IL
      23 binding activity. Shedding of IL-23R was induced by stimulation with the
      phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but not by ionomycin. PMA
      induced shedding was abrogated by an ADAM (A disintegrin and metalloprotease) 10
      and 17 selective inhibitor, but not by an ADAM10 selective inhibitor. ADAM17
      deficient but not ADAM10-deficient HEK293 cells failed to shed IL-23R after PMA
      stimulation, demonstrating that ADAM17 but not ADAM10 cleaves the IL-23R.
      Constitutive shedding was, however, inhibited by an ADAM10 selective inhibitor.
      Using deletions and specific amino acid residue exchanges, we identified critical
      determinants of ectodomain shedding within the stalk region of the IL-23R.
      Finally, interaction studies identified domains 1 and 3 of the IL-23R as the main
      ADAM17 binding sites. In summary, we describe human and murine IL-23R as novel
      targets for protein ectodomain shedding by ADAM10 and ADAM17. 

PMID- 26961871
TI  - Englerin A Inhibits EWS-FLI1 DNA Binding in Ewing Sarcoma Cells.
AB  - High-throughput screening of extracts from plants, marine, and micro-organisms
      led to the identification of the extract from the plant Phyllanthus engleri as
      the most potent inhibitor of EWS-FLI1 induced luciferase reporter expression.
      Testing of compounds isolated from this extract in turn led to the identification
      of Englerin A (EA) as the active constituent of the extract. EA induced both
      necrosis and apoptosis in Ewing cells subsequent to a G2M accumulation of cells
      in the cell cycle. It also impacted clonogenic survival and anchorage-independent
      proliferation while also decreasing the proportion of chemotherapy-resistant
      cells identified by high ALDH activity. EA also caused a sustained increase in
      cytosolic calcium levels. EA appears to exert its effect on Ewing cells through a
      decrease in phosphorylation of EWS-FLI1 and its ability to bind DNA. This effect
      is mediated, at least in part, through a decrease in the levels of the calcium
      dependent protein kinase PKC-betaI after a transient up-regulation. 

PMID- 26961873
TI  - Bithionol Potently Inhibits Human Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase through Binding to the
      Allosteric Activator Site.
AB  - The signaling molecule cAMP regulates functions ranging from bacterial
      transcription to mammalian memory. In mammals, cAMP is synthesized by nine
      transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (ACs) and one soluble AC (sAC). Despite
      similarities in their catalytic domains, these ACs differ in regulation.
      Transmembrane ACs respond to G proteins, whereas sAC is uniquely activated by
      bicarbonate. Via bicarbonate regulation, sAC acts as a physiological sensor for
      pH/bicarbonate/CO2, and it has been implicated as a therapeutic target, e.g. for
      diabetes, glaucoma, and a male contraceptive. Here we identify the bisphenols
      bithionol and hexachlorophene as potent, sAC-specific inhibitors. Inhibition
      appears mostly non-competitive with the substrate ATP, indicating that they act
      via an allosteric site. To analyze the interaction details, we solved a crystal
      structure of an sAC.bithionol complex. The structure reveals that the compounds
      are selective for sAC because they bind to the sAC-specific, allosteric binding
      site for the physiological activator bicarbonate. Structural comparison of the
      bithionol complex with apo-sAC and other sAC.ligand complexes along with
      mutagenesis experiments reveals an allosteric mechanism of inhibition; the
      compound induces rearrangements of substrate binding residues and of Arg(176), a
      trigger between the active site and allosteric site. Our results thus provide 1)
      novel insights into the communication between allosteric regulatory and active
      sites, 2) a novel mechanism for sAC inhibition, and 3) pharmacological compounds
      targeting this allosteric site and utilizing this mode of inhibition. These
      studies provide support for the future development of sAC-modulating drugs. 

PMID- 26961872
TI  - Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein-1 (MRP-1)-dependent Glutathione Disulfide
      (GSSG) Efflux as a Critical Survival Factor for Oxidant-enriched Tumorigenic
      Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Endothelial cell tumors are the most common soft tissue tumors in infants. Tumor
      forming endothelial (EOMA) cells are able to escape cell death fate despite
      excessive nuclear oxidant burden. Our previous work recognized perinuclear Nox-4
      as a key contributor to EOMA growth. The objective of this work was to
      characterize the mechanisms by which EOMA cells evade oxidant toxicity and
      thrive. In EOMA cells, compared with in the cytosol, the nuclear GSSG/GSH ratio
      was 5-fold higher. Compared to the ratio observed in healthy murine aortic
      endothelial (MAE) cells, GSSG/GSH was over twice as high in EOMA cells. Multidrug
      resistance-associated protein-1 (MRP-1), an active GSSG efflux mechanism, showed
      2-fold increased activity in EOMA compared with MAE cells. Hyperactive YB-1 and
      Ape/Ref-1 were responsible for high MRP-1 expression in EOMA. Proximity ligand
      assay demonstrated MRP-1 and YB-1 binding. Such binding enabled the nuclear
      targeting of MRP-1 in EOMA in a leptomycin-B-sensitive manner. MRP-1 inhibition
      as well as knockdown trapped nuclear GSSG, causing cell death of EOMA. Disulfide
      loading of cells by inhibition of GSSG reductase (bischoloronitrosourea) or
      thioredoxin reductase (auranofin) was effective in causing EOMA death as well. In
      sum, EOMA cells survive a heavy oxidant burden by rapid efflux of GSSG, which is
      lethal if trapped within the cell. A hyperactive MRP-1 system for GSSG efflux
      acts as a critical survival factor for these cells, making it a potential target
      for EOMA therapeutics. 

PMID- 26961874
TI  - alphaB-Crystallin Interacts with Nav1.5 and Regulates Ubiquitination and
      Internalization of Cell Surface Nav1.5.
AB  - Nav1.5, the pore-forming alpha subunit of the cardiac voltage-gated Na(+) channel
      complex, is required for the initiation and propagation of the cardiac action
      potential. Mutations in Nav1.5 cause cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. The
      cardiac Na(+) channel functions as a protein complex; however, its complete
      components remain to be fully elucidated. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified a
      new candidate Nav1.5-interacting protein, alphaB-crystallin. GST pull-down, co
      immunoprecipitation, and immunostaining analyses validated the interaction
      between Nav1.5 and alphaB-crystallin. Whole-cell patch clamping showed that
      overexpression of alphaB-crystallin significantly increased peak sodium current
      (INa) density, and the underlying molecular mechanism is the increased cell
      surface expression level of Nav1.5 via reduced internalization of cell surface
      Nav1.5 and ubiquitination of Nav1.5. Knock-out of alphaB-crystallin expression
      significantly decreased the cell surface expression level of Nav1.5. Co
      immunoprecipitation analysis showed that alphaB-crystallin interacted with Nedd4
      2; however, a catalytically inactive Nedd4-2-C801S mutant impaired the
      interaction and abolished the up-regulation of INa by alphaB-crystallin. Nav1.5
      mutation V1980A at the interaction site for Nedd4-2 eliminated the effect of
      alphaB-crystallin on reduction of Nav1.5 ubiquitination and increases of INa
      density. Two disease-causing mutations in alphaB-crystallin, R109H and R151X
      (nonsense mutation), eliminated the effect of alphaB-crystallin on INa This study
      identifies alphaB-crystallin as a new binding partner for Nav1.5. alphaB
      Crystallin interacts with Nav1.5 and increases INa by modulating the expression
      level and internalization of cell surface Nav1.5 and ubiquitination of Nav1.5,
      which requires the protein-protein interactions between alphaB-crystallin and
      Nav1.5 and between alphaB-crystallin and functionally active Nedd4-2. 

PMID- 26961875
TI  - Demonstration That the Radical S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) Enzyme PqqE Catalyzes
      de Novo Carbon-Carbon Cross-linking within a Peptide Substrate PqqA in the
      Presence of the Peptide Chaperone PqqD.
AB  - The radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) protein PqqE is predicted to function in
      the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) biosynthetic pathway via catalysis of carbon
      carbon bond formation between a glutamate and tyrosine side chain within the
      small peptide substrate PqqA. We report here that PqqE activity is dependent on
      the accessory protein PqqD, which was recently shown to bind PqqA tightly. In
      addition, PqqE activity in vitro requires the presence of a flavodoxin- and
      flavodoxin reductase-based reduction system, with other reductants leading to an
      uncoupled cleavage of the co-substrate SAM. These results indicate that PqqE, in
      conjunction with PqqD, carries out the first step in PQQ biosynthesis: a radical
      mediated formation of a new carbon-carbon bond between two amino acid side chains
      on PqqA. 

PMID- 26961877
TI  - O-Glycosylation of a Secretory Granule Membrane Enzyme Is Essential for Its
      Endocytic Trafficking.
AB  - Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) (EC 1.14.17.3) catalyzes
      peptide amidation, a crucial post-translational modification, through the
      sequential actions of its monooxygenase (peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating
      monooxygenase) and lyase (peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase
      (PAL)) domains. Alternative splicing generates two different regions that connect
      the protease-resistant catalytic domains. Inclusion of exon 16 introduces a pair
      of Lys residues, providing a site for controlled endoproteolytic cleavage of PAM
      and the separation of soluble peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase
      from membrane-associated PAL. Exon 16 also includes two O-glycosylation sites.
      PAM-1 lacking both glycosylation sites (PAM-1/OSX; where OSX is O-glycan-depleted
      mutant of PAM-1) was stably expressed in AtT-20 corticotrope tumor cells. In PAM
      1/OSX, a cleavage site for furin-like convertases was exposed, generating a
      shorter form of membrane-associated PAL. The endocytic trafficking of PAM-1/OSX
      differed dramatically from that of PAM-1. A soluble fragment of the cytosolic
      domain of PAM-1 was produced in the endocytic pathway and entered the nucleus;
      very little soluble fragment of the cytosolic domain was produced from PAM-1/OSX.
      Internalized PAM-1/OSX was rapidly degraded; unlike PAM-1, very little
      internalized PAM-1/OSX was detected in multivesicular bodies. Blue native PAGE
      analysis identified high molecular weight complexes containing PAM-1; the ability
      of PAM-1/OSX to form similar complexes was markedly diminished. By promoting the
      formation of high molecular weight complexes, O-glycans may facilitate the
      recycling of PAM-1 through the endocytic compartment. 

PMID- 26961876
TI  - Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Ion Channel Functions as a Pruriceptor
      in Epidermal Keratinocytes to Evoke Histaminergic Itch.
AB  - TRPV4 ion channels function in epidermal keratinocytes and in innervating sensory
      neurons; however, the contribution of the channel in either cell to neurosensory
      function remains to be elucidated. We recently reported TRPV4 as a critical
      component of the keratinocyte machinery that responds to ultraviolet B (UVB) and
      functions critically to convert the keratinocyte into a pain-generator cell after
      excess UVB exposure. One key mechanism in keratinocytes was increased expression
      and secretion of endothelin-1, which is also a known pruritogen. Here we address
      the question of whether TRPV4 in skin keratinocytes functions in itch, as a
      particular form of "forefront" signaling in non-neural cells. Our results support
      this novel concept based on attenuated scratching behavior in response to
      histaminergic (histamine, compound 48/80, endothelin-1), not non-histaminergic
      (chloroquine) pruritogens in Trpv4 keratinocyte-specific and inducible knock-out
      mice. We demonstrate that keratinocytes rely on TRPV4 for calcium influx in
      response to histaminergic pruritogens. TRPV4 activation in keratinocytes evokes
      phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK, for histaminergic
      pruritogens. This finding is relevant because we observed robust anti-pruritic
      effects with topical applications of selective inhibitors for TRPV4 and also for
      MEK, the kinase upstream of ERK, suggesting that calcium influx via TRPV4 in
      keratinocytes leads to ERK-phosphorylation, which in turn rapidly converts the
      keratinocyte into an organismal itch-generator cell. In support of this concept
      we found that scratching behavior, evoked by direct intradermal activation of
      TRPV4, was critically dependent on TRPV4 expression in keratinocytes. Thus, TRPV4
      functions as a pruriceptor-TRP in skin keratinocytes in histaminergic itch, a
      novel basic concept with translational-medical relevance. 

PMID- 26961878
TI  - Acquisition of Chemoresistance and Other Malignancy-related Features of
      Colorectal Cancer Cells Are Incremented by Ribosome-inactivating Stress.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) as an environmental disease is largely influenced by
      accumulated epithelial stress from diverse environmental causes. We are exposed
      to ribosome-related insults, including ribosome-inactivating stress (RIS), from
      the environment, dietary factors, and medicines, but their physiological impacts
      on the chemotherapy of CRC are not yet understood. Here we revealed the effects
      of RIS on chemosensitivity and other malignancy-related properties of CRC cells.
      First, RIS led to bidirectional inhibition of p53-macrophage inhibitory cytokine
      1 (MIC-1)-mediated death responses in response to anticancer drugs by either
      enhancing ATF3-linked antiapoptotic signaling or intrinsically inhibiting MIC-1
      and p53 expression, regardless of ATF3. Second, RIS enhanced the epithelial
      mesenchymal transition and biogenesis of cancer stem-like cells in an ATF3
      dependent manner. These findings indicate that gastrointestinal exposure to RIS
      interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, mechanistically implying that
      ATF3-linked malignancy and chemoresistance can be novel therapeutic targets for
      the treatment of environmentally aggravated cancers. 

PMID- 26961879
TI  - Molecular Basis and Consequences of the Cytochrome c-tRNA Interaction.
AB  - The intrinsic apoptosis pathway occurs through the release of mitochondrial
      cytochrome c to the cytosol, where it promotes activation of the caspase family
      of proteases. The observation that tRNA binds to cytochrome c revealed a
      previously unexpected mode of apoptotic regulation. However, the molecular
      characteristics of this interaction, and its impact on each interaction partner,
      are not well understood. Using a novel fluorescence assay, we show here that
      cytochrome c binds to tRNA with an affinity comparable with other tRNA-protein
      binding interactions and with a molecular ratio of ~3:1. Cytochrome c recognizes
      the tertiary structural features of tRNA, particularly in the core region. This
      binding is independent of the charging state of tRNA but is regulated by the
      redox state of cytochrome c. Compared with reduced cytochrome c, oxidized
      cytochrome c binds to tRNA with a weaker affinity, which correlates with its
      stronger pro-apoptotic activity. tRNA binding both facilitates cytochrome c
      reduction and inhibits the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c, which is involved
      in its release from mitochondria. Together, these findings provide new insights
      into the cytochrome c-tRNA interaction and apoptotic regulation. 

PMID- 26961881
TI  - Different Roles of Negative and Positive Components of the Circadian Clock in
      Oncogene-induced Neoplastic Transformation.
AB  - In mammals, circadian rhythms in physiological function are generated by a
      molecular oscillator driven by transcriptional-translational feedback loop
      consisting of negative and positive regulators. Disruption of this circadian
      clock machinery is thought to increase the risk of cancer development, but the
      potential contributions of each component of circadian clock to oncogenesis have
      been little explored. Here we reported that negative and positive transcriptional
      regulators of circadian feedback loop had different roles in oncogene-induced
      neoplastic transformation. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts prepared from animals
      deficient in negative circadian clock regulators, Period2 (Per2) or
      Cryptochrome1/2 (Cry1/2), were prone to transformation induced by co-expression
      of H-ras(V12) and SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT). In contrast, mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts prepared from mice deficient in positive circadian clock regulators,
      Bmal1 or Clock, showed resistance to oncogene-induced transformation. In Per2
      mutant and Cry1/2-null cells, the introduction of oncogenes induced expression of
      ATF4, a potent repressor of cell senescence-associated proteins p16INK4a and
      p19ARF. Elevated levels of ATF4 were sufficient to suppress expression of these
      proteins and drive oncogenic transformation. Conversely, in Bmal1-null and Clock
      mutant cells, the expression of ATF4 was not induced by oncogene introduction,
      which allowed constitutive expression of p16INK4a and p19ARF triggering cellular
      senescence. Although genetic ablation of either negative or positive
      transcriptional regulators of the circadian clock leads to disrupted rhythms in
      physiological functions, our findings define their different contributions to
      neoplastic cellular transformation. 

PMID- 26961882
TI  - Rapidly Translated Polypeptides Are Preferred Substrates for Cotranslational
      Protein Degradation.
AB  - Nascent polypeptides are degraded by the proteasome concurrently with their
      synthesis on the ribosome. This process, called cotranslational protein
      degradation (CTPD), has been observed for years, but the underlying mechanisms
      remain poorly understood. Equally unclear are the identities of cellular proteins
      genuinely subjected to CTPD. Here we report the identification of CTPD substrates
      in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae via a quantitative proteomic analysis. We
      compared the abundance of individual ribosome-bound nascent chains between a wild
      type strain and a mutant defective in CTPD. Of 1,422 proteins acquired from the
      proteomic analysis, 289 species are efficient CTPD substrates, with >30% of their
      nascent chains degraded cotranslationally. We found that proteins involved in
      translation, ribosome biogenesis, nuclear transport, and amino acid metabolism
      are more likely to be targeted for CTPD. There is a strong correlation between
      CTPD and the translation efficiency. CTPD occurs preferentially to rapidly
      translated polypeptides. CTPD is also influenced by the protein sequence length;
      longer polypeptides are more susceptible to CTPD. In addition, proteins with N
      terminal disorder have a higher probability of being degraded cotranslationally.
      Interestingly, the CTPD efficiency is not related to the half-lives of mature
      proteins. These results for the first time indicate an inverse correlation
      between CTPD and cotranslational folding on a proteome scale. The implications of
      this study with respect to the physiological significance of CTPD are discussed. 

PMID- 26961883
TI  - Influence of internal migration on reproductive health in Myanmar: results from a
      recent cross-sectional survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal and reproductive health remains a significant public health
      issue in Myanmar. Little data exists on women's health issues, including social
      and demographic influences. While past studies have demonstrated rural/urban
      health disparities, an increasingly important population resulting from urban
      growth in Myanmar is the internal migrant population, individuals moving within
      the country for better job or educational opportunities. Past studies suggest
      that women make up more than half of internal migrants, yet there is a dearth of
      information on this new wave of migration, particularly on women's reproductive
      health issues. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of women's
      migration in Myanmar on reproductive health outcomes, including delivering in a
      facility, using a skilled birth attendant, and using a modern method of family
      planning. METHODS: Data from a cross-sectional household survey using multistage
      cluster sampling design conducted between September to October 2014 was used to
      assess the accessibility and the use of maternal and child health products and
      services. A total of 1800 currently married women of reproductive age, including
      348 from urban and 1452 from rural areas, were recruited to complete surveys. A
      set of multivariable regressions was performed to assess reproductive health
      outcomes and predictors. RESULTS: Across health indicators, female migrants had
      better health outcomes compared to non-migrants. Controlling for demographic
      characteristics, migrants were 1.60 times more likely to use a modern form of
      family planning compared to non-migrants (p < 0.01) and use antenatal care during
      pregnancy (p < 0.05). While not statistically significant, migrants were 1.29
      times more likely to deliver with a skilled attendant and 1.08 times more likely
      to deliver in a facility. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that female migrants in
      Myanmar reported better health outcomes compared to non-migrant women in regards
      to family planning and maternal health. Future research should focus on
      monitoring the outcomes of migrants and their children over time to assess long
      term impacts.

PMID- 26961880
TI  - Proteinase 3 Is a Phosphatidylserine-binding Protein That Affects the Production
      and Function of Microvesicles.
AB  - Proteinase 3 (PR3), the autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, is
      expressed at the plasma membrane of resting neutrophils, and this membrane
      expression increases during both activation and apoptosis. Using surface plasmon
      resonance and protein-lipid overlay assays, this study demonstrates that PR3 is a
      phosphatidylserine-binding protein and this interaction is dependent on the
      hydrophobic patch responsible for membrane anchorage. Molecular simulations
      suggest that PR3 interacts with phosphatidylserine via a small number of amino
      acids, which engage in long lasting interactions with the lipid heads. As
      phosphatidylserine is a major component of microvesicles (MVs), this study also
      examined the consequences of this interaction on MV production and function. PR3
      expressing cells produced significantly fewer MVs during both activation and
      apoptosis, and this reduction was dependent on the ability of PR3 to associate
      with the membrane as mutating the hydrophobic patch restored MV production.
      Functionally, activation-evoked MVs from PR3-expressing cells induced a
      significantly larger respiratory burst in human neutrophils compared with control
      MVs. Conversely, MVs generated during apoptosis inhibited the basal respiratory
      burst in human neutrophils, and those generated from PR3-expressing cells
      hampered this inhibition. Given that membrane expression of PR3 is increased in
      patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, MVs generated from neutrophils
      expressing membrane PR3 may potentiate oxidative damage of endothelial cells and
      promote the systemic inflammation observed in this disease. 

PMID- 26961885
TI  - Erratum to: C3 Polymorphism Influences Circulating Levels of C3, ASP and Lipids
      in Schizophrenic Patients.

PMID- 26961884
TI  - Light environment within a leaf. II. Progress in the past one-third century.
AB  - Studies directly related to light environments within a leaf, conduced mainly in
      the past one-third century, are reviewed. In particular, studies that revealed
      the profiles of light absorption and photosynthetic capacity are highlighted.
      Progress in this research field has been accelerated by devising innovative
      techniques. Roles of the main photosynthetic tissues, the palisade and spongy
      tissues, as the light guide and diffuser, respectively, are discussed. When the
      leaf is illuminated with diffuse light, light is absorbed more by the
      chloroplasts located near the illuminated surface. The meanings of the occupation
      of the mesophyll surfaces facing the intercellular spaces by chloroplasts and
      chloroplast movement are also discussed. The discrepancy between the light
      absorption profile and that of photosynthetic capacity is examined most
      intensively. 

PMID- 26961886
TI  - CX3CR1-Mediated Akt1 Activation Contributes to the Paclitaxel-Induced Painful
      Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats.
AB  - Painful peripheral neuropathy is a serious dose-limiting side effect of
      paclitaxel therapy, which unfortunately often happens during the optimal clinical
      management of chemotherapy in cancer patients. Currently the underlying
      mechanisms of the painful peripheral neuropathy remain largely unknown. Here, we
      found that paclitaxel treatment (3 * 8 mg/kg, cumulative dose 24 mg/kg)
      upregulated the expression of CX3CR1 and phosphorylated Akt1 in DRG and spinal
      dorsal horn. Blocking of Akt1 pathway activation with different inhibitor (MK
      2206 or LY294002) significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal
      hyperalgesia induced by paclitaxel. Furthermore, inhibition of CX3CR1 by using
      neutralizing antibody not only prevented Akt1 activation in DRG and spinal dorsal
      horn but also alleviated pain-related behavior induced by paclitaxel treatment.
      This study suggested that CX3CR1/Akt1 signaling pathway may be a potential target
      for prevention and reversion of the painful peripheral neuropathy induced by
      paclitaxel. 

PMID- 26961887
TI  - (7R,8S)-Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced
      Inflammatory Responses in BV2 Microglia by Inhibiting MAPK Signaling.
AB  - (7R,8S)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (DDA), a lignan isolated from the dried stems
      of Clematis armandii, has been found to exert potential anti-inflammatory
      activity in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the effects and possible
      mechanisms of DDA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory response in
      murine BV2 microglia. Our results revealed that non-toxic concentrations (6.25-25
      MUM) of DDA markedly suppressed LPS-induced production of nitric oxide,
      expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and release
      of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin
      (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, DDA time-
      and concentration-dependently attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N
      terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK), but not protein kinase B, p38, or extracellular signal
      regulated kinase 1/2. Moreover, DDA significantly suppress LPS-mediated nuclear
      factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by inhibiting phosphorylation and nuclear
      translocation of NF-kappaB p65. Collectively, our results demonstrated that DDA
      inhibited LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in BV2 cell, at least in part,
      through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and modulation of JNK signaling. 

PMID- 26961888
TI  - Endogenous CBS-H2S Pathway Contributes to the Development of CCI-Induced
      Neuropathic Pain.
AB  - Studies showed a complex relationship between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and
      neuropathic pain. In this study, the relationship between endogenous CBS-H2S
      pathway in L4-6 spinal cord and neuropathic pain was explored. A total of 163
      adult Kunming mice were used in this study. CBS expression and H2S formation in
      L4-6 spinal cord were detected in the development of neuropathic pain firstly.
      Then, effect of AOAA, an CBS inhibitor, on treatment of neuropathic pain by
      chronic construction injury surgery (CCI) was detected. Pain thresholds and
      activation of NF-kappaB(p65), ERK1/2 and CREB were measured as biomarks of
      neuropathic pain. Results showed that CCI surgery significantly upregulated
      protein expression of CBS and H2S formation. Correlation analysis showed pain
      thresholds had negative relationships with protein expression of CBS and H2S
      formation. Treatment with AOAA, a CBS inhibitor, inhibited CCI-induced
      upregulation of CBS expression and H2S formation (P < 0.05). Further, AOAA
      significantly decreased activation of NF-kappaB(p65), ERK1/2 and CREB pathway,
      and reversed CCI-induced allodynia (P < 0.05). This indicated that CBS-H2S
      pathway promoted the development of neuropathic pain. CBS-H2S pathway could be a
      promising target for treatment of neuropathic pain. 

PMID- 26961890
TI  - Role of the RVM in Descending Pain Regulation Originating from the Cerebrospinal
      Fluid-Contacting Nucleus.
AB  - Evidence has suggested that cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF
      contacting nucleus) is correlated with the development and recurrence of pain. A
      recent research showed that the CSF-contacting nucleus acts as a component of the
      descending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system and plays a role in descending pain
      inhibition. However, limited studies are conducted to investigate the
      relationship between the CSF-contacting nucleus and pain. In present study, we
      explored the effect of CSF-contacting nucleus on nociceptive behaviors in both
      normal and neuropathic rats via targeted ablation of the CSF-contacting nucleus
      in the brainstem, using cholera toxin subunit B-saporin (CB-SAP), a cytotoxin
      coupled to cholera toxin subunit B. The CB-SAP-treated rats showed aggravated
      thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Also, results from
      immunohistochemical experiments showed that rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM)
      received fiber projection from the CSF-contacting nucleus, which disappeared
      after ablation of the CSF-contacting nucleus, and the CB-SAP treated rats showed
      downregulation of c-Fos expression in the RVM as compared with the rats receiving
      i.c.v. injection of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). A significant downregulation
      of 5-HT-labeled neurons and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) as the marker of 5-HT
      cells in the RVM, and 5-HT expression in spinal dorsal horn in both normal and
      chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats after i.c.v. injection of CB-SAP was
      observed. These results suggested that RVM may be involved in descending pain
      modulation originating from the CSF-contacting nucleus. 

PMID- 26961889
TI  - Apelin-13 Protects PC12 Cells from Corticosterone-Induced Apoptosis Through PI3K
      and ERKs Activation.
AB  - It is widely accepted that environmental stress is a risk factor for mental
      disorders. Glucocorticoid hormones play a vital role in the regulation of
      physiological response to stress. High concentrations of corticosterone can
      induce cellular damage in PC12 cells, which possess typical neuronal features.
      Apelin and its receptor APJ are widely distributed in the central nervous system
      including limbic structures involved in stress responses. Previous studies have
      suggested that apelin has a neuroprotective function. However, the effect of
      apelin on corticosterone-induced neuronal damage remains to be elucidated. In the
      present study, we explored the potential protective activity of apelin-13 in PC12
      cells treated with corticosterone and its underling mechanisms. The viability of
      the cells, the apoptosis of the cells, the level of phosphorylation of Akt (p
      Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERKs) and cleaved caspase-3
      expression were detected by MTT, Hoechst staining and flow cytometer assays and
      Western blotting. Results showed that corticosterone induced cells viability
      loss, cell apoptosis, down-regulation of p-Akt and p-ERKs and up-regulation of
      cleaved caspase-3. The effects induced by corticosterone were attenuated by
      apelin-13 pretreatment. Furthermore, apelin-13-mediated anti-viability loss,
      antiapoptosis and caspase-3 suppression activities were blocked by specific
      inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) (LY294002) and ERKs (PD98059).
      The data suggest that apelin-13 protects PC12 cells from corticosterone-induced
      apoptosis through activating PI3K/Akt and ERKs signaling pathways. 

PMID- 26961892
TI  - FastPop: a rapid principal component derived method to infer intercontinental
      ancestry using genetic data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identifying subpopulations within a study and inferring
      intercontinental ancestry of the samples are important steps in genome wide
      association studies. Two software packages are widely used in analysis of
      substructure: Structure and Eigenstrat. Structure assigns each individual to a
      population by using a Bayesian method with multiple tuning parameters. It
      requires considerable computational time when dealing with thousands of samples
      and lacks the ability to create scores that could be used as covariates.
      Eigenstrat uses a principal component analysis method to model all sources of
      sampling variation. However, it does not readily provide information directly
      relevant to ancestral origin; the eigenvectors generated by Eigenstrat are sample
      specific and thus cannot be generalized to other individuals. RESULTS: We
      developed FastPop, an efficient R package that fills the gap between Structure
      and Eigenstrat. It can: 1, generate PCA scores that identify ancestral origins
      and can be used for multiple studies; 2, infer ancestry information for data
      arising from two or more intercontinental origins. We demonstrate the use of
      FastPop using 2318 SNP markers selected from the genome based on high variability
      among European, Asian and West African (African) populations. We conducted an
      analysis of 505 Hapmap samples with European, African or Asian ancestry along
      with 19661 additional samples of unknown ancestry. The results from FastPop are
      highly consistent with those obtained by Structure across the 19661 samples we
      studied. The correlations of the results between FastPop and Structure are 0.99,
      0.97 and 0.99 for European, African and Asian ancestry scores, respectively.
      Compared with Structure, FastPop is more efficient as it finished ancestry
      inference for 19661 samples in 16 min compared with 21-24 h required by
      Structure. FastPop also provided scores based on SNP weights so the scores of
      reference population can be applied to other studies provided the same set of
      markers are used. We also present application of the method for studying four
      continental populations (European, Asian, African, and Native American).
      CONCLUSIONS: We developed an algorithm that can infer ancestries on data
      involving two or more intercontinental origins. It is efficient for analyzing
      large datasets. Additionally the PCA derived scores can be applied to multiple
      data sets to ensure the same ancestry analysis is applied to all studies.

PMID- 26961891
TI  - Protective Effect of Silibinin on Learning and Memory Impairment in LPS-Treated
      Rats via ROS-BDNF-TrkB Pathway.
AB  - Silibinin, a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has
      been used as a hepato-protectant in the clinical treatment of liver disease. In
      the present study, the effect of silibinin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
      neuroinflammatory impairment in rats is investigated. Injection of LPS into
      lateral ventricle caused learning and memory impairment. Rats were treated with
      silibinin to see the effect in comparison with resveratrol as a positive control.
      Y-maze and Morris water maze tests showed that silibinin significantly attenuated
      memory damage caused by LPS treatment. At the molecular analysis, the levels of
      IL-1beta and of IL-4 in the hippocampus were decreased and enhanced,
      respectively, by the treatment with silibinin. NF-kappaB expression was
      attenuated by silibinin treatment. Furthermore, generation of total reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) in the hippocampus was elevated in silibinin-treated groups,
      and so were the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and
      tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). At the same time, LPS-induced reduction of
      neurons in hippocampus was reversed by silibinin. In conclusion, silibinin
      ameliorated the impairment of learning and memory of LPS-injection rats, possibly
      due to the activation of ROS-BDNF-TrkB pathway in the hippocampus as well as the
      suppression of inflammatory response. This study gives an insight on the
      beneficial consequences of ROS in central nervous system. Silibinin might be a
      potential candidate drug for neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 26961893
TI  - Testis-specific serine/threonine protein kinase 4 (Tssk4) phosphorylates Odf2 at
      Ser-76.
AB  - As a member of the testis-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (TSSK) family,
      Tssk4 is exclusively expressed in the testis and plays an essential role in male
      fertility. We previously reported that Tssk4 can associate with and phosphorylate
      Odf2, but the phosphorylation site is still unknown. Here we confirm that the C
      terminal region (amino acids 214-638) of Odf2 is required for association with
      Tssk4. Furthermore, to identify the site at which Tssk4 phosphorylates Odf2, we
      generated several Odf2 point mutants (Ser/Thr/Lys to Ala) and identified serine
      76 of Odf2 as one of the phosphorylation sites. In vivo, phosphorylated Odf2 was
      evaluated in mouse sperm using a specific phospho-Ser-76 Odf2 antibody and LC
      MS/MS. These findings are the first to demonstrate the phosphorylation site in
      Odf2 by Tssk4, providing essential clues regarding the function of Tssk4 in
      regulating sperm motility and/or structure and thus male fertility. 

PMID- 26961894
TI  - Uncertainty in identifying local extinctions: the distribution of missing data
      and its effects on biodiversity measures.
AB  - Identifying local extinctions is integral to estimating species richness and
      geographic range changes and informing extinction risk assessments. However, the
      species occurrence records underpinning these estimates are frequently
      compromised by a lack of recorded species absences making it impossible to
      distinguish between local extinction and lack of survey effort-for a rigorously
      compiled database of European and Asian Galliformes, approximately 40% of half
      degree cells contain records from before but not after 1980. We investigate the
      distribution of these cells, finding differences between the Palaearctic
      (forests, low mean human influence index (HII), outside protected areas (PAs))
      and Indo-Malaya (grassland, high mean HII, outside PAs). Such cells also occur
      more in less peaceful countries. We show that different interpretations of these
      cells can lead to large over/under-estimations of species richness and extent of
      occurrences, potentially misleading prioritization and extinction risk assessment
      schemes. To avoid mistakes, local extinctions inferred from sightings records
      need to account for the history of survey effort in a locality. 

PMID- 26961895
TI  - Reduced cellular immune response in social insect lineages.
AB  - Social living poses challenges for individual fitness because of the increased
      risk of disease transmission among conspecifics. Despite this challenge,
      sociality is an evolutionarily successful lifestyle, occurring in the most
      abundant and diverse group of organisms on earth--the social insects. Two
      contrasting hypotheses predict the evolutionary consequences of sociality on
      immune systems. The social group hypothesis posits that sociality leads to
      stronger individual immune systems because of the higher risk of disease
      transmission in social species. By contrast, the relaxed selection hypothesis
      proposes that social species have evolved behavioural immune defences that lower
      disease risk within the group, resulting in lower immunity at the individual
      level. We tested these hypotheses by measuring the encapsulation response in 11
      eusocial and non-eusocial insect lineages. We built phylogenetic mixed linear
      models to investigate the effect of behaviour, colony size and body size on
      cellular immune response. We found a significantly negative effect of colony size
      on encapsulation response (Markov chain Monte Carlo generalized linear mixed
      model (mcmcGLMM) p < 0.05; phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) p <
      0.05). Our findings suggest that insects living in large societies may rely more
      on behavioural mechanisms, such as hygienic behaviours, than on immune function
      to reduce the risk of disease transmission among nest-mates.

PMID- 26961896
TI  - Genetic diversity confers colony-level benefits due to individual immunity.
AB  - Several costs and benefits arise as a consequence of eusociality and group
      living. With increasing group size, spread of disease among nest-mates poses
      selective pressure on both individual immunity and group-level mechanisms of
      disease resistance (social immunity). Another factor known to influence colony
      level expression of disease is intracolony genetic diversity, which in honeybees
      (Apis mellifera) is a direct function of the number of mates of the queen.
      Colonies headed by queens with higher mating numbers have less variable
      infections of decreased intensity, though the underlying mechanisms remain
      unclear. By pathogen-challenging larvae in vitro, we decoupled larval immune
      response from mechanisms of social immunity. Our results show that baseline
      immunity and degree of immune response do not vary with genetic diversity.
      However, intracolony variance in antimicrobial peptide production after pathogen
      challenge decreases with increasing genetic diversity. This reduction in
      variability of the larval immune response could drive the mitigation of disease
      observed in genetically diverse colonies. 

PMID- 26961897
TI  - Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy: a systematic review.
AB  - Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP) is a term describing neuropathies
      with both sensory and motor involvement in a length dependant distribution where
      neurophysiology reveals axonal damage, neuropathy onset is insidious and shows
      slow or no progression of the disease over at least 6 months with no aetiology
      being identified despite appropriate investigations. This entity merits further
      consideration given how common it is, the absence of clarity regarding
      aetiopathogenesis, natural history and therapies. A systematic computer-based
      literature search was conducted on PubMed database. We used two Medical Subject
      Headings terms in title. Term A was "axonal", "cryptogenic", "idiopathic" or
      "unknown" and Term B was "neuropathy" or "polyneuropathy". This search strategy
      resulted in the identification of 658 articles. After eligibility assessment, 48
      papers were used for this review. CIAP is usually diagnosed in the sixth decade
      of life and it is more prevalent in males (ratio 3:2). It is usually slowly
      progressive. Some data support a potential role of autoimmunity in CIAP and
      further larger prospective studies are required to address such potential link
      and any treatment implications. CIAP is a common type of polyneuropathy but the
      least studied. Increasing awareness and research into this entity may result in
      better understanding and in the development of treatment strategies. 

PMID- 26961899
TI  - Circulating human cytomegalovirus-encoded HCMV-miR-US4-1 as an indicator for
      predicting the efficacy of IFNalpha treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients.
AB  - The efficacy of interferon alpha (IFNalpha) therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB)
      patients is about 40% and often associates with adverse side-effects, thus
      identification of an easy accessible biomarker that can predict the outcome of
      IFNalpha treatment for individual CHB patients would be greatly helpful. Recent
      reports by us and others show that microRNAs encoded by human cytomegalovirus
      (HCMV) were readily detected in human serum and can interfere with lymphocyte
      responses required by IFNalpha therapeutic effect. We thus postulate that
      differential expression profile of serum HCMV miRNAs in CHB patients may serve as
      indicator to predict the efficacy of IFNalpha treatment for CHB patients. Blood
      was drawn from 56 individual CHB patients prior to IFNalpha treatment. By
      quantifying 13 HCMV miRNAs in serum samples, we found that the levels of HCMV-miR
      US4-1 and HCMV-miR-UL-148D were significantly higher in IFNalpha-responsive group
      than in IFNalpha-non-responsive group. In a prospective study of 96 new CHB
      patients, serum level of HCMV-miR-US4-1 alone classified those who were and were
      not responsive to IFN-alpha treatment with correct rate of 84.00% and 71.74%,
      respectively. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that serum HCMV-miR-US4-1
      can serve as a novel biomarker for predicting the outcome of IFNalpha treatment
      in CHB patients. 

PMID- 26961901
TI  - Stable topological insulators achieved using high energy electron beams.
AB  - Topological insulators are potentially transformative quantum solids with
      metallic surface states which have Dirac band structure and are immune to
      disorder. Ubiquitous charged bulk defects, however, pull the Fermi energy into
      the bulk bands, denying access to surface charge transport. Here we demonstrate
      that irradiation with swift (~2.5 MeV energy) electron beams allows to compensate
      these defects, bring the Fermi level back into the bulk gap and reach the charge
      neutrality point (CNP). Controlling the beam fluence, we tune bulk conductivity
      from p- (hole-like) to n-type (electron-like), crossing the Dirac point and back,
      while preserving the Dirac energy dispersion. The CNP conductance has a two
      dimensional character on the order of ten conductance quanta and reveals, both in
      Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3, the presence of only two quantum channels corresponding to two
      topological surfaces. The intrinsic quantum transport of the topological states
      is accessible disregarding the bulk size.

PMID- 26961900
TI  - Phase 1 clinical trial demonstrated that MUC1 positive metastatic seminal vesicle
      cancer can be effectively eradicated by modified Anti-MUC1 chimeric antigen
      receptor transduced T cells.
AB  - Recent progress in chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell (CAR-T cell)
      technology in cancer therapy is extremely promising, especially in the treatment
      of patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In contrast, due to the
      hostile immunosuppressive microenvironment of a solid tumor, CAR T-cell
      accessibility and survival continue to pose a considerable challenge, which leads
      to their limited therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we constructed two anti
      MUC1 CAR-T cell lines. One set of CAR-T cells contained SM3 single chain variable
      fragment (scFv) sequence specifically targeting the MUC1 antigen and co
      expressing interleukin (IL) 12 (named SM3-CAR). The other CAR-T cell line carried
      the SM3 scFv sequence modified to improve its binding to MUC1 antigen (named pSM3
      CAR) but did not co-express IL-12. When those two types of CAR-T cells were
      injected intratumorally into two independent metastatic lesions of the same
      MUC1(+) seminal vesicle cancer patient as part of an interventional treatment
      strategy, the initial results indicated no side-effects of the MUC1 targeting CAR
      T cell approach, and patient serum cytokines responses were positive. Further
      evaluation showed that pSM3-CAR effectively caused tumor necrosis, providing new
      options for improved CAR-T therapy in solid tumors. 

PMID- 26961902
TI  - Prevalence of malocclusion and assessment of treatment needs in beta-thalassemia
      major children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of
      malocclusion and treatment needs in transfusion dependent beta-thalassemia major
      children. METHODS: One hundred transfusion dependent beta-thalassemia major
      children visiting the Department of Pediatrics were selected randomly and
      evaluated for malocclusion with Angle's classification and Dewey's modification.
      The orthodontic treatment needs were also assessed using Grainger's treatment
      priority index (TPI). The orthodontic treatment needs were compared to normal
      children. RESULTS: The assessment of treatment needs revealed a higher prevalence
      of handicapping and severely handicapping malocclusion in thalassemic children
      compared to normal children. The thalassemic patients were found to show
      significantly more Angle's Class II malocclusion (55% vs. 15.7%) when compared to
      normal children. CONCLUSIONS: The higher prevalence of Angle's Class II
      malocclusion and definitive malocclusion in thalassemic children indicates the
      importance of preventive orthodontic procedures and efforts towards providing
      orthodontic treatment to these children.

PMID- 26961904
TI  - Imaging the spine.

PMID- 26961905
TI  - Reducing failures of working memory with performance feedback.
AB  - Fluctuations in attentional control can lead to failures of working memory (WM),
      in which the subject is no better than chance at reporting items from a recent
      display. In three experiments, we used a whole-report measure of visual WM to
      examine the impact of feedback on the rate of failures. In each experiment,
      subjects remembered an array of colored items across a blank delay, and then
      reported the identity of items using a whole-report procedure. In Experiment 1,
      we gave subjects simple feedback about the number of items they correctly
      identified at the end of each trial. In Experiment 2, we gave subjects additional
      information about the cumulative number of items correctly identified within each
      block. Finally, in Experiment 3, we gave subjects weighted feedback in which poor
      trials resulted in lost points and consistent successful performance received
      "streak" points. Surprisingly, simple feedback (Exp. 1) was ineffective at
      improving average performance or decreasing the rate of poor-performance trials.
      Simple cumulative feedback (Exp. 2) modestly decreased poor-performance trials
      (by 7 %). Weighted feedback produced the greatest benefits, decreasing the
      frequency of poor-performance trials by 28 % relative to baseline performance.
      This set of results demonstrates the usefulness of whole-report WM measures for
      investigating the effects of feedback on WM performance. Further, we showed that
      only a feedback structure that specifically discouraged lapses using negative
      feedback led to large reductions in WM failures.

PMID- 26961903
TI  - Climate change projections of West Nile virus infections in Europe: implications
      for blood safety practices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted by mosquitoes in both urban as
      well as in rural environments and can be pathogenic in birds, horses and humans.
      Extrinsic factors such as temperature and land use are determinants of WNV
      outbreaks in Europe, along with intrinsic factors of the vector and virus.
      METHODS: With a multivariate model for WNV transmission we computed the
      probability of WNV infection in 2014, with July 2014 temperature anomalies. We
      applied the July temperature anomalies under the balanced A1B climate change
      scenario (mix of all energy sources, fossil and non-fossil) for 2025 and 2050 to
      model and project the risk of WNV infection in the future. Since asymptomatic
      infections are common in humans (which can result in the contamination of the
      donated blood) we estimated the predictive prevalence of WNV infections in the
      blood donor population. RESULTS: External validation of the probability model
      with 2014 cases indicated good prediction, based on an Area Under Curve (AUC) of
      0.871 (SD = 0.032), on the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). The
      climate change projections for 2025 reveal a higher probability of WNV infection
      particularly at the edges of the current transmission areas (for example in
      Eastern Croatia, Northeastern and Northwestern Turkey) and an even further
      expansion in 2050. The prevalence of infection in (blood donor) populations in
      the outbreak-affected districts is expected to expand in the future. CONCLUSIONS:
      Predictive modelling of environmental and climatic drivers of WNV can be a
      valuable tool for public health practice. It can help delineate districts at risk
      for future transmission. These areas can be subjected to integrated disease and
      vector surveillance, outreach to the public and health care providers,
      implementation of personal protective measures, screening of blood donors, and
      vector abatement activities.

PMID- 26961906
TI  - Convection-enhancement delivery of liposomal formulation of oxaliplatin shows
      less toxicity than oxaliplatin yet maintains a similar median survival time in
      F98 glioma-bearing rat model.
AB  - Results of clinical trials with oxaliplatin in treating glioblastoma are dismal.
      Previous works showed that intravenous (i.v.) delivery of oxaliplatin did not
      increase the survival of F98 glioma-bearing Fisher rats. Low accumulation of the
      drug in tumor cells is presumed to be responsible for the lack of antitumor
      effect. In the present study, convection-enhanced delivery (CED) was used to
      directly inject oxaliplatin in brain tumor implanted in rats. Since CED can led
      to severe toxicity, the liposomal formulation of oxaliplatin (LipoxalTM) was also
      assessed. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of oxaliplatin was 10 MUg, while that
      of LipoxalTM was increased by 3-times reaching 30 MUg. Median survival time
      (MeST) of F98 glioma-bearing rats injected with 10 MUg oxaliplatin by CED was 31
      days, 7.5 days longer than untreated control (p = 0.0002); while CED of 30 MUg
      LipoxalTM reached the same result. Compared to previous study on i.v. delivery of
      these drugs, their injection by CED significantly increased their tumoral
      accumulations as well as MeSTs in the F98 glioma bearing rat model. The addition
      of radiotherapy (15 Gy) to CED of oxaliplatin or LipoxalTM increased the MeST by
      4.0 and 3.0 days, respectively. The timing of radiotherapy (4 h or 24 h after
      CED) produced similar results. However, the treatment was better tolerated when
      radiotherapy was performed 24 h after CED. In conclusion, a better tumoral
      accumulation was achieved when oxaliplatin and LipoxalTM were injected by CED.
      The liposomal encapsulation of oxaliplatin reduced its toxic, while maintaining
      its antitumor potential.

PMID- 26961907
TI  - Phase I study of IMGN901, a CD56-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, in patients
      with CD56-positive solid tumors.
AB  - Background IMGN901 is a CD56-targeting antibody-drug conjugate designed for tumor
      selective delivery of the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM1. This phase 1 study
      investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary activity
      of IMGN901 in patients with CD56-expressing solid tumors. Methods Patients were
      enrolled in cohorts of escalating IMGN901 doses, administered intravenously, on 3
      consecutive days every 21 days. A dose-expansion phase accrued patients with
      small cell lung cancer (SCLC), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), or ovarian cancer.
      Results Fifty-two patients were treated at doses escalating from 4 to 94
      mg/m(2)/day. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 75 mg/m(2).
      Dose-limiting toxicities included fatigue, neuropathy, headache or meningitis
      like symptoms, chest pain, dyspnea, and myalgias. In the dose-expansion phase (n
      = 45), seven patients received 75 mg/m(2) and 38 received 60 mg/m(2) for up to 21
      cycles. The recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was established at 60 mg/m(2) during
      dose expansion. Overall, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were
      experienced by 96.9 % of all patients, the majority of which were Grade 1 or 2.
      The most commonly reported Grade 3 or 4 TEAEs were hyponatremia and dyspnea (each
      8.2 %). Responses included 1 complete response (CR), 1 clinical CR, and 1
      unconfirmed partial response (PR) in MCC; and 1 unconfirmed PR in SCLC. Stable
      disease was seen for 25 % of all evaluable patients who received doses >=60
      mg/m(2). Conclusions The RP2D for IMGN901 of 60 mg/m(2) administered for 3
      consecutive days every 3 weeks was associated with an acceptable tolerability
      profile. Objective responses were observed in patients with advanced CD56+
      cancers.

PMID- 26961908
TI  - 3-Methyl-1-butanol Biosynthesis in an Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum.
AB  - Biofuel offers a promising solution to the adverse environmental problems and
      depletion in reserves of fossil fuels. Higher alcohols including 3-methyl-1
      butanol were paid much more attention as fuel substitute in recent years, due to
      its similar properties to gasoline. In the present work, 3-methyl-1-butanol
      production in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum was studied. alpha
      Ketoisovalerate decarboxylase gene (kivd) from Lactococcus lactis combined with
      alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adh2, adhA, and adh3) from three organisms were
      overexpressed in C. glutamicum. Enzymatic assay and alcohol production results
      showed that adh3 from Zymomonas mobilis was the optimum candidate for 3-methyl-1
      butanol production in C. glutamicum. The recombinant with kivd and adh3 could
      produce 0.182 g/L of 3-methyl-1-butanol and 0.144 g/L of isobutanol after 12 h of
      incubation. Further inactivation of the E1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase
      complex gene (aceE) and lactic dehydrogenase gene (ldh) in the above C.
      glutamicum strain would improve the 3-Methyl-1-butanol titer to 0.497 g/L after
      12 h of incubation.

PMID- 26961909
TI  - Lactococcus lactis is an Efficient Expression System for Mammalian Membrane
      Proteins Involved in Liver Detoxification, CYP3A4, and MGST1.
AB  - Despite the great importance of human membrane proteins involved in
      detoxification mechanisms, their wide use for biochemical approaches is still
      hampered by several technical difficulties considering eukaryotic protein
      expression in order to obtain the large amounts of protein required for
      functional and/or structural studies. Lactococcus lactis has emerged recently as
      an alternative heterologous expression system to Escherichia coli for proteins
      that are difficult to express. The aim of this work was to check its ability to
      express mammalian membrane proteins involved in liver detoxification, i.e.,
      CYP3A4 and two isoforms of MGST1 (rat and human). Genes were cloned using two
      different strategies, i.e., classical or Gateway-compatible cloning, and we
      checked the possible influence of two affinity tags (6*-His-tag and Strep-tag
      II). Interestingly, all proteins could be successfully expressed in L. lactis at
      higher yields than those previously obtained for these proteins with classical
      expression systems (E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or those of other
      eukaryotic membrane proteins expressed in L. lactis. In addition, rMGST1 was
      fairly active after expression in L. lactis. This study highlights L. lactis as
      an attractive system for efficient expression of mammalian detoxification
      membrane proteins at levels compatible with further functional and structural
      studies.

PMID- 26961911
TI  - Local fluid transfer regulation in heart extracellular matrix.
AB  - The interstitial myocardial matrix is a complex and dynamic structure that adapts
      to local fluctuations in pressure and actively contributes to the heart's fluid
      exchange and hydration. However, classical physiologic models tend to treat it as
      a passive conduit for water and solute, perhaps because local interstitial
      regulatory mechanisms are not easily accessible to experiment in vivo. Here, we
      examined the interstitial contribution to the fluid-driving pressure ex vivo.
      Interstitial hydration potentials were determined from influx/efflux rates
      measured in explants from healthy and ischemia-reperfusion-injured pigs during
      colloid osmotic pressure titrations. Adaptive responses were further explored by
      isolating myocardial fibroblasts and measuring their contractile responses to
      water activity changes in vitro. Results show hydration potentials between 5 and
      60 mmHg in healthy myocardia and shifts in excess of 200 mmHg in edematous
      myocardia after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Further, rates of fluid transfer
      were temperature-dependent, and in collagen gel contraction assays, myocardial
      fibroblasts tended to preserve the micro-environment's hydration volume by
      slowing fluid efflux rates at pressures above 40 mmHg. Our studies quantify
      components of the fluid-driving forces in the heart interstitium that the
      classical Starling's equation does not explicitly consider. Measured hydration
      potentials in healthy myocardia and shifts with edema are larger than predicted
      from the known values of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic interstitial fluid
      pressures. Together with fibroblast responses in vitro, they are consistent with
      regulatory mechanisms that add local biological controls to classic fluid-balance
      models. 

PMID- 26961912
TI  - Depersonalisation and schizophrenia: Comparative study of initial and multiple
      episodes of schizophrenia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The phenomena of depersonalisation/derealisation have classically
      been associated with the initial phases of psychosis, and it is assumed that they
      would precede (even by years) the onset of clinical psychosis, being much more
      common in the prodromal and acute phases of the illness. The aims of the present
      study are to analyse the differences in depersonalisation/derealisation between
      patients with initial and multiple episodes and the factors that could influence
      this. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, controlled and cross-sectional study
      of 48 patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (20 with an initial episode
      and 28 with multiple episodes). These patients were assessed using scales such as
      the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale,
      and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. RESULTS: Participants with initial
      episodes score higher on both the Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale, and the
      subscale of the Dissociative Experiences Scale that evaluates such experiences.
      There were no associations between these types of experience and the positive
      symptoms subscale of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. CONCLUSIONS:
      Depersonalisation/derealisation experiences appear with greater frequency,
      duration and intensity in patients in the early stages of the illnesses,
      gradually decreasing as they become chronic.

PMID- 26961910
TI  - Cationic beta-Cyclodextrin-Chitosan Conjugates as Potential Carrier for pmCherry
      C1 Gene Delivery.
AB  - In this study cationic beta-cyclodextrin-chitosan-mediated nanoparticles were
      used to transfer pmCherry-C1 into glioblastoma cells and their transfection
      efficiency were compared to lipofectamine and electroporation. Physicochemical
      characteristics of nanoparticles were evaluated by photon correlation
      spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Electrophoretic nuclease
      resistance and stability assays were used to check the protection of DNA from
      nucleases digestion. mCherry reporter construct was used for visualization,
      followed by quantitation of cell survival and gene expression by fluorescence
      activated cell sorting analysis and fluorescence microscopy. Particle size was
      approximately 200 nm and did not change at 4  degrees C even after 12 weeks.
      Importantly, the positively charged complexes interacted with DNA could serve as
      an efficient DNA delivery systems. Most of the gene was associated with the
      nanoparticles and was efficiently protected from DNAse I digestion. More than 80
      % of transfected cells expressed mCherry efficiently.

PMID- 26961914
TI  - Separation of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene using multidimensional high
      temperature liquid chromatography.
AB  - Functionalization addresses a property gap of polyolefins and opens new
      perspectives due to improved surface properties in applications like composites
      (e.g., glass fiber reinforced polypropylene) and anti-corrosive coatings for
      metals. Various techniques have been developed to characterize functionalized
      polyolefins, yet no analytical approach addressing their chemical heterogeneity
      exists. Using High Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatography (HT-SEC) coupled to
      infrared spectroscopy we could show for two model samples of polypropylene
      grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), differing in their nominal MA content, that
      the grafting density increases with decreasing molar mass. Crystallization
      Analysis Fractionation (CRYSTAF) does not enable to separate these samples
      according to their composition to the extent required. Yet, when using High
      Temperature High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HT-HPLC), with either silica
      gel or Mica as stationary phase and a gradient mobile phase, a deformulation into
      a grafted and a non-grafted fraction could be achieved. This was confirmed by
      analyzing the eluted fractions by infrared spectroscopy. Hyphenating the
      separation according to composition with a separation according to molar mass (HT
      HPLC x HT-SEC) enabled for the first time to reveal the bivariate distribution of
      PP-g-MA with regard to the molar mass and composition. Using on-line infrared
      detection quantitative information on the compositional and molar mass parameters
      of the individual fractions could be obtained. 

PMID- 26961913
TI  - Characterization of the ultraviolet-visible photoproducts of thiophanate-methyl
      using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem
      mass spectrometry-Detection in grapes and tomatoes.
AB  - UV-visible irradiation of thiophanate-methyl (TM) led to the formation of nine
      photoproducts that were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography
      coupled with high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass
      spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Although carbendazime has been reported in the
      literature to be the major metabolite and photoproduct of thiophanate-methyl, it
      was not detected in this study. However, an isomer of carbendazime referred as
      PP2, which was unambiguously characterized owing to CID experiments, was found in
      great abundance. Grape berries and cherry tomatoes treated with aqueous solutions
      of thiophanate-methyl were submitted to irradiation under laboratory conditions.
      TM and PP2 were detected in both peel and flesh of berries. The ability of TM and
      PP2 to pass through the fruit skin has been shown to be highly compound and
      matrix dependent. In vitro bioassays on Vibrio fischeri bacteria showed that the
      global ecotoxicity of the TM solution increases significantly with the
      irradiation time. PP2 should likely contribute to this ecotoxicity enhancement
      since in silico estimations for Daphnia magna provide a LC50 value seven times
      lower for PP2 than for the parent molecule. 

PMID- 26961915
TI  - Polydimethylsiloxane/covalent triazine frameworks coated stir bar sorptive
      extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet
      detection for the determination of phenols in environmental water samples.
AB  - In this work, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) were introduced in stir bar
      sorptive extraction (SBSE) and a novel polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/CTFs stir bar
      coating was prepared by sol-gel technique for the sorptive extraction of eight
      phenols (including phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4
      dimethylphenol, p-chloro-m-cresol and 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol)
      from environmental water samples followed by high performance liquid
      chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) detection. The prepared PDMS/CTFs coated
      stir bar showed good preparation reproducibility with the relative standard
      deviations (RSDs) ranging from 3.5 to 5.7% (n=7) in one batch, and from 3.7 to
      9.3% (n=7) among different batches. Several parameters affecting SBSE of eight
      target phenols including extraction time, stirring rate, sample pH, ionic
      strength, desorption solvent and desorption time were investigated. Under the
      optimal experimental conditions, the limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) were found
      to be in the range of 0.08-0.30 MUg/L. The linear range was 0.25-500 MUg/L for 2
      nitrophenol, 0.5-500 MUg/L for phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol as well as
      2,4-dimethylphenol, and 1-500 MUg/L for p-chloro-m-cresol, 2,4-dichlorophenol as
      well as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, respectively. The intra-day relative standard
      deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 4.3-9.4% (n=7, c=2 MUg/L) and the
      enrichment factors ranged from 64.9 to 145.6 fold (theoretical enrichment factor
      was 200-fold). Compared with commercial PDMS coated stir bar (Gerstel) and PEG
      coated stir bar (Gerstel), the prepared PDMS/CTFs stir bar showed better
      extraction efficiency for target phenol compounds. The proposed method was
      successfully applied to the analysis of phenols in environmental water samples
      and good relative recoveries were obtained with the spiking level at 2, 10, 50
      MUg/L, respectively.

PMID- 26961916
TI  - Examination of the chemical changes in cured phenol-formaldehyde resins during
      storage.
AB  - Chemical changes occurring within cured phenol-formaldehyde resins (resite and
      novolak type) during their storage were investigated by FT-NIR, py-GCMS and
      inverse gas chromatography. It was shown that a mixture of resite with novolak
      was less stable than resite or novolak itself as regards bulk properties. This
      aging phenomenon is mainly due to reaction of ammonia (product of hexa
      decomposition) with CH2OH groups present in resite. FT-NIR technique seems to be
      the least sensitive method for assessment chemical changes occurring during cured
      resins storage. Applications of py-GCMS and IGC method made able to indicate that
      more significant changes were for bulk samples (py-GCMS results) than on their
      surface (IGC results). 

PMID- 26961917
TI  - Simultaneous determination of 16 organophosphorus flame retardants and
      plasticizers in fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - In this work a method to analyze simultaneously sixteen organophosphorus flame
      retardants (OPFRs) by liquid chromatography-quadrupole-linear ion trap mass
      spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS) in fish samples was successfully developed. Sample
      preparation strategies, including different extraction techniques and clean-ups
      were tested. The chosen methodology is based on the extraction of 0.25 g of dried
      fish by ultrasound and clean-up by solid phase extraction (SPE) with a tandem of
      C18 and basic alumina cartridges. Recoveries were between 45 to 115%, with RSDs
      lower than 25%. mLODs and mLOQs were between 0.34-11.6 ng/g lw and 1.12-38.8 ng/g
      lw, respectively, with the exception of Tris(tribromoneopentyl)phosphate (TBNPP)
      (37.4 and 125 ng/g lw, respectively) and Tris(isopropyl-phenyl)phosphate (IPPP)
      (51.6 and 172 ng/g lw, respectively) which had higher limits. The developed
      method was applied to twelve river fish samples. Thirteen out of sixteen analyzed
      compounds were detected. At least, one of the sixteen studied OPFRs was detected
      in all the analyzed samples, with SigmaOPFR levels up to 2423 ng/g lw. This is
      the first study reporting IPPP and Isodecyldiphenyl phosphate (IDPP) levels in
      biota samples. Moreover, levels found for IPPP are quite high (up to 601 ng/g lw)
      and thus it is important to consider in the future development of analytical
      methodologies for OPFR analysis.

PMID- 26961918
TI  - Relationship between job burnout, psychosocial factors and health care-associated
      infections in critical care units.
AB  - PURPOSE: Burnout is a serious problem for critical care unit workers because they
      are exposed to chronic psychosocial stressors, including high responsibility,
      advanced technology and high patient acuity. Recent evidence showed that staff
      burnout was directly associated with hospital infections, thus affecting quality
      and safety of care provided. METHODS: The research aim was to investigate how
      burnout was associated with some psychosocial factors and with health care
      associated infections in hospitalised patients. A total of 130 healthcare
      professionals from critical care units completed a self-reported questionnaire.
      The infection data were collected prospectively over a six-month period. RESULTS:
      The results showed that emotional exhaustion was related to cynicism due to high
      work demands. Cynicism affected team communication, which in turn was positively
      related to team efficacy, thus acting as a mediator. Finally, team efficacy was
      negatively related to infections. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that emotional
      exhaustion and cynicism were related to psychosocial aspects, which in turn had a
      significant impact on healthcare-associated infections. Our findings suggest how
      burnout can indirectly affect healthcare-related infections as a result of the
      quality of teamwork. Thus, reducing burnout can be a good strategy to decrease
      infections, thus increasing workers' well-being while improving patient care.

PMID- 26961919
TI  - Impact of mobilisation therapy on the haemodynamic and respiratory status of
      elderly intubated patients in an intensive care unit: A retrospective analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study identified respiratory and haemodynamic parameters
      affected by limited mobilisation therapy in elderly, critically ill, intubated
      patients in an intensive care unit. METHODS: Over 18 months, we retrospectively
      assessed physiological changes during 43 mobilisation therapy sessions in 23
      patients requiring mechanical ventilation for >48h. We compared heart rate, mean
      arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial
      blood/inspired fraction of oxygen and lactate before and after mobilisation
      therapy, which entailed sitting on the edge of a hospital bed without back
      support. We analysed baseline characteristics and therapy duration. RESULTS:
      Patients' median age was 75 (interquartile range: 65-79) years, and the median
      Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 27 (26-31). Average
      therapy duration was 1h (0.5-2h). Therapy did not significantly modify heart rate
      or arterial blood pressure but increased the partial pressure of oxygen in
      arterial blood/inspired fraction of oxygen ratio significantly, from 218.8 (135.4
      271.7) to 237.3 (167.2-284.9; p=0.007), indicating improved lung function.
      CONCLUSION: In this retrospective review, mobilisation therapy had no adverse
      effect on elderly, critically ill, intubated patients' haemodynamic status and
      appeared to improve the PaO2/FIO2 ratio; further research is required to confirm
      this finding.

PMID- 26961920
TI  - Erratum to: 'Identification and characterization of the bacterial etiology of
      clinically problematic acute otitis media after tympanocentesis or spontaneous
      otorrhea in German children'.

PMID- 26961921
TI  - General solution of 2D and 3D superconducting quasiclassical systems: coalescing
      vortices and nanoisland geometries.
AB  - An extension of quasiclassical Keldysh-Usadel theory to higher spatial dimensions
      than one is crucial in order to describe physical phenomena like charge/spin Hall
      effects and topological excitations like vortices and skyrmions, none of which
      are captured in one-dimensional models. We here present a numerical finite
      element method which solves the non-linearized 2D and 3D quasiclassical Usadel
      equation relevant for the diffusive regime. We show the application of this on
      three model systems with non-trivial geometries: (i) a bottlenecked Josephson
      junction with external flux, (ii) a nanodisk ferromagnet deposited on top of a
      superconductor and (iii) superconducting islands in contact with a ferromagnet.
      In case (i), we demonstrate that one may control externally not only the
      geometrical array in which superconducting vortices arrange themselves, but also
      to cause coalescence and tune the number of vortices. In case (iii), we show that
      the supercurrent path can be tailored by incorporating magnetic elements in
      planar Josephson junctions which also lead to a strong modulation of the density
      of states. The finite element method presented herein paves the way for gaining
      insight in physical phenomena which have remained largely unexplored due to the
      complexity of solving the full quasiclassical equations in higher dimensions. 

PMID- 26961922
TI  - Smoking Cessation Support Among Oncology Practitioners in a Regional Cancer
      Center in the Middle East-Improving a Critical Service for Cancer Care.

PMID- 26961925
TI  - Smoking ban does not apply to prisons, Court of Appeal rules.

PMID- 26961924
TI  - Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Endometrial Cancer: An Update.
AB  - : Lymph node removal for staging, as part of the initial surgical management of
      patients with endometrial carcinoma, remains a controversial topic in gynecologic
      oncology. There is currently wide variability among clinical practices, with
      surgical approaches ranging from no nodal evaluation to comprehensive pelvic and
      aortic lymphadenectomy. Lymphatic mapping has emerged as an increasingly popular
      option over the past few years, with several attractive features in its concept,
      innovative surgical approach, and encouraging preliminary results. At this time,
      however, several different techniques have been described and used for lymphatic
      mapping in endometrial cancer, incorporating a variety of mapping agents and
      injection sites. Although recently published results are encouraging, they are
      limited to single-institution series or multi-institutional collaborations
      undertaken without the aegis of a prospective randomized controlled trial.
      However, the surgical staging of endometrial cancer with lymphadenectomy was
      historically established based not on randomized trial data but on prospective
      clinicopathologic studies. Another evolving field in endometrial cancer staging
      is the interpretation of pathologic ultrastaging of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs),
      which can identify low-volume metastases for which the clinical significance and
      the ideal management remain uncertain. This is particularly an issue with
      extremely low-volume nodal metastasis and isolated tumor cells. Furthermore, it
      has become apparent that applying a predefined SLN algorithm can decrease false
      negative rates. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center SLN algorithm can be
      used as a checklist to ensure standardization of care and to reduce the chance of
      missing nodal disease. Prospective trials are under way at many institutions to
      help establish the definitive role of SLN mapping for staging of endometrial
      cancer. The objective of this study was to provide an update on the latest
      clinical data related to lymphatic mapping for the staging and management of
      endometrial cancer and its role in clinical practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:
      Lymphatic mapping is an increasingly popular option in the surgical treatment of
      endometrial cancer. The aim of using this tool is to target the lymph nodes that
      are the most likely to be involved with metastatic cancer cells (sentinel lymph
      nodes) and thereby limit the extent of surgery needed and decrease surgical
      complications and long-term side effects associated with extensive lymph node
      removal. By examining a limited number of sentinel lymph nodes, a more detailed
      examination of the node can be done (ultrastaging). This allows for the detection
      of a small number of cancer cells (low-volume metastasis) that can be missed with
      standard techniques.

PMID- 26961923
TI  - The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Current Perspective and Future Role in
      Prevention and Treatment of Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Anal Cancer.
AB  - The incidences of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anal cancer and its
      precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, are rising in the U.S. and
      globally. Five-year survival rates with current modalities of treatment for anal
      cancer are generally favorable for localized and regional disease. For metastatic
      disease, the relative survival rate is poor. Major contributing factors for the
      increase in anal cancer incidence include increasing receptive anal intercourse
      (hetero- and homosexual), increasing HPV infections, and longer life expectancy
      of treated people who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Because
      treatment outcomes with systemic therapy in patients with advanced disease are so
      poor, prevention may be the best approach for reducing disease burden. The
      association of a major causative agent with anal cancer provides an excellent
      opportunity for prevention and treatment. The advent of the HPV vaccine for anal
      cancer prevention and treatment is a significant milestone and has the potential
      to greatly impact these cancers. The data regarding potential use of the HPV
      vaccine in anal cancer prevention and treatment are reviewed. IMPLICATIONS FOR
      PRACTICE: The incidences of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related anal cancer and
      its precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, are on the rise in the U.S.
      and globally. Based on recent studies, the HPV vaccine is approved for prevention
      of the infection and development of HPV-related anal cancer. In addition, several
      small studies have shown that the vaccine may be useful as adjuvant therapy for
      anal cancer. There is a need for public health strategies aimed at education of
      both patients and practitioners to improve the use of the vaccine for prevention
      of HPV-related anal cancer. The development of a therapeutic vaccine is a work in
      progress.

PMID- 26961926
TI  - Sugar-sweetened beverage intake, chromosome 9p21 variants, and risk of myocardial
      infarction in Hispanics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chromosome 9p21 variants are among the most robust genetic markers
      for coronary artery disease (CAD), and previous studies have suggested that
      genetic effects of this locus might be modified by dietary factors. Intake of
      sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which are the main dietary source of added
      sugar, has been shown to interact with genetic factors in affecting CAD risk
      factors such as obesity. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to test whether SSB intake modified
      the association between chromosome 9p21 variants and CAD risk in Hispanics living
      in Costa Rica. DESIGN: The current study included 1560 incident cases of nonfatal
      myocardial infarction (MI) and 1751 population-based controls. Three independent
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the chromosome 9p21 locus were
      genotyped. SSB intake was assessed with the use of a food-frequency questionnaire
      and was defined as the frequency of intake of daily servings of sweetened
      beverages and fruit juice. RESULTS: We showed a significant interaction between
      SSB intake and one of the 3 variants (i.e., rs4977574) on MI risk. The per-risk
      allele OR (95% CI) of rs4977574 for MI was 1.44 (1.19, 1.74) in participants with
      higher SSB consumption (>2 servings/d), 1.21 (1.00, 1.47) in those with average
      consumption (1-2 servings/d), and 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) in subjects with lower
      consumption (<1 serving/d; P-interaction = 0.005). A genetic risk score derived
      from the sum of risk alleles of the 3 SNPs also showed a significant interaction
      with SSB intake on MI risk (P-interaction = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest
      that unhealthy dietary habits such as higher intake of SSBs could exacerbate the
      effects of chromosome 9p21 variants on CAD.

PMID- 26961927
TI  - Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: the design, analysis, and interpretation of
      Mendelian randomization studies.
AB  - Mendelian randomization (MR) is an increasingly important tool for appraising
      causality in observational epidemiology. The technique exploits the principle
      that genotypes are not generally susceptible to reverse causation bias and
      confounding, reflecting their fixed nature and Mendel's first and second laws of
      inheritance. The approach is, however, subject to important limitations and
      assumptions that, if unaddressed or compounded by poor study design, can lead to
      erroneous conclusions. Nevertheless, the advent of 2-sample approaches (in which
      exposure and outcome are measured in separate samples) and the increasing
      availability of open-access data from large consortia of genome-wide association
      studies and population biobanks mean that the approach is likely to become
      routine practice in evidence synthesis and causal inference research. In this
      article we provide an overview of the design, analysis, and interpretation of MR
      studies, with a special emphasis on assumptions and limitations. We also consider
      different analytic strategies for strengthening causal inference. Although
      impossible to prove causality with any single approach, MR is a highly cost
      effective strategy for prioritizing intervention targets for disease prevention
      and for strengthening the evidence base for public health policy.

PMID- 26961930
TI  - Undernutrition screening survey in 564,063 patients: patients with a positive
      undernutrition screening score stay in hospital 1.4 d longer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Undernutrition is a common complication of disease and a major
      determinant of hospital stay outcome. Dutch hospitals are required to screen for
      undernutrition on the first day of admission. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine
      the prevalence of the screening score "undernourished" with the use of the Short
      Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) or Malnutrition Universal Screening
      Tool (MUST) and its relation to length of hospital stay (LOS) in the general
      hospital population and per medical specialty. DESIGN: We conducted an
      observational cross-sectional study at 2 university, 3 teaching, and 8 general
      hospitals. All adult inpatients aged >=18 y with an LOS of at least 1 d were
      included. Between 2007 and 2014, the SNAQ/MUST score, admitting medical
      specialty, LOS, age, and sex of each patient were extracted from the digital
      hospital chart system. Linear regression analysis with ln(LOS) as an outcome
      measure and SNAQ >=3 points/MUST >=2 points, sex, and age as determinant
      variables was used to test the relation between SNAQ/MUST score and LOS. RESULTS:
      In total, 564,063 patients were included (48% males and 52% females aged 62 +/-
      18 y). Of those, 74% (419,086) were screened with SNAQ and 26% (144,977) with
      MUST, and 13.7% (SNAQ) and 14.9% (MUST) of the patients were defined as being
      undernourished. Medical specialties with the highest percentage of the screening
      score of undernourished were geriatrics (38%), oncology (33%), gastroenterology
      (27%), and internal medicine (27%). Patients who had an undernourished screening
      score had a higher LOS than did patients who did not (median 6.8 compared with
      4.0 d; P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that a positive SNAQ/MUST score was
      significantly associated with LOS [SNAQ: +1.43 d (95% CI: 1.42, 1.44 d), P <
      0.001; MUST: +1.47 d (95% CI: 1.45, 1.49 d), P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      provides benchmark data on the prevalence of undernutrition, including more than
      half a million patients. One out of 7 patients was scored as undernourished. For
      geriatrics, oncology, gastroenterology, and internal medicine, this ratio was
      even greater (1 out of 3-4). Hospital stay was 1.4 d longer among undernourished
      patients than among those who were well nourished.

PMID- 26961931
TI  - Event-rate and delta inflation when evaluating mortality as a primary outcome
      from randomized controlled trials of nutritional interventions during critical
      illness: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a lack of high-quality evidence that proves that nutritional
      interventions during critical illness reduce mortality. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated
      whether power calculations for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of nutritional
      interventions that used mortality as the primary outcome were realistic, and
      whether overestimation was systematic in the studies identified to determine
      whether this was due to overestimates of event rate or delta. DESIGN: A
      systematic review of the literature between 2005 and 2015 was performed to
      identify RCTs of nutritional interventions administered to critically ill adults
      that had mortality as the primary outcome. Predicted event rate (predicted
      mortality during the control), predicted mortality during intervention, predicted
      delta (predicted difference between mortality during the control and
      intervention), actual event rate (observed mortality during control), observed
      mortality during intervention, and actual delta (difference between observed
      mortality during the control and intervention) were recorded. The event-rate gap
      (predicted event rate minus observed event rate), the delta gap (predicted delta
      minus observed delta), and the predicted number needed to treat were calculated.
      Data are shown as median (range). RESULTS: Fourteen articles were extracted, with
      power calculations provided for 10 studies. The predicted event rate was 29.9%
      (20.0-52.4%), and the predicted delta was 7.9% (3.0-20.0%). If the study
      hypothesis was proven correct then, on the basis of the power calculations, the
      number needed to treat would have been 12.7 (5.0-33.3) patients. The actual event
      rate was 25.3% (6.1-50.0%), the observed mortality during the intervention was
      24.4% (6.3-39.7%), and the actual delta was 0.5% (-10.2-10.3%), such that the
      event-rate gap was 2.6% (-3.9-23.7%) and delta gap was 7.5% (3.2-25.2%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Overestimates of delta occur frequently in RCTs of nutritional
      interventions in the critically ill that are powered to determine a mortality
      benefit. Delta inflation may explain the number of "negative" studies in this
      field of research.

PMID- 26961928
TI  - Dietary folate, B vitamins, genetic susceptibility and progression to advanced
      nonexudative age-related macular degeneration with geographic atrophy: a
      prospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence of the importance of nutrition in age
      related macular degeneration (AMD), but few studies have explored associations
      with folate and B vitamins. No effective therapeutic strategy for geographic
      atrophy (GA) is available, and prevention could be of great value. OBJECTIVE: We
      investigated associations between dietary folate, B vitamins, and progression to
      GA and whether these associations might be modified by genetic susceptibility.
      DESIGN: Among 2525 subjects (4663 eyes) in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, 405
      subjects (528 eyes) progressed to GA over 13 y. Folate and B vitamins were log
      transformed and calorie adjusted separately for men and women. Ten loci in 7 AMD
      genes [complement factor H, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2/high
      temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1, complement component 2, complement
      component 3, complement factor B, collagen type VIII alpha 1, and RAD51 paralog
      B] were examined. Survival analysis was used to assess associations between
      incident GA and dietary intake of folate and B vitamins. Interaction effects
      between these nutrients and genetic variation on AMD risk were also evaluated.
      Subjects with at least one eye free of advanced AMD at baseline were included in
      these analyses. RESULTS: There was a reduced risk of progression to GA with
      increasing intake of thiamin, riboflavin, and folate after adjusting for age,
      sex, and total energy intake (P-trend = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.001, respectively).
      After adjustment for demographic, behavioral, ocular, and genetic covariates,
      trends remained statistically significant for folate (P-trend = 0.007) and were
      borderline for thiamin (P-trend = 0.05). Riboflavin did not retain statistical
      significance (P-trend = 0.20). Folate was significantly associated with lower
      risk of incident GA among subjects homozygous for the complement component 3 (C3)
      R102G rs2230199 nonrisk genotype (CC) (HR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.70; P = 0.0005)
      but not subjects carrying the risk allele (G) (P = 0.76). Neither folate nor any
      B vitamin was significantly associated with neovascular AMD. CONCLUSIONS: High
      folate intake was associated with a reduced risk of progression to GA. This
      relation could be modified by genetic susceptibility, particularly related to the
      C3 genotype. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00594672.

PMID- 26961932
TI  - Endocrine-disrupting polychlorinated biphenyls in metabolically healthy and
      unhealthy obese subjects before and after weight loss: difference at the start
      but not at the finish.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A subset of obese individuals does not exhibit metabolically
      unfavorable features; this group is referred to as metabolically healthy obese
      (MHO). Serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are
      chemicals with endocrine-disrupting properties, have been shown to be lower in
      MHO than in metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). OBJECTIVE: We studied PCB serum
      concentrations during and after weight loss and their relation with metabolic
      health. DESIGN: We determined metabolic health features (weight, blood pressure,
      lipids, inflammation, and glucose metabolism) and serum PCB concentrations of 27
      PCBs in a cohort of 184 overweight and obese subjects. Metabolic health was
      evaluated with the use of the criteria of the metabolic syndrome (MetS)
      [metabolic syndrome according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria present
      (MetS+) or metabolic syndrome according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria
      absent (MetS-)] or with extended criteria with inflammation and insulin
      resistance taken into account (MUO compared with MHO). Participants were treated
      with lifestyle counseling or bariatric surgery. A metabolic and toxicological re
      evaluation was performed after 6 and 12 mo. RESULTS: At baseline, serum SigmaPCB
      concentrations were significantly higher in MUO than in MHO (SigmaPCBs: 138 +/
      105 compared with 365 +/- 481 ng/g lipid weight; P = 0.01) but not in MetS+
      compared with MetS- subjects. No difference was detected in the percentage
      increase in PCB serum concentrations in MetS+ compared with MetS- subjects
      (median: 58% compared with 43% and 31% compared with 69% at 6 and 12 mo,
      respectively). The comparison of persistent with resolved MetS and MUO did not
      reveal any difference in SigmaPCB concentration increments (median: 49% compared
      with 58% at 12 mo for MUO; P > 0.05). In a regression model with age, smoking,
      and body mass index corrected for, PCB serum concentrations at baseline were not
      predictive of the persistence or resolution of a metabolically unfavorable state.
      CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that the increment in serum concentrations of
      PCBs does not differ according to metabolic health and does not seem to influence
      the beneficial metabolic health effects of weight loss. This study was registered
      at clinicaltrials.gov at NCT01778868.

PMID- 26961929
TI  - Effect of omega-3 supplementation on placental lipid metabolism in overweight and
      obese women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The placentas of obese women accumulate lipids that may alter fetal
      lipid exposure. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) docosahexaenoic acid
      (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alter FA metabolism in hepatocytes,
      although their effect on the placenta is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We aimed
      to investigate whether n-3 supplementation during pregnancy affects lipid
      metabolism in the placentas of overweight and obese women at term. DESIGN: A
      secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in
      healthy overweight and obese pregnant women who were randomly assigned to DHA
      plus EPA (2 g/d) or placebo twice a day from early pregnancy to term. Placental
      FA uptake, esterification, and oxidation pathways were studied by measuring the
      expression of key genes in the placental tissue of women supplemented with
      placebo and n-3 and in vitro in isolated trophoblast cells in response to DHA and
      EPA treatment. RESULTS: Total lipid content was significantly lower in the
      placentas of overweight and obese women supplemented with n-3 FAs than in those
      supplemented with placebo (14.14 +/- 1.03 compared with 19.63 +/- 1.45 mg lipid/g
      tissue; P < 0.05). The messenger RNA expression of placental FA synthase (FAS)
      and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) was negatively correlated with
      maternal plasma enrichment in DHA and EPA (P < 0.05). The expression of placental
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (r = -0.39, P = 0.04) and its
      target genes DGAT1 (r = -0.37, P = 0.02) and PLIN2 (r = -0.38, P = 0.04)
      significantly decreased, with an increasing maternal n-3:n-6 ratio (representing
      the n-3 status) near the end of pregnancy. The expression of genes that regulate
      FA oxidation or uptake was not changed. Birth weight and length were
      significantly higher in the offspring of n-3-supplemented women than in those in
      the placebo group (P < 0.05), but no differences in the ponderal index were
      observed. Supplementation of n-3 significantly decreased FA esterification in
      isolated trophoblasts without affecting FA oxidation. CONCLUSION: Supplementing
      overweight and obese women with n-3 FAs during pregnancy inhibited the ability of
      the placenta to esterify and store lipids. This trial was registered at
      clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00957476.

PMID- 26961933
TI  - Pegylated interferon for the treatment of early myelofibrosis: correlation of
      serial laboratory studies with response to therapy.
AB  - Pegylated interferon alpha-2a (Peg-IFN) has been shown to induce hematologic and
      molecular responses in patients with the Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative
      neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia
      (ET). We describe a series of patients with long-standing MPNs among whom Peg-IFN
      was initiated when they developed anemia and increased bone marrow reticulin
      fibrosis suggestive of early transformation to post-ET (PET) or post-PV (PPV)
      myelofibrosis (MF). Six patients were treated with Peg-IFN for a mean duration of
      33.8 months (range 2-63 months). Five patients had long-standing ET (three were
      calreticulin (CALR)-positive, one janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-positive, and one JAK2
      negative and CALR-negative), and one had long-standing JAK2-positive PV prior to
      starting Peg-IFN. This is the first study to report that, concurrent with the
      improvement in anemia, serial laboratory studies demonstrate an increase in serum
      LDH and left-shifted myeloid cells in the peripheral circulation over
      approximately 6 months, followed by a gradual normalization of these findings.
      Splenomegaly also increased and then resolved among responding patients. Serial
      bone marrow biopsies were available, which showed little change except for
      improvement in the grade of reticulin fibrosis in two patients. Among patients
      with early transformation to PET or PPV MF, our data support the efficacy of Peg
      IFN in improving hemoglobin levels and reducing splenomegaly. These peripheral
      blood findings should not, therefore, be considered evidence of treatment failure
      within the first year of Peg-IFN therapy.

PMID- 26961934
TI  - A comprehensive approach to the prevention of central venous catheter
      complications: results of 10-year prospective surveillance in pediatric
      hematology-oncology patients.
AB  - We report our decennial experience with 1161 newly-placed long-term central
      venous catheters inserted in 919 hematology-oncology patients for a total of
      413,901 CVC-days of observation. Most of the CVCs were partially-implanted, open
      ended, Broviac-Hickman type of CVC (95 %). One thousand and twenty-four
      complications were recorded equal to 2.47 per 1000 CVC-days. The frequency of
      complications per CVC, the rate of episodes per 1000 CVC-days, and removal rate
      were malfunction/occlusion 42 %, 1.18/1000, and 2.3 %; mechanical
      (dislodgement/rupture/kinking) 18.3 %, 0.51/1000, and 77.4 %; bacteremia 14.8 %,
      0.42/1000, and 18.6 %; exit-site/tunnel infection 11.5 %, 0.32/1000, and 9.7 %;
      thrombosis 0.86 %, 0.02/1000, and 30 %; pneumothorax 0.52 %, 0.01/1000, and 0. In
      multivariate analysis, the risk factors were for mechanical complications, a
      younger age <6.1 years at CVC insertion (HR 1.8, p = 0.0006); for bacteremia, a
      double lumen CVC (HR 3.1, p < 0.0001) and the surgical modality of CVC insertion
      (HR 1.5, p = 0.03); for exit-site/tunnel infection, a double lumen CVC (HR 2.1, p
      = 0.0003) and a diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma (HR 1.8, p = 0.01); for
      malfunction/occlusion, an age <6.1 years (HR 1.6, p = 0.0003), the diagnosis of
      leukemia or lymphoma (HR 1.9, p < 0.0001) and double lumen CVC (HR 1.33, p =
      0.023). The cumulative incidence of premature CVC removal was 29.2 % and the risk
      factors associated with this event were the surgical modality of CVC insertion
      (HR 1.4, p = 0.0153) and an age at CVC positioning less than 6.1 years (HR 1.6, p
      = 0.0025). We conclude that a best-practice set of rules resulted in reduced CVC
      complications.

PMID- 26961935
TI  - Missed Opportunities for Condom Counseling Among Adolescent Males.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to quantify the rate of condom counseling (CC)
      among adolescent males at preventive (PV) and non-PV (NPV) clinic visits in order
      to identify missed opportunities for contraception counseling. Adolescent males
      attending an outpatient clinic at a tertiary children's hospital from 2009 to
      2013 were included. Patient demographics and provider responses to a postvisit
      electronic medical record questionnaire regarding CC were collected. Over 4
      years, 2,439 males attended 6,123 visits; 33% were PVs. CC occurred at 92% PVs
      versus 43% NPVs ( p < .001). Those receiving CC were more likely to be older
      (16.1 vs. 15.9 years; p < .001) and minority (odds ratio = 1.43; 95% confidence
      interval = 1.28-1.61). In conclusion, in this single-center study among
      adolescent males, CC occurred routinely at PVs but infrequently at NPVs. CC was
      more likely among older, minority males. Providing CC at NPVs and ensuring
      younger, White males receive CC are two strategies to increase rates of CC among
      adolescent males.

PMID- 26961937
TI  - Male Gender Equality in Health Care.

PMID- 26961936
TI  - Factors Associated With HIV Testing Among Men in Haiti: Results From the 2012
      Demographic and Health Survey.
AB  - HIV testing serves as the gateway to HIV prevention and treatment. However,
      research examining men's HIV testing behaviors in the Caribbean remains limited.
      The Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization was used to examine
      factors associated with HIV testing among 7,354 men who participated in the 2012
      Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Haiti. Few men (35%) reported having
      ever been tested for HIV. Logistic regression analyses revealed that HIV testing
      increased with education and wealth. Marital status was associated with HIV
      testing, with married men more likely to have been tested (adjusted odds ratio:
      2.57, 95% CI [2.07, 3.19]) than unmarried men. Positive attitudes toward people
      living with HIV, indicated by willing to care for a relative who has HIV/AIDS,
      was also correlated with higher odds of having been tested (adjusted odds ratio:
      1.28, 95% CI [1.08, 1.51]). Men who reported condom use during last sex were more
      likely to have been tested (odds ratio: 1.58, 95% CI [1.33, 1.88). The findings
      indicate that HIV testing rates remain low among men in Haiti and more efforts
      are needed to increase HIV testing among men who are not married, have low level
      of education, and engage in unprotected sex.

PMID- 26961938
TI  - Proteomic analysis of dystrophin deficiency and associated changes in the aged
      mdx-4cv heart model of dystrophinopathy-related cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Cardiomyopathy is a serious complication in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an X
      linked neuromuscular disease of childhood that is triggered by primary
      abnormalities in the dystrophin gene. In order to directly correlate the
      deficiency in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin to secondary
      abnormalities in the dystrophic heart, this study has used label-free mass
      spectrometry to compare protein expression patterns in the aged mdx-4cv heart
      model of dystrophinopathy versus wild type heart. This report is the first
      successful identification of members of the cardiac dystrophin-glycoprotein
      complex by comparative whole tissue proteomics. The mass spectrometric analysis
      confirmed the loss of dystrophin and concomitant reduction of syntrophin and
      sarcoglycans in the dystrophin-deficient heart. Proteomic profiling of secondary
      changes identified distinct alterations in the basal lamina component laminin,
      the Ca(2+)-binding protein sarcalumenin, the matricellular protein periostin, the
      proteoglycans asporin and lumican, the cardiac-specific myosin light chain
      kinase, heat shock proteins and a large number of mitochondrial and glycolytic
      enzymes. The proteomic findings indicate that the molecular pathogenesis of
      muscular dystrophy-associated cardiomyopathy is highly complex and involves
      impairments, modulations and/or adaptations of mitochondrial metabolism,
      glycolysis, protein chaperoning and ion homeostasis, as well as the maintenance
      of the contractile apparatus, the intracellular cytoskeleton and the
      extracellular matrisome. SIGNIFICANCE: The X-linked inherited disorder Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy is the most frequently inherited neuromuscular disease of
      childhood. Primary abnormalities in the dystrophin gene trigger progressive
      skeletal muscle wasting and impaired cardiorespiratory functions. In order to
      improve our general understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of muscular
      dystrophy-associated cardiomyopathy and to identify new marker candidates of
      cardiac changes in dystrophinopathy, we have carried out a comparative proteomic
      study of the mdx-4cv mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The mass
      spectrometric profiling of whole heart preparations has identified the reduction
      in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and a large variety of secondary changes
      in the dystrophic heart. Cardiac proteins with a changed abundance were shown to
      be involved in fibre contraction, energy metabolism, cellular signalling, the
      cytoskeletal network, the extracellular matrix and the stress response. In the
      future, the newly identified cardiac proteins may be useful to improve
      predictive, diagnostic, prognostic or therapy-monitoring approaches in the field
      of muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 26961939
TI  - Identification of cypermethrin induced protein changes in green algae by iTRAQ
      quantitative proteomics.
AB  - Cypermethrin (CYP) is one of the most widely used pesticides in large scale for
      agricultural and domestic purpose and the residue often seriously affects aquatic
      system. Environmental pollutant-induced protein changes in organisms could be
      detected by proteomics, leading to discovery of potential biomarkers and
      understanding of mode of action. While proteomics investigations of CYP stress in
      some animal models have been well studied, few reports about the effects of
      exposure to CYP on algae proteome were published. To determine CYP effect in
      algae, the impact of various dosages (0.001MUg/L, 0.01MUg/L and 1MUg/L) of CYP on
      green algae Chlorella vulgaris for 24h and 96h was investigated by using iTRAQ
      quantitative proteomics technique. A total of 162 and 198 proteins were
      significantly altered after CYP exposure for 24h and 96h, respectively. Overview
      of iTRAQ results indicated that the influence of CYP on algae protein might be
      dosage-dependent. Functional analysis of differentially expressed proteins showed
      that CYP could induce protein alterations related to photosynthesis, stress
      responses and carbohydrate metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive view
      of complex mode of action of algae under CYP stress and highlights several
      potential biomarkers for further investigation of pesticide-exposed plant and
      algae. 

PMID- 26961940
TI  - The variations in the nuclear proteome reveal new transcription factors and
      mechanisms involved in UV stress response in Pinus radiata.
AB  - The importance of UV stress and its side-effects over the loss of plant
      productivity in forest species demands a deeper understanding of how pine trees
      respond to UV irradiation. Although the response to UV stress has been
      characterized at system and cellular levels, the dynamics within the nuclear
      proteome triggered by UV is still unknown despite that they are essential for
      gene expression and regulation of plant physiology. To fill this gap this work
      aims to characterize the variations in the nuclear proteome as a response to UV
      irradiation by using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry-based methods combined
      with novel bioinformatics workflows. The combination of SEQUEST, de novo
      sequencing, and novel annotation pipelines allowed cover sensing and transduction
      pathways, endoplasmic reticulum-related mechanisms and the regulation of
      chromatin dynamism and gene expression by histones, histone-like NF-Ys, and other
      transcription factors previously unrelated to this stress source, as well as the
      role of alternative splicing and other mechanisms involved in RNA translation and
      protein synthesis. The determination of 33 transcription factors, including NF
      YB13, Pp005698_3 (NF-YB) and Pr009668_2 (WD-40), which are correlated to stress
      responsive mechanisms like an increased accumulation of photoprotective pigments
      and reduced photosynthesis, pointing them as strong candidate biomarkers for
      breeding programs aimed to improve UV resistance of pine trees. SIGNIFICANCE: The
      description of the nuclear proteome of Pinus radiata combining a classic approach
      based on the use of SEQUEST and the use of a mass accuracy precursor alignment
      (MAPA) allowed an unprecedented protein coverage. This workflow provided the
      methodological basis for characterizing the changes in the nuclear proteome
      triggered by UV irradiation, allowing the depiction of the nuclear events
      involved in stress response and adaption. The relevance of some of the discovered
      proteins will suppose a major advance in stress biology field, also providing a
      set of transcription factors that can be considered as strong biomarker
      candidates to select trees more tolerant to UV radiation in forest upgrade
      programs.

PMID- 26961942
TI  - Human Choice Strategy Varies with Anatomical Projections from Ventromedial
      Prefrontal Cortex to Medial Striatum.
AB  - Two distinct systems, goal-directed and habitual, support decision making. It has
      recently been hypothesized that this distinction may arise from two computational
      mechanisms, model-based and model-free reinforcement learning, neuronally
      implemented in frontostriatal circuits involved in learning and behavioral
      control. Here, we test whether the relative strength of anatomical connectivity
      within frontostriatal circuits accounts for variation in human individuals'
      reliance on model-based and model-free control. This hypothesis was tested by
      combining diffusion tensor imaging with a multistep decision task known to
      distinguish model-based and model-free control in humans. We found large
      interindividual differences in the degree of model-based control, and those
      differences are predicted by the structural integrity of white-matter tracts from
      the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the medial striatum. Furthermore, an
      analysis based on masking out of bottom-up tracts suggests that this effect is
      driven by top-down influences from ventromedial prefrontal cortex to medial
      striatum. Our findings indicate that individuals with stronger afferences from
      the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the medial striatum are more likely to rely
      on a model-based strategy to control their instrumental actions. These findings
      suggest a mechanism for instrumental action control through which medial striatum
      determines, at least partly, the relative contribution of model-based and model
      free systems during decision-making according to top-down model-based information
      from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings have important
      implications for understanding the neural circuitry that might be susceptible to
      pathological computational processes in impulsive/compulsive psychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 26961941
TI  - Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Is Not Necessary for Spatial Working Memory.
AB  - A dominant theory, based on electrophysiological and lesion evidence from
      nonhuman primate studies, posits that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)
      stores and maintains working memory (WM) representations. Yet, neuroimaging
      studies have consistently failed to translate these results to humans; these
      studies normally find that neural activity persists in the human precentral
      sulcus (PCS) during WM delays. Here, we attempt to resolve this discrepancy. To
      test the degree to which dlPFC is necessary for WM, we compared the performance
      of patients with dlPFC lesions and neurologically healthy controls on a memory
      guided saccade task that was used in the monkey studies to measure spatial WM. We
      found that dlPFC damage only impairs the accuracy of memory-guided saccades if
      the damage impacts the PCS; lesions to dorsolateral dlPFC that spare the PCS have
      no effect on WM. These results identify the necessary subregion of the frontal
      cortex for WM and specify how this influential animal model of human cognition
      must be revised.

PMID- 26961943
TI  - Reactivation of Reward-Related Patterns from Single Past Episodes Supports Memory
      Based Decision Making.
AB  - Rewarding experiences exert a strong influence on later decision making. While
      decades of neuroscience research have shown how reinforcement gradually shapes
      preferences, decisions are often influenced by single past experiences.
      Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the influence of single learning
      episodes. Although recent work has proposed a role for episodes in decision
      making, it is largely unknown whether and how episodic experiences contribute to
      value-based decision making and how the values of single episodes are represented
      in the brain. In multiple behavioral experiments and an fMRI experiment, we
      tested whether and how rewarding episodes could support later decision making.
      Participants experienced episodes of high reward or low reward in conjunction
      with incidental, trial-unique neutral pictures. In a surprise test phase, we
      found that participants could indeed remember the associated level of reward, as
      evidenced by accurate source memory for value and preferences to re-engage with
      rewarded objects. Further, in a separate experiment, we found that high-reward
      objects shown as primes before a gambling task increased financial risk taking.
      Neurally, re-exposure to objects in the test phase led to significant
      reactivation of reward-related patterns. Importantly, individual variability in
      the strength of reactivation predicted value memory performance. Our results
      provide a novel demonstration that affect-related neural patterns are reactivated
      during later experience. Reactivation of value information represents a mechanism
      by which memory can guide decision making.

PMID- 26961945
TI  - Different Roles of Direct and Indirect Frontoparietal Pathways for Individual
      Working Memory Capacity.
AB  - The ability to temporarily store and manipulate information in working memory is
      a hallmark of human intelligence and differs considerably across individuals, but
      the structural brain correlates underlying these differences in working memory
      capacity (WMC) are only poorly understood. In two separate studies, diffusion MRI
      data and WMC scores were collected for 70 and 109 healthy individuals. Using a
      combination of probabilistic tractography and network analysis of the white
      matter tracts, we examined whether structural brain network properties were
      predictive of individual WMC. Converging evidence from both studies showed that
      lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex of high-capacity
      individuals are more densely connected compared with low-capacity individuals.
      Importantly, our network approach was further able to dissociate putative
      functional roles associated with two different pathways connecting frontal and
      parietal regions: a corticocortical pathway and a subcortical pathway. In Study
      1, where participants were required to maintain and update working memory items,
      the connectivity of the direct and indirect pathway was predictive of WMC. In
      contrast, in Study 2, where participants were required to maintain working memory
      items without updating, only the connectivity of the direct pathway was
      predictive of individual WMC. Our results suggest an important dissociation in
      the circuitry connecting frontal and parietal regions, where direct
      frontoparietal connections might support storage and maintenance, whereas
      subcortically mediated connections support the flexible updating of working
      memory content.

PMID- 26961946
TI  - Top-Down-Mediated Facilitation in the Visual Cortex Is Gated by Subcortical
      Neuromodulation.
AB  - Response properties in primary sensory cortices are highly dependent on
      behavioral state. For example, the nucleus basalis of the forebrain plays a
      critical role in enhancing response properties of excitatory neurons in primary
      visual cortex (V1) during active exploration and learning. Given the strong
      reciprocal connections between hierarchically arranged cortical regions, how are
      increases in sensory response gain constrained to prevent runaway excitation? To
      explore this, we used in vivo two-photon guided cell-attached recording in
      conjunction with spatially restricted optogenetic photo-inhibition of higher
      order visual cortex in mice. We found that the principle feedback projection to
      V1 originating from the lateral medial area (LM) facilitated visual responses in
      layer 2/3 excitatory neurons by ~20%. This facilitation was reduced by half
      during basal forebrain activation due to differential response properties between
      LM and V1. Our results demonstrate that basal-forebrain-mediated increases in
      response gain are localized to V1 and are not propagated to LM and establish that
      subcortical modulation of visual cortex is regionally distinct.

PMID- 26961944
TI  - Microglial Cells Prevent Hemorrhage in Neonatal Focal Arterial Stroke.
AB  - Perinatal stroke leads to significant morbidity and long-term neurological and
      cognitive deficits. The pathophysiological mechanisms of brain damage depend on
      brain maturation at the time of stroke. To understand whether microglial cells
      limit injury after neonatal stroke by preserving neurovascular integrity, we
      subjected postnatal day 7 (P7) rats depleted of microglial cells, rats with
      inhibited microglial TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling, and corresponding controls, to
      transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Microglial depletion by
      intracerebral injection of liposome-encapsulated clodronate at P5 significantly
      reduced vessel coverage and triggered hemorrhages in injured regions 24 h after
      tMCAO. Lack of microglia did not alter expression or intracellular redistribution
      of several tight junction proteins, did not affect degradation of collagen IV
      induced by the tMCAO, but altered cell types producing TGFbeta1 and the
      phosphorylation and intracellular distribution of SMAD2/3. Selective inhibition
      of TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling in microglia via intracerebral liposome-encapsulated SB
      431542 delivery triggered hemorrhages after tMCAO, demonstrating that
      TGFbeta1/TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling in microglia protects from hemorrhages. Consistent
      with observations in neonatal rats, depletion of microglia before tMCAO in P9
      Cx3cr1(GFP/+)/Ccr2(RFP/+) mice exacerbated injury and induced hemorrhages at 24
      h. The effects were independent of infiltration of Ccr2(RFP/+) monocytes into
      injured regions. Cumulatively, in two species, we show that microglial cells
      protect neonatal brain from hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 26961947
TI  - Intermolecular Interaction between Anchoring Subunits Specify Subcellular
      Targeting and Function of RGS Proteins in Retina ON-Bipolar Neurons.
AB  - In vertebrate retina, light responses generated by the rod photoreceptors are
      transmitted to the second-order neurons, the ON-bipolar cells (ON-BC), and this
      communication is indispensible for vision in dim light. In ON-BCs, synaptic
      transmission is initiated by the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR6, that
      signals via the G-protein Go to control opening of the effector ion channel,
      TRPM1. A key role in this process belongs to the GTPase Activating Protein (GAP)
      complex that catalyzes Go inactivation upon light-induced suppression of
      glutamate release in rod photoreceptors, thereby driving ON-BC depolarization to
      changes in synaptic input. The GAP complex has a striking molecular complexity.
      It contains two Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) proteins RGS7 and RGS11
      that directly act on Go and two adaptor subunits: RGS Anchor Protein (R9AP) and
      the orphan receptor, GPR179. Here we examined the organizational principles of
      the GAP complex in ON-BCs. Biochemical experiments revealed that RGS7 binds to a
      conserved site in GPR179 and that RGS11 in vivo forms a complex only with R9AP.
      R9AP and GPR179 are further integrated via direct protein-protein interactions
      involving their cytoplasmic domains. Elimination of GPR179 prevents postsynaptic
      accumulation of R9AP. Furthermore, concurrent knock-out of both R9AP and RGS7
      does not reconfigure the GAP complex and completely abolishes synaptic
      transmission, resulting in a novel mouse model of night blindness. Based on these
      results, we propose a model of hierarchical assembly and function of the GAP
      complex that supports ON-BCs visual signaling.

PMID- 26961949
TI  - Adaptation Independent Modulation of Auditory Hair Cell Mechanotransduction
      Channel Open Probability Implicates a Role for the Lipid Bilayer.
AB  - The auditory system is able to detect movement down to atomic dimensions. This
      sensitivity comes in part from mechanisms associated with gating of hair cell
      mechanoelectric transduction (MET) channels. MET channels, located at the tops of
      stereocilia, are poised to detect tension induced by hair bundle deflection. Hair
      bundle deflection generates a force by pulling on tip-link proteins connecting
      adjacent stereocilia. The resting open probability (P(open)) of MET channels
      determines the linearity and sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. Classically,
      P(open) is regulated by a calcium-sensitive adaptation mechanism in which
      lowering extracellular calcium or depolarization increases P(open). Recent data
      demonstrated that the fast component of adaptation is independent of both calcium
      and voltage, thus requiring an alternative explanation for the sensitivity of
      P(open) to calcium and voltage. Using rat auditory hair cells, we characterize a
      mechanism, separate from fast adaptation, whereby divalent ions interacting with
      the local lipid environment modulate resting P(open). The specificity of this
      effect for different divalent ions suggests binding sites that are not an EF-hand
      or calmodulin model. GsMTx4, a lipid-mediated modifier of cationic stretch
      activated channels, eliminated the voltage and divalent sensitivity with minimal
      effects on adaptation. We hypothesize that the dual mechanisms (lipid modulation
      and adaptation) extend the dynamic range of the system while maintaining
      adaptation kinetics at their maximal rates.

PMID- 26961948
TI  - Absence of Prenatal Forebrain Defects in the Dp(16)1Yey/+ Mouse Model of Down
      Syndrome.
AB  - Studies in humans with Down syndrome (DS) show that alterations in fetal brain
      development are followed by postnatal deficits in neuronal numbers, synaptic
      plasticity, and cognitive and motor function. This same progression is replicated
      in several mouse models of DS. Dp(16)1Yey/+ (hereafter called Dp16) is a recently
      developed mouse model of DS in which the entire region of mouse chromosome 16
      that is homologous to human chromosome 21 has been triplicated. As such, Dp16
      mice may more closely reproduce neurodevelopmental changes occurring in humans
      with DS. Here, we present the first comprehensive cellular and behavioral study
      of the Dp16 forebrain from embryonic to adult stages. Unexpectedly, our results
      demonstrate that Dp16 mice do not have prenatal brain defects previously reported
      in human fetal neocortex and in the developing forebrains of other mouse models,
      including microcephaly, reduced neurogenesis, and abnormal cell proliferation.
      Nevertheless, we found impairments in postnatal developmental milestones, fewer
      inhibitory forebrain neurons, and deficits in motor and cognitive performance in
      Dp16 mice. Therefore, although this new model does not express prenatal
      morphological phenotypes associated with DS, abnormalities in the postnatal
      period appear sufficient to produce significant cognitive deficits in Dp16.

PMID- 26961951
TI  - Feeding and Reward Are Differentially Induced by Activating GABAergic Lateral
      Hypothalamic Projections to VTA.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) has two motivational
      effects: long trains of stimulation induce drive-like effects such as eating, and
      short trains are rewarding. It has not been clear whether a single set of
      activated fibers subserves the two effects. Previous optogenetic stimulation
      studies have confirmed that reinforcement and induction of feeding can each be
      induced by selective stimulation of GABAergic fibers originating in the bed
      nucleus of the LH and projecting to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the
      present study we determined the optimal stimulation parameters for each of the
      two optogenetically induced effects in food-sated mice. Stimulation-induced
      eating was strongest with 5 Hz and progressively weaker with 10 and 20 Hz.
      Stimulation-induced reward was strongest with 40 Hz and progressively weaker with
      lower or higher frequencies. Mean preferred duration for continuous 40 Hz
      stimulation was 61.6 s in a "real-time" place preference task; mean preferred
      duration for 5 Hz stimulation was 45.6 s. The differential effects of high- and
      low-frequency stimulation of this pathway seem most likely to be due to
      differential effects on downstream targets.

PMID- 26961952
TI  - Pitch-Responsive Cortical Regions in Congenital Amusia.
AB  - Congenital amusia is a lifelong deficit in music perception thought to reflect an
      underlying impairment in the perception and memory of pitch. The neural basis of
      amusic impairments is actively debated. Some prior studies have suggested that
      amusia stems from impaired connectivity between auditory and frontal cortex.
      However, it remains possible that impairments in pitch coding within auditory
      cortex also contribute to the disorder, in part because prior studies have not
      measured responses from the cortical regions most implicated in pitch perception
      in normal individuals. We addressed this question by measuring fMRI responses in
      11 subjects with amusia and 11 age- and education-matched controls to a stimulus
      contrast that reliably identifies pitch-responsive regions in normal individuals:
      harmonic tones versus frequency-matched noise. Our findings demonstrate that
      amusic individuals with a substantial pitch perception deficit exhibit clusters
      of pitch-responsive voxels that are comparable in extent, selectivity, and
      anatomical location to those of control participants. We discuss possible
      explanations for why amusics might be impaired at perceiving pitch relations
      despite exhibiting normal fMRI responses to pitch in their auditory cortex: (1)
      individual neurons within the pitch-responsive region might exhibit abnormal
      tuning or temporal coding not detectable with fMRI, (2) anatomical tracts that
      link pitch-responsive regions to other brain areas (e.g., frontal cortex) might
      be altered, and (3) cortical regions outside of pitch-responsive cortex might be
      abnormal. The ability to identify pitch-responsive regions in individual amusic
      subjects will make it possible to ask more precise questions about their role in
      amusia in future work.

PMID- 26961950
TI  - Menthol Alone Upregulates Midbrain nAChRs, Alters nAChR Subtype Stoichiometry,
      Alters Dopamine Neuron Firing Frequency, and Prevents Nicotine Reward.
AB  - Upregulation of beta2 subunit-containing (beta2*) nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptors (nAChRs) is implicated in several aspects of nicotine addiction, and
      menthol cigarette smokers tend to upregulate beta2* nAChRs more than nonmenthol
      cigarette smokers. We investigated the effect of long-term menthol alone on
      midbrain neurons containing nAChRs. In midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons from
      mice containing fluorescent nAChR subunits, menthol alone increased the number of
      alpha4 and alpha6 nAChR subunits, but this upregulation did not occur in midbrain
      GABAergic neurons. Thus, chronic menthol produces a cell-type-selective
      upregulation of alpha4* nAChRs, complementing that of chronic nicotine alone,
      which upregulates alpha4 subunit-containing (alpha4*) nAChRs in GABAergic but not
      DA neurons. In mouse brain slices and cultured midbrain neurons, menthol reduced
      DA neuron firing frequency and altered DA neuron excitability following nAChR
      activation. Furthermore, menthol exposure before nicotine abolished nicotine
      reward-related behavior in mice. In neuroblastoma cells transfected with
      fluorescent nAChR subunits, exposure to 500 nm menthol alone also increased nAChR
      number and favored the formation of (alpha4)3(beta2)2 nAChRs; this contrasts with
      the action of nicotine itself, which favors (alpha4)2(beta2)3 nAChRs. Menthol
      alone also increases the number of alpha6beta2 receptors that exclude the beta3
      subunit. Thus, menthol stabilizes lower-sensitivity alpha4* and alpha6 subunit
      containing nAChRs, possibly by acting as a chemical chaperone. The abolition of
      nicotine reward-related behavior may be mediated through menthol's ability to
      stabilize lower-sensitivity nAChRs and alter DA neuron excitability. We conclude
      that menthol is more than a tobacco flavorant: administered alone chronically, it
      alters midbrain DA neurons of the nicotine reward-related pathway.

PMID- 26961954
TI  - Independence of Movement Preparation and Movement Initiation.
AB  - Initiating a movement in response to a visual stimulus takes significantly longer
      than might be expected on the basis of neural transmission delays, but it is
      unclear why. In a visually guided reaching task, we forced human participants to
      move at lower-than-normal reaction times to test whether normal reaction times
      are strictly necessary for accurate movement. We found that participants were, in
      fact, capable of moving accurately ~80 ms earlier than their reaction times would
      suggest. Reaction times thus include a seemingly unnecessary delay that accounts
      for approximately one-third of their duration. Close examination of participants'
      behavior in conventional reaction-time conditions revealed that they generated
      occasional, spontaneous errors in trials in which their reaction time was
      unusually short. The pattern of these errors could be well accounted for by a
      simple model in which the timing of movement initiation is independent of the
      timing of movement preparation. This independence provides an explanation for why
      reaction times are usually so sluggish: delaying the mean time of movement
      initiation relative to preparation reduces the risk that a movement will be
      initiated before it has been appropriately prepared. Our results suggest that
      preparation and initiation of movement are mechanistically independent and may
      have a distinct neural basis. The results also demonstrate that, even in strongly
      stimulus-driven tasks, presentation of a stimulus does not directly trigger a
      movement. Rather, the stimulus appears to trigger an internal decision whether to
      make a movement, reflecting a volitional rather than reactive mode of control.

PMID- 26961953
TI  - The Odorant Receptor-Dependent Role of Olfactory Marker Protein in Olfactory
      Receptor Neurons.
AB  - Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the nasal cavity detect and transduce
      odorants into action potentials to be conveyed to the olfactory bulb. Odorants
      are delivered to ORNs via the inhaled air at breathing frequencies that can vary
      from 2 to 10 Hz in the mouse. Thus olfactory transduction should occur at
      sufficient speed such that it can accommodate repetitive and frequent
      stimulation. Activation of odorant receptors (ORs) leads to adenylyl cyclase III
      activation, cAMP increase, and opening of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. This
      makes the kinetic regulation of cAMP one of the important determinants for the
      response time course. We addressed the dynamic regulation of cAMP during the
      odorant response and examined how basal levels of cAMP are controlled. The latter
      is particularly relevant as basal cAMP depends on the basal activity of the
      expressed OR and thus varies across ORNs. We found that olfactory marker protein
      (OMP), a protein expressed in mature ORNs, controls both basal and odorant
      induced cAMP levels in an OR-dependent manner. Lack of OMP increases basal cAMP,
      thus abolishing differences in basal cAMP levels between ORNs expressing
      different ORs. Moreover, OMP speeds up signal transduction for ORNs to better
      synchronize their output with high-frequency stimulation and to perceive brief
      stimuli. Last, OMP also steepens the dose-response relation to improve
      concentration coding although at the cost of losing responses to weak stimuli. We
      conclude that OMP plays a key regulatory role in ORN physiology by controlling
      multiple facets of the odorant response.

PMID- 26961955
TI  - Optogenetic Activation of Septal Glutamatergic Neurons Drive Hippocampal Theta
      Rhythms.
AB  - The medial septum and diagonal band of Broca (MS-DBB) has an essential role for
      theta rhythm generation in the hippocampus and is critical for learning and
      memory. The MS-DBB contains cholinergic, GABAergic, and recently described
      glutamatergic neurons, but their specific contribution to theta generation is
      poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of MS-DBB glutamatergic neurons in
      theta rhythm using optogenetic activation and electrophysiological recordings
      performed in in vitro preparations and in freely behaving mice. The experiments
      in slices suggest that MS-DBB glutamatergic neurons provide prominent excitatory
      inputs to a majority of local GABAergic and a minority of septal cholinergic
      neurons. In contrast, activation of MS-DBB glutamatergic fiber terminals in
      hippocampal slices elicited weak postsynaptic responses in hippocampal neurons.
      In the in vitro septo-hippocampal preparation, activation of MS-DBB glutamatergic
      neurons did increase the rhythmicity of hippocampal theta oscillations, whereas
      stimulation of septo-hippocampal glutamatergic fibers in the fornix did not have
      an effect. In freely behaving mice, activation of these neurons in the MS-DBB
      strongly synchronized hippocampal theta rhythms over a wide range of frequencies,
      whereas activation of their projections to the hippocampus through fornix
      stimulations had no effect on theta rhythms, suggesting that MS-DBB glutamatergic
      neurons played a role in theta generation through local modulation of septal
      neurons. Together, these results provide the first evidence that MS-DBB
      glutamatergic neurons modulate local septal circuits, which in turn contribute to
      theta rhythms in the hippocampus.

PMID- 26961957
TI  - Representation of Functional Category in the Monkey Prefrontal Cortex and Its
      Rule-Dependent Use for Behavioral Selection.
AB  - Humans, monkeys, and other animals are considered to have the cognitive ability
      to use functional categories--that is, stimulus groups based on functional
      equivalence independent of physical properties. To investigate the underlying
      neural mechanisms of the use of functional categories, we recorded single-unit
      activity in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys performing a behavioral task in
      which the rule-dependent usage of functional category was needed to select an
      appropriate response. We found a neural correlate of functional categories on the
      single-neuron level and found that category information is coded independently of
      other task-relevant information such as rule and contingency information.
      Analysis of the time course of the information activation suggested that
      contingency information used for action selection is derived by integrating
      incoming category information with rule information maintained throughout a
      session. Such neural computation can be considered as the neural background of
      flexible behavioral control based on category and rule.

PMID- 26961956
TI  - The Activators of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 p35 and p39 Are Essential for
      Oligodendrocyte Maturation, Process Formation, and Myelination.
AB  - The regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation in the CNS is
      poorly defined. Multiple signals influence the rate and extent of CNS
      myelination, including the noncanonical cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) whose
      functions are regulated by its activators p35 and p39. Here we show that
      selective loss of either p35 or p39 perturbed specific aspects of oligodendrocyte
      development, whereas loss of both p35 and p39 completely inhibited the
      development of mature oligodendrocytes and myelination. In the absence of p35,
      oligodendrocyte differentiation was delayed, process outgrowth was truncated in
      vitro, and the patterning and extent of myelination were perturbed in the CNS of
      p35(-/-) mice. In the absence of p39, oligodendrocyte maturation was transiently
      affected both in vitro and in vivo. However, loss of both p35 and p39 in
      oligodendrocyte lineage cells completely inhibited oligodendrocyte progenitor
      cell differentiation and myelination both in vitro and after transplantation into
      shiverer slice cultures. Loss of p35 and p39 had a more profound effect on
      oligodendrocyte development than simply the loss of Cdk5 and could not be rescued
      by Cdk5 overexpression. These data suggest p35 and p39 have specific and
      overlapping roles in oligodendrocyte development, some of which may be
      independent of Cdk5 activation.

PMID- 26961959
TI  - Age-Related Changes in D-Aspartate Oxidase Promoter Methylation Control
      Extracellular D-Aspartate Levels and Prevent Precocious Cell Death during Brain
      Aging.
AB  - The endogenous NMDA receptor (NMDAR) agonist D-aspartate occurs transiently in
      the mammalian brain because it is abundant during embryonic and perinatal phases
      before drastically decreasing during adulthood. It is well established that
      postnatal reduction of cerebral D-aspartate levels is due to the concomitant
      onset of D-aspartate oxidase (DDO) activity, a flavoenzyme that selectively
      degrades bicarboxylic D-amino acids. In the present work, we show that d
      aspartate content in the mouse brain drastically decreases after birth, whereas
      Ddo mRNA levels concomitantly increase. Interestingly, postnatal Ddo gene
      expression is paralleled by progressive demethylation within its putative
      promoter region. Consistent with an epigenetic control on Ddo expression,
      treatment with the DNA-demethylating agent, azacitidine, causes increased mRNA
      levels in embryonic cortical neurons. To indirectly evaluate the effect of a
      putative persistent Ddo gene hypermethylation in the brain, we used Ddo knock-out
      mice (Ddo(-/-)), which show constitutively suppressed Ddo expression. In these
      mice, we found for the first time substantially increased extracellular content
      of d-aspartate in the brain. In line with detrimental effects produced by NMDAR
      overstimulation, persistent elevation of D-aspartate levels in Ddo(-/-) brains is
      associated with appearance of dystrophic microglia, precocious caspase-3
      activation, and cell death in cortical pyramidal neurons and dopaminergic neurons
      of the substantia nigra pars compacta. This evidence, along with the early
      accumulation of lipufuscin granules in Ddo(-/-) brains, highlights an unexpected
      importance of Ddo demethylation in preventing neurodegenerative processes
      produced by nonphysiological extracellular levels of free D-aspartate.

PMID- 26961958
TI  - Ghrelin-AMPK Signaling Mediates the Neuroprotective Effects of Calorie
      Restriction in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Calorie restriction (CR) is neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease (PD) although
      the mechanisms are unknown. In this study we hypothesized that elevated ghrelin,
      a gut hormone with neuroprotective properties, during CR prevents
      neurodegeneration in an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model
      of PD. CR attenuated the MPTP-induced loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopamine
      neurons and striatal dopamine turnover in ghrelin WT but not KO mice,
      demonstrating that ghrelin mediates CR's neuroprotective effect. CR elevated
      phosphorylated AMPK and ACC levels in the striatum of WT but not KO mice
      suggesting that AMPK is a target for ghrelin-induced neuroprotection. Indeed,
      exogenous ghrelin significantly increased pAMPK in the SN. Genetic deletion of
      AMPKbeta1 and 2 subunits only in dopamine neurons prevented ghrelin-induced AMPK
      phosphorylation and neuroprotection. Hence, ghrelin signaling through AMPK in SN
      dopamine neurons mediates CR's neuroprotective effects. We consider targeting
      AMPK in dopamine neurons may recapitulate neuroprotective effects of CR without
      requiring dietary intervention.

PMID- 26961961
TI  - Attention Strongly Modulates Reliability of Neural Responses to Naturalistic
      Narrative Stimuli.
AB  - Attentional engagement is a major determinant of how effectively we gather
      information through our senses. Alongside the sheer growth in the amount and
      variety of information content that we are presented with through modern media,
      there is increased variability in the degree to which we "absorb" that
      information. Traditional research on attention has illuminated the basic
      principles of sensory selection to isolated features or locations, but it
      provides little insight into the neural underpinnings of our attentional
      engagement with modern naturalistic content. Here, we show in human subjects that
      the reliability of an individual's neural responses with respect to a larger
      group provides a highly robust index of the level of attentional engagement with
      a naturalistic narrative stimulus. Specifically, fast electroencephalographic
      evoked responses were more strongly correlated across subjects when naturally
      attending to auditory or audiovisual narratives than when attention was directed
      inward to a mental arithmetic task during stimulus presentation. This effect was
      strongest for audiovisual stimuli with a cohesive narrative and greatly reduced
      for speech stimuli lacking meaning. For compelling audiovisual narratives, the
      effect is remarkably strong, allowing perfect discrimination between attentional
      state across individuals. Control experiments rule out possible confounds related
      to altered eye movement trajectories or order of presentation. We conclude that
      reliability of evoked activity reproduced across subjects viewing the same movie
      is highly sensitive to the attentional state of the viewer and listener, which is
      aided by a cohesive narrative.

PMID- 26961962
TI  - Continuous variable quantum optical simulation for time evolution of quantum
      harmonic oscillators.
AB  - Quantum simulation enables one to mimic the evolution of other quantum systems
      using a controllable quantum system. Quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) is one of
      the most important model systems in quantum physics. To observe the transient
      dynamics of a QHO with high oscillation frequency directly is difficult. We
      experimentally simulate the transient behaviors of QHO in an open system during
      time evolution with an optical mode and a logical operation system of continuous
      variable quantum computation. The time evolution of an atomic ensemble in the
      collective spontaneous emission is analytically simulated by mapping the atomic
      ensemble onto a QHO. The measured fidelity, which is used for quantifying the
      quality of the simulation, is higher than its classical limit. The presented
      simulation scheme provides a new tool for studying the dynamic behaviors of QHO. 

PMID- 26961960
TI  - Cyclic AMP and Polyamines Overcome Inhibition by Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein
      through eIF5A-Mediated Increases in p35 Expression and Activation of Cdk5.
AB  - Inhibitory molecules associated with CNS myelin, such as myelin-associated
      glycoprotein (MAG), represent major obstacles to axonal regeneration following
      CNS injury. Our laboratory has shown that elevating levels of intracellular cAMP,
      via application of the nonhydrolyzable analog dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), can block
      the inhibitory effects of MAG and myelin. We have also shown that elevation of
      cAMP results in upregulation of arginase I and increased polyamine synthesis.
      Treatment with putrescine or spermidine blocks myelin-mediated inhibition of
      neurite outgrowth, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not yet been
      elucidated. Here we show that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is required for
      dbcAMP and putrescine to overcome MAG-mediated inhibition. The ability of dbcAMP
      and putrescine to overcome inhibition by MAG is abolished in the presence of
      roscovitine, a Cdk inhibitor that has greater selectivity for Cdk5, and
      expression of dominant negative Cdk5 abolishes the ability of dbcAMP or
      putrescine to enhance neurite outgrowth in the presence of MAG. Importantly,
      dbcAMP and putrescine increase expression of p35, the neuron-specific activator
      of Cdk5, and rat DRG neurons transduced with HSV overexpressing p35 can overcome
      inhibition by MAG. The upregulation of p35 by putrescine is also reflected in
      increased localization of p35 to neurites and growth cones. Last, we show that
      putrescine upregulates p35 expression by serving as a substrate for hypusine
      modification of eIF5A, and that this hypusination is necessary for putrescine's
      ability to overcome inhibition by MAG. Our findings reveal a previously unknown
      mechanism by which polyamines may encourage regeneration after CNS injury.

PMID- 26961963
TI  - Recovery benefits of the "therapeutic alliance" among 12-step mutual-help
      organization attendees and their sponsors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The "therapeutic alliance" between clinicians and patients has been
      associated with treatment response and outcomes in professionally-delivered
      psychotherapies. Although 12-step mutual help organizations (MHOs), such as
      Alcoholics Anonymous, are the most commonly sought source of support for
      individuals with substance use disorder (SUD), little is known about whether a
      stronger alliance in comparable MHO relationships between 12-step sponsors and
      those they help ("sponsees") confers benefits similar to those observed in
      professional contexts. Greater knowledge could inform clinical recommendations
      and enhance models that explain how individuals benefit from 12-step MHOs.
      METHOD: Young adults (N=302) enrolled in a prospective, clinical effectiveness
      study of residential SUD treatment were assessed at treatment entry, and 3, 6,
      and 12 months after discharge on whether they had a sponsor, contact with a
      sponsor, and degree of sponsor alliance. Hierarchical linear models (HLM) tested
      their effects on 12-step MHO attendance, involvement, and percent days abstinent
      (PDA). RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds of the sample (n=208, 68.87%) reported
      having a sponsor at one or more follow-up time points. Both having sponsor
      contact and stronger sponsor alliance were significantly associated with greater
      12-step participation and abstinence, on average, during follow-up. Interaction
      results revealed that more sponsor contact was associated with increasingly
      higher 12-step participation whereas stronger sponsor alliance was associated
      with increasingly greater abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to the professional
      clinical realm, the "therapeutic alliance" among sponsees and their sponsors
      predicts better substance use outcomes and may help augment explanatory models
      estimating effects of MHOs in SUD recovery.

PMID- 26961965
TI  - Predicting missing links and identifying spurious links via likelihood analysis.
AB  - Real network data is often incomplete and noisy, where link prediction algorithms
      and spurious link identification algorithms can be applied. Thus far, it lacks a
      general method to transform network organizing mechanisms to link prediction
      algorithms. Here we use an algorithmic framework where a network's probability is
      calculated according to a predefined structural Hamiltonian that takes into
      account the network organizing principles, and a non-observed link is scored by
      the conditional probability of adding the link to the observed network. Extensive
      numerical simulations show that the proposed algorithm has remarkably higher
      accuracy than the state-of-the-art methods in uncovering missing links and
      identifying spurious links in many complex biological and social networks. Such
      method also finds applications in exploring the underlying network evolutionary
      mechanisms. 

PMID- 26961964
TI  - Effects of yohimbine and drug cues on impulsivity and attention in cocaine
      dependent men and women and sex-matched controls.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deficits in executive function have been associated with risk for
      relapse. Data from previous studies suggest that relapse may be triggered by
      stress and drug-paired cues and that there are significant sex differences in the
      magnitude of these responses. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of
      the pharmacological stressor and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine
      and cocaine cues on executive function in cocaine-dependent men and women.
      METHODS: In a double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study, cocaine-dependent
      men (n=12), cocaine-dependent women (n=27), control men (n=31) and control women
      (n=25) received either yohimbine or placebo prior to two cocaine cue exposure
      sessions. Participants performed the Connors' Continuous Performance Test II
      prior to medication/placebo administration and immediately after each cue
      exposure session RESULTS: Healthy controls had a significant increase in
      commission errors under the yohimbine condition [RR (95% CI)=1.1 (1.0-1.3),
      chi(2)1=2.0, p=0.050]. Cocaine-dependent individuals exhibited a significant
      decrease in omission errors under the yohimbine condition [RR (95% CI)=0.6 (0.4
      0.8), chi(2)1=8.6, p=0.003]. Cocaine-dependent women had more omission errors as
      compared to cocaine-dependent men regardless of treatment [RR (95% CI)=7.2 (3.6
      14.7), chi(2)1=30.1, p<0.001]. Cocaine-dependent women exhibited a slower hit
      reaction time as compared to cocaine-dependent men [Female 354 +/- 13 vs. Male
      415 +/- 14; t89=2.6, p=0.012]. CONCLUSIONS: These data add to a growing
      literature demonstrating significant sex differences in behaviors associated with
      relapse in cocaine-dependent individuals.

PMID- 26961966
TI  - Pontibacter mucosus sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated
      pond sediment.
AB  - A halotolerant, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and light-pink-pigmented
      bacterial strain, PB3T, was isolated from a pond sediment near a
      hexachlorocyclohexane-producing factory, located at Chinhat, Lucknow, India.
      Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PB3T
      formed a distinct phyletic clade along with the members of the genus Pontibacter.
      The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other members of the genus Pontibacter
      ranged from 94.5 to 98.9 %. The cells were motile, aerobic, and catalase- and
      oxidase-positive. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3-OH, iso-C17:0
      3-OH, C16:1omega5c, summed feature 3 (C16:1omega6c/C16:1omega7c) and summed
      feature 4 (iso-C17:1I/ anteiso-C17:1 B). The polar lipid profile of strain PB3T
      showed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified
      aminophospholipid, unknown aminolipids and other unknown polar lipids. DNA-DNA
      hybridization based homology of strain PB3T with respect to its most closely
      related species, Pontibacter chinhatensis LP51T, was 44.7 %. The DNA G+C content
      was 53.5 mol%. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that the isolate
      belongs to the genus Pontibacter and represents a novel species, for which the
      name Pontibacter mucosus is proposed. The type strain is PB3T (=DSM 100162T=KCTC
      42942T). 

PMID- 26961967
TI  - Rationally rewiring the connectivity of the XylR/Pu regulatory node of the m
      xylene degradation pathway in Pseudomonas putida.
AB  - The XylR/Pu regulatory node of the m-xylene biodegradation pathway of Pseudomonas
      putida mt-2 is one of the most intricate cases of processing internal and
      external cues into a single controlling element. Despite this complexity, the
      performance of the regulatory system is determined in vivo only by the occupation
      of Pu by m-xylene-activated XylR and sigma(54)-RNAP. The stoichiometry between
      these three elements defines natural system boundaries that outline a specific
      functional space. This space can be expanded artificially following different
      strategies that involve either the increase of XylR or sigma(54) or both elements
      at the same time (each using a different inducer). In this work we have designed
      a new regulatory architecture that drives the system to reach a maximum
      performance in response to one single input. To this end, we first explored using
      a simple mathematical model whether the output of the XylR/Pu node could be
      amended by simultaneously increasing sigma(54) and XylR in response to only
      natural inducers. The exacerbation of Pu activity in vivo was tested in strains
      bearing synthetic transposons encoding xylR and rpoN (the sigma(54) coding gene)
      controlled also by Pu, thereby generating a P. putida strain with the XylR/Pu
      output controlled by two intertwined feed forward loops (FFLs). The lack of a
      negative feedback loop in the expression node enables Pu activity to reach its
      physiological maximum in response to a single input. Only competition for cell
      resources might ultimately check the upper activity limit of such a rewired m
      xylene sensing device. 

PMID- 26961968
TI  - A Comparative Study on Dissolution Enhancement of Acetaminophen by Cooling, Anti
      solvent, and Solvent Evaporation Crystallization.
AB  - The aim of this study was to prepare APAP crystals by cooling, anti-solvent, and
      solvent evaporation crystallization to enhance its dissolution rate and to make
      comparisons of the three methods. Agitating speeds and types were regarded as
      factors affecting crystallization procedure. Samples were made with different
      ratios of PEG4000. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning
      electron microscopy. Dissolution tests were conducted to assess their dissolution
      property. The proportions of carriers existing in crystals by cooling and anti
      solvent crystallization ranged from 1.3 to 5.1%. Mean dissolution time (MDT) of
      samples by the two methods was about 3 min, which was 17.2 min for untreated
      APAP. Addition of too much PEG4000 in solvent evaporation crystallization could
      decrease dissolution rate of APAP. Samples agitated by a rotor with speed of 100,
      500, and 1000 rpm dissolved faster than those by a high shear mixer with speed of
      3400 and 5000 rpm or by a glass rod. Agitating speed and type could affect
      particle size and drug dissolution. Dissolution enhancement of APAP might be
      attributed to decrease of fine particles and increase of particle wettability.

PMID- 26961969
TI  - Chronotherapeutically Modulated Pulsatile System of Valsartan Nanocrystals-an In
      Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.
AB  - The objective was to improve the dissolution of valsartan by developing valsartan
      nanocrystals and design a pulsed release system for the chronotherapy of
      hypertension. Valsartan nanocrystals were prepared by sonication-anti-solvent
      precipitation method and lyophilized to obtain dry powder. Nanocrystals were
      directly compressed to minitablets and coated to achieve pulsatile valsartan
      release. Pharmacokinetic profiles of optimized and commercial formulations were
      compared in rabbit model. The mean particle size and PDI of the optimized
      nanocrystal batch V4 was reported as 211 nm and 0.117, respectively. DSC and PXRD
      analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of valsartan in nanocrystals. The
      dissolution extent of valsartan was markedly enhanced with both nanocrystals and
      minitablets as compared to pure valsartan irrespective of pH of the medium. Core
      minitablet V4F containing 5% w/w polyplasdone XL showed quickest release of
      valsartan, over 90% within 15 min. Coated formulation CV4F showed two spikes in
      release profile after successive lag times of 235 and 390 min. The
      pharmacokinetic study revealed that the bioavailability of optimized formulation
      (72.90%) was significantly higher than the commercial Diovan tablet (30.18%). The
      accelerated stability studies showed no significant changes in physicochemical
      properties, release behavior, and bioavialability of CV4F formulation. The
      formulation was successfully designed to achieve enhanced bioavailability and
      dual pulsatile release. Bedtime dosing will more efficiently control the
      circadian spikes of hypertension in the morning.

PMID- 26961970
TI  - A nanofiber assembly directed by the non-classical antiparallel beta-structure
      from 4S-(OH) proline polypeptide.
AB  - The antiparallel arrangement of two strands of the non-classical beta-structure,
      formed exclusively via cis-4S-(OH) prolyl polypeptide as established by FRET,
      propagates into self-assembled nanofibers upon conjugation with C12/C14/C16
      hydrocarbon chains. 

PMID- 26961971
TI  - The Use of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in EGFR Wild-Type Non-Small-Cell Lung
      Cancer.
AB  - The objective response rate and progression-free survival observed with epidermal
      growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) in patients with
      metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) are modest. The adverse events associated with EGFR TKIs are
      manageable but they must be considered in the context of the limited efficacy.
      The development of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy as second-line therapy has reduced the
      role of EGFR TKIs in EGFR wild-type NSCLC. Recently, there has been increased
      recognition of the benefit of the earlier integration of palliative care and
      symptom management, and this is reasonable alternative to treatment with an EGFR
      TKI for many patients. My practice pattern for patients with EGFR wild-type NSCLC
      is platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy, immunotherapy as second
      line therapy, and single-agent chemotherapy as third-line therapy for patients
      with preserved performance status who want to pursue further therapy. Only a
      small proportion of patients are eligible for fourth-line therapy, and I prefer
      to enroll them in clinical trials rather than use EGFR TKIs. I suspect that the
      use of EGFR TKIs in clinical use and as a comparator arm for clinical trials will
      continue to decline over the next several years.

PMID- 26961972
TI  - Development of the Italian version of the modified Japanese orthopaedic
      association score (mJOA-IT): cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, validity and
      responsiveness.
AB  - PURPOSE: The modified Japanese orthopaedic association scale (mJOA) is considered
      one of the most appropriate outcome measures for the assessment of cervical
      spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Moreover, mJOA has been recognised among the key
      predictors of surgical outcome at a global level. To apply the mJOA successfully
      at an international level, it should be translated and culturally adapted in the
      native language of the investigators using this scale. A translated version of
      the mJOA or any other functional scale has never been studied within an Italian
      population affected by CSM. The aim of this study has been to describe
      translation, cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Italian
      version of the mJOA (mJOA-IT). METHODS: The mJOA-IT was developed following a
      forward-backward translation procedure. Psychometric properties were assessed on
      a cohort of patients with CSM undergone anterior or posterior decompression
      associated with stabilisation in lordosis. RESULTS: The mJOA-IT proved to be a
      reliable outcome measure for CSM (internal consistency 0.60, test-retest
      stability 0.910, P < 0.001, inter-observer reliability 0.80, P < 0.001). The mJOA
      IT was associated with the Nurick scale (r = -0.615) while it was not associated
      with NDI, SF-36 and SF-36 components. The mJOA-IT was also responsive (d =
      0.867). CONCLUSIONS: The mJOA-IT proved to be a reliable and valid tool to assess
      patients affected by CSM. This form is recommended to be used for clinical and
      research purposes in Italy, to promote the global standardisation of assessment
      tools and to compare studies on CSM worldwide.

PMID- 26961974
TI  - Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) patient systems have been shown
      to improve diabetes self-treatment when used consistently. The meaningful
      integration of this technology into everyday life, however, can vary greatly
      among CGM users and not all people with diabetes use CGM to its full potential.
      To address this issue, the study pursued 2 aims: first, to identify patient
      characteristics that underlie the acceptance of CGM in people with type 1
      diabetes and, second, to examine the effects of different levels of experience
      with CGM use. METHODS: Guided by a model based on the technology acceptance model
      (TAM), structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to model the patient
      characteristics as predictors of CGM acceptance. In all, 111 participants (60.4%
      female, mean = 37.6 years, SD = 11.2) participated in a web-based survey; 40 were
      current CGM users, 18 were former users and 53 had no experience with CGM
      systems. RESULTS: In general, participants evaluated CGM positively; however, the
      feeling of information overload represented a major barrier to the sustained use
      of CGM, while perceptions of usefulness and ease of use constituted incentives
      for using this technology. Moreover, patients without CGM experience imagined
      more information overload than current users reported. Current users showed more
      intention to use CGM than former users. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the
      importance of CGM user experience for the effective use of this technology.

PMID- 26961973
TI  - Expression of complement and toll-like receptor pathway genes is associated with
      malaria severity in Mali: a pilot case control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The host response to infection by Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite
      most often responsible for severe malaria, ranges from asymptomatic parasitaemia
      to death. The clinical trajectory of malaria is influenced by host genetics and
      parasite load, but the factors determining why some infections produce
      uncomplicated malaria and some proceed to severe disease remain incompletely
      understood. METHODS: To identify molecular markers of severe falciparum malaria,
      human gene expression patterns were compared between children aged 6 months to 5
      years with severe and uncomplicated malaria who were enrolled in a case-control
      study in Bandiagara, Mali. Microarrays were used to obtain expression data on
      severe cases and uncomplicated controls at the time of acute disease presentation
      (five uncomplicated and five severe), 1 week after presentation (three
      uncomplicated and three severe) and treatment initiation, and in the subsequent
      dry season (late convalescence, four uncomplicated and four severe). This is a
      pilot study for the first use of microarray technology in Mali. RESULTS:
      Complement and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways were differentially expressed,
      with severe cases showing higher expression of the C1q, TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, and CR1
      genes. Other genes previously associated with malaria pathogenesis, GZMB, FOS and
      HSPA6, were also higher among severe cases. TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, CR1, GZMB, FOS, and
      HSPA6 genes were expressed at lower levels in severe cases at late convalescence.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of genes previously associated with uncomplicated
      malaria was associated with severe disease. Low baseline expression of these
      genes may represent candidate markers for severe malaria. Despite the small
      sample size, results of this pilot study offer promising targets for follow-up
      analyses.

PMID- 26961975
TI  - Recurrent Endocrine Cycles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The chaotic nature of blood glucose creates a formidable clinical
      challenge for diabetes healthcare. The recent discovery of recurrent endocrine
      cycles offers the advantage of advanced-prediction (proactive) health care.
      METHODS: Historical studies covering 111 patients and 1 subject collected several
      months of glucose readings and their daily metrics. Phase portraits and phase
      analytics can detect recurrent metric cycles and test their ability to anticipate
      serious glycemic conditions. RESULTS: Recurrent patterns were detected having a
      rate of ~7 days per complete cycle. Plots and risk models based on these cycles
      produced advanced alerts for acute glycemia, capturing greater than 96% of true
      positive days with a 5% false-positive rate. CONCLUSIONS: This method can be
      implemented graphically and functionally within a BG monitoring system to warn
      doctors and patients of impending serious glycemic levels.

PMID- 26961976
TI  - Salivary Glucose as a Diagnostic Marker for Diabetes Mellitus.

PMID- 26961977
TI  - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in a Patient With Type 1 Diabetes and Depression.

PMID- 26961979
TI  - Corrigendum: Lovastatin blocks Kv1.3 channel in human T cells: a new mechanism to
      explain its immunomodulatory properties.

PMID- 26961978
TI  - Family Communication and Cascade Testing for Fragile X Syndrome.
AB  - A total of 679 families who had at least one child with fragile X syndrome (FXS)
      were recruited from a research registry to participate in a survey examining
      cascade testing and communication about FXS. Families had a total of 1117
      children (804 males, 313 females). Most families (84 %) had tested all of their
      children. The main reason for not testing, which did not differ by gender or age
      of the child, was that the child did not show signs of FXS (68 %). Families
      talked with their children about FXS occasionally (47 %) although 16 % said they
      do not talk about it. Most families (66 %) had told their children their FXS
      status, with males and those with the premutation being less likely to be told
      test results. Of those that did not, 46 % said that they would tell their child
      when they were old enough to understand, whereas 34 % had either decided they
      would not tell or were not sure if or when they were going to tell. About a
      quarter of respondents (28 %) indicated that no extended family members had been
      tested, with income and communication about FXS being the strongest predictors.
      Results from this large scale survey provide important data on how families
      communicate about FXS and reasons testing is or is not sought. This information
      can be used by genetic counsellors in providing follow-up to families after a FXS
      diagnosis.

PMID- 26961980
TI  - Novel insights into renal D-amino acid oxidase accumulation: propiverine changes
      DAAO localization and peroxisomal size in vivo.
AB  - Chronic exposure to propiverine, a frequently prescribed pharmaceutical for
      treatment of overactive bladder and incontinence, provokes massive protein
      accumulation in the cytosol and nucleus of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells
      in rats. Previously, the accumulating protein was identified as D-amino acid
      oxidase (DAAO), a peroxisomal flavoenzyme expressed in kidney, liver and brain.
      The cellular mechanism of propiverine-induced DAAO accumulation, however, remains
      unexplained and poorly characterized. Therefore, to further increase the
      understanding of DAAO accumulation in rat kidney, this study aimed to
      characterize DAAO accumulations using differential immunofluorescent staining of
      rat kidney sections as well as in vitro binding analyses and proteasomal activity
      studies. We demonstrated that propiverine is neither a ligand of DAAO nor an
      inhibitor of the proteasome in vitro. However, propiverine treatment resulted in
      a significant decrease of peroxisomal size in rat proximal tubule epithelial
      cells. Moreover, peroxisomal catalase also accumulated in the cytosol and nuclei
      of propiverine-treated rats concurrently with DAAO. Taken together, our study
      indicates that propiverine treatment affects the trafficking and/or degradation
      of peroxisomal proteins such as DAAO and catalase by a so far unique and unknown
      mechanism.

PMID- 26961981
TI  - [The Competence Network Parkinson (CNP)].
AB  - The Competence Network Parkinson (CNP) is a research infrastructure for disease
      oriented translational and clinical research in the field of Parkinson syndromes
      (PS). It was initiated in 1999 and funded until 2008 by the German Ministry for
      Education and Research (BMBF). The CNP created a highly frequented website with
      information on PS for the general public and for experts. The CNP designed and
      established one of the first electronic internet-based data entry systems
      (secuTrial(r)) - fulfilling the legal standards of data safety and security - a
      material bank for genetic research on Parkinson's disease (PD), implemented and
      investigated new methods for early diagnosis of PD and related atypical PS
      including in vivo dopamine transporter imaging (DAT SPECT), established the
      German Parkinson Study Group (GPS-Pharma) with 40 certified trial centres for
      pharmacotherapeutical trials and the German interdisciplinary Parkinson Study
      Group (neurology and neurosurgery) for deep brain stimulation (GPS-DBS), and
      carried out several pharmacoeconomic and health care studies on PD in Germany.
      Sustainability of the infrastructure CNP has in part been achieved in form of the
      GPS-Pharma and the GPS-DBS, as well as in the German Study Group on REM Sleep
      Behaviour Disorder (RBD), a prodromal phase of PD. Part of the CNP activities,
      such as genetic research and research on cohorts of PD patients, have been
      incorporated into the German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE).
      Furthermore, topics such as health care research are funded within projects of
      the EU research program. The article describes problems in setting up a
      competence network from scratch and contains recommendations how to avoid them in
      the future. 

PMID- 26961982
TI  - Localization of Diagnostically Relevant Regions of Interest in Whole Slide
      Images: a Comparative Study.
AB  - Whole slide digital imaging technology enables researchers to study pathologists'
      interpretive behavior as they view digital slides and gain new understanding of
      the diagnostic medical decision-making process. In this study, we propose a
      simple yet important analysis to extract diagnostically relevant regions of
      interest (ROIs) from tracking records using only pathologists' actions as they
      viewed biopsy specimens in the whole slide digital imaging format (zooming,
      panning, and fixating). We use these extracted regions in a visual bag-of-words
      model based on color and texture features to predict diagnostically relevant ROIs
      on whole slide images. Using a logistic regression classifier in a cross
      validation setting on 240 digital breast biopsy slides and viewport tracking logs
      of three expert pathologists, we produce probability maps that show 74 % overlap
      with the actual regions at which pathologists looked. We compare different bag-of
      words models by changing dictionary size, visual word definition (patches vs.
      superpixels), and training data (automatically extracted ROIs vs. manually marked
      ROIs). This study is a first step in understanding the scanning behaviors of
      pathologists and the underlying reasons for diagnostic errors.

PMID- 26961983
TI  - Automated Lung Segmentation from HRCT Scans with Diffuse Parenchymal Lung
      Diseases.
AB  - Performing accurate and fully automated lung segmentation of high-resolution
      computed tomography (HRCT) images affected by dense abnormalities is a
      challenging problem. This paper presents a novel algorithm for automated
      segmentation of lungs based on modified convex hull algorithm and mathematical
      morphology techniques. Sixty randomly selected lung HRCT scans with different
      abnormalities are used to test the proposed algorithm, and experimental results
      show that the proposed approach can accurately segment the lungs even in the
      presence of disease patterns, with some limitations in the apices and bases of
      lungs. The algorithm demonstrates a high segmentation accuracy (dice similarity
      coefficient = 98.62 and shape differentiation metrics dmean = 1.39 mm, and drms =
      2.76 mm). Therefore, the developed automated lung segmentation algorithm is a
      good candidate for the first stage of a computer-aided diagnosis system for
      diffuse lung diseases.

PMID- 26961984
TI  - Large-scale mutational analysis in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes for Japanese patients
      with multiple osteochondromas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple osteochondroma (MO) is an autosomal dominant skeletal
      disorder characterized by the formation of multiple osteochondromas, and
      exostosin-1 (EXT1) and exostosin-2 (EXT2) are major causative genes in MO. In
      this study, we evaluated the genetic backgrounds and mutational patterns in
      Japanese families with MO. RESULTS: We evaluated 112 patients in 71 families with
      MO. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes. The exons and
      exon/intron junctions of EXT1 and EXT2 were directly sequenced after PCR
      amplification. Fifty-two mutations in 47 families with MO in either EXT1 or EXT2,
      and 42.3% (22/52) of mutations were novel mutations. Twenty-nine families (40.8%)
      had mutations in EXT1, and 15 families (21.1%) had mutations in EXT2.
      Interestingly, three families (4.2%) had mutations in both EXT1 and EXT2. Twenty
      four families (33.8%) did not exhibit mutations in either EXT1 or EXT2. With
      regard to the types of mutations identified, 59.6% of mutations were inactivating
      mutations, and 38.5% of mutations were missense mutations. CONCLUSIONS: We found
      that the prevalence of EXT1 mutations was greater than that of EXT2 mutations in
      Japanese MO families. Additionally, we identified 22 novel EXT1 and EXT2
      mutations in this Japanese MO cohort. This study represents the variety of
      genotype in MO.

PMID- 26961985
TI  - Commentary on: Evaluation of Facial Volume Changes after Rejuvenation Surgery
      Using a 3-Dimensional Camera.

PMID- 26961986
TI  - Commentary on: Double-Blind Comparison of Ultrasonic and Conventional Osteotomy
      in Terms of Early Postoperative Edema and Ecchymosis.

PMID- 26961987
TI  - Nine-Year Core Study Data for Sientra's FDA-Approved Round and Shaped Implants
      with High-Strength Cohesive Silicone Gel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since approval in March 2012, data on Sientra's (Santa Barbara, CA)
      silicone gel implants have been updated and published regularly to provide
      immediate visibility to the continued safety and performance of these devices.
      The 9 year follow-up data support the previously published data confirming the
      ongoing safety and efficacy of Sientra silicone gel breast implants. OBJECTIVES:
      The authors provide updated 9 year study data for Sientra's round and shaped
      silicone gel breast implants. METHODS: The Core Study is an ongoing 10 year study
      that enrolled 1788 patients with 3506 Sientra implants across four indications
      (primary augmentation, revision-augmentation, primary reconstruction, and
      revision-reconstruction). For the safety analysis, Kaplan-Meier risk rates were
      calculated to evaluate postoperative complications, including all breast implant
      related adverse effects. For the effectiveness analyses, results were presented
      through 8 years as patient satisfaction scores were assessed at even years.
      RESULTS: Through 9 years, the overall risk of capsular contracture was 12.6%.
      Smooth devices (16.6%, 95% CI, 14.2%, 19.5%) had a statistically significantly
      higher rate of capsular contracture compared to textured devices (8.0%, 95% CI,
      6.2%, 10.4%). Out of the 610 reoperations in 477 patients, over half of all
      reoperations were due to cosmetic reasons (n = 315; 51.6%). Patient satisfaction
      remains high through 8 years, with 90% of primary augmentation patients
      indicating their breast implants look natural and feel soft. CONCLUSIONS: The 9
      year follow-up data from the ongoing Core Study of the Sientra portfolio of HSC
      and HSC+ silicone gel breast implants reaffirm the very strong safety profile as
      well as continued patient satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Therapeutic.

PMID- 26961988
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Novel Oral Anticoagulants vs Low Molecular Weight Heparin
      for Thromboprophylaxis in Large-Volume Liposuction and Body Contouring
      Procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains an important topic in
      the plastic surgery community. However, there is little consensus regarding
      appropriate VTE prophylaxis for patients undergoing common body contouring
      procedures. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the use of two novel oral
      anticoagulants (Rivaroxaban and Apixiban) vs low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
      for postoperative chemical prophylaxis in body contouring plastic surgery
      procedures. METHODS: A single center retrospective chart review of 1572 patients
      who underwent body contouring plastic surgery procedures from January 2012 to
      February 2015 was performed. Major complications associated with chemical
      prophylaxis were reviewed including hematomas requiring surgical evacuation,
      acute blood loss anemia requiring transfusions, and thrombotic or hemorrhagic
      events. RESULTS: Drug-related adverse events occurred in 1.27% (n = 20) of
      patients. The complications encountered by the 454 patients on LMWH consisted of
      0.88% (n = 4) with hematomas requiring surgical evacuation, 0.44% (n = 2) with
      decreased hemoglobin requiring transfusions, and 0.22% (n = 1) with a deep vein
      thrombosis (DVT). The complications encountered by 703 patients on with
      Rivaroxaban consisted of 1.3% (n = 9) with hematomas requiring surgical
      evacuation, 0.43% (n = 3) with decreased hemoglobin requiring transfusions, and
      0.1% (n = 1) with a DVT and pulmonary embolism. The complications encountered by
      415 patients on with Apixaban consisted of 0.48% (n = 2) with a DVT. CONCLUSIONS:
      Novel oral anticoagulants (Rivaroxaban and Apixiban) are comparable to LMWH for
      chemical prophylaxis after body contouring procedures with similar rates of drug
      related complications. Further investigation is warranted with more clinical
      cases in order to recommend the use of this medication for routine postoperative
      chemical prophylaxis after body contouring procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3
      Therapeutic.

PMID- 26961990
TI  - Commentary on: Analysis of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical
      Status Classification System and Caprini Risk Assessment Model in Predicting
      Venous Thromboembolic Outcomes in Plastic Surgery Patients.

PMID- 26961989
TI  - Autologous Fat Grafting: The Science Behind the Surgery.
AB  - An invaluable part of the plastic surgeon's technical arsenal for soft tissue
      contouring, fat grafting continues to be plagued by unpredictable outcomes,
      resulting in either reoperation and/or patient dissatisfaction. Thus, extensive
      research has been conducted into the effects of adipose tissue procurement,
      processing, and placement on fat graft quality at both the cellular level and in
      terms of overall volume retention. Herein, we present an overview of the vast
      body of literature in these areas, with additional discussion of cell-assisted
      lipotransfer as a therapy to improve volume retention, and on the controversial
      use of autologous fat in the setting of prior irradiation.

PMID- 26961991
TI  - Platelet-Rich Fibrin Improves the Viability of Diced Cartilage Grafts in a Rabbit
      Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diced cartilage may be wrapped with synthetic or biological materials
      before grafting to a recipient site. These materials have unique advantages and
      disadvantages, and a gold standard is not available. OBJECTIVES: The authors
      investigated the effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the survival of
      cartilage grafts in a rabbit model. METHODS: In this experimental study, diced
      cartilage pieces from the ears of 9 male rabbits were left unwrapped or were
      wrapped with PRF, oxidized regenerated cellulose, or fascia. Specimens then were
      placed into subcutaneous pockets prepared on the backs of the rabbits. The
      animals were sacrificed 2 months after the procedure, and the grafts were excised
      for macroscopic and histopathologic examination. RESULTS: The cartilage graft
      wrapped with PRF showed superior viability compared with the cartilage graft
      wrapped with oxidized regenerated cellulose. No significant differences were
      found among the other groups. The groups were not significantly different in
      terms of rates of inflammation, fibrosis, or vascularization. CONCLUSIONS: PRF
      enhances the viability of diced cartilage grafts and should be considered an
      appropriate biological wrapping material for cartilage grafting.

PMID- 26961992
TI  - A Cutaneous Reaction to Microneedling for Postacne Scarring Caused by Nickel
      Hypersensitivity.

PMID- 26961993
TI  - Physical performance and muscle strength in older patients with and without
      diabetes from a public hospital in Lima, Peru.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between physical performance (PP) and
      muscle strength (MS) in elderly subjects with and without diabetes in a public
      hospital of Lima, Peru. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional analysis of
      subjects aged 60 years or older with and without diabetes. MS was measured with a
      handheld dynamometer, and PP with the "timed get-up-and-go" test. Nutritional
      status was determined using body mass index, body fat percentage measured with a
      handheld fat loss monitor and protein intake based on the 24-hour recall. Age,
      sex, and history of hospitalization and supplementation were also recorded. The
      association was assessed using adjusted prevalence ratios. RESULTS: Overall, 139
      patients with diabetes (26.6% with low PP and 13.7% with decreased MS) and 382
      subjects without diabetes (36.6% with low PP and 23.0% with decreased MS) were
      evaluated. No association was found between T2DM and MS (aPR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.67
      1.57) or PP (aPR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.84-1.52). Protein and supplement consumption
      was also unrelated (P>.05); however, history of hospitalization, age, sex,
      nutritional status, and body fat percentage were related (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: No
      association was found between T2DM, MS, and PP. However, low PP was associated to
      female sex and overweight/obesity, and decreased MS was associated to high body
      fat percentage and underweight. Moreover, MS and PP were related to older age and
      history of hospitalization.

PMID- 26961994
TI  - Fecal Microbiome in Epidemiologic Studies-Response.

PMID- 26961995
TI  - Fecal Microbiome in Epidemiologic Studies-Letter.

PMID- 26961996
TI  - Plasma Anti-Mullerian Hormone Concentrations and Risk of Breast Cancer among
      Premenopausal Women in the Nurses' Health Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the TGFbeta family of
      growth and differentiation factors with a key role in regulating
      folliculogenesis. In experimental studies, using supraphysiologic concentrations,
      AMH inhibits breast cancer growth. However, high levels of AMH were associated
      with increased breast cancer risk in two prior prospective epidemiologic studies.
      METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study of premenopausal plasma AMH and
      breast cancer risk within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. In NHS,
      32,826 women donated blood samples in 1989-1990; in NHSII, 29,611 women donated
      samples in 1996-1999. After blood collection and before February 2004 (NHS) or
      July 2010 (NHSII), 539 cases were diagnosed among women premenopausal at
      diagnosis, and were matched 1:1 to controls. ORs and 95% confidence intervals
      (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for
      matching and breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS: Higher plasma levels of AMH
      were associated with increased breast cancer risk (top vs. bottom quintile
      multivariate OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.34-3.63; P trend = 0.001). The association did
      not vary by invasive versus in situ disease or by estrogen receptor status.
      Associations were not significantly different by age at blood or diagnosis.
      Further adjustment for plasma estradiol or testosterone yielded similar results.
      CONCLUSIONS: Higher circulating AMH levels are associated with increased breast
      cancer risk among premenopausal women. IMPACT: The significant positive
      association between premenopausal plasma AMH levels and subsequent breast cancer
      risk before menopause suggests AMH may be useful as a marker of breast cancer
      risk in younger women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 854-60. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26961997
TI  - Increased risk of hydrocephalus in long-term dialysis patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The risk of hydrocephalus in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients
      on dialysis has not been studied in depth. METHODS: Using Taiwan National Health
      Insurance claims data, we identified 29 684 incident ESRD patients from 2000 to
      2010, including 10 030 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and 19 654 hemodialysis
      (HD) patients. The control cohort consisted of 118 736 people randomly selected
      from those without kidney disease, frequency matched with ESRD patients by age,
      sex and index year. We also established propensity score-matched cohorts with 10
      014 PD and 10 014 HD patients. The incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) of
      hydrocephalus were calculated until the end of 2011. RESULTS: Incidence rates of
      hydrocephalus were greater in HD and PD patients than in controls (8.44 and 11.0
      versus 4.11 per 10 000 person-years, respectively), with an adjusted HR of 1.86
      [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-2.41] for all ESRD patients compared with
      controls. A higher proportion of hydrocephalus patients underwent surgical bypass
      to relieve hydrocephalus in ESRD patients than controls, 40.7% (46/113) versus
      24.5% (67/273), with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.11 (95% CI 1.33-3.36). Compared
      with controls, the adjusted HRs of communicating hydrocephalus for HD and PD
      patients were 1.77 (95% CI 1.22-2.55) and 2.51 (95% CI 1.61-3.89), respectively.
      The propensity score-matched analysis showed an HR of 0.72 (95% CI 0.42-1.23) for
      hydrocephalus in HD patients compared with PD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients
      with ESRD are at an increased risk of hydrocephalus. The risk difference between
      HD and PD patients is not significant.

PMID- 26961998
TI  - The influence of renal transplantation on retained microbial-human co
      metabolites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colonic microbial metabolism contributes substantially to uraemic
      retention solutes accumulating in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and various
      microbial-human co-metabolites relate to adverse outcomes. The influence of renal
      transplantation on these solutes is largely unexplored. METHODS: We prospectively
      followed 51 renal transplant recipients at the time of transplantation, Day 7 and
      Months 3 and 12 post-transplantation. Serum levels of p-cresyl sulphate (PCS), p
      cresyl glucuronide (PCG), indoxyl sulphate (IS), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)
      and phenylacetylglutamine (PAG) were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry. At each time point, transplant recipients were compared with
      CKD control patients matched for age, gender, diabetes mellitus and renal
      function. Determinants of serum levels were also compared between an unrelated
      cohort of 65 transplant recipients at Month 3 post-transplantation and CKD
      patients with 24-h urinary collection. RESULTS: Serum levels of the tested
      microbial-human co-metabolites significantly decreased following renal
      transplantation (P < 0.001). At each time point post-transplantation, serum
      levels of PCS, PCG, PAG and, to a lesser extent, IS, but not TMAO, were
      significantly lower in transplant recipients when compared with CKD control
      patients. Further analysis demonstrated significantly lower 24-h urinary
      excretion of these solutes in transplant recipients (P < 0.001). Also, renal
      clearances of PCG, IS, TMAO and PAG were significantly lower in transplant
      recipients without differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate.
      CONCLUSIONS: Colonic microbiota-derived uraemic retention solutes substantially
      decrease following renal transplantation. The 24-h urinary excretion of these
      microbial-human co-metabolites is lower when compared with CKD patients,
      suggesting an independent influence of transplantation on intestinal uptake, a
      composite of colonic microbial metabolism and intestinal absorption. Renal solute
      handling may differ between transplant recipients and CKD patients.

PMID- 26961999
TI  - Selective screening for distal renal tubular acidosis in recurrent kidney stone
      formers: initial experience and comparison of the simultaneous furosemide and
      fludrocortisone test with the short ammonium chloride test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is associated with renal stone
      disease, and it often needs to be considered and excluded in some recurrent
      calcium kidney stone formers (KSFs). However, a diagnosis of dRTA, especially
      when 'incomplete', can be missed and needs to be confirmed by a urinary
      acidification (UA) test. The gold standard reference test is still the short
      ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) test, but it is limited by gastrointestinal side
      effects and occasionally failure to ingest sufficient NH4Cl. For this reason, the
      furosemide plus fludrocortisone (F+F) test has been proposed as an easier and
      better-tolerated screening test. The aim of the present study was to assess the
      usefulness of the F+F test as a clinical screening tool for dRTA in a renal stone
      clinic. METHODS: We studied 124 patients retrospectively in whom incomplete dRTA
      was suspected: 71 had kidney stones only, 9 had nephrocalcinosis only and 44 had
      both. A total of 158 UA tests were performed: 124 F+F and 34 NH4Cl; both tests
      were completed in 34 patients. RESULTS: The mean age was 45.4 +/- 15 years, and
      49% of patients were male. The prevalence of complete and incomplete dRTAs was 7
      and 13.7%, respectively. Of the 34 patients tested using both tests, 17 (50%)
      were abnormal and 4 (12%) were normal. Thirteen (39%) patients were abnormal by
      F+F, but normal by NH4Cl [sensitivity 100% (95% CI 80-100), specificity 24% (95%
      CI 7-50), positive predictive value 57% (95% CI 37-75), negative predictive value
      100% (95% CI 40-100)]. CONCLUSIONS: The F+F test is characterized by an excellent
      sensitivity and negative predictive value, and the diagnosis of incomplete dRTA
      can be excluded reliably in a patient who acidifies their urine normally with
      this test. However, its lack of specificity is a drawback, and if there is any
      doubt, an abnormal F+F test may need to be confirmed by a follow-up NH4Cl test.
      Ideally, a prospective blinded study in unselected KSFs is needed to accurately
      assess the reliability of the F+F test in diagnosing, rather than excluding,
      dRTA.

PMID- 26962001
TI  - HDAC2 regulates FoxO1 during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
AB  - The bone-resorbing osteoclast (OC) is essential for bone homeostasis, yet
      deregulation of OCs contributes to diseases such as osteoporosis, osteopetrosis,
      and rheumatoid arthritis. Here we show that histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is a
      key positive regulator during receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand
      (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Bone marrow macrophages
      (BMMs) showed increased HDAC2 expression during osteoclastogenesis. HDAC2
      overexpression enhanced, whereas HDAC2 deletion suppressed osteoclastogenesis and
      bone resorption using lentivirus infection. Mechanistically, upon RANKL
      activation, HDAC2 activated Akt; Akt directly phosphorylates and abrogates
      Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), which is a negative regulator during
      osteoclastogenesis through reducing reactive oxygen species. HDAC2 deletion in
      BMMs resulted in decreased Akt activation and increased FoxO1 activity during
      osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, HDAC2 activates Akt thus suppresses FoxO1
      transcription results in enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Our data imply the
      potential value of HDAC2 as a new target in regulating osteoclast differentiation
      and function.

PMID- 26962003
TI  - The "Cadillac Tax" on Health Benefits in the United States Will Hit the Middle
      Class Hardest: Refuting the Myth That Health Benefit Tax Subsidies Are
      Regressive.
AB  - U.S. employment-based health benefits are exempt from income and payroll taxes,
      an exemption that provided tax subsidies of $326.2 billion in 2015. Both liberal
      and conservative economists have denounced these subsidies as "regressive" and
      lauded a provision of the Affordable Care Act-the Cadillac Tax-that would curtail
      them. The claim that the subsidies are regressive rests on estimates showing that
      the affluent receive the largest subsidies in absolute dollars. But this claim
      ignores the standard definition of regressivity, which is based on the share of
      income paid by the wealthy versus the poor, rather than on dollar amounts. In
      this study, we calculate the value of tax subsidies in 2009 as a share of income
      for each income quintile and for the wealthiest Americans. In absolute dollars,
      tax subsidies were highest for families between the 80th and 95th percentiles of
      family income and lowest for the poorest 20%. However, as shares of income,
      subsidies were largest for the middle and fourth income quintiles and smallest
      for the wealthiest 0.5% of Americans. We conclude that the tax subsidy to
      employment-based insurance is neither markedly regressive, nor progressive. The
      Cadillac Tax will disproportionately harm families with (2009) incomes between
      $38,550 and $100,000, while sparing the wealthy.

PMID- 26962002
TI  - Screening for GPR101 defects in pediatric pituitary corticotropinomas.
AB  - Cushing disease (CD) in children is caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
      secreting pituitary adenomas. Germline or somatic mutations in genes such as
      MEN1, CDKIs, AIP, and USP8 have been identified in pediatric CD, but the genetic
      defects in a significant percentage of cases are still unknown. We investigated
      the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR101, a gene known to be involved in
      somatotropinomas, for its possible involvement in corticotropinomas. We performed
      GPR101 sequencing, expression analyses by RT-qPCR and immunostaining, and
      functional studies (cell proliferation, pituitary hormones secretion, and cAMP
      measurement) in a series of patients with sporadic CD secondary to ACTH-secreting
      adenomas in whom we had peripheral and tumor DNA (N=36). No increased GPR101
      expression was observed in tumors compared to normal pituitary (NP) tissues, nor
      did we find a correlation between GPR101 and ACTH expression levels. Sequence
      analysis revealed a very rare germline heterozygous GPR101 variant (p.G31S) in
      one patient with CD. Overexpression of the p.G31S variant did not lead to
      increased growth and proliferation, although modest effects on cAMP signaling
      were seen. GPR101 is not overexpressed in ACTH-secreting tumors compared to NPs.
      A rare germline GPR101 variant was found in one patient with CD but in vitro
      studies did not support a consistent pathogenic effect. GPR101 is unlikely to be
      involved in the pathogenesis of CD.

PMID- 26962004
TI  - The Perceived Barriers of Access to Health Care Among a Group of Non-camp Syrian
      Refugees in Jordan.
AB  - The aims of this study were to identify the most needed health care services,
      accessibility of various health care services, and barriers to access as
      perceived by a group of Syrian refugees living in non-camp settings in Jordan and
      to compare accessibility among different groups. The study was conducted in the
      Amman, Irbid, Karak, and Maan governorates of Jordan. This is a cross-sectional,
      analytical, observational study using convenience and snowball sampling for data
      collection. A structured questionnaire was included in an ongoing needs
      assessment of a Jordanian nongovernment organization in April 2014, with a total
      of 196 surveys conducted. In addition to the prevalent acute and communicable
      diseases, chronic diseases and dental problems were common. Preventive and
      primary health care were more accessible than advanced services. Structural and
      financial barriers hindered access. The specific survey location and governorate
      were associated with a difference in reported access. Registration status, health
      provider, duration, and out-of-pocket payment did not affect accessibility. The
      capacities of health facilities at different levels should be increased. Enhanced
      information sharing among health providers can improve identification of needs
      and gaps.

PMID- 26962005
TI  - Shewanella algicola sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from brown algae.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium motile by means of a single
      polar flagella, strain ST-6T, was isolated from a brown alga (Sargassum
      thunbergii) collected in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Strain ST-6T was
      psychrotolerant, growing at 4-30  degrees C (optimum 20  degrees C). Phylogenetic
      analysis based on 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences revealed that strain ST-6T
      belonged to a distinct lineage in the genus Shewanella. Strain ST-6T was related
      most closely to Shewanella basaltis J83T, S. gaetbuli TF-27T, S. arctica IT12T,
      S. vesiculosa M7T and S. aestuarii SC18T, showing 96-97 % and 85-70 % 16S rRNA
      and gyrB gene sequences similarities, respectively. DNA-DNA relatedness values
      between strain ST-6T and the type strains of two species of the genus Shewanella
      were <22.6 %. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 3
      (comprising C16:1omega7c and/ or iso-C15:0 2-OH), C16:0, iso-C13:0 and
      C17:1omega8c. The DNA G+C content of strain ST-6Twas 42.4 mol%, and the
      predominant isoprenoid quinones were menaquinone MK-7 and ubiquinones Q-7 and Q
      8. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness,
      strain ST-6T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Shewanella,
      for which the name Shewanella algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is
      ST-6T (= KCTC 23253T = JCM 31091T). 

PMID- 26962006
TI  - ROC-ing along: Evaluation and interpretation of receiver operating characteristic
      curves.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is vital for clinicians to understand and interpret correctly
      medical statistics as used in clinical studies. In this review, we address
      current issues and focus on delivering a simple, yet comprehensive, explanation
      of common research methodology involving receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      curves. ROC curves are used most commonly in medicine as a means of evaluating
      diagnostic tests. METHODS: Sample data from a plasma test for the diagnosis of
      colorectal cancer were used to generate a prediction model. These are actual,
      unpublished data that have been used to describe the calculation of sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values, and accuracy.
      The ROC curves were generated to determine the accuracy of this plasma test.
      These curves are generated by plotting the sensitivity (true-positive rate) on
      the y axis and 1 - specificity (false-positive rate) on the x axis. RESULTS:
      Curves that approach closest to the coordinate (x = 0, y = 1) are more highly
      predictive, whereas ROC curves that lie close to the line of equality indicate
      that the result is no better than that obtained by chance. The optimum
      sensitivity and specificity can be determined from the graph as the point where
      the minimum distance line crosses the ROC curve. This point corresponds to the
      Youden index (J), a function of sensitivity and specificity used commonly to rate
      diagnostic tests. The area under the curve is used to quantify the overall
      ability of a test to discriminate between 2 outcomes. CONCLUSION: By following
      these simple guidelines, interpretation of ROC curves will be less difficult and
      they can then be interpreted more reliably when writing, reviewing, or analyzing
      scientific papers.

PMID- 26962007
TI  - Hydrosilylation in Aryliminopyrrolide-Substituted Silanes.
AB  - A range of silanes was synthesized by the reaction of HSiCl3 with iminopyrrole
      derivatives in the presence of NEt3 . In certain cases, intramolecular
      hydrosilylation converts the imine ligand into an amino substituent. This
      reaction is inhibited by factors such as electron-donating substitution on Si and
      steric bulk. The monosubstituted ((Dipp) IMP)SiHMeCl ((Dipp) IMP=2-[N-(2,6
      diisopropylphenyl)iminomethyl]pyrrolide), is stable towards hydrosilylation, but
      slow hydrosilylation is observed for ((Dipp) IMP)SiHCl2 . Reaction of two
      equivalents of (Dipp) IMPH with HSiCl3 results in the hydrosilylation product
      ((Dipp) AMP)((Dipp) IMP)SiCl ((Dipp) AMP=2-[N-(2,6
      diisopropylphenyl)aminomethylene]pyrrolide), but the trisubsitituted ((Dipp)
      IMP)3 SiH is stable. Monitoring the hydrosilylation reaction of ((Dipp)
      IMP)SiHCl2 reveals a reactive pathway involving ligand redistribution reactions
      to form the disubstituted ((Dipp) AMP)((Dipp) IMP)SiCl as an intermediate. The
      reaction is strongly accelerated in the presence of chloride anions. 

PMID- 26962008
TI  - Blood-Borne Pathogens: A Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation Symposium.
AB  - Testing donations for pathogens and deferring selected blood donors have reduced
      the risk of transmission of known pathogens by transfusion to extremely low
      levels in most developed countries. Protecting the blood supply from emerging
      infectious threats remains a serious concern in the transfusion medicine
      community. Transfusion services can employ indirect measures such as
      surveillance, hemovigilance, and donor questioning (defense), protein-, or
      nucleic acid based direct testing (detection), or pathogen inactivation of blood
      products (destruction) as strategies to mitigate the risk of transmission
      transmitted infection. In the North American context, emerging threats currently
      include dengue, chikungunya, and hepatitis E viruses, and Babesia protozoan
      parasites. The 2003 SARS and 2014 Ebola outbreaks illustrate the potential of
      epidemics unlikely to be transmitted by blood transfusion but disruptive to blood
      systems. Donor-free blood products such as ex vivo generated red blood cells
      offer a theoretical way to avoid transmission-transmitted infection risk,
      although biological, engineering, and manufacturing challenges must be overcome
      before this approach becomes practical. Similarly, next generation sequencing of
      all nucleic acid in a blood sample is currently possible but impractical for
      generalized screening. Pathogen inactivation systems are in use in different
      jurisdictions around the world, and are starting to gain regulatory approval in
      North America. Cost concerns make it likely that pathogen inactivation will be
      contemplated by blood operators through the lens of health economics and risk
      based decision making, rather than in zero-risk paradigms previously embraced for
      transfusable products. Defense of the blood supply from infectious disease risk
      will continue to require innovative combinations of surveillance, detection, and
      pathogen avoidance or inactivation. 

PMID- 26962009
TI  - The GATA transcription factor gene gtaG is required for terminal differentiation
      in Dictyostelium.
AB  - The GATA transcription factor GtaG is conserved in Dictyostelids and essential
      for terminal differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum, but its function is not
      well understood. Here we show that gtaG is expressed in prestalk cells at the
      anterior region of fingers and in the extending stalk during culmination. The
      gtaG- phenotype is cell-autonomous in prestalk cells and non-cell-autonomous in
      prespore cells. Transcriptome analyses reveal that GtaG regulates prestalk gene
      expression during cell differentiation before culmination and is required for
      progression into culmination. GtaG-dependent genes include genetic suppressors of
      the Dd-STATa-defective phenotype as well as Dd-STATa target-genes, including
      extra cellular matrix genes. We show that GtaG may be involved in the production
      of two culmination-signaling molecules, cyclic di-GMP and the spore
      differentiation factor SDF-1 and that addition of c-di-GMP rescues the gtaG-
      culmination and spore formation deficiencies. We propose that GtaG is a regulator
      of terminal differentiation that functions in concert with Dd-STATa and controls
      culmination through regulating c-di-GMP and SDF-1 production in prestalk cells.

PMID- 26962012
TI  - Weak-binding molecules are not drugs?-toward a systematic strategy for finding
      effective weak-binding drugs.
AB  - Designing maximally selective ligands that act on individual drug targets with
      high binding affinity has been the central dogma of drug discovery and
      development for the past two decades. However, many low-affinity drugs that aim
      for several targets at the same time are found more effective than the high
      affinity binders when faced with complex disease conditions, such as cancers,
      Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to
      appreciate the importance and reveal the features of weak-binding drugs and
      propose an integrated strategy for discovering them. Weak-binding drugs can be
      characterized by their high dissociation rates and transient interactions with
      their targets. In addition, network topologies and dynamics parameters involved
      in the targets of weak-binding drugs also influence the effects of the drugs.
      Here, we first performed a dynamics analysis for 33 elementary subgraphs to
      determine the desirable topology and dynamics parameters among targets. Then, by
      applying the elementary subgraphs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
      pathway, several optimal target combinations were obtained. Combining drug-target
      interaction prediction with molecular dynamics simulation, we got two potential
      weak-binding drug candidates, luteolin and tanshinone IIA, acting on these
      targets. Further, the binding affinity of these two compounds to their targets
      and the anti-inflammatory effects of them were validated through in vitro
      experiments. In conclusion, weak-binding drugs have real opportunities for
      maximum efficiency and may show reduced adverse reactions, which can offer a
      bright and promising future for new drug discovery.

PMID- 26962011
TI  - Illumina microRNA profiles reveal the involvement of miR397a in Citrus adaptation
      to long-term boron toxicity via modulating secondary cell-wall biosynthesis.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying tolerance to B-toxicity in plants are still
      controversial. Our previous studies indicated that B-toxicity is mainly limited
      to leaves in Citrus and that alternations of cell-wall structure in vascular
      bundles are involved in tolerance to B-toxicity. Here, miRNAs and their
      expression patterns were first identified in B-treated Citrus sinensis (tolerant)
      and C. grandis (intolerant) leaves via high-throughput sequencing. Candidate
      miRNAs were then verified with molecular and anatomical approaches. The results
      showed that 51 miRNAs in C. grandis and 20 miRNAs in C. sinensis were
      differentially expressed after B-toxic treatment. MiR395a and miR397a were the
      most significantly up-regulated miRNAs in B-toxic C. grandis leaves, but both
      were down-regulated in B-toxic C. sinensis leaves. Four auxin response factor
      genes and two laccase (LAC) genes were confirmed through 5'-RACE to be real
      targets of miR160a and miR397a, respectively. Up-regulation of LAC4 resulted in
      secondary deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides in vessel elements of C.
      sinensis, whereas down-regulation of both LAC17 and LAC4, led to poorly developed
      vessel elements in C. grandis. Our findings demonstrated that miR397a plays a
      pivotal role in woody Citrus tolerance to B-toxicity by targeting LAC17 and LAC4,
      both of which are responsible for secondary cell-wall synthesis. 

PMID- 26962014
TI  - Telemonitoring in patients with chronic  respiratory insufficiency: expectations 
      deluded?

PMID- 26962013
TI  - Randomised crossover trial of telemonitoring  in chronic respiratory patients
      (TeleCRAFT trial).
AB  - DESIGN: Randomised crossover trial with 6 months of standard best practice
      clinical care (control group) and 6 months with the addition of telemonitoring.
      PARTICIPANTS: 68 patients with chronic lung disease (38 with COPD; 30 with
      chronic respiratory failure due to other causes), who had a hospital admission
      for an exacerbation within 6 months of randomisation and either used long-term
      oxygen therapy or had an arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of <90% on air during
      the previous admission. Individuals received telemonitoring (second-generation
      system) via broadband link to a hospital-based care team. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Primary outcome measure was time to first hospital admission for an acute
      exacerbation. Secondary outcome measures were hospital admissions, general
      practitioner (GP) consultations and home visits by nurses, quality of life
      measured by EuroQol-5D and hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, and self
      efficacy score (Stanford). RESULTS: Median (IQR) number of days to first
      admission showed no difference between the two groups-77 (114) telemonitoring,
      77.5 (61) control ( p=0.189). Hospital admission rate at 6 months increased (0.63
      telemonitoring vs 0.32 control p=0.026). Home visits increased during
      telemonitoring; GP consultations were unchanged. Self-efficacy fell, while HAD
      depression score improved marginally during telemonitoring. CONCLUSIONS:
      Telemonitoring added to standard care did not alter time to next acute hospital
      admission, increased hospital admissions and home visits overall, and did not
      improve quality of life in chronic respiratory patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION
      NUMBER: NCT02180919 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

PMID- 26962016
TI  - Revealing Portraits.

PMID- 26962015
TI  - Understanding the impact of second-hand smoke exposure on clinical outcomes in
      participants with COPD in the SPIROMICS cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure has been linked to the development
      of and morbidity from lung disease. We sought to advance understanding of the
      impact of SHS on health-related outcomes in individuals with COPD. METHODS: Among
      the participants with COPD in SPIROMICS, recent SHS exposure was quantified as
      (1) hours of reported exposure in the past week or (2) reported living with a
      smoker. We performed adjusted regression for SHS with outcomes, testing for
      interactions with gender, race, smoking and obesity. RESULTS: Of the 1580
      participants with COPD, 20% reported living with a smoker and 27% reported
      exposure in the past week. Living with a smoker was associated with worse St
      George's Respiratory Questionnaire score (SGRQ, beta 3.10; 95% CI 0.99 to 5.21),
      COPD Assessment Test score (beta 1.43; 95% CI 0.52 to 2.35) and increased risk
      for severe exacerbations (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.17). SHS exposure in the past
      week was associated with worse SGRQ (beta 2.52; 95% CI 0.47 to 4.58), nocturnal
      symptoms (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.19 to 2.10), wheezing (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.77),
      chronic productive cough (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.33 to 2.35) and difficulty with cough
      and sputum (Ease of Cough and Sputum scale, beta 0.84; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.25). SHS
      was associated with increased airway wall thickness on CT but not emphysema.
      Active smokers, obese individuals and individuals with less severe airflow
      obstruction also had higher susceptibility to SHS for some outcomes. CONCLUSION:
      Individuals with COPD, including active smokers, have significant SHS exposure,
      associated with worse outcomes and airway wall thickness. Active smokers and
      obese individuals may have worse outcomes associated with SHS. TRIAL REGISTRATION
      NUMBER: NCT01969344 (clinicaltrials.gov).

PMID- 26962017
TI  - M011L-deficient oncolytic myxoma virus induces apoptosis in brain tumor
      initiating cells and enhances survival in a novel immunocompetent mouse model of
      glioblastoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myxoma virus (MYXV) is a promising oncolytic agent and is highly
      effective against immortalized glioma cells but less effective against brain
      tumor initiating cells (BTICs), which are believed to mediate glioma
      development/recurrence. MYXV encodes various proteins to attenuate host cell
      apoptosis, including an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 homologue known as M011L. Such
      proteins may limit the ability of MYXV to kill BTICs, which have heightened
      resistance to apoptosis. We hypothesized that infecting BTICs with an M011L
      deficient MYXV construct would overcome BTIC resistance to MYXV. METHODS: We used
      patient-derived BTICs to evaluate the efficacy of M011L knockout virus (vMyx
      M011L-KO) versus wild-type MYXV (vMyx-WT) and characterized the mechanism of
      virus-induced cell death in vitro. To extend our findings in a novel
      immunocompetent animal model, we derived, cultured, and characterized a C57Bl/6J
      murine BTIC (mBTIC0309) from a spontaneous murine glioma and evaluated vMyx-M011L
      KO efficacy with and without temozolomide (TMZ) in mBTIC0309-bearing mice.
      RESULTS: We demonstrated that vMyx-M011L-KO induces apoptosis in BTICs,
      dramatically increasing sensitivity to the virus. vMyx-WT failed to induce
      apoptosis as M011L protein prevented Bax activation and cytochrome c release. In
      vivo, intracranial implantation of mBTIC0309 generated tumors that closely
      recapitulated the pathological and molecular profile of human gliomas. Treatment
      of tumor-bearing mice with vMyx-M011L-KO significantly prolonged survival in
      immunocompetent-but not immunodeficient-mouse models, an effect that is
      significantly enhanced in combination with TMZ. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest
      that vMyx-M011L-KO is an effective, well-tolerated, proapoptotic oncolytic virus
      and a strong candidate for clinical translation.

PMID- 26962018
TI  - Oral Biofilm Architecture at the Microbial Scale.
AB  - The application of Spectral Imaging FISH to oral biofilm samples has permitted
      the direct, simultaneous observation of up to nine different bacterial taxa. This
      has revealed a complex yet organized microbial architecture, identifying the key
      microorganisms in the community and detecting the existing interspecies physical
      interactions at the micron scale. 

PMID- 26962019
TI  - Pre-hospital electrocardiographic severity and acuteness scores predict left
      ventricular function in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: System delay (time from first medical contact to primary percutaneous
      coronary intervention) is associated with heart failure and mortality in patients
      with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We evaluated the impact
      of system delay on left ventricular function (LVF) according to the combination
      of ischemia severity (Sclarovsky-Birnbaum grades) and acuteness (Anderson-Wilkins
      scores) in the pre-hospital electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: In a predefined
      secondary analysis of a prospective study, the severity and acuteness scores were
      performed on the pre-hospital ECG. Patients were assessed with respect to 4
      classifications which were not mutually exclusive: severe ischemia (+SI) or non
      severe ischemia (-SI) and acute ischemia (+AI) or non-acute ischemia (-AI). LVF
      was assessed by global longitudinal strain (GLS) within 48hours of admission.
      Adjusted linear regression investigated the association of system delay with GLS
      in each group. RESULTS: In total 262 patients were eligible for analysis of the
      ECG, which resulted in 42 (16%) with (+SI, -AI), 110 (42%) with (-SI, -AI), 90
      (34%) with (-SI, +AI), and 20 (8%) patients with (+SI, +AI). Although system
      delay did not differ between groups, patients with severe and non-acute ischemia
      had the most impaired LVF. System delay correlated weakly with GLS in the entire
      population (r=0.133, p=0.031), and well with GLS in the (+SI, +AI) group
      (r=0.456, p=0.04), while there was no correlation in the other groups. By
      adjusted analysis, system delay predicted impaired GLS only in the (+SI, +AI)
      group (beta=0.578, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Pre-hospital risk stratification by ECG
      identifies patients with acute and severe ischemia who are at increased risk for
      reduced ventricular function (assessed by GLS) after STEMI. Optimizing
      reperfusion delays in these patients can therefore be of particular benefit in
      improving clinical outcome after STEMI.

PMID- 26962020
TI  - Scoping review of instruments measuring attitudes toward disability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Negative attitudes toward disability cause difficulties in
      integrating persons with disabilities (PWDs) into society and limit their access
      to health care, education, employment, and leisure. Being aware of societal
      attitudes toward disability may help explain discrimination against PWDs and draw
      attention to the solutions needed to address these. Good measures of attitudes
      are vital for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to synthesize published
      information, including evidences on psychometric properties and overall utility
      on instruments that measure attitudes toward disability. METHODS: A two-tiered
      search process was performed to identify instruments that measure attitudes
      toward disability and retrieve articles that describe their development and/or
      validation. The CanChild Outcome Measures Rating Form was utilized to determine
      the overall utility of the instruments. Results were synthesized using a self
      constructed data extraction form. RESULTS: Thirty-one instruments were included
      in the study. Five measured attitudes toward communication disability, 7 toward
      intellectual disability, 4 toward mental illness, and 15 toward disability in
      general. Target respondents ranged from children to adults, and included
      respondents from different occupations and cultural backgrounds. Twenty-three
      were found to have adequate overall utility, while 8 have poor overall utility.
      CONCLUSION: Several instruments are available in literature and all may be used
      for their intended purposes as long as their limitations are considered. Many
      still require further validation to ascertain their validity and responsiveness
      to change.

PMID- 26962022
TI  - A comprehensive analysis and functional characterization of naturally occurring
      non-synonymous variants of nuclear receptor PXR.
AB  - Pregnane & Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR) acts as a xenosensing transcriptional
      regulator of many drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters of the
      'detoxification machinery' that coordinate in elimination of xenobiotics and
      endobiotics from the cellular milieu. It is an accepted view that some
      individuals or specific populations display considerable differences in their
      ability to metabolize different drugs, dietary constituents, herbals etc. In this
      context we speculated that polymorphisms in PXR gene might contribute to
      variability in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolizing enzymes of phase I, drug
      metabolizing components of phase II and efflux components of the detoxification
      machinery. Therefore, in this study, we have undertaken a comprehensive
      functional analysis of seventeen naturally occurring non-synonymous variants of
      human PXR. When compared, we observed that some of the PXR SNP variants exhibit
      distinct functional and dynamic responses on parameters which included
      transcriptional function, sub-cellular localization, mitotic chromatin binding,
      DNA-binding properties and other molecular interactions. One of the unique SNP
      located within the DNA-binding domain of PXR was found to be functionally null
      and distinct on other parameters. Similarly, some of the non-synonymous SNPs in
      PXR imparted reduced transactivation function as compared to wild type PXR.
      Interestingly, PXR is reported to be a mitotic chromatin binding protein and such
      an association has been correlated to an emerging concept of 'transcription
      memory' and altered transcription output. In view of the observations made herein
      our data suggest that some of the natural PXR variants may have adverse
      physiological consequences owing to its influence on the expression levels and
      functional output of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The present
      study is expected to explain not only the observed inter-individual responses to
      different drugs but may also highlight the mechanistic details and importance of
      PXR in drug clearance, drug-drug interactions and diverse metabolic disorders.
      This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors:
      New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.

PMID- 26962025
TI  - Deciphering ENCODE.
AB  - The ENCODE project represents a major leap from merely describing and comparing
      genomic sequences to surveying them for direct indicators of function. The
      astounding quantity of data produced by the ENCODE consortium can serve as a map
      to locate specific landmarks, guide hypothesis generation, and lead us to
      principles and mechanisms underlying genome biology. Despite its broad appeal,
      the size and complexity of the repository can be intimidating to prospective
      users. We present here some background about the ENCODE data, survey the
      resources available for accessing them, and describe a few simple principles to
      help prospective users choose the data type(s) that best suit their needs, where
      to get them, and how to use them to their best advantage. 

PMID- 26962026
TI  - [Response to serum S100beta protein reference values in a paediatric population].

PMID- 26962024
TI  - Methylene blue counteracts H2S toxicity-induced cardiac depression by restoring L
      type Ca channel activity.
AB  - We have previously reported that methylene blue (MB) can counteract hydrogen
      sulfide (H2S) intoxication-induced circulatory failure. Because of the
      multifarious effects of high concentrations of H2S on cardiac function, as well
      as the numerous properties of MB, the nature of this interaction, if any, remains
      uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify 1) the effects of MB on H2S
      induced cardiac toxicity and 2) whether L-type Ca(2+) channels, one of the
      targets of H2S, could transduce some of the counteracting effects of MB. In
      sedated rats, H2S infused at a rate that would be lethal within 5 min (24 MUM.kg(
      1).min(-1)), produced a rapid fall in left ventricle ejection fraction,
      determined by echocardiography, leading to a pulseless electrical activity. Blood
      concentrations of gaseous H2S reached 7.09 +/- 3.53 MUM when cardiac
      contractility started to decrease. Two to three injections of MB (4 mg/kg)
      transiently restored cardiac contractility, blood pressure, and Vo2, allowing the
      animals to stay alive until the end of H2S infusion. MB also delayed PEA by
      several minutes following H2S-induced coma and shock in unsedated rats. Applying
      a solution containing lethal levels of H2S (100 MUM) on isolated mouse
      cardiomyocytes significantly reduced cell contractility, intracellular calcium
      concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) transient amplitudes, and L-type Ca(2+) currents (ICa)
      within 3 min of exposure. MB (20 mg/l) restored the cardiomyocyte function,
      ([Ca(2+)]i) transient, and ICa The present results offer a new approach for
      counteracting H2S toxicity and potentially other conditions associated with acute
      inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) channels.

PMID- 26962023
TI  - Toward improved phosphorus efficiency in monogastrics-interplay of serum,
      minerals, bone, and immune system after divergent dietary phosphorus supply in
      swine.
AB  - Phosphorus (P) is of vital importance for many aspects of metabolism, including
      bone mineralization, blood buffering, and energy utilization. In order to
      identify molecular routes affecting intrinsic P utilization, we address processes
      covering P intake, uptake, metabolism, and excretion. In particular, the
      interrelation of bone tissue and immune features is of interest to approximate P
      intake to animal's physiology and health status. German Landrace piglets received
      different levels of digestible phosphorus: recommended, higher, or lower amounts.
      At multiple time points, relevant serum parameters were analyzed and radiologic
      studies on bone characteristics were performed. Peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells were collected to assess differential gene expression. Dietary differences
      were reflected by serum phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D.
      Bone reorganization was persistently affected as shown by microstructural
      parameters, cathepsin K levels, and transcripts associated with bone formation.
      Moreover, blood expression patterns revealed a link to immune response,
      highlighting bidirectional loops comprising bone formation and immune features,
      where the receptor-activator of NF-kappaB ligand/receptor-activator of NF-kappaB
      kinase system may play a prominent role. The modulated P supplementation provoked
      considerable organismal plasticity. Genes found to be differentially expressed
      due to variable P supply are involved in pathways relevant to P utilization and
      are potential candidate genes for improved P efficiency.

PMID- 26962027
TI  - Analysis of blink dynamics in patients with blepharoptosis.
AB  - Owing to the rapid movements of the human upper eyelid, a high-speed camera was
      used to record and characterize voluntary blinking and the blink dynamics of
      blepharoptosis patients were compared to a control group. Twenty-six
      blepharoptosis patients prior to surgery and 45 control subjects were studied and
      the vertical height of the palpebral aperture (PA) was measured manually at 2 ms
      intervals during each blink cycle. The PA and blinking speed were plotted with
      respect to time and a predictive model was generated. The blink dynamic was
      analysed in closing and opening phases, and revealed a reduced speed of the
      initial opening phase in ptotic patients, suggesting intrinsic muscle function
      change in ptosis pathogenesis. The PA versus time curve for each subject was
      reconstructed using custom-built parameters; however, there were significant
      differences between the two groups. Those parameters used included the rate of
      closure, the delay between opening and closing, rate of initial opening, rate of
      slow opening (nonlinear function) and the 'switch point' between those two rates
      of opening. The model was tested against a new group of subjects and was able to
      discriminate ptosis patients from controls with 80% accuracy. 

PMID- 26962028
TI  - A model for competition for ribosomes in the cell.
AB  - A single mammalian cell includes an order of 10(4)-10(5) mRNA molecules and as
      many as 10(5)-10(6) ribosomes. Large-scale simultaneous mRNA translation induces
      correlations between the mRNA molecules, as they all compete for the finite pool
      of available ribosomes. This has important implications for the cell's
      functioning and evolution. Developing a better understanding of the intricate
      correlations between these simultaneous processes, rather than focusing on the
      translation of a single isolated transcript, should help in gaining a better
      understanding of mRNA translation regulation and the way elongation rates affect
      organismal fitness. A model of simultaneous translation is specifically important
      when dealing with highly expressed genes, as these consume more resources. In
      addition, such a model can lead to more accurate predictions that are needed in
      the interconnection of translational modules in synthetic biology. We develop and
      analyse a general dynamical model for large-scale simultaneous mRNA translation
      and competition for ribosomes. This is based on combining several ribosome flow
      models (RFMs) interconnected via a pool of free ribosomes. We use this model to
      explore the interactions between the various mRNA molecules and ribosomes at
      steady state. We show that the compound system always converges to a steady state
      and that it always entrains or phase locks to periodically time-varying
      transition rates in any of the mRNA molecules. We then study the effect of
      changing the transition rates in one mRNA molecule on the steady-state
      translation rates of the other mRNAs that results from the competition for
      ribosomes. We show that increasing any of the codon translation rates in a
      specific mRNA molecule yields a local effect, an increase in the translation rate
      of this mRNA, and also a global effect, the translation rates in the other mRNA
      molecules all increase or all decrease. These results suggest that the effect of
      codon decoding rates of endogenous and heterologous mRNAs on protein production
      is more complicated than previously thought. In addition, we show that increasing
      the length of an mRNA molecule decreases the production rate of all the mRNAs. 

PMID- 26962030
TI  - Resilience in social insect infrastructure systems.
AB  - Both human and insect societies depend on complex and highly coordinated
      infrastructure systems, such as communication networks, supply chains and
      transportation networks. Like human-designed infrastructure systems, those of
      social insects are regularly subject to disruptions such as natural disasters,
      blockages or breaks in the transportation network, fluctuations in supply and/or
      demand, outbreaks of disease and loss of individuals. Unlike human-designed
      systems, there is no deliberate planning or centralized control system; rather,
      individual insects make simple decisions based on local information. How do these
      highly decentralized, leaderless systems deal with disruption? What factors make
      a social insect system resilient, and which factors lead to its collapse? In this
      review, we bring together literature on resilience in three key social insect
      infrastructure systems: transportation networks, supply chains and communication
      networks. We describe how systems differentially invest in three pathways to
      resilience: resistance, redirection or reconstruction. We suggest that investment
      in particular resistance pathways is related to the severity and frequency of
      disturbance. In the final section, we lay out a prospectus for future research.
      Human infrastructure networks are rapidly becoming decentralized and
      interconnected; indeed, more like social insect infrastructures. Human
      infrastructure management might therefore learn from social insect researchers,
      who can in turn make use of the mature analytical and simulation tools developed
      for the study of human infrastructure resilience. 

PMID- 26962021
TI  - Nuclear receptors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
AB  - Nuclear receptors are transcription factors which sense changing environmental or
      hormonal signals and effect transcriptional changes to regulate core life
      functions including growth, development, and reproduction. To support this
      function, following ligand-activation by xenobiotics, members of subfamily 1
      nuclear receptors (NR1s) may heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to
      regulate transcription of genes involved in energy and xenobiotic metabolism and
      inflammation. Several of these receptors including the peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptors (PPARs), the pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR), the
      constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the liver X receptor (LXR) and the
      farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are key regulators of the gut:liver:adipose axis and
      serve to coordinate metabolic responses across organ systems between the fed and
      fasting states. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver
      disease and may progress to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is
      associated with inappropriate nuclear receptor function and perturbations along
      the gut:liver:adipose axis including obesity, increased intestinal permeability
      with systemic inflammation, abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin
      resistance. Environmental chemicals may compound the problem by directly
      interacting with nuclear receptors leading to metabolic confusion and the
      inability to differentiate fed from fasting conditions. This review focuses on
      the impact of nuclear receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD.
      Clinical trials including PIVENS and FLINT demonstrate that nuclear receptor
      targeted therapies may lead to the paradoxical dissociation of steatosis,
      inflammation, fibrosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity. Novel
      strategies currently under development (including tissue-specific ligands and
      dual receptor agonists) may be required to separate the beneficial effects of
      nuclear receptor activation from unwanted metabolic side effects. The impact of
      nuclear receptor crosstalk in NAFLD is likely to be profound, but requires
      further elucidation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic
      nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.

PMID- 26962029
TI  - Network modules and hubs in plant-root fungal biomes.
AB  - Terrestrial plants host phylogenetically and functionally diverse groups of below
      ground microbes, whose community structure controls plant growth/survival in both
      natural and agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, understanding the processes by
      which whole root-associated microbiomes are organized is one of the major
      challenges in ecology and plant science. We here report that diverse root
      associated fungi can form highly compartmentalized networks of coexistence within
      host roots and that the structure of the fungal symbiont communities can be
      partitioned into semi-discrete types even within a single host plant population.
      Illumina sequencing of root-associated fungi in a monodominant south beech forest
      revealed that the network representing symbiont-symbiont co-occurrence patterns
      was compartmentalized into clear modules, which consisted of diverse functional
      groups of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. Consequently, terminal roots of the
      plant were colonized by either of the two largest fungal species sets
      (represented by Oidiodendron or Cenococcum). Thus, species-rich root microbiomes
      can have alternative community structures, as recently shown in the relationships
      between human gut microbiome type (i.e., 'enterotype') and host individual
      health. This study also shows an analytical framework for pinpointing network
      hubs in symbiont-symbiont networks, leading to the working hypothesis that a
      small number of microbial species organize the overall root-microbiome dynamics.

PMID- 26962031
TI  - Understanding individual routing behaviour.
AB  - Knowing how individuals move between places is fundamental to advance our
      understanding of human mobility (Gonzalez et al. 2008 Nature 453, 779-782.
      (doi:10.1038/nature06958)), improve our urban infrastructure (Prato 2009 J.
      Choice Model. 2, 65-100. (doi:10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70005-8)) and drive the
      development of transportation systems. Current route-choice models that are used
      in transportation planning are based on the widely accepted assumption that
      people follow the minimum cost path (Wardrop 1952 Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. 1, 325
      362. (doi:10.1680/ipeds.1952.11362)), despite little empirical support. Fine
      grained location traces collected by smart devices give us today an unprecedented
      opportunity to learn how citizens organize their travel plans into a set of
      routes, and how similar behaviour patterns emerge among distinct individual
      choices. Here we study 92 419 anonymized GPS trajectories describing the movement
      of personal cars over an 18-month period. We group user trips by origin
      destination and we find that most drivers use a small number of routes for their
      routine journeys, and tend to have a preferred route for frequent trips. In
      contrast to the cost minimization assumption, we also find that a significant
      fraction of drivers' routes are not optimal. We present a spatial probability
      distribution that bounds the route selection space within an ellipse, having the
      origin and the destination as focal points, characterized by high eccentricity
      independent of the scale. While individual routing choices are not captured by
      path optimization, their spatial bounds are similar, even for trips performed by
      distinct individuals and at various scales. These basic discoveries can inform
      realistic route-choice models that are not based on optimization, having an
      impact on several applications, such as infrastructure planning, routing
      recommendation systems and new mobility solutions.

PMID- 26962032
TI  - Correction to: 'The entropic basis of collective behaviour'.

PMID- 26962033
TI  - Assessing the appropriateness of prevention and management of venous
      thromboembolism in Australia: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The prevention and management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is
      often at variance with guidelines. The CareTrack Australia (CTA) study reported
      that appropriate care (in line with evidence-based or consensus-based guidelines)
      is being provided for VTE at just over half of eligible encounters. The aim of
      this paper is to present and discuss the detailed CTA findings for VTE as a
      baseline for compliance with guidelines at a population level. SETTING: The
      setting was 27 hospitals in 2 states of Australia. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of
      participants designed to be representative of the Australian population was
      recruited. Participants who had been admitted overnight during 2009 and/or 2010
      were eligible. Of the 1154 CTA participants, 481(42%) were admitted overnight to
      hospital at least once, comprising 751 admissions. There were 279 females (58%),
      and the mean age was 64 years. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The
      primary measure was compliance with indicators of appropriate care for VTE. The
      indicators were extracted from Australian VTE clinical practice guidelines and
      ratified by experts. Participants' medical records from 2009 to 2010 were
      analysed for compliance with 38 VTE indicators. RESULTS: Of the 35,145 CTA
      encounters, 1078 (3%) were eligible for scoring against VTE indicators. There
      were 2-84 eligible encounters per indicator at 27 hospitals. Overall compliance
      with indicators for VTE was 51%, and ranged from 34% to 64% for aggregated sets
      of indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention and management of VTE was appropriate
      for only half of the at-risk patients in our sample; this provides a baseline for
      tracking progress nationally. There is a need for national and, ideally,
      international agreement on clinical standards, indicators and tools to guide,
      document and monitor care for VTE, and for measures to increase their uptake,
      particularly where deficiencies have been identified.

PMID- 26962034
TI  - Assessing comorbidity and correlates of wasting and stunting among children in
      Somalia using cross-sectional household surveys: 2007 to 2010.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Wasting and stunting may occur together at the individual child level;
      however, their shared geographic distribution and correlates remain unexplored.
      Understanding shared and separate correlates may inform interventions. We aimed
      to assess the spatial codistribution of wasting, stunting and underweight and
      investigate their shared correlates among children aged 6-59 months in Somalia.
      SETTING: Cross-sectional nutritional assessments surveys were conducted using
      structured interviews among communities in Somalia biannually from 2007 to 2010.
      A two-stage cluster sampling methodology was used to select children aged 6-59
      months from households across three livelihood zones (pastoral, agropastoral and
      riverine). Using these data and environmental covariates, we implemented a
      multivariate spatial technique to estimate the codistribution and divergence of
      the risks and correlates of wasting and stunting at the 1 * 1 km spatial
      resolution. PARTICIPANTS: 73,778 children aged 6-59 months from 1066 survey
      clusters in Somalia. RESULTS: Observed pairwise child level empirical
      correlations were 0.30, 0.70 and 0.73 between weight-for-height and height-for
      age; height-for-age and weight-for-age, and weight-for-height and weight-for-age,
      respectively. Access to foods with high protein content and vegetation cover, a
      proxy of rainfall or drought, were associated with lower risk of wasting and
      stunting. Age, gender, illness, access to carbohydrates and temperature were
      correlates of all three indicators. The spatial codistribution was highest
      between stunting and underweight with relative risk values ranging between 0.15
      and 6.20, followed by wasting and underweight (range: 0.18-5.18) and lowest
      between wasting and stunting (range: 0.26-4.32). CONCLUSIONS: The determinants of
      wasting and stunting are largely shared, but their correlation is relatively
      variable in space. Significant hotspots of different forms of malnutrition
      occurred in the South Central regions of the country. Although nutrition response
      in Somalia has traditionally focused on wasting rather than stunting, integrated
      programming and interventions can effectively target both conditions to alleviate
      common risk factors.

PMID- 26962035
TI  - Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally
      representative cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the contribution of ultra-processed foods to the
      intake of added sugars in the USA. Ultra-processed foods were defined as
      industrial formulations which, besides salt, sugar, oils and fats, include
      substances not used in culinary preparations, in particular additives used to
      imitate sensorial qualities of minimally processed foods and their culinary
      preparations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. PARTICIPANTS: We evaluated 9317
      participants aged 1+ years with at least one 24 h dietary recall. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Average dietary content of added sugars and proportion of individuals
      consuming more than 10% of total energy from added sugars. DATA ANALYSIS:
      Gaussian and Poisson regressions estimated the association between consumption of
      ultra-processed foods and intake of added sugars. All models incorporated survey
      sample weights and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income and
      educational attainment. RESULTS: Ultra-processed foods comprised 57.9% of energy
      intake, and contributed 89.7% of the energy intake from added sugars. The content
      of added sugars in ultra-processed foods (21.1% of calories) was eightfold higher
      than in processed foods (2.4%) and fivefold higher than in unprocessed or
      minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients grouped together
      (3.7%). Both in unadjusted and adjusted models, each increase of 5 percentage
      points in proportional energy intake from ultra-processed foods increased the
      proportional energy intake from added sugars by 1 percentage point. Consumption
      of added sugars increased linearly across quintiles of ultra-processed food
      consumption: from 7.5% of total energy in the lowest quintile to 19.5% in the
      highest. A total of 82.1% of Americans in the highest quintile exceeded the
      recommended limit of 10% energy from added sugars, compared with 26.4% in the
      lowest. CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be
      an effective way of reducing the excessive intake of added sugars in the USA.

PMID- 26962036
TI  - Total glucosides of paeony for rheumatoid arthritis: a protocol for a systematic
      review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is a natural plant extract, which
      is widely used in China for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Many relevant
      randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of TGP for RA are available, but they have
      not been systematically reviewed. This systematic review aims to examine the
      effectiveness and safety of TGP in patients with RA. METHODS AND ANALYSES: We
      will search for RCTs of TGP in the treatment of RA, performed up until February
      2016, in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and four
      Chinese databases (Chinese Biomedical Database, China National Knowledge
      Infrastructure, Wanfang Database and Chinese Scientific Journal Database). Trial
      registers and reference lists of retrieved articles will also be searched to
      identify potential articles. RCTs comparing TGP with placebo, no treatment, or
      disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for patients with RA will be retrieved. The
      primary outcomes will be disease improvement and disease remission. The secondary
      outcomes will be surrogate outcomes, symptoms, adverse effects, and quality of
      life. Two reviewers will independently extract data on participants,
      interventions, comparisons, outcomes, etc. The methodological quality of each
      included study will be evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the
      strength of evidence on prespecified outcomes will be assessed in accordance with
      the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation)
      approach. Review Manager 5.3 software will be used for data analyses. Meta
      analyses will be performed if the data are sufficiently homogeneous, both
      statistically and clinically. Possible publication bias will also be checked
      using funnel plots once the number of included studies is sufficient. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval is not required, as this study will not involve
      patients. The results of this study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal
      for publication, to inform both clinical practice and further research. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42015026345.

PMID- 26962037
TI  - Why is there variation in the practice of evidence-based medicine in primary
      care? A qualitative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the factors, including barriers and facilitators,
      influencing the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) across various primary
      care settings in Malaysia based on the doctors' views and experiences. RESEARCH
      DESIGN: The qualitative study was used to answer the research question. 37
      primary care physicians participated in six focus group discussions and six
      individual in-depth interviews. A semistructured topic guide was used to
      facilitate both the interviews and focus groups, which were audio recorded,
      transcribed verbatim, checked and analysed using a thematic approach.
      PARTICIPANTS: 37 primary care doctors including medical officers, family medicine
      specialists, primary care lecturers and general practitioners with different
      working experiences and in different settings. SETTING: The study was conducted
      across three primary care settings-an academic primary care practice, private and
      public health clinics in Klang Valley, Malaysia. RESULTS: The doctors in this
      study were aware of the importance of EBM but seldom practised it. Three main
      factors influenced the implementation of EBM in the doctors' daily practice.
      First, there was a lack of knowledge and skills in searching for and applying
      evidence. Second, workplace culture influenced doctors' practice of EBM. Third,
      some doctors considered EBM as a threat to good clinical practice. They were
      concerned that rigid application of evidence compromised personalised patient
      care and felt that EBM did not consider the importance of clinical experience.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite being aware of and having a positive attitude towards EBM,
      doctors in this study seldom practised EBM in their routine clinical practice.
      Besides commonly cited barriers such as having a heavy workload and lack of
      training, workplace 'EBM culture' had an important influence on the doctors'
      behaviour. Strategies targeting barriers at the practice level should be
      considered when implementing EBM in primary care.

PMID- 26962038
TI  - Are migration patterns and mortality related among European regions?
AB  - Geographical inequalities in mortality across Europe may be influenced by
      migration between regions. The relationship between age- and sex-standardised
      death rates, 2008-2010, and population change resulting from migration 2000-2010,
      was analysed in 250 'Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units' (NUTS) level
      2 regions in 26 European countries. Across Europe death rates were significantly
      higher in regions experiencing population loss. This association continued after
      adjustment for 2005 household income among all regions and Western regions but
      not among Eastern areas. This analysis suggests migration could contribute to
      Europe's persistent inequalities in mortality, and highlights the problems of
      Eastern regions with the highest death rates, lowest incomes and declining
      populations.

PMID- 26962039
TI  - Continuity of care in the ambulatory sector and hospital admissions among
      patients with heart failure in Germany.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart failure is one of the most cost-intensive chronic diseases and
      the most common cause of hospitalization. More than 60% of the treatment costs of
      heart failure are incurred in the inpatient sector in Germany. However, hospital
      admissions due to heart failure are considered to be potentially avoidable
      through effective and continuous ambulatory care. Our aim is to examine whether
      continuity in ambulatory care is associated with hospitalizations due to heart
      failure. METHODS: Using insurance claims data from Germany's biggest statutory
      health insurance company, we defined three measures of continuity of care:
      Continuity of Care Index (COCI), Usual Provider Index (UPC) and the Sequential
      Continuity Index (SECON). We analyzed whether these measures are associated with
      hospitalization due to heart failure using separate logistic regression models.
      We controlled for a wide range of covariates such as sex, age and the Charlson
      comorbidity index. RESULTS: Data of 382 118 heart failure patients were included
      in the analyses. Index values range from 0.77 to 0.89. Results of logistic
      regression analyses indicate that the continuity indices COCI, UPC and SECON
      based on visits to general practitioners (GPs), cardiologists and internists are
      negatively associated with the probability of hospitalization whereas of the
      continuity indices based on GP visits only SECON is significantly associated with
      hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the overall continuity in
      the ambulatory sector is high for heart failure patients in Germany. Public
      policy should, nevertheless, focus on increasing sequential continuity of
      specialist and generalist ambulatory care as this was found to be significantly
      associated with a reduced likelihood of hospitalization.

PMID- 26962040
TI  - Changes in psychosocial and physical working conditions and common mental
      disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies on changes in working conditions and mental health
      are few and have typically focused only on psychosocial working conditions. We
      assessed the impact of changes in both psychosocial and physical working
      conditions on common mental disorders (CMDs) in a cohort of midlife and older
      employees. METHODS: Repeat data were derived from the Helsinki Health Study,
      which is a cohort study on employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (aged 40-60
      years at baseline). Changes in working conditions were assessed between Phase 1
      (2000-2002) and Phase 2 (2007). CMD was assessed at Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3
      (2012) using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. In total, 4946
      participants (82% women) who were still employed at Phase 2 were available for
      the analyses. Logistic regression analyses using generalized estimating equations
      were conducted to examine the association between changes in working conditions
      and the likelihood of CMD. ORs and their 95% CIs were estimated. RESULTS: After
      adjustment for sex, age, marital status, health behaviours and obesity; increased
      and repeated exposure to low job control, high job demands and repetitive
      movements and repeated exposure to awkward postures and rotation of back were
      associated with a higher likelihood of CMD at Phases 1-3. Fully adjusted ORs
      ranged from 1.27 to 2.39 for psychosocial, and from 1.18 to 1.29 for physical
      working conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated and increased exposures to several
      adverse psychosocial and physical working conditions are associated with a higher
      likelihood of CMD.

PMID- 26962041
TI  - Who stops selling? A systematic analysis of ex-tobacco retailers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that wide distribution of cigarettes contributes to
      smoking, and multiple commentators have called for a review of tobacco retailing.
      This study analyses retailers who stop selling cigarettes, why they do so, and
      discusses the implications for tobacco control. METHOD: An audit of tobacco
      retailers in the Australian state of NSW was used to identify retailers who had
      stopped selling tobacco, and they were then compared with current retailers to
      determine how many, and what types of outlets stop selling tobacco. Attempts were
      made to contact and interview all former tobacco retailers identified in three
      audited regions. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 ex-tobacco retailers,
      or 31% of the subset of ex-tobacco retailers. RESULTS: Low-volume outlet types
      were over-represented as a proportion of retailers exiting the market, and some
      had resumed selling within 18 months of the audit. Low profits were often cited
      as a contributor to stopping; however, in all but one case, the decision to stop
      selling was also influenced by a significant change in business circumstances
      either legislative or other business changes. CONCLUSIONS: Few retailers stop
      selling tobacco while continuing in the same business, and those who stop
      disproportionately represent retailer types with low sales volume. The results
      suggest that legislative changes provide a window where retailers could be
      prompted to exit the market.

PMID- 26962042
TI  - Electronic nicotine delivery systems: overheating, fires and explosions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS)-associated overheating,
      fire or explosion (OH/F/EXP) events have occurred since at least 2009. OBJECTIVE:
      To identify the number and nature of ENDS OH/F/EXP events in the USA. METHODS:
      Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) scientists searched for event reports among
      five US federal agencies, scientific literature and media outlets. FINDINGS: 100
      reference sources identified 92 OH/F/EXP events in the USA, of which 45 (49%)
      injured 47 people, and 67 (73%) involved property damage beyond the product.
      Events were identified in media outlets (n=50; 54%) and reported to four agencies
      (n=42; 46%). The report rate peaked at an average of six reports per month in
      late 2013 with a smaller peak of three to four reports per month in the second
      quarter of 2015. All reports were incomplete and events exhibited variability.
      International events in three countries are mentioned, and international
      responses to events are summarised. CONCLUSIONS: The scope, causes and trajectory
      of ENDS OH/F/EXP events remain incompletely defined. Some events have resulted in
      life-threatening injury, permanent disfigurement or disability, and major
      property damage, suggesting the need for ongoing surveillance and risk
      mitigation. More comprehensive reporting could assist future analyses and may
      help to identify root causes and contributors to the OH/F/EXP events.

PMID- 26962043
TI  - Pipeline embolization device induced collateral channels in elective flow
      diversion treatment.
AB  - The pipeline embolization device (PED) is a well recognized treatment for
      intracranial aneurysms. However, uncertainty remains regarding its effects on
      flow alteration, which is particularly highlighted by persistently perfused
      aneurysmal remnants and non-regressing, non-perfused aneurysmal masses. Here we
      present a 68-year-old woman with an incidental giant fusiform right
      paraophthalmic aneurysm electively treated with a PED. After lowering her
      antiplatelet therapy to promote aneurysm thrombosis, she was found to have a
      progressively enlarging perfused aneurysmal remnant. Angiography revealed PED
      occlusion, but curiously the development of a peri-construct collateral channel
      which feeds the aneurysmal remnant, and gives rise to distal branches and
      contributes to middle cerebral artery flow. The large 'thrombosed' aneurysmal
      mass showed tiny internal vessels on cone beam CT angiography as well as florid
      enhancement on MRI, further confirming that apparently thrombosed remnants are
      biologically active and may be remodeled depending on flow demand.

PMID- 26962044
TI  - Use of Pipeline Flex is associated with reduced fluoroscopy time, procedure time,
      and technical failure compared with the first-generation Pipeline embolization
      device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Flow diversion with the Pipeline embolization device is a well
      established method of intracranial aneurysm treatment. However, deployment of the
      first-generation device (Pipeline Classic) can be technically challenging. The
      Pipeline Flex contains the same flow-diverting stent with a modified delivery
      system. OBJECTIVE: To compare procedural outcomes between the first-generation
      device (Pipeline Classic) and the Pipeline Flex. METHODS: Thirty-eight of the
      first 40 consecutive patients who underwent intracranial aneurysm treatment with
      the Pipeline Flex and 58 of the most recent 60 consecutive patients who underwent
      treatment with the Pipeline Classic at our institution were evaluated. Patient
      demographics, aneurysm characteristics, technical procedural details, and early
      outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable for age, gender,
      and location of target aneurysms. Use of Pipeline Flex decreased procedure time
      by 44.2 min (p<=0.001) and fluoroscopy time by 22.0 min (p=0.001) compared with
      the Pipeline Classic. Similarly, radiation exposure was less in the Flex group
      with a mean difference of 3473.5 Gy cm2 (p=0.002), while contrast usage was
      decreased with a mean difference of 22.3 mL (p=0.007). These differences remained
      significant in multivariate regression analysis. Finally, the rate of device
      deployment failure was lower in the Flex group (7.1%) than in the Classic group
      (23.9%) (p=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Use of Pipeline Flex significantly reduces the
      total procedure and fluoroscopy time, contrast usage, patient radiation exposure,
      and proportion of recaptured devices in comparison with the Pipeline Classic,
      probably owing to an enhanced delivery system that allows for more reliable and
      controlled deployment.

PMID- 26962045
TI  - Factors in use of family planning services by Syrian women in a refugee camp in
      Jordan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Syrian conflict presents the fastest growing refugee crisis in
      the world today, with over four million people now displaced outside the country.
      Existing literature suggests that family planning services are often still
      neglected in crisis response efforts. METHODS: A small-scale qualitative study
      conducted in May 2013, interviewing Syrian women residing in a Jordanian refugee
      camp about use and barriers to accessing family planning services. RESULTS: The
      study shows that significant barriers remain, and suggests that international
      attempts to address refugees' family planning needs remain inconsistent.
      CONCLUSIONS: Several practical measures are identified to address barriers to
      access, making the article of both practical and academic relevance.

PMID- 26962046
TI  - Sortilin is associated with the chlamydial inclusion and is modulated during
      infection.
AB  - Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular pathogens that have a major impact
      on human health. The pathogen replicates within an intracellular niche called an
      inclusion and is thought to rely heavily on host-derived proteins and lipids,
      including ceramide. Sortilin is a transmembrane receptor implicated in the
      trafficking of acid sphingomyelinase, which is responsible for catalysing the
      breakdown of sphingomyelin to ceramide. In this study, we examined the role of
      sortilin in Chlamydia trachomatis L2 development. Western immunoblotting and
      immunocytochemistry analysis revealed that endogenous sortilin is not only
      associated with the inclusion, but that protein levels increase in infected
      cells. RNAi-mediated depletion of sortilin, however, had no detectable impact on
      ceramide delivery to the inclusion or the production of infectious progeny. This
      study demonstrates that whilst Chlamydia redirects sortilin trafficking to the
      chlamydial inclusion, RNAi knockdown of sortilin expression is insufficient to
      determine if this pathway is requisite for the development of the pathogen. 

PMID- 26962047
TI  - NGT-3D: a simple nematode cultivation system to study Caenorhabditis elegans
      biology in 3D.
AB  - The nematodeCaenorhabditiselegansis one of the premier experimental model
      organisms today. In the laboratory, they display characteristic development,
      fertility, and behaviors in a two dimensional habitat. In nature, however,C.
      elegansis found in three dimensional environments such as rotting fruit. To
      investigate the biology ofC. elegansin a 3D controlled environment we designed a
      nematode cultivation habitat which we term the nematode growth tube or NGT-3D.
      NGT-3D allows for the growth of both nematodes and the bacteria they consume.
      Worms show comparable rates of growth, reproduction and lifespan when bacterial
      colonies in the 3D matrix are abundant. However, when bacteria are sparse, growth
      and brood size fail to reach levels observed in standard 2D plates. Using NGT-3D
      we observe drastic deficits in fertility in a sensory mutant in 3D compared to
      2D, and this defect was likely due to an inability to locate bacteria. Overall,
      NGT-3D will sharpen our understanding of nematode biology and allow scientists to
      investigate questions of nematode ecology and evolutionary fitness in the
      laboratory. 

PMID- 26962048
TI  - Post-hatching development of mitochondrial function, organ mass and metabolic
      rate in two ectotherms, the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and
      the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina).
AB  - The ontogeny of endothermy in birds is associated with disproportionate growth of
      thermogenic organs and increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity. However, no
      similar study has been made of the development of these traits in ectotherms. For
      comparison, we therefore investigated the metabolism, growth and muscle
      mitochondrial function in hatchlings of a turtle and a crocodilian, two
      ectotherms that never develop endothermy. Metabolic rate did not increase
      substantially in either species by 30 days post-hatching. Yolk-free body mass and
      heart mass did not change through 30 days in alligators and heart mass was a
      constant proportion of body mass, even after 1 year. Yolk-free body mass and
      liver mass grew 36% and 27%, respectively, in turtles during the first 30 days
      post-hatch. The mass-specific oxidative phosphorylation capacity of mitochondria,
      assessed using permeabilized muscle fibers, increased by a non-significant 47% in
      alligator thigh and a non-significant 50% in turtle thigh over 30 days, but did
      not increase in the heart. This developmental trajectory of mitochondrial
      function is slower and shallower than that previously observed in ducks, which
      demonstrate a 90% increase in mass-specific oxidative phosphorylation capacity in
      thigh muscles over just a few days, a 60% increase in mass-specific oxidative
      phosphorylation capacity of the heart over a few days, and disproportionate
      growth of the heart and other organs. Our data thus support the hypothesis that
      these developmental changes in ducks represent mechanistic drivers for attaining
      endothermy. 

PMID- 26962049
TI  - Cross-species functional analyses reveal shared and separate roles for Sox11 in
      frog primary neurogenesis and mouse cortical neuronal differentiation.
AB  - A well-functioning brain requires production of the correct number and types of
      cells during development; cascades of transcription factors are essential for
      cellular coordination. Sox proteins are transcription factors that affect various
      processes in the development of the nervous system. Sox11, a member of the SoxC
      family, is expressed in differentiated neurons and supports neuronal
      differentiation in several systems. To understand how generalizable the actions
      of Sox11 are across phylogeny, its function in the development of the frog
      nervous system and the mouse cerebral cortex were compared. Expression of Sox11
      is largely conserved between these species; in the developing frog, Sox11 is
      expressed in the neural plate, neural tube and throughout the segmented brain,
      while in the mouse cerebral cortex, Sox11 is expressed in differentiated zones,
      including the preplate, subplate, marginal zone and cortical plate. In both frog
      and mouse, data demonstrate that Sox11 supports a role in promoting neuronal
      differentiation, with Sox11-positive cells expressing pan-neural markers and
      becoming morphologically complex. However, frog and mouse Sox11 cannot substitute
      for one another; a functional difference likely reflected in sequence divergence.
      Thus, Sox11 appears to act similarly in subserving neuronal differentiation but
      is species-specific in frog neural development and mouse corticogenesis. 

PMID- 26962050
TI  - Genomic islands 1 and 2 play key roles in the evolution of extensively drug
      resistant ST235 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa are noscomially acquired, opportunistic pathogens that
      pose a major threat to the health of burns patients and the immunocompromised. We
      sequenced the genomes of P. aeruginosa isolates RNS_PA1, RNS_PA46 and RNS_PAE05,
      which displayed resistance to almost all frontline antibiotics, including
      gentamicin, piperacillin, timentin, meropenem, ceftazidime and colistin. We
      provide evidence that the isolates are representatives of P. aeruginosa sequence
      type (ST) 235 and carry Tn6162 and Tn6163 in genomic islands 1 (GI1) and 2 (GI2),
      respectively. GI1 disrupts the endA gene at precisely the same chromosomal
      location as in P. aeruginosa strain VR-143/97, of unknown ST, creating an
      identical CA direct repeat. The class 1 integron associated with Tn6163 in GI2
      carries a blaGES-5-aacA4-gcuE15-aphA15 cassette array conferring resistance to
      carbapenems and aminoglycosides. GI2 is flanked by a 12 nt direct repeat motif,
      abuts a tRNA-gly gene, and encodes proteins with putative roles in integration,
      conjugative transfer as well as integrative conjugative element-specific
      proteins. This suggests that GI2 may have evolved from a novel integrative
      conjugative element. Our data provide further support to the hypothesis that
      genomic islands play an important role in de novo evolution of multiple
      antibiotic resistance phenotypes in P. aeruginosa. 

PMID- 26962051
TI  - Molecular architecture of the Dam1 complex-microtubule interaction.
AB  - Mitosis is a highly regulated process that allows the equal distribution of the
      genetic material to the daughter cells. Chromosome segregation requires the
      formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle and assembly of a multi-protein structure
      termed the kinetochore to mediate attachments between condensed chromosomes and
      spindle microtubules. In budding yeast, a single microtubule attaches to each
      kinetochore, necessitating robustness and processivity of this kinetochore
      microtubule attachment. The yeast kinetochore-localized Dam1 complex forms a
      direct interaction with the spindle microtubule. In vitro, the Dam1 complex
      assembles as a ring around microtubules and couples microtubule depolymerization
      with cargo movement. However, the subunit organization within the Dam1 complex,
      its higher-order oligomerization and how it interacts with microtubules remain
      under debate. Here, we used chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry to
      define the architecture and subunit organization of the Dam1 complex. This work
      reveals that both the C termini of Duo1 and Dam1 subunits interact with the
      microtubule and are critical for microtubule binding of the Dam1 complex, placing
      Duo1 and Dam1 on the inside of the ring structure. Integrating this information
      with available structural data, we provide a coherent model for how the Dam1
      complex self-assembles around microtubules. 

PMID- 26962053
TI  - Iron and dopamine: a toxic couple.
AB  - Iron accumulation is a cardinal feature of degenerating regions in the
      Parkinson's disease brain. As a potent pro-oxidant, redox-active iron may be a
      key player in upstream mechanisms that precipitate cell death in this disorder.
      Although an elevation in brain iron levels is a normal feature of ageing, the
      increase is greater in Parkinson's disease; on the other hand, the effects of the
      disease are most marked in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. In this Update,
      we explain that neurodegeneration in the affected regions may result from the
      potent redox couple formed by iron and dopamine itself, and discuss the clinical
      implications of this molecular trait in this dynamic and rapidly moving area of
      Parkinson's disease research.

PMID- 26962055
TI  - Subtoxic Alterations in Hepatocyte-Derived Exosomes: An Early Step in Drug
      Induced Liver Injury?
AB  - Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant clinical and economic problem
      in the United States, yet the mechanisms that underlie DILI remain poorly
      understood. Recent evidence suggests that signaling molecules released by
      stressed hepatocytes can trigger immune responses that may be common across DILI
      mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles released by hepatocytes, principally
      hepatocyte-derived exosomes (HDEs), may constitute one such signal. To examine
      HDE alterations as a function of drug-induced stress, this work utilized
      prototypical hepatotoxicant acetaminophen (APAP) in male Sprague-Dawley (SD)
      rats, SD rat hepatocytes, and primary human hepatocytes. HDE were isolated using
      ExoQuick precipitation reagent and analyzed by quantification of the liver
      specific RNAs albumin and microRNA-122 (miR-122). In vivo, significant elevations
      in circulating exosomal albumin mRNA were observed at subtoxic APAP exposures.
      Significant increases in exosomal albumin mRNA were also observed in primary rat
      hepatocytes at subtoxic APAP concentrations. In primary human hepatocytes, APAP
      elicited increases in both exosomal albumin mRNA and exosomal miR-122 without
      overt cytotoxicity. However, the number of HDE produced in vitro in response to
      APAP did not increase with exosomal RNA quantity. We conclude that significant
      drug-induced alterations in the liver-specific RNA content of HDE occur at
      subtoxic APAP exposures in vivo and in vitro, and that these changes appear to
      reflect selective packaging rather than changes in exosome number. The current
      findings demonstrate that translationally relevant HDE alterations occur in the
      absence of overt hepatocellular toxicity, and support the hypothesis that HDE
      released by stressed hepatocytes may mediate early immune responses in DILI.

PMID- 26962052
TI  - Tau PET patterns mirror clinical and neuroanatomical variability in Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - SEE SARAZIN ET AL DOI101093/BRAIN/AWW041 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS
      ARTICLE: The advent of the positron emission tomography tracer (18)F-AV1451
      provides the unique opportunity to visualize the regional distribution of tau
      pathology in the living human brain. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that
      tau pathology is closely linked to symptomatology and patterns of glucose
      hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease, in contrast to the more diffuse
      distribution of amyloid-beta pathology. We included 20 patients meeting criteria
      for probable Alzheimer's disease dementia or mild cognitive impairment due to
      Alzheimer's disease, presenting with a variety of clinical phenotypes, and 15
      amyloid-beta-negative cognitively normal individuals, who underwent (18)F-AV1451
      (tau), (11)C-PiB (amyloid-beta) and (18)F-FDG (glucose metabolism) positron
      emission tomography, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping and neuropsychological
      testing. Voxel-wise contrasts against controls (at P < 0.05 family-wise error
      corrected) showed that (18)F-AV1451 and (18)F-FDG patterns in patients with
      posterior cortical atrophy ('visual variant of Alzheimer's disease', n = 7)
      specifically targeted the clinically affected posterior brain regions, while
      (11)C-PiB bound diffusely throughout the neocortex. Patients with an amnestic
      predominant presentation (n = 5) showed highest (18)F-AV1451 retention in medial
      temporal and lateral temporoparietal regions. Patients with logopenic variant
      primary progressive aphasia ('language variant of Alzheimer's disease', n = 5)
      demonstrated asymmetric left greater than right hemisphere (18)F-AV1451 uptake in
      three of five patients. Across 30 FreeSurfer-defined regions of interest in 16
      Alzheimer's disease patients with all three positron emission tomography scans
      available, there was a strong negative association between (18)F-AV1451 and (18)F
      FDG uptake (Pearson's r = -0.49 +/- 0.07, P < 0.001) and less pronounced positive
      associations between (11)C-PiB and (18)F-FDG (Pearson's r = 0.16 +/- 0.09, P <
      0.001) and (18)F-AV1451 and (11)C-PiB (Pearson's r = 0.18 +/- 0.09, P < 0.001).
      Voxel-wise linear regressions thresholded at P < 0.05 (uncorrected) showed that,
      across all patients, younger age was associated with greater (18)F-AV1451 uptake
      in wide regions of the neocortex, while older age was associated with increased
      (18)F-AV1451 in the medial temporal lobe. APOE epsilon4 carriers showed greater
      temporal and parietal (18)F-AV1451 uptake than non-carriers. Finally, worse
      performance on domain-specific neuropsychological tests was associated with
      greater (18)F-AV1451 uptake in key regions implicated in memory (medial temporal
      lobes), visuospatial function (occipital, right temporoparietal cortex) and
      language (left > right temporoparietal cortex). In conclusion, tau imaging
      contrary to amyloid-beta imaging-shows a strong regional association with
      clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. Although
      preliminary, these results are consistent with and expand upon findings from post
      mortem, animal and cerebrospinal fluid studies, and suggest that the pathological
      aggregation of tau is closely linked to patterns of neurodegeneration and
      clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 26962054
TI  - Perinatal Lead Exposure Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Results in Sex
      specific Bodyweight Increases in Adult Mice.
AB  - Heavy metal pollution is a principle source of environmental contamination.
      Epidemiological and animal data suggest that early life lead (Pb) exposure
      results in critical effects on epigenetic gene regulation and child and adult
      weight trajectories. Using a mouse model of human-relevant exposure, we
      investigated the effects of perinatal Pb exposure on gut microbiota in adult
      mice, and the link between gut microbiota and bodyweight changes. Following Pb
      exposure during gestation and lactation via maternal drinking water, bodyweight
      in A(vy) strain wild-type non-agouti (a/a) offspring was tracked through
      adulthood. Gut microbiota of adult mice were characterized by deep DNA sequencing
      of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Data analyses were stratified by sex and
      adjusted for litter effects. A Bayesian variable selection algorithm was used to
      analyze associations between bacterial operational taxonomic units and offspring
      adult bodyweight. Perinatal Pb exposure was associated with increased adult
      bodyweight in male (P < .05) but not in female offspring (P = .24). Cultivable
      aerobes decreased and anaerobes increased in Pb-exposed offspring (P < .005 and P
      < .05, respectively). Proportions of the 2 predominant phyla (Bacteroidetes and
      Firmicutes) shifted inversely with Pb exposure, and whole bacterial compositions
      were significantly different (analysis of molecular variance, P < .05) by Pb
      exposure without sex bias. In males, changes in gut microbiota were highly
      associated with adult bodyweight (P = .028; effect size = 2.59). Thus, perinatal
      Pb exposure results in altered adult gut microbiota regardless of sex, and these
      changes are highly correlated with increased bodyweight in males. Adult gut
      microbiota can be shaped by early exposures and may contribute to disease risks
      in a sex-specific manner.

PMID- 26962056
TI  - Vinyl Chloride Metabolites Potentiate Inflammatory Liver Injury Caused by LPS in
      Mice.
AB  - Vinyl chloride (VC) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant for which human
      risk is incompletely understood. We have previously reported that high
      occupational exposure to VC directly caused liver damage in humans. However,
      whether VC may also potentiate liver injury from other causes is not known.
      C57Bl/6J mice were administered chloroethanol (CE), a major metabolite of VC, and
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 24 h after CE. Samples were harvested for determination
      of liver damage, inflammation, and changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
      In mice, CE exposure alone caused no detectable liver damage. LPS exposure caused
      inflammatory liver damage, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and glycogen
      depletion; the effect of all of these variables was potentiated by CE pre
      exposure. In vitro experiments suggest that VC metabolite chloroacetaldehyde
      (CAA) directly damages mitochondria, which may explain the sensitization effect
      observed in vivo Moreover, co-exposure of cells to CAA and TNFalpha caused
      increased cell death, supporting the hypothesis of sensitization by VC
      metabolites. Taken together, these data demonstrate that exposure to
      VC/metabolites at levels that are not overtly hepatotoxic can potentiate liver
      injury caused by another hepatotoxicant. This serves as proof-of-concept that VC
      hepatotoxicity may be modified by an additional metabolic stress such as
      endotoxemia, which commonly occurs in acute (eg, sepsis) and chronic (eg, NAFLD)
      diseases.

PMID- 26962058
TI  - Need for Intensive Nutrition Care After Bariatric Surgery.
AB  - Severe nutrition complications after bariatric surgery remain poorly described.
      The aim of this case series was to identify specific factors associated with
      nutrition complications after bariatric surgery and to characterize their
      nutrition disorders. We retrospectively reviewed all people referred to the
      clinical nutrition intensive care unit of our university hospital after bariatric
      surgery from January 2013 to June 2015. Twelve persons who required artificial
      nutrition supplies (ie, enteral nutrition or parenteral nutrition) were
      identified. Seven persons underwent a "one-anastomosis gastric bypass" (OAGB) or
      "mini gastric bypass," 2 underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 2 had a sleeve
      gastrectomy, and 1 had an adjustable gastric band. This case series suggests that
      OAGB could overexpose subjects to severe nutrition complications requiring
      intensive nutrition care and therefore cannot be considered a "mini" bariatric
      surgery. Even if OAGB is often considered a simplified surgical technique, it
      obviously requires as the other standard bariatric procedures a close follow-up
      by experimented teams aware of its specific complications.

PMID- 26962057
TI  - Cancer Stem-Like Cells Accumulated in Nickel-Induced Malignant Transformation.
AB  - Nickel compounds are known as human carcinogens. Chronic environmental exposure
      to nickel is a worldwide health concern. Although the mechanisms of nickel
      induced carcinogenesis are not well understood, recent studies suggest that stem
      cells/cancer stem cells are likely important targets. This study examines the
      role of cancer stem cells in nickel-induced cell transformation. The
      nontransformed human bronchial epithelial cell line (Beas-2B) was chronically
      exposed to nickel chloride for 12 months to induce cell transformation. Nickel
      induced Beas-2B cell transformation, and cancer stem-like cells were enriched in
      nickel-transformed cell (BNiT) population. The BNiT cancer stem-like cells
      demonstrated enhanced self-renewal and distinctive differentiation properties. In
      vivo tumorigenesis studies show that BNiT cancer stem-like cells possess a high
      tumor-initiating capability. It was also demonstrated that superoxide dismutase 1
      was involved in the accumulation of cancer stem-like cells; the regulation of
      superoxide dismutase 1 expression was different in transformed stem-like cells
      and nontransformed. Overall, the accumulation of stem-like cells and their
      enhanced stemness functions contribute to nickel-induced tumorigenesis. Our study
      provides additional insight into the mechanisms by which metals or other
      chemicals can induce carcinogenesis.

PMID- 26962059
TI  - Long-Term Fish Oil Lipid Emulsion Use in Children With Intestinal Failure
      Associated Liver Disease [Formula: see text].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) and multidisciplinary care for infants
      with intestinal failure (IF) have been associated with reduced morbidity and
      mortality due to IF-associated liver disease (IFALD). With increased survival, a
      greater proportion of infants with IF are now able to remain on parenteral
      nutrition (PN) in the long term. The purpose of this study was to examine
      outcomes in children with IFALD who have required long-term PN and FOLE therapy
      due to chronic IF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of prospectively collected
      data was performed for children with IFALD who required at least 3 years of PN
      and FOLE therapy due to chronic IF. Outcomes examined include the incidence of
      death, transplantation, and essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), as well as
      growth parameters and the biochemical markers of liver disease. RESULTS: Of 215
      patients with IFALD treated from 2004-2015, 30 required PN and FOLE therapy for
      at least 3 years (median, 4.6 years). To date, no patients have died, required
      transplantation, or developed EFAD. Biochemical markers of liver disease
      normalized within the first year of therapy with no recurrent elevations in the
      long term. Weight-for age and length-for-age z scores improved and PN dependence
      decreased in the first year of therapy, with a stable rate of growth in the long
      term. CONCLUSIONS: Children with IFALD who required long-term PN and FOLE for
      chronic IF had no mortality, need for transplantation, EFAD, or recurrence of
      liver disease in the long term, allowing for continued intestinal rehabilitation.

PMID- 26962060
TI  - Factors Affecting the Development of an Antibody Response to Hepatitis B
      Immunization in Children With Intestinal Failure: Before and After Small Bowel
      Transplantation (With and Without Liver Graft).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Small bowel transplant with or without a liver graft (SBTx +/- LTx)
      for children with intestinal failure involves checking their immunity to a range
      of microorganisms, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), at the time of assessment.
      HBV vaccination in the United Kingdom is recommended for transplant candidates.
      The aim of this audit was to find out how many SBTx +/- LTx candidates received
      HBV vaccination before transplantation and how the timing of vaccination
      influenced the development of immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective
      review of case notes and hospital microbiology database formed the basis of the
      study. Vaccination history and serology were available in 56 of 87 subjects who
      had SBTx +/- LTx. RESULTS: All patients were seronegative for HBV when assessed
      for transplant. HBV vaccination was started before transplant in 25 children and
      after transplant in 31. Eight children died posttransplant before their immunity
      could be checked, but of the 48 survivors, 20 children developed immunity, of
      whom 13 (65%) received at least 1 vaccination before SBTx +/- LTx ( P = .008).
      Lack of response to HBV vaccine was significantly associated with isolated bowel
      transplantation and intensification of immune suppression. Of 11 children, 5 lost
      hepatitis B surface antibody (HbsAb), and 28 never made HBsAb, despite repeated
      vaccinations. CONCLUSION: Our study clearly shows that HBV vaccine before
      transplant is more effective. In line with renal failure patients, we suggest
      that children with chronic intestinal failure receive HBV vaccine when clinically
      stable, before referral for transplant. Higher-dose vaccines, accelerated
      schedules, and more frequent booster vaccinations are also strategies that may
      improve HBsAb levels after transplant.

PMID- 26962061
TI  - Validation of Bedside Ultrasound of Muscle Layer Thickness of the Quadriceps in
      the Critically Ill Patient (VALIDUM Study).
AB  - BACKGROUND: In critically ill patients, muscle atrophy is associated with long
      term disability and mortality. Bedside ultrasound may quantify muscle mass, but
      it has not been validated in the intensive care unit (ICU). Here, we compared
      ultrasound-based quadriceps muscle layer thickness (QMLT) with precise
      quantifications of computed tomography (CT)-based muscle cross-sectional area
      (CSA). METHODS: Patients >=18 years old with abdominal CT scans performed for
      clinical reasons were recruited from 9 ICUs for an ultrasound assessment of the
      quadriceps. CT scans of the third lumbar vertebra, performed <24 hours before or
      <72 hours after ICU admission, were analyzed for CSA. Low muscularity was defined
      as 170 cm2 for men and 110 cm2 for women. The ultrasound probe was maximally
      compressed against the skin and QMLT was measured on 2 sites of each quadriceps
      <72 hours of the CT scan. RESULTS: Mean CT-derived muscle CSA was 109 +/- 25 cm2
      for women and 168 +/- 37 cm2 for men, where 58% of patients exhibited low
      muscularity; only 2.7% patients were underweight according to body mass index.
      QMLT was positively correlated with CT CSA ( r = 0.45, P < .001). Based on
      logistic regression to predict low muscularity, QMLT independently generated a
      concordance index ( c) of 0.67 ( P < .002), which increased to 0.77 ( P < .001)
      when age, sex, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and admission type
      (surgical vs medical) were added. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that QMLT
      alone with our current protocol may not accurately identify patients with low
      muscle mass.

PMID- 26962063
TI  - Some Concerns About the Design of Nutrition Support Trials.

PMID- 26962062
TI  - Parenteral Plant Sterols Accumulate in the Liver Reflecting Their Increased Serum
      Levels and Portal Inflammation in Children With Intestinal Failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parenteral plant sterols (PSs) are considered hepatotoxic; however,
      liver PSs and their associations with liver injury in patients with intestinal
      failure (IF) have not been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed liver and
      serum PS (avenasterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol) concentrations
      and ratios to cholesterol and their associations with biochemical and histologic
      liver damage in children with IF during (n = 7) parenteral nutrition (PN) and
      after weaning off it (n = 9), including vegetable oil-based lipid emulsions.
      RESULTS: Liver avenasterol, sitosterol, and total PS concentrations and
      cholesterol ratios were 2.4-fold to 5.6-fold higher in PN-dependent patients ( P
      < .05). Parenteral PS delivery reflected liver avenasterol and sitosterol ratios
      to cholesterol ( r = 0.83-0.89, P = .02-.04), while serum and liver total PS
      levels were positively interrelated ( r = 0.98, P < .01). Any liver
      histopathology was equally common while portal inflammation more frequent (57 vs
      0%, P = .02) in PN-dependent patients. All liver PS fractions correlated
      positively with histologic portal inflammation ( r = 0.53-0.66, P < .05), and
      their total concentration was significantly ( P = .01) higher among patients with
      versus without portal inflammation. In PN-dependent patients, liver fibrosis and
      any histopathology correlated with liver campesterol and stigmasterol levels ( r
      = 0.79-0.87, P <= .03). CONCLUSION: Among children with IF, parenteral PSs
      accumulate in the liver, reflect their increased serum levels, and relate with
      biochemical liver injury, portal inflammation, and liver fibrosis, thus
      supporting their role in promoting liver damage.

PMID- 26962064
TI  - Nutrition Delivery Affects Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress
      Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is prevalent in critically ill children. We aim to
      describe nutrition received by children with acute respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS) and to determine whether provision of adequate nutrition is associated
      with improved clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied
      characteristics and outcomes of 2 groups of patients: (1) those who received
      adequate calories (defined as >=80% of predicted resting energy expenditure) and
      (2) those who received adequate protein (defined as >=1.5g/kg/d of protein).
      Outcomes of interest were mortality, ventilator-free days (VFDs), intensive care
      unit (ICU)-free days, multiorgan dysfunction, and need for extracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation. Categorical variables were analyzed using the Fisher exact
      test, and continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
      Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify
      associated risk factors related to these outcomes of interest. RESULTS: In total,
      107 patients with ARDS were identified. There was a reduction in ICU mortality in
      patients who received adequate calories (34.6% vs 60.5%, P = .025) and adequate
      protein (14.3% vs 60.2%, P = .002) compared with those that did not. Patients
      with adequate protein intake also had more VFDs (median [interquartile range], 12
      [3.0-19.0] vs 0 [0.0-14.8] days; P = .005). After adjusting for severity of
      illness, adequate protein remained significantly associated with decreased
      mortality (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.09 [0.01-0.94]; P =
      .044). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that adequate nutrition delivery in
      children with ARDS was associated with improved clinical outcomes. Protein
      delivery may have potentially more impact than overall caloric delivery.

PMID- 26962065
TI  - End-of-life care preferences of nursing home residents: Results of a cross
      sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Palliative care services were not available in nursing homes in
      Singapore. Project CARE (Care At the end-of-life for Residents in homes for the
      Elderly) was a pilot programme that aimed to promote advance care planning and
      improve end-of-life care in nursing homes. AIM: We aimed to examine end-of-life
      care preferences among nursing home residents, and identify factors associated
      with preference for medical intervention, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and place
      of death. DESIGN AND SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional study using data
      from advance care planning discussions was conducted from September 2009 to April
      2012 across seven nursing homes. The advance care planning discussion was
      conducted with the resident (with a prognosis of 6 months or 1 year), their
      families and staff from the nursing home and hospital. RESULTS: A total of 600
      residents and their families completed the advance care planning discussion.
      Majority (93.2%) preferred not to proceed with cardiopulmonary resuscitation,
      52.3% opted for limited additional intervention at the nursing home with
      escalation to the hospital if necessary and 77.0% preferred to die at the nursing
      home. Residents 85+ years (relative risk ratio: 3.34, 95% confidence interval:
      1.13-9.93, p = 0.030) were more likely to prefer medical intervention at the
      nursing home only. No associations were found with the preference for
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Residents who were single, or who were Christians
      or Catholics (adjusted odds ratio: 2.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-4.19, p =
      0.039), were more likely to prefer to die at the nursing home. CONCLUSION:
      Preferences for medical interventions in nursing homes provide support to extend
      palliative care services to nursing homes, which may benefit residents who are
      older, single, or Christians or Catholics.

PMID- 26962066
TI  - Sex differences in comorbidity at diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: A population
      based study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of comorbidity in the multiple sclerosis
      (MS) population at the time of MS diagnosis. We also compared the prevalence of
      comorbidity in the MS population to that in a matched cohort from the general
      population. METHODS: Using population-based administrative health data from 4
      Canadian provinces, we identified 23,382 incident MS cases and 116,638 age-, sex
      , and geographically matched controls. We estimated the prevalence of
      hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, chronic lung disease,
      epilepsy, fibromyalgia, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, anxiety, bipolar
      disorder, and schizophrenia at MS diagnosis using validated case definitions. We
      compared the populations using rate ratios. RESULTS: Of the MS cases, 16,803
      (71.9%) were female. The most prevalent comorbidity was depression (19.1%).
      Compared to the matched population, all comorbidities except hyperlipidemia were
      more common in the MS population. Relative to the matched populations, the
      prevalence of hypertension was 16% higher for women with MS and 48% higher for
      men with MS, thus there was a disproportionately higher prevalence of
      hypertension in men with MS than women. Men with MS also had a disproportionately
      higher prevalence than women with MS for diabetes, epilepsy, depression, and
      anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity is more common than expected in MS, even around
      the time of diagnosis. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity is particularly
      high and highlights the need for clinical attention to this issue. The observed
      sex-specific differences in the burden of comorbidity in MS, which differ from
      those in the matched population, warrant further investigation.

PMID- 26962067
TI  - Two different phenomena in basic motor speech performance in premanifest
      Huntington disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Dysarthria is a common feature in Huntington disease (HD). The aim of
      this cross-sectional pilot study was the description and objective analysis of
      different speech parameters with special emphasis on the aspect of speech timing
      of connected speech and nonspeech verbal utterances in premanifest HD (preHD).
      METHODS: A total of 28 preHD mutation carriers and 28 age- and sex-matched
      healthy speakers had to perform a reading task and several syllable repetition
      tasks. Results of computerized acoustic analysis of different variables for the
      measurement of speech rate and regularity were correlated with clinical measures
      and MRI-based brain atrophy assessment by voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS: An
      impaired capacity to steadily repeat single syllables with higher variations in
      preHD compared to healthy controls was found (variance 1: Cohen d = 1.46).
      Notably, speech rate was increased compared to controls and showed correlations
      to the volume of certain brain areas known to be involved in the sensory-motor
      speech networks (net speech rate: Cohen d = 1.19). Furthermore, speech rate
      showed correlations to disease burden score, probability of disease onset, the
      estimated years to onset, and clinical measures like the cognitive score.
      CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of speech rate and regularity might be helpful
      additional tools for the monitoring of subclinical functional disability in
      preHD. As one of the possible causes for higher performance in preHD, we discuss
      huntingtin-dependent temporarily advantageous development processes of the brain.

PMID- 26962069
TI  - Monozygotic twins with de novo ZIC2 gene mutations discordant for the type of
      holoprosencephaly.

PMID- 26962068
TI  - Health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: Direct and indirect effects
      of comorbidity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the direct and indirect influences of physical
      comorbidity, symptoms of depression and anxiety, fatigue, and disability on
      health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).
      METHODS: A large (n = 949) sample of adults with MS was recruited from 4 Canadian
      MS clinics. HRQoL was assessed using the patient-reported Health Utilities Index
      Mark 3. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores, physical comorbidity,
      depression, anxiety, and fatigue were evaluated as predictors of HRQoL in a cross
      sectional path analysis. RESULTS: All predictors were significantly associated
      with HRQoL and together accounted for a large proportion of variance (63%).
      Overall, disability status most strongly affected HRQoL (beta = -0.52) but it was
      closely followed by depressive symptoms (beta = -0.50). The direct associations
      of physical comorbidity and anxiety with HRQoL were small (beta = -0.08 and 
      0.10, respectively), but these associations were stronger when indirect effects
      through other variables (depression, fatigue) were also considered (physical
      comorbidity: beta = -0.20; anxiety: beta = -0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Increased
      disability, depression and anxiety symptoms, fatigue, and physical comorbidity
      are associated with decreased HRQoL in MS. Disability most strongly diminishes
      HRQoL and, thus, interventions that reduce disability are expected to yield the
      most substantial improvement in HRQoL. Yet, interventions targeting other factors
      amenable to change, particularly depression but also anxiety, fatigue, and
      physical comorbidities, may all result in meaningful improvements in HRQoL, as
      well. Our findings point to the importance of further research confirming the
      efficacy of such interventions.

PMID- 26962071
TI  - Multiple sclerosis: A lifestyle disease?

PMID- 26962070
TI  - Network dysfunction predicts speech production after left hemisphere stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of multiple distributed brain networks,
      including the default mode, fronto-temporo-parietal, and cingulo-opercular
      networks, which mediate domain-general and task-specific processes during speech
      production after aphasic stroke. METHODS: We conducted an observational
      functional MRI study to investigate the effects of a previous left hemisphere
      stroke on functional connectivity within and between distributed networks as
      patients described pictures. Study design included various baseline tasks, and we
      compared results to those of age-matched healthy participants performing the same
      tasks. We used independent component and psychophysiological interaction
      analyses. RESULTS: Although activity within individual networks was not
      predictive of speech production, relative activity between networks was a
      predictor of both within-scanner and out-of-scanner language performance, over
      and above that predicted from lesion volume, age, sex, and years of education.
      Specifically, robust functional imaging predictors were the differential activity
      between the default mode network and both the left and right fronto-temporo
      parietal networks, respectively activated and deactivated during speech. We also
      observed altered between-network functional connectivity of these networks in
      patients during speech production. CONCLUSIONS: Speech production is dependent on
      complex interactions among widely distributed brain networks, indicating that
      residual speech production after stroke depends on more than the restoration of
      local domain-specific functions. Our understanding of the recovery of function
      following focal lesions is not adequately captured by consideration of
      ipsilesional or contralesional brain regions taking over lost domain-specific
      functions, but is perhaps best considered as the interaction between what remains
      of domain-specific networks and domain-general systems that regulate behavior.

PMID- 26962072
TI  - Domain general neurocognitive networks: A new player in poststroke recovery from
      aphasia?

PMID- 26962073
TI  - The Need for Global Regulation of Antibiotics: The Case of a Generic Oral Penem.

PMID- 26962074
TI  - Test of Cure for Anogenital Gonorrhoea Using Modern RNA-Based and DNA-Based
      Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests: A Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to diagnose
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections complicates the performance of a test of cure
      (TOC) to monitor treatment failure, if this is indicated. As evidence for the
      timing of TOC using modern NAATs is limited, we performed a prospective cohort
      study to assess time to clearance when using modern RNA- and DNA-based NAATs.
      METHODS: We included patients with anogenital gonorrhoea visiting the Sexually
      Transmitted Infection Clinic Amsterdam from March through October 2014. After
      treatment with ceftriaxone mono- or dual therapy (with azithromycin or
      doxycycline), anal, vaginal, or urine samples were self-collected during 28
      consecutive days, and analyzed using an RNA-based NAAT (Aptima Combo 2) and a DNA
      based NAAT (Cobas 4800). Clearance was defined as 3 consecutive negative results,
      and blips as isolated positive results following clearance. RESULTS: We included
      77 patients; 5 self-cleared gonorrhoea before treatment and 10 were lost to
      follow-up. Clearance rate of the remaining 62 patients was 100%. Median time to
      clearance was 2 days, with a range of 1-7 days for RNA-based NAAT and 1-15 days
      for DNA-based NAAT. The risk of finding a blip after clearance was 0.8% and 1.5%,
      respectively. One patient had a reinfection. CONCLUSIONS: If indicated, we
      recommend that TOC be performed for anogenital gonorrhoea at least 7 or 14 days
      after administering therapy, when using modern RNA- or DNA-based NAATs,
      respectively. When interpreting TOC results for possible treatment failure, both
      the occurrence of blips and a possible reinfection need to be taken into account.

PMID- 26962076
TI  - Human Polyomavirus-6 Infecting Lymph Nodes of a Patient With an Angiolymphoid
      Hyperplasia With Eosinophilia or Kimura Disease.
AB  - Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) is most often detected at the skin surface of
      healthy individuals. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that HPyV6 also
      infects internal tissues. We provide direct evidence of HPyV6 infecting a lymph
      node of a patient with an angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia or Kimura
      disease.

PMID- 26962077
TI  - Editorial Commentary: HIV Is Putting Up Less Resistance.

PMID- 26962075
TI  - Emergence of Acquired HIV-1 Drug Resistance Almost Stopped in Switzerland: A 15
      Year Prospective Cohort Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a major barrier to successful antiretroviral
      treatment (ART). Therefore, it is important to monitor time trends at a
      population level. METHODS: We included 11 084 ART-experienced patients from the
      Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) between 1999 and 2013. The SHCS is highly
      representative and includes 72% of patients receiving ART in Switzerland. Drug
      resistance was defined as the presence of >=1 major mutation in a genotypic
      resistance test. To estimate the prevalence of drug resistance, data for patients
      with no resistance test was imputed based on the patient's risk of harboring drug
      resistant viruses. RESULTS: The emergence of new drug resistance mutations
      declined dramatically from 401 to 23 patients between 1999 and 2013. The upper
      estimated prevalence limit of drug resistance among ART-experienced patients
      decreased from 57.0% in 1999 to 37.1% in 2013. The prevalence of 3-class
      resistance decreased from 9.0% to 4.4% and was always <0.4% for patients who
      initiated ART after 2006. Most patients actively participating in the SHCS in
      2013 with drug-resistant viruses initiated ART before 1999 (59.8%). Nevertheless,
      in 2013, 94.5% of patients who initiated ART before 1999 had good remaining
      treatment options based on Stanford algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: Human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance among ART-experienced patients in
      Switzerland is a well-controlled relic from the era before combination ART.
      Emergence of drug resistance can be virtually stopped with new potent therapies
      and close monitoring.

PMID- 26962078
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Ceftazidime-Avibactam Plus Metronidazole Versus Meropenem
      in the Treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection: Results From a
      Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: When combined with ceftazidime, the novel non-beta-lactam beta
      lactamase inhibitor avibactam provides a carbapenem alternative against multidrug
      resistant infections. Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam plus
      metronidazole were compared with meropenem in 1066 men and women with complicated
      intra-abdominal infections from 2 identical, randomized, double-blind phase 3
      studies (NCT01499290 and NCT01500239). METHODS: The primary end point was
      clinical cure at test-of-cure visit 28-35 days after randomization, assessed by
      noninferiority of ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole to meropenem in the
      microbiologically modified intention-to-treat (mMITT) population (in accordance
      with US Food and Drug Administration guidance), and the modified intention-to
      treat and clinically evaluable populations (European Medicines Agency guidance).
      Noninferiority was considered met if the lower limit of the 95% confidence
      interval for between-group difference was greater than the prespecified
      noninferiority margin of -12.5%. RESULTS: Ceftazidime-avibactam plus
      metronidazole was noninferior to meropenem across all primary analysis
      populations. Clinical cure rates with ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole
      and meropenem, respectively, were as follows: mMITT population, 81.6% and 85.1%
      (between-group difference, -3.5%; 95% confidence interval -8.64 to 1.58);
      modified intention-to-treat, 82.5% and 84.9% (-2.4%; -6.90 to 2.10); and
      clinically evaluable, 91.7% and 92.5% (-0.8%; -4.61 to 2.89). The clinical cure
      rate with ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole for ceftazidime-resistant
      infections was comparable to that with meropenem (mMITT population, 83.0% and
      85.9%, respectively) and similar to the regimen's own efficacy against
      ceftazidime-susceptible infections (82.0%). Adverse events were similar between
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ceftazidime-avibactam plus metronidazole was noninferior to
      meropenem in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Efficacy
      was similar against infections caused by ceftazidime-susceptible and ceftazidime
      resistant pathogens. The safety profile of ceftazidime-avibactam plus
      metronidazole was consistent with that previously observed with ceftazidime
      alone. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01499290 and NCT01500239.

PMID- 26962080
TI  - Editorial Commentary: When to Perform a Test of Cure for Gonorrhea: Controversies
      and Evolving Data.

PMID- 26962079
TI  - Incidence, Duration, Persistence, and Factors Associated With High-risk Anal
      Human Papillomavirus Persistence Among HIV-negative Men Who Have Sex With Men: A
      Multinational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Given high rates of anal disease, we investigated the natural history
      of high-risk anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among a multinational group of men
      who have sex with men (MSM) aged 18-64 years. METHODS: Anal specimens from human
      immunodeficiency virus-negative men from Brazil, Mexico, and the United States
      were genotyped. Over 2 years, 406 MSM provided evaluable specimens every 6 months
      for >=2 visits. These men were stratified into men who have sex only with men
      (MSOM, n = 70) and men who have sex with women and men (MSWM, n = 336).
      Persistence was defined as >=12 months' type-specific duration and could begin
      with either a prevalent or incident infection. Prevalence ratios and 95%
      confidence intervals were calculated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Median
      follow-up time was 2.1 years. Retention was 82%. Annual cumulative incidence of 9
      valent vaccine types was 19% and 8% among MSOM and MSWM, respectively (log-rank P
      = .02). Duration of anal HPV did not differ for MSOM and MSWM and was a median of
      6.9 months for HPV-16 after combining men from the 2 groups. Among men with
      prevalent high-risk infection (n = 106), a total of 36.8%, retained the infection
      for at least 24 months. For those with prevalent HPV-16 (n = 27), 29.6% were
      persistent for at least 24 months. Persistence of high-risk HPV was associated
      with number of male anal sex partners and inversely associated with number of
      female sex partners. CONCLUSIONS: MSM with prevalent high-risk HPV infection
      should be considered at increased risk for nontransient infection.

PMID- 26962081
TI  - Capsular Typing Method for Streptococcus agalactiae Using Whole-Genome Sequence
      Data.
AB  - Group B streptococcus (GBS) capsular serotypes are major determinants of
      virulence and affect potential vaccine coverage. Here we report a whole-genome
      sequencing-based method for GBS serotype assignment. This method shows strong
      agreement (kappa of 0.92) with conventional methods and increased serotype
      assignment (100%) to all 10 capsular types.

PMID- 26962083
TI  - The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically
      Relevant Microorganisms.
AB  - Enhanced quantitative urine culture (EQUC) detects live microorganisms in the
      vast majority of urine specimens reported as "no growth" by the standard urine
      culture protocol. Here, we evaluated an expanded set of EQUC conditions (expanded
      spectrum EQUC) to identify an optimal version that provides a more complete
      description of uropathogens in women experiencing urinary tract infection (UTI)
      like symptoms. One hundred fifty adult urogynecology patient-participants were
      characterized using a self-completed validated UTI symptom assessment (UTISA)
      questionnaire and asked "Do you feel you have a UTI?" Women responding negatively
      were recruited into the no-UTI cohort, while women responding affirmatively were
      recruited into the UTI cohort; the latter cohort was reassessed with the UTISA
      questionnaire 3 to 7 days later. Baseline catheterized urine samples were plated
      using both standard urine culture and expanded-spectrum EQUC protocols: standard
      urine culture inoculated at 1 MUl onto 2 agars incubated aerobically; expanded
      spectrum EQUC inoculated at three different volumes of urine onto 7 combinations
      of agars and environments. Compared to expanded-spectrum EQUC, standard urine
      culture missed 67% of uropathogens overall and 50% in participants with severe
      urinary symptoms. Thirty-six percent of participants with missed uropathogens
      reported no symptom resolution after treatment by standard urine culture results.
      Optimal detection of uropathogens could be achieved using the following: 100 MUl
      of urine plated onto blood (blood agar plate [BAP]), colistin-nalidixic acid
      (CNA), and MacConkey agars in 5% CO2 for 48 h. This streamlined EQUC protocol
      achieved 84% uropathogen detection relative to 33% detection by standard urine
      culture. The streamlined EQUC protocol improves detection of uropathogens that
      are likely relevant for symptomatic women, giving clinicians the opportunity to
      receive additional information not currently reported using standard urine
      culture techniques.

PMID- 26962082
TI  - Phylogenetic Analysis of Invasive Serotype 1 Pneumococcus in South Africa, 1989
      to 2013.
AB  - Serotype 1 is an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa
      and has declined following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal
      conjugate vaccine in 2011. We genetically characterized 912 invasive serotype 1
      isolates from 1989 to 2013. Simpson's diversity index (D) and recombination
      ratios were calculated. Factors associated with sequence types (STs) were
      assessed. Clonal complex 217 represented 96% (872/912) of the sampled isolates.
      Following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
      (PCV13), ST diversity increased in children <5 years (D, 0.39 to 0.63, P = 0.002)
      and individuals >14 years (D, 0.35 to 0.54, P < 0.001): ST-217 declined
      proportionately in children <5 years (153/203 [75%] versus 21/37 [57%], P =
      0.027) and individuals >14 years (242/305 [79%] versus 96/148 [65%], P = 0.001),
      whereas ST-9067 increased (4/684 [0.6%] versus 24/228 [11%], P < 0.001). Three
      subclades were identified within ST-217: ST-217C1 (353/382 [92%]), ST-217C2
      (15/382 [4%]), and ST-217C3 (14/382 [4%]). ST-217C2, ST-217C3, and single-locus
      variant (SLV) ST-8314 (20/912 [2%]) were associated with nonsusceptibility to
      chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazole. ST-8314 (20/912 [2%]) was also
      associated with increased nonsusceptibility to penicillin (P < 0.001). ST-217C3
      and newly reported ST-9067 had higher recombination ratios than those of ST-217C1
      (4.344 versus 0.091, P < 0.001; and 0.086 versus 0.013, P < 0.001, respectively).
      Increases in genetic diversity were noted post-PCV13, and lineages associated
      with antimicrobial nonsusceptibility were identified.

PMID- 26962084
TI  - Molecular Diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Puumala
      Virus.
AB  - Rodent-borne hantaviruses cause two severe acute diseases: hemorrhagic fever with
      renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS; also
      called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome [HCPS]) in the Americas. Puumala virus
      (PUUV) is the most common causative agent of HFRS in Europe. Current routine
      diagnostic methods are based on serological analyses and can yield inconclusive
      results. Hantavirus-infected patients are viremic during the early phase of
      disease; therefore, detection of viral RNA genomes can be a valuable complement
      to existing serological methods. However, the high genomic sequence diversity of
      PUUV has hampered the development of molecular diagnostics, and currently no real
      time reverse transcription-quantitative (RT)-PCR assay is available for routine
      diagnosis of HFRS. Here, we present a novel PUUV RT-PCR assay. The assay was
      validated for routine diagnosis of HFRS on samples collected in Sweden during the
      winter season from 2013 to 2014. The assay allowed detection of PUUV RNA in 98.7%
      of confirmed clinical HFRS samples collected within 8 days after symptomatic
      onset. In summary, this study shows that real-time RT-PCR can be a reliable
      alternative to serological tests during the early phase of HFRS.

PMID- 26962086
TI  - Evaluation of Multiplex-Based Antibody Testing for Use in Large-Scale
      Surveillance for Yaws: a Comparative Study.
AB  - WHO has targeted yaws for global eradication by 2020. The program goals are to
      interrupt the transmission in countries where yaws is endemic and to certify
      countries as yaws free where yaws was endemic in the past. No new rapid plasmin
      reagin (RPR) seroreactivity in young children is required for certification of
      elimination at a country level. We sought to evaluate whether antibody responses
      to specific treponemal antigens measured in a high-throughput multiplex bead
      array (MBA) assay differentiate past versus current infection and whether a
      nontreponemal lipoidal antigen test can be incorporated into the MBA. Serum and
      dried blood spot specimens collected for yaws surveillance projects in Ghana,
      Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were run on MBA to measure antibodies against
      recombinant p17 (rp17) and treponemal membrane protein A (TmpA) treponemal
      antigens. Results were compared to standard treponemal laboratory (TPPA or TPHA
      [TPP(H)A]) and quantitative RPR test data. Of 589 specimens, 241 were
      TPP(H)A(+)/RPR(+), 88 were TPP(H)A(+)/RPR(-), 6 were TPP(H)A(-)/RPR(+), and 254
      were negative for both tests. Compared to TPP(H)A, reactive concordance of rp17
      was 93.7%, while reactive concordance of TmpA was only 81.9%. TmpA-specific
      reactivity showed good correlation with RPR titers (R(2) = 0.41; P < 0.0001). IgG
      responses to the lipoidal antigen used in RPR testing (cardiolipin) were not
      detected in the MBA. Our results suggest that TmpA can be used as a treponemal
      antigen marker for recent or active infection and potentially replace RPR in a
      high-throughput multiplex tool for large-scale yaws surveillance.

PMID- 26962085
TI  - Mycobacterium arupense, Mycobacterium heraklionense, and a Newly Proposed
      Species, "Mycobacterium virginiense" sp. nov., but Not Mycobacterium
      nonchromogenicum, as Species of the Mycobacterium terrae Complex Causing
      Tenosynovitis and Osteomyelitis.
AB  - Mycobacterium terrae complex has been recognized as a cause of tenosynovitis,
      with M. terrae and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum reported as the primary
      etiologic pathogens. The molecular taxonomy of the M. terrae complex causing
      tenosynovitis has not been established despite approximately 50 previously
      reported cases. We evaluated 26 isolates of the M. terrae complex associated with
      tenosynovitis or osteomyelitis recovered between 1984 and 2014 from 13 states,
      including 5 isolates reported in 1991 as M. nonchromogenicum by nonmolecular
      methods. The isolates belonged to three validated species, one new proposed
      species, and two novel related strains. The majority of isolates (20/26, or 77%)
      belonged to two recently described species: Mycobacterium arupense (10 isolates,
      or 38%) and Mycobacterium heraklionense (10 isolates, or 38%). Three isolates
      (12%) had 100% sequence identity to each other by 16S rRNA and 99.3 to 100%
      identity by rpoB gene region V sequencing and represent a previously undescribed
      species within the M. terrae complex. There were no isolates of M. terrae or M.
      nonchromogenicum, including among the five isolates reported in 1991. The 26
      isolates were susceptible to clarithromycin (100%), rifabutin (100%), ethambutol
      (92%), and sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70%). The current
      study suggests that M. arupense, M. heraklionense, and a newly proposed species
      ("M. virginiense" sp. nov.; proposed type strain MO-233 [DSM 100883, CIP 110918])
      within the M. terrae complex are the major causes of tenosynovitis and
      osteomyelitis in the United States, with little change over 20 years. Species
      identification within this complex requires sequencing methods.

PMID- 26962087
TI  - In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates
      of Human and Animal Origin.
AB  - MIC results for 115 Staphylococcus intermedius group isolates are presented. Of
      these, 33% were methicillin resistant, among which 51.4% were susceptible to
      doxycycline, 29.7% to clindamycin, and 21.6% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
      All of the isolates were susceptible to ceftaroline, daptomycin, linezolid,
      nitrofurantoin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, rifampin, tigecycline, and vancomycin.
      Of all the isolates, 82.6%, 67.8%, and 23.5% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin,
      erythromycin, and penicillin, respectively. No isolates harbored mupA or qacA/B
      genes, which suggested a lack of resistance to mupirocin or chlorhexidine.

PMID- 26962089
TI  - Complicated Urinary Tract Infections: What's a Lab To Do?
AB  - The article by Price et al. in this issue (T. K. Price et al., J Clin Microbiol
      54:1216-1222, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00044-16) advocates for the use
      of a larger inoculum when culturing urine obtained by "in-and-out"
      catheterization in a selected female population. Their findings and the resulting
      challenges will afford clinical microbiologists and specialty physicians an
      opportunity to review what will or should be done with the additional
      microbiological culture data.

PMID- 26962090
TI  - Clostridium difficile Ribotype 023 Lacks the Ability To Hydrolyze Esculin,
      Leading to False-Negative Results on Chromogenic Agar.

PMID- 26962088
TI  - Multicenter Evaluation of Clinical Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Isolation
      of Campylobacter spp. from Stool.
AB  - The use of culture-independent diagnostic tests (CIDTs), such as stool antigen
      tests, as standalone tests for the detection of Campylobacter in stool is
      increasing. We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to evaluate the
      performance of stool antigen CIDTs compared to culture and PCR for Campylobacter
      detection. Between July and October 2010, we tested 2,767 stool specimens from
      patients with gastrointestinal illness with the following methods: four types of
      Campylobacter selective media, four commercial stool antigen assays, and a
      commercial PCR assay. Illnesses from which specimens were positive by one or more
      culture media or at least one CIDT and PCR were designated "cases." A total of 95
      specimens (3.4%) met the case definition. The stool antigen CIDTs ranged from
      79.6% to 87.6% in sensitivity, 95.9 to 99.5% in specificity, and 41.3 to 84.3% in
      positive predictive value. Culture alone detected 80/89 (89.9% sensitivity)
      Campylobacter jejuni/Campylobacter coli-positive cases. Of the 209 noncases that
      were positive by at least one CIDT, only one (0.48%) was positive by all four
      stool antigen tests, and 73% were positive by just one stool antigen test. The
      questionable relevance of unconfirmed positive stool antigen CIDT results was
      supported by the finding that noncases were less likely than cases to have
      gastrointestinal symptoms. Thus, while the tests were convenient to use, the
      sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of Campylobacter stool
      antigen tests were highly variable. Given the relatively low incidence of
      Campylobacter disease and the generally poor diagnostic test characteristics,
      this study calls into question the use of commercially available stool antigen
      CIDTs as standalone tests for direct detection of Campylobacter in stool.

PMID- 26962091
TI  - Comparison of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot and CMV
      QuantiFERON Cell-Mediated Immune Assays in CMV-Seropositive and -Seronegative
      Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women.
AB  - Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major cause of congenital infection
      leading to birth defects and sensorineural anomalies, including deafness.
      Recently, cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in pregnant women has been shown to
      correlate with congenital CMV transmission. In this study, two interferon gamma
      release assays (IGRA), the CMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) and CMV
      QuantiFERON assays, detecting CMV-specific CMI were compared. These assays were
      performed for 80 CMV-infected (57 primarily and 23 nonprimarily) pregnant women
      and 115 controls, including 89 healthy CMV-seropositive pregnant women without
      active CMV infection, 15 CMV-seronegative pregnant women, and 11 seropositive or
      seronegative nonpregnant women. Statistical tests, including frequency
      distribution analysis, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank
      test, Wilcoxon rank sum test for equality on unmatched data, and lowess smoothing
      local regression, were employed to determine statistical differences between
      groups and correlation between the assays. The CMV ELISPOT and CMV QuantiFERON
      assay data were not normally distributed and did not display equal variance. The
      CMV ELISPOT but not CMV QuantiFERON assay displayed significant higher values for
      primarily CMV-infected women than for the healthy seropositive pregnant and
      nonpregnant groups (P = 0.0057 and 0.0379, respectively) and those with
      nonprimary infections (P = 0.0104). The lowess local regression model comparing
      the assays on an individual basis showed a value bandwidth of 0.8. Both assays
      were highly accurate in discriminating CMV-seronegative pregnant women. The CMV
      ELISPOT assay was more effective than CMV-QuantiFERON in differentiating primary
      from the nonprimary infections. A substantial degree of variability exists
      between CMV ELISPOT and CMV QuantiFERON assay results for CMV-seropositive
      pregnant women.

PMID- 26962093
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26962092
TI  - New Gram-Positive Agents: the Next Generation of Oxazolidinones and
      Lipoglycopeptides.
AB  - The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens,
      including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin
      resistant enterococci (VRE), has reached a critical state. Tedizolid phosphate,
      dalbavancin, and oritavancin have recently been approved by the U.S. Food and
      Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin
      structure infections (ABSSSI) and represent the next generation of oxazolidinones
      and lipoglycopeptides. All three agents exhibit in vitro activity and clinical
      efficacy against MRSA. Tedizolid phosphate and oritavancin demonstrate in vitro
      activity against VRE. These new Gram-positive agents are reviewed here.

PMID- 26962094
TI  - Prospective, Tissue-Specific Optimization of Ablation for Multiwavelet Reentry:
      Predicting the Required Amount, Location, and Configuration of Lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment of multiwavelet reentry (MWR) remains difficult. We
      previously developed a metric, the fibrillogenicity index, to assess the
      propensity of homogeneous, 2-dimensional tissues to support MWR. In this study,
      we demonstrate a method by which fibrillogenicity index can be generalized to
      heterogeneous tissues and validate an algorithm for prospective, tissue-specific
      optimization of ablation to reduce MWR burden. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a
      computational model to simulate and measure the duration of MWR in tissues with
      heterogeneously distributed action potential durations and then assessed the
      relative efficacy of a variety of ablation strategies for reducing tissues'
      ability to support MWR. We then derived and tested a strategy in which multiple
      linear lesions partially divided a fibrillogenic tissue into functionally
      equivalent subsections. The composite action potential duration of heterogeneous
      tissue was well approximated by an inverse sum of cellular action potential
      durations (R(2)=0.82). Linear ablation more efficiently reduced MWR duration than
      branching ablation patterns and optimally reduced disease burden when positioned
      at a tissue's functional (rather than geometric) center. The duration of MWR
      after application of prospective, individually optimized ablation sets fell
      within 4.4% (95% confidence interval, 3-5.8) of the predicted target.
      CONCLUSIONS: We think that this study presents a novel approach for (1)
      quantifying the extent of a tissue's electric derangement, (2) prospectively
      determining the amount of ablation required to minimize the burden of MWR, and
      (3) predicting the most efficient distribution of these ablation lesions in
      tissue refractory to standard ablation strategies.

PMID- 26962095
TI  - Creating Order From Chaos: Practical Interventional Targets for the Multiple
      Wavelets of Atrial Fibrillation.

PMID- 26962096
TI  - Current Status of Supplemental Screening in Dense Breasts.

PMID- 26962097
TI  - Adjunct Screening With Tomosynthesis or Ultrasound in Women With Mammography
      Negative Dense Breasts: Interim Report of a Prospective Comparative Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: Debate on adjunct screening in women with dense breasts has followed
      legislation requiring that women be informed about their mammographic density and
      related adjunct imaging. Ultrasound or tomosynthesis can detect breast cancer
      (BC) in mammography-negative dense breasts, but these modalities have not been
      directly compared in prospective trials. We conducted a trial of adjunct
      screening to compare, within the same participants, incremental BC detection by
      tomosynthesis and ultrasound in mammography-negative dense breasts. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Adjunct Screening With Tomosynthesis or Ultrasound in Women With
      Mammography-Negative Dense Breasts is a prospective multicenter study recruiting
      asymptomatic women with mammography-negative screens and dense breasts. Eligible
      women had tomosynthesis and physician-performed ultrasound with independent
      interpretation of adjunct imaging. Outcome measures included cancer detection
      rate (CDR), number of false-positive (FP) recalls, and incremental CDR for each
      modality; these were compared using McNemar's test for paired binary data in a
      preplanned interim analysis. RESULTS: Among 3,231 mammography-negative screening
      participants (median age, 51 years; interquartile range, 44 to 78 years) with
      dense breasts, 24 additional BCs were detected (23 invasive): 13 tomosynthesis
      detected BCs (incremental CDR, 4.0 per 1,000 screens; 95% CI, 1.8 to 6.2) versus
      23 ultrasound-detected BCs (incremental CDR, 7.1 per 1,000 screens; 95% CI, 4.2
      to 10.0), P = .006. Incremental FP recall occurred in 107 participants (3.33%;
      95% CI, 2.72% to 3.96%). FP recall (any testing) did not differ between
      tomosynthesis (FP = 53) and ultrasound (FP = 65), P = .26; FP recall (biopsy)
      also did not differ between tomosynthesis (FP = 22) and ultrasound (FP = 24), P =
      .86. CONCLUSION: The Adjunct Screening With Tomosynthesis or Ultrasound in Women
      With Mammography-Negative Dense Breasts' interim analysis shows that ultrasound
      has better incremental BC detection than tomosynthesis in mammography-negative
      dense breasts at a similar FP-recall rate. However, future application of adjunct
      screening should consider that tomosynthesis detected more than 50% of the
      additional BCs in these women and could potentially be the primary screening
      modality.

PMID- 26962098
TI  - Hyperaldosteronism after decreased renal K+ excretion in KCNMB2 knockout mice.
AB  - The kidney is the primary organ ensuring K(+) homeostasis. K(+) is secreted into
      the urine in the distal tubule by two mechanisms: by the renal outer medullary
      K(+) channel (Kir1.1) and by the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (KCa1.1). Here, we
      report a novel knockout mouse of the beta2-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel
      (KCNMB2), which displays hyperaldosteronism after decreased renal K(+) excretion.
      KCNMB2(-/-) mice displayed hyperaldosteronism, normal plasma K(+) concentration,
      and produced dilute urine with decreased K(+) concentration. The normokalemia
      indicated that hyperaldosteronism did not result from primary aldosteronism.
      Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was also ruled out as
      renal renin mRNA expression was reduced in KCNMB2(-/-) mice. Renal K(+) excretion
      rates were similar in the two genotypes; however, KCNMB2(-/-) mice required
      elevated plasma aldosterone to achieve K(+) balance. Blockade of the
      mineralocorticoid receptor with eplerenone triggered mild hyperkalemia and
      unmasked reduced renal K(+) excretion in KCNMB2(-/-) mice. Knockout mice for the
      alpha-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel (KCNMA1(-/-) mice) have hyperaldosteronism,
      are hypertensive, and lack flow-induced K(+) secretion. KCNMB2(-/-) mice share
      the phenotypic traits of normokalemia and hyperaldosteronism with KCNMA1(-/-)
      mice but were normotensive and displayed intact flow-induced K(+) secretion.
      Despite elevated plasma aldosterone, KNCMB2(-/-) mice did not display salt
      sensitive hypertension and were able to decrease plasma aldosterone on a high
      Na(+) diet, although plasma aldosterone remained elevated in KCNMB2(-/-) mice. In
      summary, KCNMB2(-/-) mice have a reduced ability to excrete K(+) into the urine
      but achieve K(+) balance through an aldosterone-mediated, beta2-independent
      mechanism. The phenotype of KCNMB2 mice was similar but milder than the phenotype
      of KCNMA1(-/-) mice.

PMID- 26962100
TI  - Renal blood flow autoregulation: what are the contributions for nitric oxide or
      superoxide to modulate the myogenic response?

PMID- 26962099
TI  - Metformin, an AMPK activator, stimulates the phosphorylation of aquaporin 2 and
      urea transporter A1 in inner medullary collecting ducts.
AB  - Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by production of very large
      quantities of dilute urine due to an inability of the kidney to respond to
      vasopressin. Congenital NDI results from mutations in the type 2 vasopressin
      receptor (V2R) in ~90% of families. These patients do not have mutations in
      aquaporin-2 (AQP2) or urea transporter UT-A1 (UT-A1). We tested adenosine
      monophosphate kinase (AMPK) since it is known to phosphorylate another
      vasopressin-sensitive transporter, NKCC2 (Na-K-2Cl cotransporter). We found AMPK
      expressed in rat inner medulla (IM). AMPK directly phosphorylated AQP2 and UT-A1
      in vitro. Metformin, an AMPK activator, increased phosphorylation of both AQP2
      and UT-A1 in rat inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs). Metformin increased
      the apical plasma membrane accumulation of AQP2, but not UT-A1, in rat IM.
      Metformin increased both osmotic water permeability and urea permeability in
      perfused rat terminal IMCDs. These findings suggest that metformin increases
      osmotic water permeability by increasing AQP2 accumulation in the apical plasma
      membrane but increases urea permeability by activating UT-A1 already present in
      the membrane. Lastly, metformin increased urine osmolality in mice lacking a V2R,
      a mouse model of congenital NDI. We conclude that AMPK activation by metformin
      mimics many of the mechanisms by which vasopressin increases urine-concentrating
      ability. These findings suggest that metformin may be a novel therapeutic option
      for congenital NDI due to V2R mutations.

PMID- 26962101
TI  - 2016 Robert W. Berliner Award for Excellence in Renal Physiology.

PMID- 26962102
TI  - ACTH action on podocytes: mystery solved?

PMID- 26962103
TI  - RAS and sex differences in diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - The incidence and progression of kidney diseases are influenced by sex. The renin
      angiotensin system (RAS) is an important regulator of cardiovascular and renal
      function. Sex differences in the renal response to RAS blockade have been
      demonstrated. Circulating and renal RAS has been shown to be altered in type 1
      and type 2 diabetes; this enzymatic cascade plays a critical role in the
      development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and
      ACE2 are differentially regulated depending on its localization within the
      diabetic kidney. Furthermore, clinical and experimental studies have shown that
      circulating levels of sex hormones are clearly modulated in the context of
      diabetes, suggesting that sex-dependent RAS regulation may be also be affected in
      these individuals. The effect of sex hormones on circulating and renal RAS may be
      involved in the sex differences observed in DN progression. In this paper we will
      review the influence of sex hormones on RAS expression and its relation to
      diabetic kidney disease. A better understanding of the sex dimorphism on RAS
      might provide a new approach for diabetic kidney disease treatment.

PMID- 26962104
TI  - Renovascular remodeling and renal injury after extended angiotensin II infusion.
AB  - Chronic angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion for 1 or 2 wk leads to progressive
      hypertension and induces inward hypertrophic remodeling in preglomerular vessels,
      which is associated with increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) and decreased
      glomerular perfusion. Considering the ability of preglomerular vessels to exhibit
      adaptive responses, the present study was performed to evaluate glomerular
      perfusion and renal function after 6 wk of ANG II infusion. To address this
      study, male Wistar rats were submitted to sham surgery (control) or osmotic
      minipump insertion (ANG II 200 ng.kg(-1).min(-1), 42 days). A group of animals
      was treated or cotreated with losartan (10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)), an AT1 receptor
      antagonist, between days 28 and 42 Chronic ANG II infusion increased systolic
      blood pressure to 185 +/- 4 compared with 108 +/- 2 mmHg in control rats.
      Concomitantly, ANG II-induced hypertension increased intrarenal ANG II level and
      consequently, preglomerular and glomerular injury. Under this condition, ANG II
      enhanced the total renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR),
      urine flow and induced pressure natriuresis. These changes were accompanied by
      lower RVR and enlargement of the lumen of interlobular arteries and afferent
      arterioles, consistent with impairment of renal autoregulatory capability and
      outward preglomerular remodeling. The glomerular injury culminated with podocyte
      effacement, albuminuria, tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration and
      intrarenal extracellular matrix accumulation. Losartan attenuated most of the
      effects of ANG II. Our findings provide new information regarding the
      contribution of ANG II infusion over 2 wk to renal hemodynamics and function via
      the AT1 receptor.

PMID- 26962105
TI  - Mass spectrometric imaging of metabolites in kidney tissues from rats treated
      with furosemide.
AB  - In the kidney, metabolic processes are different among the cortex (COR), outer
      medulla (OM), and inner medulla (IM). Using matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization (MALDI) and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), we examined
      the change of metabolites in the COR, OM, and IM of the rat kidney after
      furosemide treatment compared with vehicle-treated controls. Osmotic minipumps
      were implanted in male Sprague-Dawley rats to deliver 12 mg.day(-1).rat(-1) of
      furosemide. Vehicle-treated (n = 14) and furosemide-treated (furosemide rats, n =
      15) rats in metabolic cages received a fixed amount of rat chow (15 g.220 g body
      wt(-1).day(-1) for each rat) with free access to water intake for 6 days. At day
      6, higher urine output (32 +/- 4 vs. 9 +/- 1 ml/day) and lower urine osmolality
      (546 +/- 44 vs. 1,677 +/- 104 mosmol/kgH2O) were observed in furosemide rats.
      Extracts of COR, OM, and IM were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid
      chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry,
      where multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between the two
      groups. Several metabolites, including acetylcarnitine, betaine, carnitine,
      choline, and glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), were significantly changed. The
      changes of metabolites were further identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF and IMS. Their
      spatial distribution and relative quantitation in the kidneys were analyzed by
      IMS. Carnitine compounds were increased in COR and IM, whereas carnitine and
      acetylcarnitine were decreased in OM. Choline compounds were increased in COR and
      OM but decreased in IM from furosemide rats. Betaine and GPC were decreased in OM
      and IM. Taken together, MALDI-TOF/TOF and IMS successfully provide the spatial
      distribution and relative quantitation of metabolites in the kidney.

PMID- 26962106
TI  - Tetrahydrobiopterin ameliorates the exaggerated exercise pressor response in
      patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an exaggerated increase in blood
      pressure (BP) during rhythmic handgrip exercise (RHG 20%) and static handgrip
      exercise (SHG 30%). Nitric oxide levels increase during exercise and help prevent
      excessive hypertension by both increasing vasodilation and reducing sympathetic
      nerve activity (SNA). Therefore, we hypothesized that tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4),
      an essential cofactor for nitric oxide synthase, would ameliorate the exaggerated
      exercise pressor response in CKD patients. In a randomized, double-blinded,
      placebo-controlled trial, we tested the effects of 12 wk of sapropterin
      dihydrochloride (6R-BH4; n = 18) versus placebo (n = 14) treatement on BP and
      muscle SNA (MSNA) responses during RHG 20% and SHG 30% in CKD patients. The 6R
      BH4-treated group had a significantly lower systolic BP (+6 +/- 1 vs. +13 +/- 2
      mmHg, P = 0.002) and mean arterial pressure response (+5 +/- 1 vs. +10 +/- 2
      mmHg, P = 0.020) during RHG 20% and a significantly lower systolic BP response
      (+19 +/- 3 vs. +28 +/- 3 mmHg, P = 0.043) during SHG 30%. Under baseline
      conditions, there was no significant difference in MSNA responses between the
      groups; however, when the BP response during exercise was equalized between the
      groups using nitroprusside, the 6R-BH4-treated group had a significantly lower
      MSNA response during RHG 20% (6R-BH4 vs. placebo, +12 +/- 1 vs. +21 +/- 2
      bursts/min, P = 0.004) but not during SHG 30%. These findings suggest that 6R-BH4
      ameliorates the augmented BP response during RHG 20% and SHG 30% in CKD patients.
      A reduction in reflex activation of SNA may contribute to the decreased exercise
      pressor response during RHG 20% but not during SHG 30% in CKD patients.

PMID- 26962109
TI  - Delivery of interleukin-10 via injectable hydrogels improves renal outcomes and
      reduces systemic inflammation following ischemic acute kidney injury in mice.
AB  - Injectable hydrogels can be used to deliver drugs in situ over a sustained period
      of time. We hypothesized that sustained delivery of interleukin-10 (IL-10)
      following acute kidney injury (AKI) would mitigate the local and systemic
      proinflammatory cascade induced by AKI and reduce subsequent fibrosis. Wild-type
      C57BL/6 mice underwent ischemia-reperfusion AKI with avertin anesthesia. Three
      days later, mice were treated with either hyaluronic acid injectable hydrogel
      with or without IL-10, or IL-10 suspended in saline, injected under the capsule
      of the left kidney, or hydrogel with IL-10 injected subcutaneously. Untreated AKI
      served as controls. Serial in vivo optical imaging tracked the location and
      degradation of the hydrogel over time. Kidney function was assessed serially.
      Animals were killed 28 days following AKI and the following were evaluated: serum
      IL-6, lung inflammation, urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and
      renal histology for fibroblast activity, collagen type III deposition and
      fibrosis via Picrosirius Red staining and second harmonic imaging. Our model
      shows persistent systemic inflammation, and renal inflammation and fibrosis 28
      days following AKI. The hydrogels are biocompatible and reduced serum IL-6 and
      renal collagen type III 28 days following AKI even when delivered without IL-10.
      Treatment with IL-10 reduced renal and systemic inflammation, regardless of
      whether the IL-10 was delivered in a sustained manner via the injectable hydrogel
      under the left kidney capsule, as a bolus injection via saline under the left
      kidney capsule, or via the injectable hydrogel subcutaneously. Injectable
      hydrogels are suitable for local drug delivery following renal injury, are
      biocompatible, and help mitigate local and systemic inflammation.

PMID- 26962110
TI  - In vivo protection studies of bis-quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)- N-(pyridin-3-yl)
      acetamide derivatives against sarin poisoning in mice.
AB  - In vivo antidotal efficacy of new bis- quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)- N-(pyridin
      3yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK series), to counter multiples of lethal doses of
      nerve agent sarin (GB) and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was
      evaluated in Swiss albino mice. [Protection index PI; median lethal dose (LD50)
      of sarin with treatment/LD50 of sarin] was estimated, using 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20
      LD50 as treatment doses of all the oximes with atropine against sarin poisoning.
      Dose-dependent time course study was conducted at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 LD50 dose of
      sarin for estimating maximum AChE inhibition. At optimized time (15 min), in vivo
      enzyme half inhibition concentration (IC50) was calculated. AChE reactivation
      efficacy of HNK series and pralidoxime (2-PAM) were determined by plotting shift
      of log IC50 doses. HNK-102 with atropine showed three fold higher PI compared to
      2-PAM. In vivo IC50 of sarin for brain and serum AChE was found to be 0.87 LD50
      (139.2 ug/kg) and 0.48 LD50 (77.23 ug/kg), respectively. Treatment with HNK-102
      and HNK-111 (equal to their 0.20LD50) significantly reactivated sarin-intoxicated
      AChE ( p < 0.05) at 2* IC50 dose of sarin, compared to 2-PAM. The study revealed
      that HNK-102 oxime was three times more potent as antidote, for acute sarin
      poisoning compared to 2-PAM in vivo.

PMID- 26962108
TI  - The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin-beta4 by renal
      meprin-alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase.
AB  - N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural tetrapeptide with
      anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Previously, we have shown that
      prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is involved in the Ac-SDKP release from thymosin
      beta4 (Tbeta4). However, POP can only hydrolyze peptides shorter than 30 amino
      acids, and Tbeta4 is 43 amino acids long. This indicates that before POP
      hydrolysis takes place, Tbeta4 is hydrolyzed by another peptidase that releases
      NH2-terminal intermediate peptide(s) with fewer than 30 amino acids. Our
      peptidase database search pointed out meprin-alpha metalloprotease as a potential
      candidate. Therefore, we hypothesized that, prior to POP hydrolysis, Tbeta4 is
      hydrolyzed by meprin-alpha. In vitro, we found that the incubation of Tbeta4 with
      both meprin-alpha and POP released Ac-SDKP, whereas no Ac-SDKP was released when
      Tbeta4 was incubated with either meprin-alpha or POP alone. Incubation of Tbeta4
      with rat kidney homogenates significantly released Ac-SDKP, which was blocked by
      the meprin-alpha inhibitor actinonin. In addition, kidneys from meprin-alpha
      knockout (KO) mice showed significantly lower basal Ac-SDKP amount, compared with
      wild-type mice. Kidney homogenates from meprin-alpha KO mice failed to release Ac
      SDKP from Tbeta4. In vivo, we observed that rats treated with the ACE inhibitor
      captopril increased plasma concentrations of Ac-SDKP, which was inhibited by the
      coadministration of actinonin (vehicle, 3.1 +/- 0.2 nmol/l; captopril, 15.1 +/-
      0.7 nmol/l; captopril + actinonin, 6.1 +/- 0.3 nmol/l; P < 0.005). Similar
      results were obtained with urinary Ac-SDKP after actinonin treatment. We conclude
      that release of Ac-SDKP from Tbeta4 is mediated by successive hydrolysis
      involving meprin-alpha and POP.

PMID- 26962111
TI  - Effect of repeated oral administration of levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and
      meloxicam on antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation in rabbits.
AB  - The effect of 21 days of repeated oral administration of levofloxacin and
      enrofloxacin both alone and in combination with meloxicam, on the oxidative
      balance in blood was evaluated in rabbits. Rabbits were randomly allocated to six
      groups of four animals each. Control group was gavaged 5% dextrose and 2% benzyl
      alcohol. Three groups were exclusively gavaged meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg body weight
      o.d.), levofloxacin hemihydrate (10 mg/kg body weight b.i.d 12 h), and
      enrofloxacin (20 mg/kg body weight o.d.), respectively. Two other groups were co
      gavaged meloxicam with levofloxacin hemihydrate and enrofloxacin, respectively. A
      reduction ( p < 0.05) of reduced glutathione levels was observed in groups
      treated with meloxicam both alone and in combination with levofloxacin, whereas
      an increase ( p < 0.01) in the levels of this antioxidant was observed in the
      groups treated with enrofloxacin. The activities of enzymes, glutathione
      peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, were induced ( p < 0.05) in levofloxacin
      alone treated group. Superoxide dismutase was also induced ( p < 0.05) in
      meloxicam-alone treated group and inhibited ( p < 0.05) in enrofloxacin-meloxicam
      co-treated group. The activity of catalase was non-significantly different
      between various groups. Enrofloxacin-treated groups had higher ( p < 0.01) lipid
      peroxidation than control and levofloxacin-alone treated groups. Elevated lipid
      peroxidation was also observed in the groups treated with meloxicam both alone
      and in combination with levofloxacin ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, these drugs have
      potential to induce oxidative imbalance, however, compared to levofloxacin, more
      oxidative damage is produced by enrofloxacin and meloxicam.

PMID- 26962112
TI  - Behavior of Mouse Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract from Soon after
      Mating to the Beginning of Fertilization.
AB  - Using transgenic mice with spermatozoa expressing enhanced green fluorescent
      protein in their acrosome and red fluorescent protein in their midpiece
      mitochondria, we followed the behavior of spermatozoa within the female genital
      tract after natural mating. When examined 15 min after coitus, many spermatozoa
      were around the opening of the uterotubal junction. Spermatozoa that entered the
      uterotubal junction were seemingly not moving, yet they steadily migrated toward
      the isthmus at a speed only time-lapse video recording could demonstrate. Many
      spermatozoa reaching the lower isthmus were motile. The site where spermatozoa
      attached and detached from the isthmus epithelium shifted from the lower to the
      upper segment of the isthmus with time. Virtually all the live spermatozoa within
      the lower isthmus were acrosome intact, whereas many of the actively motile
      spermatozoa in the upper isthmus were acrosome reacted. As far as we could
      observe, all the spermatozoa we found within the lumen of the ampulla and the
      cumulus oophorus were acrosome reacted. Even though we saw only a very few
      spermatozoa within the ampulla during fertilization, all were associated with, or
      were already within, oocytes, indicating that mouse fertilization in vivo is
      extremely efficient. 

PMID- 26962107
TI  - Bridging translation for acute kidney injury with better preclinical modeling of
      human disease.
AB  - The current lack of effective therapeutics for patients with acute kidney injury
      (AKI) represents an important and unmet medical need. Given the importance of the
      clinical problem, it is time for us to take a few steps back and reexamine
      current practices. The focus of this review is to explore the extent to which
      failure of therapeutic translation from animal studies to human studies stems
      from deficiencies in the preclinical models of AKI. We will evaluate whether the
      preclinical models of AKI that are commonly used recapitulate the known
      pathophysiologies of AKI that are being modeled in humans, focusing on four
      common scenarios that are studied in clinical therapeutic intervention trials:
      cardiac surgery-induced AKI; contrast-induced AKI; cisplatin-induced AKI; and
      sepsis associated AKI. Based on our observations, we have identified a number of
      common limitations in current preclinical modeling of AKI that could be
      addressed. In the long term, we suggest that progress in developing better
      preclinical models of AKI will depend on developing a better understanding of
      human AKI. To this this end, we suggest that there is a need to develop greater
      in-depth molecular analyses of kidney biopsy tissues coupled with improved
      clinical and molecular classification of patients with AKI.

PMID- 26962113
TI  - MiR-125b Regulates Primordial Follicle Assembly by Targeting Activin Receptor
      Type 2a in Neonatal Mouse Ovary.
AB  - The establishment of the primordial follicle pool is crucial for fertility in
      mammalian females, and the interruption of overall micro-RNA production
      byDicer1conditional knockout in the female reproductive system results in
      infertility. However, there are few reports about the functions of individual
      micro-RNA in regulating primordial follicle assembly. The present study aimed to
      investigate the function of miR-125b, which is conserved and preferentially
      expressed in mammalian ovary during primordial follicle assembly. Detection of
      miR-125b in the developing mouse ovaries by real-time PCR and in situ
      hybridization showed that it was highly expressed perinatally and specifically
      located in the ovarian somatic cells. MiR-125b overexpression blocked the process
      of primordial follicle assembly in cultured newborn mouse ovaries, while its
      knockdown promoted this process. Further studies showed that miR-125b regulated
      the activin/Smad2 signaling in neonatal mouse ovary by directly targeting the 3'
      untranslated region of activin receptor type 2a (Acvr2a). Overexpression of miR
      125b in neonatal mouse ovary suppressed theAcvr2aprotein level, attenuating
      activin/Smad2 signaling, while knockdown of miR-125b showed the opposite effects.
      In addition, recombinant human activin A (rh-ActA) down-regulated miR-125b in the
      neonatal mouse ovary. Overexpression of miR-125b attenuated the promoting effects
      of rh-ActA on primordial follicle assembly. Taken together, these data suggest
      that miR-125b blocks the process of primordial follicle assembly, and miR-125b
      may play this role by regulating the expression ofAcvr2ain the activin/Smad2
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26962115
TI  - JEG-3 Trophoblast Cells Producing Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Promote Conversion
      of Human CD4+FOXP3- T Cells into CD4+FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells and Foster T Cell
      Suppressive Activity.
AB  - The pregnancy hormone human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) reportedly modulates
      innate and adaptive immune responses and contributes thereby to fetal survival.
      More precisely, hCG has been shown to support human Treg cell homing into the
      fetal-maternal interface and enhance number and function of Treg cells in murine
      pregnancy. Here, we aimed to study whether hCG and hCG-producing human
      trophoblast cell lines induce Treg cells from CD4+FOXP3- T cells and promote T
      cell suppressive activity. CD4+FOXP3- T cells were isolated from peripheral blood
      of normal pregnant women and cultured in the presence of hCG-producing (JEG-3,
      HTR-8) and non-producing (SWAN-71) cell lines. To confirm the participation of
      hCG in Treg cell conversion, the experiments were performed in the presence of
      anti-hCG and additional experiments were run with recombinant or urine-purified
      hCG. After culture the number of CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells as well as the suppressive
      capacity of total T cells was assessed. hCG-producing JEG-3 cells as well as
      recombinant and urine-purified hCG induced CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells from CD4+FOXP3-
      T cells. Blockage of hCG impaired Treg cell induction. Moreover, hCG-producing
      JEG-3 cells increased suppressive activity of CD4+FOXP3- T cells through an
      antigen-independent pathway. Our results propose another mechanism through which
      hCG modulates the female immune system during pregnancy in favor of the fetus.

PMID- 26962116
TI  - Unravelling the Link Between the Placental Epigenome and Pregnancy Outcomes.

PMID- 26962114
TI  - Maternal High-Fat Diet-Induced Loss of Fetal Oocytes Is Associated with
      Compromised Follicle Growth in Adult Rat Offspring.
AB  - Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic and reproductive dysfunction.
      We have shown previously that female rat offspring born to mothers fed a high-fat
      (HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation enter puberty early and display
      aberrant reproductive cyclicity. The mechanisms driving this reproductive
      phenotype are currently unknown thus we investigated whether changes in ovarian
      function were involved. Wistar rats were mated and randomized to: dams fed a
      control diet (CON) or dams fed a HF diet from conception until the end of
      lactation (HF). Ovaries were collected from fetuses at Embryonic Day (E) 20, and
      neonatal ovaries at Day 4 (P4), prepubertal ovaries at P27 and adult ovaries at
      P120. In a subset of offspring, the effects of a HF diet fed postweaning were
      evaluated. The present study shows that fetuses of mothers fed a HF diet had
      significantly fewer oocytes at E20, and in neonates, have reduced AMH signaling
      that may facilitate an increased number of assembled primordial follicles. Both
      prepubertally and in adulthood, ovaries show increased follicular atresia. As
      adults, offspring have reduced FSH responsiveness, low expression levels of
      estrogen receptor alpha (Eralpha), the oocyte-secreted factor, Gdf9, oocyte
      specific RNA binding protein, Dazl, and high expression levels of the granulosa
      cell derived factor, AMH, in antral follicles. Together, these data suggest that
      ovarian compromise in offspring born to HF-fed mothers may arise from changes
      already observable in the fetus and neonate and in the long term, associated with
      increased follicular atresia through adulthood. 

PMID- 26962118
TI  - Surfing and Swimming of Ejaculated Sperm in the Mouse Oviduct.
AB  - To accomplish fertilization in the oviductal ampulla, ejaculated sperm are
      required to migrate through the female reproductive tract. However, this
      fundamental process largely remains unknown. In this study, we focused on the
      role of oviductal smooth muscle (myosalpinx) contractions in the sperm migration.
      Administration of prifinium bromide, padrin, to mice effectively suppressed
      myosalpinx contractions, resulting in a decreased rate of fertilization in a dose
      dependent manner, and an abrogation of high-speed back-and-forth/shuttling flows
      of oviductal fluids around the isthmus. Regardless of padrin administration, no
      shuttling flows were found near the ampulla. In the isthmus, sperm formed a tight
      assemblage that was synchronized with the shuttling flows. The sperm assemblage
      was gradually loosened and then completely abolished near the ampulla. No sperm
      assemblage was formed in the isthmus when padrin was administrated. These results
      suggest that myosalpinx contractions play important roles in the formation of
      sperm assemblage in the isthmus, and in the transport of the assemblage to the
      middle region of the oviduct. It is also suggested that the motility of sperm is
      essential for the migration of sperm from the middle oviductal region to the
      ampulla. 

PMID- 26962120
TI  - Quantitative Glycopeptide Changes in Rat Sperm During Epididymal Transit.
AB  - Mammalian spermatozoa acquire fertilizing potential as they undergo a series of
      changes during epididymal transit. One major facet of such is the alterations in
      the sperm glycome. Modifications of the sialic acid content within glycan
      moieties are known to regulate epitope presentation and cellular adhesion and
      signaling, all of which may be critical for sperm to successfully reach and
      fertilize the egg. To date, there is paucity of information regarding the sialic
      acid changes that occur on spermatozoa during epididymal transit. Therefore, the
      aim of this study was to identify N-linked sialylated glycoproteins in rat
      epididymal sperm and investigate whether they are regulated during epididymal
      transit. Sialylated glycopeptides from caput, corpus, and cauda spermatozoa were
      enriched using titanium dioxide beads. Bound N-linked glycopeptides were released
      by enzymatic deglycosylation using PNGase F and then analyzed by liquid
      chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. A total of 92 unique N-linked sialylated
      glycopeptides were identified from 65 different proteins. These included members
      of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein family (ADAM),
      Basigin, and Testis-expressed protein 101 (TEX101). Remarkably, label-free
      quantification showed that more than half of these peptides (48/92) were
      regulated during epididymal transit. Of interest, the protein TEX101 exhibited
      PNGase F-resistant deglycosylation under the conditions used in this study. The
      results from this study showed that changes in the N-linked sialoglycoprotein
      profile is a major hallmark of sperm maturation in rats. 

PMID- 26962119
TI  - Dietary-Induced Chronic Hypothyroidism Negatively Affects Rat Follicular
      Development and Ovulation Rate and Is Associated with Oxidative Stress.
AB  - The long-term effects of chronic hypothyroidism on ovarian follicular development
      in adulthood are not well known. Using a rat model of chronic diet-induced
      hypothyroidism initiated in the fetal period, we investigated the effects of
      prolonged reduced plasma thyroid hormone concentrations on the ovarian follicular
      reserve and ovulation rate in prepubertal (12-day-old) and adult (64-day-old and
      120-day-old) rats. Besides, antioxidant gene expression, mitochondrial density
      and the occurrence of oxidative stress were analyzed. Our results show that
      continuous hypothyroidism results in lower preantral and antral follicle numbers
      in adulthood, accompanied by a higher percentage of atretic follicles, when
      compared to euthyroid age-matched controls. Not surprisingly, ovulation rate was
      lower in the hypothyroid rats. At the age of 120 days, the mRNA and protein
      content of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) were significantly increased while
      catalase (CAT) mRNA and protein content was significantly decreased, suggesting a
      disturbed antioxidant defense capacity of ovarian cells in the hypothyroid
      animals. This was supported by a significant reduction in the expression of
      peroxiredoxin 3 ( ITALIC! Prdx3), thioredoxin reductase 1 ( ITALIC! Txnrd1), and
      uncoupling protein 2 ( ITALIC! Ucp2) and a downward trend in glutathione
      peroxidase 3 ( ITALIC! Gpx3) and glutathione S-transferase mu 2 ( ITALIC! Gstm2)
      expression. These changes in gene expression were likely responsible for the
      increased immunostaining of the oxidative stress marker 4-hydroxynonenal.
      Together these results suggest that chronic hypothyroidism initiated in the
      fetal/neonatal period results in a decreased ovulation rate associated with a
      disturbance of the antioxidant defense system in the ovary. 

PMID- 26962117
TI  - Deletion of Arid1a in Reproductive Tract Mesenchymal Cells Reduces Fertility in
      Female Mice.
AB  - Women with endometriosis can suffer from decreased fecundity or complete
      infertility via abnormal oocyte function or impaired placental-uterine
      interactions required for normal pregnancy establishment and maintenance.
      Although AT-rich interactive domain 1A (SWI-like) (ARID1A) is a putative tumor
      suppressor in human endometrial cancers and endometriosis-associated ovarian
      cancers, little is known about its role in normal uterine function. To study the
      potential function of ARID1A in the female reproductive tract, we generated mice
      with a conditional knockout of Arid1a using anti-Mullerian hormone receptor 2-Cre
      Female Arid1a conditional knockout mice exhibited a progressive decrease in
      number of pups per litter, with a precipitous decline after the second litter. We
      observed no tumors in virgin mice, although one knockout mouse developed a
      uterine tumor after pregnancy. Unstimulated virgin female knockout mice showed
      normal oviductal, ovarian, and uterine histology. Uteri of Arid1a knockout mice
      showed a normal decidualization response and appropriate responses to estradiol
      and progesterone stimulation. In vitro studies using primary cultures of human
      endometrial stromal fibroblasts revealed that small interfering RNA knockdown of
      ARID1A did not affect decidualization in vitro. Timed pregnancy studies revealed
      the significant resorption of embryos at Embryonic Day 16.5 in knockout mice in
      the third pregnancy. In addition to evidence of implantation site hemorrhage,
      pregnant Arid1a knockout mice showed abnormal placental morphology. These results
      suggest that Arid1a supports successful pregnancy through its role in placental
      function. 

PMID- 26962121
TI  - Dibutyl Phthalate Inhibits the Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Rat
      Granulosa Cells Through Down-Regulation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor.
AB  - Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used worldwide in solvents and plasticizers. The
      cytotoxicity and potential tumorigenic effect of DBP have been reported. DBP has
      also been shown to impact reproductive function. In this study, to further
      evaluate the effects of DBP on granulosa cells (GCs), we treated rat GCs in vitro
      with DBP before evaluation of the biological alterations of these GCs. We found
      that DBP did not induce significant GC death at the tested concentrations.
      However, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-induced KIT ligand (KITLG) expression
      in GCs was significantly reduced at both mRNA and protein levels by DBP treatment
      in a dose-dependent manner. The down-regulation of KITLG was due to the down
      regulation of expression of FSH receptor (FSHR) in GCs. Down-regulation of FSHR
      impaired FSH-induced intracellular signaling in GCs, demonstrated by decreased
      phosphorylation of AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore,
      DBP treatment also reduced FSH-induced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1
      alpha (HIF1A), which is an important signaling component for KITLG expression.
      Other FSH-induced biological effects, such as production of estradiol and
      progesterone, as well as GC proliferation, were also suppressed by DBP.
      Therefore, our study discovered a unique mechanism underlying the toxicity of DBP
      on GCs. These findings may initiate the development of novel therapeutic
      interventions for DBP-induced damage to GCs.

PMID- 26962122
TI  - Evaluation of care access and hypertension control in a community health worker
      driven non-communicable disease programme in rural Uganda: the chronic disease in
      the community project.
AB  - The burden of non-communicable diseases continues to grow throughout the
      developing world. Health systems in low- and middle-income regions face
      significant human resource shortages, which limit the ability to meet the growing
      need for non-communicable disease care. Specially trained community health
      workers may be useful in filling that provider gap. This study aimed to evaluate
      consistency of access to care and quality of hypertension control in a community
      health worker led, decentralized non-communicable disease programme operating in
      rural Uganda. Days between clinical evaluations and average systolic blood
      pressure were described for programme patients; these markers were also compared
      with patients seen in a central, hospital-based clinic. In 2013, community health
      worker programme patients were seen every 35.6 days and significantly more often
      than clinic patients (50.8 days, P < 0.001). From October to December 2013,
      hypertensive patients in the community health worker programme had a mean
      systolic blood pressure of 147.8 mmHg. This was lower than the average systolic
      pressure of clinic patients (156.7 mmHg, P < 0.001). Programme patients' blood
      pressures were also more frequently measured at below goal than clinic patients
      (71.2 vs 59.8%, P = 0.048). Decentralizing care and shifting significant clinical
      management responsibilities to community health workers improved consistency of
      access to care and did not come with a demonstrable cost in quality of
      hypertension control. Community health workers may have the potential to bridge
      the provider gap in low-income nations, providing expanded non-communicable
      disease care.

PMID- 26962123
TI  - Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a
      systematic review.
AB  - In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in Asia, pharmacies are often
      patients' first point of contact with the health care system and their preferred
      channel for purchasing medicines. Unfortunately, pharmacy practice in these
      settings has been characterized by deficient knowledge and inappropriate
      treatment. This paper systematically reviews both the performance of all types of
      pharmacies and drug stores across Asia's LMIC, and the determinants of poor
      practice, in order to reflect on how this could best be addressed. Poor pharmacy
      practice in Asia appears to have persisted over the past 30 years. We identify a
      set of inadequacies that occur at key moments throughout the pharmacy encounter,
      including: insufficient history taking; lack of referral of patients who require
      medical attention; illegal sale of a wide range of prescription only medicines
      without a prescription; sale of medicines that are either clinically
      inappropriate and/or in doses that are outside of the therapeutic range; sale of
      incomplete courses of antibiotics; and limited provision of information and
      counselling. In terms of determinants of poor practice, first knowledge was found
      to be necessary but not sufficient to ensure correct management of patients
      presenting at the pharmacy. This is evidenced by large discrepancies between
      stated and actual practice; little difference in the treatment behaviour of less
      and more qualified personnel and the failure of training programmes to improve
      practice to a satisfactory level. Second, we identified a number of profit
      maximizing strategies employed by pharmacy staff that can be linked to poor
      practices. Finally, whilst the research is relatively sparse, the regulatory
      environment appears to play an important role in shaping behaviour. Future
      efforts to improve the situation may yield more success than historical attempts,
      which have tended to concentrate on education, if they address the profit
      incentives faced by pharmacy personnel and the regulatory system.

PMID- 26962124
TI  - A dynamic intron retention program in the mammalian megakaryocyte and erythrocyte
      lineages.
AB  - Intron retention (IR) is a form of alternative splicing that can impact mRNA
      levels through nonsense-mediated decay or by nuclear mRNA detention. A complex,
      dynamic IR pattern has been described in maturing mammalian granulocytes, but it
      is unknown whether IR occurs broadly in other hematopoietic lineages. We globally
      assessed IR in primary maturing mammalian erythroid and megakaryocyte (MK)
      lineages as well as their common progenitor cells (MEPs). Both lineages exhibit
      an extensive differential IR program involving hundreds of introns and genes with
      an overwhelming loss of IR in erythroid cells and MKs compared to MEPs. Moreover,
      complex IR patterns were seen throughout murine erythroid maturation. Similarly
      complex patterns were observed in human erythroid differentiation, but not
      involving the murine orthologous introns or genes. Despite the common origin of
      erythroid cells and MKs, and overlapping gene expression patterns, the MK IR
      program is entirely distinct from that of the erythroid lineage with regards to
      introns, genes, and affected gene ontologies. Importantly, our results suggest
      that IR serves to broadly regulate mRNA levels. These findings highlight the
      importance of this understudied form of alternative splicing in gene regulation
      and provide a useful resource for studies on gene expression in the MK and
      erythroid lineages.

PMID- 26962125
TI  - Impact of Improved Glycemic Control on Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetes
      Mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at risk of heart failure.
      Specific therapeutic interventions for diabetic heart disease are still elusive.
      We aimed to examine the impact of improved glycemic control on left ventricular
      (LV) function in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 105 subjects
      with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged 54+/-10 years) and poor glycemic control
      received optimization of treatment for blood glucose, blood pressure, and
      cholesterol to recommended targets for 12 months. LV systolic and diastolic
      function, measured by LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) and septal e'
      velocities, were compared before and after optimization. At baseline, patients
      had impaired LV systolic (GLS -14.9+/-3.2%) and diastolic function (e' 6.2+/-1.7
      cm/s). After 12 months, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) decreased from 10.3+/-2.4% to
      8.3+/-2.0%, which was associated with significant relative improvement in GLS of
      21% and septal e' of 24%. There was a progressively greater improvement in GLS as
      patients achieved a lower final HbA1c. Patients achieving an HbA1c of <7.0% had
      the largest improvement. The 15 patients whose HbA1c worsened experienced a
      decline in GLS. Patients who improved their HbA1c by >=1.0% had a significantly
      higher relative improvement in e' than those who did not (32% versus 8%;
      P=0.003). Baseline GLS, decrease in body mass index, and treatment with metformin
      were additional independent predictors of GLS improvement. CONCLUSIONS:
      Improvements in glycemic control over a 12-month period led to improvements in LV
      systolic and diastolic function. This may have long-term prognostic implications.

PMID- 26962126
TI  - Right Ventricular Volumes and Systolic Function by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and
      the Impact of Sex, Age, and Obesity in a Longitudinally Followed Cohort Free of
      Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance is uniquely well suited for noninvasive
      imaging of the right ventricle. We sought to define normal cardiac magnetic
      resonance reference values and to identify the main determinants of right
      ventricular (RV) volumes and systolic function using a modern imaging sequence in
      a community-dwelling, longitudinally followed cohort free of clinical
      cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Framingham Heart
      Study Offspring cohort has been followed since 1971. We scanned 1794 Offspring
      cohort members using steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance and
      identified a reference group of 1336 adults (64+/-9 years, 576 men) free of
      prevalent cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. RV trabeculations and papillary
      muscles were considered cavity volume. Men had greater RV volumes and cardiac
      output before and after indexation to body size (all P<0.001). Women had higher
      RV ejection fraction than men (68+/-6% versus 64+/-7%; P<0.0001). RV volumes and
      cardiac output decreased with advancing age. There was an increase in raw and
      height-indexed RV measurements with increasing body mass index, but this trend
      was weakly inverted after indexation of RV volumes to body surface area. Sex,
      age, height, body mass index, and heart rate account for most of the variability
      in RV volumes and function in this community-dwelling population. CONCLUSIONS: We
      report sex-specific normative values for RV measurements among principally middle
      aged and older adults. RV ejection fraction is greater in women. RV volumes
      increase with body size, are greater in men, and are smaller in older people.
      Body surface area seems to be appropriate for indexation of cardiac magnetic
      resonance-derived RV volumes.

PMID- 26962127
TI  - New Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Reference Ranges for Right Ventricular Volumes and
      Systolic Function: What Is New and Why Should We Care?

PMID- 26962128
TI  - Glycemic Control and Heart Failure: Separating the Contributors to Left
      Ventricular Dysfunction.

PMID- 26962129
TI  - Company is blamed for early halt of trial into obesity treatment.

PMID- 26962130
TI  - The anticipated and the lived experience of home and in-centre haemodialysis: Is
      there a disconnect?
AB  - This qualitative study aimed to explore home haemodialysis and in-centre
      haemodialysis patients' experience, to illuminate barriers and facilitators in
      the uptake and maintenance of home haemodialysis. Thirty-two semi-structured
      interviews with patients receiving home haemodialysis or in-centre haemodialysis
      were analysed using framework analysis. Four themes emerged: 'perceptions of
      self'; 'impact of haemodialysis on family'; 'perceived advantages and
      disadvantages of home haemodialysis and in-centre haemodialysis' and 'practical
      issues and negotiating haemodialysis'. The lived experience of home haemodialysis
      was in contrast to the lived experience of in-centre haemodialysis and to the
      anticipated experience of home haemodialysis, highlighting patient factors that
      contributed to under-usage of home haemodialysis.

PMID- 26962132
TI  - 'It might hurt, but still it's good': People with rheumatoid arthritis beliefs
      and expectations about physical activity interventions.
AB  - Many people who have rheumatoid arthritis report low levels of physical activity.
      We conducted 17 interviews with people who have rheumatoid arthritis to gain
      insight into how they view physical activity and to explore how their levels of
      activity may be increased. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed
      using thematic analysis. Four main themes were generated: being active, barriers
      and facilitators, information and advice, and supporting physical activity. A
      lack of information about being active fostered negative emotions limiting
      physical activity participation. Improved provision of physical activity advice
      is warranted to promote physical activity in people who have rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 26962131
TI  - Patient and partner dispositional optimism as a long-term predictor of illness
      representations in autoimmune diseases.
AB  - We examined whether the dispositional optimism of patients suffering from an
      autoimmune disease as well as of their partners can predict, at a dyadic level,
      their representations of illness consequences, and personal and treatment
      control, assessed 1 year later. Patient optimism predicted several patient and
      partner illness representations. Partner optimism was unrelated to own or patient
      illness representations. Results highlight the strong long-term predictive power
      of patient optimism and underline the importance of the interpersonal function of
      personality traits. At the same time, study findings indicate that the dyadic
      effects of optimism are complex and probably conditional on several factors.

PMID- 26962133
TI  - Impact of Spironolactone on Longitudinal Changes in Health-Related Quality of
      Life in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an
      Aldosterone Antagonist Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction patients have
      equally impaired health-related quality of life (HRQL) compared with those with
      HF with reduced ejection fraction, but limited studies have evaluated the impact
      of therapies on changes in HRQL. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients >=50 years of age,
      with symptomatic HF and left ventricular ejection fraction >=45%, were enrolled
      in Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone
      Antagonist (TOPCAT) and randomized to spironolactone or placebo. Patients
      completed the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), which was the
      primary HRQL instrument, and EQ5D visual analog scale at baseline, 4 months, 12
      months, and annually thereafter. McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation was
      assessed at 4 and 12 months to assess global change scores. Change scores (+SD)
      were calculated to determine between-group differences, and multivariable
      repeated-measures models were created to identify other factors associated with
      change scores. Paired KCCQ data were available for 91.7% of 3445 TOPCAT patients.
      By 4 months, the mean change in KCCQ was 7.7+/-16 and mean change in EQ5D visual
      analog scale was 4.7+/-16. Adjusted mean changes in KCCQ for the spironolactone
      group were significantly better than those for the placebo group at 4-month (1.54
      better; P=0.002), 12-month (1.35 better; P=0.02), and 36-month (1.86 better;
      P=0.02) visits. No between-group differences in EQ5D visual analog scale change
      scores or McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation were noted. Older age, obesity,
      current smoking, New York Heart Association class III/IV, and comorbid illnesses
      were associated with declines in KCCQ scores. Use of spironolactone was an
      independent predictor of improved KCCQ scores. CONCLUSIONS: In symptomatic HF
      with preserved ejection fraction patients, use of spironolactone was associated
      with an improvement in HF-specific HRQL. Several modifiable risk factors were
      associated with HRQL deterioration. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL:
      http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00094302.

PMID- 26962134
TI  - Oceanographic drivers and mistiming processes shape breeding success in a
      seabird.
AB  - Understanding the processes driving seabirds' reproductive performance through
      trophic interactions requires the identification of seasonal pulses in marine
      productivity. We investigated the sequence of environmental and biological
      processes driving the reproductive phenology and performance of the storm petrel
      (Hydrobates pelagicus) in the Western Mediterranean. The enhanced light and
      nutrient availability at the onset of water stratification (late winter/early
      spring) resulted in annual consecutive peaks in relative abundance of
      phytoplankton, zooplankton and ichthyoplankton. The high energy-demanding period
      of egg production and chick rearing coincided with these successive pulses in
      food availability, pointing to a phenological adjustment to such seasonal
      patterns with important fitness consequences. Indeed, delayed reproduction with
      respect to the onset of water stratification resulted in both hatching and
      breeding failure. This pattern was observed at the population level, but also
      when confounding factors such as individuals' age or experience were also
      accounted for. We provide the first evidence of oceanographic drivers leading to
      the optimal time-window for reproduction in an inshore seabird at southern
      European latitudes, along with a suitable framework for assessing the impact of
      environmentally driven changes in marine productivity patterns in seabird
      performance. 

PMID- 26962136
TI  - One crop breeding cycle from starvation? How engineering crop photosynthesis for
      rising CO2 and temperature could be one important route to alleviation.
AB  - Global climate change is likely to severely impact human food production. This
      comes at a time when predicted demand for primary foodstuffs by a growing human
      population and changing global diets is already outpacing a stagnating annual
      rate of increase in crop productivity. Additionally, the time required by crop
      breeding and bioengineering to release improved varieties to farmers is
      substantial, meaning that any crop improvements needed to mitigate food shortages
      in the 2040s would need to start now. In this perspective, the rationale for
      improvements in photosynthetic efficiency as a breeding objective for higher
      yields is outlined. Subsequently, using simple simulation models it is shown how
      predicted changes in temperature and atmospheric [CO2] affect leaf photosynthetic
      rates. The chloroplast accounts for the majority of leaf nitrogen in crops.
      Within the chloroplast about 25% of nitrogen is invested in the carboxylase,
      Rubisco, which catalyses the first step of CO2 assimilation. Most of the
      remaining nitrogen is invested in the apparatus to drive carbohydrate synthesis
      and regenerate ribulose-1:5-bisphosphate (RuBP), the CO2-acceptor molecule at
      Rubisco. At preindustrial [CO2], investment in these two aspects may have been
      balanced resulting in co-limitation. At today's [CO2], there appears to be over
      investment in Rubisco, and despite the counter-active effects of rising
      temperature and [CO2], this imbalance is predicted to worsen with global climate
      change. By breeding or engineering restored optimality under future conditions
      increased productivity could be achieved in both tropical and temperate
      environments without additional nitrogen fertilizer. Given the magnitude of the
      potential shortfall, better storage conditions, improved crop management and
      better crop varieties will all be needed. With the short time-scale at which food
      demand is expected to outpace supplies, all available technologies to improve
      crop varieties, from classical crop breeding to crop genetic engineering should
      be employed. This will require vastly increased public and private investment to
      support translation of first discovery in laboratories to replicated field
      trials, and an urgent re-evaluation of regulation of crop genetic engineering. 

PMID- 26962137
TI  - Environmental drivers of crocodyliform extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous
      transition.
AB  - Crocodyliforms have a much richer evolutionary history than represented by their
      extant descendants, including several independent marine and terrestrial
      radiations during the Mesozoic. However, heterogeneous sampling of their fossil
      record has obscured their macroevolutionary dynamics, and obfuscated attempts to
      reconcile external drivers of these patterns. Here, we present a comprehensive
      analysis of crocodyliform biodiversity through the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K)
      transition using subsampling and phylogenetic approaches and apply maximum
      likelihood methods to fit models of extrinsic variables to assess what mediated
      these patterns. A combination of fluctuations in sea-level and episodic
      perturbations to the carbon and sulfur cycles was primarily responsible for both
      a marine and non-marine crocodyliform biodiversity decline through the J/K
      boundary, primarily documented in Europe. This was tracked by high extinction
      rates at the boundary and suppressed origination rates throughout the Early
      Cretaceous. The diversification of Eusuchia and Notosuchia likely emanated from
      the easing of ecological pressure resulting from the biodiversity decline, which
      also culminated in the extinction of the marine thalattosuchians in the late
      Early Cretaceous. Through application of rigorous techniques for estimating
      biodiversity, our results demonstrate that it is possible to tease apart the
      complex array of controls on diversification patterns in major archosaur clades.

PMID- 26962135
TI  - How habitat-modifying organisms structure the food web of two coastal ecosystems.
AB  - The diversity and structure of ecosystems has been found to depend both on
      trophic interactions in food webs and on other species interactions such as
      habitat modification and mutualism that form non-trophic interaction networks.
      However, quantification of the dependencies between these two main interaction
      networks has remained elusive. In this study, we assessed how habitat-modifying
      organisms affect basic food web properties by conducting in-depth empirical
      investigations of two ecosystems: North American temperate fringing marshes and
      West African tropical seagrass meadows. Results reveal that habitat-modifying
      species, through non-trophic facilitation rather than their trophic role, enhance
      species richness across multiple trophic levels, increase the number of
      interactions per species (link density), but decrease the realized fraction of
      all possible links within the food web (connectance). Compared to the trophic
      role of the most highly connected species, we found this non-trophic effects to
      be more important for species richness and of more or similar importance for link
      density and connectance. Our findings demonstrate that food webs can be
      fundamentally shaped by interactions outside the trophic network, yet intrinsic
      to the species participating in it. Better integration of non-trophic
      interactions in food web analyses may therefore strongly contribute to their
      explanatory and predictive capacity. 

PMID- 26962138
TI  - Host persistence or extinction from emerging infectious disease: insights from
      white-nose syndrome in endemic and invading regions.
AB  - Predicting species' fates following the introduction of a novel pathogen is a
      significant and growing problem in conservation. Comparing disease dynamics
      between introduced and endemic regions can offer insight into which naive hosts
      will persist or go extinct, with disease acting as a filter on host communities.
      We examined four hypothesized mechanisms for host-pathogen persistence by
      comparing host infection patterns and environmental reservoirs for
      Pseudogymnoascus destructans (the causative agent of white-nose syndrome) in
      Asia, an endemic region, and North America, where the pathogen has recently
      invaded. Although colony sizes of bats and hibernacula temperatures were very
      similar, both infection prevalence and fungal loads were much lower on bats and
      in the environment in Asia than North America. These results indicate that
      transmission intensity and pathogen growth are lower in Asia, likely due to
      higher host resistance to pathogen growth in this endemic region, and not due to
      host tolerance, lower transmission due to smaller populations, or lower
      environmentally driven pathogen growth rate. Disease filtering also appears to be
      favouring initially resistant species in North America. More broadly, determining
      the mechanisms allowing species persistence in endemic regions can help identify
      species at greater risk of extinction in introduced regions, and determine the
      consequences for disease dynamics and host-pathogen coevolution. 

PMID- 26962140
TI  - Histology and affinity of anaspids, and the early evolution of the vertebrate
      dermal skeleton.
AB  - The assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan constitutes a formative episode in
      vertebrate evolutionary history, an interval in which the mineralized skeleton
      and its canonical suite of cell and tissue types originated. Fossil jawless
      fishes, assigned to the gnathostome stem-lineage, provide an unparalleled insight
      into the origin and evolution of the skeleton, hindered only by uncertainty over
      the phylogenetic position and evolutionary significance of key clades. Chief
      among these are the jawless anaspids, whose skeletal composition, a rich source
      of phylogenetic information, is poorly characterized. Here we survey the
      histology of representatives spanning anaspid diversity and infer their
      generalized skeletal architecture. The anaspid dermal skeleton is composed of
      odontodes comprising spheritic dentine and enameloid, overlying a basal layer of
      acellular parallel fibre bone containing an extensive shallow canal network. A
      recoded and revised phylogenetic analysis using equal and implied weights
      parsimony resolves anaspids as monophyletic, nested among stem-gnathostomes. Our
      results suggest the anaspid dermal skeleton is a degenerate derivative of a
      histologically more complex ancestral vertebrate skeleton, rather than reflecting
      primitive simplicity. Hypotheses that anaspids are ancestral skeletonizing
      lampreys, or a derived lineage of jawless vertebrates with paired fins, are
      rejected.

PMID- 26962139
TI  - Substituting mouse transcription factor Pou4f2 with a sea urchin orthologue
      restores retinal ganglion cell development.
AB  - Pou domain transcription factor Pou4f2 is essential for the development of
      retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the vertebrate retina. A distant orthologue of
      Pou4f2 exists in the genome of the sea urchin (class Echinoidea)
      Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (SpPou4f1/2), yet the photosensory structure of sea
      urchins is strikingly different from that of the mammalian retina. Sea urchins
      have no obvious eyes, but have photoreceptors clustered around their tube feet
      disc. The mechanisms that are associated with the development and function of
      photoreception in sea urchins are largely unexplored. As an initial approach to
      better understand the sea urchin photosensory structure and relate it to the
      mammalian retina, we asked whether SpPou4f1/2 could support RGC development in
      the absence of Pou4f2. To answer this question, we replaced genomic Pou4f2 with
      an SpPou4f1/2 cDNA. In Pou4f2-null mice, retinas expressing SpPou4f1/2 were
      outwardly identical to those of wild-type mice. SpPou4f1/2 retinas exhibited dark
      adapted electroretinogram scotopic threshold responses, indicating functionally
      active RGCs. During retinal development, SpPou4f1/2 activated RGC-specific genes
      and in S. purpuratus, SpPou4f2 was expressed in photoreceptor cells of tube feet
      in a pattern distinct from Opsin4 and Pax6. Our results suggest that SpPou4f1/2
      and Pou4f2 share conserved components of a gene network for photosensory
      development and they maintain their conserved intrinsic functions despite vast
      morphological differences in mouse and sea urchin photosensory structures. 

PMID- 26962141
TI  - Trophic assimilation efficiency markedly increases at higher trophic levels in
      four-level host-parasitoid food chain.
AB  - Trophic assimilation efficiency (conversion of resource biomass into consumer
      biomass) is thought to be a limiting factor for food chain length in natural
      communities. In host-parasitoid systems, which account for the majority of
      terrestrial consumer interactions, a high trophic assimilation efficiency may be
      expected at higher trophic levels because of the close match of resource
      composition of host tissue and the consumer's resource requirements, which would
      allow for longer food chains. We measured efficiency of biomass transfer along an
      aphid-primary-secondary-tertiary parasitoid food chain and used stable isotope
      analysis to confirm trophic levels. We show high efficiency in biomass transfer
      along the food chain. From the third to the fourth trophic level, the proportion
      of host biomass transferred was 45%, 65% and 73%, respectively, for three
      secondary parasitoid species. For two parasitoid species that can act at the
      fourth and fifth trophic levels, we show markedly increased trophic assimilation
      efficiencies at the higher trophic level, which increased from 45 to 63% and 73
      to 93%, respectively. In common with other food chains, delta(15)N increased with
      trophic level, with trophic discrimination factors (Delta(15)N) 1.34 and 1.490/00
      from primary parasitoids to endoparasitic and ectoparasitic secondary
      parasitoids, respectively, and 0.780/00 from secondary to tertiary parasitoids.
      Owing to the extraordinarily high efficiency of hyperparasitoids, cryptic higher
      trophic levels may exist in host-parasitoid communities, which could alter our
      understanding of the dynamics and drivers of community structure of these
      important systems. 

PMID- 26962143
TI  - Controlled comparison of species- and community-level models across novel
      climates and communities.
AB  - Species distribution models (SDMs) assume species exist in isolation and do not
      influence one another's distributions, thus potentially limiting their ability to
      predict biodiversity patterns. Community-level models (CLMs) capitalize on
      species co-occurrences to fit shared environmental responses of species and
      communities, and therefore may result in more robust and transferable models.
      Here, we conduct a controlled comparison of five paired SDMs and CLMs across
      changing climates, using palaeoclimatic simulations and fossil-pollen records of
      eastern North America for the past 21 000 years. Both SDMs and CLMs performed
      poorly when projected to time periods that are temporally distant and
      climatically dissimilar from those in which they were fit; however, CLMs
      generally outperformed SDMs in these instances, especially when models were fit
      with sparse calibration datasets. Additionally, CLMs did not over-fit training
      data, unlike SDMs. The expected emergence of novel climates presents a major
      forecasting challenge for all models, but CLMs may better rise to this challenge
      by borrowing information from co-occurring taxa. 

PMID- 26962142
TI  - Ecological genomics of mutualism decline in nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
AB  - Anthropogenic changes can influence mutualism evolution; however, the genomic
      regions underpinning mutualism that are most affected by environmental change are
      generally unknown, even in well-studied model mutualisms like the interaction
      between legumes and their nitrogen (N)-fixing rhizobia. Such genomic information
      can shed light on the agents and targets of selection maintaining cooperation in
      nature. We recently demonstrated that N-fertilization has caused an evolutionary
      decline in mutualistic partner quality in the rhizobia that form symbiosis with
      clover. Here, population genomic analyses of N-fertilized versus control
      rhizobium populations indicate that evolutionary differentiation at a key
      symbiosis gene region on the symbiotic plasmid (pSym) contributes to partner
      quality decline. Moreover, patterns of genetic variation at selected loci were
      consistent with recent positive selection within N-fertilized environments,
      suggesting that N-rich environments might select for less beneficial rhizobia. By
      studying the molecular population genomics of a natural bacterial population
      within a long-term ecological field experiment, we find that: (i) the N
      environment is indeed a potent selective force mediating mutualism evolution in
      this symbiosis, (ii) natural variation in rhizobium partner quality is mediated
      in part by key symbiosis genes on the symbiotic plasmid, and (iii)
      differentiation at selected genes occurred in the context of otherwise
      recombining genomes, resembling eukaryotic models of adaptation. 

PMID- 26962144
TI  - Selection for brain size impairs innate, but not adaptive immune responses.
AB  - Both the brain and the immune system are energetically demanding organs, and when
      natural selection favours increased investment into one, then the size or
      performance of the other should be reduced. While comparative analyses have
      attempted to test this potential evolutionary trade-off, the results remain
      inconclusive. To test this hypothesis, we compared the tissue graft rejection (an
      assay for measuring innate and acquired immune responses) in guppies (Poecilia
      reticulata) artificially selected for large and small relative brain size.
      Individual scales were transplanted between pairs of fish, creating reciprocal
      allografts, and the rejection reaction was scored over 8 days (before acquired
      immunity develops). Acquired immune responses were tested two weeks later, when
      the same pairs of fish received a second set of allografts and were scored again.
      Compared with large-brained animals, small-brained animals of both sexes mounted
      a significantly stronger rejection response to the first allograft. The rejection
      response to the second set of allografts did not differ between large- and small
      brained fish. Our results show that selection for large brain size reduced innate
      immune responses to an allograft, which supports the hypothesis that there is a
      selective trade-off between investing into brain size and innate immunity.

PMID- 26962147
TI  - Pre-eclampsia is linked to small increase in risk of cardiomyopathy in longer
      term.

PMID- 26962145
TI  - Matching loci surveyed to questions asked in phylogeography.
AB  - Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has long been used for assessing genetic
      variation within and between populations, its workhorse role in phylogeography
      has been criticized owing to its single-locus nature. The only choice for testing
      mtDNA results is to survey nuclear loci, which brings into contrast the
      difference in locus effective size and coalescence times. Thus, it remains
      unclear how erroneous mtDNA-based estimates of species history might be,
      especially for evolutionary events in the recent past. To test the robustness of
      mtDNA and nuclear sequences in phylogeography, we provide one of the largest
      paired comparisons of summary statistics and demographic parameters estimated
      from mitochondrial, five Z-linked and 10 autosomal genes of 30 avian species co
      distributed in the Caucasus and Europe. The results suggest that mtDNA is robust
      in estimating inter-population divergence but not in intra-population diversity,
      which is sensitive to population size change. Here, we provide empirical evidence
      showing that mtDNA was more likely to detect population divergence than any other
      single locus owing to its smaller Ne and thus faster coalescent time. Therefore,
      at least in birds, numerous studies that have based their inferences of
      phylogeographic patterns solely on mtDNA should not be readily dismissed. 

PMID- 26962148
TI  - PATIENT EXPOSURE OPTIMISATION THROUGH TASK-BASED ASSESSMENT OF A NEW MODEL-BASED
      ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE.
AB  - The goal of the present work was to report and investigate the performances of a
      new iterative reconstruction algorithm, using a model observer. For that, a
      dedicated low-contrast phantom containing different targets was scanned at four
      volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) levels on a Siemens SOMATOM Force
      computed tomography (CT). The acquired images were reconstructed using the ADMIRE
      algorithm and were then assessed by three human observers who performed
      alternative forced choice experiments. Next, a channelised hotelling observer
      model was applied on the same set of images. The comparison between the two was
      performed using the percentage correct as a figure of merit. The results
      indicated a strong agreement between human and model observer as well as an
      improvement in the low-contrast detection when switching from an ADMIRE strength
      of 1-3. Good results were also observed even in situations where the target was
      hard to detect, suggesting that patient dose could be further reduced and
      optimised.

PMID- 26962146
TI  - Defining individual size in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa.
AB  - It is challenging to apply the tenets of individuality to filamentous fungi: a
      fungal mycelium can contain millions of genetically diverse but totipotent
      nuclei, each capable of founding new mycelia. Moreover, a single mycelium can
      potentially stretch over kilometres, and it is unlikely that its distant parts
      share resources or have the same fitness. Here, we directly measure how a single
      mycelium of the model ascomycete Neurospora crassa is patterned into reproductive
      units (RUs), meaning subpopulations of nuclei that propagate together as spores,
      and function as reproductive individuals. The density of RUs is sensitive to the
      geometry of growth; we detected 50-fold smaller RUs when mycelia had expanding
      frontiers than when they were constrained to grow in one direction only. RUs
      fragmented further when the mycelial network was perturbed. In mycelia with
      expanding frontiers, RU composition was strongly influenced by the distribution
      of genotypes early in development. Our results provide a concept of fungal
      individuality that is directly connected to reproductive potential, and therefore
      to theories of how fungal individuals adapt and evolve over time. Our data show
      that the size of reproductive individuals is a dynamic and environment-dependent
      property, even within apparently totally connected fungal mycelia. 

PMID- 26962149
TI  - Darzi calls for overhaul of safety incident reporting.

PMID- 26962150
TI  - A small-molecule Nrf1 and Nrf2 activator mitigates polyglutamine toxicity in
      spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.
AB  - Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, also known as Kennedy's disease) is one
      of nine neurodegenerative disorders that are caused by expansion of polyglutamine
      encoding CAG repeats. Intracellular accumulation of abnormal proteins in these
      diseases, a pathological hallmark, is associated with defects in protein
      homeostasis. Enhancement of the cellular proteostasis capacity with small
      molecules has therefore emerged as a promising approach to treatment. Here, we
      characterize a novel curcumin analog, ASC-JM17, as an activator of central
      pathways controlling protein folding, degradation and oxidative stress
      resistance. ASC-JM17 acts on Nrf1, Nrf2 and Hsf1 to increase the expression of
      proteasome subunits, antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperones. We show that
      ASC-JM17 ameliorates toxicity of the mutant androgen receptor (AR) responsible
      for SBMA in cell, fly and mouse models. Knockdown of the Drosophila Nrf1 and Nrf2
      ortholog cap 'n' collar isoform-C, but not Hsf1, blocks the protective effect of
      ASC-JM17 on mutant AR-induced eye degeneration in flies. Our observations
      indicate that activation of the Nrf1/Nrf2 pathway is a viable option for
      pharmacological intervention in SBMA and potentially other polyglutamine
      diseases.

PMID- 26962153
TI  - Lost: Young Canadian physician-scientists need a map.
AB  - The termination of dedicated funding for integrated MD-PhD trainees has left
      biomedical researchers to question the future of physician-scientists in Canada. 

PMID- 26962154
TI  - Back to the future: Rethinking global control of tuberculosis.
AB  - If the ultimate goal of controlling an infectious disease is to interrupt
      transmission, the current global tuberculosis strategy is not succeeding. 

PMID- 26962152
TI  - Genome-wide association study of biologically informed periodontal complex traits
      offers novel insights into the genetic basis of periodontal disease.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of chronic periodontitis (CP) defined by
      clinical criteria alone have had modest success to-date. Here, we refine the CP
      phenotype by supplementing clinical data with biological intermediates of
      microbial burden (levels of eight periodontal pathogens) and local inflammatory
      response (gingival crevicular fluid IL-1beta) and derive periodontal complex
      traits (PCTs) via principal component analysis. PCTs were carried forward to GWAS
      (~2.5 million markers) to identify PCT-associated loci among 975 European
      American adult participants of the Dental ARIC study. We sought to validate these
      findings for CP in the larger ARIC cohort (n = 821 participants with severe CP,
      2031-moderate CP, 1914-healthy/mild disease) and an independent German sample
      including 717 aggressive periodontitis cases and 4210 controls. We identified six
      PCTs with distinct microbial community/IL-1beta structures, although with
      overlapping clinical presentations. PCT1 was characterized by a uniformly high
      pathogen load, whereas PCT3 and PCT5 were dominated by Aggregatibacter
      actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. We detected
      genome-wide significant signals for PCT1 (CLEC19A, TRA, GGTA2P, TM9SF2, IFI16,
      RBMS3), PCT4 (HPVC1) and PCT5 (SLC15A4, PKP2, SNRPN). Overall, the highlighted
      loci included genes associated with immune response and epithelial barrier
      function. With the exception of associations of BEGAIN with severe and UBE3D with
      moderate CP, no other loci were associated with CP in ARIC or aggressive
      periodontitis in the German sample. Although not associated with current
      clinically determined periodontal disease taxonomies, upon replication and
      mechanistic validation these candidate loci may highlight dysbiotic microbial
      community structures and altered inflammatory/immune responses underlying
      biological sub-types of CP.

PMID- 26962151
TI  - Twenty-eight genetic loci associated with ST-T-wave amplitudes of the
      electrocardiogram.
AB  - The ST-segment and adjacent T-wave (ST-T wave) amplitudes of the
      electrocardiogram are quantitative characteristics of cardiac repolarization.
      Repolarization abnormalities have been linked to ventricular arrhythmias and
      sudden cardiac death. We performed the first genome-wide association meta
      analysis of ST-T-wave amplitudes in up to 37 977 individuals identifying 71
      robust genotype-phenotype associations clustered within 28 independent loci.
      Fifty-four genes were prioritized as candidates underlying the phenotypes,
      including genes with established roles in the cardiac repolarization phase
      (SCN5A/SCN10A, KCND3, KCNB1, NOS1AP and HEY2) and others with as yet undefined
      cardiac function. These associations may provide insights in the spatiotemporal
      contribution of genetic variation influencing cardiac repolarization and provide
      novel leads for future functional follow-up.

PMID- 26962155
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin potentiates opportunistic bacterial lung
      infections.
AB  - Broad-spectrum antibiotic use may adversely affect a patient's beneficial
      microbiome and fuel cross-species spread of drug resistance. Although alternative
      pathogen-specific approaches are rationally justified, a major concern for this
      precision medicine strategy is that co-colonizing or co-infecting opportunistic
      bacteria may still cause serious disease. In a mixed-pathogen lung infection
      model, we find that the Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor alpha toxin
      potentiates Gram-negative bacterial proliferation, systemic spread, and lethality
      by preventing acidification of bacteria-containing macrophage phagosomes, thereby
      reducing effective killing of both S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria.
      Prophylaxis or early treatment with a single alpha toxin neutralizing monoclonal
      antibody prevented proliferation of co-infecting Gram-negative pathogens and
      lethality while also promoting S. aureus clearance. These studies suggest that
      some pathogen-specific, antibody-based approaches may also work to reduce
      infection risk in patients colonized or co-infected with S. aureus and disparate
      drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial opportunists. 

PMID- 26962156
TI  - TarO-specific inhibitors of wall teichoic acid biosynthesis restore beta-lactam
      efficacy against methicillin-resistant staphylococci.
AB  - The widespread emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      has dramatically eroded the efficacy of current beta-lactam antibiotics and
      created an urgent need for new treatment options. We report an S. aureus
      phenotypic screening strategy involving chemical suppression of the growth
      inhibitory consequences of depleting late-stage wall teichoic acid biosynthesis.
      This enabled us to identify early-stage pathway-specific inhibitors of wall
      teichoic acid biosynthesis predicted to be chemically synergistic with beta
      lactams. We demonstrated by genetic and biochemical means that each of the new
      chemical series discovered, herein named tarocin A and tarocin B, inhibited the
      first step in wall teichoic acid biosynthesis (TarO). Tarocins do not have
      intrinsic bioactivity but rather demonstrated potent bactericidal synergy in
      combination with broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics against diverse clinical
      isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci as well as robust efficacy in a
      murine infection model of MRSA. Tarocins and other inhibitors of wall teichoic
      acid biosynthesis may provide a rational strategy to develop Gram-positive
      bactericidal beta-lactam combination agents active against methicillin-resistant
      staphylococci. 

PMID- 26962159
TI  - The ASCO Provider Utilization File (ASCO PUF): A Closer Look.

PMID- 26962158
TI  - Development of a prosaposin-derived therapeutic cyclic peptide that targets
      ovarian cancer via the tumor microenvironment.
AB  - The vast majority of ovarian cancer-related deaths are caused by metastatic
      dissemination of tumor cells, resulting in subsequent organ failure. However,
      despite our increased understanding of the physiological processes involved in
      tumor metastasis, there are no clinically approved drugs that have made a major
      impact in increasing the overall survival of patients with advanced, metastatic
      ovarian cancer. We identified prosaposin (psap) as a potent inhibitor of tumor
      metastasis, which acts via stimulation of p53 and the antitumorigenic protein
      thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to
      metastatic sites. We report that more than 97% of human serous ovarian tumors
      tested express CD36, the receptor that mediates the proapoptotic activity of TSP
      1. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether a peptide derived from psap would
      be effective in treating this form of ovarian cancer. To that end, we developed a
      cyclic peptide with drug-like properties derived from the active sequence in
      psap. The cyclic psap peptide promoted tumor regression in a patient-derived
      tumor xenograft model of metastatic ovarian cancer. Thus, we hypothesize that a
      therapeutic agent based on this psap peptide would have efficacy in treating
      patients with metastatic ovarian cancer. 

PMID- 26962160
TI  - Chemotherapy for Bone Sarcoma in Adults.
AB  - The largest studies of chemotherapy for bone sarcomas are in the pediatric
      population. Although increasing age is often found to be an adverse prognostic
      factor in these clinical trials, few studies are aimed at assessing regimens
      specifically in the adult population. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma have peak
      incidences in the pediatric and young adult population but also occur in adults.
      Chondrosarcoma and giant cell tumor of bone are generally found in adults. In
      this review, we describe the current status of our knowledge about treating
      adults with cancers of bone origin. We also describe our experience treating
      patients in the adult Sarcoma Medical Oncology group at The University of Texas
      MD Anderson Cancer Center.

PMID- 26962157
TI  - Two-mAb cocktail protects macaques against the Makona variant of Ebola virus.
AB  - The 2014-2015 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa highlighted the urgent
      need for specific therapeutic interventions for infected patients. The human
      mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail ZMapp, previously shown to be
      efficacious in EBOV (variant Kikwit) lethally infected nonhuman primates (NHPs)
      when administration was initiated up to 5 days, was used in some patients during
      the outbreak. We show that a two-antibody cocktail, MIL77E, is fully protective
      in NHPs when administered at 50 mg/kg 3 days after challenge with a lethal dose
      of EBOV variant Makona, the virus responsible for the ongoing 2014-2015 outbreak,
      whereas a similar formulation of ZMapp protected two of three NHPs. The chimeric
      MIL77E mAb cocktail is produced in engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells and is
      based on mAbs c13C6 and c2G4 from ZMapp. The use of only two antibodies in MIL77E
      opens the door to a pan-ebolavirus cocktail. 

PMID- 26962161
TI  - Contemporary Concerns in Managing Bone Sarcoma.

PMID- 26962162
TI  - Bones: The Adult Sarcoma Drama.

PMID- 26962163
TI  - Managing Liposarcomas: Cutting Through the Fat.
AB  - Liposarcomas are one of the most common of more than 50 histologic subtypes of
      soft tissue sarcomas that, themselves, are heterogeneous. Liposarcomas fall into
      four distinct histologic subtypes: atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated
      liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, myxoid (round cell) liposarcoma, and
      pleomorphic liposarcoma. Definitive treatment remains surgical resection with
      negative margins for resectable disease. However, well-differentiated
      liposarcomas that are large or difficult to operate upon should be followed with
      close surveillance as long as there is no radiologic concern for a
      dedifferentiated component. In contrast, first-line chemotherapy with
      anthracycline with or without ifosfamide, or gemcitabine and docetaxel should be
      used for inoperable myxoid (round cell) or pleomorphic liposarcomas, which are
      relatively responsive to chemotherapy. In the second- and third-line setting,
      myxoid liposarcomas, in particular, seem to be sensitive to trabectedin, which
      was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Eribulin
      offered a survival benefit when compared with dacarbazine in the third-line
      setting in liposarcomas (other than the well-differentiated subtype) and is now
      FDA approved. Recent studies have identified distinct genetic aberrations that
      not only aid in the diagnosis of liposarcoma subtypes but represent actionable
      targets. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and murine double minute 2 are overexpressed
      in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas and offer opportunities
      that are being pursued in clinical trials. It is critical that liposarcomas are
      not approached by oncologists as one disease entity but rather subclassified into
      distinct subtypes using histologic and molecular tools before formalizing a
      treatment plan.

PMID- 26962164
TI  - Systemic Treatment of Liposarcomas: Light at the End of the Tunnel?

PMID- 26962165
TI  - New Approaches to Managing Liposarcoma: Will Cold Steel Remain the Only Way to
      Heal?

PMID- 26962166
TI  - A Clinician's Approach to Double-Hit Lymphoma: Identification, Evaluation, and
      Management.
AB  - Double-hit lymphomas have concurrent rearrangements of CMYC and BCL2 or
      occasionally BCL6. Although double-hit lymphomas are a part of the mature B-cell
      lymphoma lineage, they have an aggressive clinical course that is complicated by
      an extremely poor response to standard therapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma. Overall survival is short for many patients with double-hit lymphomas,
      which reinforces the importance of identifying appropriate therapies for these
      patients. Fortunately, recent reports have demonstrated improved outcomes with
      the use of intensive induction therapies. This article discusses the biology,
      therapeutic considerations, treatment opinions, possible role of autologous stem
      cell transplant, and need for ongoing clinical trials for this subgroup of
      patients with lymphoma.

PMID- 26962167
TI  - Double-Hit Lymphoma: Practicing in a Data-Limited Setting.

PMID- 26962168
TI  - Optimal Management of Double-Hit Lymphoma.

PMID- 26962169
TI  - Who Should Be Tested for Double-Hit Lymphoma?

PMID- 26962171
TI  - Complete Durable Response From Carboplatin and Olaparib in a Heavily Pretreated
      Triple-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer With Germline BRCA2 and "BRCAness"
      Mutations.

PMID- 26962170
TI  - Oncologists' Selection of Genetic and Molecular Testing in the Evolving Landscape
      of Stage II Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Little is known about the roles of genetic and molecular testing and
      Lynch syndrome screening in the formulation of predictive and prognostic
      assessments for patients with stage II colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: From
      2012 to 2013, we surveyed medical oncologists in the Cancer Care Outcomes
      Research and Surveillance Consortium and evaluated oncologists' selection of
      microsatellite instability (MSI) and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch
      repair (MMR) proteins, germline testing for MMR genes, BRAF and KRAS mutation
      analysis, and Oncotype DX in stage II CRC. Physicians were randomly assigned to
      receive one of three vignettes that varied by strength of CRC family history. We
      used multivariable logistic regression to identify physician and practice
      characteristics associated with test selection. RESULTS: Among 327 oncologists,
      MSI and/or IHC for MMR proteins were most frequently selected (n = 205; 64%),
      with 82% versus 53% choosing MSI/IHC testing in patients with strong versus no
      CRC family history, respectively (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.87; 95% CI, 2.07 to
      7.22). KRAS and Oncotype DX testing were chosen by 24% and 38% of oncologists,
      respectively. Graduates of non-US and Canadian medical schools and physicians
      compensated by fee-for-service or on the basis of productivity were more likely
      to choose KRAS testing versus those receiving salaries not on the basis of
      productivity (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.17 to 3.99; and OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.66,
      respectively). Fee-for-service or productivity-based salaries were also
      associated with increased odds of Oncotype DX testing (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.17 to
      3.55). CONCLUSION: Among surveyed oncologists, we found undertesting and
      overtesting related to genetic and molecular testing and Lynch syndrome screening
      for patients with stage II CRC,highlighting the need for improved implementation,
      targeted education, and evaluation of organizational and financial arrangements
      to promote the appropriate use of such tests.

PMID- 26962172
TI  - Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Small-Molecule Agonist for Medium-Chain
      Free Fatty Acid Receptor G Protein-Coupled Receptor 84.
AB  - G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is a free fatty acid receptor activated by
      medium-chain free fatty acids with 9-14 carbons. It is expressed mainly in the
      immune-related tissues, such as spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood
      leukocytes. GPR84 plays significant roles in inflammatory processes and may
      represent a novel drug target for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
      However, the lack of potent and specific ligands for GPR84 hindered the study of
      its functions and the development of potential clinical applications. Here, we
      report the screen of 160,000 small-molecule compounds with a calcium mobilization
      assay using a human embryonic kidney 293 cell line stably expressing GPR84 and
      Galpha16, and the identification of 2-(hexylthio)pyrimidine-4,6-diol (ZQ-16) as a
      potent and selective agonist of GPR84 with a novel structure. ZQ-16 activates
      several GPR84-mediated signaling pathways, including calcium mobilization,
      inhibition of cAMP accumulation, phosphorylation of extracellular signal
      regulated protein kinase 1/2, receptor desensitization and internalization, and
      receptor-beta-arrestin interaction. This compound may be a useful tool to study
      the functions of GPR84 and a potential candidate for further structural
      optimization. 

PMID- 26962173
TI  - Dietary Protein Requirement of Men >65 Years Old Determined by the Indicator
      Amino Acid Oxidation Technique Is Higher than the Current Estimated Average
      Requirement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current estimated average requirement (EAR) and RDA for protein
      of 0.66 and 0.8 g ? kg-1 ? d-1, respectively, for adults, including older men,
      are based on nitrogen balance data analyzed by monolinear regression. Recent
      studies in young men and older women that used the indicator amino acid oxidation
      (IAAO) technique suggest that those values may be too low. This observation is
      supported by 2-phase linear crossover analysis of the nitrogen balance data.
      OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to determine the protein
      requirement for older men by using the IAAO technique. METHODS: Six men aged >65
      y were studied; each individual was tested 7 times with protein intakes ranging
      from 0.2 to 2.0 g ? kg-1 ? d-1 in random order for a total of 42 studies. The
      diets provided energy at 1.5 times the resting energy expenditure and were
      isocaloric. Protein was consumed hourly for 8 h as an amino acid mixture with the
      composition of egg protein with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine as the indicator amino
      acid. The group mean protein requirement was determined by applying a mixed
      effects change-point regression analysis to F13CO2 (label tracer oxidation in
      breath 13CO2), which identified a breakpoint in F13CO2 in response to graded
      intakes of protein. RESULTS: The estimated protein requirement and RDA for older
      men were 0.94 and 1.24 g ? kg-1 ? d-1, respectively, which are not different from
      values we published using the same method in young men and older women.
      CONCLUSIONS: The current intake recommendations for older adults for dietary
      protein of 0.66 g ? kg-1 ? d-1 for the EAR and 0.8 g ? kg-1 ? d-1 for the RDA
      appear to be underestimated by ~30%. Future longer-term studies should be
      conducted to validate these results. This trial was registered at
      clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01948492.

PMID- 26962174
TI  - Folic Acid Supplementation of Female Mice, with or without Vitamin B-12, before
      and during Pregnancy and Lactation Programs Adiposity and Vascular Health in
      Adult Male Offspring.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The developmental origins of health and disease theory suggest that
      disturbances in the fetal and early postnatal environment contribute to chronic
      adulthood diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Greater
      adiposity and insulin resistance have been reported in children of women with
      high erythrocyte folate but poor vitamin B-12 status during pregnancy. The
      mechanisms underlying this relation are not known. OBJECTIVE: The objective of
      this study was to investigate the effects of maternal supplemental folic acid,
      with or without vitamin B-12, on adiposity, glucose homeostasis, and vascular
      health in adult male offspring mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a
      control diet (M-CON, 2 mg folic acid/kg, 50 MUg vitamin B-12/kg) or a folic acid
      supplemented diet with [10 mg folic acid/kg, 50 MUg vitamin B-12/kg (SFA+B12)] or
      without [10 mg folic acid/kg, no vitamin B-12 (SFA-B12)] vitamin B-12 for 6 wk
      before mating and during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were weaned onto
      a control diet (16% energy from fat) or a western diet (45% energy from fat)
      until 23 wk of age. The effects of maternal diet on adiposity, vascular function,
      and glucose tolerance were assessed in 6 groups of adult male offspring: control
      diet-fed M-CON, SFA+B12, and SFA-B12 and western diet-fed M-CON, SFA+B12, and SFA
      B12. RESULTS: Control and western diet-fed SFA-B12 and SFA+B12 offspring had
      smaller visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue than M-CON offspring (P < 0.05).
      Control SFA-B12 and SFA+B12 offspring had lower serum total adiponectin and
      vitamin B-12 concentrations and lower NADPH oxidase 2 expression in aorta
      compared with M-CON offspring (P < 0.05). These effects were not observed in
      western diet-fed offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Folic acid supplementation of female
      mice before and during pregnancy and lactation, with or without dietary vitamin B
      12, affects adult male offspring adiposity, vascular function, and one-carbon
      metabolism in those fed a control diet but not a western diet.

PMID- 26962175
TI  - Early Childhood Nutrition Is Positively Associated with Adolescent Educational
      Outcomes: Evidence from the Andhra Pradesh Child and Parents Study (APCAPS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: India's Integrated Child Development Scheme, which provides
      supplementary nutrition and other public health services to >91 million women and
      children aged <6 y, is the largest program of its kind in the world. OBJECTIVE:
      We estimated the long-term associations of maternal and early childhood nutrition
      provided under the Integrated Child Development Scheme with educational outcomes
      when the children became adolescents. METHODS: We used longitudinal data from a
      controlled nutrition trial conducted near the city of Hyderabad, India. From 1987
      to 1990, a balanced protein-energy supplement (corn-soya meal, called upma) was
      offered to pregnant women and children aged <6 y in 15 intervention villages,
      whereas no supplementation was offered in 14 control villages. Both groups had
      equal access to other public programs such as immunization and anemia control in
      pregnancy. Children born during the original trial period were resurveyed (654
      intervention and 511 control group children) in 2003-2005. We used propensity
      score matching methods to correct for estimation bias in our regression models to
      assess the associations of supplementary nutrition with school enrollment,
      schooling grades completed, and academic test performance of these adolescents.
      RESULTS: Children born in intervention villages were 7.8% (95% CI: 0.1%, 15.4%; P
      < 0.05) more likely to be enrolled in school and completed 0.84 (95% CI: 0.28,
      1.39; P < 0.005) more schooling grades than children born in control villages. We
      found no association between supplementary nutrition and academic performance, as
      measured by school test scores. CONCLUSION: Offering a nutritional supplement to
      pregnant women and children <6 y of age during the Hyderabad Nutrition Trial was
      associated with improved school enrollment and completion of more schooling
      grades when the children became adolescents.

PMID- 26962176
TI  - The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk in French
      Middle-Aged Adults in a Prospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation is one of the mechanisms involved in
      carcinogenesis. Diet is a major source of pro- and anti-inflammatory compounds.
      The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was designed to estimate its overall
      inflammatory potential. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the
      associations between the DII and overall, breast, and prostate cancer risks.
      METHODS: This prospective study included 6542 participants [3771 women and 2771
      men with a mean +/- SD age of 49.2 +/- 6.4 y and a BMI (in kg/m2) of 24.0 +/- 3.6
      at baseline] from the Supplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants
      (SU.VI.MAX) cohort who completed at least six 24-h dietary records during the
      first 2 y of follow-up. The DII was based on 36 food variables. Higher scores
      corresponded to more proinflammatory diets. A total of 559 incident cancers were
      diagnosed (median follow-up, 12.6 y), including 158 female breast and 123
      prostate cancers (the 2 main cancer sites in this cohort). Associations were
      characterized by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Stratified
      analyses were performed according to the median of usual daily alcohol intake.
      RESULTS: Sex-specific quartiles of the DII were positively associated with
      prostate cancer risk [quartile (Q) 4 compared with Q1, HR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.06,
      4.09] but not with overall or breast cancer risks. There was an interaction
      between the DII and alcohol intake (grams per day) on overall cancer risk (P
      interaction = 0.02): the DII was positively associated with overall cancer risk
      in low-to-moderate alcohol drinkers (Q4 compared with Q1 HR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.15,
      2.68; P-trend = 0.02), whereas no association was detected in higher consumers of
      alcohol (P-trend = 0.8). This interaction was also observed for breast cancer (P
      interaction = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Consistent with mechanistic data, findings from
      this study indicated that proinflammatory diets are associated with increased
      prostate cancer risk and, in low-to-moderate alcohol drinkers, with increased
      overall and breast cancer risk. The SU.VI.MAX trial was registered at
      clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00272428.

PMID- 26962177
TI  - Prepregnancy Low to Moderate Alcohol Intake Is Not Associated with Risk of
      Spontaneous Abortion or Stillbirth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have documented the negative effects of maternal
      alcohol consumption during pregnancy on risk of pregnancy loss, yet whether
      prepregnancy alcohol intake affects the risk of spontaneous abortion is still
      unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess prepregnancy alcohol intake and
      risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. METHODS: Our prospective cohort
      study included 27,580 pregnancies reported by 17,929 women in the Nurses' Health
      Study II between 1990 and 2009. Alcohol intake was assessed in 1989 and 1991 and
      every 4 y thereafter with the use of a validated questionnaire. Women were
      classified into 5 categories of consumption: 0, 0.1-1.9, 2-4.9, 5-9.9, and >=10
      g/d (1 serving = ~12 g). Pregnancies were self-reported, with case pregnancies
      lost spontaneously (spontaneous abortion after gestation of <20 wk and stillbirth
      after gestation of >=20 wk) and comparison pregnancies not ending in fetal loss
      (live birth, ectopic pregnancy, or induced abortion). Multivariable log-binomial
      regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to estimate RRs
      and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Incident spontaneous abortion and stillbirth were reported
      in 4326 (15.7%) and 205 (0.7%) pregnancies, respectively. Prepregnancy alcohol
      intake was not associated with spontaneous abortion. Compared with women who did
      not consume alcohol, the multivariable RRs (95% CIs) for increasing categories of
      alcohol intake among women who did consume alcohol were 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) for 0.1
      1.9 g/d, 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) for 2-4.9 g/d, 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) for 5-9.9 g/d, and
      0.98 (0.88, 1.09) for >=10 g/d (P-trend = 0.45). Women who consumed >=2 servings
      beer/wk before pregnancy had a 9% (95% CI: 1%, 17%) lower risk of spontaneous
      abortion than did women who consumed <1 serving beer/mo; however, this
      association did not persist in various sensitivity analyses. Prepregnancy
      consumption of wine and liquor were not associated with spontaneous abortion.
      Total alcohol and specific alcohol beverage intake before pregnancy were not
      associated with stillbirth. CONCLUSION: Prepregnancy alcohol intake was not
      related to risk of incident spontaneous abortion or stillbirth in women with no
      history of pregnancy loss. Our results provide reassuring evidence that low to
      moderate alcohol intake (<=12 g/d) before pregnancy initiation does not affect
      risk of pregnancy loss.

PMID- 26962180
TI  - The Microbiome, Intestinal Function, and Arginine Metabolism of Healthy Indian
      Women Are Different from Those of American and Jamaican Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Indian women have slower arginine flux during pregnancy compared with
      American and Jamaican women. Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that becomes
      essential during periods of rapid lean tissue deposition. It is synthesized only
      from citrulline, a nondietary amino acid produced mainly in the gut. The gut is
      therefore a key site of arginine and citrulline metabolism, and gut microbiota
      may affect their metabolism. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to
      identify differences in the gut microbiota of nonpregnant American, Indian, and
      Jamaican women and characterize the relations between the gut microbiota, gut
      function, and citrulline and arginine metabolism. METHODS: Thirty healthy
      American, Indian, and Jamaican women (n = 10/group), aged 28.3 +/- 0.8 y, were
      infused intravenously with [guanidino-15N2]arginine, [5,5-2H2]citrulline, and
      [15N2]ornithine and given oral [U-13C6]arginine in the fasting and postprandial
      states. Fecal bacterial communities were characterized by 16S rRNA gene
      sequencing. RESULTS: In the fasting state, Indian women had lower citrulline flux
      than did American and Jamaican women [7.0 +/- 0.4 compared with 9.1 +/- 0.4 and
      8.9 +/- 0.2 MUmol ? kg fat-free mass (FFM)-1 ? h-1, P = 0.01] and greater enteral
      arginine conversion to ornithine than did American women (1.4 +/- 0.11 compared
      with 1.0 +/- 0.08 MUmol ? kg FFM-1 ? h-1, P = 0.04). They also had lower mannitol
      excretion than American and Jamaican women (154 +/- 37.1 compared with 372 +/-
      51.8 and 410 +/- 39.6 mg/6 h, P < 0.01). Three dominant stool community types
      characterized by increased abundances of the genera Prevotella, Bacteroides, and
      Bacteroides with Clostridium were identified. Indian women had increased mean
      relative abundances of Prevotella (42%) compared to American and Jamaican women
      (7% and < 1%, P = 0.03) which were associated with diet, impaired intestinal
      absorptive capacity, and arginine flux. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that
      dysregulated intestinal function and a unique gut microbiome may contribute to
      altered arginine metabolism in Indian women.

PMID- 26962179
TI  - Short-Term Vitamin B-6 Restriction Does Not Affect Plasma Concentrations of
      Hydrogen Sulfide Biomarkers Lanthionine and Homolanthionine in Healthy Men and
      Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suboptimal vitamin B-6 status is associated with increased
      cardiovascular disease risk, although the mechanism is unknown. The synthesis of
      the vasodilator hydrogen sulfide occurs through side reactions of the
      transsulfuration enzymes cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma
      lyase, with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a coenzyme. Two proposed hydrogen sulfide
      biomarkers, lanthionine and homolanthionine, are produced concurrently.
      OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hydrogen sulfide production is reduced by vitamin
      B-6 deficiency, we examined the relations between plasma concentrations of
      lanthionine and homolanthionine, along with other components of the
      transsulfuration pathway (homocysteine, cystathionine, and Cys), in a secondary
      analysis of samples from 2 vitamin B-6 restriction studies in healthy men and
      women. METHODS: Metabolite concentrations were measured in plasma from 23 healthy
      adults (12 men and 11 women) before and after 28-d controlled dietary vitamin B-6
      restriction (0.37 +/- 0.04 mg/d). Vitamin B-6 restriction effects on lanthionine
      and homolanthionine concentrations were assessed. Associations between hydrogen
      sulfide biomarkers, transsulfuration metabolites, and functional indicators of
      vitamin B-6 deficiency were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: Preprandial
      plasma lanthionine and homolanthionine concentrations ranged from 89.0 to 372
      nmol/L and 5.75 to 32.3 nmol/L, respectively, in healthy adults. Mean lanthionine
      and homolanthionine concentrations were not affected by vitamin B-6 restriction
      (P < 0.66), with marked heterogeneity of individual responses. After restriction,
      homolanthionine was positively associated with functional indicators of vitamin B
      6 deficiency, which differed from hypothesized negative associations. Plasma
      lanthionine was positively correlated with the concentration of its precursor,
      Cys, before (R2 = 0.36; P = 0.002) and after (R2 = 0.37; P = 0.002) restriction.
      Likewise, homolanthionine concentration was positively correlated with its
      precursor homocysteine, but only in vitamin B-6 adequacy (R2 = 0.41; P < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: The resiliency of plasma lanthionine and homolanthionine
      concentrations after short-term vitamin B-6 restriction suggests a minimal effect
      of moderate vitamin B-6 deficiency on hydrogen sulfide production. Additional
      research is needed to better understand the metabolism and disposal of these
      biomarkers in humans. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as
      NCT00877812.

PMID- 26962178
TI  - Protective Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic
      Syndrome.
AB  - Several studies provide evidence supporting a beneficial effect from the
      traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
      (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). This review summarizes the current
      scientific evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials on the
      relation between the MedDiet and T2DM and MetS and the possible mechanisms
      underlying the reported associations. A recent meta-analysis of prospective
      cohort studies showed that greater adherence to the MedDiet was associated with a
      significant reduction in the risk of diabetes. The MedDiet has also been found to
      be beneficial in the prevention of gestational diabetes. Four large prospective
      studies have observed inverse associations between the MedDiet and MetS or its
      components. Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated the effect of
      the MedDiet on T2DM and MetS. Results from the landmark PREvencion con DIeta
      MEDiterranea (PREDIMED) nutrition intervention trial showed that participants
      assigned to the MedDiet had a significant 30% reduction in the risk of T2DM and
      that it also promoted the reversion of MetS and its components, hyperglycemia and
      central obesity. In addition, 5 RCTs showed the beneficial effects of the MedDiet
      compared with other dietary patterns on glycemic control in patients with T2DM. A
      recent meta-analysis of RCTs revealed that, compared with a variety of control
      diets, the MedDiet was associated with beneficial effects on all MetS components.
      Bioactive components of the MedDiet synergize to affect various metabolic
      pathways, leading to a reduced cardiometabolic disease risk. The abundance of
      healthy, nutrient-dense foods that make up the plant-based MedDiet predicts its
      bioactivity and potential to beneficially influence metabolic pathways that lead
      to MetS and T2DM, as well as other chronic conditions. Abundant epidemiologic and
      clinical trial evidence supports the role of the MedDiet on the prevention and
      management of T2DM and MetS.

PMID- 26962181
TI  - Intake of Total Polyphenols and Some Classes of Polyphenols Is Inversely
      Associated with Diabetes in Elderly People at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Higher consumption of some polyphenols has been associated with a
      reduced risk of diabetes. However, no studies have evaluated the relation between
      all polyphenol subclasses and the incidence of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to
      prospectively examine the associations between the intake of total polyphenols
      and different groups of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes,
      lignans, and others) on the risk of incident diabetes in the PREDIMED (Prevencion
      con Dieta Mediterranea) trial. METHODS: This was an observational cohort analysis
      of the nondiabetic participants in the PREDIMED trial. This study was a
      multicenter, controlled, randomized, parallel-group feeding trial to assess the
      effects of either a Mediterranean diet that was supplemented with extra-virgin
      olive oil or nuts or advice to adhere to a low-fat control diet on cardiovascular
      outcomes in elderly men and women at high cardiovascular disease risk. From the
      7447 randomly assigned participants, 3430 were selected because they were free of
      diabetes at baseline and filled out the food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs).
      Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching food consumption data from repeated
      FFQs with the Phenol-Explorer database on the polyphenol content of each reported
      food. HRs and 95% CIs for diabetes according to tertiles of polyphenol intake
      were estimated with the use of time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models.
      RESULTS: Over a mean of 5.51 y of follow-up (18,900 person-years), there were 314
      new cases of diabetes. After multivariable adjustment, we observed a 28%
      reduction in new-onset diabetes in the highest compared with the lowest tertile
      of total polyphenol intake (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.99; P-trend = 0.05). The
      intake of subclasses of polyphenols also was inversely associated with diabetes
      risk, including for total flavonoids (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.93; P-trend =
      0.02), stilbenes (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.84; P-trend = 0.003),
      dihydroflavonols (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.88; P-trend = 0.003), and flavanones
      (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.97; P-trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A high intake of
      total polyphenols, total flavonoids (specifically flavanones and
      dihydroflavonols), and stilbenes is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes in
      elderly persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease. This trial was registered
      at http://www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639.

PMID- 26962182
TI  - Free Sugars and Total Fat Are Important Characteristics of a Dietary Pattern
      Associated with Adiposity across Childhood and Adolescence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The importance of dietary sugar compared with fat in the development
      of obesity is currently a topic of debate. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify
      dietary patterns (DPs) characterized by high sugar content, high fat content, or
      both and their longitudinal associations with adiposity during childhood and
      adolescence. METHODS: Participants were 6722 children from the ALSPAC (Avon
      Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) who were born in 1991-1992. DPs were
      characterized by percentage of total energy intake (%E) from free sugars, %E from
      total fat, and dietary energy density (DED) and fiber density by using reduced
      rank regression at 7, 10, and 13 y of age. Total body fat mass was measured at
      11, 13, and 15 y of age. Regression analyses were used to adjust for dietary
      misreporting, physical activity, and maternal social class. RESULTS: Two major
      DPs were identified: higher z scores for DP1 were associated with greater DED,
      greater %E from free sugars and total fat, and lower fiber density; higher z
      scores for DP2 were associated with greater %E from free sugars but lower %E from
      total fat and DED. A 1-SD increase in z score for DP1 was associated with a mean
      increase in the fat mass index z score of 0.04 SD units (95% CI: 0.01, 0.07; P =
      0.017) and greater odds of excess adiposity (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.25; P =
      0.038). DP2 was not associated with adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: An energy-dense DP
      high in %E from total fat and free sugars is associated with greater adiposity in
      childhood and adolescence. This appears to confirm the role of both fat and sugar
      and provides a basis for food-based dietary guidelines to prevent obesity in
      children.

PMID- 26962183
TI  - Supplementation with alpha-Lipoic Acid Alone or in Combination with
      Eicosapentaenoic Acid Modulates the Inflammatory Status of Healthy Overweight or
      Obese Women Consuming an Energy-Restricted Diet.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The proinflammatory state induced by obesity plays an important role
      in obesity-related metabolic complications. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to
      evaluate whether dietary supplementation with alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and
      eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), separately or in combination, could improve
      inflammatory and cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy overweight or
      obese women consuming an energy-restricted diet. METHODS: Within the context of
      the Effects of Lipoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Human Obesity (OBEPALIP)
      study, Caucasian women (n = 73) aged 20-50 y with a BMI (in kg/m2) between 27.5
      and 40 consumed an energy-restricted diet for 10 wk after being randomly assigned
      to 1 of 4 parallel experimental groups: a control group or groups supplemented
      with 1.3 g EPA/d, 0.3 g LA/d, or both. Secondary outcomes were measured at
      baseline and at the end of the study. These included circulating inflammatory [C
      reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), chemerin, haptoglobin,
      amyloid A, and leukocytes] and cardiovascular disease risk markers (platelet
      count and circulating apelin, asymmetric dimethylarginine, vascular endothelial
      growth factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). Gene expression of IL6,
      adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (ADGRE1), interleukin 10 (IL10), chemokine
      (C-C motif) ligand 2, and adiponectin was measured in subcutaneous abdominal
      adipose tissue biopsies at endpoint. RESULTS: Supplementation with LA caused a
      greater reduction in some circulating inflammatory risk markers, such as CRP (
      0.13 +/- 0.07 mg/dL compared with 0.06 +/- 0.07 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and leukocyte
      count (-0.74 +/- 0.18 * 103/mm3 compared with 0.06 +/- 0.18 * 103/mm3, P < 0.01),
      than in the groups that were not supplemented with LA. In contrast, the fall in
      apelin concentrations that accompanied weight loss was less pronounced in groups
      that were supplemented with LA (-1.1 +/- 4.9 pg/mL) than in those that were not (
      21.3 +/- 4.8 pg/mL, P < 0.01). In adipose tissue, compared with those who did not
      receive EPA, EPA-supplemented groups exhibited a downregulation of ADGRE1 (0.7 +/
      0.1-fold compared with 1.0 +/- 0.1-fold) (P < 0.05) and an upregulation of IL10
      (1.8 +/- 0.2-fold compared with 1.0 +/- 0.2-fold) (P < 0.05) gene expression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with LA improves some systemic inflammatory
      and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers in healthy overweight or obese
      women independently of weight loss, whereas EPA modulates inflammation-related
      genes in adipose tissue. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as
      NCT01138774.

PMID- 26962185
TI  - Estimating Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Their Ratio in the American Diet:
      Data from the 2011-2012 NHANES.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) is shown to be more
      strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and
      CVD-related mortality than either sodium or potassium intake alone. OBJECTIVE:
      The aim was to estimate the Na:K in the diet of US adults. METHODS: Among US
      adults from the 2011-2012 NHANES (>=20 y; 2393 men and 2337 women), the National
      Cancer Institute method was used to estimate sodium and potassium intakes, Na:K,
      and the percentage of individuals with Na:K <1.0 utilizing the complex,
      stratified, multistage probability cluster sampling design. RESULTS: Overall,
      women had a significantly lower Na:K than men (mean +/- SE: 1.32 +/- 0.02
      compared with 1.45 +/- 0.02). Non-Hispanic whites had a significantly lower Na:K
      than non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic Asians (1.34 +/- 0.02 compared with
      1.54 +/- 0.03 and 1.49 +/- 0.04, respectively). Only 12.2% +/- 1.5% of US adults
      had a Na:K < 1.0. The Na:K decreased linearly as age increased. Most adults (90%
      +/- 0.8%) had sodium intakes >2300 mg/d, whereas <3% had potassium intakes >4700
      mg/d. Grains and vegetables were among the highest contributors to sodium intakes
      for adults with Na:K < 1.0, compared with protein foods and grains for those with
      Na:K >= 1.0. Vegetables and milk and dairy products constituted the primary
      dietary sources of potassium for individuals with Na:K < 1.0, whereas mixed
      dishes and protein foods contributed the most potassium for individuals with
      ratios >=1.0. Individuals with a Na:K < 1.0 were less likely to consume mixed
      dishes and condiments and were more likely to consume vegetables, milk and dairy
      products, and fruit than those with a Na:K >= 1.0. CONCLUSION: Only about one
      tenth of US adults have a Na:K consistent with the WHO guidelines for reduced
      risk of mortality. Continued efforts to reduce sodium intake in tandem with novel
      strategies to increase potassium intake are warranted.

PMID- 26962184
TI  - Intervention Trials with the Mediterranean Diet in Cardiovascular Prevention:
      Understanding Potential Mechanisms through Metabolomic Profiling.
AB  - Large observational epidemiologic studies and randomized trials support the
      benefits of a Mediterranean dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease (CVD).
      Mechanisms postulated to mediate these benefits include the reduction of low
      grade inflammation, increased adiponectin concentrations, decreased blood
      coagulation, enhanced endothelial function, lower oxidative stress, lower
      concentrations of oxidized LDL, and improved apolipoprotein profiles. However,
      the metabolic pathways through which the Mediterranean diet influences CVD risk
      remain largely unknown. Investigating specific mechanisms in the context of a
      large intervention trial with the use of high-throughput metabolomic profiling
      will provide more solid public health messages and may help to identify key
      molecular targets for more effective prevention and management of CVD. Although
      metabolomics is not without its limitations, the techniques allow for an
      assessment of thousands of metabolites, providing wide-ranging profiling of small
      molecules related to biological status. Specific candidate plasma metabolites
      that may be associated with CVD include branched-chain and aromatic amino acids;
      the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio; some short- to medium-chain acylcarnitines; gut
      flora metabolites (choline, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide); urea cycle
      metabolites (citrulline and ornithine); and specific lipid subclasses. In
      addition to targeted metabolites, the role of a large number of untargeted
      metabolites should also be assessed. Large intervention trials with the use of
      food patterns for the prevention of CVD provide an unparalleled opportunity to
      examine the effects of these interventions on plasma concentrations of specific
      metabolites and determine whether such changes mediate the benefits of the
      dietary interventions on CVD risk.

PMID- 26962187
TI  - Fermentable Carbohydrates Differentially Affect Colon Tumor Formation in
      Azoxymethane-Induced Male Fischer 344 Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of fermentation compared with the source or type of the
      fermentable material in colon tumorigenesis remains an issue in refining the
      definition of dietary fiber (DF). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to
      investigate the fermentation and source-specific effects of various carbohydrates
      in a medium-term colon tumorigenesis model. METHODS: Six-week-old male Fischer
      344 rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups (n = 36/group) to receive either
      AIN-93G (control) or diets containing fructooligosaccharides, wheat bran (WB),
      oat bran (OB), polydextrose, or high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), each adjusted
      to contain a total DF concentration of 7% (wt:wt) and have a fermentability of 3%
      (wt:wt). After 2 wk, 24 rats/group received 2 subcutaneous doses of azoxymethane
      (at 15 mg/kg body weight) 1 wk apart while 12 rats/group were injected with a
      saline vehicle; all rats were maintained on the assigned diets for 24 wk
      postinjection and then killed. Colon tumor outcomes and pathology together with
      cecal short-chain fatty acid composition were assessed. RESULTS: No tumors were
      found in saline-injected rats, and all subsequent analyses were restricted to
      azoxymethane-injected rats. Colon tumor incidence was significantly lower in the
      polydextrose (21%) and WB (13%) groups than in the control group (63%; P < 0.05)
      but not different from the fructooligosaccharide (58%), HAMS (46%), and OB (33%)
      groups. In comparison to the control group (8 proximal/31 total tumors),
      fermentable materials reduced the number of tumors (P < 0.05) originating in the
      proximal colon: HAMS (5/15), polydextrose (2/7), OB (2/9), fructooligosaccharides
      (1/21), and WB (1/3). The mean +/- SEM number of tumors/tumor-bearing rats was
      significantly lower in the WB (1.00 +/- 0.00), OB (1.13 +/- 0.13), and HAMS (1.36
      +/- 0.15) groups than in the control group (2.07 +/- 0.27; P < 0.02); other
      groups did not differ. The mean +/- SEM tumor burden/diet group was lower in the
      WB (1.2 +/- 0.7 mm2), polydextrose (6.7 +/- 3.2 mm2), and OB (7.0 +/- 3.0 mm2)
      groups than in the control (21.4 +/- 5.9 mm2) and fructooligosaccharide (22.1 +/-
      7.1 mm2; P < 0.05) groups but not significantly different from the HAMS group
      (15.1 +/- 6.1 mm2). Total cecal SCFA concentrations did not differ among diet
      groups (overall mean +/- SEM: 81 +/- 4 MUmol/g wet weight). CONCLUSION: The rate
      and extent of fermentation of the carbohydrate material as well as the
      characteristics of the material in the lumen of the lower gastrointestinal tract
      all appear to have an important role in tumor outcomes in the azoxymethane
      induced rat colon tumorigenesis assay.

PMID- 26962188
TI  - Regulatory T Cell Depletion Abolishes the Protective Effect of Dietary Galacto
      Oligosaccharides on Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in House Dust Mite-Induced
      Asthma in Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In a murine model for house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma, dietary
      galacto-oligosaccharides have been shown to suppress allergic symptoms.
      Previously, CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced by nondigestible
      oligosaccharides were found to protect against allergy development. OBJECTIVE:
      The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of anti-CD25-induced Treg
      depletion in a murine HDM-induced asthma model and to study the contribution of
      Tregs in the protective effect of dietary intervention with galacto
      oligosaccharides. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice (aged 6-8 wk) were intranasally
      sensitized and challenged with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or HDM. Two weeks
      before sensitization and throughout the whole experiment, mice were fed a control
      or 1% w/w galacto-oligosaccharide diet. Tregs were depleted by anti-mouse CD25
      antibody (intraperitoneally injected). On day 14, T helper cell subtypes in lung
      and spleen were analyzed and cytokines were measured. Leukocyte subtypes were
      analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and interleukin (IL)-33 and
      chemokines were measured in lung homogenate supernatants. RESULTS: Anti-CD25
      treatment depleted CD25+ Forkhead box P3+ Tregs in the lung and spleen of control
      and HDM-allergic mice (P < 0.0001) by >70% while increasing the percentage of
      activated T helper cells (P < 0.05) and type 2 T helper cells (P < 0.05). This
      was associated with increased IL-10, IL-4, and IL-13 concentrations in
      supernatants of ex vivo restimulated lung cells (P < 0.01). Bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid leukocyte numbers and percentages of eosinophils and lymphocytes
      were greater in HDM-allergic mice compared with PBS mice (P < 0.01) but remained
      unaffected by the anti-CD25 treatment. Galacto-oligosaccharides decreased airway
      eosinophilia compared with HDM-allergic mice fed the control diet (from 47.8% +/-
      6.7% to 26.6% +/- 8.5%, P < 0.01). This protective effect was lost in anti-CD25
      treated mice (P < 0.05). In lung homogenates of HDM-allergic mice, IL-33 was
      increased compared with PBS mice (from 2.8 +/- 0.3 to 5.4 +/- 0.6 ng protein/mg,
      P < 0.01). Galacto-oligosaccharides abrogated the increase in IL-33 compared with
      HDM-allergic mice fed the control diet (3.0 +/- 0.6 ng protein/mg, P < 0.05),
      which was abolished by the anti-CD25 treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Treg
      depletion enhances pulmonary type 2 T helper cell frequency and cytokine release
      in HDM-induced asthma in mice. Galacto-oligosaccharides decreased airway
      eosinophilia and IL-33 concentrations in the lung, which was abrogated by Treg
      depletion. This indicates that galacto-oligosaccharides have a beneficial effect
      in the prevention of HDM-induced allergic asthma by supporting pulmonary Treg
      function.

PMID- 26962186
TI  - Sequences of Regressions Distinguish Nonmechanical from Mechanical Associations
      between Metabolic Factors, Body Composition, and Bone in Healthy Postmenopausal
      Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is increasing recognition of complex interrelations between the
      endocrine functions of bone and fat tissues or organs. OBJECTIVE: The objective
      was to describe nonmechanical and mechanical links between metabolic factors,
      body composition, and bone with the use of graphical Markov models. METHODS:
      Seventy postmenopausal women with a mean +/- SD age of 62.3 +/- 3.7 y and body
      mass index (in kg/m2) of 24.9 +/- 3.8 were recruited. Bone outcomes were
      peripheral quantitative computed tomography measures of the distal and diaphyseal
      tibia, cross-sectional area (CSA), volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and
      cortical CSA. Biomarkers of osteoblast and adipocyte function were plasma
      concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, osteocalcin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin
      (UCOC), and phylloquinone. Body composition measurements were lean and percent
      fat mass, which were derived with the use of a 4-compartment model. Sequences of
      Regressions, a subclass of graphical Markov models, were used to describe the
      direct (nonmechanical) and indirect (mechanical) interrelations between metabolic
      factors and bone by simultaneously modeling multiple bone outcomes and their
      relation with biomarker outcomes with lean mass, percent fat mass, and height as
      intermediate explanatory variables. RESULTS: The graphical Markov models showed
      both direct and indirect associations linking plasma leptin and adiponectin
      concentrations with CSA and vBMD. At the distal tibia, lean mass, height, and
      adiponectin-UCOC interaction were directly explanatory of CSA (R2 = 0.45); at the
      diaphysis, lean mass, percent fat mass, leptin, osteocalcin, and age-adiponectin
      interaction were directly explanatory of CSA (R2 = 0.49). The regression models
      exploring direct associations for vBMD were much weaker, with R2 = 0.15 and 0.18
      at the distal and diaphyseal sites, respectively. Lean mass and UCOC were
      associated, and the global Markov property of the graph indicated that this
      association was explained by osteocalcin. CONCLUSIONS: This study, to our
      knowledge, offers a novel approach to the description of the complex
      physiological interrelations between adiponectin, leptin, and osteocalcin and the
      musculoskeletal system. There may be benefits to jointly targeting both systems
      to improve bone health.

PMID- 26962189
TI  - An Increase in Plasma Homovanillic Acid with Cocoa Extract Consumption Is
      Associated with the Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms in Overweight or Obese
      Adults on an Energy Restricted Diet in a Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity has been associated with various health disorders, including
      psychological alterations. Cocoa consumption and weight management may produce a
      beneficial effect on these problems. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the effect of cocoa extract supplementation as part of an energy
      restricted diet on psychological status and peripheral dopaminergic activity in
      overweight or obese middle-aged subjects. METHODS: In a 4-wk, double-blind,
      randomized, placebo-controlled parallel nutritional intervention, 22 men and 25
      women [mean +/- SD age: 57 +/- 5 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 30.6 +/- 2.3] were
      studied. After a 1-wk run-in period, volunteers consumed 15% energy-restricted
      diets; one-half of the volunteers were randomly assigned to receive ready-to-eat
      meals supplemented with 1.4 g cocoa extract/d (645 mg total polyphenols/d),
      whereas the rest of the volunteers received the same meals without cocoa
      supplementation. Plasma monoamines [dopamine, dopac, and homovanillic acid
      (HVA)], monoamine oxidase (MAO), and psychological status (anxiety and depressive
      symptoms) were analyzed in fasting participants at baseline and endpoint. Data
      were analyzed over time, and regression and correlation analyses were conducted
      to determine the relation between variables. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms
      decreased in both groups after the intervention (control: -9.4%, P < 0.001;
      cocoa: -6.3%, P = 0.008), but anxiety symptoms did not. The increase in plasma
      HVA was 11.5% greater in the cocoa group than in the control group (P = 0.016),
      but plasma dopamine, dopac, and MAO changes did not differ between groups. A
      negative relation between changes in depressive symptoms and changes in plasma
      HVA was observed in the cocoa group (beta = -0.39, P = 0.029). Moreover, the
      change in plasma dopamine was positively associated with the change in methyl
      catechin-O-glucoronide in the cocoa-supplemented group (r = 0.69, P = 0.019).
      CONCLUSION: The intake of cocoa extract by participants consuming a 15% energy
      restricted diet contributed to an increase in plasma HVA concentrations. This
      change was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms, suggesting a
      potential effect of cocoa extract intake on this relation. The present results
      are secondary analyses of a clinical trial that was registered at
      www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01596309.

PMID- 26962191
TI  - Future Perspectives of Personalized Weight Loss Interventions Based on
      Nutrigenetic, Epigenetic, and Metagenomic Data.
AB  - As obesity has become a major global public health challenge, a large number of
      studies have analyzed different strategies aimed at inducing a negative energy
      balance and, consequently, body weight loss. However, most existing weight loss
      programs are generally unsuccessful, so several interventions have been carried
      out to identify physiologic and behavioral factors concerning this variability in
      order to implement more personalized treatment. Nowadays, an individualized
      approach is being proposed through so-called personalized nutrition, whereby not
      only the phenotype but also the genotype is used for customized nutrition
      treatment. Regarding body weight regulation, ~70 polymorphisms have been
      identified in or near genes related to energy expenditure, appetite,
      adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism. Although personalized
      nutrition refers mainly to genetic makeup, recent advances in the investigation
      of the epigenome and the microbiome open the door to implement more personalized
      recommendations for body weight management. In this context, recent studies have
      demonstrated the existence of several epigenetic markers that may modify gene
      expression and could be involved in the outcome of weight loss interventions.
      Moreover, different studies have shown that dietary interventions could affect
      the composition of gut microbiota and have an impact on body weight. The
      integration of nutrigenetic, epigenetic, and metagenomic data may lead to the
      design of more personalized dietary treatments to prevent chronic diseases and to
      optimize the individual's response to dietary interventions.

PMID- 26962192
TI  - Prevention of Aflatoxin B1 Hepatoxicity by Dietary Selenium Is Associated with
      Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Isozymes and Up-Regulation of 6 Selenoprotein Genes
      in Chick Liver.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The involvement of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes and the
      selenogenome in selenium-mediated protection against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced
      adverse effects in broilers remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed
      first to determine whether selenium could reduce AFB1-induced hepatotoxic effects
      and then to determine whether these effects were due to changes in the CYP450
      isozymes and selenogenome expression in the liver of chicks. METHODS: Male avian
      broilers (aged 120 d) were allocated to 4 groups with 5 replicates of 6 birds to
      be included in a 2-by-2 factorial trial in which the main factors included
      supplementation of AFB1 (<5 compared with 100 MUg/kg) and selenium (0.2 compared
      with 0.5 mg/kg) in a corn/soybean-based diet for 4 wk. Serum biochemistry,
      hepatic histology, and mRNA and/or activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes,
      CYP450 isozymes, and 26 selenoproteins were analyzed at week 2 and/or 4. RESULTS:
      Administration of AFB1 induced liver injury, decreasing (P < 0.05) total protein
      and albumin concentrations by 33.3-43.8% and increasing (P < 0.05) alanine
      aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities by 26.0-33.8% in
      serum, and induced hepatic necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia at week 2. AFB1
      also decreased (P < 0.05) hepatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX),
      thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD), and catalase, and the glutathione concentration by
      13.1-59.9% and increased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and
      exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) DNA concentrations by 17.9-1200%. In addition, the
      mRNA and activity of enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of AFB1 into AFBO,
      which included CYP450 A1, 1A2, 2A6, and 3A4, were significantly induced (P <
      0.05) by 29.2-271% in liver microsomes after 2-wk exposure to AFB1. These
      alterations induced by AFB1 were prevented by selenium supplementation. Dietary
      selenium supplementation increased (P < 0.05) mRNA and/or activities of 6
      selenoprotein genes (Gpx3, Txnrd1, Txnrd2, Txnrd3, iodothyronine deiodinase 2,
      and selenoprotein N) in the liver of AFB1-treated groups at week 2. CONCLUSIONS:
      Dietary selenium protected chicks from AFB1-induced liver injury, potentially
      through the synergistic actions of inhibition of the pivotal CYP450 isozyme
      mediated activation of AFB1 to toxic AFBO, and increased antioxidant capacities
      by upregulation of selenoprotein genes coding for antioxidant proteins.

PMID- 26962193
TI  - Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Plus Malaria and Diarrhea Treatment Increase
      Infant Development Scores in a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Burkina Faso.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adequate nutrition is necessary for the rapid brain development that
      occurs during infancy. OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that the provision of
      small-quantity, lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) plus malaria and
      diarrhea treatment positively affects infant development. We also tested the
      effect of various doses of zinc provided in SQ-LNSs or in a tablet. METHODS: In a
      partially masked, cluster-randomized controlled trial, communities in rural
      Burkina Faso were stratified by selected characteristics and then randomly
      assigned within strata to the intervention (IC; 25 communities, 2435 children) or
      the nonintervention (NIC; 9 communities, 785 children) cohorts. IC children were
      randomly assigned to 4 groups. As secondary outcomes, a subsample of 3 of these 4
      groups (n = 747) and of the NIC (n = 376) were assessed for motor, language, and
      personal-social development at age 18 mo by using the Developmental Milestones
      Checklist II. The 3 IC groups received 20 g SQ-LNSs/d containing 0 or 10 mg added
      zinc with a placebo tablet or 20 g SQ-LNSs/d containing 0 mg added zinc with a
      tablet containing 5 mg Zn. All IC groups received treatment of malaria and
      diarrhea from age 9 to 18 mo. Data collectors and participants were aware of
      allocation to the IC or NIC but did not know the particular IC subgroup. RESULTS:
      Children in the IC scored 0.34 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.46), 0.30 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.44),
      and 0.32 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.48) SDs higher in motor, language, and personal-social
      development, respectively, than did children in the NIC (All P < 0.001). Children
      who received different amounts of zinc did not differ significantly in any of the
      scores. No effect on caregiver-child interaction was found. CONCLUSION: In rural
      Burkina Faso, the provision of SQ-LNSs to infants from age 9 to 18 mo, regardless
      of added zinc content, plus malaria and diarrhea treatment positively affected
      motor, language, and personal-social development at age 18 mo. This trial was
      registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00944281.

PMID- 26962194
TI  - A Healthy Nordic Diet Alters the Plasma Lipidomic Profile in Adults with Features
      of Metabolic Syndrome in a Multicenter Randomized Dietary Intervention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A healthy Nordic diet is associated with improvements in
      cardiometabolic risk factors, but the effect on lipidomic profile is not known.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate how a healthy Nordic diet affects the
      fasting plasma lipidomic profile in subjects with metabolic syndrome. METHODS:
      Men and women (n = 200) with features of metabolic syndrome [mean age: 55 y; body
      mass index (in kg/m2): 31.6] were randomly assigned to either a healthy Nordic (n
      = 104) or a control (n = 96) diet for 18 or 24 wk at 6 centers. Of the
      participants, 156 completed the study with plasma lipidomic measurements. The
      healthy Nordic diet consisted of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, berries,
      vegetable oils and margarines, fish, low-fat milk products, and low-fat meat. An
      average Nordic diet served as the control diet and included low-fiber cereal
      products, dairy fat-based spreads, regular-fat milk products, and a limited
      amount of fruits, vegetables, and berries. Lipidomic profiles were measured at
      baseline, week 12, and the end of the intervention (18 or 24 wk) by using
      ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The effects of the
      diets on the lipid variables were analyzed with linear mixed-effects models. Data
      from centers with 18- or 24-wk duration were also analyzed separately. RESULTS:
      Changes in 21 plasma lipids differed significantly between the groups at week 12
      (false discovery rate P < 0.05), including increases in plasmalogens and
      decreases in ceramides in the healthy Nordic diet group compared with the control
      group. At the end of the study, changes in lipidomic profiles did not differ
      between the groups. However, when the intervention lasted 24 wk, changes in 8
      plasma lipids that had been identified at 12 wk, including plasmalogens, were
      sustained. There were no differences in changes in plasma lipids between groups
      with an intervention of 18 wk. By the dietary biomarker score, adherence to diet
      did not explain the difference in the results related to the duration of the
      study. CONCLUSIONS: A healthy Nordic diet transiently modified the plasma
      lipidomic profile, specifically by increasing the concentrations of antioxidative
      plasmalogens and decreasing insulin resistance-inducing ceramides. This trial was
      registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00992641.

PMID- 26962195
TI  - Higher Childhood Red Meat Intake Frequency Is Associated with Earlier Age at
      Menarche.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early age at menarche is associated with increased breast cancer
      risk. Red meat consumption in adolescence predicts breast cancer risk, but it is
      unknown whether it is also related to earlier menarche. OBJECTIVE: We studied the
      association between intake of red meat at ages 5-12 y and age at menarche in a
      prospective study. METHODS: We assessed usual diets with a food-frequency
      questionnaire in a group of 456 girls aged 8.4 +/- 1.7 y and followed them for a
      median 5.6 y in Bogota, Colombia. Girls were asked periodically about the
      occurrence and date of menarche. Median age at menarche was estimated with use of
      Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities by categories of red meat intake frequency.
      Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the incidence of menarche by
      red meat intake frequency, adjusting for potential sociodemographic and dietary
      confounders including total energy intake and intake frequency of other animal
      food groups (dairy, poultry, freshwater fish, tuna/sardines, eggs, and innards).
      RESULTS: Median age at menarche was 12.4 y. After adjustment for total energy
      intake, maternal parity, and socioeconomic status, red meat intake frequency was
      inversely associated with age at menarche. When compared with girls with red meat
      intake <4 times/wk, those consuming it >=2 times/d had a significantly earlier
      age at menarche (HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.41; P-trend = 0.0009). Incidentally,
      we found that girls with tuna/sardine intake >1 time/wk had a significantly later
      age at menarche (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.90; P = 0.01) than those with intake
      <1 time/mo. Intake frequency of other animal food groups was not significantly
      associated with age at menarche. CONCLUSION: Higher red meat intake frequency
      during childhood is associated with an earlier age at menarche, whereas greater
      fatty fish intake frequency is associated with a later menarcheal age.

PMID- 26962197
TI  - Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Ganciclovir Treatment for Cytomegalovirus
      Infections Among Immunocompromised Children.

PMID- 26962190
TI  - Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Zinc Review.
AB  - Zinc is required for multiple metabolic processes as a structural, regulatory, or
      catalytic ion. Cellular, tissue, and whole-body zinc homeostasis is tightly
      controlled to sustain metabolic functions over a wide range of zinc intakes,
      making it difficult to assess zinc insufficiency or excess. The BOND (Biomarkers
      of Nutrition for Development) Zinc Expert Panel recommends 3 measurements for
      estimating zinc status: dietary zinc intake, plasma zinc concentration (PZC), and
      height-for-age of growing infants and children. The amount of dietary zinc
      potentially available for absorption, which requires an estimate of dietary zinc
      and phytate, can be used to identify individuals and populations at risk of zinc
      deficiency. PZCs respond to severe dietary zinc restriction and to zinc
      supplementation; they also change with shifts in whole-body zinc balance and
      clinical signs of zinc deficiency. PZC cutoffs are available to identify
      individuals and populations at risk of zinc deficiency. However, there are
      limitations in using the PZC to assess zinc status. PZCs respond less to
      additional zinc provided in food than to a supplement administered between meals,
      there is considerable interindividual variability in PZCs with changes in dietary
      zinc, and PZCs are influenced by recent meal consumption, the time of day,
      inflammation, and certain drugs and hormones. Insufficient data are available on
      hair, urinary, nail, and blood cell zinc responses to changes in dietary zinc to
      recommend these biomarkers for assessing zinc status. Of the potential functional
      indicators of zinc, growth is the only one that is recommended. Because
      pharmacologic zinc doses are unlikely to enhance growth, a growth response to
      supplemental zinc is interpreted as indicating pre-existing zinc deficiency.
      Other functional indicators reviewed but not recommended for assessing zinc
      nutrition in clinical or field settings because of insufficient information are
      the activity or amounts of zinc-dependent enzymes and proteins and biomarkers of
      oxidative stress, inflammation, or DNA damage.

PMID- 26962196
TI  - Food environments of young people: linking individual behaviour to environmental
      context.
AB  - Background: We aimed to identify and characterize the food environments from
      which young people obtain food and to explore associations between the type of
      food environment and food intakes. Methods: Young people (n = 86, mean age 17
      years; combined data of two sequential pilot studies (collected in 2008-09) and a
      study conducted in 2011-12) recorded in 4-day self-complete food diaries what
      food they consumed and where food was sourced. Nutrient, fruit and vegetable
      intake was calculated according to the source of food, categorized using a food
      environment classification tool. Results: Over 4 days, respondents sourced food
      from an average of 4.3 different food environments. Home food was used daily and
      was more favourable in terms of nutrient profile than out-of-home food. Food
      sourced from specialist outlets, convenience stores and retail bakers had the
      highest energy density. Food from retail bakers and 'takeaway and fast food'
      outlets were the richest sources of fat while vending machines and convenience
      stores had the highest percentage of energy from sugar. Conclusions: This work
      provides details of 'where' young people obtain food and the nutritional
      consequences of choosing those food environments. While home food was a
      significant contributor to total dietary intake, food was obtained from a broad
      range of environments; particularly takeaway, fast food and education
      establishments.

PMID- 26962199
TI  - An unusual case of spinal cord compression from concomitant spinal epidural
      lipomatosis and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) results from an abnormal accumulation of
      unencapsulated fat within the epidural space and is a rare cause of spinal cord
      compression, which needs to be considered with a high index of suspicion. It most
      commonly occurs secondary to chronic corticosteroid use and endocrinopathies.
      Idiopathic cases are highly associated with obesity. We report an unusual case of
      idiopathic thoracic SEL in a 69-year-old male, with an adjacent infiltrative
      Hodgkin's lymphoma and associated vertebral crush fracture, which resulted in
      ataxia and sensory loss. Magnetic resonance imaging scans displayed extensive SEL
      and an infiltrative disease process causing thoracic cord compression. Surgical
      decompression confirmed the presence of extensive epidural lipomatosis and
      Hodgkin's lymphoma and subsequently led to improvement in neurological symptoms.
      To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concomitant SEL with an
      adjacent Hodgkin's lymphoma resulting in cord compression. 

PMID- 26962198
TI  - Clinical applications of stereotactic radiation therapy for oligometastatic
      cancer patients: a disease-oriented approach.
AB  - Oligometastases from solid tumors are currently recognized as a distinct clinical
      entity, corresponding to an intermediate state between local and widespread
      disease. It has been suggested that local ablative therapies (including surgery,
      radiofrequency ablation and radiation therapy) play an important role in this
      setting, in combination or not with systemic therapies, particularly in delaying
      disease progression and hopefully in increasing the median survival time.
      Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) rapidly emerged in recent years as one
      of the most effective and less toxic local treatment modalities for lung, liver,
      adrenal, brain and bone metastases. The aim of this review was to focus on its
      clinical role for oligometastatic disease in four major cancer subtypes: lung,
      breast, colorectal and prostate. On the basis of the available evidence, SBRT is
      able to provide high rates of local tumor control without significant toxicity.
      Its global impact on survival is uncertain; however, in specific subpopulations
      of oligometastatic patients there is a trend towards a significant improvement in
      progression-free and overall survival rates; these important data might be used
      as a platform for clinical decision-making and establish the basis for the
      current and future prospective trials investigating its role with or without
      systemic treatments.

PMID- 26962200
TI  - Racial Patterns of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Incidence and Survival in the
      United States.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare incidence and survival of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL)
      subtypes among US racial/ethnic groups. METHODS: Patients with PTCL (age >= 15
      years; 2000 to 2012) were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End
      Results (SEER) registries. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white,
      black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic white, or American Indian/Alaskan native.
      Age-standardized annual incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were estimated
      with 95% CIs, and case-case odds ratios were estimated by race/ethnicity using
      polytomous regression. Survival was estimated from SEER follow-up data with Cox
      regression. RESULTS: Thirteen thousand one hundred seven patients with PTCL were
      identified. Annual PTCL incidence was highest in blacks and lowest in Native
      Americans. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, blacks had a higher incidence of
      PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and
      adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and a lower incidence of angioimmunoblastic
      T-cell lymphoma (AITL); Asians/Pacific Islanders had a higher incidence of AITL,
      extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and NK-cell leukemia
      (ENKCL), and ATLL and a lower incidence of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma;
      Hispanics had a higher incidence of AITL and ENKCL; and Native Americans had a
      lower incidence of PTCL-NOS (all P < .05). The ratio of ENKCL to PCTL-NOS among
      Native Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic whites was approximately
      three- to four-fold the same ratio among non-Hispanic whites. Survival varied
      significantly by race/ethnicity (P < .001), with blacks in particular
      experiencing shorter survival for most subtypes. CONCLUSION: Striking variation
      in incidence, proportions of PTCL subtypes, and survival was observed. Aspects of
      these PTCL subtype patterns, such as for ENKCL and ATLL, were similar to
      corresponding global populations. Despite the small population size and limited
      number of Native American patients, PTCL subtype frequencies in this group were
      distinct but most similar to Hispanic whites. Survival disparities were evident,
      especially for blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites.

PMID- 26962202
TI  - Physical, emotional and sexual adolescent abuse victimisation in South Africa:
      prevalence, incidence, perpetrators and locations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical, emotional and sexual abuse of children is a major problem
      in South Africa, with severe negative outcomes for survivors. To date, no known
      studies have used data directly obtained from community-based samples of children
      to investigate prevalence, incidence, locations and perpetrators of child abuse
      victimisation. This study aims to investigate prevalence and incidence,
      perpetrators, and locations of child abuse victimisation in South Africa using a
      multicommunity sample. METHODS: 3515 children aged 10-17 years (56.6% female)
      were interviewed from all households in randomly selected census enumeration
      areas in two South African provinces. Child self-report questionnaires were
      completed at baseline and at 1-year follow-up (96.7% retention). RESULTS:
      Prevalence was 56.3% for lifetime physical abuse (18.2% past-year incidence),
      35.5% for lifetime emotional abuse (12.1% incidence) and 9% for lifetime sexual
      abuse (5.3% incidence). 68.9% of children reported any type of lifetime
      victimisation and 27.1% reported lifetime multiple abuse victimisation. Main
      perpetrators of abuse were reported: for physical abuse, primary caregivers and
      teachers; for emotional abuse, primary caregivers and relatives; and for sexual
      abuse, girlfriend/boyfriends or other peers. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study
      assessing current self-reported child abuse through a large, community-based
      sample in South Africa. Findings of high rates of physical, emotional and sexual
      abuse demonstrate the need for targeted and effective interventions to prevent
      incidence and re-victimisation.

PMID- 26962205
TI  - Hypertension Guidelines: Is It Time to Reappraise Blood Pressure Thresholds and
      Targets?

PMID- 26962203
TI  - Fukushima, mental health and suicide.

PMID- 26962206
TI  - Maternal Cardiovascular Function in Normal Pregnancy: Evidence of Maladaptation
      to Chronic Volume Overload.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate cardiac functional status in pregnancy
      using a comprehensive approach taking into account the simultaneous changes in
      loading and geometry, as well as maternal age and anthropometric indices. This
      was a prospective cross-sectional study of 559 nulliparous pregnant women
      assessed at 4 time points during pregnancy and at 1 year postpartum. All women
      underwent conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler velocities and strain
      rate analysis at multiple cardiac sites. Mean arterial pressure and total
      vascular resistance index significantly decreased (both P<0.001) during the first
      2 trimesters of pregnancy and increased thereafter. Stroke volume index and
      cardiac index showed the opposite trend compared with mean arterial pressure and
      total vascular resistance index (both P<0.05). Myocardial and ventricular
      function were significantly enhanced in the first 2 trimesters but progressively
      declined thereafter. By the end of pregnancy, significant chamber diastolic
      dysfunction and impaired myocardial relaxation was evident in 17.9% and 28.4% of
      women, respectively, whereas myocardial contractility was preserved. There was
      full recovery of cardiac function at 1 year postpartum. Cardiovascular changes
      during pregnancy are thought to represent a physiological adaptation to volume
      overload. The findings of a drop in stroke volume index, impaired myocardial
      relaxation with diastolic dysfunction, and a tendency toward eccentric remodeling
      in a significant proportion of cases at term are suggestive of cardiovascular
      maladaptation to the volume-overloaded state in some apparently normal
      pregnancies. These unexpected cardiovascular findings have important implications
      for the management of both normal and pathological pregnancy states. 

PMID- 26962207
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26962208
TI  - Jasmonic acid is a downstream component in the modulation of somatic
      embryogenesis by Arabidopsis Class 2 phytoglobin.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that the beneficial effect of suppression of the
      Arabidopsis phytoglobin 2 gene, PGB2, on somatic embryogenesis occurs through the
      accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) within the embryogenic cells originating from
      the cultured explant. NO activates the expression of Allene oxide synthase (AOS)
      and Lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2), genes encoding two key enzymes of the jasmonic acid
      (JA) biosynthetic pathway, elevating JA content within the embryogenic tissue.
      The number of embryos in the single aos1-1 mutant and pgb2-aos1-1 double mutant
      declined, and was not rescued by increasing levels of NO stimulating
      embryogenesis in wild-type tissue. NO also influenced JA responses by up
      regulating PLANT DEFENSIN 1 (PDF1) and JASMONATE-ZIM-PROTEIN (JAZ1), as well as
      down-regulating MYC2. The NO and JA modulation of MYC2 and JAZ1 controlled
      embryogenesis. Ectopic expression of JAZ1 or suppression of MYC2 promoted the
      formation of somatic embryos, while repression of JAZ1 and up-regulation of MYC2
      reduced the embryogenic performance. Sustained expression of JAZ1 induced the
      transcription of several indole acetic acid (IAA) biosynthetic genes, resulting
      in higher IAA levels in the embryogenic cells. Collectively these data fit a
      model integrating JA in the PGB2 regulation of Arabidopsis embryogenesis.
      Suppression of PGB2 increases JA through NO. Elevated levels of JA repress MYC2
      and induce JAZ1, favoring the accumulation of IAA in the explants and the
      subsequent production of somatic embryos.

PMID- 26962209
TI  - Phosphorylation of plastoglobular proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - Plastoglobules (PGs) are plastid lipid-protein particles with a small specialized
      proteome and metabolome. Among the 30 core PG proteins are six proteins of the
      ancient ABC1 atypical kinase (ABC1K) family and their locations in an Arabidopsis
      mRNA-based co-expression network suggested central regulatory roles. To identify
      candidate ABC1K targets and a possible ABC1K hierarchical phosphorylation network
      within the chloroplast PG proteome, we searched Arabidopsis phosphoproteomics
      data from publicly available sources. Evaluation of underlying spectra and/or
      associated information was challenging for a variety of reasons, but supported
      pSer sites and a few pThr sites in nine PG proteins, including five FIBRILLINS.
      PG phosphorylation motifs are discussed in the context of possible responsible
      kinases. The challenges of collection and evaluation of published Arabidopsis
      phosphorylation data are discussed, illustrating the importance of deposition of
      all mass spectrometry data in well-organized repositories such as PRIDE and
      ProteomeXchange. This study provides a starting point for experimental testing of
      phosho-sites in PG proteins and also suggests that phosphoproteomics studies
      specifically designed toward the PG proteome and its ABC1K are needed to
      understand phosphorylation networks in these specialized particles.

PMID- 26962210
TI  - Subcellular localization and trafficking of phytolongins (non-SNARE longins) in
      the plant secretory pathway.
AB  - SNARE proteins are central elements of the machinery involved in membrane fusion
      of eukaryotic cells. In animals and plants, SNAREs have diversified to sustain a
      variety of specific functions. In animals, R-SNARE proteins called brevins have
      diversified; in contrast, in plants, the R-SNARE proteins named longins have
      diversified. Recently, a new subfamily of four longins named 'phytolongins'
      (Phyl) was discovered. One intriguing aspect of Phyl proteins is the lack of the
      typical SNARE motif, which is replaced by another domain termed the 'Phyl
      domain'. Phytolongins have a rather ubiquitous tissue expression in Arabidopsis
      but still await intracellular characterization. In this study, we found that the
      four phytolongins are distributed along the secretory pathway. While Phyl2.1 and
      Phyl2.2 are strictly located at the endoplasmic reticulum network, Phyl1.2
      associates with the Golgi bodies, and Phyl1.1 locates mainly at the plasma
      membrane and partially in the Golgi bodies and post-Golgi compartments. Our
      results show that export of Phyl1.1 from the endoplasmic reticulum depends on the
      GTPase Sar1, the Sar1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sec12, and the SNAREs
      Sec22 and Memb11. In addition, we have identified the Y48F49 motif as being
      critical for the exit of Phyl1.1 from the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results
      provide the first characterization of the subcellular localization of the
      phytolongins, and we discuss their potential role in regulating the secretory
      pathway.

PMID- 26962212
TI  - Mechanisms and challenges in translational   stroke research.
AB  - Translating basic science advances into clinical meaning has been challenging for
      stroke research. This does not, however, mean that the investigation of basic
      mechanisms is irrelevant. Translation is difficult because the underlying
      mechanisms are complex and ill-defined. The original focus on neuroprotection has
      now evolved into a broader consideration of the role of non-neuronal cells in
      stroke pathophysiology. The neurovascular unit may provide a conceptual framework
      within which interactions between neural, glial, and vascular cells comprise a
      basis for function and dysfunction in the central nervous system. Importantly,
      these cell-cell signaling pathways are also biphasic in nature, that is,
      mechanisms that are deleterious in the acute phase may surprisingly be required
      for neurovascular remodeling and plasticity during stroke recovery. Furthermore,
      injury-into-repair gradients are significantly influenced by a host of modifying
      factors and comorbidities. Rigorous dissection of these complex and recursive
      mechanisms should be required before they can be rationally targeted for stroke.

PMID- 26962211
TI  - The Cer-cqu gene cluster determines three key players in a beta-diketone synthase
      polyketide pathway synthesizing aliphatics in epicuticular waxes.
AB  - Aliphatic compounds on plant surfaces, called epicuticular waxes, are the first
      line of defense against pathogens and pests, contribute to reducing water loss
      and determine other important phenotypes. Aliphatics can form crystals affecting
      light refraction, resulting in a color change and allowing identification of
      mutants in their synthesis or transport. The present study discloses three such
      Eceriferum (cer) genes in barley - Cer-c, Cer-q and Cer-u - known to be tightly
      linked and functioning in a biochemical pathway forming dominating amounts of
      beta-diketone and hydroxy-beta-diketones plus some esterified alkan-2-ols. These
      aliphatics are present in many Triticeae as well as dicotyledons such as
      Eucalyptus and Dianthus. Recently developed genomic resources and mapping
      populations in barley defined these genes to a small region on chromosome arm
      2HS. Exploiting Cer-c and -u potential functions pinpointed five candidates, of
      which three were missing in apparent cer-cqu triple mutants. Sequencing more than
      50 independent mutants for each gene confirmed their identification. Cer-c is a
      chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthase, designated diketone synthase (DKS),
      Cer-q is a lipase/carboxyl transferase and Cer-u is a P450 enzyme. All were
      highly expressed in pertinent leaf sheath tissue of wild type. A physical map
      revealed the order Cer-c, Cer-u, Cer-q with the flanking genes 101kb apart,
      confirming they are a gene cluster, Cer-cqu. Homology-based modeling suggests
      that many of the mutant alleles affect overall protein structure or specific
      active site residues. The rich diversity of identified mutations will facilitate
      future studies of three key enzymes involved in synthesis of plant apoplast
      waxes.

PMID- 26962213
TI  - 2C Proteins of Enteroviruses Suppress IKKbeta Phosphorylation by Recruiting
      Protein Phosphatase 1.
AB  - The NF-kappaB signaling network, which is an ancient signaling pathway, plays a
      pivotal role in innate immunity and constitutes a first line of defense against
      invading pathogens, including viruses. However, numerous viruses possess evolved
      strategies to antagonize the activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Our
      previous study demonstrated that the nonstructural protein 2C of enterovirus 71
      (EV71), which is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease, inhibits
      tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated activation of NF-kappaB by
      suppressing IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) phosphorylation. Nevertheless, the
      mechanism underlying the inhibition of IKKbeta phosphorylation by EV71 2C remains
      largely elusive. We demonstrate that EV71 2C interacts with all isoforms of the
      protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunit (the PP1alpha, PP1beta, and
      PP1gamma isoforms) through PP1-docking motifs. EV71 2C has no influence on the
      subcellular localization of PP1. In addition, the PP1-binding-deficient EV71 2C
      mutant 3E3L nearly completely lost the ability to suppress IKKbeta
      phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation was markedly restored in the mutant,
      thereby indicating that PP1 binding is efficient for EV71 2C-mediated inhibition
      of IKKbeta phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation. We further demonstrate that
      2C forms a complex with PP1 and IKKbeta to dephosphorylate IKKbeta. Notably, we
      reveal that other human enteroviruses, including poliovirus (PV), coxsackie A
      virus 16 (CVA16), and coxsackie B virus 3 (CVB3), use 2C proteins to recruit PP1,
      leading to the inhibition of IKKbeta phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that
      enteroviruses exploit a novel mechanism to inhibit IKKbeta phosphorylation by
      recruiting PP1 and IKKbeta to form a complex through 2C proteins, which
      ultimately results in the inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
      IMPORTANCE: The innate antiviral immunity system performs an essential function
      in recognizing and eliminating invading viruses. Enteroviruses include a number
      of important human pathogens, including poliovirus (PV), EV71, and
      coxsackieviruses (CVs). As 2C is the most conserved and complex nonstructural
      protein of enteroviruses, its biological function is largely unclear, whereas the
      2A and 3C proteinases of enteroviruses are well characterized. We reveal that
      EV71 2C forms a complex with PP1 and IKKbeta to maintain IKKbeta in an
      unphosphorylated and inactive state, resulting in the inactivation of the TNF
      alpha-mediated NF-kappaB signaling pathway. We provide evidence that the 2C
      proteins of the enteroviruses PV, CVA16, and CVB3 suppress IKKbeta
      phosphorylation through the same mechanism involving PP1. We demonstrate that
      enteroviruses exploit a novel mechanism involving PP1 to regulate innate
      antiviral immunity, and our findings may be particularly important for
      understanding the pathogenicity of enteroviruses.

PMID- 26962214
TI  - Differential Persistence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in African Buffalo Is
      Related to Virus Virulence.
AB  - Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) circulates as multiple serotypes and
      strains in many regions of endemicity. In particular, the three Southern African
      Territories (SAT) serotypes are maintained effectively in their wildlife
      reservoir, the African buffalo, and individuals may harbor multiple SAT serotypes
      for extended periods in the pharyngeal region. However, the exact site and
      mechanism for persistence remain unclear. FMD in buffaloes offers a unique
      opportunity to study FMDV persistence, as transmission from carrier ruminants has
      convincingly been demonstrated for only this species. Following coinfection of
      naive African buffaloes with isolates of three SAT serotypes from field
      buffaloes, palatine tonsil swabs were the sample of choice for recovering
      infectious FMDV up to 400 days postinfection (dpi). Postmortem examination
      identified infectious virus for up to 185 dpi and viral genomes for up to 400 dpi
      in lymphoid tissues of the head and neck, focused mainly in germinal centers.
      Interestingly, viral persistence in vivo was not homogenous, and the SAT-1
      isolate persisted longer than the SAT-2 and SAT-3 isolates. Coinfection and
      passage of these SAT isolates in goat and buffalo cell lines demonstrated a
      direct correlation between persistence and cell-killing capacity. These data
      suggest that FMDV persistence occurs in the germinal centers of lymphoid tissue
      but that the duration of persistence is related to virus replication and cell
      killing capacity. IMPORTANCE: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly
      contagious acute vesicular disease in domestic livestock and wildlife species.
      African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are the primary carrier hosts of FMDV in
      African savannah ecosystems, where the disease is endemic. We have shown that the
      virus persists for up to 400 days in buffaloes and that there is competition
      between viruses during mixed infections. There was similar competition in cell
      culture: viruses that killed cells quickly persisted more efficiently in passaged
      cell cultures. These results may provide a mechanism for the dominance of
      particular viruses in an ecosystem.

PMID- 26962215
TI  - Effects of Filovirus Interferon Antagonists on Responses of Human Monocyte
      Derived Dendritic Cells to RNA Virus Infection.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) are major targets of filovirus infection in vivo Previous
      studies have shown that the filoviruses Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus
      (MARV) suppress DC maturation in vitro Both viruses also encode innate immune
      evasion functions. The EBOV VP35 (eVP35) and the MARV VP35 (mVP35) proteins each
      can block RIG-I-like receptor signaling and alpha/beta interferon (IFN
      alpha/beta) production. The EBOV VP24 (eVP24) and MARV VP40 (mVP40) proteins each
      inhibit the production of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by blocking Jak-STAT
      signaling; however, this occurs by different mechanisms, with eVP24 blocking
      nuclear import of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 and mVP40 blocking Jak1 function.
      MARV VP24 (mVP24) has been demonstrated to modulate host cell antioxidant
      responses. Previous studies demonstrated that eVP35 is sufficient to strongly
      impair primary human monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) responses upon stimulation
      induced through the RIG-I-like receptor pathways. We demonstrate that mVP35, like
      eVP35, suppresses not only IFN-alpha/beta production but also proinflammatory
      responses after stimulation of MDDCs with RIG-I activators. In contrast, eVP24
      and mVP40, despite suppressing ISG production upon RIG-I activation, failed to
      block upregulation of maturation markers or T cell activation. mVP24, although
      able to stimulate expression of antioxidant response genes, had no measurable
      impact of DC function. These data are consistent with a model where filoviral
      VP35 proteins are the major suppressors of DC maturation during filovirus
      infection, whereas the filoviral VP24 proteins and mVP40 are insufficient to
      prevent DC maturation. IMPORTANCE: The ability to suppress the function of
      dendritic cells (DCs) likely contributes to the pathogenesis of disease caused by
      the filoviruses Ebola virus and Marburg virus. To clarify the basis for this DC
      suppression, we assessed the effect of filovirus proteins known to antagonize
      innate immune signaling pathways, including Ebola virus VP35 and VP24 and Marburg
      virus VP35, VP40, and VP24, on DC maturation and function. The data demonstrate
      that the VP35s from Ebola virus and Marburg virus are the major suppressors of DC
      maturation and that the effects on DCs of the remaining innate immune inhibitors
      are minor.

PMID- 26962216
TI  - Human Papillomavirus E2 Regulates SRSF3 (SRp20) To Promote Capsid Protein
      Expression in Infected Differentiated Keratinocytes.
AB  - The human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle is tightly linked to differentiation of
      the infected epithelial cell, suggesting a sophisticated interplay between host
      cell metabolism and virus replication. Previously, we demonstrated in
      differentiated keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo that HPV type 16 (HPV16)
      infection caused increased levels of the cellular SR splicing factors (SRSFs)
      SRSF1 (ASF/SF2), SRSF2 (SC35), and SRSF3 (SRp20). Moreover, the viral E2
      transcription and replication factor that is expressed at high levels in
      differentiating keratinocytes could bind and control activity of the SRSF1 gene
      promoter. Here, we show that the E2 proteins of HPV16 and HPV31 control the
      expression of SRSFs 1, 2, and 3 in a differentiation-dependent manner. E2 has the
      greatest transactivation effect on expression of SRSF3. Small interfering RNA
      depletion experiments in two different models of the HPV16 life cycle (W12E and
      NIKS16) and one model of the HPV31 life cycle (CIN612-9E) revealed that only
      SRSF3 contributed significantly to regulation of late events in the virus life
      cycle. Increased levels of SRSF3 are required for L1 mRNA and capsid protein
      expression. Capsid protein expression was regulated specifically by SRSF3 and
      appeared independent of other SRSFs. Taken together, these data suggest a
      significant role of the HPV E2 protein in regulating late events in the HPV life
      cycle through transcriptional regulation of SRSF3 expression. IMPORTANCE: Human
      papillomavirus replication is accomplished in concert with differentiation of the
      infected epithelium. Virus capsid protein expression is confined to the upper
      epithelial layers so as to avoid immune detection. In this study, we demonstrate
      that the viral E2 transcription factor activates the promoter of the cellular
      SRSF3 RNA processing factor. SRSF3 is required for expression of the E4(^)L1 mRNA
      and so controls expression of the HPV L1 capsid protein. Thus, we reveal a new
      dimension of virus-host interaction crucial for production of infectious virus.
      SRSF proteins are known drug targets. Therefore, this study provides an excellent
      basis for developing strategies to regulate capsid protein production in the
      infected epithelium and the production of new virions.

PMID- 26962218
TI  - Vaccination with Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Protects
      from Mucosal, but Not Necessarily Intravenous, Challenge with a Minimally
      Heterologous SIV.
AB  - Few studies have evaluated the impact of the viral challenge route on protection
      against a heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge. We
      vaccinated seven macaques with a live attenuated SIV that differed from
      SIVmac239Deltanef by 24 amino acids, called m3KODeltanef. All animals were
      protected from an intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge, whereas only four animals were
      protected from subsequent intravenous SIVmac239 challenge. These data suggest
      that immune responses elicited by vaccination with live attenuated SIV in an
      individual animal can confer protection from intrarectal challenge while
      remaining insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge. IMPORTANCE: Our
      study is important because we show that vaccinated animals can be protected from
      a mucosal challenge with a heterologous SIV, but the same animals are not
      necessarily protected from intravenous challenge with the same virus. This is
      unique because in most studies, either vaccinated animals are challenged multiple
      times by the same route or only a single challenge is performed. An individually
      vaccinated animal is rarely challenged multiple times by different routes, so
      protection from different challenge routes cannot be measured in the same animal.
      Our data imply that vaccine-elicited responses in an individual animal may be
      insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge but may be suitable for
      protection from a mucosal challenge that better approximates human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure.

PMID- 26962219
TI  - Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Pulmonary Infection in Humanized Mice Induces
      Human Anti-RSV Immune Responses and Pathology.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract
      disease, which causes high rates of morbidity and mortality in infants and the
      elderly. Models of human RSV pulmonary disease are needed to better understand
      RSV pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of RSV vaccines. We assessed the RSV
      specific human innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses in humanized mice
      (mice with a human immune system [HIS mice]) with functional human CD4(+) T and B
      cells. These mice were generated by introduction of HLA class II genes, various
      human cytokines, and human B cell activation factor into immunodeficient NOD scid
      gamma (NSG) mice by the use of an adeno-associated virus vector, followed by
      engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells. During the first 3 days of
      infection, HIS mice lost more weight and cleared RSV faster than NSG mice. Human
      chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and human interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)
      expression was detected in the RSV-infected HIS mice. The pathological features
      induced by RSV infection in HIS mice included peribronchiolar inflammation,
      neutrophil predominance in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, and enhanced airway
      mucus production. Human anti-RSV IgG and RSV-neutralizing antibodies were
      detected in serum and human anti-RSV mucosal IgA was detected in bronchioalveolar
      lavage fluid for up to 6 weeks. RSV infection induced an RSV-specific human gamma
      interferon response in HIS mouse splenocytes. These results indicate that human
      immune cells can induce features of RSV lung disease, including mucus
      hyperplasia, in murine lungs and that HIS mice can be used to elicit human anti
      RSV humoral and cellular immunity. IMPORTANCE: Infections with respiratory
      syncytial virus (RSV) are common and can cause severe lung disease in infants and
      the elderly. The lack of a suitable animal model with disease features similar to
      those in humans has hampered efforts to predict the efficacy of novel anti-RSV
      therapies and vaccines for use in humans. A murine model consisting of mice with
      a human immune system (HIS mice) could be useful for assessment of RSV disease
      and anti-RSV responses specific to humans. This study investigates an HIS mouse
      model to imitate human RSV disease and immune responses. We found that RSV lung
      infection in HIS mice results in an RSV-specific pathology that mimics RSV
      disease in humans and induces human anti-RSV immune responses. This model could
      be useful for better understanding of human RSV disease and for the development
      of RSV therapies.

PMID- 26962220
TI  - CD8+ T Cells Play a Bystander Role in Mice Latently Infected with Herpes Simplex
      Virus 1.
AB  - Based on an explant reactivation model, it has been proposed that CD8(+) T cells
      maintain latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice latently infected with herpes
      simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) [T. Liu, K. M. Khanna, X. Chen, D. J. Fink, and R. L.
      Hendricks, J Exp Med 191:1459-1466, 2000, doi:10.1084/jem.191.9.1459; K. M.
      Khanna, R. H. Bonneau, P. R. Kinchington, and R. L. Hendricks, Immunity 18:593
      603, 2003, doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00112-2]. In those studies, BALB/c mice were
      ocularly infected with an avirulent HSV-1 strain (RE) after corneal
      scarification. However, in our studies, we typically infect mice with a virulent
      HSV-1 strain (McKrae) that does not require corneal scarification. Using a
      combination of knockout mice, adoptive transfers, and depletion studies, we
      recently found that CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to HSV-1 latency
      and reactivation in TG of ocularly infected mice (K. R. Mott, S. J. Allen, M.
      Zandian, B. Konda, B. G. Sharifi, C. Jones, S. L. Wechsler, T. Town, and H.
      Ghiasi, PLoS One 9:e93444, 2014, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093444). This
      suggested that CD8(+) T cells might not be the major regulators of HSV-1 latency
      in the mouse TG. To investigate this iconoclastic possibility, we used a blocking
      CD8 antibody and CD8(+) T cells in reactivated TG explants from mice latently
      infected with (i) the avirulent HSV-1 strain RE following corneal scarification
      or (ii) the virulent HSV-1 strain McKrae without corneal scarification.
      Independently of the strain or approach, our results show that CD8alpha(+) DCs,
      not CD8(+) T cells, drive latency and reactivation. In addition, adoptive
      transfer of CD8(+) T cells from wild-type (wt) mice to CD8alpha(-/-) mice did not
      restore latency to the level for wt mice or wt virus. In the presence of latency
      associated transcript (LAT((+)); wt virus), CD8(+) T cells seem to play a
      bystander role in the TG. These bystander T cells highly express PD-1, most
      likely due to the presence of CD8alpha(+) DCs. Collectively, these results
      support the notion that CD8(+) T cells do not play a major role in maintaining
      HSV-1 latency and reactivation. SIGNIFICANCE: This study addresses a
      fundamentally important and widely debated issue in the field of HSV latency
      reactivation. In this article, we directly compare the effects of anti-CD8
      antibody, CD8(+) T cells, LAT, and CD8alpha(+) DCs in blocking explant
      reactivation in TG of mice latently infected with avirulent or virulent HSV-1.
      Our data suggest that CD8(+) T cells are not responsible for an increase or
      maintenance of latency in ocularly infected mice. However, they seem to play a
      bystander role that correlates with the presence of LAT, higher subclinical
      reactivation levels, and higher PD-1 expression levels.

PMID- 26962217
TI  - Zika Virus: New Clinical Syndromes and Its Emergence in the Western Hemisphere.
AB  - Zika virus (ZIKV) had remained a relatively obscure flavivirus until a recent
      series of outbreaks accompanied by unexpectedly severe clinical complications
      brought this virus into the spotlight as causing an infection of global public
      health concern. In this review, we discuss the history and epidemiology of ZIKV
      infection, recent outbreaks in Oceania and the emergence of ZIKV in the Western
      Hemisphere, newly ascribed complications of ZIKV infection, including Guillain
      Barre syndrome and microcephaly, potential interactions between ZIKV and dengue
      virus, and the prospects for the development of antiviral agents and vaccines.

PMID- 26962221
TI  - Antibodies Elicited by Multiple Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens in Primates
      Neutralize Primary Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1) Sensitized by CD4
      Mimetic Compounds.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate
      virus entry through a series of complex conformational changes triggered by
      binding to the receptors CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4. Broadly neutralizing antibodies that
      recognize conserved Env epitopes are thought to be an important component of a
      protective immune response. However, to date, HIV-1 Env immunogens that elicit
      broadly neutralizing antibodies have not been identified, creating hurdles for
      vaccine development. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds engage the CD4-binding
      pocket on the gp120 exterior Env and induce Env conformations that are highly
      sensitive to neutralization by antibodies, including antibodies directed against
      the conserved Env region that interacts with CCR5/CXCR4. Here, we show that CD4
      mimetic compounds sensitize primary HIV-1 to neutralization by antibodies that
      can be elicited in monkeys and humans within 6 months by several Env vaccine
      candidates, including gp120 monomers. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the
      gp120 V2 and V3 variable regions were isolated from the immunized monkeys and
      humans; these monoclonal antibodies neutralized a primary HIV-1 only when the
      virus was sensitized by a CD4-mimetic compound. Thus, in addition to their direct
      antiviral effect, CD4-mimetic compounds dramatically enhance the HIV-1
      neutralizing activity of antibodies that can be elicited with currently available
      immunogens. Used as components of microbicides, the CD4-mimetic compounds might
      increase the protective efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines. IMPORTANCE: Preventing HIV-1
      transmission is a high priority for global health. Eliciting antibodies that can
      neutralize transmitted strains of HIV-1 is difficult, creating problems for the
      development of an effective vaccine. We found that small-molecule CD4-mimetic
      compounds sensitize HIV-1 to antibodies that can be elicited in vaccinated humans
      and monkeys. These results suggest an approach to prevent HIV-1 sexual
      transmission in which a virus-sensitizing microbicide is combined with a vaccine.

PMID- 26962222
TI  - Comparative Analysis of HIV-1 and Murine Leukemia Virus Three-Dimensional Nuclear
      Distributions.
AB  - Recent advances in fluorescence microscopy allow three-dimensional analysis of
      HIV-1 preintegration complexes in the nuclei of infected cells. To extend this
      investigation to gammaretroviruses, we engineered a fluorescent Moloney murine
      leukemia virus (MLV) system consisting of MLV-integrase fused to enhanced green
      fluorescent protein (MLV-IN-EGFP). A comparative analysis of lentiviral (HIV-1)
      and gammaretroviral (MLV) fluorescent complexes in the nuclei of infected cells
      revealed their different spatial distributions. This research tool has the
      potential to achieve new insight into the nuclear biology of these retroviruses. 

PMID- 26962223
TI  - Functional Transplant of a Dengue Virus Serotype 3 (DENV3)-Specific Human
      Monoclonal Antibody Epitope into DENV1.
AB  - The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, DENV1 through 4, are endemic throughout
      tropical and subtropical regions of the world. While first infection confers long
      term protective immunity against viruses of the infecting serotype, a second
      infection with virus of a different serotype carries a greater risk of severe
      dengue disease, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.
      Recent studies demonstrate that humans exposed to DENV infections develop
      neutralizing antibodies that bind to quaternary epitopes formed by the viral
      envelope (E) protein dimers or higher-order assemblies required for the formation
      of the icosahedral viral envelope. Here we show that the quaternary epitope
      target of the human DENV3-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5J7 can
      be partially transplanted into a DENV1 strain by changing the core residues of
      the epitope contained within a single monomeric E molecule. MAb 5J7 neutralized
      the recombinant DENV1/3 strain in cell culture and was protective in a mouse
      model of infection with the DENV1/3 strain. However, the 5J7 epitope was only
      partially recreated by transplantation of the core residues because MAb 5J7 bound
      and neutralized wild-type (WT) DENV3 better than the DENV1/3 recombinant. Our
      studies demonstrate that it is possible to transplant a large number of
      discontinuous residues between DENV serotypes and partially recreate a complex
      antibody epitope, while retaining virus viability. Further refinement of this
      approach may lead to new tools for measuring epitope-specific antibody responses
      and new vaccine platforms. IMPORTANCE: Dengue virus is the most important
      mosquito-borne pathogen of humans worldwide, with approximately one-half the
      world's population living in regions where dengue is endemic. Dengue immunity
      following infection is robust and thought to be conferred by antibodies raised
      against the infecting virus. However, the specific viral components that these
      antibodies recognize and how they neutralize the virus have been incompletely
      described. Here we map a region on dengue virus serotype 3 recognized by the
      human neutralizing antibody 5J7 and then test the functional significance of this
      region by transplanting it into a serotype 1 virus. Our studies demonstrate a
      region on dengue virus necessary for 5J7 binding and neutralization. Our work
      also demonstrates the technical feasibility of engineering dengue viruses to
      display targets of protective antibodies. This technology can be used to develop
      new dengue vaccines and diagnostic assays.

PMID- 26962226
TI  - BPIFB6 Regulates Secretory Pathway Trafficking and Enterovirus Replication.
AB  - Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold-containing family B,
      member 3 (BPIFB3) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized host factor that
      negatively regulates coxsackievirus B (CVB) replication through its control of
      the autophagic pathway. Here, we show that another member of the BPIFB family,
      BPIFB6, functions as a positive regulator of CVB, and other enterovirus,
      replication by controlling secretory pathway trafficking and Golgi complex
      morphology. We show that similar to BPIFB3, BPIFB6 localizes exclusively to the
      ER, where it associates with other members of the BPIFB family. However, in
      contrast to our findings that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of
      BPIFB3 greatly enhances CVB replication, we show that silencing of BPIFB6
      expression dramatically suppresses enterovirus replication in a pan-viral manner.
      Mechanistically, we show that loss of BPIFB6 expression induces pronounced
      alterations in retrograde and anterograde trafficking, which correlate with
      dramatic fragmentation of the Golgi complex. Taken together, these data implicate
      BPIFB6 as a key regulator of secretory pathway trafficking and viral replication
      and suggest that members of the BPIFB family participate in diverse host cell
      functions to regulate virus infections. IMPORTANCE: Enterovirus infections are
      associated with a number of severe pathologies, such as aseptic meningitis,
      dilated cardiomyopathy, type I diabetes, paralysis, and even death. These
      viruses, which include coxsackievirus B (CVB), poliovirus (PV), and enterovirus
      71 (EV71), co-opt the host cell secretory pathway, which controls the transport
      of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex, to facilitate
      their replication. Here we report on the identification of a novel regulator of
      the secretory pathway, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold
      containing family B, member 6 (BPIFB6), whose expression is required for
      enterovirus replication. We show that loss of BPIFB6 expression correlates with
      pronounced defects in the secretory pathway and greatly reduces the replication
      of CVB, PV, and EV71. Our results thus identify a novel host cell therapeutic
      target whose function could be targeted to alter enterovirus replication.

PMID- 26962225
TI  - Characterization of the Adeno-Associated Virus 1 and 6 Sialic Acid Binding Site.
AB  - The adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), which are being developed as gene delivery
      vectors, display differential cell surface glycan binding and subsequent tissue
      tropisms. For AAV serotype 1 (AAV1), the first viral vector approved as a gene
      therapy treatment, and its closely related AAV6, sialic acid (SIA) serves as
      their primary cellular surface receptor. Toward characterizing the SIA binding
      site(s), the structure of the AAV1-SIA complex was determined by X-ray
      crystallography to 3.0 A. Density consistent with SIA was observed in a pocket
      located at the base of capsid protrusions surrounding icosahedral 3-fold axes.
      Site-directed mutagenesis substitution of the amino acids forming this pocket
      with structurally equivalent residues from AAV2, a heparan sulfate binding
      serotype, followed by cell binding and transduction assays, further mapped the
      critical residues conferring SIA binding to AAV1 and AAV6. For both viruses five
      of the six binding pocket residues mutated (N447S, V473D, N500E, T502S, and
      W503A) abolished SIA binding, whereas S472R increased binding. All six mutations
      abolished or decreased transduction by at least 50% in AAV1. Surprisingly, the
      T502S substitution did not affect transduction efficiency of wild-type AAV6.
      Furthermore, three of the AAV1 SIA binding site mutants-S472R, V473D, and N500E
      escaped recognition by the anti-AAV1 capsid antibody ADK1a. These observations
      demonstrate that common key capsid surface residues dictate both virus binding
      and entry processes, as well as antigenic reactivity. This study identifies an
      important functional capsid surface "hot spot" dictating receptor attachment,
      transduction efficiency, and antigenicity which could prove useful for vector
      engineering. IMPORTANCE: The adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector gene delivery
      system has shown promise in several clinical trials and an AAV1-based vector has
      been approved as the first gene therapy treatment. However, limitations still
      exist with respect to transduction efficiency and the detrimental effects of
      preexisting host antibodies. This study aimed to identify key capsid regions
      which can be engineered to overcome these limitations. A sialic glycan receptor
      recognition pocket was identified in AAV1 and its closely related AAV6, using X
      ray crystallography. The site was confirmed by mutagenesis followed by cell
      binding and transduction assays. Significantly, residues controlling gene
      expression efficiency, as well as antibody escape variants, were also identified.
      This study thus provides, at the amino acid level, information for rational
      structural engineering of AAV vectors with improved therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 26962224
TI  - Ion Channel Function and Cross-Species Determinants in Viral Assembly of
      Nonprimate Hepacivirus p7.
AB  - Nonprimate hepacivirus (NPHV), the closest homolog of hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      described to date, has recently been discovered in horses. Even though the two
      viruses share a similar genomic organization, conservation of the encoded
      hepaciviral proteins remains undetermined. The HCV p7 protein is localized within
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes and is important for the production of
      infectious particles. In this study, we analyzed the structural and functional
      features of NPHV p7 in addition to its role during virus assembly. Three
      dimensional homology models for NPHV p7 using various nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (NMR) structures were generated, highlighting the conserved residues
      important for ion channel function. By applying a liposome permeability assay, we
      observed that NPHV p7 exhibited liposome permeability features similar to those
      of HCV p7, indicative of similar ion channel activity. Next, we characterized the
      viral protein using a p7-based trans-complementation approach. A similar
      subcellular localization pattern at the ER membrane was observed, although
      production of infectious particles was likely hindered by genetic
      incompatibilities with HCV proteins. To further characterize these cross-species
      constraints, chimeric viruses were constructed by substituting different regions
      of HCV p7 with NPHV p7. The N terminus and transmembrane domains were
      nonexchangeable and therefore constitute a cross-species barrier in hepaciviral
      assembly. In contrast, the basic loop and the C terminus of NPHV p7 were readily
      exchangeable, allowing production of infectious trans-complemented viral
      particles. In conclusion, comparison of NPHV and HCV p7 revealed structural and
      functional homology of these proteins, including liposome permeability, and
      broadly acting determinants that modulate hepaciviral virion assembly and
      contribute to the host-species barrier were identified. IMPORTANCE: The recent
      discovery of new relatives of hepatitis C virus (HCV) enables for the first time
      the study of cross-species determinants shaping hepaciviral pathogenesis.
      Nonprimate hepacivirus (NPHV) was described to infect horses and represents so
      far the closest homolog of HCV. Both viruses encode the same viral proteins;
      however, NPHV protein functions remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed
      to dissect NPHV p7 on a structural and functional level. By using various NMR
      structures of HCV p7 as templates, three-dimensional homology models for NPHV p7
      were generated, highlighting conserved residues that are important for ion
      channel function. A p7-based trans-complementation approach and the construction
      of NPHV/HCV p7 chimeric viruses showed that the N terminus and transmembrane
      domains were nonexchangeable. In contrast, the basic loop and the C terminus of
      NPHV p7 were readily exchangeable, allowing production of infectious viral
      particles. These results identify species-specific constraints as well as
      exchangeable determinants in hepaciviral assembly.

PMID- 26962227
TI  - Plum Pox Virus 6K1 Protein Is Required for Viral Replication and Targets the
      Viral Replication Complex at the Early Stage of Infection.
AB  - The potyviral RNA genome encodes two polyproteins that are proteolytically
      processed by three viral protease domains into 11 mature proteins. Extensive
      molecular studies have identified functions for the majority of the viral
      proteins. For example, 6K2, one of the two smallest potyviral proteins, is an
      integral membrane protein and induces the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-originated
      replication vesicles that target the chloroplast for robust viral replication.
      However, the functional role of 6K1, the other smallest protein, remains
      uncharacterized. In this study, we developed a series of recombinant full-length
      viral cDNA clones derived from a Canadian Plum pox virus (PPV) isolate. We found
      that deletion of any of the short motifs of 6K1 (each of which ranged from 5 to
      13 amino acids), most of the 6K1 sequence (but with the conserved sequence of the
      cleavage sites being retained), or all of the 6K1 sequence in the PPV infectious
      clone abolished viral replication. The trans expression of 6K1 or the cis
      expression of a dislocated 6K1 failed to rescue the loss-of-replication
      phenotype, suggesting the temporal and spatial requirement of 6K1 for viral
      replication. Disruption of the N- or C-terminal cleavage site of 6K1, which
      prevented the release of 6K1 from the polyprotein, either partially or completely
      inhibited viral replication, suggesting the functional importance of the mature
      6K1. We further found that green fluorescent protein-tagged 6K1 formed punctate
      inclusions at the viral early infection stage and colocalized with chloroplast
      bound viral replicase elements 6K2 and NIb. Taken together, our results suggest
      that 6K1 is required for viral replication and is an important viral element of
      the viral replication complex at the early infection stage. IMPORTANCE:
      Potyviruses account for more than 30% of known plant viruses and consist of many
      agriculturally important viruses. The genomes of potyviruses encode two
      polyproteins that are proteolytically processed into 11 mature proteins, with the
      majority of them having been at least partially functionally characterized.
      However, the functional role of a small protein named 6K1 remains obscure. In
      this study, we showed that deletion of 6K1 or a short motif/region of 6K1 in the
      full-length cDNA clones of plum pox virus abolishes viral replication and that
      mutation of the N- or C-terminal cleavage sites of 6K1 to prevent its release
      from the polyprotein greatly attenuates or completely inhibits viral replication,
      suggesting its important role in potyviral infection. We report that 6K1 forms
      punctate structures and targets the replication vesicles in PPV-infected plant
      leaf cells at the early infection stage. Our data reveal that 6K1 is an important
      viral protein of the potyviral replication complex.

PMID- 26962228
TI  - MerTK Is a Functional Regulator of Myelin Phagocytosis by Human Myeloid Cells.
AB  - Multifocal inflammatory lesions featuring destruction of lipid-rich myelin are
      pathologic hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. Lesion activity is assessed by the
      extent and composition of myelin uptake by myeloid cells present in such lesions.
      In the inflamed CNS, myeloid cells are comprised of brain-resident microglia, an
      endogenous cell population, and monocyte-derived macrophages, which infiltrate
      from the systemic compartment. Using microglia isolated from the adult human
      brain, we demonstrate that myelin phagocytosis is dependent on the polarization
      state of the cells. Myelin ingestion is significantly enhanced in cells exposed
      to TGF-beta compared with resting basal conditions and markedly reduced in
      classically activated polarized cells. Transcriptional analysis indicated that
      TGF-beta-treated microglia closely resembled M0 cells. The tyrosine kinase
      phagocytic receptor MerTK was one of the most upregulated among a select number
      of differentially expressed genes in TGF-beta-treated microglia. In contrast,
      MerTK and its known ligands, growth arrest-specific 6 and Protein S, were
      downregulated in classically activated cells. MerTK expression and myelin
      phagocytosis were higher in CNS-derived microglia than observed in monocyte
      derived macrophages, both basally and under all tested polarization conditions.
      Specific MerTK inhibitors reduced myelin phagocytosis and the resultant anti
      inflammatory biased cytokine responses for both cell types. Defining and
      modulating the mechanisms that regulate myelin phagocytosis has the potential to
      impact lesion and disease evolution in multiple sclerosis. Relevant effects would
      include enhancing myelin clearance, increasing anti-inflammatory molecule
      production by myeloid cells, and thereby permitting subsequent tissue repair.

PMID- 26962229
TI  - KIR3DL1 and HLA-B Density and Binding Calibrate NK Education and Response to HIV.
AB  - NK cells recognize self-HLA via killer Ig-like receptors (KIR). Homeostatic HLA
      expression signals for inhibition via KIR, and downregulation of HLA, a common
      consequence of viral infection, allows NK activation. Like HLA, KIR are highly
      polymorphic, and allele combinations of the most diverse receptor-ligand pair,
      KIR3DL1 and HLA-B, correspond to hierarchical HIV control. We used primary cells
      from healthy human donors to demonstrate how subtype combinations of KIR3DL1 and
      HLA-B calibrate NK education and their consequent capacity to eliminate HIV
      infected cells. High-density KIR3DL1 and Bw4-80I partnerships endow NK cells with
      the greatest reactivity against HLA-negative targets; NK cells exhibiting the
      remaining KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 combinations demonstrate intermediate responsiveness;
      and Bw4-negative KIR3DL1(+) NK cells are poorly responsive. Cytotoxicity against
      HIV-infected autologous CD4(+) T cells strikingly correlated with reactivity to
      HLA-negative targets. These findings suggest that the programming of NK effector
      function results from defined features of receptor and ligand subtypes. KIR3DL1
      and HLA-B subtypes exhibit an array of binding strengths. Like KIR3DL1, subtypes
      of HLA-Bw4 are expressed at distinct, predictable membrane densities.
      Combinatorial permutations of common receptor and ligand subtypes reveal binding
      strength, receptor density, and ligand density to be functionally important.
      These findings have immediate implications for prognosis in patients with HIV
      infection. Furthermore, they demonstrate how features of KIR and HLA modified by
      allelic variation calibrate NK cell reactive potential.

PMID- 26962230
TI  - TRIM21 Immune Signaling Is More Sensitive to Antibody Affinity Than Its
      Neutralization Activity.
AB  - Ab-coated viruses can be detected in the cytosol by the FcR tripartite motif
      containing 21 (TRIM21), which rapidly recruits the proteasomal machinery and
      triggers induction of immune signaling. As such, TRIM21 plays a key role in
      intracellular protection by targeting invading viruses for destruction and
      alerting the immune system. A hallmark of immunity is elicitation of a balanced
      response that is proportionate to the threat, to avoid unnecessary inflammation.
      In this article, we show how Ab affinity modulates TRIM21 immune function. We
      constructed a humanized monoclonal IgG1 against human adenovirus type 5 (AdV5)
      and a panel of Fc-engineered variants with a wide range of affinities for TRIM21.
      We found that IgG1-coated viral particles were neutralized via TRIM21, even when
      affinity was reduced by as much as 100-fold. In contrast, induction of NF-kappaB
      signaling was more sensitive to reduced affinity between TRIM21 and the Ab
      variants. Thus, TRIM21 mediates neutralization under suboptimal conditions,
      whereas induction of immune signaling is balanced according to the functional
      affinity for the incoming immune stimuli. Our findings have implications for
      engineering of antiviral IgG therapeutics with tailored effector functions.

PMID- 26962231
TI  - alpha-NAC-Specific Autoreactive CD8+ T Cells in Atopic Dermatitis Are of an
      Effector Memory Type and Secrete IL-4 and IFN-gamma.
AB  - Autoreactivity may play a critical role in the chronification of atopic
      dermatitis (AD). Several studies showed that AD patients produce IgE Abs specific
      for autoantigens, and we described Th as well as CD8(+) T cells specific for the
      autoallergen Hom s 2, the alpha-chain of the nascent polypeptide-associated
      complex (alpha-NAC). This study aimed to investigate the frequency and
      inflammatory phenotype of autoallergen-specific CD8(+) T cells. CD8(+) T cell
      immunodominant epitopes of alpha-NAC were mapped by applying prediction
      softwares, and binding affinity was confirmed by stabilization of empty MHC
      complexes. MHC class I tetramers were assembled and binding cells were analyzed
      directly ex vivo by flow cytometry and in terms of single-cell assessment by
      ChipCytometry. We report significantly elevated numbers of alpha-NAC-specific
      peripheral T cells in sensitized patients compared with nonatopic controls. These
      cells secrete IL-4 and IFN-gamma, and surface markers revealed significantly
      elevated frequencies of circulating terminally differentiated alpha-NAC-specific
      CD8(+) T cells in patients with AD compared with nonatopic donors. The observed
      phenotype of alpha-NAC-specific CD8(+) T cells indicates a role in the
      pathogenesis of AD.

PMID- 26962234
TI  - Reply to Gelfand and Cleveland.

PMID- 26962233
TI  - Deconstructing Chronic Low Back Pain in the Older Adult-Step by Step Evidence and
      Expert-Based Recommendations for Evaluation and Treatment. Part VI: Lumbar Spinal
      Stenosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: . To present the sixth in a series of articles designed to deconstruct
      chronic low back pain (CLBP) in older adults. This article focuses on the
      evaluation and management of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), the most common
      condition for which older adults undergo spinal surgery. METHODS: . The
      evaluation and treatment algorithm, a table articulating the rationale for the
      individual algorithm components, and stepped-care drug recommendations were
      developed using a modified Delphi approach. The Principal Investigator, a five
      member content expert panel and a nine-member primary care panel were involved in
      the iterative development of these materials. The illustrative clinical case was
      taken from the clinical practice of a contributor's colleague (SR). RESULTS: . We
      present an algorithm and supportive materials to help guide the care of older
      adults with LSS, a condition that occurs not uncommonly in those with CLBP. The
      case illustrates the importance of function-focused management and a rational
      approach to conservative care. CONCLUSIONS: . Lumbar spinal stenosis exists not
      uncommonly in older adults with CLBP and management often can be accomplished
      without surgery. Treatment should address all conditions in addition to LSS
      contributing to pain and disability.

PMID- 26962235
TI  - Reversion From Methicillin Susceptibility to Methicillin Resistance in
      Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 26962232
TI  - Age-Associated Resident Memory CD8 T Cells in the Central Nervous System Are
      Primed To Potentiate Inflammation after Ischemic Brain Injury.
AB  - Aging is associated with an increase in basal inflammation in the CNS and an
      overall decline in cognitive function and poorer recovery following injury.
      Growing evidence suggests that leukocyte recruitment to the CNS is also increased
      with normal aging, but, to date, no systematic evaluation of these age-associated
      leukocytes has been performed. In this work, the effect of aging on CNS leukocyte
      recruitment was examined. Aging was associated with more CD45(high) leukocytes,
      primarily composed of conventional CD8(+) T cells. These results were strain
      independent and seen in both sexes. Intravascular labeling and immunohistology
      revealed the presence of parenchymal CD8(+) T cells in several regions of the
      brain, including the choroid plexus and meninges. These cells had effector memory
      (CD44(+)CD62L(-)) and tissue-resident phenotypes and expressed markers associated
      with TCR activation. Analysis of TCRvbeta repertoire usage suggested that entry
      into the CNS is most likely stochastic rather than Ag driven. Correlational
      analyses revealed a positive association between CD8 T cell numbers and decreased
      proinflammatory function of microglia. However, the effects of cerebral ischemia
      and ex vivo stimulation of these cells dramatically increased production of TNF,
      IFN-gamma, and MCP-1/CCL2. Taken together, we identified a novel population of
      resident memory, immunosurveillant CD8 T cells that represent a hallmark of CNS
      aging and appear to modify microglia homeostasis under normal conditions, but are
      primed to potentiate inflammation and leukocyte recruitment following ischemic
      injury.

PMID- 26962237
TI  - Maintaining a Safe Blood Supply in an Era of Emerging Pathogens.
AB  - Coming shortly after outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya virus in related
      locations, the recent outbreak of Zika virus in the southern part of the western
      hemisphere is yet another reminder that infectious pathogens continue to emerge
      rapidly and can adversely affect public health, including the safety of the blood
      supply. In response to Zika virus, public health measures that rely largely on
      donor deferral and sourcing of blood from non-outbreak areas until a blood donor
      screening test becomes available have been implemented to address the safety of
      the blood supply in the United States. However, a more universal approach to
      ensuring blood safety in the setting of rapidly emerging infectious diseases is
      needed.

PMID- 26962238
TI  - Poverty and Child Health in the United States.
AB  - Almost half of young children in the United States live in poverty or near
      poverty. The American Academy of Pediatrics is committed to reducing and
      ultimately eliminating child poverty in the United States. Poverty and related
      social determinants of health can lead to adverse health outcomes in childhood
      and across the life course, negatively affecting physical health, socioemotional
      development, and educational achievement. The American Academy of Pediatrics
      advocates for programs and policies that have been shown to improve the quality
      of life and health outcomes for children and families living in poverty. With an
      awareness and understanding of the effects of poverty on children, pediatricians
      and other pediatric health practitioners in a family-centered medical home can
      assess the financial stability of families, link families to resources, and
      coordinate care with community partners. Further research, advocacy, and
      continuing education will improve the ability of pediatricians to address the
      social determinants of health when caring for children who live in poverty.
      Accompanying this policy statement is a technical report that describes current
      knowledge on child poverty and the mechanisms by which poverty influences the
      health and well-being of children. 

PMID- 26962236
TI  - Inflammation and Change in Body Weight With Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in
      a Multinational Cohort of HIV-Infected Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both wasting and obesity are associated with inflammation, but the
      extent to which body weight changes influence inflammation during human
      immunodeficiency virus infection is unknown. METHODS: Among a random
      virologically suppressed participants of the Prospective Evaluation of
      Antiretrovirals in Resource-Limited Settings trial, inflammatory markers were
      measured at weeks 0, 24, and 48 after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation.
      Associations between both baseline and change in body mass index (BMI; calculated
      as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared) and changes
      in inflammation markers were assessed using random effects models. RESULTS: Of
      246 participants, 27% were overweight/obese (BMI, >= 25), and 8% were underweight
      (BMI < 18.5) at baseline. After 48 weeks, 37% were overweight/obese, and 3% were
      underweight. While level of many inflammatory markers decreased 48 weeks after
      ART initiation in the overall group, the decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP)
      level was smaller in overweight/obese participants (P = .01), and the decreases
      in both CRP (P = .01) and interleukin 18 (P = .02) levels were smaller in
      underweight participants. Each 1-unit gain in BMI among overweight/obese
      participants was associated with a 0.02-log10 increase in soluble CD14 level (P =
      .05), while each 1-unit BMI gain among underweight participants was associated
      with a 9.32-mg/L decrease in CRP level (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Being either
      overweight or underweight at ART initiation was associated with heightened
      systemic inflammation. While weight gain among overweight/obese persons predicted
      increased inflammation, weight gain among underweight persons predicted reduced
      inflammation.

PMID- 26962239
TI  - Mediators and Adverse Effects of Child Poverty in the United States.
AB  - The link between poverty and children's health is well recognized. Even temporary
      poverty may have an adverse effect on children's health, and data consistently
      support the observation that poverty in childhood continues to have a negative
      effect on health into adulthood. In addition to childhood morbidity being related
      to child poverty, epidemiologic studies have documented a mortality gradient for
      children aged 1 to 15 years (and adults), with poor children experiencing a
      higher mortality rate than children from higher-income families. The global great
      recession is only now very slowly abating for millions of America's children and
      their families. At this difficult time in the history of our nation's families
      and immediately after the 50th anniversary year of President Lyndon Johnson's War
      on Poverty, it is particularly germane for the American Academy of Pediatrics,
      which is "dedicated to the health of all children," to publish a research
      supported technical report that examines the mediators associated with the long
      recognized adverse effects of child poverty on children and their families. This
      technical report draws on research from a number of disciplines, including
      physiology, sociology, psychology, economics, and epidemiology, to describe the
      present state of knowledge regarding poverty's negative impact on children's
      health and development. Children inherit not only their parents' genes but also
      the family ecology and its social milieu. Thus, parenting skills, housing,
      neighborhood, schools, and other factors (eg, medical care) all have complex
      relations to each other and influence how each child's genetic canvas is
      expressed. Accompanying this technical report is a policy statement that
      describes specific actions that pediatricians and other child advocates can take
      to attenuate the negative effects of the mediators identified in this technical
      report and improve the well-being of our nation's children and their families.

PMID- 26962240
TI  - Interventions To Prevent Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Meta-analysis.
AB  - CONTEXT: The effectiveness of many interventions aimed at reducing the risk of
      retinopathy has not been well established. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the
      effectiveness of nutritional interventions, oxygen saturation targeting, blood
      transfusion management, and infection prevention on the incidence of retinopathy
      of prematurity (ROP). DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search of several databases
      was conducted, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
      Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus through March 2014.
      STUDY SELECTION: We included studies that evaluated nutritional interventions,
      management of supplemental oxygen, blood transfusions, or infection reduction and
      reported the incidence of ROP and mortality in neonates born at <32 weeks. DATA
      EXTRACTION: We extracted patient characteristics, interventions, and risk of bias
      indicators. Outcomes of interest were any stage ROP, severe ROP or ROP requiring
      treatment, and mortality. RESULTS: We identified 67 studies enrolling 21 819
      infants. Lower oxygen saturation targets reduced the risk of developing any stage
      ROP (relative risk [RR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-0.97) and severe
      ROP or ROP requiring intervention (RR 0.58, 95% CI, 0.45-0.74) but increased
      mortality (RR 1.15, 95% CI, 1.04-1.29). Aggressive parenteral nutrition reduced
      the risk of any stage ROP but not severe ROP. Supplementation of vitamin A, E, or
      inositol and breast milk feeding were beneficial but only in observational
      studies. Use of transfusion guidelines, erythropoietin, and antifungal agents
      were not beneficial. LIMITATIONS: Results of observational studies were not
      replicated in randomized trials. Interventions were heterogeneous across studies.
      CONCLUSIONS: At the present time, there are no safe interventions supported with
      high quality evidence to prevent severe ROP.

PMID- 26962241
TI  - Patient age was an independent predictor of cancer-specific survival in male
      patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated by radical
      nephroureterectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that there may be a prognostic difference in age
      between the genders and evaluated the influence of gender-adjusted age on
      prognosis in upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients. METHODS: A total of 839
      patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma from a retrospective multi
      institutional cohort were included. The patients were divided into four groups
      consisting of males (N = 610) and females (N = 229) according to age ((i) <60
      years, (ii) 60-69.9 years, (iii) 70-79.9 years and (iv) >=80 years), and we
      evaluated the associations of patient age and gender with clinicopathological
      features and oncological outcomes following radical nephroureterectomy. The
      median follow-up duration was 34 months. RESULTS: Disease recurrence occurred in
      249 patients and 192 patients died of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. The 3
      year cancer-specific survival rates were (i) 84.3%, (ii) 80.2%, (iii) 77.1% and
      (iv) 71.5% in the entire patient population (P = 0.001); (i) 84.5%, (ii) 81.1%,
      (iii) 76.8% and (iv) 69.7% in males (P = 0.010); and (i) 83.3%, (ii) 76.9%, (iii)
      77.7% and (iv) 72.9% in females (P = 0.287), respectively. No significant
      differences between disease recurrence and age were found in the male or female
      population. In multivariate analysis, older age was an independent predictor of
      cancer-specific survival, in addition to advanced pT stage, the presence of
      lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement in males. In contrast, age was
      not associated with cancer-specific survival in females, while high grade,
      advanced pT stage, the presence of lymph node involvement and multifocal tumor
      were independent predictors. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that gender
      adjusted age might be a new prognostic factor in upper tract urothelial carcinoma
      patients.

PMID- 26962243
TI  - Repeated biopsy results.

PMID- 26962242
TI  - The magnitude of best tumor shrinkage during second-line targeted therapy affects
      progression-free survival but not overall survival in patients with metastatic
      renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the magnitude of
      best tumor shrinkage during second-line targeted therapy after first-line
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor failure on metastatic renal cell carcinoma prognosis.
      METHODS: Fifty-two patients were enrolled. The magnitude of tumor shrinkage was
      assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v. 1.1,
      and evaluated as a continuous variable and by categorical classification: good
      responders (greater than or equal to -30%), mild responders (-0.1 to -29.9%),
      poor responders (0 to +19.9%) and non-responders (greater than or equal to +20%
      or new lesions). Overall survival and progression-free survival after second-line
      therapy initiation were evaluated according to the categorical classification.
      Factors predicting overall survival and progression-free survival were also
      examined. RESULTS: The mean magnitude of tumor shrinkage was -1.29%, and there
      were 9, 21, 11 and 11 good responders, mild responders, poor responders and non
      responders, respectively. The overall survival and progression-free survival
      significantly improved as the magnitude of tumor shrinkage increased according to
      the categorical classification (overall survival: not reached, 27.8, 18.2 and
      4.67 months; progression-free survival: 13.4, 8.19, 5.18 and 1.84 months,
      respectively; P< 0.0001 for both). For overall survival, the magnitude of tomor
      shrinkage was not demonstrated as an independent indicator in the multivariate
      analysis (P= 0.0872 for the categorical classification, P= 0.133 for the
      continuous variable) whereas for second-line progression-free survival, the
      magnitude of tumor shrinkage according to both the categorical classification and
      continuous variable was found to be an independent factor in the multivariate
      analysis (P< 0.0001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of tumor shrinkage is
      an independent predictive factor for progression-free survival, and may represent
      a surrogate marker for overall survival.

PMID- 26962244
TI  - Predictive value of radiological response rate for pathological response to
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy and post-cystectomy survival of bladder urothelial
      cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive value of the radiological response rate
      assessed by serial pelvic computed tomography scans for pathological response to
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy and clinical outcomes after radical cystectomy in
      bladder urothelial cancer patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 59
      patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy
      following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pretreatment and post-neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy computed tomography scans were evaluated by a single radiologist to
      determine the radiological response rate based on the largest diameter of the
      primary tumor. Association of the radiological response rate with pathological
      findings of the radical cystectomy specimen and post-radical cystectomy clinical
      outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: The pathological complete response rate was 25%
      (n = 15) and the median (range) radiological response rate was 0.58 (0.00-1.00).
      The radiological response rate was significantly associated with <=pT1. Patients
      with pathological downstaging to <=pTa/is or pT1, compared with those with pT2<=
      tumor, had significantly better post-radical cystectomy recurrence-free survival
      (2-year survival 92.0, 88.9, 36.8%, respectively, P < 0.0001), disease-specific
      survival (2-year survival 95.8, 88.9, 47.3%, respectively, P < 0.0001) and
      overall survival (2-year survival 91.7, 88.9, 40.1%, respectively, P < 0.0001).
      Patients with a higher radiological response rate (>=0.57) had significantly
      better post-radical cystectomy recurrence-free survival (2-year survival 89.7 vs.
      48.1%, P = 0.0011), disease-specific survival (2-year survival 93.2 vs. 48.2%, P
      < 0.0001) and overall survival (2-year survival 90.0 vs. 39.0%, P < 0.0001).
      Multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazard model revealed that the
      radiological response rate was an independent predictor for favorable pT stage
      and recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION: The radiological response rate
      determined by pretreatment and post-chemotherapy computed tomography scans
      predicts the pathological outcome and post-radical cystectomy prognosis, which is
      clinically relevant and useful for patient counselling and decision-making.

PMID- 26962245
TI  - SonoTip Pro EBUS-TBNA needle-the need for comparative studies with the Vizishot
      21 gauge needle.

PMID- 26962246
TI  - A prospective multicenter study of intermittent chemotherapy with docetaxel and
      prednisolone for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The optimal schedule of docetaxel chemotherapy for castration
      resistant prostate cancer is unknown, although continuous administration is
      accepted as the standard. We conducted a Phase II trial to evaluate the outcome
      of intermittent docetaxel and prednisolone therapy in castration-resistant
      prostate cancer. METHODS: The patients were treated using a 28-day cycle of
      docetaxel (70 mg/m2 on Day 1) and oral prednisolone (10 mg/day). After three
      consecutive administrations of docetaxel, a holiday was taken until prostate
      specific antigen levels returned to the baseline. The therapy was continued
      intermittently until the disease progressed, drug toxicity occurred, or the
      patients refused further treatment. The primary endpoint was overall survival.
      Time to treatment failure, adverse events, the duration of chemotherapy holiday
      and quality of life were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were
      enrolled. The median age and pretreatment prostate specific antigen level were 72
      years and 37.5 ng/ml, respectively. Sixty (50.0%) patients resumed chemotherapy
      after the first holiday, and a maximum of six courses were administered to four
      patients. The median period of the first, second and third-to-fifth holiday was
      18.6, 11.0 and 4.9 weeks, respectively. Toxicity was moderate, except for two
      fatal adverse events. The median time to treatment failure and overall survival
      from the initiation of docetaxel and prednisolone therapy in all patients were
      17.5 and 35.0 months, respectively. All quality-of-life scores were unchanged
      statistically from the start of docetaxel and prednisolone therapy to the
      beginning of the second course. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent docetaxel and
      prednisolone therapy might be a feasible treatment option for castration
      resistant prostate cancer with comparable outcome and successful chemotherapy
      holidays.

PMID- 26962247
TI  - The revised guidelines of the Medical Council of India for academic promotions:
      Need for a rethink.

PMID- 26962248
TI  - A quest for utilitarian approach in research.

PMID- 26962249
TI  - Preoperative cardiovascular investigations in liver transplant candidate: An
      update.
AB  - Cardiovascular complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
      patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) undergoing liver transplantation.
      Identifying candidates at the highest risk of postoperative cardiovascular
      complications is the cornerstone for optimizing the outcome. Ischaemic heart
      disease contributes to major portion of cardiovascular complications and
      therefore warrants evaluation in the preoperative period. Patients of ESLD
      usually demonstrate increased cardiac output, compromised ventricular response to
      stress, low systemic vascular resistance and occasionally bradycardia. Despite
      various recommendations for preoperative evaluation of cardiovascular disease in
      liver transplant candidates, a considerable controversy on screening methodology
      persists. This review critically focuses on the rapidly expanding body of
      evidence for diagnosis and risk stratification of cardiovascular disorder in
      liver transplant candidates. 

PMID- 26962251
TI  - A comparative study of attenuation of propofol-induced pain by lignocaine,
      ondansetron, and ramosetron.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Propofol is widely used for induction of anaesthesia,
      although the pain during its injection remains a concern for all
      anaesthesiologists. A number of techniques have been adopted to minimise propofol
      induced pain. Various 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 antagonists have shown to reduce
      propofol-induced pain. Hence, this placebo-controlled study was conducted to
      compare the efficacy of ondansetron, ramosetron and lignocaine in terms of
      attenuation of propofol-induced pain during induction of anaesthesia. METHODS:
      Hundred and fifty adult patients, aged 18-60 years, posted for various elective
      surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to three
      groups of 50 each. Group R received 0.3 mg of ramosetron, Group L received 0.5
      mg/kg of 2% lignocaine and Group O received 4 mg of ondansetron. After
      intravenous (IV) pre-treatment of study drug, manual occlusion of venous drainage
      was done at mid-arm with the help of an assistant for 1 min. This was followed by
      administration of propofol (1%) after release of venous occlusion. Pain was
      assessed with a four-point scale. Unpaired Student's t-test and Chi-square
      test/Fisher's exact test were used to analyse results. RESULTS: The overall
      incidence and intensity of pain were significantly less in Groups L and R
      compared to Group O (P <= 0.001). The incidence of mild to moderate pain in
      Groups O, R and L was 56%, 26% and 20%, respectively. The incidence of score '0'
      (no pain) was significantly higher in Group L (76%) and Group R (72%) than Group
      O (34%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pre-treatment with IV ramosetron 0.3 mg is
      equally effective as 0.5 mg/kg of 2% lignocaine in preventing propofol-induced
      pain and both were better than ondansetron.

PMID- 26962250
TI  - Does tranexamic acid reduce blood loss during head and neck cancer surgery?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Transfusion of blood and blood products poses several
      hazards. Antifibrinolytic agents are used to reduce perioperative blood loss. We
      decided to assess the effect of tranexamic acid (TA) on blood loss and the need
      for transfusion in head and neck cancer surgery. METHODS: After Institutional
      Review Board approval, 240 patients undergoing supramajor head and neck cancer
      surgeries were prospectively randomised to either TA (10 mg/kg) group or placebo
      (P) group. After induction, the drug was infused by the anaesthesiologist, who
      was blinded to allocation, over 20 min. The dose was repeated every 3 h.
      Perioperative (up to 24 h) blood loss, need for transfusion and fluid therapy was
      recorded. Thromboelastography (TEG) was performed at fixed intervals in the first
      100 patients. Patients were watched for post-operative complications. RESULTS:
      Two hundred and nineteen records were evaluable. We found no difference in
      intraoperative blood loss (TA - 750 [600-1000] ml vs. P - 780 [150-2600] ml, P =
      0.22). Post-operative blood loss was significantly more in the placebo group at
      24 h (P - 200 [120-250] ml vs. TA - 250 [50-1050] ml, P = 0.009), but this did
      not result in higher number of patients needing transfusions (TA - 22/108 and P -
      27/111 patients, P = 0.51). TEG revealed faster clot formation and minimal
      fibrinolysis. Two patients died of causes unrelated to study drug. Incidence of
      wound complications and deep venous thrombosis was similar. CONCLUSION: In head
      and neck cancer surgery, TA did not reduce intraoperative blood loss or need for
      transfusions. Perioperative TEG variables were similar. This may be attributed to
      pre-existing hypercoagulable state and minimal fibrinolysis in cancer patients.

PMID- 26962252
TI  - Evaluation of caudal dexamethasone with ropivacaine for post-operative analgesia
      in paediatric herniotomies: A randomised controlled study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Caudal analgesia is one of the most popular regional blocks
      in paediatric patients undergoing infra-umbilical surgeries but with the drawback
      of short duration of action after single shot local anaesthetic injection. We
      evaluated whether caudal dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg as an adjuvant to the
      ropivacaine improved analgesic efficacy after paediatric herniotomies. METHODS:
      Totally 128 patients of 1-5 years age group, American Society of
      Anaesthesiologists physical status I and II undergoing elective inguinal
      herniotomy were randomly allocated to two groups in double-blind manner. Group A
      received 1 ml/kg of 0.2% ropivacaine caudally and Group B received 1 ml/kg of
      0.2% ropivacaine, in which 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone was added for caudal
      analgesia. Post operative pain by faces, legs, activity, cry and consolability
      tool score, rescue analgesic requirement and adverse effects were noted for 24 h.
      RESULTS: Results were statistically analysed using Student's t-test. Pain scores
      measured at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h post-operative, were lower in Group B as compared to
      Group A. Mean duration of analgesia in Group A was 248.4 +/- 54.1 min and in
      Group B was 478.046 +/- 104.57 min with P = 0.001. Rescue analgesic requirement
      was more in Group A as compared to Group B. Adverse effects after surgery were
      comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Caudal dexamethasone added to
      ropivacaine is a good alternative to prolong post-operative analgesia with less
      pain score compared to caudal ropivacaine alone.

PMID- 26962253
TI  - Does dexmedetomidine improve analgesia of superficial cervical plexus block for
      thyroid surgery?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block (BSCPB) is
      effective in reducing pain following thyroid surgeries. We studied the effect of
      dexmedetomidine on duration and quality of analgesia produced by BSCPB with 0.5%
      ropivacaine in patients undergoing thyroid surgeries. METHODS: In this
      prospective double-blinded study, 60 adults undergoing thyroid surgeries were
      randomised into two equal groups to receive BSCPB, either with 20 ml 0.5%
      ropivacaine (Group A) or 20 ml 0.5% ropivacaine with 0.5 MUg/kg dexmedetomidine
      (Group B) after induction of anaesthesia. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to
      assess analgesia postoperatively at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h and patient
      satisfaction at 24 h. Haemodynamics were recorded peri-operatively. Wilcoxon
      signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U-test were applied for VAS and sedation
      scores. Unpaired t-test was applied for age, weight, duration of surgery and
      duration of post-operative analgesia. RESULTS: There was significantly longer
      duration of analgesia in Group B (1696.2 +/- 100.2 vs. 967.8 +/- 81.6 min; P <
      0.001) and higher patient satisfaction at 24 h (7 [7-9] vs. 5 [4-6]; P < 0.001).
      While VAS score for pain were similar up to 6 h, they were lower in Group B at 12
      h (0 [0-1] vs. 2 [1-2]; P < 0.001) and 24 h (2 [2-2] vs. 5 [5-6]; P < 0.001).
      Haemodynamic stability and sedation scores were similar across the groups. There
      were no adverse events. However, pain during swallowing persisted in both the
      groups. CONCLUSION: Combination of 0.5% ropivacaine and dexmedetomidine for BSCPB
      provided significantly prolonged and better quality of postoperative analgesia
      and patient satisfaction than with 0.5% ropivacaine alone in patients undergoing
      thyroidectomy.

PMID- 26962254
TI  - A prospective, comparative, randomised, double blind study on the efficacy of
      addition of clonidine to 0.25% bupivacaine in scalp block for supratentorial
      craniotomies.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Scalp blocks combined with general anaesthesia reduce pin
      and incision response, along with providing stable perioperative haemodynamics
      and analgesia. Clonidine has proved to be a valuable additive in infiltrative
      blocks. We studied the efficacy and safety of addition of clonidine 2 MUg/kg to
      scalp block with 0.25% bupivacaine (Group B) versus plain 0.25% bupivacaine
      (Group A) for supratentorial craniotomies. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly
      divided into two groups to receive scalp block: Group A (with 0.25% bupivacaine)
      and Group B (with 0.25% bupivacaine and clonidine (2 MUg/kg). Bilateral scalp
      block was given immediately after induction. All the patients received propofol
      based general anaesthesia. Intraoperatively, propofol infusion was maintained at
      75 to 100 MUg/kg/h up to dura closure and reduced to 50-75 MUg/kg/h up to skin
      closure with atracurium infusion stopped at dura closure. Heart rate (HR) and
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored at pin insertion, at 5 minute
      intervals from incision till dura opening and again at 5 minute interval from
      dura closure up to skin closure. Fentanyl 0.5 MUg/kg was given if a 20% increase
      in either HR and/or MAP was observed. Postoperative haemodynamics and verbal
      rating scores (VRS) were recorded. When the VRS score increased above 3, rescue
      analgesia was given. Any intraoperative haemodynamic complications were noted.
      RESULTS: Group A showed a significant increase in haemodynamic variables during
      the perioperative period as compared to group B (P < 0.05). Addition of clonidine
      2 MUg/kg in the infiltrative block also provided significantly prolonged
      postoperative analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of clonidine to scalp block
      provided better perioperative haemodynamic stability and significantly prolonged
      analgesia.

PMID- 26962255
TI  - A randomized controlled study comparing intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine
      fentanyl mixture and isobaric bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture in common urological
      procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bupivacaine is available in isobaric and hyperbaric forms
      for intrathecal use and opioids are used as additives to modify their effects.
      The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and haemodynamic effect of
      intrathecal isobaric bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture and hyperbaric bupivacaine
      fentanyl mixture in common urological procedures. METHODS: One hundred American
      Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 and 2 patients undergoing
      urological procedures were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received 3 ml of
      0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 25 MUg fentanyl while Group 2 received 3 ml of
      0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 25 MUg fentanyl. The parameters measured include
      heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, onset and duration of motor and
      sensory blockade. Student's unpaired t-test and the chi(2) test were used to
      analyse the results, using the SPSS version 11.5 software. RESULTS: The
      haemodynamic stability was better with isobaric bupivacaine fentanyl mixture
      (Group 1) than with hyperbaric bupivacaine fentanyl mixture (Group 2). The mean
      onset time in Group 1 for both sensory block (4 min) and motor block (5 min) was
      longer compared with Group 2. The duration of sensory block (127.8 +/- 38.64 min)
      and motor block (170.4 +/- 27.8 min) was less with isobaric bupivacaine group
      compared with hyperbaric bupivacaine group (sensory blockade 185.4 +/- 16.08 min
      and motor blockade 201.6 +/- 14.28 min). Seventy percent of patients in Group 2
      had maximum sensory block level of T6 whereas it was 53% in Group 1. More
      patients in Group 1 required sedation compared to Group 2. CONCLUSION: Isobaric
      bupivacaine fentanyl mixture was found to provide adequate anaesthesia with
      minimal incidence of haemodynamic instability.

PMID- 26962256
TI  - Anaesthetic considerations for liver transplantation in propionic acidemia.
AB  - Propionic acidemia (PA) is an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolism due to
      deficiency of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) that converts propionyl
      CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA with the help of the cofactor biotin inside the
      mitochondria. The resultant accumulation of propionyl-CoA causes severe
      hyperammonaemia and life-threatening metabolic acidosis. Based on the positive
      outcomes, liver transplantation is now recommended for individuals with recurrent
      episodes of hyperammonaemia or acidosis that is not adequately controlled with
      appropriate medical therapies. We report anaesthetic management of two children
      with PA for liver transplantation at our institution. It is essential for the
      anaesthesiologist, caring for these individuals to be familiar with the
      manifestations of the disease, the triggers for decompensation and management of
      an acute episode. 

PMID- 26962257
TI  - Anaesthesia for robotic thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and review of
      literature.
AB  - Robotic thyroidectomy (RT) is a new gasless, scarless technique which utilises
      the da VinciTM surgical robot to excise thyroid tumours. Anaesthetic management
      must be modified according to the patient position and robotic surgery equipment.
      Anaesthesiologists need to be geared up to face the new challenges posed by
      advancements in surgical techniques in order to maintain patient safety. Another
      vital aspect of this surgery is documenting possible recurrent laryngeal nerve
      palsy, for which a C-Mac D-BladeTM video laryngoscope serves as a valuable tool.
      Post-operative pain management in RT also merits special attention. 

PMID- 26962258
TI  - The efficacy of different methods of pre-operative counselling on perioperative
      anxiety in patients undergoing regional anaesthesia.

PMID- 26962259
TI  - Post-operative accidental diagnosis of intra-cerebellar astrocytoma in an
      emergency appendicectomy case.

PMID- 26962260
TI  - Effect of indocyanine green dye administration on cerebral oxygen saturation.

PMID- 26962261
TI  - Carbon dioxide embolism during endoscopic thyroidectomy.

PMID- 26962262
TI  - Defective heat moisture exchange filter causing 'block' in anaesthesia breathing
      circuit.

PMID- 26962263
TI  - Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: A must know entity for anaesthesiologists.

PMID- 26962264
TI  - Guidewire replacement of leaking paediatric intravenous cannula.

PMID- 26962265
TI  - Dandy Walker syndrome with giant occipital meningocele with craniovertebral
      anomalies: Challenges faced during anaesthesia.

PMID- 26962266
TI  - Sevoflurane in an infant with dilated cardiomyopathy due to myocarditis and
      hypocalcaemia.

PMID- 26962267
TI  - Migration, Social Organization, and the Sexual Partners of Mexican Men.
AB  - We build on recent developments in social organization theory to examine the
      sexual partnering of Mexican men in a new area of immigrant destination. We
      elaborate on two levels of contextual influence: 1) how differences in social
      capital between sending and receiving communities affect partner formation and 2)
      how neighborhood social cohesion influences immigrants' behavior. Data come from
      an original survey conducted in Durham, NC and migrant sending communities in
      Mexico. We show dramatic differences in sexual partnering between Mexico and the
      U.S. that are directly linked to lack of social networks and familial support.
      Neighborhood level social cohesion in part counteracts those effects. The role of
      social capital and neighborhoods, however, is highly gendered. The presence of
      women is a critical dimension of the social organization of immigrant communities
      and its effect extends beyond mere partner availability.

PMID- 26962269
TI  - Retirement migration, the 'other' story: caring for frail elderly British
      citizens in Spain.
AB  - Recent years have seen a growth in research on retirement/lifestyle migration to
      Spain, however this has tended to focus on the reasons for moving, as well as the
      lifestyles adopted as part of a healthy and active retirement. However, ageing in
      Spain can bring challenges as a person's resources for independent living
      diminish. This paper draws on narrative interviews with vulnerable older British
      people in Spain, focusing on those who have encountered a severe decline in
      health, are frail and in need of care. It looks at the formal and informal
      networks and agencies that support these individuals, in particular the resources
      and strategies they employ to access care. Drawing on a framework of care
      provision developed by Glucksmann and Lyons, four broad modes of provision for
      old age care used by older British people in Spain are identified: state/public,
      family/community, voluntary/not-for-profit and market/for-profit. The paper
      argues that there are language, cultural, spatial and financial barriers when
      accessing care in Spain as an older British citizen. It is concluded that there
      are some frail, vulnerable people that may fall through a support gap, whereby
      they are no longer the responsibility of UK welfare services, yet not fully
      recognised in their new country of residence, and asks if more should be done to
      support this population.

PMID- 26962268
TI  - Drug Design Strategies for GPCR Allosteric Modulators.

PMID- 26962270
TI  - Disability in U.S. Households, 2000-2010: Findings from the National Health
      Interview Survey.
AB  - Understanding the demographic structure of households containing members with
      disabilities is of key importance in policy planning for populations with
      disabilities at state and national levels. Yet, most, but not all, previous
      family-level studies of disability have excluded persons living alone or with
      unrelated persons (e.g., a housemate or an unmarried partner) because they are
      not considered families. To address this gap, the authors utilize National Health
      Interview Survey data to produce household-level estimates of disability using a
      detailed household type variable that includes households omitted from previous
      reports. Findings indicate that one-person households made up 24.7% of all
      households with an adult aged 18-64 with a disability, and 42.9% of all
      households with an adult aged 65 or older with a disability. Including nonfamily
      households provides a clearer picture of the association between living
      arrangements and disability in the U.S.

PMID- 26962271
TI  - Challenging biopower: "Liquid cuffs" and the "Junkie" habitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) is associated with
      improved quality of life amongst many heroin users. Still, program adherence
      problems remain a fact. AIM: To improve our understanding of MMTP "adherence
      problems". METHODS: Using snowball sampling, two subgroups were recruited: MMTP
      enrollees and non-enrollees. A semi-structured questionnaire guided all in-depth
      interviews. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, hand-coded and analyzed using
      a grounded theory approach. FINDINGS: Of 28 participants, 23 were male and
      Fifteen were in MMTP. All were NYC residents. Most were Hispanic (57%) and
      Caucasian (32%). The average age was 38 years. Twenty-two had a General
      Educational Development or less. All were poor and 64% were homeless. Many do not
      enroll in MMTP to quit heroin but to avoid physical withdrawals. Once enrolled,
      problems emerge with program regulations and methadone's pharmacology. These they
      refer to as "liquid cuffs". Drawing on Michel Foucault, methadone may be
      considered a disciplinary biopower technology that participants challenge using
      specific strategies. A "Junkie" habitus, crystallized by emotional and
      identitarian heroin-dispositions, also challenges biopower. CONCLUSIONS: The
      "liquid cuffs" experience along with the "Junkie" habitus effectively challenge
      disciplinary biopower. Loosening program regulations may improve quality of
      services and reduce harm.

PMID- 26962272
TI  - Visceral pain modulation in female primary afferent sensory neurons.
AB  - The variations in symptoms and pain perception across the menstrual cycle in a
      large percentage of women diagnosed with functional syndromes such as Irritable
      Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS), and Chronic Pelvic Pain
      (CPP), suggests the involvement of modulation of sex steroid hormones. Our recent
      studies have shown that estrogen modulation of visceral inputs of primary
      afferent nociceptors, located in the afferent primary sensory neurons of the
      dorsal root ganglia (DRG), accounts for the observed changes in nociception.
      Patients with CPP frequently experience pain from several organs. For patients
      with IBS, the most common co-morbid diagnoses include PBS and CPP. Pain is
      strongly associated with these diseases and the lack of awareness of their
      pathology is further illustrated by the fact that the average time between the
      onset of pain and the diagnosis is three to ten years. CPP patients may initially
      only have pain in the pelvis, but a multitude of mechanisms involving the
      peripheral and central nervous systems can lead to development of painful
      sensations in other adjacent organs; examples include lower colonic pain
      associated with IBS, and other viscera, such as the endometrium. In addition to
      the central regulation of pain, it is important to understand new pathways in
      which sex steroid hormones, such as estrogen, affect visceral nociception
      peripherally.

PMID- 26962273
TI  - "If Not Us, Then Who? If Not Now, Then When?" - The Need for Resource Stratified
      Guidelines.

PMID- 26962274
TI  - Experience in Strategic Networking to Promote Palliative Care in a Clinical
      Academic Setting in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Palliative care in low and middle-income countries is a new
      discipline, responding to a greater patient need, than in high-income countries.
      By its very nature, palliative as a specialty has to network with other
      specialties to provide quality care to patients. For any medical discipline to
      grow as a specialty, it should be well established in the teaching medical
      institutions of that country. Data show that palliative care is more likely to
      establish and grow in an academic health care institution. It is a necessity that
      multiple networking strategies are adopted to reach this goal. OBJECTIVES: (1) To
      describe a strategic approach to palliative care service development and
      integration into clinical academic setting. (2) To present the change in metrics
      to evaluate progress. DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a descriptive study wherein,
      the different strategies that are adopted by the Department of Palliative
      Medicine for networking in an academic health care institution and outside the
      institution are scrutinized. MEASUREMENT: The impact of this networking was
      assessed, one, at the level of academics and the other, at the level of service.
      The number of people who attended various training programs conducted by the
      department and the number of patients who availed palliative care service over
      the years were assessed. RESULTS: Ten different strategies were identified that
      helped with networking of palliative care in the institution. During this time,
      the referrals to the department increased both for malignant diseases (52-395)
      and nonmalignant diseases (5-353) from 2000 to 2013. The academic sessions
      conducted by the department for undergraduates also saw an increase in the number
      of hours from 6 to 12, apart from the increase in a number of courses conducted
      by the department for doctors and nurses. CONCLUSION: Networking is an essential
      strategy for the establishment of a relatively new medical discipline like
      palliative care in a developing and populous country like India, where the
      service is disproportionate to the demands.

PMID- 26962276
TI  - Pilot Testing of Triage Coding System in Home-based Palliative Care Using
      Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Home-based palliative care is an essential model of palliative care
      that aims to provide continuity of care at patient's own home in an effective and
      timely manner. This study was a pilot test of triage coding system in home-based
      palliative care using Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) scale. METHODS:
      Objective of the study was to evaluate if the triage coding system in home-based
      palliative care: (a) Facilitated timely intervention, (b) improved symptom
      control, and (c) avoided hospital deaths. Homecare services were coded as high
      (Group 1 - ESAS scores >=7), medium (Group 2 - ESAS scores 4-6), and low (Group 3
      - ESAS scores 0-3) priority based on ESAS scores. In high priority group,
      patients received home visit in 0-3 working days; medium priority group, patients
      received home visit in 0-10 working days; and low priority group, patients
      received home visit in 0-15 working days. The triage duration of home visit was
      arbitrarily decided based on the previous retrospective audit and consensus of
      the experts involved in prioritization and triaging in home care. RESULTS: "High
      priority" patients were visited in 2.63 +/- 0.75 days; "medium priority" patients
      were visited in 7.00 +/- 1.5 days, and "low priority" patients were visited in
      10.54 +/- 2.7 days. High and medium priority groups had a statistically
      significant improvement in most of the ESAS symptoms following palliative home
      care intervention. Intergroup comparison showed that improvement in symptoms was
      the highest in high priority group compared to medium and low priority group.
      There was an 8.5% increase in home and hospice deaths following the introduction
      of triage coding system. There was a significant decrease in deaths in the
      hospital in Group 1 (6.3%) (chi (2) = 27.3, P < 0.001) compared to Group 2
      (28.6%) and Group 3 (15.4%). Group 2 had more hospital deaths. Interval duration
      from triaging to first intervention was a significant predictor of survival with
      odds ratio 0.75 indicating that time taken for intervention from triaging was
      more significantly affecting survival than group triaging. CONCLUSION: Pilot
      study of testing triaging coding system in home-based palliative care showed,
      triage coding system: (a) Facilitated early palliative home care intervention,
      (b) improved symptom control, (c) decreased hospital deaths, predominantly in
      high priority group, and (d) time taken for intervention from triaging was a
      significant predictor of survival.

PMID- 26962275
TI  - Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Spirituality Questionnaire for
      Indian Palliative Care Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are only a few studies on spirituality among palliative care
      patients in India. This gap in research may be caused by the absence of relevant
      questionnaires and scales specifically designed for Indian palliative care
      populations. In this study, we describe the development of such a questionnaire
      and explain its psychometric characteristics. METHODS: We designed a
      questionnaire on the basis of a systematic review of the literature. After a
      review of the questionnaire by specialists and a subsequent pilot study, the
      questionnaire was amended. The final questionnaire consisted of a list of 36
      spirituality items. It was administered to a sample of 300 cancer patients
      attending the pain clinic of a tertiary hospital in New Delhi. RESULTS: A factor
      analysis led to four factors explaining 54.6% of variance: Shifting moral and
      religious values (Factor 1), support from religious relationship (Factor 2),
      existential blame (Factor 3), and spiritual trust (Factor 4). The skewness and
      kurtosis for Factors 1, 3, and 4 were within a tolerable range for assuming a
      normal distribution, but Factor 2 was skewed. The alphas showed that the four
      factors have an acceptable internal consistency. Statistically significant
      associations were observed for age and Factor 3 (P = 0.004), gender and Factor 4
      (P = 0.014), marital status and Factors 3 (P = 0.002) and 4 (P = 0.001),
      educational level and Factors 3 (P < 0.001) and 4 (P < 0.001), and pain scores
      and Factors 1 (P < 0.001), 2 (P < 0.001), and 3 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The
      questionnaire offers promising prospects for the study of spirituality among
      palliative care patients in India.

PMID- 26962277
TI  - Social Determinants of Dementia and Caregivers' Perspectives in the Field
      Practice Villages of Rural Health Training Centre, Thiruvennainallur.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: (1) To find out the prevalence of dementia in the study population
      and its social determinants. (2) To explore the family caregivers' perceptions
      and their support needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS - STUDY SETTING: This study was
      undertaken in the field practice area of 55 villages of three Primary Health
      Centres in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu. STUDY DESIGN: An exploratory mixed
      methods study design, where a qualitative method (key informant interview) was
      followed by a quantitative method (survey). SAMPLE SIZE: A representative sample
      of 1300 respondents was selected by two-stage sampling. ANALYSIS: Manual content
      analysis was done for qualitative data. Multiple logistic regression was
      performed on quantitative data. RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia among study
      sample was found to be 3.1%. The determinants for dementia were age, sex,
      socioeconomic status, and previous involvement in family decision making and
      cardiovascular risk factors. The family caregivers strongly felt that caregiving
      interferes with their personal and professional life; they also felt that
      caregiving is an integral part of Indian culture, and the elderly prefer home
      based care. Caregivers preferred government owned public health facility for
      medical care. All the responding caregivers strongly felt that they are not
      adequately trained in caregiving. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Routine
      screening of elderly for early identification of dementia and its medical and
      social risk factors should be initiated in primary health care facility. Care of
      caregivers should be seen as an integral part of dementia care program.

PMID- 26962278
TI  - Prevalence of Hyponatremia in Palliative Care Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hyponatremia is an undertreated finding in clinical practice. It is
      the most common electrolyte abnormality. Hyponatremia can be asymptomatic or can
      cause symptoms ranging from nausea and lethargy to convulsions and coma.
      Palliative care patients have a multitude of symptoms and there are several
      contributing factors towards this. Hyponatremia could be one of the contributing
      factors. Looking at the prevalence of hyponatremia would highlight the magnitude
      of the problem and would prompt healthcare professionals to investigate and treat
      hyponatremia in palliative care patients, which in turn might reduce symptoms
      such as fatigue and nausea. This could improve the quality of life in palliative
      care patients. AIM: To assess the prevalence of hyponatremia among patients
      referred for palliative care in a tertiary care hospital. METHODOLOGY: This is a
      descriptive study, with retrospective analysis of consecutive patient charts for
      5 years. The sodium levels at the time of referral for palliative care, was
      reviewed. Inferential statistics for the result was calculated using the Z-test.
      RESULTS: Of the 2666 consecutive patient charts that were reviewed, sodium values
      were recorded in 796 charts. Among the recorded charts, 28.8 % of patients showed
      hyponatremia at the time of referral which was significant with a P value of
      0.000 (<0.05). Of these, 61.1 % had malignancy as their diagnosis and the rest
      had nonmalignant diseases, ranging from trauma to chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of hyponatremia is significant in palliative
      care patients. A prospective study looking at the causes and clinical outcomes
      associated with hyponatremia in palliative care patients is needed.

PMID- 26962279
TI  - Intensive Care Unit Physician's Attitudes on Do Not Resuscitate Order in
      Palestine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is some ambiguity concerning the do-not-resuscitate (DNR)
      orders in the Arabic world. DNR is an order written by a doctor, approved by the
      patient or patient surrogate, which instructs health care providers to not do CPR
      when cardiac or respiratory arrest occurs. Therefore, this research study
      investigated the attitudes of Intensive Care Unit physicians and nurses on DNR
      order in Palestine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 123 males and females from
      four different hospitals voluntarily participated in this study by signing a
      consent form; which was approved by the Ethical Committee at Birzeit University
      and the Ministry of Health. A non-experimental, quantitative, descriptive, and co
      relational method was used, the data collection was done by a three page form
      consisting of the consent form, demographical data, and 24 item-based
      questionnaire based on a 5-point-Likert scale from strongly agree (score 1) to
      strongly disagree (score 5). RESULTS: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences
      (SPSS) software program version 17.0 was used to analyze the data. Finding showed
      no significant relationship between culture and opinion regarding the DNR order,
      but religion did. There was statistical significance difference between the
      physicians' and nurses' religious beliefs, but there was no correlation.
      Moreover, a total of 79 (64.3%) physicians and nurses agreed with legalizing the
      DNR order in Palestine. CONCLUSION: There was a positive attitude towards the
      legalization of the DNR order in Palestine, and culture and religion did not have
      any affect towards their attitudes regarding the legalization in Palestine.

PMID- 26962280
TI  - Nurses' Perceptions of Spirituality and Spiritual Care Giving: A Comparison Study
      Among All Health Care Sectors in Jordan.
AB  - AIMS: This study aimed to describe nurses' perceptions of spirituality and
      spiritual care in Jordan, and to investigate the relationship between their
      perceptions and their demographic variables. METHODS: The study used a cross
      sectional descriptive design and recruited a convenience sample of 408 Jordanian
      registered nurses to complete the spiritual care giving scale. RESULTS: The
      findings of the study demonstrated that most of the participating nurses had a
      high level of spirituality and spiritual care perception. Significant differences
      were found between male and female nurses' perceptions of spirituality and
      spiritual care (P < 0.05); previous attendance of courses on spiritual care also
      made a significant difference to perceptions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The
      research findings suggest that, Jordanian nurses' gender made a difference in
      their perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. They had satisfactory
      levels of perception of spirituality and spiritual care. Moreover, spiritual care
      courses appeared to have a positive impact on their perception of spirituality
      and spiritual care. Enhancing nursing care by integrating standardized spiritual
      care into the current nursing care, training, and education should also be
      emphasized.

PMID- 26962282
TI  - Prescription Pattern of Analgesic Drugs for Patients Receiving Palliative Care in
      a Teaching Hospital in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drugs used in the palliative care unit for managing symptoms are
      major contributors toward the expenditure occurring in palliative care. This
      study was conducted to understand the prescription pattern of analgesic drugs in
      the patients who are receiving palliative care in a teaching hospital in India by
      a retrospective study of case records. METHODS: Case record based, retrospective,
      descriptive study was conducted at the Pain and Palliative Care Department of St.
      John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru. Case record files of all patients
      referred to Pain and Palliative Care Department for the treatment of pain in the
      year of 2012 were studied. Patients' age, gender, diagnoses, numerical pain
      rating scale (0-10), drugs prescribed, dosage, frequency, route of administration
      were recorded. The difference in drug utilization between the genders was done
      using Chi-square test. Data were collected from 502 patients of which 280 (56%)
      were males and 222 (44%) were females. Twelve percent of patients had mild pain
      (1-3), 34% had moderate pain (4-6), and 54% had severe pain (7-10). The most
      commonly used analgesic drugs were opioids (47%), followed by nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (36%). The opioids used were tramadol (56%), and morphine
      (38%). Ninety percent of patients with numerical pain scale more than 6 received
      morphine. There was no difference in analgesic drug utilization with regards to
      gender. Prescription pattern differed depending on the severity of pain. Opioids
      were the most commonly used drugs for pain management. CONCLUSION: The study
      shows that prescription pattern in palliative care unit of this hospital was in
      accordance with WHO pain management guidelines. The study showed the current
      trend in prescription of analgesic drugs in the teaching hospital where the study
      was conducted.

PMID- 26962281
TI  - Unilobar Versus Bilobar Biliary Drainage: Effect on Quality of Life and Bilirubin
      Level Reduction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Percutaneous biliary drainage is an accepted palliative treatment for
      malignant biliary obstruction. PURPOSE: To assess the effect on quality of life
      (QOL) and bilirubin level reduction in patients with inoperable malignant biliary
      obstruction treated by unilobar or bilobar percutaneous transhepatic biliary
      drainage (PTBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a period of 2 years, 49 patients
      (age range, 22-75 years) of inoperable malignant biliary obstruction were treated
      by PTBD. Technical and clinical success rates, QOL, patency rates, survival
      rates, and complications were recorded. Clinical success rates, QOL, and
      bilirubin reduction were compared in patients treated with complete (n = 21)
      versus partial (n = 28) liver parenchyma drainage. QOL before and 1 month after
      biliary drainage were analyzed retrospectively between these two groups. RESULTS:
      Biliary drainage was successful in all 49 patients, with an overall significant
      reduction of the postintervention bilirubin levels (P < 0.001) resulting in
      overall clinical success rate of 89.97%. Clinical success rates were similar in
      patients treated with whole-liver drainage versus partial-liver drainage. Mean
      serum bilirubin level before PTBD was 19.85 mg/dl and after the procedure at 1
      month was 6.02 mg/dl. The mean baseline functional score was 39.35, symptom scale
      score was 59.55, and global health score was 27.45. At 1 month, mean functional
      score was 61.25, symptom scale score was 36.0 4, and global health score was
      56.33, with overall significant improvement in QOL (<0.001). There was a
      statistically significant difference in the improvement of the QOL scores (P =
      0.002), among patients who achieved clinical success, compared with those
      patients who did not achieve clinical success at 1 month. We did not find any
      significant difference in the QOL scores in patients according to the amount of
      liver drained (unilateral or bilateral drainage), the type of internalization
      used (ring biliary or stent). Overall, minor and major complications rates were
      14.3% and 8.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous biliary drainage provides
      good palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice. Partial-liver drainage
      achieved results as good as those after complete liver drainage with significant
      improvements in QOL and reduction of the bilirubin level.

PMID- 26962284
TI  - Burning Mouth Syndrome.
AB  - Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is multifactorial in origin which is typically
      characterized by burning and painful sensation in an oral cavity demonstrating
      clinically normal mucosa. Although the cause of BMS is not known, a complex
      association of biological and psychological factors has been identified,
      suggesting the existence of a multifactorial etiology. As the symptom of oral
      burning is seen in various pathological conditions, it is essential for a
      clinician to be aware of how to differentiate between symptom of oral burning and
      BMS. An interdisciplinary and systematic approach is required for better patient
      management. The purpose of this study was to provide the practitioner with an
      understanding of the local, systemic, and psychosocial factors which may be
      responsible for oral burning associated with BMS, and review of treatment
      modalities, therefore providing a foundation for diagnosis and treatment of BMS. 

PMID- 26962283
TI  - Percutaneous Image-guided Radiofrequency Ablation of Tumors in Inoperable
      Patients - Immediate Complications and Overall Safety.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous destruction of cancer cells using a radiofrequency
      energy source has become an accepted part of the modern armamentarium for
      managing malignancies. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a relatively novel
      procedure for treating recurrent and metastatic tumors. It is used for debulking
      tumors and as adjuvant therapy for palliative care apart from its role as a pain
      management tool. Its use in the third world countries is limited by various
      factors such as cost and expertise. In the remotest parts of India, where
      economic development has been slow, abject poverty with poor health care
      facilities advanced malignancies present a challenge to health care providers. We
      undertook this study to assess the safety of the percutaneous RFA tumor ablation
      as a therapeutic or palliative measure in patients where surgery was not
      possible. We observed that RFA may be an effective, alternative therapeutic
      modality for some inoperable tumors where other therapeutic modalities cannot be
      considered. CONTEXT: Palliative and therapeutic image-guided RFAs of tumors may
      be the only treatment option in patients who are inoperable for a variety of
      reasons. To assess the safety and complications of RFA in such a patient
      population is important before embarking upon any interventions given their
      physically, mentally, and socially compromised status in a country such as India.
      AIMS: To assess the safety of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency tumor
      ablation and to note the various immediate and early complications of the
      intervention. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a prospective, observational study
      conducted in Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: After approval by the Hospital Approval Committee all patients who
      consented for percutaneous RFA of their tumor admitted in the hospital were
      included after taking fully informed consent from patient/close relative keeping
      the following criteria in view. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients who were likely to
      derive a direct benefit in the survival or as a palliative measure for relief in
      their symptoms and patients who were inoperable because of any of the following
      reasons: (1) Exhausted conventional treatment options, (2) technical and
      anatomical contraindications to conventional treatment, (3) medical comorbidities
      precluding surgery, (4) patient refusal, (5) recurrent tumors, and (6) advanced
      tumor stage. Conventional Treatment has been defined as surgical resection,
      radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy, although the patient eligibility for each
      treatment may vary. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with the following were
      excluded: (1) Severe coagulopathy, (2) heart, renal, or liver failure, (3)
      lesions within 1 cm of gall bladder, hilum, bowel wall, and major blood vessels,
      (4) patient with any metal implant, (5) patients in sepsis, and (6) tumor
      adjacent to structures at risk (main bile ducts, pericardium, stomach, or bowel).
      RESULTS: The duration of procedure as well as ablation of tumor free margin was
      significantly related to the size of the tumor. As the size of tumor increased,
      duration of procedure increased significantly. A good tumor-free margin also
      needs to be ablated for optimum results as it prevents residual tumors and
      recurrences in the future. We observed that tumors sized <3.1 cm were optimal in
      this regard. Most common adverse event in postprocedure period was pain in and
      around ablation site. Post-RFA syndrome is also a common and benign self-limiting
      side effect. Patient counseling and proper selection of patients in the early
      stages of malignancy can enhance the efficacy of the procedure and patient
      satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous image-guided RFA is an option in patients
      where most other tumor management modalities have been exhausted or rejected. RFA
      may not be free from side effects such as postablation syndrome, pain, and there
      may be other serious complications such as bleeding, but based on our
      observations, percutaneous image-guided RFA of tumors is a safe palliative and
      therapeutic treatment option.

PMID- 26962285
TI  - Myofacial Trigger Points in Advanced Cancer Patients.
AB  - Myofascial pain syndrome is started to be recognized as one of important factors
      of pain in cancer patients. However, no reports on features of myofascial trigger
      points were found in terminally-ill cancer populations. This time, we encountered
      5 patients with myofascial pain syndrome and terminal cancer in whom delirium
      developed due to increased doses of opioid without a diagnosis of myofascial pain
      syndrome on initial presentation. The delirium subsided with dose reductions of
      opioid and treatment of myofascial pain syndrome. The common reason for a delayed
      diagnosis among the patients included an incomplete palpation of the painful
      sites, which led to unsuccessful myofascial trigger points identification. The
      features of myofascial trigger points included single onset in the cancer pain
      management site with opioid and the contralateral abdominal side muscles of the
      non-common sites. Withdrawal reflexes associated with cancer pain in the supine
      position, which are increasingly seen in the terminal cancer patients, were
      considered to have contributed to this siuation. We consider that careful
      palpation of the painful site is important, in order to obtain greater knowledge
      and understanding of the features of myofascial trigger points. 

PMID- 26962287
TI  - Gabapentin for Chronic Refractory Cancer Cough.
AB  - Vagal sensory neuropathy or vagal hypersensitivity has been implicated in the
      pathophysiology of chronic cough. Earlier reports have shown gabapentin to be
      effective in sensory laryngeal neuropathy and symptom conditions that have a
      proven neural origin. We present a case report of a patient with chronic
      refractory cough due to a soft tissue mass in the lung that caused compression of
      the mediastinal structures. The patient was successfully treated with gabapentin
      with reduction in the cough intensity, duration, and frequency. 

PMID- 26962286
TI  - A New Perspective of Neuromyopathy to Explain Intractable Pancreatic Cancer
      Pains; Dry Needling as an Effective Adjunct to Neurolytic Blocks.
AB  - We present a new perspective of neuromyopathy in pancreatic cancer pain (PCP)
      referral to bodywall; proposal of new rationale to include ultrasound guided dry
      needling (USGDN) of body wall muscles as an effective adjunct to neurolytic
      coeliac plexus block (NCPB) or splanchnic nerve radiofrequency ablation (SRF) for
      comprehensive interventional management. METHODS: PCP response to SRF in 2
      patients and NCPB in 3 patients was documented on numerical rating scale (NRS) on
      post procedure days 3 and 15. If the residual pain was >5 NRS on day 15, USGDN of
      abdominal and back muscles was started on a thrice weekly basis. The response to
      USGDN documented on day 30 after approximately 6 sessions of DN, showed a
      significant pain reduction (0-2 NRS) with 50% reduction of pre-treatment opioid
      consumption. This was sustained at 6 months or till their demise. Convergence of
      visceral and somatic nerves at the dorsal horn (viscerosomatic neurons) causes
      referral of visceral pain to the back and abdominal muscles. This leads to
      formation of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the muscles which sets up a
      parallel network of sensitized peripheral and central motor nociceptive
      processing (neuromyopathy). USGDN specifically addressed the MTrPs that develop
      as an epiphenomenon of self-perpetuating neuromyopathy while SRF/NCPB, analgesics
      and neuromodulators could address only visceral nociceptive afferents (pain
      mediated through celiac plexus) which forms a meagre 10% of the total spinal cord
      afferent input. Thus, we conclude that combination of neuromyopathy and
      viscerosomatic convergence in PCP indicate a specific role for DN as an adjunct
      to SRF/NCPB in our patients.

PMID- 26962288
TI  - Retroperitoneal Endodermal Sinus Tumor Patient with Palliative Care Needs.
AB  - This article is a case reflection of a personal encounter on the palliative care
      treatment required after the removal of a complicated case of a primary extra
      gonadal retro-peritoneal endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). This reflection
      is from the perspective of a recently graduated MD student who spent one month
      with an Indian pain management and palliative care team at the Institute Rotary
      Cancer Hospital (IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New
      Delhi. 

PMID- 26962289
TI  - Pregabalin in Chemotherapy Induced Neuropathic Pain.
AB  - Chemotherapeutic agents belonging to vinca alkaloids, taxanes, and antitubulins
      produce peripheral neuropathy for which there is no validated treatment.
      Pregabalin, a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog, is known to inhibit thealpha2delta
      subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel. Earlier studies and case reports
      have shown pregabalin to be effective in treating neuropathic pain. We present a
      case series of patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy who were
      successfully treated with pregabalin with reduction in the hyperalgesia,
      allodynia, and improvement in the quality of life. 

PMID- 26962290
TI  - Maintaining the Social Flow of Evidence-Informed Palliative Care: Use and Misuse
      of YouTube.
AB  - This review article is aimed to explore the use of the social media website
      YouTube (www.youtube.com) as an evidence resource in palliative care, for
      patients and caregivers, students and professionals, and providers and policy
      makers in developing countries' settings. The reviewed evidence reiterated the
      role of this social media website in palliative care practice, education and
      research in the area of cancer. Efficacy studies on impact of such media on
      palliative care delivery in developing countries are still lacking. 

PMID- 26962292
TI  - I Wish I Could Prevent My Grandma's Suffering....!!!

PMID- 26962291
TI  - Smarter palliative care for cancer: Use of smartphone applications.
AB  - Smartphones are technologically advanced mobile phone devices which use software
      similar to computer-based devices as a user-friendly interface. This review
      article is aimed to inform the palliative care professionals, cancer patients and
      their caregivers about the role of smartphone applications (apps) in the delivery
      of palliative care services, through a brief review of existing literature on the
      development, feasibility, analysis, and effectiveness of such apps. There is a
      dearth need for sincere palliative care clinicians to work together with software
      professionals to develop the suitable smartphone apps in accordance with the
      family/caregivers' necessities and patients' biopsychosocial characteristics that
      influence the technology driven evidence informed palliative cancer care. 

PMID- 26962293
TI  - Systematic Analysis of Yeast Proteome Reveals Peptide Detectability Factors for
      Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Here we used a data-independent acquisition (DIA) method, Precursor Acquisition
      Independent from Ion Count (PAcIFIC), to systematically profile the S. cerevisiae
      proteome. Direct PAcIFIC analysis of a yeast whole cell lysate (WCL) yielded 90%
      reproducibility between replicates and detected approximately 2000 proteins. When
      combined with sub-cellular fractionation, reproducibility was equally high and
      the number of detected yeast proteins approached 5000. As noted previously, this
      unbiased DIA approach identified so-called "orphan" peptides that could only be
      detected by tandem mass spectra because there was no detectable precursor ion.
      Using this unique dataset we examined features associated with peptide
      detectability and demonstrated that orphans were more likely to arise from low
      copy number proteins than proteins with median or high copy number. Finally, an
      investigation into why some orphans also arose from high copy number proteins
      found that, aside from protein copy number, there was a bias toward
      physiochemical factors associated with regions flanking the proteolytic cleavage
      sites of orphan peptides. This suggested that those orphan peptides originating
      from high abundance proteins were likely the result of inefficient protease
      release, which has implications for quantitative bottom-up proteomics.

PMID- 26962294
TI  - Reduced PARP1 as a Serum Biomarker for Graft Rejection in Kidney Transplantation.
AB  - A serum proteomics platform enabling expression Profiling in transplantation
      associated clinical subsets gives an opportunity to identify non-invasive
      biomarkers that can accurately predict transplant outcome. In this study, we
      attempted to identify candidate serum biomarkers that could predict kidney
      allograft rejection/injury, regardless of its etiological and therapeutic
      heterogeneity. Using serum samples collected from kidney transplantation patients
      and healthy controls, we first employed Clontech-500 Ab microarrays to Profile
      acute rejection (AR) and chronic graft injury (CGI) versus stable graft function
      (SF) and normal kidneys (NK). Using GenePattern analysis of duplicate arrays on
      pooled samples, we identified gender-independent biomarkers PARP1, MAPK1, SRP54,
      DP1, and p57 (FDR ~ 25%), the concordant downregulation of which represented a
      detrimental Profile common for both rejection/ injury types (AR-CGI). The reverse
      phase arrays qualified a 2-fold upregulation of PARP1 with an ROC of 0.87 in
      individual samples from patients with SF vs. AR-CGI rendering serum PARP1 as a
      biomarker for early prognosis. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) connected PARP1
      to some other markers (MAPK1), elucidating their possible interactions and
      connections to the immune response and graft-versus-host disease signaling. The
      downregulation of serum PARP1 in the damaged graft tissues, represents a
      perspective non-invasive marker, predicting the failing kidney graft, regardless
      of rejection/injury causes or gender. Thus, the successful identification of
      PARP1 as a bio-marker in limited patient cohorts demonstrates that serum
      proteomics platform empowered by the GenePattern- and IPA-based Bioinformatics
      algorithm can guarantee a successful development of the clinically applicable
      prognostic biomarker panel.

PMID- 26962295
TI  - A Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Urine from Gamma-Irradiated Non-Human
      Primates.
AB  - The molecular effects of total body gamma-irradiation exposure are of critical
      importance as large populations of people could be exposed either by terrorists,
      nuclear blast, or medical therapy. In this study, we aimed to identify changes in
      the urine proteome using a non-human primate model system, Rhesus macaque, in
      order to characterize effects of acute radiation syndrome following whole body
      irradiation (Co-60) at 6.7 Gy and 7.4 Gy with a twelve day observation period.
      The urine proteome is potentially a valuable and non-invasive diagnostic for
      radiation exposure. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified 2346
      proteins in the urine proteome. We show proteins involved in disease, cell
      adhesion, and metabolic pathway were significantly changed upon exposure to
      differing levels and durations of radiation exposure. Cell damage increased at a
      faster rate at 7.4 Gy compared with 6.7 Gy exposures. We report sets of proteins
      that are putative biomarkers of time- and dose-dependent radiation exposure. The
      proteomic study presented here is a comprehensive analysis of the urine proteome
      following radiation exposure.

PMID- 26962296
TI  - The Influence of General Discrimination and Social Context on Young Urban
      Expecting Couples' Mental Health.
AB  - Young expecting parents face a great deal of challenges as they transition into
      parenthood. This paper sought to identify racial and gender differences in the
      relationship between general discrimination, neighborhood problems, neighborhood
      cohesion, and social support on the depressive and stress symptoms among young
      expecting couples. Results indicated perceived general discrimination and less
      social support was associated with increased stress and depression. More
      neighborhood problems were related to increased depression and more neighborhood
      cohesion was related to less stress. Moderator analyses showed that the influence
      of general discrimination and stress was stronger for women than men. In
      addition, neighborhood cohesion was protective on stress for Blacks and Whites
      but not for Hispanics. These results indicate the need to address the broader
      social context for young expectant couples.

PMID- 26962300
TI  - Functionalized Metallated Cavitands via Imidation and Late-Stage Elaboration.
AB  - Efficient methods for the preparation of functionalized metallated cavitands are
      described. Functional groups can be either introduced by an imidation of metal
      oxo complexes or by a late-stage elaboration of the imido ligands. By using
      diversified iminophosphorane (PPh3=NR) reagents, pi-conjugated pyrene, redox
      active ferrocene and polymerizable norbornene moieties were successfully
      introduced. Furthermore, the iodo and alkynyl groups on the imido ligands are
      capable of undergoing efficient Sonogashira cross-coupling and copper-catalyzed
      azide alkyne cycloaddition reactions, thereby providing facile access to complex
      architectures containing metallated cavitands.

PMID- 26962301
TI  - Perceived needs and level of satisfaction with care by family members of
      critically ill patients at Muhimbili National hospital intensive care units,
      Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Earlier studies in developed and a few developing countries have
      documented experiences of family members with critically-ill patients. However,
      in Tanzania no documented studies could be found in this study area. The aim of
      this study was therefore to explore the Tanzanian family members' perceived needs
      and level of satisfaction with care of their critically-ill patients, in the
      intensive care units in the Muhimbili National Hospital. METHODS: A descriptive
      cross-sectional study was undertaken, using a quantitative approach. A semi
      structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The sample size was 110
      respondents, comprised of individuals who visited critically-ill patients in the
      intensive care unit. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 14. RESULTS: The study
      revealed that 72 % of the family members perceived having a specific person to
      call at the hospital when a related family member was not available at the
      hospital as a very important need. Only 23 % of the respondents perceived the
      need of talking about the possibility of their patients' death as very important.
      The nurses' provision of care to the patients of the family members was found to
      be satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The perceived needs and level of satisfaction of
      family members of critically-ill patients calls for nurses to improve the quality
      of care to patients' family members, which in return will enhance the patient's
      recovery.

PMID- 26962302
TI  - Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha up-regulates microRNA
      let-7a-1 in lung cancer cells by direct binding.
AB  - AIMS: The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha)
      and microRNA (miRNA) let-7a-1 act as tumor suppressors in many types of cancers
      including lung cancer. In the present study, we aim to investigate whether let-7a
      1 is a novel important target of C/EBPalpha in lung cancer cells. METHODS: The
      DNA sequence of the 2.1 kb let-7a-1 promoter was analyzed with MatInspector 4.1
      (http://www.genomatix.de). Human lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299, and human
      cervical cancer cell line Hela were used for transfection. Total RNA was
      extracted from cells using Trizol reagent and pri-let-7a-1 mRNA expression was
      measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting
      was performed to detect C/EBPalpha protein expression. To test whether C/EBP
      alpha could up-regulate the expression level of let-7a at transcription level,
      dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was carried out. To determine whether
      C/EBPalpha could bind let-7a-1 promoter, electrophoretic mobility shift assay was
      employed. To further confirm the direct targeting let-7a-1 promoter by
      C/EBPalpha, chromatin immunoprecipitation was used. RESULTS: Both C/EBPalpha and
      let-7a-1 were down-regulated in lung cancer A549 and H1299 cells, but up
      regulated in Hela cells. Transfection and reporter gene assay showed that
      C/EBPalpha increased the expression of let-7a-1 at transcription level.
      Bioinformatics assay identified four putative C/EBP elements within let-7a-1
      promoter. Dual-luciferase reporter gene, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and
      chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that these four elements
      mediated the up-regulation effect of C/EBPalpha on let-7a-1. CONCLUSIONS: The
      present study reveals that decreased C/EBPalpha contributes to the down
      regulation of miRNA let-7a-1 in lung cancer cells.

PMID- 26962298
TI  - Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Plants.
AB  - Reversible protein phosphorylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism that
      controls many biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, phosphorylation
      events primarily occur on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, while in
      certain cases, it was also discovered on tyrosine (Tyr) residues. In contrary to
      plants, extensive reports on Tyr phosphorylation regulating a large numbers of
      biological processes exist in animals. Despite of such prodigious function in
      animals, Tyr phosphorylation is a least studied mechanism of protein regulation
      in plants. Recently, various chemical analytical procedures have strengthened the
      view that Tyr phosphorylation is equally prevalent in plants as in animals.
      However, regardless of Tyr phosphorylation events occuring in plants, no evidence
      could be found for the existence of gene encoding for Tyr phosphorylation i.e.
      the typical Tyr kinases. Various methodologies have suggested that plant
      responses to stress signals and developmental processes involved modifications in
      protein Tyr phosphorylation. Correspondingly, various reports have established
      the role of PTPs (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases) in the dephosphorylation and
      inactivation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) hence, in the
      regulation of MAPK signaling cascade. Besides this, many dual specificity protein
      phosphatases (DSPs) are also known to bind starch and regulate starch metabolism
      through reversible phosphorylation. Here, we are emphasizing the significant
      progress on protein Tyr phosphatases to understand the role of these enzymes in
      the regulation of post-translational modification in plant physiology and
      development. 

PMID- 26962299
TI  - Role of Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Radial Deficiencies in Humans.
AB  - Radial deficiencies (RDs), defined as under/abnormal development or absence of
      any of the structures of the forearm, radial carpal bones and thumb, occur with a
      live birth incidence ranging from 1 out of 30,000 to 1 out 6,000 newborns and
      represent about one third/one fourth of all the congenital upper limb anomalies.
      About half of radial disorders have a mendelian cause and pattern of inheritance,
      whereas the remaining half appears sporadic with no known gene involved. In
      sporadic forms certain anomalies, such as thumb or radial hypoplasia, may occur
      either alone or in association with systemic conditions, like vertebral
      abnormalities or renal defects. All the cases with a mendelian inheritance are
      syndromic forms, which include cardiac defects (in Holt-Oram syndrome), bone
      marrow failure (in Fanconi anemia), platelet deficiency (in thrombocytopenia
      absent-radius syndrome), ocular motility impairment (in Okihiro syndrome). The
      genetics of radial deficiencies is complex, characterized by genetic
      heterogeneity and high inter- and intra-familial clinical variability: this
      review will analyze the etiopathogenesis and the genotype/phenotype correlations
      of the main radial deficiency disorders in humans. 

PMID- 26962303
TI  - The acute effects of multi-ingredient pre-workout ingestion on strength
      performance, lower body power, and anaerobic capacity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) are popular among
      resistance trained individuals. Previous research has indicated that acute MIPS
      ingestion may increase muscular endurance when using a hypertrophy-based protocol
      but less is known in regard to their effects on strength performance and high
      intensity running capacity. Therefore, the purpose was to determine if short
      term, MIPS ingestion influences strength performance and anaerobic running
      capacity. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, crossover
      design; 12 males (19 +/- 1 yrs.; 180 +/- 12 cm; 89.3 +/- 11 kg; 13.6 +/- 4.9 %BF)
      had their body composition assessed followed by 5-repetition maximum (5RM)
      determination of back squat (BS; 119.3 +/- 17.7 kg) and bench press (BP; 92.1 +/-
      17.8 kg) exercises. On two separate occasions subjects ingested a MIPS or a
      placebo (P) 30-minutes prior to performing a counter movement vertical jump test,
      5 sets of 5 repetitions at 85 % of 5RM of BS and BP, followed by a single set to
      failure, and an anaerobic capacity sprint test to assess peak and mean power.
      Subjective markers of energy levels and fatigue were also assessed. Subjects
      returned one week later for a second testing session using counter treatment.
      RESULTS: MIPS resulted in a greater number of repetitions performed in the final
      set to failure in the BP (MIPS, 9.8 +/- 1.7 repetitions; P, 9.1 +/- 2; p = 0.03,
      d = 0.38), which led to a greater total volume load (set x repetitions x load) in
      the MIPS (753 +/- 211 kg) compared to P (710 +/- 226 kg; p =0.03, d = .20). MIPS
      ingestion improved subjective markers of fatigue (p = 0.01, d = 3.78) and
      alertness (p = 0.048, d = 2.72) following a bout of resistance training. An
      increase in mean power was observed in the MIPS condition (p = 0.03, d = 0.25)
      during the anaerobic sprint test. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that acute
      ingestion of a MIPS study may increase upper body muscular endurance. In
      addition, acute MIPS ingestion improved mean power output during an anaerobic
      capacity sprint test. However, the practical significance of these performance
      related outcomes may be minimal due to the small effect sizes observed. MIPS
      ingestion does appear to positively influence subjective markers of fatigue and
      alertness during high-intensity exercise.

PMID- 26962304
TI  - Extracellular vesicle proteomes reflect developmental phases of Bacillus
      subtilis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EV) are spherical membrane-bound vesicles
      with nano-scale diameters, which are shed to the extracellular region by most
      eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Bacterial EV are proposed to contribute to
      intercellular communication, bacterial survival and human pathogenesis as a novel
      secretion system. EV have been characterized from many Gram-negative species and,
      more recently, from several vegetative Gram-positive bacteria. Further
      characterization of EV and their molecular cargos will contribute to
      understanding bacterial physiology and to developing therapeutic approaches.
      RESULTS: Bacillus subtilis were observed to release EV to a similar extent during
      sporulation as during the vegetative growth phase. However, the two vesicular
      cargos show qualitatively and quantitatively different proteomes. Among 193 total
      proteins identified across both samples, 61 were shown to be significantly more
      abundant in EV shed by sporulating cells, with (log) ratio of spectral counts RSC
      > 1 and Fisher-exact test FDR < 5 %. Sixty-two proteins were found to be
      significantly more abundant in EV shed by vegetative cells. Membrane fusion was
      shown to take place between these EVs and Gram-positive cells. CONCLUSION:
      Biogenesis of EV is a continuous process over the entire life cycle of this
      sporulating bacterium. The formation of EV during sporulation is strongly
      supported by the delineation of protein content that differs from the proteome of
      EV formed by vegetative spores.

PMID- 26962306
TI  - A Prospective and Controlled Clinical Trial on Stromal Vascular Fraction Enriched
      Fat Grafts in Secondary Breast Reconstruction.
AB  - Background. Fat grafting is a tremendous tool in secondary breast reconstruction.
      Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) enriched fat grafts have been presenting
      promising results regarding volume maintenance. Methods. We developed a method
      that produces a superior SVF enrichment rate (2 : 1) in the operating theatre.
      This prospective and controlled trial analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively
      fat grafts with (stem cells group, SG) and without (control group, CG) SVF
      enrichment in secondary breast reconstruction, through MRI-based volumetry,
      immunophenotyping, and cell counting. Also, patient satisfaction, aesthetic
      outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Results. Volumetric persistence in the
      SG was 78,9% and 51,4% in the CG; however it did not reach statistical
      significant difference. CD90 was the only marker highly expressed in the SG and
      showed a positive correlation with volumetric persistence (r = 0.651, p = 0.03).
      Fat necrosis occurred in 4 patients in the SG and in none in the CG. Patients in
      the CG showed a trend to be more satisfied. Considering aesthetics, both groups
      presented improvements. No locoregional recurrences were observed. Conclusions.
      Results are encouraging despite the fact that SVF enrichment in a higher
      supplementation rate did not improve, with statistical significance, fat graft
      volumetric persistence. Enriched fat grafts have proven to be safe in a 3-year
      follow-up. 

PMID- 26962305
TI  - Multidetector CT Enterography versus Double-Balloon Enteroscopy: Comparison of
      the Diagnostic Value for Patients with Suspected Small Bowel Diseases.
AB  - Aim. To compare the diagnostic value of multidetector CT enterography (MDCTE) and
      double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for patients with suspected small bowel
      diseases. Methods. From January 2009 to January 2014, 190 patients with suspected
      small bowel diseases were examined with MDCTE and DBE. The characteristics of the
      patients, detection rates, diagnostic yields, sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive value, and negative predictive value were described and analyzed.
      Results. The overall detection rates of DBE and MDCTE were 92.6% and 55.8%,
      respectively (P<0.05), while the overall diagnostic yields were 83.2% and 33.7%,
      respectively (P<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value,
      and negative predictive value of DBE were all higher than those of MDCTE. DBE had
      a higher diagnostic yield for OGIB (87.3% versus 20.9%, P<0.05). The diagnostic
      yields of DBE were higher than those of MDCTE for inflammatory diseases,
      angioma/angiodysplasia, and diverticulums, while being not for gastrointestinal
      tumors/polyps. Conclusions. The diagnostic value of DBE for small bowel diseases
      is better than that of MDCTE as a whole, but if gastrointestinal tumors are
      suspected, MDCTE is also needed to gain a comprehensive and accurate diagnosis. 

PMID- 26962307
TI  - Cellular Origins of Regenerating Nodules and Malignancy in the FAH Model of Liver
      Injury after Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation.
AB  - In previous reports, we and other groups have shown that proliferating
      hepatocytes are formed by the fusion of donor hematopoietic cells with host
      hepatocytes in the Fah(-/-) model. Thus, it would be interesting to determine
      whether cell fusion occurs during malignancy. However, it is difficult to
      demonstrate such processes using this model. Therefore, we established a new
      strain to study the processes of regenerating nodules and malignancy and their
      origins. The FAH(-/-) mouse model was crossed with the ROSAnZ strain and their
      offspring was genotyped for FAH(-/-) and ROSAnZ mutations to create a new strain
      (Fah(-/-) -ROSAnZ). Using this strain as recipients, we performed bone marrow
      transplantation experiments. As a result, we could not demonstrate the presence
      of any epithelial cells except hepatocytes that were of donor origin in
      regenerating tissue, and no evidence of cell fusion was found in tumors. The
      hepatic malignancy was of host origin in these mice. There was higher expression
      of extracellular matrix proteins and more inflammatory cells in liver tumor
      nodules than in regenerating normal liver nodules. Hepatocytes generated by
      fusion with bone marrow cells did not form malignant tumors. Extracellular matrix
      and inflammatory cells had significantly accumulated in liver tumors. 

PMID- 26962308
TI  - Comparative evaluation of bispectral index system after sedation with midazolam
      and propofol combined with remifentanil versus ketamine in uncooperative during
      dental procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proper analgesic agents should be used in combination with sedative
      agents. Remifentanil is a synthetic narcotic/analgesic agent with a short
      duration effect and decreases the risk of apnea during recovery. Bispectral index
      system (BIS) is a new noninvasive technique for the evaluation of the depth of
      sedation. The aim of present clinical trial was to evaluate and compare the
      efficacy of intravenous sedation with propofol/midazolam/remifentanil (PMR) in
      comparison to propofol/midazolam/ketamine (PMK) for dental procedures in children
      3-7 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this clinical trial, 32 healthy
      uncooperative children who were candidates for dental treatments under sedation
      were randomly divided into two groups. Intravenous sedation was induced with PMR
      in one group and with PMK in the other group. After injection and during
      procedure BIS index, heart rate and respiratory rate, blood pressure, and oxygen
      saturation was evaluated every 5 min. After the procedure, recovery time was
      measured. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Friedman, Wilcoxon, and t-test. RESULTS:
      The BIS value was significantly low in ketamin group (P = 0.003) but respiratory
      rates and heart rates were same in both groups with no statistical difference (P
      = 0.884, P = 0.775). The recovery time was significantly shorter in remifentanil
      group (P = 0.008 and P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that intravenous
      sedation technique with PMR combination induces effective and safe sedation, with
      less pain and more forgetfulness and a shorter recovery time for children 3-7
      years of age during dental procedures.

PMID- 26962309
TI  - Comparison of microleakage from stainless steel crowns margins used with
      different restorative materials: An in vitro study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obtaining optimal marginal adaption with prefabricated stainless
      steel crowns (SSCs) is difficult, especially after removing dental caries or
      defects in cervical areas. This situation requires the use of an SSC after tooth
      reconstruction. This study evaluated microleakage and material loss with five
      restorative materials at SSC margins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and
      twenty primary molar teeth were randomly divided into six groups (n = 20). Class
      V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of the teeth in groups 1-5.
      Cavities were restored with amalgam, resin-based composite, glass ionomer (GI),
      zinc phosphate, or reinforced zinc oxide eugenol (Zonalin). Group 6 without
      cavity preparation was used as a control. Restorations with SSCs were prepared
      according to standard methods. Then, SSCs were fitted so that the crown margins
      overlaid the restorative materials and cemented with GI. After thermocycling, the
      specimens were placed in 0.5% fuchsin and sectioned. The proportions of
      mircoleakage and material loss were evaluated with a digital microscope.
      Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.
      RESULTS: The groups differed significantly (P < 0.001). Amalgam and GI showed the
      least microleakage. Amalgam restorations had significantly less microleakage than
      the other materials (P < 0.05). Microleakage was greatest with resin-based
      composite, followed by Zonalin. Material loss was greater in samples restored
      with Zonalin and zinc phosphate. CONCLUSION: When SSC margins overlaid the
      restoration materials, cavity restoration with amalgam or GI before SSC placement
      led to less microleakage and material loss. Regarding microleakage and material
      loss, resin-based composite, zinc phosphate, and Zonalin were not suitable
      options.

PMID- 26962310
TI  - Influence of motion pattern on apical transportation and centering ability of
      WaveOne single-file technique in curved root canals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate apical transportation and
      centering ability of single-file instruments, WaveOne primary, with full rotation
      versus reciprocation movement using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis
      in curved mesiobuccal (MB) root canal of human mandibular molars. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Thirty MB canals of mandibular molars were randomly divided into two
      groups according to the instrument motion (n = 15): Group 1,
      reciprocation/WaveOne primary; Group 2, continuous rotation/WaveOne primary.
      After preparation, the amount of apical transportation and centering ability were
      assessed by evaluating pre- and post-instrumentation CBCT scans in three section
      (1, 3, and 5 mm from apical foramen). Statistical analysis of the data was
      performed using Mann-Whitney U-test and Friedman test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS:
      There was no statistically significant difference between two experimental groups
      in terms of apical transportation and centering ratio at 1, 3, and 5 mm from
      apical foramen (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Apical transportation and centering
      ability of WaveOne primary reciprocating instrument did not significantly differ
      between two motion patterns.

PMID- 26962311
TI  - Plasma levels of N-telopeptide of Type I collagen in periodontal health, disease
      and after treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To determine plasma concentrations of bone resorption marker cross
      linked N-terminal telopeptide (NTx) of Type I collagen in periodontal health,
      disease and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis group.
      In addition, to know the association between plasma NTx levels and the different
      clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty subjects were divided on the
      basis of their periodontal status and were categorized as Group I: Healthy, Group
      II: Gingivitis, and Group III: Chronic periodontitis. Group III subjects were
      treated with scaling and root planing, 6-8 weeks later blood samples were
      analyzed, and they constituted Group IV. NTx levels in plasma were analyzed by
      competitive - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All data were analyzed using
      statistical software (SPSS) (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: All the samples tested
      positive for the presence of NTx. The mean NTx concentration was highest in Group
      III (18.77 nanomole Bone Collagen Equivalent [nm BCE]) and the lowest in Group IV
      (16.02 nm BCE). The values of Group I and Group II fell between the highest and
      the lowest values (16.23 nm BCE and 16.70 nm BCE, respectively). The difference
      in mean NTx levels in Group III and Group IV were statistically significant. NTx
      levels in all the groups positively correlated with the clinical parameters. All
      data were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS) (alpha = 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Within the limits of this study, it may be suggested that plasma NTx levels may
      provide distinguishing data between periodontally healthy diseased sites and
      after nonsurgical therapy of diseased sites.

PMID- 26962312
TI  - The effect of low-level helium-neon laser on oral wound healing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of low power lasers on incisional wound healing,
      because of conflicting results of previous studies, is uncertain. Therefore, the
      aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level helium-neon (He-Ne)
      laser irradiation on wound healing in rat's oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Sixty-four standardized incisions were carried out on the buccal mucosa of 32
      male Wistar divided into four groups of eight animals each. Each rat received two
      incisions on the opposite sides of the buccal mucosa by a steel scalpel. On the
      right side (test side), a He-Ne laser (632 nm) was employed on the incision for
      40 s. Laser radiation was used just in 1(st) day, 1(st) and 2(nd) day, 1(st) and
      3(rd) day, and continuous 3 days in groups of A, B, C, and D of rats,
      respectively. The left side (control side) did not receive any laser.
      Histological processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining were done on tissue
      samples after 5 days. Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical
      analysis. RESULTS: Histological analysis showed that the tissue healing after
      continuous 3 days on the laser irradiated side was better than the control side,
      but there was no difference between the two sides in each groups (P > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: This study showed that He-Ne laser had no beneficial effects on
      incisional oral wound healing particularly in 5 days after laser therapy. Future
      research in the field of laser effects on oral wound healing in human is
      recommended.

PMID- 26962313
TI  - Microbiological analysis after complete or partial removal of carious dentin
      using two different techniques in primary teeth: A randomized clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The management of deep carious lesions can be done by various
      techniques but residual caries dilemma still persists and bacterial reduction in
      cavities treated by either partial or complete caries removal techniques is
      debatable. So the objective of the present randomized clinical trial was to
      compare microbial counts in cavities submitted to complete caries removal and
      partial caries removal using either hand instruments or burs before and after 3
      weeks of restoration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary molars with acute carious
      lesions in inner half of dentine and vital pulp were randomly divided into three
      groups of 14 each: Group A: Partial caries removal using hand instruments
      atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) only; Group B: Partial caries removal
      using bur; Group C: Complete caries removal using bur and caries detector dye.
      Dentine sample obtained after caries removal and 3 weeks after restoration, were
      subjected to microbial culture and counting (colony-forming units [CFU]/mg of
      dentine) for total viable bacterial count, Streptococcus spp., mutans
      streptococci, Lactobacillus spp. RESULTS: Three techniques of caries removal
      showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in all microorganisms studied after 3
      weeks of evaluation, but there was no statistically significant difference in
      percentage reduction of microbial count among three groups. CONCLUSION: Results
      suggest the use of partial caries removal in a single session as compared to
      complete caries removal as a part of treatment of deep lesions in deciduous teeth
      in order to reduce the risk of pulp exposure. Partial caries removal using ART
      can be preferred for community settings as public health procedure for caries
      management.

PMID- 26962314
TI  - Prediction of lip response to orthodontic treatment using a multivariable
      regression model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This was a retrospective cephalometric study to develop a more
      precise estimation of soft tissue changes related to underlying tooth movment
      than simple relatioship betweenhard and soft tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      lateral cephalograms of 61 adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (31 =
      premolar extraction, 31 = nonextraction) were obtained, scanned and digitized
      before and immediately after the end of treatment. Hard and soft tissues, angular
      and linear measures were calculated by Viewbox 4.0 software. The changes of the
      values were analyzed using paired t-test. The accuracy of predictions of soft
      tissue changes were compared with two methods: (1) Use of ratios of the means of
      soft tissue to hard tissue changes (Viewbox 4.0 Software), (2) use of stepwise
      multivariable regression analysis to create prediction equations for soft tissue
      changes at superior labial sulcus, labrale superius, stomion superius, inferior
      labial sulcus, labrale inferius, stomion inferius (all on a horizontal plane).
      RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regressions to predict lip movements showed strong
      relations for the upper lip (adjusted R (2) = 0.92) and the lower lip (adjusted R
      (2) = 0.91) in the extraction group. Regression analysis showed slightly weaker
      relations in the nonextraction group. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this
      study, multiple regression technique was slightly more accurate than the ratio of
      mean prediction (Viewbox4.0 software) and appears to be useful in the prediction
      of soft tissue changes. As the variability of the predicted individual outcome
      seems to be relatively high, caution should be taken in predicting hard and soft
      tissue positional changes.

PMID- 26962315
TI  - Evaluation of biofilm removal activity of Quercus infectoria galls against
      Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases
      affecting humans of all ages. Streptococcus mutans has an important role in the
      development of dental caries by acid production. The purpose of this study was to
      evaluate the antibacterial and biofilm disinfective effects of the oak tree
      Quercus infectoria galls against S. mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bacterial
      strain used in this study was S. mutans (ATCC: 35668). Two kinds of galls, Mazouj
      and Ghalghaf were examined. Galls were extracted by methanol, ethanol and acetone
      by Soxhlet apparatus, separately. Extracts were dissolved in sterile distilled
      water to a final concentration of 10.00, 5.00, 2.50, 1.25, 0.63, 0.31, and 0.16
      mg/ml. Microdilution determined antibacterial activities. The biofilm removal
      activities of the extracts were examined using crystal violet-stained microtiter
      plate method. One-way ANOVA was used to compare biofilm formation in the presence
      or absence of the extracts. RESULTS: The methanolic, ethanolic, and acetonic
      extracts of Q. infectoria galls showed the strong inhibitory effects on S. mutans
      (P < 0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal
      concentration (MBC) values for the Mazouj and Ghalghaf gall extracts against S.
      mutans were identical. The MIC values ranged from 160 MUg/ml to 320 MUg/ml,
      whereas the MBC values ranged from 320 MUg/ml to 640 MUg/ml. All extracts of Q.
      infectoria galls significantly (P < 0.05) reduced biofilm biomass of S. mutans at
      the concentrations higher than 9.8 MUg/ml. CONCLUSION: Three different extracts
      of Q. infectoria galls were similar in their antibacterial activity against S.
      mutans. These extracts had the highest biofilm removal activities at 312.5 MUg/ml
      concentration. The galls of Q. infectoria are potentially good sources of
      antibacterial and biofilm disinfection agent.

PMID- 26962316
TI  - The effect of two remineralizing agents and natural saliva on bleached enamel
      hardness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In order to compensate the adverse consequences of bleaching agents,
      the use of fluoride-containing remineralizing agents has been suggested by many
      researchers. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of applying two
      remineralizing materials on bleached enamel hardness and in comparison to natural
      saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, 30 enamel samples of
      sound human permanent molars were prepared for this study. Microhardness (MH) of
      all specimens was measured and 35% hydrogen peroxide was applied 3 times to the
      specimens. After completion of the bleaching process, MH of samples was measured
      and then enamel specimens were divided into three groups each of 10, specimens of
      groups 1 and 2 were subjected to daily application of hydroxyl apatite (Remin
      Pro) and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF)
      (MI Paste Plus) pastes, respectively, for 15 days. In group 3, the specimens were
      stored in the operators' natural saliva at room temperature in this period of
      time. Final MH of all groups was measured. The data were analyzed using repeated
      measures ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The hardness significantly decreased in
      all groups following bleaching. Application of either Remin Pro, CPP-ACPF or
      natural saliva increased the hardness significantly. The hardness of the three
      test groups after 15 days were statistically similar to each other. CONCLUSION:
      The hardness of enamel increases eventually after exposure to either MI Paste
      Plus, Remin Pro or natural saliva.

PMID- 26962317
TI  - Surface microhardness of different thicknesses of a premixed bioceramic material
      with or without the application of a moist cotton pellet.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the effect of thickness and
      hydration condition on the surface microhardness of Endosequence Root Repair
      Material putty (ERRM; Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA), a premixed bioceramic
      material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical molds with
      an internal diameter of 4 mm and three heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm were fabricated.
      In Group 1 (dry condition), the molds with heights of 2, 4, and 6 mm (10 molds of
      each) were filled with ERRM. In Groups 2 and 3 (wet condition), a distilled water
      or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-moistened cotton pellet was placed directly
      on the upper surface of ERRM, respectively. The lower surface of ERRM was in
      contact with floral foams soaked with human blood. After 4 days, Vickers
      microhardness of the upper surface of ERRM was tested. The data were analyzed
      using two-way analysis of variance. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.
      RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the microhardness of three
      thicknesses of ERRM (2, 4, and 6 mm) with or without placing a distilled water-
      or PBS-moistened cotton pellet over the material (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on
      the results of this study, it could be concluded that placing a moistened cotton
      pellet on ERRM putty up to 6 mm thick might be unnecessary to improve its surface
      microhardness and hydration characteristics.

PMID- 26962318
TI  - Bispectoral index scores of pediatric patients under dental treatment and
      recovery conditions: Study of children assigned for general anesthesia under
      propofol and isofloran regimes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was planned to determine the relationship between
      bispectoral index (BIS) during dental treatment and recovery conditions in
      children undergoing two regimes of anesthesia of propofol and isoflurane.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single-blind clinical trial study, 57 4-7-year-old
      healthy children who had been referred for dental treatment under general
      anesthesia between 60 and 90 min were selected by convenience sampling and
      assigned to two groups, after obtaining their parents' written consent. The
      anesthesia was induced by inhalation. For the first group, the anesthesia was
      preserved by a mixture of oxygen (50%), nitrous oxide (50%), and isoflurane (1%).
      For the second group, the anesthesia was preserved by a mixture of oxygen (50%),
      nitrous oxide (50%), and propofol was administered intravenously at a dose of 100
      Ng/kg/min. The patients' vital signs, BIS, and agitation scores were recorded
      every 10 min. The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and t-tests at a
      significance level of alpha = 0.05 using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: The results of
      independent t-test for anesthesia time showed no statistically significant
      difference between isoflurane and propofol (P = 0.87). Controlling age, the BIS
      difference between the two anesthetic agents was not significant (P > 0.05);
      however, it was negatively correlated with the duration of anesthesia and the
      discharge time (P = 0.001, r = -0.308) and (P < 0.001, r = -0.55). CONCLUSION:
      The same depth of anesthesia is produced by propofol and isoflurane, but lower
      recovery complications from anesthesia are observed with isoflurane.

PMID- 26962321
TI  - Clinical management of a fused mandibular lateral incisor with supernumerary
      tooth: A case report.
AB  - The purpose of this report is to present a rare case of a fused mandibular
      lateral incisor with supernumerary tooth with a follow-up for 18-months. A 35
      year-old female patient was referred to our clinic with an extraoral sinus tract
      in the chin. The intraoral diagnosis revealed the fusion of her mandibular
      lateral incisors. Vitality pulp tests were negative for mandibular right central
      and lateral incisors. Radiographic examinations showed a fused tooth with two
      separate pulp chambers, two distinct roots, and two separate root canals. There
      were also periapical lesion of fused teeth and mandibular right central incisor,
      so endodontic treatment was carried out the related teeth. Radiographic
      examination revealed a complete healing of the lesion postoperatively at the end
      of 18-months. This paper reports the successful endodontic and restorative
      treatment of unilateral fused incisors. Because of the abnormal morphology of the
      crown and the complexity of the root canal system in fused teeth, treatment
      protocols require special attention. 

PMID- 26962319
TI  - Salivary levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients
      undergoing hemodialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are elevated in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
      IL-6 and TNF-alpha are toxins which deteriorate renal function, and their
      pathogenic role has been confirmed in cardiovascular and oral diseases. This
      study was designed to investigate the salivary levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in
      patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis (HD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty
      patients with ESRD who were treated with 4 h HD sessions, with low flux membrane
      were included in this cross-sectional study. Average Kt/V index in patients was
      1.19 +/- 0.1. Twenty age-sex-matched healthy controls with no infectious diseases
      during 1 month before saliva sampling were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva
      was collected and TNF-alpha and IL-6, concentrations were measured using human IL
      6 and TNF-alpha ELISA kits. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data using
      SPSS (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: There was a significant difference between dialysis
      and control groups regarding the salivary levels of TNF-alpha (P = 0.034) and IL
      6 (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Considering the results of this study and reported
      role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and oral
      diseases, measurement of salivary IL-6 and TNF-alpha in HD patients may help in
      risk stratification of HD patients and in planning pertinent preventive
      strategies.

PMID- 26962320
TI  - Effect of dentifrices on their remineralizing potential in artificial carious
      lesions: An in situ study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The eventual sequel of dental caries is determined by the dynamic
      equilibrium between pathological factors which lead to demineralization and
      protective elements, which in turn leads to remineralization. Remineralization is
      the natural process for noncavitated demineralized lesions and relies on calcium
      and phosphate ions assisted by fluoride to rebuild a new surface on existing
      crystal remnants in subsurface lesions remaining after demineralization. Hence,
      the present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of fluoride dentifrices
      in remineralizing artificial caries-like lesions in situ. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      A double-blind, randomized study with an initial washout period of 7 days was
      carried out for 3 weeks. Twenty volunteers were enrolled, who wore the intraoral
      cariogenicity test appliance having enamel slabs incorporated into them, for 3
      weeks. 10 participants were instructed to use Group A dentifrice (fluoride) and
      the other 10 Group B dentifrice (nonfluoride) for brushing their teeth. The
      enamel slabs were analyzed by surface microhardness testing and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) at 3 intervals. RESULTS: No significant differences was seen in
      the microhardness values recorded for Group A and Group B at baseline and after
      demineralization (P > 0.05); however Group B exhibited lesser microhardness
      compared to Group A, after intra-oral exposure (P < 0.05). In the SEM analysis,
      the Group A enamel surfaces had more regular and longer crystallites to those of
      the Group B. CONCLUSION: Fluoride dentifrices avert the decrease in enamel
      hardness and loss of minerals from the enamel surface to a large extent as
      compared to the nonfluoride dentifrices.

PMID- 26962322
TI  - Cone-beam computed tomography as a surgical guide to impacted anterior teeth.
AB  - Surgical procedure for removal of impacted teeth is a challenge for clinicians as
      it involves accuracy in the diagnosis and localization of the dental elements.
      The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), compared to the conventional
      radiography, has a greater potential to provide complementary information because
      of its three-dimensional (3D) images, reducing the possibility of failures in
      surgical procedures. Two 10-year-old boys presented with aesthetic issues
      associated with the juxtaposition of ectopic teeth with the permanent ones. Both
      two-dimensional and 3D preoperative radiographic diagnostic sets were produced.
      The occlusal and panoramic radiographs were not enough for proper localization of
      impacted incisors. Thus, the CBCT was used as a surgical guide. After 2 years of
      longitudinal following, no lesion was recorded, and the orthodontic treatment has
      proven successful. In all cases, CBCT contributed to both diagnosis and correct
      localization of supernumerary teeth, aiding the professional in the treatment
      planning, and consequently in the clinical success. The surgeries were completely
      safe, avoiding damage in noble structures, and providing a better recovering of
      the patients. 

PMID- 26962324
TI  - Modelling Needs for Mental Healthcare from Epidemiological Surveys with
      Validation Using Sociodemographic Census Data.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop and validate a prediction model for mental health needs (MHN)
      and psychiatric needs (PN) using specific social indicators, obtainable from
      census data, within low-density departments (LDD) and high- density departments
      (HDD). METHODS: In a population-based study of 20,404 participants from 22
      departments in France, mental health needs were defined into three categories (no
      needs, MHN, and PN) using the Composite International Diagnosis Interview Short
      Form, Sheehan disability scale, and presence of depressive and alcohol disorders.
      Within HDD (n=9) and LDD (n=13) departments, two separate logistic regression
      models, using MHN or PN as an endpoint, were fitted using available
      sociodemographic data. Model validation was performed using 2007 census data.
      Overall accuracy was evaluated using average residuals (AR) calculated within
      density stratum. RESULTS: In LDD and HDD respectively, 26.6% and 28.7% of persons
      had MHN and 9.8% and 11.3% had PN. In LDD, housing type, age, employment, living
      alone, housing support, and household size predicted MHN and PN. In HDD, housing
      type, living alone, household size, living in a marriage/partnership, and
      duration of dwelling habitation predicted MHN and PN. Predictions were more
      accurate in HDD, in which the AR was 30% lower for MHN and 40% lower for PN.
      Predictions were less accurate when using census data, yet they were consistently
      better in HDD. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic indicators from either survey or
      census data may be useful in predicting MHN and PN in high-density settings. The
      ideal territorial size still needs to be evaluated when planning psychiatric and
      mental health resources.

PMID- 26962323
TI  - The Burden of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders in Celiac Disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION:  AIMS: to measure the association between Celiac Disease (CD) and
      affective disorders, particularly Bipolar Disorder (BD), since it has not been
      studied yet, and to measure how much the quality of life (QoL) of a person with
      CD is affected by comorbidity with these disorders. METHODS:  DESIGN: Case
      control study. CASES: 60 consecutive patients with CD. CONTROLS: 240 subjects
      without CD, randomly selected after sex- and age-matching from a database of an
      epidemiological study. Psychiatric diagnoses according to DSM-IV carried out by
      physicians using structured interview tools (ANTAS-SCID). QoL was measured by
      means of SF-12. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
      (MDD) was higher in CD than in controls (30.0% vs 8.3%, P<0.0001) as well as
      Panic Disorder (PD) (18.3% vs 5.4%, P<0.001) and BD (4.3% vs 0.4%, P<0.005).
      Patients with CD show a lower mean score than controls on SF12 (35.8+/-5.7 vs.
      38.2+/-6.4; p=0.010), but those without comorbidity with MDD, PD and BD do not.
      The attributable burden of CD in worsening QoL - when comorbid with these
      disorders - was found comparable to that of serious chronic diseases like
      Wilson's Disease, and lower than Multiple Sclerosis only. CONCLUSION: MDD, PD and
      BD are strictly associated with CD. The comorbidity with these disorders is the
      key determinant of impaired quality of life in CD. Thus a preventive action on
      mood and anxiety disorders in patients suffering from CD is required. Moreover a
      screening for CD in people with affective disorders and showing key symptoms or
      family history of CD is recommended.

PMID- 26962325
TI  - A simple test for the cleavage activity of customized endonucleases in plants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although customized endonucleases [transcription activator-like
      effector nucleases (TALENs) and RNA-guided endonucleases (RGENs)] are known to be
      effective agents of mutagenesis in various host plants, newly designed
      endonuclease constructs require some pre-validation with respect to functionality
      before investing in the creation of stable transgenic plants. RESULTS: A simple,
      biolistics-based leaf epidermis transient expression test has been developed,
      based on reconstituting the translational reading frame of a mutated, non
      functional yfp reporter gene. Quantification of mutation efficacy was made
      possible by co-bombarding the explant with a constitutive mCherry expression
      cassette, thereby allowing the ratio between the number of red and yellow
      fluorescing cells to serve as a metric for mutation efficiency. Challenging
      either stable mutant alleles of a compromised version of gfp in tobacco and
      barley or the barley MLO gene with TALENs/RGENs confirmed the capacity to induce
      site-directed mutations. CONCLUSIONS: A convenient procedure to assay the
      cleavage activity of customized endonucleases has been established. The system is
      independent of the endonuclease platform and operates in both di- and
      monocotyledonous hosts. It not only enables the validation of a TALEN/RGEN's
      functionality prior to the creation of stable mutants, but also serves as a
      suitable tool to optimize the design of endonuclease constructs.

PMID- 26962326
TI  - Conserved antigenic sites between MERS-CoV and Bat-coronavirus are revealed
      through sequence analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MERS-CoV is a newly emerged human coronavirus reported closely
      related with HKU4 and HKU5 Bat coronaviruses. Bat and MERS corona-viruses are
      structurally related. Therefore, it is of interest to estimate the degree of
      conserved antigenic sites among them. It is of importance to elucidate the shared
      antigenic-sites and extent of conservation between them to understand the
      evolutionary dynamics of MERS-CoV. RESULTS: Multiple sequence alignment of the
      spike (S), membrane (M), enveloped (E) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins was employed
      to identify the sequence conservation among MERS and Bat (HKU4, HKU5)
      coronaviruses. We used various in silico tools to predict the conserved antigenic
      sites. We found that MERS-CoV shared 30 % of its S protein antigenic sites with
      HKU4 and 70 % with HKU5 bat-CoV. Whereas 100 % of its E, M and N protein's
      antigenic sites are found to be conserved with those in HKU4 and HKU5.
      CONCLUSION: This sharing suggests that in case of pathogenicity MERS-CoV is more
      closely related to HKU5 bat-CoV than HKU4 bat-CoV. The conserved epitopes
      indicates their evolutionary relationship and ancestry of pathogenicity.

PMID- 26962327
TI  - Retrospective analysis of reproductive health indicators in the United Nations
      High Commissioner for Refugees post-emergency camps 2007-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The United Nations Refugee Agency's Health Information System issues
      analytical reports on the current camp conditions and trends for priority
      reproductive health issues. The goal was to assess the status of reproductive
      health by analyzing seven indicators and comparing them to standards and host
      country estimates. METHODS: Data on seven indicators were extracted from the
      database during a seven-year period (2007 through 2013). A standardized country
      inclusion criterion was created based on the year of country implementation and
      the percentage of missing reports per camp and year. The unit of analysis was
      monthly camp reports by year within a country. To account for the lack of
      independence of monthly camp reports, the variance was computed using Taylor
      Series Linearization methods in SAS. RESULTS: Ten of the 23 eligible countries
      met the inclusion criterion. The mean camp maternal and neonatal mortality rates,
      except for two country years, were lower than the host country estimates for all
      countries and years. There was a significant increase in the percent of births
      attended by a skilled birth attendant (p < 0.0001), and 8 of 10 countries did not
      meet the standard of 100 % for all reporting years. The percent of births
      performed by Caesarian section (p < 0.001), were below the recommended minimum
      standard for nearly half of the countries every year. There was a significant
      increase in the percent of women screened for syphilis across years (p < 0.0001)
      and the percent of women who received post HIV exposure prophylaxis (p < 0.0001)
      and 10 % reached the standard for all reporting years, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Comprehensive, consistent and comparable statistics on reproductive health
      provides an opportunity to assess progress towards indicator standards. Despite
      some improvements over time, this analysis confirms that most countries did not
      meet standards and that there were differences in reproductive health indicators
      between countries and across years. Consequently, the HIS periodic monitoring of
      key reproductive health indicators at the camp level should continue. Data should
      be used to improve intervention strategies.

PMID- 26962328
TI  - Bridging the gap: investigating challenges and way forward for intersectoral
      provision of psychosocial rehabilitation in South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intersectoral collaboration between government sectors such as Health
      and Social Development and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in communities
      is crucial for provision of psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) for those with
      severe mental illness. This study aims to provide recommendations for
      strengthening such intersectoral collaboration in South Africa and with relevance
      to other low and middle income countries (LMIC), particularly African countries.
      METHODS: Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16
      key informants from the South African Department of Health, two key informants
      from the Department of Social Development, four key informants from the NGO
      sector and one key informant from a service user organisation at national level.
      Framework analysis was conducted with NVivo 10 software. RESULTS: Challenges to
      intersectoral work identified were lack of communication between sectors,
      problems delineating roles, and each sector's perception of lack of support from
      other sectors. Participant-identified strategies for addressing these challenges
      included improving communication between sectors, promoting leadership from all
      levels and formalising intersectoral relationships through appropriate written
      agreements; as well as ensuring that the available resources for PSR are
      effectively re-directed to district level. CONCLUSIONS: This study has outlined
      several directions for progress to address challenges for intersectoral working
      for PSR in South Africa. These may be of relevance to other LMIC, particularly
      those in Africa. Political will and a long-term view will be necessary to realise
      these strategies.

PMID- 26962329
TI  - Cellular automata modeling depicts degradation of cellulosic material by a
      cellulase system with single-molecule resolution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose involves the spatiotemporally
      correlated action of distinct polysaccharide chain cleaving activities confined
      to the surface of an insoluble substrate. Because cellulases differ in preference
      for attacking crystalline compared to amorphous cellulose, the spatial
      distribution of structural order across the cellulose surface imposes additional
      constraints on the dynamic interplay between the enzymes. Reconstruction of total
      system behavior from single-molecule activity parameters is a longstanding key
      goal in the field. RESULTS: We have developed a stochastic, cellular automata
      based modeling approach to describe degradation of cellulosic material by a
      cellulase system at single-molecule resolution. Substrate morphology was modeled
      to represent the amorphous and crystalline phases as well as the different
      spatial orientations of the polysaccharide chains. The enzyme system model
      consisted of an internally chain-cleaving endoglucanase (EG) as well as two
      processively acting, reducing and non-reducing chain end-cleaving
      cellobiohydrolases (CBHs). Substrate preference (amorphous: EG, CBH II;
      crystalline: CBH I) and characteristic frequencies for chain cleavage, processive
      movement, and dissociation were assigned from biochemical data. Once adsorbed,
      enzymes were allowed to reach surface-exposed substrate sites through "random
      walk" lateral diffusion or processive motion. Simulations revealed that slow
      dissociation of processive enzymes at obstacles obstructing further movement
      resulted in local jamming of the cellulases, with consequent delay in the
      degradation of the surface area affected. Exploiting validation against evidence
      from atomic force microscopy imaging as a unique opportunity opened up by the
      modeling approach, we show that spatiotemporal characteristics of cellulose
      surface degradation by the system of synergizing cellulases were reproduced
      quantitatively at the nanometer resolution of the experimental data. This in turn
      gave useful prediction of the soluble sugar release rate. CONCLUSIONS: Salient
      dynamic features of cellulose surface degradation by different cellulases acting
      in synergy were reproduced in simulations in good agreement with evidence from
      high-resolution visualization experiments. Due to the single-molecule resolution
      of the modeling approach, the utility of the presented model lies not only in
      predicting system behavior but also in elucidating inherently complex (e.g.,
      stochastic) phenomena involved in enzymatic cellulose degradation. Thus, it
      creates synergy with experiment to advance the mechanistic understanding for
      improved application.

PMID- 26962330
TI  - Gender-specific associations of serum sex hormone-binding globulin with features
      of metabolic syndrome in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) has been proposed as a biomarker
      of MetS in children and adults. We aim to determine the associations of SHBG with
      components of MetS in children from the Middle-East where the prevalence of MetS
      are on the rise. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 509 randomly
      selected school children (226 boys and 283 girls) aged 12-16 years were
      recruited. Fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were determined using routine
      laboratory procedures. Serum SHBG is measured with Cobas e411 using an
      electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The modified definition of ATP-III (NHANES
      III) was used for the diagnosis of MetS. RESULTS: Among 509 children, 23.4 % had
      metabolic syndrome. Boys had a significantly higher waist circumference and
      systolic blood pressure (p < 0.032, 0.024, respectively) than girls, while levels
      of glucose (p < 0.029), and SHBG (p < 0.003) were significantly higher in girls
      than in boys. In overall population, a significant inverse correlation of SHBG
      level with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides and a significant
      direct correlation between SHBG level and HDL-c was exhibited. Children with the
      lowest tertile of serum SHBG had significantly higher prevalence of MetS (p <
      0.05). ROC curve shows SHBG level as more sensitive marker of MetS in boys (AUC =
      0.70, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Serum SHBG is significantly more sensitive in
      identifying MetS in boys, not girls, indicating gender dimorphism.

PMID- 26962331
TI  - From the Editor's desk.

PMID- 26962332
TI  - Autism and sleep disorders.
AB  - "Autism Spectrum Disorders" (ASDs) are neurodevelopment disorders and are
      characterized by persistent impairments in reciprocal social interaction and
      communication. Sleep problems in ASD, are a prominent feature that have an impact
      on social interaction, day to day life, academic achievement, and have been
      correlated with increased maternal stress and parental sleep disruption.
      Polysomnography studies of ASD children showed most of their abnormalities
      related to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which included decreased quantity,
      increased undifferentiated sleep, immature organization of eye movements into
      discrete bursts, decreased time in bed, total sleep time, REM sleep latency, and
      increased proportion of stage 1 sleep. Implementation of nonpharmacotherapeutic
      measures such as bedtime routines and sleep-wise approach is the mainstay of
      behavioral management. Treatment strategies along with limited regulated
      pharmacotherapy can help improve the quality of life in ASD children and have a
      beneficial impact on the family. PubMed search was performed for English language
      articles from January 1995 to January 2015. Following key words: Autism spectrum
      disorder, sleep disorders and autism, REM sleep and autism, cognitive behavioral
      therapy, sleep-wise approach, melatonin and ASD were used. Only articles
      reporting primary data relevant to the above questions were included. 

PMID- 26962334
TI  - Pediatric encephaloceles: A series of 20 cases over a period of 3 years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Encephalocele is the protrusion of the cranial contents beyond the
      normal confines of the skull through a defect in the calvarium and is far less
      common than spinal dysraphism. The exact worldwide frequency is not known. AIMS
      AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the epidemiological features, patterns of
      encephalocele, and its postsurgical results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was
      carried from year July 2012 to June 2015. Patients with encephalocele were
      evaluated for epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, imaging
      characteristics, and surgical results. RESULTS: 20 encephaloceles patients were
      treated during the study period. Out of these 12 (60%) were male and 8 (40%)
      female. Age range was 1 day to 6 years. The most common type of encephalocele was
      occipital 12 (60%), occipito-cervical 4 (20%), parietal 2 (10%), fronto-nasal 1
      (5%), and fronto-naso-ethmoidal 1 (5%). One patient had a double encephalocele
      (one atretic and other was occipital) with dermal sinus tract and limited dermal
      myeloschisis. Other associations: Chiari 3 malformation (2), meningomyeloceles
      (4), and syrinx (4). Three patients presented with rupture two of whom succumbed
      to meningitis and shock. Seventeen patients treated surgically did well with no
      immediate surgical mortality (except a case of Chiari 3 malformation who
      succumbed 6 months postsurgery to unrelated causes). Shunt was performed in 4
      cases. CONCLUSION: The most common type of encephalocele is occipital in our set
      up. Early surgical management of encephalocele is not only for cosmetic reasons
      but also to prevent tethering, rupture, and future neurological deficits.

PMID- 26962333
TI  - Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for retrochiasmatic
      craniopharyngioma: Surgical technique and results.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Surgical treatment of retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma still remains
      a challenge. While complete removal of the tumor with preservation of the vital
      neurovascular structures is often the goal of the treatment, there is no optimal
      surgical approach available to achieve this goal. Transcranial and
      transsphenoidal microsurgical approaches, commonly used in the past, have
      considerable technical limitations. The extended endonasal endoscopic surgical
      route, obtained by removal of tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale, offers
      direct midline access to the retrochiasmatic space and provides excellent
      visualization of the undersurface of the optic chiasm. In this report, we
      describe the technical details of the extended endoscopic approach, and review
      our results using this approach in the surgical management of retrochiasmatic
      craniopharyngiomas. METHODS: Fifteen children, including 9 girls and 6 boys, aged
      8 to 15 years underwent surgery using extended endoscopic transsphenoidal
      approach between 2008 and 2014. Nine patients had a surgical procedure done
      previously and presented with recurrence of symptoms and regrowth of their
      residual tumors. RESULTS: A gross total or near total excision was achieved in 10
      (66.7%) patients, subtotal resection in 4 (26.7%), and partial removal in 1
      (6.7%) patient. Postoperatively, headache improved in 93.3%, vision recovered in
      77.3%, and the hormonal levels stabilised in 66.6%. Three patients (20%)
      developed postoperative CSF leaks which were managed conservatively. Three (20%)
      patients with diabetes insipidus and 2 (13.3%) with panhypopituitarism required
      long-term hormonal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our early experience
      suggests that the extended endonasal endoscopic approach is a reasonable option
      for removal of the retrochiasmal craniopharyngiomas. Compared to other surgical
      approaches, it provides better opportunities for greater tumor removal and visual
      improvement without any increase in risks.

PMID- 26962335
TI  - The relationship between obesity and symptomatic Chiari I malformation in the
      pediatric population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concomitant with the rise in childhood obesity in the United States
      is an increase in the diagnosis of Chiari I malformation (CM1). OBJECTIVE: To
      discern a correlation between obesity and CM1, defined as >5 mm of cerebellar
      tonsillar descent on sagittal magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Charts of CM1
      patients aged 2-20 years were retrospectively reviewed. Chiari size, age, body
      mass index (BMI), and CM1 signs/symptoms were recorded. Patients were stratified
      by age: 2-9, 10-14, and 15-20 years. Mixed-effect linear models and linear
      regression analysis were applied to investigate the relationship between BMI-for
      age percentiles and CM1 signs/symptoms. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-seven patients
      were included (mean age 14.5 +/- 2.97 years, BMI 22.98 +/- 6.5, and Chiari size
      12.27 mm +/- 5.91). When adjusted for age, 42% were overweight or obese-higher
      than normative BMI for children in the studied area (29.6%). When stratified by
      age, patients between 2 and 9 years were most commonly obese and presented the
      highest mean BMI (25.66), largest Chiari size (13.58), and highest incidence of
      headache (75%) and syringomyelia (66.67%). Patients between 15 and 20 years were
      most commonly overweight and presented the smallest Chiari size (11.76 mm), but
      the highest incidence of cerebellar (50%) and brainstem (8.55%) compression
      symptoms. A significant positive correlation existed between BMI and headache in
      the first two age groups: (R (2): 0.36, P = 0.03; R (2): 0.39, P = 0.01,
      respectively). Obese patients had higher incidence of headache in the 10-14 group
      (R (2): 0.37, P = 0.02) and the largest Chiari size in the 15-20 group (R (2):
      0.40, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The pediatric CM1 population is more likely to be
      overweight or obese. Younger obese patients presented the highest incidence of
      Chiari-related headache symptoms, and older obese patients, the highest incidence
      of findings other than headache. Thus, body weight and age should be considered
      when evaluating children with CM1.

PMID- 26962337
TI  - Diphtheritic polyneuropathy in the wake of resurgence of diphtheria.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical profile and outcome in children with
      diphtheritic polyneuropathy (DP). METHODOLOGY: 13 children with polyneuropathy
      were included in this study. Their demographic profile, age, sex and immunization
      status were recorded. Detailed clinical and neurological examination was done.
      Investigations like CSF analysis, NCV studies, MRI brain were done. The results
      were tabulated and analyzed. RESULTS: All the children presented with bulbar
      palsy and had h/o membranous tonsillitis. Isolated palatal palsy was seen in 7
      children (53%). 6 (46.1%) children developed quadriparesis. 1 child expired and
      recovery is complete in rest of the 12 children. Children with isolated bulbar
      palsy recovered within 2 to 4 weeks while children with quadriparesis recovered
      within 5-6 wks. CONCLUSIONS: Any child diagnosed with diphtheria should be
      followed for 3-6 months in anticipation of neurological complications. DP carries
      good prognosis hence timely diagnosis and differentiation from other neuropathies
      is a prerequisite for rational management.

PMID- 26962336
TI  - Does diffusion restriction changes in magnetic resonance imaging predict
      neurological outcome in neonatal seizures?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neonatal seizures are a common manifestation of brain dysfunction.
      Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has rapidly become the study of choice
      for the evaluation of central nervous systems disorders in newborns. According to
      a study conducted in Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center
      Utrecht, diffusion Restriction (DR) changes in the MRI is a good indicator of
      cell dysfunction (reversible or irreversible) within one week of insult.
      OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to find the association of DR changes
      in MRI of brain for neonatal seizures with long term neurodevelopment outcome.
      METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study conducted in Sri Ramachandra
      University. Retrospective data was collected for the time period of January 2010
      to December 2011 from medical records department (MRD) for patient data, neonatal
      intensive care unit and reports from PACS for MRI images and the Karthikeyan
      child development unit for their developmental follow up reports. RESULTS:
      Comparison of composite score for various domains with DR changes was done with a
      t-test and comparison of babies with developmental delay and DR changes with Chi
      square test. MRI DR changes with developmental outcome in different domains
      namely cognition, language-receptive/expressive, fine and gross motor was
      studied. There is no statistical significance among those who have DR changes and
      with those who do not have DR changes. CONCLUSION: Though diffusion restriction
      changes in MRI may not predict adverse long term neuro developmental outcome,
      they can be of use with regards to individual etiological profile as in stroke.
      Larger group study and long term follow up is required to substantiate these
      findings.

PMID- 26962338
TI  - Brain tumors in infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brain tumors in infants have different clinical presentations,
      anatomical distribution, histopathological diagnosis, and clinical prognosis
      compared with older children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was
      done in patients <12 months old who were operated on for primary brain tumor in
      Children's Hospital Medical Center since 2008 to 2014. RESULTS: Thirty-one
      infants, 20 males and 11 females, with the mean age of 7.13 months (0.5-12) were
      enrolled. There were 16 supratentorial and 15 infratentorial tumors. The
      presenting symptoms included increased head circumference (16); bulge fontanel
      (15); vomiting (15); developmental regression (11); sunset eye (7); seizure (4);
      loss of consciousness (4); irritability (3); nystagmus (2); visual loss (2);
      hemiparesis (2); torticollis (2); VI palsy (3); VII, IX, X nerve palsy (each 2);
      and ptosis (1). Gross total and subtotal resection were performed in 19 and 11
      cases, respectively. Fourteen patients needed external ventricular drainage in
      the perioperative period, from whom four infants required a ventriculoperitoneal
      shunt. One patient underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting without tumor
      resection. The most common histological diagnoses were primitive neuroectodermal
      tumor (7), followed by anaplastic ependymoma (6) and grade II ependymoma. The
      rate of 30-day mortality was 19.3%. Eighteen patients are now well-controlled
      with or without adjuvant therapy (overall survival; 58%), from whom 13 cases are
      tumor free (disease free survival; 41.9%), 3 cases have residual masses with
      fixed or decreased size (progression-free survival; 9.6%), and 2 cases are still
      on chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Brain tumors in infants should be treated with
      surgical resection, followed by chemotherapy when necessary.

PMID- 26962339
TI  - Survival with concurrent temozolomide and radiotherapy in pediatric brainstem
      glioma with relation to the tumor volume.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brainstem gliomas account for approximately 25% of all posterior
      fossa tumors. In pediatric age group, it constitutes about 10% of all brain
      tumors. Brainstem glioma is an aggressive and lethal type of malignancy with poor
      outcome despite all treatments. AIM: We studied the incidence and treatment
      outcome in pediatric patients with brainstem glioma depending on their tumor
      volume presenting in our institution in last 5 years. Brain tumors comprised
      2.95% of all cancers and brainstem gliomas were 8% of all brain tumors. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Nine pediatric patients were included in this analysis, who were
      treated with localized external radiotherapy 54-59.4 Gy along with temozolomide
      75 mg/m(2) during the whole course of radiotherapy. RESULTS: The median survival
      in all these patients was 20 months and the overall 2 years survival is 44.4%
      (4/9). The median survival of patients with primary disease volume <40cc is 26
      months whereas when the volume is more than 40cc the median survival is 13.5
      months as calculated by Chi-square test. CONCLUSION: As this study includes a
      small number of patients with unknown histology and treated on the basis of
      magnetic resonance imaging findings, no definite opinion can be given as some
      patients may have a low-grade tumor. More studies are required to establish the
      relation of size of the tumor with survival.

PMID- 26962340
TI  - Merosin-negative congenital muscular dystrophy: Report of five cases.
AB  - CONTEXT: Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is caused by mutations in
      the laminin alpha-2 gene encoding laminin-a2. AIMS: The purpose of this study is
      to determine clinical and genetic results in five Turkish patients with MDC1A.
      SETTING AND DESIGNS: Five children with MDC1A were retrospectively analyzed.
      RESULTS: Three (60%) were boys, and 2 (40%) were girls. Parental consanguinity
      was found in all the families. In all the patients, hypotonia, weakness, delayed
      motor milestones, markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration,
      and brain white matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging were detected.
      Mutation analysis was performed in all the patients, and 3 different mutations
      were detected. However, a mutation in patient 1 and 2 has not been previously
      described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: When a patient presents with severe
      congenital hypotonia, muscle weakness, high serum CPK levels, and white matter
      abnormalities, should be suspected as MDC1A.

PMID- 26962341
TI  - A clinical study to identify the possible etiology of complex partial seizures
      using magnetic resonance imaging brain findings and its implications on
      treatment.
AB  - CONTEXT: Epilepsy is one of the common neurological disorders worldwide.
      Fundamentally, there are two types of epilepsy-primary generalized epilepsy and
      localization-related epilepsy. Partial seizures account for about 40% of
      childhood seizures in some series and can be classified as simple or complex.[1]
      Partial seizures, more so the complex partial seizures (CPSs), are presumed to
      have a structural etiology. AIMS: (1) To study the magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) brain findings in CPSs in children aged 1-18 years. (2) To identify
      treatable causes of CPSs based on MRI findings and institute appropriate
      treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was performed using
      percentages and proportions. METHODS: Hospital based prospective study in which
      MRI brain was done on all newly diagnosed children with complex partial seizures,
      aged 1 to 18 yrs, during the study period. Final diagnosis was made correlating
      clinical features, radiological features and other supportive evidences, and
      appropriate treatment instituted. Follow up of cases was done until the
      completion of treatment (maximum 6 months). RESULTS: Among the 64 children who
      were clinically diagnosed to have CPSs and subjected to MRI study of the brain,
      40(62.5%) children were detected to have structural lesions, of which
      neurocysticercosis (NCC) was noted in 17 (42.5%), tuberculoma in 12 (30%),
      hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in 6 (15%), gliosis in 4 (10%), and tumor in 1 (2.5%)
      patient. Sixty-two (96.8%) children were treated medically, and 2 (3.2%) children
      underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Etiology of CPS based on MRI findings showed a
      substantial number of medically- and surgically-treatable pathologies. This study
      done on South Indian children showed neuro infections to be the most common cause
      of CPS, followed by HS, with NCC being the most common lesion noted. MRI not only
      identifies specific epileptogenic substrates, but also determines the specific
      treatment and predicts prognosis and should be the imaging modality of choice in
      the evaluation of CPS.

PMID- 26962342
TI  - Nonketotic hyperglycinemia case series.
AB  - To present three cases who presented with neonatal hiccups and who were later
      diagnosed with nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). CASE SERIES: We present three
      babies who presented in neonatal life with hiccups who later were diagnosed with
      NKH. Two babies presented on the 2(nd) day of life with hypotonia, poor feeding,
      and abnormal movements including jitteriness, hiccups, and twitching. The third
      baby only had transient hiccups lasting for a couple of days in the 1(st) week of
      life but later presented at 3 months of age with poor feeding, drowsiness, and
      jerky movements. All three cases needed extensive investigations before reaching
      the diagnosis including metabolic screen, lumbar puncture,
      electroencephalography, and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. The
      first two babies needed intubation on their 2(nd) day of life because of apneas
      in whom later, the care was withdrawn after reaching the diagnosis of NKH because
      of poor prognosis. The third baby was discharged home on oral dextromethorphan
      and ketogenic diet. We discuss the importance of early recognition of symptoms
      (frequent hiccups) and investigation needed to reach the diagnosis early as it
      helps in making decision to either carry on treatment or withdraw care because of
      poor prognosis. It also helps in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis can be
      offered at the subsequent pregnancy.

PMID- 26962343
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of Gorlin syndrome: Learning from mistakes!
AB  - Gorlin syndrome (GS) is a rare inherited multisystem disorder with predisposition
      to basal cell carcinomas and various other neoplasms. Characteristic features
      include falx calcification, multiple odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), early onset
      medulloblastoma, craniofacial and skeletal malformations, cardiac and ovarian
      fibroma. We present a case of GS in a 9-year-old girl with recurrent dental
      infections which was overlooked for 8 years. Diagnosis was finally suggested by
      the incidental detection of multiple OKCs and ovarian fibromas on follow-up
      magnetic resonance imaging performed for surveillance of previous operated brain
      tumor. 

PMID- 26962344
TI  - Spondylocostal dysostosis associated with right-sided polythelia, right-sided rib
      deformity and meningocoele: Case report with review of literature.
AB  - Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) is a rare anomaly of axial skeleton due to flawed
      embryological development. A newborn baby boy with right-sided polythelia,
      meningocoele, fan-like configuration of third and fourth rib, fused fifth and
      sixth rib and third thoracic hemivertebra was delivered to a second gravid mother
      by elective caesarean section. Baby was active, cried immediately after birth,
      had normal muscle tone and reflexes. He passed urine and meconium within 24 h of
      birth. Based on clinical examination and radiological picture, a diagnosis of SCD
      with meningocele with right-sided polythelia was made. Our case is the first SCD
      with polythelia and meningocele in newborn. SCD with right-sided polythelia and
      rib deformity with neural tube defect (NTD) may be due to a genetic defect with
      the culprit genes missing. Further genetic and embryological studies might find a
      link between right-sided rib defects, polythelia and NTD. 

PMID- 26962346
TI  - Vesical calculi formation on the slit valves of a migrated distal end of
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
AB  - Various complications of distal end of the ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt have
      been described in the literature. We present, here, an extremely rare and
      potentially severe complication of vesical calculi formation on the slit valves
      of distal end of VP shunt which erosively migrated into the urinary bladder.
      Suprapubic cystolithotomy performed, peritoneal end of the tube found to be
      eroding and entering into the bladder with two calculi firmly stuck to slit
      valves in the distal end of the tubing were removed. Shunt was functional,
      therefore, it was pulled out and repositioned on the superior aspect of the
      liver; the urinary bladder was repaired. Patient did well postoperatively. This
      complication was revealed 1.5 years after the shunt was implanted. Although there
      were symptoms of dysuria and dribbling of urine of short duration, the patient
      did not show obvious peritoneal signs; suggesting that, penetration of a VP shunt
      into the urinary bladder can remain asymptomatic for a long period of time,
      disclosed late and can lead to considerable morbidity. Careful follow-up is
      important and management should be individualized. 

PMID- 26962345
TI  - A rare case of abdominal compartment syndrome following repair of large
      myelomeningocele.
AB  - Abdominal compartment syndrome is a rare entity that can be life-threatening if
      not diagnosed and correctly managed in time. We report a case of abdominal
      compartment syndrome following an apparently uneventful excision and repair of
      myelomeningocele (MMC). Though MMC is the most complex congenital spinal cord
      malformation compatible with life and early surgery is recommended to decrease
      the risk of meningitis and sepsis but generally surgery is safe without major
      perioperative turbulence. The majority of the skin defects following excision of
      MMC are repaired by primary skin closure, but large defects may require secondary
      closure by skin grafts or rotational flaps. We report a case of an infant with
      large MMC, who developed abdominal compartment syndrome following excision and
      repair of the swelling. Intraoperatively, it manifested as bradycardia,
      hypotension, and ventilatory difficulty which were managed successfully.
      Subsequently, in the postoperative period, the presence of tight abdomen and fall
      in urine output raised strong suspicion regarding development of abdominal
      compartment syndrome. Condition of infant improved following the release of flap
      sutures. A high index of suspicion along with early management is imperative for
      a successful outcome in such cases. 

PMID- 26962347
TI  - Cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst associated with mirror movements.
AB  - Arachnoid cysts are benign developmental collections of cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF). They constitute approximately 1% of intracranial masses. The
      cerebellopontine angle (CPA) arachnoid cysts are rare and often asymptomatic. The
      onset of symptoms and signs is usually due to the compression of the brain,
      cranial nerves and obstruction of CSF circulation. The major clinical symptoms
      for CPA arachnoid cysts were reported as headache, ataxia and 8(th) cranial nerve
      palsy. We report a patient with a CPA arachnoid cyst. He presented with cranial
      nerve palsies and mirror movements found in upper extremities. We postulated that
      CPA arachnoid cyst compressing the brain stem and the pyramidal decussation may
      lead to mirror movements. We conclude that mirror movements can be associated
      with CPA arachnoid cyst. 

PMID- 26962348
TI  - Occipital lobe seizures: Rare hyperglycemic sequelae of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - A 15-year-old boy presented with osmotic symptoms and photopsia. He had short
      term memory impairment, visual hallucinations, and headache. His random blood
      sugar was 474 mg/dl, HbA1c -9.4%, and glutamic acid decarboxylase -65 >2000
      IU/ml. Magnetic resonance imaging brain and cerebrospinal fluid study were
      normal. Digital electroencephalography was suggestive of bilateral hemispheric
      occipital lobe seizures. He responded well to insulin and antiepileptic
      medications. 

PMID- 26962349
TI  - A pediatric chronic subdural hematoma: More than meets the eye.
AB  - We present an unusual case of a 13-year-old child who following minor head injury
      presented with what appeared to be a thin chronic subdural hematoma on plain
      computed tomography imaging. The child was found to have an underlying arachnoid
      cyst. Intra- and extra-cystic bleeding had occurred simultaneously causing an
      isodense cyst with an accompanying subdural collection. This radiographically
      occult pathology should be excluded using magnetic resonance imaging in any child
      presenting with a subdural collection. 

PMID- 26962350
TI  - Pediatric gliomatosis cerebri mimicking tubercular encephalitis.
AB  - Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a diffuse infiltrating glial neoplasm of astrocytic
      origin. GC in children is rare and difficult to diagnose, often presenting with a
      variety of signs and symptoms that may mimic myriad conditions. We discuss here
      the presentation and diagnosis of GC in a child who was initially treated on
      lines of tubercular encephalitis, with transient clinical relief and
      disappearance of enhancing component of the disease on magnetic resonance
      imaging. In this report, we highlight the limitations of clinical presentation
      and neuroimaging as well as the essential role of histological evaluation for the
      diagnosis of GC in children. Also is highlighted a more benign and protracted
      clinical course following radiotherapy in a subset of patients, with Ki index
      <10%, thereby stressing earliest possible diagnosis. A new prognostic
      classification can also be proposed for pediatric GC based on various parameters.
      Since these are rare cases, a combined effort is required for this. 

PMID- 26962351
TI  - Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor of the lateral ventricle.
AB  - Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are rare and highly malignant
      embryonal central nervous system neoplasms, usually seen in very young children
      with rapid fatal outcome despite aggressive treatment. They are most commonly
      located in the posterior fossa. Intraventricular location is extremely rare. To
      the best of our knowledge, only 4 cases of lateral ventricle location were
      reported in the literature. We report the fifth case of lateral ventricle AT/RT
      in a 2-month-old male who presented with rapid increase of his head
      circumference. Brain computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging
      showed heterogeneous huge mass within the left lateral ventricle extending to the
      parieto-occipital parenchyma and markedly enhancing by contrast. The baby
      underwent left transparietal approach with complete removal of the tumor.
      Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of AT/RT. An aggressive
      chemotherapy was administrated postoperatively. The outcome is good without
      neurological deficit or recurrence after 3 years and half of follow-up. 

PMID- 26962352
TI  - A case report of pontine glioblastoma presenting as subcutaneous metastasis in
      nape of neck in a child.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor in adults. Extracranial
      metastasis of GBM is very rare. The incidence of brainstem glioblastoma is not
      known due to low biopsy and resection rates. In this case report, we experienced
      an 11-year-old male who was diagnosed as a case of pontine GBM after biopsy of
      lesion and underwent radiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy. He presented with a
      subcutaneous swelling in the nape of neck 1 year after the first procedure.
      Swelling was excised. Pathological examination and immunohistochemical staining
      confirmed it as GBM. This case shows us that GBM can at times present as a
      swelling in soft tissue. 

PMID- 26962354
TI  - Primary intraventricular central nervous system lymphoma in an immunocompetent
      patient.
AB  - We report a young 15-year-old boy with 6 months history of headache, vomiting,
      and seizure. He underwent septostomy followed by right ventriculoperitoneal shunt
      for obstructive hydrocephalus and was managed with empirical antituberculosis
      treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed solid, nodular, enhancing
      masses in bilateral lateral ventricles and 4(th) ventricle. Surgical biopsy from
      4(th) ventricular lesion confirmed a B-cell lymphoma. Staging evaluation with MRI
      positron emission tomography and bone marrow biopsy were normal suggesting an
      intraventricular primary central nervous system lymphoma. 

PMID- 26962353
TI  - Primary parietal myeloid sarcoma.
AB  - Intracranial occurrence of myeloid sarcoma without any evidence of systemic
      hematological disorder is uncommon. We report the case of a 17-year-old girl who
      presented with features of raised intracranial pressure and paraparesis of short
      duration. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 6 cm bilateral middle 1/3(rd) para
      sagittal contrast enhancing extra-axial mass with mass effect. The tumor was
      subtotally excised. Histology and immunohistochemistry proved to be a
      myelosarcoma. Further evaluation done with peripheral blood smear and bone marrow
      biopsy ruled out the possibility of leukemia or myeloproliferative disorder. She
      was referred for chemotherapy and clinically showed improvement after 6 months of
      follow-up. Authors report a case of intracranial myelosarcoma which closely
      resembled meningioma both radiologically and in intraoperative morphological
      appearance. Authors discuss in detail the radiological and histological features
      of myelosarcoma along with differential diagnoses and treatment options. 

PMID- 26962355
TI  - Single staged complete length excision of the holocord ependymoma: Team work.
AB  - The authors present a case of a 15-year-old male patient who presented with
      gradually progressive quadriparesis for 3 years. Magnetic resonance imaging of
      the spine was suggestive of heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion extending from
      cervicomedullary junction to conus. This holocord spinal tumor was excised in a
      single stage with standard microsurgical technique. In immediate postoperative
      period, the patient had deterioration in power in both lower limbs which improved
      in follow-up at 6 months. Histopathology of the tumor was suggestive of
      ependymoma. Holocord ependymoma is a rare entity; until now, only six cases have
      been described in the literature. To the author's best knowledge, this is only
      the second case of holocord ependymoma excised in a single stage. 

PMID- 26962356
TI  - Guillain-Barre syndrome masquerading as acute respiratory failure in an infant.
AB  - Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare entity in infants. We report a case of
      GBS in a 5-month-old girl. The child presented with cough, loose stools,
      breathing difficulty, and listlessness. The child was treated as pneumonia with
      respiratory failure. Due to difficulty in weaning from ventilation with
      areflexia, marked hypotonia, and reduced power in all four limbs; possibilities
      of spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, and myopathies were kept. Nerve
      conduction velocity study was suggestive of mixed sensory-motor, severe axonal,
      and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid study revealed
      albuminocytological dissociation. Child was diagnosed as GBS and treated with
      intravenous immunoglobulin. Child recovered completely on follow-up. GBS should
      be considered as a differential diagnosis in acute onset respiratory failure with
      neuromuscular weakness in infants. 

PMID- 26962358
TI  - Paraneoplastic encephalitis as a first evidence of recurrent neuroblastoma: A
      rare case entity.
AB  - Prevalence of paraneoplastic encephalitis in association with recurrent
      neuroblastoma (NB) is rare. Here, we report a case of recurrent NB presented as
      paraneoplastic encephalitis, treated successfully with high dose steroids leading
      to complete neurological recovery. This case highlights the importance of early
      recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of paraneoplastic encephalitis in a
      pediatric patient with the new development of neurological symptoms in the
      background of NB. Paraneoplastic encephalitis also served as an early sign of
      disease relapse. 

PMID- 26962357
TI  - Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis with substantia nigra involvement.
AB  - Infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a usually benign
      systemic viral illness common in children. Many studies described nervous system
      manifestations of infectious mononucleosis with a wide spectrum of neurologic
      deficits. Neurologic complications of EBV are seen in both acute and reactivate
      infection. Herein, we describe a patient diagnosed by acute EBV encephalitis with
      substantia nigra involvement and excellent clinical recovery. 

PMID- 26962359
TI  - Diffuse leptomeningeal spread of supratentorial recurrent pilocytic astrocytoma
      in a child.

PMID- 26962360
TI  - Faun tail associated with bony tail like projecting dysplastic sacral vertebral
      segments in natal cleft: Unique twin tails.

PMID- 26962361
TI  - Treatment-resistant mania in Dandy-Walker malformation with seizure disorder: A
      case report.

PMID- 26962362
TI  - Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and cerebellar ataxia in an Indian adolescent: A
      rare report.

PMID- 26962363
TI  - A rare cause of occipital headache.

PMID- 26962364
TI  - Febrile seizures in 1-5 aged infants in tropical practice: Frequency, etiology
      and outcome of hospitalization.

PMID- 26962365
TI  - Concurrent acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a
      child.

PMID- 26962366
TI  - Hsa-miR-375 is a predictor of local control in early stage breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A long-term analysis by the Early Breast Cancer Trialist Group
      (EBCTG) revealed a strong correlation between local control and cancer-specific
      mortality. MicroRNAs (miRs), short (20-25 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, have been
      described as prognosticators and predictors for breast cancer in recent years.
      The aim of the current study was to identify miRs that can predict local control
      after breast conserving therapy (BCT) in early stage breast cancer. RESULTS:
      Clinical data of 46 early stage breast cancer patients with local relapse after
      BCT were selected from the institutional database. These patients were matched to
      101 control patients showing identical clinical features but without local
      relapse. The study was conducted in two steps. (1) In the pilot study, 32
      patients (16 relapses versus 16 controls) were screened for the most de-regulated
      microRNAs (= candidate microRNAs) in a panel of 1250 miRs by microarray
      technology. Eight miRs were found to be significantly de-regulated. (2) In the
      validation study, the candidate microRNAs were analyzed in an independent cohort
      of 115 patients (30 relapses versus 85 controls) with reverse transcription
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). From these eight candidates,
      hsa-miR-375 could be validated. Its median fold change was 2.28 (Mann-Whitney U
      test, corrected p value = 0.008). In the log-rank analysis, high expression
      levels of hsa-miR-375 correlated with a significantly higher risk of local
      relapse (p = 0.003). In a multivariate analysis (forward stepwise regression)
      including established predictors and prognosticators, hsa-miR-375 was the only
      variable that was able to distinguish the statistical significance between
      relapse and control groups (raw p value = 0.000195 HR = 0.76, 95 % CI 0.66-0.88;
      corrected p value = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Hsa-miR-375 predicts local control in
      patient with early stage breast cancer, especially in estrogen receptor alpha (ER
      alpha)-positive patients. It can therefore serve as an additional molecular
      marker for treatment choice independently from known predictors and
      prognosticators. Validation in larger prospective studies is warranted.

PMID- 26962368
TI  - Dentinal Tubule Disinfection with Propolis & Two Extracts of Azadirachta indica
      Against Candida albicans Biofilm Formed on Tooth Substrate.
AB  - AIM: This study evaluates the disinfection of dentinal tubules using Propolis,
      Azadirachta indica (alcoholic and aqueous extracts), 2% chlorhexidine gel and
      calcium hydroxide against Candida albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate.
      MATERIALS & METHOD: One hundred and five human teeth were infected with Candida
      albicans for 2 days. Samples were divided into 7 groups. Group I- Propolis, Group
      II- Alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica, Group III- Aqueous extract of
      Azadirachta indica, Group IV- 2% Chlorhexidine, Group V- Calcium hydroxide, Group
      VI- Ethanol and Group VII- Saline (negative control). At the end of 1,3 and 5
      days, the antimicrobial efficacy of medicaments against Candida albicans was
      assessed at the depths of 200 um and 400 um. RESULTS: The overall percentage
      inhibition of fungal growth (at 200 um and 400 um depth) was 99.2% with 2%
      chlorhexidine gel. There was no statistical difference between propolis,
      alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) and 2% chlorhexidine. CONCLUSION:
      Propolis and alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica performed equally well as
      that of 2% Chlorhexidine.

PMID- 26962367
TI  - Discovery of new methylation markers to improve screening for cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Assessment of DNA promoter methylation markers in cervical scrapings
      for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer
      is feasible, but finding methylation markers with both high sensitivity as well
      as high specificity remains a challenge. In this study, we aimed to identify new
      methylation markers for the detection of high-grade CIN (CIN2/3 or worse, CIN2+)
      by using innovative genome-wide methylation analysis (MethylCap-seq). We focused
      on diagnostic performance of methylation markers with high sensitivity and high
      specificity considering any methylation level as positive. RESULTS: MethylCap-seq
      of normal cervices and CIN2/3 revealed 176 differentially methylated regions
      (DMRs) comprising 164 genes. After verification and validation of the 15 best
      discriminating genes with methylation-specific PCR (MSP), 9 genes showed
      significant differential methylation in an independent cohort of normal cervices
      versus CIN2/3 lesions (p < 0.05). For further diagnostic evaluation, these 9
      markers were tested with quantitative MSP (QMSP) in cervical scrapings from 2
      cohorts: (1) cervical carcinoma versus healthy controls and (2) patients referred
      from population-based screening with an abnormal Pap smear in whom also HPV
      status was determined. Methylation levels of 8/9 genes were significantly higher
      in carcinoma compared to normal scrapings. For all 8 genes, methylation levels
      increased with the severity of the underlying histological lesion in scrapings
      from patients referred with an abnormal Pap smear. In addition, the diagnostic
      performance was investigated, using these 8 new genes and 4 genes (previously
      identified by our group: C13ORF18, JAM3, EPB41L3, and TERT). In a triage setting
      (after a positive Pap smear), sensitivity for CIN2+ of the best combination of
      genes (C13ORF18/JAM3/ANKRD18CP) (74 %) was comparable to hrHPV testing (79 %),
      while specificity was significantly higher (76 % versus 42 %, p <= 0.05). In
      addition, in hrHPV-positive scrapings, sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+ of
      this best-performing combination was comparable to the population referred with
      abnormal Pap smear. CONCLUSIONS: We identified new CIN2/3-specific methylation
      markers using genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. The diagnostic performance of
      our new methylation panel shows higher specificity, which should result in
      prevention of unnecessary colposcopies for women referred with abnormal cytology.
      In addition, these newly found markers might be applied as a triage test in hrHPV
      positive women from population-based screening. The next step before
      implementation in primary screening programs will be validation in population
      based cohorts.

PMID- 26962369
TI  - Effects of Internal Bleaching on the Adhesion of Glass-Fiber Posts.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effects of internal bleaching on the adhesion of
      glass-fiber posts (GFPs) luted with different resin cements. METHODS: Forty
      extracted human single-root teeth were endodontically treated and divided into
      four groups (n=10): G1- conventional resin cement (CRC); G2- self-adhesive resin
      cement (SARC); G3- bleaching + CRC; and G4- bleaching + SARC. Specimens were
      sectioned transversally into three slices to perform the push-out test at the
      coronal, middle and apical regions of the root canals. Data were analyzed using
      analysis of variance and Tukey's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The push-out bond
      strength of GFPs luted with SARC after bleaching (G4) was significantly lower
      than that of the other groups (p<0.001). We found no statistically significant
      differences in push-out bond strength among the other groups. SIGNIFICANCE:
      Internal bleaching reduced the adhesion of GFPs luted with SARC. The adhesion of
      GFPs luted with CRC was not decreased after bleaching.

PMID- 26962370
TI  - Benign Orofacial Lesions in Libyan Population: A 17 Years Retrospective Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency and type of benign orofacial lesions
      submitted for diagnosis at Tripoli Medical Centre over 17 years period (1997
      2013). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Entries for specimens from patients were retrieved
      and compiled into 9 diagnostic categories and 82 diagnoses. RESULTS: During the
      17 years period, a total of 975 specimens were evaluated, it comprised a male
      female ratio of 0.76:1. The mean age of biopsied patients was 36.3+/-18.32 years.
      The diagnostic category with the highest number of specimens was skin and mucosal
      pathology (22.87%); and the most frequent diagnosis was pyogenic granuloma
      (14.05%). CONCLUSION: Pyogenic granuloma, lichen planus, radicular cyst and
      fibroepithelial polyp were found to be the most predominant diagnoses.
      Frequencies of most benign orofacial diseases were comparable to similar studies
      in the literature and to those reported from the eastern region of Libya. Further
      surveys are needed to define the epidemiology of orofacial diseases in Libyan
      population.

PMID- 26962371
TI  - Inhibitory Effect of Alpha-Mangostin on Adhesion of Candida albicans to Denture
      Acrylic.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Candida-associated denture stomatitis is a very common disease
      affecting denture wearers. It is characterized by the presence of yeast biofilm
      on the denture, primarily associated with C. albicans. The investigation of
      agents that can reduce C. albicans adhesion may represent a significant
      advancement in the prevention and treatment of this disease. This study aims to
      investigate the effect of alpha-mangostin on the in vitro adhesion of C. albicans
      to denture acrylic and germ tube formation by C. albicans and to compare its
      activity with clotrimazole which is a topical antifungal agent commonly used for
      the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. MATERIALS AND
      METHODOLOGY: Alpha-mangostin was extracted by thin layer chromatography. The
      effect of alpha-mangostin on adhesion of C. albicans to denture acrylic was
      determined by using a colorimetric tetrazolium assay and germ tube formation by
      C. albicans was determined by using the counting chamber. RESULTS: A significant
      reduction of C. albicans adhesion to denture acrylic was evident after exposure
      to 2,000 ug/ml of alpha-mangostin for only 15 min. In addition, the 2,000 ug/ml
      of the alpha-mangostin-treated C. albicans had a reduced ability for germ tube
      formation. These inhibitory effects of alpha-mangostin were as effective as
      clotrimazole. CONCLUSION: Alpha-mangostin has antifungal property against C.
      albicans by inhibiting the adhesion to denture acrylic and germ tube formation in
      vitro. These results suggest the potential application of alpha-mangostin as a
      topical medication or a natural oral hygiene product for treatment of Candida
      associated denture stomatitis.

PMID- 26962372
TI  - Failure Rate of Direct High-Viscosity Glass-Ionomer Versus Hybrid Resin Composite
      Restorations in Posterior Permanent Teeth - a Systematic Review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Traditionally, resin composite restorations are claimed by reviews of
      the dental literature as being superior to glass-ionomer fillings in terms of
      restoration failures in posterior permanent teeth. The aim of this systematic
      review is to answer the clinical question, whether conventional high-viscosity
      glass-ionomer restorations, in patients with single and/or multi-surface cavities
      in posterior permanent teeth, have indeed a higher failure rate than direct
      hybrid resin composite restorations. METHODS: Eight databases were searched until
      December 02, 2013. Trials were assessed for bias risks, in-between datasets
      heterogeneity and statistical sample size power. Effects sizes were computed and
      statistically compared. A total of 55 citations were identified through
      systematic literature search. From these, 46 were excluded. No trials related to
      high-viscosity glass-ionomers versus resin composite restorations for direct head
      to-head comparison were found. Three trials related to high-viscosity glass
      ionomers versus amalgam and three trials related to resin composite versus
      amalgam restorations could be included for adjusted indirect comparison, only.
      RESULTS: The available evidence suggests no difference in the failure rates
      between both types of restoration beyond the play of chance, is limited by lack
      of head-to-head comparisons and an insufficient number of trials, as well as by
      high bias and in-between-dataset heterogeneity risk. The current clinical
      evidence needs to be regarded as too poor in order to justify superiority claims
      regarding the failure rates of both restoration types. Sufficiently large-sized,
      parallel-group, randomised control trials with high internal validity are needed,
      in order to justify any clinically meaningful judgment to this topic.

PMID- 26962373
TI  - The Dental Solid Waste Management in Different Categories of Dental Laboratories
      in Abha City, Saudi Arabia.
AB  - AIM: To study the awareness, attitude, practice and facilities among the
      different categories of dental laboratories in Abha city. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      A total of 80 dental technicians were surveyed in the study. The dental
      laboratories included in the study were teaching institute (Group I), Government
      Hospital (Group II), Private Dental Clinic (Group III) and Independent laboratory
      (Group IV). The pre-tested anonymous questionnaire was used to understand
      knowledge, attitude, facilities, practice and orientation regarding biomedical
      waste management. RESULTS: The knowledge of biomedical waste categories, colour
      coding and segregation was better among Group I (55-65%) and Group II (65-75%).
      The lowest standard of waste disposal was practiced at Group IV (15-20%) and
      Group III (25-35%). The availability of disposal facilities was poor at Group IV.
      The continuous education on biomedical waste management lacked in all the Groups.
      CONCLUSION: The significant improvement in disposal facilities was required at
      Group III and Group IV laboratories. All dental technicians were in need of
      regular training of biomedical waste management. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The
      dental laboratories are an integral part of dental practice. The dental
      laboratories are actively involved in the generation, handling and disposal of
      biomedical waste. Hence, it is important to assess the biomedical waste
      management knowledge, attitude, facilities and practice among different
      categories of dental laboratories.

PMID- 26962374
TI  - Application of Behavior Management Techniques for Paediatric Dental Patients by
      Tanzanian Dental Practitioners.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Management of children's behavior is an integral component of
      pediatric dental practice. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the oral health care
      providers' awareness, use and factors for choice of behavior management
      techniques when attending paediatric dental patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional
      study among dental practitioners in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data collection was
      done through interview using a structured questionnaire. The recorded information
      included: awareness and application of behavior management techniques (BMT) when
      attending a child dental patient, factors influencing choice of a particular
      technique, socio-demographics, level of professional training, working experience
      and facility profile. Using SPSS program version 18, frequency distributions and
      cross tabulations analyses were performed. RESULTS: 74 dental practitioners
      participated in the study, of whom 49 (66.2%) were males and 44 (59.5%) were
      graduates. Most participants were aware of the behavior management techniques,
      ranging from 100% for Tell-Show-Do to 86% for distraction. A small proportion
      (9.5%) reported to have adequate skills, all of them were graduates. The use of
      universally accepted BMTs was reported by 65% of experienced practitioners, 61%
      of graduates, 59% of those reporting to have received formal training and all of
      those reporting to have fair/inadequate skills to apply BMTs (p= 0.01).
      CONCLUSION: Most participants were aware of BMTs, although few acknowledged
      having adequate skills to apply the techniques. They use BMTs during treatment of
      paediatric dental patients and their choice of the technique is mainly influenced
      by children's factors.

PMID- 26962375
TI  - Caries Removal by Chemomechanical (CarisolvTM) vs. Rotary Drill: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chemomechanical caries removal is an effective alternative to the
      traditional rotary drilling method. The advantages of chemomechanical techniques
      in terms of the need for anesthesia, pain perception and patient preference are
      systematically reviewed and a meta-analysis of the time required for caries
      removal is reported. METHOD: Randomized controlled studies of comparison of
      chemomechanical techniques with conventional rotary drill were selected from a
      systematic search of standard biomedical databases, including the PubMed and
      Cochrane clinical trials. Non-repeated search results were screened for relevance
      and risk of bias assessment, followed by methodology assessment. Statistical
      models were applied to the outcome parameters - time required, pain perception,
      need of anesthesia and patient preference - extracted from the studies. RESULTS:
      Out of the 111 non-repeated search results, 26 studies receiving a low bias score
      were selected for the review, and 16 randomized clinical trials of rotary and
      Carisolv techniques were considered for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis by fixed
      effect as well as random effect models indicate that Carisolv takes more time
      (3.65 +/- 0.05 and 4.09 +/- 0.29 min) than rotary drill (8.65 +/- 0.09 and 8.97
      +/- 0.66 min) method. Advantages of reduced pain (14.67 for Carisolv vs. 6.76 for
      rotary drill), need for anesthesia (1.59% vs. 10.52%) outweigh the longer time
      requirement and make it the preferred (18.68% vs. 4.69%) method. CONCLUSION:
      Chemomechanical techniques stand out as a minimally invasive and preferred method
      based on the meta-analyses. Evaluation of pain experienced using robust methods
      is needed to strengthen the evidence for their use.

PMID- 26962377
TI  - Revascularization of an Immature Tooth with Apical Periodontitis Using Calcium
      Hydroxide: A 3-year Follow-up.
AB  - Root canal treatment of teeth presenting immature development is a great
      challenge for both the patient and the professional. The thinness of the root
      canal walls of immature teeth may lead to root fracture and thus the outcomes of
      such treatments are uncertain. Revascularization is based on root canal
      decontamination followed by the induction of blood migration from the periapical
      tissues and the development of new vascular tissue in the canal space. The
      principle of disinfection in regenerative endodontics is that it should be
      achieved with minimum root canal instrumentation; an intracanal medication is
      used to inhibit bacterial growth and appropriate sealing of the coronal portion
      is performed. The American Association of Endodontists (AAE) considerations for
      regenerative endodontics include calcium hydroxide as an alternative intracanal
      dressing. This material has also been claimed to diminish the possibility of
      dental staining during revascularization procedures. The relatively new treatment
      protocol has been widely reported in the last few years; however it should be
      performed only when other alternatives are not reasonable. This case report
      presents a 3-year follow-up of a case of revascularization of a maxillary central
      incisor using calcium hydroxide as a root canal disinfection dressing. 

PMID- 26962376
TI  - Esthetic Prosthetic Restorations: Reliability and Effects on Antagonist
      Dentition.
AB  - Recent advances in ceramics have greatly improved the functional and esthetic
      properties of restorative materials. New materials offer an esthetic and
      functional oral rehabilitation, however their impact on opposing teeth is not
      welldocumented. Peer-reviewed articles published till December 2014 were
      identified through Pubmed (Medline and Elsevier). Scientifically, there are
      several methods of measuring the wear process of natural dentition which enhances
      the comparison of the complicated results. This paper presents an overview of the
      newly used prosthetic materials and their implication on antagonist teeth or
      prostheses, especially emphasizing the behavior of zirconia restorations. 

PMID- 26962378
TI  - Bactericidal Efficacy of Cold Plasma at Different Depths of Infected Root Canals
      In Vitro.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cold plasma (CP) has been shown to be effective even against
      multiresistant microorganisms. As previous investigations on the effect of CP in
      root canals showed promising results, the aim of the present study was to analyze
      the bactericidal efficacy of CP in different depths of infected dentin. METHODS:
      32 standardized root canals of human mandibular premolars were infected with
      Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for one week. Specimens were randomly
      selected for one of four disinfection methods: control (5mL NaCl), 5mL
      chlorhexidine (CHX), CP alone (CP), and a combination of 5mL CHX and cold plasma
      (CHX+CP). CHX was ultrasonically activated for 30s, while cold plasma was used
      for 60s in the root canals. Dentin samples at depths of 300, 500 and 800 um were
      obtained and diluted serially. Colony forming units (CFUs) were counted on agar
      plates after 24h of incubation. RESULTS: The highest overall logarithmic
      reduction factors (RF) were obtained from CHX+CP (log RF 3.56 p<0.01; Mann
      Whitney U test), followed by CP (log RF 3.27 p<0.01) and CHX alone (log RF 2.65
      p<0.01) related to the control. All disinfection methods showed significantly
      lower CFU counts compared to the control group in 300 um and 800 um (both p<0.01,
      Kruskal-Wallis test). DISCUSSION: The adjuvant use of CP might be beneficial in
      highly infected root canals to improved disinfection. However, the disinfection
      effect against Enterococcus faecalis of CP is comparable to ultrasonically
      activated CHX.

PMID- 26962379
TI  - The Lateral Meniscus as a Guide to Anatomical Tibial Tunnel Placement During
      Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to show, on an MRI scan, that the posterior
      border of the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus (AHLM) could guide tibial
      tunnel position in the sagittal plane and provide anatomical graft position.
      METHOD: One hundred MRI scans were analysed with normal cruciate ligaments and no
      evidence of meniscal injury. We measured the distance between the posterior
      border of the AHLM and the midpoint of the ACL by superimposing sagittal images.
      RESULTS: The mean distance between the posterior border of the AHLM and the ACL
      midpoint was -0.1mm (i.e. 0.1mm posterior to the ACL midpoint). The range was 5mm
      to -4.6mm. The median value was 0.0mm. 95% confidence interval was from -0.5 to
      0.3mm. A normal, parametric distribution was observed and Intra- and inter
      observer variability showed significant correlation (p<0.05) using Pearsons
      Correlation test (intra-observer) and Interclass correlation (inter-observer).
      CONCLUSION: Using the posterior border of the AHLM is a reproducible and
      anatomical marker for the midpoint of the ACL footprint in the majority of cases.
      It can be used intra-operatively as a guide for tibial tunnel insertion and graft
      placement allowing anatomical reconstruction. There will inevitably be some
      anatomical variation. Pre-operative MRI assessment of the relationship between
      AHLM and ACL footprint is advised to improve surgical planning. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Level 4.

PMID- 26962380
TI  - Malik's Technique of Single Loop Fixation of Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens
      in Presence of Partial Capsular Support.
AB  - Single loop fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens in the presence of
      partial capsular support is usually performed by creation of additional scleral
      flap or tunnel. This extra port may expose the suture holding the intraocular
      lens or the tucked-in lens haptics to the outside environment thereby increasing
      the risk of endophthalmitis. We describe a technique of single loop fixation
      where the scleral tunnel is created adjacent to the site with the absent capsule,
      the leading haptic is placed on the capsular scaffold, the trailing haptic is
      tied to 9-0 polypropylene, and the suture is then secured to the inner edge of
      the scleral lip with enough tension to center the optics and the wound is then
      closed. The suture knot gets buried within the scleral tunnel with no external
      communication and does not require a separate port. It is an easy, safe, fast and
      reproducible technique with a lens tilt of less than 2 degrees . 

PMID- 26962382
TI  - Macular Hole Formation After Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injection in Wet Age
      Related Macular Degeneration.
AB  - Ranibizumab is a monoclonal antibody fragment that inhibits angiogenesis by
      inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A, used as a treatment for patients
      with wet aged-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Adverse effects from
      intravitreal Ranibizumab injections are well recognised. Macular hole formation
      following Ranibizumab injection is a complication that has been recently reported
      in few case reports. We present a larger case series of five patients, who
      developed full thickness macular holes (FTMH) after intravitreal Ranibizumab
      injections for treatment of wet ARMD that we were aware of between 2009 and 2013.

PMID- 26962381
TI  - Prevalence of Keratoconus Among a Palestinian Tertiary Student Population.
AB  - PURPOSE: To screen for keratoconus and potential associated risk factors in a
      tertiary student population sample. POPULATION AND METHODS: This cross sectional
      study included 1234 students attending An-Najah National University (Nablus, West
      Bank, Palestine), that were randomly selected from a total of 20,000 university
      students. 634 (51.3%) student participants responded by completing a self
      administered questionnaire and were assessed by means of corneal topography.
      Following initial evaluation, participants were referred for Pentacam evaluation
      if they demonstrated either a mean keratometry of more than 45 diopters, corneal
      astigmatism of more than 2 diopters and/or if asymmetric topographic patterns
      were present. Pentacam images were analyzed by an experienced ophthalmologist
      based on a number of indices and the participants were classified as normal,
      keratoconus suspects, and keratoconus patients. RESULTS: A total of 620
      participants (mean age, 20.1+/-1.6 years) were included in this study, 379
      (61.1%) were females and 241 (38.9%) were males. Nine subjects were diagnosed
      with keratoconus, demonstrating a prevalence of 1.5%. 52 (8.4%) participants
      showed at least one abnormal pentacam index, and were considered as KC suspects.
      CONCLUSION: Keratoconus is a prevalent disease among the tertiary Palestinian
      student population. This may be related to a combination of genetic and
      environmental factors. The results of this study signal the need for public
      health outreach and intervention for keratoconus.

PMID- 26962384
TI  - Registration of wheat lines carrying the partial stripe rust resistance gene Yr36
      without the Gpc-B1 high grain protein content allele.
AB  - While the high-temperature adult plant resistance gene Yr36 represents a
      promising source of quantitative and potentially race non-specific resistance to
      wheat stripe rust (causal organism Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici),
      its tight linkage (0.3 cM) with the high-grain protein content gene Gpc-B1 may
      hinder its introgression in certain cases, such as in soft wheat varieties
      requiring low grain protein content or in lines where the Gpc-B1 allele may be
      associated with a yield penalty. The development and registration of two donor
      lines, one tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum; PI 656793) and one
      hexaploid (T. aestivum L. ssp. aestivum; PI 664549), each carrying the resistant
      wild emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) allele for Yr36 linked with the non
      functional Gpc-B1 allele, are intended to overcome this potential limitation.
      Meiotic recombination events breaking the linkage between these two genes were
      discovered during the systematic screening of a population of 4,500 F2 durum
      plants (cv. Langdon background) used to fine map Yr36. One of the critical
      recombination events was selected for fixation by self-pollination and
      transferred to a California adapted spring hexaploid background (breeding line
      UC11105+10) through five generations of backcrossing. Genotypic and phenotypic
      data confirm the presence of Yr36 and the non-functional Gpc-B1 allele in both
      registered lines.

PMID- 26962385
TI  - New England Faculty and College Students Differ in Their Views About Evolution,
      Creationism, Intelligent Design, and Religiosity.
AB  - Public acceptance of evolution in Northeastern U.S. is the highest nationwide,
      only 59%. Here, we compare perspectives about evolution, creationism, intelligent
      design (ID), and religiosity between highly educated New England faculty (n=244;
      90% Ph.D. holders in 40 disciplines at 35 colleges/universities) and college
      students from public secular (n=161), private secular (n=298), and religious
      (n=185) institutions: 94/3% of the faculty vs. 64/14% of the students admitted to
      accepting evolution openly and/or privately, and 82/18% of the faculty vs. 58/42%
      of the students thought that evolution is definitely true or probably true,
      respectively. Only 3% of the faculty vs. 23% of the students thought that
      evolution and creationism are in harmony. Although 92% of faculty and students
      thought that evolution relies on common ancestry, one in every four faculty and
      one in every three students did not know that humans are apes; 15% of the faculty
      vs. 34% of the students believed, incorrectly, that the origin of the human mind
      cannot be explained by evolution, and 30% of the faculty vs. 72% of the students
      was Lamarckian (believed in inheritance of acquired traits). Notably, 91% of the
      faculty was very concerned (64%) or somehow concerned (27%) about the controversy
      evolution vs creationism vs ID and its implications for science education: 96% of
      the faculty vs. 72% of the students supported the exclusive teaching of evolution
      while 4% of the faculty vs. 28% of the students favored equal time to evolution,
      creationism and ID; 92% of the faculty vs. 52% of the students perceived ID as
      not scientific and proposed to counter evolution or as doctrine consistent with
      creationism. Although ~30% of both faculty and students considered religion to be
      very important in their lives, and ~20% admitted to praying daily, the faculty
      was less religious (Religiosity Index faculty=0.5 and students=0.75) and, as
      expected, more knowledgeable about science (Science Index faculty=2.27 and
      students=1.60) and evolution (Evolution Index faculty=2.48 and students=1.65)
      than the students. Because attitudes toward evolution correlate (1) positively
      with understanding of science/evolution and (2) negatively with
      religiosity/political ideology, we conclude that science education combined with
      vigorous public debate should suffice to increase acceptance of naturalistic
      rationalism and decrease the negative impact of creationism and ID on society's
      evolution literacy.

PMID- 26962388
TI  - The Effect of Melasma on the Quality of Life in a Sample of Women Living in
      Singapore.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Melasma is a common disorder of acquired hyperpigmentation
      characterized by irregular brown macules and patches that occur primarily on sun
      exposed areas. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study that
      recruited 49 women clinically diagnosed with melasma from a tertiary dermatology
      referral center in Singapore. Trained investigators assessed the melasma severity
      objectively using the chromameter and mexameter and subjectively using the
      Melasma Area and Severity Index. The effect of melasma on the quality of life on
      the patients was assessed using the melasma quality of life scale and dermatology
      life quality index questionnaires. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD Melasma Area and
      Severity Index score was 12.1+/-6.5 (median 10.8). The mean +/- SD melasma
      quality of life scale score was 25.6+/-15.3 (median 24.0). Melasma quality of
      life scale scores are significantly correlated (Spearman's coefficient = 0.597, p
      value <0.001) with the dermatology life quality index scores. There was no
      correlation between Melasma Area and Severity Index with melasma quality of life
      scale or dermatology life quality index scores. There is no difference in the
      melasma quality of life scale scores with different demographic variables
      including age, duration of disease, levels of education, and employment.
      CONCLUSION: This study contributes to building evidence regarding the validity of
      melasma quality of life scale in accurately evaluating the effect of melasma on a
      patient's quality of life and the burden of disease in Singaporean women.

PMID- 26962386
TI  - International survey on skin patch test procedures, attitudes and interpretation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skin patch test is the gold standard method in diagnosing contact
      allergy. Although used for more than 100 years, the patch test procedure is
      performed with variability around the world. A number of factors can influence
      the test results, namely the quality of reagents used, the timing of the
      application, the patch test series (allergens/haptens) that have been used for
      testing, the appropriate interpretation of the skin reactions or the evaluation
      of the patient's benefit. METHODS: We performed an Internet -based survey with 38
      questions covering the educational background of respondents, patch test methods
      and interpretation. The questionnaire was distributed among all representatives
      of national member societies of the World Allergy Organization (WAO), and the WAO
      Junior Members Group. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-nine completed surveys were
      received from 47 countries. The majority of participants had more than 5 years of
      clinical practice (61 %) and routinely carried out patch tests (70 %). Both
      allergists and dermatologists were responsible for carrying out the patch tests.
      We could observe the use of many different guidelines regardless the geographical
      distribution. The use of home-made preparations was indicated by 47 % of
      participants and 73 % of the respondents performed 2 or 3 readings. Most of the
      responders indicated having patients with adverse reactions, including
      erythroderma (12 %); however, only 30 % of members completed a consent form
      before conducting the patch test. DISCUSSION: The heterogeneity of patch test
      practices may be influenced by the level of awareness of clinical guidelines,
      different training backgrounds, accessibility to various types of devices, the
      patch test series (allergens/haptens) used for testing, type of clinical practice
      (public or private practice, clinical or research-based institution),
      infrastructure availability, financial/commercial implications and regulations
      among others. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of a worldwide homogeneity of patch
      test procedures, and this raises concerns about the need for standardization and
      harmonization of this important diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 26962387
TI  - World Allergy Organization-McMaster University Guidelines for Allergic Disease
      Prevention (GLAD-P): Prebiotics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases in infants, whose parents and
      siblings do not have allergy, is approximately 10 % and reaches 20-30 % in those
      with an allergic first-degree relative. Intestinal microbiota may modulate
      immunologic and inflammatory systemic responses and, thus, influence development
      of sensitization and allergy. Prebiotics - non-digestible oligosaccharides that
      stimulate growth of probiotic bacteria - have been reported to modulate immune
      responses and their supplementation has been proposed as a preventive
      intervention. OBJECTIVE: The World Allergy Organization (WAO) convened a
      guideline panel to develop evidence-based recommendations about the use of
      prebiotics in the prevention of allergy. METHODS: The WAO guideline panel
      identified the most relevant clinical questions about the use of prebiotics for
      the prevention of allergy. We performed a systematic review of randomized
      controlled trials of prebiotics, and reviewed the evidence about patient values
      and preferences, and resource requirements (up to January 2015, with an update on
      July 29, 2015). We followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
      Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to develop recommendations. RESULTS:
      Based on GRADE evidence to decision frameworks, the WAO guideline panel suggests
      using prebiotic supplementation in not-exclusively breastfed infants and not
      using prebiotic supplementation in exclusively breastfed infants. Both
      recommendations are conditional and based on very low certainty of the evidence.
      We found no experimental or observational study of prebiotic supplementation in
      pregnant women or in breastfeeding mothers. Thus, the WAO guideline panel chose
      not to provide a recommendation about prebiotic supplementation in pregnancy or
      during breastfeeding, at this time. CONCLUSIONS: WAO recommendations about
      prebiotic supplementation for the prevention of allergy are intended to support
      parents, clinicians and other health care professionals in their decisions
      whether or not to use prebiotics for the purpose of preventing allergies in
      healthy, term infants.

PMID- 26962389
TI  - Addressing Free Radical Oxidation in Acne Vulgaris.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Comparatively little attention has been paid to the role of free
      radical oxidation in acne vulgaris. Here, using the traditional abnormalities
      cited for acne, the authors address the role of free radical oxidation throughout
      the pathogenesis by detailing the chemistry that may contribute to clinical
      changes. To probe the effects of free radical oxidation and test an antioxidant,
      they conducted a preliminary study of topically applied vitamin E. METHODS:
      Seventeen patients with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris were evaluated over an
      eight-week period in two private dermatology practices in this open-label study.
      All patients enrolled were on the same baseline regimen of salicylic acid and
      benzoyl peroxide. This regimen was then supplemented with topical vitamin E in
      sunflower seed oil. RESULTS: At the end of the eight-week period, all patients
      demonstrated clinical improvement, as indicated by a reduction in the number of
      lesions and global mean difference. A statistically significant reduction was
      noted as early as Week 2. Enrolled patients also expressed a positive experience
      due to good tolerability and easy application. CONCLUSION: Although the exact
      pathogenesis of acne vulgaris remains unknown, the presence of excessive reactive
      oxygen species can be implicated in each of the major abnormalities involved.
      This presence, along with the positive results of the authors' preliminary study,
      demonstrates the need for more exploration on the use of topical antioxidants in
      limiting free radical oxidation in the acne model. This paper is designed to
      stimulate academic discussion regarding a new way of thinking about the disease
      state of acne.

PMID- 26962391
TI  - United States Food and Drug Administration Product Label Changes.
AB  - Once a drug has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration
      and is on the market, the Food and Drug Administration communicates new safety
      information through product label changes. Most of these label changes occur
      after a spontaneous report to either the drug manufacturing companies or the Food
      and Drug Administration MedWatch program. As a result, 400 to 500 label changes
      occur every year. Actinic keratosis treatments exemplify the commonality of label
      changes throughout the postmarket course of a drug. Diclofenac gel, 5
      fluorouracil cream, imiquimod, and ingenol mebutate are examples of actinic
      keratosis treatments that have all undergone at least one label revision. With
      the current system of spontaneous reports leading to numerous label changes, each
      occurrence does not necessarily signify a radical change in the safety of a drug.

PMID- 26962390
TI  - Aging Differences in Ethnic Skin.
AB  - Aging is an inevitable and complex process that can be described clinically as
      features of wrinkles, sunspots, uneven skin color, and sagging skin. These
      cutaneous effects are influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors and
      often are varied based on ethnic origin given underlying structural and
      functional differences. The authors sought to provide updated information on
      facets of aging and how it relates to ethnic variation given innate differences
      in skin structure and function. Publications describing structural and functional
      principles of ethnic and aging skin were primarily found through a PubMed
      literature search and supplemented with a review of textbook chapters. The most
      common signs of skin aging despite skin type are dark spots, loss of elasticity,
      loss of volume, and rhytides. Skin of color has many characteristics that make
      its aging process unique. Those of Asian, Hispanic, and African American descent
      have distinct facial structures. Differences in the concentration of epidermal
      melanin makes darkly pigmented persons more vulnerable to dyspigmentation, while
      a thicker and more compact dermis makes facial lines less noticeable. Ethnic skin
      comprises a large portion of the world population. Therefore, it is important to
      understand the unique structural and functional differences among ethnicities to
      adequately treat the signs of aging. 

PMID- 26962392
TI  - Periorbital Hyperpigmentation: A Comprehensive Review.
AB  - Periorbital hyperpigmentation is a commonly encountered condition. There is very
      little scientific data available on the clinical profile and pathogenesis of
      periorbital hyperpigmentation. Periorbital hyperpigmentation is caused by various
      exogenous and endogenous factors. The causative factors include genetic or
      heredity, excessive pigmentation, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation secondary to
      atopic and allergic contact dermatitis, periorbital edema, excessive vascularity,
      shadowing due to skin laxity and tear trough associated with aging. There are a
      number of treatment options available for periorbital hyperpigmentation. Among
      the available alternatives to treat dark circles are topical depigmenting agents,
      such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and topical retinoic acid, and
      physical therapies, such as chemical peels, surgical corrections, and laser
      therapy, most of which are tried scientifically for melasma, another common
      condition of hyperpigmentation that occurs on the face. The aim of treatment
      should be to identify and treat the primary cause of hyperpigmentation as well as
      its contributing factors. 

PMID- 26962393
TI  - Muir-Torre Syndrome: A Case Associated with an Infrequent Gene Mutation.
AB  - Muir-Torre syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by
      the presence of at least one sebaceous gland neoplasm, associated with an
      underlying visceral malignancy. Muir-Torre syndrome is believed to be a subtype
      of Lynch Syndrome. Affected individuals are found to have germline mutations
      predominantly in DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2, and much less frequently, MLH1.
      The authors report the case of a 55-year-old woman presenting with multiple
      cutaneous neoplasms including sebaceoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell
      carcinoma; personal history of colorectal and endometrial cancer; and family
      history of colorectal cancer; found to have a deletion at mismatch repair gene
      MLH1. It is important to recognize the role of these less common gene deletions
      in producing the Muir-Torre syndrome phenotype, and consider the correlation of
      cutaneous manifestations with internal disease. The authors discuss the clinical
      presentation of Muir-Torre syndrome, methods of diagnosis, and the importance of
      regular medical surveillance to detect and prevent disease progression in Muir
      Torre syndrome patients and their family members. 

PMID- 26962394
TI  - Protection of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced
      Oxidative Cell Damage by Resveratrol.
AB  - The mammary epithelial cells (MECs) of high-producing dairy cows are likely to be
      subject to oxidative stress (OS) due to the intensive cell metabolism. The
      objectives of this study were to investigate the cytoprotective effects of
      resveratrol against hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced OS in cultured bovine MECs
      (MAC-T). Pretreatment of MAC-T cells with resveratrol could rescue the decrease
      in cell viability and resulted in lower intracellular reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) accumulation after H2O2 exposure. Resveratrol helped MAC-T cells to prevent
      H2O2-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-related cell
      apoptosis. Moreover, resveratrol induced mRNA expression of multiple antioxidant
      defense genes in MAC-T cells under normal/oxidative conditions. Nuclear factor
      erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was required for the cytoprotective effects
      on MAC-T cells by resveratrol, as knockdown of Nrf2 significantly abolished
      resveratrol-induced cytoprotective effects against OS. In addition, by using
      selective inhibitors, we further confirmed that the induction of Nrf2 by
      resveratrol was mediated through the prolonged activation of PI3K/Akt and
      ERK/MAPK pathways but negatively regulated by p38/MAPK pathway. Overall,
      resveratrol has beneficial effects on bovine MECs redox balance and may be
      potentially used as a therapeutic medicine against oxidative insult in lactating
      animals. 

PMID- 26962395
TI  - Memory Deficit Recovery after Chronic Vanadium Exposure in Mice.
AB  - Vanadium is a transitional metal with an ability to generate reactive oxygen
      species in the biological system. This work was designed to assess memory
      deficits in mice chronically exposed to vanadium. A total of 132 male BALB/c mice
      (4 weeks old) were used for the experiment and were divided into three major
      groups of vanadium treated, matched controls, and animals exposed to vanadium for
      three months and thereafter vanadium was withdrawn. Animals were tested using
      Morris water maze and forelimb grip test at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. The
      results showed that animals across the groups showed no difference in learning
      but had significant loss in memory abilities after 3 months of vanadium exposure
      and this trend continued in all vanadium-exposed groups relative to the controls.
      Animals exposed to vanadium for three months recovered significantly only 9
      months after vanadium withdrawal. There was no significant difference in latency
      to fall in the forelimb grip test between vanadium-exposed groups and the
      controls in all age groups. In conclusion, we have shown that chronic
      administration of vanadium in mice leads to memory deficit which is reversible
      but only after a long period of vanadium withdrawal. 

PMID- 26962398
TI  - Burn injury induces histopathological changes and cell proliferation in liver of
      rats.
AB  - AIM: To investigate effects of severe burn injury (BI) in rat liver through the
      histopathological and inflammatory markers analysis. METHODS: Forty-two male
      Wistar rats were distributed into two groups, control (C) and subjected to scald
      BI (SBI). The animals were euthanized one, four and 14 d post sham or 45% of the
      total body surface BI. Liver fragments were submitted to histopathological,
      morphoquantitative (hepatocyte area and cell density), ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2)
      immunoexpression, and gene expression [real-time polymerase chain reaction for
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and
      caspase-3] methods. RESULTS: Histopathological findings showed inflammatory
      process in all periods investigated and hepatocyte degeneration added to
      increased amount of connective tissue 14 d post injury. Hepatocyte area, the
      density of binucleated hepatocytes and density of sinusoidal cells of SBI groups
      were increased when compared with control. COX-2 immunoexpression was stronger in
      SBI groups. No differences were found in TNF-alpha, iNOS and caspase-3 gene
      expression. CONCLUSION: BI induces histopathological changes, upregulation of COX
      2 immunoexpression, and cell proliferation in liver of rats.

PMID- 26962399
TI  - Boceprevir plus peginterferon/ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in
      Russia.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate addition of boceprevir to peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) in
      Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: Treatment-naive
      (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) patients (who had failed prior treatment with
      PR for >= 12 wk) with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection were enrolled in this
      placebo-controlled, double-blind study. All patients initially received PR for 4
      wk. Patients randomized to control treatment then received PR for an additional
      44 wk. TN patients randomized to triple therapy received boceprevir (800 mg three
      times daily) plus PR for 24 wk and then further therapy according to treatment
      week 8 (TW8) HCV RNA levels. TE patients received boceprevir plus PR for 32 wk
      and then further therapy according to TW8 HCV RNA levels. Treatment was
      discontinued for TN patients with detectable HCV RNA at TW24 and TE patients with
      detectable HCV RNA at TW12 because of futility. The primary efficacy end point
      was sustained virologic response (SVR) defined as undetectable HCV RNA 24 wk
      after completing all study therapy. RESULTS: SVR was 74.8% in the boceprevir plus
      PR arm compared with 46.2% in the control arm, with a stratification-adjusted
      treatment difference of 29.2% (95%CI: 16.4-41.5; P < 0.0001). Rates of SVR were
      higher in the boceprevir arm in both TN and TE patient groups (TN 78.4% vs 56.3%;
      TE 69.4% vs 30.0%). Within TE patients, the rates of SVR were higher with
      boceprevir plus PR compared with PR, regardless of treatment failure type (null
      responder, partial responder, and relapser). Most patients receiving boceprevir
      plus PR in both TN (86%) and TE (71%) populations were eligible for reduced
      treatment duration. Anemia was increased in patients receiving boceprevir plus PR
      vs PR alone (47.2% vs 24.4%); there was a corresponding increase in ribavirin
      dose reduction and erythropoietin use. Among patients receiving boceprevir plus
      PR, SVR rates were similar in patients with anemia (< 10 g/dL) and those without
      anemia (71.2% vs 77.4%). CONCLUSION: Regulatory approval has been obtained for
      boceprevir plus PR in Russian patients with HCV genotype 1 infection based on the
      results of this study.

PMID- 26962396
TI  - Relationship between the Peroxidation of Leukocytes Index Ratio and the
      Improvement of Postprandial Metabolic Stress by a Functional Food.
AB  - For the first time, we investigated the relationship between postprandial
      dysmetabolism and the Peroxidation of Leukocytes Index Ratio (PLIR), a test that
      measures the resistance of leukocytes to exogenous oxidative stress and their
      functional capacity of oxidative burst upon activation. Following a blind,
      placebo controlled, randomized, crossover design, ten healthy subjects ingested,
      in two different occasions, a high fat and high carbohydrates meal with Snello
      cookie (HFHCM-S) or with control cookies (HFHCM-C). Snello cookie, a functional
      food covered by dark chocolate and containing glucomannan, inulin,
      fructooligosaccharides, and Bacillus coagulans strain GanedenBC30, significantly
      improved postprandial metabolic stress (insulin, glucose, and triglycerides) and
      reduced the postprandial increase of uric acid. HFHCM-S improved PLIR of
      lymphocytes, but not of monocytes and granulocytes. Both meals increased
      granulocytes' count and reduced the lipoperoxidation induced by both exogenous
      free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative burst. Our
      results suggest that the healthy status of the subjects could be a limitation of
      this pilot study for PLIR evaluation on cells that produce ROS by oxidative
      burst. In conclusion, the relationship between PLIR and postprandial
      dysmetabolism requires further investigations. 

PMID- 26962400
TI  - Primary hepatic amyloidosis: A case report and review of literature.
AB  - We describe a case of 42-year-old female presenting with abdominal pain
      associated with loss of weight and fever for 8 mo. On evaluation she had gross
      hepatomegaly with raised alkaline phosphatase and raised GGT levels with normal
      transaminases and bilirubin. On imaging she had diffuse enlargement of liver with
      heterogeneous contrast uptake in liver. Her viral marker and autoimmune markers
      were negative. Liver biopsy depicted massive deposition of amyloid in peri
      sinusoidal spaces which revealed apple green birefringence on polarizing
      microscopy after Congo red staining. Cardiac and renal evaluation was
      unremarkable. Abdominal fat pad and rectum biopsy was negative for amyloid
      deposit. There was no evidence of primary amyloidosis as bone marrow examination
      was normal. Serum and urine immunofixation electrophoresis were normal.
      Immunoperoxidase staining for serum amyloid associated protein for secondary
      amyloidosis was negative from liver biopsy. We present this rare case of primary
      hepatic amyloidosis and review the literature regarding varied presentations of
      hepatic involvement in amyloidosis. 

PMID- 26962397
TI  - Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: A critical review and practical guidance.
AB  - Bacterial infection is common and accounts for major morbidity and mortality in
      cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis are immunocompromised and increased
      susceptibility to develop spontaneous bacterial infections, hospital-acquired
      infections, and a variety of infections from uncommon pathogens. Once infection
      develops, the excessive response of pro-inflammatory cytokines on a pre-existing
      hemodynamic dysfunction in cirrhosis further predispose the development of
      serious complications such as shock, acute-on-chronic liver failure, renal
      failure, and death. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia are common
      in patients with advanced cirrhosis, and are important prognostic landmarks in
      the natural history of cirrhosis. Notably, the incidence of infections from
      resistant bacteria has increased significantly in healthcare-associated settings.
      Serum biomarkers such as procalcitonin may help to improve the diagnosis of
      bacterial infection. Preventive measures (e.g., avoidance, antibiotic
      prophylaxis, and vaccination), early recognition, and proper management are
      required in order to minimize morbidity and mortality of infections in cirrhosis.

PMID- 26962402
TI  - Endoscopic hemostasis state of the art - Nonvariceal bleeding.
AB  - New endoscopic techniques for hemostasis in nonvariceal bleeding were introduced
      and known methods further improved. Hemospray and Endoclot are two new compounds
      for topical treatment of bleeding. Initial studies in this area have shown a good
      hemostatic effect, especially in active large scale oozing bleeding, e.g., tumor
      bleedings. For further evaluation larger prospective studies comparing the
      substanced with other methods of endoscopic hemostasis are needed. For localized
      active arterial bleeding primary injection therapy in the area of bleeding as
      well as in the four adjacent quadrants offers a good method to reduce bleeding
      activity. The injection is technically easy to learn and practicable. After
      bleeding activity is reduced the bleeding source can be localized more clearly
      for clip application. Today many different through-the-scope (TTS) clips are
      available. The ability to close and reopen a clip can aid towards good
      positioning at the bleeding site. Even more important is the rotatability of a
      clip before application. Often multiple TTS clips are required for secure closure
      of a bleeding vessel. One model has the ability to use three clips in series
      without changing the applicator. Severe arterial bleeding from vessels larger
      than 2 mm is often unmanageable with these conventional methods. Here is the over
      the-scope-clip system another newly available method. It is similar to the
      ligation of esophageal varices and involves aspiration of tissue into a
      transparent cap before closure of the clip. Thus a greater vascular occlusion
      pressure can be achieved and larger vessels can be treated endoscopically.
      Patients with severe arterial bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract have
      a very high rate of recurrence after initial endoscopic treatment. These patients
      should always be managed in an interdisciplinary team of interventional
      radiologist and surgeons. 

PMID- 26962401
TI  - Role of colonic stents in the management of colorectal cancers.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is one of the commonly encountered cancers across the Western
      World. In United Kingdom, this constitutes third most common ranked cancer and
      second most common ranked cause of cancer related deaths. Its acute presentation
      as a malignant colonic obstruction imposes challenges in its management. Colonic
      stent has been used for many years to alleviate acute obstruction in such cases
      allowing optimisation of patient's physiological status and adequate staging of
      cancer. In this review, current literature evidence regarding use of colonic
      stent in acute malignant colonic obstruction is critically appraised and
      recommendations on the use of colonic stent are advocated. 

PMID- 26962403
TI  - Endoscopic management of esophageal stenosis in children: New and traditional
      treatments.
AB  - Post-esophageal atresia anastomotic strictures and post-corrosive esophagitis are
      the most frequent types of cicatricial esophageal stricture. Congenital
      esophageal stenosis has been reported to be a rare but typical disease in
      children; other pediatric conditions are peptic, eosinophilic esophagitis and
      dystrophic recessive epidermolysis bullosa strictures. The conservative treatment
      of esophageal stenosis and strictures (ES) rather than surgery is a well-known
      strategy for children. Before planning esophageal dilation, the esophageal
      morphology should be assessed in detail for its length, aspect, number and level,
      and different conservative strategies should be chosen accordingly. Endoscopic
      dilators and techniques that involve different adjuvant treatment strategies have
      been reported and depend on the stricture's etiology, the availability of
      different tools and the operator's experience and preferences. Balloon and
      semirigid dilators are the most frequently used tools. No high-quality studies
      have reported on the differences in the efficacies and rates of complications
      associated with these two types of dilators. There is no consensus in the
      literature regarding the frequency of dilations or the diameter that should be
      achieved. The use of adjuvant treatments has been reported in cases of
      recalcitrant stenosis or strictures with evidence of dysphagic symptoms.
      Corticosteroids (either systemically or locally injected), the local application
      of mitomycin C, diathermy and laser ES sectioning have been reported. Some
      authors have suggested that stenting can reduce both the number of dilations and
      the treatment length. In many cases, this strategy is effective when either
      metallic or plastic stents are utilized. Treatment complications, such esophageal
      perforations, can be conservatively managed, considering surgery only in cases
      with severe pleural cavity involvement. In cases of stricture relapse, even if
      such relapses occur following the execution of well-conducted conservative
      strategies, surgical stricture resection and anastomosis or esophageal
      substitution are the only remaining options. 

PMID- 26962405
TI  - Efficiency and patient experience with propofol vs conventional sedation: A
      prospective study.
AB  - AIM: To determine whether anaesthesiologist-administered sedation with propofol
      (AAP) or endoscopist-administered conscious sedation (EAC) with
      fentanyl/midazolam shortens colonoscopy duration/total room time. METHODS: This
      is a prospective, non-randomized, comparative study that enrolled patients
      greater than 18 years of age undergoing colonoscopy in a single Canadian academic
      outpatient endoscopy unit over a three-month consecutive period. Colonoscopies in
      this unit are performed both with AAP and EAC. Patient demographics, procedure
      related data and adverse events were documented. Additionally, the level of
      procedure difficulty, and whether a staff endoscopist, trainee with assistance,
      or independent trainee, performed the procedure were documented. A validated
      modified 4-question, 5-point Likert scale telephone survey was used to assess
      patient satisfaction with colonoscopy. The telephone patient satisfaction survey
      was conducted 24-72 h following the procedure. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty
      patients were enrolled during the study period with 126 patients in the AAP group
      and 104 patients in the EAC group. Mean procedure time was 18.3 +/- 10.1 min in
      the AAP group and 14.7 +/- 7.1 min in the EAC group (P = 0.002). Mean total room
      time was 36.8 +/- 13.7 with AAP and 30.1 +/- 11 min with EAC (P < 0.001).
      Multivariate analysis revealed the use of AAP (P = 0.002), resident participation
      (P < 0.001), diagnostic interventions (P = 0.033), therapeutic interventions (P <
      0.001), lower body mass index (P = 0.008) and American Society of
      Anaesthesiologist class (P = 0.016), to be predictors of longer total room time.
      Patient age and gender were not significant predictors. After excluding cases in
      which trainees were involved, there was no significant difference in procedure
      time between the two groups (P = 0.941), however total room time was still
      prolonged in the AAP group (P = 0.019). The amount of pain experienced was lower
      with AAP (P = 0.02), with a trend toward overall higher patient satisfaction (P =
      0.074). There were 2 sedation-related adverse events, both in the AAP group
      involving a patient with aspiration requiring hospitalization and a patient with
      hypoxia managed with bronchodilators. CONCLUSION: EAC results in reduced total
      room time compared to AAP. Resident participation doubles procedure time
      regardless of sedation type.

PMID- 26962406
TI  - Peroral endoscopic reduction of dilated gastrojejunal anastomosis after bariatric
      surgery: Techniques and efficacy.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the techniques and efficacy of peroral endoscopic reduction
      of dilated gastrojejunal anastomosis after bariatric surgery. METHODS: An
      extensive English language literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE,
      Medscape and Google to identify peer-reviewed original and review articles using
      the keywords "bariatric endoscopic suturing", "overstitch bariatric surgery",
      "endoscopic anastomotic reduction", "bariatric surgery", "gastric bypass",
      "obesity", "weight loss". We identified articles describing technical
      feasibility, safety, efficacy, and adverse outcomes of overstitch endoscopic
      suturing system for transoral outlet reduction in patients with weight regain
      following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). All studies that contained material
      applicable to the topic were considered. Retrieved peer-reviewed original and
      review articles were reviewed by the authors and the data extracted using a
      standardized collection tool. Data were analyzed using statistical analysis as
      percentages of the event. RESULTS: Four original published articles which met our
      search criteria were pooled. The total number cases were fifty-nine with a mean
      age of 46.75 years (34-63 years). Eight of the patients included in those studies
      were males (13.6%) and fifty-one were females (86.4%). The mean time elapsed
      since the primary bypass surgery was 5.75 years. The average pre-endoscopic
      procedure body mass index (BMI) was 38.68 (27.5-48.5). Mean body weight regained
      post-RYGB surgery was 13.4 kg from their post-RYGB nadir. The average pouch
      length at the initial upper endoscopy was 5.75 cm (2-14 cm). The pre-intervention
      anastomotic diameter was averaged at 24.85 mm (8-40 mm). Average procedure time
      was 74 min (50-164 min). Mean post endoscopic intervention anastomotic diameter
      was 8 mm (3-15 mm). Weight reduction at 3 to 4 mo post revision noted to be an
      average of 10.1 kg. Average overall post revision BMI was recorded at 37.7. The
      combined technical and clinical success rate was 94.9% (56/59) among studied
      participants. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic suturing can be technically feasible,
      effective and safe for transoral outlet reduction in patients with weight regain
      following RYGB.

PMID- 26962404
TI  - Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of
      benign biliary strictures: What's new?
AB  - Benign biliary strictures comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases. The most
      common strictures amenable to endoscopic treatment are post-cholecystectomy, post
      liver transplantation, related to primary sclerosing cholangitis and to chronic
      pancreatitis. Endoscopic treatment of benign biliary strictures is widely used as
      first line therapy, since it is effective, safe, noninvasive and repeatable.
      Endoscopic techniques currently used are dilation, multiple plastic stents
      insertion and fully covered self-expandable metal stents. The main indication for
      dilation alone is primary sclerosing cholangitis related strictures. In the vast
      majority of the remaining cases, temporary placement of multiple plastic stents
      with/without dilation is considered the treatment of choice. Although this
      approach is effective, it requires multiple endoscopic sessions due to the short
      duration of stent patency. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents appear as a
      good alternative to plastic stents, since they have an increased radial diameter,
      longer stent patency, easier insertion technique and similar efficacy. Recent
      advances in endoscopic technique and various devices have allowed successful
      treatment in most cases. The development of novel endoscopic techniques and
      devices is still ongoing. 

PMID- 26962407
TI  - Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type: Endoscopic and clinicopathological
      features.
AB  - Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (GA-FG) with chief cell
      differentiation was recently proposed as an extremely rare type of gastric
      adenocarcinoma. Here, we report 4 cases of GA-FG with chief cell differentiation.
      Endoscopic features included a submucosal tumor shape or a flat shape, whitish
      discoloration and dilated vessels on the surface. The tumors were located in the
      upper or middle third of the stomach. All cases were preoperatively diagnosed as
      GA-FG by biopsy, and endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed. Resected
      specimens revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinomas resembling chief cells.
      Tumor cells were diffusely positive for pepsinogen-I, but partially positive for
      H(+)/K(+)-ATPase in scattered locations around the tumor margin. Despite the
      presence of minimal invasion of the carcinoma into the submucosal layer, which
      was observed in two cases, neither lymphatic nor venous invasion was detected in
      any of the cases. Finally, all cases showed less aggressive clinical behavior
      with low grade malignancy. 

PMID- 26962408
TI  - Recent Advances in Targeting Tumor Energy Metabolism with Tumor Acidosis as a
      Biomarker of Drug Efficacy.
AB  - Cancer cells employ a deregulated cellular metabolism to leverage survival and
      growth advantages. The unique tumor energy metabolism presents itself as a
      promising target for chemotherapy. A pool of tumor energy metabolism targeting
      agents has been developed after several decades of efforts. This review will
      cover glucose and fatty acid metabolism, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, HIF-1 and glutamine
      pathways in tumor energy metabolism, and how they are being exploited for
      treatments and therapies by promising pre-clinical or clinical drugs being
      developed or investigated. Additionally, acidification of the tumor extracellular
      microenvironment is hypothesized to be the result of active tumor metabolism.
      This implies that tumor extracellular pH (pHe) can be a biomarker for assessing
      the efficacy of therapies that target tumor metabolism. Several translational
      molecular imaging methods (PET, MRI) for interrogating tumor acidification and
      its suppression are discussed as well.

PMID- 26962411
TI  - Visceral Pain: Basic Research Concepts and Therapeutic Interventions.

PMID- 26962410
TI  - Glycosaminoglycan remodeling during diabetes and the role of dietary factors in
      their modulation.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a significant role in various aspects of cell
      physiology. These are complex polymeric molecules characterized by disaccharides
      comprising of uronic acid and amino sugar. Compounded to the heterogeneity, these
      are variously sulfated and epimerized depending on the class of GAG. Among the
      various classes of GAG, namely, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan
      sulfate, keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid (HA), only HA is non-sulfated. GAGs
      are known to undergo remodeling in various tissues during various
      pathophysiological conditions, diabetes mellitus being one among them. These
      changes will likely affect their structure thereby impinging on their
      functionality. Till date, diabetes has been shown to affect GAGs in organs such
      as kidney, liver, aorta, skin, erythrocytes, etc. to name a few, with deleterious
      consequences. One of the mainstays in the treatment of diabetes is though dietary
      means. Various dietary factors are known to play a significant role in regulating
      glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a keen interest
      to decipher the role of dietary factors on GAG metabolism. This review focuses on
      the remodeling of GAGs in various organs during diabetes and their modulation by
      dietary factors. While effect of diabetes on GAG metabolism has been worked out
      quite a bit, studies on the role of dietary factors in their modulation has been
      few and far between. We have tried our best to give the latest reports available
      on this subject. 

PMID- 26962413
TI  - Biomechanical Comparison of Spinal Fusion Methods Using Interspinous Process
      Compressor and Pedicle Screw Fixation System Based on Finite Element Method.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biomechanical effects of a newly proposed
      Interspinous Process Compressor (IPC) and compare with pedicle screw fixation at
      surgical and adjacent levels of lumbar spine. METHODS: A three dimensional finite
      element model of intact lumbar spine was constructed and two spinal fusion models
      using pedicle screw fixation system and a new type of interspinous devices, IPC,
      were developed. The biomechanical effects such as range of motion (ROM) and facet
      contact force were analyzed at surgical level (L3/4) and adjacent levels (L2/3,
      L4/5). In addition, the stress in adjacent intervertebral discs (D2, D4) was
      investigated. RESULTS: The entire results show biomechanical parameters such as
      ROM, facet contact force, and stress in adjacent intervertebral discs were
      similar between PLIF and IPC models in all motions based on the assumption that
      the implants were perfectly fused with the spine. CONCLUSION: The newly proposed
      fusion device, IPC, had similar fusion effect at surgical level, and
      biomechanical effects at adjacent levels were also similar with those of pedicle
      screw fixation system. However, for clinical applications, real fusion effect
      between spinous process and hooks, duration of fusion, and influence on spinous
      process need to be investigated through clinical study.

PMID- 26962412
TI  - The Similarities and Differences between Intracranial and Spinal Ependymomas : A
      Review from a Genetic Research Perspective.
AB  - Ependymomas occur in both the brain and spine. The prognosis of these tumors
      sometimes differs for different locations. The genetic landscape of ependymoma is
      very heterogeneous despite the similarity of histopathologic findings. In this
      review, we describe the genetic differences between spinal ependymomas and their
      intracranial counterparts to better understand their prognosis. From the
      literature review, many studies have reported that spinal cord ependymoma might
      be associated with NF2 mutation, NEFL overexpression, Merlin loss, and 9q gain.
      In myxopapillary ependymoma, NEFL and HOXB13 overexpression were reported to be
      associated. Prior studies have identified HIC-1 methylation, 4.1B deletion, and
      4.1R loss as common features in intracranial ependymoma. Supratentorial
      ependymoma is usually characterized by NOTCH-1 mutation and p75 expression. TNC
      mutation, no hypermethylation of RASSF1A, and GFAP/NeuN expression may be
      diagnostic clues of posterior fossa ependymoma. Although MEN1, TP53, and PTEN
      mutations are rarely reported in ependymoma, they may be related to a poor
      prognosis, such as recurrence or metastasis. Spinal ependymoma has been found to
      be quite different from intracranial ependymoma in genetic studies, and the
      favorable prognosis in spinal ependymoma may be the result of the genetic
      differences. A more detailed understanding of these various genetic aberrations
      may enable the identification of more specific prognostic markers as well as the
      development of customized targeted therapies. 

PMID- 26962414
TI  - The Effect of GCSB-5 a New Herbal Medicine on Changes in Pain Behavior and
      Neuroglial Activation in a Rat Model of Lumbar Disc Herniation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Lumbar disc herniation can induce sciatica by mechanical compression
      and/or chemical irritation. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of
      GCSB-5 (Shinbaro(r)) and NSAIDs on pain-related behavior and on the expressions
      of microglia, astrocytes, CGRP, TRPV1, IL-6, and CX3CL1 in a rat model of lumbar
      disc herniation. METHODS: 112 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent implantation of
      nucleus pulposus to a dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Rats were divided into five
      groups as follows; a saline group (the vehicle control group) (n=27), a 10 mg/kg
      aceclofenac group (the aceclofenac group) (n=22), and 100, 300 or 600 mg/kg GCSB
      5 groups (the GCSB-5 100, 300, or 600 groups) (n=21 for each group). Rats were
      tested for mechanical allodynia at 3 days after surgery and at 1 day, 3 days, 7
      days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, 35 days, 42 days, 49 days, and 56 days after
      treatment commencement. Immunohistochemical staining of microglia (Iba1),
      astrocytes (GFAP), CGRP, and TRPV1, and PCR for IL-6 and CX3CL1 were performed on
      spinal dorsal horns and DRGs at 56 days after medication commencement. RESULTS:
      After 56 days of GCSB-5 300 administration, mechanical withdrawal thresholds were
      significantly increased (p<0.05), and immunohisto-chemical expressions of Iba1,
      GFAP, CGRP, and TRPV1 were reduced than other groups, but this difference was not
      statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These results indicate GCSB-5 reduces
      mechanical allodynia and downregulates neuroglial activity and the expressions of
      CGRP and TRPV1 in the spinal segments of a rat model of lumbar disc herniation.

PMID- 26962409
TI  - Management of diabolical diabetes mellitus and periodontitis nexus: Are we doing
      enough?
AB  - Periodontitis is the commonest oral disease affecting population worldwide. This
      disease is notorious for the devastation of tooth supporting structures, ensuing
      in the loss of dentition. The etiology for this disease is bacterial biofilm,
      which accumulates on the teeth as dental plaque. In addition to the biofilm
      microorganisms, other factors such as environmental, systemic and genetic are
      also responsible in progression of periodontitis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is
      metabolic disorder which has an impact on the global health. DM plays a crucial
      role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontitis is declared as the
      "sixth" major complication of DM. Evidence based literature has depicted an
      enhanced incidence and severity of periodontitis in subjects with DM. A "two way"
      relationship has been purported between periodontitis and DM. Mutual management
      of both conditions is necessary. Periodontal therapy (PT) may assist to diminish
      the progression of DM and improve glycemic control. Various advanced
      technological facilities may be utilized for the purpose of patient education and
      disease management. The present paper clarifies the etio-pathogenesis of
      periodontitis, establishing it as a complication of DM and elaborating the
      various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis. The role of PT in amelioration
      of DM and application of digital communication will be discussed. Overall, it is
      judicious to create an increased patient cognizance of the periodontitis-DM
      relationship. Conjunctive efforts must be undertaken by the medical and oral
      health care professionals for the management of periodontitis affected DM
      patients. 

PMID- 26962416
TI  - Recurrent Bleeding in Hemorrhagic Moyamoya Disease : Prognostic Implications of
      the Perfusion Status.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hemorrhagic moyamoya disease (hMMD) is associated with a poor clinical
      course. Furthermore, poorer clinical outcomes occur in cases of recurrent
      bleeding. However, the effect of hemodynamic insufficiency on rebleeding risk has
      not been investigated yet. This study evaluated the prognostic implications of
      the perfusion status during the clinical course of adult hMMD. METHODS: This
      retrospective study enrolled 52 adult hMMD patients between April 1995 and
      October 2010 from a single institute. Demographic data, clinical and radiologic
      characteristics, including hemodynamic status using single photon emission
      computed tomography (SPECT), and follow up data were obtained via a retrospective
      review of medical charts and imaging. Statistical analyses were performed to
      explore potential prognostic factors. RESULTS: Hemodynamic abnormality was
      identified in 44 (84.6%) patients. Subsequent revascularization surgery was
      performed in 22 (42.3%) patients. During a 58-month (median, range 3-160) follow
      up assessment period, 17 showed subsequent stroke (hemorrhagic n=12, ischemic
      n=5, Actuarial stroke rate 5.8+/-1.4%/year). Recurrent hemorrhage was associated
      with decreased basal perfusion (HR 19.872; 95% CI=1.196-294.117) and omission of
      revascularization (10.218; 95%; CI=1.532-68.136). CONCLUSION: Decreased basal
      perfusion seems to be associated with recurrent bleeding. Revascularization might
      prevent recurrent stroke in hMMD by rectifying the perfusion abnormality. A
      larger-sized, controlled study is required to address this issue.

PMID- 26962415
TI  - Bacitracin Inhibits the Migration of U87-MG Glioma Cells via Interferences of the
      Integrin Outside-in Signaling Pathway.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) acts as a chaperone on the cell
      surface, and it has been reported that PDI is associated with the tumor cell
      migration and invasion. The aims of this study are to investigate the anti
      migration effect of bacitracin, which is an inhibitor of PDI, and the associated
      factor in this process. METHODS: U87-MG glioma cells were treated with bacitracin
      in 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 mM concentrations. Western blot with caspase-3 was
      applied to evaluate the cytotoxicity of bacitracin. Adhesion, morphology,
      migration assays, and organotypic brain-slice culture were performed to evaluate
      the effect of bacitracin to the tumor cell. Western blot, PCR, and gelatin
      zymography were performed to investigate the associated factors. Thirty glioma
      tissues were collected following immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS:
      Bacitracin showed a cytotoxicity in 3rd (p<0.05) and 4th (p<0.001) days, in 5.0
      Mm concentration. The cell adhesion significantly decreased and the cells became
      a round shape after treated with bacitracin. The migration ability, the
      expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and matrix
      metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) decreased in a bacitracin dose- and time-dependent
      manner. The U87-MG cells exhibited low-invasiveness in the 2.5 mM, compared with
      the untreated in organotypic brain-slice culture. PDI was expressed in the tumor
      margin, and significantly increased with histological glioma grades (p<0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Bacitracin, as a functional inhibitor of PDI, decreased the
      phosphorylated FAK and the secreted MMP-2, which are the downstream of integrin
      and play a major role in cell migration and invasion, might become one of the
      feasible therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma.

PMID- 26962417
TI  - Single-Stage Posterior Subtotal Corpectomy and Circumferential Reconstruction for
      the Treatment of Unstable Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the technique of single-stage posterior subtotal
      corpectomy and circumferential reconstruction for the treatment of unstable
      thoracolumbar burst fractures and to evaluate the radiographical and clinical
      outcomes of patients treated using this technique. METHODS: 16 consecutive
      patients with unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures were treated with single
      stage posterior subtotal corpectomy and circumferential reconstruction. The mean
      patient age was 54.8 years. The mean follower up period was 25 months. Five
      patients suffered from T12 fractures, 10 from L1, 1 from L2. The segmental
      kyphosis, neurologic status, visual analogue scale for back pain was evaluated
      before surgery and at follow up. RESULTS: The segmental kyphotic angle improved
      from 18.5 degrees before surgery to -9.2 degrees at the last follow up. The mean
      correction angle was 28.9 degrees. The mean surgical time was 255 minutes, and a
      mean intraoperative blood loss was 1073 mL. Intraoperative complications included
      two dural tears, and a superficial wound infection. There were no other severe
      complications. The mean visual analog scale of back pain decreased from a mean
      value of 6.6 to 2 at the last follow up. CONCLUSION: The single-stage posterior
      subtotal corpectomy and circumferential reconstruction achieved satisfactory
      kyphosis correction with direct visualization of the circumferentially
      decompressed spinal cord, as well as good fusion with less blood loss and
      complications. It is a safe and reliable surgical treatment option for unstable
      thoracolumbar burst fractures.

PMID- 26962418
TI  - Radiologic Findings and Risk Factors of Adjacent Segment Degeneration after
      Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion : A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study
      with 3-Year Follow-Up Using MRI.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to figure out the radiologic findings
      and risk factors related to adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) after anterior
      cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using 3-year follow-up radiography,
      computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance image (MRI). METHODS: A
      retrospective matched comparative study was performed for 64 patients who
      underwent single-level ACDF with a cage and plate. Radiologic parameters,
      including upper segment range of motion (USROM), lower segment range of motion
      (LSROM), upper segment disc height (UDH), and lower segment disc height (LDH),
      clinical outcomes assessed with neck and arm visual analogue scale (VAS), and
      risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients were categorized into the ASD (32
      patients) and non-ASD (32 patients) group. The decrease of UDH was significantly
      greater in the ASD group at each follow-up visit. At 36 months postoperatively,
      the difference for USROM value from the preoperative one significantly increased
      in the ASD group than non-ASD group. Preoperative other segment degeneration was
      significantly associated with the increased incidence of ASD at 36 months.
      However, pain intensity for the neck and arm was not significantly different
      between groups at any post-operative follow-up visit. CONCLUSION: The main factor
      affecting ASD is preoperative other segment degeneration out of the adjacent
      segment. In addition, patients over the age of 50 are at higher risk of
      developing ASD. Although there was definite radiologic degeneration in the ASD
      group, no significant difference was observed between the ASD and non-ASD groups
      in terms of the incidence of symptomatic disease.

PMID- 26962420
TI  - Postoperative Clinical Outcome and Risk Factors for Poor Outcome of Foraminal and
      Extraforaminal Lumbar Disc Herniation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We evaluated postoperative outcomes in patients who have lumbar
      foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation (FELDH) and suggested the risk
      factors for poor outcomes. METHODS: A total of 234 patients were selected for
      this study. Pre- and post-operative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Korean
      version Oswestry Disability Index (KODI) were evaluated and the changes of both
      score were calculated. Outcome was defined as excellent, good, fair, and poor
      based on Mcnab classification. The percentage of superior facetectomy was
      calculated by using the Maro-view 5.4 Picture Archiving Communication System
      (PACS). RESULTS: Paramedian lumbar discectomy was performed in 180 patients and
      combined lumbar discectomy was performed in 54 patients. Paramedian lumbar
      discectomy group showed better outcome compared with combined discectomy group. p
      value of VAS change was 0.009 and KODI was 0.013. The average percentage of
      superior facetectomy was 33% (range, 0-79%) and it showed negative correlation
      with VAS and KODI changes (Pearson coefficient : -0.446 and -0.498,
      respectively). Excellent or good outcome cases (Group I) were 136 (58.1%) and
      fair or poor outcome cases (Group II) were 98 (41.9%). The percentage of superior
      facetectomy was 26.5% at Group I and 42.5% at Group II. There was significant
      difference in superior facetectomy percentage between Group I and II (p=0.000).
      CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that paramedian lumbar discectomy with
      preservation of facet joints is an effective and good procedure for FELDH. At
      least 60% of facet should be preserved for excellent or good outcomes.

PMID- 26962419
TI  - Early Bone Marrow Edema Pattern of the Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression
      Fracture : Can Be Predictor of Vertebral Deformity Types and Prognosis?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether an early bone marrow edema pattern predicts
      vertebral deformity types and prognosis in osteoporotic vertebral compression
      fracture (OVCF). METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 64 patients with 75
      acute OVCFs who underwent early MRI and followed up MRI. On early MRI, the low SI
      pattern of OVCF on T1WI were assessed and classified into 3 types (diffuse,
      globular or patchy, band-like). On followed up MRI, the vertebral deformity types
      (anterior wedge, biconcave, crush), degree of vertebral body height loss,
      incidence of vertebral osteonecrosis and spinal stenosis were assessed for each
      vertebral fracture types. RESULTS: According to the early bone marrow edema
      pattern on T1WI, 26 vertebrae were type 1, 14 vertebrae were type 2 and 35
      vertebrae were type 3. On followed up MRI, the crush-type vertebral deformity was
      most frequent among the type 1 OVCFs, the biconcave-type vertebral deformity was
      most frequent among the type 2 OVCFs and the anterior wedge-type vertebral
      deformity was most frequent among the type 3 OVCFs (p<0.001). In addition, type 1
      early bone marrow edema pattern of OVCF on T1WI were associated with higher
      incidence of severe degree vertebral body height loss, vertebral osteonecrosis
      and spinal stenosis on the follow up MRI. CONCLUSION: Early bone marrow edema
      pattern of OVCF on T1WI, significant correlated with vertebral deformity types on
      the follow up MRI. The severe degree of vertebral height loss, vertebral
      osteonecrosis, and spinal stenosis were more frequent in patients with diffuse
      low SI pattern.

PMID- 26962421
TI  - Epidemiologic Impact of Rapid Industrialization on Head Injury Based on Traffic
      Accident Statistics in Korea.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to estimate the incidence trend of
      head injury and the mortality based on traffic accident statistics and to
      investigate the impacts of rapid industrialization and economic growth on
      epidemiology of head injury in Korea over the period 1970-2012 including both pre
      industrialized and post-industrialized stages. METHODS: We collected data of head
      injury estimated from traffic accident statistics and seven hospital based
      reports to see incidence trends between 1970 and 2012. We also investigated the
      population structure and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of Korea over the
      same period. The age specific data were investigated from 1992 to 2012. RESULTS:
      The incidence of head injury gradually rose in the 1970s and the 1980s but
      stabilized until the 1990s with transient rise and then started to decline slowly
      in the 2000s. The mortality grew until 1991 but gradually declined ever since.
      However, the old age groups showed rather slight increase in both rates. The
      degree of decrease in the mortality has been more rapid than the incidence on
      head injury. CONCLUSION: In Korea during the low income stage, rapid
      industrialization cause considerable increase in the mortality and the incidence
      of head injury. During the high income stage, the incidence of head injury
      gradually declined and the mortality dropped more rapidly than the incidence due
      to preventive measures and satisfactory medical care. Nevertheless, the old age
      groups revealed rather slight increase in both rates owing to the large
      population structure and the declining birth rate.

PMID- 26962422
TI  - Protocol Based Real-Time Continuous Electroencephalography for Detecting
      Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
AB  - A continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) can be helpful in detecting vasospasm
      and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We
      describe a patient with an aneurysmal SAH whose symptomatic vasospasm was
      detected promptly by using a real-time cEEG. Patient was immediately treated by
      intraarterial vasodilator therapy. A 50-year-old woman without any significant
      medical history presented with a severe bifrontal headache due to acute SAH with
      a ruptured aneurysm on the anterior communicating artery (Fisher grade 3). On
      bleed day 6, she developed a sudden onset of global aphasia and left hemiparesis
      preceded by cEEG changes consistent with vasospasm. A stat chemical dilator
      therapy was performed and she recovered without significant neurological
      deficits. A real-time and protocol-based cEEG can be utilized in order to avoid
      any delay in detection of vasospasm in aneurysmal SAH and thereby improve
      clinical outcomes. 

PMID- 26962423
TI  - A Rare Case of Concomitant Intramedullary Gangliocytoma at the Cervicomedullary
      Junction in Patient with Neuroendocrine Tumor of Lung.
AB  - Ganglion cell tumors (GCT) are divided into two subtypes : gangliocytoma and
      ganglioglioma. Intramedullary gangliocytomas are extremely rare. A 20-year-old
      male patient with pain of neck, who also had a previously known neuroendocrine
      tumor of lung, was operated for mass found in the cervicomedullary junction with
      a presumptive diagnosis of metastases. Only partial resection could be performed.
      Pathological diagnosis had been reported as gangliocytoma. Only ten cases of
      intramedullary gangliocytoma have been reported in the literature. Although
      association with scoliosis and Von Recklinghausen's disease were previously
      reported in the literature, no gangliocytoma case concomitant with endocrine
      tumor of lung have been published. Pathological study is the most important
      diagnostic method for gangliocytomas. Surgical excision is the primary treatment,
      but difficulty in total surgical tumor resection is the most important problem. 

PMID- 26962424
TI  - Preoperative Extrapontine Myelinolysis with Good Outcome in a Patient with
      Pituitary Adenoma.
AB  - Few preoperative extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM) cases with pituitary adenoma
      have been reported. No such case had long follow-up to see the outcome of EPM. We
      reported a 38-year-old man complaining of nausea, malaise and transient loss of
      consciousness who was found to have severe hyponatremia. Neurologic deficits
      including altered mental status, behavioral disturbances, dysarthria and
      dysphagia developed despite slow correction of hyponatremia. Endocrine and
      imaging studies revealed hypopituitarism, nonfunctional pituitary macroadenoma
      and extrapontine myelinolysis. Transsphenoidal surgery was performed after three
      weeks of supportive therapy, when neurological symptoms improved significantly.
      The patient recovered function completely 3 months after surgery. Our case
      indicates that outcome of EPM can be good even with prolonged periods of severe
      neurologic impairment. 

PMID- 26962425
TI  - Case of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis That Mimics Meningioma in CT and MRI.
AB  - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder histologically
      characterized by the proliferation of Langerhans cells. Here we present the case
      of a 13-year-old girl with LCH wherein CT and MRI results led us to an initially
      incorrect diagnosis of meningioma. The diagnosis was corrected to LCH based on
      pathology findings. An intracranial mass was found mainly in the dura mater, with
      thickening of the surrounding dura. It appeared to be growing downward from the
      calvaria, pressing on underlying brain tissue, and had infiltrated the inner
      skull, causing a bone defect. The lesion was calcified with the typical dural
      tail sign. The dural origin of the lesion was verified upon surgical dissection.
      There are no previous reports in the literature describing LCH of dural origin
      presenting in young patients with typical dural tail signs and meningioma-like
      imaging findings. The current case report underscores the need for thorough
      histological and immunocytochemical examinations in LCH differential diagnosis. 

PMID- 26962426
TI  - Growing Hemorrhagic Choroidal Fissure Cyst.
AB  - Choroidal fissure cysts are often incidentally discovered. They are usually
      asymptomatic. The authors report a case of growing and hemorrhagic choroidal
      fissure cyst which was treated surgically. A 22-year-old female presented with
      headache. Cranial MRI showed a left-sided choroidal fissure cyst. Follow-up MRI
      showed that the size of the cyst had increased gradually. Twenty months later,
      the patient was admitted to our emergency department with severe headache. MRI
      and CT showed an intracystic hematoma. Although such cysts usually have a benign
      course without symptoms and progression, they may rarely present with intracystic
      hemorrhage, enlargement of the cyst and increasing symptomatology. 

PMID- 26962427
TI  - Foraminoplastic Superior Vertebral Notch Approach with Reamers in Percutaneous
      Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy : Technical Note and Clinical Outcome in Limited
      Indications of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy.
AB  - To describe the details of the foraminoplastic superior vertebral notch approach
      (FSVNA) with reamers in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) and to
      demonstrate the clinical outcomes in limited indications of PELD. Retrospective
      data were collected from 64 patients who underwent PELD with FSVNA from August
      2012 to April 2014. Inclusion criteria were high grade migrated disc, high canal
      compromised disc, and disc protrusion combined with foraminal stenosis. The
      clinical outcomes were assessed using by the visual analogue scale (VAS),
      Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and modified MacNab criteria. Complications
      related to the surgery were reviewed. The procedure used a unique approach, using
      the superior vertebral notch as the target and performing foraminoplasty with
      only reamers under C-arm control. The mean age of the 55 female and 32 male
      patients was 52.73 years. The mean F/U period was 12.2+/-4.2 months. Preoperative
      VAS (8.24+/-1.25) and ODI (67.8+/-15.4) score improved significantly at the last
      follow-up (VAS, 1.93+/-1.78; ODI, 17.14+/-15.7). Based on the modified MacNab
      criteria, excellent or good results were obtained in 95.3% of the patients.
      Postoperative transient dysthesia (n=2) and reoperation (n=1) due to recurred
      disc were reported. PELD with FSVNA could be a good method for treating lumbar
      disc herniation. This procedure may offer safe and efficacious results,
      especially in the relatively limited indications for PELD. 

PMID- 26962428
TI  - Sudden Death Following Cranioplasty.

PMID- 26962429
TI  - Discovery of high affinity inhibitors of Leishmania donovani N
      myristoyltransferase.
AB  - N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a potential drug target in Leishmania parasites.
      Scaffold-hopping from published inhibitors yielded the serendipitous discovery of
      a chemotype selective for Leishmania donovani NMT; development led to high
      affinity inhibitors with excellent ligand efficiency. The binding mode was
      characterised by crystallography and provides a structural rationale for
      selectivity.

PMID- 26962431
TI  - Post-operative rehabilitation in osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative process involving the progressive loss of
      articular cartilage, synovial inflammation and structural changes to the
      subchondral bone that lead to loss of synovial joint structural features and
      impaired functionality of the articular cartilage. OA represents one of the most
      common causes of physical disability in the world. Different OA treatments are
      usually considered in relation to the stage of the disease. However, in the
      earlier stages of the disease, it is possible to recommend physical activity
      programs that can maintain joint health and keep the patient mobile, as
      recommended by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and the
      European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). In the most severe and advanced cases
      of OA, surgical intervention is necessary. In early post-operative stages, it is
      essential to include rehabilitation exercise program therapies in order to
      restore the full function of the involved joint. Physical therapy is crucial for
      the success of any surgical procedure and can promote recovery of muscle
      strength, range of motion, coordinated walking, proprioception and mitigate joint
      pain. After discharge from the hospital, patients should continue the
      rehabilitation exercise program at home. In this review, we analyze articles from
      the most recent literature and provide a balanced and comprehensive overview of
      the latest discoveries in relation to the effects of physical exercise on post
      operative rehabilitation in OA. The literature search was conducted in April 2014
      using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar using the keywords 'osteoarthritis',
      'rehabilitation' and 'exercise', in a range of period 2002/2014 and out of 100
      papers we have chosen 48 that we considered more appropriate. The available data
      suggests that physical exercise is effective, economical and accessible to
      everyone, and is one of the most important components of post-operative
      rehabilitation for OA. 

PMID- 26962432
TI  - Case Report: "ADHD Trainer": the mobile application that enhances cognitive
      skills in ADHD patients.
AB  - We report the case of a 10 year old patient diagnosed with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid video game addiction, who was treated
      with medication combined to a novel cognitive training method based on video
      games called TCT method. A great risk of developing video game or internet
      addiction has been reported in children, especially in children with ADHD.
      Despite this risk, we hypothesize that the good use of these new technologies
      might be useful to develop new methods of cognitive training. The cognitive areas
      in which a greater improvement was observed through the use of video games were
      the visuospatial working memory and fine motor skills. TCT method is a cognitive
      training method that enhances cognitive skills such as attention, working memory,
      processing speed, calculation ability, reasoning, and visuomotor coordination.
      The purpose of reviewing this case is to highlight that regular cognitive
      computerized training in ADHD patients can improve some of their cognitive
      symptoms and can help treating video game addition. 

PMID- 26962430
TI  - Discovery of pyridyl-based inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum N
      myristoyltransferase.
AB  - N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents an attractive drug target in parasitic
      infections such as malaria due to its genetic essentiality and amenability to
      inhibition by drug-like small molecules. Scaffold simplification from previously
      reported inhibitors containing bicyclic cores identified phenyl derivative 3,
      providing a versatile platform to study the effects of substitution on the
      scaffold, which yielded pyridyl 19. This molecule exhibited improved enzyme and
      cellular potency, and reduced lipophilicity compared to inhibitor 3. Further
      structure-based inhibitor design led to the discovery of 30, the most potent
      inhibitor in this series, which showed single-digit nM enzyme affinity and sub
      MUM anti-plasmodial activity.

PMID- 26918122
TI  - Metabarcoding-based fungal diversity on coarse and fine particulate organic
      matter in a first-order stream in Nova Scotia, Canada.
AB  - Most streams receive substantial inputs of allochthonous organic material in the
      form of leaves and twigs (CPOM , coarse particulate organic matter). Mechanical
      and biological processing converts this into fine particulate organic matter
      (FPOM). Other sources of particles include flocculated dissolved matter and soil
      particles. Fungi are known to play a role in the CPOM conversion process, but the
      taxonomic affiliations of these fungi remain poorly studied. The present study
      seeks to shed light on the composition of fungal communities on FPOM and CPOM as
      assessed in a natural stream in Nova Scotia, Canada. Maple leaves were exposed in
      a stream for four weeks and their fungal community evaluated through
      pyrosequencing. Over the same period, four FPOM size fractions were collected by
      filtration and assessed. Particles had much lower ergosterol contents than
      leaves, suggesting major differences in the extent of fungal colonization.
      Pyrosequencing documented a total of 821 fungal operational taxonomic units
      (OTU), of which 726 were exclusive to particles and 47 to leaf samples. Most
      fungal phyla were represented, including yeast lineages (e.g., Taphrinaceae and
      Saccharomycotina), Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Cryptomycota, but several
      classes of Pezizomycontina (Ascomycota) dominated. Cluster dendrograms clearly
      separated fungal communities from leaves and from particles. Characterizing
      fungal communities may shed some light on the processing pathways of fine
      particles in streams and broadens our view of the phylogenetic composition of
      fungi in freshwater ecosystems. 

PMID- 26962434
TI  - Crambled: A Shiny application to enable intuitive resolution of conflicting
      cellularity estimates.
AB  - It is now commonplace to investigate tumour samples using whole-genome
      sequencing, and some commonly performed tasks are the estimation of cellularity
      (or sample purity), the genome-wide profiling of copy numbers, and the assessment
      of sub-clonal behaviours. Several tools are available to undertake these tasks,
      but often give conflicting results - not least because there is often genuine
      uncertainty due to a lack of model identifiability.  Presented here is a tool,
      "Crambled", that allows for an intuitive visual comparison of the conflicting
      solutions. Crambled is implemented as a Shiny application within R, and is
      accompanied by example images from two use cases (one tumour sample with matched
      normal sequencing, and one standalone cell line example) as well as functions to
      generate the necessary images from any sequencing data set.  Through the use of
      Crambled, a user may gain insight into why each tool has offered its given
      solution and combined with a knowledge of the disease being studied can choose
      between the competing solutions in an informed manner. 

PMID- 26962435
TI  - The importance of selecting the appropriate reference genes for quantitative real
      time PCR as illustrated using colon cancer cells and tissue.
AB  - Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
      remains the most sensitive technique for nucleic acid quantification. Its
      popularity is reflected in the remarkable number of publications reporting RT
      qPCR data. Careful normalisation within RT-qPCR studies is imperative to ensure
      accurate quantification of mRNA levels. This is commonly achieved through the use
      of reference genes as an internal control to normalise the mRNA levels between
      different samples. The selection of appropriate reference genes can be a
      challenge as transcript levels vary with physiology, pathology and development,
      making the information within the transcriptome flexible and variable. In this
      study, we examined the variation in expression of a panel of nine candidate
      reference genes in HCT116 and HT29 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cultures, as
      well as in normal and cancerous colon tissue. Using normfinder we identified the
      top three most stable genes for all conditions. Further to this we compared the
      change in expression of a selection of PKC coding genes when the data was
      normalised to one reference gene and three reference genes. Here we demonstrated
      that there is a variation in the fold changes obtained dependent on the number of
      reference genes used. As well as this, we highlight important considerations
      namely; assay efficiency tests, inhibition tests and RNA assessment which should
      also be implemented into all RT-qPCR studies. All this data combined demonstrates
      the need for careful experimental design in RT-qPCR studies to help eliminate
      false interpretation and reporting of results. 

PMID- 26962436
TI  - Towards an open science publishing platform.
AB  - The way science and research is done is rapidly becoming more open and
      collaborative. The traditional way of publishing new findings in journals is
      becoming increasingly outdated and no longer serves the needs of much of science.
      Whilst preprints can bring significant benefits of removing delay and selection,
      they do not go far enough if simply implemented alongside the existing journal
      system. We propose that we need a new approach, an Open Science Platform, that
      takes the benefits of preprints but adds formal, invited, and transparent post
      publication peer review. This bypasses the problems of the current journal system
      and, in doing so, moves the evaluation of research and researchers away from the
      journal-based Impact Factor and towards a fairer system of article-based
      qualitative and quantitative indicators. In the long term, it should be
      irrelevant where a researcher publishes their findings. What is important is that
      research is shared and made available without delay within a framework that
      encourages quality standards and requires all players in the research community
      to work as collaborators. 

PMID- 26962437
TI  - Current Landscape of Antiviral Drug Discovery.
AB  - Continued discovery and development of new antiviral medications are paramount
      for global human health, particularly as new pathogens emerge and old ones evolve
      to evade current therapeutic agents. Great success has been achieved in
      developing effective therapies to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
      hepatitis B virus (HBV); however, the therapies are not curative and therefore
      current efforts in HIV and HBV drug discovery are directed toward longer-acting
      therapies and/or developing new mechanisms of action that could potentially lead
      to cure, or eradication, of the virus. Recently, exciting early clinical data
      have been reported for novel antivirals targeting respiratory syncytial virus
      (RSV) and influenza (flu). Preclinical data suggest that these new approaches may
      be effective in treating high-risk patients afflicted with serious RSV or flu
      infections. In this review, we highlight new directions in antiviral approaches
      for HIV, HBV, and acute respiratory virus infections. 

PMID- 26962439
TI  - Management of children with prolonged diarrhea.
AB  - Prolonged diarrhea is usually defined as acute-onset diarrhea lasting 7 days or
      more, but less than 14 days. Its trend has been declining in recent years because
      of improvement in the management of acute diarrhea, which represents the ideal
      strategy to prevent prolonged diarrhea. The pathogenesis of prolonged diarrhea is
      multifactorial and essentially based on persistent mucosal damage due to specific
      infections or sequential infections with different pathogens, host-related
      factors including micronutrient and/or vitamin deficiency, undernutrition and
      immunodeficiency, high mucosal permeability due to previous infectious processes
      and nutrient deficiency with consequential malabsorption, and microbiota
      disruption. Infections seem to play a major role in causing prolonged diarrhea in
      both developing and developed areas. However, single etiologic pathogens have not
      been identified, and the pattern of agents varies according to settings, host
      risk factors, and previous use of antibiotics and other drugs. The management of
      prolonged diarrhea is complex. Because of the wide etiologic spectrum, diagnostic
      algorithms should take into consideration the age of the patient, clinical and
      epidemiological factors, and the nutritional status and should always include a
      search for enteric pathogens. Often, expensive laboratory evaluations are of
      little benefit in guiding therapy, and an empirical approach may be effective in
      the majority of cases. The presence or absence of weight loss is crucial for
      driving the initial management of prolonged diarrhea. If there is no weight loss,
      generally there is no need for further evaluation. If weight loss is present,
      empiric anti-infectious therapy or elimination diet may be considered once
      specific etiologies have been excluded. 

PMID- 26962440
TI  - How special is the biochemical function of native proteins?
AB  - Native proteins perform an amazing variety of biochemical functions, including
      enzymatic catalysis, and can engage in protein-protein and protein-DNA
      interactions that are essential for life. A key question is how special are these
      functional properties of proteins. Are they extremely rare, or are they an
      intrinsic feature? Comparison to the properties of compact conformations of
      artificially generated compact protein structures selected for thermodynamic
      stability but not any type of function, the artificial (ART) protein library,
      demonstrates that a remarkable number of the properties of native-like proteins
      are recapitulated. These include the complete set of small molecule ligand
      binding pockets and most protein-protein interfaces. ART structures are predicted
      to be capable of weakly binding metabolites and cover a significant fraction of
      metabolic pathways, with the most enriched pathways including ancient ones such
      as glycolysis. Native-like active sites are also found in ART proteins. A small
      fraction of ART proteins are predicted to have strong protein-protein and protein
      DNA interactions. Overall, it appears that biochemical function is an intrinsic
      feature of proteins which nature has significantly optimized during evolution.
      These studies raise questions as to the relative roles of specificity and
      promiscuity in the biochemical function and control of cells that need
      investigation. 

PMID- 26962438
TI  - Developmental gene regulatory networks in sea urchins and what we can learn from
      them.
AB  - Sea urchin embryos begin zygotic transcription shortly after the egg is
      fertilized.  Throughout the cleavage stages a series of transcription factors are
      activated and, along with signaling through a number of pathways, at least 15
      different cell types are specified by the beginning of gastrulation. 
      Experimentally, perturbation of contributing transcription factors, signals and
      receptors and their molecular consequences enabled the assembly of an extensive
      gene regulatory network model.  That effort, pioneered and led by Eric Davidson
      and his laboratory, with many additional insights provided by other laboratories,
      provided the sea urchin community with a valuable resource.  Here we describe the
      approaches used to enable the assembly of an advanced gene regulatory network
      model describing molecular diversification during early development.  We then
      provide examples to show how a relatively advanced authenticated network can be
      used as a tool for discovery of how diverse developmental mechanisms are
      controlled and work. 

PMID- 26962442
TI  - Recent advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria.
AB  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a very rare disease that has been
      investigated for over one century and has revealed unique aspects of the
      pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a hemolytic anemia. PNH results from
      expansion of a clone of hematopoietic cells that, as a consequence of an
      inactivating mutation of the X-linked gene PIG-A, are deficient in
      glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins: since these include the
      surface membrane complement-regulatory proteins CD55 and CD59, the red cells
      arising from this clone are exquisitely sensitive to lysis by activated
      complement. Until a decade ago, the treatment options for PNH were either
      supportive treatment - often including blood transfusion, anti-thrombosis
      prophylaxis, and sometimes thrombolytic therapy - or allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation. Since 2007, PNH has received renewed and much wider attention
      because a new form of treatment has become available, namely complement blockade
      through the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab. This brief review focuses on
      two specific aspects of PNH: (1) response to eculizumab, variability of response,
      and how this new agent has impacted favorably on the outlook and on the quality
      of life of patients; and (2) with respect to pathogenesis, new evidence supports
      the notion that expansion of the PNH clone results from T-cell-mediated auto
      immune damage to hematopoietic stem cells, with the GPI molecule as target.
      Indeed, GPI-specific CD8+ T cells - which have been identified in PNH patients -
      would spare selectively GPI-negative stem cells, thus enabling them to re
      populate the marrow of a patient who would otherwise have aplastic anemia. 

PMID- 26962441
TI  - Recent Advances in Urinary Tract Reconstruction for Neuropathic Bladder in
      Children.
AB  - Neuropathic bladder usually causes several limitations to patients' quality of
      life, including urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, and
      upper urinary tract damage. Its management has significantly changed over the
      last few years. The aim of our paper is to address some salient features of
      recent literature dealing with reconstructive procedures in pediatric and
      adolescent patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction. 

PMID- 26962443
TI  - Recent Advances in Understanding and Engineering Polyketide Synthesis.
AB  - Polyketides are a diverse group of natural products that form the basis of many
      important drugs. The engineering of the polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes
      responsible for the formation of these compounds has long been considered to have
      great potential for producing new bioactive molecules. Recent advances in this
      field have contributed to the understanding of this powerful and complex
      enzymatic machinery, particularly with regard to domain activity and engineering,
      unique building block formation and incorporation, and programming rules and
      limitations. New developments in tools for in vitro biochemical analysis, full
      length megasynthase structural studies, and in vivo heterologous expression will
      continue to improve our fundamental understanding of polyketide synthesis as well
      as our ability to engineer the production of polyketides. 

PMID- 26962446
TI  - Antimicrobial stewardship in long-term care facilities in Belgium: a
      questionnaire-based survey of nursing homes to evaluate initiatives and future
      developments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of antimicrobials is intense and often inappropriate in long
      term care facilities. Antimicrobial resistance has increased in acute and chronic
      care facilities, including those in Belgium. Evidence is lacking concerning
      antimicrobial stewardship programmes in chronic care settings. The medical
      coordinator practicing in Belgian nursing homes is a general practitioner
      designated to coordinate medical activity. He is likely to be the key position
      for effective implementation of such programmes. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate past, present, and future developments of antimicrobial stewardship
      programmes by surveying medical coordinators working in long-term care facilities
      in Belgium. METHODS: We conducted an online questionnaire-based survey of 327
      Belgian medical coordinators. The questionnaire was composed of 33 questions
      divided into four sections: characteristics of the respondents, organisational
      frameworks for implementation of the antimicrobial stewardship programme, tools
      to promote appropriate antimicrobial use and priorities of action. Questions were
      multiple choice, rating scale, or free text. RESULTS: A total of 39 medical
      coordinators (12 %) completed the questionnaire. Past or present antimicrobial
      stewardship initiatives were reported by 23 % of respondents. The possibility of
      future developments was rated 2.7/5. The proposed key role of medical
      coordinators was rated <3/5 by 36 % of respondents. General practitioners,
      nursing staff, and hospital specialists are accepted as important roles. The use
      of antimicrobial guidelines was reported by only 19 % of respondents. Education
      was considered the cornerstone for any future developments. Specific diagnostic
      recommendations were considered useful, but chest x-rays were judged difficult to
      undertake. The top priority identified was to reduce unnecessary treatment of
      asymptomatic urinary infections. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the
      implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship programme is reported only in a
      minority of nursing homes. The possibility of future developments is uncertain.
      Nevertheless, the self-selected medical coordinators who responded to the survey
      reported a good knowledge of this complex problem. Despite a lack of optimism,
      medical coordinators seem to have the appropriate competencies to play a key role
      in antimicrobial stewardship in the future.

PMID- 26962444
TI  - Axonal maintenance, glia, exosomes, and heat shock proteins.
AB  - Of all cellular specializations, the axon is especially distinctive because it is
      a narrow cylinder of specialized cytoplasm called axoplasm with a length that may
      be orders of magnitude greater than the diameter of the cell body from which it
      originates. Thus, the volume of axoplasm can be much greater than the cytoplasm
      in the cell body. This fact raises a logistical problem with regard to axonal
      maintenance. Many of the components of axoplasm, such as soluble proteins and
      cytoskeleton, are slowly transported, taking weeks to months to travel the length
      of axons longer than a few millimeters after being synthesized in the cell body.
      Furthermore, this slow rate of supply suggests that the axon itself might not
      have the capacity to respond fast enough to compensate for damage to transported
      macromolecules. Such damage is likely in view of the mechanical fragility of an
      axon, especially those innervating the limbs, as rapid limb motion with high
      impact, like running, subjects the axons in the limbs to considerable mechanical
      force. Some researchers have suggested that local, intra-axonal protein synthesis
      is the answer to this problem. However, the translational state of axonal RNAs
      remains controversial. We suggest that glial cells, which envelop all axons,
      whether myelinated or not, are the local sources of replacement and repair
      macromolecules for long axons. The plausibility of this hypothesis is reinforced
      by reviewing several decades of work on glia-axon macromolecular transfer,
      together with recent investigations of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles,
      as vehicles for the transmission of membrane and cytoplasmic components from one
      cell to another. 

PMID- 26962448
TI  - Activation of intracellular calcium signaling in osteoblasts colocalizes with the
      formation of post-yield diffuse microdamage in bone matrix.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that extracellular calcium efflux ([Ca(2+)]E)
      originates from the regions of bone extracellular matrix that are undergoing
      microdamage. Such [Ca(2+)]E is reported to induce the activation of intracellular
      calcium signaling ([Ca(2+)]I) in MC3T3-E1 cells. The current study investigated
      the association between microdamage and local activation of intracellular calcium
      signaling quantifiably in MC3T3-E1 cells. Cells were seeded on devitalized
      notched bovine bone samples to induce damage controllably within the field of
      observation. A sequential staining procedure was implemented to stain for
      intracellular calcium activation followed by staining for microdamage on the same
      sample. The increase in [Ca(2+)]I fluorescence in cells of mechanically loaded
      samples was greater than that of unloaded negative control cells. The results
      showed that more than 80% of the cells with increased [Ca(2+)]I fluorescence were
      located within the damage zone. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that
      there are spatial proximity between diffuse microdamage induction and the
      activation of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]I) signaling in MC3T3-E1 cells. The
      downstream responses to the observed activation in future research may help
      understand how bone cells repair microdamage. 

PMID- 26962445
TI  - Particulate air pollution and impaired lung function.
AB  - Air pollution is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world,
      particularly in individuals with existing lung disease. Of the most common air
      pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is associated with an increased risk of
      exacerbations and respiratory symptoms in individuals with existing lung disease,
      and to a lesser extent, in those without known respiratory issues. The majority
      of published research has focused on the effects of PM exposures on symptoms and
      health care utilization. Fewer studies focus on the impact of PM on objective
      measurements of pulmonary function. This review will focus on the effects of PM
      exposure on objective measurements of lung function in both healthy individuals
      and those with existing lung disease. 

PMID- 26962447
TI  - Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of highly resistant gram
      negative rods in hospitalized patients in the Dutch region Kennemerland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This paper describes (1) the Highly Resistant Gram Negative Rod (HR
      GNR) prevalence rate, (2) their genotypes, acquired resistance genes and (3)
      associated risk factors of HR-GNR colonization among the hospitalized population
      in the Dutch region Kennemerland. METHODS: Between 1 October 2013 and 31 March
      2014, cross-sectional prevalence measurements were performed in three regional
      hospitals as part of each hospitals infection control program. Rectal swabs were
      analyzed at the Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland by direct
      culturing. Genotypes and acquired resistance genes of positive isolates were
      determined using Whole Genome Sequencing with the MiSeq instrument (Illumina).
      Association between several independent variables and HR-GNR positivity was
      examined using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Out of 427 patients, 24 HR
      GNR positive isolates were recovered from 22 patients, resulting in a regional HR
      GNR colonization prevalence (95 % CI) of 5.2 % (3.6-7.9). Of these 22 positive
      patients, 15 were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) positive (3.5 % (2.1
      5.7)), 7 patients were positive for a Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides (Q&A)
      resistant Enterobacteriaceae (1.6 % (0.8-3.3)) and from one patient (0.2 % (0
      1.3)) a Stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistant towards co-trimoxazole was
      isolated. No carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), multi-resistant
      Acinetobacter species or multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated.
      The ESBL genes found were bla CTX-M-1 (n = 4, 25.0 %), bla CTX-M-15 (n = 3, 18.8
      %), bla CTX-M-27 (n = 2, 12.5 %), bla CTX-M-14b (n = 2, 12.5 %), bla CTX-M-9 (n =
      2, 12.5 %), bla CTX-M-14 (n = 1, 6.3 %), bla CTX-M-3 (n = 1, 6.3 %), bla SHV-11
      (n = 1, 6.3 %) and bla SHV-12 (n = 1, 6.3 %). Being known HR-GNR positive in the
      past was the only significant associated risk factor for HR-GNR positivity, odds
      ratio (95 % CI): 7.32 (1.82-29.35), p-value = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS: Similar ESBL
      prevalence rates and genotypes (3.5 %) were found in comparison to other Dutch
      studies. When previously HR-GNR positive patients are readmitted, they should be
      screened for HR-GNR colonization since colonization with GR-GNRs could be
      prolonged. We recommend for future studies to include all defined HR-GNRs in
      addition to ESBLs in prevalence studies, in order to obtain a more comprehensive
      overview of colonization with HR-GNRs.

PMID- 26962449
TI  - TBS and bone strength.

PMID- 26962450
TI  - Therapeutic actions of curcumin in bone disorders.
AB  - Curcumin is the active component of turmeric extract derived from the Curcuma
      longa plant. In the last decade, curcumin has raised a considerable interest in
      medicine owing to its negligible toxicity and multiple therapeutic actions
      including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Among the
      various molecular targets of curcumin, some are involved in bone remodeling,
      which strongly suggests that curcumin can affect the skeletal system. The review
      sheds light on the current and potential applications of curcumin to treat bone
      disorders characterized by an excessive resorption activity. Within the scope of
      this review, the novel formulations of curcumin to overcome its physico-chemical
      and pharmacokinetic constraints are also discussed. 

PMID- 26962451
TI  - Peripartal rumen-protected methionine supplementation to higher energy diets
      elicits positive effects on blood neutrophil gene networks, performance and liver
      lipid content in dairy cows.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Main objectives were to determine to what extent Smartamine M (SM)
      supplementation to a prepartal higher-energy diet could alter neutrophil (PMN)
      and liver tissue immunometabolic biomarkers, and whether those responses were
      comparable to those in cows fed a prepartal lower-energy diet (CON). RESULTS:
      Twenty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were fed CON (NEL = 1.24 Mcal/kg DM)
      during d -50 to d -22 relative to calving. From d -21 to calving, cows were
      randomly assigned to a higher-energy diet (OVE, n = 9; NEL = 1.54 Mcal/kg DM),
      OVE plus SM (OVE + SM, n = 10; SM = 0.07 % of DM) or remained on CON (n = 9). All
      cows received the same basal lactation diet (NEL = 1.75 Mcal/kg DM).
      Supplementation of SM (OVE + SM) continued until 30 d postpartum. Liver biopsies
      were harvested at d -10, 7, and 21 relative to parturition. Blood PMN isolated at
      -10, 3, and 21 d relative to calving was used to evaluate gene expression. As
      expected, OVE increased liver lipid content postpartum; however, cows fed OVE +
      SM or CON had lower concentrations than OVE. Compared with OVE, cows in CON and
      OVE + SM had greater DMI postpartum and milk production. Furthermore, cows fed
      OVE + SM had the greatest milk protein and fat percentage and lowest milk SCC
      despite having intermediate PMN phagocytic capacity. Adaptations in PMN gene
      expression in OVE + SM cows associated with the lower SCC were gradual increases
      from -10 to 21 d in genes that facilitate migration into inflammatory sites
      (SELL, ITGAM), enzymes essential for reducing reactive oxygen metabolites (SOD1,
      SOD2), and a transcription factor(s) required for controlling PMN development
      (RXRA). The greater expression of TLR4 on d 3, key for activation of innate
      immunity due to inflammation, in OVE compared with CON cows suggests a more
      pronounced inflammatory state. Feeding OVE + SM dampened the upregulation of
      TLR4, despite the fact that these cows had similar expression of the pro
      inflammatory genes NFKB1 and TNF as OVE. Cows in CON had lower overall expression
      of these inflammation-related genes and GSR, which generates reduced glutathione,
      an important cellular antioxidant. CONCLUSIONS: Although CON cows appeared to
      have a less stressful transition into lactation, SM supplementation was effective
      in alleviating negative effects of energy-overfeeding. As such, SM was beneficial
      in terms of production and appeared to boost the response of PMN in a way that
      improved overall cow health.

PMID- 26962452
TI  - Warburg effect(s)-a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor
      metabolism.
AB  - Virtually everyone working in cancer research is familiar with the "Warburg
      effect", i.e., anaerobic glycolysis in the presence of oxygen in tumor cells.
      However, few people nowadays are aware of what lead Otto Warburg to the discovery
      of this observation and how his other scientific contributions are seminal to our
      present knowledge of metabolic and energetic processes in cells. Since science is
      a human endeavor, and a scientist is imbedded in a network of social and academic
      contacts, it is worth taking a glimpse into the biography of Otto Warburg to
      illustrate some of these influences and the historical landmarks in his life. His
      creative and innovative thinking and his experimental virtuosity set the
      framework for his scientific achievements, which were pioneering not only for
      cancer research. Here, I shall allude to the prestigious family background in
      imperial Germany; his relationships to Einstein, Meyerhof, Krebs, and other Nobel
      and notable scientists; his innovative technical developments and their
      applications in the advancement of biomedical sciences, including the manometer,
      tissue slicing, and cell cultivation. The latter were experimental prerequisites
      for the first metabolic measurements with tumor cells in the 1920s. In the 1930s
      1940s, he improved spectrophotometry for chemical analysis and developed the
      optical tests for measuring activities of glycolytic enzymes. Warburg's
      reputation brought him invitations to the USA and contacts with the Rockefeller
      Foundation; he received the Nobel Prize in 1931. World politics and world wars
      heavily affected Warburg's scientific survival in Berlin. But, after his second
      postwar recovery, Warburg's drive for unraveling the energetic processes of life,
      both in plants and in tumor cells, continued until his death in 1970. The legacy
      of Otto Warburg is not only the Warburg effect, but also the identification of
      the "respiratory ferment" and hydrogen-transferring cofactors and the isolation
      of glycolytic enzymes. His hypothesis of respiratory damage being the cause of
      cancer remains to be a provocative scientific issue, along with its implications
      for cancer treatment and prevention. Warburg is therefore still stimulating our
      thinking, as documented in a soaring increase in publications citing his name in
      the context of tumor metabolism. 

PMID- 26962454
TI  - Intraperitoneal adipose tissue is strongly related to survival rate in a mouse
      cecal ligation and puncture model.
AB  - Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) models exhibiting polymicrobial sepsis are
      considered as the gold standard in sepsis research. However, despite meticulous
      research being conducted in this field, only few treatment drugs are available,
      indicating that CLP sepsis models do not completely mimic human sepsis models.
      The greatest flaw in CLP models is abscess formation because the localization of
      inflammation caused by abscess formation increases the survival rate. Therefore,
      by resecting intraperitoneal adipose tissue, we developed a mouse CLP model
      wherein abscess formation was unlikely. Survival rates at 7 days postoperatively
      were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method for an intraperitoneal adipose tissue
      resection group (resection group, n=34), an intraperitoneal adipose tissue non
      resection group (non-resection group, n=35) and a sham group (n=10). Results
      indicated that the survival rate was significantly higher in the non-resection
      group compared with the resection group. Intraperitoneal macroscopic findings in
      the non-resection group revealed the localization of inflammation caused by
      abscesses formation covered in adipose tissue. The survival rate for the sham
      group was 100%. Measurement of interleukin 6 (IL-6) indicated that during the 12
      h after the creation of the CLP model, the median level of IL-6 was 1300 (552
      3000) pg ml(-1) in the non-resection group (n=19) and 3000 (1224-8595) pg ml(-1)
      in the resection group (n=19). Meanwhile, for the sham group, IL-6 values were
      below measurement sensitivity in most cases (9/10 mice). Thus our results suggest
      that, in CLP models, intraperitoneal adipose tissue has an important role in
      abscess formation and is strongly related to the survival rate. 

PMID- 26962455
TI  - 'Feelings stronger than reason': conflicting experiences of exercise in women
      with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individuals with anorexia nervosa frequently feel ambivalent about
      treatment and weight restoration, and drop out and relapse rates in treatment are
      high. Increased insight into the function of the eating disorder is considered
      essential for achieving long-lasting, meaningful change. However, research
      investigating the functions of anorexia nervosa tends to focus on the role of the
      disease per se. Distinctions are rarely made across features. In particular, the
      subjective experience, understanding and sense making of the engagement in
      compulsive exercise in individuals with anorexia nervosa has received little
      attention. By using a qualitative methodological approach, this paper aims to
      expand on prior findings by examining how patients with anorexia nervosa
      understand and make sense of the experience of exercise in the context of their
      lives and treatment programme. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted
      with six females, four of whom were former athletes. Transcripts were subjected
      to interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). RESULTS: Two overarching
      themes emerged in the analysis of the larger study of which this paper is a part;
      'paradoxical functions of exercise' and 'diverging experiences of exercise'.
      Diverging experiences of exercise is the focus of this paper. Firstly, in spite
      of being severely underweight and suffering from exhaustion, as well as having a
      clear awareness of the associated negative health effects, participants were
      engaged in a continuous cycle of rigorous and excessive exercise, which consumed
      extensive amounts of time and energy. Secondly, the results demonstrate how
      exercise routines negatively control and interfere with the participants'
      involvement in the social world. Thirdly, the manner in which participants speak
      about their exercise reveals their wording to be characterized by efforts to
      downplay the extent of their actual immersion in exercise. Issues of control and
      ambivalence about treatment and recovery can be considered potential triggers for
      the participants' engagement with exercise. Implicit meanings are elaborated upon
      and discussed in relation to existing literature. CONCLUSIONS: The material
      provides increased insight into the multi-layered meanings of exercise for
      individuals with anorexia nervosa. It also suggests alternatives to current ways
      of understanding and approaching exercise that may enable this issue to be
      addressed in a more meaningful way in therapy. Qualitative approaches can make a
      valuable contribution to furthering such understanding.

PMID- 26962457
TI  - Trends in research on indoor radon exposure and lung cancer in South Korea.

PMID- 26962453
TI  - Involvement of B cells in non-infectious uveitis.
AB  - Non-infectious uveitis-or intraocular inflammatory disease-causes substantial
      visual morbidity and reduced quality of life amongst affected individuals. To
      date, research of pathogenic mechanisms has largely been focused on processes
      involving T lymphocyte and/or myeloid leukocyte populations. Involvement of B
      lymphocytes has received relatively little attention. In contrast, B-cell
      pathobiology is a major field within general immunological research, and large
      clinical trials have showed that treatments targeting B cells are highly
      effective for multiple systemic inflammatory diseases. B cells, including the
      terminally differentiated plasma cell that produces antibody, are found in the
      human eye in different forms of non-infectious uveitis; in some cases, these
      cells outnumber other leukocyte subsets. Recent case reports and small case
      series suggest that B-cell blockade may be therapeutic for patients with non
      infectious uveitis. As well as secretion of antibody, B cells may promote
      intraocular inflammation by presentation of antigen to T cells, production of
      multiple inflammatory cytokines and support of T-cell survival. B cells may also
      perform various immunomodulatory activities within the eye. This translational
      review summarizes the evidence for B-cell involvement in non-infectious uveitis,
      and considers the potential contributions of B cells to the development and
      control of the disease. Manipulations of B cells and/or their products are
      promising new approaches to the treatment of non-infectious uveitis. 

PMID- 26962456
TI  - Attitude and satisfaction of health care providers towards clinical pharmacy
      services in Ethiopia: A post-deployment survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical pharmacy service has evolved steadily over the past few
      decades and is contributing to the 'patient care journey' at all stages. The
      service improves safety and effectiveness of medicines, thereby avoiding
      medication errors. As part of this global shift in pharmacy education and
      practice, Ethiopian Universities revamped the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum
      and the first graduates came out in July 2013. These graduates were immediately
      deployed in public hospital settings, with the ultimate aim of providing clinical
      pharmacy services. As such an initiative is new to the Ethiopian pharmacy sector,
      there is a need to do assessment of the health care providers' perception and
      satisfaction towards the service. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using self
      administered questionnaire was conducted in six regions and one-city
      administration of the country. Physicians, Health officers and Nurses working
      along with the new pharmacy graduates formed the study population. A total of 650
      healthcare professionals participated in the study. Data were entered, cleaned
      and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. RESULTS: Majority of the health
      care providers agreed that clinical pharmacy service could have a significant
      contribution to the patient care. A large proportion of them (70-90 %) had a
      positive attitude, although there appeared to be some differences across
      professions. About 50 % of the professionals were of the opinion that patient
      care should be left to the health care providers and pharmacists should
      concentrate on drug products. In addition, the same proportion of respondents
      said that the setup in their respective hospital was appropriate for provision of
      clinical pharmacy service. Multivariable analysis indicated that attitude of the
      health care providers was significantly associated with year of experience.
      CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of the health care providers had positive
      attitude towards the service, although the extent of the service was below their
      expectation. Hence, efforts should be in place to organize continuous
      professional training for pharmacists and awareness creation forums for other
      healthcare professionals.

PMID- 26962458
TI  - Radon exposure and lung cancer: risk in nonsmokers among cohort studies.
AB  - Eleven cohorts of miners occupationally exposed to relatively high concentrations
      of radon showed a statistically significantly high risk of lung cancer, while
      three cohorts from the general population showed a relatively low concentration,
      but the results were not statistically significant. However, the risk of lung
      cancer tended to increase with increased radon exposure. The risk is likely to
      have been underestimated due to low statistical power. Therefore, additional well
      designed studies on the risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers in the general
      population with relatively low concentrations of radon exposure are needed in the
      future. In addition, country-specific preventive policies are needed in order to
      actively reduce radon exposure and lung cancer incidence in nonsmokers. 

PMID- 26962459
TI  - Determinants of overweight or obesity among ever-married adult women in
      Bangladesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in Bangladesh.
      It is higher among Bangladeshi women than among men. This study was conducted to
      assess a host of demographic and socioeconomic correlates of overweight and
      obesity, separately for the urban and rural women of Bangladesh. METHODS: We used
      data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011. The BDHS
      provides cross-sectional data on a wide range of indicators relating to
      population, health, and nutrition. We analyzed nutrition-related data to identify
      the factors associated with being overweight or obese among ever-married women
      aged 18-49 years. RESULTS: Of 16,493 women, about 18 % (95 % CI 17 . 80-18 . 99)
      were overweight or obese. Unemployed urban women were at 1 . 44 (95 % CI 1 . 18-1
      . 76, p < 0 . 001) times higher risk of being overweight or obese than those
      women who were involved in manual-labored work. Watching television at least once
      a week was another significant predictor among urban women (OR 1 . 49; 95 % CI 1
      . 24-1 . 80; p < 0 . 001) and rural women (OR 1 . 31; 95 % CI 1 . 14-1 . 51; p <
      0 . 001). Household wealth index and food security were also strongly associated
      with overweight or obesity of both rural and urban women. CONCLUSIONS: The
      findings of the study indicate that a large number of women in Bangladesh are
      suffering from being overweight or obese, and multiple factors are responsible
      for this including, older age, being from wealthy households, higher education,
      being from food-secured households, watching TV at least once a week, and being
      an unemployed urban woman. Given the anticipated long-term effects, the factors
      that are associated with being overweight or obese should be considered while
      formulating an effective intervention for the women of Bangladesh.

PMID- 26962461
TI  - Contrast-enhanced synthetic MRI for the detection of brain metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a technique that enables
      creation of various contrast-weighted images from a single MRI quantification
      scan, is a useful clinical tool. However, there are currently no reports
      examining the use of contrast-enhanced synthetic MRI for detecting brain
      metastases. PURPOSE: To assess whether contrast-enhanced synthetic MRI is
      suitable for detecting brain metastases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten patients with
      a combined total of 167 brain metastases who underwent quantitative MRI and
      conventional T1-weighted inversion recovery fast spin-echo (conventional T1IR)
      MRI before and after administration of a contrast agent were included in the
      study. Synthetic T1IR and T1-weighted (synthetic T1W) images were produced after
      parameter quantification. Lesion-to-white matter contrast and contrast-to-noise
      ratio were calculated for each image. The number of visible lesions in each image
      was determined by two neuroradiologists. RESULTS: The mean lesion-to-white matter
      contrast and mean contrast-to-noise ratio of the synthetic T1IR images were
      significantly higher than those of the synthetic T1W (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001,
      respectively) and conventional T1IR (P = 0.04 and P = 0.002, respectively)
      images. Totals of 130 and 124 metastases were detected in the synthetic T1IR
      images by the first and second radiologists, respectively. The corresponding
      numbers were 91 and 85 in the synthetic T1W images and 119 and 119 in the
      conventional T1IR images. Statistical significance was not found among detected
      numbers of lesions. CONCLUSION: Synthetic T1IR imaging created better contrast
      compared with synthetic T1W or conventional T1IR imaging. The ability to detect
      brain metastases was comparable among these imaging.

PMID- 26962460
TI  - Ocular blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma.
AB  - Disease mechanism underlying glaucoma remains unclear. Extensive research on this
      pathology has highlighted changes in vascular parameters and in circulation of
      the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we review the most recent research on
      alterations in ocular blood flow and/or CSF flow in glaucoma. Ultrasound Doppler
      imaging studies have shown an increased resistive index in ophthalmic artery's in
      glaucoma. Furthermore, changes in optic nerve CSF circulation, which can be
      assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, may lead to a greater translaminar
      pressure difference, mechanical stress, and poor clearance of toxic substances.
      This constitutes a new approach for understanding blood-CSF interactions involved
      in glaucoma. 

PMID- 26962462
TI  - Spontaneous brain tumor imaging of aged rat by crystal X-ray interferometer-based
      phase-contrast X-ray CT.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Crystal X-ray interferometer-based phase-contrast X-ray computed
      tomography (C-PCCT) enables the depiction of internal structures of biological
      tissue without contrast agents. PURPOSE: To determine the advantage of this
      technique in visualizing detailed morphological structures of a rare spontaneous
      brain tumor in an aged rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An aged rat's spontaneous brain
      tumor was imaged by C-PCCT without contrast agent. Three-dimensional (3D) images
      of the tumor microvasculature were reconstructed and compared with pathological
      pictures. RESULTS: C-PCCT depicted the tumor's various pathological features
      clearly, e.g. its cell density and vasculature, and blood clots caused by
      hemorrhaging and/or hematomas. The obtained images resembled pathological
      pictures with a magnification of *20 and were used to reconstruct 3D images of
      the tumor vascularity up to approximately 26 um in diameter. CONCLUSION: Since C
      PCCT is able to depict various pathological conditions, it might be useful for
      cancer research.

PMID- 26962463
TI  - Blockade of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2, TLR4) Attenuates Pain and Potentiates
      Buprenorphine Analgesia in a Rat Neuropathic Pain Model.
AB  - Accumulating evidence indicates that microglial TLR2 and TLR4 play a significant
      role in nociception. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the contribution of
      TLR2 and TLR4 and their adaptor molecules to neuropathy and their ability to
      amplify opioid effectiveness. Behavioral tests (von Frey's and cold plate) and
      biochemical (Western blot and qRT-PCR) analysis of spinal cord and DRG tissue
      were conducted after chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve.
      Repeated intrathecal administration of LPS-RS (TLR2 and TLR4 antagonist) and LPS
      RS Ultrapure (TLR4 antagonist) attenuated allodynia and hyperalgesia. Biochemical
      analysis revealed time-dependent upregulation of mRNA and/or protein levels of
      TLR2 and TLR4 and MyD88 and TRIF adaptor molecules, which was paralleled by an
      increase in IBA-1/CD40-positive cells under neuropathy. LPS-RS and LPS-RS
      Ultrapure similarly influenced opioid analgesia by enhancing the effectiveness of
      buprenorphine but not morphine. Summing up, in light of their upregulation over
      the course of pain, both TLR2 and TLR4 may indeed play a significant role in
      neuropathy, which could be linked to the observed activation of IBA-1/CD40
      positive cells. Blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 produced analgesia and enhanced
      buprenorphine's effectiveness, which suggests that they may be a putative target
      for future pharmacological pain relief tools, especially for opioid rotation,
      when the effect of morphine is tolerated. 

PMID- 26962465
TI  - Characterization of genetically engineered mouse models carrying Col2a1-cre
      induced deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6.
AB  - Mice carrying Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 were created
      and characterized. Mice lacking either gene alone were viable and fertile with
      normal knee morphology. Mice in which both Lrp5 and Lrp6 were conditionally
      ablated via Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletion displayed severe defects in
      skeletal development during embryogenesis. In addition, adult mice carrying
      Collagen2a1-cre-mediated deletions of Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 displayed low bone mass
      suggesting that the Collagen2a1-cre transgene was active in cells that
      subsequently differentiated into osteoblasts. In both embryonic skeletal
      development and establishment of adult bone mass, Lrp5 and Lrp6 carry out
      redundant functions. 

PMID- 26962466
TI  - Neurosurgery concepts: Key perspectives on embolectomy for stroke with emergent
      large vessel occlusion (MR CLEAN), endonasal endoscopic craniopharyngioma
      resection, gamma knife radiosurgery for meningiomas, therapeutic hypothermia for
      severe traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 26962467
TI  - Analysis of sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization for endonasal endoscopic
      surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze sphenoid sinus lateral
      pneumatization (SSLP), especially in Asian populations, and to identify
      cautionary items when using the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for
      parasellar/lateral lesions. METHODS: We analyzed SSLP and the width of SS (SSW)
      in 121 patients who had undergone EEA from 2008 to 2013 at the Division of
      Neurosurgery, Keio University Hospital. SSLP was defined as the distance between
      the SS lateral edge and the medial aspect of the pterygoid process on coronal
      reconstruction computed tomography. SSW was defined as the distance between the
      midline and lateral wall. We recorded SSLP and SSW for 242 sides. Further, we
      present two characteristic cases. RESULTS: The average SSLP and SSW were 7.0 mm (
      10.0-25.8 mm) and 21.8 mm (6.0-40.2 mm), respectively. No correlation between
      pneumatization and age was observed at age 15 or more. Sphenoid pneumatization
      was significantly wider in male than in female patients. There was no
      relationship between lateral and sagittal plane pneumatization. In a patient with
      recurrent chordoma who had an undeveloped SSLP, the tumor was removed via the
      medial space in the internal carotid artery. In another patient who had a giant
      pituitary adenoma and average SSLP, the tumor was located in the middle cranial
      fossa and was removed via the lateral internal carotid space through the left
      SSLP. CONCLUSIONS: Wide variations were observed in SSLP and SSW. For EEA,
      pneumatization is an instrument corridor. Preoperative assessment of SSLP is
      important, especially for parasellar lesions.

PMID- 26962468
TI  - Intra-bronchial migration of peritoneal catheter of lumboperitoneal shunt.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A rare case of intra-bronchial migration of peritoneal catheter of
      lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt was treated under the bronchoscopic and fluoroscopic
      observation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 71-year-old man, who underwent LP shunt
      installation due to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus a year before,
      presented with history of high fever and sputum production. Roentgenography and
      computed tomography of the chest revealed migration of distal end of the
      peritoneal catheter into the left main bronchus. Migrated catheter was gently
      extracted through the abdominal wound incision under the bronchoscopic and
      fluoroscopic observation. Contrast material infused into the catheter did not
      spread into the pleural cavity. The patient was free of the symptoms within 2
      postoperative weeks. Moreover, he underwent the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
      surgery 1-month later. CONCLUSION: This is the first case of the migration of
      peritoneal catheter of LP shunt into the main bronchus.

PMID- 26962469
TI  - Macrophage Polarization: Decisions That Affect Health.

PMID- 26962464
TI  - Current research on pharmacologic and regenerative therapies for osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder commonly encountered in
      clinical practice, and is the leading cause of disability in elderly people. Due
      to the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage and lack of specific
      diagnostic biomarkers, OA is a challenging disease with limited treatment
      options. Traditional pharmacologic therapies such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids are effective in relieving pain but are
      incapable of reversing cartilage damage and are frequently associated with
      adverse events. Current research focuses on the development of new OA drugs (such
      as sprifermin/recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-18, tanezumab/monoclonal
      antibody against beta-nerve growth factor), which aims for more effectiveness and
      less incidence of adverse effects than the traditional ones. Furthermore,
      regenerative therapies (such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), new
      generation of matrix-induced ACI, cell-free scaffolds, induced pluripotent stem
      cells (iPS cells or iPSCs), and endogenous cell homing) are also emerging as
      promising alternatives as they have potential to enhance cartilage repair, and
      ultimately restore healthy tissue. However, despite currently available therapies
      and research advances, there remain unmet medical needs in the treatment of OA.
      This review highlights current research progress on pharmacologic and
      regenerative therapies for OA including key advances and potential limitations. 

PMID- 26962470
TI  - The Metabolic Prospective and Redox Regulation of Macrophage Polarization.
AB  - Macrophage plasticity is an important feature of these innate immune cells.
      Macrophage phenotypes are divided into two categories, the classically activated
      macrophages (CAM, M1 phenotype) and the alternatively activated macrophages (AAM,
      M2 phenotype). M1 macrophages are commonly associated with the generation of
      proinflammatory cytokines, whereas M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory and often
      associated with tumor progression and fibrosis development. Macrophages produce
      high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent evidence suggests ROS can
      potentially regulate macrophage phenotype. In addition, macrophages phenotypes
      are closely related to their metabolic patterns, particularly fatty
      acid/cholesterol metabolism. In this review, we briefly summarize recent advances
      in macrophage polarization with special attention to their relevance to specific
      disease conditions and metabolic regulation of polarization. Understanding these
      metabolic switches can facilitate the development of targeted therapies for
      various diseases.

PMID- 26962471
TI  - Comparison of Two Methods of Estradiol Replacement: their Physiological and
      Behavioral Outcomes.
AB  - Fluctuating sex steroids during the estrous or menstrual cycle of mammalian
      females make it difficult to determine their role on behaviors and physiology. To
      avoid this, many investigators ovariectomize their animals and administer
      progesterone, estradiol or a combination of both. Several different strategies
      are used to administer estradiol, which confounds interpretation of results. This
      study compared two methods of estradiol replacement implants: Silastic tubes
      filled with crystalline estradiol benzoate (E2) and commercially available
      estradiol benzoate pellets. Implants were placed subcutaneously in adult
      ovariectomized (OVX) rats and blood samples obtained weekly. Control OVX rats
      received empty Silastic tubes or placebo pellets. Our data shows that E2 plasma
      levels from rats with Silastic implants peaked after one week and decreased
      slowly thereafter. In contrast, plasma E2 from commercial pellets peaked after
      two weeks, increasing and decreasing over time. To validate hormone release, body
      weight was monitored. All E2 treated animals maintained a similar body weight
      over the four weeks period whereas an increase in body weight over time was
      observed in the OVX group that received empty implants, confirming E2 release and
      supporting the role of E2 in the regulation of body weight. Furthermore, the
      effects of E2 on basal locomotor activity were assessed using animal activity
      cages. Results showed no difference between E2 and control group in several
      locomotor activities. These results indicate that Silastic implants achieve more
      stable plasma estradiol levels than pellets and thus are a better alternative for
      studies of estradiol on brain function and behavior.

PMID- 26962473
TI  - Fracture Forces of Dentin after Surface Treatment with High Speed Drill Compared
      to Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation.
AB  - Dental tooth restorative procedures may weaken the structural integrity of the
      tooth, with the possibility of leading to fracture. In this study we present
      findings of coronal dentin strength after different techniques of surface
      modification. The fracture strength of dentin beams after superficial material
      removal with a fine diamond bur high speed drill hand piece, Er:YAG (2.94 MUm, 8
      J/cm(2)), and Er,Cr:YSGG (2.78 MUm, 7.8 J/cm(2)) laser irradiation slightly above
      the ablation threshold was measured by a four-point bending apparatus. Untreated
      dentin beams served as a control. A total of 58 dentin beams were manufactured
      from sterilized human extracted molars using the coronal part of the available
      dentin. Mean values of fracture strength were calculated as 82.0 +/- 27.3 MPa for
      the control group (n = 10), 104.5 +/- 26.3 MPa for high speed drill treatment (n
      = 10), 96.1 +/- 28.1 MPa for Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation (n = 20), and 89.1 +/-
      36.3 MPa for Er:YAG laser irradiation (n = 18). Independent Student's t-tests
      showed no significant difference between each two groups (p > 0.05). Within the
      parameter settings and the limits of the experimental setup used in this study,
      both lasers systems as well as the high speed drill do not significantly weaken
      coronal dentin after surface treatment.

PMID- 26962472
TI  - Special Considerations for Measuring Energy Expenditure with Doubly Labeled Water
      under Atypical Conditions.
AB  - The global increase in the prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased
      interest in understanding the factors that influence human total energy
      expenditure (TEE). This in turn has increased interest in the doubly labeled
      water (DLW) method, a technique for measurement of total energy expenditure in
      free-living humans. The increasing use of this method is attributed to its
      portability, objectivity, minimal invasiveness, high accuracy and good precision.
      Although a relatively standard protocol for the method has emerged, the new
      generation of users often is unfamiliar with rationale behind aspects of the
      protocol as well as the approaches to avoid or correct for in situations that are
      not covered by the standard protocol procedure. The primary uncommon situations
      like introduction of isotopically different diet and fluids with or without
      geographical relocation, seasonal and temperature variations, activity level of
      participants etc. during or prior to the DLW measurements can lead to shift in
      baseline abundance of 2H and 18O or tracer elimination, resulting in moderate to
      large errors in the measured TEE. These unique situations call for special
      modifications to the conventional protocol to minimize errors. The objective of
      the present review was to assemble a list of frequently asked questions and the
      issues they represent, and then examine the available literature to describe and
      explain the modifications to the standard DLW protocol to maintain the method's
      accuracy. This discussion of DLW protocol modification can be an excellent
      resource for investigators who intend to use this measurement technique for
      interesting and uncommon study designs.

PMID- 26962474
TI  - Burkholderia pseudomallei: First case of melioidosis in Portugal.
AB  - Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacillus and the causative agent of
      melioidosis, a serious infection associated with high mortality rate in humans.
      It can be naturally found as an environmental saprophyte in soil or stagnant
      water, and rice paddies that predominate in regions of endemicity such as
      Northeast Thailand. B. pseudomallei is a Biosafety Level 3 organism due to risks
      of aerosolization and severe disease and is now included in formal emergency
      preparedness plans and guidelines issued by various authorities in the United
      States and Europe. Here, we report the first case of imported melioidosis in
      Portugal. B. pseudomallei was isolated from the patient's blood as well as from a
      left gluteal abscess pus. The isolate strain showed the unusual resistance
      profile to first-line eradication therapy trimethroprim/sulfamethoxazole. Whole
      genome sequencing revealed its similarity with isolates from Southeast Asia,
      suggesting the Thai origin of this Portuguese isolate, which is in agreement with
      a recent patient's travel to Thailand. 

PMID- 26962476
TI  - It Is Time to Pay More Attention to Sperm Cryopreservation: Now More Than Ever!

PMID- 26962475
TI  - Increased utilisation of PEPFAR-supported laboratory services by non-HIV patents
      in Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is unknown to what extent the non-HIV population utilises
      laboratories supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
      (PEPFAR). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the number and proportion of
      laboratory tests performed in 2009 and 2011 for patients referred from HIV and
      non-HIV services (NHSs) in a convenience sample collected from 127 laboratories
      supported by PEPFAR in Tanzania. We then compared changes in the proportions of
      tests performed for patients referred from NHSs in 2009 vs 2011. METHODS:
      Haematology, chemistry, tuberculosis and syphilis test data were collected from
      available laboratory registers. Referral sources, including HIV services, NHSs,
      or lack of a documented referral source, were recorded. A generalised linear
      mixed model reported the odds that a test was from a NHS. RESULTS: A total of 94
      132 tests from 94 laboratories in 2009 and 157 343 tests from 101 laboratories in
      2011 were recorded. Half of all tests lacked a documented referral source. Tests
      from NHSs constituted 42% (66 084) of all tests in 2011, compared with 31% (29
      181) in 2009. A test in 2011 was twice as likely to have been referred from a NHS
      as in 2009 (adjusted odds ratio: 2.0 [95% confidence interval: 2.0-2.1]).
      CONCLUSION: Between 2009 and 2011, the number and proportion of tests from NHSs
      increased across all types of test. This finding may reflect increased
      documentation of NHS referrals or that the laboratory scale-up originally
      intended to service the HIV-positive population in Tanzania may be associated
      with a 'spillover effect' amongst the general population.

PMID- 26962477
TI  - An Evaluation of the Historical Importance of Fertility and Its Reflection in
      Ancient Mythology.
AB  - Myths are reflective of human concerns and needs during ancient times. By
      reviewing them, it turns out that many human problems today, have a historical
      background. Among the main themes of ancient mythologies, fertility and
      reproduction have various representations in ancient civilizations. The purpose
      of this paper was to review myths and common symbols of fertility and
      reproduction in ancient civilizations and evaluate the reasons of their
      continuous importance in different cultures. The data in this review study was
      obtained by scrutinizing the related literature. The gathered data indicated the
      multiplicity and variety of fertility symbols in ancient myths. Most ancient
      fertility symbols were inspired by the nature and some of them like earth and
      water were common in mythology of different civilizations. Therefore, the symbols
      consolidate the concept of conformity between human reproductive concerns and the
      nature's necessities. 

PMID- 26962478
TI  - Induction of Asherman's Syndrome in Rabbit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uterine synechiae or Asherman's syndrome is a condition that can
      cause infertility. The present experimental study was designed to establish the
      rabbit as an animal model for human Asherman's syndrome using the endometrial
      curettage. METHODS: In an experimental study, female adult rabbits (n=18) were
      randomly divided into intact and ovariectomized groups. One third of caudal part
      of both uteri was submitted to traumatic endometrial curettage. One group was
      simultaneously ovariectomized. The intact rabbits were artificially induced
      ovulation during 10 days after surgery. One third of cranial part of both uteri
      was selected as the control. Synechiae occurring, luminal area/total area
      (LA/TA), endometrial area/total area (EA/TA), myometrial and perimetrial
      area/total area (MPA/TA), endometrial area/uterine wall area (EA/UWA), and
      myometrial and perimetrial area/uterine wall area (MPA/UWA) ratios of both uteri
      in six subdivided groups (n=6) were analysed in curetted and intact control
      parts. On days 15, 30 and 45 following surgery by two-way ANOVA and LSD test
      (p<0.05). RESULTS: Histopathologic findings showed significant epithelial damage
      together with significant inflammatory reaction in the intact curettage group.
      The LA/TA ratios of the intact curettage group on days 15 and 45 were more than
      the intact control group on day 15. The EA/TA ratio of the intact curettage group
      on day 30 was less than the intact control group on day 30. CONCLUSION: Uterine
      fibrosis was observed in intact curettage group, and this modified animal model
      showed a pathogenesis condition similar to intrauterine adhesions observed in
      human.

PMID- 26962479
TI  - Male Sexual Dysfunction, Leptin, Pituitary and Gonadal Hormones in Nigerian Males
      with Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pituitary and gonadal dysfunctions resulting from increased adiposity
      leading to disturbances of sexual and reproductive functions have been reported
      in males with metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The aim
      of this study was to evaluate sexual dysfunction, leptin, and reproductive
      hormones in Nigerian males with MS and DM2. METHODS: Participants were 104 men
      (34 males with DM2, 17 men with MS and 53 men with normal body mass index (18.5
      24.9 Kg/m (2)) without MS (controls)). The International Diabetes Federation
      (2005) criteria were used for MS diagnosis. Reproductive history, anthropometry,
      blood pressure (BP) and 10 ml fasting blood samples were obtained by standard
      methods. Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined by enzymatic methods while low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated. Leptin, follicle stimulating
      hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin, testosterone and oestrogen
      were determined by enzyme immunoassay (leptin by Diagnostic Automation, Inc.;
      others by Immunometrics (UK) Ltd.) while oestrogen-testosterone ratio was
      calculated. Data analyzed using ANOVA, Chi square and multiple regression were
      statistically significant at p<0.05. RESULTS: Testosterone was significantly
      lower in MS than controls while oestradiol and ETR were significantly higher in
      MS compared with controls and DM2 group (p<0.05). ETR significantly predicted
      testosterone in all groups (p<0.05). Significantly lower libido was observed in
      men in MS than controls and DM2 groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Sexual and
      reproductive dysfunction may be related to increased conversion of testosterone
      to oestrogen in increased adipose mass in men with metabolic syndrome and type 2
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 26962480
TI  - Sexual Dysfunction in Women Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Iran: Prevalence
      and Associated Risk Factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunctions are one of the most fundamental difficulties for
      infertile women, which can be as the cause of infertility. This study
      investigated the prevalence of this disorder and associated factors in order to
      improve infertility treatment process and the quality of life of women referring
      to infertility center. METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed on 236
      women who referred to Fatima Zahra infertility center of Babol, Iran. Data
      collection tool was a questionnaire contained two parts; demographic
      characteristics and infertility information. Also, data for sexual dysfunction
      was obtained through diagnostic interview based on the international
      classification DSM-IV. For data analysis, logistic and linear regression analysis
      were used. The p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Most of women (84.9%)
      suffered from primary infertility and the mean duration of infertility was 60.2+/
      8.4 months. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 55.5% (n=131); including
      dyspareunia in 28% (n=66), impaired sexual desire and lack of orgasm in 26.3%
      (n=62 patients), vaginismus in 15.2% (n=36) and lack of sexual stimulation in
      13.6% (n=32). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, sexual
      satisfaction and history of mental illness had a significant effect on the
      probability of experiencing the sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: There is a high
      prevalence of sexual dysfunction among infertile women. Considering the
      interaction between sexual dysfunction and infertility, professional health care
      centers should be sensitive to this effect. Also, more attention must be paid on
      marital relationships, economic and social situation and infertility
      characteristics in order to prevent sexual dysfunction development through early
      screening and psychological interference.

PMID- 26962481
TI  - High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Yazd, a
      Central Province of Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a growing concern about the high prevalence of vitamin D
      deficiency and its relationship with variety of diseases worldwide. The objective
      of this study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its
      relationship with pregnancy adverse effects in Yazd. METHODS: This was a cross
      sectional study conducted among 200 nulliparous women from October 2013 to April
      2014. Data containing socio-demographic and personal details, vitamin D level,
      pregnancy complications and growth situation of newborns were collected and
      analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson's correlation coefficient
      by SPSS. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean serum
      1, 25 (OH)2D3 concentration was 20.3+/-10.8 MUg/l. Totally, 78% of the women had
      less than sufficient levels. Mean of vitamin D was significantly higher in
      natural or elective cesarean in comparison with abortion and emergency cesarean
      (p=0.040). Risk of abortion was 3.1(1.39-6.8) and higher in severely deficient
      group in comparison to women with vitamin D deficiency (p=0.017) and mean of
      vitamin D group was significantly lower in women who had oligohydramnios or
      polyhydramnios complication (p=0.045). CONCLUSION: The study findings revealed
      that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in pregnant women and it is significantly
      associated with elevated risk for abortion, and oligohydramnios or
      polyhydramnios. Probably, a targeted screening strategy can be suggested to
      detect and treat women at high risk of vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy as
      a simple way to reduce the risk of these adverse pregnancy outcomes in Yazd.

PMID- 26962482
TI  - Comparison of the Effect of Dry Cupping Therapy and Acupressure at BL23 Point on
      Intensity of Postpartum Perineal Pain Based on the Short Form of McGill Pain
      Questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perineal pain is a major morbidity in the first few days after
      delivery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dry cupping therapy and
      acupressure at BL23 point on the intensity of postpartum perineal pain based on
      the short-form of McGill pain questionnaire (SMPQ). METHODS: The present clinical
      trial was conducted on 150 subjects in 3 groups of 50 cases. After at least 4-8
      hr of delivery, cupping therapy was performed for 15-20 min up to 3 times a week
      (once a day) and acupressure was performed for 15-20 min based on clockwise
      model. The short-form of McGill pain questionnaire was completed both before and
      after the intervention. The SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the
      data using repeated measures ANOVA. Besides, p<0.05 was considered statistically
      significant. RESULTS: In the cupping therapy group, mean of the perineal pain
      intensity reduced from 37.5+/-6.8 before the intervention to 11.1+/-6.1, 6.9+/
      4.7, and 3.8+/-3.6 immediately, 24 hr, and 2 weeks after the intervention,
      respectively. The results of study showed that the differences between the
      intervention and control groups were statistically significant (p<0.01). Mean
      difference of the perineal pain intensity in the acupressure group reached from
      35.6+/-8.1 before the intervention to 10.4+/-5.5 two weeks after the
      intervention, so the variation between intervention and control groups was
      statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The study findings showed that cupping
      therapy and acupressure reduced perineal pain. Therefore, they may be considered
      as effective treatments for reducing pain intensity of allowing delivery.

PMID- 26962483
TI  - Attitudes About Sexual Activity Among Postmenopausal Women in Different Ethnic
      Groups: A Cross-sectional Study in Jahrom, Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexual function is affected by personal and interpersonal factors,
      familial and social traditions, culture, religion, menopause, and aging. So,
      ethnicity is a determining factor in sexual function. The present study aimed to
      investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and attitudes towards sexuality
      in postmenopausal women among three different ethnic groups in Iran. METHODS:
      This cross-sectional study was conducted on 746 postmenopausal women between 50
      and 89 years who referred to Honoree clinic, Jahrom in 2013. Among the study
      participants, 42.4% were Arab, 33.5% were Persian, and 24.1% were Lor. Data were
      collected about women's socio-demographic characteristics, attitudes regarding
      sexuality and sexual function. The descriptive statistics were used for
      demographic variables. Moreover, ANOVA, post hoc (LSD) was used. Besides, p<0.05
      was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was
      60.10+/-6.89 years and the total mean score of Female Sexual Function Index
      (FSFI) was 19.31+/-8.5. In addition, 81.5% of the women had sexual dysfunction
      (FSFI <26.55) and only 147 women (18.5%) had normal sexual function (FSFI
      >26.55). Sexual dysfunction was 75.3% in Arabs, 83.2% in Persians, and 86.1% in
      Lors. Besides, the most prevalent sexual dysfunction was dyspareunia in Arabs and
      arousal disorder in Persians and Lors. CONCLUSION: The results of this study
      showed that sexual dysfunction is considerable among postmenopausal women. The
      most prevalent sexual dysfunction was dyspareunia in Arabs and arousal disorder
      in Persians and Lors.

PMID- 26962484
TI  - Studying the Relationship between the Attitude to Infertility and Coping
      Strategies in Couples Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Treatments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Using appropriate coping strategies has a positive influence on
      moderating mental pressures caused by infertility and the stress during
      treatment. Using these strategies needs personal skills and they could be
      influenced by individual's inner psychological and environmental factors. The aim
      of this study was to assess the relationship between the attitude toward
      infertility and coping strategies considering the couple's social and financial
      situation. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study conducted on 133 volunteered
      couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. Coping strategies and the
      attitude toward infertility were assessed using a self-report questionnaire.
      Higher scores of attitude indicated positive attitudes. Data was analyzed using
      paired-samples t test and multiple regression model. RESULTS: Independent from
      demographic information and causes of infertility, using self-blame and self
      focused rumination coping strategies were negatively related to attitude toward
      infertility in both men and women (p<0.05). Also, using self-blame coping
      strategy had a positive correlation with female infertility and negative
      correlation with male infertility. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the economic and
      social conditions, in infertile couples, downward trend in attitude toward
      infertility is mostly associated with the use of maladaptive coping strategies.

PMID- 26962485
TI  - Frequency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Trichomonas vaginalis Infected
      Women in Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The interaction between HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis infection has
      been widely studied in most developed countries but with scanty information in
      sub-Saharan Africa. While many of these studies have examined the prevalence of
      T. vaginalis infection in HIV positive individuals, no study in Nigeria has shown
      the effect of T. vaginalis on HIV transmission. Therefore, the study aimed to
      determine the occurrence of HIV in T. vaginalis infected women. METHODS: A
      descriptive study was conducted among women attending STI clinic at the General
      Hospital, Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria. A total number of 201 (T. vaginalis infected)
      women were screened for HIV using rapid diagnostic test kits. RESULTS: The
      frequency of HIV in T. vaginalis infected women was 35.8%. CONCLUSION: The study
      showed that T. vaginalis infection in women may be a high risk factor of HIV
      infection.

PMID- 26962486
TI  - Existence of Microchimerism in Pregnant Women Carrying a Boy!

PMID- 26962489
TI  - Distal clavicle fractures in children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze fractures of the distal clavicle region in pediatric
      patients. METHODS: Ten patients between the ages of five to eleven years (mean of
      7.3 years) were observed. Nine patients were treated conservatively and one
      surgically. All the fractures were classified using the Nenopoulos classification
      system. RESULTS: All the fractures consolidated without complications.
      Conservative treatment was used for nine patients, of whom three were in group
      IIIB, three IIb, two IIa and one IV. The only patient who was treated surgically
      was a female patient of eleven years of age with a group IV fracture. CONCLUSION:
      The treatment indication for distal fractures of the clavicle in children should
      be based on the patient's age and the displacement of the fragments.

PMID- 26962487
TI  - Stress fractures: definition, diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - Stress fractures were first described in Prussian soldiers by Breithaupt in 1855.
      They occur as the result of repeatedly making the same movement in a specific
      region, which can lead to fatigue and imbalance between osteoblast and osteoclast
      activity, thus favoring bone breakage. In addition, when a particular region of
      the body is used in the wrong way, a stress fracture can occur even without the
      occurrence of an excessive number of functional cycles. The objective of this
      study was to review the most relevant literature of recent years in order to add
      key information regarding this pathological condition, as an updating article on
      this topic. 

PMID- 26962488
TI  - Minimally invasive surgical treatment for unstable fractures of the proximal
      phalanx: intramedullary screw.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical-functional parameters and quality of life of
      patients undergoing minimally invasive surgical treatment for extra-articular
      fractures of the proximal phalanx, using an intramedullary screw (Acutrak((r))).
      METHODS: Between January 2011 and September 2014, a prospective study was
      conducted on 41 patients (48 fingers) with unstable extra-articular fractures of
      the proximal phalanx, who underwent minimally invasive surgical treatment using
      an intramedullary screw (Acutrak((r))). These patients were evaluated 12 months
      after the surgery by means of the DASH quality-of-life questionnaire, VAS pain
      scale, measurement of range of motion (ROM, in degrees) and radiographic
      assessment. RESULTS: All the patients achieved adequate reduction and
      consolidation of their fractures. There were statistically significant
      improvements in quality of life on the DASH scale, pain on the VAS scale and
      range of motion. CONCLUSION: The minimally invasive technique for treating
      unstable extra-articular fractures of the proximal phalanx using an
      intramedullary screw (Acutrak((r))) is effective and safe, and it presents
      satisfactory clinical-functional results.

PMID- 26962490
TI  - Evaluation of surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome using local
      anesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and complications from surgical treatment of
      carpal tunnel syndrome by means of an open route, using a local anesthesia
      technique comprising use of a solution of lidocaine, epinephrine and sodium
      bicarbonate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cohort study conducted through
      evaluating the medical files of 16 patients who underwent open surgery to treat
      carpal tunnel syndrome, with use of local anesthesia consisting of 20 mL of 1%
      lidocaine, adrenaline at 1:100,000 and 2 mL of sodium bicarbonate. The DASH
      scores before the operation and six months after the operation were evaluated.
      Comparisons were made regarding the intensity of pain at the time of applying the
      anesthetic and during the surgical procedure, and in relation to other types of
      procedure. RESULTS: The DASH score improved from 65.17 to 16.53 six months after
      the operation (p < 0.01). In relation to the anesthesia, 75% of the patients
      reported that this technique was better than or the same as venous puncture and
      81% reported that it was better than a dental procedure. Intraoperative pain
      occurred in two cases. There were no occurrences of ischemia. CONCLUSION: Use of
      local anesthesia for surgically treating carpal tunnel syndrome is effective for
      performing the procedure and for the final result.

PMID- 26962491
TI  - Are the good functional results from arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff
      injuries maintained over the long term?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the good and excellent functional results from
      arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears are maintained over the long
      term. METHODS: From the sample of the study conducted by our group in 2006, in
      which we evaluated the functional results from arthroscopic repair of massive
      rotator cuff tears, 35 patients were reassessed, 8 years after the first
      evaluation. The inclusion criteria were that these patients with massive rotator
      cuff tears operated by means of an arthroscopic technique, who participated in
      the previous study and achieved good or excellent outcomes according to the UCLA
      criteria. Patients whose results were not good or excellent in the first
      evaluation according to the UCLA criteria were excluded. RESULTS: Among the 35
      patients reassessed, 91% of them continued to present good and excellent results
      (40% excellent and 51% good), while 3% presented fair results and 6% poor
      results. The time interval between the first and second evaluations was 8 years
      and the minimum length of follow-up since the immediate postoperative period was
      9 years (range: 9-17 years), with an average of 11.4 years. CONCLUSION: The good
      and excellent results from arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears were
      mostly maintained (91%), with the same level of function and satisfaction, even
      though 8 years had passed since the first assessment, with a follow-up period
      averaging 11.4 years.

PMID- 26962493
TI  - Tendon of the long head of the biceps originating from the rotator cuff - An
      uncommon anatomical variation: case report.
AB  - Anatomical variations at the origin of the biceps tendon have been described by
      several authors, but occurrences of an origin in the supraspinatus are rare. It
      is unclear whether this variation might contribute toward pathological conditions
      of the shoulder. Our objective here was to describe a case of an anatomical
      variation in the origin of the tendon of the long head of the biceps. The
      clinical information, preoperative images and arthroscopic images relating to a
      patient with an aberrant origin of the long head of the biceps, which was
      observed during shoulder arthroscopy, were reviewed. In this case study, the
      origin of the biceps was found in the rotator cuff, without any origin from the
      supraglenoid tubercle or upper labrum. This variant did not seem to contribute
      toward the pathological condition of the shoulder, and standard treatment for the
      concomitant condition was sufficient for treating it. 

PMID- 26962492
TI  - Comparative evaluation of patellar height methods in the Brazilian population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The methods most used for patellar height measurement were compared
      with the plateau-patella angle method. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was
      conducted, in which lateral-view radiographs of the knee were evaluated using the
      three methods already established in the literature: Insall-Salvati (IS),
      Blackburne-Peel (BP) and Caton-Deschamps (CD). These were compared with the
      plateau-patella angle method. One hundred and ninety-six randomly selected
      patients were included in the sample. RESULTS: The data were initially evaluated
      using the chi-square test. This analysis was deemed to be positive with p <
      0.0001. We compared the traditional methods with the plateau-patella angle
      measurement, using Fisher's exact test. In comparing the IS index with the
      plateau-patella angle, we did not find any statistically significant differences
      in relation to the proportion of altered cases between the two groups. The
      traditional methods were compared with the plateau-patella angle with regard to
      the proportions of cases of high and low patella, by means of Fisher's exact
      test. This analysis showed that the plateau-patella angle identified fewer cases
      of high patella than did the IS, BP and CD methods, but more cases of low
      patella. In comparing pairs, we found that the IS and CD indices were capable of
      identifying more cases of high patella than was the plateau-patella angle. In
      relation to the cases of low patella, the plateau-patella angle was capable of
      identifying more cases than were the other three methods. CONCLUSIONS: The
      plateau-patella angle found more patients with low patella than did the classical
      methods and showed results that diverged from those of the other indices studied.

PMID- 26962494
TI  - Ossifying fibroma: report on a clinical case, with the imaging and
      histopathological diagnosis made and treatment administered.
AB  - The aim was to report on a case of ossifying fibroma, consisting of a benign
      fibro-osseous lesion characterized by slow growth and proliferation of fibrous
      cellular tissue, bone, cement or a combination. A 29-year-old male patient was
      attended at a hospital, after he had suffered a car accident. During the clinical
      examination, increased volume in the region of the right side of the mandible was
      observed, and a fracture in the middle third of the face was suspected. The
      tomographic examination showed an image suggestive of fracturing of the left-side
      zygomatic complex, without displacement, and with a well-delimited radiopaque
      image of the mandible. The patient was sent to a hospital where panoramic
      radiography, posteroanterior radiography of the face and teleradiography were
      performed in order to better document the case. An incisional biopsy was
      performed. Histopathological examination showed the presence of a benign bone
      lesion suggestive of ossifying fibroma. Surgery was performed in order to
      completely remove the lesion, with fixation using a reconstruction plate. A new
      anatomopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. 

PMID- 26962495
TI  - Presence of a long accessory flexor tendon of the toes in surgical treatment for
      tendinopathy of the insertion of the calcaneal tendon: case report.
AB  - The presence of accessory tendons in the foot and ankle needs to be recognized,
      given that depending on their location, they may cause disorders relating either
      to pain processes or to handling of the surgical findings. We describe the
      presence of an accessory flexor tendon of the toes, seen in surgical exposure for
      transferring the long flexor tendon of the hallux to the calcaneus, due to the
      presence of a disorder of tendinopathy of the insertion of the calcaneal tendon
      in association with Haglund's syndrome. 

PMID- 26962497
TI  - Medical education.

PMID- 26962496
TI  - Congenital dislocation of the patella - clinical case.
AB  - Congenital patellar dislocation is a rare condition in which the patella is
      permanently dislocated and cannot be reduced manually. The patella develops
      normally as a sesamoid bone of the femur. This congenital dislocation results
      from failure of the internal rotation of the myotome that forms the femur,
      quadriceps muscle and extensor apparatus. It usually manifests immediately after
      birth, although in some rare cases, the diagnosis may be delayed until
      adolescence or adulthood. Early diagnosis is important, thereby allowing surgical
      correction and avoiding late sequelae, including early degenerative changes in
      the knee. A case of permanent dislocation of the patella is presented here, in a
      female child aged seven years. 

PMID- 26962498
TI  - Statistical analysis on the concordance of the radiological evaluation of
      fractures of the distal radius subjected to traction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the current
      classifications for fractures of the distal extremity of the radius, since the
      classifications made using traditional radiographs in anteroposterior and lateral
      views have been questioned regarding their reproducibility. In the literature, it
      has been suggested that other options are needed, such as use of preoperative
      radiographs on fractures of the distal radius subjected to traction, with
      stratification by the evaluators. The aim was to demonstrate which classification
      systems present better statistical reliability. RESULTS: In the Universal
      classification, the results from the third-year resident group (R3) and from the
      group of more experienced evaluators (Staff) presented excellent correlation,
      with a statistically significant p-value (p < 0.05). Neither of the groups
      presented a statistically significant result through the Frykman classification.
      In the AO classification, there were high correlations in the R3 and Staff groups
      (respectively 0.950 and 0.800), with p-values lower than 0.05 (respectively
      <0.001 and 0.003). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that radiographs performed
      under traction showed good concordance in the Staff group and in the R3 group,
      and that this is a good tactic for radiographic evaluations of fractures of the
      distal extremity of the radius.

PMID- 26962499
TI  - Effect of removal and reinsertion of force-closed stems on deformation of total
      hip arthroplasty.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study investigated removal of a force-closed stem, done in order
      to improve acetabular exposure during revision, with reinsertion afterwards. It
      is unknown how much this procedure modifies the stem/cement interface. METHODS:
      Three tapered stem models were implanted into composite femurs. Strain gauges
      were embedded in the medial aspect of the cement mantle and in several positions
      on the outer surface of the femurs. The deformation was measured during static
      loading, which was applied at two different times: after implantation and after
      one million loading cycles, followed by stem removal and reinsertion. The t test
      was performed. The differences in deformation were compared (at p <= 0.05)
      between the two static loading times and among the three stem designs. RESULTS:
      No significant differences in deformation were found after the two loading times
      for the three models. No significant differences in the initial deformations of
      the three models were found for most of the gauges attached to the femurs.
      CONCLUSIONS: Reinsertion of the force-closed stem does not alter the load
      transmission from the stem to the cement and to the surface of the femur, even
      after one million loading cycles.

PMID- 26962500
TI  - Evaluation of postoperative results from videoarthroscopic treatment for
      recurrent shoulder dislocation using metal anchors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clinically and radiologically evaluate the results from
      videoarthroscopic treatment using metal anchors in patients with recurrent
      shoulder dislocation and its complications. METHODS: This was a retrospective
      study on 47 patients (47 shoulders) operated by the shoulder group of the
      orthopedic hospital between February 2010 and February 2012. A questionnaire,
      interview and physical and radiographic examinations were used, with the
      classification of Samilson and Pietro. The mean postoperative follow-up was 33
      months (range 12-47 months). The statistical analysis consisted of using Fisher's
      exact test through the IBM SPSS 22 statistical software. The significance level
      used was 5%. RESULTS: Recurrence was observed in nine cases. The patients were,
      on average, 26.5 years old at the first episode, and 19.1% were aged 20 years or
      under. Among these, 55.6% presented recurrence. In relation to age at the time of
      the surgical procedure, the average age was 27 years, and 12.8% were aged 20
      years or under. Nineteen patients presented prominent anchors and, of these, 21%
      manifested arthrosis. CONCLUSION: There was a statistically identified
      correlation between the recurrence rate and age less than or equal to 20 years at
      the times of first dislocation and the surgical procedure. Further studies should
      be conducted in order to compare the use of absorbable anchors, which despite
      higher cost, may provide lower risk of developing glenohumeral arthrosis in some
      cases.

PMID- 26962502
TI  - Use of superficial peroneal nerve graft for treating peripheral nerve injuries.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical results from treating chronic peripheral
      nerve injuries using the superficial peroneal nerve as a graft donor source.
      METHODS: This was a study on eleven patients with peripheral nerve injuries in
      the upper limbs that were treated with grafts from the sensitive branch of the
      superficial peroneal nerve. The mean time interval between the dates of the
      injury and surgery was 93 days. The ulnar nerve was injured in eight cases and
      the median nerve in six. There were three cases of injury to both nerves. In the
      surgery, a longitudinal incision was made on the anterolateral face of the ankle,
      thus viewing the superficial peroneal nerve, which was located anteriorly to the
      extensor digitorum longus muscle. Proximally, the deep fascia between the
      extensor digitorum longus and the peroneal longus muscles was dissected. Next,
      the motor branch of the short peroneal muscle (one of the branches of the
      superficial peroneal nerve) was identified. The proximal limit of the sensitive
      branch was found at this point. RESULTS: The average space between the nerve
      stumps was 3.8 cm. The average length of the grafts was 16.44 cm. The number of
      segments used was two to four cables. In evaluating the recovery of sensitivity,
      27.2% evolved to S2+, 54.5% to S3 and 18.1% to S3+. Regarding motor recovery,
      72.7% presented grade 4 and 27.2% grade 3. There was no motor deficit in the
      donor area. A sensitive deficit in the lateral dorsal region of the ankle and the
      dorsal region of the foot was observed. None of the patients presented complaints
      in relation to walking. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the superficial peroneal nerve as a
      graft source for treating peripheral nerve injuries is safe and provides good
      clinical results similar to those from other nerve graft sources.

PMID- 26962501
TI  - Giant-cell tumor: analysis on the importance of early diagnosis and the
      epidemiological profile.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to ascertain the relationship between early diagnosis
      of giant-cell tumors (GCT) and their prognosis, by correlating the time of
      symptom onset with the staging of the injury (through the Campanacci
      classification at the time of diagnosis), and with the type of treatment. The
      secondary objective of the study was to outline the epidemiological profile of
      patients with GCT in the region where the data were gathered, and to compare them
      with data in the literature. METHODS: The authors present an evaluation on 61
      patients diagnosed with bone GCT, with regard to the site of involvement, age,
      initial symptoms, time of symptom onset, classification and type of treatment,
      among patients attended between May 1994 and August 2009. RESULTS: The threshold
      indicated as the limit for Campanacci stage I tumors to be the commonest
      diagnosis, with a 98.2% chance that the treatment would be non-aggressive, was 2
      months after symptom onset. This finding was statistically significant (p =
      0.017). Every additional month increased the chance that a patient would be
      diagnosed with an advanced-stage tumor by 10.94%, in relation to the chances of
      having the other two stages of the tumor. CONCLUSION: The study result not only
      suggests that the alternative hypothesis that the earlier the diagnosis of GCT
      is, the less severe the lesion will be, has been confirmed; but also especially
      predicts the relationship between the time of symptom appearance and the severity
      of the tumor.

PMID- 26962503
TI  - Mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow treated with bovine tendon extract
      acquire the phenotype of mature tenocytes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated in vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stromal
      cells isolated from bone marrow, in tenocytes after treatment with bovine tendon
      extract. METHODS: Bovine tendons were used for preparation of the extract and
      were stored at -80  degrees C. Mesenchymal stromal cells from the bone marrow of
      three donors were used for cytotoxicity tests by means of MTT and cell
      differentiation by means of qPCR. RESULTS: The data showed that mesenchymal
      stromal cells from bone marrow treated for up to 21 days in the presence of
      bovine tendon extract diluted at diminishing concentrations (1:10, 1:50 and
      1:250) promoted activation of biglycan, collagen type I and fibromodulin
      expression. CONCLUSION: Our results show that bovine tendon extract is capable of
      promoting differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in tenocytes.

PMID- 26962504
TI  - Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament using quadriceps tendon combined
      with reconstruction of medial patellotibial ligament using patellar tendon:
      initial experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique for anatomical reconstruction of the
      medial patellofemoral ligament using the quadriceps tendon, combined with
      reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament using the patellar tendon;
      and to present the initial results from a case series. METHOD: The proposed
      technique was used on a series of cases of patients with diagnoses of
      patellofemoral instability and indications for surgical treatment, who were
      attended by the Knee Group of HC-IOT, University of Sao Paulo. The following were
      evaluated before and after the operation: range of motion (ROM), apprehension
      test, lateral translation test, patellar inclination test, inverted J sign,
      subluxation upon extension, pain from compression of the patella and pain from
      contraction of the quadriceps. After the operation, the patients were asked
      whether any new episode of dislocation had occurred, what their degree of
      satisfaction with the surgery was (on a scale from 0 to 10) and whether they
      would be prepared to go through this operation again. RESULTS: Seven knees were
      operated, in seven patients, with a mean follow-up of 5.46 months (+/-2.07). Four
      patients who presented apprehension before the operation did not show this after
      the operation. The lateral translation test became normal for all the patients,
      while the patellar inclination test remained positive for two patients. The
      patients with an inverted J sign continued to be positive for this sign. Five
      patients were positive for subluxation upon extension before the operation, but
      all patients were negative for this after the operation. None of the patients
      presented any new episode of dislocation of the patella. All of them stated that
      they were satisfied: five gave a satisfaction score of 9 and two, a score of 10.
      All of them said that they would undergo the operation again. Only one patient
      presented a postoperative complication: dehiscence of the wound. CONCLUSION:
      Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using the quadriceps tendon,
      combined with reconstruction of the medial patellotibial ligament using the
      patellar tendon, was technically safe and presented good objective and subjective
      clinical results in this case series with a short follow-up.

PMID- 26962505
TI  - Assessment of spontaneous correction of lumbar curve after fusion of the main
      thoracic in Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic response of the lumbar curve
      after fusion of the main thoracic, in patients with adolescent idiopathic
      scoliosis of Lenke type 1. METHODS: Forty-two patients with Lenke 1 adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis who underwent operations via the posterior route with
      pedicle screws were prospectively evaluated. Clinical measurements (size of the
      hump and translation of the trunk in the coronal plane, by means of a plumb line)
      and radiographic measurements (Cobb angle, distal level of arthrodesis,
      translation of the lumbar apical vertebral and Risser) were made. The evaluations
      were performed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and two years after
      surgery. RESULTS: The mean Cobb angle of the main thoracic curve was found to
      have been corrected by 68.9% and the lumbar curve by 57.1%. Eighty percent of the
      patients presented improved coronal trunk balance two years after surgery. In
      four patients, worsening of the plumb line measurements was observed, but there
      was no need for surgical intervention. Less satisfactory results were observed in
      patients with lumbar modifier B. CONCLUSIONS: In Lenke 1 patients, fusion of the
      thoracic curve alone provided spontaneous correction of the lumbar curve and led
      to trunk balance. Less satisfactory results were observed in curves with lumbar
      modifier B, and this may be related to overcorrection of the main thoracic curve.

PMID- 26962507
TI  - Intraosseous lipoma of the iliac: case report.
AB  - Lipomas are benign tumors that attack fat cells and most often affecting soft
      tissues in adulthood. On rare occasions, they may affect bones, preferentially
      the metaphyses of the long bone. They are generally asymptomatic and radiography
      shows radiolucent lesions with a thin sclerotic rim or radiodense lesions with a
      thick sclerotic rim. Malignant transformation of these tumors is rare, as is
      their recurrence, and there is no need for surgery in most cases. In this report,
      we present a rare case of intraosseous lipoma in the iliac bone. 

PMID- 26962506
TI  - Effects of platelet-rich plasma on lateral epicondylitis of the elbow:
      prospective randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) infiltration in
      patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, through analysis of the
      Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow
      Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaires. METHODS: Sixty patients with lateral
      epicondylitis of the elbow were prospectively randomized and evaluated after
      receiving infiltration of three milliliters of PRP, or 0.5% neocaine, or
      dexamethasone. For the scoring process, the patients were asked to fill out the
      DASH and PRTEE questionnaires on three occasions: on the day of infiltration and
      90 and 180 days afterwards. RESULTS: Around 81.7% of the patients who underwent
      the treatment presented some improvement of the symptoms. The statistical tests
      showed that there was evidence that the cure rate was unrelated to the substance
      applied (p = 0.62). There was also intersection between the confidence intervals
      of each group, thus demonstrating that the proportions of patients whose symptoms
      improved were similar in all the groups. CONCLUSION: At a significance level of
      5%, there was no evidence that one treatment was more effective than another,
      when assessed using the DASH and PRTEE questionnaires.

PMID- 26962508
TI  - Letrozole as the first-line treatment of infertile women with poly cystic ovarian
      syndrome (PCOS) compared with clomiphene citrate: A clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of
      letrozole on ovulation induction and pregnancy in comparison with clomiphene
      citrate in PCOS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was based on
      prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of letrozole as the
      first-line management of the PCOS patients in comparison to clomiphene citrate
      during 2009 to 2011 and was performed in one private infertility clinic. The
      study included 100 patients divided into 2 equal groups. RESULTS: Pregnancy
      occurred in 29 of 50 patients in letrozole group (58%) and 24 of 51 patients in
      clomiphene group (47%). The difference was not statistically significant (P value
      = 0.23). Thirty patients in clomiphene group and 36 patients in letrozole group
      showed regular menses after or during the treatment course. No significant
      difference between the 2 groups was observed (P value = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Our
      findings suggest letrozole and clomiphene citrate are equally effective for
      induction of ovulation and achieving pregnancy in patients with PCOS.

PMID- 26962509
TI  - Effect of vitamin D supplementation in the reduce risk of preeclampsia in
      nulliparous women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The exact role of vitamin D in the development and severity of
      preeclampsia is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate
      the association between vitamin D supplement and preeclampsia in pregnant women.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, in 2012, 140
      nulliparous pregnant women in two groups received supplementation with 600 IU/day
      of vitamin D or supplementation free of vitamin D at 16 week gestation until the
      delivery. The main outcomes included the frequency of preeclampsia and subtypes
      by clinical severity and infant birth weight. RESULTS: Mean of maternal age and
      gestational age at the delivery in all studied subjects were 25 +/- 4.1 years and
      37.4 +/- 3 weeks, respectively, which were not statistically significant between
      the groups. Preeclampsia was observed in two subjects in case group compared to
      seven subjects in control group, which was not significant (P-value = 0.09). In
      case group, subjects with preeclampsia diagnosed as mild preeclampsia and in
      control group four subjects were mild, and three were severe. No significant
      differences were noted between the case and control groups in the frequency of
      preeclampsia subtypes by clinical severity. Infant birth weight in case group who
      was significantly higher than control group, which was statistically significant
      between groups (P-value = 0.09). CONCLUSION: In summary, our results demonstrated
      that vitamin D supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy; despite
      the non-significant association between vitamin D supplementation and
      preeclampsia, reduce the risk of preeclampsia. However, further studies needs to
      be done.

PMID- 26962510
TI  - Study of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract containing anthocyanins on
      fatty streak formation in the renal arteries in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The influence of the supplementation of pomegranate peel extract
      containing anthocyanins on atherosclerotic plaque formation induced by
      hypercholesterolemia was investigated in renal arteries in rabbits. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: After the determination of polyphenol and anthocyanin's content of P.
      granatum peel hydroalcoholic extract, 30 male rabbits were randomly divided into
      three groups. They were fed basic diet, hypercholesterolemic diet and
      hypercholesterolemic diet along with P. granatum peel extract (polyphenolic
      content for each rabbit 1 g/kg diet) for 2 month. Blood samples were collected at
      the begging, middle and end of the study in order to measure lipid concentration
      and oxidative and antioxidative status variables, and renal arteries were taken
      for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques at the end of the study. RESULTS:
      The results reveal that P. granatum peel extract significantly increases serum
      antioxidant capacity in the extract recipient group in comparison with
      hypercholesterolemic control (P < 0.05). No significant differences are observed
      in total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density
      lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein and in mean size of accumulated fatty
      streaks in renal arteries in the extract treatment group in comparison with
      hypercholesterolemic control (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study
      indicate that consumption of pomegranate peel extract containing anthocyanins
      (polyphenol content 1 g/kg diet) despite of a significant increase in serum
      antioxidant capacity cannot protect the kidneys from hypercholesterolemia-induced
      damages during the treatment period.

PMID- 26962511
TI  - Common antigens between hydatid cyst and cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Different research groups reported a negative correlation between
      cancers and parasitical infections. As an example, the prevalence of a hydatid
      cyst among patients with cancer was significantly lower than its prevalence among
      normal population. Tn antigens exist both in cancer and hydatid cyst. This common
      antigen may be involved in the effect of parasite on cancer growth. So in this
      work, common antigens between hydatid cyst and cancers have been investigated.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different hydatid cyst antigens including hydatid fluid,
      laminated and germinal layer antigens, and excretory secretory antigens of
      protoscolices were run in SDS PAGE and transferred to NCP paper. In western
      immunoblotting, those antigens were probed with sera of patients with different
      cancer and also sera of non-cancer patients. Also, cross reaction among excretory
      secretory products of cancer cells and antisera raised against different hydatid
      cyst antigen was investigated. RESULTS: In western immunoblotting, antisera
      raised against laminated and germinal layers of hydatid cyst reacted with
      excretory secretory products of cancer cells. Also, a reaction was detected
      between hydatid cyst antigens and sera of patients with some cancers. CONCLUSION:
      Results of this work emphasize existence of common antigens between hydatid cyst
      and cancers. More investigation about these common antigens is recommended.

PMID- 26962512
TI  - Bevacizumab plus FOLFOX or FOLFIRI regimens on patients with unresectable liver
      only metastases of metastatic colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of at
      least three cycles of Bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy regimens,
      FOLFIRI or FOLFOX to treat liver metastatic colorectal cancer and improved
      response rates in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this non-randomized
      clinical trial, 38 patients were enrolled and followed for 12-weeks period of
      chemotherapy. Fifteen patients under treated with FOLOFX (Group I), 15 patients
      under treated with FOLOFIRI (Group II), 4 patients under treated with FOLOFX +
      Bevacizumab (Group III), and 34 patients under treated with FOLOFIRI +
      Bevacizumab (Group IV). Response to treatment was assessed in all patients as
      main endpoint. Patients in groups I and II, who did not response to treatment
      after 12 weeks of chemotherapy, were followed by groups III and IV regimens,
      respectively, for 12 weeks. RESULTS: Overall response rate was 35% (19 of 54),
      and complete response (CR), partial response (PR), progressive disease (PD), and
      stable disease (SD) rates in all patients were 18%, 17%, 35%, and 30%. PR, SD,
      and PD were different among groups, but no statistical significance was noted
      among groups (P-value >0.05). No patient achieved a CR in groups III and IV,
      although CR was observed in 4 patients (27%) and 6 patients (40%) in groups I and
      II, respectively. The rare of CR was statistically significant among studied
      groups (P-value = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Results showed that adding Bevacizumab to
      chemotherapy regimens, in patients who did not response to FOLFIRI or FOLFOX
      regimen, did not increase CR in these patients.

PMID- 26962514
TI  - Detection of secondary ossification centers by sonography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To assess the validity of ultrasonography (US) in detection of
      secondary ossification centers (SOC) of the hand. Radiography is the standard
      technique for estimating skeletal bone age with its unwanted harmful effects
      mostly undesirable in little children. If efficient enough, US could be an
      appropriate substitute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Left hand US was performed on 6-60
      months children (n = 24, with 29 SOCs for each child in his/her hand and a total
      of 696 SOCs) referred for wrist radiography and bone age determination during a 4
      months period. The presence of SOCs was investigated by US and radiography by two
      radiologists under blind conditions. RESULTS: US was evaluated 696 SOCs, and 446
      SOCs were detected, by US and 436 by radiography without statistically
      significant difference. The results of US and radiography in detection of SOCs of
      distal forearm (23 SOCs were detected by both US and radiography) and carpi (87
      SOCs) were identical. However, in metacarpi (94 for US, 88 for radiography) and
      phalanges (242 for US, 238 for radiography) US appeared better. CONCLUSION: On
      the base of our data, US is at least as effective as radiography in detection of
      SOCs and therefore can play a role in the skeletal age estimation.

PMID- 26962513
TI  - Evaluation of differences in HLA-DR4 gene and its subtypes prevalence among
      healthy people and RA patients in Isfahan province population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are a lot of evidences showing that genetic play an important
      role in RA disease. Inheritance of some subgroups of HLA-DR4 gene increases the
      propensity to RA disease. In this paper, the impact of HLA-DR4 gene and its
      subtypes or subgroups, be consistence on RA patient who lived in Isfahan
      province, has been evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this survey, two groups
      of people (100 patients in case group and 100 normal persons in control group)
      have been selected. These two groups were similar in age and gender. Statistical
      population has been considered among people who visited Al Zahra rheumatology
      clinic. The participants were from Isfahan province and accepted to participate
      to the study voluntarily. The prevalence of HLA-DR4 and its 0401-0404 subtypes
      were evaluated between two groups; DNA was extracted from blood samples and
      studied using PCR SSCP method. RESULTS: It was found that 35% of RA patients had
      HLA-DR4 gene, of which 14 persons had 0401, 10 persons had 0404, and 11 persons
      had other subtypes, whereas 30 people in control group had HLA-DR4 gene, of which
      10 people had 0401, 20 people had 0404, and nobody had other subtypes.
      CONCLUSION: The observed differences between prevalence of HLA-DR4 gene between
      the case and control group were not statistically significant (P = 0.45; OR =
      1.256; 95% CI = 0.69-2.27), but a relation was between HLA-DR4 0404 subtypes and
      RA (P = 0.02; OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.196-0.992).

PMID- 26962515
TI  - Comparing the efficacy of routine H&E staining and cytokeratin
      immunohistochemical staining in detection of micro-metastasis on serial sections
      of dye-mapped sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The significance of techniques used for detecting micro-metastasis
      (MM) or isolated tumor cells (ITCs) is a controversial issue among investigators.
      We evaluated the different techniques used on sentinel lymph node (SLN) to detect
      MM/ITCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-one SLNs of 15 patients underwent serial
      section with 100 MUm interval. In each level, two sections were prepared. One
      section was stained with H&E and another with anti-cytokeratin antibody
      (immunohistochemistry). Then the sections were evaluated for detecting MM/ITCs.
      Results were analyzed by chi-square test. RESULTS: 1656 sections of 91 SLNs of 15
      patients were evaluated by a pathologist; MM was found in 1 and ITCs in 1 case.
      Overall, 2 out of 15 cases (13.3% of the patients) showed MM/ITCs by IHC
      staining. So, serial section along with using IHC was superior than serial
      section and routine H&E staining. But it did not affect the 5-year survival of
      the patients (P = 0.47). CONCLUSION: Using the combined techniques of serial
      section and IHC staining could up-stage 13.3% of colon cancer patients who were
      lymph node negative. In other studies with different combination of serial
      section, IHC staining, and PCR, investigators were able to find MM/ITCs in 3-39%
      of the cases. In our study, although serial section and IHC staining could up
      stage 13.3% of patients, it could not affect the 5-year survival of the patients.

PMID- 26962517
TI  - Preparation of monoclonal antibodies against mannosylated lipoarabinomannan
      (ManLAM), a surface antigen of BCG vaccine produced in Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine that is
      used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but its efficacy is limited in
      mycobacterium-endemic regions. One of the major antigens present on the cell
      envelope of the vaccine that suppresses the immune system is mannosylated
      lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we immunized 4
      week-old mice with sonicated BCG vaccine injected intraperitoneally two times at
      an interval of 2 weeks and with ManLAM antigen injected intravenously and then
      extracted the spleen cells of the immunized mice. They were fused with SP2/0
      myeloma cells. RESULTS: Five cell line clones producing antibody against ManLAM
      antigens were prepared and each clone was tested for immunoreactivity against
      sonicated BCG and purified ManLAM by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      and immunoblotting. The clones designated H13F33E11 and H23D91G4 reacted strongly
      with ManLAM. Immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) H13F33E11 and
      H23D91G4 showed that these MAbs bind to ManLAM with a molecular weight of 35 kDa.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we produced a monoclonal antibody of immunoglobulin
      G3 (IgG3) subclass. This MAb can be used for purification of ManLAM in culture
      media and detection of the antigen in patient's urine and for increasing the
      efficacy of BCG vaccine.

PMID- 26962516
TI  - Effect of enalapril in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats; gender-related
      difference.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The function of renin angiotensin system (RAS) is gender-related, and
      this system affects cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, we
      compared the effect of enalapril as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor on CP-induced nephrotoxicity between male and female rats. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Sixty-two adult male and female Wistar rats were divided into eight
      groups. Both genders received CP (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and enalapril (30 mg/kg, i.p.)
      for 7 days in compared with CP alone or enalapril alone or vehicle alone treated
      groups. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained, and the kidney
      tissue was investigated for histopathological changes. RESULTS: CP increased the
      serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine as well as kidney weight and
      kidney tissue damage score in both genders (P < 0.05). However, not only
      enalapril failed to ameliorate the aforementioned parameters in both genders, but
      also it intensified nephrotoxicity in females (P < 0.05). In addition, enalapril
      enhanced body weight loss induced by CP in females (P < 0.05). CP alone decreased
      kidney level of nitrite in both genders (P < 0.05) and enalapril could not
      reverse this decreasing. The combination of enalapril and CP significantly
      increased serum level of nitrite in females, but this was not observed in males
      (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Enalapril as an ACE inhibitor failed to ameliorate
      nephrotoxicity induced by CP in both male and female rats. In addition, enalapril
      aggravated CP-induced nephrotoxicity in female possibly due to gender-dependent
      RAS response.

PMID- 26962519
TI  - Comparison of CRP and ALK-P serum levels in prediction of preterm delivery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preterm birth, defined as birth occurring before 37 weeks of
      gestation, is a common complication of pregnancy and may lead to death or long
      term disability in newborns. Accurate diagnosis is, therefore, crucial for
      identifying those women undergoing preterm labor who are at greatest risk of
      preterm delivery. This may allow transport to a regional obstetrical center and
      permit time for corticosteroid therapy. Recent study recommends several markers
      such as CRP (C-reactive protein) and ALK-P (alkaline phosphatase) to predict
      preterm delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We select a total of 300 pregnant women
      that had symptoms of premature birth. All of them were under treatment with
      tocolytic and serum sample were taken to assess the level of CRP-ALKp. Cervix
      length and the time of response to tocolytic were measured. 110 pregnant of them
      had preterm labor. 110 patient that had a term labor selected as a control group.
      RESULTS: Qualitative evaluation of efficacy CRP level on preterm delivery showed
      a significant relationship with 27 as a cut of point of CRP (P < 0.00001 -OR =
      7.5). Investigate of effect of ALK-P level on preterm delivery refers to a
      significant relationship with 399 as a cut of point of ALKP (P < 0.00001 -OR =
      5). Inquire of efficacy of CRP level and ALK-P level on preterm delivery
      demonstrate a significant relationship (P < 0.0001 1OR = 9). CONCLUSIONS:
      Maternal concentrations of CRP and ALKP and cervix length can be used as
      appropriate biomarker for predicting preterm labor and response to tocolytic
      therapy in pregnant women.

PMID- 26962518
TI  - Effectiveness of splinting and splinting plus local steroid injection in severe
      carpal tunnel syndrome: A Randomized control clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two commonly used
      conservative treatments, splinting and local steroid injection in improving
      clinical and nerve conduction findings of the patients with severe carpal tunnel
      syndrome (CTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized control clinical trial,
      the patients with severe CTS selected and randomized in two interventional
      groups. Group A was prescribed to use full time neutral wrist splint and group B
      was injected with 40 mg Depo-Medrol and prescribed to use the full time neutral
      wrist splint for 12 weeks. Clinical and nerve conduction findings of the patients
      was evaluated at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks after interventions. RESULTS: Twenty
      two and 21 patients were allocated in group A and B, respectively. Mean of
      clinical symptoms and functional status scores, nerve conduction variables and
      patients' satisfaction score were not significant between group at baseline and 4
      and 12 weeks after intervention. Within the group comparison, there was
      significant improvement in the patients' satisfaction, clinical and nerve
      conduction items between the baseline level and 4 weeks after intervention and
      between the baseline and 12 weeks after intervention (P < 0.01). The difference
      was significant for functional status score between 4 and 12 weeks after
      intervention in group B (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: considering some findings
      regarding the superior effect of splinting plus local steroid injection on
      functional status scale and median nerve distal motor latency, it seems that
      using combination therapy could be more effective for long-term period specially
      in the field of functional improvement of CTS.

PMID- 26962520
TI  - Lack of association between rs1800795 (-174 G/C) polymorphism in the promoter
      region of interleukin-6 gene and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Isfahan
      population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease
      that mostly affects older adults. The etiology of T2DM includes both genetic and
      environmental factors. rs1800795 (-174 G/C) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
      linked with autoimmune disorders predispositions, identified by Genome-Wide
      Association Study among genes, which immunologically related is considerably over
      signified. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between
      rs1800795 (-174 G/C) polymorphisms in the promoter of interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene
      with susceptibility to T2DM in a subset of the Iranian population. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In this case-control study, 120 healthy subjects and 120 patients with
      T2DM were included. Genomic DNA obtained from whole blood samples and the
      polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the fragment of interest contain
      rs1800795 SNP, restriction fragment length polymorphism method was applied for
      genotyping of the DNA samples with NlaIII as a restriction enzyme. SPSS for
      Windows software (version 18.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was performed for
      statistical analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between
      healthy controls and T2DM patients with respect to the frequency distribution of
      the cytokine gene polymorphism investigated. Odds ratio, adjusted for sex, age,
      and smoking status has displayed similar outcomes. CONCLUSION: These results
      indicated that the rs1800795 SNP is not a susceptibility gene variant for the
      development of T2DM in the Isfahan population. Further studies using new data on
      complex transcriptional interactions between IL-6 polymorphic sites are necessary
      to determine IL-6 haplotype influence on susceptibility to T2DM.

PMID- 26962521
TI  - The effect of oral tizanidine on postoperative pain relief after elective
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cholecystectomy is considered as the most important and relatively
      common postoperative pain control often begins in recovery room by using systemic
      narcotics that may have some side effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate
      the effect of premedication with oral tizanidine on pain relief after elective
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this double-blinded
      clinical trial, 70 adults of American Society of Anesthesiologist physiologic
      state 1 and 2 scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general
      anesthesia were studied and randomly divided in two study and control groups.
      Ninety minutes before the induction of anesthesia, patients received either 4 mg
      tizanidine (study group) orally in 50cc or the same volume of plain water as a
      placebo (control group). Then, the vital signs, pain intensity, duration of stay
      in recovery, and the analgesic consumption were measured and then compared in
      both groups during 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no significant
      difference in patient characteristics, with respect to age, weight, gender, and
      duration of anesthesia and surgery between the groups (P > 0.05). The pain
      intensity, need for analgesic drugs (34.57 +/- 8.88 mg vs. 101.86 +/- 5.08 mg),
      and the duration of stay in recovery room (67.43 +/- 1.59 min vs. 79.57 +/- 5.48
      min) were significantly lower in tizanidine group than that of the control group.
      CONCLUSION: Oral administration of 4 mg tizanidine before laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy reduces postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and consequence
      of the duration of stay in recovery room without any complication.

PMID- 26962522
TI  - Effect of forced treadmill exercise and blocking of opioid receptors with
      naloxone on memory in male rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The forced treadmill running can influence the opioid contents of the
      brain, through both effects of exercise and the effects of stress caused by
      coercion. Since opioids can cause negative effects on brain functions, this study
      aimed to evaluate the effect of forced treadmill exercise and blocking of opioid
      receptors with naloxone on memory in male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Experimental groups were the control, the exercise, the naloxone, and the
      naloxone exercise. The exercise program was treadmill running at 22 m/min at 0
      degrees  inclination for 50 min/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Naloxone (1 mg/kg)
      was injected 5 min before the treadmill running. Morris water maze and passive
      avoidance learning tests were used for evaluation of memory. Acquisition phase of
      both tests was performed before interventions, and memory was evaluated 1-day and
      1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments. RESULTS: Our data
      showed that forced exercise impaired performance in passive avoidance learning
      test (P < 0.05 and P <0.01, 1-day, and 1-week after the last session of exercise
      and treatments, respectively). Spatial memory was only impaired after 1-week in
      the exercise group. Naloxone had no significant effect on memory in the control
      group. However, it improved memory in the exercise group, as there was no
      significant difference between the control and the naloxone exercise in both
      tests. CONCLUSION: The data correspond to the possibility that opioidergic system
      may have mediatory roles in exercise-induced responses in forced exercise. These
      roles are likely harmful for memory.

PMID- 26962523
TI  - Effect of the co-administration of glucose with morphine on glucoregulatory
      hormones and causing of diabetes mellitus in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morphine is related to dysregulation of serum hormone levels. In
      addition, addict subjects interest to sugar intake. Therefore, this study
      investigated the effect of co-administration of glucose with Mo on the
      glucoregulatory hormones and causing of diabetes mellitus in rats. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Male rats were randomly divided into four groups including, control,
      morphine, Morphine-Glucose and diabetes groups. Morphine was undergone through
      doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg, respectively on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
      and 6. Then, dose of 60 mg/kg was used repeated for 20 extra days. The Morphine
      Glucose group received the same doses of morphine plus 1 g/kg glucose per day.
      Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. At
      the end of experiment, the serum insulin, glucagon, growth hormone (GH),
      cortisol, and glucose levels were measured. The homeostasis model assessment
      (HOMA) indexes concluding the HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HOMA-beta
      were evaluated. RESULTS: Morphine insignificantly induced a hyperglycemia
      condition and insulin resistance. Whereas, the beta-cell functions significantly
      (P < 0.05) decreased only in morphine group. The co-administration of glucose
      slightly increased the GH, and increased insulin and cortisol levels
      significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01; respectively) in the Morphine-Glucose
      group. Furthermore, the co-administration of glucose with morphine could nearly
      modulate the morphine effects on body weight, glucose, and glucagon levels.
      CONCLUSION: It is probable that the co-administration of glucose with morphine
      modulate the serum glucose levels by stimulating the beta-cell functions and to
      increase insulin secretion.

PMID- 26962524
TI  - The role of biodegradable engineered random polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffolds
      seeded with nestin-positive hair follicle stem cells for tissue engineering.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tissue engineering is a new approach to reconstruction and/or
      regeneration of lost or damaged tissue. The purpose of this study was to
      fabricate the polycaprolactone (PCL) random nanofiber scaffold as well as
      evaluation of the cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation of rat nestin
      positive hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in the graft material using electrospun
      PCL nanofiber scaffold in regeneration medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bulge
      HFSCs was isolated from rat whiskers and cultivated in Dulbecco's modified
      Eagle's medium/F12. To evaluate the biological nature of the bulge stem cells,
      flow cytometry using nestin, CD34 and K15 antibodies was performed.
      Electrospinning was used for the production of PCL nanofiber scaffolds.
      Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for HFSCs attachment,
      infiltration, and morphology, 3-(4, 5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5
      diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cell viability and cytotoxicity,
      tensile strength of the scaffolds mesh, and histology analysis were used.
      RESULTS: Flow cytometry showed that HFSCs were nestin and CD34 positive but K15
      negative. The results of the MTT assay showed cell viability and cell
      proliferation of the HFSCs on PCL nanofiber scaffolds. SEM microscopy photographs
      indicated that HFSCs are attached and spread on PCL nanofiber scaffolds.
      Furthermore, tensile strength of the scaffolds mesh was measured. CONCLUSION: The
      results of this study revealed that modified PCL nanofiber scaffolds are suitable
      for HFSCs seeding, attachment, and proliferation. Furthermore, HFSCs are attached
      and proliferated on PCL nanofiber scaffolds.

PMID- 26962525
TI  - Vasomotor reactivity comparison in multiple sclerosis patients with white matter
      lesions and nonmultiple sclerosis subjects with white matter lesions in brain
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been recognized a close relationship between multiple
      sclerosis (MS) lesions and the cerebral vasculature. In this study, we observed
      cerebrovascular vasomotor reactivity difference between the MS patients and the
      non-MS migraine individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was
      conducted on 40 patients with MS referring to Neurology Clinic of Isfahan Al
      Zahra Hospital in 2012. The patients were compared with the same number of non-MS
      migraine individuals. Both groups had white matter lesions in brain magnetic
      resonance imaging. To evaluate the rate of cerebral artery vasomotor reactivity,
      transcranial Doppler device was used, and breath-holding index (BHI) was
      separately calculated for each middle cerebral artery. Main flow velocity (MFV)
      was determined by continuously recording of a period of 5 min of breathing the
      air in the room. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18
      and t-test, Chi-square and analysis of variance tests. RESULTS: The mean values
      of MFV at rest was not significantly different between cases and control groups
      (46.21 +/- 4.20 vs. 44.69 +/- 4.34, P = 0.115) but difference between cases and
      control groups in MFV apnea was significant (59.11 +/- 5.10 vs. 55.35 +/- 6.03, P
      = 0.004). BHI in the control group was 0.79 +/- 0.26 and in the case group was
      0.93 +/- 0.20 and these differences was found to be significant (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The mean of BHI and cerebral vasomotor reactivity in MS patients was
      more than the non-MS migraine individuals, although the mechanism of this process
      still remains unknown.

PMID- 26962526
TI  - Coronary atherosclerosis evaluation among Iranian patients with zero coronary
      calcium score in computed tomography coronary angiography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a specific indicator of and a
      sensitive marker for the atherosclerotic disease process. However, calcium
      scoring may miss noncalcified plaques with clinical importance. The present study
      aimed to identify the presence and extent of coronary plaques in computed
      tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) in patients with a zero CAC score and the
      secondary endpoint was to evaluate the association between coronary risk factors
      and the presence of noncalcified plaques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a
      retrospective descriptive-analytic study, a total of 2000 consecutive patients
      who undergone CTCA between September 2012 and September 2014 at Alzahra Hospital
      in Isfahan, Iran were analyzed. Three hundred and eighty-five patients with a
      zero calcium score were included in the study. The demographic information and
      coronary artery disease (CAD), risk factors including diabetes mellitus (DM),
      hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and family history of CAD, were obtained
      from the questionnaire. Furthermore, the presence of plaques and extent of
      stenosis were evaluated in patients with zero CAC score. RESULTS: Of the 385
      patients with a zero calcium score, 16 (4.2%) had atherosclerotic plaques. Among
      them, 6 (1.6%) had significant (>50%) coronary stenosis, and 10 (2.6%) had no
      significant (<50%) coronary stenosis. Hyperlipidemia, DM, and smoking were
      significantly associated with obstructive CAD. Furthermore, in patients with zero
      calcium score, DM, hyperlipidemia, and smoking had odds ratios of 5.9, 14, and
      32.5 for the development of coronary artery plaques, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Although, CAC scoring is a noninvasive and valuable method to evaluate CAD; but
      zero CAC score does not absolutely exclude the CAD, especially in the presence of
      risk factors such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking.

PMID- 26962527
TI  - Extralevator Abdominoperineal Resection in the Prone Position.

PMID- 26962528
TI  - Impact of Visceral Fat Area in Colorectal Surgery.

PMID- 26962529
TI  - Quality of Life After a Low Anterior Resection in Elderly Patients.

PMID- 26962530
TI  - Vaginal Approaches Using Synthetic Mesh to Treat Pelvic Organ Prolapse.
AB  - Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a very common condition in elderly women. In women
      with POP, a sacrocolpopexy or a vaginal hysterectomy with anterior and posterior
      colporrhaphy has long been considered as the gold standard of treatment. However,
      in recent decades, the tendency to use a vaginal approach with mesh for POP
      surgery has been increasing. A vaginal approach using mesh has many advantages,
      such as its being less invasive than an abdominal approach and easier to do than
      a laparoscopic approach and its having a lower recurrence rate than a traditional
      approach. However, the advantages of a vaginal approach with mesh for POP surgery
      must be weighed against the disadvantages. Specific complications that have been
      reported when using mesh in POP procedures are mesh erosion, dyspareunia,
      hematomas, urinary incontinence and so on, and evidence supporting the use of
      transvaginal surgery with mesh is still lacking. Hence, surgeons should
      understand the details of the surgical pelvic anatomy, the various surgical
      techniques for POP surgery, including using mesh, and the possible side effects
      of using mesh. 

PMID- 26962531
TI  - Short-term Outcomes of an Extralevator Abdominoperineal Resection in the Prone
      Position Compared With a Conventional Abdominoperineal Resection for Advanced Low
      Rectal Cancer: The Early Experience at a Single Institution.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study compared the perioperative and pathologic outcomes between an
      extralevator abdominoperineal resection (APR) in the prone position and a
      conventional APR. METHODS: Between September 2011 and March 2014, an extralevator
      APR in the prone position was performed on 13 patients with rectal cancer and a
      conventional APR on 26 such patients. Patients' demographics and perioperative
      and pathologic outcomes were obtained from the colorectal cancer database and
      electronic medical charts. RESULTS: Age and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA) level were significantly different between the conventional and the
      extralevator APR in the prone position (median age, 65 years vs. 55 years [P =
      0.001]; median preoperative CEA level, 4.94 ng/mL vs. 1.81 ng/mL [P = 0.011]).
      For perioperative outcomes, 1 (3.8%) intraoperative bowel perforation occurred in
      the conventional APR group and 2 (15.3%) in the extralevator APR group. In the
      conventional and extralevator APR groups, 12 (46.2%) and 6 patients (46.2%) had
      postoperative complications, and 8 (66.7%) and 2 patients (33.4%) had major
      complications (Clavien-Dindo III/IV), respectively. The circumferential resection
      margin involvement rate was higher in the extralevator APR group compared with
      the conventional APR group (3 of 13 [23.1%] vs. 3 of 26 [11.5%]). CONCLUSION: The
      extralevator APR in the prone position for patients with advanced low rectal
      cancer has no advantages in perioperative and pathologic outcomes over a
      conventional APR for such patients. However, through early experience with a new
      surgical technique, we identified various reasons for the lack of favorable
      outcomes and expect sufficient experience to produce better peri- or
      postoperative outcomes.

PMID- 26962532
TI  - Distribution and Impact of the Visceral Fat Area in Patients With Colorectal
      Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate the distribution of the
      visceral fat area (VFA) and general obesity and to compare visceral and general
      obesity as predictors of surgical outcomes of a colorectal cancer resection.
      METHODS: The prospectively collected data of 102 patients with preoperatively
      diagnosed sigmoid colon or rectal cancer who had undergone a curative resection
      at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital between April 2011 and September
      2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Men with a VFA of >130 cm(2) and women with a
      VFA of >90 cm(2) were classified as obese (VFA-O, n = 22), and the remaining
      patients were classified as nonobese (VFA-NO, n = 80). RESULTS: No differences in
      morbidity, mortality, postoperative bowel recovery, and readmission rate after
      surgery were observed between the 2 groups. However, a significantly higher
      number of harvested lymph nodes was observed in the VFA-NO group compared with
      the VFA-O group (19.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 13.5 +/- 1.2, respectively, P = 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Visceral obesity has no influence on intraoperative difficulties,
      postoperative complications, and postoperative recovery in patients with sigmoid
      colon or rectal cancer.

PMID- 26962533
TI  - Quality of Life After a Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer in Elderly
      Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Fecal incontinence is a major concern, and its incidence increases with
      age. Quality of life may decrease due to fecal incontinence after both sphincter
      saving surgery and a rectal resection with a permanent stoma. This study
      investigated quality of life, with regard to fecal incontinency, in elderly
      patients after rectal-cancer surgery. METHODS: All patients who underwent
      elective rectal surgery with anastomosis for rectal cancer between December 2008
      and June 2012 at two Dutch hospitals were eligible for inclusion. The Wexner and
      the fecal incontinence quality of life (FIQoL) scores were collected. Young (<70
      years of age) and elderly (>=70 years of age) patients were compared. RESULTS:
      Seventy-nine patients were included, of whom 19 were elderly patients (24.1%).
      All diverting stomas that had been placed (n = 60, 75.9%) had been closed at the
      time of the study. There were no differences in Wexner or FIQoL scores between
      the young and the elderly patients. Also, there were no differences between
      patients without a diverting stoma and patients in whom bowel continuity had been
      restored. Elderly females had significantly worse scores on the FIQoL subscales
      of coping/behavior (P = 0.043) and depression/self-perception (P = 0.004) than
      young females. Elderly females scored worse on coping/behavior (P = 0.010) and
      depression/self-perception (P = 0.036) than elderly males. Young and elderly
      males had comparable scores. CONCLUSION: Quality of life with regard to fecal
      incontinency is worse in elderly females after sphincter-preserving surgery for
      rectal cancer. Patients should be informed of this impact, and a definite stoma
      may be considered in this patient group.

PMID- 26962535
TI  - Spontaneous Transomental Hernia.
AB  - A transomental hernia through the greater or lesser omentum is rare, accounting
      for approximately 4% of internal hernias. Transomental hernias are generally
      reported in patients aged over fifty. In such instances, acquired transomental
      hernias are usual, are commonly iatrogenic, and result from surgical
      interventions or from trauma or peritoneal inflammation. In rare cases, such as
      the one described in this study, internal hernias through the greater or lesser
      omentum occur spontaneously as the result of senile atrophy without history of
      surgery, trauma, or inflammation. A transomental hernia has a high postoperative
      mortality rate of 30%, and emergency diagnosis and treatment are critical. We
      report a case of a spontaneous transomental hernia of the small intestine causing
      intestinal obstruction. An internal hernia with strangulation of the small bowel
      in the lesser sac was suspected from the image study. After an emergency
      laparotomy, a transomental hernia was diagnosed. 

PMID- 26962534
TI  - Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma.
AB  - Mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary are clinically and
      histopathologically well-established common tumors. However, primary
      retroperitoneal mucinous cystic tumors are extremely rare, and although their
      histopathogenesis is still uncertain, several theories have been proposed. Most
      authors suggest that they develop through mucinous metaplasia in a preexisting
      mesothelium-lined cyst. An accurate preoperative diagnosis of these tumors is
      difficult because no effective diagnostic measures have been established. Delay
      in diagnosis and treatment of this tumor may be fatal for the patient because of
      complications such as rupture, infection, and malignant transformation. We
      describe the case of a 31-year-old woman with abdominal pain and a palpable mass.
      Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a retroperitoneal cystic mass, which
      was resected successfully through laparoscopy. Histopathological examination of
      the resected mass confirmed the diagnosis of a primary retroperitoneal mucinous
      cystadenoma. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 5 without any
      complications. 

PMID- 26962536
TI  - Investigation on Furan Levels in Pressure-Cooked Foods.
AB  - Furan is a food processing contaminant classified as possibly carcinogenic to
      humans. As the occurrence of furan has been reported in a variety of foods
      processed in sealed containers, the objective of this work was to investigate if
      the contaminant can be found in home-cooked foods prepared in a pressure cooker.
      For that, several foods including beans, soy beans, whole rice, beef, pork,
      potato, and cassava were pressure-cooked and analyzed for the furan content by
      gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry preceded by a headspace solid
      phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Furan was not found above the limit of
      quantification in the pressure-cooked samples. No furan has either been found in
      reheated samples after 24 hours under cold storage. Although levels up to 173
      MUg/kg were already reported for commercial canned/jarred foods, it seems that
      the cooking in a pressure cooker may not represent a concern in relation to the
      occurrence of furan in foods. 

PMID- 26962538
TI  - Hyperinsulinism Hyperammonemia Syndrome, a Rare Clinical Constellation.
AB  - We present the unique case of adult hyperinsulinism hyperammonemia syndrome
      (HI/HA). This condition is rarely seen in children and even more infrequently in
      adults. A 27-year-old female with HI/HA, generalized tonic-clonic seizures,
      staring spells, and gastroesophageal reflux disease presented with diffuse
      abdominal pain, hypoglycemia, confusion, and sweating. She reported a history of
      significant nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which had been present intermittently
      over the past year. On examination, she was found to have a soft, nontender, and
      mildly distended abdomen without splenomegaly or masses. She had a normal blood
      pressure and was tachycardic (130 bpm). Her initial complete blood count and
      basic metabolic panel, excluding glucose, were within normal limits. She was
      found to have an elevated peripherally drawn venous ammonia (171 mmol/L) and near
      hypoglycemia (blood glucose 61 mg/dL), which were drawn given her history of
      HI/HA. She was continued on home carglumic acid and diazoxide, glucose was
      supplemented intravenously, and she was started on levetiracetam for seizure
      prophylaxis. An upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]) was performed
      and was unremarkable, and biopsies taken were within normal limits. Following the
      EGD, she underwent a gastric emptying study that showed delayed emptying (216
      minutes), consistent with a new diagnosis of gastroparesis, the likely etiology
      of her initial abdominal pain on presentation. This was subsequently treated with
      azithromycin oral solution. We present this case to raise awareness of this
      rarely encountered syndrome and to provide the basic principles of treatment. 

PMID- 26962537
TI  - JNK1 Deficient Insulin-Producing Cells Are Protected against Interleukin-1beta
      Induced Apoptosis Associated with Abrogated Myc Expression.
AB  - The relative contributions of the JNK subtypes in inflammatory beta-cell failure
      and apoptosis are unclear. The JNK protein family consists of JNK1, JNK2, and
      JNK3 subtypes, encompassing many different isoforms. INS-1 cells express
      JNK1alpha1, JNK1alpha2, JNK1beta1, JNK1beta2, JNK2alpha1, JNK2alpha2, JNK3alpha1,
      and JNK3alpha2 mRNA isoform transcripts translating into 46 and 54 kDa isoform
      JNK proteins. Utilizing Lentiviral mediated expression of shRNAs against JNK1,
      JNK2, or JNK3 in insulin-producing INS-1 cells, we investigated the role of
      individual JNK subtypes in IL-1beta-induced beta-cell apoptosis. JNK1 knockdown
      prevented IL-1beta-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis associated with decreased 46 kDa
      isoform JNK protein phosphorylation and attenuated Myc expression. Transient
      knockdown of Myc also prevented IL-1beta-induced apoptosis as well as caspase 3
      cleavage. JNK2 shRNA potentiated IL-1beta-induced apoptosis and caspase 3
      cleavage, whereas JNK3 shRNA did not affect IL-1beta-induced beta-cell death
      compared to nonsense shRNA expressing INS-1 cells. In conclusion, JNK1 mediates
      INS-1 cell death associated with increased Myc expression. These findings
      underline the importance of differentiated targeting of JNK subtypes in the
      development of inflammatory beta-cell failure and destruction.

PMID- 26962539
TI  - Prevalence of Scapular Dyskinesis in Overhead and Nonoverhead Athletes: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Scapular dyskinesis, or abnormal dynamic scapular control, is a
      condition that is commonly associated with shoulder pathology but is also present
      in asymptomatic individuals. Literature varies on whether it represents a cause
      or symptom of shoulder pathology, but it is believed to be a risk factor for
      further injury. Clinical identification focuses on visual observation and
      examination maneuvers. Treatment of altered scapular motion has been shown to
      improve shoulder symptoms. It is thought to be more common in overhead athletes
      due to their reliance on unilateral upper extremity function but the incidence
      within nonoverhead athletes is unknown. HYPOTHESIS: Overhead athletes will have a
      greater prevalence of scapular dyskinesis when compared with nonoverhead
      athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: After
      PROSPERO registration, a systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines
      through the PubMed database looking for studies published before October 2014.
      All studies containing the search terms scapular, scapulothoracic, dyskinesis,
      dyskinesia, shoulder athlete, or overhead athlete were included. Studies that did
      not include prevalence data for scapular dyskinesis were excluded. Study
      methodological quality was evaluated using the modified Coleman methodology
      score. Descriptive statistics and 2-proportion 2-tailed z-tests were used to
      compare the reported prevalence of scapular dyskinesis between overhead and
      nonoverhead athletes. RESULTS: Twelve studies were analyzed including 1401
      athletes (1257 overhead and 144 nonoverhead; mean age, 24.4 +/- 7.1 years; 78%
      men). All the studies were evidence level 2 (33%) or level 3 (67%). The reported
      prevalence of scapular dyskinesis was significantly (P < .0001) higher in
      overhead athletes (61%) compared with nonoverhead athletes (33%). CONCLUSION:
      Scapular dyskinesis was found to have a greater reported prevalence (61%) in
      overhead athletes compared with nonoverhead athletes (33%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
      Prevalence data for scapular dyskinesis are scarce within the literature.
      Information on the reported prevalence, laterality, and association with the
      dominant extremity will allow for better allocation of diagnostic and therapeutic
      interventions. Recognition and treatment will help athletes to optimize
      functional performance and decrease the risk of further shoulder injury.

PMID- 26962540
TI  - The Prevalence of Obesity and Elevated Blood Pressure in Adolescent Student
      Athletes From the State of Mississippi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the past 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the
      prevalence of childhood obesity and hypertension in the United States. The
      prevalence of these diagnoses among individuals participating in school
      sanctioned sports has not been clearly defined. PURPOSE: To identify the
      prevalence of obesity and elevated blood pressure (BP) among student athletes and
      investigate associations between race, sex, type and number of sports played, and
      the prevalence of these diseases. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of
      evidence, 3. METHODS: Pre-sports participation medical examinations (N = 7705)
      performed between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed to identify the prevalence of
      obesity and elevated BP and examine relationships between the type of sports
      played, participation in multiple sports versus a single sport, and the athlete's
      body weight and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was
      23.5%. There was a significant association (P < .001) between the number of
      sports played by the student and BMI. The risk of obesity among single-sport
      athletes was more than 2-fold the risk (relative risk [RR], 2.13) compared with
      >=3-sport athletes and 1.42 times greater compared with 2-sport athletes (RR,
      1.42). The prevalence of elevated BP was 21.2%. There was a significant
      association (P < .001) between the number of sports played by the student and
      elevated BP. The risk of elevated BP among single-sport athletes was 1.59 times
      greater (RR, 1.59) than >=3-sport athletes and 1.30 times greater compared with 2
      sport athletes (RR, 1.30). Finally, obese students were 2.40 times more likely to
      have elevated BP compared with nonobese students (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The
      result of this study confirms the progressive nature of the obesity epidemic and
      identifies the contribution of obesity to the worsening cardiometabolic profiles
      in student athletes. The study also identifies that participation in multiple
      sports and running sports decreases the individual's risk for obesity and
      hypertension. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study emphasizes the importance of
      screening for obesity and elevated blood pressure during the athlete's
      preparticipation physical examination.

PMID- 26962541
TI  - Upper Extremity Injuries in NASCAR Drivers and Pit Crew: An Epidemiological
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding the position-specific musculoskeletal forces placed on
      the body of athletes facilitates treatment, prevention, and return-to-play
      decisions. While position-specific injuries are well documented in most major
      sports, little is known about the epidemiology of position-specific injuries in
      National Association for Stock Car Automobile Racing (NASCAR) drivers and pit
      crew. PURPOSE: To investigate position-specific upper extremity injuries in
      NASCAR drivers and pit crew members. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological
      study. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed to assess position
      specific injuries in NASCAR drivers and pit crew members. Included in the study
      were patients seen by a single institution between July 2003 and October 2014
      with upper extremity injuries from race-related NASCAR events or practices.
      Charts were reviewed to identify the diagnosis, mechanism of injury, and position
      of each patient. RESULTS: A total of 226 NASCAR team members were treated between
      July 2003 and October 2014. Of these, 118 injuries (52%) occurred during NASCAR
      racing events or practices. The majority of these injuries occurred in NASCAR
      changers (42%), followed by injuries in drivers (16%), carriers (14%), jack men
      (11%), fuel men (9%), and utility men (8%). The majority of the pit crew
      positions are at risk for epicondylitis, while drivers are most likely to
      experience neuropathies, such as hand-arm vibration syndrome. The changer
      sustains the most hand-related injuries (42%) on the pit crew team, while
      carriers commonly sustain injuries to their digits (29%). CONCLUSION: Orthopaedic
      injuries in NASCAR vary between positions. Injuries in NASCAR drivers and pit
      crew members are a consequence of the distinctive forces associated with each
      position throughout the course of the racing season. Understanding these forces
      and position-associated injuries is important for preventive measures and
      facilitates diagnosis and return-to-play decisions so that each team can function
      at its maximal efficiency.

PMID- 26962542
TI  - How Accurate Are Patients at Diagnosing the Cause of Their Knee Pain With the
      Help of a Web-based Symptom Checker?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Researching medical information is the third most popular activity
      online, and there are a variety of web-based symptom checker programs available.
      PURPOSE: This study evaluated a patient's ability to self-diagnose their knee
      pain from a list of possible diagnoses supplied by an accurate symptom checker.
      STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: All
      patients older than 18 years who presented to the office of 7 different
      fellowship-trained sports medicine surgeons over an 8-month period with a
      complaint of knee pain were asked to participate. A web-based symptom checker for
      knee pain was used; the program has a reported accuracy of 89%. The symptom
      checker generates a list of potential diagnoses after patients enter symptoms and
      links each diagnosis to informative content. After exploring the informative
      content, patients selected all diagnoses they felt could explain their symptoms.
      Each patient was later examined by a physician who was blinded to the
      differential generated by the program as well as the patient-selected diagnoses.
      A blinded third party compared the diagnoses generated by the program with those
      selected by the patient as well as the diagnoses determined by the physician. The
      level of matching between the patient-selected diagnoses and the physician's
      diagnoses determined the patient's ability to correctly diagnose their knee pain.
      RESULTS: There were 163 male and 165 female patients, with a mean age of 48 years
      (range, 18-76 years). The program generated a mean 6.6 diagnoses (range, 2-15)
      per patient. Each patient had a mean 1.7 physician diagnoses (range, 1-4).
      Patients selected a mean 2 diagnoses (range, 1-9). The patient-selected diagnosis
      matched the physician's diagnosis 58% of the time. CONCLUSION: With the aid of an
      accurate symptom checker, patients were able to correctly identify the cause of
      their knee pain 58% of the time.

PMID- 26962543
TI  - Design and implementation of coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging of
      cancerous and healthy breast tissue samples.
AB  - A scatter imaging technique for the differentiation of cancerous and healthy
      breast tissue in a heterogeneous sample is introduced in this work. Such a
      technique has potential utility in intraoperative margin assessment during
      lumpectomy procedures. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of the
      imaging method for tumor classification using Monte Carlo simulations and
      physical experiments. The coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging
      technique was used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3-D) images of breast tissue
      samples acquired through a single-position snapshot acquisition, without rotation
      as is required in coherent scatter computed tomography. We perform a quantitative
      assessment of the accuracy of the cancerous voxel classification using Monte
      Carlo simulations of the imaging system; describe our experimental implementation
      of coded aperture scatter imaging; show the reconstructed images of the breast
      tissue samples; and present segmentations of the 3-D images in order to identify
      the cancerous and healthy tissue in the samples. From the Monte Carlo
      simulations, we find that coded aperture scatter imaging is able to reconstruct
      images of the samples and identify the distribution of cancerous and healthy
      tissues (i.e., fibroglandular, adipose, or a mix of the two) inside them with a
      cancerous voxel identification sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92.4%,
      91.9%, and 92.0%, respectively. From the experimental results, we find that the
      technique is able to identify cancerous and healthy tissue samples and
      reconstruct differential coherent scatter cross sections that are highly
      correlated with those measured by other groups using x-ray diffraction. Coded
      aperture scatter imaging has the potential to provide scatter images that
      automatically differentiate cancerous and healthy tissue inside samples within a
      time on the order of a minute per slice. 

PMID- 26962545
TI  - Mix Infections of Helicobacter pylori: A Major Risk Factor Affecting Genotyping
      Studies.

PMID- 26962544
TI  - Optimal Decomposition of Service Level Objectives into Policy Assertions.
AB  - WS-agreement specifies quality objectives that each partner is obligated to
      provide. To meet quality objectives, the corresponding partner should apply
      appropriate policy assertions to its web services and adjust their parameters
      accordingly. Transformation of WS-CDL to WSBPEL is addressed in some related
      works, but neither of them considers quality aspects of transformation nor run
      time adaptation. Here, in conformance with web services standards, we propose an
      optimal decomposition method to make a set of WS-policy assertions. Assertions
      can be applied to WSBPEL elements and affect their run-time behaviors. The
      decomposition method achieves the best outcome for a performance indicator. It
      also guarantees the lowest adaptation overhead by reducing the number of service
      reselections. We considered securities settlement case study to prototype and
      evaluate the decomposition method. The results show an acceptable threshold
      between customer satisfaction-the targeted performance indicator in our case
      study-and adaptation overhead. 

PMID- 26962546
TI  - Why isn't Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound for Focal Liver Lesions used more in daily
      practice?

PMID- 26962547
TI  - Feasibility of Transient Elastography with M and XL probes in real life.
AB  - AIM: Reliable liver stiffness measurements (RLSM) using Transient Elastography
      (TE) with the standard M probe are difficult to obtain in overweight
      (BMI>=25kg/m2) and obese (BMI>30kg/m2) patients. The aim of our paper was to
      assess the feasibility of TE in daily practice using both M and XL probes.
      MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied retrospectively 3235 patients with chronic liver
      disease assessed by TE first by the M probe (standard probe - transducer
      frequency 3.5 MHz), and if the measurements were unreliable, with the XL probe
      (transducer frequency 2.5 MHz). Reliable measurements were defined as the median
      of 10 valid measurements with a success rate >= 60% and an interquartile range <
      30%. Results of liver elasticity were expressed in kilo Pascals (kPa). RESULTS:
      RLSM by M probe were obtained in 62.2% (2015/3235) patients, and by XL probe in
      1011/1220 (80%) of patients with unreliable measurements by M probe; thus we
      obtained RLSM in 93.5% of 3235 cases. In overweight patients we obtained RLSM in
      89.9% (1039/1156) cases: in 63.1% (729) by M probe and in 26.8% (310) by XL
      probe. In obese patients we obtained RLSM in 83.8% (746/890): in 18.4% (164) by M
      probe and in 65.4% (582) by XL probe. Thus, by using both probes, RLSM were
      obtained in 1785 (87.2%) of overweight and obese patients. CONCLUSION: The
      feasibility of the M probe was 62.2% in our Department. Reliable measurements
      using M or XL probe allowed the evaluation of liver stiffness in 93.5% of cases.
      By using both M and XL probes, reliable LSM by TE can be obtained in the majority
      of obese and overweight patients (87.2%).

PMID- 26962548
TI  - Is the spleen stiffness value acquired using acoustic radiation force impulse
      (ARFI) technology predictive of the presence of esophageal varices in patients
      with cirrhosis of various etiologies?
AB  - AIM: This study's aimwas to determine the accuracy of the spleen stiffness value
      acquired using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) technology, to predict the
      presence of esophageal varices (EVs) in patients with liver cirrhosis of various
      etiologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of the 366 enrolled patients, 192 had hepatitis
      B virus, 74 had hepatitis C virus, and 100 had alcohol-related cirrhosis. All
      patients underwent biochemical tests, gastrointestinal endoscopy, and liver and
      spleen elastography by ARFI. We evaluated the correlation between the presence of
      EVs and factors including liver and spleen stiffness measured by ARFI,
      biochemical tests, and other noninvasive measurements, such as aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), platelet count (PLT),
      spleen diameter (SD), PLT to SD ratio, AST to ALT ratio (AAR) score, the AST to
      PLT ratio index (APRI) score. RESULTS: A univariate analysis revealed that the
      AAR score, APRI score, PLT, PLT/SD ratio, and spleen elastography variables were
      all independently associated with EVs (p<0.05). On multivariate analysis, only
      spleen elastography was associated with EVs (p=0.001). However, in cases of
      alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis, spleen stiffness was not reliable for the
      prediction of EVs. CONCLUSION: Spleen elastography measured using ARFI may serve
      as a non-invasive method for determining the presence of EVs. However, it is not
      an appropriate predictor for EVs in alcoholic cirrhosis.

PMID- 26962549
TI  - Clinical impact of EUS elastography followed by contrast-enhanced EUS in patients
      with focal pancreatic masses and negative EUS-guided FNA.
AB  - AIMS: It is well known that endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration
      (EUS-FNA) has a high sensitivity (over 85%) and specificity (100%) for diagnosis
      of pancreatic cancer. The aim of the study was to establish a EUS based clinical
      diagnostic algorithm in patients with pancreatic masses and negative
      cytopathology after EUS-FNA, based on previously published results and cut-offs
      of real-time elastographic (RTE) EUS and contrast-enhanced harmonic (CEH) EUS.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included in the study a subgroup of 50 consecutive
      patients with focal pancreatic masses which underwent EUS examinations with
      negative EUS-FNA. RTE-EUS and CEH-EUS were performed sequentially in all
      patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of these methods were
      calculated separately. A clinical decision algorithm based on elastography
      followed by CEH was established. RESULTS: For the diagnosis of possible
      malignancy, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RTE-EUS were: 97.7%,
      77.4%, and 84% respectively. CEH-EUS had similar results: 89.5%, 80.7%, and 84%,
      respectively. In 25 patients with soft/mixed appearance during
      elastography,sequential assessment using contrast-enhanced EUSwas performed. The
      specificity of CEH-EUS for detection of chronic pancreatitis in this sub-set of
      patients was excellent (100%). In other 25 patients with hard appearance in
      elastography (low strain) CEH-EUS had an excellent specificity (100%) and
      accuracy (93%) in the detection of pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed
      algorithm with sequential use of elastography followed by CEH could be a good
      clinical tool in the set of patients with negative EUS-FNA results for the
      differentiation between benign and malignant focal pancreatic masses.

PMID- 26962550
TI  - Tumor protrusion with intensive blood signals on ultrasonography is a strongly
      suggestive finding of follicular thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - AIM: It is difficult to differentiate follicular carcinomas (FC) from follicular
      adenomas (FA) because ultrasonography and cytology provide very similar findings.
      FC is histopathologically diagnosed to have capsular and/or vascular invasion. In
      a few patients, tumor protrusions are observed by preoperative ultrasonography as
      large forms of capsular invasion of follicular carcinomas. The aim of the study
      was to clarify the predictive value of tumor protrusions on preoperative
      ultrasonography for follicular carcinomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 531
      patients (FC: 184 patients, FA: 347 patients) undergoing thyroid surgery were
      included in this study. A tumor protrusion on ultrasonography was defined as
      follows: 1) a solid tumor extending beyond a marginal line of capsular zone of
      the main tumor on B-mode ultrasonography; 2) intensive blood signals observed
      within the protrusion area on Doppler ultrasonography. The large form of capsular
      invasion was defined if the protrusion lesion was histopathologically diagnosed
      to be a capsular invasion of follicular carcinoma. RESULTS: The sensitivity of
      tumor protrusion was 0.071, specificity 0.994, positive predictive value 0.867,
      and negative predictive value 0.669 for FC diagnosis. For the large form of
      capsular invasion in FC the sensitivity of tumor protrusion was 0.813,
      specificity 0.982, positive predictive value 0.684, and negative predictive value
      0.982. CONCLUSIONS: A tumor protrusion with intensive blood signals extending
      from the main tumor on ultrasonography strongly suggests a large form of capsular
      invasion of follicular carcinoma.

PMID- 26962551
TI  - Structural tendon changes in patients with acromegaly: assessment of Achilles
      tendon with sonoelastography.
AB  - AIMS: To describe the sonoelastographic appearance of the Achilles tendon in
      acromegalic patients and to determine whether the blood concentrations of growth
      hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) are associated with the
      various sonographic elasticity types of Achilles tendons. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Eighty-four Achilles tendons of 42 acromegaly patients and 84 Achilles tendons of
      42 healthy volunteers were assessed with sonoelastography. The tendons were
      classified into two main types according to the elasticity features: type 1
      blue/green (hard tissue) and type 2 yellow/red within green (intermediate-soft
      tissue). Two subtypes of these types were also defined. According to the
      definition, the elasticity of the tissue was in a spectrum ranging from hard to
      soft as the type progressed from 1a to 2b. RESULTS: The mean thickness of
      Achilles tendons in patients with acromegaly was significantly higher compared
      with healthy Achilles tendons (5.1+/-0.7 mm vs. 4.4+/-0.5, p<0.001), and patients
      with active disease had thicker Achilles tendons (5.5+/-0.8 mm vs. 4.8+/-0.5 mm
      in inactive disease, p=0.003). A significantly higher proportion of acromegaly
      patients had type 2 sonoelastographic appearance of the Achilles tendon (124/252
      third; 49.2% vs. 81/252 third; 32.1%, p=0.0001). Activity status of acromegaly
      and GH/IGF-I levels were similar in patients with different types of elasticity
      (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sonoelastography revealed structural changes in the
      tendinous tissue of patients with acromegaly, but it was not sensitive enough to
      reflect changes in the serum levels of GH/IGF-1.

PMID- 26962552
TI  - Ultrasonographic evaluation of the median nerve at the level of the carpal tunnel
      outlet and mid forearm in patients with type II Mucopolysaccharidosis.
AB  - AIMS: The ultrasonographic (US) evaluation of the median nerve at the level of
      the carpal tunnel outlet (CTO) and mid forearm in pediatric patients with
      mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) and comparison with healthy subjects.
      MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fifteen children with MPS II and 44 healthy children were
      included in the study and they were divided into three age groups. The cross
      sectional area, the appearance of the nerve, and the ratio of the cross-sectional
      areas were evaluated by US. RESULTS: At the level of the CTO the mean area of the
      nerve was increased in all MPS II groups compared with the correspondent healthy
      age groups and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.01). At the
      level of the mid forearm the differences were statistically significant only for
      the first age group. Other US findings at the level of the CTO in the MPS II
      groups were represented by hypoechogenicity (86.67 % on the right and 93.33% on
      the left), thickened fascicles (80% bilaterally), irregular contour (53.33%
      bilaterally) and the presence of the Doppler signal including the nerve (26.67 %
      on the right and 33.33 % on the left). The CTO/mid forearm cross-sectional area
      ratio was higher in all MPS II age groups and the differences were statistically
      significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients with MPS II there are significant
      US changes in the size and aspect of the median nerve.

PMID- 26962553
TI  - EFSUMB COMPASS for Rheumatologists dissemination and implementation--an
      international survey.
AB  - AIM: The European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
      (EFSUMB) competency assessment (COMPASS) for rheumatologists performing
      musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) was developed and published 2 years ago. It
      consists of a 3 level competency system. The objective of this study was to
      evaluate how the EFSUMB COMPASS has been disseminated and implemented and to
      assess the potential obstacles encountered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      questionnaire was developed and distributed by e-mail to all rheumatologists
      certified as EFSUMB level 3. RESULTS: Seventeen (85%) rheumatologists considered
      that the EFSUMB COMPASS is useful for training MSUS. The majority of them (17;
      85%) had informed their colleagues or national rheumatology societies about the
      EFSUMB COMPASS. The most common obstacle encountered for the implementation of
      the COMPASS was the lack of time for supervision of the trainees (9; 45%). A
      total of 83 rheumatologists had been trained and assessed for competency in the
      three EFSUMB levels. CONCLUSION: This survey highlights the current status of
      EFSUMB COMPASS implementation in European countries with an expected increased
      number of rheumatologists being able to train and assess new trainees. Still,
      more efforts should be done for a higher implementation of EFSUMB COMPASS across
      European countries.

PMID- 26962554
TI  - Subclinical myocardial impairment in SLE: insights from novel ultrasound
      techniques and clinical determinants.
AB  - AIMS: Myocardial damage is frequent and often silent in systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of
      myocardial damage by novel ultrasound techniques and to systematically assess the
      relationship between subclinical cardiac dysfunction and SLE-related clinical
      parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive SLE patients without
      evidence of cardiac disease and seventy-three controls underwent standard
      transthoracic echocardiography using classical and novel ultrasound techniques:
      tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography. Patient
      characteristics, cumulative organ damage and laboratory data were retrieved by
      medical chart review. RESULTS: Within the cohort, 89.3% of the patients were
      female; mean+/-SD age and median (IQR) disease duration were 43.2+/-12.5 years
      and 8.03(6.3) years, respectively. SLE patients exhibited a significant decrement
      in endocardial longitudinal strain (-18.4% vs 19.3%, p=0.001) compared with
      controls. Diastolic dysfunction was detected in 34 (45.3%) of SLE patients. Major
      determinants of systolic and diastolic dysfunction were hypertension (p=0.023 and
      p<0.001, respectively), associated antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (p<0.001 and
      p<0.001, respectively), cumulative damage accrual (p<0.001 and p=0.003,
      respectively), and disease duration (p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively). Notably,
      anti-Ro antibodies were present in 37% of the SLE patients who had better
      systolic longitudinal performance. Neither disease activity, nor specific organ
      involvement, were associated with myocardial impairment. CONCLUSION: Systolic
      longitudinal and diastolic performance impairments are frequent findings in SLE
      patients without overt cardiovascular disease. Cumulative organ damage, disease
      duration, APS, and hypertension are major determinants for early heart
      involvement in SLE patients.

PMID- 26962557
TI  - A novel approach to assessing fetal tissue stiffness using virtual touch tissue
      quantification.
AB  - AIMS: Virtual touch tissue quantification (VTTQ) has been widely used in adults,
      but its application in fetuses has not been reported. The purposes of this study
      were to describe the normal shear wave velocity (SWV) values of fetal brain,
      lung, and liver by VTTQ and to examine the clinical usefulness of this procedure
      in THE evaluation of gestational age-related SWV changes in the fetal brain, lung
      and liver. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred fetuses were enrolled in this study
      and were evaluated at 18 weeks (second trimester) and 35 weeks (third trimester)
      during pregnancy. The SWV was measured at the cerebral parenchyma, thalamus,
      cerebellum, choroid plexus, left lung, right lung, right and left lobe of the
      liver in each participant. RESULTS: The SWV at the cerebral parenchyma were all
      significantly greater in the third trimesters than in the second trimesters
      (3.29+/-1.05 vs. 2.22+/-0.97 m/s, p<0.001), while the velocities at thalamus,
      cerebellum, choroid plexus, left lung, right lung, right lobe of the liver and
      left lobe of the liver did not differ between the second and the third trimesters
      (p>0.05). Moreover, the SWV at the cerebral parenchyma correlated significantly
      with gestational age (r=0.47, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VTTQ can provide numerical
      measurements of fetal brain, lung and liver stiffness and can effectively and
      objectively indicate gestational age-related changes in cerebral parenchyma
      stiffness by measuring SWV values.

PMID- 26962556
TI  - Ultrasound in diagnosis of anatomical variation of anterior and posterior tibial
      arteries.
AB  - AIMS: Knowledge about branching pattern of the popliteal artery is very important
      in any clinical settings involving the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
      This study aims to elucidate the anatomical variation patterns and common types
      of anterior tibial artery (ATA) and posterior tibial arteries (PTA) in the
      general population in China. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anatomical variations of ATA,
      PTA, and peroneal artery were evaluated with ultrasound in a total of 942 lower
      extremity arteries in 471 patients. RESULTS: Three patterns of course in the PTA
      were ultrasonographically identified: 1) PTA1: normal anatomy with posterior
      tibial artery entering tarsal tunnel to perfuse the foot (91.5%), 2) PTA2: tibial
      artery agenetic, and replaced by communicating branches of peroneal artery
      entering tarsal tunnel above the medial malleolus to perfuse the foot (5.9%), and
      3) PTA3: hypoplastic or aplastic posterior tibial artery communicating above the
      medial malleolus with thick branches of peroneal artery to form a common trunk
      entering into the tarsal tunnel (2.4%). In cases where ATA was hypoplastic or
      aplastic, thick branches of the peroneal artery replaced the anterior tibial
      artery to give rise to dorsalis pedis artery, with a total incidence of 3.2 % in
      patients, and were observed more commonly in females than in males. Hypoplastic
      or aplastic termini of ATA and PTA, with perfusion of the foot solely by the
      peroneal artery, was identified in 1 case. In another case, both communicating
      branches of the peroneal artery and PTA entered the tarsal tunnel to form lateral
      and medial plantar arteries. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical variation of ATA and PTA is
      relatively common in the normal population. Caution should be exercised with
      these variations when preparing a peroneal artery vascular pedicle flap grafting.
      Ultrasound evaluation provides accurate and reliable information on the
      variations.

PMID- 26962555
TI  - Nitroglycerin mediated dilation evaluated by ultrasound is associated with sTWEAK
      in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - AIMS: The main cause of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients is cardiovascular
      disease. Ultrasound assessment of the brachial artery dysfunction is easily
      achievable and can non-invasively detect atherosclerosis in various stages. In HD
      patients the cardiovascular risk profile is different and the determinants of
      brachial arterial function can be distinct comparing with general population. The
      aim of the study is to assess the determinants of arterial brachial function
      (flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation) evaluated by ultrasound in HD
      patients and their relation with tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of
      apoptosis (sTWEAK) described as atherosclerotic marker in chronic kidney disease
      patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational
      study on 54 hemodialysis patients. We recorded clinical and biological data and
      we measured sTWEAK serum levels by ELISA. We evaluated the arterial brachial
      function by measurement of flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation,
      using B mode ultrasound. RESULTS: The determinants of flow-mediated dilation
      were: Kt/V (r=0.47, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol (r=0.29, p=0.04), and total
      cholesterol (r=0.31, p=0.02). Flow-mediated dilation correlated with
      nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (r=0.70, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis kt/V
      was the only significant predictor for flow-mediated dilation (p=0.04).
      Nitroglycerin-mediated dilation correlates with sTWEAK (r=-0.30, p=0.03),
      systolic blood pressure (r=-0.28, p=0.04) and pulse pressure (r=-0.31, p=0.02).
      In multivariate analysis sTWEAK was the only significant predictor for
      nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The main determinant of
      nitroglycerin-mediated dilation was sTWEAK. In addition, decreased nitroglycerin
      mediated dilation was associated with higher systolic blood pressure and pulse
      pressure. The main determinant of FMD was Kt/V. Increased flow-mediated dilation
      was associated with better dialysis efficiency and high total cholesterol and LDL
      cholesterol.

PMID- 26962558
TI  - Multimodal endocavitary ultrasound versus MRI and clinical findings in pre- and
      post-treatment advanced cervical cancer. Preliminary report.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of pre and post-therapy
      transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonography (TRUS, TVUS) with contrast
      enhancement and strain elastography compared with clinical examination and
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of advanced stage cervical
      cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective study, carried out over a
      period of nine months on subjects with advanced-stage cervical cancer (stage >/=
      IIB). All included patients were examined clinically and underwent abdomino
      pelvic contrast enhanced MRI and multimodal US examinations (TRUS with strain
      elastography and contrast enhanced TVUS) at the time of diagnosis and after
      radiochemotherapy. Tumor size and staging at TRUS and TVUS was compared with the
      same data obtained by clinical examination and MRI. Pathology was the golden
      standard. RESULTS: Eight patients accomplished the inclusion criteria. In five
      cases the tumor stage was identical on clinical and MRI examinations. In all
      cases parametrial infiltration was diagnosed by all pre-treatment examinations.
      No significant differences were observed in tumor size between clinical, US and
      MRI exams either at baseline or post-therapy, in native or post-contrast
      examinations. The size of the tumor evaluated pre-treatment proved to be
      significantly smaller post-contrast in both US and MRI examinations compared with
      the native images. Post-therapy, no significant differences were observed on US
      measured tumor dimensions when comparing native with post-contrast images.
      Oppositely, significant smaller dimensions were observed on post-contrast MRI
      compared with native scans. CONCLUSIONS: TRUS is accurate in the estimation of
      pre-therapy cervical cancer dimension. The post therapy tumor evaluation is
      better performed with MRI. The use of intravenous contrast agents on both
      examinations did not improved the accuracy of tumor evaluation pre or post
      therapy.

PMID- 26962559
TI  - Concepts in monitoring enthesitis in patients with spondylarthritis--the role of
      musculoskeletal ultrasound.
AB  - Enthesitis is the key pathological lesion in the spondyloarthritides group and an
      important element for early diagnosis with a predictive and prognostic value. The
      recognition of enthesitis on a clinical basis alone remains a challenge and
      creates unnecessary delays in diagnosis and adequate treatment commencement.
      Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a valid, reliable, and feasible imaging tool
      valuable for identifying inflammatory and structural lesions at enthesis level,
      helpful in establishing a diagnosis, evaluating disease activity and therapy
      monitoring. This paper focuses on the most relevant aspects of current literature
      regarding enthesitis and highlights the musculoskeletal ultrasound added value in
      enthesis assessment.

PMID- 26962560
TI  - Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of non inflammatory conditions of
      the hand and wrist.
AB  - High resolution ultrasonography has already become an important tool in the
      diagnosis and management of inflammatory arthritis of the hand and wrist but
      lately it has been proven to be the method of choice in the evaluation of
      traumatic lesions of tendons, annular pulleys, nerves, and ligaments and at the
      same time in detecting foreign bodies. The objective of this paper is to review
      and describe the current knowledge on these US findings and to highlight the
      ultrasonography role in the evaluation of non-inflammatory conditions of the hand
      and wrist.

PMID- 26962561
TI  - Contrast enhanced ultrasonography in assessing the treatment response to
      transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - The last decades have known continuous development of therapeutic strategies in
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately the disease it still not diagnosed
      until it is already at an intermediate or even an advanced disease. In these
      circumstances transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered an effective
      treatment for HCC. The most important independent prognostic factor of both
      disease free survival and overall survival is the presence of complete necrosis.
      Therefore, treatment outcomes are dictated by the proper use of radiological
      imaging. Current guidelines recommend contrast enhanced computer tomography
      (CECT) as the standard imaging technique for evaluating the therapeutic response
      in patients with HCC after TACE. One of the most important disadvantage of CECT
      is the overestimation of tumor response. As an attempt to overcome this
      limitation contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has gained particular attention as
      an imaging modality in HCC patients after TACE. Of all available imaging
      modalities, CEUS performs better in the early and very early assessment of TACE
      especially after lipiodol TACE. As any other imaging techniques CEUS has
      disadvantages especially in hypovascular tumors or in cases of tumor
      multiplicity. Not far from now the current limitations of CEUS will be overcome
      by the new CEUS techniques that are already tested in clinical practice such as
      dynamic CEUS with quantification, three-dimensional CEUS or fusion techniques.

PMID- 26962562
TI  - The usefulness of fetal Doppler evaluation in early versus late onset
      intrauterine growth restriction. Review of the literature.
AB  - Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represents a serious condition that can
      lead to increased perinatal morbidity, mortality and postnatal impaired
      neurodevelopment. There are two distinct phenotypes of IUGR: early onset and late
      onset IUGR with different onset, patterns of evolution and fetal Doppler profile.
      In early onset preeclampsia the main Doppler modifications are at the level of
      umbilical artery, with progressive augmentation of the pulsatility index to
      absent or reverse end diastolic flow. The modifications of the cerebral, cardiac
      and ductus venosus circulation are generally present, but with different
      sequences. The late onset IUGR is determined by third trimester placental
      insufficiency that entails fetal hypoxia. The cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) and
      the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery (PI MCA) seems to be the main
      markers for both diagnosis and obstetrical management while umbilical Doppler PI
      is frequently normal. Also the sequence of Doppler alterations is neither
      specific nor complete. New protocols for the diagnosis and management of late
      onset IUGR need to be implemented. 

PMID- 26962563
TI  - Contrast enhanced harmonic ultrasonography for the evaluation of acute scrotal
      pathology. A pictorial essay.
AB  - Conventional ultrasonographic evaluation (grey scale and Doppler) represents the
      first line investigation in the acute pathology of the scrotum. Its diagnosis
      value in acute scrotal pathology is undoubted in regard with hypervascular
      lesions, but in the evaluation of isoechoic and hypo/avascular lesions i.v.
      contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasonography (CEUS) is recommended in establishing
      a firm and certain diagnosis. Besides these, CEUS has an important role in the
      evaluation of the remaining viable testicular tissue in cases of testicular
      trauma, thus guiding a limited excision surgery. This paper aims to discuss the
      added diagnosis value of CEUS and to illustrate this through various
      ultrasonographic images suggestive for acute scrotum pathology.

PMID- 26962564
TI  - Celiac disease in toddler with atypical onset. Case report.
AB  - Celiac disease is a chronic immune-mediated disorder induced in genetically
      susceptible individuals after ingestion of gluten proteins. An early diagnosis is
      of highest importance. Ultrasound might show small-bowel intussusception. We
      present a toddler with one month history of diarrhea and abdominal ultrasound
      showing ileo-ileal intussusception. Specific serological markers for celiac
      disease were positive. The duodenal endoscopy showed normal architecture but
      pathology indicated fully developed celiac disease (Marsh 3c). In conclusion,
      toddlers, who have even a short history of diarrhea with ultrasound showing ileo
      ileal intussusception, can be suspected of celiac disease by positive serologic
      markers and can be confirmed by duodenal biopsy and pathology.

PMID- 26962565
TI  - Diagnostic imaging findings of pelvic retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in a child:
      a case report with the emphasis on initial ultrasound findings.
AB  - Ganglioneuromas are rare benign tumors of neural crest origin developed along the
      sympathetic chain. The pelvic retroperitoneum is the rarest location of these
      tumors. Clinically these tumors are commonly asypmtomatic even if they reach
      large sizes. Here we report the radiological features of a 16 year old boy with
      pathologically proven retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma that was detected initially
      by ultrasound. Relevant literature is also discussed.

PMID- 26962566
TI  - Unilateral temporal myositis heralding polymyositis: ultrasonographic and
      elastographic findings. Case report.
AB  - Temporal myositis is a rare inflammatory disease of the temporal muscle. We
      report a case of unilateral temporal myositis, in which a polymyositis was
      diagnosed two years thereafter. Although focal myositis may rarely herald
      polymyositis, isolated temporal myositis preceding inflammatory myopathies has
      not been described, to our knowledge. In the setting of a temporal pain and
      swelling, ultrasonography may help in diagnosis, biopsy guidance, disease
      extension, and progression assessment. Further studies are necessary to establish
      the role of elastography in differentiating between muscle inflammation and
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 26962567
TI  - The use of Doppler ultrasonography for pre- and post-surgery monitoring of
      abdominal aortic aneurysm. Case report.
AB  - A 75 year old male patient was monitored for 3 years by Doppler Ultrasonography
      (US) for an abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA). Because the aneurysm increased
      significantly, an aortic prosthesis was installed via an endovascular procedure.
      After one month of post-surgery monitoring, both Doppler US exam and contrast
      enhancement US (CEUS) suspected the presence of a leak at the level of the
      prosthesis. A new surgical procedure was scheduled and intraoperative
      arteriography confirmed an endoleak type II. Although not always able to specify
      the correct type of linkage, CEUS remains a reliable method for investigating the
      postoperative complications of AAA.

PMID- 26962568
TI  - How useful is ARFI elastography for predicting the significant fibrosis and
      compensated liver cirrhosis?

PMID- 26962569
TI  - Author's response.

PMID- 26962570
TI  - Usefulness of ultrasound for the diagnosis of dermatofibroma.

PMID- 26962571
TI  - Refractory knee synovitis due to suprapatellar plica persistence--the role of
      ultrasonography in diagnosis and management.

PMID- 26962572
TI  - Cesarean scar pregnancy: role of serial transabdominal ultrasonography in the
      diagnosis and treatment response following dilation and curettage.

PMID- 26962573
TI  - In situ grown, self-supported iron-cobalt-nickel alloy amorphous oxide nanosheets
      with low overpotential toward water oxidation.
AB  - Electrocatalytic water oxidation by in situ grown iron-cobalt-nickel ternary
      alloy amorphous oxides is reported. This catalytic material was prepared by
      simple anodization of an alloy plate followed by low-temperature annealing, which
      shows superior electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction with an
      overpotential of only 170 mV and a low Tafel slope. 

PMID- 26962575
TI  - Pure white light emission from organic molecules using solvent induced selective
      self-assembly.
AB  - Organic materials generating pure white light emission have attracted
      considerable attention in recent times due to their potential applications in
      lighting and display devices. We have used anthracene carboxylic acid (AnA) and
      anthracene carbaldehyde (AnC) to generate white light using solvent induced
      selective self-assembly (SISSA). Mechanistically, SISSA prevents a fast
      intersystem crossing of the AnC monomer and generates an emissive state from the
      self-assembled AnC. While AnA emits in the blue region, the self-assembled AnC
      emits in the greenish yellow region with identical emission intensity. CIE
      coordinates (0.33, 0.33) of pure white light have been achieved by incorporating
      orange emitting rhodamine B. More importantly, the pure white light formation has
      been demonstrated at desired temperatures in both aqueous medium as well as in an
      agar-agar hydrogel. 

PMID- 26962574
TI  - A novel dimethylformamide (DMF) free bar-cast method to deposit organolead
      perovskite thin films with improved stability.
AB  - We report a solvent-free approach to synthesizing organolead perovskites by using
      solid state reactions to coat perovskite crystals onto Al2O3 or TiO2
      nanoparticles followed by addition of terpineol affording perovskite inks. We
      have bar cast these inks to produce photoactive perovskite thin films which are
      significantly more stable to humidity than solution-processed films. This new
      method also avoids the use of toxic DMF solvent. 

PMID- 26962576
TI  - A comparative study of the electrorheological properties of various N-doped
      nanomaterials using ammonia plasma treatment.
AB  - A new, simple method is reported to enhance the electrorheological (ER) activity
      of nanomaterials. Plasma treatment was the ideal technique owing to its ease of
      use, versatility, and common usage in mass production. Multi-gram quantities of
      ER nanomaterials with different morphologies, sizes, and compositions were
      successfully treated by ammonia plasma. 

PMID- 26962577
TI  - Multiple linear regression.

PMID- 26962578
TI  - Death by super-resolution imaging.

PMID- 26962579
TI  - fMRI goes individual.

PMID- 26962580
TI  - Structure in the cellular context.

PMID- 26962581
TI  - STOMPing at the bits.

PMID- 26962582
TI  - New kid on the CRISPR block.

PMID- 26962583
TI  - Nanopores and the helicase two-step.

PMID- 26962584
TI  - Guest Editorial--Special Issue on Selected Papers From IEEE BioCAS 2014.

PMID- 26962585
TI  - Owl's eye sign: A rare neuroimaging finding in flail arm syndrome.

PMID- 26962586
TI  - Epilepsy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A population-based, long-term
      follow-up study.

PMID- 26962587
TI  - The William Harvey Lecture on Basic Science at ESC London.

PMID- 26962588
TI  - Emerging role of the gut microbiome  for cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 26962589
TI  - For the first time! By Caveman.

PMID- 26962635
TI  - Correction to Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrization of 1,3-Diazido-2
      propanol via Intramolecular Interception of Alkyl Azides with
      Diazo(aryl)acetates.

PMID- 26962590
TI  - Professor Sir Henry Harris (1925-2014).

PMID- 26962636
TI  - A prospective study analyzing the application of radiofrequency energy and high
      voltage, ultrashort pulse duration electrical fields on the quantitative
      reduction of adipose tissue.
AB  - Noninvasive fat reduction is claimed by many device manufacturers, but proof of
      efficacy has been difficult to establish. This prospective study was designed to
      measure the reduction of fat thickness and actual volume reduction in 20 female
      patients treated with an external radiofrequency (RF) device. This device
      combines RF heat, suction coupled vacuum, and oscillating electrical pulses that
      induce adipocyte death over time. Patients underwent pre- and post-treatment and
      intercurrent measurements of weight, body mass index, ultrasonic transcutaneous
      fat thickness, and 2D and 3D Vectra photography with independent calculation of
      circumferential and volumetric change. Mean transcutaneous ultrasound thickness
      at reproducible points was 2.78 cm; at 1-month post-treatment, the mean fat
      thickness was 1.71 cm. At 3-month post-treatment, the mean fat thickness
      reduction was 39.6%. Vectra circumference measurements were taken at 10-mm
      intervals, with postural and breathing cycle control. Independent analysis of
      serial measurements from + 60 to - 70 mm showed mean abdominal circumference
      measurement of 2.3 cm. Mean abdominal volume loss was 202.4 and 428.5 cc at 1-
      and 3-month post-treatment, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed
      that permanent cell destruction was caused by irreversible electroporation.
      Pyroptosis appears to be the mechanism of action. 

PMID- 26962637
TI  - Mitochondria-targeted ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes with benzofuran group
      for live cell imaging.
AB  - Labeling and imaging mitochondria have attracted considerable interest because of
      its involvement in early stage apoptosis and necrotic cell death. Various highly
      specific and photostable fluorescent probes for mitochondria are in demand. In
      the present study, two novel Ru(II) polypyridine complexes Ru1 and Ru2 were
      developed to act as mitochondrial fluorescence probes. In comparison with the
      commercially available mitochondrial trackers, Ru1 possesses high mitochondria
      specificity, superior photostability, high resistance to the loss of
      mitochondrial membrane potential and appreciable tolerance to environmental
      change, allowing imaging of the mitochondrial morphological changes over long
      periods of time. Combined results indicate that Ru1 may contribute to the future
      development of staining agents for organelle-selective imaging in living cells.

PMID- 26962638
TI  - Origin of Photocarrier Losses in Iron Pyrite (FeS2) Nanocubes.
AB  - Iron pyrite has received significant attention due to its high optical
      absorption. However, the loss of open circuit voltage (Voc) prevents its further
      application in photovoltaics. Herein, we have studied the photophysics of pyrite
      by ultrafast laser spectroscopy to understand fundamental limitation of low Voc
      by quantifying photocarrier losses in high quality, stoichiometric, and phase
      pure {100} faceted pyrite nanocubes. We found that fast carrier localization of
      photoexcited carriers to indirect band edge and shallow trap states is
      responsible for major carrier loss. Slow relaxation component reflects high
      density of defects within the band gap which is consistent with the observed Mott
      variable range hopping (VRH) conduction from transport measurements. Magnetic
      measurements strikingly show the magnetic ordering associated with phase
      inhomogeneity, such as FeS2-delta (0 <= delta <= 1). This implies that
      improvement of iron pyrite solar cell performance lies in mitigating the
      intrinsic defects (such as sulfur vacancies) by blocking the fast carrier
      localization process. Photocarrier generation and relaxation model is presented
      by comprehensive analysis. Our results provide insight into possible defects that
      induce midgap states and facilitate rapid carrier relaxation before collection.

PMID- 26962673
TI  - Capture of CO2 on gamma-Al2O3 materials prepared by solution-combustion and ball
      milling processes.
AB  - A series of porous gamma-Al2O3 materials was prepared by solution-combustion and
      ball-milling processes. The as-prepared powders were physicochemically
      characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and
      N2 physisorption measurements and their performances in CO2 adsorption at
      different pressures (0.5 to 1.5 MPa) and temperatures (40 to 60oC) were
      investigated. It was found that gamma-Al2O3 synthesized by the solution
      combustion process and ball milled at 10 hr exhibited the best CO2 adsorption
      performance at 60oC and 1.5 MPa, achieving a maximum of 1.94 mmol/g compared to
      the four studied materials, as a result of their interesting microstructure and
      surface properties (i.e., nanocrystallinity, specific surface area, narrow pore
      size distribution, and large total pore volume). Our study shows that the gamma
      Al2O3 prepared by solution combustion followed by ball milling presents a fairly
      good potential adsorbent for efficient CO2 capture. IMPLICATIONS: In this work,
      gamma-Al2O3 materials were successfully obtained by solution combustion and
      modified via ball milling. These improved materials were systematically
      investigated as solid adsorbents of accessible surface areas, large pore volumes,
      and narrow pore size distribution for the CO2 capture. These studied solid
      adsorbents can provide an additional contribution and effort to develop an
      efficient CO2 capture method as means of alleviating the serious global warning
      problem.

PMID- 26962674
TI  - Long-Term Effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene on Microbial
      Communities in Dry Soil.
AB  - Little is known about the long-term effects of engineered carbonaceous
      nanomaterials (ECNMs) on soil microbial communities, especially when compared to
      possible effects of natural or industrial carbonaceous materials. To address
      these issues, we exposed dry grassland soil for 1 year to 1 mg g(-1) of either
      natural nanostructured material (biochar), industrial carbon black, three types
      of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), or graphene. Soil microbial biomass was
      assessed by substrate induced respiration and by extractable DNA. Bacterial and
      fungal communities were examined by terminal restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (T-RFLP). Microbial activity was assessed by soil basal respiration.
      At day 0, there was no treatment effect on soil DNA or T-RFLP profiles,
      indicating negligible interference between the amended materials and the methods
      for DNA extraction, quantification, and community analysis. After a 1-year
      exposure, compared to the no amendment control, some treatments reduced soil DNA
      (e.g., biochar, all three MWCNT types, and graphene; P < 0.05) and altered
      bacterial communities (e.g., biochar, carbon black, narrow MWCNTs, and graphene);
      however, there were no significant differences across the amended treatments.
      These findings suggest that ECNMs may moderately affect dry soil microbial
      communities but that the effects are similar to those from natural and industrial
      carbonaceous materials, even after 1-year exposure. 

PMID- 26962676
TI  - Two-Photon Activation of p-Hydroxyphenacyl Phototriggers: Toward Spatially
      Controlled Release of Diethyl Phosphate and ATP.
AB  - Two-photon activation of the p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) photoactivated protecting
      group is demonstrated for the first time using visible light at 550 nm from a
      pulsed laser. Broadband two-photon absorption measurements reveal a strong two
      photon transition (>10 GM) near 4.5 eV that closely resembles the lowest-energy
      band at the same total excitation energy in the one-photon absorption spectrum of
      the pHP chromophore. The polarization dependence of the two-photon absorption
      band is consistent with excitation to the same S3 ((1)pipi*) excited state for
      both one- and two-photon activation. Monitoring the progress of the uncaging
      reaction under nonresonant excitation at 550 nm confirms a quadratic intensity
      dependence and that two-photon activation of the uncaging reaction is possible
      using visible light in the range 500-620 nm. Deprotonation of the pHP chromophore
      under mildly basic conditions shifts the absorption band to lower energy (3.8 eV)
      in both the one- and two-photon absorption spectra, suggesting that two-photon
      activation of the pHP chromophore may be possible using light in the range 550
      720 nm. The results of these measurements open the possibility of spatially and
      temporally selective release of biologically active compounds from the pHP
      protecting group using visible light from a pulsed laser. 

PMID- 26962675
TI  - Evaluation of the immunoradiometric and electrochemiluminescence method for the
      measurement of serum insulin in children.
AB  - Human insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced, stored, and secreted by the beta
      cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Its secretion is stimulated by an
      increase of the glucose concentration in circulation. Non-radioactive assays are
      frequently used in many laboratories to measure hormone concentrations, as an
      alternative to the traditional "gold standard" radioimmuno- and immunoradiometric
      assays. The precise and reliable determination of the insulin concentration is an
      important concern in numerous diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to
      compare two commercially available assays (manual and automated) for measurement
      of serum insulin concentrations. Aliquots of the 86 randomly selected serum
      samples were measured by Elecsys Insulin Assay (cobas e411 immunoassay analyzer,
      Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and DIAsource INS-IRMA Kit (DIAsource
      ImmunoAssays S.A., Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium). Compared assays exhibit good
      correlation (r = 0.996). Insulin concentrations were on average 4.2 MU IU/mL
      lower (p < 0.05) with the cobas e411 immunoassay analyzer when compared to those
      measured with DIAsouce Immunoassay. Our findings suggest that
      electrochemiluminescence method on the cobas e411 analyzer and manual IRMA method
      offered by the DIAsource for the serum insulin determination could be considered
      interchangeable. 

PMID- 26962679
TI  - Neuropilin Controls Endothelial Differentiation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells From
      the Periodontal Ligament.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Periodontal ligament (PDL) has been reported to be a source of
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).New vascular networks from undifferentiated cells
      are essential for repair/regeneration of specialized tissues, including PDL. The
      current study aims to determine potential of CD105(+)-enriched cell subsets of
      periodontal ligament cells (PDLSCs) to differentiate into endothelial cell (EC)
      like cells and to give insights into the mechanism involved. METHODS: CD105(+)
      enriched PDLSCs were induced to EC differentiation by endothelial growth medium 2
      (EGM-2) for 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, with mRNA/protein levels and functional
      activity assessed by: 1) real-time polymerase chain reaction; 2) Western
      blotting; 3) fluorescence-activated cell sorting; 4) immunohistochemistry; 5)
      immunofluorescence; 6) matrigel; and 7) small interfering RNA assays. RESULTS:
      Data analyses demonstrated that EGM-2 treated PDLSCs presented increased
      expression of EC markers, including: 1) CD105; 2) kinase domain-containing
      receptor; and 3) Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, and were able to form cord/tube
      like structures. Gene and protein expression analysis showed that neuropilin 2
      (NRP2), a key factor for vascular development, was significantly downregulated
      during EC differentiation. NRP2 was constitutively expressed in mouse PDL tissues
      by immunohistochemistry analysis, and NRP2 knockdown in CD105(+)-enriched PDLSCs
      resulted in increased cord/tube-like structures in a matrigel assay. CONCLUSION:
      These findings demonstrated the potential of CD105(+)-enriched PDLSCs to support
      angiogenesis, and NRP2 as a pivotal factor regulating this process.

PMID- 26962678
TI  - Long-Term Follow-Up of Testicular Microlithiasis in Children and Adolescents:
      Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of the Italian Society of Pediatric Urology.
AB  - Introduction Testicular microlithiasis (TM), characterized by the presence of
      intratubular calcifications in a single or both the gonads, is an uncommon entity
      with unknown etiology and outcome in pediatric and adolescent age. In this study,
      the results of a multicenter long-term survey are presented. Materials and
      Methods From 11 units of pediatric urology/surgery, patients with TM were
      identified and yearly, followed up in a 7-year period, adopting a specific
      database. The recorded items were: age at diagnosis, presenting
      symptoms/associated abnormalities, ultrasonographic finding, surgery and
      histology at biopsy, if performed. Results Out of 85 patients, 81 were evaluated
      yearly (4 patients lost to follow-up). TM was bilateral in 66.6% of the patients.
      Associate genital abnormalities were present in 90%, more frequently
      undescended/retractile testis (23.4%) and varicocele (22.2%). TM remained
      unchanged at 4.7 years follow-up in 77 patients (93.8%) and was reduced in 4
      patients after 1 to 5 years of inguinoscrotal surgery. Orchiectomy was performed
      in three patients (3.7%), one for severe testicular hypoplasia and two for
      seminoma (2.5%), respectively, concurrent and metachronous to diagnosis of TM.
      Tumorectomy with parenchymal sparing surgery was performed in a teratoma
      associated with TM. Conclusion TM is a controversial entity, often associated
      with several inguinogenital features, which rarely can recover. Testicular
      malignancy, although present in TM, has not proven definitively associated to
      microliths. Proper counseling, yearly ultrasound, and self-examination are long
      term recommended.

PMID- 26962677
TI  - Why individual thermo sensation and pain perception varies? Clue of disruptive
      mutations in TRPVs from 2504 human genome data.
AB  - Every individual varies in character and so do their sensory functions and
      perceptions. The molecular mechanism and the molecular candidates involved in
      these processes are assumed to be similar if not same. So far several molecular
      factors have been identified which are fairly conserved across the phylogenetic
      tree and are involved in these complex sensory functions. Among all, members
      belonging to Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels have been widely
      characterized for their involvement in thermo-sensation. These include TRPV1 to
      TRPV4 channels which reveal complex thermo-gating behavior in response to changes
      in temperature. The molecular evolution of these channels is highly correlative
      with the thermal response of different species. However, recent 2504 human genome
      data suggest that these thermo-sensitive TRPV channels are highly variable and
      carry possible deleterious mutations in human population. These unexpected
      findings may explain the individual differences in terms of complex sensory
      functions.

PMID- 26962680
TI  - Zn-Cu-In-Se Quantum Dot Solar Cells with a Certified Power Conversion Efficiency
      of 11.6%.
AB  - The enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and the development of toxic
      Cd-, Pb-free quantum dots (QDs) are critical for the prosperity of QD-based solar
      cells. It is known that the properties (such as light harvesting range, band gap
      alignment, density of trap state defects, etc.) of QD light harvesters play a
      crucial effect on the photovoltaic performance of QD based solar cells. Herein,
      high quality ~4 nm Cd-, Pb-free Zn-Cu-In-Se alloyed QDs with an absorption onset
      extending to ~1000 nm were developed as effective light harvesters to construct
      quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Due to the small particle size, the
      developed QD sensitizer can be efficiently immobilized on TiO2 film electrode in
      less than 0.5 h. An average PCE of 11.66% and a certified PCE of 11.61% have been
      demonstrated in the QDSCs based on these Zn-Cu-In-Se QDs. The remarkably improved
      photovoltaic performance for Zn-Cu-In-Se QDSCs vs Cu-In-Se QDSCs (11.66% vs 9.54%
      in PCE) is mainly derived from the higher conduction band edge, which favors the
      photogenerated electron extraction and results in higher photocurrent, and the
      alloyed structure of Zn-Cu-In-Se QD light harvester, which benefits the
      suppression of charge recombination at photoanode/electrolyte interfaces and thus
      improves the photovoltage.

PMID- 26962681
TI  - Rescue from early-onset hearing loss in a mouse model lacking the cyclin
      dependent kinase inhibitor p19Ink4d.

PMID- 26962682
TI  - Critical B-lymphoid cell intrinsic role of endogenous MCL-1 in c-MYC-induced
      lymphomagenesis.
AB  - Evasion of apoptosis is critical for tumorigenesis, and sustained survival of
      nascent neoplastic cells may depend upon the endogenous levels of pro-survival
      BCL-2 family members. Indeed, previous studies using gene-targeted mice revealed
      that BCL-XL, but surprisingly not BCL-2, is critical for the development of c-MYC
      induced pre-B/B lymphomas. However, it remains unclear whether another pro
      survival BCL-2 relative contributes to their development. MCL-1 is an intriguing
      candidate, because it is required for cell survival during early B-lymphocyte
      differentiation. It is expressed abnormally high in several types of human B-cell
      lymphomas and is implicated in their resistance to chemotherapy. To test the B
      cell intrinsic requirement for endogenous MCL-1 in lymphoma development, we
      conditionally deleted Mcl-1 in B-lymphoid cells of EMU-Myc transgenic mice. We
      found that MCL-1 loss in early B-lymphoid progenitors delayed MYC-driven
      lymphomagenesis. Moreover, the lymphomas that arose when MCL-1 levels were
      diminished appeared to have been selected for reduced levels of BIM and/or
      increased levels of BCL-XL. These results underscore the importance of MCL-1 in
      lymphoma development and show that alterations in the levels of other cell death
      regulators can compensate for deficiencies in MCL-1 expression. 

PMID- 26962683
TI  - IL10 inhibits starvation-induced autophagy in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts via
      cross talk between the IL10-IL10R-STAT3 and IL10-AKT-mTOR pathways.
AB  - Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a serious skin fibrotic disease characterized by
      excessive hypercellularity and extracellular matrix (ECM) component deposition.
      Autophagy is a tightly regulated physiological process essential for cellular
      maintenance, differentiation, development, and homeostasis. Previous studies show
      that IL10 has potential therapeutic benefits in terms of preventing and reducing
      HS formation. However, no studies have examined IL10-mediated autophagy during
      the pathological process of HS formation. Here, we examined the effect of IL10 on
      starvation-induced autophagy and investigated the molecular mechanism underlying
      IL10-mediated inhibition of autophagy in HS-derived fibroblasts (HSFs) under
      starvation conditions. Immunostaining and PCR analysis revealed that a specific
      component of the IL10 receptor, IL10 alpha-chain (IL10Ralpha), is expressed in
      HSFs. Transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis revealed that
      IL10 inhibited starvation-induced autophagy and induced the expression of p-AKT
      and p-STAT3 in HSFs in a dose-dependent manner. Blocking IL10R, p-AKT, p-mTOR,
      and p-STAT3 using specific inhibitors (IL10RB, LY294002, rapamycin, and
      cryptotanshinone, respectively) showed that IL10 inhibited autophagy via
      IL10Ralpha-mediated activation of STAT3 (the IL10R-STAT3 pathway) and by directly
      activating the AKT-mTOR pathway. Notably, these results suggest that IL10
      mediated inhibition of autophagy is facilitated by the cross talk between STAT3,
      AKT, and mTOR; in other words, the IL10-IL10R-STAT3 and IL10-AKT-mTOR pathways.
      Finally, the results also indicate that mTOR-p70S6K is the molecule upon which
      these two pathways converge to induce IL10-mediated inhibition of autophagy in
      starved HSFs. In summary, the findings reported herein shed light on the
      molecular mechanism underlying IL10-mediated inhibition of autophagy and suggest
      that IL10 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HS. 

PMID- 26962684
TI  - The oncolytic peptide LTX-315 triggers immunogenic cell death.
AB  - LTX-315 is a cationic amphilytic peptide that preferentially permeabilizes
      mitochondrial membranes, thereby causing partially BAX/BAK1-regulated, caspase
      independent necrosis. Based on the observation that intratumorally injected LTX
      315 stimulates a strong T lymphocyte-mediated anticancer immune response, we
      investigated whether LTX-315 may elicit the hallmarks of immunogenic cell death
      (ICD), namely (i) exposure of calreticulin on the plasma membrane surface, (ii)
      release of ATP into the extracellular space, (iii) exodus of HMGB1 from the
      nucleus, and (iv) induction of a type-1 interferon response. Using a panel of
      biosensor cell lines and robotized fluorescence microscopy coupled to automatic
      image analysis, we observed that LTX-315 induces all known ICD characteristics.
      This conclusion was validated by several independent methods including
      immunofluorescence stainings (for calreticulin), bioluminescence assays (for
      ATP), immunoassays (for HMGB1), and RT-PCRs (for type-1 interferon induction).
      When injected into established cancers, LTX-315 caused a transiently hemorrhagic
      focal necrosis that was accompanied by massive release of HMGB1 (from close-to
      all cancer cells), as well as caspase-3 activation in a fraction of the cells.
      LTX-315 was at least as efficient as the positive control, the anthracycline
      mitoxantrone (MTX), in inducing local inflammation with infiltration by myeloid
      cells and T lymphocytes. Collectively, these results support the idea that LTX
      315 can induce ICD, hence explaining its capacity to mediate immune-dependent
      therapeutic effects. 

PMID- 26962685
TI  - Overcoming MITF-conferred drug resistance through dual AURKA/MAPK targeting in
      human melanoma cells.
AB  - MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) is a frequently amplified
      lineage-specific oncogene in human melanoma, whose role in intrinsic drug
      resistance has not been systematically investigated. Utilizing chemical
      inhibitors for major signaling pathways/cellular processes, we witness MITF as an
      elicitor of intrinsic drug resistance. To search kinase(s) targets able to bypass
      MITF-conferred drug resistance, we employed a multi-kinase inhibitor-directed
      chemical proteomics-based differential affinity screen in human melanocytes
      carrying ectopic MITF overexpression. A subsequent methodical interrogation
      informed mitotic Ser/Thr kinase Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) as a crucial regulator of
      melanoma cell proliferation and migration, independent of the underlying
      molecular alterations, including TP53 functional status and MITF levels.
      Crucially, assessing the efficacy of investigational AURKA inhibitor MLN8237, we
      pre-emptively witness the procurement of a molecular program consistent with
      acquired drug resistance. This involved induction of multiple MAPK (mitogen
      activated protein kinase) signaling pathway components and their downstream
      proliferation effectors (Cyclin D1 and c-JUN) and apoptotic regulators (MITF and
      Bcl-2). A concomitant AURKA/BRAF and AURKA/MEK targeting overcame MAPK signaling
      activation-associated resistance signature in BRAF- and NRAS-mutated melanomas,
      respectively, and elicited heightened anti-proliferative activity and apoptotic
      cell death. These findings reveal a previously unreported MAPK signaling-mediated
      mechanism of immediate resistance to AURKA inhibitors. These findings could bear
      significant implications for the application and the success of anti-AURKA
      approaches that have already entered phase-II clinical trials for human melanoma.

PMID- 26962687
TI  - MiR-125a-5p decreases after long non-coding RNA HOTAIR knockdown to promote
      cancer cell apoptosis by releasing caspase 2.
AB  - HOTAIR (homeobox transcript antisense RNA), one of the prototypical long non
      coding RNAs, has been verified overexpressed in multiple carcinomas and has
      emerged as a promising novel anticancer target. Its well-established role is
      acting as a predictor of poor prognosis and promoting cancer cell metastasis.
      Recently, another important mission of HOTAIR was uncovered that targeting HOTAIR
      caused cancer cell apoptosis. Nevertheless, so far there is no published data
      elaborating the mechanism. Here, we report that microRNA miR-125a-5p decreases
      and releases caspase 2 to promote cancer cell apoptosis after HOTAIR knockdown.
      We applied siRNAs targeting HOTAIR to various cancer cells, and observed
      apoptosis in all of these cell lines. RNA sequencing detected that miR-125a-5p
      was decreased after HOTAIR knockdown and miR-125a-5p mimics could rescue the
      apoptosis induced by HOTAIR deficiency. Luciferase assays identified caspase 2,
      an initiator caspase, to be a new target of miR-125a-5p. Elevated expression and
      subsequent cleavage of caspase 2 was observed after HOTAIR knockdown or
      inhibition of miR-125a-5p. RNAi of caspase 2 could attenuate the apoptosis
      induced by HOTAIR knockdown. In 80 clinical colon cancer tissues, HOTAIR and miR
      125a-5p levels were higher than adjacent tissues, whereas caspase 2 was lower.
      MiR-125a-5p expression level was significantly correlated with colon tumor size,
      lymph node metastasis and clinical stage. These findings indicate that miR-125a
      5p decreases after HOTAIR knockdown to promote cancer cell apoptosis by releasing
      caspase 2. Our work reveals a previously unidentified apoptotic mechanism, which
      might be exploitable in anticancer drug development. 

PMID- 26962689
TI  - NGF FLIPs TrkA onto the death TRAIL in neuroblastoma cells.

PMID- 26962688
TI  - Diet-driven interferon-gamma enhances malignant transformation of primary bovine
      mammary epithelial cells through nutrient sensor GCN2-activated autophagy.

PMID- 26962686
TI  - Wnt activation protects against neomycin-induced hair cell damage in the mouse
      cochlea.
AB  - Recent studies have reported the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in hair cell
      (HC) development, regeneration, and differentiation in the mouse cochlea;
      however, the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in HC protection remains unknown.
      In this study, we took advantage of transgenic mice to specifically knockout or
      overactivate the canonical Wnt signaling mediator beta-catenin in HCs, which
      allowed us to investigate the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in protecting
      HCs against neomycin-induced damage. We first showed that loss of beta-catenin in
      HCs made them more vulnerable to neomycin-induced injury, while constitutive
      activation of beta-catenin in HCs reduced HC loss both in vivo and in vitro. We
      then showed that loss of beta-catenin in HCs increased caspase-mediated apoptosis
      induced by neomycin injury, while beta-catenin overexpression inhibited caspase
      mediated apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrated that loss of beta-catenin in HCs led
      to increased expression of forkhead box O3 transcription factor (Foxo3) and Bim
      along with decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes; thus, there were
      increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after neomycin treatment that
      might be responsible for the increased aminoglycoside sensitivity of HCs. In
      contrast, beta-catenin overexpression reduced Foxo3 and Bim expression and ROS
      levels, suggesting that beta-catenin is protective against neomycin-induced HC
      loss. Our findings demonstrate that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has an important
      role in protecting HCs against neomycin-induced HC loss and thus might be a new
      therapeutic target for the prevention of HC death. 

PMID- 26962690
TI  - A long non-coding RNA interacts with Gfra1 and maintains survival of mouse
      spermatogonial stem cells.
AB  - Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are unique male germline stem cells that support
      spermatogenesis and male fertility. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been
      identified as key regulators of stem cell fate; however, their role in SSCs has
      not been explored. Here, we report that a novel spermatogonia-specific lncRNA
      (lncRNA033862) is essential for the survival of murine SSCs. LncRNA033862 is
      expressed in early spermatogonia including SSC and was among 805 lncRNAs
      identified by global expression profiling as responsive to glial cell-derived
      neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a growth factor required for SSC self-renewal and
      survival. LncRNA033862 is an antisense transcript of the GDNF receptor alpha1
      (Gfra1) that lacks protein coding potential and regulates Gfra1 expression levels
      by interacting with Gfra1 chromatin. Importantly, lncRNA033862 knockdown severely
      impairs SSC survival and their capacity to repopulate recipient testes in a
      transplantation assay. Collectively, our data provide the first evidence that
      long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate SSC fate. 

PMID- 26962691
TI  - Genetic Analysis of the Rhodopsin Gene Identifies a Mosaic Dominant Retinitis
      Pigmentosa Mutation in a Healthy Individual.
AB  - PURPOSE: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of clinically and genetically
      heterogeneous hereditary retinal diseases that result in blindness due to
      photoreceptor degeneration. Mutations in the rhodopsin (RHO) gene are the most
      common cause of autosomal dominant RP (adRP) and are responsible for 16% to 35%
      of adRP cases in the Western population. Our purpose was to investigate the
      contribution of RHO to adRP in the Israeli and Palestinian populations. METHODS:
      Thirty-two adRP families participated in the study. Mutation detection was
      performed by whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing of RHO exons.
      Fluorescence PCR reactions of serially diluted samples were used to predict the
      percentage of mosaic cells in blood samples. RESULTS: Eight RHO disease-causing
      mutations were identified in nine families, with only one novel mutation, c.548
      638dup91bp, identified in a family where WES failed to detect any causal variant.
      Segregation analysis revealed that the origin of the mutation is in a mosaic
      healthy individual carrying the mutation in approximately 13% of blood cells.
      CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the mutation spectrum of a known adRP
      gene in the Israeli and Palestinian populations, leading to the identification of
      seven previously reported mutations and one novel mutation. Our study shows that
      RHO mutations are a major cause of adRP in this cohort and are responsible for
      28% of adRP families. The novel mutation exhibits a unique phenomenon in which an
      unaffected individual is mosaic for an adRP-causing mutation.

PMID- 26962692
TI  - The Stereoscopic Anisotropy Develops During Childhood.
AB  - PURPOSE: Human vision has a puzzling stereoscopic anisotropy: horizontal depth
      corrugations are easier to detect than vertical depth corrugations. To date,
      little is known about the function or the underlying mechanism responsible for
      this anisotropy. Here, we aim to find out whether this anisotropy is independent
      of age. To answer this, we compare detection thresholds for horizontal and
      vertical depth corrugations as a function of age. METHODS: The depth corrugations
      were defined solely by the horizontal disparity of random dot patterns. The
      disparities depicted a horizontal or vertical sinusoidal depth corrugation of
      spatial frequency 0.1 cyc/deg. Detection thresholds were obtained using Bayesian
      adaptive staircases from a total of 159 subjects aged from 3 to 73 years. For
      each participant we computed the anisotropy index, defined as the log10-ratio of
      the detection threshold for vertical corrugations divided by that for horizontal.
      RESULTS: Anisotropy index was highly variable between individuals but was
      positive in 87% of the participants. There was a significant correlation between
      anisotropy index and log-age (r = 0.21, P = 0.008) mainly driven by a significant
      difference between children and adults. In 67 children aged 3 to 13 years, the
      mean anisotropy index was 0.34 +/- 0.38 (mean +/- SD, meaning that vertical
      thresholds were on average 2.2 times the horizontal ones), compared with 0.59 +/-
      0.55 in 84 adults aged 18 to 73 years (vertical 3.9 times horizontal). This was
      mainly driven by a decline in the sensitivity to vertical corrugations. Children
      had poorer stereoacuity than adults, but had similar sensitivity to adults for
      horizontal corrugations and were actually more sensitive than adults to vertical
      corrugations. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that adults show stronger stereo anisotropy
      than children raises the possibility that visual experience plays a critical role
      in developing and strengthening the stereo anisotropy.

PMID- 26962693
TI  - Paclitaxel Associated With Lipid Nanoparticles as a New Antiscarring Agent in
      Experimental Glaucoma Surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of paclitaxel associated with lipid
      nanoemulsions (LDE-PTX) on postoperative scarring in rabbits undergoing
      trabeculectomy. METHODS: Thirty-four rabbits that underwent trabeculectomy were
      allocated to four groups: LDE-PTX/SC (n = 9), treated with LDE-PTX (1.5 mg,
      intraoperative subconjunctival injection); LDE-PTX/IV (n = 9), treated with LDE
      PTX (4 mg/kg per day intravenously) at the end of the surgery and once per week
      for 3 weeks; MMC (n = 9), treated with intraoperative 0.4 mg/mL mitomycin-C for 3
      minutes; and control group (CTL, n = 7), without treatment. Bleb characteristics
      and IOP were evaluated over 4 weeks. Animals were killed on day 28. Histologic
      analyses were performed to assess the amount of scarring and toxicity to the
      conjunctiva and ciliary body. RESULTS: Groups were similar with respect to IOP
      and anterior chamber depth during the 28-day observation period. The LDE-PTX/SC,
      LDE-PTX/IV, and MMC groups showed greater bleb height than CTL on days 14 and 21
      (P < 0.001). The LDE-PTX/SC, LDE-PTX/IV, and MMC groups showed longer bleb
      survival time than CTL (P < 0.001). The LDE-PTX/SC, LDE-PTX/IV, and MMC groups
      were equally effective in reducing fibrosis (P < 0.001), number of blood vessels
      (P < 0.001), and chronic inflammatory cells (P < 0.01) at the surgical site.
      However, LDE-PTX/SC and LDE-PTX/IV treatments had lower conjunctival (P < 0.001)
      and ciliary body toxicity (P < 0.01), compared with MMC. CONCLUSIONS: The LDE
      PTX/SC was effective in reducing the scarring process following trabeculectomy to
      the same extent as MMC, but with considerably less toxicity to the conjunctiva
      and ciliary body. The LDE-PTX/IV was somewhat less effective than LDE-PTX/SC or
      MMC, but could have potential as a postoperative adjuvant treatment. Therefore,
      the LDE-PTX preparation in both administration routes may offer promising options
      for wound-healing modulation in the surgical treatment of glaucoma.

PMID- 26962694
TI  - Prevalence and Associations of Anisometropia in Children.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe prevalence and associations of anisometropia in children.
      METHODS: The cross-sectional school-based study included children aged 4 to 18
      years. RESULTS: The study included 6025 (94.7%) of 6364 eligible children. Mean
      refractive anisometropia was 0.37 +/- 0.57 diopters (median: 0.25 diopters;
      range: 0-7.88 diopters; prevalence [>=1 diopter]: 7.0% +/- 0.3%). In multivariate
      analysis (regression coefficient r: 0.66), higher refractive anisometropia was
      associated with older age (P < 0.001; beta: 0.07; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02),
      higher maternal education level (P < 0.001; beta: 0.04; B: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01
      0.03), more total time spent indoors reading or writing (P = 0.001; beta: 0.04;
      B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), larger intereye difference in axial length (P <
      0.001; beta: 0.57; B: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.15-1.24), shorter mean axial length of both
      eyes (P = 0.03; beta: -0.03; B: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.03 to -0.001), larger intereye
      difference in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P < 0.001; beta: 0.14; B:
      1.83; 95% CI: 1.54-2.12), and lower stereoacuity (P < 0.001; beta: 0.08; B: 0.31;
      95% CI: 0.22-0.39). Refractive anisometropia showed a U-shaped correlation with
      refractive error. Higher anisomyopia was associated (r: 0.57) with older age (P =
      0.001; beta: 0.05; B: 0.006; 95% CI: 0.002-0.009), higher level of paternal
      education (P = 0.001; beta: 0.01; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01-0.02), more total time
      spent indoors reading or writing (P = 0.01; beta: 0.03; B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.00
      0.01), larger intereye difference in axial length (P < 0.001; beta: 0.22; B:
      0.26; 95% CI: 0.23-0.29), greater myopic refractive error (P < 0.001; beta: 
      0.46; B: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.07), and lower corneal astigmatism (P <
      0.001; beta: -0.10; B: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.05). In the same multivariate
      model, hyperopic anisometropia was not significantly associated with time spent
      indoors with reading (P = 0.18). Cylindrical anisometropia (mean: 0.30 +/- 0.32
      diopters; prevalence [>=1 diopter]: 3.7% +/- 0.2%) increased with higher
      refractive anisometropia (P < 0.001; beta: 0.16; B: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.08-0.11),
      greater myopic refractive error (P < 0.001; beta: -0.06; B: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.01
      to -0.01), higher corneal astigmatism (P < 0.001; beta: -0.22; B: -0.15; 95% CI: 
      0.17 to -0.13), and lower mean BCVA (P < 0.001; beta: 0.11; B: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.68
      1.17). CONCLUSIONS: In 4- to 18-year-old children, refractive anisometropia and
      anisomyopia increased with systemic parameters such as age, parental education
      level, and lifestyle of the children, for example, more time spent indoors
      reading or writing. In contrast, hyperopic anisometropia and cylindrical
      anisometropia were not related with lifestyle parameters.

PMID- 26962695
TI  - Formation of Macular Inner Nuclear Layer Cysts in Optic Atrophy.

PMID- 26962697
TI  - Comparison of the Pattern of Macular Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Defect
      Between Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Open-Angle Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the pattern of macular ganglion cell plus inner plexiform
      layer (GCIPL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness
      changes in moderate to severe primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with
      nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) using optical coherence
      tomography (OCT) auto-segmentation. METHODS: A total of 138 eyes (42 eyes with
      chronic unilateral NAION and their 42 unaffected fellow eyes, 32 eyes of 32
      moderate to severe glaucoma patients, and 22 eyes of 22 healthy normal subjects)
      underwent neuro-ophthalmologic examinations and spectral-domain OCT in a cross
      sectional study at a single academic institution. GCIPL and total retinal
      thicknesses were obtained from 20 degrees  by 20 degrees  cube scans of the
      macula centered around the fovea. The scanned region was divided into two
      concentric regions (inner and outer, with diameters of 3 and 6 mm, respectively)
      and eight sectors (four sectors in each of the inner and outer regions).
      Peripapillary RNFL thickness was also measured. RESULTS: Peripapillary RNFL,
      total macula, and GCIPL were significantly thinner in NAION and POAG eyes
      compared to unaffected fellow eyes of NAION and to age-matched healthy control
      eyes in all eight sectors (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in
      peripapillary RNFL, total macula, and outer region GCIPL thicknesses between the
      affected eyes of the patients with NAION and glaucoma patients. However, the
      inner region GCIPL was significantly thinner in NAION eyes compared to POAG eyes
      after adjusting for age, sex, and mean deviation of the visual field (P = 0.001).
      Also, the GCIPL sector thicknesses were more strongly correlated with visual
      acuity than were the macular sectors in all patients (most sectors P <= 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients with NAION show differences in the tissue damage with
      greater loss of parafoveal GCIPL tissue thickness compared to patients with POAG.

PMID- 26962696
TI  - The Ocular Surface in Medically Controlled Glaucoma: An In Vivo Confocal Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study clinical and in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM)
      ocular surface findings in stable, medically controlled primary open-angle
      glaucoma (MCPOAG) patients. METHODS: We recruited 100 consecutive patients with
      MCPOAG and 50 healthy controls. Patients had to have been treated with the same
      medical regimen without variation for the 18 months before enrollment and were
      excluded if there was a history of dry eye prior to glaucoma diagnosis. Each
      participant underwent ocular surface clinical and LSCM examination. RESULTS: In
      MCPOAG patients, subbasal nerve length and tortuosity and dendritic cell density
      were increased compared to controls (P < 0.01), but there were no clinical
      abnormalities. Patients treated with preserved drugs (n = 80) had reduced tear
      film breakup time (P < 0.05, ANOVA), and those preserved with benzalkonium
      chloride (n = 72) had reduced Schirmer test values (P < 0.001). Patients (n = 50)
      treated with two or more drugs had increased lissamine green conjunctival
      staining (P < 0.001, LSD post hoc test). Patients (n = 29) treated with three or
      more eye drops daily had decreased Schirmer test values. Laser scanning confocal
      microscopy showed subbasal changes related to preservatives, type and number of
      drugs, and number of eye drops. CONCLUSIONS: In stable MCPOAG patients without
      dry eye history, the ocular surface changes due to antiglaucoma medications are
      mostly subclinical. Active ingredients, preservatives, number of concomitant
      drugs, and number of eye drops instilled per day are all elements that can induce
      ocular surface changes. The clinical relevance of these changes remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 26962698
TI  - Potential Therapeutic Agents Against Retinal Diseases Caused by Aberrant
      Metabolism of Retinoids.
AB  - The retinoid (visual) cycle is a complex enzymatic pathway that operates in the
      retina for the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal (11-cis-Ral), the inherent visual
      chromophore indispensable for vision. Deficiencies in the retinoid metabolism are
      involved in pathologic mechanisms of several forms of retinal diseases including
      age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt's disease, and Leber's congenital
      amaurosis, for which no effective cures presently exist. Nevertheless, the
      interference of abnormal retinoid metabolism with chemicals has been considered
      to be a promising strategy aimed at alleviating these retinal dysfunctions.
      Moreover, since gene therapy is gaining increasing importance in clinical
      practice, the modulation of key enzymes implicated with the retinoid cycle at a
      genetic level will hold great promise for the treatment of patients with
      degenerative diseases of the retina. 

PMID- 26962699
TI  - The Effect of Electric Cross-Talk in Retinal Neurostimulation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of electric field shaping in modulating the
      extent and activation threshold in retinal neurostimulation. This study aims to
      quantify the interference of neighboring stimulation sites by assessing the shift
      in the activation threshold produced by a concomitant interfering stimulus.
      METHODS: Electrical stimuli were applied to healthy retinae in a feline model (n
      = 4) using a 24-channel electrode array surgically implanted in the
      suprachoroidal space. A 96-channel penetrating electrode array was used for
      recording cortical responses to a number of stimulation paradigms. Data were
      analyzed offline. Concurrent monopolar and hexapolar stimuli were delivered at
      primary and interfering sites separated by up to 2.19 mm to evaluate electric
      cross-talk. The spike rate was fit to a sigmoidal curve to estimate the P50
      threshold. The slope of the linear regression of the P50 value versus interfering
      current level was considered as a measure of cross-talk. RESULTS: Concurrent
      monopolar stimulation produced a proportional drop in the P50 of approximately
      20% of the interfering current level in presence of a primary monopolar and
      hexapolar stimulus. On the other hand, hexapolar interference did not alter
      activation thresholds at the primary site. CONCLUSIONS: Hexapolar stimulation
      reduces electric cross-talk between neighboring sites and represents a technique
      to reduce interference between individual stimulation sites. In contrast,
      concurrent monopolar stimulation produces a reduction of the activation threshold
      of stimuli delivered nearby. Thus, a single source of subthreshold monopolar
      charge injection can provide benefit in the form of significant threshold
      reduction simultaneously at multiple stimulation sites.

PMID- 26962701
TI  - A Diagnostic Calculator for Detecting Glaucoma and False Positive Using Cirrus
      OCT.

PMID- 26962700
TI  - PGC-1alpha Induces Human RPE Oxidative Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity.
AB  - PURPOSE: Oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation of the RPE have been
      implicated in AMD; however, the molecular regulation of RPE metabolism remains
      unclear. The transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated
      receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a powerful mediator of
      mitochondrial function. This study examines the ability of PGC-1alpha to regulate
      RPE metabolic program and oxidative stress response. METHODS: Primary human fetal
      RPE (hfRPE) and ARPE-19 were matured in vitro using standard culture conditions.
      Mitochondrial mass of RPE was measured using MitoTracker staining and citrate
      synthase activity. Expression of PGC-1 isoforms, RPE-specific genes, oxidative
      metabolism proteins, and antioxidant enzymes was analyzed by quantitative PCR and
      Western blot. Mitochondrial respiration and fatty-acid oxidation were monitored
      using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Expression of PGC-1alpha was
      increased using adenoviral delivery. ARPE-19 were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to
      induce oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species were measured by CM-H2DCFDA
      fluorescence. Cell death was analyzed by LDH release. RESULTS: Maturation of ARPE
      19 and hfRPE was associated with significant increase in mitochondrial mass,
      expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes, and PGC-1alpha gene
      expression. Overexpression of PGC-1alpha increased expression of OXPHOS and fatty
      acid beta-oxidation genes, ultimately leading to the potent induction of
      mitochondrial respiration and fatty-acid oxidation. PGC-1alpha gain of function
      also strongly induced numerous antioxidant genes and, importantly, protected RPE
      from oxidant-mediated cell death without altering RPE functions. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study provides important insights into the metabolic changes associated with
      RPE functional maturation and identifies PGC-1alpha as a potent driver of RPE
      mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity.

PMID- 26962704
TI  - Rediscovering the therapeutic use of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review will focus on new information obtained on how to
      apply glucocorticoids in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, aiming at an
      optimal risk-benefit ratio. Moreover, advances in the development of new
      preparations such as liposomal glucocorticoids will be discussed. RECENT
      FINDINGS: In early rheumatoid arthritis, treatment regimens with a disease
      modifying drug and initially medium-dose glucocorticoids (>7.5 but <=30 mg
      prednisone equivalent) are noninferior compared with regimens with disease
      modifying drugs and initially high-dose glucocorticoids (>30 mg prednisone
      equivalent) and have repeatedly been proven to be more effective than
      methotrexate monotherapy. Use of glucocorticoids following such a scheme during a
      period of 6 months to 2 years was not associated with increased mortality, nor
      with substantial bone loss if bone protective measures had been taken. New drug
      delivery systems, and in particular long-circulating liposomes, aiming at
      enhancing the biodistribution and the target site accumulation of glucocorticoids
      and thereby improving the balance between their efficacy and toxicity, are
      promising; more results on the effects in rheumatoid arthritis patients are
      expected to be reported during the years to come. SUMMARY: Combination therapy
      including methotrexate and glucocorticoids should be the initial treatment in
      patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment regimens including medium
      dose glucocorticoids are noninferior compared with regimens with initially high
      dose glucocorticoids. Studies on new glucocorticoid preparations and new drug
      delivery systems improving the balance between efficacy and toxicity of
      glucocorticoid therapy are ongoing.

PMID- 26962702
TI  - Immunization practices in acute lymphocytic leukemia and post-hematopoietic stem
      cell transplant in Canadian Pediatric Hematology/Oncology centers.
AB  - There are no Canadian immunization guidelines for children treated for
      malignancy. Guidelines do exist for patients who underwent hematopoietic stem
      cell transplant (HSCT), but they provide broad timeframes for initiating
      vaccination; there is no standard schedule. The optimal approach to immunization
      in these populations is unclear. We sought to describe immunization practices at
      Canadian Pediatric Hematology/Oncology centers. A 43-item online questionnaire
      was distributed to the 16 programs in the C(17) research network of pediatric
      hematology/oncology centers to capture information on timing and criteria for
      immunization of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and those who have
      undergone HSCT. At each center, 1-2 physicians or pharmacists completed the
      survey to reflect center-wide immunization practices. Responses were received
      from 11/16 (69%) programs; 11 respondents reported on practices for patients with
      ALL and 9 reported on practices for patients who are post-HSCT. In 5/11 ALL
      programs (45%) re-immunization is recommended routinely after chemotherapy,
      starting 3-6 months post-chemotherapy. In HSCT programs, timing of pneumococcal
      conjugate vaccination (PCV) varied from 3 months post-HSCT (4 programs) to 12
      months post-HSCT (4 programs). Live vaccines were administered 24 months post
      HSCT in 8/9 programs. All HSCT programs considered graft-versus-host-disease and
      7 considered discontinuation of immunosuppression in immunization decisions.
      Pediatric hematology/oncology programs were divided in regards to re-immunization
      of patients with ALL post-chemotherapy. After HSCT, timing of PCV administration
      varied, with 4 programs initiating immunization later than Canadian guidelines
      recommend (3-9 months post-HSCT). These findings suggest a need to standardize
      immunization practices in these populations.

PMID- 26962706
TI  - Adult hypophosphatasia.

PMID- 26962705
TI  - What is the evidence for Sjogren's syndrome being triggered by viral infection?
      Subplot: infections that cause clinical features of Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To clarify the involvement of viral infections in the
      pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome and to discuss whether viruses can be a
      trigger for the development of Sjogren's syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS: Although some
      viruses are candidate triggers of Sjogren's syndrome, we focus on human T
      lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Clinicoepidemiological studies show a
      relationship between HTLV-I and Sjogren's syndrome with a low frequency of
      salivary gland damage in magnetic resonance imaging, autoantibody production and
      ectopic germinal center in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) patients with
      Sjogren's syndrome. Our recent study showed that HTLV-I has the potential to
      infect salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs). After a coculture of HCT-5 (an
      HTLV-I-infected T-cell line derived from the cerebrospinal fluid) of an HAM
      patient and SGECs, we observed time-dependent increases in the levels of soluble
      intracellular adhesion molecule1, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 kDa and
      regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted. In addition, SGECs
      themselves express these molecules along with the expression of HTLV-I proteins.
      SUMMARY: HTLV-I is involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I-seropositive patients
      with Sjogren's syndrome. By infecting CD4 T cells in vivo, HTLV-I induces
      specific clinicopathological conditions. In addition, HTLV-I-infected SGECs have
      the potential to augment the expression of molecules involved in cell adhesion,
      inflammation and migration.

PMID- 26962707
TI  - Recent advances in the management of pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma.
AB  - Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a unique and biologically fascinating
      group of poorly differentiated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however it is
      highly aggressive with poor overall survival compared to other types of NSCLC.
      Radical surgery remains the standard of care for early localized disease but this
      has shown to result in high recurrence rates. Traditional palliative chemotherapy
      is associated with poor response in advanced/metastatic PSC. Recent comprehensive
      genetic studies and clinical observations are starting to elucidate the key
      oncogenic underpinnings of PSC. In particular, the recent identification of
      frequent genetic alterations of the MET gene leading to exon 14 skipping have
      yielded actionable targets for intervention with available MET inhibitors for a
      subset of PSC patients. Immunotherapy against immune checkpoints, such as anti
      PD1/PD-L1 agents, have also raised great interest for the management of PSC. A
      growing understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of PSC is rapidly yielding
      novel approaches for the treatment of this deadly malignancy.

PMID- 26962703
TI  - Loss of the integral nuclear envelope protein SUN1 induces alteration of
      nucleoli.
AB  - A supervised machine learning algorithm, which is qualified for image
      classification and analyzing similarities, is based on multiple discriminative
      morphological features that are automatically assembled during the learning
      processes. The algorithm is suitable for population-based analysis of images of
      biological materials that are generally complex and heterogeneous. Here we used
      the algorithm wndchrm to quantify the effects on nucleolar morphology of the loss
      of the components of nuclear envelope in a human mammary epithelial cell line.
      The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, an assembly of
      nuclear envelope proteins comprising mainly members of the SUN and nesprin
      families, connects the nuclear lamina and cytoskeletal filaments. The components
      of the LINC complex are markedly deficient in breast cancer tissues. We found
      that a reduction in the levels of SUN1, SUN2, and lamin A/C led to significant
      changes in morphologies that were computationally classified using wndchrm with
      approximately 100% accuracy. In particular, depletion of SUN1 caused nucleolar
      hypertrophy and reduced rRNA synthesis. Further, wndchrm revealed a consistent
      negative correlation between SUN1 expression and the size of nucleoli in human
      breast cancer tissues. Our unbiased morphological quantitation strategies using
      wndchrm revealed an unexpected link between the components of the LINC complex
      and the morphologies of nucleoli that serves as an indicator of the malignant
      phenotype of breast cancer cells. 

PMID- 26962708
TI  - Changes in hydraulic conductance cause the difference in growth response to short
      term salt stress between salt-tolerant and -sensitive black gram (Vigna mungo)
      varieties.
AB  - Black gram (Vigna mungo) is an important crop in Asia, However, most black gram
      varieties are salt-sensitive. The causes of varietal differences in salt-induced
      growth reduction between two black gram varieties, 'U-Taung-2' (salt-tolerant;
      BT) and 'Mut Pe Khaing To' (salt-sensitive; BS), were examined the potential for
      the first step toward the genetic improvement of salt tolerance. Seedlings grown
      in vermiculite irrigated with full-strength Hoagland solution were treated with
      0mM NaCl (control) or 225 mM NaCl for up to 10 days. In the 225 mM NaCl
      treatment, plant growth rate, net assimilation rate, mean leaf area, leaf water
      potential, and leaf photosynthesis were reduced more in BS than in BT plants.
      Leaf water potential was closely related to leaf photosynthesis, net assimilation
      rate, and increase in leaf area. In response to salinity stress, hydraulic
      conductance of the root, stem, and petiole decreased more strongly in BS than in
      BT plants. The reduction in stem and petiole hydraulic conductance was caused by
      cavitation, whereas the reduction in root hydraulic conductance in BS plants was
      caused by a reduction in root surface area and hydraulic conductivity. We
      conclude that the different reduction in hydraulic conductance is a cause of the
      differences in the growth response between the two black gram varieties under
      short-term salt stress.

PMID- 26962709
TI  - Alternative oxidase pathway is involved in the exogenous SNP-elevated tolerance
      of Medicago truncatula to salt stress.
AB  - Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) would enhance the tolerance
      of plants to stress conditions. Some evidences suggested that nitric oxide (NO)
      could induce the expression of alternative oxidase (AOX). In this study, Medicago
      truncatula (Medicago) was chosen to study the role of AOX in the SNP-elevated
      resistance to salt stress. Our results showed that the expression of AOX genes
      (especially AOX1 and AOX2b1) and cyanide-resistant respiration rate (Valt) could
      be significantly induced by salt stress. Exogenous application of SNP could
      further enhance the expression of AOX genes and Valt. Exogenous application of
      SNP could alleviate the oxidative damage and photosynthetic damage caused by salt
      stress. However, the stress resistance was significantly decreased in the plants
      which were pretreated with n-propyl gallate (nPG). More importantly, the damage
      in nPG-pretreated plants could not be alleviated by application of SNP. Further
      study showed that effects of nPG on the activities of antioxidant enzymes were
      minor. These results showed that AOX pathway played an important role in the SNP
      elevated resistance of Medicago to salt stress. AOX could contribute to
      regulating the accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and protect of photosystem,
      and we proposed that all these were depend on the ability of maintaining the
      homeostasis of redox state. 

PMID- 26962710
TI  - Suppression of tomato SlNAC1 transcription factor delays fruit ripening.
AB  - Fruit ripening is a complex process involving many physiological and biochemical
      changes, including those for ethylene, carotenoid, and cell wall metabolism.
      Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) serves as a research model for fruit development
      and ripening because it possesses numerous favorable genetic features. In this
      study, SlNAC1 was cloned. An antisense (AS) vector was constructed and
      transferred to tomato to further explore the function of SlNAC1. The results
      showed that AS fruits exhibited delayed ripening and a deeper red appearance when
      these fruits were fully ripened. Fully ripened AS fruits also produced higher
      total carotenoid and lycopene contents than those of the wild-type (WT) line.
      Ethylene production of AS fruits was delayed but occurred to a higher extent than
      that of WT fruits. The softening of AS fruits was slower than that of WT fruits.
      Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level in AS-4 fruits was lower than that in WT
      fruits. Exogenous ABA accelerated the softening of AS fruits. Furthermore, AS
      fruits demonstrated up-regulated expression of genes related to lycopene and
      ethylene biosynthesis but down-regulated expression of genes related to cell wall
      metabolism and ABA synthesis. Therefore, SlNAC1 is likely implicated in fruit
      ripening. 

PMID- 26962711
TI  - Work Habits Are Valid Components of Evaluations of Anesthesia Residents Based on
      Faculty Anesthesiologists' Daily Written Comments About Residents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In our department, faculty anesthesiologists routinely evaluate the
      resident physicians with whom they worked in an operative setting the day before,
      providing numerical scores to questions. The faculty can also enter a written
      comment if so desired. Because residents' work habits are important to
      anesthesiology program directors, and work habits can improve with feedback, we
      hypothesized that faculty comments would include the theme of the anesthesia
      resident's work habits. METHODS: We analyzed all 6692 faculty comments from
      January 1, 2011, to June 30, 2015. We quantified use of the theme of Dannefer et
      al.'s work habit scale, specifically the words and phrases in the scale, and
      synonyms to the words. RESULTS: Approximately half (50.7% [lower 99.99%
      confidence limit, 48.4%]) of faculty comments contained the theme of work habits.
      Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed excluding individual faculty,
      residents, and words. The lower confidence limits for comments containing the
      theme were each >42.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Although faculty anesthesiologists completed
      (numerical) questions based on the American College of Graduate Medical Education
      competencies to evaluate residents, an important percentage of written comments
      included the theme of work habits. The implication is that the theme has validity
      as one component of the routine evaluation of anesthesia residents.

PMID- 26962713
TI  - Electroacupuncture Enhances the Antiallodynic and Antihyperalgesic Effects of
      Milnacipran in Neuropathic Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Milnacipran, a selective serotonin/norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor,
      has been shown to elicit a beneficial effect in various models of neuropathic
      pain. Previously, we reported that repetitive electroacupuncture (EA)
      significantly ameliorates neuropathic pain induced by L5 spinal nerve ligation
      (SNL). In the present study, we sought to determine whether a single treatment
      with EA produces analgesia and whether EA in combination with a subeffective
      dosage of milnacipran exhibits an additive effect in SNL rats. METHODS:
      Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed by measuring paw
      withdrawal thresholds and latencies in response to mechanical and thermal
      stimuli, respectively, 1 day before and 5 days after neuropathic surgery. In
      addition, on day 5 post-SNL, time courses of behaviors were assessed at 0, 1, 2,
      4, 6, and 8 hours after intrathecal (i.t.) milnacipran (1, 5, and 20 MUg)
      administration. EA (10 Hz/1 mA) was administered at the ST36 and GB34 acupoints
      for 30 minutes on day 5 and the time courses of behaviors were also assessed at
      0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours later. Similarly, when treated in combination
      (milnacipran [5 MUg, i.t.] and EA [10 Hz/1 mA]), time courses of behaviors were
      assessed at the same time points. RESULTS: Intrathecal injection of milnacipran
      at 5 or 20 MUg exerted dose-dependent effects on thermal hyperalgesia but had
      similar efficacies on mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, EA itself detectably
      attenuated hyperalgesia at 4 hours after the application, but no statistically
      significant difference was found in mechanical allodynia. Importantly,
      cotreatment with EA and milnacipran (5 MUL) produced more potent antiallodynic
      and antihyperalgesic effects than those obtained from EA or milnacipran alone at
      1, 2, and 4 hours after treatment, indicating an additive effect. In addition,
      the analgesic effect of EA plus milnacipran was almost completely abolished by
      the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (25 MUg), which
      depletes spinal norepinephrine, and by yohimbine (an alpha2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, 30 MUg, i.t.). Somewhat surprisingly, the analgesic effect of
      milnacipran plus EA lasted for 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that, in
      male rats with SNL, spinal administration of milnacipran effectively alleviates
      mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and that a single treatment of EA
      has an antihyperalgesic effect. Furthermore, our findings suggest that
      coapplication of EA and milnacipran enhanced antiallodynia and antihyperalgesia
      by activating spinal noradrenergic systems coupled with spinal alpha2
      adrenoceptors and prolongs the duration of analgesia.

PMID- 26962714
TI  - The Effects of Lidocaine on Central Respiratory Neuron Activity and Nociceptive
      Related Responses in the Brainstem-Spinal Cord Preparation of the Newborn Rat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lidocaine is widely used in the clinical setting as a local
      anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug. Although it has been suggested that lidocaine
      exerts inhibitory effects on the central and peripheral neurons, there are no
      reports on its effects on central respiratory activity in vertebrates. In this
      study, we examined the effects of lidocaine on respiratory rhythm generation and
      nociceptive response in brainstem-spinal cord preparations from the newborn rats.
      METHODS: Preparations were isolated from Wistar rats (postnatal day 0-3) and
      superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5%
      CO2, pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C to 26 degrees C. We examined the effects of
      lidocaine on the fourth cervical ventral root (C4)-inspiratory activity and on
      the preinspiratory and inspiratory neurons in the rostral medulla. We also
      examined the effects on the C4/C5 reflex responses induced by ipsilateral C7/C8
      dorsal root stimulation, which are thought to be related to the nociceptive
      response. RESULTS: The application of low doses of lidocaine (10-20 MUM) resulted
      in a slight increase of the C4 burst rate, whereas high doses of lidocaine (100
      400 MUM) decreased the burst rate in a dose-dependent manner, eventually
      resulting in the complete cessation of respiratory rhythm. High doses of
      lidocaine decreased the burst duration and negative slope conductance of
      preinspiratory neurons, suggesting that lidocaine blocked persistent Na+ current.
      After the burst generation of the respiratory neurons ceased, depolarizing
      current stimulation continued to induce action potentials; however, the induction
      of the spike train was depressed because of strong adaptation. A low dose of
      lidocaine (20 MUM) depressed C4/C5 spinal reflex responses. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings indicate that lidocaine depressed nociception-related responses at lower
      concentrations than those that induced respiratory depression. Our report
      provides the basic neuronal mechanisms to support the clinical use of lidocaine,
      which shows antinociceptive effects with minimal side effects on breathing.

PMID- 26962712
TI  - Continuous Popliteal Sciatic Blocks: Does Varying Perineural Catheter Location
      Relative to the Sciatic Bifurcation Influence Block Effects? A Dual-Center,
      Randomized, Subject-Masked, Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have demonstrated that, for single-injection
      popliteal sciatic nerve blocks, block characteristics are dependent upon local
      anesthetic injection relative to the sciatic nerve bifurcation. In contrast, this
      relation remains unexamined for continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blocks. We,
      therefore, tested the hypothesis that postoperative analgesia is improved with
      the perineural catheter tip at the level of the bifurcation compared with 5 cm
      proximal to the bifurcation. METHODS: Preoperatively, subjects having moderately
      painful foot or ankle surgery were randomly assigned to receive an ultrasound
      guided subepimyseal perineural catheter inserted either at or 5 cm proximal to
      the sciatic nerve bifurcation. Subjects received a single injection of
      mepivacaine 1.5% either via the insertion needle preoperatively or the perineural
      catheter postoperatively, followed by an infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% (6 mL/h
      basal, 4 mL bolus, and 30-min lockout) for the study duration. The primary end
      point was the average pain measured on a numeric rating scale (0-10) in the 3
      hours before a data collection telephone call the morning after surgery. RESULTS:
      The average numeric rating scale of subjects with a catheter inserted at the
      sciatic nerve bifurcation (n = 64) was a median (10th, 25th to 75th, and 90th
      quartiles) of 3.0 (0.0, 2.4-5.0, and 7.0) vs 2.0 (0.0, 1.0-4.0, and 5.0) for
      subjects with a catheter inserted proximal to the bifurcation (n = 64; P =
      0.008). Similarly, maximum pain scores were greater in the group at the
      bifurcation: 6.0 (3.0, 4.4-8.0, and 9.0) vs 5.0 (0.0, 3.0-8.0, and 10.0) (P =
      0.019). Differences between the groups for catheter insertion time, opioid rescue
      dose, degree of numbness in the foot/toes, catheter dislodgement, and fluid
      leakage did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: For continuous
      popliteal sciatic nerve blocks, a catheter inserted 5 cm proximal to the sciatic
      nerve bifurcation provides superior postoperative analgesia in subjects having
      moderately painful foot or ankle surgery compared with catheters located at the
      bifurcation. This is in marked contrast with single-injection popliteal sciatic
      nerve blocks for which benefits are afforded to local anesthetic injection
      distal, rather than proximal, to the bifurcation.

PMID- 26962715
TI  - Bacterial Contamination of the Anesthesia Workplace and Efficiency of Routine
      Cleaning Procedures: A Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - In this prospective cohort study, 200 decontamination (cleaning and disinfection)
      procedures of the anesthesia workplace either by anesthesia nurses or by
      specially trained housekeeping staff were monitored. Time used by housekeeping
      staff was shorter (1.2 +/- 0.1 vs 2.6 +/- 0.2 minutes on average, data are mean
      +/- SEM; P < 0.0001) with less visible marker spots (14.4 +/- 0.68 [55%] vs 17.3
      +/- 0.75 [66.7%] on average, data are mean +/- SEM; P = 0.0041), and the
      bacterial load showed a decrease (?67%, P < 0.0001) compared with anesthesia
      nurses. Specially trained housekeeping staff outperformed anesthesia nurses in
      cleaning the anesthesia workplace. Specific training for anesthesia workplace
      cleaning is supported by these findings.

PMID- 26962716
TI  - Isolation and (111)In-Oxine Labeling of Murine NK Cells for Assessment of Cell
      Trafficking in Orthotopic Lung Tumor Model.
AB  - A noninvasive in vivo imaging method for NK cell trafficking is essential to gain
      further understanding of the pathogenesis of NK cell mediated immune response to
      the novel cancer treatment strategies, and to discover the homing sites and
      physiological distribution of NK cells. Although human NK cells can be labeled
      for in vivo imaging, little is known about the murine NK cell labeling and its
      application in animal models. This study describes the isolation and ex vivo
      radiolabeling of murine NK cells for the evaluation of cell trafficking in an
      orthotopic model of human lung cancer in mice. Scid-Tg(FCGR3A)Blt transgenic SCID
      mice were used to isolate NK cells from mouse splenocytes using the CD49b (DX5)
      MicroBeads positive selection method. The purity and viability of the isolated NK
      cells were confirmed by FACS analysis. Different labeling buffers and incubation
      times were evaluated to optimize (111)In-oxine labeling conditions. Functionality
      of the radiolabeled NK cell was assessed by (51)Cr-release assay. We evaluated
      physiological distribution of (111)In-oxine labeled murine NK cells in normal
      SCID mice and biodistribution in irradiated and nonirradiated SCID mice with
      orthotopic A549 human lung tumor lesions. Imaging findings were confirmed by
      histology. Results showed that incubation with 0.011 MBq of (111)In-oxine per
      million murine NK cells in PBS (pH 7.4) for 20 min is the best condition that
      provides optimum labeling efficiency without affecting cell viability and
      functionality. Physiological distribution in normal SCID mice demonstrated NK
      cells homing mainly in the spleen, while (111)In released from NK cells was
      excreted via kidneys into urine. Biodistribution studies demonstrated a higher
      lung uptake in orthotopic lung tumor-bearing mice than control mice. In
      irradiated mice, lung tumor uptake of radiolabeled murine NK cells decreased
      between 24 h and 72 h postinjection (p.i.), which was accompanied by tumor
      regression, while in nonirradiated mice, radiolabeled NK cells were retained in
      the lung tumor lesions up to 72 h p.i. without tumor regression. In tumor-bearing
      mice that were only irradiated but did not receive radiolabeled murine NK cells,
      a high tumor burden was observed at 72 h p.i., which indicates that irradiation
      in combination with murine NK cell allocation, but not irradiation alone, induced
      a remarkable antitumor effect in the orthotopic A549 lung tumor bearing mouse
      model. In conclusion, we describe a method to evaluate murine NK cell trafficking
      and biodistribution, which can be used to determine potential effects of immune
      mediated therapeutic agents on NK cell biodistribution. 

PMID- 26962718
TI  - Excellent microwave-absorbing properties of elliptical Fe3O4 nanorings made by a
      rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal approach.
AB  - High-quality elliptical polycrystalline Fe3O4 nanorings (NRs) with continuously
      tunable size have been synthesized in large amounts via a rapid microwave
      assisted hydrothermal approach. The surface-protected glucose
      reducing/etching/Ostwald ripening mechanism is responsible for the formation of
      NRs. Ring size can be modulated by selecting iron glycolate nanosheets with
      various sizes as precursors. The size-dependent magnetic behavior of the NRs was
      observed. Our research gives insights into the understanding of the microwave
      absorption mechanism of elliptical Fe3O4 NRs. Owing to their large specific
      surface area, shape anisotropy, and closed ring-like configuration, elliptical
      polycrystalline Fe3O4 NRs exhibited significantly enhanced microwave absorption
      performance compared with Fe3O4 circular NRs, nanosheets, microspheres,
      nanospindles, and nanotubes. An optimal reflection loss value of -41.59 dB is
      achieved at 5.84 GHz and R(L) values (<=-20 dB) are observed at 3.2-10.4 GHz.
      Some new mechanisms including multiple scattering, oscillation resonance
      absorption, microantenna radiation, and interference are also crucial to the
      enhanced absorption properties of NRs. These findings indicate that ring-like
      nanostructures are a promising structure for devising new and effective microwave
      absorbers.

PMID- 26962717
TI  - A mixed-methods exploration of the quality of life of Chinese breast cancer
      survivors.
AB  - Quality of life (QOL) in cancer survivorship is a multidimensional and subjective
      concept, which represents the personal sense of the physical, psychological,
      social, and spiritual consequences of cancer diagnosis and its treatment. This
      mixed method study aimed to explore the QOL of Chinese breast cancer survivors.
      Participants were recruited from a cancer self-help organization in the central
      area of China. QOL was assessed using the QOL-Cancer Survivor Scale and
      subsequently elicited by in-depth interviews. Results showed that participants
      had good overall QOL but with unfavorable aspects in psychological and social
      well-being. Interview data revealed that participants seldom attended spiritual
      activities. Instead, they actively reconnected with their "self" to create a
      positive meaning from their cancer experience. Understanding how Chinese breast
      cancer survivors perceive QOL is important for health professionals to address
      survivorship in this population.

PMID- 26962720
TI  - In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the designer anabolic steroid furazadrol in
      thoroughbred racehorses.
AB  - Furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol) is a designer
      anabolic androgenic steroid that is readily available via the internet. It
      contains an isoxazole fused to the steroid A-ring which offers metabolic
      stability and noteworthy anabolic activity raising concerns over the potential
      for abuse of this compound in equine sports. The metabolism of furazadrol was
      studied by in vivo and in vitro methods for the first time. Urinary furazadrol 17
      sulfate and furazadrol 17-glucuronide metabolites were detected in vivo after a
      controlled administration and compared with synthetically-derived reference
      materials in order to confirm their identities. They were quantified to establish
      the excretion profile and a suitable limit of detection. Minor metabolites were
      also detected, including epifurazadrol, hydroxylated furazadrol, and hydroxylated
      and oxidised furazadrol, present as the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Phase
      II metabolites were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by Escherichia coli beta
      glucuronidase and Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase to further confirm the
      identity of the corresponding phase I metabolites. The metabolism profile was
      compared to the products obtained from an in vitro phase I metabolism study, with
      all but two of the minor in vivo phase I metabolites observed in the in vitro
      system. These investigations identify the key urinary metabolites of furazadrol
      following oral administration, which can be incorporated into anti-doping
      screening and confirmation procedures.

PMID- 26962721
TI  - Raman spectroscopy for the analytical quality control of low-dose break-scored
      tablets.
AB  - Quality control of solid dosage forms involves the analysis of end products
      according to well-defined criteria, including the assessment of the uniformity of
      dosage units (UDU). However, in the case of break-scored tablets, given that
      tablet splitting is widespread as a means to adjust doses, the uniform
      distribution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in all the possible
      fractions of the tablet must be assessed. A general procedure to accomplish with
      both issues, using Raman spectroscopy, is presented. It is based on the
      acquisition of a collection of spectra in different regions of the tablet, that
      later can be selected to determine the amount of API in the potential fractions
      that can result after splitting. The procedure has been applied to two commercial
      products, Sintrom 1 and Sintrom 4, with API (acenocoumarol) mass proportion of 2%
      and 0.7% respectively. Partial Least Squares (PLS) calibration models were
      constructed for the quantification of acenocoumarol in whole tablets using HPLC
      as a reference analytical method. Once validated, the calibration models were
      used to determine the API content in the different potential fragments of the
      scored Sintrom 4 tablets. Fragment mass measurements were also performed to
      estimate the range of masses of the halves and quarters that could result after
      tablet splitting. The results show that Raman spectroscopy can be an alternative
      analytical procedure to assess the uniformity of content, both in whole tablets
      as in its potential fragments, and that Sintrom 4 tablets can be perfectly split
      in halves, but some cautions have to be taken when considering the fragmentation
      in quarters. A practical alternative to the use of UDU test for the assessment of
      tablet fragments is proposed. 

PMID- 26962719
TI  - Pilot trial of gabapentin for the treatment of benzodiazepine abuse or dependence
      in methadone maintenance patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepine use disorders are a common clinical problem among
      methadone maintenance treatment patients and have adverse effects on clinical
      outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate gabapentin for the outpatient treatment of
      benzodiazepine abuse or dependence in methadone maintenance patients. METHODS:
      Participants (n = 19) using benzodiazepines at least 4 days per week were
      enrolled into an 8-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled outpatient
      pilot trial. All participants received a manual-guided supportive psychotherapy
      aimed to promote abstinence. Study medication was titrated over a 2-week period
      to a maximum dose of gabapentin 1200 mg or placebo three times a day.
      Benzodiazepine use was assessed using urine toxicology confirmed self-report.
      Benzodiazepines were not provided as part of study participation; participants
      were provided guidance to gradually reduce benzodiazepine intake. RESULTS:
      Sixteen participants had post-randomization data for analysis. Retention at week
      eight was 50%. The mean dose of gabapentin achieved by titration was 2666 mg/day
      (SD = +/- 1446). There were no significant between group differences on
      benzodiazepine use outcomes (amount benzodiazepine per day [Mann-Whitney U = 27,
      p = 0.745], abstinent days per week [U = 28, p = 0.811]) and Clinical Instrument
      Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA)-benzodiazepines scale (U = 29.0, p = 0.913). One
      participant in the gabapentin group discontinued study medication because of
      peripheral edema. Two participants in the placebo group requested admission for
      inpatient detoxification treatment. CONCLUSION: In outpatient methadone
      maintained patients with benzodiazepine use disorder, gabapentin did
      significantly decrease benzodiazepine use relative to placebo. The small sample
      recruited for this trial may have limited the ability to detect a group
      difference.

PMID- 26962722
TI  - The different fate of satellite cells on conductive composite electrospun
      nanofibers with graphene and graphene oxide nanosheets.
AB  - Electrospinning of composite polymer solutions provides fantastic potential to
      prepare novel nanofibers for use in a variety of applications. The addition of
      graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to bioactive polymers was found
      to enhance their conductivity and biocompatibility. Composite conductive
      nanofibers of polyaniline (PANI) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with G and GO
      nanosheets were prepared by an electrospinning process. The fabricated membranes
      were investigated by physical and chemical examinations including scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and
      tensile assay. The muscle satellite cells enriched by a pre-plating technique
      were cultured in the following and their proliferation and differentiation
      behavior studied by MTT, Real-Time PCR assays and 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
      (DAPI) staining. The cultured cells on composite nanofibrous PAN/PANI-CSA/G
      confirmed a higher proliferation and differentiation value compared to other
      groups including PAN/PANI-CSA/GO and PAN/PANI-CSA scaffolds. Furthermore, the
      higher stiffness of the former scaffold showed a lower cell spreading as a
      function of stem cell activation into more proliferative cells. It is supposed
      that the enhanced conductivity value in addition to relative higher stiffness of
      the PAN/PANI-CSA/G composite nanofibers plays a favorable role for proliferation
      and differentiation of satellite cells. 

PMID- 26962724
TI  - Toward Lower Costs and Better Care--Averting a Collision between Consumer- and
      Provider-Focused Reforms.

PMID- 26962723
TI  - Multicenter clinical evaluation of the new 3rd generation assay for detection of
      antibodies against hepatitis C virus on the VIDAS((r)) system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Detection of antibodies (anti-HCV) against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is
      indispensable for screening and diagnosis of viral hepatitis and for the viral
      safety of blood, tissue or organ donations. It gains additional importance by the
      new HCV drugs which improve the therapeutic possibilities dramatically.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a newly developed immune assay for anti
      HCV based on the well-established VIDAS platform. STUDY DESIGN: The assay was
      evaluated with samples from anti-HCV negative blood donors and from patients with
      or without HCV markers in six centres in France, Spain and Egypt. The status of
      the samples was determined by using CE-marked immune assays (Architect, AxSym,
      Prism, Vitros), two immunoblots (RIBA, Inno-Lia) and/or HCV RNA results. RESULTS:
      Specificity was 99.67% in 10,320 French blood donors without anti-HCV, 99.5% in
      200 anti-HCV negative hospitalized European patients and 99.0% in 198 negative
      patients from Egypt. Sensitivity was 99.7% in 1054 patients pretested positive by
      other assays; 345 patients with known genotype had genotype 1-6; 61 patients were
      co-infected with HIV. VIDAS was reactive in 78% of 91 patients with uncertain or
      very weak anti-HCV. It became on average positive at day 37 with seroconversion
      panels. CONCLUSIONS: This multicentric, international study with >12,000 samples
      show that the new VIDAS anti-HCV assay is very suitable for screening and
      confirmation of HCV infection. Sensitivity, specificity and recognition of
      seroconversion compare favorably with well-established CE-marked tests and help
      to clarify discrepant results obtained with other assays.

PMID- 26962725
TI  - The Physician Payments Sunshine Act--Two Years of the Open Payments Program.

PMID- 26962726
TI  - Disheartening Disparities.

PMID- 26962727
TI  - Four Artemisinin-Based Treatments in African Pregnant Women with Malaria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Information regarding the safety and efficacy of artemisinin
      combination treatments for malaria in pregnant women is limited, particularly
      among women who live in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter,
      randomized, open-label trial of treatments for malaria in pregnant women in four
      African countries. A total of 3428 pregnant women in the second or third
      trimester who had falciparum malaria (at any parasite density and regardless of
      symptoms) were treated with artemether-lumefantrine, amodiaquine-artesunate,
      mefloquine-artesunate, or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. The primary end points
      were the polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-adjusted cure rates (i.e., cure of the
      original infection; new infections during follow-up were not considered to be
      treatment failures) at day 63 and safety outcomes. RESULTS: The PCR-adjusted cure
      rates in the per-protocol analysis were 94.8% in the artemether-lumefantrine
      group, 98.5% in the amodiaquine-artesunate group, 99.2% in the dihydroartemisinin
      piperaquine group, and 96.8% in the mefloquine-artesunate group; the PCR-adjusted
      cure rates in the intention-to-treat analysis were 94.2%, 96.9%, 98.0%, and
      95.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference among the amodiaquine
      artesunate group, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group, and the mefloquine
      artesunate group. The cure rate in the artemether-lumefantrine group was
      significantly lower than that in the other three groups, although the absolute
      difference was within the 5-percentage-point margin for equivalence. The
      unadjusted cure rates, used as a measure of the post-treatment prophylactic
      effect, were significantly lower in the artemether-lumefantrine group (52.5%)
      than in groups that received amodiaquine-artesunate (82.3%), dihydroartemisinin
      piperaquine (86.9%), or mefloquine-artesunate (73.8%). No significant difference
      in the rate of serious adverse events and in birth outcomes was found among the
      treatment groups. Drug-related adverse events such as asthenia, poor appetite,
      dizziness, nausea, and vomiting occurred significantly more frequently in the
      mefloquine-artesunate group (50.6%) and the amodiaquine-artesunate group (48.5%)
      than in the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group (20.6%) and the artemether
      lumefantrine group (11.5%) (P<0.001 for comparison among the four groups).
      CONCLUSIONS: Artemether-lumefantrine was associated with the fewest adverse
      effects and with acceptable cure rates but provided the shortest post-treatment
      prophylaxis, whereas dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine had the best efficacy and an
      acceptable safety profile. (Funded by the European and Developing Countries
      Clinical Trials Partnership and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00852423.).

PMID- 26962730
TI  - Mesenteric Ischemia.

PMID- 26962731
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Midline Destructive Lesions in a Cocaine User.

PMID- 26962728
TI  - Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intermittent treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is widely
      recommended for the prevention of malaria in pregnant women in Africa. However,
      with the spread of resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, new interventions are
      needed. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
      involving 300 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected pregnant adolescents
      or women in Uganda, where sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance is widespread. We
      randomly assigned participants to a sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine regimen (106
      participants), a three-dose dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine regimen (94
      participants), or a monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine regimen (100
      participants). The primary outcome was the prevalence of histopathologically
      confirmed placental malaria. RESULTS: The prevalence of histopathologically
      confirmed placental malaria was significantly higher in the sulfadoxine
      pyrimethamine group (50.0%) than in the three-dose dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine
      group (34.1%, P=0.03) or the monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group (27.1%,
      P=0.001). The prevalence of a composite adverse birth outcome was lower in the
      monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group (9.2%) than in the sulfadoxine
      pyrimethamine group (18.6%, P=0.05) or the three-dose dihydroartemisinin
      piperaquine group (21.3%, P=0.02). During pregnancy, the incidence of symptomatic
      malaria was significantly higher in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine group (41
      episodes over 43.0 person-years at risk) than in the three-dose
      dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group (12 episodes over 38.2 person-years at risk,
      P=0.001) or the monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group (0 episodes over
      42.3 person-years at risk, P<0.001), as was the prevalence of parasitemia (40.5%
      in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine group vs. 16.6% in the three-dose
      dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group [P<0.001] and 5.2% in the monthly
      dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine group [P<0.001]). In each treatment group, the
      risk of vomiting after administration of any dose of the study agents was less
      than 0.4%, and there were no significant differences among the groups in the risk
      of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of malaria in pregnancy was
      significantly lower among adolescent girls or women who received intermittent
      preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine than among those who
      received sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and monthly treatment with dihydroartemisinin
      piperaquine was superior to three-dose dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with regard
      to several outcomes. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of
      Child Health and Human Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02163447.).

PMID- 26962732
TI  - CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 7-2016. An 80-Year-Old
      Man with Weight Loss, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea, and an Ileocecal Mass.

PMID- 26962733
TI  - Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy.

PMID- 26962734
TI  - HLA-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation--Worth the Risk?

PMID- 26962735
TI  - N-of-1 Policymaking--Tragedy, Trade-offs, and the Demise of Morcellation.

PMID- 26962729
TI  - Survival Benefit with Kidney Transplants from HLA-Incompatible Live Donors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A report from a high-volume single center indicated a survival
      benefit of receiving a kidney transplant from an HLA-incompatible live donor as
      compared with remaining on the waiting list, whether or not a kidney from a
      deceased donor was received. The generalizability of that finding is unclear.
      METHODS: In a 22-center study, we estimated the survival benefit for 1025
      recipients of kidney transplants from HLA-incompatible live donors who were
      matched with controls who remained on the waiting list or received a transplant
      from a deceased donor (waiting-list-or-transplant control group) and controls who
      remained on the waiting list but did not receive a transplant (waiting-list-only
      control group). We analyzed the data with and without patients from the highest
      volume center in the study. RESULTS: Recipients of kidney transplants from
      incompatible live donors had a higher survival rate than either control group at
      1 year (95.0%, vs. 94.0% for the waiting-list-or-transplant control group and
      89.6% for the waiting-list-only control group), 3 years (91.7% vs. 83.6% and
      72.7%, respectively), 5 years (86.0% vs. 74.4% and 59.2%), and 8 years (76.5% vs.
      62.9% and 43.9%) (P<0.001 for all comparisons with the two control groups). The
      survival benefit was significant at 8 years across all levels of donor-specific
      antibody: 89.2% for recipients of kidney transplants from incompatible live
      donors who had a positive Luminex assay for anti-HLA antibody but a negative flow
      cytometric cross-match versus 65.0% for the waiting-list-or-transplant control
      group and 47.1% for the waiting-list-only control group; 76.3% for recipients
      with a positive flow-cytometric cross-match but a negative cytotoxic cross-match
      versus 63.3% and 43.0% in the two control groups, respectively; and 71.0% for
      recipients with a positive cytotoxic cross-match versus 61.5% and 43.7%,
      respectively. The findings did not change when patients from the highest-volume
      center were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter study validated single-center
      evidence that patients who received kidney transplants from HLA-incompatible live
      donors had a substantial survival benefit as compared with patients who did not
      undergo transplantation and those who waited for transplants from deceased
      donors. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
      Diseases.).

PMID- 26962736
TI  - Intensive Supportive Care plus Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy.

PMID- 26962737
TI  - Intensive Supportive Care plus Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy.

PMID- 26962738
TI  - Intensive Supportive Care plus Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy.

PMID- 26962739
TI  - Intensive Supportive Care plus Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy.

PMID- 26962740
TI  - The Genetic Evolution of Melanoma.

PMID- 26962741
TI  - The Genetic Evolution of Melanoma.

PMID- 26962742
TI  - The Genetic Evolution of Melanoma.

PMID- 26962744
TI  - Lymph-Node Palpation--No Laughing Matter.

PMID- 26962743
TI  - The Genetic Evolution of Melanoma.

PMID- 26962746
TI  - Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Stroke.

PMID- 26962747
TI  - Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells in Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia; Chimeric
      Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia; Chimeric Antigen
      Receptor T Cells for Sustained Remissions in Leukemia.

PMID- 26962745
TI  - Hyponatremia among Triathletes in the Ironman European Championship.

PMID- 26962748
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Tinea Versicolor.

PMID- 26962749
TI  - Self-care Management Intervention to Improve Psychological Wellbeing for
      Jordanian Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of self-care management
      intervention on psychological wellbeing for Jordanian patients with type two
      diabetes mellitus. A quasi-experimental design was used. The study was conducted
      in a diabetes clinic of a specialized diabetes center in Amman. One hundred and
      forty-nine participants completed the three-month post-treatment assessments (76
      in the intervention group and 73 in the control group). Both the control and
      intervention groups received a standard diabetic educational program. The
      intervention group received the following additional interventions: (1) Diabetes
      Self-care Management booklet, (2)DVD viewing, (3) counseling rehearsal session,
      and (4) a telephone follow-up. The main study instrument was an Arabic version 20
      of the depression anxiety stress scales: To assess the group differences of
      dependent variable changes, repeated measure ANOVA was used. It was found that
      psychological wellbeing was not significant at 2-week post-intervention and
      significant change was observed at 3-month post-intervention. The findings from
      this study can guide the health providers to be trained to provide relevant
      diabetic interventions into their nursing interventions, education, and research.

PMID- 26962750
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26962757
TI  - Propensity score analysis with missing data.
AB  - Propensity score analysis is a method that equates treatment and control groups
      on a comprehensive set of measured confounders in observational (nonrandomized)
      studies. A successful propensity score analysis reduces bias in the estimate of
      the average treatment effect in a nonrandomized study, making the estimate more
      comparable with that obtained from a randomized experiment. This article reviews
      and discusses an important practical issue in propensity analysis, in which the
      baseline covariates (potential confounders) and the outcome have missing values
      (incompletely observed). We review the statistical theory of propensity score
      analysis and estimation methods for propensity scores with incompletely observed
      covariates. Traditional logistic regression and modern machine learning methods
      (e.g., random forests, generalized boosted modeling) as estimation methods for
      incompletely observed covariates are reviewed. Balance diagnostics and equating
      methods for incompletely observed covariates are briefly described. Using an
      empirical example, the propensity score estimation methods for incompletely
      observed covariates are illustrated and compared. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962758
TI  - A power analysis for fidelity measurement sample size determination.
AB  - The importance of assessing fidelity has been emphasized recently with
      increasingly sophisticated definitions, assessment procedures, and integration of
      fidelity data into analyses of outcomes. Fidelity is often measured through
      observation and coding of instructional sessions either live or by video.
      However, little guidance has been provided about how to determine the number of
      observations needed to precisely measure fidelity. We propose a practical method
      for determining a reasonable sample size for fidelity data collection when
      fidelity assessment requires observation. The proposed methodology is based on
      consideration of the power of tests of the treatment effect of outcome itself, as
      well as of the relationship between fidelity and outcome. It makes use of the
      methodology of probability sampling from a finite population, because the
      fidelity parameters of interest are estimated over a specific, limited time frame
      using a sample. For example, consider a fidelity measure defined as the number of
      minutes of exposure to a treatment curriculum during the 36 weeks of the study.
      In this case, the finite population is the 36 sessions, the parameter (number of
      minutes over the entire 36 sessions) is a total, and the sample is the observed
      sessions. Software for the sample size calculation is provided.

PMID- 26962759
TI  - Confidence intervals for population reliability coefficients: Evaluation of
      methods, recommendations, and software for composite measures.
AB  - A composite score is the sum of a set of components. For example, a total test
      score can be defined as the sum of the individual items. The reliability of
      composite scores is of interest in a wide variety of contexts due to their
      widespread use and applicability to many disciplines. The psychometric literature
      has devoted considerable time to discussing how to best estimate the population
      reliability value. However, all point estimates of a reliability coefficient fail
      to convey the uncertainty associated with the estimate as it estimates the
      population value. Correspondingly, a confidence interval is recommended to convey
      the uncertainty with which the population value of the reliability coefficient
      has been estimated. However, many confidence interval methods for bracketing the
      population reliability coefficient exist and it is not clear which method is most
      appropriate in general or in a variety of specific circumstances. We evaluate
      these confidence interval methods for 4 reliability coefficients (coefficient
      alpha, coefficient omega, hierarchical omega, and categorical omega) under a
      variety of conditions with 3 large-scale Monte Carlo simulation studies. Our
      findings lead us to generally recommend bootstrap confidence intervals for
      hierarchical omega for continuous items and categorical omega for categorical
      items. All of the methods we discuss are implemented in the freely available R
      language and environment via the MBESS package.

PMID- 26962760
TI  - Serum adiponectin is a negative predictor of central arterial stiffness in kidney
      transplant patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of adiponectin in arterial stiffness and its relationship to
      cardiovascular disease is not fully demonstrated and needs further elaboration.
      In this study, the association between adiponectin level and arterial stiffness
      is studied among kidney transplant patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Anthropometric
      data and biochemical data including fasting glucose, lipid profile, renal
      function and serum adiponectin were determined in 55 kidney transplant patients.
      Central arterial stiffness was measured and presented by carotid-femoral pulse
      wave velocity. RESULTS: Univariate linear analysis showed that body weight, waist
      circumference, brachial pulse pressure and body mass index were correlated
      positively with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in this patient group.
      However, logarithmically transformed adiponectin level (log-adiponectin)
      correlated negatively with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. In multivariate
      regression analysis of factors significantly associated with carotid-femoral
      pulse wave velocity, it showed that both log-adiponectin (beta = -0.427; R(2) =
      0.205, p = 0.001) and body weight (beta = 0.327; R(2 )=( )0.106, p = 0.007) were
      independently predictive of central arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION: Our study
      suggests that fasting serum adiponectin is negatively associated with carotid
      femoral pulse wave velocity, hence arterial stiffness, in kidney transplant
      patients.

PMID- 26962761
TI  - Stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-tyrosine@gadolinium: Iron
      oxide nanoparticle-based nanotheranostic for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - In this paper, we have prepared a stimuli-responsive polymer modified gadolinium
      doped iron oxide nanoparticle (poly@Gd-MNPs) as cancer theranostic agent. The
      responsive polymer is composed of the poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-tyrosine
      unit, which shows excellent loading for the anti-cancer drug (methotrexate) and
      stimuli dependent release (change in pH and temperature). The in vitro experiment
      revealed that the poly@Gd-MNPs exhibited T1-weighted MRI capability (r1=11.314mM(
      1)s(-1)) with good in-vitro hyperthermia response. The prepared poly@Gd-MNPs has
      generated quick heating (45 degrees C in 2min) upon exposure to an alternating
      magnetic field and able to travel a distance of 35cm in 1min in the presence of
      an external magnet. The poly@Gd-MNPs shows 86% of drug loading capacity with 70%
      drug release in first 2h. The cytotoxic assay (MTT) demonstrated that the
      nanoparticle did not affect the viability of normal human fibroblast and
      efficiently kill the MCF7 cancer cells in the presence of an external magnetic
      field. To explore the uptake of poly@Gd-MNPs in the cells, bright field cell
      imaging study was also performed. This study provides a valuable approach for the
      design of highly sensitive polymer modified gadolinium doped iron oxide-based T1
      contrast agents for cancer theranostics. 

PMID- 26962762
TI  - Heat shock mediated labelling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with quantum dots.
AB  - Biocompatible nanoparticles are good candidates to label bacteria for imaging and
      diagnosis purposes. A high labeling efficiency reduces the concentration of
      nanoparticles required for labeling and allows the labeled bacteria to be tracked
      for longer periods. This report explores the optimal labeling strategy for
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, with
      quantum dots. Three strategies including direct incubation, calcium chloride
      treatment, and heat shock are compared and the labeling efficiency is assessed
      through fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Of the three, heat
      shock is finally selected due to its comparable labeling efficiency and
      simplicity. Through the assay of the respiration rate of bacteria together with
      morphology analysis, the heat shock process does not show any negative effect
      over the cells activity even at sub-toxic concentrations. 

PMID- 26962763
TI  - Dopamine modulated ionic permeability in mesoporous silica sphere based
      biomimetic compartment.
AB  - The building of artificial systems with similar structure and function as
      cellular compartments will expand our understanding of compartmentalization
      related biological process and facilitate the construction of biomimetic highly
      functional structures. Herein, surface phenylboronic acid functionalized
      mesoporous silica sphere was developed as a biomimetic dopamine gated
      compartment, in which the ionic permeability can be well modulated through the
      dopamine-binding induced charge reversal. As the phenylboronic acid is negatively
      charged, the negatively charged 1, 3, 6, 8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (TPSA) was
      hindered from permeation into the biomimetic compartment. However, the presence
      of dopamine and its binding with phenylboronic acid reversed the gatekeeper shell
      from negative to positive charged and gated the permeation of TPSA into the
      interior. The dopamine gated permeation phenomenon resembles that in biological
      system, and thus the phenylboronic acid functionalized mesoporous silica sphere
      was taken as a simple model for dopamine gated ion channel decorated biological
      compartment. It will also contribute to the development of artificial cell and
      responsive nanoreactor. 

PMID- 26962764
TI  - On the interaction of alginate-based core-shell nanocarriers with keratinocytes
      in vitro.
AB  - Calcium alginate nanocarriers (CaANCs) were developed as a potential tool for
      delivery of hydrophobic active molecules such as pharmaceutical and cosmetic
      active ingredients. In this study, we focused on interactions between CaANCs and
      keratinocytes in culture and examined toxicity, internalization and drug release.
      Prior to cellular interactions, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy images
      showed that CaANCs appear as regular, spherical and dense particles, giving
      evidence of the surface gelation of CaANCs. Their size, around 200nm, was stable
      under tested conditions (temperature, culture media, presence of serum and
      presence of encapsulated dye), and their toxicity on keratinocytes was very low.
      Flow cytometry assays showed that CaANCs are internalized into keratinocytes by
      endocytosis with a predominant implication of the caveolae-mediated route.
      Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) demonstrated that after a 2h contact,
      the release of CaANC contents in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes was almost
      complete. The endocytosis of CaANCs by a lysosome-free pathway, and the rapid
      release of their contents inside keratinocytes, will allow vectorized molecules
      to fully exhibit their pharmacological or cosmetic activity. 

PMID- 26962765
TI  - Biostability enhancement of oil core - polysaccharide multilayer shell via
      photoinitiator free thiol-ene 'click' reaction.
AB  - Layer-by-layer of polyelectrolytes has emerged as one of the easiest and most
      controlled techniques to deposit ultrathin polymer layers mainly driven by
      electrostatic interactions. However, this kind of interaction results to be weak
      and easily breakable in physiological environment. Here we report on the
      preparation of nanocapsules completely made of natural biomaterials: a lipophilic
      core (soybean oil and egg lecithin as surfactant) as nanometric template and a
      polysaccharide-based multilayer shell (glycol chitosan and heparin) covalently
      cross-linked. We first modified glycol chitosan with a thiol moiety and heparin
      with an alkene moiety, respectively, and then we built a polymer multilayer film
      with a covalent cross-linkage among layers, exploiting the light initiated thiol
      ene reaction, known as click chemistry. We showed the possibility to perform the
      covalent cross-linkage without any photoinitiator or metal catalyst, thus
      avoiding cytotoxic effects and further purification steps. The so realized
      nanocapsules resulted to be stable and completely biocompatible and, therefore,
      of interest for the biotechnology fields, mainly for drug delivery. 

PMID- 26962767
TI  - Sticky Palms Following Use of Proton-Pump Inhibitors.

PMID- 26962768
TI  - Microbiological Assessment of Bile and Corresponding Antibiotic Treatment: A
      Strobe-Compliant Observational Study of 1401 Endoscopic Retrograde
      Cholangiographies.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of
      bacteria in bile samples and to analyze the clinical relevance of the findings as
      only limited information about risk factors for elevated frequence of bacterial
      and fungal strains in routinely collected bile samples has been described so
      far.A prospective cohort study at a tertiary care center was conducted. Seven
      hundred forty-four patients underwent 1401 endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiographies (ERCs) as indicated by liver transplantation (427/1401),
      primary sclerosing cholangitis (222/1401), choledocholithiasis only (153/1401),
      obstruction due to malignancy (366/1401), or other conditions (233/1401). Bile
      samples for microbiological analysis were obtained in all patients.The 71.6%
      (823/1150) samples had a positive microbiological finding, and 57% (840/1491) of
      the bacterial isolates were gram-positive. The main species were Enterococcus spp
      (33%; 494/1491) and Escherichia coli (12%; 179/1491). Of the samples, 53.8% had
      enteric bacteria and 24.7% had Candida spp; both were associated with clinical
      and laboratory signs of cholangitis (C-reactive proteins 35.0 +/- 50.1 vs 44.8 +/
      57.6; 34.5 +/- 51.2 vs 52.9 +/- 59.7; P < 0.001), age, previous endoscopic
      intervention, and immunosuppression. Multi-resistant (MR) strains were found in
      11.3% of all samples and were associated with clinical and laboratory signs of
      cholangitis, previous intervention, and immunocompromised status. In subgroup
      analysis, strain-specific antibiotic therapy based on bile sampling was achieved
      in 56.3% (89/158) of the patients. In cases with a positive bile culture and
      available blood culture, blood cultures were positive in 29% of cases (36/124),
      and 94% (34/36) of blood cultures had microbial species identical to the bile
      cultures.Bactobilia and fungobilia can usually be detected by routine
      microbiological sampling, allowing optimized, strain-specific antibiotic
      treatment. Previous endoscopic intervention, clinical and laboratory signs of
      cholangitis, and age are independent risk factors. MR bacteria and fungi are an
      evolving problem in cholangitis, especially in immunocompromised patients.

PMID- 26962769
TI  - Experience With Fenestrated Endovascular Repair of Juxtarenal Abdominal Aortic
      Aneurysms at a Single Center.
AB  - To present the early and mid-term results of fenestrated endovascular aneurysm
      repair (FEVAR) using the Zenith fenestrated device for juxtarenal abdominal
      aortic aneurysms (JAAAs) at our center in China. DESIGN: Retrospective study.The
      study included 15 male patients with JAAAs, who underwent FEVAR using the Zenith
      fenestrated device at our center between February 2011 and June 2015.All custom
      made Zenith fenestrated devices were designed according to computed tomography
      angiography (CTA) images obtained preoperatively. The patients with renal
      insufficiency underwent duplex ultrasonography, while the patients with normal
      renal function underwent 3 CT data acquisitions including nonenhanced CT,
      arterial phase, and venous phase. These examinations and blood examinations were
      completed at 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge, and annually thereafter.The
      mean age of the patients was 73.13 +/- 9.06 years (range, 57-86 years), and the
      median follow-up period was 30 months (8-52 months). Small fenestrations were
      used in 27 renal arteries, scallops were used in 7 superior mesenteric arteries
      (SMAs) and 2 renal arteries, and large fenestrations were used in 2 SMAs.
      Conversion to an open procedure was not required in any of the patients, and the
      technical success rate was 100%. The mean length of hospital stay was 11.33 +/-
      2.02 days (7-15 days). No patient died within the 1st 30 days after the
      operation. One patient had a type Ia endoleak, which disappeared at 6 months
      after the operation, 1 patient had a type Ib endoleak, which was detected at 17
      months after the operation, and 2 patients had type II endoleaks. One patient
      died at 17 months and another patient died at 30 months after the operation.
      Therefore, the all-cause mortality rate was 13.33% (2/15). The target vessel
      patency rate was 100% without occlusion.The early and mid-term results of FEVAR
      using the Zenith fenestrated device were good, demonstrating that this procedure
      is effective for the treatment of JAAAs.

PMID- 26962770
TI  - Total Hemi-overgrowth in Pigmentary Mosaicism of the (Hypomelanosis of) Ito Type:
      Eight Case Reports.
AB  - Pigmentary mosaicism of the (hypomelanosis of) Ito type is an umbrella term,
      which includes phenotypes characterized by mosaic hypopigmentation in the form of
      streaks, whorls, patchy, or more bizarre skin configurations (running along the
      lines of Blaschko): these cutaneous patterns can manifest as an isolated skin
      disorder (pigmentary mosaicism of the Ito type) or as a complex malformation
      syndrome in association with extracutaneous anomalies (most often of the
      musculoskeletal and/or nervous systems) (hypomelanosis of Ito). Affected
      individuals are anecdotally reported to have also partial or total body hemi
      overgrowth (HOG), which often causes moderate to severe complications.We studied
      the occurrence and features of HOG in the 114 children and adults with mosaic
      pigmentary disorders of the Ito type diagnosed and followed up (from 2 to 22
      years; average follow-up 16 years) at our Institutions.Eight patients (5 M, 3 F;
      aged 4 to 25 years; median age 16 years) out of the 114 analyzed (7%) fulfilled
      the criteria for unilateral HOG, with differences in diameter ranging from 0.4 to
      4.0 cm (upper limbs) and 1.0 to 9.0 cm (lower limbs). Moreover, among these 8
      patients, 5/8 filled in the 75th to 90th percentile for height; 6/8 had
      associated kyphoscoliosis; and 5/8 showed cognitive delays. No tumour
      complications were recorded. Overall, 6/8 HOG patients presented with additional
      (extracutaneous) syndromic manifestations, apart from the HOG (ie, with a
      clinical phenotype of hypomelanosis of Ito).The present study, which includes
      children and adults with the longest follow-up so far recorded, confirms the
      association between pigmentary mosaicism of the Ito type and HOG lowering
      previous estimates (7% vs 16%) for HOG in the context of mosaic hypopigmentation.
      A careful examination, looking at subtle to moderate asymmetries and associated
      complications within the spectrum of these mosaic pigmentary disorders, is
      recommended. 

PMID- 26962771
TI  - Prevalence and Clustering of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors in China: A Recent
      Cross-Sectional Survey.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Chinese population.
      Although general prevalence estimates of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) are
      available for Chinese adults, prevalence estimates covering all adult age groups
      by race/ethnicity have not been reported. The aim of this study is to estimate
      the current prevalence and clustering of major CVRFs in Chinese adults, including
      a plurality of ethnic minorities.A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a
      nationally representative sample of 23,010 adults aged 18 years and older from
      2007 to 2011. Questionnaires and physical examinations were performed, and
      fasting blood was collected for laboratory measurements. The prevalence of
      traditional CVRFs, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, overweight,
      and current smoking, were determined.The prevalence of the major CVRFs, including
      hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, overweight, and current smoking were 24.3%,
      4.3%, 49.3%, 32.0%, and 21.7%, respectively. These risk factors were
      significantly associated with sex, age, region, ethnicity, and education levels.
      Overall, 70.3%, 40.3%, and 16.7% of Chinese adults had >=1, >=2, or >=3 CVRFs,
      respectively. Men, northern and rural residents were more likely to have
      clustered CVRFs compared with women, southern and urban residents, respectively.
      Compared with Han residents, Hui and Mongolian residents were more likely, and
      Tujia and Miao residents were less likely, to have >=1, >=2, or >=3 risk factors.
      The prevalence of Chinese women having >=1, >=2, or >=3 CVRFs decreased with
      increasing levels of education.The prevalence and clustering of CVRFs is still
      high in Chinese adults >=18 years old, especially in men and in individuals
      living in the northern and rural areas. Of note, there are differences in
      cardiovascular risk among different ethnic groups. Therefore, targeted and
      enhanced intervention measures are required to reduce the risk of cardiovascular
      disease and the corresponding economic burden of disease in China. 

PMID- 26962772
TI  - Colorectal Cancer Screening Based on Age and Gender: A Cost-Effectiveness
      Analysis.
AB  - We evaluated whether age- and gender-based colorectal cancer screening is cost
      effective.Recent studies in the United States identified age and gender as 2
      important variables predicting advanced proximal neoplasia, and that women aged
      <60 to 70 years were more suited for sigmoidoscopy screening due to their low
      risk of proximal neoplasia. Yet, quantitative assessment of the incremental
      benefits, risks, and cost remains to be performed.Primary care screening practice
      (2008-2015).A Markov modeling was constructed using data from a screening cohort.
      The following strategies were compared according to the Incremental Cost
      Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for 1 life-year saved: flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) 5
      yearly; colonoscopy 10 yearly; FS for each woman at 50- and 55-year old followed
      by colonoscopy at 60- and 70-year old; FS for each woman at 50-, 55-, 60-, and 65
      year old followed by colonoscopy at 70-year old; FS for each woman at 50-, 55-,
      60-, 65-, and 70-year old. All male subjects received colonoscopy at 50-, 60-,
      and 70-year old under strategies 3 to 5.From a hypothetical population of 100,000
      asymptomatic subjects, strategy 2 could save the largest number of life-years
      (4226 vs 2268 to 3841 by other strategies). When compared with no screening,
      strategy 5 had the lowest ICER (US$42,515), followed by strategy 3 (US$43,517),
      strategy 2 (US$43,739), strategy 4 (US$47,710), and strategy 1 (US$56,510).
      Strategy 2 leads to the highest number of bleeding and perforations, and required
      a prohibitive number of colonoscopy procedures. Strategy 5 remains the most cost
      effective when assessed with a wide range of deterministic sensitivity analyses
      around the base case.From the cost effectiveness analysis, FS for women and
      colonoscopy for men represent an economically favorable screening strategy. These
      findings could inform physicians and policy-makers in triaging eligible subjects
      for risk-based screening, especially in countries with limited colonoscopic
      resources. Future research should study the acceptability, feasibility, and
      feasibility of this risk-based strategy in different populations. 

PMID- 26962773
TI  - Measuring Resource Utilization: A Systematic Review of Validated Self-Reported
      Questionnaires.
AB  - A variety of methods may be used to obtain costing data. Although administrative
      data are most commonly used, the data available in these datasets are often
      limited. An alternative method of obtaining costing is through self-reported
      questionnaires. Currently, there are no systematic reviews that summarize self
      reported resource utilization instruments from the published literature.The aim
      of the study was to identify validated self-report healthcare resource use
      instruments and to map their attributes.A systematic review was conducted. The
      search identified articles using terms like "healthcare utilization" and
      "questionnaire." All abstracts and full texts were considered in duplicate. For
      inclusion, studies had to assess the validity of a self-reported resource use
      questionnaire, to report original data, include adult populations, and the
      questionnaire had to be publically available. Data such as type of resource
      utilization assessed by each questionnaire, and validation findings were
      extracted from each study.In all, 2343 unique citations were retrieved; 2297 were
      excluded during abstract review. Forty-six studies were reviewed in full text,
      and 15 studies were included in this systematic review. Six assessed resource
      utilization of patients with chronic conditions; 5 assessed mental health service
      utilization; 3 assessed resource utilization by a general population; and 1
      assessed utilization in older populations. The most frequently measured resources
      included visits to general practitioners and inpatient stays; nonmedical
      resources were least frequently measured. Self-reported questionnaires on
      resource utilization had good agreement with administrative data, although,
      visits to general practitioners, outpatient days, and nurse visits had poorer
      agreement.Self-reported questionnaires are a valid method of collecting data on
      healthcare resource utilization. 

PMID- 26962774
TI  - Baseline Characteristics and Risk Factors of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in
      Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients.
AB  - Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) has started a single-center right
      heart catheterization (RHC)-based pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) study in
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) since 2006. The baseline characteristics of
      these patients were described and the risk factor for PAH in lupus was
      identified.The demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment characteristics
      of SLE patients with PAH when they were registered were collected as the baseline
      data. A case-control study was conducted by taking the admitted SLE-non-PAH
      patients adjusted for age and gender in a 4:1 ratio during the same period as the
      controls. The associated variables were examined by binary multivariate logistic
      regression analysis to identify possible risk factors. A total of 111 RHC
      confirmed SLE-PAH patients were enrolled, with the onset age of 34.6 +/- 8.6
      years old and the average SLE duration of 5 years. RHC revealed mPAP as 46.4 +/-
      11.4 mm Hg, CI as 2.7 +/- 0.8 L/min * m, and PVR as 10.5 +/- 4.8 WU. 46% of
      patients were WHO Fc I-II. All patients were treated with immunosuppressive
      agents and 65% patients had PAH-targeted therapy. The case-control study had
      confirmed 2 independent risk factors previously published: pericardial effusion
      (OR = 21.290, P < 0.001) and anti-RNP antibody (OR = 12.399, P < 0.001).
      Meanwhile, 6 independent variables were discovered: baseline SLE duration (OR =
      1.118, P = 0.007), interstitial lung disease (OR = 17.027, P < 0.001=, without
      acute rash (OR = 3.258, P = 0.019), anti-SSA antibody (OR = 4.836, P = 0.004),
      SLEDAI<=9 (OR = 26.426, P < 0.001), ESR<=20 mm/h (OR = 12.068, P < 0.001), and
      uric acid > 357 MUmol/L (OR = 9.666, P < 0.001) to be associated with PAH in SLE
      patients.The PUMCH study has shown that SLE patients complicated with PAH are
      usually earlier diagnosed and have less disease severity than patients without
      PAH. The immunosuppressive therapy rate and the PAH target therapy rate were
      high, which is consistent with reports from Western countries. This study has
      confirmed that pericardial effusion and positive anti-RNP antibody are risk
      factors for SLE-associated PAH. Long SLE disease duration, the presence of
      interstitial lung disease, without acute skin rash, positive anti-SSA antibody,
      low SLEDAI and ESR, and high uric acid levels are also associated with PAH in SLE
      patients. 

PMID- 26962775
TI  - Increased Risk of Endometriosis in Patients With Lower Genital Tract Infection: A
      Nationwide Cohort Study.
AB  - Endometriosis results from the ectopic invasion of endometrial glands and stroma
      in the peritoneal cavity. The exact etiology of endometriosis is still unknown.
      It has, however, been shown that there are higher numbers of Escherichia coli in
      menstrual blood, and higher endotoxin levels in menstrual fluid, as well as, in
      the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis. In this study, we aimed to
      determine whether lower genital tract infections could increase the risk of
      endometriosis.We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance database to conduct a
      population-based cohort study. We included patients diagnosed with inflammatory
      diseases of the cervix, vagina, and vulva, and a control group comprising
      patients matched by age, sex, and comorbidities but without inflammatory diseases
      of the cervix, vagina, or vulva.A total of 79,512 patients were included in the
      inflammatory disease group and an equal number of control individuals were
      selected. The incidence of endometriosis (hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.91-2.12; P < 0.001) was higher among patients than controls. Cox
      proportional hazards models showed that irrespective of comorbidities, lower
      genital tract infection was an independent risk factor for endometriosis.Patients
      with lower genital tract infections exhibit a substantially higher risk for
      developing endometriosis. 

PMID- 26962776
TI  - Insulin Resistance is Associated With Total Bile Acid Level in Type 2 Diabetic
      and Nondiabetic Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - Bile acid metabolism was reported to be involved in glucose metabolism
      homeostasis. However, the exact relationship between bile acid and glucose
      metabolism as well as insulin sensitivity is not clarified. Therefore, we sought
      to investigate the association between insulin sensitivity and hyperbileacidemia
      in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic population.This community-based cross
      sectional study included 9603 residents from Jiading, Shanghai, China, who were
      40 years and older. Standardized questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and
      laboratory tests were conducted. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin
      resistance (HOMA-IR) >= 2.7 was defined as insulin resistance and fasting TBA >=
      10 mmol/L was defined as hyperbileacidemia.Multivariate stepwise regression
      analysis revealed that HOMA-IR, age, and male sex were positively associated with
      hyperbileacidemia in both nondiabetic and diabetic participants. In multivariate
      logistic models, participants with insulin resistance had significantly higher
      risk of hyperbileacidemia compared to those who have no insulin resistance, in
      both nondiabetic and diabetic population (nondiabetic: OR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.42
      2.19; P < 0.001; diabetic: OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.06 - 2.31; P = 0.025,
      respectively). Further adjustment for the HbA1c level in diabetic population did
      not change the significant association (OR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.06 - 2.40; P =
      0.024). In nondiabetic participants, each 1-unit increment of HOMA-IR conferred
      an 18% higher risk of hyperbileacidemia (95% CI 1.04-1.35; P = 0.013), whereas in
      diabetic participants, this association was similar but not significant (95% CI
      0.95-1.59; P = 0.117).Insulin resistance was positively associated with
      hyperbileacidemia in both nondiabetic and diabetic population. The increase in
      the bile acid level in insulin-resistant population regardless of status of
      diabetes and glucose level indicated the important role of insulin resistance in
      the regulation of bile acid metabolism in human. 

PMID- 26962777
TI  - Preoperative Anxiety in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis and Risk for Myasthenic
      Crisis After Extended Transsternal Thymectomy: A CONSORT Study.
AB  - A thymectomy can ameliorate the symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG) and prevent
      the progression of ocular MG (OMG) to generalized MG (GMG). However,
      postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) is a serious post-thymectomy complication.
      Preoperative anxiety (POA) is common but typically neglected in MG patients. The
      association of POA with POMC has not yet been examined.From June 2007 to December
      2013, 541 cases of MG were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat
      sen University (Guangzhou, China). All cases underwent extended transsternal
      thymectomy (ETT). The clinical and pathological characteristics of these
      patients, including POA and POMC, were analyzed.A total of 179 patients
      experienced POA and 67 patients experienced POMC. Patients with POA were more
      likely to have POMC, a thymoma, and an ectopic thymus. Univariate analysis showed
      that POMC correlated with POA, presence of an ectopic thymus, dose of
      pyridostigmine bromide (PYR), presence of a thymoma, MGFA stage, preoperative
      myasthenic crisis, and postoperative pneumonia. Multivariate logistic regression
      analysis showed that the independent risk factors for POMC were POA, preoperative
      myasthenic crisis, higher dose of PYR, and postoperative pneumonia.Our results
      suggest that clinicians should consider the risk factors for POMC-especially
      preoperative anxiety-before performing a thymectomy in patients with MG. 

PMID- 26962779
TI  - Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia Manifested as Unusual Edemas and Effusions: A
      Case Report.
AB  - Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology
      characterized by diffuse or localized dilation and eventual rupture of the
      enteric lymphatic vessels in mucosa, submucosa, and/or subserosa. Lymph, rich in
      all kinds of proteins and lymphocytes, leaks into the gastrointestinal tract via
      the affected lymphatic vessels causing hypoproteinemia and lymphopenia. The main
      symptom is variable degrees of pitting edemas of bilateral lower limbs. But
      edemas of any other parts of body, and mild serous effusions may also occur
      sometimes. PIL occurs in conjunction with a right hemifacial edema, a right upper
      limb lymphedema, asymmetric bilateral calves edemas, and a unilateral massive
      pleural effusion seems never to be reported before. In addition, increased
      enteric protein loss that may cause severe hypoproteinemia usually get
      overlooked, and the lymphatic system disorders always put the diagnoses in a
      dilemma.We described a case of a 17-year-old Chinese girl with a history of
      gradually progressive swellings of right-sided face, right upper limb, and
      bilateral calves since 3 to 4 months of age. A right-sided massive pleural
      effusion, a moderate pericardial effusion, and a mild ascites have been proved
      unchanged by a series of computerized tomography (CT) scans since 5 years ago.
      The diagnosis of PIL was finally confirmed by severe hypoproteinemia, endoscopic
      changes, and histology of jejunum biopsy. Further lymphoscintigraphy and
      lymphangiography also identified lymph leakage in her bowel and several abnormal
      lymphatic vessels. A high-protein, low-fat diet supplemented with medium-chain
      triglycerides (MCT) showed some benefit.This case suggested that PIL was a rare
      but important etiology of hypoproteinemia, effusions, and edemas. PIL, effusions,
      and lymphedema can be the features of multisegmental generalized lymphatic
      dysplasia. In addition, both lymphoscintigraphy and intranodal lymphangiography
      could be considered when lymphatic system disorders are suspected. 

PMID- 26962778
TI  - High Throughput Sequencing of T Cell Antigen Receptors Reveals a Conserved TCR
      Repertoire.
AB  - The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is a mirror of the human immune system that
      reflects processes caused by infections, cancer, autoimmunity, and aging. Next
      generation sequencing has become a powerful tool for deep TCR profiling. Herein,
      we used this technology to study the repertoire features of TCR beta chain in the
      blood of healthy individuals.Peripheral blood samples were collected from 10
      healthy donors. T cells were isolated with anti-human CD3 magnetic beads
      according to the manufacturer's protocol. We then combined multiplex-PCR,
      Illumina sequencing, and IMGT/High V-QUEST to analyze the characteristics and
      polymorphisms of the TCR.Most of the individual T cell clones were present at
      very low frequencies, suggesting that they had not undergone clonal expansion.
      The usage frequencies of the TCR beta variable, beta joining, and beta diversity
      gene segments were similar among T cells from different individuals. Notably, the
      usage frequency of individual nucleotides and amino acids within complementarity
      determining region (CDR3) intervals was remarkably consistent between
      individuals. Moreover, our data show that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
      activity was biased toward the insertion of G (31.92%) and C (27.14%) over A
      (21.82%) and T (19.12%) nucleotides.Some conserved features could be observed in
      the composition of CDR3, which may inform future studies of human TCR gene
      recombination. 

PMID- 26962780
TI  - Comparing Burnout Across Emergency Physicians, Nurses, Technicians, and Health
      Information Technicians Working for the Same Organization.
AB  - Studies on the topic of burnout measure the effects of emotional exhaustion (EE),
      depersonalization (DP) (negative or cynical attitudes toward work), and reduced
      sense of personal accomplishment (PA). While the prevalence of burnout in
      practicing emergency medicine (EM) professionals has been studied, little is
      known of the prevalence and factors across physicians, nurses, technicians, and
      health information technicians working for the same institution. The aim of this
      study was to assess burnout differences across EM professional types.The total
      population of 250 EM professionals at 2 public urban hospitals in Turkey were
      surveyed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and basic social- and work-related
      demographics. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and additional post hoc tests were
      computed.Findings show that EE and DP scores were high across all occupational
      groups, while scores on PA were low. There was a statistically significant
      difference between nurses and medical technicians (P < 0.05) for EE; and between
      physicians and both nurses and medical technicians (P < 0.05) for PA; while no
      group differences were found for DP. Age, gender, economic well-being, and income
      level were all significant; while patient load and marital status showed no
      significance.Burnout can be high across occupational groups in the emergency
      department. Burnout is important for EM administrators to assess across human
      resources. Statistically significant differences across socio-demographic groups
      vary across occupational groups. However, differences between occupational groups
      may not be explained effectively by the demographic factors assessed in this or
      other prior studies. Rather, the factors associated with burnout are incomplete
      and require further institutional, cultural, and organizational analyses
      including differentiating between job tasks carried out by each EM job type. 

PMID- 26962781
TI  - Diagnosis of Transverse Sinus Hypoplasia in Magnetic Resonance Venography: New
      Insights Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Combined Dataset of Venous
      Outflow Impairment Case-Control Studies: Post Hoc Case-Control Study.
AB  - In previous studies of transverse sinus (TS) hypoplasia, discrepancies between TS
      diameter measured by magnetic resonance venography (MRV) and contrast T1-weighted
      magnetic resonance (contrast T1) were observed. To investigate these
      discrepancies, and considering that TS hypoplasia is associated with neurological
      disorders, we performed a post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data from
      3 case-control studies on transient global amnesia (TGA), transient monocular
      blindness (TMB), and panic disorders while retaining the original inclusion and
      exclusion criteria. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of 131 subjects was reviewed
      to evaluate TS diameter and the location and degree of venous flow stenosis and
      obstruction.MRV without contrast revealed that TS hypoplasia was observed in 69
      subjects, whom we classified into 2 subgroups according to the concordance with
      contrast T1 observations: concordance indicated anatomically small TS (30
      subjects), and discrepancy indicated that the MRV diagnosis is in fact flow
      related and that TS is not anatomically small (39 subjects). The latter subgroup
      was associated with at least 1 site of venous compression/stenosis in the
      internal jugular vein (IJV) or the left brachiocephalic vein (BCV) (P < 0.001),
      which was significantly larger in patients than controls. Compensatory dilatation
      of contralateral TS diameter was only observed with MRV, not with contrast T1
      imaging.The clinical implication of these results is that using MRV only, IJV/BCV
      compression/stenosis may be misdiagnosed as TS hypoplasia. And contralateral TS
      have no compensatory dilatation in its diameter in contrast T1 imaging, just
      compensatory increased flow volume. 

PMID- 26962782
TI  - A Matched Influenza Vaccine Strain Was Effective in Reducing the Risk of Acute
      Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Persons: A Population-Based Study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore whether matched or mismatched strains of
      influenza vaccines (IVs) are beneficial at reducing the risk of acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) in elderly persons.Data were obtained from the Longitudinal
      Health Database 2005 (LHID 2005) which is maintained by the National Health
      Insurance Research Institute in Taiwan. The analytical data included individuals
      who were vaccinated with mismatched vaccines during the October 2007 to December
      2007 season and individuals vaccinated with matched strains during the October
      2008 to December 2008 season. All participants were 65 years of age and older. In
      this analysis, individuals were considered to be exposed if their records showed
      that they were vaccinated against influenza, and they were considered to be
      nonexposed if they were not vaccinated during these seasons. A Cox hazard model
      was used to estimate AMI hazard ratio.This study enrolled 93,051 exposed and
      109,007 unexposed individuals. The AMI hazards ratios (HRs) for the men and women
      exposed to mismatched vaccine (in 2007) were 0.990 (95% confidence interval [CI],
      0.745-1.316) and 1.102 (95% CI: 0.803-1.513), respectively. Men exposed to
      matched vaccines (in 2008) had significant HRs (HR: 0.681; 95% CI: 0.509-0.912)
      while the HRs in the women were barely significant (HR: 0.737; 95% CI: 0.527
      1.029).AMI risk could be particularly reduced in men if the IV matches well with
      the circulating strains in elderly people 65 years of age and older. 

PMID- 26962783
TI  - Patient With Severe Hyponatremia Caused by Adrenal Insufficiency Due to Ectopic
      Posterior Pituitary Lobe and Miscommunication Between Hypothalamus and Pituitary:
      A Case Report.
AB  - Hyponatremia may be one of the clinical manifestations of adrenal insufficiency
      (AI) and during the diagnostic workup of hyponatremic patients investigation of
      AI should be included.We report the case of an 82-year-old patient who was
      admitted to our hospital with clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of
      hyponatremia. Following the diagnostic algorithm of hyponatremia we reached the
      diagnosis of AI. Clinician's attention must focus on the underlying cause of AI
      which in this case was hidden in a miscommunication between hypothalamus and
      pituitary due to an ectopic posterior pituitary lobe and became apparent by a
      pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Treatment with oral
      hydrocortisone resulted in full clinical recovery and electrolyte balance, which
      was maintained after 7 months of follow-up.Secondary AI is related with
      hyponatremia through increased ADH secretion. Although a hyponatremic episode may
      be the first presentation of AI, clinical suspicion is of high importance in
      order to place the right diagnosis. Disruption of communication between
      hypothalamus and pituitary is a rare but considerable cause of AI. 

PMID- 26962784
TI  - Genetic Association Between Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Length Polymorphism
      and Male Infertility: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - The association between polymorphism of androgen receptor gene CAG (AR-CAG) and
      male infertility in several studies was controversial. Based on studies on
      association between AR-CAG repeat length and male infertility in recent years, an
      updated meta-analysis is needed. We aimed to evaluate the association between AR
      CAG repeat length and male infertility in advantage of the data in all published
      reports.We searched for reports published before August 2015 using PubMed, CNKI,
      VIP, and WanFang. Data on sample size, mean, and standard deviation (SD) of AR
      CAG repeat length were extracted independently by 3 investigators.Forty-four
      reports were selected based on criteria. The overall infertile patients and
      azoospermic patients were found to have longer AR-CAG repeat length (standard
      mean difference (SMD) = 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10-0.28, P < 0.01;
      SMD = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.10-0.61, P < 0.01). AR-CAG repeat length was longer in
      infertile men in Asian, Caucasian, and mixed races (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08
      0.43, P <0.01; SMD = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-0.25, P <0.05; SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15
      0.63, P <0.01). The overall study shows that increased AR-CAG repeat length was
      associated with male infertility. The subgroup study on races shows that
      increased AR-CAG repeat length was associated with male infertility in Asian,
      Caucasian, and mixed races. Increased AR-CAG repeat length was also associated
      with azoospermia.This meta-analysis supports that increased androgen receptor CAG
      length is capable of causing male infertility susceptibility.

PMID- 26962785
TI  - Correlation Between the Integrity of the Circle of Willis and the Severity of
      Initial Noncardiac Cerebral Infarction and Clinical Prognosis.
AB  - The quality of collateral circulation affects the severity and prognosis of
      stroke patients. The effect of the circle of Willis, which is the primary
      collateral circulation, on ischemic stroke has attracted significant attention.
      This study was designed to investigate the effect of different circles of Willis
      types on stroke severity and prognosis in patients with noncardiac stroke.A total
      of 376 patients with noncardiac ischemic stroke, who were treated by the
      specialty team of cerebrovascular diseases at the First Affiliated Hospital of
      Sun Yat-sen Hospital, were successively enrolled in this study. The detailed
      clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded upon admission, including
      risk factors of vascular disease and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
      (NIHSS) scores. The patients were divided into groups of different circles of
      Willis types based on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) that was performed
      within 3 days of admission-type I: complete circle of Willis; type II: complete
      anterior half of the circle of Willis and incomplete posterior half of the circle
      of Willis; type III: incomplete anterior half of the circle of Willis and
      complete posterior half of the circle of Willis; and type IV: incomplete anterior
      and posterior halves of the circle of Willis. Patients were re-evaluated for
      NIHSS scores at discharge and after discharge. The modified Rankin score (mRS)
      was recorded for 90 days, and stroke recurrence and death after 90 days were also
      recorded until the end of the study.The 376 patients were divided into 4 groups
      based on the MRA-type I group: 92 patients (24.5%); type II group: 215 patients
      (57.2%); type III group: 12 patients (3.2%), and type IV group: 57 patients
      (15.2%). NIHSS scores at admission and discharge were significantly lower for the
      type I group compared with those for the type II and type IV groups (P < 0.05).
      NIHSS scores were higher in the groups with an incomplete circle of Willis
      compared with the group with a complete circle of Willis. A poor recovery rate
      was highest for the type IV group, whereas a good recovery rate was highest for
      the type I group. The logistic regression analysis showed that a complete circle
      of Willis was one of the predictors of suitable recovery (odds ratio [OR] =
      0.708, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.554-0.906).Circle of Willis type was
      associated with stroke severity and patient prognosis, whereas an incomplete
      circle of Willis was associated with more severe conditions and a higher 90-day
      poor diagnosis rate. A complete circle of Willis was an independent predictor of
      good prognosis. 

PMID- 26962787
TI  - Burkitt-Type Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Precursor B-Cell Immunophenotype
      and Partial Tetrasomy of 1q: A Case Report.
AB  - Burkitt-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is thought as a variant of
      Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia and derived from mature B-cell lymphoblast.B-ALL was
      developed in a 10-year-old girl. Two characteristics were apparent in this case.
      First, the lymphoblastic cells were positive for CD10, CD19, CD20, and CD22, but
      negative for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and surface immunoglobulins,
      indicating a B-cell immunophenotype. The detection of t(8;14)(q24;q32) with a
      chromosomal analysis is required for a diagnosis of B-ALL. Second, der(1)(pter ->
      q32.1::q32.1 -> q21.1::q11 -> qter) was detected, in which 1q21.1 to 1q32.1 was
      inverted and inserted. Finally, partial tetrasomy of 1q was also present. Because
      B-ALL with abnormal chromosome 1 has been reported poor outcome, the usual
      chemotherapy for stage 4 Burkitt lymphoma with added rituximab was administered
      for our patient.We report B-ALL with precursor B-cell immunophenotype and
      interesting partial tetrasomy of 1q. 

PMID- 26962786
TI  - Interaction Between Dietary Vitamin K Intake and Anticoagulation by Vitamin K
      Antagonists: Is It Really True?: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Educational advice is often given to patients starting treatment with vitamin K
      Antagonists (VKAs). A great emphasis is made on nutritional information. Common
      belief is that dietary vitamin K intake could counteract the anticoagulant effect
      by VKAs and for many years, patients have been discouraged to consume vitamin-K
      rich foods, such as green leafy vegetables.The objective of this study is to
      summarize the current evidence supporting the putative interaction between
      dietary vitamin K intake and changes in INR with the VKAs.Data sources are
      MEDLINE via PubMed and Cochrane database.All clinical studies investigating the
      relationship between dietary vitamin K and measures of anticoagulation were
      included. We excluded all studies of supplementation of vitamin K alone.We
      performed a systematic review of the literature up to October 2015, searching for
      a combination of "food," "diet," "vitamin K," "phylloquinone," "warfarin," "INR,"
      "coagulation," and "anticoagulant."Two dietary interventional trials and 9
      observational studies were included. We found conflicting evidence on the effect
      of dietary intake of vitamin K on coagulation response. Some studies found a
      negative correlation between vitamin K intake and INR changes, while others
      suggested that a minimum amount of vitamin K is required to maintain an adequate
      anticoagulation. Median dietary intake of vitamin K1 ranged from 76 to 217
      MUg/day among studies, and an effect on coagulation may be detected only for high
      amount of vitamin intake (>150 MUg/day).Most studies included patients with
      various indications for VKAs therapy, such as atrial fibrillation, prosthetic
      heart valves, and venous thromboembolism. Thus, INR target was dishomogeneous and
      no subanalyses for specific populations or different anticoagulants were
      conducted. Measures used to evaluate anticoagulation stability were variable.The
      available evidence does not support current advice to modify dietary habits when
      starting therapy with VKAs. Restriction of dietary vitamin K intake does not seem
      to be a valid strategy to improve anticoagulation quality with VKAs. It would be,
      perhaps, more relevant to maintain stable dietary habit, avoiding wide changes in
      the intake of vitamin K. 

PMID- 26962788
TI  - Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Systolic Time Intervals in Risk
      Stratification for Increased Left Ventricular Mass Index and Left Ventricular
      Hypertrophy.
AB  - Either decreased renal function or increased systolic time interval is associated
      with cardiac hypertrophy and poor cardiac outcome. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate combination of renal function and brachial systolic time intervals were
      associated with increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left ventricular
      hypertrophy (LVH).In total of 990 patients were consecutively included in this
      study from January 2011 to December 2012. All study participants were further
      classified into 4 groups by the values of estimated glomerular filtration rate
      (eGFR) and ratio of brachial preejection period (bPEP) to brachial ejection time
      (bET). The classification of 4 groups were eGFR >= 45 mL/min/1.73 m and bPEP/bET
      < 0.38 (group 1), eGFR >= 45 ml/min/1.73 m and bPEP/bET >= 0.38 (group 2), eGFR <
      45 mL/min/1.73 m and bPEP/bET < 0.38 (group 3), and eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m and
      bPEP/bET >= 0.38 (group 4), respectively. Patients in groups 1 and 4 had the
      lowest and highest LVMI among 4 groups, respectively (P < 0.001). In
      multivariable analyses, increased LVMI and LVH were significantly associated with
      patients in groups 2, 3 and 4 (vs group 1) (P <= 0.019).Our study demonstrated
      that joined parameter of renal function and systolic time intervals, in terms of
      eGFR and bPEP/bET, might be an alternative method in risk stratification for
      increased LVMI and LVH.

PMID- 26962790
TI  - A Rare Case of Isolated Cystic Hydatid of Thyroid Gland.
AB  - Hydatid cysts are most frequently localized within the liver and lungs, although
      they can also be found in highly vascularized tissues such as the brain, muscle,
      heart, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid glands.A 65-year-old female patient was
      admitted to our clinic with complaints of a progressively growing mass that was
      compressing the surrounding tissues and causing respiratory distress. The
      pathological result was obtained as cytic hydatid.In patients with diagnosed
      hydatid cysts in the liver, systemic evaluation is necessary to rule out
      involvement of other organs. Among patients presenting with growths located in
      the neck, primary hydatid cyst of the thyroid gland must be considered in endemic
      regions. 

PMID- 26962789
TI  - Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Preventing Postoperative Side Effects for
      Laparoscopic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Trial
      Sequential Analysis (PRISMA).
AB  - Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used extensively for patients during surgery. Some
      studies found that DEX could reduce the incidence of postoperative side effects
      in laparoscopic surgical patients. However, no firm conclusions were made about
      it.The authors searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in PubMed,
      EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials testing DEX
      administrated in laparoscopic surgical patients and reporting on postoperative
      nausea, vomiting, shivering, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), or
      extubation time after surgery or within 1 hour in postoperative care unit. Trial
      sequential analysis (TSA) was used for RCTs comparing DEX with placebo or no
      treatment in laparoscopic surgery patients. A protocol for this meta-analysis has
      been registered on PROSPERO (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) and the
      registration number is CRD42015020226.Fifteen studies (899 patients) were
      included. DEX could significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea
      (risk ratio [RR] and 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 [0.28, 0.66], P <
      0.0001), vomiting (RR and 95% CI, 0.36 [0.18, 0.72], P = 0.004), shivering (RR
      and 95% CI, 0.19 [0.11, 0.35], P < 0.00001), rescue antiemetic (RR and 95% CI,
      0.18 [0.07, 0.47], P = 0.0006), and increase the incidence of dry mouth (RR and
      95% CI, 7.40 [2.07, 26.48], P = 0.002) comparing with the control group. In
      addition, firm conclusions can be made on the results of postoperative nausea
      according to the TSA. Meta-analysis showed that DEX group had a significantly
      lower heart rate (mean difference [MD] and 95% CI, -14.21 [-18.85, -9.57], P <
      0.00001) and MAP (MD and 95% CI, -12.35 [-15.28, -9.42], P < 0.00001) than the
      control group, and firm conclusions can be made according to the TSA. No
      significance was observed on extubation time between 2 groups (MD and 95% CI,
      0.70 [-0.89, 2.28], P = 0.39).The results from this meta-analysis indicated that
      perioperative DEX decreased postoperative nausea and shivering in laparoscopic
      surgical patients. However, common adverse effects were lower heart rate and MAP.
      Firm conclusions cannot be made on postoperative shivering, rescue antiemetic,
      and dry mouth until more RCTs were included.

PMID- 26962791
TI  - Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Any Fracture: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review
      and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Several observational studies have investigated the relation between cadmium
      exposure and risk of any fracture. However, the results from epidemiological
      studies for the association are inconsistent.We conducted a meta-analysis to
      evaluate the relationship between cadmium exposure and risk of any fracture. The
      pertinent studies were identified by a search of PubMed and Embase databases from
      1966 to June 2015.Seven articles involving 21,941 fracture cases and 504,346
      participants were included. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled relative
      risk of any fracture for the highest versus lowest category of cadmium
      concentration was 1.30 (95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.49). In subgroup
      analyses, the significant association remained consistent when stratified by
      study type, geographical region, method of cadmium exposure assessment, and
      gender.Our meta-analysis showed that a high cadmium exposure may be a risk factor
      for any fracture. However, this result should be interpreted cautiously because
      of the heterogeneity among studies and existence of publication bias. Additional
      large, high-quality prospective studies are needed to evaluate the association
      between cadmium exposure and the risk of development of fracture. 

PMID- 26962792
TI  - dCK Expression and Gene Polymorphism With Gemcitabine Chemosensitivity in
      Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Strobe-Compliant Observational
      Study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of deoxycytidine kinase
      (dCK) protein expression and gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms to gemcitabine
      chemosensitivity in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).In
      total, 54 patients with resectable PDAC, who received postoperative gemcitabine
      based therapy, were enrolled in this study, from January 2011 to April 2013. The
      dCK protein expression was measured retrospectively by immunohistochemistry.
      Furthermore, 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (C1205T, A9846G, A70G, C356G, and
      C364T) of the dCK gene were detected in PDAC cells by PCR amplification and
      sequencing.The dCK protein expression was found to be negatively correlated with
      age (P = 0.006), but correlated positively with overall survival (OS) (P = 0.000)
      and disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.003). The A9846G AA genotype in the dCK
      gene was significantly associated with reduced mortality compared with AG and GG
      genotypes. The OS and DFS were longer in patients with the A9846G AA genotype
      than the AG and GG genotypes. In univariate and multivariate analyses, we found
      that the dCK protein expression and A9846G genotype were significant predictors
      of both OS and DFS.Our study suggests that the dCK protein expression and A9846G
      genotype may act as prognostic biomarkers in identifying patients who are likely
      to benefit from postoperative gemcitabine therapy in PDAC. 

PMID- 26962793
TI  - Cholesteatoma in the Sellar Region Presenting as Hypopituitarism and Diabetes
      Insipidus.
AB  - Clinically significant sellar cysts unrelated to pituitary adenomas are uncommon.
      Intracranial cholesteatomas are also rare and are most common in the middle ear
      and mastoid region. We report an even rarer case of cholesteatoma in the sellar
      region-a challenging diagnosis guided by clinical presentations, radiological
      signs, and biopsy, aiming at emphasize the importance of considering
      cholesteatoma when making differential diagnoses of sellar lesions.We present a
      case of cholesteatoma in the sellar region in a 56-year-old man with
      hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and cystic imaging findings. It was
      difficult to make an accurate diagnosis before surgery. We present detailed
      analysis of the patient's disease course and review pertinent literature.The
      patient underwent a surgical exploration and tumor resection through a
      transsphenoidal approach. Pathologic results revealed a cholesteatoma. The
      patient's symptoms improved a lot after surgery, and the postoperative period was
      uneventful. Taken together, the lesion's imaging appearance, pathological
      characteristics, and clinical features were all unique features that lead to a
      diagnosis of cholesteatoma.As we did not see such reports by Pubmed and EMBASE,
      we believe this is the first reported case of sellar cholesteatoma presenting in
      this manner. This article emphasized that cholesteatomas, although rare, should
      be considered part of the differential diagnosis of sellar lesions. 

PMID- 26962794
TI  - Nonmuscle-invasive and Muscle-invasive Urinary Bladder Cancer: Image Quality and
      Clinical Value of Reduced Field-of-view Versus Conventional Single-shot Echo
      planar Imaging DWI.
AB  - This study compared the imaging quality, diagnostic accuracy, and apparent
      diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of reduced field-of-view (rFOV) diffusion
      weighted imaging (DWI) and full field-of-view (fFOV) single-shot echo-planar
      imaging with regard to patients with nonmuscle-invasive or muscle-invasive
      bladder cancer.Thirty-nine patients with 60 bladder tumors underwent rFOV and
      fFOV DWI in this internal review board-approved study. Pathologic and histologic
      grades were determined for all tumors. Two observers rated DWI image quality
      using a 4-point scale. Two radiologists who were blinded to the pathology
      findings reviewed 3 image sets (T2-weighted alone, T2-weighted plus fFOV DWI, and
      T2-weighted plus rFOV DWI) and assigned T stages and confidence levels for tumors
      of stage T2 or higher. The image quality scores for the 2 DWI sequences were
      assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Differences in the diagnostic
      accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for each image set were evaluated using
      the McNemar test. Differences in performance were analyzed by comparing the areas
      under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (ie, the Az values). A Mann
      Whitney U test was used to compare the mean ADCs and the relationship between
      tumor stage and histologic grade.Image quality scores were significantly higher
      for rFOV (mean = 3.62) than for fFOV DWI (2.98; P < 0.001). The pooled diagnostic
      accuracies were 57%, 70%, and 78% for the T2-weighted alone images, the T2
      weighted plus fFOV DWI images, and the T2-weighted plus rFOV DWI images,
      respectively. The overall accuracy, specificity, and Az for diagnosing T2 or
      higher stages were significantly improved by adding rFOV DWI (P < 0.05). The mean
      ADC values of the muscle-invasive and G3 grade bladder cancers were significantly
      lower than those of the nonmuscle-invasive tumors and G1 grade cancers,
      regardless of DWI sequence (P < 0.01).rFOV DWI is superior to fFOV DWI with
      respect to image quality and diagnostic accuracy. ADC values might be useful for
      distinguishing nonmuscle-invasive from muscle-invasive cancers, and G1 from G3
      grade lesions. 

PMID- 26962795
TI  - Leukemia Risk After Cardiac Fluoroscopic Interventions Stratified by Procedure
      Number, Exposure Latent Time, and Sex: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control
      Study.
AB  - A number of cardiac fluoroscopic interventions have increased rapidly worldwide
      over the past decade. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and
      stent implantation have become increasingly popular, and these advancements have
      allowed patients to receive repetitive treatments for restenosis. However, these
      advancements also significantly increase radiation exposure that may lead to
      higher cumulative doses of radiation. In the present study, a nationwide
      population-based case-controlled study was used to explore the risk of leukemia
      after cardiac angiographic fluoroscopic intervention.A total of 5026 patients
      with leukemia and 100,520 control patients matched for age and sex (1:20) by a
      propensity score method without any cancer history were enrolled using the
      Registry Data for Catastrophic Illness and the National Health Insurance Research
      Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan between 2008 and 2010. All subjects were
      retrospectively surveyed (from year 2000) to determine receipt of cardiac
      fluoroscopic interventions. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic
      regression models, and estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence
      interval).After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, PTCA was found to
      be associated with an increased risk of leukemia with an adjusted OR of 1.566
      (95% CI, 1.282-1.912), whereas coronary angiography alone without PTCA and
      cardiac electrophysiologic study were not. Our results also showed that an
      increased frequency of PTCA and coronary angiography was associated with a higher
      risk of leukemia (adjusted OR: 1.326 to 1.530 [all P < 0.05]). Gender subgroup
      analyses demonstrated that men were associated with a higher risk of leukemia
      compared with women.These results provide additional data in the quantification
      of the long-term health effects of radiation exposure derived from the cardiac
      fluoroscopic diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. PTCA alone or PTCA with
      coronary angiography was associated with an elevated risk of leukemia. Continued
      follow-up of existing cohorts will be valuable to help assess lifetime risks of
      cancer. 

PMID- 26962796
TI  - Intratumoral Macroscopic Fat and Hemorrhage Combination Useful in the
      Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Solid Renal Masses.
AB  - To evaluate the value of combining the detection of intratumoral macroscopic fat
      and hemorrhage in the differentiation of the benign from malignant solid renal
      masses.Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), chemical shift (CS)-MRI,
      and susceptibility-weighted imaging were performed in 152 patients with 152 solid
      renal masses, including 48 benign and 104 malignant masses all pathologically
      confirmed. The presence of macroscopic fat detected by CS-MRI and hemorrhage
      detected by susceptibility-weighted imaging were evaluated in all masses. The
      rates of macroscopic fat and hemorrhage observed between benign and malignant
      masses were compared by a chi test. All masses found to contain macroscopic fat
      with or without hemorrhage were considered to be benign. The remaining masses
      (without macroscopic fat) found not to contain hemorrhage were considered to be
      benign. Only those found to contain hemorrhage alone were considered to be
      malignant. The evaluation indexes for differentiating and forecasting the benign
      and malignant masses were calculated.Significant differences in the rate of
      macroscopic fat (observed in 85.42% of benign masses vs. 0% of malignant masses)
      and hemorrhage (observed in 4.17% of benign masses vs. 95.19% of malignant
      masses) were measured in the benign and malignant groups (P < 0.005, for both).
      The 41 masses containing macroscopic fat with or without hemorrhage and 11 masses
      containing neither macroscopic fat nor hemorrhage were considered to be benign.
      The 100 masses containing no macroscopic fat and only hemorrhage were considered
      to be malignant. By combining the results for the macroscopic fat and hemorrhage,
      the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in the differential diagnosis of the
      benign and malignant masses were 96.05%, 95.19%, and 97.92%, respectively, and
      the accuracy and error rate of forecasting the benign and malignant masses were
      95.39% and 4.61%, respectively.Combining the detection intratumoral macroscopic
      fat and hemorrhage can be used to differentiate the benign from malignant solid
      renal masses. 

PMID- 26962797
TI  - Relationship Between Determinants of Arterial Stiffness Assessed by Diastolic and
      Suprasystolic Pulse Oscillometry: Comparison of Vicorder and Vascular Explorer.
AB  - Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) are independent predictors
      of cardiovascular health. However, the comparability of multiple oscillometric
      modalities currently available for their assessment was not studied in detail. In
      the present study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between indices of
      arterial stiffness assessed by diastolic and suprasystolic oscillometry.In total,
      56 volunteers from the general population (23 males; median age 70 years
      [interquartile range: 65-72 years]) were recruited into observational feasibility
      study to evaluate the carotid-femoral/aortic PWV (cf/aoPWV), brachial-ankle PWV
      (baPWV), and AI assessed by 2 devices: Vicorder (VI) applying diastolic, right
      sided oscillometry for the determination of all 3 indices, and Vascular explorer
      (VE) implementing single-point, suprasystolic brachial oscillometry (SSBO) pulse
      wave analysis for the assessment of cfPWV and AI. Within- and between-device
      correlations of measured parameters were analyzed. Furthermore, agreement of
      repeated measurements, intra- and inter-observer concordances were determined and
      compared for both devices.In VI, both baPWV and cfPWV inter-correlated well and
      showed good level of agreement with bilateral baPWV measured by VE (baPWV[VI]
      baPWV[VE]R: overall concordance correlation coefficient [OCCC] = 0.484, mean
      difference = 1.94 m/s; cfPWV[VI]-baPWV[VE]R: OCCC = 0.493, mean difference = 1.0
      m/s). In contrast, SSBO-derived aortic PWA (cf/aoPWA[VE]) displayed only weak
      correlation with cfPWV(VI) (r = 0.196; P = 0.04) and ipsilateral baPWV
      (cf/aoPWV[VE]R-baPWV[VE]R: r = 0.166; P = 0.08). cf/aoPWA(VE) correlated strongly
      with AI(VE) (right-sided: r = 0.725, P < 0.001). AI exhibited marginal between
      device agreement (right-sided: OCCC = 0.298, mean difference: 6.12%). All
      considered parameters showed good-to-excellent repeatability giving OCCC > 0.9
      for 2-point-PWV modes and right-sided AI(VE). Intra- and inter-observer
      concordances were similarly high except for AI yielding a trend toward better
      reproducibility in VE (interobserver-OCCC[VI] vs [VE] = 0.774 vs 0.844;
      intraobserver-OCCC[VI] vs [VE] = 0.613 vs 0.769).Both diastolic oscillometry
      derived PWV modes, and AI measured either with VI or VE, are comparable and
      reliable alternatives for the assessment of arterial stiffness. Aortic PWV
      assessed by SSBO in VE is not related to the corresponding indices determined by
      traditional diastolic oscillometry.

PMID- 26962798
TI  - Prognosis Can Be Predicted More Accurately Using Pre- and Postchemoradiotherapy
      Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels Compared to Only Prechemoradiotherapy
      Carcinoembryonic Antigen Level in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Who
      Received Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of a change in the carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA) level during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in patients with
      locally advanced rectal cancer. A total of 110 patients with clinical T3/T4 or
      node-positive disease underwent nCRT and curative total mesorectal resection from
      February 2006 to December 2013. Serum CEA level was measured before nCRT, after
      nCRT, and then again after surgery. A cut-off value for CEA level to predict
      prognosis was determined using the maximally selected log-rank test. According to
      the test, patients were classified into 3 groups, based on their CEA levels
      (Group A: pre-CRT CEA <=3.2; Group B: pre-CRT CEA level >3.2 and post-CRT CEA
      <=2.8; and Group C: pre-CRT CEA >3.2 and post-CRT CEA >2.8). The median follow-up
      time was 31.1 months. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates of Group A and
      Group B were similar, while Group C showed a significantly lower 3-year DFS rate
      (82.5% vs. 89.5% vs. 55.1%, respectively, P = 0.001). Other clinicopathological
      factors that showed statistical significance on univariate analysis were pre-CRT
      CEA, post-CRT CEA, tumor distance from the anal verge, surgery type, downstage,
      pathologic N stage, margin status and perineural invasion. The CEA group (P =
      0.001) and tumor distance from the anal verge (P = 0.044) were significant
      prognostic factors for DFS on multivariate analysis. Post-CRT CEA level may be a
      useful prognostic factor in patients whose prognosis cannot be predicted exactly
      by pre-CRT CEA levels alone in the neoadjuvant treatment era. Combined pre-CRT
      CEA and post-CRT CEA levels enable us to predict prognosis more accurately and
      determine treatment and follow-up policies. Further large-scale studies are
      necessary to validate the prognostic value of CEA levels. 

PMID- 26962799
TI  - Assessment of Choroidal Microstructure and Subfoveal Thickness Change in Eyes
      With Different Stages of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible
      blindness. Choroidal structural changes seem to be inevitable in AMD
      pathogenesis. Our study revealed associated choroidal microstructural changes in
      AMD eyes.The aim of the study was to compare choroidal microstructural changes in
      eyes with AMD of different stages.The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional
      case series.The participants comprised of 32 age-matched normal eyes as controls,
      and 26 fellow uninvolved eyes of intermediate/late AMD, 29 of early AMD, 28 of
      intermediate AMD, and 39 of late AMD.All subjects underwent comprehensive
      ophthalmologic examination. The choroid images, including subfoveal choroidal
      thickness, percentage of Sattler layer area, and en face images of the choroid,
      were obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.The main outcome
      measures were subfoveal choroidal thickness changes, percentage of Sattler layer
      area changes, and en face images of the choroid in AMD eyes.One hundred fifty
      four eyes of 96 individuals with mean age of 67.1+/-9.2 years were included. The
      mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 295.4 +/- 56.8 MUm in age-matched normal
      eyes, 306.7 +/- 68.4 MUm in fellow uninvolved eyes with AMD, 293.8 +/- 80.4 MUm
      in early AMD, 215.6 +/- 80.4 MUm in intermediate AMD, and 200.4 +/- 66.6 MUm in
      late AMD (F = 14.2, all P < 0.001). Choroidal thickness was greater in early AMD
      eyes than in intermediate/late AMD eyes (P < 0.001). Mean percentage of Sattler
      layer area in each group showed a similar tendency. Microstructure of the choroid
      showed reduced vascular density of Sattler layer areas in late AMD eyes compared
      with normal eyes.Decreasing subfoveal choroidal thickness and percentage of
      Sattler layer area were demonstrated in the progression of AMD. The choroidal
      change was related to atrophy of the microstructural changes of underlying
      capillaries and medium-sized vessels. 

PMID- 26962800
TI  - Nonmedical Use of Cough Syrup Among Secondary Vocational School Students: A
      National Survey in China.
AB  - Nonmedical use of cough syrup (NUCS) among secondary vocational school (SVS)
      students has been an increasing concern for public health in China, but no data
      were available. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the
      epidemiological characters of NUCS as well as its risk factors among SVS students
      in China.From September 2013 to December 2014, a total of 13,614 SVS students
      were purposively selected through multistage sampling in 6 cities of China.
      Information on NUCS, demographics, family background, smoking and alcohol
      consumption, impulsiveness, sensation seeking, and parental monitoring were
      collected. Logistic regression was used to explore factors related to NUCS.The
      12,923 (94.9%) valid responses (16.3 +/- 1.0 years old, and 52.6% men) reported
      3.47% (95% confidence interval: 3.15-3.79%) lifetime NUCS. Logistic regression
      indicated that smoking, part-time job experience, high level of impulsiveness,
      and sensation seeking were risk factors for NUCS, whereas urban living and high
      parental monitoring were protective ones.NUCS was prevalent among SVS students.
      Interventions that target on smoking, impulsiveness and sensation seeking
      control, improvement on parental monitoring may have considerable impact on NUCS
      among SVS students. 

PMID- 26962801
TI  - Genetic Variation in the Human SORBS1 Gene is Associated With Blood Pressure
      Regulation and Age at Onset of Hypertension: A SAPPHIRe Cohort Study.
AB  - Essential hypertension is a complex disease involving multiple genetic and
      environmental factors. A human gene containing a sorbin homology domain and 3 SH3
      domains in the C-terminal region, termed SORBS1, plays a significant role in
      insulin signaling. We previously found a significant association between the
      T228A polymorphism and insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. It has
      been hypothesized that a set of genes responsible for insulin resistance may be
      closely linked with genes susceptible to the development of hypertension.
      Identification of insulin resistance-related genetic factors may, therefore,
      enhance our understanding of essential hypertension. This study aimed to examine
      whether common SORBS1 genetic variations are associated with blood pressure and
      age at onset of hypertension in an ethnic Chinese cohort.We genotyped 9 common
      tagged single nucleotide polymorphisms of the SORBS1 gene in 1136 subjects of
      Chinese origin from the Stanford Asia-Pacific Program for Hypertension and
      Insulin Resistance family study. Blood pressure was measured upon enrolment. The
      associations of the SORBS1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with blood pressure
      and the presence of hypertension were analyzed with a generalized estimating
      equation model. We used the false-discovery rate measure Q value with a cutoff
      <0.1 to adjust for multiple comparisons. In the Cox regression analysis for
      hypertension-free survival, a robust sandwich variance estimator was used to deal
      with the within-family correlations with age at onset of hypertension. Gender,
      body mass index, and antihypertension medication were adjustment covariates in
      the Cox regression analysis.In this study, genetic variants of rs2281939 and
      rs2274490 were significantly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure. A genetic variant of rs2274490 was also significantly associated with
      the presence of hypertension. Furthermore, genetic variants of rs2281939 and
      rs2274490 were associated with age at onset of hypertension after adjustment for
      gender, body mass index, and antihypertension medication.In conclusion, we
      provide evidence for an association between common SORBS1 genetic variations and
      blood pressure, presence of hypertension, and age at onset of hypertension. The
      biological mechanism of genetic variation associated with blood pressure
      regulation needs further investigation. 

PMID- 26962802
TI  - Effect of Beta Blockers and Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Survival in
      Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary
      Intervention.
AB  - Because it remains uncertain whether beta-blockers (BBs) and/or renin-angiotensin
      system inhibitors benefit a broad population of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      patients, we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of these drugs in improving
      survival for post-AMI patients who underwent a percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PCI).From the nationwide data of the South Korea National Health Insurance,
      33,390 patients with a diagnosis of AMI who underwent a PCI between 2009 and 2013
      and survived at least 30 days were included in this study. We evaluated the risk
      of all-cause death for patients treated with both BB and angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) (n = 16,280),
      only BB (n = 3683), and only ACEI/ARB (n = 9849), with the drug-untreated
      patients (n = 3578) as the reference.Over a median follow-up of 2.4 years,
      although treated patients displayed a trend toward improved survival, there were
      no significant differences in the adjusted risk of all-cause death when patients
      were treated with both drugs (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] 0.70-1.06, P = 0.154), BB (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.68-1.14, P = 0.325), or
      ACEI/ARB (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.68-1.04, P = 0.111). No additional benefit was found
      for the combination therapy compared with either isolated BB (HR 0.98, 95% CI
      0.80-1.21, P = 0.856) or ACEI/ARB (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.89-1.19, P = 0.727)
      therapy.Treatment with BB and/or ACEI/ARB has limited effect on survival in
      unselected nonfatal AMI patients who undergo PCI.

PMID- 26962803
TI  - Graves Disease Is Associated With Endometriosis: A 3-Year Population-Based Cross
      Sectional Study.
AB  - The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of thyroid
      diseases between women with and without endometriosis.We established the
      endometriosis group according to diagnosis codes, surgery codes, and gonadotropin
      releasing hormone agonist codes using the Korean Health Insurance Review and
      Assessment Service-National Inpatients Sample (HIRA-NIS) from 2009 to 2011. Four
      controls were randomly matched to each endometriosis case. Thyroid disease cases
      were selected using the thyroid disease diagnosis code (E0X).Among the 1,843,451
      women sampled, 5615 had endometriosis; 22,460 controls were matched to the
      endometriosis cases. After adjustment for age and sampling year, Graves disease
      was associated with endometriosis (odds ratio [OR]: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.30-4.88; P <
      0.01), while hypothyroidism was not (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.90-1.52; P = 0.25).
      Autoimmune hypothyroidism was also not associated with endometriosis (OR: 1.61;
      95% CI: 0.88-2.94; P = 0.12).This study revealed an association between Graves
      disease and endometriosis.

PMID- 26962804
TI  - Biodex Fall Risk Assessment in the Elderly With Ataxia: A New Age-Dependent
      Derived Index in Rehabilitation: An Observational Study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate if the Biodex Fall Risk Assessment could
      provide an age-adjusted index useful for classifying patients at "risk of
      fall."This was a cohort study conducted on 61 chronic patients, in stable
      conditions, having a history of ataxia, difficulty in walking or loss of balance,
      and aged >64 years. These patients were coming from home to our Institute
      undergoing a period of in-hospital standard rehabilitation. Assessment of
      clinical parameters was performed at entry. Functional scales (Functional
      Independence Measure [FIM] for motor and cognitive function, Barthel G, Tinetti
      POMA), and the Biodex Fall Risk Index (FRI) were performed at entry and
      discharge. The Normalized FRI, obtained adjusting FRI to the reported maximum
      predictive FRI for the relevant age, identified 2 types of patients: those with a
      greater risk of fall than expected for that age, labeled Case 1 (Normalized
      FRI>1); and those with an equal or even lesser risk of fall than expected for
      that age, labeled Case 0 (Normalized FRI<=1).FRI, Normalized FRI as well as
      independent variables as age, sex, pathology group, FIM, BarthelG, were
      considered in a multiple regression analysis to predict the functional
      improvement (i.e., delta Tinetti Total score) after rehabilitation.Normalized FRI
      is useful in assessing patients at risk of falls both before and after
      rehabilitation. At admission, the Normalized FRI evidenced high fall risk in 46%
      of patients (Case 1) which decreased to 12% after rehabilitation, being greater
      than age-predicted in 7 patients (Case 1-1) despite the functional improvement
      observed after the rehabilitation treatment. Normalized FRI evidenced Case 1-1
      patients as neurological, "very old" (86% in age-group 75-84 years), and with
      serious events at 18 to 24 months' follow-up. Normalized FRI, but not FRI, at
      admission was a predictor of improvement in Tinetti Total scores.The normalized
      FRI effectively indicated patients at higher risk of fall, in whom health
      deterioration, falls, or cognitive decline was later documented at follow-up. The
      normalized FRI could be a standardized measure for identifying frailer patients
      becoming a further criterium of discharge home and marker of fall risk at home. 

PMID- 26962805
TI  - Impact of Palliative Care Consultation Service on Terminally Ill Cancer Patients:
      A 9-Year Observational Cohort Study in Taiwan.
AB  - The palliative care consultation service (PCCS) that has been enthusiastically
      promoted in Taiwan since 2005 was designed to provide comprehensive end-of-life
      care for terminally ill patients with qualified interdisciplinary specialists in
      acute care ward setting. This study aims to evaluate the impact of PCCS on
      terminally ill cancer patients.A total of 10,594 terminal cancer patients who
      were referred to PCCS from a single medical center in Taiwan between 2006 and
      2014 were enrolled. The percentages of patients' and their families' disease
      awareness, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) designation, refusal and acceptance of
      palliative care among terminally ill cancer patients were analyzed
      retrospectively.At the beginning of PCCS, the percentages of disease awareness
      among patients and their family were increased from 25.4% to 37.9% (P = 0.007)
      and from 61.2% to 84.7% between 2006 and 2014 (P = 0.001), respectively.
      Patients' disease awareness after PCCS referral between 2006 and 2014 was
      increased from 47.1% to 64.5% (P = 0.016). Family's awareness of diagnosis and
      prognosis after PCCS referral researched to a steady plateau, 94.1% to 97.8% in
      different year cohort (P = 0.34). The percentage of DNR designation rate at the
      beginning of PCCS (in 2006) was 15.5%, and the designation rate was increased
      annually and finally reached to 42.0% in 2014 (P = 0.004). The percentage of DNR
      consents after PCCS was also improved from 44.0% in 2006 up to 80.0% in 2014 (P =
      0.005). PCCS refusal rate decreased gradually and dropped to 1.6% in 2014 (P =
      0.005). The percentage of PCCS utilization was increased 5-fold during the 9-year
      period after the promotion of PCCSIn the program of PCCS promotion, an increasing
      trend of PCCS utilization, better patients' and their families' awareness of
      diagnosis and prognosis, more consent to DNR, more patients were discharged with
      stable condition at the end of PCCS and a decrease refusal rate of end-of-life
      palliative care among terminal cancer patients were observed in Taiwan between
      2006 and 2014. 

PMID- 26962807
TI  - Capsular Outcomes After Pediatric Cataract Surgery Without Intraocular Lens
      Implantation: Qualitative Classification and Quantitative Measurement.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate capsular outcomes 12 months after
      pediatric cataract surgery without intraocular lens implantation via qualitative
      classification and quantitative measurement.This study is a cross-sectional study
      that was approved by the institutional review board of Zhongshan Ophthalmic
      Center of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China.Digital coaxial retro
      illumination photographs of 329 aphakic pediatric eyes were obtained 12 months
      after pediatric cataract surgery without intraocular lens implantation. Capsule
      digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs were divided as follows: anterior
      capsule opening area (ACOA), posterior capsule opening area (PCOA), and posterior
      capsule opening opacity (PCOO). Capsular outcomes were qualitatively classified
      into 3 types based on the PCOO: Type I-capsule with mild opacification but no
      invasion into the capsule opening; Type II-capsule with moderate opacification
      accompanied by contraction of the ACOA and invasion to the occluding part of the
      PCOA; and Type III-capsule with severe opacification accompanied by total
      occlusion of the PCOA. Software was developed to quantitatively measure the ACOA,
      PCOA, and PCOO using standardized DCRPs. The relationships between the accurate
      intraoperative anterior and posterior capsulorhexis sizes and the qualitative
      capsular types were statistically analyzed.The DCRPs of 315 aphakic eyes (95.8%)
      of 191 children were included. Capsular outcomes were classified into 3 types:
      Type I-120 eyes (38.1%); Type II-157 eyes (49.8%); Type III-38 eyes (12.1%). The
      scores of the capsular outcomes were negatively correlated with intraoperative
      anterior capsulorhexis size (R = -0.572, P < 0.001), but no significant
      correlation with intraoperative posterior capsulorhexis size (R = -0.16, P =
      0.122) was observed. The ACOA significantly decreased from Type I to Type II to
      Type III, the PCOA increased in size from Type I to Type II, and the PCOO
      increased from Type II to Type III (all P < 0.05).Capsular outcomes after
      pediatric cataract surgery can be qualitatively classified and quantitatively
      measured by acquisition, division, definition, and user-friendly software
      analyses of high-quality digital coaxial retro-illumination photographs. 

PMID- 26962806
TI  - Pre-existing Pulmonary Diseases and Survival in Patients With Stage-dependent
      Lung Adenocarcinoma: A STROBE-compliant Article.
AB  - Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary tuberculosis
      (TB) are common lung diseases associated with lung cancer mortality. This study
      evaluated sex disparities in pre-existing pulmonary diseases and stage-dependent
      lung adenocarcinoma survival.Patients newly diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma
      between 2003 and 2008 were identified using the National Health Insurance
      Research Database and Cancer Registry. Cases with lung adenocarcinoma were
      followed until the end of 2010. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan
      Meier method. Cox proportional-hazard regression was used to calculate the hazard
      ratio (HR) of pre-existing asthma, COPD, and/or TB, and to estimate all-cause
      mortality risk in patients with different stages of lung adenocarcinoma.A total
      of 14,518 cases were identified with lung adenocarcinoma. Specifically, among
      men, the HRs for TB were 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.58), 1.48
      (95% CI, 1.14-1.93), and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.08-1.49) for individuals with stage I +
      II, III, and IV diseases, respectively. The HRs for asthma were 1.41 (95% CI,
      1.00-1.99) in women with stage I + II and 1.14 (95% CI, 1.04-1.26) in men with
      stage IV disease. For pulmonary disease combinations in men, the HRs were 1.45
      (95% CI, 1.12-1.89) for asthma + COPD + TB, 1.35 (95% CI, 1.12-1.63) for COPD +
      TB, 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01-1.63) for TB, and 1.15 (95%CI, 1.04-1.27) for asthma +
      COPD, respectively. For women with stage I + II disease, the HR was 6.94 (95% CI,
      2.72-17.71) for asthma + COPD + TB.Coexistence of pre-existing pulmonary diseases
      increased mortality risk in men with adenocarcinoma. TB is at elevated risk of
      mortality among men with different stages of adenocarcinoma. Asthmatic women with
      early-stage adenocarcinoma had increased risk of mortality. 

PMID- 26962808
TI  - Pancreatic Stent or Rectal Indomethacin-Which Better Prevents Post-ERCP
      Pancreatitis?: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.
AB  - We investigated and compared 2 clinical strategies to prevent postendoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP).We retrospectively
      reviewed data from patients who underwent ERCP between 2008 and 2014. Of 623
      patients at high risk for PEP, 145 were treated with prophylactic pancreatic
      stent placement (PSP) only, and 478 were treated with rectal indomethacin (RI)
      only, for PEP prevention. Patients were matched by one-to-one propensity score
      matching (PSM) by risk factors, with overall PEP incidence as primary outcome,
      and moderate or severe PEP and complication rates as secondary outcomes.Of 623
      patients with high-risk factors, 145 pairs were generated after PSM. Thirty-two
      patients developed pancreatitis-10 (6.9 %) in the PSP group and 22 (15.2 %) in
      the RI group (P = 0.025). Moderate-to-severe pancreatitis developed in 5 patients
      (2.8%) in the PSP group and 14 patients (9.7 %) in the RI group (P =
      0.047).Although indomethacin represents an easy, inexpensive treatment,
      prophylactic PSP is still the better prevention strategy for PEP. 

PMID- 26962809
TI  - Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in
      Patients With Dual Hepatitis B and C Infection.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are 2 major causes
      of chronic viral hepatitis. It is still unclear how HCV coinfection affects HBV
      replication and clinical outcomes in HBV/HCV coinfected patients.We conducted a
      longitudinal study, which enrolled 111 patients with HBV/HCV coinfection and 111
      propensity score-matched controls with HBV monoinfection. Both groups had
      comparable baseline age, sex, fibrosis stage, levels of HBV DNA, and HBV surface
      antigen (HBsAg). The HCV coinfection and other host/viral factors were correlated
      with various outcomes, including HBsAg loss and cirrhosis/hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) development.After a 10-year follow-up, we found that HCV
      coinfection itself was not associated with HBsAg loss. However, coinfected
      patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level >80 U/L had a higher chance of
      HBsAg loss than those with ALT level <=80 U/L [hazard ratio (95% confidence
      interval): 4.41 (1.75-11.15)] or matched controls with HBV monoinfection [hazard
      ratio (95% confidence interval): 3.40 (1.54-7.50)]. Besides, both HCV coinfection
      and higher ALT levels were associated with higher HCC risks and the HCC risks
      remained even after HBsAg loss in HBV/HCV con-infected patient.HCV coinfection is
      not associated with HBsAg loss. A higher ALT level is a major determinant of
      HBsAg loss in patients with HBV/HCV coinfection. Both HCV coinfection and a
      higher ALT level were independent risk factors of HCC. 

PMID- 26962811
TI  - Altered Th17/Treg Ratio in Nasal Polyps With Distinct Cytokine Profile:
      Association With Patterns of Inflammation and Mucosal Remodeling.
AB  - Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous disease that
      can be classified as eosinophilic or noneosinophilic. Nasal polyps can exhibit
      different types of mucosal inflammation and responses to treatment. Imbalanced
      ratios of T-helper 17(Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of nasal polyps.This study assessed the frequency of Th17 and Treg
      cells and related cytokines in patients with nasal polyps and tested for
      associations with mucosal remodeling.Surgical samples from 12 controls and 33
      CRSwNP patients were analyzed histopathologically. The frequency of Th17 and Treg
      cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tissues were determined
      using flow cytometry. Th17 and Treg cells-related cytokines in plasma were
      measured by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) multiplex assays and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).Eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP) patients exhibited
      robust eosinophilia, whereas non-ECRSwNP patients were characterized by
      neutrophilia. Compared with non-ECRSwNP, an increased Th17/Treg ratio in ECRSwNP
      was associated with a less increased frequency of Th17 cells and a more striking
      reduction of Treg cells. An altered Th17/Treg cell ratio was positively
      correlated with eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltration, submucosal basement
      membrane thickness, and the degree of subepithelial collagen deposition. Compared
      with non-ECRSwNP, ECRSwNP had higher levels of IL-17A and IL-4, and lower levels
      of IL-10 and TGF-beta1, whereas non-ECRSwNP showed higher levels of IFN-gamma and
      IL-6.Th17/Treg cell imbalance in nasal polyps (both in tissues and PBMCs) with
      distinct cytokine profile may contribute to different inflammatory patterns
      (eosinophilic versus neutrophilic inflammation) and corresponding features of
      mucosal remodeling. Effective strategies can be designed to target a Th17/Treg
      imbalance to restore immune homeostasis in nasal polyps. 

PMID- 26962812
TI  - Assessment of the Addition of Hypoalbuminemia to ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk
      Calculator in Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of adding hypoalbuminemia to
      the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      (ACS-NSQIP) Surgical Risk Calculator when predicting postoperative outcomes in
      colorectal cancer patients.The ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator offers
      qualified risk evaluation in surgical decision-making and informed patient
      consent. To date, malnutrition defined as hypoalbuminemia, an important
      independent surgical risk factor in colorectal cancer, is not included.This is a
      retrospective, multi-institutional study of ACS-NSQIP patients (n = 18,532) who
      received colorectal surgery from 2009 to 2012. Models were constructed for
      predicting postoperative mortality and morbidity using the risk factors of the
      ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator before and after adding hypoalbuminemia as a
      risk factor. The 2 models' performance was then compared using c-statistics and
      Brier scores. The ACS-NSQIP database in 2008 was used for validation of the
      created models.The prevalence of hypoalbuminemia (27.8%) is higher in colorectal
      cancer, when compared with other most common cancers. In univariate analyses,
      hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with postoperative mortality and
      morbidity in colorectal cancer patients. In multivariate logistic regression
      analyses, 15 postoperative complications, including mortality and serious
      morbidities, were significantly predicted by hypoalbuminemia. Most of the models
      with hypoalbuminemia showed better performance and validation in predicting
      postoperative complications than those without hypoalbuminemia.In colorectal
      cancer, hypoalbuminemia, with levels below 3.5 g/dL, serves as an excellent
      assessment tool and preoperative predictor of postoperative outcomes. When
      combined with hypoalbuminemia as a risk factor, the ACS-NSQIP Surgical Risk
      Calculator offers more accurate information and estimation of surgical risks to
      patients and surgeons when choosing treatment options. 

PMID- 26962810
TI  - Hedgehog Signaling in Pancreatic Fibrosis and Cancer.
AB  - The hedgehog signaling pathway was first discovered in the 1980s. It is a stem
      cell-related pathway that plays a crucial role in embryonic development, tissue
      regeneration, and organogenesis. Aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling leads
      to pathological consequences, including a variety of human tumors such as
      pancreatic cancer. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that blockade of this
      pathway with several small-molecule inhibitors can inhibit the development of
      pancreatic neoplasm. In addition, activated hedgehog signaling has been reported
      to be involved in fibrogenesis in many tissues, including the pancreas.
      Therefore, new therapeutic targets based on hedgehog signaling have attracted a
      great deal of attention to alleviate pancreatic diseases. In this review, we
      briefly discuss the recent advances in hedgehog signaling in pancreatic
      fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis and highlight new insights on their potential
      relationship with respect to the development of novel targeted therapies. 

PMID- 26962813
TI  - Surgery or Peroral Esophageal Myotomy for Achalasia: A Systematic Review and Meta
      Analysis.
AB  - To date very few studies with small sample size have compared peroral esophageal
      myotomy (POEM) with the current surgical standard of care, laparoscopic Heller
      myotomy (LHM), in terms of efficacy and safety, and no recommendations have been
      proposed.To investigate the efficacy and safety of POEM compared with LHM, for
      the treatment of achalasia.The databases of Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane, and Ovid
      were systematically searched between January 1, 2005 and January 31, 2015, with
      the medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords "achalasia," "POEM," "per oral
      endoscopic myotomy," and "peroral endoscopic myotomy," "laparoscopic Heller
      myotomy" (LHM), "Heller myotomy."All types of study designs including adult
      patients with diagnosis of achalasia were selected. Studies that did not report
      the comparison between endoscopic and surgical treatment, experimental studies in
      animal models, single case reports, technical reports, reviews, abstracts, and
      editorials were excluded.The total number of included patients was 486 (196 in
      POEM group and 290 in LHM group).There were no differences between POEM and LHM
      in reduction in Eckardt score (MD = -0.659, 95% CI: -1.70 to 0.38, P = 0.217),
      operative time (MD = -0.354, 95% CI: -1.12 to 0.41, P = 0.36), postoperative pain
      scores (MD = -1.86, 95% CI: -5.17 to 1.44, P = 0.268), analgesic requirements (MD
      = -0.74, 95% CI: -2.65 to 1.16, P = 0.445), and complications (OR = 1.11, 95% CI:
      0.5-2.44, P = 0.796). Length of hospital stay was significantly lower for POEM
      (MD = -0.629, 95% CI: -1.256 to -0.002, P = 0.049). There was a trend toward
      significant reduction in symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux rate in favors of
      LHM compared to POEM group (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.11-2.95, P = 0.017).All included
      studied were not randomized. Furthermore all selected studies did not report the
      results of follow-up longer than 1 year and most of them included patients who
      were both treatment naive and underwent previous endoscopic or surgical
      interventions for achalasia.POEM represents a safe and efficacy procedure
      comparable to the safety profile of LHM for achalasia at a short-term follow-up.
      Long-term clinical trials are urgently needed. 

PMID- 26962814
TI  - Comparing the Clinical Outcomes Between Insulin-treated and Non-insulin-treated
      Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - Several studies have shown coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) to be beneficial
      in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and multivessel coronary artery
      diseases. Patients with insulin-treated T2DM (ITDM) are usually patients with
      poor glycemic control and are expected to suffer more complications compared with
      patients with non-insulin-treated T2DM (NITDM). However, the adverse clinical
      outcomes in patients with ITDM and NITDM after CABG are still not very clear.
      Hence, to solve this issue, we aim to compare the short-and long-term adverse
      clinical outcomes in a larger number of patients with ITDM and NITDM after CABG,
      respectively.Randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing the
      adverse clinical outcomes such as mortality, major adverse events (MAEs), stroke,
      myocardial infarction, and repeated revascularization in patients with ITDM and
      NITDM after CABG have been searched from Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and PubMed
      databases. A short-term follow-up (<=30 days) and a long-term follow-up (>=1
      year) were considered. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used
      to express the pooled effect on discontinuous variables and the pooled analyses
      were performed with RevMan 5.3.Eleven studies involving a total of 64,152
      patients with T2DM (23,781 patients with ITDM and 40,371 patients with NITDM)
      have been included in this meta-analysis. During the short-term follow-up period,
      patients with ITDM had a significantly higher mortality (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.33
      1.61, P < 0.00001) and MAEs (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.48-1.87, P < 0.00001). During
      the long-term follow-up period, patients with ITDM still had a significantly
      higher rate of mortality, MAEs, and stroke (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02-1.49, P =
      0.03; OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.07-2.12, P = 0.02; OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.22-1.59, P <
      0.00001, respectively) after CABG. However, our results showed similar repeated
      revascularization rate between the ITDM and NITDM groups after CABG (OR: 1.31,
      95% CI: 0.81-2.12, P = 0.27).According to this study, patients with ITDM had a
      significantly higher rate of mortality and MAEs compared with patients with NITDM
      after CABG. Stroke was also significantly higher in patients with ITDM during a
      long-term follow-up period. However, since the result for the long-term mortality
      had a higher heterogeneity as compared with the other subgroups, and because a
      similar revascularization rate was observed between the ITDM and NITDM groups
      after CABG maybe because of a limited number of patients analyzed, further
      studies still need to be conducted to completely solve this issue.

PMID- 26962815
TI  - Plasma Uromodulin Correlates With Kidney Function and Identifies Early Stages in
      Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.
AB  - Uromodulin, released from tubular cells of the ascending limb into the blood, may
      be associated with kidney function. This work studies the relevance of plasma
      uromodulin as a biomarker for kidney function in an observational cohort of
      chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and subjects without CKD (CKD stage 0). It
      should be further evaluated if uromodulin allows the identification of early CKD
      stages.Plasma uromodulin, serum creatinine, cystatin C, blood-urea-nitrogen (BUN)
      concentrations, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR CKD-EPIcrea
      cystatin) were assessed in 426 individuals of whom 71 were CKD stage 0 and 355
      had CKD. Besides descriptive statistics, univariate correlations between
      uromodulin and biomarkers/eGFR were calculated using Pearson-correlation
      coefficient. Multiple linear regression modeling was applied to establish the
      association between uromodulin and eGFR adjusted for demographic parameters and
      pharmacologic treatment. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis
      adjusted for demographic parameters was performed to test if uromodulin allows
      differentiation of subjects with CKD stage 0 and CKD stage I.Mean uromodulin
      plasma levels were 85.7 +/- 60.5 ng/mL for all CKD stages combined. Uromodulin
      was correlated with all biomarkers/eGFR in univariate analysis (eGFR: r = 0.80,
      creatinine: r = -0.76, BUN: r = -0.72, and cystatin C: r = -0.79). Multiple
      linear regression modeling showed significant association between uromodulin and
      eGFR (coefficient estimate beta = 0.696, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.603
      0.719, P < 0.001). In ROC analysis uromodulin was the only parameter that
      significantly improved a model containing demographic parameters to differentiate
      between CKD 0 degrees  and I degrees  (area under the curve [AUC] 0.831, 95% CI
      0.746-0.915, P = 0.008) compared to creatinine, cystatin C, BUN, and eGFR (AUC
      for creatinine: 0.722, P = 0.056, cystatin C: 0.668, P = 0.418, BUN: 0.653, P =
      0.811, and eGFR: 0.634, P = 0.823).Plasma uromodulin serves as a robust biomarker
      for kidney function and uniquely allows the identification of early stages of
      CKD. As a marker of tubular secretion it might represent remaining nephron mass
      and therefore intrinsic "kidney function" rather than just glomerular filtration,
      the latter only being of limited value to represent kidney function as a whole.
      It therefore gives substantial information on the renal situation in addition to
      glomerular filtration and potentially solves the problem of creatinine-blind
      range of CKD, in which kidney impairment often remains undetected. 

PMID- 26962816
TI  - Laparoscopic Splenectomy for the Elderly Liver Cirrhotic Patients With
      Hypersplenism: A Retrospective Comparable Study.
AB  - A growing body of evidence has supported the benefits of laparoscopic splenectomy
      (LS) for hypersplenism due to liver cirrhosis. With the increased proportion of
      elderly persons worldwide, it is necessary to investigate the risks and benefits
      of LS in elderly liver cirrhotic patients.From September 2003 to March 2012, LS
      and open splenectomy (OS) were performed for 21 (Group 1) and 19 (Group 3)
      patients, respectively, all of whom were 65 years of age and older; in addition,
      39 patients who were <65 years old were treated with LS and referred to as Group
      2. Data (i.e., demographic characteristics and preoperative, intraoperative, and
      postoperative information) were retrospectively collected. Between-group
      comparisons were performed for the above-mentioned data.Compared with the
      patients in Group 3, the patients in Group 1 required longer operative times,
      fewer transfusions, less intensive care, a shorter postoperative course, and a
      shorter time to the first oral intake, and they had less blood loss and fewer
      postoperative short-term complications. During the follow-up period, compared
      with the preoperative status, significant changes in hemoglobin, leukocyte,
      platelet, and albumin levels were observed in all groups, whereas changes in the
      total BILirubin (BIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) levels were inconspicuous.Patients >65 years of age with
      hypersplenism caused by liver cirrhosis can safely undergo LS. 

PMID- 26962817
TI  - The Increasing Challenge of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: Results of
      a 5-Year Active Surveillance Program in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
AB  - Colonization and infection by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (MDR GNB)
      in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are increasingly reported.We conducted a
      5-year prospective cohort surveillance study in a tertiary NICU of the hospital
      "Paolo Giaccone," Palermo, Italy. Our objectives were to describe incidence and
      trends of MDR GNB colonization and the characteristics of the most prevalent
      organisms and to identify the risk factors for colonization. Demographic,
      clinical, and microbiological data were prospectively collected. Active
      surveillance cultures (ASCs) were obtained weekly. Clusters of colonization by
      extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae were analyzed by conventional and molecular epidemiological
      tools.During the study period, 1152 infants were enrolled in the study.
      Prevalences of colonization by MDR GNB, ESBL-producing GNB and multiple
      species/genera averaged, respectively, 28.8%, 11.7%, and 3.7%. Prevalence and
      incidence density of colonization by MDR GNB and ESBL-producing GNB showed an
      upward trend through the surveillance period. Rates of ESBL-producing E coli and
      K pneumoniae colonization showed wide fluctuations peaking over the last 2 years.
      The only independent variables associated with colonization by MDR GNB and ESBL
      producing organisms and multiple colonization were, respectively, the days of
      NICU stay (odds ratio [OR] 1.041), the days of exposure to ampicillin-sulbactam
      (OR 1.040), and the days of formula feeding (OR 1.031). Most clusters of E coli
      and K pneumoniae colonization were associated with different lineages. Ten out of
      12 clusters had an outborn infant as their index case.Our study confirms that MDR
      GNB are an increasing challenge to NICUs. The universal once-a-week approach
      allowed us to understand the epidemiology of MDR GNB, to timely detect new clones
      and institute contact precautions, and to assess risk factors. Collection of
      these data can be an important tool to optimize antimicrobials use and control
      the emergence and dissemination of resistances in NICU. 

PMID- 26962818
TI  - Impact of Treatment Modalities on Survival of Patients With Locoregional
      Esophageal Squamous-Cell Carcinoma in Taiwan.
AB  - The optimal treatment modality for locoregional esophageal squamous-cell
      carcinoma (ESCC) is still undetermined. This study investigated the treatment
      modalities affecting survival of patients with ESCC in Taiwan.Data on 6202
      patients who underwent treatment for locoregional esophageal squamous-cell
      carcinoma during 2008 to 2012 in Taiwan were collected from the Taiwan Cancer
      Registry. Patients were stratified by clinical stage. The major treatment
      approaches included definitive chemoradiotherapy, preoperative chemoradiation
      followed by esophagectomy, esophagectomy followed by adjuvant therapy, and
      esophagectomy alone. The impact of different treatment modalities on overall
      survival was analyzed.The majority of patients had stage III disease (n = 4091;
      65.96%), followed by stage II (n = 1582, 25.51%) and stage I cancer (n = 529,
      8.53%). The 3-year overall survival rates were 60.65% for patients with stage I
      disease, 36.21% for those with stage II cancer, and 21.39% for patients with
      stage III carcinoma. Surgery alone was associated with significantly better
      overall survival than the other treatment modalities for patients with stage I
      disease (P = 0.029) and was associated with significantly worse overall survival
      for patients with stage III cancer (P < 0.001). There was no survival risk
      difference among the different treatment methods for patients with clinical stage
      II disease.Multimodality treatment is recommended for patients with stage II-III
      esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Patients with clinical stage I disease can be
      treated with esophagectomy without preoperative therapy.

PMID- 26962820
TI  - More Severe Extratemporal Damages in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With
      Hippocampal Sclerosis Than That With Other Lesions: A Multimodality MRI Study.
AB  - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-HS) presents
      different clinical presentations from that with other lesions (OL). It is
      significant to investigate the neural mechanism underlying the different clinical
      presentations using neuroimaging study.Thirty mTLE patients with mTLE-HS, 30 mTLE
      patients with other lesions (mTLE-OL), and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy
      controls were involved. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) analysis
      based resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and voxel-based
      morphometry (VBM) based morphometric MRI were employed to describing functional
      and structural imaging alterations in mTLE. Imaging parameters of ALFF and gray
      matter volume (GMV) were compared among groups and correlated with clinical
      variables and cognitive scores.For parameter of ALFF, both patient groups of mTLE
      HS and mTLE-OL showed decrease in the frontal cortices relative to the healthy
      controls; mTLE-HS showed more decrease in the prefrontal and brain default
      regions relative to mTLE-OL. For GMV, both patient groups showed decrease in the
      frontal cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum; mTLE-HS showed more GMV decrease
      relative to the mTLE-OL, also mainly in the prefrontal and brain default regions.
      In both patient groups, the prefrontal regions showed negative correlation
      between GMV and epilepsy duration.This work revealed distinct alteration patterns
      of functional and structural brain organizations in mTLEs with different forms.
      MTLE-HS, despite with smaller lesion size of the pathological focus, presented
      more severe functional and structural damages in the extratemporal regions than
      mTLE-OL. The findings provided imaging evidence to support the proposal that mTLE
      HS is a special epilepsy syndrome. 

PMID- 26962821
TI  - Comparative Analysis of Interval, Skipped, and Key-vertebral Pedicle Screw
      Strategies for Correction in Patients With Lenke Type 1 Adolescent Idiopathic
      Scoliosis.
AB  - Pedicle screw constructs have become the mainstay for surgical correction in
      patients with spinal deformities. To reduce or avoid the risk of pedicle screw
      based complications and to decrease the costs associated with pedicle screw
      instrumentation, some authors have introduced interval, skipped, and key
      vertebral pedicle screw strategies for correction. However, there have been no
      comparisons of outcomes among these 3 pedicle screw-placement strategies.The aim
      of this study was to compare the correlative clinical outcomes of posterior
      correction and fusion with pedicle screw fixation using these 3 surgical
      strategies.Fifty-six consecutive patients with Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic
      scoliosis were included in this study. Twenty patients were treated with the
      interval pedicle screw strategy (IPSS), 20 with the skipped pedicle screw
      strategy (SPSS), and 16 with the key-vertebral pedicle screw strategy (KVPSS).
      Coronal and sagittal radiographs were analyzed before surgery, at 1 week after
      surgery, and at the last follow-up after surgery.There were no significant
      differences among the 3 groups regarding preoperative radiographic parameters. No
      significant difference was found between the IPSS and SPSS groups in correction
      of the main thoracic curve (70.8% vs 70.0%; P = 0.524). However, there were
      statistically significant differences between the IPSS and KVPSS groups (70.8% vs
      64.9%) and between the SPSS and KVPSS groups (70.0% vs 64.9%) in correction of
      the main thoracic curve (P < 0.001 for both). Additionally, there were no
      significant differences among the 3 strategies for sagittal parameters at the
      immediate postoperative and last postoperative follow-up periods, though there
      were significant differences in the Cobb angle between the preoperative and
      immediate postoperative periods among the 3 groups, but not between the immediate
      postoperative and last follow-up periods. The amount of hospital charges in the
      SPSS group was significantly higher than those in the IPSS (P < 0.001) and KVPSS
      groups (P < 0.001). There were also significant differences in operative time
      between the IPSS and KVPSS groups (P < 0.001) and between the SPSS and KVPSS
      groups (P < 0.001).Each of the 3 types of pedicle screw strategies for correction
      in patients with Lenke type 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are effective, with
      satisfactory coronal and acceptable sagittal plane results. Although the KVPSS
      does not provide superior operative correction compared with the IPSS and SPSS,
      it can achieve a satisfactory clinical outcome and is more cost-effective.

PMID- 26962819
TI  - GC Gene Polymorphism and Unbound Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Are Related to
      the Risk of Insulin Resistance in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C: A
      Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - Insulin resistance (IR) is found in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) more frequently
      than in other chronic liver diseases.Prospective cross-sectional study to
      evaluate a wide multitest panel to identify factors related with IR in CHC and
      their possible interactions.In 76 patients with CHC we performed a series of
      routine laboratory analysis as well as specifically designed serum biochemical
      tests [retinol, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), 25-OH vitamin D, Vitamin E,
      lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cystatin C].
      The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs7041 and rs4588 GC-DBP (group-specific
      component-Vitamin D-binding protein), rs738409 PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase
      domain containing 3), and rs12979860 IL28B (interleukin-28 B) genes were
      determined. Insulin sensitivity was established with the HOMA-IR and IR was
      diagnosed when HOMA-IR > 3. Fibrosis staging was assessed with liver biopsy or
      transient elastography.After backward logistic regression analysis, independent
      variables associated with IR were Gc1s/Gc1s DBP phenotype, that results from the
      homozygous carriage of the rs7041G/rs4588C haplotype (P = 0.033); low
      retinol/RBP4 ratio, reflecting a greater rate of unbound RBP4 (P = 0.005); older
      age (P = 0.01); high serum tryglicerides (P = 0.026); and advanced (F3-F4)
      fibrosis stage. The AUROC provided by the multivariate model was 0.950 (95% CI =
      0.906-0.993).In addition to previously known ones, the Gc1s/Gc1s phenotype
      variant of DBP and the unbound fraction of plasma RBP4 may be considered as
      factors related with the incidence, and possibly the risk, of IR in CHC patients.

PMID- 26962823
TI  - A New Modified Twist Drill Craniostomy Using a Novel Device to Evacuate Chronic
      Subdural Hematoma.
AB  - Compared with burr hole craniostomy (BHC), twist drill craniostomy (TDC) is
      increasingly popular because of its minimal invasiveness in evacuating chronic
      subdural hematoma (CSDH). However, the TDC technique varies and is continually
      developing; moreover, no consensus yet exists regarding the optimal protocol, and
      the efficacy and safety of TDC is still controversial, especially with respect to
      a specific method. This article introduces a new modified TDC technique using a
      novel device, the YL-1 puncture needle, and evaluates its efficacy and advantages
      compared with BHC.A retrospective study involving 121 patients with CSDH who
      underwent surgery at a single center was conducted, involving 68 patients
      undergoing modified TDC (TDC group) and 53 patients treated by BHC (BHC group).
      The neurological outcome was studied to evaluate the surgery efficacy, and the
      radiological outcome was assessed as a supplement to the surgery efficacy. In
      addition, complications, recurrence, and reoperation, as well as pneumocrania,
      operation duration, and length of stay, were studied to evaluate the advantages
      of the modified TDC compared with BHC. Independent sample t tests or rank-sum
      tests were used to compare the outcomes between the 2 groups.The neurological and
      radiological outcomes did not differ significantly between the TDC and BHC groups
      (P = 0.852 and P = 0.232, respectively), while the rates of complication and
      pneumocrania in patients who underwent the modified TDC were significantly lower
      than that in those who underwent BHC (P = 0.021 and P < 0.001, respectively). The
      recurrence and reoperation rates in patients from the 2 groups were similar (P =
      0.566 and P = 0.715, respectively). The operation duration and length of hospital
      stay of the patients who underwent the modified TDC were significantly shorter
      than those of the patients who underwent BHC (both P < 0.001).Modified TDC with a
      YL-1 puncture needle is a minimally invasive surgical technique to treat CSDH;
      this procedure is as effective as BHC, but safer and simpler than BHC, and should
      be considered for patients with CSDH, especially the elderly.

PMID- 26962822
TI  - Cadence Feedback With ECE PEDO to Monitor Physical Activity Intensity: A Pilot
      Study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the monitoring capabilities of the
      equipment for clever exercise pedometer (ECE PEDO) that provides audible feedback
      when the person exceeds the upper and lower limits of the target step numbers per
      minute and to compare step counts with Yamax SW-200 (YX200) as the criterion
      pedometer.A total of 30 adult volunteers (15 males and 15 females) were
      classified as normal weight (n = 10), overweight (n = 10), and obese (n = 10).
      After the submaximal exercise test on a treadmill, the moderate intensity for
      walking was determined by using YX200 pedometer and then the number of steps
      taken in a minute was measured. Lower and upper limits of steps per minute
      (cadence) were recorded in ECE PEDO providing audible feedback when the person's
      walking speed gets out of the limits. Volunteers walked for 30 minutes in the
      individual step count range by attaching the ECE PEDO and YX200 pedometer on both
      sides of the waist belt in the same session. Step counts of the volunteers were
      recorded. Wilcoxon, Spearman correlation, and Bland-Altman analyses were
      performed to show the relationship and agreement between the results of 2
      devices.Subjects took an average of 3511 +/- 426 and 3493 +/- 399 steps during 30
      minutes with ECE PEDO and criterion pedometer, respectively. About 3500 steps
      taken by ECE PEDO reflected that this pedometer has capability of identifying
      steps per minute to meet moderate intensity of physical activity. There was a
      strong correlation between step counts of both devices (P < 0.001, r = 0.96).
      Correlations across all three BMI categories and both sex remained consistently
      high ranging from 0.92 to 0.95. There was a high level of agreement between the
      ECE PEDO and YX200 pedometer in the Bland-Altman analysis.Although both devices
      showed a strong similarity in counting steps, the ECE PEDO provides monitoring of
      intensity such that a person can walk in a specified time with a desired speed. 

PMID- 26962824
TI  - Pretreatment Intra-Voxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (IVIM-DWI)
      in Predicting Induction Chemotherapy Response in Locally Advanced Hypopharyngeal
      Carcinoma.
AB  - The aim of this study was to predict response to induction chemotherapy in
      patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma by IVIM values.Twenty
      eight patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma underwent IVIM
      studies using 12 different b values (b = 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70 100, 150, 200,
      400, 800, and 1000 s/ mm). All patients underwent 2 MRI studies: a baseline exam
      before any treatment and a mid-treatment exam 3 weeks after induction
      chemotherapy. In the IVIM approach, D, f, and D were extracted from a bi
      exponential fit. For comparison, the ADC map were extracted from a mono
      exponential fit. At the end of induction chemotherapy, patients were classified
      as responders or nonresponders group according to the Response Evaluation
      Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria (RECIST), based on their MRI measurement. The
      patients were classified into high grade group (G1), moderate grade group (G2),
      and low grade group (G3) according to the tumor pathological grading. The
      predictive value of IVIM parameters were examined with Student's t test, analysis
      of variance (ANOVA), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.After 2
      cycles of induction chemotherapy, 18 patients were categorized into the responder
      group whereas the other 10 patients were considered nonresponders. Compared with
      the pretreatment value, the post-treatment ADC value and D value was
      significantly higher and the posttreatment D value was significantly lower (all P
      <  0.05). In contrast, post-treatment f parameter only changed slightly (P >
      0.05). Compared with nonresponders, a notably lower pretreatment ADC value, D
      value, posttreatment D value, and higher posttreatment ADC value, D value,
      DeltaADC, DeltaD, and DeltaD were observed in responders (all P < 0.05), but no
      significant change in Delta f among the 2 group (P > 0.05). The ROC curve
      analysis indicated that the cutoff of pretreatment D value in best predicting
      tumor's chemotherapeutic response was 0.847 * 10 mm/s, and the corresponding AUC,
      sensitivity, and specificity were 0.806, 75.0%, and 88.9%, respectively. Although
      pretreatment IVIM-derived parameters had no significant differences between high
      grade, moderate grade, and low grade group, a trend towards lower D was observed
      with increasing tumor grading from G3 to G1.IVIM-DWI can potentially predict the
      treatment response to induction chemotherapy for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. 

PMID- 26962825
TI  - Discordances Between Serology and Culture for Strongyloides in an Ethiopian
      Adopted Child With Multiple Parasitic Infections: A Case Report.
AB  - RATIONALE: infectious diseases screening of international adoptees is complex
      because of the concurrence of different pathogens in a child at same time. We
      describe an international adopted child born at Ethiopia infected by 5 different
      pathogens (Hymenolepis nana, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica,
      Strongyloides stercoralis, and Trichuris trichiura), 2 of them S. stercoralis and
      E. histolytica with a capacity to develop severe clinical complications if not
      detected promptly with appropriate diagnosis tests.Concerns of the patient:
      according to the screening protocol a stool sample is always processed for
      culture addressed to find out protozoan and helminthic pathogens but not
      specifically for S. stercoralis. Only, when eosinophilia is detected 3 serial
      stool samples are collected to rule out intestinal parasitic infection including
      S. stercoralis. INTERVENTIONS: in our case, S. stercoralis would not have been
      detected if we had followed the protocol because eosinophilia was absent and its
      specific serology was negative. Fortunately, the initial inclusion of the feces
      charcoal culture for S. stercoralis allowed us to detect this infection.
      OUTCOMES: discordances between direct methods such as culture and indirect as
      serology or antigen test forces us to be very cautious before ruling out S.
      stercoralis or E. histolytica infection, respectively. Also, if a child from
      tropical areas has persistent symptoms (such as diarrhea or fever) that have not
      been treated we have to rule out other infections that have not been detected
      yet.Main lessons: The introduction of different sequencing tests and the
      insistence to find out pathogens such as S. stercoralis or E. histolytica was
      determinant to be able to cure this symptomatic child and to prevent potential
      severe clinical forms in case of immunosuppression.

PMID- 26962826
TI  - Primary Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Vulva: A Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - The aim of this study was to add a new case of primary non-Hodgkin's malignant
      lymphoma of the vulva to the literature and to review the current literature.We
      searched the PubMed/MEDLINE databases for previous case reports using the key
      words "non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma of the vulva," "vulvar lymphoma," and
      "primary vulvar non-Hodgkin's lymphoma." We found 29 cases of primary vulvar non
      Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma of the vulva reported until 2015. Among them, only 8
      cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), classified according to the most
      recent 2008 WHO classification, were reported.Moreover, only few studies reported
      the therapeutic management and clinical follow-up of patients affected by this
      condition.Due to its uncommon presentation, the primary non-Hodgkin's malignant
      lymphoma of the vulva can be undiagnosed; thus gynecologists, oncologists, and
      pathologists should be aware of this condition, as a correct diagnosis is
      essential for an appropriate therapeutic management. 

PMID- 26962827
TI  - Clinical and Molecular Characterization of NF1 Patients: Single-Center Experience
      of 32 Patients From China.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary disorder caused by mutations in
      the NF1 gene. Detecting mutation in NF1 is hindered by the gene's large size, the
      lack of mutation hotspots, and the presence of pseudogenes.Our goal was to
      establish a sensitive, feasible, and comparatively economical protocol to detect
      NF1 mutations using blood samples.We developed a method to screen patients for
      mutations. Thirty-two NF1 patients from 32 unrelated families and 120 unrelated
      population-match controls were investigated in this study. Specific primers were
      designed for NF1 to avoid pseudogenes. NF1 mutations were detected by sequencing
      at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) levels, and
      multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and familial segregation
      analyses were used.Forty-four specific primers designed according to the NF1
      structure were successfully used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA
      sequencing, which was more feasible and useful than cDNA sequencing. Thirty
      distinct NF1 mutations were identified in 32 patients. Thirteen mutations were
      novel and most were frameshift mutations (33.3%). Mutations were detected at a
      rate of 93.8%.Our study suggests that this sensitive, feasible, and comparatively
      economical protocol is effective for the detection of NF1 mutations. 

PMID- 26962828
TI  - Identifying Thoracic Malignancies Through Pleural Fluid Biomarkers: A Predictive
      Multivariate Model.
AB  - The diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions may be challenging when cytological
      examination of aspirated pleural fluid is equivocal or noncontributory. The
      purpose of this study was to identify protein candidate biomarkers differentially
      expressed in the pleural fluid of patients with mesothelioma, lung
      adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and tuberculosis (TB).A multiplex protein biochip
      comprising 120 biomarkers was used to determine the pleural fluid protein profile
      of 29 mesotheliomas, 29 lung adenocarcinomas, 12 lymphomas, and 35 tuberculosis.
      The relative abundance of these predetermined biomarkers among groups served to
      establish the differential diagnosis of: malignant versus benign (TB) effusions,
      lung adenocarcinoma versus mesothelioma, and lymphoma versus TB. The selected
      putative markers were validated using widely available commercial techniques in
      an independent sample of 102 patients.Significant differences were found in the
      protein expressions of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), cathepsin-B, C-reactive
      protein, and chondroitin sulfate between malignant and TB effusions. When
      integrated into a scoring model, these proteins yielded 85% sensitivity, 100%
      specificity, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98 for labeling malignancy in
      the verification sample. For lung adenocarcinoma-mesothelioma discrimination,
      combining CA19-9, CA15-3, and kallikrein-12 had maximal discriminatory capacity
      (65% sensitivity, 100% specificity, AUC 0.94); figures which also refer to the
      validation set. Last, cathepsin-B in isolation was only moderately useful
      (sensitivity 89%, specificity 62%, AUC 0.75) in separating lymphomatous and TB
      effusions. However, this last differentiation improved significantly when
      cathepsin-B was used with respect to the patient's age (sensitivity 72%,
      specificity 100%, AUC 0.94).In conclusion, panels of 4 (i.e., MMP-9, cathepsin-B,
      C-reactive protein, chondroitin sulfate), or 3 (i.e., CA19-9, CA15-3, kallikrein
      12) different protein biomarkers on pleural fluid samples are highly
      discriminative for signaling a malignant versus tuberculous effusion, or lung
      adenocarcinoma versus mesothelioma, respectively. Cathepsin-B could also be
      helpful in establishing the presence of a lymphomatous effusion versus that of
      TB, if the patient's age is simultaneously taken into consideration. 

PMID- 26962829
TI  - Does Previous Hip Surgery Effect the Outcome of Tonnis Triple Periacetabular
      Osteotomy? Mid-Term Results.
AB  - Hip dysplasia (HD) is 1 of the major reasons of coxarthrosis. The goal of the
      treatment of HD by Tonnis triple pelvic osteotomy (TPAO) is to improve the
      function of hip joint while relieving pain, delaying and possibly preventing end
      stage arthritis. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and
      radiological results of TPAO to determine if previous surgery has a negative
      effect on TPAO.Patients operated with TPAO between 2005 and 2010, included in
      this study. Patients divided into 2 groups: primary acetabular dysplasia (PAD)
      and residual acetabular dysplasia (RAD). Prepostoperatively, hip range of motion,
      Harris hip score (HHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis
      Index (WOMAC) hip score, visual analog scores (VAS), impingement tests, and also
      the presence of Trendelenburg sign (TS) were investigated for clinical
      evaluation. For radiological analysis pre-postoperative, anterior-posterior (AP)
      pelvis and faux profile radiographs were used. Acetabular index, lateral center
      edge (LCE) angle, and Sharp angles were measured by AP pelvis; anterior center
      edge (ACE) angle were measured by faux profile radiography. All the clinical and
      radiological data of the groups were analyzed separately for the pre
      postoperative scores also the amount of improvement in all parameters were
      analyzed.SPSS20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis.
      Wilcoxon test, McNemar test, paired t tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used
      to compare the groups. P < 0.05 were defined as statistically significant.Study
      included 27 patients: 17 patients were in PAD and 10 patients were in RAD. The
      mean follow-up period was 6.2 years (5.2-10.3 years). In all patients, the
      radiological and the clinical outcomes were better after TPAO except the flexion
      of the hip parameter. When the patient groups were evaluated as pre
      postoperatively, more statistically significant parameters were found in the PAD
      group when compared with RAD group. Extension, impingement, TS, VAS, HHS, WOMAC
      score parameters in clinical outcome and LCE, ACE, Sharp angle, coverage ratio in
      radiological results were significantly better in PAD group postoperatively but
      in RAD group; only extension, VAS, HHS, and WOMAC parameters were clinically and
      LCE and Coverage ratio were significantly different compared with the
      preoperative measurements. The change of the parameters that used for the
      evaluation of clinical and radiological results did not show a significant
      difference between groups.Our data suggest that TPAO can be performed on patients
      with HD for both groups. Although there were fewer parameters which changed
      significantly after TPAO in RAD patients; the improvement of radiological and
      clinical results was similar for groups. Further long-term follow-up studies with
      large number of patients are needed to determine the proper results of TPAO. 

PMID- 26962830
TI  - Predictive Value of Glucose Parameters Obtained From Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests
      in Identifying Individuals at High Risk for the Development of Diabetes in Korean
      Population.
AB  - Previous studies suggest that the future risk for type 2 diabetes is not similar
      among subjects in the same glucose tolerance category. In this study, we aimed to
      evaluate simple intuitive indices to identify subjects at high risk for future
      diabetes development by using 0, 30, 120 minute glucose levels obtained during 75
      g OGTTs from participants of a prospective community-based cohort in Korea.Among
      subjects enrolled at the Chungju Metabolic disease Cohort, those who performed an
      OGTT between 2007 and 2010 and repeated the test between 2011 and 2014 were
      recruited after excluding subjects with diabetes at baseline. Subjects were
      categorized according to their 30 minute glucose (G30) and the difference between
      120 and 0 minute glucose (G(120-0)) levels with cutoffs of 9.75 and 2.50 mmol/L,
      respectively.Among 1126 subjects, 117 (10.39%) developed type 2 diabetes after 4
      years. In diabetes nonconverters, increased insulin resistance was accompanied by
      compensatory insulin secretion, but this was not observed in converters during 4
      years of follow-up. Subjects with G(120-0) >= 2.50 mmol/L or G30 >= 9.75 mmol/L
      demonstrated lower degrees of insulin secretion, higher degrees of insulin
      resistance, and ~6-fold higher risk of developing future diabetes compared to
      their lower counterparts after adjustment for possible confounding factors.
      Moreover, subjects with high G(120-0) and high G30 demonstrated 22-fold higher
      risk for diabetes development compared to subjects with low G(120-0) and low
      G30.By using the G(120-0) and G30 values obtained during the OGTT, which are less
      complicated measurements than previously reported methods, we were able to select
      individuals at risk for future diabetes development. Further studies in different
      ethnicities are required to validate our results. 

PMID- 26962831
TI  - Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Poor Outcomes in Thrombolyzed Patients
      With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - The influence of atrial fibrillation (AF) on the clinical outcomes of patients
      with ischemic stroke (IS) has not been completely determined. We aimed to perform
      a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship between AF and
      adverse events in patients with acute IS treated with thrombolysis.PubMed,
      EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies regarding the
      association between AF and the outcomes of patients with IS treated with
      thrombolysis. Random and fixed effect models were used for pooling data.Twelve
      cohort studies involving 14,801 patients with acute IS were included. Meta
      analysis revealed that patients with AF were more likely to die within 90 days
      after thrombolysis (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68
      2.70, P < 0.001), whereas this association was not observed in hospitalized
      patients (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.86-2.60; P = 0.150). AF was associated with a
      reduced incidence of favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale <= 2) (OR, 1.95;
      95% CI: 1.33-2.85, P = 0.001) and an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral
      hemorrhage (OR, 1.28; 95% CI: 1.08-1.52, P = 0.006). No evident publication bias
      was found by Begg's test or Egger's test.Comorbidity of AF may increase the risk
      of adverse outcomes for patients with IS undergoing thrombolysis. Further well
      designed trials are warranted to confirm this association. 

PMID- 26962832
TI  - Association Between Peripheral Vascular Endothelial Function and Progression of
      Open-Angle Glaucoma.
AB  - The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between Humphrey visual
      field progression and peripheral vascular endothelial function in patients with
      open-angle glaucoma (OAG), assessed by noninvasive endothelium-dependent flow
      mediated vasodilation (FMD).Forty OAG patients, among which 22 had normal-tension
      glaucoma (NTG) and 18 had primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were enrolled. Each
      enrolled patient underwent a thorough ophthalmological examination including the
      Humphrey visual field test and measurement of FMD via high-resolution 2
      dimensional ultrasonographic imaging of the brachial artery. Blood samples were
      evaluated for biochemistry and lipid profiles as well as levels of high
      sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). The annual change of threshold
      sensitivity of the visual field in each test location were analyzed with
      pointwise linear regression. The correlation between long-term visual field
      progression and FMD was evaluated.A mean follow-up of 7.47 +/- 1.84 years
      revealed a faster progression rate over the superior visual field in all 40 OAG
      patients (superior field -0.24 +/- 0.67 dB/y, inferior field -0.10 +/- 0.59 dB/y,
      P = 0.37). However, only the annual sensitivity change of the inferior peripheral
      field showed correlation with baseline FMD. There was no significant difference
      in the change slope of visual field between NTG and POAG patients.A correlation
      between baseline brachial artery FMD and visual field progression was observed in
      the inferior peripheral field in patients with NTG and POAG. This result suggests
      that peripheral vascular endothelial dysfunction may be related to glaucoma
      progression. 

PMID- 26962834
TI  - High Mortality of Cirrhotic Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease.
AB  - Ascites, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) are
      3 major complications in patients with cirrhosis. Limited data exist with which
      to evaluate the long-term mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in
      cirrhotic patients with or without complications.The National Health Insurance
      Database in Taiwan was used to identify patients with cirrhosis hospitalized
      between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2007. The study group consisted of 1068
      cirrhotic patients with ESRD, and the control group consisted of 10,680 randomly
      selected cirrhotic patients without baseline renal function impairment.The
      overall 1-year and 3-year mortality rates were 48.5% and 73.1% in the ESRD group,
      and 32.9% and 55.6% in the control group, respectively. After adjusting for other
      comorbid disorders, the cirrhotic patients with ESRD showed a statistically
      significant increase in 3-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65; P < 0.001).
      The HR for 3-year mortality of ESRD cirrhotic patients with recurrent
      complications was 1.98 (P < 0.001), compared to those with no recent or past
      complications. The HR of ESRD for 3-year mortality was 1.48 (P < 0.001) in
      cirrhotic patients with ascites, 1.67 (P < 0.001) in patients with EVB, and 1.19
      (P = 0.147) in patients with HE.ESRD increases the mortality rate in patients
      with cirrhosis. Recurrent complications can account for a 2-fold increase in the
      3-year mortality of ESRD cirrhotic patients. ESRD has a smaller impact on the 3
      year mortality of cirrhotic patients with HE compared to those with ascites or
      EVB. 

PMID- 26962833
TI  - Prolong Exposure of NSAID in Patients With RA Will Decrease the Risk of Dementia:
      A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder, primarily
      affects joints. Several studies have indicated that early inflammation,
      cardiovascular disease, and depression in patients were associated with a
      considerably increased risk of dementia. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) are commonly used for treating RA. NSAIDs facilitate alleviating RA
      associated chronic pain, inflammation, and swelling. Therefore, we conducted this
      nationwide study for evaluating the association between the dementia risk and
      NSAID treatment in patients with RA.The RA cohort comprised patients aged 20
      years and older who were newly diagnosed with RA between 2000 and 2011, with data
      obtained from the Registry of Catastrophic Illnesses Patient Database (RCIPD).
      Patients without RA were frequency matched with the RA cohort at a 1:4 ratio
      according to age, sex, and year of RA diagnosis. The relative risks of dementia
      were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models.The risk of dementia in the
      RA cohort was not significantly higher than that in the non-RA cohort (adjusted
      HR [hazard ratio] = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87-1.02). Regarding
      the duration of NSAID treatment, the risk of dementia was significantly lower
      when the RA cohort used NSAIDs for >2191 days (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.45-0.68).A
      longer duration of NSAID treatment possibly reduces the risk of dementia.
      Additional studies are warranted for verifying the association of dementia risk
      with NSAID treatment in patients with RA. 

PMID- 26962836
TI  - Distal Pancreatectomy With En Bloc Celiac Axis Resection for Locally Advanced
      Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Although distal pancreatectomy with en bloc celiac resection (DP-CAR) is used to
      treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer, the advantages and disadvantages of
      this surgical procedure remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      its clinical safety and efficacy.Studies regarding DP-CAR were retrieved from the
      following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and
      Chinese electronic databases. Articles were selected according to predesigned
      inclusion criteria, and data were extracted according to predesigned sheets.
      Clinical, oncologic, and survival outcomes of DP-CAR were systematically reviewed
      by hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratio (OR) using fixed- or random-effects
      models.Eighteen studies were included. DP-CAR had a longer operating time and
      greater intraoperative blood loss compared to distal pancreatectomy (DP). A high
      incidence of vascular reconstruction occurred in DP-CAR: 11.53% (95%CI: 6.88
      18.68%) for artery and 33.28% (95%CI: 20.45-49.19%) for vein. The pooled R0
      resection rate of DP-CAR was 72.79% (95% CI, 46.19-89.29%). Higher mortality and
      morbidity rates were seen in DP-CAR, but no significant differences were detected
      compared to DP; the pooled OR was 1.798 for mortality (95% CI, 0.360-8.989) and
      2.106 for morbidity (95% CI, 0.828-5.353). The pooled incidence of postoperative
      pancreatic fistula (POPF) was 31.31% (95%CI, 23.69-40.12%) in DP-CAR, similar to
      that of DP (OR = 1.07; 95%CI, 0.52-2.20). The pooled HR against DP-CAR was 5.67
      (95%CI, 1.48-21.75) for delayed gastric emptying. The pooled rate of reoperation
      was 9.74% (95%CI, 4.56-19.59%) in DP-CAR. The combined 1-, 2-, and 3-year
      survival rates in DP-CAR were 65.22% (49.32-78.34%), 30.20% (21.50-40. 60%), and
      18.70% (10.89-30.13%), respectively. The estimated means and medians for survival
      time in DP-CAR patients were 24.12 (95%CI, 18.26-29.98) months and 17.00 (95%CI,
      13.52-20.48) months, respectively. There were no significant differences
      regarding postoperative 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates between DP-CAR and DP,
      whereas DP-CAR had a better 1-year survival rate compared to palliative
      treatments. The pooled HR for overall survival between DP-CAR and DP was 1.36
      (95%CI: 0.997-1.850); the pooled HR favoring DP-CAR was 0.38 (95%CI: 0.25-0.58)
      for overall survival compared to palliative treatments. The rate of cancer
      related pain relief from DP-CAR was 89.20% (95%CI, 77.85-95.10%). The pooled
      incidence of postoperative diarrhea was 37.10% (95%CI, 20.79-57.00%); however,
      most diarrhea was effectively controlled.DP-CAR is feasible and acceptable in
      terms of its survival benefits and improved quality of life. However, it should
      be performed with caution due to its high postoperative morbidity. 

PMID- 26962835
TI  - Pathophysiology of Small-Fiber Sensory System in Parkinson's Disease: Skin
      Innervation and Contact Heat Evoked Potential.
AB  - Sensory symptoms are frequent nonmotor complaints in patients with Parkinson's
      disease (PD). However, few investigations integrally explored the physiology and
      pathology of the thermonociceptive pathway in PD. We aim to investigate the
      involvement of the thermonociceptive pathway in PD.Twenty-eight PD patients (16
      men, with a mean age and standard deviation of 65.6 +/- 10.7 years) free of
      neuropathic symptoms and systemic disorders were recruited for the study and
      compared to 23 age- and gender-matched control subjects (12 men, with a mean age
      and standard deviation of 65.1 +/- 9.9 years). We performed skin biopsy, contact
      heat-evoked potential (CHEP), and quantitative sensory tests (QST) to study the
      involvement of the thermonociceptive pathway in PD.The duration of PD was 7.1 +/-
      3.2 (range 2-17 years) years and the UPDRS part III score was 25.6 +/- 9.7 (range
      10-48) during the off period. Compared to control subjects, PD patients had
      reduced intra-epidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density (2.48 +/- 1.65 vs 6.36 +/-
      3.19 fibers/mm, P < 0.001) and CHEP amplitude (18.02 +/- 10.23 vs 33.28 +/- 10.48
      MUV, P < 0.001). Twenty-three patients (82.1%) had abnormal IENF densities and 18
      (64.3%) had abnormal CHEP. Nine patients (32.1%) had abnormal thermal thresholds
      in the feet. In total 27 patients (96.4%) had at least 1 abnormality in IENF,
      CHEP, or thermal thresholds of the foot, indicating dysfunctions in the small
      fiber nerve system. In control subjects, CHEP amplitude linearly correlated with
      IENF density (P < 0.001). In contrast, this relationship disappeared in PD (P =
      0.312) and CHEP amplitude was negatively correlated with motor severity of PD
      independent of age, gender, and anti-PD medication dose (P = 0.036), suggesting
      the influences of central components on thermonociceptive systems in addition to
      peripheral small-fiber nerves in PD.The present study suggested impairment of
      small-fiber sensory system at both peripheral and central levels is an intrinsic
      feature of PD, and skin biopsy, CHEP, and QST provided an integral approach for
      assessing such dysfunctions. 

PMID- 26962837
TI  - Pituicytoma Coexisting With Corticotroph Hyperplasia: Literature Review With One
      Case Report.
AB  - Pituicytoma is a rare, low-grade glial neoplasm that arises in the
      neurohypophysis or infundibulum and usually presents as pituitary gland
      enlargement. They are often misdiagnosed as pituitary adenomas. Causes have
      varied for high serum adrenocorticotropic hormone level reported in a few
      patients with pituicytoma.We report a rare case of pituicytoma accompanied by
      corticotroph hyperplasia-a challenging diagnosis guided by clinical
      presentations, radiological signs, and biopsy.We present a case of pituicytoma
      with corticotroph hyperplasia in a 46-year-old woman with typical Cushing
      syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion in the sellar area with
      equal T1 and T2 signals and marked homogeneous enhancement. We present detailed
      analysis of the patient's disease course and review pertinent literature. Written
      informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case
      report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available
      for review by the Editor of this journal. Because of this, there is no need to
      conduct special ethic review and the ethical approval is not necessary.The
      patient underwent a surgical exploration and tumor resection through a trans
      sphenoidal approach. Pathologic results revealed pituicytoma and corticotroph
      hyperplasia. As adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels did not decrease
      to normal, the patient received radiotherapy and recovered uneventfully. No
      recurrence was found over 8 years of follow-up.Pituicytoma is a rare type of
      sellar tumor. Pituicytomas in patients with Cushing syndrome are rarer still. To
      our knowledge, this is the first report of Cushing syndrome caused by
      corticotroph hyperplasia in a pituicytoma patient. 

PMID- 26962838
TI  - A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study of Migraine and Organic-Psychogenic
      Erectile Dysfunction.
AB  - As chronic illnesses and chronic pain are related to erectile dysfunction (ED),
      migraine as a prevalent chronic disorder affecting lots of people all over the
      world may negatively affect quality of life as well as sexual function. However,
      a large-scale population-based study of erectile dysfunction and other different
      comorbidities in patients with migraine is quite limited. This cohort
      longitudinal study aimed to estimate the association between migraine and ED
      using a nationwide population-based database in Taiwan.The data used for this
      cohort study were retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000
      in Taiwan. We identified 5015 patients with migraine and frequency matched 20,060
      controls without migraine from 2000 to 2011. The occurrence of ED was followed up
      until the end of 2011. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to
      analyze the risks of ED.The overall incidence of ED was 1.78-fold greater in the
      migraine cohort than in the comparison cohort (23.3 vs 10.5 per 10,000 person
      years; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31-2.41). Furthermore, patients with
      migraine were 1.75-fold more likely to develop organic ED (95% CI = 1.27-2.41)
      than were the comparison cohort. The migraine patients with anxiety had a 3.6
      fold higher HR of having been diagnosed with ED than the comparison cohort
      without anxiety (95% CI, 2.10-6.18).The results support that patients with
      migraine have a higher incidence of being diagnosed with ED, particularly in the
      patient with the comorbidity of anxiety. 

PMID- 26962839
TI  - Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Female Adults With Primary
      Sjogren Syndrome: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - No large-scale population-based cohort study has ever investigated the risk of
      developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with Sjogren
      syndrome (SS). This study evaluated the risk of COPD in women with primary SS
      (pSS) in a nationwide population.We used the data of the National Health
      Insurance Research Database of Taiwan to establish a pSS group consisting of 3013
      female adults diagnosed between 2000 and 2005, and a non-SS group consisting of
      12,052 women without SS matched by a propensity score. Incident COPD cases were
      identified to the end of 2011. The pSS group to non-SS group adjusted hazard
      ratios (aHRs) of COPD were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards
      regression analysis.After a mean follow-up period of 7.99 years, the incidence of
      COPD was 1.4-fold greater in the pSS group than in the non-SS group (3.87 vs 2.77
      per 1000 person-years) with an aHR of 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10
      1.75, P = 0.007). The COPD incidence was 7-fold greater for women aged 50 years
      and above than women aged 20 to 49, with the aHR of 4.24 (95% CI = 3.06-5.88, P <
      0.001). Comorbidity increased the COPD risk further for women with pSS. Women
      with both pSS and comorbidity had an aHR of 3.11 (95% CI = 2.23-4.33, P < 0.001)
      for COPD, compared to those free of both pSS and comorbidity.Women with pSS are
      at a greater risk of developing COPD than those without SS. Patients with SS
      require close monitoring to prevent COPD development, particularly for those with
      comorbidity. 

PMID- 26962840
TI  - Molecular Identification of Biliary Isospora Belli: A Case Report.
AB  - This report describes the novel sampling of bile from the biliary endoscopic
      intervention for the molecular identification of parasite infection.A 63-year-old
      Vietnamese man underwent travel health examination in our hospital. Physical
      examination showed that his height was 159 cm and weight was 41 kg. He had a 15
      year history of intermittent abdominal pain and frequent episodes of diarrhea.
      Laboratory tests revealed raised eosinophil count (23%, normal range [NR] 0-5),
      absolute eosinophil count (1899/MUL, NR 50-350), and levels of serum
      immunoglobulin E (3770 IU/mL, NR < 100), aspartate transaminase (270 U/L, NR 0
      37), alanine transaminase (210 U/L, NR 0-40), and total bilirubin (1.8 mg/dL, NR
      0.2-1.4); however, the serum alkaline phosphatase level was normal (65 U/L, NR 28
      94) and non-reactive result for serum human insufficiency virus antibody.Magnetic
      resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed diffuse dilatation of the biliary
      tree; the common hepatic and pancreatic duct diameters increased to 1.86 cm and
      0.61 cm, respectively.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was
      performed and a 10-Fr model plastic biliary stent was inserted and flushed with
      20 cc normal saline; thereafter, the bile was collected and sent for DNA
      sequencing. Isospora belli (IB) infection was identified by a polymerase chain
      reaction.Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 800 mg q6h was administered for 1 month.
      Liver enzyme levels normalized and negative for concentration method of ova
      study. The patient was doing well and weighed 51 kg at the outpatient clinic
      visit 3 months later.This bile sampling with molecular identification has not
      been described in the literature. We believe that an acute IB infection through
      fecal-oral transmission may progress to chronic infection of the hepatobiliary
      system, leading to biliary obstruction and jaundice. 

PMID- 26962841
TI  - Does Orthodontic Treatment Affect the Alveolar Bone Density?
AB  - Few studies involving human participants have been conducted to investigate the
      effect of orthodontic treatment on alveolar bone density around the teeth. Our
      previous study revealed that patients who received 6 months of active orthodontic
      treatment exhibited an ~24% decrease in alveolar bone density around the teeth.
      However, after an extensive retention period following orthodontic treatment,
      whether the bone density around the teeth can recover to its original state from
      before the treatment remains unclear, thus warranting further investigation.The
      purpose of this study was to assess the bone density changes around the teeth
      before, during, and after orthodontic treatment.Dental cone-beam computed
      tomography (CBCT) was used to measure the changes in bone density around 6 teeth
      in the anterior maxilla (maxilla central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines)
      of 8 patients before and after orthodontic treatment. Each patient underwent 3
      dental CBCT scans: before treatment (T0); at the end of 7 months of active
      orthodontic treatment (T1); after several months (20-22 months) of retention
      (T2). The Friedman test was applied to evaluate the changes in the alveolar bone
      density around the teeth according to the 3 dental CBCT scans.From T0 to T1, a
      significant reduction in bone density was observed around the teeth (23.36 +/-
      10.33%); by contrast, a significant increase was observed from T1 to T2 (31.81 +/
      23.80%). From the perspective of the overall orthodontic treatment, comparing
      the T0 and T2 scans revealed that the bone density around the teeth was
      relatively constant (a reduction of only 0.75 +/- 19.85%). The results of the
      statistical test also confirmed that the difference in bone density between T0
      and T2 was nonsignificant.During orthodontic tooth movement, the alveolar bone
      density around the teeth was reduced. However, after a period of bone recovery,
      the reduced bone density recovered to its previous state from before the
      orthodontic treatment. However, the bone density around ~10% of the teeth in this
      region could not recover to 80% of its state from before the orthodontic
      treatment. 

PMID- 26962843
TI  - Redislocation After a Failed Surgery to Treat C6/7 Fracture-Dislocation With
      Pedicular Fracture of the C6 Vertebra: Case Report of a Successful Revision
      Surgery, Analysis of the Causes, and Discussion of Revision Surgical Strategies.
AB  - Cervical spinal fracture-dislocation with pedicular fracture of the vertebra has
      been little reported and the management of such a patient is difficult.
      Considering the little knowledge of this area, we present this special case of a
      successful revision surgery for the treatment of redislocation after a failed
      surgery to treat C6/7 fracture-dislocation with pedicular fracture of the C6
      vertebra to share our experience.A 45-year-old male patient presented to our
      hospital with history of neck pain for 4 months. According to his medical
      records, he was involved in an architectural accident and diagnosed with C6/7
      fracture-dislocation with pedicular fracture of the C6 vertebra (ASIA: D). A
      surgery of posterior lateral mass screw fixation (bilateral in C5 and C7; left
      side in C6) was performed in a different institution. However, 4 months after his
      primary surgery, he was still troubled by serious neck pain and muscle weakness
      in all right side limbs. The physical examination of the patient showed
      hypoesthesia in the right side limbs, myodynamia of the right side limbs weakened
      to Grade 4. Cervical X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance
      imaging confirmed the redislocation of C6/7. A successful revision surgery of
      anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) with nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide
      66 composite fulfilled with vertebral autograft plus anterior plate was
      performed. The 3 months postoperative X-rays and CT scan showed the good position
      of the implant and bony fusion. The patient's neck pain was relived and the
      neurological function recovered to ASIA E grade at the 3rd month follow-up.ACCF
      with nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 composite fulfilled with vertebral autograft
      plus anterior plate is effective for the treatment of redislocation after a
      failed surgery in patients of fracture-dislocation with pedicular fracture. The
      best method to avoid such a failed surgery is a combined anterior-posterior
      approach surgery in our opinion. 

PMID- 26962842
TI  - Life-Threatening Hypercalcemia Revealing Diffuse and Isolated Acute Sarcoid-Like
      Myositis: A New Entity? (A Case-Series).
AB  - Up to 50% patients with sarcoidosis display extra-pulmonary disease. However,
      initial and isolated (ie, without lung disease) acute muscular involvement
      associated with pseudo-malignant hypercalcemia is very uncommon. We report on 3
      cases of life-threatening hypercalcemia revealing florid and isolated acute
      sarcoid-like myositis.All patients complained of fatigue, progressive general
      muscle weakness, and weight loss. Laboratory tests showed a severe life
      threatening hypercalcemia (>3.4 mmol/L). Hypercalcemia was associated with
      increased serum level of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D and complicated with acute renal
      failure. One patient displayed acute pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia.In all
      cases, PET-scan, performed for malignancy screening, incidentally revealed an
      intense, diffuse, and isolated muscular fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake
      consistent with diffuse non-necrotizing giant cells granulomatous myositis
      demonstrated by muscle biopsy. Of note, creatine phosphokinase blood level was
      normal in all cases. No patients displayed the usual thoracic features of
      sarcoidosis.All patients were treated with high dose steroids and achieved rapid,
      complete, and sustained remission. A review of English and French publications in
      Medline revealed 5 similar published cases.Steroid-sensitive acute sarcoid-like
      myositis causing high calcitriol levels and life-threatening hypercalcemia should
      be recognized as a separate entity. 

PMID- 26962844
TI  - A heart for interaction: Shared physiological dynamics and behavioral
      coordination in a collective, creative construction task.
AB  - Interpersonally shared physiological dynamics are increasingly argued to underlie
      rapport, empathy, and even team performance. Inspired by the model of
      interpersonal synergy, we critically investigate the presence, temporal
      development, possible mechanisms and impact of shared interpersonal heart rate
      (HR) dynamics during individual and collective creative LEGO(r) construction
      tasks. In Study 1 we show how shared HR dynamics are driven by a plurality of
      sources, including task constraints and behavioral coordination. Generally,
      shared HR dynamics are more prevalent in individual trials (involving
      participants doing the same things) than in collective ones (involving
      participants taking turns and performing complementary actions). However, when
      contrasted against virtual pairs, collective trials display more stable shared HR
      dynamics suggesting that online social interaction plays an important role.
      Furthermore, in contrast to individual trials, shared HR dynamics are found to
      increase across collective trials. Study 2 investigates which aspects of social
      interaction might drive these effects. We show that shared HR dynamics are
      statistically predicted by interpersonal speech and building coordination. In
      Study 3, we explore the relation between HR dynamics, behavioral coordination,
      and self-reported measures of rapport and group competence. Although behavioral
      coordination predicts rapport and group competence, shared HR dynamics do not.
      Although shared physiological dynamics were reliably observed in our study, our
      results warrant not to consider HR dynamics a general driving mechanism of social
      coordination. Behavioral coordination-on the other hand-seems to be more
      informative of both shared physiological dynamics and collective experience.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962845
TI  - Gaze direction aftereffects are surprisingly long-lasting.
AB  - Adaptation to gaze direction induces aftereffects in the perception of gaze in
      subsequently presented faces. Gaze adaptation calibrates neural responses to the
      most frequently occurring gaze signals and therefore frees up capacity to respond
      to more novel signals, likely enhancing gaze discrimination and supporting
      novelty detection. The longevity of aftereffects can provide some insight into
      the temporal window over which this calibration occurs. Since gaze direction is a
      rapidly changing signal in the face, one might expect gaze aftereffects to also
      be very short-lived. Here we show that this is not the case. In Experiment 1, we
      measured participants' aftereffects immediately after gaze adaptation and 24 h
      later. We found significant aftereffects at both times. In Experiment 2, we
      tested whether long-term adaptation also occurred when aftereffects were measured
      only once, 24 h after adaptation. Again, we found significant long-term
      aftereffects. These results demonstrate that gaze adaptation can integrate
      information over remarkably long periods. We discuss the implications of the
      longevity of gaze direction aftereffects on our understanding of their
      functionality, and the functionality of face aftereffects more generally.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962846
TI  - The guidance of spatial attention during visual search for color combinations and
      color configurations.
AB  - Representations of target-defining features (attentional templates) guide the
      selection of target objects in visual search. We used behavioral and
      electrophysiological measures to investigate how such search templates control
      the allocation of attention in search tasks where targets are defined by the
      combination of 2 colors or by a specific spatial configuration of these colors.
      Target displays were preceded by spatially uninformative cue displays that
      contained items in 1 or both target-defining colors. Experiments 1 and 2
      demonstrated that, during search for color combinations, attention is initially
      allocated independently and in parallel to all objects with target-matching
      colors, but is then rapidly withdrawn from objects that only have 1 of the 2
      target colors. In Experiment 3, targets were defined by a particular spatial
      configuration of 2 colors, and could be accompanied by nontarget objects with a
      different configuration of the same colors. Attentional guidance processes were
      unable to distinguish between these 2 types of objects. Both attracted attention
      equally when they appeared in a cue display, and both received parallel focal
      attentional processing and were encoded into working memory when they were
      presented in the same target display. Results demonstrate that attention can be
      guided simultaneously by multiple features from the same dimension, but that
      these guidance processes have no access to the spatial-configural properties of
      target objects. They suggest that attentional templates do not represent target
      objects in an integrated pictorial fashion, but contain separate representations
      of target-defining features. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962847
TI  - Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Factors Associated with Positive
      Outcomes and Contact with the Criminal Justice System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adults with FASD are at increased risk for contact with the criminal
      justice system (CJS). To date, there has been limited research devoted to
      development of supports for adults with FASD and it is unclear what supports are
      required to improve outcomes and reduce CJS contact. OBJECTIVES: To examine the
      services and supports experienced by a small group of adults with FASD living in
      both rural and urban locations in Ontario, and their contact with the CJS.
      METHODS: A sample of 14 individuals with FASD and 11 support persons participated
      in the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and coded according to
      key themes which were qualitatively analysed using quotations that supported each
      key theme. A reliability analysis was conducted for the interview coding.
      RESULTS: Early diagnosis and lower substance use were found to be factors
      associated with reduced contact with the CJS. Participants reported on: knowledge
      of their diagnosis and caregiver training and education about FASD;
      interdependence; routine, structure, and supervision; evidence of a strength
      based approach; effective communication; and collaborative services. Few
      participants had received training and education around FASD and further research
      is needed to determine the training required for more successful interventions
      and outcomes. CONCLUSION: As has been found previously, early diagnosis of FASD
      is associated with more positive outcomes including reduced amount of contact
      with the CJS. It is likely that early diagnosis leads to the receipt of more
      supports throughout childhood and contributes to a better understanding of FASD
      by family and caregivers.

PMID- 26962848
TI  - Bioelectrochemical Chromium(VI) Removal in Plant-Microbial Fuel Cells.
AB  - Plant-microbial fuel cell (PMFC) is a renewable and sustainable energy technology
      that generates electricity with living plants. However, little information is
      available regarding the application of PMFC for the remediation of heavy metal
      contaminated water or soil. In this study, the potential for the removal of heavy
      metal Cr(VI) using PMFC was evaluated, and the performance of the PMFC at various
      initial Cr(VI) contents was investigated. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency could
      reached 99% under various conditions. Both the Cr(VI) removal rates and the
      removal efficiencies increased with the increasing initial Cr(VI) concentration.
      Furthermore, the long-term operation of the PMFC indicated that the system was
      stable and sustainable for Cr(VI) removal. The mass balance results and XPS
      analysis results demonstrate that only a small amount of soluble Cr(III) remained
      in the PMFC and that most Cr(III) precipitated in the form of the Cr(OH)3(s) or
      was adsorbed onto the electrodes. The PMFC experiments of without acetate
      addition also show that plants can provide carbon source for MFC through secrete
      root exudates and bioelectrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) was the main mechanism
      for the Cr(VI) removal. These results extend the application fields of PMFC and
      might provide a new insight for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater or soil. 

PMID- 26962849
TI  - Kangaroo-mother care method and neurobehavior of preterm infants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of kangaroo-mother care (KMC) in preterm (PT)
      neurobehavior between 36 and 41 weeks post-conceptual age (PCA). METHOD: A
      prospective cohort of 61 preterm infants with gestational age (GA) of 28-32 w
      evaluated by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale
      (NNNS), with 36-41 w PCA. Infants with clinical instability were excluded. They
      were analyzed in 2 groups: - Kangaroo (KAN): KMC for 7 or more days; Conventional
      (CON): did not receive KMC. Scores of the 13 NNNS variables were compared between
      groups and the effect of KMC in the scores of the variables of NNNS were
      evaluated by multiple linear regression, controlling for confounders. RESULTS:
      The KAN groups (n=24) and CON (n=37) were similar regarding main demographic and
      clinical maternal and neonatal characteristics. Mean GA was 30.3 w; and birth
      weight was 1170 g for both groups. PT of KAN group were admitted in KMC with PCA
      of 35.8 w (38.5 days of life) and remained with this care for 14.3 days. The NNNS
      was applied 13 days after the start of KMC. PT submitted to KMC showed higher
      quality of movements (KAN: 4.98 +/- 0.53 vs CON: 4.53 +/- 0.47; p=0.001) and
      lower scores on Signs of stress and abstinence (KAN: 0.03 +/- 0.03 vs CON: 0.05
      +/- 0.03; p=0.001). Controlling for confounders, the KMC was associated with
      higher scores on the variables Attention, Quality of movements, and lower scores
      on Asymmetry and Signs of stress and abstinence. CONCLUSION: PT submitted to the
      KMC, compared to those non-submitted, have better neurobehavior performance
      between 36 and 41 weeks of post-conceptual age.

PMID- 26962850
TI  - Changes in Kidney Function and in the Rate of Tubular Dysfunction After Tenofovir
      Withdrawal or Continuation in HIV-Infected Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Longitudinal data on the changes in kidney function and tubular
      abnormalities in case of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) withdrawal or
      continuation are scarce. METHODS: Prospective study of 228 patients receiving
      TDF, with 3 sequential determinations of serum creatinine, estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR), phosphatemia, and different urinary parameters (protein,
      albumin, phosphaturia, uricosuria, and glycosuria). Changes were analyzed in
      patients who interrupted TDF as compared to those who continued the same regimen.
      Proximal renal tubular dysfunction (PRTD) was defined as >=2 tubular
      abnormalities. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 59.5 months, 78 patients
      (34%) had PRTD, mainly proteinuria (40%) and phosphaturia (61%), and time on TDF
      explains the severity of tubular alterations and eGFR slopes. In 35 switching
      patients, there was a rapid and significant eGFR improvement (median +4.1 ml/min
      per 1.73 m; P = 0.02), leading to a 39%-83% reduction in the prevalence of
      tubular abnormalities and of PRTD in less than 1 year (66%-39%). In comparison,
      193 patients continuing the same regimen for 21.2 months had a small but
      significant and progressive eGFR decrease (-2.9 mL.min.1.73 m; P < 0.01), and a
      progressive rise in the prevalence of phosphaturia, uricosuria, and glycosuria
      (+9%-56%). In linear mixed-effect model, subsequent eGFR impairment was
      associated with proteinuria and time on TDF, and eGFR improvement with TDF
      discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the role of use and time on TDF in
      eGFR decline and tubular dysfunction. In contrast, TDF withdrawal is followed by
      a rapid and significant, although partial, recovery of eGFR and tubular
      abnormalities.

PMID- 26962851
TI  - Semi-quantitative method for the assessment of debris supply from slopes to river
      in ungauged catchments.
AB  - This paper presents an integrated empirical methodology for assessing the amount
      of sediment transported from slopes to the main river in absence of a sediment
      transport monitoring system. The amount of transported sediment is calculated
      through the characterization of the sediment source areas including the
      identification of the slope phenomena responsible for the sediment propagation to
      the main river: shallow landslides, channelized debris flows and deep-seated
      rotational slides. On this basis, several scenarios related to the climatic
      conditions are defined: they indicate the number of possible slope phenomena and
      potential volumes of mobilized unconsolidated material from sediment source areas
      to the main river. This methodology was finalized and tested in the Maira River
      basin (south-western Italian Alps) with quite good results. 

PMID- 26962852
TI  - Long-acting recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein (rFVIIIFc) for
      perioperative haemostatic management in severe haemophilia A.
AB  - The Phase 3 A-LONG and Kids A-LONG studies demonstrated the prolonged half-life
      of rFVIIIFc compared with rFVIII, and the safety and efficacy of rFVIIIFc in
      subjects with severe haemophilia A. Eligible subjects from A-LONG and Kids A-LONG
      continued rFVIIIFc treatment by enrolling in ASPIRE, an ongoing extension study.
      Based on combined data from the primary studies and ASPIRE interim data, the
      safety and efficacy of rFVIIIFc in subjects requiring surgery were evaluated.
      Perioperative dosing regimens were determined by investigators with guidance
      based on pharmacokinetic data and recommendations from a clinical dosing
      committee. In addition to dosing frequency, factor consumption, blood loss,
      transfusions, bleeding episodes, and haemostatic response were assessed. Across
      studies, 21 subjects underwent 23 evaluable major surgeries, including 19
      orthopaedic surgeries; 41 subjects underwent 52 minor surgeries, including 30
      dental procedures. No major and 10 minor surgeries were performed in paediatric
      subjects. Of the major (n = 22) and minor (n = 32) surgeries assessed for
      haemostatic response, all were rated as excellent or good by the
      investigator/surgeon. During most major surgeries (95.7 %), haemostasis was
      maintained with one rFVIIIFc infusion. Blood loss in major surgeries was
      consistent with similar surgeries in subjects without haemophilia. Across
      studies, rFVIIIFc was well tolerated; no subject developed an inhibitor.

PMID- 26962853
TI  - Unraveling the Relationship between Motor Symptoms, Affective States and
      Contextual Factors in Parkinson's Disease: A Feasibility Study of the Experience
      Sampling Method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Parkinson's disease (PD), the complex relationship between motor
      symptoms, affective states, and contextual factors remains to be elucidated. The
      Experience Sampling Method provides (ESM) a novel approach to this issue. Using a
      mobile device with a special purpose application (app), motor symptoms, affective
      states and contextual factors are assessed repeatedly at random moments in the
      flow of daily life, yielding an intensive time series of symptoms and experience.
      The aim of this study was to study the feasibility of this method. METHOD: We
      studied the feasibility of a five-day period of ESM in PD and its ability to
      objectify diurnal fluctuations in motor symptom severity and their relation with
      affect and contextual factors in five PD patients with motor fluctuations.
      RESULTS: Participants achieved a high compliance, with 84% of assessment moments
      completed without disturbance of daily activities. The utility of the device was
      rated 8 on a 10-point scale. We were able to capture extensive diurnal
      fluctuations that were not revealed by routine clinical assessment. In addition,
      we were able to detect clinically relevant associations between motor symptoms,
      emotional fluctuations and contextual factors at an intra-individual level.
      CONCLUSIONS: ESM represents a viable and novel approach to elucidate
      relationships between motor symptoms, affective states and contextual factors at
      the level of individual subjects. ESM holds promise for clinical practice and
      scientific research.

PMID- 26962854
TI  - High-Density Lipoprotein-Associated miR-223 Is Altered after Diet-Induced Weight
      Loss in Overweight and Obese Males.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous non-coding RNAs
      that regulate metabolic processes, including obesity. The levels of circulating
      miRNAs are affected by metabolic changes in obesity, as well as in diet-induced
      weight loss. Circulating miRNAs are transported by high-density lipoproteins
      (HDL) but the regulation of HDL-associated miRNAs after diet-induced weight loss
      has not been studied. We aim to determine if HDL-associated miR-16, miR-17, miR
      126, miR-222 and miR-223 levels are altered by diet-induced weight loss in
      overweight and obese males. METHODS: HDL were isolated from 47 subjects following
      12 weeks weight loss comparing a high protein diet (HP, 30% of energy) with a
      normal protein diet (NP, 20% of energy). HDL-associated miRNAs (miR-16, miR-17,
      miR-126, miR-222 and miR-223) at baseline and after 12 weeks of weight loss were
      quantified by TaqMan miRNA assays. HDL particle sizes were determined by non
      denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Serum concentrations of
      human HDL constituents were measured immunoturbidometrically or enzymatically.
      RESULTS: miR-16, miR-17, miR-126, miR-222 and miR-223 were present on HDL from
      overweight and obese subjects at baseline and after 12 weeks of the HP and NP
      weight loss diets. The HP diet induced a significant decrease in HDL-associated
      miR-223 levels (p = 0.015), which positively correlated with changes in body
      weight (r = 0.488, p = 0.032). Changes in miR-223 levels were not associated to
      changes in HDL composition or size. CONCLUSION: HDL-associated miR-223 levels are
      significantly decreased after HP diet-induced weight loss in overweight and obese
      males. This is the first study reporting changes in HDL-associated miRNA levels
      with diet-induced weight loss.

PMID- 26962855
TI  - Optogenetic Inhibition of the Subthalamic Nucleus Reduces Levodopa-Induced
      Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The inhibition of neuronal activity by electrical deep brain
      stimulation is one of the mechanisms explaining the amelioration of levodopa
      induced dyskinesia. However, electrical deep brain stimulation cannot
      specifically activate or inactivate selected types of neurons. OBJECTIVES: We
      applied optogenetics as an alternative treatment to deep brain stimulation for
      levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and also to confirm that the mechanism of levodopa
      induced dyskinesia amelioration by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is
      mediated through neuronal inhibition. METHODS: 6-hydroxydopamine-induced
      hemiparkinsonian rats received injections of hSynapsin1-NpHR-YFP adeno-associated
      virus (AAV) or hSynapsin1-YFP AAV. Two weeks after viral injections, all rats
      were treated with daily injections of levodopa. Then, the optic fiber was
      implanted into the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus. We performed various
      behavioral tests to evaluate the changes in levodopa-induced dyskinesias after
      optogenetic expression and illumination in the subthalamic nucleus. RESULTS: The
      behavioral tests revealed that optical inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus
      significantly ameliorated levodopa-induced dyskinesia by reducing the duration of
      the dyskinesias as well as the severity of axial dyskinesia. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings will provide a useful foundation for the future development of
      optogenetic modulation systems that could be considered as an approach to
      dyskinesia therapy.

PMID- 26962857
TI  - Avian Assemblages at Bird Baths: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Bird Baths in
      Australia.
AB  - Private gardens provide habitat and resources for many birds living in human
      dominated landscapes. While wild bird feeding is recognised as one of the most
      popular forms of human-wildlife interaction, almost nothing is known about the
      use of bird baths. This citizen science initiative explores avian assemblages at
      bird baths in private gardens in south-eastern Australia and how this differs
      with respect to levels of urbanisation and bioregion. Overall, 992 citizen
      scientists collected data over two, four-week survey periods during winter 2014
      and summer 2015 (43% participated in both years). Avian assemblages at urban and
      rural bird baths differed between bioregions with aggressive nectar-eating
      species influenced the avian assemblages visiting urban bird baths in South
      Eastern Queensland, NSW North Coast and Sydney Basin while introduced birds
      contributed to differences in South Western Slopes, Southern Volcanic Plains and
      Victorian Midlands. Small honeyeaters and other small native birds occurred less
      often at urban bird baths compared to rural bird baths. Our results suggest that
      differences between urban versus rural areas, as well as bioregion, significantly
      influence the composition of avian assemblages visiting bird baths in private
      gardens. We also demonstrate that citizen science monitoring of fixed survey
      sites such as bird baths is a useful tool in understanding large-scale patterns
      in avian assemblages which requires a vast amount of data to be collected across
      broad areas. 

PMID- 26962856
TI  - Supply- and Demand-Side Factors Influencing Utilization of Infant and Young Child
      Feeding Counselling Services in Viet Nam.
AB  - Adequate utilization of services is critical to maximize the impact of
      counselling on infant and young child feeding (IYCF), but little is known about
      factors affecting utilization. Our study examined supply- and demand-side factors
      associated with the utilization of IYCF counselling services in Viet Nam. We used
      survey data from mothers with children <2y (n = 1,008) and health staff (n = 60)
      from the evaluation of a program that embedded IYCF counseling into the existing
      government health system. The frequency of never users, one-time users, repeat
      users, and achievers of the recommended minimum number of visits at health
      facilities were 45.1%, 13.0%, 28.4% and 13.5%, respectively. Poisson regression
      showed that demand-generation strategies, especially invitation cards, were the
      key factors determining one-time use (Prevalence ratio, PR 3.0, 95% CI: 2.2-4.2),
      repeated use (PR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.4-4.2), and achievement of minimum visits (PR
      5.5, 95% CI: 3.6-8.4). Higher maternal education was associated with higher
      utilization both for one-time and repeated use. Being a farmer, belonging to an
      ethnic minority, and having a wasted child were associated with greater
      likelihood of achieving the minimum recommended number of visits, whereas child
      stunting or illness were not. Distance to health center was a barrier to repeated
      visits. Among supply-side factors, good counselling skills (PR: 1.3-1.8) was the
      most important factor associated with any service use, whereas longer employment
      duration and greater work pressure of health center staff were associated with
      lower utilization. Population attributable risk estimations showed that an
      additional 25% of the population would have achieved the minimum number of visits
      if exposed to three demand-generation strategies, and further increased to 49% if
      the health staff had good counseling skills and low work pressure. Our study
      provides evidence that demand-generation strategies are essential to increase
      utilization of facility-based IYCF counselling services in Viet Nam, and may be
      relevant for increasing and sustaining use of nutrition services in similar
      contexts. 

PMID- 26962859
TI  - Human FGF-21 Is a Substrate of Fibroblast Activation Protein.
AB  - FGF-21 is a key regulator of metabolism and potential drug candidate for the
      treatment of type II diabetes and other metabolic disorders. However, the half
      life of active, circulating, human FGF-21 has recently been shown to be limited
      in mice and monkeys by a proteolytic cleavage between P171 and S172. Here, we
      show that fibroblast activation protein is the enzyme responsible for this
      proteolysis by demonstrating that purified FAP cleaves human FGF-21 at this site
      in vitro, and that an FAP-specific inhibitor, ARI-3099, blocks the activity in
      mouse, monkey and human plasma and prolongs the half-life of circulating human
      FGF-21 in mice. Mouse FGF-21, however, lacks the FAP cleavage site and is not
      cleaved by FAP. These findings indicate FAP may function in the regulation of
      metabolism and that FAP inhibitors may prove useful in the treatment of diabetes
      and metabolic disorders in humans, but pre-clinical proof of concept studies in
      rodents will be problematic. 

PMID- 26962862
TI  - Correction: Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Hormone-Related Tomato (Solanum
      lycopersicum) Genes in a Sunlight-Type Plant Factory.

PMID- 26962858
TI  - Changes in the miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network Precede Motor Symptoms in a Mouse
      Model of Multiple System Atrophy: Clinical Implications.
AB  - Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal rapidly progressive alpha
      synucleinopathy, characterized by alpha-synuclein accumulation in
      oligodendrocytes. It is accepted that the pathological alpha-synuclein
      accumulation in the brain of MSA patients plays a leading role in the disease
      process, but little is known about the events in the early stages of the disease.
      In this study we aimed to define potential roles of the miRNA-mRNA regulatory
      network in the early pre-motor stages of the disease, i.e., downstream of alpha
      synuclein accumulation in oligodendroglia, as assessed in a transgenic mouse
      model of MSA. We investigated the expression patterns of miRNAs and their mRNA
      targets in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum, two brain regions that undergo
      neurodegeneration at a later stage in the MSA model, by microarray and RNA-seq
      analysis, respectively. Analysis was performed at a time point when alpha
      synuclein accumulation was already present in oligodendrocytes at
      neuropathological examination, but no neuronal loss nor deficits of motor
      function had yet occurred. Our data provide a first evidence for the leading role
      of gene dysregulation associated with deficits in immune and inflammatory
      responses in the very early, non-symptomatic disease stages of MSA. While
      dysfunctional homeostasis and oxidative stress were prominent in SN in the early
      stages of MSA, in striatum differential gene expression in the non-symptomatic
      phase was linked to oligodendroglial dysfunction, disturbed protein handling,
      lipid metabolism, transmembrane transport and altered cell death control,
      respectively. A large number of putative miRNA-mRNAs interaction partners were
      identified in relation to the control of these processes in the MSA model. Our
      results support the role of early changes in the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in
      the pathogenesis of MSA preceding the clinical onset of the disease. The findings
      thus contribute to understanding the disease process and are likely to pave the
      way towards identifying disease biomarkers for early diagnosis of MSA. 

PMID- 26962860
TI  - Genetic Divergence between Camellia sinensis and Its Wild Relatives Revealed via
      Genome-Wide SNPs from RAD Sequencing.
AB  - Tea is one of the most popular beverages across the world and is made exclusively
      from cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Many wild relatives of the genus Camellia
      that are closely related to C. sinensis are native to Southwest China. In this
      study, we first identified the distinct genetic divergence between C. sinensis
      and its wild relatives and provided a glimpse into the artificial selection of
      tea plants at a genome-wide level by analyzing 15,444 genomic SNPs that were
      identified from 18 cultivated and wild tea accessions using a high-throughput
      genome-wide restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) approach. Six
      distinct clusters were detected by phylogeny inferrence and principal component
      and genetic structural analyses, and these clusters corresponded to six Camellia
      species/varieties. Genetic divergence apparently indicated that C. taliensis var.
      bangwei is a semi-wild or transient landrace occupying a phylogenetic position
      between those wild and cultivated tea plants. Cultivated accessions exhibited
      greater heterozygosity than wild accessions, with the exception of C. taliensis
      var. bangwei. Thirteen genes with non-synonymous SNPs exhibited strong selective
      signals that were suggestive of putative artificial selective footprints for tea
      plants during domestication. The genome-wide SNPs provide a fundamental data
      resource for assessing genetic relationships, characterizing complex traits,
      comparing heterozygosity and analyzing putatitve artificial selection in tea
      plants. 

PMID- 26962861
TI  - Whole Genome Sequencing of Newly Established Pancreatic Cancer Lines Identifies
      Novel Somatic Mutation (c.2587G>A) in Axon Guidance Receptor Plexin A1 as
      Enhancer of Proliferation and Invasion.
AB  - The genetic profile of human pancreatic cancers harbors considerable
      heterogeneity, which suggests a possible explanation for the pronounced
      inefficacy of single therapies in this disease. This observation has led to a
      belief that custom therapies based on individual tumor profiles are necessary to
      more effectively treat pancreatic cancer. It has recently been discovered that
      axon guidance genes are affected by somatic structural variants in up to 25% of
      human pancreatic cancers. Thus far, however, some of these mutations have only
      been correlated to survival probability and no function has been assigned to
      these observed axon guidance gene mutations in pancreatic cancer. In this study
      we established three novel pancreatic cancer cell lines and performed whole
      genome sequencing to discover novel mutations in axon guidance genes that may
      contribute to the cancer phenotype of these cells. We discovered, among other
      novel somatic variants in axon guidance pathway genes, a novel mutation in the
      PLXNA1 receptor (c.2587G>A) in newly established cell line SB.06 that mediates
      oncogenic cues of increased invasion and proliferation in SB.06 cells and
      increased invasion in 293T cells upon stimulation with the receptor's natural
      ligand semaphorin 3A compared to wild type PLXNA1 cells. Mutant PLXNA1 signaling
      was associated with increased Rho-GTPase and p42/p44 MAPK signaling activity and
      cytoskeletal expansion, but not changes in E-cadherin, vimentin, or
      metalloproteinase 9 expression levels. Pharmacologic inhibition of the Rho-GTPase
      family member CDC42 selectively abrogated PLXNA1 c.2587G>A-mediated increased
      invasion. These findings provide in-vitro confirmation that somatic mutations in
      axon guidance genes can provide oncogenic gain-of-function signals and may
      contribute to pancreatic cancer progression. 

PMID- 26962863
TI  - Fluctuations, Correlations and the Estimation of Concentrations inside Cells.
AB  - Information transmission in cells occurs quite accurately even when concentration
      changes are "read" by individual binding sites. In this paper we study ligand
      number and site occupancy fluctuations when ligands diffuse and react going
      beyond the analyses that focus on their asymptotic decay. In this way we show
      that, for immobile binding sites, fluctuations in the number of bound molecules
      decay on a relatively fast scale before the asymptotic behavior kicks in. This
      result can explain the observed co-existence of highly fluctuating instantaneous
      transcriptional activities with accumulated mRNA concentrations that have
      relatively small noise levels. We also show that the initial stages of the decay
      in the bound molecule number fluctuations have one or two characteristic
      timescales depending on the concentration of free molecules. This transition can
      explain the changes in enzyme activity observed at the single molecule level. 

PMID- 26962864
TI  - Quantitative Trait Locus Based Virulence Determinant Mapping of the HSV-1 Genome
      in Murine Ocular Infection: Genes Involved in Viral Regulatory and Innate Immune
      Networks Contribute to Virulence.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus type 1 causes mucocutaneous lesions, and is the leading
      cause of infectious blindness in the United States. Animal studies have shown
      that the severity of HSV-1 ocular disease is influenced by three main factors;
      innate immunity, host immune response and viral strain. We previously showed that
      mixed infection with two avirulent HSV-1 strains (OD4 and CJ994) resulted in
      recombinants that exhibit a range of disease phenotypes from severe to avirulent,
      suggesting epistatic interactions were involved. The goal of this study was to
      develop a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of HSV-1 ocular virulence
      determinants and to identify virulence associated SNPs. Blepharitis and stromal
      keratitis quantitative scores were characterized for 40 OD4:CJ994 recombinants.
      Viral titers in the eye were also measured. Virulence quantitative trait locus
      mapping (vQTLmap) was performed using the Lasso, Random Forest, and Ridge
      regression methods to identify significant phenotypically meaningful regions for
      each ocular disease parameter. The most predictive Ridge regression model
      identified several phenotypically meaningful SNPs for blepharitis and stromal
      keratitis. Notably, phenotypically meaningful nonsynonymous variations were
      detected in the UL24, UL29 (ICP8), UL41 (VHS), UL53 (gK), UL54 (ICP27), UL56,
      ICP4, US1 (ICP22), US3 and gG genes. Network analysis revealed that many of these
      variations were in HSV-1 regulatory networks and viral genes that affect innate
      immunity. Several genes previously implicated in virulence were identified,
      validating this approach, while other genes were novel. Several novel
      polymorphisms were also identified in these genes. This approach provides a
      framework that will be useful for identifying virulence genes in other pathogenic
      viruses, as well as epistatic effects that affect HSV-1 ocular virulence. 

PMID- 26962865
TI  - Successful Treatment of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Restores Antigen-Specific
      IFN-gamma, but not IL-10 Production.
AB  - One of the key immunological characteristics of active visceral leishmaniasis
      (VL) is a profound immunosuppression and impaired production of Interferon-gamma
      (IFN-gamma). However, recent studies from Bihar in India showed using a whole
      blood assay, that whole blood cells have maintained the capacity to produce IFN
      gamma. Here we tested the hypothesis that a population of low-density
      granulocytes (LDG) might contribute to T cell responses hyporesponsiveness via
      the release of arginase. Our results show that this population is affected by the
      anticoagulant used to collect blood: the frequency of LDGs is significantly lower
      when the blood is collected with heparin as compared to EDTA; however, the
      anticoagulant does not impact on the levels of arginase released. Next, we
      assessed the capacity of whole blood cells from patients with active VL to
      produce IFN-gamma and IL-10 in response to antigen-specific and polyclonal
      activation. Our results show that whole blood cells produce low or levels below
      detection limit of IFN-gamma and IL-10, however, after successful treatment of VL
      patients, these cells gradually regain their capacity to produce IFN-gamma, but
      not IL-10, in response to activation. These results suggest that in contrast to
      VL patients from Bihar, India, whole blood cells from VL patients from Gondar,
      Ethiopia, have lost their ability to produce IFN-gamma during active VL and that
      active disease is not associated with sustained levels of IL-10 production
      following stimulation. 

PMID- 26962867
TI  - Using Seroprevalence and Immunisation Coverage Data to Estimate the Global Burden
      of Congenital Rubella Syndrome, 1996-2010: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The burden of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is typically
      underestimated in routine surveillance. Updated estimates are needed following
      the recent WHO position paper on rubella and recent GAVI initiatives, funding
      rubella vaccination in eligible countries. Previous estimates considered the year
      1996 and only 78 (developing) countries. METHODS: We reviewed the literature to
      identify rubella seroprevalence studies conducted before countries introduced
      rubella-containing vaccination (RCV). These data and the estimated vaccination
      coverage in the routine schedule and mass campaigns were incorporated in
      mathematical models to estimate the CRS incidence in 1996 and 2000-2010 for each
      country, region and globally. RESULTS: The estimated CRS decreased in the three
      regions (Americas, Europe and Eastern Mediterranean) which had introduced
      widespread RCV by 2010, reaching <2 per 100,000 live births (the Americas and
      Europe) and 25 (95% CI 4-61) per 100,000 live births (the Eastern Mediterranean).
      The estimated incidence in 2010 ranged from 90 (95% CI: 46-195) in the Western
      Pacific, excluding China, to 116 (95% CI: 56-235) and 121 (95% CI: 31-238) per
      100,000 live births in Africa and SE Asia respectively. Highest numbers of cases
      were predicted in Africa (39,000, 95% CI: 18,000-80,000) and SE Asia (49,000, 95%
      CI: 11,000-97,000). In 2010, 105,000 (95% CI: 54,000-158,000) CRS cases were
      estimated globally, compared to 119,000 (95% CI: 72,000-169,000) in 1996.
      CONCLUSIONS: Whilst falling dramatically in the Americas, Europe and the Eastern
      Mediterranean after vaccination, the estimated CRS incidence remains high
      elsewhere. Well-conducted seroprevalence studies can help to improve the
      reliability of these estimates and monitor the impact of rubella vaccination.

PMID- 26962866
TI  - Cyclin B Translation Depends on mTOR Activity after Fertilization in Sea Urchin
      Embryos.
AB  - The cyclin B/CDK1 complex is a key regulator of mitotic entry. Using PP242, a
      specific ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR kinase, we provide evidence that the
      mTOR signalling pathway controls cyclin B mRNA translation following
      fertilization in Sphaerechinus granularis and Paracentrotus lividus. We show that
      PP242 inhibits the degradation of the cap-dependent translation repressor 4E-BP
      (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-Binding Protein). PP242 inhibits global protein
      synthesis, delays cyclin B accumulation, cyclin B/CDK1 complex activation and
      consequently entry into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle triggered by
      fertilization. PP242 inhibits cyclin B mRNA recruitment into active polysomes
      triggered by fertilization. An amount of cyclin B mRNA present in active
      polysomes appears to be insensitive to PP242 treatment. Taken together, our
      results suggest that, following sea urchin egg fertilization, cyclin B mRNA
      translation is controlled by two independent mechanisms: a PP242-sensitive and an
      additional PP242-insentitive mechanism. 

PMID- 26962868
TI  - Clusterin/Akt Up-Regulation Is Critical for GATA-4 Mediated Cytoprotection of
      Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Ischemia Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clusterin (Clu) is a stress-responding protein with multiple
      biological functions. Our preliminary microarray studies show that clusterin was
      prominently upregulated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) overexpressing GATA-4
      (MSCGATA-4). We hypothesized that the upregulation of clusterin is involved in
      overexpression of GATA-4 mediated cytoprotection. METHODS: MSCs harvested from
      bone marrow of rats were transduced with GATA-4. The expression of clusterin in
      MSCs was further confirmed by real-time PCR and western blotting. Simulation of
      ischemia was achieved by exposure of MSCs to a hypoxic environment. Lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) released from MSCs was served as a biomarker of cell injury
      and MTs uptake was used to estimate cell viability. Mitochondrial function was
      evaluated by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and caspase
      3/7 activity. RESULTS: (1) Clusterin expression was up-regulated in MSCGATA-4
      compared to control MSCs transfected with empty-vector (MSCNull). MSCGATA-4 were
      tolerant to 72 h hypoxia exposure as shown by reduced LDH release and higher MTs
      uptake. This protection was abrogated by transfecting Clu-siRNA into MSCGATA-4.
      (2) Exogenous clusterin significantly decreased LDH release and increased MSC
      survival in hypoxic environment. Moreover, DeltaPsim was maintained and caspase
      3/7 activity was reduced by clusterin in a concentration-dependent manner. (3) p
      Akt expression in MSCs was upregulated following pre-treatment with clusterin,
      with no change in total Akt. Moreover, cytoprotection mediated by clusterin was
      partially abrogated by Akt inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS: Clusterin/Akt
      signaling pathway is involved in GATA-4 mediated cytoprotection against hypoxia
      stress. It is suggested that clusterin may be therapeutically exploited in MSC
      based therapy for cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 26962870
TI  - Stimulating Effect of Manumycin A on Suicidal Erythrocyte Death.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The streptomycete derived farnesyltransferase inhibitor
      Manumycin A triggers apoptosis of tumor cells and is thus considered for the
      treatment of malignancy. The present study explored whether Manumycin A could
      similarly stimulate eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes characterized
      by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine
      translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of eryptosis include Ca2+
      entry as well as activation of staurosporine sensitive protein kinase C and
      SB203580 sensitive p38 kinase. The present study explored, whether Manumycin A
      induces eryptosis and, if so, to shed some light on the mechanisms involved.
      METHODS: Phosphatidylserine abundance at the human erythrocyte surface was
      estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, and hemolysis
      from hemoglobin concentration in the supernatant. RESULTS: A 48 hours exposure of
      human erythrocytes to Manumycin A (>= 5 ug/ml) significantly increased the
      percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter
      and significantly incrased hemolysis. The effect of Manumycin A on annexin-V
      binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+, by addition
      of staurosporine (1 uM) and by addition of SB203580 (2 uM). CONCLUSIONS:
      Manumycin A triggers hemolysis, cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the
      human erythrocyte cell membrane. The effect on cell membrane scrambling was in
      part but not fully dependent on entry of extracellular Ca2+, as well as activity
      of staurosporine and SB203580 sensitive kinases.

PMID- 26962869
TI  - Genetic Passive Immunization with Adenoviral Vector Expressing Chimeric Nanobody
      Fc Molecules as Therapy for Genital Infection Caused by Mycoplasma hominis.
AB  - Developing pathogen-specific recombinant antibody fragments (especially
      nanobodies) is a very promising strategy for the treatment of infectious disease.
      Nanobodies have great potential for gene therapy application due to their single
      gene nature. Historically, Mycoplasma hominis has not been considered pathogenic
      bacteria due to the lack of acute infection and partially due to multiple studies
      demonstrating high frequency of isolation of M. hominis samples from asymptomatic
      patients. However, recent studies on the role of latent M. hominis infection in
      oncologic transformation, especially prostate cancer, and reports that M. hominis
      infects Trichomonas and confers antibiotic resistance to Trichomonas, have
      generated new interest in this field. In the present study we have generated
      specific nanobody against M. hominis (aMh), for which the identified target is
      the ABC-transporter substrate-binding protein. aMh exhibits specific
      antibacterial action against M. hominis. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic
      properties, we have developed the adenoviral vector-based gene therapy approach
      for passive immunization with nanobodies against M. hominis. For better
      penetration into the mucous layer of the genital tract, we fused aMh with the Fc
      fragment of IgG. Application of this comprehensive approach with a single
      systemic administration of recombinant adenovirus expressing aMh-Fc demonstrated
      both prophylactic and therapeutic effects in a mouse model of genital M. hominis
      infection. 

PMID- 26962871
TI  - Integrating Transgenic Vector Manipulation with Clinical Interventions to Manage
      Vector-Borne Diseases.
AB  - Many vector-borne diseases lack effective vaccines and medications, and the
      limitations of traditional vector control have inspired novel approaches based on
      using genetic engineering to manipulate vector populations and thereby reduce
      transmission. Yet both the short- and long-term epidemiological effects of these
      transgenic strategies are highly uncertain. If neither vaccines, medications, nor
      transgenic strategies can by themselves suffice for managing vector-borne
      diseases, integrating these approaches becomes key. Here we develop a framework
      to evaluate how clinical interventions (i.e., vaccination and medication) can be
      integrated with transgenic vector manipulation strategies to prevent disease
      invasion and reduce disease incidence. We show that the ability of clinical
      interventions to accelerate disease suppression can depend on the nature of the
      transgenic manipulation deployed (e.g., whether vector population reduction or
      replacement is attempted). We find that making a specific, individual strategy
      highly effective may not be necessary for attaining public-health objectives,
      provided suitable combinations can be adopted. However, we show how combining
      only partially effective antimicrobial drugs or vaccination with transgenic
      vector manipulations that merely temporarily lower vector competence can amplify
      disease resurgence following transient suppression. Thus, transgenic vector
      manipulation that cannot be sustained can have adverse consequences-consequences
      which ineffective clinical interventions can at best only mitigate, and at worst
      temporarily exacerbate. This result, which arises from differences between the
      time scale on which the interventions affect disease dynamics and the time scale
      of host population dynamics, highlights the importance of accounting for the
      potential delay in the effects of deploying public health strategies on long-term
      disease incidence. We find that for systems at the disease-endemic equilibrium,
      even modest perturbations induced by weak interventions can exhibit strong,
      albeit transient, epidemiological effects. This, together with our finding that
      under some conditions combining strategies could have transient adverse
      epidemiological effects suggests that a relatively long time horizon may be
      necessary to discern the efficacy of alternative intervention strategies. 

PMID- 26962873
TI  - A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction
      Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AB  - Induction of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway is a common mechanism by
      which tumors evolve resistance to DNA crosslinking chemotherapies. Proper
      execution of the FA pathway requires interaction between the FA complementation
      group M protein (FANCM) and the RecQ-mediated genome instability protein (RMI)
      complex, and mutations that disrupt FANCM/RMI interactions sensitize cells to DNA
      crosslinking agents. Inhibitors that block FANCM/RMI complex formation could be
      useful therapeutics for resensitizing tumors that have acquired chemotherapeutic
      resistance. To identify such inhibitors, we have developed and validated high
      throughput fluorescence polarization and proximity assays that are sensitive to
      inhibitors that disrupt interactions between the RMI complex and its binding site
      on FANCM (a peptide referred to as MM2). A pilot screen of 74,807 small molecules
      was performed using the fluorescence polarization assay. Hits from the primary
      screen were further tested using the proximity assay, and an orthogonal proximity
      assay was used to assess inhibitor selectivity. Direct physical interaction
      between the RMI complex and the most selective inhibitor identified through the
      screening process was measured by surface plasmon resonance and isothermal
      titration calorimetry. Observation of direct binding by this small molecule
      validates the screening protocol. 

PMID- 26962872
TI  - Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibitors in Combination with Erlotinib Demonstrate
      Enhanced Anti-Tumor Activity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - Blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity has been a primary
      therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). As patients with wild
      type EGFR have demonstrated only modest benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKIs), there is a need for additional therapeutic approaches in
      patients with wild-type EGFR. As a key component of downstream integrin
      signalling and known receptor cross-talk with EGFR, we hypothesized that
      targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity, which has also been shown to
      correlate with aggressive stage in NSCLC, would lead to enhanced activity of EGFR
      TKIs. As such, EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC cells (A549, H1299, H1975) were treated
      with the EGFR TKI erlotinib and FAK inhibitors (PF-573,228 or PF-562,271) both as
      single agents and in combination. We determined cell viability, apoptosis and 3
      dimensional growth in vitro and assessed tumor growth in vivo. Treatment of EGFR
      TKI-resistant NSCLC cells with FAK inhibitor alone effectively inhibited cell
      viability in all cell lines tested; however, its use in combination with the EGFR
      TKI erlotinib was more effective at reducing cell viability than either treatment
      alone when tested in both 2- and 3-dimensional assays in vitro, with enhanced
      benefit seen in A549 cells. This increased efficacy may be due in part to the
      observed inhibition of Akt phosphorylation when the drugs were used in
      combination, where again A549 cells demonstrated the most inhibition following
      treatment with the drug combination. Combining erlotinib with FAK inhibitor was
      also potent in vivo as evidenced by reduced tumor growth in the A549 mouse
      xenograft model. We further ascertained that the enhanced sensitivity was
      irrespective of the LKB1 mutational status. In summary, we demonstrate the
      effectiveness of combining erlotinib and FAK inhibitors for use in known EGFR
      wild-type, EGFR TKI resistant cells, with the potential that a subset of cell
      types, which includes A549, could be particularly sensitive to this combination
      treatment. As such, further evaluation of this combination therapy is warranted
      and could prove to be an effective therapeutic approach for patients with
      inherent EGFR TKI-resistant NSCLC. 

PMID- 26962874
TI  - High-Throughput Screening Platform for the Discovery of New Immunomodulator
      Molecules from Natural Product Extract Libraries.
AB  - It is widely accepted that central nervous system inflammation and systemic
      inflammation play a significant role in the progression of chronic
      neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,
      neurotropic viral infections, stroke, paraneoplastic disorders, traumatic brain
      injury, and multiple sclerosis. Therefore, it seems reasonable to propose that
      the use of anti-inflammatory drugs might diminish the cumulative effects of
      inflammation. Indeed, some epidemiological studies suggest that sustained use of
      anti-inflammatory drugs may prevent or slow down the progression of
      neurodegenerative diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics
      used clinically have the disadvantage of causing side effects and a high cost of
      treatment. Alternatively, natural products offer great potential for the
      identification and development of bioactive lead compounds into drugs for
      treating inflammatory diseases with an improved safety profile. In this work, we
      present a validated high-throughput screening approach in 96-well plate format
      for the discovery of new molecules with anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory
      activity. The in vitro models are based on the quantitation of nitrite levels in
      RAW264.7 murine macrophages and interleukin-8 in Caco-2 cells. We have used this
      platform in a pilot project to screen a subset of 5976 noncytotoxic crude
      microbial extracts from the MEDINA microbial natural product collection. To our
      knowledge, this is the first report on an high-throughput screening of microbial
      natural product extracts for the discovery of immunomodulators. 

PMID- 26962876
TI  - Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics with All-in-One Nanoentrapment of
      Drug/Gene/Inorganic Nanoparticle.
AB  - It is challenging but imperative to merge together specific inorganic
      nanomaterials with macromolecular and small-molecule therapeutics into one
      nanoentity for all-in-one theranostic/remedy. We establish a versatile
      nanotechnology to nanoentrap magnetic nanoparticles, doxorubicin, and DNA, thus
      allowing the combination of magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging,
      gene transport, and bioresponsive chemotherapy. We hope this nanotechnology can
      prompt the development of complex inorganic/organic nanosystems for various
      applications. 

PMID- 26962877
TI  - Inherited Platelet Function Disorders: Algorithms for Phenotypic and Genetic
      Investigation.
AB  - Inherited platelet function disorders (IPFDs) manifest with mucocutaneous
      bleeding and are frequently difficult to diagnose due to their heterogeneity, the
      complexity of the platelet activation pathways and a lack of standardization of
      the platelet function laboratory assays and of their use for this purpose. A
      rational diagnostic approach to IPFDs should follow an algorithm where clinical
      examination and a stepwise laboratory evaluation play a crucial role. A
      streamlined panel of laboratory tests, with consecutive steps of increasing level
      of complexity, allows the phenotypic characterization of most IPFDs. A first-line
      diagnosis of a significant fraction of the IPFD may be made also at
      nonspecialized centers by using relatively simple tests, including platelet
      count, peripheral blood smear, light transmission aggregometry, measurement of
      platelet granule content and release, and the expression of glycoproteins by flow
      cytometry. Some of the most complex, second- and third-step tests may be
      performed only in highly specialized laboratories. Genotyping, including the
      widespread application of next-generation sequencing, has enabled discovery in
      the last few years of several novel genes associated with platelet disorders and
      this method may eventually become a first-line diagnostic approach; however, a
      preliminary clinical and laboratory phenotypic characterization nowadays still
      remains crucial for diagnosis of IPFDs. 

PMID- 26962879
TI  - Synergistic Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of N-Aryl-Substituted Azacycles from
      Anilines and Cyclic Ethers.
AB  - A metal-free and efficient approach to N-aryl-substituted azacycles from
      arylamines and cyclic ethers is described. In this synthesis, the synergistic
      effect between Lewis and Bronsted acids is crucial to the ring-opening of cyclic
      ethers and the subsequent cyclization. The use of B(C6F5)3 enabled the formation
      of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) from the reactants, and the resulting FLPs
      allowed ready access to the N-arylazacycles in moderate to good yields via
      further cyclization. Water is the sole waste resulting from the reaction, thereby
      making it an environmentally benign process. 

PMID- 26962878
TI  - Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Self-Powered Communication Unit for Processing
      and Transmitting Information.
AB  - In this paper, we demonstrate an application of a triboelectric nanogenerator
      (TENG) as a self-powered communication unit. An elaborately designed TENG is used
      to translate a series of environmental triggering signals into binary digital
      signals and drives an electronic-optical device to transmit binary digital data
      in real-time without an external power supply. The elaborately designed TENG is
      built in a membrane structure that can effectively drive the electronic-optical
      device in a bandwidth from 1.30 to 1.65 kHz. Two typical communication modes
      (amplitude-shift keying and frequency-shift keying) are realized through the
      resonant response of TENG to different frequencies, and two digital signals,
      i.e., "1001" and "0110", are successfully transmitted and received through this
      system, respectively. Hence, in this study, a simple but efficient method for
      directly transmitting ambient vibration to the receiver as a digital signal is
      established using an elaborately designed TENG and an optical communication
      technique. This type of the communication system, as well as the implementation
      method presented, exhibits great potential for applications in the smart city,
      smart home, password authentication, and so on.

PMID- 26962880
TI  - Synthesis of High-Quality alpha-MnSe Nanostructures with Superior Lithium Storage
      Properties.
AB  - High-quality alpha-MnSe nanocubes were successfully prepared for the first time
      by an effective hot injection synthesis strategy. This approach was simple but
      robust and had been applied to the controllable synthesis of different sizes and
      diverse morphologies of alpha-MnSe nanostructures. The crystal phases,
      compositions, and microstructures of these nanostructures had been systematically
      characterized with a series of techniques. As a proof-of-concept application, the
      as-prepared alpha-MnSe nanocubes were used as an anode material for a lithium ion
      battery, which exhibited superior rate ability and ultralong cycle stability in
      half-cell and full-cell tests. Importantly, the phase transition from alpha-MnSe
      to beta-MnSe during the electrochemical process was proved by ex situ X-ray
      diffraction and selected area electron diffraction. The excellent electrochemical
      performance of alpha-MnSe endowed its potential as an anode material candidate
      for high performance lithium storage. 

PMID- 26962875
TI  - A Perspective on Implementing a Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Platform for
      Drug Discovery and the Advancement of Personalized Medicine.
AB  - Drug candidates exhibiting well-defined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
      profiles that are otherwise safe often fail to demonstrate proof-of-concept in
      phase II and III trials. Innovation in drug discovery and development has been
      identified as a critical need for improving the efficiency of drug discovery,
      especially through collaborations between academia, government agencies, and
      industry. To address the innovation challenge, we describe a comprehensive,
      unbiased, integrated, and iterative quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP)
      driven drug discovery and development strategy and platform that we have
      implemented at the University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute. Intrinsic
      to QSP is its integrated use of multiscale experimental and computational methods
      to identify mechanisms of disease progression and to test predicted therapeutic
      strategies likely to achieve clinical validation for appropriate subpopulations
      of patients. The QSP platform can address biological heterogeneity and anticipate
      the evolution of resistance mechanisms, which are major challenges for drug
      development. The implementation of this platform is dedicated to gaining an
      understanding of mechanism(s) of disease progression to enable the identification
      of novel therapeutic strategies as well as repurposing drugs. The QSP platform
      will help promote the paradigm shift from reactive population-based medicine to
      proactive personalized medicine by focusing on the patient as the starting and
      the end point. 

PMID- 26962881
TI  - Fractional 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser: One of the safest novel treatment
      modality to treat cafe-au-lait macules.
AB  - Cafe-au-lait macules (CALMs) are benign epidermal basilar hyperpigmentations that
      can be found in an isolated form or in association with neurocutaneous syndromes.
      Frequency-doubled Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser (532
      nm QSNYL) does not penetrate deeply into the skin and is therefore suitable for
      epidermal pigmented lesion. Fractional photothermolysis (FP) targets only very
      small areas of the skin, without injuring adjacent areas of healthy, normal skin.
      Herein, we report a case of CALMs successfully treated with fractional 532-nm
      QSNYL. By applying FP to 532-nm QSNYL, we could treat CALMs safely with less
      downtime as compared to conventional laser treatments and expect more energy
      delivery for each microscopic hole, thereby allowing higher response rate. 

PMID- 26962883
TI  - Optical Response of Terpyridine Ligands to Zinc Binding: A Close Look at the
      Substitution Effect by Spectroscopic Studies at Low Temperature.
AB  - Terpyridine (tpy) ligands are popular building blocks to bind metal ions. Several
      tpy ligands with different substituents were synthesized and examined for their
      binding with zinc cation. The study revealed a large substituent effect on the
      zinc binding-induced fluorescence quenching. With the aid of a liquid nitrogen
      Dewar, the tpy molecules were frozen to their ground-state conformation,
      preventing (or minimizing) molecular reorganization in the photoinduced excited
      state. This allowed us to detect the fluorescence spectra from the locally
      excited state (having a minimum of charge transfer interaction) and the
      temperature-dependent fluorescence. The fluorescence response to low temperature
      provided useful information about the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)
      interaction between the donor and acceptor groups. Furthermore, a strong donor
      substituent (such as Me2N) played an essential role in observed fluorescence
      quenching. The study also provides a useful example to elucidate the ICT
      mechanism by using low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy. 

PMID- 26962884
TI  - Technology selection for infectious medical waste treatment using the analytic
      hierarchy process.
AB  - The overall objective of this paper was to evaluate five different technologies
      used for infectious medical waste treatment and select the optimum one by means
      of multicriteria analysis. Steam disinfection was selected as the optimum
      treatment technology, among others using incineration, microwave disinfection,
      chemical disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, and reverse polymerization with
      microwaves. The evaluation was based on four groups of criteria, specifically,
      environmental, economic, technical, and social criteria, using the analytic
      hierarchy process. Selection among four commercial systems using steam
      disinfection was not possible, because it required additional site-specific
      criteria, e.g., loading capacity and requirements of local regulations.
      IMPLICATIONS: The paper can help health care facilities to select the system for
      infectious waste treatment that best fits their needs. It was concluded that
      steam disinfection was the optimum technology, using environmental, economic,
      technical, and social criteria.

PMID- 26962885
TI  - A painful tale about synthetic scorpion toxins.

PMID- 26962886
TI  - Understanding Oxadiazolothiazinone Biological Properties: Negative Inotropic
      Activity versus Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism.
AB  - We present a series of oxadiazolothiazinones, selective inotropic agents on
      isolated cardiac tissues, devoid of chronotropy and vasorelaxant activity.
      Functional and binding data for the precursor of the series (compound 1) let us
      hypothesize LTCC blocking activity and the existence of a recognition site
      specific for this scaffold. We synthesized and tested 22 new derivatives:
      introducing a para-methoxyphenyl at C-8 led to compound 12 (EC50 = 0.022 MUM),
      twice as potent as its para-bromo analogue (1). For 10 analogues, we extended the
      characterization of the biological properties by including the assessment of
      metabolic stability in human liver microsomes and cytochrome P450 inhibition
      potential. We observed that the methoxy group led to active compounds with low
      metabolic stability and high CYP inhibition, whereas the protective effect of
      bromine resulted in enhanced metabolic stability and reduced CYP inhibition.
      Thus, we identified two para-bromo benzothiazino-analogues as candidates for
      further studies. 

PMID- 26962887
TI  - Graphdiyne: A Metal-Free Material as Hole Transfer Layer To Fabricate Quantum Dot
      Sensitized Photocathodes for Hydrogen Production.
AB  - Graphdiyne (GDY), a novel large pi-conjugated carbon material, for the first
      time, is introduced as the hole transfer layer into a photoelectrochemical water
      splitting cell (PEC). Raman and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopic studies
      indicate the existence of relatively strong pi-pi interactions between GDY and 4
      mercaptopyridine surface-functionalized CdSe quantum dots, beneficial to the hole
      transportation and enhancement of the photocurrent performance. Upon exposure to
      a Xe lamp, the integrated photocathode produces a current density of nearly -70
      MUA cm(-2) at a potential of 0 V vs NHE in neutral aqueous solution.
      Simultaneously, the photocathode evolves H2 with 90 +/- 5% faradic efficiency
      over three times and exhibits good stability within 12 h. All of the results
      indicate that GDY is a promising hole transfer material to fabricate a PEC device
      for water splitting by solar energy.

PMID- 26962888
TI  - Authors' Response.

PMID- 26962889
TI  - Re: Comparison of Azithromycin and Amoxicillin Before Dental Implant Placement:
      An Exploratory Study of Bioavailability and Resolution of Postoperative
      Inflammation.

PMID- 26962890
TI  - Setting the agenda for the journal's new direction.

PMID- 26962891
TI  - AOSW CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS.

PMID- 26962892
TI  - Associations between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognition in Chinese patients
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Our objective was to explore features of the neuropsychiatric symptoms in Chinese
      patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the associations between
      these neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognition. A total of 91 ALS patients were
      evaluated using three recommended scales including the Neuropsychiatric Inventory
      (NPI), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R), and Frontal
      Assessment Battery (FAB) tests. The mean age of onset was 52.5 +/- 10.8 years.
      The median NPI score of all patients was 2.0. The most common neuropsychiatric
      symptom was dysphoria/depression (59.3%), followed by anxiety (41.8%) and
      irritability/lability (26.4%). There were no significant differences in the
      frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms in terms of gender, age of onset, onset
      form and disease duration. There were no significant differences in NPI total
      score, ACE-R total score and FAB total score in terms of gender, age of onset,
      onset form and disease duration, except for a higher ACE-R score observed in
      patients with a shorter disease duration. The NPI score had a strong correlation
      with the ACE-R score but not with the FAB score. In conclusion, neuropsychiatric
      symptoms appear to be quite common in Chinese ALS patients, who were likely to
      present with the emotional states of depression or anxiety. The neuropsychiatric
      symptoms in ALS are closely related to global cognition dysfunction.

PMID- 26962894
TI  - IAEA Isotope-enabled coupled catchment-lake water balance model, IWBMIso:
      description and validation.
AB  - The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Water Balance Model with Isotopes
      (IWBMIso) is a spatially distributed monthly water balance model that considers
      water fluxes and storages and their associated isotopic compositions. It is
      composed of a lake water balance model that is tightly coupled with a catchment
      water balance model. Measured isotope compositions of precipitation, rivers,
      lakes, and groundwater provide data that can be used to make an improved estimate
      of the magnitude of the fluxes among the model components. The model has been
      developed using the Object Modelling System (OMS). A variety of open source
      geographic information systems and web-based tools have been combined to provide
      user support for (1) basin delineation, characterization, and parameterization;
      (2) data pre-processing; (3) model calibration and application; and (4)
      visualization and analysis of model results. In regions where measured data are
      limited, the model can use freely available global data sets of climate, isotopic
      composition of precipitation, and soils and vegetation characteristics to create
      input data files and estimate spatially distributed model parameters. The OMS
      model engine and support functions, and the spatial and web-based tool set are
      integrated using the Colorado State University Environmental Risk Assessment and
      Management System (eRAMS) framework. The IWBMIso can be used to assess the
      spatial and temporal variability of annual and monthly water balance components
      for input to water planning and management. 

PMID- 26962895
TI  - Quality of Life Outcomes in Community-based Mental Health Consumers: Comparisons
      with Population Norms and Changes over Time.
AB  - Quality of life is shown to be lower in people diagnosed with mental illness in
      comparison to the general population. The aim of this study is to examine the
      Quality of life in a subset of people accessing mental health services in a
      regional Queensland Centre. Thirty-seven people accessing mental health services
      completed the SF36 Health Survey on three occasions. Differences and
      relationships between Physical Composite Scores and Mental Composite Scores,
      comparisons with Australian population norms, and temporal change in Quality of
      Life were examined. Physical Composite Scores were significantly different to,
      but significantly correlated with, Mental Composite Scores on each occasion.
      Physical Composite Scores and Mental Composite Scores were significantly
      different to population norms, and did not vary significantly across time. The
      poor Quality of life of people with mental illness remains a significant
      challenge for the mental health workforce. 

PMID- 26962893
TI  - Identification of chromatin accessibility domains in human breast cancer stem
      cells.
AB  - Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is physiological in embryogenesis and
      wound healing but also associated with the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs).
      Many EMT signaling pathways are implicated in CSC formation, but the precise
      underlying mechanisms of CSC formation remain elusive. We have previously
      demonstrated that PKC is critical for EMT induction and CSC formation in
      inducible breast EMT/CSC models. Here, we used formaldehyde-assisted isolation of
      regulatory elements-sequencing (FAIRE-seq) to investigate DNA accessibility
      changes after PKC activation and determine how they influence EMT and CSC
      formation. During EMT, DNA accessibility principally increased in regions distant
      from transcription start sites, low in CpG content, and enriched with chromatin
      enhancer marks. ChIP-sequencing revealed that a subset of these regions changed
      from poised to active enhancers upon stimulation, with some even more acteylated
      in CSCs. While regions with increased accessibility were enriched for FOX, AP-1,
      TEAD, and TFAP2 motifs, those containing FOX and AP-1 motif were associated with
      increased expression of CSC-associated genes, while those with TFAP2 were
      associated with genes with increased expression in non-CSCs. Silencing of 2
      members of the FOX family, FOXN2 and FOXQ1, repressed CSCs and the mesenchymal
      phenotype and inhibited the CSC gene signature. These novel, PKC-induced DNA
      accessibility regions help explain how the epigenomic plasticity of cells
      undergoing EMT leads to CSC gene activation. 

PMID- 26962896
TI  - Characterisation of caecum and crop microbiota of Indian indigenous chicken
      targeting multiple hypervariable regions within 16S rRNA gene.
AB  - A comparative analysis of caecum and crop microbiota of chick, grower and adult
      stages of Indian indigenous chickens was conducted to investigate the role of the
      microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, which play an important role in host
      performance, health and immunity. High-throughput Illumina sequencing was
      performed for V3, V4 and V4-V6 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. M5RNA
      and M5NR databases under MG-RAST were used for metagenomic datasets annotation.
      In the crop, Firmicutes (~78%) and Proteobacteria (~16%) were the predominant
      phyla whereas in the caecum, Firmicutes (~50%), Bacteroidetes (~29%) and
      Actinobacteria (~10%) were predominant. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index
      suggested that sample richness and diversity increased as the chicken aged. For
      the first time, the presence of Lactobacillus species such as L. frumenti, L.
      antri, L. mucosae in the chicken crop along with Kineococcus radiotolerans,
      Desulfohalobium retbaense and L. jensenii in the caecum are reported. Many of
      these bacterial species have been found to be involved in immune response
      modulation and disease prevention in pigs and humans. The gut microbiome of the
      indigenous chicken was enriched with microbes having probiotic potential which
      might be essential for their adaptability. 

PMID- 26962898
TI  - Protecting and Expanding Access to Birth Control.

PMID- 26962897
TI  - Drug Delivery Research: The Invention Cycle.
AB  - Controlled drug delivery systems have been successful in introducing improved
      formulations for better use of existing drugs and novel delivery of biologicals.
      The initial success of producing many oral products and some injectable depot
      formulations, however, reached a plateau, and the progress over the past three
      decades has been slow. This is likely due to the difficulties of formulating
      hydrophilic, high molecular weight drugs, such as proteins and nucleic acids, for
      targeting specific cells, month-long sustained delivery, and pulsatile release.
      Since the approaches that have served well for delivery of small molecules are
      not applicable to large molecules, it is time to develop new methods for
      biologicals. The process of developing future drug delivery systems, termed as
      the invention cycle, is proposed, and it starts with clearly defining the
      problems for developing certain formulations. Once the problems are well-defined,
      creative imagination examines all potential options and selects the best answer
      and alternatives. Then, innovation takes over to generate unique solutions for
      developing new formulations that resolve the previously identified problems.
      Ultimately, the new delivery systems will have to go through a translational
      process to produce the final formulations for clinical use. The invention cycle
      also emphasizes examining the reasons for success of certain formulations, not
      just the reasons for failure of many systems. Implementation of the new invention
      cycle requires new mechanisms of funding the younger generation of scientists and
      a new way of identifying their achievements, thereby releasing them from the
      burden of short-termism.

PMID- 26962899
TI  - Menopause Management--Getting Clinical Care Back on Track.

PMID- 26962900
TI  - Uber's Message for Health Care.

PMID- 26962901
TI  - Stroke and t-PA--Triggering New Paradigms of Care.

PMID- 26962903
TI  - Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole versus Placebo for Uncomplicated Skin Abscess.
AB  - BACKGROUND: U.S. emergency department visits for cutaneous abscess have increased
      with the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The
      role of antibiotics for patients with a drained abscess is unclear. METHODS: We
      conducted a randomized trial at five U.S. emergency departments to determine
      whether trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (at doses of 320 mg and 1600 mg,
      respectively, twice daily, for 7 days) would be superior to placebo in
      outpatients older than 12 years of age who had an uncomplicated abscess that was
      being treated with drainage. The primary outcome was clinical cure of the
      abscess, assessed 7 to 14 days after the end of the treatment period. RESULTS:
      The median age of the participants was 35 years (range, 14 to 73); 45.3% of the
      participants had wound cultures that were positive for MRSA. In the modified
      intention-to-treat population, clinical cure of the abscess occurred in 507 of
      630 participants (80.5%) in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group versus 454 of
      617 participants (73.6%) in the placebo group (difference, 6.9 percentage points;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 11.7; P=0.005). In the per-protocol
      population, clinical cure occurred in 487 of 524 participants (92.9%) in the
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group versus 457 of 533 participants (85.7%) in the
      placebo group (difference, 7.2 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.2 to 11.2; P<0.001).
      Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was superior to placebo with respect to most
      secondary outcomes in the per-protocol population, resulting in lower rates of
      subsequent surgical drainage procedures (3.4% vs. 8.6%; difference, -5.2
      percentage points; 95% CI, -8.2 to -2.2), skin infections at new sites (3.1% vs.
      10.3%; difference, -7.2 percentage points; 95% CI, -10.4 to -4.1), and infections
      in household members (1.7% vs. 4.1%; difference, -2.4 percentage points; 95% CI, 
      4.6 to -0.2) 7 to 14 days after the treatment period. Trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole was associated with slightly more gastrointestinal side effects
      (mostly mild) than placebo. At 7 to 14 days after the treatment period, invasive
      infections had developed in 2 of 524 participants (0.4%) in the trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole group and in 2 of 533 participants (0.4%) in the placebo group;
      at 42 to 56 days after the treatment period, an invasive infection had developed
      in 1 participant (0.2%) in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group. CONCLUSIONS:
      In settings in which MRSA was prevalent, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment
      resulted in a higher cure rate among patients with a drained cutaneous abscess
      than placebo. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
      Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00729937.).

PMID- 26962905
TI  - CLINICAL PRACTICE. Peripheral Artery Disease.

PMID- 26962902
TI  - Randomized Trial of Labor Induction in Women 35 Years of Age or Older.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The risk of antepartum stillbirth at term is higher among women 35
      years of age or older than among younger women. Labor induction may reduce the
      risk of stillbirth, but it also may increase the risk of cesarean delivery, which
      already is common in this older age group. METHODS: We conducted a randomized,
      controlled trial involving primigravid women who were 35 years of age or older.
      Women were randomly assigned to labor induction between 39 weeks 0 days and 39
      weeks 6 days of gestation or to expectant management (i.e., waiting until the
      spontaneous onset of labor or until the development of a medical problem that
      mandated induction). The primary outcome was cesarean delivery. The trial was not
      designed or powered to assess the effects of labor induction on stillbirth.
      RESULTS: A total of 619 women underwent randomization. In an intention-to-treat
      analysis, there were no significant between-group differences in the percentage
      of women who underwent a cesarean section (98 of 304 women in the induction group
      [32%] and 103 of 314 women in the expectant-management group [33%]; relative
      risk, 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87 to 1.14) or in the percentage of
      women who had a vaginal delivery with the use of forceps or vacuum (115 of 304
      women [38%] and 104 of 314 women [33%], respectively; relative risk, 1.30; 95%
      CI, 0.96 to 1.77). There were no maternal or infant deaths and no significant
      between-group differences in the women's experience of childbirth or in the
      frequency of adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Among women of
      advanced maternal age, induction of labor at 39 weeks of gestation, as compared
      with expectant management, had no significant effect on the rate of cesarean
      section and no adverse short-term effects on maternal or neonatal outcomes.
      (Funded by the Research for Patient Benefit Programme of the National Institute
      for Health Research; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN11517275.).

PMID- 26962906
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Right Ventricular Infarction.

PMID- 26962904
TI  - Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008-2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States increased
      slightly between 2001 and 2008 and is higher than that in many other
      industrialized countries. National trends have not been reported since 2008.
      METHODS: We calculated rates of pregnancy for the years 2008 and 2011 according
      to women's and girls' pregnancy intentions and the outcomes of those pregnancies.
      We obtained data on pregnancy intentions from the National Survey of Family
      Growth and a national survey of patients who had abortions, data on births from
      the National Center for Health Statistics, and data on induced abortions from a
      national census of abortion providers; the number of miscarriages was estimated
      using data from the National Survey of Family Growth. RESULTS: Less than half
      (45%) of pregnancies were unintended in 2011, as compared with 51% in 2008. The
      rate of unintended pregnancy among women and girls 15 to 44 years of age declined
      by 18%, from 54 per 1000 in 2008 to 45 per 1000 in 2011. Rates of unintended
      pregnancy among those who were below the federal poverty level or cohabiting were
      two to three times the national average. Across population subgroups, disparities
      in the rates of unintended pregnancy persisted but narrowed between 2008 and
      2011; the incidence of unintended pregnancy declined by more than 25% among girls
      who were 15 to 17 years of age, women who were cohabiting, those whose incomes
      were between 100% and 199% of the federal poverty level, those who did not have a
      high school education, and Hispanics. The percentage of unintended pregnancies
      that ended in abortion remained stable during the period studied (40% in 2008 and
      42% in 2011). Among women and girls 15 to 44 years of age, the rate of unintended
      pregnancies that ended in birth declined from 27 per 1000 in 2008 to 22 per 1000
      in 2011. CONCLUSIONS: After a previous period of minimal change, the rate of
      unintended pregnancy in the United States declined substantially between 2008 and
      2011, but unintended pregnancies remained most common among women and girls who
      were poor and those who were cohabiting. (Funded by the Susan Thompson Buffett
      Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.).

PMID- 26962907
TI  - CLINICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING. Too Much of a Good Thing.

PMID- 26962908
TI  - Induction of Labor and Cesarean Delivery.

PMID- 26962909
TI  - CLINICAL DECISIONS. Skin Abscess.

PMID- 26962910
TI  - Burning Fat by Bugging the System.

PMID- 26962911
TI  - Treatment of Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

PMID- 26962912
TI  - Treatment of Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

PMID- 26962913
TI  - Treatment of Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

PMID- 26962915
TI  - Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Chronic Kidney Disease.

PMID- 26962914
TI  - Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Chronic Kidney Disease.

PMID- 26962916
TI  - Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Chronic Kidney Disease.

PMID- 26962917
TI  - Polymer-free Drug-Coated Coronary Stents.

PMID- 26962918
TI  - Polymer-free Drug-Coated Coronary Stents.

PMID- 26962919
TI  - Polymer-free Drug-Coated Coronary Stents.

PMID- 26962920
TI  - Polymer-free Drug-Coated Coronary Stents.

PMID- 26962921
TI  - Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages.

PMID- 26962922
TI  - Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages.

PMID- 26962923
TI  - Functional Dyspepsia.

PMID- 26962924
TI  - Functional Dyspepsia.

PMID- 26962925
TI  - Functional Dyspepsia.

PMID- 26962926
TI  - Functional Dyspepsia.

PMID- 26962928
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Vertebral-Body Erosion in Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm.

PMID- 26962927
TI  - Tumor Regression and Allograft Rejection after Administration of Anti-PD-1.

PMID- 26962934
TI  - Kinetic limitation of chemical ordering in Bi2Te3-x Se x layers grown by
      molecular beam epitaxy.
AB  - We study the chemical ordering in Bi2Te3-x Se x grown by molecular beam epitaxy
      on Si substrates. We produce films in the full composition range from x = 0 to 3,
      and determine their material properties using energy dispersive x-ray
      spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. By fitting the parameters
      of a kinetic growth model to these results, we obtain a consistent description of
      growth at a microscopic level. Our main finding is that despite the incorporation
      of Se in the central layer being much more probable than that of Te, the
      formation of a fully ordered Te-Bi-Se-Bi-Te layer is prevented by kinetic of the
      growth process. Indeed, the Se concentration in the central layer of Bi2Te2Se1
      reaches a maximum of only ~ 75% even under ideal growth conditions. A second
      finding of our work is that the intensity ratio of the 0 0 12 and 0 0 6 x-ray
      reflections serves as an experimentally accessible quantitative measure of the
      degree of ordering in these films.

PMID- 26962935
TI  - Actin' on HIV: How Dendritic Cells Spread Infection.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) capture HIV particles and transmit them to CD4 T cells. In
      a recent article published in Cell, Menager and Littman (2016) perform an shRNA
      screen in DCs and find that actin nucleation and stabilization regulate HIV
      uptake and maintain the virus on membrane protrusions for efficient transfer.

PMID- 26962936
TI  - The HIV-Associated Enteric Microbiome Has Gone Viral.
AB  - HIV infection is associated with dramatic alterations in enteric bacteria, but
      little is known about other microbiome components. In this issue of Cell Host &
      Microbe, studies by Monaco et al. (2016) and Handley et al. (2016) reveal an
      under-appreciated role of the enteric virome in HIV-associated gastroenteritis
      and pathogenesis.

PMID- 26962937
TI  - Type I Interferon Keeps IL-1beta in Check.
AB  - Type I interferons have diametric roles in the host defense against pathogens. In
      this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Castiglia et al. (2016) demonstrate that type
      I interferons produced during Streptococcus pyogenes infection are required to
      prevent inflammation-associated tissue damage and host lethality driven by the
      pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta.

PMID- 26962938
TI  - A Drug-Free Zone--Lymph Nodes as a Safe Haven for HIV.
AB  - Understanding where and how the HIV latent reservoir persists is essential for
      developing rational HIV cure strategies. In a recent paper in Nature, Lorenzo
      Redondo et al. (2016) demonstrate that HIV persists and actively evolves within
      lymph nodes due to low antiretroviral drug penetration, revealing the need to
      target these drug-privileged sites.

PMID- 26962939
TI  - CMV and NK Cells: An Unhealthy Tryst?
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with autoimmune diseases, but linking
      this common virus to disease pathology has been difficult. In this issue of Cell
      Host & Microbe, Liu et al. (2016) identify a CMV-cross-reactive autoantibody that
      also recognizes CIP2A on natural killer cells, possibly affecting their function
      in autoimmune patients.

PMID- 26962940
TI  - Dissecting How CD4 T Cells Are Lost During HIV Infection.
AB  - Although the replicative life cycle of HIV within CD4 T cells is understood in
      molecular detail, less is known about how this human retrovirus promotes the loss
      of CD4 T lymphocytes. It is this cell death process that drives clinical
      progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent studies have
      highlighted how abortive infection of resting and thus nonpermissive CD4 T cells
      in lymphoid tissues triggers a lethal innate immune response against the
      incomplete DNA products generated by inefficient viral reverse transcription in
      these cells. Sensing of these DNA fragments results in pyroptosis, a highly
      inflammatory form of programmed cell death, that potentially further perpetuates
      chronic inflammation and immune activation. As discussed here, these studies cast
      CD4 T cell death during HIV infection in a different light. Further, they
      identify drug targets that may be exploited to both block CD4 T cell demise and
      the chronic inflammatory response generated during pyroptosis.

PMID- 26962941
TI  - Macrophages and HIV-1: An Unhealthy Constellation.
AB  - Lentiviruses have a long-documented association with macrophages. Abundant
      evidence exists for in vitro and, in a tissue-specific manner, in vivo infection
      of macrophages by the primate lentiviruses HIV-1 and SIV. However, macrophage
      contribution to aspects of HIV-1 and SIV pathogenesis, and their role in viral
      persistence in individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, remains
      unclear. Here we discuss recent evidence implicating macrophages in HIV-1
      mediated disease and highlight directions for further investigation.

PMID- 26962942
TI  - Altered Virome and Bacterial Microbiome in Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      Associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with increased
      intestinal translocation of microbial products and enteropathy as well as
      alterations in gut bacterial communities. However, whether the enteric virome
      contributes to this infection and resulting immunodeficiency remains unknown. We
      characterized the enteric virome and bacterial microbiome in a cohort of Ugandan
      patients, including HIV-uninfected or HIV-infected subjects and those either
      treated with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) or untreated. Low peripheral CD4 T
      cell counts were associated with an expansion of enteric adenovirus sequences and
      this increase was independent of ART treatment. Additionally, the enteric
      bacterial microbiome of patients with lower CD4 T counts exhibited reduced
      phylogenetic diversity and richness with specific bacteria showing differential
      abundance, including increases in Enterobacteriaceae, which have been associated
      with inflammation. Thus, immunodeficiency in progressive HIV infection is
      associated with alterations in the enteric virome and bacterial microbiome, which
      may contribute to AIDS-associated enteropathy and disease progression.

PMID- 26962943
TI  - SIV Infection-Mediated Changes in Gastrointestinal Bacterial Microbiome and
      Virome Are Associated with Immunodeficiency and Prevented by Vaccination.
AB  - AIDS caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is associated with
      gastrointestinal disease, systemic immune activation, and, in cross-sectional
      studies, changes in the enteric virome. Here we performed a longitudinal study of
      a vaccine cohort to define the natural history of changes in the fecal metagenome
      in SIV-infected monkeys. Matched rhesus macaques were either uninfected or
      intrarectally challenged with SIV, with a subset receiving the Ad26 vaccine, an
      adenovirus vector expressing the viral Env/Gag/Pol antigens. Progression of SIV
      infection to AIDS was associated with increased detection of potentially
      pathogenic viruses and bacterial enteropathogens. Specifically, adenoviruses were
      associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal disease and AIDS
      related mortality. Viral and bacterial enteropathogens were largely absent from
      animals protected by the vaccine. These data suggest that the SIV-associated
      gastrointestinal disease is associated with the presence of both viral and
      bacterial enteropathogens and that protection against SIV infection by
      vaccination prevents enteropathogen emergence.

PMID- 26962944
TI  - HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Mimics the Membrane Adaptor Syntenin PDZ to Gain Access to
      ESCRTs and Promote Virus Budding.
AB  - HIV-1 recruits cellular endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
      (ESCRTs) to bud virions from the membrane. Disruption of the viral nucleocapsid
      (NC) domain integrity affects HIV-1 budding. However, the molecular mechanisms of
      NC's involvement in HIV budding remain unclear. We find that NC mimics the PDZ
      domains of syntenin, a membrane-binding adaptor involved in cell-to-cell
      contact/communication, to capture the Bro1 domain of ALIX, which is an ESCRTs
      recruiting cellular adaptor. NC binds membranes via basic residues in either the
      distal or proximal zinc fingers, and NC-membrane binding is essential for Bro1
      capture and HIV-1 budding. Removal of RNA enhances NC membrane binding,
      suggesting a dynamic competition between membrane lipids and RNA for the same
      binding sites in NC. Remarkably, syntenin PDZ can substitute for NC function in
      HIV-1 budding. Thus, NC mimics syntenin PDZs to function as a membrane-binding
      adaptor critical for HIV-1 budding at specific microdomains of the membrane.

PMID- 26962945
TI  - Phosphatidic Acid-Mediated Signaling Regulates Microneme Secretion in Toxoplasma.
AB  - The obligate intracellular lifestyle of apicomplexan parasites necessitates an
      invasive phase underpinned by timely and spatially controlled secretion of apical
      organelles termed micronemes. In Toxoplasma gondii, extracellular potassium
      levels and other stimuli trigger a signaling cascade culminating in
      phosphoinositide-phospholipase C (PLC) activation, which generates the second
      messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3 and ultimately results in microneme
      secretion. Here we show that a delicate balance between DAG and its downstream
      product, phosphatidic acid (PA), is essential for controlling microneme release.
      Governing this balance is the apicomplexan-specific DAG-kinase-1, which
      interconverts PA and DAG, and whose depletion impairs egress and causes parasite
      death. Additionally, we identify an acylated pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain
      containing protein (APH) on the microneme surface that senses PA during microneme
      secretion and is necessary for microneme exocytosis. As APH is conserved in
      Apicomplexa, these findings highlight a potentially widely used mechanism in
      which key lipid mediators regulate microneme exocytosis.

PMID- 26962946
TI  - Type I Interferon Signaling Prevents IL-1beta-Driven Lethal Systemic
      Hyperinflammation during Invasive Bacterial Infection of Soft Tissue.
AB  - Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but their
      role in bacterial infections is contradictory and incompletely described.
      Streptococcus pyogenes activates IFN-I production in innate immune cells, and IFN
      I receptor 1 (Ifnar1)-deficient mice are highly susceptible to S. pyogenes
      infection. Here we report that IFN-I signaling protects the host against invasive
      S. pyogenes infection by restricting inflammation-driven damage in distant
      tissues. Lethality following infection in Ifnar1-deficient mice is caused by
      systemically exacerbated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta.
      Critical cellular effectors of IFN-I in vivo are LysM+ and CD11c+ myeloid cells,
      which exhibit suppression of Il1b transcription upon Ifnar1 engagement. These
      cells are also the major source of IFN-beta, which is significantly induced by S.
      pyogenes 23S rRNA in an Irf5-dependent manner. Our study establishes IL-1beta and
      IFN-I levels as key homeostatic variables of protective, yet tuned, immune
      responses against severe invasive bacterial infection.

PMID- 26962948
TI  - A Cytomegalovirus Peptide-Specific Antibody Alters Natural Killer Cell
      Homeostasis and Is Shared in Several Autoimmune Diseases.
AB  - Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV), a ubiquitous beta-herpesvirus, has been associated
      with several autoimmune diseases. However, the direct role of hCMV in inducing
      autoimmune disorders remains unclear. Here we report the identification of an
      autoantibody that recognizes a group of peptides with a conserved motif matching
      the Pp150 protein of hCMV (anti-Pp150) and is shared among patients with various
      autoimmune diseases. Anti-Pp150 also recognizes the single-pass membrane protein
      CIP2A and induces the death of CD56(bright) NK cells, a natural killer cell
      subset whose expansion is correlated with autoimmune disease. Consistent with
      this finding, the percentage of circulating CD56(bright) NK cells is reduced in
      patients with several autoimmune diseases and negatively correlates with anti
      Pp150 concentration. CD56(bright) NK cell death occurs via both antibody- and
      complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Our findings reveal that a shared hCMV-induced
      autoantibody is involved in the decrease of CD56(bright) NK cells and may thus
      contribute to the onset of autoimmune disorders.

PMID- 26962947
TI  - Bacterial Peptidoglycan Traverses the Placenta to Induce Fetal Neuroproliferation
      and Aberrant Postnatal Behavior
AB  - Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes for the
      fetus, including postnatal cognitive disorders. However, the underlying
      mechanisms are obscure. We find that bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (CW), a
      universal PAMP for TLR2, traverses the murine placenta into the developing fetal
      brain. In contrast to adults, CW-exposed fetal brains did not show any signs of
      inflammation or neuronal death. Instead, the neuronal transcription factor FoxG1
      was induced, and neuroproliferation leading to a 50% greater density of neurons
      in the cortical plate was observed. Bacterial infection of pregnant dams,
      followed by antibiotic treatment, which releases CW, yielded the same result.
      Neuroproliferation required TLR2 and was recapitulated in vitro with fetal
      neuronal precursor cells and TLR2/6, but not TLR2/1, ligands. The fetal
      neuroproliferative response correlated with abnormal cognitive behavior in CW
      exposed pups following birth. Thus, the bacterial CW-TLR2 signaling axis affects
      fetal neurodevelopment and may underlie postnatal cognitive disorders.

PMID- 26962951
TI  - Figure/Ground Segmentation via a Haptic Glance: Attributing Initial Finger
      Contacts to Objects or Their Supporting Surfaces.
AB  - The current study addresses the well-known "figure/ground" problem in human
      perception, a fundamental topic that has received surprisingly little attention
      from touch scientists to date. Our approach is grounded in, and directly guided
      by, current knowledge concerning the nature of haptic processing. Given inherent
      figure/ground ambiguity in natural scenes and limited sensory inputs from first
      contact (a "haptic glance"), we consider first whether people are even capable of
      differentiating figure from ground (Experiments 1 and 2). Participants were
      required to estimate the strength of their subjective impression that they were
      feeling an object (i.e., figure) as opposed to just the supporting structure
      (i.e., ground). Second, we propose a tripartite factor classification scheme to
      further assess the influence of kinetic, geometric (Experiments 1 and 2), and
      material (Experiment 2) factors on haptic figure/ground segmentation,
      complemented by more open-ended subjective responses obtained at the end of the
      experiment. Collectively, the results indicate that under certain conditions it
      is possible to segment figure from ground via a single haptic glance with a
      reasonable degree of certainty, and that all three factor classes influence the
      estimated likelihood that brief, spatially distributed fingertip contacts
      represent contact with an object and/or its background supporting structure. 

PMID- 26962950
TI  - High Expression of Cullin7 Correlates with Unfavorable Prognosis in Epithelial
      Ovarian Cancer Patients.
AB  - Ubiquitin ligase Cullin7 has been has been suggested to act as an oncogene in
      some tumors; however, the prognostic role of Cullin7 has not been evaluated in
      cancer patients. In this study, we observed that the expression of Cullin7 mRNA
      was significantly higher in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) compared with normal
      ovarian surface tissues. In addition, Cullin7 expression was related to FIGO
      stage (p = .001) and lymph node metastasis (p = .033). Furthermore, Cullin7
      overexpression inhibited the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells.
      These results suggest that Cullin7 may serve as an indicator of poor prognosis in
      patients with EOC. 

PMID- 26962953
TI  - Perception and Haptic Rendering of Friction Moments.
AB  - This paper considers moments due to friction forces on the human fingertip. A
      computational technique called the friction moment arc method is presented. The
      method computes the static and/or dynamic friction moment independent of a
      friction force calculation. In addition, a new finger holder to display friction
      moment is presented. This device incorporates a small brushless motor and disk,
      and connects the human's finger to an interface finger of the five-fingered
      haptic interface robot HIRO II. Subjects' perception of friction moment while
      wearing the finger holder, as well as perceptions during object manipulation in a
      virtual reality environment, were evaluated experimentally. 

PMID- 26962952
TI  - Five-Fingered Haptic Interface Robot: HIRO III.
AB  - This paper presents the design and characteristics of a five-fingered haptic
      interface robot named HIRO III. The aim of the development of HIRO III is to
      provide a high-precision three-directional force at the five human fingertips.
      HIRO III consists of a 15-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) haptic hand, a 6-DOF interface
      arm, and a control system. The haptic interface, which consists of a robot arm
      and hand, can be used in a large workspace and can provide multipoint contact
      between the user and a virtual environment. However, the following problems
      peculiar to a multi-DOF robot have arisen: a large amount of friction, a
      backlash, and the presence of many wires for many motors and sensors. To solve
      these problems, a new mechanism and a wire-saving control system have been
      designed and developed. Furthermore, several experiments have been carried out to
      investigate the performance of HIRO III. These results show the high-precision
      force display and great potential of HIRO III. 

PMID- 26962949
TI  - A Broad RNA Virus Survey Reveals Both miRNA Dependence and Functional
      Sequestration.
AB  - Small non-coding RNAs have emerged as key modulators of viral infection. However,
      with the exception of hepatitis C virus, which requires the liver-specific
      microRNA (miRNA)-122, the interactions of RNA viruses with host miRNAs remain
      poorly characterized. Here, we used crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) of
      the Argonaute (AGO) proteins to characterize strengths and specificities of miRNA
      interactions in the context of 15 different RNA virus infections, including
      several clinically relevant pathogens. Notably, replication of pestiviruses, a
      major threat to milk and meat industries, critically depended on the interaction
      of cellular miR-17 and let-7 with the viral 3' UTR. Unlike canonical miRNA
      interactions, miR-17 and let-7 binding enhanced pestivirus translation and RNA
      stability. miR-17 sequestration by pestiviruses conferred reduced AGO binding and
      functional de-repression of cellular miR-17 targets, thereby altering the host
      transcriptome. These findings generalize the concept of RNA virus dependence on
      cellular miRNAs and connect virus-induced miRNA sequestration to host
      transcriptome regulation.

PMID- 26962955
TI  - The Role of Haptics in Medical Training Simulators: A Survey of the State of the
      Art.
AB  - This review paper discusses the role of haptics within virtual medical training
      applications, particularly, where it can be used to aid a practitioner to learn
      and practice a task. The review summarizes aspects to be considered in the
      deployment of haptics technologies in medical training. First, both force/torque
      and tactile feedback hardware solutions that are currently produced commercially
      and in academia are reviewed, followed by the available haptics-related software
      and then an in-depth analysis of medical training simulations that include haptic
      feedback. The review is summarized with scrutiny of emerging technologies and
      discusses future directions in the field. 

PMID- 26962954
TI  - Physics-Based Haptic Simulation of Bone Machining.
AB  - We present a physics-based training simulator for bone machining. Based on
      experimental studies, the energy required to remove a unit volume of bone is a
      constant for every particular bone material. We use this physical principle to
      obtain the forces required to remove bone material with a milling tool rotating
      at high speed. The rotating blades of the tool are modeled as a set of small
      cutting elements. The force of interaction between a cutting element and bone is
      calculated from the energy required to remove a bone chip with an estimated
      thickness and known material stiffness. The total force acting on the cutter at a
      particular instant is obtained by integrating the differential forces over all
      cutting elements engaged. A voxel representation is used to represent the virtual
      bone and removed chips for calculating forces of machining. We use voxels that
      carry bone material properties to represent the volumetric haptic body and to
      apply underlying physical changes during machining. Experimental results of
      machining samples of a real bone confirm the force model. A real-time haptic
      implementation of the method in a dental training simulator is described. 

PMID- 26962956
TI  - Haptic Recognition of Emotions in Raised-Line Drawings by Congenitally Blind and
      Sighted Adults.
AB  - 15 sighted and 15 congenitally blind adults were to classify raised-line pictures
      of emotional faces through haptics. Whereas accuracy did not vary significantly
      between the two groups, the blind adults were faster at the task. These results
      suggest that raised-line pictures of emotional faces are intelligible to blind
      adults. 

PMID- 26962957
TI  - Adult-onset phenylketonuria with rapidly progressive dementia and parkinsonism.
AB  - Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to
      mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, which converts
      phenylalanine (PHE) to tyrosine. Although it is principally a childhood disorder,
      in rare cases, the first signs of PKU may develop in late adulthood resembling
      common neurological diseases. Here we report a 59-year-old, previously normal
      functioning man who was admitted with blurred vision, cognitive problems, and
      gait difficulty that began 8 months before. He had brisk reflexes and left side
      dominant parkinsonism. His Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 25/30,
      and neuropsychological evaluation revealed a dysexecutive syndrome with
      simultanagnosia and constructional apraxia. His Clinical Dementia Rating score
      (CDR) was 1. Cranial MRI revealed bilateral diffuse hyperintense lesions in
      parietal and occipital white matter in T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,
      and diffusion weighted images. Diagnostic workup for rapidly progressive
      dementias was all normal except PHE level which was found to be highly elevated
      (1075 MUmol/L, normal 39-240 MUmol/L) with normal tyrosine level (61.20 MUmol/L,
      normal 35-100 MUmol/L). Three months after PHE-restricted diet, his cognitive
      impairment and signs of parkinsonism significantly improved, with MRI scan
      unchanged. This case demonstrates that late-onset PKU is a rare, treatable cause
      of rapidly progressive dementia and parkinsonism with certain constellations such
      as consanguinity and white matter abnormalities (WMAs) in imaging.

PMID- 26962958
TI  - The quantification of game-induced muscle fatigue in amputee soccer players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study quantified the degree of game-induced muscular fatigue in
      amputee soccer players. METHODS: Thirty-three male amputee soccer players
      performed muscular tests (Push Up Test [PUT], Countermovement Jump Test [CMJ] and
      medicine-ball throw [MBT]) before and after a competitive match. Five players
      served as a control group. The rating of perceived exertion was recorded after
      each battery. RESULTS: Control group demonstrated no differences between the two
      testing batteries (P>0.05, effect size [ES]: 0.1-0.4). However, match group
      illustrated markedly lower performances for PUT (-17%, P<0.01, ES: 0.9) with less
      pronounced declines in MBT (-8%, P<0.01, ES: 0.7) and CMJ (-5%, P<0.01, ES: 0.3)
      compared to pre-match values. The rating of perceived exertion were higher after
      the match compared to baseline values (+60%, P<0.01, ES: 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: The
      data demonstrate that the fatigue experienced after amputee soccer matches causes
      impairments in muscular performance and this could be different to able-bodied
      players.

PMID- 26962960
TI  - Listening to accented speech in a second language: First language and age of
      acquisition effects.
AB  - Bilingual speakers must acquire the phonemic inventory of 2 languages and need to
      recognize spoken words cross-linguistically; a demanding job potentially made
      even more difficult due to dialectal variation, an intrinsic property of speech.
      The present work examines how bilinguals perceive second language (L2) accented
      speech and where accommodation to dialectal variation takes place. Dialectal
      effects were analyzed at different levels: An AXB discrimination task tapped
      phonetic-phonological representations, an auditory lexical-decision task tested
      for effects in accessing the lexicon, and an auditory priming task looked for
      semantic processing effects. Within that central focus, the goal was to see
      whether perceptual adjustment at a given level is affected by 2 main linguistic
      factors: bilinguals' first language and age of acquisition of the L2. Taking
      advantage of the cross-linguistic situation of the Basque language, bilinguals
      with different first languages (Spanish or French) and ages of acquisition of
      Basque (simultaneous, early, or late) were tested. Our use of multiple tasks with
      multiple types of bilinguals demonstrates that in spite of very similar
      discrimination capacity, French-Basque versus Spanish-Basque simultaneous
      bilinguals' performance on lexical access significantly differed. Similarly,
      results of the early and late groups show that the mapping of phonetic
      phonological information onto lexical representations is a more demanding process
      that accentuates non-native processing difficulties. L1 and AoA effects were more
      readily overcome in semantic processing; accented variants regularly created
      priming effects in the different groups of bilinguals. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962961
TI  - The role of verb repetition in cumulative structural priming in comprehension.
AB  - Recently processed syntactic information is likely to play a fundamental role in
      online sentence comprehension. For example, there is now a good deal of evidence
      that the processing of a syntactic structure (the target) is facilitated if the
      same structure was processed on the immediately preceding trial (the prime), a
      phenomenon known as structural priming. However, compared with structural priming
      in production, structural priming in comprehension remains relatively
      understudied. We investigate an aspect of structural priming in comprehension
      that is comparatively well understood in production but has received little
      attention in comprehension: the cumulative effect of structural primes on
      subsequently processed sentences. We further ask whether this effect is modulated
      by lexical overlap between preceding primes and the target. In 3 self-paced
      reading experiments, we find that structural priming effects in comprehension are
      cumulative and of similar magnitude both with and without lexical overlap. We
      discuss the relevance of our results to questions about the relationship between
      recent experience and online language processing. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962959
TI  - Difficulty in learning similar-sounding words: A developmental stage or a general
      property of learning?
AB  - How are languages learned, and to what extent are learning mechanisms similar in
      infant native-language (L1) and adult second-language (L2) acquisition? In terms
      of vocabulary acquisition, we know from the infant literature that the ability to
      discriminate similar-sounding words at a particular age does not guarantee
      successful word-meaning mapping at that age (Stager & Werker, 1997). However, it
      is unclear whether this difficulty arises from developmental limitations of young
      infants (e.g., poorer working memory) or whether it is an intrinsic part of the
      initial word learning, L1 and L2 alike. In this study, we show that adults of
      particular L1 backgrounds-just like young infants-have difficulty learning
      similar-sounding L2 words that they can nevertheless discriminate perceptually.
      This suggests that the early stages of word learning, whether L1 or L2,
      intrinsically involve difficulty in mapping similar-sounding words onto
      referents. We argue that this is due to an interaction between 2 main factors:
      (a) memory limitations that pose particular challenges for highly similar
      sounding words, and (b) uncertainty regarding the language's phonetic categories,
      because the categories are being learned concurrently with words. Overall, our
      results show that vocabulary acquisition in infancy and adulthood shares more
      similarities than previously thought, thus supporting the existence of common
      learning mechanisms that operate throughout the life span. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 26962962
TI  - Life Expectancy of People with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the life expectancy and specify the causes of death among
      people with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). METHODS: Included were all patients
      recorded in Alberta provincial databases of inpatients, outpatients, or
      practitioner claims from 2003 to 2012. People with FAS were identified by ICD-9
      code 760.71 and ICD-10 codes Q86.0 and P04.3, and were linked to the Vital
      Statistics Death Registry to get information about mortality. Life expectancy was
      estimated by using the life table template developed in the United Kingdom, which
      is recommended for estimating life expectancy in small areas or populations.
      RESULTS: The life expectancy at birth of people with FAS was 34 years (95%
      confidence interval: 31 to 37 years), which was about 42% of that of the general
      population. The leading causes of death for people with FAS were "external
      causes" (44%), which include suicide (15%), accidents (14%), poisoning by illegal
      drugs or alcohol (7%), and other external causes (7%). Other common causes of
      death were diseases of the nervous and respiratory systems (8% each), diseases of
      the digestive system (7%), congenital malformations (7%), mental and behavioural
      disorders (4%), and diseases of the circulatory system (4%). CONCLUSION: The life
      expectancy of people with FAS is considerably lower than that of the general
      population. As the cause of FAS is known and preventable, more attention devoted
      to the prevention of FAS is urgently needed.

PMID- 26962963
TI  - Increased von Willebrand factor, P-selectin and fibrin content in occlusive
      thrombus resistant to lytic therapy.
AB  - Therapeutic fibrinolysis is ineffective in 40 % of ST-segment elevation acute
      myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, but understanding of the mechanisms is
      incomplete. It was our aim to compare the composition of coronary thrombus in
      lysis-resistant STEMI patients with that of lysis-sensitive patients.
      Intracoronary thrombi (n=64) were obtained by aspiration in consecutive STEMI
      patients. Of them, 20 had received fibrinolysis and underwent rescue percutaneous
      coronary intervention (r-PCI, lysis-resistant patients) and 44 underwent primary
      PCI (p-PCI). Lysis-sensitivity was determined in vitro by clot permeability
      measurements and turbidimetric lysis in plasma of 44 patients undergoing p-PCI
      and 20 healthy donors. Clot-lysis sensitivity was defined as a clot-lysis time
      not greater than 1 SD over the mean of healthy donors. Coronary thrombus
      composition in 20 lysis-resistant and in 20 lysis-sensitive patients was analysed
      by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy. Plasma biomarkers (P-selectin,
      VWF, PAI-1, t-PA, D-dimer, TF pathway markers, plasmin and CD34+) were measured
      simultaneously on peripheral blood. Lysis-resistant clots had higher levels of
      fibrin (p=0.02), P-selectin (p=0.03) and VWF (p=0.01) than lysis-sensitive clots.
      Among thrombi obtained <= 6 hours after onset of symptoms, those from lysis
      resistant patients showed a higher content in fibrin than those from p-PCI
      patients (p=0.01). Plasma PAI-1 (p=0.02) and D-dimer levels were significantly
      higher (p=0.003) in lysis-resistant patients, whereas plasmin levels were lower
      (p=0.03). Multivariate analysis showed the content of fibrin and VWF within
      thrombus as predictors of thrombolysis resistance. In conclusion, coronary
      thrombi in STEMI patients resistant to fibrinolysis are characterised by higher
      fibrin, P-selectin and VWF content than lysis-sensitive thrombi.

PMID- 26962965
TI  - Lead and manganese levels in serum and erythrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and
      mild cognitive impairment: results from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and
      Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing.
AB  - We examined serum and erythrocyte lead and manganese levels in the Australian
      Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing (AIBL), which contains
      over 1000 registrants including over 200 cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and
      100 mildly cognitively impaired (MCI) individuals. After correcting for
      confounding effects of age, collection site and sex, we found a significant
      decrease in serum manganese levels in AD subjects compared to healthy controls.
      Analysis of smaller subset of erythrocytes revealed no difference in either lead
      or manganese levels in AD. Although lead and manganese have neurotoxic effects
      and may be involved in AD pathology, our results showed that neither metal in
      serum nor erythrocytes are suitable biomarkers in our cohort. However,
      prospective studies might reveal whether the burden of either metal modifies
      disease outcomes.

PMID- 26962966
TI  - Hybrid plasmonic gap modes in metal film-coupled dimers and their physical
      origins revealed by polarization resolved dark field spectroscopy.
AB  - Plasmonic gap modes sustained by metal film-coupled nanostructures have recently
      attracted extensive research attention due to flexible control over their
      spectral response and significantly enhanced field intensities at the particle
      film junction. In this work, by adopting an improved dark field spectroscopy
      methodology - polarization resolved spectral decomposition and colour decoding -
      we are able to "visualize" and distinguish unambiguously the spectral and far
      field radiation properties of the complex plasmonic gap modes in metal film
      coupled nanosphere monomers and dimers. Together with full-wave numerical
      simulation results, it is found that while the monomer-film system supports two
      hybridized dipole-like plasmon modes having different oscillating orientations
      and resonance strengths, the scattering spectrum of the dimer-film system
      features two additional peaks, one strong yet narrow resonant mode corresponding
      to a bonding dipolar moment and one hybridized higher order resonant mode, both
      polarized along the dimer axis. In particular, we demonstrate that the
      polarization dependent scattering radiation of the film-coupled nanosphere dimer
      can be used to optically distinguish from monomers and concurrently determine the
      spatial orientation of the dimer with significantly improved accuracy at the
      single-particle level, illustrating a simple yet highly sensitive plasmon
      resonance based nanometrology method. 

PMID- 26962967
TI  - Free-Standing Photonic Crystal Films with Gradient Structural Colors.
AB  - Hydrogel colloidal crystal composite materials have a demonstrated value in
      responsive photonic crystals (PhCs) via controllable stimuli. Although they have
      been successfully exploited to generate a gradient of color distribution, the
      soft hydrogels have limitations in terms of stability and storage caused by
      dependence on environment. Here, we present a practical strategy to fabricate
      free-standing PhC films with a stable gradient of structural colors using binary
      polymer networks. A colloidal crystal hydrogel film was prepared for this
      purpose, with continuously varying photonic band gaps corresponding to the
      gradient of the press. Then, a second polymer network was used to lock the inside
      non-close-packed PhC structures and color distribution of the hydrogel film. It
      was demonstrated that our strategy could bring about a solution to the angle
      dependent structural colors of the PhC films by coating the surface with special
      microstructures. 

PMID- 26962968
TI  - Evaluation of Pericardial Fluid C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients
      Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery.
AB  - Background Neurohumoral and hemodynamic mechanisms have an effect on cardiac
      activity. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is accessible in the cardiovascular
      system. The aim of this study was to determine whether CNP concentrations in
      pericardial fluid and blood are related to cardiac dysfunction in patients
      undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Materials and Methods In this
      study, 40 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled. The
      patients were separated into two groups according to left ventricular (LV)
      ejection fraction (EF): group 1 contained 28 patients with normal LV systolic
      function (LVEF >= 50%) and group 2 contained 12 patients with impaired LV
      systolic function (LVEF < 45%). Plasma and pericardial fluid samples were
      acquired during surgery to measure CNP levels. Results In group 1, CNP levels
      were detected to be 0.46 +/- 0.10 ng/mL in plasma and 0.66 +/- 0.8 ng/mL in
      pericardial liquid. In group 2, these levels were 0.51 +/- 0.09 and 0.79 +/- 0.12
      ng/mL, respectively. CNP levels were determined to be significantly higher in
      patients with low EF compared with those with normal EF in pericardial fluid
      concentrations (p = 0.013). Conclusions CNP level in pericardial fluid is a more
      sensitive and proper marker of LV dysfunction than CNP levels in plasma. To the
      best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine pericardial fluid CNP
      levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. It may have a
      valuable role in organizing cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy.

PMID- 26962970
TI  - Diastereomerization Dynamics of a Bistridentate Ru(II) Complex.
AB  - The unsymmetrical nature of a new tridentate ligand bis(quinolinyl)-1,3-pyrazole
      (DQPz) is exploited in a bistridentate Ru(II) complex [Ru(DQPz)2](2+) to
      elucidate an unexpected dynamic diastereomerism. Structural characterization
      based on a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and density
      functional theory calculations reveals the first quantifiable diastereomerization
      dynamics for Ru complexes with fully conjugated tridentate heteroaromatic
      ligands. A mechanism that involves a large-scale twisting motion of the ligands
      is proposed to explain the dynamic interconversion between the observed
      diastereomers, and the analysis of both experiments and calculations reveals a
      potential energy landscape with a transition barrier for the diastereomerization
      of ~70 kJ mol(-1). The structural flexibility demonstrated around the central
      transition metal ion has implications for integration of complexes into catalytic
      and photochemical applications. 

PMID- 26962969
TI  - Forty-Two Years' Experience with Pulmonary Resections of Metastases from
      Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - Background Pulmonary metastasectomy is a commonly performed surgery in patients
      with controlled metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). We reviewed our long-term
      single institution experience with lung resections for colorectal metastases to
      assess the factors influencing patient survival. Materials and Methods A cohort
      of 220 patients (138 men and 82 women; median age, 59 years) who underwent
      complete pulmonary metastasectomy for CRC with curative intent between 1972 and
      2014 was retrospectively analyzed. The impact of factors related to primary
      tumor, metastases, and associated therapy on patient survival was assessed.
      Results Two postoperative inhospital deaths occurred. The median interoperative
      interval was 26 months. The overall 5-year survival rate after pulmonary
      metastasectomy was 49.4%. In univariable analysis, bilateral pulmonary metastases
      (log rank p = 0.02), multiple metastases (log rank p = 0.005), and stage IV UICC
      (the International Union Against Cancer) CRC at the time of initial presentation
      (log rank p = 0.008) were significantly associated with poor outcome.
      Multivariable Cox analysis demonstrated that stage IV CRC (p = 0.02) and multiple
      metastases (p = 0.0019) were statistically significant predictors of survival
      after the pulmonary metastasectomy. There was no significant difference in
      survival between patients with high versus low preoperative carcinoembryonic
      antigen serum level (p = 0.149), high versus low preoperative carbohydrate
      antigen 19-9 serum level (p = 0.291), and primary tumor location in rectum versus
      colon (p = 0.845). Conclusion Patients with unilateral metastasis and stages I to
      III primary tumor benefited most from pulmonary metastasectomy for CRC.

PMID- 26962971
TI  - The use of lasers in cutaneous sarcoid: Is there a role?
AB  - Sarcoid is a granulomatous disease that can affect the skin solely or as part of
      a systemic involvement. Cutaneous lesions of sarcoid may be difficult to treat
      and lasers are rarely used. In this article we report our case series and review
      the literature on the use of lasers in cutaneous sarcoid. 

PMID- 26962972
TI  - Cardiovascular and other causes of death as a function of lifestyle habits in a
      quasi extinct middle-aged male population. A 50-year follow-up study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To relate major causes of death with lifestyle habits in an almost
      extinct male middle-aged population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 40-59 aged male
      population of 1712 subjects was examined and followed-up for 50 years. Baseline
      smoking habits, working physical activity and dietary habits were related to 50
      years mortality subdivided into 12 simple and 3 composite causes of death by Cox
      proportional hazard models. Duration of survival was related to the same
      characteristics by a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: Death rate in 50
      years was of 97.5%. Out of 12 simple groups of causes of death, 6 were related to
      smoking habits, 3 to physical activity and 4 to dietary habits. Among composite
      groups of causes of death, hazard ratios (and their 95% confidence limits) of
      never smokers versus smokers were 0.68 (0.57-0.81) for major cardiovascular
      diseases; 0.65 (0.52-0.81) for all cancers; and 0.72 (0.64-0.81) for all-cause
      deaths. Hazard ratios of vigorous physical activity at work versus sedentary
      physical activity were 0.63 (0.49-0.80) for major cardiovascular diseases; 1.01
      (0.72-1.41) for all cancers; and 0.76 (0.64-0.90) for all-cause deaths. Hazard
      ratios of Mediterranean Diet versus non-Mediterranean Diet were 0.68 (0.54-0.86)
      for major cardiovascular diseases; 0.54 (0.40-0.73) for all cancers; and 0.67
      (0.57-0.78) for all-cause deaths. Expectancy of life was 12 years longer for men
      with the 3 best behaviors than for those with the 3 worst behaviors. CONCLUSIONS:
      Some lifestyle habits are strongly related to lifetime mortality.

PMID- 26962973
TI  - Formation Mechanism of Fe Nanocubes by Magnetron Sputtering Inert Gas
      Condensation.
AB  - In this work, we study the formation mechanisms of iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs)
      grown by magnetron sputtering inert gas condensation and emphasize the decisive
      kinetics effects that give rise specifically to cubic morphologies. Our
      experimental results, as well as computer simulations carried out by two
      different methods, indicate that the cubic shape of Fe NPs is explained by basic
      differences in the kinetic growth modes of {100} and {110} surfaces rather than
      surface formation energetics. Both our experimental and theoretical
      investigations show that the final shape is defined by the combination of the
      condensation temperature and the rate of atomic deposition onto the growing
      nanocluster. We, thus, construct a comprehensive deposition rate-temperature
      diagram of Fe NP shapes and develop an analytical model that predicts the
      temporal evolution of these properties. Combining the shape diagram and the
      analytical model, morphological control of Fe NPs during formation is feasible;
      as such, our method proposes a roadmap for experimentalists to engineer NPs of
      desired shapes for targeted applications.

PMID- 26962975
TI  - Coevolution of adolescent friendship networks and smoking and drinking behaviors
      with consideration of parental influence.
AB  - Friendship tie choices in adolescent social networks coevolve simultaneously with
      youths' cigarette smoking and drinking. We estimate direct and multiplicative
      relationships between both peer influence and peer selection with salient
      parental factors affecting both friendship tie choice and the use of these 2
      substances. We utilize 1 sample of 12 small schools and a single large school
      extracted from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.
      Using a Stochastic Actor-Based modeling approach over 3 waves, we find: (a) a
      peer selection effect, as adolescents nominated others as friends based on
      cigarette and alcohol use levels across samples; (b) a peer influence effect, as
      adolescents adapted their smoking and drinking behaviors to those of their best
      friends across samples; (c) reciprocal effect between cigarette and alcohol usage
      in the small school sample; (d) a direct effect of parental support and the home
      smoking environment on adolescent friendship tie choice in the small school
      sample; (e) a direct effect of the home smoking environment on smoking across
      samples; (f) a direct effect of the home drinking environment on alcohol use
      across samples; and (g) a direct effect of parental monitoring on alcohol use
      across samples. We observed an interaction between parental support and peer
      influence in affecting drinking, and an interaction between the home drinking
      environment and peer influence on drinking, in the small school sample. Our
      findings suggested the importance of delineating direct and synergistic pathways
      linking network processes and parental influence as they affect concurrent
      cigarette and alcohol use. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962976
TI  - Enhanced removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using polypyrrole wrapped
      oxidized MWCNTs nanocomposites adsorbent.
AB  - Polypyrrole wrapped oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites
      (PPy/OMWCNTs NCs) were prepared via in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole
      (Py) monomer in the presence of OMWCNTs using FeCl3 as oxidant for the effective
      removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. The as-prepared PPy/OMWCNTs NCs were
      characterized by FE-SEM, HR-TEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, XPS and BET method.
      Characterization results suggested that PPy was uniformly covered on the OMWCNTs
      surface and resulted in enhanced specific surface area. Adsorption experiments
      were carried out in batch sorption mode to investigate the effect of pH, dose of
      adsorbent, contact time, concentration of Cr(VI) and temperature. The adsorption
      of Cr(VI) on the nanocomposite surface was highly pH dependent and the kinetics
      of the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm
      data were in good conformity with the Langmuir isothermal model. The maximum
      adsorption capacity of the PPy/OMWCNTs NCs for Cr(VI) was 294mg/g at 25 degrees
      C. The calculated values of the thermodynamic parameters such as DeltaG(0) (
      0.237kJ/mol), DeltaH(0) (13.237kJ/mol) and DeltaS(0) (0.0452kJ/mol/K) revealed
      that the adsorption process is spontaneous, endothermic and marked with an
      increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface. The presence of co-existing
      ions slightly affected the Cr(VI) removal efficiency of the PPy/OMWCNTs. 

PMID- 26962974
TI  - Moderating effects of perceived social benefits on inhalant initiation among
      American Indian and White youth.
AB  - This study examined whether perceived social benefits moderated the relationship
      between social influence variables (school attachment, peer inhalant use,
      perceived family caring, and parental monitoring) and stage of inhalant
      initiation (Study 1) and lifetime inhalant use (Study 2). Participants were 7th
      to 12th grade students attending schools on or near American Indian reservations,
      with comparisons made between American Indian and White students. A total of
      3,498 American Indian and 1,596 White students were surveyed. Differences in mean
      levels of social influence variables were found across ethnicity and stage of
      inhalant initiation and lifetime inhalant use. Structural equation models were
      evaluated to examine variable relationships for the 2 studies. For Study 1,
      social influence variables did not clearly differentiate early versus later
      inhalant initiators, and perceived social benefits failed to serve as a
      moderator. More differences were observed between users and nonusers across
      measures of social influence (Study 2). Perceived social benefits generally did
      not moderate the relationships, with 2 exceptions. Low perceived social benefits
      provided greater protection against the influence of peers on lifetime inhalant
      use among White students, whereas high perceived social benefits increased risk
      of peer influence among American Indian students. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26962977
TI  - Green synthesis of seashell supported silver nanoparticles using Bunium persicum
      seeds extract: Application of the particles for catalytic reduction of organic
      dyes.
AB  - In the present work, silver nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of
      seashell using Bunium persicum seeds extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent.
      The seashell supported silver nanoparticles was characterized by FT-IR
      spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, field emission scanning electron
      microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG
      DTA). The diameter of Ag NPs on the seashell was predominantly found within the
      range 20-50nm. The catalytic performance of the prepared catalyst was
      investigated for reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP), Methyl Orange (MO), Congo Red
      (CR) and Methylene Blue (MB) at room temperature. It was found that the Ag
      NPs/seashell is a highly active and recyclable catalyst for related reactions and
      can be recovered and reused several times without significant loss of its
      catalytic activity. 

PMID- 26962978
TI  - Silica nanoparticles functionalized with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as
      platforms for photoluminescence (PL) sensing of copper and cyanide ions.
AB  - Functionalized nanoparticles for photoluminescence (PL) applications are a
      promising technology for biomedical imaging and as sensors for small molecules.
      This work presents a new method to modify silica nanoparticles (SNP) using the
      bifunctional linker 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) with a series of
      polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer molecules followed by grafting of fluorescein
      isothiocyanate (FITC) or rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) to create platforms
      for photoluminescence (PL) sensors. A dendrimer size and charge-variable response
      to only copper(II) ions confirmed the prediction of a selective turn-off sensor
      via proximity quenching. Both dye density and Cu(2+) quenching efficiency peaked
      with SNP-dendrimer generation 4 (64 terminal amines). In addition, changing the
      terminal dendrimer arms to carboxylic acid end groups increased the copper
      quenching suggesting that more metal ion binding sites were created in close
      proximity to the dyes. Of the small anions tested for a turn-off sensor, only
      cyanide ion fully restored the PL when reaching a 2:1 CN(-):Cu(2+) ratio, while
      EDTA was not as effective at the same ratio. Therefore, dendrimer size and
      surface charge on the nanoparticles controlled the dye loading and copper
      quenching efficiency, while creating multiple binding sites for cyanide over
      other metal binding anions. 

PMID- 26962980
TI  - Design of a 3T preamplifier which stability is insensitive to coil loading.
AB  - In MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), preamplifiers are needed to amplify signals
      obtained from MRI receiver coils. Under various loading conditions of the
      corresponding receiver coils, preamplifiers see different source impedance at
      their input and may become unstable. Therefore preamplifiers which stability is
      not sensitive to coil loading are desirable. In this article, a coil-loading
      insensitive preamplifier for MRI is presented, derived from an unstable
      preamplifier. Different approaches to improve stability were used during this
      derivation. Since a very low noise factor is essential for MRI preamplifiers,
      noise contributions from passive components in the MRI preamplifier have to be
      considered during the stabilization process. As a result, the initially unstable
      preamplifier became stable with regard to coil loading, while other MRI
      requirements, as the extremely low noise factor, were still fulfilled. The newly
      designed preamplifier was manufactured, characterized and tested in the MRI
      spectrometer. Compared to a commercially available preamplifier, the newly
      designed preamplifier has similar imaging performance but other advantages like
      smaller size and better stability. Furthermore, presented stabilization
      approaches can be generalized to stabilize other unstable low-noise amplifiers. 

PMID- 26962979
TI  - Characterizing implicit mental health associations across clinical domains.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Implicit associations are relatively uncontrollable
      associations between concepts in memory. The current investigation focuses on
      implicit associations in four mental health domains (alcohol use, anxiety,
      depression, and eating disorders) and how these implicit associations: a) relate
      to explicit associations and b) self-reported clinical symptoms within the same
      domains, and c) vary based on demographic characteristics (age, gender, race,
      ethnicity, and education). METHODS: Participants (volunteers over age 18 to a
      research website) completed implicit association (Implicit Association Tests),
      explicit association (self + psychopathology or attitudes toward food, using
      semantic differential items), and symptom measures at the Project Implicit Mental
      Health website tied to: alcohol use (N = 12,387), anxiety (N = 21,304),
      depression (N = 24,126), or eating disorders (N = 10,115). RESULTS: Within each
      domain, implicit associations showed small to moderate associations with explicit
      associations and symptoms, and predicted self-reported symptoms beyond explicit
      associations. In general, implicit association strength varied little by race and
      ethnicity, but showed small ties to age, gender, and education. LIMITATIONS: This
      research was conducted on a public research and education website, where
      participants could take more than one of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Among a large
      and diverse sample, implicit associations in the four domains are congruent with
      explicit associations and self-reported symptoms, and also add to our prediction
      of self-reported symptoms over and above explicit associations, pointing to the
      potential future clinical utility and validity of using implicit association
      measures with diverse populations.

PMID- 26962981
TI  - Edoxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, suppresses tissue-factor induced human
      platelet aggregation and clot-bound factor Xa in vitro: Comparison with an
      antithrombin-dependent factor Xa inhibitor, fondaparinux.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tissue factor-induced platelet aggregation and factor Xa (FXa)
      activity bound to clot contribute to the formation and growth of thrombus. The
      effects of edoxaban, a direct FXa inhibitor, on these responses were determined
      and compared with that of fondaparinux, an antithrombin-dependent (indirect) FXa
      inhibitor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human platelet aggregation was induced by human
      tissue factor (Dade Innovin or RecombiPlasTin) in platelet-rich plasma spiked
      with edoxaban or fondaparinux. Clot formed from human whole blood was incubated
      with 0.9MUM prothrombin in the absence or presence of FXa inhibitors. As the
      index of FXa activity, the amount of prothrombin fragment F1+2 was measured with
      an ELISA. Free FXa activity was measured using human FXa and its chromogenic
      substrate S-2222. RESULTS: Edoxaban inhibited tissue factor-induced platelet
      aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner with the IC50 values of 150 and
      110nM for Dade Innovin and RecombiPlasTin-induced platelet aggregation,
      respectively. At 1MUM, edoxaban completely inhibited the aggregation.
      Fondaparinux inhibited RecombiPlasTin-induced aggregation with the IC50 of
      9.3MUM, but did not show complete inhibition up to 30MUM and had no effect on
      Dade Innovin-induced aggregation. Edoxaban inhibited both free and clot-bound FXa
      with the IC50 of 2.3 and 8.2nM, respectively. Fondaparinux inhibited free FXa
      (IC50 5.4nM), but 40-times higher concentration were required to inhibit clot
      bound FXa (IC50 217nM). CONCLUSIONS: Edoxaban, a direct FXa inhibitor, was a more
      potent inhibitor of tissue factor-induced platelet aggregation and clot-bound FXa
      than fondaparinux, an indirect FXa inhibitor.

PMID- 26962982
TI  - Isotypic analysis of antibodies against activated Factor VII in patients with
      Factor VII deficiency using the x-MAP technology.
AB  - While the immune response to hemophilic factors in hemophilia has been widely
      studied, little is known about the development of anti-Factor VII (FVII)
      antibodies in FVII deficiency. We developed a robust technique based on the x-MAP
      technology to detect the presence of antibodies against FVII and characterize
      their isotype and validated this method using blood samples from 100 patients
      with FVII deficiency (median FVII clotting activity [FVII:C]: 6%) and 95 healthy
      controls. Anti-FVII antibodies were detected in patients but also in some
      controls, although the concentration of total immunoglobulin G (IgGt) and IgG1
      and IgG4 subclasses was significantly different between groups. The IgG1 subclass
      concentrations remained significantly different also when only untreated patients
      were compared with controls. This difference could partially be related to the F7
      genotype, particularly in patients harboring the p.Arg139Gln mutation. This x-MAP
      based method might be useful for assessing the immunogenicity of novel FVII
      compounds and of activated FVII (FVIIa) concentrates. Further prospective studies
      are needed to better understand the clinical relevance of these antibodies in the
      management of patients with FVII deficiency. 

PMID- 26962983
TI  - Association of PEAR1 genetic variants with platelet reactivity in response to
      dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel in the Chinese patient
      population after percutaneous coronary intervention.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Platelet Endothelial Aggregation Receptor-1 (PEAR1) is a recently
      reported platelet transmembrane protein which plays an important role in platelet
      aggregation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PEAR1 genetic
      variations were associated with platelet reactivity as assessed by adenosine
      diphosphate(ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in Chinese patients treated with
      aspirin and clopidogrel. METHODS: Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) who
      underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled in the study.
      All patients were on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. ADP
      induced platelet aggregation was measured by thromboelastography and defined as
      percent inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA). Patients (n=204) with IPA <30%
      were identified as high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR). Patients (n=201)
      with IPA >70% were identified as low on-treatment platelet reactivity (LPR).
      Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PEAR1 were determined by a
      method of improved multiple ligase detection reaction. RESULTS: Among the 16 SNPs
      examined by univariate analysis, 5 SNPs were significantly associated with ADP
      induced platelet aggregation. Minor allele C at rs11264580 (p=0.033), minor
      allele G at rs2644592 (p=0.048), minor allele T at rs3737224 (p=0.033) and minor
      allele T at rs41273215 (p=0.025) were strongly associated with HPR, whereas
      homozygous TT genotype at rs57731889 (p=0.009) was associated with LPR.
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis further revealed that the minor allele
      T at rs41273215 (p=0.038) was an independent predictor of HPR and the homozygous
      TT genotype at rs57731889 (p=0.003) was an independent predictor of LPR.
      CONCLUSIONS: PEAR1 genetic variations were strongly associated with ADP-induced
      platelet aggregation in Chinese patients with CHD treated with aspirin and
      clopidogrel. These genetic variations may contribute to the variability in
      platelet function. The utility of PEAR1 genetic variants in the assessment and
      prediction of cardiovascular risk warrants further investigation.

PMID- 26962984
TI  - Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in adults with hemoglobin SC or Sbeta(+)
      thalassemia genotypes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in sickle cell disease
      (SCD); however, the risk factors associated with VTE in patients with sickle
      variant syndromes are not known. The primary aim of this study was to determine
      hematologic and clinical risk factors for VTE in adults with hemoglobin SC or
      Sbeta(+) thalassemia genotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients with hemoglobin SC and
      Sbeta(+) thalassemia genotypes followed at the Sickle Cell Center for Adults from
      2008 to 2012. Data on baseline hematologic parameters and SCD-specific
      comorbidities were collected from review of electronic records. RESULTS: A total
      of 116 patients, 85 (73%) with hemoglobin SC disease and 31 (27%) with Sbeta(+)
      thalassemia, were included for analysis. Thirty-two (28%) patients had a verified
      history of non-catheter related VTE. Mean baseline hemoglobin levels were higher
      among individuals with a history of VTE compared to those without (11.7g/dL vs.
      11.0g/dL, p=0.003). In addition, the prevalence of surgical splenectomy was
      higher among patients with VTE compared to those without (25.0% vs. 4.8%,
      p=0.001). On multivariate analysis, elevated baseline hemoglobin (odds ratio [OR]
      2.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-4.23)) and history of surgical
      splenectomy (OR 5.76 [CI 1.43-23.22]) were independently associated with VTE
      risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher baseline hemoglobin is a risk factor for non-catheter
      related VTE in patients with hemoglobin SC or Sbeta(+) thalassemia genotypes.
      Surgical splenectomy, which is a known risk factor for VTE in other
      hemoglobinopathies such as beta-thalassemia intermedia, is also associated with
      VTE in sickle variant syndromes. Future studies are needed to validate these
      findings and to investigate the mechanisms of hypercoagulability observed in
      patients with hemoglobin SC and Sbeta(+) thalassemia.

PMID- 26962995
TI  - Fibulin-5 as a potential therapeutic target in COPD.

PMID- 26962996
TI  - Use of evidence-based assessment for childhood anxiety disorders in community
      practice.
AB  - High-quality assessment is essential to the delivery of effective treatment for
      childhood anxiety disorders. However, relatively little is known about how
      frequently child clinicians utilize evidence-based assessment (EBA) techniques in
      practice, and even less is known about the factors that influence EBA use in such
      settings. Thus, the current study presents data from a survey of 339 clinicians
      from a variety of professional backgrounds concerning their use of EBA for
      childhood anxiety disorders and explores issues preventing EBA implementation.
      Results indicated infrequent EBA use with clinicians citing practical barriers
      (i.e., time, access, knowledge, cost) and negative beliefs about EBA techniques
      (i.e., unhelpful) as issues preventing implementation. Implications for future
      EBA dissemination and implementation efforts are discussed. 

PMID- 26962997
TI  - Epigenetic alteration of imprinted genes during neural differentiation of
      germline-derived pluripotent stem cells.
AB  - Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which are unipotent stem cells in the testes
      that give rise to sperm, can be converted into germline-derived pluripotent stem
      (gPS) by self-induction. The androgenetic imprinting pattern of SSCs is
      maintained even after their reprogramming into gPS cells. In this study, we used
      an in vitro neural differentiation model to investigate whether the imprinting
      patterns are maintained or altered during differentiation. The androgenetic
      patterns of H19, Snrpn, and Mest were maintained even after differentiation of
      gPS cells into NSCs (gPS-NSCs), whereas the fully unmethylated status of Ndn in
      SSCs was altered to somatic patterns in gPS cells and gPS-NSCs. Thus, our study
      demonstrates epigenetic alteration of genomic imprinting during the induction of
      pluripotency in SSCs and neural differentiation, suggesting that gPS-NSCs can be
      a useful model to study the roles of imprinted genes in brain development and
      human neurodevelopmental disorders.

PMID- 26962998
TI  - Teacher ratings of resilience and peer relationships of preschoolers whose
      fathers died unexpectedly.
AB  - This study endeavors to compare resilience and peer relationships of children who
      lost their fathers in a major mining accident in Soma with those who did not.
      Teachers rated 51 preschoolers whose fathers died, and 53 preschoolers whose
      fathers were alive. On the negative side, bereaved children had lower resilience
      and higher exclusion; on the positive side, bereaved children had lower peer
      victimization and higher prosocial behavior. Death of fathers is associated with
      lower resilience and more exclusion among young children, but others treat them
      better as well.

PMID- 26962999
TI  - Photophysics of the LOV-Based Fluorescent Protein Variant iLOV-Q489K Determined
      by Simulation and Experiment.
AB  - Light, oxygen, voltage (LOV) based fluorescent proteins (FPs) represent a
      promising alternative to fluorescent reporters of the green fluorescent protein
      family. For certain applications like multicolor imaging or the design of FRET
      based biosensors, the generation of spectrally shifted LOV-based FPs would be
      required. In a recent theoretical study ( Khrenova J. Phys. Chem. B 2015 , 119 (
      16 ), pp 5176 - 5183 ), the photophysical properties of a variant of the LOV
      based fluorescent protein iLOV were predicted using quantum mechanics/molecular
      mechanics (QM/MM) approaches. The variant contained a lysine residue at the
      position of a highly conserved glutamine residue (Q489K), which directly
      interacts with the O4 and N5 atom of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) chromophore.
      On the basis of QM/MM calculations, iLOV-Q489K was suggested to possess
      substantially red-shifted absorption and fluorescence-emission maxima with
      respect to parental iLOV. Here, we describe the experimental characterization of
      this variant, which, surprisingly contrary to the theoretical prediction, shows
      blue-shifted absorption and fluorescence-emission maxima. Using molecular
      dynamics (MD) simulations and QM/MM calculations, the molecular basis for the
      contradictory theoretical and experimental results is presented. Essentially, our
      computational analysis suggests that, in the Q489K variant, two possible side
      chain conformers exist: (i) a least populated conformer K489in forming a hydrogen
      bond with the O4 atom of FMN chromophore and (ii) a most populated conformer
      K489out with the side-chain amino group flipped away from the FMN chromophore
      forming a new hydrogen bond with the backbone oxygen of G487. QM/MM calculated
      spectra of the K489out conformer are blue-shifted compared to the calculated
      spectra of parental iLOV, which is in accordance with experimental data. This
      suggests that the change in the conformation of K489 from K498in to K489out
      accounts for the change in the direction of the spectral shift from red to blue,
      thus reconciling theory and experiment. 

PMID- 26963000
TI  - Cytomegalovirus-Related Hospitalization Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes and
      Increased Health-Care Resource Utilization in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related hospitalization in
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients is unknown. The aim of this study was
      to determine hospital outcomes of CMV-related hospitalization in IBD patients in
      a large national in-patient administrative data set. METHODS: This was a cross
      sectional study using data from the Nationwide In-patient Sample database. IBD-
      and CMV-related hospitalizations between 2003 and 2011 were identified using
      appropriate ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,
      Clinical Modification) codes. Impact of CMV-related hospitalization on in
      hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges were quantified.
      RESULTS: CMV-related hospitalization was associated with higher in-hospital
      mortality (odds ratio (OR) 7.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.38-14.85),
      prolonged LOS (7.77 days, P<0.0001), and more hospital charge (US$66,495,
      P<0.0001) in IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS: CMV-related hospitalization in IBD is
      associated with high in-hospital mortality, prolonged LOS, and hospital care
      costs.

PMID- 26963002
TI  - Expression Profiles of miRNA Subsets Distinguish Human Colorectal Carcinoma and
      Normal Colonic Mucosa.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein-coding RNA molecules that
      are commonly dysregulated in colorectal tumors. The objective of this study was
      to identify smaller subsets of highly predictive miRNAs. METHODS: Data come from
      population-based studies of colorectal cancer conducted in Utah and the Kaiser
      Permanente Medical Care Program. Tissue samples were available for 1,953
      individuals, of which 1,894 had carcinoma tissue and 1,599 had normal mucosa
      available for statistical analysis. Agilent Human miRNA Microarray V.19.0 was
      used to generate miRNA expression profiles; validation of expression levels was
      carried out using quantitative PCR. We used random forest analysis and verified
      findings with logistic modeling in separate data sets. Important microRNAs are
      identified and bioinformatics tools are used to identify target genes and related
      biological pathways. RESULTS: We identified 16 miRNAs for colon and 17 miRNAs for
      rectal carcinoma that appear to differentiate between carcinoma and normal
      mucosa; of these, 12 were important for both colon and rectal cancer, hsa-miR
      663b, hsa-miR-4539, hsa-miR-17-5p, hsa-miR-20a-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-4506,
      hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-145-5p, hsa-miR-3651, hsa-miR-378a-3p, and
      hsa-miR-378i. Estimated misclassification rates were low at 4.83% and 2.5% among
      colon and rectal observations, respectively. Among independent observations,
      logistic modeling reinforced the importance of these miRNAs, finding the primary
      principal components of their variation statistically significant (P<0.001 among
      both colon and rectal observations) and again producing low misclassification
      rates. Repeating our analysis without those miRNAs initially identified as
      important identified other important miRNAs; however, misclassification rates
      increased and distinctions between remaining miRNAs in terms of classification
      importance were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that while
      many miRNAs are dysregulated between carcinoma and normal mucosa, smaller subsets
      of these miRNAs are useful and informative in discriminating between these
      tissues.

PMID- 26963001
TI  - Tracking the Correlation Between CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Other
      Molecular Features and Clinicopathological Features in Human Colorectal Cancers:
      A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The controversy of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in
      colorectal cancers (CRCs) persists, despite many studies that have been conducted
      on its correlation with molecular and clinicopathological features. To drive a
      more precise estimate of the strength of this postulated relationship, a meta
      analysis was performed. METHODS: A comprehensive search for studies reporting
      molecular and clinicopathological features of CRCs stratified by CIMP was
      performed within the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. CIMP was defined by
      either one of the three panels of gene-specific CIMP markers (Weisenberger panel,
      classic panel, or a mixture panel of the previous two) or the genome-wide DNA
      methylation profile. The associations of CIMP with outcome parameters were
      estimated using odds ratio (OR) or weighted mean difference (WMD) or hazard
      ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study using a fixed
      effects or random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 29 studies involving 9,393
      CRC patients were included for analysis. We observed more BRAF mutations (OR
      34.87; 95% CI, 22.49-54.06) and microsatellite instability (MSI) (OR 12.85 95%
      CI, 8.84-18.68) in CIMP-positive vs. -negative CRCs, whereas KRAS mutations were
      less frequent (OR 0.47; 95% CI, 0.30-0.75). Subgroup analysis showed that only
      the genome-wide methylation profile-defined CIMP subset encompassed all BRAF
      mutated CRCs. As expected, CIMP-positive CRCs displayed significant associations
      with female (OR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.56-0.72), older age at diagnosis (WMD 2.77; 95%
      CI, 1.15-4.38), proximal location (OR 6.91; 95% CI, 5.17-9.23), mucinous
      histology (OR 3.81; 95% CI, 2.93-4.95), and poor differentiation (OR 4.22; 95%
      CI, 2.52-7.08). Although CIMP did not show a correlation with tumor stage (OR
      1.10; 95% CI, 0.82-1.46), it was associated with shorter overall survival (HR
      1.73; 95% CI, 1.27-2.37). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis highlights that CIMP
      positive CRCs take their own molecular feature, especially overlapping with BRAF
      mutations, and clinicopathological features and worse prognosis from CIMP
      negative CRCs, suggesting CIMP could be used as an independent prognostic marker
      for CRCs.

PMID- 26963003
TI  - Investigation of the antigen recognition and presentation capacity of pecteneal
      hyalocytes in the chicken (gallus gallus domesticus).
AB  - We investigated at different developmental stages the antigen recognition and
      presentation capacity of pecteneal hyalocytes that adhere to the pecten oculi in
      the eye of domestic chickens. Forty-eight fertilized eggs were used to
      investigate embryonic stages and 12 6-week-old chickens were used to investigate
      adults. Tissue samples from both embryos and adults were stained with monoclonal
      antibodies against MHC-II, TLR2/CD282 and TLR4, and also with RCA-1, WGA and SNA
      lectins. The developmental stage of the pecteneal hyalocytes was determined using
      Masson's triple staining. Pecteneal hyalocytes first appeared at Hamburger
      Hamilton stages 30 34 and remained unchanged from their first appearance to
      adulthood. Chicken pecteneal hyalocytes were stained by monoclonal antibodies
      against TLR2 and TLR4, and were unstained by monoclonal antibodies for MHC-II.
      Hyalocytes were positive for RCA-I, WGA and SNA lectins. We found that pecteneal
      hyalocytes that adhere to the pecten oculi in domestic chickens recognized
      antigens, but could not present them. These cells have been assumed to be of
      monocyte/macrophage lineage; their functions in the immune response are not fully
      understood. 

PMID- 26963004
TI  - Epidemiologic, Clinicopathologic, Diagnostic, and Management Challenges of
      Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: A Case Series of 100 Patients.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare papulosquamous disorder with
      limited epidemiologic and clinicopathologic data. Little information is available
      on long-term outcomes, comorbidities, and treatment efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate objective and subjective disease experience metrics from the
      perspectives of patients and clinicians. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: One
      hundred patients with a putative diagnosis of PRP and who elected to participate
      completed a comprehensive survey, followed by acquisition of their medical
      records, including histopathology slides and reports. The data were analyzed
      separately from the health care clinician and the patient perspectives. Two
      academic dermatologists examined clinical notes, pathology reports, and
      photographs, confirming diagnoses via predetermined criteria. Patients were
      categorized into 4 levels of diagnostic certainty to allow stratification of the
      findings for subgroup analysis. Patients with a diagnosis of PRP were solicited
      through patient support organization websites. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Clinical outcomes, unexpected association of comorbidities, and efficacy (or lack
      of it) of various treatment modalities. RESULTS: Among the 100 patients, 50 were
      diagnosed as having classic, unquestionable PRP. The patients were a median of 61
      years old (range, 5-87 years), and 46% were female. Fifty were categorized as
      level 1 diagnostic certainty, 15 as level 2, 30 as level 3, and 5 as level 4. Of
      the level 1 patients, 13 (26%) were correctly diagnosed at initial presentation;
      diagnosis was delayed, on average, by 29 months (range, 0.25-288 months; median,
      2 months); and 27 (54%) having undergone 2 or more biopsies. At enrollment, PRP
      symptoms had persisted in 36 patients (72%) for an average of 58 months (range, 1
      300 months; median, 30 months). Thirty-one patients (62%) had comorbidities,
      including hypothyroidism (20%). Nearly all patients (98%) received some form of
      therapy. Patients cited topical emollients, corticosteroids, and salicylic acid
      along with oral retinoids, methotrexate, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as
      most helpful. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Pityriasis rubra pilaris remains a
      challenging diagnosis without established and specific treatment. Our data
      highlight new potential avenues for research with therapeutic perspective.

PMID- 26963007
TI  - ACSM Clinician Profile.

PMID- 26963005
TI  - Hydrothermal gases in a shallow aquifer at Mt. Amiata, Italy: insights from
      stable isotopes and geochemical modelling.
AB  - We investigate the interaction between hydrothermal gases and groundwater in a
      major aquifer exploited for potable supply in the geothermal-volcanic area of Mt.
      Amiata, Central Italy. Two springs and two wells located on different sides of
      the volcanic edifice have been repeatedly sampled over the last 11 years. More
      than 160 chemical analyses and 10 isotopic analyses of total dissolved carbon
      (delta(13)C - total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) = -15.9 to -7.8 0/00 vs. V
      PDB) and sulphate (delta(34)S-SO4 = -6.9 to 5.1 0/00 vs. V-CDT) have been
      processed with geochemical modelling techniques. Best-fitting conditions between
      analytical data and model outputs have been achieved by numerical optimization,
      allowing for a quantitative description of gas-water-rock interactions occurring
      in this aquifer. Numerical calculations support a conceptual model that considers
      water-rock interactions to occur in the volcanic aquifer after inflow of deep
      seated gases (CO2(g) and H2S(g)), and total conversion of H2S(g) to SO4, in the
      absence of mixing with geothermal waters from reservoirs currently exploited for
      electricity generation. 

PMID- 26963006
TI  - Preparticipation Cardiovascular Screening--Finding the Middle Ground.

PMID- 26963008
TI  - Never Take Your Heart by Surprise: Heart Attack Triggers.

PMID- 26963010
TI  - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

PMID- 26963011
TI  - Sacral Stress Fractures: They See You, But Are You Seeing Them?

PMID- 26963012
TI  - Boxer Safety: Reducing System Errors in the Ring.

PMID- 26963013
TI  - Cardiovascular Screening in Young Athletes: Evidence for the Electrocardiogram.
AB  - : The objective of this study is to review the evidence for cardiovascular
      screening inclusive of an electrocardiogram (ECG) in young athletes. Sudden
      cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is the leading cause of death during exercise and
      occurs at a rate that is substantially higher than initially recognized. There is
      widespread agreement that cardiovascular screening should be performed prior to
      athletic competition. The primary purpose of preparticipation cardiovascular
      screening is to identify athletes with conditions that predispose them to SCD.
      Unfortunately, the traditional model in the United States of a medical history
      and a physical examination has limited sensitivity to detect cardiovascular
      disease and provides false reassurance to athletes, parents, and team officials.
      The addition of an ECG enhances the ability to identify disease, and modern
      athlete-specific ECG interpretation standards used by experienced physicians
      provide low false-positive rates, improving the cost-effectiveness while
      preserving sensitivity. The evidence is clear that if athletes are screened, ECG
      inclusive strategies are most likely to meet the primary aim of preparticipation
      cardiovascular screening. These advanced protocols have the potential to improve
      health and safety during sport events and should be considered the best practice
      in high-risk athletes when the sports cardiology infrastructure and oversight are
      readily available. 

PMID- 26963014
TI  - The Evidence Against Cardiac Screening Using Electrocardiogram in Athletes.
AB  - Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes is publicly remarkable and tragic
      because of the loss of a seemingly healthy young person. Because many of the
      potential etiologies may be identified with a preparticipation electrocardiogram
      (ECG), the possible use of an ECG as a screening tool has received much
      attention. A good screening test should be cost-effective and should influence a
      disease or health outcome that has a significant impact on public health. The
      reality is that the prevalence of SCD is low and no outcome-based data exist to
      determine whether early detection saves lives. Further, there is insufficient
      screening infrastructure, and the risk of screening and follow-up may be higher
      than that of the actual disease. Until outcomes data demonstrate a benefit with
      regard to SCD, universal screening cannot be recommended. 

PMID- 26963015
TI  - The Use of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Groin and Hip Pain in
      Athletes.
AB  - Athletes are particularly predisposed to injuries in the groin and pelvic region.
      Men in particular are predisposed to injuries like hernias in the inguinal
      region. The increased demands and training load on today's athletes combined with
      individual factors may create the environment for these injuries. Five areas
      categorize the pain present from different pathological entities in this region:
      adductor-related, iliopsoas-related, inguinal-related, pubic-related, and hip
      related groin pain. It has been extremely difficult in the past to accurately
      diagnose what has been previously labeled sports hernia, sportsman's groin, or
      inguinal disruption. Therefore, this article describes the methods and procedures
      used for diagnostic ultrasound (US) and differentiation between these entities
      from one practice based on the most current research in musculoskeletal US. 

PMID- 26963016
TI  - Drowning Injuries: An Update on Terminology, Environmental Factors, and
      Management.

PMID- 26963017
TI  - A Tale of Two Heat Strokes: A Comparative Case Study.

PMID- 26963018
TI  - Tick-Borne Illnesses.
AB  - Tick-borne diseases are prevalent throughout the United States. These illnesses
      are caused by a variety of different pathogens that use ticks as vectors,
      including bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and protozoa. Some of the most common
      illnesses caused by ticks are Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever,
      babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, tularemia, Colorado tick fever, tick
      borne relapsing fever, and Powassan disease. Unique skin changes, fever, and
      influenza-like symptoms may indicate tick-borne disease. Early diagnosis can be
      difficult as well as nonspecific and can resemble overtraining syndrome.
      Diagnosis is important to facilitate early treatment to decrease morbidity and
      mortality and should often be initiated before a definitive diagnosis is made.
      Treatment guidelines are published by the Centers for Disease Control and
      Prevention. As tick-borne diseases increase and their geographic regions expand,
      it is important for providers to distinguish the often overlapping and diverse
      presentations of these diseases. 

PMID- 26963020
TI  - Acupuncture for the Treatment of Sports Injuries in an Austere Environment.
AB  - For sports injuries in an austere environment, narcotic pain medications are
      often unavailable or have limiting side effects like sedation or constipation.
      Meanwhile, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications are frequently associated
      with gastrointestinal side effects and acetaminophen liver toxicity. A trained
      physician can rapidly use certain acupuncture techniques in an austere
      environment with potentially fewer side effects. Current medical literature notes
      low to moderate quality evidence for the use of acupuncture in lower back pain
      and osteoarthritis of the knee. There is emerging evidence for the use of
      acupuncture in traumatic brain injury. The U.S. military uses acupuncture in
      deployed settings to treat battlefield injuries with promising results. This
      article reviews the military's current use of acupuncture to treat injuries in a
      deployed setting and how this may translate to the care of a sports injury in an
      austere environment. 

PMID- 26963019
TI  - Wilderness Travel in Nonpregnant Females: Differences in Physiology, Counseling,
      and Common Issues.
AB  - Interest in wilderness travel has been increasing in women of all ages and can
      lead to multiple health benefits. In order to optimize a woman's experience in
      the wilderness, providers should be aware of both common and special conditions
      unique to women that may be impacted by wilderness travel. Both anatomic and
      physiologic differences set women apart from men and should be carefully
      considered in a wilderness setting. Special conditions pertaining to women in the
      wilderness include high altitude exposure and temperature sensitivity. Before
      wilderness travel, each patient should complete a physical examination, review
      medical history with a provider, and receive an overview of counseling for their
      desired area of travel. 

PMID- 26963021
TI  - Spinal Cord Injuries in Wave-Riding Sports: The Influence of Environmental and
      Sport-Specific Factors.
AB  - Spinal cord injury is a nonfatal, catastrophic consequence of wave-riding sports.
      With surfing at the core, a multitude of activities have evolved that attempt to
      harness the power of ocean waves. The unique qualities of each wave-riding sport,
      in combination with the environmental factors of the ocean, define the risk for
      potential injuries. As wave-riding sports have become more advanced, athletes
      continue to push physical barriers. Taller waves are attempted while
      incorporating aerial maneuvers, all without protective equipment. 

PMID- 26963022
TI  - Asymmetric Alkylation of N-Sulfonylbenzamides with Vinyl Ethers via C-H Bond
      Activation Catalyzed by Hydroxoiridium/Chiral Diene Complexes.
AB  - Asymmetric alkylation of N-sulfonylbenzamides with vinyl ethers via a directed C
      H bond activation gave high yields of the corresponding addition products with
      high branch- and enantioselectivity. 

PMID- 26963023
TI  - Exploring the Relationship Between Resilience and Ostomy Adjustment in Adults
      With a Permanent Ostomy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to describe the relationship between
      resilience and ostomy adjustment in adults with permanent stomas and to determine
      if participants who report higher levels of resilience also report higher levels
      of adjustment to a permanent ostomy. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational research
      design utilizing the Roy Adaptation Model as the theoretical framework was used.
      SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Persons with permanent stomas were recruited from ostomy
      support groups on the East Coast of the United States. The study sample included
      48 respondents. Their mean age was 66 +/- 12.7 years (mean +/- SD); the majority
      (60.4%) were women, had an ileostomy (62.5%), and had a history of inflammatory
      bowel disease (62.5%). METHODS: Respondents completed a questionnaire that
      queried demographic and pertinent clinical data, along with 2 previously
      validated instruments, the Resilience Scale and Ostomy Adjustment Inventory-23.
      The relationships between levels of resilience, levels of adjustment to an
      ostomy, and demographic characteristics were examined. RESULTS: Participants with
      higher levels of ostomy adjustment had higher levels of resilience than
      respondents who reported lower levels of ostomy adjustment (r = 0.65, P <= .01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that higher levels of resilience
      facilitate adjustment to a permanent ostomy.

PMID- 26963024
TI  - Quality of Life in US Residents With Ostomies Assessed via the SF36v2: Role
      Physical, Bodily Pain, and General Health Domain.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical-role, bodily
      pain, and general health domains of health-related quality of life in the adult
      with ostomies living in the United States and to compare findings to population
      based norms established using the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF36v2). SUBJECTS AND
      SETTING: Study participants were identified by randomly sampling from proprietary
      databases. Within the United States, 2,329 completed the survey for a response
      rate of 14.9% and a margin of error of 2.03%. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data
      from a propietary database. RESULTS: A greater proportion of persons living with
      an ostomy experienced limitations in the physical component summary levels of the
      SF36v2, indicating greater impairment than the general population. In contrast,
      no differences in pain interference with work or other activities reductions were
      found between the 2 groups. Persons with ostomies reported similar levels of
      general health, but they were more likely to indicate they "got sick a little
      easier than others." CONCLUSIONS: Persons with ostomies report more limitations
      in physical activities than do individuals within the general population. In
      contrast, they were no more likely to report bodily pain than the general
      population of the United States, and no more likely to indicate pain interferes
      with physical activity than the general population. Additional research is needed
      to elucidate the nature of these limitations and potential interventions to
      ameliorate these effects of ostomy creation.

PMID- 26963025
TI  - Insulin-degrading enzyme secretion from astrocytes is mediated by an autophagy
      based unconventional secretory pathway in Alzheimer disease.
AB  - The secretion of proteins that lack a signal sequence to the extracellular milieu
      is regulated by their transition through the unconventional secretory pathway.
      IDE (insulin-degrading enzyme) is one of the major proteases of amyloid beta
      peptide (Abeta), a presumed causative molecule in Alzheimer disease (AD)
      pathogenesis. IDE acts in the extracellular space despite having no signal
      sequence, but the underlying mechanism of IDE secretion extracellularly is still
      unknown. In this study, we found that IDE levels were reduced in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and in pathology-bearing AD-model
      mice. Since astrocytes are the main cell types for IDE secretion, astrocytes were
      treated with Abeta. Abeta increased the IDE levels in a time- and concentration
      dependent manner. Moreover, IDE secretion was associated with an autophagy-based
      unconventional secretory pathway, and depended on the activity of RAB8A and
      GORASP (Golgi reassembly stacking protein). Finally, mice with global
      haploinsufficiency of an essential autophagy gene, showed decreased IDE levels in
      the CSF in response to an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Abeta.
      These results indicate that IDE is secreted from astrocytes through an autophagy
      based unconventional secretory pathway in AD conditions, and that the regulation
      of autophagy is a potential therapeutic target in addressing Abeta pathology.

PMID- 26963027
TI  - Haemostasis monitored in stored red blood cells, plasma and platelet concentrates
      in the proportion of 4 :  4 :  1 diluted with crystalloids and colloids.
AB  - The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate haemostasis analysed with
      thromboelastometry and blood gas and blood count variables, in stored blood
      components and the effects after dilution with Ringer[Combining Acute Accent]s
      acetate, albumin and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). Aliquots from stored red blood
      cells, plasma and platelet concentrates were mixed in the proportion of 4 : 4 : 1
      and analysed with rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), blood count [haemoglobin
      (Hb), haematocrit, platelet count] and blood gas (pH, calcium, sodium, potassium,
      glucose levels). The blood mix was thereafter diluted 20 and 33% with Ringer's
      acetate, albumin or HES. The stored blood component mix in a ratio of 4 : 4 : 1
      had a low pH (7.11 +/- 0.03, mean +/- standard deviation), nonmeasurable calcium
      level, and high concentrations of sodium, potassium and glucose but ROTEM curves
      within normal range after recalcification. With Ringer's acetate dilution, the
      ROTEM variables changed almost linearly with increasing dilution volume. When
      albumin was used in the 33% dilution, the clot firmness of the fibrin clot
      (FibTEM) was further reduced, and with HES dilution, there was a pronounced
      impairment. The stored blood mix had a low pH and calcium level, both of which
      might have a significant influence on the coagulation process but normal ROTEM
      curves after recalcification. Dilution with Ringer's acetate and albumin resulted
      in moderate deterioration, while dilution with HES showed severely impaired
      haemostasis. 

PMID- 26963028
TI  - Benefit and risk of primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients with
      advanced pancreatic cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta
      analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - As vascular thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of death in cancer patients,
      it has been postulated that primary thromboprophylaxis (PTP) in cancer patients
      might improve survival by reducing VTE occurrence. We performed a systemic review
      and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the
      benefit and risk of PTP with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) in ambulatory
      advanced pancreatic cancer (APC) patients receiving chemotherapy. We undertook a
      literature search using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through May 2015. RCTs with
      reduction in symptomatic VTE as a primary or secondary endpoints were included.
      Mantel-Haenszel method was used to estimate the pooled event-based risk ratio as
      well as the pooled absolute risk difference with 95% confidence interval (CI).
      Seven hundred and thirty-eight APC patients were eligible for analysis. PTP
      lasted 3-6 months. The crude VTE incidence was 2.1 and 11.2% in LMWH and in
      control groups, respectively (risk ratio, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.083-0.39; P < 0.0001).
      The absolute risk difference in VTE was -0.092 (95% CI, -0.127 to -0.057; P <
      0.0001), with an estimated number needed to treat of 11 patients to prevent one
      symptomatic VTE event. The pooled risk ratio for major bleeding was 1.25 (95% CI,
      0.48-3.3, P = 0.65). Although these findings are encouraging to deploy PTP in APC
      patients receiving chemotherapy, uncertainties remain as to its survival benefit,
      optimal PTP duration, type and dose of LMWH, and costs of care. Therefore,
      adequately powered randomized phase III studies are warranted to address these
      questions. 

PMID- 26963029
TI  - RN-BS Writing Project: A Successful Academic-Community Partnership.

PMID- 26963030
TI  - In Our Own "Campus-Yard": A Creative Approach to Learning About Culture.

PMID- 26963031
TI  - Linking Root Cause Analysis to Practice Using Problem-Based Learning.

PMID- 26963032
TI  - Using Metacognitive Wrappers to Help Students Enhance Their Prioritization and
      Test-Taking Skills.

PMID- 26963033
TI  - Broadening the Reach of Standardized Patients in Nurse Practitioner Education to
      Include the Distance Learner.
AB  - Using standardized patients (SP) presenting with a specific complaint has been a
      mainstay in health care education. Increased use of technology has facilitated
      the move of instruction from the on-campus classroom to distance learning for
      many nurse practitioner programs. Using interactive case studies provides
      distance learners SP encounters. This technologically facilitated encounter gives
      the distance learner the opportunity for integrative thinking and development of
      problem solving and clinical reasoning skills. 

PMID- 26963026
TI  - Recent advances in understanding nuclear size and shape.
AB  - Size and shape are important aspects of nuclear structure. While normal cells
      maintain nuclear size within a defined range, altered nuclear size and shape are
      associated with a variety of diseases. It is unknown if altered nuclear
      morphology contributes to pathology, and answering this question requires a
      better understanding of the mechanisms that control nuclear size and shape. In
      this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms
      that regulate nuclear morphology, focusing on nucleocytoplasmic transport,
      nuclear lamins, the endoplasmic reticulum, the cell cycle, and potential links
      between nuclear size and size regulation of other organelles. We then discuss the
      functional significance of nuclear morphology in the context of early embryonic
      development. Looking toward the future, we review new experimental approaches
      that promise to provide new insights into mechanisms of nuclear size control, in
      particular microfluidic-based technologies, and discuss how altered nuclear
      morphology might impact chromatin organization and physiology of diseased cells. 

PMID- 26963034
TI  - Multiagency Online Preceptor Education: Design, Implementation, and Outcomes.
AB  - This article describes the design, implementation, feedback, problems, and
      solutions of a fully online Preceptor Development Program designed to help nurses
      acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills key to the preceptor role. This program
      uses a variety of active learning experiences that support preceptor development.

PMID- 26963035
TI  - Effectiveness of an Adaptive Quizzing System as an Institutional-Wide Strategy to
      Improve Student Learning and Retention.
AB  - Exploring ways to help students achieve success in nursing programs is critical
      to increase retention and the number of nurse graduates. This study examined the
      impact of an adaptive quizzing system implemented as a strategy to support
      student persistence and performance measured by use, grades, and graduation.
      Results indicated that use of the system increased course content mastery and
      predicted final course grades. Retention and program completion rates were also
      positively influenced. 

PMID- 26963036
TI  - Developing a Foundation for Interprofessional Education Within Nursing and
      Medical Curricula.
AB  - Effective teamwork is essential to foster patient safety and promote quality
      patient care. Students may have limited to no exposure to interprofessional
      education (IPE) or collaborative practice, therefore making it challenging to
      learn how to work in teams. This article describes how a nursing and a medical
      school collaborated to systematically integrate IPE simulations into the
      curricula so that every graduate from the respective schools received
      TeamSTEPPS(r) education and participated in a standardized IPE simulation
      experience. 

PMID- 26963037
TI  - Comparison of the mineral and fatty acid profiles of ostrich, turkey and broiler
      chicken livers.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the mineral and lipid profiles in ostrich,
      turkey and broiler chicken livers. The highest concentrations of phosphorus,
      potassium and magnesium were found in turkey livers, at 3751.50, 2153.05 and
      363.98 mg/kg fresh weight (FW), respectively, whereas ostrich livers were the
      richest in calcium (82.77 mg/kg FW). Ostrich liver was the richest source of
      iron, calcium, zinc and silicon, at 947.8, 82.77, 47.50, 36.69 mg/kg FW,
      respectively. Ostrich livers proved to be the richest source of long-chain fatty
      acids (5.18% C20:4n+6, 0.48% EPA and 1.08% DHA). 

PMID- 26963038
TI  - Photoinduced Electron Transfer in the Strong Coupling Regime: Waveguide-Plasmon
      Polaritons.
AB  - Reversible exchange of photons between a material and an optical cavity can lead
      to the formation of hybrid light-matter states where material properties such as
      the work function [ Hutchison et al. Adv. Mater. 2013 , 25 , 2481 - 2485 ],
      chemical reactivity [ Hutchison et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012 , 51 , 1592 -
      1596 ], ultrafast energy relaxation [ Salomon et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009
      , 48 , 8748 - 8751 ; Gomez et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2013 , 117 , 4340 - 4346 ],
      and electrical conductivity [ Orgiu et al. Nat. Mater. 2015 , 14 , 1123 - 1129 ]
      of matter differ significantly to those of the same material in the absence of
      strong interactions with the electromagnetic fields. Here we show that strong
      light-matter coupling between confined photons on a semiconductor waveguide and
      localized plasmon resonances on metal nanowires modifies the efficiency of the
      photoinduced charge-transfer rate of plasmonic derived (hot) electrons into
      accepting states in the semiconductor material. Ultrafast spectroscopy
      measurements reveal a strong correlation between the amplitude of the transient
      signals, attributed to electrons residing in the semiconductor and the
      hybridization of waveguide and plasmon excitations. 

PMID- 26963045
TI  - The PGF2alpha agonists luprostiol and d-cloprostenol reliably induce luteolysis
      in luteal phase mares without evoking clinical side effects or a stress response.
AB  - In the present study we have evaluated a possible stress reaction in response to
      two different PGF2alpha analogs-luprostiol and D-cloprostenol--and their effects
      on estrous cycle characteristics. In a cross-over-design eight mares received in
      alternating order either luprostiol (Treatment LUP; 3.75 mg im), D-cloprostenol
      (Treatment CLO; 22.5MUg im) or saline (Treatment CON; NaCl 0.9% 0.5ml im) on day
      8 after ovulation. Injection of either LUP or CLO, but not of CON resulted in a
      significant decline of progesterone concentration in plasma to baseline
      concentrations within two days (time: p<0.001, treatment: p<0.01, time *
      treatment: p<0.05). The treatment to ovulation interval was significantly shorter
      in LUP and CLO than in CON cycles (LUP: 9.4 +/- 0.4 d; CLO: 9.4 +/- 1.3 d; CON:
      16.1 +/- 0.8 d; p<0.001). Injection of either LUP or CLO, but not of CON
      significantly increased salivary cortisol concentration (immediately before
      injection: CON 1.3 +/- 0.2, LUP 1.4 +/- 0.3, CLO 1.4 +/- 0.3 ng/ml; 60 min after
      injection: CON 1.0 +/- 0.3, LUP 8.0 +/- 1.4, CLO 4.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml; time: p<0.01,
      treatment: p<0.001, time * treatment: p<0.001). Heart rate decreased over time
      (p<0.05) independent of treatment and no changes in heart rate variability were
      detected. Injection of the PGF2alpha analogs CLO and LUP reliably induced
      luteolysis and apart from a transient increase in salivary cortisol concentration
      no signs of a physiological stress response or apparent side effects occurred.

PMID- 26963047
TI  - Finite-time full counting statistics and factorial cumulants for transport
      through a quantum dot with normal and superconducting leads.
AB  - We study the finite-time full counting statistics for subgap transport through a
      single-level quantum dot tunnel-coupled to one normal and one superconducting
      lead. In particular, we determine the factorial and the ordinary cumulants both
      for finite times and in the long-time limit. We find that the factorial cumulants
      violate the sign criterion, indicating a non-binomial distribution, even in
      absence of Coulomb repulsion due to the presence of superconducting correlations.
      At short times the cumulants exhibit oscillations which are a signature of the
      coherent transfer of Cooper pairs between the dot and the superconductor. 

PMID- 26963046
TI  - Epididymal protein markers and fertility.
AB  - The last stages of male gamete differentiation occur outside the gonad in a
      specific environment controlled by the epididymal epithelium. All the fundamental
      characteristics of a fertile spermatozoon are acquired sequentially during
      transit through the epididymal tubule. Full understanding of the mechanisms
      involved in these gamete modifications is a key to understanding and controlling
      such important stages in male fertility. With the development of new large scale
      technologies, large amounts of information give hope of identifying the
      fundamental elements involved in such cellular events and of being able to obtain
      some markers predictive of male fertility that would be valuable both in human
      and/or animal reproduction. 

PMID- 26963048
TI  - Probenecid Sensitizes Neuroblastoma Cancer Stem Cells to Cisplatin.
AB  - We used both in vitro cultures of neuroblastoma cell lines and nude-mice
      xenotransplants to explore the effects of co-administration of cisplatin and
      probenecid. Probenecid sensitized neuroblastoma cells, including tumor cells with
      stem features, to the effects of cisplatin, both in vitro and in vivo. This
      effect was mediated by an increase in the apoptotic cell death and a concomitant
      decrease in cell proliferation. This effect is accompanied by modulation of the
      mRNA and protein of the drug efflux transporters MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP. The co
      administration of probenecid with cisplatin should be explored as a possible
      therapeutic strategy. 

PMID- 26963050
TI  - The beneficial influence of inattention on visual interference in schizophrenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is associated with poor spatial attention. However,
      although this deficit undermines the perception of target information, it may be
      helpful for ignoring irrelevant inputs. The present study examined whether event
      related brain potential (ERP) indices of visual spatial attention predicted the
      magnitude of the brain response to interference in schizophrenia. METHOD: ERPs
      were recorded in 16 schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy control participants
      who had to indicate whether the target E was global or local in compound letter
      stimuli. The nontarget could be either highly similar to the target (i.e., a
      global E composed of local Ss and vice versa) and thus produce more interference,
      or it could be dissimilar (i.e., a global E composed of local Hs and vice versa)
      and generate less interference. RESULTS: Both groups' responses were slowed by
      interference. Voltage amplitudes of the P1, and of ERP interference effects from
      300-500 ms after stimulus onset, were significantly smaller in schizophrenia
      patients than in healthy participants when the target was global. In patients,
      larger P1 amplitudes were correlated with larger interference effects and with
      more severe symptoms of attentional deficits and conceptual disorganization.
      Schizophrenia participants thus exhibited abnormal ERPs to interference despite
      normal behavioral performance. CONCLUSIONS: Schizophrenia patients likely pay
      less attention to stimuli in general; however, the impact of this impairment on
      target detection is compensated by relatively greater inattention to irrelevant
      components of the stimuli, and this explains why they are not more influenced by
      interference than healthy participants at the behavioral level. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 26963049
TI  - Stochastic modeling of central apnea events in preterm infants.
AB  - A near-ubiquitous pathology in very low birth weight infants is neonatal apnea,
      breathing pauses with slowing of the heart and falling blood oxygen. Events of
      substantial duration occasionally occur after an infant is discharged from the
      neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It is not known whether apneas result from a
      predictable process or from a stochastic process, but the observation that they
      occur in seemingly random clusters justifies the use of stochastic models. We use
      a hidden-Markov model to analyze the distribution of durations of apneas and the
      distribution of times between apneas. The model suggests the presence of four
      breathing states, ranging from very stable (with an average lifetime of 12 h) to
      very unstable (with an average lifetime of 10 s). Although the states themselves
      are not visible, the mathematical analysis gives estimates of the transition
      rates among these states. We have obtained these transition rates, and shown how
      they change with post-menstrual age; as expected, the residence time in the more
      stable breathing states increases with age. We also extrapolated the model to
      predict the frequency of very prolonged apnea during the first year of life. This
      paradigm-stochastic modeling of cardiorespiratory control in neonatal infants to
      estimate risk for severe clinical events-may be a first step toward personalized
      risk assessment for life threatening apnea events after NICU discharge. 

PMID- 26963051
TI  - Two cases of food aversion with semantic dementia.
AB  - Accounts of altered eating behavior in semantic dementia generally emphasize
      gluttony and abnormal food preferences. Here we describe two female patients with
      no past history of eating disorders who developed early prominent aversion to
      food in the context of an otherwise typical semantic dementia syndrome. One
      patient (aged 57) presented features in line with anorexia nervosa while the
      second patient (aged 58) presented with a syndrome more suggestive of bulimia
      nervosa. These cases add to the growing spectrum of apparently dichotomous
      behavior patterns in the frontotemporal dementias and illustrate a potentially
      under-recognized cause of eating disorders presenting in later life.

PMID- 26963052
TI  - Health Care, Family, and Community Factors Associated with Mental, Behavioral,
      and Developmental Disorders in Early Childhood - United States, 2011-2012.
AB  - Sociodemographic, health care, family, and community attributes have been
      associated with increased risk for mental, behavioral, and developmental
      disorders (MBDDs) in children (1,2). For example, poverty has been shown to have
      adverse effects on cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical development (1). A
      safe place to play is needed for gross motor development, and accessible health
      care is needed for preventive and illness health care (3). Positive parenting and
      quality preschool interventions have been shown to be associated with prosocial
      skills, better educational outcomes, and fewer health risk behaviors over time
      (2). Protective factors for MBDDs are often shared (4) and conditions often co
      occur; therefore, CDC considered MBDDs together to facilitate the identification
      of factors that could inform collaborative, multidisciplinary prevention
      strategies. To identify specific factors associated with MBDDs among U.S.
      children aged 2-8 years, parent-reported data from the most recent (2011-2012)
      National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) were analyzed. Factors associated
      with having any MBDD included inadequate insurance, lacking a medical home, fair
      or poor parental mental health, difficulties getting by on the family's income,
      employment difficulties because of child care issues, living in a neighborhood
      lacking support, living in a neighborhood lacking amenities (e.g., sidewalks,
      park, recreation center, and library), and living in a neighborhood in poor
      condition. In a multivariate analysis, fair or poor parental mental health and
      lacking a medical home were significantly associated with having an MBDD. There
      was significant variation in the prevalence of these and the other factors by
      state, suggesting that programs and policies might use collaborative efforts to
      focus on specific factors. Addressing identified factors might prevent the onset
      of MBDDs and improve outcomes among children who have one or more of these
      disorders. 

PMID- 26963053
TI  - NOX 5 is expressed in platelets from patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

PMID- 26963054
TI  - Dermatoscopy as a Helpful Tool in Plastic Surgeon's Practice - A Preliminary
      Study.
AB  - The aim of the study was to examine the utility of dermatoscopy in plastic
      surgeons' practice in pigmented and non-pigmented skin lesions management.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examined group consisted of 68 patients with 132
      lesions (50 women and 18 men) aged from 12 to 75 years (the mean: 47.2 years +/-
      16.9 years), who underwent dermatoscopy. Dermatoscopic photographs were analysed
      according to the ABCD and 7-point scales and then, a further treatment (surgical
      excision, electro resection or regular follow-up and observations) was planned.
      RESULTS: The mean score of all lesions according to ABCD scale was 2.34 while in
      7-point scale it was 0.62. In male and female groups the number of lesions and
      their ABCD and 7-point scale scores were similar (p>0.05). Histopathological
      examination revealed that all excised lesions were benign (compound melanocytic
      nevi) which corresponded with dermatoscopic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatoscopy
      seems to be helpful in surgeons' dealing with skin lesions practise and in many
      cases it enables to choose less invasive technique of lesions' removal (electro
      resection), which gives better aesthetic results.

PMID- 26963055
TI  - Treatment of Perianal Fistulas in Poland.
AB  - A perianal fistula is a pathological canal covered by granulation tissue
      connecting the anal canal and perianal area epidermis. The above-mentioned
      problem is the reason for the patient to visit the surgeonproctologist.
      Unfortunately, the disease is characterized by a high recurrence rate, even
      despite proper management. The aim of the study was to determine the current
      condition of perianal fistula treatment methods in everyday surgical practice,
      considering members of the Society of Polish Surgeons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1523
      members of the Society of Polish Surgeons received an anonymous questionnaire
      comprising 15 questions regarding perianal fistula treatment in everyday
      practice. RESULTS: Results were obtained from 807 (53%) members. After receiving
      answers, questionnaire results were collected, analysed, and presented in a
      descriptive form. CONCLUSIONS: Study results showed that most Polish surgeons
      choose the fistulectomy/fistulotomy method. Considering treatment of perianal
      fistulas the most important issue is to find the correct, primary fistula canal.
      Further methods should be individually selected for each patient. One should also
      remember that every fistula is different. Surgical departments that operate a
      small number of perianal fistulas should direct such patients to reference
      centers.

PMID- 26963056
TI  - Assessment of Pharmacological Prophylaxis for Acute Pancreatitis Following ERCP
      in Patients with Choledoholithiasis.
AB  - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an effective tool in the
      diagnostics and treatment of bile duct diseases. Although minimally invasive, the
      procedure is associated with a risk of complications, with acute pancreatitis
      being the most serious. In recent years, high hopes have been placed on
      pharmacological prevention of acute pancreatitis after ERCP. The aim of the study
      was assessment of the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin and somatostatin
      in combination with diclofenac in the prevention of acute pancreatitis after
      ERCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study enrolled three groups of 30 patients
      diagnosed with cholelithiasis; group I: patients who received low-molecular
      weight heparin prior to ERCP, group II: patients who received somatostatin and
      diclofenac, group III: control group. The study assessed the incidence of acute
      pancreatitis, hyperamylasemia and increased CRP levels. RESULTS: Acute
      pancreatitis was observed in 13.3% of group I patients, 10% of group II patients
      and 16.7% of group III patients (no statistical significance). Hyperamylasemia
      was observed in 16.7% of group I patients, 16.7% of group II patients and 43.3%
      of group III patients. These differences were statistically significant. No
      significant differences were found in the occurrence of increased CRP levels
      among the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant reduction in the occurrence
      of acute pancreatitis after ERCP was observed in patients who received
      pharmacological prophylaxis. A significant reduction in the occurrence of
      hyperamylasemia was found in drug-treated patients.

PMID- 26963057
TI  - Long-Term Results of Partial Nasal Reconstructions with Indian Flap.
AB  - The aim of the study was clinical evaluation of the results following
      reconstruction with the Indian flap in patients with partial nasal defects, and
      estimation of their postoperative life quality in functional and aesthetic
      aspects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed results in 38 patients who underwent
      reconstructions with the Indian flap in the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive
      and Aesthetic Surgery between years 2000-2013. The patients were followed-up for
      at least 2 years. We estimated their life quality in aesthetic and functional
      aspects after surgery. RESULTS: Observed complications of nasal reconstruction
      were alar asymmetry in 6 patients (15.8%), nasal obstruction in 6 persons
      (15.8%), wide postoperative scar in 4 (10.5%), and non-aesthetic appearance of
      the donor site in two cases (5.3%). Estimation of life quality post surgery in
      the examined group of patients revealed significant postoperative improvement in
      both functional and aesthetic aspects. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Reconstructions of nasal
      defects with the Indian flap resulted in satisfactory longterm postoperative
      results, which confirms the efficiency of the applied technique. 2.
      Reconstructive surgery with Indian flap of individuals with partial nasal defects
      contributed to significant postoperative improvement in both functional and
      aesthetic aspects and their life quality.

PMID- 26963058
TI  - Laparosocopic Appendectomy, Cost-Effectiveness of Three Different Techniques Used
      to Close the Appendix Stump.
AB  - It is generally agreed that laparoscopic appendectomy is a valuable operative
      method. The aim of the study was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of three
      different techniques used to close the appendix stump. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We
      conducted a retrospective study that compared three groups of patients who were
      operated on laparoscopically for acute appendicitis in 2013 at our institution.
      We used an endoscopic clip to close the appendix stump in the first group (n=20),
      endoscopic stapler was applied in the second group (n=20), and in the third group
      of patients the appendix base was closed with a laparoscopic suture (n=20). These
      groups were matched by age, sex and BMI. RESULTS: The average operative cost was
      the highest in the second group. Cost of the laparoscopic appendectomy with the
      application of the endoscopic clip was significantly lower (first group) and
      comparable to the third group. Observed differences in total hospitalization
      costs were associated only with the chosen appendix stump closure technique.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clip closure of the appendix base is an easy and cost-effective
      procedure. The laparoscopic suture technique is the cheapest but technically
      demanding. According to our experience endoscopic stapler may be useful in some
      cases, although it is the most expensive method.

PMID- 26963059
TI  - Consent for Surgery in View of an Ambigious Court Decision - Case Report.
AB  - Guardianship courts seem to issue decisions in case of the need to obtain consent
      for surgery, amongst other things, when the patient is unable to consciously
      express written consent, and at the same time does not have a legal
      representative or a statutory representative does exist, but settlement with him
      is impossible. The presented study case demonstrated the abnormalities of
      applying court procedures, as well as the responsibilities and dilemmas posed in
      front of a surgeon. A specialist surgeon wanted to help the patient and he was
      able to accomplish his mission. 

PMID- 26963060
TI  - Bleeding Liver Tumor in a Patient on Anticoagulation Therapy - Case Report.
AB  - Intraabdominal bleeding is a serious surgical problem, particularly in elderly
      patients following an anticoagulant therapy. It occurs, that abdominal
      haemorrhage is the first symptom of hepatocellular carcinoma, mostly in Asians
      and Africans, occasionally in Europeans. The article's author shows a case of an
      elderly man, treated by Acenocumarolum, in a haemorrhagic shock. During an
      operation a bleeding liver tumor was revealed. The surgical team performed an
      effectual tumor resection and stoped the bleeding. 

PMID- 26963061
TI  - Preoperative Evaluation; New Attempt.

PMID- 26963062
TI  - Resistant multiple sparse canonical correlation.
AB  - Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a multivariate technique that takes two
      datasets and forms the most highly correlated possible pairs of linear
      combinations between them. Each subsequent pair of linear combinations is
      orthogonal to the preceding pair, meaning that new information is gleaned from
      each pair. By looking at the magnitude of coefficient values, we can find out
      which variables can be grouped together, thus better understanding multiple
      interactions that are otherwise difficult to compute or grasp intuitively. CCA
      appears to have quite powerful applications to high-throughput data, as we can
      use it to discover, for example, relationships between gene expression and gene
      copy number variation. One of the biggest problems of CCA is that the number of
      variables (often upwards of 10,000) makes biological interpretation of linear
      combinations nearly impossible. To limit variable output, we have employed a
      method known as sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA), while adding
      estimation which is resistant to extreme observations or other types of deviant
      data. In this paper, we have demonstrated the success of resistant estimation in
      variable selection using SCCA. Additionally, we have used SCCA to find multiple
      canonical pairs for extended knowledge about the datasets at hand. Again, using
      resistant estimators provided more accurate estimates than standard estimators in
      the multiple canonical correlation setting. R code is available and documented at
      https://github.com/hardin47/rmscca. 

PMID- 26963063
TI  - Comparative study of polyvinylidene fluoride and polypropylene suburethral slings
      in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.
AB  - Aims Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
      transobturator suburethral slings/tapes (TOTs) in the treatment of stress urinary
      incontinence, and compare them to polypropylene (PP) slings. Material and Methods
      A retrospective cohort study was performed on women treated with a TOT procedure
      at Vall d'Hebron Hospital between February 2010 and May 2013. A PVDF sling was
      used in surgeries on 23 women. A comparison group was randomly selected among all
      women treated with a PP sling in a 1:4 ratio (n = 92). Failure incidence was
      analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival functions and a multivariate Cox regression
      model. Results Both groups were similar in their initial characteristics. The
      median follow-up was 24.6 months in the PP group and 21.3 months in the PVDF
      group. The survival functions showed a higher incidence of failures in the PP
      group, primarily because of obstructive symptoms. However, the differences were
      not statistically significant (hazard ratio of failure of PP vs PVDF 4.31; 95%
      confidence interval 0.56-33.05). Complication rates did not differ between the
      two groups. More cases of voiding dysfunction were observed in the PP group.
      Conclusions Polyvinylidene fluoride suburethral tapes have been found to have an
      effectiveness and safety comparable to PP tapes. 

PMID- 26963066
TI  - Probing the Self-Assembly Mechanism of Lanthanide-Containing Sandwich-Type
      Silicotungstates [{Ln(H2O)n}2{Mn4(B-alpha-SiW9O34)2(H2O)2}](6-) Using Time
      Resolved Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Crystallography.
AB  - The reaction of [gamma-SiW10O36](8-) with Mn(2+) and Ln(3+) in an aqueous
      solution led to the isolation of a series of new lanthanide-containing sandwich
      type polyoxometalates (POMs) [{Ln(H2O)n}2{Mn4(B-alpha-SiW9O34)2(H2O)2}](6-) (1
      5a) (Ln = La (1), Nd (2), Gd (3), Dy (4), Er (5); n = 5, 6), which crystallize in
      the space groups C2/c with a = 33.0900(2)-32.9838(15) A, b = 12.8044(10)
      12.7526(6) A, c = 22.8273(17)-22.6368(11) A, V = 9669.2(12)-9519.7(8) A(3), Z = 2
      (1, 2); P1 with a = 11.9502(4)-11.8447(6) A, b = 13.2203(4)-13.1164(5) A, c =
      15.8291(5)-15.8524(7) A, V = 2221.25(13)-2189.95(18) A(3), Z = 1 (3, 4, 5),
      respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that they consist of two
      dimensional networks based on a sandwich-type polyanion [Mn4(B-alpha
      SiW9O34)2(H2O)2](12-) (6a, {Mn4(SiW9)2}) and lanthanide cations (Ln(3+)), which
      are further connected into three-dimensional frameworks by potassium cations for
      3, 4, and 5. The unprecedented combination of time-resolved electrospray
      ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) studies and X-ray crystallography allows us
      not only to directly observe the in-solution rearrangement of divant anion [gamma
      SiW10O36](8-) into the sandwich-type POM 6a via an intermediate species [Mn3(B
      beta-SiW8O30(OH))(B-beta-SiW9O33(OH))(H2O)](12-) (7a, {Mn3(SiW8)(SiW9)}) from ESI
      MS results, but also to gain the solid-state structures of intermediate and final
      product isolated from reaction solutions from X-ray crystallography results, from
      which the self-assembly mechanism of the lanthanide-containing sandwich-type POMs
      1-5a was proposed. 

PMID- 26963065
TI  - Molecular Dynamics Simulation of DNA Capture and Transport in Heated Nanopores.
AB  - The integration of local heat sources with solid-state nanopores offers new means
      for controlling the transmembrane transport of charged biomacromolecules. In the
      case of electrophoretic transport of DNA, recent experimental studies revealed
      unexpected temperature dependences of the DNA capture rate, the DNA translocation
      velocity, and the ionic current blockades produced by the presence of DNA in the
      nanopore. Here, we report the results of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations
      that elucidated the effect of temperature on the key microscopic processes
      governing electric field-driven transport of DNA through nanopores. Mimicking the
      experimental setup, we simulated the capture and subsequent translocation of
      short DNA duplexes through a locally heated nanopore at several temperatures and
      electrolyte conditions. The temperature dependence of ion mobility at the DNA
      surface was found to cause the dependence of the relative conductance blockades
      on temperature. To the first order, the effective force on DNA in the nanopore
      was found to be independent of temperature, despite a considerable reduction of
      solution viscosity. The temperature dependence of the solution viscosity was
      found to make DNA translocations faster for a uniformly heated system but not in
      the case of local heating that does not affect viscosity of solution surrounding
      the untranslocated part of the molecule. Increasing solution temperature was also
      found to reduce the lifetime of bonds formed between cations and DNA. Using a
      flow suppression algorithm, we were able to separate the effects of electro
      osmotic flow and direct ion binding, finding the reduced durations of DNA-ion
      bonds to increase, albeit weakly, the effective force experienced by DNA in an
      electric field. Unexpectedly, our simulations revealed a considerable temperature
      dependence of solvent velocity at the DNA surface-slip velocity, an effect that
      can alter hydrodynamic coupling between the motion of DNA and the surrounding
      fluid.

PMID- 26963067
TI  - Combined Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction and Tibial Tubercle
      Transfer Results at a Follow-Up of 2 years.
AB  - There is limited data on the effectiveness of combined medial patellofemoral
      ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and tibial tubercle transfer (TTT) in patients
      with patella instability. The aim of our study was to analyze the functional
      outcome in patients treated with MPFL reconstruction and TTT. Between July 2008
      and April 2013, 18 patients (21 knees) underwent combined MPFL reconstruction and
      TTT; 15 patients (16 knees) with a mean age of 24 years (16-41) had a mean follow
      up of 30 months (26-55). There was significant improvement in outcome scores in
      12 out of 15 patients. KOOS score improved from 68.25 (44-93.9) to 77.05 (48.8
      96.4) and KUJALA score improved from 63.3 (41-88) to 78.06 (45-99). Nine patients
      achieved at least a preinstability level of activity. Out of these nine patients,
      four had activity level better than the preinstability level. The remaining six
      patients had a lower activity level than preinstability level (2-lack of
      confidence and 4-lifestyle modification). Fourteen patients were satisfied and
      happy to recommend this procedure. There were three postoperative complications,
      with two cases of stiffness and one case of nonunion of the tibial tuberosity.
      Thus, the restoration of tibial tubercle to trochlear groove distance, patella
      height, and MPFL reconstruction yields good results in carefully selected
      patients.

PMID- 26963068
TI  - Does Timing of Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy in Stable Knees Matter?
AB  - The timing of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is not well defined. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of early surgical intervention
      on the short-term improvement in clinical outcome. Between June 2012 and July
      2013, patients who had APM for symptomatic irreparable meniscal tears in stable
      knees with no preoperative radiographic osteoarthrosis were included (n = 187).
      The mean age was 45.6 +/- 14.5 years. Early surgical intervention (duration of
      symptoms of less than 3 months) was evaluated together with various preoperative
      and operative variables in a multivariable stepwise regression analysis, while
      the improvement in Lysholm knee score was modeled as a function of these
      predictors. At the last follow-up, the mean Lysholm knee score improved by 14.7
      points and 79% of all patients declared they were satisfied to have had the
      operation; however, of the various predictors in the regression analysis,
      patients who had shorter duration of symptoms or better clinical function before
      surgical intervention had greater improvement in clinical score. In conclusion,
      early APM for symptomatic irreparable tears in stable knees without preoperative
      arthrosis had better improvement in clinical results than in delayed
      intervention.

PMID- 26963069
TI  - Knee Arthroscopy in the Setting of Knee Arthroplasty.
AB  - Knee arthroplasty is an effective and reproducible way of treating advanced knee
      arthritis; however, results are not always favorable. Knee arthroscopy has been
      described in symptomatic knee arthroplasty, but opinion is divided over its
      utility. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine existing evidence
      supporting knee arthroscopy in the setting of knee arthroplasty. Predetermined
      inclusion criteria were used to search the databases EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed
      for articles addressing knee arthroplasty patients who subsequently underwent
      arthroscopy. Inclusion criteria limited our search to human and English language
      studies with clearly described surgical indications. Article screening was
      conducted in duplicate. Before duplicate screening, 2,179 studies were retrieved
      and 52 ultimately satisfied the inclusion criteria. A total of 609 patients
      underwent knee arthroscopy of a symptomatic knee arthroplasty and 120 patients
      went on to require further surgery post-arthroscopy. Peripatellar fibrosis and
      pain with no clear diagnosis were the most commonly described indications for
      surgery. Knee arthroscopy is a safe diagnostic and therapeutic tool in
      symptomatic knee arthroplasty with variable efficacy depending on indication. It
      has diagnostic utility in painful knee arthroplasty patients and is a reliable
      therapeutic option for those with post-arthroplasty diagnoses; although 20% of
      the patients go on to require further surgery. This is a systematic review of
      level IV studies.

PMID- 26963070
TI  - Arthroscopic Suture Pull-Out Fixation of Displaced Tibial Spine Avulsion
      Fracture.
AB  - The aim of this study is to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of
      arthroscopic reduction and fixation of tibial spine avulsion in patients with
      either open physis or closed physis, using high strength nonabsorbable sutures
      utilizing intravenous cannula needle as suture passer and retriever. Twenty-six
      patients of mean age 24.5 years were included in the study with a mean follow-up
      period of 31 months. Twelve patients had McKeever type III avulsion fracture and
      14 had type IV. A follow-up analysis was performed using fracture union time,
      range of motion assessment, and Lysholm and IKDC (International Knee
      Documentation Committee) scores with instrumental (KT-1000 arthrometer) laxity
      assessment. All avulsion fractures showed union at the end of a 3-month follow
      up. Mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) postoperative Lysholm and IKDC subjective
      scores were 97.7 (+/- 3.62, range, 89-100) and 95.55 (+/- 4.21, 82.8-100),
      respectively. All patients were graded IKDC grade A except one with grade B. The
      Lysholm score of open physis group was better than the closed physis group (99.6
      vs. 96.5, p < 0.03), whereas IKDC scores of open versus closed physis group (both
      subjective and objective) and type III and IV McKeever groups did not reveal any
      statistical difference. KT-1000 assessment revealed mean (+/- SD) anterior
      translation of the tibia as 0.85 (+/-0.9) mm. At the final follow-up, all
      patients achieved complete range of movement with no symptom of instability. Two
      patients underwent adhesiolysis for postoperative stiffness in their knee at 4th
      month postoperatively. Arthroscopic suture pull-out fixation for type III and IV
      tibial spine avulsion results in excellent clinical and radiological outcomes in
      patient with open and closed physis without any significant complications. This
      is a prospective case series with level of evidence IV.

PMID- 26963071
TI  - The Impact of Prior Surgery after Total Knee Arthroplasty.
AB  - The number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures performed continues to
      rise. This is the first 1:1 matched cohort analysis of functional outcomes from a
      large prospective total joint registry. Our hypothesis is that a previous
      ipsilateral knee surgery is not associated with worse outcome scores following
      TKA. A total of 1,473 patients who underwent TKA were reviewed: 469 with a
      history of previous ipsilateral knee surgery and 1,004 without. After 1:1
      matching, 469 patients were included in each cohort. Patients in both cohorts had
      statistically similar postoperative functional outcome scores, although patients
      without previous ipsilateral knee surgery had an increased Western Ontario and
      McMaster Universities Arthritis Index stiffness score. This study supports the
      hypothesis that previous ipsilateral knee surgery is not associated with worse
      functional outcomes following primary TKA.

PMID- 26963072
TI  - Polyethylene Insert Exchange Is Crucial in Debridement for Acute Periprosthetic
      Infections following Total Knee Arthroplasty.
AB  - This study aims to report our experience of managing acute periprosthetic joint
      infection (PJI) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with surgical debridement
      and prostheses retention. A review of patients in our prospective joint
      replacement register from 1998 to 2013 was performed. In this study, 34 patients
      with 35 TKAs were included; 25 were infections after primary TKA and 10 were
      after revision TKA. For primary TKA infections, after a mean follow-up of 53.8 +/
      42.6 months, 11 were successfully treated, while 14 failed, including 10
      required reoperations and 4 needed lifelong antibiotic suppression. The success
      rate of debridement was 44.0%. Statistical analyses showed no significant
      differences between the two groups on patients' age, time lag between symptoms
      onset and debridement, preoperative C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, albumin, glucose, or synovial fluid
      total cell count. Patients' primary diagnoses or staphylococcal infections had no
      significant impact on the surgical outcomes either. Debridement with polyethylene
      insert exchange had significantly higher success rate than debridement alone,
      with all 13 cases without exchange failed. All 10 cases with infections after
      revision TKA had failed. We concluded that debridement with prostheses retention
      has a low success rate for acute PJI following primary TKA. The polyethylene
      insert should be exchanged during surgery. For acute infections after revision
      TKA, total revision should be contemplated.

PMID- 26963073
TI  - Gait Using Pneumatic Brace for End-Stage Knee Osteoarthritis.
AB  - More than 20 million individuals in the United States are affected by knee
      osteoarthritis (OA), which can lead to altered biomechanics and excessive joint
      loading. The use of an unloader pneumatic brace with extension assist has been
      proposed as a nonoperative treatment modality that may improve gait mechanics and
      correct knee malalignment. We assessed the following parameters in patients who
      have knee OA treated with and without a brace: (1) changes in temporospatial
      parameters in gait; (2) knee range of motion, knee extension at heel strike, and
      foot placement; (3) knee joint moments and impulse; and (4) changes in dynamic
      stiffness and rate of change of knee flexion during midstance to terminal stance.
      This 2:1 prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial evaluated 36 patients (24
      brace and 12 matching). OA knee patients were randomized to receive either a
      pneumatic unloader brace or a standard nonoperative treatment regimen as the
      matching cohort for a 3-month period. They underwent evaluation of gait
      parameters using a three-dimensional gait analysis system at their initial
      appointment and at 3 months follow-up. All the testing, pre- and postbracing were
      performed without wearing the brace to examine for retained effects. Treatment
      with the brace led to significant improvements versus standard treatment in
      various gait parameters. Patients in the brace group had improvements in walking
      speed, knee extension at heel strike, total range of motion, knee joint forces,
      and rate of knee flexion from midstance to terminal stance when compared with the
      matching cohort. Knee OA patients who used a pneumatic unloader brace for 3
      months for at least 3 hours per day had significant improvements various gait
      parameters when compared with a standard nonoperative therapy cohort. Braced
      patients demonstrated gait-modifying affects when not wearing the brace. These
      results are encouraging and suggest that this device represents a promising
      treatment modality for knee OA that may improve gait, knee pain, and strength in
      knee OA patients. 

PMID- 26963074
TI  - Rehabilitative Guidelines after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Review.
AB  - Rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continues to pose a
      challenge for both patients and providers. In addition, guidelines vary
      considerably between institutions, which often leave therapy regimens to the
      discretion of the provider. The lack of clear guidelines for rehabilitation may
      contribute to inadequate recovery of strength and range-of-motion, resulting in
      less optimal functional outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this review was to
      highlight and discuss a variety of post-TKA rehabilitative modalities currently
      available and to provide evidence regarding efficacy and practicality.
      Specifically, we assessed the role of and evidence for exercise therapy, aquatic
      therapy, balance training, continuous passive motion, cold therapy and
      compression, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, transcutaneous electrical
      nerve stimulation, and instrument-assisted soft-tissue therapy. Additionally, we
      proposed general recommendations for rehabilitation after TKA, and as we
      specifically described active and obese patients, we have included guidelines for
      these subsets as well. Our review examines the various rehabilitative modalities
      to offer suggestions for recovery of strength and range-of-motion after TKA, with
      a focus on the early incorporation of exercise therapy, balance training, aquatic
      therapy, cryopneumatic therapy, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and
      transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Dedication and commitment to
      rehabilitation may help patients attain and exceed their preoperative activity
      levels. 

PMID- 26963075
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26963076
TI  - Comment on: "Cervical Necrotizing Fasciitis-The Value of the Laboratory Risk
      Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis Score as an Indicative Parameter".

PMID- 26963077
TI  - Among Patients With Facial Fractures, Geriatric Patients Have an Increased Risk
      for Associated Injuries.
AB  - PURPOSE: It is hypothesized that facial trauma-associated injuries (AIs) are more
      frequent and severe in elderly than in younger adult patients. The purpose of
      this study was to determine the occurrence of, reasons for, and severity of AI in
      geriatric facial fractures and to compare the differences between geriatric and
      younger adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two patient cohorts were included
      in this cross-sectional retrospective study. Geriatric patients were at least 65
      years old (n = 117) and younger controls were 20 to 50 years old (n = 136). The
      main predictor was age, the primary outcome was AI, and secondary outcomes were
      affected organ system, multiple AIs, polytrauma, and mortality during
      hospitalization. The other explanatory variables were gender, trauma mechanism,
      and type of facial fracture. Statistical methods included chi(2) tests, risk
      analyses with 2 * 2 table, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: AIs were
      significantly more common in geriatric patients (44.0%) than in younger controls
      (25.0%; P < .001). Also, multiple AIs (P = .003), polytrauma (P = .039),
      mortality (P = .008), limb injuries (P = .005), and spine injuries (P = .041)
      were significantly more common in the elderly. In the risk analyses, geriatric
      patients had a 1.8-fold risk for AI, a 2.6-fold risk for multiple AIs, and a 2.2
      fold risk for polytrauma. CONCLUSIONS: AIs are much more frequent and severe in
      geriatric patients, and the elderly die more often of their injuries. The results
      emphasize that elderly patients require specific attention and multi-professional
      collaboration in the diagnosis and sequencing of trauma treatment.

PMID- 26963078
TI  - Fractional non-ablative laser treatment at 1410 nm wavelength for periorbital
      wrinkles - reviscometrical and clinical evaluation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the research was to establish the influence of 1410-nm
      fractional non-ablative laser treatment on skin aging in the eye area. The
      reviscometer reference test is an objective method of estimating the flexibility
      of the skin. The photographic records were used as the auxiliary method of the
      therapy quality effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved the
      group of 13 people (12 females and 1 male, aged 33-47 with prototype II and III
      according to the Fitzpatrick scale), who underwent two sessions of fractional non
      ablative laser therapy (wavelength of 1410 nm) with a 2-week interval. In order
      to evaluate the effectiveness of the quality of the treatment a reviscometer
      probe was used to measure the skin elasticity (Reviscometer RVM 600). The
      measurements were taken twice: directly before and two weeks after the treatment.
      Furthermore, to facilitate the clinical evaluation an anonymous photographical
      documentation was prepared. RESULTS: An improvement of the skin flexibility in
      the eye area was observed and the fact was confirmed by values obtained using the
      reviscometer probe (significant statistic differences: P < 0.0001) as well as
      clinical assessment based on photographical records. CONCLUSION: On the basis of
      the reviscometer measurements analysis and photographical records, 1410-nm
      fractional non-ablative laser treatment appears to be an efficient method
      contributing to the improvement of the skin flexibility of the eyes area as well
      as to the reduction of the number of wrinkles. The post-treatment observation
      proves that the method is well-tolerated in the sensitive eyes area and does not
      cause any significant side effects.

PMID- 26963080
TI  - Identified ambivalence: When cognitive conflicts can help individuals overcome
      cognitive traps.
AB  - In this article we investigate the functional effects of ambivalence on decision
      making processes. We build on the misattribution literature and recent work on
      ambivalence to propose that individuals who properly identify the causes of their
      ambivalence (i.e., identified ambivalence) can systematically process relevant
      situational cues to make more effective decisions. The results of 4 studies
      demonstrate that individuals experiencing identified ambivalence are less
      influenced by cognitive biases (i.e., the framing effect, availability bias, and
      conjunction bias) than individuals experiencing no ambivalence or felt
      ambivalence. Notably, we find that contextual awareness accounts for the effect
      of identified ambivalence on decision effectiveness. We then investigate the role
      of trait self-control as a specific contingency in our model; our results
      indicate that identified ambivalence leads to effective decisions when
      individuals are low in trait self-control. Taken together, we advance theory and
      offer robust, consistent empirical evidence that explains why and how ambivalence
      can result in functional outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963079
TI  - Everything that you have ever been told about assessment center ratings is
      confounded.
AB  - Despite a substantial research literature on the influence of dimensions and
      exercises in assessment centers (ACs), the relative impact of these 2 sources of
      variance continues to raise uncertainties because of confounding. With confounded
      effects, it is not possible to establish the degree to which any 1 effect,
      including those related to exercises and dimensions, influences AC ratings. In
      the current study (N = 698) we used Bayesian generalizability theory to
      unconfound all of the possible effects contributing to variance in AC ratings.
      Our results show that <=1.11% of the variance in AC ratings was directly
      attributable to behavioral dimensions, suggesting that dimension-related effects
      have no practical impact on the reliability of ACs. Even when taking aggregation
      level into consideration, effects related to general performance and exercises
      accounted for almost all of the reliable variance in AC ratings. The implications
      of these findings for recent dimension- and exercise-based perspectives on ACs
      are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963081
TI  - Departures from optimality when pursuing multiple approach or avoidance goals.
AB  - This article examines how people depart from optimality during multiple-goal
      pursuit. The authors operationalized optimality using dynamic programming, which
      is a mathematical model used to calculate expected value in multistage decisions.
      Drawing on prospect theory, they predicted that people are risk-averse when
      pursuing approach goals and are therefore more likely to prioritize the goal in
      the best position than the dynamic programming model suggests is optimal. The
      authors predicted that people are risk-seeking when pursuing avoidance goals and
      are therefore more likely to prioritize the goal in the worst position than is
      optimal. These predictions were supported by results from an experimental
      paradigm in which participants made a series of prioritization decisions while
      pursuing either 2 approach or 2 avoidance goals. This research demonstrates the
      usefulness of using decision-making theories and normative models to understand
      multiple-goal pursuit. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963082
TI  - Recognizing "me" benefits "we": Investigating the positive spillover effects of
      formal individual recognition in teams.
AB  - Many organizations use formal recognition programs (e.g., "employee of the
      month") as a way to publically acknowledge an individual employee's outstanding
      performance and motivate continued high performance. However, it remains unclear
      whether emphasizing individual achievement in a team context is beneficial or
      detrimental for recipients' teammates and, by extension, the team as a whole.
      Drawing on a social influence perspective, we examine potential spillover effects
      of individual formal recognition programs in teams. We hypothesize that a single
      team member's recognition will produce positive spillover effects on other team
      members' performance, as well as overall team performance, via social influence
      processes, especially when the award recipient is located in a central position
      in a team. Findings from 2 lab experiments of 24 teams and 40 teams (Study 1 and
      Study 2, respectively) and a field experiment of 52 manufacturing teams (Study 3)
      reveal that formally recognizing a team member leads to positive changes in
      her/his teammates' individual and collective performance. Thus, formal social
      recognition programs can potentially provide a motivational effect beyond
      individual recipients. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963083
TI  - Illusion of agency in patients with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome.
AB  - The sense of agency refers to the conscious experience of authorship and control
      over actions. The voluntary or involuntary nature of tics, which are the hallmark
      of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS), is unclear. Here, we studied
      metacognitive processing of agency in an explicit agency task on non-medicated
      and medicated GTS patients compared to matched controls. In this task, the
      participants made judgements of control and performance after completion of a
      computerized game where they had to catch targets with a cursor by moving the
      computer mouse. The task included several conditions, where the objective control
      over the cursor could be normal, disrupted or artificially enhanced. We show that
      GTS patients, independently of medication status, based their judgments of agency
      predominantly on the matching between their intention and the outcome, i.e., had
      an illusion of agency in the task condition where their performance was
      artificially enhanced. Nevertheless, they recognized not to be fully in control
      in conditions of disrupted control. The propensity to illusions of agency was
      negatively correlated with global disease severity. Our findings suggest
      alterations of metacognition of agency in GTS patients. This illusion of agency
      could reflect a compensatory mechanism related to tic control, but is more likely
      to be related to deviant brain maturation in GTS. 

PMID- 26963084
TI  - Performing two different actions simultaneously: The critical role of
      interhemispheric interactions during the preparation of bimanual movement.
AB  - Even though it has been suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
      and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) are highly involved in the planning of bimanual
      movements, the exact nature (facilitatory or inhibitory) of their role is not
      well understood. Using a dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
      paradigm, we examined the functional influence from DLPFC and PMd to the
      contralateral primary cortex (M1) during the preparation of a complex bimanual
      coordination task in which inter-hand movement frequency was manipulated. Only
      the left PMd showed inter-hand frequency-specific modulations in the interaction
      with the contralateral M1. Left PMd-right M1 interaction became facilitatory
      during the preparation phase when the left hand had to move faster than the right
      hand, while inhibitory modulation was observed when the movement frequency
      arrangement was reversed. Interestingly, bilateral DLPFC showed a facilitatory
      interaction with the contralateral M1s during the preparation period only in
      difficult conditions, irrespective of the inter-hand frequency ratio, suggesting
      a less task-specific role in the organization of complex bimanual actions.
      Observed task-related modulations in DLPFC-M1 and left PMd-right M1 interactions
      during preparation were significantly correlated with up-coming performance,
      predicting successful bimanual movements. These observations highlight the
      distinct roles of DLPFC and left PMd in the preparation of bimanual movements
      that require a differential contribution of each limb. 

PMID- 26963086
TI  - Personality characteristics in MS patients: The role of avoidant personality.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Quality of life (QOL) is markedly affected by multiple sclerosis
      (MS). Particular personality characteristics (PC) of MS patients can affect their
      QOL. We designed the present study to determine the role of various PCs on QOL in
      MS patients accounting for other clinical factors. METHODS: QOL, PC, physical
      disability, and mental status were recorded in 83 MS patients referred to two
      academic hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2011-2012.
      RESULTS: The mean age of enrolled patients was 31.54+/-7.38 (range: 14-50) years
      and 74 (89.2%) were female. Mean disease duration was 4.55+/-4.70 years. Seventy
      seven patients (92.8%) had relapsing-remitting disease, five (6%) had primary
      progressive, and one showed a secondary progressive course. Correlation between
      total QOL scores in MS patients and disease duration, cognitive impairment, and
      physical disability was significant (all p<0.001). Obsessive-compulsive
      personality was the most frequent PC (43.4%) in our patients. Only avoidant
      personality had a significant negative correlation with all components of QOL
      (Beta: 0.33, p<0.00). In addition, avoidant personality, physical disability, and
      mental status were found to be three predictors of QOL with all its components.
      CONCLUSION: Avoidant personality appears to be an important predictor of poor QOL
      in MS patients. In addition, avoidant coping strategies appear to be associated
      with adverse response to stressful events in these patients. These findings
      suggest the need for psychological intervention for improving the coping
      strategies and QOL in MS patients.

PMID- 26963085
TI  - Perceived egocentric distance sensitivity and invariance across scene-selective
      cortex.
AB  - Behavioral studies in many species and studies in robotics have demonstrated two
      sources of information critical for visually-guided navigation: sense (left
      right) information and egocentric distance (proximal-distal) information. A
      recent fMRI study found sensitivity to sense information in two scene-selective
      cortical regions, the retrosplenial complex (RSC) and the occipital place area
      (OPA), consistent with hypotheses that these regions play a role in human
      navigation. Surprisingly, however, another scene-selective region, the
      parahippocampal place area (PPA), was not sensitive to sense information,
      challenging hypotheses that this region is directly involved in navigation. Here
      we examined how these regions encode egocentric distance information (e.g., a
      house seen from close up versus far away), another type of information crucial
      for navigation. Using fMRI adaptation and a regions-of-interest analysis approach
      in human adults, we found sensitivity to egocentric distance information in RSC
      and OPA, while PPA was not sensitive to such information. These findings further
      support that RSC and OPA are directly involved in navigation, while PPA is not,
      consistent with the hypothesis that scenes may be processed by distinct systems
      guiding navigation and recognition. 

PMID- 26963087
TI  - Predictors of good functional outcomes and mortality in patients with severe
      rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Aneurysmal rebleeding is a major cause of morbidity and mortality
      after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH); however, limited data on
      severity of rebleeding and outcomes after severe rebleeding are available. We
      aimed to determine predictors of good outcome and mortality after severe
      rebleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a multicenter poor-grade aneurysm study, 60
      patients with severe rebleeding, defined as new hemorrhage with poor clinical
      condition caused by rebleeding, were identified. Good functional outcome was
      defined as a modified Rankin scale (mRS) of <=2, and mortality was defined as a
      mRS of 6. Multivariate logistic analyses were used to determine predictors of
      good outcome and mortality. RESULTS: Of the 58 patients included in this report,
      24 (41.3%) patients experienced rebleeding within 24h after ictus. 42 (72.4%)
      patients had died at 12 months. The rate of good outcome increased from 5.2% at
      discharge to 13.8% at 6 months and 19.0% at 12 months. In multivariate analysis,
      World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade IV after rebleeding
      (P=0.007) and aggressive treatment (P=0.039) were independently associated with
      good outcome. A higher modified Fisher grade before rebledding (P=0.040), larger
      aneurysms (P=0.005), and lower Glasgow coma score after rebleeding (P=0.003) were
      independently associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A better clinical
      condition after rebleeding were independently associated with good outcome and
      inversely associated with morality after severe rebleeding. Despite high
      mortality of rebleeding, patients with WFNS grade IV treated with aggressive
      treatment were more likely to have good outcomes regardless of their condition
      before rebleeding.

PMID- 26963089
TI  - IRLT: Integrating Reputation and Local Trust for Trustworthy Service
      Recommendation in Service-Oriented Social Networks.
AB  - With the prevalence of Social Networks (SNs) and services, plenty of trust models
      for Trustworthy Service Recommendation (TSR) in Service-oriented SNs (S-SNs) have
      been proposed. The reputation-based schemes usually do not contain user
      preferences and are vulnerable to unfair rating attacks. Meanwhile, the local
      trust-based schemes generally have low reliability or even fail to work when the
      trust path is too long or does not exist. Thus it is beneficial to integrate them
      for TSR in S-SNs. This work improves the state-of-the-art Combining Global and
      Local Trust (CGLT) scheme and proposes a novel Integrating Reputation and Local
      Trust (IRLT) model which mainly includes four modules, namely Service
      Recommendation Interface (SRI) module, Local Trust-based Trust Evaluation (LTTE)
      module, Reputation-based Trust Evaluation (RTE) module and Aggregation Trust
      Evaluation (ATE) module. Besides, a synthetic S-SN based on the famous Advogato
      dataset is deployed and the well-known Discount Cumulative Gain (DCG) metric is
      employed to measure the service recommendation performance of our IRLT model with
      comparing to that of the excellent CGLT model. The results illustrate that our
      IRLT model is slightly superior to the CGLT model in honest environment and
      significantly outperforms the CGLT model in terms of the robustness against
      unfair rating attacks. 

PMID- 26963088
TI  - Parallel improvement in anxiety and tics after DBS for medically intractable
      Tourette syndrome: A long-term follow-up.

PMID- 26963090
TI  - A New Application of Parallel Synthesis Strategy for Discovery of Amide-Linked
      Small Molecules as Potent Chondroprotective Agents in TNF-alpha-Stimulated
      Chondrocytes.
AB  - As part of an effort to profile potential therapeutics for the treatment of
      inflammation-related diseases, a diversity of amide-linked small molecules was
      synthesized by using parallel synthesis strategy. Moreover, these new compounds
      were also evaluated for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) by using
      tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced inflammatory responses in
      chondrocytes. Among the tested compounds, N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2
      hydroxybenzamide (HS-Ck) was the most potent inhibitor of NO production and
      inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in TNF-alpha-stimulated
      chondrocytes. In addition, our biological results indicated that HS-Ck might
      suppress the expression levels of iNOS and matrix metalloproteinases-13 (MMP-13)
      activities through downregulating the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF
      kappaB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3)
      transcriptional factors. Therefore, the parallel synthesis was successful used to
      develop a new class of potential anti-inflammatory agents as chondroprotective
      candidates for the treatment of osteoarthritis. 

PMID- 26963093
TI  - A Secure and Robust Compressed Domain Video Steganography for Intra- and Inter
      Frames Using Embedding-Based Byte Differencing (EBBD) Scheme.
AB  - This paper presents a novel secure and robust steganographic technique in the
      compressed video domain namely embedding-based byte differencing (EBBD). Unlike
      most of the current video steganographic techniques which take into account only
      the intra frames for data embedding, the proposed EBBD technique aims to hide
      information in both intra and inter frames. The information is embedded into a
      compressed video by simultaneously manipulating the quantized AC coefficients (AC
      QTCs) of luminance components of the frames during MPEG-2 encoding process.
      Later, during the decoding process, the embedded information can be detected and
      extracted completely. Furthermore, the EBBD basically deals with two security
      concepts: data encryption and data concealing. Hence, during the embedding
      process, secret data is encrypted using the simplified data encryption standard
      (S-DES) algorithm to provide better security to the implemented system. The
      security of the method lies in selecting candidate AC-QTCs within each non
      overlapping 8 * 8 sub-block using a pseudo random key. Basic performance of this
      steganographic technique verified through experiments on various existing MPEG-2
      encoded videos over a wide range of embedded payload rates. Overall, the
      experimental results verify the excellent performance of the proposed EBBD with a
      better trade-off in terms of imperceptibility and payload, as compared with
      previous techniques while at the same time ensuring minimal bitrate increase and
      negligible degradation of PSNR values. 

PMID- 26963091
TI  - Identification and Analysis of the Role of Superoxide Dismutases Isoforms in the
      Pathogenesis of Paracoccidioides spp.
AB  - The ability of Paracoccidioides to defend itself against reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) produced by host effector cells is a prerequisite to survive. To counteract
      these radicals, Paracoccidioides expresses, among different antioxidant enzymes,
      superoxide dismutases (SODs). In this study, we identified six SODs isoforms
      encoded by the Paracoccidioides genome. We determined gene expression levels of
      representative isolates of the phylogenetic lineages of Paracoccidioides spp.
      (S1, PS2, PS3 and Pb01-like) using quantitative RT-PCR. Assays were carried out
      to analyze SOD gene expression of yeast cells, mycelia cells, the mycelia-to
      yeast transition and the yeast-to-mycelia germination, as well as under treatment
      with oxidative agents and during interaction with phagocytic cells. We observed
      an increased expression of PbSOD1 and PbSOD3 during the transition process,
      exposure to oxidative agents and interaction with phagocytic cells, suggesting
      that these proteins could assist in combating the superoxide radicals generated
      during the host-pathogen interaction. Using PbSOD1 and PbSOD3 knockdown strains
      we showed these genes are involved in the response of the fungus against host
      effector cells, particularly the oxidative stress response, and in a mouse model
      of infection. Protein sequence analysis together with functional analysis of
      knockdown strains seem to suggest that PbSOD3 expression is linked with a
      pronounced extracellular activity while PbSOD1 seems more related to
      intracellular requirements of the fungus. Altogether, our data suggests that P.
      brasiliensis actively responds to the radicals generated endogenously during
      metabolism and counteracts the oxidative burst of immune cells by inducing the
      expression of SOD isoforms. 

PMID- 26963092
TI  - Arthrobacter pokkalii sp nov, a Novel Plant Associated Actinobacterium with Plant
      Beneficial Properties, Isolated from Saline Tolerant Pokkali Rice, Kerala, India.
AB  - A novel yellow colony-forming bacterium, strain P3B162T was isolated from the
      pokkali rice rhizosphere from Kerala, India, as part of a project study aimed at
      isolating plant growth beneficial rhizobacteria from saline tolerant pokkali rice
      and functionally evaluate their abilities to promote plant growth under saline
      conditions. The novel strain P3B162T possesses plant growth beneficial traits
      such as positive growth on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC),
      production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore. In addition, it also
      showed important phenotypic characters such as ability to form biofilm and
      utilization of various components of plant root exudates (sugars, amino acids and
      organic acids), clearly indicating its lifestyle as a plant rhizosphere
      associated bacterium. Taxonomically, the novel strain P3B162T was affiliated to
      the genus Arthrobacter based on the collective results of phenotypic, genotypic
      and chemotaxonomic analyses. Moreover, molecular analysis using 16S rRNA gene
      showed Arthrobacter globiformis NBRC 12137T, Arthrobacter pascens DSM 20545T and
      Arthrobacter liuii DSXY973T as the closely related phylogenetic neighbours,
      showing more than 98% 16S rRNA similarity values, whereas the recA gene analysis
      displayed Arthrobacter liuii JCM 19864T as the nearest neighbour with 94.7%
      sequence similarity and only 91.7% to Arthrobacter globiformis LMG 3813T and
      88.7% to Arthrobacter pascens LMG 16255T. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization
      values between strain P3B162T, Arthrobacter globiformis LMG 3813T, Arthrobacter
      pascens LMG 16255T and Arthrobacter liuii JCM 19864T was below 50%. In addition,
      the novel strain P3B162T can be distinguished from its closely related type
      strains by several phenotypic characters such as colony pigment, tolerance to
      NaCl, motility, reduction of nitrate, hydrolysis of DNA, acid from sucrose, cell
      wall sugars and cell wall peptidoglycan structure. In conclusion, the combined
      results of this study support the classification of strain P3B162T as a novel
      Arthrobacter species and we propose Arthrobacter pokkalii sp.nov.as its name. The
      type strain is P3B162T (= KCTC 29498T = MTCC 12358T). 

PMID- 26963094
TI  - Identification of Dw1, a Regulator of Sorghum Stem Internode Length.
AB  - Sorghum is an important C4 grain and grass crop used for food, feed, forage,
      sugar, and biofuels. In its native Africa, sorghum landraces often grow to
      approximately 3-4 meters in height. Following introduction into the U.S.,
      shorter, early flowering varieties were identified and used for production of
      grain. Quinby and Karper identified allelic variation at four loci designated Dw1
      Dw4 that regulated plant height by altering the length of stem internodes. The
      current study used a map-based cloning strategy to identify the gene
      corresponding to Dw1. Hegari (Dw1dw2Dw3dw4) and 80M (dw1dw2Dw3dw4) were crossed
      and F2 and HIF derived populations used for QTL mapping. Genetic analysis
      identified four QTL for internode length in this population, Dw1 on SBI-09, Dw2
      on SBI-06, and QTL located on SBI-01 and SBI-07. The QTL on SBI-07 was ~3 Mbp
      upstream of Dw3 and interacted with Dw1. Dw1 was also found to contribute to the
      variation in stem weight in the population. Dw1 was fine mapped to an interval of
      ~33 kbp using HIFs segregating only for Dw1. A polymorphism in an exon of
      Sobic.009G229800 created a stop codon that truncated the encoded protein in 80M
      (dw1). This polymorphism was not present in Hegari (Dw1) and no other
      polymorphisms in the delimited Dw1 locus altered coding regions. The recessive
      dw1 allele found in 80M was traced to Dwarf Yellow Milo, the progenitor of grain
      sorghum genotypes identified as dw1. Dw1 encodes a putative membrane protein of
      unknown function that is highly conserved in plants. 

PMID- 26963095
TI  - Genome-Wide Investigation Using sRNA-Seq, Degradome-Seq and Transcriptome-Seq
      Reveals Regulatory Networks of microRNAs and Their Target Genes in Soybean during
      Soybean mosaic virus Infection.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in a variety of cellular processes through
      regulation of their target gene expression. Accumulated experimental evidence has
      demonstrated that infections by viruses are associated with the altered
      expression profile of miRNAs and their mRNA targets in the host. However, the
      regulatory network of miRNA-mRNA interactions during viral infection remains
      largely unknown. In this study, we performed small RNA (sRNA)-seq, degradome-seq
      and as well as a genome-wide transcriptome analysis to profile the global gene
      and miRNA expression in soybean following infections by three different Soybean
      mosaic virus (SMV) isolates, L (G2 strain), LRB (G2 strain) and G7 (G7 strain).
      sRNA-seq analyses revealed a total of 253 soybean miRNAs with a two-fold or
      greater change in abundance compared with the mock-inoculated control. 125
      transcripts were identified as the potential cleavage targets of 105 miRNAs and
      validated by degradome-seq analyses. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed
      that total 2679 genes are differentially expressed in response to SMV infection
      including 71 genes predicted as involved in defense response. Finally, complex
      miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks were derived using the RNAseq, small RNAseq and
      degradome data. This work represents a comprehensive, global approach to
      examining virus-host interactions. Genes responsive to SMV infection are
      identified as are their potential miRNA regulators. Additionally, regulatory
      changes of the miRNAs themselves are described and the regulatory relationships
      were supported with degradome data. Taken together these data provide new
      insights into molecular SMV-soybean interactions and offer candidate miRNAs and
      their targets for further elucidation of the SMV infection process. 

PMID- 26963097
TI  - Push Force Analysis of Anchor Block of the Oil and Gas Pipeline in a Single-Slope
      Tunnel Based on the Energy Balance Method.
AB  - In this paper, a single-slope tunnel pipeline was analysed considering the
      effects of vertical earth pressure, horizontal soil pressure, inner pressure,
      thermal expansion force and pipeline-soil friction. The concept of stagnation
      point for the pipeline was proposed. Considering the deformation compatibility
      condition of the pipeline elbow, the push force of anchor blocks of a single
      slope tunnel pipeline was derived based on an energy method. Then, the
      theoretical formula for this force is thus generated. Using the analytical
      equation, the push force of the anchor block of an X80 large-diameter pipeline
      from the West-East Gas Transmission Project was determined. Meanwhile, to verify
      the results of the analytical method, and the finite element method, four
      categories of finite element codes were introduced to calculate the push force,
      including CAESARII, ANSYS, AutoPIPE and ALGOR. The results show that the
      analytical results agree well with the numerical results, and the maximum
      relative error is only 4.1%. Therefore, the results obtained with the analytical
      method can satisfy engineering requirements. 

PMID- 26963096
TI  - Metformin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, Reduced Proliferation, Wound Healing
      Impairment In Vivo and Is Associated to Clinical Outcomes in Diabetic Foot Ulcer
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several epidemiological studies in diabetic patients have
      demonstrated a protective effect of metformin to the development of several types
      of cancer. The underlying mechanisms of such phenomenon is related to the effect
      of metformin on cell proliferation among which, mTOR, AMPK and other targets have
      been identified. However, little is known about the role that metformin treatment
      have on other cell types such as keratinocytes and whether exposure to metformin
      of these cells might have serious repercussions in wound healing delay and in the
      development of complications in diabetic patients with foot ulcers or in their
      exacerbation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: HaCaT Cells were exposed to various
      concentrations of metformin and cell viability was evaluated by a Resazurin
      assay; Proliferation was also evaluated with a colony formation assay and with
      CFSE dilution assay by flow cytometry. Cell cycle was also evaluated by flow
      cytometry by PI staining. An animal model of wound healing was used to evaluate
      the effect of metformin in wound closure. Also, an analysis of patients receiving
      metformin treatment was performed to determine the effect of metformin treatment
      on the outcome and wound area. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS v. 18
      and GraphPad software v.5. RESULTS: Metformin treatment significantly reduces
      cell proliferation; colony formation and alterations of the cell cycle are
      observed also in the metformin treated cells, particularly in the S phase. There
      is a significant increase in the area of the wound of the metformin treated
      animals at different time points (P<0.05). There is also a significant increase
      in the size and wound area of the patients with diabetic foot ulcers at the time
      of hospitalization. A protective effect of metformin was observed for amputation,
      probably associated with the anti inflammatory effects reported of metformin.
      CONCLUSIONS: Metformin treatment reduces cell proliferation and reduces wound
      healing in an animal model and affects clinical outcomes in diabetic foot ulcer
      patients. Chronic use of this drug should be further investigated to provide
      evidence of their security in association with DFU.

PMID- 26963098
TI  - Cervical Cancer Screening Service Uptake and Associated Factors among Age
      Eligible Women in Mekelle Zone, Northern Ethiopia, 2015: A Community Based Study
      Using Health Belief Model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women
      worldwide, with about 500,000 new patients diagnosed and over 250,000 deaths
      every year. Cervical cancer screening offers protective benefits and is
      associated with a reduction in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer and
      cervical cancer mortality. But there is very low participation rate in screening
      for cervical cancer among low and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: This study
      aimed to determine cervical cancer screening service uptake and its associated
      factor among age eligible women in Mekelle zone, northern Ethiopia, 2015.
      METHODS: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Mekelle zone
      among age eligible women from February to June 2015. Systematic sampling
      technique was used to select 1286 women in to the study. A pre-tested structured
      questionnaire was used to collect relevant data. Data was entered and cleaned
      using EPINFO and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software package. Bivariate and
      Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess association between
      dependent and independent variables with 95% CI and p-value less than 0.05 was
      set for association. RESULTS: The study revealed that among 1186 age eligible
      women, only 235(19.8%) have been screened for cervical cancer. Age (AOR = 1.799,
      95%CI = 1.182-2.739), history of multiple sexual partners (AOR = 1.635, 95%CI =
      1.094-2.443), history of sexually transmitted disease (AOR = 1.635,95%CI = 1.094
      2.443), HIV sero status (AOR = 5.614, 95%CI = 2.595-12.144), perceived
      susceptibility to cervical cancer (AOR = 2.225, 95%CI = 1.308-3.783), perceived
      barriers to premalignant cervical lesions screening (AOR = 2.256, 95%CI = 1.447
      3.517) and knowledge on cervical cancer and screening (AOR = 2.355, 95%CI = 1.155
      4.802) were significant predictors of cervical cancer screening service uptake.
      CONCLUSION: Magnitude of cervical cancer screening service uptake among age
      eligible women is still unacceptably low. Age of the women, history of multiple
      sexual partners and sexually transmitted disease, HIV sero-positivity, Knowledge,
      Perceived susceptibility and Perceived Barrier were important predictors of
      cervical cancer screening service uptake.

PMID- 26963099
TI  - Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Culture System Compromises the In Vitro
      Development of Mouse Preantral Follicles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Growing cells in simulated weightlessness condition might be a highly
      promising new technique to maintain or generate tissue constructs in a scaffold
      free manner. There is limited evidence that microgravity condition may affect
      development of ovarian follicles. The objective of the present study was to
      investigate the effects of simulated microgravity on the in vitro development of
      mouse preantral follicles. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ovarian tissue from 14-day-old
      mice, or preantral follicles mechanically isolated from 14-day-old mouse ovaries
      were cultured at a simulated microgravity condition generated using a rotating
      wall vessel apparatus. Follicle survival was assessed quantitatively using H&E
      staining. Follicle diameter and oocyte diameter were measured under an inverted
      microscope. Ultrastructure of oocytes was evaluated using transmission electron
      microscopy. We observed that simulated microgravity compromised follicle survival
      in vitro, downregulated PCNA and GDF-9 expressions, and caused ultrastructural
      abnormalities in oocytes. CONCLUSION: This study showed for the first time that
      three-dimensional culture condition generated by simulated microgravity is
      detrimental to the initial stage development of mouse preantral follicles in
      vitro. The experimental setup provides a model to further investigate the
      mechanisms involved in the in vitro developmental processes of oocytes/granulosa
      cells under the microgravity condition.

PMID- 26963100
TI  - Evidence for Status Epilepticus and Pro-Inflammatory Changes after Intranasal
      Kainic Acid Administration in Mice.
AB  - Kainic acid (KA) is routinely used to elicit status epilepticus (SE) and
      epileptogenesis. Among the available KA administration protocols, intranasal
      instillation (IN) remains understudied. Dosages of KA were instilled IN in mice.
      Racine Scale and Video-EEG were used to assess and quantify SE onset. Time spent
      in SE and spike activity was quantified for each animal and confirmed by power
      spectrum analysis. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were performed to define brain
      inflammation occurring after SE, including activated microglial phenotypes. Long
      term video-EEG recording was also performed. Titration of IN KA showed that a
      dose of 30 mg/kg was associated with low mortality while eliciting SE. IN KA
      provoked at least one behavioral and electrographic SE in the majority of the
      mice (>90%). Behavioral and EEG SE were accompanied by a rapid and persistent
      microglial-astrocytic cell activation and hippocampal neurodegeneration.
      Specifically, microglial modifications involved both pro- (M1) and anti
      inflammatory (M2) genes. Our initial long-term video-EEG exploration conducted
      using a small cohort of mice indicated the appearance of spike activity or SE.
      Our study demonstrated that induction of SE is attainable using IN KA in mice.
      Typical pro-inflammatory brain changes were observed in this model after SE,
      supporting disease pathophysiology. Our results are in favor of the further
      development of IN KA as a means to study seizure disorders. A possibility for
      tailoring this model to drug testing or to study mechanisms of disease is
      offered. 

PMID- 26963101
TI  - Pathologic Evaluation of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
      Virus Infection at the Maternal-Fetal Interface of Late Gestation Pregnant Gilts.
AB  - The pathogenesis of fetal death caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory
      syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to
      improve our understanding of the pathogenesis by assessing potential
      relationships between specific histopathological lesions and PRRSV RNA
      concentration in the fetuses and the maternal-fetal interface. Pregnant gilts
      were inoculated with PRRSV (n = 114) or sham inoculated (n = 19) at 85+/-1 days
      of gestation. Dams and their litters were humanely euthanized and necropsied 21
      days later. PRRSV RNA concentration was measured by qRT-PCR in the maternal-fetal
      interface and fetal thymus (n = 1391). Presence of fetal lesions was positively
      related to PRRSV RNA concentration in the maternal-fetal interface and fetal
      thymus (P<0.05 for both), but not to the distribution or severity of vasculitis,
      or the severity of endometrial inflammation. The presence of fetal and umbilical
      lesions was associated with greater odds of meconium staining (P<0.05 for both).
      The distribution and severity of vasculitis in endometrium were not significantly
      related to PRRSV RNA concentration in maternal-fetal interface or fetal thymus.
      Endometrial inflammation severity was positively related to distribution and
      severity of vasculitis in endometrium (P<0.001 for both). Conclusions from this
      study suggest that type 2 PRRSV infection in pregnant gilts induces significant
      histopathological lesions at maternal-fetal interface, but they are not
      associated with presence of PRRSV in the maternal-fetal interface at 21 days post
      infection. Conversely, fetal pathological lesions are associated with presence of
      PRRSV in the maternal-fetal interface and fetal thymus, and meconium staining is
      significantly associated with the presence of both fetal and umbilical lesions
      observed 21 days post infection. 

PMID- 26963102
TI  - Synchronization and Propagation of Global Sleep Spindles.
AB  - Sleep spindles occur thousands of times during normal sleep and can be easily
      detected by visual inspection of EEG signals. These characteristics make spindles
      one of the most studied EEG structures in mammalian sleep. In this work we
      considered global spindles, which are spindles that are observed simultaneously
      in all EEG channels. We propose a methodology that investigates both the signal
      envelope and phase/frequency of each global spindle. By analysing the global
      spindle phase we showed that 90% of spindles synchronize with an average latency
      time of 0.1 s. We also measured the frequency modulation (chirp) of global
      spindles and found that global spindle chirp and synchronization are not
      correlated. By investigating the signal envelopes and implementing a homogeneous
      and isotropic propagation model, we could estimate both the signal origin and
      velocity in global spindles. Our results indicate that this simple and non
      invasive approach could determine with reasonable precision the spindle origin,
      and allowed us to estimate a signal speed of 0.12 m/s. Finally, we consider
      whether synchronization might be useful as a non-invasive diagnostic tool. 

PMID- 26963109
TI  - Imaging in Dermatology. Introduction.

PMID- 26963103
TI  - Versatile Trans-Replication Systems for Chikungunya Virus Allow Functional
      Analysis and Tagging of Every Replicase Protein.
AB  - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV; genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) has recently
      caused several major outbreaks affecting millions of people. There are no
      licensed vaccines or antivirals, and the knowledge of the molecular biology of
      CHIKV, crucial for development of efficient antiviral strategies, remains
      fragmentary. CHIKV has a 12 kb positive-strand RNA genome, which is translated to
      yield a nonstructural (ns) or replicase polyprotein. CHIKV structural proteins
      are expressed from a subgenomic RNA synthesized in infected cells. Here we have
      developed CHIKV trans-replication systems, where replicase expression and RNA
      replication are uncoupled. Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase or cellular RNA
      polymerase II were used for production of mRNAs for CHIKV ns polyprotein and
      template RNAs, which are recognized by CHIKV replicase and encode for reporter
      proteins. CHIKV replicase efficiently amplified such RNA templates and
      synthesized large amounts of subgenomic RNA in several cell lines. This system
      was used to create tagged versions of ns proteins including nsP1 fused with
      enhanced green fluorescent protein and nsP4 with an immunological tag. Analysis
      of these constructs and a matching set of replicon vectors revealed that the
      replicases containing tagged ns proteins were functional and maintained their
      subcellular localizations. When cells were co-transfected with constructs
      expressing template RNA and wild type or tagged versions of CHIKV replicases,
      formation of characteristic replicase complexes (spherules) was observed.
      Analysis of mutations associated with noncytotoxic phenotype in CHIKV replicons
      showed that a low level of RNA replication is not a pre-requisite for reduced
      cytotoxicity. The CHIKV trans-replicase does not suffer from genetic instability
      and represents an efficient, sensitive and reliable tool for studies of different
      aspects of CHIKV RNA replication process. 

PMID- 26963110
TI  - Current state of imaging in dermatology.
AB  - Medical imaging has dramatically transformed the practice of medicine, especially
      the field of dermatology. Imaging is used to facilitate the transfer of
      information between providers, document cutaneous disease, assess response to
      therapy, and plays a crucial role in monitoring and diagnosing skin cancer.
      Advancements in imaging technology and overall improved quality of imaging have
      augmented the utility of photography. We provide an overview of current imaging
      technologies used in dermatology with a focus on their role in skin cancer
      diagnosis. Future technologies include three-dimensional, total-body photography,
      mobile smartphone applications, and computerassisted diagnostic devices. With
      these advancements, we are better equipped to capture and monitor skin conditions
      longitudinally and achieve improved diagnostic accuracy of skin cancer. 

PMID- 26963104
TI  - Understanding Genotype-Phenotype Effects in Cancer via Network Approaches.
AB  - Cancer is now increasingly studied from the perspective of dysregulated pathways,
      rather than as a disease resulting from mutations of individual genes. A pathway
      centric view acknowledges the heterogeneity between genomic profiles from
      different cancer patients while assuming that the mutated genes are likely to
      belong to the same pathway and cause similar disease phenotypes. Indeed, network
      centric approaches have proven to be helpful for finding genotypic causes of
      diseases, classifying disease subtypes, and identifying drug targets. In this
      review, we discuss how networks can be used to help understand patient-to-patient
      variations and how one can leverage this variability to elucidate interactions
      between cancer drivers. 

PMID- 26963111
TI  - The role of imaging in the prevention of wrong-site surgery in dermatology.
AB  - Wrong-site surgery in dermatology often results from inaccurate identification of
      a skin cancer biopsy site. Factors making biopsy-site identification difficult
      include background actinic damage, delays from biopsy to surgery, and lack of
      photographic documentation. While other methods exist for biopsy-site
      identification, photography is the most helpful tool available. Although modern
      technology has made high-quality photographic equipment ubiquitous and easy to
      use, photography for biopsy-site identification continues to be underutilized.
      The authors recommend that photographic documentation of biopsy sites become the
      standard of care. 

PMID- 26963112
TI  - Self-acquired patient images: the promises and the pitfalls.
AB  - Self-acquired patient images, also known as selfies, are increasingly utilized in
      the practice of dermatology; however, research on their utility is somewhat
      limited. While the implementation of selfies has yet to be universally accepted,
      their role in triage appears to be especially useful. The potential for reducing
      office wait times, expediting referrals, and providing dermatologic services to
      patients with limited access to care is promising. In addition, as technology
      advances, the number of smartphone applications related to dermatology that are
      available to the general public has risen exponentially. With appropriate
      standardization, regulation, and confidentiality measures, these tools can be
      feasible adjuncts in clinical practice, dermatologic surgery, and
      teledermatology. Selfies likely will have a large role in dermatologic practice
      and delivery in the future. 

PMID- 26963113
TI  - Advances in noninvasive imaging of melanoma.
AB  - Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer and its incidence has risen
      sharply in recent decades. Early detection of disease is critical for improving
      patient outcomes. Any pigmented lesion that is clinically concerning must be
      removed by biopsy for morphologic investigation on histology. However, biopsies
      are invasive and can cause significant morbidity, and their accuracy in detecting
      melanoma may be limited by sampling error. The advent of noninvasive imaging
      devices has allowed for assessment of intact skin, thereby minimizing the need
      for biopsy; and these technologies are increasingly being used in the diagnosis
      and management of melanoma. Reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence
      tomography, ultrasonography, and multispectral imaging are noninvasive imaging
      techniques that have emerged as diagnostic aids to physical exam and/or
      conventional dermoscopy. This review summarizes the current knowledge about these
      techniques and discusses their practical applications and limitations. 

PMID- 26963114
TI  - Computer-assisted diagnosis of melanoma.
AB  - The computer-assisted diagnosis of melanoma is an exciting area of research where
      imaging techniques are combined with diagnostic algorithms in an attempt to
      improve detection and outcomes for patients with skin lesions suspicious for
      malignancy. Once an image has been acquired, it undergoes a processing pathway
      which includes preprocessing, enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction,
      feature selection, change detection, and ultimately classification. Practicality
      for everyday clinical use remains a vital question. A successful model must
      obtain results that are on par or outperform experienced dermatologists, keep
      costs at a minimum, be user-friendly, and be time efficient with high sensitivity
      and specificity. 

PMID- 26963115
TI  - Noninvasive imaging for nonmelanoma skin cancer.
AB  - The development of noninvasive optical technologies is revolutionizing the
      diagnosis of skin tumors. Nonmelanoma skin cancer, the most frequent neoplasm,
      has become an important health and economic issue, and proper management can
      avoid unnecessary morbidity and mutilating treatment or relapses. Noninvasive
      treatment modalities and the recently approved systemic therapies for advanced
      basal cell carcinoma cases make noninvasive monitoring techniques necessary.
      Current knowledge, applications, and limitations of the tools most clinically
      implemented, such as dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy, high frequency
      ultrasonography, and optical coherence tomography will be reviewed in this
      article. In addition to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy of skin cancer,
      using these tools individually or in combination facilitates better management of
      certain patients and tumors. 

PMID- 26963116
TI  - Radiographic imaging for skin cancer.
AB  - Radiographic imaging is important for the full evaluation of high-risk cutaneous
      tumors. The correct modality should be chosen based on tumor subtype and clinical
      question. Locally advanced tumors may require imaging to evaluate the extent of
      disease, such as bony involvement, orbital infiltration, or perineural invasion.
      Tumors at high risk for regional and distant metastasis require imaging to
      identify local and distant tumor burden. 

PMID- 26963118
TI  - Influence of sulphate on the reduction of cadmium toxicity in the microalga
      Chlamydomonas moewusii.
AB  - Cadmium is considered as one of the most hazardous metals for living organism and
      ecosystems. Environmental factors play an important role since they alter the
      toxicity of metals by varying the bioavailability of these elements for the
      organisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate, using the freshwater
      microalga Chlamydomonas moewusii, the existence of an interaction between cadmium
      and sulphate as a factor that varied the toxicity of this metal. Different cell
      parameters such as cell growth, content of chlorophylls and biosynthesis of
      phytochelatins (PCs) were determined. A two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction
      had a significant effect size of 21% (p<0.001) for the growth of this microalga
      and around of a 6% on the content of chlorophylls/cell. The effect of this
      inhibition was that when the concentration of sulphate increased, a lower toxic
      effect of cadmium on the growth and on the content of chlorophylls was observed.
      In addition, the increase of sulphate concentration allowed the biosynthesis of a
      higher amount of PCs and/or PCs with higher chain length. This higher
      biosynthesis was responsible for the reduction of the toxic effect of cadmium and
      explained the interaction. 

PMID- 26963117
TI  - Epilepsy, Behavioral Abnormalities, and Physiological Comorbidities in Syntaxin
      Binding Protein 1 (STXBP1) Mutant Zebrafish.
AB  - Mutations in the synaptic machinery gene syntaxin-binding protein 1, STXBP1 (also
      known as MUNC18-1), are linked to childhood epilepsies and other
      neurodevelopmental disorders. Zebrafish STXBP1 homologs (stxbp1a and stxbp1b)
      have highly conserved sequence and are prominently expressed in the larval
      zebrafish brain. To understand the functions of stxbp1a and stxbp1b, we generated
      loss-of-function mutations using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and studied brain
      electrical activity, behavior, development, heart physiology, metabolism, and
      survival in larval zebrafish. Homozygous stxbp1a mutants exhibited a profound
      lack of movement, low electrical brain activity, low heart rate, decreased
      glucose and mitochondrial metabolism, and early fatality compared to controls. On
      the other hand, homozygous stxbp1b mutants had spontaneous electrographic
      seizures, and reduced locomotor activity response to a movement-inducing "dark
      flash" visual stimulus, despite showing normal metabolism, heart rate, survival,
      and baseline locomotor activity. Our findings in these newly generated mutant
      lines of zebrafish suggest that zebrafish recapitulate clinical phenotypes
      associated with human syntaxin-binding protein 1 mutations. 

PMID- 26963129
TI  - Inhibition of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway by Thiazole Antibiotic
      Thiostrepton Attenuates the CD44+/CD24-Stem-Like Population and Sphere-Forming
      Capacity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a particular
      clinical challenge because these cancers do not respond to endocrine therapy or
      other available targeted agents. The lack of effective agents and obvious targets
      are major challenges in treating TNBC. In this study we explored the cytostatic
      effect of thiazole ring containing antibiotic drug thiostrepton on TNBC cell
      lines and investigated the molecular mechanism. METHODS: Cell viability was
      measured by MTT assay. Cell surface marker was monitored by FCM. Western blot was
      applied to assess the protein expression levels of target genes. RESULTS: We
      found that thiostrepton remarkably suppressed the CD44+/CD24- stem-like
      population and sphere forming capacity of TNBC cell lines. Notably, we showed for
      the first time that thiostrepton exerted its pharmacological action by targeting
      sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway. Thiostrepton repressed SHH ligand
      expression and reduced Gli-1 nuclear localization in TNBC cell line. Furthermore,
      the downstream target of SHH signaling undergone dose-dependent, rapid, and
      sustained loss of mRNA transcript level after thiostrepton treatment. Finally, we
      showed that SHH ligand was essential for maintaining CD44+/CD24- stem-like
      population in TNBC cell line. CONCLUSION: We conclude that thiostrepton
      suppresses the CD44+/CD24- stem-like population through inhibition of SHH
      signaling pathway. Our results give a new insight into the mechanism of
      thiostrepton anti-tumor activity and suggest thiostrepton as a promising agent
      that targets hedgehog signaling pathway in TNBC.

PMID- 26963119
TI  - Reduced DNA double-strand break repair capacity and risk of squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck--A case-control study.
AB  - Tobacco smoke and alcohol use play important roles in the etiology of squamous
      cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Smoking causes DNA damage, including
      double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), that leads to carcinogenesis. To test the
      hypothesis that suboptimal DSB repair capacity is associated with risk of SCCHN,
      we applied a flow cytometry-based method to detect the DSB repair phenotype first
      in four EBV-immortalized human lymphoblastoid cell lines and then in human
      peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTLs). With this blood-based laboratory assay,
      we conducted a pilot case-control study of 100 patients with newly diagnosed,
      previously untreated SCCHN and 124 cancer-free controls of non-Hispanic whites.
      We found that the mean DSB repair capacity level was significantly lower in cases
      (42.1%) than that in controls (54.4%) (P<0.001). When we used the median DSB
      repair capacity level in the controls as the cutoff value for calculating the
      odds ratios (ORs) with adjustment for age, sex, smoking and drinking status, the
      cases were more likely than the controls to have a reduced DSB repair capacity
      (adjusted OR=1.93; 95% confidence interval, CI=1.04-3.56, P=0.037), especially
      for those subjects who were ever drinkers (adjusted OR=2.73; 95% CI=1.17-6.35,
      P=0.020) and had oropharyngeal tumors (adjusted OR=2.17; 95% CI=1.06-4.45,
      P=0.035). In conclusion, these findings suggest that individuals with a reduced
      DSB repair capacity may be at an increased risk of developing SCCHN. Larger
      studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary findings. 

PMID- 26963130
TI  - Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Lateral Adrenalectomy for Large Adrenal Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the gold standard for treatment of
      benign adrenal lesions. Tumor size is a factor that might influence decision
      making concerning the use of laparoscopic approach. The aim of this study was to
      analyze the results of adrenalectomy for tumors >=6 cm in diameter. METHODS: Two
      groups of patients were analyzed: first group comprised 441 patients with tumors
      <6 cm in diameter and second group consisted of 89 patients with tumors >=6 cm.
      Both groups were compared with regard to the duration of surgery, intraoperative
      blood loss, conversion and complications rate. RESULTS: Median duration of
      surgery in groups 1 and 2 amounted to 86.6 and 111.9 min (p < 0.0001),
      respectively. Median intraoperative blood loss in groups 1 and 2 was 56.5 and
      172.8 ml (p < 0.0001), respectively. There was a linear relationship between
      tumor size and the duration of surgery, and between tumor size and intraoperative
      blood loss (p < 0.0001). There were 2 (0.5%) and 6 (6.7%) conversions in groups 1
      and 2, respectively. There were 41 (9.3%) and 14 (15.7%) complications in groups
      1 and 2 (p = 0.0692), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy of
      tumors >=6 cm is more difficult, but it can be regarded safe and beneficial for
      patients.

PMID- 26963131
TI  - Evidence-based guidelines for recommending cochlear implantation for
      postlingually deafened adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Adult selection criteria for cochlear implantation have been developed
      based on analysis of the post-operative performance of a large group of
      postlingually deafened adults. Original criteria published in 2004 were reviewed
      and amended to reflect outcomes currently being achieved by implant recipients.
      DESIGN: Retrospective review of 12-month post-operative speech perception
      performance of adults implanted at the Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne,
      Australia. STUDY SAMPLE: A total of 382 postlingually deafened adults, using a
      Freedom, Nucleus 5, or CI422 Slim Straight cochlear implant were used to create a
      comparative set of data. RESULTS: Revised guidelines suggest that adults with
      postlingual hearing loss can now be considered cochlear implant candidates if
      they obtain scores of up to 55% for open-set phonemes in quiet in the ear to be
      implanted. Functional benefit may vary depending on the recipients' contralateral
      hearing. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the provision of cochlear implants to
      candidates with significant residual hearing when at least one ear meets the
      criterion outlined above. Patient-specific counseling is required to ensure the
      potential to benefit predicted by the current model is acceptable to the
      individual patient and their family. Counseling regarding functional benefit must
      take into consideration hearing in the contralateral ear.

PMID- 26963132
TI  - New developments for antibody-drug conjugate-based therapeutic approaches.
AB  - The clinical success of Adcetris((r)) (brentuximab vedotin) and Kadcyla((r)) (ado
      trastuzumab emtansine) has sparked clinical development of novel ADCs. These
      powerful anti-cancer agents are designed to allow specific targeting of highly
      potent cytotoxic agents to tumor cells while sparing healthy tissues. Despite the
      use of tumor-specific antibodies, the emerging clinical data with ADCs indicates
      that adverse effects frequently occur before ADCs have reached their optimal
      therapeutic dose, resulting in a relatively narrow therapeutic window. This
      review summarizes the therapeutic window of ADCs currently in clinical
      development, along with some strategies that may help to widen the window.

PMID- 26963134
TI  - Ultrastructural features of spermatozoa and their phylogenetic application in
      Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae).
AB  - The genus Zaprionus consists of approximately 60 species of drosophilids that are
      native to the Afrotropical region. The phylogenetic position of Zaprionus within
      the Drosophilidae family is still unresolved. In the present study,
      ultrastructural features of spermatozoa of 6 species of Zaprionus as well as the
      species Drosophila willistoni and Scaptodrosophila latifasciaeformis were
      analyzed. The ultrastructure revealed that the species have the same flagellar
      ultrastructure. Two mitochondrial derivatives, one larger than the other, close
      to the axoneme were present, primarily in D. willistoni (subgenus Sophophora).
      Except for Z. davidi and Z. tuberculatus, the analyzed species had
      paracrystalline material in both mitochondrial derivatives. Moreover, the testes
      showed 64 spermatozoa per bundle in all of the species. In the cluster analysis,
      6 Zaprionus species were grouped closely, but there were some incongruent
      positions in the cladogram. The results indicated that sperm ultrastructure is an
      important tool for elucidating the phylogeny and taxonomy of insects.

PMID- 26963135
TI  - Gender Differences in C-Reactive Protein and Muscle Strengthening Activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the gender differences between C-reactive
      protein (CRP) and muscle strengthening activity (MSA). METHODS: The sample (n =
      7533) included U.S. adult (>=20 years of age).participants in the 1999-2004
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Created categories of
      MSA participation included no MSA (referent group), some MSA (>=1 to <2
      days/week), and meeting the 2008 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
      recommendation (>=2 days/week). The dependent variable was elevated CRP (>3 to 10
      mg/L). RESULTS: Analysis revealed significantly lower odds of having elevated CRP
      for women reporting some MSA (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.44-0.93, P = .0191).
      Significantly lower odds of men having elevated CRP was observed in those
      reporting MSA volumes meeting the DHHS recommendation (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.59-0.88,
      P = .0019). Following adjustment for waist circumference (WC) these odds remained
      significant in men but not women. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that WC may
      mediate the associations between MSA and CRP and this relationship may be
      stronger in women.

PMID- 26963136
TI  - To share or not to share? The contribution of self-disclosure to stress-related
      growth among suicide survivors.
AB  - This study examined to what extent suicide survivors can experience growth in the
      aftermath of suicide loss, as well as the role of self-disclosure and coping
      strategies in stress-related growth (SRG) among suicide survivors, compared to
      bereavement following sudden and expected death types. One hundred forty-five
      bereaved individuals (aged 18-73) completed questionnaires measuring SRG, self
      disclosure, and coping strategies. Significant interaction between self
      disclosure and types of death was found, in which suicide survivors with low
      levels of self-disclosure manifested the lowest level of SRG compared to other
      subgroups. This finding suggests that sharing intimate information can be
      beneficial in struggling with a situation of suicide in the family.

PMID- 26963133
TI  - Bispecific antibodies and CARs: generalized immunotherapeutics harnessing T cell
      redirection.
AB  - To realize the full potential of cancer immunotherapy, the latest generation
      immunotherapeutics are designed to harness the potent tumor-killing capacity of T
      cells. Thus, to mobilize T cells, new optimized bispecific antibody (BsAb)
      designs, enabling efficient polyclonal redirection of cytotoxic activity through
      binding to CD3 and a Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA) and refined genetically
      modified T cells have recently expanded the arsenal of available options for
      cancer treatment. This review presents the current understanding of the
      parameters crucial to the design of optimal T cell redirecting BsAb and chimeric
      antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. However, there are additional questions
      that require thorough elucidation. Both modalities will benefit from design
      changes that may increase the therapeutic window. One such approach could employ
      the discrimination afforded by multiple TAA to significantly increase
      selectivity.

PMID- 26963137
TI  - Mapping and Tuning the Fluorescence of Perfluorinated Polyanilines Synthesized
      through Liquid-Liquid Interfaces.
AB  - A series of light-emitting perfluorinated polyanilines were synthesized by the
      oxidative polymerization of 3-perfluorooctyl aniline through a variety of
      aqueous/organic interfaces. According to the interfacial tension between the two
      solvents (the organic being chloroform, dichloromethane, perfluorinated ether,
      toluene, or o-dichlorobenzene), we obtain distinctive classes of materials based
      on the crystal packing, protonation, and oxidation state of the polymeric chains.
      We distinguish between soluble fractions with a distinctive, strong, and red
      shifted photoluminescence pattern and an insoluble precipitate which can be
      subsequently solubilized in a mixture of acetone and toluene. The emission
      maximum for the insoluble fraction is located in the ultraviolet or blue region
      with a small Stokes shift; maxima for the soluble counterparts are in the green
      to yellow region. The soluble derivatives demonstrate a significantly smaller
      band gap compared to the monomer and large Stokes shifts up to 163 nm; the
      emission maximum for the most red-shifted emission was located at lambda(em) =
      548 nm. Their redox activity toward silver nanoparticles, their sensor reactivity
      with organic acid and bases, and the subsequent changes in the optical properties
      were demonstrated and the structure of the materials was evaluated with NMR, X
      ray diffraction, and FTIR/Raman spectroscopy.

PMID- 26963139
TI  - Irisin immunohistochemistry in gastrointestinal system cancers.
AB  - Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Some studies
      have shown that high heat kills cancer cells. Irisin is a protein involved in
      heat production by converting white into brown adipose tissue, but there is no
      information about how its expression changes in cancerous tissues. We used irisin
      antibody immunohistochemistry to investigate changes in irisin expression in
      gastrointestinal cancers compared to normal tissues. Irisin was found in human
      brain neuroglial cells, esophageal epithelial cells, esophageal epidermoid
      carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine esophageal carcinoma,
      gastric glands, gastric adenosquamous carcinoma, gastric neuroendocrine
      carcinoma, gastric signet ring cell carcinoma, neutrophils in vascular tissues,
      intestinal glands of colon, colon adenocarcinoma, mucinous colon adenocarcinoma,
      hepatocytes, hepatocellular carcinoma, islets of Langerhans, exocrine pancreas,
      acinar cells and interlobular and interlobular ducts of normal pancreas,
      pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and intra- and interlobular ducts of cancerous
      pancreatic tissue. Histoscores (area * intensity) indicated that irisin was
      increased significantly in gastrointestinal cancer tissues, except liver cancers.
      Our findings suggest that the relation of irisin to cancer warrants further
      investigation. 

PMID- 26963140
TI  - Electrical Characterization of Ultrathin RF-Sputtered LiPON Layers for Nanoscale
      Batteries.
AB  - Ultrathin lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass (LiPON) films with thicknesses down
      to 15 nm, deposited by reactive sputtering in nitrogen plasma, were found to be
      electronically insulating. Such ultrathin electrolyte layers could lead to high
      power outputs and increased battery energy densities. The effects of
      stoichiometry, film thickness, and substrate material on the ionic conductivity
      were investigated. As the amount of nitrogen in the layers increased, the
      activation energy of the ionic conductivity decreased from 0.63 to 0.53 eV,
      leading to a maximum conductivity of 1 * 10(-6) S/cm. No dependence of the ionic
      conductivity on the film thickness or substrate material could be established. A
      detailed analysis of the equivalent circuit model used to fit the impedance data
      is provided. Polarization measurements were performed to determine the electronic
      leakage in these ultrathin films. A 15-nm LiPON layer on a TiN substrate showed
      electronically insulating properties with electronic resistivity values around
      10(15) Omega.cm. To our knowledge, this is the thinnest RF-sputtered LiPON layer
      shown to be electronically insulating while retaining good ionic conductivity. 

PMID- 26963138
TI  - Current status and recent advances of next generation sequencing techniques in
      immunological repertoire.
AB  - To ward off a wide variety of pathogens, the human adaptive immune system harbors
      a vast array of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and B-cell receptors (BCRs), collectively
      referred to as the immune repertoire. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of TCR/BCR
      genes allows in-depth molecular analysis of T/B-cell clones, providing an
      unprecedented level of detail when examining the T/B-cell repertoire of
      individuals. It can evaluate TCR/BCR complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3)
      diversity and assess the clonal composition, including the size of the
      repertoire; similarities between repertoires; V(D)J segment use; nucleotide
      insertions and deletions; CDR3 lengths; and amino acid distributions along the
      CDR3s at sequence-level resolution. Deep sequencing of B-cell and T-cell
      repertoires offers the potential for a quantitative understanding of the adaptive
      immune system in healthy and disease states. Recently, paired sequencing
      strategies have also been developed, which can provide information about the
      identity of immune receptor pairs encoded by individual T or B lymphocytes. HTS
      technology provides a previously unimaginable amount of sequence data,
      accompanied, however, by numerous challenges associated with error correction and
      interpretation that remain to be solved. The review details some of the
      technologies and some of the recent achievements in this field.

PMID- 26963142
TI  - Bougainvinones A-H, Peltogynoids from the Stem Bark of Purple Bougainvillea
      spectabilis and Their Cytotoxic Activity.
AB  - Eight new peltogynoids, named bougainvinones A-H (1-8), were obtained from the
      stem bark of Bougainvillea spectabilis. Their structures were elucidated by means
      of physical data (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and single-crystal X-ray
      crystallographic analyses. The peltogynoids, a rare type of modified flavonoids,
      are reported for the first time from this species of the genus Bougainvillea. All
      isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against five cancer
      cell lines including KB, Hela S-3, HT-29, MCF-7, and HepG2. Among them, compound
      7 showed cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the 7.4
      9.7 MUM range, and compounds 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against the KB cell
      line with IC50 values of 6.6 and 9.0 MUM. 

PMID- 26963141
TI  - Biological Properties of a 3',3"-Bis-Peptide-siRNA Conjugate in Vitro and in
      Vivo.
AB  - This study proposes an effective melanoma small interfering RNA (siRNA), named
      siMB3, which targets the mRNA of mutant BRAF protein. We found that Bis-pep
      siMB3, with peptide KALLAL-conjugated siMB3 at the 3'-termini of both strands,
      inhibited translation of the target genes and expression of the related protein
      as effectively as siMB3, but for substantially longer, and the conjugates could
      alleviate off-target effects. Further studies on the mechanisms of action showed
      that the stability of Bis-pep-siMB3 in fetal bovine serum improved and the half
      life period of Bis-pep-siMB3 was increased 21-fold over that of siMB3. Peptide
      conjugation could improve the combination of siRNA and cationic lipid vectors.
      Bis-pep-siMB3 is likely to reach the lysosome earlier and stay longer, and
      appears to increase the release of siRNA from the endosome. At the animal level,
      application of Bis-pep-siMB3 showed good therapeutic potential, inhibiting the
      growth of xenograft tumors in athymic mice slightly better than siMB3 and greatly
      prolonging the circulating time in vivo. Moreover, it distributed widely in mice.
      These results show the promising potential of Bis-pep-siRNA conjugates as
      therapeutic siRNAs for cancer treatment. 

PMID- 26963144
TI  - Elderly Woman With Acute Abdomen and Gastric Mass on Imaging.

PMID- 26963145
TI  - Long-Pulsed Dye Laser of 595 nm in Combination With Pigment-Specific Modalities
      for a Patient Exhibiting Increased Vascularity Within Lesions of Melasma.

PMID- 26963143
TI  - Beta cell specific probing with fluorescent exendin-4 is progressively reduced in
      type 2 diabetic mouse models.
AB  - Probes based on GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 have shown promise as in vivo beta cell
      tracers. However, questions remain regarding the beta cell specificity of exendin
      4 probes, and it is unclear if the expression levels of the GLP-1R are affected
      in a type 2 diabetic state. Using in vivo probing followed by ex vivo imaging we
      found fluorescent exendin-4 probes to distinctly label the pancreatic islets in
      mice in a Glp-1r dependent manner. Furthermore, a co-localization study revealed
      a near 100 percent beta cell specificity with less than one percent probing in
      other analyzed cell types. We then tested if probing was affected in models of
      type 2 diabetes using the Lepr(db/db) (db/db) and the Diet-Induced Obese (DIO)
      mouse. Although nearly all beta cells continued to be probed, we observed a
      progressive decline in probing intensity in both models with the most dramatic
      reduction seen in db/db mice. This was paralleled by a progressive decrease in
      Glp-1r protein expression levels. These data confirm beta cell specificity for
      exendin-4 based probes in mice. Furthermore, they also suggest that GLP-1R
      targeting probes may provide a tool to monitor beta cell function rather than
      mass in type 2 diabetic mouse models.

PMID- 26963146
TI  - Clinical and Histopathologic Assessment of Facial Melasma After Low-Fluence Q
      Switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet Laser.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Melasma is a frequent and difficult to treat skin disorder. Results
      of laser therapy are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and
      efficacy of low-fluence Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (QS
      Nd:YAG) laser for melasma treatment and assess recurrence rates and
      histopathologic findings before and after treatment. METHODS: Twenty patients
      were treated with 10 weekly sessions of low-fluence 1064-nm QS Nd:YAG laser at 1
      week intervals. The modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) score was
      evaluated at baseline; 1 week; and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Epidermal
      melanin quantification was performed on 10 biopsy samples and compared before and
      after treatment. RESULTS: All patients showed improvement by mMASI scores, range
      (21%-75%) compared with that at baseline. No permanent side effects occurred. The
      recurrence rate was 81%. By histopathology, a slight, nonsignificant (p = .305)
      decrease in melanin deposition was seen in all layers of the epidermis 1 week
      after the laser treatments ended. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the safety and
      effectiveness of low-fluence QS Nd:YAG laser for treating melasma; however, the
      high recurrence suggests poor long-term results when the laser is used as a
      monotherapy.

PMID- 26963147
TI  - The Effect of Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet and Fractional Carbon Dioxide
      Lasers on Alopecia Areata: A Prospective Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective treatment options for alopecia areata (AA) are missing.
      Whether lasers might be effective is a topic of debate. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to
      evaluate whether neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) or fractional carbon
      dioxide lasers might stimulate the development of new hair. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Thirty-two patients who had long-standing and treatment refractory
      diseases were recruited for the study. Three different patches on the scalp were
      selected, 1 of which served as control. The mean outcome measure was the hair
      count, which was calculated with the digital phototrichogram. Response was
      defined as at least 25% increase in the mean hair count at the treated patch
      compared with the control patch. RESULTS: At the end of the study, there was no
      statistically significant difference in the mean hair count for the 3 patches. In
      7 of 32 patients (22%), an increase in the mean hair count was observed on the
      whole scalp including the control patch, which resulted in an improved Severity
      of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. CONCLUSION: We have observed that Nd:YAG or
      fractional carbon dioxide lasers did not increase the mean hair count on the
      treated AA patches when compared with the control patch. However, an SALT score
      improvement in 22% of the patients suggested spontaneous remission.

PMID- 26963148
TI  - Processes governing the stable isotope composition of water in the St. Lawrence
      river system, Canada.
AB  - Linkages between delta(18)O-delta(2)H and hydrological processes have been
      investigated from isotopic time series recorded in the St. Lawrence River basin.
      Three stations were monitored from 1997 to 2008. They include the Ottawa River,
      the St. Lawrence River main channel at Montreal and the fluvial estuary. All
      sites depict seasonal isotopic cycles characterized by heavy isotope depletions
      during the snowmelt period and heavy isotope enrichments throughout the ice-free
      period. The data define delta(2)H-delta(18)O regression lines falling below the
      meteoric water line. In the Ottawa River, calculations suggest that approximately
      8 % of the total inflow to the basin is lost through evaporation. In the St.
      Lawrence River main channel, seasonal isotopic fluctuations most likely reflect
      hydrological processes occurring within the Great Lakes and mixing with
      tributaries located downstream. In the St. Lawrence River fluvial estuary,
      isotopic data allow partitioning streamflow components and suggest that the
      recorded seasonal variations mainly respond to mixing processes. 

PMID- 26963149
TI  - Concise Total Synthesis of Lundurines A-C Enabled by Gold Catalysis and a
      Homodienyl Retro-Ene/Ene Isomerization.
AB  - The total synthesis of lundurines A-C has been accomplished in racemic and
      enantiopure forms in 11-13 and 12-14 steps, respectively, without
      protection/deprotection of functional groups, by a novel tandem double
      condensation/Claisen rearrangement, a gold(I)-catalyzed alkyne hydroarylation, a
      cyclopropanation via formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition/nitrogen extrusion, and a
      remarkable olefin migration through a vinylcyclopropane retro-ene/ene reaction
      that streamlines the endgame. 

PMID- 26963150
TI  - Recent HCV genotype changing pattern in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of
      Pakistan; is it pointing out a forthcoming problem?

PMID- 26963151
TI  - Cytotoxic factor secreted by Escherichia coli associated with sepsis facilitates
      transcytosis through human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers.
AB  - Culture supernatant of sepsis-associated Escherichia coli (SEPEC) isolated from
      patients with sepsis caused loss of intercellular junctions and elongation of
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The cytotoxic factor was purified
      from culture supernatant of SEPEC 15 (serogroup O153) by liquid chromatography
      process. PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) showed that the purified SEPEC
      cytotoxic factor had a molecular mass of ~150kDa and consisted of at least two
      subunits. At the concentration of 1 CD50 (40MUg/mL) did facilitate transcytosis
      through the HUVEC cells monolayer of SEPEC 15 as much as E. coli K12 within 30min
      without affecting cell viability. These results suggest that this cytotoxic
      factor, named as SPF (SEPEC's permeabilizing factor), may be an important SEPEC
      virulence factor that facilitates bacterial access to the bloodstream. 

PMID- 26963153
TI  - Safety of testosterone replacement therapy.

PMID- 26963154
TI  - Zarxio--a filgrastim biosimilar.

PMID- 26963152
TI  - Aspergillus niger - a possible new etiopathogenic agent in Tinea capitis?
      Presentation of two cases.
AB  - Tinea capitis is generally considered as the most frequent fungal infection in
      childhood, as it accounts for approximately 92% of all mycosis in children. The
      epidemiology of this disease varies widely ranging from antropophillic,
      zoophilic, and geophillic dermatophytes, as the main causative agent in different
      geographic areas, depending on several additional factors. Nowadays, the etiology
      is considered to vary with age, as well with gender, and general health
      condition. The former reported extraordinary Tinea capitis case reports have been
      replaced by original articles and researches dealing with progressively changing
      patterns in etiology and clinical manifestation of the disease. This fact is
      indicative that under the umbrella of the well-known disease there are facts
      still hidden for future revelations. Herein, we present two rare cases of Tinea
      capitis in children, which totally differ from the recently established pattern,
      in their clinical presentation, as well as in the etiological aspect, as we
      discuss this potential new etiological pattern of the disease, focusing on our
      retrospective and clinical observation. Collected data suggest that pathogenic
      molds should be considered as a potential source of infection in some geographic
      regions, which require total rationalization of the former therapeutic
      conception, regarding the molds' higher antimitotic resistance compared to
      dermatophytes. Molds-induced Tinea capitis should be also considered in
      clinically resistant and atypical cases, with further investigations of the
      antifungal susceptibility of the newest pathogens in the frame of the old
      disease. Further investigations are still needed to confirm or reject this
      proposal. 

PMID- 26963155
TI  - Low-dose meloxicam (Vivlodex) for osteoarthritis pain.

PMID- 26963156
TI  - Isavuconazonium sulfate (Cresemba)--a new antifungal.

PMID- 26963157
TI  - The growing pipeline of natural aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors for malaria
      treatment.
AB  - Malaria remains a major global health problem. Parasite resistance to existing
      drugs makes development of new antimalarials an urgency. The protein synthesis
      machinery is an excellent target for the development of new anti-infectives, and
      aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) have been validated as antimalarial drug
      targets. However, avoiding the emergence of drug resistance and improving
      selectivity to target aaRS in apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium
      falciparum, remain crucial challenges. Here we discuss such issues using examples
      of known inhibitors of P. falciparum aaRS, namely halofuginone, cladosporin and
      borrelidin (inhibitors of ProRS, LysRS and ThrRS, respectively). Encouraging
      recent results provide useful guidelines to facilitate the development of novel
      drug candidates which are more potent and selective against these essential
      enzymes.

PMID- 26963159
TI  - A Comparative Study of Haptic Stiffness Identification by Veterinarians and
      Students.
AB  - Palpation is an important clinical skill in both veterinary and medical health
      professions. The present study compares the ability of practicing veterinarians
      and veterinary students to identify the stiffness of virtual surfaces through
      palpation. An absolute identification paradigm was used where a force-feedback
      haptic device rendered virtual surfaces with five levels of stiffness within a
      "clinically relevant" range (0.2-0.5 N/mm). The mean information transfer was
      0.97 bits (almost two perfectly identifiable stiffness levels) for 12
      veterinarians and 0.58 bits (one correctly identified level) for 14 veterinary
      students. Although the difference between the two groups was significant (p <;
      0.001), neither group was able to reliably identify more than two levels of
      stiffness, indicating that the success of veterinarians in clinical practice
      probably relies on additional properties such as size, shape, and texture.
      Analyses of force versus time and displacement versus time recordings suggest
      that the superior performance of the veterinarians may be partially attributable
      to motor strategy. Specifically, veterinarians used a greater mean maximum force
      (2.0 N) compared to students (1.6 N) (p <; 0.05). However, further studies are
      required to investigate motor strategy in more detail. The implications of our
      findings for veterinary education and quantitative skill assessment are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26963160
TI  - Exploration of Tactile Contact in a Haptic Display: Effects of Contact Velocity
      and Transient Vibrations.
AB  - Experiments were conducted using a novel tactile contact rendering device to
      explore important factors of the tactile contact event. The effects of contact
      velocity and event-based transient vibrations were explored. Our research was
      motivated by a need to better understand the perception of the tactile contact
      event and to develop a means of rendering stiff surfaces with a nonspecialized
      haptic device. A passive tactile display, suitable for mounting on a Phantom
      robot, was developed and is capable of rendering the tactile sensation of contact
      on a fingertip over a range of velocities commonly experienced during everyday
      manipulation and tactile exploration. Experiments were conducted with this device
      to explore how tactile contact dynamics affect the perceived stiffness of a
      virtual surface. It was found that contact velocity does not have a significant
      effect on perceived stiffness. These results can be explained by prior research
      that defines perceived hardness (akin to stiffness) in terms of rate-hardness.
      However, in agreement with prior literature with stylus-based studies, the
      addition of transient vibrations to the contact event can, in some cases,
      increase the perceived stiffness. 

PMID- 26963158
TI  - Protein aggregates stimulate macropinocytosis facilitating their propagation.
AB  - Temporal and spatial patterns of pathological changes such as loss of neurons and
      presence of pathological protein aggregates are characteristic of
      neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Frontotemporal
      Dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These patterns are
      consistent with the propagation of protein misfolding and aggregation reminiscent
      of the prion diseases. There is a surge of evidence that suggests that large
      protein aggregates of a range of proteins are able to enter cells via
      macropinocytosis. Our recent work suggests that this process is activated by the
      binding of aggregates to the neuron cell surface. The current review considers
      the potential role of cell surface receptors in the triggering of
      macropinocytosis by protein aggregates and the possibility of utilizing
      macropinocytosis pathways as a therapeutic target.

PMID- 26963161
TI  - Feeling through Tactile Displays: A Study on the Effect of the Array Density and
      Size on the Discrimination of Tactile Patterns.
AB  - Tactile arrays are devices that can provide spatially distributed cutaneous
      signals delivering crucial information during virtual haptic exploration or
      remote manipulation procedures. Two of the key specifications of a tactile array
      are the tactor spacing and array size that are believed to directly affect the
      device performance. In most of the systems developed so far, these two parameters
      have been chosen by trial and error or by trying to match the tactor density to
      the spatial resolution in the human fingertip. The objective of this work is to
      study the effect of tactor spacing and array size on the tactile arrays
      performance by measuring human tactile discrimination ability. Psychophysical
      experiments were performed to obtain the differential threshold for
      discrimination of a ridge angle and the shape recognition performance while
      exploring edge-based patterns. The patterns were explored through different
      passive (nonactuated) tactile arrays of vertically moving pins and also directly
      with the finger. Results indicate that a tactile array of 1.8 mm tactor spacing
      and 1 cm(2) array size transmits the pattern information with a good level of
      accuracy. This work shows that tactile devices with low complexity (small number
      of tactors) are still effective in conveying tactile cues. Moreover, this work
      provides performance measures that determinate the capabilities of tactile pin
      arrays to convey accurately tactile information. 

PMID- 26963162
TI  - Geodesic Spline Interface for Haptic Curve Rendering.
AB  - Several haptic devices have been developed in recent years in order to reproduce
      the sensation of physical contact with virtual objects. Many of these devices are
      point-based, and some haptic interfaces behave like small surfaces that conform
      to a virtual shape. None of these allow a full-hand contact with the shape, and
      they are, in general, too small to render big surfaces. The simulation of tasks,
      such as the exploration of aesthetic surfaces made by industrial designers in
      order to check the quality of prototypes, require full-hand contact with the
      shape on a one-to-one scaled representation of the object. These explorations
      follow trajectories that can be approximated with planar or geodesic curves. In
      this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a linear haptic device
      that is able to render these trajectories. The device is part of a multimodal
      system including stereoscopic visualization that allows visual representation of
      the entire surface. Industrial designers use the system for checking the quality
      of shapes while exploiting their manual and visual skills. The system has been
      tested by industrial designers and the results are reported in this paper. 

PMID- 26963163
TI  - Roughness Perception in Virtual Textures.
AB  - Haptic devices allow the production of virtual textured surfaces for
      psychophysical experiments. Some studies have shown inconsistencies between
      virtual and real textures with respect to their psychophysical functions for
      roughness, leading to speculation that virtual textures differ in some way from
      real ones. We have determined the psychophysical function for roughness using
      textures rendered with a high-fidelity magnetic levitation haptic device. A
      constraint surface algorithm was used to simulate the motion of a spherical probe
      over trapezoidal gratings and randomly dithered cones. The shape of the
      psychophysical functions for roughness is consistent between subjects but varies
      with changes in texture and probe geometry. For dithered cones, inverted "U"
      shaped functions were found nearly identical, in maxima and curvature, to those
      in the literature for real textures with similar geometry. 

PMID- 26963164
TI  - What you can't feel won't hurt you: Evaluating haptic hardware using a haptic
      contrast sensitivity function.
AB  - In this paper, we extend the concept of the contrast sensitivity function - used
      to evaluate video projectors - to the evaluation of haptic devices. We propose
      using human observers to determine if vibrations rendered using a given haptic
      device are accompanied by artifacts detectable to humans. This determination
      produces a performance measure that carries particular relevance to applications
      involving texture rendering. For cases in which a device produces detectable
      artifacts, we have developed a protocol that localizes deficiencies in device
      design and/or hardware implementation. In this paper, we present results from
      human vibration detection experiments carried out using three commercial haptic
      devices and one high performance voice coil motor. We found that all three
      commercial devices produced perceptible artifacts when rendering vibrations near
      human detection thresholds. Our protocol allowed us to pinpoint the deficiencies,
      however, and we were able to show that minor modifications to the haptic hardware
      were sufficient to make these devices well suited for rendering vibrations, and
      by extension, the vibratory components of textures. We generalize our findings to
      provide quantitative design guidelines that ensure the ability of haptic devices
      to proficiently render the vibratory components of textures. 

PMID- 26963165
TI  - The Influence of Exposure Amount on the Persistence of Short-Term, Haptically
      Acquired Sensorimotor Memorial Representations.
AB  - This study investigates the influence that the amount of exposure has on the
      persistence of sensorimotor memories. Participants acquired memories of an
      unexpectedly heavy object in one of four groups that varied in the number lifts
      of the object they each performed. All participants followed this acquisition
      period with retention lifts immediately and after 2-second and 10-second
      intervals, as well as after 15 minutes and 24 hours. Grasp force profiles were
      evaluated for the maintenance of memory-dependent adaptations. A lack of any
      group effects indicates that the quantity of exposure offers the sensorimotor
      memory system no temporal advantage in the maintenance of short-term
      representations. The results are discussed in light of the possibility that,
      within a short time frame, only the information from the preceding lift has
      functional relevance to the current lift. 

PMID- 26963166
TI  - The relationship between trait positive empathy and brain structure: a voxel
      based morphometry study.
AB  - Although studies relating to positive empathy have received increased attention
      in recent years, no studies have been carried out to explore the neural basis of
      positive empathy. Using a voxel-based morphometry analysis, this study
      investigates the relationship between trait positive empathy (as measured by the
      Positive Empathy Scale) and its association with brain structure in 86 healthy
      college students. The results indicate that an individual's ability to show
      positive empathy is positively correlated with the volume of gray matter in the
      right insula, left anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and
      medial prefrontal cortex. It may be suggested that the differences between the
      abilities of emotion processing and regulating play important roles in shaping an
      individual's positive empathy traits from the perspective of brain morphometry. 

PMID- 26963167
TI  - PARP-1-modulated AIF translocation is involved in streptomycin-induced cochlear
      hair cell death.
AB  - Conclusion SM-induced dose- and location-dependent cochlear hair cell death in
      vitro. AIF might be translocated from mitochondria to nucleus and cytoplasm
      within SM-treated hair cells. The translocation of AIF might be modulated by PARP
      1. Objective Streptomycin (SM), one of the widely used aminoglycoside nowadays,
      is still causing significant permanent sensorineural hearing loss owing to
      sensory hair cell death. This study was designed to investigate the role of
      apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), an important mitochondrial cell death regulator,
      in SM ototoxicity within neonatal rat cochleae and HEI-OC1 cells. Methods The
      viability of HEI-OC1 cells was quantified by MTT assay. AIF, PARP-1, and myosin
      VIIa distributions were achieved by immunofluorescence. mRNA and protein
      expression of AIF and PARP-1 were examined by q-PCR and Western-blot. Results The
      hair cell loss was concomitant with the SM concentration variation, and
      aggravated from apical to basal turn. AIF was detected in nuclear region and AIF
      mRNA was up-regulated after SM incubation. Besides, AIF protein expression in
      mitochondria was decreased, whereas in cytosol it was increased. PARP-1 mRNA and
      protein were also up-regulated. 3-AB could attenuate the cell death and reverse
      the changes of AIF distribution by blocking PARP-1. 

PMID- 26963175
TI  - Symbolic dynamics of heart rate variability - a promising tool to investigate
      cardiac sympathovagal control in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
AB  - We aimed to evaluate complex cardiac sympathovagal control in attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by using heart rate variability (HRV)
      nonlinear analysis - symbolic dynamics. We examined 29 boys with untreated ADHD
      and 25 healthy boys (age 8-13 years). ADHD symptoms were evaluated by ADHD-RS-IV
      scale. ECG was recorded in 3 positions: baseline supine position, orthostasis,
      and clinostasis. Symbolic dynamics indices were used for the assessment of
      complex cardiac sympathovagal regulation: normalised complexity index (NCI),
      normalised unpredictability index (NUPI), and pattern classification measures
      (0V%, 1V%, 2LV%, 2UV%). The results showed that HRV complexity was significantly
      reduced at rest (NUPI) and during standing position (NCI, NUPI) in ADHD group
      compared to controls. Cardiac-linked sympathetic index 0V% was significantly
      higher during all posture positions and cardiovagal index 2LV% was significantly
      lower to standing in boys suffering from ADHD. Importantly, ADHD symptom
      inattention positively correlated with 0V%, and negatively correlated with NCI,
      NUPI. Concluding, symbolic dynamics revealed impaired complex neurocardiac
      control characterised by potential cardiac beta-adrenergic overactivity and vagal
      deficiency at rest and to posture changes in boys suffering from ADHD that is
      correlated with inattention. We suggest that symbolic dynamics indices could
      represent promising cardiac biomarkers in ADHD. 

PMID- 26963176
TI  - Tracking micro-optical resonances for identifying and sensing novel procaspase-3
      protein marker released from cell cultures in response to toxins.
AB  - The response of cells to toxins is commonly investigated by detecting
      intracellular markers for cell death, such as caspase proteins. This requires the
      introduction of labels by the permeabilization or complete lysis of cells. Here
      we introduce a non-invasive tool for monitoring a caspase protein in the
      extracellular medium. The tool is based on highly sensitive optical micro
      devices, referred to as whispering-gallery mode biosensors (WGMBs). WGMBs are
      functionalized with antibodies for the specific and label-free detection of
      procaspase-3 released from human embryonic kidney HEK293 and neuroglioma H4 cells
      after introducing staurosporine and rotenone toxins, respectively. Additional
      tests show that the extracellular accumulation of procaspase-3 is concomitant
      with a decrease in cell viability. The hitherto unknown release of procaspase-3
      from cells in response to toxins and its accumulation in the medium is further
      investigated by Western blot, showing that the extracellular detection of
      procaspase-3 is interrelated with cytotoxicity of alpha-synuclein protein (aSyn)
      overexpressed in H4 cells. These studies provide evidence for procaspase-3 as a
      novel extracellular biomarker for cell death, with applications in cytotoxicity
      tests. Such WGMBs could be applied to further identify as-yet unknown
      extracellular biomarkers using established antibodies against intracellular
      antigens. 

PMID- 26963177
TI  - MicroRNAs in bone development and their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in
      osteoporosis.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in
      length. miRNAs play an important role in the posttranscriptional regulation of
      gene expression via translational repression and targeting messenger RNA for
      degradation. In vivo and in vitro evidence has established the importance of
      miRNAs in physiology and developmental processes such as cell proliferation,
      differentiation, survival and apoptosis. miRNA dysregulation is associated with
      the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, and
      degenerative diseases. An increasing number of miRNAs have been found to play an
      important role in bone homeostasis. In this review, the roles of miRNAs in the
      regulation of bone formation and resorption as well as miRNAs that regulate key
      transcription factors of osteogenesis are discussed. A special emphasis is given
      to miRNAs whose direct targets have been identified. The miRNAs that contribute
      to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and their therapeutic potential are also
      considered.

PMID- 26963178
TI  - Improving psychology students' attitudes toward people with schizophrenia: A
      quasi-randomized controlled study.
AB  - Despite scientific evidence that the majority of people with schizophrenia (PWS)
      have personal histories of traumatic life events and adversities, their needs for
      psychological support often remain unmet. Poor availability of nonpharmacological
      therapies in schizophrenia may be partly because of professionals' attitudes
      toward people diagnosed with this disorder. As future health professionals,
      psychology students represent a target population for efforts to increase the
      probability that PWS will be offered effective psychological therapies. This
      quasi-randomized controlled study investigated the effect of an educational
      intervention, addressing common prejudices via scientific evidence and
      prerecorded audio-testimony from PWS, on the attitudes of psychology students
      toward PWS. Students in their fifth year of a master's degree in Psychology at
      the Second University of Naples, Italy were randomly assigned to an experimental
      group-which attended two 3-hr sessions a week apart-or to a control group.
      Compared with their baseline assessment, at 1-month reassessment the 76 educated
      students endorsed more psychosocial causes and more of them recommended
      psychologists in the treatment of schizophrenia. They were also more optimistic
      about recovery, less convinced that PWS are recognizable and unpredictable, and
      more convinced that treatments, pharmacological and psychological, are useful. No
      significant changes were found, from baseline to 1-month reassessment, in the 112
      controls. At 1-month reassessment, educated students were more optimistic about
      recovery and less convinced that PWS are unpredictable than controls. These
      findings suggest that psychology students' attitudes toward PWS can be improved
      by training initiatives including education and indirect contact with users.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963180
TI  - New frontiers in building mental, emotional and behavioral health in children and
      youth: Introduction to the special section.
AB  - The passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA; 2010) has had
      tremendous influence on behavioral health in the United States (Alker & Chester,
      2015). Shortly after its passage, the editors of this special section became
      interested in examining the provisions of the ACA related to care for mental,
      emotional, and behavioral disorders in children and youth and synthesizing their
      implications in the context of other contemporary trends in children's behavioral
      health promotion. We first developed a white paper with the goal of increasing
      our own understanding of these issues and their possible influence on the status
      quo of designing, implementing, financing, and evaluating behavioral health
      services for children and their families. From our discussions came the idea of
      developing a special section in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry featuring
      input from researchers who have been exploring these issues and who have tangible
      and relevant examples of "new frontiers" in building mental, emotional, and
      behavioral health for children and youth. The result is the current special
      section, the purpose of which is to highlight the importance of prevention in
      behavioral health and to explore examples of efforts that have used a broad
      public health approach to prevention and early intervention in mental, emotional,
      and substance use disorders in children and youth. Before introducing the seven
      articles in this special section, we describe in detail our foundational thinking
      about building mental, emotional, and behavioral health for children and youth,
      as expressed in our initial white paper on this topic. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963179
TI  - Major discriminatory events and risk for psychotic experiences among Black
      Americans.
AB  - Racism is a multidimensional construct that impacts risk for psychosis through
      various complex pathways. Previous research has yet to fully explore how major
      racial discriminatory events contribute to risk for psychotic experiences in the
      general population. We examined the National Survey of American Life to analyze
      the effects of 9 major racial discriminatory events on lifetime psychotic
      experiences among Black Americans. By examining each event separately, we found
      that police discrimination was associated with increased risk for lifetime
      psychotic experiences after adjusting for demographic variables, socioeconomic
      status, and co-occurring psychological or social problems. Being denied a
      promotion, being a victim of police abuse, and being discouraged from pursuing
      education were associated with lifetime visual hallucinations, and being
      discouraged from pursuing education was also associated with lifetime delusional
      ideation. None of the events were associated with lifetime auditory
      hallucinations. As a count of events, experiencing a greater range of major
      racial discriminatory events was associated with higher risk, particularly for
      lifetime visual hallucinations. Our findings point to the need for early
      detection and intervention efforts in community settings and multilevel efforts
      to eliminate racial discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963181
TI  - Toxic stress, behavioral health, and the next major era in public health.
AB  - Before the development of the germ theory in the late 19th century, infectious
      illnesses were largely uncontrollable and caused significant mortality.
      Implementing public hygiene, preventive, and treatment interventions created
      remarkable improvements in population health. Today's U.S. public health crises
      involve threats to health and human capital evidenced by multiple indicators of
      deteriorating wellbeing. These problems result from the interaction of risk and
      protective factors. Specifically, we argue that the interaction of genetic
      vulnerability and toxic stress are antecedents to a developmental cascade that
      undermines healthy development and human capital. We review relevant literature,
      summarize effective strategies to prevent or ameliorate this deterioration, and
      outline a theory of the mechanisms currently undermining our health. A series of
      strategies that we believe will constitute the next major era in public health
      are discussed, involving actions at the individual/family, community and societal
      level to reduce risk and strengthen protective factors. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963182
TI  - Launching forward: The integration of behavioral health in primary care as a key
      strategy for promoting young child wellness.
AB  - In 2008, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
      created a national grant program, Project LAUNCH (Linking Actions for Unmet Needs
      in Children's Health), to improve behavioral health and developmental outcomes
      for young children through the incorporation of prevention and wellness promotion
      practices in key early childhood settings. Project LAUNCH supports states, tribal
      nations, and territories to improve coordination across early childhood systems
      and implement 5 core strategies of prevention and promotion. This article focuses
      on the lessons learned from 1 of the 5 core strategies: integration of behavioral
      health into primary care for young children. This paper analyzes the experiences
      of a sample of Project LAUNCH grantees, describing 10 common elements of
      integration approaches and exploring some of the challenges of promoting health
      and preventing social, emotional, and behavioral problems at a population level.
      (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963183
TI  - Building an evidence-based multitiered system of supports for high-risk youth and
      communities.
AB  - The mental, emotional and behavioral health problems of high-risk youth and youth
      living in high-risk communities are not inevitable and can be prevented. A shift
      from the nation's focus on treating disease and illness after it occurs to a
      concentrated effort on preventing the root causes of these problems is needed.
      Prevention science suggests a comprehensive multitiered approach that provides
      evidence-based prevention supports for children and youth at each developmental
      stage and across multiple social contexts is likely to result in the greatest
      health impact and return on investment. However, actually implementing this
      approach at a neighborhood level has remained a challenge and an ongoing research
      gap especially in high-risk communities. This article describes a process and
      provides a case study example for implementing a comprehensive, multitiered
      approach in a high-risk community. This includes assessing and prioritizing the
      specific needs of individuals and communities; selecting evidence-based programs
      based upon assessed needs; and creating a continuum of programs to improve the
      health and well-being of youth across developmental age spans, social contexts,
      and levels of risk. Operational details and challenges for organizing and
      implementing this comprehensive approach are also described. We estimate that the
      collective impact of a multitiered evidence-based approach, implemented with
      fidelity, could conservatively result in a 30 to 40% reduction in problem
      behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963184
TI  - Using communities that care for community child maltreatment prevention.
AB  - The prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) disorders among
      children and adolescents is a national priority. One mode of implementing
      community-wide MEB prevention efforts is through evidence-based community
      mobilization approaches such as Communities That Care (CTC). This article
      provides an overview of the CTC framework and discusses the adaptation process of
      CTC to prevent development of MEBs through preventing child abuse and neglect and
      bolstering child well-being in children aged 0 to 10. Adaptations include those
      to the intervention itself as well as those to the evaluation approach.
      Preliminary findings from the Keeping Families Together pilot study of this
      evolving approach suggest that the implementation was manageable for sites, and
      community board functioning and community adoption of a science-based approach to
      prevention in pilot sites looks promising. Implications and next steps are
      outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963186
TI  - Using public health strategies to shape early childhood policy.
AB  - There is clear evidence that ensuring safe, stimulating, and nurturing caregiving
      environments for young children may be one of the most impactful health promotion
      strategies available, with lifelong and intergenerational benefits. Supports and
      interventions in the early years of life may in fact be the most effective way to
      improve school performance, increase high school graduation rates, job
      performance, and adult productivity. A public health approach to early childhood
      well-being, as opposed to the needs of children being addressed in multiple
      siloes, may be a more effective strategy that will lead to smarter investments
      and increasing financial commitments. Louisiana is used as a case study, with
      examples of strategies organized by the 3 core functions of public health.
      (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963187
TI  - Can behavioral health drive its own reformation? The challenges of shifting
      direction.
AB  - This paper is designed to provide a broad-view perspective on at least some of
      the implications of the Affordable Care Act for children's behavioral health.
      Historical trends in behavioral health have tended to isolate both consumers of
      services (including children, youth and families) and practitioners from the
      larger world of healthcare, with decidedly mixed results. This paper uses the
      concept of path dependence to highlight the multiple challenges facing child
      behavioral health as it moves forward. The paper builds its recommendations on
      the 4 pillars of sustainable change: politics, practice, economics, and science.
      In a changing health care environment, behavioral health has to transform. The
      paper concludes with some observations on the kinds of transformative change
      required to move in new directions. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963185
TI  - Fostering SMART partnerships to develop an effective continuum of behavioral
      health services and supports in schools.
AB  - The education sector offers compelling opportunities to address the shortcomings
      of traditional mental health delivery systems and to prevent and treat youth
      mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) problems. Recognizing that social and
      emotional wellness is intrinsically related to academic success, schools are
      moving to adopt multi-tier frameworks based on the public health model that
      provide a continuum of services to all children, including services to address
      both academic and MEB problems. In this article, we review the potential value of
      multi-tier frameworks in facilitating access to, and increasing the effectiveness
      of, mental health services in schools, and review the empirical support for
      school-based mental health interventions by tier. We go on to describe a
      community-academic partnership between the Seattle Public Schools and the
      University of Washington School Mental Health Assessment, Research, and Training
      (SMART) Center that exemplifies how multi-tier educational frameworks, research
      and evidence, and purposeful collaboration can combine to improve development and
      implementation of a range of school-based strategies focused on MEB needs of
      students. Finally, we present a set of 10 recommendations that may help guide
      other research and practice improvement efforts to address MEB problems in youth
      through effective school mental health programming. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963188
TI  - Reducing primary and secondary traumatic stress symptoms among educators by
      training them to deliver a resiliency program (ERASE-Stress) following the
      Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand.
AB  - The current investigation evaluated the impact of a universal school-based
      resiliency intervention (ERASE-Stress) on educators who were working with
      elementary schoolchildren exposed to the Canterbury earthquake in New Zealand. In
      the context of major disasters, educators may suffer from "dual trauma"; they can
      experience symptoms of both primary trauma (as a result of the disaster itself)
      and secondary trauma (as a result of working with traumatized students). Sixty
      three educators were randomly assigned to either the ERASE-Stress intervention or
      an alternative Managing Emergencies and Traumatic Incidents (METI) program which
      served as a control group. Efficacy of the program was evaluated at the end of
      the training as well as at 8 months follow-up. Compared with educators in the
      control group, those in the ERASE-Stress intervention significantly reduced their
      posttraumatic distress and secondary traumatization symptoms, improved their
      perceived level of professional self-efficacy as a helper of earthquake
      survivors, developed an optimistic outlook regarding their personal future and
      enhanced their sense of hope, and honed some of their positive coping strategies
      and reduced the utilization of some maladaptive coping methods. These beneficial
      consequences of the ERASE-Stress training make it a potentially useful tool for
      educators working with traumatized students in the context of major disasters.
      (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963194
TI  - Nonlinear mixed effects modelling for the analysis of longitudinal body core
      temperature data in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Many longitudinal studies have collected serial body core temperature (T c) data
      to understand thermal work strain of workers under various environmental and
      operational heat stress environments. This provides the opportunity for the
      development of mathematical models to analyse and forecast temporal T c changes
      across populations of subjects. Such models can reduce the need for invasive
      methods that continuously measure T c. This current work sought to develop a
      nonlinear mixed effects modelling framework to delineate the dynamic changes of T
      c and its association with a set of covariates of interest (e.g. heart rate,
      chest skin temperature), and the structure of the variability of T c in various
      longitudinal studies. Data to train and evaluate the model were derived from two
      laboratory investigations involving male soldiers who participated in either a 12
      (N  =  18) or 15 km (N  =  16) foot march with varied clothing, load and heat
      acclimatisation status. Model qualification was conducted using nonparametric
      bootstrap and cross validation procedures. For cross validation, the trajectory
      of a new subject's T c was simulated via Bayesian maximum a posteriori estimation
      when using only the baseline T c or using the baseline T c as well as measured T
      c at the end of every work (march) phase. The final model described T c versus
      time profiles using a parametric function with its main parameters modelled as a
      sigmoid hyperbolic function of the load and/or chest skin temperature. Overall, T
      c predictions corresponded well with the measured data (root mean square
      deviation: 0.16  degrees C), and compared favourably with those provided by two
      recently published Kalman filter models. 

PMID- 26963193
TI  - Fine Particulate Matter and Emergency Room Visits for Respiratory Illness. Effect
      Modification by Oxidative Potential.
AB  - RATIONALE: Fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5; particulate matter 2.5 MUm or
      less in diameter) is thought to contribute to acute respiratory morbidity in part
      through oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between PM2.5
      oxidative burden and emergency room visits for respiratory illnesses. METHODS: We
      conducted a case-crossover study in Ontario, Canada between 2004 and 2011,
      including 127,836 cases of asthma, 298,751 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease, and more than 1.1 million cases of all respiratory illnesses. Daily air
      pollution data were collected from ground monitors, and city-level PM2.5
      oxidative potential was measured on the basis of a synthetic respiratory tract
      lining fluid containing the antioxidants glutathione and ascorbate. Conditional
      logistic regression was used to estimate associations between air pollution
      concentrations and emergency room visits, adjusting for time-varying covariates.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three-day mean PM2.5 concentrations were
      consistently associated with emergency room visits for all respiratory illnesses.
      Among children (<9 yr), each interquartile change (5.92 MUg/m(3)) in 3-day mean
      PM2.5 was associated with a 7.2% (95% confidence interval, 4.2-10) increased risk
      of emergency room visits for asthma. Glutathione-related oxidative potential
      modified the impact of PM2.5 on emergency room visits for respiratory illnesses
      (P = 0.001) but only at low concentrations (<=10 MUg/m(3)). Between-city
      differences in ascorbate-related oxidative potential did not modify the impact of
      PM2.5 on respiratory outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Between-city differences in
      glutathione-related oxidative potential may modify the impact of PM2.5 on acute
      respiratory illnesses at low PM2.5 concentrations. This may explain in part how
      small changes in ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations can contribute to acute
      respiratory morbidity in low-pollution environments.

PMID- 26963195
TI  - Evaluation of a National Call Center and a Local Alerts System for Detection of
      New Cases of Ebola Virus Disease - Guinea, 2014-2015.
AB  - The epidemic of Ebola virus disease (Ebola) in West Africa began in Guinea in
      late 2013 (1), and on August 8, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO)
      declared the epidemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (2).
      Guinea was declared Ebola-free on December 29, 2015, and is under a 90 day period
      of enhanced surveillance, following 3,351 confirmed and 453 probable cases of
      Ebola and 2,536 deaths (3). Passive surveillance for Ebola in Guinea has been
      conducted principally through the use of a telephone alert system. Community
      members and health facilities report deaths and suspected Ebola cases to local
      alert numbers operated by prefecture health departments or to a national toll
      free call center. The national call center additionally functions as a source of
      public health information by responding to questions from the public about Ebola.
      To evaluate the sensitivity of the two systems and compare the sensitivity of the
      national call center with the local alerts system, the CDC country team performed
      probabilistic record linkage of the combined prefecture alerts database, as well
      as the national call center database, with the national viral hemorrhagic fever
      (VHF) database; the VHF database contains records of all known confirmed Ebola
      cases. Among 17,309 alert calls analyzed from the national call center, 71 were
      linked to 1,838 confirmed Ebola cases in the VHF database, yielding a sensitivity
      of 3.9%. The sensitivity of the national call center was highest in the capital
      city of Conakry (11.4%) and lower in other prefectures. In comparison, the local
      alerts system had a sensitivity of 51.1%. Local public health infrastructure
      plays an important role in surveillance in an epidemic setting. 

PMID- 26963196
TI  - Genetic Variants in Folate and Cobalamin Metabolism-Related Genes in Nonsyndromic
      Cleft Lip and/or Palate.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the polymorphisms in
      TCN2 (rs1801198) gene and in MTRR (rs1801394) gene with nonsyndromic cleft lip
      and/or palate (NSCL/P) in a Brazilian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from
      buccal cells. The polymorphisms in TCN2 (rs1801198) and MTRR (rs1801394) genes
      were genotyped by carrying out real-time PCR and Taqman assay. Chi-square test
      was used to determine the association between genotype and allele frequencies
      with NSCL/P and NSCL/P subgroups (cleft lip only, cleft lip and palate, and cleft
      palate only). Eight hundred and sixty seven unrelated individuals (401 cases with
      NSCL/P and 466 individuals without cleft) were evaluated. Genotype distributions
      of TCN2 and MTRR polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The TCN2
      polymorphic genotype GG was identified in 16.7% of the NSCL/P group and in 14.1%
      of the non-cleft group (p>0.05). Similarly, the frequency of MTRR genotype (GG)
      was similar in NSCL/P group (15.5%) and control group (17.8%) (p>0.05).
      Multivariate analysis showed an association between MTRR and the subgroup that
      the mother smoked during pregnancy (p=0.039). Our findings did not demonstrate an
      association between TCN2 polymorphisms and NSCL/P, however suggests an
      association between MTRR and NSCL/P etiology. 

PMID- 26963197
TI  - Vital Pulp Therapies in Clinical Practice: Findings from a Survey with Dentist in
      Southern Brazil.
AB  - Studies based on dentists' clinical practice possess vital relevance to
      understand factors leading the clinicians to choose by a specific technique over
      another. This study investigated which clinical conduct therapies are adopted by
      dentists in front of deep caries. Was evaluated how the place of work, post
      graduate training and years since complete graduation influenced their decisions.
      A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-applied questionnaire with
      dentists (n=276) in Southern Brazil. Information regarding post-graduation
      training (specialization, master's or PhD), clinical experience (years since
      completing graduation) and place of work were investigated. The information
      regarding pulp vital therapies (materials for direct pulp capping; techniques for
      caries removal in deep cavities and strategies for indirect pulp capping) were
      collected by specific questions. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis and
      Exact Fischer Test. Response rate was 68% (187). The majority of dentists
      selected the calcium hydroxide (CH) as first material for direct (86.3%) and
      indirect (80.3%) pulp protection. Partial caries removal was reported by 61.9% of
      dentists. Less experienced clinical dentists choose partial caries removal more
      frequently (p=0.009), if compared with dentists graduated 10 years and up ago.
      The use of MTA was more common among professionals working at academic
      environment. Besides, MTA was not mentioned by professionals working exclusively
      in the public health service (p=0.003). In conclusion, the time since graduation
      influenced the clinical conduct related to caries removal. The choice of liner
      materials was influenced by dentists' workplace. 

PMID- 26963198
TI  - Non-Pedicled Buccal Fat Pad Grafts to Treatment for Class I and II Gingival
      Recessions: A Clinical Trial.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze the transplant efficiency of non-pedicled
      buccal fat pad graft (BFPG) for the treatment of Miller Class I or II gingival
      recessions (GRs) and to compare these results with those of subepithelial
      connective tissue graft (SCTG), which is considered the gold standard. Twelve
      patients with Miller Class I or II (>=2 mm) bilateral recessions in maxillary
      premolars or canines were selected. Recessions were randomly assigned to receive
      SCTG or BFPG. The clinical parameters evaluated at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6
      months postoperatively included gingival index, plaque index, probing depth, GR,
      clinical attachment level, width of keratinized tissue, thickness of keratinized
      tissue and gingival margin to the acrylic guide. None of the evaluated clinical
      parameters differed significantly between the groups. At all evaluated
      postoperative time-points, both groups exhibited statistically significant
      differences in GR and gingival margin to the acrylic guide compared to baseline.
      Six months after surgery, the mean percentages of root coverage were 67.5% and
      87.5% in the BFPG and SCTG groups respectively. In both groups, complete root
      coverage was observed in 50% of cases 6 months after surgery. The results
      presented herein indicate that the use of BFPG transplant has clinical
      similarities with SCTG and both may be considered as clinically successful
      methods for treating Miller Class I and II GRs.

PMID- 26963199
TI  - Autofluorescence and Diagnostic Accuracy of Lesions of Oral Mucosa: A Pilot
      Study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of autofluorescence
      techniques for diagnosing oral mucosa lesions, using as reference pattern for
      comparison the visual diagnosis made by a clinical specialist. A pilot study was
      conducted with 60 patients divided in a control group without mucosal pathology
      and a study group with known clinical history for mucosal pathology. Both groups
      were examined by an oral medicine specialist and by a general dentist who used
      VELscope(r) system, which applies tissue fluorescence visualization to identify
      oral mucosal abnormalities. Using the VELscope(r) system, the general dentist
      made overdiagnosis in two cases and underdiagnosis in one case. The sensitivity
      and specificity for the oral medicine specialist were 1 (95% CI: 0.884 to 1). For
      the general dentist, the sensitivity did not improve significantly with the use
      of VELscope(r) system [0.53 (95% CI: 0.343 to 0.717) versus 0.49 (95% CI: 0.406
      to 0.773)] and the specificity was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.614 to 0.923). A limitation of
      the study is the small sample size, which does not fully represent a population
      and extrapolation of the data should be done carefully. Based on the obtained
      results, no clinical benefits were obtained using this VELscope(r) system. 

PMID- 26963200
TI  - Experimental Calcium Silicate-Based Cement with and without Zirconium Oxide
      Modulates Fibroblasts Viability.
AB  - The aim of this study was to verify whether the use of zirconium oxide as a
      radiopacifier of an experimental calcium silicate-based cement (WPCZO) leads to
      cytotoxicity. Fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations (10 mg/mL, 1
      mg/mL, and 0.1 mg/mL) of the cements diluted in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's
      medium (DMEM) for periods of 12, 24, and 48 h. Groups tested were white Portland
      cement (WPC), white Portland cement with zirconium oxide (WPCZO), and white
      mineral trioxide aggregate Angelus (MTA). Control group cells were not treated.
      The cytotoxicity was evaluated through mitochondrial-activity (MTT) and cell
      density (crystal violet) assays. All cements showed low cytotoxicity. In general,
      at the concentration of 10 mg/mL there was an increase in viability of those
      groups treated with WPC and WPCZO when compared to the control group (p<0.05). A
      similar profile for the absorbance values was noted among the groups: 10 mg/mL
      presented an increase in viability compared to the control group. On the other
      hand, smaller concentrations presented a similar or lower viability compared to
      the control group, in general. A new dental material composed of calcium silicate
      based cement with 20% zirconium oxide as the radiopacifier showed low
      cytotoxicity as a promising material to be exploited for root-end filling.

PMID- 26963202
TI  - An Indirect Method to Measure Abutment Screw Preload: A Pilot Study Based on
      Micro-CT Scanning.
AB  - This study aimed to measure the preload in different implant platform geometries
      based on micro-CT images. External hexagon (EH) implants and Morse Tapered (MT)
      implants (n=5) were used for the preload measurement. The abutment screws were
      scanned in micro-CT to obtain their virtual models, which were used to record
      their initial length. The abutments were screwed on the implant with a 20 Ncm
      torque and the set composed by implant, abutment screw and abutment were taken to
      the micro-CT scanner to obtain virtual slices of the specimens. These slices
      allowed the measurement of screw lengths after torque application and based on
      the screw elongation. Preload values were calculated using the Hooke's Law. The
      preloads of both groups were compared by independent t-test. Removal torque of
      each specimen was recorded. To evaluate the accuracy of the micro-CT technique,
      three rods with known lengths were scanned and the length of their virtual model
      was measured and compared with the original length. One rod was scanned four
      times to evaluate the measuring method variation. There was no difference between
      groups for preload (EH = 461.6 N and MT = 477.4 N), but the EH group showed
      higher removal torque values (13.8 +/- 4.7 against 8.2 +/- 3.6 N cm for MT
      group). The micro-CT technique showed a variability of 0.053% and repeatability
      showed an error of 0.23 to 0.28%. Within the limitations of this study, there was
      no difference between external hexagon and Morse taper for preload. The method
      using micro-CT may be considered for preload calculation.

PMID- 26963201
TI  - Evaluation of Chair-Side Assays in High Microbiological Caries-Risk Subjects.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the commercial chair-side assays Saliva
      Check Mutans and ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM in high microbiological caries-risk
      dental students compared with conventional semi-quantitative colony counting
      culture-based technique as the reference method. Saliva samples from 93 subjects
      of both sexes aged 18-26 years were seeded (Kohler and Bratthall method) on
      plates containing SB-20M culture medium method and 12 subjects with high caries
      risk were selected. These 12 individuals were subjected to determination of
      caries risk using two commercial rapid detection chair-side assays (Saliva-Check
      Mutans and ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM) according to the manufacturers' instructions.
      The results were analyzed by the Kappa correlation test using SAS statistical
      software. There was a perfect agreement (Kappa=1) among the three caries risk
      evaluation methods - chair-side assays and semi-quantitative CFU count (control) 
      in all subjects. The results suggest that the commercial chair-side assays
      evaluated in this study may be practical and useful to identify high
      microbiological caries-risk subjects.

PMID- 26963203
TI  - Evaluation of the Biological Behavior of Mucograft(r) in Human Gingival
      Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study.
AB  - Mucograft(r) is a resorbing porcine matrix composed of type I and type III
      collagen, used for soft tissue augmentation in guided tissue bony regeneration
      procedures. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the biological behavior of
      Mucograft(r) in human gingival fibroblasts, as well as the ability of the matrix
      to induce production of extracellular matrix. Six resorbing Mucograft(r) matrices
      (MCG) were cut into 3 x 2 mm rectangles and 5 x 5 mm squares and were placed in
      96- and 24-well plates, respectively. The control group (CTRL) consisted of cells
      plated on polystyrene without the MCG. After one, two, three and seven days, cell
      proliferation and viability were assessed using the Trypan exclusion method and
      MTT test, respectively. Type III collagen (COL 3A1) and vimentin (VIM) expression
      were also evaluated at 10 and 14 days, using Western blotting. Statistical
      analysis, using ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test, revealed that human gingival
      fibroblasts from MCG showed similar results (p>0.05) for proliferation and
      viability as the cells cultured on CTRL. After 14 days, a significant decrease in
      COL 3A1 expression (p<0.05) was observed when cultured with the MCG. VIM
      expression showed no significant difference at any time period (p>0.05). Although
      no increase in extracellular matrix secretion was observed in this in vitro
      study, Mucograft(r) presented cellular compatibility, being an option for a
      scaffold whenever it is required. 

PMID- 26963204
TI  - Three-dimensional Quantitative Porosity Characterization of Syringe- versus Hand
      mixed Set Epoxy Resin Root Canal Sealer.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to compare the porosity characteristics of AH
      Plus Jet(tm) syringe-mix and the conventional hand-mixed AH Plus root canal
      sealers by three-dimensional quantitative high-resolution micro-computed
      tomography (micro-CT). Seven test specimens were prepared from each tested sealer
      by a single operator following the manufacturer's instructions and poured into
      pre-lubricated plastic split-ring moulds. Set sealer test specimens were scanned
      using a micro-CT device and the shadow images were reconstructed into cross
      sectional slices. The evaluated parameters were (i) total pore count, (ii) total
      pore volume and mean pore volume, (iii) total porosity (% of pore volume in
      relation to total sealer volume) and (iv) mean pore distance to the sealer
      lateral external surface. In both groups, most pores were localized within the
      external sealer perimeter (0.05 mm from the external surface). Hand-mixed AH Plus
      specimens showed statistically significant higher mean total pore count, total
      pore volume and total porosity (p=0.001) than the syringe-mixed specimens.
      However, mean pore sizes in AH Plus syringe-mixed specimens were significantly
      higher (p=0.046) than the AH Plus hand-mixed counterparts. Hand-mixed AH Plus was
      associated with higher total mean pore count, volume and total porosity compared
      to syringe mixed AH Plus. 

PMID- 26963205
TI  - Micro-CT Evaluation of Root Filling Removal after Three Stages of Retreatment
      Procedure.
AB  - The aim of this study was to quantify the residual filling material after filling
      removal, re-preparation with rotary or reciprocating files and passive ultrasonic
      irrigation (PUI). Twenty maxillary molars were prepared using ProTaper
      instruments up to F1. The teeth were filled with AH Plus and ProTaper gutta
      percha points using the single-cone technique. Thereafter, the specimens were
      scanned using a micro-computed tomography system (Micro-CT #1). Then, the root
      canal filling was removed using ProTaper Retreatment files, and a new scan was
      performed (Micro-CT #2). The specimens were divided into two groups according to
      the instrument used for re-preparation: ProTaper rotary or WaveOne reciprocating
      files (Micro-CT #3). Finally, PUI was performed, and a new micro-CT scan was
      performed (Micro-CT #4). Intragroup and intergroup analyses were performed using
      Friedman and Dunn's post hoc test and the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests,
      respectively. Palatal canal presented the highest volume of residual filling
      material in all stages of endodontic retreatment (p<0.05). The main reduction of
      filling volume was achieved after using ProTaper Retreament (p<0.05). The amount
      of remaining filling material after using ProTaper Retreatment was similar to
      that achieved with rotary and reciprocating files and after PUI (p>0.05). Rotary
      and reciprocating files achieved similar removal of the root canal filling
      (p>0.05). The greatest reduction in filling material was achieved after using
      ProTaper Retreatment files. Rotary and reciprocating instruments and PUI did not
      improve the removal of root canal filling materials. 

PMID- 26963206
TI  - A 3-Year Retrospective Evaluation of the Clinical Performance of Fiber Posts.
AB  - This retrospective study evaluated the clinical outcome of 139 teeth restored
      with carbon fiber posts after 3 years of placement, considering the amount of
      remaining dentin as the main variable. Eighty-one patients received the fiber
      posts within a period of 16 months and were recalled after 3 years. The tooth
      type, amount of remaining dentin, and prosthetic crown material were evaluated.
      No loss of post or core retention was detected after 3 years of follow up. During
      the observed time, root or post fracture and secondary caries were not recorded.
      Only one failure concerning endodontic treatment was detected. The amount of
      remaining dentin was not an important characteristic in the restorative failure
      of endodontically treated teeth restored with carbon fiber posts within 3 years. 

PMID- 26963207
TI  - Micro-CT Evaluation of Non-instrumented Canal Areas with Different Enlargements
      Performed by NiTi Systems.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of non-instrumented area of
      root canals prepared with different enlargements using single-file reciprocating
      systems (Reciproc and WaveOne) and a conventional multi-file rotary (BioRaCe)
      system by micro-computed tomographic analysis. Thirty mesial roots of mandibular
      molars with moderate curvature (10 degrees  to 20 degrees ) presenting a type II
      Vertucci canal configuration and similar internal volume were chosen and scanned
      at an isotropic resolution of 14.16 um. The sample was assigned to 3 groups
      (n=10) according to the system used for root canal preparation: Reciproc,
      WaveOne, and BioRaCe groups. Second and third scans were taken after the canals
      were prepared with instruments sizes 25 and 40, respectively. The recorded images
      of the surface area voxels of the canals, before and after preparation were
      examined from the furcation level to the apex to quantify the non-instrumented
      surface. Statistical data were compared using GLM for repeated-measures with a
      significance level set at 5%. Instrumentation systems did not influence the
      percentage of untouched root canal surfaces (p=0.690) whilst a significant
      reduction in the percentage of static voxels was observed after the enlargement
      of the root canal (p=0.010) in all groups (p=0.507). None of the systems was able
      to prepare the entire surface area of the mesial root canal of mandibular molars.
      The increased final apical size resulted in a significant positive effect on the
      shaping ability of the tested systems.

PMID- 26963208
TI  - Effect of Resin Cement Porosity on Retention of Glass-Fiber Posts to Root Dentin:
      An Experimental and Finite Element Analysis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of porosity of self-adhesive
      resin on the stress distribution, post retention and failure mode of fiber post
      cemented to human root dentin. Ten human central upper incisors with circular
      root canal were selected. They were sectioned with 15 mm and were endodontically
      filled. The roots were scanned using micro-CT after post space preparation for
      root filling remaining evaluation. Fiber posts were cemented using self-adhesive
      resin cement (Rely X U200, 3M-ESPE). Two 1-mm-thick slices from the cervical,
      medium and apical thirds were scanned for resin cement bubbles volume
      measurements and submitted to a push-out test (PBS). Three operators using
      stereomicroscopy and confocal laser microscopy classified the failure mode.
      Stress distributions during the push-out test were analyzed using 3D finite
      element analysis. PBS values (MPa) were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's
      post hoc tests and the failure modes using the Kappa coefficient to assess inter
      operator agreement. Chi-square test was used to determine significant differences
      between the methods (? = 0.05). Push-out bond strength was significantly affected
      by the bubbles presence in all root depth (p<0.05). The stress concentration was
      higher when the bubbles were present. Adhesive dentin/resin cement interface
      failure was the most frequent type of failure. Confocal microscopy was better
      than stereomicroscopy for failure analysis. Bubbles generated during resin cement
      insertion into the root canal negatively affect the stress distribution and the
      bond strength. The use of confocal microscopy is recommended for failure
      analysis. 

PMID- 26963209
TI  - Influence of Temporary Cements on the Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Cement to
      the Metal Coronal Substrate.
AB  - This research evaluated the influence of temporary cements (eugenol-containing
      [EC] or eugenol-free [EF]) on the tensile strength of Ni-Cr copings fixed with
      self-adhesive resin cement to the metal coronal substrate. Thirty-six temporary
      crowns were divided into 4 groups (n=9) according to the temporary cements:
      Provy, Dentsply (eugenol-containing), Temp Cem, Vigodent (eugenol-containing),
      RelyX Temp NE, 3M ESPE (eugenol-free) and Temp Bond NE, Kerr Corp (eugenol-free).
      After 24 h of temporary cementation, tensile strength tests were performed in a
      universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and 1 kN (100 kgf)
      load cell. Afterwards, the cast metal cores were cleaned by scraping with
      curettes and air jet. Thirty-six Ni-Cr copings were cemented to the cast metal
      cores with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE). Tensile strength
      tests were performed again. In the temporary cementation, Temp Bond NE (12.91 +/-
      2.54) and Temp Cem (12.22 +/- 2.96) presented the highest values of tensile
      strength and were statistically similar to each other (p>0.05). Statistically
      significant difference (p<0.05) was observed only between Provy (164.44 +/-
      31.23) and Temp Bond NE (88.48 +/- 21.83) after cementation of Ni-Cr copings with
      self-adhesive resin cement. In addition, Temp Cem (120.68 +/- 48.27) and RelyX
      Temp NE (103.04 +/- 26.09) showed intermediate tensile strength values. In
      conclusion, the Provy eugenol-containing temporary cement was associated with the
      highest bond strength among the resin cements when Ni-Cr copings were cemented to
      cast metal cores. However, the eugenol cannot be considered a determining factor
      in increased bond strength, since the other tested cements (1 eugenol-containing
      and 2 eugenol-free) were similar.

PMID- 26963210
TI  - Effect of Chlorhexidine on Dentin Bond Strength of Two Adhesive Systems after
      Storage in Different Media.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX)
      application during the bonding protocol on microshear bond strength of two
      adhesive systems, after storage in different media. Seventy-two human molars had
      their crowns cut in half and embedded in PVC cylinders with acrylic resin. The
      specimens were randomly divided into experimental groups (n=12) according to the
      adhesive system (Ambar and Single Bond 2), use of CHX in the bonding protocol,
      and time interval (24 h and 15 days) in the storage media (distilled water,
      mineral oil and 1% sodium hypochlorite - NaOCl). Adhesive systems were applied in
      accordance to manufacturers' recommendations, with or without the use of CHX, and
      resin composite (Z350 XT) cylinders were placed on the hybridized dentin. After
      photoactivation, the specimens were stored in distilled water, mineral oil and 1%
      NaOCl for 24 h and 15 days. Microshear bond strength was determined at a
      crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The bond strength data were
      analyzed statistically by 4-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha=5%). Use of CHX in
      the bonding protocol did not cause loss of bond strength in any of the evaluated
      situations, irrespective of time and storage medium. The storage medium had no
      influence on bond strength values after 15 days when the bond protocol without
      CHX application was used. However, the use of CHX in the protocol influenced
      negatively the bond strength values for Single Bond 2 after 15 days storage in
      distilled water and 1% NaOCl. 

PMID- 26963211
TI  - LED and Halogen Light Transmission through a CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Glass
      Ceramic.
AB  - The effect of thickness, shade and translucency of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate
      glass-ceramic on light transmission of light-emitting diode (LED) and quartz
      tungsten-halogen units (QTH) were evaluated. Ceramic IPS e.max CAD shades A1, A2,
      A3, A3.5, high (HT) and low (LT) translucency were cut (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm).
      Light sources emission spectra were determined. Light intensity incident and
      transmitted through each ceramic sample was measured to determine light
      transmission percentage (TP). Statistical analysis used a linear regression
      model. There was significant interaction between light source and ceramic
      translucency (p=0.008) and strong negative correlation (R=-0.845, p<0.001)
      between ceramic thickness and TP. Increasing one unit in thickness led to 3.17
      reduction in TP. There was no significant difference in TP (p=0.124) between
      shades A1 (beta1=0) and A2 (beta1=-0.45) but significant reduction occurred for
      A3 (beta1=-0.83) and A3.5 (beta1=-2.18). The interaction QTH/HT provided higher
      TP (beta1=0) than LED/HT (beta1=-2.92), QTH/LT (beta1=-3.75) and LED/LT (beta1=
      5.58). Light transmission was more effective using halogen source and high
      translucency ceramics, decreased as the ceramic thickness increased and was
      higher for the lighter shades, A1 and A2. From the regression model (R2=0.85), an
      equation was obtained to estimate TP value using each variable beta1 found. A
      maximum TP of 25% for QTH and 20% for LED was found, suggesting that ceramic
      light attenuation could compromise light cured and dual cure resin cements
      polymerization.

PMID- 26963212
TI  - Effectiveness of Combination of Dentin and Enamel Layers on the Masking Ability
      of Porcelain.
AB  - This study evaluated the masking ability of different porcelain thicknesses and
      combination of enamel and/or dentin porcelain layers over simulated background
      dental substrates with higher (A2) and lower (C4) color values. Combination of
      the enamel (E) and dentin (D) monolayer porcelain disks with different
      thicknesses (0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, and 1 mm) resulted in the following bilayer groups
      (n=10): D1E1, D1E0.8; D1E0.5; D0.8E0.8; D0.8E0.5, and D0.5E0.5. CIELAB color
      coordinates were measured with a spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter of
      mono and bilayer specimens and the masking ability estimated by color variation
      (DeltaE*ab) of bilayer specimens over simulated dental substrates were evaluated.
      Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationships translucency
      parameter * DeltaE*, translucency parameter * porcelain thickness, and DeltaE* *
      porcelain thickness. Data were analyzed statistically (alpha= 0.05). Thinner
      porcelain disks were associated with higher translucency. Porcelain monolayers
      were considerably more translucent than bilayers (enamel + dentin). Dentin
      porcelain was less translucent than enamel porcelain with same thickness. DeltaE*
      was always lower when measured over A2 background. Higher DeltaE* was observed
      for the C4 background, indicating poorer masking ability. Increased DeltaE* was
      significantly associated with increased translucency for both backgrounds.
      Decreased translucency and DeltaE* were associated with increased total porcelain
      thickness or increased dentin thickness for both backgrounds. In conclusion,
      increased porcelain thickness (particularly increased dentin layer) and increased
      porcelain opacity resulted in better masking ability of the dental backgrounds. 

PMID- 26963213
TI  - Effects of Peracetic Acid on the Corrosion Resistance of Commercially Pure
      Titanium (grade 4).
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of pure titanium
      grade 4 (cp-Ti-4), subjected to disinfection with 0.2% and 2% peracetic acid
      during different immersion periods using anodic potentiodynamic polarization test
      in acid and neutral artificial saliva. Cylindrical samples of cp-Ti-4 (5 mm x 5
      mm) were used to fabricate 24 working electrodes, which were mechanically
      polished and divided into eight groups (n=3) for disinfection in 2% and 0.2%
      peracetic acid for 30 and 120 min. After disinfection, anodic polarization was
      performed in artificial saliva with pH 4.8 and 6.8 to assess the electrochemical
      behavior of the electrodes. A conventional electrochemical cell, constituting a
      reference electrode, a platinum counter electrode, and the working electrode (cp
      Ti specimens) were used with a scanning rate of 1 mV/s. Three curves were
      obtained for each working electrode, and corrosion was characterized by using
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry
      (EDS). Data of corrosion potential (Ecorr) and passive current (Ipass) obtained
      by the polarization curves were analyzed statistically by Student's t-test
      (a=0.05). The statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p>0.05)
      between artificial saliva types at different concentrations and periods of
      disinfection, as well as between control and experimental groups. No surface
      changes were observed in all groups evaluated. In conclusion, disinfection with
      0.2% and 2% peracetic acid concentrations did not cause corrosion in samples
      manufactured with cp-Ti-4. 

PMID- 26963214
TI  - Reliability of FEA on the Results of Mechanical Properties of Materials.
AB  - The present study evaluated the reliability of FEA on the results of different
      mechanical properties (E and v) of materials. Two 3D models of a maxillary canine
      with endodontic treatment, intracanal post, composite resin core and restored
      with porcelain-fused-to-metal crown were generated according to micro-CT images.
      Two groups with different E and nu values for porcelain, metal coping alloy,
      resin cement and composite resin were established. The materials' properties for
      group GL were based on literature data, while for group GIE the impulse
      excitation technique was used. A load of 180 N was applied at 45 degrees  on the
      incisal third of the lingual surface of the canine tooth. All models were
      supported by the periodontal ligament (x=y=z=0). The von Mises stress (VMS) was
      calculated. The stress values revealed differences between the groups for both
      VMS distribution and value. The porcelain (GL: 5.966 MPa; GIE: 7.478 MPa), metal
      coping (GL: 3.811 MPa; GIE: 0.973 MPa) and core (GL: 4.771 MPa; GIE: 0.026 MPa)
      were significantly affected. In conclusion, this study showed that the
      determination of mechanical properties (E and nu) of materials is essential for
      the reliability on the results of FEA. 

PMID- 26963215
TI  - Effect of Fluoride Varnish Combined with Er:YAG Laser on the Permeability of
      Eroded Dentin: An In Situ Study.
AB  - This study evaluated the combined effect of fluoride varnish and Er:YAG laser on
      the permeability of eroded bovine root dentin. After initial erosive challenge
      followed by a remineralization period, the specimens were divided in two groups
      according to the treatment - fluoride varnish and non-fluoride varnish - and were
      subdivided according to the irradiation protocol: Er:YAG laser (100 mJ, 3 Hz,
      12.8 J/cm2per pulse, non-contact and defocus mode) and non-irradiated. After a
      lead-in period, 7 volunteers wore a palatal device containing 4 specimens that
      were subjected to erosive challenges. At the first experimental phase, 4
      volunteers used specimens treated with fluoride varnish and fluoride
      varnish+Er:YAG laser and 3 volunteers used specimens treated with non-fluoride
      varnish and non-fluoride varnish+Er:YAG laser. After a washout period, volunteers
      were crossed to treatments, characterizing a 2x2 crossover experiment. At the end
      of the experimental phase, the quantitative response variable was obtained by
      permeability analysis and the qualitative response by scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer's test revealed that specimens
      treated with fluoride varnish+Er:YAG laser showed the lowest permeability and a
      significant difference was found between this group and the others. When varnish
      (fluoride/non-fluoride) was applied in the absence of Er:YAG laser, higher
      permeability was found when compared to the laser-treated groups. SEM evaluations
      showed partially or completely obliterated dentinal tubules when specimens were
      treated with fluoride varnish+Er:YAG laser. It may be concluded that Er:YAG laser
      was able to control the permeability of eroded root dentin and the combination
      with fluoride varnish increased laser action. 

PMID- 26963216
TI  - A Two-Year Clinical Evaluation of Fluoride and Non-Fluoride Resin-Based Pit-and
      Fissure Sealants.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare for 24 months, the retention
      and surface characteristics of two pit-and-fissure sealants: Helioseal Clear and
      Helioseal F (Ivoclar Vivadent). The correlation between the different stages of
      eruption and sealant retention was also verified. Fifty children aged 6 to 8
      years participated in the study, totalizing 153 teeth divided into two groups: HC
      (Helioseal Clear) and HF (Helioseal F). After 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, a clinical
      examination was performed by previously calibrated examiners. The surface
      characteristics and the retention of the sealants (modified RYGE & SNYDER
      criteria) were assessed. Analyzing the occlusal surface, HC exhibited a
      statistically significant higher retention at 12 (p=0.0345) and 24 months
      (p=0.0076). Concerning the surface characteristics, only the superficial
      discoloration of HC was smaller than HF, during the entire studied period. For
      all the other characteristics, the results of the Mann-Whitney test were highly
      significant at different periods (p=0.0000 to 0.0421). The frequency of air
      bubbles within the sealant surfaces, determined by Chi-square test, was
      significantly higher in HF (p=0.000:12 and 18 months to p=0.002: 6 and 24
      months). HC sealant material exhibited the best performance regarding the
      retention and surface characteristics on the occlusal surface. 

PMID- 26963218
TI  - Racial Differences in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Multilevel Analysis
      in Brazilian Children.
AB  - This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the influence of race/ethnicity on
      Brazilian children' oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). A multistage
      random sampling selected a representative sample of 1,134 twelve-years-old
      children from public schools of Santa Maria, a city in Southern Brazil.
      Participants were examined by 4 calibrated clinicians (minimum Kappa-value for
      inter-examiner agreement of 0.8) and the Brazilian short version of the Child
      Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) was administered. The children's parents or
      guardians answered questions regarding their demographics and socioeconomic
      status. Associations were analyzed using multilevel Poisson regression models.
      Children from racial/ethnic minority groups had poorer OHRQoL. The mean CPQ11-14
      score was 1.08 times higher for non-white children than their white counterparts'
      score. "Social" and "Emotional well-being" were the most affected domains for non
      white children, with significantly higher mean scores as compared to white
      children (RR 1.19, 95% CI, 1.07-1.33; and RR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04-1.24). This
      association remained significant even after adjusting for individual and
      contextual covariates. OHRQoL disparities are prevalent among children from
      racial/ethnic minority groups. Non-white children have lower OHRQoL compared to
      white children. 

PMID- 26963217
TI  - Influence of Light Source, Thermocycling and Silane on the Shear Bond Strength of
      Metallic Brackets to Ceramic.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different light
      sources, thermocycling and silane on the bond strength of metallic brackets to
      ceramic. Cylinders of feldspathic ceramic were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid
      for 60 s. Half of the cylinders (Groups 1 to 4) received two layers of silane.
      Metallic brackets were bonded to the cylinders using Transbond XT and divided
      into 8 groups (n=20), according to light source (Radii Plus LED - 40 s; Groups 1,
      2, 5 and 6 and XL 2500 halogen light - 40 s; Groups 3, 4, 7 and 8) and
      experimental conditions with (Groups 2, 4, 6 and 8) without thermocycling (Groups
      1, 3, 5 and 7). Shear bond testing was carried out after 24 h of deionized water
      storage (Groups 1, 3, 5 and 7) and thermocycling (Groups 2, 4, 6 and 8; 7,000
      cycles - 5 degrees /55  degrees C). Date were submitted to three-way ANOVA and
      Tukey's post hoc test (alpha=0.05). The Adhesive Remnamt Index (ARI) was
      evaluated at 8* magnification. The application of silane was effective in
      increasing the shear bond strength of the brackets to ceramic (p<0.05).
      Significant difference (p<0.05) on the bond strength was observed between light
      sources with or without thermocycling. The ARI showed a predominance of scores 0
      for all groups, with an increase in scores 1, 2 and 3 for the silane groups. In
      conclusion, silane improved significantly the shear bond strength of the brackets
      to ceramic. The thermocycling and light sources influence on the bond strength.

PMID- 26963219
TI  - Definitive Presurgical CAD/CAM-Guided Implant-Supported Crown in an Esthetic
      Area.
AB  - This paper describes the digital workflow from cone beam computer tomography
      (CBCT) to the installation of a definitive presurgical zirconium individual crown
      in a 19-year-old woman requiring implant replacement of a maxillary right lateral
      incisor. The patient had agenesis of this tooth and had completed the orthodontic
      treatment. CBCT was conducted and diagnostic casts were digitized. Virtual
      planning was completed by defining a prosthetically driven implant and a
      stereolithographic surgical template was produced. Good adaptation of a
      stereolithographic surgical template was verified in the working cast. Implant
      and abutment were installed in this cast using a stereolithographic surgical
      template, and a CAD/CAM definitive zirconium crown was produced. Flapless
      computer-guided implant surgery was performed. The abutment was connected, and a
      definitive zirconium crown was cemented using resin cement. The digital workflow
      presented herein shows high accuracy for a virtually planned implant with
      flapless guided placement, allowing the successful delivery of a definitive
      presurgical zirconium single crown in an esthetic area in a single visit. The
      patient was revaluated after 1 year of function with an excellent outcome of the
      treatment.

PMID- 26963220
TI  - Tutankhamun's Dentition: The Pharaoh and his Teeth.
AB  - Tutankhamun was a Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom) in ancient Egypt.
      Medical and radiological investigations of his skull revealed details about the
      jaw and teeth status of the mummy. Regarding the jaw relation, a maxillary
      prognathism, a mandibular retrognathism and micrognathism have been discussed
      previously. A cephalometric analysis was performed using a lateral skull X-ray
      and a review of the literature regarding King Tutankhamun's mummy. The results
      imply diagnosis of mandibular retrognathism. Furthermore, third molar retention
      and an incomplete, single cleft palate are present. 

PMID- 26963221
TI  - What constitutes Homo sapiens? Morphology versus received wisdom.
AB  - Although Linnaeus coined Homo sapiens in 1735, it was Blumenbach forty years
      later who provided the first morphological definition of the species. Since
      humans were not then allowed to be ante-Diluvian, his effort applied to the
      genus, as well. After the Feldhofer Grotto Neanderthal disproved this creationist
      notion, and human-fossil hunting became legitimate, new specimens were allocated
      either to sapiens or new species within Homo, or even to new species within new
      genera. Yet as these taxonomic acts reflected the morphological differences
      between specimens, they failed to address the question: What constitutes H.
      sapiens? When in 1950 Mayr collapsed all human fossils into Homo, he not only
      denied humans a diverse evolutionary past, he also shifted the key to identifying
      its species from morphology to geological age - a practice most
      paleoanthropologists still follow. Thus, for example, H. erectus is the species
      that preceded H. sapiens, and H. sapiens is the species into which H. erectus
      morphed. In order to deal with a growing morass of morphologically dissimilar
      specimens, the non-taxonomic terms "archaic" (AS) and "anatomically modern" (AMS)
      were introduced to distinguish between the earlier and later versions of H.
      sapiens, thereby making the species impossible to define. In attempting to
      disentangle fact from scenario, I begin from the beginning, trying to delineate
      features that may be distinctive of extant humans (ES), and then turning to the
      fossils that have been included in the species. With the exception of Upper
      Paleolithic humans - e.g. from Cro-Magnon, Dolni Vestonice, Mladec - I argue that
      many specimens regarded as AMS, and all those deemed AS, are not H. sapiens. The
      features these AMS do share with ES suggest the existence of a sapiens clade.
      Further, restudy of near-recent fossils, especially from southwestern China (~11
      14.5 ka), reinforces what discoveries such as H. floresiensis indicate: "If it's
      recent, it's not necessarily H. sapiens". 

PMID- 26963222
TI  - The evolution of language and thought.
AB  - Language primarily evolved as a vocal medium that transmits the attributes of
      human culture and the necessities of daily communication. Human language has a
      long, complex evolutionary history. Language also serves as an instrument of
      thought since it has become evident that in the course of this process neural
      circuits that initially evolved to regulate motor control, motor responses to
      external events, and ultimately talking were recycled to serve tasks such as
      working memory, cognitive flexibility linguistic tasks such as comprehending
      distinctions in meaning conveyed by syntax. This precludes the human brain
      possessing an organ devoted exclusively to language, such as the Faculty of
      Language proposed by Chomsky (1972, 2012). In essence like Fodor's (1983) modular
      model, a restatement of archaic phrenological theories (Spurzheim, 1815). The
      subcortical basal ganglia can be traced back to early anurans. Although our
      knowledge of the neural circuits of the human brain is at a very early stage and
      incomplete, the findings of independent studies over the past 40 years, discussed
      here, have identified circuits linking the basal ganglia with various areas of
      prefrontal cortex, posterior cortical regions and other subcortical structures.
      These circuits are active in linguistic tasks such as lexical access,
      comprehending distinctions in meaning conferred by syntax and the range of higher
      cognitive tasks involving executive control and play a critical role in
      conferring cognitive flexibility. The cingulate cortex which appeared in
      Therapsids, transitional mammal-like reptiles who lived in age of the dinosaurs,
      most likely enhanced mother-infant interaction, contributing to success in the
      Darwinian (1859) "Struggle for Existence" - the survival of progeny. They
      continue to fill that role in present-day mammals as well as being involved in
      controlling laryngeal phonation during speech and directing attention (Newman &
      MacLean, 1983; Cummings, 1993". The cerebellum and hippocampus, archaic
      structures, play role in cognition. Natural selection acting on genetic and
      epigenetic events in the last 500,000 years enhanced human cognitive and
      linguistic capabilities. It is clear that human language did not suddenly come
      into being 70,000 to 100,000 years as Noam Chomsky (Bolhuis et al., 2014) and
      others claim. The archeological record and analyses of fossil and genetic
      evidence shows that Neanderthals, who diverged from the human line at least
      500,000 years ago possessed some form of language. Nor did the human population
      suddenly acquire the capability to relate two seemingly unrelated concepts by
      means of associative learning 100,000 years ago, re-coined "Merge" by Chomsky and
      his adherents, Merge supposedly is the key to syntax but associative learning,
      one of the cognitive processes by which children learn languages and the myriad
      complexities of their cultures, is a capability present in dogs and virtually all
      animals. 

PMID- 26963224
TI  - Copper-Doped Titanium Dioxide Bronze Nanowires with Superior High Rate Capability
      for Lithium Ion Batteries.
AB  - Pristine and Cu-doped TiO2-B nanowires are synthesized by the microwave assisted
      hydrothermal method. The doped oxide exhibits a highly porous structure with a
      specific surface area of 160.7 m(2) g(-1). As evidenced by X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, around 2.0 atom % Cu(2+)
      cations are introduced into TiO2-B, which leads to not only a slightly expanded
      lattice network but also, more importantly, a modified electronic structure. The
      band gap of TiO2-B is reduced from 2.94 to 2.55 eV, resulting in enhanced
      electronic conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance
      spectroscopy reveal improved electrochemical kinetic properties of TiO2-B due to
      the Cu doping. The doped nanowires show a specific capacity of 186.8 mAh g(-1) at
      the 10 C rate with a capacity retention of 64.3% after 2000 cycles. Remarkably,
      our material exhibits a specific capacity of 150 mAh g(-1) at the 60 C rate,
      substantiating its superior high rate capability for rechargeable lithium
      batteries. 

PMID- 26963226
TI  - Hurricane Sandy's impact on the predisaster homeless and homeless shelter
      services in New Jersey.
AB  - Presently, there is little research on how people experiencing homelessness
      prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. Existing emergency
      management literature does not provide an understanding of how disasters affect
      homeless shelter services. The present study seeks to fill these gaps by
      examining how Hurricane Sandy impacted homeless shelters and their guests in New
      Jersey. Presenting findings from ethnographic research in Atlantic City and
      Hoboken, this study identifies several areas in which homeless shelters and their
      guests may be able to assist in emergency response and disaster recovery such as
      preparing meals for victims, sorting and processing donated items, and assisting
      victims in filing for emergency assistance. 

PMID- 26963227
TI  - A proposed emergency management program for acute care facilities in response to
      a highly virulent infectious disease.
AB  - To address the organizational complexities associated with a highly virulent
      infectious disease (HVID) hazard, such as Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), an acute
      care facility should institute an emergency management program rooted in the
      fundamentals of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. This program
      must address all known facets of the care of a patient with HVID, from
      unannounced arrival to discharge. The implementation of such a program not only
      serves to mitigate the risks from an unrecognized exposure but also serves to
      prepare the organization and its staff to provide for a safe response, and ensure
      a full recovery. Much of this program is based on education, training, and
      infection control measures along with resourcing for appropriate personal
      protective equipment which is instrumental in ensuring an organized and safe
      response of the acute care facility in the service to the community. This
      emergency management program approach can serve as a model in the care of not
      only current HVIDs such as EVD but also future presentations in our healthcare
      setting. 

PMID- 26963228
TI  - The National Capital Region closed circuit television video interoperability
      project.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The National Capital Region (NCR) includes many government
      jurisdictions and agencies using different closed circuit TV (CCTV) cameras and
      video management software. Because these agencies often must work together to
      respond to emergencies and events, a means of providing interoperability for CCTV
      video is critically needed. DESIGN: Video data from different CCTV systems that
      are not inherently interoperable is represented in the "data layer." An
      "integration layer" ingests the data layer source video and normalizes the
      different video formats. It then aggregates and distributes this video to a
      "presentation layer" where it can be viewed by almost any application used by
      other agencies and without any proprietary software. A native mobile video
      viewing application is also developed that uses the presentation layer to provide
      video to different kinds of smartphones. SETTING: The NCR includes Washington,
      DC, and surrounding counties in Maryland and Virginia. RESULTS: The video sharing
      architecture allows one agency to see another agency's video in their native
      viewing application without the need to purchase new CCTV software or systems. A
      native smartphone application was also developed to enable them to share video
      via mobile devices even when they use different video management systems.
      CONCLUSIONS: A video sharing architecture has been developed for the NCR that
      creates an interoperable environment for sharing CCTV video in an efficient and
      cost effective manner. In addition, it provides the desired capability of sharing
      video via a native mobile application.

PMID- 26963229
TI  - Factors influencing mine rescue team behaviors.
AB  - A focus group study of the first moments in an underground mine emergency
      response was conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
      Health (NIOSH), Office for Mine Safety and Health Research. Participants in the
      study included mine rescue team members, team trainers, mine officials, state
      mining personnel, and individual mine managers. A subset of the data consists of
      responses from participants with mine rescue backgrounds. These responses were
      noticeably different from those given by on-site emergency personnel who were at
      the mine and involved with decisions made during the first moments of an event.
      As a result, mine rescue team behavior data were separated in the analysis and
      are reported in this article. By considering the responses from mine rescue team
      members and trainers, it was possible to sort the data and identify seven key
      areas of importance to them. On the basis of the responses from the focus group
      participants with a mine rescue background, the authors concluded that accurate
      and complete information and a unity of purpose among all command center
      personnel are two of the key conditions needed for an effective mine rescue
      operation. 

PMID- 26963230
TI  - A course in disaster mitigation.
AB  - While endeavors are underway within the emergency management discipline to
      develop a unique body of foundational knowledge, widespread acknowledgement and
      agreement within the emergency management scholarly community of the existence of
      theoretical foundations and the consistent incorporation of these elements into
      emergency management research and teaching are still lacking. This article offers
      an outline of a US-based undergraduate course in mitigation theory and practice
      that is based on a synthesis of the academic literature related to disaster
      mitigation as a means to advance the discourse on foundational knowledge and
      curriculum development. The course outline proposes a set of concepts, theories,
      propositions, and empirical data that would arguably be fundamental for students
      in gaining a comprehensive understanding of mitigation in the United States and
      suggests how that information can be organized and presented in a meaningful way.

PMID- 26963231
TI  - Continuity of operations planning in college athletic programs: The case for
      incorporating Federal Emergency Management Guidelines.
AB  - College athletic departments have a responsibility to provide a safe environment
      for student-athletes; however, most colleges do not have a crisis management plan
      that includes procedures for displaced student-athletes or alternate facilities
      to perform athletic events. Continuity of operations planning ensures athletic
      programs are equipped to maintain essential functions during, or shortly after, a
      disruption of operations due to possible hazards. Previous studies have
      identified a lack of emergency preparedness and continuity planning in college
      athletic departments. The purpose of this article is to illustrate in detail one
      approach to disaster planning for college athletic departments, namely the
      Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) continuity of operations framework. By
      adhering to FEMA guidelines and promoting a best practices model, athletic
      programs can effectively plan to address potential hazards, as well as protect
      the organization's brand, image, and financial sustainability after a crisis
      event. 

PMID- 26963232
TI  - Reduction in unavailable-for-response episodes in a private emergency medical
      services agency.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Increased demand for emergency medical services (EMS), financial
      constraints, emergency department overcrowding, EMS crews kept in hospital, all
      result in ambulance unavailability. This study seeks to identify daily temporal
      patterns for unavailable-for-response episodes, impact of increasing staffing
      during peak periods, and evaluating the extent of reduction in unavailable-for
      response episodes due to temporally precise increases in staffing during critical
      time periods and the resulting cost/benefit analysis. DESIGN: The authors
      evaluated all EMS responses during a 7-month time period and recorded all
      unavailable-for-response episodes. This identified clusters of unavailable-for
      response episodes for which incremental staffing changes were implemented.
      Internal audit of cost/revenues was recorded. SETTING: Midsized private EMS
      agency in Northwest Pennsylvania. SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS: EMS Responders/Agency
      calls. INTERVENTIONS: Temporally precise increases in staffing during critical
      time periods/unavailable-for-response episodes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S):
      Reduction in unavailable-for-response episodes, cost effectiveness. RESULTS:
      Evaluating 23,833 EMS responses that occurred during the study period, staffing
      changes resulted in a 93 percent average reduction and 100 percent maximum
      reduction in unavailable-for-response episodes and were cost effective, based on
      evaluation of cost versus revenue, in this EMS agency. CONCLUSIONS:
      Identification of opportunities for system staffing improvement in a midsized EMS
      agency demonstrated feasibility and usability of mapping temporal patterns of
      unavailable-for-response episodes to substantially reduce the number of
      unavailable-for-response episodes and was cost effective.

PMID- 26963233
TI  - Increasing topical anesthetic efficacy with microneedle application.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since topical anesthetics alone seldom provide adequate analgesia
      for laser resurfacing procedures, injectable forms of anesthesia are often
      required. However, their application is uncomfortable for the patient. In this
      study, it is investigated whether microneedle application would enhance the
      efficacy of topical anesthetics. METHODS: Forty-seven patients participated in
      the study. Topical anesthetic agent EMLA was applied to the whole face of the
      patients. Microneedle treatment was applied to one side of the face with a roller
      type device. Whole-face carbon dioxide laser resurfacing therapy was carried out
      then. The pain that patients experienced was assessed by using visual analog
      scale (VAS) method. VAS scores of two sides of the face were compared by using
      Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: The mean of VAS score of the microneedle
      treated side was 2.1 +/- 1.1 while that of the untreated side was 5.9 +/- 0.9 and
      this difference was statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Z
      value is - 5.9683 and the p-value is < 0.001). SUMMARY: This study revealed that
      microneedle application, with a roller-type device, is a safe and easy procedure
      in providing sufficient anesthesia for facial laser resurfacing without the need
      for supplementary nerve blocks or injections.

PMID- 26963235
TI  - Ozonation of chlortetracycline in the aqueous phase: Degradation intermediates
      and pathway confirmed by NMR.
AB  - Chlortetracycline (CTC) degradation mechanism in aqueous phase ozonation was
      evaluated for degradation mechanism and its correlation with the biodegradability
      and mineralization. CTC was removed within 8 and 4 min of ozonation at pH 2.2 and
      7.0, respectively. At pH 2.2, HPLC-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS)
      detected 30 products. The structures for some of these products were proposed on
      the basis of ozonation chemistry, CTC structure and MS data; these structures
      were then confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Double bond
      cleavages, dimethyl amino group oxidation, opening and removal of the aromatic
      ring and dechlorination, mostly direct ozonation reactions, gave products with
      molecular weights (m.w.) 494, 510, 524, 495 and 413, respectively. Subsequent
      degradations gave products with m.w. 449, 465, 463 and 415. These products were
      arranged into a degradation pathway. At pH 7.0, the rate of reaction was
      increased, though the detected products were similar. Direct ozonation at pH 2.2
      increased the biodegradability by altering the structures of CTC and its
      products. Nevertheless, direct ozonation alone remained insufficient for the
      mineralization, which was efficient at pH 7.0 due to the production of free
      radicals.

PMID- 26963234
TI  - Sleep disturbance in mild cognitive impairment is associated with alterations in
      the brain's default mode network.
AB  - This study aimed to identify default mode network (DMN) functional connectivity
      deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sleep disturbance,
      relative to those with MCI and no sleep disturbance. A control group was included
      to aid in identifying DMN changes specific to MCI. A cross-sectional, single
      center study was performed at the Brain and Mind Research Centre in Sydney,
      Australia. Participants (95 adults over the age of 65: 38 controls and 57 meeting
      criteria for MCI) underwent resting-state functional MRI along with comprehensive
      neuropsychological, medical, and psychiatric assessment. Self-report data were
      collected including sleep quality assessment via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality
      Index. A total score of greater than 5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was
      used to signify the presence of significant sleep disturbance, as per commonly
      used methodology. Using this criterion, 53% (n = 30) of our MCI group were
      classified as sleep-disturbed. Whereas the total group of MCI subjects and
      controls demonstrated no significant differences, sleep-disturbed MCIs
      demonstrated increased connectivity between temporal and parietal regions, and
      decreased connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the temporoparietal
      junction relative to sleep-disturbed controls. Relative to those MCIs without
      sleep disturbance, sleep-disturbed MCI participants demonstrated significantly
      diminished DMN connectivity between temporal and parietal regions, a finding that
      was particularly pronounced in amnestic MCI. Sleep disturbance in MCI is
      associated with distinct alterations in DMN functional connectivity in brain
      regions underpinning salient memory and sleep systems. Future studies may build
      on these results via experimental manipulation and objective measurement of
      sleep. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963236
TI  - Semi-nitritation process producing optimum influent for anammox process in
      treatment of domestic wastewater.
AB  - The process of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) requires a proper ratio of
      NH4(+)-N and NO2(-)-N in the influent, which is difficult to control upon
      treating domestic wastewater. In this study, a control strategy of semi
      nitritation (SN) process based on monitoring the pH profile and NH4(+)-N
      concentration in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was developed. The aeration
      time of each cycle in SN-SBR was calculated using the established equation
      tSN=tCOD+0.56alphanS0/(S0-Sn). To verify the suitability of the control strategy,
      SN-SBR was operated continuously for 20 cycles, fed with real domestic wastewater
      with a fluctuating COD of 200-400 mg L(-1) and NH4(+)-N of 65-80 mg L(-1). The
      nitrogen removal performance of SN-anammox system using the developed control
      strategy was also monitored. Results showed that SN-SBR was able to generate a
      suitable ratio of NH4(+)-N to NO2(-)-N for the following anammox process, the TN
      removal rate of the SN-anammox system achieved 91.7 +/- 0.4% and the average
      ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentration of effluent was only 0.50 +/- 0.24,
      0.13 +/- 0.09 and 4.9 +/- 0.22 mg L(-1), respectively. This study has potential
      application in the treatment of domestic wastewater using combined SN-anammox
      process.

PMID- 26963237
TI  - Effects of gamma-irradiation of original and organic matter-amended soils on the
      sorption of triclosan and diuron from aqueous solutions.
AB  - Soil gamma-irradiation is a well-known method of inhibiting microbial activity in
      studies of the soil sorption of organic compounds. However, few studies have
      addressed the possible effect of gamma-irradiation on the sorptive ability of
      soils enriched with different types of organic matter (OM). The objective of this
      study was to probe the effect of soil gamma-irradiation on organic compound-soil
      interactions in two different situations representing adding OM to soils through
      land disposal of (a) OM-rich sewage sludge-originating biosolids and (b) olive
      mill wastewater (OMW). Both situations describe frequent environmental and
      agricultural scenarios. Comparisons of aqueous sorption on cobalt-60 gamma
      irradiated and non-irradiated soil sorbents were carried out for (a) triclosan
      (in a series of three soils and their lab-incubated mixtures with three different
      types of biosolids), and (b) the pesticide diuron (in two different untreated and
      OMW-affected soils). In each case, sodium azide was used as a biocide. Soil gamma
      irradiation affected the sorption of organic compounds by a factor generally not
      exceeding 2-3. Specifically, for triclosan, the sorbed concentration ratio
      between irradiated and non-irradiated soils when averaged over all the soil
      samples was 0.94. No significant effects of gamma-irradiation on soil organic
      carbon or total nitrogen contents were observed. The effect of gamma-irradiation
      on a soil sorbent may be less important when a rough estimate of a soil sorption
      coefficient of an organic compound is needed. However, it may need to be taken
      into account in mechanistic sorption studies, specifically, when the shape of
      sorption isotherms is of interest. 

PMID- 26963238
TI  - Phenyl-functionalized magnetic palm-based powdered activated carbon for the
      effective removal of selected pharmaceutical and endocrine-disruptive compounds.
AB  - Triethoxyphenylsilane (TEPS)-functionalized magnetic palm-based powdered
      activated carbon (MPPAC-TEPS) was prepared and characterized using various
      spectroscopic methods, and then tested for the removal of bisphenol A,
      carbamazepine, ibuprofen and clofibric acid. Magnetite film on MPPAC-TEPS was
      homogeneously coated on the outer surface of palm-based powdered activated carbon
      (PPAC) through a hydrothermal co-precipitation technique. Followed by
      silanization of phenyl-functionalized organosilane on MPPAC's magnetic film. As
      results, micro/mesopore surface area and volume increased without significant
      pore clogging and iron (Fe) dissolution under the acidic conditions was greatly
      decreased. The unique structural and chemical features of MPPAC-TEPS were found
      to be the main reasons for the enhanced adsorption rates and removal capacities
      of POPs. The presence of electrolytes and different pH values greatly affected
      the sorption efficiencies. The dominant sorption mechanism of POPs by MPPAC-TEPS
      was determined to be pi-pi interaction (physisorption), based on thermodynamic
      (DeltaG degrees ) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal
      regeneration at a low temperature (350  degrees C) was an effective method to
      desorb the retained POPs and enabled to reactivate MPPAC-TEPS with sustained
      sorption rates and capacities, whereas PPAC was largely exhausted. As a new type
      of sorbent for POPs, MPPAC-TEPS has operational advantages, such as magnetic
      separation and stable regeneration. 

PMID- 26963239
TI  - Mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhance seedling growth and photosynthesis in
      wheat and lupin.
AB  - The application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as a smart delivery
      system to agricultural crops is gaining attention but the release of
      nanoparticles into the environment may pose a potential threat to biological
      systems. We investigated the effects of MSNs on the growth and development of
      wheat and lupin plants grown under controlled conditions. We report a dramatic
      increase in the growth of wheat and lupin plants exposed to MSNs. We also found
      that, in leaves, MSNs localised to chloroplasts and that photosynthetic activity
      was significantly increased. In addition, absorption and cellular distribution of
      MSNs by the two plant species following root uptake were observed using scanning
      electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).
      Following uptake of MSNs at 500 and 1000 mg L(-1), there was enhancement of seed
      germination, increased plant biomass, total protein and chlorophyll content.
      Treatment of both species with MSNs at the highest concentration (2000 mg L(-1))
      did not result in oxidative stress or cell membrane damage. These findings show
      that MSNs can be used as novel delivery systems in plants and that over the range
      of concentrations tested, MSNs do not have any negative impacts on plant growth
      or development.

PMID- 26963241
TI  - Separation of the metallic and non-metallic fraction from printed circuit boards
      employing green technology.
AB  - The generation of electrical and electronic waste is increasing day by day;
      recycling is attractive because of the metallic fraction containing these.
      Nevertheless, conventional techniques are highly polluting. The comminution of
      the printed circuit boards followed by an inverse flotation process is a clean
      technique that allows one to separate the metallic fraction from the non-metallic
      fraction. It was found that particle size and superficial air velocity are the
      main variables in the separation of the different fractions. In this way an
      efficient separation is achieved by avoiding the environmental contamination
      coupled with the possible utilization of the different fractions obtained. 

PMID- 26963240
TI  - Dioxins, DL-PCB and NDL-PCB accumulation profiles in livers from sheep and cattle
      reared in North-western Italy.
AB  - Products of animal origin represent the main route of human exposure to dioxins
      and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-compounds). Recently, concerns have been raised about
      ovine products, particularly the liver, in which relatively high levels of DL
      compounds have been reported. We surveyed ovine and bovine livers in areas with
      no known sources of dioxin or DL-PCB contamination, in order to assess
      accumulation patterns for both DL-compounds and non-DL (NDL-) PCBs. None of the
      ovine and bovine samples exceeded the current Maximum Limits (MLs) for DL
      compounds. Liver DL-compound TEQ concentrations were up to 5-fold higher in sheep
      than in cows. No statistically significant differences in total NDL-PCBs levels
      were found. The main contributors to TEQ levels were the Penta- and Hexa
      chlorinated PCDFs and PCB 126. The results confirm the increased bioaccumulation
      in ovine liver towards specific DL-compounds even in ewes reared in areas with no
      known sources of PCDD/Fs or DL-PCBs contamination. 

PMID- 26963242
TI  - Benzo(a)pyrene induces interleukin (IL)-6 production and reduces lipid synthesis
      in human SZ95 sebocytes via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway.
AB  - In this study, we determined the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on the
      expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1),
      and assessed the action of BaP on inflammatory cytokine expression and lipid
      synthesis in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro. BaP (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6) and 10(-5)M)
      was not cytotoxic for SZ95 sebocytes after 24h exposure. Expression of AhR was
      promoted in mRNA lever, while was inhibited in protein lever after BaP (10(-5)M)
      exposure. CYP1A1 expression was up-regulated in both mRNA and protein levels. BaP
      (10(-5)M) exerted a stimulatory action on interleukin (IL)-6 secretion, while a
      dose-dependently inhibitory effect on lipid synthesis from 10(-8)M to 10(-5)M in
      SZ95 sebocytes. Both actions were partly antagonized in AhR-knockdowned SZ95
      sebocytes. This study demonstrates that BaP can activate AhR signaling pathway,
      and exhibits pro-inflammatory effects and inhibitory effects on sebum production
      in human sebocytes. 

PMID- 26963243
TI  - Endocrine Disruption: Computational Perspectives on Human Sex Hormone-Binding
      Globulin and Phthalate Plasticizers.
AB  - Phthalates are a class of high volume production chemicals used as plasticizers
      for household and industrial use. Several members of this chemical family have
      endocrine disrupting activity. Owing to ubiquitous environmental distribution and
      exposure of human population at all stages of life, phthalate contamination is a
      continuous global public health problem. Clinical and experimental studies have
      indicated that several phthalates are associated with adverse effects on
      development and function of human and animal systems especially the reproductive
      system and exposures during pregnancy and early childhood are by far of utmost
      concern. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a plasma carrier protein that
      binds androgens and estrogens and represents a potential target for phthalate
      endocrine disruptor function in the body. In the present study, the binding
      mechanism of the nine phthalates i.e. DMP, DBP, DIBP, BBP, DNHP, DEHP, DNOP,
      DINP, DIDP with human SHBG was delineated by molecular docking simulation.
      Docking complexes of the nine phthalates displayed interactions with 15-31 amino
      acid residues of SHBG and a commonality of 55-95% interacting residues between
      natural ligand of SHBG, dihydrotestosterone, and the nine phthalate compounds was
      observed. The binding affinity values were more negative for long chain
      phthalates DEHP, DNOP, DINP, and DIDP compared to short chain phthalates such as
      DMP and DBP. The Dock score and Glide score values were also higher for long
      chain phthalates compared to short chain phthalates. Hence, overlapping of
      interacting amino acid residues between phthalate compounds and natural ligand,
      dihydrotestosterone, suggested potential disrupting activity of phthalates in the
      endocrine homeostasis function of SHBG, with long chain phthalates expected to be
      more potent than the short chain phthalates. 

PMID- 26963244
TI  - Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Low
      Prevalence Country: A Four Year Retrospective Study in an Australian Tertiary
      Infectious Diseases Unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is relatively neglected and
      increasing in incidence, in comparison to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in low
      burden settings. It poses particular diagnostic and management challenges. We
      aimed to determine the characteristics of EPTB in Western Sydney, Australia, and
      to conduct a quality assurance investigation of adherence to guidelines among
      Infectious Diseases (ID) practitioners managing EPTB cases. METHODS: All adult
      EPTB cases managed by a large ID service during 01/01/2008-31/12/2011 were
      eligible for inclusion in the retrospective review. Data were extracted from
      patient medical records on demographic, diagnostic, clinical and management
      details, and on clinician adherence to local and international TB guidelines.
      RESULTS: 129 cases managed by the ID service were identified, with files
      available for 117. 98 cases were managed by the Respiratory service and were
      excluded. 98.2%(112/114) had been born in a country other than Australia. HIV
      status was tested or previously known in 97 people, and positive in 4 (4%).
      Microbiological confirmation was obtained in 68/117 (58.1%), an additional 24 had
      histopathological findings considered confirmatory (92/117, 78.6%), with the
      remainder diagnosed on clinical and/or radiological grounds. Median time to
      diagnosis post-migration from a high TB-burden country was 5 years (range 0-41).
      95 cases were successfully treated, 11 cases defaulted, refused therapy or
      transferred, 2 cases relapsed and outcomes unknown or pending in 9 cases. No
      deaths occurred in the sample analysed. Clinician adherence to guidelines was
      high, but with scope for improvement in offering testing for co-infections,
      performing eye checks, monitoring blood glucose in patients receiving adjunctive
      corticosteroids, and considering drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite
      excellent TB outcomes in this setting, the low proportion of cases with
      susceptibility data is worrying in this era of increasing drug resistance, and
      illustrates the diagnostic difficulties faced even in a well-resourced setting.
      Vigilance for EPTB needs to remain high in those moving from high prevalence
      countries to Australia, even decades after immigration.

PMID- 26963245
TI  - Unbiased Characterization of Anopheles Mosquito Blood Meals by Targeted High
      Throughput Sequencing.
AB  - Understanding mosquito host choice is important for assessing vector competence
      or identifying disease reservoirs. Unfortunately, the availability of an unbiased
      method for comprehensively evaluating the composition of insect blood meals is
      very limited, as most current molecular assays only test for the presence of a
      few pre-selected species. These approaches also have limited ability to identify
      the presence of multiple mammalian hosts in a single blood meal. Here, we
      describe a novel high-throughput sequencing method that enables analysis of 96
      mosquitoes simultaneously and provides a comprehensive and quantitative
      perspective on the composition of each blood meal. We validated in silico that
      universal primers targeting the mammalian mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA genes
      (16S rRNA) should amplify more than 95% of the mammalian 16S rRNA sequences
      present in the NCBI nucleotide database. We applied this method to 442 female
      Anopheles punctulatus s. l. mosquitoes collected in Papua New Guinea (PNG). While
      human (52.9%), dog (15.8%) and pig (29.2%) were the most common hosts identified
      in our study, we also detected DNA from mice, one marsupial species and two bat
      species. Our analyses also revealed that 16.3% of the mosquitoes fed on more than
      one host. Analysis of the human mitochondrial hypervariable region I in 102 human
      blood meals showed that 5 (4.9%) of the mosquitoes unambiguously fed on more than
      one person. Overall, analysis of PNG mosquitoes illustrates the potential of this
      approach to identify unsuspected hosts and characterize mixed blood meals, and
      shows how this approach can be adapted to evaluate inter-individual variations
      among human blood meals. Furthermore, this approach can be applied to any disease
      transmitting arthropod and can be easily customized to investigate non-mammalian
      host sources. 

PMID- 26963246
TI  - Contributions of Subsurface Cortical Modulations to Discrimination of Executed
      and Imagined Grasp Forces through Stereoelectroencephalography.
AB  - Stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) depth electrodes have the potential to
      record neural activity from deep brain structures not easily reached with other
      intracranial recording technologies. SEEG electrodes were placed through deep
      cortical structures including central sulcus and insular cortex. In order to
      observe changes in frequency band modulation, participants performed force
      matching trials at three distinct force levels using two different grasp
      configurations: a power grasp and a lateral pinch. Signals from these deeper
      structures were found to contain information useful for distinguishing force from
      rest trials as well as different force levels in some participants. High
      frequency components along with alpha and beta bands recorded from electrodes
      located near the primary motor cortex wall of central sulcus and electrodes
      passing through sensory cortex were found to be the most useful for
      classification of force versus rest although one participant did have significant
      modulation in the insular cortex. This study electrophysiologically corroborates
      with previous imaging studies that show force-related modulation occurs inside of
      central sulcus and insular cortex. The results of this work suggest that depth
      electrodes could be useful tools for investigating the functions of deeper brain
      structures as well as showing that central sulcus and insular cortex may contain
      neural signals that could be used for control of a grasp force BMI. 

PMID- 26963247
TI  - Minimum Wage and Overweight and Obesity in Adult Women: A Multilevel Analysis of
      Low and Middle Income Countries.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship between minimum wage and overweight and
      obesity across countries at different levels of development. METHODS: A cross
      sectional analysis of 27 countries with data on the legislated minimum wage level
      linked to socio-demographic and anthropometry data of non-pregnant 190,892 adult
      women (24-49 y) from the Demographic and Health Survey. We used multilevel
      logistic regression models to condition on country- and individual-level
      potential confounders, and post-estimation of average marginal effects to
      calculate the adjusted prevalence difference. RESULTS: We found the association
      between minimum wage and overweight/obesity was independent of individual-level
      SES and confounders, and showed a reversed pattern by country development stage.
      The adjusted overweight/obesity prevalence difference in low-income countries was
      an average increase of about 0.1 percentage points (PD 0.075 [0.065, 0.084]), and
      an average decrease of 0.01 percentage points in middle-income countries (PD 
      0.014 [-0.019, -0.009]). The adjusted obesity prevalence difference in low-income
      countries was an average increase of 0.03 percentage points (PD 0.032 [0.021,
      0.042]) and an average decrease of 0.03 percentage points in middle-income
      countries (PD -0.032 [-0.036, -0.027]). CONCLUSION: This is among the first
      studies to examine the potential impact of improved wages on an important
      precursor of non-communicable diseases globally. Among countries with a modest
      level of economic development, higher minimum wage was associated with lower
      levels of obesity.

PMID- 26963249
TI  - Biannual Spawning and Temporal Reproductive Isolation in Acropora Corals.
AB  - Coral spawning on the oceanic reef systems of north-western Australia was
      recently discovered during autumn and spring, but the degree to which species and
      particularly colonies participated in one or both of these spawnings was unknown.
      At the largest of the oceanic reef systems, the participation by colonies in the
      two discrete spawning events was investigated over three years in 13 species of
      Acropora corals (n = 1,855 colonies). Seven species spawned during both seasons;
      five only in autumn and one only in spring. The majority of tagged colonies (n =
      218) spawned once a year in the same season, but five colonies from three species
      spawned during spring and autumn during a single year. Reproductive seasonality
      was not influenced by spatial variation in habitat conditions, or by Symbiodinium
      partners in the biannual spawner Acropora tenuis. Colonies of A. tenuis spawning
      during different seasons separated into two distinct yet cryptic groups, in a
      bayesian clustering analysis based on multiple microsatellite markers. These
      groups were associated with a major genetic divergence (G"ST = 0.469), despite
      evidence of mixed ancestry in a small proportion of individuals. Our results
      confirm that temporal reproductive isolation is a common feature of Acropora
      populations at Scott Reef and indicate that spawning season is a genetically
      determined trait in at least A. tenuis. This reproductive isolation may be
      punctuated occasionally by interbreeding between genetic groups following
      favourable environmental conditions, when autumn spawners undergo a second annual
      gametogenic cycle and spawn during spring. 

PMID- 26963248
TI  - In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Alkaloid Nuciferine.
AB  - RATIONALE: The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) contains many phytochemicals and
      has a history of human use. To determine which compounds may be responsible for
      reported psychotropic effects, we used in silico predictions of the identified
      phytochemicals. Nuciferine, an alkaloid component of Nelumbo nucifera and
      Nymphaea caerulea, had a predicted molecular profile similar to antipsychotic
      compounds. Our study characterizes nuciferine using in vitro and in vivo
      pharmacological assays. METHODS: Nuciferine was first characterized in silico
      using the similarity ensemble approach, and was followed by further
      characterization and validation using the Psychoactive Drug Screening Program of
      the National Institute of Mental Health. Nuciferine was then tested in vivo in
      the head-twitch response, pre-pulse inhibition, hyperlocomotor activity, and drug
      discrimination paradigms. RESULTS: Nuciferine shares a receptor profile similar
      to aripiprazole-like antipsychotic drugs. Nuciferine was an antagonist at 5-HT2A,
      5-HT2C, and 5-HT2B, an inverse agonist at 5-HT7, a partial agonist at D2, D5 and
      5-HT6, an agonist at 5-HT1A and D4 receptors, and inhibited the dopamine
      transporter. In rodent models relevant to antipsychotic drug action, nuciferine
      blocked head-twitch responses and discriminative stimulus effects of a 5-HT2A
      agonist, substituted for clozapine discriminative stimulus, enhanced amphetamine
      induced locomotor activity, inhibited phencyclidine (PCP)-induced locomotor
      activity, and rescued PCP-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition without
      induction of catalepsy. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular profile of nuciferine was
      similar but not identical to that shared with several approved antipsychotic
      drugs suggesting that nuciferine has atypical antipsychotic-like actions.

PMID- 26963250
TI  - Genetic and Functional Analysis of the Biosynthesis of a Non-Ribosomal Peptide
      Siderophore in Burkholderia xenovorans LB400.
AB  - B. xenovorans LB400 is a model bacterium for the study of the metabolism of
      aromatic compounds. The aim of this study was the genomic and functional
      characterization of a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase containing gene cluster
      that encodes a siderophore in B. xenovorans LB400. The mba gene cluster from
      strain LB400 encodes proteins involved in the biosynthesis and transport of a
      hydroxamate-type siderophore. Strain LB400 has a unique mba gene organization,
      although mba gene clusters have been observed in diverse Burkholderiales.
      Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of promoters in the mba gene cluster
      that strongly suggest regulation by the ferric uptake regulator protein (Fur) and
      by the alternative RNA polymerase extracytoplasmic function sigma factor MbaF.
      Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses showed the expression of iron-regulated
      transcriptional units mbaFGHIJKL, mbaN, mbaABCE, mbaO, mbaP and mbaD genes under
      iron limitation. Chrome azurol S (CAS) assay strongly suggests that strain LB400
      synthesized a siderophore under iron limitation. Mass spectrometry ESI-MS and
      MALDI-TOF-MS analyses revealed that the siderophore is a non-ribosomal peptide,
      and forms an iron complex with a molecular mass of 676 Da. Based on bioinformatic
      prediction, CAS assay and MS analyses, we propose that the siderophore is L
      Ndelta-hydroxy-Ndelta-formylOrn-D-beta-hydroxyAsp-L-Ser-L-Ndelta-hydroxy-Ndelta
      formylOrn-1,4-diaminobutane that is closely related to malleobactin-type
      siderophores reported in B. thailandensis. 

PMID- 26963251
TI  - Investigating Sources of Heterogeneity in Randomized Controlled Trials of the
      Effects of Pharmacist Interventions on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic
      Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of pharmacist interventions on glycemic control
      in type 2 diabetic patients and to examine factors that could explain the
      variation across studies. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was
      performed in PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases for randomized controlled
      trials (RCTs) published up to July 2015. The search strategy included the use of
      MeSH terms or text words related to pharmacist interventions, type 2 diabetes,
      and randomized controlled trials. RCTs published in English, Portuguese, or
      Spanish that evaluated the effect of pharmacist intervention on glycemic control
      in type 2 diabetic outpatients were included. Two independent authors executed
      study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Mean differences
      in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were estimated using random-effect models, and
      heterogeneity was evaluated by subgroup and meta-regression analyses. RESULTS:
      The literature search yielded 963 records of potential interest, of which 30 were
      included in the systematic review and 22 in the meta-analysis. Most of these RCTs
      were conducted in the United States in patients in outpatient clinics using face
      to-face contact only. All RCTs performed patient education, and most executed the
      medication review. The appraised sample showed uncertain or high risk of bias in
      most of the items evaluated, resulting in low-quality studies. In comparison with
      usual care, pharmacist interventions were associated with significant reductions
      in HbA1c levels (-8.5% [95% CI: -1.06, -0.65]; P < 0.0001; I2 = 67.3%). Subgroup
      analysis indicated differences of heterogeneity by country, baseline HbA1c
      levels, setting, intervention frequency, and random allocation. Age and HbA1c
      levels partly explained the variability across studies by meta-regression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirmed that pharmacist interventions improve
      glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with usual care and
      suggest that younger patients or with higher baseline HbA1c levels may be the
      main beneficiaries of pharmacist care. PROTOCOL PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      CRD42014007457.

PMID- 26963252
TI  - Evaluating and Quantifying User and Carer Involvement in Mental Health Care
      Planning (EQUIP): Co-Development of a New Patient-Reported Outcome Measure.
AB  - International and national health policy seeks to increase service user and carer
      involvement in mental health care planning, but suitable user-centred tools to
      assess the success of these initiatives are not yet available. The current study
      describes the development of a new reliable and valid, interval-scaled service
      user and carer reported outcome measure for quantifying user/carer involvement in
      mental health care planning. Psychometric development reduced a 70-item item bank
      to a short form questionnaire using a combination of Classical Test, Mokken and
      Rasch Analyses. Test-retest reliability was calculated using t-tests of interval
      level scores between baseline and 2-4 week follow-up. Items were worded to be
      relevant to both service users and carers. Nine items were removed following
      cognitive debriefing with a service user and carer advisory group. An iterative
      process of item removal reduced the remaining 61 items to a final 14-item scale.
      The final scale has acceptable scalability (Ho = .69), reliability (alpha = .92),
      fit to the Rasch model (chi2(70) = 97.25, p = .02), and no differential item
      functioning or locally dependent items. Scores remained stable over the 4 week
      follow-up period, indicating good test-retest reliability. The 'Evaluating the
      Quality of User and Carer Involvement in Care Planning (EQUIP)' scale displays
      excellent psychometric properties and is capable of unidimensional linear
      measurement. The scale is short, user and carer-centred and will be of direct
      benefit to clinicians, services, auditors and researchers wishing to quantify
      levels of user and carer involvement in care planning. 

PMID- 26963253
TI  - Introduced Amino Terminal Epitopes Can Reduce Surface Expression of Neuronal
      Nicotinic Receptors.
AB  - Epitopes accessible on the surface of intact cells are extremely valuable in
      studies of membrane proteins, allowing quantification and determination of the
      distribution of proteins as well as identification of cells expressing large
      numbers of proteins. However for many membrane proteins there are no suitable
      antibodies to native sequences, due to lack of availability, low affinity or lack
      of specificity. In these cases the use of an introduced epitope at specific sites
      in the protein of interest can often provide a suitable tool for studies.
      However, the introduction of the epitope sequence has the potential to affect
      protein expression, the assembly of multisubunit proteins or transport to the
      surface membrane. We find that surface expression of heteromeric neuronal
      nicotinic receptors containing the alpha4 and beta4 subunits can be affected by
      introduced epitopes when inserted near the amino terminus of a subunit. The FLAG
      epitope greatly reduces surface expression when introduced into either alpha4 or
      beta4 subunits, the V5 epitope has little effect when placed in either, while the
      Myc epitope reduces expression more when inserted into beta4 than alpha4. These
      results indicate that the extreme amino terminal region is important for assembly
      of these receptors, and demonstrate that some widely used introduced epitopes may
      severely reduce surface expression. 

PMID- 26963254
TI  - Prioritizing Avian Species for Their Risk of Population-Level Consequences from
      Wind Energy Development.
AB  - Recent growth in the wind energy industry has increased concerns about its
      impacts on wildlife populations. Direct impacts of wind energy include bird and
      bat collisions with turbines whereas indirect impacts include changes in wildlife
      habitat and behavior. Although many species may withstand these effects, species
      that are long-lived with low rates of reproduction, have specialized habitat
      preferences, or are attracted to turbines may be more prone to declines in
      population abundance. We developed a prioritization system to identify the avian
      species most likely to experience population declines from wind facilities based
      on their current conservation status and their expected risk from turbines. We
      developed 3 metrics of turbine risk that incorporate data on collision fatalities
      at wind facilities, population size, life history, species' distributions
      relative to turbine locations, number of suitable habitat types, and species'
      conservation status. We calculated at least 1 measure of turbine risk for 428
      avian species that breed in the United States. We then simulated 100,000 random
      sets of cutoff criteria (i.e., the metric values used to assign species to
      different priority categories) for each turbine risk metric and for conservation
      status. For each set of criteria, we assigned each species a priority score and
      calculated the average priority score across all sets of criteria. Our
      prioritization system highlights both species that could potentially experience
      population decline caused by wind energy and species at low risk of population
      decline. For instance, several birds of prey, such as the long-eared owl,
      ferruginous hawk, Swainson's hawk, and golden eagle, were at relatively high risk
      of population decline across a wide variety of cutoff values, whereas many
      passerines were at relatively low risk of decline. This prioritization system is
      a first step that will help researchers, conservationists, managers, and industry
      target future study and management activity. 

PMID- 26963255
TI  - Interactive Data Visualization for HIV Cohorts: Leveraging Data Exchange
      Standards to Share and Reuse Research Tools.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop and disseminate tools for interactive visualization of HIV
      cohort data. DESIGN AND METHODS: If a picture is worth a thousand words, then an
      interactive video, composed of a long string of pictures, can produce an even
      richer presentation of HIV population dynamics. We developed an HIV cohort data
      visualization tool using open-source software (R statistical language). The tool
      requires that the data structure conform to the HIV Cohort Data Exchange Protocol
      (HICDEP), and our implementation utilized Caribbean, Central and South America
      network (CCASAnet) data. RESULTS: This tool currently presents patient-level data
      in three classes of plots: (1) Longitudinal plots showing changes in measurements
      viewed alongside event probability curves allowing for simultaneous inspection of
      outcomes by relevant patient classes. (2) Bubble plots showing changes in
      indicators over time allowing for observation of group level dynamics. (3) Heat
      maps of levels of indicators changing over time allowing for observation of
      spatial-temporal dynamics. Examples of each class of plot are given using
      CCASAnet data investigating trends in CD4 count and AIDS at antiretroviral
      therapy (ART) initiation, CD4 trajectories after ART initiation, and mortality.
      CONCLUSIONS: We invite researchers interested in this data visualization effort
      to use these tools and to suggest new classes of data visualization. We aim to
      contribute additional shareable tools in the spirit of open scientific
      collaboration and hope that these tools further the participation in open data
      standards like HICDEP by the HIV research community.

PMID- 26963256
TI  - Function approximation in inhibitory networks.
AB  - In performance-optimized artificial neural networks, such as convolutional
      networks, each neuron makes excitatory connections with some of its targets and
      inhibitory connections with others. In contrast, physiological neurons are
      typically either excitatory or inhibitory, not both. This is a puzzle, because it
      seems to constrain computation, and because there are several counter-examples
      that suggest that it may not be a physiological necessity. Parisien et al. (2008)
      showed that any mixture of excitatory and inhibitory functional connections could
      be realized by a purely excitatory projection in parallel with a two-synapse
      projection through an inhibitory population. They showed that this works well
      with ratios of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that are realistic for the
      neocortex, suggesting that perhaps the cortex efficiently works around this
      apparent computational constraint. Extending this work, we show here that mixed
      excitatory and inhibitory functional connections can also be realized in networks
      that are dominated by inhibition, such as those of the basal ganglia. Further, we
      show that the function-approximation capacity of such connections is comparable
      to that of idealized mixed-weight connections. We also study whether such
      connections are viable in recurrent networks, and find that such recurrent
      networks can flexibly exhibit a wide range of dynamics. These results offer a new
      perspective on computation in the basal ganglia, and also perhaps on inhibitory
      networks within the cortex.

PMID- 26963258
TI  - Systems Approaches to the Eukaryotic Stress Response.

PMID- 26963259
TI  - Fish Rejections in the Marine Aquarium Trade: An Initial Case Study Raises
      Concern for Village-Based Fisheries.
AB  - A major difficulty in managing wildlife trade is the reliance on trade data
      (rather than capture data) to monitor exploitation of wild populations. Collected
      organisms that die or are rejected before a point of sale often go unreported.
      For the global marine aquarium trade, identifying the loss of collected fish from
      rejection, prior to export, is a first step in assessing true collection levels.
      This study takes a detailed look at fish rejections by buyers before export using
      the Papua New Guinea marine aquarium fishery as a case study. Utilizing
      collection invoices detailing the species and quantity of fish (Actinopteri and
      Elasmobranchii) accepted or rejected by the exporting company it was determined
      that, over a six month period, 24.2% of the total fish catch reported (n =
      13,886) was rejected. Of the ten most collected fish families, rejection
      frequency was highest for the Apogonidae (54.2%), Chaetodontidae (26.3%), and
      Acanthuridae (18.2%) and lowest for Labridae (6.6%) and Hemiscylliidae (0.7%).
      The most frequently cited reasons for rejection were fin damage (45.6% of cases),
      undersized fish (21.8%), and fish deemed too thin (11.1%). Despite fishers
      receiving feedback on invoices explaining rejections, there was no improvement in
      rejection frequencies over time (r = -0.33, P = 0.15) with weekly rejection
      frequencies being highly inconsistent (range: 2.8% to 79.4%; s = 16.3%). These
      findings suggest that export/import statistics can greatly underestimate
      collection for the marine aquarium trade as additional factors such as fisher
      discards, escapees, post-collection mortalities, and unregulated domestic trade
      would further contribute to this disparity. 

PMID- 26963260
TI  - Case report of non-traumatic spontaneous intrahepatic bile duct rupture in an
      adult.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous rupture of the biliary duct, a rare condition in
      adults, is difficult to diagnose preoperatively and presents with acute abdominal
      symptoms. The treatment of this rare condition should be based on the
      individual's clinical status. We present peripheric biliary duct rupture (segment
      three) treated with external segment III drainage and postoperative endoscopic
      removal of the stones. PRESENTATION OF CASE: An 82-year-old male patient
      presented with abdominal pain and fever. An ultrasound (US) revealed a solid gall
      stone lesion, 3cm in diameter, in liver segments three and four with additional
      intra-abdominal fluid accumulation without coexisting free air. A diagnostic
      laparotomy was then performed because the patient had signs of peritonitis.
      Exploration revealed a biliary leakage from the posterior surface of segment
      three. An external biliary drainage catheter was inserted to the perforated
      segment III duct via a 6 French (6F) feeding catheter. He was discharged after 10
      days and his intracholedocal stent was removed postoperative after three months.
      The patient continues to be monitored. DISCUSSION: Spontaneous rupture of the
      intrahepatic biliary duct is a rare condition. Although occurrence is frequently
      reported as spontaneous, the majority of cases are related to
      choledocholithiasis. The role of surgical treatment in cases of spontaneous bile
      duct rupture is unclear. When biliary peritonitis is present, drainage of
      contaminated biliary fluid, T-tube drainage, closure of the biliary duct, as well
      as primary disease conditions, should be reviewed prior to treatment. CONCLUSION:
      Surgical treatment of spontaneous biliary duct rupture should be indicated only
      after careful consideration of the patient's clinical and comorbidity status.

PMID- 26963257
TI  - HIV/AIDS Competent Households: Interaction between a Health-Enabling Environment
      and Community-Based Treatment Adherence Support for People Living with HIV/AIDS
      in South Africa.
AB  - In the context of severe human resource shortages in HIV care, task-shifting and
      especially community-based support are increasingly being cited as potential
      means of providing durable care to chronic HIV patients. Socio-ecological theory
      clearly stipulates that-in all social interventions-the interrelatedness and
      interdependency between individuals and their immediate social contexts should be
      taken into account. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) seldom live in isolation,
      yet community-based interventions for supporting chronic HIV patients have
      largely ignored the social contexts in which they are implemented. Research is
      thus required to investigate such community-based support within its context. The
      aim of this study is to address this research gap by examining the way in which
      HIV/AIDS competence in the household hampers or facilitates community-based
      treatment adherence support. The data was analyzed carefully in accordance with
      the Grounded Theory procedures, using Nvivo 10. More specifically, we analyzed
      field notes from participatory observations conducted during 48 community-based
      treatment adherence support sessions in townships on the outskirts of Cape Town,
      transcripts of 32 audio-recorded in-depth interviews with PLWHA and transcripts
      of 4 focus group discussions with 36 community health workers (CHWs). Despite the
      fact that the CHWs try to present themselves as not being openly associated with
      HIV/AIDS services, results show that the presence of a CHW is often seen as a
      marker of the disease. Depending on the HIV/AIDS competence in the household,
      this association can challenge the patient's hybrid identity management and
      his/her attempt to regulate the interference of the household in the disease
      management. The results deepen our understanding of how the degree of HIV/AIDS
      competence present in a PLWHA's household affects the manner in which the CHW can
      perform his or her job and the associated benefits for the patient and his/her
      household members. In this respect, a household with a high level of HIV/AIDS
      competence will be more receptive to treatment adherence support, as the patient
      is more likely to allow interaction between the CHW and the household. In
      contrast, in a household which exhibits limited characteristics of HIV/AIDS
      competence, interaction with the treatment adherence supporter may be difficult
      in the beginning. In such a situation, visits from the CHW threaten the hybrid
      identity management. If the CHW handles this situation cautiously and the patient
      acting as a gate keeper-allows interaction, the CHW may be able to help the
      household develop towards HIV/AIDS competence. This would have a more added value
      compared to a household which was more HIV/AIDS competent from the outset. This
      study indicates that pre-existing dynamics in a patient's social environment,
      such as the HIV/AIDS competence of the household, should be taken into account
      when designing community-based treatment adherence programs in order to provide
      long-term quality care, treatment and support in the context of human resource
      shortages. 

PMID- 26963261
TI  - Efficacy of octreotide against chylothorax following lateral neck dissection for
      thyroid cancer: A case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Postsurgical chylothorax is a rare complication of cervical
      dissection for thyroid cancer. We report that octreotide, a synthetic analog of
      somatostatin, is effective in treating chylothorax after thyroid carcinoma
      surgery. PRESENTATION OF CASE: The patient was a 48-year-old woman who presented
      to our institution complaining of a left anterior cervical mass. We diagnosed
      this as thyroid papillary carcinoma and performed a subtotal excision of the
      thyroid gland with left cervical lymph node dissection. The patient developed
      dyspnea, and a chest X-ray revealed bilateral chylothorax on Day 4 post-surgery.
      Octreotide was administered since bilateral chylothorax was noted. A marked
      decrease in chyle effusion was noted just 3 days after starting octreotide, and
      after a total of 9 days of treatment, there were no further signs of chylous
      effusion. DISCUSSION: Octreotide is effective against postsurgical chylothorax;
      however, if there are no signs of improvement, we believe surgical treatment
      should be considered. CONCLUSION: Octreotide should be administered first to
      treat postsurgical chylothorax before surgical treatment is considered.

PMID- 26963274
TI  - Comorbidities and recurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: personal
      experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between clinical
      features of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and age, sex, trauma,
      presence of one or more comorbidities such as cardiovascular, neurological,
      endocrinological, metabolic, psychiatric diseases. DESIGN: Retrospective review
      of medical records (chart review). STUDY SAMPLE: A total of 475 patients aged
      from 14 to 87 years, affected by BPPV. RESULTS: Recurrence of BPPV occurred in
      139/475 patients (29.2%). The recurrence rate was significantly higher in female
      and older patients. Comorbidities were present in 72.6% of subjects with
      recurrent BPPV vs. 48.9% of patients with no recurrence (p < 0.01). Forty-two
      patients (8.8%) reported a cranial trauma as a triggering event. Post-traumatic
      patients showed a significantly higher persistence rate (45.2%) compared to
      patients affected by non-traumatic BPPV (20.5%). Recurrence rates are overlapping
      between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the association between
      recurrence of BPPV and age, female sex, and presence of comorbidities. The
      correlation is stronger in patients affected by multiple associated diseases; the
      most frequently involved pathologies are psychiatric disorders, followed by
      neurological and vascular diseases. Collecting a complete medical history is
      important for prognostic stratification and detection of potential underlying
      pathological conditions.

PMID- 26963275
TI  - A Study of Differential Expression of Testicular Genes in Various Reproductive
      Phases of Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Wall Lizard) to Derive Their Association
      with Onset of Spermatogenesis and Its Relevance to Mammals.
AB  - Testis of Hemidactylus flaviviridis, commonly known as Indian wall lizard,
      displays a lack of cellular and metabolic activity in regressed phase of testis
      during non-breeding season of the year. Retracted Sertoli cells (Sc), fibroid
      myoid cells and pre-meiotic resting spermatogonia are observed in such testis.
      This situation is akin to certain forms of infertility in men where hormone
      supplementation fails to generate sperm despite the presence of Sc and germ cells
      (Gc) in testis. In testis of lizard, spermatogenesis is reinitiated upon
      increased level of hormones during appropriate season (phase of recrudescence).
      Study of genes associated with generation of sperm, from regressed adult testis
      in lizard, may provide valuable information for understanding certain forms of
      male idiopathic infertility. Subtractive hybridization using testicular RNA
      obtained from the regressed and active phases of lizard reproductive cycle led to
      identify eight partial mRNA sequences that showed sequence homology with mice
      genes. We further evaluated the gene expression prolife by real-time PCR in three
      different reproductive phases of H. flaviviridis: regressed (pre-meiotic),
      recrudescent (meiotic) and active (post meiotic), for comparison with the
      corresponding testicular phases found in testis of 5 days (pre-meiotic), 20 days
      (meiotic) and 60 days (post-meiotic) old mouse. This is the first report where
      genes associated with progression of spermatogenesis during active phase, which
      follows a regressed state of adult testis, were identified in lizard and found to
      be conserved in mouse. Six important genes, Hk1, Nme5, Akap4, Arih1, Rassf7 and
      Tubb4b were found to be strictly associated with active spermatogenesis in both
      mouse and lizard. Factors interfering with the expression of any of these genes
      may potentially abrogate the process of spermatogenesis leading to infertility.
      Such information may shed light on unknown causes of idiopathic male infertility.

PMID- 26963276
TI  - Uniquely designed nuclear structures of lower eukaryotes.
AB  - The nuclear structures of lower eukaryotes, specifically protists, often vary
      from those of yeasts and metazoans. Several studies have demonstrated the unique
      and fascinating features of these nuclear structures, such as a histone
      independent condensed chromatin in dinoflagellates and two structurally distinct
      nuclear pore complexes in ciliates. Despite their unique molecular/structural
      features, functions required for formation of their cognate molecules/structures
      are highly conserved. This provides important information about the structure
      function relationship of the nuclear structures. In this review, we highlight
      characteristic nuclear structures found in lower eukaryotes, and discuss their
      attractiveness as potential biological systems for studying nuclear structures.

PMID- 26963277
TI  - Impact of probiotic supplements on microbiome diversity following antibiotic
      treatment of mice.
AB  - Shifts in microbial populations of the intestinal tract have been associated with
      a multitude of nutritional, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. The limited
      diversity following antibiotic treatments creates a window for opportunistic
      pathogens, diarrhea, and inflammation as the microbiome repopulates. Depending on
      the antibiotics used, microbial diversity can take weeks to months to recover. To
      alleviate this loss of diversity in the intestinal microbiota, supplementation
      with probiotics has become increasingly popular. However, our understanding of
      the purported health benefits of these probiotic bacteria and their ability to
      shape the microbiome is significantly lacking. This study examined the impact of
      probiotics concurrent with antibiotic treatment or during the recovery phase
      following antibiotic treatment of mice. We found that probiotics did not appear
      to colonize the intestine themselves or shift the overall diversity of the
      intestinal microbiota. However, the probiotic supplementation did significantly
      change the types of bacteria which were present. In particular, during the
      recovery phase the probiotic caused a suppression of Enterobacteriaceae outgrowth
      (Shigella and Escherichia) while promoting a blooming of Firmicutes, particularly
      from the Anaerotruncus genus. These results indicate that probiotics have a
      significant capacity to remodel the microbiome of an individual recovering from
      antibiotic therapy. 

PMID- 26963280
TI  - Response to Cunningham et al.

PMID- 26963279
TI  - Response to Biesecker.

PMID- 26963281
TI  - Archibald E. Garrod: the father of precision medicine.

PMID- 26963282
TI  - Role of medical food in MMA.

PMID- 26963283
TI  - Towards a more representative morphology: clinical and ethical considerations for
      including diverse populations in diagnostic genetic atlases.
AB  - An important gap exists in textbooks (or atlases) of dysmorphology used by health
      care professionals to help diagnose genetic syndromes. The lack of varied
      phenotypic images in available atlases limits the utility of these atlases as
      diagnostic tools in globally diverse populations, causing geneticists difficulty
      in diagnosing conditions in individuals of different ancestral backgrounds who
      may present with variable morphological features. Proposals to address the
      underinclusion of images from diverse populations in existing atlases can take
      advantage of the Internet and digital photography to create new resources that
      take into account the broad global diversity of populations affected by genetic
      disease. Creating atlases that are more representative of the global population
      will expand resources available to care for diverse patients with these
      conditions, many of whom have been historically underserved by the medical
      system. However, such projects also raise ethical questions that are grounded in
      the complex intersection of imagery, medicine, history, and race and ethnicity.
      We consider here the benefits of producing such a resource while also considering
      ethical and practical concerns, and we offer recommendations for the ethical
      creation, structure, equitable use, and maintenance of a diverse morphological
      atlas for clinical diagnosis.Genet Med 18 11, 1069-1074.

PMID- 26963284
TI  - The complex behavioral phenotype of 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chromosome 15q13.3 represents a hotspot for genomic rearrangements
      due to repetitive sequences mediating nonallelic homologous recombination.
      Deletions of 15q13.3 have been identified in the context of multiple neurological
      and psychiatric disorders, but a prospective clinical and behavioral assessment
      of affected individuals has not yet been reported. METHODS: Eighteen subjects
      with 15q13.3 microdeletion underwent a series of behavioral assessments, along
      with clinical history and physical examination, to comprehensively define their
      behavioral phenotypes. RESULTS: Cognitive deficits are the most prevalent feature
      in 15q13.3 deletion syndrome, with an average nonverbal IQ of 60 among the
      patients studied. Autism spectrum disorder was highly penetrant, with 31% of
      patients meeting clinical criteria and exceeding cutoff scores on both ADOS-2 and
      ADI-R. Affected individuals exhibited a complex pattern of behavioral
      abnormalities, most notably hyperactivity, attention problems, withdrawal, and
      externalizing symptoms, as well as impairments in functional communication,
      leadership, adaptive skills, and activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: The
      15q13.3 deletion syndrome encompasses a heterogeneous behavioral phenotype that
      poses a major challenge to parents, caregivers, and treating providers. Further
      work to more clearly delineate genotype-phenotype relationships in 15q13.3
      deletions will be important for anticipatory guidance and development of targeted
      therapies.Genet Med 18 11, 1111-1118.

PMID- 26963286
TI  - Retrospective Analysis of Fifth-Line Targeted Therapy Efficacy in Patients with
      Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Current evidence of sequence-targeted therapy (TT) for patients with
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) beyond fourth-line is sparse. The aim of
      this study was to describe the efficacy and toxicity of fifth-line TT in patients
      with mRCC. METHODS: Out of 406 patients treated in first-line, 25 patients
      (6.16%) with more than 4 lines of TT were retrospectively reviewed at a German
      academic high-volume cancer center. Response was assessed by the use of standard
      Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.0, and toxicity was graded
      according to the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0.
      Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using
      the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to explore
      predictors of PFS and OS in univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS:
      Disease control rate for fifth-line treatment was 20%. Median OS from the
      beginning of first-line therapy was 50.2 months (IQR (interquartile range) 38.9
      76.7). Median OS from the time of initiation of fifth-line therapy was 6.2 months
      (IQR 3.1-23.8). Median PFS for fifth-line TT was 4.1 months (IQR 1.81-9.07) and
      did not correlate to treatment response in first-line TT. CONCLUSIONS: Highly
      selected patients might benefit from fifth-line treatment independently from
      treatment response in first-line TT.

PMID- 26963285
TI  - Novel mutations in LRP6 highlight the role of WNT signaling in tooth agenesis.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to identify a novel genetic cause of tooth agenesis (TA) and/or
      orofacial clefting (OFC) by combining whole-exome sequencing (WES) and targeted
      resequencing in a large cohort of TA and OFC patients. METHODS: WES was performed
      in two unrelated patients: one with severe TA and OFC and another with severe TA
      only. After deleterious mutations were identified in a gene encoding low-density
      lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), all its exons were resequenced
      with molecular inversion probes in 67 patients with TA, 1,072 patients with OFC,
      and 706 controls. RESULTS: We identified a frameshift (c.4594delG, p.Cys1532fs)
      and a canonical splice-site mutation (c.3398-2A>C, p.?) in LRP6, respectively, in
      the patient with TA and OFC and in the patient with severe TA only. The targeted
      resequencing showed significant enrichment of unique LRP6 variants in TA patients
      but not in nonsyndromic OFC patients. Of the five variants in patients with TA,
      two affected the canonical splice site and three were missense variants; all
      variants segregated with the dominant phenotype, and in one case the missense
      mutation occurred de novo. CONCLUSION: Mutations in LRP6 cause TA in humans.Genet
      Med 18 11, 1158-1162.

PMID- 26963287
TI  - IL-10 Induces T Cell Exhaustion During Transplantation of Virus Infected Hearts.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Unexpected transmissions of viral pathogens during solid organ
      transplantation (SOT) can result in severe, life-threatening diseases in
      transplant recipients. Immune activation contributes to disease onset. However
      mechanisms balancing the immune response against transmitted viral infection
      through organ transplantation remain unknown. Methods & RESULTS: Here we found,
      using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), that transplantation of LCMV
      infected hearts led to exhaustion of virus specific CD8+ T cells, viral
      persistence in organs and survival of graft and recipient. Genetic depletion of
      Interleukin-10 (IL-10) resulted in strong immune activation, graft dysfunction
      and death of mice, suggesting that IL-10 was a major regulator of CD8+ T cell
      exhaustion during SOT. In the presence of memory CD8+ T cells, virus could be
      controlled. However sufficient antiviral immune response resulted in acute
      rejection of transplanted heart. CONCLUSION: We found that virus transmitted via
      SOT could not be controlled by naive mice recipients due to IL-10 mediated CD8+ T
      cell exhaustion which thereby prevented immunopathology and graft failure whereas
      memory mice recipients were able to control the virus and induced graft failure.

PMID- 26963288
TI  - The Effect of Molecular Conformation on the Accuracy of Theoretical (1)H and
      (13)C Chemical Shifts Calculated by Ab Initio Methods for Metabolic Mixture
      Analysis.
AB  - NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for analyzing metabolic mixtures. The
      information obtained from an NMR spectrum is in the form of physical parameters,
      such as chemical shifts, and construction of databases for many metabolites will
      be useful for data interpretation. To increase the accuracy of theoretical
      chemical shifts for development of a database for a variety of metabolites, the
      effects of sets of conformations (structural ensembles) and the levels of theory
      on computations of theoretical chemical shifts were systematically investigated
      for a set of 29 small molecules in the present study. For each of the 29
      compounds, 101 structures were generated by classical molecular dynamics at
      298.15 K, and then theoretical chemical shifts for 164 (1)H and 123 (13)C atoms
      were calculated by ab initio quantum chemical methods. Six levels of theory were
      used by pairing Hartree-Fock, B3LYP (density functional theory), or second order
      Moller-Plesset perturbation with 6-31G or aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The six average
      fluctuations in the (1)H chemical shift were +/-0.63, +/- 0.59, +/- 0.70, +/-
      0.62, +/- 0.75, and +/-0.66 ppm for the structural ensembles, and the six average
      errors were +/-0.34, +/- 0.27, +/- 0.32, +/- 0.25, +/- 0.32, and +/-0.25 ppm. The
      results showed that chemical shift fluctuations with changes in the conformation
      because of molecular motion were larger than the differences between computed and
      experimental chemical shifts for all six levels of theory. In conclusion,
      selection of an appropriate structural ensemble should be performed before
      theoretical chemical shift calculations for development of an accurate database
      for a variety of metabolites. 

PMID- 26963289
TI  - Prevalence of traumatic brain injury and epilepsy among prisoners in France:
      Results of the Fleury TBI study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TBI and
      epilepsy in a French prison population and to study variables known to be
      associated with TBI. The second aim was to compare prisoners with and without a
      history of TBI. PARTICIPANTS: All offenders (females, males and juveniles)
      admitted consecutively to Fleury-Merogis prison over a period of 3 months were
      included in the study. DESIGN: During the admission procedure, offenders were
      interviewed by healthcare staff using a self-reported questionnaire. RESULTS: In
      all, 1221 prisoners were included. The rates of TBI and epilepsy were high, with
      a prevalence of 30.6% and 5.9%, respectively. Psychiatric care, anxiolytic and
      antidepressant treatment, use of alcohol and cannabis were all significantly
      higher among offenders with a history of TBI. Moreover, the number of times in
      custody and the total time spent in jail over the preceding 5 years were
      significantly higher among offenders with a history of TBI. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results provide further evidence that specific measures need to be developed such
      as, first of all, screening for TBI upon arrival in prison.

PMID- 26963290
TI  - A Preoperative Scale for Determining Surgical Readmission Risk After Total Hip
      Replacement.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Total hip replacement is a commonly performed orthopedic procedure
      for the treatment of painful arthritis, osteonecrosis, or fracture. OBJECTIVE: To
      develop and verify a scale for predicting readmission rates for total hip
      replacement patients and allow for the development and implementation of
      readmission risk-reduction strategies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      Discharge data on 268 518 patients from New York and California (derivation
      cohort) and 153 560 patients from Florida and Washington (validation cohort) were
      collected from the State Inpatient Database, a part of the Healthcare Cost and
      Utilization Project of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2006
      2011). Analysis of the derivation cohort was performed in July 2013 and analysis
      of the validation cohort was performed in August 2014. Demographic and clinical
      characteristics of patients undergoing total hip replacement were abstracted. The
      Readmission After Total Hip Replacement Risk Scale was developed to predict
      readmission risk. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Readmission rate. RESULTS: Of the 268
      518 patients from New York and California (derivation cohort), 151 009 (56.2%)
      were women and 216 477 (80.6%) were white. Of the 153 560 patients from Florida
      and Washington (validation cohort), 86 534 (56.3%) were women and 120 591 (78.5%)
      were white. Overall 30-day readmission rate was 5.89% for the derivation cohort
      and 5.82% for the validation cohort. Readmission rates for men and women were
      5.79% and 6.08% for the derivation cohort (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02
      1.09) and 5.80% and 5.84% for the validation cohort (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.95
      1.04), respectively. The following were all determined to be associated with
      increased risk of readmission after total hip replacement: being older than 71
      years (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.77-1.89), African American (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15
      1.31), and in the lowest income quartile (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.24); revision
      replacement (OR, 1.82, 95% CI, 1.75-1.90); liver disease (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.39
      1.77); congestive heart failure (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.38-1.61); chronic pulmonary
      disease (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.27-1.39); renal failure (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.18
      1.36); diabetes (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.16-1.27); fluid and electrolyte disorder
      (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.27); anemia (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.15-1.25); rheumatoid
      arthritis (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10-1.29); coagulopathy (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08
      1.32); hypertension (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.12-1.21); and obesity (OR, 1.15; 95% CI
      1.09-1.21). They were used to create the Readmission After Total Hip Replacement
      Risk Scale, which was applied to the validation cohort and explained 89.1% of
      readmission variability in that cohort. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Data derived
      from patients in the New York and California State Inpatient Database were
      reliably able to explain readmission variability for patients in the Florida and
      Washington State Inpatient Database at a rate of 89.1% based on known
      preoperative risk factors. Risk-stratification models, such as the Readmission
      After Total Hip Replacement Risk Scale, can identify high-risk patients for
      readmission and permit implementation of patient-specific readmission-reduction
      strategies to reduce readmissions and health care expenditures.

PMID- 26963291
TI  - Targeted Estimation of Marginal Absolute and Relative Associations in Case
      Control Data: An Application in Social Epidemiology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Case-control studies are useful for rare outcomes, but typical
      analyses limit investigators to parametric estimation of conditional odds ratios.
      Several methods exist for obtaining marginal risk differences and risk ratios in
      a case-control setting, including a recently described semiparametric targeted
      approach optimized for rare outcomes. METHODS: Using case-control data from a
      study of neighborhood poverty and very preterm birth, we demonstrate estimation
      of marginal risk differences and risk ratios and compare a parametric
      substitution estimator based on maximum likelihood estimation with targeted
      maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE), and a refinement of TMLE for rare outcomes
      that incorporates bounds on the conditional risk. RESULTS: In this illustration,
      living in a neighborhood with high poverty was associated with a higher risk of
      very preterm birth for white women. The estimated risk differences (cases/100)
      were 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.1, 1.1) from maximum likelihood
      estimation, 0.5 (95% CI: -1.1, 2.1) from TMLE, and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.0, 1.0) from
      the rare outcomes refinement. The rare outcomes refinement, which incorporates
      knowledge that the conditional risk is small, produced more precise estimates
      than TMLE. A similar pattern was observed for the relative risk. CONCLUSION:
      Absolute and relative associations estimated from case-control data using a
      semiparametric targeted approach allow the scientific question to determine the
      analysis and avoid unwarranted parametric assumptions. A rare outcomes refinement
      provided more precise estimates than TMLE, and thus is well suited for the study
      of rare outcomes.

PMID- 26963292
TI  - Transportability in Network Meta-analysis.
AB  - Network meta-analysis is an extension of the conventional pair wise meta-analysis
      to include treatments that have not been compared head to head. It has in recent
      years caught the interest of clinical investigators in comparative effectiveness
      research. While allowing a simultaneous comparison of a large number of treatment
      effects, an inclusion of indirect effects (i.e., estimating effects using
      treatments that have not been randomized head to head) may introduce bias. This
      bias occurs from not accounting for covariates differences in the analysis, in a
      way that allows transfer of causal information across trials. Although this
      problem might not be entirely new to network meta-analysis researchers, it has
      not been given a formal treatment. Occasionally it is tackled by fitting a meta
      regression model to account for imbalance of covariates. However, this approach
      may still produce biased estimates if covariates responsible for disparity across
      studies are post-treatment variables. To address the problem, we use the
      graphical method known as transportability to demonstrate whether and how
      indirect treatment effects can validly be estimated in network meta-analysis. See
      Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/EDE/B37.

PMID- 26963293
TI  - Online induction heating for determination of isotope composition of woody stem
      water with laser spectrometry: a methods assessment.
AB  - Application of stable isotopes of water to studies of plant-soil interactions
      often requires a substantial preparatory step of extracting water from samples
      without fractionating isotopes. Online heating is an emerging approach for this
      need, but is relatively untested and major questions of how to best deliver
      standards and assess interference by organics have not been evaluated. We
      examined these issues in our application of measuring woody stem xylem of
      sagebrush using a Picarro laser spectrometer with online induction heating. We
      determined (1) effects of cryogenic compared to induction-heating extraction, (2)
      effects of delivery of standards on filter media compared to on woody stem
      sections, and (3) spectral interference from organic compounds for these
      approaches (and developed a technique to do so). Our results suggest that
      matching sample and standard media improves accuracy, but that isotopic values
      differ with the extraction method in ways that are not due to spectral
      interference from organics. 

PMID- 26963295
TI  - The Vision for Preparing the Next Generation of Reviewers for the Scholarly
      Scientific Publication Process.

PMID- 26963294
TI  - P450-Mediated Coupling of Indole Fragments To Forge Communesin and Unnatural
      Isomers.
AB  - Dimeric indole alkaloids are structurally diverse natural products that have
      attracted significant attention from the synthetic and biosynthetic communities.
      Here, we describe the characterization of a P450 monooxygenase CnsC from
      Penicillium that catalyzes the heterodimeric coupling between two different
      indole moieties, tryptamine and aurantioclavine, to construct vicinal quaternary
      stereocenters and yield the heptacyclic communesin scaffold. We show, via
      biochemical characterization, substrate analogues, and computational methods that
      CnsC catalyzes the C3-C3' carbon-carbon bond formation and controls the
      regioselectivities of the pair of subsequent aminal bond formations to yield the
      communesin core. Use of omega-N-methyltryptamine and tryptophol in place of
      tryptamine led to the enzymatic synthesis of isocommunesin compounds, which have
      not been isolated to date. 

PMID- 26963296
TI  - Focusing Quality Improvement Initiatives in Pediatric Plastic Surgery: A
      Descriptive Study Using the Pediatric National Surgical Quality Improvement
      Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality
      Improvement Program - Pediatrics uses a risk-adjusted, case-mix-adjusted
      methodology to compare quality of hospital-level surgical performance. This paper
      aims to focus quality improvement efforts on diagnoses that have large patient
      volume and high morbidity for pediatric plastic surgery. METHODS: Frequency
      statistics were generated for a cohort of patients under age 18 who underwent
      plastic surgery procedures at participating National Surgical Quality Improvement
      Program - Pediatrics hospitals from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012.
      RESULTS: Cleft lip and palate procedures were the leading contributor to serious
      adverse events (45.00%), and the second largest contributor to composite
      morbidity (37.73%) as well as hospital-acquired infections (21.23%). CONCLUSIONS:
      When focusing resources for relevant data collection and quality improvement
      efforts, it is important to consider procedures that are both substantial volume
      and result in relatively higher morbidity. A balance must be made between what is
      relevant to collect and what is feasible given finite resources. Cleft lip and/or
      palate procedures might provide an ideal opportunity for coordinated efforts that
      could ultimately improve care for pediatric plastic surgery patients.

PMID- 26963297
TI  - The Tsao Fellowship in Global Health: A Model for International Fellowships in a
      Surgery Residency.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present a model for integrated global health fellowships in plastic
      surgical residency training. BACKGROUND: National surveys have found that North
      American surgical residents have significant interest in international training.
      While global health training opportunities exist, less than a third of these are
      housed within surgical residency programs; even fewer are designed specifically
      for plastic surgery residents. METHODS: The Tsao Fellowship was created through a
      partnership between Operation Smile, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Shriners
      Hospital for Children, and the University of Southern California. Designed for
      Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited plastic surgery
      residents between their third and fourth years of residency, the fellowship
      curriculum is completed over 24 months and divided into 3 areas: clinical
      research, international reconstructive surgery fieldwork, and the completion of a
      Master of Science in Clinical and Biomedical Investigations. RESULTS: The Tsao
      Fellowship has matriculated 4 fellows: 3 have graduated from the program and 1 is
      in the current cycle. Fellows completed 4 to 7 international missions each cycle
      and have performed an aggregate total of 684 surgical procedures. Each fellow
      also conducted 2 to 6 research projects and authored several publications. All
      fellows continue to assume leadership roles within the field of global
      reconstructive surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive global health fellowships
      provide invaluable opportunities beyond surgical residency. The Tsao Fellowship
      is a model for integrating international surgical training with global health
      research in plastic surgical residency that can be applied to other residency
      programs and different surgical specialties.

PMID- 26963298
TI  - Comparison of Intracranial Volume and Cephalic Index After Correction of Sagittal
      Synostosis With Spring-assisted Surgery or Pi-plasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to determine the intracranial volume
      (ICV) and cephalic index (CI) in patients operated for sagittal synostosis, and
      to compare the outcome of 2 different surgical techniques: craniotomy combined
      with springs and modified pi-plasty. METHODS: The authors studied all patients
      who had been operated for isolated sagittal synostosis and registered in the
      Gothenburg Craniofacial Registry until the end of 2012 and who had undergone a
      preoperative and/or postoperative (at 3 years of age) computed tomography
      examination. Sex- and age-matched controls were identified from children who had
      undergone computed tomography for other reasons. RESULTS: Craniotomy combined
      with springs increased the ICV and CI from 802 +/- 127 mL (mean +/- SD) and 70.1
      +/- 4.0 to 1300 +/- 158 mL and 73.1 +/- 3.3, respectively. The corresponding
      values for controls were 796 +/- 136 mL and 83.6 +/- 7.3 preoperatively and 1334
      +/- 136 mL and 80.0 +/- 4.5 at 3 years of age. Pi-plasty increased the ICV and CI
      from 1014 +/- 115 mL and 69.7 +/- 3.3 to 1286 +/- 122 mL and 74.1 +/- 2.6,
      respectively. Corresponding values for controls were 1043 +/- 153 mL and 83.4 +/-
      7.0 preoperatively and 1362 +/- 122 mL and 79.6 +/- 3.9 at 3 years of age.
      CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between craniotomy combined with
      springs in children younger than 6 months and pi-plasty in older children
      regarding the efficacy of improving ICV and CI. Neither of the techniques fully
      normalized the head shape.

PMID- 26963299
TI  - Postoperative Complications in Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction With Medpor.
AB  - Bone reconstruction in craniofacial surgery is a challenge for surgeons, who most
      commonly adopt the autogenous bone grafting and alloplastic implants in such
      procedures. Among the alloplastic materials, the high-density porous polyethylene
      is highlighted-Medpor (Medpor, Porex Surgical Inc, Newman, GA), considered to be
      pure polyethylene, with only 1 manufacturing process and standard pore size. The
      purpose of the current study has been to present through a review of literature
      and the types of complications derived from the use of Medpor in
      craniomaxillofacial bone surgery. A specific and sensitive database was initially
      created via PubMed, focusing on studies published in English peer-reviewed
      journals between 2004 and 2014, including case reports, experimental studies in
      humans, and prospective and retrospective studies. Forty articles were found at
      PubMed database. After analyzing their abstracts, 19 were selected, totaling 1453
      patients and 121 complications, being the most commonly reported diplopia with 56
      patients and infection with 6 patients. Most of the complications reported in the
      articles used for the development of the current review are not directly related
      to the use of the Medpor implant. The only complications directly related to the
      use of this biomaterial were cases of infection. 

PMID- 26963300
TI  - Aesthetic Unit-Based Reconstruction of Periorbital Defects.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of
      patients who underwent periorbital area reconstructions, determine their
      sociodemographic characteristics, analyze the effects of defect etiologies and
      locations classified according to periorbital subunits on our reconstruction
      options, and to present our treatment outcomes and clinical experience. METHODS:
      A retrospective chart review of 23 patients operated in our department between
      January 2010 and March 2013 and underwent periorbital area reconstructions, was
      performed. In addition to the demographic characteristics of the patients; defect
      etiologies, locations according to Spinelli aesthetic subunits, and the degrees
      of involvement were determined. RESULT: Analysis of the reconstructive methods
      showed that primary closure with lateral cantholysis was performed in 1 patient
      with a defect involving less than 50% of zone 1 along with a partial defect
      involving less than 50% of zone 2. In another patient with a full-thickness
      defect involving 75% of zone 1, reconstruction was made with a temporally based
      monopedicle forehead transposition (Fricke) flap prepared from the lower eyelid,
      and a conchal cartilage graft. In 2 other patients with partial defects involving
      more than 50% of zone 2; reconstruction was made with full-thickness skin grafts
      taken from the retroauricular area. Four patients had full-thickness defects that
      involved 50% to 75% of zone 2; 3 of them were reconstructed with a Tenzel lateral
      semicircular rotation flap and 1 with a Tripier flap. In 3 patients who had full
      thickness defects involving 75% of zone 2; reconstruction was made with a
      paramedian forehead flap and conchal cartilage graft. In 3 patients with full
      thickness defects involving more than 75% of zone 2, a Mustarde cheek rotation
      flap was used for reconstruction. Six patients had defects in zone 3, 3 of them
      were reconstructed with a glabellar flap, 2 with a paramedian forehead flap, and
      1 with a bilobed flap. One patient with a defect that involved 50% of zone 4 was
      reconstructed with a McGregor flap. CONCLUSIONS: Construction of a reconstructive
      algorithm by separation of the eyelid into aesthetic units and use of local
      healthy tissues provide functionally and aesthetically acceptable results.

PMID- 26963302
TI  - Botulinum Toxin A Upregulates Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA Gene Expression in a Dose
      Dependent Manner: In Vivo and in Vitro Study.
AB  - Angiogenesis is the development of new capillaries from existing blood vessels
      and is a prerequisite for the wound-healing process. Many lines of scientific
      evidences have shown that complicated roles of small guanosine triphosphatases
      (GTPases) (ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [Rac1], cell division
      control protein 42 [Cdc42], and ras homolog gene family, member A [RhoA]) in
      regulation of signal transduction pathways exist to transmit distinct cellular
      effects on the modulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling such as cell cycle
      progression, cell survival, and cell motility. In addition, these small GTPases
      activate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks) leading to
      activated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK), mitogen-activated
      protein kinase (MAPK), and various transcription factors such as vascular
      endothelial growth factor with involvement of MAPK signaling pathways.In this
      study, the authors hypothesized that botulinum toxin A increases angiogenesis via
      the expression of small GTPases in vivo and in vitro studies.In vivo experiment,
      24 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group and a
      botulinum toxin A group. Five days prior to superiorly based transverse rectus
      abdominis myocutaneous flap elevation, the botulinum toxin A (BoTA) group was
      pretreated with BoTA, while the control group was pretreated with normal saline.
      quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the
      expression of Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42.The angiogenic effects of botulinum toxin A
      on human dermal fibroblasts were measured in vitro experiment. To understand the
      mechanism of botulinum toxin A on small GTPases production of fibroblasts, Rac1,
      Cdc42, and RhoA were measured using qRT-PCR.The relative messenger ribonucleic
      acid expression of Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42 was significantly higher in the BoTA
      group than in the control group, in every zone and pedicle muscle, on
      postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Levels of these molecules increased significantly
      in human dermal fibroblasts grown in the presence of BoTA compared with control
      group over 5 IU.Our in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that administration of
      BoTA upregulates the expression of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in a dose-dependent
      manner. MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in BoTA-induced angiogenesis
      mechanism. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

PMID- 26963303
TI  - Unusual Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor.
AB  - The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is a rare benign neoplasm. It can, however,
      have locally aggressive behavior. This is a case of an adenomatoid odontogenic
      tumor of unusual location and behavior in a 15-year-old female patient. A
      panoramic radiograph revealed a large radiolucent lesion involving the retained
      tooth 33. Teeth involved in this lesion were displaced and with apparent root
      resorption. A prototype of the mandible showed a marked expansion of cortical
      bone, fenestration points in the lingual cortex, and fragility of the base of the
      mandible. Therefore, because of the risk of postoperative pathologic fracture the
      placement of a 2.4-mm reconstruction plate was indicated. Total enucleation of
      the lesion, as well as placement of a reconstruction plate were performed.
      Despite the large bone destruction, with the correct surgical procedure and the
      use of the reconstruction plate the patient recovered without incidents and a 24
      month postoperative radiography showed satisfactory bone formation. 

PMID- 26963301
TI  - Age-Related Changes Between the Level of Velopharyngeal Closure and the Cervical
      Spine.
AB  - The primary focus of this study was to assess age-related changes in the vertical
      distance of the estimated level of velopharyngeal closure in relation to a
      prominent landmark of the cervical spine: the anterior tubercle of cervical
      vertebra 1 (C1). Midsagittal anatomic magnetic resonance images were examined
      across 51 participants with normal head and neck anatomy between 4 and 17 years
      of age. Results indicate that age is a strong predictor (P = 0.002) of the
      vertical distance between the level of velopharyngeal closure relative to C1.
      Specifically, as age increases, the vertical distance between the palatal plane
      and C1 becomes greater resulting in the level of velopharyngeal closure being
      located higher above C1 (range 4.88-10.55 mm). Results of this study provide
      insights into the clinical usefulness of using C1 as a surgical landmark for
      placement of pharyngoplasties in children with repaired cleft palate and
      persistent hypernasal speech. Clinical implications and future directions are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26963304
TI  - Approach of pulmonologists in Turkey to noninvasive mechanical ventilation use in
      acute respiratory failure.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) has been increasingly used
      worldwide for acute respiratory failure (ARF), especially in patients with
      chronic lung disorders. We aimed to define the approach of pulmonologists in
      Turkey to NIV use for ARF management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 38-question
      survey, developed and tested by authors, was distributed by e-mail to a total of
      2.205 pulmonologists in Turkey. RESULT: Response rate was 27% (n= 596). Seventy
      one percent of responders were practicing NIV in clinic. NIV use was found to be
      associated with responder's academic title, age, duration of medical license,
      type of physician's hospital and its region, patient load, NIV experience during
      residency, and duration of NIV and intensive care unit (ICU) experience (p<
      0.001). Based on sub-group analysis of responders using NIV, median number of NIV
      patients followed-up per week was 4 [interquartile range (IQR): 2-6]. Most of the
      NIV users reported employment of wards (90%) and/or ICUs (86%) to follow-up
      patients, while 8.4% of the responders were applying NIV only in ICU's. Chronic
      obstructive lung disease (COPD) (99.5%), obesity hypoventilation syndrome (93.7%)
      and restrictive lung disease (89.4%) were the most common indications. Majority
      of NIV users (87%) were applying NIV to > 60% of patients with COPD, and success
      rate in COPD was reported as over 60% by 93% of users. Oronasal mask (median and
      IQR 90, 80-100%, respectively) and home care NIV ventilators (median and IQR 50,
      10-85%, respectively) were the most commonly utilized equipment. CONCLUSIONS: NIV
      use in ARF varies based on hospital type, region and, especially, experience of
      the physician. Although consistent with guidelines and general practice, NIV use
      can still be improved and increased.

PMID- 26963305
TI  - [Storage mite sensitivity and related factors in asthmatic patients].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the storage mite
      sensitivity and related factors in patients with asthma or asthma and rhinitis.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: 149 patients with asthma or asthma and rhinitis were
      included to the study. Prick test was performed after addition of Acarus siro (A.
      siro), Lepidoglyphus destructor (L. destructor), Glycophagus domesticus (G.
      domesticus) and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (T. putrescentiae) to the standart prick
      test. Living conditions, smoking history, allergic diseases status, seasonal
      variations in symptoms were evaluated by a questionnaire. Besides, respiratory
      screening spesific IgE, L. destructor spesific IgE was examined in a group of
      patients who were allergic to storage mites according to prick tests. RESULT:
      Prick test results showed that; 115 of the patients were sensitized while 34 of
      them were not. House dust mite sensitivity was detected as mite 58.3%.The storage
      mite sensitivity for at least one of the studied species was detected in 61.7% of
      patients. The sensitivity rates were 50.4%, 48.7%, 47%, %40 for A. siro, L.
      destructor, G. domesticus and T. putrescentiae, respectively. The storage mite
      sensivity was found higher in the patients from the rural areas (p< 0.05). L.
      destructor IgE positiveness was detected in 9.1% of the group that antibody
      levels were examined. Positive reaction was detected for at least one of the
      storage mite species in %22.7 of the patients who were considered as not
      sensitized according to the results of the standart prick tests. CONCLUSIONS: As
      a result, storage mites are important allergens in subjects who live in rural
      areas and close contact with barn, haymow, bin and pantry. Addition of storage
      mite allergens to the standart prick test panel of patients living in rural area
      is suitable.

PMID- 26963306
TI  - Analysis of rpsL and rrs genes mutations related to streptomycin resistance in
      Mdr and Xdr clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Streptomycin is a bactericidal and aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is
      one of the most effective drugs for treatment of multi-drug Tuberculosis disease.
      Incidence of resistance is increasingly reported. Its action mechanism is by
      inhibition of binding aminoacyl tRNA to position "A" in elongation phase, which
      finally it causes to stop bacterial protein synthesis. In this study, resistance
      rapid investigation to streptomycin was conducted in clinical strains of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, among 105
      strains of phlegm-positive and culture-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 45
      strains of resistant and sensitive to streptomycin were selected for possible
      mutations examination in genes rrs and rpsL. Specific primers that used for PCR
      were named rpsL 1, rpsL 2 and rrsR, Frrs. PCR products were sequenced. RESULT:
      PCR Products represents 504 bp band for gene rpsL and 1027 bp for gene rrs that
      shows proper selection of primers and determining an amplification appropriate
      program. From 26 resistant strains to streptomycin 26 strain have mutation in
      rpsL gene and 1 strain have alteration in rrs gene. In this study 19 strains were
      sensitive to streptomycin that have no mutation in these gene. CONCLUSIONS:
      Streptomycin resistance is mainly related to mutation at codons 43 and 88 "rpsL"
      gene and to a lesser extent "rrs" that are the greatest cause of drug resistance
      to streptomycin.

PMID- 26963307
TI  - The comparative value of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase and neopterin levels
      in diagnostic utility of pleural tuberculosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the
      diagnostic accuracy of pleura levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and neopterin
      for the differential diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (TP). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: The study included 50 patients with TB, 27 patients with malignancies,
      and 24 patients with pleural effusion of non-tuberculous and non-malignant origin
      as controls. ADA and neopterin levels in pleural fluid were measured by
      spectrofotometric and ELISA method, respectively. RESULT: Pleural neopterin
      levels were significantly higher in patients with pleural TB than patients with
      malignancy (p< 0.001). Pleural ADA levels were significantly higher in patients
      with pleural TB than patients with malignancy (p< 0.001) and patients with benign
      non-tuberculosis effusions (p< 0.001). The mean levels of ADA and neopterin in
      pleural effusion were evaluated according to their underlying diseases for the
      diagnostic accuracy. As for pleural TB receiving operating characteristic curves
      identified the following results; The best cut-off value for pleural neopterin
      was 4.7 U/L and yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 86% and 72.55%,
      respectively. Taking a cut-off value of 42 U/L for pleural ADA, the sensitivity
      and the specificity were found to be 88% and 68.63%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      In the diagnosis of pleural TB pleural neopterin level has a comparable
      sensitivity to pleural ADA activity. Both markers may find a place as a routine
      investigation in the coming days for early detection of TB. However, these tests
      should not be considered an alternative to biopsy and culture.

PMID- 26963308
TI  - Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Fagerstrom test for
      nicotine dependence.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), modified from
      Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnairre (FTQ), is used to determine whether a smoker
      trying to quit will need nicotine replacement therapy to treat with drawal
      symptoms. The FTND has been translated into many languages and has been referred
      to in the smoking literature worldwide. However, only a few studies have examined
      the psychometric propertiesof the non-English FTND versions. This study aimed to
      assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the FTND. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the factor
      structure of the Turkish version of the questionnaire using a large sample from
      two smoking cessation clinics in Istanbul, Turkey. Our study comprised 502
      smokers who entered one of these smoking cessation clinics between October 1 and
      December 31, 2011. All subjects gave informed consent to the study. We assessed
      the validity of the FTND using CFA, and we calculated Cronbach's alpha
      coefficients to determine reliability. RESULT: One-factor CFA included all of the
      items on the FTND. All items loaded on this factor with a score of 0.40 or
      higher. The goodness of fit statistics were adequate, with a Comparative Fit
      Index (CFI) of 0.922, a Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.902, and a root-mean-square
      error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.081. Two-factor CFA comprised the three
      "morning smoking" items, and the three "smoking pattern" items. The factor
      loadings and the goodness-of-fit statistics confirmed that the FTND has a two
      factor structure. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses confirmed that the Turkish version of the
      FTND has a two-factor structure with moderate reliability. This study found that
      using a total score as an estimate of nicotine dependence may limit the
      assessment of specific smoking dependency and tailoring intervention approaches.
      We suggest that a two-factor FTND in clinical practice would more accurately
      determine the nicotine dependence of patients.

PMID- 26963309
TI  - [Computed tomography findings in pulmonary involvement of Wegener's
      granulomatosis: pictorial review].
AB  - Wegener's granulomatosis is a necrotising granulomatous vasculitis which has a
      variable manifestations in the chest that are best described on computed
      tomography. Imaging findings may include masses or nodules, which may cavitate;
      consolidations and ground-glass opacities. Wegener's granulomatosis can mimic
      pneumonia, malignancy, and noninfectious inflammatory diseases. The purpose of
      this pictorial essay is to demonstrate the characteristic computed tomography
      findings of pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis. 

PMID- 26963310
TI  - [Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome].
AB  - Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common lung diseases
      characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway obstruction. Among
      patient with COPD and asthma; there is a group of patients with an overlap
      between clinical, functional characteristics and airway inflammation patterns,
      named "Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome" (ACOS). ACOS is a syndrome characterized by
      reversible but persistant airflow limitation (postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 70%)
      which has some features of both asthma and COPD. ACOS should be suspected in a
      patient > 40 years, with smoking history, previous asthma diagnosis or history of
      childhood asthma who has persistant airflow limitation and reversible ariway
      obstruction (defined by an increase of > %12 of FEV1 pred or increase of FEV1 >
      200 mL after inhalation of 400 mcg salbutamol or 1000 mcg terbutaline). The
      prevalence for ACOS has been reported 11-55% in different case series to date and
      increases by age and is more frequent in females in different age groups.
      Patients with ACOS are younger than COPD patients and older than asthma patients.
      Frequent and severe exacerbations and related hospitalization and emergency room
      visits are common in ACOS and this causes an impaired quality of life. Current
      recommendations of guidelines for pharmacologic treatment of ACOS have been
      composed of a combination with optimal COPD and asthma treatment. Future
      therapeutic approaches should be based on endotypes. Clinical phenotype and
      underlying endotype driven clinical studies may be the base of ACOS guidelines. 

PMID- 26963311
TI  - [Current management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis].
AB  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible and eventually
      fatal chronic interstitial pneumonia limited to the lung and associated with the
      histological and/or radiological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia.The mean
      age of the disease is 65 and it is more frequent in men than women. The disease
      was historically considered as an inflammatory disease, but currently this has
      shifted towards a prominent role of impaired wound healing process. The diagnosis
      of disease requires exclusion of other known causes of interstitial lung disease,
      the presence of a usual interstitial pneumonia pattern on high -resolution
      computed tomography (HRCT) in patients or specific combinations of HRCT and
      surgical lung biopsy patterns. The patients are considered as mild, moderate and
      severe according to the symptoms, radiological and pulmonary function tests. It
      is difficult to predict the course of the disease; clinical exacerbation can be
      seen after a long stable period. Average median survival is approximately 3
      years. Advanced age, smoking, low body mass index, widespread radiological
      involvement, comorbidities and complications (pulmonary hypertension, emphysema,
      and bronchogenic cancer) are considered as poor prognostic factors. The treatment
      approach is the basis on the severity of the disease and patient preference. The
      recent positive result of the pirfenidone and nintedanib phase II and III
      clinical trials based on the prevailing mechanism of IPF pathogenesis
      particularly targeted fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation
      have currently been reported. Initiating therapy with pirfenidone and nintedanib
      is recommended for the patients with mild and moderate IPF who do not have
      underlying liver disease and who live in area where these drugs are available.
      Nausea and rashes are more common in treatment with pirfenidone while diarrhea
      and deterioration in liver function tests are seen more frequently in nintedanib.
      The information regarding participation in randomized trials should be given to
      all patients and also early referral for transplantation should be considered. 

PMID- 26963313
TI  - [Diffusion weighted imaging of the chest].

PMID- 26963312
TI  - [A case of Takayasu's arteritis with endobronchial involvement].
AB  - Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a large vessel vasculitis especially seen in young
      women. Because of nonspecific symptoms diagnois is difficult and confused with
      other diseases. Delayed treatment increase morbidity and mortality. It effects
      primarly pulmonary artery in lung involvement. To our knowledge endobronchial
      involvement has not been reported previously in the literature. Due to rarity we
      present our patient whom we observed with the diagnosis of endobronchial
      tuberculosis and confirmed the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis after 9 months. 

PMID- 26963314
TI  - Homozygous methylene tetra hydro folate reductase-677TT gene mutation: case of
      pulmonary thromboembolism.

PMID- 26963315
TI  - [Does diabetic neuropathy affect cyclic alternating pattern rates in patients
      with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome?].

PMID- 26963316
TI  - Effects of Sugammadex and Neostigmine on Renal Biomarkers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neostigmine, the currently commonly used agent for reversal of
      neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex is a novel and unique compound designed as an
      antagonist of steroidal neuromuscular blockers. In this study, we evaluated the
      effects of sugammadex or neostigmine on kidney functions in patients scheduled
      for elective surgery. MATERIAL/METHODS: Patients scheduled for a surgical
      procedure under desflurane/opioid anesthesia received an intubating dose
      rocuronium. Patients were divided into 2 groups receiving either sugammadex or
      neostigmine atropine to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Cystatin C, creatinine,
      urea, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and calcium levels in the blood and
      alpha1microglobulin, beta2microglobulin, and microalbumin levels in the urine
      were measured. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups
      with regard to the demographic data. In the Neostigmine Group, although
      beta2microglobulin and microalbumin were similar, a significant increase was
      found in the postoperative alpha1microglobulin and cystatin C values. In the
      Sugammadex Group, although beta2-microglobulin and cystatin C were similar, a
      significant increase was found in the postoperative alpha1-microglobulin and
      microalbumin values. The only significant difference was cystatin C value
      variation in the Neostigmine Group compared to the Sugammadex Group. CONCLUSIONS:
      We believe that the use of more specific and sensitive new-generation markers
      like cystatin C to evaluate kidney function will provide a better understanding
      and interpretation of our results. Sugammadex has more tolerable effects on
      kidney function in patients than does neostigmine. However, when compared to
      preoperative values, there is a negative alteration of postoperative values.
      Neostigmine and sugammadex do not cause renal failure but they may affect kidney
      function.

PMID- 26963317
TI  - Does iron deficiency anemia affect olfactory function?
AB  - Conclusion This study found a negative effect of IDA on olfactory function. IDA
      leads to a reduction in olfactory function, and decreases in hemoglobin levels
      result in further reduction in olfactory function. Objective This study examined
      the effects of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) on olfactory function. Method The
      study enrolled 50 IDA patients and 50 healthy subjects. Olfactory function was
      evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test. The diagnosis of IDA was made
      according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results Patients with IDA
      had a significantly lower threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI)
      value, and a lower threshold compared with the control group. However, there were
      no significant differences between the groups in terms of smell selectivity
      values. 

PMID- 26963318
TI  - Intratracheal Administration of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Fas Reduces Lung
      Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of primary graft
      dysfunction after lung transplantation and results in increased morbidity and
      mortality. Fas-mediated apoptosis is one of the pathologic mechanisms involved in
      the development of ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that the
      inhibition of Fas gene expression in lungs by intratracheal administration of
      small interfering RNA could reduce lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in an ex vivo
      model reproducing the procedural sequence of lung transplantation. DESIGN:
      Prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study. SETTING: University
      research laboratory. SUBJECTS: C57/BL6 mice weighing 28-30 g. INTERVENTIONS:
      Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in lungs isolated from mice, 48 hours
      after treatment with intratracheal small interfering RNA targeting Fas, control
      small interfering RNA, or vehicle. Isolated lungs were exposed to 6 hours of cold
      ischemia (4 degrees C), followed by 2 hours of warm (37 degrees C) reperfusion
      with a solution containing 10% of fresh whole blood and mechanical ventilation
      with constant low driving pressure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fas gene
      expression was significantly silenced at the level of messenger RNA and protein
      after ischemia-reperfusion in lungs treated with small interfering RNA targeting
      Fas compared with lungs treated with control small interfering RNA or vehicle.
      Silencing of Fas gene expression resulted in reduced edema formation
      (bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentration and lung histology) and improvement
      in lung compliance. These effects were associated with a significant reduction of
      pulmonary cell apoptosis of lungs treated with small interfering RNA targeting
      Fas, which did not affect cytokine release and neutrophil infiltration.
      CONCLUSIONS: Fas expression silencing in the lung by small interfering RNA is
      effective against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This approach represents a
      potential innovative strategy of organ preservation before lung transplantation.

PMID- 26963319
TI  - Effects of Tocilizumab on Experimental Severe Acute Pancreatitis and Associated
      Acute Lung Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the therapeutic effects of tocilizumab, an antibody against
      interleukin-6 receptor, on experimental severe acute pancreatitis and associated
      acute lung injury. The optimal dose of tocilizumab and the activation of
      interleukin-6 inflammatory signaling were also investigated. DESIGN: Randomized
      experiment. SETTING: Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECT:
      Experimental severe acute pancreatitis in rats. INTERVENTIONS: Severe acute
      pancreatitis was induced by retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate (50
      mg/kg) into the biliopancreatic duct. In dose-study, rats were administered with
      different doses of tocilizumab (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg) through the tail vein
      after severe acute pancreatitis induction. In safety-study, rats without severe
      acute pancreatitis induction were treated with high doses of tocilizumab (8, 16,
      32, and 64 mg/kg). Serum and tissue samples of rats in time-study were collected
      for biomolecular and histologic evaluations at different time points (2, 6, 12,
      18, and 24 hr). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 1) Under the administration of
      tocilizumab, histopathological scores of pancreas and lung were decreased, and
      severity parameters related to severe acute pancreatitis and associated lung
      injury, including serum amylase, C-reactive protein, lung surfactant protein
      level, and myeloperoxidase activity, were all significant alleviated in rat
      models. 2) Dose-study demonstrated that 2 mg/kg tocilizumab was the optimal
      treatment dose. 3) Basing on multi-organ pathologic evaluation, physiological and
      biochemical data, no adverse effect and toxicity of tocilizumab were observed in
      safety-study. 4) Pancreatic nuclear factor-kappaB and signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 3 were deactivated, and the serum chemokine (C-X-C
      motif) ligand 1 was down-regulated after tocilizumab administration. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our study demonstrated tocilizumab, as a marketed drug commonly used for immune
      mediated diseases, was safe and effective for the treatment of experimental
      severe acute pancreatitis and associated acute lung injury. Our findings provide
      experimental evidences for potential clinical application of tocilizumab in
      severe acute pancreatitis and associated complications.

PMID- 26963321
TI  - Lung Functional and Biologic Responses to Variable Ventilation in Experimental
      Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The biologic effects of variable ventilation may depend on the
      etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We compared variable and
      conventional ventilation in experimental pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute
      respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled
      experimental study. SETTINGS: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twenty
      four Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome was induced
      by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide administered intratracheally (pulmonary
      acute respiratory distress syndrome, n = 12) or intraperitoneally (extrapulmonary
      acute respiratory distress syndrome, n = 12). After 24 hours, animals were
      randomly assigned to receive conventional (volume-controlled ventilation, n = 6)
      or variable ventilation (n = 6). Nonventilated animals (n = 4 per etiology) were
      used for comparison of diffuse alveolar damage, E-cadherin, and molecular biology
      variables. Variable ventilation was applied on a breath-to-breath basis as a
      sequence of randomly generated tidal volume values (n = 600; mean tidal volume =
      6 mL/kg), with a 30% coefficient of variation (normal distribution). After
      randomization, animals were ventilated for 1 hour and lungs were removed for
      histology and molecular biology analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Variable
      ventilation improved oxygenation and reduced lung elastance compared with volume
      controlled ventilation in both acute respiratory distress syndrome etiologies. In
      pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, but not in extrapulmonary acute
      respiratory distress syndrome, variable ventilation 1) decreased total diffuse
      alveolar damage (median [interquartile range]: volume-controlled ventilation, 12
      [11-17] vs variable ventilation, 9 [8-10]; p < 0.01), interleukin-6 expression
      (volume-controlled ventilation, 21.5 [18.3-23.3] vs variable ventilation, 5.6
      [4.6-12.1]; p < 0.001), and angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 ratio (volume
      controlled ventilation, 2.0 [1.3-2.1] vs variable ventilation, 0.7 [0.6-1.4]; p <
      0.05) and increased relative angiopoietin-1 expression (volume-controlled
      ventilation, 0.3 [0.2-0.5] vs variable ventilation, 0.8 [0.5-1.3]; p < 0.01). In
      extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, only volume-controlled
      ventilation increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA expression
      (volume-controlled ventilation, 7.7 [5.7-18.6] vs nonventilated, 0.9 [0.7-1.3]; p
      < 0.05). E-cadherin expression in lung tissue was reduced in volume-controlled
      ventilation compared with nonventilated regardless of acute respiratory distress
      syndrome etiology. In pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, E-cadherin
      expression was similar in volume-controlled ventilation and variable ventilation;
      in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, it was higher in
      variable ventilation than in volume-controlled ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Variable
      ventilation improved lung function in both pulmonary acute respiratory distress
      syndrome and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome. Variable
      ventilation led to more pronounced beneficial effects in biologic marker
      expressions in pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with
      extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome but preserved E-cadherin in
      lung tissue only in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, thus
      suggesting lower damage to epithelial cells.

PMID- 26963320
TI  - Sirtuin 1 Stimulation Attenuates Ischemic Liver Injury and Enhances Mitochondrial
      Recovery and Autophagy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion is a major clinical problem with limited
      treatment options. The pathophysiology of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion is
      characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular energy deficits. Sirtuin
      1 is an energy-sensing enzyme known to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis. We
      hypothesized that pharmacologic activation of sirtuin 1 is protective after
      hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. DESIGN: Animal study. SETTING: University
      based experimental laboratory. SUBJECTS: Wild-type C57BL/6 mice. INTERVENTIONS:
      C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 60-minute partial hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and
      posttreated with sirtuin 1 activator, SRT1720 (20 mg/kg), or vehicle. Blood and
      liver were collected at 24 hours after ischemia-reperfusion for analyses of
      hepatic injury, adenosine triphosphate levels, mitochondrial mass, autophagy,
      inflammation, and oxidative stress. H4IIE hepatoma cells and rat primary
      hepatocytes were incubated with oxyrase to induce hypoxia followed by
      reoxygenation in the presence or absence of SRT1720 for assessment of
      mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, and autophagy. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: SRT1720 restored the reduction in mitochondrial mass, enhanced
      autophagy, and preserved adenosine triphosphate levels in the liver after
      ischemia-reperfusion, which was associated with a decrease in ischemia
      reperfusion-induced hepatic injury, apoptosis, and necrosis. Ischemia-reperfusion
      induced inflammation was also significantly reduced by SRT1720 as measured by
      systemic and hepatic cytokine and chemokine levels, as well as a decrease in
      neutrophil infiltration to the liver. Furthermore, oxidative stress was markedly
      attenuated in the SRT1720-treated mice compared with the vehicle. SRT1720
      treatment increased adenosine triphosphate levels and survival of cultured
      hepatocytes after hypoxia-reoxygenation. SRT1720 not only increased the
      mitochondrial mass but also increased mitochondrial membrane potential per cell
      in cultured hepatocytes after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Moreover, SRT1720 prevented
      the hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced mitochondrial depolarization and resulted in an
      enhancement of autophagy in cultured hepatocytes after hypoxia-reoxygenation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacologic stimulation of sirtuin 1 attenuates liver injury after
      hepatic ischemia-reperfusion by restoring mitochondrial mass and membrane
      potential, which is associated with the enhancement of autophagy.

PMID- 26963322
TI  - Inhibition of Plexin C1 Protects Against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury is a disease pattern that is
      associated with an acute inflammatory reaction. It is well known that neutrophils
      play an essential role in the early phase of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury
      and determine the extent of tissue damage. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury
      can result in organ failure, which is linked to high mortality. Recent data
      indicate that the neuronal guidance receptor Plexin C1 is involved in the control
      of the acute inflammatory response and, as such, modulates the transmigration of
      neutrophils. Hence, we investigated the functional role of Plexin C1 in a mouse
      model of early hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. DESIGN: Animal study.
      SETTING: University experimental laboratory. SUBJECTS: Wild-type, PLXNC1 and
      chimeric mice. INTERVENTIONS: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury or sham
      operation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We found that the functional inhibition
      of Plexin C1 in wild-type mice treated with an anti-Plexin C1 antibody and a
      Semaphorin 7A peptide reduced hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, as measured by
      the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate, and alanine aminotransferase.
      This reduction in ischemia-reperfusion injury was accompanied by reduced numbers
      of neutrophils in ischemic hepatic tissue and reduced serum levels of
      inflammatory cytokines. Experiments using Plexin C1 receptor-deficient (PLXNC1)
      mice also demonstrated decreased hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Studies of
      chimeric mice revealed that the hematopoietic Plexin C1 knockout is crucial for
      reducing the extent of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results describe a role for Plexin C1 during ischemia-reperfusion injury,
      highlight the role of hematopoietic Plexin C1 in the development of hepatic
      ischemia-reperfusion injury, and suggest that Plexin C1 is a potential drug
      target.

PMID- 26963323
TI  - Triiodothyronine Administration in a Model of Septic Shock: A Randomized Blinded
      Placebo-Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Triiodothyronine concentration in plasma decreases during septic
      shock and may contribute to multiple organ dysfunction. We sought to determine
      the safety and efficacy of administering triiodothyronine, with and without
      hydrocortisone, in a model of septic shock. DESIGN: Randomized blinded placebo
      controlled trial. SETTING: Preclinical research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two
      sheep rendered septic with IV Escherichia coli and receiving protocol-guided
      sedation, ventilation, IV fluids, and norepinephrine infusion. INTERVENTIONS: Two
      hours following induction of sepsis, 32 sheep received a 24-hour IV infusion of
      1) placebo + placebo, 2) triiodothyronine + placebo, 3) hydrocortisone + placebo,
      or 4) triiodothyronine + hydrocortisone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Primary
      outcome was the total amount of norepinephrine required to maintain a target mean
      arterial pressure; secondary outcomes included hemodynamic and metabolic indices.
      Plasma triiodothyronine levels increased to supraphysiological concentrations
      with hormonal therapy. Following 24 hours of study drug infusion, the amount of
      norepinephrine required was no different between the study groups (mean +/- SD
      MUg/kg; placebo + placebo group 208 +/- 392; triiodothyronine + placebo group 501
      +/- 370; hydrocortisone + placebo group 167 +/- 286; triiodothyronine +
      hydrocortisone group 466 +/- 495; p = 0.20). There was no significant treatment
      effect on any hemodynamic variable, metabolic parameter, or measure of organ
      function. CONCLUSIONS: A 24-hour infusion of triiodothyronine, with or without
      hydrocortisone, in an ovine model of septic shock did not markedly alter
      norepinephrine requirement or any other physiological parameter.

PMID- 26963324
TI  - Impact of a Sequential Intervention on Albumin Utilization in Critical Care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Literature generally finds no advantages in mortality risk for
      albumin over cheaper alternatives in many settings. Few studies have combined
      financial and nonfinancial strategies to reduce albumin overuse. We evaluated the
      effect of a sequential multifaceted intervention on decreasing albumin use in ICU
      and explore the effects of different strategies. DESIGN: Prospective prepost
      cohort study. SETTING: Eight ICUs at two hospitals in an academic healthcare
      system. PATIENTS: Adult patients admitted to study ICUs from September 2011 to
      August 2014 (n = 22,004). INTERVENTIONS: Over 2 years, providers in study ICUs
      participated in an intervention to reduce albumin use involving monthly feedback
      and explicit financial incentives in the first year and internal guidelines and
      order process changes in the second year. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Outcomes
      measured were albumin orders per ICU admission, direct albumin costs, and
      mortality. Mean (SD) utilization decreased 37% from 2.7 orders (6.8) per
      admission during the baseline to 1.7 orders (4.6) during the intervention (p <
      0.001). Regression analysis revealed that the intervention was independently
      associated with 0.9 fewer orders per admission, a 42% relative decrease. This
      adjusted effect consisted of an 18% reduction in the probability of using any
      albumin (p < 0.001) and a 29% reduction in the number of orders per admission
      among patients receiving any (p < 0.001). Secondary analysis revealed that
      probability reductions were concurrent with internal guidelines and order process
      modification while reductions in quantity occurred largely during the financial
      incentives and feedback period. Estimated cost savings totaled $2.5M during the 2
      year intervention. There was no significant difference in ICU or hospital
      mortality between baseline and intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A sequential
      intervention achieved significant reductions in ICU albumin use and cost savings
      without changes in patient outcomes, supporting the combination of financial and
      nonfinancial strategies to align providers with evidence-based practices.

PMID- 26963325
TI  - Different Mortality Time Points in Critical Care Trials: Current Practice and
      Influence on Effect Estimates in Meta-Analyses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mortality is frequently used as an outcome in critical care trials,
      being a patient-orientated variable and robust against information/selection
      bias. Mortality frequency, however, should be measured at a defined time point of
      follow-up. Practice of meta-analysis shows that follow-up times of trials in
      critical care medicine differ substantially. This may have substantial
      implications on potential pooling of effect estimates. We aimed to describe the
      current practice of mortality follow-up time definitions in a representative
      sample of published critical care randomized controlled trials and to analyze the
      influence of different follow-up times on subsequently pooled effect estimates.
      DATA SOURCES: Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PASCAL Biomed, and PsycINFO.
      STUDY SELECTION: Databases were searched for critical care randomized controlled
      trials published after 2000. A random sample of 50% was drawn for further review.
      DATA EXTRACTION: Study characteristics were extracted, as well as the number and
      time points of mortality ascertainment. Additional data were extracted from
      Kaplan-Meier plots, as available. DATA SYNTHESIS: Meta-regression and multilevel
      mixed-effects linear regression were used to analyze the influence of follow-up
      time (independent variable) on deviation of pooled risk ratios from study
      baseline (dependent variable). From 9,246 retrieved references, we included 106
      studies representing 63,713 participants. Among these, 45 studies (43%) reported
      more than one time point, with 24 different time points at all, only three (28,
      30, and 90 d) being reported in more than 10% of studies. Limiting meta-analyses
      to only one predefined time point would reduce the number of eligible studies by
      at least 60%. No influence of time points on meta-analytic summary effect
      estimates was found. CONCLUSIONS: In a large sample of critical care randomized
      controlled trials, numerous different mortality time points are reported.
      Mortality time points did not influence pooled point estimates of the effects.
      Consequently, it seems possible to pool effect estimates, which in turn will
      increase the precision of these effect estimates.

PMID- 26963326
TI  - The Fragility Index in Multicenter Randomized Controlled Critical Care Trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Recent literature has drawn attention to the potential inadequacy of
      frequentist analysis and threshold p values as tools for reporting outcomes in
      clinical trials. The fragility index, which is a measure of how many events the
      statistical significance of a result depends on, has been suggested as a means to
      aid the interpretation of trial results. This study aimed to calculate the
      fragility index of clinical trials in critical care medicine reporting a
      statistically significant effect on mortality (increasing or decreasing
      mortality). DATA SOURCES: Literature search (PubMed/MEDLINE) to identify all
      multicenter randomized controlled trials in critical care medicine. STUDY
      SELECTION: We identified 862 trials; of which 56 fulfilled eligibility criteria
      and were included in our analysis. DATA EXTRACTION: Calculation of fragility
      index for trials reporting a statistically significant effect on mortality, and
      analysis of the relationship between trial characteristics and fragility index.
      DATA SYNTHESIS: The median fragility index was 2 (interquartile range, 1-3.5),
      and greater than 40% of trials had a fragility index of less than or equal to 1.
      12.5% of trials reported loss to follow-up greater than their fragility index.
      Trial sample size was positively correlated, and reported p value was negatively
      correlated, with fragility index. CONCLUSIONS: In critical care trials reporting
      statistically significant effects on mortality, the findings often depend on a
      small number of events. Critical care clinicians should be wary of basing
      decisions on trials with a low fragility index. We advocate the reporting of
      fragility index for future trials in critical care to aid interpretation and
      decision making by clinicians.

PMID- 26963327
TI  - Glucocorticoid Sensitivity Is Highly Variable in Critically Ill Patients With
      Septic Shock and Is Associated With Disease Severity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To measure tissue glucocorticoid sensitivity in patients with septic
      shock and determine its relationship to standard measurements of adrenal function
      and of outcome. DESIGN: Prospective observational trial. SETTING: Teaching
      hospital ICU. SUBJECTS: Forty-one patients and 20 controls were studied.
      INTERVENTIONS: Glucocorticoid sensitivity was measured by in vitro suppression of
      cytokine production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leukocytes. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in the
      relative suppression of cytokine production, although there was a greater range
      and variance in the patient data. Patients in the lowest quartile of
      glucocorticoid sensitivity had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health
      Evaluation II scores (25 [24-28] vs 20 [14-23]; p = 0.02) and a trend toward
      higher mortality (30% vs 0%; p = 0.2) compared to those in the highest. The mRNA
      expression of the beta variant of the glucocorticoid receptor and the 11-beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 isozyme were significantly higher in patients
      compared to controls (8.6-fold, p = 0.002 and 10.1-fold, p = 0.0002,
      respectively). Changes in mRNA expression of these genes did not correlate with
      measurements of glucocorticoid sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with septic
      shock and controls do not differ in their median glucocorticoid sensitivity.
      However, patients exhibited a greater variability in glucocorticoid
      responsiveness and had evidence of association between increased sickness
      sensitivity and reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity. Sensitivity to
      glucocorticoids did not appear to be mediated by changes in the expression of the
      beta variant of the glucocorticoid receptor or the 11-beta hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase 2 isozyme.

PMID- 26963328
TI  - Melioidosis Causing Critical Illness: A Review of 24 Years of Experience From the
      Royal Darwin Hospital ICU.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Melioidosis is increasing in incidence with newly recognized foci of
      melioidosis in the Americas, Africa, and elsewhere. This review describes the
      demographics, management, and outcomes of a large cohort of critically ill
      patients with melioidosis. DESIGN: Data were extracted from two prospective
      databases-the Menzies School of Health Research Melioidosis Database (1989-2013)
      and the Royal Darwin Hospital ICU Melioidosis Database (2001-2013). SETTING AND
      PATIENTS: The Royal Darwin Hospital ICU is the only ICU in the tropical Top End
      of Northern Territory of Australia, an endemic area for melioidosis. The study
      included all patients with melioidosis admitted to Royal Darwin Hospital ICU from
      1989 to 2013. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: From 1989 to 2013, 207 patients with
      melioidosis required admission to ICU. Mortality reduced from 92% (1989-1997) to
      26% (1998-2013) (p < 0.001). The reduced mortality coincided with the
      introduction of an intensivist-led service, meropenem, and adjuvant granulocyte
      colony-stimulating factor for confirmed melioidosis sepsis in 1998. Pneumonia was
      the presenting illness in 155 of 207 (75%). ICU melioidosis patients (2001-2013)
      had an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score of 23, median
      length of stay in the ICU of 7 days, and median ventilation hours of 130 and one
      third required renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality for
      critically ill patients with melioidosis in the Top End of the Northern Territory
      of Australia has substantially reduced over the past 24 years. The reduction in
      mortality coincided with the introduction of an intensivist-led model of care,
      the empiric use of meropenem, and adjunctive treatment with granulocyte colony
      stimulating factor in 1998.

PMID- 26963330
TI  - The Levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase
      L1 During the First Week After a Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations With
      Clinical and Imaging Findings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal
      hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) are promising biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
      OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relation of the GFAP and UCH-L1 levels to the
      severity of TBI during the first week after injury. METHODS: Plasma UCH-L1 and
      GFAP were measured from 324 consecutive patients with acute TBI and 81 control
      subject enrolled in a 2-center prospective study. The baseline measures included
      initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), head computed tomographic (CT) scan at
      admission, and blood samples for protein biomarkers that were collected at
      admission and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 after injury. RESULTS: Plasma levels of GFAP
      and UCH-L1 during the first 2 days after the injury strongly correlated with the
      initial severity of TBI as assessed with GCS. Additionally, levels of UCH-L1 on
      the seventh day after the injury were significantly related to the admission GCS
      scores. At admission, both biomarkers were capable of distinguishing mass lesions
      from diffuse injuries in CT, and the area under the curve of the receiver
      operating characteristic curve for prediction of any pathological finding in CT
      was 0.739 (95% confidence interval, 0.636-0.815) and 0.621 (95% confidence
      interval, 0.517-0.713) for GFAP and UCH-L1, respectively. CONCLUSION: These
      results support the prior findings of the potential role of GFAP and UCH-L1 in
      acute-phase diagnostics of TBI. The novel finding is that levels of GFAP and UCH
      L1 correlated with the initial severity of TBI during the first 2 days after the
      injury, thus enabling a window for TBI diagnostics with latency. ABBREVIATIONS:
      AUC, area under the curveCI, confidence intervalED, emergency departmentGCS,
      Glasgow Coma ScaleGRAP, glial fibrillary acidic proteinIMPACT, International
      Mission for Prognosis and Clinical TrialROC, receiver-operating
      characteristicTBI, traumatic brain injuryTRACK-TBI, Transforming Research and
      Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain InjuryUCH-L1, ubiquitin C-terminal
      hydrolase-L1.

PMID- 26963333
TI  - Paraventricular nucleus is involved in the central pathway of adipose afferent
      reflex in rats.
AB  - Increasing evidence indicates a link between sympathetic nervous system
      activation and obesity, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The adipose
      afferent reflex (AAR) is a sympathoexcitatory reflex that is activated by
      afferent neurotransmission from the white adipose tissue (WAT). This study aimed
      to investigate whether the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) is an
      important component of the central neurocircuitry of the AAR. In anesthetized
      rats, the discharge activity of individual PVH neurons was recorded in vivo.
      Activation of WAT afferents was initiated by capsaicin injection, and the AAR was
      evaluated by monitoring renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) responses. The responses of PVH neurons to activation of WAT
      afferents were evaluated by c-fos immunoreactivity and the discharge activity of
      individual PVH neurons, which was recorded using extracellular single-unit
      recording. After activation of WAT afferents, both individual PVH neuron
      discharge activity and c-fos immunoreactivity increased. Bilateral selective
      lesions of the neurons in the PVH with kainic acid abolished the AAR. These
      results indicate that PVH is an important component of the central neurocircuitry
      of the AAR. 

PMID- 26963341
TI  - Piezoelectric potential in axial (In,Ga)N/GaN nanowire heterostructures.
AB  - We derive analytic expressions for the built-in electrostatic potential arising
      from piezo- and pyroelectricity in a cylindrical axial In(x)Ga(1-x)N/GaN nanowire
      (NW) heterostructure. Our simulations show that, for sufficiently thin NWs, a
      significant reduction of the built-in potential is reached in comparison to the
      planar heterostructure of the same In content, thickness, and orientation. This
      specific feature of axial NW heterostructures makes the aspect ratio of the
      embedded In(x)Ga(1-x)N/GaN disks an important additional degree of freedom to
      control the recombination energies. We furthermore show that the magnitude of the
      polarization potential decreases again above a certain value of the aspect ratio
      and that the extrema of the potential move from the central axis of the NW
      towards the side facets when the thickness of the disk is increased.

PMID- 26963342
TI  - Evaluation of the posttraumatic growth inventory after severe burn injury in
      Western Australia: clinical implications for use.
AB  - PURPOSE: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is "the subjective experience of positive
      psychological change reported as a result of the struggle with trauma". Very few
      studies have explored PTG after burn injury. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory
      (PTGI) is a 21-item questionnaire which assesses five domains in which PTG has
      been found. First, the aim of this study was to assess how PTG presented after a
      severe burn, and second, whether it could be measured by the PTGI in Australian
      burn survivors. METHODS: A mixed method approach was used. Seventeen patients who
      had a severe burn injury at least 2 years previously were interviewed and
      completed the PTGI. The interviews were analyzed, then compared to the PTGI
      responses. RESULTS: PTG in burn survivors had similarities to PTG arising from
      other trauma. Burn-specific context such as heat intolerance and functional
      problems influenced the type of changes made. Barriers to PTG in relationships
      were related to guilt burden and visible scarring. CONCLUSION: PTG presents
      similarly after burn to other trauma types, but has other features to consider
      when devising intervention strategies. The PTGI is a 5-min screening tool that
      adequately identifies the presence or absence of PTG in burn survivors in Western
      Australia, and can guide intervention. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The
      Posttraumatic Growth Inventory is a 5-min screening tool that adequately
      identifies the degree of PTG in burn survivors in Western Australia. It is a
      quick and easy tool to use to identify the need for clinical intervention. It
      will also evaluate the effectiveness of strategies designed to target PTG. A mean
      score of 2.5 can be used as a threshold to guide intervention strategy.

PMID- 26963329
TI  - Evaluating Physical Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Survivors:
      Validity, Responsiveness, and Minimal Important Difference of 4-Meter Gait Speed
      Test.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability, validity, responsiveness, and minimal
      important difference of the 4-m gait speed test in acute respiratory distress
      syndrome survivors. DESIGN: Secondary analyses of data from two longitudinal
      follow-up studies of acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors. Test-retest
      and inter-rater reliability, construct validity (convergent, discriminant, and
      known group), predictive validity, and responsiveness were examined. The minimal
      important difference was estimated using anchor- and distribution-based
      approaches. SETTING: A national multicenter prospective study (ARDSNet Long-Term
      Outcome Study) and a multisite prospective study in Baltimore, MD (Improving Care
      of Acute Lung Injury Patients). PATIENTS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
      survivors with 4-m gait speed assessment up to 60 months after acute respiratory
      distress syndrome (ARDSNet Long-Term Outcome Study, n = 184; Improving Care of
      Acute Lung Injury Patients, n = 122). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: Four-meter gait speed was assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-up
      (ARDSNet Long-Term Outcome Study) and 36-, 48-, and 60-month follow-up (Improving
      Care of Acute Lung Injury Patients). Excellent test-retest (intraclass
      correlation, 0.89-0.99 across studies and follow-up) and inter-rater (intraclass
      correlation, 0.97) reliability were found. Convergent validity was supported by
      moderate-to-strong correlations (69% of 32 > 0.40) with other physical function
      measures. Discriminant validity was supported by weak correlations (86% of 28 <
      0.30) with mental health measures. Survivors with impaired versus nonimpaired
      measures of muscle strength and pulmonary function had significantly slower 4-m
      gait speed (all but one p < 0.05). Furthermore, 4-m gait speed significantly
      predicted future hospitalization and health-related quality of life. Gait speed
      changes were consistent with reported changes in function, supporting
      responsiveness. The estimated 4-m gait speed minimal important difference was
      0.03-0.06 m/s. CONCLUSIONS: The 4-m gait speed is a reliable, valid, and
      responsive measure of physical function in acute respiratory distress syndrome
      survivors. The estimated minimal important difference will facilitate sample size
      calculations for clinical studies evaluating the 4-m gait speed test in acute
      respiratory distress syndrome survivors.

PMID- 26963343
TI  - Serum Osteopontin as a Novel Biomarker for Muscle Regeneration in Duchenne
      Muscular Dystrophy.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a lethal X-linked muscle disorder. We have already
      reported that osteopontin (OPN), an inflammatory cytokine and myogenic factor, is
      expressed in the early dystrophic phase in canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in
      Japan, a dystrophic dog model. To further explore the possibility of OPN as a new
      biomarker for disease activity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, we monitored serum
      OPN levels in dystrophic and wild-type dogs at different ages and compared the
      levels to other serum markers, such as serum creatine kinase, matrix
      metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Serum OPN
      levels in the dystrophic dogs were significantly elevated compared with those in
      wild-type dogs before and 1 hour after a cesarean section birth and at the age of
      3 months. The serum OPN level was significantly correlated with the phenotypic
      severity of dystrophic dogs at the period corresponding to the onset of muscle
      weakness, whereas other serum markers including creatine kinase were not.
      Immunohistologically, OPN was up-regulated in infiltrating macrophages and
      developmental myosin heavy chain-positive regenerating muscle fibers in the
      dystrophic dogs, whereas serum OPN was highly elevated. OPN expression was also
      observed during the synergic muscle regeneration process induced by cardiotoxin
      injection. In conclusion, OPN is a promising biomarker for muscle regeneration in
      dystrophic dogs and can be applicable to boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 26963344
TI  - Posttraumatic stress symptoms in context: Examining trauma responses to violent
      exposures and homicide death among Black males in urban neighborhoods.
AB  - Concentrated disadvantage in urban communities places young Black men at
      disproportionate risk for exposure to violence and trauma. Homicide, a health
      disparity, positions Black males vulnerable to premature violent death and
      traumatic loss, particularly when peers are murdered. Posttraumatic stress
      disorder (PTSD) has been demonstrated as a health consequence for middle-income
      and White homicide survivors; however, understandings of traumatic stress among
      young Black men situated in contexts of chronic violence exposure remains
      limited. Guided by phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST),
      the current study used in-depth qualitative interviews (average length: 90 min)
      to examine the presence and expression of traumatic stress symptoms among 37
      young Black men (18-24) in Baltimore who experienced the homicide death of a
      loved one. Participants were recruited over 18 months through fieldwork at a
      large organization that serves Baltimore youth and young adults. Confidential
      participant interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and
      analyzed in ATLAS.ti. Pseudonyms were assigned to all participants. More than 70%
      of participants reported experiencing 2 or more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
      of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V)-defined posttraumatic stress symptoms.
      Hypervigilance was most frequently experienced and expressed as being on point.
      Findings identify the prevalence of traumatic stress symptoms among young Black
      men in urban contexts; identify contextually specific expressions of traumatic
      stress; and, present implications for the mental health and clinical treatment of
      Black males living in environments where no "post" exists. (PsycINFO Database
      Record 

PMID- 26963349
TI  - Comparison of NIRS, laser Doppler flowmetry, photoplethysmography, and pulse
      oximetry during vascular occlusion challenges.
AB  - Monitoring changes in blood volume, blood flow, and oxygenation in tissues is of
      vital importance in fields such as reconstructive surgery and trauma medicine.
      Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), laser Doppler (LDF) flowmetry,
      photoplethysmography (PPG), and pulse oximetry (PO) contribute to such fields due
      to their safe and noninvasive nature. However, the techniques have been rarely
      investigated simultaneously or altogether. The aim of this study was to
      investigate all the techniques simultaneously on healthy subjects during vascular
      occlusion challenges. Sensors were attached on the forearm (NIRS and LDF) and
      fingers (PPG and PO) of 19 healthy volunteers. Different degrees of vascular
      occlusion were induced by inflating a pressure cuff on the upper arm. The
      responses of tissue oxygenation index (NIRS), tissue haemoglobin index (NIRS),
      flux (LDF), perfusion index (PPG), and arterial oxygen saturation (PO) have been
      recorded and analyzed. Moreover, the optical densities were calculated from slow
      varying dc PPG, in order to distinguish changes in venous blood volumes. The
      indexes showed significant changes (p  <  0.05) in almost all occlusions, either
      venous or over-systolic occlusions. However, differentiation between venous and
      arterial occlusion by LDF may be challenging and the perfusion index (PI) may not
      be adequate to indicate venous occlusions. Optical densities may be an additional
      tool to detect venous occlusions by PPG. 

PMID- 26963350
TI  - Looking to the Future. Equality in Health and Marriage.

PMID- 26963351
TI  - Imaging Biomarkers in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Clinical Trials. A Wolf in Sheep's
      Clothing?

PMID- 26963352
TI  - Disruptive Technology. Can Electronic Portals Promote Communication in the
      Intensive Care Unit?

PMID- 26963353
TI  - Implementation of Lung Cancer Screening Programs with Low-Dose Computed
      Tomography in Clinical Practice.

PMID- 26963354
TI  - A 37-Year-Old Woman with Dyspnea and Stridor.

PMID- 26963355
TI  - An 87-Year-Old Man with Acute Catastrophic Pneumonia.

PMID- 26963356
TI  - Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure after Large-Volume Thoracentesis. Mechanisms
      of Pleural Fluid Formation and Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema.

PMID- 26963357
TI  - Ultrasound Diagnosis of Hemodynamic Compromise in a Patient with Hepatic
      Hydrothorax.

PMID- 26963358
TI  - The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and
      Recurrent Pleural Effusions.

PMID- 26963359
TI  - Differential Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 30-Day
      Readmissions According to Indication for Readmission.

PMID- 26963360
TI  - Reply: The Undefined Value of Pleural Interventions in Advanced Heart Failure and
      Recurrent Pleural Effusions.

PMID- 26963363
TI  - Update: Providing Quality Family Planning Services - Recommendations from CDC and
      the U.S. Office of Population Affairs, 2015.
AB  - In 2014, CDC published Providing Quality Family Planning Services:
      Recommendations of CDC and the U.S. Office of Population Affairs (QFP), which
      describes the scope of services that should be offered in a family planning
      visit, and how to provide those services (e.g., periodicity of screening, which
      persons are considered to be at risk, etc.). The sections in QFP include
      Contraceptive Services, Pregnancy Testing and Counseling, Clients Who Want to
      Become Pregnant, Basic Infertility Services, Preconception Health Services,
      Sexually Transmitted Disease Services, Related Preventive Health Services, and
      Screening Services for Which Evidence Does Not Support Screening. 

PMID- 26963362
TI  - An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. A Framework for Addressing
      Multimorbidity in Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pulmonary Disease, Critical
      Illness, and Sleep Disorders.
AB  - Coexistence of multiple chronic conditions (i.e., multimorbidity) is the most
      common chronic health problem in adults. However, clinical practice guidelines
      have primarily focused on patients with a single disease, resulting in
      uncertainty about the care of patients with multimorbidity. The American Thoracic
      Society convened a workshop with the goal of establishing a strategy to address
      multimorbidity within clinical practice guidelines. In this Workshop Report, we
      describe a framework that addresses multimorbidity in each of the key steps of
      guideline development: topic selection, panel composition, identifying clinical
      questions, searching for and synthesizing evidence, rating the quality of that
      evidence, summarizing benefits and harms, formulating recommendations, and rating
      the strength of the recommendations. For the consideration of multimorbidity in
      guidelines to be successful and sustainable, the process must be both feasible
      and pragmatic. It is likely that this will be achieved best by the step-wise
      addition and refinement of the various components of the framework. 

PMID- 26963364
TI  - Moderators of Remission in Patients With Late-Life Depression: Where Do We Go
      Next?

PMID- 26963365
TI  - Biopolymeric agents for skin wrinkle treatment.
AB  - Skin aging is caused by several factors capable of deteriorating dermal matrix
      and is visibly noticed in skin color and skin contour deformities. In addition to
      the prevention of skin aging by application of antioxidants and sunscreens,
      treatment of skin wrinkles with those of dermal fillers is also recommended.
      Dermal filler products with enhanced injectability and longer duration are being
      developed continuously. Biodegradable polymers such as skin elastic fibers and
      dermal matrix mimetic used for treatment of skin wrinkle are summarized in this
      article. Additionally, the importance of amino acids, enzymes, and proteins in
      aesthetic of skin is addressed. Thus, elective agents are proposed for the
      dermatologists, cosmetic formulators, and the individuals facing skin aging
      problems. The candidate natural peptides from marine sources are additionally
      presented for widening the choice of actives application for treating aging. 

PMID- 26963367
TI  - Properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in a Deep Eutectic Solvent.
AB  - Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of two or more components with high
      melting temperatures, which form a liquid at room temperature. These DES hold
      great promise as green solvents for chemical processes, as they are inexpensive
      and environmentally friendly. Specifically, they present a unique solvating
      environment to polymers that is different from water. Here, we use small angle
      neutron scattering to study the polymer properties of the common, water-soluble,
      polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the prominent DES formed by a 1:2 molar mixture of
      choline chloride and urea. We find that the polymer adopts a slightly different
      structure in DES than in water, so that at higher concentrations the polymer
      favors a more expanded conformation compared to the same concentration in water.
      Yet, the osmotic pressure of PVP solutions in DES is very similar to that in
      water, indicating that both solvents are of comparable quality and that the DES
      components interact favorably with PVP. The osmotic pressure measurements within
      this novel class of promising solvents should be of value toward future
      technological applications as well as for osmotic stress experiments in
      nonaqueous environments. 

PMID- 26963368
TI  - Reaction of PerR with Molecular Oxygen May Assist H2O2 Sensing in Anaerobes.
AB  - PerR is the peroxide resistance regulator found in several pathogenic bacteria
      and governs their resistance to peroxide stress by inducing enzymes that destroy
      peroxides. However, it has recently been implicated as a key component of the
      aerotolerance in several facultative or strict anaerobes, including the highly
      pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. By combining (18)O labeling studies to ESI- and
      MALDI-TOF MS detection and EMSA experiments, we demonstrate that the active form
      of PerR reacts with dioxygen, which leads ultimately to disruption of the
      PerR/DNA complex and is thus physiologically meaningful. Moreover, we show that
      the presence of O2 assists PerR sensing of H2O2, another feature likely to be
      important for anaerobic organisms. These results allow one to envisage different
      scenarios for the response of anaerobes to air exposure.

PMID- 26963369
TI  - Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
AB  - Cognitive deficits are now widely recognized to be an important component of
      anxiety. In particular, anxiety is thought to restrict the capacity of working
      memory by competing with task-relevant processes. The evidence for this claim,
      however, has been mixed. Although some studies have found restricted working
      memory in anxiety, others have not. Within studies that have found impairments,
      there is little agreement regarding the boundary conditions of the anxiety/WMC
      association. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the evidence for
      anxiety-related deficits in working memory capacity. First, a meta-analysis of
      177 samples (N = 22,061 individuals) demonstrated that self-reported measures of
      anxiety are reliably related to poorer performance on measures of working memory
      capacity (g = -.334, p < 10-29). This finding was consistent across complex span
      (e.g., OSPAN; g = -.342, k = 30, N = 3,196, p = .000001), simple span (e.g.,
      digit span; g = -.318, k = 127, N = 17,547, p < 10-17), and dynamic span tasks
      (e.g., N-Back; g = -.437, k = 20, N = 1,318, p = .000003). Second, a narrative
      review of the literature revealed that anxiety, whether self-reported or
      experimentally induced, is related to poorer performance across a wide variety of
      tasks. Finally, the review identified a number of methodological limitations
      common in the literature as well as avenues for future research. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 26963370
TI  - Linking micellar structures to hydrogelation for salt-triggered dipeptide
      gelators.
AB  - Some functionalised dipeptides can form hydrogels when salts are added to
      solutions at high pH. We have used surface tension, conductivity, rheology,
      optical, confocal and scanning electron microscopy, (1)H NMR and UV-Vis
      spectroscopy measurements to characterise fully the phase behaviour of solutions
      of one specific gelator, 2NapFF, at 25  degrees C at pH 10.5. We show that this
      specific naphthalene-dipeptide undergoes structural transformations as the
      concentration is increased, initially forming spherical micelles, then worm-like
      micelles, followed by association of these worm-like micelles. On addition of a
      calcium salt, gels are generally formed as long as worm-like micelles are
      initially present in solution, although there are structural re-organisations
      that occur at lower concentrations, allowing gelation at lower than expected
      concentration. Using IR and SANS, we show the differences between the structures
      present in the solution and hydrogel phases. 

PMID- 26963371
TI  - WITHDRAWN: Antidepressants for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).

PMID- 26963373
TI  - Change in parent-child conflict and the HPA-axis: Where should we be looking and
      for how long?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Salivary cortisol is increasingly used as a longitudinal indicator of
      change in neuroendocrine regulation and as a predictor of health outcomes in
      youth. The purpose of this study was to describe which indices of HPA-axis
      functioning are sensitive to changes in parent-child conflict over a three week
      period and to explore the time course under which these changes can be measured.
      METHODS: Youth (n=47; ages 8-13) completed daily diaries of their conflict with
      parents for 56 days. On days 17-18 and 38-39, youth contributed saliva samples
      upon waking, 30-minutes post-waking, afternoon, and bedtime. We assessed change
      in average diurnal HPA-axis functioning between day 17-18 and day 38-39 as a
      function of the slopes of change in parent-child conflict over 3 weeks. RESULTS:
      Increasing parent-child conflict was positively associated with concurrent
      increases in total cortisol output (AUCg), flattening of the diurnal slope, and
      increases in cortisol at bedtime, but not with change in the cortisol awakening
      response (CAR). Further, associations between parent-child conflict and both AUCg
      and bedtime cortisol were observed with at least 14 days of daily diary
      reporting, whereas any additional ratings of conflict beyond 3 days of daily
      diaries did not improve model fit for changes in diurnal slope. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study demonstrates the within-subject up-regulation of the HPA-axis across three
      weeks in a healthy sample of youth exposed to natural increases in family
      conflict. In particular, cortisol at bedtime may be the HPA-axis index that is
      most sensitive to change over time in parent-child conflict, above and beyond
      conflict occurring that day. Further, when testing associations between family
      stressors and diurnal cortisol, the optimal schedule for assessing parent-child
      conflict varies for different indices of HPA-axis functioning.

PMID- 26963372
TI  - Radiation-induced changes in DNA methylation of repetitive elements in the mouse
      heart.
AB  - DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism, needed for proper control over the
      expression of genetic information and silencing of repetitive elements. Exposure
      to ionizing radiation, aside from its strong genotoxic potential, may also affect
      the methylation of DNA, within the repetitive elements, in particular. In this
      study, we exposed C57BL/6J male mice to low absorbed mean doses of two types of
      space radiation-proton (0.1 Gy, 150 MeV, dose rate 0.53 +/- 0.08 Gy/min), and
      heavy iron ions ((56)Fe) (0.5 Gy, 600 MeV/n, dose rate 0.38 +/- 0.06 Gy/min).
      Radiation-induced changes in cardiac DNA methylation associated with repetitive
      elements were detected. Specifically, modest hypomethylation of retrotransposon
      LINE-1 was observed at day 7 after irradiation with either protons or (56)Fe.
      This was followed by LINE-1, and other retrotransposons, ERV2 and SINE B1, as
      well as major satellite DNA hypermethylation at day 90 after irradiation with
      (56)Fe. These changes in DNA methylation were accompanied by alterations in the
      expression of DNA methylation machinery and affected the one-carbon metabolism
      pathway. Furthermore, loss of transposable elements expression was detected in
      the cardiac tissue at the 90-day time-point, paralleled by substantial
      accumulation of mRNA transcripts, associated with major satellites. Given that
      the one-carbon metabolism pathway can be modulated by dietary modifications,
      these findings suggest a potential strategy for the mitigation and, possibly,
      prevention of the negative effects exerted by ionizing radiation on the
      cardiovascular system. Additionally, we show that the methylation status and
      expression of repetitive elements may serve as early biomarkers of exposure to
      space radiation.

PMID- 26963374
TI  - Depressive symptoms are associated with worsened severity of the metabolic
      syndrome in African American women independent of lifestyle factors: A
      consideration of mechanistic links from the Jackson heart study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Depression and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are both risk factors
      for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prior studies in
      predominantly White populations demonstrated that individuals with depressive
      symptoms at baseline are more likely to develop future MetS. We tested the
      hypothesis that depressive symptoms would contribute to a more pronounced
      increase in MetS severity among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study
      (JHS). METHODS: We used repeated-measures modeling among 1743 JHS participants
      during Visits 1-3 over 8 years of follow-up to evaluate relations between
      depressive symptom score (Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression (CES-D)) at
      baseline and a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific MetS severity Z-score at each
      visit. RESULTS: 20.3% of participants had a CES-D score >=16, consistent with
      clinically-relevant depressive symptoms. Higher depressive-symptom scores were
      associated with higher MetS severity in women but not men (p=0.005 vs. p=0.490).
      There was no difference by depressive symptom score with rate of change in MetS
      severity over time. Both depressive-symptom score and MetS severity Z-score were
      associated with lower levels of physical activity and higher levels of C-reactive
      protein; however, addition of these to the regression model did not attenuate the
      association between depressive symptoms and MetS severity. CONCLUSION: African
      American women but not men in the JHS exhibit relationships between baseline
      depressive symptoms and MetS severity over an 8-year period. These data may have
      implications for targeting of MetS-associated lifestyle changes among individuals
      with depressive symptoms.

PMID- 26963375
TI  - Recurrent short sleep, chronic insomnia symptoms and salivary cortisol: A 10-year
      follow-up in the Whitehall II study.
AB  - Although an association between both sleep duration and disturbance with salivary
      cortisol has been suggested, little is known about the long term effects of poor
      quality sleep on diurnal cortisol rhythm. The aim of this study was to examine
      the association of poor quality sleep, categorised as recurrent short sleep
      duration and chronic insomnia symptoms, with the diurnal release of cortisol. We
      examined this in 3314 participants from an occupational cohort, originally
      recruited in 1985-1989. Salivary cortisol was measured in 2007-2009 and six
      saliva samples were collected: (1) waking, (2) waking+0.5h, (3) +2.5h, (4) +8h,
      (5) +12h and (6) bedtime, for assessment of the cortisol awakening response and
      the diurnal slope in cortisol secretion. Participants with the first saliva
      sample collected within 15min of waking and not on steroid medication were
      examined. Short sleep duration (<=5h) and insomnia symptoms (Jenkins scale,
      highest quartile) were measured in 1997-1999, 2003-2004 and 2007-2009. Recurrent
      short sleep was associated with a flatter diurnal cortisol pattern. A steeper
      morning rise in cortisol was observed among those reporting chronic insomnia
      symptoms at three time points and among those reporting short sleep twice,
      compared to those who never reported sleep problems. Participants reporting short
      sleep on three occasions had higher levels of cortisol later in the day, compared
      to those never reporting short sleep, indicated by a positive interaction with
      hours since waking (beta=0.02 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.03)). We conclude that recurrent
      sleep problems are associated with adverse salivary cortisol patterns throughout
      the day.

PMID- 26963376
TI  - Examining multiple sleep behaviors and diurnal salivary cortisol and alpha
      amylase: Within- and between-person associations.
AB  - Sleep has been linked to the daily patterns of stress-responsive physiological
      systems, specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic
      nervous system (ANS). However, extant research examining sleep and diurnal
      patterns of cortisol, the primary end product of the HPA axis, has primarily
      focused on sleep duration with limited attention on other facets of sleep. For
      example, it is not clear how specific aspects of sleep (e.g., sleep quality,
      sleep duration variability) are related to specific components of diurnal
      cortisol rhythms. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has been recognized as a surrogate
      marker of ANS activity, but limited research has explored relations between sleep
      and sAA diurnal rhythms. The current study utilized an ecological momentary
      assessment protocol to examine within- and between-person relations between
      several facets of sleep behavior using multiple methods (e.g., subjective report,
      actigraphy) and salivary cortisol and sAA. Older adolescents (N=76) provided
      saliva samples and diary entries five times per day over the course of three
      days. Sleep was assessed via questionnaire, through daily diaries, and monitored
      objectively using actigraphy over a four day period. Between-person results
      revealed that shorter average objective sleep duration and greater sleep duration
      variability were related to lower levels of waking cortisol and flatter diurnal
      slopes across the day. Within-person results revealed that on nights when
      individuals slept for shorter durations than usual they also had lower levels of
      waking cortisol the next day. Sleep was not related to the cortisol awakening
      response (CAR) or diurnal patterns of sAA, in either between-person or within
      person analyses. However, typical sleep behaviors measured via questionnaire were
      related to waking levels of sAA. Overall, this study provides a greater
      understanding of how multiple components of sleep, measured in naturalistic
      environments, are related to cortisol and sAA diurnal rhythms, and how day-to
      day, within-person changes in sleep duration contribute to daily variations in
      cortisol.

PMID- 26963378
TI  - Structure-based design and confirmation of peptide ligands for neuronal polo-like
      kinase to promote neuroregeneration.
AB  - Neuronal polo-like kinase (nPLK) is an essential regular of cell cycle and
      differentiation in nervous system, and targeting nPLK has been established as a
      promising therapeutic strategy to treat neurological disorders and to promote
      neuroregeneration. The protein contains an N-terminal kinase domain (KD) and a C
      terminal Polo-box domain (PBD) that are mutually inhibited by each other. Here,
      the intramolecular KD-PBD complex in nPLK was investigated at structural level
      via bioinformatics analysis, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding
      affinity scoring. From the complex interface two regions representing separately
      two continuous peptide fragments in PBD domain were identified as the hot spots
      of KD-PBD interaction. Structural and energetic analysis suggested that one (PBD
      peptide 1) of the two peptides can bind tightly to a pocket nearby the active
      site of KD domain, which is thus potential as self-inhibitory peptide to target
      and suppress nPLK kinase activity. The knowledge harvesting from computational
      studies were then used to guide the structural optimization and mutation of PBD
      peptide 1. Consequently, two of three peptide mutants separately exhibited
      moderately and considerably increased affinity as compared to the native peptide.
      The computationally modeled complex structures of KD domain with these self
      inhibitory peptides were also examined in detail to unravel the structural basis
      and energetic property of nPLK-peptide recognition and interaction. 

PMID- 26963377
TI  - Body Mass Index Is Better than Other Anthropometric Indices for Identifying
      Dyslipidemia in Chinese Children with Obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip
      ratio (WHR) are used in screening and predicting obesity in adults. However, the
      best identifier of metabolic complications in children with obesity remains
      unclear. This study evaluated lipid profile distribution and investigated the
      best anthropometric parameter in association with lipid disorders in children
      with obesity. METHODS: A total of 2243 school children aged 7-17 years were
      enrolled in Guangzhou, China, in 2014. The anthropometric indices and lipid
      profiles were measured. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the US Guidelines
      for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents. The
      association between anthropometry (BMI, WC, and WHR) and lipid profile values was
      examined using chi-square analysis and discriminant function analysis.
      Information about demography, physical activity, and dietary intake was provided
      by the participant children and their parents. RESULTS: Children aged 10-14 and
      15-17 years old generally had higher triglyceride values but lower median
      concentration of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with children aged 7-9 years old (all P
      < 0.001). These lipid parameters fluctuated in children aged 10-14 years old. The
      combination of age groups, BMI, WC and WHR achieved 65.1% accuracy in determining
      dyslipidemic disorders. BMI correctly identified 77% of the total dyslipidemic
      disorders in obese children, which was higher than that by WHR (70.8%) (P< 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The distribution of lipid profiles in Chinese children differed
      between younger and older age groups, and the tendency of these lipid levels
      remarkably fluctuated during 10 to 14 years old. BMI had better practical utility
      in identifying dyslipidemia among school-aged children with obesity compared with
      other anthropometric measures.

PMID- 26963379
TI  - A computational model for predicting fusion peptide of retroviruses.
AB  - As a pivotal domain within envelope protein, fusion peptide (FP) plays a crucial
      role in pathogenicity and therapeutic intervention. Taken into account the
      limited FP annotations in NCBI database and absence of FP prediction software, it
      is urgent and desirable to develop a bioinformatics tool to predict new putative
      FPs (np-FPs) in retroviruses. In this work, a sequence-based FP model was
      proposed by combining Hidden Markov Method with similarity comparison. The
      classification accuracies are 91.97% and 92.31% corresponding to 10-fold and
      leave-one-out cross-validation. After scanning sequences without FP annotations,
      this model discovered 53,946 np-FPs. The statistical results on FPs or np-FPs
      reveal that FP is a conserved and hydrophobic domain. The FP software programmed
      for windows environment is available at
      https://sourceforge.net/projects/fptool/files/?source=navbar. 

PMID- 26963380
TI  - Does Stigmatized Social Risk Lead to Denialism? Results from a Survey Experiment
      on Race, Risk Perception, and Health Policy in the United States.
AB  - In this article, we report findings from an original survey experiment
      investigating the effects of different framings of disease threats on individual
      risk perceptions and policy priorities. We analyze responses from 1,946 white and
      African-American participants in a self-administered, web-based survey in the
      United States. We sought to investigate the effects of: 1) frames emphasizing
      disparities in the racial prevalence of disease and 2) frames emphasizing non
      normative (blameworthy or stigmatized) behavioral risk factors. We find some
      evidence that when treated with the first frame, African-Americans are more
      likely to report higher risk of infection (compared to an African-American
      control group and to whites receiving the same treatment); and that whites are
      more likely to report trust in government data (compared to a White control group
      and to African-Americans receiving the same treatment). Notwithstanding, we find
      no support for our hypotheses concerning the interactive effects of providing
      both frames, which was a central motivation for our study. We argue that this may
      be due to very large differences in risk perception at baseline (which generate
      limits on possible treatment effects) and the fact that in the context of
      American race relations, it may not be possible to fully differentiate racialized
      and stigmatized frames. 

PMID- 26963383
TI  - Can surface electromyography improve surgery planning? Electromyographic
      assessment and intraoperative verification of the nerve bundle entry point
      location of the gracilis muscle.
AB  - PURPOSE: To verify the precision of surface electromyography (sEMG) in locating
      the innervation zone of the gracilis muscle, by comparing the location of the IZ
      estimated by means of sEMG with in vivo location of the nerve bundle entry point
      in patients before graciloplasty procedure due to fecal incontinence. METHODS:
      Nine patients who qualified for the graciloplasty procedure underwent sEMG on
      both gracilis muscle before their operations. During surgery the nerve bundle was
      identified by means of electrical stimulation. The distance between the proximal
      attachment and the nerve entry point into the muscle's body was measured. Both
      measurements (sEMG and in vivo identification) were compared for each subject.
      RESULTS: On average, the IZ was located 65.5mm from the proximal attachment. The
      mean difference in location of the innervation zones in each individual was 10+/
      9.7mm, maximal - 30mm, the difference being statistically significant (p=0.017).
      It was intraoperatively confirmed, that the nerve entered the muscle an average
      of 62mm from the proximal attachment. The largest difference between the EMG IZ
      estimation and nerve bundle entry point was 5mm (mean difference 2.8mm, p=0.767).
      CONCLUSION: Preoperative surface electromyography of both gracilis muscles is a
      safe, precise and reliable method of assessing the location of the innervation
      zones of the gracilis muscles. The asymmetry of the IZ location in left and right
      muscles may be important in context of technical aspects of the graciloplasty
      procedure.

PMID- 26963381
TI  - Genomic Analysis of Companion Rabbit Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - In addition to being an important human pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus is able
      to cause a variety of infections in numerous other host species. While the S.
      aureus strains causing infection in several of these hosts have been well
      characterised, this is not the case for companion rabbits (Oryctolagus
      cuniculus), where little data are available on S. aureus strains from this host.
      To address this deficiency we have performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing
      and genome sequencing on a collection of S. aureus isolates from companion
      rabbits. The findings show a diverse S. aureus population is able to cause
      infection in this host, and while antimicrobial resistance was uncommon, the
      isolates possess a range of known and putative virulence factors consistent with
      a diverse clinical presentation in companion rabbits including severe abscesses.
      We additionally show that companion rabbit isolates carry polymorphisms within
      dltB as described as underlying host-adaption of S. aureus to farmed rabbits. The
      availability of S. aureus genome sequences from companion rabbits provides an
      important aid to understanding the pathogenesis of disease in this host and in
      the clinical management and surveillance of these infections. 

PMID- 26963382
TI  - Relaxin Treatment in an Ang-II-Based Transgenic Preeclamptic-Rat Model.
AB  - Relaxin is a peptide related to pregnancy that induces nitric oxide-related and
      gelatinase-related effects, allowing vasodilation and pregnancy-related
      adjustments permitting parturition to occur. Relaxin controls the hemodynamic and
      renovascular adaptive changes that occur during pregnancy. Interest has evolved
      regarding relaxin and a therapeutic principle in preeclampsia and heart failure.
      Preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder, featuring hypertension, proteinuria and
      placental anomalies. We investigated relaxin in an established transgenic rat
      model of preeclampsia, where the phenotype is induced by angiotensin (Ang)-II
      production in mid pregnancy. We gave recombinant relaxin to preeclamtic rats at
      day 9 of gestation. Hypertension and proteinuria was not ameliorated after
      relaxin administration. Intrauterine growth retardation of the fetus was
      unaltered by relaxin. Heart-rate responses and relaxin levels documented drug
      effects. In this Ang-II-based model of preeclampsia, we could not show a
      salubrious effect on preeclampsia. 

PMID- 26963384
TI  - The Annexin a2 Promotes Development in Arthritis through Neovascularization by
      Amplification Hedgehog Pathway.
AB  - The neovascularization network of pannus formation plays a crucial role in the
      development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Annexin a2 (Axna2) is an important
      mediating agent that induces angiogenesis in vascular diseases. The correlation
      between Axna2 and pannus formation has not been studied. Here, we provided
      evidence that compared to osteoarthritis (OA) patients and healthy people, the
      expression of Axna2 and Axna2 receptor (Axna2R) were up-regulated in patients
      with RA. Joint swelling, inflammation and neovascularization were increased
      significantly in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) that were exogenously
      added Axna2. Cell experiments showed that Axna2 promoted HUVEC proliferation by
      binding Axna2R, and could activate Hedgehog (HH) signaling and up-regulate the
      expression of Ihh and Gli. Besides, expression of Ihh, Patched (Ptc), Smoothened
      (Smo) and Gli and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), vascular endothelial growth
      factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), angiogenic growth factor of HH
      signaling downstream, were down-regulated after inhibition of expression Axna2R
      on HUVEC. Together, our research definitely observed that over-expression of
      Axna2 could promote the development of CIA, especially during the process of
      pannus formation for the first time. Meanwhile, Axna2 depended on combining
      Axna2R to activate and enlarge HH signaling and the expression of its downstream
      VEGF, Ang-2 and MMP-2 to promote HUVEC proliferation, and eventually caused to
      angiogenesis. Therefore, the role of Axna2 is instructive for understanding the
      development of RA, suppress the effect of Axna2 might provide a new potential
      measure for treatment of RA. 

PMID- 26963387
TI  - Periodontitis and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Periodontitis is common in the elderly and may become more common in Alzheimer's
      disease because of a reduced ability to take care of oral hygiene as the disease
      progresses. Elevated antibodies to periodontal bacteria are associated with an
      increased systemic pro-inflammatory state. Elsewhere raised serum pro
      inflammatory cytokines have been associated with an increased rate of cognitive
      decline in Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that periodontitis would be
      associated with increased dementia severity and a more rapid cognitive decline in
      Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to determine if periodontitis in Alzheimer's
      disease is associated with both increased dementia severity and cognitive
      decline, and an increased systemic pro inflammatory state. In a six month
      observational cohort study 60 community dwelling participants with mild to
      moderate Alzheimer's Disease were cognitively assessed and a blood sample taken
      for systemic inflammatory markers. Dental health was assessed by a dental
      hygienist, blind to cognitive outcomes. All assessments were repeated at six
      months. The presence of periodontitis at baseline was not related to baseline
      cognitive state but was associated with a six fold increase in the rate of
      cognitive decline as assessed by the ADAS-cog over a six month follow up period.
      Periodontitis at baseline was associated with a relative increase in the pro
      inflammatory state over the six month follow up period. Our data showed that
      periodontitis is associated with an increase in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's
      Disease, independent to baseline cognitive state, which may be mediated through
      effects on systemic inflammation. 

PMID- 26963385
TI  - Pathway Implications of Aberrant Global Methylation in Adrenocortical Cancer.
AB  - CONTEXT: Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are a rare tumor type with a poor five
      year survival rate and limited treatment options. OBJECTIVE: Understanding of the
      molecular pathogenesis of this disease has been aided by genomic analyses
      highlighting alterations in TP53, WNT, and IGF signaling pathways. Further
      elucidation is needed to reveal therapeutically actionable targets in ACC.
      DESIGN: In this study, global DNA methylation levels were assessed by the
      Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip Array on 18 ACC tumors and 6 normal adrenal
      tissues. A new, non-linear correlation approach, the discretization method,
      assessed the relationship between DNA methylation/gene expression across ACC
      tumors. RESULTS: This correlation analysis revealed epigenetic regulation of
      genes known to modulate TP53, WNT, and IGF signaling, as well as silencing of the
      tumor suppressor MARCKS, previously unreported in ACC. CONCLUSIONS: DNA
      methylation may regulate genes known to play a role in ACC pathogenesis as well
      as known tumor suppressors.

PMID- 26963389
TI  - Maternal Genetic Composition of a Medieval Population from a Hungarian-Slavic
      Contact Zone in Central Europe.
AB  - The genetic composition of the medieval populations of Central Europe has been
      poorly investigated to date. In particular, the region of modern-day Slovakia is
      a blank spot in archaeogenetic research. This paper reports the study of
      mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ancient samples from the 9th-12th centuries
      originating from the cemeteries discovered in Nitra-Sindolka and Cakajovce,
      located in western Slovakia (Central Europe). This geographical region is
      interesting to study because its medieval multi-ethnic population lived in the so
      called contact zone of the territory of the Great Moravian and later Hungarian
      state formations. We described 16 different mtDNA haplotypes in 19 individuals,
      which belong to the most widespread European mtDNA haplogroups: H, J, T, U and
      R0. Using comparative statistical and population genetic analyses, we showed the
      differentiation of the European gene pool in the medieval period. We also
      demonstrated the heterogeneous genetic characteristics of the investigated
      population and its affinity to the populations of modern Europe. 

PMID- 26963388
TI  - Visuospatial Attention to Single and Multiple Objects Is Independently Impaired
      in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with deficits in visuospatial attention.
      It is as yet unknown whether these attentional deficits begin at a perceptual
      level or instead reflect disruptions in oculomotor or higher-order processes. In
      the present study, non-demented individuals with PD and matched normal control
      adults (NC) participated in two tasks requiring sustained visuospatial attention,
      both based on a multiple object tracking paradigm. Eye tracking was used to
      ensure central fixation. In Experiment 1 (26 PD, 21 NC), a pair of identical red
      dots (one target, one distractor) rotated randomly for three seconds at varied
      speeds. The task was to maintain the identity of the sole target, which was
      labeled prior to each trial. PD were less accurate than NC overall (p = .049).
      When considering only trials where fixation was maintained, however, there was no
      significant group difference, suggesting that the deficit's origin is closely
      related to oculomotor processing. To determine whether PD had additional
      impairment in multifocal attention, in Experiment 2 (25 PD, 15 NC), two targets
      were presented along with distractors at a moderate speed, along with a control
      condition in which dots remained stationary. PD were less accurate than NC for
      moving (p = 0.02) but not stationary targets. This group difference remained
      significant when considering only trials where fixation was maintained,
      suggesting the source of the PD deficit was independent from oculomotor
      processing. Taken together, the results implicate separate mechanisms for single
      vs. multiple object tracking deficits in PD. 

PMID- 26963390
TI  - Monitoring of Heart and Breathing Rates Using Dual Cameras on a Smartphone.
AB  - Some smartphones have the capability to process video streams from both the front
      and rear-facing cameras simultaneously. This paper proposes a new monitoring
      method for simultaneous estimation of heart and breathing rates using dual
      cameras of a smartphone. The proposed approach estimates heart rates using a rear
      facing camera, while at the same time breathing rates are estimated using a non
      contact front-facing camera. For heart rate estimation, a simple application
      protocol is used to analyze the varying color signals of a fingertip placed in
      contact with the rear camera. The breathing rate is estimated from non-contact
      video recordings from both chest and abdominal motions. Reference breathing rates
      were measured by a respiration belt placed around the chest and abdomen of a
      subject; reference heart rates (HR) were determined using the standard
      electrocardiogram. An automated selection of either the chest or abdominal video
      signal was determined by choosing the signal with a greater autocorrelation
      value. The breathing rate was then determined by selecting the dominant peak in
      the power spectrum. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, data
      were collected from 11 healthy subjects. The breathing ranges spanned both low
      and high frequencies (6-60 breaths/min), and the results show that the average
      median errors from the reflectance imaging on the chest and the abdominal walls
      based on choosing the maximum spectral peak were 1.43% and 1.62%, respectively.
      Similarly, HR estimates were also found to be accurate. 

PMID- 26963392
TI  - Investigation of Adaptive Optics Imaging Biomarkers for Detecting Pathological
      Changes of the Cone Mosaic in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate a set of adaptive optics (AO) imaging biomarkers for the
      assessment of changes of the cone mosaic spatial arrangement in patients with
      type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). METHODS: 16 patients with >=20/20 visual acuity
      and a diagnosis of DM1 in the past 8 years to 37 years and 20 age-matched healthy
      volunteers were recruited in this study. Cone density, cone spacing and Voronoi
      diagrams were calculated on 160x160 MUm images of the cone mosaic acquired with
      an AO flood illumination retinal camera at 1.5 degrees eccentricity from the
      fovea along all retinal meridians. From the cone spacing measures and Voronoi
      diagrams, the linear dispersion index (LDi) and the heterogeneity packing index
      (HPi) were computed respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to
      discriminate DM1 patients without diabetic retinopathy from controls using the
      cone metrics as predictors. RESULTS: Of the 16 DM1 patients, eight had no signs
      of diabetic retinopathy (noDR) and eight had mild nonproliferative diabetic
      retinopathy (NPDR) on fundoscopy. On average, cone density, LDi and HPi values
      were significantly different (P<0.05) between noDR or NPDR eyes and controls,
      with these differences increasing with duration of diabetes. However, each cone
      metric alone was not sufficiently sensitive to discriminate entirely between
      membership of noDR cases and controls. The complementary use of all the three
      cone metrics in the logistic regression model gained 100% accuracy to identify
      noDR cases with respect to controls. CONCLUSION: The present set of AO imaging
      biomarkers identified reliably abnormalities in the spatial arrangement of the
      parafoveal cones in DM1 patients, even when no signs of diabetic retinopathy were
      seen on fundoscopy.

PMID- 26963393
TI  - Anaphylaxis Imaging: Non-Invasive Measurement of Surface Body Temperature and
      Physical Activity in Small Animals.
AB  - In highly sensitized patients, the encounter with a specific allergen from food,
      insect stings or medications may rapidly induce systemic anaphylaxis with
      potentially lethal symptoms. Countless animal models of anaphylaxis, most often
      in BALB/c mice, were established to understand the pathophysiology and to prove
      the safety of different treatments. The most common symptoms during anaphylactic
      shock are drop of body temperature and reduced physical activity. To refine,
      improve and objectify the currently applied manual monitoring methods, we
      developed an imaging method for the automated, non-invasive measurement of the
      whole-body surface temperature and, at the same time, of the horizontal and
      vertical movement activity of small animals. We tested the anaphylaxis imaging in
      three in vivo allergy mouse models for i) milk allergy, ii) peanut allergy and
      iii) egg allergy. These proof-of-principle experiments suggest that the imaging
      technology represents a reliable non-invasive method for the objective monitoring
      of small animals during anaphylaxis over time. We propose that the method will be
      useful for monitoring diseases associated with both, changes in body temperature
      and in physical behaviour. 

PMID- 26963391
TI  - The Role of Epithelial Sodium Channel ENaC and the Apical Cl-/HCO3- Exchanger
      Pendrin in Compensatory Salt Reabsorption in the Setting of Na-Cl Cotransporter
      (NCC) Inactivation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The absence of NCC does not cause significant salt wasting in NCC
      deficient mice under basal conditions. We hypothesized that ENaC and pendrin play
      important roles in compensatory salt absorption in the setting of NCC
      inactivation, and their inhibition and/or downregulation can cause significant
      salt wasting in NCC KO mice. METHODS: WT and NCC KO mice were treated with a
      daily injection of either amiloride, an inhibitor of ENaC, or acetazolamide
      (ACTZ), a blocker of salt and bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule and
      an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrases in proximal tubule and intercalated cells, or
      a combination of acetazolamide plus amiloride for defined durations. Animals were
      subjected to daily balance studies. At the end of treatment, kidneys were
      harvested and examined. Blood samples were collected for electrolytes and acid
      base analysis. RESULTS: Amiloride injection significantly increased the urine
      output (UO) in NCC KO mice (from 1.3 ml/day before to 2.5 ml/day after amiloride,
      p<0.03, n = 4) but caused only a slight change in UO in WT mice (p>0.05). The
      increase in UO in NCC KO mice was associated with a significant increase in
      sodium excretion (from 0.25 mmol/24 hrs at baseline to 0.35 mmol/24 hrs after
      amiloride injection, p<0.05, n = 4). Daily treatment with ACTZ for 6 days
      resulted in >80% reduction of kidney pendrin expression in both WT and NCC KO
      mice. However, ACTZ treatment noticeably increased urine output and salt
      excretion only in NCC KO mice (with urine output increasing from a baseline of
      1.1 ml/day to 2.3 ml/day and sodium excretion increasing from 0.22 mmole/day
      before to 0.31 mmole/day after ACTZ) in NCC KO mice; both parameters were
      significantly higher than in WT mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated
      significant enhancement in ENaC expression in medulla and cortex of NCC KO and WT
      mice in response to ACTZ injection for 6 days, and treatment with amiloride in
      ACTZ-pretreated mice caused a robust increase in salt excretion in both NCC KO
      and WT mice. Pendrin KO mice did not display a significant increase in urine
      output or salt excretion after treatment with amiloride or ACTZ. CONCLUSION: 1.
      ENaC plays an important role in salt reabsorption in NCC KO mice. 2. NCC
      contributes to compensatory salt reabsorption in the setting of carbonic
      anhydrase inhibition, which is associated with increased delivery of salt from
      the proximal tubule and the down regulation of pendrin. 3. ENaC is upregulated by
      ACTZ treatment and its inhibition by amiloride causes significant diuresis in NCC
      KO and WT mice. Despite being considered mild agents individually, we propose
      that the combination of acetazolamide and amiloride in the setting of NCC
      inhibition (i.e., hydrochlorothiazide) will be a powerful diuretic regimen.

PMID- 26963394
TI  - SMOG 2: A Versatile Software Package for Generating Structure-Based Models.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations with coarse-grained or simplified Hamiltonians
      have proven to be an effective means of capturing the functionally important long
      time and large-length scale motions of proteins and RNAs. Originally developed in
      the context of protein folding, structure-based models (SBMs) have since been
      extended to probe a diverse range of biomolecular processes, spanning from
      protein and RNA folding to functional transitions in molecular machines. The
      hallmark feature of a structure-based model is that part, or all, of the
      potential energy function is defined by a known structure. Within this general
      class of models, there exist many possible variations in resolution and energetic
      composition. SMOG 2 is a downloadable software package that reads user-designated
      structural information and user-defined energy definitions, in order to produce
      the files necessary to use SBMs with high performance molecular dynamics
      packages: GROMACS and NAMD. SMOG 2 is bundled with XML-formatted template files
      that define commonly used SBMs, and it can process template files that are
      altered according to the needs of each user. This computational infrastructure
      also allows for experimental or bioinformatics-derived restraints or novel
      structural features to be included, e.g. novel ligands, prosthetic groups and
      post-translational/transcriptional modifications. The code and user guide can be
      downloaded at http://smog-server.org/smog2. 

PMID- 26963395
TI  - Low Herbivory among Targeted Reforestation Sites in the Andean Highlands of
      Southern Ecuador.
AB  - Insect herbivory constitutes an important constraint in the viability and
      management of targeted reforestation sites. Focusing on young experimental stands
      at about 2000 m elevation in southern Ecuador, we examined foliar damage over one
      season as a function of tree species and habitat. Native tree species
      (Successional hardwood: Cedrela montana and Tabebuia chrysantha; fast-growing
      pioneer: Heliocarpus americanus) have been planted among prevailing local
      landcover types (abandoned pasture, secondary shrub vegetation, and a Pinus
      patula plantation) in 2003/4. Plantation trees were compared to conspecifics in
      the spontaneous undergrowth of adjacent undisturbed rainforest matched for height
      and foliar volume. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that H. americanus as a
      pioneer species suffers more herbivory compared to the two successional tree
      species, and that damage is inversely related to habitat complexity. Overall leaf
      damage caused by folivorous insects (excluding leafcutter ants) was low. Average
      leaf loss was highest among T. chrysantha (7.50% +/- 0.19 SE of leaf area),
      followed by H. americanus (4.67% +/- 0.18 SE) and C. montana (3.18% +/- 0.15 SE).
      Contrary to expectations, leaf area loss was highest among trees in closed-canopy
      natural rainforest, followed by pine plantation, pasture, and secondary shrub
      sites. Harvesting activity of leafcutter ants (Acromyrmex sp.) was strongly
      biased towards T. chrysantha growing in open habitat (mean pasture: 2.5%; shrub:
      10.5%) where it could result in considerable damage (> 90.0%). Insect folivory is
      unlikely to pose a barrier for reforestation in the tropical Andean mountain
      forest zone at present, but leafcutter ants may become problematic if local
      temperatures increase in the wake of global warming. 

PMID- 26963396
TI  - Patterns and Trends in Accidental Poisoning Deaths: Pennsylvania's Experience
      1979-2014.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine county and state-level
      accidental poisoning mortality trends in Pennsylvania from 1979 to 2014. METHODS:
      Crude and age-adjusted death rates were formed for age group, race, sex, and
      county for accidental poisonings (ICD 10 codes X40-X49) from 1979 to 2014 for
      ages 15+ using the Mortality and Population Data System housed at the University
      of Pittsburgh. Rate ratios were calculated comparing rates from 1979 to 2014,
      overall and by sex, age group, and race. Joinpoint regression was used to detect
      statistically significant changes in trends of age-adjusted mortality rates.
      RESULTS: Rate ratios for accidental poisoning mortality in Pennsylvania increased
      more than 14-fold from 1979 to 2014. The largest rate ratios were among 35-44
      year olds, females, and White adults. The highest accidental poisoning mortality
      rates were found in the counties of Southwestern Pennsylvania, those surrounding
      Philadelphia, and those in Northeast Pennsylvania near Scranton. CONCLUSIONS: The
      patterns and locations of accidental poisoning mortality by race, sex, and age
      group provide direction for interventions and policy makers. In particular, this
      study found the highest rate ratios in PA among females, whites, and the age
      group 35-44.

PMID- 26963397
TI  - Understanding Spatio-Temporal Variability in the Reproduction Ratio of the
      Bluetongue (BTV-1) Epidemic in Southern Spain (Andalusia) in 2007 Using Epidemic
      Trees.
AB  - Andalusia (Southern Spain) is considered one of the main routes of introduction
      of bluetongue virus (BTV) into Europe, evidenced by a devastating epidemic caused
      by BTV-1 in 2007. Understanding the pattern and the drivers of BTV-1 spread in
      Andalusia is critical for effective detection and control of future epidemics. A
      long-standing metric for quantifying the behaviour of infectious diseases is the
      case-reproduction ratio (Rt), defined as the average number of secondary cases
      arising from a single infected case at time t (for t>0). Here we apply a method
      using epidemic trees to estimate the between-herd case reproduction ratio
      directly from epidemic data allowing the spatial and temporal variability in
      transmission to be described. We then relate this variability to predictors
      describing the hosts, vectors and the environment to better understand why the
      epidemic spread more quickly in some regions or periods. The Rt value for the BTV
      1 epidemic in Andalusia peaked in July at 4.6, at the start of the epidemic, then
      decreased to 2.2 by August, dropped below 1 by September (0.8), and by October it
      had decreased to 0.02. BTV spread was the consequence of both local transmission
      within established disease foci and BTV expansion to distant new areas (i.e. new
      foci), which resulted in a high variability in BTV transmission, not only among
      different areas, but particularly through time, which suggests that general
      control measures applied at broad spatial scales are unlikely to be effective.
      This high variability through time was probably due to the impact of temperature
      on BTV transmission, as evidenced by a reduction in the value of Rt by 0.0041 for
      every unit increase (day) in the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), which is
      itself directly dependent on temperature. Moreover, within the range of values at
      which BTV-1 transmission occurred in Andalusia (20.6 degrees C to 29.5 degrees C)
      there was a positive correlation between temperature and Rt values, although the
      relationship was not linear, probably as a result of the complex relationship
      between temperature and the different parameters affecting BTV transmission. Rt
      values for BTV-1 in Andalusia fell below the threshold of 1 when temperatures
      dropped below 21 degrees C, a much higher threshold than that reported in other
      BTV outbreaks, such as the BTV-8 epidemic in Northern Europe. This divergence may
      be explained by differences in the adaptation to temperature of the main vectors
      of the BTV-1 epidemic in Andalusia (Culicoides imicola) compared those of the BTV
      8 epidemic in Northern Europe (Culicoides obsoletus). Importantly, we found that
      BTV transmission (Rt value) increased significantly in areas with higher
      densities of sheep. Our analysis also established that control of BTV-1 in
      Andalusia was complicated by the simultaneous establishment of several distant
      foci at the start of the epidemic, which may have been caused by several
      independent introductions of infected vectors from the North of Africa. We
      discuss the implications of these findings for BTV surveillance and control in
      this region of Europe. 

PMID- 26963398
TI  - Psychometric properties of a Mandarin version of the tinnitus questionnaire.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a Mandarin version of the tinnitus questionnaire (MTQ) and
      determine the reliability and validity, and to assess whether it could be used
      clinically in the Chinese population. DESIGN: The MTQ, short-form (36) health
      survey, hospital anxiety and depression scale, Mandarin (Chinese) tinnitus
      handicap inventory, and visual analogue scale were completed by the participants.
      STUDY SAMPLE: We included 192 adults seeking treatment for primary or secondary
      tinnitus. RESULTS: Five factors, namely, emotional distress, auditory perceptual
      difficulties, cognitive distress, sleep disturbance, and intrusiveness, were
      extracted from the MTQ. Thirty-seven items were included. The MTQ had high test
      retest reliability (Spearman correlation coefficients: 0.87-1.00). The MTQ and
      its subscales had good internal consistency and reliability (total alpha = 0.93,
      subscales alpha = 0.71-0.86). A single measure of severity can be acquired by
      summing the five subscale scores. The MTQ was significantly correlated with
      psychological distress and tinnitus-related handicap. CONCLUSION: Our results
      demonstrated that the MTQ is a reliable and valid measure of tinnitus-related
      psychopathological symptoms and could be used clinically to evaluate tinnitus
      related psychological problems. Questionnaires designed to explore tinnitus
      related depression and other symptoms not covered by the scope of the MTQ are
      needed.

PMID- 26963408
TI  - CDR3 motif generation and selection in the BV19-utilizing subset of the human CD8
      T cell repertoire.
AB  - The amino acids at the V-J rearrangement junction of TCR are encoded by the D
      region and by N or P nucleotides. Together they comprise the NDN region, the
      specific pMHC selection surface of the TCR beta-chain. As an extension of our
      earlier work on the recall response to influenza M158-66 in HLA-A2 individuals,
      we have been analyzing the circulating BV19 CD8 T cell repertoires. We observed
      that NDN regions of the CDR3 often start at positions that are V-region encoded.
      Here we examine NDN encoded amino acid motifs of BV19 rearrangements in
      circulating CD8 T cells based on the CDR3 length, the CDR3 start position of the
      NDN, and the motif length. Motifs that start at V region-encoded positions could
      be expected to be CDR3 length independent as indeed is the case. Motifs that
      included sequential proline and glycine showed a CDR3 length independent
      distribution and examining codon usage indicates that a large proportion of these
      can be explained by P-nucleotide addition from the 5' end of the D region. Other
      examples of skewed codon usage were observed indicating possible additional
      rearrangement mechanisms. Another pattern of motif distributions was a shift of
      position along the CDR3 as a function of the CDR3 length. As these data were
      collected from an older healthy individual they can be used to model successful
      repertoire selection and to further define characteristics associated with a
      positive history of responses to pathogen exposures. 

PMID- 26963409
TI  - Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on
      human metabolism.
AB  - The formation of SCFA is the result of a complex interplay between diet and the
      gut microbiota within the gut lumen environment. The discovery of receptors,
      across a range of cell and tissue types for which short chain fatty acids SCFA
      appear to be the natural ligands, has led to increased interest in SCFA as
      signaling molecules between the gut microbiota and the host. SCFA represent the
      major carbon flux from the diet through the gut microbiota to the host and
      evidence is emerging for a regulatory role of SCFA in local, intermediary and
      peripheral metabolism. However, a lack of well-designed and controlled human
      studies has hampered our understanding of the significance of SCFA in human
      metabolic health. This review aims to pull together recent findings on the role
      of SCFA in human metabolism to highlight the multi-faceted role of SCFA on
      different metabolic systems.

PMID- 26963411
TI  - [Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment and Quality of Life in People with
      Colon Cancer: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Distress].
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the mediating effect of
      psychological distress in the relationship between chemotherapy related cognitive
      impairment (CRCI) and quality of life (QOL) in people with cancer. METHODS: A
      purposive sample of 130 patients undergoing chemotherapy was recruited for the
      cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from November 2014 to June
      2015. The instruments were K-MMSE (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination),
      Everyday Cognition (ECog), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), and
      Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Data were analyzed
      using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression using Baron
      and Kenny steps for mediation. RESULTS: The mean score for objective cognitive
      function was 27.95 and 69.32 for perceived cognitive decline. Overall quality of
      life was 91.74. The mean score was 17.52 for psychological distress. The
      prevalence was 56.2% for anxiety and 63.1% for depression, and 20.0% for CRCI.
      There were significant correlations among the variables, objective cognitive
      function and self-reported cognitive decline, psychological distress, and quality
      of life. Psychological distress was directly affected by CRCI. (R2=29%). QOL was
      directly affected by CRCI. Psychological distress and CRCI effected QOL (R2=43%).
      Psychological distress had a partial mediating effect (beta=-.56, p<.001) in the
      relationship between self-reported cognitive decline and quality of life (Sobel
      test: Z=-5.08, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, nursing
      intervention programs focusing on managing cognitive decline, and decreasing
      psychological distress are highly recommended to improve quality of life in
      cancer patients.

PMID- 26963410
TI  - [Correlates of Cognitive Impairment of Rheumatic Disease: Systematic Review and
      Meta-analysis].
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was conducted to synthesis the results of research on
      relationships of cognitive impairment with multi-dimensional correlates of
      rheumatic disease through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
      METHODS: For the study purpose, 23 studies were selected through a systematic
      process of searching the literature. RESULTS: The study results showed that among
      general characteristics, age and education were the variables having a
      significant relationship with cognitive impairment. Among health risk factors,
      obesity appeared to have a significant positive relationship with cognitive
      impairment. For past history, diabetes and hypertension were shown to have a
      significant positive relationship with cognitive impairment. It was noted also
      that aPL, one of the physiological factor, had significant association with
      cognitive impairment. None of the medication related factors had a significant
      relationship with cognitive impairment. Results showed that among disease related
      factors, disease activity had the highest relationship with cognitive impairment.
      Depression, among psychological factors, was the only variable having a
      significant relationship with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: The findings
      indicate that the variables strongly impacting on cognitive impairment in
      rheumatic disease are depression and disease activity.

PMID- 26963412
TI  - [Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Perinatal Post-Traumatic
      Stress Disorder Questionnaire].
AB  - PURPOSE: The Perinatal Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) was
      designed to measure post-traumatic symptoms related to childbirth and symptoms
      during postnatal period. The purpose of this study was to develop a translated
      Korean version of the PPQ and to evaluate reliability and validity of the Korean
      PPQ. METHODS: Participants were 196 mothers at one to 18 months after giving
      childbirth and data were collected through e-mails. The PPQ was translated into
      Korean using translation guideline from World Health Organization. For this study
      Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability were used to evaluate the reliability
      of the PPQ. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis
      (CFA), and known-group validity were conducted to examine construct validity.
      Correlations of the PPQ with Impact of Event Scale (IES), Beck Depression
      Inventory II (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to test a
      criterion validity of the PPQ. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown split
      half correlation coefficient were 0.91 and 0.77, respectively. EFA identified a 3
      factor solution including arousal, avoidance, and intrusion factors and CFA
      revealed the strongest support for the 3-factor model. The correlations of the
      PPQ with IES, BDI-II, and BAI were .99, .60, and .72, respectively, pointing to
      criterion validity of a high level. CONCLUSION: The Korean version PPQ is a
      useful tool for screening and assessing mothers' experiencing emotional distress
      related to child birth and during the postnatal period. The PPQ also reflects
      Post Traumatic Stress Disorder's diagnostic standards well.

PMID- 26963413
TI  - [Development of Patient Transfer Techniques based on Postural-stability
      Principles for the Care Helpers in Nursing Homes and Evaluation of
      Effectiveness].
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a postural-stability patient transfer
      technique for care helpers in nursing homes and to evaluate its effectiveness.
      METHODS: Four types of patient transfer techniques (Lifting towards the head
      board of the bed, turning to the lateral position, sitting upright on the bed,
      transferring from wheel chair to bed) were practiced in accordance with the
      following three methods; Care helpers habitually used transfer methods (Method
      1), patient transfer methods according to care helper standard textbooks (Method
      2), and a method developed by the author ensuring postural-stability (Method 3).
      The care helpers' muscle activity and four joint angles were measured. The
      collected data were analyzed using the program SPSS Statistic 21.0. To
      differentiate the muscle activity and joint angle, the Friedman test was executed
      and the post-hoc analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test.
      RESULTS: Muscle activity was significantly lower during Method 3 compared to
      Methods 1 and 2. In addition, the joint angle was significantly lower for the
      knee and shoulder joint angle while performing Method 3 compared to Methods 1 and
      2. DISCUSSION: Findings indicate that using postural-stability patient transfer
      techniques can contribute to the prevention of musculoskeletal disease which care
      helpers suffer from due to physically demanding patient care in nursing homes.

PMID- 26963414
TI  - [A Study on the Knowledge Structure of Cancer Survivors based on Social Network
      Analysis].
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge structure of
      cancer survivors. METHODS: For data, 1099 articles were collected, with 365
      keywords as a Noun phrase extracted from the articles and standardized for
      analyzing. Co-occurrence matrix were generated via a cosine similarity measure,
      and then the network analysis and visualization using PFNet and NodeXL were
      applied to visualize intellectual interchanges among keywords. RESULTS: According
      to the result of the content analysis and the cluster analysis of author keywords
      from cancer survivors articles, keywords such as 'quality of life', 'breast
      neoplasms', 'cancer survivors', 'neoplasms', 'exercise' had a high degree
      centrality. The 9 most important research topics concerning cancer survivors were
      'cancer-related symptoms and nursing', 'cancer treatment-related issues', 'late
      effects', 'psychosocial issues', 'healthy living managements', 'social supports',
      'palliative cares', 'research methodology', and 'research participants'.
      CONCLUSION: Through this study, the knowledge structure of cancer survivors was
      identified. The 9 topics identified in this study can provide useful research
      direction for the development of nursing in cancer survivor research areas. The
      Network analysis used in this study will be useful for identifying the knowledge
      structure and identifying general views and current cancer survivor research
      trends.

PMID- 26963415
TI  - [Development of a Korean Geriatric Suicidal Risk Scale (KGSRS)].
AB  - PURPOSE: Increase in suicide rate for senior citizens which has become widespread
      in our society today. It is not a normal social phenomenon and is beyond the
      danger level. The contents of this study include Korean senior citizens' suicide
      related risk factors and warning signs, and the development of a simple Geriatric
      Suicide Risk Scale. METHODS: This study is Methodological Research to verify
      reliability and validity of the Geriatric Suicide Risk Scale according to the
      tool development process suggested by Devellis (2012). RESULTS: For predictive
      validity assessment, high suicide screening accuracy was showed with an Area
      under the ROC curve (AUC) of .93. For the optimal cutoff point of 11, sensitivity
      was 93.9%, and specificity, 75.7% which are excellence levels. Cross validity for
      assessment of generalization possibility showed the Area under the ROC curve
      (AUC) as .82 and in case of a cutoff point of 11, sensitivity was 73.7%, and
      specificity, 65.9%. CONCLUSION: When it comes to practical nursing, it is
      significant that the Korean Geriatric Suicide Risk Scale has high reliability and
      validity through adequate tool development and the tool assessment step to select
      degree of suicide risk of senior citizens. Also, it can be easily applied and
      does not take a long time to administer. Further, it can be used by health care
      personnel or the general public.

PMID- 26963416
TI  - [Development of a Wellness Index for Workers].
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a wellness index for workers
      (WIW) and examine the validity and reliability of the WIW for assessing workers'
      wellness. METHODS: The developmental process for the instrument included
      construction of a conceptual framework based on a wellness model, generation of
      initial items, verification of content validity, preliminary study, extraction of
      final items, and psychometric testing. Content validity was verified by 4 experts
      from occupational health nursing and wellness disciplines. The construct
      validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity were examined with
      confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability was examined with Cronbach's alpha.
      The participants were 494 workers from two workplaces. RESULTS: Eighteen items
      were selected for the final scale, and the results of the confirmatory factor
      analysis supported a five-factor model of wellness with acceptable model fit, and
      factors named as physical . emotional . social . intellectual . occupational
      wellness. The convergent and discriminant validity were also supported. The
      Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .91. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the
      WIW is a valid and reliable instrument to comprehensively assess workers'
      wellness, and to provide basic directions for developing workplace wellness
      program.

PMID- 26963417
TI  - [Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth
      Weight Infants].
AB  - PURPOSE: This paper reports the results of a hospital centered follow-up program
      on parenting stress, parenting efficacy and coping for mothers with very low
      birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: The follow-up program consisted of home
      visiting by an expert group and self-help program for 1 year. A non-equivalent
      control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. Participants were 70
      mothers with low birth weight infants and were assigned to one of two groups, an
      experimental groups (n=28), which received the family support program; and a
      control group (n=27), which received the usual discharge education. Data were
      analyzed using chi2-test, t-test, and ANCOVA with IBM SPSS statistics 20.0.
      RESULTS: Mothers' parenting stress (F=5.66, p=.004) was significantly decreased
      in the experimental group. There were also significant increases in parenting
      efficacy (F=13.05, p<.001) and coping (F=8.91, p=.002) in the experimental group.
      CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that a follow-up program for mothers with
      VLBW infants is an effective intervention to decrease mothers' parenting stress
      and to enhance parenting efficacy and coping.

PMID- 26963418
TI  - [Effects of Learning Activities on Application of Learning Portfolio in Nursing
      Management Course].
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine effects of a learning portfolio by
      identifying the learning of nursing students taking a learning portfolio-utilized
      nursing management class. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group pretest
      posttest design was used. Participants were 83 senior students taking the nursing
      management course in one of the Departments of Nursing at 2 Universities.
      Experimental group (n=42) received a learning portfolio-utilized nursing
      management class 15 times over 15 weeks (3 hours weekly). Self-directed learning
      abilities, approaches to learning and learning flow of the participants were
      examined with self-report structured questionnaires. Data were collected between
      September 2 and December 16, 2014, and were analyzed using chi-square test,
      Fisher's exact test, independent t-test and ANCOVA with SPSS/PC version 21.0.
      RESULTS: After the intervention the experimental group showed significant
      increases in self-directed learning abilities, deep approaches to learning and
      learning flow compared to the control group. However, no significant difference
      was found between groups for surface approaches to learning. CONCLUSION: Learning
      activities using the learning portfolios could be effective in cultivating the
      learning competency for growth of knowledge, technology and professionalism by
      increasing personal concentration and organization ability of the nursing
      students so that they can react to the rapidly changing environment.

PMID- 26963419
TI  - [Influence of Nurse Managers' Authentic Leadership on Nurses' Organizational
      Commitment and Job Satisfaction: Focused on the Mediating Effects of
      Empowerment].
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of empowerment
      in the relationship of nurse managers' authentic leadership, with nurses'
      organizational commitment and job satisfaction. METHODS: The participants in this
      study were 273 registered nurses working in five University hospitals located in
      Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The measurements included the Authentic Leadership
      Questionnaire, Condition of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II, Organizational
      Commitment Questionnaire and Korea-Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data
      were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation
      coefficients, simple and multiple regression techniques with the SPSS 18.0
      program. Mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method
      and Sobel test. RESULTS: There were significant correlations among authentic
      leadership, empowerment, organizational commitment and job satisfaction.
      Empowerment showed perfect mediating effects in the relationship between
      authentic leadership and organizational commitment. It had partial mediating
      effects in the relationship between authentic leadership and job satisfaction.
      CONCLUSION: In this study, nurse managers' authentic leadership had significant
      influences on nurses organizational commitment and job satisfaction via
      empowerment. Therefore, to enhance nurses' organizational commitment and job
      satisfaction, it is necessary to build effective strategies to enhance nurse
      manager's authentic leadership and to develop empowering education programs for
      nurses.

PMID- 26963420
TI  - [Psychometric Properties and Item Evaluation of Korean Version of Night Eating
      Questionnaire (KNEQ)].
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of Night Eating
      Questionnaire (KNEQ) and test its psychometric properties and evaluate items
      according to item response theory. METHODS: The 14-item NEQ as a measure of
      severity of the night eating syndrome was translated into Korean, and then this
      KNEQ was evaluated. A total of 1171 participants aged 20 to 50 completed the KNEQ
      on the Internet. To test reliability and validity, Cronbach's alpha, correlation,
      simple regression, and factor analysis were used. Each item was analyzed
      according to Rasch-Andrich rating scale model and item difficulty,
      discrimination, infit/outfit, and point measure correlation were evaluated.
      RESULTS: Construct validity was evident. Cronbach's alpha was .78. The items of
      evening hyperphagia and nocturnal ingestion showed high ability in discriminating
      people with night eating syndrome, while items of morning anorexia and mood/sleep
      provided relatively little information. The results of item analysis showed that
      item2 and item7 needed to be revised to improve the reliability of KNEQ.
      CONCLUSION: KNEQ is an appropriate instrument to measure severity of night eating
      syndrome with good validity and reliability. However, further studies are needed
      to find cut-off scores to screen persons with night eating syndrome.

PMID- 26963421
TI  - [Structural Equation Modeling for Public Hospital Quality of Care, Image, Role
      Performance, Satisfaction, Intent to (Re)visit, and Intent to Recommend Hospital
      as Perceived by Community Residents].
AB  - PURPOSE: The study purposes were to construct and test structural equation
      modeling on the causal relationship of community residents' perceived quality of
      care, image, and role performance with satisfaction, intention to (re)visit and
      intention to recommend hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted
      with 3,900 community residents from 39 district public hospitals. The
      questionnaire was designed to collected information on personal characteristics
      and community awareness of public hospitals. Community awareness consisted of 6
      factors and 18 items. The data were collected utilizing call-interview by a
      survey company. Research data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed
      using SPSS version 20.0 and AMOS version 20.0. RESULTS: Model fit indices for the
      hypothetical model were suitable for the recommended level: chi2=796.40 (df=79,
      p<.001), GFI=.93, AGFI=.90, RMSR=.08, NFI=.94. Quality of care, image, and role
      performance explained 68.1% of variance in community awareness. Total effect of
      quality of care process factors on satisfaction (path coefficients=3.67),
      intention to (re)visit (path coefficients=2.67) and intention to recommend
      hospital (coefficients=2.45) were higher than other factors. CONCLUSION: Findings
      show that public hospitals have to make an effort to improve community image
      through the provision of quality care, and excellent role performance. Support
      for these activities is available from both Central and Local Governments.

PMID- 26963423
TI  - [The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior,
      Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial
      of Office-workers].
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the physical and psychological
      effects of an urban forest-walking program for office workers. For many workers,
      sedentary lifestyles can lead to low levels of physical activity causing various
      health problems despite an increased interest in health promotion. METHODS: Fifty
      four office workers participated in this study. They were assigned to two groups
      (experimental group and control group) in random order and the experimental group
      performed 5 weeks of walking exercise based on Information-Motivation-Behavioral
      skills Model. The data were collected from October to November 2014. SPSS 21.0
      was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the urban
      forest walking program had positive effects on the physical activity level
      (U=65.00, p<.001), health promotion behavior (t=-2.20, p=.033), and quality of
      life (t=-2.42, p=.020). However, there were no statistical differences in
      depression, waist size, body mass index, blood pressure, or bone density between
      the groups. CONCLUSION: The current findings of the study suggest the forest
      walking program may have positive effects on improving physical activity, health
      promotion behavior, and quality of life. The program can be used as an effective
      and efficient strategy for physical and psychological health promotion for office
      workers.

PMID- 26963422
TI  - [Effects of an Individual Breast-feeding Promotion Program for Married Immigrant
      Women].
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an individual breast
      feeding promotion program to address breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method
      and rate of practice for married immigrant women. METHODS: A non-equivalent
      control group quasi-experimental design was used (experimental group=16, control
      group=17). The intervention consisted of 3 phases: (1) Within 2 hours of delivery
      - individual breast-feeding training through video/verbal/practical training
      education and demonstration (2) After 1~2 days - group training using video,
      model doll, and breast models (3) After 7 days - family visit, counseling,
      retraining and reinforcement training. The data were analyzed using non
      parametric tests with the SPSS program. RESULTS: Married immigrant women who
      participated in the individual breast-feeding program scored high in knowledge,
      attitude, method and rate of practice compared to the control group. CONCLUSION:
      The results indicate that the individual breast-feeding program is very effective
      in increasing breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practicing
      breast feeding for married immigrant women. So, nurses are encouraged to
      aggressively utilize individual breast-feeding programs to help married immigrant
      women, who are exposed to vulnerability due to various situations.

PMID- 26963424
TI  - [Development of Korean Intensive Care Delirium Screening Tool (KICDST)].
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was done to develop of the Korean intensive care delirium
      screening tool (KICDST). METHODS: The KICDST was developed in 5 steps:
      Configuration of conceptual frame, development of preliminary tool, pilot study,
      reliability and validity test, development of final KICDST. Reliability tests
      were done using degree of agreement between evaluators and internal consistency.
      For validity tests, CVI (Content Validity Index), ROC (Receiver Operating
      Characteristics) analysis, known group technique and factor analysis were used.
      RESULTS: In the reliability test, the degree of agreement between evaluators
      showed .80~1.00 and the internal consistency was KR-20=.84. The CVI was .83~1.00.
      In ROC analysis, the AUC (Area Under the ROC Curve) was .98. Assessment score was
      4 points. The values for sensitivity, specificity, correct classification rate,
      positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were found to be 95.0%,
      93.7%, 94.4%, 95.0% and 93.7%, respectively. In the known group technique, the
      average delirium screening tool score of the non-delirium group was 1.25+/-0.99
      while that of delirium group was 5.07+/-1.89 (t=-16.33, p<.001). The factors were
      classified into 3 factors (cognitive change, symptom fluctuation, psychomotor
      retardation), which explained 67.4% of total variance. CONCLUSION: Findings show
      that the KICDST has high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, this screening
      tool is recommended for early identification of delirium in intensive care
      patients.

PMID- 26963425
TI  - Residues of carbosulfan and its metabolites carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran
      in rice field ecosystem in China.
AB  - The fate of carbosulfan (seed treatment dry powder) was studied in rice field
      ecosystem, and a simple and reliable analytical method was developed for
      determination of carbosulfan, carbofuran, and 3-hydroxyl carbofuran in brown
      rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil. The target compounds were extracted
      using acetonitrile or dichloromethane, cleaned up on acidic alumina or florisil
      solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The
      average recoveries of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in brown
      rice, rice straw, paddy water, and soil ranged from 72.71% to 105.07%, with
      relative standard deviations of 2.00-8.80%. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) of
      carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in the samples (brown rice, rice
      straw, paddy water and soil) were 0.011, 0.0091, 0.014, 0.010 mg kg(-1), 0.016,
      0.019, 0.025, 0.013 mg kg(-1), and 0.031, 0.039, 0.035, 0.036 mg kg(-1),
      respectively. The trials results showed that the half-lives of carbosulfan,
      carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran in rice straw were 4.0, 2.6 days, 3.9, 6.0
      days, and 5.8, 7.0 days in Zhejiang and Hunan, respectively. Carbosulfan,
      carbofuran and 3-hydroxy carbofuran were detected in soils. Carbosulfan and 3
      hydroxy carbofuran were almost undetectable in paddy water. Carbofuran was
      detected in paddy water. The final residues of carbosulfan, carbofuran and 3
      hydroxy carbofuran in brown rice were lower than 0.05 mg kg(-1), which were lower
      than 0.5 mg kg(-1) (MRL of carbosulfan) or 0.1 mg kg(-1) (MRL of carbofuran).
      Therefore, a dosage of 420 g active ingredient per 100 kg seed was recommended,
      which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals. These would
      contribute to provide the scientific basis of using this insecticide.

PMID- 26963426
TI  - Three- and four-dimensional ultrasound in fetal echocardiography: an up-to-date
      overview.
AB  - Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most commonly overlooked lesions in
      prenatal screening programs. Real-time two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) is the
      conventionally used tool for fetal echocardiography. Although continuous
      improvements in the hardware and post-processing software have resulted in a good
      image quality even in late first trimester, 2DUS still has its limitations. Four
      dimensional ultrasound with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) is an
      automated volume acquisition, recording a single three-dimensional (3D) volume
      throughout a complete cardiac cycle, which results in a four-dimensional (4D)
      volume. STIC has the potential to increase the detection rate of CHD. The aim of
      this study is to provide a practical overview of the possibilities and
      (dis)advantages of STIC. A review of literature and evaluation of the current
      status and clinical value of 3D/4D ultrasound in prenatal screening and diagnosis
      of congenital heart disease are presented.

PMID- 26963427
TI  - Fetal cardiology: changing the definition of critical heart disease in the
      newborn.
AB  - Infants born with congenital heart disease (CHD) may require emergent treatment
      in the newborn period. These infants are likely to benefit the most from a
      prenatal diagnosis, which allows for optimal perinatal planning. Several cardiac
      centers have created guidelines for the management of these high-risk patients
      with CHD. This paper will review and compare several prenatal CHD classification
      systems with a particular focus on the most critical forms of CHD in the fetus
      and newborn. A contemporary definition of critical CHD is one which requires
      urgent intervention in the first 24 h of life to prevent death. Such cardiac
      interventions may be not only life saving for the infant but also decrease
      subsequent morbidity. Critical CHD cases may require delivery at specialized
      centers that can provide perinatal, obstetric, cardiology and cardiothoracic
      surgery care. Fetuses diagnosed in mid-gestation require detailed fetal
      diagnostics and serial monitoring during the prenatal period, in order to assess
      for ongoing changes and identify progression to a more severe cardiac status.
      Critical CHD may progress in utero and there is still much to be learned about
      how to best predict those who will require urgent neonatal interventions. Despite
      improved therapeutic capabilities, newborns with critical CHD continue to have
      significant morbidity and mortality due to compromise that begins in the delivery
      room. Fetal echocardiography is the best way to predict the need for specialized
      care at birth to improve outcome. Once the diagnosis is made of critical CHD,
      delivery at the proper time and in appropriate institution with specific care
      protocols should be initiated. More work needs to be done to better delineate the
      risk factors for progression of critical CHD and to determine which newborns will
      require specialized care. The most frequently described forms of critical CHD
      requiring immediate intervention include hypoplastic left heart syndrome with
      intact or severely restricted atrial septum, obstructed total anomalous pulmonary
      venous return and transposition of the great arteries with restrictive atrial
      septum.

PMID- 26963429
TI  - Workplace air quality: International consensus standards.

PMID- 26963428
TI  - Predicting death or extended length of stay in infants with congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To predict mortality or length of stay (LOS) >109 days (90th
      percentile) among infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). STUDY
      DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Children's Hospital
      Neonatal Database during 2010 to 2014. Infants born >34 weeks gestation with CDH
      admitted at 22 participating regional neonatal intensive care units were
      included; patients who were repaired or were at home before admission were
      excluded. The primary outcome was death before discharge or LOS >109 days.
      Factors associated with this outcome were used to develop a multivariable
      equation using 80% of the cohort. Validation was performed in the remaining 20%
      of infants. RESULTS: The median gestation and age at referral in this cohort
      (n=677) were 38 weeks and 6 h, respectively. The primary outcome occurred in 242
      (35.7%) infants, and was distributed between mortality (n=180, 27%) and LOS >109
      days (n=66, 10%). Regression analyses showed that small for gestational age (odds
      ratio (OR) 2.5, P=0.008), presence of major birth anomalies (OR 5.9, P<0.0001), 5
      min Apgar score ?3 (OR 7.0, P=0.0002), gradient of acidosis at the time of
      referral (P<0.001), the receipt of extracorporeal support (OR 8.4, P<0.0001) and
      bloodstream infections (OR 2.2, P=0.004) were independently associated with death
      or LOS >109 days. This model performed well in the validation cohort (area under
      curve (AUC)=0.856, goodness-of-fit (GF) chi(2), P=0.16) and acted similarly even
      after omitting extracorporeal support (AUC=0.82, GF chi(2), P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Six variables predicted death or LOS ?109 days in this large, contemporary cohort
      with CDH. These results can assist in risk adjustment for comparative
      benchmarking and for counseling affected families.

PMID- 26963430
TI  - Fluorescence investigations on choline phospholipid binding and chemical
      unfolding of HSP-1/2, a major protein of horse seminal plasma.
AB  - Seminal fibronectin type-II (Fn-II) proteins interact with choline phospholipids
      present on the sperm plasma membrane and play a crucial role in sperm
      capacitation. Crystal structure of phosphorylcholine (PrC) complex of PDC-109,
      the major bovine Fn-II protein, together with fluorescence spectroscopic studies
      has shown that tryptophan residues are crucial for its specific interaction with
      choline phospholipids. In the present study, the heterogeneity and
      microenvironment of tryptophan residues in HSP-1/2, a major protein of horse
      seminal plasma (which is homologous to PDC-109) were investigated in the native
      state, in the presence of PrC and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) with short (valeryl,
      C-5) and long (myristoyl, C-14) chains, and upon denaturation using fluorescence
      quenching, time-resolved fluorescence and red-edge excitation shift (REES)
      measurements. The results obtained show that the environment of tryptophan
      residues in HSP-1/2 is more heterogeneous as compared to that in PDC-109. Binding
      of choline containing ligands afforded a protection to the tryptophan residues
      with the shielding order being: PrC<=divalaroyl PC<dimyristoyl PC. REES value
      obtained for HSP-1/2 (3.5nm) is smaller than that of observed for PDC-109 (4nm)
      and binding to PrC and DVPC reduced the REES to 1nm. HSP-1/2 exhibits only
      partial unfolding with chemical denaturants with no cooperativity, whereas
      complete unfolding was observed in the presence of 10mM dithiothreitol,
      indicating that disulfide linkages prevent complete unfolding of the protein. In
      the presence of PrC the transition midpoints shifted to higher concentrations of
      the denaturant together with a broadening of the sigmoidal transitions,
      indicating that ligand binding as well as polydispersity modulate the unfolding
      process. 

PMID- 26963432
TI  - Solar ultraviolet and the occupational radiant exposure of Queensland school
      teachers: A comparative study between teaching classifications and behavior
      patterns.
AB  - Classroom teachers located in Queensland, Australia are exposed to high levels of
      ambient solar ultraviolet as part of the occupational requirement to provide
      supervision of children during lunch and break times. We investigated the
      relationship between periods of outdoor occupational radiant exposure and
      available ambient solar radiation across different teaching classifications and
      schools relative to the daily occupational solar ultraviolet radiation (HICNIRP)
      protection standard of 30J/m(2). Self-reported daily sun exposure habits (n=480)
      and personal radiant exposures were monitored using calibrated polysulphone
      dosimeters (n=474) in 57 teaching staff from 6 different schools located in
      tropical north and southern Queensland. Daily radiant exposure patterns among
      teaching groups were compared to the ambient UV-Index. Personal sun exposures
      were stratified among teaching classifications, school location, school ownership
      (government vs non-government), and type (primary vs secondary). Median daily
      radiant exposures were 15J/m(2) and 5J/m(2)HICNIRP for schools located in
      northern and southern Queensland respectively. Of the 474 analyzed dosimeter
      days, 23.0% were found to exceed the solar radiation protection standard, with
      the highest prevalence found among physical education teachers (57.4% dosimeter
      days), followed by teacher aides (22.6% dosimeter-days) and classroom teachers
      (18.1% dosimeter-days). In Queensland, peak outdoor exposure times of teaching
      staff correspond with periods of extreme UV-Index. The daily occupational HICNIRP
      radiant exposure standard was exceeded in all schools and in all teaching
      classifications. 

PMID- 26963431
TI  - Photoprotectant improves photostability and bioactivity of abscisic acid under UV
      radiation.
AB  - Photosensitivity causes serious drawback for abscisic acid (ABA) application, but
      preferable methods to stabilize the compound were not found yet. To select an
      efficient photoprotectant for the improvement of photostability and bioactivity
      of ABA when exposed to UV light, we tested the effects of a photostabilizer
      bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate (HS-770) and two UV absorbers 2
      hydroxy-4-n-octoxy-benzophenone (UV-531) and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5
      sulfonic acid (BP-4) with or without HS-770 on the photodegradation of ABA. Water
      soluble UV absorber BP-4 and oil soluble UV absorber UV-531 showed significant
      photo-stabilizing capability on ABA, possibly due to competitive energy
      absorption of UVB by the UV absorbers. The two absorbers showed no significant
      difference. Photostabilizer HS-770 accelerated the photodegradation of ABA and
      did not improve the photo-stabilizing capability of BP-4, likely due to no
      absorption in UVB region and salt formation with ABA and BP-4. Approximately 26%
      more ABA was kept when 280mg/l ABA aqueous solution was irradiated by UV light
      for 2h in the presence of 200mg/l BP-4. What's more, its left bioactivity on
      wheat seed (JIMAI 22) germination was greatly kept by BP-4, comparing to that of
      ABA alone. The 300 times diluent of 280mg/l ABA plus 200mg/l BP-4 after 2h
      irradiation showed more than 13% inhibition on shoot and root growth of wheat
      seed than that of ABA diluent alone. We concluded that water soluble UV absorber
      BP-4 was an efficient agent to keep ABA activity under UV radiation. The results
      could be used to produce photostable products of ABA compound or other water
      soluble agrichemicals which are sensitive to UV radiation. The frequencies and
      amounts of the agrichemicals application could be thereafter reduced. 

PMID- 26963433
TI  - Impact of transfer distance and time on rural brain injury outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: After rural injury, evaluation at local hospitals with transfer to
      regional trauma centres may delay definitive care. This study sought to determine
      the impact of such delays on outcomes in patients with TBI within a mature
      regional trauma system. METHODS: The ETMC Level 1 Trauma registry was queried
      from 2008-2013 for patients with blunt TBI, aged >= 18 and admitted <= 24 hours
      from injury and stratified them as 'transfer' vs 'direct' admission.
      Demographics, transfer distance, transfer times and outcomes were compared using
      Chi-square, t-test and multivariable logistic regression; p < 0.05 was
      significant. RESULTS: During the study period, 1845 patients met inclusion
      criteria: 947 'direct' and 898 'transfers'. For transfers, median distance was
      60.1 miles; mean time to initial care was 1.2 +/- 2.7 hours and time to Level 1
      care was 5.0 +/- 2.4 hours. Transfer patients were older (56 vs 49 years; p <
      0.01) and had more comorbidities, but had lower mean ISS (15.9 vs 18.8; p < 0.01)
      and lower mortality (7.0 vs 10.3%; p < 0.03), complications and LOS.
      Neurosurgical intervention was comparable (p = 0.88), as was mortality for
      patients with ISS >= 15 (12.4% vs 14.8%; p = 0.28). After regression analysis,
      advanced age and increasing ISS, not distance or time, predicted mortality.
      CONCLUSION: Neither transfer distance nor time independently contributed to
      mortality for TBI after rural injury. An established regional trauma system, with
      initial local stabilization using ATLS principles, may help reduce negative
      outcomes for injured patients in rural settings.

PMID- 26963434
TI  - Effects of Ischemic Reperfusion Injury and Remote Conditioning on Passive Leg
      Raising-Induced Brachial-Artery Dilation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Passive leg raising (PLR) has been proposed to assess arterial
      vasodilator reserve and possibly endothelial function. Since endothelial function
      is sensitive to ischemic-reperfusion (I-R) injury, we determined the effects of I
      R injury and ischemic conditioning on PLR-induced brachial-artery dilation (BAD),
      i.e. PLR-BAD. METHODS: We induced PLR-BAD before and after ipsilateral arm I-R
      injury (7.5 min of occlusion) in 20 healthy males aged 29 +/- 6 years. The
      protocol was repeated in combination with remote conditioning stimuli (3 * 30 s
      of contralateral arm occlusions). RESULTS: PLR resulted in significant BAD
      (3.85%, p < 0.001) before but not after prolonged ischemia (0.25%, p = 0.38). I-R
      injury, along with either preischemic or postischemic conditioning restored the
      PLR-BAD response (before: 3.11%, p < 0.001 and after: 3.74%, p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: I-R injury blunts the BAD induced by PLR. Remote pre- and
      postconditioning restore this response. These findings are similar to those
      previously reported using hyperemia and ultrasound to assess BAD.

PMID- 26963436
TI  - Ambulatory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Surgical Innovation for Adult
      Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

PMID- 26963435
TI  - Phage display revisited: Epitope mapping of a monoclonal antibody directed
      against Neisseria meningitidis adhesin A using the PROFILER technology.
AB  - There is a strong need for rapid and reliable epitope mapping methods that can
      keep pace with the isolation of increasingly larger numbers of mAbs. We describe
      here the identification of a conformational epitope using Phage-based
      Representation OF ImmunoLigand Epitope Repertoire (PROFILER), a recently
      developed high-throughput method based on deep sequencing of antigen-specific
      lambda phage-displayed libraries. A novel bactericidal monoclonal antibody (mAb
      9F11) raised against Neisseria meningitidis adhesin A (NadA), an important
      component of the Bexsero((r)) anti-meningococcal vaccine, was used to evaluate
      the technique in comparison with other epitope mapping methods. The PROFILER
      technology readily identified NadA fragments that were capable of fully
      recapitulating the reactivity of the entire antigen against mAb 9F11. Further
      analysis of these fragments using mutagenesis and hydrogen-deuterium exchange
      mass-spectrometry allowed us to identify the binding site of mAb 9F11 (A250-D274)
      and an adjoining sequence (V275-H312) that was also required for the full
      functional reconstitution of the epitope. These data suggest that, by virtue of
      its ability to detect a great variety of immunoreactive antigen fragments in
      phage-displayed libraries, the PROFILER technology can rapidly and reliably
      identify epitope-containing regions and provide, in addition, useful clues for
      the functional characterization of conformational mAb epitopes.

PMID- 26963437
TI  - Autologous Serum Eye Drops Combined With Silicone Hydrogen Lenses for the
      Treatment of Postinfectious Corneal Persistent Epithelial Defects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect of combined topical autologous serum
      eye drops (ASEs) and silicone hydrogel contact lens (CLs) for the treatment of
      corneal persistent epithelial defects (PEDs) after infectious corneal ulcers.
      METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 12 patients with
      postinfectious corneal PEDs who were unsuccessfully treated with conventional
      medical management and were then treated with combined topical 20% (v/v) ASEs and
      silicone hydrogel CLs from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2014. The corneal ulcers
      were all initially managed with antibiotic eye drops until the infiltrates
      resolved but the lesions failed to epithelialize. The clinical effects of the
      combined treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: The PEDs healed in all 12 patients
      within 2 weeks. The combined treatment was associated with an improvement of best
      corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the final 3-month follow-up examination. All
      patients responded well to the combined treatment and no adverse events were
      noted in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of silicone hydrogel CLs and
      ASEs can successfully treat postinfectious corneal PEDs and prevent continuous
      corneal melting during acute disease.

PMID- 26963438
TI  - Symptomatic Dry Eye and Its Associated Factors: A Study of University
      Undergraduate Students in Ghana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye
      disease (DED) among undergraduate students in a Ghanaian university. METHODS:
      This cross-sectional study included 700 undergraduate students of the University
      of Cape Coast, aged 18 to 34 years. Participants completed questionnaires
      delivered directly to randomly and systematically selected subjects to detect
      symptomatic dry eye and its predictive factors. Symptomatic dry eye was defined
      as any reported symptom on the Standard Patient Evaluation Eye Dryness (SPEED)
      questionnaire reported as often or constant or if any symptom on the Ocular
      Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was reported as most of the time or all of the time.
      Furthermore, OSDI >=13 and SPEED >=6 were used to defined symptomatic dry eye and
      prevalence were also estimated with these criteria as secondary measures. Current
      symptoms of dry eye and possible risk factors such as age, gender, current
      alcohol drinking, use of oral contraceptives, use of computer more than an hour
      daily, environmental conditions, allergies, and self-medication with over-the
      counter eye drops were the main outcome measures. We used logistic regression
      analysis to examine the associations between dry eye and its predictive factors.
      RESULTS: Of the 700 participants, 650 completed the questionnaire. The prevalence
      of symptomatic dry eye was 44.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.6%-48.2%).
      There was a significant association between symptomatic dry eye and discomfort
      with eyes in windy conditions (chi=110.1; df=4; P<0.001), areas with low humidity
      (chi=91.6; df=4; P<0.001), and air-conditioned rooms (chi=89.0; df=4; P<0.001).
      Self-medication with over-the-counter eye drops (OR 4.20; 95% CI, 2.61-6.74;
      P<0.001), any allergies (OR 2.46; 95% CI, 1.42-4.29; P=0.001), and use of oral
      contraceptives (OR 4.04; 95% CI, 1.02-16.01; P=0.047) were predictive factors of
      symptomatic dry eye. Sex was predictive in univariate analysis but was not
      significantly associated in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of
      symptomatic dry eye among undergraduate students in Ghana is high and it is
      associated with self-medication with over-the-counter eye drops, allergies, use
      of oral contraceptive, windy conditions, very low humid areas, air-conditioned
      rooms, and sex. Relevant input directed against modifiable risks factors may have
      a positive impact on the well-being of undergraduate students in Ghana.

PMID- 26963439
TI  - Spatial analysis of annual mean stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan
      based on an intensive observation period throughout 2013.
AB  - Spatial distribution of annual mean stable isotopes in precipitation (delta(18)O,
      delta(2)H) was observed at 56 sites across Japan throughout 2013. Annual mean
      delta(18)O values showed a strong latitude effect, from -12.4 0/00 in the north
      to -5.1 0/00 in the south. Annual mean d-excess values ranged from 8 to 21 0/00,
      and values on the Sea of Japan side in Northern and Eastern Japan were relatively
      higher than those on the Pacific Ocean side. The local meteoric water line (LMWL)
      and isotope effects were based on the annual mean values from all sites across
      Japan as divided into distinct regions: the Sea of Japan side to the Pacific
      Ocean side and Northeastern to Southwestern Japan. Slopes and intercepts of LMWL
      ranged from 7.4 to 7.8 and 9.8 to 13.0, respectively. Slopes for latitude,
      altitude, and temperature effects ranged from -0.27 to -0.48 0/00/ degrees N, 
      0.0034 to -0.0053 0/00/m, and 0.36 to 0.46 0/00/ degrees C, respectively, with
      statistically significance at the 99 % level. However, there was no precipitation
      amount effect. From the result of a multiple regression analysis, the empirical
      formula of annual mean delta(18)O in precipitation from latitude and altitude for
      all sites across Japan was determined to be delta(18) O = -0.348 (LAT) - 0.00307
      (ALT) + 4.29 (R(2) = 0.59). Slopes for latitude and altitude ranged from - 0.28
      to - 0.51, and - 0.0019 to - 0.0045, respectively. Even though site distribution
      was uneven, these equations are the first trial estimation for annual mean stable
      isotopes in precipitation across Japan. Further research performed on the monthly
      basis is required to elucidate factors controlling the spatiotemporal variability
      of stable isotopes in precipitation across Japan. 

PMID- 26963440
TI  - Collective Rayleigh-Plateau Instability: A Mimic of Droplet Breakup in High
      Internal Phase Emulsion.
AB  - Using a microfluidic multi-inlet coflow system, we show the Rayleigh-Plateau
      instability of adjacent, closely spaced fluid threads to be collective. Although
      droplet size distributions and breakup frequencies are unaffected by
      cooperativity when fluid threads are identical, breakup frequencies and
      wavelengths between mismatched fluid threads become locked due to this collective
      instability. Locking narrows the size distribution of drops that are produced
      from dissimilar threads, and thus the polydispersity of the emulsion. These
      observations motivate a hypothesized two-step mechanism for high internal phase
      emulsification, wherein coarse emulsion drops are elongated into close-packed
      fluid threads, which break into smaller droplets via a collective Rayleigh
      Plateau instability. Our results suggest that these elongated fluid threads break
      cooperatively, whereupon wavelength-locking reduces the ultimate droplet
      polydispersity of high-internal phase emulsions, consistent with experimental
      observations. 

PMID- 26963441
TI  - A Tale of 2 Units: Lessons in Changing the Care Delivery Model.
AB  - In response to patient care quality and satisfaction concerns, a hospital
      determined the need to change the care delivery model on some inpatient units.
      Two pilot units adopted 2 different models of care. The authors describe the
      change project, successful outcomes, and lessons learned. 

PMID- 26963442
TI  - Partnering With a Patient and Family Advisory Council to Improve Patient Care
      Experiences With Pain Management.
AB  - Patient-centered care is a key driver for the nation's health system, yet patient
      experience surveys indicate that hospitals are far from achieving favorable
      outcomes. Partnering with patients and families through a patient and family
      advisory council (PFAC) advances the practice of patient-centered care to improve
      outcomes and experiences. This article describes the process of implementing a
      PFAC and presents outcomes related to patients' perception of pain management in
      the acute care hospital setting. 

PMID- 26963443
TI  - Implementation Analysis of a Nurse-Led Observation Unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This implementation analysis of a nurse-led observation unit describes
      the development process and analyzes patients' characteristics, patient
      satisfaction, and provider perceptions. BACKGROUND: A nurse-led observation unit
      was developed to create more inpatient bed capacity and place patients in the
      clinical area best suited to their needs. METHODS: Descriptive statistics and
      content analysis were used for analysis. RESULTS: The average length of stay of
      467 patients was 1.1 days; 68.1% (n = 318) were female. Elective surgery was the
      most frequent reason for admission. All of the patients rated the observation
      unit patient feedback survey factors favorably except for noise. All healthcare
      providers (n = 64) reported that they communicated well with each other and had
      resources to provide quality care but rated the environment less favorably.
      CONCLUSIONS: A nurse-led observation unit was found to be an effective and
      efficient approach to providing postoperative and postprocedure care, which was
      generally well received by patients and healthcare providers.

PMID- 26963444
TI  - 320-Row Multidetector CT Angiography in the Detection of Critical Cerebrovascular
      Anomalies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The acquisition of a new 320-row multidetector computed tomography
      angiography (CTA) scanner at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital has
      provided higher quality imaging with less radiation exposure and shorter time of
      acquisition. However, its reliability has not been fully proven in critical
      vascular lesions when it comes to replacing a more invasive examination such as
      cerebral angiography. We wished to validate the accuracy of this equipment to
      investigate four common indications for patients to undergo conventional digital
      subtraction angiography: subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm, unusual
      intracerebral hemorrhage, and unruptured aneurysm. METHODS: Radiological reports
      and relevant imaging from 82 consecutive subjects who underwent a 320-row
      multidetector CTA followed by cerebral angiography from February 2010 to February
      2014 were retrospectively analysed. A total of 102 cerebrovascular anomalies were
      found. Reports from both imaging modalities were compared to determine the
      diagnostic accuracy of CTA. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of
      320-row multidetector CTA for detecting cerebrovascular abnormalities were,
      respectively, 97.60% and 63.20%. Similar results were obtained for all four
      categories of clinical indications. CONCLUSION: Results obtained from CTA were
      consistent with those obtained on digital subtraction angiography regardless of
      the vascular pathology. To our knowledge, this study is the first validating the
      accuracy of 320-row CTA in diagnosing critical cerebrovascular lesions.

PMID- 26963445
TI  - Immediate and long-term clinical performance of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds
      in a real world population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of
      bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) in terms of acute success and long-term
      clinical events in a real world population according to the most updated
      technical recommendations. METHODS: Perspective, single-center registry involving
      symptomatic patients treated with BVS from February 2013 to January 2016. Primary
      end-point was the occurrence of MACCEs at one year: death, target vessel related
      myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, stroke, major bleeding.
      Secondary endpoints were acute device and procedural clinical success, and
      occurrence of MACCEs at long-term follow-up. RESULTS: In total, 112 patients were
      treated on 173 lesions. Average age was 55.53+/-12.4 years and acute coronary
      syndrome was the admission diagnosis for 79.5% patients. Nine patients presented
      cardiac allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. Multi-vessel
      disease was treated in 50% of cases. Predilatation and post-dilatation were
      performed respectively in 96% and 88.4% of lesions. Intravascular imaging was
      used in 41 patients (37%). Angiographic success rate and procedural success rate
      were 100% and 97.3% respectively. Clinical follow-up was completed in 100
      patients with an average follow-up of 10.5+/-8.3 months. Including peri
      procedural and in-hospital MACCEs, target vessel failure was noticed in 7% of
      patients in the first year of follow up and in 11% of patients at long-term
      follow-up. Two cases of target lesion revascularization occurred 25 and 26 months
      after the index procedure. No cases of definite stent thrombosis were reported.
      CONCLUSIONS: Strict adherence to expert recommendation for BVS placement may
      minimize device related peri-procedural and mid-to-long term MACCEs in a real
      world population.

PMID- 26963446
TI  - Analysis of audio-vestibular assessment in acute low-tone hearing loss.
AB  - Conclusion This study demonstrated excellent hearing recovery following the
      combined treatment of diuretic and oral steroid, and electrocochleography (ECoG)
      was significantly higher than normal side. This study reports characteristics of
      acute low-tone hearing loss (ALHL) that show the greater low-tone hearing loss,
      the higher ECoG, and excellent recovery, even-though low-tone hearing loss is
      worse, which can be different compared with sudden deafness. Objective To analyze
      ALHL without vertigo, this study compared the ALHL group with all patients
      exhibiting low-tone hearing loss and ear fullness. Hearing changes and vestibular
      functions were analyzed. Materials and methods ALHL was defined as a mean hearing
      loss of >= 30 dB at 125, 250, and 500 Hz, and <= 20 dB at 2, 4, and 8 kHz. From
      156 cases of low-tone hearing loss of more than 10 dB without vertigo, 31 met the
      ALHL criteria and were subjected to audio-vestibular assessments including PTA,
      ECoG, vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing, and caloric testing.
      Results In ALHL, low-tone hearing loss was 42.7 +/- 9.5 dB, and 83.9% of ALHL
      significantly recovered by more than 10 dB. The ECoG in ALHL was 0.334 +/- 0.11
      (higher than 0.25 +/- 0.08 on the normal side) and ECoG abnormality was 35.5%
      (the greater low-tone hearing loss, the higher ECoG value). 

PMID- 26963448
TI  - Tomosynthesis-detected Architectural Distortion: Management Algorithm with
      Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.
AB  - As use of digital breast tomosynthesis becomes increasingly widespread, new
      management challenges are inevitable because tomosynthesis may reveal suspicious
      lesions not visible at conventional two-dimensional (2D) full-field digital
      mammography. Architectural distortion is a mammographic finding associated with a
      high positive predictive value for malignancy. It is detected more frequently at
      tomosynthesis than at 2D digital mammography and may even be occult at
      conventional 2D imaging. Few studies have focused on tomosynthesis-detected
      architectural distortions to date, and optimal management of these distortions
      has yet to be well defined. Since implementing tomosynthesis at our institution
      in 2011, we have learned some practical ways to assess architectural distortion.
      Because distortions may be subtle, tomosynthesis localization tools plus improved
      visualization of adjacent landmarks are crucial elements in guiding mammographic
      identification of elusive distortions. These same tools can guide more focused
      ultrasonography (US) of the breast, which facilitates detection and permits US
      guided tissue sampling. Some distortions may be sonographically occult, in which
      case magnetic resonance imaging may be a reasonable option, both to increase
      diagnostic confidence and to provide a means for image-guided biopsy. As an
      alternative, tomosynthesis-guided biopsy, conventional stereotactic biopsy (when
      possible), or tomosynthesis-guided needle localization may be used to achieve
      tissue diagnosis. Practical uses for tomosynthesis in evaluation of architectural
      distortion are highlighted, potential complications are identified, and a working
      algorithm for management of tomosynthesis-detected architectural distortion is
      proposed.

PMID- 26963449
TI  - Developing Asymmetries at Mammography: A Multimodality Approach to Assessment and
      Management.
AB  - A developing asymmetry is a focal asymmetry that is new or increased in
      conspicuity compared with the previous mammogram. It is challenging to evaluate,
      as it often looks similar to fibroglandular tissue at mammography. A developing
      asymmetry should be viewed with suspicion because it is an uncommon manifestation
      of breast cancer. Diagnostic mammography forms the foundation of diagnostic
      evaluation of a developing asymmetry and begins with additional spot compression,
      lateral, and/or rolled views to evaluate and localize it in three-dimensional
      space. Digital breast tomosynthesis can aid in evaluation by improving
      radiologists' sensitivity and specificity, as well as allowing localization of
      the lesion. Once the developing asymmetry has been fully characterized and
      localized with diagnostic mammography, targeted ultrasonography (US) should be
      performed to identify potentially benign causes of the developing asymmetry or
      identify a target for biopsy. However, lack of a US correlate should not preclude
      biopsy of a developing asymmetry. Diagnostic breast magnetic resonance imaging
      can be used in a minority of cases for problem solving or biopsy planning if no
      US correlate is identified and stereotactic biopsy is not feasible. The purpose
      of this article is to review the definition of developing asymmetry, describe the
      multimodality diagnostic tools available to the radiologist for evaluation of
      this challenging entity, and review the various causes, both benign and
      malignant.

PMID- 26963451
TI  - Commentary on "Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy from A to Z," with Response from Dr
      Baxi and Colleagues.

PMID- 26963450
TI  - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy from A to Z: Genetics, Pathophysiology, Imaging, and
      Management.
AB  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heterogeneous group of diseases related to
      sarcomere gene mutations exhibiting heterogeneous phenotypes with an autosomal
      dominant mendelian pattern of inheritance. The disorder is characterized by
      diverse phenotypic expressions and variable natural progression, which may range
      from dyspnea and/or syncope to sudden cardiac death. It is found across all
      racial groups and is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence
      of another systemic or cardiac disease. The management of HCM is based on a
      thorough understanding of the underlying morphology, pathophysiology, and
      clinical course. Imaging findings of HCM mirror the variable expressivity and
      penetrance heterogeneity, with the added advantage of diagnosis even in cases
      where a specific mutation may not yet be found. The diagnostic information
      obtained from imaging varies depending on the specific stage of HCM-phenotype
      manifestation, including the prehypertrophic, hypertrophic, and later stages of
      adverse remodeling into the burned-out phase of overt heart failure. However,
      subtle or obvious, these imaging findings become critical components in
      diagnosis, management, and follow-up of HCM patients. Although diagnosis of HCM
      traditionally relies on clinical assessment and transthoracic echocardiography,
      recent studies have demonstrated increased utility of multidetector computed
      tomography (CT) and particularly cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in
      diagnosis, phenotype differentiation, therapeutic planning, and prognostication.
      In this article, we provide an overview of the genetics, pathophysiology, and
      clinical manifestations of HCM, with the spectrum of imaging findings at MR
      imaging and CT and their contribution in diagnosis, risk stratification, and
      therapy.

PMID- 26963452
TI  - Use of Dual-Energy CT and Iodine Maps in Evaluation of Bowel Disease.
AB  - Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) relies on material-dependent x-ray
      absorption behavior from concurrently acquired high- and low-kilovolt peak data
      and has a range of imaging applications. This article focuses on use of dual
      energy CT in assessment of bowel disease. After a summary of relevant dual-energy
      CT image acquisition and postprocessing principles, the authors describe dual
      energy techniques of greatest utility in evaluation of benign and malignant
      pathologic conditions in the bowel, including neoplastic, vascular, infectious,
      and inflammatory disorders, as well as in assessment of abdominopelvic trauma.
      The dual-energy postprocessing techniques of iodine-selective imaging and virtual
      monochromatic imaging have the broadest applicability in bowel imaging. They may
      be used for improved visualization of subtle differences in bowel wall
      enhancement or for quantitative assessment of altered enhancement for evaluation
      of a neoplasm or bowel ischemia. Iodine images and virtual monochromatic low
      kiloelectron volt images are particularly helpful for assessment of a neoplasm,
      ischemia, infection, or inflammation, while iodine maps paired with virtual
      nonenhanced images are most helpful to differentiate iodine from other dense
      materials, as in gastrointestinal bleeding or trauma. In most applications,
      radiation doses at dual-energy CT are comparable to those at traditional CT.
      However, dual-energy CT may allow reduction in radiation dose by using virtual
      nonenhanced images that obviate an additional nonenhanced CT acquisition.
      Limitations of dual-energy CT are discussed, including potential challenges in
      acquisition, postprocessing, and interpretation.

PMID- 26963453
TI  - Benign Multicystic Peritoneal Mesothelioma: AIRP Best Cases in Radiologic
      Pathologic Correlation.
AB  - RadioGraphics continues to publish radiologic-pathologic case material selected
      from the American Institute for Radiologic Pathology (AIRP) "best case"
      presentations. The AIRP conducts a 4-week Radiologic Pathology Correlation
      Course, which is offered five times per year. On the penultimate day of the
      course, the best case presentation is held at the American Film Institute Silver
      Theater and Cultural Center in Silver Spring, Md. The AIRP faculty identifies the
      best cases, from each organ system, brought by the resident attendees. One or
      more of the best cases from each of the five courses are then solicited for
      publication in RadioGraphics. These cases emphasize the importance of radiologic
      pathologic correlation in the imaging evaluation and diagnosis of diseases
      encountered at the institute and its predecessor, the Armed Forces Institute of
      Pathology (AFIP).

PMID- 26963454
TI  - The Wheel of the Mesentery: Imaging Spectrum of Primary and Secondary Mesenteric
      Neoplasms--How Can Radiologists Help Plan Treatment?: Resident and Fellow
      Education Feature.

PMID- 26963455
TI  - Cardiopulmonary and Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Eosinophil- associated
      Diseases and Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndromes: Multimodality Imaging
      Approach.
AB  - Eosinophil-associated diseases (EADs) are a diverse group of disorders
      characterized by an increase in circulating or tissue eosinophils.
      Cardiopulmonary and gastrointestinal system involvement can be due to primary EAD
      with no known cause or can be secondary to known systemic disease. The
      cardiopulmonary spectrum of EADs comprises simple pulmonary eosinophilia, acute
      eosinophilic pneumonia, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, Churg-Strauss syndrome,
      allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchocentric granulomatosis, parasitic
      infections, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Eosinophilic
      gastrointestinal disorders include eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic
      gastroenteritis, and eosinophilic colitis. Diagnosis is often challenging and
      requires a combination of clinical and imaging features along with laboratory
      findings. The absolute eosinophil count in peripheral blood and the percentage of
      eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are crucial in evaluation of various
      eosinophilic lung diseases. Although chest radiography is the initial imaging
      modality used in suspected cases of pulmonary EAD, multidetector computed
      tomography may demonstrate more characteristic pulmonary patterns, nodules, and
      subtle parenchymal abnormalities. Barium esophagography is used to assess mucosal
      abnormalities and the length and diameter of esophageal strictures. Magnetic
      resonance imaging is superior in providing valuable information in select
      patients, especially in evaluation of cardiac and gastrointestinal system
      involvement. Many patients require a multimodality imaging approach to enable
      diagnosis, guide treatment, and assess treatment response. Knowledge of the
      clinical features and imaging findings of the spectrum of EADs involving the
      lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract permits optimal patient care.

PMID- 26963456
TI  - US of the Peripheral Nerves of the Upper Extremity: A Landmark Approach.
AB  - Ultrasonography (US) has become a first-line modality for the evaluation of the
      peripheral nerves of the upper extremity. The benefits of US over magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging include higher soft-tissue resolution, cost effectiveness,
      portability, real-time and dynamic imaging, and the ability to scan an entire
      extremity quickly and efficiently. US can be performed on patients who are not
      eligible for MR imaging. Metallic implant artifacts are usually not problematic.
      US has been shown to have equal specificity and greater sensitivity than MR
      imaging in the evaluation of peripheral nerves. Any abnormal findings can be
      easily compared with the contralateral side. The published literature has shown
      that US has demonstrated clinical utility in patients with suspected peripheral
      nerve disease by guiding diagnostic and therapeutic decisions as well as by
      confirming electrodiagnostic findings. Common indications for upper extremity
      peripheral nerve US are the evaluation for injury due to penetrating trauma,
      entrapment by scar tissue, and tumor. US of the upper extremity is most commonly
      performed to evaluate carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome. It is important for the
      radiologist or sonographer to have a detailed knowledge of anatomy and specific
      anatomic landmarks for each nerve to efficiently and accurately perform an
      examination. The goal of this article is to introduce readers to the basics of US
      of the peripheral nerves of the upper extremity with a focus on the median,
      ulnar, and radial nerves. Common sites of disease and the location of important
      anatomic landmarks will be reviewed.

PMID- 26963457
TI  - Artifacts at Musculoskeletal US: Resident and Fellow Education Feature.

PMID- 26963459
TI  - Two Classic Patterns of Pediatric Renal Neoplasia.

PMID- 26963458
TI  - Role of Optimal Quantification of FDG PET Imaging in the Clinical Practice of
      Radiology.
AB  - The combination of fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission
      tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) for dual-modality imaging (PET/CT)
      plays a key role in the diagnosis and staging of FDG-avid malignancies. FDG
      uptake by the tumor cells offers an opportunity to detect cancer in organs that
      appear normal at anatomic imaging and to differentiate viable tumor from
      posttreatment effects. Quantification of FDG uptake has multiple clinical
      applications, including cancer diagnosis and staging. Dedicated FDG PET/CT-based
      visual and quantitative criteria have been developed to evaluate treatment
      response. Furthermore, the level of tumor FDG uptake reflects the biologic
      aggressiveness of the tumor, predicting the risk of metastasis and recurrence.
      FDG uptake can be measured with qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative
      methods. Qualitative or visual assessment of PET/CT images is the most common
      clinical approach for describing the level of FDG uptake. Standardized uptake
      value (SUV) is the most commonly used semiquantitative tool for measuring FDG
      uptake. SUV can be measured as maximum, mean, or peak SUV and may be normalized
      by using whole or lean body weight. SUV measurements provide the basis for
      quantitative response criteria; however, SUVs have not been widely adopted as
      diagnostic thresholds for discriminating malignant and benign lesions. Volumetric
      FDG uptake measurements such as metabolic tumor volume and total lesion
      glycolysis have shown substantial promise in providing accurate tumor assessment.
      SUV measurement and other quantification techniques can be affected by many
      technical, physical, and biologic factors. Familiarity with FDG uptake
      quantification approaches and their pitfalls is essential for clinical practice
      and research.

PMID- 26963460
TI  - Renal Tumors of Childhood: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Part 1. The 1st
      Decade: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives.
AB  - Wilms tumor is the second most common pediatric solid tumor and by far the most
      common renal tumor of infants and young children. As most tumors are large at
      presentation and are treated with nephrectomy, the role of imaging is primarily
      in preoperative planning and evaluation for metastatic disease. However, with
      treatment protocols increasingly involving use of preoperative (neoadjuvant)
      chemotherapy (the standard in Europe) and consideration of nephron-sparing
      surgery, the role of imaging is evolving to include providing initial disease
      staging information and a presumptive diagnosis to guide therapy. Differential
      diagnostic considerations include lesions that are clinically benign and others
      that require more intensive therapy than is used to treat Wilms tumor. In part 1
      of this article, the unique histologic spectrum of renal neoplasms of infants and
      young children is reviewed with emphasis on radiologic-pathologic correlation.
      Part 2 will focus on renal tumors of older children and adolescents.

PMID- 26963461
TI  - 4D Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography with the Keyhole Technique in Children:
      Technique and Clinical Applications.
AB  - Unlike in adults, contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in
      the pediatric population raises unique challenges such as faster heart rates,
      more rapid arteriovenous transit, smaller structures, smaller volumes of contrast
      agent used, and more complex disease processes. A need exists for a rapid
      contrast-enhanced MR angiographic technique that can separate the arterial and
      venous phases of contrast enhancement in sedated pediatric patients breathing
      freely during the course of an examination. In time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR
      angiography with the keyhole method (four-dimensional [4D] contrast-enhanced MR
      angiography), various spatial and temporal frequency undersampling schemes are
      used to substantially reduce the time of acquisition without markedly
      compromising spatial resolution. The keyhole method can be briefly described as
      an undersampling approach in which only a small region of the k-space (keyhole)
      around the center is repeatedly sampled while the periphery is sampled only once
      during acquisition. This method provides a wide range of options that can be used
      to overcome conventional limitations of contrast-enhanced MR angiography in
      children and opens the door for several new pediatric applications, including
      evaluation of congenital heart disease in neonates and infants, thoracic and
      extremity vascular pathologic conditions, high-flow vascular malformations,
      systemic vein thrombosis, and pediatric portal hypertension. This review provides
      a technical overview of 4D contrast-enhanced MR angiography, outlines its
      advantages and pitfalls in the pediatric population, and also describes various
      applications in children, including modifications of the technique needed for
      each application.

PMID- 26963462
TI  - Radiation Therapy for Soft-Tissue Sarcomas: A Primer for Radiologists.
AB  - Radiation therapy (RT) plays an important role in multimodality therapy for soft
      tissue sarcomas (STS). RT treatment paradigms have evolved significantly in
      recent years, and many different complex RT modalities are commonly used in STS.
      These include external-beam RT, intensity-modulated RT, stereotactic body RT, and
      brachytherapy. Imaging is essential throughout the treatment process. Plain
      radiographs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging,
      ultrasonography, and positron emission tomography/CT all play potential roles in
      the management of STS. Before RT, high-quality imaging is needed to direct
      management decisions, both by global tumor staging and detailed assessment of the
      extent of local disease. At the time of RT, precise planning imaging is required
      to delineate tumor volumes, including gross tumor volume, clinical target volume,
      and planning target volume, which are used to direct therapy. In addition,
      imaging at the time of RT must outline the location of adjacent vital organs, to
      optimize treatment efficacy and minimize toxicity. After RT, imaging is needed to
      assess the patient for tumor response to therapy. In addition, imaging at regular
      intervals is often required to monitor for recurrence of disease and potential
      complications of therapy. The purpose of this review is to familiarize
      radiologists with the indications for RT in STS, common therapeutic modalities
      used, roles of imaging throughout the treatment process, and complications of
      therapy.

PMID- 26963463
TI  - Testing "Saintly" Authenticity: Investigations on Two Catacomb Saints.

PMID- 26963465
TI  - Invited Commentary on "US of the Nongravid Cervix with Multimodality Imaging
      Correlation".

PMID- 26963464
TI  - US of the Nongravid Cervix with Multimodality Imaging Correlation: Normal
      Appearance, Pathologic Conditions, and Diagnostic Pitfalls.
AB  - The adult uterine cervix may exhibit a wide variety of pathologic conditions that
      include benign entities (eg, cervicitis, hyperplasia, nabothian cysts, cervical
      polyps, leiomyomas, endometriosis, and congenital abnormalities) as well as
      malignant lesions, particularly cervical carcinoma. In addition, lesions that
      arise in the uterine body may secondarily involve the cervix, such as endometrial
      carcinoma and prolapsed intracavitary masses. Many of these conditions can be
      identified and characterized at ultrasonography (US), which is considered the
      first-line imaging examination for the female pelvis. However, examination of the
      cervix is often cursory during pelvic US, such that cervical disease may be
      overlooked or misdiagnosed. Transabdominal US of the cervix may not afford
      sufficient spatial resolution to depict cervical disease in many patients;
      therefore, endovaginal US is considered the optimal technique. Use of
      supplemental imaging techniques, particularly the application of transducer
      pressure on the cervix, may be helpful. This review describes the normal
      appearance of the cervix at US, the appearance of cervical lesions and conditions
      that mimic abnormalities at US, and optimal US techniques for evaluation of the
      cervix. This information will help radiologists detect and diagnose cervical
      abnormalities more confidently at pelvic US. Online supplemental material is
      available for this article.

PMID- 26963466
TI  - Consider Risk for Gadolinium Retention in the Brain When Using Gadolinium-based
      Contrast Media.

PMID- 26963467
TI  - Clinical significance of thyroid incidentalomas identified by 18F-FDG PET/CT:
      correlation of ultrasonograpy findings with cytology results.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical importance of
      incidental focal or diffuse fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) uptake in the
      thyroid gland on positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and
      to evaluate the additive value of thyroid ultrasonography (US) in defining the
      malignancy potential of thyroid incidentalomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of
      1450 patients, who had undergone a PET/CT scan for staging or restaging of
      various malignancies, were screened retrospectively and 52 (3.6%) patients with
      focal or diffuse F-FDG uptake in the thyroid gland on PET/CT were enrolled in the
      study. None of the patients had any history of thyroid diseases. Thyroid US with
      elastography for a thyroid nodule was performed for all the patients cross
      sectionally. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was also applied at the
      same time as the thyroid US to 34 patients with a nodule(s) 10 mm or more in
      diameter or less than 10 mm, but with malignancy potential ultrasonographically.
      The cytology results were compared with the thyroid US and F-FDG PET/CT findings.
      RESULTS: Although 39 patients had focal (group 1) F-FDG uptake in the thyroid
      gland, the remaining 13 patients had diffuse (group 2) uptake. In group 1, FNAB
      was performed in 32 patients. In 10 of 32 (31%) patients, FNAB results were
      concordant with malignant cytology (seven primary thyroid malignancy and three
      metastasis to thyroid). In group 2, in one of two patients who had undergone
      FNAB, malignant cytology (metastasis to thyroid) was detected. Although the
      difference between the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of malignant
      and benign nodules was statistically significant (10.2+/-8.9 vs. 5.6+/-3.0,
      P=0.013), the difference between the nodule sizes was not statistically
      significant (20.0+/-7.3 vs. 16.7+/-7.4, P=0.923). The presence of suspicious US
      findings and a high elastography score (>=4) were also statistically significant
      (P<0.001 and P=0.035, respectively). In the receiver-operator characteristic
      analysis, a 5.3 cut-off SUVmax was calculated with 82% sensitivity and 65%
      specificity for predicting malignant cytology. CONCLUSION: Focal F-FDG uptake was
      associated with a higher prevalence of malignant thyroid nodule compared with
      diffuse F-FDG uptake. In particular, if a focal thyroid incidentaloma with high
      SUVmax (>5.5), suspicious US findings, and a high elastography score (>=4) is
      detected, a pathological diagnosis, either by histology or by cytology
      examination, should be made, especially when the patient has a long life
      expectancy.

PMID- 26963468
TI  - Radiosensitizing effect of irisquinone on glioma through the downregulation of
      HIF-1alpha evaluated by 18F-FDG and 18F-FMISO PET/CT.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the radiosensitizing mechanism
      of irisquinone (IQ) and evaluate the utility of F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) and
      F-fluoromisonidazole (F-FMISO) PET/computed tomography (CT) in assessing the
      radiosensitizing effect of IQ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an in-vitro experiment,
      C6 rat glioma cells were treated with IQ, radiation, or both. The viability and
      radiosensitivity of C6 cells were detected using the MTT assay and clonogenic
      survival assay. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)
      was evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot. In an in-vivo experiment, C6 rat
      glioma cells were implanted into the right flank of rats and treated with IQ,
      radiation, both, or no treatment. F-FDG and F-FMISO PET/CT images were obtained
      before and after treatment. The expression of HIF-1alpha was detected by
      immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS: In the in-vitro experiment, the results
      of the MTT assay showed that the half-inhibition concentration (IC50) of IQ for
      normoxic and hypoxic C6 tumor cells was 17.2 and 21.0 nmol/l, respectively.
      Clonogenic survival assay showed that IQ could improve the radiosensitivity of
      both normoxic and hypoxic C6 tumor cells. When the concentration of irradiation
      was 20% IC50 (4.2 nmol/l), the sensitive enhancement ratio of normoxic and
      hypoxic C6 tumor cells was 1.18 and 1.33, respectively. The mRNA and protein
      expression levels of HIF-1alpha decreased significantly when treated with IQ plus
      radiation compared with the other groups.In the in-vivo experiment, 24 or 48 h
      after different treatments, the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) of F
      FDG or F-FMISO uptake decreased in the radiation group and the IQ plus radiation
      group, whereas these values increased in the control and IQ groups. The SUVmax of
      F-FDG or F-FMISO uptake in IQ plus radiation group were lower than those of the
      radiation group (t=3.28, 2.62, P<0.05). However, there was no significant
      decrease in tumor volumes in the radiation group and the IQ plus radiation
      treatment group early after treatment.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that
      there were significant differences in the expression of HIF-1alpha in the four
      groups (F=87.1, P<0.01). The SUVmax of both F-FDG and F-FMISO uptake showed a
      significant correlation with the expression of HIF-1alpha. F-FMISO provided a
      higher correlation coefficient with HIF-1alpha than F-FDG (r=0.93, 0.82, P<0.01).
      CONCLUSION: The present experiments indicated that IQ enhanced the
      radiosensitivity of C6 rat glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. The primary
      mechanism of this radiosensitizing effect involves the downregulation of HIF
      1alpha. F-FDG and F-FMISO PET/CT were sensitive and noninvasive for monitoring
      the early radiosensitizing effect of IQ. Meanwhile, F-FMISO PET/CT provided more
      information on the changes in tumor hypoxic status.

PMID- 26963469
TI  - Does major surgery induce immune suppression and increase the risk of
      postoperative infection?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Infection is the commonest cause of a postoperative
      complication. Following major surgery alterations in immune function are
      commonplace and these may contribute to an enhanced susceptibility to acquire
      nosocomial infections. This review will discuss postoperative infections in the
      context of an altered perioperative immune response and the factors influencing
      this response. RECENT FINDINGS: Up to 10% of patients undergoing elective in
      patient surgery may develop a postoperative infection. Laboratory advances now
      permit systematic monitoring of single-cell immune signatures, which enable a
      clearer description of the interaction between tissue damage, immune modulation
      and clinical outcomes. Traditional candidate gene expression has identified
      pathways that define the detrimental immune modulating effects of perioperative
      allogeneic blood transfusion. Large clinical studies have demonstrated that the
      choice of anaesthetic technique may have an impact on postoperative infections
      through differential immune modulation. SUMMARY: Point of care tests are emerging
      that allow monitoring of the perioperative immune response. These could be
      further developed to introduce personalised care pathways. Consideration must
      also be given to anaesthesia techniques and perioperative treatments that may be
      associated with poor outcomes through immune modulation.

PMID- 26963470
TI  - The use of remifentanil during general anesthesia for caesarean section.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose is to review the neonatal and maternal effects of
      remifentanil given at induction of general anesthesia for caesarean section and
      prior to delivery of the baby. MAIN FINDINGS: Remifentanil seems to have short
      lived respiratory depressant effects in approximately 50% of neonates, requiring
      short periods of mask ventilation or tactile stimulation of the neonate.
      Remifentanil produces excellent maternal hemodynamic stability avoiding
      tachycardia and hypertension, possibly reducing the risk of maternal awareness.
      SUMMARY: Remifentanil can be safely used at induction of general anesthesia
      provided healthcare workers are available to manage short-lived neonatal
      depression.

PMID- 26963471
TI  - Robotic surgery and anesthesia for pediatric urologic procedures.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Minimally invasive approaches to pediatric surgery have become
      increasingly popular over the last 15 years. With the advent of robotically
      controlled instruments, common pediatric urologic surgeries such as pyeloplasty
      and ureteral reimplantation, which were previously technically challenging, are
      now commonly performed laparoscopically. It is important to recognize the unique
      physiologic considerations with this approach and how to provide safe and
      effective anesthesia for these procedures. RECENT FINDINGS: Although there are
      multiple studies in the surgical literature describing robot-assisted
      laparoscopic approaches for pediatric urologic surgery, there are few articles
      that describe the anesthetic considerations for this type of surgery in children.
      As the first pediatric hospital in the USA to obtain a surgical robot in 2001, a
      consistent, collaborative approach has been developed to care for infants and
      children undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. SUMMARY: Robot-assisted
      laparoscopic surgery is increasingly utilized for common pediatric urologic
      surgeries. To provide safe and effective anesthesia for this type of surgery, it
      is important to have a thorough understanding of the multiple physiologic
      derangements that occur with robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in infants and
      children, the potential complications that can occur with this approach and have
      a consistent approach to the anesthetic management and postoperative pain control
      for these procedures.

PMID- 26963474
TI  - Influence of the active layer nanomorphology on device performance for ternary
      PbS(x)Se(1-x) quantum dots based solution-processed infrared photodetector.
AB  - In this paper, the influence of the active layer nanomorphology on device
      performance for ternary PbS(x)Se(1-x) quantum dot-based solution-processed
      infrared photodetector is presented. Firstly, ternary PbS(x)Se(1-x) quantum dots
      (QDs) in various chemical composition were synthesized and the bandgap of the
      ternary PbS(x)Se(1-x) QDs can be controlled by the component ratio of S/(S + Se),
      and then field-effect transistor (FET) based photodetectors
      Au/PbS0.4Se0.6:P3HT/PMMA/Al, in which ternary PbS0.4Se0.6 QDs doped with poly(3
      hexylthiophene) (P3HT) act as the active layer and poly(methyl methacrylate)
      (PMMA) as the dielectric layer, were presented. By changing the weight ratio of
      P3HT to PbS0.4Se0.6 QDs (K = M(P3HT):M(QDs)) in dichlorobenzene solution, we
      found that the device with K = 2:1 shows optimal electrical property in dark;
      however, the device with K = 1:2 demonstrated optimal performance under
      illumination, showing a maximum responsivity and specific detectivity of 55.98 mA
      W(-1) and 1.02 * 10(10) Jones, respectively, at low V(DS) = -10 V and V(G) = 3 V
      under 980 nm laser with an illumination intensity of 0.1 mW cm(-2). By measuring
      the atomic force microscopy phase images of PbS0.4Se0.6:P3HT films in different
      weight ratio K, our experimental data show that the active layer nanomorphology
      has a great influence on the device performance. Also, it provides an easy way to
      fabricate high performance solution-processed infrared photodetector.

PMID- 26963472
TI  - Centrally Synthesized Estradiol Is a Potent Anti-Inflammatory in the Injured
      Zebra Finch Brain.
AB  - In homeotherms, injury to the brain, such as a penetrating wound, increases
      microglial cytokine expression and astroglial aromatase (estrogen synthase). In
      songbirds, injury-induced synthesis of estrogens is neuroprotective as aromatase
      inhibition and replacement with estradiol (E2) exacerbates and mitigates the
      extent of damage, respectively. The influence of induced aromatization on
      inflammation, however, remains unstudied. We hypothesized that injury-induced
      aromatization, via E2 synthesis, may affect neuroinflammation after a penetrating
      brain injury. Using adult zebra finches, we first documented an increase in the
      transcription of cytokines but not aromatase, 2 hours after the injury. Twenty
      four hours after the injury, however, aromatase was dramatically elevated and
      cytokine expression had returned to baseline, suggesting that aromatization may
      be involved in the decrease of cytokines and neuroinflammation. In two subsequent
      experiments, we tested the influence of the inhibition of induced aromatization
      and aromatase inhibition with concomitant central E2 replacement on the
      transcription of the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, the enzyme
      cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Administration
      of fadrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, caused a sustained elevation of IL-1beta in
      females and TNF-alpha, cox-2, and PGE2 in both sexes. This prolonged
      neuroinflammation appears to be due to a failure to synthesize E2 locally because
      intracranial E2 replacement lowered IL-1beta in females, TNF-alpha in males, and
      cox-2 and PGE2 in both sexes. IL-6 was not affected by injury, aromatase
      inhibition, or E2 replacement in either sex. These data suggest that E2 synthesis
      after a penetrating brain injury is a potent and inducible anti-inflammatory
      signal, with specific modulation of discrete cytokine signaling.

PMID- 26963473
TI  - A Role for Androgens in Epithelial Proliferation and Formation of Glands in the
      Mouse Uterus.
AB  - The endometrium consists of stromal and epithelial compartments (luminal and
      glandular) with distinct functions in the regulation of uterine homeostasis.
      Ovarian sex steroids, namely 17beta-estradiol and progesterone, play essential
      roles in modulating uterine cell proliferation, stromal-epithelial cross-talk and
      differentiation in preparation for pregnancy. The effect of androgens on uterine
      function remains poorly understood. The current study investigated the effect of
      the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on mouse endometrial
      function. Ovx female mice were given a single sc injection (short treatment) or 7
      daily injections (long treatment) of vehicle alone (5% ethanol, 0.4%
      methylcellulose) or vehicle with the addition of 0.2 mg DHT (n=8/group) and a
      single injection of bromodeoxyuridine 2 hours prior to tissue recovery. Treatment
      with DHT increased uterine weight, the area of the endometrial compartment and
      immunoexpression of the androgen receptor in the luminal and glandular
      epithelium. Treatment-dependent proliferation of epithelial cells was identified
      by immunostaining for MKi67 and bromodeoxyuridine. Real-time PCR identified
      significant DHT-dependent changes in the concentrations of mRNAs encoded by genes
      implicated in the regulation of the cell cycle (Wee1, Ccnd1, Rb1) and stromal
      epithelial interactions (Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Cdh1, Vcl, Igf1, Prl8, Prlr) as well
      as a striking effect on the number of endometrial glands. This study has revealed
      a novel role for androgens in regulating uterine function with an effect on the
      glandular compartment of the endometrium. This previously unrecognized role for
      androgens has implications for our understanding of the role of androgens in
      regulation of endometrial function and fertility in women.

PMID- 26963478
TI  - A method for early detection of the initiation of sit-to-stand posture
      transitions.
AB  - A powered lower extremity orthotic brace can potentially be used to assist frail
      elderly during daily activities. This paper presents a method for an early
      detection of the initiation of sit-to-stand (SiSt) posture transition that can be
      used in the control of the powered orthosis. Unlike the methods used in
      prosthetic devices that rely on surface electromyography (EMG), the proposed
      method uses only sensors embedded into the orthosis brace attached to the limb.
      The method was developed and validated using data from a human study with 10
      individuals. Each human trial included different sets of sitting, standing and
      walking activities originating from various initial postures. Features from the
      sensor signal were extracted and aggregated in lagged epochs to incorporate the
      time history. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the feature
      set. The principal components were then used in a leave-one-out manner to train a
      linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier to perform early detection of the
      SiSt posture transition. The proposed method achieved the sensitivity of 100% and
      the specificity 92.94% of trials without false positives. The average detection
      time (DT) of 0.1341  +/-  0.3310 s following the start of transition demonstrated
      early recognition of the initiation of SiSt transition. 

PMID- 26963477
TI  - Using the international classification of functioning to examine the impact of
      trigger finger.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of trigger finger (TF) on hand motor function,
      activity and participation (A&P) and quality of life (QOL), and to evaluate the
      association between personal factors (age and gender, disease severity) and body
      functions (dexterity and strength) with A&P and QOL in patients with TF. METHODS:
      Sixty-six patients with TF (study group) and 66 healthy volunteers (control
      group) participated in the study. TF symptoms were graded using the Quinnell
      classification. A&P was evaluated using the Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand
      questionnaire and the QOL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life
      questionnaire. Dexterity was evaluated using the Functional Dexterity Test and
      the Purdue Pegboard Test; hand strength was evaluated using the Jamar Dynamometer
      and Pinch Gauge. RESULTS: The comparisons between the study and control groups
      revealed significant differences in all measures. The study group reported lower
      perceived QOL, A&P and reduced hand strength and dexterity. Hierarchical
      regression analyses revealed that (a) the severity of TF contributed
      significantly to the explained variance of QOL, while demographics and hand
      functioning did not; (b) demographics, TF severity and hand function all
      contributed significantly to the explained variance of A&P. CONCLUSION: The
      findings of the study point to the importance of addressing the functional
      implications and QOL of individuals with TF. Implications for Rehabilitation
      Although trigger finger is considered to be a mild hand pathology, it has a wide
      ranging impact on hand functioning, daily activities and quality of life.
      Clinicians should include assessments of these outcomes in the treatment of
      individuals with trigger finger. Treatment efficacy should be evaluated with
      International Classification of Functioning outcomes, and not limited to
      symptomatology.

PMID- 26963481
TI  - Adult age differences in information foraging in an interactive reading
      environment.
AB  - When learning about a single topic in natural reading environments, readers are
      confronted with multiple sources varying in the type and amount of information.
      In this situation, readers are free to adaptively respond to the constraints of
      the environment (e.g., through selection of resources and time allocation for
      study), but there may be costs of exploring and switching between sources (e.g.,
      disruption of attention, opportunity costs for study). From an ecological
      perspective, such properties of the environment are expected to influence
      learning strategies. In the current study, we used a novel reading paradigm to
      investigate age differences in the effects of information richness (i.e.,
      sentence elaboration) and costs of switching between texts (i.e., time delay) on
      selection of sources and study time allocation. Consistent with the ecological
      view, participants progressed from less informative to more informative texts.
      Furthermore, increased switch cost led to a tendency to allocate more effort to
      easier materials and to greater persistence in reading, which in turn, led to
      better memory in both immediate and delayed recall. Older adults showed larger
      effects of switch cost, such that the age difference in delayed recall was
      eliminated in the high switch cost condition. Based on an ecological paradigm of
      reading that affords choice and self-regulation, our study provided evidence for
      preservation with age in the ability to adapt to changing learning environments
      so as to improve performance. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963482
TI  - A Model Using Local Weather Data to Determine the Effective Sampling Volume for
      PCB Congeners Collected on Passive Air Samplers.
AB  - We have developed and evaluated a mathematical model to determine the effective
      sampling volumes (Veff) of PCBs and similar compounds captured using polyurethane
      foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). We account for the variability in wind
      speed, air temperature, and equilibrium partitioning over the course of the
      deployment of the samplers. The model, provided as an annotated Matlab script,
      predicts the Veff as a function of physical-chemical properties of each compound
      and meteorology from the closest Integrated Surface Database (ISD) data set
      obtained through NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
      The model was developed to be user-friendly, only requiring basic Matlab
      knowledge. To illustrate the effectiveness of the model, we evaluated three
      independent data sets of airborne PCBs simultaneously collected using passive and
      active samplers: at sites in Chicago, Lancaster, UK, and Toronto, Canada. The
      model provides Veff values comparable to those using depuration compounds and
      calibration against active samplers, yielding an average congener specific
      concentration method ratio (active/passive) of 1.1 +/- 1.2. We applied the model
      to PUF-PAS samples collected in Chicago and show that previous methods can
      underestimate concentrations of PCBs by up to 40%, especially for long
      deployments, deployments conducted under warming conditions, and compounds with
      log Koa values less than 8.

PMID- 26963483
TI  - Effects and feasibility of exercise therapy combined with branched-chain amino
      acid supplementation on muscle strengthening in frail and pre-frail elderly
      people requiring long-term care: a crossover trial.
AB  - This study examined the effects and feasibility of a twice-weekly combined
      therapy of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and exercise on physical function
      improvement in frail and pre-frail elderly people requiring long-term care. We
      used a crossover design in which the combination of exercise and nutritional
      interventions was carried out twice a week during cycles A (3 months) and B (3
      months) and the exercise intervention alone was performed during the washout
      period. The exercise intervention entailed the following 5 training sets: 3 sets
      of muscle training at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction, 1 set of aerobic
      exercise, and 1 set of balance training. For the nutritional intervention, 6 g of
      BCAAs or 6 g of maltodextrin was consumed 10 min before starting the exercise. We
      determined upper and lower limb isometric strength, performance on the Functional
      Reach Test (FRT) and the Timed Up and Go test, and activity level. In the
      comparison between the BCAA group and the control group after crossover, the
      improvement rates in gross lower limb muscle strength (leg press, knee extension)
      and FRT performance were significantly greater (by approximately 10%) in the BCAA
      group. In the comparison between different orders of BCAA administration,
      significant effects were shown for the leg press in both groups only when BCAAs
      were given. The combination of BCAA intake and exercise therapy yielded
      significant improvements in gross lower limb muscle strength and dynamic balance
      ability. 

PMID- 26963484
TI  - Effect of Grip Force and Training in Unstable Dynamics on Micromanipulation
      Accuracy.
AB  - This paper investigates whether haptic error amplification using unstable
      dynamics can be used to train accuracy in micromanipulation. A preliminary
      experiment first examines the possible confounds of visual magnification and grip
      force. Results show that micromanipulation precision is not affected by grip
      force in both naive and experienced subjects. On the other hand, precision is
      increased by visual magnification of up to 10*, but not further for larger
      magnifications. The main experiment required subjects to perform small-range
      point-to-point movements in 3D space in an unstable environment which amplified
      position errors to the straight line between start and end point. After having
      trained in this environment, subjects performing in the free conditions show an
      increase in success rate and a decrease in error and its standard deviation
      relative to the control subjects. This suggests that this technique can improve
      accuracy and reliability of movements during micromanipulation. 

PMID- 26963485
TI  - Constraint-Based Haptic Rendering of Multirate Compliant Mechanisms.
AB  - The paper is dedicated to haptic rendering of complex physics-based environment
      in the context of surgical simulation. A new unified formalism for modeling the
      mechanical interactions between medical devices and anatomical structures and for
      computing accurately the haptic force feedback is presented. The approach deals
      with the mechanical interactions using appropriate force and/or motion
      transmission models named compliant mechanisms. These mechanisms are formulated
      as a constraint-based problem that is solved in two separate threads running at
      different frequencies. The first thread processes the whole simulation including
      the soft-tissue deformations, whereas the second one only deals with computer
      haptics. This method builds a bridge between the so-called virtual mechanisms
      (that were proposed for haptic rendering of rigid bodies) and intermediate
      representations (used for rendering of complex simulations). With this approach,
      it is possible to describe the specific behavior of various medical devices while
      relying on a unified method for solving the mechanical interactions between
      deformable objects and haptic rendering. The technique is demonstrated in
      interactive simulation of flexible needle insertion through soft anatomical
      structures with force feedback. 

PMID- 26963486
TI  - Haptic Simulator for Prostate Brachytherapy with Simulated Needle and Probe
      Interaction.
AB  - This paper presents a haptic simulator for prostate brachytherapy. Both needle
      insertion and the manipulation of the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe are
      controlled via haptic devices. Tissue interaction forces that are computed by a
      deformable tissue model based on the finite element method (FEM) are rendered to
      the user by these devices. The needle insertion simulation employs 3D models of
      needle flexibility and asymmetric tip bevel. The needle-tissue simulation allows
      a trainee to practice needle insertion and targeting. The TRUS-tissue interaction
      simulation allows a trainee to practice the 3D intraoperative TRUS placement for
      registration with the preoperative volume study and to practice TRUS axial
      translation and rotation for imaging needles during insertions. Approaches to
      computational acceleration for realtime haptic performance are presented. Trade
      offs between accuracy and speed are discussed. A graphics-card implementation of
      the numerically intensive mesh-adaptation operation is also presented. The
      simulator can be used for training, rehearsal, and treatment planning. 

PMID- 26963487
TI  - Integrating Haptics with Augmented Reality in a Femoral Palpation and Needle
      Insertion Training Simulation.
AB  - This paper presents a virtual environment for training femoral palpation and
      needle insertion, the opening steps of many interventional radiology procedures.
      A novel augmented reality simulation called PalpSim has been developed that
      allows the trainees to feel a virtual patient using their own hands. The
      palpation step requires both force and tactile feedback. For the palpation
      haptics effect, two off-the-shelf force feedback devices have been linked
      together to provide a hybrid device that gives five degrees of force feedback.
      This is combined with a custom built hydraulic interface to provide a pulse like
      tactile effect. The needle interface is based on a modified PHANTOM Omni end
      effector that allows a real interventional radiology needle to be mounted and
      used during simulation. While using the virtual environment, the haptics hardware
      is masked from view using chroma-key techniques. The trainee sees a computer
      generated patient and needle, and interacts using their own hands. This
      simulation provides a high level of face validity and is one of the first medical
      simulation devices to integrate haptics with augmented reality. 

PMID- 26963488
TI  - Tool Contact Acceleration Feedback for Telerobotic Surgery.
AB  - Minimally invasive telerobotic surgical systems enable surgeons to perform
      complicated procedures without large incisions. Unfortunately, these systems
      typically do not provide the surgeon with sensory feedback aside from
      stereoscopic vision. We have, thus, developed VerroTouch, a sensing and actuating
      device that can be added to Intuitive Surgical's existing da Vinci S Surgical
      System to provide auditory and vibrotactile feedback of tool contact
      accelerations. These cues let the surgeon feel and hear contact with rough
      textures as well as the making and breaking of contact with objects and other
      tools. To evaluate the merits of this approach, we had 11 surgeons use an
      augmented da Vinci S to perform three in vitro manipulation tasks under four
      different feedback conditions: with no acceleration feedback, with audio
      feedback, with haptic feedback, and with both audio and haptic. Subjects
      expressed a significant preference for the inclusion of tool contact acceleration
      feedback, although they disagreed over which sensory modality was best. Other
      survey responses and qualitative written comments indicate that the feedback may
      have improved the subject's concentration and situational awareness by
      strengthening the connection between the surgeon and the surgical instruments.
      Analysis of quantitative task metrics shows that the feedback neither improves
      nor impedes the performance of the chosen tasks. 

PMID- 26963489
TI  - Vital Signs: Preventing Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Hospitals - United
      States, 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health care-associated antibiotic-resistant (AR) infections increase
      patient morbidity and mortality and might be impossible to successfully treat
      with any antibiotic. CDC assessed health care-associated infections (HAI),
      including Clostridium difficile infections (CDI), and the role of six AR bacteria
      of highest concern nationwide in several types of health care facilities.
      METHODS: During 2014, approximately 4,000 short-term acute care hospitals, 501
      long-term acute care hospitals, and 1,135 inpatient rehabilitation facilities in
      all 50 states reported data on specific infections to the National Healthcare
      Safety Network. National standardized infection ratios and their percentage
      reduction from a baseline year for each HAI type, by facility type, were
      calculated. The proportions of AR pathogens and HAIs caused by any of six
      resistant bacteria highlighted by CDC in 2013 as urgent or serious threats were
      determined. RESULTS: In 2014, the reductions in incidence in short-term acute
      care hospitals and long-term acute care hospitals were 50% and 9%, respectively,
      for central line-associated bloodstream infection; 0% (short-term acute care
      hospitals), 11% (long-term acute care hospitals), and 14% (inpatient
      rehabilitation facilities) for catheter-associated urinary tract infection; 17%
      (short-term acute care hospitals) for surgical site infection, and 8% (short-term
      acute care hospitals) for CDI. Combining HAIs other than CDI across all settings,
      47.9% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin resistant, 29.5% of
      enterococci were vancomycin-resistant, 17.8% of Enterobacteriaceae were extended
      spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype, 3.6% of Enterobacteriaceae were carbapenem
      resistant, 15.9% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were multidrug resistant, and
      52.6% of Acinetobacter species were multidrug resistant. The likelihood of HAIs
      caused by any of the six resistant bacteria ranged from 12% in inpatient
      rehabilitation facilities to 29% in long-term acute care hospitals. CONCLUSIONS:
      Although there has been considerable progress in preventing some HAIs, many
      remaining infections could be prevented with implementation of existing
      recommended practices. Depending upon the setting, more than one in four of HAIs
      excluding CDI are caused by AR bacteria. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE:
      Physicians, nurses, and health care leaders need to consistently and
      comprehensively follow all recommendations to prevent catheter- and procedure
      related infections and reduce the impact of AR bacteria through antimicrobial
      stewardship and measures to prevent spread.

PMID- 26963490
TI  - How MicroRNAs Are Involved in Splitting the Mind.

PMID- 26963491
TI  - Bioinspired roft robotics: preface to the special issue.

PMID- 26963492
TI  - Erbium YAG laser treatment of periorbital syringomas by using the multiple ovoid
      shape ablation method.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Syringomas are benign tumours that develop predominantly in the
      periorbital areas of women. As periorbital syringoma is adjacent to the
      appendages, Erbium YAG (Er:YAG) laser treatment should be an ideal tool for its
      precise ablation, although its use has not previously been reported. We
      retrospectively analysed our new ovoid-shape Er:YAG laser ablation method for the
      treatment of syringoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed an extirpation method
      in which multiple, 2- to 4-mm, egg-shaped ablation fields were created. This
      method was used to treat 49 patients, 35 of whom had predominantly accumulated
      syringomas, and 14 had disseminated syringomas. Treatment was repeated every 2
      months. RESULTS: Our approach was successful in both disseminated- and
      accumulated-type syringoma as well as plaque-type syringoma, which is considered
      to be the most difficult to treat. After an average of 3.77 treatments, more than
      75% of the syringoma in the treated area had disappeared in 43 of 49 patients.
      CONCLUSION: Our ovoid-shape ablation method gives good cosmetic results even in
      the most difficult type of syringoma.

PMID- 26963493
TI  - DNA Stains as Surrogate Nucleobases in Fluorogenic Hybridization Probes.
AB  - The increasing importance assigned to RNA dynamics in cells and tissues calls for
      probe molecules that enable fluorescence microscopy imaging in live cells. To
      achieve this goal, fluorescence dyes are conjugated with oligonucleotides so as
      to provide strong emission upon hybridization with the target molecule. The
      impressive 10(3)-fold fluorescence intensification observed when DNA stains such
      as thiazole orange (TO) interact with double-stranded DNA is intriguing and
      prompted the exploration of oligonucleotide conjugates. However, nonspecific
      interactions of DNA stains with polynucleotides tend to increase background,
      which would affect the contrast achievable in live-cell imaging. This Account
      describes the development of DNA-stain-labeled hybridization probes that provide
      high signal-to-background. We focus on our contributions in context with related
      advances from other laboratories. The emphasis will be on the requirements of RNA
      imaging in live cells. To reduce background, intercalator dyes such as TO were
      appended to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which is less avidly recognized by DNA
      stains than DNA/RNA. Constraining the TO dye as a nucleobase surrogate in "forced
      intercalation (FIT) probes" improved the target specificity, presumably by
      helping to prevent unspecific interactions. The enforcement of TO intercalation
      between predetermined base pairs upon formation of the probe-target duplex
      provided for high brightness and enabled match/mismatch selectivity beyond
      stringency of hybridization. We show examples that highlight the use of PNA FIT
      probes in the imaging of mRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA in living cells. The "FIT
      approach" was recently extended to DNA probes. Signal brightness can become
      limiting when low-abundance targets ought to be visualized over cellular
      autofluorescence. We discuss strategies that further the brightness of signaling
      by FIT probes. Multilabeling with identical dyes does not solve the brightness
      issue. To avoid self-quenching, we combined two different yet spectrally
      overlapping fluorescent base surrogates. A hybridization-sensitive dye serves as
      a light collector that transfers energy to a brightly emissive acceptor dye. To
      improve the brilliance of single-dye probes, the "TO-nucleotide" was accompanied
      by an adjacent locked nucleic acid (LNA) unit. The LNA-constrained FIT probes are
      responsive and bright, enabling the tracking of mRNA transport in living tissue.
      We also show that the color repertoire of FIT probes is not restricted to the
      green-emissive TO but can be expanded to cyan and red. A new base surrogate (4,4
      linked bisquinoline) provided up to 195-fold enhancement of the fluorescence. 

PMID- 26963494
TI  - Piperlongumine as a direct TrxR1 inhibitor with suppressive activity against
      gastric cancer.
AB  - Piperlongumine (PL), a natural alkaloid isolated from the fruit of long pepper,
      is known to selectively kill tumor cells while sparing their normal counterparts.
      However, the cellular target and potent anticancer efficacy of PL in numerous
      types of human cancer cells have not been fully defined. We report here that PL
      may interact with the thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), an important
      selenocysteine (Sec)-containing antioxidant enzyme, to induce reactive oxygen
      species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. By inhibiting
      TrxR1 activity and increasing intracellular ROS levels, PL induces a lethal
      endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in human gastric
      cancer cells. Importantly, knockdown of TrxR1 sensitizes cells to PL treatment,
      and PL displays synergistic lethality with GSH inhibitors (BSO and Erastin)
      against gastric cancer cells. In vivo, PL treatment markedly reduces the TrxR1
      activity and tumor cell burden. Remarkably, TrxR1 was significantly overexpressed
      in gastric cancer cell lines and human gastric cancer tissues. Targeting TrxR1
      with PL thus discloses a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying the
      biological activity of PL and provides an in-depth insight into the action of PL
      in the treatment of gastric cancer. 

PMID- 26963495
TI  - [(11)C]Ascorbic and [(11)C]dehydroascorbic acid, an endogenous redox pair for
      sensing reactive oxygen species using positron emission tomography.
AB  - Here we report the radiosynthesis of an endogenous redox pair, [(11)C]ascorbic
      acid ([(11)C]VitC) and [(11)C]dehydroascorbic acid ([(11)C]DHA), the reduced and
      oxidized forms of vitamin C, and their application to ROS sensing. These results
      provide the basis for in vivo detection of ROS using positron emission tomography
      (PET). 

PMID- 26963496
TI  - Electrophoretic Separation of Single Particles Using Nanoscale Thermoplastic
      Columns.
AB  - Phenomena associated with microscale electrophoresis separations cannot, in many
      cases, be applied to the nanoscale. Thus, understanding the electrophoretic
      characteristics associated with the nanoscale will help formulate relevant
      strategies that can optimize the performance of separations carried out on
      columns with at least one dimension below 150 nm. Electric double layer (EDL)
      overlap, diffusion, and adsorption/desorption properties and/or dielectrophoretic
      effects giving rise to stick/slip motion are some of the processes that can play
      a role in determining the efficiency of nanoscale electrophoretic separations. We
      investigated the performance characteristics of electrophoretic separations
      carried out in nanoslits fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, devices.
      Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as the model system with tracking of their
      transport via dark field microscopy and localized surface plasmon resonance.
      AgNPs capped with citrate groups and the negatively charged PMMA walls (induced
      by O2 plasma modification of the nanoslit walls) enabled separations that were
      not apparent when these particles were electrophoresed in microscale columns. The
      separation of AgNPs based on their size without the need for buffer additives
      using PMMA nanoslit devices is demonstrated herein. Operational parameters such
      as the electric field strength, nanoslit dimensions, and buffer composition were
      evaluated as to their effects on the electrophoretic performance, both in terms
      of efficiency (plate numbers) and resolution. Electrophoretic separations
      performed at high electric field strengths (>200 V/cm) resulted in higher plate
      numbers compared to lower fields due to the absence of stick/slip motion at the
      higher electric field strengths. Indeed, 60 nm AgNPs could be separated from 100
      nm particles in free solution using nanoscale electrophoresis with 100 MUm long
      columns. 

PMID- 26963504
TI  - Ordered mesoporous CoMOx (M = Al or Zr) mixed oxides for Fischer-Tropsch
      synthesis.
AB  - A superior structural stability of the ordered mesoporous CoMOx synthesized by
      using the KIT-6 template was observed under Fischer-Tropsch reaction conditions.
      The enhanced stability was attributed to a strong interaction of the irreducible
      metal oxides with the mesoporous Co3O4 by forming Co3O4-ZrO2 (or Co3O4-Al2O3),
      which resulted in showing a stable activity. 

PMID- 26963497
TI  - Development and validation of a high-throughput stereoselective LC-MS/MS assay
      for bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydrobupropion, and threohydrobupropion
      in human plasma.
AB  - A stereoselective analytical method was developed and validated for the
      quantification of bupropion, and principle metabolites hydroxybupropion,
      erythrohydrobupropion and threohydrobupropion in human plasma. Separation of
      individual enantiomers (R)-bupropion, (S)-bupropion, (R,R)-hydroxybupropion, (S,S
      hydroxybupropion), (1S,2S)-threohydrobupropion, (1R,2R)-threohydrobupropion,
      (1R,2S)-erythrohydrobupropion, and (1S,2R)-erythrohydrobupropion was achieved
      utilizing an alpha1-acid glycoprotein column within a 12-min run time.
      Chromatograph separation was significantly influenced by mobile phase pH and
      variability between columns. Analytes were quantified by positive ion
      electrospray tandem mass spectrometry following plasma protein precipitation with
      20% trichloroacetic acid. Identification of erythrohydrobupropion enantiomer
      peaks and threohydrobupropion enantiomer peaks was achieved by sodium borohydride
      reduction of enantiopure (R)- and (S)-bupropion. Initial assay validation and
      sensitivity determination was on AB Sciex 3200, 4000 QTRAP, and 6500 mass
      spectrometers. Accuracy and precision were within 15% for each analyte. The assay
      was fully validated over analyte-specific concentrations using an AB Sciex 3200
      mass spectrometer. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were within 12%
      for each analyte. The limits of quantification for bupropion (R and S),
      hydroxybupropion (R,R and S,S), threohydrobupropion (1S,2S and 1R,2R), and
      erythrohydrobupropion (1R,2S and 1S,2R) were 0.5, 2, 1, and 1ng/mL, respectively.
      All analytes were stable following freeze thaw cycles at -80 degrees C and while
      stored at 4 degrees C in the instrument autosampler. This method was applicable
      to clinical pharmacokinetic investigations of bupropion in patients. This is the
      first chromatographic method to resolve erythrohydrobupropion and
      threohydrobupropion enantiomers, and the first stereoselective LC-MS/MS assay to
      quantify bupropion, and principle metabolites hydroxybupropion,
      erythrohydrobupropion, and threohydrobupropion in human plasma. 

PMID- 26963498
TI  - Do People Take Stimulus Correlations into Account in Visual Search?
AB  - In laboratory visual search experiments, distractors are often statistically
      independent of each other. However, stimuli in more naturalistic settings are
      often correlated and rarely independent. Here, we examine whether human observers
      take stimulus correlations into account in orientation target detection. We find
      that they do, although probably not optimally. In particular, it seems that low
      distractor correlations are overestimated. Our results might contribute to
      bridging the gap between artificial and natural visual search tasks. 

PMID- 26963507
TI  - Health Extension Workers' and Mothers' Attitudes to Maternal Health Service
      Utilization and Acceptance in Adwa Woreda, Tigray Region, Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The maternal health system in Ethiopia links health posts in rural
      communities (kebeles) with district (woreda) health centres, and health centres
      with primary hospitals. At each health post two Health Extension Workers (HEWs)
      assist women with birth preparedness, complication readiness, and mobilize
      communities to facilitate timely referral to mid-level service providers. This
      study explored HEWs' and mother's attitudes to maternal health services in Adwa
      Woreda, Tigray Region. METHODS: In this qualitative study, we trained 16 HEWs to
      interview 45 women to gain a better understanding of the social context of
      maternal health related behaviours. Themes included barriers to health services;
      women's social status and mobility; and women's perceptions of skilled birth
      attendant's care. All data were analyzed thematically. FINDINGS: There have been
      substantial efforts to improve maternal health and reduce maternal mortality in
      Adwa Woreda. Women identified barriers to healthcare including distance and lack
      of transportation due to geographical factors; the absence of many husbands due
      to off-woreda farming; traditional factors such as zwar (some pregnant women are
      afraid of meeting other pregnant women), and discouragement from mothers and
      mothers-in-law who delivered their children at home. Some women experienced
      disrespectful care at the hospital. Facilitators to skilled birth attendance
      included: identification of pregnant women through Women's Development Groups
      (WDGs), and referral by ambulance to health facilities either before a woman's
      Expected Due Date (EDD) or if labour started at home. CONCLUSION: With the
      support of WDGs, HEWs have increased the rate of skilled birth attendance by
      calling ambulances to transfer women to health centres either before their EDD or
      when labour starts at home. These findings add to the growing body of evidence
      that health workers at the community level can work with women's groups to
      improve maternal health, thus reducing the need for emergency obstetric care in
      low-income countries.

PMID- 26963505
TI  - Safety, Acceptability and Adherence of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in a Microbicide
      Clinical Trial Conducted in Multiple Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This was the first microbicide trial conducted in Africa to evaluate
      an antiretroviral-containing vaginal ring as an HIV prevention technology for
      women. OBJECTIVES: The trial assessed and compared the safety, acceptability and
      adherence to product use of a 4-weekly administered vaginal ring containing the
      antiretroviral microbicide, dapivirine, with a matching placebo ring among women
      from four countries in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: 280 Healthy, sexually active,
      HIV-negative women, aged 18 to 40 years were enrolled with 140 women randomised
      to a dapivirine vaginal ring (25 mg) and 140 women to a matching placebo ring,
      inserted 4-weekly and used over a 12-week period. Safety was evaluated by pelvic
      examination, colposcopy, clinical laboratory assessments, and adverse events.
      Blood samples for determination of plasma concentrations of dapivirine were
      collected at Weeks 0, 4 and 12. Residual dapivirine levels in returned rings from
      dapivirine ring users were determined post-trial. Participant acceptability and
      adherence to ring use were assessed by self-reports. RESULTS: No safety concerns
      or clinically relevant differences were observed between the dapivirine and
      placebo ring groups. Plasma dapivirine concentrations immediately prior to ring
      removal were similar after removal of the first and third ring, suggesting
      consistent ring use over the 12-week period. No clear relationship was observed
      between the residual amount of dapivirine in used rings and corresponding plasma
      concentrations. Self-reported adherence to daily use of the vaginal rings over
      the 12-week trial period was very high. At the end of the trial, 96% of
      participants reported that the ring was usually comfortable to wear, and 97%
      reported that they would be willing to use it in the future if proven effective.
      CONCLUSIONS: The dapivirine vaginal ring has a favourable safety and
      acceptability profile. If proven safe and effective in large-scale trials, it
      will be an important component of combination HIV prevention approaches for
      women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01071174.

PMID- 26963506
TI  - Pediatric Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Central Nervous System
      Differentially Express Granzyme Inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs)
      are malignant primary brain tumors that occur in young infants. Using current
      standard therapy, up to 80% of the children still dies from recurrent disease.
      Cellular immunotherapy might be key to improve overall survival. To achieve
      efficient killing of tumor cells, however, immunotherapy has to overcome cancer
      associated strategies to evade the cytotoxic immune response. Whether CNS-PNETs
      can evade the immune response remains unknown. METHODS: We examined by
      immunohistochemistry the immune response and immune evasion strategies in
      pediatric CNS-PNETs. RESULTS: Here, we show that CD4+, CD8+, gammadelta-T-cells,
      and Tregs can infiltrate pediatric CNS-PNETs, although the activation status of
      cytotoxic cells is variable. Pediatric CNS-PNETs evade immune recognition by
      downregulating cell surface MHC-I and CD1d expression. Intriguingly, expression
      of SERPINB9, SERPINB1, and SERPINB4 is acquired during tumorigenesis in 29%, 29%,
      and 57% of the tumors, respectively. CONCLUSION: We show for the first time that
      brain tumors express direct granzyme inhibitors (serpins) as a potential
      mechanism to overcome cellular cytotoxicity, which may have consequences for
      cellular immunotherapy.

PMID- 26963508
TI  - Speech Databases of Typical Children and Children with SLI.
AB  - The extent of research on children's speech in general and on disordered speech
      specifically is very limited. In this article, we describe the process of
      creating databases of children's speech and the possibilities for using such
      databases, which have been created by the LANNA research group in the Faculty of
      Electrical Engineering at Czech Technical University in Prague. These databases
      have been principally compiled for medical research but also for use in other
      areas, such as linguistics. Two databases were recorded: one for healthy
      children's speech (recorded in kindergarten and in the first level of elementary
      school) and the other for pathological speech of children with a Specific
      Language Impairment (recorded at a surgery of speech and language therapists and
      at the hospital). Both databases were sub-divided according to specific demands
      of medical research. Their utilization can be exoteric, specifically for
      linguistic research and pedagogical use as well as for studies of speech-signal
      processing. 

PMID- 26963509
TI  - Polymorphisms of Dectin-1 and TLR2 Predispose to Invasive Fungal Disease in
      Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who undergo induction
      chemotherapy are at high risk for invasive fungal disease (IFD). Dectin-1, a C
      type lectin family member represents one of the most important pattern
      recognition receptors of the innate immune system and single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Dectin-1 gene have been associated with an increased
      risk of infectious complications. We sought to investigate the impact of three
      different Dectin-1 SNPs and one TLR2 SNP on developing IFD in 186 adult patients
      with newly diagnosed AML following anthracycline-based induction chemotherapy.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Genotyping of Dectin-1 SNPs (rs16910526, rs3901533 and
      rs7309123) and TLR2 SNP (rs5743708) was performed by TaqMan method and
      pyrosequencing. IFD was defined according to the EORTC/MSG consensus guidelines.
      Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the association
      between the polymorphisms and the occurrence of pulmonary infections. Dectin-1
      expression studies with SNP genotyped human monocytes were performed to elucidate
      susceptibility to IFD following chemotherapy. RESULTS: We could demonstrate that
      patients carrying the Dectin-1 SNP rs7309123 G/G (n = 47) or G/G and C/G (n =
      133) genotype revealed a significant higher risk for developing both pneumonia in
      general (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.5; p = 0.014 and OR: 3.0, p = 0.004) and
      pulmonary IFD (OR: 2.6; p = 0.012 and OR: 2.4, p = 0.041, respectively). Patients
      carrying the TLR2 SNP rs5743708 (R753Q, GA/AA genotype, n = 12) also revealed a
      significantly higher susceptibility to pneumonia including IFD. Furthermore,
      Dectin-1 mRNA expression in human monocytes was lower following chemotherapy.
      CONCLUSION: To our best knowledge, this study represents the first analysis
      demonstrating that harbouring polymorphisms of Dectin-1 (rs7309123) or TLR2
      (rs5743708) represents an independent risk factor of developing IFD in patients
      with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy.

PMID- 26963512
TI  - Age at Menarche, Level of Education, Parity and the Risk of Hysterectomy: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Population-Based Observational Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although rates have declined, hysterectomy is still a frequent
      gynaecological procedure. To date, there has been no systematic quantification of
      the relationships between early/mid-life exposures and hysterectomy. We performed
      a systematic review and meta-analyses to quantify the associations between age at
      menarche, education level, parity and hysterectomy. METHODS: Eligible studies
      were identified by searches in PubMed and Embase through March 2015. Study
      specific estimates were summarised using random effects meta-analysis.
      Heterogeneity was explored using sub-group analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS:
      Thirty-two study populations were identified for inclusion in at least one meta
      analysis. Each year older at menarche was associated with lower risk of
      hysterectomy-summary hazard ratio 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.78, 0.95; I2 =
      0%); summary odds ratio 0.88 (95% confidence interval: 0.82, 0.94; I2 = 61%). Low
      education levels conferred a higher risk of hysterectomy in the lowest versus
      highest level meta-analysis (summary hazard ratio 1.87 (95% confidence interval:
      1.25, 2.80; I2 = 86%), summary odds ratio 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.35,
      1.69; I2 = 90%)) and dose-response meta-analysis (summary odds ratio 1.17 (95%
      confidence interval: 1.12, 1.23; I2 = 85%) per each level lower of education).
      Sub-group analysis showed that the birth cohort category of study participants,
      the reference category used for level of education, the year the included article
      was published, quality of the study (as assessed by the authors) and control for
      the key variables accounted for the high heterogeneity between studies in the
      education level meta-analyses. In the meta-analyses of studies of parity and
      hysterectomy the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The
      present meta-analyses suggest that the early life factors of age at menarche and
      lower education level are associated with hysterectomy, although this evidence
      should be interpreted with some caution due to variance across the included
      studies.

PMID- 26963510
TI  - Blockade of Thrombopoietin Reduces Organ Damage in Experimental Endotoxemia and
      Polymicrobial Sepsis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Thrombopoietin (TPO), a growth factor primarily involved
      in thrombopoiesis may also have a role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. In
      patients with sepsis, indeed, TPO levels are markedly increased, with disease
      severity being the major independent determinant of TPO concentrations. Moreover,
      TPO increases and correlates with ex vivo indices of platelet activation in
      patients with burn injury upon sepsis development, and may contribute to depress
      cardiac contractility in septic shock. Still, the role of TPO in sepsis
      pathophysiology remains controversial, given the protective role of TPO in other
      experimental disease models, for instance in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity
      and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The aim of our study was to define
      the contribution of TPO in the development of organ damage induced by endotoxemia
      or sepsis, and to investigate the effects of inhibiting TPO in these conditions.
      METHODS: We synthesized a chimeric protein able to inhibit TPO, mTPOR-MBP, and
      studied its effect in two murine experimental models, acute endotoxemia and cecal
      ligation and puncture (CLP) model. RESULTS: In both models, TPO levels markedly
      increased, from 289.80+/-27.87 pg/mL to 465.60+/-45.92 pg/mL at 3 hours in the
      LPS model (P<0.01), and from 265.00+/-26.02 pg/mL to 373.70+/-26.20 pg/mL in the
      CLP model (P<0.05), respectively. Paralleling TPO levels, also platelet-monocyte
      aggregates increased, from 32.86+/-2.48% to 46.13+/-1.39% at 3 hours in the LPS
      model (P<0.01), and from 43.68+/-1.69% to 56.52+/-4.66% in the CLP model
      (P<0.05). Blockade of TPO by mTPOR-MBP administration reduced histological damage
      in target organs, namely lung, liver, and gut. In particular, neutrophil
      infiltration and lung septal thickening were reduced from a score of 1.86+/-0.34
      to 0.60+/-0.27 (P<0.01) and from 1.43+/-0.37 to 0.40+/-0.16 (P<0.05),
      respectively, in the LPS model at 3 hours, and from a score of 1.75+/-0.37 to
      0.38+/-0.18 (P<0.01) and from 1.25+/-0.31 to 0.13+/-0.13 (P<0.001), respectively,
      in the CLP model. Similarly, the number of hepatic microabscesses was decreased
      from 14.14+/-1.41 to 3.64+/-0.56 in the LPS model at 3 hours (P<0.001), and from
      1.71+/-0.29 to 0.13+/-0.13 in the CLP model (P<0.001). Finally, the diameter of
      intestinal villi decreased from 90.69+/-3.95 MUm to 70.74+/-3.60 MUm in the LPS
      model at 3 hours (P<0.01), and from 74.29+/-4.29 MUm to 57.50+/-1.89 MUm in the
      CLP model (P<0.01). This protective effect was associated with the blunting of
      the increase in platelet-monocyte adhesion, and, on the contrary, with increased
      platelet-neutrophil aggregates in the circulation, which may be related to
      decreased neutrophil sequestration into the inflamed tissues. Conversely,
      circulating cytokine levels were not significantly changed, in both models, by
      mTPOR-MBP administration. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that TPO
      participates in the development of organ damage induced by experimental
      endotoxemia or polymicrobial sepsis via a mechanism involving increased platelet
      leukocyte adhesion, but not cytokine release, and suggest that blocking TPO may
      be useful in preventing organ damage in patients affected by systemic
      inflammatory response or sepsis.

PMID- 26963513
TI  - Correction: A Comparison of the Beneficial Effects of Live and Heat-Inactivated
      Baker's Yeast on Nile Tilapia: Suggestions on the Role and Function of the
      Secretory Metabolites Released from the Yeast.

PMID- 26963511
TI  - Non-Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls Inhibit G-Protein Coupled Receptor
      Mediated Ca2+ Signaling by Blocking Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry.
AB  - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous pollutants which accumulate in
      the food chain. Recently, several molecular mechanisms by which non-dioxin-like
      (NDL) PCBs mediate neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral toxicity have been
      elucidated. However, although the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is a
      significant target for neurobehavioral disturbance, our understanding of the
      effects of PCBs on GPCR signaling remains unclear. In this study, we investigated
      the effects of NDL-PCBs on GPCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling in PC12 cells. We found
      that ortho-substituted 2,2',6-trichlorinated biphenyl (PCB19) caused a rapid
      decline in the Ca2+ signaling of bradykinin, a typical Gq- and phospholipase
      Cbeta-coupled GPCR, without any effect on its inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
      production. PCB19 reduced thapsigargin-induced sustained cytosolic Ca2+ levels,
      suggesting that PCB19 inhibits SOCE. The abilities of other NDL-PCBs to inhibit
      store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) were also examined and found to be of similar
      potencies to that of PCB19. PCB19 also showed a manner equivalent to that of
      known SOCE inhibitors. PCB19-mediated SOCE inhibition was confirmed by
      demonstrating the ability of PCB19 to inhibit the SOCE current and thapsigargin
      induced Mn2+ influx. These results imply that one of the molecular mechanism by
      which NDL-PCBs cause neurobehavioral disturbances involves NDL-PCB-mediated
      inhibition of SOCE, thereby interfering with GPCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling. 

PMID- 26963514
TI  - Inhibition of TREM-1 and Dectin-1 Alleviates the Severity of Fungal Keratitis by
      Modulating Innate Immune Responses.
AB  - PURPOSE: To explore the possibility that inhibiting triggering receptor expressed
      on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1(Dectin
      1) could modulate the innate immune response and alleviate the severity of
      corneal fungal keratitis. METHOD: TREM-1 and Dectin-1 expression was detected in
      fungus-infected human corneal specimens by real-time PCR. C57BL/6 (B6) mice were
      injected with Aspergillus fumigatus and divided into 4 groups that received
      subconjunctival injections of PBS and IgG as a control (group I), mTREM-1/IgG
      fusion protein (group II), the soluble beta-glucan antagonist laminarin (group
      III), or mTREM-1/Fc and laminarin (group IV). Corneal virulence was evaluated
      based on clinical scores. TREM-1 and Dectin-1 mRNA levels were assayed using real
      time PCR. The distribution patterns of TREM-1, Dectin-1 and cellular infiltrates
      in fungus-infected corneas were examined by immunohistochemistry. Moreover,
      changes in T Helper Type1 (Th1)-/ T Helper Type1 (Th2)- type cytokines and
      proinflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS: The expression of TREM-1 and
      Dectin-1 increased significantly and correlated positively with the progression
      of fungal keratitis. Most infiltrated cells were neutrophils and secondarily
      macrophages in infected cornea. The clinical scores decreased after interfering
      with TREM-1 and Dectin-1 expression in infected mouse corneas. Levels of Th1-type
      cytokines including interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18 and interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) were decreased in the cornea, while the levels of Th2-type cytokines,
      including IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, showed obvious increases. CONCLUSION: TREM-1 and
      Dectin-1 function concurrently in the corneal innate immune response by
      regulating inflammatory cytokine expression in fungal keratitis. Inhibition of
      TREM-1 and Dectin-1 can alleviate the severity of corneal damage by
      downregulating the excessive inflammatory response.

PMID- 26963515
TI  - Methanol Production by a Broad Phylogenetic Array of Marine Phytoplankton.
AB  - Methanol is a major volatile organic compound on Earth and serves as an important
      carbon and energy substrate for abundant methylotrophic microbes. Previous
      geochemical surveys coupled with predictive models suggest that the marine
      contributions are exceedingly large, rivaling terrestrial sources. Although well
      studied in terrestrial ecosystems, methanol sources are poorly understood in the
      marine environment and warrant further investigation. To this end, we adapted a
      Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (P&T-GC/MS) method which
      allowed reliable measurements of methanol in seawater and marine phytoplankton
      cultures with a method detection limit of 120 nanomolar. All phytoplankton tested
      (cyanobacteria: Synechococcus spp. 8102 and 8103, Trichodesmium erythraeum, and
      Prochlorococcus marinus), and Eukarya (heterokont diatom: Phaeodactylum
      tricornutum, coccolithophore: Emiliania huxleyi, cryptophyte: Rhodomonas salina,
      and non-diatom heterokont: Nannochloropsis oculata) produced methanol, ranging
      from 0.8-13.7 micromolar in culture and methanol per total cellular carbon were
      measured in the ranges of 0.09-0.3%. Phytoplankton culture time-course
      measurements displayed a punctuated production pattern with maxima near early
      stationary phase. Stabile isotope labeled bicarbonate incorporation experiments
      confirmed that methanol was produced from phytoplankton biomass. Overall, our
      findings suggest that phytoplankton are a major source of methanol in the upper
      water column of the world's oceans. 

PMID- 26963517
TI  - D-methionine (D-met) significantly reduces kanamycin-induced ototoxicity in
      pigmented guinea pigs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Test D-methionine (D-met) as an otoprotectant from kanamycin-induced
      ototoxicity and determine the lowest maximally protective D-met dose. DESIGN:
      Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were measured at 4, 8, 14, and 20 kHz at
      baseline and two, four, and six weeks after kanamycin and D-met administration
      initiation. ABR threshold shifts assessed auditory function. Following six-week
      ABR testing, animals were decapitated and cochleae collected for outer hair cell
      (OHC) quantification. STUDY SAMPLE: Eight groups of 10 male pigmented guinea pigs
      were administered a subcutaneous kanamycin (250 mg/kg/dose) injection once per
      day and an intraperitoneal D-met injection (0 (saline), 120, 180, 240, 300, 360,
      420, or 480 mg/kg/day) twice per day for 23 days. RESULTS: Significant ABR
      threshold shift reductions and increased OHC counts (p <= 0.01) were measured at
      multiple D-met-dosed groups starting at two-week ABR assessments. A 300 mg/kg/day
      optimal otoprotective D-met dose provided 34-41 dB ABR threshold shift reductions
      and OHC protection. Lesser, but significant, D-met otoprotection was measured at
      lower and higher D-met doses. CONCLUSIONS: D-met significantly reduced ABR
      threshold shifts and increased OHC percentages compared to kanamycin-treated
      controls. Results may be clinically significant particularly for multidrug
      resistant tuberculosis patients who frequently suffer from kanamycin-induced
      hearing loss in developing countries.

PMID- 26963516
TI  - Pharmacological and Genetic Modulation of REV-ERB Activity and Expression Affects
      Orexigenic Gene Expression.
AB  - The nuclear receptors REV-ERBalpha and REV-ERBbeta are transcription factors that
      play pivotal roles in the regulation of the circadian rhythm and various
      metabolic processes. The circadian rhythm is an endogenous mechanism, which
      generates entrainable biological changes that follow a 24-hour period. It
      regulates a number of physiological processes, including sleep/wakeful cycles and
      feeding behaviors. We recently demonstrated that REV-ERB-specific small molecules
      affect sleep and anxiety. The orexinergic system also plays a significant role in
      mammalian physiology and behavior, including the regulation of sleep and food
      intake. Importantly, orexin genes are expressed in a circadian manner. Given
      these overlaps in function and circadian expression, we wanted to determine
      whether the REV-ERBs might regulate orexin. We found that acute in vivo
      modulation of REV-ERB activity, with the REV-ERB-specific synthetic ligand
      SR9009, affects the circadian expression of orexinergic genes in mice. Long term
      dosing with SR9009 also suppresses orexinergic gene expression in mice. Finally,
      REV-ERBbeta-deficient mice present with increased orexinergic transcripts. These
      data suggest that the REV-ERBs may be involved in the repression of orexinergic
      gene expression. 

PMID- 26963518
TI  - Mechanistic insights into induction of vitellogenin gene expression by estrogens
      in Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata.
AB  - Marine molluscs, such as oysters, respond to estrogenic compounds with the
      induction of the egg yolk protein precursor, vitellogenin (Vtg), availing a
      biomarker for estrogenic pollution. Despite this application, the precise
      molecular mechanism through which estrogens exert their action to induce
      molluscan vitellogenesis is unknown. As a first step to address this question, we
      cloned a gene encoding Vtg from the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata
      (sgVtg). Using primers designed from a partial sgVtg cDNA sequence available in
      Genbank, a full-length sgVtg cDNA of 8498bp was obtained by 5'- and 3'-RACE. The
      open reading frame (ORF) of sgVtg was determined to be 7980bp, which is
      substantially longer than the orthologs of other oyster species. Its deduced
      protein sequence shares the highest homology at the N- and C-terminal regions
      with other molluscan Vtgs. The full-length genomic DNA sequence of sgVtg was
      obtained by genomic PCR and genome walking targeting the gene body and flanking
      regions, respectively. The genomic sequence spans 20kb and consists of 30 exons
      and 29 introns. Computer analysis identified three closely spaced half-estrogen
      responsive elements (EREs) in the promoter region and a 210-bp CpG island 62bp
      downstream of the transcription start site. Upregulation of sgVtg mRNA expression
      was observed in the ovaries following in vitro (explants) and in vivo (tank)
      exposure to 17beta-estradiol (E2). Notably, treatment with an estrogen receptor
      (ER) antagonist in vitro abolished the upregulation, suggesting a requirement for
      an estrogen-dependent receptor for transcriptional activation. DNA methylation of
      the 5' CpG island was analysed using bisulfite genomic sequencing of the in vivo
      exposed ovaries. The CpG island was found to be hypomethylated (with 0-3%
      methylcytosines) in both control and E2-exposed oysters. However, no significant
      differential methylation or any correlation between methylation and sgVtg
      expression levels was observed. Overall, the results support the possible
      involvement of an ERE-containing promoter and an estrogen-activated receptor in
      estrogen signalling in marine molluscs. 

PMID- 26963519
TI  - Thyroid active agents T3 and PTU differentially affect immune gene transcripts in
      the head kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss).
AB  - In mammals, numerous reports describe an immunomodulating effect of thyroid
      active compounds. In contrast, only few reports have been published on this
      subject in fish. We previously demonstrated that immune cells of rainbow trout
      (Oncorhynchus mykiss) possess thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) and that exposure
      of trout to the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) or the
      antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) alters immune cell transcript levels of
      THR and several immune genes. The present study aims to further characterize the
      immunomodulating action of thyroid-active compounds in trout immune cells. We
      report here the use of a custom-designed 60-mer oligo immune-targeted microarray
      for rainbow trout to analyze the gene expression profiles induced in the head
      kidney by T3 and PTU. Morphometric analyses of the thyroid showed that PTU
      exposure increased the size of the epithelial cells, whereas T3 induced no
      significant effects. Both T3 and PTU had diverse and partly contrasting effects
      on immune transcript profiles. The strongest differential effects of T3 and PTU
      on gene expressions were those targeting the Mitogen Associated Protein Kinase
      (MAPK), NFkB, Natural Killer (NK) and Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) pathways, a number
      of multipath genes (MPG) such as those encoding pleiotropic transcription factors
      (atf1, junb, myc), as well as important pro-inflammatory genes (tnfa, tnf6, il1b)
      and interferon-related genes (ifng, irf10). With these results we show for the
      first time in a fish species that the in vivo thyroidal status modulates a
      diversity of immune genes and pathways. This knowledge provides the basis to
      investigate both mechanisms and consequences of thyroid hormone- and thyroid
      disruptor-mediated immunomodulation for the immunocompetence of fish. 

PMID- 26963521
TI  - Stability of Ensemble Models Predicts Productivity of Enzymatic Systems.
AB  - Stability in a metabolic system may not be obtained if incorrect amounts of
      enzymes are used. Without stability, some metabolites may accumulate or deplete
      leading to the irreversible loss of the desired operating point. Even if initial
      enzyme amounts achieve a stable steady state, changes in enzyme amount due to
      stochastic variations or environmental changes may move the system to the
      unstable region and lose the steady-state or quasi-steady-state flux. This
      situation is distinct from the phenomenon characterized by typical sensitivity
      analysis, which focuses on the smooth change before loss of stability. Here we
      show that metabolic networks differ significantly in their intrinsic ability to
      attain stability due to the network structure and kinetic forms, and that after
      achieving stability, some enzymes are prone to cause instability upon changes in
      enzyme amounts. We use Ensemble Modelling for Robustness Analysis (EMRA) to
      analyze stability in four cell-free enzymatic systems when enzyme amounts are
      changed. Loss of stability in continuous systems can lead to lower production
      even when the system is tested experimentally in batch experiments. The
      predictions of instability by EMRA are supported by the lower productivity in
      batch experimental tests. The EMRA method incorporates properties of network
      structure, including stoichiometry and kinetic form, but does not require
      specific parameter values of the enzymes. 

PMID- 26963522
TI  - Advancing probiotic research in humans in the United States: Challenges and
      strategies.
AB  - This is a summary from a workshop convened as part of the 13(th) annual meeting
      of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. A
      group of 24 stakeholders, including clinical experts, researchers, federal
      government officials, funding agencies, lawyers and industry experts met to
      review the challenges of the current regulatory approach to human research on
      probiotics in the USA and to discuss ways to move research forward. There was
      agreement that some of the current regulatory requirements imposed on probiotic
      research in the United States hindered research progress and increased cost
      without improving study subject safety. Many situations were outlined by clinical
      investigators demonstrating the impact of regulatory delays on research progress.
      Additionally, research is compromised when study designs and outcomes require
      manipulation so as to invoke less burdensome regulatory requirements. These
      responses by investigators to regulatory requirements have placed United States'
      researchers at a disadvantage. The public ultimately suffer when research to
      clarify the role of these products on health is stalled. Workshop participants
      concurred that regulatory oversight should balance study subject vulnerability
      with documented safety for the intended use for the probiotic strain, and that
      human research on foods and supplements should not be be regulated as drug
      research. Challenges and potential improvement strategies are discussed. 

PMID- 26963520
TI  - Does nutrient enrichment compensate fungicide effects on litter decomposition and
      decomposer communities in streams?
AB  - Nutrient and pesticide pollution are widespread agricultural stressors.
      Fungicides may affect freshwater fungi, which play an important role in litter
      decomposition (LD), whereas moderate nutrient enrichment can stimulate LD. We
      examined potential interaction effects of nutrients and fungicides on decomposer
      communities and LD in a 14-day two-factorial (fungicide and nutrient treatments)
      mesocosm experiment. Fungicide exposure was limited to 4days to simulate episodic
      contamination. Only the microbial community responded significantly to the
      experimental factors, though non-significant increases >20% were found for
      invertebrate decomposer weight gain and LD under high-nutrient conditions. Fungal
      community structure responded more strongly to fungicides than sporulation.
      Sporulation responded strongest to nutrients. Bacterial community structure was
      affected by both factors, although only nutrients influenced bacterial density.
      Our results suggest effects from fungicides at field-relevant levels on the
      microbial community. Whether these changes propagate to invertebrate communities
      and LD remains unclear and should be analysed under longer and recurrent
      fungicide exposure. 

PMID- 26963523
TI  - Uncertainty in Ecohydrological Modeling in an Arid Region Determined with
      Bayesian Methods.
AB  - In arid regions, water resources are a key forcing factor in ecosystem
      circulation, and soil moisture is the critical link that constrains plant and
      animal life on the soil surface and underground. Simulation of soil moisture in
      arid ecosystems is inherently difficult due to high variability. We assessed the
      applicability of the process-oriented CoupModel for forecasting of soil water
      relations in arid regions. We used vertical soil moisture profiling for model
      calibration. We determined that model-structural uncertainty constituted the
      largest error; the model did not capture the extremes of low soil moisture in the
      desert-oasis ecotone (DOE), particularly below 40 cm soil depth. Our results
      showed that total uncertainty in soil moisture prediction was improved when input
      and output data, parameter value array, and structure errors were characterized
      explicitly. Bayesian analysis was applied with prior information to reduce
      uncertainty. The need to provide independent descriptions of uncertainty analysis
      (UA) in the input and output data was demonstrated. Application of soil moisture
      simulation in arid regions will be useful for dune-stabilization and revegetation
      efforts in the DOE. 

PMID- 26963524
TI  - Fast and Controllable Crystallization of Perovskite Films by Microwave
      Irradiation Process.
AB  - The crystal growth process significantly influences the properties of organic
      inorganic halide perovskite films along with the performance of solar cell
      devices. In this paper, we adopted the microwave irradiation to treat perovskite
      films through a one-step deposition method for several minutes at a fixed output
      power. It is found that the specific microwave irradiation process can evaporate
      the solvent directly and heat perovskite film quickly. In comparison with the
      conventional thermal annealing process, a microwave irradiation process assisted
      fast and controllable crystallization of perovskite films with less energy-loss
      and time-consumption and therefore resulted in the enhancement in the
      photovoltaic performance of the corresponding solar cells. 

PMID- 26963525
TI  - Correction: External Quality Assessment of Molecular Detection of Ebola Virus in
      China.

PMID- 26963527
TI  - Synthesis and antifungal activity of 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one derivatives.
AB  - A series of 2-alkyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-ones (4a-l) was easily synthesized by
      two-step process involving O-alkylation of 2-nitrophenols with methyl 2
      bromoalkanoates and next "green" catalytic reductive cyclization of the obtained
      2-nitro ester intermediates (3a-l). Further, 6,7-dibromo (5a-c) and N-acetyl (6)
      derivatives were prepared by bromination and acetylation of unsubstituted 2-alkyl
      2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-ones (4a-c). The novel compounds (3a-l, 4d-l, 5a-c and 6)
      were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods (MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR). 2
      Alkyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-ones (4a-l, 5a-c and 6) were screened for
      antifungal activity. Preliminary assays were performed using two methods: in
      vitro against seven phytopathogenic fungi-Botrytis cinerea, Phythophtora
      cactorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Phoma betae, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum
      and Alternaria alternata-and in vivo against barley powdery mildew Blumeria
      graminis. The tested compounds displayed moderate to good antifungal activity at
      high concentration (200 mg L(-1)). The most potent compounds were 2-ethyl-2H-1,4
      benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4a), 2-ethyl-7-fluoro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4g) and
      4-acetyl-2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (6), which completely inhibited the
      mycelial growth of seven agricultural fungi at the concentration of 200 mg L(-1)
      in the in vitro tests. Moreover, 2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4a) and 4
      acetyl-2-ethyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (6) were also screened for antifungal
      activity at concentrations of 100 mg L(-1) and 20 mg L(-1). In the concentration
      of 100 mg L(-1), the N-acetyl derivative (6) completely inhibited the growth of
      three strains of fungi (F. culmorum, P. cactorum and R. solani), while 2-ethyl-2H
      1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (4a) completely inhibited only R. solani strain. At the
      concentration of 20 mg L(-1), compound 6 showed good activity only against P.
      cactorum strain (72%).

PMID- 26963526
TI  - Computational Research on Mobile Pastoralism Using Agent-Based Modeling and
      Satellite Imagery.
AB  - Dryland pastoralism has long attracted considerable attention from researchers in
      diverse fields. However, rigorous formal study is made difficult by the high
      level of mobility of pastoralists as well as by the sizable spatio-temporal
      variability of their environment. This article presents a new computational
      approach for studying mobile pastoralism that overcomes these issues. Combining
      multi-temporal satellite images and agent-based modeling allows a comprehensive
      examination of pastoral resource access over a realistic dryland landscape with
      unpredictable ecological dynamics. The article demonstrates the analytical
      potential of this approach through its application to mobile pastoralism in
      northeast Nigeria. Employing more than 100 satellite images of the area,
      extensive simulations are conducted under a wide array of circumstances,
      including different land-use constraints. The simulation results reveal complex
      dependencies of pastoral resource access on these circumstances along with
      persistent patterns of seasonal land use observed at the macro level. 

PMID- 26963529
TI  - Breaking out of the bubble.

PMID- 26963530
TI  - Immune profiling players shift gear to guide cancer drug development.

PMID- 26963528
TI  - HIV testing, risk perception, and behaviour in the British population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between HIV risk behaviour, risk
      perception and testing in Britain. DESIGN: A probability sample survey of the
      British population. METHODS: We analyzed data on sexual behaviour, self-perceived
      HIV risk and HIV testing (excluding testing because of blood donation) from 13
      751 sexually experienced men and women aged 16-74, interviewed between 2010 and
      2012 using computer-assisted face-to-face and self-interviewing. RESULTS:
      Altogether, 3.5% of men and 5.4% of women reported having an HIV test in the past
      year. Higher perceived risk of HIV was associated with sexual risk behaviours and
      with HIV testing. However, the majority of those rating themselves as 'greatly'
      or 'quite a lot' at risk of HIV (3.4% of men, 2.5% of women) had not tested in
      the past year. This was also found among the groups most affected by HIV: MSM and
      black Africans. Within these groups, the majority reporting sexual risk
      behaviours did not perceive themselves as at risk and had not tested for HIV.
      Overall, 29.6% of men and 39.9% of women who tested for HIV in the past year
      could be classified as low risk across a range of measures. CONCLUSION: Most
      people who perceive themselves as at risk of HIV have not recently tested,
      including among MSM and black Africans. Many people tested in Britain are at low
      risk, reflecting current policy that aims to normalize testing. Strategies to
      further improve uptake of testing are needed, particularly in those at greatest
      risk, to further reduce undiagnosed HIV infection at late diagnoses.

PMID- 26963532
TI  - Natural killer cells blaze into immuno-oncology.

PMID- 26963531
TI  - Drug developers refocus efforts on RAS.

PMID- 26963533
TI  - FDA head Califf spurned.

PMID- 26963534
TI  - GM salmon shut out of US.

PMID- 26963535
TI  - GM mosquitoes fire first salvo against Zika virus.

PMID- 26963536
TI  - Bial incident raises FAAH suspicions.

PMID- 26963537
TI  - Seed spy pleads guilty.

PMID- 26963538
TI  - Sanofi drops MannKind's inhaled insulin.

PMID- 26963540
TI  - Aligning needs.

PMID- 26963541
TI  - Deciphering the EU clinical trials regulation.

PMID- 26963542
TI  - A call for industry to embrace green biopharma.

PMID- 26963543
TI  - Marketplace response to GM animal products.

PMID- 26963544
TI  - Digital medicine's march on chronic disease.

PMID- 26963545
TI  - Estimating the biotech sector's contribution to the US economy.

PMID- 26963546
TI  - 20 years of Nature Biotechnology research tools.

PMID- 26963547
TI  - 20 years of Nature Biotechnology biomedical research.

PMID- 26963548
TI  - 20 years of Nature Biotechnology bioengineering research.

PMID- 26963551
TI  - When biotech goes bad.

PMID- 26963549
TI  - Voices of biotech.

PMID- 26963550
TI  - Community crystal gazing.

PMID- 26963552
TI  - The changing life science patent landscape.

PMID- 26963553
TI  - From clinical imaging to implantation of 3D printed tissues.

PMID- 26963555
TI  - Cas9 loosens its grip on off-target sites.

PMID- 26963554
TI  - Haplotypes drop by drop.

PMID- 26963557
TI  - Towards sustaining a culture of mental health and wellness for trainees in the
      biosciences.

PMID- 26963560
TI  - Extending the Hydrophobic Mismatch Concept to Amphiphilic Membranolytic Peptides.
AB  - A series of nine amphiphilic, pore-forming alpha-helical KIA peptides (KIAGKIA
      repeats) with lengths between 14 and 28 residues were studied by solid-state
      (15)N NMR to determine their alignment in oriented lipid bilayers. In a 2:1
      mixture of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) with its
      corresponding 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lyso-MPC), which
      has a highly positive spontaneous curvature, the helix tilt angle was found to
      vary steadily with peptide length. The shortest peptide was aligned transmembrane
      and upright, while the longer ones successively became tilted away from the
      membrane normal. This behavior is in agreement with the hydrophobic matching
      concept, conceived so far only for hydrophobic helices. In 1,2-dioleoyl-sn
      glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, with a negative spontaneous curvature, all KIA
      peptides remained flat on the bilayer surface, while the cylindrical DMPC lipids
      permitted a slight tilt. Peptide insertion thus depends critically on the
      intrinsic lipid curvature, and helix orientation is then fine-tuned by membrane
      thickness. A refined toroidal pore model is proposed. 

PMID- 26963561
TI  - Comparison of two quantitative fit-test methods using N95 filtering facepiece
      respirators.
AB  - Current regulations require annual fit testing before an employee can wear a
      respirator during work activities. The goal of this research is to determine
      whether respirator fit measured with two TSI Portacount instruments
      simultaneously sampling ambient particle concentrations inside and outside of the
      respirator facepiece is similar to fit measured during an ambient aerosol
      condensation nuclei counter quantitative fit test. Sixteen subjects (ten female;
      six male) were recruited for a range of facial sizes. Each subject donned an N95
      filtering facepiece respirator, completed two fit tests in random order (ambient
      aerosol condensation nuclei counter quantitative fit test and two-instrument real
      time fit test) without removing or adjusting the respirator between tests. Fit
      tests were compared using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The real-time
      two-instrument method fit factors were similar to those measured with the single
      instrument quantitative fit test. The first four exercises were highly correlated
      (r > 0.7) between the two protocols. Respirator fit was altered during the
      talking or grimace exercise, both of which involve facial movements that could
      dislodge the facepiece. Our analyses suggest that the new real-time two
      instrument methodology can be used in future studies to evaluate fit before and
      during work activities.

PMID- 26963562
TI  - Relationship between quality-of-life after 1-year follow-up and severity of
      traumatic brain injury assessed by computerized tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: This paper studies the relationship between computed tomography (CT)
      scan on admission, according to Marshall's tomographic classification, and
      quality-of-life (QoL) after 1 year in patients admitted to the Intensive Care
      Unit (ICU) with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: This study used validated
      scales including the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the PAECC (Project for the
      Epidemiologic Analysis of Critical Care Patients) QoL questionnaire. RESULTS: We
      enrolled 531 patients. After 1 year, 171 patients (32.2%) had died (missing data
      = 6.6%). Good recovery was seen in 22.7% of the patients, while 20% presented
      moderate disability. The PAECC score after 1 year was 9.43 +/- 8.72 points (high
      deterioration). Patients with diffuse injury I had a mean of 5.08 points vs 7.82
      in those with diffuse injury II, 11.76 in those with diffuse injury III and 19.29
      in those with diffuse injury IV (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis found that QoL
      after 1 year was associated with CT Marshall classification, depth of coma, age,
      length of stay, spinal injury and tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with TBI
      had a high mortality rate 1 year after admission, deterioration in QoL and
      significant impairment of functional status, although more than 40% were normal
      or self-sufficient. QoL after 1 year was strongly related to cranial CT findings
      on admission.

PMID- 26963563
TI  - Length-independent structural similarities enrich the antibody CDR canonical
      class model.
AB  - Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are antibody loops that make up the
      antigen binding site. Here, we show that all CDR types have structurally similar
      loops of different lengths. Based on these findings, we created length
      independent canonical classes for the non-H3 CDRs. Our length variable structural
      clusters show strong sequence patterns suggesting either that they evolved from
      the same original structure or result from some form of convergence. We find that
      our length-independent method not only clusters a larger number of CDRs, but also
      predicts canonical class from sequence better than the standard length-dependent
      approach. To demonstrate the usefulness of our findings, we predicted cluster
      membership of CDR-L3 sequences from 3 next-generation sequencing datasets of the
      antibody repertoire (over 1,000,000 sequences). Using the length-independent
      clusters, we can structurally classify an additional 135,000 sequences, which
      represents a ~20% improvement over the standard approach. This suggests that our
      length-independent canonical classes might be a highly prevalent feature of
      antibody space, and could substantially improve our ability to accurately predict
      the structure of novel CDRs identified by next-generation sequencing.

PMID- 26963564
TI  - The Emerging Zika Virus Epidemic in the Americas: Research Priorities.

PMID- 26963565
TI  - How to Assess and Document Endoscopies in IBD Patients by Including Standard
      Scoring Systems.
AB  - Endoscopy has become an essential tool for effective management of patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The
      endoscopic management of inflammatory bowel disease ranges from diagnosing the
      disease, assessing the disease's extent, and activity to monitor the responses to
      various medical therapies with assessment of mucosal healing, serving as a
      predictor of disease course and response to therapy to finally treating the
      disease's complications. In general, the use of endoscopic scoring systems has
      been recommended for assessing the activity of the disease, and the prognosis and
      efficacy of medical treatment. However, many of currently available endoscopic
      scoring systems are often too complicated for their routine use in clinical
      practice, lacking adequate interobserver agreement and formal validation. In this
      review, we will discuss how we should be assessing and documenting endoscopies in
      inflammatory bowel disease patients and incorporating standard scoring systems
      into patients' care. 

PMID- 26963566
TI  - Use of Cancer Stem Cells to Investigate the Pathogenesis of Colitis-associated
      Cancer.
AB  - Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) can develop in patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease with long-term uncontrolled inflammation. The mutational history and
      tumor microenvironment observed in CAC patients is distinct from that observed in
      sporadic colon cancer and suggests a different etiology. Recently, much attention
      has been focused on understanding the cellular origin of cancer and the cancer
      stem cells, which is key to growth and progression. Cancer stem cells are often
      chemo-resistant making them attractive targets for improving patient outcomes.
      New techniques have rapidly been evolving allowing for a better understanding of
      the normal intestinal stem cell function and behavior in the niche. Use of these
      new technologies will be crucial to understanding cancer stem cells in both
      sporadic and CAC. In this review, we will explore emerging methods related to the
      study of normal and cancer stem cells in the intestine, and examine potential
      avenues of investigation and application to understanding the pathogenesis of
      CAC. 

PMID- 26963568
TI  - Gibbon Aggression During Introductions: An International Survey.
AB  - Little is known regarding the prevalence of aggression seen during introductions
      of captive gibbons (Hylobatidae). In this study, an online survey was developed
      to quantify and collect contextual details regarding the frequency and types of
      aggression seen during introductions of captive gibbons (Hylobatidae). Nineteen
      percent of institutions (17 institutions) reported observing aggression, and 6 of
      these institutions recorded multiple instances of aggression, though a vast
      majority of these cases resulted in mild injuries or none at all. The female was
      the primary aggressor in 23% of cases, the male was the primary aggressor in 58%
      of cases, and both were the primary aggressor in 1 case. Although these
      aggressive interactions were often not associated with a known cause, 27% of
      cases were associated with food displacement. In most cases, management changes,
      including trying new pairings, greatly reduced situational aggression, suggesting
      that individual personalities may play a factor in aggression. These data begin
      to explain the extent of aggression observed in captive gibbons; future studies
      will address possible correlations with aggression and introduction techniques. 

PMID- 26963567
TI  - Respective Roles of Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Nod2 on the Gut Microbiota
      and Mucosal Homeostasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: NOD2 mutations are associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Both CD (in
      human) and Nod2 deficiency (in mice) are characterized by increased mucosal CD4 T
      cells, an altered permeability and a microbial dysbiosis. However, the respective
      roles of the gut epithelial and immune compartments on the phenotype are not
      known. METHODS: Microbial composition, epithelial peptide secretion, intestinal
      permeability, and immune cell composition of Peyer patches were studied in Nod2
      knock-out mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow cells and vice versa.
      RESULTS: The nonhematopoietic cells control the microbiota composition and
      epithelial secretion of mucins and antimicrobial peptides. These parameters are
      correlated with recurrent associations between bacterial species and luminal
      products. In contrast, Nod2 in the hematopoietic compartment regulates the
      epithelial permeability and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue independently of
      the bacterial composition. CONCLUSIONS: The immune system and the gut
      permeability in one hand and the microbial and epithelial peptide compositions in
      the other hand are separate couples of interdependent parameters, both controlled
      by Nod2 in either the hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic lineages.

PMID- 26963569
TI  - Long-Term Effects of Individually Tailored Physical Training and Activity on
      Physical Function, Well-Being and Cognition in Scandinavian Nursing Home
      Residents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The preservation of physical functions such as muscle strength,
      balance and mobility is fundamental to maintaining independence in activities of
      daily living (ADL). The physical activity level of most nursing home residents is
      very low, which implies that they are often subject to a decline in health,
      mobility, autonomy and social contacts and are also at risk of suffering a
      decline in mental well-being. In a previous study, we demonstrated that
      transfers, balance and physical activity level improved after 3 months of
      individually tailored intervention in nursing home residents. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate the long-term effects on ADL, balance function, physical activity level,
      physical performance, falls-related self-efficacy, well-being and cognitive
      function 3 months after the completion of our intervention in nursing home
      residents. METHODS: The study was a multicenter randomized, controlled clinical
      trial with a parallel-group design. It was conducted in nursing homes in Sweden,
      Norway and Denmark, with an intervention period lasting 3 months and a follow-up
      at 6 months. Initially, 322 nursing home residents with a mean age of 85 years
      were included; 85 from Sweden, 171 from Norway and 66 from Denmark. Of these, 241
      [129 intervention group (IG), 112 control group (CG)] were eligible for the 6
      month follow-up tests. The level of dependence in ADL, physical activity level,
      several dimensions of physical function, well-being, falls-related self-efficacy
      and cognitive function were assessed with reliable and valid instruments at
      baseline, immediately after 3 months of intervention and 3 months later at the 6
      month follow-up. RESULTS: After 3 months of intervention and an additional period
      of 3 months without intervention, only the following 2 variables demonstrated
      significant group differences: social and cognitive function, measured by the
      Functional Independence Measure n-r, where the IG deteriorated while the CG was
      almost stable. However, regarding transfers, the IG deteriorated significantly
      less than the CG. CONCLUSION: Without supervised physical exercise that
      challenged the individuals' capability, gains in ADL function, balance and
      transfer ability deteriorated during the 3 months following the intervention
      period. Thus, continuous, individually adjusted and supported physical activity
      seems crucial for the maintenance of physical functions in these vulnerable
      elderly persons.

PMID- 26963570
TI  - Correction to Influence of Coffee Genotype on Bioactive Compounds and the in
      Vitro Capacity To Scavenge Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species.

PMID- 26963572
TI  - Electronic Structures of Anti-Ferromagnetic Tetraradicals: Ab Initio and Semi
      Empirical Studies.
AB  - The energy relationships and electronic structures of the lowest-lying spin
      states in several anti-ferromagnetic tetraradical model systems are studied with
      high-level ab initio and semi-empirical methods. The Full-CI method (FCI), the
      complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2), and the n
      electron valence state perturbation theory (NEVPT2) are employed to obtain
      reference results. By comparing the energy relationships predicted from the
      Heisenberg and Hubbard models with ab initio benchmarks, the accuracy of the
      widely used Heisenberg model for anti-ferromagnetic spin-coupling in low-spin
      polyradicals is cautiously tested in this work. It is found that the strength of
      electron correlation (|U/t|) concerning anti-ferromagnetically coupled radical
      centers could range widely from strong to moderate correlation regimes and could
      become another degree of freedom besides the spin multiplicity. Accordingly, the
      Heisenberg-type model works well in the regime of strong correlation, which
      reproduces well the energy relationships along with the wave functions of all the
      spin states. In moderately spin-correlated tetraradicals, the results of the
      prototype Heisenberg model deviate severely from those of multi-reference
      electron correlation ab initio methods, while the extended Heisenberg model,
      containing four-body terms, can introduce reasonable corrections and maintains
      its accuracy in this condition. In the weak correlation regime, both the
      prototype Heisenberg model and its extended forms containing higher-order
      correction terms will encounter difficulties. Meanwhile, the Hubbard model shows
      balanced accuracy from strong to weak correlation cases and can reproduce
      qualitatively correct electronic structures, which makes it more suitable for the
      study of anti-ferromagnetic coupling in polyradical systems. 

PMID- 26963571
TI  - Dopamine Polymerization in Liquid Marbles: A General Route to Janus Particle
      Synthesis.
AB  - Coating a liquid with a particle shell not only renders a droplet
      superhydrophobic but also isolates a well-confined microenvironment for
      miniaturized chemical processes. Previously, we have demonstrated that particles
      at the liquid marble interface provide an ideal platform for the site-selective
      modification of superhydrophobic particles. However, the need for a special
      chemical reaction limits their potential use for the fabrication of Janus
      particles with various properties. Herein, we combine the employment of liquid
      marbles as microreactors with the remarkable adhesive ability of polydopamine to
      develop a general route for the synthesis of Janus particles from micrometer
      sized superhydrophobic particles. We demonstrate that dopamine polymerization and
      deposition inside liquid marbles could be used for the selective surface
      modification of microsized silica particles, resulting in the formation of Janus
      particles. Moreover, it is possible to manipulate the Janus balance of the
      particles via the addition of surfactants and/or organic solvents to tune the
      interfacial energy. More importantly, owing to the many functional groups in
      polydopamine, we show that versatile strategies could be introduced to use these
      partially polydopamine-coated silica particles as platforms for further
      modification, including nanoparticle immobilization, metal ion chelation and
      reduction, as well as for chemical reactions. Given the flexibility in the choice
      of cores and the modification strategies, this developed method is distinctive in
      its high universality, good controllability, and great practicability. 

PMID- 26963573
TI  - Cases of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Associated With Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor
      Use Reported to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System.

PMID- 26963574
TI  - Sulphur-containing compounds in the essential oil of Ferula alliacea roots and
      their mass spectral fragmentation patterns.
AB  - Context GC-MS analysis is the best way to characterize volatile sulphur
      containing compounds. Ferula (Apiaceae) is a genus of perennial herbs. Due to the
      occurrence of essential oils or oleoresins in the Ferula species, these plants
      usually possess strong aromatic scent. Terpenoid compounds were the most abundant
      constituents of Ferula oils, however, in some of Ferula species, the essential
      oils were dominated by volatile sulphur-containing compounds. Objectives Ferula
      alliacea Boiss. is considered one of the sources of the oleo-gum-resin
      asafoetida. In this study, we analyzed the hydrodistilled essential oil from its
      dried roots and provide new data about retention indices and mass fragmentation
      patterns of some volatile sulphur-containing compounds that are useful for future
      studies on this class of compounds. Materials and methods The roots of F.
      alliacea were collected during the flowering stage of plant, from Bezgh, Kashmar
      to Neishabour road, Khorasan-Razavi province, Iran, in June 2012. The oil was
      obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS.
      Results This is the first report on phytochemical analysis of F. alliacea roots.
      Seventy-six components, representing 99.5% of the oil, were characterized. The
      major components were 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (22.3%), valerianol (12.5%), hinesol
      (8.3%), guaiol (7.3%) and Z-propenyl-sec-butyl trisulphide (6.5%). Predominant
      mass fragment ions of the identified sulphur-containing compounds are explained
      in this paper. Conclusion The volatile oil of F. alliacea mostly contains
      oxygenated sesquiterpenes, however, its odour was dominated by sulphur-containing
      compounds. The most abundant sulphur-containing compound includes Z-propenyl-sec
      butyl trisulphide (6.5%). 

PMID- 26963575
TI  - A history of the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health.

PMID- 26963576
TI  - Brain MR Imaging in Patients with Lower Motor Neuron-Predominant Disease.
AB  - Purpose To investigate the patterns of cortical thinning and white matter tract
      damage in patients with lower motor neuron (LMN)-predominant disease compared
      with healthy control subjects and those with classic amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS) and to evaluate the relationship between brain structural changes
      and clinical and cognitive features in these patients. Materials and Methods This
      study was approved by the local ethical committee, and written informed consent
      was obtained from all subjects before enrollment. Twenty-eight patients with LMN
      predominant disease were compared with 55 patients with ALS and 56 healthy
      control subjects. Patients underwent a clinical and neuropsychological assessment
      and T1-weighted and diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Surface
      based morphometry was used to assess cortical thickness. Tract-based spatial
      statistics and tractography were used to study white matter tract damage. Results
      Patients with LMN-predominant disease did not show differences compared with
      healthy control subjects in cortical thickness and diffusion-tensor MR imaging
      metrics. Patients with ALS showed cortical thinning of the motor-related cortices
      and a distributed involvement of the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal gyri (P <
      .05, false discovery rate corrected). Patients with ALS also showed white matter
      damage along motor and extramotor tracts compared with control subjects and
      patients with LMN-predominant disease (tract-based spatial statistics: P < .05,
      family-wise error corrected; tractography: P values < .001 to .05, false
      discovery rate corrected). In patients with LMN-predominant disease, cognitive
      deficits correlated with alterations in diffusivity in the left cingulum (r = 
      0.66, P = .01) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (r = -0.65, P = .05).
      Conclusion Motor and extramotor cortical thinning and diffusion-tensor MR imaging
      alterations were specific for motor neuron disease phenotypes, with clinically
      overt upper motor neuron involvement. However, the lack of significant
      differences in cortical thickness between subjects with LMN-predominant disease
      and those with ALS and cognitive deficits associated with alterations in
      diffusivity in patients with LMN-predominant disease suggest that investigating
      brain structural and microstructural MR imaging features may provide markers of
      central nervous system damage in patients with rare motor neuron disease. ((c))
      RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

PMID- 26963578
TI  - Focusing on lower extremity DVT.

PMID- 26963577
TI  - Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Utility of Abdominopelvic CT Following Emergent
      Laparotomy for Trauma.
AB  - Purpose To determine the incidence of unexpected injuries that are diagnosed with
      computed tomography (CT) after emergent exploratory laparotomy for trauma and
      whether identification of such injuries results in additional surgery or
      angiography. Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study was
      approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement for informed
      consent was waived. The trauma databases of two urban level 1 trauma centers were
      queried over a period of more than 5 years for patients who underwent
      abdominopelvic CT within 48 hours of emergent exploratory laparotomy for trauma.
      Comparisons were made between CT findings and those described in the surgical
      notes. Descriptive statistics were generated, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
      were determined by using an exact method based on a binomial distribution.
      Results The study cohort consisted of 90 patients, including both blunt and
      penetrating trauma victims with a median injury severity score of 17.5
      (interquartile range, 9.25-34). Seventy-three percent (66 of 90) of patients
      sustained penetrating trauma, 82% (74 of 90) of whom were male. A total of 19
      patients (21.1%; 95% CI: 13.2, 31.0) had additional injuries within the surgical
      field that were not identified during laparotomy. There were 17 unidentified
      solid organ injuries, and eight patients had active bleeding within the surgical
      field. Eight patients (8.9%; 95% CI: 3.9, 16.8) had unexpected injuries at CT
      that were substantial enough to warrant additional surgery or angiography. In
      addition, previously undiagnosed fractures were found in 45 patients (50%; 95%
      CI: 39.3, 60.7). Conclusion Performing CT after emergent exploratory laparotomy
      for trauma is useful in identifying unexpected injuries and confirming suspected
      injuries that were not fully explored at initial surgery. ((c)) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 26963579
TI  - Nutritional support and the role of the stress response in critically ill
      children.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Nutrition impacts outcome in critically ill children. Based on
      evolving neuro-endocrine, immunologic and metabolic alterations, three different
      phases can be proposed during the course of illness. The different phases each
      demand for tailored macronutrient intakes in critically ill children. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Early enteral nutrition is associated with decreased morbidity and
      mortality, but several misconceptions concerning the provision of enteral
      nutrition prevent adequate intake. Parenteral nutrition in critically ill
      children is associated with potential disadvantages, as nosocomial infections,
      but evidence on the effect on clinical outcome is lacking. Nutrient restriction
      early during critical illness might be beneficial for short and long-term
      outcomes by decreasing the incidence of side-effects and possibly by amplifying
      the acute catabolic stress response and stimulating autophagy and muscle
      integrity. Higher caloric and protein intake via the enteral route are associated
      with higher 60-day survival, asking for a more aggressive feeding approach in
      subsequent phases. SUMMARY: Understanding the stress response to critical illness
      and its phases is essential for nutritional recommendations in critically ill
      children. Although parenteral nutrient restriction during the acute phase might
      be beneficial, inclining requirements ask for a more aggressive approach during
      the stable and recovery phase to enable recovery, growth and catch-up growth.

PMID- 26963580
TI  - Severe acute malnutrition.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The mortality and morbidity associated with severe acute
      malnutrition (SAM) remain high. A summary of recent studies that are of interest
      to clinicians treating children with SAM is provided. RECENT FINDINGS: Three
      important themes emerged in 2015: the use of anthropometry in the diagnosis of
      SAM and its correlation with body composition; the composition of ready-to-use
      therapeutic feeds (RUTF); and an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of
      SAM. SUMMARY: Standard anthropometry does not accurately predict body composition
      and mid-upper arm circumference more accurately reflects fat mass in children. As
      single measure, mid-upper arm circumference identifies those children who are
      most likely to die from SAM and is not influenced by dehydration. However, a
      significant proportion of SAM children requiring treatment will not be detected.
      Present RUTF formulations are deficient in long chain polyunsaturated fatty
      acids. Current evidence suggests that preformed docosahexaenoic acid should be
      added and/or the content of linoleic acid reduced in RUTF. In contrast to an
      animal model, stabile children with SAM have the same cardiac index as children
      without SAM. The situation in haemodynamically unstable children is unknown,
      continued conservative use of intravenous fluids seems advisable. A reduction in
      variability of the faecal DNA virome may account for increased susceptibility to
      malnutrition in vulnerable children.

PMID- 26963581
TI  - Oral zinc provision in acute diarrhea.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The clinical management of acute diarrhea is based on the use
      of oral rehydration salts and appropriate nutrition. In addition, the WHO and The
      United Nations Children's Fund recommend zinc supplementation for diarrhea in
      children below 5 years. This article aims at reviewing recent literature on the
      effects of oral zinc for treating acute diarrhea in children. RECENT FINDINGS:
      Recent studies confirm that zinc supplementation has a benefit in children below
      5 years with acute diarrhea in countries at medium or high risk of zinc
      deficiency. A few small trials have reported a benefit of zinc in children at low
      risk of zinc deficiency, with heterogeneity in results. No recent study has
      explored the effects of zinc in children younger than 6 months, and in this age
      group previous research refuted any benefit from zinc. SUMMARY: Current
      literature supports the use of oral zinc in treating diarrhea in children older
      than 6 months, especially if at risk of zinc deficiency, such as children with
      poor diets exposed to recurrent gastrointestinal infections. More research is
      needed to confirm findings in children at low risk of zinc deficiency. Currently
      there is no evidence that zinc benefits children younger than 6 months.

PMID- 26963582
TI  - A potent antibacterial indole alkaloid from Psychotria pilifera.
AB  - A new strychnine alkaloid, 16,17,19,20-tetrahydro-2,16-dehydro-18
      deoxyisostrychnine (1), and fourteen known alkaloids were isolated from the
      leaves of Psychotria pilifera. Their structures were identified on the basis of
      extensive spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with the reported
      spectroscopic data. The new alkaloid (1) exhibited potent antibacterial activity
      against Escherichia coli, equivalent to cefotaxime with MIC value of 0.781
      MUg/ml. 

PMID- 26963583
TI  - Thickness-dependent charge transport in few-layer MoS2 field-effect transistors.
AB  - Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is currently under intensive study because of its
      exceptional optical and electrical properties in few-layer form. However, how
      charge transport mechanisms vary with the number of layers in MoS2 flakes remains
      unclear. Here, exfoliated flakes of MoS2 with various thicknesses were
      successfully fabricated into field-effect transistors (FETs) to measure the
      thickness and temperature dependences of electrical mobility. For these MoS2
      FETs, measurements at both 295 K and 77 K revealed the maximum mobility for layer
      thicknesses between 5 layers (~3.6 nm) and 10 layers (~7 nm), with ~70 cm(2) V(
      1) s(-1) measured for 5 layer devices at 295 K. Temperature-dependent mobility
      measurements revealed that the mobility rises with increasing temperature to a
      maximum. This maximum occurs at increasing temperature with increasing layer
      thickness, possibly due to strong Coulomb scattering from charge impurities or
      weakened electron-phonon interactions for thicker devices. Temperature-dependent
      conductivity measurements for different gate voltages revealed a metal-to
      insulator transition for devices thinner than 10 layers, which may enable new
      memory and switching applications. This study advances the understanding of
      fundamental charge transport mechanisms in few-layer MoS2, and indicates the
      promise of few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides as candidates for potential
      optoelectronic applications.

PMID- 26963585
TI  - Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Back
      Beliefs Questionnaire in Modern Standard Arabic.
AB  - Purpose To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Back Beliefs Questionnaire
      (BBQ) into modern standard Arabic and examine its validity, acceptability and
      reliability in Arabic-speaking patients with low back pain (LBP). Method The BBQ
      was forward, back-translated and reviewed by an expert committee. Seventeen
      bilingual patients completed Arabic and English BBQs. LBP patients (n = 199)
      completed the Arabic BBQ. Sixty-four repeated it a week later, and 151 completed
      the Arabic Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). Results The expert
      committee followed advice from the developers to maintain Arabic equivalence of
      "back trouble(s)". Patients found the questionnaire comprehensible and
      acceptable. Agreement between the English and Arabic versions of the BBQ was
      acceptable, ICC =  0.65 (0.25-0.86). Most item-by-item agreement ranged from fair
      to moderate (K = 0.12-0.54). Mean (SD) of BBQ, FABQ total, work and physical
      activity subscales were 25.31(6.13), 44.76(19.49), 21.17(10.10) and 13.95(6.65).
      The BBQ correlated with the FABQ at r = -0.33, work subscale r = -0.29 and
      physical activity r = -0.30 (all p < 0.01). Cronbach's alpha = 0.73 indicated
      high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was high, ICC = 0.80 (0.68
      0.87). Item-by-item agreement ranged from fair to acceptable (K = 0.31-0.66).
      Conclusions The Arabic BBQ has good comprehensibility and acceptability,
      acceptable agreement with the English BBQ, high internal consistency and test
      retest reliability. We recommend its use with Arabic-speaking LBP patient to
      determine their beliefs and attitudes about their back pain, as they have been
      shown to be important predictors of persistent LBP disability. Implications for
      Rehabilitation There are limited valid and reliable outcome measures for back
      pain in Arabic. The Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) is a tool that measures
      attitudes and beliefs about back pain. We recommend the use of our valid and
      reliable, translated and cross-culturally adapted tool with Arabic-speaking
      patients. The tool can measure attitudes and beliefs concerning the future
      consequences of LBP, with regards to recovery and return to work in this sample.
      Findings will improve back pain management options aimed at reducing back pain
      disability though challenging and modifying beliefs in the Middle East or with
      migrant populations in the West.

PMID- 26963588
TI  - Self-Limiting Oxides on WSe2 as Controlled Surface Acceptors and Low-Resistance
      Hole Contacts.
AB  - Transition metal oxides show much promise as effective p-type contacts and
      dopants in electronics based on transition metal dichalcogenides. Here we report
      that atomically thin films of under-stoichiometric tungsten oxides (WOx with x <
      3) grown on tungsten diselenide (WSe2) can be used as both controlled charge
      transfer dopants and low-barrier contacts for p-type WSe2 transistors. Exposure
      of atomically thin WSe2 transistors to ozone (O3) at 100  degrees C results in
      self-limiting oxidation of the WSe2 surfaces to conducting WOx films. WOx-covered
      WSe2 is highly hole-doped due to surface electron transfer from the underlying
      WSe2 to the high electron affinity WOx. The dopant concentration can be reduced
      by suppressing the electron affinity of WOx by air exposure, but exposure to O3
      at room temperature leads to the recovery of the electron affinity. Hence,
      surface transfer doping with WOx is virtually controllable. Transistors based on
      WSe2 covered with WOx show only p-type conductions with orders of magnitude
      better on-current, on/off current ratio, and carrier mobility than without WOx,
      suggesting that the surface WOx serves as a p-type contact with a low hole
      Schottky barrier. Our findings point to a simple and effective strategy for
      creating p-type devices based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
      with controlled dopant concentrations. 

PMID- 26963589
TI  - Chemical Pollutants Sorbed to Ingested Microbeads from Personal Care Products
      Accumulate in Fish.
AB  - The prevalence of microplastics (<5 mm) in natural environments has become a
      widely recognized global problem. Microplastics have been shown to sorb chemical
      pollutants from their surrounding environment, thus raising concern as to their
      role in the movement of these pollutants through the food chain. This experiment
      investigated whether organic pollutants sorbed to microbeads (MBs) from personal
      care products were assimilated by fish following particle ingestion. Rainbow fish
      (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) were exposed to MBs with sorbed polybrominated
      diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -153, -154, -183, 200 ng g(-1);
      BDE-209, 2000 ng g(-1)) and sampled at 0, 21, 42, and 63 days along with two
      control treatments (food only and food + clean MBs). Exposed fish had
      significantly higher Sigma8PBDE concentrations than both control treatments after
      just 21 days, and continued exposure resulted in increased accumulation of the
      pollutants over the experiment (ca. 115 pg g(-1) ww d(-1)). Lower brominated
      congeners showed the highest assimilation whereas higher brominated congeners did
      not appear to transfer, indicating they may be too strongly sorbed to the plastic
      or unable to be assimilated by the fish due to large molecular size or other
      factors. Seemingly against this trend, however, BDE-99 did not appear to
      bioaccumulate in the fish, which may be due to partitioning from the MBs or it
      being metabolized in vivo. This work provides evidence that MBs from personal
      care products are capable of transferring sorbed pollutants to fish that ingest
      them. 

PMID- 26963591
TI  - Norms for developmental milestones using VABS-II and association with
      anthropometric measures among apparently healthy urban Indian preschool children.
AB  - Assessment of developmental milestones based on locally developed norms is
      critical for accurate estimate of overall development of a child's cognitive,
      behavioral, social, and emotional development. A cross-sectional study was done
      to develop age specific norms for developmental milestones using Vineland
      Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS-II) (Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Balla, 2005) for
      apparently healthy children from 2 to 5 years from urban Bangalore, India, and to
      examine its association with anthropometric measures. Mothers (or caregivers) of
      412 children participated in the study. Age-specific norms using inferential
      norming method and adaptive levels for all domains and subdomains were derived.
      Low adaptive level, also called delayed developmental milestone, was observed in
      2.3% of the children, specifically 2.7% in motor and daily living skills and 2.4%
      in communication skills. When these children were assessed on the existing U.S.
      norms, there was a significant overestimation of delayed development in
      socialization and motor skills, whereas delay in communication and daily living
      skills were underestimated (all p < .01). Multiple linear regression revealed
      that stunted and underweight children had significantly lower developmental
      scores for communication and motor skills compared with normal children (beta
      coefficient ranges from 2.6-5.3; all p < .01). In the absence of Indian normative
      data for VABS-II in preschool children, the prevalence of developmental delay
      could either be under- or overestimated using Western norms. Thus, locally
      referenced norms are critical for reliable assessments of development in
      children. Stunted and underweight children are more likely to have poorer
      developmental scores compared with healthy children. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963590
TI  - Factor structure of the ARIC-NCS Neuropsychological Battery: An evaluation of
      invariance across vascular factors and demographic characteristics.
AB  - Neuropsychological test batteries are designed to assess cognition in detail by
      measuring cognitive performance in multiple domains. This study examines the
      factor structure of tests from the ARIC-NCS battery overall and across
      informative subgroups defined by demographic and vascular risk factors in a
      population of older adults. We analyzed neuropsychological test scores from 6,413
      participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study
      (ARIC-NCS) examined in 2011-2013. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to
      assess the fit of an a priori hypothesized 3-domain model, and fit statistics
      were calculated and compared to 1- and 2-domain models. Additionally, we tested
      for stability (invariance) of factor structures among different subgroups defined
      by diabetes, hypertension, age, sex, race, and education. Mean age of
      participants was 76 years, 76% were White, and 60% were female. CFA on the a
      priori hypothesized 3-domain structure, including memory, sustained attention and
      processing speed, and language, fit the data better (comparative fit index [CFI]
      = 0.973, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.059) than the 2
      domain (CFI = 0.960, RMSEA = 0.070) and 1-domain (CFI = 0.947, RMSEA = 0.080)
      models. Bayesian information criterion value was lowest, and quantile-quantile
      plots indicated better fit, for the 3-domain model. Additionally, multiple-group
      CFA supported a common structure across the tested demographic subgroups, and
      indicated strict invariance by diabetes and hypertension status. In this
      community-based population of older adults with varying levels of cognitive
      performance, the a priori hypothesized 3-domain structure fit the data well. The
      identified factors were configurally invariant by age, sex, race, and education,
      and strictly invariant by diabetes and hypertension status. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 26963593
TI  - Increase in Reported Prevalence of Microcephaly in Infants Born to Women Living
      in Areas with Confirmed Zika Virus Transmission During the First Trimester of
      Pregnancy - Brazil, 2015.
AB  - Widespread transmission of Zika virus by Aedes mosquitoes has been recognized in
      Brazil since late 2014, and in October 2015, an increase in the number of
      reported cases of microcephaly was reported to the Brazil Ministry of Health.* By
      January 2016, a total of 3,530 suspected microcephaly cases had been reported,
      many of which occurred in infants born to women who lived in or had visited areas
      where Zika virus transmission was occurring. Microcephaly surveillance was
      enhanced in late 2015 by implementing a more sensitive case definition. Based on
      the peak number of reported cases of microcephaly, and assuming an average
      estimated pregnancy duration of 38 weeks in Brazil (1), the first trimester of
      pregnancy coincided with reports of cases of febrile rash illness compatible with
      Zika virus disease in pregnant women in Bahia, Paraiba, and Pernambuco states,
      supporting an association between Zika virus infection during early pregnancy and
      the occurrence of microcephaly. Pregnant women in areas where Zika virus
      transmission is occurring should take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Additional
      studies are needed to further elucidate the relationship between Zika virus
      infection in pregnancy and microcephaly. 

PMID- 26963592
TI  - Influence of a low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial microvesicles in overweight
      women.
AB  - Low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) are increasing in popularity, but their effect on
      vascular health has been questioned. Endothelial microvesicles (EMV) are membrane
      derived vesicles with the potential to act as a sensitive prognostic biomarker of
      vascular health and endothelial function. The aim of this study was to examine
      the influence of a LCD on EMV and other endothelial biomarkers of protein origin.
      Twenty-four overweight women (age, 48.4 +/- 0.6 years; height, 1.60 +/- 0.07 m;
      body mass, 76.5 +/- 9.1 kg; body mass index, 28.1 +/- 2.7 kg.m(-2); waist
      circumference, 84.1 +/- 7.4 cm; mean +/- standard deviation) were randomised to
      either 24 weeks on their normal diet (ND) or a LCD, after which they crossed over
      to 24 weeks on the alternative diet. Participants were assisted in reducing
      carbohydrate intake, but not below 40 g.day(-1). Body composition and endothelial
      biomarkers were assessed at the crossover point and at the end of the study.
      Daily carbohydrate intake (87 +/- 7 versus 179 +/- 11 g) and the percentage of
      energy derived from carbohydrate (29% versus 44%) were lower (p < 0.05) on the
      LCD compared to the ND, but absolute fat and saturated fat intake were unchanged.
      Body mass and waist circumference were 3.7 +/- 0.8 kg and 3.5 +/- 1.0 cm lower (p
      < 0.05), respectively, after the LCD compared with the ND phases. CD31(+)CD41(
      )EMV, soluble (s) thrombomodulin, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, serum amyloid A and C
      reactive protein were lower (p < 0.05) after the LCD compared to the ND, but
      serum lipids and apolipoproteins were not different. EMV along with a range of
      endothelial and inflammatory biomarkers are reduced by a LCD that involves modest
      weight loss. 

PMID- 26963594
TI  - Fine-Needle Aspiration Followed by Core-Needle Biopsy in the Same Setting:
      Modifying Our Approach.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a well-established initial diagnostic
      tool. However, in some instances limitations and shortcomings arise, making it
      insufficient for determining a specific diagnosis. Consequently, patients have to
      undergo another diagnostic procedure. The second procedure is either repeat FNAB,
      core-needle or open biopsy, and can be inconvenient and costly. In some centers,
      the FNAB is immediately followed by core-needle biopsy (CNB) in the same setting
      after assuring adequacy on the initial FNAB utilizing rapid on-site specimen
      evaluation (ROSE). It is argued that implementing such an approach will
      eventually have additional critical advantages that include the following: (a) it
      is more convenient to patients to have both procedures in one visit, (b) the
      tissue procured by both procedures will be more adequate, enabling
      cytopathologists to reach an accurate diagnosis, and (c) it is ultimately a cost
      effective approach if we take into consideration the avoidance of a potential
      second more invasive diagnostic procedure. Since we are living in an era of
      patient-centered medicine coupled with cost-cutting strategies, we present here a
      brief review of the topic with analysis of this alternative approach, review of
      the pertinent literature and shed light on a few scenarios that justify this
      approach. 

PMID- 26963595
TI  - Analyzing the Role of MicroRNAs in Schizophrenia in the Context of Common Genetic
      Risk Variants.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The recent implication of 108 genomic loci in schizophrenia marked a
      great advancement in our understanding of the disease. Against the background of
      its polygenic nature there is a necessity to identify how schizophrenia risk
      genes interplay. As regulators of gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) have
      repeatedly been implicated in schizophrenia etiology. It is therefore of interest
      to establish their role in the regulation of schizophrenia risk genes in disease
      relevant biological processes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of miRNAs in
      schizophrenia in the context of disease-associated genetic variation. DESIGN,
      SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The basis of this study was summary statistics from
      the largest schizophrenia genome-wide association study meta-analysis to date (83
      550 individuals in a meta-analysis of 52 genome-wide association studies)
      completed in 2014 along with publicly available data for predicted miRNA targets.
      We examined whether schizophrenia risk genes were more likely to be regulated by
      miRNA. Further, we used gene set analyses to identify miRNAs that are regulators
      of schizophrenia risk genes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Results from association
      tests for miRNA targetomes and related analyses. RESULTS: In line with previous
      studies, we found that similar to other complex traits, schizophrenia risk genes
      were more likely to be regulated by miRNAs (P < 2 * 10-16). Further, the gene set
      analyses revealed several miRNAs regulating schizophrenia risk genes, with the
      strongest enrichment for targets of miR-9-5p (P = .0056 for enrichment among the
      top 1% most-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms, corrected for multiple
      testing). It is further of note that MIR9-2 is located in a genomic region
      showing strong evidence for association with schizophrenia (P = 7.1 * 10-8). The
      second and third strongest gene set signals were seen for the targets of miR-485
      5p and miR-137, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides
      evidence for a role of miR-9-5p in the etiology of schizophrenia. Its implication
      is of particular interest as the functions of this neurodevelopmental miRNA tie
      in with established disease biology: it has a regulatory loop with the fragile X
      mental retardation homologue FXR1 and regulates dopamine D2 receptor density.

PMID- 26963596
TI  - Softworms: the design and control of non-pneumatic, 3D-printed, deformable
      robots.
AB  - Robots that can easily interact with humans and move through natural environments
      are becoming increasingly essential as assistive devices in the home, office and
      hospital. These machines need to be safe, effective, and easy to control. One
      strategy towards accomplishing these goals is to build the robots using soft and
      flexible materials to make them much more approachable and less likely to damage
      their environment. A major challenge is that comparatively little is known about
      how best to design, fabricate and control deformable machines. Here we describe
      the design, fabrication and control of a novel soft robotic platform (Softworms)
      as a modular device for research, education and public outreach. These robots are
      inspired by recent neuromechanical studies of crawling and climbing by larval
      moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera, caterpillars). Unlike most soft robots
      currently under development, the Softworms do not rely on pneumatic or fluidic
      actuators but are electrically powered and actuated using either shape-memory
      alloy microcoils or motor tendons, and they can be modified to accept other
      muscle-like actuators such as electroactive polymers. The technology is extremely
      versatile, and different designs can be quickly and cheaply fabricated by casting
      elastomeric polymers or by direct 3D printing. Softworms can crawl, inch or roll,
      and they are steerable and even climb steep inclines. Softworms can be made in
      any shape but here we describe modular and monolithic designs requiring little
      assembly. These modules can be combined to make multi-limbed devices. We also
      describe two approaches for controlling such highly deformable structures using
      either model-free state transition-reward matrices or distributed, mechanically
      coupled oscillators. In addition to their value as a research platform, these
      robots can be developed for use in environmental, medical and space applications
      where cheap, lightweight and shape-changing deformable robots will provide new
      performance capabilities. 

PMID- 26963597
TI  - Selective recognition of c-MYC G-quadruplex DNA using prolinamide derivatives.
AB  - Herein we report the design, synthesis, biophysical and biological evaluation of
      triazole containing prolinamide derivatives as selective c-MYC G-quadruplex
      binding ligands. A modular synthetic route has been devised for prolinamide
      derivatives using a copper(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The
      Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting assay indicates that prolinamide
      trimers can significantly stabilize G-quadruplex structures over duplex DNA
      compared to prolinamide dimers. The fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID)
      assay shows that a trimer with prolinamide side chains at the para-position of
      the benzene ring can discriminate between different quadruplex structures and
      exhibits the highest binding affinity towards the c-MYC G-quadruplex structure.
      Molecular modeling studies reveal that the prolinamide trimer stacks upon the
      terminal G-quartet of the c-MYC G-quadruplex. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
      analysis reveals that the tris-prolinamide ligand can be used to regulate the
      assembly of novel supramolecular nanoarchitectures. Further, in vitro cellular
      studies with human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells indicate that the tris
      prolinamide derivatives can inhibit cell proliferation and reduce c-MYC
      expression in cancer cells. 

PMID- 26963598
TI  - A prospective study of safety and efficacy of combination therapy with bipolar
      radiofrequency-based intense pulsed light, infrared light, and diode laser in
      Chinese subjects with photoaged skin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To further evaluate the safety and effectiveness of bipolar RF-based
      optical therapy combining intense pulsed light (IPL), infrared light, and diode
      laser in the treatment of photoaged skin in Chinese subjects. METHODS: Twenty
      seven subjects received five treatments at 3-week intervals. Triple therapy was
      applied in one session to the face. Images and data were obtained 30 and 180 days
      after the last treatment. Objective measurements (including photometric analysis
      of skin pigmentation, texture and wrinkles, ultrasonic measurement of dermal
      thickness and dermal echo intensity, and public and self-assessment of apparent
      age), clinical assessment, and safety were evaluated. RESULTS: Objective
      measurements of pigmentation, texture, wrinkles, and dermal echo intensity
      improved significantly, regardless of age. Self-assessment of apparent age at 30
      and 180 days was reduced by an average of 2.7 and 2.2 years, respectively, and
      public assessment of apparent age was reduced by an average of 3.14 years and
      2.95 years, respectively. Global scores for photoaging were improved in all
      patients. Adverse events were generally transient and mild. CONCLUSION:
      Sequential combination treatment reported here could significantly reduce skin
      pigmentation, texture and wrinkles, improve dermal intensity, and reduce the self
      and publicly perceived age. This therapy is safe and well tolerated.

PMID- 26963599
TI  - Heated hatha yoga to target cortisol reactivity to stress and affective eating in
      women at risk for obesity-related illnesses: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cortisol reactivity to stress is associated with affective eating, an
      important behavioral risk factor for obesity and related metabolic diseases. Yoga
      practice is related to decreases in stress and cortisol levels, thus emerging as
      a potential targeted complementary intervention for affective eating. This
      randomized controlled trial examined the efficacy of a heated, hatha yoga
      intervention for reducing cortisol reactivity to stress and affective eating.
      METHOD: Females (N = 52; ages 25-46 years; 75% White) at risk for obesity and
      related illnesses were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of Bikram Yoga practice or to
      waitlist control. Cortisol reactivity to a laboratory stress induction were
      measured at Weeks 0 (pretreatment) and 9 (posttreatment). Self-reported binge
      eating frequency and coping motives for eating were assessed at Weeks 0, 3, 6,
      and 9. RESULTS: Among participants with elevated cortisol reactivity at
      pretreatment ("high reactors"), those randomized to the yoga condition evidenced
      greater pre- to posttreatment reductions in cortisol reactivity (p = .042, d =
      .85), but there were not significant condition differences for the "low reactors"
      (p = .178, d = .53). Yoga participants reported greater decreases in binge eating
      frequency (p = .040, d = .62) and eating to cope with negative affect (p = .038,
      d = .54). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary support for the efficacy
      of heated hatha yoga for treating physiological stress reactivity and affective
      eating among women at risk for obesity-related illnesses. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 26963600
TI  - Impact of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders on treatment response to
      cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of comorbid anxiety or depressive disorders on
      treatment response to cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for insomnia, behavior
      therapy (BT), or cognitive therapy (CT). METHOD: Participants were 188 adults
      (117 women; Mage = 47.4 years) with chronic insomnia, including 45 also
      presenting a comorbid anxiety or mild to moderate depressive disorder. They were
      randomized to BT (n = 63), CT (n = 65), or CBT (n = 60). Outcome measures were
      the proportion of treatment responders (decrease of >=8 points on the Insomnia
      Severity Index; ISI) and remissions (ISI score < 8) and depression and anxiety
      symptoms. RESULTS: Proportion of treatment responders and remitters in the CBT
      condition was not significantly different between the subgroups with and without
      comorbidity. However, the proportion of responders was lower in the comorbidity
      subgroup compared to those without comorbidity in both the BT (34.4% vs. 81.6%; p
      = .007) and CT (23.6% vs. 57.6%; p = .02) alone conditions, although remission
      rates and prepost ISI change scores were not. Pre to post change scores on the
      depression (-10.6 vs. -3.9; p < .001) and anxiety measures (-9.2 vs. -2.5; p =
      .01) were significantly greater in the comorbidity subgroup relative to the
      subgroup without comorbidity but only for those treated with the full CBT; no
      difference was found for those treated with either BT or CT alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      The presence of a comorbid anxiety or mild to moderate depressive disorder did
      not reduce the efficacy of CBT for insomnia, but it did for its single BT and CT
      components when used alone. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963601
TI  - A randomized clinical trial of group versus standard behavioral couples therapy
      plus individually based treatment for patients with alcohol dependence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Multiple studies show that behavioral couples therapy (BCT) is more
      efficacious than individually based therapy (IBT) for substance use and
      relationship outcomes among patients with alcohol use disorder. To facilitate
      dissemination, a multicouple, rolling admission Group BCT (G-BCT) format has been
      suggested as an alternative to the 1 couple at a time, conjoint Standard BCT (S
      BCT) format. This randomized study compared outcomes of G-BCT versus S-BCT over a
      1-year follow-up. The authors predicted that G-BCT, as compared to S-BCT, would
      have equivalent (i.e., noninferior) improvements on substance and relationship
      outcomes. METHOD: Participants were patients (N = 101) with alcohol dependence
      and their heterosexual relationship partners without substance use disorder.
      Participants were mostly White, in their 40s, and 30% of patients were women.
      Patients were randomized to either G-BCT plus 12-step-oriented IBT or S-BCT plus
      IBT. Primary outcomes included Timeline Followback Interview percentage days
      abstinent and Inventory of Drug Use Consequences measure of substance-related
      problems. Secondary outcome was Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Outcome data were
      collected at baseline, posttreatment, and quarterly for 1-year follow-up.
      RESULTS: Results overall found no support for the predicted statistical
      equivalency of G-BCT and S-BCT. Rather than the predicted equivalent outcomes,
      substance and relationship outcomes were significantly worse for G-BCT than S-BCT
      in the last 6-9 months of the 12-month follow-up period, because G-BCT
      deteriorated and S-BCT maintained gains during follow-up. CONCLUSION: This was
      the first study of the newer rolling admission group format for BCT. It proved to
      have worse not equivalent outcomes compared to standard conjoint BCT. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 26963602
TI  - Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection
      and induction of apoptosis in bone marrow cells of infected piglets.
AB  - Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV)
      has been shown to have a wide range of tissue tropism, and can directly and
      indirectly induce cellular apoptosis. However, the impact of HP-PRRSV infection
      on the bone marrow (BM) of piglets remains unclear. In this study, we
      investigated the BM as a novel site of infection by the HP-PRRSV strain in
      piglets. HP-PRRSV infected SWC3+SWC8- cells in the BM and induced BM cells to
      undergo apoptosis. The number of apoptotic cells highlights the striking effects
      of HP-PRRSV on the central immune organs (BM and thymus) that may enhance the
      susceptibility of pigs to secondary infections and lead to high mortality. This
      study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to report the impact of HP
      PRRSV on the BM and implicate the depletion of BM cells during HP-PRRSV infection
      in the development of immunosuppression in this disease.

PMID- 26963604
TI  - Kinetic Rate Determination via Electrophoresis along a Varying Cross-Section
      Microchannel.
AB  - High throughput, efficient, and readily adoptable analytical tools for the
      validation and selection of reliable antibody reagents would impact the life
      sciences, clinical chemistry, and clinical medicine. To directly quantify
      antibody-antigen association and dissociation rate constants, kon and koff, in a
      single experiment, we introduce a microfluidic free-standing kinetic
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (fsKPAGE) assay. Here, an antibody is
      immobilized in zones along the length of a single freestanding polyacrylamide gel
      lane of varying cross-sectional width. Fluorescently labeled antigen is
      electrophoresed through each immobilized antibody zone, with local cross
      sectional area determining the local electric field strength and, thus, the local
      interaction time between immobilized antibody and electromigrating antigen. Upon
      crossing, the interaction yields immobilized immunocomplex. The kon is quantified
      by assessing the amount of immunocomplex formed at each interaction time. To
      quantify koff, immobilized zones of fluorescently labeled immunocomplex are
      subjected to a buffer dilution and monitored over time. We determine kon and koff
      for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and make a comparison to gold-standard
      values. The fsKPAGE assay determines kon and koff in a single experiment of less
      than 20 min, using 45 ng of often limited antibody material and standard
      laboratory equipment. We see the fsKPAGE assay as forming the basis for rapid,
      quantitative antibody-screening tools. 

PMID- 26963603
TI  - Regulation of the fetal hemoglobin silencing factor BCL11A.
AB  - The clinical severity of sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia, the major
      disorders of beta-globin, can be ameliorated by increased production of fetal
      hemoglobin (HbF). Here, we provide a brief overview of the fetal-to-adult
      hemoglobin switch that occurs in humans shortly after birth and review our
      current understanding of one of the most potent known regulators of this
      switching process, the multiple zinc finger-containing transcription factor
      BCL11A. Originally identified in genome-wide association studies, multiple
      orthogonal lines of evidence have validated BCL11A as a key regulator of
      hemoglobin switching and as a promising therapeutic target for HbF induction. We
      discuss recent studies that have highlighted its importance in silencing the HbF
      encoding genes and discuss opportunities that exist to further understand the
      regulation of BCL11A and its mechanism of action, which could provide new insight
      into opportunities to induce HbF for therapeutic purposes.

PMID- 26963605
TI  - The yield and decay coefficients of exoelectrogenic bacteria in
      bioelectrochemical systems.
AB  - In conventional wastewater treatment, waste sludge management and disposal
      contribute the major cost for wastewater treatment. Bioelectrochemical systems,
      as a potential alternative for future wastewater treatment and resources
      recovery, are expected to produce small amounts of waste sludge because
      exoelectrogenic bacteria grow on anaerobic respiration and form highly populated
      biofilms on bioanode surfaces. While waste sludge production is governed by the
      yield and decay coefficient, none of previous studies have quantified these
      kinetic constants for exoelectrogenic bacteria. For yield coefficient estimation,
      we modified McCarty's free energy-based model by using the bioanode potential for
      the free energy of the electron acceptor reaction. The estimated true yield
      coefficient ranged 0.1 to 0.3 g-VSS (volatile suspended solids) g-COD(-1)
      (chemical oxygen demand), which is similar to that of most anaerobic
      microorganisms. The yield coefficient was sensitively affected by the bioanode
      potential and pH while the substrate and bicarbonate concentrations had
      relatively minor effects on the yield coefficient. In lab-scale experiments using
      microbial electrolysis cells, the observed yield coefficient (including the
      effect of cell decay) was found to be 0.020 +/- 0.008 g-VSS g-COD(-1), which is
      an order of magnitude smaller than the theoretical estimation. Based on the
      difference between the theoretical and experimental results, the decay
      coefficient was approximated to be 0.013 +/- 0.002 d(-1). These findings indicate
      that bioelectrochemical systems have potential for future wastewater treatment
      with reduced waste sludge as well as for resources recovery. Also, the found
      kinetic information will allow accurate estimation of wastewater treatment
      performance in bioelectrochemical systems.

PMID- 26963606
TI  - UV254 absorbance as real-time monitoring and control parameter for micropollutant
      removal in advanced wastewater treatment with powdered activated carbon.
AB  - This study investigates the applicability of UV absorbance measurements at 254 nm
      (UVA254) to serve as a simple and reliable surrogate parameter to monitor and
      control the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in advanced wastewater
      treatment applying powdered activated carbon (PAC). Correlations between OMP
      removal and corresponding UVA254 reduction were determined in lab-scale
      adsorption batch tests and successfully applied to a pilot-scale PAC treatment
      stage to predict OMP removals in aggregate samples with good accuracy. Real-time
      UVA254 measurements were utilized to evaluate adapted PAC dosing strategies and
      proved to be effective for online monitoring of OMP removal. Furthermore, active
      PAC dosing control according to differential UVA254 measurements was implemented
      and tested. While precise removal predictions based on real-time measurements
      were not accurate for all OMPs, UVA254-controlled dynamic PAC dosing was capable
      of achieving stable OMP removals. UVA254 can serve as an effective surrogate
      parameter for OMP removal in technical PAC applications. Even though the
      applicability as control parameter to adjust PAC dosing to water quality changes
      might be limited to applications with fast response between PAC adjustment and
      adsorptive removal (e.g. direct filtration), UVA254 measurements can also be used
      to monitor the adsorption efficiency in more complex PAC applications. 

PMID- 26963607
TI  - Upgrade of deep bed filtration with activated carbon dosage for compact
      micropollutant removal from wastewater in technical scale.
AB  - The removal of micropollutants from drinking and wastewater by powdered activated
      carbon (PAC) adsorption has received considerable attention in research over the
      past decade with various separation options having been investigated. With
      Switzerland as the first country in the world having adopted a new legislation,
      which forces about 100 wastewater treatment plants to be upgraded for the removal
      of organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater, the topic has reached
      practical relevance. In this study, the process combination of powdered activated
      carbon (PAC) adsorption and deep bed filtration (DBF) for advanced municipal
      wastewater treatment was investigated over an extended period exceeding one year
      of operation in technical scale. The study aimed to determine optimum process
      conditions to achieve sufficient micropollutant removal in agreement with the new
      Swiss Water Ordinance under most economic process design. It was shown that the
      addition of PAC and Fe(3+) as combined coagulation and flocculation agent
      improved effluent water quality with respect to dissolved organic pollutants as
      well as total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and PO4-P concentration in
      comparison to a DBF operated without the addition of PAC and Fe(3+). Sufficient
      micropollutant (MP) removal of around 80% was achieved at PAC dosages of 10 mg/L
      revealing that PAC retained in the filter bed maintained considerable adsorption
      capacity. In the investigated process combination the contact reactor serves for
      adsorption as well as for flocculation and allowed for small hydraulic retention
      times of minimum 10 min while maintaining sufficient MP removal. The flocculation
      of two different PAC types was shown to be fully concluded after 10-15 min, which
      determined the flocculation reactor size while both PAC types proved suitable for
      the application in combination with DBF and showed no significant differences in
      MP removal. Finally, the capping of PAC dosage during rain water periods, which
      resulted in lower dosage concentrations, was efficient in limiting PAC
      consumption during these events without suffering from negative effects on
      process performance or effluent quality. 

PMID- 26963608
TI  - Mass spectrometric characterization of a two-glycosyltransferase tandem reaction
      for assembly of tetrasaccharide repeating unit of Escherichia coli O77 O-antigen.
AB  - The wbaD gene and wbaC gene from Escherichia coli O77 O-antigen gene cluster
      encoding mannosyltransferases were functionally characterized in vitro. A
      synthetic acceptor P(1)-(11-phenoxyundecyl)-P(2)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D
      glucopyranosyl) diphosphate (GlcNAc-PP-PhU) was used as an acceptor and GDP-Man
      as a donor substrate; the activities of WbaD and WbaC were confirmed by detailed
      structural characterization of their lipooligosacharide enzyme products using
      high-sensitivity negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced
      dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID) MS-MS. The extensive fragmentation
      unequivocally demonstrated that the Man(1-3)-GlcNAc linkage in WbaD catalyzed
      reaction product and two Man(1-2)-Man linkages in tandem WbaD/WbaC catalyzed
      reaction product are present, respectively. This study provided valuable
      information for the understanding of diversified glycosyltransferase (GT)
      functions and the two GTs characterized can serve as additional enzyme sources
      for possible pharmaceutical related applications. 

PMID- 26963609
TI  - Non-Euclidean classification of medically imaged objects via s-reps.
AB  - Classifying medically imaged objects, e.g., into diseased and normal classes, has
      been one of the important goals in medical imaging. We propose a novel
      classification scheme that uses a skeletal representation to provide rich non
      Euclidean geometric object properties. Our statistical method combines distance
      weighted discrimination (DWD) with a carefully chosen Euclideanization which
      takes full advantage of the geometry of the manifold on which these non-Euclidean
      geometric object properties (GOPs) live. Our method is evaluated via the task of
      classifying 3D hippocampi between schizophrenics and healthy controls. We address
      three central questions. 1) Does adding shape features increase discriminative
      power over the more standard classification based only on global volume? 2) If
      so, does our skeletal representation provide greater discriminative power than a
      conventional boundary point distribution model (PDM)? 3) Especially, is
      Euclideanization of non-Euclidean shape properties important in achieving high
      discriminative power? Measuring the capability of a method in terms of area under
      the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, we show that our proposed
      method achieves strongly better classification than both the classification
      method based on global volume alone and the s-rep-based classification method
      without proper Euclideanization of non-Euclidean GOPs. We show classification
      using Euclideanized s-reps is also superior to classification using PDMs, whether
      the PDMs are first Euclideanized or not. We also show improved performance with
      Euclideanized boundary PDMs over non-linear boundary PDMs. This demonstrates the
      benefit that proper Euclideanization of non-Euclidean GOPs brings not only to s
      rep-based classification but also to PDM-based classification. 

PMID- 26963611
TI  - A Further Investigation of the Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields
      on Alkaline Phosphatase and Acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - Using a custom build spectrophotometer equipped with Helmholtz coils and designed
      to study the effects of magnetic fields on enzyme reactions in real-time we have
      investigated the influence of fields, from 100 MUT to 10 mT and at a variety of
      field frequencies, on the membrane bound enzymes alkaline phosphatase and
      acetylcholinesterase. We have also employed other methods to apply a magnetic
      field, e.g. Biostim. In contrast to earlier reports we have been unable to detect
      any field effects on these enzymes under any field/frequency regime. We discuss
      possible reasons for the discrepancy between this and earlier work and note the
      particularly complex influence of small temperature changes that may confound
      analysis. 

PMID- 26963610
TI  - Association of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) and Thyroglobulin (TG)
      Genetic Variants with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism.
AB  - Autoimmune hypothyroidism is known to be caused by immune responses related to
      the thyroid gland and its immunological feature includes presence of autoimmune
      antibodies. Therefore the aim was to analyze presence of anti-TPO antibodies in
      hypothyroidism patients in Gujarat. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4) is
      one of the susceptibility genes for various autoimmune diseases. Hence, exon1
      +49A/G and 3'UTR CT60A/G single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CTLA4 and its
      mRNA expression levels were investigated in autoimmune hypothyroidism patients.
      Thyroglobulin (TG) is known to be associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders
      and thus exon 33 (E33) SNP in TG was investigated. We analyzed the presence of
      anti-TPO antibodies in the plasma samples of 84 hypothyroidism patients and 62
      controls by ELISA. PCR-RFLP technique was used for genotyping of polymorphisms.
      sCTLA4 and flCTLA4 mRNA expression levels were assessed by real time PCR. 59.52%
      of hypothyroid patients had anti-TPO antibodies in their circulation. The
      genotype and allele frequencies differed significantly for +49A/G (p = 0.0004 for
      +49AG, p = 0.0019 for +49GG & p = 0.0004 for allele), CT60 (p = 0.0110 for
      CT60AG, p = 0.0005 for CT60GG & p<0.0001 for allele) and TG E33 (p = 0.0003 for
      E33TC p<0.0001 for E33CC& p<0.0001 for allele) SNPs between patients and
      controls. Patients had significantly decreased mRNA levels of both sCTLA4 (p =
      0.0017) and flCTLA4 (p<0.0001) compared to controls. +49A/G and CT60
      polymorphisms of CTLA4 were in moderate linkage disequilibrium. Logistic
      regression analysis indicated significant association of CT49A/G, CT60A/G and TG
      exon 33 polymorphisms with susceptibility to autoimmune hypothyroidism when
      adjusted for age and gender. Our results suggest +49A/G and CT60 polymorphism of
      CTLA4 and E33 polymorphism of TG may be genetic risk factors for autoimmune
      hypothyroidism susceptibility and down regulation of both forms of CTLA4
      advocates the crucial role of CTLA4 in pathogenesis of autoimmune hypothyroidism.

PMID- 26963612
TI  - Drosophila Cyclin G Is a Regulator of the Notch Signalling Pathway during Wing
      Development.
AB  - Notch signalling regulates a multitude of differentiation processes during
      Drosophila development. For example, Notch activity is required for proper wing
      vein differentiation which is hampered in mutants of either the receptor Notch,
      the ligand Delta or the antagonist Hairless. Moreover, the Notch pathway is
      involved in several aspects of Drosophila oogenesis as well. We have identified
      Drosophila Cyclin G (CycG) as a molecular interaction partner of Hairless, the
      major antagonist in the Notch signalling pathway, in vitro and in vivo. Loss of
      CycG was shown before to cause female sterility and to disturb the architecture
      of the egg shell. Nevertheless, Notch dependent processes during oogenesis
      appeared largely unaffected in cycG mutant egg chambers. Loss of CycG modified
      the dominant wing phenotypes of Notch, Delta and Hairless mutants. Whereas the
      Notch loss of function phenotype was ameliorated by a loss of CycG, the
      phenotypes of either Notch gain of function or of Delta or Hairless loss of
      function were enhanced. In contrast, loss of CycG had only a minor effect on the
      wing vein phenotype of mutants affecting the EGFR signalling pathway emphasizing
      the specificity of the interaction of CycG and Notch pathway members. 

PMID- 26963615
TI  - A home-based eyebrows lifting effect using a novel device that emits
      electrostatic pulses containing RF energy, resulting in high frequency, low level
      transdermal microcurrent pulsations: Double blind, randomized clinical study of
      efficacy and safety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As the appearance of the face is a primary concern of many people,
      ways in which to tighten the skin are increasingly in demand. In recent years,
      radiofrequency (RF) has become a promising nonablative, non-invasive, technique
      for facial rejuvenation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and the efficacy of a
      unipolar RF-based device for home use in increasing skin tightness (lifting
      effect) in the eyebrows area. METHODS: Subjects (N = 50) aged between 30 and 70
      years old showing skin wrinkledness all over the face and skin laxity in the
      eyebrows area were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the assessment of the
      eyebrow to hairline distance by means of a morphometric digital image analysis
      technique. RESULTS: The eyebrows to hairline distance was statistically
      significant (both vs. basal condition and placebo) decreased by 1.338 +/- 0.170
      cm in the treated eyebrow. CONCLUSION: The obtained results confirm the safety
      and the efficacy of the tested device in decreasing skin laxity in the eyebrows
      area. The treatment is not time-consuming (about 6 minutes) and can be done at
      home. The device seems to be then a useful tool to delay skin laxity or to
      prolong the time to the first surgical facial lift.

PMID- 26963613
TI  - Dapagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, Acutely Reduces
      Energy Expenditure in BAT via Neural Signals in Mice.
AB  - Selective sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) treatment promotes
      urinary glucose excretion, thereby reducing blood glucose as well as body weight.
      However, only limited body weight reductions are achieved with SGLT2i treatment.
      Hyperphagia is reportedly one of the causes of this limited weight loss. However,
      the effects of SGLT2i treatment on systemic energy expenditure have not been
      fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the acute effects of dapagliflozin, a
      SGLT2i, on systemic energy expenditure in mice. Eighteen hours after
      dapagliflozin treatment oxygen consumption and brown adipose tissue (BAT)
      expression of ucp1, a thermogenesis-related gene, were significantly decreased as
      compared to those after vehicle treatment. In addition, dapagliflozin
      significantly suppressed norepinephrine (NE) turnover in BAT and c-fos expression
      in the rostral raphe pallidus nucleus (rRPa) which contains the sympathetic
      premotor neurons responsible for thermogenesis. These findings indicate that the
      dapagliflozin-mediated acute decrease in energy expenditure involves a reduction
      in BAT thermogenesis via decreased sympathetic nerve activity from the rRPa.
      Furthermore, common hepatic branch vagotomy abolished the reductions in ucp1
      expression and NE contents in BAT and c-fos expression in the rRPa. In addition,
      alterations in hepatic carbohydrate metabolism, such as decreases in glycogen
      contents and upregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, manifested prior
      to the suppression of BAT thermogenesis, e.g. 6 hours after dapagliflozin
      treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that SGLT2i treatment acutely
      suppresses energy expenditure in BAT via regulation of an inter-organ neural
      network consisting of the common hepatic vagal branch and sympathetic nerves. 

PMID- 26963614
TI  - Association between Physical Fitness and Successful Aging in Taiwanese Older
      Adults.
AB  - Population aging is escalating in numerous countries worldwide; among them is
      Taiwan, which will soon become an aged society. Thus, aging successfully is an
      increasing concern. One of the factors for achieving successful aging (SA) is
      maintaining high physical function. The purpose of this study was to determine
      the physical fitness factors associated with SA in Taiwanese older adults (OAs),
      because these factors are intervenable. Community-dwelling OAs aged more than 65
      years and residing in Northern Taiwan were recruited in this study. They received
      a comprehensive geriatric assessment, which includes sociodemographic data,
      health conditions and behaviors, activities of daily living (ADL) and
      instrumental ADL (IADL) function, cognitive and depressive status, and quality of
      life. Physical fitness tests included the grip strength (GS), 30-second sit-to
      stand (30s STS), timed up-and-go (TUG), functional reach (FR), one-leg standing,
      chair sit-and-reach, and reaction time (drop ruler) tests as well as the 6-minute
      walk test (6MWT). SA status was defined as follows: complete independence in
      performing ADL and IADL, satisfactory cognitive status (Mini-Mental State
      Examination >= 24), no depression (Geriatric Depression Scale < 5), and favorable
      social function (SF subscale >= 80 in SF-36). Adjusted multiple logistic
      regression analyses were performed. Among the total recruited OAs (n = 378), 100
      (26.5%) met the aforementioned SA criteria. After adjustment for sociodemographic
      characteristics and health condition and behaviors, some physical fitness tests,
      namely GS, 30s STS, 6MWT, TUG, and FR tests, were significantly associated with
      SA individually, but not in the multivariate model. Among the physical fitness
      variables tested, cardiopulmonary endurance, mobility, muscle strength, and
      balance were significantly associated with SA in Taiwanese OAs. Early detection
      of deterioration in the identified functions and corresponding intervention is
      essential to ensuring SA. 

PMID- 26963617
TI  - Effects of Metformin on Tissue Oxidative and Dicarbonyl Stress in Transgenic
      Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Expressing Human C-Reactive Protein.
AB  - Inflammation and oxidative and dicarbonyl stress play important roles in the
      pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Metformin is the first-line drug of choice for
      the treatment of type 2 diabetes because it effectively suppresses
      gluconeogenesis in the liver. However, its "pleiotropic" effects remain
      controversial. In the current study, we tested the effects of metformin on
      inflammation, oxidative and dicarbonyl stress in an animal model of inflammation
      and metabolic syndrome, using spontaneously hypertensive rats that transgenically
      express human C-reactive protein (SHR-CRP). We treated 8-month-old male
      transgenic SHR-CRP rats with metformin (5 mg/kg/day) mixed as part of a standard
      diet for 4 weeks. A corresponding untreated control group of male transgenic SHR
      CRP rats were fed a standard diet without metformin. In a similar fashion, we
      studied a group of nontransgenic SHR treated with metformin and an untreated
      group of nontransgenic SHR controls. In each group, we studied 6 animals.
      Parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism and oxidative and dicarbonyl stress
      were measured using standard methods. Gene expression profiles were determined
      using Affymetrix GeneChip Arrays. Statistical significance was evaluated by two
      way ANOVA. In the SHR-CRP transgenic strain, we found that metformin treatment
      decreased circulating levels of inflammatory response marker IL-6, TNFalpha and
      MCP-1 while levels of human CRP remained unchanged. Metformin significantly
      reduced oxidative stress (levels of conjugated dienes and TBARS) and dicarbonyl
      stress (levels of methylglyoxal) in left ventricles, but not in kidneys. No
      significant effects of metformin on oxidative and dicarbonyl stress were observed
      in SHR controls. In addition, metformin treatment reduced adipose tissue
      lipolysis associated with human CRP. Possible molecular mechanisms of metformin
      action-studied by gene expression profiling in the liver-revealed deregulated
      genes from inflammatory and insulin signaling, AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK) signaling and gluconeogenesis pathways. It can be concluded that in the
      presence of high levels of human CRP, metformin protects against inflammation and
      oxidative and dicarbonyl stress in the heart, but not in the kidney. Accordingly,
      these cardioprotective effects of metformin might be especially effective in
      diabetic patients with high levels of CRP. 

PMID- 26963616
TI  - Wnt5a Regulates the Assembly of Human Adipose Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction
      Derived Microvasculatures.
AB  - Human adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (hSVF) cells are an easily
      accessible, heterogeneous cell system that can spontaneously self-assemble into
      functional microvasculatures in vivo. However, the mechanisms underlying vascular
      self-assembly and maturation are poorly understood, therefore we utilized an in
      vitro model to identify potential in vivo regulatory mechanisms. We utilized
      passage one (P1) hSVF because of the rapid UEA1+ endothelium (EC) loss at even P2
      culture. We exposed hSVF cells to a battery of angiogenesis inhibitors and found
      that the pan-Wnt inhibitor IWP2 produced the most significant hSVF-EC networking
      decrease (~25%). To determine which Wnt isoform(s) and receptor(s) may be
      involved, hSVF was screened by PCR for isoforms associated with angiogenesis,
      with only WNT5A and its receptor, FZD4, being expressed for all time points
      observed. Immunocytochemistry confirmed Wnt5a protein expression by hSVF. To see
      if Wnt5a alone could restore IWP2-induced EC network inhibition, recombinant
      human Wnt5a (0-150 ng/ml) was added to IWP2-treated cultures. The addition of
      rhWnt5a significantly increased EC network area and significantly decreased the
      ratio of total EC network length to EC network area compared to untreated
      controls. To determine if Wnt5a mediates in vivo microvascular self-assembly, 3D
      hSVF constructs containing an IgG isotype control, anti-Wnt5a neutralizing
      antibody or rhWnt5a were implanted subcutaneously for 2w in immune compromised
      mice. Compared to IgG controls, anti-Wnt5a treatment significantly reduced vessel
      length density by ~41%, while rhWnt5a significantly increased vessel length
      density by ~62%. However, anti-Wnt5a or rhWnt5a did not significantly affect the
      density of segments and nodes, both of which measure vascular complexity. Taken
      together, this data demonstrates that endogenous Wnt5a produced by hSVF plays a
      regulatory role in microvascular self-assembly in vivo. These findings also
      suggest that manipulating Wnt signaling could enhance control of hSVF
      vascularization in tissue engineering applications. 

PMID- 26963618
TI  - Vagal response during pulmonary vein isolation: Re-recognized its characteristics
      and implications in lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of autonomic innervation around the pulmonary vein (PV)
      antrum in the genesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been demonstrated but the
      characteristics of radiofrequency induced vagal response (VR) in the PV antrum
      and its clinical impact on pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal AF need
      to be further elucidated. METHOD: Of 995 consecutive patients with symptomatic
      paroxysmal AF undergoing PVI at a single center over a 2-year period, 516 met
      exclusion criteria and the remaining 479 patients, 156 positive VR (PVR) and 323
      negative VR (NVR), underwent 12-month follow-up. The primary endpoint was freedom
      from AF or other sustained atrial tachycardia (AT), verified by monthly visits
      and electrocardiographic monitoring. The frequency-domain analysis was performed
      to evaluate the autonomic activity before and after the procedure. RESULTS: VR
      was most commonly elicited during PVI at the LSPV roof (65.4%) and anterior RSPV
      (44.9%, with a >5s sinus pause in 37/70 [52.8%] cases). Compared with the NVR
      group, ablation was associated with reduced AF recurrence at 12 months in the PVR
      (hazard ratio: 0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.89). Furthermore, the PVR
      group showed a significantly abbreviated AF cycle length at the left PV, and
      significantly lower HF and LF parameters with stable LF/HF ratio during follow
      up. CONCLUSION: Complete elimination of vagal response, most commonly elicited by
      radiofrequency application around the roof of LSPV and anterior RSPV, appeared
      associated with reduced 12-month recurrence of AF and with marked heart rate
      variability changes consistent with autonomic nervous withdrawal.

PMID- 26963619
TI  - Genotypic and Phenotypic Detection of AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacter spp.
      Isolated from a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of
      chromosomal and plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases (AmpC) genes in a collection of
      Malaysian isolates of Enterobacter species. Several phenotypic tests for
      detection of AmpC production of Enterobacter spp. were evaluated and the
      agreements between tests were determined. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility
      profiles for 117 Enterobacter clinical isolates obtained from the Medical
      Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory, University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia,
      from November 2012-February 2014 were determined in accordance to CLSI
      guidelines. AmpC genes were detected using a multiplex PCR assay targeting the
      MIR/ACT gene (closely related to chromosomal EBC family gene) and other plasmid
      mediated genes, including DHA, MOX, CMY, ACC, and FOX. The AmpC beta-lactamase
      production of the isolates was assessed using cefoxitin disk screening test, D69C
      AmpC detection set, cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDS) and
      AmpC induction test. RESULTS: Among the Enterobacter isolates in this study,
      39.3% were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone and 23.9% were resistant to
      ceftazidime. Ten (8.5%) of the isolates were resistant to cefepime, and one
      isolate was resistant to meropenem. Chromosomal EBC family gene was amplified
      from 36 (47.4%) E. cloacae and three (25%) E. asburiae. A novel blaDHA type
      plasmid-mediated AmpC gene was identified for the first time from an E. cloacae
      isolate. AmpC beta-lactamase production was detected in 99 (89.2%) of 111
      potential AmpC beta-lactamase producers (positive in cefoxitin disk screening)
      using D69C AmpC detection set. The detection rates were lower with CC-DDS (80.2%)
      and AmpC induction tests (50.5%). There was low agreement between the D69C AmpC
      detection set and the other two phenotypic tests. Of the 40 isolates with AmpC
      genes detected in this study, 87.5%, 77.5% and 50.0% of these isolates were
      positive by the D69C AmpC detection set, CC-DDS and AmpC induction tests,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Besides MIR/ACT gene, a novel plasmid-mediated AmpC
      gene belonging to the DHA-type was identified in this study. Low agreement was
      noted between the D69C AmpC detection set and two other phenotypic tests for
      detection of AmpC production in Enterobacter spp. As plasmid-mediated genes may
      serve as the reservoir for the emergence of antibiotic resistance in a clinical
      setting, surveillance and infection control measures are necessary to limit the
      spread of these genes in the hospital.

PMID- 26963620
TI  - Breastfeeding and Immunohistochemical Expression of ki-67, p53 and BCL2 in
      Infiltrating Lobular Breast Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Invasive lobular breast carcinoma is the second most common type
      of breast cancer after invasive ductal carcinoma. According to the American
      Cancer Society, more than 180,000 women in the United States find out they have
      invasive breast cancer each year. Personal history of breast cancer and certain
      changes in the breast are correlated with an increased breast cancer risk. The
      aim of this work was to analyze breastfeeding in patients with infiltrating
      lobular breast carcinoma, in relation with: 1) clinicopathological parameters, 2)
      hormonal receptors and 3) tissue-based tumor markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      study included 80 women with ILC, 46 of which had breastfeed their children.
      Analyzed parameters were: age, tumor size, axillary lymph node (N), distant
      metastasis (M), histological grade (HG), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone
      receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), Ki-67, p53 and BCL2. RESULTS: ILC of non
      lactating women showed a larger (p = 0.009), lymph node involvement (p = 0.051)
      and distant metastasis (p = 0.060). They were also more proliferative tumors
      measured by Ki-67 (p = 0.053). Breastfeeding history did not influence the
      subsequent behavior of the tumor regardless of histological subtype. CONCLUSION:
      Lactation seems to influence the biological characteristics of ILC defining a
      subgroup with more tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, distant
      metastasis and higher proliferation measured by ki-67 expression.

PMID- 26963621
TI  - Positive Feeling, Negative Meaning: Visualizing the Mental Representations of In
      Group and Out-Group Smiles.
AB  - Even though smiles are seen as universal facial expressions, research shows that
      there exist various kinds of smiles (i.e., affiliative smiles, dominant smiles).
      Accordingly, we suggest that there also exist various mental representations of
      smiles. Which representation is employed in cognition may depend on social
      factors, such as the smiling person's group membership: Since in-group members
      are typically seen as more benevolent than out-group members, in-group smiles
      should be associated with more benevolent social meaning than those conveyed by
      out-group members. We visualized in-group and out-group smiles with reverse
      correlation image classification. These visualizations indicated that mental
      representations of in-group smiles indeed express more benevolent social meaning
      than those of out-group smiles. The affective meaning of these visualized smiles
      was not influenced by group membership. Importantly, the effect occurred even
      though participants were not instructed to attend to the nature of the smile,
      pointing to an automatic association between group membership and intention. 

PMID- 26963623
TI  - Carbon Abatement and Emissions Associated with the Gasification of Walnut Shells
      for Bioenergy and Biochar Production.
AB  - By converting biomass residue to biochar, we could generate power cleanly and
      sequester carbon resulting in overall greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) savings when
      compared to typical fossil fuel usage and waste disposal. We estimated the carbon
      dioxide (CO2) abatements and emissions associated to the concurrent production of
      bioenergy and biochar through biomass gasification in an organic walnut farm and
      processing facility in California, USA. We accounted for (i) avoided-CO2
      emissions from displaced grid electricity by bioenergy; (ii) CO2 emissions from
      farm machinery used for soil amendment of biochar; (iii) CO2 sequestered in the
      soil through stable biochar-C; and (iv) direct CO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O)
      emissions from soil. The objective of these assessments was to pinpoint where the
      largest C offsets can be expected in the bioenergy-biochar chain. We found that
      energy production from gasification resulted in 91.8% of total C offsets,
      followed by stable biochar-C (8.2% of total C sinks), offsetting a total of 107.7
      kg CO2-C eq Mg-1 feedstock. At the field scale, we monitored gas fluxes from
      soils for 29 months (180 individual observations) following field management and
      precipitation events in addition to weekly measurements within three growing
      seasons and two tree dormancy periods. We compared four treatments: control,
      biochar, compost, and biochar combined with compost. Biochar alone or in
      combination with compost did not alter total N2O and CO2 emissions from soils,
      indicating that under the conditions of this study, biochar-prompted C offsets
      may not be expected from the mitigation of direct soil GHG emissions. However,
      this study revealed a case where a large environmental benefit was given by the
      waste-to-bioenergy treatment, addressing farm level challenges such as waste
      management, renewable energy generation, and C sequestration. 

PMID- 26963622
TI  - Up Regulation of cystathione gamma lyase and Hydrogen Sulphide in the Myocardium
      Inhibits the Progression of Isoproterenol-Caffeine Induced Left Ventricular
      Hypertrophy in Wistar Kyoto Rats.
AB  - Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is an emerging molecule in many cardiovascular
      complications but its role in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is unknown. The
      present study explored the effect of exogenous H2S administration in the
      regression of LVH by modulating oxidative stress, arterial stiffness and
      expression of cystathione gamma lyase (CSE) in the myocardium. Animals were
      divided into four groups: Control, LVH, Control-H2S and LVH-H2S. LVH was induced
      by administering isoprenaline (5mg/kg, every 72 hours, S/C) and caffeine in
      drinking water (62mg/L) for 2 weeks. Intraperitoneal NaHS, 56MUM/kg/day for 5
      weeks, was given as an H2S donor. Myocardial expression of Cystathione gamma
      lyase (CSE) mRNA was quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction
      (qPCR).There was a 3 fold reduction in the expression of myocardial CSE mRNA in
      LVH but it was up regulated by 7 and 4 fold in the Control-H2S and LVH-H2S
      myocardium, respectively. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse
      wave velocity were reduced (all P<0.05) in LVH-H2S when compared to the LVH
      group. Heart, LV weight, myocardial thickness were reduced while LV internal
      diameter was increased (all P<0.05) in the LVH-H2S when compared to the LVH
      group. Exogenous administration of H2S in LVH increased superoxide dismutase,
      glutathione and total antioxidant capacity but significantly reduced (all P<0.05)
      plasma malanodialdehyde in the LVH-H2S compared to the LVH group. The renal
      cortical blood perfusion increased by 40% in LVH-H2S as compared to the LVH
      group. Exogenous administration of H2S suppressed the progression of LVH which
      was associated with an up regulation of myocardial CSE mRNA/ H2S and a reduction
      in pulse wave velocity with a blunting of systemic hemodynamic. This CSE/H2S
      pathway exhibits an antihypertrophic role by antagonizing the hypertrophic
      actions of angiotensin II(Ang II) and noradrenaline (NA) but attenuates oxidative
      stress and improves pulse wave velocity which helps to suppress LVH. Exogenous
      administration of H2S augmented the reduced renal cortical blood perfusion in the
      LVH state. 

PMID- 26963624
TI  - Micronutrient Deficiencies and Plasmodium vivax Malaria among Children in the
      Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of evidence linking micronutrient
      deficiencies and malaria incidence arising mostly from P. falciparum endemic
      areas. We assessed the impact of micronutrient deficiencies on malaria incidence
      and vice versa in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
      FINDINGS: We evaluated children <10 years old living in rural communities in the
      state of Amazonas, Brazil, from May 2010 to May 2011. All children were assessed
      for sociodemographic, anthropometric and laboratory parameters, including vitamin
      A, beta-carotene, zinc and iron serum levels at the beginning of the study (May
      2010) and one year later (May 2011). Children were followed in between using
      passive surveillance for detection of symptomatic malaria. Those living in the
      study area at the completion of the observation period were reassessed for
      micronutrient levels. Univariate Cox-proportional Hazards models were used to
      assess whether micronutrient deficiencies had an impact on time to first P. vivax
      malaria episode. We included 95 children median age 4.8 years (interquartile
      range [IQR]: 2.3-6.6), mostly males (60.0%) and with high maternal illiteracy
      (72.6%). Vitamin A deficiencies were found in 36% of children, beta-carotene
      deficiency in 63%, zinc deficiency in 61% and iron deficiency in 51%. Most
      children (80%) had at least one intestinal parasite. During follow-up, 16 cases
      of vivax malaria were diagnosed amongst 13 individuals. Micronutrient
      deficiencies were not associated with increased malaria incidence: vitamin A
      deficiency [Hazard ratio (HR): 1.51; P-value: 0.45]; beta-carotene [HR: 0.47; P
      value: 0.19]; zinc [HR: 1.41; P-value: 0.57] and iron [HR: 2.31; P-value: 0.16]).
      Upon reevaluation, children with al least one episode of malaria did not present
      significant changes in micronutrient levels. CONCLUSION: Micronutrient serum
      levels were not associated with a higher malaria incidence nor the malaria
      episode influenced micronutrient levels. Future studies targeting larger
      populations to assess micronutrients levels in P. vivax endemic areas are
      warranted in order to validate these results.

PMID- 26963627
TI  - Enhanced Thermionic Emission and Low 1/f Noise in Exfoliated Graphene/GaN
      Schottky Barrier Diode.
AB  - Temperature-dependent electrical transport characteristics of exfoliated
      graphene/GaN Schottky diodes are investigated and compared with conventional
      Ni/GaN Schottky diodes. The ideality factor of graphene/GaN and Ni/GaN diodes are
      measured to be 1.33 and 1.51, respectively, which is suggestive of comparatively
      higher thermionic emission current in graphene/GaN diode. The barrier height
      values for graphene/GaN diode obtained using thermionic emission model and
      Richardson plots are found to be 0.60 and 0.72 eV, respectively, which are higher
      than predicted barrier height ~0.40 eV as per the Schottky-Mott model. The higher
      barrier height is attributed to hole doping of graphene due to graphene-Au
      interaction which shifts the Fermi level in graphene by ~0.3 eV. The magnitude of
      flicker noise of graphene/GaN Schottky diode increases up to 175 K followed by
      its decrease at higher temperatures. This indicates that diffusion currents and
      barrier inhomogeneities dominate the electronic transport at lower and higher
      temperatures, respectively. The exfoliated graphene/GaN diode is found to have
      lower level of barrier inhomogeneities than conventional Ni/GaN diode, as well as
      earlier reported graphene/GaN diode fabricated using chemical vapor deposited
      graphene. The lesser barrier inhomogeneities in graphene/GaN diode results in
      lower flicker noise by 2 orders of magnitude as compared to Ni/GaN diode.
      Enhanced thermionic emission current, lower level of inhomogeneities, and reduced
      flicker noise suggests that graphene-GaN Schottky diodes may have the underlying
      trend for replacing metal-GaN Schottky diodes. 

PMID- 26963626
TI  - The serine protease Pic as a virulence factor of atypical enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Autotransporter proteins (AT) are associated with bacterial virulence attributes.
      Originally identified in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), Shigella
      flexneri 2a and uropathogenic E. coli, the serine protease Pic is one of these
      AT. We have previously detected one atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strain
      (BA589) carrying the pic gene. In the present study, we characterized the
      biological activities of Pic produced by BA589 both in vitro and in vivo.
      Contrarily to other Pic-producers bacteria, pic in BA589 is located on a high
      molecular weight plasmid. PicBA589 was able to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes,
      cleave mucin and degrade complement system molecules. BA589 was able to colonize
      mice intestines, and an intense mucus production was observed. The BA589Deltapic
      mutant lost the capacity to colonize as well as the above-mentioned in vitro
      activities. Thus, Pic represents an additional virulence factor in aEPEC strain
      BA589, associated with adherence, colonization and evasion from the innate immune
      system. 

PMID- 26963628
TI  - Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and
      manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province, China.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical
      veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province.
      This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra
      performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total
      of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu
      province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected
      frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 +/- 5775.6
      MUgkg(-1)), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 +/- 435.6 MUgkg(-1)),
      sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 +/- 5.2 MUgkg(-1)) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 +/- 110.5
      MUgkg(-1)). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution
      characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and
      different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution
      level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due
      to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious
      in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different
      regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region.
      The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer
      were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected
      concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection
      frequencies (10-90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30
      90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in
      organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the
      occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in
      manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation
      systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in
      southeast China.

PMID- 26963629
TI  - Sudden Death Due to Undiagnosed Wilkie Syndrome.
AB  - A 56-year-old transgender woman with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic
      acidosis, and strokelike episodes syndrome and diabetes presented to hospital
      with headaches and experiencing with malnutrition. She was agitated and refused
      medical and physical assistance. Soon after admission, she started to vomit and
      developed abdominal pain, becoming rapidly unresponsive on the ward after
      attending the radiology department, and was pronounced deceased. Autopsy revealed
      a cachectic transgender woman with a grossly distended stomach and proximal
      duodenum containing 2 L of liquid. The postmortem computed tomography scan showed
      compression of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery, diagnostic of
      Wilkie syndrome. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, or Wilkie syndrome, was
      first described in 1861 by Von Rokitansky. It is an uncommon but well-recognized
      clinical entity characterized by compression of the third, or transverse, portion
      of the duodenum between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. This
      results in chronic, intermittent, or acute complete or partial duodenal
      obstruction. It is a well-recognized complication of anorexia. 

PMID- 26963625
TI  - Cdkn1c Boosts the Development of Brown Adipose Tissue in a Murine Model of Silver
      Russell Syndrome.
AB  - The accurate diagnosis and clinical management of the growth restriction disorder
      Silver Russell Syndrome (SRS) has confounded researchers and clinicians for many
      years due to the myriad of genetic and epigenetic alterations reported in these
      patients and the lack of suitable animal models to test the contribution of
      specific gene alterations. Some genetic alterations suggest a role for increased
      dosage of the imprinted CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 1C (CDKN1C) gene, often
      mutated in IMAGe Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS). Cdkn1c encodes a
      potent negative regulator of fetal growth that also regulates placental
      development, consistent with a proposed role for CDKN1C in these complex
      childhood growth disorders. Here, we report that a mouse modelling the rare
      microduplications present in some SRS patients exhibited phenotypes including low
      birth weight with relative head sparing, neonatal hypoglycemia, absence of catch
      up growth and significantly reduced adiposity as adults, all defining features of
      SRS. Further investigation revealed the presence of substantially more brown
      adipose tissue in very young mice, of both the classical or canonical type
      exemplified by interscapular-type brown fat depot in mice (iBAT) and a second
      type of non-classic BAT that develops postnatally within white adipose tissue
      (WAT), genetically attributable to a double dose of Cdkn1c in vivo and ex-vivo.
      Conversely, loss-of-function of Cdkn1c resulted in the complete developmental
      failure of the brown adipocyte lineage with a loss of markers of both brown
      adipose fate and function. We further show that Cdkn1c is required for post
      transcriptional accumulation of the brown fat determinant PR domain containing 16
      (PRDM16) and that CDKN1C and PRDM16 co-localise to the nucleus of rare label
      retaining cell within iBAT. This study reveals a key requirement for Cdkn1c in
      the early development of the brown adipose lineages. Importantly, active BAT
      consumes high amounts of energy to generate body heat, providing a valid
      explanation for the persistence of thinness in our model and supporting a major
      role for elevated CDKN1C in SRS. 

PMID- 26963632
TI  - Microfluidic differential immunocapture biochip for specific leukocyte counting.
AB  - Enumerating specific cell types from whole blood can be very useful for research
      and diagnostic purposes-e.g., for counting of CD4 and CD8 T cells in HIV/AIDS
      diagnostics. We have developed a biosensor based on a differential immunocapture
      technology to enumerate specific cells in 30 min using 10 MUl of blood. This
      paper provides a comprehensive stepwise protocol to replicate our biosensor for
      CD4 and CD8 cell counts. The biochip can also be adapted to enumerate other
      specific cell types such as somatic cells or cells from tissue or liquid
      biopsies. Capture of other specific cells requires immobilization of their
      corresponding antibodies within the capture chamber. Therefore, this protocol is
      useful for research into areas surrounding immunocapture-based biosensor
      development. The biosensor production requires 24 h, a one-time cell capture
      optimization takes 6-9 h, and the final cell counting experiment in a laboratory
      environment requires 30 min to complete. 

PMID- 26963633
TI  - Contrasting Effects of Water on the Barriers to Decarboxylation of Two Oxalic
      Acid Monohydrates: A Combined Rotational Spectroscopic and Ab Initio Study.
AB  - Using rotational spectroscopy, we have observed two isomers of the monohydrate of
      oxalic acid, the most abundant dicarboxylic acid in the atmosphere. In the lowest
      energy isomer, water hydrogen-bonds to both carboxylic acid groups, and the
      barrier to decarboxylation decreases. In the second isomer, water bonds to only
      one carboxylic acid group, and the barrier increases. Though the lower barrier in
      the former is not unequivocal evidence that water acts as a photocatalyst, the
      higher barrier in the latter indicates that water acts as an inhibitor in this
      topology. Oxalic acid is unique among dicarboxylic acids: for the higher
      homologues calculated, the inhibiting topology of the monohydrate is lowest in
      energy and most abundant under atmospheric conditions. Consequently, oxalic acid
      is the only dicarboxylic acid for which single-water catalysis of overtone
      induced decarboxylation in the atmosphere is plausible. 

PMID- 26963634
TI  - Correction: Development and Testing of a Magnetically Actuated Capsule Endoscopy
      for Obesity Treatment.

PMID- 26963631
TI  - Near-IR photoactivation using mesoporous silica-coated NaYF4:Yb,Er/Tm
      upconversion nanoparticles.
AB  - Photoactivation is a process in which light is used to 'activate' photolabile
      therapeutics. As a therapeutic strategy, its advantages are that it is
      noninvasive and that a high degree of spatial and temporal control is possible.
      However, conventional photoactivation techniques are hampered by the limited
      penetration depth of the UV and visible lights to which the photosensitive
      compounds are responsive. Here we describe a protocol for the use of upconversion
      nanoparticles (UCNs) as light transducers to convert deeply penetrating near
      infrared (NIR) light to UV-visible wavelengths matching that of the absorption
      spectrum of photosensitive therapeutics. This allows the use of deep-penetrating
      and biologically friendly NIR light instead of low-penetrating and/or toxic
      visible or UV lights for photoactivation. In this protocol, we focus on two
      photoactivation applications: photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated
      control of gene expression. We describe how to prepare and characterize the UCNs,
      as well as how to check their function in biochemical assays and in cells. For
      both applications, the UCNs are coated with mesoporous silica for easy loading of
      the therapeutics. For PDT, the UCNs are coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for
      stabilization and folic acid for tumor targeting and then loaded with
      photosensitizers that would be expected to kill cells by singlet oxygen
      production; the nanoparticles are injected intravenously. For photoactivated
      control of gene expression, knockdown of essential tumor genes is achieved using
      UCNs loaded with caged nucleic acids, which are injected intratumorally. The
      whole process from nanoparticle synthesis to animal studies takes ~36 d. 

PMID- 26963630
TI  - Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials.
AB  - Raman spectroscopy can be used to measure the chemical composition of a sample,
      which can in turn be used to extract biological information. Many materials have
      characteristic Raman spectra, which means that Raman spectroscopy has proven to
      be an effective analytical approach in geology, semiconductor, materials and
      polymer science fields. The application of Raman spectroscopy and microscopy
      within biology is rapidly increasing because it can provide chemical and
      compositional information, but it does not typically suffer from interference
      from water molecules. Analysis does not conventionally require extensive sample
      preparation; biochemical and structural information can usually be obtained
      without labeling. In this protocol, we aim to standardize and bring together
      multiple experimental approaches from key leaders in the field for obtaining
      Raman spectra using a microspectrometer. As examples of the range of biological
      samples that can be analyzed, we provide instructions for acquiring Raman
      spectra, maps and images for fresh plant tissue, formalin-fixed and fresh frozen
      mammalian tissue, fixed cells and biofluids. We explore a robust approach for
      sample preparation, instrumentation, acquisition parameters and data processing.
      By using this approach, we expect that a typical Raman experiment can be
      performed by a nonspecialist user to generate high-quality data for biological
      materials analysis. 

PMID- 26963635
TI  - Diversity, Mutation and Recombination Analysis of Cotton Leaf Curl Geminiviruses.
AB  - The spread of cotton leaf curl disease in China, India and Pakistan is a recent
      phenomenon. Analysis of available sequence data determined that there is a
      substantial diversity of cotton-infecting geminiviruses in Pakistan. Phylogenetic
      analyses indicated that recombination between two major groups of viruses, cotton
      leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV),
      led to the emergence of several new viruses. Recombination detection programs and
      phylogenetic analyses showed that CLCuMuV and CLCuKoV are highly recombinant
      viruses. Indeed, CLCuKoV appeared to be a major donor virus for the coat protein
      (CP) gene, while CLCuMuV donated the Rep gene in the majority of recombination
      events. Using recombination free nucleotide datasets the substitution rates for
      CP and Rep genes were determined. We inferred similar nucleotide substitution
      rates for the CLCuMuV-Rep gene (4.96X10-4) and CLCuKoV-CP gene (2.706X10-4),
      whereas relatively higher substitution rates were observed for CLCuMuV-CP and
      CLCuKoV-Rep genes. The combination of sequences with equal and relatively low
      substitution rates, seemed to result in the emergence of viral isolates that
      caused epidemics in Pakistan and India. Our findings also suggest that CLCuMuV is
      spreading at an alarming rate, which can potentially be a threat to cotton
      production in the Indian subcontinent. 

PMID- 26963637
TI  - Human PIEZO1 Ion Channel Functions as a Split Protein.
AB  - PIEZO1 is a mechanosensitive eukaryotic cation-selective channel that rapidly
      inactivates in a voltage-dependent manner. We previously showed that a
      fluorescent protein could be encoded within the hPIEZO1 sequence without loss of
      function. In this work, we split the channel into two at this site and asked if
      coexpression would produce a functional channel or whether gating and permeation
      might be contained in either segment. The split protein was expressed in two
      segments by a bicistronic plasmid where the first segment spanned residues 1 to
      1591, and the second segment spanned 1592 to 2521. When the "split protein" is
      coexpressed, the parts associate to form a normal channel. We measured the whole
      cell, cell-attached and outside-out patch currents in transfected HEK293 cells.
      Indentation produced whole-cell currents monotonic with the stimulus. Single
      channel recordings showed voltage-dependent inactivation. The Boltzmann
      activation curve for outside-out patches had a slope of 8.6/mmHg vs 8.1 for wild
      type, and a small leftward shift in the midpoint (32 mmHg vs 41 mmHg). The
      association of the two channel domains was confirmed by FRET measurements of
      mCherry on the N-terminus and EGFP on the C-terminus. Neither of the individual
      protein segments produced current when expressed alone. 

PMID- 26963636
TI  - Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Subjective Social Status on
      Psychological Symptomatology in Black Adults.
AB  - Anxiety sensitivity is the fear of anxiety-related sensations and subjective
      social status is a self-perception of social standing relative to others: both
      constructs have been linked to psychological symptomatology. This study
      investigated the interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and social status in
      relation to anxiety and depressive symptomatology expression among 124 black
      adults. Participants provided sociodemographics and completed self-report
      questionnaires. The interactive associations between anxiety sensitivity and
      social status on anxiety symptomatology and depressive symptomatology were
      examined with hierarchical linear regressions adjusted for sociodemographics and
      negative affectivity. Significant interactions between anxiety sensitivity and
      social status were evident only for anxiety symptoms: specifically, the
      association between anxiety sensitivity and anxiety symptoms was much stronger
      for individuals with lower (versus higher) subjective social status. Black adults
      with this higher anxiety sensitivity/lower social status phenotype may be at
      heightened risk for the expression of anxiety symptomatology, and may benefit
      from interventions to reduce anxiety sensitivity.

PMID- 26963640
TI  - Outcomes of an International Audiology Service-Learning Study-Abroad Program.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' academic and civic
      learning, with particular interest in cultural competence, gained through
      participation in the Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences in Zambia study
      abroad program. METHOD: Twelve female students participated in the program.
      Quantitative data collected included pre- and postprogram administration of the
      Public Affairs Scale (Levesque-Bristol & Cornelius-White, 2012) to measure
      changes in participants' civic learning. Qualitative data included journals, end
      of-program reflection papers, videos, and researcher field notes. Feedback was
      also obtained from community-partner organizations via a questionnaire and rating
      scale. RESULTS: Comparison of the pre- and postprogram Public Affairs Scale data
      showed a significant increase in cultural competence and a marginal increase in
      community engagement at the conclusion of the program. Qualitative data showed
      that participants' cultural awareness was increased, they benefited from hands-on
      learning, and they experienced a variety of emotions and emotional and personal
      growth. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that a short-term study-abroad program with a
      service-learning component can be a mechanism for students to enhance academic
      and civic learning, specifically cultural competence and clinical skills.
      Sustainability of programs is a challenge that needs to be addressed.

PMID- 26963638
TI  - Longitudinal sex and stress hormone profiles among reproductive age and post
      menopausal women after severe TBI: A case series analysis.
AB  - PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To describe hormone profiles for pre-/post-menopausal women,
      to monitor time to resumption of menstruation among pre-menopausal women and to
      describe cortisol associated LH suppression and phasic variation in other sex
      hormones over timeMethods and procedures: This study determined amenorrhea
      duration and characterized acute (days 0-7) and chronic (months 1-6)
      gonadotropins [luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone (LH, FSH)],
      sex hormones (progesterone, estradiol) and stress hormone (cortisol) profiles.
      Women were pre-menopausal (n = 3) or post-menopausal (n = 3). Among pre
      menopausal women, menstrual cycle resolution and phase association
      (luteal/follicular) was monitored using self-report monthly reproductive history
      questionnaires. This study compared post-TBI hormone profiles, stratified by
      menopausal status, to hormone levels from seven controls and described 6- and 12
      month outcomes for these women. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Consistent with
      functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), menstruation resumption among pre
      menopausal women occurred when serum cortisol normalized to luteal phase control
      levels. For post-menopausal women, serum cortisol reductions corresponded with
      resolution of suppressed LH levels. CONCLUSIONS: The stress of TBI results in
      anovulation and central hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPG) axis suppression.
      Future work will examine acute/chronic consequences of post-TBI hypercortisolemia
      and associated HPG suppression, the temporal association of HPG suppression with
      other neuroendocrine adaptations and how HPG suppression impacts multidimensional
      recovery for women with TBI.

PMID- 26963641
TI  - Recovery of motor imagery ability in the first year after stroke.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the level and recovery of motor imagery
      ability (MIA) in the first year after stroke and whether the recovery of MIA is
      related to that of arm/hand function. Twenty-three patients with diminished
      arm/hand function were included. The accuracy score on the hand laterality
      judgment task was used to assess MIA and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment was used to
      evaluate the recovery of arm/hand function. The patients were assessed 3, 6, 16,
      26, and 52 weeks after stroke. In the first year after stroke, the percentage of
      patients with moderate to good MIA improved from 78% after 3 weeks to 94% after 1
      year. The recovery of MIA took place in the first 6 weeks after stroke. No
      correlation was found between the recovery of MIA and arm/hand function, despite
      the fact that the greatest improvement in both occurred in the first 6 weeks. 

PMID- 26963639
TI  - Improving the CH1-CK heterodimerization and pharmacokinetics of 4Dm2m, a novel
      potent CD4-antibody fusion protein against HIV-1.
AB  - We previously described 4Dm2m, an exceptionally potent broadly neutralizing CD4
      antibody fusion protein against HIV-1. It was generated by fusing the engineered
      single human CD4 domain mD1.22 to both the N and C termini of the human IgG1
      heavy chain constant region and the engineered single human antibody domain
      m36.4, which targets the CD4-induced coreceptor binding site of the viral
      envelope glycoprotein, to the N terminus of the human antibody kappa light chain
      constant region via the (G4S)3 polypeptide linkers. However, therapeutic use of
      4Dm2m was limited by its short in vivo half-life. Here, we show that a
      combination of three approaches have successfully increased the persistence of
      4Dm2m in mice. First, to stabilize the scaffold, we enhanced heterodimerization
      between the heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) and kappa light chain constant
      domain (CK) by using structure-guided design and phage-display library
      technologies. Second, to address the possibility that long polypeptide linkers
      might render fusion proteins more susceptible to proteolysis, we shortened the
      (G4S)3 linkers or replaced them with the human IgG1 hinge sequence, which is
      naturally designed for both flexibility and stability. Third, we introduced two
      amino acid mutations into the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of the scaffold
      previously shown to increase antibody binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)
      and prolong half-lives in vivo. Collectively, these approaches markedly increased
      the serum concentrations of 4Dm2m in mice while not affecting other properties of
      the fusion protein. The new 4Dm2m variants are promising candidates for clinical
      development to prevent or treat HIV-1 infection. To our knowledge, this is the
      first report on stabilized CH1-CK, which is potentially useful as a new
      heterodimerization scaffold for generation of bispecific and multispecific
      antibodies or proteins with a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile.

PMID- 26963649
TI  - Tearing down to build up: Metalloenzymes in the biosynthesis lincomycin,
      hormaomycin and the pyrrolo [1,4]benzodiazepines.
AB  - The metabolic pathways for the production of lincomycin, hormaomycin and the
      antitumor pyrrolo [1,4] benzodiazepines share a vinyl substituted pyrroline
      carboxylic acid (3-vinyl-2,3-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, VPCA) as a common
      intermediate. Biosynthesis of this vinyl substituted pyrroline carboxylic acid
      intermediate requires a short, three-enzyme pathway containing two
      metalloenzymes: a heme-dependent l-tyrosine hydroxylase and a non-heme Fe(2+)
      dependent l-DOPA dioxygenase. The l-tyrosine hydroxylase is an unprecedented type
      of peroxidase that specifically monohydroxylates tyrosine, while the l-DOPA
      extradiol cleaving enzyme is a single-domain vicinal-oxygen-chelate (VOC)
      dioxygenase. The dioxygenase product subsequently undergoes an, as yet
      uncharacterized, C-C bond cleavage reaction. This mini-pathway demonstrates the
      use of metal-dependent chemistry typically associated with natural product
      degradation in order to build a compact, functionalized building block for
      larger, bioactive molecules. 

PMID- 26963650
TI  - Characterization of Polyphenols from Lycium ruthenicum Fruit by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS(E)
      and Their Antioxidant Activity in Caco-2 Cells.
AB  - The fruit of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (LRF) has long been used in folk medicine.
      Nevertheless, detailed information related to its polyphenol compositions remains
      scarce. In this study, we confirmed that the total phenolic and anthocyanin
      contents of LRF fruit extracts (LRFEs) were 4906.5 +/- 60.6 mg of gallic acid
      equivalents/100 g DW and 787.6 +/- 34.1 mg of cyanindin-3-glucoside
      equivalents/100 g DW, respectively. A characterization of LRFEs was performed by
      ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry using an MS(E) data acquisition. A total of 26 polyphenols were
      tentatively identified, of which 19 represent the first reports of these
      polyphenols in LRFEs. Furthermore, the cellular antioxidant array showed that
      LRFEs could protect Caco-2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage based on
      microscopic fluorometric imaging. 

PMID- 26963651
TI  - Liquid-Mercury-Supported Langmuir Films of Ionic Liquids: Isotherms, Structure,
      and Time Evolution.
AB  - Ionic liquids have been intensively developed for the last few decades and are
      now used in a wide range of applications, from electrochemistry to catalysis and
      nanotechnology. Many of these applications involve ionic liquid interfaces with
      other liquids and solids, the subnanometric experimental study of which is highly
      demanding, and has been little studied to date. We present here a study of
      mercury-supported Langmuir films of imidazolium-based ionic liquids by surface
      tensiometry and X-ray reflectivity. The charge-delocalized ionic liquids studied
      here exhibit no 2D lateral order but show diffuse surface-normal electron density
      profiles exhibiting gradual mercury penetration into the ionic liquid film, and
      surface-normal structure evolution over a period of hours. The effect of
      increasing the nonpolar alkyl chain length was also investigated. The results
      obtained provide insights into the interactions between these ionic liquids and
      liquid mercury and about the time evolution of the structure and composition of
      their interface. 

PMID- 26963642
TI  - Investigation Into the Humaneness of Slaughter Methods for Guinea Pigs (Cavia
      porcelus) in the Andean Region.
AB  - Guinea pigs (Cavia porcelus) are an important source of nonhuman animal protein
      in the Andean region of South America. Specific guidelines regarding the welfare
      of guinea pigs before and during slaughter have yet to be developed. This study
      critically assessed the humaneness of 4 different stunning/slaughter methods for
      guinea pigs: cervical neck dislocation (n = 60), electrical head-only stunning (n
      = 83), carbon dioxide (CO2) stunning (n = 21), and penetrating captive bolt (n =
      10). Following cervical neck dislocation, 97% of guinea pigs had at least 1
      behavioral or cranial/spinal response. Six percent of guinea pigs were classified
      as mis-stunned after electrical stunning, and 1% were classified as mis-stunned
      after captive bolt. Increased respiratory effort was observed during CO2
      stunning. Apart from this finding, there were no other obvious behavioral
      responses that could be associated with suffering. Of the methods assessed,
      captive bolt was deemed the most humane, effective, and practical method of
      stunning guinea pigs. Cervical neck dislocation should not be recommended as a
      slaughter method for guinea pigs. 

PMID- 26963652
TI  - Design and Evaluation of Identifiable Key-Click Signals for Mobile Devices.
AB  - As touch based input becomes more popular in mobile devices, there is an
      increasing need for haptic feedback on key-less input surface. Four experiments
      were conducted to design and evaluate identifiable emulated key-click signals
      using a piezoelectric actuator. Experiments I and II assessed the information
      transmission capacity for the amplitude, frequency, and number of cycles of
      raised cosine waveforms used to drive the piezo actuators under fixed- and roving
      background conditions, respectively. Experiment III estimated the total
      information transfer for all three parameters. The results were used to reduce
      the number of stimulus alternatives in the key-click signal set with the goal to
      achieve perfect identification performance. Experiment IV verified that up to 5
      to 6 identifiable key-click signals could be achieved with the experimental
      setup. The present study outlines an information theoretic approach to conducting
      identification experiments to guide the design of and to evaluate a perfectly
      identifiable stimulus set. The methodology can be applied to other applications
      in need of perceptually identifiable stimulation patterns. 

PMID- 26963653
TI  - Exploratory Strategies in Haptic Softness Discrimination Are Tuned to Achieve
      High Levels of Task Performance.
AB  - Haptic perception essentially depends on the executed exploratory movements. It
      has been speculated that spontaneously executed movements are optimized for the
      computation of associated haptic properties. We investigated to what extent
      people strategically execute movements that are tuned for softness discrimination
      of objects with deformable surfaces. In Experiment 1, we investigated how
      movement parameters depend on expected stimulus compliance. In a discrimination
      task, we measured exploratory forces for less compliant (hard) stimuli and for
      more compliant (soft) stimuli. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether
      exploratory force also depends on the expected compliance difference between the
      two stimuli. The results indicate that participants apply higher forces when
      expecting harder objects as compared to softer objects, and they apply higher
      forces for smaller compliance differences than for larger ones. Experiment 3
      examined how applied force influences differential sensitivity for softness as
      assessed by just noticeable differences (JNDs). For soft stimuli, JNDs did not
      depend on force. For hard stimuli, JNDs were "worse" (higher) if participants
      applied less force than they use naturally. We conclude that applying high force
      is a robust strategy to obtain high differential sensitivity, and that
      participants used this strategy if it was required for successful discrimination
      performance. 

PMID- 26963654
TI  - Improved Tactile Shear Feedback: Tactor Design and an Aperture-Based Restraint.
AB  - Tactile feedback could replace or augment visual and auditory communication in a
      range of important applications. This paper advances the field of tactile
      communication by presenting performance data on a variety of tactors and a finger
      restraint that is suitable for use in portable devices. Tactors, the contact
      elements between the device and the skin, and finger restraints were evaluated
      using a tangential skin displacement direction identification task. We tested
      tactors of three sizes and two different textures. Rough textured tactors
      improved communication accuracy compared to smooth tactors, but tactor size did
      not have a statistically significant effect. Aperture-based restraints of three
      sizes were evaluated on both the index finger and the thumb. The aperture-based
      restraint was effective when used on both the index finger and the thumb, with
      performances on par with our previously tested thimble-based restraint.
      Participants performed better with larger apertures than with smaller apertures,
      but there was no interaction between aperture size and finger size, meaning that
      the same aperture could be used with a range of finger sizes. Subjects'
      perceptual acuity varied with stimulus direction. We discuss the effects of
      contact force, finger size, and differences in perceptual acuity between the
      index finger and thumb. 

PMID- 26963655
TI  - Tactile and Haptic Illusions.
AB  - This paper surveys the research literature on robust tactile and haptic
      illusions. The illusions are organized into two categories. The first category
      relates to objects and their properties, and is further differentiated in terms
      of haptic processing of material versus geometric object properties. The second
      category relates to haptic space, and is further differentiated in terms of the
      observer's own body versus external space. The illusions are initially described
      and where possible addressed in terms of their functional properties and/or
      underlying neural processes. The significance of these illusions for the design
      of tactile and haptic displays is also discussed. We conclude by briefly
      considering a number of important general themes that have emerged in the
      materials surveyed. 

PMID- 26963656
TI  - The Role of Gesture Types and Spatial Feedback in Haptic Communication.
AB  - The sense of touch is a fundamental part of social interaction as even a short
      touch from another person can elicit emotional experiences. Previous studies on
      haptic communication indicate that the benefits of interpersonal touch exist even
      when touch is artificially mediated between people that are physically apart. In
      the current study an evaluation of three input gestures (i.e., moving, squeezing,
      and stroking) was conducted to identify preferred methods for creating haptic
      messages using a hand-held device. Furthermore, two output methods (i.e., one or
      four haptic actuators) were investigated in order to determine whether
      representing spatial properties of input gestures haptically provides additional
      benefit for communication. Participants created haptic messages in four example
      communication scenarios. The results of subjective ratings, postexperimental
      interviews, and observations showed that squeezing and stroking were the
      preferred ways to interact with the device. Squeezing was an unobtrusive and
      quick way to create haptic content. Stroking, on the other hand, enabled crafting
      of more detailed haptic messages. Spatial haptic output was appreciated
      especially when using the stroking method. These findings can help in designing
      haptic communication methods for hand-held devices. 

PMID- 26963658
TI  - Characterization of the Haptic Shape-Weight Illusion with 3D Objects.
AB  - The present study shows an effect of 3D shape on perceived weight of objects.
      This effect could be explained partly by the size-weight and the shape-size
      illusions, suggesting that the perceived size is not the only factor responsible
      for the shape-weight illusion. 

PMID- 26963657
TI  - Vibrotactile Stimuli Applied to Finger Pads as Biases for Perceived Inertial and
      Viscous Loads.
AB  - The perception of the mass and viscosity of an object is based on the dynamic
      forces applied to our hands when we jiggle or lift the object [1], [2], [3]. This
      force is commonly assumed to be sensed by kinetic receptors [4] in our muscles or
      tendons. When jiggling objects, we also experience the cutaneous deformation of
      our finger pads. In this study, we show that the dynamic vibration on the finger
      pad influences our perception of mass and viscosity. We experimentally confirm
      that the vibration on the finger pad, that synchronizes with the hand's
      accelerations or velocities, enhances the perceived changes in the mass or
      viscosity when the vibrotactile stimuli and the changes in the mass and viscosity
      are in the same perceptual direction. For example, when the increased mass and an
      acceleration-synchronized tactile stimulus-which is a positive bias for the mass
      are simultaneously presented to the experiment participants, they respond that
      the perceived increase in the mass is enhanced. In contrast, when the tactile and
      proprioceptive stimuli are in perceptually opposite directions, the vibrotactile
      stimuli cancel the perceived changes in the mass and viscosity. In particular,
      the effect of the velocity-synchronized vibration on perception is stronger than
      the effect of the actual viscosity. 

PMID- 26963659
TI  - Collocation Accuracy of Visuo-Haptic System: Metrics and Calibration.
AB  - Human resolution of collocation error between haptic and stereoscopic displays
      influences the design of visuo-haptic rendering algorithms, yet it is not well
      characterized. In the present study, we propose quantified metrics to measure the
      visuo-haptic collocation error and a prototype based on half-silvered mirror is
      established to validate the metrics. After defining collocation error in terms of
      the spatial correspondence between a tool and a surface, a mathematical model is
      derived that relates collocation error to the visual and haptic rendering modules
      within the computational pipeline. A calibration method consisting of Perspective
      Calibration (PC) and Model Calibration (MC) is then proposed to compensate for
      manufacturing and assembly tolerances. Based on measurement values by a precise
      measurement apparatus, i.e., the FARO Arm, parameters for the PC and MC were
      determined. System performance is evaluated by measuring the collocation error
      between a real handle and its visual avatar. The average collocation error was
      1.8 mm within the XwYwOw plane, and the error never exceeded 7 mm within an 80 mm
      * 80 mm * 80 mm workspace. 

PMID- 26963660
TI  - Modeling and Compensation of the Internal Friction Torque of a Travelling Wave
      Ultrasonic Motor.
AB  - This paper deals with the control and experimentation of a one-degree-of-freedom
      haptic stick, actuated by a travelling wave ultrasonic motor. This type of
      actuator has many interesting properties such as low-speed operation capabilities
      and a high torque-to-weight ratio, making it appropriate for haptic applications.
      However, the motor used in this application displays nonlinear behavior due to
      the necessary contact between its rotor and stator. Moreover, due to its energy
      conversion process, the torque applied to the end-effector is not a
      straightforward function of the supply current or voltage. This is why a force
      feedback control strategy is presented, which includes an online parameter
      estimator. Experimental runs are then presented to examine the fidelity of the
      interface. 

PMID- 26963661
TI  - The Economics of Cognitive Impairment: Volunteering and Cognitive Function in the
      HILDA Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The economic impact of older-age cognitive impairment has been
      estimated primarily by the direct and indirect costs associated with dementia
      care. Other potential costs associated with milder cognitive impairment in the
      community have received little attention. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the cost of
      nonclinical cognitive impairment in a large population-based sample in order to
      more fully inform cost-effectiveness evaluations of interventions to maintain
      cognitive health. METHODS: Volunteering by seniors has economic value but those
      with lower cognitive function may contribute fewer hours. Relations between hours
      volunteering and cognitive impairment were assessed using the Household, Income
      and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data. These findings were
      extrapolated to the Australian population to estimate one potential cost
      attributable to nonclinical cognitive impairment. RESULTS: In those aged >=60
      years in HILDA (n = 3,127), conservatively defined cognitive impairment was
      present in 3.8% of the sample. Impairment was defined by performance >=1 standard
      deviation below the age- and education-adjusted mean on both the Symbol Digit
      Modalities Test and Backwards Digit Span test. In fully adjusted binomial
      regression models, impairment was associated with the probability of undertaking
      1 h 9 min less volunteering a week compared to being nonimpaired (beta = -1.15,
      95% confidence interval -1.82 to -0.47, p = 0.001). In the population, 3.8%
      impairment equated to probable loss of AUD 302,307,969 per annum estimated by
      hours of volunteering valued by replacement cost. CONCLUSION: Nonclinical
      cognitive impairment in older age impacts upon on the nonmonetary economy via
      probable loss of volunteering contribution. Valuing loss of contribution provides
      additional information for cost-effectiveness evaluations of research and action
      directed toward maintaining older-age cognitive functioning.

PMID- 26963662
TI  - The management of hypophysitis.
AB  - Hypophysitis is generally accepted as an autoimmune disease which is
      characterized by inflammation and cellular infiltration of the pituitary gland.
      It can be either primary or secondary. In this review, treatment of primary
      hypophysitis of various histological subtypes are discussed. Management of
      primary hypophysitis is usually symptomatic aiming to reduce the size of the
      pituitary mass and/or replace deficient pituitary hormones. Observation with
      replacement for deficient pituitary hormones can be applied in some group of
      patients. Keeping the complications of surgery in mind, surgical intervention
      should be limited to cases with severe and/or deteriorating compressive signs or
      cases with inconclusive findings of hypophysitis in whom treatment would be based
      on histopathological examination. The most commonly used drugs in the treatment
      of hypophysitis are glucocorticoids. They are able to reduce the size of the mass
      lesion with their anti-inflammatory effects and sometimes pituitary functions may
      also recover. However, there is no consensus about the optimal duration and dose
      of glucocorticoid use. When glucocorticoids and/or surgery fail, azathioprine,
      methotrexate, cyclosporin A and novel immunotherapies can be tried as third or
      forth line treatment. Radiotherapy and radiosurgery have been seldom used for
      treatment of hypophysitis in order to reduce the mass effect. 

PMID- 26963663
TI  - Anastomotic complications after robot-assisted laparoscopic and open radical
      prostatectomy.
AB  - Objective Anastomotic complications are well known after radical prostatectomy
      (RP). The vesicourethral anastomotic technique is handled differently between
      open and robotic RP. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the
      frequency of anastomotic leakages and strictures differed between patients
      undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) and robot-assisted radical
      prostatectomy (RARP) and to identify risk factors associated with these
      complications. Materials and methods The study included 735 consecutive patients
      who underwent RRP (n = 499) or RARP (236) at the Department of Urology,
      Rigshospitalet, Denmark, in a complete 3 year period from 2010 to 2012.
      Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyse
      associations between surgical procedure (RRP vs RARP) and anastomotic
      complications. Analyses included age, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension,
      surgeon, prostate volume and anastomotic leakage as variables. Owing to a low
      number of events, multivariable analyses only included smoking status, diabetes
      and prostate volume for anastomotic leakage, and age, smoking status, prostate
      volume and anastomotic leakage for anastomotic strictures. Results The frequency
      of anastomotic leakage was 2.9%. Anastomotic stricture was seen in 4.9% of
      patients during follow-up. No differences were found in the frequency of
      anastomotic leakage (p = 0.35) or strictures (p = 0.35) between RRP and RARP.
      Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between surgeon and the risk of
      anastomotic strictures in RRP patients (p = 0.02). No other independent risk
      factors were identified. Conclusion Overall, the anastomotic complication rate in
      this cohort is similar to other published reports. No obvious risk factors for
      anastomotic complications could be identified, which in part was due to the low
      number of events. 

PMID- 26963664
TI  - Reproductive decisions in the lives of West Bank Palestinian women: Dimensions
      and contradictions.
AB  - Palestinian women have one of the highest fertility rates in the world, averaging
      4.38 births per woman. However, Palestinian fertility patterns are distinct from
      those of other developing nations, in that high fertility rates coexist alongside
      high levels of education and low levels of infant mortality - both of which have
      been established elsewhere as predictors of low total fertility rates. This study
      explores the dimensions and context of the contradictions between fertility
      predictors and rates, isolating main factors that shape Palestinian reproductive
      behaviour. Furthermore, while this study addresses factors that influence the
      high fertility in the Palestinian Territories, it also addresses factors that
      contribute to the steady decline of this trend. In-depth interviews were
      conducted with Palestinian women in urban refugee communities and key informant
      interviews with experts on Palestinian reproductive health. The findings indicate
      that five factors shape women's reproductive behaviour: (1) the fear of losing
      one's children in the ongoing conflict; (2) socio-economic factors including
      poverty and density of space; (3) the marital relationship; (4) religious values;
      and (5) generational differences. These results highlight the influence of socio
      political conditions on reproductive behaviour and the significance of women's
      agency in manoeuvring their fertility outcomes.

PMID- 26963665
TI  - Emergence of Binaural Summation After Surgical Correction of Unilateral
      Congenital Aural Atresia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the emergence of binaural summation in patients with
      unilateral congenital aural atresia undergoing surgical correction. STUDY DESIGN:
      Preoperative and postoperative audiometric testing in a prospective cohort of 10
      patients with unilateral congenital aural atresia. SETTING: University-based
      tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Ten patients (ages 6-53) with an average 69 dB
      (+/-9 dB sd) unilateral conductive hearing loss, normal hearing in the nonatretic
      ear, and normal bone conduction in the atretic ear. INTERVENTIONS: Pre- and
      postoperative hearing in noise test in quiet and in noise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Levels of sentences presented from a single central speaker were adaptively
      varied to determine a speech reception threshold (SRT), first in quiet and then
      with simultaneous multitalker babble at 65 dB SPL from the same speaker. RESULTS:
      Preoperative SRT was worse than normal controls in both quiet (p = 0.001) and in
      noise (p = 0.05), as expected. Postoperative SRT in quiet improved 3.5 dB
      (marginally significant with one-tailed p value of 0.05); thresholds in noise
      improved an insignificant 0.8 dB (one-tailed p = 0.2). Converting results to dB
      worse-than normal, atresia patients did better in noise (relative to normal) than
      in quiet (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The expected summation effect (3 dB) occurs
      after atresia surgery in quiet but not in noise. Relative to normal, these
      patients performed better in noise than quiet, perhaps because these patients
      develop skills attending to threshold-level speech in noise during their years
      without binaural benefit.

PMID- 26963666
TI  - High Frequency Ex Vivo Ultrasound Imaging of the Middle Ear to Show Simulated
      Ossicular Pathology.
AB  - HYPOTHESIS: To illustrate the ability of high frequency ultrasound (HFUS) using a
      transducer array to demonstrate a variety of simulated clinical scenarios
      involving the ossicular chain. BACKGROUND: HFUS (>20 MHz) is a relatively new
      area of ultrasonic imaging that provides an order of magnitude better image
      resolution than the conventional low-frequency systems. HFUS may be a real-time
      imaging system that could be used in the clinic and would complement computed
      tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enhance the decision
      making process for patients with middle ear pathology. METHODS: Using a
      commercially available HFUS scanner, we imaged a variety of simulated clinical
      scenarios to demonstrate the ability of HFUS to image middle ear pathology.
      RESULTS: We were able to clearly demonstrate real-time visualization of ossicular
      pathology in human temporal bones, whereas there are some limitations in the
      current technique to be addressed before it is used in vivo. CONCLUSION: HFUS
      allows excellent visualization of middle ear anatomy and pathology through an
      intact tympanic membrane (TM), and these experiments go some way towards giving
      the otologist access to high resolution, real-time imaging of the middle ear in
      the clinic.

PMID- 26963667
TI  - Economic Evaluation of Treatments for Pediatric Bilateral Severe to Profound
      Sensorineural Hearing Loss: An Australian Perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In Australia, surgical treatment options for children with bilateral
      severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss exist in a continuum ranging from
      unilateral cochlear implantation (CI), sequential bilateral CI through to
      simultaneous bilateral CI, depending on the condition. When treatment options are
      mutually exclusive, the mean costs and benefits of each treatment group are
      summed together to obtain the total mean costs and benefits. This enables an
      incremental analysis of treatment options in the context of the treated
      populations.The objective was to evaluate the cost-utility of current Australian
      CI treatment practices in children using domestic costs and consequences when
      compared with bilateral hearing aids (HAs). RESEARCH DESIGN: Economic evaluation
      including a Markov model based on secondary sources. SETTING: The base case
      modeled a government health payer perspective over a child's lifetime. Primary
      and secondary school education costs were also assessed. INTERVENTION: Bilateral
      HAs compared with CI, including unilateral, sequential bilateral, or simultaneous
      bilateral CI weighted according to treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incremental
      costs per quality adjusted life year. RESULTS: Approximately 42% of children in
      Australia with unilateral CI did not transition to sequential bilateral nor
      undergo simultaneous bilateral implantation. This differs from previous economic
      evaluations that assumed 100% of children transitioned to sequential bilateral CI
      treatment or were treated with simultaneous bilateral CI.The incremental cost
      utility of unilateral cochlear implantation compared with HAs was AUD
      21,947/QALY. The weighted average incremental cost utility of the combined
      cochlear implantation treatment groups was AUD 31,238/QALY when compared with
      HAs. CONCLUSION: Previous economic evaluations of cochlear implantation assumed
      100% of unilaterally treated patients would transition to sequential bilateral or
      be treated with simultaneous bilateral implantation. This approach does not take
      into account the total treated population, where a proportion of patients are
      treated with unilateral CI.CI was cost effective when compared with HAs, and
      included children treated with unilateral, sequential bilateral, and simultaneous
      bilateral CI.The model was sensitive to the number of assessment and habilitation
      visits. Alternative health service models with cost efficiencies are needed to
      reduce after care costs.

PMID- 26963668
TI  - Cost-Utility Analysis of Cochlear Implantation in Australian Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sequential and simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants are emerging
      as appropriate treatment options for Australian adults with sensory deficits in
      both cochleae. Current funding of Australian public hospitals does not provide
      for simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation (CI) as a separate surgical
      procedure. Previous cost-effectiveness studies of sequential and simultaneous
      bilateral CI assumed 100% of unilaterally treated patients' transition to a
      sequential bilateral CI. This assumption does not place cochlear implantation in
      the context of the generally treated population. When mutually exclusive
      treatment options exist, such as unilateral CI, sequential bilateral CI, and
      simultaneous bilateral CI, the mean costs of the treated populations are weighted
      in the calculation of incremental cost-utility ratios. The objective was to
      evaluate the cost-utility of bilateral hearing aids (HAs) compared with
      unilateral, sequential, and simultaneous bilateral CI in Australian adults with
      bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cost
      utility analysis of secondary sources input to a Markov model. SETTING:
      Australian health care perspective, lifetime horizon with costs and outcomes
      discounted 5% annually. INTERVENTION: Bilateral HAs as treatment for bilateral
      severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss compared with unilateral,
      sequential, and simultaneous bilateral CI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incremental
      costs per quality adjusted life year (AUD/QALY). RESULTS: When compared with
      bilateral hearing aids the incremental cost-utility ratio for the CI treatment
      population was AUD11,160/QALY. The incremental cost-utility ratio was weighted
      according to the number of patients treated unilaterally, sequentially, and
      simultaneously, as these were mutually exclusive treatment options. CONCLUSION:
      No peer-reviewed articles have reported the incremental analysis of cochlear
      implantation in a continuum of care for surgically treated populations with
      bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Unilateral, sequential,
      and simultaneous bilateral CI were cost-effective when compared with bilateral
      hearing aids. Technologies that reduce the total number of visits for a patient
      could introduce additional cost efficiencies into clinical practice.

PMID- 26963669
TI  - Microvascular head and neck reconstruction after (chemo)radiation: facts and
      prejudices.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article critically analyzes the recent literature on
      microvascular head and neck reconstruction after (chemo)radiation [(C)RT], taking
      into consideration both the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and their clinical
      consequences. RECENT FINDINGS: Microvascular reconstruction has gradually become
      a mainstay in the management of head and neck cancer both in primary and salvage
      scenarios. However, limited data are available concerning the influence of
      previous radiotherapy/chemoradiation therapy (CRT) on free flap survival and
      surgical complications. Molecular studies show that the effects of
      radiotherapy/CRT may be essentially reduced to three components: inflammation, a
      prothrombotic state and fibrosis. From a clinical point of view, this is
      reflected in a moderate increase in free flaps failure and surgical
      complications. Nevertheless, free flaps continue to offer clear advantages even
      in such an unfavorable condition. SUMMARY: Radiotherapy/CRT induce a less
      favorable tissue environment, potentially leading to a higher risk of
      complications. In this scenario, however, free tissue transfer still plays the
      role of favoring wound healing bringing well vascularized tissue to less
      vascularized microenvironments.

PMID- 26963670
TI  - Early detection of oral cancers: current status and future prospects.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews the current literature and summarizes the
      latest developments in screening and early detection of oral cancers and looks at
      the future possibilities. RECENT FINDINGS: Oral cancer is the best model for
      screening and prevention. The screening for oral cancer can be population based,
      opportunistic, or targeted. A long-term 15-year follow-up data of a randomized
      controlled study from a developing country setting indicated a sustained
      reduction in oral cancer mortality in high-risk individuals. Visual oral
      examination remains the mainstay in the screening. Several adjunctive techniques
      have been described to aid in the clinical examination of these lesions. A
      Cochrane review revealed that there is no evidence to recommend these adjuncts in
      clinically visible lesions. Salivary biomarkers seem to be promising as a tool
      for screening in the future. A Targeted Evidence Update for the US Preventive
      Services Task Force found no evidence on screening either in the general or
      selected high-risk population for oral cancer in the United States or on benefit
      of any adjunctive device affecting the performance of the screening examination.
      SUMMARY: Current evidence shows that community based screening has a value in
      reducing the oral cancer mortality in high-risk group of population. But this
      evidence may not be universally applicable.

PMID- 26963671
TI  - Current understanding of the tumor microenvironment of laryngeal dysplasia and
      progression to invasive cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the historical tumor progression genetic
      model of laryngeal carcinomas, from dysplasia to invasive carcinoma and the role
      of infiltrating immune and inflammatory cells as contributors to this process.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Classically, the genetic model of carcinogenesis describes
      overexpression of oncogenes and/or silencing of tumor suppressor genes which,
      when combined with exposure to environmental carcinogens over the course of time,
      results in damage to cellular DNA. Increasing evidence indicates that innate and
      adaptive immune mediators also play an important role in tumor progression of
      laryngeal carcinomas. Cellular mediators of immune suppression are often over
      represented in the tumor microenvironment and these cells release cytokines,
      which perpetuate immune suppression allowing for tumor immune evasion. SUMMARY:
      Future therapies targeting laryngeal malignancies should focus on a combined
      approach which targets both genetic variations and immune mediators.

PMID- 26963672
TI  - Reasonable limits for transoral laser microsurgery in laryngeal cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) is widely acknowledged to
      offer several advantages in the treatment of early and selected intermediate
      advanced laryngeal cancers. Nevertheless, a number of issues are still under
      debate. The purpose of this review is to discuss the reasonable limits for TLM in
      laryngeal cancer to highlight its most appropriate and reproducible indications,
      putting this therapeutic tool in the right perspective within a comprehensive
      frame of alternative treatment strategies such as open partial laryngectomies and
      nonsurgical organ preservation protocols. RECENT FINDINGS: Inadequate laryngeal
      exposure, anterior commissure involvement in the cranio-caudal plane (T2),
      invasion of the posterior paraglottic space with arytenoid fixation, massive
      infiltration of the preepiglottic space, and even minor thyroid cartilage erosion
      (T3) represent the most controversial applications of TLM in management of
      glottic and supraglottic cancer. SUMMARY: Published oncological results appear to
      be satisfactory when TLM is applied to T1-T2 and accurately selected T3 glottic
      and supraglottic cancers with favourable exposure. Caution should be used for
      more advanced tumours.

PMID- 26963673
TI  - Contribution of animal models to contemporary understanding of Attention Deficit
      Hyperactivity Disorder.
AB  - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a poorly understood
      neurodevelopmental disorder of multifactorial origin. Animal-based research has
      been used to investigate ADHD aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment, but the
      efficacy of this research for patients has not yet been systematically evaluated.
      However, such evaluation is important, given the resource consumption and ethical
      concerns incurred by animal use. Accordingly, we used the citation tracking
      facility within Web of Science to locate original research performed on animal
      models related to ADHD, prior to 2010. Human medical papers citing those animal
      studies were carefully analyzed by two independent raters to evaluate the
      contribution of the animal to the human studies. 211 publications describing
      relevant animal studies were located. Approximately half (3,342) of their 6,406
      citations were by other animal studies. 446 human medical papers cited 121 of
      these 211 animal studies, a total of 500 times. 254 of these 446 papers were
      human studies of ADHD. However, only eight animal papers (cited 10 times) were
      relevant to the hypothesis of the human medical study in question. Three of these
      eight papers described results from both human and animal studies, but their
      citations solely referred to the human data. Five animal research papers were
      relevant to the hypotheses of the applicable human medical papers. Citation
      analysis indicates that animal research has contributed very little to
      contemporary understanding of ADHD. To ensure optimal allocation of Research &
      Development funds targeting this disease the contribution of other research
      methods should be similarly evaluated. 

PMID- 26963674
TI  - A 44 bp intestine-specific hermaphrodite-specific enhancer from the C. elegans
      vit-2 vitellogenin gene is directly regulated by ELT-2, MAB-3, FKH-9 and DAF-16
      and indirectly regulated by the germline, by daf-2/insulin signaling and by the
      TGF-beta/Sma/Mab pathway.
AB  - The Caenorhabditis elegans vitellogenin genes are transcribed in the intestine of
      adult hermaphrodites but not of males. A 44-bp region from the vit-2 gene
      promoter is able largely to reconstitute this tissue-, stage- and sex-specific
      expression. This "enhancer" contains a binding site for the DM-domain factor MAB
      3, the male-specific repressor of vitellogenesis, as well as an activator site
      that we show is the direct target of the intestinal GATA factor ELT-2. We further
      show that the enhancer is directly activated by the winged-helix/forkhead-factor
      FKH-9, (whose gene has been shown by others to be a direct target of DAF-16), by
      an unknown activator binding to the MAB-3 site, and by the full C. elegans TGF
      beta/Sma/Mab pathway acting within the intestine. The vit-2 gene has been shown
      by others to be repressed by the daf-2/daf-16 insulin signaling pathway, which so
      strongly influences aging and longevity in C. elegans. We show that the activity
      of the 44 bp vit-2 enhancer is abolished by loss of daf-2 but is restored by
      simultaneous loss of daf-16. DAF-2 acts from outside of the intestine but DAF-16
      acts both from outside of the intestine and from within the intestine where it
      binds directly to the same non-canonical target site that interacts with FKH-9.
      Activity of the 44 bp vit-2 enhancer is also inhibited by loss of the germline,
      in a manner that is only weakly influenced by DAF-16 but that is strongly
      influenced by KRI-1, a key downstream effector in the pathway by which germline
      loss increases C. elegans lifespan. The complex behavior of this enhancer
      presumably allows vitellogenin gene transcription to adjust to demands of body
      size, germline proliferation and nutritional state but we suggest that the
      apparent involvement of this enhancer in aging and longevity "pathways" could be
      incidental.

PMID- 26963676
TI  - High-density ordered Ag@Al2O3 nanobowl arrays in applications of surface-enhanced
      Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - In this paper, we demonstrate a high-performance surface-enhanced Raman
      scattering (SERS) substrate based on high-density ordered Ag@Al2O3 nanobowl
      arrays. By ion beam etching (IBE) the anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and
      subsequent Ag coating, ordered Ag@Al2O3 nanobowl arrays were created on the Si
      substrate. Unlike the 'hot spots' generated between adjacent metallic
      nanostructures, the Ag@Al2O3 nanobowl introduced 'hot spots' on the metal
      boundary of its hemispherical cavity. Based on the analysis of SERS signals, the
      optimized SERS substrate of Ag@Al2O3 nanobowl arrays had both high sensitivity
      and large-area uniformity. A detection limit as low as 10(-10) M was obtained
      using chemisorbed p-thiocresol (p-Tc) molecules, and the SERS signal was highly
      reproducible with a small standard deviation. The method opens up a new way to
      create highly sensitive SERS sensors with high-density 'hot spots', and it could
      play an important role in device design and corresponding biological and food
      safety monitoring applications.

PMID- 26963685
TI  - Anisotropic Electron-Photon and Electron-Phonon Interactions in Black Phosphorus.
AB  - Orthorhombic black phosphorus (BP) and other layered materials, such as gallium
      telluride (GaTe) and tin selenide (SnSe), stand out among two-dimensional (2D)
      materials owing to their anisotropic in-plane structure. This anisotropy adds a
      new dimension to the properties of 2D materials and stimulates the development of
      angle-resolved photonics and electronics. However, understanding the effect of
      anisotropy has remained unsatisfactory to date, as shown by a number of
      inconsistencies in the recent literature. We use angle-resolved absorption and
      Raman spectroscopies to investigate the role of anisotropy on the electron-photon
      and electron-phonon interactions in BP. We highlight, both experimentally and
      theoretically, a nontrivial dependence between anisotropy and flake thickness and
      photon and phonon energies. We show that once understood, the anisotropic optical
      absorption appears to be a reliable and simple way to identify the crystalline
      orientation of BP, which cannot be determined from Raman spectroscopy without the
      explicit consideration of excitation wavelength and flake thickness, as commonly
      used previously. 

PMID- 26963675
TI  - Centroacinar cells: At the center of pancreas regeneration.
AB  - The process of regeneration serves to heal injury by replacing missing cells.
      Understanding regeneration can help us replace cell populations lost during
      disease, such as the insulin-producing beta cells lost in diabetic patients.
      Centroacinar cells (CACs) are a specialized ductal pancreatic cell type that act
      as progenitors to replace beta cells in the zebrafish. However, whether CACs
      contribute to beta-cell regeneration in adult mammals remains controversial. Here
      we review the current understanding of the role of CACs as endocrine progenitors
      during regeneration in zebrafish and mammals. 

PMID- 26963686
TI  - Enhancement in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation in the Presence of Preexisting
      Organic Particle.
AB  - Atmospheric models of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) typically assume organic
      species form a well-mixed phase. As a result, partitioning of semivolatile
      oxidation products into the particle phase to form SOA is thought to be enhanced
      by preexisting organic particles. In this work, the physicochemical properties
      that govern such enhancement in SOA yield were examined. SOA yields from alpha
      pinene ozonolysis were measured in the presence of a variety of organic seeds
      which were chosen based on polarity and phase state at room temperature. Yield
      enhancement was only observed with seeds of medium polarities (tetraethylene
      glycol and citric acid). Solid hexadecanol seed was observed to enhance SOA
      yields only in chamber experiments with longer mixing time scales, suggesting
      that the mixing process for SOA and hexadecanol may be kinetically limited at
      shorter time scales. Our observations indicate that, in addition to kinetic
      limitations, intermolecular interactions also play a significant role in
      determining SOA yields. Here we propose for the first time to use the Hansen
      solubility framework to determine aerosol miscibility and predict SOA yield
      enhancement. These results highlight that current models may overestimate SOA
      formation, and parametrization of intermolecular forces is needed for accurate
      predictions of SOA formation. 

PMID- 26963687
TI  - Female Japanese quail with high levels of estradiol demonstrate cocaine-induced
      conditioned place preference.
AB  - Preclinical research has indicated that females may be more sensitive to the
      rewarding properties of cocaine. However, the majority of this research has been
      done in rodent species. Environmental cues associated with human drug-taking
      behavior tend to be visual. Because rodents do not rely on the visual system as
      their primary sense modality, the use of a visually oriented species may add to
      our understanding of cue-elicited drug cravings and relapse. The present study
      examined the potential role of the steroid hormone, estradiol, in the rewarding
      properties of cocaine in female Japanese quail using a conditioned place
      preference (CPP) procedure. In the current experiment, female quail were housed
      on either an 8L:16D (light:dark) or 16L:8D (light:dark) cycle for 21 days to
      induce photoregression or photostimulation, respectively. They then received 10,
      20, or 30 mg/kg cocaine, or saline during conditioning. Conditioning trials were
      carried out for 8 days, once per day for 30 min, for a total of 4 cocaine and 4
      saline alternating conditioning trials. Results indicated that female quail
      housed in long-light conditions (16L:8D) had significantly higher levels of
      estradiol than short-cycle females. Additionally, photostimulated female quail
      developed a CPP to 10 and 20 mg/kg cocaine. Short-cycle females did not show
      cocaine-induced CPP to any dose tested. Results indicate that cocaine is dose
      dependently rewarding to photostimulated female Japanese quail. Furthermore, the
      current findings suggest that estradiol may enhance the rewarding properties of
      cocaine in female quail. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963688
TI  - Notes from the Field: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Meningoencephalitis from
      a Household Rodent Infestation - Minnesota, 2015.
AB  - On April 20, 2015, a female aged 15 years sought care at her pediatrician's
      office after 5 days of fever, myalgia, left parietal headache, and photophobia. A
      rapid influenza assay was negative, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and total
      white blood cell count were normal. She improved with symptomatic care at home,
      but returned to her pediatrician's office on April 28, reporting recurrence of
      her headache and photophobia and new onset of a stiff neck. She was admitted to
      the hospital, where she was febrile to 102.9 degrees F (39.4 degrees C) and had
      meningismus. Computed tomography scan of her head was normal, and a cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) analysis showed a markedly elevated white blood cell count with 68%
      lymphocytes, low glucose, and a negative Gram stain. She was treated empirically
      for both bacterial and herpes simplex virus meningitis. The patient's hospital
      course was notable for hypotension (blood pressure 81/50), irritability, and
      pancreatitis with a peak lipase of 8,627 U/L. CSF cultures yielded no growth, and
      CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for herpes simplex virus was
      negative. Nucleic acid amplification testing, acid-fast bacilli stain, and acid
      fast bacilli cultures of CSF were negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
      Results of investigations for human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, Lyme
      disease, human herpesvirus 6 and 7, and species of Babesia, Toxoplasma,
      Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, and Brucella were negative. She recovered
      and was discharged on hospital day 11 with no apparent sequelae. 

PMID- 26963690
TI  - COSMO-RSC: Second-Order Quasi-Chemical Theory Recovering Local Surface
      Correlation Effects.
AB  - The conductor-like screening model for realistic solvation (COSMO-RS) was
      introduced 20 years ago and meanwhile has become an important tool for the
      prediction of fluid phase equilibrium properties. Starting from quantum chemical
      information about the surface polarity of solutes and solvents, it solves the
      statistical thermodynamics of molecules in liquid phases by the very efficient
      approximation of independently pairwise interacting surfaces, which meanwhile was
      shown to be equivalent to Guggenheim's quasi-chemical theory. One of the basic
      limitations of COSMO-RS, as of any quasi-chemical model, is the neglect of
      neighbor information, i.e., of local correlations of surface types on the
      molecular surface. In this paper we present the completely novel concept of using
      the first-order COSMO-RS contact probabilities for the construction of local
      surface correlation functions. These are fed as an entropic correction for the
      pair interactions into a second COSMO-RS self-consistency loop, which yields new
      contact probabilities, enthalpies, free energies and activity coefficients
      recovering much of the originally lost neighbor effects. By a novel analytic
      correction for concentration dependent interactions, the resulting activity
      coefficients remain exactly Gibbs-Duhem consistent. The theory is demonstrated on
      the example of a lattice Monte Carlo fluid of dimerizing pseudomolecules. In this
      showcase the strong deviations of the lattice Monte Carlo fluid from quasi
      chemical theory are almost perfectly reproduced by COSMO-RSC. 

PMID- 26963691
TI  - Insights into the catalytic mechanism of N-acetylglucosaminidase glycoside
      hydrolase from Bacillus subtilis: a QM/MM study.
AB  - The peptidoglycan (PG) metabolic process is essential for bacterial growth. beta
      N-Acetylglucosaminidases (NagZ enzymes) are involved in the PG process and they
      catalyze the removal of terminal N-acetylglucosamine in PG fragments. According
      to the amino acid sequence and secondary structures, NagZ enzymes should belong
      to the glycoside hydrolase family GH3. However, a recent experimental study
      revealed that NagZ enzymes are glycoside phosphorylases rather than glycoside
      hydrolases. To further understand the catalytic process of NagZs at the atomistic
      level, the reaction mechanism of NagZ from Bacillus subtilis (BsNagZ) has been
      studied by using a QM/MM approach. Our calculation results show that the
      glycosylation of the substrate is the rate limiting step of the whole catalytic
      cycle with an energy barrier of 19.3 kcal mol(-1), which is close to the free
      energy barrier (16.4 kcal mol(-1)) estimated from the experimental rate constant.
      For deglycosylation, both the hydrolysis and phosphorylation of the glycosyl
      enzyme intermediate were explored. The phosphorylation corresponds to the lower
      energy barrier than hydrolysis (1.8 vs. 17.7 kcal mol(-1)), giving theoretical
      support to the previously suggested phosphorylase activity of NagZ enzymes. In
      both the glycosylation and deglycosylation steps, the oxocarbenium-ion-like
      transition states are always involved, and the substrate distortion in the active
      site can significantly facilitate the reaction, in which residue D123 plays a key
      role in this distortion. This is the first computational report for understanding
      the phosphorylase activity of NagZ enzymes. 

PMID- 26963692
TI  - Successful removal of freckles with the bipolar radiofrequency and optical
      energy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Freckles are melanocytic lesions frequently seen on the face with red
      or blond hair. We aim to determine the effectiveness of combined bipolar
      radiofrequency (RF) and optical energy. METHODS: Thirty patients with facial
      freckles received four treatment at 3-week intervals with RF and optical energy,
      combination of broadband light (580-980 nm) + bipolar RF energy 100 J/cm(3). The
      improvement of the freckles was evaluated using the Freckles Area and Severity
      Index (FASI), and physician and patient assessment at the end of the sessions, at
      Months 3 and 12 after the treatment. RESULTS: By the end of the study, assessment
      of results by physician for 83% at Week 12 and by patients for 70% at Week 52 was
      excellent or good. On the other hand, 88% at Week 12 and 76% at Week 52 of the
      patients reported that they were extremely or very satisfied. FASI was noted to
      be 65.15 at pre-treatment, 25.60 at 12th week, and 27.40 at the end of the follow
      up (one year). Mean improvement rate (n = 30), as determined from the difference
      in mean FASI score, was 70% at 3 months and 66% at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Bipolar
      radiofrequency and optical energy can be accepted as an alternative treatment
      modality for the therapy of freckles with few adverse effects and high
      satisfaction levels.

PMID- 26963689
TI  - Predictors and Moderators of Remission With Aripiprazole Augmentation in
      Treatment-Resistant Late-Life Depression: An Analysis of the IRL-GRey Randomized
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Safe, efficacious, second-line pharmacological treatment options
      exist for the large portion of older adults with major depressive disorder who do
      not respond to first-line pharmacotherapy. However, limited evidence exists to
      aid clinical decision making regarding which patients will benefit from which
      second-line treatments. OBJECTIVE: To test the moderating role of pretreatment
      executive function, severity of anxiety, and severity of medical comorbidity in
      remission of treatment-resistant late-life depression after aripiprazole
      augmentation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: As follow-up to a 12-week
      randomized clinical trial of aripiprazole augmentation for first-line treatment
      resistant late-life depression (Incomplete Response in Late-Life Depression:
      Getting to Remission [IRL-GRey]), we evaluated the effects of the following
      potential moderators and their interactions with treatment: baseline assessments
      of executive function (set shifting measured by the Trail Making Test) and
      response inhibition control (measured by a Color-Word Interference task), anxiety
      symptoms, and medical comorbidity. Analyses were conducted in May and June 2015.
      INTERVENTIONS: Aripiprazole or placebo tablets were started at 2 mg daily and
      titrated as tolerated, to a maximal dose of 15 mg daily. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Remission of treatment-resistant late-life depression (defined as a
      Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score of <=10 at both of the last 2
      consecutive visits). RESULTS: Of 181 trial participants (103 female [56.9%]) who
      were 60 years of age or older and whose major depression had failed to remit with
      venlafaxine hydrochloride monotherapy, 91 received aripiprazole and 90 received
      placebo. Remission occurred in 40 (43%) who received aripiprazole and 26 (29%)
      who received placebo. Baseline set shifting moderated the efficacy of
      aripiprazole augmentation (odds ratio [OR], 1.66 [95% CI, 1.05-2.62]; P = .03 for
      interaction with treatment). Among participants with a Trail Making Test scaled
      score of 7 or higher, the odds of remission were significantly higher with
      aripiprazole than with placebo (53% vs 28%; number needed to treat, 4; OR, 4.11
      [95% CI, 1.83-9.20]). Among participants with a Trail Making Test scaled score of
      less than 7, aripiprazole and placebo were equally efficacious (OR, 0.64 [95% CI,
      0.15-2.80]). Greater severity of anxiety at baseline predicted a lower remission
      rate but did not moderate aripiprazole efficacy; each standard deviation greater
      anxiety severity was associated with 50% reduced odds of remission in both
      aripiprazole and placebo arms. Medical comorbidity and Color-Word Interference
      test performance were neither general predictors nor treatment-moderating
      factors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Set-shifting performance indicates which
      older adults with treatment-resistant depression may respond favorably to
      augmentation with aripiprazole and thus may help to personalize treatment. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00892047.

PMID- 26963693
TI  - A bio-inspired device for drag reduction on a three-dimensional model vehicle.
AB  - In this paper, we introduce a bio-mimetic device for the reduction of the drag
      force on a three-dimensional model vehicle, the Ahmed body (Ahmed et al 1984 SAE
      Technical Paper 840300). The device, called automatic moving deflector (AMD), is
      designed inspired by the movement of secondary feathers on bird's wing suction
      surface: i.e., secondary feathers pop up when massive separation occurs on bird's
      wing suction surface at high angles of attack, which increases the lift force at
      landing. The AMD is applied to the rear slanted surface of the Ahmed body to
      control the flow separation there. The angle of the slanted surface considered is
      25 degrees  at which the drag coefficient on the Ahmed body is highest. The wind
      tunnel experiment is conducted at Re H  = 1.0 * 10(5)-3.8 * 10(5), based on the
      height of the Ahmed body (H) and the free-stream velocity (U infinity). Several
      AMDs of different sizes and materials are tested by measuring the drag force on
      the Ahmed body, and showed drag reductions up to 19%. The velocity and surface
      pressure measurements show that AMD starts to pop up when the pressure in the
      thin gap between the slanted surface and AMD is much larger than that on the
      upper surface of AMD. We also derive an empirical formula that predicts the
      critical free-stream velocity at which AMD starts to operate. Finally, it is
      shown that the drag reduction by AMD is mainly attributed to a pressure recovery
      on the slanted surface by delaying the flow separation and suppressing the
      strength of the longitudinal vortices emanating from the lateral edges of the
      slanted surface. 

PMID- 26963694
TI  - Stimulating Effect of Elvitegravir on Suicidal Erythrocyte Death.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The antiviral drug Elvitegravir is used for the treatment of
      Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections. The present study explored whether
      the drug is able to trigger eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes.
      Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with
      phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of
      eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative
      stress, ceramide, activated p38 kinase and activated caspases. The present study
      explored, whether Elvitegravir induces eryptosis and, if so, to shed light on the
      mechanisms involved. METHODS: Phosphatidylserine abundance at the erythrocyte
      surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter,
      [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from
      DCFDA dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance at the erythrocyte surface
      utilizing specific antibodies. RESULTS: A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes
      to Elvitegravir (>= 1.5 ug/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin
      V-binding cells, and significantly decreased forward scatter. Elvitegravir (2.5
      ug/ml) significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, but did not significantly
      modify DCFDA fluorescence or ceramide abundance. The effect of Elvitegravir on
      annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+, but
      not in the presence of p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 (2 uM) or in the presence of
      pancaspase inhibitor zVAD (10 uM). CONCLUSIONS: Elvitegravir triggers cell
      shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect
      in part due to entry of extracellular Ca2+.

PMID- 26963696
TI  - Enantioselective iridium-catalyzed hydrogenation of beta,beta-disubstituted
      nitroalkenes.
AB  - An iridium complex with a newly prepared chiral spiro amino-phosphine ligand
      efficiently catalyzed the hydrogenation of both beta-aryl-beta-methyl
      nitroalkenes and beta-alkyl-beta-methyl-nitroalkenes to the corresponding
      saturated nitroalkanes, which represents the first report of a chiral catalyst
      that exhibits high enantioselectivity for the challenging hydrogenation of
      beta,beta-dialkyl-nitroalkenes. 

PMID- 26963695
TI  - Profiles of cognitive appraisals and triangulation into interparental conflict:
      Implications for adolescent adjustment.
AB  - Youth appraisals and triangulation into conflicts are key mechanisms by which
      interparental conflict places youth at risk for psychological maladjustment.
      Although evidence suggests that there are multiple mechanisms at work (e.g.,
      Fosco & Feinberg, 2015; Grych, Harold, & Miles, 2003), this body of work has
      relied on variable-centered analyses that are limited to the unique contributions
      of each process to the variance in outcomes. In reality, it is possible that
      different combinations of these risk mechanisms may account for multifinality in
      risk outcomes. Using latent profile analysis (LPA) we examined profiles of threat
      appraisals, self-blaming attributions, and triangulation in relation to
      internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of 285, ethnically diverse
      high school students. The current analyses revealed 5 distinct profiles of
      appraisals and triangulation, including an overall low-risk group and a global
      high-risk group, in which all 3 processes were below average or above average,
      respectively. Additional profiles included combinations of threat and blame,
      threat and triangulation, and blame and triangulation. Links between these
      profiles and emotional distress, problem behavior, and academic outcomes are
      discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963697
TI  - Quantitative and qualitative study of STR DNA from ethanol and formalin fixed
      tissues.
AB  - Complete and concordant autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profiles were
      obtained from 2.0mg human tissue samples of various types after they were
      preserved for 24 weeks in 100% ethanol and amplified with the GlobalFiler((r))
      and the PowerPlex((r)) Fusion Amplification Kits. When 4.0mg of the same tissues
      were preserved for 12 weeks in 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF) they yielded
      partial profiles when amplified with the same kits. However, these NBF preserved
      tissues yielded complete autosomal profiles when amplified with the AmpFlSTR((r))
      MiniFilerTM Amplification Kit. Six tissue specimens from the male donor were also
      amplified with the PowerPlex((r)) Y-23 System. Y-STR profiles were successfully
      generated from 2.0mg tissue specimens when preserved for 12 weeks in 100%
      Ethanol. Only partial profiles were obtained when the fixation time was increased
      to 24 weeks. Only partial Y-STR profiles were also obtained from 4.0mg tissue
      specimen from the same donor when preserved in 10% NBF. In an attempt to optimize
      the method, the preserved samples that yielded partial profiles were homogenized
      using the BioMasher III disposable homogenizer and BioMasher III homogenizer and
      filter. These homogenized tissues did not yield significantly better or more
      complete profiles when using the GlobalFiler((r)), AmpFlSTR((r)) MiniFilerTM
      Amplification Kits, the PowerPlex((r)) Fusion System or the PowerPlex((r)) Y23
      System. A total number of 240 tissue samples were analyzed in this project. The
      amplification of the tissues preserved in 10% NBF with kits such as AmpFlSTR((r))
      MiniFilerTM and GlobalFiler((r)) Amplification Kits that contain mini STR primers
      can be beneficial in forensic testing. The results of the study indicate that in
      cases such as when a victim or a suspect is missing, the profiles obtained from
      minute amounts of chemically fixed tissues can be used as reference samples and
      compared to evidence found at the crime scene. 

PMID- 26963698
TI  - Cardiac complications in thalassemia major.
AB  - The myocardium is particularly susceptible to complications from iron loading in
      thalassemia major. In the first years of life, severe anemia leads to high-output
      cardiac failure and death if not treated. The necessary supportive blood
      transfusions create loading of iron that cannot be naturally excreted, and this
      iron accumulates within tissues, including the heart. Free unbound iron catalyzes
      the formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals, which damage cells and cause cardiac
      dysfunction. Significant cardiac siderosis may present by the age of 10 and may
      lead to acute clinical heart failure, which must be treated urgently. Atrial
      fibrillation is the most frequently encountered iron-related arrhythmia. Iron
      chelation is effective at removing iron from the myocardium, at the expense of
      side effects that hamper compliance to therapy. Monitoring of myocardial iron
      content is mandatory for clinical management of cardiac risk. T2* cardiac
      magnetic resonance measures myocardial iron and is the strongest biomarker for
      prediction of heart failure and arrhythmic events. It has been calibrated to
      human myocardial tissue iron concentration and is highly reproducible across all
      magnetic resonance scanner vendors. As survival and patient age increases,
      endothelial dysfunction and diabetes may become new factors in the cardiovascular
      health of thalassemia patients. Promising new imaging technology and therapies
      could ameliorate the long-term prognosis.

PMID- 26963699
TI  - Son et lumiere: Sound and light effects on spatial distribution and swimming
      behavior in captive zebrafish.
AB  - Aquatic and terrestrial habitats are heterogeneous by nature with respect to
      sound and light conditions. Fish may extract signals and exploit cues from both
      ambient modalities and they may also select their sound and light level of
      preference in free-ranging conditions. In recent decades, human activities in or
      near water have altered natural soundscapes and caused nocturnal light pollution
      to become more widespread. Artificial sound and light may cause anxiety,
      deterrence, disturbance or masking, but few studies have addressed in any detail
      how fishes respond to spatial variation in these two modalities. Here we
      investigated whether sound and light affected spatial distribution and swimming
      behavior of individual zebrafish that had a choice between two fish tanks: a
      treatment tank and a quiet and light escape tank. The treatments concerned a 2 *
      2 design with noisy or quiet conditions and dim or bright light. Sound and light
      treatments did not induce spatial preferences for the treatment or escape tank,
      but caused various behavioral changes in both spatial distribution and swimming
      behavior within the treatment tank. Sound exposure led to more freezing and less
      time spent near the active speaker. Dim light conditions led to a lower number of
      crossings, more time spent in the upper layer and less time spent close to the
      tube for crossing. No interactions were found between sound and light conditions.
      This study highlights the potential relevance for studying multiple modalities
      when investigating fish behavior and further studies are needed to investigate
      whether similar patterns can be found for fish behavior in free-ranging
      conditions. 

PMID- 26963701
TI  - Nicolau syndrome due to hyaluronic acid injections.
AB  - Six cases of vascular compromise after hyaluronic injection are reported.
      Clinical symptoms realized a Nicolau syndrome, which is characterized by
      immediate pain, livedoid pattern and a few days later by the appearance of scabs
      and skin necrosis. This type of complication is rare, but may be dramatic and
      injectors must be aware of that. A thorough knowledge of facial anatomy is
      mandatory to avoid the risky facial areas. The use of a flexible cannula instead
      of a sharp needle has much less risk of hurting vessels and must be preferred.
      The support of the patient is discussed and a treatment protocol is proposed. 

PMID- 26963700
TI  - Fresh insight to functioning of selected enzymes of the nitrogen cycle.
AB  - The global nitrogen cycle is the process in which different forms of
      environmental N are interconverted by microorganisms either for assimilation into
      biomass or in respiratory energy-generating pathways. This short review
      highlights developments over the last 5 years in our understanding of
      functionality of nitrogenase, Cu-nitrite reductase, NO reductase and N2O
      reductase, complex metalloenzymes that catalyze electron/proton-coupled substrate
      reduction reactions.

PMID- 26963702
TI  - Plant Quantity Affects Development and Survival of a Gregarious Insect Herbivore
      and Its Endoparasitoid Wasp.
AB  - Virtually all studies of plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions focus on
      plant quality as the major constraint on development and survival. However, for
      many gregarious feeding insect herbivores that feed on small or ephemeral plants,
      the quantity of resources is much more limiting, yet this area has received
      virtually no attention. Here, in both lab and semi-field experiments using tents
      containing variably sized clusters of food plants, we studied the effects of
      periodic food deprivation in a tri-trophic system where quantitative constraints
      are profoundly important on insect performance. The large cabbage white Pieris
      brassicae, is a specialist herbivore of relatively small wild brassicaceous
      plants that grow in variable densities, with black mustard (Brassica nigra) being
      one of the most important. Larvae of P. brassicae are in turn attacked by a
      specialist endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata. Increasing the length of food
      deprivation of newly molted final instar caterpillars significantly decreased
      herbivore and parasitoid survival and biomass, but shortened their development
      time. Moreover, the ability of caterpillars to recover when provided with food
      again was correlated with the length of the food deprivation period. In outdoor
      tents with natural vegetation, we created conditions similar to those faced by P.
      brassicae in nature by manipulating plant density. Low densities of B. nigra lead
      to potential starvation of P. brassicae broods and their parasitoids, replicating
      nutritional conditions of the lab experiments. The ability of both unparasitized
      and parasitized caterpillars to find corner plants was similar but decreased with
      central plant density. Survival of both the herbivore and parasitoid increased
      with plant density and was higher for unparasitized than for parasitized
      caterpillars. Our results, in comparison with previous studies, reveal that
      quantitative constraints are far more important that qualitative constraints on
      the performance of gregarious insect herbivores and their gregarious parasitoids
      in nature.

PMID- 26963704
TI  - The WEPP Model Application in a Small Watershed in the Loess Plateau.
AB  - In the Loess Plateau, soil erosion has not only caused serious ecological and
      environmental problems but has also impacted downstream areas. Therefore, a model
      is needed to guide the comprehensive control of soil erosion. In this study, we
      introduced the WEPP model to simulate soil erosion both at the slope and
      watershed scales. Our analyses showed that: the simulated values at the slope
      scale were very close to the measured. However, both the runoff and soil erosion
      simulated values at the watershed scale were higher than the measured. At the
      slope scale, under different coverage, the simulated erosion was slightly higher
      than the measured. When the coverage is 40%, the simulated results of both runoff
      and erosion are the best. At the watershed scale, the actual annual runoff of the
      Liudaogou watershed is 83 m(3); sediment content is 0.097 t/m(3), annual erosion
      sediment 8.057 t and erosion intensity 0.288 t ha(-1) yr(-1). Both the simulated
      values of soil erosion and runoff are higher than the measured, especially the
      runoff. But the simulated erosion trend is relatively accurate after the farmland
      is returned to grassland. We concluded that the WEPP model can be used to
      establish a reasonable vegetation restoration model and guide the vegetation
      restoration of the Loess Plateau.

PMID- 26963703
TI  - All in the first glance: first fixation predicts individual differences in
      valence bias.
AB  - Surprised expressions are interpreted as negative by some people, and as positive
      by others. When compared to fearful expressions, which are consistently rated as
      negative, surprise and fear share similar morphological structures (e.g. widened
      eyes), but these similarities are primarily in the upper part of the face (eyes).
      We hypothesised, then, that individuals would be more likely to interpret
      surprise positively when fixating faster to the lower part of the face (mouth).
      Participants rated surprised and fearful faces as either positive or negative
      while eye movements were recorded. Positive ratings of surprise were associated
      with longer fixation on the mouth than negative ratings. There were also
      individual differences in fixation patterns, with individuals who fixated the
      mouth earlier exhibiting increased positive ratings. These findings suggest that
      there are meaningful individual differences in how people process faces.

PMID- 26963705
TI  - Visuomotor Dissociation in Cerebral Scaling of Size.
AB  - Estimating size and distance is crucial in effective visuomotor control. The
      concept of an internal coordinate system implies that visual and motor size
      parameters are scaled onto a common template. To dissociate perceptual and motor
      components in such scaling, we performed an fMRI experiment in which 16 right
      handed subjects copied geometric figures while the result of drawing remained out
      of sight. Either the size of the example figure varied while maintaining a
      constant size of drawing (visual incongruity) or the size of the examples
      remained constant while subjects were instructed to make changes in size (motor
      incongruity). These incongruent were compared to congruent conditions.
      Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8) revealed brain activations related to size
      incongruity in the dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex, pre-SMA
      / anterior cingulate and anterior insula, dominant in the right hemisphere. This
      pattern represented simultaneous use of a 'resized' virtual template and actual
      picture information requiring spatial working memory, early-stage attention
      shifting and inhibitory control. Activations were strongest in motor incongruity
      while right pre-dorsal premotor activation specifically occurred in this
      condition. Visual incongruity additionally relied on a ventral visual pathway.
      Left ventral premotor activation occurred in all variably sized drawing while
      constant visuomotor size, compared to congruent size variation, uniquely
      activated the lateral occipital cortex additional to superior parietal regions.
      These results highlight size as a fundamental parameter in both general hand
      movement and movement guided by objects perceived in the context of surrounding
      3D space. 

PMID- 26963707
TI  - Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 26963706
TI  - Ultrasound melted polymer sleeve for improved screw anchorage in trabecular bone-
      A novel screw augmentation technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Screw anchorage in osteoporotic bone is still limited and makes
      treatment of osteoporotic fractures challenging for surgeons. Conventional screws
      fail in poor bone quality due to loosening at the screw-bone interface. A new
      technology should help to improve this interface. In a novel constant
      amelioration process technique, a polymer sleeve is melted by ultrasound in the
      predrilled screw hole prior to screw insertion. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate in vitro the effect of the constant amelioration process platform
      technology on primary screw anchorage. METHODS: Fresh frozen femoral heads (n=6)
      and vertebrae (n=6) were used to measure the maximum screw insertion torque of
      reference and constant amelioration process augmented screws. Specimens were cut
      in cranio-caudal direction, and the screws (reference and constant amelioration
      process) were implanted in predrilled holes in the trabecular structure on both
      sides of the cross section. This allowed the pairwise comparison of insertion
      torque for constant amelioration process and reference screws (femoral heads
      n=18, vertebrae n=12). Prior to screw insertion, a micro-CT scan was made to
      ensure comparable bone quality at the screw placement location. FINDINGS: The
      mean insertion torque for the constant amelioration process augmented screws in
      both, the femoral heads (44.2 Ncm, SD 14.7) and the vertebral bodies (13.5 Ncm,
      SD 6.3) was significantly higher than for the reference screws of the femoral
      heads (31.7 Ncm, SD 9.6, p<0.001) and the vertebral bodies (7.1 Ncm, SD 4.5,
      p<0.001). INTERPRETATION: The interconnection of the melted polymer sleeve with
      the surrounding trabecular bone in the constant amelioration process technique
      resulted in a higher screw insertion torque and can improve screw anchorage in
      osteoporotic trabecular bone.

PMID- 26963708
TI  - Restoring lumbar spine stiffness using an interspinous implant in an ovine model
      of instability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an
      interspinous implant on lumbar spine stability and stiffness during dorsoventral
      loading. METHODS: Twelve Merino lambs were mechanically tested in vivo.
      Oscillatory (2 Hz) loads were applied to L2 under load control while
      displacements were monitored. Tri-axial accelerometers further quantified
      adjacent L3-L4 accelerations. Dorsoventral lumbar spine stiffness and L3 and L4
      dorsoventral and axial displacements were determined over six trials of 20 cycles
      of loading. Four conditions were examined: 1) initial intact, 2) following
      destabilization at L3-L4, 3) following the insertion of an InSwing((r))
      interspinous device at L3-L4, and 4) with the implant secured with a tension
      band. Comparisons were performed using a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures and
      post-hoc Bonferroni correction. FINDINGS: Compared to the intact condition,
      destabilization significantly decreased lumbar stiffness by 4.5% (P=.001) which
      was only recovered by the interspinous device with tension band. The interspinous
      device caused a significant 9.75% (P=.001) increase in dorsoventral stiffness
      from destabilization that increased 14% with the tension band added (P=.001). The
      tension band was responsible for decreased displacements from the intact
      (P=.038), instability (P=.001), and interspinous device (P=.005) conditions.
      Dorsoventral L3-L4 motion significantly improved with the interspinous device
      (P=.01) and the addition of the tension band (P=.001). No significant differences
      in L3-L4 intersegmental stability were noted for axial motion in the sagittal
      plane. INTERPRETATION: This ovine model provided objective in vivo biomechanical
      evidence of lumbar instability and its restoration by means of an interspinous
      implant during dorsoventral spinal loading.

PMID- 26963709
TI  - Effects of aging and Parkinson's disease on joint coupling, symmetry, complexity
      and variability of lower limb movements during gait.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Natural aging and disease processes such as Parkinson's disease often
      lead to gait impairment. This impairment often manifests as changes in symmetry,
      complexity, and variability of lower limb joint movements during gait as compared
      to young healthy adults. Current gait assessment tools primarily focus on
      discrete events during gait or are based on univariate statistical techniques.
      Therefore, they fall short in examining spatiotemporally complex gait
      characteristics including interactions across multiple segments and joints.
      METHODS: Treadmill walking data from ten healthy older adults and ten individuals
      with idiopathic Parkinson's disease were collected at their self-selected speed.
      Additionally treadmill walking data from previously collected gait studies on 20
      young adults were also used. This study utilized new gait assessment techniques
      that quantitatively examined joint coupling characteristics (via Condition
      Signature Analysis), variability and complexity of joint variables (via Phase
      Portrait Analysis), and movement asymmetry (via Regions of Deviation analysis) of
      the three different groups. FINDINGS: People with Parkinson's disease had the
      highest asymmetry among the three groups. Aging and Parkinson's disease
      significantly decreased complexity of hip and ankle joint movements,
      respectively, while there were no significant differences in variability measures
      among the three groups. The Condition Signature Analysis method suggested
      significant differences of joint coupling patterns due to aging and Parkinson's
      disease. INTERPRETATION: These new gait assessment techniques successfully
      captured changes in asymmetry, variability, complexity, and joint coupling
      patterns. Quantitative gait assessment using these tools can be used to detect
      various types of gait impairments.

PMID- 26963710
TI  - Parameterization for In-Silico Modeling of Ion Channel Interactions with Drugs.
AB  - Since the first Hodgkin and Huxley ion channel model was described in the 1950s,
      there has been an explosion in mathematical models to describe ion channel
      function. As experimental data has become richer, models have concomitantly been
      improved to better represent ion channel kinetic processes, although these
      improvements have generally resulted in more model complexity and an increase in
      the number of parameters necessary to populate the models. Models have also been
      developed to explicitly model drug interactions with ion channels. Recent models
      of drug-channel interactions account for the discrete kinetics of drug
      interaction with distinct ion channel state conformations, as it has become clear
      that such interactions underlie complex emergent kinetics such as use-dependent
      block. Here, we describe an approach for developing a model for ion channel drug
      interactions. The method describes the process of extracting rate constants from
      experimental electrophysiological function data to use as initial conditions for
      the model parameters. We then describe implementation of a parameter optimization
      method to refine the model rate constants describing ion channel drug kinetics.
      The algorithm takes advantage of readily available parallel computing tools to
      speed up the optimization. Finally, we describe some potential applications of
      the platform including the potential for gaining fundamental mechanistic insights
      into ion channel function and applications to in silico drug screening and
      development. 

PMID- 26963711
TI  - Information Thermodynamics of Cytosine DNA Methylation.
AB  - Cytosine DNA methylation (CDM) is a stable epigenetic modification to the genome
      and a widespread regulatory process in living organisms that involves
      multicomponent molecular machines. Genome-wide cytosine methylation patterning
      participates in the epigenetic reprogramming of a cell, suggesting that the
      biological information contained within methylation positions may be amenable to
      decoding. Adaptation to a new cellular or organismal environment also implies the
      potential for genome-wide redistribution of CDM changes that will ensure the
      stability of DNA molecules. This raises the question of whether or not we would
      be able to sort out the regulatory methylation signals from the CDM background
      ("noise") induced by thermal fluctuations. Here, we propose a novel statistical
      and information thermodynamic description of the CDM changes to address the last
      question. The physical basis of our statistical mechanical model was evaluated in
      two respects: 1) the adherence to Landauer's principle, according to which
      molecular machines must dissipate a minimum energy epsilon = kBT ln2 at each
      logic operation, where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute
      temperature and 2) whether or not the binary stretch of methylation marks on the
      DNA molecule comprise a language of sorts, properly constrained by thermodynamic
      principles. The study was performed for genome-wide methylation data from 152
      ecotypes and 40 trans-generational variations of Arabidopsis thaliana and 93
      human tissues. The DNA persistence length, a basic mechanical property altered by
      CDM, was estimated with values from 39 to 66.9 nm. Classical methylome analysis
      can be retrieved by applying information thermodynamic modelling, which is able
      to discriminate signal from noise. Our finding suggests that the CDM signal
      comprises a language scheme properly constrained by molecular thermodynamic
      principles, which is part of an epigenomic communication system that obeys the
      same thermodynamic rules as do current human communication systems. 

PMID- 26963712
TI  - The Evolution and Development of Cephalopod Chambers and Their Shape.
AB  - The Ammonoidea is a group of extinct cephalopods ideal to study evolution through
      deep time. The evolution of the planispiral shell and complexly folded septa in
      ammonoids has been thought to have increased the functional surface area of the
      chambers permitting enhanced metabolic functions such as: chamber emptying, rate
      of mineralization and increased growth rates throughout ontogeny. Using nano
      computed tomography and synchrotron radiation based micro-computed tomography, we
      present the first study of ontogenetic changes in surface area to volume ratios
      in the phragmocone chambers of several phylogenetically distant ammonoids and
      extant cephalopods. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, ammonoids do not possess
      a persistently high relative chamber surface area. Instead, the functional
      surface area of the chambers is higher in earliest ontogeny when compared to
      Spirula spirula. The higher the functional surface area the quicker the potential
      emptying rate of the chamber; quicker chamber emptying rates would theoretically
      permit faster growth. This is supported by the persistently higher siphuncular
      surface area to chamber volume ratio we collected for the ammonite Amauroceras
      sp. compared to either S. spirula or nautilids. We demonstrate that the curvature
      of the surface of the chamber increases with greater septal complexity increasing
      the potential refilling rates. We further show a unique relationship between
      ammonoid chamber shape and size that does not exist in S. spirula or nautilids.
      This view of chamber function also has implications for the evolution of the
      internal shell of coleoids, relating this event to the decoupling of soft-body
      growth and shell growth. 

PMID- 26963714
TI  - Spontaneous K-Complex Density in Slow-Wave Sleep.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study spontaneous K-complex (KC) densities during slow-wave sleep.
      The secondary objective was to estimate intra-non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
      differences in KC density. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a retrospective study
      using EEG data included in polysomnographic records from the archive at the sleep
      research laboratory of the Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences,
      Jamia Millia Islamia, India. The EEG records of 4459 minutes were used. The study
      presents a manual identification investigation of KCs in 17 healthy young adult
      male volunteers (age = 23.82+/-3.40 years and BMI = 23.42+/-4.18 kg/m2). RESULTS:
      N3 had a higher KC density than N2 (Z = -2.485, p = 0.013) for all of the probes
      taken together. Four EEG probes had a higher probe-specific KC density during N3.
      The inter-probe KC density differed significantly during N2 (chi2 = 67.91, p <
      .001), N3 (chi2 = 70.62, p < .001) and NREM (chi2 = 68.50, p < .001). The percent
      distribution of KC decreased uniformly with sleep cycles. CONCLUSION: The inter
      probe differences during N3 establish the fronto-central dominance of the KC
      density regardless of sleep stage. This finding supports one local theory of KC
      generation. The significantly higher KC density during N3 may imply that the
      neuro-anatomical origin of slow-wave activity and KC is the same. This temporal
      alignment with slow-wave activity supports the sleep-promoting function of the
      KC.

PMID- 26963713
TI  - Bacterial species involved in the conversion of dietary flavonoids in the human
      gut.
AB  - The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the conversion of dietary flavonoids
      and thereby affects their health-promoting effects in the human host. The
      identification of the bacteria involved in intestinal flavonoid conversion has
      gained increasing interest. This review summarizes available information on the
      so far identified human intestinal flavonoid-converting bacterial species and
      strains as well as their enzymes catalyzing the underlying reactions. The
      majority of described species involved in flavonoid transformation are capable of
      carrying out the O-deglycosylation of flavonoids. Other bacteria cleave the less
      common flavonoid-C-glucosides and/or further degrade the aglycones of flavonols,
      flavanonols, flavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, isoflavones and monomeric
      flavan-3-ols. To increase the currently limited knowledge in this field,
      identification of flavonoid-converting bacteria should be continued using culture
      dependent screening or isolation procedures and molecular approaches based on
      sequence information of the involved enzymes.

PMID- 26963715
TI  - Feature Selection via Chaotic Antlion Optimization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selecting a subset of relevant properties from a large set of
      features that describe a dataset is a challenging machine learning task. In
      biology, for instance, the advances in the available technologies enable the
      generation of a very large number of biomarkers that describe the data. Choosing
      the more informative markers along with performing a high-accuracy classification
      over the data can be a daunting task, particularly if the data are high
      dimensional. An often adopted approach is to formulate the feature selection
      problem as a biobjective optimization problem, with the aim of maximizing the
      performance of the data analysis model (the quality of the data training fitting)
      while minimizing the number of features used. RESULTS: We propose an optimization
      approach for the feature selection problem that considers a "chaotic" version of
      the antlion optimizer method, a nature-inspired algorithm that mimics the hunting
      mechanism of antlions in nature. The balance between exploration of the search
      space and exploitation of the best solutions is a challenge in multi-objective
      optimization. The exploration/exploitation rate is controlled by the parameter I
      that limits the random walk range of the ants/prey. This variable is increased
      iteratively in a quasi-linear manner to decrease the exploration rate as the
      optimization progresses. The quasi-linear decrease in the variable I may lead to
      immature convergence in some cases and trapping in local minima in other cases.
      The chaotic system proposed here attempts to improve the tradeoff between
      exploration and exploitation. The methodology is evaluated using different
      chaotic maps on a number of feature selection datasets. To ensure generality, we
      used ten biological datasets, but we also used other types of data from various
      sources. The results are compared with the particle swarm optimizer and with
      genetic algorithm variants for feature selection using a set of quality metrics.

PMID- 26963716
TI  - Atomic Layer Deposition of p-Type Epitaxial Thin Films of Undoped and N-Doped
      Anatase TiO2.
AB  - Employing atomic layer deposition, we have grown p-type epitaxial undoped and N
      doped anatase TiO2(001) thin films on c-axis Al2O3 substrate. From X-ray
      diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies, crystallographic
      relationships between the film and the substrate are found to be
      (001)TiO2//(0001)Al2O3 and [110]TiO2//[0110]Al2O3. N-doping in TiO2 thin films
      enhances the hole concentration and mobility. The optical band gap of anatase
      TiO2 (3.23 eV) decreases to 3.07 eV upon N-doping. The epitaxial films exhibit
      room-temperature ferromagnetism and photoresponse. A TiO2-based homojunction
      diode was fabricated with rectification from the p-n junction formed between N
      doped p-TiO2 and n-TiO2.

PMID- 26963717
TI  - Age Effects and Temporal Trends in HPV-Related and HPV-Unrelated Oral Cancer in
      the United States: A Multistage Carcinogenesis Modeling Analysis.
AB  - Differences in prognosis in HPV-positive and HPV-negative oral (oropharyngeal and
      oral cavity) squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and increasing incidence of HPV
      related cancers have spurred interest in demographic and temporal trends in OSCC
      incidence. We leverage multistage clonal expansion (MSCE) models coupled with age
      period-cohort (APC) epidemiological models to analyze OSCC data in the SEER
      cancer registry (1973-2012). MSCE models are based on the initiation-promotion
      malignant conversion paradigm in carcinogenesis and allow for interpretation of
      trends in terms of biological mechanisms. APC models seek to differentiate
      between the temporal effects of age, period, and birth cohort on cancer risk.
      Previous studies have looked at the effect of period and cohort on tumor
      initiation, and we extend this to compare model fits of period and cohort effects
      on each of tumor initiation, promotion, and malignant conversion rates. HPV
      related, HPV-unrelated except oral tongue, and HPV-unrelated oral tongue sites
      are best described by placing period and cohort effects on the initiation rate.
      HPV-related and non-oral-tongue HPV-unrelated cancers have similar promotion
      rates, suggesting similar tumorigenesis dynamics once initiated. Estimates of
      promotion rates at oral tongue sites are lower, corresponding to a longer sojourn
      time; this finding is consistent with the hypothesis of an etiology distinct from
      HPV or alcohol and tobacco use. Finally, for the three subsite groups, men have
      higher initiation rates than women of the same race, and black people have higher
      promotion than white people of the same sex. These differences explain part of
      the racial and sex differences in OSCC incidence. 

PMID- 26963718
TI  - Confocal Analysis of Nuclear Lamina Behavior during Male Meiosis and
      Spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Lamin family proteins are structural components of a filamentous framework, the
      nuclear lamina (NL), underlying the inner membrane of nuclear envelope. The NL
      not only plays a role in nucleus mechanical support and nuclear shaping, but is
      also involved in many cellular processes including DNA replication, gene
      expression and chromatin positioning. Spermatogenesis is a very complex
      differentiation process in which each stage is characterized by nuclear
      architecture dramatic changes, from the early mitotic stage to the sperm
      differentiation final stage. Nevertheless, very few data are present in the
      literature on the NL behavior during this process. Here we show the first and
      complete description of NL behavior during meiosis and spermatogenesis in
      Drosophila melanogaster. By confocal imaging, we characterized the NL
      modifications from mitotic stages, through meiotic divisions to sperm
      differentiation with an anti-laminDm0 antibody against the major component of the
      Drosophila NL. We observed that continuous changes in the NL structure occurred
      in parallel with chromatin reorganization throughout the whole process and that
      meiotic divisions occurred in a closed context. Finally, we analyzed NL in
      solofuso meiotic mutant, where chromatin segregation is severely affected, and
      found the strict correlation between the presence of chromatin and that of NL. 

PMID- 26963720
TI  - The mycotoxin definition reconsidered towards fungal cyclic depsipeptides.
AB  - Currently, next to the major classes, cyclic depsipeptides beauvericin and
      enniatins are also positioned as mycotoxins. However, as there are hundreds more
      fungal cyclic depsipeptides already identified, should these not be considered as
      mycotoxins as well? The current status of the mycotoxin definition revealed a
      lack of consistency, leading to confusion about what compounds should be called
      mycotoxins. Because this is of pivotal importance in risk assessment
      prioritization, a clear and quantitatively expressed mycotoxin definition is
      proposed, based on data of widely accepted mycotoxins. Finally, this definition
      is applied to a set of fungal cyclic depsipeptides, revealing that some of these
      should indeed be considered as mycotoxins.

PMID- 26963719
TI  - Association between Blood Dioxin Level and Chronic Kidney Disease in an Endemic
      Area of Exposure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dioxin is an industrial pollutant related to various diseases, but
      epidemiological data on its effects on the kidney are limited. Therefore, we
      conducted a study to evaluate the association between dioxin exposure and chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) and identify the related factors. METHODS: We conducted a
      community-based cross-sectional study and recruited participants from an area
      where the residents were exposed to dioxin released from a factory. We defined a
      "high dioxin level" as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
      (PCDD/Fs) >= 20 pg WHO98-TEQDF/g lipid in the serum and defined CKD as having an
      estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) <= 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or a diagnosis
      of CKD by a physician. The renal function was assessed between 2005 and 2010, and
      we excluded those who had had kidney diseases before the study started.
      Comparisons between patients of CKD and those who did not have CKD were made to
      identify the risk factors for CKD. RESULTS: Of the 2898 participants, 1427 had
      high dioxin levels, and 156 had CKD. In the univariate analyses, CKD was
      associated with high dioxin levels, age, gender, metabolic syndrome, diabetes
      mellitus, hypertension, and high insulin and uric acid levels. After adjusting
      for other factors, we found high dioxin levels (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.76,
      95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-2.99), female gender (AOR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.20
      2.53), hypertension (AOR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.17-2.42), high insulin levels (AOR =
      2.14, 95% CI: 1.26-3.61), high uric acid levels (AOR = 4.25, 95% CI: 2.92-6.20),
      and older age (AOR = 4.66, 95% CI: 1.87-11.62 for 40-64 year and AOR = 26.66, 95%
      CI: 10.51-67.62 for age >= 65 year) were independent predictors of CKD.
      CONCLUSION: A high dioxin level was associated with an increased prevalence of
      CKD. Therefore, the kidney function of populations with exposure to dioxin should
      be monitored.

PMID- 26963721
TI  - Anti-Inflammatory Action of Angiotensin 1-7 in Experimental Colitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is evidence to support a role for angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 in
      reducing the activity of inflammatory signaling molecules such as MAPK, PKC and
      SRC. Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression has been observed
      in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggesting a role in its
      pathogenesis, prompting this study. METHODS: The colonic expression/activity
      profile of ACE2, Ang 1-7, MAS1-receptor (MAS1-R), MAPK family and Akt were
      determined by western blot and immunofluorescence. The effect of either exogenous
      administration of Ang 1-7 or pharmacological inhibition of its function (by A779
      treatment) was determined using the mouse dextran sulfate sodium model. RESULTS:
      Enhanced colonic expression of ACE2, Ang1-7 and MAS1-R was observed post-colitis
      induction. Daily Ang 1-7 treatment (0.01-0.06 mg/kg) resulted in significant
      amelioration of DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, daily administration of A779
      significantly worsened features of colitis. Colitis-associated phosphorylation of
      p38, ERK1/2 and Akt was reduced by Ang 1-7 treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results
      indicate important anti-inflammatory actions of Ang 1-7 in the pathogenesis of
      IBD, which may provide a future therapeutic strategy to control the disease
      progression.

PMID- 26963722
TI  - Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of Trace Amine-Associated
      Receptors.
AB  - Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a member of the G-protein-coupled
      receptor superfamily and are known to be expressed in olfactory sensory neurons.
      A limited number of molecular evolutionary studies have been done for TAARs so
      far. To elucidate how lineage-specific evolution contributed to their functional
      divergence, we examined 30 metazoan genomes. In total, 493 TAAR gene candidates
      (including 84 pseudogenes) were identified from 26 vertebrate genomes. TAARs were
      not identified from non-vertebrate genomes. An ancestral-type TAAR-like gene
      appeared to have emerged in lamprey. We found four therian-specific TAAR
      subfamilies (one eutherian-specific and three metatherian-specific) in addition
      to previously known nine subfamilies. Many species-specific TAAR gene
      duplications and losses contributed to a large variation of TAAR gene numbers
      among mammals, ranging from 0 in dolphin to 26 in flying fox. TAARs are
      classified into two groups based on binding preferences for primary or tertiary
      amines as well as their sequence similarities. Primary amine-detecting TAARs
      (TAAR1-4) have emerged earlier, generally have single-copy orthologs (very few
      duplication or loss), and have evolved under strong functional constraints. In
      contrast, tertiary amine-detecting TAARs (TAAR5-9) have emerged more recently and
      the majority of them experienced higher rates of gene duplications. Protein
      members that belong to the tertiary amine-detecting TAAR group also showed the
      patterns of positive selection especially in the area surrounding the ligand
      binding pocket, which could have affected ligand-binding activities and
      specificities. Expansions of the tertiary amine-detecting TAAR gene family may
      have played important roles in terrestrial adaptations of therian mammals.
      Molecular evolution of the TAAR gene family appears to be governed by a complex,
      species-specific, interplay between environmental and evolutionary factors. 

PMID- 26963724
TI  - Comparison of Intraoperative Indicators and Postoperative Efficacy in Treatment
      of Benign Ovarian Tumor: Laparoscopy Versus Open Surgery.
AB  - This study aimed to compare intraoperative indicators and postoperative efficacy
      between laparoscopy and open surgery managing benign ovarian tumors. A total of
      180 patients with benign ovarian tumor were enrolled; 105 underwent laparoscopy
      (LA group) and 75 underwent open surgery (OS group). Postoperative parameters
      were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative serum follicle-stimulating hormone,
      luteinizing hormone, and estradiol (E2) levels were determined using a BHP9507
      chemiluminescence analyzer. The preoperative and postoperative serum C-reactive
      protein (CRP) level was examined using a QuikRead go CRP analyzer. Serum white
      blood cell and neutrophil (Ne) percentage were determined using an XT-2000i
      hematology analyzer. Compared with the OS group, intraoperative blood loss was
      less and the postoperative anal exhaust time, active time spent out of bed,
      length of hospitalization, time of indwelling catheter, and time of body
      temperature returning to normal were shorter in the LA group (all P < 0.001); the
      number of cases of intraoperative and postoperative complications and analgesia
      was less in the LA group (all P < 0.05). Six months after operation, serum
      follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and E2 levels in the LA group
      were higher than those in the OS group (all P < 0.05). On day 1 and day 3 after
      operation, serum white blood cell and CRP levels and Ne percentage in the LA
      group were lower than those in the OS group (all P < 0.05). Laparoscopy is
      efficient and safe for managing benign ovarian tumors with comparable results to
      open surgery, and it is able to alleviate postoperative inflammation and minimize
      damage to the ovaries.

PMID- 26963723
TI  - Misuse of Prescribed Pain Medication in a Military Population-A Self-Reported
      Survey to Assess a Correlation With Age, Deployment, Combat Illnesses, or Injury?
AB  - Opioid misuse is a growing epidemic among the civilian and military communities.
      Five hundred prospective, anonymous surveys were collected in the emergency
      department waiting room of a military tertiary care hospital over 3 weeks.
      Demographics, medical and military characteristics were investigated for
      association with opioid use. Univariate logistic models were used to characterize
      the probability of misuse in relation to the demographic, medical, and military
      specific variables. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress
      disorder were investigated within different age cohorts with adjustment for
      deployment. The opioid misuse rate disclosed by the subject was 31%. Subjects
      with TBI were less likely to misuse opioids. We found a trend among younger
      cohorts to have a higher likelihood for misusing opioids when diagnosed with TBI
      or posttraumatic stress disorder with history of deployment in the past 5 years.
      The most common form of misuse was using a previously prescribed medication for a
      new pain. Traumatic brain injury and/or enrollment in post-deployment recovery
      programs maybe protective against opioid misuse. Chronic opioid use among young
      soldiers maybe viewed as a weakness that could influence opioid misuse. Younger
      cohorts of active duty service members could be at higher risk for misuse.
      Efforts to enhance close monitoring of misuse should address these at-risk
      populations.

PMID- 26963725
TI  - The Selective Advantage of Synonymous Codon Usage Bias in Salmonella.
AB  - The genetic code in mRNA is redundant, with 61 sense codons translated into 20
      different amino acids. Individual amino acids are encoded by up to six different
      codons but within codon families some are used more frequently than others. This
      phenomenon is referred to as synonymous codon usage bias. The genomes of free
      living unicellular organisms such as bacteria have an extreme codon usage bias
      and the degree of bias differs between genes within the same genome. The strong
      positive correlation between codon usage bias and gene expression levels in many
      microorganisms is attributed to selection for translational efficiency. However,
      this putative selective advantage has never been measured in bacteria and
      theoretical estimates vary widely. By systematically exchanging optimal codons
      for synonymous codons in the tuf genes we quantified the selective advantage of
      biased codon usage in highly expressed genes to be in the range 0.2-4.2 x 10-4
      per codon per generation. These data quantify for the first time the potential
      for selection on synonymous codon choice to drive genome-wide sequence evolution
      in bacteria, and in particular to optimize the sequences of highly expressed
      genes. This quantification may have predictive applications in the design of
      synthetic genes and for heterologous gene expression in biotechnology. 

PMID- 26963726
TI  - Autoimmunity: An evolving autoantibody response in RA?

PMID- 26963728
TI  - The effect of thermal treatment on the enhancement of detection of adulteration
      in extra virgin olive oils by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and
      chemometric analysis.
AB  - In this study the effect of thermal treatment on the enhancement of synchronous
      fluorescence spectroscopic method for discrimination and quantification of pure
      extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) samples from EVOO samples adulterated with refined
      oil was investigated. Two groups of samples were used. One group was analyzed at
      room temperature (25  degrees C) and the other group was thermally treated in a
      thermostatic water bath at 75  degrees C for 8h, in contact with air and with
      light exposure, to favor oxidation. All the samples were then measured with
      synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Synchronous fluorescence spectra were
      acquired by varying the wavelength in the region from 250 to 720 nm at 20 nm
      wavelength differential interval of excitation and emission. Pure and adulterated
      olive oils were discriminated by using partial least-squares discriminant
      analysis (PLS-DA). It was found that the best PLS-DA models were those built with
      the difference spectra (75  degrees C-25  degrees C), which were able to
      discriminate pure from adulterated oils at a 2% level of adulteration of refined
      olive oils. Furthermore, PLS regression models were also built to quantify the
      level of adulteration. Again, the best model was the one built with the
      difference spectra, with a prediction error of 3.18% of adulteration.

PMID- 26963727
TI  - New perspectives on femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.
AB  - Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is characterized by an abnormality in the
      shape of the femoral head-neck or acetabulum that results in impingement between
      these two structures. Arthroscopic treatment has become the preferred method of
      management of FAI owing to its minimally invasive approach. Surgical correction
      involves resection of impinging osseous structures as well as concurrent
      management of the associated chondral and labral pathology. Research from the
      past 5 years has shown that repair of the labrum results in a better anatomic
      correction and improved outcomes compared with labral debridement. Research is
      underway to improve cartilage assessment by using innovative imaging techniques
      and biochemical tests to inform predictions of prognosis. Several ongoing
      randomized controlled trials, including the Femoroacetabular Impingement Trial
      (FAIT) and the Femoroacetabular Impingement Randomized Controlled Trial (FIRST),
      will provide critical information regarding the diagnosis, management and
      prognosis of patients undergoing arthroscopic management of FAI.

PMID- 26963729
TI  - Investigation on the protein-binding properties of icotinib by spectroscopic and
      molecular modeling method.
AB  - Icotinib is a highly-selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor with preclinical and clinical activity in non-small cell lung cancer,
      which has been developed as a new targeted anti-tumor drug in China. In this
      work, the interaction of icotinib and human serum albumin (HSA) were studied by
      three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, ultraviolet spectra, circular dichroism
      (CD) spectra, molecular probe and molecular modeling methods. The results showed
      that icotinib binds to Sudlow's site I in subdomain IIA of HSA molecule,
      resulting in icotinib-HSA complexes formed at ground state. The number of binding
      sites, equilibrium constants, and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction were
      calculated at different temperatures. The negative enthalpy change
      (DeltaH(theta)) and entropy change (DeltaS(theta)) indicated that the structure
      of new complexes was stabilized by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals power. The
      distance between donor and acceptor was calculated according to Forster's non
      radiation resonance energy transfer theory. The structural changes of HSA caused
      by icotinib binding were detected by synchronous spectra and circular dichroism
      (CD) spectra. Molecular modeling method was employed to unfold full details of
      the interaction at molecular level, most of which could be supported by
      experimental results. The study analyzed the probability that serum albumins act
      as carriers for this new anticarcinogen and provided fundamental information on
      the process of delivering icotinib to its target tissues, which might be helpful
      in understanding the mechanism of icotinib in cancer therapy. 

PMID- 26963730
TI  - A sensitive "turn-on" fluorescent assay for quantification of ceftriaxone based
      on L-tryptophan-Pd(II) complex fluorophore.
AB  - Based on L-tryptophan-Pd(II) system, a sensitive and selective fluorimetric assay
      for the quantification of ceftriaxone (CTRX) had been developed. The experimental
      results showed that in pH 4.0 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer medium, the
      fluorescence of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) (lambdaex/lambdaem=276 nm/352 nm) could be
      efficiently quenched by Pd(II). When CTRX was added to the mixed solution of the
      L-tryptophan and Pd(II), the fluorescence of L-Trp recovered. The reaction
      mechanism and the reasons for the fluorescence recovery were also discussed.
      Pd(II) reacted with L-Trp to form a 1:1 chelate complex, and then, after CTRX was
      added in L-Try-Pd(II) system, the ligand exchange reaction occurred between L-Trp
      and CTRX, which resulted in the fluorescence recovery. Under the optimized
      experimental conditions, the recovered fluorescence intensities at 352 nm showed
      excellent linear relationship with the concentration of CTRX over the range of
      6.0 * 10(-8)-2.4 * 10(-)(6) mol L(-1) (0.040-1.59 MUg mL(-1)). The correlation
      coefficient (R) was 0.9997 and the detection limit was 1.8 * 10(-8) mol L(-1)
      (11.9 ng mL(-1)). Furthermore, the assay had been applied to determine trace
      amount of CTRX human urine samples with satisfactory results.

PMID- 26963731
TI  - Ab initio MRCI+Q calculations on the low-lying excited states of the MgBr radical
      including spin-orbit coupling.
AB  - Accurate theoretical calculations on the MgBr radical have been carried out by
      using the high-level relativistic multireference configuration interaction method
      with Davidson correction (MRCI+Q) using correlation-consistent Quintuple-zeta
      quality basis set. The potential energy curves (PECs) of the 14 Lambda-S states
      of MgBr have been computed. In order to improve the PECs, the core-valence
      correlation, scalar relativistic effect, and spin-orbit coupling effect are taken
      into account in the computations. The spectroscopic constants of the bound states
      have been determined from the computed PECs. The results of the ground state
      X(2)Sigma(+) and the first excited state A(2)Pi are in good agreement with those
      from the available experiments, while spectroscopic constants of the other
      electronic states are firstly reported. The low-lying ion-pair state B(2)Sigma(+)
      correlated to ion-pair dissociation limit Mg(+) ((2)Sg)+Br(-) ((1)Sg) is
      characterized. The permanent dipole moments (PDMs) of Lambda-S states and the R
      dependent spin-orbit (SO) matrix elements are computed. The results indicate that
      the abrupt changes of PDMs and the SO matrix elements are attributed to the
      changes of the electronic configurations near the avoided crossing point. After
      taking the SOC effect into account, the 14 Lambda-S states split into 30Omega
      states, and the SOC splitting for the A(2)Pi is calculated to be 102.58cm(-1).
      The SOC effect, leading to the double-well potential of the Omega=(3)1/2 state,
      is found to be substantial for MgBr. In order to further illustrate the SOC
      effect and the avoided crossing phenomenon of the PECs, the Lambda-S compositions
      in the Omega state wavefunctions are analyzed in detail. Finally, the transition
      dipole moments (TDMs) of several transitions from upper Omega states to the
      ground X(2)Sigma(+)1/2 state and the corresponding radiative lifetimes have been
      studied. It is shown that the (1)3/2-X(2)Sigma(+)1/2 and (2)3/2-X(2)Sigma(+)1/2
      are particularly important to the observed transitions A(2)Pi-X(2)Sigma(+) and
      C(2)Pi-X(2)Sigma(+). The present study should shed more light on the electronic
      structures and transition properties of electronic states of the MgBr radical. 

PMID- 26963732
TI  - Solving the Tautomeric Equilibrium of Purine through Analysis of the Complex
      Hyperfine Structure of the Four (14)N Nuclei.
AB  - The rotational spectra of two tautomers of purine have been measured by pulsed
      jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy coupled to a UV ultrafast
      vaporization system. The population ratio of the two main tautomers
      [N(7)H]/[N(9)H] is about 1/40 in the gas phase. It contrasts with the solid state
      where only the N(7)H species is present, or in solution where a mixture of both
      tautomers is observed. For both species, a full quadrupolar hyperfine analysis
      has been performed. This has led to the determination of the full sets of
      diagonal quadrupole coupling constants of the four (14)N atoms, which have
      provided crucial information for the unambiguous identification of both species.
      This work shows the great potential of microwave spectroscopy to study isolated
      biomolecules in the gas phase. All the work was supported by theoretical
      calculations. 

PMID- 26963733
TI  - Problem Internet Overuse Behaviors in College Students: Readiness-to-Change and
      Receptivity to Treatment.
AB  - This mixed methods study explores college students' readiness-to-change and
      receptivity to treatment for problem Internet overuse behaviors. Focus groups
      were conducted with 27 college students who self-identified as Internet over
      users, and had experienced biopsychosocial problems related to Internet overuse.
      Participants completed standardized questionnaires assessing their Internet use
      and sociodemographic forms. Focus groups explored readiness to change problem
      Internet overuse behaviors and receptivity to treatment. Similar to college
      students with other addictive behaviors, students with problem Internet overuse
      fall along a continuum vis-a-vis readiness-to-change their behaviors. Over half
      of the participants were receptive to treatment for their problem Internet
      overuse behaviors. 

PMID- 26963734
TI  - Correction: Soil Respiration in Semiarid Temperate Grasslands under Various Land
      Management.

PMID- 26963735
TI  - Altering the Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis (mtFASII) Pathway Modulates
      Cellular Metabolic States and Bioactive Lipid Profiles as Revealed by Metabolomic
      Profiling.
AB  - Despite the presence of a cytosolic fatty acid synthesis pathway, mitochondria
      have retained their own means of creating fatty acids via the mitochondrial fatty
      acid synthesis (mtFASII) pathway. The reason for its conservation has not yet
      been elucidated. Therefore, to better understand the role of mtFASII in the cell,
      we used thin layer chromatography to characterize the contribution of the mtFASII
      pathway to the fatty acid composition of selected mitochondrial lipids. Next, we
      performed metabolomic analysis on HeLa cells in which the mtFASII pathway was
      either hypofunctional (through knockdown of mitochondrial acyl carrier protein,
      ACP) or hyperfunctional (through overexpression of mitochondrial enoyl-CoA
      reductase, MECR). Our results indicate that the mtFASII pathway contributes
      little to the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial lipid species examined.
      Additionally, loss of mtFASII function results in changes in biochemical pathways
      suggesting alterations in glucose utilization and redox state. Interestingly,
      levels of bioactive lipids, including lysophospholipids and sphingolipids,
      directly correlate with mtFASII function, indicating that mtFASII may be involved
      in the regulation of bioactive lipid levels. Regulation of bioactive lipid levels
      by mtFASII implicates the pathway as a mediator of intracellular signaling. 

PMID- 26963737
TI  - The effects of neuromuscular facilitation techniques on osteoporosis of
      hemiplegia limbs and serum leptin level in patients or rats with cerebral
      infarction.
AB  - PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate the effect of proprioceptive
      neuromuscular facilitation techniques (NFT) on osteoporosis and serum leptin
      level in cerebral infarction patients or rats. RESEARCH DESIGN: Forty cerebral
      infarction rats were randomly grouped into control, sham operation, conventional
      treatment (CT) group and CT+NFT group. Fifty-two stroke patients with hemiplegia
      were included in this study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The bone mineral densities
      (BMD) of proximal hemiplegia limbs and serum ALP, BALP, BGP, IL-6 and leptin
      levels were detected using commercial kits. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: In
      cerebral infarction rats, the BMD, BGP, BALP, ALP and leptin concentrations in
      the CT+NFT group was higher compared with the control and CT group, while serum
      IL-6 level was more reduced by CT+NFT than control and CT. In cerebral infarction
      patients, both CT and CT+NFT increased the BMD, ALP, BGP and leptin levels. In
      addition, compared with CT, the BMD, ALP, BGP and leptin levels were markedly
      increased by CT+NFT. C Conclusion: NFC elevated the BMD of hemiplegia limbs,
      serum ALP, BGP, IL-6 and leptin levels and, thus, alleviated osteoporosis in rats
      and patients with cerebral infarction.

PMID- 26963736
TI  - Specific Detection of Two Divergent Simian Arteriviruses Using RNAscope In Situ
      Hybridization.
AB  - Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) is an often lethal disease of Asian macaques.
      Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) is one of at least three distinct simian
      arteriviruses that can cause SHF, but pathogenesis studies using modern methods
      have been scarce. Even seemingly straightforward studies, such as examining viral
      tissue and cell tropism in vivo, have been difficult to conduct due to the
      absence of standardized SHFV-specific reagents. Here we report the establishment
      of an in situ hybridization assay for the detection of SHFV and distantly related
      Kibale red colobus virus 1 (KRCV-1) RNA in cell culture. In addition, we detected
      SHFV RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from an infected rhesus
      monkey (Macaca mulatta). The assay is easily performed and can clearly
      distinguish between SHFV and KRCV-1. Thus, if further developed, this assay may
      be useful during future studies evaluating the mechanisms by which a simian
      arterivirus with a restricted cell tropism can cause a lethal nonhuman primate
      disease similar in clinical presentation to human viral hemorrhagic fevers. 

PMID- 26963738
TI  - Phenylboronic-Acid-Based Polymeric Micelles for Mucoadhesive Anterior Segment
      Ocular Drug Delivery.
AB  - Topical drug delivery to the front of the eye is extremely inefficient due to
      effective natural protection mechanisms such as precorneal tear turnover and the
      relative impermeability of the cornea and sclera tissues. This causes low ocular
      drug bioavailability, requiring large frequent doses that result in high systemic
      exposure and side effects. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have the potential
      to improve topical drug delivery by increasing pharmaceutical bioavailability on
      the anterior eye surface. We report the synthesis and characterization of a
      series of poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(methacrylic acid-co-3-acrylamidophenylboronic
      acid) block copolymer micelles for use as mucoadhesive drug delivery vehicles.
      Micelle properties, drug release rates, and mucoadhesion were shown to depend on
      phenylboronic acid content. The micelles showed low in vitro cytotoxicity against
      human corneal epithelial cells and undetectable acute in vivo ocular irritation
      in Sprague-Dawley rats, suggesting good biocompatibility with the corneal
      surface. The micelles show the potential to significantly improve the
      bioavailability of topically applied ophthalmic drugs, which could reduce dosage,
      frequency of administration, and unintentional systemic exposure. This would
      greatly improve the delivery of the ocular drugs such as the potent
      immunosuppressive cyclosporine A used in the treatment of severe dry eye disease.

PMID- 26963740
TI  - Remodeling of the Mandibular Bone Induced by Overdentures Supported by Different
      Numbers of Implants.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the process of mandibular bone
      remodeling induced by implant-supported overdentures. computed tomography (CT)
      images were collected from edentulous patients to reconstruct the geometry of the
      mandibular bone and overdentures supported by implants. Based on the theory of
      strain energy density (SED), bone remodeling models were established using the
      user material subroutine (UMAT) in abaqus. The stress distribution in the
      mandible and bone density change was investigated to determine the effect of
      implant number on the remodeling of the mandibular bone. The results indicated
      that the areas where high Mises stress values were observed were mainly situated
      around the implants. The stress was concentrated in the distal neck region of the
      distal-most implants. With an increased number of implants, the biting force
      applied on the dentures was almost all taken up by implants. The stress and bone
      density in peri-implant bone increased. When the stress reached the threshold of
      remodeling, the bone density began to decrease. In the posterior mandible area,
      the stress was well distributed but increased with decreased implant numbers.
      Changes in bone density were not observed in this area. The computational results
      were consistent with the clinical data. The results demonstrate that the risk of
      bone resorption around the distal-most implants increases with increased numbers
      of implants and that the occlusal force applied to overdentures should be
      adjusted to be distributed more in the distal areas of the mandible. 

PMID- 26963741
TI  - A Comparison of Walking Rates Between Wild and Zoo African Elephants.
AB  - With increased scrutiny surrounding the welfare of elephants in zoological
      institutions, it is important to have empirical evidence on their current welfare
      status. If elephants are not receiving adequate exercise, it could lead to
      obesity, which can lead to many issues including acyclicity and potentially heart
      disease. The goal of the current study was to compare the walking rates of
      elephants in the wild versus elephants in zoos to determine if elephants are
      walking similar distances relative to their wild counterparts. Eleven wild
      elephants throughout different habitats and locations in Botswana were compared
      to 8 elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Direct comparisons revealed no
      significant difference in average walking rates of zoo elephants when compared
      with wild elephants. These results suggest that elephants at the San Diego Zoo
      Safari Park walk similar rates to those of wild elephants and may be meeting
      their exercise needs. 

PMID- 26963739
TI  - Humanized mouse G6 anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody has therapeutic potential
      against IGHV1-69 germline gene-based B-CLL.
AB  - In 10-20% of the cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B-cell phenotype (B
      CLL), the IGHV1-69 germline is utilized as VH gene of the B cell receptor (BCR).
      Mouse G6 (MuG6) is an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody discovered in a screen
      against rheumatoid factors (RFs) that binds with high affinity to an idiotope
      expressed on the 51p1 alleles of IGHV1-69 germline gene encoded antibodies (G6
      id(+)). The finding that unmutated IGHV1-69 encoded BCRs are frequently expressed
      on B-CLL cells provides an opportunity for anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody
      immunotherapy. In this study, we first showed that MuG6 can deplete B cells
      encoding IGHV1-69 BCRs using a novel humanized GTL mouse model. Next, we
      humanized MuG6 and demonstrated that the humanized antibodies (HuG6s), especially
      HuG6.3, displayed ~2-fold higher binding affinity for G6-id(+) antibody compared
      to the parental MuG6. Additional studies showed that HuG6.3 was able to kill G6
      id(+) BCR expressing cells and patient B-CLL cells through antibody-dependent
      cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
      Finally, both MuG6 and HuG6.3 mediate in vivo depletion of B-CLL cells in NSG
      mice. These data suggest that HuG6.3 may provide a new precision medicine to
      selectively kill IGHV1-69-encoding G6-id(+) B-CLL cells.

PMID- 26963742
TI  - Metabolic dysfunction and adipose tissue macrophages: is there more to glean from
      studying the lean?: Comment on "Adipose tissue infiltration in normal-weight
      subjects and its impact on metabolic function" by Moreno-Indias et al.

PMID- 26963744
TI  - Buccal Bone Thickness in the Esthetic Zone of Postmenopausal Women: A CBCT
      Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare bone thickness buccal to the teeth in the esthetic zone of
      postmenopausal women, premenopausal women, younger men and older men. METHODS:
      Retrospective data were randomly selected from 4 groups: 59 premenopausal women,
      60 postmenopausal women, 60 men less than age 50, and 60 men more than 50. Half
      root and bone crest landmarks were identified on each participant's cone beam
      computed tomography for teeth 7 to 10 and 23 to 26. Buccal bone thickness was
      measured by calibrated examiners. Group averages were calculated and compared
      between groups using analysis of variance (P < 0.05). RESULTS: When comparing
      premenopausal to postmenopausal women and postmenopausal women to older men,
      anterior bone thickness was significantly different for tooth maxillary and
      mandibular lateral incisors and overall maxillary and mandibular central
      incisors. In addition, significant differences were observed between these groups
      within the maxilla comparing lateral incisors, central incisors (P < 0.05), and
      within the mandible when comparing lateral and central incisors at (P < 0.05) at
      bone crest and half-root, respectively. CONCLUSION: Buccal bone in the anterior
      esthetic zone bone is thin in all segments of the population, but significantly
      thinner in postmenopausal women. In this cohort, when anterior implants are
      planned, it is essential to make informed treatment planning decisions.
      Strategies are available to manage the thinner bony housing, but require further
      research specific to this growing consumer cohort.

PMID- 26963743
TI  - Differential impact of mechanical unloading on structural and nonstructural
      components of the extracellular matrix in advanced human heart failure.
AB  - Adverse remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a significant
      characteristic of heart failure. Reverse remodeling of the fibrillar ECM
      secondary to mechanical unloading of the left ventricle (LV) by left ventricular
      assist device (LVAD) has been subject of intense investigation; however, little
      is known about the impacts on nonfibrillar ECM and matricellular proteins that
      also contribute to disease progression. Explanted failing hearts were procured
      from patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with or without LVAD
      support, and compared to nonfailing control hearts. LV free wall specimens were
      formalin-fixed, flash-frozen or optimum cutting temperature-mount frozen.
      Histologic and biochemical assessment of fibrillar ECM showed that LVAD support
      was associated with lower levels of insoluble collagen, collagen type I mRNA, and
      collagen I/III ratio compared with no-LVAD hearts. A disintegrin and
      Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs-2 (ADAM-TS2), a procollagen
      endopeptidase, was reduced in no-LVAD but not in LVAD hearts. The rise in ECM
      proteolytic activities was significantly lower in LVAD hearts. Matrix
      metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP2, MMP8, MMP13, and MT1-MMP/MMP14) were comparable
      between DCM hearts. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)3 and TIMP4
      messenger RNA and protein showed the greatest reduction in no-LVAD hearts.
      Basement membrane proteins exhibited less severe disarray of laminin and
      fibronectin-1 in LVAD-supported hearts. The rise in matricellular protein,
      osteopontin, was suppressed in LVAD hearts, whereas secreted protein, acidic,
      cysteine-rich (SPARC) levels was unaffected by LVAD. Mechanical unloading of the
      failing DCM hearts can restore the fibrillar ECM and the basement membrane,
      contributing toward improved clinical outcomes. However, persistent elevation of
      matricellular proteins such as SPARC could contribute to the relapse of failing
      hearts on removal of LVAD support.

PMID- 26963745
TI  - Influence of Metal and Ceramic Abutments on the Stress Distribution Around Narrow
      Implants: A Photoelastic Stress Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare, through photoelastic analysis, the
      distribution of stresses around narrow implants with external hexagon (EH) and
      Morse taper (MT) connections, when single crowns made with metal and ceramic
      abutments were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six photoelastic models were
      prepared, simulating the use of narrow EH and MT implants replacing a lateral
      incisor. These 2 groups received 3 different abutments: prefabricated metal
      abutments, customized metal abutments, and customized zirconia abutments. All
      crowns were identical and made with a leucite reinforced glass-ceramic. Vertical
      loads of 0 to 100 N were applied on the palatal surface of the crowns, and the
      photoelastic stress fringes developed in each model were captured in a high
      definition video, and digital photographs were taken at 100 N. RESULTS: The
      abutment type and material influenced the stress distribution patterns around
      narrow implants with EH and MT connections. Stresses were generated mainly around
      the apical and lingual regions of the implants. CONCLUSIONS: For both
      connections, the prefabricated metal abutments presented better stress
      distribution around the implants when compared to customized metal and zirconia
      abutments because low stress levels were developed in smaller areas around the
      implants.

PMID- 26963747
TI  - Clay/Polyaniline Hybrid through Diazonium Chemistry: Conductive Nanofiller with
      Unusual Effects on Interfacial Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites.
AB  - The concept of conductive network structure in thermoset matrix without
      sacrificing the inherent mechanical properties of thermoset polymer (e.g., epoxy)
      is investigated here using "hairy" bentonite fillers. The latter were prepared
      through the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of 4-diphenylamine
      diazonium (DPA)-modified bentonite (B-DPA) resulting in a highly exfoliated
      bentonite-DPA/polyaniline (B-DPA/PANI). The nanocomposite filler was mixed with
      diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and the curing agent (4,4'
      diaminodiphenylsulfone) (DDS) at high temperature in order to obtain
      nanocomposites through the conventional melt mixing technique. The role of B-DPA
      in the modification of the interface between epoxy and B-DPA/polyaniline (B
      DPA/PANI) is investigated and compared with the filler B/PANI prepared without
      any diazonium modification of the bentonite. Synergistic improvement in
      dielectric properties and mechanical properties points to the fact that the DPA
      aryl groups from the diazonium precursor significantly modify the interface by
      acting as an efficient stress transfer medium. In DPA-containing nanocomposites,
      unique fibril formation was observed on the fracture surface. Moreover, dramatic
      improvement (210-220%) in fracture toughness of epoxy composite was obtained with
      B-DPA/PANI filler as compared to the weak improvement of 20-30% noted in the case
      of the B/PANI filler. This work shows that the DPA diazonium salt has an
      important effect on the improvement of the interfacial properties and adhesion of
      DGEBA and clay/PANI nanofillers. 

PMID- 26963746
TI  - Platelet-Rich Plasma in Grafted Maxillae: Growth Factor Quantification and
      Dynamic Histomorphometric Evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Validation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) system and assessing its
      enhancing effect on the healing of iliac crest grafts before implant placement.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients randomly allocated to test (n = 13) and control
      (n = 9) groups. Iliac crest grafts were mixed with PRP in the test group.
      Tetracycline labeling preceded implant placement. Bone samples were harvested for
      histomorphometrical analysis. Platelet and growth factor quantifications were
      performed. ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed using SPSS software package. Independent
      t test was used and statistical significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: The PRP
      group showed significantly higher platelet counts, PDGF-BB, and TGF-beta1
      concentrations. Tendency to higher volume of woven bone was observed in the PRP
      group (13 +/- 11 vs 4 +/- 6, P = 0.1). Histomorphometry showed increased seam
      separation in the PRP group (8.8 +/- 9 MUm vs 1.5 +/- 3 MUm, P = 0.039).
      Remodeling activity was higher in PRP-woven bone sections and comparable in
      trabecular sections. CONCLUSION: PRP significantly increased platelet and growth
      factor concentrations and was of possible enhancing effect on the rate of bone
      formation at 3 to 4 months of grafting. The clinical significance of this
      enhancement is yet to be established.

PMID- 26963748
TI  - Characteristics of Spirituality and Religion Among Suicide Attempters.
AB  - Spirituality and religiousness are associated with a lower risk of suicide. A
      detailed assessment of spirituality among 88 suicide attempters hospitalized
      after a suicide attempt was performed. Factors associated with the recurrence of
      suicide attempts over 18 months were looked into. Spirituality was low among most
      suicide attempters in comparison with the general population. Two groups were
      identified: those with a high score of depression who featured "low" in
      spirituality and those with a more heterogeneous profile, for example, involving
      personality disorders, characterized by a "high" spirituality. At the follow-up,
      the "meaning in life" score appeared to correlate with recurrence of suicide.
      Clinical implications are discussed herein.

PMID- 26963750
TI  - Long non-coding RNA-LET can indicate metastasis and a poor prognosis: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have reported that long non-coding RNA low
      expression in tumor (lncRNA-LET) was down-regulated in several cancers. The
      current meta-analysis aims to determine whether lncRNA-LET can be used as a
      potential biomarker for metastasis and prognosis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We
      collected all relevant papers by searching multiple electronic databases (PubMed,
      EMBASE, Google Scholar, CNKI, Wanfang Database) and explored the association
      between the expression levels of lncRNA-LET and lymph node metastasis (LNM),
      distant metastasis (DM) and overall survival (OS). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of
      383 patients from four studies were finally included. The meta-analysis results
      showed that LNM occurred more frequently in patients from the lncRNA-LET low
      expression group than in patients from the lncRNA-LET overexpression group
      (OR=4.56, 95% CI 2.92-7.12, P<0.00001), and a similar result was observed between
      lncRNA-LET expression and DM (OR=4.77, 95% CI 2.29-9.94, P<0.0001). Additionally,
      we found that patients with low expression of lncRNA-LET had a poorer OS than
      those with lncRNA-LET overexpression (HR=2.39, 95% CI 1.57-3.21, P=0.000).
      CONCLUSIONS: lncRNA-LET may serve as a common molecular marker for metastasis and
      prognosis in human cancers.

PMID- 26963749
TI  - The ciliary GTPase Arl13b regulates cell migration and cell cycle progression.
AB  - The GTPase ARL13B is localized to primary cilia; small cellular protrusions that
      act as antennae. Its defective ARL13B hennin (HNN) variant is linked causally
      with Joubert Syndrome, a developmental ciliopathy attributed to poor sensing of
      extracellular chemical gradients. We tested the hypothesis that impaired
      detection of extracellular voltage gradients also contributes to the HNN
      phenotype. In vitro, extracellular electric fields stimulated migration of wild
      type (WT) and HNN fibroblasts toward the cathode but the field only increased the
      migration speed of WT cells. Cilia on WT cells did not align to the field vector.
      HNN cells divided more slowly than WT cells, arresting at the G2/M phase.
      Mechanistically, HNN cells had reduced phospho-ERK1/2 signaling and elevated
      levels of Suppressor of Fused protein. These suggest that cells may not be able
      to read extracellular chemical cues appropriately, resulting in deficits in cell
      migration and proliferation. Finally, an increase in tubulin stabilization (more
      detyrosinated tubulin) confirmed the general stagnation of HNN cells, which may
      further contribute to slower migration and cell cycle progression. We conclude
      that Arl13b dysfunction resulted in HNN cell stagnation due to poor growth factor
      signaling and impaired detection of extracellular electrical gradients, and that
      the role of Arl13b in cell proliferation may be understated.

PMID- 26963751
TI  - Unique C-terminal region of Hap3 is required for methanol-regulated gene
      expression in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii.
AB  - The Hap complex of the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii was found to be
      required for methanol-regulated gene expression. In this study, we performed
      functional characterization of CbHap3p, one of the Hap complex components in C.
      boidinii. Sequence alignment of Hap3 proteins revealed the presence of a unique
      extended C-terminal region, which is not present in Hap3p from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae (ScHap3p), but is found in Hap3p proteins of methylotrophic yeasts.
      Deletion of the C-terminal region of CbHap3p (Delta256-292 or Delta107-237)
      diminished activation of methanol-regulated genes and abolished the ability to
      grow on methanol, but did not affect nuclear localization or DNA-binding ability.
      However, deletion of the N-terminal region of CbHap3p (Delta1-20) led to not only
      a growth defect on methanol and a decreased level of methanol-regulated gene
      expression, but also impaired nuclear localization and binding to methanol
      regulated gene promoters. We also revealed that CbHap3p could complement the
      growth defect of the Schap3Delta strain on glycerol, although ScHap3p could not
      complement the growth defect of a Cbhap3Delta strain on methanol. We conclude
      that the unique C-terminal region of CbHap3p contributes to maximum activation of
      methanol-regulated genes, whilst the N-terminal region is required for nuclear
      localization and binding to DNA.

PMID- 26963752
TI  - Obstetric Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit in a Tertiary Hospital.
AB  - AIMS: A better understanding of the characteristics of obstetric patients
      admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) could guide where the focus of obstetric
      training and awareness should be directed at to reduce further maternal mortality
      and morbidity. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the charts of all women
      admitted during pregnancy or postpartum to a tertiary ICU over a 12-year period.
      We retrieved whether women were followed locally or referred from another
      hospital and whether the ICU admission was prophylactic or therapeutic. RESULTS:
      There were 190 admissions in 183 women. One-hundred and four admissions were in
      referred women and 86 in women cared for locally. Seventy-eight admissions
      (41.1%) were for direct obstetric causes (primarily postpartum hemorrhage (n =
      14), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (n = 12) and peripartum cardiomyopathy
      (n = 10)). Indirect obstetric admissions (n = 89; 46.8%) were primarily for
      cardiopathies (n = 35) and pulmonary diseases (n = 18). Among non-obstetric
      admissions, trauma (n = 6; 26.1%) and neurologic tumors (n = 6; 26.1%) were the
      most common. CONCLUSION: Pre-existing and acquired cardiopathies are the main
      reason for admission to an ICU in a developed country and have surpassed
      hypertensive disorders and hemorrhage. This should become a focus of obstetric
      care provider training.

PMID- 26963754
TI  - Optimization of Salmonella Typhi biofilm assay on polypropylene microtiter plates
      using response surface methodology.
AB  - The objective of this study was to develop an optimized assay for Salmonella
      Typhi biofilm that mimics the environment of the gallbladder as an experimental
      model for chronic typhoid fever. Multi-factorial assays are difficult to optimize
      using traditional one-factor-at-a-time optimization methods. Response surface
      methodology (RSM) was used to optimize six key variables involved in S. Typhi
      biofilm formation on cholesterol-coated polypropylene 96-well microtiter plates.
      The results showed that bile (1.22%), glucose (2%), cholesterol (0.05%) and
      potassium chloride (0.25%) were critical factors affecting the amount of biofilm
      produced, but agitation (275 rpm) and sodium chloride (0.5%) had antagonistic
      effects on each other. Under these optimum conditions the maximum OD reading for
      biofilm formation was 3.4 (lambda600 nm), and the coefficients of variation for
      intra-plate and inter-plate assays were 3% (n = 20) and 5% (n = 8), respectively.
      These results showed that RSM is an effective approach for biofilm assay
      optimization. 

PMID- 26963755
TI  - Cyclotorsion Measured in a Patient Population Using Three Different Methods: A
      Comparative Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To establish if cyclotorsion measurements obtained in a patient
      population using different methods of testing give equivalent results, and if the
      results from each test are repeatable over time. METHODS: Twenty referrals, from
      the orthoptic waiting list at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden,
      with vertical deviation stated as the primary reason for referral, were examined.
      Subjective cyclotorsion measurements using three different methods were
      performed. The methods included two standard tests: a synoptophore, with slides
      A17a/18a, the single Maddox rod test (SMR), and a new test method: the KMScreen
      method. Measurements were repeated 3 times for fixing either eye, and on two
      separate test occasions, for repeatability within each of the methods. RESULTS:
      During the first test measurements, 11 (55%) showed excyclotorsion measured with
      the synoptophore method, 18 (90%) with the SMR test, and 15 (75%) with the
      KMScreen method. During the second set of measurements, 11 (55%) showed
      excyclotorsion with the synoptophore method, 17 (85%) with the SMR test, and 10
      (50%) with the KMScreen test. Median perceived torsional measurements at the
      first visit for the synoptophore, SMR, and KMScreen tests were -1 degrees , -5
      degrees , and -1 degrees , respectively. There were significant differences
      between the synoptophore and SMR (P=0.025), and the SMR and KMScreen (P=0.025),
      but not between the synoptophore and KMScreen (P=0.90) methods on measuring the
      affected eye. All three tests showed repeatable values. The 95% limits of
      agreement (LoAs) between visits, defined as mean torsional difference +/- 1.96 SD
      of difference, for the synoptophore, SMR, and KMScreen methods were -0.5 degrees 
      +/- 4.5 degrees , -0.3 degrees  +/- 5 degrees , and -0.7 degrees  +/- 3.5 degrees
      , respectively. P values for differences between visits were P=0.45, P=0.75, and
      P=0.90, respectively, using an exact permutation test. CONCLUSION: In this small
      study group, the three different methods used for testing cyclotorsion showed
      significantly different results. However, all methods showed significant
      repeatability (test-retest reliability) over time. This finding is of clinical
      importance when investigating cyclotorsion in patients. Clinicians need to be
      aware of the differences between methods when monitoring recovery or changes in
      patients, and in particular when planning surgical correction for cyclotorsion.

PMID- 26963756
TI  - 'I am not a man': Trans-specific barriers and facilitators to PrEP acceptability
      among transgender women.
AB  - The frequent conflation of transgender ('trans') women with 'men who have sex
      with men (MSM)' in HIV prevention obscures trans women's unique gender
      identities, social and behavioural vulnerabilities, and their disproportionately
      high rates of HIV infection. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an efficacious
      biomedical HIV prevention approach. However, trans women are underrepresented in
      PrEP research, and are often aggregated with MSM without consideration for their
      unique positions within sociocultural contexts. This study examined PrEP
      acceptability among trans women via three focus groups and nine individual
      interviews (total N = 30) in San Francisco. While knowledge of PrEP was low,
      interest was relatively high once participants were informed. Due to past
      negative healthcare experiences, ability to obtain PrEP from a trans-competent
      provider was cited as essential to PrEP uptake and adherence. Participants noted
      that PrEP could address situations in which trans women experience reduced power
      to negotiate safer sex, including sex work. Trans-specific barriers included lack
      of trans-inclusive marketing of PrEP, prioritisation of hormone use, and medical
      mistrust due to transphobia. Findings underscore the importance of disaggregating
      trans women from MSM in HIV prevention strategies to mitigate disparate risk
      among this highly vulnerable population.

PMID- 26963757
TI  - Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Trauma Patients and
      Validation of a Novel Scoring System: The Risk of Clots in Kids With Trauma
      Score.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Identify risk factors for venous thromboembolism and develop venous
      thromboembolism risk assessment models for pediatric trauma patients. DESIGN:
      Single institution and national registry retrospective cohort studies. SETTING:
      John Hopkins level 1 adult and pediatric trauma center and National Trauma Data
      Bank. PATIENTS: Patients 21 years and younger hospitalized following traumatic
      injuries at John Hopkins (1987-2011). Patients 21 years and younger in the
      National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2010 and 2011-2012). INTERVENTIONS: None.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clinical characteristics of Johns Hopkins patients
      with and without venous thromboembolism were compared, and multivariable logistic
      regression analysis was used to identify independent venous thromboembolism risk
      factors. Weighted risk assessment scoring systems were developed based on these
      and previously identified factors from National Trauma Data Bank patients (2008
      2010); the scoring systems were validated in this cohort from Johns Hopkins and a
      cohort from the National Trauma Data Bank (2011-2012). Forty-nine of 17,366
      pediatric trauma patients (0.28%) were diagnosed with venous thromboembolism
      after admission to our trauma center. After adjusting for potential confounders,
      venous thromboembolism was independently associated with older age, surgery,
      blood transfusion, higher Injury Severity Score, and lower Glasgow Coma Scale
      score. These and additional factors were identified in 402,329 pediatric patients
      from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2008 to 2010; independent risk factors
      from the logistic regression analysis of this National Trauma Data Bank cohort
      were selected and incorporated into weighted risk assessment scoring systems. Two
      models were developed and were cross-validated in two separate pediatric trauma
      cohorts: 1) 282,535 patients in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2011 to 2012
      and 2) 17,366 patients from Johns Hopkins. The receiver operating curve using
      these models in the validation cohorts had area under the curves that ranged 90
      94%. CONCLUSIONS: Venous thromboembolism is infrequent after trauma in pediatric
      patients. We developed weighted scoring systems to stratify pediatric trauma
      patients at risk for venous thromboembolism. These systems may have potential to
      guide risk-appropriate venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in children after
      trauma.

PMID- 26963758
TI  - Strain Echocardiography Parameters Correlate With Disease Severity in Children
      and Infants With Sepsis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In the progression of severe sepsis, sepsis-induced myocardial
      dysfunction contributes to severity of illness and ultimate mortality.
      Identification of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction causing depressed cardiac
      function during critical illness has implications for ongoing patient management.
      However, assessing pediatric cardiac function traditionally relies on
      echocardiographic qualitative assessment and measurement of left ventricular
      ejection fraction or fractional shortening. These metrics are often insensitive
      for detecting early or regional myocardial dysfunction. Strain echocardiography
      is a contemporary echocardiographic modality that may be more sensitive to
      perturbations in cardiac function. This investigation hypothesizes that strain
      echocardiography metrics correlate with severity of illness in pediatric sepsis
      despite normal fractional shortening. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective
      observational study. SETTING: Tertiary 36-bed medical/surgical PICU. PATIENTS:
      Pediatric patients admitted with sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-three children with sepsis received an echocardiogram in the
      study period. Patients with sepsis demonstrated abnormal peak systolic
      longitudinal strain for age (mean = -0.13 +/- 0.07; p < 0.01) and low normal peak
      systolic circumferential strain (mean = -0.17 +/- 0.14; p = 0.02) compared with
      internal controls as well as previously published normal values. Depressed strain
      was demonstrated in the septic patients despite having normal fractional
      shortening (mean = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.38-0.43). On initial echocardiographic
      imaging, worsening peak systolic longitudinal strain was associated with
      increasing lactate (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with sepsis
      demonstrate evidence of depressed strain echocardiography parameters not shown by
      fractional shortening that correlate with clinical indices of sepsis severity.
      Whether strain echocardiography could eventually assist in grading pediatric
      sepsis severity and affect management is an area for potential future
      investigation.

PMID- 26963760
TI  - Ethanol flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes in deficient oxygen environments.
AB  - In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized using ethanol diffusion
      flames in a stagnation-flow system composed of an upper oxidizer duct and a lower
      liquid pool. In the experiments, a gaseous mixture of oxygen and nitrogen flowed
      from the upper oxidizer duct, and then impinged onto the vertically aligned
      ethanol pool to generate a planar and steady diffusion flame in a deficient
      oxygen environment. A nascent nickel mesh was used as the catalytic metal
      substrate to collect deposited materials. The effect of low oxygen concentration
      on the formation of CNTs was explored. The oxygen concentration significantly
      influenced the flame environment and thus the synthesized carbon products.
      Lowering the oxygen concentration increased the yield, diameter, and uniformity
      of CNTs. The optimal operating conditions for CNT synthesis were an oxygen
      concentration in the range of 15%-19%, a flame temperature in the range of 460 
      degrees C-870  degrees C, and a sampling position of 0.5-1 mm below the upper
      edge of the blue flame front. It is noteworthy that the concentration gradient of
      C2 species and CO governed the CNT growth directly. CNTs were successfully
      fabricated in regions with uniform C2 species and CO distributions. 

PMID- 26963761
TI  - Determining clinical practice of expert physiotherapy for patients undergoing
      lumbar spinal fusion: a cross-sectional survey study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the content of current Dutch expert hospital physiotherapy
      practice for patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion (LSF), to gain insight into
      expert-based clinical practice. METHODS: At each hospital where LSF is performed,
      one expert physiotherapist received an e-mailed questionnaire, about pre- and
      postoperative physiotherapy and discharge after LSF. The level of uniformity in
      goals and interventions was graded on a scale from no uniformity (50-60 %) to
      very strong uniformity (91-100 %). RESULTS: LSF was performed at 34 of the 67
      contacted hospitals. From those 34 hospitals, 28 (82 %) expert physiotherapists
      completed the survey. Twenty-one percent of the respondents saw patients
      preoperatively, generally to provide information. Stated postoperative goals and
      administered interventions focused mainly on performing transfers safely and
      keeping the patient informed. Outcome measures were scarcely used. There was no
      uniformity regarding advice on the activities of daily living. CONCLUSION: Dutch
      perioperative expert physiotherapy for patients undergoing LSF is variable and
      lacks structural outcome assessment. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of best
      practice physiotherapy are warranted.

PMID- 26963759
TI  - Assignment of Functional Relevance to Genes at Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Loci
      Through Investigation of beta-Cell Mass Deficits.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with a large number of genomic loci,
      many of which encompass multiple genes without a definitive causal gene. This
      complexity has hindered efforts to clearly identify functional candidate genes
      and interpret their role in mediating susceptibility to disease. Here we examined
      the relevance of individual genes found at T2D-associated loci by assessing their
      potential contribution to a phenotype relevant to the disease state: production
      and maintenance of beta-cell mass. Using transgenic zebrafish in which beta-cell
      mass could be rapidly visualized in vivo, we systematically suppressed the
      expression of orthologs of genes found at T2D-associated genomic loci. Overall,
      we tested 67 orthologs, many of which had no known relevance to beta-cell mass,
      at 62 human T2D-associated loci, including eight loci with multiple candidate
      genes. In total we identified 25 genes that were necessary for proper beta-cell
      mass, providing functional evidence for their role in a physiological phenotype
      directly related to T2D. Of these, 16 had not previously been implicated in the
      regulation of beta-cell mass. Strikingly, we identified single functional
      candidate genes at the majority of the loci for which multiple genes were
      analyzed. Further investigation into the contribution of the 25 genes to the
      adaptive capacity of beta-cells suggested that the majority of genes were not
      required for glucose-induced expansion of beta-cell mass but were significantly
      necessary for the regeneration of beta-cells. These findings suggest that
      genetically programmed deficiencies in beta-cell mass may be related to impaired
      maintenance. Finally, we investigated the relevance of our findings to human T2D
      onset in diabetic individuals from the Old Order Amish and found that risk
      alleles in beta-cell mass genes were associated with significantly younger age of
      onset and lower body mass index. Taken together, our study offers a functional
      approach to assign relevance to genes at T2D-associated loci and offers
      experimental evidence for the defining role of beta-cell mass maintenance in
      genetic susceptibility to T2D onset. 

PMID- 26963762
TI  - Relationship between cervical sagittal alignment and health-related quality of
      life in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Little information is available on the relationship between cervical
      sagittal alignment and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. The aim of this study was to identify
      relationships between postoperative cervical sagittal alignment and HRQOL in AIS.
      METHODS: The study and control groups comprised 67 AIS patients (51 girls and 16
      boys). All underwent anteroposterior and lateral plain radiography and completed
      clinical questionnaires. The radiographic parameters investigated were pre- and
      postoperative C2-C7 lordosis, C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 slope, T1
      slope minus C2-C7 lordosis (TS-CL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL),
      pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), and pelvic incidence (PI). The Korean
      version of the SRS-22 questionnaire and the previously validated Short Form-36
      (SF-36) outcome questionnaire were administered to evaluate HRQOL at last follow
      up visits. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significances of
      differences between preoperative and last follow-up radiological findings. In
      addition, correlations between radiological parameters and clinical questionnaire
      scores were sought. RESULTS: Radiological sagittal parameters were found to be
      significantly increased after surgical correction in terms of C2-C7 lordosis (3.5
      +/- 11.4), C2-C7 SVA (1.5 +/- 6.0), T1 slope (3.5 +/- 6.1), and TK (6.0 +/- 8.1).
      However, no significant difference was observed for TS-CL, LL, PT, SS, and PI (P
      > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between
      radiographic parameters and questionnaire scores. Multiple regression analysis
      was performed to identify predictors of HRQOL, and the results obtained revealed
      that postoperative T1 slope significantly predicted SRS, PCS, and MCS scores and
      that postoperative C2-C7 SVA predicted SRS scores. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in
      cervical sagittal parameters were significant after deformity correction in AIS
      patients. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between
      postoperative radiographic parameters and HRQOL. In particular, T1 slope and C2
      C7 SVA were found to be significant predictors of HRQOL in AIS patient.

PMID- 26963763
TI  - They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict
      via reciprocal dehumanization.
AB  - Although the act of dehumanizing an outgroup is a pervasive and potent intergroup
      process that drives discrimination and conflict, no formal research has examined
      the consequences of being dehumanized by an outgroup-that is,
      "metadehumanization." Across 10 studies (N = 3,440) involving several real-world
      conflicts spanning 3 continents, we provide the first empirical evidence that
      metadehumanization (a) plays a central role in outgroup aggression that is (b)
      mediated by outgroup dehumanization, and (c) distinct from metaprejudice. Studies
      1a and 1b demonstrate experimentally that Americans who learn that Arabs (Study
      1a) or Muslims (Study 1b) blatantly dehumanize Americans are more likely to
      dehumanize that outgroup in return; by contrast, experimentally increasing
      outgroup dehumanization did not increase metadehumanization (Study 1c). Using
      correlational data, Study 2 documents indirect effects of metadehumanization on
      Americans' support for aggressive policies toward Arabs (e.g., torture) via Arab
      dehumanization. In the context of Hungarians and ethnic minority Roma, Study 3
      shows that the pathway for Hungarians from metadehumanization to aggression
      through outgroup dehumanization holds controlling for outgroup prejudice. Study 4
      examines Israelis' metaperceptions with respect to Palestinians, showing that:
      (a) feeling dehumanized (i.e., metadehumanization) is distinct from feeling
      disliked (i.e., metaprejudice), and (b) metadehumanization uniquely influences
      aggression through outgroup dehumanization, controlling for metaprejudice.
      Studies 5a and 5b explore Americans' metaperceptions regarding ISIS and Iran. We
      document a dehumanization-specific pathway from metadehumanization to aggressive
      attitudes and behavior that is distinct from the path from metaprejudice through
      prejudice to aggression. In Study 6, American participants learning that Muslims
      humanize Americans (i.e., metahumanization) humanize Muslims in turn. Finally,
      Study 7 experimentally contrasts metadehumanization and metahumanization primes,
      and shows that resulting differences in outgroup dehumanization are mediated by
      (a) perceived identity threat, and (b) a general desire to reciprocate the
      outgroup's perceptions of the ingroup. In summary, our research outlines how and
      why metadehumanization contributes to cycles of ongoing violence and animosity,
      providing direction for future research and policy. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26963764
TI  - How being busy can increase motivation and reduce task completion time.
AB  - This research tests the hypothesis that being busy increases motivation and
      reduces the time it takes to complete tasks for which people miss a deadline.
      This effect occurs because busy people tend to perceive that they are using their
      time effectively, which mitigates the sense of failure people have when they miss
      a task deadline. Studies 1 and 2 show that when people are busy, they are more
      motivated to complete a task after missing a deadline than those who are not
      busy, and that the perception that one is using time effectively mediates this
      effect. Studies 3 and 4 show that this process makes busy people more likely to
      complete real tasks than people who are not busy. Study 5 uses data from over
      half a million tasks submitted by thousands of users of a task management
      software application to show that busy people take less time to complete a task
      after they miss a deadline for completing it. The findings delineate the
      conditions under which being busy can mitigate the negative effects of missing a
      deadline and reduce the time it takes to complete tasks. (PsycINFO Database
      Record 

PMID- 26963765
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26963768
TI  - Strongly Coupled Ternary Hybrid Aerogels of N-deficient Porous Graphitic-C3N4
      Nanosheets/N-Doped Graphene/NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide for Solar-Driven
      Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation.
AB  - Developing photoanodes with efficient sunlight harvesting, excellent charge
      separation and transfer, and fast surface reaction kinetics remains a key
      challenge in photoelectrochemical water splitting devices. Here we report a new
      strongly coupled ternary hybrid aerogel that is designed and constructed by in
      situ assembly of N-deficient porous carbon nitride nanosheets and NiFe-layered
      double hydroxide into a 3D N-doped graphene framework architecture using a facile
      hydrothermal method. Such a 3D hierarchical structure combines several
      advantageous features, including effective light-trapping, multidimensional
      electron transport pathways, short charge transport time and distance, strong
      coupling effect, and improved surface reaction kinetics. Benefiting from the
      desirable nanostructure, the ternary hybrid aerogels exhibited remarkable
      photoelectrochemical performance for water oxidation. Results included a record
      high photocurrent density that reached 162.3 MUA cm(-2) at 1.4 V versus the
      reversible hydrogen electrode with a maximum incident photon-to-current
      efficiency of 2.5% at 350 nm under AM 1.5G irradiation, and remarkable
      photostability. The work represents a significant step toward the development of
      novel 3D aerogel-based photoanodes for solar water splitting. 

PMID- 26963769
TI  - Leaching of Terbutryn and Its Photodegradation Products from Artificial Walls
      under Natural Weather Conditions.
AB  - Terbutryn is a commonly used biocide in construction materials. Especially
      polymer-resin-based renders and paints, used in external thermal insulation
      composite systems, are very susceptible to microbial deterioration. Previous
      studies have shown that biocides leach out of the material when contacted with
      rainwater; thus, they reach surface waters where they might have adverse effects
      on aquatic organisms. The knowledge on the long-term leaching performance and
      especially the formation and fate of degradation products is rare. In the present
      study, the leaching of terbutryn from artificial walls equipped with two types of
      render was observed for 19 months. In addition to concentration and mass load
      determinations for terbutryn, photodegradation products were identified and
      studied in the leachate and render. The results show that terbutryn leached
      mainly within the first 6-12 months. During the exposure, only 3% of the initial
      terbutryn was emitted to the runoff, while 64-80% remained in the coating. The
      overall mass balance could be closed by including several degradation products.
      Contrary to expectations, the major fraction of transformation products remained
      in the material and was not washed off immediately, which is of high importance
      for the long-term assessment of biocides in coating materials.

PMID- 26963770
TI  - Biotechnological potential of microbial inulinases: Recent perspective.
AB  - Among microbial enzymes, inulinases or fructo-furanosylhydrolases have received
      considerable attention in the past decade, and as a result, a variety of
      applications based on enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin have been documented.
      Inulinases are employed for generation of fructose and inulo-oligosaccharides
      (IOS) in a single-step reaction with specificity. The high fructose syrup can be
      biotransformed into value-added products such as ethanol, single cell protein,
      while IOS are indicated in nutraceutical industry as prebiotic. Myriad
      microorganisms produce inulinases, and a number of exo- and endo-inulinases have
      been characterized and expressed in heterologous hosts. Initially, predominated
      by Aspergilli, Penicillia, and some yeasts (Kluyveromyces spp.), the list of
      prominent inulinase producers has gradually expanded and now includes
      extremophilic prokaryotes and marine-derived microorganisms producing robust
      inulinases. The present paper summarizes important developments about microbial
      inulinases and their applications made in the last decade.

PMID- 26963771
TI  - Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of the 1-Propenyl Radical.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled 1-propenyl radical
      (CHCHCH3) were investigated at the photolysis wavelengths from 224 to 248 nm
      using high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight (HRTOF) technique. The 1-propenyl
      radicals were produced from 193 nm photolysis of 1-chloropropene and 1
      bromopropene precursors. The photofragment yield (PFY) spectra of the H atom
      product have a broad peak centered at 230 nm. The H + C3H4 product translational
      energy P(ET) distribution's peak near ~8 kcal/mol, and the fraction of average
      translational energy in the total available energy, ?fT?, is nearly a constant of
      ~0.12 from 224 to 248 nm. The H atom product has an isotropic angular
      distribution with the anisotropy parameter beta ~ 0. Quasiclassical trajectory
      calculations were also carried out using an ab initio ground-state potential
      energy surface for dissociation of 1-propenyl at the excitation energy of 124
      kcal/mol (230 nm). The calculated branching ratios are 60% to the methyl +
      acetylene products, 16% to H + propyne, 4% to H + allene, and 1% to H +
      cyclopropene. The experimental and calculated P(ET) distributions of the H + C3H4
      products at 230 nm are in a qualitative agreement, suggesting that the H +
      propyne dissociation is the main H atom product channel. The calculated
      dissociation time scale on the ground electronic state is ~1 ps, shorter than but
      close to the time scale of >10 ps for the overall UV photodissociation implied by
      the isotropic H atom product angular distribution. The UV photodissociation
      mechanism of 1-propenyl can be described as unimolecular decomposition of hot 1
      propenyl radical on the ground electronic state following internal conversion
      from the electronically excited states of 1-propenyl. 

PMID- 26963773
TI  - Errata: Vol. 65, No. 6.
AB  - In the report, "Notes from the Field: Administration Error Involving a
      Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine - United States, March 1, 2010-September 22,
      2015," on page 162, the end of the first paragraph should contain an additional
      sentence as follows: "However, because serogroup A meningococcal disease is rare
      in the United States, patients only receiving the liquid MenCYW-135 component of
      Menveo might not need revaccination, unless international travel is anticipated
      (especially travel to Africa) (3,6)." 

PMID- 26963772
TI  - Blaschkoid Skin Lesions in a Young Girl.

PMID- 26963774
TI  - Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell
      behavior.
AB  - Combining patient-specific cells with the appropriate scaffold to create
      functional kidneys is a promising technology to provide immunocompatible kidneys
      for the 100,000+ patients on the organ waiting list. For proper recellularization
      to occur, the scaffold must possess the critical microstructure and an intact
      vascular network. Detergent perfusion through the vasculature of a kidney is the
      preferred method of decellularization; however, harsh detergents could be
      damaging to the microstructure of the renal tissue and may undesirably solubilize
      the endogenous growth and signaling factors. In this study, automated
      decellularization of whole porcine kidneys was performed using an improved method
      that combined physical and chemical steps to efficiently remove cellular
      materials while producing minimal damage to the collagenous extracellular matrix
      (ECM). Freezing/thawing, incremental increases in flow rate under constant
      pressure, applying osmotic shock to the cellular membranes, and low
      concentrations of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were factors used to
      decrease SDS exposure time during the decellularization process from 36 to 5 h,
      which preserved the microstructure while still removing 99% of the DNA. The well
      preserved glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen fibers enhanced cell-ECM
      interactions. Human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells grew more
      rapidly when cultured on the ECM obtained from the improved decellularization
      process and also demonstrated more in vivo-like gene expression patterns. The
      optimized, automated process that resulted from this work is now used routinely
      in our laboratory to rapidly decellularize porcine kidneys and could be adapted
      to other large organs (e.g. heart, liver, and lung).

PMID- 26963775
TI  - Emotional distress and burden among caregivers of children with
      oncological/hematological disorders.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Caring for children with oncological and hematological disorders
      may lead to caregiver emotional distress and caregiver burden; however, little
      work has examined the relationship between children's symptoms and caregiver's
      distress and burden. METHOD: This study used self-report survey data from
      caregivers (N = 96) and a cross-sectional design to examine correlates of
      caregiver emotional distress and burden. Data collected included caregiver and
      child demographic data, child symptoms (i.e., sleep problems, pain, and
      emotional/behavioral problems), caregiver emotional distress, and caregiver
      burden. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression found that parent reported financial
      difficulty (beta = 0.29, t = 3.13, p = .003), greater child sleep problems (beta
      = 0.29 t = 2.81, p = .007), greater child pain (beta = 0.33 t = 3.48, p = .001),
      and greater child emotional/behavioral problems (beta = 0.27, t = 2.71, p = .009)
      were all related to higher levels of caregiver emotional distress. Only financial
      difficulties (beta = -0.35, t = -2.03, p = .04) and child pain (beta = -0.30, t =
      -2.33, p = .02) were related to caregiver burden. DISCUSSION: Child symptoms may
      play an important role in the development of caregiver distress and caregiver
      burden; future research should utilize longitudinal designs to examine temporal
      and casual relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963776
TI  - The Tri-Optic II: Embracing the family voice.
AB  - In June, 2015, for the issue marking the passing of Donald Bloch, the
      intellectual founder of the collaborative health care movement, we wrote an
      editorial called, "The Tri-Optic: Next step for Collaborative Family Healthcare"
      (Mauksch & Fogarty, 2015). Bloch had famously proposed the "dual optic": the
      partnership of Dr. Biomedicine and Dr. Psychosocial (Bloch, 1988). Our readers,
      including many Collaborative Family Healthcare Association (CFHA) members,
      understand the value of a family perspective and are grappling with the next
      steps to truly integrate family and systems thinking into all levels of health
      care. A current exploration about the last 10 years of articles published in the
      journal by Tai Mendenhall, a member or our editorial board (personal
      communication, 2015), has found that the most common topic of focus is family
      health and functioning in 28% of the articles. This focus was also evident to
      varying degrees in all the plenaries at the 2015 CFHA conference held in
      Portland, Oregon. we pose the following questions to the FSH readership and CFHA
      community: Where are we, individually and collectively, with our knowledge about
      families as resources in and influences on health care? How are we teaching our
      learners about family-oriented care? How do we integrate family thinking into our
      various models of care? How do models of behavioral health integration include
      the family context in patient care?

PMID- 26963778
TI  - Privacy versus care--The shifting balance in mental health.
AB  - Mental health professionals are now debating client confidentiality and its
      relationship to care coordination. History tells us there is a need to protect
      the privacy of people who are diagnosed with mental health issues in a world
      filled with stigma and misperceptions. People with mental illness and substance
      use problems may be legitimately concerned that employers, insurance companies,
      financial institutions, medical practices, and educational institutions could use
      their health information to discriminate against them, often without their
      knowledge. The protection of jobs and health information is a real, justifiable
      benefit of privacy legislation. However, there are also a host of negative
      consequences, including fragmented health care, lack of prevention, uninformed
      families, and even early death, because of a lack of coordination with medical
      treatment. The legal situation can be very confusing, but the upshot is that we
      are shifting from an environment of strict confidentiality to one of better care
      coordination. In short, we are moving toward a system that allows for better
      coordination because it improves the quality of care for our clients. At the
      policy level, we must lead the change process and actively support the revision
      and reinterpretation of existing laws and regulations. These changes will require
      earning the trust of the people being served. Many are wary, and some even
      scared, of their perceived loss of privacy. Health-care professionals must commit
      to the concept of coordinating care, making communication about shared care plans
      a priority.

PMID- 26963777
TI  - Benefits of integrated behavioral health services: The physician perspective.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are benefits of integrating a behavioral health specialist in
      primary care; however, little is known about the physicians' perspectives. The
      purpose of this study was to explore primary care physicians' beliefs regarding
      the benefits of integrated care for both patients and themselves. METHOD: Fifteen
      senior staff physicians and 78 residents completed surveys regarding their
      opinions of referring to a psychologist in a patient-centered medical home.
      RESULTS: The top reasons that physicians believed their patients followed through
      with a visit with an integrated psychologist included that they recommended it
      (79.5%) and that patients can be seen in the same primary care clinic (76.9%).
      The overwhelming majority of physicians were satisfied with having access to an
      integrated psychologist (97.4%). Physicians believed that integrated care
      directly improves patient care (93.8%), is a needed service (90.3%), and helps
      provide better care to patients (80.9%). In addition, physicians reported that
      having an integrated psychologist reduces their personal stress level (90.1%).
      CONCLUSION: Primary care physicians may be motivated to integrate behavioral
      health services into their clinics knowing that other physicians believe that it
      directly and indirectly improves patient care and physician stress.

PMID- 26963779
TI  - Medicaid expansion and mental health: A Minnesota case study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The health status and psychosocial needs of the Medicaid expansion
      population have been estimated but not measured. This population includes
      childless adults predicted to have high rates of mental illness, especially among
      the homeless. Given limitations in access to mental health services, it is
      unclear how prepared the U.S. health care system is to care for the needs of the
      expansion population. METHOD: Using enrollment and claims data from the Minnesota
      Department of Human Services, this study presents prevalence rates of mental
      illness diagnoses and measures of unstable housing in Minnesota's childless-adult
      early Medicaid expansion population. Rates are compared with prior predictions of
      serious psychological distress and mental illness constructed from the National
      Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) using chi2 and t tests. RESULTS: Diagnoses
      of mental illness in Minnesota's childless-adult early Medicaid expansion
      population were more than 15% higher than prevalence measures of mental
      illness/distress for the current Medicaid population. Diagnosis rates fell within
      confidence intervals of estimates of mental illness for Minnesota's Medicaid
      expansion population. Almost 1 in 3 enrollees had a marker of unstable housing;
      of this group, half had mental illness and/or distress. DISCUSSION: Findings
      support predictions of the high burden of mental illness and unstable housing
      among the Medicaid expansion population. Minnesota offers lessons to other
      regions working to care for such populations: (a) the use of flexible financing
      structures to build integrated care systems and (b) passage of legislation to
      allow data sharing among mental health, social services, and medical care.

PMID- 26963780
TI  - A breath of fresh air: A family ceremony.
AB  - Healing rituals and ceremonies are conducted with the hope of ushering a sick or
      impaired person back to wellness or preserving health against perceived threats
      (Burns, 1996). In medical settings, healing ceremonies can address
      biopsychosocial, existential, and spiritual aspects of difficult situations
      (Hammerschlag, 1989; Johnson, Feldman, Lubin, & Southwick, 1995; Mehl-Madrona,
      1999). This article describes presents the case history of Lisa H. and her son,
      Anthony. Anthony experienced two medical crises within the first five days of his
      birth. The author suggested a healing ceremony might be valuable for Anthony's
      family. The ceremony opened the door to a candid conversation regarding
      everything that had transpired. It decreased the family's fear, anxiety,
      frustration, and guilt, and helped them cope better with the situation. Anthony
      sailed smoothly through his surgery and went home from the hospital a week later.
      The author notes that health care professionals generally set aside their
      spirituality while trying to help people, thus broaching the subject of
      ceremonies might make the care provider or the family feel uncomfortable. Care
      providers who are uncomfortable with participating could still provide a valuable
      service by presenting the notion of a ceremony as an option the patient or family
      may wish to consider, and directing them to useful resources.

PMID- 26963787
TI  - Looking back and looking forward.
AB  - As the author's tenure as President of the Board of Collaborative Family
      Healthcare Association (CFHA) comes to a close it's time for some reflection on
      CFHA's past year and where the field of integrated behavioral health care is
      going. In summary, CFHA is growing, maturing and broadening its partners and its
      reach. CFHA's accomplishments are increasing, but there is an abundance of work
      still to do.

PMID- 26963788
TI  - Structural studies of beta-turn-containing peptide catalysts for atroposelective
      quinazolinone bromination.
AB  - We describe herein a crystallographic and NMR study of the secondary structural
      attributes of a beta-turn-containing tetra-peptide, Boc-Dmaa-D-Pro-Acpc-Leu-NMe2,
      which was recently reported as a highly effective catalyst in the atroposelective
      bromination of 3-arylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones. Inquiries pertaining to the
      functional consequences of residue substitutions led to the discovery of a more
      selective catalyst, Boc-Dmaa-D-Pro-Acpc-Leu-OMe, the structure of which was also
      explored. This new lead catalyst was found to exhibit a type I'beta-turn
      secondary structure both in the solid state and in solution, a structure that was
      shown to be an accessible conformation of the previously reported catalyst, as
      well.

PMID- 26963789
TI  - Fabricating photoelectrochemical aptasensor for selectively monitoring
      microcystin-LR residues in fish based on visible light-responsive BiOBr
      nanoflakes/N-doped graphene photoelectrode.
AB  - The presence of microcystins in fish has been augmenting the risk of toxicity to
      animal and human health. Herein, a selective and sensitive method for detecting
      microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in fish samples by integrating the photoelectrochemical
      (PEC) technique and the specific recognition ability of aptamer was developed.
      Specifically, as an efficient PEC transducer, the BiOBr nanoflakes/N-doped
      graphene p-n heterojunction electrode was utilized as the aptamer immobilization
      platform via the pi-pi stacking interaction, which would be a biosensor enabling
      the convenient and exquisite PEC analysis. Subsequently, the PEC response of
      constructed aptasensor was specific binding to MC-LR. Other isoforms did not
      interfere with the detection process, and thus, it could be applied for the
      highly selective determination of MC-LR level. Under the optimized condition, the
      PEC signal versus the logarithm of the MC-LR concentration was in good linear
      relationship ranging from 0.1pM to 100nM with detection limit about 0.03pM. The
      constructed method was employed to analyze fish samples collected from the local
      supermarket. The overall analytical recovery of MC-LR in the fish matrices ranged
      from 97.8 to 101.6%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.52-5.14%,
      implying it would have great potential in farm product analysis. 

PMID- 26963790
TI  - Single cell studies of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) differentiation by
      electrical impedance measurements in a microfluidic device.
AB  - Biological populations of cells show considerable cell-to-cell variability. Study
      of single cells and analysis of cell heterogeneity are considered to be critical
      in understanding biological processes such as stem cell differentiation and
      cancer development. Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip techniques have allowed
      single-cell capture in microfluidic channels with the possibility of precise
      environmental control and high throughput of experiments with minimal usage of
      samples and reagents. In recent years, label-free techniques such as electrical
      impedance spectroscopy have emerged as a non-invasive approach to studying cell
      properties. In this study, we have designed and fabricated a microfluidic device
      that combines hydrodynamic trapping of single cells in pre-defined locations with
      the capability of running electrical impedance measurements within the same
      device. We have measured mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) at different states
      during differentiation (t=0h, 24h and 48h) and quantitatively analysed the
      changes in electrical parameters of cells during differentiation. A marked
      increase in the magnitude of the cell impedance is found during cell
      differentiation, which can be attributed to an increase in cell size. The
      analysis of the measurements shows that the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio decreases
      during this process. The degree of cell heterogeneity is observed to be the
      highest when the cells are at the transition state (24h), compare with cells at
      undifferentiated (0h) and fully differentiated (48h) states. The device enables
      highly efficient single cell trapping and provides sensitive, label-free
      electrical impedance measurements of individual cells, enabling the possibility
      of quantitatively analysing their physical state as well as studying the
      associated heterogeneity of a cell population. 

PMID- 26963791
TI  - Peptide-Conjugated Quantum Dots Act as the Target Marker for Human Pancreatic
      Carcinoma Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: In the present study, we describe a novel and straightforward
      approach to produce a cyclic- arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD)-peptide-conjugated
      quantum dot (QD) probe as an ideal target tumor biomarker. Due to its specific
      structure, the probe can be used for targeted imaging of pancreatic carcinoma
      cells. METHODS: Pancreatic carcinoma cells were routinely cultured and marked
      with QD-RGD probe. The QD-RGD probe on the fluorescence-labeled cancer cell was
      observed by fluorescence microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Cancer cell
      viability was detected by MTT assay after culturing with QD-RGD probe. RESULTS:
      Fluorescence microscopy and laser confocal microscopy displayed that 10nmol/L QD
      RGD probe was able to effectively mark pancreatic carcinoma cells. In comparison
      with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, the quantum dot-RGD probe had unique
      optical and electronic properties. CONCLUSION: QD-RGD probe has a low
      cytotoxicity with an excellent optical property and biocompatibility. These
      findings support further evaluation of QD-RGD probes for the early detection of
      pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26963792
TI  - Mindfulness-based interventions for coping with cancer.
AB  - Work in the development and evaluation of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs)
      for cancer care has been underway for the last 20 years, and a growing body of
      literature now supports their efficacy. MBIs are particularly helpful in dealing
      with common experiences related to cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship,
      including loss of control, uncertainty about the future, and fears of recurrence,
      as well as a range of physical and psychological symptoms, including depression,
      anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue. Our adaptation, mindfulness-based cancer recovery
      (MBCR), has resulted in improvements across a range of psychological and
      biological outcomes, including cortisol slopes, blood pressure, and telomere
      length, in various groups of cancer survivors. In this paper, I review the
      rationale for MBIs in cancer care and provide an overview of the state of the
      current literature, with a focus on results from three recent clinical trials
      conducted by our research group. These include a comparative efficacy trial
      comparing MBCR to supportive-expressive therapy in distressed breast cancer
      survivors, a non-inferiority trial comparing MBCR to cognitive behavioral therapy
      for insomnia in cancer survivors with clinical insomnia, and an online adaptation
      of MBCR for rural and remote cancer survivors without access to in-person groups.
      I conclude by outlining work in progress and future directions for MBI research
      and applications in cancer care.

PMID- 26963793
TI  - Early pelvic floor muscle training after obstetrical anal sphincter injuries for
      the reduction of anal incontinence.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Between 0.5 and 5% of vaginal deliveries involve obstetrical anal
      sphincter injuries (OASIS). Thirty to forty percent of patients with OASIS will
      suffer from anal incontinence in the subacute postpartum period. The aim of the
      present study was to assess the effectiveness of early pelvic floor muscle
      training (PFMT) combined with standard rehabilitation on anal incontinence after
      vaginal deliveries complicated by OASIS. STUDY DESIGN: The present work was a
      retrospective quantitative study performed in a tertiary-level maternity
      hospital. Women with 3rd or 4th degree obstetric tears were included. Women who
      gave birth between January 1st, 2011 and December 31st, 2012 underwent standard
      pelvic-perineal rehabilitation within 6-8 weeks postpartum. Women who gave birth
      between January 1st, 2013 and July 1st, 2014 had early rehabilitation (within 30
      days after delivery) followed by the same standard rehabilitation received by the
      other group. Rehabilitation was performed by physiotherapists specialized in
      perineology. No electrostimulation was done in early rehabilitation. An in-house
      validated modification of the Jorge and Wexner questionnaire was sent by mail to
      the patients to assess symptoms. The main judgment criterion was anal
      incontinence to gas, loose stools and/or solid stool. RESULTS: Two hundred and
      thirty patients were diagnosed with OASIS. Nineteen women (8.3%) were lost to
      follow-up. The intention-to-treat analysis included 211 patients, 109 of whom
      underwent standard rehabilitation and 102 early rehabilitation plus standard
      rehabilitation. The two groups were comparable in terms of parity, birth weight,
      assisted delivery, epidural anesthesia and rates of mediolateral episiotomy.
      Multivariate analyses adjusted for type of perineal lesion were performed. Early
      rehabilitation significantly reduced gas leakage: OR 0.51 [0.29-0.90] (p=0.02),
      liquid stool leakage: OR 0.22 [0.08-0.58] (p=0.02) and urinary stress
      incontinence: OR 0.43 [0.24-0.77] (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend early
      (during the first month postpartum) PFMT after vaginal deliveries associated with
      OASIS. Rehabilitation should be carried out by a physiotherapist specialized in
      perineology in order to prevent medium-term functional consequences. A longer
      follow-up may be necessary to confirm the stability of results.

PMID- 26963794
TI  - Human papillomavirus 16 E2 interacts with neuregulin receptor degradation protein
      1 affecting ErbB-3 expression in vitro and in clinical samples of cervical
      lesions.
AB  - The ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors play a key role in regulating many cellular
      functions and human papillomaviruses (HPVs) may interact with transductional
      pathway of different growth factor receptors. Here, these interactions were
      analysed in W12 cell line carrying HPV 16 genome and in clinical samples. W12
      cells, in which HPV16 becomes integrated during passages, were utilised to detect
      viral and ErbB family expression at early (W12E) and late passages (W12G).
      Interestingly, a strong reduction of ErbB-3 expression was observed in W12G. Loss
      of the E2 and E5 viral genes occurs in W12G and this may affect ErbB-3 receptor
      expression. E2 and E5 rescue experiments demonstrated that only E2 gene was able
      to restore ErbB-3 expression. E2 is a transcriptional factor but the expression
      levels of ErbB3 were unaffected and ErbB-3 promoter did not show any consensus
      sequence for E2, thus E2 may interact in another way with ErbB3. Indeed, HPV 16
      E2 can modulate ErbB-3 by interacting with the ubiquitin ligase neuregulin
      receptor degradation protein 1 (Nrdp-1) that is involved in the regulation of
      this receptor, via ubiquitination and degradation. E2 co-immunoprecipitated in a
      complex with Nrdp-1 leading to hypothesise an involvement of this interaction in
      ErbB-3 regulation. In addition, 90% of the clinical samples with integrated virus
      and E2 loss showed no or low ErbB-3 positivity, confirming in vitro results. In
      conclusion, the new discovered interaction of HPV-16 E2 with Nrdp-1 may affect
      ErbB-3 expression.

PMID- 26963795
TI  - Ribosomal RNA Genes in the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania major Possess a
      Nucleosomal Structure.
AB  - Little is known about nucleosome structure and epigenetic regulation of
      transcription of rRNA genes in early-branched eukaryotes. Here we analyze the
      chromatin architecture and distribution of some histone modifications in the rRNA
      genes in the parasitic protozoon Leishmania major. Southern blots of MNase
      partially-digested chromatin with DNA probes spanning the whole rRNA gene repeat
      showed that the intergenic spacer presents a tight nucleosomal structure, whereas
      the promoter region is practically devoid of nucleosomes. Intermediate levels of
      nucleosomes were found in the rRNA coding regions. ChIP assays allowed us to
      determine that H3K14ac, H3K23ac and H3K27ac, epigenetics marks that are generally
      associated with activation of transcription, are enriched in the promoter region.
      In contrast, H4K20me3, which is generally related to transcriptional silencing,
      was absent from the promoter region and intergenic spacer and enriched in the
      coding region. Interestingly, the distribution pattern for H3K9me3, generally
      linked to heterochromatin formation, was very similar to the distribution
      observed with the euchromatin marks, suggesting that this modification could be
      involved in transcriptional activation of rRNA genes in L. major.

PMID- 26963802
TI  - Treatment of atrophic facial acne scars with fractional Er:YAG laser in skin
      phototype III-IV: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fractional ablative lasers have recently been used for the treatment
      of skin scars. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety
      of the fractional erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser (2940 nm)
      in the treatment of skin scars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 9 patients (8
      female, 1 male) with Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV suffering from atrophic
      facial acne scars were treated with a fractional Er:YAG laser for 2-5 (mean 3.3)
      sessions 4-6 weeks apart. One independent investigator assessed the efficacy,
      using standardized photographs, before and 1 month after the last treatment. The
      patients' satisfaction rate was also evaluated. RESULTS: The treatment was well
      tolerated by all patients without any anesthesia. The downtime was 2-3 days. All
      patients showed improvement in scars: excellent in 1, good in 1, and fair in 7
      patients. Six patients were highly satisfied and 3 were satisfied with treatment.
      No adverse effect was noted. CONCLUSION: A fractional Er:YAG laser can deliver an
      effective and minimally invasive treatment for acne scars.

PMID- 26963803
TI  - The beneficial and detrimental effects of major depression on intuitive decision
      making.
AB  - Intuitions play a central role in everyday life decision-making but little is
      known regarding this capacity during depression. Thus, in Study 1, N = 39
      depressed in-patients completed two well-established tasks, assessing intuitions
      of visual and semantic coherence. In the semantic coherence task, patients judged
      whether presented words triads were coherent (e.g. SALT DEEP FOAM, related to
      SEA) or not (e.g. DREAM BALL BOOK, no denominator). In the visual coherence task,
      patients judged whether blurred pictures depicted real-life objects (coherent) or
      not (incoherent). Results showed that higher depressive symptomatology was
      associated with impaired intuitions of semantic coherence but with enhanced
      intuitions of visual coherence. In Study 2, visual coherence intuitions of
      depressed patients (n = 27) were compared to healthy control participants (n =
      30). Depressed patients outperformed the healthy control subjects in the visual
      coherence task. This pattern of findings shows both detrimental and beneficial
      decisional consequences of depression.

PMID- 26963805
TI  - Salt Reduction Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Salt intake is associated with hypertension, the leading risk factor
      for cardiovascular disease. To promote population-level salt reduction, the World
      Health Organization recommends intervention around three core pillars:
      Reformulation of processed foods, consumer awareness, and environmental changes
      to increase availability and affordability of healthy food. This review
      investigates salt reduction interventions implemented and evaluated in sub
      Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS: MEDLINE and google scholar electronic databases
      were searched for articles meeting inclusion criteria. Studies that reported
      evaluation results of a salt intervention in SSA were identified. Titles and
      abstracts were screened, and articles selected for full-text review. Quality of
      included articles was assessed, and a narrative synthesis of the findings
      undertaken. PROSPERO registration number CRD42015019055. RESULTS: Seven studies
      representing four countries-South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, and Tanzania-were
      included. Two examined product reformulation, one in hypertensive patients and
      the other in normotensive volunteers. Four examined consumer awareness
      interventions, including individualised counselling and advisory health sessions
      delivered to whole villages. One study used an environmental approach by offering
      discounts on healthy food purchases. All the interventions resulted in at least
      one significantly improved outcome measure including reduction in systolic blood
      pressure (BP), 24 hour urinary sodium excretion, or mean arterial BP.
      CONCLUSIONS: More high quality studies on salt reduction interventions in the
      region are needed, particularly focused on consumer awareness and education in
      urban populations given the context of rapid urbanisation; and essentially,
      targeting product reformulation and environmental change, for greater promise for
      propagation across a vast, diverse continent.

PMID- 26963806
TI  - Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Ventricular
      Assist Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysregulations of blood glucose (BG) are associated with adverse
      outcome in critical illness; controlling BG to target appears to improve outcome.
      Since BG-control is challenging in daily intensive care practice BG-control
      remains poor especially in patients with rapidly fluctuating BG. To improve BG
      control and to avoid deleterious hypoglycemia, automated online-measurement tools
      are advocated. We thus evaluated the point-accuracy of the subcutaneous
      Sentrino(r) Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGM, Medtronic Diabetes,
      Northridge, California) in patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiac life
      support (ECLS) for cardiogenic shock. METHODS: Management of BG was performed
      according to institute's standard aiming at BG-levels between 100-145 mg/dl. CGM
      values were recorded without taking measures into therapeutic account. Point
      accuracy in comparison to intermittent BG-measurement by the ABL-blood-gas
      analyzer was determined. RESULTS: CGM (n = 25 patients) correlated significantly
      with ABL-values (r = 0.733, p<0.001). Mean error from standard was 15.0 mg/dl
      (11.9%). 44.2% of the readings were outside a 15% range around ABL-values. In one
      of 635 paired data-points, ABL revealed hypoglycemia (BG 32 mg/dl) whereas CGM
      did not show hypoglycemic values (132mg/dl). CONCLUSIONS: CGM reveals minimally
      invasive BG-values in critically ill adults with dynamically impaired tissue
      perfusion. Because of potential deviations from standard, CGM-readings must be
      interpreted with caution in specific ICU-populations.

PMID- 26963804
TI  - The microbiome of the oral mucosa in irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a poorly understood disorder characterized by
      persistent symptoms, including visceral pain. Studies have demonstrated oral
      microbiome differences in inflammatory bowel diseases suggesting the potential of
      the oral microbiome in the study of non-oral conditions. In this exploratory
      study we examine whether differences exist in the oral microbiome of IBS
      participants and healthy controls, and whether the oral microbiome relates to
      symptom severity. The oral buccal mucosal microbiome of 38 participants was
      characterized using PhyloChip microarrays. The severity of visceral pain was
      assessed by orally administering a gastrointestinal test solution. Participants
      self-reported their induced visceral pain. Pain severity was highest in IBS
      participants (P = 0.0002), particularly IBS-overweight participants (P = 0.02),
      and was robustly correlated to the abundance of 60 OTUs, 4 genera, 5 families and
      4 orders of bacteria (r2 > 0.4, P < 0.001). IBS-overweight participants showed
      decreased richness in the phylum Bacteroidetes (P = 0.007) and the genus Bacillus
      (P = 0.008). Analysis of beta-diversity found significant separation of the IBS
      overweight group (P < 0.05). Our oral microbial results are concordant with
      described fecal and colonic microbiome-IBS and -weight associations. Having IBS
      and being overweight, rather than IBS-subtypes, was the most important factor in
      describing the severity of visceral pain and variation in the microbiome. Pain
      severity was strongly correlated to the abundance of many taxa, suggesting the
      potential of the oral microbiome in diagnosis and patient phenotyping. The oral
      microbiome has potential as a source of microbial information in IBS.

PMID- 26963807
TI  - Synthesis of Hydrophilic CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots with Different Polymeric Shells
      and Study of Their Cytotoxicity and Hemocompatibility.
AB  - In this work, there is a detailed description of the whole process of
      biocompatible CIS/ZnS QDs production. Special attention was paid to the stability
      of QDs against photooxidation. It was shown that Cu/In ratio greatly affected not
      only nanocrystals PLQYs but photostability as well. CIS/ZnS QDs with Cu/In = 1:4
      ratio showed high photostability under UV illumination both in toluene and
      aqueous solutions. Meanwhile, photoluminescence of CIS/ZnS QDs with Cu/In = 1:1
      ratio was completely quenched after several hours under UV illumination, though
      their initial QY was as high as 40% with peak maximum at 740 nm. QDs were
      transferred to water by polymer encapsulation and were subsequently modified with
      polyethers Jeffamines, cheap analogues of PEG-derivatives. Three types of
      hydrophilic QDs differing in size, PEG content, and surface charge were obtained
      for further investigation and comparison of their cytotoxicity and
      hemocompatibility. It was shown that both leucocytes size distribution and
      coagulation activation change after introduction of polyethers into QDs polymeric
      shell, while red blood cells and platelets size distribution as well as hemolysis
      rate did not show any different results among different QDs and the polymer
      itself. All three types of QDs showed only slight cytotoxicity. Confocal
      microscopy proves penetration of hydrophilic CIS/ZnS QDs inside cells, so the low
      QDs cytotoxocity cannot be explained by low cellular uptake of the QDs and
      indicated low QDs toxicity in general. 

PMID- 26963808
TI  - Safety and Efficacy Studies of Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty, and Mesh-Container
      Plasty for the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures: Preliminary Report.
AB  - To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacies of percutaneous vertebroplasty
      (PVP), percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP), and percutaneous mesh-container-plasty
      (PMCP) for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs), a
      retrospective study of 90 patients with VCFs who had been treated by PVP (n =
      30), PKP (n = 30), and PMCP (n = 30) was conducted. The clinical efficacies of
      these three treatments were evaluated by comparing their PMMA cement leakages,
      cement patterns, height restoration percentages, wedge angles, visual analogue
      scales (VAS), and oswestry disability index (ODI) at the pre- and post-operative
      time points. 6.67%, 3.33%, and 0% of patients had PMMA leakage in PVP, PKP, and
      PMCP groups, respectively. Three (solid, trabecular, and mixed patterns), two
      (solid and mixed patterns), and one (mixed patterns) types of cement patterns
      were observed in PVP, PKP, and PMCP groups, respectively. PKP and PMCP treatments
      had better height restoration ability than PVP treatment. PVP, PKP, and PMCP
      treatments had significant and similar ability in pain relief and functional
      recovery ability for the treatment of VCFs. These results indicate minimally
      invasive techniques were effective methods for the treatment of VCFs. Moreover,
      these initial outcomes suggest PMCP treatment may be better than both PVP
      treatment and PKP treatment. 

PMID- 26963810
TI  - Correction: Immune Parameters That Distinguish Multiple Sclerosis Patients from
      Patients with Other Neurological Disorders at Presentation.

PMID- 26963809
TI  - Unique Insights in the Cervicovaginal Lactobacillus iners and L. crispatus
      Proteomes and Their Associations with Microbiota Dysbiosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A Lactobacillus-dominated cervicovaginal microbiota (VMB) protects
      women from adverse reproductive health outcomes, but the role of L. iners in the
      VMB is poorly understood. Our aim was to explore the association between the
      cervicovaginal L. iners and L. crispatus proteomes and VMB composition. METHODS:
      The vaginal proteomes of 50 Rwandan women at high HIV risk, grouped into four VMB
      groups (based on 16S rDNA microarray results), were investigated by mass
      spectrometry using cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples. Only samples with
      positive 16S results for L. iners and/or L. crispatus within each group were
      included in subsequent comparative protein analyses: Lactobacillus crispatus
      dominated VMB cluster (with 16S-proven L. iners (ni) = 0, and with 16S-proven L.
      crispatus (nc) = 5), L. iners-dominated VMB cluster (ni = 11, nc = 4), moderate
      dysbiosis (ni = 12, nc = 2); and severe dysbiosis (ni = 8, nc = 2). The relative
      abundances of proteins that were considered specific for L. iners and L.
      crispatus were compared among VMB groups. RESULTS: Forty Lactobacillus proteins
      were identified of which 7 were specific for L. iners and 11 for L. crispatus.
      The relative abundances of L. iners DNA starvation/stationary phase protection
      protein (DPS), and the glycolysis enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), were significantly
      decreased in women with L. iners-containing dysbiosis compared to women with a L.
      iners-dominated VMB, independent of vaginal pH and L. iners abundance.
      Furthermore, L. iners DPS, GAPDH, GPI, and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDO)
      were significantly negatively associated with vaginal pH. Glycolysis enzymes of
      L. crispatus showed a similar negative, but nonsignificant, trend related to
      dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS: Most identified Lactobacillus proteins had conserved
      intracellular functions, but their high abundance in CVL supernatant might imply
      an additional extracellular (moonlighting) role. Our findings suggest that these
      proteins can be important in maintaining a Lactobacillus-dominated VMB.
      Functional studies are needed to investigate their roles in vaginal bacterial
      communities and whether they can be used to prevent vaginal dysbiosis.

PMID- 26963811
TI  - Development of a Microemulsion Formulation for Antimicrobial SecA Inhibitors.
AB  - In our previous study, we have identified five antimicrobial small molecules via
      structure based design, which inhibit SecA of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
      (Las). SecA is a critical protein translocase ATPase subunit and is involved in
      pre-protein translocation across and integration into the cellular membrane in
      bacteria. In this study, eleven compounds were identified using similarity search
      method based on the five lead SecA inhibitors identified previously. The
      identified SecA inhibitors have poor aqueous solubility. Thus a microemulsion
      master mix (MMX) was developed to address the solubility issue and for
      application of the antimicrobials. MMX consists of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and
      dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent and co-solvent, as well as polyoxyethylated castor
      oil, polyalkylene glycol, and polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate as
      surfactants. MMX has significantly improved the solubility of SecA inhibitors and
      has no or little phytotoxic effects at concentrations less than 5.0% (v/v). The
      minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration
      (MBC) of the SecA inhibitors and streptomycin against eight bacteria including
      Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Liberibacter crescens, Rhizobium etli, Bradyrhizobium
      japonicum, Mesorhizobium loti, and Sinorhizobium meliloti phylogenetically
      related to Las were determined using the broth microdilution method. MIC and MBC
      results showed that the 16 SecA inhibitors have antibacterial activities
      comparable to that of streptomycin. Overall, we have identified 11 potent SecA
      inhibitors using similarity search method. We have developed a microemulsion
      formulation for SecA inhibitors which improved the antimicrobial activities of
      SecA inhibitors. 

PMID- 26963813
TI  - Fast Mode Decision in the HEVC Video Coding Standard by Exploiting Region with
      Dominated Motion and Saliency Features.
AB  - The emerging High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard introduces a number of
      innovative and powerful coding tools to acquire better compression efficiency
      compared to its predecessor H.264. The encoding time complexities have also
      increased multiple times that is not suitable for realtime video coding
      applications. To address this limitation, this paper employs a novel coding
      strategy to reduce the time complexity in HEVC encoder by efficient selection of
      appropriate block-partitioning modes based on human visual features (HVF). The
      HVF in the proposed technique comprise with human visual attention modelling
      based saliency feature and phase correlation-based motion features. The features
      are innovatively combined through a fusion process by developing a content-based
      adaptive weighted cost function to determine the region with dominated
      motion/saliency (RDMS)- based binary pattern for the current block. The generated
      binary pattern is then compared with a codebook of predefined binary pattern
      templates aligned to the HEVC recommended block-paritioning to estimate a subset
      of inter-prediction modes. Without exhaustive exploration of all modes available
      in the HEVC standard, only the selected subset of modes are motion estimated and
      motion compensated for a particular coding unit. The experimental evaluation
      reveals that the proposed technique notably down-scales the average computational
      time of the latest HEVC reference encoder by 34% while providing similar rate
      distortion (RD) performance for a wide range of video sequences. 

PMID- 26963812
TI  - Characterization of Small RNAs Derived from tRNAs, rRNAs and snoRNAs and Their
      Response to Heat Stress in Wheat Seedlings.
AB  - Small RNAs (sRNAs) derived from non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as tRNAs, rRNAs
      and snoRNAs, have been identified in various organisms. Several observations have
      indicated that cleavage of tRNAs and rRNAs is induced by various stresses. To
      clarify whether sRNAs in wheat derived from tRNAs (stRNAs), rRNAs (srRNAs) and
      snoRNAs (sdRNAs) are produced specifically in association with heat stress
      responses, we carried out a bioinformatic analysis of sRNA libraries from wheat
      seedlings and performed comparisons between control and high-temperature-treated
      samples to measure the differential abundance of stRNAs, srRNAs and sdRNAs. We
      found that the production of sRNAs from tRNAs, 5.8S rRNAs, and 28S rRNAs was more
      specific than that from 5S rRNAs and 18S rRNAs, and more than 95% of the stRNAs
      were processed asymmetrically from the 3' or 5' ends of mature tRNAs. We
      identified 333 stRNAs and 8,822 srRNAs that were responsive to heat stress.
      Moreover, the expression of stRNAs derived from tRNA-Val-CAC, tRNA-Thr-UGU, tRNA
      Tyr-GUA and tRNA-Ser-UGA was not only up-regulated under heat stress but also
      induced by osmotic stress, suggesting that the increased cleavage of tRNAs might
      be a mechanism that developed in wheat seedlings to help them cope with adverse
      environmental conditions. 

PMID- 26963814
TI  - Factors that Affect Pancreatic Islet Cell Autophagy in Adult Rats: Evaluation of
      a Calorie-Restricted Diet and a High-Fat Diet.
AB  - Aging may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in the elderly. Dietary
      intervention can affect glucose tolerance in adults, which may be due to body
      composition and islet cell autophagy. The aim of this study was to determine the
      effects of various dietary interventions on islet cell autophagy. Pancreatic
      tissue and blood samples were collected from Sprague Dawley rats (14-16 months
      old, n = 15 for each group) that received a normal diet (ND), a high-fat diet
      (HFD), or a calorie-restricted diet (CRD). The body weight (BW), visceral fat,
      serum lipid levels, fasting serum glucose, insulin levels, and beta/alpha cell
      area were determined in 14-16-(0-w), 16-18-(8-w), and 18-20(16-w)-month-old rats.
      Pancreatic islet autophagy (LC3B and LAMP2), AP (Acid Phosphatase) and apoptosis
      (apoptosis index, AI (TUNEL assay) and cleaved caspase-3) were detected using
      immunohistochemistry, ELISA and western blot. At 16 weeks, the expressions of
      LC3B, LAMP2 and AP markedly increased in both the HFD (P<0.01) and CRD (P<0.05)
      groups; however, an increase in the AI (P<0.05), cleaved caspase-3 and Beclin1
      expression and a decrease in the expressions of BCL2 and BCLXL (P<0.05) were
      observed in only the HFD group. FFA, triglyceride levels, HOMA-IR, insulin levels
      and glucagon levels were significantly increased in the HFD group but decreased
      in the CRD group at 16 weeks (P<0.05). The degree of islet cell autophagy was
      potentially regulated by the levels of FFA and islet cell insulin and glucagon,
      which may have been due to the effects of Beclin1/BCL2. 

PMID- 26963815
TI  - Characterization of Natural and Simulated Herbivory on Wild Soybean (Glycine soja
      Seib. et Zucc.) for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment of Insect Protected
      Soybean.
AB  - Insect-protected soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was developed to protect
      against foliage feeding by certain Lepidopteran insects. The assessment of
      potential consequences of transgene introgression from soybean to wild soybean
      (Glycine soja Seib. et Zucc.) is required as one aspect of the environmental risk
      assessment (ERA) in Japan. A potential hazard of insect-protected soybean may be
      hypothesized as transfer of a trait by gene flow to wild soybean and subsequent
      reduction in foliage feeding by Lepidopteran insects that result in increased
      weediness of wild soybean in Japan. To assess this potential hazard two studies
      were conducted. A three-year survey of wild soybean populations in Japan was
      conducted to establish basic information on foliage damage caused by different
      herbivores. When assessed across all populations and years within each
      prefecture, the total foliage from different herbivores was <= 30%, with the
      lowest levels of defoliation (< 2%) caused by Lepidopteran insects. A separate
      experiment using five levels of simulated defoliation (0%, 10%, 25%, 50% and
      100%) was conducted to assess the impact on pod and seed production and time to
      maturity of wild soybean. The results indicated that there was no decrease in
      wild soybean plants pod or seed number or time to maturity at defoliation rates
      up to 50%. The results from these experiments indicate that wild soybean is not
      limited by lepidopteran feeding and has an ability to compensate for defoliation
      levels observed in nature. Therefore, the potential hazard to wild soybean from
      the importation of insect-protected soybean for food and feed into Japan is
      negligible. 

PMID- 26963817
TI  - Vein of Galen Malformation and High-output Cardiac Failure.

PMID- 26963816
TI  - Clinical Assessment of Lamina Cribrosa Curvature in Eyes with Primary Open-Angle
      Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Quantitative evaluation of lamina cribrosa (LC) posterior bowing in
      primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes using swept-source optical coherence
      tomography. METHODS: Patients with POAG (n = 123 eyes) and healthy individuals of
      a similar age (n = 92 eyes) were prospectively recruited. Anterior laminar
      insertion depth (ALID) was defined as the vertical distance between the anterior
      laminar insertion and a reference plane connecting the Bruch's membrane openings
      (BMO). The mean LC depth (mLCD) was approximated by dividing the area enclosed by
      the anterior LC, the BMO reference plane, and the two vertical lines for ALID
      measurement by the length between those two vertical lines. The LC curvature
      index was defined as the difference between the mLCD and the ALID. The factors
      influencing the LC curvature index were evaluated. RESULTS: The ALID and mLCD
      were significantly larger in POAG eyes than in healthy controls (P < 0.05). The
      LC curvature index was significantly larger in POAG eyes than in healthy controls
      on both the horizontal (85.8 +/- 34.1 vs. 68.2 +/- 32.3 MUm) and vertical
      meridians (49.8 +/- 38.5 vs. 32.2 +/- 31.1 MUm, all P < 0.001). Multivariate
      regression showed significant associations of greater disc area (P < 0.001),
      vertical C/D ratio (P < 0.001) and mLCD (P < 0.001), smaller rim area (P =
      0.001), thinner average RNFLT (P < 0.001), and myopic refraction (P = 0.049) with
      increased LC curvature index. There was no difference in the LC curvature index
      between mild (MD > -6 dB) and moderate-to-advanced glaucoma (MD < -6 dB, P =
      0.95). CONCLUSIONS: LC posterior bowing was increased in POAG eyes, and was
      significantly associated with structural optic nerve head (ONH) changes but not
      with functional glaucoma severity. Quantitative evaluation of LC curvature can
      facilitate assessment of glaucomatous ONH change.

PMID- 26963818
TI  - NK Cells Respond to Haptens by the Activation of Calcium Permeable Plasma
      Membrane Channels.
AB  - Natural Killer (NK) cells mediate innate immunity to infected and transformed
      cells. Yet, NK cells can also mount hapten-specific recall responses thereby
      contributing to contact hypersensitivity (CHS). However, since NK cells lack
      antigen receptors that are used by the adaptive immune system to recognize
      haptens, it is not clear if NK cells respond directly to haptens and, if so, what
      mediates these responses. Here we show that among four haptens the two that are
      known to induce NK cell-dependent CHS trigger the rapid influx of extracellular
      Ca2+ into NK cells and lymphocyte cell lines. Thus lymphocytes can respond to
      haptens independent of antigen presentation and antigen receptors. We identify
      the Ca2+-permeable cation channel TRPC3 as a component of the lymphocyte response
      to one of these haptens. These data suggest that the response to the second
      hapten is based on a distinct mechanism, consistent with the capacity of NK cells
      to discriminate haptens. These findings raise the possibility that antigen
      receptor independent activation of immune cells contributes to CHS. 

PMID- 26963819
TI  - Preclinical Evidence for the Efficacy of Ischemic Postconditioning against Renal
      Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of kidney
      damage after e.g. renal surgery and transplantation. Ischemic postconditioning
      (IPoC) is a promising treatment strategy for renal IRI, but early clinical trials
      have not yet replicated the promising results found in animal studies. METHOD: We
      present a systematic review, quality assessment and meta-analysis of the
      preclinical evidence for renal IPoC, and identify factors which modify its
      efficacy. RESULTS: We identified 39 publications studying >250 control animals
      undergoing renal IRI only and >290 animals undergoing renal IRI and IPoC.
      Healthy, male rats undergoing warm ischemia were used in the vast majority of
      studies. Four studies applied remote IPoC, all others used local IPoC. Meta
      analysis showed that both local and remote IPoC ameliorated renal damage after
      IRI for the outcome measures serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and renal
      histology. Subgroup analysis indicated that IPoC efficacy increased with the
      duration of index ischemia. Measures to reduce bias were insufficiently reported.
      CONCLUSION: High efficacy of IPoC is observed in animal models, but factors
      pertaining to the internal and external validity of these studies may hamper the
      translation of IPoC to the clinical setting. The external validity of future
      animal studies should be increased by including females, comorbid animals, and
      transplantation models, in order to better inform clinical trial design. The
      severity of renal damage should be taken into account in the design and analysis
      of future clinical trials.

PMID- 26963821
TI  - Q and Soret Band Photoexcitation of Isolated Palladium Porphyrin Tetraanions
      Leads to Delayed Emission of Nonthermal Electrons over Microsecond Time Scales.
AB  - We have used both action and photoelectron spectroscopy to study the response of
      isolated Pd(II) meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin tetraanions ([PdTPPS](4-))
      to electronic excitation over the 2.22-2.98 eV photon energy range. The action
      spectrum obtained by recording the wavelength-dependent intensity of charged
      decay products closely resembles the absorption spectrum of PdTPPS in aqueous
      solution (which shows pronounced Q and Soret absorption bands). The two main
      decay channels observed are sulfonate group loss and, predominantly, electron
      emission. To better understand the electron emission channel, we have also
      acquired photoelectron spectra at multiple detachment photon energies covering
      the range probed in action spectroscopy. Upon both Q and Soret band excitation,
      we find that electrons are emitted in three characteristic kinetic energy ranges.
      The corresponding detachment processes are identified as (delayed) tunneling
      emission from both excited singlet and triplet states (each of which is accessed
      by/after one-photon absorption) as well as resonant two-photon detachment. The
      first triplet state lifetime of isolated [PdTPPS](4-) is significantly longer
      than 10 MUs, possibly on the 100 MUs time scale. We estimate that more than 50%
      of the electron emission observed upon photoexcitation occurs by way of this
      triplet state. 

PMID- 26963820
TI  - Hospital care for mental health and substance abuse in children with epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reducing the burden of pediatric mental illness requires greater
      knowledge of mental health and substance abuse (MHSA) outcomes in children who
      are at an increased risk of primary psychiatric illness. National data on
      hospital care for psychiatric illness in children with epilepsy are limited.
      METHODS: We used the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), the Healthcare Cost and
      Utilization Project (HCUP), and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
      from 2003 to 2009 to examine MHSA hospitalization patterns in children with
      comorbid epilepsy. Nonparametric and regression analyses determined the
      association of comorbid epilepsy with specific MHSA diagnoses and examined the
      impact of epilepsy on length of stay (LOS) for such MHSA diagnoses while
      controlling for demographic, payer, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS: We
      observed 353,319 weighted MHSA hospitalizations of children ages 6-20; 3280 of
      these involved a child with epilepsy. Depression was the most common MHSA
      diagnosis in the general population (39.5%) whereas bipolar disorder was the most
      common MHSA diagnosis among children with epilepsy (36.2%). Multivariate logistic
      regression models revealed that children with comorbid epilepsy had greater
      adjusted odds of bipolar disorder (AOR: 1.17, 1.04-1.30), psychosis (AOR: 1.78,
      1.51-2.09), sleep disorder (AOR: 5.90, 1.90-18.34), and suicide attempt/ideation
      (AOR: 3.20, 1.46-6.99) compared to the general MHSA inpatient population.
      Epilepsy was associated with a greater LOS and a higher adjusted incidence rate
      ratio (IRR) for prolonged LOS (IRR: 1.12, 1.09-1.17), particularly for suicide
      attempt/ideation (IRR: 3.74, 1.68-8.34). CONCLUSIONS: Children with epilepsy have
      distinct patterns of hospital care for mental illness and substance abuse and
      experience prolonged hospitalization for MHSA conditions. Strategies to reduce
      psychiatric hospitalizations in this population may require disease-specific
      approaches and should measure disease-relevant outcomes. Hospitals caring for
      large numbers of children with neurological disease (such as academic centers)
      may have inaccurate measurements of mental health-care quality unless the impact
      of key comorbid conditions such as epilepsy is considered.

PMID- 26963822
TI  - The Moderation of Blood Alcohol Levels on Higher Odds of Survival among American
      Indians with Violent, Blunt-Force Traumatic Brain Injuries.
AB  - This study assessed the moderation of blood alcohol level (BAL) and American
      Indian race on survival of patients with violent traumatic brain injury (TBI). An
      initial logistic regression model indicated that those who were American Indian
      and insured had higher odds of survival and those with higher injury severity
      scores and low-medium BAL were less likely to survive. A second logistic
      regression model including a relationship between American Indians and BAL found
      that American Indians had a higher odds of survival which tripled when they have
      no BAL. Low-medium and high BAL were associated with less likelihood of survival
      among White patients. 

PMID- 26963823
TI  - Correction: Vitamin D and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization
      Study.

PMID- 26963824
TI  - Electrotactile Feedback for Handheld Devices with Touch Screen and Simulation of
      Roughness.
AB  - We present a novel electrotactile display that can be integrated into current
      handheld devices with touch screens. In this display, tactile information is
      presented to the fingertip of the user by transmitting small currents through
      electrodes. Experiments were conducted to investigate the perception of simulated
      textures using this electrotactile display technique. One fundamental feature of
      texture, which is the focus of this study, is roughness. The aim of the first
      experiment was to investigate the relationship between electrotactile stimulation
      parameters such as current and pulse frequency and the perception of roughness.
      An increase in the current magnitude resulted in an increase in perceived
      roughness. The aim of the second experiment was to investigate parameter
      combinations of electrotactile stimuli can be used to simulate textures. Subjects
      adjusted the intensity and frequency of the current stimuli until the simulated
      textures were perceived as being equal to reference textures such as sandpapers
      of varying grit numbers and grooved woods with varying groove widths. Subjects
      tended to find an electrotactile stimulus with a high current magnitude and a low
      pulse frequency more suitable to represent rough surfaces. They tended to find
      just-perceptible current magnitudes suitable for very smooth surfaces and did not
      show a preference for any frequency. 

PMID- 26963825
TI  - Vibrotactile Rendering for a Traveling Vibrotactile Wave Based on a Haptic
      Processor.
AB  - Mobile device users can now experience diverse graphical content ranging from a
      simple static object to an object having complex dynamic behavior. A user who
      manipulates and plays with such "objects" wants to haptically "feel" the presence
      of a static object or the motion of a dynamic object. To satisfy this demand, we
      previously proposed a vibrotactile rendering method based on a vibrotactile
      traveling wave. Although the proposed method can haptically simulate the dynamic
      behavior of a target object, it is not easy to delicately generate the traveling
      vibrotactile wave. The reason is that the sampling rate of the haptic loop in the
      system determines the performance of the traveling vibrotactile wave. In this
      study, we develop a haptic processor that can control multiple motors, and
      furthermore we discuss how we could create traveling vibrotactile waves in mobile
      devices. 

PMID- 26963826
TI  - Smooth Vibrotactile Flow Generation Using Two Piezoelectric Actuators.
AB  - This paper proposes a method for generating a smooth directional vibrotactile
      flow on a thin plate. While actuating two piezoelectric actuators spatially
      across the plate, temporal sweeping of the input excitation frequency from zero
      to the first mode of the resonance frequency can smooth the perceived directional
      vibrotactile flow, as compared to a vibrotactile flow generated by conventional
      apparent tactile movement and phantom sensation methods. In order to ascertain
      important factors in the excitation pattern, a user study was conducted for three
      factors (amplitude (constant versus modulated), frequency (constant versus
      swept), and ending shape (sharp versus smooth)). The results showed that
      frequency sweeping in addition to amplitude modulation and smooth ending were the
      most important factors in smoothing vibrotactile flows. Moreover, an excitation
      signal with a smooth ending shape was important for generating nonspiky flows at
      the midpoint. In this study, a vibration isolation design is also proposed in
      order to substantially decrease the transmission of the actuator vibration to the
      mockup housing. As such, it is expected that the proposed vibrotactile flow
      generation method and vibration isolation design may be useful in applications
      including generating directional information in navigation maps or for
      identifying callers in mobile devices. 

PMID- 26963827
TI  - Mobile Navigation Using Haptic, Audio, and Visual Direction Cues with a Handheld
      Test Platform.
AB  - This paper reports on a series of user experiments evaluating the design of a
      multimodal test platform capable of rendering visual, audio, vibrotactile, and
      directional skin-stretch stimuli. The test platform is a handheld, wirelessly
      controlled device that will facilitate experiments with mobile users in realistic
      environments. Stimuli rendered by the device are fully characterized, and have
      little variance in stimulus onset timing. A series of user experiments utilizing
      navigational cues validates the function of the device and investigates the user
      response to all stimulus modes. Results show users are capable of interpreting
      all stimuli with high accuracy and can use the direction cues for mobile
      navigation. Tests included both stationary (seated) and mobile (walking a simple
      obstacle course) tasks. Accuracy and response time patterns are similar in both
      seated and mobile conditions. This device provides a means of designing and
      evaluating multimodal communication methods for handheld devices and will
      facilitate experiments investigating the effects of stimulus mode on device
      usability and situation awareness. 

PMID- 26963828
TI  - Negative Feedback for Small Capacitive Touchscreen Interfaces: A Usability Study
      for Data Entry Tasks.
AB  - Touchscreen technology has become pervasive in the consumer product arena over
      the last decade, offering some distinct advantages such as software
      reconfigurable interfaces and the removal of space consuming mice and keyboards.
      However, there are significant drawbacks to these devices that have limited their
      adoption by some users. Most notably, standard touchscreens demand the user's
      visual attention and require them to look at the input device to avoid pressing
      the wrong button. This issue is particularly important for mobile, capacitive
      sensing, nonstylus devices, such as the iPhone where small button sizes can
      generate high error rates. While previous work has shown the benefits of
      augmenting such interfaces with audio or vibrotactile feedback, only positive
      feedback (confirmation of button presses) has been considered. In this paper, we
      present a simple prototype interface that provides negative vibrotactile
      feedback. By negative, we mean feedback is generated when an inactive or
      ambiguous part of the screen, such as the area between two buttons, is touched.
      First, we present a usability study comparing positive and negative vibrotactile
      feedback for a benchmark numerical data entry task. The difference in performance
      is not statistically significant, implying negative feedback provides comparable
      benefits. Next, based on the experimenter's observations and the users comments,
      we introduce a multimodal feedback strategy-combining complementary positive
      audio and negative vibrotactile signals. User tests on a text entry experiment
      show that, with multimodal feedback, users exhibit a (statistically significant)
      24 percent reduction in corrective key presses, as compared to positive audio
      feedback alone. Exit survey comments indicate that users favor multimodal
      feedback. 

PMID- 26963829
TI  - Dynamic Physical Constraints: Emulating Hard Surfaces with High Realism.
AB  - In this paper, we present a novel haptic technique for emulating hard surfaces
      with high realism; such a technique has significant potential utility in certain
      orthopedic surgery applications such as joint replacement surgery where the goal
      is to prevent incursions beyond a virtual surface during bone cutting operations.
      The Dynamic Physical Constraint (DPC) concept uses a unidirectional physical
      constraint that is actively positioned to limit movement between two manipulator
      links; the concept is applicable to providing virtual constraints in both 2D and
      3D workspaces. Simulation results demonstrate the potential feasibility of the
      concept, and a prototype device was built for testing. The DPC device provides a
      convincing sensation of a real, hard virtual surface which can be smoothly
      tracked when the end effector is in contact with the surface. Incursion across
      the surface with the prototype was well submillimetric and within the accuracy
      constraints required for joint replacement applications. 

PMID- 26963830
TI  - Influence of Local Properties on the Perception of Global Object Orientation.
AB  - In previous studies, the effect on perception of individual features such as
      curvature and edges have been studied with specifically designed stimuli.
      However, the effect of local properties on the perception of the global object
      has so far received little attention. In this study, cylinders with an elliptical
      cross section and rectangular blocks were used to investigate the effect and
      relative importance of curvature, change in curvature and edges, as local
      properties, on the ability of subjects to determine the orientation of the
      stimuli, which is a global property. We found that when curvature was present the
      threshold to determine the orientation was 43 percent lower than when curvature
      was absent. When, in addition, the change in curvature could be felt, the
      threshold was 37 percent lower than when only curvature could be felt. Finally,
      when edges were felt during exploration, the threshold increased by 46 percent
      compared to when the subjects were instructed to avoid the edges in the blocks.
      We conclude that the perception of curvature and change in curvature improve the
      performance of humans in perception of the whole shape, whereas edges, when not
      directly contributing to the task, disrupt performance. 

PMID- 26963831
TI  - Perceptually Augmented Simulator Design.
AB  - Training simulators have proven their worth in a variety of fields, from piloting
      to air-traffic control to nuclear power station monitoring. Designing surgical
      simulators, however, poses the challenge of creating trainers that effectively
      instill not only high-level understanding of the steps to be taken in a given
      situation, but also the low-level "muscle-memory" needed to perform delicate
      surgical procedures. It is often impossible to build an ideal simulator that
      perfectly mimics the haptic experience of a surgical procedure, but by focussing
      on the aspects of the experience that are perceptually salient we can build
      simulators that effectively instill learning. We propose a general method for the
      design of surgical simulators that augment the perceptually salient aspects of an
      interaction. Using this method, we can increase skill-transfer rates without
      requiring expensive improvements in the capability of the rendering hardware or
      the computational complexity of the simulation. In this paper, we present our
      decomposition-based method for surgical simulator design, and describe a user
      study comparing the training effectiveness of a haptic-search-task simulator
      designed using our method versus an unaugmented simulator. The results show that
      perception-based task decomposition can be used to improve the design of surgical
      simulators that effectively impart skill by targeting perceptually significant
      aspects of the interaction. 

PMID- 26963832
TI  - Rendering Virtual Tumors in Real Tissue Mock-Ups Using Haptic Augmented Reality.
AB  - Haptic augmented reality (AR) is an emerging research area, which targets the
      modulation of haptic properties of real objects by means of virtual feedback. In
      our research, we explore the feasibility of using this technology for medical
      training systems. As a possible demonstration example, we currently examine the
      use of augmentation in the context of breast tumor palpation. The key idea in our
      prototype system is to augment the real feedback of a silicone breast mock-up
      with simulated forces stemming from virtual tumors. In this paper, we introduce
      and evaluate the underlying algorithm to provide these force augmentations. This
      includes a method for the identification of the contact dynamics model via
      measurements on real sample objects. The performance of our augmentation is
      examined quantitatively as well as in a user study. Initial results show that the
      haptic feedback of indenting a real silicone tumor with a rod can be approximated
      reasonably well with our algorithm. The advantage of such an augmentation
      approach over physical training models is the ability to create a nearly infinite
      variety of palpable findings. 

PMID- 26963833
TI  - Virtual Active Touch: Perception of Virtual Gratings Wavelength through Pointing
      Stick Interface.
AB  - Tactile feedback enhances the usability and enjoyment of human-computer
      interfaces. Many feedback techniques have been devised to present tactile stimuli
      corresponding to a user's hand movements taking account of the concept of active
      touch. However, hand movements may not necessarily be required for achieving
      natural tactile feedback. Here, we propose a virtual-active-touch method that
      achieves haptic perception without actual/direct hand movements. In this method,
      a cursor manipulated by a force-input device is regarded as a virtual finger of
      the operator on the screen. Tactile feedback is provided to the operator in
      accordance with cursor movements. To validate the translation of virtual
      roughness gratings, we compare the virtual-active-touch interface with an
      interface that involves actual hand movements. By using the appropriate force-to
      velocity gain for the pointing-stick interface, we show that the virtual-active
      touch method presents the surface wavelengths of the gratings, which is a
      fundamental property for texture roughness, and that the gain significantly
      influences the textures experienced by the operators. Furthermore, we find that
      the perceived wavelengths of objects scaled and viewed on a small screen are
      skewed. We conclude that although some unique problems remain to be solved, we
      may be able to perceive the surface wavelengths solely with the intentions of
      active touch through virtual-active-touch interfaces. 

PMID- 26963834
TI  - Synthesis of Carbazoles and Carbazole-Containing Heterocycles via Rhodium
      Catalyzed Tandem Carbonylative Benzannulations.
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic compounds are important constituents of pharmaceuticals and
      other materials. We have developed a series of Rh-catalyzed tandem carbonylative
      benzannulations for the synthesis of tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic heterocycles
      from different types of aryl propargylic alcohols. These tandem reactions provide
      efficient access to highly substituted carbazoles, furocarbazoles,
      pyrrolocarbazoles, thiophenocarbazoles, and indolocarbazoles. While tricyclic
      heterocycles could be derived from vinyl aryl propargylic alcohols, tetra- and
      pentacyclic heterocycles were synthesized from diaryl propargylic alcohols. The
      tandem carbonylative benzannulation is initiated by a pi-acidic rhodium(I)
      catalyst-mediated nucleophilic addition to alkyne to generate a key metal-carbene
      intermediate, which is then trapped by carbon monoxide to form a ketene species
      for 6pi electrocyclization. Overall, three bonds and two rings are formed in all
      of these tandem carbonylative benzannulation reactions. 

PMID- 26963835
TI  - Inflammatory and endothelial markers during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The menstrual cycle exhibits a pattern of repeated inflammatory
      activity. The present study aims to evaluate inflammatory and endothelial markers
      during the two phases of a menstrual cycle. METHODS: The study cohort consisted
      of 102 women with regular menstrual cycles. Inflammatory and endothelial markers
      (interleukin-6 [IL-6], pentraxin-3 [PTX-3], hs-C reactive protein [hs-CRP], sE
      selectin, sP-selectin, intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules [ICAM-1
      and VCAM-1] and cathepsins L, B and S) were measured during the early follicular
      and the late luteal phase of a normal menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Pentraxin-3 (PTX
      3) and hs-CRP were significantly higher during the follicular phase compared to
      the luteal phase (p < 0.001 respectively p = 0.025). The other inflammatory and
      endothelial markers, with the exception of cathepsin B, were higher, albeit not
      significantly, during the follicular phase. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory activity,
      expressed mainly by members of the pentraxin family, is higher during the early
      follicular compared to the luteal phase. This could be associated to menstruation
      but the exact mechanisms behind this pattern are unclear and might involve the
      ovarian hormones or an effect on hepatocytes.

PMID- 26963836
TI  - Bronsted-Lowry Acid Strength of Metal Hydride and Dihydrogen Complexes.
AB  - Transition metal hydride complexes are usually amphoteric, not only acting as
      hydride donors, but also as Bronsted-Lowry acids. A simple additive ligand
      acidity constant equation (LAC for short) allows the estimation of the acid
      dissociation constant Ka(LAC) of diamagnetic transition metal hydride and
      dihydrogen complexes. It is remarkably successful in systematizing diverse
      reports of over 450 reactions of acids with metal complexes and bases with metal
      hydrides and dihydrogen complexes, including catalytic cycles where these
      reactions are proposed or observed. There are links between pKa(LAC) and
      pKa(THF), pKa(DCM), pKa(MeCN) for neutral and cationic acids. For the groups from
      chromium to nickel, tables are provided that order the acidity of metal hydride
      and dihydrogen complexes from most acidic (pKa(LAC) -18) to least acidic
      (pKa(LAC) 50). Figures are constructed showing metal acids above the solvent pKa
      scales and organic acids below to summarize a large amount of information. Acid
      base features are analyzed for catalysts from chromium to gold for ionic
      hydrogenations, bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen oxidation and evolution
      electrocatalysis, H/D exchange, olefin hydrogenation and isomerization,
      hydrogenation of ketones, aldehydes, imines, and carbon dioxide, hydrogenases and
      their model complexes, and palladium catalysts with hydride intermediates. 

PMID- 26963839
TI  - Correction: Effect of Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Combined with Testosterone
      Treatment on Cardiovascular Function in Rats: Influence of Exercise Training.

PMID- 26963838
TI  - Reduced Biaxial Contractility in the Descending Thoracic Aorta of Fibulin-5
      Deficient Mice.
AB  - The precise role of smooth muscle cell contractility in elastic arteries remains
      unclear, but accumulating evidence suggests that smooth muscle dysfunction plays
      an important role in the development of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections
      (TAADs). Given the increasing availability of mouse models of these conditions,
      there is a special opportunity to study roles of contractility ex vivo in intact
      vessels subjected to different mechanical loads. In parallel, of course, there is
      a similar need to study smooth muscle contractility in models that do not
      predispose to TAADs, particularly in cases where disease might be expected.
      Multiple mouse models having compromised glycoproteins that normally associate
      with elastin to form medial elastic fibers present with TAADs, yet those with
      fibulin-5 deficiency do not. In this paper, we show that deletion of the fibulin
      5 gene results in a significantly diminished contractility of the thoracic aorta
      in response to potassium loading despite otherwise preserved characteristic
      active behaviors, including axial force generation and rates of contraction and
      relaxation. Interestingly, this diminished response manifests around an altered
      passive state that is defined primarily by a reduced in vivo axial stretch. Given
      this significant coupling between passive and active properties, a lack of
      significant changes in passive material stiffness may help to offset the
      diminished contractility and thereby protect the wall from detrimental
      mechanosensing and its sequelae. 

PMID- 26963837
TI  - Development of purification processes for fully human bispecific antibodies based
      upon modification of protein A binding avidity.
AB  - There is strong interest in the design of bispecific monoclonal antibodies
      (bsAbs) that can simultaneously bind 2 distinct targets or epitopes to achieve
      novel mechanisms of action and efficacy. Multiple bispecific formats have been
      proposed and are currently under development. Regeneron's bispecific technology
      is based upon a standard fully human IgG antibody in order to minimize
      immunogenicity and improve the pharmacokinetic profile. A single common light
      chain and 2 distinct heavy chains combine to form the bispecific molecule. One of
      the heavy chains contains a chimeric Fc sequence form (called Fc*) that ablates
      binding to Protein A via the constant region. As a result of co-expression of the
      2 heavy chains and the common light chain, 3 products are created, 2 of which are
      homodimeric for the heavy chains and one that is the desired heterodimeric
      bispecific product. The Fc* sequence allows selective purification of the FcFc*
      bispecific product on commercially available affinity columns, due to
      intermediate binding affinity for Protein A compared to the high avidity FcFc
      heavy chain homodimer, or the weakly binding Fc*Fc* homodimer. This platform
      requires the use of Protein A chromatography in both a capture and polishing
      modality. Several challenges, including variable region Protein A binding, resin
      selection, selective elution optimization, and impacts upon subsequent non
      affinity downstream unit operations, were addressed to create a robust and
      selective manufacturing process.

PMID- 26963840
TI  - Expression of ODC Antizyme Inhibitor 2 (AZIN2) in Human Secretory Cells and
      Tissues.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2), originally called
      ODCp, is a regulator of polyamine synthesis that we originally identified and
      cloned. High expression of ODCp mRNA was found in brain and testis. We reported
      that AZIN2 is involved in regulation of cellular vesicle transport and / or
      secretion, but the ultimate physiological role(s) of AZIN2 is still poorly
      understood. In this study we used a peptide antibody (K3) to human AZIN2 and by
      immunohistochemistry mapped its expression in various normal tissues. We found
      high expression in the nervous system, in type 2 pneumocytes in the lung, in
      megakaryocytes, in gastric parietal cells co-localized with H,K-ATPase beta
      subunit, in selected enteroendocrine cells, in acinar cells of sweat glands, in
      podocytes, in macula densa cells and epithelium of collecting ducts in the
      kidney. The high expression of AZIN2 in various cells with secretory or vesicle
      transport activity indicates that the polyamine metabolism regulated by AZIN2 is
      more significantly involved in these events than previously appreciated. 

PMID- 26963841
TI  - Varicella-Zoster Virus in Perth, Western Australia: Seasonality and Reactivation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of the factors affecting reactivation of varicella
      zoster virus (VZV) largely remains an open question. Exposure to solar ultra
      violet (UV) radiation is speculated to facilitate reactivation. Should the role
      of UV in reactivation be significant, VZV reactivation patterns would generally
      be expected to be synchronous with seasonal UV profiles in temperate climates.
      METHODS: We analysed age and gender specific VZV notification time series data
      from Perth, Western Australia (WA). This city has more daily sunshine hours than
      any other major Australian city. Using the cosinor and generalized linear models,
      we tested these data for seasonality and correlation with UV and temperature.
      RESULTS: We established significant seasonality of varicella notifications and
      showed that while herpes-zoster (HZ) was not seasonal it had a more stable
      seasonal component in males over 60 than in any other subpopulation tested. We
      also detected significant association between HZ notifications and UV for the
      entire Perth population as well as for females and males separately. In most
      cases, temperature proved to be a significant factor as well. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings suggest that UV radiation may be important for VZV reactivation, under
      the assumption that notification data represent an acceptably accurate
      qualitative measure of true VZV incidence.

PMID- 26963842
TI  - The effect of brexpiprazole (OPC-34712) and aripiprazole in adult patients with
      acute schizophrenia: results from a randomized, exploratory study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore the effects of brexpiprazole and
      aripiprazole on efficacy, cognitive functioning, and safety in patients with
      acute schizophrenia. Patients who would benefit from hospitalization/continued
      hospitalization for acute relapse of schizophrenia were enrolled and randomized
      (2 : 1) to target doses of open-label brexpiprazole 3 mg/day or aripiprazole 15
      mg/day for 6 weeks. Outcomes included change from baseline to week 6 in the
      Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11
      item score, and Cogstate computerized cognitive test battery scores. Patients
      treated with brexpiprazole (n=64) or aripiprazole (n=33) showed reductions in
      symptoms of schizophrenia as assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
      total score (-22.9 and -19.4, respectively). A modest reduction in impulsivity
      was observed with brexpiprazole, but not aripiprazole (mean change in the Barratt
      Impulsiveness Scale 11-item total score: -2.7 and 0.1, respectively). No change
      in Cogstate scores was observed for either treatment. Brexpiprazole was well
      tolerated and the incidence of akathisia was lower in patients treated with
      brexpiprazole (9.4%) than aripiprazole (21.2%). Clinically relevant improvements
      in psychopathology were observed in patients with acute schizophrenia treated
      with brexpiprazole or aripiprazole. Brexpiprazole was well tolerated, with a
      lower incidence of akathisia than aripiprazole.

PMID- 26963843
TI  - Supramolecular Surface Photochemistry: Cascade Energy Transfer between
      Encapsulated Dyes Aligned on a Clay Nanosheet Surface.
AB  - Three coumarin derivatives (7-propoxy coumarin, coumarin-480, and coumarin-540a,
      2, 3, and 4, respectively) having different absorption and emission spectra were
      encapsulated within a water-soluble organic capsule formed by the two positively
      charged ammonium-functionalized cavitand octaamine (OAm, 1). Guests 2, 3, and 4
      absorb in ultraviolet, violet, and blue regions and emit in violet, blue, and
      green regions, respectively. Energy transfer between the above three
      coumarin@(OAm)2 complexes assembled on the surface of a saponite clay nanosheet
      was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved emission techniques. Judging
      from their emission and excitation spectra, we concluded that the singlet-singlet
      energy transfer proceeded from 2 to 3, from 2 to 4, and from 3 to 4 when OAm
      encapsulated 2, 3, and 4 were aligned on a clay surface as two-component systems.
      Under such conditions, the energy transfer efficiencies for the paths 2* to 3, 2*
      to 4, and 3* to 4 were calculated to be 33, 36, and 50% in two-component systems.
      When all three coumarins were assembled on the surface and 2 was excited, the
      energy transfer efficiencies for the paths 2* to 3, 2* to 4, and 3* to 4 were
      estimated to be 32, 34, and 33%. A comparison of energy transfer efficiencies of
      the two-component and three-component systems revealed that excitation of 2 leads
      to emission from 4. Successful merging of supramolecular chemistry and surface
      chemistry by demonstrating novel multi-step energy transfer in a three-component
      dye encapsulated system on a clay surface opens up newer opportunities for
      exploring such systems in an artificial light-harvesting phenomenon. 

PMID- 26963845
TI  - Obstacles to activity pacing: assessment, relationship to activity and
      functioning.
AB  - Activity pacing is frequently included among the strategies provided to
      individuals with chronic pain to manage pain and improve functioning. Individuals
      with chronic pain may, however, limit their use of activity pacing because they
      perceive significant obstacles to its use. This study describes the development
      of a measure to assess obstacles to activity pacing and examines the relationship
      of this measure to activity patterns and functioning. A sample of 637 individuals
      with chronic pain completed items describing potential obstacles to activity
      pacing as part of their pretreatment assessment. Item analyses were used to
      construct a 14-item measure of obstacles to activity pacing. A subset of these
      individuals completed the measure again after completion of a group treatment
      program. The resulting measure demonstrated excellent internal consistency and
      was minimally affected by social desirability. Correlations with measures of
      activity and psychosocial functioning provided initial construct validity for the
      measure. Sex differences were found with women initially identifying more
      obstacles to activity pacing. Fewer obstacles were identified by both men and
      women after treatment, and these changes were related to modest changes in
      activity patterns and functioning. The present results identify a number of
      obstacles that may limit the use of activity pacing by individuals with chronic
      pain. Treatment may result in a decrease in the number of obstacles identified,
      and this change is related to changes in the individual's activity pattern and
      psychosocial functioning.

PMID- 26963846
TI  - Helping motivation and well-being of chronic pain couples: a daily diary study.
AB  - Receiving support from a romantic partner may yield benefits for individuals with
      chronic pain (ICPs), but may also carry unintended side effects. The conditions
      under which partner support provision yields (mal)adaptive effects deserve
      greater attention. Grounded in Self-determination theory, partners may provide
      help for autonomous or volitional (eg, enjoyment, full commitment) or rather
      controlled or pressured (eg, avoiding guilt and criticism) motives. This study
      examined associations between day-to-day fluctuations in partners' type of
      helping motivation and several outcomes, among partners and ICPs. Seventy
      couples, with 1 partner having chronic pain (75.7% female), completed a diary for
      14 consecutive days. Daily helping motivation was assessed together with daily
      affect, relational conflict, and relationship-based need satisfaction. Partners
      (Mage = 55.14) additionally reported on daily helping exhaustion, whereas ICPs
      (Mage = 54.71) reported on daily pain intensity, disability, satisfaction with
      received help, and amount of received help. Providing autonomous help related to
      improvements in partners' affective (eg, positive affect), relational (eg,
      conflict), and help-specific (eg, exhaustion) functioning, which were accounted
      for by improvements in daily relationship-based psychological need satisfaction.
      Similarly, daily autonomously motivated help yielded a direct (ie, relational
      conflict; perceived amount of help) or indirect (ie, positive and negative
      affects; relational conflict; satisfaction with help, disability) contribution in
      explaining ICP outcomes-through improvements in ICPs' relationship-based
      psychological need satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of a
      motivational and dynamic perspective on help provision within chronic pain
      couples. Considering reasons why a partner provides help is important to
      understand when partners and ICPs may benefit from daily support.

PMID- 26963844
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of gabapentin for chronic low back pain with and
      without a radiating component.
AB  - Gabapentin is prescribed for analgesia in chronic low back pain, yet there are no
      controlled trials supporting this practice. This randomized, 2-arm, 12-week,
      parallel group study compared gabapentin (forced titration up to 3600 mg daily)
      with inert placebo. The primary efficacy measure was change in pain intensity
      from baseline to the last week on treatment measured by the Descriptor
      Differential Scale; the secondary outcome was disability (Oswestry Disability
      Index). The intention-to-treat analysis comprised 108 randomized patients with
      chronic back pain (daily pain for >=6 months) whose pain did (43%) or did not
      radiate into the lower extremity. Random effects regression models which did not
      impute missing scores were used to analyze outcome data. Pain intensity decreased
      significantly over time (P < 0.0001) with subjects on gabapentin or placebo,
      reporting reductions of about 30% from baseline, but did not differ significantly
      between groups (P = 0.423). The same results pertained for disability scores. In
      responder analyses of those who completed 12 weeks (N = 72), the proportion
      reporting at least 30% or 50% reduction in pain intensity, or at least "Minimal
      Improvement" on the Physician Clinical Global Impression of Change did not differ
      significantly between groups. There were no significant differences in analgesia
      between participants with radiating (n = 46) and nonradiating (n = 62) pain
      either within or between treatment arms. There was no significant correlation
      between gabapentin plasma concentration and pain intensity. Gabapentin appears to
      be ineffective for analgesia in chronic low back pain with or without a radiating
      component.

PMID- 26963847
TI  - Brief time-based activity pacing instruction as a singular behavioral
      intervention was not effective in participants with symptomatic osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) of the lower extremities is a prevalent cause of disability
      in which symptoms interfere with mobility and activity participation. Behavioral
      self-management for OA symptomatology is commonly recommended; but these
      interventions are underutilized, unstandardized in application, and at times,
      unavailable in the context of clinical care. For people with chronic pain,
      rehabilitation professionals may select to apply activity pacing instruction as
      one behavioral strategy to manage symptoms. Activity pacing is widely used in
      combination with other pharmacological and behavioral interventions but has not
      been studied as a singular behavioral intervention for people with OA. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an occupational
      therapist-delivered, time-based activity pacing program for treatment of pain,
      fatigue, and physical function in people with symptomatic knee or hip OA. A 3-arm
      randomized controlled trial was conducted in which 193 people were randomized
      into tailored activity pacing, general activity pacing, or usual care arms.
      Assessments were done at 10 weeks and 6 months after baseline. Using linear mixed
      models, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain
      scores changed over time, decreasing the most in the general and usual care
      groups; only the usual care group had decreased pain over 6 months. The tailored
      and general activity pacing groups reported higher frequency of pacing behaviors
      than the usual care group at 10 weeks, but pacing was not sustained at 6 months.
      This trial does not support the use of time-based pacing as a singular behavioral
      strategy for people with knee or hip OA.

PMID- 26963848
TI  - Defining problematic pharmaceutical opioid use among people prescribed opioids
      for chronic noncancer pain: do different measures identify the same patients?
AB  - The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual (DSM) are routinely used in diagnosing illicit substance use
      disorders, but for people taking prescribed opioids they remain controversial. In
      pain medicine, the concept of "Addiction" is preferred with reduced emphasis on
      tolerance and withdrawal. This article examines the prevalence and
      characteristics of pharmaceutical opioid dependence/disorder according to ICD,
      DSM, and the pain medicine concept of "Addiction," among chronic noncancer pain
      (CNCP) patients prescribed opioids. In the current study, we used data from a
      national sample of 1134 people prescribed opioids for CNCP. Past 12-month
      "Addiction" (based on Pain Medicine definition), DSM, and ICD dependence
      definitions were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
      Twenty-four percent of the cohort met the criteria for "Addiction," 18% for DSM-5
      use disorder and 19% for ICD-11 dependence. There was "substantial" concordance
      between "Addiction" and both DSM-5 use disorder and ICD-11 dependence, although
      concordance was much greater with ICD-11 dependence (kappa = 0.63 and 0.79,
      respectively). Participants meeting the criteria for "Addiction" only were older,
      less likely to engage in nonadherent behaviours, self-reported fewer problems or
      concerns with their medication, and had lower rates of psychological distress
      than those who also met the DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria. The definition of
      "Addiction" captures a larger group of patients than other classification systems
      and includes people with fewer "risk" behaviours. Despite removal of tolerance
      and withdrawal for prescribed opioid use for DSM-5, we found that "Addiction" was
      more closely related to an ICD-11 diagnosis of pharmaceutical opioid dependence.

PMID- 26963849
TI  - Depression in patients with chronic pain attending a specialised pain treatment
      centre: prevalence and impact on health care costs.
AB  - This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and impact of
      depression on health care costs in patients with complex chronic pain. The sample
      included 1204 patients attending a tertiary pain management service for people
      with chronic disabling pain, unresponsive to medical treatment. As part of
      routine care, patients completed a web-based questionnaire assessing mental and
      physical health, functioning, and service use in the preceding 3 months.
      Depression was assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Self
      report health care utilisation was measured across 4 domains: general
      practitioner contacts, contacts with secondary/tertiary care doctors, accident
      and emergency department visits, and days hospitalised. The participation rate
      was 89%. Seven hundred and thirty-two patients (60.8%; 95% CI 58.0-63.6) met
      criteria for probable depression, and 407 (33.8%) met the threshold for severe
      depression. Patients with depression were more likely to be unable to work
      because of ill health and reported greater work absence, greater pain-related
      interference with functioning, lower pain acceptance, and more generalised pain.
      Mean total health care costs per 3-month period were L731 (95% CI L646-L817) for
      patients with depression, compared with L448 (95% CI L366-L530) for patients
      without depression. A positive association between severe depression and total
      health care costs persisted after controlling for key demographic, functional,
      and clinical covariates using multiple linear regression models. These findings
      reveal the extent, severity, and impact of depression in patients with chronic
      pain and make evident a need for action. Effective treatment of depression may
      improve patient health and functioning and reduce the burden of chronic pain on
      health care services.

PMID- 26963851
TI  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of injected capsaicin for
      pain in Morton's neuroma.
AB  - Intermetatarsal neuroma or Morton's neuroma is a painful condition of the foot
      resulting from an entrapment of the common digital nerve typically in the third
      intermetatarsal space. The pain can be severe and especially problematic with
      walking. Treatment options are limited and surgery may lead to permanent numbness
      in the toes. Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of hot peppers, produces analgesia
      by inducing retraction of nociceptive afferents from the area of innervation and
      is effective in treating certain neuropathic pain disorders. A randomized double
      blind placebo-controlled study was conducted to test the efficacy, tolerability,
      and safety of a single 0.1 mg dose of capsaicin vs placebo injected into the
      region of the neuroma. A total of 58 subjects diagnosed with Morton's neuroma
      with foot pain >=4 (0-10 numerical pain rating scale) were injected with 2 mL of
      lidocaine into the intermetatarsal space proximal to the neuroma to provide local
      anesthesia. After 5 minutes, 0.1 mg capsaicin or placebo was injected into the
      intermetatarsal space containing the painful neuroma. Average foot pain was rated
      for 2 weeks before through 4 weeks after injection. At weeks 1 and 4, the
      decrease in pain was significantly greater in the subjects treated with capsaicin
      (P = 0.021 and P = 0.019, respectively). A trend toward significance was noted at
      weeks 2 and 3. Improvements in functional interference scores and reductions in
      oral analgesic use were also seen in the capsaicin-treated group. These findings
      suggest that injection of capsaicin is an efficacious treatment option for
      patients with painful intermetatarsal neuroma. 

PMID- 26963850
TI  - Epac-protein kinase C alpha signaling in purinergic P2X3R-mediated hyperalgesia
      after inflammation.
AB  - Sensitization of purinergic P2X3 receptors (P2X3Rs) is a major mechanism
      contributing to injury-induced exaggerated pain responses. We showed in a
      previous study that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent guanine
      nucleotide exchange factor 1 (Epac1) in rat sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) is
      upregulated after inflammatory injury, and it plays a critical role in P2X3R
      sensitization by activating protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) inside the
      cells. protein kinase C epsilon has been established as the major PKC isoform
      mediating injury-induced hyperalgesic responses. On the other hand, the role of
      PKCalpha in receptor sensitization was seldom considered. Here, we studied the
      participation of PKCalpha in Epac signaling in P2X3R-mediated hyperalgesia. The
      expression of both Epac1 and Epac2 and the level of cAMP in DRGs are greatly
      enhanced after complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation. The
      expression of phosphorylated PKCalpha is also upregulated. Complete Freund
      adjuvant (CFA)-induced P2X3R-mediated hyperalgesia is not only blocked by Epac
      antagonists but also by the classical PKC isoform inhibitors, Go6976, and
      PKCalpha-siRNA. These CFA effects are mimicked by the application of the Epac
      agonist, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2 -O-methyl-cAMP (CPT), in control rats, further
      confirming the involvement of Epacs. Because the application of Go6976 prior to
      CPT still reduces CPT-induced hyperalgesia, PKCalpha is downstream of Epacs to
      mediate the enhancement of P2X3R responses in DRGs. The pattern of translocation
      of PKCalpha inside DRG neurons in response to CPT or CFA stimulation is distinct
      from that of PKCepsilon. Thus, in contrast to prevalent view, PKCalpha also plays
      an essential role in producing complex inflammation-induced receptor-mediated
      hyperalgesia.

PMID- 26963852
TI  - Pain modulatory phenotypes differentiate subgroups with different clinical and
      experimental pain sensitivity.
AB  - Pain biomarkers are warranted for individualized pain management. Based on
      different pain modulatory phenotypes, the objectives of this study were to
      explore the existence of subgroups within patients with nonmalignant chronic pain
      and to investigate differences in clinical pain and pain hypersensitivity between
      subgroups. Cuff algometry was performed on lower legs in 400 patients with
      chronic pain to assess pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance, temporal
      summation of pain (TSP: increase in pain scores to 10 repeated stimulations), and
      conditioned pain modulation (CPM: increase in cuff pressure pain threshold during
      cuff pain conditioning on the contralateral leg). Heat detection and heat pain
      thresholds at clinical painful and nonpainful body areas were assessed. Based on
      TSP and CPM, 4 distinct groups were formed: group 1 (n = 85) had impaired CPM and
      facilitated TSP; group 2 (n = 148) had impaired CPM and normal TSP; group 3 (n =
      45) had normal CPM and facilitated TSP; and group 4 (n = 122) had normal CPM and
      normal TSP. Group 1 showed more pain regions than the other 3 groups (P < 0.001),
      indicating that impaired CPM and facilitated TSP play an important role in
      widespread pain. Groups 1 and 2 compared with group 4 had lower heat pain
      threshold at nonpainful areas and lower cuff pressure pain tolerance (P < 0.02),
      indicating that CPM plays a role for widespread hyperalgesia. Moreover, group 1
      demonstrated higher clinical pain scores than group 4 (P < 0.05). Although not
      different between subgroups, patients were profiled on demographics, disability,
      pain catastrophizing, and fear of movement. Future research should investigate
      interventions tailored towards these subgroups.

PMID- 26963854
TI  - Neonatal medicine: past, present, and future.

PMID- 26963855
TI  - Neonatal nephrology.

PMID- 26963856
TI  - Perinatal programming of renal function.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Perinatal programming of renal function reflects the
      epigenetic alteration of genetically determined development by environmental
      factors. These include intrauterine malnutrition, pre and postnatal
      overnutrition, glucocorticoids, and certain toxins such as smoking. This review
      aims to summarize the most important findings. RECENT FINDINGS: Human studies may
      show an increased susceptibility toward the general prevalence of renal failure
      in already small for gestational age children and adolescents. In particular,
      glomerular diseases present with a more severe clinical course. Partially
      related, partially independently, arterial hypertension is found in this at-risk
      group. The findings can mostly be confirmed in animal models. Both intrauterine
      nutrient deprived and overfed rodents show a tendency toward developing
      glomerulosclerosis and other renal disorders. Animal studies attempt to imitate
      clinical conditions, however, there are difficulties in transferring the findings
      to the human setting. The reduction of nephron number, especially in intrauterine
      growth-restricted humans and animals, is one mechanism of perinatal programming
      in the kidneys. In addition, vascular and endocrine alterations are prevalent.
      The molecular changes behind these mechanisms include epigenetic changes such as
      DNA-methylation, microRNAs, and histone modifications. SUMMARY: Future research
      will have to establish clinical studies with clear and well defined inclusion
      criteria which also reflect prenatal life. The use of transgenic animal models
      might help to obtain a deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms.

PMID- 26963853
TI  - TGF-beta activates APC through Cdh1 binding for Cks1 and Skp2 proteasomal
      destruction stabilizing p27kip1 for normal endometrial growth.
AB  - We previously reported that aberrant TGF-beta/Smad2/3 signaling in endometrial
      cancer (ECA) leads to continuous ubiquitylation of p27(kip1)(p27) by the E3
      ligase SCF-Skp2/Cks1 causing its degradation, as a putative mechanism involved in
      the pathogenesis of this cancer. In contrast, normal intact TGF-beta signaling
      prevents degradation of nuclear p27 by SCF-Skp2/Cks1 thereby accumulating p27 to
      block Cdk2 for growth arrest. Here we show that in ECA cell lines and normal
      primary endometrial epithelial cells, TGF-beta increases Cdh1 and its binding to
      APC/C to form the E3 ligase complex that ubiquitylates Cks1 and Skp2 prompting
      their proteasomal degradation and thus, leaving p27 intact. Knocking-down Cdh1 in
      ECA cell lines increased Skp2/Cks1 E3 ligase activity, completely diminished
      nuclear and cytoplasmic p27, and obviated TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of
      proliferation. Protein synthesis was not required for TGF-beta-induced increase
      in nuclear p27 and decrease in Cks1 and Skp2. Moreover, half-lives of Cks1 and
      Skp2 were extended in the Cdh1-depleted cells. These results suggest that the
      levels of p27, Skp2 and Cks1 are strongly or solely regulated by proteasomal
      degradation. Finally, an inverse relationship of low p27 and high Cks1 in the
      nucleus was shown in patients in normal proliferative endometrium and grade I-III
      ECAs whereas differentiated secretory endometrium showed the reverse. These
      studies implicate Cdh1 as the master regulator of TGF-beta-induced preservation
      of p27 tumor suppressor activity. Thus, Cdh1 is a potential therapeutic target
      for ECA and other human cancers showing an inverse relationship between Cks1/Skp2
      and p27 and/or dysregulated TGF-beta signaling. 

PMID- 26963858
TI  - Using Electronic Health Record Data for Healthy Weight Surveillance in Children,
      San Diego, California, 2014.

PMID- 26963859
TI  - Integrating Tobacco Control and Obesity Prevention Initiatives at Retail Outlets.
AB  - Tobacco products are sold in approximately 375,000 US retail outlets, including
      convenience stores and pharmacies, which often sell energy-dense, low-nutrient
      foods and beverages. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) increased
      authority over tobacco product sales and marketing, combined with declining
      smoking rates, provides an opportunity to transition tobacco retailers toward
      healthier retail environments. Unfortunately, research into improving consumer
      retail environments is often conducted in isolation by researchers working in
      tobacco control, nutrition, and physical activity. Interdisciplinary efforts are
      needed to transform tobacco retailers from stores that are dependent on a
      declining product category, to the sale and promotion of healthful foods and
      creating environments conducive to active living. The objective of this article
      is to describe the potential for interdisciplinary efforts to transition
      retailers away from selling and promoting tobacco products and toward creating
      retail environments that promote healthful eating and active living. 

PMID- 26963861
TI  - The toxicology of ion-shedding zinc oxide nanoparticles.
AB  - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are nanomaterials that are widely used in many
      fields. ZnO NPs are ion-shedding particles, and zinc ions produce important and
      potent effects that differ from those of other metal or metal oxide NPs. Several
      studies have reported the toxicological effects of ZnO NPs administered via
      several different routes, including orally, dermally, by pulmonary absorption,
      intraperitoneally, and intravenously. Some potential routes for human exposure
      have produced various toxic effects in animal models. Moreover, several in vitro
      studies using a range of cell lines have reported the mechanisms underlying ZnO
      NP toxicity. Zinc ions play a very important role in ZnO NP toxicity, although
      the effects of the particulate form cannot be excluded. A crucial determinant of
      toxicity is the solubility of ZnO NPs, which is influenced by various factors,
      including the pH of the environment in tissues, cells, and organelles. In
      addition to the inflammatory responses and oxidative stress known to be induced
      by ZnO NPs, these NPs also exhibit some positive anti-inflammatory, anti
      diabetic, and pro-coagulant effects at sub-toxic doses; these effects are
      probably induced by zinc ions, which are an essential element in cell
      homeostasis. It is highly likely that there are additional distinct mechanisms at
      sub-toxic doses and concentrations, which may be concealed or altered by the
      toxic effects observed at higher levels of ZnO NPs. Furthermore, many signaling
      pathway molecules associated with necrosis and apoptosis can be activated,
      leading to cell death. This review presents the status of ZnO NP toxicology and
      highlights areas requiring further investigation.

PMID- 26963860
TI  - Increasing Community Access to Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the
      Farm Fresh Market Pilot Program in Cobb County, Georgia, 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ecological models of health suggest that to effectively prevent
      chronic disease, community food environments must support healthy eating
      behaviors. However, disparities in access to healthy foods persist in the United
      States. COMMUNITY CONTEXT: The Farm Fresh Market (FFM) was a fruit and vegetable
      market that sold low-cost fresh produce in Cobb County, Georgia in 2014. METHODS:
      This case study describes the development of the FFM through a community
      engagement process and presents evaluation results from the project's pilot
      implementation. Community engagement strategies included forming a community
      advisory board, conducting a needs assessment, and contracting with a community
      based organization to implement the FFM. OUTCOME: In the pilot year, the FFM
      served an average of 28.7 customers and generated an average of $140.20 in
      produce sales per market day. Most returning customers lived in the local
      community and reported a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. Most returning
      customers strongly agreed that the FFM made it easier (69.0%) and less expensive
      (79.0%) for them to buy fresh fruits and vegetables, reported that they ate more
      vegetables (65.0%) and fruit (55.0%) as a result of the FFM, and reported that
      they were very satisfied with the FFM overall (92.0%). INTERPRETATION: Results
      from this community case study underscore the importance of engaging communities
      in the development of community food environment interventions. Results also
      suggest that the FFM initiative was a feasible and acceptable way to respond to
      the community-identified public health priority of increasing access to healthy
      foods.

PMID- 26963862
TI  - Epithelial cell detachment by Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm and planktonic
      cultures.
AB  - Porphyromonas gingivalis is present as a biofilm at the sites of periodontal
      infections. The detachment of gingival epithelial cells induced by P. gingivalis
      biofilms was examined using planktonic cultures as a comparison. Exponentially
      grown planktonic cultures or 40-h biofilms were co-incubated with epithelial
      cells in a 24-well plate for 4 h. Epithelial cell detachment was assessed using
      imaging. The activity of arginine-gingipain (Rgp) and gene expression profiles of
      P. gingivalis cultures were examined using a gingipain assay and quantitative
      PCR, respectively. P. gingivalis biofilms induced significantly higher cell
      detachment and displayed higher Rgp activity compared to the planktonic cultures.
      The genes involved in gingipain post-translational modification, but not rgp
      genes, were significantly up-regulated in P. gingivalis biofilms. The results
      underline the importance of including biofilms in the study of bacterial and host
      cell interactions. 

PMID- 26963868
TI  - Surface-plasmon mediated photoluminescence enhancement of Pt-coated ZnO nanowires
      by inserting an atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 spacer layer.
AB  - Surface-plasmon mediated photoluminescence emission enhancement has been
      investigated for ZnO nanowire (NW)/Pt nanoparticle (NP) nanostructures by
      inserting an Al2O3 spacer layer. The thickness of the Al2O3 spacer layer and of
      the Pt NPs capped on the ZnO NWs are well controlled by atomic layer deposition.
      It is found that the photoluminescence property of the ZnO NW/Al2O3/Pt hybrid
      structure is highly tunable with respect to the thickness of the inserted Al2O3
      spacer layer. The highest enhancement (~14 times) of the near band emission of
      ZnO NWs is obtained with an optimized Al2O3 spacer layer thickness of 10 nm
      leading to a ultraviolet-visible emission ratio of 271.2 compared to 18.8 for
      bare ZnO NWs. The enhancement of emission is influenced by a Forster-type non
      radiative energy transfer process of the exciton energy from ZnO NWs to Pt NPs as
      well as the coupling effect between excitons of ZnO NWs and surface plasmons of
      Pt NPs. The highly versatile and tunable photoluminescence properties of Pt
      coated ZnO NWs achieved by introducing an Al2O3 spacer layer demonstrate their
      potential application in highly efficient optoelectronic devices. 

PMID- 26963867
TI  - The influence of humanitarian crises on social functioning among civilians in low
      and middle-income countries: A systematic review.
AB  - Our aim was to systematically review how social functioning is measured,
      conceptualised, impacted, and associated with mental disorders in populations
      affected by humanitarian crises. Quantitative studies conducted with civilian
      populations affected by humanitarian crises in low- and middle-income countries
      with outcomes of social functioning were examined up to 2014. Data sources
      included Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, and Global Health, and 8 grey literature
      sources, yielding 14,350 records, of which 20 studies met inclusion criteria. A
      descriptive synthesis analysis was used, and the final selected studies assessed
      for quality using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In the 20 studies, social
      functioning was conceptualised in 6 categories: family functioning, friendship
      quality, functional impairment, overall social functioning, social adaptation,
      and social relations. Seventeen studies were cross-sectional, two were cohort,
      and one a controlled trial. The quality of the studies was generally moderate.
      The limited evidence suggests that social functioning is a relevant variable.
      Greater crisis exposure is associated with more severe depression and lower
      social functioning. The protective role of familial and social resources for
      social functioning is highlighted in different crisis settings. However, greater
      research on social functioning and mental health is required.

PMID- 26963869
TI  - Aging-related gains and losses associated with word production in connected
      speech.
AB  - Older adults have been observed to use more nonnormative, or atypical, words than
      younger adults in connected speech. We examined whether aging-related losses in
      word-finding abilities or gains in language expertise underlie these age
      differences. Sixty younger and 60 older adults described two neutral photographs.
      These descriptions were processed into word types, and textual analysis was used
      to identify interrupted speech (e.g., pauses), reflecting word-finding
      difficulty. Word types were assessed for normativeness, with nonnormative word
      types defined as those used by six (5%) or fewer participants to describe a
      particular picture. Accuracy and precision ratings were provided by another
      sample of 48 high-vocabulary younger and older adults. Older adults produced more
      interrupted and, as predicted, nonnormative words than younger adults. Older
      adults were more likely than younger adults to use nonnormative language via
      interrupted speech, suggesting a compensatory process. However, older adults'
      nonnormative words were more precise and trended for having higher accuracy,
      reflecting expertise. In tasks offering response flexibility, like connected
      speech, older adults may be able to offset instances of aging-related deficits by
      maximizing their expertise in other instances.

PMID- 26963875
TI  - How to approach sleep disordered breathing in heart failure patients.
AB  - Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a major public health problem and is highly
      prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF) disease. In these patients, a
      thorough pre-test probability evaluation and appropriate selection of overnight
      sleep study should be performed before treatment evaluation. A high index of
      suspicion for SDB should exist when an HF patient presents with the associated
      clinical features or risk factors for SDB. With a high index of suspicion,
      polysomnography (PSG), as a gold standard, is able to confirm or rule out the
      disease; however, portable monitoring devices may also be appropriate and
      represent more cost effective diagnosis strategies to confirm the diagnosis in
      adequately selected patients among a HF cohort. The choice of treatment largely
      depends on the type and severity of SDB demonstrated by validated sleep
      recording. The treatment of OSA in HF with CPAP is well established, while the
      optimal treatment of CSA still to be defined. 

PMID- 26963876
TI  - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in an Adolescent With Obesity.
AB  - PURPOSE: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is typically found in adults and may be
      associated with a variety of metabolic conditions including obesity. Obesity is a
      growing problem among today's youth, and adult diseases often associated with
      obesity are now being found in a younger population. This case study describes a
      young adolescent girl with obesity and CTS. SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS: A history and
      examination were completed before electrophysiologic testing, and the patient had
      no evidence of any contributory pathology. STATEMENT OF CONCLUSIONS: There was
      electrophysiologic evidence of bilateral median nerve compromise at the wrist.
      The patient's diagnosis of CTS may be obesity related. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
      CLINICAL PRACTICE: Management of patients with obesity and CTS should also
      include education about weight management in addition to traditional
      interventions. This may be even more important for a child or adolescent with
      obesity and CTS.

PMID- 26963877
TI  - Hair and Scalp Care in African American Women Who Exercise.

PMID- 26963878
TI  - Highly Directional Room-Temperature Single Photon Device.
AB  - One of the most important challenges in modern quantum optical applications is
      the demonstration of efficient, scalable, on-chip single photon sources, which
      can operate at room temperature. In this paper we demonstrate a room-temperature
      single photon source based on a single colloidal nanocrystal quantum dot
      positioned inside a circular bulls-eye shaped hybrid metal-dielectric
      nanoantenna. Experimental results show that 20% of the photons are emitted into a
      very low numerical aperture (NA < 0.25), a 20-fold improvement over a free
      standing quantum dot, and with a probability of more than 70% for a single photon
      emission. With an NA = 0.65 more than 35% of the single photon emission is
      collected. The single photon purity is limited only by emission from the metal,
      an obstacle that can be bypassed with careful design and fabrication. The concept
      presented here can be extended to many other types of quantum emitters. Such a
      device paves a promising route for a high purity, high efficiency, on-chip single
      photon source operating at room temperature. 

PMID- 26963879
TI  - Global challenges keynote address in memoriam to colleagues lost in the Malaysia
      airlines 17 crash.
AB  - Six colleagues working in the HIV field were killed when their flight en route to
      Kuala Lumpur was shot down over the Ukraine. This report is drawn from the in
      memoriam keynote opening address given at the 12th International AIDS Impact
      conference in Amsterdam in 2015. It highlights their tangible and valued roles in
      the HIV response and looks forward to the road ahead. It describes the ways in
      which we can build on their legacy to address current global challenges in HIV
      prevention and treatment and to mobilise the intensified, focused resources that
      are needed to turn the HIV epidemic on its head.

PMID- 26963880
TI  - How Many Environmental Impact Indicators Are Needed in the Evaluation of Product
      Life Cycles?
AB  - Numerous indicators are currently available for environmental impact assessments,
      especially in the field of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Because decision
      making on the basis of hundreds of indicators simultaneously is unfeasible, a
      nonredundant key set of indicators representative of the overall environmental
      impact is needed. We aimed to find such a nonredundant set of indicators based on
      their mutual correlations. We have used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in
      combination with an optimization algorithm to find an optimal set of indicators
      out of 135 impact indicators calculated for 976 products from the ecoinvent
      database. The first four principal components covered 92% of the variance in
      product rankings, showing the potential for indicator reduction. The same amount
      of variance (92%) could be covered by a minimal set of six indicators, related to
      climate change, ozone depletion, the combined effects of acidification and
      eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and land use. In
      comparison, four commonly used resource footprints (energy, water, land,
      materials) together accounted for 84% of the variance in product rankings. We
      conclude that the plethora of environmental indicators can be reduced to a small
      key set, representing the major part of the variation in environmental impacts
      between product life cycles. 

PMID- 26963881
TI  - EFFECTS CRYOPRESERVATION OF IONOTROPIC GLUTAMATERGIC RECEPTOR MECHANISMS IN
      VITRO.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We assayed hypothesis of cryopreservation of small volumes of nervous
      tissue (olfactory cortex slices). OBJECTIVE: Effect of freezing (-10(0)C) and
      rewarming to +37(0)C studied on glutamatergic mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Viability slices determined from the change of the amplitudes of glutamatergic
      synaptic transmission: action potential of lateral olfactory tract (AP LOT),
      alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPAR) and N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDAR) receptor-dependent mechanisms. Effects of two rates
      freezing/rewarming: slow (0.1(0)C/min) and rapid (9.0(0)C/min) were studied.
      RESULTS: Activity AP LOT and AMPARs restored at slow rate freezing/rewarming, and
      at rapid rate, these indicators were increased. Activity NMDARs decreased at slow
      rate both at slow and at rapid rates after freezing/rewarming were blocked. At
      rewarming water swelling content ofin slices was maximal at rapid rate of
      freezing/rewarming. CONCLUSION: The protocol of cryopreservation with slow rate
      (0.1(0)C/min) freezing/rewarming and a depth of freezing -10(0)C is optimal for
      the cryopreservation of small volumes of nervous tissue.

PMID- 26963882
TI  - DESIGN OF A SIMPLE SLOW COOLING DEVICE FOR CRYOPRESERVATION OF SMALL BIOLOGICAL
      SAMPLES.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Slow cooling is a cryopreservation methodology where samples are
      cooled to its storage temperature at controlled cooling rates. OBJECTIVE: Design,
      construction and evaluation of a simple and low cost device for slow cooling of
      small biological samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The device was constructed based
      on Pye's freezer idea. A Dewar flask filled with liquid nitrogen was used as heat
      sink and a methanol bath containing the sample was cooled at constant rates using
      copper bars as heat conductor. RESULTS: Sample temperature may be lowered at
      controlled cooling rate (ranging from 0.4 degrees C/min to 6.0 degrees C/min)
      down to ~-60 degrees C, where it could be conserved at lower temperatures. An
      example involving the cryopreservation of Neuro-2A cell line showed a marked
      influence of cooling rate over post preservation cell viability with optimal
      values between 2.6 and 4.6 degrees C/min. CONCLUSION: The cooling device proved
      to be a valuable alternative to more expensive systems allowing the assessment of
      different cooling rates to evaluate the optimal condition for cryopreservation of
      such samples.

PMID- 26963883
TI  - BACTERIA IN CRYOPRESERVED SPERM MASS OF THE WHITE SHRIMP Penaeus vannamei.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation and global trading of P. vannamei sperm will become
      a potential and important biotechnological tool. Nevertheless, information of the
      possible transfer of bacteria in cryopreserved shrimp sperm has not been
      registered yet. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to determine the type
      of bacteria that could be cryopreserved together with white shrimp sperm masses.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen sperm masses were cryopreserved in 10% DMSO and
      0.5 M trehalose and sixteen fresh sperm masses were used for bacterial analysis.
      Bacterial colonies were isolated and selected for sequencing. RESULTS: Strains
      were seawater borne and facultative aerobic bacteria from the genera Bacillus,
      Micrococcus, Paracoccus, Ruegeria and Staphylococcus. Most of them have been
      related with benefits to its host. None were pathogenic for P. vannamei.
      CONCLUSION: Cryopreservation implies preserving pathogenic or beneficial bacteria
      together with the sample. Therefore, it is possible to enhance cryopreserved
      samples or disperse pathogenic bacteria, which needs to be prevented.

PMID- 26963884
TI  - ULTRASTRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF EMBRYONIC AXES OF Fortunella polyandra TO DEHYDRATION
      AND CRYOPRESERVATION.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To further understand the survival characteristics of desiccation
      sensitive excised embryonic axes of Fortunella polyandra to desiccation and
      cryopreservation it is necessary to study the impact of drying rates on both the
      ultrastructure and electrolyte leakage. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of two
      different drying regimes (silica gel and ultra-rapid) on the survival,
      ultrastructure and membrane leakage characteristics of excised embryonic axes of
      F. polyandra before and after cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      effects of the drying regimes on the survival, ultrastructure and membrane
      integrity of the excised embryonic axes of F. polyandra was determined. Survival
      was assessed in vitro, and the integrity of membranes following drying was
      estimated by electrolyte leakage and observation under the transmission electron
      microscope (TEM). Survival and ultrastructural changes were also observed after
      cryopreservation. RESULTS: Electrolyte leakage increased with decreasing water
      content of the embryonic axes, indicative of substantial subcellular damage,
      after both ultra-rapid dehydration (to water contents of <0.16 g H2O g(-1) dw)
      and silica gel dehydration (to <0.28 g H2O g(-1) dw water content).
      Ultrastructurally, axes showed increasing cytoplasm and vacuole shrinkage and
      disruption of cell membranes with longer dehydration periods. Normal seedling
      recovery of 50 to 47% for cryopreserved embryonic axes of F. polyandra was
      observed after ultra-rapid and silica gel drying respectively. Extreme cell
      injury was observed after exposure to liquid nitrogen at high moisture content.
      Although cells of dehydrated axes encountered stress during cryopreservation, the
      main damage occurred during the dehydration step. CONCLUSION: For surviving axes,
      the damage was less severe and the axes grew to become normal seedlings.
      Ultrastructural studies reveal the damage of the cells at different rates of
      dehydration and during cryopreservation.

PMID- 26963885
TI  - A SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT VITRIFICATION METHOD FOR IN-STRAW DILUTION AND DIRECT
      TRANSFER OF BOVINE EMBRYOS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An easy and user friendly protocol that produces consistent results
      will facilitate the commercial application of embryo vitrification technology in
      the field. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to develop a simple and efficient
      vitrification, in-straw dilution and direct transfer method for bovine embryos.
      METHODS: After being vitrified and in-straw thawed, in vivo-derived and in vitro
      produced bovine embryos were subjected to in vitro culture or embryo
      transplantation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in
      survival rates (100.0% vs. 93.9%) and expansion rates (93.8% vs. 87.5%) between
      in vivo-derived and in vitro-produced blastocysts after vitrification and in
      straw dilution. And there was also no significant difference (P > 0.05) in
      conception rates (56.5% vs. 58.8%) after ET between cryopreserved and fresh in
      vivo-derived blastocysts. CONCLUSION: Vitrification using EG-based vitrification
      solution and in-straw dilution with PBS-based diluent is a simple and efficient
      method for cryopreservation and direct transfer of bovine embryos.

PMID- 26963886
TI  - GERMPLASM BANKING AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISH GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
      PROGRAMME IN BRAZIL.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the last ten years, Brazilian fish farming has become more
      focused, resulting in the development of genetic improvement programmes (GIP) for
      two South American species Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) and Pseudoplatystoma
      reticulatum (cachara). OBJECTIVE: To describe the action plan used for setting up
      the GIP and to detail the germplasm bank composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Semen of both species was collected, frozen and transported between locations in
      Brazil. To start the programme, full and half-sib families of both species were
      established from 120 males and 60 females. RESULTS: New species-specific
      protocols for semen cryopreservation s were established of value to commercial
      application in fish farming. CONCLUSION: Germplasm banking has enabled the
      exchange of biological material and reduced the overall GIP costs. Germplasm
      banking can be very important to the dissemination of the selected genetic
      material of these species among fish farmers.

PMID- 26963887
TI  - EFFECT OF SEMEN EXTENDER ON PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN EACH FRACTION OF
      CRYOPRESERVED HUMAN SEMEN.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Semen extender is liquid diluents which are added to semen to
      preserve its fertilizing ability. The addition of extender to semen protects the
      sperm against possible damage by toxic seminal plasma, as well as providing
      nutrients. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The hypotheses of the study are to evaluate, if
      there is any significant change in the protein concentration in each fractions of
      human semen before and after freezing with prepared semen extender. Then we are
      going to correlate the semen parameters with thee fresh semen total protein
      concentration. RESULTS: After preserving with the extender, all the semen samples
      show statistically significant (p < 0.001) in case of protein concentration.
      CONCLUSION: There is a significant different (p < 0.001) in protein concentration
      in various fractions before and after freezing. Also the prepared semen extender
      can be used in Assisted Reproductive centres (ART).

PMID- 26963888
TI  - DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FRENCH PLASTIC SEMEN STRAW
      SUSPENDED IN STATIC NITROGEN VAPOR OVER LIQUID NITROGEN.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of mathematical models describing heat transfer during the
      freezing process is useful for the improvement of cryopreservation protocols. A
      widespread practice for cryopreservation of spermatozoa of domestic animal
      species consists of suspending plastic straws in nitrogen vapor before plunging
      into liquid nitrogen. Knowledge of surface heat transfer coefficient (h) is
      mandatory for computational modelling; however, h values for nitrogen vapor are
      not available. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, surface heat transfer
      coefficients for plastic French straws immersed in nitrogen vapor over liquid
      nitrogen was determined; vertical and horizontal positions were considered.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heat transfer coefficients were determined from the
      measurement of time-temperature curves and from numerical solution of heat
      transfer partial differential equation under transient conditions using finite
      elements. The h values experimentally obtained for horizontal and vertically
      placed straws were compared to those calculated using correlations based on the
      Nusselt number for natural convection. RESULTS: For horizontal straws the average
      obtained value was h=12.5 +/- 1.2 W m(2) K and in the case of vertical straws
      h=16 +/- 2.48 W m(2) K. The numerical simulation validated against experimental
      measurements, combined with accurate h values provides a reliable tool for the
      prediction of freezing curves of semen-filled straws immersed in nitrogen vapor.
      CONCLUSION: The present study contributes to the understanding of the
      cryopreservation techniques for sperm freezing based on engineering concepts,
      improving the cooling protocols and the manipulation of the straws.

PMID- 26963890
TI  - Screening for Metabolic Syndrome in Mental Health Consumers Using an Electronic
      Metabolic Monitoring Form.
AB  - Metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in people with serious mental illness,
      compared to the general population. The main purpose of this study was to
      determine the extent electronic metabolic monitoring forms were being completed
      in a regional mental health service and the extent to which diagnoses of
      metabolic syndrome could be made using the data available. A retrospective file
      audit of 721 electronic mental health consumer records was undertaken. Metabolic
      monitoring data were recorded for 261 (36%) consumers, of which 57 (21.8%) met
      the clinical criteria for metabolic syndrome, 61 (23.4%) did not meet clinical
      criteria, and diagnoses could not be made for 143 (54.8%) consumers due to
      missing data. The limited use of electronic health records may inhibit the
      detection of risk factors for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. 

PMID- 26963891
TI  - Heparin-immobilized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a lactoferrin delivery system
      for improving osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells.
AB  - The aim of this study is to fabricate lactoferrin (LF)-carrying hydroxyapatite
      nanoparticles (HAp NPs) to enhance osteogenic differentiation of rabbit adipose
      derived stem cells (rADSCs). HAp NPs were modified with heparin-dopamine (Hep
      DOPA) (Hep-HAp) and further immobilized with LF (LF/Hep-HAp). Heparin
      immobilization on HAp NPs prevented aggregation of HAp NPs in aqueous solution
      and prolonged the release of LF from LF/Hep-HAp NPs. In vitro studies of rADSCs
      have demonstrated that LF-Hep/HAp NPs significantly increase alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and both mRNA expression of osteocalcin (OCN)
      and osteopontin (OPN) in comparison with HAp and Hep-HAp NPs. These results
      suggest that LF/Hep-HAp NPs can effectively induce osteogenic differentiation of
      rADSCs. 

PMID- 26963892
TI  - Tetracene Formation by On-Surface Reduction.
AB  - We present the on-surface reduction of diepoxytetracenes to form genuine
      tetracene on Cu(111). The conversion is achieved by scanning tunneling microscopy
      (STM) tip-induced manipulation as well as thermal activation and is conclusively
      demonstrated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with atomic resolution. We
      observe that the metallic surface plays an important role in the deoxygenation
      and for the planarization after bond cleavage.

PMID- 26963893
TI  - Correction: Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-methoxystemofoline and (+)
      isomethoxystemofoline.

PMID- 26963894
TI  - Hormone-dependent adolescent organization of socio-sexual behaviors in mammals.
AB  - The adolescent transition from childhood to adulthood requires both reproductive
      and behavioral maturation as individuals acquire the ability to procreate.
      Gonadal steroid hormones are key players in the maturation of behaviors required
      for reproductive success. Beyond activating behavior in adulthood, testicular and
      ovarian hormones organize the adolescent brain and program adult-typical and sex
      typical expression of sociosexual behaviors. Testicular hormones organize sexual
      and agonistic behaviors, including social proficiency-the ability to adapt
      behavior as a function of social experience. Ovarian hormones organize behaviors
      related to energy balance and maternal care. These sex differences in the
      behaviors that are programmed by gonadal hormones during adolescence suggest that
      evolution has selected for hormone-dependent sex-specific organization of
      behaviors that optimize reproductive fitness.

PMID- 26963895
TI  - Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors in the serum of endometriosis
      patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We examine serum levels sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II in endometriosis
      patients, and their role as biomarkers of endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Women were diagnosed with endometriosis during laparoscopy to investigate pelvic
      pain and/or infertility (N=62). Control group included women with pelvic pain
      and/or infertility, whose laparoscopy showed no abnormalities (N=55). Serum
      concentrations of sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II were measured using Bioplex Protein Array
      system. Non-parametric statistics were used. RESULTS: Endometriosis patients had
      significantly higher levels of sTNFR-I than controls (257.46pg/ml, IQR=2.37
      1048.92 versus 130.39pg/ml, IQR=0.99-361.1 respectively, P value=0.01). For TNFR
      II, difference between women with (232pg/ml, IQR=0.0-624.4), and women without
      (132.93pg/ml, IQR=0.0-312.81) endometriosis was not significant (P value=0.05).
      Early stage endometriosis patients had significantly higher level of sTNFR-I
      (559.13, IQR=1.82-1289.86) and sTNFR-II (248.8, IQR=0-644.65) than control women
      (P value is 0.01 for TNFR-I and 0.04 for TNFR-II). Levels of sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II
      were comparable for advanced endometriosis and controls, and between early and
      advanced endometriosis. As a biomarker for all- stage endometriosis, sTNFR-I
      produces AUC of 0.62, sensitivity of 61%, and specificity of 47.3%, at a cutoff
      of 81.87pg/ml. For early stage disease, sTNFR-I yields AUC of 0.68, sensitivity
      of 60.7%, specificity of 75%, at a cutoff of 351.22pg/ml. CONCLUSION: sTNFR-I is
      significantly higher in serum of endometriosis patients than controls. As an
      endometriosis biomarker, sTNFR-I achieves better performance for early stage
      disease.

PMID- 26963896
TI  - Hyperemesis in Pregnancy Study: a pilot randomised controlled trial of midwife
      led outpatient care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of implementing a complex intervention
      involving rapid intravenous rehydration and ongoing midwifery support as compared
      to routine in-patient care for women suffering from severe nausea and vomiting in
      pregnancy, (NVP)/hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). STUDY DESIGN: 53 pregnant women
      attending the Maternity Assessment Unit (MAU), Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation
      Trust, Newcastle, UK with moderate-severe NVP, (as determined by a Pregnancy
      Unique Quantification of Emesis and Vomiting [PUQE] score >=nine), consented to
      participate in this pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT). Subsequently 27 were
      randomised to the intervention group, 26 to the control group. Women in the
      intervention group received rapid rehydration (three litres Hartman's solution
      over 6h) and symptom relief on the MAU followed by ongoing midwifery telephone
      support. The control group were admitted to the antenatal ward for routine in
      patient care. Quality of life (QoL) determined by SF36.V2 score and PUQE score
      were measured 7 days following randomisation. Completion rates, readmission rate,
      length of hospital stay and pregnancy outcomes data were collected. RESULTS:
      Groups were comparable at baseline. Questionnaire two return rate was
      disappointing, only 18 women in the control group (69%) and 13 women in the
      intervention groups (44%). Nonetheless there were no differences between groups
      on Day 7 in terms of QoL, mean PUQE score, satisfaction with care, obstetric and
      neonatal outcomes or readmission rates. However, total combined admission time
      was higher in the control group (94h versus 27h, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This
      study suggests that day-case management plus ongoing midwifery support may be an
      effective alternative for treating women with severe NVP/HG. A larger trial is
      needed to determine if this intervention affects women's QoL.

PMID- 26963897
TI  - Does dehydroepiandrosterone improve pregnancy rate in women undergoing IVF/ICSI
      with expected poor ovarian response according to the Bologna criteria? A
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide the best available evidence on the role of
      dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment in improving the outcome of in vitro
      fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in women with poor
      ovarian response (POR). STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial conducted in
      Cairo University hospitals and Dar Al-Teb subfertility and assisted conception
      centre, Giza, Egypt. 140 women undergoing IVF/ICSI with POR according to the
      Bologna criteria were randomly divided into 2 equal groups. The study group
      received DHEA 25mg three times daily for 12 weeks before the IVF/ICSI cycles and
      the control group did not receive DHEA. Controlled ovarian stimulation (COH) was
      started on the second day of menstruation using human menopausal gonadotropins,
      cetrotide 0.25mg was started when the leading follicle reached 14mm. The main
      outcome measures were the clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate,
      retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, gonadotropins doses and COH days. RESULTS:
      The DHEA group had significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate (32.8% vs 15.7%,
      p=0.029), ongoing pregnancy rate (28.5% vs 12.8%), retrieved oocytes (6.9+/-3 vs
      5.8+/-3.1, p=0.03), fertilization rate (62.3+/-27.4 vs 52.2+/-29.8, p=0.039),
      significantly less gonadotropins doses (3383+/-717.5IU vs 3653.5+/-856IU,
      p=0.045) and COH days (11.6+/-1.8 vs 12.6+/-1.06, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: DHEA
      increases the number of oocytes, fertilization rate, fertilized oocytes, and
      clinical pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy rate in women with POR according to
      the Bologna criteria. DHEA was well tolerated by the patients and was associated
      with less COH days and gonadotropins doses. REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      www.clinicaltrials.govNCT02151006.

PMID- 26963898
TI  - Ryanodine Receptor 2 Plays a Critical Role in Spinal Cord Injury via Induction of
      Oxidative Stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe health problem worldwide.
      Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are a class of intracellular calcium channels in
      various excitable tissues such as muscles and nervous tissues. The current study
      was designed to investigate the possible role of RyR2 upregulation in SCI and to
      elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Rats were injected with
      LVshRNAi- RyR2 and then exposed to spinal cord contusion injury. RESULTS: The
      results showed that knockdown of RyR2 significantly promoted the recovery of
      structural and functional injury in spinal cord, as evidenced by reduction of
      lesion volume and increase of Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) and combined
      behavioral score (CBS) scores. Knockdown of RyR2 inhibited the increase of
      proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Moreover,
      downregulation of RyR2 increased oxygen consumption rate and decreased the
      expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription
      factor 3 (ATF3) and ATF6, indicating the improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction
      and endoplasmic reticulum stress after SCI. Furthermore, silence of RyR2 reduced
      oxidative stress, as reflected by decrease of TBARS and GSSG content and increase
      of GSH level. The expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), NOX4 and p66(shc) were
      increased in SCI rats. Knockdown of RyR2 significantly decreased NOX2 expression,
      but had no evident effect on NOX4 and p66shc expression. These results indicated
      NOX2 may be involved in RyR2-induced ROS generation which mediated contusion
      induced spinal cord injury. CONCLUSION: The data provide novel insights into the
      mechanism of RyR2-mediated injury and the potential therapeutic targets for
      injury in spinal cord.

PMID- 26963899
TI  - Arsenic stress induces changes in lipid signalling and evokes the stomata closure
      in soybean.
AB  - Soybean (Glycine max) is often exposed to high arsenic (As) level in soils or
      through irrigation with groundwater. In previous studies on As-treated soybean
      seedlings we showed deleterious effect on growth, structural alterations mainly
      in root vascular system and induction of antioxidant enzymes. However, there are
      not reports concerning signal transduction pathways triggered by the metalloid in
      order to develop adaptive mechanisms. Phosphatidic acid (PA), a key messenger in
      plants, can be generated via phospholipase D (PLD) or via phospholipase C (PLC)
      coupled to diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). Thus, changes in PA and in an enzyme
      involved in its metabolism (PLD) were analysed in soybean seedlings treated with
      25 MUM AsV or AsIII. The present study demonstrated that As triggers the PA
      signal by PLD and also via PLC/DGK mainly after 48 h of As treatment. DGPP, other
      lipid messenger produced by phosphorylation of PA by PAK increased in As treated
      roots. Arsenic also induced rapid and significant stomatal closure after 1.5 h of
      treatment, mainly with AsIII, probably as an adaptive response to the metalloid
      to reduce water loss by transpiration. This report constitute the first evidence
      that shows the effects of As on lipid signalling events in soybean seedlings
      which would be crucial in adaptation and survival of soybean seedlings under As
      stress.

PMID- 26963900
TI  - Biofunctionalized PEDOT-coated microfibers for the treatment of spinal cord
      injury.
AB  - Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated carbon microfibers (PEDOT-MFs) hold
      promise for developing advanced neuroprostheses and neural repair devices. We
      investigated the chronic cellular responses to PEDOT-MFs implanted into the
      uninjured and the transected rat spinal cord, and compared the effects of polymer
      surface biofunctionalization with covalently attached polylysine (PLL) or a
      multimolecular complex of PLL, heparin, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),
      and fibronectin. An alginate gel was used to facilitate microfiber implantation
      and reduce connective tissue scarring after spinal cord injury (SCI).
      PLL/heparin/bFGF/fibronectin-functionalized PEDOT-MFs showed excellent
      integration within the uninjured and injured spinal cord, frequently establishing
      contact with neuronal somas, axons, dendrites and glial cells, accompanied by
      very little or absent scarring response. On the contrary, non-functionalized and
      PLL-functionalized microfibers provoked inflammation and fibrosis with loss of
      neural elements in the surrounding tissue. Within the lesion, the PEDOT-MFs by
      themselves facilitated longitudinal alignment of migratory cells and growing
      axons, and their modification with PLL/heparin/bFGF/fibronectin promoted tissue
      healing, enhancing blood vessel formation and axonal regeneration without
      increasing inflammation. These results support the incorporation of
      biofunctionalized electroconducting microfibers in neuro-electronic interfaces
      and lesion-bridging systems for the treatment of SCI. 

PMID- 26963902
TI  - Hierarchical photocatalysts.
AB  - As a green and sustainable technology, semiconductor-based heterogeneous
      photocatalysis has received much attention in the last few decades because it has
      potential to solve both energy and environmental problems. To achieve efficient
      photocatalysts, various hierarchical semiconductors have been designed and
      fabricated at the micro/nanometer scale in recent years. This review presents a
      critical appraisal of fabrication methods, growth mechanisms and applications of
      advanced hierarchical photocatalysts. Especially, the different synthesis
      strategies such as two-step templating, in situ template-sacrificial dissolution,
      self-templating method, in situ template-free assembly, chemically induced self
      transformation and post-synthesis treatment are highlighted. Finally, some
      important applications including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants,
      photocatalytic H2 production and photocatalytic CO2 reduction are reviewed. A
      thorough assessment of the progress made in photocatalysis may open new
      opportunities in designing highly effective hierarchical photocatalysts for
      advanced applications ranging from thermal catalysis, separation and purification
      processes to solar cells.

PMID- 26963901
TI  - Perfusion-decellularized skeletal muscle as a three-dimensional scaffold with a
      vascular network template.
AB  - There exists a great need for repair grafts with similar volume to human skeletal
      muscle that can promote the innate ability of muscle to regenerate following
      volumetric muscle loss. Perfusion decellularization is an attractive technique
      for extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold from intact mammalian organ or tissue
      which has been successfully used in tissue reconstruction. The perfusion
      decellularization of skeletal muscle has been poorly assessed and characterized,
      but the bioactivity and functional capacity of the obtained perfusion skeletal
      muscle ECM (pM-ECM) to remodel in vivo is unknown. In the present study, pM-ECM
      was prepared from porcine rectus abdominis (RA). Perfusion-decellularization of
      porcine RA effectively removed cellular and nuclear material while retaining the
      intricate three-dimensional microarchitecture and vasculature networks of the
      native RA, and many of the bioactive ECM components and mechanical properties. In
      vivo, partial-thickness abdominal wall defects in rats repaired with pM-ECM
      showed improved neovascularization, myogenesis and functional recellularization
      compared to porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa (SIS). These findings show
      the biologic potential of RA pM-ECM as a scaffold for supporting site
      appropriate, tissue reconstruction, and provide a better understanding of the
      importance maintaining the tissue-specific complex three-dimensional architecture
      of ECM during decellularization and regeneration. 

PMID- 26963903
TI  - Topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone-induced vitiligo.
AB  - Topical immunotherapy made by diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) is an alternative
      treatment that can be used safely and efficaciously in recalcitrant alopecia
      areata patients. DPCP-induced vitiligo is a rare, but documented, unwanted side
      effect. The real mechanism of DPCP-induced vitiligo is not well known. 

PMID- 26963904
TI  - Implementation of a hospital-integrated general practice--a successful way to
      reduce the burden of inappropriate emergency-department use.
AB  - PRINCIPLES: Emergency departments (EDs) are overcrowded by lower acuity patients,
      which might be more efficiently treated by general practitioners (GPs). This
      study evaluated the impact of triaging lower acuity patients to a new hospital
      integrated general practice (HGP) on ED case-load and the reasons for choosing
      the ED/HGP. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients were consecutively assessed according
      to the emergency severity index (ESI) to triage lower acuity patients to the HGP.
      Consultation numbers at the emergency centre (ED and HGP) increased by 43%
      between 2007 (n = 16 974) and 2011 (n = 24 331) (implementation of HGP in 2009).
      Although self-referrals increased significantly at the emergency centre from 54%
      to 63% (p <0.001), the proportion of self-referrals at the ED was significantly
      reduced to 48% (p = 0.007). The HGP was able to reduce the burden of increasing
      total consultations by 36%; 4.6% were referred back to the ED after triaging to
      the HGP. Overall, 95% of HGP patients were self-referred, Swiss nationals (65%)
      and with a personal GP (82%) they attended regularly (69%). The most common
      reason for presenting at the emergency centre was not being able to reach the GP
      (60%). Diagnoses were injury- (29%) and infection- (23%) related problems
      affecting the musculoskeletal (27%) system and skin (21%). CONCLUSION: The HGP
      succeeded in reducing the burden of inappropriate ED use: the majority of low
      acuity self-referred patients were conclusively treated at the HGP. The HGP does
      not represent competition to the GP out-of-hours care service, since the main
      reason for presenting at the hospital was not lacking a relationship but the GPs'
      inaccessibility.

PMID- 26963905
TI  - Impact of traumatic brain injury on social cognition in adolescents and
      contribution of other higher order cognitive functions.
AB  - Social cognition impairments can contribute to social participation difficulties
      following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, little attention has been given
      to these impairments during adolescence, a period of life when peer relationships
      are central. The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of a moderate
      to severe TBI sustained in adolescence on multiple facets of social cognition.
      Twenty-three adolescents who had sustained a moderate-to-severe TBI were compared
      with a group of 23 typically developing peers. The Integrated Social Cognition
      Battery (mentalising, social knowledge, emotion recognition) and the
      Interpersonal Reactivity Index were administered, along with non-social cognition
      tests (selective attention, working memory, executive functions), IQ estimation,
      and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Adolescents with TBI reported having a
      significantly lower ability to take other people's perspectives versus controls.
      They also presented significantly lower levels of mentalising. After controlling
      for non-social higher-order cognitive variables, the group effect on mentalising
      remained marginally significant, whereas the effect on perspective taking
      remained significant. Our findings suggest the presence of primary deficits in
      social cognition following TBI in adolescence. These deficits could partially
      underlie the social reintegration difficulties encountered following TBI. A
      systematic assessment of social cognition in clinical practice is necessary.

PMID- 26963906
TI  - Immobilization of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 and their application in
      the removal of hydrocarbons from highly concentrated oil-containing wastewater on
      the laboratory scale.
AB  - To explore the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 for the treatment of
      highly concentrated crude oil-contaminated water, the immobilization of strain
      NY3 on the surface of polyurethane foam (PUF), the conditions for using these
      biofilms and the possibility of recovering the used biofilms were studied. The
      results demonstrated that the biofilm formation process for strain NY3 was quick
      and easy. Under optimum conditions, the biomass immobilized on the PUF surface
      could reach 488.32 mg dry cell/g dry PUF. The results demonstrated that when the
      degradation time was 12 h, the average oil removal rate in 2 g crude oil/L
      contaminated water was approximately 90% for 40d. Meanwhile, the biofilms could
      be recovered for reuse. The recovery ability and the high and steady oil removal
      rate facilitated the application of the biofilms for the removal of concentrated
      oil from wastewater. 

PMID- 26963907
TI  - Conferring Natural-Derived Porous Microspheres with Surface Multifunctionality
      through Facile Coordination-Enabled Self-Assembly Process.
AB  - In this study, multifunctional chitin microspheres are synthesized and utilized
      as a platform for multiple potential applications in enzyme immobilization,
      catalytic reduction and adsorption. Porous chitin microspheres with an average
      diameter of 111.5 MUm and a porous architecture are fabricated through a
      thermally induced phase separation method. Then, the porous chitin microspheres
      are conferred with surface multifunctionality through facile coordination-enabled
      self-assembly of tannic acid (TA) and titanium (Ti(IV)) bis(ammonium
      lactate)dihydroxide (Ti-BALDH). The multipoint hydrogen bonds between TA and
      chitin microspheres confer the TA-Ti(IV) coating with high adhesion capability to
      adhere firmly to the surface of the chitin microspheres. In view of the
      biocompatibility, porosity and surface activity, the multifunctional chitin
      microspheres are used as carriers for enzyme immobilization. The enzyme
      conjugated multifunctional porous microspheres exhibit high catalytic performance
      (102.8 U.mg(-1) yeast alcohol dehydrogenase). Besides, the multifunctional chitin
      microspheres also find potential applications in the catalytic reduction (e.g.,
      reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles) and efficient adsorption of
      heavy metal ions (e.g., Pb(2+)) taking advantages of their porosity, reducing
      capability and chelation property. 

PMID- 26963908
TI  - The Bipolar II Depression Questionnaire: A Self-Report Tool for Detecting Bipolar
      II Depression.
AB  - Bipolar II (BP-II) depression is often misdiagnosed as unipolar (UP) depression,
      resulting in suboptimal treatment. Tools for differentiating between these two
      types of depression are lacking. This study aimed to develop a simple, self
      report screening instrument to help distinguish BP-II depression from UP
      depressive disorder. A prototype BP-II depression questionnaire (BPIIDQ-P) was
      constructed following a literature review, panel discussions and a field trial.
      Consecutively assessed patients with a diagnosis of depressive disorder or BP
      with depressive episodes completed the BPIIDQ-P at a psychiatric outpatient
      clinic in Hong Kong between October and December 2013. Data were analyzed using
      discriminant analysis and logistic regression. Of the 298 subjects recruited, 65
      (21.8%) were males and 233 (78.2%) females. There were 112 (37.6%) subjects with
      BP depression [BP-I = 42 (14.1%), BP-II = 70 (23.5%)] and 182 (62.4%) with UP
      depression. Based on family history, age at onset, postpartum depression,
      episodic course, attacks of anxiety, hypersomnia, social phobia and agoraphobia,
      the 8-item BPIIDQ-8 was constructed. The BPIIDQ-8 differentiated subjects with BP
      II from those with UP depression with a sensitivity/specificity of 0.75/0.63 for
      the whole sample and 0.77/0.72 for a female subgroup with a history of
      childbirth. The BPIIDQ-8 can differentiate BP-II from UP depression at the
      secondary care level with satisfactory to good reliability and validity. It has
      good potential as a screening tool for BP-II depression in primary care settings.
      Recall bias, the relatively small sample size, and the high proportion of females
      in the BP-II sample limit the generalization of the results. 

PMID- 26963910
TI  - Correction: Expression of Human NSAID Activated Gene 1 in Mice Leads to Altered
      Mammary Gland Differentiation and Impaired Lactation.

PMID- 26963909
TI  - Inter-Reader Reliability of Early FDG-PET/CT Response Assessment Using the
      Deauville Scale after 2 Cycles of Intensive Chemotherapy (OEPA) in Hodgkin's
      Lymphoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: The five point Deauville (D) scale is widely used to assess interim PET
      metabolic response to chemotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients. An
      International Validation Study reported good concordance among reviewers in ABVD
      treated advanced stage HL patients for the binary discrimination between score
      D1,2,3 and score D4,5. Inter-reader reliability of the whole scale is not well
      characterised. METHODS: Five international expert readers scored 100 interim
      PET/CT scans from paediatric HL patients. Scans were acquired in 51 European
      hospitals after two courses of OEPA chemotherapy (according to the EuroNet-PHL-C1
      study). Images were interpreted in direct comparison with staging PET/CTs.
      RESULTS: The probability that two random readers concord on the five point D
      score of a random case is only 42% (global kappa = 0.24). Aggregating to a three
      point scale D1,2 vs. D3 vs. D4,5 improves concordance to 60% (kappa = 0.34).
      Concordance if one of two readers assigns a given score is 70% for score D1,2
      only 36% for score D3 and 64% for D4,5. Concordance for the binary decisions D1,2
      vs. D3,4,5 is 67% and 86% for D1,2,3 vs D4,5 (kappa = 0.36 resp. 0.56). If one
      reader assigns D1,2,3 concordance probability is 92%, but only 64% if D4,5 is
      called. Discrepancies occur mainly in mediastinum, neck and skeleton. CONCLUSION:
      Inter-reader reliability of the five point D-scale is poor in this interobserver
      analysis of paediatric patients who underwent OEPA. Inter-reader variability is
      maximal in cases assigned to D2 or D3. The binary distinction D1,2,3 versus D4,5
      is the most reliable criterion for clinical decision making.

PMID- 26963911
TI  - Comparison of Algorithms for Prediction of Protein Structural Features from
      Evolutionary Data.
AB  - Proteins have many functions and predicting these is still one of the major
      challenges in theoretical biophysics and bioinformatics. Foremost amongst these
      functions is the need to fold correctly thereby allowing the other genetically
      dictated tasks that the protein has to carry out to proceed efficiently. In this
      work, some earlier algorithms for predicting protein domain folds are revisited
      and they are compared with more recently developed methods. In dealing with
      intractable problems such as fold prediction, when different algorithms show
      convergence onto the same result there is every reason to take all algorithms
      into account such that a consensus result can be arrived at. In this work it is
      shown that the application of different algorithms in protein structure
      prediction leads to results that do not converge as such but rather they collude
      in a striking and useful way that has never been considered before. 

PMID- 26963912
TI  - Relationship between Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition and Psychopathology in
      the Vienna Omega-3 Study.
AB  - This study investigated the relationship between erythrocyte membrane fatty acid
      (FA) levels and the severity of symptoms of individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR)
      for psychosis. Subjects of the present study consisted of 80 neuroleptic-naive
      UHR patients. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated between baseline
      erythrocyte membrane FA levels, measured by gas chromatography, and scores on the
      Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment of Functioning
      Scale, and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after controlling
      for age, sex, smoking and cannabis use. Subjects were divided into three groups
      according to the predominance of positive or negative symptoms based on PANSS
      subscale scores; membrane FA levels in the three groups were then compared. More
      severe negative symptoms measured by PANSS were negatively correlated with two
      saturated FAs (myristic and margaric acids), one omega-9 monounsaturated FA
      (MUFA; nervonic acid), and one omega-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; docosapentaenoic
      acid), and were positively correlated with two omega-9 MUFAs (eicosenoic and
      erucic acids) and two omega-6 PUFAs (gamma-linolenic and docosadienoic acids).
      More severe positive symptoms measured by PANSS were correlated only with
      nervonic acid. No associations were observed between FAs and MADRS scores. In
      subjects with predominant negative symptoms, the sum of the omega-9 MUFAs and the
      omega-6:omega-3 FA ratio were both significantly higher than in those with
      predominant positive symptoms, whereas the sum of omega-3 PUFAs was significantly
      lower. In conclusion, abnormalities in FA metabolism may contribute to the
      neurobiology of psychopathology in UHR individuals. In particular, membrane FA
      alterations may play a role in negative symptoms, which are primary
      psychopathological manifestations of schizophrenia-related disability. 

PMID- 26963913
TI  - Lowered Diversity and Increased Inbreeding Depression within Peripheral
      Populations of Wild Rice Oryza rufipogon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The distribution of genetic variability from the interior towards the
      periphery of a species' range is of great interest to evolutionary biologists.
      Although it has been long presumed that population genetic variation should
      decrease as a species' range is approached, results of empirical investigations
      still remain ambiguous. Knowledge regarding patterns of genetic variability as
      well as affected factors is particularly not conclusive in plants.
      METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To determine genetic divergence in peripheral
      populations of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. from China, genetic diversity
      and population structure were studied in five northern & northeastern peripheral
      and 16 central populations using six microsatellite loci. We found that
      populations resided at peripheries of the species possessed markedly decreased
      microsatellite diversity than those located in its center. Population size was
      observed to be positively correlated with microsatellite diversity. Moreover,
      there are significantly positive correlations between levels of microsatellite
      diversity and distances from the northern and northeastern periphery of this
      species. To investigate genetic structure and heterozygosity variation between
      generations of O. rufipogon, a total of 2382 progeny seeds from 186 maternal
      families were further assayed from three peripheral and central populations,
      respectively. Peripheral populations exhibited significantly lower levels of
      heterozygosities than central populations for both seed and maternal generations.
      In comparisons with maternal samples, significantly low observed heterozygosity
      (HO) and high heterozygote deficit within populations (FIS) values were detected
      in seed samples from both peripheral and central populations. Significantly lower
      observed heterozygosity (HO) and higher FIS values were further observed in
      peripheral populations than those in central populations for seed samples. The
      results indicate an excess of homozygotes and thus high inbreeding depression in
      peripheral populations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results together suggest
      that historical contraction of geographical range, demographic changes, and
      environmental conditions near the northern and northeastern margins of O.
      rufipogon favor inbreeding and possibly selfing, leading to the rapidly decreased
      effective population size. Genetic drift, reduced gene flow, and possible local
      selection, consequently lead to lowered gene diversity, accelerated genetic
      divergence and increased inbreeding depression found in peripheral populations of
      O. rufipogon. Given these characteristics observed, northern and northeastern
      peripheral populations deserve relatively different conservation strategies for
      either germplasm sampling of ex situ conservation or setting in situ reserves for
      the adaptation to possible environmental changes and the future germplasm
      utilization of wild rice.

PMID- 26963915
TI  - Social Suppressive Behavior Is Organized by the Spatiotemporal Integration of
      Multiple Cortical Regions in the Japanese Macaque.
AB  - Under social conflict, monkeys develop hierarchical positions through social
      interactions. Once the hierarchy is established, the dominant monkey dominates
      the space around itself and the submissive monkey tries not to violate this
      space. Previous studies have shown the contributions of the frontal and parietal
      cortices in social suppression, but the contributions of other cortical areas to
      suppressive functions remain elusive. We recorded neural activity in large
      cortical areas using electrocorticographic (ECoG) arrays while monkeys performed
      a social food-grab task in which a target monkey was paired with either a
      dominant or a submissive monkey. If the paired monkey was dominant, the target
      monkey avoided taking food in the shared conflict space, but not in other areas.
      By contrast, when the paired monkey was submissive, the target monkey took the
      food freely without hesitation. We applied decoding analysis to the ECoG data to
      see when and which cortical areas contribute to social behavioral suppression.
      Neural information discriminating the social condition was more evident when the
      conflict space was set in the area contralateral to the recording hemisphere. We
      found that the information increased as the social pressure increased during the
      task. Before food presentation, when the pressure was relatively low, the
      parietal and somatosensory-motor cortices showed sustained discrimination of the
      social condition. After food presentation, when the monkey faced greater pressure
      to make a decision as to whether it should take the food, the prefrontal and
      visual cortices started to develop buildup responses. The social representation
      was found in a sustained form in the parietal and somatosensory-motor regions,
      followed by additional buildup form in the visual and prefrontal cortices. The
      representation was less influenced by reward expectation. These findings suggest
      that social adaptation is achieved by a higher-order self-regulation process
      (incorporating motor preparation/execution processes) in accordance with the
      embodied social contexts. 

PMID- 26963914
TI  - Pediatric in-Hospital Death from Infectious Disease in Uganda: Derivation of
      Clinical Prediction Models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pediatric hospital mortality from infectious diseases in resource
      constrained countries remains unacceptably high. Improved methods of risk
      stratification can assist in referral decision making and resource allocation.
      The purpose of this study was to create prediction models for in-hospital
      mortality among children admitted with suspected infectious diseases. METHODS:
      This two-site prospective observational study enrolled children between 6 months
      and 5 years admitted with a proven or suspected infection. Baseline clinical and
      laboratory variables were collected on enrolled children. The primary outcome was
      death during admission. Stepwise logistic regression minimizing Akaike's
      information criterion was used to identify the most promising multivariate
      models. The final model was chosen based on parsimony. RESULTS: 1307 children
      were enrolled consecutively, and 65 (5%) of whom died during their admission.
      Malaria, pneumonia and gastroenteritis were diagnosed in 50%, 31% and 8% of
      children, respectively. The primary model included an abnormal Blantyre coma
      scale, HIV and weight-for-age z-score. This model had an area under the curve
      (AUC) of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80-0.89) with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and
      76%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 15% and 99%,
      respectively. Two alternate models with similar performance characteristics were
      developed withholding HIV and weight-for-age z-score, for use when these
      variables are not available. CONCLUSIONS: Risk stratification of children
      admitted with infectious diseases can be calculated based on several easily
      measured variables. Risk stratification at admission can be used for allocation
      of scarce human and physical resources and to guide referral among children
      admitted to lower level health facilities.

PMID- 26963916
TI  - Differences in Trait Impulsivity Indicate Diversification of Dog Breeds into
      Working and Show Lines.
AB  - Impulsiveness describes the inability to inhibit behaviour in the presence of
      salient cues. Trait-level impulsivity exists on a continuum and individual
      differences can be adaptive in different contexts. While breed related
      differences in behavioural tendency in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) are
      well established, the phenomenon within lines of a breed which have been selected
      more recently is not well studied, although it may challenge the popular notion
      of breed-typical behaviour. We describe differences in impulsivity between and
      within two dog breeds with working and show lines selected for different levels
      of impulsivity: Border Collies (herding work) and Labrador Retrievers (gun work).
      Recent show line selection might have lessened differences in impulsivity between
      breeds. We tested this hypothesis on a dataset of 1161 individuals assessed using
      a validated psychometric tool (Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale--DIAS). Collies
      were more impulsive on average, consistent with the original purpose of breed
      selection. Regarding line, working Collies differed from working Labradors, but
      show lines from the two breeds were not significantly different. Altered or
      relaxed artificial selection for behavioural traits when appearance rather than
      behaviour become the primary focus for breeders may reduce average differences in
      impulsivity between breeds in show lines.

PMID- 26963917
TI  - From Grapheme to Phonological Output: Performance of Adults Who Stutter on a Word
      Jumble Task.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to extend previous research by
      analyzing the ability of adults who stutter to use phonological working memory in
      conjunction with lexical access to perform a word jumble task. METHOD: Forty
      English words consisting of 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-letters (n = 10 per letter length
      category) were randomly jumbled using a web-based application. During the
      experimental task, 26 participants were asked to silently manipulate the
      scrambled letters to form a real word. Each vocal response was coded for accuracy
      and speech reaction time (SRT). RESULTS: Adults who stutter attempted to solve
      fewer word jumble stimuli than adults who do not stutter at the 4-letter, 5
      letter, and 6-letter lengths. Additionally, adults who stutter were significantly
      less accurate solving word jumble tasks at the 4-letter, 5-letter, and 6-letter
      lengths compared to adults who do not stutter. At the longest word length (6
      letter), SRT was significantly slower for the adults who stutter than the fluent
      controls. CONCLUSION: Results of the current study lend further support to the
      notion that differences in various aspects of phonological processing, including
      vision-to-sound conversions, sub-vocal stimulus manipulation, and/or lexical
      access are compromised in adults who stutter.

PMID- 26963920
TI  - Atomic Layer Deposition-Confined Nonstoichiometric TiO2 Nanocrystals with
      Tunneling Effects for Solar Driven Hydrogen Evolution.
AB  - Ti(3+) self-doped TiO2 nanocrystals (TNCs) confined with controllable atomic
      layer deposition (ALD) amorphous layers were developed to provide a novel model
      of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) photocatalysts for hydrogen generation in
      the ultraviolet to near-infrared region. Photoexcitation of optimized MIS
      nanostructures consisting of a metal cocatalyst (Pt), electron tunneling layer
      (ALD TiO2), and photoactive nonstoichiometric core (Ti(3+)-doped TNC) exhibited
      efficient hydrogen generation (52 MUmol h(-1).g(-1)), good reusability (16 h),
      and long-term stability (>7 d). The charge-transfer dynamics were examined using
      transient absorption spectroscopy to clarify the relationship between the
      photocatalytic activity and the tunneling effect. Our strategies highlight defect
      engineering in fabricating MIS photocatalysts with improved charge separation and
      tailored solar energy conversion properties. 

PMID- 26963918
TI  - Daily Activity and Nest Occupation Patterns of Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger)
      throughout the Year.
AB  - The authors investigated the general activity and nest occupation patterns of fox
      squirrels in a natural setting using temperature-sensitive data loggers that
      measure activity as changes in the microenvironment of the animal. Data were
      obtained from 25 distinct preparations, upon 14 unique squirrels, totaling 1385
      recording days. The animals were clearly diurnal, with a predominantly unimodal
      activity pattern, although individual squirrels occasionally exhibited bimodal
      patterns, particularly in the spring and summer. Even during the short days of
      winter (9 hours of light), the squirrels typically left the nest after dawn and
      returned before dusk, spending only about 7 hours out of the nest each day.
      Although the duration of the daily active phase did not change with the seasons,
      the squirrels exited the nest earlier in the day when the days became longer in
      the summer and exited the nest later in the day when the days became shorter in
      the winter, thus tracking dawn along the seasons. During the few hours spent
      outside the nest each day, fox squirrels seemed to spend most of the time sitting
      or lying. These findings suggest that fox squirrels may have adopted a slow life
      history strategy that involves long periods of rest on trees and short periods of
      ground activity each day. 

PMID- 26963921
TI  - Chronic Wasting Disease: Transmission Mechanisms and the Possibility of Harvest
      Management.
AB  - We develop a model of CWD management by nonselective deer harvest, currently the
      most feasible approach available for managing CWD in wild populations. We use the
      model to explore the effects of 6 common harvest strategies on disease prevalence
      and to identify potential optimal harvest policies for reducing disease
      prevalence without population collapse. The model includes 4 deer categories
      (juveniles, adult females, younger adult males, older adult males) that may be
      harvested at different rates, a food-based carrying capacity, which influences
      juvenile survival but not adult reproduction or survival, and seasonal force of
      infection terms for each deer category under differing frequency-dependent
      transmission dynamics resulting from environmental and direct contact mechanisms.
      Numerical experiments show that the interval of transmission coefficients beta
      where the disease can be controlled is generally narrow and efficiency of a
      harvest policy to reduce disease prevalence depends crucially on the details of
      the disease transmission mechanism, in particular on the intensity of disease
      transmission to juveniles and the potential differences in the behavior of older
      and younger males that influence contact rates. Optimal harvest policy to
      minimize disease prevalence for each of the assumed transmission mechanisms is
      shown to depend on harvest intensity. Across mechanisms, a harvest that focuses
      on antlered deer, without distinguishing between age classes reduces disease
      prevalence most consistently, whereas distinguishing between young and older
      antlered deer produces higher uncertainty in the harvest effects on disease
      prevalence. Our results show that, despite uncertainties, a modelling approach
      can determine classes of harvest strategy that are most likely to be effective in
      combatting CWD. 

PMID- 26963922
TI  - Nativity and Health Disparities: Predictors of Immigrant Health.
AB  - This study examines the differences in the social determinants of health and
      chronic health conditions of immigrants and nonimmigrants. The logistic
      regression results indicate that employment, education, poverty, residential
      status, and neighborhood safety have strong influence on the health of immigrants
      and native-born Americans; however, gender and place of residence are significant
      to only nonimmigrant health. For chronic health conditions, age and employment
      status are significant predictors for immigrants whereas race/ethnicity, age,
      gender, insurance coverage, and education are important predictors of chronic
      health conditions among nonimmigrants. Neighborhood safety, English proficiency,
      and marital status were not significant determinants of the health conditions of
      both subgroups. The study points to the importance of education, poverty/income,
      and neighborhood safety as essential determinants of immigrant and nonimmigrant
      health. However, there are variations in the health predictors for each group. 

PMID- 26963919
TI  - EEG Theta Dynamics within Frontal and Parietal Cortices for Error Processing
      during Reaching Movements in a Prism Adaptation Study Altering Visuo-Motor
      Predictive Planning.
AB  - Modulation of frontal midline theta (fmtheta) is observed during error
      commission, but little is known about the role of theta oscillations in
      correcting motor behaviours. We investigate EEG activity of healthy partipants
      executing a reaching task under variable degrees of prism-induced visuo-motor
      distortion and visual occlusion of the initial arm trajectory. This task
      introduces directional errors of different magnitudes. The discrepancy between
      predicted and actual movement directions (i.e. the error), at the time when
      visual feedback (hand appearance) became available, elicits a signal that
      triggers on-line movement correction. Analysis were performed on 25 EEG channels.
      For each participant, the median value of the angular error of all reaching
      trials was used to partition the EEG epochs into high- and low-error conditions.
      We computed event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) time-locked either to
      visual feedback or to the onset of movement correction. ERSP time-locked to the
      onset of visual feedback showed that fmtheta increased in the high- but not in
      the low-error condition with an approximate time lag of 200 ms. Moreover, when
      single epochs were sorted by the degree of motor error, fmtheta started to
      increase when a certain level of error was exceeded and, then, scaled with error
      magnitude. When ERSP were time-locked to the onset of movement correction, the
      fmtheta increase anticipated this event with an approximate time lead of 50 ms.
      During successive trials, an error reduction was observed which was associated
      with indices of adaptations (i.e., aftereffects) suggesting the need to explore
      if theta oscillations may facilitate learning. To our knowledge this is the first
      study where the EEG signal recorded during reaching movements was time-locked to
      the onset of the error visual feedback. This allowed us to conclude that theta
      oscillations putatively generated by anterior cingulate cortex activation are
      implicated in error processing in semi-naturalistic motor behaviours. 

PMID- 26963924
TI  - An approach to standardization of urine sediment analysis via suggestion of a
      common manual protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The results of urine sediment analysis have been reported
      semiquantitatively. However, as recent guidelines recommend quantitative
      reporting of urine sediment, and with the development of automated urine sediment
      analyzers, there is an increasing need for quantitative analysis of urine
      sediment. Here, we developed a protocol for urine sediment analysis and
      quantified the results. METHODS: Based on questionnaires, various reports,
      guidelines, and experimental results, we developed a protocol for urine sediment
      analysis. The results of this new protocol were compared with those obtained with
      a standardized chamber and an automated sediment analyzer. Reference intervals
      were also estimated using new protocol. RESULTS: We developed a protocol with
      centrifugation at 400 g for 5 min, with the average concentration factor of 30.
      The correlation between quantitative results of urine sediment analysis, the
      standardized chamber, and the automated sediment analyzer were generally good.
      The conversion factor derived from the new protocol showed a better fit with the
      results of manual count than the default conversion factor in the automated
      sediment analyzer. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a protocol for manual urine sediment
      analysis to quantitatively report the results. This protocol may provide a mean
      for standardization of urine sediment analysis.

PMID- 26963923
TI  - Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects
      of Personal Strengths and Resources.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many studies on resilience have shown that people can succeed in
      preserving mental health after a traumatic event. Less is known about whether and
      how people can preserve subjective wellbeing in the presence of psychopathology.
      We examined to what extent psychopathology can co-exist with acceptable levels of
      subjective wellbeing and which personal strengths and resources moderate the
      association between psychopathology and wellbeing. METHODS: Questionnaire data on
      wellbeing (Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life/Happiness Index),
      psychological symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales), and personal strengths
      and resources (humor, Humor Style questionnaire; empathy, Empathy Quotient
      questionnaire; social company; religion; daytime activities, Living situation
      questionnaire) were collected in a population-based internet study
      (HowNutsAreTheDutch; N = 12,503). Data of the subset of participants who
      completed the above questionnaires (n = 2411) were used for the present study.
      Regression analyses were performed to predict wellbeing from symptoms, resources,
      and their interactions. RESULTS: Satisfactory levels of wellbeing (happiness
      score 6 or higher) were found in a substantial proportion of the participants
      with psychological symptoms (58% and 30% of those with moderate and severe
      symptom levels, respectively). The association between symptoms and wellbeing was
      large and negative (-0.67, P < .001), but less so in persons with high levels of
      self-defeating humor and in those with a partner and/or pet. Several of the
      personal strengths and resources had a positive main effect on wellbeing,
      especially self-enhancing humor, having a partner, and daytime activities.
      CONCLUSIONS: Cultivating personal strengths and resources, like humor,
      social/animal company, and daily occupations, may help people preserve acceptable
      levels of wellbeing despite the presence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and
      stress.

PMID- 26963925
TI  - Coinfection of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Streptococcus pneumoniae in
      Multiple Cutaneous Lesions.

PMID- 26963932
TI  - Potential Projective Material on the Rorschach: Comparing Comprehensive System
      Protocols to Their Modeled R-Optimized Administration Counterparts.
AB  - Exner ( 1989 ) and Weiner ( 2003 ) identified 3 types of Rorschach codes that are
      most likely to contain personally relevant projective material: Distortions,
      Movement, and Embellishments. We examine how often these types of codes occur in
      normative data and whether their frequency changes for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or
      last response to a card. We also examine the impact on these variables of the
      Rorschach Performance Assessment System's (R-PAS) statistical modeling procedures
      that convert the distribution of responses (R) from Comprehensive System (CS)
      administered protocols to match the distribution of R found in protocols obtained
      using R-optimized administration guidelines. In 2 normative reference databases,
      the results indicated that about 40% of responses (M = 39.25) have 1 type of
      code, 15% have 2 types, and 1.5% have all 3 types, with frequencies not changing
      by response number. In addition, there were no mean differences in the original
      CS and R-optimized modeled records (M Cohen's d = -0.04 in both databases). When
      considered alongside findings showing minimal differences between the protocols
      of people randomly assigned to CS or R-optimized administration, the data suggest
      R-optimized administration should not alter the extent to which potential
      projective material is present in a Rorschach protocol.

PMID- 26963933
TI  - The Developmental Biology of Parasitic Nematodes.

PMID- 26963934
TI  - Observations and impacts of transported Canadian wildfire smoke on ozone and
      aerosol air quality in the Maryland region on June 9-12, 2015.
AB  - Canadian wildfire smoke impacted air quality across the northern Mid-Atlantic
      (MA) of the United States during June 9-12, 2015. A multiday exceedance of the
      new 2015 70-ppb National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone (O3)
      followed, resulting in Maryland being incompliant with the Environmental
      Protection Agency's (EPA) revised 2015 O3 NAAQS. Surface in situ, balloon-borne,
      and remote sensing observations monitored the impact of the wildfire smoke at
      Maryland air quality monitoring sites. At peak smoke concentrations in Maryland,
      wildfire-attributable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) more than doubled, while
      non-NOx oxides of nitrogen (NOz) tripled, suggesting long range transport of NOx
      within the smoke plume. Peak daily average PM2.5 was 32.5 ug m(-3) with large
      fractions coming from black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC), with a
      synonymous increase in carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. Measurements indicate
      that smoke tracers at the surface were spatially and temporally correlated with
      maximum 8-hr O3 concentrations in the MA, all which peaked on June 11. Despite
      initial smoke arrival late on June 9, 2015, O3 production was inhibited due to
      ultraviolet (UV) light attenuation, lower temperatures, and nonoptimal surface
      layer composition. Comparison of Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model
      surface O3 forecasts to observations suggests 14 ppb additional O3 due to smoke
      influences in northern Maryland. Despite polluted conditions, observations of a
      nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ) and Chesapeake Bay Breeze (BB) were associated
      with decreases in O3 in this case. While infrequent in the MA, wildfire smoke may
      be an increasing fractional contribution to high-O3 days, particularly in light
      of increased wildfire frequency in a changing climate, lower regional emissions,
      and tighter air quality standards. IMPLICATIONS: The presented event demonstrates
      how a single wildfire event associated with an ozone exceedance of the NAAQS can
      prevent the Baltimore region from complying with lower ozone standards. This
      relatively new problem in Maryland is due to regional reductions in NOx emissions
      that led to record low numbers of ozone NAAQS violations in the last 3 years.
      This case demonstrates the need for adequate means to quantify and justify ozone
      impacts from wildfires, which can only be done through the use of observationally
      based models. The data presented may also improve future air quality forecast
      models.

PMID- 26963935
TI  - Crystal Structure of the Fab Fragment of an Anti-ofloxacin Antibody and
      Exploration of Its Specific Binding.
AB  - The limited knowledge on the mechanism of interactions between small contaminants
      and the corresponding antibodies greatly inhibits the development of enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay methods. In this study, the crystal structure of a Fab
      fragment specific for ofloxacin was obtained. On the basis of the crystal
      characteristics, the modeling of the interactions between ofloxacin and the Fab
      revealed that TYR31 and HIS99 of the heavy chain and MET20 and GLN79 of the light
      chain formed a hydrophobic region and that SER52 and ALA97 of the heavy chain and
      TYR35 of the light chain formed a salt bridge and two hydrogen bonds for specific
      binding. The key roles of SER52 and ALA97 were further confirmed by site-directed
      mutation. A specificity analysis using 14 ofloxacin analogues indicates that the
      length of the bond formed between the piperazine ring and the antibody plays key
      roles in specific recognition. This work helps to clarify the mechanisms through
      which antibodies recognize small molecules and improve immune detection methods. 

PMID- 26963936
TI  - Predicting Prostate Biopsy Outcomes: A Preliminary Investigation on Screening
      with Ultrahigh B-Value Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as an Innovative Diagnostic
      Biomarker.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Routine screening of prostate specific antigen (PSA) is no longer
      recommended because of a high rate of over-diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa).
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance
      imaging (DW-MRI) for PCa detection, and to explore the clinical utility of
      ultrahigh b-value DW-MRI in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes. METHODOLOGY: 73
      male patients were selected for the study. They underwent 3T MRI using T2WI
      conventional DW-MRI with b-value 1000 s/mm2, and ultrahigh b-value DW-MRI with b
      values of 2000 s/mm2 and 3000 s/mm2. Two radiologists evaluated individual
      prostate gland images on a 5-point rating scale using PI-RADS, for the purpose of
      region-specific comparisons among modalities. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy,
      positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and likelihood
      ratios (LR) were investigated for each MRI modality. The area under the receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was also calculated. RESULTS: Results
      showed the improved diagnostic value of ultrahigh b-value DWI-MRI for detection
      of PCa when compared to other b values and conventional MRI protocols.
      Sensitivity values for 3000 s/mm2 in both peripheral zone (PZ) and transition
      zone (TZ) were significantly higher than those observed with conventional DW-MRI
      Specificity values for 3000 s/mm2 in the TZ were significantly higher than other
      b-value images, whereas specificity values using 3000 s/mm2 in the PZ were not
      significantly higher than 2000 s/mm2 images. PPV and NPV between 3000 s/mm2 and
      the other three modalities were significantly higher for both PZ and TZ images.
      The PLRs and NLRs of b-value 3000 s/mm2 DW-MRI in the PZ and TZ were also
      recorded. ROC analysis showed greater AUCs for the b value 3000 s/mm2 DWI than
      for the other three modalities. CONCLUSIONS: DW-MRI with a b-value of 3000 s/mm2
      was found to be the most accurate and reliable MRI modality for PCa tumor
      detection and localization, particularly for TZ lesion discrimination. It may be
      stated that the b-value of 3000 s/mm2 is a novel, improved diagnostic biomarker
      with greater predictive accuracy for PCa prior to biopsy.

PMID- 26963937
TI  - Seasonality of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in China-Fitting Simple Epidemic Models to
      Human Cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Three epidemic waves of influenza A(H7N9) (hereafter 'H7N9') human
      cases have occurred between March 2013 and July 2015 in China. However, the
      underlying transmission mechanism remains unclear. Our main objective is to use
      mathematical models to study how seasonality, secular changes and environmental
      transmission play a role in the spread of H7N9 in China. METHODS: Data on human
      cases and chicken cases of H7N9 infection were downloaded from the EMPRES-i
      Global Animal Disease Information System. We modelled on chicken-to-chicken
      transmission, assuming a constant ratio of 10-6 human case per chicken case, and
      compared the model fit with the observed human cases. We developed three
      different modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible models:
      (i) a non-periodic transmission rate model with an environmental class, (ii) a
      non-periodic transmission rate model without an environmental class, and (iii) a
      periodic transmission rate model with an environmental class. We then estimated
      the key epidemiological parameters and compared the model fit using Akaike
      Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion. RESULTS: Our results
      showed that a non-periodic transmission rate model with an environmental class
      provided the best model fit to the observed human cases in China during the study
      period. The estimated parameter values were within biologically plausible ranges.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the importance of considering secular changes
      and environmental transmission in the modelling of human H7N9 cases. Secular
      changes were most likely due to control measures such as Live Poultry Markets
      closures that were implemented during the initial phase of the outbreaks in
      China. Our results suggested that environmental transmission via viral shedding
      of infected chickens had contributed to the spread of H7N9 human cases in China.

PMID- 26963938
TI  - Value of Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase for Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia by
      Correlation With Age.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze the value of gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (GGT) for distinguishing biliary atresia (BA) from non-BA for
      patients suspected of having neonatal obstructive jaundice by correlation with
      age. METHODS: From January 2003 to March 2014, cholangiography and/or surgical
      exploration were undertaken in 1469 patients with suspicion of having neonatal
      obstructive jaundice. A total of 1338 patients were diagnosed with BA
      intraoperatively. Preoperative medical records were compared between BA and non
      BA patients. RESULTS: Preoperative levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin,
      and GGT were significantly higher in the BA group (P < 0.05), whereas the non-BA
      group had higher alkaline phosphatase levels (P = 0.0003). The area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin,
      GGT, and alkaline phosphatase was 0.584, 0.614, 0.843, and 0.398, respectively.
      In all age groups (i: 31-60 days; ii: 61-90 days; iii: 91-120 days; iv: >=121
      days), BA groups had higher GGT levels (in IU/L) (i: 725.3 +/- 549.9; ii: 927.0
      +/- 679.8; iii: 1114.3 +/- 823.1; iv: 767.5 +/- 666.7). The level of GGT in
      patients with BA younger than 30 days was 834.2 +/- 475.3 IU/L. GGT levels had
      the highest diagnostic value (0.869) in group ii (61-90 days) and the lowest
      diagnosis value (0.712) in group iv (>=121 days). At a cutoff of >303 IU/L in
      group ii (61-90 days), GGT had 82.8% sensitivity and 81.6% specificity for the
      discrimination of BA. CONCLUSIONS: GGT levels contribute to the diagnosis of BA
      before 120 days. Age must be considered if using GGT levels as a diagnostic test
      for BA.

PMID- 26963939
TI  - Parenteral Nutrition of Preterm Infants May Lead to Inadequate Phosphorus Supply.

PMID- 26963941
TI  - Effects of 10-week eccentric overload training on kinetic parameters during
      change of direction in football players.
AB  - The aim of the current study was to analyse the effect of 10-week eccentric
      overload training on kinetic parameters during change of direction (COD) in U-19
      football players. The outcome measured included relative peak braking (rPB) and
      propulsive force (rPF), contact time (CT), time spent during braking (BT) and
      propulsive phase (PT), relative total (rTOT_IMP), braking (rB_IMP) and propulsive
      (rP_IMP) impulses. Between-group results showed a substantial better improvement
      (likely) in CT (ES: 0.72) and BT (ES: 0.74) during side-step cutting, and in rPB
      (ES: 0.84) and rB_IMP (ES: 0.72) during crossover cutting, in the experimental
      group (EXP) in comparison to control group (CON). Within-group analysis showed a
      substantially better performance (likely to almost certain) in CT (ES: 1.19), BT
      (ES: 1.24), PT (ES: 0.70), rPB (ES: 0.75), rPF (ES: 0.68), rTOT_IMP (ES: 0.48)
      and rB_IMP (ES: 0.50) in EXP during side-step cutting. Regarding crossover
      cutting, within-group analysis showed a substantial better performance (likely to
      almost certain) in CT (ES: 0.75), rPB (ES: 0.75), rPF (ES: 1.34), rTOT_IMP (ES:
      0.61), rB_IMP (ES: 0.76) and rP_IMP (ES: 0.46) in EXP. In conclusion, the
      eccentric overload-based programme led to an improvement in kinetic parameters
      during COD football tasks. 

PMID- 26963942
TI  - Study on the disparate transition behaviors of the electrical/physical properties
      in PEDOT:PSS film depending on solvent species under a follow-up solution
      treatment process.
AB  - In most solution-processed organic devices, a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
      (PEDOT) polymerized with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) film is inevitably
      affected by various conditions during the subsequent solution-coating processes.
      To investigate the effects of direct solvent exposure on the properties of PEDOT
      polymerized with PSS (PEDOT:PSS) films, photoemission spectroscopy-based
      analytical methods were used before and after solvent-coating processes. Our
      results clearly indicate that PEDOT: PSS films undergo a different transition
      mechanism depending on the solubility of the solvent in water. The water-miscible
      solvents induce the solvation of hydrophilic PSS chains. As a result, this
      process allows the solvent to diffuse into the PEDOT: PSS film, and a
      conformational change between PEDOT and PSS occurs. On the other hand, the water
      immiscible organic solvents cause the partial adsorption of solvent molecules at
      the PE surface, which leads to changes in the surface properties, including work
      function. Based on our finding, we demonstrate that the energy-level alignments
      at the organic semiconductor/electrode interface for the PEDOT: PSS films can be
      controlled by simple solvent treatments.

PMID- 26963940
TI  - Golimumab Therapy in Six Patients With Severe Pediatric Onset Crohn Disease.
AB  - Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockade is so far the most
      effective therapy for extensive pediatric Crohn disease (CD), but loss of
      response is frequently encountered. We describe here the use of golimumab
      (Simponi) in 6 pediatric CD patients with antibody formation/loss of response to
      infliximab and adalimumab. Most patients had undergone surgery but had poor
      disease control. After introduction of golimumab, the levels of inflammatory
      markers and fecal calprotectin declined at first, but the response was not
      sustained. Each patient needed dose escalation of golimumab from 4 to 2 week
      intervals, to maintain response and to increase trough levels. Importantly, most
      patients were able to attend school when undergoing golimumab therapy. As with
      other anti-TNFalpha drugs, follow-up of drug levels is advisable. Although
      golimumab therapy failed in most patients, it is an alternate treatment option in
      pediatric patients with severe CD. The therapeutic response, however, is
      suboptimal in anti-TNFalpha exposed patients.

PMID- 26963943
TI  - An efficient technique for estimating the two-dimensional temperature
      distributions around multiple cryo-surgical probes based on combining
      contributions of unit circles.
AB  - This study presents an efficient, fast and accurate method for estimating the two
      dimensional temperature distributions around multiple cryo-surgical probes. The
      identical probes are inserted into the same depth and are operated simultaneously
      and uniformly. The first step in this method involves numerical derivation of the
      temporal performance data of a single probe, embedded in a semi-infinite, tissue
      like medium. The results of this derivation are approximated by algebraic
      expressions that form the basis for computing the temperature distributions of
      multiple embedded probes by combining the data of a single probe. Comparison of
      isothermal contours derived by this method to those computed numerically for a
      variety of geometrical cases, up to 15 inserted probes and 2-10 min times of
      operation, yielded excellent results. Since this technique obviates the solution
      of the differential equations of multiple probes, the computational time required
      for a particular case is several orders of magnitude shorter than that needed for
      obtaining the full numerical solution. Blood perfusion and metabolic heat
      generation rates are demonstrated to inhibit the advancement of isothermal
      fronts. Application of this method will significantly shorten computational times
      without compromising the accuracy of the results. It may also facilitate
      expeditious consideration of the advantages of different modes of operation and
      the number of inserted probes at the early design stage. 

PMID- 26963944
TI  - Low level laser therapy in non-surgical management of osteoradionecrosis of the
      jaws.

PMID- 26963945
TI  - A computer-guided minimally-invasive technique for orthodontic forced eruption of
      impacted canines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop a computer-guided minimally
      invasive protocol for the surgical application of an orthodontic traction during
      the forced eruption of an impacted canine. METHODS: 3Diagnosys(r) software was
      used to evaluate impacted canines position and to plan the surgical access,
      taking into account soft and hard tissues thickness, orthodontic traction path
      and presence of possible obstacles. Geomagic(r) software was used for reverse
      engineering and RhinocerosTM software was employed as three-dimensional modeller
      in preparing individualized surgical guides. Surgical access was gained flapless
      through the use of a mucosal punch for soft tissues, followed by a trephine bur
      with a pre-adjusted stop for bone path creation. A diamond bur mounted on
      SONICflex(r) 2003/L handpiece was used to prepare a 2-mm-deep calibrated hole
      into the canine enamel where a titanium screw connected with a stainless steel
      ligature was screwed. In-vitro pull-out tests, radiological and SEM analysis were
      realized in order to investigate screw stability and position. RESULTS: In two
      out of ten samples the screw was removed after the application of a 1-kg pull-out
      force. Radiological and SEM analysis demonstrated that all the screws were
      inserted into the enamel without affecting dentine integrity. CONCLUSIONS: This
      computer-guided minimally-invasive technique allowed a precise and reliable
      positioning of screws utilized during the orthodontic traction of impacted
      canines.

PMID- 26963946
TI  - The genetic predisposition to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a prevalent chronic lung
      disease in premature infants. Twin studies have shown strong heritability
      underlying this disease; however, the genetic architecture of BPD remains
      unclear. RECENT FINDINGS: A number of studies employed different approaches to
      characterize the genetic aberrations associated with BPD, including candidate
      gene studies, genome-wide association studies, exome sequencing, integrative
      omics analysis, and pathway analysis. Candidate gene studies identified a number
      of genes potentially involved with the development of BPD, but the etiological
      contribution from each gene is not substantial. Copy number variation studies and
      three independent genome-wide association studies did not identify genetic
      variations significantly and consistently associated with BPD. A recent exome
      sequencing study pointed to rare variants implicated in the disease. In this
      review, we summarize these studies' methodology and findings, and suggest future
      research directions to better understand the genetic underpinnings of this
      potentially life-long lung disease. SUMMARY: Genetic factors play a significant
      role in the development of BPD. Recent studies suggested that rare variants in
      genes participating in lung development pathways could contribute to BPD
      susceptibility.

PMID- 26963948
TI  - Surgical options for the management of severe functional constipation in
      children.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Constipation is a very common problem in pediatrics with both
      the severity of presentations and treatments varying across a broad spectrum. The
      majority of children with functional constipation are managed successfully
      without the need for specialized testing and surgical intervention. Those who
      present with intractable constipation, with or without fecal soiling, require
      referrals for motility testing that helps determine both medical and surgical
      management, and interventions. The literature was reviewed for publications on
      surgical approaches to children with severe constipation, including assessing the
      quality and levels of evidence and the use of objective measures to determine
      outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: There is very little in the way of recent studies
      evaluating surgical indications or treatment approaches for functional
      constipation, apart from one systematic review and one recent expert review.
      Although the systematic review was published in the last year, most of the
      studies it analyzes are older. The vast majority of studies comprise level 4 and
      5 evidence. SUMMARY: The indication for most surgical procedures is 'failed'
      medical management, yet no standardized definition for this exists. Many surgical
      procedures are proposed with little evidence to show outcomes. We recommend that
      the surgical evaluation and treatment of children with constipation needs to be
      protocolized and studied in a prospective manner using validated outcomes
      measures. Our center's current protocol is described.

PMID- 26963947
TI  - Anaphylaxis in children.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that can be life
      threatening. We will review the most recent evidence regarding the diagnosis,
      treatment, monitoring, and prevention of anaphylaxis in children. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Histamine and tryptase are not sufficiently accurate for the routine
      diagnosis of anaphylaxis, so providers should continue to rely on clinical signs.
      Platelet-activating factor shows some promise in the diagnosis of anaphylaxis.
      Intramuscular is the best route for epinephrine administration for children of
      all weights. Glucocorticoids may reduce prolonged hospitalizations for
      anaphylaxis. Children with anaphylaxis who have resolving symptoms and no history
      of asthma or previous biphasic reactions may be observed for as few as 3-4 h
      before emergency department discharge. Early peanut introduction reduces the risk
      of peanut allergy. SUMMARY: Epinephrine remains the mainstay of anaphylaxis
      treatment, and adjuvant medications should not be used in its place. All patients
      with anaphylaxis should be prescribed and trained to use an epinephrine
      autoinjector. Clinically important biphasic reactions are rare. Observation in
      the emergency department for most anaphylaxis patients is recommended, with the
      duration determined by risk factors. Admission is reserved for patients with
      unimproved or worsening symptoms, or prior biphasic reaction.

PMID- 26963949
TI  - Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in The Netherlands: A Nationwide
      Follow-Up Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in pediatric
      patients is based mainly on evidence from adult series due to lack of data from
      pediatric cohorts. Our objective was to evaluate presentation, treatment-related
      complications, and long-term outcome in patients with pediatric DTC in The
      Netherlands. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this nationwide study, presentation,
      complications, and outcome of patients with pediatric DTC (age at diagnosis <=18
      y) treated in The Netherlands between 1970 and 2013 were assessed using medical
      records. RESULTS: We identified 170 patients. Overall survival was 99.4% after a
      median follow-up of 13.5 years (range 0.3-44.7 y). Extensive follow-up data were
      available for 105 patients (83.8% women), treated in 39 hospitals. Median age at
      diagnosis was 15.6 years (range 5.8-18.9 y). At initial diagnosis, 43.8% of the
      patients had cervical lymph node metastases; 13.3% had distant metastases. All
      patients underwent total thyroidectomy. Radioiodine was administered to 97.1%,
      with a median cumulative activity of 5.66 GBq (range 0.74-35.15 GBq). Life-long
      postoperative complications (permanent hypoparathyroidism and/or recurrent
      laryngeal nerve injury) were present in 32.4% of the patients. At last known
      follow-up, 8.6% of the patients had persistent disease and 7.6% experienced a
      recurrence. TSH suppression was not associated with recurrences (odds ratio 2.00,
      95% confidence interval 0.78-5.17, P = .152). CONCLUSIONS: Survival of pediatric
      DTC is excellent. Therefore, minimizing treatment-related morbidity takes major
      priority. Our study shows a frequent occurrence of life-long postoperative
      complications. Adverse effects may be reduced by the centralization of care,
      which is crucial for children with DTC.

PMID- 26963951
TI  - Acromegaly Is More Severe in Patients With AHR or AIP Gene Variants Living in
      Highly Polluted Areas.
AB  - CONTEXT: An increased prevalence of acromegaly was found some years ago in a
      highly polluted area in North-Eastern Sicily, where high concentration of
      nonmethane hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and cadmium was found. Aryl
      hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway has a key role in detoxification of these
      compounds and in tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE: We correlated the occurrence of AHR
      and/or AHR-interacting protein (AIP) gene variants with acromegaly severity
      according to pollution exposition. DESIGN, SETTING, and PATIENTS: This was an
      observational, perspective study conducted over 7 years in four Italian referral
      centers for pituitary diseases in which 210 patients with acromegaly were
      enrolled between 2008 and 2015. INTERVENTION: Genetic screening of patients for
      AHR and AIP variants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical, biochemical, and
      radiological data of patients with and without AIP and/or AHR gene variants,
      living in polluted (high-risk for health, [HR]) or nonpolluted (NP) areas of five
      Italian regions were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Among the 23 patients from
      HR areas, nine showed AHR or AIP variants. Mean IGF-I levels and pituitary tumor
      diameter were significantly higher in these nine patients (HR/VAR+) than in the
      other 14 (HR/VAR-) and in the 187 from NP areas (44 NP/VAR+). Somatostatin
      analogs significantly decreased mean GH and IGF-I levels in patients from NP
      areas and in HR/VAR- (GH P < .05; IGF-I times the upper limit of normal P < .01)
      but not in HR/VAR+ group. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variants potentially inducing
      functional abnormalities of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway are
      associated with a more severe acromegaly, increased pituitary tumor size, and
      somatostatin analog resistance in patients living in HR areas.

PMID- 26963950
TI  - Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Types 1 and 3 and Primary
      Hyperparathyroidism: Similarities and Differences.
AB  - CONTEXT: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a genetically
      heterogeneous condition resembling primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) but not
      curable by surgery; FHH types 1, 2, and 3 are due to loss-of-function mutations
      of the CASR, GNA11, or AP2S1 genes, respectively. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to
      compare the phenotypes of patients with genetically proven FHH types 1 or 3 or
      PHPT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: This was a mutation analysis in a large
      cohort, a cross-sectional comparison of 52 patients with FHH type 1, 22 patients
      with FHH type 3, 60 with PHPT, and 24 normal adults. INTERVENTION: There were no
      interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Abnormalities of the CASR, GNA11, and AP2S1
      genes, blood calcium, phosphate, and PTH concentrations, urinary calcium
      excretion were measured. RESULTS: In 133 families, we detected 101 mutations in
      the CASR gene, 68 of which were previously unknown, and in 19 families, the three
      recurrent AP2S1 mutations. No mutation was detected in the GNA11 gene. Patients
      with FHH type 3 had higher plasma calcium concentrations than patients with FHH
      type 1, despite having similar PTH concentrations and urinary calcium excretion.
      Renal tubular calcium reabsorption levels were higher in patients with FHH type 3
      than in those with FHH type 1. Plasma calcium concentration was higher whereas
      PTH concentration and urinary calcium excretion were lower in FHH patients than
      in PHPT patients. In patients with FHH or PHPT, all data groups partially
      overlapped. CONCLUSION: In our population, AP2S1 mutations affect calcium
      homeostasis more severely than CASR mutations. Due to overlap, the risk of
      confusion between FHH and PHPT is high.

PMID- 26963952
TI  - A Subset of Men With Age-Related Decline in Testosterone Have Gonadotroph
      Autoantibodies.
AB  - CONTEXT: Age-related decline in serum testosterone (T) is being increasingly
      diagnosed. In most men, it associates with low or inappropriately normal
      gonadotropin levels, which suggests a hypothalamic-pituitary etiology.
      Autoantibodies against adenohypophyseal cells have been associated with pituitary
      dysfunction; however, the prevalence of pituitary autoimmunity in this age
      related T decline has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: This is a proof-of-concept
      study with the objective of determining the prevalence of antibodies to
      gonadotrophs in older men with age-related low T and compare it with healthy
      young and older eugonadal men. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional case
      control study of 182 men. Cases included 100 older men (>=65 years) with age
      related low T levels; the control groups were composed of 50 young and 32 older
      healthy eugonadal men. Serum antibodies against the anterior pituitary gland were
      measured using a two-step approach: 1) single indirect immunofluorescence (ie,
      participant serum only) to determine the pattern of cytosolic staining; and 2)
      double indirect immunofluorescence (ie, participant serum plus a commercial
      adenohypophyseal hormone antibody) to identify the anterior pituitary cell type
      recognized by the patient's antibodies). RESULTS: In participants with positive
      antipituitary antibodies, the granular cytosolic pattern (highly predictive of
      pituitary autoimmunity) was only seen in older men with age-related low T (4%)
      and none in control groups (0%, P = .001). Double indirect immunofluorescence
      confirmed that pituitary antibodies were exclusively directed against the
      gonadotrophs. CONCLUSION: A subset of older men with age-related low T levels
      have specific antibodies against the gonadotrophs. Whether these antibodies are
      pathogenic and contributory to the age-related decline in T remains to be
      established.

PMID- 26963953
TI  - Temporal Changes in Androgens and Estrogens Are Associated With All-Cause and
      Cause-Specific Mortality in Older Men.
AB  - CONTEXT: The dynamic temporal relationship between changes in serum reproductive
      hormones and mortality in men has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: The objective of
      the study was to examine the relationship between progressive changes in
      circulating reproductive hormones over time with all-cause and cause-specific
      mortality in older men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling men
      aged 70 years and older from the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project study
      were assessed at baseline (2005-2007, n = 1705) and at 2-year (n = 1367) and 5
      year follow-up (n = 958). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: At all three time-points,
      T, DHT, estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) were measured by liquid chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry, and SHBG, LH, and FSH were determined by immunoassay
      and calculated free T (cFT) was calculated. Mortality was ascertained through the
      state death registry. Statistical modeling was by general estimating equations
      with the Poisson regression. RESULTS: Serum T over time (relative risk [RR] per 1
      SD decrease in concentration: 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.32), DHT
      (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.32), and E2 (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.30-1.63) as well as cFT
      (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.13-1.41) was associated with all-cause mortality. After
      adjusting for multiple covariables, the decline in serum T (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03
      1.32), DHT (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03-1.32), and cFT (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08-1.19)
      remained significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Similar relationships
      were observed for cancer but not cardiovascular mortality. Progressive decline in
      serum E2 levels remained significantly associated with all-cause (RR 1.49, 95% CI
      1.31-1.69), cancer (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.45-2.28), and cardiovascular (RR 1.37, 95%
      CI 1.13-1.66) mortality, even after adjustment for covariables. Serum E1, LH,
      FSH, and SHBG were not associated with all-cause, cancer, or cardiovascular
      mortality. CONCLUSION: Dynamic temporal changes in serum T, cFT, DHT, and E2 (but
      not E1, LH, FSH, and SHBG) in older men are associated with all-cause and cause
      specific mortality in distinct patterns.

PMID- 26963954
TI  - Association of Mutations in SLC12A1 Encoding the NKCC2 Cotransporter With
      Neonatal Primary Hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - CONTEXT: Primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalciuria has not been described
      in the newborn period. OBJECTIVE: Our objectives are to identify the genetic
      basis for neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism in a family with 2 affected
      children. SUBJECTS: An African American boy presenting with mild neonatal primary
      hyperparathyroidism and hypercalciuria was evaluated at The Children's Hospital
      of Philadelphia. His older brother with neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism had
      died in infancy of multiple organ failure. METHODS: We collected clinical and
      biochemical data and performed exome sequencing analysis on DNA from the patient
      and his unaffected mother after negative genetic testing for known causes of
      primary hyperparathyroidism. RESULTS: Exome sequencing followed by Sanger
      sequencing disclosed 2 heterozygous mutations, c.1883C>A, p.(A628D) and
      c.2786_2787insC, p.(T931fsX10), in the SLC12A1 gene, which was previously
      implicated in antenatal type 1 Bartter syndrome. Sanger sequencing confirmed the
      2 mutations in the proband and his deceased brother; both parents were
      heterozygous for different mutations and an unaffected sister was homozygous for
      wild-type alleles. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a previously
      unrecognized association between neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism and
      mutation of SLC12A1, the cause of antenatal Bartter syndrome type 1, and suggest
      that the loss of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 cotransporter activity
      influences parathyroid gland function.

PMID- 26963955
TI  - Outcomes from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in active-duty
      service members with posttraumatic stress disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is one of the
      therapy interventions recommended by the Veterans Affairs and Department of
      Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines. However, the literature concerning the
      effectiveness of this treatment modality in military service members is sparse.
      This study investigated the efficacy of EMDR in active-duty service members.
      METHOD: We conducted an effectiveness study with a record review from active-duty
      military mental health clinics where clinical outcomes had been monitored over a
      10-week period using self-report measures of posttraumatic stress and disability.
      Symptom scores were examined over time in 331 service members who met presumptive
      criteria for the disorder on the PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M), who
      were in psychotherapy, and who received (n = 46) or didn't receive (n = 285)
      EMDR. RESULTS: Results indicated that patients receiving EMDR had significantly
      fewer therapy sessions over 10 weeks but had significantly greater gains in their
      PCL-M scores than did individuals not receiving EMDR. CONCLUSIONS: Randomized,
      controlled trials are still needed, but these findings provide further support
      for the use of EMDR in service members with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963956
TI  - Within-unit relationship quality mediates the association between military sexual
      trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms in veterans separating from military
      service.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined the impact of military sexual trauma (MST)
      on social functioning during deployment. Yet consideration of unit relationships
      during deployment may be important, given that military unit cohesion and support
      can provide protective effects against the stress of combat, and reduce the
      likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder. METHOD: Although prior
      research has posited that depleted social resources are one pathway through which
      MST is associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), no studies have
      statistically tested this theory. This study examined the association of MST and
      PTSS and evaluated the potential mediating role of decreased unit relationship
      quality. Mediational analyses were conducted on a sample of veterans following
      discharge from military service (N = 818; 328 women, 490 men). RESULTS: Women
      were significantly more likely to experience MST than men. As hypothesized,
      experiences of MST during deployment were associated with higher PTSS. MST
      experiences were associated with less trust in and support from one's military
      unit, which partially mediated the association between MST and PTSS. The indirect
      effect of MST on PTSS through lower unit relationship quality accounted for 20.4%
      of the total effect of MST on PTSS. CONCLUSIONS: While the retrospective study
      design precludes tests of causality, mediational findings provided statistical
      evidence that lower unit relationship quality partially explains the association
      between MST and PTSS. This finding is consistent with interpersonal theories of
      trauma response suggesting that the deleterious effects of MST may be in part due
      to its erosion of social resources during deployment. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963957
TI  - Racial discrimination as race-based trauma, coping strategies, and dissociative
      symptoms among emerging adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The race-based traumatic stress theory (Carter, 2007) suggests that
      some racial- and ethnic-minority individuals experience racial discrimination as
      psychological trauma, as it may elicit a response comparable to posttraumatic
      stress. In the present study, we examined this further by determining the
      relation between racial discrimination and dissociation, a common response to
      trauma exposure. Further, we examined whether active coping strategies
      specifically employed to cope with racial discrimination related to less
      dissociative symptomatology. METHOD: The predominant racial- and ethnic-minority
      sample (N = 743) of emerging adults, ages 18-29, recruited from a public
      university in northeastern United States completed a battery of self-report
      measures on racial discrimination, responses to racial discrimination, traumatic
      life events, and dissociative symptoms. RESULTS: Frequency of racial
      discrimination was positively associated with dissociative symptoms in regression
      analyses adjusted for demographics and other traumatic life events. In addition,
      more active coping strategies in response to racial discrimination were
      negatively associated with dissociative symptoms. CONCLUSION: Racial- and ethnic
      minority emerging adults who experience racial discrimination, possibly as
      traumatic, may be more vulnerable to dissociative symptoms. However, different
      strategies of coping with racial discrimination may differentially impact risk
      for dissociation. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963958
TI  - Types of trauma in adolescence and their relation to dissociation: A mixed
      methods study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study adolescent traumatization and the impact of various types of
      trauma on dissociative experiences in a sample of 239 Swedish youngsters, 13 to
      20 years of age, with diverse socioeconomic and migration backgrounds. We also
      evaluated whether the type of worst lifetime trauma was associated with higher
      rates of dissociation. METHOD: Quantitative and qualitative data on posttraumatic
      stress, dissociative experiences, and potentially traumatic events (PTEs),
      including participants' written descriptions of their worst lifetime trauma.
      RESULTS: Most (92%) of the participants had been exposed to at least 1 PTE and
      51% to 4 or more, during their life. Number of PTEs correlated with symptoms of
      posttraumatic stress and dissociation. There were higher rates of dissociation
      among economically vulnerable and second-generation war refugee participants.
      Emotional abuse by others (mostly peers) was the only significant predictor of
      dissociation when controlling for gender, age, total PTEs, posttraumatic stress,
      and poverty. Moderation analyses showed that lifetime worst traumas categorized
      as primarily emotional moderated and amplified the relation between total PTEs
      and dissociation, but only among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that
      traumatization is very common among adolescents, with greater prevalence of
      dissociation among vulnerable groups, and that emotional traumas are linked to
      higher rates of dissociation, especially among girls. Researchers, clinicians,
      and school personnel need to focus more on immigrant status and low SES as
      vulnerability factors, and address the consequences of emotional abuse, including
      bullying, among adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26963959
TI  - FOCAL CHOROIDAL EXCAVATION AND CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION WITH ASSOCIATED
      PACHYCHOROID.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a case of focal choroidal excavation and choroidal
      neovascularization in the setting of pachychoroid disease. METHODS: Multimodal
      imaging, including fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, enhanced depth
      imaging optical coherence tomography, indocyanine green angiography, and en face
      structural and angiographic optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The authors
      describe a 39-year-old female with moderately high myopia presenting with focal
      choroidal excavation and associated choroidal neovascularization. Multimodal
      imaging demonstrated pachychoroid features with dilated choroidal vessels
      surrounding the lesion. Optical coherence tomography angiography showed Type 2
      neovascularization. CONCLUSION: Some cases of focal choroidal excavation and
      associated neovascularization may be related to structural abnormalities of the
      associated choroidal vasculature.

PMID- 26963960
TI  - DIFFUSE PERIPAPILLARY CHOROIDAL MELANOMA THAT EVOLVED FROM A SMALL PRESUMED
      CHOROIDAL NEVUS SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH GAMMA KNIFE RADIOTHERAPY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a case of diffuse peripapillary choroidal melanoma which began
      as a small choroidal nevus and was successfully treated with gamma knife
      radiotherapy. METHODS: Observational case report. RESULTS: A 31-year-old visually
      asymptomatic man presented for a routine eye examination and was noted to have a
      small choroidal nevus. Six years later, the lesion had become a diffuse
      juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma with a thickness of 1.9 mm. Given the
      peripapillary location of the tumor with involvement of about 6 clock hours of
      the disk, Leksell Gamma Knife radiotherapy was performed. At 5.5 years after
      radiation therapy, visual acuity remained 20/20. The lesion thickness had
      decreased to 1.5 mm, and there was no interval growth of any margins. CONCLUSION:
      Small choroidal nevi carry low malignant potential but still deserve photographic
      documentation when possible with regular follow intervals. Gamma knife
      radiotherapy can be considered for tumors abutting the optic nerve, especially
      when plaque radiotherapy may be technically difficult.

PMID- 26964003
TI  - Influence of Proton and Salt Concentration on the Chromonic Liquid Crystal Phase
      Diagram of Disodium Cromoglycate Solutions: Prospects and Limitations of a Host
      for DNA Nanostructures.
AB  - Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals have recently been suggested for use as a
      self-organized host for dispersing and aligning self-organized DNA origami
      nanostructures. However, an appropriate pH value and a suitable cation
      concentration are necessary to stabilize such nanostructures and to avoid
      unfolding of the DNA. The present study shows that the nematic and columnar
      liquid crystal phases appearing in aqueous solutions of disodium cromoglycate are
      robust against the replacement of deionized water by a neutral or alkaline buffer
      solution. However, disodium cromoglycate precipitates when an acidic buffer is
      used or when the concentration of magnesium cations exceeds a critical
      concentration of about 0.6-0.7 mmol/L. 

PMID- 26964004
TI  - Cutaneous Neonatal Lupus Arising in an Infant Conceived From an Oocyte Donation
      Pregnancy.

PMID- 26964005
TI  - Protective Effects of Colivelin Against Alzheimer's Disease in a PDAPP Mouse
      Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized with progressive memory
      loss and severe cognitive impairments, which affect everyday life and human
      health in the elderly. It is required that an effective and safe protective
      reagent against AD should be developed. It has been reported that humanin (HN)
      exerts neuroprotective effects against AD. In this study, we investigated the
      effect of a novel and more effective HN derivative, Colivelin (CLN) on AD.
      METHODS: PDAPP(V717I) transgenic AD model mice (derived from parental C57/BL6
      mice) were used in our study as AD model. Morris water maze test was used to test
      the memory impairment of AD mice and the levels of Abeta40 and Abeta42 were
      determined by an Elisa assay. We used an Immunohistochemistry and
      Immunofluorescence staining method to check the GFAP and MAP2 positive cells, and
      TUNEL to assess the apoptotic cells. Western blot assay was used to check the
      expression and phosphorylation level of p38. RESULTS: We found that CLN improved
      the memory impairment induced by AD and reduced the deposit of Abeta40 and
      Abeta42. CLN also inhibited cell apoptosis and activation of caspase 3 in brain
      tissues of AD mice. Inflammation in AD mice was alleviated by CLN treatment,
      including the accumulation of GFAP positive cells and the inflammatory cytokines.
      With both structure of AGA-HNG and ANDF, CLN exhibited significantly stronger
      effects than synchronously administration of AGA-HNG and ADNF, suggesting CLN as
      a novel potential effective therapeutic reagent for AD patients. Finally, we
      found that CLN inhibited phosphorylation of p38 in AD mice and p38 inhibitor,
      SB203580 weakened the therapeutic effect of CLN. CONCLUSION: CLN effectively
      improved the memory dysfunction in PDAPP mice, and our data suggests CLN as a
      novel and effective reagent which may have great potentials in AD therapy.

PMID- 26964008
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26964007
TI  - Dynamic nuclear polarization in a magnetic resonance force microscope experiment.
AB  - We report achieving enhanced nuclear magnetization in a magnetic resonance force
      microscope experiment at 0.6 tesla and 4.2 kelvin using the dynamic nuclear
      polarization (DNP) effect. In our experiments a microwire coplanar waveguide
      delivered radiowaves to excite nuclear spins and microwaves to excite electron
      spins in a 250 nm thick nitroxide-doped polystyrene sample. Both electron and
      proton spin resonance were observed as a change in the mechanical resonance
      frequency of a nearby cantilever having a micron-scale nickel tip. NMR signal,
      not observable from Curie-law magnetization at 0.6 T, became observable when
      microwave irradiation was applied to saturate the electron spins. The resulting
      NMR signal's size, buildup time, dependence on microwave power, and dependence on
      irradiation frequency was consistent with a transfer of magnetization from
      electron spins to nuclear spins. Due to the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic
      field introduced by the cantilever's magnetic tip, the electron spins in the
      sample were saturated in a microwave-resonant slice 10's of nm thick. The spatial
      distribution of the nuclear polarization enhancement factor epsilon was mapped by
      varying the frequency of the applied radiowaves. The observed enhancement factor
      was zero for spins in the center of the resonant slice, was epsilon = +10 to +20
      for spins proximal to the magnet, and was epsilon = -10 to -20 for spins distal
      to the magnet. We show that this bipolar nuclear magnetization profile is
      consistent with cross-effect DNP in a ~10(5) T m(-1) magnetic field gradient.
      Potential challenges associated with generating and using DNP-enhanced nuclear
      magnetization in a nanometer-resolution magnetic resonance imaging experiment are
      elucidated and discussed. 

PMID- 26964009
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26964010
TI  - Vacuum characteristics of the sucking cycle and relationships with milk removal
      from the breast in term infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The importance of an infant's intra-oral vacuum in milk removal from
      the breast has been established. However, the relationship between the vacuum
      curve and milk transfer is not well understood. AIMS: To investigate the
      parameters of the infant suck cycle in relation to the volume of milk removed
      from the breast. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study to elucidate the role of
      infant intra-oral vacuum in efficient milk removal from the breast. SUBJECTS:
      Nineteen fully breastfed term infants. METHODS: Intra-oral vacuum was recorded
      during monitored breastfeeds using a pressure transducer. Ultrasound imaging
      (milk flow) and respiratory inductive plethysmography (swallowing) were used to
      determine the nutritive sucking (NS) portion of the feed. Milk intake was
      determined by weighing infants before and after feeds. Vacuum traces of the first
      and next 2min of NS from the first breast were analysed. RESULTS: The volumes of
      milk removed during both NS periods were negatively associated with peak vacuum
      (p<0.001) and rate of vacuum application (p<0.001), and positively related to
      area under first half of the suck cycle (p<0.001). Most parameters changed
      significantly from the first 2min of NS to the next 2min including significant
      reduction in peak vacuum and area under first half of the suck cycle. CONCLUSION:
      These results further support the role of intra-oral vacuum, specifically optimal
      peak vacuum, in effective and efficient milk removal during breastfeeding. It
      also appears that infants modify their sucking dynamics to adapt to changes in
      milk flow during milk ejection as the breast empties.

PMID- 26964011
TI  - Neurobehaviour and neurological development in the first month after birth for
      infants born between 32-42 weeks' gestation.
AB  - AIMS: The objective of this study was to generate reference values for infants
      born moderate preterm (MPT), late preterm (LPT) and full term (FT) for three
      newborn neurobehavioural/neurological examinations in the first weeks after
      birth. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study to examine the expected range of
      values for MPT (born 32(+0) to 33(+6)), LPT (34(+0) to 36(+6)) and FT (born 37 to
      42weeks' gestation) infants' performance on the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological
      Examination (HNNE), the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioural
      Scale (NNNS) and Prechtl's General Movements Assessment (GMA) in the first weeks
      after birth. Further, to determine the effects of sex, gestational age at birth,
      and postmenstrual age at assessment on the 3 different assessments within the
      gestational age groups. SUBJECTS: 80 MPT, 129 LPT and 201 FT infants were
      recruited shortly after birth from a tertiary hospital. RESULTS: The means,
      standard deviations and 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th centiles are
      presented for the HNNE and NNNS for each of the three gestational age groups.
      Overall, FT infants performed better than MPT and LPT infants. The rate of normal
      GMA within the first few weeks after birth was 25% for MPT, 32% for LPT, and 90%
      for FT infants. The effects of sex, gestational age at birth, and postmenstrual
      age at assessment varied between test and gestational age groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study provides normative data for the HNNE, NNNS, and GMA administered
      within the first weeks after birth in a sample of MPT, LPT and healthy FT
      infants.

PMID- 26964012
TI  - Large Spatially Resolved Rectification in a Donor-Acceptor Molecular
      Heterojunction.
AB  - We demonstrate that rectification ratios (RR) of ?250 (?1000) at biases of 0.5 V
      (1.2 V) are achievable at the two-molecule limit for donor-acceptor bilayers of
      pentacene on C60 on Cu using scanning tunneling spectroscopy and microscopy.
      Using first-principles calculations, we show that the system behaves as a
      molecular Schottky diode with a tunneling transport mechanism from semiconducting
      pentacene to Cu-hybridized metallic C60. Low-bias RRs vary by two orders-of
      magnitude at the edge of these molecular heterojunctions due to increased Stark
      shifts and confinement effects.

PMID- 26964013
TI  - Gate-Tunable Spin Exchange Interactions and Inversion of Magnetoresistance in
      Single Ferromagnetic ZnO Nanowires.
AB  - Electrical control of ferromagnetism in semiconductor nanostructures offers the
      promise of nonvolatile functionality in future semiconductor spintronics. Here,
      we demonstrate a dramatic gate-induced change of ferromagnetism in ZnO nanowire
      (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs). Ferromagnetism in our ZnO NWs arose from
      oxygen vacancies, which constitute deep levels hosting unpaired electron spins.
      The magnetic transition temperature of the studied ZnO NWs was estimated to be
      well above room temperature. The in situ UV confocal photoluminescence (PL) study
      confirmed oxygen vacancy mediated ferromagnetism in the studied ZnO NW FET
      devices. Both the estimated carrier concentration and temperature-dependent
      conductivity reveal the studied ZnO NWs are at the crossover of the metal
      insulator transition. In particular, gate-induced modulation of the carrier
      concentration in the ZnO NW FET significantly alters carrier-mediated exchange
      interactions, which causes even inversion of magnetoresistance (MR) from negative
      to positive values. Upon sweeping the gate bias from -40 to +50 V, the MRs
      estimated at 2 K and 2 T were changed from -11.3% to +4.1%. Detailed analysis on
      the gate-dependent MR behavior clearly showed enhanced spin splitting energy with
      increasing carrier concentration. Gate-voltage-dependent PL spectra of an
      individual NW device confirmed the localization of oxygen vacancy-induced spins,
      indicating that gate-tunable indirect exchange coupling between localized
      magnetic moments played an important role in the remarkable change of the MR.

PMID- 26964015
TI  - Three-dimensional poly (epsilon-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffolds
      incorporating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of bone defects.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that three-dimensional (3D) hydroxyapatite (HAP)
      collagen (COL)-coated poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds (HAP-COL-PCL)
      possess appropriate nano-structures, surface roughness, and nutrients, providing
      a favorable environment for osteogenesis. However, the effect of using 3D HAP-COL
      PCL scaffolds incorporating BMSCs for the repair of bone defects in rats has been
      not evaluated. 3D PCL scaffolds coated with HAP, collagen or HAP/COL and
      incorporating BMSCs were implanted into calvarial defects. At 12 weeks after
      surgery, the rats were sacrificed and crania were harvested to assess the bone
      defect repair using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), histology,
      immunohistochemistry and sequential fluorescent labeling analysis. 3D micro-CT
      reconstructed images and quantitative analysis showed that HAP-COL-PCL groups
      possessed better bone-forming capacity than HAP-PCL groups or COL-PCL groups.
      Fluorescent labeling analysis revealed the percentage of tetracycline labeling,
      alizarin red labeling, and calcein labeling in HAP-COL-PCL groups were all
      greater than in the other two groups (P < 0.05), and the result was confirmed by
      immunohistochemical staining and histological analysis of bone regeneration. This
      study demonstrates that 3D HAP-COL-PCL scaffolds incorporating BMSCs markedly
      enhance bone regeneration of bone defects in rats.

PMID- 26964014
TI  - Alcohol-antiretroviral therapy interactive toxicity beliefs and daily medication
      adherence and alcohol use among people living with HIV.
AB  - Alcohol-antiretroviral therapy (ART) interactive toxicity beliefs reflect
      perceived adverse outcomes of mixing alcohol and ART. Previous research has shown
      a significant relationship between alcohol-ART interactive toxicity beliefs and
      ART non-adherence, over and above other correlates of non-adherence such as human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)symptoms and frequency of alcohol use. Most past
      studies have collected data over extended periods and have not determined if
      alcohol use and missed medications occur at the day-level among people holding
      interactive toxicity beliefs. Previous daily analyses, however, have been limited
      by self-reported adherence and relatively short periods of observation. To
      address these gaps in the literature, men and women living with HIV in Atlanta,
      GA, were enrolled in a 45-day observational cohort study. Daily alcohol use was
      collected using two-way interactive text message surveys and daily adherence was
      collected via the Wisepill device. Fifty-seven participants completed a measure
      of alcohol-ART interactive toxicity beliefs and contributed 2565 days of daily
      data. Participants who endorsed high levels of interactive toxicity beliefs had
      significantly more days when they missed doses of medication. Alcohol
      antiretroviral toxicity beliefs predicted missing doses of medication on days
      when participants were drinking and on days when they were not drinking.
      Multilevel multivariate regressions showed that these toxicity beliefs predicted
      daily missed doses of medication over and above quantity of alcohol consumed,
      depression and general medication concerns. This study replicates and extends
      previous literature and indicates the necessity of addressing alcohol-ART
      toxicity beliefs within adherence interventions.

PMID- 26964016
TI  - Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel coumarin thiazole
      derivatives as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
AB  - A new series of coumarin thiazole derivatives 7a-7t were synthesized,
      characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and element analysis, evaluated for their
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The majority of the screened compounds
      displayed potent inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the range of 6.24+/
      0.07-81.69+/-0.39MUM, when compared to the standard acarbose (IC50=43.26+/
      0.19MUM). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggest that the pattern
      of substitution in the phenyl ring is closely related to the biological activity
      of this class of compounds. Among all the tested molecules, compound 7e
      (IC50=6.24+/-0.07MUM) was found to be the most active compound in the library of
      coumarin thiazole derivatives. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that compound 7e is
      a non-competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 6.86MUM. Furthermore, the binding
      interactions of compound 7e with the active site of alpha-glucosidase were
      confirmed through molecular docking. This study has identified a new class of
      potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for further investigation. 

PMID- 26964017
TI  - Anti-HIV cytotoxicity enzyme inhibition and molecular docking studies of
      quinoline based chalcones as potential non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
      inhibitors (NNRT).
AB  - A series of fourteen (A1 - A14) qunioline based chalcones were screened for
      reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RT) and found potentially active against RT.
      Bioassay, theoretical and dockings studies with RT (the enzyme required for
      reverse transcription of viral RNA) results showed that the type and positions of
      the substituents seemed to be critical for their inhibition against RT. The bromo
      and chloro substituted chalcone displayed high degree of inhibition against RT.
      The A4 andA6 showed high interaction with RT, contributing high free binding
      energy (DeltaG -9.30 and -9.13kcal) and RT inhibition value (IC50 0.10MUg/ml and
      0.11MUg/ml). 

PMID- 26964018
TI  - Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Source Materials and Soil Components on
      Partitioning and Dermal Uptake.
AB  - The bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils can be
      influenced by the source material they are emitted within, the properties of the
      receiving soil, weathering processes, and the concentration of PAHs. In this
      study 30 contaminated soils were constructed with common PAH sources (fuel oil,
      soot, coal tar based skeet particles) and direct spike with a solvent added to
      different types and contents of soil organic matter and minerals to achieve PAH
      concentrations spanning 4 orders of magnitude. Source material had the greatest
      impact on PAH partitioning. Soils containing skeet generally exhibited the
      highest KD values, followed by soot, fuel oil, and solvent spiked soils. Among
      all soil compositions, the presence of 2% charcoal had the largest enhancement of
      KD. Partitioning behavior could not be predicted by an organic carbon and black
      carbon partitioning model. Including independently measured partitioning behavior
      of the soil components and PAH sources allowed better prediction but still
      suffered from issues of interaction (oil sorption in peat) and highly nonlinear
      partitioning with depletion (for skeet). Dermal absorption of PAHs measured using
      pig skin was directly related to the freely dissolved aqueous concentration in
      soil and not the total concentration in the soil. Overall, we show that PAH
      source materials have a dominating influence on partitioning, highlighting the
      importance of using native field soils in bioavailability and risk assessments. 

PMID- 26964019
TI  - CRYOTHERAPY AS A METHOD FOR REDUCING THE VIRUS INFECTION OF APPLES (Malus sp.).
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need in Kazakhstan for virus-free nursery stock to
      reinvigorate the industry and preserve historic cultivars. An in vitro collection
      of apples could be used for virus testing and elimination and to provide virus
      free elite stock plants to nurseries. METHODS: Malus sieversii Ledeb. M. Roem.
      and Malus domestica Borkh. accessions were initiated in vitro for virus
      identification and elimination. Reverse transcription and multiplex PCR were used
      to test for five viruses. PVS2 vitrification was used as a tool for cryotherapy.
      RESULTS: Four viruses, Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem
      pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus
      (ApMV) were detected in 17 accessions. Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) was not
      detected. ACLSV affected 53.8% of the accessions, ASPV 30.8%, ASGV 5.1%, and ApMV
      was found only in 'Aport Alexander'. Cryotherapy produced virus-free shoot tips
      for seven of nine cultivars tested. Six cultivars had 60-100% elimination of
      ACLSV. CONCLUSIONS: An in vitro collection of 59 accessions was established.
      Virus elimination using cryotherapy produced virus-free shoots for seven of nine
      cultivars and is a promising technique for developing a virus-free apple
      collection.

PMID- 26964020
TI  - HEAT INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION OF ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN GENES FROM THE BEETLES Tenebrio
      molitor AND Microdera punctipennis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) play important roles in protecting
      poikilothermic organisms from cold damage. The expression of AFP genes (afps) is
      induced by low temperature. However, it is reported that heat can influence the
      expression of afps in the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis. OBJECTIVE: To
      further detect whether heat also induce the expression of afps in other insects,
      and to determine the expression profiling of insect afps at different
      temperatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of antifreeze protein genes
      in the two beetles, Microdera punctipennis and Tenebrio molitor that have quite
      different living environment, under different temperatures were studied by using
      real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Mild low temperatures (5~15 degree C), high
      temperature (38~47 degree C for M. punctipennis, or 37~42 degree C for T.
      molitor) and temperature difference (10~30 degree C) all stimulated strongly to
      the expression of AFP genes (Mpafps) in M. punctipennis which lives in the wild
      filed in desert. The mRNA level of Mpafps after M. punctipennis were exposed to
      these temperatures for 1h~5h was at least 30-fold of the control at 25 degree C.
      For T. molitor which is breeding in door with wheat bran all these temperatures
      stimulated significantly to the expression of Tmafps, while the extent and degree
      of the temperature stimulation on Tmafps expression were much lower than on
      Mpafps. After T. molitor were exposed to 5 degree C and 15 degree C for 1h~5h,
      the mRNA level of Tmafps was over 6-fold and 45-fold of the control at 25 degree
      C. High temperature (37~42 degree C) for 1h~3h treatments increased Tmafps mRNA
      level 4.8-fold of the control. Temperature difference of 10 degree C was
      effective in stimulating Tmafps expression. CONCLUSION: The expression of insect
      antifreeze protein genes both in M. punctipennis and T. molitor was induced by
      heat, suggesting that this phenomenon may be common in insects; the extent and
      degree of the influence differ in species that have different living conditions.
      The heat inducible expression of antifreeze protein genes hints that antifreeze
      proteins may involve in other functions except for antifreeze.

PMID- 26964021
TI  - VISCOSITIES OF CONCENTRATED NaCl-H2O AND Me2SO-NaCl-H2O SOLUTIONS AT SUBZERO
      TEMPERATURES.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Viscosity is an important property of cryoprotectant solutions
      because it directly influences diffusion and reaction at liquid state. OBJECTIVE:
      To measure the viscosities of concentrated NaCl-H(2)O and Me(2)SO-NaCl-H(2)O
      solutions at subzero temperatures down to -50 degree C. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Solution viscosity was measured with a rotary viscometer coupled with a
      thermostat bath. Two viscosity models, Laliberte model and Williams-Landel-Ferry
      (WLF) model, were employed in the correlation and prediction. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: The Laliberte model performed well to correlate the viscosities of
      NaCl- H(2)O solutions measured here and the viscosities of Me(2)SO-H(2)O
      solutions found in the literature. The parameters obtained were used to predict
      the viscosities of Me(2)SO-NaCl-H(2)O solutions. The average discrepancy between
      the calculation and the experimental data was 19.0%. With the WLF model, the
      average discrepancy between the calculation and the experimental data for ternary
      solution was 5.4%.

PMID- 26964022
TI  - HIGH INCIDENCE OF POLYSPERMIC FERTILIZATION IN BOVINE OOCYTES MATURED IN VITRO
      AFTER CRYOTOP VITRIFICATION.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitrification with the Cryotop device is the most promising technique
      for oocyte cryopreservation, but the high post-warming morphological survival of
      bovine oocytes does not guarantee high developmental competence after in vitro
      fertilization (IVF). OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to examine achievement of
      normal fertilization in bovine oocytes vitrified-warmed with the Cryotop device.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oocytes were matured in vitro and vitrified-warmed after
      complete removal of the cumulus layers. Distribution of cortical granules (CGs)
      was assessed by Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) lectin staining. Ten hours after
      IVF, presumptive zygotes were analyzed for pronuclear formation. Day-8
      blastocysts were harvested and stained with Hoechst-33342 for total cell
      counting. RESULTS: Both yield and mean cell number of the blastocysts were
      impaired by Cryotop vitrification. Incidence of polyspermic fertilization was
      three-times higher in vitrified oocytes compared to fresh oocytes. No difference
      in CG distribution was found between vitrified and fresh oocytes. CONCLUSION:
      Polyspermic fertilization induced in vitrified-warmed bovine oocytes may be one
      of the possible causes responsible for their low developmental potential.

PMID- 26964023
TI  - PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GLUTATHIONE SUPPLEMENTATION AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS DURING
      CRYOPRESERVATION OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Freeze damage is one of the most important factors which impair the
      membrane and DNA integrity of sperm cells. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to
      investigate glutathione (GSH) supplementation on human spermatozoa
      cryopreservation. We determined sperm motility and viability, sperm lipid
      peroxidation, DNA damage, and the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and
      superoxide (O(2)(-)). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty pooled semen samples were
      freeze with 5mM GSH for 10 minute (test) and without GSH as control and stored in
      liquid nitrogen. RESULTS: After thawing, cryovials supplemented with 5mM GSH led
      to higher sperm viability compared with control samples (p < 0.05). Furthermore,
      the addition of 5mM GSH decreased sperm lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation,
      and H(2)O(2) and O(2)(-) content compared with controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      GSH can be a good free radical scavenger in the freezing media and can support
      function of sperm cell after a cycle of freezing and thawing.

PMID- 26964024
TI  - CRYOPRESERVATION OF GOLDFISH (Carassius auratus) SPERMATOZOA: EFFECTS OF EXTENDER
      SUPPLEMENTED WITH TAURINE ON SPERM MOTILITY AND DNA DAMAGE.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amino acids, present in seminal plasma at high concentration, protect
      spermatozoa against cell damage during cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: Experiments
      were designed to analyze the effect of semen extender supplemented with taurine
      on post-thawed sperm motility and duration, as well as DNA damage. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Extenders were supplemented with 1, 2 or 4 mM taurine. Semen samples
      were diluted at the ratio of 1:9 with the extenders. Diluted samples were
      aspirated into 0.25 ml French straws and 0.1 ml pellets. DNA damage was assessed
      with the comet assay after cryopreservation. RESULTS: The percentage and duration
      of sperm motility were significantly increased by taurine. Additionally, sperm
      motility and the motility period in pellets were higher than in straws. The best
      concentration of taurine was 4 mM, and the highest post-thaw motility rate (72.50
      +/- 3.54 %) and duration (17.50 +/- 0.71 s) were obtained from the extender with
      4 mM in pellets. DNA damage was decreased after taurine supplementation.
      CONCLUSION: Pellets could be used for goldfish sperm cryopreservation. The
      addition of 4 mM taurine increases the post-thaw motility and decreases DNA
      damage on goldfish semen.

PMID- 26964026
TI  - EFFECTS OF LYOPHILIZATION AND REHYDRATION ON MEMBRANE SURFACE ANTIGENS OF HUMAN
      RED BLOOD CELLs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that human RBCs can survival from
      freeze-drying, but there is still some uncertainty on whether and how the cell
      properties change during the processes. OBJECTIVE: The present study is to
      evaluate the effects of lyophilization and rehydration on the membrane surface
      antigens, such as CD antigens and blood group antigens, of human RBCs. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Human RBCs were lyophilized first through a simplified protocol, in
      which glycerol were used in the lyoprotectant solution instead of trehalose. Upon
      rehydration, a series of in-vitro experiments were performed to examine the
      variation of cell count, cell level of ATP and 2,3 DPG, and the surface antigens
      on cell membrane. RESULTS: The cell count recovery was 58.87%+/-0.74%, and the
      cell levels of ATP and 2, 3 DPG maintained well upon rehydration. Those results
      are comparable to the literature, demonstrating the simplified protocol has
      similar effects on RBCs comparing with the reported approaches. Flow cytometry
      assays demonstrated that there were no significant difference in CD35, CD44,
      CD45, CD47 and CD71 expressions before and after freeze-drying. In blood group
      tests, most of the blood group antigens maintained after lyophilization and
      rehydration, except that Le(a), Le(b) and JK1 showed high probabilities of
      falling off during the processes.

PMID- 26964025
TI  - FIRST STEPS TOWARDS ORGAN BANKS: VITRIFICATION OF RENAL PRIMORDIAL.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation from deceased or living human donors has been
      limited by donor availability as opposed to the increasing demand, by the risks
      of allograft loss rejection and immunosuppressive therapy toxicity and by
      limitations of organ preservation protocols, which is essential to organise staff
      and facilities, transport organs, and perform necessary laboratory tests.
      However, the cryopreservation of composite tissues poses technical challenges
      beyond those seen in the preservation of single tissue types or organs.
      OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to establish a protocol for long-term
      storing of renal primordia, that generates new adult kidneys after transplant
      into a syngeneic non-immunosuppressed host. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metanephroi
      from 16-days-old embryos were microdissected and vitrified following the minimum
      essential volume method and using Cryotop as a device and VM3 as vitrification
      solution. After 3 months of storage in liquid nitrogen (-196 degree C), 20
      metanephroi were warmed and transplanted using minimally invasive laparoscopic
      surgery into retroperitoneal fat of 5-month-old immune-competent New Zealand
      rabbits. In the same way, 22 fresh metanephroi were transplanted. Twenty-one days
      after transplantation, hosts were euthanized and developed kidneys were recovered
      and evaluated morphologically and histologically. RESULTS: Significant growth and
      fully differentiated mature glomeruli and tubule were observed in all kidney
      graft explants recovered. In total, 5 metanephroi (25.0%) were successfully grown
      after vitrification. In the same way, 12 metanephroi (54.5%) were successfully
      grown in the fresh group. CONCLUSION: These encouraging results reported that
      metanephroi not only survive vitrification, but they vascularized and developed
      morphologically normal glomeruli after their allotransplantation. These results
      suggest that it's possible to create a long-term biobank of kidney precursors as
      an unlimited source of organs for transplantation, and open new therapeutic
      possibilities for the patients with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 26964027
TI  - IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL RATES IN VITRIFIED-WARMED PIG OOCYTES AFTER
      RECOVERY CULTURE WITH COENZYME Q10.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The primary problems with porcine oocyte vitrification are their low
      viability and development; both need improvement. OBJECTIVE: This study was
      designed to improve the survival and developmental rates in vitrified-warmed
      porcine oocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Porcine oocytes matured in vitro were
      vitrified-warmed with Cryotop. Then the oocytes were supplemented with Q10 during
      recovery culture. RESULTS: The survival rates immediately after warming were
      92.9% by morphological inspection and 39.3% by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assay.
      The group of recovery culture with Q10 (VC+Q10) showed significantly higher
      viability compared to the group of recovery culture without Q10 (VC+) analyzed by
      morphology and the FDA. The VC+Q10 group showed a low Bax/Bcl-xl ratio and a high
      expression of MAP3K12 and TGFB3 compared to the VC+. The cleavage rate did not
      differ in both groups but, blastocyst yield was higher in VC+Q10 than the VC+
      group. CONCLUSION: Supplementation of Q10 during recovery culture led to a higher
      blastocyst yield by increasing survival rates and regulating mRNA expressions.

PMID- 26964028
TI  - Direct oral anticoagulants: a guide for daily practice.
AB  - In recent years, small oral compounds that specifically block activated
      coagulation factor X (FXa) or thrombin (FIIa) have become alternatives to the
      anticoagulants that had been used for several decades. As of today, these direct
      oral anticoagulants (DOACs) include dabigatran etexilate (thrombin inhibitor) and
      apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban (inhibitors of FXa). While there is no doubt
      that DOACs represent a major step forward in the management of patients with
      venous thromboembolic disease and atrial fibrillation, new challenges have
      arisen. They need to be addressed with the necessary pragmatism on the basis of
      evidence. Indeed, a better understanding of the management of these last
      generation antithrombotics will favour safer use and increase confidence of the
      practitioner for the prescription of these drugs. The aim of this article is to
      present practical suggestions for the prescription and use of these drugs in
      everyday clinical practice, based on clinical experience and recently updated
      recommendations of the European Heart Rhythm Association and the American College
      of Chest Physicians among other scientific organisations. We address issues such
      as pharmacokinetics, dosing, side effects, limitations of use, drug interactions,
      switching from and to other anticoagulants, renal function, concomitant
      administration of antiplatelet agents and perioperative use. We also address the
      issue of monitoring and reversal, taking advantage of the most recent development
      in this latter area. Rather than being one additional set of recommendations, our
      narrative review aims at assisting the practicing physician in his or her daily
      handling of these novel anticoagulant compounds, based on frequently asked
      questions to the authors, a group of experienced specialists in the field who
      have, however, no commitment to issue guidelines.

PMID- 26964029
TI  - Calcified amorphous tumor of the left atrial appendage.
AB  - A 57-year-old female with end-stage renal dysfunction was admitted to our
      hospital. The echocardiogram revealed a 9mm*22mm hyperechoic mass in the left
      atrial appendage (LAA). The mass was extremely mobile. Considering the high risk
      of embolic events, we decided on a surgical resection. Microscopic examination of
      the mass revealed a nodular focus of calcification and fibrosis with focal
      chronic inflammation of the atrial endocardium. The endocardium was uniformly
      thickened with no evidence of neoplastic proliferation. The mass was diagnosed
      with a calcified amorphous tumor (CAT). This is first report of CAT of the LAA. 

PMID- 26964031
TI  - Triapine potentiates platinum-based combination therapy by disruption of
      homologous recombination repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Platinum resistance may be attributable to inherent or acquired
      proficiency in homologous recombination repair (HRR) in epithelial ovarian cancer
      (EOC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the small
      molecule inhibitor triapine to disrupt HRR and sensitise BRCA wild-type EOC cells
      to platinum-based combination therapy in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The
      sensitivity of BRCA wild-type cancer cells to olaparib, cisplatin, carboplatin,
      doxorubicin, or etoposide in combination with triapine was evaluated by
      clonogenic survival assays. The effects of triapine on HRR activity in cells were
      measured with a DR-GFP reporter assay. The ability of triapine to enhance the
      effects of the carboplatin-doxil combination on EOC tumour growth delay was
      determined using a xenograft tumour mouse model. RESULTS: Platinum resistance is
      associated with wild-type BRCA status. Triapine inhibits HRR activity and
      enhances the sensitivity of BRCA wild-type cancer cells to cisplatin, olaparib,
      and doxorubicin. However, sequential combination of triapine and cisplatin is
      necessary to achieve synergism. Moreover, triapine potentiates platinum-based
      combination therapy against BRCA wild-type EOC cells and produces significant
      delay of EOC tumour growth. CONCLUSIONS: Triapine promises to augment the
      clinical efficacy of platinum-based combination regimens for treatment of
      platinum-resistant EOC with wild-type BRCA and proficient HRR activity.

PMID- 26964032
TI  - Long-term impact of preeclampsia on maternal endometrial cancer risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is mainly dependent on oestrogen exposure.
      Preeclampsia has shown to reduce oestrogen levels hence preeclampsia may affect
      later endometrial cancer risk. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of 523
      Danish women with endometrial cancer and 52 299controls during 1978-2010. The
      association between preeclampsia and later endometrial cancer was evaluated
      overall and according to preeclampsia onset and type of endometrial cancer in
      conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: We observed no overall
      association between preeclampsia and endometrial cancer risk (OR=1.11 (95% CI
      0.68-1.81)). This was true for all endometrial cancer subtypes. In an analysis of
      preeclampsia onset, however, we report a markedly increased risk of endometrial
      cancer following early-onset preeclampsia (OR=2.64 (95% CI 1.29-5.38)).
      CONCLUSIONS: Although we report no obvious association between preeclampsia and
      endometrial cancer, studying the subset of early-onset preeclampsia may prove
      fruitful in further understanding the aetiology of endometrial cancer.

PMID- 26964034
TI  - Does Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Treatment Affect Renal Function in Chronic Hepatitis
      B Patients Who Have Already Decreased eGFR? A Longitudinal Study.
AB  - This study aimed to assess the renal function in chronic hepatitis B (CHB)
      patients who received nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) therapy using estimated
      glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) titer. We performed a longitudinal
      observational study of 37 tenofovir-, 42 telbivudine-, and 62 entecavir-naive CHB
      patients, who had impaired renal function (eGFR, 90-30 ml/min/1.73m2) without
      history of diabetes, hypertension, and chemotherapy. Calculation and evaluation
      of eGFR was performed with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, Chronic
      Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, and Cockcroft-Gault formula at
      pretreatment, at baseline, and after the 1st and 2nd year of treatment. The eGFR
      was significantly increased in patients given telbivudine or entecavir (p = 0.003
      and p = 0.012, respectively), but the eGFR was decreased in patients given
      tenofovir (p = 0.001) after 2 years of treatment. Of all patients, eGFR was
      stable one year prior to treatment. If we analyzed the renal function by change
      of chronic kidney disease (CKD) category with a change of 25% of eGFR, the
      proportion of uncertain drop (drop in CKD category with <25% decrease in eGFR)
      and certain drop (drop in CKD category with ?25% decrease in eGFR) in tenofovir
      group was smaller (5.4%) than those of telbivudine (12.9%) or entecavir (6.5%).
      Furthermore, telbivudine had the lowest stable rate (76.2%), the highest certain
      rise rate (9.5%), and certain drop rate (7.1%) compared to the other groups (p =
      0.049). In conclusion, in NAs-naive CHB patients with impaired renal function,
      telbivudine and entecavir resulted in a significant increase in eGFR while
      tenofovir resulted in a significant decrease after a 2-year treatment.
      Interestingly, TDF had the lowest proportion of patients reclassified to certain
      and uncertain drop groups; in contrast, LdT had a higher proportion in both raise
      and drop groups. The outcomes of this renal effect remain to be determined. 

PMID- 26964035
TI  - A Model-Based Joint Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes and
      Phenotype-Associated Genes.
AB  - Over the last decade, many analytical methods and tools have been developed for
      microarray data. The detection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among
      different treatment groups is often a primary purpose of microarray data
      analysis. In addition, association studies investigating the relationship between
      genes and a phenotype of interest such as survival time are also popular in
      microarray data analysis. Phenotype association analysis provides a list of
      phenotype-associated genes (PAGs). However, it is sometimes necessary to identify
      genes that are both DEGs and PAGs. We consider the joint identification of DEGs
      and PAGs in microarray data analyses. The first approach we used was a naive
      approach that detects DEGs and PAGs separately and then identifies the genes in
      an intersection of the list of PAGs and DEGs. The second approach we considered
      was a hierarchical approach that detects DEGs first and then chooses PAGs from
      among the DEGs or vice versa. In this study, we propose a new model-based
      approach for the joint identification of DEGs and PAGs. Unlike the previous two
      step approaches, the proposed method identifies genes simultaneously that are
      DEGs and PAGs. This method uses standard regression models but adopts different
      null hypothesis from ordinary regression models, which allows us to perform joint
      identification in one-step. The proposed model-based methods were evaluated using
      experimental data and simulation studies. The proposed methods were used to
      analyze a microarray experiment in which the main interest lies in detecting
      genes that are both DEGs and PAGs, where DEGs are identified between two diet
      groups and PAGs are associated with four phenotypes reflecting the expression of
      leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin. Model-based
      approaches provided a larger number of genes, which are both DEGs and PAGs, than
      other methods. Simulation studies showed that they have more power than other
      methods. Through analysis of data from experimental microarrays and simulation
      studies, the proposed model-based approach was shown to provide a more powerful
      result than the naive approach and the hierarchical approach. Since our approach
      is model-based, it is very flexible and can easily handle different types of
      covariates. 

PMID- 26964037
TI  - Correction: Identification of Molecular Markers of Delayed Graft Function Based
      on the Regulation of Biological Ageing.

PMID- 26964036
TI  - Frontal Lobe Contusion in Mice Chronically Impairs Prefrontal-Dependent Behavior.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of chronic disability in the world.
      Moderate to severe TBI often results in damage to the frontal lobe region and
      leads to cognitive, emotional, and social behavioral sequelae that negatively
      affect quality of life. More specifically, TBI patients often develop persistent
      deficits in social behavior, anxiety, and executive functions such as attention,
      mental flexibility, and task switching. These deficits are intrinsically
      associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) functionality. Currently, there is a lack
      of analogous, behaviorally characterized TBI models for investigating frontal
      lobe injuries despite the prevalence of focal contusions to the frontal lobe in
      TBI patients. We used the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in mice to
      generate a frontal lobe contusion and studied behavioral changes associated with
      PFC function. We found that unilateral frontal lobe contusion in mice produced
      long-term impairments to social recognition and reversal learning while having
      only a minor effect on anxiety and completely sparing rule shifting and
      hippocampal-dependent behavior. 

PMID- 26964039
TI  - Estimation of Soil Erosion Dynamics in the Koshi Basin Using GIS and Remote
      Sensing to Assess Priority Areas for Conservation.
AB  - High levels of water-induced erosion in the transboundary Himalayan river basins
      are contributing to substantial changes in basin hydrology and inundation. Basin
      wide information on erosion dynamics is needed for conservation planning, but
      field-based studies are limited. This study used remote sensing (RS) data and a
      geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the spatial distribution of soil
      erosion across the entire Koshi basin, to identify changes between 1990 and 2010,
      and to develop a conservation priority map. The revised universal soil loss
      equation (RUSLE) was used in an ArcGIS environment with rainfall erosivity, soil
      erodibility, slope length and steepness, cover-management, and support practice
      factors as primary parameters. The estimated annual erosion from the basin was
      around 40 million tonnes (40 million tonnes in 1990 and 42 million tonnes in
      2010). The results were within the range of reported levels derived from isolated
      plot measurements and model estimates. Erosion risk was divided into eight
      classes from very low to extremely high and mapped to show the spatial pattern of
      soil erosion risk in the basin in 1990 and 2010. The erosion risk class remained
      unchanged between 1990 and 2010 in close to 87% of the study area, but increased
      over 9.0% of the area and decreased over 3.8%, indicating an overall worsening of
      the situation. Areas with a high and increasing risk of erosion were identified
      as priority areas for conservation. The study provides the first assessment of
      erosion dynamics at the basin level and provides a basis for identifying
      conservation priorities across the Koshi basin. The model has a good potential
      for application in similar river basins in the Himalayan region. 

PMID- 26964038
TI  - Viruses as Sole Causative Agents of Severe Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in
      Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A viruses are known
      to cause severe acute respiratory tract infections (SARIs) in children. For other
      viruses like human rhinoviruses (HRVs) this is less well established. Viral or
      bacterial co-infections are often considered essential for severe manifestations
      of these virus infections. OBJECTIVE: The study aims at identifying viruses that
      may cause SARI in children in the absence of viral and bacterial co-infections,
      at identifying disease characteristics associated with these single virus
      infections, and at identifying a possible correlation between viral loads and
      disease severities. STUDY DESIGN: Between April 2007 and March 2012, we
      identified children (<18 year) with or without a medical history, admitted to our
      paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SARI or to the medium care (MC) with
      an acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) (controls). Data were extracted from
      the clinical and laboratory databases of our tertiary care paediatric hospital.
      Patient specimens were tested for fifteen respiratory viruses with real-time
      reverse transcriptase PCR assays and we selected patients with a single virus
      infection only. Typical bacterial co-infections were considered unlikely to have
      contributed to the PICU or MC admission based on C-reactive protein-levels or
      bacteriological test results if performed. RESULTS: We identified 44 patients
      admitted to PICU with SARI and 40 patients admitted to MC with ARTI. Twelve
      viruses were associated with SARI, ten of which were also associated with ARTI in
      the absence of typical bacterial and viral co-infections, with RSV and HRV being
      the most frequent causes. Viral loads were not different between PICU-SARI
      patients and MC-ARTI patients. CONCLUSION: Both SARI and ARTI may be caused by
      single viral pathogens in previously healthy children as well as in children with
      a medical history. No relationship between viral load and disease severity was
      identified.

PMID- 26964040
TI  - Clinical Efficacy of Simulated Vitreoretinal Surgery to Prepare Surgeons for the
      Upcoming Intervention in the Operating Room.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of the virtual reality training simulator Eyesi
      to prepare surgeons for performing pars plana vitrectomies and its potential to
      predict the surgeons' performance. METHODS: In a preparation phase, four
      participating vitreoretinal surgeons performed repeated simulator training with
      predefined tasks. If a surgeon was assigned to perform a vitrectomy for the
      management of complex retinal detachment after a surgical break of at least 60
      hours it was randomly decided whether a warmup training on the simulator was
      required (n = 9) or not (n = 12). Performance at the simulator was measured using
      the built-in scoring metrics. The surgical performance was determined by two
      blinded observers who analyzed the video-recorded interventions. One of them
      repeated the analysis to check for intra-observer consistency. The surgical
      performance of the interventions with and without simulator training was
      compared. In addition, for the surgeries with simulator training, the simulator
      performance was compared to the performance in the operating room. RESULTS:
      Comparing each surgeon's performance with and without warmup trainingshowed a
      significant effect of warmup training onto the final outcome in the operating
      room. For the surgeries that were preceeded by the warmup procedure, the
      performance at the simulator was compared with the operating room performance. We
      found that there is a significant relation. The governing factor of low scores in
      the simulator were iatrogenic retinal holes, bleedings and lens damage. Surgeons
      who caused minor damage in the simulation also performed well in the operating
      room. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the large variation of conditions, the effect of a
      warmup training as well as a relation between the performance at the simulator
      and in the operating room was found with statistical significance. Simulator
      training is able to serve as a warmup to increase the average performance.

PMID- 26964041
TI  - De Novo Occurrence of a Variant in ARL3 and Apparent Autosomal Dominant
      Transmission of Retinitis Pigmentosa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retinitis pigmentosa is a phenotype with diverse genetic causes. Due
      to this genetic heterogeneity, genome-wide identification and analysis of protein
      altering DNA variants by exome sequencing is a powerful tool for novel variant
      and disease gene discovery. In this study, exome sequencing analysis was used to
      search for potentially causal DNA variants in a two-generation pedigree with
      apparent dominant retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: Variant identification and
      analysis of three affected members (mother and two affected offspring) was
      performed via exome sequencing. Parental samples of the index case were used to
      establish inheritance. Follow-up testing of 94 additional retinitis pigmentosa
      pedigrees was performed via retrospective analysis or Sanger sequencing. RESULTS
      AND CONCLUSIONS: A total of 136 high quality coding variants in 123 genes were
      identified which are consistent with autosomal dominant disease. Of these, one of
      the strongest genetic and functional candidates is a c.269A>G (p.Tyr90Cys)
      variant in ARL3. Follow-up testing established that this variant occurred de novo
      in the index case. No additional putative causal variants in ARL3 were identified
      in the follow-up cohort, suggesting that if ARL3 variants can cause adRP it is an
      extremely rare phenomenon.

PMID- 26964043
TI  - Evolution of E. coli on [U-13C]Glucose Reveals a Negligible Isotopic Influence on
      Metabolism and Physiology.
AB  - 13C-Metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) traditionally assumes that kinetic isotope
      effects from isotopically labeled compounds do not appreciably alter cellular
      growth or metabolism, despite indications that some biochemical reactions can be
      non-negligibly impacted. Here, populations of Escherichia coli were adaptively
      evolved for ~1000 generations on uniformly labeled 13C-glucose, a commonly used
      isotope for 13C-MFA. Phenotypic characterization of these evolved strains
      revealed ~40% increases in growth rate, with no significant difference in fitness
      when grown on either labeled (13C) or unlabeled (12C) glucose. The evolved
      strains displayed decreased biomass yields, increased glucose and oxygen uptake,
      and increased acetate production, mimicking what is observed after adaptive
      evolution on unlabeled glucose. Furthermore, full genome re-sequencing revealed
      that the key genetic changes underlying these phenotypic alterations were
      essentially the same as those acquired during adaptive evolution on unlabeled
      glucose. Additionally, glucose competition experiments demonstrated that the wild
      type exhibits no isotopic preference for unlabeled glucose, and the evolved
      strains have no preference for labeled glucose. Overall, the results of this
      study indicate that there are no significant differences between 12C and 13C
      glucose as a carbon source for E. coli growth. 

PMID- 26964042
TI  - NMR Methods to Study Dynamic Allostery.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides a unique toolbox of
      experimental probes for studying dynamic processes on a wide range of timescales,
      ranging from picoseconds to milliseconds and beyond. Along with NMR hardware
      developments, recent methodological advancements have enabled the
      characterization of allosteric proteins at unprecedented detail, revealing
      intriguing aspects of allosteric mechanisms and increasing the proportion of the
      conformational ensemble that can be observed by experiment. Here, we present an
      overview of NMR spectroscopic methods for characterizing equilibrium fluctuations
      in free and bound states of allosteric proteins that have been most influential
      in the field. By combining NMR experimental approaches with molecular
      simulations, atomistic-level descriptions of the mechanisms by which allosteric
      phenomena take place are now within reach. 

PMID- 26964044
TI  - Comparative Proteomic Identification of Mature and Immature Sperm in the Catfish
      Cranoglanis bouderius.
AB  - To understand the molecular responses of mature and immature sperm in the catfish
      Cranoglanis bouderius, we used the iTRAQ proteomics approach to perform proteomic
      profiling of spermatogenesis in C. bouderius. As a result, 1,941 proteins were
      identified, including 361 differentially expressed proteins, 157 upregulated
      proteins and 204 downregulated proteins in mature sperm relative to immature
      sperm. All of the identified proteins were categorized into seven types of
      subcellular localizations and three molecular functions and were found to be
      involved in nine biological processes. All of the differential proteins were
      involved in 235 different pathways. Moreover, we found that the tricarboxylic
      acid (TCA) pathway played an important role in the energy metabolism of sperm and
      that the EABB pathway was involved in the mechanism of spermatogenesis. Our study
      is the first to use the iTRAQ-based proteomic approach to analyze the catfish
      sperm proteome, and the results we obtained using this approach are valuable for
      understanding the molecular mechanisms of fish spermatogenesis. 

PMID- 26964045
TI  - Hyperlipidemia Is Associated with Chronic Urticaria: A Population-Based Study.
AB  - The etiology of chronic urticaria (CU) is diverse, with chronic infections and
      inflammation being reported as considerable contributing factors. Although the
      prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be significantly elevated in
      patients with CU, no one has specifically estimated the effects on CU following
      hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to examine the association between
      hyperlipidemia and CU using a population-based dataset in Taiwan. This study
      included 9798 adults with CU as cases and 9798 sex- and age-matched controls.
      These patients were examined for whether they had received a prior diagnosis of
      hyperlipidemia. We used conditional logistic regression analyses to calculate the
      odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for having
      been previously diagnosed with hyperlipidemia between cases and controls. In
      total, 7066 (36.1%) patients had received a prior diagnosis of hyperlipidemia,
      including 4287 (43.8%) among CU cases and 2779 (28.4%) among controls. The
      conditional logistic regression revealed that the OR of prior hyperlipidemia for
      cases was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.85~2.09) compared to the controls. Furthermore,
      compared to patients without CU, patients with CU independently experienced a
      1.65-fold (95% CI = 1.55~1.76; p<0.001) increased risk of having a prior
      hyperlipidemia diagnosis, after adjustments were made. We concluded that CU was
      associated with having received a prior diagnosis of hyperlipidemia. 

PMID- 26964050
TI  - Healing the Bee's Knees--On Honey and Wound Healing.

PMID- 26964046
TI  - The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Longevity and Insecticide Resistance
      Phenotype of the Major Malaria Vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles
      funestus.
AB  - Oxidative stress plays numerous biological roles, both functional and
      pathological. The role of oxidative stress in various epidemiologically relevant
      biological traits in Anopheles mosquitoes is not well established. In this study,
      the effects of oxidative stress on the longevity and insecticide resistance
      phenotype in the major malaria vector species An. arabiensis and An. funestus
      were examined. Responses to dietary copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide were
      used as proxies for the oxidative stress phenotype by determining the effect of
      copper on longevity and hydrogen peroxide lethal dose. Glutathione peroxidase and
      catalase activities were determined colorimetrically. Oxidative burden was
      quantified as protein carbonyl content. Changes in insecticide resistance
      phenotype were monitored by WHO bioassay. Insecticide resistant individuals
      showed an increased capacity for coping with oxidative stress, mediated by
      increased glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity. This effect was observed
      in both species, as well as in laboratory strains and F1 individuals derived from
      wild-caught An. funestus mothers. Phenotypic capacity for coping with oxidative
      stress was greatest in strains with elevated Cytochrome P450 activity. Synergism
      of oxidative stress defence enzymes by dietary supplementation with haematin, 3
      Amino-1, 2, 4-triazole and Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate significantly increased
      pyrethroid-induced mortality in An. arabiensis and An. funestus. It is therefore
      concluded that defence against oxidative stress underlies the augmentation of the
      insecticide resistance phenotype associated with multiple blood-feeding. This is
      because multiple blood-feeding ultimately leads to a reduction of oxidative
      stress in insecticide resistant females, and also reduces the oxidative burden
      induced by DDT and pyrethroids, by inducing increased glutathione peroxidase
      activity. This study highlights the importance of oxidative stress in the
      longevity and insecticide resistance phenotype in malaria vectors. 

PMID- 26964047
TI  - beta-Cyclodextrin-Based Inclusion Complexation Bridged Biodegradable Self
      Assembly Macromolecular Micelle for the Delivery of Paclitaxel.
AB  - In this study, a novel adamantanamine-paclitaxel (AD-PTX) incorporated
      oligochitosan- carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CSO-g-CM-beta-CD) self-assembly
      macromolecular (CSO-g-CM-beta-CD@AD-PTX) micelle was successfully prepared in
      water through sonication. The formed molecules were characterized by Fourier
      transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectroscopy, two-dimensional NMR, elemental analysis, and liquid chromatography
      mass spectrometry, while the correspondent micelles were characterized by dynamic
      light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. We showed that the
      macromolecular micelle contained a spherical core-shell structure with a diameter
      of 197.1 +/- 3.3 nm and zeta potential of -19.1 +/- 4.3 mV. The CSO-g-CM-beta
      CD@AD-PTX micelle exhibited a high drug-loading efficacy up to 31.3%, as well as
      a critical micelle concentration of 3.4 * 10-7 M, which indicated good stability.
      Additionally, the in vitro release profile of the CSO-g-CM-beta-CD@AD-PTX micelle
      demonstrated a long-term release pattern, 63.1% of AD-PTX was released from the
      micelle during a 30-day period. Moreover, the CSO-g-CM-beta-CD@AD-PTX micelle
      displayed cytotoxicity at a sub-MUM scale similar to PTX in U87 MG cells, and CSO
      g-CM-beta-CD exhibited a good safety profile by not manifesting significant
      toxicity at concentrations up to 100 MUM. These results indicated that beta-CD
      based inclusion complexation resulting in biodegradable self-assembled
      macromolecular micelles can be utilized as nanocarrier, and may provide a
      promising platform for drug delivery in the future medical applications. 

PMID- 26964051
TI  - History That Will Make Your Skin Crawl--Insect Use in Dermatology.

PMID- 26964052
TI  - Henna--A Temporary Body of Art.

PMID- 26964054
TI  - The Softest Rock on Earth.

PMID- 26964053
TI  - The Pus Pioneers.

PMID- 26964055
TI  - Enjoying Opera, Dermatology Style.

PMID- 26964057
TI  - Online Reviews of Physicians--Reply.

PMID- 26964056
TI  - Online Reviews of Physicians.

PMID- 26964058
TI  - Graft-vs-Host Disease.

PMID- 26964060
TI  - The Relationship Between Functional Movement, Balance Deficits, and Previous
      Injury History in Deploying Marine Warfighters.
AB  - Screening for primary musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I) is costly and time
      consuming. Both the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and the Y-Balance Test (YBT)
      have been shown to predict future MSK-I. With a goal of optimizing the efficiency
      of primary MSK-I screening, we studied associations between performance on the
      FMS and YBT and whether history of MSK-I influenced FMS and YBT scores. In total,
      365 deploying Marines performed the FMS and YBT as prescribed. Composite and
      individual scores were each categorized as high risk or low risk using published
      injury thresholds: High-risk FMS included composite scores <=14 and right-to-left
      (R/L) asymmetry for Shoulder Mobility, In-Line Lunge, Straight Leg Raise, Hurdle
      Step, or Rotary Stability. High-risk YBT consisted of anterior, posteromedial,
      and/or posterolateral R/L differences >4 cm and/or composite differences >=12 cm.
      Pearson's chi tests evaluated associations between: (a) all FMS and YBT risk
      groups and (b) previous MSK-I and all FMS and YBT risk groups. Marines with high
      risk FMS were twice as likely to have high-risk YBT posteromedial scores (chi =
      10.2, p = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-3.2).
      History of any MSK-I was not associated with high-risk FMS or high-risk YBT.
      However, previous lower extremity MSK-I was associated with In-Line Lunge
      asymmetries (chi = 9.8, p = 0.002, OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3-3.6). Overall, we found
      limited overlap in FMS and YBT risk. Because both methods seem to assess
      different risk factors for injury, we recommend FMS and YBT continue to be used
      together in combination with a thorough injury history until their predictive
      capacities are further established.

PMID- 26964059
TI  - A Mycobacterial Perspective on Tuberculosis in West Africa: Significant
      Geographical Variation of M. africanum and Other M. tuberculosis Complex
      Lineages.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phylogenetically distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages differ
      in their phenotypes and pathogenicity. Consequently, understanding mycobacterial
      population structures phylogeographically is essential for design, interpretation
      and generalizability of clinical trials. Comprehensive efforts are lacking to
      date to establish the West African mycobacterial population structure on a sub
      continental scale, which has diagnostic implications and can inform the design of
      clinical TB trials. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We collated novel and
      published genotyping (spoligotyping) data and classified spoligotypes into
      mycobacterial lineages/families using TBLineage and Spotclust, followed by
      phylogeographic analyses using statistics (logistic regression) and lineage axis
      plot analysis in GenGIS, in which a phylogenetic tree constructed in MIRU
      VNTRplus was analysed. Combining spoligotyping data from 16 previously published
      studies with novel data from The Gambia, we obtained a total of 3580 isolates
      from 12 countries and identified 6 lineages comprising 32 families. By using
      stringent analytical tools we demonstrate for the first time a significant
      phylogeographic separation between western and eastern West Africa not only of
      the two M. africanum (West Africa 1 and 2) but also of several major M.
      tuberculosis sensu stricto families, such as LAM10 and Haarlem 3. Moreover, in a
      longitudinal logistic regression analysis for grouped data we showed that M.
      africanum West Africa 2 remains a persistent health concern.
      CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Because of the geographical divide of the mycobacterial
      populations in West Africa, individual research findings from one country cannot
      be generalized across the whole region. The unequal geographical family
      distribution should be considered in placement and design of future clinical
      trials in West Africa.

PMID- 26964030
TI  - Gene and pathway level analyses of  germline DNA-repair gene variants and 
      prostate cancer susceptibility using the  iCOGS-genotyping array.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Germline mutations within DNA-repair genes are implicated in
      susceptibility to multiple forms of cancer. For prostate cancer (PrCa), rare
      mutations in BRCA2 and BRCA1 give rise to moderately elevated risk, whereas two
      of B100 common, low-penetrance PrCa susceptibility variants identified so far by
      genome-wide association studies implicate RAD51B and RAD23B. METHODS: Genotype
      data from the iCOGS array were imputed to the 1000 genomes phase 3 reference
      panel for 21 780 PrCa cases and 21 727 controls from the Prostate Cancer
      Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome
      (PRACTICAL) consortium. We subsequently performed single variant, gene and
      pathway-level analyses using 81 303 SNPs within 20 Kb of a panel of 179 DNA
      repair genes. RESULTS: Single SNP analyses identified only the previously
      reported association with RAD51B. Gene-level analyses using the SKAT-C test from
      the SNP-set (Sequence) Kernel Association Test (SKAT) identified a significant
      association with PrCa for MSH5. Pathway-level analyses suggested a possible role
      for the translesion synthesis pathway in PrCa risk and Homologous
      recombination/Fanconi Anaemia pathway for PrCa aggressiveness, even though after
      adjustment for multiple testing these did not remain significant. CONCLUSIONS:
      MSH5 is a novel candidate gene warranting additional follow-up as a prospective
      PrCa-risk locus. MSH5 has previously been reported as a pleiotropic
      susceptibility locus for lung, colorectal and serous ovarian cancers.

PMID- 26964061
TI  - Impact of Short and Moderate Rest Intervals on the Acute Immunometabolic Response
      to Exhaustive Strength Exercise: Part II.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of short and moderate
      recovery intervals during heavy strength exercise on performance, inflammatory,
      and metabolic responses in recreational weightlifters. Eight healthy subjects
      (age = 24.6 +/- 4.1 years) performed 2 randomized sequences with different rest
      intervals: short = 90% of 1RM and 30 seconds rest allowed between sets; moderate
      = 90% of 1RM and 90 seconds rest allowed between sets. All sequences of exercises
      were performed over 4 sets until movement failure in the squat and bench press
      exercises, respectively. Glucose, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio,
      and nonester fatty acid concentrations were assessed at the baseline, immediately
      postexercise, post-15 and post-30 minutes. We observed a statistically
      significant decrease after 30 seconds on maximum number of repetitions (p =
      0.003) and total weight lifted (p = 0.006) after the bench press, and there was a
      marginal decrease in the squat (p = 0.055). The glucose concentrations showed a
      significant increase post-15 minutes in the 30-second condition (pre-exercise =
      86.1 +/- 9.1, immediately = 85.3 +/- 8.2, post-15 = 97.0 +/- 9.0, post-30 = 87.1
      +/- 5.3 mg/dl; p = 0.015); on the other hand, IL-10 increased post-30 minutes in
      the 90-second condition (pre-exercise = 18.2 +/- 12.7, immediately = 16.4 +/-
      10.7, post-15 = 16.8 +/- 12.2, post-30 = 35.0 +/- 13.1 pg/ml; p < 0.001). In
      addition, the 90-second condition showed anti-inflammatory effects (as indicated
      by IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio: pre-exercise = 1.08 +/- 1.32, immediately = 1.23 +/-
      1.20, post-15 = 1.15 +/- 1.14, post-30 = 2.48 +/- 2.07; p = 0.020) compared with
      the 30-second condition (pre-exercise = 1.30 +/- 2.04, immediately = 0.99 +/-
      1.27, post-15 = 1.23 +/- 1.82, post-30 = 1.28 +/- 1.28; p = 0.635). Thus, we
      concluded that a moderate interval of recovery (90 seconds) during heavy strength
      exercise allowed higher workload, IL-10 levels, and IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in
      recreational weightlifters.

PMID- 26964062
TI  - The Herpes Simplex Virus Neurovirulence Factor gamma34.5: Revealing Virus-Host
      Interactions.

PMID- 26964063
TI  - The Formulation of Bacteriophage in a Semi Solid Preparation for Control of
      Propionibacterium acnes Growth.
AB  - AIMS: To isolate and characterise phage which could lyse P. acnes and to
      formulate the phage into a delivery form for potential application in topical
      treatment of acne infection. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using standard phage isolation
      techniques, ten phage capable of lysing P. acnes were isolated from human skin
      microflora. Their genomes showed high homology to previously reported P. acnes
      phage. These phage were formulated into cetomacrogol cream aqueous at a
      concentration of 2.5x108 PFU per gram, and shown to lyse underlying P. acnes
      cells grown as lawn cultures. These phage formulations remained active for at
      least 90 days when stored at four degrees Celsius in a light protected container.
      CONCLUSIONS: P. acnes phage formulated into cetomacrogol cream aqueous will lyse
      surrounding and underlying P. acnes bacteria, and are effective for at least 90
      days if stored appropriately. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: There are few
      reports of phage formulation into semi solid preparations for application as
      phage therapy. The formulation method described here could potentially be applied
      topically to treat human acne infections. The potential exists for this model to
      be extended to other phage applied to treat other bacterial skin infections.

PMID- 26964066
TI  - Abdominal Palpation Haptic Device for Colonoscopy Simulation Using Pneumatic
      Control.
AB  - In this paper, we describe the development of a haptic device to be used in a
      simulator aiming to train the skills of gastroenterology assistants in abdominal
      palpation during colonoscopy, as well as to train team interaction skills for the
      colonoscopy team. To understand the haptic feedback forces to be simulated by the
      haptic device, we conducted an experiment with five participants of varying BMI.
      The applied forces and displacements were measured and hysteresis modeling was
      used to characterize the experimental data. These models were used to determine
      the haptic feedback forces required to simulate a BMI case in response to the
      real-time user interactions. The pneumatic haptic device consisted of a
      sphygmomanometer bladder as the haptic interface and a fuzzy controller to
      regulate the bladder pressure. The haptic device showed good steady state and
      dynamic response was adequate for simulating haptic interactions. Tracking
      accuracy averaged 94.2 percent within 300 ms of the reference input while the
      user was actively applying abdominal palpation and minor repositioning. 

PMID- 26964067
TI  - Creating Realistic Virtual Textures from Contact Acceleration Data.
AB  - Modern haptic interfaces are adept at conveying the large-scale shape of virtual
      objects, but they often provide unrealistic or no feedback when it comes to the
      microscopic details of surface texture. Direct texture-rendering challenges the
      state of the art in haptics because it requires a finely detailed model of the
      surface's properties, real-time dynamic simulation of complex interactions, and
      high-bandwidth haptic output to enable the user to feel the resulting contacts.
      This paper presents a new, fully realized solution for creating realistic virtual
      textures. Our system employs a sensorized handheld tool to capture the feel of a
      given texture, recording three-dimensional tool acceleration, tool position, and
      contact force over time. We reduce the three-dimensional acceleration signals to
      a perceptually equivalent one-dimensional signal, and then we use linear
      predictive coding to distill this raw haptic information into a database of
      frequency-domain texture models. Finally, we render these texture models in real
      time on a Wacom tablet using a stylus augmented with small voice coil actuators.
      The resulting virtual textures provide a compelling simulation of contact with
      the real surfaces, which we verify through a human subject study. 

PMID- 26964065
TI  - Assessment of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System in Mercury-Exposed Individuals
      via Post-Exercise Heart Rate Recovery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess exercise heart rate recovery (HRR)
      indices in mercury-exposed individuals when evaluating their cardiac autonomic
      function. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight mercury-exposed individuals and 28
      healthy controls were enrolled. All the subjects underwent exercise testing and
      transthoracic echocardiography. The HRR indices were calculated by subtracting
      the first- (HRR1), second- (HRR2) and third-minute (HRR3) heart rates from the
      maximal heart rate. The two groups were evaluated in terms of exercise test
      parameters, especially HRR, and a correlation analysis was performed between
      blood, 24-hour urine and hair mercury levels and the test parameters. RESULTS:
      The mercury-exposed and control groups were similar in age (37.2 +/- 6.6 vs. 36.9
      +/- 9.0 years), had an identical gender distribution (16 females and 12 males)
      and similar left ventricular ejection fractions (65.5 +/- 3.1 vs. 65.4 +/- 3.1%).
      The mean HRR1 [25.6 +/- 6.5 vs. 30.3 +/- 8.2 beats per min (bpm); p = 0.009],
      HRR2 (43.5 +/- 5.3 vs. 47.8 +/- 5.5 bpm; p = 0.010) and HRR3 (56.8 +/- 5.1 vs.
      59.4 +/- 6.3 bpm; p = 0.016) values were significantly lower in the mercury
      exposed group than in the healthy controls. However, there were no significant
      correlations between blood, urine and hair mercury levels and exercise test
      parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Mercury-exposed individuals had lower HRR indices than
      normal subjects. In these individuals, mercury exposure measurements did not show
      correlations with the exercise test parameters, but age did show a negative
      correlation with these parameters. Therefore, cardiac autonomic functions might
      be involved in cases of mercury exposure.

PMID- 26964064
TI  - Activation of Myenteric Glia during Acute Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are the main constituent of the enteric
      nervous system and share similarities with astrocytes from the central nervous
      system including their reactivity to an inflammatory microenvironment. Previous
      studies on EGC pathophysiology have specifically focused on mucosal glia
      activation and its contribution to mucosal inflammatory processes observed in the
      gut of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. In contrast knowledge is scarce
      on intestinal inflammation not locally restricted to the mucosa but systemically
      affecting the intestine and its effect on the overall EGC network. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: In this study, we analyzed the biological effects of a systemic LPS
      induced hyperinflammatory insult on overall EGCs in a rat model in vivo,
      mimicking the clinical situation of systemic inflammation response syndrome
      (SIRS). Tissues from small and large intestine were removed 4 hours after
      systemic LPS-injection and analyzed on transcript and protein level. Laser
      capture microdissection was performed to study plexus-specific gene expression
      alterations. Upon systemic LPS-injection in vivo we observed a rapid and dramatic
      activation of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)-expressing glia on mRNA
      level, locally restricted to the myenteric plexus. To study the specific role of
      the GFAP subpopulation, we established flow cytometry-purified primary glial cell
      cultures from GFAP promotor-driven EGFP reporter mice. After LPS stimulation, we
      analyzed cytokine secretion and global gene expression profiles, which were
      finally implemented in a bioinformatic comparative transcriptome analysis.
      Enriched GFAP+ glial cells cultured as gliospheres secreted increased levels of
      prominent inflammatory cytokines upon LPS stimulation. Additionally, a shift in
      myenteric glial gene expression profile was induced that predominantly affected
      genes associated with immune response. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings
      identify the myenteric GFAP-expressing glial subpopulation as particularly
      susceptible and responsive to acute systemic inflammation of the gut wall and
      complement knowledge on glial involvement in mucosal inflammation of the
      intestine.

PMID- 26964069
TI  - Haptic Detection of Artificial Tumors by Hand and with a Tool in a MIS
      Environment.
AB  - Minimally invasive surgery uses optical cameras and special surgical tools in
      order to operate from an environment one step removed from the body cavity of
      interest to the surgeon. It has been suggested that constraints posed by this
      arrangement, in particular the lack of direct haptic feedback to the surgeon, may
      affect the surgeon's ability to identify tissues and accurately maneuver inside
      the body cavity. In the present study, the ability of laypeople to detect
      artificial tumors of various hardness values embedded in silicone gels was
      assessed in a simulated MIS environment. Participants explored the gels under
      three conditions all with remote viewing; using the unrestricted bare finger,
      using a stick-like surgical tool also unrestricted, and using the surgical tool
      restricted by its insertion through an operating port as in MIS. Participants
      were significantly more accurate and more efficient at tumor detection with the
      finger as compared to the other methods of exploration, and they were also better
      at detecting harder tumors as compared to softer ones. The potential implications
      of these results for the role of haptic perception in minimally invasive surgery
      are discussed. 

PMID- 26964068
TI  - Haptic-Assisted Target Acquisition in a Visual Point-and-Click Task for Computer
      Users with Motion Impairments.
AB  - Haptic assistance is the process of using force feedback to aid the operator in
      human-computer interaction (HCI). This may take the form of guiding the operator
      toward a target or assisting them in its selection. Haptic feedback has
      previously been investigated to assist motion-impaired computer users; however,
      limitations of previous 2 DOF haptic target acquisition techniques such as
      gravity wells and high-friction-targets have hampered progress. In this paper,
      two new haptic-assistive techniques are presented that utilize the 3 DOF
      capabilities of the Phantom Omni to produce assistance that is designed
      specifically for motion-impaired computer users. These include haptic cones and V
      shaped funnels. To evaluate the effectiveness of the new haptic techniques, a
      series of point-and-click experiments were undertaken in parallel with cursor
      analysis to compare the levels of performance. The task required the operator to
      produce a predefined sentence on the Windows-On-Screen Keyboard. The results of
      the study prove that higher performance levels can be achieved using techniques
      that are less constricting than traditional assistance and without many of the
      drawbacks. Haptic cones produced the most significant results when compared to an
      unassisted interface with a mean improvement of 53 percent in the number of
      missed clicks and 145 percent improvement in throughput. 

PMID- 26964070
TI  - Please Touch: Object Properties that Invite Touch.
AB  - Touch has received increasing interest in marketing, given research indicating
      that contact with products influences evaluation and the tendency to purchase.
      However, little is known from the marketing or psychophysical literature about
      visible attributes of objects that elicit touch for hedonic purposes. In these
      studies, participants rated the tendency of pictured objects to invite touch, or
      "touch-ability." Rated touch-ability varied reliably with structural attributes
      of objects, and the structural influences were distinct from those on other
      ratings such as attractiveness and apparent expense. Although the trends varied
      across object sets, touch-ability generally declined as surface textures became
      markedly rough and shape complexity became extreme. Holding stimulus factors
      constant, touch-ability also varied with the specific hand movements that were
      anticipated. Finally, mean touch-ability ratings were correlated across
      participants with the "Need for Touch" scale, which measures an individual's
      tendency to touch products. The studies point to touch-ability as a potential
      factor that might be incorporated into product design. 

PMID- 26964071
TI  - Stable and Intuitive Control of an Intelligent Assist Device.
AB  - Safety and dependability are of the utmost importance for physical human-robot
      interaction due to the potential risks that a relatively powerful robot poses to
      human beings. From the control standpoint, it is possible to improve safety by
      guaranteeing that the robot will never exhibit any unstable behavior. However,
      stability is not the only concern in the design of a controller for such a robot.
      During human-robot interaction, the resulting cooperative motion should be truly
      intuitive and should not restrict in any way the human performance. For this
      purpose, we have designed a new variable admittance control law that guarantees
      the stability of the robot during constrained motion and also provides a very
      intuitive human interaction. The former characteristic is provided by the design
      of a stability observer while the latter is based on a variable admittance
      control scheme that uses the time derivative of the contact force to assess human
      intentions. The stability observer is based on a previously published stability
      investigation of cooperative motion which implies the knowledge of the
      interaction stiffness. A method to accurately estimate this stiffness online
      using the data coming from the encoder and from a multiaxis force sensor at the
      end effector is also provided. The stability and intuitivity of the control law
      are verified in a user study involving a cooperative drawing task with a 3 degree
      of-freedom (dof) parallel robot as well as in experiments performed with a
      prototype of an industrial Intelligent Assist Device. 

PMID- 26964072
TI  - The Effect of Interaction Force Estimation on Performance in Bilateral
      Teleoperation.
AB  - Measuring interaction forces in bilateral teleoperation systems may be difficult,
      due to size and cost restrictions on the force sensors. Obtaining the interaction
      forces by estimation can be a viable alternative. The primary contribution of
      this paper is the study of the effect of interaction force estimation on
      performance in bilateral teleoperation. A distinction is made between the obvious
      effect as a result of inaccurate estimation, and the less obvious effect as a
      result of the inherent theoretical properties of a system that has two points of
      interaction with its surroundings (a teleoperator) as opposed to one point of
      interaction (single robot). Specifically, the existence of a singularity property
      is pointed out, at which interaction force estimation is impossible, and close to
      which it may be infeasible. The secondary contribution of the paper is the Force
      Sensor Free (FSF) transformation for linear teleoperation systems, which is an
      automated procedure that turns a teleoperation controller with force sensing into
      an equivalent controller with force estimation. An experiment is reported whose
      objective is to validate the operation of the FSF transformation on a real
      teleoperator. 

PMID- 26964073
TI  - The Haptic Deictic System-HDS: Bringing Blind Students to Mainstream Classrooms.
AB  - Mathematics instruction and discourse typically involve two modes of
      communication: speech and graphical presentation. For the communication to remain
      situated, dynamic synchrony must be maintained between the speech and dynamic
      focus in the graphics. In sighted people, vision is used for two purposes: access
      to graphical material and awareness of embodied behavior. This embodiment
      awareness keeps communication situated with visual material and speech. Our goal
      is to assist students who are blind or visually impaired (SBVI) in the access to
      such instruction/communication. We employ the typical approach of sensory
      replacement for the missing visual sense. Haptic fingertip reading can replace
      visual material. We want to make the SBVI aware of the deictic gestures performed
      by the teacher over the graphic in conjunction with speech. We employ a haptic
      glove interface to facilitate this embodiment awareness. We address issues from
      the conception through the design and implementation to the effective and
      successful use of our Haptic Deictic System (HDS) in inclusive classrooms. 

PMID- 26964074
TI  - Electrotactile Display with Real-Time Impedance Feedback Using Pulse Width
      Modulation.
AB  - An electrotactile display is a tactile interface composed of skin surface
      electrodes. The use of such a device is limited by the variability of the
      elicited sensation. One possible solution to this problem is to monitor skin
      electrical impedance. Previous studies revealed a correlation between impedance
      and threshold, but did not construct real-time feedback loops. In this study, an
      electrotactile display was constructed using a 1.45 MUs feedback loop. Real-time
      pulse width modulation was proposed, and the relationship between skin resistance
      and absolute threshold was measured to find a function for determining a suitable
      pulse width from skin resistance. An evaluation experiment revealed that the
      proposed algorithm suppressed spatial variation and reduced temporal change. 

PMID- 26964076
TI  - Subclinical cardiac involvement in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: an
      echocardiographic case-control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are
      considered rare. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiac structure and
      function by means of traditional Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler
      imaging in order to better appreciate myocardial subclinical alterations and
      their future implications for these kind of patients. METHODS: Twenty-seven
      patients affected by Crohn's disease (CD) and 43 suffering from ulcerative
      colitis (UC) were enrolled. They were selected without cardiovascular diseases
      nor risk factors. They were compared with 24 healthy subjects matched for sex and
      age. Everyone underwent transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: IBD patients had
      larger left atrial anterior-posterior dimension (34+/-7 vs. 31+/-2 mm; P=0.001)
      and volume (46+/-7 vs. 41+/-6; P=0.002), reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection
      fraction (59+/-6 vs. 63+/-5%; P=0.006) and higher pulmonary artery systolic
      pressure (26+/-6 vs. 22+/-2 mmHg; P<0.001) than healthy volunteers. Moreover, LV
      diastolic function was slightly altered in patients in respect of controls.
      Atrioventricular valve regurgitation was prevalent in IBD. Finally, we found that
      18 (25.7%) patients had mitral valve prolapse, 35 (50.0%) mitral valve leaflets
      thickening and 3 (4.3%) pericardial effusion. We did not find differences in
      echocardiographic parameters between CD and UC. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests
      that subclinical cardiac involvement is frequent among IBD patients. The
      underlying mechanisms require further evaluation, but might be due to a systemic
      increase in cytokines and profibrotic factors.

PMID- 26964075
TI  - Safety of Gadobutrol: Results From 42 Clinical Phase II to IV Studies and
      Postmarketing Surveillance After 29 Million Applications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to provide a systematic safety analysis of
      gadobutrol after more than 29 million applications in clinical routine. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Forty-two clinical development phase II to IV studies on gadobutrol
      or comparator and the postmarketing safety surveillance database for gadobutrol
      (1998-2015) were analyzed. Adverse events (AEs) and drug-related AEs were
      evaluated in the clinical development database and spontaneous adverse drug
      reactions (ADRs) in the postmarketing database. Subgroup analyses were run on
      patients with special medical history and on patients of different age groups.
      RESULTS: In the clinical development studies, 6809 and 2184 patients received
      gadobutrol or comparators, respectively. The incidence of drug-related AEs was
      3.5% for both groups. With the exception of nausea (0.7% related cases in both
      groups), all other drug-related AEs were 0.3% or less in both groups.
      Hypersensitivity reactions were sporadic (<0.1%). Patients with history of
      allergies to contrast agents experienced slightly more drug-related AEs. No
      differences were seen between age groups.The overall reporting rate of ADRs from
      postmarketing surveillance was 0.05%. The most frequent ADRs were
      anaphylactoid/hypersensitivity reactions, nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea.For 3
      single-agent reports of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, using a conservative
      approach, association with gadobutrol could not be excluded. CONCLUSIONS:
      Gadobutrol is well tolerated and has a favorable safety profile for patients of
      all age groups.

PMID- 26964077
TI  - The association of HOTAIR expression with clinicopathological features and
      prognosis in gastric cancer patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A number of studies in gastric carcinoma have demonstrated that
      cancerous tissues have a significant higher HOTAIR level than that in
      noncancerous tissues. Overexpression of HOTAIR is associated with the development
      in gastric cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We collected all relevant articles and
      explored the association of HOTAIR expression with clinicopathological features
      and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Literature collections were
      conducted by searching a number of electronic databases (up to November 15,
      2015). The meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan v.5.3 software and Stata
      SE 12.0. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 832 patients with gastric cancer based on
      10 studies were included. The Meta-analysis results showed that high-expression
      of HOTAIR is significantly associated with clinicopathological features in
      gastric cancer patients, especially in the depth of tumor invasion, lymph node
      metastasis, vessel invasion, lymphatic vessel involvement and TNM stage, but
      there is no association between HOTAIR overexpression and other
      clinicopathological features. In addition, aberrant HOTAIR expression is also
      significantly associated with the prognosis in gastric cancer patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between HOTAIR expression and
      clinicopathological features and prognosis in gastric cancer patients. High
      expression of HOTAIR in cancerous tissue could predict poor clinical outcome in
      gastric cancer, suggesting HOTAIR abundance may serve as a novel candidate
      biomarker for the clinical outcome in gastric cancers.

PMID- 26964078
TI  - The lung microbiome and exacerbations of COPD.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Traditional culture methods have identified airway bacterial
      pathogens that cause acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD), and contribute to airway inflammation and COPD progression. However,
      conventional microbiology is limited by low sensitivity and bias toward
      predetermined and predominant pathogens. Highly sensitive, unbiased microbiome
      techniques overcome these limitations. Here, we present recent lung microbiome
      data, specifically in the context of smoking, COPD, and exacerbations. RECENT
      FINDINGS: In contrast to the sterile lung environment found with conventional
      microbiology, microbiome techniques demonstrate a lower respiratory tract
      microbiome in health. Alterations in the lung microbiome with smoking and COPD
      have been clearly demonstrated by culture techniques, however, the findings in
      microbiome studies are limited and controversial. Increasing COPD disease
      severity is associated with a reduction in microbial diversity. Though microbial
      community structure does not change with exacerbation, there are notable changes
      in its composition. Antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment of acute
      exacerbations of COPD have significant but opposing effects on microbiome
      composition. SUMMARY: The composition of the lung microbiome changes with
      smoking, the severity of COPD, during acute exacerbations and with the use of
      steroids and/or antibiotics. Understanding the role of the microbiome in disease
      progression and development of exacerbations will lead to novel therapies.

PMID- 26964079
TI  - Outcomes of double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted direct percutaneous endoscopic
      jejunostomy tube placement.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In a large series, conventional direct percutaneous
      endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ) tube placement with push endoscopes failed in
      approximately one-third of patients. In a pilot study, double-balloon enteroscopy
      (DBE)-assisted DPEJ tube placement was successful in all patients in whom
      attempted conventional DPEJ had failed. The study aim was to assess the technical
      success of and adverse events related to DBE-DPEJ tube placement in a large
      cohort of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of all patients who
      underwent DBE-DPEJ tube placement between July 2010 and November 2013 were
      reviewed using a prospectively maintained electronic database. Data were
      abstracted for patient demographics, indications for DPEJ, gut anatomy, technical
      success rate, causes of failure, and adverse events. RESULTS: The study comprised
      a total of 94 patients (39 men; mean age 56 years; body mass index [BMI] 23 +/-
      6.4 kg/m(2)). The most common indication for DPEJ was gastroparesis (n = 29).
      Altered gut anatomy was present in 36 patients (38 %). DBE-DPEJ tube placement
      was technically successful in 87 patients (93 %). The mean procedure duration was
      33 minutes (range 15 - 88). DBE-DPEJ tube placement failed in seven patients (7
      %), primarily because of limited instrument advancement in the setting of
      presumed surgical adhesions. Post-procedural adverse events occurred in eight
      patients (9 %), with one serious adverse event, which was a gastric interposition
      requiring surgical repair. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the published outcomes of
      DPEJ by conventional endoscopy, DBE-DPEJ tube placement was technically
      successful in a high proportion of patients (93 %) and with a relatively low rate
      of significant adverse events.

PMID- 26964080
TI  - New Hope for Liver Xenotransplantation.

PMID- 26964088
TI  - Development and Preliminary Face and Content Validation of the "Which Health
      Approaches and Treatments Are You Using?" (WHAT) Questionnaires Assessing
      Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Pediatric Rheumatology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is commonly used by
      children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), yet no validated
      questionnaires assess that use. The objective of this study was to develop child
      self- and parent proxy-report questionnaires assessing CAM use and to determine
      the face and content validity of the "Which Health Approaches and Treatments are
      you using?" (WHAT) questionnaires in pediatric rheumatology. METHODS: A
      sequential phased mixed methods approach was used to develop the questionnaires.
      A Delphi Survey of 126 experts followed by an interdisciplinary consensus
      conference of 14 stakeholders in CAM, general pediatrics and pediatric
      rheumatology was held to develop consensus on the content of the questionnaires
      using a nominal group technique. To determine face and content validity of the
      questionnaires, two groups, including (a) a purposive sample of 22 children with
      JIA 8 to 18 years and their parents from the Children's Hospital of Eastern
      Ontario and the Hospital for Sick Children, and (b) 21 Canadian pediatric
      rheumatology experts, participated in interviews. Participants were independently
      asked about the goal, understandability and comprehensiveness of the WHAT
      questionnaires, as well as the relevance of items. RESULTS: Consensus was reached
      on 17 items of the WHAT questionnaires. The domains found to be relevant were
      child's CAM use, factors associated with CAM use, perceived impact of CAM use,
      and communication about CAM. A total of 15 items in the parent proxy-report
      questionnaire and 13 items in the child report questionnaire showed adequate
      content validity. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was reached by experts on the content of
      a pediatric CAM questionnaire. Face and content validity testing and
      modifications made to the WHAT questionnaires have helped ensure adequate
      preliminary validity for use in pediatric rheumatology. This constitutes the
      basis for further testing of these questionnaires in pediatric rheumatology and
      for adaptation to other chronic diseases.

PMID- 26964091
TI  - Correction: Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase PIN1 Directly Binds to and Stabilizes
      Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha.

PMID- 26964090
TI  - Specific Activation of A3, A2A and A1 Adenosine Receptors in CD73-Knockout Mice
      Affects B16F10 Melanoma Growth, Neovascularization, Angiogenesis and Macrophage
      Infiltration.
AB  - CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase), a cell surface enzyme hydrolyzing AMP to adenosine,
      was lately demonstrated to play a direct role in tumor progression including
      regulation of tumor vascularization. It was also shown to stimulate tumor
      macrophage infiltration. Interstitial adenosine, accumulating in solid tumors due
      to CD73 enzymatic activity, is recognized as a main mediator regulating the
      production of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, but the engagement of specific
      adenosine receptors in tumor progression in vivo is still poorly researched. We
      have analyzed the role of high affinity adenosine receptors A1, A2A, and A3 in
      B16F10 melanoma progression using specific agonists (CCPA, CGS-21680 and IB-MECA,
      respectively). We limited endogenous extracellular adenosine background using
      CD73 knockout mice treated with CD73 chemical inhibitor, AOPCP (adenosine
      alpha,beta-methylene 5'-diphosphate). Activation of any adenosine receptor
      significantly inhibited B16F10 melanoma growth but only at its early stage. At
      14th day of growth, the decrease in tumor neovascularization and MAPK pathway
      activation induced by CD73 depletion was reversed by all agonists. Activation of
      A1AR primarily increased angiogenic activation measured by expression of VEGF-R2
      on tumor blood vessels. However, mainly A3AR activation increased both the
      microvessel density and expression of pro-angiogenic factors. All agonists
      induced significant increase in macrophage tumor infiltration, with IB-MECA being
      most effective. This effect was accompanied by substantial changes in cytokines
      regulating macrophage polarization between pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic
      phenotype. Our results demonstrate an evidence that each of the analyzed
      receptors has a specific role in the stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and
      confirm significantly more multifaceted role of adenosine in its regulation than
      was already observed. They also reveal previously unexplored consequences to
      extracellular adenosine signaling depletion in recently proposed anti-CD73 cancer
      therapy. 

PMID- 26964089
TI  - Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) Infection Induces Proliferation through Enhancer of
      Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2).
AB  - Host-pathogen interactions can induce epigenetic changes in the host directly, as
      well as indirectly through secreted factors. Previously, uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli (UPEC) was shown to increase DNA methyltransferase activity and
      expression, which was associated with methylation-dependent alterations in the
      urothelial expression of CDKN2A. Here, we showed that paracrine factors from
      infected cells alter expression of another epigenetic writer, EZH2, coordinate
      with proliferation. Urothelial cells were inoculated with UPEC, UPEC derivatives,
      or vehicle (mock infection) at low moi, washed, then maintained in media with
      Gentamycin. Urothelial conditioned media (CM) and extracellular vesicles (EV)
      were isolated after the inoculations and used to treat naive urothelial cells.
      EZH2 increased with UPEC infection, inoculation-induced CM, and inoculation
      induced EV vs. parallel stimulation derived from mock-inoculated urothelial
      cells. We found that infection also increased proliferation at one day post
      infection, which was blocked by the EZH2 inhibitor UNC1999. Inhibition of
      demethylation at H3K27me3 had the opposite effect and augmented proliferation.
      CONCLUSION: Uropathogen-induced paracrine factors act epigenetically by altering
      expression of EZH2, which plays a key role in early host cell proliferative
      responses to infection.

PMID- 26964092
TI  - The Contribution of Ionic Currents to Rate-Dependent Action Potential Duration
      and Pattern of Reentry in a Mathematical Model of Human Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) in humans is characterized by shortening of
      action potential duration (APD) and attenuation of APD rate-adaptation. However,
      the quantitative influences of particular ionic current alterations on rate
      dependent APD changes, and effects on patterns of reentry in atrial tissue, have
      not been systematically investigated. Using mathematical models of human atrial
      cells and tissue and performing parameter sensitivity analysis, we evaluated the
      quantitative contributions to action potential (AP) shortening and APD rate
      adaptation of ionic current remodeling seen with PeAF. Ionic remodeling in PeAF
      was simulated by reducing L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICaL), increasing inward
      rectifier K+ current (IK1) and modulating five other ionic currents. Parameter
      sensitivity analysis, which quantified how each ionic current influenced APD in
      control and PeAF conditions, identified interesting results, including a negative
      effect of Na+/Ca2+ exchange on APD only in the PeAF condition. At high pacing
      rate (2 Hz), electrical remodeling in IK1 alone accounts for the APD reduction of
      PeAF, but at slow pacing rate (0.5 Hz) both electrical remodeling in ICaL alone (
      70%) and IK1 alone (+100%) contribute equally to the APD reduction. Furthermore,
      AP rate-adaptation was affected by IKur in control and by INaCa in the PeAF
      condition. In a 2D tissue model, a large reduction (-70%) of ICaL becomes a
      dominant factor leading to a stable spiral wave in PeAF. Our study provides a
      quantitative and unifying understanding of the roles of ionic current remodeling
      in determining rate-dependent APD changes at the cellular level and spatial
      reentry patterns in tissue. 

PMID- 26964093
TI  - IL-10 Production Is Critical for Sustaining the Expansion of CD5+ B and NKT Cells
      and Restraining Autoantibody Production in Congenic Lupus-Prone Mice.
AB  - The development and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus is mediated by
      the complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. To decipher the
      genetics that contribute to pathogenesis and the production of pathogenic
      autoantibodies, our lab has focused on the generation of congenic lupus-prone
      mice derived from the New Zealand Black (NZB) strain. Previous work has shown
      that an NZB-derived chromosome 4 interval spanning 32 to 151 Mb led to expansion
      of CD5+ B and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells, and could suppress autoimmunity when
      crossed with a lupus-prone mouse strain. Subsequently, it was shown that CD5+ B
      cells but not NKT cells derived from these mice could suppress the development of
      pro-inflammatory T cells. In this paper, we aimed to further resolve the genetics
      that leads to expansion of these two innate-like populations through the creation
      of additional sub-congenic mice and to characterize the role of IL-10 in the
      suppression of autoimmunity through the generation of IL-10 knockout mice. We
      show that expansion of CD5+ B cells and NKT cells localizes to a chromosome 4
      interval spanning 91 to 123 Mb, which is distinct from the region that mediates
      the majority of the suppressive phenotype. We also demonstrate that IL-10 is
      critical to restraining autoantibody production and surprisingly plays a vital
      role in supporting the expansion of innate-like populations. 

PMID- 26964094
TI  - Contrasting Effects of Historical Sea Level Rise and Contemporary Ocean Currents
      on Regional Gene Flow of Rhizophora racemosa in Eastern Atlantic Mangroves.
AB  - Mangroves are seafaring taxa through their hydrochorous propagules that have the
      potential to disperse over long distances. Therefore, investigating their
      patterns of gene flow provides insights on the processes involved in the spatial
      genetic structuring of populations. The coastline of Cameroon has a particular
      geomorphological history and coastal hydrology with complex contemporary patterns
      of ocean currents, which we hypothesize to have effects on the spatial
      configuration and composition of present-day mangroves within its spans. A total
      of 982 trees were sampled from 33 transects (11 sites) in 4 estuaries. Using 11
      polymorphic SSR markers, we investigated genetic diversity and structure of
      Rhizophora racemosa, a widespread species in the region. Genetic diversity was
      low to moderate and genetic differentiation between nearly all population pairs
      was significant. Bayesian clustering analysis, PCoA, estimates of contemporary
      migration rates and identification of barriers to gene flow were used and
      complemented with estimated dispersal trajectories of hourly released virtual
      propagules, using high-resolution surface current from a mesoscale and tide
      resolving ocean simulation. These indicate that the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL)
      is not a present-day barrier to gene flow. Rather, the Inter-Bioko-Cameroon (IBC)
      corridor, formed due to sea level rise, allows for connectivity between two
      mangrove areas that were isolated during glacial times by the CVL. Genetic data
      and numerical ocean simulations indicated that an oceanic convergence zone near
      the Cameroon Estuary complex (CEC) presents a strong barrier to gene flow,
      resulting in genetic discontinuities between the mangrove areas on either side.
      This convergence did not result in higher genetic diversity at the CEC as we had
      hypothesized. In conclusion, the genetic structure of Rhizophora racemosa is
      maintained by the contrasting effects of the contemporary oceanic convergence and
      historical climate change-induced sea level rise. 

PMID- 26964096
TI  - The Sclerotic Scatter Limbal Arc Is More Easily Elicited under Mesopic Rather
      Than Photopic Conditions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the limbal lighting illuminance thresholds
      (LLITs) required to trigger perception of sclerotic scatter at the opposite non
      illuminated limbus (i.e. perception of a light limbal scleral arc) under
      different levels of ambient lighting illuminance (ALI). MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled. The iris shade (light or dark) was
      graded by retrieving the median value of the pixels of a pre-determined zone of a
      gray-level iris photograph. Mean keratometry and central corneal pachymetry were
      recorded. Each subject was asked to lie down, and the ALI at eye level was set to
      mesopic values (10, 20, 40 lux), then photopic values (60, 80, 100, 150, 200
      lux). For each ALI level, a light beam of gradually increasing illuminance was
      applied to the right temporal limbus until the LLIT was reached, i.e. the level
      required to produce the faint light arc that is characteristic of sclerotic
      scatter at the nasal limbus. RESULTS: After log-log transformation, a linear
      relationship between the logarithm of ALI and the logarithm of the LLIT was found
      (p<0.001), a 10% increase in ALI being associated with an average increase in the
      LLIT of 28.9%. Higher keratometry values were associated with higher LLIT values
      (p = 0.008) under low ALI levels, but the coefficient of the interaction was very
      small, representing a very limited effect. Iris shade and central corneal
      thickness values were not significantly associated with the LLIT. We also
      developed a censored linear model for ALI values <= 40 lux, showing a linear
      relationship between ALI and the LLIT, in which the LLIT value was 34.4 times
      greater than the ALI value. CONCLUSION: Sclerotic scatter is more easily elicited
      under mesopic conditions than under photopic conditions and requires the LLIT
      value to be much higher than the ALI value, i.e. it requires extreme contrast.

PMID- 26964095
TI  - A Comparative Assessment of the Influences of Human Impacts on Soil Cd
      Concentrations Based on Stepwise Linear Regression, Classification and Regression
      Tree, and Random Forest Models.
AB  - Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination has attracted a great deal of attention because
      of its detrimental effects on animals and humans. This study aimed to develop and
      compare the performances of stepwise linear regression (SLR), classification and
      regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF) models in the prediction and
      mapping of the spatial distribution of soil Cd and to identify likely sources of
      Cd accumulation in Fuyang County, eastern China. Soil Cd data from 276 topsoil (0
      20 cm) samples were collected and randomly divided into calibration (222 samples)
      and validation datasets (54 samples). Auxiliary data, including detailed land use
      information, soil organic matter, soil pH, and topographic data, were
      incorporated into the models to simulate the soil Cd concentrations and further
      identify the main factors influencing soil Cd variation. The predictive models
      for soil Cd concentration exhibited acceptable overall accuracies (72.22% for
      SLR, 70.37% for CART, and 75.93% for RF). The SLR model exhibited the largest
      predicted deviation, with a mean error (ME) of 0.074 mg/kg, a mean absolute error
      (MAE) of 0.160 mg/kg, and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.274 mg/kg, and
      the RF model produced the results closest to the observed values, with an ME of
      0.002 mg/kg, an MAE of 0.132 mg/kg, and an RMSE of 0.198 mg/kg. The RF model also
      exhibited the greatest R2 value (0.772). The CART model predictions closely
      followed, with ME, MAE, RMSE, and R2 values of 0.013 mg/kg, 0.154 mg/kg, 0.230
      mg/kg and 0.644, respectively. The three prediction maps generally exhibited
      similar and realistic spatial patterns of soil Cd contamination. The heavily Cd
      affected areas were primarily located in the alluvial valley plain of the Fuchun
      River and its tributaries because of the dramatic industrialization and
      urbanization processes that have occurred there. The most important variable for
      explaining high levels of soil Cd accumulation was the presence of metal smelting
      industries. The good performance of the RF model was attributable to its ability
      to handle the non-linear and hierarchical relationships between soil Cd and
      environmental variables. These results confirm that the RF approach is promising
      for the prediction and spatial distribution mapping of soil Cd at the regional
      scale. 

PMID- 26964097
TI  - Construction of High-Density Linkage Maps of Populus deltoides * P. simonii Using
      Restriction-Site Associated DNA Sequencing.
AB  - Although numerous linkage maps have been constructed in the genus Populus, they
      are typically sparse and thus have limited applications due to low throughput of
      traditional molecular markers. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing
      (RADSeq) technology allows us to identify a large number of single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNP) across genomes of many individuals in a fast and cost
      effective way, and makes it possible to construct high-density genetic linkage
      maps. We performed RADSeq for 299 progeny and their two parents in an F1 hybrid
      population generated by crossing the female Populus deltoides 'I-69' and male
      Populus simonii 'L3'. A total of 2,545 high quality SNP markers were obtained and
      two parent-specific linkage maps were constructed. The female genetic map
      contained 1601 SNPs and 20 linkage groups, spanning 4,249.12 cM of the genome
      with an average distance of 2.69 cM between adjacent markers, while the male map
      consisted of 940 SNPs and also 20 linkage groups with a total length of 3,816.24
      cM and an average marker interval distance of 4.15 cM. Finally, our analysis
      revealed that synteny and collinearity are highly conserved between the parental
      linkage maps and the reference genome of P. trichocarpa. We demonstrated that RAD
      sequencing is a powerful technique capable of rapidly generating a large number
      of SNPs for constructing genetic maps in outbred forest trees. The high-quality
      linkage maps constructed here provided reliable genetic resources to facilitate
      locating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control growth and wood quality
      traits in the hybrid population. 

PMID- 26964098
TI  - Tissue Distribution of Porcine FTO and Its Effect on Porcine Intramuscular
      Preadipocytes Proliferation and Differentiation.
AB  - The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene plays an important role in
      adipogenesis. However, its function during porcine intramuscular preadipocyte
      proliferation and differentiation remains poorly understood. In this study, we
      prepared the antiserum against porcine FTO (pFTO), which was used to determine
      its subcellular localization and tissue distribution. Our data indicated that
      pFTO was localized predominantly in the nucleus. Real-time quantitative PCR and
      western blot analysis showed that pFTO was highly expressed in the lung and
      subcutaneous adipose tissue. Overexpression of pFTO in porcine intramuscular
      preadipocytes significantly promoted cell proliferation and lipid deposition.
      Furthermore, overexpression of pFTO in differentiating porcine intramuscular
      preadipocytes also significantly increased the mRNA levels of adipocyte
      differentiation transcription factors peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
      gamma (PPARgamma), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), lipoprotein
      lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Our findings provide the first
      functional evidence to reveal a role of pFTO in porcine intramuscular
      preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. 

PMID- 26964099
TI  - Native Magnetic Resonance T1-Mapping Identifies Diffuse Myocardial Injury in
      Hypothyroidism.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hypothyroidism (HT) is characterized by thyroid hormone
      deficiencies, which can lead to diffuse myocardial interstitium lesions in
      patients with HT. Myocardial longitudinal relaxation time (T1) mapping is a
      potential diagnostic tool for quantifying diffuse myocardial injury. This study
      aimed to assess the usefulness of T1 mapping in identifying myocardial
      involvement in HT, and determine the relationship between T1 values and
      myocardial function. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 30
      untreated HT patients alongside 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All
      subjects underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with non-contrast (native) T1
      mapping using a modified Look-Locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) sequence to
      assess the native T1 values of myocardium and cardiac function. RESULTS: Native
      myocardial T1 values were significantly increased in HT patients, especially
      those with pericardial effusion (p < 0.05), compared with healthy controls. In
      addition, significantly reduced peak filling rate (PFR) and prolonged peak
      filling time (PFT) were obtained (p < 0.05) in HT patients compared with
      controls. Furthermore, stroke volume (SV) and cardiac index (CI) were
      significantly lower in HT patients than controls (all p < 0.05). Interestingly,
      native T1 values were negatively correlated with free triiodothyronine (FT3),
      PFR, SV and CI (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Diffuse myocardial injuries are common
      in HT patients, and increased T1 values are correlated with FT3 and cardiac
      function impairment. These findings indicate that T1 mapping might be useful in
      evaluating myocardial injuries in HT patients.

PMID- 26964101
TI  - Association of Soil Aggregation with the Distribution and Quality of Organic
      Carbon in Soil along an Elevation Gradient on Wuyi Mountain in China.
AB  - Forest soils play a critical role in the sequestration of atmospheric CO2 and
      subsequent attenuation of global warming. The nature and properties of organic
      matter in soils have an influence on the sequestration of carbon. In this study,
      soils were collected from representative forestlands, including a subtropical
      evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), a coniferous forest (CF), a subalpine dwarf
      forest (DF), and alpine meadow (AM) along an elevation gradient on Wuyi Mountain,
      which is located in a subtropical area of southeastern China. These soil samples
      were analyzed in the laboratory to examine the distribution and speciation of
      organic carbon (OC) within different size fractions of water-stable soil
      aggregates, and subsequently to determine effects on carbon sequestration. Soil
      aggregation rate increased with increasing elevation. Soil aggregation rate,
      rather than soil temperature, moisture or clay content, showed the strongest
      correlation with OC in bulk soil, indicating soil structure was the critical
      factor in carbon sequestration of Wuyi Mountain. The content of coarse
      particulate organic matter fraction, rather than the silt and clay particles,
      represented OC stock in bulk soil and different soil aggregate fractions. With
      increasing soil aggregation rate, more carbon was accumulated within the
      macroaggregates, particularly within the coarse particulate organic matter
      fraction (250-2000 MUm), rather than within the microaggregates (53-250MUm) or
      silt and clay particles (< 53MUm). In consideration of the high instability of
      macroaggregates and the liability of SOC within them, further research is needed
      to verify whether highly-aggregated soils at higher altitudes are more likely to
      lose SOC under warmer conditions. 

PMID- 26964100
TI  - Experimental Cerebral Malaria Spreads along the Rostral Migratory Stream.
AB  - It is poorly understood how progressive brain swelling in experimental cerebral
      malaria (ECM) evolves in space and over time, and whether mechanisms of
      inflammation or microvascular sequestration/obstruction dominate the underlying
      pathophysiology. We therefore monitored in the Plasmodium berghei ANKA-C57BL/6
      murine ECM model, disease manifestation and progression clinically, assessed by
      the Rapid-Murine-Coma-and-Behavioral-Scale (RMCBS), and by high-resolution in
      vivo MRI, including sensitive assessment of early blood-brain-barrier-disruption
      (BBBD), brain edema and microvascular pathology. For histological correlation HE
      and immunohistochemical staining for microglia and neuroblasts were obtained. Our
      results demonstrate that BBBD and edema initiated in the olfactory bulb (OB) and
      spread along the rostral-migratory-stream (RMS) to the subventricular zone of the
      lateral ventricles, the dorsal-migratory-stream (DMS), and finally to the
      external capsule (EC) and brainstem (BS). Before clinical symptoms (mean RMCBS =
      18.5+/-1) became evident, a slight, non-significant increase of quantitative T2
      and ADC values was observed in OB+RMS. With clinical manifestation (mean RMCBS =
      14.2+/-0.4), T2 and ADC values significantly increased along the OB+RMS (p =
      0.049/p = 0.01). Severe ECM (mean RMCBS = 5+/-2.9) was defined by further spread
      into more posterior and deeper brain structures until reaching the BS
      (significant T2 elevation in DMS+EC+BS (p = 0.034)). Quantitative automated
      histological analyses confirmed microglial activation in areas of BBBD and edema.
      Activated microglia were closely associated with the RMS and neuroblasts within
      the RMS were severely misaligned with respect to their physiological linear
      migration pattern. Microvascular pathology and ischemic brain injury occurred
      only secondarily, after vasogenic edema formation and were both associated less
      with clinical severity and the temporal course of ECM. Altogether, we identified
      a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of microglial activation in ECM involving
      primarily the OB+RMS axis, a distinct pathway utilized by neuroblasts and immune
      cells. Our data suggest significant crosstalk between these two cell populations
      to be operative in deeper brain infiltration and further imply that the
      manifestation and progression of cerebral malaria may depend on brain areas
      otherwise serving neurogenesis. 

PMID- 26964102
TI  - Feature Integration and Task Switching: Diminished Switch Costs after Controlling
      for Stimulus, Response, and Cue Repetitions.
AB  - This report presents data from two versions of the task switching procedure in
      which the separate influence of stimulus repetitions, response key repetitions,
      conceptual response repetitions, cue repetitions, task repetitions, and
      congruency are considered. Experiment 1 used a simple alternating runs procedure
      with parity judgments of digits and consonant/vowel decisions of letters as the
      two tasks. Results revealed sizable effects of stimulus and response repetitions,
      and controlling for these effects reduced the switch cost. Experiment 2 was a
      cued version of the task switch paradigm with parity and magnitude judgments of
      digits as the two tasks. Results again revealed large effects of stimulus and
      response repetitions, in addition to cue repetition effects. Controlling for
      these effects again reduced the switch cost. Congruency did not interact with our
      novel "unbiased" measure of switch costs. We discuss how the task switch paradigm
      might be thought of as a more complex version of the feature integration paradigm
      and propose an episodic learning account of the effect. We further consider to
      what extent appeals to higher-order control processes might be unnecessary and
      propose that controls for feature integration biases should be standard practice
      in task switching experiments. 

PMID- 26964103
TI  - Funding and Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations: The Paradox of
      Cryptococcal Meningitis.

PMID- 26964106
TI  - Toward Perceiving Robots as Humans: Three Handshake Models Face the Turing-Like
      Handshake Test.
AB  - In the Turing test a computer model is deemed to "think intelligently" if it can
      generate answers that are indistinguishable from those of a human. We developed
      an analogous Turing-like handshake test to determine if a machine can produce
      similarly indistinguishable movements. The test is administered through a
      telerobotic system in which an interrogator holds a robotic stylus and interacts
      with another party - artificial or human with varying levels of noise. The
      interrogator is asked which party seems to be more human. Here, we compare the
      human-likeness levels of three different models for handshake: (1) Tit-for-Tat
      model, (2) lambda model, and (3) Machine Learning model. The Tit-for-Tat and the
      Machine Learning models generated handshakes that were perceived as the most
      human-like among the three models that were tested. Combining the best aspects of
      each of the three models into a single robotic handshake algorithm might allow us
      to advance our understanding of the way the nervous system controls sensorimotor
      interactions and further improve the human-likeness of robotic handshakes. 

PMID- 26964107
TI  - The Task-Dependent Efficacy of Shared-Control Haptic Guidance Paradigms.
AB  - Shared-control haptic guidance is a common form of robot-mediated training used
      to teach novice subjects to perform dynamic tasks. Shared-control guidance is
      distinct from more traditional guidance controllers, such as virtual fixtures, in
      that it provides novices with real-time visual and haptic feedback from a real or
      virtual expert. Previous studies have shown varying levels of training efficacy
      using shared-control guidance paradigms; it is hypothesized that these mixed
      results are due to interactions between specific guidance implementations
      ("paradigms") and tasks. This work proposes a novel guidance paradigm taxonomy
      intended to help classify and compare the multitude of implementations in the
      literature, as well as a revised proxy rendering model to allow for the
      implementation of more complex guidance paradigms. The efficacies of four common
      paradigms are compared in a controlled study with 50 healthy subjects and two
      dynamic tasks. The results show that guidance paradigms must be matched to a
      task's dynamic characteristics to elicit effective training and low workload.
      Based on these results, we provide suggestions for the future development of
      improved haptic guidance paradigms. 

PMID- 26964105
TI  - Molecular and Epigenetic Mechanism Regulating Hypothalamic Kiss1 Gene Expression
      in Mammals.
AB  - After the discovery of hypothalamic kisspeptin encoded by the Kiss1 gene, the
      central mechanism regulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, and
      hence gonadotropin secretion, is gradually being unraveled. This has increased
      our understanding of the central mechanism regulating puberty and subsequent
      reproductive performance in mammals. Recently, emerging evidence has indicated
      the molecular and epigenetic mechanism regulating hypothalamic Kiss1 gene
      expression. Here we compile data regarding DNA and histone modifications in the
      Kiss1 promoter region and provide a hypothetic scheme of the molecular and
      epigenetic mechanism regulating Kiss1 gene expression in two populations of
      hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, which govern puberty and subsequent reproductive
      performance via GnRH/gonadotropin secretion. 

PMID- 26964108
TI  - Simultaneous Perception of Forces and Motions Using Bimanual Interactions.
AB  - When teaching physical skills, experts or robotic assistants commonly move a
      novice through a task. However, this guiding motion is only partially effective
      at portraying the full experience because the guided person is only performing
      the task passively and the guidance and task forces can become ambiguously
      intertwined. The interaction evaluated in this paper separates the task and
      guidance forces by guiding one hand so the user can actively recreate the motion
      with their other hand that receives task-related forces. This method is based on
      the ability of humans to easily move their hands through similar paths, such as
      drawing circles, compared to the difficulty of simultaneously drawing a square
      with one hand and a circle with the other. Several experiments were first
      performed to characterize the reference frames, interaction stiffnesses, and
      trajectories that humans can recreate. Visual Symmetry and Joint-Space Symmetry
      proved to be easier than Point Mirror Symmetry and participants' recreated
      motions typically lagged by approximately 50-100 ms. Based on these results,
      participants used bimanual guidance to identify the orientation of a hard rod
      embedded in a soft material. The results show that participants could identify
      the orientation of the rod equally well when working independently compared to
      being bimanually guided through a desired motion. 

PMID- 26964104
TI  - Loss of ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Surface Expression in Heart Failure
      Underlies Dysregulation of Action Potential Duration and Myocardial Vulnerability
      to Injury.
AB  - The search for new approaches to treatment and prevention of heart failure is a
      major challenge in medicine. The adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium
      (KATP) channel has been long associated with the ability to preserve myocardial
      function and viability under stress. High surface expression of membrane KATP
      channels ensures a rapid energy-sparing reduction in action potential duration
      (APD) in response to metabolic challenges, while cellular signaling that reduces
      surface KATP channel expression blunts APD shortening, thus sacrificing energetic
      efficiency in exchange for greater cellular calcium entry and increased
      contractile force. In healthy hearts, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
      II (CaMKII) phosphorylates the Kir6.2 KATP channel subunit initiating a cascade
      responsible for KATP channel endocytosis. Here, activation of CaMKII in a
      transaortic banding (TAB) model of heart failure is coupled with a 35-40%
      reduction in surface expression of KATP channels compared to hearts from sham
      operated mice. Linkage between KATP channel expression and CaMKII is verified in
      isolated cardiomyocytes in which activation of CaMKII results in downregulation
      of KATP channel current. Accordingly, shortening of monophasic APD is slowed in
      response to hypoxia or heart rate acceleration in failing compared to non-failing
      hearts, a phenomenon previously shown to result in significant increases in
      oxygen consumption. Even in the absence of coronary artery disease, failing
      myocardium can be further injured by ischemia due to a mismatch between metabolic
      supply and demand. Ischemia-reperfusion injury, following ischemic
      preconditioning, is diminished in hearts with CaMKII inhibition compared to wild
      type hearts and this advantage is largely eliminated when myocardial KATP channel
      expression is absent, supporting that the myocardial protective benefit of CaMKII
      inhibition in heart failure may be substantially mediated by KATP channels.
      Recognition of CaMKII-dependent downregulation of KATP channel expression as a
      mechanism for vulnerability to injury in failing hearts points to strategies
      targeting this interaction for potential preventives or treatments. 

PMID- 26964109
TI  - Wrist Coordination in a Kinematically Redundant Stabilization Task.
AB  - We investigated how the control of a compliant object is realized by the
      redundancy of wrist anatomy. Subjects had to balance a one degree-of-freedom
      inverted pendulum using elastic linkages controlled by wrist flexion/extension
      (FE) and forearm pronation/supination (PS). Haptic feedback of the interaction
      forces between the pendulum and the wrist was provided by a robotic interface. By
      tuning the mechanical properties of the virtual pendulum and the stiffness of the
      elastic linkages it was possible to study various dynamical regimes of the
      simulated object. Twenty subjects (divided in two groups) were tested in four
      days performing the same task but with different presentation order. The
      stabilization strategy adopted by the subjects was characterized by primarily
      using the PS DoF when the pendulum was linked to stiff springs and characterized
      by a relatively fast dynamic response; in contrast, the stabilization task was
      shared by both DoFs in case of lower spring stiffness and slower dynamics of the
      virtual object. 

PMID- 26964110
TI  - Evaluation of Tactile Feedback Methods for Wrist Rotation Guidance.
AB  - Tactile motion guidance systems aim to direct the user's movement toward a target
      pose or trajectory by delivering tactile cues through lightweight wearable
      actuators. This study evaluates 10 forms of tactile feedback for guidance of
      wrist rotation to understand the traits that influence the effectiveness of such
      systems. We present five wearable actuators capable of tapping, dragging across,
      squeezing, twisting, or vibrating against the user's wrist; each actuator can be
      controlled via steady or pulsing drive algorithms. Ten subjects used each form of
      feedback to perform three unsighted movement tasks: directional response,
      position targeting, and trajectory following. The results show that directional
      responses are fastest when direction is conveyed through the location of the
      tactile stimulus or steady lateral skin stretch. Feedback that clearly conveys
      movement direction enables subjects to reach target positions most quickly,
      though tactile magnitude cues (steady intensity and especially pulsing frequency)
      can also be used when direction is difficult to discern. Subjects closely tracked
      arbitrary trajectories only when both movement direction and cue magnitude were
      subjectively rated as very easy to discern. The best overall performance was
      achieved by the actuator that repeatedly taps on the subject's wrist on the side
      toward which they should turn. 

PMID- 26964111
TI  - A High Performance Tactile Feedback Display and Its Integration in Teleoperation.
AB  - This paper presents the development of a compact tactile display and its
      integration in teleoperation. The system's operation is based on the display of
      surface shape to an area of the fingertip through a 4 * 4 array of tactors moving
      perpendicularly to the skin surface. The tactors are spring loaded and are
      actuated remotely by dc motors through a flexible tendon transmission. This novel
      implementation of conventional actuation principles achieves a compact design
      with superior performance compared to devices of a similar footprint,
      demonstrating an excellent combination of tactor spatiotemporal resolution,
      force, and amplitude. The display's ergonomic design and high performance make it
      suitable for integration on haptic devices for tactile feedback in VR and in
      Teleoperation. This paper presents the design, control, and performance of the
      tactile display and of the transmission system. It also demonstrates its
      integration on an Omega7 force feedback device for the teleoperation of an LWR
      KUKA manipulator. An experiment is presented where users teleoperated the stylus
      of the robot in a 3D contour following task with and without tactile feedback. In
      this experiment, force feedback from the slave is fused with model-based local
      tactile feedback. Subjects' performances indicate an improvement in teleoperation
      when both tactile and force feedback are present. 

PMID- 26964112
TI  - Control of a Robot Dancer for Enhancing Haptic Human-Robot Interaction in Waltz.
AB  - Haptic interaction between a human leader and a robot follower in waltz is
      studied in this paper. An inverted pendulum model is used to approximate the
      human's body dynamics. With the feedbacks from the force sensor and laser range
      finders, the robot is able to estimate the human leader's state by using an
      extended Kalman filter (EKF). To reduce interaction force, two robot controllers,
      namely, admittance with virtual force controller, and inverted pendulum
      controller, are proposed and evaluated in experiments. The former controller
      failed the experiment; reasons for the failure are explained. At the same time,
      the use of the latter controller is validated by experiment results. 

PMID- 26964113
TI  - Supporting Negotiation Behavior with Haptics-Enabled Human-Computer Interfaces.
AB  - An active research goal for human-computer interaction is to allow humans to
      communicate with computers in an intuitive and natural fashion, especially in
      real-life interaction scenarios. One approach that has been advocated to achieve
      this has been to build computer systems with human-like qualities and
      capabilities. In this paper, we present insight on how human-computer interaction
      can be enriched by employing the computers with behavioral patterns that
      naturally appear in human-human negotiation scenarios. For this purpose, we
      introduce a two-party negotiation game specifically built for studying the
      effectiveness of haptic and audio-visual cues in conveying negotiation related
      behaviors. The game is centered around a real-time continuous two-party
      negotiation scenario based on the existing game-theory and negotiation
      literature. During the game, humans are confronted with a computer opponent,
      which can display different behaviors, such as concession, competition, and
      negotiation. Through a user study, we show that the behaviors that are associated
      with human negotiation can be incorporated into human-computer interaction, and
      the addition of haptic cues provides a statistically significant increase in the
      human-recognition accuracy of machine-displayed behaviors. In addition to aspects
      of conveying these negotiation-related behaviors, we also focus on and report
      game-theoretical aspects of the overall interaction experience. In particular, we
      show that, as reported in the game-theory literature, certain negotiation
      strategies such as tit-for-tat may generate maximum combined utility for the
      negotiating parties, providing an excellent balance between the energy spent by
      the user and the combined utility of the negotiating parties. 

PMID- 26964127
TI  - Cutaneous Force Feedback as a Sensory Subtraction Technique in Haptics.
AB  - A novel sensory substitution technique is presented. Kinesthetic and cutaneous
      force feedback are substituted by cutaneous feedback (CF) only, provided by two
      wearable devices able to apply forces to the index finger and the thumb, while
      holding a handle during a teleoperation task. The force pattern, fed back to the
      user while using the cutaneous devices, is similar, in terms of intensity and
      area of application, to the cutaneous force pattern applied to the finger pad
      while interacting with a haptic device providing both cutaneous and kinesthetic
      force feedback. The pattern generated using the cutaneous devices can be thought
      as a subtraction between the complete haptic feedback (HF) and the kinesthetic
      part of it. For this reason, we refer to this approach as sensory subtraction
      instead of sensory substitution. A needle insertion scenario is considered to
      validate the approach. The haptic device is connected to a virtual environment
      simulating a needle insertion task. Experiments show that the perception of
      inserting a needle using the cutaneous-only force feedback is nearly
      indistinguishable from the one felt by the user while using both cutaneous and
      kinesthetic feedback. As most of the sensory substitution approaches, the
      proposed sensory subtraction technique also has the advantage of not suffering
      from stability issues of teleoperation systems due, for instance, to
      communication delays. Moreover, experiments show that the sensory subtraction
      technique outperforms sensory substitution with more conventional visual feedback
      (VF). 

PMID- 26964128
TI  - Design and Evaluation of a Novel Haptic Interface for Endoscopic Simulation.
AB  - Inspection of the colon with an endoscope for early signs of cancer (colonoscopy)
      has become an extremely widespread procedure, since early treatment radically
      improves the outlook of patients. The procedure requires a close coordination
      between the sense of touch and vision to navigate the endoscope along the colon.
      This raises the need to develop efficient training methods for physicians.
      Training simulators based on virtual reality, where realistic graphics are
      combined with a mechatronic system providing haptic feedback, are alternative to
      traditional training methods. To provide physicians with realistic haptic
      sensations of an endoscopic procedure, we have designed a haptic interface,
      instrumented a clinical endoscope and combined them with a simulation software
      for colonoscopy. In this contribution, we present the mechatronic components of
      the simulator. The haptic interface is able to generate high forces using the
      combination of electrical motors and brakes in a compact design. Experiments were
      performed to determine the characteristics of the device. A model-based control
      has been implemented and the results show that the control successfully
      compensates for the device nonlinearities, such as friction. The proposed haptic
      interface, together with the virtual reality, form a highly realistic training
      simulator for endoscopic surgeons, applicable not only to colonoscopy, but also
      to similar interventions. 

PMID- 26964129
TI  - Force Parameters for Skills Assessment in Laparoscopy.
AB  - When equipped with motion and force sensors, box-trainers can be good
      alternatives for relatively expensive Virtual Reality (VR) trainers. As in VR
      trainers, the sensors in a box trainer could provide the trainee with objective
      information about his performance. Recently, multiple tracking systems were
      developed for classification of participants based on motion and time parameters.
      The aim of this study is the development of force parameters that reflect the
      trainee's performance in a suture task. Our second goal is to investigate if the
      level of the participant's skills can be classified as experts or novice level.
      In the experiment, experts (n = 11) and novices (n = 21) performed a two-handed
      needle driving and knot tying task on artificial tissue inside a box trainer. The
      tissue was mounted on the Force platform that was used to measure the force,
      which the subject applied on the tissue in three directions. We evaluated the
      potential of 16 different performance parameters, related to the magnitude,
      direction, and variability of applied forces, to distinguish between different
      levels of surgical expertise. Nine of the parameters showed significant
      differences between experts and novices. Principal Component Analysis was used to
      convert these nine partly correlating parameters, such as peak force, mean force,
      and main direction of force, into two uncorrelated variables. By performing a
      Leave-One-Out-Cross Validation with Linear Discriminant Analysis on each
      participants' score on these two variables, it was possible to correctly classify
      84 percent of all participants as an expert or novice. We conclude that force
      measurements in a box trainer can be used to classify the level of performance of
      trainees and can contribute to objective assessment of suture skills. 

PMID- 26964130
TI  - Haptic Edge Sharpness Perception with a Contact Location Display.
AB  - The effect of contact location information on virtual edge perception was
      investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants discriminated edge
      sharpness under force-alone and force-plus-contact-location conditions using a
      4.8 mm radius contact roller. Virtual objects were 2D profiles of edges with two
      adjoining surfaces. For both conditions, the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) in
      change of edge radius increased from 2.3 to 7.4 mm as edge radii increased from
      2.5 to 20.0 mm; there was no significant difference between the two conditions. A
      follow-up experiment with contact location alone resulted in higher edge
      sharpness JNDs. In Experiment 2, the same edge sharpness discrimination task was
      performed using a smaller contact roller (R = 1.5 mm) to investigate the effect
      of roller size. The JNDs for the smaller roller were not statistically
      significant from those of the larger roller. Our results suggest that 1) contact
      location cues alone are capable of conveying edge sharpness information, but that
      force cues are dominant when both types of cues are available; and 2) the radius
      of the contact roller does not significantly affect the user's ability to
      discriminate edge sharpness, indicating that the participants could use the
      changes in contact location to judge curvature. 

PMID- 26964131
TI  - iDental: A Haptic-Based Dental Simulator and Its Preliminary User Evaluation.
AB  - Performance evaluation is indispensable for a surgical simulator to become
      acceptable. A haptics-based dental simulator (iDental) has been developed and
      preliminary user evaluation on its first-generation prototype has been carried
      out to gain the knowledge. Based on detailed requirement analysis of Periodontics
      procedures, a combined evaluation method including qualitative and quantitative
      analysis was designed. Construct validity was used to compare the performance
      difference between two groups of participants (faculty members and dental
      graduate students). These participants were required to perform three periodontal
      examination and treatment procedures including periodontal pocket probing,
      calculus detection, and removal. From the evaluation results, we found that
      penetration between tool and teeth or cheek will greatly decrease the fidelity of
      the simulation, therefore, it is necessary to utilize 6-DOF haptic device with
      both force and torque feedback in dental simulator, and accordingly it is needed
      to extend point-based rendering to 6-DOF haptic rendering of multiregion
      contacts. Furthermore, several other key research topics that will enable haptic
      technology to be effective in a practical dental simulator were identified,
      including simulation of deformable body such as tongue and gingival, and
      simulation of occlusion of tongue and cheek on teeth, etc. 

PMID- 26964132
TI  - Impulse-Based Rendering Methods for Haptic Simulation of Bone-Burring.
AB  - Bone-burring is a common procedure in orthopedic, dental, and otologic surgeries.
      Virtual reality (VR)-based surgical simulations with both visual and haptic
      feedbacks provide novice surgeons with a feasible and safe way to practice their
      burring skill. However, creating realistic haptic interactions between a high
      speed rotary burr and stiff bone is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose
      a novel interactive haptic bone-burring model based on impulse-based dynamics to
      simulate the contact forces, including resistant and frictional forces. In order
      to mimic the lateral and axial burring vibration forces, a 3D vibration model has
      been developed. A prototype haptic simulation system for the bone-burring
      procedure has been implemented to evaluate the proposed haptic rendering methods.
      Several experiments of force evaluations and task-oriented tests were conducted
      on the prototype system. The results demonstrate the validity and feasibility of
      the proposed methods. 

PMID- 26964133
TI  - The Enactive Torch: A New Tool for the Science of Perception.
AB  - The cognitive sciences are increasingly coming to terms with the embodied,
      embedded, extended, and experiential aspects of the mind. Exemplifying this
      shift, the enactive approach points to an essential role of goal-directed bodily
      activity in the generation of meaningful perceptual experience, i.e., sense
      making. Here, building on recent insights into the transformative effects of
      practical tool-use, we make use of the enactive approach in order to provide a
      definition of an enactive interface in terms of augmented sense-making. We
      introduce such a custom-built interface, the Enactive Torch, and present a study
      of its experiential effects. The results demonstrate that the user experience is
      not adequately captured by any standardly assumed perceptual modality; rather, it
      is a new feeling that is mediated by the design of the device and shaped by the
      overall situation of the task. Taken together these findings show that there is
      much to be gained by synergies between engineering and the cognitive sciences in
      the creation of new experience-centered technology. We suggest that the guiding
      principle should be the design of interfaces that serve as a transparent medium
      for augmenting our natural skills of interaction with the world, instead of
      requiring conscious attention to the interface as an opaque object in the world. 

PMID- 26964134
TI  - Training Toddlers Seated on Mobile Robots to Steer Using Force-Feedback Joystick.
AB  - The broader goal of our research is to train infants with special needs to safely
      and purposefully drive a mobile robot to explore the environment. The hypothesis
      is that these impaired infants will benefit from mobility in their early years
      and attain childhood milestones, similar to their healthy peers. In this paper,
      we present an algorithm and training method using a force-feedback joystick with
      an "assist-as-needed" paradigm for driving training. In this "assist-as-needed"
      approach, if the child steers the joystick outside a force tunnel centered on the
      desired direction, the driver experiences a bias force on the hand. We show
      results with a group study on typically developing toddlers that such a haptic
      guidance algorithm is superior to training with a conventional joystick. We also
      provide a case study on two special needs children, under three years old, who
      learn to make sharp turns during driving, when trained over a five-day period
      with the force-feedback joystick using the algorithm. 

PMID- 26964142
TI  - Corrections to "Relevance Metric Learning for Person Re-Identification by
      Exploiting Listwise Similarities" [Dec 15 4741-4755].
AB  - Corrections are presented for the above paper (ibid., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4741
      4755, Dec. 2015). 

PMID- 26964143
TI  - PPARbeta/delta directs the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in
      arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To define how peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
      beta/delta expression level in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could predict and
      direct both their immunosuppressive and therapeutic properties. PPARbeta/delta
      interacts with factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and regulates
      the expression of molecules including vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1
      and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Since these molecules are critical
      for MSC function, we investigated the role of PPARbeta/delta on MSC
      immunosuppressive properties. METHODS: We either treated human MSCs (hMSCs) with
      the irreversible PPARbeta/delta antagonist (GSK3787) or derived MSCs from mice
      deficient for PPARbeta/delta (PPARbeta/delta-/- MSCs). We used the collagen
      induced arthritis (CIA) as model of immune-mediated disorder and the MSC-immune
      cell coculture assays. RESULTS: Modulation of PPARbeta/delta expression in hMSCs
      either using GSK3787 or hMSCs from different origin reveals that MSC
      immunosuppressive potential is inversely correlated with Ppard expression. This
      was consistent with the higher capacity of PPARbeta/delta-/- MSCs to inhibit both
      the proliferation of T lymphocytes, in vitro, and arthritic development and
      progression in CIA compared with PPARbeta/delta+/+ MSCs. When primed with
      proinflammatory cytokines to exhibit an immunoregulatory phenotype,
      PPARbeta/delta-/- MSCs expressed a higher level of mediators of MSC
      immunosuppression including VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and nitric oxide (NO) than
      PPARbeta/delta+/+ MSCs. The enhanced NO2 production by PPARbeta/delta-/- MSCs was
      due to the increased retention of NF-kappaB p65 subunit on the kappaB elements of
      the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter resulting from PPARbeta/delta
      silencing. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to show that the inhibition or
      knockdown of PPARbeta/delta in MSCs primes their immunoregulatory functions.
      Thus, the regulation of PPARbeta/delta expression provides a new strategy to
      generate therapeutic MSCs with a stable regulatory phenotype.

PMID- 26964145
TI  - Can genetics explain the higher risk of worsening knee pain in offspring of
      people with total knee replacement for severe primary knee osteoarthritis?

PMID- 26964144
TI  - The changing landscape of biosimilars in rheumatology.
AB  - Biosimilars remain a hot topic in rheumatology, and some physicians are cautious
      about their application in the real world. With many products coming to market
      and a wealth of guidelines and recommendations concerning their use, there is a
      need to understand the changing landscape and the real clinical and health
      economic potential offered by these agents. Notably, rheumatologists will be at
      the forefront of the use of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies/soluble receptors.
      Biosimilars offer cost savings and health gains for our patients and will play an
      important role in treating rheumatic diseases. We hope that these lower costs
      will compensate for inequities in access to therapy based on economic differences
      across countries. Since approved biosimilars have already demonstrated highly
      similar efficacy, it will be most important to establish pharmacovigilance
      databases across countries that are adequate to monitor long-term safety after
      marketing approval.

PMID- 26964146
TI  - Resistance training reduces systolic blood pressure in metabolic syndrome: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effects of resistance training on metabolic syndrome risk
      factors through comparison with a control group. DESIGN: Meta-analysis comparing
      resistance training interventions with control groups. Two independent reviewers
      selected the studies and assessed their quality and data. The pooled mean
      differences between resistance training and the control group were calculated
      using a fixed-effects model. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE, PEDro, EMBASE,
      SPORTDiscus and The Cochrane Library databases were searched from their earliest
      records to 10 January 2015. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES:
      Randomised controlled trials that compared the effect of resistance training on
      metabolic syndrome risk factors with a control group were included. All types of
      resistance training, irrespective of intensity, frequency or duration, were
      eligible. RESULTS: Only systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced, by
      4.08 mm Hg (95% CI 1.33 to 6.82; p<0.01), following resistance training. The
      pooled effect showed a reduction of 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI -0.12, 0.21; p>0.05) for
      fasting plasma glucose, 0.00 (95% CI -0.05, 0.04; p>0.05) for high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, 0.03 (95% CI -0.14, 0.20; p>0.05) for
      triglycerides, 1.39 mm Hg (95% CI -0.19, 2.98; p=0.08) for diastolic blood
      pressure and 1.09 cm (95% CI -0.12, 2.30; p=0.08) for waist circumference.
      Inconsistency (I2) for all meta-analysis was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance training
      may help reduce systolic blood pressure levels, stroke mortality and mortality
      from heart disease in people with metabolic syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      CRD42015016538.

PMID- 26964147
TI  - Population attributable fraction: names, types and issues with incorrect
      interpretation of relative risks.

PMID- 26964148
TI  - [Appropriate technology: a driver to eliminate schistosomiasis in China. In-
      sights gained from the First Forum on Schistosomiasis Control in China].
AB  - This paper described the First Forum on Schistosomiasis Control in China. With
      "Appropriate technology is essential to schistosomiasis prevention and control"
      as the topic, the forum shared the main interventions and experiences for
      schistosomiasis control and elimination, exhibited the recent achievements gained
      from the development of appropriate technology for schistosomiasis control,
      showed the technical support of appropriate technology for schistosomiasis
      elimination, and proposed the priority for the future research and development of
      appropriate technology for schistosomiasis control and elimination in China. It
      is considered that the forum builds a bridge for communicating information
      between the administrative sectors and specialized prevention and control
      institutions, between research institutions and manufactures, and between
      experts/professors and grassroots professional staff, and provides a platform to
      communicate the national schistosomiasis control knowledge of China.

PMID- 26964149
TI  - [Warm needling combined with external application of mirabilite for 27 cases of
      early fat liquefaction after gynecological operation].

PMID- 26964150
TI  - INTRODUCTION.

PMID- 26964151
TI  - Schedules of Controlled Substances: Extension of Temporary   Placement of 10
      Synthetic Cathinones in Schedule I of the Controlled   Substances Act. Final
      order.
AB  - The Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration is issuing this final
      order to extend the temporary schedule I status of 10 synthetic cathinones
      pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions of the Controlled Substances Act.
      The 10 substances are: 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC); 4-methyl-alpha
      pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP); alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone ([alpha]-PVP);
      1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one (butylone); 2-(methylamino)-1
      phenylpentan-1-one (pentedrone); 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1
      one (pentylone); 4-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (4-FMC); 3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone
      (3-FMC); 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (naphyrone); and
      alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone ([alpha]-PBP) [hereinafter 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]
      PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP,
      respectively], including their optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts,
      and salts of isomers. The current final order temporarily placing 4-MEC, 4-MePPP,
      [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and
      [alpha]-PBP into schedule I is in effect through March 6, 2016. This final order
      will extend the temporary scheduling of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone,
      pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP for one year, or
      until the permanent scheduling action for these 10 substances is completed,
      whichever occurs first.

PMID- 26964152
TI  - TRICARE; Revision of Nonparticipating Providers Reimbursement   Rate; Removal of
      Cost Share for Dental Sealants; TRICARE Dental Program. Final rule.
AB  - This final rule revises the benefit payment provision for nonparticipating
      providers to more closely mirror industry practices by requiring TDP
      nonparticipating providers to be reimbursed (minus the appropriate cost-share) at
      the lesser of billed charges or the network maximum allowable charge for similar
      services in that same locality (region) or state. This rule also updates the
      regulatory provisions regarding dental sealants to clearly categorize them as a
      preventive service and, consequently, eliminate the current 20 percent cost-share
      applicable to sealants to conform with the language in the regulation to the
      statute.

PMID- 26964153
TI  - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; HHS Notice of Benefit   and Payment
      Parameters for 2017. Final rule.
AB  - This final rule sets forth payment parameters and provisions related to the risk
      adjustment, reinsurance, and risk corridors programs; cost-sharing parameters and
      cost-sharing reductions; and user fees for Federally-facilitated Exchanges. It
      also provides additional amendments regarding the annual open enrollment period
      for the individual market for the 2017 and 2018 benefit years; essential health
      benefits; cost sharing; qualified health plans; Exchange consumer assistance
      programs; network adequacy; patient safety; the Small Business Health Options
      Program; stand-alone dental plans; third-party payments to qualified health
      plans; the definitions of large employer and small employer; fair health
      insurance premiums; student health insurance coverage; the rate review program;
      the medical loss ratio program; eligibility and enrollment; exemptions and
      appeals; and other related topics.

PMID- 26964154
TI  - Diagnostic Performance of Positron Emission Tomography for the Presurgical
      Evaluation of Patients with Non-lesional Intractable Partial Epilepsy: Comparison
      among 18F-FDG, 11C-Flumazenil, and 11C-Flumazenil Binding Potential Imaging Using
      Statistical Imaging Analysis.
AB  - To compare the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG PET, 11C-FMZ PET, and 11C-FMZ BP
      imaging for the evaluation of patients with intractable partial epilepsy whose
      MRI findings are normal by using statistical imaging analysis. Ten patients
      underwent comprehensive presurgical evaluation, including PET studies, to assess
      the epileptic foci. The extent of cortical resection was based on the results of
      intracranial video-electroencephalography (IVEEG) monitoring and brain mapping
      under stimulation. The images of 10 patients and 30 controls were spatially
      normalized to templates generated in-house by non-rigid registration and the
      standardized images of the patients and controls were statistically compared.
      Epileptic focus candidates were visualized on a color map of axial images of each
      template and the focus site was identified in candidates for lobar location. In
      patients with Engel I postoperative seizure outcomes we assessed the sensitivity
      and specificity of the imaging methods for lobar focus localization. We also
      compared the concordance scores of patients with Engel I and Engel II-IV
      postoperative seizures. The sensitivity and specificity for lobar focus
      localization on 18F-FDG PET scans was 90.0% and 84.8%, respectively; it was 30.0%
      and 81.4% for 11C-FMZ PET, 40.0% and 66.7% for 11C-FMZ BP images, and 100.0% and
      51.4% for 18F-FDG PET/11C-FMZ PET/11C-FMZ BP images. In one patient the epileptic
      focus not detected on 18F-FDG PET scans was shown on 11C-FMZ BP images. In
      patients with Engel I post-treatment seizures the concordance scores were
      significantly higher for 18F-FDG PET than 11C-FMZ PET and 11C-FMZ BP images (p <
      0.05). With respect to sensitivity and specificity, 18F-FDG PET was superior to
      11C-FMZ PET and 11C-FMZ BP imaging. However, in some patients with normal MRI
      results, 11C-FMZ BP studies may complement 18F-FDG PET findings in efforts to
      identify the epileptogenic lobar regions.

PMID- 26964156
TI  - Complete Response Obtained with S-1 Plus CDDP Therapy in a Patient with Multiple
      Liver Metastases from Gastric Cancer.
AB  - A 58-year-old woman with advanced gastric cancer underwent total gastrectomy in
      May 2012. The histological diagnosis was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma,
      cT4a (SE), pN1, cM0; fStage IIIA. Chemotherapy by S-1 was started after surgery.
      Six months after the operation, two metastatic nodules were noticed on the liver.
      Therefore, the chemotherapy was switched to S-1 plus cisplatin (CDDP) in November
      2012. TS-1 (80 mg/body) was administrated from day 1 to 21 followed by 14 days
      rest as one course. CDDP (70 mg/body) was infused on day 1. After 3 courses of
      this combination chemotherapy, remarkable diminution of the metastatic lesions on
      CT images was observed. Because of the adverse event of Grade 2 nausea, the
      patient was forced to discontinue chemotherapy. The patient underwent partial
      resection of the liver (Hr-0: S8, S7) at 1 year after the first operation. The
      resected specimens showed no sign of malignancy, although uneven fatty deposition
      was observed more frequently than in the surroundings, and designated as
      histologically complete response (CR). The patient has been alive 30 months after
      the second operation without any recurrent sites. Thus, combined use of peroral S
      1 and CDDP should be recommended for multiple liver metastases after gastrectomy.

PMID- 26964155
TI  - Solitary Cranial Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Two case reports.
AB  - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferation of Langerhans cells
      intermixed with inflammatory cells, in particular eosinophils, that may manifest
      as a unisystem (unifocal or multifocal) or multisystem disease. We describe the
      clinical and histologic spectrum of LCH of the orbit and skull in our two cases.
      Both cases had unifocal erosive skull lesions with a history of trauma. Typical
      histologic features included numerous histiocytes with varying degrees of giant
      cell formation and scattered eosinophilic granulocytes. The presence of
      Langerhans cells was confirmed by CD1a and S100 immunohistochemistry. LCH has an
      excellent prognosis when treated with surgical resection, steroids and
      radiotherapy or chemotherapy. One of our patients is disease free at 7 year
      follow-up and one patient had regression of lesion on follow-up.

PMID- 26964157
TI  - [Moderate and severe persistent allergic rhinitis treated with acupuncture: a
      randomized controlled trial].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety on moderate and severe
      persistent allergic rhinitis treated with acupuncture. METHODS: Sixty-six
      patients of moderate and severe persistent allergic rhinitis were randomized into
      an acupuncture group (34 cases) and a western medication group (32 cases). In the
      acupuncture, group, acupuncture was applied to Dazhui (GV 14), Feishu (BL 13),
      Pishu (BL 20), Ganshu (BL 18) and Shenshu (BL 23) in the prone, retained for 20
      min; then in the supine, at Baihui (GV 20), Yintang (GV 29), yingxiang (LI20)
      Taichong (LR 3) and Hegu (LI 4), retained for 20 min. Acupuncture was given once
      every two days, three times a week, continuously for 8 weeks. In the western
      medication group, cetirizine hydrochloride was taken orally, 10 mg each time,
      once every day, continuously for 8 weeks. Separately, before treatment, after the
      treatment of 1 and 2 months and in 1 month after treatment, the total nasal
      symptom score (TNSS), the scores in the emotion rating scale for Ganzangxiang of
      TCM (ERSG) and the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) were
      observed in the patients of the two groups. The clinical efficacy was compared
      between the two groups. RESULTS: (1) For TNSS, the results after 1 and 2 months
      treatment and in 1 month after treatment were all, reduced as compare with that
      before treatment separately in the two groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) The result
      after 2 months treatment was lower than that after 1 month treatment in the
      acupuncture group (P < 0.05). In 1 month after treatment, the result in the
      acupuncture group was lower than that in the western medication group (P < 0.05).
      (2) For ERSG, the score after 2 months treatment was lower than that before
      treatment in the two groups (both P < 0.05). The score after 2 months treatment
      in the acupuncture group was lower than that in the western medication group (P <
      0.05). (3) For RQLQ, the score after 1 month treatment was lower than that before
      treatment and the score after 2 months treatment was lower than that after 1
      month treatment in the two groups (all P < 0.05). The score after 1 and 2 months
      treatment and in 1 month after treatment in the acupuncture group was lower than
      that in the western medication group separately (all P < 0.05). (4) The total
      effective rate was 91.2% (31/34) in the acupuncture group and was 90.6% (29/32)
      in the western medication group, without significant difference between the two
      groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture is the safe and effective intervention
      on moderate and severe persistent allergic rhinitis. Compared with the western
      medicine group, the efficacy in the acupuncture group presents much more
      advantageous at its durability.

PMID- 26964158
TI  - [Discussion on point Shuzhe for treatment of Periarthritis of shoulder].

PMID- 26964159
TI  - [Impacts on the life quality of the patients with allergic rhinitis treated with
      warming acupuncture in winter and summer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the impacts on the life quality and the effect mechanism in
      the patients of allergic rhinitis (AR) treated with warm acupuncture in winter
      and summer. METHODS: Two hundred and forty patients of AR were randomized into a
      summer and winter acupuncture group, a non-summer and winter acupuncture group
      and a western medication group, 80 cases in each one. In the two acupuncture
      groups, Dazhui (GV 14), Fengmen (BL 12), Feishu (BL 13), Pishu (BL 20) and
      Shenshu (BL 23) were selected. In the summer and winter acupuncture group, the
      warm acupuncture started at the first day of the three periods of hot season and
      the first day of the third nine-day period after the winter solstice. The
      treatment was given once every two days, continuously for 15 times. Totally, 30
      treatments were required a year. In the non-summer and winter acupuncture group,
      the warm acupuncture was applied out of the three periods of the hot season and
      the third nine-day period after the winter solstice. The treatment was given once
      every two days and 30 treatments for a year. In the western medication group,
      cetirizine was taken orally, continuously for 30 days as one session. In the
      three groups, the treatment for 1 year was taken as one session. The second
      session started in the next year. Totally, 2 sessions were required. The score of
      rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) and the level of serum
      immunoglobulin E (IgE) were compared in the patients' of each group before
      treatment and in 1 and 2 sessions of treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, the
      scores of 7 domains, named activities, common complaints, practical problems,
      sleep, ocular symptoms, nasal symptoms and emotions were all improved as compared
      with those before treatment, in the patients of the three groups (all P < 0.05).
      After 2 sessions treatment, the results in the summer and winter acupuncture
      group were better than those in the other two groups (all P < 0.05), and the
      results in the non-summer and winter acupuncture group were better than those in
      the western medication group (all P < 0.05). After treatment, serum IgE level was
      lower averagely than that before treatment in the three groups (all P < 0.05).
      After 2 sessions treatment, the result in the summer and winter acupuncture group
      was lower than that in the other two groups (both P < 0.05), and the result in
      the non-summer and winter acupuncture group was lower than that in the western
      medication group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the total effective rate was 92.3%
      (72/78) in the summer and winter acupuncture group, better than 80.5% (62/77) in
      the non-summer and winter acupuncture group and 69.7% (53/76) in the western
      medication group (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The warm acupuncture in both summer
      and winter achieves the definite efficacy on AR and the effect mechanism is
      relevant with reducing serum IgE level.

PMID- 26964160
TI  - [Case of intractable scalp pain].

PMID- 26964161
TI  - [Clinical observation of fire needle for facial spasm].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects between fire needle combined with acupuncture
      and simple acupuncture for facial spasm. METHODS: Sixty patients with facial
      spasm were randomly divided into a fire needle group and an acupuncture group, 30
      cases in each one. In the two groups, acupuncture was used at Fengchi (GB 20),
      Baihui(GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Zusanli(ST 36) and Yanglingquan(GB 34). The
      needles were retained for 30 min. In the fire needle group, ashi points in the
      spasm areas were pricked by fire needles without retaining. In the acupuncture
      group, acupuncture was retained at ashi points. In the first two weeks,the
      treatment was given once a day, totally 10 times, and there were two days to have
      a rest after 5-day treatment. But patients were treated once every other day,
      three times a week, and totally 20 times from the third week. Fire needle and
      acupuncture were applied at ashi points until spasm was relieved. The facial
      spasm degree and frequency were observed after the 15th treatment and the 30th
      treatment,and the clinical effects were assessed in the two groups. RESULTS:
      After treatment the facial spasm degree and frequency were relieved than those
      before treatment in the two groups (all P < 0.05). Ones in the fire needle group
      were declined more apparently than those in the acupuncture group (both P <
      0.05). After the 15th treatment and the 30th treatment,the cured rates and the
      total effective rates in the fire needle group were better than those in the
      acupuncture group [after the 15th treatment: 20.0% (6/30) vs. 10.0% (3/30), 80.0%
      (24/30) vs. 63.3% (19/30), both P < 0.05; after the 30th treatment: 33.3% (10/30)
      vs. 20.0% (6/30), 93.3% (28/30) vs. 80.0% (24/30), both P < 0.05]. CONCLUSION:
      The efficacy of fire needle is superior to that of simple acupuncture for facial
      spasm.

PMID- 26964162
TI  - [Analysis of optimal plan of multiple acupuncture manipulations for shoulder pain
      after stroke at different stages].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects between acupuncture combined with
      rehabilitation and simple rehabilitation for shoulder pain after stroke, and to
      select the best plan of acupuncture manipulations at different stages by
      orthogonal design. METHODS: Ninety patients were treated with comprehensive
      rehabilitation, and nine cases without acupuncture were arranged into a control
      group. Eighty-one patients of orthogonal design were applied by acupuncture with
      the same acupoints and course. The VAS score and its weighted value were regarded
      as the observation indices,and the effects between the acupuncture group and the
      control group were compared. The optimal plans of acupuncture manipulations of
      the early stage and the later stage were chosen after the first course treatment
      and the third course treatment separately. The acupuncture depth (factor A:A:
      shallow depth less than 25 mm, A(II): modest depth 25-40 mm, A(III): deep depth
      40-50 mm), the acupuncture angle (factor B:B(I): perpendicular insertion, B(II):
      horizontal insertion, B(III): oblique insertion), needle manipulated frequency
      (factor C: C(I): zero time, C(II): one time, C(III): three times) and needle
      retained time(factor D:D(I):20 min, D(II): 30 min, D(III): 60 min) were studied.
      The differences among all factors and the diversity among major factors at
      different stages were analyzed. RESULTS: (1) Acupuncture combined with
      rehabilitation at the early and the later stage acquired better improvement than
      simple rehabilitation (all P < 0.01). (2) The optimal acupuncture manipulation
      plan at the early stage was A(III) B(III) C(I) D(I), which was deep acupuncture
      and oblique insertion for 20 min with zero-time manipulation; the optimal
      acupuncture manipulation plan at the later stage was A(III) B(III) C(III) D(I),
      which was deep acupuncture and oblique insertion for 20 min with three-time
      manipulation. (3) There was significance for acupuncture depth and angle at the
      early stage (both P < 0.01) and there was significance for insertion depth,
      acupuncture angle and manipulating frequency at the later stage (all P < 0.05).
      (4) At the early stage, the insertion depth was statistically significant between
      A(I) and A(II), A(I) and A(III), A(II) and A(III) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the
      statistical significance was existed between B(I) and B(III) (P < 0.01). At the
      later stage, the insertion depth was statistically significant between A(I) and
      A(III), A(III) and A(II), A(I) and A(II) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the
      statistical significance was existed between C(I) and C(III), C(II) and C(III) (P
      < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combined with rehabilitation acquire apparent
      effect for shoulder pain after stroke. At the early stage,the optimal plan is
      deep and oblique insertion for 20 min with zero-time manipulation. At the later
      stage, the best plan is deep and oblique insertion for 20 min with 3-time
      manipulation.

PMID- 26964163
TI  - [Efficacy of hooking therapy and safflower injection on lumbar disc herniation
      and the impact on IL-6 and NO in the patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy and the effect mechanism of hooking
      therapy and safflower injection in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH).
      METHODS: Sixty patients of LDH were randomized into an observation group and a
      control group at ratio of 1 to 1, 30 cases in each one. In the control group,
      safflower injection was applied to three points of lumbar region, once a day.
      Seven treatments made one session, and totally 2 sessions were required. In the
      observation group, under local anesthesia, the big hook needle was used to
      stimulate the three points of lumbar region first, followed by the safflower
      injection, once every 6 to 7 days. If the efficacy was not satisfactory enough,
      the second treatment was given. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and the modified
      Japanese Orthopaedic Association (M-JOA) scores were observed before and after
      treatment in the patients of the two groups and the clinical efficacy was
      evaluated. The levels of peripheral interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO)
      were determined. RESULTS: VAS and M-JOA scores were all improved apparently after
      treatment as compared with those before treatment in the patients of the two
      groups (both P < 0.01). The improvements in the observation group were much more
      obvious than those in the control group (both P < 0.01). In the observation
      group, the curative and remarkably effective rate was 76.7% (23/30) and the total
      effective rate was 96.7% (29/ 30), better than 43.3% (13/30) and 70.0% (21/30) in
      the control group separately (both P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of IL-6
      and NO were all reduced as compared with those before treatment in the two
      groups; (both P < 0.01). The above indices were changed more obviously in the
      observation group as compared with those in the control group (both P < 0.01).
      CONCLUSION: The combined therapy of hooking therapy and safflower injection
      apparently relieves pain and clinical symptoms of LDH. The effect mechanism is
      relevant with reducing the levels of IL-6 and NO in the peripheral blood.

PMID- 26964165
TI  - [Clinical observation of type III prostatitis treated with acupuncture and
      isolated-ginger moxibustion].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference in the clinical efficacy on type M
      prostatitis between the combined therapy of acupuncture and isolated-ginger
      moxibustion and tamsulosin. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients of type III
      prostatitis were randomized into an acupuncture and moxibustion group and a
      tamsulosin group, 55 cases in each one. In the acupuncture and moxibustion group,
      acupuncture and isolated-ginger moxibustion were adopted. Two groups of acupoints
      were selected, named (1) Guanyuan (CV 4), Qugu (CV 2) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6); (2)
      Yaoyangguan (GV 3), Pangguangshu (BL 28) and Zhibian (BL 54). The two groups of
      points were used by acupuncture alternatively and only one group was selected a
      day. Isolated-ginger moxibustion was applied to Guanyuan (CV 4) and Zhibian (BL
      54), once a day, 10 treatments made one session, and totally 3 sessions were
      required. In the tamsulosin group, tamsulosin was prescribed for oral
      administration, 0.2 mg, twice a day for 1 month. The National Institutes of
      Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score and expressed prostatic
      secretion (EPS) score were observed in the patients of the two groups. RESULTS:
      NIH-CPSI and EPS scores after treatment were all reduced apparently as compared
      with those before treatment in the two groups (all P < 0.05). The improvements in
      the acupuncture and moxibustion group were more obvious than those in the
      tamsulosin group (all P < 0.05). In 3 months follow-up, NIH-CPSI score in the
      acupuncture and moxibustion group was reduced apparently as compared with the
      tamsulosin group (P < 0.05). The curative rate and total effective, rate were
      20.0% (11/55) and 85.5% (47/55) in the acupuncture and moxibustion group, and
      were 3.6% (2/55) and 61.8% (34/55) in the tamsulosin group respectively (both P <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: The combined therapy of acupuncture and isolated-ginger
      moxibustion achieves the good effect of relieving the symptoms of type III
      prostatitis and recovery of EPS, better than those treated with tamsulosin. This
      combined therapy spresents the better long-term efficacy.

PMID- 26964164
TI  - [Clinical observation of acupoint application therapy on senile female bladder
      neck obstruction].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy on senile female bladder neck
      obstruction treated with acupoint application, therapy and western medication.
      METHODS: Fifty cases of senile female bladder neck observation were randomized
      into an obstrvation group and a control group, 25 cases in each one. Tamsulosin
      hydrochloride capsules were taken orally in the two groups, 0.2 mg every night,
      continuously for 100 days. In the observation group, with radix aconiti lateralis
      preparata, semen brassicae and fructus ligustri lucidi contained, bushentongyu
      plaster was used at Shenque (CV 8), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Pangguangshu (BL 28),
      Zhongji (CV 3) and Sanjiaoshu (BL 22), once every two days. Eight treatments made
      one session and 6 sessions were required totally. The international prostate
      symptom score (IPSS), the bother score (BS), the residual volume (RV) and the
      maximal urinary flow rate (MFR) were observed before and after treatment in the
      two groups. The clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. RESULTS:
      Every score in IPSS after treatment was reduced apparently as compared with that
      before treatment in the two groups (all P < 0.01). The improvements in feeling of
      incomplete, bladder emptying, intermittency < 2 h, urgency, interupted urination
      and nocturia in the observation group were more advantageous than those in the
      control group (all P < 0.05). The total effective rate was 95.65% (22/23) in the
      observation group, higher than 85.71% (18/21) in the control group (P < 0.05).
      After treatment, RV, MFR and BS were significantly different as compared with
      those before treatment (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combined therapy of
      acupoint application of bushentongyu plaster and oral administration of
      tamsulosin hydrochloride capsules achieves the significant efficacy on senile
      female bladder neck obstruction as compared with the simple administration of
      tamsulosin hydrochloride capsules.

PMID- 26964167
TI  - [Multiple dredging method combined with regulating internal organs and spinal
      cord for 18 cases of neurodermatitis].

PMID- 26964166
TI  - [Clinical observation of recurrent oral ulcer of heat accumulation in the heart
      and spleen treated with acupoint injection and fire needling therapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy between the combined acupuncture
      therapy of acupoint injection and fire needling and the oral administration of
      vitamin C and B2 as well as subcutaneous injection of transfer factor. METHODS:
      One hundred and fifty-eight patients of recurrent oral ulcer (ROU) differentiated
      as heat accumulation in the heart and spleen were randomized into an observation
      group and a control group, 79 cases in each, one. In the observation group,
      Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20) and Zusanli (ST 36) were selected for acupoint
      injection of shuang huanglian injection, 1 mL at each point, three times a week,
      for 2 weeks totally. Additionally, fire needling was applied to the ulcer lesion
      and peripheral mucosa, once a day, totally for 3 times. In the control group,
      vitamin C 100 mg and vitamin B2 20 mg were prescribed for oral administration,
      three times a day; and subcutaneous injection of transfer factor was applied, 2
      mL (3 mg), twice a week, for 2 weeks totally. The score of symptoms and physical
      signs and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were observed before and after
      treatment, as well as the time of ulcer healing and ulcer recurrence in the
      patients of the two groups. The clinical efficacy was compared between the two
      groups. RESULTS: The total effective rate was 92.4% (73/79) in the observation
      group, better than 77.2% (61/79) in the control group (P < 0.01). The differences
      in the score of symptoms and physical signs and VAS score before and after
      treatment were significant statistically in the observation group and the control
      group (all P < 0.01). The score of symptoms and physical signs and VAS score
      after treatment in the observation group were reduced significantly as compared
      with those in the control group (both P < 0.01). The time of ulcer healing in the
      observation group was earlier than that in the control group [(3.87 +/- 1.01) d
      vs. (6.22 +/- 0.53) d, P < 0.01]. The recurrence rate in the observation was
      lower than that in the control group [22.7% (17/75) vs. 50.0% (36/72), P < 0.01].
      CONCLUSION: The combined therapy of acupoint injection and fire needling achieves
      the better efficacy on ROU compared with oral administration of vitamin and
      subcutaneous injection of transfer factor. This therapy has the good and quick
      effect of analgesia, relieves the relevant symptoms, shortens the time of ulcer
      healing and reduces the recurrence rate.

PMID- 26964169
TI  - [Hyperplasia of mammary glands treated with acupuncture combined with bleeding
      stasis collaterals therapy: a clinical study of 30 cases].

PMID- 26964168
TI  - [Eighty cases of peripheral facial paralysis sequela treated with mian kou three
      needle touci].

PMID- 26964170
TI  - [Clinical observation of therapeutic methods of different sensitive types for
      lumbar disc herniation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the acupoint distribution and clinical efficacy of lumbar
      disc herniationi (LDH) with different sensitive types. METHODS: Eighty patients
      with LDH were randomly divided into a heat-sensitive moxibustion group (group A),
      a heat-sensitive acupuncture group (group B), a force-sensitive acupuncture group
      (group C) and a force-sensitive moxibustion group (group D), 20 cases in each
      one. In the group A and the group B, moxibustion and acupuncture were applied at
      two or three heat-sensitive acupoints separately. In the group C and the group
      D,acupuncture and moxibustion were used at two or three force-sensitive acupoints
      respectively. The treatment was given once a day, totally 10 times. The
      distribution law of the heat-sensitive acupoints and the force-sensitive
      acupoints and the change of M-JOA before and after treatment were recorded in the
      four groups. RESULTS: The frequent heat-sensitive acupoints areas of LDH were at
      Yaoyangguan (GV 3), Dachangshu (BL 25), Zhiyang(GV 9), Guanyuanshu(BL 26) and
      Weizhong(BL 40). The major force-sensitive acupoints areas were at Shenshu (BL
      23), Dachangshu (BL 25), Tianshu (ST 25), Guilai (ST 29) and Weizhong (BL 40).
      After treatment, the heat-sensitive acupoints in the group A and the group B were
      all reduced than those before treatment and the force-sensitive acupoints in the
      group C and the group D were declined as well (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The M-JOA
      scores were obviously lower than those before treatment in the four groups (all P
      < 0.01). The score in the group A was reduced more apparently than that in the
      group B (P < 0.05). The score in the group C was declined more markedly than that
      in the group D (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There are diverse acupoints for LDH
      patients due to different sensitive types. All forms of stimulation can change
      the functional state of acupoints. Moxibustion is more suitable for heat
      sensitive acupoints and acupuncture is optimal for force-sensitive acupoints.

PMID- 26964171
TI  - [Case of stiff-person syndrome].

PMID- 26964172
TI  - [Midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture at stomach meridian of foot-yangming: a fMRI
      study].
AB  - The status change of brain functional region of functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) of midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture method at stomach meridian
      was explored. Ten healthy volunteers were recruited. With identical sequence of
      magnetic resonance scans, fMRI data was collected respectively in the timely
      acupoint group, untimely acupoint group and timely non-acupoint group. Volunteers
      in the timely acupoint group were treated at Zusanli (ST 36) and Chongyang (ST
      42) between 7:02:53 A.M. to 9:02:52 A.M.; volunteers in the untimely acupoint
      group were treated with Zusanli (ST 36) and Chongyang (ST 42) between 3:02 P.M.
      to 5:02 P.M.; volunteers in the timely non-acupoint group were treated at non
      acupoints 1 to 2 cm outside Zusanli (ST 36) and Chongyang (ST 42) between 7:02:53
      A. M. to 9:02:52 A.M.. All fMRI data was analyzed with SPM5 software, and intra
      group comparison and among-group comparison of timely acupoint group, untimely
      acupoint group and timely non-acupoint group were performed. The tonsil of
      cerebellum, the right-side insular cortex showed strengthened function in the
      timely acupoint group; the right-side medial frontal gyrus showed weakened
      function in the untimely acupoint group; the right-sided insular cortex showed
      strengthened function in the timely non-acupoint group. The comparison among
      groups indicated that there was different brain change in three groups. The
      midnight-noon ebb-flow acupuncture method at stomach meridian is likely to
      activate the function of cerebellum and insular lobe, which can have a positive
      effect on patients with flaccidity syndrome and stomach diseases.

PMID- 26964173
TI  - [Exploration and analysis on the "similar-indication acupoints"].
AB  - The concept, connotation and extension of "similar-indication acupoints" which is
      proposed by Professor WANG Fuchun are introduced in this paper. It is noted that
      "similar-indication acupoints" is one category of acupoints that hass similar
      effects for one symptom or disease, which is the basic element for acupoints
      compatibility, while acupoint compatibility is the foundation of acupuncture
      acupoints prescription. The proposal and application of "similar-indication
      acupoints" has provided a new method for the transition from specificity study to
      generality study, also lay a solid theoretical foundation for acupoints
      compatibility search.

PMID- 26964174
TI  - [Case of primary thrombocythemia].

PMID- 26964175
TI  - [Case of moyamoya disease complicated with bilateral posterior cerebral artery
      occlusion].

PMID- 26964176
TI  - [Effects of moxibustion on cell proliferative factors in gastric mucosa in rats
      with precancerous lesions of chronic atrophic gastritis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular mechanism of moxibustion at stomach meridian
      acupoints for precancerous lesions of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). METHODS:
      Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a
      stomach meridian group, a control point group and a vitacoenzyme group, 10 rats
      in each group. The CAG precancerous lesion model was made in all the groups
      except the normal group. The rats in the normal group and model group were
      bundled for 30 min per day; the rats in the stomach meridian group and control
      point group were bundled and treated with moxibustion at stomach meridian
      acupoints or control points for 30 min per day; the rats in the vitacoenzyme
      group were treated with intragastric administration of vitacoenzyme, once per
      day. All the treatment was given for 20 weeks. The pathological morphological
      change of gastric mucosa was observed under optical microscope; the expression of
      epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha),
      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), gastric mucosal proliferatig cell
      nuclear antigen (PCNA), argyrophilic protein of nucleolar organizer regions (Ag
      NORs) in gastric mucosal cells were detected by enzyme linked immuno sorbent
      assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, in the model group the
      gastric mucosal cells showed dysplasia and the expression of EGF, TGF-alpha,
      PCNA, VEGF, Ag-NORs in gastric mucosa cells in the model group was increased
      significantly (all P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the gastric mucosa
      lesion gradually recovered and the expression of EGF, TGF-alpha, PCNA, VEGF, Ag
      NORs in gastric mucosal cells was gradually decreased in the stomach meridian
      group, control point group and vitacoenzyme group, in which the stomach meridian
      group had the most significant effects (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion at
      stomach meridian acupoints can obviously decrease the expression of cell
      proliferative factors in gastric mucosa in rats with CAG precancerous lesions,
      inhibit the gastric mucosal cell dysplasia, and promote the recovery of gastric
      mucosa.

PMID- 26964177
TI  - [Case of venous ulcer of right lower extremity].

PMID- 26964179
TI  - [Case of acute Guillain-Barre syndrome].

PMID- 26964178
TI  - [Effect of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on hormones and
      neurotransmitters of hypotha- lamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in rats under
      simulated weightlessness].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the change pattern of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
      axis and related neurotransmitters under simulated weightlessness. METHODS: A
      total of 40 clean-grade male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normal
      group, a tail-suspension group, an electroacupuncture (EA) at Neiguan (PC 6)
      group, an EA at Sanyinjiao (SP 6) group, 10 rats in each group. Rats in the tail
      suspension group, EA at "Neiguan" (PC 6) group and EA at "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6)
      group were treated with tail suspension to simulate weightlessness effect. Rats
      in the normal group were treated with normal diet. Rats in the tail-suspension
      group were treated with tail suspension for 28 d. During the time of tail
      suspension, rats in the EA at "Neiguan" (PC 6) group were treated with EA at
      "Neiguan" (PC 6), 30 min per treatment, once every two days for 14 treatments,
      while rats in the EA at "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) group were treated with EA at
      "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6), 30 min per treatment, once every two days for 14 treatments.
      Samples were all collected after 4 weeks. The contents of corticotropin releasing
      hormone (CRH) , adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone (CORT) in as
      well as 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) were
      measured by using radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, in
      the tail-suspension group the content of ACTH in pituitary was significantly
      decreased (P< 0.05), and the content of 5-HT in hypothalamus was significantly
      decreased (P < 0.01); the content of CRH and 5-HT in hypothalamus was
      significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in the EA at "Neiguan" (PC 6) group;
      the content of CRH and 5-HT in hypothalamus was significantly decreased (P <
      0.01), and the content of CORT in serum was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in
      the EA at "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) group. Compared with the tail-suspension group, the
      content of ACTH in hypothalamus was significantly decreased (P< 0.05) in the EA
      at "Neiguan" (PC 6) group; the content of CRH, ACTH and CORT was significantly
      decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in the EA at "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) group. Compared
      with the EA at "Neiguan" (PC 6) group, the content of CORT was decreased (P <
      0.05) in the EA at "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) group. CONCLUSION: EA can regulate the
      content of 5-HT in hypothalamus in tail-suspension rats, inhibit the
      hyperactivity of the HPA axis, in which EA at "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) had more
      significant effects than "Neiguan" (PC 6), but no obvious effects on NE and DA
      were observed.

PMID- 26964180
TI  - [Clinical observation on controlling antihypertension with the general anesthesia
      of TEAS and anesthetics in endoscopic endonasal surgery].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study whether the dose of controlling antihypertensive drug is
      reduced by transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) and the
      anesthetics, as well as the control of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in
      endoscopic endonasal surgery with general anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty patients for
      selective endoscopic endonasal surgery with general anesthetics and controlling
      antihypertension involved were selected and randomized into a TEAS group, a sham
      TEAS group, 30 cases in each one. The electric pads were attached to bilateral
      Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Quchi (LI 11), stimulated
      with Hans-200 apparatus, 3 to 5 mA, 2 Hz/100 Hz in the TEAS group based on the
      patients' response to comfort. No electric stimulation was applied to the sham
      TEAS group. The general anesthesia started after 30 min intervention and lasted
      till the end of surgery. The BP and HR were observed and recorded at the end of
      monitoring in operation room, 10 min after tranquilization (T0), 30 min after
      intervention (Tj, after induction~of general anestiesa (T2), 30 min after surgery
      start (T3), 60 min after surgery start (T4) and 30 min after extubation (T5). The
      doses of vecuronium bromide, propofol and nitroglycerin were recorded
      statistically in surgery, as well as the operative bleeding volume, the operative
      time, the resuscitation time and the visual analogue scale (VAS) score after
      resuscitation. RESULTS: Compared with that at T0, the mean arterial pressure
      (MAP) at T2, T3, T4 and T5 in the TEAS group and at T3 and T4 in the sham-TEAS
      group was all reduced, indicating the significant difference (all P < 0.01). MAP
      at T2 and T5 in the TEAS group was lower than that in the sham-TEAS group (both P
      < 0.01). Compared, with that at T5, except at T2 in the TEAS group (P<0. 05), HR
      was not different significantly at the rest time points (all P > 0.05). HR was
      different at T2 to Ts in the sham-TEAS group statistically (all P < 0.01). The
      doses of vecuronium bromide, propofol and nitroglycerin, the operative bleeding
      volume, the operative time, the resuscitation time and VAS after resuscitation
      were not different significantly between the two groups (all P > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The general anesthesia with TEAS and anesthetics involved for
      controlling antihypertension contributes to the control of BP and HR in the
      patients in endoscopic endonasal surgery. The impacts are not obvious on the
      doses of antihypertensive drug, the general anesthetics, the operative bleeding
      volume, the time of resuscitation and the postoperative analgesia.

PMID- 26964181
TI  - [Professor GAO Yuchun's experience of acupuncture for headache].
AB  - As one of the important founders of GAO's acupuncture academic school in YanZhao
      area, Professor GAO Yuchun 's experience of acupuncture for headache is
      summarized in this paper. In the opinion of Professor GAO, the treatment of
      headache should focus on eliminating evil and relieving pain, and the syndrome
      differentiation should be based on meridian differentiation, especially on three
      yang meridians of foot as well as liver meridian and kidney meridian. In the
      acupoint prescription, attention should be placed on strengthening the spleen and
      stomach. The midnight-midday ebb flow acupuncture is advocated. The combination
      between acupuncture order and movement of qi is emphasized. In the manipulation,
      the role of pressing hand, the stimulation during reinforcing and reducing
      methods, and needle-retention time are important. The breathing reinforcing and
      reducing method of acupuncture are also advocated.

PMID- 26964182
TI  - [Case of varicocele].

PMID- 26964183
TI  - [Professor LIN Guohua's experience of gold implantation at acupoint for
      rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Based on the pathogenesis and symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), professor LIN
      Guohua's unique opinion and method for RA in clinical treatment are summarized
      and analyzed. In the opinion of Professor Lin, RA is considered as "Jinbi" and
      "Gubi" in TCM, which is caused by deficient root with superficial excess. Based
      on the symptoms of RA, attention should be focused on lung-kidney diagnosis and
      treatment, and gold and catgut implantation at acupoint can be mutually combined,
      which is aimed to provide a special and effective method for clinical treatment
      of RA.

PMID- 26964185
TI  - [Analysis on the accuracy of simple selection method of Fengshi (GB 31)].
AB  - To explore the accuracy of simple selection method of Fengshi (GB 31). Through
      the study of the ancient and modern data,the analysis and integration of the
      acupuncture books,the comparison of the locations of Fengshi (GB 31) by doctors
      from all dynasties and the integration of modern anatomia, the modern simple
      selection method of Fengshi (GB 31) is definite, which is the same as the
      traditional way. It is believed that the simple selec tion method is in accord
      with the human-oriented thought of TCM. Treatment by acupoints should be based on
      the emerging nature and the individual difference of patients. Also, it is
      proposed that Fengshi (GB 31) should be located through the integration between
      the simple method and body surface anatomical mark.

PMID- 26964184
TI  - [Exploration and analysis on the mechanism of sinew acupuncture].
AB  - In order to explore the mechanism of sinew acupuncture (SA), related literature
      is reviewed and analyzed in combination with clinical practice. It is believed
      that the clinical indications of SA mainly include sinew injury and sinew injury
      related diseases. Sinew and channel tissue is similar to the superficial and deep
      fascia, which has a close relationship with defensive qi. The pathogenesis of
      sinew injury results from the deficiency of defense qi, leading to stagnation of
      evil qi in sinew tissue. The manipulation of SA is featured with the floating and
      superficial needling, transverse needling at points without arrival of qi. SA
      treatment can activate the defense qi, regulate sinew and channels and disperse
      the evil qi in sinew and channels, by which it exerts therapeutic effects. The SA
      will have a promotion effects on acupuncture popularization.

PMID- 26964186
TI  - [Acupoints selection rules analysis of ancient acupuncture for urinary
      incontinence based on data mining technology].
AB  - Based on ancient literature of acupuncture in Canon of Chinese Medicine (4th
      edition), the articles regarding acupuncture for urinary incontinence were
      retrieved and collected to establish a database. By Weka data mining software,
      the multi-level association rules analysis method was applied to analyze the
      acupoints selection characteristics and rules of ancient acupuncture for
      treatment of urinary incontinence. Totally 356 articles of acupuncture for
      urinary incontinence were collected, involving 41 acupoints with a total
      frequency of 364. As a result, (1) the acupoints in the yin-meridian of hand and
      foot were highly valued, as the frequency of acupoints in yin-meridians was 2.6
      times than that in yang-meridians, and the frequency of acupoints selected was
      the most in the liver meridian of foot-jueyin; (2) the acupoints in bladder
      meridian of foot-taiyang were also highly valued, and among three yang-meridians
      of foot, the frequency of acupoints in the bladder meridian of foot-taiyang was
      54, accounting for 65.85% (54/82); (3) more acupoints selected were located in
      the lower limbs and abdomen; (4) specific acupoints in above meridians were
      mostly selected, presenting 73.2% (30/41) to the ratio of number and 79.4%
      (289/364) to the frequency, respectively; (5) Zhongji (CV 3), the front-mu point
      of bladder meridian, was seldom selected in the ancient acupuncture literature,
      which was different from modern literature reports. The results show that urinary
      incontinence belongs to external genitalia diseases, which should be treated from
      yin, indicating more yin-meridians be used and special acupoints be focused on.
      It is essential to focus inheritance and innovation in TCM clinical treatment,
      and applying data mining technology to ancient literature of acupuncture could
      provide classic theory basis for TCM clinical treatment.

PMID- 26964187
TI  - [Case of myofibril myopathy].

PMID- 26964188
TI  - [Analysis on the contribution of HUA Tuo to acupuncture].
AB  - The academic contribution of HUA Tuo to acupuncture, such as HUA Tuo Jiaji
      points, the drawing of viscera and channels, "diagnosis by observing the eyes",
      focusing on the clinical application of moxibustion, being the first to treat
      headache with Geshu (BL 17), selecting essential acupoints and paying attention
      to spirit management, etc. were summarized in this paper. It was believed that
      HUA Tuo made an outstanding contribution to acupuncture, which still had
      important guiding significance and academic value for clinical acupuncture and
      research work.

PMID- 26964189
TI  - [Query of simple position method at Yaoyangguan (GV 3)].

PMID- 26964191
TI  - [Application and case analysis on the problem-based teaching of Jingluo Shuxue
      Xue (Science of Meridian and Acupoint) in reference to the team oriented learning
      method].
AB  - The problem based teaching (PBT) has been the main approach to the training in
      the universities o the world. Combined with the team oriented learning method,
      PBT will become the method available to the education in medical universities. In
      the paper, based on the common questions in teaching Jingluo Shuxue Xue (Science
      of Meridian and Acupoint), the concepts and characters of PBT and the team
      oriented learning method were analyzed. The implementation steps of PBT were set
      up in reference to the team oriented learning method. By quoting the original
      text in Beiji Qianjin Yaofang (Essential recipes for emergent use worth a
      thousand gold), the case analysis on "the thirteen devil points" was established
      with PBT.

PMID- 26964190
TI  - [Statistical analysis of acupuncture-moxibustion literature based on SCIE and
      GoPubMed].
AB  - By bibliometric method, acupuncture-moxibustion literature from 2003 to 2013
      included by SCIE and GoPubMed was analyzed. The number of annually published
      literature, distribution of country, agency and area, author, journal, subject
      category, high-frequency words and H index were analyzed to explore the current
      situation and development trend of acupuncture and moxibustion.

PMID- 26964192
TI  - [Case of greater occipital neuralgia after high fever].

PMID- 26964194
TI  - [Study on the Supercontinuum Generation with Femtosecond Pulse in Photonic
      Crystal Fiber].
AB  - Physical mechanism of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber by
      femtosecond laser pulse has been investigated experimentally. In this study, we
      used the tunable output wavelength Ti: sapphire optical parametric amplifier as
      the pump source and the fiber spectrometer acquired the spectrogram of
      supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber under different power and
      wavelength conditions, then we normalized the spectrograms and make a comparison
      of them. PCF supercontinuum differences affected by physical mechanisms were
      analyzed. We found that when increasing the incident pump pulse power, the
      spectral width will be gradually widened, there are more peaks, part of the
      energy will transfer in to the short-wave- length region; as long as it reaches a
      certain intensity, width of supercontinuum finally saturated, the shape of
      supercontinuum was also stabilized. As the incident power was settled at 300
      milliwatt and the length of PCF was settled at 105 millimeter, experimental
      results show that width and shape of supercontinuum are affected by the
      wavelength of pump pulse, in the range of 760 to 840 nm, there appears more and
      more peaks with the increase of incident wavelength; at anomalous dispersion the
      spectrogram of supercontinuum generation will be more flat and more wider as the
      wavelength of pump pulse closer to zero point.

PMID- 26964193
TI  - [Research progress of secondary infection cases by acupuncture].
AB  - The common pathogens and cases of secondary infection by acupuncture were
      classified and described, including staphylococcus aureus, mycobacteria,
      hepatitis virus and some sporadic infections. The above; cases were summed up
      according to the common pathogens of the secondary infection by acupuncture. Thus
      it illustrates the features of the secondary infection cases by acupuncture
      comprehensively and aims to enhance the infection knowledge of the medical staff
      in the hospital, so that the infection is effectively prevented in medical work.

PMID- 26964195
TI  - [Photoelectron Spectra of CCl2-: Ab Initio Calculation and Franck-Condon
      Analysis].
AB  - Geometry optimization and harmonic vibrational frequency calculations were
      performed on the X1A1 state of CCl2 and X2B1 state of CCl2- at the B3LYP, MP2,
      CCSD levels. Franck-Condon analysis and spectral simulations were carried out on
      the photoelectron band of CCl2- including Duschinsky effects. The simulated
      spectra obtained are in excellent agreement with the experiment. Note that
      Duschinsky effect between bending vibration and the symmetric stretch modes
      should be considered in the CCl2 (X1A1)-CCl2- (X2B1) photodetachment process. By
      combining ab initio calculations with Franck-Condon analyses, the assignment of
      spectrum observed is firmly established to the X1A1-X2B1 photodetachment process
      of the CCl2- radical, and the recommended geometric parameters of which in the
      literature are confirmed again base on ab initio theory and IFCA process.

PMID- 26964196
TI  - [Ce3+/Tb3+ Doped Alkaline-Earth Borate Glasses Employed in Enhanced Solar Cells].
AB  - Ce3+ and Tb3+ doped alkaline earth borate (LKZBSB) glasses and the
      photoluminescence properties of glass system have been fabricated and
      investigated, and the observed violet and green fluorescences are originated from
      Ce3+ and Tb3+ emit- ting centers, respectively. Four emission bands peaked at
      487, 543, 586 and 621 nm are attributed to the emission transitions 5D4-->7F6,
      5D4-->7F5, 5D4-->7F4 and 5D4-->7F3 of Tb3+, respectively, and consists of a broad
      emission band peaking at 389 nm attributed to 5d--4f electric dipole allowed
      transition of Ce3+. With the introduction of Ce3+, the effective excitation
      wavelength range of Tb3+ in LKZBSB glasses are remarkably expanded, and the
      enhanced factor of green fluorescence of Tb3+ in Ce3+/Tb3+ co-doped LKZBSB
      glasses is up to 73 times in medium-wavelength ultraviolet (UVB) excitation
      region, compared with that in Tb3+ single-doped case. The results show that the
      conversion from ultraviolet (UV) radiation to visible light is efficient in Ce3+/
      Tb3+ doped LKZBSB glasses, demonstrating that the glasses have potential values
      in developing enhanced solar cell as a conver- sion layer.

PMID- 26964197
TI  - [Highly Efficient Bilayer-Structure Yellow-Green OLED with MADN Hole-Transport
      Layer and the Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis].
AB  - Abstract Highly efficient bilayer-structure yellow-green organic light-emitting
      device (OLED) has been demonstrated based on MADN as hole-transport layer (HTL)
      and host-guest coped system of [Alq3: 0.7 Wt% rubrene] as emitting and electron
      trans- port layer. The device gives yellow-green emission through incomplete
      energy transfer from the host of Alq3 to the guest of ru- brene. An
      electroluminescent peak of 560 nm, 1931 CIE color coordinates of (0.46, 0.52) and
      a maximum current efficiency of 7.63 cd . A-1 (which has been enhanced by 30% in
      comparison with the counterpart having conventional NPB HTL) are ob- served. The
      hole-transporting characteristics of MADN and NPB have been systematically
      investigated by constructing hole-only devices and employing impedance
      spectroscopy analysis. Our results indicate that MADN can be served as an
      effective hole-trans- port material and its hole-transporting ability is slightly
      inferior to NPB. This overcomes the shortcoming of hole transporting more quickly
      than electron in OLED and improves carrier balance in the emitting layer.
      Consequently, the device current efficien- cy is promoted. In addition, the
      current efficiency of bilayer-structure OLED with MADN as HTL is comparable to
      that of conv- entinol trilayer-structure device with MADN as HTL and Alq3 as
      electron-transport layer. This indicates that the simplified bi- layer-structure
      device can be achieved without sacrificing current efficiency. The emitting layer
      of [Alq: 0.7 Wt% rubrene possesses superior elecron-transporting ability.

PMID- 26964198
TI  - [The Different Phase, Morphology Controllable Synthesis and Luminescent
      Properties Investigation of NaYF4: Yb, Er].
AB  - Using sodium fluoride and rare earth nitrate as raw materials and sodium citrate
      as surfactant, micron grade NaYF4 upconversion luminescent materials were
      prepared by hydrothermal method. By X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron
      microscope(SEM) and fluorescence spectrometer, the crystal phase, morphology and
      luminescent characteristics of the prepared samples were investigated. The
      results showed that the phase of the samples could generate a transition from
      cubic phase to hexagonal phase by adjusting the proportion (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11) of
      NaF/RE , and the X ray diffraction peaks for the cubic and hexagonal phase of
      samples exactly matched with those of the standard card of PDF# 77-2042 and PDF#
      16-0334, respectively. The SEM photographs showed that the crystallinity of
      samples was high and the dispersibility was favourable, the morphology were
      translated from microrods to hexagonal microplates. The samples upconversion
      luminescent spectra showed the intensity enhancement of red and green light
      emission peaks with increasement of the ratio of NaF/RE3+. The green emission
      peaks of samples at 520 and 539 nm corresponded to the 2H11/2-4-->I15/2 and 4S3/2
      ->4I15/2 level transition of Er3+ ion, and the red light emission peaks of
      samples at 653 nm corresponded to the 4F9/2-->4I15/2 levelt ransition of Er+ ion.
      The chromaticity coordinate diagram exhibited that the change of the luminescent
      color of samples could be achieved by adjusting the ratio of NaF/RE3+. With the
      increasing of NaF/RE3+ ratio, for the whole light-emitting colors of samples, the
      shift from yellow region to near red region could be realized. It can be
      concluded that through the relatively simple experimental procedure and lower
      cost materials, the change of phase and morphology, the moving of light-emitting
      color for sample NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ could be well controlled only by changing the
      single component (NaF) molar ratio in the raw materials. The effect of phase and
      morphology of fluorescent materials on their upconversion luminescence has great
      potential applications in photonic devices and bioanalysis research.

PMID- 26964199
TI  - [Investigation on the Spectral Characteristics of a Plasma Jet in Atmospheric
      Argon Glow Discharge].
AB  - Plasma jet is a kind of important plasma source at atmospheric pressure. In
      recent years, it becomes an important hot topic in the field of low temperature
      plasma. In this paper, using a tungsten needle and a tungsten wire mesh, a direct
      current excited jet is developed to operate in argon at atmospheric pressure. In
      the atmospheric pressure argon, the plasma jet can produce a stable plasma plume.
      By using the method of emission spectroscopy, the parameters of the plasma plume
      are investigated. The discharge emits dazzling white light from the area between
      the tungsten needle electrode and the wire mesh electrode. A plasma plume with a
      flame shape appears outside the tungsten wire mesh electrode. For a constant
      value of voltage (U = 13.5 kV), the length of the plasma plume increases with the
      gas flow rate. For a constant value of the gas flow rate(10 L . min-1), the
      length of the plasma plume increases with the voltage. The voltage is inversely
      proportional to the current under the constant gas flow rate. In other words, the
      voltage decreases with the discharge current, which indicates that a glow
      discharge is formed in the plasma jet. Optical emission spectrum in 300 to 800 nm
      is collected from the direct-current excited plasma jet. By Boltzmann plot
      method, the excited electron temperature of the plasma plume is investigated as a
      function of the applied voltage or the gas flow rate. Results show that the
      excited electron temperature increases with decreasing applied voltage under the
      constant gas flow. Moreover, it increases with decreasing the gas flow under the
      constant voltage. Based on the discharge theory, these experimental phenomena are
      explained qualitatively. These results are of great importance to the development
      of atmospheric pressure uniform discharge plasma source and its application in
      industrial field.

PMID- 26964201
TI  - [Study of Terahertz Amplitude Imaging Based on the Mean Absorption].
AB  - A new method of terahertz (THz) imaging based on the mean absorption is proposed.
      Terahertz radiation is an electromagnetic radiation in the range between
      millimeter waves and far infrared. THz pulse imaging emerges as a novel tool in
      many fields because of its low energy and non-ionizing character, such as
      material, chemical, biological medicine and food safety. A character of THz
      imaging technique is it can get large amount of information. How to extract the
      useful parameter from the large amount of information and reconstruct sample's
      image is a key technology in THz imaging. Some efforts have been done for
      advanced visualization methods to extract the information of interest from the
      raw data. Both time domain and frequency domain visualization methods can be
      applied to extract information on the physical properties of samples from THz
      imaging raw data. The process of extracting useful parameter from raw data of the
      new method based on the mean absorption was given in this article. This method
      relates to the sample absorption and thickness, it delivers good signal to noise
      ratio in the images, and the dispersion effects are cancelled. A paper with a
      "THz" shape hole was taken as the sample to do the experiment. Traditional THz
      amplitude imaging methods in time domain and frequency domain are used to achieve
      the sample's image, such as relative reduction of pulse maximum imaging method,
      relative power loss imaging method, and relative power loss at specific frequency
      imaging method. The sample's information that reflected by these methods and the
      characteristics of these methods are discussed. The method base on the mean
      absorption within a certain frequency is also used to reconstruct sample's image.
      The experimental results show that this new method can well reflect the true
      information of the sample. And it can achieve a clearer image than the other
      traditional THz amplitude imaging methods. All the experimental results and
      theoretical analyses indicate that the method base on the mean absorption within
      a certain frequency can reflects sample absorb and thickness information, it can
      achieve good signal to noise ratio in the images. Because the absorption is mean
      absorption within in a certain frequency, so the method proposed in this article
      is especially suitable for samples with simple structure. And this new method can
      be a useful added tool for the other traditional THz amplitude imaging methods.

PMID- 26964200
TI  - [Methane Concentration Detection System for Cigarette Smoke Based on TDLAS
      Technology].
AB  - Rapid and real-time analysis of cigarette smoke is of great significance to study
      the puff-by-puff transfer rules in the suction process and to explore the
      relationship between smoking and health. By combining with the modified
      commercial smoking machine herein, cigarette smoke online analysis system was
      established based on the TDLAS technology. The puff-by-puff stability of this
      system was verified by simulated cigarette composed of a pocket containing CH4
      (volume fraction of 0.4), of which the second harmonic peaks are near 1.39. Using
      this system, the concentration of CH4 in four different kinds of cigarettes was
      analyzed puff-by-puff by a semiconductor laser, of which center wavelength was at
      1 653.72 nm. The results showed that the CH4 concentration of cigarette smoke
      increased puff-by-puff. CH4 concentration in the flue-cured cigarette is
      obviously higher than that of blended cigarette by comparing the content of all
      and puff-by-puff concentration. The puff-by-puff concentration of flue-cured
      cigarette increased from 400 to 900 ppm, however, the puff-by-puff concentration
      of blended cigarette increased from 200 to 600 ppm. Simultaneously, there was
      significant difference between different kinds of the flue-cured. Comparing to
      tradi- tional analysis methods, this system can effectively avoid the
      interference of other gases in the smoke cigarette as a result of its strong anti
      interference. At the same time, it can finish analysis between suction interval
      without sample pretreatment. The technology has a good prospect in the online
      puff-by-puff analysis of cigarette smoke.

PMID- 26964202
TI  - [Experimental Study of PMI Foam Composite Properties in Terahertz].
AB  - Polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam composite has many excellent properties. Currently,
      PMI is heat-resistant foam, with the highest strength and stiffness. It is
      suitable as a high-performance sandwich structure core material. It can replace
      the honeycomb structure. It is widely used in aerospace, aviation, military,
      marine, automotive and high-speed trains, etc. But as new sandwich materials, PMI
      performance testing in the THz band is not yet visible. Based on the Terahertz
      (THz) time-domain spectroscopy technique, we conducted the transmission and
      reflection experiments, got the time domain waveforms and power density spectrum.
      And then we analyzed and compared the signals. The MATALB and Origin 8. 0 was
      used to calculate and obtain the transmittance (transfer function), absorptivity
      Coefficient, reflectance and the refractive index of the different thickness
      Degussa PMI (Model: Rohacell WF71), which were based on the application of the
      time-domain and frequency-domain analysis methods. We used the data to compared
      with the THz refractive index and absorption spectra of a domestic PMI, Baoding
      Meiwo Technology Development Co. , Ltd. (Model: SP1D80-P-30). The result shows
      that the impact of humidity on the measurement results is obvious. The refractive
      index of PMI is about 1. 05. The attenuation of power spectrum is due to the
      signal of the test platform is weak, the sample is thick and the internal
      scattering of PMI foam microstructure. This conclusion provides a theoretical
      basis for the THz band applications in the composite PMI. It also made a good
      groundwork for THz NDT (Non-Destructive Testing, NDT) technology in terms of PMI
      foam composites.

PMID- 26964203
TI  - [Terahertz Spectroscopic Identification with Deep Belief Network].
AB  - Feature extraction and classification are the key issues of terahertz
      spectroscopy identification. Because many materials have no apparent absorption
      peaks in the terahertz band, it is difficult to extract theirs terahertz
      spectroscopy feature and identify. To this end, a novel of identify terahertz
      spectroscopy approach with Deep Belief Network (DBN) was studied in this paper,
      which combines the advantages of DBN and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier.
      Firstly, cubic spline interpolation and S-G filter were used to normalize the
      eight kinds of substances (ATP, Acetylcholine Bromide, Bifenthrin, Buprofezin,
      Carbazole, Bleomycin, Buckminster and Cylotriphosphazene) terahertz transmission
      spectra in the range of 0.9-6 THz. Secondly, the DBN model was built by two
      restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and then trained layer by layer using
      unsupervised approach. Instead of using handmade features, the DBN was employed
      to learn suitable features automatically with raw input data. Finally, a KNN
      classifier was applied to identify the terahertz spectrum. Experimental results
      show that using the feature learned by DBN can identify the terahertz spectrum of
      different substances with the recognition rate of over 90%, which demonstrates
      that the proposed method can automatically extract the effective features of
      terahertz spectrum. Furthermore, this KNN classifier was compared with others (BP
      neural network, SOM neural network and RBF neural network). Comparisons showed
      that the recognition rate of KNN classifier is better than the other three
      classifiers. Using the approach that automatic extract terahertz spectrum
      features by DBN can greatly reduce the workload of feature extraction. This
      proposed method shows a promising future in the application of identifying the
      mass terahertz spectroscopy.

PMID- 26964204
TI  - [Research on Improving the Measurement Speed of THz-TDS Instruments].
AB  - The measurement speed is an important parameter of terahertz time-domain
      spectroscopy (THz-TDS) instruments. To improve the measurement speed of the
      spectrometer we need to increase the scanning speed of the delay line. In this
      paper, we study the influence of the scanning speed, the time constant of lock-in
      amplifier and the sampling rate on the signal quality. The results show that,
      when the time constant equal to 10 ms, increasing the scanning speed does not
      cause significant changes in the amplitude of the signal. But when the time
      constant equal to 30, 100 and 300 ms, with the increasing of the scanning speed
      the signal amplitude decreases rapidly. Therefore, the time constant should be
      set as small as possible to avoid deterioration of signal quality. On the other
      hand, higher the scanning speed is, fewer data points are collected with a same
      time-domain length. Therefore, when the scanning speed increase, not only the
      time constant should be reduced, but also the sampling rate should be increased
      to avoid the distortion of signal waveform caused by the number reduction of data
      points. The conclusions can provide a reference for improving the measurement
      speed of THz-TDS instrument.

PMID- 26964205
TI  - [Vernier Anode Design and Image Simulation].
AB  - Based-MCP position-sensitive anode photon-counting imaging detector is good at
      detecting extremely faint light, which includes micro-channel plate (MCP),
      position-sensitive anode and readout, and the performances of these detectors are
      mainly decided by the position-sensitive anode. As a charge division anode,
      Vernier anode using cyclically varying electrode areas which replaces the
      linearly varying electrodes of wedge-strip anode can get better resolution and
      greater electrode dynamic range. Simulation and design of the Vernier anode based
      on Vernier's decode principle are given here. Firstly, we introduce the decode
      and design principle of Vernier anode with nine electrodes in vector way, and get
      the design parameters which are the pitch, amplitude and the coarse wavelength of
      electrode. Secondly, we analyze the effect of every design parameters to the
      imaging of the detector. We simulate the electron cloud, the Vernier anode and
      the detector imaging using Labview software and get the relationship between the
      pitch and the coarse wavelength of the anode. Simultaneously, we get the
      corresponding electron cloud for the designing parameters. Based on the result of
      the simulation and the practical machining demand, a nine electrodes Vernier
      anode was designed and fabricated which has a pitch of 891 um, insulation width
      of 25 um, amplitude of 50 um, coarse pixel numbers of 5.

PMID- 26964206
TI  - [Tri-Level Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Hot Melting Reflective Road
      Marking Paint].
AB  - In order to detect the road marking paint from the trace evidence in traffic
      accident scene, and to differentiate their brands, we use Tri-level infrared
      spectroscopic identification, which employs the Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FTIR), the second derivative infrared spectroscopy(SD-IR), two
      dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy(2D-IR) to identify three different
      domestic brands of hot melting reflective road marking paints and their raw
      materials in formula we Selected. The experimental results show that three labels
      coatings in ATR and FTIR spectrograms are very similar in shape, only have
      different absorption peak wave numbers, they have wide and strong absorption
      peaks near 1435 cm-1, and strong absorption peak near 879, 2955, 2919, 2870 cm-1.
      After enlarging the partial areas of spectrograms and comparing them with each
      kind of raw material of formula spectrograms, we can distinguish them. In the
      region 700-970 and 1370-1 660 cm-1 the spectrograms mainly reflect the different
      relative content of heavy calcium carbonate of three brands of the paints, and
      that of polyethylene wax (PE wax), ethylene vinyl acetate resin (EVA), dioctyl
      phthalate (DOP) in the region 2800-2960 cm-1. The SD-IR not only verify the
      result of the FTIR analysis, but also further expand the microcosmic differences
      and reflect the different relative content of quartz sand in the 512-799 cm-1
      region. Within the scope of the 1351 to 1525 cm-1, 2D-IR have more significant
      differences in positions and numbers of automatically peaks. Therefore, the Tri
      level infrared spectroscopic identification is a fast and effective method to
      distinguish the hot melting road marking paints with a gradually improvement in
      apparent resolution.

PMID- 26964207
TI  - [Analysis of the Influence of Temperature on the Retrieval of Ozone Vertical
      Profiles Using the Thermal Infrared CrIS Sounder].
AB  - Ozone is a particularly critical trace gas in the Earth's atmosphere, since this
      molecule plays a key role in the photochemical reactions and climate change. The
      TIR measurements can capture the variability of ozone and are weakly sensitive to
      the lowermost tropospheric ozone content but can provide accurate measurements of
      tropospheric ozone and higher vertical resolution ozone profiles, with the
      additional advantage that measurements are also possible during the night.
      Because of the influence of atmospheric temperature, the ozone profile retrieval
      accuracy is severely limited. This paper analyze and discuss the ozone absorption
      spectra and weighting function sensitivity of temperature and its influence on
      ozone profile retrieval in detail. First, we simulate the change of atmospheric
      transmittance and radiance by importing 1 K temperature uncertainty, using line
      by-line radiative transfer mode under 6 different atmosphere modes. The results
      show that the transmittance change ratio for 1 K temperature variation was
      consistent with the transmittance change ratio for 5%-6% change of ozone density
      variation in all layers of the profile. Then, we calculate the change of
      weighting function by a temperature error of 1 K, using the Community Radiative
      Transfer Model (CRTM) for the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the Suomi
      National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite and calculate the
      corresponding change of retrieval result. The results demonstrate that CrIS is
      sensitive to Ozone in the middle to upper stratosphere, with the peak vertical
      sensitivity between 10-100 hPa and the change of weighting function for 1 K
      temperature variation was consistent with 6% change in the ozone profile.
      Finally, the paper retrieves ozone profiles from the CrIS radiances with a
      nonlinear Newton iteration method and use the eigenvector regression algorithm to
      construct the a priori state. In order to resolve the problem of temperature
      uncertainty and get high accuracy ozone profile, atmospheric temperature profile
      and ozone profile are simultaneously retrieved. Comparison of the CrIS retrieved
      ozone profile with high-vertical-resolution ozonesonde profiles provided by the
      World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) and ERA-Interim ozone
      profiles indicated that the retrieved ozone profiles are in good agreement with
      the ozonesonde profiles, and a notable improvement in this algorithm than the
      retrieval without atmospheric temperature profile, are also better than the ECMWF
      model profiles. The relative differences are less than 20% for the stratosphere
      and 50% for the lower troposphere.

PMID- 26964208
TI  - [Study on RBC Oxygen-Carrying Function with the Incubation Time].
AB  - The cycle of Hemoglobin oxygenation and deoxidation plays an important role in
      driving structure and regulating function of red blood cell in vivo, has
      attracted wide attention. But it has not yet been reported about any studies on
      the oxygen-carrying function of individual living RBC in vitro with the
      incubation time. This study involved that using confocal Raman scanning
      microscopic technique, collecting the Raman spectra of living erythrocyte
      cultured in vitro at different time, analysing the peaks (1636, 1562 cm-1) with
      characterization of hemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity and the amide III band
      (1240-1300 cm-1) with sensitivity to conformation for understanding those changes
      both of hemoglobin oxygen carrying capacity and protein conformation over time.
      Meanwhile, its corresponding surface micromorphology was observed via scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the during 24 h hemoglobin
      with stable structure and normal allosteric collaborative function occurred
      alternately with the oxygen uptake of increase and decrease and conformation K
      state and T state, while double concave disk red blood cells observed under SEM
      also alternately between stretch and shrink. The conclusion not only provides a
      multi-level characteristic parameter from a single living cell for the study of
      RBC oxygen-carrying function in vitro, but also the potential research ideas for
      the screening of the active component, the evaluation of drug efficacy and
      toxicity for RBC in vitro.

PMID- 26964209
TI  - [Modified Mechanism of Cell Walls from Chinese Fir Treated with Low-Molecular
      Weight Phenol Formaldehyde Resin].
AB  - Study on the modified mechanism of wood cell walls, it is very important for
      improving treatment reagents, optimizing treatment technology, and enhancing wood
      density, mechanical properties, dimensional stability, and so on. Samples of
      plantation Chinese fir were treated gradually with synthesized water-soluble low
      molecular-weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins under vacuum and pressure. The
      correlated physical and chemical properties of the treated and untreated
      reference samples were determined by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier
      transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectrometer(NMR) (Using method of Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning for
      continuous testing) with high precision and resolution. The results showed that,
      after treated with water-soluble low-molecular-weight PF resin, the average
      values of crystallinity from the treated samples were decreased obviously, and
      the average reduction rate was 12.67%, 11.91% and 6.26%, respectively. Comparing
      water-soluble, low-molecular-weight PF resin modified Chinese fir with untreated
      reference samples, no new chemical shifts and characteristic peaks of functional
      groups from esters, ethers, etc. were present by using FTIR and 13C NMR spectrum.
      It was considered that there was no distinct chemical reaction between the water
      soluble low-molecular-weight PF resin and Chinese Fir cell walls. But water
      soluble low-molecular-weight PF resin could enter into the structure relatively
      loose, large size spaces, relatively area large amorphous regions in cell walls
      of Chinese fir tracheids, and form physical filling, which resulting in the
      decreasing of relative crystallinity. This study has important reference value
      for the development of new wood modification reagents and the optimization of
      wood modification process. The findings also provide important theoretical
      foundation for further proving the modification mechanisms of wood cell walls and
      enriching the modified theories of wood cell walls.

PMID- 26964210
TI  - [Study on the Calibration Transfer of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Model for Soil
      Organic Matter Content Prediction by Using FIR].
AB  - Calibration transfer of near infrared spectroscopy model is a key problem in the
      field of near infrared spectroscopy research. In this study, calibration transfer
      of near infrared spectroscopy model for soil organic matter prediction by using
      Finite Impulse Response (FIR) was analyzed. The specific research work and
      conclusions were as follows: Firstly, 59 soil samples were collected and detected
      by using ASD Fieldspec3 in different times. 50 soil samples called "master soil
      samples" were detected at the same time in 2012, and the other 9 soil samples
      called "target soil samples" were detected at the same time in 2013. Secondly, 41
      soil samples as calibration samples were randomly selected from the "master soil
      samples", and soil organic matter prediction model was built by using partial
      least square (PLS) analysis. The other 9 "master soil samples" were predicted.
      The result shows that the prediction correlation coefficient is 0. 961, Root Mean
      Standard Error of Prediction(RMSEP) is 0.600%, and Standard Error of
      Prediction(SEP) is 0.597%. It indicates that it is feasible to predict "master
      soil samples" by using above PLS model. Then, 9 "target soil samples" were
      predicted by using above PLS model. The result shows that it is infeasible to
      predict "target soil samples" by using above PLS model. Finally, FIR was applied
      to realize calibration transfer. The result shows that, when the window size was
      516, higher prediction accuracy was obtained. The prediction correlation
      coefficient is 0.706, RMSEP is 0.662%, and SEP is 0.430%. It indicates that it is
      feasible to realize calibration transfer by using FIR.

PMID- 26964211
TI  - [A Quantitative Analysis Method of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions with ATR-FTIR
      Spectroscopy].
AB  - A method of fast nondestructive determination of three kinds of water-soluble
      inorganic ions including SO42-, NO3- NH4+ in aerosol was disscussed. The method
      of IC measurement values was used on the control of the three kinds of inorganic
      ion content. The quantitative calibration models of the inorganic ions were
      developed by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS algorithm and the
      model was evaluated. Markov distance discriminant method was used to identify and
      eliminate outliers, different mathematical treatments for spectra processing and
      different wavelength ranges were compared to determine the best model and the
      optimal model parameters was determined. The results showed that second
      derivative analysis after eliminating outliers can improve the prediction, PLS
      analysis can get better results for SO42- in the range of 1220-900 cm-1, for NO3-
      in the range of 1521-900 cm-1 and for NH in the range of 1521-1220 cm-1, the
      RMSEP were 1.736 7, 1.023 9 and 1.482 3, respectively. The foundation of real
      time fast quantitative analysis of the three kinds of inorganic ion in a large
      number of aerosol samples was established.

PMID- 26964212
TI  - [The Classification of Wheat Varieties Based on Near Infrared Hyperspectral
      Imaging and Information Fusion].
AB  - Hyperspectral imaging technology has great potential in the identification of
      crop varieties because it contains both image information and spectral
      information for the object. But so far most studies only used the spectral
      information, the image information has not been effectively utilized. In this
      study, hyperspectral images of single seed of three types including strong gluten
      wheat, medium gluten wheat, and weak gluten wheat were collected by near infrared
      hyperspectra imager, 12 morphological characteristics such as length, width,
      rectangularity, circularity and eccentricity were extracted, the average spectra
      of endosperm and embryo were acquired by the mask which was created by image
      segmentation. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLADA) and least
      squares support vector machine (LSSVM) were used to construct the classification
      model with image information, results showed that the binary classification
      accuracy between strong gluten wheat and weak gluten wheat could achieve 98%, for
      strong gluten wheat and medium gluten wheat, it was only 74.22%, which indicated
      that hyperspectral images could reflect the differences of varieties, but the
      accuracy might be poor when recognizing the varieties just by image information.
      Soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), PLSDA and LSSVM were used to
      established the classification model with spectral information, the
      classification effect of endosperm is slightly better than the embryo, it
      demonstrated that the grain shape could influence the classification accuracy.
      Then, we fused the spectral and image information, SIMCA, PLSDA and LSSVM were
      used to established the identification model, the fusion model showed better
      performance than the individual image model and spectral model, the
      classification accuracy which used the PLSDA raise from 96.67% to 98.89%, it
      showed that digging the morphological and spectral characteristics of the
      hyperspectral image could effectively improve the classification effect.

PMID- 26964213
TI  - [Study on Paddy Soil Chronosequences Based on Visiblc-Near Infrared Diffuse
      Reflectance Spectra].
AB  - To investigate spectral characteristics of different soil compositions, eight
      soil profiles from two paddy soil chronosequences developed on red clays and red
      sandstones respectively were collected in Jiangxi Province. A total of 37 soil
      samples were taken from each soil horizons of the profiles. The paddy soil
      chronosequences were chosen mainly because all soil profiles have the same land
      management and thus parent materials and rice cultivation time would be two major
      soil formative factors. This makes it possible to study spectral response
      characteristics of soil organic matter (SOM) and parent material characteristics.
      We measured diffuse reflectance spectra data of soil samples using the Cary 5000
      spectrophotometer at 350-2500 nm spectral range. Spectral response
      characteristics of SOM and inorganic minerals in paddy soils were analyzed
      according to different soil horizons, soil forming times and parent materials.
      Experiment results showed that for soil samples from a single parent material,
      overall reflectance presented by PC_1 score can be calibrated for soil organic
      matter (SOM) content with high precision (R(RC)2 = 0.91, R(RS)2 = 0.79), even
      though the SOM content was low (not more than 20 g . kg-1). The absorption
      strength (AS) at 1400, 1900 and 2200 nm was mainly affected by the minerals
      inherited from parent materials. And the more the sample was near to bottom of a
      soil profile, the higher the AS value. Samples with the same mineral components
      had the similar AS ratio among these three wavelength locations. The differences
      in parent materials can significantly affect spectral curve shape and spectral
      absorption strength. To make the calibration more interpretative, parent material
      factors should be considered.

PMID- 26964214
TI  - [Potential Applicability of Fecal NIRs: A Review].
AB  - Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is an inexpensive, rapid,
      environment-friendly and non-invasive analytical technique that has been
      extensively applied in the analysis of the dietary attributes and the animal
      products. Acquisition of dietary attributes is essential for nutritional
      diagnoses to provide animals with reasonable diet. Traditionally, the calibration
      equations for the prediction of dietary attributes (e. g. crude protein) are
      developed from feed NIR spectra and the results of conventional chemical analysis
      (i. e. reference data). It is difficult to obtain the NIR spectra of forages
      consumed by grazing animals, so the method of this calibration is inappropriate
      for free-grazing herbivores. Feces, as the animal's metabolites, contain the
      information about both the animal's diet and the animal itself. Recently, Fecal
      NIRS (F. NIRS) has been directly used to monitor diet information (botanical
      composition, chemical composition and digestibility), based on correlation
      between reference data and fecal NIR profile. Subsequently, some additional
      application (such as sex and species discrimination, reproductive and parasite
      status) of F. NIRS also is outlined. In the last, application of NIRS in animal
      manure is summarized. NIRS was shown to be an alternative to conventional wet
      chemical methods for analyzing some nutrient concentrations in animal manure
      rapidly. Overall, this paper proves that F. NIRS is a rapid and valid tool for
      the determination of the dietary attributes and of the physiological status of
      animal, although more efforts need to be done to improve the accuracy of the F.
      NIRS technique. Several researchers in English have reviewed the applications of
      F. NIRS. In China, however, there is a paucity of research and application
      regarding F. NIRS. We expect that this paper in Chinese will be helpful to the
      development of F. NIRS in China. At the same time, we propose NIRS as a simple
      and rapid analytical method for predicting the main chemical composition (dry
      matter, organ matter, total solid, volatile solid, total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl
      nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen) in animal manure.

PMID- 26964215
TI  - [Maize Hybrid Seed Purity Identification Based on Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR)
      and Transmittance (NIT) Spectra].
AB  - This article explore the feasibility of using Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) and
      Transmittance (NIT) Spectroscopy (908.1-1677.2 nm wavelength range) to identify
      maize hybrid purity, and compare the performance of NIR and NIT spectroscopy.
      Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Linear Discriminant Analysis
      (OLDA) were used to reduce the dimension of spectra which have been pretreated by
      first derivative and vector normalization. The hybrid purity identification model
      of Nonghua101 and Jingyu16 were built by SVM. Models based on NIR spectra
      obtained correct identification rate as 100% and 90% for Nonghua101 and Jingyu16
      respectively. But NIR spectra were greatly influenced by the placement of seeds,
      and there existed significant difference between NIR spectra of embryo and non
      embryo side. Models based on NIT spectroscopy yielded correct identification rate
      as 98% both for Nonghua101 and Jingyu16. NIT spectra of embryo and non-embryo
      side were highly similar. The results indicate that it is feasible to identify
      maize hybrid purity based on NIR and NIT spectroscopy, and NIT spectroscopy is
      more suitable to analyze single seed kernel than NIR spectroscopy.

PMID- 26964216
TI  - [Application of FTIR Microspectroscopy in the Study of Lignocellulosic Cell
      Walls].
AB  - The development and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass resource becomes a
      major subject of widespread concern at home and abroad. To make better use of
      this resource and reduce cost, a thorough understanding of recalcitrance
      mechanism as well as chemical compositional and structural characteristics of
      lignocellulosic cell walls seems desiderated. With the property of fast testing,
      high sensitivity and simple sample preparation, FTIR microspectroscopy can
      provide microanalysis and nondestructive test. It has been proved to accurately
      present compositional and structural information of lignocellulosic cell walls
      and be suitable for the study of topochemistry of main components at the cellular
      level. After a brief introduction of the principle of FTIR microspectroscopy and
      its detailed experimental procedure, this review provides an overview on the
      feasibility of FTIR microspectroscopy in monitoring as well as evaluating the
      composition and structure of lignocellulosic cell walls from three aspects,
      including in situ distribution, changes after pretreatment and molecular
      orientation of the major components in cell walls. Some prospects, for example
      development of the magnification of the microscope and the spatial resolution of
      chemical imaging, combination with various analysis methods and instruments are
      also proposed. This technology can act as a new approach in characterizing
      lignocellulosic cell walls.

PMID- 26964217
TI  - [FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Humic-Like Substances Extracted from the
      Microbial Residues].
AB  - Drived by the soil microorganisms, the decomposition and transformation of
      cellulose plays an important role in the formation of humic substances. The
      techniques of infrared spectrum combining with element analysis were adopted to
      compare the structural differences of humic-like substances (HLA, humic-like
      acid; Hu, humin) extracted from the microbial residues formed in the liquid shake
      flask culture (70 days), in which the single fungi (Trichoderma viride,
      Penicillium and Aspergillus niger) and mixed strains participated. The results
      showed that: (1) The combination of two techniques could clarify the molecu- lar
      structure of HLA extracted from the microbial residues, however, it remained to
      be further discussed in terms of analyzing the structures of Hu; (2) Trichoderma
      viride was beneficial to the condensation of HLA extracted from its microbial
      residue, but Penicillium was more favorable to the degradation of HLA. (3) The
      oxidative degradation of HLA fractions extracted the microbial residues was
      implemented by Penicillium and mixed strains. Both of the mixed strains and
      Aspergillus niger were helpful to transfer the inorganic N compounds from the
      culture media into the organic N components of HLA and Hu extracted from the
      microbial residues, simultaneously increase their amino C contents and then
      provide the indispensable N source for the humification process.

PMID- 26964218
TI  - [Research on Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer by the Surface Enhanced Raman
      Spectroscopy of Human Hemoglobin].
AB  - Early diagnosis have great positive effect on the treatment of gastric cancer
      patients. Raman spectroscopy can provide a useful monitor for hemoglobin
      dynamics. Besides, Raman spectroscopy has notable advantages in the fields of
      abnormal hemoglobin diagnosis, hemoglobin oxygen saturation deter mination and
      blood methemoglobin analysis. In this paper, novel silver colloid was synthesized
      by microwave heated method. The surface enhanced Raman spectrums of hemoglobin
      from 11 normal persons and 20 gastric cancer patients are measured and analyzed
      in order to obtain spectrums which are high repeatability and characteristic
      peaks protruding. By analyzing the assignations of the SERS bands, it found that
      the content of asparagine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in the hemoglobin are
      significantly lower than healthy people. Discussing the structure of hemoglobin,
      when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, Fe2+ is in a low spin state, ionic radius
      shrinks and moves 0. 075 nm and fall into the pore in the middle of the heme
      porphyrin ring plane. This spatial variation affects F8His connected with the
      iron, will narrow the gap between the globin in the two strands of the helix, as
      a result, HC2 tyrosine pushed out of the void. Using this mechanism, the
      absorption peak of 1 560 cm-1 confirmed that the tyrosine content in patients
      with gastric cancer was lower than that of normal people. Principal component
      analysis(PCA) is employed to get a three-dimensional scatter plot of PC scores
      for the health and cancer groups, and it can be learned that they are distributed
      in separate areas. By using the method of discriminate analysis, it is found that
      the diagnostic algorithm separates the two groups with sensitivity of 90.0% and
      diagnostic specificity of 90.9%, the overall diagnostic accuracy was 90.3%. The
      results from this exploratory study demonstrate that, SERS detection of
      oxyhemoglobin combined with multivariate analysis would be an effective method
      for early diagnosis of gastric cancer.

PMID- 26964219
TI  - [Research on the Method of Eliminating Noise and Background in the Meantime in
      Detecting Ethanol Contention Based on Raman Spectra].
AB  - In the process of detecting ethanol content by Raman spectra, the precision of
      correction model prediction is affected by noise and baseline drift, which is
      caused by the spectral fluorescence and sample pool's background. Use ensemble
      empirical mode decomposition to decompose spectrum into several intrinsic mode
      functions, which are without aliasing. The permutation entropy is employed to
      judge the intrinsic mode functions. Set the intrinsic mode functions which are on
      behalf of noise and background to zero, and then the signal is without noise and
      background. In this paper combine ensemble empirical mode decomposition and
      permutation entropy, and apply to the Raman spectrum, which are used to detect
      ethanol content. At the same time compare with wavelet transform and average
      smoothing filter. The experimental result shows that the application of empirical
      mode decomposition and permutation entropy can effectively eliminate the noise
      and background. The precision of correction model prediction is improved. This
      method simply employs and doesn't need to set parameters, which has great value
      of application in the process of detecting ethanol content by Raman spectra.

PMID- 26964220
TI  - [Diagnosing Low Health and Wood Borer Attacked Trees of Chinese Arborvitae by
      Using Thermography].
AB  - Water and energy metabolism of plants is very important actions in their lives.
      Although the studies about these actions by using thermography were often
      reported, seldom were found in detecting the health status of forest trees. In
      this study, we increase the measurement accuracy and comparability of thermo
      images by creating the difference indices. Based on it, we exam the water and
      energy status in stem of Chinese arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco)
      by detecting the variance of far infrared spectrum between sap-wood and heart
      wood of the cross-section of felling trees and the cores from an increment borer
      using thermography. The results indicate that the sap rate between sapwood and
      heartwood is different as the variance of the vigor of forest trees. Meanwhile,
      the image temperature of scale leaves from Chinese arborvitae trees with
      different vigor is also dissimilar. The far infrared spectrum more responds the
      sap status not the wood percentage in comparing to the area rate between sapwood
      and heartwood. The image temperature rate can be used in early determining the
      health status of Chinese arborvitae trees. The wood borers such as Phloeosinus
      aubei Perris and Semanotus bifasciatus Motschulsky are the pests which usually
      attack the low health trees, dying trees, wilted trees, felled trees and new
      cultivated trees. This measuring technique may be an important index to diagnose
      the health and vigor status after a large number of measurements for Chinese
      arborvitae trees. Therefore, there is potential to be an important index to check
      the tree vigor and pest damage status by using this technique. It will be a key
      in the tending and management of ecological and public Chinese arborvitae forest.

PMID- 26964221
TI  - [Quantification of Agricultural In-Situ Surface Soil Moisture Content Using Near
      Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Comparison of Modeling Methods].
AB  - At field scale, surface soil had special characteristics of volumetric moisture
      content (VMC) with a relatively little difference and spatial heterogeneity
      induced by physical and chemical properties, roughness, straw residues, etc. It
      has been a great challenge for near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
      (NIR-DRS) measurement of surface soil moisture in situ. In this study, exonential
      decay models based on seven water-related wavelengths (1200, 1400, 1450, 1820,
      1940, 2000 and 2250 nm), linear models of normalized difference soil moisture
      index (NSMI) and relative absorption depth (RAD) based on wave-length
      combinations, linear or quadratic model of width of the inflection (sigma),
      center amplitude of the function (Rd) and area under the Gaussian curve (A) from
      soil moisture Gaussian model (SMGM), and partial least square (PLS) regression
      models based on bands were used to quantify VMC. The results indicated that (1)
      of all the single wavelengths, 2 000 nm showed the best validation result,
      indicated by the lowest RMSEp (2.463) and the highest RPD value (1.060). (2)
      Comparing with RAD, the validation of NSMI was satisfactory with higher R2
      (0.312), lower RMSEp (2.133) and higher RPD value (1.224). (3) In the validation
      results of SMGM parameters and PLS fitting, Rd was found to produce the best
      fitting quality identified by the highest R2 (0.253), the lowest RMSEp (2.222),
      and the highest RPD value (1.175). (4) Comprehensively, a linear model based on
      NSMI showed the highest validation accuracy of all the methods. What is more, its
      calculation process is simple and easy to operate, and therefore become the
      preferred method to quantify surface soil moisture content in situ.

PMID- 26964222
TI  - [Rapid and Dynamic Determination Models of Amino Acids and Catechins
      Concentrations during the Processing Procedures of Keemun Black Tea].
AB  - Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. For the contribution to
      the taste and healthy functions of tea, amino acids and catechins are important
      components. Among different kinds of black teas in the world, Keemun black tea
      has the famous and specific fragrance, "Keemun aroma". During the processing
      procedure of Keemun black tea, the contents of amino acids and catechins changed
      greatly, and the differences of these concentrations during processing varied
      significantly. However, a rapid and dynamic determination method during the
      processing procedure was not existed up to now. In order to find out a rapid
      determination method for the contents of amino acids and catechins during the
      processing procedure of Keemun black tea, the materials of fresh leaves, withered
      leaves, twisted leaves, fermented leaves, and crude tea (after drying) were
      selected to acquire their corresponding near infrared spectroscopy and obtain
      their contents of amino acids and catechins by chemical analysis method. The
      original spectra data were preprocessed by the Standard Normal Variate
      Transformation (SNVT) method. And the model of Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
      with the contents of amino acids and catechins combined with Synergy Interval
      Partial Least squares (Si-PLS) was established in this study. The correlation
      coefficients and the cross validation root mean square error are treated as the
      efficient indexes for evaluating models. The results showed that the optimal
      prediction model of amino acids by Si-PLS contained 20 spectral intervals
      combined with 4 subintervals and 9 principal component factors. The correlation
      coefficient and the root mean square error of the calibration set were 0. 955 8
      and 1. 768, respectively; the correlation coefficient and the root mean square
      error of the prediction set were 0. 949 5 and 2. 16, respectively. And the
      optimal prediction model of catechins by Si-PLS contained 20 spectral intervals
      combined with 3 subintervals and 10 principal component factors. The correlation
      coefficient and the root mean square error of the calibration set were 0. 940 1
      and 1. 22, respectively; the correlation coefficient and the root mean square
      error of the prediction set were 0. 938 5 and 1. 17, respectively. The results
      showed that the established models had good accuracy which could provide a
      theoretical foundation for the online determination of tea chemical components
      during processing.

PMID- 26964223
TI  - [A Set of Infrared Cells for the Determination of Titanium Oxychloride in Refined
      Titanium Tetrachloride].
AB  - The content control of the impurities in refined TiCl4 becomes the key part for
      the quality control of titanium material. Refined TiCl4 is the key procedure in
      producing titanium sponge. Besides, the content of the impurities in titanium
      sponge and that of the impurities in refined TiCl4 presents the 4-times
      enrichment relationship. Therefore, control the content of the oxygen, there is
      the need to analyze the source of oxygen impurities so that strict control can be
      conducted over the impurities of refined TiCl4. Determination of TiOCl2 in
      refined TiCl4 was significant for analysis of its impurities. TiOCl2 could be
      determined by infrared spectroscopy due to its infrared characteristic spectrum
      line. However, normal infrared absorption cell was not fit for the sample
      analysis, because TiCl4 easily reacted with moisture in the air and immediately
      was hydrolyzed to form highly corrosive hydrochloric acid smoke. According to
      Lambert-Beer Law, which means the concentration (c(x)) and absorbance (A)-length
      (L) curve's slope have direct ratio. The infrared absorption cell with the window
      film of ZnSe (Phi10 x 1 mm, wavenumers: 7800-440 cm-1) and the glass cell
      (optical path: 22, 12, 7 and 4 mm) was assembled and utilized in determination of
      the TiOCl2 in refined TiCl4 by standard addition method. The detection limit of
      TiOCl2 was 17.8 mg . kg-1, the regression equation was Y = 1.011 8X, R = 0.9963;
      With standard addition method, the regression equation of TiOCl2 was Y = 1.940
      0X, R = 0.997 0, it' s good in linearity relation, the TiOCl2 content in refined
      TiCl4 is determined to be 833.8 mg . kg-1 and SD up to 40.0 mg . kg-1. RSD of the
      method precision is between 0.95%-1.94%, while recovery rate is between 88.5%
      93.1%. This infrared absorption device was safe, simple and convenient, easily
      removable and washable, and re-useable. The method could conduct the quantitative
      analysis over the TiOCl2 content in refined TiCl4 through adding standard sample
      for one time, it could meet the requirement of determination of TiOCl2 in refined
      TiCl4.

PMID- 26964224
TI  - [Study on the Color Determination of Tomato Leaves Stressed by the High
      Temperature Based on Hyperspectral Imaging].
AB  - Determination of color values on tomato leaves stressed by the high temperature
      using hyperspectral imaging technique was studied in this paper. Hyperspectral
      images of sixty healthy and sixty unhealthy tomato leaves in the wavelengths of
      380-1023 nm were acquired by the hyperspectral imaging system. Simultaneously,
      three color parameters (L*, a* and b*) were measured by a colorimeter.
      Reflectance of all pixels in the region of interest (ROI) was extracted from the
      corrected hyperspectral image. Partial Least Squares (PLS) models were
      established based on different preprocessing methods. Successive Projections
      Algorithm (SPA) was identified to select effective wavelengths. Finally, Partial
      Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) models were built to classify
      different types of samples. The results showed that the determination coefficient
      (R2) were 0. 818, 0. 109 and 0. 896 in the prediction sets of PLS modes; 0.591,
      0.244 and 0.673 in the prediction sets of SPA-PLS models. The overall
      classification accuracy in the prediction sets of PLS-DA models were over 77.50%.
      It demonstrated that it is feasible to measure color values on tomato leaves and
      identify different types of samples using hyperspectral imaging technique.

PMID- 26964225
TI  - [Inversion of True Protein Content in Milk Based on Hyperspectral Data].
AB  - As an indispensable drink of people's daily life, milk's quality has been also
      increasingly concerned by consumers. Rapid and accurate detection of milk and its
      products is the indispensable step for improving the quality of milk and daily
      products in production. However, traditional methods cannot meet the need. In
      this paper, rapid quantitative detection of true protein in pure milk was studied
      by using visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) reflectance spectroscopy (350-2500 nm).
      The spectral data and the protein content data of the pure milk samples were
      collected by ASD spectrometer and CEM rapid protein analyzer, respectively. Based
      on the analysis and comparison of different spectrum preprocessing methods and
      band selection methods, the feature bands were determined. Finally, using the
      Principle Component Regression (PCR) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS
      SVM) model, the regression models between the reflectance spectroscopy and the
      protein content in milk were presented for pure milk samples and the predictive
      ability was also analyzed. In this way, the optimal inversion model for true
      protein content in milk was established. The results were shown as follows: (1)
      In the process of spectral pretreatment, the combination of multiple scatter
      correction and second derivative achieved a better result; (2) Compared with the
      modeling of whole spectral, appropriate variable optimization models had the
      ability to improve the accuracy of the inversion results and reduce the modeling
      time; (3) The analysis results between PCR model and LS-SVM model demonstrated
      that the prediction accuracy of LS-SVM model was better than PCR model. The
      coefficient of determination (R(P)2) of PCR and LS-SVM were 0.952 2 and 0.958 0
      respectively, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of PCR and LS
      SVM were 0.048 7 and 0.048 2 respectively. The result of this research is
      expected to provide a novel method for nondestructive and rapid detection of true
      protein in milk.

PMID- 26964226
TI  - [Aqueous Fingerprint of Printing and Dyeing Wastewater].
AB  - Aqueous fingerprint has an advantage to represent the organic components of water
      samples as compared to traditional parameters such as chemical oxygen demand
      (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). Printing and dyeing wastewater is one of
      the major types of industrial wastewater in China. It is of huge volume and heavy
      pollution, containing large numbers of luminescent components and being difficult
      to be degraded. In this study the aqueous fingerprint of printing and dyeing
      wastewater was investigated with the fluorescent spectrometry. The experimental
      results showed that there existed two peaks in the aqueous fingerprint of the
      printing and dyeing wastewater, locating at the excitation/emission wavelength
      around 230/340 nm and 280/310 nm respectively. The intensity of the
      excitation/emission wavelength at 230/340 nm was higher than that of 280/310 nm.
      The locations and intensities of peaks varied within small range. The intensities
      of the two peaks linearly correlated with coefficient of 0.910 8 and slope of
      1.506. The intensity ratio of Peak at 280/310 nm to Peak at 230/340 nm averagely
      was 0.777, ranging between 0.712 and 0.829. It was found that the aqueous
      fingerprints of sewage and aniline compounds were significantly different from
      that of the printing and dyeing wastewater, but the aqueous fingerprints of
      several types of widely-used dye were similar to that of the printing and dyeing
      wastewater. Thus dye may be the main luminescent components in the wastewater.
      The aqueous fingerprint can be used as a novel tool of early warning of
      waterbodies.

PMID- 26964227
TI  - [The Study on the Characteristics of Organic Pollution in Typical Herbicide Plant
      Wastewater].
AB  - Herbicide wastewater is one of tne industrial wastewater, it has high salt
      content, poor biodegradability, biodegradable characteristics. Nitrogen
      containing organic compounds are dominated in dissolved organic matter and
      dissolved organic matter of wastewater, BOD: COD = 0.045, C:N:P = 692:426:1.
      Applying static headspace, purg and trap, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase
      microextraction and liquid-liquid extraction as pretreatment methods combined
      with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which qualitatively analyzed
      the organic components of the Atrazine, acetochlor herbicide production
      wastewater and researched the UV spectrum, three-dimensional fluorescence
      spectroscopy of the wastewater and its major pollutants. The study of GC/MS
      indicated that Wastewater contained chlorinated hydrocarbons, BTEX and triazines,
      amides herbicides etc. 38 kinds of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds,
      atrazine and acetochlor herbicides accounted for 87. 99%. Affected monocyclic or
      heterocyclic substances, the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the wastewater in
      210-230 and 250-270 nm in that the amino group lead to the UV absorption red
      shift 20 nm. Wastewater generated 5 fluorescence peak in lambda(ex)/lambda(em) =
      200-280/300-400 nm, such as a(225/305 nm), b(265/365 nm), c(275/305 nm),
      d(285/390 nm), e(320/375 nm). Based on three-dimensional fluorescence results of
      the different functional groups of the characteristics organic, fluorescent area
      of unsaturated bond is in lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 215-230/290-340 nm, the main
      contribution of the fluorescent substance in the region were olefins, benzene,
      heterocyclic in the wastewater; fluorescent area of Phenolic hydroxyl and
      carbonyl is in lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 270/300 nm, the main contribution of the
      fluorescent substance in the region were phenols, ketones.

PMID- 26964228
TI  - [Identification of Prepared Rehmannia Root in Different Regions by Using
      Derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectrum].
AB  - Three-dimensional synchronous fluorescence spectrum of prepared rehmannia root
      from different regions were measured and feature parameters were extracted. It
      can be found that the effective fluorescent compositions of prepared rehmannia
      root from different regions are similar. The relationships between the spectrum
      effect were established. This study can provide reference for clinicaldosage.
      First order derivative and second order derivative of prepared rehmanniaroot from
      different regions can be got by programming respectively. Magnifing synchronous
      emission spectrum of the shoulder strap, the subtle differences of the spectrum
      can be distinguished and the method, derivative synchronous fluorescence
      spectrum, to identify different regions of prepared rehmannia root are acquired.

PMID- 26964229
TI  - [Qualitative Determination of Organic Vapour Using Violet and Visible Spectrum].
AB  - Vapours of organic matters were determined qualitatively employed with
      ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Vapours of organic matters were
      detected using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer employing polyethylene film
      as medium, the ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of vegetable oil
      vapours of soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil,
      cotton seed oil, tung tree seed oil, and organic compound vapours of acetone,
      ethyl acetate, 95% ethanol, glacial acetic acid were obtained. Experimental
      results showed that spectra of the vegetable oil vapour and the organic compound
      vapour could be obtained commendably, since ultra violet and visible spectrum of
      polyethylene film could be deducted by spectrograph zero setting. Different kinds
      of vegetable oils could been distinguished commendably in the spectra since the
      lambda(max), lambda(min), number of absorption peak, position, inflection point
      in the ultra violet and visible spectra obtained from the vapours of the
      vegetable oils were all inconsistent, and the vapours of organic compounds were
      also determined perfectly. The method had a good reproducibility, the ultraviolet
      and visible absorption spectra of the vapours of sunflower seed oil in 10 times
      determination were absolutely the same. The experimental result indicated that
      polyethylene film as a kind of medium could be used for qualitative analysis of
      ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy. The method for determination of
      the vapours of the vegetable oils and organic compounds had the peculiarities of
      fast speed analysis, well reproducibility, accuracy and reliability and low cost,
      and so on. Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrum of organic vapour could
      provide feature information of material vapour and structural information of
      organic compound, and provide a novel test method for identifying vapour of
      compound and organic matter.

PMID- 26964230
TI  - [Study on Enhancing Characteristic Vibration of the Molecular Vibration Spectrum
      for BDE-15 Based on Solvent Effect].
AB  - In this paper, the molecular vibrational spectra (IR spectra and Raman spectra)
      of 4, 4'-dibrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-15) in atmosphere and 24 kinds of
      solvents were calculated, at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level by density functional
      theory and self-consistent reaction field separately. Taking the spectra in
      atmosphere as benchmark, the spectra information of selected characteristic
      vibrations which were sensitive to the polarity of solvent were used to establish
      the solvent effect index system for BDE-15, evaluate the specific solvent effect
      on vibrational frequency, IR vibrational intensity, Raman vibrational intensity
      and comprehensive solvent effect of each solvent and search the organic solvent
      which significantly affected the frequency shift/intensity. From the view of
      molecular vibrational frequency, the characteristic vibrations sensitive to
      polarity of solvent (frequency shift > 1 cm-1) are all correlated with stretching
      and out-surface bending vibrations, the solvent effect on the vibrational
      frequency of BDE-15 of 24 kinds of solvents are all insignificant, with the index
      values between 1.01-1.03, compared with standard index value 1 of atmosphere
      spectra. From the view of molecular vibrational intensity, 24 kinds of solvents
      have all strengthen the vibrational intensities of most of vibrations, locating
      at the high frequency region of Raman spectra and the middle/low frequency region
      of IR spectra. The solvents which enhance the vibrational intensities
      significantly (index value greater than 6 and 5 for IR and Raman intensity
      separately) include alcohols, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitrobenzene,
      dimethyl sulfoxide. The solvent effect index values on Raman vibrational
      intensity of BDE-15 increase along with the dielectric constant of solvents from
      linear to logarithmic growth trend, while the solvent effect index values on IR
      vibrational intensity only leaving the linear relationship. The comprehensive
      solvent effect index values have presented the similar change trend with Raman
      vibrational intensities. The spectra information of BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-209
      were used to authenticate the application on PBDEs of the analysis method above
      for BDE-15, obtaining the solvent effect index values on vibrational intensities
      on BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-209 of alcohols, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide,
      nitrobenzene are all greater than 6 or 5, which indicate the enhancing
      vibrational intensities method can be used to identification research on PBDEs
      based on molecule vibrational spectra further.

PMID- 26964231
TI  - [Orthogonal Vector Projection Algorithm for Spectral Unmixing].
AB  - Spectrum unmixing is an important part of hyperspectral technologies, which is
      essential for material quantity analysis in hyperspectral imagery. Most linear
      unmixing algorithms require computations of matrix multiplication and matrix
      inversion or matrix determination. These are difficult for programming,
      especially hard for realization on hardware. At the same time, the computation
      costs of the algorithms increase significantly as the number of endmembers grows.
      Here, based on the traditional algorithm Orthogonal Subspace Projection, a new
      method called. Orthogonal Vector Projection is prompted using orthogonal
      principle. It simplifies this process by avoiding matrix multiplication and
      inversion. It firstly computes the final orthogonal vector via Gram-Schmidt
      process for each endmember spectrum. And then, these orthogonal vectors are used
      as projection vector for the pixel signature. The unconstrained abundance can be
      obtained directly by projecting the signature to the projection vectors, and
      computing the ratio of projected vector length and orthogonal vector length.
      Compared to the Orthogonal Subspace Projection and Least Squares Error
      algorithms, this method does not need matrix inversion, which is much computation
      costing and hard to implement on hardware. It just completes the
      orthogonalization process by repeated vector operations, easy for application on
      both parallel computation and hardware. The reasonability of the algorithm is
      proved by its relationship with Orthogonal Sub-space Projection and Least Squares
      Error algorithms. And its computational complexity is also compared with the
      other two algorithms', which is the lowest one. At last, the experimental results
      on synthetic image and real image are also provided, giving another evidence for
      effectiveness of the method.

PMID- 26964232
TI  - [Label-Free Resonance Light Scattering Detection of Hg2+ Based on Specific
      Structure Thymine-Hg2+-Thymine].
AB  - A new label-free resonance light scattering method for the highly selective and
      sensitive detection of mercury ion was designed. This strategy makes use of the
      target-induced DNA conformational change to enhance the resonance light
      scattering intensity leading to an amplified optical signal. The Hg2+ ion, which
      possesses a unique property to bind specifically to two DNA thymine (T) bases, in
      the presence of Hg2+, the specific oligonucleotide probes form a conformational
      reorganization of the oligonucleotide probes from single-chain structure to
      duplex-like complexes, which can greatly enhance the resonance light scattering
      intensity. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the enhanced resonance
      light scattering intensity at 566 nm was in proportion of mercury ion
      concentration in the range 7.2 x 10-9 x 10-8 mol . L-1 with the linear regression
      equation was DeltaI = 5.12c+3.55 (r = 0.999 5). This method was successfully
      applied to detection of Hg2+ in enviro nmental water samples, the RSD were less
      than 1.9% and recoveries were 99.4%-104.3%. This label-free strategy uses the
      mercury specific oligonucleotide probes as recognition elements and control the
      strength of resonance light scattering by changing the concentration of Hg2+. It
      translating the small molecule detection into the DNA hybridization behavior
      leading to an amplified resonance light scattering signal can well enhance the
      sensitive detection of Hg2+. With amplification by DNA hybridization behavior,
      the sensitivity for the detection of Hg2+ can achieve 2.16 x 10-9 mol . L(-1). In
      this study, the stacked T-Hg2+-Tfunctioned not only as amplification property but
      also as an selective recognition. The highly specific detection of Hg2+ is
      attributed to the formation of a stable T-Hg2+-T complex.

PMID- 26964233
TI  - [Observation and Analysis of Ground Daylight Spectra of China's Different Light
      Climate Partitions].
AB  - The territory of China is vast, so the daylight climates of different regions are
      not the same. In order to expand theutilization scope and improve the utilization
      efficiency of solar energy and daylight resources, this article observed and
      analyzed the ground daylight spectra of China's different light climate
      partitions. Using a portable spectrum scanner, this article did a tracking
      observation of ground direct daylight spectra in the period of 380-780 nm visible
      spectrum of different solar elevation angles during one day in seven
      representative cities of china's different light climate partitions. The seven
      representative cities included Kunming, Xining, Beijing, Shenzhen, Nanjing,
      Nanchang and Chongqing. According to the observation results, this article
      analyzed the daylight spectrum changing law, compared the daylight spectrum
      curves of different light climate partitions cities, and summarized the influence
      factors of daylight spectral radiation intensity. The Analysis of the ground
      direct daylight spectra showed that the daylight spectral radiation intensity of
      different solar elevation angles during one day of china's different light
      climate partitions cities was different, but the distribution and trend of
      daylight power spectra were basically the same which generally was first
      increased and then decreased. The maximum peak of spectral power distribution
      curve appeared at about 475 nm, and there were a steep rise between 380-475 nm
      and a smooth decline between 475-700 nm while repeatedly big ups and downs
      appearing after 700 nm. The distribution and trend of daylight power spectra of
      china's different light climate partitions cities were basically the same, and
      there was no obvious difference between the daylight spectral power distribution
      curves and the different light climate partitions. The daylight spectral
      radiation intensity was closely related to the solar elevation angle and solar
      surface condition.

PMID- 26964234
TI  - [Segmentation of Winter Wheat Canopy Image Based on Visual Spectral and Random
      Forest Algorithm].
AB  - Digital image analysis has been widely used in non-destructive monitoring of crop
      growth and nitrogen nutrition status due to its simplicity and efficiency. It is
      necessary to segment winter wheat plant from soil background for accessing canopy
      cover, intensity level of visible spectrum (R, G, and B) and other color indices
      derived from RGB. In present study, according to the variation in R, G, and B
      components of sRGB color space and L*, a*, and b* components of CIEL* a* b* color
      space between wheat plant and soil background, the segmentation of wheat plant
      from soil background were conducted by the Otsu's method based on a* component of
      CIEL* a* b* color space, and RGB based random forest method, and CIEL* a* b*
      based random forest method, respectively. Also the ability to segment wheat plant
      from soil background was evaluated with the value of segmentation accuracy. The
      results showed that all three methods had revealed good ability to segment wheat
      plant from soil background. The Otsu's method had lowest segmentation accuracy in
      comparison with the other two methods. There were only little difference in
      segmentation error between the two random forest methods. In conclusion, the
      random forest method had revealed its capacity to segment wheat plant from soil
      background with only the visual spectral information of canopy image without any
      color components combinations or any color space transformation.

PMID- 26964235
TI  - [Morphology and Spectral Properties Study of LaCeF3:Tb Microcrystalline].
AB  - LaCeF3:Tb microcrystalline was synthesized by microemulsion method, oleic acid
      assisted solvothermal method, ultrasonic-assisted solvothermal method separately.
      LaCeF3:Tb microcrystalline synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted solvothermal method
      is rarely reported. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope
      (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy (PL) method such as the crystal phase,
      morphology and luminescence properties of the samples have been characterized.
      XRD results show that the crystallization product is good, microcrystalline and
      standard card PDF# 38-0452 (the six-party LaCeF3) is corresponding, SEM images
      showing the product has uniform size and morphology, under 250 nm excitation
      nanoparticlesshows strong green light, the main emission peaks respectively
      belonged to 5D4-->7F6 (489 nm), 5D4-->7F5 (545 nm), 5D4-->7F4 (585 nm) and 5D4-
      >7F3 (621 nm) transition of Tb3+. Through LaCeF3 and LaCeF3:Tb spectral studies
      prove the existence of the Ce-Tb energy transfer. Calculated the critical doping
      concentration of Tb in LaCeF3microcrystalline synthesized by different methods.

PMID- 26964236
TI  - [Gas Concentration Measurement Based on the Integral Value of Absorptance
      Spectrum].
AB  - The absorptance spectrum of a gas is the basis for the qualitative and
      quantitative analysis of the gas by the law of the Lambert-Beer. The integral
      value of the absorptance spectrum is an important parameter to describe the
      characteristics of the gas absorption. Based on the measured absorptance spectrum
      of a gas, we collected the required data from the database of HIT-RAN, and chose
      one of the spectral lines and calculated the integral value of the absorptance
      spectrum in the frequency domain, and then substituted the integral value into
      Lambert-Beer's law to obtain the concentration of the detected gas. By
      calculating the integral value of the absorptance spectrum we can avoid the more
      complicated calculation of the spectral line function and a series of standard
      gases for calibration, so the gas concentration measurement will be simpler and
      faster. We studied the changing trends of the integral values of the absorptance
      spectrums versus temperature. Since temperature variation would cause the
      corresponding variation in pressure, we studied the changing trends of the
      integral values of the absorptance spectrums versus both the pressure not changed
      with temperature and changed with the temperature variation. Based on the two
      cases, we found that the integral values of the absorptance spectrums both would
      firstly increase, then decrease, and finally stabilize with temperature
      increasing, but the ranges of specific changing trend were different in the two
      cases. In the experiments, we found that the relative errors of the integrated
      values of the absorptance spectrum were much higher than 1% and still increased
      with temperature when we only considered the change of temperature and completely
      ignored the pressure affected by the temperature variation, and the relative
      errors of the integrated values of the absorptance spectrum were almost constant
      at about only 1% when we considered that the pressure were affected by the
      temperature variation. As the integral value of the absorptance spectrum varied
      with temperature and the calculating error for the integral value fluctuates with
      ranges of temperature, in the gas measurement when we usd integral values of the
      absoptance spectrum, we should select a suitable temperature variation and obtain
      a more accurate measurement result.

PMID- 26964237
TI  - [A New Method to Decline the SWC Effect on the Accuracy for Monitoring SOM with
      Hyperspectral Technology].
AB  - Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important indexes to reflect the
      soil fertility, and soil moisture is a main factor to limit the application of
      hyperspectral technology in monitoring soil attributes. To study the effect of
      soil moisture on the accuracy for monitoring SOM with hyperspectral remote
      sensing and monitor the SOM quickly and accurately, SOM, soil water content (SWC)
      and soil spectrum for 151 natural soil samples in winter wheat field were
      measured and the soil samples were classified with the method of traditional
      classification of SWC and Normalized Difference Soil Moisture Index (NSMI) based
      on the hyperspectral technology. Moreover, the relationship among SWC, SOM and
      NSMI were analyzed. The results showed that the accuracy of spectral monitor for
      SOM among the classifications were significantly different, its accuracy was
      higher than the soils (5%-25%) which was not classified. It indicated that the
      soil moisture affected the accuracy for monitoring the SOM with hyperspectral
      technology and the study proved that the most beneficent soil water content for
      monitoring the SOM was less 10% and higher 20%. On the other hand, the four
      models for monitoring the SOM by the hyperspectral were constructed by the
      classification of NSMI, and its accuracy was higher than the classification of
      SWC. The models for monitoring the SOM by the classification of NSMI were
      calibrated with the validation parameters of R2, RMSE and RPD, and it showed that
      the four models were available and reliable to quickly and conveniently monitor
      the SOM by heperspectral. However, the different classifiable ways for soil
      samples mentioned in the study were naturally similar as all soil samples were
      classified again with another way. Namely, there may be another optimal
      classifiable way or method to overcome and eliminate the SWC effect on the
      accuracy for monitoring SOM. The study will provide some theoretical technology
      to monitor the SWC and SOM by remote sensing.

PMID- 26964238
TI  - [Determination of Cu in Shell of Preserved Egg by LIBS Coupled with PLS].
AB  - In this work, the content of copper in the shell of preserved eggs were
      determined directly by Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and the
      characteristics lines of Cu was obtained. The samples of eggshell were pretreated
      by acid wet digestion, and the real content of Cu was obtained by atomic
      absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Due to the test precision and accuracy of
      LIBS was influenced by a serious of factors, for example, the complex matrix
      effect of sample, the enviro nment noise, the system noise of the instrument, the
      stability of laser energy and so on. And the conventional unvariate linear
      calibration curve between LIBS intensity and content of element of sample, such
      as by use of Schiebe G-Lomakin equation, can not meet the requirement of
      quantitative analysis. In account of that, a kind of multivariate calibration
      method is needed. In this work, the data of LIBS spectra were processed by
      partial least squares (PLS), the precision and accuracy of PLS model were
      compared by different smoothing treatment and five pretreatment methods. The
      result showed that the correlation coefficient and the accuracy of the PLS model
      were improved, and the root mean square error and the average relative error were
      reduced effectively by 11 point smoothing with Multiplicative scatter correction
      (MSC) pretreatment. The results of the study show that, heavy metal Cu in
      preserved egg shells can be direct detected accurately by laser induced breakdown
      spectroscopy, and the next step batch tests will been conducted to find out the
      relationship of heavy metal Cu content in the preserved egg between the eggshell,
      egg white and egg yolk. And the goal of the contents of heavy metals in the egg
      white, egg yolk can be knew through determinate the eggshell by the LIBS can be
      achieved, to provide new method for rapid non-destructive testing technology for
      quality and satety of agricultural products.

PMID- 26964239
TI  - [Study on Contents and Budgets of Cu, Zn and Cd in an Arable Soil Using AAS].
AB  - Based on a long-term experiment in Shenyang Experimental Station, the effect of
      manure application on the contents and budgets of Cu, Zn and Cd in the arable
      soil was studied. The experiment included four treatments: no mature addition
      (CK), mature addition 10 t . ha-1 year-1(M1), 25 t . ha-1 year-1 (M2), and 50 t .
      ha-1 year-1(M3). The result showed that Cu, Zn and Cd in soil were accumulated
      with manure application and prolongation of experiment, and the accumulative
      magnitude increased with increasing of manure application. The average annual
      growth rates of the heavy metals in the four treatments (CK, M1, M2, M3) were
      2.83%, 6.56%, 7.54%, 8.96%; 0.03%, 3.44%, 4.53%, 6.64% and 1.51%, 8.01%, 10. 27%,
      16. 08% for Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively. After six years of the experiment, the
      content of Cd in the M3 treatment was quite close to the threshold of Chinese
      Soil Quality Standard Grade III (1 mg . kg-1, GB15618-1995). After 12 years of
      the experiment, the contents of Cu in the mature-amended treatments fell in the
      Chinese Soil Quality Standard Grade III, which should be paid more attention.
      Although the heavy metals in soil were gradually accumulated, the Cu, Zn and Cd
      levels in crop grain were still below the National Food Contamination Standards
      (GB2762-2005; GB13106-91; GB15199-94), indicating the contents of heavy metals in
      crop produced from contaminated soil might not exceed the corresponding
      standards. The contents of Cu, Zn and Cd in the straw were much greater than
      those in the grain. The removal of heavy metal by crop was in the order of M3 >
      M2 > M1 > CK. The average amounts of Cu, Zn and Cd annually removed from the soil
      in the four treatments (CK, M1, M2 and M3) were 35.68, 47.80, 63.65, 69.64;
      249.14, 375.22, 375.16, 444.44, and 0.83, 1.39, 1.64, 1.66 g . ha-1,
      respectively. The contents of heavy metals in organic manure varied in different
      years: the contents of Cu and Zn increased year by year, while Cd presented a
      decreasing trend. The average amounts of Cu, Zn and Cd annually remained in the
      soil in the treatments M1, M2 and M3 were 2 283.0, 5 763.7, 11585.4; 2 483.3, 6
      771.4, 13 849.2 and 4.8, 13.9, 29.5 g . ha-1, respectively. Since the heavy
      metals in organic manure markedly fluctuated in different years, the average
      residuals can only reflect the changing trend. Therefore, the residuals of heavy
      metals in the soil could be accurately predicted only according to status of
      manure in a given year.

PMID- 26964240
TI  - [Matrix Effect of Fe and Ca on EDXRF Analysis of Ce Concentration in Bayan Obo
      Ores].
AB  - When Energy-Dispersive X-RayFluorescence (EDXRF) used for measuring cerium (Ce)
      content in the Bayan Obo ores, matrix effect mainly comes from iron (Fe) and
      calcium (Ca). Due to extensive concentration variability of the two elements,
      commonly employed standard sample method for matrix effect correction is invalid.
      To overcome the problem, testing samples were prepared based on the average
      contents of elements in the Bayan Obo ores, and the influence of Fe and Ca on the
      coefficient in a linear relationship between Ce content and XRF signal was
      determined by linear least squares fitting for multivariate analysis. The
      coefficients thus determined reflected the matrix effect on Ce emitted
      fluorescence from Fe emitted fluorescence and Ca absorption. When the
      coefficients were used in analyzing Ce content in Bayan Obo mine by EDXRF, the
      relative error is less than 10%.

PMID- 26964241
TI  - [The Application of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Refining Catalyst].
AB  - Abstract XPS analysis provides qualitative, quantitative and chemical state
      information for surface elements of solid materials. Therefore, XPS is widely
      applied in the characterization of refining catalyst. In the present paper, the
      applications of XPS in the field of typical refining catalysts, including
      hydrogenation catalyst, S Zorb sorbent and rare-earth modified Y zeolite, are
      illustrated and exemplified. For sulfided Co (Ni)-Mo (W)/Al2O3(-SiO2)
      hydrodesulfurization catalysts, the anhydrous oxygen-free transfer process from
      the reactor to XPS chamber was illustrated. The identification and peak fitting
      of S(2p) , Mo(3d), W (4f), Co(2p) and Ni(2p) XPS spectra were summarized. The
      typical chemical states of the active elements were described. Based on these
      results, the sulfidation extents of the active metals and the cause for the
      sulfidation inadequency of the catalysts were deduced. As for the application of
      XPS in S Zorb sorbent, the existence form of zinc was obtained from ZnLMM Auger
      spectra, and the fracture mechanism and deactivation reason of the sorbent were
      derived. The distribution of sulfur along the vertical direction was investigated
      using XPS and argon ion sputtering XPS. Besides, in situ XPS was applied to study
      the conversion of sulfur- and nickel-containing species for spent sorbent under
      hydrogen condition. Finally, for cerium modified Y zeolite, the location of
      cerium ion inside and outside Y zeolite cage was investigated. The results
      indicate that the liquid phase method is more suitable for the migration of
      cerium ion toward zeolite as compared with the solid phase method.

PMID- 26964242
TI  - [Study on Non-Destructive Testing of Guqin Interior Structure Based on Computed
      Tomography].
AB  - The wood property and production process affect quality of Guqin. At the same
      time, Guqin shape with cavity layout relations to the improvement of Guqin
      technology and inheritance, so it's very important to get the internal cavity
      characteristics and parameters on the condition of non-destructive the structure
      of Guqin. The image of interior structure in Guqin was investigated by overall
      scanning based on non-destructive testing technology of computed tomography,
      which texture of faceplate, connection method between faceplate and soleplate and
      interior defects were studied. The three-dimensional reconstruction of Guqin
      cavity was achieved through Mimics software of surface rendering method and put
      the two-dimensional CT tomography images convert into three-dimensional, which
      more complete show interior structural form in Guqin, and finally the parameter
      of cavity dimensions was obtained. Experimental research shows that there is
      significant difference in Guqin interior structure between Zhong-ni and Luo-xia
      type, in which the fluctuation of the interior surfacein Zhong-ni type's is
      larger than that in Luo-xia type; the interior volume of Zhong-ni typeis less
      than that of Luo-xia type, especially in Guqin neck. The accurate internal
      information of Guqin obtained through the computed tomography (CT) technology
      will provide technical support for the Guqin manufacture craft and the quality
      examination, as well as provide the reference in the aspect of non-destructive
      testing for other traditional precious internal structure research.

PMID- 26964243
TI  - [A New Distance Metric between Different Stellar Spectra: the Residual
      Distribution Distance].
AB  - Distance metric is an important issue for the spectroscopic survey data
      processing, which defines a calculation method of the distance between two
      different spectra. Based on this, the classification, clustering, parameter
      measurement and outlier data mining of spectral data can be carried out.
      Therefore, the distance measurement method has some effect on the performance of
      the classification, clustering, parameter measurement and outlier data mining.
      With the development of large-scale stellar spectral sky surveys, how to define
      more efficient distance metric on stellar spectra has become a very important
      issue in the spectral data processing. Based on this problem and fully
      considering of the characteristics and data features of the stellar spectra, a
      new distance measurement method of stellar spectra named Residual Distribution
      Distance is proposed. While using this method to measure the distance, the two
      spectra are firstly scaled and then the standard deviation of the residual is
      used the distance. Different from the traditional distance metric calculation
      methods of stellar spectra, when used to calculate the distance between stellar
      spectra, this method normalize the two spectra to the same scale, and then
      calculate the residual corresponding to the same wavelength, and the standard
      error of the residual spectrum is used as the distance measure. The distance
      measurement method can be used for stellar classification, clustering and stellar
      atmospheric physical parameters measurement and so on. This paper takes stellar
      subcategory classification as an example to test the distance measure method. The
      results show that the distance defined by the proposed method is more effective
      to describe the gap between different types of spectra in the classification than
      other methods, which can be well applied in other related applications. At the
      same time, this paper also studies the effect of the signal to noise ratio (SNR)
      on the performance of the proposed method. The result show that the distance is
      affected by the SNR. The smaller the signal-to-noise ratio is, the greater impact
      is on the distance; While SNR is larger than 10, the signal-to-noise ratio has
      little effect on the performance for the classification.

PMID- 26964244
TI  - [The Study of PDMS Grating Structure Gradient Preparation Techniques].
AB  - Because traditional method for tunable grating fabrication has harsh process
      condition, complex fabrication process, high costs and long cycle. Proposed a low
      cost, simple process, can be prepared in large quantities gradient grating
      process method, based on self-assembly process using the rigid film/flexible
      substrate and oxygen plasma method prepared a micron scale gradient grating. Use
      of plasma free time controllability and excellent elastic of PDMS obtained the
      desired grating. First, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was spin-coated layer of
      polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film on the thin film, two-layer film to be cured
      PDMS film after bending and treated with an oxygen plasma (plasma), in generating
      a rigid surface oxide layer, With flexible PET rigid layer applied uniform
      stress, when the stress exceeds the critical value, the PDMS substrate to form a
      self-assembled structure grating fold. Due to changes in prestressed bending, so
      the PDMS film formation period and height of the grating stepped fold, which is
      graded grating. Using visible light as the performance test light source for
      graded grating and selecting first-order diffracted as the detection target. The
      authors can see the grating has a good diffraction effects and achieves good
      spectral effect. Experiments show that graded grating has obvious diffraction
      grating, and the diffraction angle varies significantly, and can be widely used
      for stress measurement, the flexible gradient grating prepared by this method can
      also be used to detect changes in the stress strain as a miniature device, the
      future is expected for miniature spectrometer, scanners, optical communications
      and other fields.

PMID- 26964245
TI  - [High Precision Spectral Calibration Method of Fourier Interferometric
      Spectrometer].
AB  - The Fourier interferometric spectrometer (FIS) acquires the interference data
      information of the spectrum and during the spectrum data processing, a series of
      spectrum reconstruction will be performed on the interference information to
      obtain the final spectrum information data. The spectral calibration is the key
      step to spectrum reconstruction of FIS, which directly determines accuracy and
      availability of the spectrum results. This paper introduces the basic ideas and
      calibration accuracy about the spectral calibration for the FIS and puts forward
      a new spectral calibration method based on calculating the precise value of the
      total optical path difference (TOPD). The TOPD of FIS is difficult to be
      precisely measured, but it is the core and key to the spectral calibration. In
      order to calculate the precise TOPD, this paper proposes the idea how to traverse
      the TOPD and analyzes the spectrum drift. During the calibration, all the
      possible values of the TOPD participate in the spectrum reconstruction flow to
      carry out spectrum recovery and analysis. Ultimately the TOPD with the minimum
      spectrum drift will be achieved, namely solution value of the TOPD. This method
      can accurately resolve the TOPD of the FIS and then calibrate the spectrum with
      high accuracy. In addition, the paper introduces the detailed and complete
      spectral calibration flow and obtains the center wavelength value of every band
      and wavenumber resolution. Moreover, the paper designs the main parameters of the
      typical FIS and generates its simulation interference data. Using the above
      method to calibrate the simulation data, the analysis and verification of the
      spectral calibration results proves that the calibration precision of wavenumber
      resolution achieves 0.000 25 cm-1 or above.

PMID- 26964246
TI  - Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate
      and Atenolol in Their Tablet Dosage Form.
AB  - Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods are
      developed for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate (AM) and atenolol
      (AT) in tablets. The first method is dual wavelength spectrophotometry (DW). The
      second method is ratio subtraction (RS) which depends on subtraction of the
      plateau values from the ratio spectrum, coupled to first derivative of ratio
      spectra (1DD). The third method applies bivariate calibration method using 210
      and 225 nm as an optimum pair of wavelength for amlodipine and atenolol. The
      calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 4-40 ug . mL-1 for
      both drugs. The specificity of the developed methods is investigated by analyzing
      laboratory prepared mixtures of the two drugs and their combined dosage form. The
      two methods are validated as per ICH guidelines and can be applied for routine
      quality control testing.

PMID- 26964247
TI  - Measurement of L(III) Subshell Absorption Jump Parameters of Hafnium.
AB  - The L(III) subshell absorption jump ratio and jump factor of hafnium have been
      measured using two different ways which are X-ray attenuation method and Energy
      Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence technique. The results obtained both ways have been
      compared with theoretical values. They are in good agreement with each other.

PMID- 26964248
TI  - A New Method for the Determination of Potassium Sorbate Combining Fluorescence
      Spectra Method with PSO-BP Neural Network.
AB  - In this paper, fluorescence spectra properties of potassium sorbate in aqueous
      solution and orange juice are studied, and the result.shows that in two solution
      there are many difference in fluorescence spectra of potassium sorbate, but the
      fluorescence characteristic peak exists in lambda(ex)/lambda(em) = 375/490 nm. It
      can be seen from the two dimensional fluorescence spectra that the relationship
      between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of potassium sorbate is
      very complex, so there is no linear relationship between them. To determine the
      concentration of potassium sorbate in orange juice, a new method combining
      Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with Back Propagation (BP) neural
      network is proposed. The relative error of two predicted concentrations is 1.83%
      and 1.53% respectively, which indicate that the method is feasible. The PSO-BP
      neural network can accurately measure the concentration of potassium sorbate in
      orange juice in the range of 0.1-2.0 g . L-1.

PMID- 26964249
TI  - Lipid Composition of Native Milk Fat Globules by Confocal Raman Microscopy.
AB  - Native fat globules composed mainly of triglycerides are secreted as droplets of
      variable size. The size of fat globules affects the form of fat in dairy products
      and final functionality, which depends mainly on the composition of the globules
      and membrane. However, the relation between the composition and size of fat
      globules has not been studied in detail. In this study, differences in the lipid
      content and fatty acid composition related to the size of native fat globules
      were investigated using confocal Raman spectroscopy, which offers the possibility
      of acquisition and analysis of the Raman signal without disruption of a single
      fat globule in natural suspension. The results showed small fat globules (SFG)
      had a higher ratio of band intensities at 2885/2850 cm-1, indicating SFG tend to
      have a triglyceride core in a fluid state with a milk fat globule membrane in a
      crystalline state. In addition, the SFG had a higher level of unsaturation
      compared to large fat globules, shown by a lower ratio at 1655/1443 cm-1. Using
      cream with selected SFG would allow a harder and more costly churning process but
      lead to a softer butter.

PMID- 26964250
TI  - Effect of REAu on Silver Staining Results and Their UV-Vis Absorption Spectra.
AB  - La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy particles and gold nanoparticles were prepared.
      Effects of La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au and Dy-Au particles on silver
      staining results were studied, respectively, and UV-Vis absorption spectra of La
      Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au and Dy-Au particles were studied. Times and
      colors of sports with La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu-Au, Gd-Au, Dy-Au particles
      are longer and darker than that of with gold nanoparticles, respectively. The
      time of sport with Nd-Au particles is as long as 30 min, which is 2.7 times as
      long as with gold nanoparticles. Although amount of gold nanoparticles reduced
      80%, the color of sport with Nd-Au particles is darker than that of with gold
      nanoparticles. In 200.00-800.00 nm, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy particles and gold
      nanoparticles has one absorption peak, respectively, and lambda(max) is 275, 277,
      276, 276, 278, 277, 278 and 521 nm, respectively. La-Au, Ce-Au, Nd-Au, Sm-Au, Eu
      Au, Gd-Au, Dy-Au particles have two absorption peaks, respectively,
      lambda(max)(RE) and lambda(max) are 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 523
      nm, 276 and 523 nm, 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 522 nm, 276 and 523 nm, respectively.
      lambda(max) of Au nanoparticles and La particles occurs red moving respectively,
      and lambda(max) of Ce, Eu, Gd and Dy particles occurs blue moving, respectively,
      and lambda(max) of Nd and Sm particles is constant respectively. Rare earths
      particles and gold nanoparticles may have interaction, respectively.

PMID- 26964251
TI  - Match Solution to the Problem.

PMID- 26964252
TI  - Bullying and Incivility in Our Health Care Environments.

PMID- 26964253
TI  - From Solidarity Comes Power--From Power Comes Change.

PMID- 26964254
TI  - 2015 Legislative Session Review. Staffing Law Improvements Top List of
      Legislative Successes.

PMID- 26964255
TI  - Anti-Worker Attacks in 2016 Threaten the Future of Unions for Public Sector
      Nurses.

PMID- 26964256
TI  - Building a Better Oregon.

PMID- 26964257
TI  - Sick Days Law Passes after Four Years of Advocacy.

PMID- 26964258
TI  - Advocate Profile Lynda Coats, RNC.

PMID- 26964259
TI  - Organizing for Our Patients.

PMID- 26964260
TI  - Nurse Assistance Network Conducts a Successful Nurse Peer Advocate Training.

PMID- 26964262
TI  - Opportunities and Challenges for Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice.

PMID- 26964261
TI  - Speak up for Safety Has Positive Impact on Chemeketa Community College Student
      Nurses.

PMID- 26964263
TI  - The Value of Lifelong Learning.

PMID- 26964264
TI  - New Resources Improve Members' Experience.

PMID- 26964266
TI  - Nurses' Role in the Regionalized Hospital.

PMID- 26964265
TI  - Defending our Voice: Anti-Worker Measures in Oregon.

PMID- 26964267
TI  - 2016 Legislative Priorities.

PMID- 26964269
TI  - Teaching the Next Nurse Advocates: Teri Mills, MS, RN, CNE.

PMID- 26964268
TI  - ONF Education Program Reduces Stigma of Substance Abuse.

PMID- 26964270
TI  - New Education Chair Brings Team-Based Approach: Nancy Ronan, DNP.

PMID- 26964271
TI  - Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness and Compliance among Hospital Health
      Care Workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies show that vaccination of health care workers (HCW)
      might reduce influenza transmission and mortality among hospitalized patients. No
      studies have compared the incidence of laboratory-proven influenza in vaccinated
      versus unvaccinated hospital HCW. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of
      influenza vaccination among hospital HCW and to examine the attitudes of this
      population towards influenza vaccination. METHODS: We performed a prospective
      cohort study between 1 January and 30 April 2014 of 1641 HCW at our medical
      center; 733 were vaccinated and 908 were not. A random sample of 199 subjects was
      obtained: 97 vaccinated and 102 non-vaccinated. Participating individuals were
      contacted on a weekly basis during the flu season and were asked to report any
      respiratory or flu symptoms and, if positive, to undergo a polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) test for influenza. Results: In the general HCW population
      vaccination was more frequent among physicians (298/498, 58%) than among nurses
      (324/862, 38%) and among males than females. Flu symptoms were reported by 20 of
      199 participants, 13 in the non-vaccinated group (12.7%) and 7 in the vaccinated
      group (7.2%). A positive PCR test for influenza A virus was present in 4 of 20
      people tested (20%). All positive cases were from the non-vaccinated group (P =
      0.0953). CONCLUSIONS: Non-vaccinated HCW showed a higher, although not
      statistically significant, tendency for contracting laboratory-proven influenza
      than the vaccinated population. The main reasons for vaccination and non
      vaccination were personal beliefs and habits. Education efforts are needed to
      improve compliance. Larger studies could further clarify this issue.

PMID- 26964272
TI  - Interval Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: What is the Best Timing for Surgery?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The timing of interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy continues to be a
      matter of debate. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the best timing for performing this
      procedure after an episode of acute cholecystitis. METHODS: In this retrospective
      analysis, we divided 213 patients into three groups based on the time that
      elapsed from an episode of acute cholecystitis to surgery: Group 1: 1-6 weeks,
      Group II: 6-12 weeks, Group III: > 12 weeks. RESULTS: The mean operative time
      ranged from 51 to 59 minutes, complication rate 2.6%-5.9%, conversion rate 2.6%
      10.8%, length of hospitalization 1.55-2.2 days, and the 30 day readmission rate
      2.7%-7.9%. There were no statistically significant differences between the study
      groups in the primary outcome parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the lack of
      statistically significant differences between the groups, interval laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy can be performed safely and without increasing the complication
      rate within 6 weeks after the acute episode as well as 12 weeks after. However, a
      trend towards higher conversion and complication rates was observed in Group II
      (6-12 weeks).

PMID- 26964273
TI  - Transapical Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Implantation for Failed Mitral Valve
      Bioprosthesis.
AB  - Background: The rate of mitral bioprosthesis implantation in clinical practice is
      increasing. Transcatheter valve-in- valve implantation has been described for
      high risk patients requiring redo valve surgery. OBJECTIVES: To report our
      experience with transapical valve-in-valve implantation for failed mitral
      bioprosthesis. METHODS: Since 2010, 10 patients have undergone transapical valve
      in-valve implantation for failed bioprosthesis in our center. Aortic valve-in
      valve implantation was performed in one of them and mitral valve-in-valve
      implantation in nine. Mean age was 82 +/- 4 years and 6 were female (67%). Mean
      time from original mitral valve (MV) replacement to valve-in-valve procedure was
      10.5 +/- 3.7 years. Follow-up was completed by all patients with a mean duration
      of 13 +/- 12 months. RESULTS: Preoperatively, all patients presented with
      significant mitral regurgitation, two with mitral stenosis due to structural
      valve failure. All nine patients underwent successful transapical valve-in-valve
      implantation with an Edwards Sapien balloon expandable valve. There was no in
      hospital mortality. Mean and median hospital duration was 15 +/- 18 and 7 days
      respectively. Valve implantation was successful in all patients and there were no
      major complications, except for major femoral access bleeding in one patient. At
      last follow-up, all patients were alive and in NYHA functional class I or II.
      Echocardiography follow-up demonstrated that mitral regurgitation was absent or
      trivial in seven patients and mild in two. At follow-up, peak and mean gradients
      changed from 26 +/- 4 and 8 +/- 2 at baseline to 16.7 +/- 3 and 7.3 +/- 1.5,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter transapical mitral valve-in-valve
      implantation for failed bioprosthesis is feasible in selected high risk patients.
      Our early experience with this strategy is encouraging. Larger randomized trials
      with long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up are recommended.

PMID- 26964275
TI  - Bicycle-Related Shoulder Injuries: Etiology and the Need for Protective Gear.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The popularity of bicycle riding for recreation, exercise and
      transportation has grown enormously in recent years, which has led to an
      increased incidence of bicycle-related injuries. While these injuries involve
      mainly the musculoskeletal system, data on shoulder-specific injuries incurred
      while bike riding are lacking. Classifying these shoulder injuries may provide
      insight and assistance in the creation and implementation of effective protective
      gear and measures. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the types and mechanisms of
      shoulder injuries among cyclists. METHODS: This study retrospectively examined
      all cyclists who incurred shoulder injuries while riding and were admitted to the
      emergency department and shoulder clinic between January 2008 and November 2013.
      The study included 157 subjects with various bicycle-related shoulder injuries
      treated with either conservative or surgical measures. RESULTS: Eighty-four
      percent of injuries were caused by a direct blow to the shoulder, 7% by falling
      on an outstretched hand, 6% were traction injuries, and 3% were due to
      hyperabduction. Nine different clinical types of injury were observed; the most
      common injuries were clavicle fractures (32%), followed by acromioclavicular
      joint dislocations (22%), rotator cuff tears (22%), and humeral fractures (8%).
      Fifty-one percent of subjects were managed with conservative care and the
      remaining patients required surgical interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder
      injuries incurred while riding a bicycle span the entire spectrum of shoulder
      injuries and often result in debilitating conditions. Although the use of helmets
      is increasing, there is currently no effective protective gear or measures to
      prevent riders from suffering shoulder injuries.

PMID- 26964274
TI  - Tricuspid Regurgitation following Lead Extraction: Risk Factors and Clinical
      Course.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transvenous lead extraction can lead to tricuspid valve damage.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence, risk factors and clinical outcome of
      tricuspid regurgitation (TR) following lead extraction. METHODS: We prospectively
      collected data on patients who underwent lead extraction at the Sheba Medical
      Center prior to laser use (i.e., before 2012). Echocardiography results before
      and following the procedure were used to confirm TR worsening, defined as an
      echocardiographic increase of at least one TR grade. Various clinical and
      echocardiographic parameters were analyzed as risk factors for TR. Clinical and
      echocardiographic follow-up was conducted to assess the clinical significance
      outcome of extraction-induced TR. RESULTS: Of 152 patients who underwent lead
      extraction without laser before 2012, 86 (56%) (192 electrodes) had
      echocardiography results before and within one week following the procedure. New
      or worsening TR was discovered in 13 patients (15%). Use of mechanical tools and
      younger age at extraction were found on multivariate analysis to be factors for
      TR development (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03 respectively). Average follow-up was 22.25
      +/- 21.34 months (range 8-93). There were no significant differences in the
      incidence of right-sided heart failure (50% vs. 23%, P = 0.192) or
      hospitalizations due to heart failure exacerbations (37.5% vs. 11%, P = 0.110).
      No patient required tricuspid valve repair or replacement. Death rates were
      similar in the TR and non-TR groups (20% vs. 33%). CONCLUSIONS: TR following lead
      extraction is not uncommon but does not seem to affect survival or outcomes such
      as need for valve surgery. Its long-term effects remain to be determined.

PMID- 26964276
TI  - Ocular Paintball Injuries.
AB  - Background: One of the most alarming ocular injury trends in recent years has
      been the proliferation of paintball guns and the proportional increase in the
      number of ocular eye injuries caused by paintballs. OBJECTIVES: To describe five
      cases of paintball eye injuries that resulted in loss of functional vision in
      four of them. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical course
      in five patients with paintball eye injuries treated in the ophthalmology
      departments of two medical centers. RESULTS: Five young males were evaluated for
      paintball injuries caused by blunt trauma. There was one case of full-thickness
      laceration (globe rupture). Four patients required one to five surgical
      interventions: three of these involved the removal of traumatic cataract
      including two eyes with significant zonular dehiscence treated by lens capsule
      conservation using anchoring devices, one retinal surgery and two glaucoma
      filtration surgeries. However, final visual outcome was not favorable due to
      irreversible retinal damage. CONCLUSIONS: Paintball trauma often results in
      significant ocular injury and loss of functional vision despite successful
      surgical intervention. Most injuries occur in under-supervised settings and are
      easily preventable. Improved safety measures, strict regulation enforcement and
      appropriate public education could prevent such serious damage.

PMID- 26964277
TI  - Mammographic Breast Density as a Predictor of Radiological Findings Requiring
      Further Investigation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High density breast mammography has been associated with a greater
      risk for breast cancer and an increased likelihood of false negative results.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the degree of mammographic breast density
      correlates with increased risk for the presence of radiographic findings
      requiring further histological investigation. METHODS: Included in the study were
      2760 consecutive screening mammograms performed in a large volume, early
      detection mammography unit. All mammograms were complemented by high resolution
      ultrasound and interpreted by a single expert radiologist. Breast density (BD)
      was evaluated using a semi-quantitative 5 grade scale and grouped into low breast
      density (LBD) and high breast density (HBD) mammograms. Demographic and all
      relevant obstetric, personal and family history of breast cancer data were
      recorded. RESULTS: Of the 2760 mammograms 2096 (76%) were LBD and 664 (24%) were
      HBD. Mean age of the LBD and HBD groups was 59 +/- 10.5 and 50.9 +/- 9.3 years
      respectively (P = 0001). Breast density significantly correlated with presence of
      mammographic findings requiring further histological assessment (8.7% and 12.3%
      for LBD and HBD respectively, P < 0.01). In women younger than 60 years in whom
      histological assessment was required due to these findings, malignant pathology
      was significantly more prevalent in the HBD group (2.3% and 4.1% respectively, P
      = 0.03). Age, parity, patient history and HBD were identified as independent risk
      factors for any pathological mammographic finding. CONCLUSIONS: Highly dense
      mammography, aside from being an indicator of higher risk for breast cancer,
      appears to be associated with a significantly higher incidence of findings that
      will prompt further investigation to achieve a definite diagnosis.

PMID- 26964278
TI  - High Success Rates Using Ultrasound for Neuraxial Block in Obese Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Successful neuraxial block performance relies on assessment and
      palpation of surface landmarks, potentially challenging in patients with a high
      body mass index (BMI). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of ultrasound-assisted
      neuraxial bock in a non-obstetric population with BMI above versus below 30
      kg/m2. METHODS: Healthy adult patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy (ESWL) under neuraxial block were observed in this quality assurance
      study. Prior to the neuraxial block, an ultrasound examination was performed to
      identify the puncture site. Neuraxial anesthesia block was performed under
      aseptic surgical conditions with the patient in the sitting position. Following
      block placement, external landmarks were palpated. Our primary study outcome was
      the number of attempts (skin insertions with the needle) after pre-puncture
      ultrasound identification of the insertion point, comparing patients with BMI
      above versus below 30 kg/m2. Our secondary outcome was assessment by palpation of
      external anatomical landmarks. RESULTS: Our study group included 63 consecutive
      patients undergoing neuraxial block for ESWL. Data were assessed according to BMI
      (above versus below 30 kg/m2). An overall success rate at the first attempt of
      90.5% (CI 0.8-0.95) was achieved using ultrasound-guided neuraxial block. This
      block placement success rate was similar for all patients, regardless of BMI
      above versus below 30 kg/m2. In contrast, the ease of palpation of anatomic
      landmarks, P = 0.001, and the ease of palpation of iliac crest, P < 0.001,
      differed significantly between the patients above versus below 30 kg/m2. The
      reported verbal pain scores (VPS) due to block insertion was similar among all
      patients regardless of BMI category (above versus below 30 kg/m2). CONCLUSIONS:
      We observed high success rates when ultrasound-assisted neuraxial block is
      performed, regardless of BMI above versus below 30 kg/m2, despite expected
      differences in surface landmark palpation.

PMID- 26964279
TI  - Fetal Biometry in the Israeli Population: New Reference Charts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selection of appropriate reference charts for fetal biometry is
      mandatory to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Most hospitals and clinics in Israel
      use growth curves from the United States. Charts developed in different
      populations do not perform well in the Israeli population. OBJECTIVES: To
      construct new reference charts for fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), head
      circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL), using a
      large sample of fetuses examined at 14-42 weeks gestational age in a medical
      center and a community ultrasound unit located in two different regions of
      Israel. METHODS: Data from the medical center and the community clinic were
      pooled. The mean and standard error of each measure for each week was calculated.
      Based on these, reference charts were calculated using quantiles of the normal
      distribution. The performance of the reference charts was assessed by comparing
      the new values to empiric quantiles. RESULTS: Biometric measurements were
      obtained for 79,328 fetuses. Growth charts were established based on these
      measurements. The overall performance of the curves was very good, with only a
      few exceptions among the higher quantiles in the third trimester in the medical
      center subsample. CONCLUSIONS: We present new local reference charts for fetal
      biometry, derived from a large and minimally selected Israeli population. We
      suggest using these new charts in routine daily obstetric practice.

PMID- 26964280
TI  - Maternal Sleep Disordered Breathing and Neonatal Outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that sleep disordered breathing (SDB) during
      pregnancy may adversely influence maternal as well as fetal well being.
      OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of maternal SDB on neonatal neurological
      examination and perinatal complications. METHODS: Pregnant women of singleton
      uncomplicated pregnancies were prospectively recruited from a community and
      hospital low risk obstetric surveillance. All participants completed a sleep
      questionnaire in the second trimester and underwent ambulatory sleep evaluation
      (WatchPAT, Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel). They were categorized as SDB (apnea
      hypopnea index > 5) and non-SDB. Maternal and newborn records were reviewed and a
      neonatal neurologic examination was conducted during the first 48 hours. RESULTS:
      The study group included 44 women and full-term infants; 11 of the women (25%)
      had SDB. Mean maternal age of the SDB and non-SDB groups was 32.3 +/- 2.8 and
      32.5 +/- 4.7 years, respectively (P = 0.86). Mean body mass index before the
      pregnancy in the SDB and non-SDB groups was 25.8 +/- 4.7 and 22.0 +/- 2.5 kg/m2,
      respectively (P = 0.028). No differences were found between infants born to
      mothers with SDB and non-SDB in birth weight (3353.8 +/- 284.8 vs. 3379.1 +/-
      492.4 g), gestational age (39.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 39.2 +/- 1.5 weeks), 5 minute Apgar
      scores (9.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 9.9 +/- 0.3), and neurologic examination scores (95.2 +/-
      3.9 vs. 94.6 +/- 4.1). P value for all was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      preliminary results suggest that maternal mild SDB during pregnancy has no
      adverse effect on neonatal neurologic examination or on perinatal complications.

PMID- 26964281
TI  - Impact of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Sexual and Hormonal Function in
      Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) added to radiation therapy (RT) in
      intermediate to high risk prostate cancer negatively impacts quality of life.
      OBJECTIVES: To compare health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in patients
      receiving combined RT with and without ADT METHODS: The study population
      comprised patients treated with definitive RT for prostate cancer who completed
      the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26 form between 3 and 24 months
      after completing RT. Covariance and a stepwise backward logistic regression model
      was used. RESULTS: Data were available for 143 patients who received RT+ADT and
      70 who received RT alone. The sexual function and hormonal vitality scores of
      patients receiving RT+ADT were significantly lower than those receiving RT alone
      (P < 0.0001). Patients with only compulsory school education had significantly
      lower sexual function scores than patients with university level education (P <=
      0.005). Patients with depression had significantly lower hormonal vitality scores
      than those without depression (P <= 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of ADT to
      RT is responsible for decrements in quality of life in the sexual and hormonal
      vitality domains, which is further compounded by depression and lack of
      education. This underlines the need to improve education, identify and treat
      depression, and develop strategies to improve the quality of life of patients
      receiving combination therapy.

PMID- 26964282
TI  - Autommune Diseases in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Neglected Issue in
      Global Health.

PMID- 26964283
TI  - Deep Frostbite: the Question of Adjuvant Treatment.

PMID- 26964284
TI  - Refractory Hypoparathyroidism in a Child with Celiac Disease.

PMID- 26964285
TI  - Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

PMID- 26964286
TI  - Skin and Visceral Manifestations in Tuberous Sclerosis.

PMID- 26964287
TI  - Dermographic Urticaria.

PMID- 26964288
TI  - European Academy of Allergy/Clinical Immunology Annual Congress: View of a Senior
      Allergist.

PMID- 26964289
TI  - [Extension of the concept of withdrawal signs].
AB  - If the conditions including normal-dose dependence in which withdrawal signs are
      observed in the absence of definite psychic dependence are classified as
      dependence, this classification should be regarded as inappropriate extension of
      the concept of drug dependence. These conditions should be diagnosed as
      'withdrawal' as specified by the DSM-5 or ICD-10. Advancements of research have
      clarified that an increased number of drugs cause withdrawal signs. Some Japanese
      researchers use the concept of 'withdrawal signs of psychic dependence.' Their
      definition of drug dependence and concept of withdrawal signs, however, are
      different from the definition established by the WHO and the researchers
      specializing in this field. Thus, the concept of 'withdrawal signs of psychic
      dependence' raises a lot of questions.

PMID- 26964290
TI  - Psychological Evaluation of Animal-assisted Intervention (AAI) Programs Involving
      Visiting Dogs and Cats for Alcohol Dependents: A Pilot Study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation method for animal-assisted
      intervention (AAI) programs involving Mood Check List-Short form.2 (MCL-S.2) and
      the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for psychiatric daycare of Japanese
      alcohol. dependents. A total of 36 alcohol dependents completed the study and
      questionnaires assessing their state. A single session of AAI reduced both
      subjective and physiological measures of state anxiety (A-State); and this
      program induced a significant reduction in the anxiety after an AAI program
      session with the dogs and cats involved in the intervention (p = 0.001). The
      Wilcoxon t-test showed that there were also significant differences in the
      "anxiety", "pleasantness", and "relaxation". scores for MCL-S.2 among the alcohol
      dependents, before and after AAI; a significantly decreased "anxiety" score (p =
      0.006), and increased "pleasantness" (p = 0.002) and "relaxation" (p=0.012)
      scores for MCL-S.2 after AAI. The results of this study indicated that alcohol
      dependents who experienced a group AAI session-program exhibited significant
      improvements in their feeling; decreased anxiety, and increased pleasantness and
      relaxation.

PMID- 26964291
TI  - [Effectiveness of brief intervention for substance use disorder in Japan--a pilot
      study].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Relatively few hospitals can treat substance use disorder in Japan
      and the options for treatment are limited. Previous studies in the West have
      shown the effectiveness of brief intervention for substance use disorder.
      However, such treatment has not been sufficiently implemented in Japan. For this
      study, we developed brief intervention tools for substance use disorder, and
      conducted a pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of treatment. METHODS:
      Participants in this study were recruited from those admitted for substance use
      disorder in the addiction treatment unit of Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa
      Hospital, and the recruitment period was from October 2013 through March 2014.
      The brief intervention consisted of one 30-min individual session. Four self
      rating scales measuring motivation, relapse risk and self-efficacy were
      administered pre- and post-intervention: SOCRATES-8D, Stimulants Relapse Risk
      Scale, Drug Abuse Self-efficacy Scale and Visual Analogue Scale. RESULTS: Forty
      patients participated in this study. Subscale Scores at post-intervention that
      improved significantly compared to those at pre-intervention were Recognition
      (SOCRATES-8D); Total score and Anxiety and intention to use drug (Stimulants
      Relapse Risk Scale); Generalized self-efficacy (Drug Abuse Self-efficacy Scale);
      and Knowledge about drug abuse (Visual Analogue Scale). CONCLUSION: These results
      indicate that brief interventions may offer effective treatment for substance use
      disorder. A randomized controlled trial that contains an evaluation of abstinence
      rate in the follow-up period is needed to ascertain the efficacy of brief
      intervention for substance use disorder in Japan.

PMID- 26964292
TI  - [Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the DAST-20].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Assessing the degree of problems related to drug abuse is important in
      each treatment setting. The Drug Abuse Screening Test-20 (DAST-20) is a brief,
      simple 20-item instrument to measure the degree of problems related to drug use.
      The objective of the present study is to examine the reliability and validity of
      the Japanese version of the DAST-20. METHODS: We translated the DAST-20 into
      Japanese using back translation. The anonymous self-administered questionnaire
      was completed by 310 drug users at the Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Centers
      (DARC group, n = 113) and at HIV/AIDS regional hospitals (HIV group, n = 197) in
      Japan. RESULTS: The average DAST-20 score was 7.6 (DARC group = 14.7, HIV group =
      2.8). Each item score was highly correlated with the total score (r = 0.45-0.88).
      A high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95) was observed (men = 0.95,
      women = 0.84). Overall test-retest reliability was 0.86 (men = 0.85, women =
      0.90). The total DAST-20 score was strongly positively correlated with the
      Severity of Dependence Scale-J score (r = 0.85), but moderately positively
      correlated with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score (r = 0.41).
      In addition, confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit to the data
      (goodness-of-fit index [GFI] = 0.893, adjusted goodness-of-fit index [AGFI] =
      0.854, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.948, root mean square residual [RMR] =
      0.008, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.073). CONCLUSION: Our
      results clearly suggest that the Japanese version of the DAST-20 has sufficient
      internal consistency and acceptable levels of concurrent validity and construct
      validity.

PMID- 26964293
TI  - [Research of Effective Network of Emotion Electroencephalogram Based on Sparse
      Bayesian Network].
AB  - Exploring the functional network during the interaction between emotion and
      cognition is an important way to reveal the underlying neural connections in the
      brain. Sparse Bayesian network (SBN) has been used to analyze causal
      characteristics of brain regions and has gradually been applied to the research
      of brain network. In this study, we got theta band and alpha band from emotion
      electroencephalogram (EEG) of 22 subjects, constructed effective networks of
      different arousal, and analyzed measurements of complex network including degree,
      average clustering coefficient and characteristic path length. We found that: (1)
      compared with EEG signal of low arousal, left middle temporal extensively
      interacted with other regions in high arousal, while right superior frontal
      interacted less; (2) average clustering coefficient was higher in high arousal
      and characteristic path length was shorter in low arousal.

PMID- 26964294
TI  - [Study on Brain Functional Connectivity Using Resting State Electroencephalogram
      Based on Synchronization Likelihood in Alzheimer's Disease].
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and a
      neurodegenerative disease with progressive cognitive dysfunction as the main
      feature. How to identify the early changes of cognitive dysfunction and give
      appropriate treatments is of great significance to delay the onset of dementia.
      Some other researches have shown that AD is associated with abnormal changes of
      brain networks. To study human brain functional connectivity characteristics in
      AD, 16 channels electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded under resting and eyes
      closed condition in 15 AD patients and 15 subjects in the control group. The
      synchronization likelihood of the full-band and alpha-band (8-13 Hz) data were
      evaluated, which resulted in the synchronization likelihood coefficient matrices.
      Considering a threshold T, the matrices were converted into binary graphs. Then
      the graphs of two groups were measured by topological parameters including the
      clustering coefficient and global efficiency. The results showed that the global
      efficiency of the network in full-band EEG was significantly smaller in AD group
      for the values of T = 0.06 and T = 0.07, but there was no statistically
      significant difference in the clustering coefficients between the two groups for
      the values of T (0.05-0.07). However, the clustering coefficient and global
      efficiency were significantly lower in AD patients at alpha-band for the same
      threshold range than those of subjects in the control group. It suggests that
      there may be decreases of the brain connectivity strength in AD patients at alpha
      band of the resting-state EEG. This study provides a support for quantifying
      functional brain state of AD from the brain network perspective.

PMID- 26964295
TI  - [Study on the Optimum Order of Autoregressive Models for Heart Rate Variability
      Analysis].
AB  - Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis technology based on an autoregressive (AR)
      model is widely used in the assessment of autonomic nervous system function. The
      order of AR models has important influence on the accuracy of HRV analysis. This
      article presents a method to determine the optimum order of AR models. After
      acquiring the ECG signal of 46 healthy adults in their natural breathing state
      and extracting the beat-to-beat intervals (RRI) in the ECG, we used two criteria,
      i. e. final prediction error (FPE) criterion to estimate the optimum model order
      for AR models, and prediction error whiteness test to decide the reliability of
      the model. We compared the frequency domain parameters including total power,
      power in high frequency (HF), power in low frequency (LF), LF power in normalized
      units and ratio of LF/HF of our HRV analysis to the results of Kubios-HRV. The
      results showed that the correlation coefficients of the five parameters between
      our methods and Kubios-HRV were greater than 0.95, and the Bland-Altman plot of
      the parameters was in the consistent band. The results indicate that the
      optimization algorithm of HRV analysis based on AR models proposed in this paper
      can obtain accurate results, and the results of this algorithm has good coherence
      with those of the Kubios-HRV software in HRV analysis.

PMID- 26964296
TI  - [Group Lasso Penalized Classifier for Diagnosis of Diseases with Categorical
      Data].
AB  - Six kinds of erythemato-squamous diseases have been common skin diseases, but the
      diagnosis of them has always been a problem. The quantitative data processing
      method is not suitable for erythemato-squamous data because they are categorical
      qualitative data. This paper proposed a new method based on group lasso penalized
      classification for the feature selection and classification for erythemato
      squamous data with categorical qualitative data. The first categorical data of 33
      dimensions were changed by the virtual code, and then 34th dimension age data
      were discretized and changed by the virtual code. Then the encoded data were
      grouped according to class group and variable group. Lastly Group Lasso penalized
      classification was executed. The classified accuracy of 10-fold cross validation
      was 98.88% +/- 0.002 3%. Compared with those of other method in the literature,
      this new method is simpler, and better for effect and efficiency, and has
      stronger interpretability and stronger stability.

PMID- 26964297
TI  - [An Improved Empirical Mode Decomposition Algorithm for Phonocardiogram Signal De
      noising and Its Application in S1/S2 Extraction].
AB  - In this paper, an improved empirical mode decomposition (EMD) algorithm for
      phonocardiogram (PCG) signal de-noising is proposed. Based on PCG signal
      processing theory, the S1/S2 components can be extracted by combining the
      improved EMD-Wavelet algorithm and Shannon energy envelope algorithm. Firstly, by
      applying EMD-Wavelet algorithm for pre-processing, the PCG signal was well
      filtered. Then, the filtered PCG signal was saved and applied in the following
      processing steps. Secondly, time domain features, frequency domain features and
      energy envelope of the each intrinsic mode function's (IMF) were computed. Based
      on the time frequency domain features of PCG's IMF components which were
      extracted from the EMD algorithm and energy envelope of the PCG, the S1/S2
      components were pinpointed accurately. Meanwhile, a detecting fixed method, which
      was based on the time domain processing, was proposed to amend the detection
      results. Finally, to test the performance of the algorithm proposed in this
      paper, a series of experiments was contrived. The experiments with thirty samples
      were tested for validating the effectiveness of the new method. Results of test
      experiments revealed that the accuracy for recognizing S1/S2 components was as
      high as 99.75%. Comparing the results of the method proposed in this paper with
      those of traditional algorithm, the detection accuracy was increased by 5.56%.
      The detection results showed that the algorithm described in this paper was
      effective and accurate. The work described in this paper will be utilized in the
      further studying on identity recognition.

PMID- 26964298
TI  - [Research on Reconstruction of Ultrasound Diffraction Tomography Based on
      Compressed Sensing].
AB  - Ultrasound diffraction tomography (UDT) possesses the characteristics of high
      resolution, sensitive to dense tissue, and has high application value in clinics.
      To suppress the artifact and improve the quality of reconstructed image,
      classical interpolation method needs to be improved by increasing the number of
      projections and channels, which will increase the scanning time and the
      complexity of the imaging system. In this study, we tried to accurately
      reconstruct the object from limited projection based on compressed sensing.
      Firstly, we illuminated the object from random angles with limited number of
      projections. Then we obtained spatial frequency samples through Fourier
      diffraction theory. Secondly, we formulated the inverse problem of UDT by
      exploring the sparsity of the object. Thirdly, we solved the inverse problem by
      conjugate gradient method to reconstruct the object. We accurately reconstructed
      the object using the proposed method. Not only can the proposed method save
      scanning time to reduce the distortion by respiratory movement, but also can
      reduce cost and complexity of the system. Compared to the interpolation method,
      our method can reduce the reconstruction error and improve the structural
      similarity.

PMID- 26964299
TI  - [Method for Extracting Vascular Perfusion Region Based on Ultrasound Contrast
      Agent].
AB  - Vascular perfusion distribution in fibroids contrast-enhanced ultrasound images
      provides useful pathological and physiological information, because the
      extraction of the vascular perfusion area can be helpful to quantitative
      evaluation of uterine fibroids blood supply. The pixel gray scale in vascular
      perfusion area of fibroids contrast-enhanced ultrasound image sequences is
      different from that in other regions, and, based on this, we proposed a method of
      extracting vascular perfusion area of fibroids. Firstly, we denoised the image
      sequence, and then we used Brox optical flow method to estimate motion of two
      adjacent frames, based on the results of the displacement field for motion
      correction. Finally, we extracted vascular perfusion region from the surrounding
      background based on the differences in gray scale for the magnitude of the rich
      blood supply area and lack of blood supply area in ultrasound images sequence.
      The experimental results showed that the algorithm could accurately extract the
      vascular perfusion area, reach the precision of identification of clinical
      perfusion area, and only small amount of calculation was needed and the process
      was fairly simple.

PMID- 26964300
TI  - [Research of Feedback Algorithm and Deformable Model Based on Improved Spring
      mass Model].
AB  - A new diamond-based variable spring-mass model has been proposed in this study.
      It can realize the deformation simulation for different organs by changing the
      length of the springs, spring coefficient and initial angle. The virtual spring
      joined in the model is used to provide constraint and to avoid hyperelastic
      phenomenon when excessive force appears. It is also used for the calculation of
      force feedback in the deformation process. With the deformation force feedback
      algorithm, we calculated the deformation area of each layer through screening
      effective particles, and contacted the deformation area with the force. This
      simplified the force feedback algorithm of traditional spring-particle model. The
      deformation simulation was realized by the PHANTOM haptic interaction devices
      based on this model. The experimental results showed that the model had the
      advantage of simple structure and of being easy to implement. The deformation
      force feedback algorithm reduces the number of the deformation calculation,
      improves the real-time deformation and has a more realistic deformation effect.

PMID- 26964301
TI  - [Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis to T-shaped Fracture of Pelvis in
      Sitting Position].
AB  - We developed a three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvis. According to
      Letournel methods, we established a pelvis model of T-shaped fracture with its
      three different fixation systems, i. e. double column reconstruction plates,
      anterior column plate combined with posterior column screws and anterior column
      plate combined with quadrilateral area screws. It was found that the pelvic model
      was effective and could be used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the
      pelvis. Three fixation systems had great therapeutic effect on the T-shaped
      fracture. All fixation systems could increase the stiffness of the model,
      decrease the stress concentration level and decrease the displacement difference
      along the fracture line. The quadrilateral area screws, which were drilled into
      cortical bone, could generate beneficial effect on the T-type fracture.
      Therefore, the third fixation system mentioned above (i. e. the anterior column
      plate combined with quadrilateral area screws) has the best biomechanical
      stability to the T-type fracture.

PMID- 26964302
TI  - [Finite Element Analysis of Intravascular Stent Based on ANSYS Software].
AB  - This paper adopted UG8.0 to bulid the stent and blood vessel models. The models
      were then imported into the finite element analysis software ANSYS. The
      simulation results of ANSYS software showed that after endothelial stent
      implantation, the velocity of the blood was slow and the fluctuation of velocity
      was small, which meant the flow was relatively stable. When blood flowed through
      the endothelial stent, the pressure gradually became smaller, and the range of
      the pressure was not wide. The endothelial shear stress basically unchanged. In
      general, it can be concluded that the endothelial stents have little impact on
      the flow of blood and can fully realize its function.

PMID- 26964303
TI  - [Combined Probe for Determining Canal Filing Cutting Path].
AB  - In order to help a surgeon to determine a proper canal filing cutting path in a
      hip replacement operation conveniently, this paper presents a kind of probe with
      combined structure. Firstly, the doctor can use this kind of combined probe to
      choose canal filing cutting path. Then, the doctor can use computer to guide the
      surgeon to file femoral cavity along the selected canal filing cutting path.
      Through hip replacement corpse experiments, filing effects and used time of using
      combined probe group and separate control group were analyzed. The experiment
      results showed that the methods introduced in this paper could lower the
      difficulty of hip replacement operations, improve the implantation of hip stem
      prostheses further, and reduce the incidence of surgical complications.

PMID- 26964304
TI  - [Stability Analysis of Susceptible-Infected-Recovered Epidemic Model].
AB  - With the range of application of computational biology and systems biology
      gradually expanding, the complexity of the bioprocess models is also increased.
      To address this difficult problem, it is required to introduce positive
      alternative analysis method to cope with it. Taking the dynamic model of the
      epidemic control process as research object, we established an evaluation model
      in our laboratory. Firstly, the model was solved with nonlinear programming
      method. The results were shown to be good. Based on biochemical systems theory,
      the ODE dynamic model was transformed into S-system. The eigen values of the
      model showed that the system was stable and contained oscillation phenomenon.
      Next the sensitivities of rate constant and logarithmic gains of the three key
      parameters were analyzed, as well as the robust of the system. The result
      indicated that the biochemical systems theory could be applied in different
      fields more widely.

PMID- 26964305
TI  - [Research on Barrier-free Home Environment System Based on Speech Recognition].
AB  - The number of people with physical disabilities is increasing year by year, and
      the trend of population aging is more and more serious. In order to improve the
      quality of the life, a control system of accessible home environment for the
      patients with serious disabilities was developed to control the home electrical
      devices with the voice of the patients. The control system includes a central
      control platform, a speech recognition module, a terminal operation module, etc.
      The system combines the speech recognition control technology and wireless
      information transmission technology with the embedded mobile computing
      technology, and interconnects the lamp, electronic locks, alarms, TV and other
      electrical devices in the home environment as a whole system through a wireless
      network node. The experimental results showed that speech recognition success
      rate was more than 84% in the home environment.

PMID- 26964306
TI  - [Software Design for a Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer].
AB  - In order to meet the requirements of ultrasound bone density measurement, we
      designed a sofware based on Visual Studio C+ + 2008. The software includes
      interface design, acquisition and control, data processing and parameter
      extraction, data storage and printing. Excellent human-computer interface (HCI)
      will give users a convenient experience. Auto gain control (AGC) and digital
      filter can improve the precision effectively. In addition, we can observe
      waveform clearly in real time. By using USB communication, we can send control
      commands to the acquisition and get data effectively, which can shorten the
      measuring time. Then we calculated the speed of sound (SOS) and broadband
      ultrasound attenuation (BUA). Patients' information can be accessed by using XML
      document. Finally, the software offers printing function.

PMID- 26964307
TI  - [Exploration Research of Treatment Effect Improvement of Transcutaneous
      Electrical Nerve Stimulation Using Parameter-changing Chaotic Signal].
AB  - This article presents a transcutaneous electric stimulator that is based on
      chaotic signal. Firstly, we in the study used the MATLAB platform in the PC to
      generate chaotic signal through the chaos equation, and then we transferred the
      signal out by data acquisition equipment of USB-6251 manufactured by NI Company.
      In order to obtain high-power signal for transcutaneous electric stimulator, we
      used the chip of LM3886 to amplify the signal. Finally, we used the power
      amplified chaotic signal to stimulate the internal nerve of human through the
      electrodes fixed on the skin. We obtained different stimulation effects of
      transcutaneous electric stimulator by changing the parameters of chaotic model.
      The preliminary test showed that the randomness of chaotic signals improved the
      applicability of electrical stimulation and the rules of chaos ensured that the
      stimulation was comfort. The method reported in this paper provides a new way for
      the design of transcutaneous electric stimulator.

PMID- 26964308
TI  - [Change of Volume and Mechanical Properties of Femoral Bone in Rabbits at
      Different Ages with Knee Osteoarthritis under Sand-therapy].
AB  - The present paper is aimed to study the effect of sand-therapy with Uyghur
      medicine on biomechanical properties and femoral bone volume of the femur of
      osteoarthritis (OA) rabbits at two different ages. In the experiments, we
      injected Papain through the joint space of right knees into the bodies of New
      Zealand rabbits (16 in the growing group, and 16 in the mature group), and
      established an OA model. The 16 rabbits in the mature group were divided randomly
      into 2 sub-groups: 8 in control group (no sand therapy), and 8 sand-therapy
      group. The 16 rabbits in the growing group were divided randomly into 2 groups as
      well: 8 in the control group (no sand therapy), and 8 in the sand-therapy group.
      We carried out CT scanning four times (1 day before, 13th, 27th and 41st days
      after the establishment of the model, respectively). After importing the CT data
      to MIMICS, the different volumes of each sclerotin were recorded and change of
      the percentage of each sclerotins in total femur bone volume were analyzed.
      Finally the rabbit femurs were given three-point bending test, the elastic load
      and the elastic deflection were obtained and the inertia of the section, the
      maximum bending stresses, the bending modulus of elasticity and the structural
      rigidity were calculated. The experimental results showed that (1) Compared with
      1 day before and 13th day after establishment of model at maturity, the
      cancellous bone volume increased and cortical bone volume decreased (P < 0.05),
      but compared with those in the control group, the cancellous bone volume of
      femurs decrease and cortical bone volume increased under sand-therapy (P < 0.05).
      Compared with those in the control group, there were no significant changes in
      the deflection and cross-sectional moment of inertia in the sand-therapy group (P
      > 0.05), but the maximum bending normal stress, maximum load, elastic modulus,
      and structural stiffness (P < 0.05) in the sand therapy group were larger than
      those in the control group. The study showed that sand-therapy in Uyghur medicine
      has benign effect on bone volume of the OA rabbit femur in two ages and the
      mechanical properties of the OA rabbit femur at the two ages induced by sand
      therapy in Uyghur medicine have been improved.

PMID- 26964309
TI  - [Extraction, Purification and Identification of a Dexamethasone-degrading Enzymes
      Generated by Pseudomonas Alcaligenes].
AB  - In this research a strain of isolated Pseudomonas alcaligenes which causes
      degradation of dexamethasone was acclimated further and its proteins of every
      position in the bacterium were separated by the osmotic shock method. The
      separated intracellular proteins which had the highest enzyme activity were
      extracted by the salting out with ammonium sulfate and were purified with the
      cation exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. The purified proteins
      which was active to cause degradation of dexamethasone had been detected were cut
      with enzyme and were analyzed with mass spectrometry. The results showed that the
      degradation rate to dexamethasone by acclimated Pseudomonas alcaligenes were
      increased from 23.63% to 52.84%. The degrading enzymes were located mainly in the
      intracellular of the bacteria and its molecular weight was about 41 kD. The
      specific activity of the purified degrading enzymes were achieved to 1.02 U x mg(
      1). Its 5-peptide amino acid sequences were consistent with some sequences of the
      isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. The protein enzyme may be a new kind degrading
      enzyme of steroidal compounds. Our experimental results provided new strategies
      for cleanup of dexamethasone in water environment with microbial bioremediation
      technique.

PMID- 26964311
TI  - [Promotion of Pink1S Auto-phosphorylation with CK2beta].
AB  - The aim of this study is to determine the regulatory mechanism of PTEN-induced
      putative kinase protein 1 short isoform (PINK1S) in cytoplasm. By co
      immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay, we identified that PINK1S interacted with the
      beta regulatory subunit of Casein Kinase 2 (CK2beta), but not with the catalytic
      subunits CK2alpha1 and CK2alpha2. Furthermore, cells were transfected with PINK1S
      and CK2beta, and then PINK1S was purified by immunoprecipitation. After detecting
      the phosphorylated proteins by Phos-tag Biotin, we found that CK2beta
      overexpression increased auto-phosphorylation of PINK1S. Finally, we generated
      CK2beta knockdown cell lines by RNA interference. Purified PINK1S from CK2beta
      knockdown cells significantly reduced its auto-phosphorylation compared with
      control cells. These results suggested that CK2beta functions as a regulatory
      subunit of PINK1S kinase complex promoted its activation by self-phosphorylation.

PMID- 26964310
TI  - [Optimization of Prokaryotic Expression Conditions of Human beta2-microglobulin
      in E. Coli and Its Purification].
AB  - To obtain recombinant human beta2-microglobulin (rhbeta2M) with properties of
      good solubility and high purity from E. coli, prokaryotic expression conditions
      were optimized and protein purification was performed in this study. After
      testing the effect of different IPTG concentrations, temperatures and induction
      times on the production of rhbeta2M, the optimum expression conditions were
      determined, i. e. joining IPTG to final concentration being 0.8 mmol/L and
      inducing time 6 h and at temperature of 25 degrees C. Under the optimum induction
      conditions, the ratio of soluble rhbeta2M to soluble bacterial protein was 63.7%.
      After purified by Ni Sepharose 6 Fast Flow, the purity of rhbeta2M achieved a
      greater value of 95%. Western blot analysis revealed that rhbeta2M possessed the
      antigen property that specifically interacted with anti-beta2M antibody.

PMID- 26964312
TI  - [Effect of Conditioned Medium from Endothelial Cells on Cancer Stem Cell
      Phenotype of Hepatoma Cells].
AB  - In this study, we aimed to investigate the influences of conditioned medium from
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on cancer stem cell phenotype of
      human hepatoma cells. HUVEC and human hepatoma cells (MHCC97H) were cultured,
      respectively, and then the MHCC97H cells were co-cultured with conditioned medium
      from HUVEC (EC-CM) with Transwell system. Anti-cancer drug sensitivity, colony
      formation, migration/invasion ability, expression of cancer stem cell marker and
      sphere formation were performed to determine the cancer stem cell phenotype in
      MHCC97H cells. We found that MHCC97H cells co-cultured with EC-CM exhibited
      significantly higher colony-formation ability and lower sensitivity of anti
      cancer drugs 5-FU and Cis. Transwell assay showed that treatment with EC-CM
      obviously increased migration and invasion of MHCC97H cells. Moreover, increased
      sphere forming capability and expression of CD133 in MHCC97H cells were observed
      after co-cultured with EC-CM. These results suggested that EC-CM could promote
      cancer stem cell phenotype of hepatoma cells.

PMID- 26964313
TI  - [Molecular Image of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanopariticle Labeled with hATF
      in Colon Tumor Models].
AB  - Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a membrane protein which is
      attached to the cellular external membrane. The uPAR expression can be observed
      both in tumor cells and in tumor-associated stromal cells. Thus, in the present
      study, the human amino-terminal fragment (hATF), as a targeting element to uPAR,
      is used to conjugate to the surface of superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle
      (SPIO). Flowcytometry was used to examine the uPAR expression in different tumor
      cell lines. The specificity of hATF-SPIO was verified by Prussian blue stain and
      cell phantom test. The imaging properties of hATF-SPIO were confirmed in vivo
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of uPAR-elevated colon tumor. Finally, the
      distribution of hATF-SPIO in tumor tissue was confirmed by pathological staining.
      Results showed that the three cells in which we screened, presented different
      expression characteristics, i. e., Hela cells strongly expressed uPAR, HT29 cells
      moderately expressed uPAR, but Lovo cells didn't express uPAR. In vitro, after
      incubating with Hela cells, hATF-SPIO could specifically combined to and be
      subsequently internalized by uPAR positive cells, which could be observed via
      Prussian blue staining. Meanwhile T2WI signal intensity of Hela cells, after
      incubation with targeted probe, significantly decreased, and otherwise no obvious
      changes in Lovo cells both by Prussian blue staining and MRI scans. In vivo, hATF
      SPIO could be systematically delivered to HT29 xenograft and accumulated in the
      tumor tissue which was confirmed by Prussian Blue stain compared to Lovo
      xenografts. Twenty-four hours after injection of targeting probe, the signal
      intensity of HT29 xenografts was lower than Lovo ones which was statistically
      significant. This targeting nanoparticles enabled not only in vitro specifically
      combining to uPAR positive cells but also in vivo imaging of uPAR moderately
      elevated colon cancer lesions.

PMID- 26964314
TI  - [Temporal Pattern of DNA Breaks in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells after Exposure to
      Nanosecond Electric Pulses].
AB  - This study aims to explore the temporal pattern of DNA breaks induced by
      nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP) in cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant
      human ovarian cancer cells. Human ovarian cancer cells A2780 (cisplatin-sensitive
      subline) and C30 (cisplatin-resistant subline) were exposed to nsEP. Sham exposed
      groups were shame exposed to nsEP. Cell viability was determined using CCK-8
      assay after 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 24 h, respectively, and the percentage of
      dead cells was calculated. The DNA break was detected with the alkaline single
      cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), and the 75th percentiles of TL (tail
      length), TM (tail moment) and OTM (Olive tail moment) were measured. Cell
      viability displayed an early decrease and late increase, with the valley value
      seen at 8 h. Percentages of cell death and comet-formed in A2780 cells were
      higher than those in C30 cells (P < 0.05) at 8 h, respectively. TL, TM and OTM in
      C30 cells were less than those in A2780 cells (P < 0.05). The percentage of comet
      formed correlated with that of cell death in either A2780 (r = 0.997, P < 0.05)
      or C30 (r = 0.998, P < 0.05) cells. DNA breaks induced by nsEP in cisplatin
      sensitive cells differred from that in resistant cells, and DNA break resulted in
      fraction of cell death.

PMID- 26964315
TI  - [Effect of the Combination of Xiyanping and Cefazolin on the Function of
      Neutrophils in Mice].
AB  - Xiyanping is used to treat infectious diseases with antibiotics in clinic. The
      aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of Xiyanping through studying
      the effect of the combination of Xiyanping with Cefazolin on the chemotaxis and
      phagocytic function of peripheral blood neutrophils in mice. Ten healthy mice
      were in control group. Forty healthy mice in experimental group were infected
      with staphylococcus aureus, and were randomly divided further into four groups,
      i. e. model group, Xiyanping group, Cefazolin group and combination group
      (Xiyanping with Cefazolin). Mice in the control group and model group were given
      normal saline (NS) through abdomen while those in other groups were given
      Xiyanping, Cefazolin, and Xiyanping with Cefazolin, respectively. The chemotaxis
      of peripheral blood neutrophils was detected with the transwell method, and the
      phagocytic function of peripheral blood neutrophils was analyzed with flow
      cytometry (FCM). In the present study, there was no significance on the
      chemotactic index of peripheral blood neutrophils in all the groups (P > 0.05).
      The actual phagocytotic rate and index of peripheral blood neutrophils in the
      blank group, Xiyanping group, and the combination group were significantly higher
      than those of the model group and Cefazolin group (P < 0.05). However, those were
      not significant in the blank group, Xiyanping group, and the combination group (P
      > 0.05) or between the model group and Cefazolin group (P> 0.05). Our results
      suggested the combination of Xiyanping and Cefazolin could enhance the
      therapeutic effect by improving the phagocytic function of peripheral blood
      neutrophils.

PMID- 26964317
TI  - [Comparison Study of Left Ventricular Function Assessment by 18F-FDG PET, Gated
      SPECT and 2D-Echocardiography in Patients with Myocardial Infarction].
AB  - The aim of this study is to analyze the concordance between EDV, ESV and LVEF
      values derived from 18F-FDG PET, GSPECT and ECHO in patients with myocardial
      infarction. Sixty-four patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial
      infarction were enrolled in the study. Each patient underwent at least two of the
      above mentioned studies within 2 weeks. LVEF, EDV and ESV values were analyzed
      with dedicated software. Statistical evaluation of correlation and agreement was
      carried out EDV was overestimated by 18F-FDG PET compared with GSPECT [(137.98 +/
      61.71) mL and (125.35 +/- 59.34) mL]; ESV was overestimated by 18F-FDG PET
      (85.89 +/- 55.21) mL and GSPECT (82.39 +/- 55.56) mL compared with ECHO (68.22 +/
      41.37) mL; EF was overestimated by 18F-FDG PET (41.96% +/- 15.08%) and ECHO
      (52.18% +/- 13.87%) compared with GSPECT (39.75% +/- 15.64%), and EF was also
      overestimated by 18F-FDG PET compared with GSPECT. The results of linear
      regression analysis showed good correlation between EDV, ESV and LVEF values
      derived from 18F-FDG PET, GSPECT and ECHO (r = 0.643-0.873, P = 0.000). Bland
      Altman analysis indicated that 18F-FDG PET correlated well with ECHO in the Left
      ventricular function parameters. While GSPECT correlated well with 18F-FDG PET in
      ESV, GSPECT had good correlation with Echo in respect of EDV and EF; whereas
      GSPECT had poor correlation with PET/ECHO in the remaining left ventricular
      function parameters. Therefore, the clinical physicians should decide whether
      they would use the method according to the patients' situation and diagnostic
      requirements.

PMID- 26964316
TI  - [Effects of Plasmid Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Magnetic Chitosan Gelatin
      Microspheres on Proliferation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of superparamagnetic
      chitosan FGF-2 gelatin microspheres (SPCFGM) on the proliferation and
      differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells. The superparamagnetic iron oxide
      chitosan nanoparticles (SPIOCNs) were synthesized by means of chemical co
      precipitation, combined with FGF-2. Then The SPCFGM and superparamagnetic
      chitosan gelatin microspheres (SPCGM) were prepared by means of crosslinking
      emulsion. The properties of SPCFGM and SPIONs were measured by laser diffraction
      particle size analyser and transmisson electron microscopy. The SPCFGM were
      measured for drug loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency and release
      pharmaceutical properties in vitro. The C3H10 cells were grouped according to the
      different ingredients being added to the culture medium: SPCFGM group, SPCGM
      group and DMEM as control group. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by DAPI staining.
      The protein expression level of FGF-2 was determined by Western blot. The
      proliferation activity and cell cycle phase of C3H10 were examined by CCK8 and
      flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that both of the SPIOCNs and SPCFGM were
      exhibited structure of spherical crystallization with a diameter of (25 +/- 9) nm
      and (140 +/- 12) MUm, respectively. There were no apoptosis cells in the three
      group cells. Both the protein expression level of FGF-2 and cell proliferation
      activity increased significantly in the SPCFGM group cells (P < 0.05). The SPCFGM
      is successfully constructed and it can controlled-release FGF-2, remained the
      biological activity of FGF-2, which can promote proliferation activity of C3H10
      cells, and are non-toxic to the cell.

PMID- 26964319
TI  - [New Approach of Fundus Image Segmentation Evaluation Based on Topology
      Structure].
AB  - In view of the evaluation of fundus image segmentation, a new evaluation method
      was proposed to make up insufficiency of the traditional evaluation method which
      only considers the overlap of pixels and neglects topology structure of the
      retinal vessel. Mathematical morphology and thinning algorithm were used to
      obtain the retinal vascular topology structure. Then three features of retinal
      vessel, including mutual information, correlation coefficient and ratio of nodes,
      were calculated. The features of the thinned images taken as topology structure
      of blood vessel were used to evaluate retinal image segmentation. The manually
      labeled images and their eroded ones of STARE database were used in the
      experiment. The result showed that these features, including mutual information,
      correlation coefficient and ratio of nodes, could be used to evaluate the
      segmentation quality of retinal vessel on fundus image through topology
      structure, and the algorithm was simple. The method is of significance to the
      supplement of traditional segmentation evaluation of retinal vessel on fundus
      image.

PMID- 26964318
TI  - [Rectovaginal Fistula Stage-one Repair Device Based on Magnetic Compression
      Technique].
AB  - The magnamosis device for stage-one repair of the rectovaginal tistula consists
      of two arc magnets. Drawing the interrupting thread along the fistula margin via
      the vaginal side, and pulling the string to arrange the magnets at the fistula
      base along the long axis of the vagina, we made the magnamosis device
      automatically clipped to seal the fistula. After removing the threads we kept the
      device for 2-4 weeks till the natural detachment of it when the compressed tissue
      in between healed after vascular necrosis. This device utilizing the unique
      ability of magnamosis to fulfill anastomosis under inflammatory infected state
      reduces the current high relapse rate and colostomy drawbacks of the conventional
      rectovaginal neoplasty.

PMID- 26964320
TI  - [An Algorithm for Correcting Fetal Heart Rate Baseline].
AB  - Fetal heart rate (FHR) baseline estimation is of significance for the
      computerized analysis of fetal heart rate and the assessment of fetal state. In
      our work, a fetal heart rate baseline correction algorithm was presented to make
      the existing baseline more accurate and fit to the tracings. Firstly, the
      deviation of the existing FHR baseline was found and corrected. And then a new
      baseline was obtained finally after treatment with some smoothing methods. To
      assess the performance of FHR baseline correction algorithm, a new FHR baseline
      estimation algorithm that combined baseline estimation algorithm and the baseline
      correction algorithm was compared with two existing FHR baseline estimation
      algorithms. The results showed that the new FHR baseline estimation algorithm did
      well in both accuracy and efficiency. And the results also proved the
      effectiveness of the FHR baseline correction algorithm.

PMID- 26964321
TI  - [Research on the Method of Blood Pressure Monitoring Based on Multiple Parameters
      of Pulse Wave].
AB  - In order to improve the accuracy of blood pressure measurement in wearable
      devices, this paper presents a method for detecting blood pressure based on
      multiple parameters of pulse wave. Based on regression analysis between blood
      pressure and the characteristic parameters of pulse wave, such as the pulse wave
      transit time (PWTT), cardiac output, coefficient of pulse wave, the average slope
      of the ascending branch, heart rate, etc. we established a model to calculate
      blood pressure. For overcoming the application deficiencies caused by measuring
      ECG in wearable device, such as replacing electrodes and ECG lead sets which are
      not convenient, we calculated the PWTT with heart sound as reference (PWTT(PCG)).
      We experimentally verified the detection of blood pressure based on PWTT(PCG) and
      based on multiple parameters of pulse wave. The experiment results showed that it
      was feasible to calculate the PWTT from PWTT(PCG). The mean measurement error of
      the systolic and diastolic blood pressure calculated by the model based on
      multiple parameters of pulse wave is 1.62 mm Hg and 1.12 mm Hg, increased by 57%
      and 53% compared to those of the model based on simple parameter. This method has
      more measurement accuracy.

PMID- 26964322
TI  - [Integrated Development of Full-automatic Fluorescence Analyzer].
AB  - In view of the fact that medical inspection equipment sold in the domestic market
      is mainly imported from abroad and very expensive, we developed a full-automatic
      fluorescence analyzer in our center, presented in this paper. The present paper
      introduces the hardware architecture design of FPGA/DSP motion controlling
      card+PC+ STM32 embedded micro processing unit, software system based on C# multi
      thread, design and implementation of double-unit communication in detail. By
      simplifying the hardware structure, selecting hardware legitimately and adopting
      control system software to object-oriented technology, we have improved the
      precision and velocity of the control system significantly. Finally, the
      performance test showed that the control system could meet the needs of automated
      fluorescence analyzer on the functionality, performance and cost.

PMID- 26964323
TI  - [Segmentation Method for Liver Organ Based on Image Sequence Context].
AB  - In view of the problems of more artificial interventions and segmentation defects
      in existing two-dimensional segmentation methods and abnormal liver segmentation
      errors in three-dimensional segmentation methods, this paper presents a semi
      automatic liver organ segmentation method based on the image sequence context.
      The method takes advantage of the existing similarity between the image sequence
      contexts of the prior knowledge of liver organs, and combines region growing and
      level set method to carry out semi-automatic segmentation of livers, along with
      the aid of a small amount of manual intervention to deal with liver mutation
      situations. The experiment results showed that the liver segmentation algorithm
      presented in this paper had a high precision, and a good segmentation effect on
      livers which have greater variability, and can meet clinical application demands
      quite well.

PMID- 26964324
TI  - [Research Progress of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in MRI].
AB  - Magnetic susceptibility is an intrinsic physical quantity which describes the
      relationship between material magnetization and applied external magnetic field.
      Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI technology which can quantify
      the buck magnetic susceptibility of tissue in vivo. It is particularly effective
      at elucidating anatomy with paramagnetic or diamagnetic components. QSM
      technology is a method for solving the ill-pose problem of unconventional de
      convolution of the measured tissue magnetic field with the unit magnetic dipole
      field to obtain the susceptibility source map. Many multi orientation scan based
      QSM and clinically acceptable single orientation QSM methods have been proposed
      to solve this ill-posed problem. In this paper, the QSM concept is introduced and
      the various QSM methods are systematically categorized and discussed. The aim of
      this paper is to summarize the current research progress of QSM, popularize the
      knowledge of QSM and promote the improvements and the rational application of QSM
      in clinical field.

PMID- 26964325
TI  - [Research Progress on the Interaction Effects and Its Neural Mechanisms between
      Physical Fatigue and Mental Fatigue].
AB  - Fatigue is an exhaustion state caused by prolonged physical work and mental work,
      which can reduce working efficiency and even cause industrial accidents. Fatigue
      is a complex concept involving both physiological and psychological factors.
      Fatigue can cause a decline of concentration and work performance and induce
      chronic diseases. Prolonged fatigue may endanger life safety. In most of the
      scenarios, physical and mental workloads co-lead operator into fatigue state.
      Thus, it is very important to study the interaction influence and its neural
      mechanisms between physical and mental fatigues. This paper introduces recent
      progresses on the interaction effects and discusses some research challenges and
      future development directions. It is believed that mutual influence between
      physical fatigue and mental fatigue may occur in the central nervous system.
      Revealing the basal ganglia function and dopamine release may be important to
      explore the neural mechanisms between physical fatigue and mental fatigue. Future
      effort is to optimize fatigue models, to evaluate parameters and to explore the
      neural mechanisms so as to provide scientific basis and theoretical guidance for
      complex task designs and fatigue monitoring.

PMID- 26964326
TI  - [Research Progress on the Development and Regulation of Embryonic Hematopoietic
      Stem Cells].
AB  - Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tissue specific stem cells that replenish all
      mature blood lineages during the lifetime of an individual. Hematopoietic cell
      clusters in the aorta of vertebrate embryos play a pivotal role in the formation
      of the adult blood system. Recently, people have learned a lot about the
      embryonic HSCs on their development and homing. During their differentiation,
      HSCs are regulated by the transcription factors, such as Runx1 and Notch
      signaling pathway, etc. MicroRNAs also regulate the self-renewal and
      differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells on the post
      transcriptional levels. Since the onset of circulation, the formation of HSCs and
      their differentiation into blood cells, especially red blood cells, are regulated
      by the hemodynamic forces. It would be of great significance if we could treat
      hematologic diseases with induced HSCs in vitro on the basis of fully
      understanding of hemotopoietic stem cell development. This review is focused on
      the advances in the research of HSCs' development and regulation.

PMID- 26964327
TI  - [A Review of Methods for Early Evaluation of Alzheimer's Disease].
AB  - With the intensified aging problem, the study of age-related diseases is becoming
      more and more significant. Alzheimer's disease is a kind of dementia, with senile
      plaques and neurofibrillary tangles as the main pathological features, and has
      become one of the major diseases that endanger the health of the elderly. This
      review is concentrated on the research of the early assessment of Alzheimer's
      disease. The current situation of early diagnosis of the disease is analyzed, and
      a prospect of the future development of early assessment means of the disease is
      also made in the paper.

PMID- 26964328
TI  - [Research Progress of Intestinal Microbiome Detection Method].
AB  - Microorganism distributes in the organs of human body which connect with external
      environment, especially those organs in the gastrointestinal tracts, and it also
      plays a fundamental role in the physiopathology of the host's body. Because the
      microorganism is very small and has a great variety, it is difficult to reveal
      the significance of microorganism in the human physiopathology comprehensively
      and deeply. With the development of molecular biology, genomics, bioinformatics
      and other disciplines, the microbiome research will be more possible and easier.
      There are two key contents of microecology. One of these is to identify and
      quantify the diversity of microorganism, and the other is to reveal activity and
      the physiopathological function of microorganism in the host. Microbiome research
      methods, therefore, can be summarized as the traditional detection methods,
      construction of gene library, the genetic fingerprint analysis and molecular
      hybridization techniques and so on.

PMID- 26964329
TI  - [Research Progress of Automatic Sleep Staging Based on Electroencephalogram
      Signals].
AB  - The research of sleep staging is not only a basis of diagnosing sleep related
      diseases but also the precondition of evaluating sleep quality, and has important
      clinical significance. In recent years, the research of automatic sleep staging
      based on computer has become a hot spot and got some achievements. The basic
      knowledge of sleep staging and electroencephalogram (EEG) is introduced in this
      paper. Then, feature extraction and pattern recognition, two key technologies for
      automatic sleep staging, are discussed in detail. Wavelet transform and Hilbert
      Huang transform, two methods for feature extraction, are compared. Artificial
      neural network and support vector machine (SVM), two methods for pattern
      recognition are discussed. In the end, the research status of this field is
      summarized, and development trends of next phase are pointed out.

PMID- 26964330
TI  - [Utilization of Three-dimensional Printing Technology for Manufacture of
      Artificial Organs].
AB  - In this article, we introduce the principle, describe the utilization and discuss
      the future development of three-dimensional printing technology for manufacturing
      artificial organs.

PMID- 26964331
TI  - [Preface for special issue on bioenergy (2015)].
AB  - Research and industrial application of bioenergy have developed quickly with the
      systematic and multifocal trends in recent years. The 4th International
      Conference on Biomass Energy Technologies-8th World Bioenergy Symposium (ICBT-WBS
      2014) and Joint Biomass Energy Symposium of Chinese Renewable Energy Society
      (CRES) were held in Changsha, China, 17-19 October, 2014, with American Institute
      of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), Biomass Energy Innovation Alliance, European
      Biomass Industry Association, AIChE and United Nations Development Programme
      (UNDP). This special issue on bioenergy is based on selected excellent papers
      from the submissions, together with free submissions. The special issue consists
      of reviews and original papers, mainly involving the aspects closely related to
      the bioenergy and related fields, including resource analyses, pretreatment,
      fuel/chemicals production, byproduct disposal and strategy investigation.

PMID- 26964332
TI  - [Trends of microalgal biotechnology: a view from bibliometrics].
AB  - Microalgae is a single-cell organism with the characteristics of high light
      energy utilization rate, fast growth rate, high-value bioactive components and
      high energy material content. Therefore, microalgae has broad application
      prospects in food, feed, bioenergy, carbon sequestration, wastewater treatment
      and other fields. In this article, the microalgae biotechnology development in
      recent years were fully consulted, through analysis from the literature and
      patent. The progress of microalgal biotechnology at home and abroad is compared
      and discussed. Furthermore, the project layout, important achievements and
      development bottlenecks of microalgae biotechnology in our country were also
      summarized. At last, future development directions of microalgae biotechnology
      were discussed.

PMID- 26964333
TI  - [Transcriptome analysis of bioenergy plant Miscanthus sinensis Anderss by RNA
      Seq].
AB  - Miscanthus sinensis Anderss is a perennial C4-grass. It is a promising bioenergy
      plant, which has been proposed as general feedstock for biomass and
      lignocellulosic biofuel production. In this study, the flower and leaf buds
      transcriptomes of Miscanthus sinensis Anderss were sequenced by the platform of
      Illumina HiSeq 2000. In total 98 326 Unigenes were generated by de novo assembly
      with an average length of 822 bp and N50 of 1 023 bp. Based on the NR, NT, Swiss
      Prot, KEGG, GO and COG databases (Evalue < le-5), 74 134 (75.40%) Unigenes were
      annotated. A total of 45 507 Unigenes were mapped into different GO terms. In
      KEGG pathways identification, 36 710 sequences were assigned to 128 KEGG
      pathways. Sorghum bicolor (37 731, 60.86%), Zea mays (16 258, 26.22%), and Oryza
      sativa (3 065, 4.94%) showed high similarity to Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. And
      24 photosynthesis-related enzyme genes were identified. The result provides a
      foundation for further characterizing the functional genes in Miscanthus sinensis
      Anderss.

PMID- 26964334
TI  - [Effect of pretreatment by solid-state fermentation of sawdust on the
      pelletization and pellet's properties].
AB  - We pretreated sawdust (Castanopsis fissa Rehd.et Wils) by solid state
      fermentation (SSF) with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and then compressed it into
      pellets with the moisture content of 15% and the pressure of 98 MPa, to solve the
      problem of low density, low Meyer hardness, high water uptake, and short storage
      period of pellet in the woody pellet industry. We studied the effects of
      fermentation time on pelletization and pellets's characteristics (including
      energy consumption, density, Meyer hardness, and hydrophobicity). SSF affected
      the heating values of pellet. Compared with fresh sawdust, SSF consumed more
      energy at the maximal value by 6.98% but saved extrusion energy by 32.19% at the
      maximum. Meanwhile, SSF could improve the density, Meyer hardness and
      hydrophobicity of pellet. Pellet made of sawdust pretreated by SSF for 48 d had
      best quality, beneficial for long-term transportation and storage of pellets.

PMID- 26964335
TI  - [Effects of hot-NaOH pretreatment on Jerusalem artichoke stalk composition and
      subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis].
AB  - In order to explore the possibility of Jerusalem artichoke stalk for bioenergy
      conversion, we analyzed the main composition of whole stalk, pitch, and core of
      the stalk. Meanwhile, these parts were pretreated with different NaOH
      concentrations at 121 degrees C. Afterwards, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed
      to evaluate the pretreatment efficiency. Jerusalem artichoke stalk was
      characterized by relatively high lignin content (32.0%) compared with traditional
      crop stalks. The total carbohydrate content was close to that of crop stalks, but
      with higher cellulose content (40.5%) and lower hemicellulose (19.6%) than those
      of traditional crop stalks. After pretreatment, the lignin content in the whole
      stalk, pitch, and core decreased by 13.1%-13.4%, 8.3%-13.5%, and 19.9%-27.2%,
      respectively, compared with the unpretreated substrates. The hemicellulose
      content in the whole stalk, pitch, and core decreased 87.8%-96.9%, 87.6%-95.0%,
      and 74.0%-90.2%, respectively. Correspondingly, the cellulose content in the
      pretreated whole stalk, pitch, and core increased by 56.5%-60.2%, 52.2%-55.4%,
      and 62.7%-73.2%, respectively. Moreover, increase of NaOH concentration for
      pretreatment could improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole stalk and pitch
      by 2.3-2.6 folds and 10.3-18.5 folds, respectively. The hydrolysis of pretreated
      stalk core decreased significantly as 2.0 mol/L NaOH was employed, although the
      increased NaOH concentration can also improve its hydrolysis performance. Based
      on these results, hot-NaOH can be regarded as an option for Jerusalem artichoke
      stalk pretreatment. Increasing NaOH concentration was beneficial to hemicellulose
      and lignin removal, and consequently improved sugar conversion. However, the
      potential decrease of sugar conversion of the pretreated core by higher NaOH
      concentration suggested further optimization on the pretreatment conditions
      should be performed.

PMID- 26964336
TI  - [High titer ethanol production from an atmospheric glycerol autocatalytic
      organosolv pretreated wheat straw].
AB  - The expensive production of bioethanol is because it has not yet reached the
      'THREE-HIGH' (High-titer, high-conversion and high-productivity) technical levels
      of starchy ethanol production. To cope with it, it is necessary to implement a
      high-gravity mash bioethanol production (HMBP), in which sugar hydrolysates are
      thick and fermentation-inhibitive compounds are negligible. In this work, HMBP
      from an atmospheric glycerol autocatalytic organosolv pretreated wheat straw was
      carried out with different fermentation strategies. Under an optimized condition
      (15% substrate concentration, 10 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 30 FPU/g dry matter, 10% (V/V)
      inoculum ratio), HMBP was at 31.2 g/L with a shaking simultaneous
      saccharification and fermentation (SSF) at 37 degrees C for 72 h, and achieved
      with a conversion of 73% and a productivity of 0.43 g/(L x h). Further by a semi
      SFF with pre-hydrolysis time of 24 h, HMBP reached 33.7 g/L, the conversion and
      productivity of which was 79% and 0.47 g/(L x h), respectively. During the SSF
      and semi-SSF, more than 90% of the cellulose in both substrates were hydrolyzed
      into fermentable sugars. Finally, a fed-batch semi-SFF was developed with an
      initial substrate concentration of 15%, in which dried substrate (= the weight of
      the initial substrate) was divided into three portions and added into the conical
      flask once each 8 h during the first 24 h. HMBP achieved at 51.2 g/L for 72 h
      with a high productivity of 0.71 g/(L x h) while a low cellulose conversion of
      62%. Interestingly, the fermentation inhibitive compound was mainly acetic acid,
      less than 3.0 g/L, and there were no other inhibitors detected, commonly furfural
      and hydroxymethyl furfural existing in the slurry. The data indicate that the
      lignocellulosic substrate subjected to the atmospheric glycerol autocatalytic
      organosolv pretreatment is very applicable for HMBP. The fed-batch semi-SFF is
      effective and desirable to realize an HMBP.

PMID- 26964337
TI  - [Effects of furfural on the growth and lipid production of oleaginous yeast
      Rhodotorula glutinis].
AB  - In order to illustrate the effects of furfural, one of the most common inhibitory
      compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysate, on oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula
      glutinis, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of furfural
      (0.1, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.5 g/L) on the biomass and lipid production of R. glutinis,
      as well as the effects of 1.0 g/L furfural on the utilization of glucose and
      xylose. Results showed that: when the furfural concentration reached 1.5 g/L, the
      lag phrase time was extended to 96 h, and the residual glucose was up to 17.7
      g/L, with maximum biomass of only 6.6 g/L, which accounted for 47% of that in the
      basic medium (furfural-free), and the corresponding lipid content was reduced
      about 50%. Furfural showed lighter inhibitory degree on R. glutinis when xylose
      acted as the carbon source than glucose was the carbon source; more C18 fatty
      acids or unsaturated C18 fatty acids were generated in the presence of furfural.

PMID- 26964338
TI  - [Adsorption mechanism of furfural onto modified rice husk charcoals].
AB  - To evaluate the absorptive characteristics of furfural onto biomass charcoals
      derived from rice husk pyrolysis, we studied the information of the structure and
      surface chemistry properties of the rice husk charcoals modified by thermal
      treatment under nitrogen and carbon dioxide flow and adsorption mechanism of
      furfural. The modified samples are labeled as RH-N2 and RH-CO2. Fresh rice husk
      charcoal sample (RH-450) and modified samples were characterized by elemental
      analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier-transform infrared
      spectroscopy and Boehm titration. The results show that fresh rice husk charcoal
      obtained at 450 degrees C had a large number of organic groups on its surface and
      poor pore structure. After the modification under nitrogen and carbon dioxide
      flow, oxygenic organics in rice husk charcoals decompose further, leading to the
      reduction of acidic functional groups on charcoals surface, and the increase of
      the pyrone structures of the basic groups. Meanwhile, pore structure was improved
      significantly and the surface area was increased, especially for the micropores.
      This resulted in the increase of pi-pi dispersion between the surfaces of rice
      husk charcoals and furfural molecular. With making comprehensive consideration of
      pi-pi dispersion and pore structure, the best removal efficiency of furfural was
      obtained by rice husk charcoal modified under carbon dioxide flow.

PMID- 26964339
TI  - Biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil production in a fluidized bed reactor under
      hot flue atmosphere.
AB  - Fast pyrolysis experiments of corn stalk were performed to investigate the
      optimal pyrolysis conditions of temperature and bed material for maximum bio-oil
      production under flue gas atmosphere. Under the optimized pyrolysis conditions,
      furfural residue, xylose residue and kelp seaweed were pyrolyzed to examine their
      yield distributions of products, and the physical characteristics of bio-oil were
      studied. The best flow rate of the flue gas at selected temperature is obtained,
      and the pyrolysis temperature at 500 degrees C and dolomite as bed material could
      give a maximum bio-oil yield. The highest bio-oil yield of 43.3% (W/W) was
      achieved from corn stalk under the optimal conditions. Two main fractions were
      recovered from the stratified bio-oils: light oils and heavy oils. The physical
      properties of heavy oils from all feedstocks varied little. The calorific values
      of heavy oils were much higher than that of light oils. The pyrolysis gas could
      be used as a gaseous fuel due to a relatively high calorific value of 6.5-8.5
      MJ/m3.

PMID- 26964340
TI  - [Pyrolytic depolymerization mechanism of a lignin model compound with alpha-O-4
      linkage].
AB  - To understand the pyrolysis mechanism of lignin with alpha-O-4 linkage, 4-(3
      hydroxy-1-phenoxypropyl)-phenol was selected as an alpha-O-4 type lignin dimer
      model compound, and its pyrolysis process was studied by density functional
      theory with M06-2X method at 6-31+G (d,p) level. Equilibrium geometries of the
      reactant, intermediates, transition states and products were fully optimized. The
      activation energies in each pyrolysis pathway were calculated. The dimer
      decomposed mainly through the homolytic cleavage and concerted decomposition of
      the C(alpha)-O linkage. Pyrolytic products mainly included various phenolic
      compounds such as phenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-vinylphenol and p-coumaryl alcohol,
      as well as light compounds such as ethanol, methanol and formaldehyde. Pyrolytic
      depolymerization process has its potential in biomass-based fuels.

PMID- 26964341
TI  - [Automatically feeding strategy for 1,3-propanediol fermentation of Klebsiella
      pneumoniae LDH526].
AB  - 1,3-propanediol is an important chemical used as building block for the synthesis
      of highly promising polyesters such as polytrimethylene terephthalate. A
      genetically modified Klebsiella pneumoniae LDH526 can use glycerol as sole carbon
      source and produce 1,3-propanediol with the titer above 90 g/L. A key factor
      affecting the production of 1,3-propanediol by the mutant K. pneumoniae is the
      accurate control of the feeding of glycerol. To generate a robust and
      reproducible fermentation process of 1,3-propanediol, we designed and optimized
      an automatically feeding strategy of glycerol based on fermentation kinetics. By
      coupling the substrate feeding rate with easily observed variables -pH and
      fermentation time, we have achieved self-starting glycerol feeding and dynamic
      control of the glycerol concentration during the fermentation process. This
      automated system allowed us to generate a reproducible, consistent and operator
      independent process from lab-scale to production scale. The final concentration
      of 1,3-propanediol was above 95 g/L after 72 h.

PMID- 26964342
TI  - [Influence of Professional Contact with Plutonium-239 on Indicators of the Immune
      Status of the Personnel at Siberian Chemical Plant].
AB  - The results of the examination and monitoring of the personnel at the Siberian
      Chemical Plant (SChP) and adult population of Seversk are presented. The results
      of primary examination of the personnel who professionally contact the ionizing
      radiation (IR) from external sources and incorporated 239Pu showed that clinical
      symptoms of dysfunction of the immune system manifested themselves with a
      frequency of 75.30%. Infectious-inflammatory diseases (46.95%) and the combined
      pathology of infectious and allergic character (20.12%) were the most widespread.
      The allergic diseases (AD) without manifestations of an infectious component were
      observed not often (7.62%). The monitoring which was carried out for 10 years
      revealed a decrease in a percentage of persons with clinical signs of disorders
      of the immune system up to 60.68% among the personnel at the Chemical-Steel Plant
      and even more among the whole group of the studied personnel at SChP--49.68% (389
      : 783). Among the population their frequency made up 51.78%. Features of clinical
      manifestations of dysfunction ofthe immune system depending on accumulation of
      239Pu in the organism are established. Similar dynamics of infectious and
      infectious and allergic syndromes is revealed when the activity of 239Pu is 40
      nCi. AD frequency reliably increased .when the activity of 239Pu is 20 nCi, but
      if accumulation is higher than 20-40 nCi it decreases and again increases when
      the activity is over 40 nCi. Pathologies of infectious and allergic genesis are
      most often observed when the content of 239Pu in an organism is over 40 nCi.
      Indicators of the immune status (IS) of the personnel at SChP with incorporated
      239Pu are analyzed. 59 people--carriers of 239Pu and 408 people without 239Pu
      accumulated in an organism are examined. In comparison with the control, IS
      indicators characteristic for all dose loading groups are revealed: increase of
      lymphocytes, existence of dissociation in indicators of relative and absolute
      values of the T-cellular link, CD16+56+(-) NK-cells and B-lymphocytes with
      increase of absolute values, decrease in markers of activation of HLA-DR+ and
      CD95+, increase of B-lymphocytes and low level of serum IgM. Features of IS in
      comparison with the group of the personnel with the absence of 239Pu in an
      organism and indicators of IS which depend on the activity of 239Pu are
      established. Among them are a decrease in the percentage of persons with
      increased number of lymphocytes with increased beam loading; increase of NK-T
      cells when the activity of 239Pu is 10-20 nCi and the highest value at doses
      over40 nCi; the dynamics of CD16+56(+)-lymphocytes with the increase of the
      contents and a percentage of persons with the increase of the activity above 40
      nCi; the highest frequenc of a regulatory imbalance with high frequency decrease
      of CD8(+)-T-lymphocytes at the content of 239Pu > 0-10 nCi; decrease in
      indicators of B-lymphocytes and serum IgA with an increase in the activity of
      239Pu with the lowest values under internal radiation over 40 nCi; decrease in
      the percentage of persons with a weakening expression of HLA-DR+ with the
      increase in dose loading.

PMID- 26964343
TI  - [Comparative Evaluation of Healing Wounds at a Local and Combined Radiation
      Injury in an Experiment].
AB  - Wound healing activity of 20 different means of conservative treatment of
      radiation burns was studies in the experiments on the rats subjected to local
      beta-radiation (at a dose of 60 Gy) and combined radiation damage (beta-radiation
      at a dose of 60 Gy and the whole-body gamma-irradiation at a dose of 4 Gy). It
      was found that reparative processes in the irradiated,skin in the case of the
      local radiation injuries are most effectively accelerated by ointments Biopin,
      Panthenol-Ratiopharm, IL-1beta and Iruksol; Dimexidum solution; aerosols Olazol,
      Gipozol and Polkortolon; wound coverings Procell-super and Selenopol. Ointments
      containing IL-1beta, Dimexidum solution, aerosols and wound coverings have a
      healing effect in the case of combined radiation injury.

PMID- 26964344
TI  - [The Combined Effects of Ionizing Radiation and Dendritic Polymers Loaded with
      Doxorubicin on the MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line].
AB  - The dendritic polymers (dendrimers) are perspective nanocontainers for
      transportation of anticancer drugs into cells and a controlled release of the
      delivered substances. However, the combined effect of ionizing radiation and
      dendrimers loaded with anticancer drugs has been poorly studied and is the aim of
      this research. We used poliamidoamin (PAMAM) dendrimers of the second generation
      (G2) covalently conjugated with doxorubicin (Dox) via an acid labile linker, cis
      aconitic anhydride. We compared the intracellular accumulation of Dox and growth
      rate of the MCF-7 cell culture under the single and combined action of ionizing
      radiation at a dose of 4 Gy, free Dox and G2-Dox. It was found that within 2
      hours free Dox accumulated in cancer cells better than Dox connected with G2
      dendrimers (p < 0.05 in the concentration range of 1-5 MUmol/l). The
      intracellular accumulation of Dox was higher by 1.7 times for the free Dox than
      that connected with dendrimers (for concentration 0.5 MUmol/l p = 0.02) after 26
      hours of incubation. Like the intracellular accumulation of Dox, inhibition of
      the cell culture growth was more pronounced when using free Dox than G2-Dox in
      the case of both a single and combined action of these drugs. Subadditivity
      effects of the combined action of both drugs and ionizing radiation are shown in
      terms of reducing the number of tumor cells 24 hours after irradiation. The
      results indicate the need for further development of selective delivery systems
      for Doxin tumor cells, providing a more intense accumulation of anticancer drug
      in target cells.

PMID- 26964345
TI  - [Effects of Intensity of Acting Agents on the Manifestation of Synergistic
      Interaction].
AB  - The universal dependence of the synergistic interaction on the intensity of the
      acting agents was demonstrated. This dependence is not associated with the
      biological object, as well as the nature of the physical or chemical agents used
      in the combined exposures. In all cases, with a decrease in the intensity of one
      of the agents the intensity of the other factor should be also decreased to
      ensure the greatest synergistic effect. Such relationship of synergy and the
      intensity of the acting agents is of interest for radiation safety. This
      regularity indicates the principal possibility of synergistic interaction of
      harmful environmental factors actually occurring in the biosphere at their low
      intensities.

PMID- 26964347
TI  - [Structural and Functional Modifications of Human Lymphocytes in Dynamics of UV
      Induced Development of Their Apoptosis].
AB  - The flow-cytometric analysis of condition of human peripheral blood lymphocytes
      in dynamics of development of the apoptosis induced by exposure to UV-light (240
      390 nanometers) at a dose of 1510 J/m2 was carried out. Superficial
      architectonics and changes of the level of a membrane potential and functional
      activity of succinatedehydrogenase of mitochondrions are studied. The
      contribution of extracellular calcium to the processes of lymphocyte cellular
      death is revealed. The ideas about dynamics of the intracellular events leading
      to the death of photomodified lymphocytes 1-6 h after their UV-radiation exposure
      are specified and added on the basis of the analysis of our new and already
      published results.

PMID- 26964346
TI  - [Modification of Barley Development at Early Stages after Exposure of Seeds to
      gamma-Irradiation].
AB  - The reaction of barley seeds (Nur and Grace varieties) to gamma-irradiation in
      the dose range of 2-50 Gy was studied. The length and weight of a root, the
      length of a seedling and germination rate were investigated. The dose range in
      which we observed stimulation of plant development was evaluated. It was shown
      that the increase of root and seedling sizes after irradiation of seeds at
      stimulating doses is associated with the rise in the developmental speed, rather
      than with their earlier germination. Also the effects of a dose rate, a quality
      of seeds, humidity and a period of storage on the manifestation of radiation
      exposure were studied.

PMID- 26964348
TI  - [Effect of Low-Intensity 900 MHz Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Rat Brain
      Enzyme Activities Linked to Energy Metabolism].
AB  - The research deals with the effect of low-intensity 900 MHz frequency
      electromagnetic radiation (EMR), power density 25 MUW/cm2, on the following rat
      brain and blood serum enzyme activities: creatine kinase (CK), playing a central
      role in the process of storing and distributing the cell energy, as well as
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) that play a
      key role in providing the conjunction of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.
      The comparative analysis of the changes in the enzyme activity studied at
      different times following the two-hour single, as well as fractional, radiation
      equivalent of the total time showed that the most radiosensitive enzyme is the
      brain creatine kinase, which may then be recommended as a marker of the radio
      frequency radiation impact. According to the analysis of the changing dynamics of
      the CK, ALT and AST activity level, with time these changes acquire the adaptive
      character and are directed to compensate the damaged cell energy metabolism.

PMID- 26964349
TI  - [The Patterns of Behavior of Radioactive Particles in the Food Chain of Cattle
      and Transport in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Animals].
AB  - The analysis of the patterns of behavior of polydisperse radioactive silicate
      particles in the components of the food chain of cattle is presented. It is shown
      that the composition of the size distribution of radioactive particles taken into
      animal organisms differs from the original composition of the particles deposited
      on the surface of pasture vegetation, and from dispersion of the particles in the
      aboveground biomass of vegetation at the time of grazing. The intake of particles
      into animal organisms is reduced with the increase of their size, and for the
      particle fraction of 400-800 microns it is about 10 times less than for the fine
      fraction (< 100 microns). The mathematical compartment model ofthe transport of
      polydisperse radioactive particles in the digestive tract of cattle has been
      developed. It is found that the elimination rate of radioactive particles from
      the animal organism depends on their sizes. Deposition of particles on the fundic
      surface of the wall ventral sac of rumen and reticulum as well as their long stay
      in comparison with the chyme in abomasum was noted. The maximum levels of
      irradiation are formed in these parts of the digestive tract of cattle.

PMID- 26964350
TI  - [Accumulation of 238, 239 + 240Pu and 241Am in Boar Organs and Tissues on the
      Territory of the Belarusian Part of the ChNPP Exclusion Zone].
AB  - The paper is devoted to determination of alpha-emitting radionuclides of 238, 239
      + 240Pu and 241Am in liver, lungs, muscular and bone tissues of the boars on the
      territory of the Belarusian part of the ChNPP exclusion zone. It is shown that
      the content of Pu and Am isotopes in boar organs and tissues decreases in the
      following order: liver > bone tissues > lungs >= muscular tissues. The results
      received allow evaluation of penetration of 238, 239 + 240Pu and 241Am through
      the biological chain "soil-ration-organs and tissues". It is calculated that 1.7%
      of a boar's ration falls on the soil getting into the stomach with food.
      Translocation and accumulation coefficients characterizing the transfer of
      radionuclides through the chain "soil-vegetation-organs and tissues" were
      calculated. The conclusion about accumulation of Pu in the boar's body is made.

PMID- 26964351
TI  - [Specific Features of Radioactive Pollution of Soils of Catchment Areas of Lake
      Shablish (Distant Zone of the East Ural Radioactive Trace)].
AB  - Specific features of 90Sr and 137Cs distribution and accumulation in soil cuts of
      superaqueous and eluvial positions of catchment areas of Lake Shablish located in
      a distant zone of the East Ural radioactive trace are considered. Some physical
      and chemical characteristics of the soils were defined. It is established that
      the signs typical for the lake ecosystems of distant East-Ural radioactive trace
      zone which underwent impact of technogenic influence are common for soils of
      catchment areas of Lake Shablish. The distinctions in some characteristic
      features of the specific activity of long-living radionuclides for the soils of
      superaqueous and eluvial positions of catchment areas connected with the
      character of the water regime of soils are shown.

PMID- 26964352
TI  - [Study on Tritium Content in Soil at Sites of Nuclear Explosions on the Territory
      of Semipalatinsk Test Site].
AB  - As a result of investigations carried out on the territory of Semipalatinsk Test
      Site, tritium was found in different environmental objects--surface and ground
      waters, vegetation, air environment, and snow cover. The analysis of the data
      obtained has shown that contamination of environmental objects at the
      Semipalatinsk Test Site with tritium is associated with the places where
      underground nuclear tests were performed. Since tritium can originate from an
      activation reaction and be trapped by pock particles during a test, it was
      decided to examine the soil in the sites where surface and excavation tests took
      place. It was found that the concentration of tritium in soil correlates with the
      concentration of europium. Probably, the concentration of tritium in the soil
      depends on the character and yield of the tests performed. Findings of the study
      have revealed that tritium can be found in soil in significant amounts not only
      in sites where underground nuclear tests took place but also in sites where
      surface and excavation nuclear tests were carried out.

PMID- 26964353
TI  - [Multi-Species Biofilms in Ecology, Medicine, and Biotechnology].
AB  - The structure, composition, and developmental patterns of multi-species biofilms
      are analyzed, as well as the mechanisms of interaction of their microbial
      components. The main methodological approaches used for analysis of multi-species
      biofilms, including omics technologies, are characterized. Environmental
      communities (cyanobacterial mats and methanotrophic communities), as well as
      typical multi-species communities of medical importance (oral cavity, skin, and
      gut microbiomes) are described. A special section deals with the role of multi
      species biofilms in such biotechnological processes as wastewater treatment,
      heavy metal removal, corrosion control, and environmental bioremediation.

PMID- 26964354
TI  - [Surviving Forms in Antibiotic-Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
AB  - Survival of bacterial populations treated with lethal doses of antibiotics is
      ensured by the presence of very small numbers of persister cells. Unlike
      antibiotic-resistant cells, antibiotic tolerance of persisters is not inheritable
      and reversible. The present work provides evidence supporting the hypothesis of
      transformation (maturation) of persisters of an opportunistic pathogen
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed by ciprofloxacin (CF) treatment (25-100 MUg/mL)
      into dormant cystlike cells (CLC) and non-culturable cells (NC), as was described
      previously for a number. of non-spore-forming bacteria. Subpopulations of type 1
      and type 2 persisters, which survived antibiotic treatment and developed into
      dormant forms, were heterogeneous in their capacity to form colonies or
      microcolonies upon germination, in resistance to heating at 70 degrees C, and in
      cell morphology Type 1 persisters, which were formed after 1-month incubation in
      the stationary-phase cultures in the medium with decreased C and N
      concentrations, developed in several types of surviving cells, including those
      similar to CLC in cell morphology. In the course of 1-month incubation of type 2
      persisters, which were formed in exponentially growing cultures, other types of
      surviving cells developed: immature CLC and L-forms. Unlike P. aeruginosa CLC
      formed in the control post-stationary phase cultures without antibiotic
      treatment, most of 1-month persisters, especially type 2 ones, were characterized
      by the loss of colony-forming capacity, probably due to transition into an
      uncultured state with relatively high numbers of live intact cells (Live/Dead
      test). Another survival strategy of P. aeruginosa populations was ensured by a
      minor subpopulation of CF-tolerant and CF-resistant cells able to grow in the
      form of microcolonies or regular colonies of decreased size in the presence of
      the antibiotic. The described P. aeruginosa dormant forms may be responsible for
      persistent forms in bacteria carriers and latent infections and, together with
      antibiotic-resistant cells, are important as components of test systems to assay
      the of efficiency of potential pharmaceuticals against resistant infections.

PMID- 26964355
TI  - [Effect of Inherent Immunity Factors of Development of Antibiotic Tolerance and
      Survival of Bacterial Populations under Antibiotic Attack].
AB  - Effect of human inherent immunity factors of, a gene-encoded antibacterial
      peptide indolicidin (Ind) and a cytokine interleukin 1 (IL1) on formation of
      antibiotic-tolerant persister cells surviving in the presence of ciprofloxacin
      (Cpf, 100 MUg/mL) and ampicillin (Amp, 100 MUg/mL) in submerged bacterial
      cultures (Staphylococcus aureus FGA 209P, Escherichia coli K12, and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa PAO1) was studied. While Ind in physiological concentrations (0.3 and
      3.0 MUg/mL) introduced to the lag- or exponential-phase cultures of test
      organisms exhibited no reliable effect on population growth, the number of
      persisters increased at 3.0 MUg/mL. Bactericidal Ind concentrations (9 MUg/mL)
      suppressed S. aureus growth (-0.1% of surviving cells) with subsequent recovery
      due to development of the more antibiotic-tolerant white variant. Treatment with
      Cpf after Ind addition resulted in mutual potentiation of their antimicrobial
      activity, with the number of S. aureus persisters 2 to 3 orders of magnitude
      lower than in the case of the antibiotic alone. IL1, another immunity factor,
      when introduced (0.1-1 ng/mL) to the exponentially growing S. aureus culture (but
      not to the lag phase culture) had a temporary growth-static effect, with the
      number of persisters surviving Cpf treatment (100 MUg/mL) increasing by 1 to 2
      orders of magnitude. Electron microscopy revealed significant alterations in the
      outer cell envelope layer of surviving S. aureus cells, which should be
      associated with their changed antigenic properties. Thus, the factors of human
      inherent immunity have a dose-dependent effect on the growth of bacterial
      populations. In combination with antibiotics, they exhibit synergism of
      antimicrobial action (indolicidin) and minimize (indolicidin) or increase
      (interleukin 1) the frequency of formation of persister cells responsible for
      survival of a population subjected to an antibiotic attack.

PMID- 26964356
TI  - [Effect of Distant Interactions on Growth and Development of Streptomycetes].
AB  - Regulation of streptomycete growth and development by distant interactions of
      physical nature was shown using a vial-in-vial experimental setup, providing
      physical isolation of the inducer and detector cultures. Some effects of distant
      interaction were observed with Streptomyces netropsis proliferating submerged
      culture as an inducer and a surface culture of the same strain as a detector. The
      growth rate of the detector strain doubled. Spore germination was stimulated, as
      was indicated by a 30% increase in the number of colony-forming units (CRU) in
      the detector culture plated as a spore suspension. The phase variation spectrum
      also changed, with an increased share of the colonies of the morphotype
      predominant under the standard conditions.

PMID- 26964357
TI  - [Characterization of the Lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas chlororaphis].
AB  - Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from two strains ot Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp.
      aureofaciens,UCM B-111 and UCM B-306, were isolated and characterized. The LPS
      preparations exhibited low toxicity, high pyrogenicity and high antiviral
      activity. Mild acid hydrolysis was used to obtain the O-specific polysaccharides.
      Their structures were established by monosaccharide analysis and determination of
      absolute configurations, as well as by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The O
      polysaccharides were shown to contain the linear tri- or tetrasaccharide
      repeating units. Both O-polysaccharides were structurally heterogeneous: P.
      chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens UCM B-111--> 4)-alphaD-GalpNAc6Ac-(1 --> 3)-beta
      D-QuipNAc-(1 --> 6)-alphaD-GlcpNAc-(l --> betaD-GlcpNAc-(l --> 3)] GalNAc -60%;
      degree of the non-stoichiometric 6-O-acetylation of GalNAc -60%; P. chlorophis
      subsp. aureofaciens UCM B-306 --> 3)-alpha-D-Rhap-(1 --> 4)-alpha-D-GalpNAcAN-(1 
      -> 3)-alphaD-QuipNAc4NAc-(1 -->, where GalNAcAN is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D
      galacturonamide, the degree of non-stoichiometric amidation of the GalNAcA
      residue -60%.

PMID- 26964358
TI  - [Ligninolytic Activity of Bacteria of the Genera Azospirillum and
      Niveispirillum].
AB  - Capacity of associative soil bacteria of the genera Azospirillum and
      Niveispirillum for degradation of lignin model compounds was demonstrated. Lignin
      and Mn-peroxidases were detected in the culture liquid of the type strains of
      these genera. The data on involvement of nonspecific bacterial peroxidases in
      lignin degradation were obtained.

PMID- 26964359
TI  - [Functionality of the xoxF Gene in Methylobacterium dichloromethanicum DM4].
AB  - Activation of expression of the xoxFgene encoding PQQ-dependent methanol/ethanol
      dehydrogenase (METDI2492) in dichloromethane- (DCM) -grown Methylobacterium
      dichloromethanicum DM4 was first demonstrated. The sequence of the only XoxF
      homolog found in the genome of strain DM4 exhibited 50% identity to that of the
      protein (MxaF) of the large subunit of methanol dehydrogenase (MDH). A knockout
      mutant with the inactivate xoxF gene (DeltaxoxF) was found to be unable to grow
      on methanol due to the absence of the expression of the gene cluster of the
      classical MDH, as was confirmed by the GFP test. When grown of succinate, the
      DeltaxoxF mutant exhibited a lower growth rate on DCM than the original strain
      and was more sensitive to various stress factors (oxidative, osmotic, and heat
      shock). Based on these data, the xoxF gene was hypothesized to belong to a group
      of genes affecting expression of the proteins of general stress response.

PMID- 26964360
TI  - [Role of Bacterial Adhesin RAPA1 in Formation of Efficient Symbiosis of Rhizobium
      leguminosarum with Bean Plants].
AB  - Bacterial adhesins, the proteins responsible for attachment of plant growth
      promoting rhizobacteria to plant roots, are involved in formation of stable
      associative symbioses. In the present work enhanced expression of the rapA1
      adhesin gene in Rhizobium leguminosarum PVu5 was shown to improve the efficiency
      of nodulation on bean roots inoculated with the modified strain. The rapA1 gene
      was cloned into the pJN105Turbo plasmid, this construct was used for
      transformation of R. leguminosarum PVu5, bean plants were inoculated by this
      transgenic strain, and efficiency of root nodule formation was determined. In the
      plants treated with rapA1-transgenic rhizobia, the number of root nodules was on
      average two times higher than in the plants inoculated with the original strain.
      Aggregation of R. leguminosarum was achieved when the rapA1 gene expression was
      enhanced either in rhizobia or in the co-cultured modified strain E. coli
      pJN105TurboRapA1.

PMID- 26964361
TI  - [Monitoring of the Moskva River Water Using Microbiological Parameters and
      Chlorophyll a Fluorescence].
AB  - The results of investigations of three Moskva River sites with different degree
      of pollution using a complex of microbiological characteristics and the
      parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence are presented. We determined that the
      bacterioplankton seasonal dynamics at less polluted waters (Tushino and Vorobyovy
      Gory) were similar and differed significantly from one in more polluted waters
      (Dzerzhinskii). The number of bacteria with active electron transport chain, as
      well as their share in the bacterioplankton structure, was higher in the water of
      Dzerzhinskii (average annual values of 0.23 x 10(6) cells/mL and 14%), that in
      the less polluted water of Tushino and Vorobyovy Gory (0.14 x 10(6) cells/mL; 6%
      and 0.15 x 10(6) cells/mL; 7%, respectively). From April to October, the content
      of chlorophyll a and its photosynthetic activity were the highest in Tushino. In
      Dzerzhinskii, during spring the increase in photosynthetic activity commenced
      earlier and was more intensive that the increase in chlorophyll a content, i.e.,
      the increase in phytoplankton biomass was temporarily suppressed. We suggest
      association of this phenomenon with suppression of organic matter synthesis by
      phytoplankton due to the high water pollution in Dzerzhinskii. The second autumn
      peak of chlorophyll a content, that was typical of clear water and was observed
      in Tushino, did not occur in Dzerzhinskii. We recommend combined application of
      these microbiological parameters and characteristics of chlorophyll a
      fluorescence for a monitoring.

PMID- 26964363
TI  - [Analysis of Phytoplankton in Tsimlyansk Reservoir (RUSSIA) for the Presence of
      Cyanobacterial Hepato- and Neurotoxins].
AB  - Although the water bodies of southern Russia experience the most extreme effects
      of cyanobacterial blooms, molecular genetic data on the composition of toxigenic
      cyanobacteria in this region have been absent. Screening for the genes
      responsible for the synthesis of hepatotoxins (microcystins and
      cylindrospermopsin) and neurotoxins (anatoxin-a and saxitoxins) in cyanobacteria
      from the Tsimlyansk reservoir on the Don River was carried out. The presence of
      microcystin-producing Microcystis and Planktothrix populations, as well as of
      cyanobacteria capable of synthesis of a neurotoxin anatoxin-a was revealed by
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A hypothesis of the presence of anatoxin-a
      producing Planktothrix rubescens population in the phytoplankton of the
      Tsimlyansk reservoir is proposed. The obtained PCR data were confirmed by the
      results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid
      chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS). Anatoxin-a and five microcystin
      variants were identified in the phytoplankton biomass.

PMID- 26964362
TI  - [Effect of Methylmercury on the Light Dependence Fluorescence Parameters in a
      Green Alga Chlamydomonas moewusii].
AB  - The effect of a dangerous toxic substance, methylmercury, on light dependence
      curves of chlorophyll fluorescence in Chlamydomonas moewusii was studied. We
      found low concentration of methylmercury (10(-7) M) to cause a decrease in the
      relative rate of the non-cyclic electron transport activity of PS 2, a decline in
      the maximum utilization of light energy (alpha), and a decline in the saturation
      light intensity (E(s)). Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching increased after
      short-term exposure and decreased in the course of prolonged incubation. These
      parameters were more sensitive to the action of the toxic substance than the
      widely used parameter F(V)/F(M), which reflects the maximum quantum yield of PS
      2. We propose the use of the method of fast measurement of light dependence
      curves of fluorescence to detect the changes in algal cells at the early stages
      of exposure to mercury salts.

PMID- 26964365
TI  - ["Current Problems in Microbial Physiology, Ecology, and Biotechnology", an all
      Russian symposium with international participation (Biological Faculty, Lomonosov
      Moscow State University, December 24-27, 2014)].

PMID- 26964364
TI  - [Microbial Processes and Genesis of Methane Gas Jets in the Coastal Areas of the
      Crimea Peninsula].
AB  - Hydroasoustic techniques were used for detection and mapping of gas jet areas in
      the coastal regions of the Crimean peninsula. Gas seep areas in the bays Laspi,
      Khersones, and Kazach'ya were chosen for detailed microbiological investigation.
      The first type of gas jets, observed in the Laspi Bay, was probably associated
      with discarge of deep thermogenic methane along the faults. Methane isotopic
      composition was char- acterized by Delta13C of -35.3 degrees. While elevated
      rates of aerobic methane oxidation were revealed in the sandy sediments adjacent
      to the methane release site, no evidence of bacterial mats was found. The second
      type of gas emission, observed in the Khersones Bay, was accompanied by formation
      of bacterial biofilms of the "Thiodendron" microbial community type, predominated
      by filamentous, spirochete-like organisms, in the areas of gas seepage. The
      isotopic composition of methane was there considerably lower (-60.4 degrees),
      indicating a considerable contribution of modern microbial methane to the gas
      bubbles discharged in this bay. Activity of the third type of gas emission, the
      seeps of the Kazach'ya Bay, probably depended directly on modern microbial
      processes of organic matter degradation in the upper sediment layers. The rates
      of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were 260 and 34 MUmol dm(-3) day(-1),
      respectively. Our results indicate different mechanisms responsible for formation
      of methane jets in the Laspi Bay and in the coastal areas of the Heracles
      Peninsula, where the bays Kazach'ya and Khersones are located.

PMID- 26964366
TI  - [The role of intrusive and deliberate ruminations for meaning making in stressful
      events].
AB  - This study examined the relationship between meaning making and rumination
      regarding stressful events. We focused on two facets of rumination: intrusive and
      deliberate. Participants (N = 121) completed a questionnaire about a stressful
      event in their life that assessed the possibility of preventing the event,
      probability of the event occurring, perceived threat of the event, and meaning
      making. They also completed scales that assessed intrusive and deliberate
      ruminations about the event, posttraumatic growth after the event, as well as
      dispositions of self-rumination and self-reflection, and executive function. The
      results revealed that disposition of self-reflection was positively correlated
      with deliberate rumination about the event. Furthermore, deliberate rumination at
      the time of the experience was positively correlated with current positive
      meaning making, which was associated with current posttraumatic growth.
      Additionally, current intrusive rumination promoted current negative meaning
      making, but intrusive rumination at the time of the experience did not. Thus,
      this study suggests the important role of both intrusive and deliberate
      ruminations in the process of meaning making and several issues for future
      research.

PMID- 26964367
TI  - [Association between approach-avoidance commitment to romantic relationships,
      emotional experiences in romantic relationships, and personal mental health].
AB  - The present study examined the association between approach-avoidance commitment,
      emotional experiences in romantic relationships, and mental health. It was
      hypothesized that the association between avoidance commitment and emotional
      experiences was moderated by approach commitment. Two hundred and three
      undergraduates who were involved in romantic relationships participated in a
      questionnaire survey. Results revealed that approach commitment was associated
      with greater positive emotion and less negative emotion, and these emotional
      experiences were associated with higher mental health. On the other hand, the
      association between avoidance commitment and emotional experiences was moderated
      by approach commitment. That is, only when approach commitment was weak,
      avoidance commitment was associated with fewer positive emotions and greater
      negative emotions, and that these emotional experiences were associated with
      lower mental health. These results reveal that approach-avoidance commitment was
      associated with mental health via emotional experiences in romantic
      relationships, and verified Johnson's (1999) and Levinger's (1999) theoretical
      argument.

PMID- 26964368
TI  - [A factor analysis method for contingency table data with unlimited multiple
      choice questions].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to propose a method of factor analysis for analyzing
      contingency tables developed from the data of unlimited multiple-choice
      questions. This method assumes that the element of each cell of the contingency
      table has a binominal distribution and a factor analysis model is applied to the
      logit of the selection probability. Scree plot and WAIC are used to decide the
      number of factors, and the standardized residual, the standardized difference
      between the sample, and the proportion ratio, is used to select items. The
      proposed method was applied to real product impression research data on
      advertised chips and energy drinks. Since the results of the analysis showed that
      this method could be used in conjunction with conventional factor analysis model,
      and extracted factors were fully interpretable, and suggests the usefulness of
      the proposed method in the study of psychology using unlimited multiple-choice
      questions.

PMID- 26964369
TI  - [Effects of planning and executive functions on young children's script change
      strategy: A developmental perspective].
AB  - This research examined the effects of planning and executive functions on young
      children's (ages 3-to 5-years) strategies in changing scripts. Young children (N
      = 77) performed a script task (doll task), three executive function tasks (DCCS,
      red/blue task, and nine box task), a planning task, and a receptive vocabulary
      task. In the doll task, young children first enacted a "changing clothes" script,
      and then faced a situation in which some elements of the script were
      inappropriate. They needed to enact a script by compensating inappropriate items
      for the other-script items or by changing to the other script in advance. The
      results showed that shifting, a factor of executive function, had a positive
      influence on whether young children could compensate inappropriate items. In
      addition, planning was also an important factor that helped children to change to
      the other script in advance. These findings suggest that shifting and planning
      play different roles in using the two strategies appropriately when young
      children enact scripts in unexpected situations.

PMID- 26964370
TI  - [Emotional competence in the multiple intelligences theory from the perspective
      of laypersons].
AB  - Emotional competence has recently, become a widespread concern in schools and
      workplaces, both which deeplyinvolve laypersons. While academic researchers have
      discussed the status of emotional competence comparedto the traditional
      intelligence, it is very important to elucidate how laypersons regard emotional
      competencecompared to traditional intelligence as well. The present study
      investigated the position of emotional competencein the multiple intelligences
      theory by assessing laypersons' self-estimates of their abilities and their
      rating ofthe importance of emotional competence for thriving in society.
      Participants (N = 584) answered a questionnaireonline. Results showed that
      laypersons regarded emotional competence as a distinct construct, and most
      stronglyrelated it to personal intelligence. Moreover, their ratings of the
      importance of emotional competence and personalintelligence for thriving in
      society were higher than that of traditional intelligence.

PMID- 26964372
TI  - [An examination of a revised psycho-educational program for preventing depression
      among female undergraduates].
AB  - The present study revised a psycho-educational program designed to prevent
      depression (Oikawa & Sakamoto, 2007) and to enhance interpersonal coping
      resources for depression. The effects of the revised program on female
      undergraduates were examined. One hundred and seventy two udergraduates were
      assigned either to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental
      group participated in the revised program for ten weeks as part of a
      psychological class, while the control group did not. All participants were asked
      to complete a self-report questionnaire about self-efficacy for cognitive,
      behavioral, and interpersonal coping for depression, the state of their mental
      health, and perceived social support from their family and friends before and
      after the program. The experimental group's ratings and responses indicated that
      the program were interesting and meaningful. Moreover, self-efficacy for coping
      with depression and perceived support from friends at the post intervention were
      significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control
      group. These results suggest the effectiveness of the revised program for
      increasing interpersonal coping resources.

PMID- 26964371
TI  - [Development of the Trait Respect-Related Emotions Scale for late adolescence].
AB  - This study developed a scale to measure the respect-related emotional traits (the
      Trait Respect-Related Emotions Scale) for late adolescence and examined the
      reliability and validity. In study 1,368 university students completed the items
      of the Trait Respect-Related Emotions Scale and other scales of theoretically
      important personality constructs including adult attachment style, the "Big
      Five," self-esteem, and two types of narcissistic personality. Factor analysis
      indicated that there are three factors of trait respect-related emotions: (a)
      trait (prototypical) respect; (b) trait idolatry (worship and adoration); and (c)
      trait awe. The three traits associated differentially with the daily experience
      (frequency) of the five basic respect-related emotions (prototypical respect,
      idolatry, awe, admiration, and wonder), and other constructs. In Study 2, a test
      retest correlation of the new scale with 60 university students indicated good
      reliability. Both studies generally supported the reliability and validity of the
      new scale. These findings suggest that, at Ieast in late adolescence, there are
      large individual differences in respect-related emotion experiences and the trait
      of respect should be considered as multi-dimensional structure.

PMID- 26964374
TI  - [The relationship between perceived personality and Ieading/following roles in
      university students' close friendships, using Gitaigo personality scale].
AB  - Based on the recently developed Gitaigo personality scale (Komatsu, Sakai,
      Nishioka, & Mukoyama, 2012), we investigated the relationship between perceived
      personality and leading/following roles in close friend dyads. Primary
      participants rated their own and one of their close friend's personality with
      Gitaigo personality scale. They also described who takes the role of leader in
      the relationship with the friend they rated. When one in the pair is reported as
      leader, the other is considered as follower. Subsidiary participants who were
      cited as close friends rated their own personality. Our analysis of the 215 pairs
      showed that the participants taking the role of follower were rated higher in the
      traits of Cowardliness and Mildness by the primary participants. Regarding
      Mildness, this tendency was also clear in subsidiary participants' self-ratings.
      Primary participants rated the Preciseness and Candidness of their friends lower
      if their friend was considered a follower. Gitaigo personality scale describes
      the perceived personality well, at least for several traits.

PMID- 26964373
TI  - [Did a 16th century Christian missionary observe that the Japanese were
      collectivists?].
AB  - Volpi (2004) pointed out that Alessandro Valignano, a 16th century Christian
      missionary, had considered the Japanese extreme collectivists. According to
      Volpi, his remark was based on Valignano's reports (1583, 1592) edited by Alvares
      Taladriz (1954). However, it is highly questionable whether Volpi examined these
      texts directly because the information about them provided by Volpi involved many
      serious errors. A thorough inspection of Valignano's translated reports found no
      mention of Japanese collectivism. On the contrary, he had actually reported
      exceedingly individualistic behaviors of Japanese warriors. Such behaviors are
      consistent with what is widely known about the 16th century Civil Wars in Japan.
      It has thus turned out that no reliable evidence is present for the alleged
      observation by Valignano.

PMID- 26964375
TI  - [Which comes first for interpersonal stress, coping or support?].
AB  - This study used structural equation modeling to investigate directional
      relationships between coping with interpersonal stress and received support. One
      hundred and seventy-seven undergraduates who had experienced interpersonal stress
      during the past month answered questions about coping with interpersonal stress
      and received support. Structural equation modeling based on third-order moment
      structures was used to examine the directionality of the relationship between
      these two variables. The results revealed interactive associations between
      distancing and emotional support. Received support affected coping with
      interpersonal stress in terms of active coping, planning and monitoring, and
      positive reappraisal. These results suggest that received support functions as a
      coping resource.

PMID- 26964376
TI  - [The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in delayed reinforcement choice in rats].
AB  - Previous studies have reported that lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in
      rats induce impulsive choices in delayed reinforcement tasks. However, some
      studies have suggested that the OFC is not related to impulsivity but instead to
      compulsivity. In this study, we investigated the effects of OFC lesions on choice
      in a T-maze. First, 14 rats were trained to discriminate spatially between a high
      reward arm with a delay of 15 seconds and a low-reward arm without a delay. The
      high-reward arm contained 10 food pellets, whereas the low-reward arm contained
      only one pellet. In the presurgery test, all rats chose the high-reward arm in
      most trials. In the postsurgery test, both OFC lesioned (n = 7) and control (sham
      lesioned and intact; n = 7) rats continued to choose the high-reward arm in most
      trials. Following the postsurgery test, the high- and low-reward arms were
      reversed. In the reversal test, OFC lesioned rats made significantly fewer high
      reward choices than did control rats. These results indicate that OFC lesions
      induced compulsive choices rather than impulsive choices.

PMID- 26964377
TI  - We take a look back to make a more successful step forward.

PMID- 26964378
TI  - Vacuum-assisted wound closure in vascular surgery--clinical and cost benefits in
      a developing country.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM. Surgical and chronic wounds in vascular patients might contribute
      to limb loss and death. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC)--Kinetic Concepts, Inc.
      (KCI), has been increasingly used in Western Europe and the U.S.A. clinical
      practice for 15 years. Advantages of this method are faster wound healing, wound
      approximation, lower wound related treatment costs and improved quality of life
      during treatment. Evidence related to the usage of VAC therapy in vascular
      patients and cost effectiveness of VAC therapy in a developing country are
      lacking. The aim of this study was to explore results of VAC therapy in vascular
      surgery comparing to conventional methods and to test cost effects in a
      developing country like Serbia. METHODS: All patients with wound infection or
      dehiscence operated at the tertiary vascular university clinic in the period from
      January 2011-January 2012, were treated with VAC therapy. The primary endpoint
      was wound closure, while secondary endpoints were hospital stay, the number of
      weekly dressings, costs of wound care, working time of medical personnel. The
      patients were divided into groups according to the wound type and location: wound
      with exposed synthetic vascular implant (25%), laparotomy (13%), foot amputation
      (29%), major limb amputation (21%), fasciotomy (13%). The results of primary and
      secondary endpoint were compared with the results of conventional treatment
      during the previous year. RESULTS: There was one death (1/42, 2.38%) and one limb
      loss (1/12, 2.38%) in the VAC group, and 8 deaths (8/38, 21.05%) and 5 (5/38,
      13.15%) limb losses in the patients treated with conventional therapy. In the VAC
      group there was one groin bleeding (1/12, 2.38%), one groin reinfection (1/12,
      2.38%) and one resistance to therapy with a consequent limb loss. Costs of
      hospital stay (p < 0.001) and nursing time (p < 0.001) were reduced with VAC
      therapy in the group with exposed graft. CONCLUSION: VAC therapy is the effective
      method for care of complicated wounds in vascular surgery. Patients with
      infection of wound with the exposed synthetic graft significantly benefit form
      this therapy. Cost effectiveness of VAC therapy is applicable to a developing
      country scenario, however cautious selection of patients contributes to the
      effectiveness.

PMID- 26964379
TI  - The expression and significance of p53 protein and Ki-67 protein in pterygium.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Pterygium is considered to be a degenerative disease of the
      conjunctiva, however, the presence of tumor markers in pterygium reinforces the
      hypothesis that this lesion is similar to tumor. Inactivation of p53 function
      removes an obstacle to increased proliferation. Factors affecting the prevalence
      of p53 expression in pterygium deserve investigation. The aim of the study was to
      investigate the expression of p53 and Ki-67 proteins in pterygium and normal
      conjunctiva, the effects of gender and age on p53 expression, and the
      relationship between the expression of p53 and Ki-67 proteins. METHODS: A total
      of 34 samples of pterygium and 34 samples of the normal conjunctiva were
      analyzed. The samples were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies
      against p53 and Ki-67. RESULTS: Totally 15 (44%) samples of pterygia were p53
      positive. Correlations between the expression of p53 protein and sex, and age
      were not established. The number of Ki-67 positive cells in pterygium (9.74%) was
      significantly higher than the number of Ki-67 positive cells in the normal
      conjunctiva (1.74%), (P = 0.001). Between the expression of p53 protein and Ki-67
      protein in pterygium there was a significant positive correlation (p = 0.000).
      CONCLUSION: The prevalence of p53 positive samples of pterygium was 44%. The
      influence of sex and age on p53 protein expression in pterygium was not found.
      The increased proliferative acivity was present in the epithelium of pterygium.
      The expression of Ki-67 protein is associated with the expression of p53 protein
      in pterygium. The findings of our study support the thesis of pterygium as tissue
      growth disorder.

PMID- 26964380
TI  - Fever of unknown origin: Most frequent causes in adults patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin (FUO)
      includes more than 200 different diseases and conditions. The aim of this study
      was to identify the most frequent causes of FUO among adult patients according to
      gender and age. METHODS: The study included 74 patients examined from June 2010
      to June 2013 at the Infectious Disease Clinic, Clinical Center Kragujevac in
      Serbia, according to the defined criteria for FUO. The patients were divided
      according to the diagnosis into four groups: infectious, malignant, rheumatic and
      "other diseases". A cause of febricity could not be estabilshed in a portion of
      subjects, and they comprised the group of undiagnosed cases. RESULTS: Infectious
      diseases were dominant in the study, followed by rheumatic diseases, which were
      most frequently found in women and the elderly. The diseases recognised as the
      most common causes of febricity were subacute thyroiditis, subacute endocarditis,
      Still's disease, rheumatic polymyalgia with or without temporal arteritis, and
      cytomegalovirus infection. In 44% of the patients, the final diagnosis was
      composed of only six clinical entities. CONCLUSION: The importance of
      establishing the diagnosis of rheumatic disease is especially emphasised, in line
      with other authors' research indicating the number of these diseases is on the
      rise. The diagnostic approach to FUO should always be directed to the known
      frequency of diseases.

PMID- 26964381
TI  - Cost effectiveness comparison of dutasteride and finasteride in patients with
      benign prostatic hyperplasia--The Markov model based on data from Montenegro.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common
      disease among males aging 50 years and more. The rise of the prevalence of BPH is
      related to aging, and since duration of life time period has the tendency of
      rising the prevalence of BPH will rise as costs of BPH treatment will and its
      influence on health economic budget. Dutasteride is a new drug similar to
      finasteride, inhibits enzyme testosterone 5-alpha reductase, diminish symptoms of
      BPH, reduce risk of the complications and increases quality of life in patients
      with BPH. But, the use of dutasteride is limited by its high costs. The aim of
      this study was to compare cost effectiveness of dutasteride and finasteride from
      the perspective of a purchaser of health care service (Republic Institute for
      Health Insuranse, Montenegro). METHODS: We constructed a Markov model to compare
      cost effectivenss of dutasteride and finasteride using data from the available
      pharmacoeconomic literature and data about socioeconomic sphere actual in
      Montenegro. A time horizon was estimated to be 20 years, with the duration of 1
      year per one cycle. The discount rate was 3%. We performed Monte Carlo simulation
      for virtual cohort of 1,000 patients with BPH. RESULTS: The total costs for one
      year treatment of BPH with dutasteride were estimated to be 6,458.00 ? which was
      higher comparing with finasteride which were 6,088.56 ?. The gain in quality
      adjusted life years (QALY) were higher with dutasteride (11.97 QALY) than with
      finasteride (11.19 QALY). The results of our study indicate that treating BPH
      with dutasteride comparing to finasteride is a cost effective option since the
      value of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is 1,245.68 ?/QALY which is
      below estimated threshold (1,350.00 ? per one gained year of life). CONCLUSION:
      Dutasteride is a cost effective option for treating BPH comparing to finasteride.
      The results of this study provide new information for health care decision makers
      about treatment of BPH in socioeconomic environment which is actual both in
      Montenegro and other countries with a recent history of socioeconomic transition.

PMID- 26964382
TI  - Risk factors and the prevalence of anorexia nervosa among female students in
      Serbia.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The widespread symptoms of anorexia netvosa (AN) in young women
      require to draw professional attention to this problem in Serbia. In previous
      research on AN, insecure attachment styles, perfectionism and concerns about body
      shape were identified as notable risk factors. The aim of this study was to
      identify the prevalence of AN among female students and assess the importance of
      these factors in its development. METHODS: The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40),
      the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), the Frost Multidimensional
      Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were applied to
      a sample of 500 randomly selected female students of the University of Belgrade,
      the mean age of 22.44 years (min 18, max 35). In addition, Body Mass Index (BMI)
      was also calculated. RESULTS: Although 38 (7.6%) female students displayed
      symptoms of AN (EAT > 30) and 13 (2.6%) had BMI indicating anorexia nervosa
      syndrome (B4I < or = 17.50 kg/m2), only 1 (0.2%) student fulfilled both criteria.
      The majority of female students (60.4%) had some type of insecure attachment
      style. There is a significant influence of attachment styles on symptoms of AN:
      female students with insecure attachment styles have a significantly higher mean
      score on the EAT compared to those with secure attachment style (F = 7.873; p <
      0.01). There was a positive correlation between scores on the EAT and FMPS (r =
      0.217;p < 0.01), and scores on the EAT and BSQ (r = 0.388; p < 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results show the prevalence of AN of 0.2% among female
      students and indicate the importance of insecure attachment styles, perfectionism
      and concern about body shape as risk factors. Activities for the prevention of AN
      in this subpopulation should include internet-based therapy and special
      counseling services with specific programs focusing on emotion-regulation skills
      through mindfulness, acceptance and commitment techniques, as well as specific
      cognitive-behavioral techniques.

PMID- 26964383
TI  - Quality of life of elderly people living in a retirement home.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The World Health Organization (WHO) identified four broad domains
      as being universally relevant to the quality of life, namely physical, and
      psychological health, social relationships, and environment. The aim of this
      study was to assess the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and
      quality of life of old people. METHODS: The World Health Organization Quality of
      Life BREF questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to assess quality of life on a
      random sample of 200 people aged 60 years and over who lived in the Retirement
      Home in Novi Sad. Items within the questionnaire were organized into four
      domains: physical, psychological, social relationships and environment. RESULTS:
      The majority of the participants were women (69.8%). The mean age was 79.2 years
      (SD = 6.6 years). Most of them were widowed (73.4%). More than two thirds of
      participants (68.8%) reported that they were ill at that moment and almost half
      of them (48.8%) had cardiovascular, 18.5% musculoskeletal, 9.6% endocrine and
      5.9% neurological disease. In the social relations domain scores were lower in
      males (t = 2.4; p = 0.017). Scores of other domains did not differ significantly
      with regard to the age, educational level and the marital status of the
      participants. Participants who reported the presence of a disease had
      significantly lower mean scores of physical, psychological and environment
      domain. CONCLUSION: The presence of disease is a relevant factor for quality of
      life, whereas age, education and marital status do not reflect on physical
      health, psychological and environmental domain of quality of life.

PMID- 26964384
TI  - Choice of root canal irrigants by Serbian dental practitioners.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Root canal treatment is considered to be the one of the most
      important procedures in endodontic treatment. To irrigate the root canal it is
      most common to use sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexodine,
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), local anesthetic solution, while the most
      used in Serbia is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The aim of this survey was to reveal
      the preferred root canal irrigants used by general dental practitioners in Serbia
      and to determine the influence of the continuing education program, delivered
      over the 3-year observation period, on work habits of dental practitioners. This
      was the first comprehensive survey of this nature carried out in Serbia. METHODS:
      The survey was conducted in two instances, a 4-month observation period each,
      from November 1, 2009 to March 1, 2010 and from November 1, 2012 to March 1,
      2013. Internet Web Page Survey was posted on the official web site of the Serbian
      Association of Private Dentists. In the first survey, 569 completed
      questionnaires were subjected to analysis. In the next attempt (3 years later),
      the survey was launched again and 615 completed questionnaires were analyzed
      using the same criteria. The statistical analysis was carried out with simple
      descriptive statistics applying the x2 test, at a significance level of p < 0.05.
      RESULTS: The first survey included 569 dental practitioners, while 3 years later
      the number of them was 615. Analyzing the questionnaires revealed the number of
      10 to 30 interventins on the root canal montly. The most commonly used irrigant
      solution was H2O2 in 2009, while in 2012 it was yet H2O2, but also NaOCl,
      chlorhexodine, and a little less EDTA. CONCLUSION: This study shows significant
      changes in the irrigation protocol applied in Serbian dental community. After 3
      years of observation, NaOCl became widely accepted as the irrigant of choice,
      whereas H2O2 lost its popularity.

PMID- 26964385
TI  - Lip, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers in the population of the city of Belgrade
      in the period 1999-2010.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Cancers of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx (LOCP) are frequently
      grouped together mainly because they have similar risk factors. The incidence
      rate of these cancers varies worldwide depending on the geographic location. The
      aim of this study was to determine trends in age-standardized incidence rates of
      LOCP cancers in the Belgrade population during a 12-year period, from 1999 to
      2010. METHODS: From The Serbian Cancer Registry (The Registry), we extracted all
      cases of LOCP cancers registered in Belgrade from January 1, 1999 to December 31,
      2010. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to define trends and annual
      percentage change (APC). RESULTS: A total number of 2,025 (1,509 in men and 516
      in women) LOCP cancers were reported to the Registry during the study period. The
      age standardized rate (ASR) for the entire period and for all LOCP cancers, was
      6.24 per 100,000 persons (10.35 for men and 2.86 for women). ASR for lip cancers
      decreased (p < 0.001) during the study period with APC of -8.4%. The ASR for oral
      cavity and pharyngeal cancers increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results show
      a significantly decreasing trend of the incidence rate for lip cancers in the
      population of the city of Belgrade between 1999 and 2010. On the contrary, the
      incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers increased for both men and women.

PMID- 26964387
TI  - Medico-legal expertise of pain in dental trauma.

PMID- 26964386
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchial hyperreactivity in children
      up to two years of age in correlation with atopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Bronchiolitis in early childhood caused by respiratory syncytial
      virus (RSV) is considered to be important risk factor of the recurrent wheezing
      and asthma development. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of RSV
      infection and atopy in children up to two years of age and to determine their
      correlation with bronchial hyperreactivity. METHODS: The study included 175
      children aged 5-24 months. The presence of RSV infection was identified by serum
      levels of IgA and IgG determined by ELISA. Bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) has
      been defined as the existence of chronic bronchial disease and/or three or more
      previous suspected diagnosis of acute bronchial disease. Atopy was confirmed by
      detection of the specific serum IgE using quantitative multitest Phadiatop infant
      (cut off 0.35 kUA/L). RESULTS: The children with atopy were more frequently
      infected with RSV (43.3%) than those without atopy (22.8%; p = 0.02). The higher
      frequency of RSV infection was found in children with BHR in comparison with
      those without it but only in the group who also had atopy (77.8% vs. 28.6%, p =
      0.018). In the female children, BHR and RSV infection were associated in 62.5% of
      cases, regardless the atopy. In the male children with atopy, RSV infection was
      associated with BHR in 83.3% of the cases, while in those without atopy, RSV
      infection with BHR was found in only 17.4% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Children up
      to two years of age with atopy are more frequently infected with RSV (43.3%) than
      nonatopic children. Every third child with atopy develops BHR and 77.8% of them
      also have RSV infection. Atopic children are at higher risk for development of
      BHR when infected with RSV also.

PMID- 26964388
TI  - Successful primary percutaneous coronary interventions in a patient with two
      consecutive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions and dual left anterior
      descending artery (type IV).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Dual left anterior descending (LAD) artery is a very rare inherited
      anomaly. It can be incidentally revealed during primary percutaneous coronary
      intervention (pPCI) and may produce difficulties in detecting and treating the
      culprit lesion. CASE REPORT: We presented a 52-year-old male patient with ST
      segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEM1) of inferior wall, in whom dual
      LAD anomaly was revealed during pPCI: a short LAD artery originated from the left
      main coronary artery and a long LAD artery originated from the proximal part of
      the right coronary artery (RCA). A bare metal stent was successfully implanted in
      the place of the culprit lesion in RCA and ST-segment resolution was achieved in
      ECG. After two hours, the patient was referred again to the catheter lab due to
      new STEMI of anteroseptal wall. Another bare metal stent was implanted in new
      infarction related artery, this time it was proximal part of the short LAD.
      CONCLUSION: Careful and correct interpretation of ECG is very helpful in
      detection and treatment of the culprit lesion in cases with dual LAD.

PMID- 26964389
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of lissencephaly: A case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lissencephaly ("smooth brain") forms a major group of brain
      malformations due to abnormal neuronal migration. It can cause severe
      intellectual and motor disability and epilepsy in children. The prenatal
      diagnosis of this malformation is rare. CASE REPORT: We presented a case of the
      prenatal diagnosis of lissencephaly. A 30-year-old pregnant woman was reffered to
      the hospital at the week 35 of gestation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI
      after an ultrasound examination demonstrated fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly.
      Fetal MRI of the brain showed "smooth", agyrya cortex. The female infant was born
      at term with birth weight of 2,500 g and Apgar score 8, showing global
      developmental delay. Postnatal ultrasound and MRI confirmed classical
      lissencephaly. She is now 8 years old and has spastic quadriparesis, mental
      retardation and epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Confirmation of the ultrasound diagnosis
      with MRI is desirable for the prenatal diagnosis of lissencephaly.

PMID- 26964390
TI  - Successful treatment with cladribine of Erdheim-Chester disease with orbital and
      central nervous system involvement developing after treatment of Langerhans cell
      histiocytosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare, systemic form of non
      Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the juvenile xanthogranuloma family with
      characteristic bilateral symmetrical long bone osteosclerosis, associated with
      xanthogranulomatous extra skeletal organ involvement. In ECD, central nervous
      system (CNS) and orbital lesions are frequent, and more than half of ECD pa
      tients carry the V600E mutation of the protooncogene BRAF. The synchronous or
      metachronous development of ECD and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in the
      same patients is rare, and the possible connection between them is still obscure.
      Cladribine is a purine substrate analogue that is toxic to lymphocytes and
      monocytes with good hematoencephalic penetration. CASE REPORT: We presented a 23
      year-old man successfully treated with cladribine due to BRAF V600E-mutation
      negative ECD with bilateral orbital and CNS involvement ECD developed
      metachronously, 6 years after chemotherapy for multisystem LCH with complete
      disease remission and remaining central diabetes insipidus. During ECD treatment,
      the patient received 5 single-agent chemotherapy courses of cladribine (5 mg/m2
      for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks), with a reduction in dose to 4 mg/m2 in a
      fifth course, delayed due to severe neutropenia and thoracic dermatomal herpes
      zoster infection following the fourth course. Radiologic signs of systemic and
      CNS disease started to resolve 3 months after the end of chemotherapy, and CNS
      lesions completely resolved within 2 years after the treatment After 12-year
      follow-up, there was no recurrence or appearance of new systemic or CNS
      xanthogranulomatous lesions or second malignancies. CONCLUSION: In accordance
      with our findings and recommendations provided by other authors, cladribine can
      be considered an effective alternative treatment for ECD, especially with CNS
      involvement and BRAF V600E-mutation-negative status, when interferon-alpha as the
      first-line therapy fails.

PMID- 26964391
TI  - Failure of intravenous lipid emulsion in treatment of cardiotoxicity caused by
      mixed overdose including dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers are among the most
      frequently ingested cardiovascular drugs in self-poisoning causing significant
      mortality. Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) is reported as a potentially novel
      antidote for treatment of acute poisoning caused by some of these drugs. CASE
      REPORT: We presented two cases of poisoning with these drugs. The case 1, a 24
      year-old woman ingested amplodipine, metformin and gliclazide for self-poisoning.
      She presented with tachycardia and hypotension. Laboratory analyses revealed
      hyperglycaemia and metabolic acidosis. Despite the treatment which included fluid
      resuscitation, vasopressors, intravenous calcium, glucagon and ILE, circulatory
      shock occurred. The patient died 10 hours after admission due to cardiac arrest
      refractory to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The case 2, a 41-year-old man, was
      found in a coma with empty packages of nifedipine, metoprolol and diazepam
      tablets. On admission vital signs included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 3, weak
      palpable pulses, undetectable blood pressure, and irregular breathing with oxygen
      saturation of 60%. An electrocardiography showed AV block (Mobitz II) with
      ventricular rate of 44/min with progression to third degree of AV block. In
      attempt to increase heart rate and blood pressure the following agents were
      administered: atropine boluses, normal saline with dopamine, glucagon, calcium
      chloride and ILE. Temporary transvenous pacemaker was placed, electrical capture
      was recorded, but without improvement in haemodynamics. Three hours after
      admission cardiac arrest happened and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was
      unsuccessful. CONCLUSION: Intravenous lipid emulsion may be ineffective in acute
      poisonings with amlodipine, nifedipine or metoprolol.

PMID- 26964392
TI  - A comment on the article: Rabrenovic M, Tresnjic S, Rabrenovic V, Cikiriz N,
      Masic S, Matunovic R. Neurotoxic effects of oxygen in hyperbaric environment.
      Vojnosanit Pregl 2015; 72(9): 827-30.

PMID- 26964393
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 26964395
TI  - [Adverse Events of Sublingual Immunotherapy in 207 Patients with Japanese Cedar
      Pollinosis].
AB  - Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for Japanese cedar pollinosis is effective,
      however, caution must be exercised against allergen-specific adverse events (AEs)
      during SLIT. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the AEs of SLIT in
      a large cohort of patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis. METHODS: We conducted
      a detailed survey, by both questionnaires and direct interviews, of 207 patients
      receiving SLIT at our clinic. RESULTS: Eighty-four of the 207 patients (40.5%)
      developed AEs, with AEs involving the oral cavity and throat being the most
      common (56 patients; 27.1%). Sixteen patients (7.9%) had local mucosal swelling,
      but the swelling resolved in all the cases. Other allergen-induced symptoms such
      as nasal symptoms (29 events, 14.0%), eye symptoms (14 events, 6.8%) and ear
      symptoms (20 events, 9.7%) were also recognized. All the AEs were minor, and
      discontinuation of SLIT was not necessitated in any of the patients because of
      AEs. There were 52 AEs (25.0%) in the up-dose phase and 61 AEs (29.3%) in the
      maintenance phase. However, only 4 of the 161 patients (2.5%) developed AEs
      during the pollen season. Most AEs developing during the maintenance phase
      occurred in the first few weeks. In 60% of the cases, the AEs disappeared within
      2 weeks, and in 6.0% (5 events), they persisted for longer than 2 months. There
      were no age-or sex-related differences in the prevalence of cedar pollen-specific
      IgE, or in the adherence to the treatment. CONCLUSION: AEs in SLIT were shown in
      many patients, however, the severity of AEs was mild and no events interfered
      SLIT.

PMID- 26964394
TI  - [Clinical Analysis of Evaluation of the Swallowing Function before Gastrostomy in
      an Acute-care Hospital for Elderly People].
AB  - The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, while defining a significant
      reduction of the medical fee points for gastrostomy in the medical fee revision
      of fiscal year 2014, assigned additional fee points for evaluation of the
      swallowing function by videofluoroscopy (VF) or videoendoscopy (VE) prior to
      gastrostomy. In addition, for facilities that carried out more than 50
      gastrostomy operations, evaluation of the swallowing function was made mandatory
      in all cases and 35% of oral ingestion recovery rate to require the full amount
      calculation. Therefore, we evaluated the data on swallowing function evaluation
      in patients and gastrostomy at our hospital. During a 3-year period from February
      2012, 114 patients who underwent gastrostomy at our hospital were enrolled. We
      evaluated the background disease, indications for gastrostomy, conduct/non
      conduct of swallowing function tests prior to gastrostomy, videoendoscopic score
      (VE score), and the functional oral intake score before and after gastrostomy in
      the patients. The predominant background diseases were cerebrovascular disease
      (33%), Parkinson's syndrome (26%), and Alzheimer's disease (11%). The indications
      for gastrostomy were dysphagia (38%), request for gastrostomy from other
      hospitals or nursing care home (24%), and malnutrition due to anorexia (18%). The
      severity of the dysfunction was classified based on the VE score as mild (28%),
      moderate (47%), or severe (25%). Dysphagia did not reach the majority of reasons
      for gastrostomy and not few of background diseases were progressive neurological
      diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it remains under debate whether
      it is necessary to perform swallowing functional evaluation by VE or VF in all
      cases prior to gastrostomy. In some cases in which gastrostomy was indicated, the
      VE scores were not so high. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation based on the
      pathophysiology and social background is needed to judge the indication for
      gastrostomy. Leading support and participation in the calculation of additional
      fee points for the evaluation of swallowing function is an urgent issue for
      otolaryngologists.

PMID- 26964396
TI  - [A Case of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Developing during Chemoradiotherapy for
      Maxillary Sinus Cancer].
AB  - Herein, we report a case of drug-induced Stevens Johnson syndrome. (SJS). A 56
      year old female visited our hospital complaining of right cheek pain. Local
      examination revealed that the right ostium of the maxillary sinus was open and
      that the maxillary sinus mucosa was invaded by tumor. Biopsy revealed a
      histopathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. We therefore diagnosed
      the patient as a case of maxillary sinus carcinoma (T3N0M0) based on the CT, MRI
      and FDG-PET findings. During chemoradiotherapy for maxillary sinus cancer, the
      patient developed oral mucosal inflammation of progressively worsening severity;
      we initially thought that the symptom was a side effect of the treatment;
      however, several days later, skin lesions appeared throughout the body. We
      consulted a dermatologist, who suspected SJS. The patient was initiated on high
      dose steroid therapy (steroid pulse therapy), and the symptoms improved. Because
      of SJS is a fatal drug eruption, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are
      important. In patients receiving chemoradiotherapy showing severe oral mucosal
      inflammation outside the irradiation area or oral mucosal inflammation associated
      with skin lesions throughout the body, it is necessary to bear in mind the
      possibility of SJS.

PMID- 26964397
TI  - [Introduction of Percutaneous Dilational Tracheotomy in Otolaryngology Residency
      Training].
AB  - In 2009, we introduced percutaneous dilational tracheotomy (PDT) in
      otolaryngology residency training. PDT was performed in 21 cases and five
      residents had an opportunity to learn PDT. No major complications occurred.
      Decannulation was achieved in 17 of the 18 cases, excluding 3 mortalities. All
      residents felt that their knowledge of PDT had advanced. Introduction of PDT has
      great significance in otolaryngology residency training.

PMID- 26964398
TI  - [Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety in a Multi-center Clinical Trial of
      VIBRANT SOUNDBRIDGE in Japan].
AB  - Middle ear implants (MEIs) such as the Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) are attractive
      and alternative treatments for patients with conductive, sensorineural, and mixed
      hearing loss who do not benefit from, or who choose not to wear, conventional
      hearing aids (HAs). Recent studies suggest that MEIs can provide better
      improvements in functional gain, speech perception, and quality of life than HAs,
      although there are certain risks associated with the surgery which should be
      taken into consideration, including facial nerve or chorda tympanic nerve damage,
      dysfunctions of the middle and inner ears, and future device
      failure/explantation. In Japan, a multi-center clinical trial of VSB was
      conducted between 2011-2014. A round window vibroplasty via the transmastoid
      approach was adopted in the protocol. The bony lip overhanging the round window
      membrane (RWM) was extensively but very carefully drilled to introduce the
      Floating Mass Transducer (FMT). Perichondrium sheets were used to stabilize the
      FMT onto the RWM. According to the audiological criteria, the upper limit of bone
      conduction should be 45 dB, 50 dB, and 65 dB from 500 Hz to 4, 000 Hz. Twenty
      five patients underwent the surgery so far at 13 different medical centers. The
      age at the surgery was between 26-79 years old, and there were 15 males and 10
      females. The cause of conductive or mixed hearing loss was middle ear diseases in
      23 cases and congenital aural atresia in two cases. The data concerning on the
      effectiveness and safety of VSB was collected before the surgery and 20 weeks
      after the surgery. Significant improvements of free-field Pure Tone Audiogram
      (PTA) from 250 Hz to 8, 000 Hz were confirmed (p < 0.001). Hearing gain up to 40
      dB was achieved in the 1, 000 Hz to 4, 000 Hz range. No deterioration in either
      air conduction or bone conduction at PTA was noted at 20 weeks after the surgery.
      Monosyllable speech perception in both quiet and noisy conditions improved
      significantly (p < 0.001). The speech discrimination score in both quiet and
      noisy conditions improved significantly too (p < 0.001). In the future, it is
      likely that there will be an increasing population even in Japan that will meet
      the criteria for MEIs such as VSB. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of
      these devices should be established.

PMID- 26964399
TI  - [Use of a novel polymer, the in-situ gelling mucoadhesive thiolated poly(aspartic
      acid) in ophthalmic drug delivery].
AB  - The bioavailability of drugs used on mucosal surfaces can be increased by the use
      of mucoadhesive polymers. A new type of mucoadhesive polymers is the group of
      thiolated polymers with thiol group containing side chains. These polymers are
      able to form covalent bonds (disulphide linkages) with the mucin glycoproteins.
      For the formulation of an ocular drug delivery system (DDS) thiolated
      poly(aspartic acid) polymer (ThioPASP) was used. Our aim was to determine their
      biocompatibility, mucoadhesion and drug release property. According to the
      results it can be established that the thiolated poly(aspartic acid) polymers can
      be a potential vehicle of an ocular drug delivery system due to their
      biocompatibility, good mucoadhesive property and drug release profile. Thanks to
      their properties controlled drug delivery can be achieved and bioavailability of
      the ophthalmic formulation can be increased, while the usage frequency can be
      decreased.

PMID- 26964400
TI  - [Resveratrol in Pharmaceutical Chemistry].
AB  - Resveratrol is a polyphenol that can be found in various plants, including
      grapes. Wines therefore also contain this compound. The famous phenomenon, named
      "French paradox" is considered to be an effect of resveratrol: the regular,
      modest consumption of red wine causes low incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
      Resveratrol is also reported to have anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory,
      neuroprotective, and several further beneficial effects. As yet, resveratrol is
      not a registered drug in Hungary; nevertheless it is a common food supplement.
      Paradoxically, this is the very danger of its use: it can have harmful side
      effects with several drugs. The bioavailability of resveratrol is, however, not
      favorable, due to its poor water-solubility and extensive metabolism. Our current
      knowledge is still far from being sufficient to understand its mode of action at
      a molecular level. Only a few of the most important physicochemical properties
      has been determined so far. The two major directions of pharmaceutical research
      of resveratrol are the elaboration of formulation systems that can improve the
      water solubility; the other is the development of analogous agents of enhanced
      effects.

PMID- 26964401
TI  - [Development possibilities of hormone-containing implants for gynecological
      applications: A review].
AB  - Implantable gynecological drug delivery devices are applied for contraceptive,
      hormone replacement purposes and for the treatments of other gynecological
      diseases, e.g. endometriosis. The review provides a comprehensive overview about
      the indications, advantages, limitation of application and the applied
      technologies of hormone-containing implants, as well. The study comprises the
      relevant patents and the recently published papers.

PMID- 26964402
TI  - [Development of new magistral method for the preparation of artificial tears].
AB  - Nowadays, large part of the population in Hungary is affected by the dry eye
      disease or symptom. Most of these magistral pharmaceuticals (FoNo VI) compared to
      the industrial products have disadvantages. They are not compatible with contact
      lenses, because of the preservatives and after opening they can be used only for
      seven days. In our experiments we used sodium-perborate as preservative, which
      could be a solution for the problems mentioned above. Our results indicate that
      the sodium-perborate sterilized the solution and resists against microbiological
      contamination. Its preservative effect maintained for more than four weeks. Our
      further purpose is to develop a new pharmacy drug preparation method to find an
      effective solution for the microbiological stability-related problems of
      artificial tears.

PMID- 26964405
TI  - Silent Voices: Current and Future Roles of African Research Ethics Committee
      Administrators.

PMID- 26964403
TI  - Waivers and Alterations to Consent in Pragmatic Clinical Trials: Respecting the
      Principle of Respect for Persons.

PMID- 26964404
TI  - Exploitation of Prisoners in Clinical Research: Perceptions of Study
      Participants.

PMID- 26964406
TI  - Meaningful use presents opportunity for measuring quality.

PMID- 26964407
TI  - Health system screens all patients for suicide risk.

PMID- 26964408
TI  - Money-back guarantee aimed at patient satisfaction.

PMID- 26964409
TI  - App lets patients check ED wait times before leaving home.

PMID- 26964410
TI  - NPSF says patient safety still a serious concern.

PMID- 26964411
TI  - Discharge planning proposed rule focuses on patient preferences.

PMID- 26964412
TI  - Readmissions are focus of Joint Commission resources.

PMID- 26964413
TI  - Financial stakes rising as auditors set their sights on providers.
AB  - The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is continuing to tweak its
      various audit programs, and the changes make it imperative that case managers
      stay current so they can educate the rest of the staff. Hospitals have got to get
      patient status right up front, and that means case managers should review every
      patient who comes in from every point of access. Hospitals should eliminate the
      silos within their various departments and outside the hospital walls with post
      acute providers so everyone can work together for better patient care. Case
      managers should work closely with their physician advisors and admitting
      physicians as well as being involved in revenue cycle activities.

PMID- 26964414
TI  - Get status right up front for fewer headaches later on.

PMID- 26964415
TI  - CMS gives the RA program a makeover with more changes in store.
AB  - CMS has made changes in the scope of work for the Recovery Auditor program and
      has proposed a number of other changes to be implemented when new RA contracts
      are issued. CMS has restricted the number of additional documentation requests,
      has shortened the "look-back" period for patient status reviews, and announced
      penalties for RAs with high error rates. The new contracts shorten the time RAs
      have to complete complex reviews, requires RAs to wait 30 days before referring
      cases to the Medicare Administrative Contractors, and postpones contingency
      payments to RAs until after the second level of appeals. The Audit and Appeal
      Fairness, Integrity, and Reforms in Medicare (AFIRM) bill, introduced in the
      Senate in December, revamps the appeals process, adding an Ombudsman for Medicare
      Reviews to assist in resolving complaints by hospitals that have appealed and
      those considering appeals, and establishes an Appeals Medicare Magistrate program
      with attorneys who will handle appeals of denials for $1,500 or less.

PMID- 26964416
TI  - Safety net hospital, community providers collaborate to improve transitions.
AB  - A Care Transitional Task Force at San Francisco General Hospital created a cross
      continuum program that has reduced readmissions and increased timely primary care
      visits for discharged patients. A basic bundle of services includes communication
      between inpatient and outpatient providers, providing the right information to
      the next level of providers, and giving patients and family members the right
      level of education. Transitional care nurses work with heart failure patients of
      any age and patients over 55 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
      diabetes, renal failure, or who are recovering from a myocardial infarction. The
      nurses work closely with patients and family members during the hospital stay and
      follow up weekly for 30 days after discharge.

PMID- 26964417
TI  - CASE MANAGEMENT INSIDER. Thinking of Separating Utilization Management and Case
      Management? Think Again!
AB  - Case management should be designed as a fully patient-centric model with all the
      roles and functions of the case manager and social worker performed as part of a
      package of services provided to the patient, not as a series of tasks that are
      disjointed and performed in isolation of each other. When case management models
      separate these roles, they create an environment in which these roles no longer
      interface and no longer are applied with the patient's current and long-term care
      needs in mind. Be very cautious when implementing such models and as you can see
      above, the argument that the collaborative model is less expensive simply does
      not hold true. Whenever possible, try to keep your case management roles and
      functions as integrated as possible for the greatest success and achievement of
      outcomes!

PMID- 26964418
TI  - Transitional coordinator nurses focus on at-risk patients with chronic diseases.
AB  - Tucson Medical Center keeps its readmission rates low by having transitional
      coordinators work closely for patients with chronic disease who are at risk for
      readmissions. An analysis of readmitted patients determined that many who were
      rehospitalized were elderly with chronic diseases. The transitional coordinators
      are three experienced nurses with knowledge of chronic disease who work closely
      with the care team and follow patients for up to 30 days after discharge. The
      hospital arranges for post-acute providers to come to the hospital to see the
      patients referred to them for services.

PMID- 26964419
TI  - In Memoriam--Denis Carrier.

PMID- 26964420
TI  - Nagweyaab Geebawug: A retrospective autoethnography of the lived experience of
      kidney donation.
AB  - "Get the camera!" I yelled. As my young son came running towards me with the
      camera, I pointed up to the sky. Therethey were, four magnificent gleaming
      rainbows. The cloudssurrounding were a moody bluish black and the sun swiftly
      andgracefully beamed through them. The shimmering and glistening rainbows in that
      brief moment of sunshine pierced throughmy own darkness. In the last few months
      in my First Nationscommunity, we had experienced many deaths. Some of thesedeaths
      were relatives and friends. Years later, I would gaze atthe picture taken through
      hot tears, Nagweyaab geebawug orrainbow spirits I thought--these are the
      ancestors, those whohave passed reminding us to never give up. This is a story
      and inthis story an autoethnographical narrative emerges that is richwith
      contextual cultural interpretations of myself as a kidneydonor to my son. Through
      this autoethnographical narrative,there is the potential to further illuminate
      the lived experienceof chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplantation.
      Inthis paper, the terms First Nations and Indigenous are utilizedinterchangeably.

PMID- 26964421
TI  - An introduction to chemotherapy-associated nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 26964422
TI  - The Canadian Organ Replacement Register: Nursing's important contribution.
AB  - You are a charge nurse in a large hemodialysis unit in Ontario.One of the
      clerical staff has approached you today to assist withan update to her statistics
      on new and existing patients in yourunit. You are asked to clarify the cause of
      death for one patientand to clarify the date of transfer to the home dialysis
      programfor peritoneal dialysis on another patient. Finally, you are asked
      toremind the nurse practitioner (NP) to complete a registration formfor another
      patient who has just started chronic hemodialysis inyour unit. While you know the
      collection of data is important, thereare lots of patients to look after and you
      feel frustrated by havingto take time away from planning urgent hemodialysis
      requests--which are your priority--to source out information to complete aform.
      You reflect on this need for statistical data and wonder wherethe information on
      this form ends up and how it helps your patientswho are living with end stage
      kidney disease (ESKD).

PMID- 26964423
TI  - The dialysis technologist: What is our role?

PMID- 26964424
TI  - Development of competencies for the use of bedside ultrasound for assessment and
      cannulation of hemodialysis vascular access.
AB  - Use of ultrasound for hemodialysis vascular access assessment and real-time
      cannulation requires specialized training. In order to obtain basic hand-eye
      coordination, theoretical sessions on ultrasound use, as well as practical
      sessions using phantom models are recommended prior to its use in the clinical
      setting with patients. New users of this technology need to consider that all
      competencies can be achieved with daily use of ultrasound at the bedside. It
      takes approximately 500 guided cannulations to achieve the highest level of
      competency described above.

PMID- 26964425
TI  - Erythema nodosum leprosum research: ENLISTing support.

PMID- 26964426
TI  - Leprosy: a review on elimination, reducing the disease burden, and future
      research.
AB  - Leprosy, one of the oldest diseases known to man, is a stigmatising, potentially
      disabling disease. Throughout history, leprosy has been associated with fear,
      prejudice and immense social stigma. It remains one of the leading causes of
      deformity and physical disability from an infectious disease. Tremendous advances
      in leprosy control were made by the World Health Organization, and the
      'elimination of leprosy', defined as a decrease of disease prevalence to less
      than 1 case per 10,000 population, was achieved by 2000. However, the reality is
      that true 'elimination' is yet to be achieved. Despite almost 30 years of
      effective multidrug treatment, the prevalence and incidence of leprosy have
      plateaued since 2005. Moreover, new cases with Grade 2 disability and new cases
      occurring in children remain unchanged since 2010, reflecting a failure in early
      leprosy detection, and indicating that transmission is clearly continuing. This
      review examines the challenges of elimination, and proposes further measures to
      reduce the disease burden, including future research possibilities.

PMID- 26964427
TI  - The decline of leprosy in the Republic of Korea; patterns and trends 1977-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Though the World Health Organization declared the 'elimination of
      leprosy as public health problem' in 2000, the disease remains endemic in many
      countries. Current trends in incidence of infection and disease are unclear.
      METHODS: Data on leprosy prevalence between 1977-2013 and data on new leprosy
      cases detected in the Republic of Korea between 1989-2013 were analysed by age,
      sex, clinical types, mode of detection, family history, disability grading and
      geographical distribution. RESULTS: Both prevalence and incidence have declined
      greatly. There has been a shift to an increased proportion of multibacillary
      disease, and older age groups, consistent with a dramatic decrease in infection
      transmission in recent decades. An increase in proportion of cases with family
      history of disease is consistent with these declines. There is evidence that
      declines in infection and disease have been greater in the north of the country,
      as revealed in patterns by place of birth over time. Cases in immigrants now form
      a substantial proportion of leprosy disease in the Republic of Korea.
      CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy has declined dramatically in the Republic of Korea in recent
      decades, and transmission of M. leprae may have effectively stopped. There
      remains a burden of care for individuals whose disease developed in the past, and
      there may be some additional newly detected cases among immigrants and among
      older individuals who acquired autochthonous infections decades ago.

PMID- 26964428
TI  - Hidden leprosy cases in tribal population groups and how to reach them through a
      collaborative effort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tribal populations are an underserved population group and access to
      health services is a major challenge for them. Since leprosy treatment is
      integrated with the general health services, identifying leprosy cases is not be
      easy in these settings and they remain as endemic reservoirs, unless greater
      efforts are made to reach them. METHODOLOGY: An active search operation was
      conducted in the tribal colonies in four pre-identified Health & Nutrition
      Clusters, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2013. After a brief
      training, village health nurses and selected volunteers covered all the
      households, showing flash cards with photos of leprosy cases and enquiring if
      there was any resident with a similar condition. Suspects were listed and
      examined by the district leprosy supervisor and field coordinators from Damien
      Foundation. Follow up interviews were done after one year to assess the treatment
      completion rate. RESULTS: Village health workers covered 47,574 people living in
      the tribal colonies and identified 325 leprosy suspects. Among them, 70 were
      confirmed as new leprosy cases. The prevalence of previously undetected leprosy
      cases was found to be 14.7/10,000. Out of 70 cases, 19 (27%) were children, 35
      (50%) were female, 32 (45.7%) were classified as MB leprosy, 6 (8.6%) had a
      leprosy reaction and 11 (15.7%) persons had Grade 2 disability at the time of
      diagnosis. The treatment completion rate was found to be 74% at the end of one
      year. CONCLUSION: The study reveals a very high burden of leprosy among the
      tribal population and demonstrates how resources can be mobilized from
      government, NGO and local community sources to promote early case detection among
      underserved population groups.

PMID- 26964429
TI  - Human migration, railways and the geographic distribution of leprosy in Rio
      Grande do Norte State--Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Leprosy is a public health problem in Brazil where 31,044 new cases
      were detected in 2013. Rio Grande do Norte is a small Brazilian state with a rate
      of leprosy lower than other areas in the same region, for unknown reasons.
      OBJECTIVES: We present here a review based on the analysis of a database of
      registered leprosy cases in Rio Grande do Norte state, comparing leprosy's
      geographic distribution among municipalities with local socio-economic and public
      health indicators and with historical documents about human migration in this
      Brazilian region. RESULTS: The current distribution of leprosy in Rio Grande do
      Norte did not show correlation with socio-economic or public health indicators at
      the municipal level, but it appears related to economically emerging
      municipalities 100 years ago, with spread facilitated by railroads and train
      stations. Drought-related migratory movements which occurred from this state to
      leprosy endemic areas within the same period may be involved in the introduction
      of leprosy and with its present distribution within Rio Grande do Norte.
      CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy may disseminate slowly, over many decades in certain
      circumstances, such as in small cities with few cases. This is a very unusual
      situation currently and a unique opportunity for epidemiologic studies of leprosy
      as an emerging disease.

PMID- 26964430
TI  - Relapse and deformity among 2177 leprosy patients released from treatment with
      MDT between 2005 and 2010 in South India: A retrospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of relapse among leprosy patients released
      after completing multi-drug therapy (MDT) during 2005-2010 under India's National
      Leprosy Eradication Programme in South India. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective cohort study of leprosy patients who were released from treatment
      (RFT) with MDT during April 2005 and March 2010 in four purposely selected
      districts from South India. We clinically examined them for signs of relapse,
      persistence and deformity. We collected slit skin smears from those reporting
      signs of relapse or persistence. We computed relapse rate per 1000 person years
      by dividing the number of relapses by person years of follow-up and 95%
      confidence intervals (CI) for rates. FINDINGS: We tracked 3791 RFT patients and
      examined 58% of them. The examined and those who were not examined were similar
      in terms of leprosy type, year of completing MDT and gender. We identified 58
      relapses (relapse rate 6.1 per 1000 person years) among the examined. Majority of
      these relapses occurred within 3 years post-MDT. Eighteen (31%) of the relapsed
      patients had deformity. CONCLUSION: While low level of relapse indicates
      effectiveness of MDT, the burden of deformity is of concern. For maximizing
      treatment effectiveness and minimizing transmission, we recommend educating
      leprosy patients at treatment completion for self-monitoring of signs of relapse
      and advising them to visit nearby public health facilities or Community health
      workers for immediate evaluation and intervention.

PMID- 26964431
TI  - Non-adherence to steroid therapy in leprosy reaction and neuritis.

PMID- 26964432
TI  - Leprosy associated with psoriasis.
AB  - Reported cases of leprosy and psoriasis coexistence are uncommon in the
      literature. Studies suggest a negative association between these two diseases. A
      case of association between these disorders has been reported.

PMID- 26964433
TI  - Report on a month course in clinical and surgical leprosy for undergraduate
      students of physiotherapy.

PMID- 26964434
TI  - Effectiveness of Methotrexate in prednisolone and thalidomide resistant cases of
      Type 2 lepra reaction: report on three cases.

PMID- 26964435
TI  - Presence of an index case in households of newly registered leprosy patients:
      experience from a leprosy referral centre in South India.
AB  - The global leprosy burden in terms of new case detection does not seem to show a
      declining trend. India continues to be one of the major contributors to the
      leprosy burden. It is well known that the presence of an index case is a risk
      factor for leprosy among household contacts. The Blue Peter Health and Research
      centre (BPHRC), a leprosy referral centre in South India, observed the presence
      of an index case in 27.6% of leprosy patients newly diagnosed during 2009-2013. A
      majority of the index cases were either parents or siblings. Early case detection
      is recommended in global and national strategies, but active contact screening is
      not in the purview of integrated leprosy services in India. Active contact
      screening may be considered as one of the major activities to further reduce the
      leprosy burden.

PMID- 26964436
TI  - Bullous Erythema Nodosum Leprosum masquerading as systemic onset juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis: A case report.

PMID- 26964438
TI  - Borderline Hansen complicated by a metastatic cold abscess.

PMID- 26964437
TI  - Single patch, mononeuritic multibacillary leprosy: A case report.

PMID- 26964439
TI  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in leprosy.
AB  - A patient from Southeast Asia was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus.
      One year later, she experienced exacerbation of skin lesions and was diagnosed
      with erythema nodosum leprosum. Upon treatment, the patient developed
      hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with multi-organ failure and died from
      invasive fungal infection. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis has to our
      knowledge, not previously been reported in leprosy.

PMID- 26964440
TI  - Erythema Nodosum Leprosum International Study Group: 3rd ENLIST Meeting Report,
      Mumbai, 7th-9th April 2015.

PMID- 26964441
TI  - Absent.

PMID- 26964442
TI  - Regulators and regulations: who will guard the guards? (or 'Quis custodiet ipsos
      custodes' as old Juvenal used to say).
AB  - Overbearing regulators with their various labyrinthine regulations have had
      adverse impacts on dentists and their teams' behaviours. This has produced the
      perverse outcomes of demoralizing dental teams as well as reducing their capacity
      and/or desire to deliver compassionate oral healthcare. These adverse outcomes do
      not seem to have benefited patients, or dentists, or their teams, in any sensible
      or measurable way. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The vastly increased burdens on the UK
      dental profession of intrusive, bullying regulations, emanating from the various
      UK agencies, such as the supposedly fair and independent GDC, but including the
      increasingly politically controlled NHS and the CQC, have had unfortunate,
      perverse, effects on many dentists' clinical practices and affected dental teams'
      desires, or willingness, to be as compassionate as they used to be about helping
      to solve some patients' dental or oral problems.

PMID- 26964443
TI  - Minimally Invasive Long-Term Management of Direct Restorations: the '5 Rs'.
AB  - The assessment and operative long-term management of direct restorations is a
      complex and controversial subject in conservative dentistry. Employing a
      minimally invasive (MI) approach helps preserve natural tooth structure and
      maintain endodontic health for as long as possible during the restorative cycle.
      This paper discusses how minimally invasive techniques may be applied practically
      to reviewing, resealing, refurbishing, repairing or replacing
      deteriorating/failed direct coronal restorations (the'5 Rs') and provides an
      update of contemporary MI clinical procedures. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The
      assessment and long-term clinical management of deteriorating/failing direct
      restorations is a major component of the general dental practice workload and NHS
      UK budget expenditure for operative dentistry.

PMID- 26964444
TI  - Rehabilitation of Oncology Patients with Hard Palate Defects Part 2: Principles
      of Obturator Design.
AB  - The first part of this series on the conventional rehabilitation of oncology
      patients with hard palate defects discussed the dental challenges posed by
      oncology patients and the surgical/restorative planning interface for
      conventional dental rehabilitation. This article will describe Aramany's
      classification of hard palate defects, Brown's classification of palatal defects
      and focus on the basic principles of obturator design which need to be
      appreciated when prosthetically rehabilitating a patient with a hard palate
      defect. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A good understanding of basic removable
      prosthodontic theory relating to denture design, dental materials science and
      head and neck anatomy is a prerequisite when designing an obturator for a
      patient.

PMID- 26964445
TI  - Denosumab, an Alternative to Bisphosphonates but also Associated with
      Osteonecrosis of the Jaw--What is the Risk?.
AB  - Most dental professionals will have, or will soon, encounter patients prescribed
      this novel alternative antiresorptive drug to bisphosphonates, denosumab
      (Prolia(r), Xgeva(r)). Denosumab is licensed in the UK for the prevention of
      osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women and the prevention of skeletal
      related events (SRE) in adults with bone metastases. The presence of
      osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients receiving non-bisphosphonate antiresorptives
      has led to the introduction of the term antiresorptive-related osteonecrosis of
      the jaw or ARONJ. This paper discusses the basic physiology of bone remodelling,
      the pharmacology of bisphosphonates and denosumab, and the risk of ARONJ.
      CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: What is the potential risk of ARONJ arising from dental
      treatment that we should be advising for our patients?

PMID- 26964446
TI  - Pain Part 3: Acute Orofacial Pain.
AB  - Acute trigeminal pain is a common presentation in the dental surgery, with a
      reported 22% of the US adult population experiencing orofacial pain more than
      once during a 6-month period. This article discusses the mechanisms underlying
      the pain experience, diagnosis and subsequent management of acute trigeminal
      pain, encompassing pre-, peri- and post-operative analgesia. The dental team
      spend most of their working lives managing patients and acute pain. The patient
      may present to the clinician in existing pain, which may often provide a
      diagnostic challenge. Prevention and managing intra-operative and post-surgical
      pain are implicit in providing your patient with optimum care. CPD/CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE: This paper aims to provide an overview of conditions that may present
      with acute orofacial pain and their management using the most recent evidence
      base. Intra-operative and post-surgical pain management are also scrutinized and
      evidence based treatment is recommended.

PMID- 26964447
TI  - Dementia and Dentistry.
AB  - Dementia is increasing in prevalence: by 2025 it is estimated that there will be
      over a million people in the UK with this diagnosis. The condition is likely to
      affect us all as healthcare providers, whether in our patients, our relatives or
      ourselves. This article gives an overview of dementia: causes, treatment, how it
      affects people and provides advice on how to manage patients with dementia who
      require dental care. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: By identifying the patient with
      dementia and being aware of the challenges in providing care the clinician can
      provide better treatment and reduce the chance of dental problems as the
      condition progresses.

PMID- 26964448
TI  - An Unusual Extranodal Presentation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in the Upper
      Lip.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a
      peak incidence in South-East Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa. A significant number
      of patients in the UK are affected. Extra-pulmonary TB presentation varies, and
      includes head and neck manifestations that can present on routine examination in
      the dental practice setting. We report an unusual case of extra-nodal TB in the
      upper lip, and provide some guidance to general dental practitioners on the
      presenting features of such lesions, and what to refer for further investigation
      where TB is included in the differential diagnosis. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This
      case report highlights important factors in TB diagnosis, with particular
      emphasis on presenting features relevant to general dental practitioners, and
      informs on the accepted and current treatment regimen.

PMID- 26964449
TI  - Mouth Cancer for Clinicians Part 3: Risk Factors (Traditional: Tobacco).
AB  - A MEDLINE search early in 2015 revealed more than 250,000 papers on head and neck
      cancer; over 100,000 on oral cancer; and over 60,000 on mouth cancer. Not all
      publications contain robust evidence. We endeavour to encapsulate the most
      important of the latest information and advances now employed in practice, in a
      form comprehensible to healthcare workers, patients and their carers. This series
      offers the primary care dental team, in particular, an overview of the
      aetiopathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis and multidisciplinary care of mouth
      cancer, the functional and psychosocial implications, and minimization of the
      impact on the quality of life of patient and family. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This
      article offers the dental team an overview of the main cancer risk factors,
      tobacco and alcohol, betel and other chewing habits, and environmental factors.

PMID- 26964450
TI  - Infraoccluded Upper Deciduous Second Molars Leading to Caries in the Permanent
      Dentition.
AB  - Infraocclusion of primary teeth is a problem that can be recognized early by the
      general dental practitioner. Allowing affected teeth to deteriorate beyond a
      point where active intervention would be recommended can make treatment of the
      condition more complex or may lead to unexpected sequelae. The case described in
      this report of infraoccluded primary teeth, suffered pathology in adjacent teeth,
      leading to multiple extractions and fixed orthodontic treatment post surgery.
      This case highlights the need for early recognition of infraocclusion by the GDP
      and will suggest interceptive treatment options. CPD/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To
      highlight the need of interceptive orthodontics in primary care when required.

PMID- 26964451
TI  - Decision-Making for Residual Periodontal Pockets after Aetiological Treatment.
AB  - The practitioner may have difficulties making decisions regarding the most
      appropriate therapeutic approach in the case of the persistence of periodontal
      pockets after initial periodontal treatment. Several options may be considered:
      aetiologic retreatment, maintenance, surgery of the pocket or extraction of the
      tooth for strategic reasons or when the conservation of the tooth is impossible.
      There are no clear guidelines for the treatment decision. The aim of this article
      is to present the main factors involved in making a treatment decision. An
      algorithm and its background rationale are presented to help the practitioner
      make a decision about residual periodontal pockets after aetiological treatment.

PMID- 26964452
TI  - Articaine hydrochloride: is it the solution?.

PMID- 26964453
TI  - Authors' response.

PMID- 26964454
TI  - Dentistry + paediatrics + Maxillofacial Surgery = not so ordinary.

PMID- 26964455
TI  - Keep an eye out for the bifid uvula: yes please--as it is not always just an
      isolated congenital anomaly.

PMID- 26964456
TI  - Placement of Class II composites.

PMID- 26964457
TI  - Clinical Challenges Q&A 11. Ulcers.

PMID- 26964458
TI  - Technique Tips--The Cost of One Bond Failure?

PMID- 26964459
TI  - [PANCREATIC CANCER: TERRA INCOGNITA IN MODERN GASTROENTEROLOGY].
AB  - The author presents definition of pancreatic cancer (PC), epidemiological data on
      its prevalence, risk factors (chronic pancreatitis, viral hepatitis B, smoking,
      etc.), and clinical symptoms. Modern laboratory and instrumental differential
      diagnostic methods are discussed. Morphological classification and stages of the
      neoplastic process are considered with special reference to the methods of its
      surgical treatment and adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 26964460
TI  - [POSSIBLE CAUSES OF INEFFICIENT MONOTHERAPY OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM WITH L
      THYROXIN].
AB  - Substitution therapy with L-thyroxin was recognized in 2012 to be the method of
      choice for the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism. However it does not
      always allow to achieve normalization of all metabolic parameters. The aim of our
      work was to search for and analyze data on the possible mechanisms responsible
      for the failure of replacement hormonal therapy with L-thyroxin with a view to
      changing the therapeutic strategy for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.

PMID- 26964461
TI  - [STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND VEGETATIVE CONDITIONS OF PATIENTS WITH STABLE
      ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, ITS MASKED FORM, AND WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION].
AB  - The character of changing of functional and vegetative characteristics in
      different clinical variants of arterial hypertension thus far remains obscure.
      The aim of this work was to study patients with stable arterial hypertension
      (SAH), its masked form (MH), and white coat hypertension (WCH). We examined 125
      patients who were divided into these 3 groups based on results of 24 hr AP
      monitoring by cardiac rhythm measurement and echocardiography. The study revealed
      different risk factors of each of the three forms of AH. The main risk factors of
      WCH are age and disturbed rhythm variability, those of MH are overweigh, obesity,
      and myocardial dysfunction, while SAH is associated with the advanced age,
      overweight, obesity, the history of concomitant cardiovascular diseases, and
      disordered daily profile of AP. It is concluded that different clinical variants
      of AH result from the changes in the functioning of cardiovascular and vegetative
      nervous systems associated with different risk factors.

PMID- 26964462
TI  - [THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISORDERS-OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION AND RIGHT HEART
      REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH ATOPIC BRONCHIAL ASTHMA].
AB  - This study aimed at the evaluation of the state of the respiratory system and its
      possible influence on the structural and functional characteristics of the right
      heart in patients with atopic bronchial asthma (BA) with a view to optimizing
      diagnostics and prevention of cardiovascular complications. The study included
      189 subjects of whom 148 with BA were divided into 3 groups depending on the
      severity of the disease. Forty practically healthy volunteers comprised the
      control group. The external respiration function and right ventricle functional
      parameters were the main variables measured in all the participants of the study.
      It was shown that disorders of external respiration and pulmonary hyperinflation
      progressed with severity of BA and thereby promoted right ventricular myocardium
      remodeling and dysfunction that in turn led to chronic cardiac insufficiency. It
      is concluded that functional changes in the right heart in of patients with BA of
      different severity are associated with remodeling of the respiratory tract.

PMID- 26964463
TI  - [MORPHOFUNCTIONAL MYOCARDIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN PATIENTS WITH MASKED ARTERIAL
      HYPERTENSION AND WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION].
AB  - The aim of this work was to study morpho-functional myocardial characteristics in
      patients with masked arterial hypertension (AH) and white coat hypertension (WCH)
      given antihypertensive therapy (AHT) and without it. This cross-sectional cohort
      study included employees of a large industrial enterprise who annually underwent
      routine medical examination supplemented by 24 hr AP monitoring and
      echocardiography carried out at specified time of the working day. The
      participants of the study were divided into 6 groups based on the relationship
      between clinical AP and mean AP during work. Group I comprised 20 (7%) subjects
      with normal AP, group 2--20 (7%) with masked AH, group 3--40 (14%) with WCH,
      group 4--81 (28.3%) with optimal A HT effect, group 5--64 (22.4%) with unmanifest
      inefficiency of AHT, group 6--40 (14%) with WCH during AHT. Criteria for masked
      AH and unmanifest AHT inefficiency were clinical AP below 140 and 90 mm Hg in
      combination with mean AP during work 135 and/or 85 mm Hg and higher.
      Echocardiography was performed in a standard positions in M- and B-modes as well
      as in three Doppler regimes. One-factor ANOVA was used to analyze differences
      between the groups and Pearson's Chi-square test to determine the relationship
      between categorical variables. 206 (72%) of the 286 employees of the large
      industrial enterprise had a diagnosis of AH. It was shown that ambulatory AP
      values obtained by 24 hr monitoring better characterized the patient's condition
      than clinical AP since they correlated with the frequency of disorders in the
      target organs and the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with AH.
      Patients with masked AH more frequently developed left ventricular hypertrophy
      and diastolic dysfunction than those having normal clinical and ambulatory AP.
      The mean width of the left ventricle wall and left ventricular isovolumic
      relaxation time (therefore, the degree of LV hypertrophy and diastolic
      dysfunction) in the patients with unmanifest inefficiency of AHT were greater
      than in those with optimal AHT effect. The occurrence of WCH was comparable in
      the two groups. These data were used to determine intensity of preventive AHT at
      the workplace with a view to improving medical and occupational prognosis.

PMID- 26964464
TI  - [CHRONODIAGNOSTICS AND CHRONOTHERAPY OF COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN ELDERLY SUBJECTS].
AB  - Cognitive disorders in elderly subjects with cerebral atherosclerosis confirmed
      by paraclinical methods and psychological tests are accompanied by
      sympathicotonia and rhythm desynchronization of RR-intervals in ECG.
      Biocontrolled IR laser therapy in the projection of frontal and temporal lobes of
      both hemispheres, internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and superior cervical
      node reduces sympaticotonia, restores circumhoralian and circadian rhythms of RR
      intervals, improved cognitive functions and quality of sleep.

PMID- 26964465
TI  - [REFERENCE RANGES OF ANTITHROMBINE III IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE USE OF A STA
      COMPACT AUTOMATED COAGULOMETER].
AB  - Domestic andforeign professional diagnostic communities recommend to develop new
      or confirm literature reference ranges for each laboratory parameter. Bearing in
      mind the importance of antithrombin-III levels for anticoagulation therapy, we
      determined their reference ranges for the adult population of the Astrakhan
      region and compared them with those obtained by other authors and presented in
      the instructions for use of commercial kits for measuring ant ithrombin-III. Our
      reference ranges differ from those cited in the said instructions.

PMID- 26964466
TI  - [MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD CELL MITOCHONDRIA IN BRONCHIAL
      ASTHMA].
AB  - We undertook a structural and functional study of blood cell mitochondria in 25
      patients with controlled mild bronchial asthma (BA) including evaluation of blood
      saturation with oxygen, carboxyhemoglobin level in blood and carbon monoxide
      content in the exhaled air. Membrane potential of leukocyte mitochondria was
      determined based on the results of flow cytofluorimetry and fatty acid (FA)
      composition in platelet mitochondrial membranes measured by GLC. It was shown
      that the absence of clinical symptoms of BA during remission was associated with
      a reduction of membrane potential and a change of FA composition resulting in the
      depletion of the basal pool of saturated (12:0, 14:0, 18:0) and polyunsaturated
      (20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:4n-6) FA. These changes in the structural and
      functional state of blood cell mitochondria in patients with BA are signs of
      disordered energy-producing activity, membrane permeability and transmembrane
      transport suggesting the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular
      hypoxia. A deeper insight into the role of the structural and functional state of
      blood cell mitochondria in the formation of respiratory disorders will facilitate
      early detection of the risk and complications of bronchial obstruction.

PMID- 26964467
TI  - [RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND COMORBID PATHOLOGY AS CAUSES OF
      MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN A YOUNG PATIENT].
AB  - This paper deals with the problem of high prevalence of coronary heart disease
      and potential mortality of young patients with this pathology with reference to
      the role of metabolic, physiological, cultural, and behavioral factors and their
      combination influencing the risk of myocardial infarction in young patients. A 37
      year-old patient is reported in whom a combination of multiple "traditional" risk
      factors of cardiovascular pathology and social factors resulted in extensive
      transmural myocardial infarction and death.

PMID- 26964468
TI  - [PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM IN WOMEN USING ORAL HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES].
AB  - Pulmonay thromboembolism is a common difficult-to-diagnose pathology not
      infrequently with a lethal outcome. There are many factors leading to
      hypercoagulation. One of them is intake of hormonal contraceptives to which
      doctors sometimes do not pay due attention. This paper reports two cases of acute
      coagulopathy with massive pulmonary thromboembolism in young women using these
      agents during a long period.

PMID- 26964469
TI  - [POSTPARTUM ACQUIRED HEMOPHILIA].
AB  - This review deals with etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostic
      algorithm, and treatment of acquired hemophilia. In addition, a case of
      successful treatment of a patient with postpartum acquired hemophilia is
      reported.

PMID- 26964470
TI  - [ETACISIN-INDUCED BRUGADA SYNDROME IN A PATIENT WITH LONG-STANDING
      SUPRAVENTRICULAR EXTRASYSTOLE].
AB  - Brugada syndrome is a commonest cause of malignant disorders of cardiac rhythm
      associated with sudden death. It is diagnosed based on characteristic ECG signs
      and ventricular arrhythmia. This paper reports a 49 year-old patient with long
      standing latent BS manifest as supraventricular and transient blockade of the
      right branch of the His bundle. The ECG pattern of BS became apparent in
      association with a 7 day treatment with class IC antiarrhythmic agent etacisin.
      Diagnostic difficulties account for the fact that the disease was initially
      described as myocardial infarction. Diagnosis of BS was confirmed by an
      electrophysiological study in which stable ventricular tachycardia and
      fibrillation were induced by etacisin. A cardioverter defibrillator was implanted
      to the patient.

PMID- 26964471
TI  - [FORMATION OF CLINICAL MENTALITY--AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL
      TRAINING].
AB  - The notion of clinical mentality is considered from the standpoint of its
      semantic meaning and significance for efficient medical activity. The main signs
      and implications of this notion are determined. It is shown, based on pedagogical
      methods (observations, conversations, solution of clinical problems, testing,
      etc.), that clinical mentality forms after 10 years of work in a given field.
      Criteria are proposed for distinguishing between health providers with and
      without clinical mentality. The free association method demonstrated that 37% of
      the doctors with a period of clinical work over 10 years have peculiarities of
      clinical mentality described as "internal medical mentality". Clinicians with the
      experience of work over 15 years exhibit empathy as a component of clinical
      mentality. The methods are proposed for the formation of clinical mentality
      during post-graduate education taking account of the modern differentiation of
      medical disciplines and the necessity to reconcile standards of medical aid and
      their application on an individual basis.

PMID- 26964472
TI  - Electric and acoustic stimulation during movement preparation can facilitate
      movement execution in healthy participants and stroke survivors.
AB  - There has been increasing interest in the use of loud acoustic stimulation (LAS)
      to gain insight into the preparation and initiation of motor actions. Typically,
      LAS presented during movement preparation in healthy participants culminates in
      the earlier than normal initiation of the prepared movement and an increase in
      the magnitude of the response. Recent reports have shown LAS can also facilitate
      movement in chronic stroke survivors. This suggests that current therapies for
      motor recovery after stroke might benefit from employing such alternate methods
      of triggering movement. In this study we sought to test a new way to facilitate
      motor actions that could be of relevance in clinical settings. Five individuals
      with chronic motor impairments due to stroke and eight healthy young adults
      performed a functional reaching task in response to a visual go-signal. On 30% of
      the trials, LAS or electric stimuli (collectively, sensory stimuli) were
      unexpectedly presented in synchrony with the go-signal. Both healthy and stroke
      participants reacted with shorter latencies and executed faster responses when
      sensory stimulation was synchronized with the go-signal. We have replicated
      previous findings showing acoustic stimuli can aid movement execution in chronic
      stroke survivors and demonstrated the same type of effect can be achieved using
      electric stimulation. Thus, these two types of sensory stimuli can be easily
      integrated with current devices available to assist people with stroke to engage
      in rehabilitation efforts. 

PMID- 26964473
TI  - Investigating the psychosocial determinants of physical activity in older adults:
      A qualitative approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Despite the benefits of physical activity (PA), only one-third of
      older adults meet the recommended levels. The present study focused on
      psychosocial determinants of PA following retirement. Social cognitive theory
      (SCT) was used to better understand pre- and post-retirement adults' thoughts
      about PA, the reasons why some individuals are more active than others, and how
      PA is incorporated into daily life after retirement. DESIGN: Seven focus groups
      of older adults (N = 37, M = 64, SD = 5.20; males = 20) representing a range of
      PA levels and retirement length participated in one of seven focus groups.
      RESULTS: Aligned with SCT, self-efficacy beliefs along with perceptions about
      barriers and benefits of PA were among the major determinants of PA. Findings
      highlighted the importance of social support, positive outcome expectations and
      self-regulatory strategies as motivators. The lack of structure in retirement was
      a hindrance to incorporating PA into daily routine but, when incorporated, PA
      provided a sense of purpose in the lives of retired individuals. CONCLUSION: It
      is important to understand the meaning of retirement as a life transition and how
      it affects beliefs about PA to inform SCT-based health promotion interventions
      targeting individuals in retirement age.

PMID- 26964474
TI  - Hemiballismus as a complication of an intratumoral chemotherapy catheter.
AB  - We report an unusual case of delayed bilateral, right greater than left
      hemiballismus in a 15-year-old female patient with a history of a
      craniopharyngioma 2years following the insertion of a right intratumoral
      chemotherapy catheter. Following cyst decompression, the catheter was found to
      have changed position, traversing the basal ganglia structures, namely the right
      subthalamic nucleus. Her movement disorder near-completely resolved immediately
      following removal of the catheter. A review of the current literature and
      proposed pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. 

PMID- 26964475
TI  - Rapidly-progressive catatonia responsive to zolpidem in a patient with ovarian
      teratoma-associated paraneoplastic encephalitis.
AB  - Psychiatric symptoms and catatonia are key components of the clinical
      presentation of paraneoplastic encephalitis; additionally symptoms can be long
      lasting and often difficult to treat. We report a 73-year-old patient with
      rapidly progressive catatonia not responsive to immunotherapy, tumor resection,
      electroconvulsive therapy, or benzodiazepines who had significant improvement
      after zolpidem administration. This report suggests that zolpidem is an option in
      the treatment of patients with refractory catatonia and paraneoplastic
      encephalitis. 

PMID- 26964477
TI  - Oral delivery of diabetes peptides - Comparing standard formulations
      incorporating functional excipients and nanotechnologies in the translational
      context.
AB  - While some orally delivered diabetes peptides are moving to late development with
      standard formulations incorporating functional excipients, the demonstration of
      the value of nanotechnology in clinic is still at an early stage. The goal of
      this review is to compare these two drug delivery approaches from a physico
      chemical and a biopharmaceutical standpoint in an attempt to define how
      nanotechnology-based products can be differentiated from standard oral dosage
      forms for oral bioavailability of diabetes peptides. Points to consider in a
      translational approach are outlined to seize the opportunities offered by a
      better understanding of both the intestinal barrier and of nano-carriers designed
      for oral delivery.

PMID- 26964476
TI  - Intraoperative high-field MRI maximizes the extent of resection in
      intraventricular central neurocytoma surgery.
AB  - Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare benign neuronal tumor of the ventricular
      system. Microsurgical resection is considered to be the mainstay of treatment for
      intraventricular CN, and the extent of resection is the most important prognostic
      factor. We describe our initial experience in the management of intraventricular
      CN with intraoperative MRI together with microscope-based neuronavigation. During
      a 5year period between February 2009 and June 2014, 18 consecutive patients with
      histologically proven CN were included in this study. Gross total tumor resection
      was achieved in 88.9% (16/18) of patients. There were no perioperative deaths,
      and the overall complication rate was 61.1% (11/18). The Karnofsky Performance
      Status score at the last follow-up was 100 in eight (44.4%), 90 in seven (38.9%),
      and ?70 in three patients (16.7%). We conclude that intraoperative high-field MRI
      combined with microscope-based neuronavigation can maximize the extent of
      resection in intraventricular CN surgery and minimize the risks of neurological
      impairment. 

PMID- 26964478
TI  - Solution-Processed CuS NPs as an Inorganic Hole-Selective Contact Material for
      Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells.
AB  - Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn worldwide
      intense research in recent years. Herein, we have first applied another p-type
      inorganic hole-selective contact material, CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs), in an
      inverted planar heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite solar cell. The CuS NP
      modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) has successfully tuned the surface work
      function from 4.9 to 5.1 eV but not affect the surface roughness and
      transmittance, which can effectively reduce the interfacial carrier injection
      barrier and facilitate high hole extraction efficiency between the perovskite and
      ITO layers. After optimization, the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) has
      been over 16% with low J-V hysteresis and excellent stability. Therefore, the low
      cost solution-processed and stable CuS NPs would be an alternative interfacial
      modification material for industrial production in perovskite solar cells. 

PMID- 26964479
TI  - Cardiovascular aspects of geriatric medicines in traditional Persian medicine; a
      review of phytochemistry and pharmacology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Geriatrics are a group of patients over 65 years and with multiple
      comorbidities and different functional impairments. Apart from decline in body
      mass, presence of exhaustion and general fatigue, an aged person may also suffer
      from various disorders. Approximately, around 30% of geriatric subjects have
      significant cardiovascular ailments. Apart from the intensive management of
      cardiovascular aspects in elderly, monitoring of the complementary cardiac
      medicine in those people should be received more attention. PURPOSE: There are
      many management lines for a cardio-geriatric condition in Traditional Persian
      Medicine (TPM). Accordingly, this paper aimed to deal with those medicaments as
      well as evidence-based clinical aspects and phytochemistry. METHODS: By searching
      through main pharmaceutical manuscripts of Persian medicine during 10th-18th
      centuries (A.D.), concurrently, natural medicines for geriatrics and remedies for
      cardiovascular ailments were derived. On the other side, related phytochemical
      and pharmacological aspects of those remedies were highlighted. RESULTS: In all,
      38 cardiovascular and 34 geriatric medicaments were found in those manuscripts.
      Antihyperlipidemic and cholesterol lowering activities of those medicines were
      the most reported activities in current medicine. However, other pharmacological
      reports were related to hypotensive, coagulant, cardio-protective and cardiotonic
      activities. In regard of the chemical composition, medicaments were mainly of
      polyphenols and flavonoids and also most of the employed extracts and fractions
      were yielded from polar or semi-polar solvents. CONCLUSION: With reference to
      these findings, flavonoid-rich medicaments from Persian medicine may be selected
      as considerable herbs for geriatrics with cardiovascular ailments.

PMID- 26964481
TI  - Drug functionalized microbial polysaccharide based nanofibers as transdermal
      substitute.
AB  - In order to promote the natural healing process, drug-functionalized nanofibrous
      transdermal substitute was fabricated using gellan as chief polymer and polyvinyl
      alcohol (PVA) as supporting polymer via electrospinning technique. These
      fabricated nanofibers physiochemically mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) which
      supports the cell growth. For neo-tissue regeneration in a sterilized
      environment, amoxicillin (Amx) was entrapped within these nanofibers. Entrapment
      of Amx in the nanofibers was confirmed by FESEM, FTIR, XRD and TG analysis. In
      vitro cell culture studies revealed that the fabricated non-cytotoxic nanofibers
      promoted enhance cell adherence and proliferation of human keratinocytes. A
      preliminary in vivo study performed on rat model for full thickness skin excision
      wound demonstrated the prompt re-epithelialization in early phase and quicker
      collagen deposition in later phases of wound healing in case of Amx
      functionalized gellan/PVA nanofibers. Data collectively confirmed the potential
      usage of gellan based electrospun nanofibers as transdermal substitute for faster
      skin restoration.

PMID- 26964480
TI  - GC-MS and LC-MS approaches for determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in
      biological and food matrices.
AB  - Tocopherols and tocotrienols, widely described as vitamin E derivatives, have
      been proven to take part in a number of important biological functions. Among
      them, antioxidant properties had been investigated and documented in the
      literature. Since tocochromanols have revealed their plausible beneficial impact
      on several pathological processes, such as cancerogenesis or cognitive impairment
      diseases, there is a growing interest in quantitative determination of these
      compounds in biological fluids, tissues and plant organs. However, due to vitamin
      E chemical features, such as lipophilic and non-polar characteristics,
      quantitative determination of the compounds seems to be problematic. In this
      paper we present current analytical approaches in tocopherols and tocotrienols
      determination in biological and food matrices with the use of chromatographic
      techniques, especially gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry. Derivatization techniques
      applied for GC-MS analysis in the case of tocol derivatives, especially
      silylation and acylation, are described. Significant attention is paid to
      ionization process of tocopherols and tocotrienols. 

PMID- 26964482
TI  - iRGD decorated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for targeted co-delivery of
      doxorubicin and sorafenib to enhance anti-hepatocellular carcinoma efficacy.
AB  - The combination of doxorubicin (DOX) with sorafenib (SOR) has proven an effective
      strategy to enhance anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) efficacy. However,
      respective in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles and different endocytosis capacities
      of these two drugs greatly hinder their current application. Herein, the tumor
      targeting peptide iRGD decorated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) with a
      shell-core structure were developed for co-delivery of DOX and SOR (DOX+SOR/iRGD
      NPs). After the drug ratio was optimized, the stabilized DOX+SOR/iRGD NPs were
      prepared. Through the iRGD-integrin recognition, DOX+SOR/iRGD NPs showed
      synergistic cytotoxicity, pro-apoptotic ability and enhanced internalization rate
      in human liver cancer HepG2 cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic result demonstrated
      that an extended circulation and bioavailability of DOX+SOR/iRGD NPs than free
      drugs. More importantly, DOX+SOR/iRGD NPs significantly enhanced antitumor
      efficiency in HCC xenograft mouse models. Overall, this study describes a
      promising nanoparticulate drug co-delivery strategy to combine clinical
      anticancer drugs and enhance anti-HCC efficacy.

PMID- 26964484
TI  - Skeletal Muscle and Physical Activity in Portuguese Community-Dwelling Older
      Adults.
AB  - The aims of this study were to describe age- and sex-related differences in total
      body skeletal muscle (TB-SM) mass and to determine the variance explained by
      physical activity (PA). This cross-sectional study included 401 males and 402
      females, aged 60-79 years. TB-SM was determined by dual-energy x-ray
      absorptiometry (DXA) and PA by Baecke questionnaire. Statistical analysis
      included t test, ANOVAs, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analysis.
      TB-SM mass was higher in the youngest age group when compared with the oldest in
      males and females. Males had greater TB-SM values than females. PA made a
      significant and positive contribution to the variation in TB-SM, beta = 0.071; p
      = .016. Sex, height, fat mass, and PA explained 77% of the variance in TB-SM. The
      oldest cohorts and females had lower TB-SM than the younger cohorts and males.
      This study suggests that PA exerts a significant role in the explanation of TB
      SM.

PMID- 26964483
TI  - Tracking inflammation in the epileptic rat brain by bi-functional fluorescent and
      magnetic nanoparticles.
AB  - Correct localization of epileptic foci can improve surgical outcome in patients
      with drug-resistant seizures. Our aim was to demonstrate that systemically
      injected nanoparticles identify activated immune cells, which have been reported
      to accumulate in epileptogenic brain tissue. Fluorescent and magnetite-labeled
      nanoparticles were injected intravenously to rats with lithium-pilocarpine
      induced chronic epilepsy. Cerebral uptake was studied ex vivo by confocal
      microscopy and MRI. Cellular uptake and biological effects were characterized in
      vitro in murine monocytes and microglia cell lines. Microscopy confirmed that the
      nanoparticles selectively accumulate within myeloid cells in the hippocampus, in
      association with inflammation. The nanoparticle signal was also detectable by
      MRI. The in vitro studies demonstrate rapid nanoparticle uptake and good cellular
      tolerability. We show that nanoparticles can target myeloid cells in
      epileptogenic brain tissue. This system can contribute to pre-surgical and intra
      surgical localization of epileptic foci, and assist in detecting immune system
      involvement in epilepsy.

PMID- 26964486
TI  - De ontwikkelingsneurologische theorie van schizofrenie: bewijsmateriaal
      betreffende structuur en neuropsychologic.
AB  - Severe schizophrenics as a group show subtle abnormalities of cerebral structure.
      Cerebral ventricular enlargement is the best replicated finding, and this tends
      to be associated with impairment of neuropsychological performance. The idea that
      these abnormalities have a neurodevelopmental origin gains indirect support from
      the, admittedly less consistent, evidence of abnormalities of cerebral asymmetry
      and of neuronal migration in adult schizophrenics, as well as from the
      behavioural, psychomotor, and cognitive impairments reported in preschizophrenic
      children. However, the relationship between childhood and adult
      neuropsychological and brain structural findings has not been proven, and we do
      not know whether only some schizophrenics have a developmental origin, or whether
      patients differ only in the degree of developmental impairment that they show. 

PMID- 26964487
TI  - rCBF-activatie en neuronale circuits gerelateerd aan visuele waarneming.
AB  - Three principles of neuronal interaction within cortically distributed networks
      are discussed. PET-rCBF activation methods provide an opportunity to acquire
      insight in the distribution of functionally related areas of the human brain in
      vivo. The distinction of visual areas, activated by either motion or color within
      an observed scenery, points at a segregation in neuronal information processing.
      Such a segregation extends into both a dorsal and a ventral route towards
      consequently the parietal and temporal cortex. Simultaneous activation over the
      dorsal and ventral route, which for example occurs in relation to the perception
      of complex motion (optic flow), or motion perception after lesion of V5, suggests
      integration by means of cross-connectivity. The third principle, i.e. "top-down"
      integration, appears by analysis of V5-V1 interaction, attentional effects on V4,
      frontal activation in prosopagnosia, and by analysis of hallucinations. Such "top
      down" integration indicates the presence of momentaneous effect on cortical
      areas, intimately related to the primary sensory cortex, by neuronal activity of
      remote "association" cortex, the latter being connected by direct (synaps
      restricted) bypass from early stations of information processing. 

PMID- 26964488
TI  - Psychofarmakologika XIII.
AB  - Inleiding In deze rubriek zal worden ingegaan op recente observaties betreffende
      de psychofarmakologie in de breedst mogelijke zin. Vaak zullen zaken uit de
      literatuur worden behandeld. De gekozen onderwerpen dienen altijd klinische
      relevantie te hebben. Ook zal deze rubriek gaan over gewoontes die in
      psychofarmakologische behandeling of in onderzoek zijn geslopen die volgens de
      auteur lang niet altijd logisch zijn. Soms zal deze rubriek een oproep bevatten
      om te reageren op een bijdrage gepubliceerd in dit of in een ander tijdschrift.
      Ook zal de lezer worden aangemoedigd hier zijn eigen ervaringen mee te delen. Het
      is niet de bedoeling in deze rubriek onderzoeken uitvoerig te rapporteren.
      Daarvoor staan andere pagina 's van de Acta Neuropsychiatrica voor u open. 

PMID- 26964485
TI  - Measures of Sleep-Wake Patterns and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia
      in Older Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Sleep disturbances are common in older adults. Little is known about
      the sleep of cognitively intact older adults and its relationship to subsequent
      cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was to examine the association
      between objective sleep-wake measures and risk of incident cognitive impairment.
      METHODS: In this prospective cohort study encompassing four U.S. sites, 1,245
      women (mean age: 82.6 years) without dementia participated in the Study of
      Osteoporotic Fractures and completed actigraphy at the baseline visit and
      comprehensive cognitive assessment at follow-up. The association between sleep
      wake patterns measured by actigraphy and risk of incident mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI) and dementia was examined. RESULTS: A total of 473 women (38%)
      developed cognitive impairment during an average (SD) follow-up of 4.9 (0.6)
      years; 290 (23.3%) developed MCI and 183 (14.7%) developed dementia. After
      controlling for multiple potential confounders, women in the lowest quartile of
      average sleep efficiency (<74%) had a 1.5-fold higher odds of developing MCI or
      dementia compared with women in the highest quartile of sleep efficiency (>86%)
      (odds ratio: Q1 versus Q4 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.19; Wald chi(2) [1, N = 1,223] =
      5.34 for p for trend = 0.03). Longer average sleep latency, but not total sleep
      time, was also associated with higher odds of developing cognitive impairment.
      Greater variability in both sleep efficiency and total sleep time was associated
      with an increased odds of developing MCI or dementia. CONCLUSION: Lower average
      sleep efficiency, longer average sleep latency, and greater variability in sleep
      efficiency and total sleep time are associated with increased odds of developing
      cognitive impairment. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms
      underlying these associations.

PMID- 26964493
TI  - Host suitability and diet mixing influence activities of detoxification enzymes
      in adult Japanese beetles.
AB  - Induction of cytochrome P450, glutathione S transferase (GST), and
      carboxylesterase (CoE) activity was measured in guts of the scarab Popillia
      japonica Newman, after consumption of single or mixed plant diets of previously
      ranked preferred (rose, Virginia creeper, crape myrtle and sassafras) or non
      preferred hosts (boxelder, riverbirch and red oak). The goal of this study was to
      quantify activities of P450, GST and CoE enzymes in the midgut of adult P.
      japonica using multiple substrates in response to host plant suitability
      (preferred host vs non-preferred hosts), and single and mixed diets. Non
      preferred hosts were only sparingly fed upon, and as a group induced higher
      activities of P450, GST and CoE than did preferred hosts. However, enzyme
      activities for some individual plant species were similar across categories of
      host suitability. Similarly, beetles tended to have greater enzyme activities
      after feeding on a mixture of plants compared to a single plant type, but mixing
      per se does not seem as important as the species represented in the mix.
      Induction of detoxification enzymes on non-preferred hosts, or when switching
      between hosts, may explain, in part, the perceived feeding preferences of this
      polyphagous insect. The potential consequences of induced enzyme activities on
      the ecology of adult Japanese beetles are discussed. 

PMID- 26964494
TI  - Surface Landau levels and spin states in bismuth (111) ultrathin films.
AB  - The development of next-generation electronics is much dependent on the discovery
      of materials with exceptional surface-state spin and valley properties. Because
      of that, bismuth has attracted a renewed interest in recent years. However,
      despite extensive studies, the intrinsic electronic transport properties of Bi
      surfaces are largely undetermined due to the strong interference from the bulk.
      Here we report the unambiguous determination of the surface-state Landau levels
      in Bi (111) ultrathin films using scanning tunnelling microscopy under magnetic
      fields perpendicular to the surface. The Landau levels of the electron-like and
      the hole-like carriers are accurately characterized and well described by the
      band structure of the Bi (111) surface from density functional theory
      calculations. Some specific surface spin states with a large g-factor are
      identified. Our findings shed light on the exploiting surface-state properties of
      Bi for their applications in spintronics and valleytronics. 

PMID- 26964495
TI  - The cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF-525A disrupts autophagy in primary rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor SKF-525A is commonly used to study drug
      metabolism and toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity. By using Western blot and
      immunofluorescence staining, we unexpectedly found that SKF-525A at 2-20 MUM
      caused remarkable accumulation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II
      (LC3-II) in primary rat hepatocytes at 1, 4 and 24 h, indicating that autophagy
      was disrupted. SKF-525A showed no effects on chloroquine induced LC3-II
      accumulation, suggesting that autophagic flux was blocked, which is further
      supported by the increased level of the p62 protein after SKF-525A treatment. SKF
      525A did not affect proteasome activities or gene expression of LC3-II or p62.
      Immunofluorescence of green fluorescent protein fused lysosomal-associated
      membrane protein 1 (LAMP1, a specific protein marker for lysosomes) and LC3-II
      showed that co-localization of these two proteins was partially abolished by SKF
      525A, indicating that autophagosome-lysosome fusion was blocked. The other five
      CYP inhibitors, metyrapone, 1-aminobenzotriazole, alpha-naphthoflavone,
      ticlopidine, and ketoconazole, showed no effects in parallel experiments. These
      findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which various CYP
      inhibitors differentially affect a same drug's toxicity in hepatocytes. The data
      also indicate that SKF-525A is not an ideal chemical inhibitor for probing the
      relation between CYP mediated metabolism and toxicity in primary hepatocytes. 

PMID- 26964496
TI  - SINU 2015 Congress Report.

PMID- 26964497
TI  - A word from the SINU Past President.

PMID- 26964499
TI  - Re: Chokkappan K, Chinchure D, Chawla A, Subramanian M, Krishnan V, Narayana
      Shenoy J, Srinivasan S. An approach to various gastric pathologies using an
      "image appearance-based classification" on computed tomography. Curr Probl Diagn
      Radiol. 2016;45(1):23-38.

PMID- 26964498
TI  - Optimization of novel pentablock copolymer based composite formulation for
      sustained delivery of peptide/protein in the treatment of ocular diseases.
AB  - This manuscript is focussed on the development of pentablock (PB) copolymer based
      sustained release formulation for the treatment of posterior segment ocular
      diseases. We have successfully synthesised biodegradable and biocompatible PB
      copolymers for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) and thermosensitive gel.
      Achieving high drug loading with hydrophilic biotherapeutics (peptides/proteins)
      is a challenging task. Moreover, small intravitreal injection volume (<=100 MUL)
      requires high loading to develop a long term (six months) sustained release
      formulation. We have successfully investigated various formulation parameters to
      achieve maximum peptide/protein (octreotide, insulin, lysozyme, IgG-Fab, IgG, and
      catalase) loading in PB NPs. Improvement in drug loading can facilitate delivery
      of larger doses of therapeutic proteins via limited injection volume. A composite
      formulation comprised of NPs in gel system exhibited sustained release (without
      burst effect) of peptides and proteins, may serve as a platform technology for
      the treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases.

PMID- 26964501
TI  - Sedaxicenes: potential new antifungal ferrocene-based agents?
AB  - Fungal infections are a group of diseases spread all over the world with an
      extremely high morbidity. Worryingly, although several pathogenic fungi were
      found to develop resistance towards traditional therapy, research towards the
      discovery of novel antimycotic agents is very limited. Considering the promising
      results obtained with the ferrocene-based drug candidates Ferroquine and
      Ferrocifen as antimalarial and anticancer drug candidates, respectively, we
      envisaged derivatizing the organic scaffold of a new broad-spectrum fungicide,
      namely sedaxane, with a ferrocenyl moiety in order to obtain new metal-based
      antifungal agents. The new ferrocenyl sedaxane derivatives called herein
      Sedaxicenes (, and ) were characterized using different analytical techniques and
      the structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. As expected for
      antimycotic agents, , and were found to have a low or even no toxicity towards
      human cells (IC50 > 100 MUM). Interestingly, while the parent drug did not
      display any mycotoxicity (EC50 > 100 MUM), complex was found to have some
      antifungal activity with an IC50 value of 43 MUM under the same experimental
      conditions. In order to investigate the possible redox-mediated mode of action of
      , we synthesized the ruthenocene analogue of , namely . Ruthenocene is known to
      have a completely different electrochemical behaviour from ferrocene although
      both the compounds are isostructural. As anticipated, complex was found to induce
      an increase of the reactive oxygen species level in S. cerevisiae, contrary to
      its analogue and to the parent compound sedaxane.

PMID- 26964502
TI  - Reusable nanosilver-coated magnetic particles for ultrasensitive SERS-based
      detection of malachite green in water samples.
AB  - A novel nanosilver-deposited silica-coated Fe3O4 magnetic particle
      (Fe3O4@SiO2@Ag) with uniform size, good SERS activity and magnetic responsiveness
      was synthesized using amination polymer. The Fe3O4@SiO2@Ag magnetic particles
      have been successfully applied for ultrasensitive SERS detection of malachite
      green (MG) in water samples. The mechanism is that MG can be adsorbed on the
      silver surface of nanosilver-coated magnetic particles via one nitrogen atom, and
      the Raman signal intensity of MG is significantly enhanced by the nanosilver
      layer formed on the magnetic particles. The developed sensing system exhibited a
      sensitive response to MG in the range of 10 fM to 100 MUM with a low limit of
      detection (LOD) 2 fM under optimal conditions. The LOD was several orders of
      magnitude lower than those of other methods. This SERS-based sensor showed good
      reproducibility and stability for MG detection. The silver-coated magnetic
      particles could easily be regenerated as SERS substrates only using low pH
      solution for multiple sensing events. The recovery of MG added to several water
      samples at different concentrations ranged from 90% to 110%. The proposed method
      facilitates the ultrasensitive analysis of dyes to satisfy the high demand for
      ensuring the safety of water sources. 

PMID- 26964500
TI  - Externalized decondensed neutrophil chromatin occludes pancreatic ducts and
      drives pancreatitis.
AB  - Ductal occlusion has been postulated to precipitate focal pancreatic
      inflammation, while the nature of the primary occluding agents has remained
      elusive. Neutrophils make use of histone citrullination by peptidyl arginine
      deiminase-4 (PADI4) in contact to particulate agents to extrude decondensed
      chromatin as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In high cellular density,
      NETs form macroscopically visible aggregates. Here we show that such aggregates
      form inside pancreatic ducts in humans and mice occluding pancreatic ducts and
      thereby driving pancreatic inflammation. Experimental models indicate that PADI4
      is critical for intraductal aggregate formation and that PADI4-deficiency
      abrogates disease progression. Mechanistically, we identify the pancreatic juice
      as a strong instigator of neutrophil chromatin extrusion. Characteristic single
      components of pancreatic juice, such as bicarbonate ions and calcium carbonate
      crystals, induce aggregated NET formation. Ductal occlusion by aggregated NETs
      emerges as a pathomechanism with relevance in a plethora of inflammatory
      conditions involving secretory ducts. 

PMID- 26964504
TI  - Pushing Forward: Remyelination as the New Frontier in CNS Diseases.
AB  - The evolutionary acquisition of myelin sheaths around large caliber axons in the
      central nervous system (CNS) represented a milestone in the development of
      vertebrate higher brain function. Myelin ensheathment of axons enabled saltatory
      conduction and thus accelerated information processing. However, a number of CNS
      diseases harm or destroy myelin and oligodendrocytes (myelin-producing cells),
      ultimately resulting in demyelination. In the adult CNS, new oligodendrocytes can
      be generated from a quiescent pool of precursor cells, which - upon
      differentiation - can replace lost myelin sheaths. The efficiency of this
      spontaneous regeneration is limited, which leads to incomplete remyelination and
      residual clinical symptoms. Here, we discuss CNS pathologies characterized by
      white matter degeneration and regeneration and highlight drugs that could
      potentially serve as remyelination therapies. 

PMID- 26964505
TI  - Hypertension Health Promotion via Text Messaging at a Community Health Center in
      South Africa: A Mixed Methods Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of mobile phones to deliver health care (mHealth) is
      increasing in popularity due to the high prevalence of mobile phone penetration.
      This is seen in developing countries, where mHealth may be particularly useful in
      overcoming traditional access barriers. Non-communicable diseases may be
      particularly amenable to mHealth interventions, and hypertension is one with an
      escalating burden in the developing world. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study
      was to test whether the dissemination of health information via a short message
      service (SMS) led to improvements in health knowledge and self-reported health
      related behaviors. METHODS: A mixed methods study was carried out among a cohort
      of 223 hypertension clinic patients, in a resource-poor setting in Cape Town,
      South Africa, in 2012. Hypertensive outpatients were recruited at the clinic and
      administered a baseline questionnaire to establish existing knowledge of
      hypertension. Participants were then randomly assigned to intervention or control
      groups. The intervention group received 90 SMSes over a period of 17 weeks.
      Thereafter, the baseline questionnaire was readministered to both groups to gauge
      if any improvements in health knowledge had occurred. Those who received SMSes
      were asked additional questions about health-related behavior changes. A focus
      group was then conducted to obtain in-depth feedback about participants'
      experience with, and response to, the SMS campaign. RESULTS: No statistically
      significant changes in overall health knowledge were observed between the control
      and intervention groups. The intervention group had positive increases in self
      reported behavior changes. These were reaffirmed by the focus groups, which also
      revealed a strong preference for the SMS campaign and the belief that the SMSes
      acted as a reminder to change, as opposed to providing new information.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although the content of the SMSes was not new, and did not improve
      health knowledge, SMSes were effective in motivating positive self-reported
      behavior change among hypertensive patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Pan African
      Clinical Trials Registry Number: PACTR201412000968462. Registered 18 December
      2014 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6fhtyLRcO).

PMID- 26964503
TI  - Pathways for Modulating Exosome Lipids Identified By High-Density Lipoprotein
      Like Nanoparticle Binding to Scavenger Receptor Type B-1.
AB  - Exosomes are produced by cells to mediate intercellular communication, and have
      been shown to perpetuate diseases, including cancer. New tools are needed to
      understand exosome biology, detect exosomes from specific cell types in complex
      biological media, and to modify exosomes. Our data demonstrate a cellular pathway
      whereby membrane-bound scavenger receptor type B-1 (SR-B1) in parent cells
      becomes incorporated into exosomes. We tailored synthetic HDL-like nanoparticles
      (HDL NP), high-affinity ligands for SR-B1, to carry a fluorescently labeled
      phospholipid. Data show SR-B1-dependent transfer of the fluorescent phospholipid
      from HDL NPs to exosomes. Modified exosomes are stable in serum and can be
      directly detected using flow cytometry. As proof-of-concept, human serum exosomes
      were found to express SR-B1, and HDL NPs can be used to label and isolate them.
      Ultimately, we discovered a natural cellular pathway and nanoparticle-receptor
      pair that enables exosome modulation, detection, and isolation. 

PMID- 26964506
TI  - Treatment for osteoporosis in people with beta-thalassaemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone
      mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent
      increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis
      represents an important cause of morbidity in people with beta-thalassaemia and
      its pathogenesis is multifactorial. Factors include bone marrow expansion due to
      ineffective erythropoiesis, resulting in reduced trabecular bone tissue with
      cortical thinning; endocrine dysfunction secondary to excessive iron loading,
      leading to increased bone turnover; and lastly, a predisposition to physical
      inactivity due to disease complications with a subsequent reduction in optimal
      bone mineralization.A number of therapeutic strategies have been applied to treat
      osteoporosis in people with beta-thalassaemia, which include bisphosphonates,
      with or without, hormone replacement therapy. There are various forms of
      bisphosphonates, such as clodronate, pamidronate, alendronate and zoledronic
      acid. Other treatments include calcitonin, calcium, zinc supplementation,
      hydroxyurea and hormone replacement therapy for preventing hypogonadism.
      OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence on the efficacy and safety of treatment for
      osteoporosis in people with beta-thalassaemia. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the
      Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials
      Register comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database
      searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference
      proceedings.Date of most recent search: 04 February 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA:
      Randomised, placebo-controlled trials in people with thalassaemia with a bone
      mineral density z score of less than -2 standard deviations for: children less
      than 15 years old; adult males (15 to 50 years old); and all pre-menopausal
      females above 15 years and a bone mineral density t score of less than -2.5
      standard deviations for post-menopausal females and males above 50 years old.
      DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors assessed the eligibility and
      risk of bias of the included trials, extracted and analysed data and completed
      the review. We summarised results using risk ratios or rate ratios for
      dichotomous data and mean differences for continuous data. We combined trial
      results where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials (with 211 participants) were
      included; three trials investigated the effect of bisphosphonate therapies and
      one trial investigated the effect of zinc supplementation. Only one trial was
      judged to be of good quality (low risk of bias); the remaining trials had a high
      or unclear risk of bias in at least one key domain.One trial (data not available
      for analysis) assessing the effect of neridronate (118 participants) reported
      significant increases in favour of the bisphosphonate group for bone mineral
      density at the lumbar spine and hip at both six and 12 months. For the femoral
      neck, a significant difference was noted at 12 months only. A further trial (25
      participants) assessed the effect of alendronate and clodronate and found that
      after two years, bone mineral density increased significantly in the alendronate
      and clodronate groups as compared to placebo at the lumbar spine, mean difference
      0.14 g/cm(2) (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.22) and at the femoral neck, mean
      difference 0.40 g/cm(2) (95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.57). One 12-month
      trial (26 participants) assessed the effects of different doses of pamidronate
      (30 mg versus 60 mg) and found a significant difference in bone mineral density
      in favour of the 60 mg dose at the lumbar spine and forearm, mean difference 0.43
      g/cm(2) (95% CI 0.10 to 0.76), mean difference 0.87 g/cm(2) (95% CI 0.23 to
      1.51), respectively, but not at the femoral neck.In a zinc sulphate
      supplementation trial (42 participants), bone mineral density increased
      significantly compared to placebo at the lumbar spine after 12 months (37
      participants), mean difference 0.15 g/cm(2) (95% confidence interval 0.10 to
      0.20) and after 18 months (32 participants), mean difference 0.34 g/cm(2) (95%
      confidence interval 0.28 to 0.40). The same was true for bone mineral density at
      the hip after 12 months, mean difference 0.15 g/cm(2) (95% confidence interval
      0.11 to 0.19) and after 18 months, mean difference 0.26 g/cm(2) (95% confidence
      interval 0.21 to 0.31).Fractures were not observed in one trial and not reported
      in three trials. There were no major adverse effects reported in two of the
      bisphosphonate trials; in the neridronate trial there was a reduction noted in
      the use of analgesic drugs and in the reported back pain score in favour of
      bisphosphonate treatment. Adverse effects were not reported in the trial of
      different doses of pamidronate or the zinc supplementation trial. AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence to indicate an increase in bone mineral density at
      the femoral neck, lumbar spine and forearm after administration of
      bisphosphonates and at the lumbar spine and hip after zinc sulphate
      supplementation. The authors recommend that further long-term randomised control
      trials on different bisphosphonates and zinc supplementation therapies in people
      with beta-thalassaemia and osteoporosis are undertaken.

PMID- 26964507
TI  - Structural health monitoring (vibration) as a tool for identifying structural
      alterations of the lumbar spine: a twin control study.
AB  - Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an engineering technique used to identify
      mechanical abnormalities not readily apparent through other means. Recently, SHM
      has been adapted for use in biological systems, but its invasive nature limits
      its clinical application. As such, the purpose of this project was to determine
      if a non-invasive form of SHM could identify structural alterations in the spines
      of living human subjects. Lumbar spines of 10 twin pairs were visualized by
      magnetic resonance imaging then assessed by a blinded radiologist to determine
      whether twin pairs were structurally concordant or discordant. Vibration was then
      applied to each subject's spine and the resulting response recorded from sensors
      overlying lumbar spinous processes. The peak frequency, area under the curve and
      the root mean square were computed from the frequency response function of each
      sensor. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in twins whose structural
      appearance was discordant, peak frequency was significantly different between
      twin pairs while in concordant twins, no outcomes were significantly different.
      From these results, we conclude that structural changes within the spine can
      alter its vibration response. As such, further investigation of SHM to identify
      spinal abnormalities in larger human populations is warranted. 

PMID- 26964509
TI  - Reinterpreting the best biomarker of oxidative stress: The 8-iso-prostaglandin
      F2alpha/prostaglandin F2alpha ratio shows complex origins of lipid peroxidation
      biomarkers in animal models.
AB  - Oxidative stress is elevated in numerous environmental exposures and diseases.
      Millions of dollars have been spent to try to ameliorate this damaging process
      using anti-oxidant therapies. Currently, the best accepted biomarker of oxidative
      stress is the lipid oxidation product 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso
      PGF2alpha), which has been measured in over a thousand human and animal studies.
      8-iso-PGF2alpha generation has been exclusively attributed to nonenzymatic
      chemical lipid peroxidation (CLP). However, 8-iso-PGF2alpha can also be produced
      enzymatically by prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases (PGHS) in vivo. When
      failing to account for PGHS-dependent generation, 8-iso-PGF2alpha cannot be
      interpreted as a selective biomarker of oxidative stress. We investigated the
      formation of 8-iso-PGF2alpha in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using the 8-iso-PGF2alpha/PGF2alpha ratio to
      quantitatively determine the source(s) of 8-iso-PGF2alpha. Upon exposure to a
      120mg/kg dose of CCl4, the contribution of CLP accounted for only 55.6+/-19.4% of
      measured 8-iso-PGF2alpha, whereas in the 1200mg/kg dose, CLP was the predominant
      source of 8-iso-PGF2alpha (86.6+/-8.0% of total). In contrast to CCl4, exposure
      to 0.5mg/kg LPS was characterized by a significant increase in both the
      contribution of PGHS (59.5+/-7.0) and CLP (40.5+/-14.0%). In conclusion,
      significant generation of 8-iso-PGF2alpha occurs through enzymatic as well as
      chemical lipid peroxidation. The distribution of the contribution is dependent on
      the exposure agent as well as the dose. The 8-iso-PGF2alpha/PGF2alpha ratio
      accurately determines the source of 8-iso-PGF2alpha and provides an absolute
      measure of oxidative stress in vivo.

PMID- 26964510
TI  - Early recurrence of cardioembolic stroke successfully treated with a second
      thrombectomy.

PMID- 26964512
TI  - Psychomotor delay, hypotonia, and behavioural disorders: A case of succinic
      semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 26964508
TI  - Mitochondrial poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: The Wizard of Oz at work.
AB  - Among multiple members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, PARP1
      accounts for the majority of PARP activity in mammalian cells. Although PARP1 is
      predominantly localized to the nucleus, and its nuclear regulatory roles are most
      commonly studied and are the best characterized, several lines of data
      demonstrate that PARP1 is also present in the mitochondria, and suggest that
      mitochondrial PARP (mtPARP) plays an important role in the regulation of various
      cellular functions in health and disease. The goal of the current article is to
      review the experimental evidence for the mitochondrial localization of PARP1 and
      its intra-mitochondrial functions, with focus on cellular bioenergetics,
      mitochondrial DNA repair and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, we also
      propose a working model for the interaction of mitochondrial and nuclear PARP
      during oxidant-induced cell death. MtPARP is similar to the Wizard of Oz in the
      sense that it is enigmatic, it has been elusive for a long time and it remains
      difficult to be interrogated. mtPARP - at least in some cell types - works
      incessantly "behind the curtains" as an orchestrator of many important cellular
      functions.

PMID- 26964511
TI  - Analysis of Sturge-Weber syndrome: A retrospective study of multiple associated
      variables.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sturge-Weber syndrome is a congenital vascular disorder
      characterised by facial capillary malformation (port-wine stain) associated with
      venous and capillary malformations in the brain and eye. Neurological symptoms
      and alterations in other locations may also be observed. OBJECTIVES: This study
      describes the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and different
      treatments in a cohort of patients diagnosed with Sturge-Weber syndrome in a
      tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This comparative, retrospective and
      cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients
      diagnosed with Sturge-Weber syndrome between 1998 and 2013. RESULTS: The study
      included 13 patients (54% male, 46% female) diagnosed with Sturge-Weber syndrome.
      The mean age at diagnosis was 15 months. Leptomeningeal angiomatosis was present
      in 100% of cases: right hemisphere (46%), left hemisphere (38%), and bilateral
      (15%). Facial angioma was present in 61% of the cases: right (23%), left (38%)
      and bilateral (7%). Other skin disorders were found in 23% of the cases,
      including 2 with hemilateral involvement on the side where facial and
      leptomeningeal angiomatosis was present and one case of generalised cutis
      marmorata. Ocular disease was found in 77% of patients; the most common
      conditions were glaucoma (46%), strabismus (23%) and choroidal angioma (23%).
      Epilepsy was present in 100% of the cases, with partial seizures (simple or
      complex) being the most frequent (62%). Seizure control was highly variable; 31%
      of the patients had needed to try more than 3 drugs, 15% 3 drugs, and 31% 2
      drugs, while 23% experienced good seizure control with monotherapy. One patient
      required surgery for epilepsy (left hemispherectomy) and has been seizure-free
      since then. The most frequent observations in electroencephalograms were spikes,
      polyspikes, and wave spikes in the lobes affected by leptomeningeal angiomatosis
      (46%). Other neurological symptoms were hemiparesis (39%), recurrent headaches
      (39%), stroke-like episodes (23%), psychomotor retardation (46%), and mental
      retardation (46%). Leptomeningeal calcifications could be seen in 85% of patient
      MRIs, as well as increased calcification in 70%; 54% of the patients had been
      treated with aspirin. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple clinical manifestations of
      Sturge-Weber syndrome. Being familiar with all of them is vitally important for
      diagnosing and for monitoring and treating the condition correctly, which will
      improve the quality of life of these patients.

PMID- 26964513
TI  - Cerebral cavernous malformation in a woman presenting with hemichorea: Response
      to haloperidol.

PMID- 26964516
TI  - Development of a web application for recording bacterial etiologic agents and
      their antimicrobial susceptibility to improve the treatment of urinary tract
      infections and monitor resistance to antibiotics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We describe the development of a web platform that provides an updated
      record of the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of the different
      microorganisms responsible for urinary tract infections. METHODS: The
      MicrobDinamyc system (Francisco Soria Melguizo, SA, Madrid, Spain) is employed
      for the management of information derived from the urine culture results. The web
      application database automatically gathers the results of urine cultures
      conducted in the laboratory. RESULTS: Results. The user can consult the
      distribution of bacterial etiologies and antimicrobial susceptibilities in the
      different clinical settings during a specific time window. CONCLUSIONS: Using
      susceptibility data obtained in previous studies and stored on the web platform,
      it is possible to deduce the clinical activity of a given antibiotic in a
      specific setting.

PMID- 26964515
TI  - [Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli producing
      urinary tract infections in Galicia (Spain)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Escherichia coli is the microorganism responsible for most of the
      community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI). Our purpose was to determine
      the susceptibility of E. coli associated with UTI in Galicia and consider the
      most appropriate antibiotics for empirical treatment. METHODS: Retrospective
      study during the period 2011- 2012 of the isolation of E. coli in urine samples
      from almost all the Galician population. Demographic variables, minimum
      inhibitory concentration, and reading data were collected: amoxicillin
      clavulanate, cefotaxime, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole,
      nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin. The identification and susceptibility studies were
      mainly conducted by automated systems. The interpretation of the results was
      performed according to CLSI criteria. RESULTS: During the study period 55,046 E.
      coli were isolated in UTI. The percentages of resistance were: cotrimoxazole,
      30%; ciprofloxacin, 33%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 23% and 10% for 3rd generation
      cephalosporins. Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin showed the highest activity with
      more than 96% of susceptibility in our study. The linear trend of resistance
      regarding age was statistically significant (p <0.0001) as it was regarding males
      (p <0.00001) for all antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: In Galicia, the most active
      antibiotics against E. coli associated with UTI are fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin
      so they should be considered as empirical treatment of choice by the community
      acquired UTI not complicated by E. coli.

PMID- 26964514
TI  - Secreted APE1/Ref-1 inhibits TNF-alpha-stimulated endothelial inflammation via
      thiol-disulfide exchange in TNF receptor.
AB  - Apurinic apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/Redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a
      multifunctional protein with redox activity and is proved to be secreted from
      stimulated cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functions of
      extracellular APE1/Ref-1 with respect to leading anti-inflammatory signaling in
      TNF-alpha-stimulated endothelial cells in response to acetylation. Treatment of
      TNF-alpha-stimulated endothelial cells with an inhibitor of deacetylase that
      causes intracellular acetylation, considerably suppressed vascular cell adhesion
      molecule-1 (VCAM-1). During TSA-mediated acetylation in culture, a time-dependent
      increase in secreted APE1/Ref-1 was confirmed. The acetyl moiety of acetylated
      APE1/Ref-1 was rapidly removed based on the removal kinetics. Additionally,
      recombinant human (rh) APE1/Ref-1 with reducing activity induced a conformational
      change in rh TNF-alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1) by thiol-disulfide exchange. Following
      treatment with the neutralizing anti-APE1/Ref-1 antibody, inflammatory signals
      via the binding of TNF-alpha to TNFR1 were remarkably recovered, leading to up
      regulation of reactive oxygen species generation and VCAM-1, in accordance with
      the activation of p66(shc) and p38 MAPK. These results strongly indicate that
      anti-inflammatory effects in TNF-alpha-stimulated endothelial cells by
      acetylation are tightly linked to secreted APE1/Ref-1, which inhibits TNF-alpha
      binding to TNFR1 by reductive conformational change, with suggestion as an
      endogenous inhibitor of vascular inflammation. 

PMID- 26964517
TI  - A meta-analysis on pain sensitivity in self-injury.
AB  - Individuals engaging in self-injurious behavior (SIB) frequently report absence
      of pain during acts of SIB. While altered pain sensitivity is discussed as a risk
      factor for the engagement in SIB, results have been mixed with considerable
      variance across reported effect sizes, in particular with respect to the effect
      of co-morbid psychopathology. The present meta-analysis aimed to summarize the
      current evidence on pain sensitivity in individuals engaging in SIB and to
      identify covariates of altered pain processing. Three databases were searched
      without restrictions. Additionally a hand search was performed and reference
      lists of included studies were checked for potential studies eligible for
      inclusion. Thirty-two studies were identified after screening 720 abstracts by
      two independent reviewers. Studies were included if they reported (i) an
      empirical investigation, in (ii) humans, including a sample of individuals
      engaging in (iii) SIB and a group of (iv) healthy controls, (v) receiving painful
      stimulation. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on three pain-related
      outcomes (pain threshold, pain tolerance, pain intensity) and several population-
      and study-level covariates (i.e. age, sex, clinical etiology) were subjected to
      meta-regression. Meta-analysis revealed significant main effects associated with
      medium to large effect sizes for all included outcomes. Individuals engaging in
      SIB show greater pain threshold and tolerance and report less pain intensity
      compared to healthy controls. Clinical etiology and age are significant
      covariates of pain sensitivity in individuals engaging in SIB, such that pain
      threshold is further increased in borderline personality disorder compared to non
      suicidal self-injury. Mechanisms underlying altered pain sensitivity are
      discussed.

PMID- 26964518
TI  - Optimizing Preconception Health among Young Women: What Are We Missing?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether receipt of specific preconception counseling
      topics differs between teen, young adult, and older mothers. DESIGN, SETTING,
      PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A survey of 291 primarily
      low-income, minority mothers with young children at pediatric practices in
      Baltimore, Maryland was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression models
      generated relative odds of preconception counseling receipt comparing teens (ages
      14-19 years) and young adults (ages 20-24 years) to adult women (age >=25 years)
      controlling for demographic characteristics, parity, and pregnancy intention.
      RESULTS: Teen mothers were less than half as likely to be counseled about taking
      folic acid, 4 times more likely to be counseled about vaccines, and twice as
      likely to be counseled about mental health before pregnancy compared with adult
      mothers. CONCLUSION: Adolescent preventive care might promote some aspects of
      preconception health, but topics related specifically to pregnancy outcomes might
      be missed. Because of the high rate of unplanned teen pregnancy in the United
      States, additional strategies to promote preconception health in this population
      are warranted.

PMID- 26964519
TI  - Age at Menarche and Its Association with Excess Weight and Body Fat Percentage in
      Girls in the Southwestern Region of the Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze age at menarche and its association with excess
      weight and body fat percentage. DESIGN: School-based cross-sectional survey.
      SETTING: Southwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon. PARTICIPANTS: The sample
      was made up of 727 girls, in the 8- to 16-year age range, divided into 3 groups:
      early, normal, and late menarche, from public and private schools, selected
      through proportional stratified random sampling. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Bioimpedance was used to measure body fat percentage and body mass
      index, applying the Global School-Based Student Health Survey questionnaire to
      categorize behavior variables. Age at menarche was determined using the status
      quo method. Sexual maturity was assessed through self-assessment according to
      criteria described by Tanner. RESULTS: Overall age at menarche was 11.52 (+/
      1.35), early 10.48 (+/-0.78), normal 12.39 (+/-0.50) and late 14.27 (+/-0.51)
      years. Prevalence of excess weight and body fat was 28.3% (206/727) and 44.3%
      (322/727), among those with menarche. There was a positive association between
      excess weight and body fat with age at early menarche (P = .000 and .015).
      CONCLUSION: Age at menarche among girls from the Amazon region is similar to that
      of industrialized countries. Prevalence of excess weight and body fat was high,
      and there was evidence of an association between age with early menarche and
      excess weight. Trends in age at menarche and stage of sexual maturation should be
      monitored with related factors, to adopt obesity control strategies from an early
      age.

PMID- 26964520
TI  - Artificial supramolecular protein assemblies as functional high-order protein
      scaffolds.
AB  - Supramolecular assemblies of protein building blocks potentially offer unique
      biomaterials with unmatched functionalities as well as atomic level structural
      accuracy. An increasing number of assembling strategies have been reported for
      the fabrication of diverse artificial protein assemblies, ranging from rather
      heterogeneous protein oligomers to computationally designed discrete protein
      architectures. In this perspective, we discuss these artificial protein
      supramolecules in terms of their use as highly potent high-order protein
      scaffolds that can display various functional proteins with precise structural
      and valency control. Following a brief overview of current approaches for protein
      assembly, several examples of functional protein assemblies have been introduced,
      with a particular focus on our recent report of valency-controlled green
      fluorescent protein nano-assemblies. Our supramolecular protein scaffolds allow
      building a series of polygonal assemblies of functional binding proteins, which
      provide unprecedented ways to study multivalent protein interactions. Even with
      many remaining challenges, there is unlimited potential of artificial protein
      scaffolds in many fields from nanotechnology to vaccine development. 

PMID- 26964521
TI  - Prevalence of dyslipidemia in school children of Kashmir valley.
AB  - AIM: Increased incidence of CVD has been observed in recent years in the Kashmir
      valley (North India). Since the risk factor development of the cardiovascular
      diseases (CVD) takes place during childhood, we undertook an epidemiological
      survey to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the school children of Kashmir
      valley. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1131 children of 5-19 years of age were selected
      and evaluated for BMI, cholesterol, TGs, LDL and HDL levels from different areas
      of Srinagar city (urban) region of the Kashmir valley from June 2011-June 2014.
      RESULTS: The frequency of dyslipidemia in Kashmiri children varied along the
      subjects. Hypertriglyceridemia was seen in 82.6% of the males and 47.6% of
      females in the age group of 5-9 years, 38.5% of males and 51.1% of females in the
      age group of 10-14 years and 24.7% of males and 35.9% of the females in the age
      group of 15-19 years. Low levels of HDL than normal were seen in 34.7% of males
      and 19% of females in the age group of 5-9 years. Similarly low HDL levels were
      seen in 17.9% of males and 15.5% of females in the age group of 10-14 years. The
      incidence of low HDL was also seen in 4.9% of males and 10.8% of females in the
      age group of 15-19 years. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study dyslipidemia was more
      common in centrally obese children and the most common component was high
      triglycerides and low HDL's. Female school children were at higher risk of
      developing CVD than males.

PMID- 26964522
TI  - Half-oxidized phosphorene: band gap and elastic properties modulation.
AB  - Based on a first principles approach, we study structural, electronic and elastic
      properties, as well as stabilities of all possible half-oxidized phosphorene
      conformers. Stability analysis reveals that oxygen chemisorption is an exothermic
      process in the six configurations despite the formation of interstitial oxygen
      bridges in three of them. Electronic structure calculations show that oxidation
      induces a band gap modulation ranging between 0.54 and 1.57 eV in the generalized
      gradient approximation corrected to 1.19 and 2.88 eV using GW. The mechanical
      response of the conformers is sensitively dependent on direction and indicates
      that the new derivatives are incompressible materials and one configuration has
      an auxetic behavior. The present results provide a basis for tailoring the
      electronic and elastic properties of phosphorene via half oxidation.

PMID- 26964523
TI  - Letter to Editor Re: Asgari SA, Safarinejad MR, Poorreza F, Safaei Asi A, Mansour
      Ghanaie M, Shahab E. The effect of parenteral testosterone administration prior
      to hypospadias surgery: A prospective, randomized and controlled study. J Pediatr
      Urol 11:143, 2015.

PMID- 26964524
TI  - An organizing principle for two-dimensional strongly correlated
      superconductivity.
AB  - Superconductivity in the cuprates exhibits many unusual features. We study the
      two-dimensional Hubbard model with plaquette dynamical mean-field theory to
      address these unusual features and relate them to other normal-state phenomena,
      such as the pseudogap. Previous studies with this method found that upon doping
      the Mott insulator at low temperature a pseudogap phase appears. The low
      temperature transition between that phase and the correlated metal at higher
      doping is first-order. A series of crossovers emerge along the Widom line
      extension of that first-order transition in the supercritical region. Here we
      show that the highly asymmetric dome of the dynamical mean-field superconducting
      transition temperature Tc(d), the maximum of the condensation energy as a
      function of doping, the correlation between maximum Tc(D) and normal-state
      scattering rate, the change from potential-energy driven to kinetic-energy driven
      pairing mechanisms can all be understood as remnants of the normal state first
      order transition and its associated crossovers that also act as an organizing
      principle for the superconducting state.

PMID- 26964525
TI  - Immobilization of pectinase on silica-based supports: Impacts of particle size
      and spacer arm on the activity.
AB  - The pectinase was separately immobilized onto Florisil and nano silica supports
      through both glutaraldehyde and 3-glyoxypropyltrietoxysilane spacer arms. The
      effects of spacer arm, particle size of support and ionic liquids on the
      activities of pectinase preparations were investigated. The immobilization of
      pectinase onto Florisil and nano silica through 3-glyoxypropyltrietoxysilane
      spacer arm completely led to inactivation of enzyme; however, 10 and 75%
      pectinase activity were retained when it was immobilized through glutaraldehyde
      spacer arm onto Florisil and nano silica, respectively. The pectinase immobilized
      onto nano silica through glutaraldehyde spacer arm showed 6.3-fold higher
      catalytic efficiency than that of the pectinase immobilized onto Florisil through
      same spacer arm. A 2.3-fold increase in thermal stability of pectinase was
      provided upon immobilization onto nano silica at 35 degrees C. The effects of
      IL/buffer mixture and volume ratio of IL/buffer mixture on the catalytic
      activities of free and immobilized pectinase preparations were also tested. All
      the pectinase preparations showed highest activity in 10% (v/v) 1-butyl-3
      methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate containing medium and their activities
      significantly affected from the concentration of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
      hexafluorophosphate. 

PMID- 26964526
TI  - Protein adsorption using novel carboxymethyl-curdlan microspheres.
AB  - Carboxymethyl-curdlan as a water soluble curdlan derivative, was synthesized in
      an aqueous alkaline medium using monochloroacetic acid. Novel carboxymethyl
      curdlan (CC) microspheres were prepared by the method of W/O/W emulsion. The
      chemical and morphological structures of CC microspheres were investigated by
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
      (FTIR) and particle size analysis. The CC microspheres were spherical, free
      flowing, non-aggregated and uniform mono-disperse with diameter of 260MUm. The
      prepared CC microspheres were applied to adsorbing Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as
      model protein. Factors influencing the adsorption of BSA such as solution pH,
      temperature, initial BSA concentration and ionic strength were examined by batch
      experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 168mg/g under
      optimal conditions including BSA initial concentration (4mg/mL), pH (4.7),
      adsorption time (9h) and temperature (35 degrees C). The adsorption isotherm
      followed the Langmuir model and the adsorption kinetics fitted the pseudo-second
      order model. In addition, the CC microspheres can be also regenerated and re
      used. 

PMID- 26964527
TI  - An Innovative Rapid Method for Analysis of 10 Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues
      in Wheat by HS-SPME-GC-FPD/MSD.
AB  - The rapid detection of pesticide residues in wheat has become a top food security
      priority. A solvent-free headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been
      evaluated for rapid screening of organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) residues in
      wheat with high sensitivity. Individual wheat samples (1.7 g), spiked with 10
      OPPs, were placed in a 4 mL sealed amber glass vial and heated at 60 degrees C
      for 45 min. During this time, the OPP residues were extracted with a 50 MUm/30
      MUm divinylbenzene (DVB)/carboxen (CAR)/plasma desorption mass spectroscopy
      polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber from the headspace above the sample. The fiber
      was then removed and injected into the GC injection port at 250 degrees C for
      desorption of the extracted chemicals. The multiple residues were identified by a
      GC mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD) and quantified with a GC flame photometric
      detector (GC-FPD). Seven spiked levels of 10 OPPs on wheat were analyzed. The GC
      responses for a 50 MUm/30 MUm DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber increased with increasing
      spiking levels, yielding significant (R(2) > 0.98) linear regressions. The lowest
      LODs of the multiple pesticide standards were evaluated under the conditions of
      the validation study in a range of levels from 0 (control) to 100 ng of pesticide
      residue per g of wheat that separated on a low-polar GC capillary column (Agilent
      DB-35UI). The results of the HS-SPME method were compared with the QuEChERS AOAC
      2007.01 method and they showed several advantages over the latter. These included
      improved sensitivity, selectivity, and simplicity. 

PMID- 26964528
TI  - Determinants of host feeding success by Anopheles farauti.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The proportion of blood meals that mosquitoes take from a host
      species is a function of the interplay of extrinsic (abundance and location of
      potential hosts) and intrinsic (innate preference) factors. A mark-release
      recapture experiment addressed whether host preference in a population of
      Anopheles farauti was uniform or if there were anthropophilic and zoophilic
      subpopulations. The corresponding fitness associated with selecting different
      hosts for blood meals was compared by measuring fecundity. METHODS: The
      attractiveness of humans for blood meals by An. farauti in the Solomon Islands
      was compared to pigs using tent traps. Host fidelity was assessed by mark-release
      recapture experiments in which different colour dusts were linked to the host to
      which the mosquito was first attracted. Outdoor resting An. farauti were captured
      on barrier screens and the human blood index (HBI) as well as the feeding index
      were calculated. The fecundity of individual An. farauti after feeding on either
      humans or pigs was assessed from blood-fed mosquitoes held in individual
      oviposition chambers. RESULTS: Anopheles farauti were more attracted to humans
      than pigs at a ratio of 1.31:1.00. The mark-release-recapture experiment found
      evidence for An. farauti being a single population regarding host preference. The
      HBI of outdoor resting An. farauti was 0.93 and the feeding index was 1.29.
      Anopheles farauti that fed on a human host laid more eggs but had a longer
      oviposition time compared to An. farauti that had blood fed on a pig.
      CONCLUSIONS: One of the strongest drivers for host species preference was the
      relative abundance of the different host species. Here, An. farauti have a slight
      preference for humans over pigs as blood meal sources. However, the limited
      availability of alternative hosts relative to humans in the Solomon Islands
      ensures a very high proportion of blood meals are obtained from humans, and thus,
      the transmission potential of malaria by An. farauti is high.

PMID- 26964529
TI  - Prosthetic joint infection caused by Trueperella bernardiae.
AB  - Trueperella bernardiae is a Gram-positive coryneform bacilli which role as human
      pathogen is unknown because it has been usually considered a contaminant.
      Furthermore its identification by biochemical test was difficult. We describe a
      prosthetic joint infection in a women who years ago underwent a total knee
      replacement with superinfection and necrosis of the patellar tendon as major
      complications. In the sample of synovial fluid collected grew a gram-positive
      bacilli which was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time
      of-flight (MALDI-TOF) as T. bernardiae. The patient was treated with
      ciprofloxacin and currently preserves the prosthesis without signs of infection. 

PMID- 26964530
TI  - Vacuum plasma sprayed coatings using ionic silver doped hydroxyapatite powder to
      prevent bacterial infection of bone implants.
AB  - Fast and efficient osseointegration of implants into bone is of crucial
      importance for their clinical success; a process that can be enhanced by coating
      the implant surface with hydroxyapatite (HA) using the vacuum plasma spray
      technology (VPS). However, bacterial infections, especially the biofilm formation
      on implant surfaces after a surgery, represent a serious complication. With ever
      increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is great interest in
      silver (Ag) as an alternative to classical antibiotics due to its broad activity
      against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. In the present study,
      silver ions were introduced into HA spray powder by ion exchange and the HA-Ag
      powder was applied onto titanium samples by VPS. The Ag-containing surfaces were
      evaluated for the kinetics of the silver release, its antibacterial effect
      against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Escherichia coli, and possible
      cytotoxicity against human bone cells. The HA-Ag coatings with different
      concentrations of Ag displayed mechanical and compositional properties that
      fulfill the regulatory requirements. Evaluation of the Ag release kinetic showed
      a high release rate in the first 24 h followed by a decreasing release rate over
      the four subsequent days. The HA-Ag coatings showed no cytotoxicity to primary
      human bone cells while exhibiting antibacterial activity to E. coli and S.
      aureus. 

PMID- 26964531
TI  - What is really driving cell-surface interactions? Layer-by-layer assembled films
      may help to answer questions concerning cell attachment and response to
      biomaterials.
AB  - Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled multicomponent films offer the opportunity to
      control and to fine-tune cell attachment and behavior on solid surfaces [Layer-by
      Layer Films for Biomedical Applications, edited by Picart et al. (Wiley,
      Weinheim, 2014) and El-Khouri et al., "Multifunctional layer-by-layer
      architectures for biological applications," in Functional Polymeric Ultrathin
      Films, edited by Advincula and Knoll (Wiley, Weinheim, 2011), Vol. 1]. At the
      same time, these films allow for quite detailed physicochemical characterization
      of static and dynamic surface properties that are typically not available in
      classic cell culture. In this report, the authors investigate cell adhesion and
      cytocompatibility of compositionally and morphologically similar thin films
      composed of oppositely charged synthetic or natural polyelectrolytes in which
      different physical parameters such as surface charge or water content are varied
      through chemical composition and deposition conditions. Human adult dermal
      fibroblasts were chosen as a model because of the need for chemically defined
      matrix in the field of primary cell amplification. The growth and the stability
      of the multilayer films in the incubation media were studied dissipation-enhanced
      quartz crystal micobalance (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The QCM-D signals observed
      during the film deposition were analyzed qualitatively to estimate the
      viscoelastic properties of the films. The authors used contact angle measurements
      with water to study the contribution of the chemical functionalities to wetting
      behavior of the films. Most importantly, they also studied the interaction of the
      films with serum components. Our results underline that cell adhesion is a highly
      complex process which is not only governed by the functionality of a surface but
      also by its morphology, its affinity for serum components, and also by changes of
      surface properties brought about by adsorbing molecules. Of the many LbL-films
      tested, poly(4-styrenesulfonate)/poly(allyl amine) multilayers were best suited
      for our fibroblast cultures, which opens a way to avoid gelatin based and similar
      substrates whose exact chemical composition is unknown. 

PMID- 26964532
TI  - Study of cholesterol and vitamin E levels in broiler meat from different feeding
      regimens by TOF-SIMS.
AB  - The quality of chicken meat, which is one of the most widely consumed meats in
      the world, has been the subject of research and studies for many years. There are
      several ways to improve the quality of this type of meat, including changing the
      concentrations of individual molecular components. Such important components of
      meat are inter alia, cholesterol, vitamin E, and some fatty acids such as omega-3
      and omega-6. Manipulation of ingredient levels may be achieved by enriching
      chicken feed with elements of different types such as vegetable oils, garlic, or
      selenium. Thus far, various biochemical and biophysical methods have been used to
      study quality of different meat types, especially broiler meat. Here, the authors
      demonstrate the use of high-resolution time-of-flight secondary ion mass
      spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) mass spectrometry to assess how variations in animal
      nutrition affect concentrations of specific lipids in the meat, such as
      cholesterol and vitamin E. In the presented experiment, there were four different
      dietary treatments. Feed for animals in the first group was supplemented with soy
      oil in 50%, the second group's feed was supplemented with linseed oil in 50%, a
      combination of these two oils in the proportion of 44%:56% was used for the third
      group, and in the reference group, animals were fed with beef tallow. From each
      group, four individuals were selected for further analysis. Positive and negative
      ion mass spectra were generated from the pectoralis superficialis muscle tissue
      of the left carcass side of each one animal. Using TOF-SIMS with a bismuth
      cluster ion source (Bi3 (+)), and based on characteristic peaks for cholesterol
      in the positive mode and vitamin E in the negative mode, the authors have
      illustrated the relationship of these lipids levels to the various feeding
      regimens. Simultaneously, the authors characterized the varying dependences on
      the concentrations of measured lipids in fat and muscle fibers. The cholesterol
      concentration in muscle fibers was the lowest in the group fed with soybean oil
      and the highest in reference group IV (tallow feed). In the fatty region, the
      highest level of cholesterol was found in the third group. The highest
      concentrations of vitamin E were found in the fibers of the first group and the
      fat region of the second group. The obtained results show that SIMS imaging is a
      useful approach for assessing changes in lipid concentrations in the meat tissue
      from animals on different diets and provides a foundation for future research. 

PMID- 26964535
TI  - Relationships between lumbar inter-vertebral motion and lordosis in healthy adult
      males: a cross sectional cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intervertebral motion impairment is widely thought to be related to
      chronic back disability, however, the movements of inter-vertebral pairs are not
      independent of each other and motion may also be related to morphology.
      Furthermore, maximum intervertebral range of motion (IV-RoMmax) is difficult to
      measure accurately in living subjects. The purpose of this study was to explore
      possible relationships between (IV-RoMmax) and lordosis, initial attainment rate
      and IV-RoMmax at other levels during weight-bearing flexion using quantitative
      fluoroscopy (QF). METHODS: Continuous QF motion sequences were recorded during
      controlled active sagittal flexion of 60 degrees  in 18 males (mean age 27.6 SD
      4.4) with no history of low back pain in the previous year. IV-RoMmax, lordotic
      angle, and initial attainment rate at all inter-vertebral levels from L2-S1 were
      extracted. Relationships between IV-RoMmax and the other variables were explored
      using correlation coefficients, and simple linear regression was used to
      determine the effects of any significant relationships. Within and between
      observer repeatability of IV-RoMmax and initial attainment rate measurements were
      assessed in a sub-set of ten participants, using the intra-class correlation
      coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). RESULTS: QF
      measurements were highly repeatable, the lowest ICC for IV-RoMmax, being 0.94
      (0.80-0.99) and highest SEM (0.76 degrees ). For initial attainment rate the
      lowest ICC was 0.84 (0.49-0.96) and the highest SEM (0.036). The results also
      demonstrated significant positive and negative correlations between IV-RoMmax and
      IV-RoMmax at other lumbar levels (r = -0.64-0.65), lordosis (r = -0.52-0.54), and
      initial attainment rate (r = -0.64-0.73). Simple linear regression analysis of
      all significant relationships showed that these predict between 28 and 42 % of
      the variance in IV-RoMmax. CONCLUSIONS: This study found weak to moderate effects
      of individual kinematic variables and lumbar lordosis on IV-RoMmax at other
      intervertebral levels. These effects, when combined, may be important when such
      levels are being considered by healthcare professionals as potential sources of
      pain generation. Multivariate investigations in larger samples are warranted.

PMID- 26964534
TI  - Aggressive breast cancer in western Kenya has early onset, high proliferation,
      and immune cell infiltration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer incidence and mortality vary significantly among
      different nations and racial groups. African nations have the highest breast
      cancer mortality rates in the world, even though the incidence rates are below
      those of many nations. Differences in disease progression suggest that aggressive
      breast tumors may harbor a unique molecular signature to promote disease
      progression. However, few studies have investigated the pathology and clinical
      markers expressed in breast tissue from regional African patient populations.
      METHODS: We collected 68 malignant and 89 non-cancerous samples from Kenyan
      breast tissue. To characterize the tumors from these patients, we constructed
      tissue microarrays (TMAs) from these tissues. Sections from these TMAs were
      stained and analyzed using immunohistochemistry to detect clinical breast cancer
      markers, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human
      epidermal growth factor 2 receptor (HER2) status, Ki67, and immune cell markers.
      RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of the tumors were triple negative (ER-, PR-, HER2
      ), 59% were ER+, and almost all tumors analyzed were HER2-. Seven percent of the
      breast cancer patients were male, and 30% were <40 years old at diagnosis. Cancer
      tissue had increased immune cell infiltration with recruitment of CD163+ (M2
      macrophage), CD25+ (regulatory T lymphocyte), and CD4+ (T helper) cells compared
      to non-cancer tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We identified clinical biomarkers that may
      assist in identifying therapy strategies for breast cancer patients in western
      Kenya. Estrogen receptor status in particular should lead initial treatment
      strategies in these breast cancer patients. Increased CD25 expression suggests a
      need for additional treatment strategies designed to overcome immune suppression
      by CD25+ cells in order to promote the antitumor activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T
      cells.

PMID- 26964533
TI  - MicroRNAs in colorectal carcinoma--from pathogenesis to therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acting as inflammatory mediators, tumor oncogenes or suppressors,
      microRNAs are involved in cell survival, death, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      and metastasis, etc. Investigating the communication between microRNAs and
      tumorigenesis is critical to our understanding of the pathogenesis of multiple
      disease states. MAIN BODY: Currently, colorectal carcinoma (CRC), one of the most
      common malignancies worldwide, has a poor prognosis due to lack of an effective
      therapeutic option. Increasing evidence has identified altered profiles and
      regulatory potential of microRNAs in conditions related to environmentally-caused
      colorectal inflammation and colitis-associated cancer. Many studies have shed
      light on a more thorough understanding of the function and distribution of
      microRNAs in CRC initiation and emergence. However, the molecular mechanisms by
      which microRNAs modulate cellular processes still need to be further elucidated
      and may offer a foundation for evaluating microRNA-based therapeutic potential
      for CRC in both animal models and clinical trials. CONCLUSION: In this review,
      the roles and mechanisms of microRNAs involved in CRC from pathogenesis to
      therapy are summarized and discussed, which may provide more useful hints for CRC
      prevention and therapy.

PMID- 26964536
TI  - Bioprospecting potential of halogenases from Arctic marine actinomycetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Halometabolites, an important group of natural products, generally
      require halogenases for their biosynthesis. Actinomycetes from the Arctic Ocean
      have rarely been investigated for halogenases and their gene clusters associated,
      albeit great potential of halometabolite production has been predicted.
      Therefore, we initiated this research on the screening of halogenases from Arctic
      marine actinomycetes isolates to explore their genetic potential of
      halometabolite biosynthesis. RESULTS: Nine halogenase genes were discovered from
      sixty Arctic marine actinomycetes using in-house designed or previously reported
      PCR primers. Four representative genotypes were further cloned to obtain full
      coding regions through genome walking. The resulting halogenases were predicted
      to be involved in halogenation of indole groups, antitumor agent ansamitocin-like
      substrates, or unknown peptide-like compounds. Genome sequencing revealed a
      potential gene cluster containing the halogenase predicted to catalyze peptide
      like compounds. However, the gene cluster was probably silent under the current
      conditions. CONCLUSIONS: PCR-based screening of halogenase genes is a powerful
      and efficient tool to conduct bioprospecting of halometabolite-producing
      actinomycetes from the Arctic. Genome sequencing can also identify cryptic gene
      clusters potentially producing new halometabolites, which might be easily missed
      by traditional isolation and chemical characterization. In addition, our study
      indicates that great genetic potential of new halometabolites can be expected
      from mostly untapped actinomycetes from the polar regions.

PMID- 26964537
TI  - Ground-glass nodule in a patient with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein
      like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK)-positive lung cancer: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Grand-glass nodule for CT image has thought to be less aggressive
      tumor in lung cancer. Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic
      lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK)-positive lung cancer presenting with Ground-glass
      nodules (GGNs) is relatively rare, and few such cases have been reported. CASE
      PRESENTATION: An asymptomatic 56-year-old woman exhibited a 1.1-cm GGN in the
      lower lobe of the left lung on computed tomography during a medical checkup.
      Positron emission tomography showed no difference in uptake by the nodule
      compared with other organs. We elected to perform surgery because the nodule
      included a solid component and had grown only slightly during the last 2 years
      according to thin-section computed tomography. Partial resection of the lower
      left lung was performed by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Pathological
      examination revealed mucus-producing high columnar epithelium forming an
      irregular tubular-acinar-like structure partly replacing the alveolar epithelium
      on hematoxylin and eosin staining. More than 50 % of the tumor demonstrated a
      lepidic growth pattern. The tumor was negative for epidermal growth factor
      receptor mutation but positive for the EML4-ALK fusion oncogene according to
      fluorescence in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS: We herein report a case of EML4
      ALK-positive lung cancer presenting with a GGN along with a review of the
      relevant literature, including histopathological findings and imaging features.
      We consider that EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer is often highly progressive and
      that careful follow-up is therefore essential in these patients.

PMID- 26964539
TI  - Plasma exchange response in 34 patients with severe optic neuritis.
AB  - Optic neuritis could lead to severe visual impairment despite corticosteroids.
      Our aim was to evaluate the rate of visual improvement in patients treated with
      plasma exchange (PLEX) for severe steroid unresponsive optic neuritis and to
      identify predictive factors of outcome. Thirty-four patients (41 optic nerves
      damaged) with remaining visual acuity of 0.1 or less despite steroid pulse
      therapy were treated with PLEX from September 2010 to May 2015. Demographic and
      clinical neuro-ophthalmic findings, and spectral domain-optical coherence
      tomography data before PLEX treatment were analyzed. The mean symptom duration
      before PLEX was 34.6 days (median 28 days; range 6-92 days). After PLEX, the
      median final visual acuity was 0.8 and in 56 % of cases, final acuity was 0.5 or
      better. Past history of ipsilateral optic neuritis was associated significantly
      with poor outcome defined as final acuity less than 0.5. No significant
      difference in the visual outcome after PLEX was found between multiple sclerosis
      and neuromyelitis optica. In conclusion, this observational study showed that
      PLEX as second-line therapy led to a functionally important visual recovery in
      more than half patients with severe optic neuritis. 

PMID- 26964538
TI  - Infections in travellers returning to Turkey from the Arabian peninsula: a
      retrospective cross-sectional multicenter study.
AB  - Mass gatherings pooling people from different parts of the world-the largest of
      which is to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, for Hajj-may impose risks for acquisition and
      dissemination of infectious diseases. A substantial number of pilgrims to Hajj
      and Umrah are Turkish citizens (456,000 in 2014) but data are lacking on scale of
      the problem. We did a retrospective cross-sectional multicenter study in Turkey
      to explore the range of infections among inpatients who had recently returned
      from the Arabian Peninsula. Our inclusion criteria were patients who had acquired
      an infection during their trip to an Arabian Peninsula country, or who became
      symptomatic within 1 week of their return. The data were collected
      retrospectively for January 1, 2013 and March 1, 2015. 185 Turkish patients were
      recruited to the study across 15 referral centers with travel associated
      infectious diseases after returning from Arabian Peninsula countries
      (predominantly Saudi Arabia 163 [88.1 %] for religious purposes 162 [87.5 %]).
      Seventy four (40.0 %) of them were >= 65 years old with numerous comorbidities
      including diabetes (24.3 %) and COPD (14.1 %). The most common clinical diagnosis
      was respiratory tract infections (169 [91.5 %]), followed by diarrheal diseases
      (13 [7 %]), and there was one case of MERS-CoV. Patients spent a median of 5 (3
      7) days as hospital inpatients and overall mortality was 1.1 %. Returning
      travellers from the Arabian Peninsula present as inpatients with a broad range of
      infectious diseases similar to common community acquired infections frequently
      seen in daily medical practices in Turkey. 

PMID- 26964540
TI  - Impulsive compulsive behaviours in Parkinson's disease: patients' versus
      caregivers' perceptions.

PMID- 26964541
TI  - Clinical phenotype and risk of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - It is unclear whether patients with different clinical phenotypes of Parkinson's
      disease (PD) differ in their risk of developing levodopa-induced dyskinesia. We
      evaluated the possible association between clinical phenotypes and risk of
      levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD patients using a case-control design. The
      FRAGAMP study is a large Italian multicenter study. Patients affected by PD
      diagnosed according to the Gelb's criteria were enrolled and underwent a face-to
      face interview. Clinical scales were used to evaluate motor and cognitive
      impairment. Presence of dyskinesia was assessed by the item 32 of the UPDRS
      section IV. On the basis of the most prominent motor symptoms at onset PD,
      patients were classified as tremor-dominant, akinetic-rigid, or mixed type. 485
      PD patients (292 men; mean age 65.6 +/- 9.8) were enrolled in the study of whom
      128 (26.4 %) presented levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Of the 485 patients, 311
      (64.1 %) were classified as tremor-dominant, 104 (21.4 %) as Akinetic-Rigid and
      70 (14.4 %) as mixed type. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a
      significant negative association between tremor-dominant phenotype and levodopa
      induced dyskinesia (adjusted OR 0.48; 95 % CI 0.23-1.00; p value 0.05). When
      analysis was stratified by age at onset a stronger negative association was found
      among the late onset (>50 years) PD patients (OR 0.28; 95 % CI 0.11-0.70; p value
      0.007) while no association was found among patients with an early onset. Our
      findings support the hypothesis that the occurrence of resting tremor as an
      initial manifestation of PD may predict a lower probability of developing
      levodopa-induced dyskinesia. 

PMID- 26964543
TI  - Quantifying the burden of caregiving in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare pediatric neuromuscular disease
      associated with progressive muscle degeneration and extensive care needs. Our
      objective was to estimate the caregiver burden associated with DMD. We made cross
      sectional assessments of caregiver health-related quality of life (HRQL) and
      burden using the EuroQol EQ-5D, a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the SF-12 Health
      Survey, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) administered online.
      Results were stratified by disease stage (early/late ambulatory/non-ambulatory)
      and caregivers' rating of patients' health and mental status. In total,
      caregivers to 770 patients participated. Mean EQ-5D utility ranged between 0.85
      (95 % CI 0.82-0.88) and 0.77 (0.74-0.80) across ambulatory classes and 0.88 (0.85
      0.90) and 0.57 (0.39-0.74) across caregivers' rating of patients' health and
      mental status. Mean VAS score was 0.74 (0.73-0.75), mean SF-12 Mental Health
      Component Summary score 44 (43-45), and mean ZBI score 29 (28-30). Anxiety and
      depression, recorded in up to 70 % of caregivers depending on patients' health
      and mental status, was significantly associated with annual household cost burden
      (>$5000 vs. <$1000, odds ratio 1.76, 95 % CI 1.18-2.63) and hours of leisure time
      devoted to informal care per week (25-50 vs. <25 h 2.01, 1.37-2.94; >50 vs. <25 h
      3.35, 2.32-4.83) (p < 0.007). We show that caring for a person with DMD can be
      associated with a substantial burden and impaired HRQL. Our findings suggest that
      caregivers to patients with DMD should be screened for depression and emphasize
      the need for a holistic approach to family mental health in the context of
      chronic childhood disease. 

PMID- 26964542
TI  - Long-term impact on quality of life of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Long-term impact of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN
      DBS) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and associated factors in patients
      with Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clear. In this prospective study, we
      included 69 PD patients (64 % men, mean age 61.3 +/- 7.4 and disease duration
      13.2 +/- 5.7 years) undergoing STN-DBS. They were evaluated preoperatively
      (baseline), 1 and 5 years postoperatively assessing 39-item Parkinson's Disease
      Questionnaire (PDQ-39), Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale
      (SEADL), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) off- and on-medication,
      patient diaries, dopaminergic treatment, mortality and surgical complications.
      Five years postoperatively, off-medication, there were improvements from baseline
      in UPDRS-II and III total (27.2 and 26.7 %, respectively) and SEADL (18.6 % more
      completely independent patients) (p < 0.05) scores, while on-medication, there
      was a deterioration in UPDRS-III (37.8 %, mainly axial signs) (p < 0.05) and
      minor improvements in SEADL (3.7 %). While at 1 year PDQ-39, the summary index
      improved substantially (36.5 %) (p < 0.05), at 5 years patients regressed (only
      8.8 %) (p < 0.05), though changes in PDQ-39 subscores remained significant, with
      improvements in ADL (18.8 %), emotional well-being (19.0 %), stigma (36.4 %) and
      discomfort (20.6 %), despite worsening in communication (47.8 %) (p < 0.05).
      Lower preoperative PDQ-39 summary index and greater 1-year UPDRS-III-off total
      score gain predicted better long-term HRQOL. STN-DBS produces long-term
      improvements in HRQOL in PD. Preoperative HRQOL and short-term postoperative
      changes in off-medication motor status may predict long-term HRQOL in PD
      following STN-DBS. 

PMID- 26964544
TI  - The Merits of a Two-Day Evidence-Based Medicine Course for Surgical Residents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over 10 years ago, we introduced a two-day, evidence-based surgery
      course for surgical residents. During the last 4 years, we evaluated its effect
      on the participants' evidence-based medicine (EBM) knowledge and skills. METHODS:
      Between 2012 and 2015, six courses were organised for residents of various
      surgical specialties of allied hospitals in the Amsterdam educational district.
      The courses covered the literature search, critical appraisal of surgical papers,
      and how to communicate and weigh the benefits and harms of surgical
      interventions. Proficiency regarding interpreting evidence was tested before and
      directly after the course using a modified Berlin questionnaire. RESULTS: One
      hundred participants attended the courses, comprising residents in surgery (61
      %), orthopaedics (16 %), urology (7 %), plastic surgery (7 %), and surgical PhD
      students (9 %), most of whom had already been taught EBM during their medical
      curriculum. Pre-course score levels were already fairly high (6.19 out of 10),
      but scores after the course were significantly higher (7.04); mean difference
      0.85 (95 % confidence interval 0.4-1.3). No significant differences were observed
      among the surgical specialties. Attendees highly appreciated the course.
      CONCLUSIONS: A two-day, evidence-based surgery course improved EBM aptitude of
      surgical residents. Hence, the course appears useful to refresh the EBM paradigm
      among future Dutch surgeons.

PMID- 26964545
TI  - Erratum to: Translational Modeling in Schizophrenia: Predicting Human Dopamine D2
      Receptor Occupancy.

PMID- 26964546
TI  - Development of Long-Circulating pH-Sensitive Liposomes to Circumvent Gemcitabine
      Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
AB  - PURPOSES: To develop pH-sensitive liposomes (PSL) containing a high content of
      gemcitabine; and to investigate whether drug loading (DL) would alter the in
      vitro and pharmacokinetic properties. METHODS: PSL with a high DL were obtained
      using a modified small-volume incubation method. The DL effects on drug release
      rate and in vitro cytotoxicity of PSL were evaluated using MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic
      cancer cells and their pharmacokinetics investigated in rats. RESULTS: The
      highest DL of 4.5 +/- 0.1% was achieved for gemcitabine in PSL with 145 +/- 5 nm
      diameter. DL did not alter the in vitro release rate from PSL. The IC50 (48 h) of
      PSL (DL 0.5 and 4.5%) and non pH-sensitive liposomes (NPSL, DL 4.2%) were 1.1 +/-
      0.1, 0.7 +/- 0.1 and 37.0 +/- 7.5 MUM, respectively. The PSL resulted in a 4.2
      fold increase in its elimination half-life (6.2 h) compared to gemcitabine
      solution (1.4 h) in rats. No significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters
      was observed between the two PSL (DL 0.5 and 4.5%). CONCLUSION: The PSL offered
      advantages over NPSL in restoring the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to
      gemcitabine without requiring a high DL. DL in the PSL did not alter release
      rate, cytotoxicity or their long-circulating properties. Graphical Abstract ?.

PMID- 26964549
TI  - Relationships between fatty infiltration in the thigh and calf in women with knee
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA), fatty infiltration into
      thigh muscle is associated with poor physical performance and strength. However,
      it is not known whether this also occurs in the calf and if this impacts physical
      function. AIMS: We investigated the relationships between volumes of
      intramuscular fat (intraMF), intermuscular fat (IMF), subcutaneous fat (SCF),
      lean muscle and muscle adiposity, in the thighs compared to the calves of women
      with knee OA. METHODS: MRI scans of the thigh and calf were acquired from 20
      women over 55 years with knee OA (3.0T Discovery MR750, GE Healthcare). Axial
      IDEAL (iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least
      squares estimation) fat-separated images were segmented to quantify intraMF, IMF,
      SCF and lean muscle volumes (SliceOmatic 5.0, Tomovision). Correlation and linear
      regression analyses were run. RESULTS: We found a positive relationship between
      thigh and calf intraMF (R 2 = 0.592; B = 5.49; p = 0.001), muscle adiposity (R 2
      = 0.539; B = 0.567; p = 0.001), and SCF volume (R 2 = 0.699; B = 12.847; p =
      0.001), controlling for waist-to-hip ratio. Relationships between thigh and calf
      IMF (R 2 = 0.239; B = 7.743; p = 0.061), lean muscle (R 2 = 0.245; B = 4.149; p =
      0.047) and combined intraMF and IMF volume (R 2 = 0.242; B = 6.162; p = 0.044)
      were not significant. DISCUSSION: Although a correlation exists between thigh and
      calf muscle adiposity, intraMF and SCF, this does not hold true for IMF or lean
      muscle. A greater amount of intraMF infiltration occurs in the thigh compared to
      the calf of women with knee OA. CONCLUSION: The calf and thigh may both be
      involved in pathologic changes in muscle composition in knee OA.

PMID- 26964547
TI  - An In Vitro Thrombolysis Study Using a Mixture of Fast-Acting and Slower Release
      Microspheres.
AB  - PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that a mixture combining fast and slower release
      rate microspheres can restore blood flow rapidly and prevent formation of another
      blockage in thrombolysis. METHODS: We used polyethylene glycol (PEG) microspheres
      which provide the release of the encapsulated streptokinase (SK) on the scale of
      minutes, and Eudragit FS30D (Eud), a polymethacrylate polymer, for development of
      delayed release microspheres which were desirable to prevent a putative second
      thrombus. Eud microspheres were coated with chitosan (CS) to further extend half
      life. Experiments included the development, characterization of Eud/SK and CS
      Eud/SK microspheres, and in vitro thrombolytic studies of the mixtures of PEG/SK
      and Eud /SK microspheres and of PEG/SK and CS-Eud/SK microspheres. RESULTS: CS
      Eud/SK microspheres have slightly lower encapsulation efficiency, reduced
      activity of SK, and a much slower release of SK when compared with microspheres
      of Eud/SK microspheres. Counter-intuitively, slower release leads to faster
      thrombolysis after reocclusion as a result of greater retention of agent and the
      mechanism of distributed intraclot thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: A mixture of PEG/SK
      and CS-Eud/SK microspheres could break up the blood clot rapidly while providing
      clot-lytic efficacy in prevention of a second blockage up to 4 h.

PMID- 26964551
TI  - Pediatric Interventional Radiology: Vascular Interventions.
AB  - Pediatric interventional radiology (PIR) comprises a range of minimally invasive
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are performed using image guidance.
      PIR has emerged as an essential adjunct to various surgical and medical
      conditions. Over the years, technology has undergone dramatic and continuous
      evolution, making this speciality grow. In this review, the authors will discuss
      various vascular interventional procedures undertaken in pediatric patients. It
      is challenging for the interventional radiologist to accomplish a successful
      interventional procedure. There are many vascular interventional radiology
      procedures which are being performed and have changed the way the diseases are
      managed. Some of the procedures are life saving and have become the treatment of
      choice in those patients. The future is indeed bright for the practice and
      practitioners of pediatric vascular and non-vascular interventions. As more and
      more of the procedures that are currently being performed in adults get gradually
      adapted for use in the pediatric population, it may be possible to perform safe
      and successful interventions in many of the pediatric vascular lesions that are
      otherwise being referred for surgery. 

PMID- 26964548
TI  - Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) Contact Lenses
      Containing Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Ocular Delivery System for Dexamethasone
      Sodium Phosphate.
AB  - PURPOSE: Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXP) is an anti-inflammatory drug
      commonly used to treat acute and chronic ocular diseases. It is routinely
      delivered using eye-drops, where typically only 5% of the drug penetrates the
      corneal epithelium. The bioavailability of such ophthalmic drugs can be enhanced
      significantly using contact lenses incorporating drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs).
      METHODS: The mechanism of release from chitosan NPs (CS-NPs), synthesized by
      ionic gelation, was studied in vitro. The DXP loaded CS-NPs were subsequently
      entrapped in contact lenses and the optical and drug-release properties were
      assessed. RESULTS: DXP release from CS-NPs followed diffusion and swelling
      controlled mechanisms, with an additional proposed impact from the electrostatic
      interaction between the drug and the CS-NPs. The release rate was found to
      increase with an increase in drug loading from 20 to 50 wt%. However, an inverse
      effect was observed when initial loading increased to 100 wt%. NP-laden lenses
      were optically clear (95-98% transmittance relative to the neat contact lens) and
      demonstrated sustained DXP release, with approximately 55.73% released in 22
      days. CONCLUSIONS: The release profile indicated that drug levels were within the
      therapeutic requirement for anti-inflammatory use. These results suggest that
      these materials might be a promising candidate for the delivery of DXP and other
      important ophthalmic therapeutics.

PMID- 26964550
TI  - Role of Computed Tomography in Pediatric Abdominal Conditions.
AB  - In the pediatric patient, computed tomography (CT) scan as an imaging modality
      for evaluation of the abdomen is to be used judiciously. The use of correct
      scanning protocols, single phase scanning, scanning only when required are key
      factors to minimize radiation doses to the child, while providing diagnostic
      quality. CT is the preferred modality in the evaluation of trauma, to assess
      extent of solid organ or bowel injury. It is also useful in several inflammatory
      conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases and acute pancreatitis. CT also
      has an important role in evaluating intra-abdominal tumors, although magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) can be used as an alternative to CT. 

PMID- 26964553
TI  - Idiopathic CD4 T-Cell Lymphocytopenia: A Case Report of a Young Boy With
      Recalcitrant Warts.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Idiopathic CD4 T-cell lymphocytopenia (ICL) is an immunodeficiency
      disorder that presents with a decrease in CD4(+) T cells without evidence of a
      human immunodeficiency virus infection. It is most commonly diagnosed after a
      patient presents with an opportunistic infection and can also be associated with
      malignancies and autoimmune diseases. This case presentation and literature
      review highlights the common skin findings in patients with ICL, mainly
      recalcitrant warts, and discusses the treatment options available. OBSERVATIONS:
      The patient described is the youngest reported with ICL presenting with isolated
      cutaneous findings of recalcitrant warts and psoriasis. Many treatment options
      were tried for the warts, with the most significant response to acitretin.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This case highlights the importance of considering
      underlying immunodeficiency in patients with recalcitrant warts as well as
      developing treatment plans. Such patients require close follow-up by both
      dermatology and immunology to monitor for the development of other diseases
      related to ICL.

PMID- 26964552
TI  - Presence of host-seeking Ixodes ricinus and their infection with Borrelia
      burgdorferi sensu lato in the Northern Apennines, Italy.
AB  - Host-seeking ticks were collected in the Northern Apennines, Italy, by dragging
      at 35 sites, at altitudes ranging from 680 and 1670 m above sea level (asl), from
      April to November, in 2010 and 2011. Ixodes ricinus (4431 larvae, 597 nymphs and
      12 adults) and Haemaphysalis punctata (11,209 larvae, 313 nymphs, and 25 adults)
      were the most abundant species, followed by Haemaphysalis sulcata (20 larvae,
      five nymphs, and 13 adults), Dermacentor marginatus (42 larvae and two adults)
      and Ixodes hexagonus (one nymph). Greatest numbers of ticks were collected at
      locations characterised by southern exposure and limestone substratum, at
      altitudes <1400 m asl; I. ricinus was most abundant in Turkey oak (Quercus
      cerris) wood, whereas H. punctata was mostly collected in hop hornbeam (Ostrya
      carpinifolia) wood and on exposed rocks. Ixodes ricinus was also found up to 1670
      m asl, in high stand beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood. The overall prevalence of
      Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) in 294 host-seeking I. ricinus nymphs was
      8.5 %. Borrelia garinii was the most frequently identified genospecies (64.0 % of
      positive nymphs), followed by B. valaisiana, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B.
      afzelii, and B. lusitaniae. Based upon the comparison with the results of
      previous studies at the same location, these research findings suggest the recent
      invasion of the study area by the tick vector and the agents of Lyme borreliosis.

PMID- 26964555
TI  - Letter regarding article 'Focal stenosis of the sigmoid sinus causing
      intracranial venous hypertension: Case report, endovascular management and review
      of the literature'.

PMID- 26964554
TI  - Epicardial fat thickness regression with continuous positive airway pressure
      therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: assessment by two-dimensional
      echocardiography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common syndrome in patients with
      metabolic syndrome (MetS). Epicardial fat thickness (EFT), an indicator of
      visceral adiposity, is a novel parameter for studying patients with OSA. Our aim
      was to investigate the effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy
      (CPAP) therapy on EFT. METHODS: A total of 162 subjects (68 women and 94 men)
      were included and divided into three groups: Group I: Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
      < 5 (n  = 45), Group II: AHI 5-15 (n  = 22), and Group III: AHI > 15 (n  = 95).
      All participants underwent full-night polysomnography and transthoracic
      echocardiography. There were 28 symptomatic patients with AHI > 15 who received
      compliant CPAP therapy for 24 weeks. RESULTS: MetS was more frequent, and
      systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), blood glucose were
      higher in Group III compared with I (p  < 0.05). High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      levels were lower in Group III compared with I (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels
      and waist circumference were higher in Group III compared with I and II (p  <
      0.05). EFT was higher in Group III compared with I and higher in Group II
      compared with I (p < 0.05). EFT was predicted by MetS and AHI. After CPAP therapy
      high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and EFT were reduced (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: EFT was significantly higher in patients with AHI > 15 and predicted
      by MetS and AHI. CPAP therapy reduced hsCRP levels and EFT.

PMID- 26964556
TI  - Primary care management of patients after weight loss surgery.

PMID- 26964558
TI  - Quantitative Evaluation of the Dispersion of Graphene Sheets With and Without
      Functional Groups Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
AB  - Nanofluids with enhanced thermal properties are candidates for thermal management
      in automotive systems, with scope for improving energy efficiency. In particular,
      many studies have reported on dispersions of nanoparticles with long-term
      stability in the base fluid, with qualitative evaluations of the dispersion
      stability via either the naked eye or optical instruments. Additives such as
      surfactants can be used to enhance the dispersion of nanoparticles; however, this
      may diminish their intrinsic thermal properties. Here, we describe molecular
      dynamics simulations of nanofluids containing graphene sheets dispersed in
      ethylene glycol and water. We go on to suggest a quantitative evaluation method
      for the degree of dispersion, based on the ratio of the total number of
      nanoparticles to the number of clustered nanoparticles. Moreover, we investigate
      the effects of functional groups on the surface of graphene, which are expected
      to improve the dispersion without requiring additives such as surfactants due to
      steric hindrance and chemical affinity for the surrounding fluid. We find that,
      for pure graphene, the degree of dispersion decreased as the quantity of graphene
      sheets increased, which is attributed to an increased probability of aggregation
      at higher loadings; however, the presence of functional groups inhibited the
      graphene sheets from forming aggregates. 

PMID- 26964559
TI  - Impacts of Thermal Atomic Layer-Deposited AlN Passivation Layer on GaN-on-Si High
      Electron Mobility Transistors.
AB  - Thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD)-grown AlN passivation layer is applied on
      AlGaN/GaN-on-Si HEMT, and the impacts on drive current and leakage current are
      investigated. The thermal ALD-grown 30-nm amorphous AlN results in a suppressed
      off-state leakage; however, its drive current is unchanged. It was also observed
      by nano-beam diffraction method that thermal ALD-amorphous AlN layer barely
      enhanced the polarization. On the other hand, the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
      deposition (PECVD)-deposited SiN layer enhanced the polarization and resulted in
      an improved drive current. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement also
      indicates that thermal ALD passivation results in a better interface quality
      compared with the SiN passivation. 

PMID- 26964557
TI  - Intraoperative Laparoscopic Near-Infrared Fluorescence Cholangiography to
      Facilitate Anatomical Identification: When to Give Indocyanine Green and How
      Much.
AB  - Recent technological advances have enabled real-time near-infrared fluorescence
      cholangiography (NIRFC) with indocyanine green (ICG). Whereas several studies
      have shown its feasibility, dosing and timing for practical use have not been
      optimized. We undertook a prospective study with systematic variation of dosing
      and timing from injection of ICG to visualization. Adult patients undergoing
      laparoscopic biliary and hepatic operations were enrolled. Intravenous ICG (0.02
      0.25 mg/kg) was administered at times ranging from 10 to 180 minutes prior to
      planned visualization. The porta hepatis was examined using a dedicated
      laparoscopic system equipped to detect NIRFC. Quantitative analysis of
      intraoperative fluorescence was performed using a scoring system to identify
      biliary structures. A total of 37 patients were enrolled. Visualization of the
      extrahepatic biliary tract improved with increasing doses of ICG, with
      qualitative scores improving from 1.9 +/- 1.2 (out of 5) with a 0.02-mg/kg dose
      to 3.4 +/- 1.3 with a 0.25-mg/kg dose (P < .05 for 0.02 vs 0.25 mg/kg).
      Visualization was also significantly better with increased time after ICG
      administration (1.1 +/- 0.3 for 10 minutes vs 3.4 +/- 1.1 for 45 minutes, P <
      .01). Similarly, quantitative measures also improved with both dose and time.
      There were no complications from the administration of ICG. These results suggest
      that a dose of 0.25 mg/kg administered at least 45 minutes prior to visualization
      facilitates intraoperative anatomical identification. The dosage and timing of
      administration of ICG prior to intraoperative visualization are within a range
      where it can be administered in a practical, safe, and effective manner to allow
      intraoperative identification of extrahepatic biliary anatomy using NIRFC. 

PMID- 26964560
TI  - Validity of an Accelerometer-Based Activity Monitor System for Measuring Physical
      Activity in Frail Older Adults.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the validity of the accelerometer-based DynaPort
      system to detect physical activity in frail, older subjects. Eighteen home
      dwelling subjects (Groningen Frailty Indicator [GFI] score >= 4, >= 75 years)
      were included. Activities in their home environment were simultaneously observed
      by two researchers and measured with the DynaPort system during six consecutive
      hours. Primary outcome measures were the sensitivity and specificity of the
      DynaPort for locomotion (90% considered as sufficient agreement). Other outcome
      measures were overall agreement, and sensitivity and specificity for other
      activities. Sensitivity and specificity for locomotion were 83.3% and 100.0%,
      respectively. Overall agreement was 74.6%. Sensitivity was sufficient for sitting
      (94.4%), but not for lying and standing (59.2% and 69.6%, respectively).
      Specificity was sufficient for lying and standing (100.0% and 93.3%,
      respectively), but not for sitting (80.7%). In conclusion, the DynaPort system is
      not a valid method for assessing physical activity in frail, older subjects.

PMID- 26964562
TI  - The clinical dilemma of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: an update
      on pathophysiology and management for physicians.
AB  - The prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
      continues to grow at alarming rates and is predicted to become the most prevalent
      phenotype of heart failure over the next decade. Recent data show a higher non
      cardiac comorbidity burden associated with HFpEF, and similar overall
      hospitalisation rates when compared with patients with heart failure with reduced
      ejection fraction (HFrEF). Unfortunately, clinicians mainly focus their efforts
      in diagnosis of HFrEF despite HFpEF accounting for 50% of the cases of heart
      failure. Therefore, this review is intended to create awareness on the
      pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management of patients with HFpEF
      and its core mechanical abnormality left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
      Clinical distinction between HFpEF and HFrEF should be of particular interest to
      internal medicine physicians and general practitioners as this distinction is
      seldom made and early diagnosis can lag if appropriate risk factors are not
      promptly recognised. 

PMID- 26964563
TI  - Taut teachings: history and physical examination tips for examinations.

PMID- 26964561
TI  - Role of apolipoprotein B100 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the monocyte
      tissue factor induction mediated by anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to elucidate the not yet known plasma
      molecule candidates involved in the induction of tissue factor (TF) expression
      mediated by beta2GPI-dependent anticardiolipin antibody (aCL/beta2GPI) on
      monocytes. METHODS: Human serum incubated with FLAG-beta2GPI was applied for
      affinity chromatography with anti- FLAG antibody. Immunopurified proteins were
      analyzed by a liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). TF
      mRNA induced by the identified molecules on monocytes was also analyzed. RESULTS:
      Apolipoprotein B100 (APOB) was the only identified serum molecule in the MS
      search. Oxidized LDL, containing APOB as well as ox-Lig1 (a known ligand of
      beta2GPI), was revealed as a beta2GPI-binding molecule in the immunoprecipitation
      assay. TF mRNA was markedly induced by oxidized LDL/beta2GPI complexes with
      either WBCAL-1 (monoclonal aCL/beta2GPI) or purified IgG from APS patients. The
      activities of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, one of the component
      molecules of oxidized LDL, were significantly higher in serum from APS patients
      than in those from controls. CONCLUSION: APOB (or oxidized LDL) was detected as a
      major beta2GPI binding serum molecule by LC-MS search. Oxidized LDL/aCL/beta2GPI
      complexes significantly induced TF expressions on monocytes. These data suggest
      that complexes of oxidized LDL and aCL/beta2GPI may have a crucial role in the
      pathophysiology of APS.

PMID- 26964564
TI  - CRISPR/Cas9-mediated somatic correction of a novel coagulator factor IX gene
      mutation ameliorates hemophilia in mouse.
AB  - The X-linked genetic bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of coagulator factor
      IX, hemophilia B, is a disease ideally suited for gene therapy with genome
      editing technology. Here, we identify a family with hemophilia B carrying a novel
      mutation, Y371D, in the human F9 gene. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to
      generate distinct genetically modified mouse models and confirmed that the novel
      Y371D mutation resulted in a more severe hemophilia B phenotype than the
      previously identified Y371S mutation. To develop therapeutic strategies targeting
      this mutation, we subsequently compared naked DNA constructs versus adenoviral
      vectors to deliver Cas9 components targeting the F9 Y371D mutation in adult mice.
      After treatment, hemophilia B mice receiving naked DNA constructs exhibited
      correction of over 0.56% of F9 alleles in hepatocytes, which was sufficient to
      restore hemostasis. In contrast, the adenoviral delivery system resulted in a
      higher corrective efficiency but no therapeutic effects due to severe hepatic
      toxicity. Our studies suggest that CRISPR/Cas-mediated in situ genome editing
      could be a feasible therapeutic strategy for human hereditary diseases, although
      an efficient and clinically relevant delivery system is required for further
      clinical studies.

PMID- 26964567
TI  - Metal-Catalyzed Chemical Reaction of Single Molecules Directly Probed by
      Vibrational Spectroscopy.
AB  - The study of heterogeneous catalytic reactions remains a major challenge because
      it involves a complex network of reaction steps with various intermediates. If
      the vibrational spectra of individual molecules could be monitored in real time,
      one could characterize the structures of the intermediates and the time scales of
      reaction steps without ensemble averaging. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
      (SERS) spectroscopy does provide vibrational spectra with single-molecule
      sensitivity, but typical single-molecule SERS signals exhibit spatial
      heterogeneities and temporal fluctuations, making them difficult to be used in
      single-molecule kinetics studies. Here we show that SERS can monitor the single
      molecule catalytic reactions in real time. The surface-immobilized reactants
      placed at the junctions of well-defined nanoparticle-thin film structures produce
      time-resolved SERS spectra with discrete, step-transitions of photoproducts. We
      interpret that such SERS-steps correspond to the reaction events of individual
      molecules occurring at the SERS hotspot. The analyses of the yield, dynamics, and
      the magnitude of such SERS steps, along with the associated spectral
      characteristics, fully support our claim. In addition, a model that is based on
      plasmonic field enhancement and surface photochemistry reproduces the key
      features of experimental observation. Overall, the result demonstrates that it is
      possible, under well-controlled conditions, to differentiate the chemical and
      physical processes contributing to the single-molecule SERS signals, and thus
      shows the use of single-molecule SERS as a tool for studying the metal-catalyzed
      organic reactions. 

PMID- 26964565
TI  - Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 regulates retinal neurodegeneration through CREB
      signaling.
AB  - The nervous and vascular systems, although functionally different, share many
      common regulators of function maintenance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are
      important players in many biological processes and human disorders. We previously
      identified a role of MALAT1 in microvascular dysfunction. However, its role in
      neurodegeneration is still unknown. Here, we used the eye as the model to
      investigate the role of MALAT1 in retinal neurodegeneration. We show that MALAT1
      expression is significantly up-regulated in the retinas, Muller cells, and
      primary retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) upon stress. MALAT1 knockdown reduces
      reactive gliosis, Muller cell activation, and RGC survival in vivo and in vitro
      MALAT1-CREB binding maintains CREB phosphorylation by inhibiting PP2A-mediated
      dephosphorylation, which leads to continuous CREB signaling activation. Clinical
      and animal experimentation suggests that MALAT1 dysfunction is implicated in
      neurodegenerative processes and several human disorders. Collectively, this study
      reveals that MALAT1 might regulate the development of retinal neurodegeneration
      through CREB signaling.

PMID- 26964568
TI  - The Moorean argument for the full moral status of those with profound
      intellectual disability: a rejoinder to Roberts.
AB  - In a recent paper we argued that a Moorean strategy can be employed to justify
      our continuing to believe the following proposition, even in the presence of
      philosophical views that entail it is false, without any philosophical argument
      against those views, and without any positive philosophical argument in its
      favour: H>A: Humans have an equal moral status that is higher than the moral
      status of non-human animals. The basic idea is that our confidence in the truth
      of this proposition is greater than our confidence in the propositions that make
      up those philosophical views that entail that it is false, and that this is
      sufficient to justify rejecting those views and to continue to believe H>A.
      Roberts has recently responded to our argument by claiming that (i) although the
      Moorean strategy is valid, it is not powerful and (ii) a resort to the Moorean
      strategy reflects too great a pessimism about the accounts available that purport
      to justify H>A. In this short rejoinder we explain why Roberts fails to establish
      his two claims. 

PMID- 26964566
TI  - Hyaluronan: More than just a wrinkle filler.
AB  - Dermatology is a field that strives not only to alleviate skin disease
      (therapeutics) but also to improve the perception of wellness (cosmetics). Thus,
      in this special issue of Glycobiology, it seems appropriate to discuss the
      biology of a glycosaminoglycan, called hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, or HA), that
      has become the most popular agent today for intradermal injections to improve
      wrinkles and other cosmetic defects. HA is a simple linear polymer in which a
      simple disaccharide is repeated thousands of time, thereby creating a huge
      hydrophilic molecule that confers a large volume of hydration and contributes to
      the turgor and flexibility of healthy skin. Beyond cosmetic considerations,
      however, HA also has important biological and physiological functions that were
      largely under-appreciated until recently. New research has confirmed that HA is
      dynamically produced by most skin cells, not only fibroblasts (the cells that
      make most of the skin's extracellular matrix) but also by keratinocytes in the
      outer protective layer (epidermis). For both fibroblasts and keratinocytes, HA
      plays a regulatory role in controlling cell physiology through interaction of
      extracellular HA with a major cell-surface receptor, CD44. This interaction
      mediates intracellular signaling both directly and indirectly, through CD44
      interactions with the cytoskeleton and with EGF and TGFbeta receptors.
      Furthermore, degradation of HA by specific hyaluronidase enzymes produces HA
      fragments that can help to regulate inflammatory processes. In this review,
      current knowledge about the role of HA in skin inflammation and wound healing are
      reviewed and possible future applications of such knowledge discussed.

PMID- 26964569
TI  - Are patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at risk of a therapeutic
      misconception?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess whether persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
      are at risk of a therapeutic misconception (TM) in which they misconceive
      research as treatment or overestimate the likelihood of its benefit. METHODS: 72
      patients with ALS recruited via academic and patient organisations were surveyed
      using a hypothetical first-in-human intervention study scenario. We elicited
      their understanding of the purpose of the study ('purpose-of-research question')
      and then asked how they interpreted the question. We then asked for an estimate
      of the likelihood that their ALS would improve by participating and asked them to
      explain the meaning of their estimates. RESULTS: Although 10 of 72 (14%) subjects
      incorrectly said that the intervention study was 'mostly intending to help [me]'
      in response to the purpose-of-research question, 7 of those 10 thought that the
      question was asking them about their own motivations for participating. Overall,
      only one of 72 respondents (1.4%) both understood the purpose-of-research
      question as intended and gave the incorrect response. Subjects' mean estimate of
      likelihood of benefit was 31% (SD 26). This was due to 29 of 72 of respondents
      providing high estimates (50%-54% likelihood), which they said were expressions
      of hope and need for a positive attitude; among those who said their estimates
      meant 'those are the facts' or 'there is a lot of uncertainty', the estimates
      were much lower (12.6% and 18.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of
      patients with ALS considering a hypothetical first-in-human intervention study,
      apparent TM responses have alternative explanations and the risk of true TM
      appears low.

PMID- 26964570
TI  - Integrated Whole Genome and Transcriptome Analysis Identified a Therapeutic Minor
      Histocompatibility Antigen in a Splice Variant of ITGB2.
AB  - PURPOSE: In HLA-matched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
      (alloSCT), donor T cells recognizing minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHAs)
      can mediate desired antitumor immunity as well as undesired side effects. MiHAs
      with hematopoiesis-restricted expression are relevant targets to augment
      antitumor immunity after alloSCT without side effects. To identify therapeutic
      MiHAs, we analyzed the in vivo immune response in a patient with strong antitumor
      immunity after alloSCT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: T-cell clones recognizing patient,
      but not donor, hematopoietic cells were selected for MiHA discovery by whole
      genome association scanning. RNA-sequence data from the GEUVADIS project were
      analyzed to investigate alternative transcripts, and expression patterns were
      determined by microarray analysis and qPCR. T-cell reactivity was measured by
      cytokine release and cytotoxicity. RESULTS: T-cell clones were isolated for two
      HLA-B*15:01-restricted MiHA. LB-GLE1-1V is encoded by a nonsynonymous SNP in exon
      6 of GLE1 For the other MiHAs, an associating SNP in intron 3 of ITGB2 was found,
      but no SNP disparity was present in the normal gene transcript between patient
      and donor. RNA-sequence analysis identified an alternative ITGB2 transcript
      containing part of intron 3. qPCR demonstrated that this transcript is restricted
      to hematopoietic cells and SNP-positive individuals. In silico translation
      revealed LB-ITGB2-1 as HLA-B*15:01-binding peptide, which was validated as
      hematopoietic MiHA by T-cell experiments. CONCLUSIONS: Whole genome and
      transcriptome analysis identified LB-ITGB2-1 as MiHAs encoded by an alternative
      transcript. Our data support the therapeutic relevance of LB-ITGB2-1 and
      illustrate the value of RNA-sequence analysis for discovery of immune targets
      encoded by alternative transcripts. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4185-96. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26964572
TI  - Development, Validation, and Evaluation of Web-Based Iranian Diabetic Personal
      Health Record: Rationale for and Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the four main types of noncommunicable or chronic
      diseases. Iran is among the countries with the highest incidence of diabetic
      patients. A study demonstrated that the collection of diabetic data is neither
      organized nor standardized. There is currently no instance of electronic personal
      health records particularly used for diabetic patients in Iran, hence the need
      for one, which will be useful for self-care of diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: The
      objective of the study is to examine the impact of a Web-based diabetic personal
      health record (DPHR) on the self-care status of diabetic patients as compared
      with the control group. METHODS: This study is a randomized control trial, which
      involves a systematic review of literature of the preferred data elements
      regarding a DPHR, and reevaluating the results with the opinions of local
      endocrinologists. Inclusion criteria were as follows: type 2 diabetic patients
      between 20-70 of age who live in the Mashhad City and having the disease for at
      least one year. The sample size is 72 people that were randomly assigned to the
      control and intervention groups. The participants in the intervention group were
      allowed access to the Web-based DPHR system, while those in the control group
      will continue to receive the usual care for 4 months. The study primary outcome
      measures include self-care status of participants and planned visit adherence.
      RESULTS: At the moment, there is an ongoing recruitment of participants, and
      preliminary results will be published in early 2016. CONCLUSIONS: We expect the
      final DPHR model, developed and tested during this study, to help diabetic
      patients to actively participate in their care management process, and also to
      empower the physician in providing more quality informed decisions regarding
      their patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: irct.ir IRCT2013082914522N1;
      http://www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?id=14522&number=1 (Archived by WebCite at
      http://www.webcitation.org/6cC4PCcau).

PMID- 26964573
TI  - Confustication.

PMID- 26964571
TI  - HDAC Inhibitors Enhance T-Cell Chemokine Expression and Augment Response to PD-1
      Immunotherapy in Lung Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: A significant limitation of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy is the
      relatively low response rate (e.g., ~20% with PD-1 blockade in lung cancer). In
      this study, we tested whether strategies that increase T-cell infiltration to
      tumors can be efficacious in enhancing immunotherapy response. EXPERIMENTAL
      DESIGN: We performed an unbiased screen to identify FDA-approved oncology agents
      with an ability to enhance T-cell chemokine expression with the goal of
      identifying agents capable of augmenting immunotherapy response. Identified
      agents were tested in multiple lung tumor models as single agents and in
      combination with PD-1 blockade. Additional molecular and cellular analysis of
      tumors was used to define underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: We found that histone
      deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) increased expression of multiple T-cell
      chemokines in cancer cells, macrophages, and T cells. Using the HDACi romidepsin
      in vivo, we observed increased chemokine expression, enhanced T-cell
      infiltration, and T-cell-dependent tumor regression. Importantly, romidepsin
      significantly enhanced the response to PD-1 blockade immunotherapy in multiple
      lung tumor models, including nearly complete rejection in two models. Combined
      romidepsin and PD-1 blockade also significantly enhanced activation of tumor
      infiltrating T cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for a novel
      role of HDACs in modulating T-cell chemokine expression in multiple cell types.
      In addition, our findings indicate that pharmacologic induction of T-cell
      chemokine expression represents a conceptually novel approach for enhancing
      immunotherapy response. Finally, these results suggest that combination of HDAC
      inhibitors with PD-1 blockade represents a promising strategy for lung cancer
      treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4119-32. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26964575
TI  - Implant dentistry: Understanding CBCTs.

PMID- 26964574
TI  - Antimicrobial resistance: The need to train clinical microbiologists.

PMID- 26964576
TI  - A very big nut to crack.

PMID- 26964577
TI  - Dental education: Too many graduates in India.

PMID- 26964578
TI  - Student burnout.

PMID- 26964579
TI  - Orthodontics: Fast removal of claims.

PMID- 26964580
TI  - Dental trauma: Splinting with wire and composite.

PMID- 26964581
TI  - Workforce planning: The specialist map.

PMID- 26964582
TI  - Fluoridated milk approved for Blackpool children.

PMID- 26964584
TI  - Conference review: BAOMS Junior Trainee Group 2016.

PMID- 26964585
TI  - Child protection: The tenth anniversary of CPDT.

PMID- 26964586
TI  - Investigation: 'Our goal is to improve their quality of life'.

PMID- 26964587
TI  - Success for Dental Alcohol Reduction Trial.

PMID- 26964591
TI  - Real junk tooth pilot is a success.

PMID- 26964592
TI  - 'What has been your experience of providing short-term orthodontics?'--A pilot
      survey of GDPs in East Sussex.
AB  - Short-term orthodontics (STO) aims to enhance a patient's smile by aligning their
      anterior teeth. It is considered a quicker alternative to conventional
      orthodontics and less destructive than veneers. As such, it has recently gained
      much popularity in cosmetic dentistry worldwide. STO is provided almost
      exclusively by general dental practitioners (GDPs), however, the current
      literature on this subject focuses largely on the opinions of orthodontists and
      cosmetic dentists, respectively. The aim of this paper, on the other hand, is to
      examine the opinions of GDPs and what experience they have had of providing STO.
      It concludes that GDPs performing STO in East Sussex have expressed a wish to
      receive more teaching and support from their local orthodontists. It also
      suggests a need for orthodontic professional bodies to issue guidelines on case
      selection for STO in order to assist GDPs in recognising which malocclusions are
      beyond their scope of practice.

PMID- 26964593
TI  - The potential role of dentists in HIV screening.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests there is a role for the dental team, particularly
      dentists, in offering chairside HIV screening to patients during dental
      appointments. HIV is no longer a death sentence with early diagnosis and
      effective treatment contributing to a good prognosis. Despite the availability of
      both venipuncture diagnostic and rapid saliva/finger prick screening tests for
      HIV infection, 25% of people living with HIV in the United Kingdom are
      undiagnosed and remain at risk of transmitting their infection if having
      unprotected sex. This paper highlights the international evidence that supports
      dentists' willingness to conduct HIV screening and dental patient acceptance, and
      explores whether this is an opportunity or a step too far.

PMID- 26964594
TI  - Exodontia in dual antiplatelet therapy: the evidence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Haemostasis is crucial for the success of oral surgical treatment as
      bleeding problems can cause complications both pre- and post-operatively.
      Patients on antiplatelet drugs present a challenge due to their increased risk of
      bleeding. AIMS: To identify a protocol for the management of oral surgery
      patients on dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel). METHODS: A
      literature review was conducted in January 2016 of free-text and MESH searches
      (keywords: aspirin, clopidogrel and dental extractions) in the Cochrane Library,
      PubMed and CINAHL. Trial registers, professional bodies for guidelines and
      OpenGrey for unpublished literature were also searched. Studies were selected for
      appraisal after limits were applied (adult, human and English only studies) and
      inclusion/exclusion criteria imposed. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified for
      critical appraisal using the CASP tools. These were a combination of
      retrospective, prospective, cohort and case control studies. Napenas et al. and
      Park et al. found no statistically significant risk of postoperative bleeding
      complications in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy. Girotra et al., Lillis et
      al., Omar et al. and Olmos-Carrasco et al., however, found statistically
      significant risk of postoperative bleeding in this group of patients, all of
      which can be controlled with local measures. CONCLUSION: Patients on dual
      antiplatelet therapy - although at an increased risk of postoperative bleeding
      complications - can be managed safely with local haemostatic measures and without
      the need to discontinue antiplatelet therapy.

PMID- 26964600
TI  - The place of James Arnott (1797-1883) in the development of local anaesthesia in
      dentistry.
AB  - Dental disease in the form of caries and abscesses has been known since
      antiquity. Before the advent of anaesthesia, operations upon the mouth were
      painful. The introduction of general anaesthesia in the form of ether and
      chloroform seemed to provide a solution, but there was an unacceptable level of
      mortality. James Arnott introduced local anaesthesia by means of freezing with
      ice, which he considered safer. He waged a long campaign and his method received
      recognition and was used in France and the USA. His method stimulated the
      development of pharmacological anaesthesia.

PMID- 26964599
TI  - Retrospective study of combined splinting restorations in the aesthetic zone of
      periodontal patients.
AB  - AIMS: This retrospective study evaluated the clinical performance of combining a
      fiber-reinforced, composite-resin (FRC) bonded splint; bridge; fiber post; and/or
      resin veneer for the restoration of periodontally-involved anterior teeth.
      METHODS: Sixty-three patients with periodontally-involved anterior teeth each
      received one of the following splinting restorations: FRC-bonded splint-bridges
      (SB), a combination of an FRC-bonded splint and resin veneer (SV), or FRC-bonded
      splints (S). Six patients with healthy periodontal teeth received orthodontic
      retainers with FRC-bonded splints (OS) as a control. Modified USPHS criteria were
      used to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation, and the periodontal pocket depth
      (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) of the natural teeth were measured.
      RESULTS: All restorations resulted in good aesthetic outcomes. SV, S in
      combination with fiber posts and OS all resulted in 100% acceptable ratings for
      each category that was directly evaluated at each follow-up. The mean PPD was 3.5
      +/- 1.0 mm at baseline, decreased to 3.3 +/- 1.0 mm after one year (p <0.05), and
      subsequently increased to 3.5+/-1.0 mm again after four years (p >0.05). These
      changes were similar to those in the mean CAL. CONCLUSION: A combination of a FRC
      bonded splint, bridge, fiber post and/or resin veneer for minimally invasive
      prosthodontic treatment in the aesthetic zone is a good choice for periodontal
      patients.

PMID- 26964602
TI  - Resuscitation in the dental practice.
AB  - The Resuscitation Council (UK) published new resuscitation guidelines in October
      2015. The aim of this article is to understand these new guidelines and how
      dental practices should implement them. A 'resuscitation in the dental practice
      poster' has been designed which incorporates the new Resuscitation Council (UK)
      adult basic life support algorithm. This poster, endorsed by the British Dental
      Association, is included with this issue of the British Dental Journal. Further
      copies can be downloaded from:
      https://www.walsallhealthcare.nhs.uk/Data/Sites/1/media/documents/health-and
      safety/resus.pdf.

PMID- 26964601
TI  - The healthcare system and provision of oral healthcare in European Union member
      states. Part 4: Greece.
AB  - This paper presents a description of the healthcare system and how oral
      healthcare is organised and provided in Greece, a country in a deep economic and
      social crisis. The national health system is underfunded, with severe gaps in
      staffing levels and the country has a large private healthcare sector. Oral
      healthcare has been largely provided in the private sector. Most people are
      struggling to survive and have no money to spend on general and oral healthcare.
      Unemployment is rising and access to healthcare services is more difficult than
      ever. Additionally, there has been an overproduction of dentists and no
      development of team dentistry. This has led to under or unemployment of dentists
      in Greece and their migration to other European Union member states, such as the
      United Kingdom, where over 600 Greek dentists are currently working.

PMID- 26964604
TI  - Check before you travel: Zika virus--another emerging global health threat.
AB  - We now know that mosquitoes can transmit arboviruses such as the Zika virus
      (ZIKV) which is pandemic in Latin America. In order to avoid infection it is
      advised to avoid mosquitoes, but ZIKV can also be transmitted through blood
      donation, perinatally and sexually and has been detected in urine and saliva.
      Prevention against mosquito bites (particularly daytime bites) is best offered by
      avoiding mosquitoes and bites. To prevent the risk of transmission of ZIKV,
      standard infection control of all recent travellers to Zika affected areas should
      be conducted during dental care. This article will discuss how healthcare workers
      could contract diseases especially whilst working in the tropics or subtropics
      due to disease vectors such as mosquitoes and suggests prevention measures for
      this group.

PMID- 26964605
TI  - Practical application of composite resin techniques in the posterior dentition.
AB  - Posterior direct resin restorations are the combination of appreciation of
      anatomy, form and art. We require an understanding of the ideal form and metrics
      to control occlusal forces whilst layering our composite resin in the most
      amenable fashion to enable a predictable and asymptomatic restoration which looks
      and functions much like that of the natural dentition. In this article, and his
      associated presentation at the British Dental Conference and Exhibition 2016, Dr
      Chandrapal will discuss the methodology and practical based tips required to form
      clinical success within the environment of limited time, thus avoiding
      unnecessary complexities.

PMID- 26964618
TI  - Two-Dimensional Covalent Triazine Framework Membrane for Helium Separation and
      Hydrogen Purification.
AB  - Ultrathin membranes with intrinsic pores are highly desirable for gas separation
      applications, because of their controllable pore sizes and homogeneous pore
      distribution and their intrinsic capacity for high flux. Two-dimensional (2D)
      covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with layered structures have periodically
      distributed uniform pores and can be exfoliated into ultrathin nanosheets. As a
      representative of 2D COFs, a monolayer triazine-based CTF-0 membrane is proposed
      in this work for effective separation of helium and purification of hydrogen on
      the basis of first-principles calculations. With the aid of diffusion barrier
      calculations, it was found that a monolayer CTF-0 membrane can exhibit
      exceptionally high He and H2 selectivities over Ne, CO2, Ar, N2, CO, and CH4, and
      the He and H2 permeances are excellent at appropriate temperatures, superior to
      those of conventional carbon and silica membranes. These observations demonstrate
      that a monolayer CTF-0 membrane may be potentially useful for helium separation
      and hydrogen purification. 

PMID- 26964619
TI  - Oral fluid drug analysis in the age of new psychoactive substances.
AB  - Oral fluid has become an important matrix for drugs of abuse analysis. These days
      the applicability is challenged by the fact that an increasing number of new
      psychoactive drugs are coming on the market. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic
      cathinones have been the main drug classes, but the diversity is increasing and
      other drugs like piperazines, phenethylamines, tryptamines, designer opioids and
      designer benzodiazepines are becoming more prevalent. Many of the substances are
      very potent, and low doses ingested will lead to low concentrations in biological
      media, including oral fluid. This review will highlight the phenomenon of new
      psychoactive substances and review methods for oral fluid drug testing analysis
      using on-site tests, immunoassays and chromatographic methods. 

PMID- 26964620
TI  - Ca2O3Fe2.6S2: an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator at proximity to bad metal.
AB  - We report here the first layered iron oxychalcogenide Ca2O3Fe2.6S2 that contains
      both planar [Ca2FeO2](2+) and [Fe2OS2](2-) layers with the shortest Fe-Fe bond
      length. This compound is a narrow band gap (~0.073 eV) Mott insulator. The
      observed antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at 77 K is due to the ordered Fe
      vacancies, which can be suppressed by partial substitution of Se for S. We show
      that the vacancy-free phase Ca2O3Fe3S2 may become a metal with moderate electron
      correlation comparable to the parent compound LaOFeAs of corresponding
      superconductors. Our results imply that iron oxychalcogenide can be converted
      from an AFM Mott insulator into a bad metal like iron pnictides through Fe-Fe
      bond length shrinking.

PMID- 26964621
TI  - STING Promotes the Growth of Tumors Characterized by Low Antigenicity via IDO
      Activation.
AB  - Cytosolic DNA sensing is an important process during the innate immune response
      that activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor and induces IFN
      I. STING incites spontaneous immunity during immunogenic tumor growth and
      accordingly, STING agonists induce regression of therapy-resistant tumors.
      However DNA, STING agonists, and apoptotic cells can also promote tolerogenic
      responses via STING by activating immunoregulatory mechanisms such as indoleamine
      2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Here, we show that IDO activity induced by STING activity
      in the tumor microenvironment (TME) promoted the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma
      (LLC). Although STING also induced IDO in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN)
      during EL4 thymoma growth, this event was insufficient to promote tumorigenesis.
      In the LLC model, STING ablation enhanced CD8(+) T-cell infiltration and tumor
      cell killing while decreasing myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration and
      IL10 production in the TME. Depletion of CD8(+) T cells also eliminated the
      growth disadvantage of LLC tumors in STING-deficient mice, indicating that STING
      signaling attenuated CD8(+) T-cell effector functions during tumorigenesis. In
      contrast with native LLC tumors, STING signaling neither promoted growth of
      neoantigen-expressing LLC, nor did it induce IDO in TDLN. Similarly, STING failed
      to promote growth of B16 melanoma or to induce IDO activity in TDLN in this
      setting. Thus, our results show how STING-dependent DNA sensing can enhance
      tolerogenic states in tumors characterized by low antigenicity and how IDO
      inhibition can overcome this state by attenuating tumor tolerance. Furthermore,
      our results reveal a greater complexity in the role of STING signaling in cancer,
      underscoring how innate immune pathways in the TME modify tumorigenesis in
      distinct tumor settings, with implications for designing effective immunotherapy
      trials. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2076-81. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26964622
TI  - GSK-3 Inhibition Sensitizes Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to 1,25D-Mediated
      Differentiation.
AB  - 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), the biologically active form of vitamin D, is
      widely considered a promising therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on
      its ability to drive differentiation of leukemic cells. However, clinical trials
      have been disappointing in part to dose-limiting hypercalcemia. Here we show how
      inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) can improve the differentiation
      response of AML cells to 1,25D-mediated differentiation. GSK3 inhibition in AML
      cells enhanced the differentiating effects of low concentrations of 1,25D. In
      addition, GSK3 inhibition augmented the ability of 1,25D to induce irreversible
      growth inhibition and slow the progression of AML in mouse models. Mechanistic
      studies revealed that GSK3 inhibition led to the hyperphosphorylation of the
      vitamin D receptor (VDR), enabling an interaction between VDR and the
      coactivator, SRC-3 (NCOA3), thereby increasing transcriptional activity. We also
      found that activation of JNK-mediated pathways in response to GSK3 inhibition
      contributed to the potentiation of 1,25D-induced differentiation. Taken together,
      our findings offer a preclinical rationale to explore the repositioning of GSK3
      inhibitors to enhance differentiation-based therapy for AML treatment. Cancer
      Res; 76(9); 2743-53. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26964623
TI  - Mutant p53 Promotes Epithelial Ovarian Cancer by Regulating Tumor
      Differentiation, Metastasis, and Responsiveness to Steroid Hormones.
AB  - Mutations in the tumor protein p53 (TP53) are the most frequently occurring
      genetic events in high-grade ovarian cancers, especially the prevalence of the
      Trp53(R172H)-mutant allele. In this study, we investigated the impact of the
      Trp53(R172H)-mutant allele on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in vivo We used the
      Pten/Kras(G12D)-mutant mouse strain that develops serous EOC with 100% penetrance
      to introduce the mutant Trp53(R172H) allele (homolog for human Trp53(R172H)). We
      demonstrate that the Trp53(R172H) mutation promoted EOC but had differential
      effects on disease features and progression depending on the presence or absence
      of the wild-type (WT) TP53 allele. Heterozygous WT/Trp53(R172H) alleles
      facilitated invasion into the ovarian stroma, accelerated intraperitoneal
      metastasis, and reduced TP53 transactivation activity but retained responsiveness
      to nutlin-3a, an activator of WT TP53. Moreover, high levels of estrogen receptor
      alpha in these tumors enhanced the growth of both primary and metastatic tumors
      in response to estradiol. Ovarian tumors homozygous for Trp53(R172H) mutation
      were undifferentiated and highly metastatic, exhibited minimal TP53
      transactivation activity, and expressed genes with potential regulatory functions
      in EOC development. Notably, heterozygous WT/Trp53(R172H) mice also presented
      mucinous cystadenocarcinomas at 12 weeks of age, recapitulating human mucinous
      ovarian tumors, which also exhibit heterozygous TP53 mutations (~50%-60%) and
      KRAS mutations. Therefore, we present the first mouse model of mucinous tumor
      formation from ovarian cells and supporting evidence that mutant TP53 is a key
      regulator of EOC progression, differentiation, and responsiveness to steroid
      hormones. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2206-18. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26964630
TI  - Benzodiazepinen in perspectief (I): De GABAA-benzodiazepine-receptor.
AB  - In this first part of a review on recent insights into the structure and function
      of the gamma-aminobuty rie acid type A - benzodiazepine receptor system, the
      gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and the different types of
      benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors known at this moment are dicussed. GABAA- and BDZ
      receptors are coupled in a supramolecular GABAA-BDZ-ionophore receptor complex,
      each consisting of five acidic glycoprotein molecules called subunits. These
      subunits can be classified into five groups: alpha, beta, gamma, sigma and rho.
      Present evidence indicates the existence of multiple subtypes of these subunits.
      Multiple GABAA-BDZ receptors exist in the brain that show differential
      distribution and developmental patterns. These receptors differ from their
      subunit composition. The final functional properties of the receptor are
      determined by the different subunits constituting this receptor. Heterogeneity
      among alpha- subunits may determine the diversity of BDZ pharmacology in
      different regions of the nervous system. 

PMID- 26964624
TI  - Cytochrome P450 Allele CYP3A7*1C Associates with Adverse Outcomes in Chronic
      Lymphocytic Leukemia, Breast, and Lung Cancer.
AB  - CYP3A enzymes metabolize endogenous hormones and chemotherapeutic agents used to
      treat cancer, thereby potentially affecting drug effectiveness. Here, we refined
      the genetic basis underlying the functional effects of a CYP3A haplotype on
      urinary estrone glucuronide (E1G) levels and tested for an association between
      CYP3A genotype and outcome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),
      breast, or lung cancers. The most significantly associated SNP was rs45446698, an
      SNP that tags the CYP3A7*1C allele; this SNP was associated with a 54% decrease
      in urinary E1G levels. Genotyping this SNP in 1,008 breast cancer, 1,128 lung
      cancer, and 347 CLL patients, we found that rs45446698 was associated with breast
      cancer mortality (HR, 1.74; P = 0.03), all-cause mortality in lung cancer
      patients (HR, 1.43; P = 0.009), and CLL progression (HR, 1.62; P = 0.03). We also
      found borderline evidence of a statistical interaction between the CYP3A7*1C
      allele, treatment of patients with a cytotoxic agent that is a CYP3A substrate,
      and clinical outcome (Pinteraction = 0.06). The CYP3A7*1C allele, which results
      in adult expression of the fetal CYP3A7 gene, is likely to be the functional
      allele influencing levels of circulating endogenous sex hormones and outcome in
      these various malignancies. Further studies confirming these associations and
      determining the mechanism by which CYP3A7*1C influences outcome are required. One
      possibility is that standard chemotherapy regimens that include CYP3A substrates
      may not be optimal for the approximately 8% of cancer patients who are CYP3A7*1C
      carriers.

PMID- 26964631
TI  - De Widlocher Remmingsschaal, een Nederlandse Schaal Voor het Meten van
      Psychomotorische Remming.
AB  - AIM: Translation of a specific instrument to measure psychomotor retardation, the
      "Widlocher Retardation Rating Scale" and validation of this Dutch translation
      (Widlocher remmingsschaal, WRS). METHOD: In three separate studies, we studied
      reliability (n = 26), concurrent and divergent validity (n = 25) and predictive
      validity (n = 28) of the WRS. In- and outpatients with a depressive disorder or
      schizophrenia participated, and scores on the WRS were compared with those on the
      Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and retardation items of the
      Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). RESULTS: The internal
      consistency was good (Cronbach alpha = 0.86), interrater reliability was
      sufficient to good, the correlation between the sumscores of both raters was r =
      0.84, n = 23, p <0.01 and the kappa's were between 0.23 and 0.80. Convergent and
      divergent validity showed in comparing the correlation between the sum scores on
      the WRS and the CPRS retardation items (r = 0.91, n = 25, p < 0.01 ) with the
      correlation between the sumscores on the WRS and the MADRS (r = 0.40, n = 25, p =
      0.1). The decrease of the sum scores on the WRS after two weeks of treatment with
      antide-pressants predicted remission after six weeks. A subgroup of the patients
      who were not in remission after six weeks, showed a predominance of retardation
      signs over mood disturbances. The same clinical picture was seen in a group of
      patients with a chronic disorder. CONCLUSION: De Widlocher Retardation Rating
      Scale in this Dutch translation is a usefull instrument to measure psychomotor
      retardation. The connection between remaining retardation symptoms and longterm
      prognosis deserves further investigation.

PMID- 26964632
TI  - Magneto-encefalografie.
AB  - A magnetoencephalogram (MEG) is the registration of the magnetic field in points
      near the head. Because MEG's are weak fields, they have to be measured by means
      of superconducting sensors. The electric active population of neurons can be
      computed from the distribution of the magnetic field at a certain instant of
      time. This is called the inverse problem. In order to solve this probem, both the
      generators and the head have to be modelled. Usually, a patch of active neurons
      is modelled as a current dipole. Commonly, the head is described by three
      compartments, representing the brain, the skull and the scalp. The compartments
      may have the shape of spheres or they may have a realistic shape. Integration of
      EEG and MEG with MRI leads to a technique for functional imaging of the brain
      with a time resolution of one millisecond and a spatial resolution of one
      centimetre. Clinical applications are the non-invasive localization of an
      epileptic focus or the presurgical mapping of the sensorimotor cortex. 

PMID- 26964625
TI  - Kruppel-like Pluripotency Factors as Modulators of Cancer Cell Therapeutic
      Responses.
AB  - Tumor cells inherit from their normal precursors an extensive stress response
      machinery that is critical for survival in response to challenges including
      oxidative stress, wounding, and shear stress. Kruppel-like transcription factors,
      including KLF4 and KLF5, are rarely affected by genetic alteration during
      tumorigenesis, but compose key components of the stress response machinery in
      normal and tumor cells and interact with critical survival pathways, including
      RAS, p53, survivin, and the BCL2 family of cell death regulators. Within tumor
      cells, KLF4 and KLF5 play key roles in tumor cell fate, regulating cell
      proliferation, cell survival, and the tumor-initiating properties of cancer stem
      like cells. These factors can be preferentially expressed in embryonic stem cells
      or cancer stem-like cells. Indeed, specific KLFs represent key components of a
      cross-regulating pluripotency network in embryonic stem cells and induce
      pluripotency when coexpressed in adult cells with other Yamanaka factors.
      Suggesting analogies between this pluripotency network and the cancer cell
      adaptive reprogramming that occurs in response to targeted therapy, recent
      studies link KLF4 and KLF5 to adaptive prosurvival signaling responses induced by
      HER2-targeted therapy. We review literature supporting KLFs as shared mechanisms
      in stress adaptation and cellular reprogramming and address the therapeutic
      implications. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1677-82. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26964633
TI  - Letter to the Editor: Self-injurious thoughts and behaviours: low predictive
      power, yet important risk factors?

PMID- 26964634
TI  - Ligand-controlled product selectivity in palladium-catalyzed domino post-Ugi
      construction of (spiro)polyheterocycles.
AB  - A novel diversity-oriented access to (spiro)polyheterocycles possessing two
      adjacent quaternary carbon stereocenters is described. By combining an Ugi 4-CR
      with Pd-catalysis, the possible mode of cyclization is controlled by the
      appropriate choice of ligands. Using XantPhos, spirooxindoles are selectively
      generated, while with BINAP fused polycyclic cis-dihydrobenzofurans are obtained
      with high diastereoselectivity. 

PMID- 26964635
TI  - Synthesis of indole-annulated sulfur heterocycles using copper-catalysed C-N
      coupling and palladium-catalysed direct arylation.
AB  - A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of biologically relevant 5H
      benzo[4,5][1,3]thiazino[3,2-a]indoles and 5,7-dihydroisothiochromeno[3,4
      b]indoles has been developed via intramolecular copper catalysed Ullmann-type C-N
      coupling and palladium catalysed direct arylation from the corresponding
      precursors 2-(2-bromobenzylthio)-1H-indole and 2-(2-bromobenzylthio)-1-methyl-1H
      indole, respectively, in good to excellent yields. 

PMID- 26964636
TI  - Superconductivity of novel tin hydrides (Sn(n)H(m)) under pressure.
AB  - With the motivation of discovering high-temperature superconductors, evolutionary
      algorithm USPEX is employed to search for all stable compounds in the Sn-H
      system. In addition to the traditional SnH4, new hydrides SnH8, SnH12 and SnH14
      are found to be thermodynamically stable at high pressure. Dynamical stability
      and superconductivity of tin hydrides are systematically investigated. I4m2-SnH8,
      C2/m-SnH12 and C2/m-SnH14 exhibit higher superconducting transition temperatures
      of 81, 93 and 97 K compared to the traditional compound SnH4 with Tc of 52 K at
      200 GPa. An interesting bent H3-group in I4m2-SnH8 and novel linear H in C2/m
      SnH12 are observed. All the new tin hydrides remain metallic over their predicted
      range of stability. The intermediate-frequency wagging and bending vibrations
      have more contribution to electron-phonon coupling parameter than high-frequency
      stretching vibrations of H2 and H3.

PMID- 26964638
TI  - GIS-NaP1 zeolite microspheres as potential water adsorption material: Influence
      of initial silica concentration on adsorptive and physical/topological
      properties.
AB  - GIS-NaP1 zeolite samples were synthesized using seven different Si/Al ratios (5
      11) of the hydrothermal reaction mixtures having chemical composition
      Al2O3:xSiO2:14Na2O:840H2O to study the impact of Si/Al molar ratio on the water
      vapour adsorption potential, phase purity, morphology and crystal size of as
      synthesized GIS-NaP1 zeolite crystals. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) observations
      reveal that Si/Al ratio does not affect the phase purity of GIS-NaP1 zeolite
      samples as high purity GIS-NaP1 zeolite crystals were obtained from all Si/Al
      ratios. Contrary, Si/Al ratios have remarkable effect on the morphology, crystal
      size and porosity of GIS-NaP1 zeolite microspheres. Transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) evaluations of individual GIS-NaP1 zeolite microsphere
      demonstrate the characteristic changes in the packaging/arrangement, shape and
      size of primary nano crystallites. Textural characterisation using water vapour
      adsorption/desorption, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption data of as-synthesized
      GIS-NaP1 zeolite predicts the existence of mix-pores i.e., microporous as well as
      mesoporous character. High water storage capacity 1727.5 cm(3) g(-1) (138.9 wt.%)
      has been found for as-synthesized GIS-NaP1 zeolite microsphere samples during
      water vapour adsorption studies. Further, the total water adsorption capacity
      values for P6 (1299.4 mg g(-1)) and P7 (1388.8 mg g(-1)) samples reveal that
      these two particular samples can absorb even more water than their own weights. 

PMID- 26964637
TI  - Chloroquine enhances TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through up-regulation of DR5 by
      stabilization of mRNA and protein in cancer cells.
AB  - Chloroquine (CQ), an anti-malarial drug, has immune-modulating activity and
      lysosomotropic activity. In this study, we investigated CQ sensitizes TRAIL
      mediated apoptosis in human renal cancer Caki cells. Combination of CQ and TRAIL
      significantly induces apoptosis in human renal cancer Caki cells and various
      human cancer cells, but not in normal mouse kidney cells (TMCK-1) and human
      mesangial cells (MC). CQ up-regulates DR5 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-
      and time- dependent manner. Interestingly, CQ regulates DR5 expression through
      the increased stability in the mRNA and protein of DR5, rather than through the
      increased transcriptional activity of DR5. Moreover, we found that CQ decreased
      the expression of Cbl, an E3 ligase of DR5, and knock-down of Cbl markedly
      enhanced DR5 up-regulation. Other lysosomal inhibitors, including monensin and
      nigericin, also up-regulated DR5 and sensitized TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
      Therefore, this study demonstrates that lysosomal inhibition by CQ may sensitize
      TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in human renal cancer Caki cells via DR5 up-regulation. 

PMID- 26964639
TI  - Extensible Multiplex Real-time PCR of MicroRNA Using Microparticles.
AB  - Multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), which measures multiple DNAs in a
      given sample, has received significant attention as a mean of verifying the
      rapidly increasing genetic targets of interest in single phenotype. Here we
      suggest a readily extensible qPCR for the expression analysis of multiple
      microRNA (miRNA) targets using microparticles of primer-immobilized networks as
      discrete reactors. Individual particles, 200~500 MUm in diameter, are identified
      by two-dimensional codes engraved into the particles and the non-fluorescent
      encoding allows high-fidelity acquisition of signal in real-time PCR. During the
      course of PCR, the amplicons accumulate in the volume of the particles with high
      reliability and amplification efficiency over 95%. In a quick assay comprising of
      tens of particles holding different primers, each particle brings the independent
      real-time amplification curve representing the quantitative information of each
      target. Limited amount of sample was analyzed simultaneously in single chamber
      through this highly multiplexed qPCR; 10 kinds of miRNAs from purified
      extracellular vesicles (EVs). 

PMID- 26964640
TI  - A subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex is required for interspecific
      gametophyte recognition in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Species-specific gamete recognition is a key premise to ensure reproductive
      success and the maintenance of species boundaries. During plant pollen tube (PT)
      reception, gametophyte interactions likely allow the species-specific recognition
      of signals from the PT (male gametophyte) by the embryo sac (female gametophyte),
      resulting in PT rupture, sperm release, and double fertilization. This process is
      impaired in interspecific crosses between Arabidopsis thaliana and related
      species, leading to PT overgrowth and a failure to deliver the sperm cells. Here
      we show that ARTUMES (ARU) specifically regulates the recognition of
      interspecific PTs in A. thaliana. ARU, identified in a genome-wide association
      study (GWAS), exclusively influences interspecific--but not intraspecific-
      gametophyte interactions. ARU encodes the OST3/6 subunit of the
      oligosaccharyltransferase complex conferring protein N-glycosylation. Our results
      suggest that glycosylation patterns of cell surface proteins may represent an
      important mechanism of gametophyte recognition and thus speciation.

PMID- 26964641
TI  - Hexose enhances oligonucleotide delivery and exon skipping in dystrophin
      deficient mdx mice.
AB  - Carbohydrate-based infusion solutions are widely used in the clinic. Here we show
      that co-administration of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) with
      glucose enhances exon-skipping activity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mdx
      mice. We identify a glucose-fructose (GF) formulation that potentiates PMO
      activity, completely corrects aberrant Dmd transcripts, restores dystrophin
      levels in skeletal muscles and achieves functional rescue without detectable
      toxicity. This activity is attributed to enhancement of GF-mediated PMO uptake in
      the muscle. We demonstrate that PMO cellular uptake is energy dependent, and that
      ATP from GF metabolism contributes to enhanced cellular uptake of PMO in the
      muscle. Collectively, we show that GF potentiates PMO activity by replenishing
      cellular energy stores under energy-deficient conditions in mdx mice. Our
      findings provide mechanistic insight into hexose-mediated oligonucleotide
      delivery and have important implications for the development of DMD exon-skipping
      therapy. 

PMID- 26964643
TI  - Molecular Dynamics of Dimethyldioxirane C-H Oxidation.
AB  - We report molecular dynamics simulations of the reaction of dimethyldioxirane
      (DMDO) with isobutane. The reaction involves hydrogen atom abstraction in the
      transition state, and trajectories branch to the oxygen rebound pathway, which
      gives tert-butanol and acetone, or a separated radical pair. In the gas phase,
      only 10% of the reactive trajectories undergo the oxygen rebound pathway, but
      this increases to 90% in simulations in an implicit acetone solvent (SMD) because
      the oxygen rebound becomes barrierless in solution. Short-lived diradical species
      were observed in the oxygen rebound trajectories. The time gap between C-H bond
      breaking and C-O bond formation ranges from 30 to 150 fs, close to the <200 fs
      lifetime of radical pairs from DMDO hydroxylation of trans-1-phenyl-2
      ethylcyclopropane measured by Newcomb. 

PMID- 26964642
TI  - Antioxidants inhibit advanced glycosylation end-product-induced apoptosis by
      downregulation of miR-223 in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells.
AB  - Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) are endogenous inflammatory mediators
      that induce apoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells. A potential mechanism includes
      increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MicroRNA-223 (miR-223) is
      implicated in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis in several cell types.
      Here, we tested the hypothesis that antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and
      ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP) inhibit AGE-induced apoptosis via a microRNA
      dependent mechanism in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Results
      showed that AGE-HSA enhanced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in ADSCs. AGE-HSA
      also increased ROS generation and upregulated the expression of miR-223.
      Interestingly, reductions in ROS generation and apoptosis, and upregulation of
      miR-223 were found in ADSCs treated with antioxidants NAC and AAP. Furthermore,
      miR-223 mimics blocked antioxidant inhibition of AGE-induced apoptosis and ROS
      generation. Knockdown of miR-223 amplified the protective effects of antioxidants
      on apoptosis induced by AGE-HSA. miR-223 acted by targeting fibroblast growth
      factor receptor 2. These results indicate that NAC and AAP suppress AGE-HSA
      induced apoptosis of ADSCs, possibly through downregulation of miR-223. 

PMID- 26964644
TI  - An Acute Bout of Exercise Improves the Cognitive Performance of Older Adults.
AB  - There is evidence that an acute bout of exercise confers cognitive benefits, but
      it is largely unknown what the optimal mode and duration of exercise is and how
      cognitive performance changes over time after exercise. We compared the cognitive
      performance of 31 older adults using the Stroop test before, immediately after,
      and at 30 and 60 min after a 10 and 30 min aerobic or resistance exercise
      session. Heart rate and feelings of arousal were also measured before, during,
      and after exercise. We found that, independent of mode or duration of exercise,
      the participants improved in the Stroop Inhibition task immediately postexercise.
      We did not find that exercise influenced the performance of the Stroop Color or
      Stroop Word Interference tasks. Our findings suggest that an acute bout of
      exercise can improve cognitive performance and, in particular, the more complex
      executive functioning of older adults.

PMID- 26964646
TI  - Proteasome inhibitory, antioxidant, and synergistic antibacterial and
      anticandidal activity of green biosynthesized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles using
      the aqueous extract of corn (Zea mays L.) ear leaves.
AB  - Herein, Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of corn ear leaves
      were investigated for proteasome inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity,
      synergistic antibacterial, and anticandidal potential. The UV-Vis spectrum
      displayed an absorption band at 355 nm that indicated the formation of nano-sized
      Fe3O4 particles. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis revealed its
      superparamagnetic nature. Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited strong proteasome
      inhibitory potential and antioxidant activity and exerted strong synergistic
      antibacterial and anticandidal activity. Its significant proteasome inhibitory
      potential could be useful in cancer treatment and drug delivery. Furthermore,
      strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticandidal activity make them a
      promising candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

PMID- 26964645
TI  - Integrative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in non-small-cell
      lung cancer.
AB  - Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents the most common deadly disease.
      Emerging evidences suggest that abnormal epigenetic modulation via mRNAs and
      microRNAs (miRNAs) might be involved in the tumorigenesis. To explore novel
      therapeutic target of NSCLC, a more detailed mRNAs and miRNA expression profiling
      study is needed. High-quality total RNA including miRNA was isolated from NSCLC
      tissue and para-carcinoma tissue and used for RNA and small RNA sequencing.
      Results were analyzed bioinformatically and validated using quantitative real
      time (qRT)-PCR. A total of 3530 genes (1977 up-regulated and 1553 down-regulated)
      and 211 miRNAs (171 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated) were differentially
      expressed (DE) in NSCLC tissue versus adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, 157
      novel miRNAs were predicted in our samples. Of these, 918 significant miRNA-mRNA
      pairs were identified, consisting of 100 miRNAs and 443 mRNAs. Gene ontology
      analysis revealed that most of the target genes were enriched in the terms of
      plasma membrane, binding, and multiple biological-molecular signaling processes.
      Pathway analysis of these miRNA signatures highlights their critical roles in
      calcium signaling pathway. Using qRT-PCR, the expression of several DE genes
      (KRAS and RBM5) and miRNAs (miR-1-5p, let-7b-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-1290, miR-149-5p,
      chr8_28846, chrX_31594, and chr9_29897) were confirmed. The integrative analysis
      based on mRNA and miRNA profiling may provide more potential molecular for the
      tumorigenesis and development of NSCLC. 

PMID- 26964647
TI  - A prospective longitudinal survey of erectile function status in symptomatic
      benign prostatic hyperplasia patients treated with dutasteride.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated erectile function (EF) using the Sexual Health
      Inventory for Men (SHIM) and the erectile hardness score (EHS) as well as urinary
      statuses using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Overactive
      Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) before and 3, 6, and 12 months after a daily
      treatment with 0.5 mg dutasteride (DUT). Significant improvements were observed
      in IPSS and OABSS in 98 patients with the DUT treatment, and the effects were
      similar between 28 patients with potency with baseline SHIM of 8 or greater and
      70 severe erectile dysfunction (ED) patients at baseline. In the 28 patients with
      potency, significant decreases were observed in SHIM and EHS after 3, 6, and 12
      months of the DUT treatment, with the severity of ED according to SHIM
      deteriorating in half of these patients after 12 months of the DUT treatment.
      Eighteen out of 28 patients (64.3%) with potency at baseline had awareness of the
      occurrence of ED before the DUT treatment, were younger, and had higher SHIM and
      EHS just before the DUT treatment than their counterparts. Regular assessments of
      EF may be needed, especially in younger patients and those with higher levels of
      EF before the administration of DUT. 

PMID- 26964648
TI  - Unveiling the Hybrid n-Si/PEDOT:PSS Interface.
AB  - We investigated the buried interface between monocrystalline n-type silicon (n
      Si) and the highly conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
      poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT: PSS), which is successfully applied as a hole
      selective contact in hybrid solar cells. We show that a post-treatment of the
      polymer films by immersion in a suitable solvent reduces the layer thickness by
      removal of excess material. We prove that this post-treatment does not affect the
      functionality of the hybrid solar cells. Through the thin layer we are probing
      the chemical structure at the n-Si/ PEDOT: PSS interface with synchrotron-based
      hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). From the HAXPES data we conclude
      that the Si substrate of a freshly prepared hybrid solar cell is already oxidized
      immediately after preparation. Moreover, we show that even when storing the
      sample in inert gas such as, e.g., nitrogen the n-Si/SiOx/ PEDOT: PSS interface
      continues to further oxidize. Thus, without further surface treatment, an
      unstable Si suboxide will always be present at the hybrid interface.

PMID- 26964649
TI  - Sensitive assays enable detection of serum IgG antibodies against Clostridium
      difficile toxin A and toxin B in healthy subjects and patients with Clostridium
      difficile infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pathogenic Clostridium difficile produces two proinflammatory
      exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B. Low level of serum antitoxin IgG antibodies is a
      risk factor for the development of primary and recurrent C. difficile infection
      (CDI). RESULTS: We developed and validated two sensitive, titer-based
      electrochemiluminescence assays for the detection of serum antibody levels
      against C. difficile toxins A and B. These assays demonstrated excellent
      precision. The sensitivity of the assays allowed the detection of antitoxin A and
      antitoxin B IgG antibodies in all tested serum samples during assay validation.
      CONCLUSION: The validated titer-based assays enable assessment of antitoxin A and
      antitoxin B IgG antibodies as potential biomarkers to identify patients with CDI
      at increased risk for CDI recurrence.

PMID- 26964650
TI  - Magnetic phase diagram of the helimagnetic spinel compound ZnCr2Se4 revisited by
      small-angle neutron scattering.
AB  - We performed small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on the
      helimagnetic spinel compound ZnCr2Se4. The ground state of this material is a
      multi-domain spin-spiral phase, which undergoes domain selection in a magnetic
      field and reportedly exhibits a transition to a proposed spin-nematic phase at
      higher fields. We observed a continuous change in the magnetic structure as a
      function of field and temperature, as well as a weak discontinuous jump in the
      spiral pitch across the domain-selection transition upon increasing field. From
      our SANS results we have established the absence of any long-range magnetic order
      in the high-field (spin-nematic) phase. We also found that all the observed phase
      transitions are surprisingly isotropic with respect to the field direction. 

PMID- 26964655
TI  - Treatmentstrategies in refractory panic disorder.
AB  - A considerable amount of patients with panic disorder (25 - 30%) is refractory
      for the first line of treatment, mostly antidepressants, and for psychotherapy.
      Augmentation and combination strategies are discussed; and a protocol for the
      treatment of refractory patients with panic disorder is proposed with consists of
      five steps. No patients is considered treatment refractory until they have had a
      trial with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 

PMID- 26964656
TI  - Norharman and anxiety disorders.
AB  - Norharman is a beta-carboline, possibly of endogenous origin, although cigarette
      smoking and food are sources too. In brain specific binding sites have been
      demonstrated. In higher doses norharman binds to benzodiazepine receptors and has
      MAO-B inhibitory activity. From animal experiments it can be concluded that
      norharman induces sedation and muscle relaxation. A role in psychosis is unclear,
      a role in the pathogenesis in anxiety is possible, but has to be further
      substantiated. As current research suggests, norharman may be an important factor
      in addiction and withdrawal. 

PMID- 26964654
TI  - Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopie of experimental brain
      injury.
AB  - This article describes the use of non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) methods
      for the characterization and monitoring of the pathophysiology of experimental
      brain injury in laboratory animals as a function of time and treatment. The
      impact of MR in brain research is primarily due to its non-invasive nature,
      thereby enabling repeated measurements in long-term studies, and due to the type
      of information that it provides. MR imaging (MRI) enables the measurement of the
      morphology/anatomy as well as the functional status of tissues under in vivo
      conditions. Compared to other in vivo imaging modalities, MRI has a high spatial
      resolution and allows for a remarkable soft tissue differentiation. MR
      spectroscopy (MRS) provides information on the biochemical/metabolic status of
      tissues. MR methods which have proven valuable in animal studies, can be readily
      translated to the clinical situation where MR-based diagnosis and treatment
      planning play a rapidly increasing role. After a short introduction into the
      principles of MR, we will illustrate the remarkable versatility of MR in research
      on brain injury from recent animal studies. Examples will be mainly drawn from
      experiments on early injury in focai cerebral ischemia and from research on
      mechanical brain trauma and excitotoxic lesions. The article ends with a brief
      description of the perspectives of MR in neuropsychiatry. 

PMID- 26964657
TI  - Psychological and biological aspects of anxiety disorders.
AB  - The research on anxiety disorders of the department of psychiatry of the Vrije
      Universiteit is briefly reviewed. Studies have included comparisons between
      pharmacotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy and combination treatments of
      panic disorder and of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Also, the hyperventilation
      model of panic disorder could be rejected as a result of an ambulatory monitoring
      study. Provocation studies with adrenalin in panic disorder have shown less
      support for a psychological model of panic than expected. Recommendations for
      future research include studies on anxiety in the very young and in the elderly,
      studies on comorbidity in anxiety, especially with alcoholism and depression and
      the development of treatment manuals for general practice. The issue is raised
      whether investing in neuroimaging studies will critically advance our knowledge
      in the near future. 

PMID- 26964658
TI  - The role of the 'central' cholecystokinin-B receptor in panic disorder.
AB  - Research investigating the neurobiological underpinnings of anxiety disorder have
      mainly been focused on dysfunction of the GABA, noradrenergic and serotonergic (5
      HT) neuronal systems. Just recently, in both animal and human studies, evidence
      has been found for a possible role of the cholecystokinin (CCK) neuronal system
      in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorder. Behaviorally, animal studies revealed
      anxiogenic-like properties for the 'central' CCKB receptor agonists, while CCKB
      receptor antagonists displayed intrinsic anxiolytic properties. Similarly, in
      man, CCKB receptor agonists, like pentagastrin and CCK4, were found to be able to
      elicited panic attacks in both panic disorder (PD) patients and healthy
      volunteers. These effects appear due to stimulation of the CCKB receptor. In
      addition, clinically effective panicolytic agents reduce the sensitivity to CCK4
      in PD patients. Taken together, these findings may suggest a role for CCK in the
      neurobiology of PD. On the other hand, there is circumstantial evidence for
      involvement of several other neuronal systems, such as the serotonergic,
      noradrenergic and GABA-ergic system, in the regulation of anxiety. Interestingly,
      evidence has been found for an interaction between CCK and 5-HT and that this
      interaction plays a role in the mediation of anxiety. This presentation will
      critically discuss the evidence for the role of the CCKB receptor in anxiety and
      in addition, will focus on the putative evidence that the role of CCK in anxiety
      is mediated by its interaction with the serotonergic neuronal system. 

PMID- 26964659
TI  - The prediction of response in the anxiety disorders.
AB  - In this review the results are discussed on the prediction of response to
      pharmacotherapy in panic disorder (PD) and social phobia (SP). From the
      literature it appears that in PD variables indicative of illness severity are
      predictors of non-response. In our own studies we found that non-responders to
      pharmacotherapy in PD are characterised by a higher score on the Blood-Injury
      subscale of the Fear Questionnaire, a higher plasma MHPG and a higher heart rate.
      In SP non-responders to pharmacotherapy were also characterised by a higher heart
      rate. They also appeared to have a higher blood pressure. Furthermore non
      responders to pharmacotherapy in SP had higher scores on several psychometric
      scales, indicative of illness severity. 

PMID- 26964660
TI  - Is CO2 inhalation a specific marker for panic disorder? An experimental panic
      model.
AB  - Patients with panic disorder (PD) report a transient feeling of anxiety upon
      inhalation of CO2 enriched air. They rate this experience as similar to symptoms
      of a panic attack. This hypersensitivity has been proposed as an experimental
      disease model. This paper examines the validity of single breath inhalation of
      35% CO2 as a model for PD. 

PMID- 26964662
TI  - Parents and their children's variable language: Is it acquisition or more?
AB  - This study compares the use of the variable (q), which is realized as rural [q]
      and urban [?], in the speech of twenty-two parents and their twenty-one children
      from the village of Oyoun Al-Wadi in Syria. The study shows that children acquire
      the general gendered linguistic pattern of the community but do not replicate the
      linguistic frequencies that exist in their immediate environment. Boys and girls
      exhibit different linguistic behavior. Boys deviate from the non-local
      caregivers' proportions and approach men's local linguistic behavior, although
      their local variant proportions remain lower; girls, even those with local
      mothers, approach the women's supralocal variant proportions. The study shows
      that sociolinguistic variation is not acquired from adults from a very early age;
      it is acquired later in life after accepting and ascertaining the gendered
      linguistic differences and appropriateness norms.

PMID- 26964663
TI  - Advances in identification and validation of protein targets of natural products
      without chemical modification.
AB  - Covering: up to February 2016Identification of the target proteins of natural
      products is pivotal to understanding the mechanisms of action to develop natural
      products for use as molecular probes and potential therapeutic drugs. Affinity
      chromatography of immobilized natural products has been conventionally used to
      identify target proteins, and has yielded good results. However, this method has
      limitations, in that labeling or tagging for immobilization and affinity
      purification often result in reduced or altered activity of the natural product.
      New strategies have recently been developed and applied to identify the target
      proteins of natural products and synthetic small molecules without chemical
      modification of the natural product. These direct and indirect methods for target
      identification of label-free natural products include drug affinity responsive
      target stability (DARTS), stability of proteins from rates of oxidation (SPROX),
      cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), thermal proteome profiling (TPP), and
      bioinformatics-based analysis of connectivity. This review focuses on and reports
      case studies of the latest advances in target protein identification methods for
      label-free natural products. The integration of newly developed technologies will
      provide new insights and highlight the value of natural products for use as
      biological probes and new drug candidates.

PMID- 26964664
TI  - The facile synthesis of 1-benzoazepine derivatives via gold-catalyzed
      regioselective cycloisomerization reactions of N-(o-alkynylaryl)-N-vinyl
      sulfonamides.
AB  - Gold-catalyzed, regioselective cycloisomerization of N-(o-alkynylaryl)-N-vinyl
      sulfonamides afforded high yields of 2-sulfonylmethyl-1-benzoazepine derivatives.
      This 7-endo-dig selective cyclization proceeds via the incorporation of an
      exocyclic double bond by a labile 1-benzoazepine intermediate. The cyclization
      substrates were assembled in two steps from readily available materials using
      Sonogashira coupling and a Cs2CO3-mediated formal vinylic substitution. 

PMID- 26964665
TI  - Synthesis of nitriles from amines using nanoscale Co3O4-based catalysts via
      sustainable aerobic oxidation.
AB  - The selective oxidation of amines for the benign synthesis of nitriles under mild
      conditions is described. Key to success for this transformation is the
      application of reusable cobalt oxide-based nanocatalysts. The resulting nitriles
      constitute key precursors and central intermediates in organic synthesis. 

PMID- 26964661
TI  - Psychosocial Factors Are Associated With Blood Pressure Progression Among African
      Americans in the Jackson Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research that examines the associations of psychosocial factors with
      incident hypertension among African Americans (AA) is limited. Using Jackson
      Heart Study (JHS) data, we examined associations of negative affect and stress
      with incident hypertension and blood pressure (BP) progression among AA. METHODS:
      Our sample consisted of 1,656 normotensive participants at baseline (2000-2004)
      (mean age 47+/-12; 61% women). We investigated associations of negative affect
      (cynical distrust, anger-in, anger-out, and depressive symptoms) and stress
      (perceived stress, weekly stress inventory (WSI)-event, WSI-impact, and major
      life events) with BP progression (an increase by one BP stage as defined by JNC
      VII) and incident hypertension by examination 2 (2005-2008). Poisson regression
      analysis was utilized to examine the prevalence ratios (PRs; 95% confidence
      interval (CI)) of BP tracking and incident hypertension with psychosocial
      factors, adjusting for baseline age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and
      hypertension risk factors. RESULTS: Fifty-six percentage of the sample (922
      cases) had BP progression from 2005 to 2008. After adjustment for age, sex, and
      SES, a high anger-out score was associated with a 20% increased risk of BP
      progression compared to a low anger-out score (PR 1.20; 95% CI 1.05-1.36). High
      depressive symptoms score was associated with BP progression in the age, sex, and
      SES-adjusted model (PR 1.14; 95% CI 1.00-1.30). High WSI-event scores were
      associated with BP progression in the fully adjusted model (PR 1.21; 95% CI 1.04
      1.40). We did not observe significant associations with any of the psychosocial
      measures and incident hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors were
      associated with BP progression, with the strongest evidence for number of
      stressful events that occurred.

PMID- 26964666
TI  - Peltaster fructicola genome reveals evolution from an invasive phytopathogen to
      an ectophytic parasite.
AB  - Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi are unconventional plant pathogens that
      cause economic losses by blemishing the surface appearance of infected fruit.
      Here, we introduce the 18.14-Mb genome of Peltaster fructicola, one of the most
      prevalent SBFS species on apple. This undersized assembly contains only 8,334
      predicted protein-coding genes and a very small repertoire of repetitive
      elements. Phylogenomics and comparative genomics revealed that P. fructicola had
      undergone a reductive evolution, during which the numbers of orphan genes and
      genes involved in plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and secreted
      peptidases and effectors were drastically reduced. In contrast, the genes
      controlling 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis and appressorium
      mediated penetration were retained substantially. Additionally, microscopic
      examination of the surfaces of infected apple indicated for the first time that
      P. fructicola can not only dissolve epicuticular waxes but also partially
      penetrate the cuticle proper. Our findings indicate that genome contraction,
      characterized mainly by the massive loss of pathogenicity-related genes, has
      played an important role in the evolution of P. fructicola (and by implication
      other SBFS species) from a plant-penetrating ancestor to a non-invasive
      ectophyte, displaying a novel form of trophic interaction between plants and
      fungi. 

PMID- 26964667
TI  - Activation of c-Jun predicts a poor response to sorafenib in hepatocellular
      carcinoma: Preliminary Clinical Evidence.
AB  - We determined the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression profile
      of acquired resistance in sorafenib-sensitive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
      cells and aimed to identify c-Jun as an important molecule mediating the efficacy
      of sorafenib. Differences in gene expression of the MAPK signaling between
      untreated and sorafenib-treated HCC cell lines were investigated using real-time
      polymerase chain reaction array. Western blot and real-time PCR further evaluated
      the expression of c-Jun. Pathological specimens from 50 patients with advanced
      HCC were collected to measure p-c-Jun expression. Sorafenib-resistant HCC cells
      demonstrated greater levels of basal c-Jun mRNA and protein compared with
      sorafenib-sensitive HCC cells. Sorafenib activated p-c-Jun in a dose- and time
      dependent manner in PLC/PRF/5 and MHCC97H cell lines. Decreased expression levels
      of 6 genes after sorafenib treatment suggested a robust inhibitory impact of
      sorafenib on MAPK signaling in HCC cells. c-Jun and p-c-Jun expression levels
      were inversely correlated with the efficacy of sorafenib; a high expression level
      of p-c-Jun was associated with resistance to sorafenib and poor overall survival
      in patients with clinical HCC. p-c-Jun may act as a biomarker for predicting
      responses of sorafenib treatment, thus advocating targeting of JNK/c-Jun
      signaling as an optimal therapeutic strategy in a subset of HCC. 

PMID- 26964668
TI  - Sensorimotor Peripheral Nerve Function and Physical Activity in Older Men.
AB  - We determined whether sensorimotor peripheral nerve (PN) function was associated
      with physical activity (PA) in older men. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
      Pittsburgh, PA, site (n = 328, age 78.8 +/- 4.7 years) conducted PN testing,
      including: peroneal motor and sural sensory nerve conduction (latencies,
      amplitudes: CMAP and SNAP for motor and sensory amplitude, respectively),
      1.4g/10g monofilament (dorsum of the great toe), and neuropathy symptoms. ANOVA
      and multivariate linear regression modeled PN associations with PA (Physical
      Activity Scale for the Elderly [PASE] and SenseWear Armband). After multivariable
      adjustment, better motor latency was associated with higher PASE scores (160.5 +/
      4.8 vs. 135.6 +/- 6.7, p < .01). Those without versus with neuropathy symptoms
      had higher PASE scores (157.6 +/- 5.3 vs. 132.9 +/- 7.1, p < .01). Better versus
      worse SNAP was associated with slightly more daily vigorous activity (9.5 +/- 0.8
      vs. 7.3 +/- 0.7, p = .05). Other PN measures were not associated with PA. Certain
      PN measures were associated with lower PA, suggesting a potential pathway for
      disability.

PMID- 26964670
TI  - Washoff of Residual Photosystem II Herbicides from Sugar Cane Trash under a
      Rainfall Simulator.
AB  - Herbicides are often applied to crop residues, but their fate has not been well
      studied. We measured herbicide washoff from sugar cane trash during simulated
      rainfall, at 1, 8, and 40 days after spraying (DAS), to provide insight into
      herbicide fate and for use in modeling. Herbicides included are commonly used in
      the sugar industry, either in Australia or in Brazil. Concentrations of all
      herbicides and applied Br tracer in washoff declined exponentially over time. The
      rate of washoff during rainfall declined with increasing DAS. Cumulative washoff
      as a function of rainfall was similar for most herbicides, although the most
      soluble herbicides did have more rapid washoff. Some but not all herbicides
      became more resistant to washoff with increasing DAS. Of the total mass washed
      off, 80% washed off in the first 30 mm (~40 min) of rainfall for most herbicides.
      Little herbicide remained on the trash after rainfall, implying nearly complete
      washoff. 

PMID- 26964669
TI  - IL-15-dependent balance between Foxp3 and RORgammat expression impacts
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - The ability of CD4+ T cells to change their phenotype and to specialize into
      different functional subsets may enhance the risk of autoimmune diseases. Here we
      investigate how a pleiotropic cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 may modify the
      functional commitment of CD4+ T cells expressing the lineage-associated
      transcription factors: forkhead box P3 (Foxp3; Treg) and RORgammat (Th17) in the
      context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We demonstrate in mice that impaired
      delivery of IL-15 to CD4+ T cells in the colon downmodulates Foxp3 expression
      (diminishing STAT5 phosphorylation) and enhances RORgammat expression (by
      upregulating the expression of Runx1). In consequence, CD4+ T cells deprived of
      IL-15 rapidly trigger IBD characterized by enhanced production of pro
      inflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma, IL-6) and accumulation of Th1/Th17
      cells. Overall, our findings indicate a potentially beneficial role of IL-15 in
      IBD by fine-tuning the balance between Treg and Th17 cells and controlling
      intestinal inflammation. 

PMID- 26964672
TI  - Novel tricyclic pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]benzoxazepin-5(6H)-one: Design, synthesis,
      model and use as hMAO-B inhibitors.
AB  - Based on our recently reported selective hMAO-A inhibitors, on which, the
      intramolecular cyclization led to a very interesting change of isoform
      selectivity. A series of selective hMAO-B inhibitors (3a-3u) with novel scaffold
      of tricyclic pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,4]benzoxazepin-5(6H)-one were designed and
      synthesized. Compound 3u (IC50=221 nM) exhibited the best inhibitory activity and
      isoform selectivity against hMAO-B, superior to selegiline (IC50=321 nM), which
      is a commercial selective hMAO-B inhibitor used to Parkinson's disease. Modeling
      study indicated that the selectivity of our compounds to hMAO-B is determined by
      at least two residues, i.e., Ile 199 and Cys 172 (or corresponded Phe 208 and Asn
      181 of hMAO-A). These data support further studies to assess rational design of
      more efficiently selective hMAO-B inhibitors.

PMID- 26964674
TI  - Antiretroviral (HIV-1) activity of azulene derivatives.
AB  - The antiretroviral activity of azulene derivatives was detected for the first
      time. A series of eighteen diversely substituted azulenes was synthesized and
      tested in vitro using HIV-1 based virus-like particles (VLPs) and infectious HIV
      1 virus in U2OS and TZM-bl cell lines. Among the compounds tested, the 2
      hydroxyazulenes demonstrated the most significant activity by inhibiting HIV-1
      replication with IC50 of 2-10 and 8-20 MUM for the VLPs and the infectious virus,
      respectively. These results indicate that azulene derivatives may be potentially
      useful candidates for the development of antiretroviral agents.

PMID- 26964671
TI  - Propagation phasor approach for holographic image reconstruction.
AB  - To achieve high-resolution and wide field-of-view, digital holographic imaging
      techniques need to tackle two major challenges: phase recovery and spatial
      undersampling. Previously, these challenges were separately addressed using phase
      retrieval and pixel super-resolution algorithms, which utilize the diversity of
      different imaging parameters. Although existing holographic imaging methods can
      achieve large space-bandwidth-products by performing pixel super-resolution and
      phase retrieval sequentially, they require large amounts of data, which might be
      a limitation in high-speed or cost-effective imaging applications. Here we report
      a propagation phasor approach, which for the first time combines phase retrieval
      and pixel super-resolution into a unified mathematical framework and enables the
      synthesis of new holographic image reconstruction methods with significantly
      improved data efficiency. In this approach, twin image and spatial aliasing
      signals, along with other digital artifacts, are interpreted as noise terms that
      are modulated by phasors that analytically depend on the lateral displacement
      between hologram and sensor planes, sample-to-sensor distance, wavelength, and
      the illumination angle. Compared to previous holographic reconstruction
      techniques, this new framework results in five- to seven-fold reduced number of
      raw measurements, while still achieving a competitive resolution and space
      bandwidth-product. We also demonstrated the success of this approach by imaging
      biological specimens including Papanicolaou and blood smears.

PMID- 26964673
TI  - Compound profiling and 3D-QSAR studies of hydrazone derivatives with activity
      against intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Chagas disease is a tropical disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi,
      which is endemic in Central and South America. Few treatments are available with
      effectiveness limited to the early (acute) stage of disease, significant toxicity
      and widespread drug resistance. In this work we report the outcome of a HTS-ready
      assay chemical library screen to identify novel, nontoxic, small-molecule
      inhibitors of T. cruzi. We have selected 50 compounds that possess hydrazone as a
      common group. The compounds were screened using recombinant T. cruzi (Tulahuen
      strain) expressing beta-galactosidase. A 3D quantitative structure-activity
      relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed using descriptors calculated from
      comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Our findings show that of the fifty
      selected hydrazones, compounds LpQM-19, 28 and 31 displayed the highest activity
      against T. cruzi, leading to a selectivity index (SI) of 20-fold. The 3D-QSAR
      analysis indicates that a particular electrostatic arrangement, where electron
      deficient atoms are aligned along the molecule main axis positively correlates
      with compound biological activity. These results provide new candidate molecules
      for the development of treatments against Chagas disease. 

PMID- 26964675
TI  - Synthesis, and docking studies of phenylpyrimidine-carboxamide derivatives
      bearing 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine moiety as c-Met inhibitors.
AB  - Four series of phenylpyrimidine-carboxamide derivatives bearing 1H-pyrrolo[2,3
      b]pyridine moiety (14a-e, 15a-g, 16a-e and 17a-g) were designed, synthesized and
      evaluated for the IC50 values against three cancer cell lines (A549, PC-3 and MCF
      7). Four selected compounds (15e, 16a-b and 17a) were further evaluated for the
      activity against c-Met kinase, HepG2 and Hela cell lines. Most of the compounds
      showed excellent cytotoxicity activity and selectivity with the IC50 valuables in
      single-digit MUM to nanomole range. Eleven of them are equal to more active than
      positive control Foretinib against one or more cell lines. The most promising
      compound 15e showed superior activity to Foretinib against A549, PC-3 and MCF-7
      cell lines, with the IC50 values of 0.14 +/- 0.08 MUM, 0.24 +/- 0.07 MUM and 0.02
      +/- 0.01 MUM, which were 4.6, 1.6 and 473.5 times more active than Foretinib
      (0.64 +/- 0.26 MUM, 0.39 +/- 0.11 MUM, 9.47 +/- 0.22 MUM), respectively.
      Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and docking studies indicated that the
      replacement of phenylpicolinamide scaffold with phenylpyrimidine fragment of the
      target compounds was benefit for the activity. What's more, the introduction of
      fluoro atom to the aminophenoxy part played no significant impact on the activity
      and any substituent group on aryl group is unfavourable for the activity.

PMID- 26964676
TI  - Development of a fluorescent cardiomyocyte specific binding probe.
AB  - Cardiomyocytes are the major component of the heart. Their dysfunction or damage
      could lead to serious cardiovascular diseases, which have claimed numerous lives
      around the world. A molecule able to recognize cardiomyocytes would have
      significant value in diagnosis and treatment. Recently a novel peptide termed
      myocyte targeting peptide (MTP), with three residues of a non-natural amino acid
      biphenylalanine (Bip), showed good affinity to cardiomyocytes. Its selectivity
      towards cardiac tissues was concluded to be due to the ability of Bip to bind
      cardiac troponin I. With the aim of optimizing the affinity and the specificity
      towards cardiac myocytes and to better understand structure-activity
      relationship, a library of MTP derivatives was designed. Exploiting a fluorescent
      tag, the selectivity of the MTP analogs to myocardium over skeletal and stomach
      muscle tissues was assayed by fluorescence imaging. Among the tested sequences,
      the peptide probe Bip2, H-Lys(FITC)-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser
      Bip-Bip-NH2, displayed the best selectivity for cardiomyocytes. 

PMID- 26964677
TI  - Structure-Based Virtual Ligand Screening on the XRCC4/DNA Ligase IV Interface.
AB  - The association of DNA Ligase IV (Lig4) with XRCC4 is essential for repair of DNA
      double-strand breaks (DSBs) by Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in humans. DSBs
      cytotoxicity is largely exploited in anticancer therapy. Thus, NHEJ is an
      attractive target for strategies aimed at increasing the sensitivity of tumors to
      clastogenic anticancer treatments. However the high affinity of the XRCC4/Lig4
      interaction and the extended protein-protein interface make drug screening on
      this target particularly challenging. Here, we conducted a pioneering study aimed
      at interfering with XRCC4/Lig4 assembly. By Molecular Dynamics simulation using
      the crystal structure of the complex, we first delineated the Lig4 clamp domain
      as a limited suitable target. Then, we performed in silico screening of ~95,000
      filtered molecules on this Lig4 subdomain. Hits were evaluated by Differential
      Scanning Fluorimetry, Saturation Transfer Difference-NMR spectroscopy and
      interaction assays with purified recombinant proteins. In this way we identified
      the first molecule able to prevent Lig4 binding to XRCC4 in vitro. This compound
      has a unique tripartite interaction with the Lig4 clamp domain that suggests a
      starting chemotype for rational design of analogous molecules with improved
      affinity.

PMID- 26964680
TI  - The Brain Prize 2016: A prize not to forget.

PMID- 26964678
TI  - Intrinsic plasticity induced by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors via
      enhancement of high-threshold KV currents in sound localizing neurons.
AB  - Intrinsic plasticity has emerged as an important mechanism regulating neuronal
      excitability and output under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we
      report a novel form of intrinsic plasticity. Using perforated patch clamp
      recordings, we examined the modulatory effects of group II metabotropic glutamate
      receptors (mGluR II) on voltage-gated potassium (KV) currents and the firing
      properties of neurons in the chicken nucleus laminaris (NL), the first central
      auditory station where interaural time cues are analyzed for sound localization.
      We found that activation of mGluR II by synthetic agonists resulted in a
      selective increase of the high-threshold KV currents. More importantly,
      synaptically released glutamate (with reuptake blocked) also enhanced the high
      threshold KV currents. The enhancement was frequency-coding region dependent,
      being more pronounced in low-frequency neurons compared to middle- and high
      frequency neurons. The intracellular mechanism involved the Gbetagamma signaling
      pathway associated with phospholipase C and protein kinase C. The modulation
      strengthened membrane outward rectification, sharpened action potentials, and
      improved the ability of NL neurons to follow high-frequency inputs. These data
      suggest that mGluR II provides a feedforward modulatory mechanism that may
      regulate temporal processing under the condition of heightened synaptic inputs. 

PMID- 26964679
TI  - Expression and localization of Inter-alpha Inhibitors in rodent brain.
AB  - Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are a family of related serine protease
      inhibitors. IAIPs are important components of the systemic innate immune system.
      We have identified endogenous IAIPs in the central nervous system (CNS) of sheep
      during development and shown that treatment with IAIPs reduces neuronal cell
      death and improves behavioral outcomes in neonatal rats after hypoxic-ischemic
      brain injury. The presence of IAIPs in CNS along with their exogenous
      neuroprotective properties suggests that endogenous IAIPs could be part of the
      innate immune system in CNS. The purpose of this study was to characterize
      expression and localization of IAIPs in CNS. We examined cellular expressions of
      IAIPs in vitro in cultured cortical mouse neurons, in cultured rat neurons,
      microglia, and astrocytes, and in vivo on brain sections by immunohistochemistry
      from embryonic (E) day 18 mice and postnatal (P) day 10 rats. Cultured cortical
      mouse neurons expressed the light chain gene Ambp and heavy chain genes Itih-1,
      2, 3, 4, and 5 mRNA transcripts and IAIP proteins. IAIP proteins were detected by
      immunohistochemistry in cultured cells as well as brain sections from E18 mice
      and P10 rats. Immunoreactivity was found in neurons, microglia, astrocytes and
      oligodendroglia in multiple brain regions including cortex and hippocampus, as
      well as within both the ependyma and choroid plexus. Our findings suggest that
      IAIPs are endogenous proteins expressed in a wide variety of cell types and
      regions both in vitro and in vivo in rodent CNS. We speculate that endogenous
      IAIPs may represent endogenous neuroprotective immunomodulatory proteins within
      the CNS. 

PMID- 26964681
TI  - The microbiota-gut-brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism
      spectrum disorder.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a series of neurodevelopmental disorders that
      are characterized by deficits in both social and cognitive functions. Although
      the exact etiology and pathology of ASD remain unclear, a disorder of the
      microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging as a prominent factor in the generation of
      autistic behaviors. Clinical studies have shown that gastrointestinal symptoms
      and compositional changes in the gut microbiota frequently accompany cerebral
      disorders in patients with ASD. A disturbance in the gut microbiota, which is
      usually induced by a bacterial infection or chronic antibiotic exposure, has been
      implicated as a potential contributor to ASD. The bidirectional microbiota-gut
      brain axis acts mainly through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous
      mechanisms. Application of modulators of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, such as
      probiotics, helminthes and certain special diets, may be a promising strategy for
      the treatment of ASD. This review mainly discusses the salient observations of
      the disruptions of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of ASD and
      reveals its potential therapeutic role in autistic deficits. 

PMID- 26964682
TI  - Electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex enhances slow-frequency EEG activity
      and sleepiness.
AB  - Our aim was to enhance the spontaneous slow-frequency EEG activity during the
      resting state using oscillating transcranial direct currents (tDCS) with a
      stimulation frequency that resembles the spontaneous oscillations of sleep onset.
      Accordingly, in this preliminary study, we assessed EEG after-effects of a
      frontal oscillatory tDCS with different frequency (0.8 vs. 5 Hz) and polarity
      (anodal, cathodal, and sham). Two single-blind experiments compared the after
      effects on the resting EEG of oscillatory tDCS [Exp. 1=0.8 Hz, 10 subjects (26.2
      +/- 2.5 years); Exp. 2=5 Hz, 10 subjects (27.4 +/- 2.4 years)] by manipulating
      its polarity. EEG signals recorded (28 scalp derivations) before and after
      stimulation [slow oscillations (0.5-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (5-7 Hz), alpha
      (8-12 Hz), beta 1 (13-15 Hz) and beta 2 (16-24 Hz)] were compared between
      conditions as a function of polarity (anodal vs. cathodal vs. sham) and frequency
      of stimulation (0.8 vs. 5 Hz). We found a significant relative enhancement of the
      delta activity after the anodal tDCS at 5 Hz compared to that at 0.8 Hz. This
      increase, even though not reaching the statistical significance compared to sham,
      is concomitant to a significant increase of subjective sleepiness, as assessed by
      a visual analog scale. These two phenomena are linearly related with a regional
      specificity, correlations being restricted to cortical areas perifocal to the
      stimulation site. We have shown that a frontal oscillating anodal tDCS at 5 Hz
      results in an effective change of both subjective sleepiness and spontaneous slow
      frequency EEG activity. These changes are critically associated to both
      stimulation polarity (anodal) and frequency (5 Hz). However, evidence of
      frequency-dependence seems more unequivocal than evidence of polarity-dependence.

PMID- 26964684
TI  - Cholinergic modulation of auditory steady-state response in the auditory cortex
      of the freely moving rat.
AB  - As disturbance in auditory steady-state response (ASSR) has been consistently
      found in many neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and
      schizophrenia, there is considerable interest in the development of translational
      rat models to elucidate the underlying neural and neurochemical mechanisms
      involved in ASSR. This is the first study to investigate the effects of the non
      selective muscarinic antagonist scopolamine and the cholinesterase inhibitor
      donepezil (also in combination with scopolamine) on ASSR. We recorded the local
      field potentials through the chronic microelectrodes implanted in the auditory
      cortex of freely moving rat. ASSRs were recorded in response to auditory stimuli
      delivered over a range of frequencies (10-80 Hz) and averaged over 60 trials. We
      found that a single dose of scopolamine produced a temporal attenuation in
      response to auditory stimuli; the most attenuation occurred at 40 Hz. Time
      frequency analysis revealed deficits in both power and phase-locking to 40 Hz.
      Donepezil augmented 40-Hz steady-state power and phase-locking. Scopolamine
      combined with donepezil had an enhanced effect on the phase-locking, but not
      power of ASSR. These changes induced by cholinergic drugs suggest an involvement
      of muscarinic neurotransmission in auditory processing and provide a rodent model
      investigating the neurochemical mechanism of neurophysiological deficits seen in
      patients.

PMID- 26964683
TI  - Attenuation of cocaine self-administration by chronic oral phendimetrazine in
      rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Chronic treatment with the monoamine releaser d-amphetamine has been consistently
      shown to decrease cocaine self-administration in laboratory studies and clinical
      trials. However, the abuse potential of d-amphetamine is an obstacle to
      widespread clinical use. Approaches are needed that exploit the efficacy of the
      agonist approach but avoid the abuse potential associated with dopamine
      releasers. The present study assessed the effectiveness of chronic oral
      administration of phendimetrazine (PDM), a pro-drug for the monoamine releaser
      phenmetrazine (PM), to decrease cocaine self-administration in four rhesus
      monkeys. Each day, monkeys pressed a lever to receive food pellets under a 50
      response fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement and self-administered cocaine
      (0.003-0.56 mg/kg per injection, i.v.) under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule in
      the evening. After completing a cocaine self-administration dose-response curve,
      sessions were suspended and PDM was administered (1.0-9.0 mg/kg, p.o., b.i.d.).
      Cocaine self-administration was assessed using the PR schedule once every 7 days
      while food-maintained responding was studied daily. When a persistent decrease in
      self-administration was observed, the cocaine dose-effect curve was re
      determined. Daily PDM treatment decreased cocaine self-administration by 30-90%
      across monkeys for at least 4 weeks. In two monkeys, effects were completely
      selective for cocaine. Tolerance developed to initial decreases in food
      maintained responding in the third monkey and in the fourth subject, fluctuations
      were observed that were lower in magnitude than effects on cocaine self
      administration. Cocaine dose-effect curves were shifted down and/or rightward in
      three monkeys. These data provide further support for the use of agonist
      medications for cocaine abuse, and indicate that the promising effects of d
      amphetamine extend to a more clinically viable pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 26964685
TI  - Thermosensing mechanisms and their impairment by high-fat diet in orexin neurons.
AB  - In homeotherms, the hypothalamus controls thermoregulatory and adaptive
      mechanisms in energy balance, sleep-wake and locomotor activity to maintain
      optimal body temperature. Orexin neurons may be involved in these functions as
      they promote thermogenesis, food intake and behavioral arousal, and are sensitive
      to temperature and metabolic status. How thermal and energy balance signals are
      integrated in these neurons is unknown. Thus, we investigated the cellular
      mechanisms of thermosensing in orexin neurons and their response to a change in
      energy status using whole-cell patch clamp on rat brain slices. We found that
      warming induced an increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC)
      frequency, which was blocked by the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1
      (TRPV1) receptor antagonist AMG9810 and mimicked by its agonist capsaicin,
      suggesting that the synaptic effect is mediated by heat-sensitive TRPV1 channels.
      Furthermore, warming inhibits orexin neurons by activating ATP-sensitive
      potassium (KATP) channels, an effect regulated by uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), as
      the UCP2 inhibitor genipin abolished this response. These properties are unique
      to orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, as neighboring melanin
      concentrating hormone neurons showed no response to warming within the
      physiological temperature range. Interestingly, in rats fed with western diet for
      1 or 11weeks, orexin neurons had impaired synaptic and KATP response to warming.
      In summary, this study reveals several mechanisms underlying thermosensing in
      orexin neurons and their attenuation by western diet. Overeating induced by
      western diet may in part be due to impaired orexin thermosensing, as post
      prandial thermogenesis may promote satiety and lethargy by inhibiting orexin
      neurons. 

PMID- 26964686
TI  - Early increase in dopamine release in the ipsilateral striatum after unilateral
      intranigral administration of lactacystin produces spontaneous contralateral
      rotations in rats.
AB  - Since the discovery of the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in the
      pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, UPS inhibitors, such as lactacystin have
      been used to investigate the relationship between UPS impairment and degeneration
      of dopamine (DA) neurons. However, mostly long-term neurotoxic effects of
      lactacystin have been studied in animal models. Therefore, the aim of our study
      was to investigate behavioral and biochemical changes related to the DA system
      during the first week following unilateral intranigral injection of lactacystin
      to rats. We found that lactacystin produced early spontaneous contralateral
      rotations which were inhibited by combined administration of DA D1 and D2
      receptor antagonists. Simultaneously, an increase in the extracellular level of
      DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanilic
      acid (HVA) was found in the ipsilateral striatum. In contrast, one week after
      lesion, when turning behavior was no longer visible, a decrease in the
      extracellular level of DA, DOPAC and HVA was demonstrated. It was accompanied by
      a substantial reduction in the tissue levels of DA and its metabolites in the
      lesioned substantia nigra and striatum. We concluded that unilateral intranigral
      administration of lactacystin produces an early increase in DA neurotransmission
      which precedes a decrease in the striatal and nigral tissue DA content. It is
      manifested by the appearance of spontaneous contralateral rotations and an
      elevation of the extracellular DA level in the ipsilateral striatum. Since
      similar behavior was previously observed after intranigral administration of
      rotenone and MPP(+) but not 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), it may indicate a common
      mechanism of action shared by these neurotoxins. 

PMID- 26964688
TI  - Timing of high-frequency cortical stimulation in a genetic absence model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Seizure control is one of the ultimate aims of epileptology: here
      acute and prolonged effects of closed loop high-frequency stimulation of the
      somatosensory cortex on the expression of spontaneously occurring spike-wave
      discharges (SWD) were investigated in a genetic absence model. Effects of closed
      loop stimulation in the experimental group were compared with a yoked control
      group allowing to investigate the effect of timing related to SWD occurrence,
      while controlling for amount and intensity of stimulation. METHODS: WAG/Rij rats
      were implanted with stimulation electrodes in the deep layers of the
      somatosensory cortex, and recording electrodes in the cortex and thalamus. Closed
      loop and yoked stimulation (1 sec trains, biphasic 0.4 msec pulses, 130 Hz)
      sessions lasted 24h. The stimulation sessions were preceded and followed by
      baseline and post stimulation 24-h recordings. RESULTS: Closed-loop stimulation
      interrupted SWD and duration of SWD was shortened. Both types of stimulation
      resulted in a reduction in SWD number during stimulation sessions. Closed-loop
      stimulation also resulted in less SWD during the last eight hours of the post
      stimulation recording session. Sometimes yoked stimulation induced low-frequency
      afterdischarges. DISCUSSION: SWD can be aborted by closed-loop stimulation of the
      somatosensory cortex, and at the same time the number of SWD was reduced. It can
      be regarded as a relatively safe neuromodulatory technique without habituation.
      The reduction of SWD during yoked stimulation session might be caused by 3 Hz
      afterdischarges. The reduction of SWD on the stimulation and post-stimulation
      sessions demonstrates the critical relevance of timing for the induction of
      longer lasting neuromodulatory effects: it suggests that absence seizures
      themselves might be involved in their reoccurrence.

PMID- 26964687
TI  - Third trimester-equivalent ethanol exposure causes micro-hemorrhages in the rat
      brain.
AB  - Exposure to ethanol during fetal development produces long-lasting
      neurobehavioral deficits caused by functional alterations in neuronal circuits
      across multiple brain regions. Therapeutic interventions currently used to treat
      these deficits are only partially efficacious, which is a consequence of limited
      understanding of the mechanism of action of ethanol. Here, we describe a novel
      effect of ethanol in the developing brain. Specifically, we show that exposure of
      rats to ethanol in vapor chambers during the equivalent to the third trimester of
      human pregnancy causes brain micro-hemorrhages. This effect was observed both at
      low and high doses of ethanol vapor exposure, and was not specific to this
      exposure paradigm as it was also observed when ethanol was administered via intra
      esophageal gavage. The vast majority of the micro-hemorrhages were located in the
      cerebral cortex but were also observed in the hypothalamus, midbrain, olfactory
      tubercle, and striatum. The auditory, cingulate, insular, motor, orbital,
      retrosplenial, somatosensory, and visual cortices were primarily affected.
      Immunohistochemical experiments showed that the micro-hemorrhages caused neuronal
      loss, as well as reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. Analysis with
      the Catwalk test revealed subtle deficits in motor function during
      adolescence/young adulthood. In conclusion, our study provides additional
      evidence linking developmental ethanol exposure with alterations in the fetal
      cerebral vasculature. Given that this effect was observed at moderate levels of
      ethanol exposure, our findings lend additional support to the recommendation that
      women abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. 

PMID- 26964689
TI  - The influence of a high-fat meal on fat taste thresholds.
AB  - A high-fat diet for four weeks has been shown to attenuate fat taste sensitivity
      in healthy weight individuals. However, there is minimal evidence as to whether a
      single high-fat meal immediately prior to fat taste threshold testing has an
      effect on thresholds. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect
      of a high-fat meal immediately prior to detection threshold testing for oleic
      acid (C18:1). Thirty-two participants (15 males, 17 females, aged 39.1 +/- 3.1
      years, Body Mass Index 23.1 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2)) attended three laboratory sessions.
      In each session, participants were randomly assigned to one of three different
      types of breakfast: a high-fat (60% energy from fat), or low-fat (20% energy from
      fat) or macronutrient balanced (33% energy from fat) frittata. Fat taste
      thresholds were evaluated using ascending forced choice triangle tests on two
      occasions each day; once one-hour post breakfast and then one-hour post the
      completion of the first threshold test. There was no effect of breakfast type on
      fat taste detection thresholds for the first testing session of each day (P =
      0.288), or the second testing session of each day (P = 0.754). There was also no
      effect of breakfast within each day (day 1: P = 0.198, day 2: P = 0.199, day 3: P
      = 0.125). There was no effect of macronutrient composition on the ability of
      participants to rank the level of fat in food (P = 0.345), or preference for the
      level of fat in food (P = 0.187-0.868). This study provides preliminary evidence
      that the composition of the meal consumed by a participant immediately prior to
      testing does not affect fat taste thresholds.

PMID- 26964690
TI  - Understanding fruit and vegetable intake of Native American children: A mixed
      methods study.
AB  - Native American children experience greater rates of obesity and risk for chronic
      diseases in comparison to their counterparts in other ethnic groups. Contributing
      to this risk may be inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables. The
      objective of this study was to investigate the fruit and vegetable consumption of
      Native American children between the ages of 2 and 5 by using an exploratory
      sequential mixed methods research design. This study first collected qualitative
      data from caregivers of Native American children (n = 45) and stakeholders in
      Native American communities (n = 10) to gain perspectives of fruit and vegetable
      consumption. Data was then utilized to develop a fruit and vegetable survey which
      was administered with a fruit and vegetable food frequency questionnaire. These
      quantitative assessments were administered to caregivers of Native American
      children (n = 92) to gain an understanding of predictors of fruit and vegetable
      intake among this population. This study was guided by the Information-Motivation
      Behavioral Skills (IMB) model of health behavior. Findings from the mixed methods
      analysis demonstrate that, while the IMB model may be a useful tool to utilize in
      explaining the complex relationship between factors that impact fruit and
      vegetable consumption among Native American children, a revised model may be
      appropriate to use in future intervention development.

PMID- 26964691
TI  - How do people define moderation?
AB  - Eating in moderation is considered to be sound and practical advice for weight
      maintenance or prevention of weight gain. However, the concept of moderation is
      ambiguous, and the effect of moderation messages on consumption has yet to be
      empirically examined. The present manuscript examines how people define moderate
      consumption. We expected that people would define moderate consumption in ways
      that justified their current or desired consumption rather than view moderation
      as an objective standard. In Studies 1 and 2, moderate consumption was perceived
      to involve greater quantities of an unhealthy food (chocolate chip cookies, gummy
      candies) than perceptions of how much one should consume. In Study 3,
      participants generally perceived themselves to eat in moderation and defined
      moderate consumption as greater than their personal consumption. Furthermore,
      definitions of moderate consumption were related to personal consumption
      behaviors. Results suggest that the endorsement of moderation messages allows for
      a wide range of interpretations of moderate consumption. Thus, we conclude that
      moderation messages are unlikely to be effective messages for helping people
      maintain or lose weight. 

PMID- 26964692
TI  - The usefulness of measuring tear periostin for the diagnosis and management of
      ocular allergic diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic ocular allergic diseases such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis
      (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) are accompanied by serious
      comorbidities; however, the underlying pathogenesis remains obscure. Furthermore,
      diagnosing conjunctival lesions in patients with atopic dermatitis and estimating
      the severity in AKC are important for the treatment of ocular allergic diseases.
      OBJECTIVE: We addressed whether periostin, a novel mediator and biomarker in
      allergic inflammation, is involved in the pathogenesis of ocular allergic
      diseases and whether periostin can be a biomarker for these diseases. METHODS: We
      investigated tear periostin in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
      (SAC), VKC, and AKC and allergic patients without conjunctivitis and compared it
      with tear IL-13 and serum periostin. Furthermore, in patients with AKC, we
      measured tear periostin before and after topical treatment with tacrolimus.
      RESULTS: Tears from patients with ocular allergic disease showed significantly
      high periostin levels than did tears from allergic patients without
      conjunctivitis and from patients with AKC, VKC, and SAC in descending order. Tear
      periostin was associated with serious comorbidities such as large papilla
      formation and corneal damage in AKC, although both tear IL-13 and serum periostin
      had little to no such abilities. Furthermore, after topical tacrolimus treatment,
      tear periostin tended to decrease in most patients with AKC along with their
      clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Periostin produced in conjunctival tissues
      stimulated by IL-13 may contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular allergic
      diseases. Furthermore, tear periostin can be potentially applied as a biomarker
      to diagnose conjunctivitis in allergic patients and to evaluate disease severity
      as well as the efficacy of treatments in AKC.

PMID- 26964693
TI  - Effective energy storage from a triboelectric nanogenerator.
AB  - To sustainably power electronics by harvesting mechanical energy using
      nanogenerators, energy storage is essential to supply a regulated and stable
      electric output, which is traditionally realized by a direct connection between
      the two components through a rectifier. However, this may lead to low energy
      storage efficiency. Here, we rationally design a charging cycle to maximize
      energy-storage efficiency by modulating the charge flow in the system, which is
      demonstrated on a triboelectric nanogenerator by adding a motion-triggered
      switch. Both theoretical and experimental comparisons show that the designed
      charging cycle can enhance the charging rate, improve the maximum energy-storage
      efficiency by up to 50% and promote the saturation voltage by at least a factor
      of two. This represents a progress to effectively store the energy harvested by
      nanogenerators with the aim to utilize ambient mechanical energy to drive
      portable/wearable/implantable electronics. 

PMID- 26964695
TI  - Evaluation of the toxicity of selenium from hydroponically produced selenium
      enriched kale sprout in laying hens.
AB  - Hydroponically produced Se-enriched kale sprouts (HPSeKS) are studied for their
      use as an alternative dietary Se supplement for poultry. The study experimented
      with different levels and sources of Se to determine toxicity and how the
      toxicity may affect productive performance, Se concentration in egg and tissues,
      and physiological responses of laying hens. One-hundred and twenty hens, 59 weeks
      of age, were divided into 5 groups. Each group consisted of 4 replicates and each
      replicate had 6 birds according to a 2 * 2 + 1 Augmented Factorial Experiment in
      a Completely Randomized Design. The experiment was conducted over a 4 week
      period, and 5 dietary treatments (T) were used: T1 basal diet, T2 and T3 basal
      diet plus 5 and 10mg Se/kg from sodium selenite (SS), T4 and T5 basal diet plus 5
      and 10mg Se/kg from HPSeKS, respectively. The results make clear that Se from
      HPSeKS, at 5-10mg/kg, did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake and egg production;
      however, Se bioavailability decreased (P<0.05). Egg, tissue and plasma Se
      concentrations, and GSH-Px activity in red blood cells increased (P<0.05)
      compared to those in T1. Final body weight, feed intake, Se bioavailability,
      concentration of Se in breast muscle and plasma of hens fed Se from SS were lower
      (P<0.05) than those of hens fed Se from HPSeKS. The findings demonstrate that
      dietary Se from HPSeKS at 5-10mg/kg is not considered a toxic level for laying
      hens. The toxicity of Se from HPSeKS was less than the toxicity of Se from SS.

PMID- 26964694
TI  - YiXin-Shu, a ShengMai-San-based traditional Chinese medicine formula, attenuates
      myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing mitochondrial mediated
      apoptosis and upregulating liver-X-receptor alpha.
AB  - Positive evidence from clinical trials has fueled growing acceptance of
      traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of cardiac diseases;
      however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we investigated
      the nature and underlying mechanisms of the effects of YiXin-Shu (YXS), an
      antioxidant-enriched TCM formula, on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R)
      injury. YXS pretreatment significantly reduced infarct size and improved viable
      myocardium metabolism and cardiac function in hypercholesterolemic mice.
      Mechanistically, YXS attenuated myocardial apoptosis by inhibiting the
      mitochondrial mediated apoptosis pathway (as reflected by inhibition of
      mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activity, and
      normalization of Bcl-2 and Bax levels) without altering the death receptor and
      endoplasmic reticulum-stress death pathways. Moreover, YXS reduced
      oxidative/nitrative stress (as reflected by decreased superoxide and
      nitrotyrosine content and normalized pro- and anti-oxidant enzyme levels).
      Interestingly, YXS upregulated endogenous nuclear receptors including LXRalpha,
      PPARalpha, PPARbeta and ERalpha, and in-vivo knockdown of cardiac-specific
      LXRalpha significantly blunted the cardio-protective effects of YXS.
      Collectively, these data show that YXS is effective in mitigating MI/R injury by
      suppressing mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and oxidative stress and by
      upregulating LXRalpha, thereby providing a rationale for future clinical trials
      and clinical applications. 

PMID- 26964696
TI  - Diagnostic Value of Elastography in the Diagnosis of Intermetatarsal Neuroma.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to characterize the ultrasound and
      elastographic properties of intermetatarsal neuroma (interdigital neuroma) and
      their contribution to diagnosis. Eighteen patients with metatarsalgia, who had
      presented to an orthopedic clinic from April 2013 to February 2015, were
      diagnosed with 25 intermetatarsal neuromas (11 unilateral [61.11%], 7 bilateral
      [38.89%]). These patients underwent evaluation with ultrasonography and
      simultaneous ultrasound strain elastography to assess the elastographic
      properties of the tissues in the intermetatarsal space. The intermetatarsal
      neuroma diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic inspection. The lesion
      contours, localization, dimensions, and vascularization were evaluated before
      surgical excision. The elasticity and strain ratio values were compared between
      the neuroma and adjacent healthy intermetatarsal space. Of the 25 intermetatarsal
      neuromas, 1 (4%) was not detected by ultrasonography (incidence of detection of
      96%). The mean neuroma width was 6.35 (range 3.7 to 13) mm in the coronal plane,
      and the mean elasticity and strain ratio values were 3.44 (range 1.1 to 5.1) and
      9.47 (range 2.3 to 19.3), respectively. The elasticity and strain ratio values
      were significantly greater in the presence of an interdigital neuroma than in the
      adjacent healthy intermetatarsal spaces (Z = -3.964, p = .0001 and Z = -3.927, p
      = .0001, respectively). The diagnostic cutoff values were calculated as 2.52 for
      elasticity and 6.1 for the strain ratio. Four neuromas (16%) were not demarcated,
      and the elasticity and strain ratio values for these were lower than those for
      neuromas with demarcated contours but were greater than those for healthy
      intermetatarsal spaces (p < .006 and p < .005, respectively). Patients with
      clinically suspected intermetatarsal neuromas that do not show demarcation and
      with smaller lesions might benefit from the use of ultrasound elastography for
      diagnosis. 

PMID- 26964697
TI  - Calcaneonavicular Coalition Resection With Pes Planovalgus Reconstruction.
AB  - Calcaneonavicular coalitions can lead to a painful, rigid pes planovalgus
      deformity. Historical treatment of coalitions recommends resection. A newer
      concept in coalition treatment includes concomitant flatfoot reconstruction. In
      the present study, we hoped to demonstrate the ability to reconstruct a flatfoot
      deformity with concomitant calcaneonavicular coalition resection. We performed a
      retrospective comparative study of patients undergoing isolated calcaneonavicular
      bar excision (group A) with those undergoing calcaneonavicular bar excision and
      concomitant pes planovalgus reconstruction (group B). The radiographic parameters
      of pes planovalgus correction were measured on the pre- and postoperative
      radiographs, including talar head uncoverage, calcaneal inclination, and
      anteroposterior and lateral talo-first metatarsal angle. Calcaneonavicular
      coalition resection was performed using a standard technique with or without
      biologic spacers. Associated flatfoot reconstruction included posterior muscle
      group lengthening, calcaneal osteotomy, and/or midfoot osteotomy. Of the 27
      patients, 20 were included in group A and 7 in group B. Their mean age was 18.1
      years. Improvement was seen in the radiographic parameters for patients
      undergoing calcaneonavicular bar excision with concomitant flatfoot procedures,
      with statistical significance found in the calcaneal inclination (p = .013).
      Talar head uncoverage improved in both groups (p = .011). No change was found in
      the radiographic angles in patients undergoing isolated calcaneonavicular bar
      excision. No patients in either group developed recurrence of the coalition. The
      results of the present study demonstrated radiographic improvement in patients
      undergoing calcaneonavicular bar excision with concomitant pes planovalgus
      reconstruction. Hindfoot reconstruction with joint sparing osteotomies during
      coalition excision is a reasonable option to improve alignment and avoid
      arthrodesis. 

PMID- 26964699
TI  - Update on Providing Re-Essure-ance to the Nickel-Allergic Patient Considering
      Hysteroscopic Sterilization.

PMID- 26964700
TI  - [Hepatitis B and pregnancy. Part 1. Thirteen practical issues in antenatal
      period].
AB  - In France, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B is about 1% in pregnant women
      (usually asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg). The risk of maternal-fetal transmission
      of hepatitis B is particularly high when viral load measured by PCR is higher in
      mothers (above 7 log) or HBeAg is present. In case of maternal-fetal transmission
      of hepatitis B, the risk to the newborn of developing subsequent chronic
      hepatitis B is very high (90%), with long-term complications such as cirrhosis
      and hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevention of maternal-fetal transmission is
      based on systematic testing for hepatitis B during pregnancy, followed by
      serovaccination of the newborn at birth. If necessary, amniocentesis can be
      realised but will avoid the realization of a transplacental gesture. In case of
      high viral load, the establishment of a maternal antiviral treatment with
      lamivudine or tenofovir from 28SA can further reduce the risk of transmission.
      Given the low resistance it induces, tenofovir should be used preferentially. 

PMID- 26964698
TI  - Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Children and Young
      Adults with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A CIBMTR Cohort Analysis.
AB  - Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in children and young adults is uncommon. Young
      patients have long life expectancies and low morbidity with hematopoietic cell
      transplantation (HCT). Prolonged tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) use may cause
      significant morbidity. In addition, indication for HCT in patients in the first
      chronic phase is not established. We hence retrospectively evaluated outcomes in
      449 CML patients with early disease receiving myeloablative HCT reported to the
      CIBMTR. We analyzed various factors affecting outcome, specifically the effect of
      age and pre-HCT TKI in pediatric patients (age < 18 years, n = 177) and young
      adults (age 18 to 29 years, n = 272) with the goal of identifying prognostic
      factors. Post-HCT probability rates of 5-year overall survival (OS) and leukemia
      free survival (LFS) were 75% and 59%, respectively. Rates of OS and LFS were 76%
      and 57% in <18-year and 74% and 60% in 18- to 29-year group, respectively, by
      univariate analysis (P = .1 and = .6). Five-year rates of OS for HLA matched
      sibling donor (MSD) and bone marrow (BM) stem cell source were 83% and 80%,
      respectively. In multivariate analysis there was no effect of age (<18 versus 18
      to 29) or pre-HCT TKI therapy on OS, LFS, transplant related mortality, or
      relapse. Favorable factors for OS were MSD (P < .001) and recent HCT (2003 to
      2010; P = .04). LFS was superior with MSD (P < .001), BM as graft source (P =
      .001), and performance scores > 90 (P = .03) compared with unrelated or
      mismatched peripheral blood stem cells donors and recipients with lower
      performance scores. Older age was associated with increased incidence of chronic
      graft-versus-host disease (P = .0002). In the current era, HCT outcomes are
      similar in young patients and children with early CML, and best outcomes are
      achieved with BM grafts and MSD.

PMID- 26964701
TI  - [Gynaecologic follow up, physicians involved and cervical smears: An accumulation
      of social disparities].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study analysed how social disparities are built in the health
      process leading to the achievement of cervical smears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      cross-sectional study included women over 40 years eligible for cervical cancer
      screening and recruited randomly in the patient base of 52 volunteer general
      practitioners (GP). Judgement criteria were (1) the existence of a gynaecological
      follow up, (2) provided by a GP (versus gynaecologist), and (3) the "up to date"
      status for the cervical smear. Occupational class, education, and perceived
      financial condition evaluated social position. RESULTS: Among 1092 women
      (participation 74%), 86% had a gynaecological follow up. It was associated with a
      higher social position and to more "up to date" status. The follow up was
      performed by the GP for 10% of the patients who mainly had a lower social
      position. The "up to date" status was more prevalent when the follow up was done
      by the gynaecologist than by a GP but was socially differentiated. CONCLUSION:
      Having a gynaecological follow up, especially by a gynaecologist, improved
      cervical screening but social inequalities were linked to its achievement at
      every part of this process.

PMID- 26964702
TI  - The cardiac matrix revolution: Post-translational modification of Scleraxis.

PMID- 26964704
TI  - Are some children with empyema at risk for treatment failure with fibrinolytics?
      A multicenter cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend that children with empyema be treated initially
      with chest tube insertion and intrapleural fibrinolytics. Some patients have poor
      outcomes with this approach, and it is unclear which factors are associated with
      treatment failure. METHODS: Possible risk factors were identified through a
      review of the literature. Treatment failure was defined as need for repeat
      pleural drainage and/or total length of stay greater than 2weeks. RESULTS: We
      retrospectively identified 314 children with empyema treated with fibrinolytics
      at The Hospital for Sick Children (2000-2013, n=195), Children's Hospital, London
      Health Sciences Centre (2009-2013, n=39), and McMaster Children's Hospital (2007
      2014, n=80). Median length of stay was 11days (range 5-69days). Thirteen percent
      of children required repeat drainage procedures, and 34% experienced treatment
      failure. There were no deaths. White blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate, C-reactive protein, albumin, urea to creatinine ratio, and signs of
      necrosis on initial chest x-ray were not associated with treatment failure.
      Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated increased risk with positive blood
      culture (odds ratio=2.7), immediate admission to intensive care (odds ratio=2.6),
      and absence of complex septations on baseline ultrasound (odds ratio=2.1). Male
      gender and platelet count were associated with treatment failure in the
      univariate analysis but not in the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting
      which children with empyema are at risk for treatment failure with fibrinolytics
      remains challenging. Risk factors include positive blood culture, immediate
      admission to intensive care, and absence of complex septations on ultrasound.
      Routine blood work and inflammatory markers have little prognostic value.

PMID- 26964703
TI  - Cholesterol lipids and cholesterol-containing lipid rafts in bacteria.
AB  - Sterols are important components of eukaryotic membranes, but rare in bacteria.
      Some bacteria obtain sterols from their host or environment. In some cases, these
      sterols form membrane domains analogous the lipid rafts proposed to exist in
      eukaryotic membranes. This review describes the properties and roles of sterols
      in Borrelia and Helicobacter.

PMID- 26964705
TI  - A novel therapeutic approach for central sleep apnea: Phrenic nerve stimulation
      by the remede(r) System.
AB  - Central sleep apnea is a devastating disease which occurs in approximately 40% of
      patients with heart failure as well as patients with a history of stroke, opioid
      use and neurological conditions. It is associated with increased morbidity and
      mortality in heart failure likely due to the recurrent episodes of hypoxia and
      nor-epinephrine release. There have historically been few therapeutic options;
      positive airway pressure therapies have been the most common treatment to date.
      However, the adoption of positive airway pressure therapies has been limited due
      to poor patient adherence and acceptance and recent evidence of increased
      cardiovascular mortality in low ejection fraction heart failure patients with
      CSA. The remede(r) System, utilizing transvenous stimulation of the phrenic
      nerve, offers a novel physiologic approach to therapy that eliminates the need
      for positive airway pressure and patient adherence. Studies have shown that this
      therapy improves sleep, oxygenation, and quality of life and ongoing trials are
      expected to give additional randomized data to support the therapeutic benefit of
      the remede(r) System. 

PMID- 26964706
TI  - Portability of therapeutic effects (letter commenting: J Clin Epidemiol.
      2015;68(11):1251--1260.).

PMID- 26964708
TI  - Lacking portability of therapeutic effects: the hierarchy of internal validity is
      insufficient-A response to Hans J. Trampisch.

PMID- 26964707
TI  - Adequate sample size for developing prediction models is not simply related to
      events per variable.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The choice of an adequate sample size for a Cox regression analysis
      is generally based on the rule of thumb derived from simulation studies of a
      minimum of 10 events per variable (EPV). One simulation study suggested scenarios
      in which the 10 EPV rule can be relaxed. The effect of a range of binary
      predictors with varying prevalence, reflecting clinical practice, has not yet
      been fully investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted an extended
      resampling study using a large general-practice data set, comprising over 2
      million anonymized patient records, to examine the EPV requirements for
      prediction models with low-prevalence binary predictors developed using Cox
      regression. The performance of the models was then evaluated using an independent
      external validation data set. We investigated both fully specified models and
      models derived using variable selection. RESULTS: Our results indicated that an
      EPV rule of thumb should be data driven and that EPV >= 20  generally eliminates
      bias in regression coefficients when many low-prevalence predictors are included
      in a Cox model. CONCLUSION: Higher EPV is needed when low-prevalence predictors
      are present in a model to eliminate bias in regression coefficients and improve
      predictive accuracy.

PMID- 26964709
TI  - Impact of nutritional risk screening in hospitalized patients on management,
      outcome and costs: A retrospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hospitalized patients should be screened for nutritional risk
      and adequately managed. Being nutritionally 'at-risk' increases in-hospital
      mortality, length of stay (LOS) and costs, but the impact on actual costs has
      seldom been assessed. We aimed to determine nutritional risk screening and
      management in a Swiss university hospital. The impact of being nutritionally 'at
      risk' on in-hospital mortality, LOS and costs was also assessed. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis of administrative data for years 2013 and 2014 from the
      department of internal medicine of the Lausanne university hospital (8541
      hospitalizations, mean age 72.8 +/- 16.5 years, 50.4% women). Being nutritionally
      'at-risk' was defined as a Nutritional risk screening-2002 score >= 3 and
      nutritional managements were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Screening
      increased from 16.5% in 2013 to 41.9% in 2014 (p < 0.001), while prevalence of
      'at-risk' patients remained stable (64.6% in 2013 and 62.7% in 2014, p = 0.37).
      Prevalence of 'at-risk' patients was highest in patients with cancer (85.3% in
      2013 and 70.2% in 2014) and lowest in patients with disease of skin (42% in 2013
      and 44.8% in 2014). Less than half of patients 'at-risk' received any nutritional
      management, and this value decreased between 2013 and 2014 (46.9% vs. 40.3%, p <
      0.05). After multivariate adjustment, 'at-risk' patients had a 3.7-fold (95%
      confidence interval: 1.91; 7.03) higher in-hospital mortality and higher costs
      (excess 5642.25 +/- 1479.80 CHF in 2013 and 5529.52 +/- 847.02 CHF in 2014, p <
      0.001) than 'not at-risk' patients, while no difference was found for LOS.
      CONCLUSION: Despite an improvement in screening, management of nutritionally 'at
      risk' patients is not totally covered yet. Being nutritionally 'at-risk' affects
      three in every five patients and is associated with increased mortality and
      hospitalization costs.

PMID- 26964710
TI  - Cloning of Litopenaeus vannamei CD63 and it's role in white spot syndrome virus
      infection.
AB  - White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is currently the most serious shrimp pathogen,
      which has brought huge losses to shrimp industry worldwide. CD63 of shrimp
      belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily, which plays an important role in signal
      transduction and immune process. In this paper, CD63 cDNA sequence of Litopenaeus
      vannamei was cloned using RACE method. The amplified sequence is 1472 bp, with
      its ORF 744 bp, encoding 247 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the
      sequence of LvCD63 has 93% similarity with Penaeus monodon and 92% similarity
      with Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the mRNA levels
      of LvCD63 expressed in the tissues of hemocytes, gill, epithelial tissue, heart,
      lymphoid, hepatopancreas, stomach, intestines, muscle and nerve. Among these
      tissues the highest expression level was showed in the tissue of haemolymph,
      followed by epithelial tissue, hepatopancreas, and nerve. The lowest expression
      level of LvCD63 was appeared in the muscle tissue. After WSSV challenge, the
      expression levels of LvCD63 were both up-regulated in the tissues of gill and
      epithelial. However the expression level of LvCD63 in hepatopancreas was down
      regulated. Far-western blot analysis showed that LvCD63 interacts with VP28, and
      both VP28N and VP28C fragments interact with LvCD63. Flow cytometry analysis
      showed that LvCD63 was present on the surface of hemocytes and it is required for
      binding of WSSV virions. Neutral experiments in vivo showed that LvCD63LEL
      delayed WSSV infection in shrimp. 

PMID- 26964711
TI  - Assessment of reference genes for reliable analysis of gene transcription by RT
      qPCR in ovine leukocytes.
AB  - With the availability of genetic sequencing data, quantitative reverse
      transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is increasingly being used for the quantification of
      gene transcription across species. Too often there is little regard to the
      selection of reference genes and the impact that a poor choice has on data
      interpretation. Indeed, RT-qPCR provides a snapshot of relative gene
      transcription at a given time-point, and hence is highly dependent on the
      stability of the transcription of the reference gene(s). Using ovine efferent
      lymph cells and peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs), the two most
      frequently used leukocytes in immunological studies, we have compared the
      stability of transcription of the most commonly used ovine reference genes:
      YWHAZ, RPL-13A, PGK1, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT, SDHA and ACTB. Using established
      algorithms for reference gene normalization "geNorm" and "Norm Finder", PGK1,
      GAPDH and YWHAZ were deemed the most stably transcribed genes for efferent
      leukocytes and PGK1, YWHAZ and SDHA were optimal in PBMCs. These genes should
      therefore be considered for accurate and reproducible RT-qPCR data analysis of
      gene transcription in sheep. 

PMID- 26964712
TI  - Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of porcine Toll-like receptors at
      different ages in germ-free and conventional pigs.
AB  - Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key initiators of innate immune responses, recognize
      antigens and are essential in linking innate and adaptive immune responses.
      Misrecognition and over-stimulation/expression of TLRs may contribute to the
      development of chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. However,
      appropriate and mature TLR responses are associated with the establishment of
      resistance against some infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the mRNA
      expression profile of TLRs 1-10 in splenic and ileal mononuclear cells (MNCs) and
      dendritic cells (DCs) of germ-free (GF) and conventional pigs at different ages.
      We found that the TLR mRNA expression profiles were distinct between GF and
      conventional pigs. The expression profiles were also significantly different
      between splenic and ileal MNCs/DCs. Comparison of the TLR expression profiles in
      GF and conventional newborn and young pigs demonstrated that exposure to
      commensal microbiota may play a more important role than age in TLR mRNA
      expression profiles. To our knowledge, this is the first report that
      systematically assesses porcine TLRs 1-10 mRNA expression profiles in MNCs and
      DCs from GF and conventional pigs at different ages. These results further
      highlighted that the commensal microbiota of neonates play a critical role
      through TLR signaling in the development of systemic and mucosal immune systems. 

PMID- 26964713
TI  - Natural resistance to experimental feline infectious peritonitis virus infection
      is decreased rather than increased by positive genetic selection.
AB  - A previous study demonstrated the existence of a natural resistance to feline
      infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) among 36% of randomly bred laboratory cats. A
      genome wide association study (GWAS) on this population suggested that resistance
      was polygenic but failed to identify any strong specific associations. In order
      to enhance the power of GWAS or whole genome sequencing to identify strong
      genetic associations, a decision was made to positively select for resistance
      over three generations. The inbreeding experiment began with a genetically
      related parental (P) population consisting of three toms and four queens
      identified from among the survivors of the earlier study and belonging to a
      closely related subgroup (B). The subsequent effects of inbreeding were measured
      using 42 genome-wide STR markers. P generation cats produced 57 first filial (F1)
      kittens, only five of which (9.0%) demonstrated a natural resistance to FIPV
      infection. One of these five F1 survivors was then used to produce six F1/P
      backcrosses kittens, only one of which proved resistant to FIP. Six of eight of
      the F1 and F1/P survivors succumbed to a secondary exposure 4-12 months later.
      Therefore, survival after both primary and secondary infection was decreased
      rather than increased by positive selection for resistance. The common genetic
      factor associated with this diminished resistance was a loss of heterozygosity. 

PMID- 26964715
TI  - Immunomodulatory properties of gamithromycin and ketoprofen in lipopolysaccharide
      challenged calves with emphasis on the acute-phase response.
AB  - Macrolide antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have
      been reported to be modulators of the innate immune response, irrespectively of
      their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, it was our
      objective to evaluate whether the macrolide gamithromycin (GAM) and the NSAID
      ketoprofen (KETO) attenuate the acute-phase response in calves, and whether their
      combined administration is beneficial due to synergistic and/or additive effects.
      To this end, both drugs, as well as their combination, were studied in a
      previously developed inflammation model, i.e., the induction of an acute-phase
      response by an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (0.5 MUg/kg body
      weight). Sixteen 4-week-old Holstein-Friesian calves were randomized into 4
      groups: a positive control (+CONTR) group, receiving LPS but no pharmacological
      treatment (n=4) and a GAM (n=4), a KETO (n=4) and a GAM-KETO (n=4) group,
      receiving the respective drugs 1h prior to LPS administration. Clinical scoring
      and blood collection were performed at regular time points until 72 h post LPS
      challenge. Plasma concentrations of the selected cytokines (tumour necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)), acute-phase protein (serum
      amyloid A (SAA)) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were subsequently quantified. Pre
      treatment with GAM had no effect in the inflammation model compared to the +CONTR
      group. KETO, on the other hand, completely inhibited depression, anorexia and
      fever. This remarkable influence was associated with a significant reduction of
      PGE2 synthesis by KETO, while the effect on TNF-alpha, IL-6 and SAA was not
      straightforward. The combined administration of GAM and KETO provided no
      synergistic or additive effects in this model, neither clinically nor regarding
      the studied inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, KETO entirely inhibited PGE2
      synthesis, fever development and depression, while GAM did not exert any effect
      in this model. These results promote the concomitant use of an antimicrobial drug
      and a NSAID in the treatment of calf diseases associated with LPS, both to
      enhance clinical recovery and to improve animal welfare.

PMID- 26964714
TI  - Bovine natural antibodies in antibody-dependent bactericidal activity against
      Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium and risk of mastitis.
AB  - Natural antibodies (NAbs) are mostly IgM antibodies produced without antigenic
      stimulation and serve as a first line of defence of the immune system. As both
      natural and specific antibodies are present in animals, NAbs are studied by
      determining the IgM response to naive antigens like keyhole limpet hemocyanin
      (KLH). In this study, we selected cows based on high and low anti-KLH IgM titers,
      reflecting high and low NAb titers, and determined if the anti-KLH IgM titers
      were indicative for the recognition of common microbial structures
      (lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan) and intact bacteria
      (Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium). Sera with high NAbs titers showed
      more IgM and IgG binding to common microbial structures and S. Typhimurium
      bacteria than sera with low NAbs titers. The same association was observed for
      IgM binding to E. coli, but not for IgG binding to E. coli. Antibody-mediated
      complement killing of E. coli and S. Typhimurium in a newly developed
      bactericidal test was equal between high and low NAb cows. However, relating the
      outcome of the bactericidal test to the development of mastitis within one and
      even four years after sampling showed a significant negative correlation implying
      cows that were less potent in bacterial killing had a higher chance on developing
      mastitis. In conclusion, sera with high NAbs titers had more antibodies binding
      to common microbial structures and intact bacteria. Furthermore, the bactericidal
      test might provide a useful prognostic tool for the development of mastitis. 

PMID- 26964717
TI  - Canine placenta: A promising potential source of highly proliferative and
      immunomodulatory mesenchymal stromal cells?
AB  - In veterinary medicine, therapeutic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been
      traditionally isolated from adult bone marrow or adipose tissue. Neonatal
      tissues, normally discarded at birth from all species have become an alternative
      source of cells for regenerative medicine in the human clinic. These cells have
      been described as being more primitive, proliferative and immunosuppressive than
      their adult counterparts. Our objective was to examine if this phenomena holds
      true in dogs. Little information exists regarding canine neonatal MSC
      characterisation. In this study, we were able to both isolate, phenotype and
      assess the differentiation and immunomodulatory properties of MSC from canine
      foetal adnexa allowing us to compare their characteristics to their more well
      known bone marrow (BM) cousins. Neonatal tissues, including amnion (AM), placenta
      (PL), and umbilical cord matrix (UCM) were collected from 6 canine caesarean
      sections. Primary cells were expanded in vitro for 5 consecutive passages and
      their proliferation measured. BM-MSC were isolated from 5 control dogs euthanised
      from other studies and grown in vitro using an identical protocol. All MSC lines
      were systematically evaluated for their ability to differentiate into 3
      mesodermal lineages (adipocyte, osteocyte and chondrocyte) and phenotyped by
      cytometry and qPCR. In addition, the enzymatic activity of the key
      immunomodulatory marker indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was evaluated for each
      MSC line. MSC displaying a fibroblastic appearance were successfully grown from
      all neonatal tissues. PL-MSC exhibited significantly higher proliferation rates
      than AM- and UCM-MSC (p=0.05). Cytometric analysis showed that all MSC express
      CD90, CD29, and CD44, while no expression of CD45, CD34 and MHC2 was detected.
      Molecular profiling showed expression of CD105 and CD73 in all MSC. Low levels of
      SOX2 mRNA was observed in all MSC, while neither NANOG, nor OCT4 were detected.
      All MSC differentiate into 3 mesodermal lineages. Following inflammatory
      stimulation, the activity of the immunomodulatory enzyme IDO was significantly
      higher in neonatal MSC compared to BM-MSC (p=0.009). Our results show that canine
      foetal adnexa cells share very similar properties to their adult equivalents but
      upon stimulation show significantly higher IDO immunomodulatory activity. Further
      studies will be needed to confirm the potential therapeutic benefits of these
      cells. 

PMID- 26964716
TI  - Effects of heat stress on the formation of splenic germinal centres and
      immunoglobulins in broilers infected by Clostridium perfringens type A.
AB  - Avian necrotic enteritis (NE) induced by Clostridium perfringens is a disease
      that affects mainly the first weeks of poultry's life. The pathogenesis of NE is
      complex and involves the combination of several factors, such as co-infection
      with different species of coccidia, immunosuppression and stress. Stress is one
      of the main limiting factors in poultry production. Although several studies
      emphasized the effects of stress on immunity, few works analyzed these effects on
      immunoglobulins and on germinal centres (GCs), which are specialized
      microenvironments, responsible for generating immune cells with high affinity
      antibodies and memory B-lymphocytes. Thus, the effects of heat stress associated
      or not with thioglycolate broth culture medium intake and/or C. perfringens
      infection on corticosterone serum levels, spleen GCs development and
      immunoglobulin production in broilers were evaluated. Results showed that heat
      stress, thioglycolate and C. perfringens per se increased corticosterone serum
      levels, although this was not observed in heat stressed and thioglycolate and C.
      perfringens-treated chickens. The serum levels of IgA, IgM and IgY were
      differently affected by heat stress and/or infection/thioglycolate. Heat stress
      decreased the duodenal concentrations of sIgA, which was accompanied by a
      reduction in GCs number in the duodenal lamina propria; a trend to similar
      findings of sIgA concentrations was observed in the chickens' jejunum. Changes in
      spleen and Bursa of Fabricius relative weights as well as in spleen morphometry
      were also noted in heat stressed animals, infected or not. Together, these data
      suggest that heat stress change GCs formation in chickens infected or not, which
      that may lead to failures in vaccination protocols as well as in the poultries'
      host resistance to infectious diseases during periods of exposure to heat stress.

PMID- 26964718
TI  - Effect of inflammatory environment on equine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem
      cells immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being investigated for the treatment of equine
      joint diseases because of their regenerative potential. Recently, the focus
      mainly has addressed to their immunomodulatory capacities. Inflammation plays a
      central role in joint pathologies, since the release of proinflammatory mediators
      to the synovial fluid (SF) leads to the activation of enzymatic degradation of
      the cartilage. MSCs can modulate the local immune environment through direct or
      paracrine interaction with immune cells, suppressing their proliferation and re
      addressing their functions. Proinflammatory molecules can induce MSC
      immunoregulatory potential, but they could also increase the expression of
      immunogenic molecules. Studying the effect of inflammatory environment on MSC
      immunomodulation and immunogenicity profiles is mandatory to improve cellular
      therapies. The aim of this study was to analyse the response of equine bone
      marrow MSCs (eBM-MSCs) to three inflammatory conditions. Equine BM-MSCs from
      three animals were exposed to: (a) 20% allogeneic inflammatory SF (SF); (b) 50
      ng/ml of TNFalpha and IFNgamma (CK50) and (c) 20 ng/ml of TNFalpha and IFNgamma
      (CK20). After 72 h of exposure, expression of immunogenic and immunomodulation
      related molecules, including cell-to-cell contact and paracrine signalling
      molecules, were analysed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. The gene expression of
      adhesion molecules was upregulated whereas MSC migration-related genes were
      downregulated by all inflammatory conditions tested. CK culture conditions
      significantly upregulated the expression of COX-2, iNOS, IDO and IL-6. MHC-I gene
      expression was upregulated by all conditions, whereas MHC-II was upregulated only
      after CK priming. The expression of CD40 did not significantly change, whereas
      the ligand, CD40L, was downregulated in CK conditions. Flow cytometry showed an
      increase in the percentage of positive cells and mean fluorescence intensity
      (MFI) of the MHC-I and MHC-II molecules at CK50 conditions, supporting the gene
      expression results. These outcomes reinforce the change of the immunophenotype of
      the eBM-MSCs according to the surrounding conditions. Inflammatory synovial
      environment did not lead to significant changes, so the environment found by eBM
      MSCs when they are intraarticular administered may not be enough to activate
      their immunomodulatory potential. CK priming at tested doses enhances the
      immunoregulatory profile of eBM-MSCs, which may promote a therapeutic benefit.
      Even if CK priming induced an upregulation of MHC expression, costimulatory
      molecule expression however was not upregulated, suggesting that immunogenicity
      might not be increased. This study provides a better understanding about the
      behaviour of eBM-MSCs inside the inflamed joint and constitutes a first step to
      improve MSC-based therapies for equine joint diseases.

PMID- 26964720
TI  - Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Mx gene promoters respond differentially to
      IPNV and VHSV infections in RTG-2 cells.
AB  - The understanding of virus-host interactions relies on the knowledge of the
      regulatory mechanisms of the type I interferon (IFN I)-stimulated genes (ISGs).
      Among ISGs, those coding Mx proteins play a main role due to their direct
      antiviral activity. The study of these genes in gilthead seabream is interesting,
      since this species displays high natural resistance to viral diseases, being
      asymptomatic carrier of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and viral
      haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Gilthead seabream has three Mx genes (Mx1,
      Mx2, and Mx3), encoding proteins with a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. The
      structure of the three promoters (pMx1, pMx2 and pMx3) has been previously
      disclosed, and their response to poly I:C in RTG-2 cells characterized. To
      further analyze these promoters, their response to two viral infections has been
      evaluated in the present study. For that purpose, RTG-2 cells transiently
      transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of each promoter were
      inoculated with either IPNV or VHSV at two different doses. The highest and
      lowest fold induction values were recorded for pMx2 and pMx3, respectively. The
      promoter induction was always stronger after VHSV inoculation than in IPNV
      inoculated cells. In addition, the higher dose of VHSV tested induced higher
      response of the three promoters, whereas in IPNV-infected cells the highest
      induction was recorded after inoculation with the lower viral dose. To further
      study the response of the Mx2 promoter, RTG-2 cells stably transfected with the
      luciferase gene under the control of pMx2 were stimulated with poly I:C and
      subsequently infected with IPNV or VHSV. Interestingly, IPNV infection inhibited
      the induction caused by poly I:C, suggesting an antagonistic activity of IPNV on
      Mx2 transcription. In contrast, VHSV infection did not alter the response
      triggered by poly I:C. These results highlight the specific regulation that
      controls the activity of each promoter, and support the existence of complex
      interactions between host cells, specific Mx promoters, and viruses, which are
      responsible for the final outcome of a viral infection. 

PMID- 26964719
TI  - Oxidative stress in hoof laminar tissue of horses with lethal gastrointestinal
      diseases.
AB  - Tissue damage caused by oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of
      several diseases in animals and man, and is believed to play a role in the
      development of laminitis in horses. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      oxidative stress associated with laminar lesions in horses with lethal
      gastrointestinal disorders. Laminar tissue samples of the hoof of 30 horses were
      used. Tissue samples were divided as follows: six healthy horses (control group
      CG), and 24 horses that died after complications of gastrointestinal diseases
      (group suffering from gastrointestinal disorders-GDG). Superoxide dismutase
      (SOD2) and nitrotyrosine immunostaining and the severity of laminar lesions were
      evaluated. Presence of laminar lesions and immunostaining for nitrotyrosine and
      SOD2 were only evident in horses from the GDG group. Thus, oxidative stress may
      play a role in the pathogenesis of laminar lesions secondary to gastrointestinal
      disorders. 

PMID- 26964721
TI  - A review of the basis of the immunological diagnosis of ruminant brucellosis.
AB  - Bacteria of the genus Brucella cause brucellosis, the most common bacterial
      zoonosis worldwide. The diagnosis of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis
      ruminant brucellosis is based on bacteriological and immunological tests, the
      latter being routinely used in control and eradication and surveillance programs.
      Infections by smooth and rough Brucella spp., the use of smooth and rough
      vaccines, and the false-positive serological reactions caused by Yersinia
      enterocolitica O:9 and other cross-reacting bacteria represent the immunological
      contexts in which those tests are used. This complex context explains the large
      number of brucellosis tests that have been developed, and that vary in antigen
      type, antigen presentation, antibody and conditions for the reaction, the
      response detected and the sample required. This wealth of information and an
      imperfect understanding of Brucella antigens and of the peculiarities of the
      immunoresponse to Brucella has created confusion and led to several
      misconceptions on the usefulness and limitations of the brucellosis diagnostic
      tests. In this review, Brucella antigens are examined focusing on cellular
      topology, supramolecular properties, epitopic structure and lipopolysaccharide
      and protein cross-reactivity in the various contexts of the immune response in
      ruminants. Then, the significance of these features in diagnostic tests that use
      whole bacteria is discussed with respect to the activities of ruminant
      immunoglobulins, and the effect of pH on unspecific agglutinations, non
      agglutinating and blocking antibodies, pseudo-prozones and complement activation.
      Similarly, the bacterial surface lipopolysaccharides and cognate polysaccharides
      are discussed with regards to topological effects, epitope exposure, ionic
      strength and antibody avidity in immunoprecipitation, immunosorbent and
      fluorescence polarization assays. Finally, the search for immunodominant protein
      antigens and their use in immunological tests is reviewed. Critical review of the
      existing information is necessary both to select optimal tests according to the
      logistical means available and the epidemiological context, and to focus the
      development of new tests. 

PMID- 26964722
TI  - Recombinant Mycoplasma mycoides proteins elicit protective immune responses
      against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
AB  - Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious
      bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a devastating respiratory disease mainly affecting
      cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. The current vaccines are based on live-attenuated
      Mmm strains and present problems with temperature stability, duration of immunity
      and adverse reactions, thus new vaccines are needed to overcome these issues. We
      used a reverse vaccinology approach to identify 66 Mmm potential vaccine
      candidates. The selection and grouping of the antigens was based on the presence
      of specific antibodies in sera from CBPP-positive animals. The antigens were used
      to immunize male Boran cattle (Bos indicus) followed by a challenge with the Mmm
      strain Afade. Two of the groups immunized with five proteins each showed
      protection after the Mmm challenge (Groups A and C; P<0.05) and in one group
      (Group C) Mmm could not be cultured from lung specimens. A third group (Group N)
      showed a reduced number of animals with lesions and the cultures for Mmm were
      also negative. While immunization with some of the antigens conferred protection,
      others may have increased immune-related pathology. This is the first report that
      Mmm recombinant proteins have been successfully used to formulate a prototype
      vaccine and these results pave the way for the development of a novel commercial
      vaccine. 

PMID- 26964723
TI  - Severe sensitivity loss in an influenza A molecular assay due to antigenic drift
      variants during the 2014/15 influenza season.
AB  - The 2014-2015 influenza season in Belgium was dominated by the circulation of 2
      influenza A(H3N2) subgroups: 3C.2a and 3C.3b. Analysis of 166 nasopharyngeal
      aspirates, collected in patients with respiratory illness at the start of the
      epidemic season, showed a decreased sensitivity for the detection of influenza
      A(H3N2)/3C.2a using a commercially available multiplex assay. Gene sequencing of
      the matrix protein showed a point mutation (C163T) leading to a mismatch with the
      assay probes.

PMID- 26964724
TI  - Bacteria-host relationship: ubiquitin ligases as weapons of invasion.
AB  - Eukaryotic cells utilize the ubiquitin (Ub) system for maintaining a balanced
      functioning of cellular pathways. Although the Ub system is exclusive to
      eukaryotes, prokaryotic bacteria have developed an armory of Ub ligase enzymes
      that are capable of employing the Ub systems of various hosts, ranging from plant
      to animal cells. These enzymes have been acquired through the evolution and can
      be classified into three main classes, RING (really interesting new gene), HECT
      (homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus) and NEL (novel E3 ligases). In this
      review we describe the roles played by different classes of bacterial Ub ligases
      in infection and pathogenicity. We also provide an overview of the different
      mechanisms by which bacteria mimic specific components of the host Ub system and
      outline the gaps in our current understanding of their functions. Additionally,
      we discuss approaches and experimental tools for validating this class of enzymes
      as potential novel antibacterial therapy targets. 

PMID- 26964725
TI  - Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Educes Frequency-Specific Causal
      Relationships in the Motor Network.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has the potential
      to treat brain disorders by modulating the activity of disease-specific brain
      networks, yet the rTMS frequencies used are delivered in a binary fashion -
      excitatory (>1 Hz) and inhibitory (<=1 Hz). OBJECTIVE: To assess the effective
      connectivity of the motor network at different rTMS stimulation rates during
      positron-emission tomography (PET) and confirm that not all excitatory rTMS
      frequencies act on the motor network in the same manner. METHODS: We delivered
      image-guided, supra-threshold rTMS at 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz and rest (in
      separate randomized sessions) to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the lightly
      anesthetized baboon during PET imaging. Each rTMS/PET session was analyzed using
      normalized cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Path analysis - using
      structural equation modeling (SEM) - was employed to determine the effective
      connectivity of the motor network at all rTMS frequencies. Once determined, the
      final model of the motor network was used to assess any differences in effective
      connectivity at each rTMS frequency. RESULTS: The exploratory SEM produced a very
      well fitting final network model (chi(2) = 18.04, df = 21, RMSEA = 0.000, p =
      0.647, TLI = 1.12) using seven nodes of the motor network. 5 Hz rTMS produced the
      strongest path coefficients in four of the seven connections, suggesting that
      this frequency is the optimal rTMS frequency for stimulation the motor network
      (as a whole); however, the premotor cerebellum connection was optimally
      stimulated at 10 Hz rTMS and the supplementary motor area caudate connection was
      optimally driven at 15 Hz rTMS. CONCLUSION(S): We have demonstrated that 1) 5 Hz
      rTMS revealed the strongest path coefficients (i.e. causal influence) on the
      nodes of the motor network, 2) stimulation at "excitatory" rTMS frequencies did
      not produce increased CBF in all nodes of the motor network, 3) specific rTMS
      frequencies may be used to target specific none-to-node interactions in the
      stimulated brain network, and 4) more research needs to be performed to determine
      the optimum frequency for each brain circuit and/or node.

PMID- 26964726
TI  - Predictive value of serum dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid level and estimated Delta-5
      desaturase activity in patients with hepatic steatosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatic steatosis is considered one of the features of metabolic
      syndrome (MetS). Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism is modulated in
      obesity. However, it has yet to be fully elucidated whether a serum PUFA profile
      is associated with hepatic steatosis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to clarify the
      relationship between a serum PUFA profile and liver lipid content. METHODS: A
      cross-sectional study was conducted on 288 patients with dyslipidemia, diabetes,
      or coronary artery disease on statin therapy. Several PUFAs were measured,
      including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), dihomo-gamma
      linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in serum lipids, and Delta-5
      desaturase (D5D) activity was estimated by AA to DGLA ratio. Abdominal computed
      tomography (CT) measured visceral fat area (VFA) and the ratio of CT attenuation
      for liver to spleen (L/S). RESULTS: The L/S ratio showed significant correlations
      with serum DGLA level and D5D activity (p<0.0001 for both). Serum DGLA level and
      D5D activity were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) or VFA, and
      with Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p<0.0001 for
      all). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that a high DGLA level or low D5D
      activity was a significant determinant for hepatic steatosis (p<0.0001 for both)
      independent of BMI and HOMA-IR. ROC analysis revealed that they significantly
      enhanced the value of MetS-related factors in predicting hepatic steatosis
      (p<0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS: A high DGLA level and low D5D activity in serum
      lipids may be useful markers predicting hepatic steatosis incrementally to MetS
      related conventional factors.

PMID- 26964727
TI  - The Etiology and Clinical Features of Non-CAH Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious
      Puberty: A Multicenter Study.
AB  - AIM: The causes of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty are diverse, and
      often have overlapping clinical and biochemical features. With the exception of
      congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), disorders that cause gonadotropin
      independent precocious puberty (GIPP) are uncommon. The literature is devoid of
      any large-scale studies on the etiologic distribution of GIPP. The aim of this
      study was to determine the frequency of each etiology in a cohort of patients
      with GIPP (excluding those with CAH), and to evaluate the clinical and laboratory
      features of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter, nationwide
      web-based study collected data on patients who presented with non-CAH GIPP in
      Turkey. RESULTS: Data were collected for 129 patients (102 girls and 27 boys)
      from 29 centers. Based on the data collected, the estimated prevalence of non-CAH
      GIPP in the studied population was 14 in 1 000 000 children. Functional ovarian
      cyst was the most common etiology, accounting for 37% of all cases, followed by
      McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) (26%). Among the patients with MAS, 11.7% had
      fibrous dysplasia, 32.3% had cafe-au-lait spots, and 52.9% had both. Human
      chorionic gonadotrophin-secreting tumors included choriocarcinoma of the liver,
      hepatoblastoma, and germ cell tumors of the sellar-suprasellar region and
      mediastinum. Patients with adrenocortical tumors presented at an earlier age than
      those with other etiologies. Ovarian tumors included mature cystic teratoma,
      dysgerminoma, juvenile granulosa tumor, and steroid cell tumor. Despite
      overlapping features, it was possible to identify some unique clinical and
      laboratory features associated with each etiology. CONCLUSION: This largest
      cohort of patients with non-CAH GIPP to date yielded an estimation of the
      frequency of non-CAH GIPP in the general pediatric population and showed that
      girls were affected at a rate 4-fold greater than that of boys owing to
      functional ovarian cysts and MAS, which were the two most common etiologies. The
      data collected also provided some unique characteristics associated with each
      etiology.

PMID- 26964728
TI  - Defining Hyperandrogenism in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Challenging
      Perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the steroid profiling by liquid
      chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in PCOS women with different
      phenotypes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University hospital of
      Bologna, Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 156 PCOS women and 141 controls
      comparable for age were investigated. All underwent a steroid profiling by liquid
      chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic parameters were
      also investigated and hirsutism was measured by the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mF
      G) score. RESULTS: Three distinct phenotypes were initially defined according to
      the combination of hirsutism (mF-G >= 8) and/or high testosterone (T) (HA), oligo
      amenorrhea (OA), and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOm); OA + PCOm (n = 43), HA
      + OA (n = 65), and HA + OA + PCOm (n = 45). T, androstenedione (A), and free
      androgen index (FAI) levels progressively increased in the 3 PCOS phenotypes with
      respect to the controls, with the highest values in the HA + OA + PCOm phenotype.
      The various combinations of hirsutism, high T, high A, and high FAI made it
      possible to categorize the 3 original phenotypes into 8 hyperandrogenic
      subgroups, characterized by divergent additional steroid profile and metabolic
      pattern. A total of 90% of patients with PCOS thus proved hyperandrogenic.
      Interestingly, half the PCOS women originally classified as having the OA-PCOm
      phenotype were categorized in a hyperandrogenic subgroup. No significant
      correlation was found between T, A, and the mF-G score. In contrast, significant
      correlation was found between A and both T and FAI. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      provides evidence that, by including a steroid profile in the definition of
      hyperandrogenemia, the majority of women with PCOS are hyperandrogenic, although
      a clinical and biochemical heterogeneity exists. In addition, these data
      demonstrate that hirsutism and high androgen levels cannot be used indifferently
      to define hyperandrogenism.

PMID- 26964729
TI  - Differential Effects of Oral and Intravenous Lipid Administration on Key
      Molecules Related to Energy Homeostasis.
AB  - CONTEXT: The spectrum of lipid-induced changes in the secretion of hormones
      important in energy homeostasis has not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To
      identify potential incretin-like effects in response to lipid administration, we
      examined the short-term effect of iv vs oral lipids on key molecules regulating
      energy homeostasis. Design, Intervention, and Participants: After a 10-hour
      overnight fast, 26 subjects were randomized to receive an oral lipid load, a 10%
      iv lipid emulsion, a 20% iv lipid emulsion, or an iv saline infusion. We obtained
      blood samples at 30-minute intervals for the first 2 hours and hourly thereafter
      for a total of 6 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Circulating levels of insulin,
      glucose, c-peptide, free fatty acids, incretins (glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric
      inhibitory polypeptide), glucagon, peptide YY, ghrelin, fibroblast growth factor
      21, fetuin A, irisin, omentin, and adiponectin were measured. RESULTS: Oral lipid
      ingestion resulted in higher glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory
      polypeptide, glucagon, and peptide YY levels, compared with the other three
      groups (incremental area under the curve P = .003, P < .001, P < .001, P < .001,
      respectively). The 20% lipid emulsion, leading to higher free fatty acid levels,
      resulted in greater insulin, c-peptide, and fibroblast growth factor 21 responses
      compared with placebo and the other two groups (incremental area under the curve
      P = .002, P = .005, P < .001, P < .001, respectively). Omentin, adiponectin,
      fetuin A, and irisin levels were not affected by either mode of lipid
      administration. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic responses to lipids depend on the route of
      administration. Only iv lipids trigger a dose-dependent fibroblast growth factor
      21 secretion, which is nonglucagon mediated. Intravenous lipids also induce
      hyperinsulinemia without concurrent decreases in glucose, a phenomenon observed
      in insulin-resistant states. Orally administered lipids mostly affect
      gastrointestinal tract-secreted molecules important in glucose and energy
      homeostasis such as glucagon, incretins, and peptide YY.

PMID- 26964730
TI  - PDE5 Inhibition Ameliorates Visceral Adiposity Targeting the miR-22/SIRT1
      Pathway: Evidence From the CECSID Trial.
AB  - CONTEXT: Visceral adiposity plays a significant role in cardiovascular risk. PDE5
      inhibitors (PDE5i) can improve cardiac function and insulin sensitivity in type 2
      diabetes patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether PDE5i affect visceral
      adipose tissue (VAT), specifically epicardial fat (epicardial adipose tissue
      [EAT]), and what mechanism is involved, using microarray-based profiling of
      pharmacologically modulated microRNA (miRNAs). DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled study in type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: A total
      of 59 diabetic patients were randomized to receive 100-mg/d sildenafil or placebo
      for 12 weeks. Fat biopsies were collected in a subgroup of patients. In a
      parallel protocol, db/db mice were randomized to 12 weeks of sildenafil or
      vehicle, and VAT was collected. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Anthropometric and
      metabolic parameters, EAT quantification through cardiac magnetic resonance
      imaging, array of 2005 circulating miRNAs, quantitative PCR, and flow cytometry
      of VAT. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, sildenafil reduced waist circumference (P
      = .024) and EAT (P = .045). Microarray analysis identified some miRNAs
      differentially regulated by sildenafil, including down-regulation of miR-22-3p,
      confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (P < .001). Sildenafil's modulation of
      miR-22-3p expression was confirmed in vitro in HL1 cardiomyocytes. Up-regulation
      of SIRT1, a known target of miR-22-3p, was found in both serum and sc fat in
      sildenafil-treated subjects. Compared with vehicle, 12-week sildenafil treatment
      down-regulated miR-22-3p and up-regulated Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) gene expression in VAT
      from db/db mice, shifting adipose tissue cell composition toward a less inflamed
      profile. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with PDE5i in humans and murine models of
      diabetes improves VAT, targeting SIRT1 through a modulation of miR-22-3p
      expression.

PMID- 26964731
TI  - Effects of Two Years of Teriparatide, Denosumab, or Both on Bone
      Microarchitecture and Strength (DATA-HRpQCT study).
AB  - CONTEXT: In postmenopausal osteoporosis, combining denosumab and teriparatide
      increases hip and spine bone mineral density more than either monotherapy.
      OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of 2 years of
      combination therapy on bone microarchitecture and estimated strength. DESIGN:
      This was an open-label, randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: We
      performed high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the
      distal tibia and radius in 94 postmenopausal osteoporotic women randomized to 2
      years of teriparatide 20 MUg sc daily, denosumab 60 mg sc every 6 months, or
      both. RESULTS: Total volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the radius and
      tibia, trabecular vBMD at the radius, and cortical vBMD at the tibia all
      increased more in the combination group than both monotherapy groups (P < .002
      for all comparisons with combination). Cortical thickness at the tibia also
      increased more in the combination group (8.1% +/- 4.3%) than both other groups (P
      < .001). Cortical porosity at both the radius and tibia increased progressively
      over the 24-month treatment period in the teriparatide group but was stable in
      both other groups (P < .001 teriparatide vs both other groups). Trabecular vBMD
      at the tibia increased similarly in all groups, whereas radius trabecular vBMD
      increased more in the combination group than the other groups (P < .01 for both
      comparisons). Finite element analysis-estimated strength improved or was
      maintained by all treatments at both the radius and tibia. CONCLUSIONS: Two years
      of combined teriparatide and denosumab improves bone microarchitecture and
      estimated strength more than the individual treatments, particularly in cortical
      bone. These findings suggest that this regimen may be beneficial in
      postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 26964732
TI  - Thyroid Stimulating Antibodies Are Highly Prevalent in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
      and Associated Orbitopathy.
AB  - CONTEXT: Thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) rarely occurs in patients with
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). OBJECTIVE: There is evidence that TSH receptor
      stimulating antibodies (TSAb) play a role in the pathogenesis of TAO. In this
      report, the prevalence of TSAb in HT patients with and without TAO was studied.
      DESIGN: This is a longitudinal observational study. SETTING: The study took place
      in an academic joint thyroid-eye clinic. SUBJECTS: A total of 1055 subjects were
      included. METHODS: TSAb was measured with a Food and Drug Administration-cleared
      bioassay that uses Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing a chimeric TSH receptor
      and a cAMP response element-dependent luciferase. Results of TSAb activity were
      reported as percentage of specimen-to-reference ratio (SRR%, cutoff >140%). MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURE: We measured the association of TSAb with the risk of TAO in
      patients with HT. RESULTS: Of 700 consecutive and unselected patients with HT, 44
      (6%) had overt TAO. Patients with HT+TAO were older (P < .001), heavier smokers
      (P = .032), and clustered less with autoimmune diseases (P = .005). All healthy
      controls were TSAb negative. In contrast, serum was TSAb positive in 30/44
      (68.2%) and 36/656 (5.5%, P < .001) patients with HT+TAO and HT, respectively.
      Compared to patients with HT only, serum TSAb levels were higher in HT+TAO
      (median SRR%, 25th and 75th percentiles): 45, 35-65 vs 192.5, 115-455.3, P <
      .001. Highest TSAb values were noted in patients with active and severe TAO vs
      those with mild and inactive TAO: 486, 392-592 vs 142, 73-192.5; P < .001. The
      odds ratio of TSAb positivity for the risk of TAO adjusted for gender and age was
      55.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.6-127, P < .0001), whereas the odds ratio
      per 10-fold change in TSAb SRR% (quantitative TSAb) was 133 (95% CI, 45-390, P <
      .0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for
      qualitative and quantitative TSAb was 87.2% (95% CI, 80.6-93.8) and 89.4% (95%
      CI, 84.1-94.7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TSAb is strongly associated with TAO
      in HT and TSAb may contribute to the pathophysiology of TAO.

PMID- 26964734
TI  - CORRIGENDUM.

PMID- 26964733
TI  - Puberty and Pubertal Growth in GH-treated SGA Children: Effects of 2 Years of
      GnRHa Versus No GnRHa.
AB  - CONTEXT: Most studies on puberty in children born small for gestational age (SGA)
      report height and age at onset of puberty. GH-treated SGA children with an adult
      height (AH) expectation below -2.5 SDS at onset of puberty can benefit from an
      additional 2 years of GnRH analog (GnRHa) treatment. There are no data on puberty
      and growth after discontinuation of GnRHa treatment in GH-treated SGA children.
      OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects on puberty and pubertal
      growth of 2 years GnRHa vs no GnRHa in GH-treated SGA children. METHODS: This was
      a GH trial involving 76 prepubertal short SGA children (36 girls) treated with
      GH. Thirty-two children received additional GnRHa for 2 years. Pubertal stages
      were 3-monthly assessed according to Tanner. RESULTS: Age, bone age, and median
      height at pubertal onset were lower in girls and boys in the GH/GnRHa group
      compared with the GH group. In girls and boys treated with GH/GnRHa, pubertal
      duration after stop of GnRHa treatment was shorter than pubertal duration in
      those with GH only (40.9 vs 46.7 mo; P = .044; 50.8 vs 57.5 months; P = .006;
      respectively). Height gain from onset of puberty until AH, including height gain
      during 2 years of GnRHa treatment, was 25.4 cm in girls and 33.0 cm in boys,
      which was 6.6 cm more than girls and boys treated with GH only. AH was similar in
      children treated with GH/GnRHa compared with those with GH only. CONCLUSIONS: GH
      treated SGA children who start puberty with an AH expectation below -2.5 SDS and
      are treated with 2 years of GnRHa have a shorter pubertal duration after
      discontinuation of GnRHa compared with pubertal duration in children treated with
      GH only. Height gain from onset of puberty until AH is, however, more due to
      adequate growth during 2 years of GnRHa treatment resulting in a similar AH as
      children treated with GH only.

PMID- 26964735
TI  - Co3O4-SnO2 Hollow Heteronanostructures: Facile Control of Gas Selectivity by
      Compositional Tuning of Sensing Materials via Galvanic Replacement.
AB  - Co3O4 hollow spheres prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis were converted into
      Co3O4-SnO2 core-shell hollow spheres by galvanic replacement with subsequent
      calcination at 450  degrees C for 2 h for gas sensor applications. Gas
      selectivity of the obtained spheres can be controlled by varying the amount of
      SnO2 shells (14.6, 24.3, and 43.3 at. %) and sensor temperatures. Co3O4 sensors
      possess an ability to selectively detect ethanol at 275  degrees C. When the
      amount of SnO2 shells was increased to 14.6 and 24.3 at. %, highly selective
      detection of xylene and methylbenzenes (xylene + toluene) was achieved at 275 and
      300  degrees C, respectively. Good selectivity of Co3O4 hollow spheres to ethanol
      can be explained by a catalytic activity of Co3O4; whereas high selectivity of
      Co3O4-SnO2 core-shell hollow spheres to methylbenzenes is attributed to a
      synergistic effect of catalytic SnO2 and Co3O4 and promotion of gas sensing
      reactions by a pore-size control of microreactors. 

PMID- 26964736
TI  - Endogenously-expressed NH2-terminus of circumsporozoite protein interferes with
      sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The circumsporozoite protein is the most abundant polypeptide
      expressed by sporozoites, the malaria parasite stage capable of infecting humans.
      Sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands prior to transmission is likely
      mediated by a receptor/ligand-like interaction of the parasites with the target
      tissues, and the amino (NH2)-terminal portion of CSP is involved in this
      interaction but not the TSR region on the carboxyl (C)-terminus. Peptides based
      on the NH2-terminal domain could compete with the parasites for the salivary
      gland receptors and thus inhibit penetration. METHODS: Peptides based on the NH2
      terminus and TSR domains of the CSP from avian or human malaria parasites,
      Plasmodium gallinaceum and Plasmodium falciparum, respectively, were expressed
      endogenously in mosquito haemolymph using a transient (Sindbis virus-mediated) or
      stable (piggyBac-mediated transgenesis) system. RESULTS: Transient endogenous
      expression of partial NH2-terminus peptide from P. falciparum CSP in P.
      gallinaceum-infected Aedes aegypti resulted in a reduced number of sporozoites in
      the salivary glands. When a transgenic approach was used to express a partial CSP
      NH2-terminal domain from P. gallinaceum the number of sporozoites in the salivary
      glands did not show a difference when compared to controls. However, a
      significant difference could be observed when mosquitoes with a lower infection
      were analysed. The same result could not be observed with mosquitoes endogenously
      expressing peptides based on the TSR domain from either P. gallinaceum or P.
      falciparum. CONCLUSION: These results support the conclusion that CSP partial NH2
      terminal domain can be endogenously expressed to promote a competition for the
      receptor used by sporozoites to invade salivary glands, and they could be used to
      block this interaction and reduce parasite transmission. The same effect cannot
      be obtained with peptides based on the TSR domain.

PMID- 26964737
TI  - Predictors of early versus late mortality in pelvic trauma patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Risks of predicting time-related in-hospital mortality varies in
      pelvic trauma patients. We aim to identify potential independent risks predictive
      of time-related (early versus late) mortality among pelvic trauma patients.
      METHODS: Local trauma registry data from 2004 through 2013 were reviewed.
      Mortality causes and timing of death were investigated. Multivariate logistic
      regression identified independent risks predictive of early versus late mortality
      in pelvic trauma patients while adjusting for patient demographics (age, sex,
      race), clinical variables (initial vital signs, mental status, injury severity,
      associated injuries, comorbidities), and hospital outcomes (surgical
      interventions, crystalloid resuscitations, blood transfusions). RESULTS: We
      retrospectively collected data on 1566 pelvic trauma patients with a mortality
      rate of 9.96% (156/1566). Approximately 74% of patients died from massive
      hemorrhage within the first 24 h of hospitalization (early mortality). Revised
      trauma score (RTS), injury severity score (ISS), initial hemoglobin, direct
      transfer to operating room, and blood transfusion administration in the Emergency
      Department were considered independent risk factors predictive of early
      mortality. Age, ISS, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were deemed risk factors
      predictive of death after 24 h (late mortality). DISCUSSION: Given the fact of a
      substantial number of patients died within the first 24 h of hospital arrival, it
      is reasonable to consider the first 24 h of hospitalization as the appropriate
      window within which early mortality may be expected to occur in pelvic trauma
      patients. The risk factors associated with massive hemorrhage were strong
      predictors of early mortality, whereas late mortality predictors were more
      closely linked with comorbidities or in-hospital complications. CONCLUSIONS:
      While risk factors predictive of early versus late mortality vary, ISS seems to
      predict both early and late mortality accurately in pelvic trauma patients.

PMID- 26964740
TI  - Atypical leptospirosis: an overlooked cause of aseptic meningitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis, probably the most common zoonosis in the world, is
      caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. Clinical presentations range from
      nonspecific fevers to fulminant diseases such as Weil's syndrome. Neurological
      forms of leptospirosis (neuroleptospirosis) are usually underestimated, and many
      cases of leptospirosis are overlooked because of the lack of specificity of signs
      and symptoms. Diagnosis confirmation is difficult because of the challenges
      associated with isolating the organism and positive serologic testing. A
      comprehensive understanding of the clinical presentation of leptospirosis and
      risk factors for exposure to leptospirae are required for early diagnosis, in
      order to initiate appropriate treatment immediately. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we
      present one male patient with anicteric leptospirosis that manifested as
      neuroleptospirosis with aseptic meningitis, although he did not have impaired
      kidney function or thrombocytopenia. He recovered well after an early
      investigation and treatment for leptospirosis based on suspected relevant risk
      factors and clinical manifestations. CONCLUSION: To facilitate optimal use of
      antibiotic treatments and prevent lethal complications of leptospirosis, we
      report this case of leptospirosis, which highlights the importance of knowing the
      occupational history and environmental exposures of patients living in
      leptospirosis-endemic areas and presenting meningeal signs.

PMID- 26964739
TI  - Dynamic modulation of phosphoprotein expression in ovarian cancer xenograft
      models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The dynamic changes that occur in protein expression after treatment
      of a cancer in vivo are poorly described. In this study we measure the effect of
      chemotherapy over time on the expression of a panel of proteins in ovarian cancer
      xenograft models. The objective was to identify phosphoprotein and other protein
      changes indicative of pathway activation that might link with drug response.
      METHODS: Two xenograft models, platinum-responsive OV1002 and platinum
      unresponsive HOX424, were used. Treatments were carboplatin and carboplatin
      paclitaxel. Expression of 49 proteins over 14 days post treatment was measured by
      quantitative immunofluorescence and analysed by AQUA. RESULTS: Carboplatin
      treatment in the platinum-sensitive OV1002 model triggered up-regulation of cell
      cycle, mTOR and DDR pathways, while at late time points WNT, invasion, EMT and
      MAPK pathways were modulated. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ESR1) and ERBB pathways
      were down-regulated early, within 24 h from treatment administration. Combined
      carboplatin-paclitaxel treatment triggered a more extensive response in the
      OV1002 model modulating expression of 23 of 49 proteins. Therefore the cell cycle
      and DDR pathways showed similar or more pronounced changes than with carboplatin
      alone. In addition to expression of pS6 and pERK increasing, components of the
      AKT pathway were modulated with pAKT increasing while its regulator PTEN was down
      regulated early. WNT signaling, EMT and invasion markers were modulated at later
      time points. Additional pathways were also observed with the NFkappaB and
      JAK/STAT pathways being up-regulated. ESR1 was down-regulated as was HER4, while
      further protein members of the ERBB pathway were upregulated late. By contrast,
      in the carboplatin-unresponsive HOX 424 xenograft, carboplatin only modulated
      expression of MLH1 while carboplatin-paclitaxel treatment modulated ESR1 and
      pMET. CONCLUSIONS: Thirteen proteins were modulated by carboplatin and a more
      robust set of changes by carboplatin-paclitaxel. Early changes included DDR and
      cell cycle regulatory proteins associating with tumor volume changes, as
      expected. Changes in ESR1 and ERBB signaling were also observed. Late changes
      included components of MAPK signaling, EMT and invasion markers and coincided in
      time with reversal in tumor volume reduction. These results suggest potential
      therapeutic roles for inhibitors of such pathways that may prolong
      chemotherapeutic effects.

PMID- 26964741
TI  - An efficient design strategy for logistic regression using outcome- and covariate
      dependent pooling of biospecimens prior to assay.
AB  - Potential reductions in laboratory assay costs afforded by pooling equal aliquots
      of biospecimens have long been recognized in disease surveillance and
      epidemiological research and, more recently, have motivated design and analytic
      developments in regression settings. For example, Weinberg and Umbach (1999,
      Biometrics 55, 718-726) provided methods for fitting set-based logistic
      regression models to case-control data when a continuous exposure variable (e.g.,
      a biomarker) is assayed on pooled specimens. We focus on improving estimation
      efficiency by utilizing available subject-specific information at the pool
      allocation stage. We find that a strategy that we call "(y,c)-pooling," which
      forms pooling sets of individuals within strata defined jointly by the outcome
      and other covariates, provides more precise estimation of the risk parameters
      associated with those covariates than does pooling within strata defined only by
      the outcome. We review the approach to set-based analysis through offsets
      developed by Weinberg and Umbach in a recent correction to their original paper.
      We propose a method for variance estimation under this design and use simulations
      and a real-data example to illustrate the precision benefits of (y,c)-pooling
      relative to y-pooling. We also note and illustrate that set-based models permit
      estimation of covariate interactions with exposure.

PMID- 26964742
TI  - Elective implant removal in symptomatic patients after internal fixation of
      proximal humerus fractures improves clinical outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Operative treatment is the standard for severely displaced proximal
      humerus fractures, but functional impairment can persist. Retaining of the
      implant can be a reason and in other fracture situations has proved to ameliorate
      patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to analyse the functional outcome
      after locking plate removal in proximal humerus fractures. METHODS: In a two-year
      period, all symptomatic patients with plate osteosynthesis for proximal humerus
      fracture and hardware removal were retrospectively evaluated clinically and
      radiologically pre- and post-implant removal. Evaluation included Constant score,
      height of plate position and possible impingement, as well as intraoperative
      complications. RESULTS: Twenty patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age
      was 56 +/- 12 years. The plates were placed 6.9 +/- 3 mm distal to the greater
      tubercle. The operation was performed in 35 +/- 10 min and no intraoperative
      complications were reported. The Constant score improved significantly after
      implant removal from 71 to 76 (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Symptomatic patients after
      locked plate osteosynthesis for proximal humerus fractures showed statistically
      significant improvement of the Constant score after implant removal.

PMID- 26964743
TI  - Strengthening health professions regulation in Cambodia: a rapid assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This paper describes a rapid assessment of Cambodia's current system
      for regulating its health professions. The assessment forms part of a co-design
      process to set strategic priorities for strengthening health profession
      regulation to improve the quality and safety of health services. A health system
      approach for strengthening health professions' regulation is underway and aims to
      support the Government of Cambodia's plans for scaling up its health workforce,
      improving health services' safety and quality, and meeting its Association of
      South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) obligations to facilitate trade in health care
      services. METHODS: The assessment used a mixed methods approach including: A
      desktop review of key laws, plans, reports and other documents relating to the
      regulation of the health professions in Cambodia (medicine, dentistry, midwifery,
      nursing and pharmacy); Key informant interviews with stakeholders in Cambodia
      (The term "stakeholders" refers to government officials, people working on health
      professional regulation, people working for the various health worker training
      institutions and health workers at the national and provincial level); Surveys
      and questionnaires to assess Cambodian stakeholder knowledge of regulation; Self
      assessments by members of the five Cambodian regulatory councils regarding key
      capacities and activities of high-performing regulatory bodies; and A rapid
      literature review to identify: The key functions of health professional
      regulation; The key issues affecting the Cambodian health sector (including
      relevant developments in the wider ASEAN region); and "Smart" health profession
      regulation practices of possible relevance to Cambodia. RESULTS: We found that
      the current regulatory system only partially meets Cambodia's needs. A number of
      key regulatory functions are being performed, but overall, the current system was
      not designed with Cambodia's specific needs in mind. The existing system is also
      overly complex, with considerable duplication and overlap between governance and
      regulatory arrangements for the five regulated professions. CONCLUSIONS: There is
      considerable scope for reform to the current regulatory system to better align
      the system to Cambodia's: Current needs and circumstances; Health system
      strategic priorities; and International obligations. Cambodia is also well placed
      to base its reformed regulatory system on recent developments of "smart
      regulatory practices" for health professionals.

PMID- 26964738
TI  - Genome-wide analysis identifies gain and loss/change of function within the small
      multigenic insecticidal Albumin 1 family of Medicago truncatula.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Albumin 1b peptides (A1b) are small disulfide-knotted insecticidal
      peptides produced by Fabaceae (also called Leguminosae). To date, their diversity
      among this plant family has been essentially investigated through biochemical and
      PCR-based approaches. The availability of high-quality genomic resources for
      several fabaceae species, among which the model species Medicago truncatula
      (Mtr), allowed for a genomic analysis of this protein family aimed at i)
      deciphering the evolutionary history of A1b proteins and their links with A1b
      nodulins that are short non-insecticidal disulfide-bonded peptides involved in
      root nodule signaling and ii) exploring the functional diversity of A1b for novel
      bioactive molecules. RESULTS: Investigating the Mtr genome revealed a remarkable
      expansion, mainly through tandem duplications, of albumin1 (A1) genes, retaining
      nearly all of the same canonical structure at both gene and protein levels.
      Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ancestral molecule was most probably
      insecticidal giving rise to, among others, A1b-nodulins. Expression meta-analysis
      revealed that many A1b coding genes are silent and a wide tissue distribution of
      the A1 transcripts/peptides within plant organs. Evolutionary rate analyses
      highlighted branches and sites with positive selection signatures, including two
      sites shown to be critical for insecticidal activity. Seven peptides were
      chemically synthesized and folded in vitro, then assayed for their biological
      activity. Among these, AG41 (aka MtrA1013 isoform, encoded by the orphan TA24778
      contig.), showed an unexpectedly high insecticidal activity. The study highlights
      the unique burst of diversity of A1 peptides within the Medicago genus compared
      to the other taxa for which full-genomes are available: no A1 member in Lotus, or
      in red clover to date, while only a few are present in chick pea, soybean or
      pigeon pea genomes. CONCLUSION: The expansion of the A1 family in the Medicago
      genus is reminiscent of the situation described for another disulfide-rich
      peptide family, the "Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich" (NCR), discovered within the
      same species. The oldest insecticidal A1b toxin was described from the Sophorae,
      dating the birth of this seed-defense function to more than 58 million years, and
      making this model of plant/insect toxin/receptor (A1b/insect v-ATPase) one of the
      oldest known.

PMID- 26964748
TI  - Analytical detection and characterization of biopharmaceutical glycosylation by
      MS.
AB  - Glycosylation plays an important role in ensuring the proper structure and
      function of most biotherapeutic proteins. Even small changes in glycan
      composition, structure, or location can have a drastic impact on drug safety and
      efficacy. Recently, glycosylation has become the subject of increased focus as
      biopharmaceutical companies rush to create not only biosimilars, but also
      biobetters based on existing biotherapeutic proteins. Against this backdrop of
      ongoing biopharmaceutical innovation, updated methods for accurate and detailed
      analysis of protein glycosylation are critical for biopharmaceutical companies
      and government regulatory agencies alike. This review summarizes current methods
      of characterizing biopharmaceutical glycosylation, including compositional mass
      profiling, isomer-specific profiling and structural elucidation by MS and
      hyphenated techniques. 

PMID- 26964749
TI  - PeTTSy: a computational tool for perturbation analysis of complex systems biology
      models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the last decade sensitivity analysis techniques have been shown
      to be very useful to analyse complex and high dimensional Systems Biology models.
      However, many of the currently available toolboxes have either used parameter
      sampling, been focused on a restricted set of model observables of interest,
      studied optimisation of a objective function, or have not dealt with multiple
      simultaneous model parameter changes where the changes can be permanent or
      temporary. RESULTS: Here we introduce our new, freely downloadable toolbox,
      PeTTSy (Perturbation Theory Toolbox for Systems). PeTTSy is a package for MATLAB
      which implements a wide array of techniques for the perturbation theory and
      sensitivity analysis of large and complex ordinary differential equation (ODE)
      based models. PeTTSy is a comprehensive modelling framework that introduces a
      number of new approaches and that fully addresses analysis of oscillatory
      systems. It examines sensitivity analysis of the models to perturbations of
      parameters, where the perturbation timing, strength, length and overall shape can
      be controlled by the user. This can be done in a system-global setting, namely,
      the user can determine how many parameters to perturb, by how much and for how
      long. PeTTSy also offers the user the ability to explore the effect of the
      parameter perturbations on many different types of outputs: period, phase (timing
      of peak) and model solutions. PeTTSy can be employed on a wide range of
      mathematical models including free-running and forced oscillators and signalling
      systems. To enable experimental optimisation using the Fisher Information Matrix
      it efficiently allows one to combine multiple variants of a model (i.e. a model
      with multiple experimental conditions) in order to determine the value of new
      experiments. It is especially useful in the analysis of large and complex models
      involving many variables and parameters. CONCLUSIONS: PeTTSy is a comprehensive
      tool for analysing large and complex models of regulatory and signalling systems.
      It allows for simulation and analysis of models under a variety of environmental
      conditions and for experimental optimisation of complex combined experiments.
      With its unique set of tools it makes a valuable addition to the current library
      of sensitivity analysis toolboxes. We believe that this software will be of great
      use to the wider biological, systems biology and modelling communities.

PMID- 26964751
TI  - Identifying the cellular targets of natural products using T7 phage display.
AB  - Covering: up to the end of 2015While Nature continues to deliver a myriad of
      potent and structurally diverse biologically active small molecules, the cellular
      targets and modes of action of these natural products are rarely identified,
      significantly hindering their development as new chemotherapeutic agents. This
      article provides an introductory tutorial on the use of T7 phage display as a
      tool to rapidly identify the cellular targets of natural products and is aimed
      specifically at natural products chemists who may have only limited experience in
      molecular biology. A brief overview of T7 phage display is provided, including
      its strengths, weaknesses, and the type of problems that can and cannot be
      tackled with this technology. Affinity probe construction is reviewed, including
      linker design and natural product derivatisation strategies. A detailed
      description of the T7 phage biopanning procedure is provided, with valuable tips
      for optimising each step in the process, as well as advice for identifying and
      avoiding the most commonly encountered challenges and pitfalls along the way.
      Finally, a brief discussion is provided on techniques for validating the cellular
      targets identified using T7 phage display.

PMID- 26964752
TI  - Aromaticity of the doubly charged [8]circulenes.
AB  - Magnetically induced current densities and current pathways have been calculated
      for a series of fully annelated dicationic and dianionic tetraphenylenes, which
      are also named [8]circulenes. The gauge including magnetically induced current
      (GIMIC) method has been employed for calculating the current density
      susceptibilities. The aromatic character and current pathways are deduced from
      the calculated current density susceptibilities showing that the neutral
      [8]circulenes have two concentric pathways with aromatic and antiaromatic
      character, respectively. The inner octatetraene core (the hub) is found to
      sustain a paratropic (antiaromatic) ring current, whereas the ring current along
      the outer part of the macrocycle (the rim) is diatropic (aromatic). The neutral
      [8]circulenes can be considered nonaromatic, because the sum of the ring-current
      strengths of the hub and the rim almost vanishes. The aromatic character of the
      doubly charged [8]circulenes is completely different: the dianionic [8]circulenes
      and the OC-, CH-, CH2-, SiH-, GeH-, SiH2-, and GeH2-containing dicationic species
      sustain net diatropic ring currents i.e., they are aromatic, whereas the O-, S-,
      Se-, NH-, PH- and AsH-containing dicationic [8]circulenes are strongly
      antiaromatic. The present study also shows that GIMIC calculations on the
      [8]circulenes provide more accurate information about the aromatic character than
      that obtained using local indices such as nuclear-independent chemical shifts
      (NICSs) and (1)H NMR chemical shifts. 

PMID- 26964750
TI  - Quantifying the incidence and cost of acute gastrointestinal illness in Sweden,
      2013-2014.
AB  - In Sweden, acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) incidence, severity, impact on
      productivity, related healthcare usage and associated costs are not ascertained.
      We measured these in 2013-2014 using a population-based cohort reporting weekly.
      We defined AGI as ?3 episodes of loose stools or vomiting/24 h; or loose stools
      or vomiting with ?2 other gastrointestinal symptoms. After each AGI episode, we
      collected information about perceived severity, healthcare use and absenteeism.
      We calculated incidence rates, AGI absenteeism and costs comprising direct
      healthcare costs and productivity loss due to work/school absenteeism. A total of
      3241 participants reported 1696 AGI episodes [incidence 360/1000 person-years,
      95% confidence interval (CI) 326-395; highest in the <5 years age group]. In the
      <5 years age group, 31% of episodes were perceived as mild, 61% as moderate and
      8% as severe; 9.4% led to primary-care consultations, and 1.4% to hospital
      admissions. In the ?5 years age group, 18% of episodes were perceived as mild,
      64% as moderate and 18% as severe; 6.4% led to primary-care consultations, and
      1.9% to hospital admissions. AGI caused 8 891 000 days of absenteeism (95% CI 6
      009 000-12 780 000). AGI cost ?1 005 885 000 (95% CI 754 309 000-1 257 195 000)
      nationally for the year. In Sweden, a minority of cases perceive AGI as a mild
      illness. AGI is a burden on the healthcare system and causes productivity loss,
      with high costs. Countries may consider these estimates when prioritizing health
      interventions.

PMID- 26964753
TI  - N,N-Dicarboxymethyl hydrazine: an old but neglected reagent for chemoselective
      derivatization of carbonyl compounds.
AB  - N,N-Dicarboxymethyl hydrazine (DCMH) was found to be a chemoselective
      derivatization reagent of carbonyl compounds and its potential applications in
      organic synthesis was investigated for the first time. DCMH could be employed as
      a chemoselective protective reagent of aldehydes and gave the parent aldehydes in
      satisfactory yields. In proof-of-concept systems, DCMH could play the role of a
      scavenger to remove aldehydes in the presence of ketones. It was also used as a
      tagging reagent in the selective isolation of aldehyde from the complex mixture. 

PMID- 26964755
TI  - Uncertainty-based Optimization Algorithms in Designing Fractionated Spacecraft.
AB  - A fractionated spacecraft is an innovative application of a distributive space
      system. To fully understand the impact of various uncertainties on its
      development, launch and in-orbit operation, we use the stochastic missioncycle
      cost to comprehensively evaluate the survivability, flexibility, reliability and
      economy of the ways of dividing the various modules of the different
      configurations of fractionated spacecraft. We systematically describe its concept
      and then analyze its evaluation and optimal design method that exists during
      recent years and propose the stochastic missioncycle cost for comprehensive
      evaluation. We also establish the models of the costs such as module development,
      launch and deployment and the impacts of their uncertainties respectively.
      Finally, we carry out the Monte Carlo simulation of the complete missioncycle
      costs of various configurations of the fractionated spacecraft under various
      uncertainties and give and compare the probability density distribution and
      statistical characteristics of its stochastic missioncycle cost, using the two
      strategies of timing module replacement and non-timing module replacement. The
      simulation results verify the effectiveness of the comprehensive evaluation
      method and show that our evaluation method can comprehensively evaluate the
      adaptability of the fractionated spacecraft under different technical and mission
      conditions. 

PMID- 26964754
TI  - Study of individual erythrocyte deformability susceptibility to INFeD and ethanol
      using a microfluidic chip.
AB  - Human red blood cells (RBCs) deformability in vitro was assessed during iron
      dextran (INFeD) loading and/or ethanol co-administration using microfluidic
      deformability screening. The results showed donor-specific variations in dose
      dependent deformability shift were revealed below 500 MUg/mL iron dextran. Two
      out of nine blood samples exhibited significant cell stiffening at 500 MUg/mL
      iron dextran loading concentration (p < 0.05, Tukey test). More interestingly, co
      administration of moderate amount of ethanol was identified to have significant
      protective effects on RBC deformability. We also noted that ethanol can reverse
      the deformability of impaired RBCs. Meanwhile obvious donor dependent response to
      ethanol administration on RBC deformability was noted using our biomimetic
      microfluidic chip. 

PMID- 26964757
TI  - Accuracy of Direct Observation to Assess Physical Activity in Older Adults.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of direct observation (DO)
      to estimate MET level and intensity category during laboratory-based and free
      living activity in older adults. Older adults engaged in unstructured laboratory
      and free-living activity. Participants wore a portable metabolic system to
      measure energy expenditure and were directly observed. DO recorded MET-level
      point estimates. 32,401 in-laboratory and 87,715 free-living data points (9
      participants, 67% male, 71.0 +/- 6.9 years, 27.1 +/- 4.3 kg.m-2) were included in
      final analysis. Results revealed 45.4% of in-laboratory and 61.1% of free-living
      mean DO activities fell within 0.5 METs of the measured MET values. DO accurately
      classified intensity category 45.0% of the time in-laboratory and 50.9% of free
      living observations. DO-estimated activity cost resulted in low point estimate
      accuracy however there was low variability between the mean measured and
      estimated METs. This suggests, dependent on the desired outcome, DO could provide
      a viable option for activity assessment, however, the low point estimate accuracy
      presents a need for further research to continue to refine the approach to
      increase accuracy.

PMID- 26964759
TI  - Precession and nutation dynamics of nonlinearly coupled non-coaxial three
      dimensional matter wave vortices.
AB  - Nonlinearity is the driving force for numerous important effects in nature
      typically showing transitions between different regimes, regular, chaotic or
      catastrophic behavior. Localized nonlinear modes have been the focus of intense
      research in areas such as fluid and gas dynamics, photonics, atomic and solid
      state physics etc. Due to the richness of the behavior of nonlinear systems and
      due to the severe numerical demands of accurate three-dimensional (3D) numerical
      simulations presently only little knowledge is available on the dynamics of
      complex nonlinear modes in 3D. Here, we investigate the dynamics of 3D non
      coaxial matter wave vortices that are trapped in a parabolic potential and
      interact via a repulsive nonlinearity. Our numerical simulations demonstrate the
      existence of an unexpected and fascinating nonlinear regime that starts
      immediately when the nonlinearity is switched-on and is characterized by a smooth
      dynamics representing torque-free precession with nutations. The reported motion
      is proven to be robust regarding various effects such as the number of particles,
      dissipation and trap deformations and thus should be observable in suitably
      designed experiments. Since our theoretical approach, i.e., coupled nonlinear
      Schrodinger equations, is quite generic, we expect that the obtained novel
      dynamical behavior should also exist in other nonlinear systems. 

PMID- 26964760
TI  - Is the new comer always better?

PMID- 26964758
TI  - Antibacterial Diamines Targeting Bacterial Membranes.
AB  - Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to human health exacerbated by a lack
      of new antibiotics. We now describe a series of substituted diamines that produce
      rapid bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
      bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and stationary
      phase bacteria. These compounds reduce biofilm formation and promote biofilm
      dispersal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most potent analogue, 3 (1,13-bis{[(2,2
      diphenyl)-1-ethyl]thioureido}-4,10-diazatridecane), primarily acts by
      depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane and permeabilization of the bacterial
      outer membrane. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that 3 disrupts
      membrane integrity rapidly. Compound 3 is also synergistic with kanamycin,
      demonstrated by the checkerboard method and by time-kill kinetic experiments. In
      human cell toxicity assays, 3 showed limited adverse effects against the HEK293T
      human kidney embryonic cells and A549 human adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, 3
      produced no adverse effects on Caenorhabditis elegans development, survival, and
      reproduction. Collectively, diamines related to 3 represent a new class of broad
      spectrum antibacterials against drug-resistant pathogens. 

PMID- 26964756
TI  - Epigenetic regulation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha promotes radiation-induced
      fibrosis.
AB  - Radiotherapy is a fundamental part of cancer treatment but its use is limited by
      the onset of late adverse effects in the normal tissue, especially radiation
      induced fibrosis. Since the molecular causes for fibrosis are largely unknown, we
      analyse if epigenetic regulation might explain inter-individual differences in
      fibrosis risk. DNA methylation profiling of dermal fibroblasts obtained from
      breast cancer patients prior to irradiation identifies differences associated
      with fibrosis. One region is characterized as a differentially methylated
      enhancer of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKA). Decreased DNA methylation at this
      enhancer enables recruitment of the profibrotic transcription factor early growth
      response 1 (EGR1) and facilitates radiation-induced DGKA transcription in cells
      from patients later developing fibrosis. Conversely, inhibition of DGKA has
      pronounced effects on diacylglycerol-mediated lipid homeostasis and reduces
      profibrotic fibroblast activation. Collectively, DGKA is an epigenetically
      deregulated kinase involved in radiation response and may serve as a marker and
      therapeutic target for personalized radiotherapy. 

PMID- 26964761
TI  - Masculinised Behaviour of XY Females in a Mammal with Naturally Occuring Sex
      Reversal.
AB  - Most sex differences in phenotype are controlled by gonadal hormones, but recent
      work on laboratory strain mice that present discordant chromosomal and gonadal
      sex showed that sex chromosome complement can have a direct influence on the
      establishment of sex-specific behaviours, independently from gonads. In this
      study, we analyse the behaviour of a rodent with naturally occurring sex
      reversal: the African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides, in which all males are XY,
      while females are of three types: XX, XX* or X*Y (the asterisk represents an
      unknown X-linked mutation preventing masculinisation of X*Y embryos). X*Y females
      show typical female anatomy and, interestingly, have greater breeding
      performances. We investigate the link between sex chromosome complement,
      behaviour and reproductive success in females by analysing several behavioural
      features that could potentially influence their fitness: female attractiveness,
      aggressiveness and anxiety. Despite sex chromosome complement was not found to
      impact male mate preferences, it does influence some aspects of both
      aggressiveness and anxiety: X(*)Y females are more aggressive than the XX and
      XX*, and show lower anxiogenic response to novelty, like males. We discuss how
      these behavioural differences might impact the breeding performances of females,
      and how the sex chromosome complement could shape the differences observed.

PMID- 26964763
TI  - Combination of oviduct fluid and heparin to improve monospermic zygotes
      production during porcine in vitro fertilization.
AB  - In vivo, the oviduct provides appropriate microenvironment conditions for
      monospermic fertilization and early embryo development. In addition,
      glycosaminoglycans such as heparin are present in the oviduct and have been shown
      to modulate the activity of oviduct-secreted proteins on the regulation of sperms
      parameters. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of
      porcine oocytes exposure to oviduct fluid (OF) before in vitro fertilization
      (IVF; incubation of oocytes in OF for 30 minutes before IVF), during IVF
      (supplementation of IVF medium with 10% OF), and during IVF in combination with
      heparin (10% OF + 10-MUg/mL heparin) on IVF parameters. Regardless of sperm
      concentration used (0.5, 1.5, or 4.5 * 10(5) cells/mL), exposure of oocytes to OF
      led to an increased (P < 0.05) monospermy rate, without alteration (P > 0.05) of
      the penetration rate in comparison with the control group. This resulted in a
      general increase (P < 0.05) in the final output of the IVF system in terms of
      zygotes with two pronuclei in OF-exposed groups: 56 +/- 9% (OF before) and 60 +/-
      7% (10% OF during IVF), compared with control (21 +/- 8%), when IVF was performed
      with 4.5 * 10(5) cells/mL. The combination of 10% OF with heparin during IVF
      induced a decrease (P < 0.05) of the penetration rate, with no effect (P > 0.05)
      on the monospermy rate in comparison with 10% OF alone. This resulted in a
      general reduction (P < 0.05) in the final output of the IVF system (%), which was
      33 +/- 6% and 52 +/- 8%, for 10% OF + heparin and 10% OF, respectively. In
      conclusion, the OF, used in porcine IVF, exerted a beneficial effect on oocytes
      by reducing the incidence of polyspermy without decreasing the penetration rate.
      However, the association of the OF with heparin reduced the efficiency of
      monospermic zygotes' production. 

PMID- 26964762
TI  - Diet of dingoes and other wild dogs in peri-urban areas of north-eastern
      Australia.
AB  - Knowledge of the resource requirements of urban predators can improve our
      understanding of their ecology and assist town planners and wildlife management
      agencies in developing management approaches that alleviate human-wildlife
      conflicts. Here we examine food and dietary items identified in scats of dingoes
      in peri-urban areas of north-eastern Australia to better understand their
      resource requirements and the potential for dingoes to threaten locally
      fragmented populations of native fauna. Our primary aim was to determine what
      peri-urban dingoes eat, and whether or not this differs between regions. We
      identified over 40 different food items in dingo scats, almost all of which were
      mammals. Individual species commonly observed in dingo scats included agile
      wallabies, northern brown bandicoots and swamp wallabies. Birds were relatively
      common in some areas but not others, as were invertebrates. Dingoes were
      identified as a significant potential threat to fragmented populations of koalas.
      Dietary overlap was typically very high or near-identical between regions,
      indicating that peri-urban dingoes ate the same types or sizes of prey in
      different areas. Future studies should seek to quantify actual and perceived
      impacts of, and human attitudes towards, peri-urban dingoes, and to develop
      management strategies with a greater chance of reducing human-wildlife conflicts.

PMID- 26964764
TI  - Thermal selectivity of intermolecular versus intramolecular reactions on
      surfaces.
AB  - On-surface synthesis is a promising strategy for engineering heteroatomic
      covalent nanoarchitectures with prospects in electronics, optoelectronics and
      photovoltaics. Here we report the thermal tunability of reaction pathways of a
      molecular precursor in order to select intramolecular versus intermolecular
      reactions, yielding monomeric or polymeric phthalocyanine derivatives,
      respectively. Deposition of tetra-aza-porphyrin species bearing ethyl termini on
      Au(111) held at room temperature results in a close-packed assembly. Upon
      annealing from room temperature to 275  degrees C, the molecular precursors
      undergo a series of covalent reactions via their ethyl termini, giving rise to
      phthalocyanine tapes. However, deposition of the tetra-aza-porphyrin derivatives
      on Au(111) held at 300  degrees C results in the formation and self-assembly of
      monomeric phthalocyanines. A systematic scanning tunnelling microscopy study of
      reaction intermediates, combined with density functional calculations, suggests a
      [2+2] cycloaddition as responsible for the initial linkage between molecular
      precursors, whereas the monomeric reaction is rationalized as an electrocyclic
      ring closure.

PMID- 26964765
TI  - In vitro, molecular modeling and behavioral studies of 3-{[4-(5-methoxy-1H-indol
      3-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl]methyl}-1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-one (D2AAK1)
      as a potential antipsychotic.
AB  - Antipsychotics currently available to treat schizophrenia suffer several
      limitations: (1) they are efficient against positive but not negative and
      cognitive symptoms of the disease; (2) they help only a half of patients; (3)
      they have severe side effects including neurological and metabolic side effects.
      Thus, novel drugs to treat schizophrenia are highly demanded. We identified a
      novel dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, D2AAK1, with Ki of 58 nM using structure
      based virtual screening. D2AAK1 possesses additional nanomolar or low micromolar
      affinity to D1, D3, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, making it an ideal candidate for
      a multi-target drug. Here we present homology modeling, molecular docking and
      molecular dynamics of D2AAK1 and its molecular targets and animal studies of
      D2AAK1 as a potential antipsychotic. The main contact of D2AAK1 and all the
      receptors studied is the electrostatic interaction between the protonable
      nitrogen atom of the ligand and the conserved Asp(3.32) as typical for
      orthosteric ligands of aminergic GPCRs. We confirmed antagonistic/partial
      agonistic properties of D2AAK1 towards all the receptors in in vitro essays and
      in in silico studies as the ligand stabilizes the ionic lock interaction. We also
      demonstrated neuroleptic, anxiolytic and, importantly, procognitive properties of
      D2AAK1 in mouse models.

PMID- 26964767
TI  - Auricular vagus nerve stimulation promotes functional recovery and enhances the
      post-ischemic angiogenic response in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, which has been used to treat epilepsy
      patients since 1997, also enhances long-term restoration after central nervous
      system (CNS) injury. Angiogenesis is a complex restorative mechanism that occurs
      in response to ischemic stroke, and it positively affects the recovery of
      neurological functions in a rat model of stroke. The aims of our study were to
      determine whether auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) promoted functional
      recovery and enhanced angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary following
      ischemia/reperfusion and to uncover the possible molecular mechanisms that are
      involved. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent transient middle cerebral
      artery occlusion (tMCAO) surgery and received repeated electrical stimulation of
      the left cavum concha starting 30 min after ischemia. For the following 21 days,
      we evaluated functional recovery at different time points using neurological
      deficit scores, the beam-walking test and the staircase test. The infarct volume
      was measured using TTC staining at 24 h post reperfusion, neuronal survival in
      the ischemic penumbra was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.
      Microvessel density and endothelial cell proliferation in the ischemic boundary
      were assessed using immunofluorescence. The expression levels of brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ischemic penumbra were also evaluated.
      Our results showed that aVNS had significant neuroprotective effects and enhanced
      angiogenesis, which was demonstrated by improvements in the behavioral scores and
      brain histopathology, including increased levels of microvessel density and
      endothelial cell proliferation surrounding the infarct area. Furthermore, BDNF,
      eNOS and VEGF were expressed at higher levels in the I/R + aVNS group than in the
      I/R group or the I/R + sham aVNS group (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that
      repeated aVNS promoted post-ischemic functional recovery and angiogenesis,
      possibly in conjunction with the up-regulated expression of BDNF, eNOS and VEGF
      in the rat brain.

PMID- 26964766
TI  - Autophagy regulates intracerebral hemorrhage induced neural damage via apoptosis
      and NF-kappaB pathway.
AB  - Autophagy can be a pro-survival or a pro-death mechanism depending on the
      context. The role of autophagy in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains elusive.
      In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments have been carried out to
      investigate the role of autophagy after ICH. Collagenase-induced ICH model in
      mouse was made for in vivo experiments. Primary cortical neurons cultures were
      exposed to hemin to mimic ICH in vitro. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and rapamycin
      (RAP) were administrated both in vivo and in vitro. We first measured brain water
      content and cell death after ICH in model. Expression of LC3, p62/SQSTM1 (p62),
      Beclin1, Caspase3 and Bcl-2, which have been found related to autophagy and
      apoptosis, were assessed both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, NF-kappaB was
      detected to explore the potential mechanisms. We found brain edema in ICH model
      in mouse and the number of Propidium Iodide (PI)-positive cells both in vivo and
      in vitro were decreased by 3-MA pretreated. Simultaneously, both in vivo and in
      vitro, 3-MA significantly decreased the expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1, and
      maintained p62 at high level after ICH. Furthermore, pretreatment with 3-MA
      downregulated the level of cleaved caspase-3 but upregulated the Bcl-2 level.
      Conversely, RAP pretreatment reversed all these results above. These data
      indicated that autophagy activation may deprave ICH induced brain injury in ICH
      model and neuro-damage may be related to regulating of NF-kappaB pathway and
      thereby promote inflammation and apoptosis, thus might provide novel therapeutic
      interventions for ICH.

PMID- 26964769
TI  - Commentary on "AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate
      cancer." Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, Luber B, Nakazawa M, Roeser JC, Chen Y,
      Mohammad TA, Chen Y, Fedor HL, Lotan TL, Zheng Q, De Marzo AM, Isaacs JT, Isaacs
      WB, Nadal R, Paller CJ, Denmeade SR, Carducci MA, Eisenberger MA, Luo J, Division
      of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan, MI. N Engl J
      Med 2014; 371(11):1028-38.

PMID- 26964768
TI  - Hypocholesterolemic effect of emodin by simultaneous determination of in vitro
      and in vivo bile salts binding.
AB  - Emodin is an active anthraquinone derivative from Rheum palmatum and some other
      Chinese herbs and it is traditionally used for treating a variety of diseases. In
      this study, we investigated the hypocholesterolemic effects and mechanism of
      emodin on hypercholesterolemia rats. In vitro, capability of emodin binding to
      sodium deoxycholate which is one kind of bile salts (BAs) was evaluated by
      detection of surplus content of sodium deoxycholate. In vivo, hypocholesterolemic
      effects were assessed by determining total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG),
      low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C) level of serum and TC, TG level of the liver. Oil red O
      staining was employed to determine lipid droplet of the liver. The mechanism was
      explored by BAs in feces, the liver and small intestine. Furthermore, cholesterol
      7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) activity was measured to evaluate cholesterol's
      transforming to BAs. The results indicated that TC level of emodin group
      apparently decreased comparing with model group (p<0.05). Emodin could bind to
      BAs both in vivo (p<0.05) and in vitro. CYP7A1 activity in emodin group
      apparently increased comparing with model group (p<0.05). Data suggested that
      emodin had the potential value for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The
      underlying mechanism is probably associated with binding capability to BAs and
      subsequent increasing expression of CYP7A1. 

PMID- 26964770
TI  - Centralspindlin in Rappaport's cleavage signaling.
AB  - Cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis is formed by cortical constriction
      driven by contraction of an actomyosin network activated by Rho GTPase. Although
      the role of the mitotic apparatus in furrow induction has been well established,
      there remain discussions about the detailed molecular mechanisms of the cleavage
      signaling. While experiments in large echinoderm embryos highlighted the role of
      astral microtubules, data in smaller cells indicate the role of central spindle.
      Centralspindlin is a constitutive heterotetramer of MKLP1 kinesin and the non
      motor CYK4 subunit and plays crucial roles in formation of the central spindle
      and recruitment of the downstream cytokinesis factors including ECT2, the major
      activator of Rho during cytokinesis, to the site of division. Recent reports have
      revealed a role of this centralspindlin-ECT2 pathway in furrow induction both by
      the central spindle and by the astral microtubules. Here, a unified view of the
      stimulation of cortical contractility by this pathway is discussed. Cytokinesis,
      the division of the whole cytoplasm, is an essential process for cell
      proliferation and embryonic development. In animal cells, cytokinesis is executed
      using a contractile network of actin filaments driven by a myosin-II motor that
      constricts the cell cortex (cleavage furrow ingression) into a narrow channel
      between the two daughter cells, which is resolved by scission (abscission) [1-3].
      The anaphase-specific organization of the mitotic apparatus (MA, spindle with
      chromosomes plus asters) positions the cleavage furrow and plays a major role in
      spatial coupling between mitosis and cytokinesis [4-6]. The nucleus and
      chromosomes are dispensable for furrow specification [7-10], although they
      contribute to persistent furrowing and robust completion in some cell types
      [11,12]. Likewise, centrosomes are not essential for cytokinesis, but they
      contribute to the general fidelity of cell division [10,13-15]. Here, classical
      models of cleavage furrow induction are outlined, and a unified view of the
      stimulation of cortical contractility by the centralspindlin-ECT2 pathway is
      discussed.

PMID- 26964773
TI  - Management of Barrett's esophagus: From screening to newer treatments.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition of the esophagus in which the
      squamous epithelium of the lower end of the esophagus is replaced with columnar
      epithelium. Since the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is on the rise, the
      major gastroenterology societies have come up with their recommendations for
      screening and surveillance. Specific factors like obesity, white race, age over
      50 years, early age of onset of GERD, smoking and hiatal hernia have been
      identified as increasing the risk of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. The
      diagnosis requires both endoscopic identification of columnar-lined mucosa and
      histological confirmation with biopsy. Most medical societies recommend screening
      people with GERD and other risk factors with endoscopy, but other alternatives
      employing less invasive methods are currently being studied. Surveillance
      strategies vary depending on the endoscopic findings and the Seattle biopsy
      protocol with random 4-quadrant sampling is recommended. Biomarkers have shown
      promising results, but more studies are needed in the future. White light
      endoscopy is the standard practice, but other advanced imaging modalities have
      shown variable results and hence more studies are awaited for further validation.
      Endoscopic eradication techniques, including both resection and ablation, have
      shown good but variable results for treating dysplastic lesions confined to the
      mucosa. Resection procedures to remove visible lesions followed by ablation of
      the dysplastic mucosa have shown the best results with higher eradication rates
      and lower recurrence rates. Surgical management is reserved for lesions with sub
      mucosal invasion and lymph node spread with increased risk of metastasis. 

PMID- 26964771
TI  - Phase II Study of a Non-Platinum-Containing Doublet of Paclitaxel and Pemetrexed
      with Bevacizumab as Initial Therapy for Patients with Advanced Lung
      Adenocarcinomas.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Many patients with lung cancers cannot receive platinum-containing
      regimens owing to comorbid medical conditions. We designed the PPB (paclitaxel,
      pemetrexed, and bevacizumab) regimen to maintain or improve outcomes while
      averting the unique toxicities of platinum-based chemotherapies. METHODS: We
      enrolled patients with untreated, advanced lung adenocarcinomas with measurable
      disease and no contraindications to bevacizumab. Participants received
      paclitaxel, 90 mg/m(2), pemetrexed, 500 mg/m(2), and bevacizumab, 10 mg/kg, every
      14 days for 6 months and continued to receive pemetrexed and bevacizumab every 14
      days until progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients
      treated, 50% were women; the median age was 61 years and 89% had a Karnofsky
      performance status of at least 80%. We genotyped 38 patients with the following
      results: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog gene (KRAS), 16; anaplastic
      lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK), three; B-Raf proto-oncogene,
      serine/threonine kinase gene (BRAF) V600E, two; erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
      gene (HER2)/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit
      alpha gene (PIK3CA), one; epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) exon 20
      insertion, one; and driver 15, none. A total of 23 patients achieved a PR (52%,
      95% confidence interval: 37-68), including seven of 16 with KRAS-mutant tumors.
      The overall survival rate at 2 years was 43% with a median of 17 months (95%
      confidence interval: 10-29). Grade 3/4 treatment-related toxicities included
      elevated alanine transaminase level (16%), fatigue (16%), leukopenia (9%), anemia
      (7%), elevated aspartate transaminase level (7%), edema (5%), and pleural
      effusions (5%). Two patients died of respiratory failure without disease
      progression. CONCLUSIONS: The PPB regimen produced a high response rate in
      patients with lung adenocarcinomas regardless of mutational status. Survival and
      toxicities were comparable to those in the phase II reports testing platinum
      containing doublets with bevacizumab. These results justify use of the PPB
      regimen in fit patients in whom three-drug regimens including bevacizumab are
      appropriate.

PMID- 26964772
TI  - Pulse Afatinib for ERBB2 Exon 20 Insertion-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinomas.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Genomic aberrations involving the erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
      gene (ERBB2) are driver oncogenes in approximately 2% of lung adenocarcinomas.
      However, the use of daily dosing of ERBB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
      including afatinib-has been fraught with plasma concentrations that barely
      achieve preclinical model inhibition, significant patient-reported toxicities,
      and limited clinical activity. We hypothesized that alternative dosing strategies
      could improve tolerability and efficacy. METHODS: We profiled lung cancer cell
      lines against TKIs and retrospectively evaluated the toxicity of and response to
      pulse afatinib (280 mg once weekly) in lung cancers with ERBB2 mutations.
      RESULTS: An ERBB2 exon 20 insertion-mutated lung cancer cell line had a 50%
      inhibitory concentration in response to afatinib that was higher than the
      reported plasma concentration of afatinib, 40 mg daily. Three patients with
      advanced ERBB2-mutated lung adenocarcinomas were treated with off-label pulse
      afatinib. The 280-mg weekly dose was well tolerated with no reported rash and
      minimal diarrhea. One TKI-naive patient achieved a partial response for 5 months
      and another achieved stable disease for 11 months. CONCLUSIONS: Pulse afatinib at
      a weekly dosing scheme induced antitumor activity in ERBB2 exon 20 insertion
      mutated lung adenocarcinomas. Future clinical trials of alternative dosing
      schemes of ERBB TKIs as monotherapy or in combination with other therapies are
      warranted for ERBB2-mutated tumors.

PMID- 26964774
TI  - Fractal analysis and Gray level co-occurrence matrix method for evaluation of
      reperfusion injury in kidney medulla.
AB  - Fractal analysis and Gray level co-occurrence matrix method represent two novel
      mathematical algorithms commonly used in medical sciences as potential parts of
      computer-aided diagnostic systems. In this study, we tested the ability of these
      methods to discriminate the kidney medullar tissue suffering from reperfusion
      injury, from normal tissue. A total of 320 digital micrographs of Periodic acid
      Schiff (PAS) - stained kidney medulla from 16 Wistar albino mice (20 per animal),
      were analyzed using National Institutes of Health ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda,
      MD) and its plugins. 160 micrographs were obtained from the experimental group
      with induced reperfusion injury, and another 160 were obtained from the controls.
      For each micrograph we calculated the values of fractal dimension, lacunarity, as
      well as five GLCM features: angular second moment, entropy, inverse difference
      moment, GLCM contrast, and GLCM correlation. Discriminatory value of the
      parameters was tested using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, by
      measuring the area below ROC curve. The results indicate that certain features of
      GLCM algorithm have excellent discriminatory ability in evaluation of damaged
      kidney tissue. Fractal dimension and lacunarity as parameters of fractal analysis
      also had a relatively good discriminatory value in differentiation of injured
      from the normal tissue. Both methods have potentially promising application in
      future design of novel techniques applicable in cell physiology, histology and
      pathology. 

PMID- 26964776
TI  - Special program and abstract issue of the 12th Annual Congress of the European
      Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS).

PMID- 26964775
TI  - Short-term storage of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus testicular cells at -80  degrees
      C.
AB  - The conservation of sturgeons is of critical importance, and optimization of long
      term storage is crucial to cell survival. This study aimed to examine the
      viability rates of several variations of sturgeon testicular cells storage at -80
      degrees C for purpose of a short-term storage in a deep freezer or shipment on
      dried ice. Testes extracted from three immature fish were cut into small pieces,
      immersed in a cryomedium composed of phosphate buffered saline with 0.5% bovine
      serum albumin, 50 mM glucose, and 1.5 M ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant,
      chilled from 10 to -80  degrees C at a cooling rate of 1  degrees C per min, and
      stored under varying conditions. Our results revealed a significant effect of
      storage conditions on the number of living and dead cells (p > 0.05). Samples
      that were stored for 7 days at -80  degrees C showed a considerable decline in
      terms of cell viability compared to samples stored for 2 days storage at -80 
      degrees C or in LN. This result indicated that testicular cells can be stored at 
      80  degrees C and/or on dry ice, for 2 days with minimum loss of viability. 

PMID- 26964778
TI  - Guest editorial: Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital in China.

PMID- 26964777
TI  - HFSRT of the resection cavity in patients with brain metastases.
AB  - PURPOSE: Aim of this single center, retrospective study was to assess the
      efficacy and safety of linear accelerator-based hypofractionated stereotactic
      radiotherapy (HFSRT) to the resection cavity of brain metastases after surgical
      resection. Local control (LC), locoregional control (LRC = new brain metastases
      outside of the treatment volume), overall survival (OS) as well as acute and late
      toxicity were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 46 patients with large (> 3 cm) or
      symptomatic brain metastases were treated with HFSRT. Median resection cavity
      volume was 14.16 cm(3) (range 1.44-38.68 cm(3)) and median planning target volume
      (PTV) was 26.19 cm(3) (range 3.45-63.97 cm(3)). Patients were treated with 35 Gy
      in 7 fractions prescribed to the 95-100 % isodose line in a stereotactic
      treatment setup. LC and LRC were assessed by follow-up magnetic resonance
      imaging. RESULTS: The 1-year LC rate was 88 % and LRC was 48 %; 57% of all
      patients showed cranial progression after HFSRT (4% local, 44% locoregional, 9%
      local and locoregional). The median follow-up was 19 months; median OS for the
      whole cohort was 25 months. Tumor histology and recursive partitioning analysis
      score were significant predictors for OS. HFSRT was tolerated well without any
      severe acute side effects > grade 2 according to CTCAE criteria. CONCLUSION:
      HFSRT after surgical resection of brain metastases was tolerated well without any
      severe acute side effects and led to excellent LC and a favorable OS. Since more
      than half of the patients showed cranial progression after local irradiation of
      the resection cavity, close patient follow-up is warranted. A prospective
      evaluation in clinical trials is currently being performed.

PMID- 26964779
TI  - Lung Shunt Fraction prior to Yttrium-90 Radioembolization Predicts Survival in
      Patients with Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases: Single-Center Prospective
      Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate survival outcomes following radioembolization with
      Yttrium-90 (Y90) for neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases (NETLMs). This study
      was designed to assess the efficacy of Y90 radioembolization and to evaluate lung
      shunt fraction (LSF) as a predictor for survival. METHODS: A single-center,
      prospective study of 44 consecutive patients (median age: 58.5 years, 29.5 %
      male) diagnosed with pancreatic (52.3 %) or carcinoid (47.7 %) NETLMs from 2006
      to 2012 who underwent Y90 radioembolization was performed. Patients' baseline
      characteristics, including LSF and median overall survival (OS) from first Y90
      radioembolization, were recorded and compared between patients with high (>=10 %)
      and low (<10 %) LSF. Baseline comparisons were performed using Fisher's exact
      tests for categorical and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Survival
      was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate (Wilcoxon rank-sum test)
      and multivariate analyses (Cox Proportional Hazard Model) for risk factor
      analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant
      difference in age, gender, race, tumor properties, or previous treatments between
      patients with high (n = 15) and low (n = 29) LSF. The median OS was 27.4 months
      (95 %CI 12.73-55.23), with 4.77 months (95 %CI 2.87-26.73) for high and 42.77
      months (95 %CI 18.47-59.73) for low LSF (p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis
      identified high LSF (p = 0.001), total serum bilirubin >1.2 mg (p = 0.016), and
      lack of pretreatment with octreotide (p = 0.01) as independent prognostic factors
      for poorer survival. Tumor type and total radiation dose did not predict
      survival. CONCLUSIONS: LSF >=10 %, elevated bilirubin levels, and lack of
      pretreatment with octreotide were found to be independent prognostic factors for
      poorer survival in patients with NETLMs.

PMID- 26964780
TI  - "Born Like This / Into This": Tuberculosis, Justice, and Futuristic Dinosaurs.

PMID- 26964781
TI  - Best practice strategies to safeguard drug prescribing and drug administration:
      an anthology of expert views and opinions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While evidence on implementation of medication safety strategies is
      increasing, reasons for selecting and relinquishing distinct strategies and
      details on implementation are typically not shared in published literature.
      OBJECTIVE: We aimed to collect and structure expert information resulting from
      implementing medication safety strategies to provide advice for decision-makers.
      SETTING: Medication safety experts with clinical expertise from thirteen
      hospitals throughout twelve European and North American countries shared their
      experience in workshop meetings, on-site-visits and remote structured interviews.
      METHODS: We performed an expert-based, in-depth assessment of implementation of
      best-practice strategies to improve drug prescribing and drug administration.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Workflow, variability and recommended medication safety
      strategies in drug prescribing and drug administration processes. RESULTS:
      According to the experts, institutions chose strategies that targeted process
      steps known to be particularly error-prone in the respective setting. Often, the
      selection was channeled by local constraints such as the e-health equipment and
      critically modulated by national context factors. In our study, the experts
      favored electronic prescribing with clinical decision support and medication
      reconciliation as most promising interventions. They agreed that self-assessment
      and introduction of medication safety boards were crucial to satisfy the setting
      specific differences and foster successful implementation. CONCLUSION: While
      general evidence for implementation of strategies to improve medication safety
      exists, successful selection and adaptation of a distinct strategy requires a
      thorough knowledge of the institute-specific constraints and an ongoing
      monitoring and adjustment of the implemented measures.

PMID- 26964782
TI  - Convergence Science Arrives: How Does It Relate to Psychiatry?

PMID- 26964783
TI  - Public reporting on quality, waiting times and patient experience in 11 high
      income countries.
AB  - This article maps current approaches to public reporting on waiting times,
      patient experience and aggregate measures of quality and safety in 11 high-income
      countries (Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand,
      Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States). Using a questionnaire-based
      survey of key national informants, we found that the data most commonly made
      available to the public are on waiting times for hospital treatment, being
      reported for major hospitals in seven countries. Information on patient
      experience at hospital level is also made available in many countries, but it is
      not generally available in respect of primary care services. Only one of the 11
      countries (England) publishes composite measures of overall quality and safety of
      care that allow the ranking of providers of hospital care. Similarly, the
      publication of information on outcomes of individual physicians remains rare. We
      conclude that public reporting of aggregate measures of quality and safety, as
      well as of outcomes of individual physicians, remain relatively uncommon. This is
      likely to be due to both unresolved methodological and ethical problems and
      concerns that public reporting may lead to unintended consequences. 

PMID- 26964786
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26964784
TI  - Anterior transarticular atlantoaxial screw fixation in combination with dens
      screw fixation for type II odontoid fractures with associated atlanto-odontoid
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 1-year outcome after
      anterior transarticular atlantoaxial fixation and odontoid fusion (TAFOF) for
      type II odontoid fractures and atlanto-odontoid osteoarthritis (AO) in elderly
      patients. METHODS: All geriatric patients, age 70 or older, with acute traumatic
      type II odontoid fractures and moderate or severe AO treated by TAFOF were
      included. The study was performed at a single institution between June 2008 and
      August 2013. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically after 1 year.
      Main parameter of interest were in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates,
      complication rates (re-operations, prolonged hospital stay, blood transfusion;
      non-union), and the patients' pain (0: no pain; 10: maximal pain) and
      satisfaction level (0: lowest satisfaction; 10: highest satisfaction) after 1
      year. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients were included with an average age of 84.7
      years (range 70-101 years). 39 patients were subdivided as "old" with an age 70
      84 years and 44 patients were defined as "very old" with an age of 85 or higher.
      The average operation time was 64.7 min. Three patients died during the inpatient
      stay (3.6 %). Twenty patients (24.1 %) were lost contact follow-up. The 1-year
      mortality was 25.4 % with a significantly higher mortality rate in very old
      patient group (p = 0.01). At the 1-year follow-up, the mean pain level was 3.3
      and the mean patient satisfaction level was 6.5. Osseous consolidation of the
      dens was visible in 90.2 % of patients. Revision surgery was performed in three
      patients (3.6 %). Generally, a significantly higher complication rate was seen
      after single-screw fixation of the dens compared to a double-screw fixation in
      combination with TAF (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Anterior TAFOF leads to promising
      1-year results with low in-hospital mortality and a high fusion rate in geriatric
      patients with type II odontoid fractures and relevant AO. Double-screw dens
      fixation seems to reduce the complication rate.

PMID- 26964785
TI  - Risk of revision surgery for adult idiopathic scoliosis: a survival analysis of
      517 cases over 25 years.
AB  - PURPOSE: Little is known about the long-term status of patients operated for
      spine deformities. The aim of this study was to determine the survival of primary
      fusion in adult idiopathic scoliosis and identify the risk factors of revision
      surgery. METHODS: Adult patients who underwent primary fusion for idiopathic
      scoliosis between 1983 and 2011 were included in a continuous monocentric
      retrospective series. Any additional surgery was registered for survival
      analysis. Survival and follow-up were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and an
      analysis was performed to identify the risk factors of revision surgery. RESULTS:
      This series included 447 women (86.5 %) and 70 men (13.5 %) reviewed after a mean
      follow-up of 7 years (range 0-26.4). Mean age was 44.4 years. Fusion was
      performed on a median 11 levels (range 3-15); revision rate was 13 % (CI 10-17),
      18 % (CI 14-23) and 20 % (CI 16-26) at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Revision
      surgery was associated with age, anterior release, length of fusion, the inferior
      limit of fusion, post-operative sagittal balance and junctional kyphosis. The
      length of fusion (HR 1.13 per vertebrae fused, p = 0.007) and the lower limit of
      fusion (HR 5.9, p < 0.001) remained independent predictors of revision surgery on
      multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: This series evaluated the risk of revision
      surgery following spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Our results show that
      the risk seemed to increase linearly with a rate of nearly 20 % after 10 years.
      The length and lower limit of fusion are the main risk factors for revision
      surgery. Level IV (e.g. case series).

PMID- 26964787
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26964788
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26964789
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26964790
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26964791
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26964792
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26964793
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26964794
TI  - Perceived Challenges and Rewards of Forming a Sexual Agreement Among HIV-Negative
      Male Couples.
AB  - Sexual agreements, explicit mutual understandings made between two partners about
      which sexual and related behaviors they agree to engage in within and/or outside
      of their relationship, are common among male couples. However, little is known
      about the perceived rewards and challenges partnered men face in the process of
      forming a sexual agreement. Such knowledge may be useful for the development of
      future HIV preventive and sexual health programs that encourage male couples to
      establish a sexual agreement in their relationship. By using qualitative dyadic
      data from a sample of 29 self-reported concordant HIV-negative male couples who
      had a sexual agreement, the present qualitative study sought to assess partnered
      men's perceived rewards and challenges of forming a sexual agreement in their
      relationship and examine whether both men in the couple concurred about their
      perceived rewards and challenges of forming a sexual agreement. Themes for
      perceived rewards were (1) being honest, (2) improving communication, (3)
      increasing understanding about expectations and permitted behaviors, (4)
      enhancing intimacy and relational bond, and (5) building trust. Themes for
      perceived challenges were: (1) stigma about having an open agreement; (2)
      awkwardness about the topic and talking about it; (3) jealousy; and (4) no
      perceived challenges. Few couples had both partners concur about their perceived
      rewards or challenges toward establishing a sexual agreement. The variety of
      perceived rewards and challenges highlight the need for tailoring given that a
      variety of factors may influence partnered men's establishment of a sexual
      agreement in their relationship.

PMID- 26964795
TI  - The polyphenols resveratrol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate restore the severe
      impairment of mitochondria in hippocampal progenitor cells from a Down syndrome
      mouse model.
AB  - Mitochondrial dysfunctions critically impair nervous system development and are
      potentially involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental disorders,
      including Down syndrome (DS), the most common genetic cause of intellectual
      disability. Previous studies from our group demonstrated impaired mitochondrial
      activity in peripheral cells from DS subjects and the efficacy of
      epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) - a natural polyphenol major component of green
      tea - to counteract the mitochondrial energy deficit. In this study, to gain
      insight into the possible role of mitochondria in DS intellectual disability,
      mitochondrial functions were analyzed in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated
      from the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice, a widely used model of DS which
      recapitulates many major brain structural and functional phenotypes of the
      syndrome, including impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. We found that, during NPC
      proliferation, mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial biogenic program
      were strongly compromised in Ts65Dn cells, but not associated with free radical
      accumulation. These data point to a central role of mitochondrial dysfunction as
      an inherent feature of DS and not as a consequence of cell oxidative stress.
      Further, we disclose that, besides EGCG, also the natural polyphenol resveratrol,
      which displays a neuroprotective action in various human diseases but never
      tested in DS, restores oxidative phosphorylation efficiency and mitochondrial
      biogenesis, and improves proliferation of NPCs. These effects were associated
      with the activation of PGC-1alpha/Sirt1/AMPK axis by both polyphenols. This
      research paves the way for using nutraceuticals as a potential therapeutic tool
      in preventing or managing some energy deficit-associated DS clinical
      manifestations.

PMID- 26964796
TI  - The TIR/BB-loop mimetic AS-1 attenuates mechanical stress-induced cardiac
      fibroblast activation and paracrine secretion via modulation of large tumor
      suppressor kinase 1.
AB  - The TIR/BB-loop mimetic AS-1 has been reported to prevent cardiac hypertrophy by
      inhibiting interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated myeloid differentiation
      primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling. To date, it remains unknown
      whether and if so how AS-1 contributes to mechanical stress (MS)-induced cardiac
      fibroblast activation, a key process in pressure overload-induced cardiac
      remodeling and heart failure. Here, we show that phosphorylation and expression
      of large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1), a key molecule in the Hippo-Yes
      associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway, were down-regulated in primary
      neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) in response to MS and in the hearts of
      mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) procedure; AS-1 treatment
      was able to restore LATS1 phosphorylation and expression both in vitro and in
      vivo. AS-1 treatment suppressed the induction of proliferation, differentiation
      and collagen synthesis in response to MS in NRCFs. AS-1 also ameliorated
      cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis through dampening paracrine secretion of
      stretched cardiac fibroblasts. In mice, AS-1 treatment could protect against TAC
      induced cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and heart failure. Of note,
      LATS1 depletion using siRNA completely abrogated the inhibitory effects of AS-1
      on NRCFs under MS including accelerated proliferation, differentiation, enhanced
      ability to produce collagen and augmented paracrine secretion of tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) to induce cardiomyocyte
      hypertrophy. Therefore, our results delineate a previously unrecognized role for
      LATS1 in cardiac fibroblast to mediate the beneficial effects of AS-1 in
      preventing pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling and heart failure.

PMID- 26964797
TI  - The impact of Er:YAG laser enamel conditioning on the microleakage of a new
      hydrophilic sealant--UltraSeal XT hydro.
AB  - UltraSeal XT hydro is a new hydrophilic, light-cured, methacrylate-based pit and
      fissure sealant which has been developed by Ultradent Products, USA. The sealant
      is highly filled with a 53 wt.% mixture of inorganic particles which confer both
      thixotropy and radiopacity. The principal purpose of this study was to
      investigate the microleakage of UltraSeal XT hydro as a function of different
      enamel etching techniques. The occlusal surfaces of sound, extracted human molars
      were either acid etched, Er:YAG laser irradiated or successively laser irradiated
      and acid etched. UltraSeal XT hydro was applied to each group of teeth (n = 10)
      which were subjected to a thermocycling process consisting of 2500 cycles between
      5 and 50  degrees C with a dwell time of 30 s. Microleakage assessments were then
      carried out using 0.5% fuchsin dye and optical microscopy. The microleakage score
      data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni
      adjustment. No significant differences in microleakage were noted between the
      individually acid etched and laser-irradiated groups (p > 0.05); however, teeth
      treated with a combination of laser irradiation and acid etching demonstrated
      significantly lower microleakage scores (p < 0.001). Electron microscopy with
      energy-dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that the mineral filler component of
      UltraSeal XT hydro essentially comprises micrometre-sized particles of inorganic
      silicon-, aluminium- and barium-bearing phases. Laser etching increases the
      roughness of the enamel surface which causes a concentrated zoning of the filler
      particles at the enamel-sealant interface.

PMID- 26964798
TI  - Effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth sensitivity induced by in-office
      bleaching.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on
      tooth sensitivity induced by in-office bleaching. Sixty-six patients enrolled in
      this randomized clinical trial. Following the in-office procedure with 40%
      hydrogen peroxide, the participants were randomly divided into three groups. The
      patients in group 1 received irradiation from a low-level red laser (LLRL; 660
      nm, 200 mW, 15 s, 12 J/cm(2)), whereas participants in group 2 were subjected to
      a low-level infrared laser (LLIL; 810 nm) under similar conditions as in group 1.
      In group 3 (placebo), the laser treatment was the same as that in groups 1 and 2,
      but without energy output. The degree of tooth sensitivity was recorded at 1, 24,
      and 48 h after bleaching using a visual analog scale (VAS). The change in tooth
      shade was measured 30 days after tooth whitening. The intensity of tooth
      sensitivity was not significantly different between groups at 1 h after bleaching
      (p > 0.05). At 24 h after therapy, pain level was significantly lower in the LLIL
      group compared to the LLRL and placebo groups (p < 0.05). At 48 h after
      bleaching, VAS scores in the LLIL and LLRL groups were comparable to each other
      (p > 0.05) and both were significantly lower than that of the placebo group (p <
      0.05). There was no significant difference in the efficacy of tooth whitening
      among groups (p > 0.05). LLLT with an infrared diode laser could be recommended
      as a suitable strategy to reduce the intensity of tooth sensitivity after in
      office bleaching.

PMID- 26964801
TI  - Brachytherapy: a dying art or missed opportunity?

PMID- 26964799
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of pulsed wave LLLT on tibial diaphysis in two rat
      models of experimental osteoporosis, as examined by stereological and real-time
      PCR gene expression analyses.
AB  - Osteoporosis (OP) and osteoporotic fracture are major public health issues for
      society; the burden for the affected individual is also high. Previous studies
      have shown that pulsed wave low-level laser therapy (PW LLLT) has osteogenic
      effects. This study intended to evaluate the impacts of PW LLLT on the cortical
      bone of osteoporotic rats' tibias in two experimental models, ovariectomized and
      dexamethasone-treated. We divided the rats into four ovariectomized induced OP
      (OVX-d) and four dexamethasone-treated (glucocorticoid-induced OP, GIOP) groups.
      A healthy (H) group of rats was considered for baseline evaluations. At 14 weeks
      following ovariectomy, we subdivided the OVX-d rats into the following groups:
      (i) control which had OP, (ii) OVX-d rats treated with alendronate (1 mg/kg),
      (iii) OVX-d rats treated with LLLT, and (iv) OVX-d rats treated with alendronate
      and PW LLLT. The remaining rats received dexamethasone over a 5-week period and
      were also subdivided into four groups: (i) control rats treated with
      intramuscular (i.m.) injections of distilled water (vehicle), (ii) rats treated
      with subcutaneous alendronate injections (1 mg/kg), (iii) laser-treated rats, and
      (iv) rats simultaneously treated with laser and alendronate. The rats received
      alendronate for 30 days and underwent PW LLLT (890 nm, 80 Hz, 0.972 J/cm(2))
      three times per week during 8 weeks. Then, the right tibias were extracted and
      underwent a stereological analysis of histological parameters and real-time
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A significant increase in cortical bone
      volume (mm(3)) existed in all study groups compared to the healthy rats. There
      were significant decreases in trabecular bone volume (mm(3)) in all study groups
      compared to the group of healthy rats. The control rats with OP and rats from the
      vehicle group showed significantly increased osteoclast numbers compared to most
      other groups. Alendronate significantly decreased osteoclast numbers in
      osteoporotic rats. Concurrent treatments (compounded by PW LLLT and alendronate)
      produce the same effect on osteoporotic bone.

PMID- 26964802
TI  - Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Disease Mechanisms and Interventions to Reduce
      Onset and Mortality.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease resulting from lifestyle,
      genetic, and environmental factors. There are hereditary and non-hereditary CRC
      types; however, the majority are non-hereditary and mainly caused by somatic
      mutations in response to environmental factors. In past years, researchers have
      focused their attention on the mechanisms behind these factors and the methods of
      improving disease prevention and treatment. Improving the awareness of the
      population with regard to the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, including a
      balanced diet associated with exercise, could globally reduce CRC risk. The
      present review aims to address the current knowledge on CRC, taking into
      consideration the common molecular alterations upon different environmental and
      non-environmental factors, current and promising treatment interventions, and how
      all these factors may interact to positively or negatively influence CRC risk.

PMID- 26964800
TI  - The dark art of light measurement: accurate radiometry for low-level light
      therapy.
AB  - Lasers and light-emitting diodes are used for a range of biomedical applications
      with many studies reporting their beneficial effects. However, three main
      concerns exist regarding much of the low-level light therapy (LLLT) or
      photobiomodulation literature; (1) incomplete, inaccurate and unverified
      irradiation parameters, (2) miscalculation of 'dose,' and (3) the misuse of
      appropriate light property terminology. The aim of this systematic review was to
      assess where, and to what extent, these inadequacies exist and to provide an
      overview of 'best practice' in light measurement methods and importance of
      correct light measurement. A review of recent relevant literature was performed
      in PubMed using the terms LLLT and photobiomodulation (March 2014-March 2015) to
      investigate the contemporary information available in LLLT and photobiomodulation
      literature in terms of reporting light properties and irradiation parameters. A
      total of 74 articles formed the basis of this systematic review. Although most
      articles reported beneficial effects following LLLT, the majority contained no
      information in terms of how light was measured (73%) and relied on manufacturer
      stated values. For all papers reviewed, missing information for specific light
      parameters included wavelength (3%), light source type (8%), power (41%), pulse
      frequency (52%), beam area (40%), irradiance (43%), exposure time (16%), radiant
      energy (74%) and fluence (16%). Frequent use of incorrect terminology was also
      observed within the reviewed literature. A poor understanding of photophysics is
      evident as a significant number of papers neglected to report or misreported
      important radiometric data. These errors affect repeatability and reliability of
      studies shared between scientists, manufacturers and clinicians and could degrade
      efficacy of patient treatments. Researchers need a physicist or appropriately
      skilled engineer on the team, and manuscript reviewers should reject papers that
      do not report beam measurement methods and all ten key parameters: wavelength,
      power, irradiation time, beam area (at the skin or culture surface; this is not
      necessarily the same size as the aperture), radiant energy, radiant exposure,
      pulse parameters, number of treatments, interval between treatments and
      anatomical location. Inclusion of these parameters will improve the information
      available to compare and contrast study outcomes and improve repeatability,
      reliability of studies.

PMID- 26964805
TI  - Meal Supervision During Medical Hospitalization for Eating Disorders.
AB  - The focus of medical hospitalization for restrictive eating disorders is weight
      gain; however, no guidelines exist on how to achieve successful and safe weight
      gain. Meal supervision may be a supportive intervention to aid in meal completion
      and weight gain. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of standardized
      meal supervision on weight gain, length of stay, vital signs, electrolytes, and
      use of liquid caloric supplementation in hospitalized adolescents and young
      adults with restrictive eating disorders. A chart review compared patients who
      received meal supervision from admission through discharge to an earlier cohort
      who received meal supervision as needed. There were no differences in weight,
      electrolytes, or vital signs between the two cohorts. Length of stay for those
      who received meal supervision from admission was 3 days shorter than earlier
      cohort. Nursing supervised meals beginning at admission may shorten length of
      stay and decrease health care costs.

PMID- 26964804
TI  - Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: A meta-analysis.
AB  - The present meta-analysis aimed to quantify current evidence on sex differences
      in the autonomic control of the heart, indexed by measures of heart rate
      variability (HRV) in healthy human subjects. An extensive search of the
      literature yielded 2020 titles and abstracts, of which 172 provided sufficient
      reporting of sex difference in HRV. Data from 63,612 participants (31,970
      females) were available for analysis. Meta-analysis yielded a total of 1154
      effect size estimates (k) across 50 different measures of HRV in a cumulated
      total of 296,247 participants. Females showed a significantly lower mean RR
      interval and standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN). The power spectral
      density of HRV in females is characterized by significantly less total power that
      contains significantly greater high- (HF) and less low-frequency (LF) power. This
      is further reflected by a lower LF/HF ratio. Meta-regression revealed significant
      effects of age, respiration control and the length of recording available for
      analysis. Although women showed greater mean heart rate, they showed greater
      vagal activity indexed by HF power of HRV. Underlying mechanisms of these
      findings are discussed. 

PMID- 26964803
TI  - PROSPECT Eligibility and Clinical Outcomes: Results From the Pan-Canadian Rectal
      Cancer Consortium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The PROSPECT trial (N1048) is evaluating the selective use of
      chemoradiation in patients with cT2N1 and cT3N0-1 rectal cancer undergoing
      sphincter-sparing low anterior resection. We evaluated outcomes of PROSPECT
      eligible and -ineligible patients from a multi-institutional database. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Data from patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who received
      chemoradiation and low anterior resection from 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively
      collected from 5 Canadian centers. Overall survival, disease-free survival (DFS),
      recurrence-free survival (RFS), and time to local recurrence (LR) were estimated
      using the Kaplan-Meier method, and a multivariate analysis was performed
      adjusting for prognostic factors. RESULTS: A total of 566 (37%) of 1531 patients
      met the PROSPECT eligibility criteria. Eligible patients were more likely to have
      better PS (P = .0003) and negative circumferential resection margin (P < .0001).
      PROSPECT eligibility was associated with improved DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.75;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.91), overall survival (HR, 0.73; 95% CI,
      0.57-0.95), and RFS (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.86) in univariate analyses. In
      multivariate analysis, only RFS remained significantly improved for PROSPECT
      eligible patients (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57-1.00, P = .0499). The 3-year DFS and
      freedom from LR for PROSPECT-eligible patients were 79.1% and 97.4%,
      respectively, compared to 71.1% and 96.8% for PROSPECT-ineligible patients.
      CONCLUSION: Real-world data corroborate the eligibility criteria used in the
      PROSPECT study; the criteria identify a subgroup of patients in whom risk of
      recurrence is lower and in whom selective use of chemoradiation should be
      actively examined.

PMID- 26964806
TI  - Mapping the epidemiology and trends of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi
      Arabia.
AB  - An extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) infection rate of 30% in Saudi Arabia
      remains above the global rate. A variable rate of infection in each province has
      been reported and the involvement of most organs has been cited. Nationwide
      collective data on the current trends of infection are scarce and the factors
      behind the increased rate of EPTB are perplexing. This review endeavors to shed
      light into the epidemiology of EPTB, various types of infections sites,
      geographical differences in the infection rate, known risk factors, and
      challenges in the diagnosis and management of EPTB in Saudi Arabia. 

PMID- 26964807
TI  - Diagnosis of lymph node tuberculosis using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF in Tunisia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a fully-automated diagnostic molecular test
      which simultaneously detects tuberculosis (TB) and rifampicin (RIF) drug
      resistance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the
      GeneXpert MTB/RIF test for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
      (MTBC) in lymph node specimens and to show the place of Mycobacterium bovis as a
      major cause of TB lymphadenitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted
      simultaneously in the National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria of Ariana
      and the Central Laboratory of Sfax, from January to December 2013. In total, 174
      lymph node specimens were processed simultaneously for Ziehl-Neelsen, auramine
      and immuno-histochemical staining. Conventional culture on both Lowenstein-Jensen
      and liquid medium (Bactec MGIT 960 BD system) and the new molecular-based
      GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay system were performed. Positive cultures were confirmed
      using molecular identification (Genotype MTBC Hain Lifescience). RESULTS: Among
      the 174 samples tested, the GeneXpert detected the DNA of MTBC in 134 samples
      (77%). Standard bacteriological assays, including AFB microscopy and culture,
      were positive, respectively, in 41 (23.6%) and 79 (45.4%) specimens. M. bovis was
      isolated in 76% of positive cultures. GeneXpert sensitivity and specificity
      results were assessed according to smear and culture results, clinical and
      histological findings. The sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert assay were
      87.5% (126/144) and 73.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the
      GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay may dramatically improve the rapid diagnosis of lymph
      node TB.

PMID- 26964808
TI  - Study of mechanism of interaction of truncated isoniazid-nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide adduct against multiple enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by a
      computational approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Isoniazid (INH) is one of the effective antituberculosis
      (TB) drugs used for TB treatment. However, most of the drug-resistant
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical strains are resistant to INH, a first
      line antituberculous drug. Certain metabolic enzymes such as
      adenosylhomocysteinase (Rv3248c), universal stress protein (Rv2623), nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide (reduced)-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase
      (Rv1484), oxidoreductase (Rv2971), dihydrofolate reductase (Rv2763c), pyrroline-5
      carboxylate dehydrogenase (Rv1187) have been identified to bind INH-nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide (INH-NAD) and INH-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate adducts coupled to Sepharose resin. These enzymes are reported to be
      involved in many important biochemical processes of MTB, including cysteine and
      methionine metabolism, mycobacterial growth regulation, mycolic acid
      biosynthesis, detoxification of toxic metabolites, folate biosynthesis, etc. The
      truncated INH-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized) adduct, 4
      isonicotinoylnicotinamide, isolated from urine samples of human TB patients
      treated with INH therapy is proposed to have antimycobacterial activity. METHODS:
      To understand the mechanism of interaction of the truncated INH-NAD adduct,
      binding energy studies were carried out on the aforementioned six enzymes with
      known three-dimensional structures using AutoDock4.2. RESULTS: In silico docking
      analysis of these MTB enzymes with the truncated INH-NAD adduct showed favorable
      binding interactions with docking energies ranging from -5.29 to -7.07 kcal/mol.
      CONCLUSION: Thus, in silico docking study revealed that the INH-NAD adduct, which
      is generated in vivo after INH activation, may undergo spontaneous hydrolysis to
      form the truncated INH-NAD adduct and further binds and inhibits multiple enzymes
      of MTB, in addition to InhA, confirming that INH is an effective anti-TB drug
      acting at multiple enzymes. Further analysis of amino acid residues in the active
      site of INH-NAD-binding proteins showed the probable presence of catalytic triad
      in four enzymes possibly involved in INH binding to the enzyme.

PMID- 26964809
TI  - Comparison of four DNA extraction methods for the detection of Mycobacterium
      leprae from Ziehl-Neelsen-stained microscopic slides.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of leprosy has been a challenge due to the
      low sensibility of the conventional methods and the impossibility of culturing
      the causative organism. In this study, four methods for Mycobacterium leprae
      nucleic-acid extraction from Ziehl-Neelsen-stained slides (ZNS slides) were
      compared: Phenol/chloroform, Chelex 100 resin, and two commercial kits (Wizard
      Genomic DNA Purification Kit and QIAamp DNA Mini Kit). METHODS: DNA was extracted
      from four groups of slides: a high-codification-slide group (bacteriological
      index [BI]?4), a low-codification-slide group (BI=1), a negative-slide group
      (BI=0), and a negative-control-slide group (BI=0). Quality DNA was evidenced by
      the amplification of specific repetitive element present in M. leprae genomic DNA
      (RLEP) using a nested polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: This is the first
      report comparing four different extraction methods for obtaining M. leprae DNA
      from ZNS slides in Cuban patients, and applied in molecular diagnosis. Good
      quality DNA and positive amplification were detected in the high-codification
      slide group with the four methods, while from the low-codification-slide group
      only the QIAGEN and phenol-chloroform methods obtained amplification of M.
      leprae. In the negative-slide group, only the QIAGEN method was able to obtain
      DNA with sufficient quality for positive amplification of the RLEP region. No
      amplification was observed in the negative-control-slide group by any method.
      Patients with ZNS negative slides can still transmit the infection, and molecular
      methods can help identify and treat them, interrupting the chain of transmission
      and preventing the onset of disabilities. CONCLUSION: The ZNS slides can be sent
      easily to reference laboratories for later molecular analysis that can be useful
      not only to improve the diagnosis, but also for the application of other
      molecular techniques.

PMID- 26964810
TI  - Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Algeria:
      Results of spoligotyping.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Molecular typing tools, including spoligotyping, are
      currently widely used in the monitoring and study of the dynamics of tuberculosis
      epidemics. METHODS: A study of the molecular profile of a sample of 129
      Myobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated during 2011 was carried out in the
      National Reference Laboratory for Tuberculosis and Mycobacteria at the Pasteur
      Institute of Algeria. This sample was selected at random from a set of 350
      strains isolated from tuberculosis patients from central and eastern areas of the
      country. RESULTS: Genotypic analysis helped to clarify the frequencies of the
      different genotypes in the current study population: H family, 29%; LAM family,
      26%; T family, 25%; S family, 5%, and other genomic families, including orphan
      strains, 15%. CONCLUSION: The study of strains isolated between January and
      December 2011 has allowed insight into the frequency of different genomic
      families and the importance of existing clusters in the population of central and
      eastern Algeria.

PMID- 26964811
TI  - Morphological changes in experimental tuberculosis resulting from treatment with
      quercetin and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
AB  - RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Morphological study of tissue necrosis stages in experimental
      organ-preserving tuberculosis pharmacotherapy using Quercetin and
      Polyvinylpyrrolidone (QP). BACKGROUND AND METHODS: 32 laboratory mice of
      C57BL/6JLacSto strain were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into
      five groups, six to seven mice in each: group 1- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT)
      uninfected mice; group 2- MBT infected mice; group 3- MBT infected and treated
      with antituberculosis preparation (ATP); group 4- MBT infected and QP treated;
      group 5- MBT infected and treated with ATP and QP. The mice were infected through
      caudal vein injection with MTB H37Rv strain. The preparation QP, which belongs to
      the capillary-stabilizing-remedy group, was used for the research. The ATP were
      izoniazid and streptomycin. RESULTS: QP produced a strict delineation of caseous
      necrosis from the unaffected parts of the connective tissue with fibrosis in the
      center and a large number of Langerhans cells, which was not observed in the
      control groups without QP. The combination of QP and ATP had more pronounced
      effects. In MBT-infected mice, where QP was not used, unlike the group where QP
      was used, adipose dystrophy of hepatocytes was observed. Thus, the
      hepatoprotective effect of QP against TB can be suggested. CONCLUSION: QP
      produces a clear delineation of caseous necrosis from an uninfected tissue by
      connective-tissue formation, and by forming fibrotic tissue in the center of
      epithelioid cells that prevents further TB dissemination by enhancing TB
      pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 26964812
TI  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance pattern against first-line drugs in
      patients from urban area.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) infection is still a major public health
      burden in Indonesia. TB cases in Indonesia constitute 35% of all the TB cases
      detected worldwide and the prevalence of TB drug resistance in this country is
      approximately 3%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first-line TB drugs among isolates from clinical
      specimens from a hospital in an urban area. METHODS: This laboratory-based study
      was conducted in Tangerang District, Indonesia, from January 2011 to December
      2014. Sputum and other clinical specimens were obtained from patients with
      pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. The specimens were stained with Ziehl-Neelsen,
      inoculated on Lowenstein-Jensen media for 6-8 weeks, and tested for sensitivity
      against first-line TB drugs [isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB),
      and streptomycin (SM)]. RESULTS: All TB patients in this study lived in urban
      areas with male preponderance. Of the 127 M. tuberculosis isolates collected, 22%
      showed resistance to first-line TB drugs. Among these resistant isolates, 20.5%
      showed resistance to at least one of the first-line TB drugs and 0.8% showed
      multidrug resistance (MDR). Resistance to EMB, INH, RIF, and SM was seen in 6.3%
      6.3%, 4.7%, and 1.6% of isolates, respectively. Polyresistance to EMB and INH,
      EMB and RIF, and EMB, INH, and RIF was seen in 0.8% of the isolates,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that drug resistance, including MDR,
      observed against all first-line TB drugs was a real threat in the management of
      TB infection in Indonesia. The resistance pattern identified in this study could
      assist clinicians in providing appropriate treatment regimen to TB patients and
      improve their clinical outcome.

PMID- 26964813
TI  - In vitro antimycobacterial activity of six Cameroonian medicinal plants using
      microplate alamarBlue assay.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The latest incidence of tuberculosis (TB) (per 100,000
      people) in Cameroon was 243.00 as of 2011. Over the past 21 years, the value for
      this indicator has fluctuated between 112.00 in 1990 and 320.00 in 2003.
      Worldwide, this incidence has also increased, bringing back TB as a reemerging
      disease. On the same note, resistance to anti-TB drugs has increased, urging the
      search for new molecules. METHODS: This study was carried out to evaluate the
      antimycobacterial activity of six medicinal plants on the virulent strain, H37Rv,
      using the microplate alamarBlue assay. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv strain)
      was incubated with decreased concentrations of six plant extracts, ranging from
      250 MUg/mL to 31.25 MUg/mL. After 7 days of incubation at 37  degrees C, the
      effects of these plant extracts on the viability of the mycobacteria were
      evaluated. For each plant extract, the minimal inhibitory concentration was
      determined. RESULTS: The results showed that the compounds MBC1, MBC24, MBC68,
      MBC81, MBC117, and MBC118 were the best candidates with minimal inhibitory
      concentrations of 31.25, 62.5, 125, 62.5, and 125 MUg/mL, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: These results confirm and validate the traditional use of these
      plants to treat respiratory diseases, which could be good sources and
      alternatives of plant metabolites for anti-TB-drug development.

PMID- 26964814
TI  - Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions targeting the messenger
      RNA of icl2, hspx, and rRNAP1 genes to detect viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      directly from clinical specimens.
AB  - There is an urgent need for a rapid and reliable test to detect actively
      multiplying Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens for an
      early initiation of the appropriate antituberculous treatment. This study was
      aimed at the optimization and application of nested reverse transcriptase-PCR
      (nRT-PCR) targeting the messenger RNA of the icl2, hspx, and rRNAP1 genes
      directly from sputum specimens, and their evaluation against the culture by the
      BACTEC MicroMGIT mycobacterial culture system. 203 Sputum samples from clinically
      suspected tuberculosis patients and 30 control specimens (clinically proven viral
      or bacterial infections other than tuberculosis) were included in this study. The
      mycobacterial culture was performed by the BACTEC MicroMGIT system following the
      manufacturer's instructions. The primers for nRT-PCRs targeting icl2, hspx, and
      rRNAP1 genes were indigenously designed using the Primer-BLAST software, and
      optimized for sensitivity and specificity. The icl2, hspx, and rRNAP1 genes were
      able to pick up 63.9%, 67.2%, and 58.75%, respectively, of culture-negative
      sputum specimens collected from clinically suspected tuberculosis patients.
      However, three (1.4%) were negative for nRT-PCR, but M. tuberculosis culture
      positive. All the 30 controls were negative for culture by the BACTEC MicroMGIT
      method and all three nRT-PCR. The novel nRT-PCRs targeting icl2, hspx, and rRNAP1
      genes developed in this study are rapid and reliable diagnostic tools to detect
      viable M. tuberculosis directly from sputum specimens. However, further study by
      including a larger number of sputum specimens needs to be carried out to
      ascertain the diagnostic utility of the novel nRT-PCRs optimized in the study. 

PMID- 26964815
TI  - Hookworm infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: Impact of co
      infection on the therapeutic failure of pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the rate of hookworm
      infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to find out if
      there is a relation between hookworm infection and the therapeutic failure of
      pulmonary TB. METHODS: We carried out a prospective, hospital-based study. The
      study included 231 naive patients with pulmonary TB, consecutively. Patients were
      evaluated at the 4th month of therapy for persistence of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis infection. All patients had clinical evaluation, laboratory
      investigations (including sputum culture and stool microscopic examination), and
      imaging studies (abdominal ultrasonography and chest radiography). RESULTS: The
      study population mean age was 42.7+/-13.9 years old with 26.8% of them 40 years
      old or more. Out of 231 patients, 133 (57.6%) were men. Therapeutic failure rate
      of pulmonary TB was 29.4%. Hookworm infection was diagnosed among 16.5% of
      patients and 27.7% had diabetes mellitus (DM). Using multivariate analysis, it
      was found that age of 40 years or more (odds ratio [OR] 8.4; 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 1.7-41.3; p=.009), hookworm infection (OR 7.6; 95% CI 1.2-49.9;
      p=.034), and DM (OR 5.9; 1.2-28; p=.027) were independently associated with
      therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB among the study population with pulmonary TB.
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the rate of therapeutic failure of pulmonary TB is
      high. Besides older age and DM, hookworm infection can reduce the therapeutic
      response of pulmonary TB. Screening for and control of DM and hookworm infection
      among patients with pulmonary TB may improve their therapeutic response.

PMID- 26964816
TI  - Diabetes mellitus and its influence on sputum smear positivity at the 2nd month
      of treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A
      case control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Many studies have suggested that sputum smear conversion
      after 2 months of antituberculosis treatment is an important determinant of
      treatment success and can be a predictor for relapse. The objective of this study
      is to determine the factors that influence sputum smear conversion after 2 months
      of treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving treatment in the
      Institute of Respiratory Medicine in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. METHODS: A total of
      75 cases and 75 controls were interviewed, and their medical records were
      retrieved in order to extract the information needed. All analyses were conducted
      using SPSS version 17, and binary logistic regression analysis was used to
      determine the predictors of sputum smear nonconversion. RESULTS: Results showed
      that the following factors were associated with sputum smear positivity after 2
      months of intensive treatment: diabetes mellitus (p=.013, odds ratio [OR]=2.59,
      95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-5.33), underweight body mass index (p=.025,
      OR=1.67, 95% CI 0.80-3.49), nonadherent to tuberculosis treatment (p=.024,
      OR=2.85, 95% CI 1.21-6.74), and previous history of tuberculosis (p=.043,
      OR=2.53, 95% CI 1.09-5.83). Multivariable analysis identified diabetes mellitus
      (p=.003, OR=4.01, 95% CI 1.61-9.96) as being independently associated with the
      risk of persistent sputum smear positivity after 2 months of intensive treatment.
      CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, identification of these factors is valuable in
      strengthening the management and treatment of tuberculosis in Malaysia in the
      future. This study emphasizes the importance of diabetes screening and
      integration of diabetic controls among tuberculosis patients in achieving better
      treatment outcome.

PMID- 26964817
TI  - Virtual screening studies to identify novel inhibitors for Sigma F protein of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest threats to public health. TB is caused by
      the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The Sigma factors are essential
      for the survival of MTB. The Sigma factor Sigma F (SigF) regulates genes
      expression under stress conditions. The SigF binds to RNA polymerase and forms a
      holoenzyme, which initiates the transcription of various genes. The Usfx, an anti
      SigF protein, binds to SigF and alters the transcription initiation and gene
      expression. In the present work, virtual screening studies are taken up to
      identify the interactions between SigF and small molecular inhibitors which can
      inhibit the formation of holoenzyme. The studies reveal that ARG 104 and ARG 224
      amino acid residues of SigF protein are forming important binding interactions
      with the ligands. The in silico ADME properties for the ligand data set are
      calculated to check the druggability of the molecules. 

PMID- 26964818
TI  - Reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis during cancer treatment.
AB  - Reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur in patients with latent
      tuberculosis (TB) with risk factors including chronic disease (i.e., malignancy).
      We herein describe the case of an immigrant from Hong Kong with lung cancer and
      no known TB disease who presents with reactivation of TB in the setting of
      chemotherapy and radiation therapy. 

PMID- 26964819
TI  - Sequence comparison of six human microRNAs genes between tuberculosis patients
      and healthy individuals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in diseases
      development. Therefore, human miRNAs may be able to inhibit the survival of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the human host by targeting critical genes of
      the pathogen. Mutations within miRNAs can alter their target selection, thereby
      preventing them from inhibiting Mtb genes, thus increasing host susceptibility to
      the disease. METHODS: This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic
      association of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with six human miRNAs genes, namely,
      hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-520d, hsa-miR-154, hsa-miR-497, hsa-miR-758, and hsa-miR
      593, which have been predicted to interact with Mtb genes. The objective of the
      study was to determine the possible sequence variation of selected miRNA genes
      that are potentially associated with the inhibition of critical Mtb genes in TB
      patients. RESULTS: The study did not show differences in the sequences compared
      with healthy individuals without antecedents of TB. CONCLUSION: This result could
      have been influenced by the sample size and the selection of miRNA genes, which
      need to be addressed in future studies.

PMID- 26964820
TI  - Tuberculous flexor tenosynovitis of the hand.
AB  - Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in developing countries. Flexor
      tenosynovitis of the fingers constitutes an exceptional tuberculosis localization
      (Gabl et al., 1997; Senda et al., 2011) [1,2]. Unusual presentations, such as
      tuberculous tenosynovitis, often go undetected and are associated with a
      diagnostic and therapeutic delay, especially when bacteriological research proves
      to be negative. Here, we report a case of tuberculous flexor tenosynovitis of the
      hand. 

PMID- 26964821
TI  - A 7-year-old girl with multiple skin ulcers: Case report and literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There has been an increase in the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases
      worldwide, but TB of the skin remains rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A case of 7-year
      old girl with multiple ulcerating nodules who presented with four ulcers in the
      skin of the left elbow. The patient was unresponsive to broad-spectrum
      antibiotics treatment initially. Because of poor clinical response to
      conventional therapy, TB was suspected. Although tuberculin skin test was
      negative, positive QuantiFERON TB Gold test and clinical picture strongly
      indicated TB. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed by positive culture for
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: A high index of clinical suspicion is
      necessary to suspect TB of the skin. Positive culture remains the gold standard
      for diagnosis.

PMID- 26964822
TI  - Efficacy and safety of isoniazid preventive therapy in light of increasing multi
      drug resistance in tuberculosis.

PMID- 26964823
TI  - Very brief training for laypeople in hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
      Effect of real-time feedback.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improves survival from
      out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but rates and performance quality remain low.
      Although training laypeople is a primary educational goal, the optimal strategy
      is not well defined. This study aimed to determine whether a short training with
      real-time feedback was able to improve hands-only CPR among untrained citizens.
      METHODS: On the occasion of the 2015 World Heart Day and the European Restart a
      Heart Day, a pilot study involving 155 participants (81 laypeople, 74 health care
      professionals) was conducted. Participants were invited to briefly practice hands
      only CPR on a manikin and were after evaluated during a 2-minute chest
      compression (CC) test. During training brief instructions regarding hand
      position, compression rate and depth according to the current guidelines were
      given and real-time feedback was provided by a Laerdal SkillReporting System.
      RESULTS: Mean CC rate was significantly higher among health care professionals
      than among laypeople (119.07 +/- 12.85 vs 113.02 +/- 13.90 min(-1); P = .006),
      although both met the 100-120 CC min(-1) criterion. Laypeople achieved
      noninferior results regarding % of CC at adequate rate (51.46% +/- 35.32% vs
      health care staff (55.97% +/- 36.36%; P = .43) and depth (49.88% +/- 38.58% vs
      50.46% +/- 37.17%; P = .92), % of CC with full-chest recoil (92.77% +/- 17.17% vs
      0.91% +/- 18.84; P = .52), and adequate hand position (96.94% +/- 14.78% vs 99.74
      +/- 1.98%; P = .11). The overall quality performance was greater than 70%,
      noninferior for citizens (81.23% +/- 20.10%) vs health care staff (85.95% +/-
      14.78%; P = .10). CONCLUSION: With a very brief training supported by hands-on
      instructor-led advice and visual feedback, naive laypeople are able to perform
      good-quality CC-CPR. Simple instructions, feedback, and motivation were the key
      elements of this strategy, which could make feasible to train big numbers of
      citizens.

PMID- 26964824
TI  - The development and experimental application of a new thoracostomy trocar.

PMID- 26964825
TI  - Negative pressure wound therapy for serious dog bites of extremities: a
      prospective randomized trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to investigate the emergency treatment of serious
      dog bite lacerations on limbs and to identify whether negative pressure wound
      therapy (NPWT) was beneficial in these instances. METHODS: A total of 580 cases
      with serious limb lacerations due to dog bites were randomly divided into 2
      groups. After thorough debridement, the limb lacerations of group A (n = 329)
      were left open. The remaining cases (n = 251) were randomly divided into 2
      subgroups, group B and group C, which were treated with 125 and 75 mm Hg of
      continuous negative pressure, respectively. Antibiotics were only used in cases
      where there were systemic signs of wound infection, and were not given
      prophylactically. The infection rate, infection time, and healing time were
      analyzed. RESULTS: The wound infection rates of groups A, B, and C were 9.1%,
      4.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. The infection times of the 3 groups were 26.3 +/-
      11.6, 159.8 +/- 13.4, and 166.4 +/- 16.2 hours, respectively. The recovery times
      of the infection patients in the 3 groups were 19.2 +/- 4.6, 13.2 +/- 2.1, and
      12.7 +/- 2.3 days, respectively, and in the noninfection patients, the recovery
      times were 15.6 +/- 2.7, 10.1 +/- 2.3, and 10.5 +/- 1.9 days, respectively. In
      groups B (-125 mm Hg) and C (-75 mm Hg), the infection rate, infection time, and
      healing time showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: Patients with serious
      dog bite laceration on limbs could benefit from NPWT. Compared with the
      traditional treatment of leaving the wounds open, NPWT reduced the infection rate
      and shortened recovery time. When NPWT was performed, low negative pressure (-75
      mm Hg) had the same positive effects as high pressure (-125 mm Hg). Prophylactic
      antibiotics administration is not recommended for treating this kind of
      laceration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management, level II.

PMID- 26964826
TI  - The need to use the elevated sniffing position for endotracheal intubation.

PMID- 26964827
TI  - The effect of nebulized magnesium sulfate in the treatment of moderate to severe
      asthma attacks: a randomized clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Thirty percent of people with asthma do not respond to standard
      treatment, and complementary therapies are needed. The objective of this study
      was to investigate the impact of inhaled magnesium sulfate on the treatment
      response in emergency department (ED) patients with moderate to severe attacks of
      asthma. METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial, enrolling patients
      with moderate to severe asthma in the ED. Subjects allocated to the study group
      were treated with the standard, plus 3 ml of 260 mmol/L solution of magnesium
      sulfate every 20 to 60 minutes. The control group was treated with nebulized
      saline as a placebo in addition to standard protocol. The study results included
      admission rate and changes in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (primary outcomes)
      as well as dyspnea severity score, respiratory rate and peripheral oxygen
      saturation. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were enrolled (25 allocated to the
      study group and 25 to the control group). The study group as compared to the
      control group had significantly more improvement in the intensity of dyspnea,
      PEFR and Spo2 20, 40 and 60 minutes after intervention. In the control group, 11
      patients (44%) required admission as compared to 18 (72%) in the control group
      (P=.02). CONCLUSION: Adding nebulized magnesium sulfate to standard therapy in
      patients with moderate to severe asthma attacks leads to greater and faster
      improvement in PEFR, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and respiratory rate. It
      also reduces hospitalization rates in this patient population.

PMID- 26964829
TI  - Analysing indicators of performance, satisfaction, or safety using empirical
      logit transformation.

PMID- 26964828
TI  - An unusual presentation of disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the ED.

PMID- 26964830
TI  - Dynamic cross talk between metabolic organs in obesity and metabolic diseases.

PMID- 26964831
TI  - Heterogeneity of white adipose tissue: molecular basis and clinical implications.
AB  - Adipose tissue is a highly heterogeneous endocrine organ. The heterogeneity among
      different anatomical depots stems from their intrinsic differences in cellular
      and physiological properties, including developmental origin, adipogenic and
      proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity,
      hormonal control, thermogenic ability and vascularization. Additional factors
      that influence adipose tissue heterogeneity are genetic predisposition,
      environment, gender and age. Under obese condition, these depot-specific
      differences translate into specific fat distribution patterns, which are closely
      associated with differential cardiometabolic risks. For instance, individuals
      with central obesity are more susceptible to developing diabetes and
      cardiovascular complications, whereas those with peripheral obesity are more
      metabolically healthy. This review summarizes the clinical and mechanistic
      evidence for the depot-specific differences that give rise to different metabolic
      consequences, and provides therapeutic insights for targeted treatment of
      obesity. 

PMID- 26964832
TI  - Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose
      metabolism.
AB  - Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain,
      particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of
      energy and glucose metabolism. The brain integrates multiple metabolic inputs
      from the periphery through nutrients, gut-derived satiety signals and adiposity
      related hormones. The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food
      intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and
      glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Highly
      coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are
      critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. Defective
      crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development
      of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we comprehensively review the above topics,
      discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic
      regulation of energy and glucose metabolism.

PMID- 26964834
TI  - Regulation of glucose metabolism from a liver-centric perspective.
AB  - Glucose homeostasis is tightly regulated to meet the energy requirements of the
      vital organs and maintain an individual's health. The liver has a major role in
      the control of glucose homeostasis by controlling various pathways of glucose
      metabolism, including glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis and
      gluconeogenesis. Both the acute and chronic regulation of the enzymes involved in
      the pathways are required for the proper functioning of these complex interwoven
      systems. Allosteric control by various metabolic intermediates, as well as post
      translational modifications of these metabolic enzymes constitute the acute
      control of these pathways, and the controlled expression of the genes encoding
      these enzymes is critical in mediating the longer-term regulation of these
      metabolic pathways. Notably, several key transcription factors are shown to be
      involved in the control of glucose metabolism including glycolysis and
      gluconeogenesis in the liver. In this review, we would like to illustrate the
      current understanding of glucose metabolism, with an emphasis on the
      transcription factors and their regulators that are involved in the chronic
      control of glucose homeostasis. 

PMID- 26964833
TI  - Crosstalk between the heart and peripheral organs in heart failure.
AB  - Mediators from peripheral tissues can influence the development and progression
      of heart failure (HF). For example, in obesity, an altered profile of adipokines
      secreted from adipose tissue increases the incidence of myocardial infarction
      (MI). Less appreciated is that heart remodeling releases cardiokines, which can
      strongly impact various peripheral tissues. Inflammation, and, in particular,
      activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors with
      pyrin domain (NLRP3) inflammasome are likely to have a central role in cardiac
      remodeling and mediating crosstalk with other organs. Activation of the NLRP3
      inflammasome in response to cardiac injury induces the production and secretion
      of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18. In addition to
      having local effects in the myocardium, these pro-inflammatory cytokines are
      released into circulation and cause remodeling in the spleen, kidney, skeletal
      muscle and adipose tissue. The collective effects of various cardiokines on
      peripheral organs depend on the degree and duration of myocardial injury, with
      systematic inflammation and peripheral tissue damage observed as HF progresses.
      In this article, we review mechanisms regulating myocardial inflammation in HF
      and the role of factors secreted by the heart in communication with peripheral
      tissues. 

PMID- 26964838
TI  - [Use of hyaluronidase to correct hyaluronic acid injections in aesthetic
      medicine].
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the most commonly used filler in aesthetic medicine.
      However, overcorrections are frequent even with experienced practitioner.
      Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes HA. Hyaluronidase has been recently
      proposed to correct unsatisfactory results of HA injections in aesthetic medicine
      (overcorrection, asymmetry, Tyndall effect) and to treat immediate complications
      such as arterial or venous thrombosis. The objective of this technical note was
      to summarize the literature data regarding the efficacy, safety and technique of
      use of hyaluronidase. Hyaluronidase may be responsible for allergies. The
      practitioner should take this risk and the possible drug interactions into
      account before using this antidote in order to weigh up the risk/benefit ratio.

PMID- 26964836
TI  - Recent progress in genetic and epigenetic research on type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a common complex metabolic disorder that has a strong
      genetic predisposition. During the past decade, progress in genetic association
      studies has enabled the identification of at least 75 independent genetic loci
      for T2DM, thus allowing a better understanding of the genetic architecture of
      T2DM. International collaborations and large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide
      association studies have made these achievements possible. However, whether the
      identified common variants are causal is largely unknown. In addition, the
      detailed mechanism of how these genetic variants exert their effect on the
      pathogenesis of T2DM requires further investigation. Currently, there are ongoing
      large-scale sequencing studies to identify rare, functional variants for T2DM.
      Environmental factors also have a crucial role in the development of T2DM. These
      could modulate gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA
      methylation, histone modification and microRNA regulation. There is evidence that
      epigenetic changes are important in the development of T2DM. Recent studies have
      identified several DNA methylation markers of T2DM from peripheral blood and
      pancreatic islets. In this review, we will briefly summarize the recent progress
      in the genetic and epigenetic research on T2DM and discuss how environmental
      factors, genetics and epigenetics can interact in the pathogenesis of T2DM. 

PMID- 26964837
TI  - [Harlequin syndrome in a melanoderm patient].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Harlequin's syndrome is a neurological disorder due to a
      dysfunction of the sympathetic innervation of the face. It has been rarely
      reported in the literature. The authors report one case occurring in a melanoderm
      patient. OBSERVATION: A 38-year-old melanoderm man, without any history of
      surgery or neck trauma, consulted for a strictly right unilateral facial
      hyperhidrosis. Clinical and radiological investigations concluded to an
      idiopathic Harlequin's syndrome. Therapeutic abstention was proposed because of
      non-invalidating symptoms. DISCUSSION: Harlequin's syndrome is a rare sudoral and
      vaso-motor disorder. On dark skin, flush and erythrosis may be subtle and the
      diagnosis less obvious. Etiologies are varied but essentially idiopathic. Its
      association with others dysautonomic facial syndromes is possible. Main
      differential diagnosis is the Frey's syndrome. Treatment is not clearly codified.

PMID- 26964839
TI  - [Kimura's disease of the hard palate].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Kimura's disease is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that is
      endemic in Middle East and Asian countries but remains rare in Europe. It usually
      presents as subcutaneous nodules combined with cervical lymphadenopathies in the
      cervicofacial region. The oral mucosa localization is extremely rare. We report
      for the first time a case of hard palate localization. OBSERVATION: A 61-year-old
      male patient from Martinique consulted for a recent median, extensive and poorly
      defined black area localized on the hard palate. It was painless and did not
      cause any discomfort. We performed a biopsy to rule out a melanoma. The pathology
      report led to diagnosing Kimura's disease. The biological parameters, especially
      the renal status, were normal. A simple medical supervision was prescribed.
      DISCUSSION: This was the first time Kimura's disease was observed as a pigmented
      area located on the hard palate. The diagnosis of melanoma first had to be ruled
      out. The histological and immunohistological parameters are mandatory to make a
      diagnosis.

PMID- 26964840
TI  - [Reached multifocal secondary syphilis: A case presentation].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) related to
      Treponema pallidum. Secondary syphilis is the blood-borne systemic spread of
      Treponema. OBSERVATION: We report the case of secondary syphilis in a patient
      without risk of STIs factor. The clinical picture began with a genital affection
      followed by oral erosions and ulcers and an anterior and then posterior uveitis.
      Serology established the diagnosis and intravenous penicillin G treatment allowed
      for healing. DISCUSSION: Called the "great pretender" because of its clinical
      polymorphism, secondary syphilis can lead to formidable neurological and
      ophthalmological complications. Serological diagnosis is based on the use of
      treponemal and a nontreponemal tests. Penicillin G remains the treatment of
      choice and must be adapted according to the clinical damage.

PMID- 26964841
TI  - [A cervical necrotizing cellulitis revealing a Lemierre syndrome].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lemierre syndrome is characterized by a septic thrombophlebitis of
      the internal jugular vein (IJV) following an oropharyngeal infection. CASE
      REPORT: We report a case of Lemierre syndrome that occurred in a context of
      angina and necrotizing cellulitis of the neck in a 45-year-old patient. The
      Doppler ultrasound exam of the neck vessels and a neck CT showed an IJV
      thrombophlebitis. No germ could be isolated in the samples (blood culture, pus).
      The treatment associated antibiotics, heparin and surgical debridement of the
      necrotic tissues with extraction of the thrombus after ligation and section of
      the IJV. The postoperative course was uneventful. DISCUSSION: Lemierre syndrome
      is a rare but serious disease. Its low incidence makes him a forgotten disease.
      It should be systematically suspected in any oropharyngeal infection with the
      presence of a large painful swelling of the neck.

PMID- 26964843
TI  - Eu(III)-Sensitized Luminescence Probe for Determination of Tolnaftate in
      Pharmaceuticals and Biological Fluids.
AB  - A highly selective, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible luminescence procedure
      for determination of antifungal drug tolnaftate was developed. The introduced
      method was based on the formation of Europa Universalis III (Eu(III))-tolnaftate
      complex using sodium sulfite as a deoxygenated agent in the presence of acetate
      buffer (pH = 6) and micellar solution of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl
      sulfate. The optimum conditions (effect of pH, buffer, surfactant, Eu(III), and
      sodium sulfite concentrations) for the luminescence signal were investigated and
      optimized. The luminescence signals were recorded at lambdaex = 270 nm and
      lambdaem = 460 nm. The method has a good linear response (0.2-130 MUg/mL(-1))
      between the luminescence intensity and the concentrations of the drug (r =
      0.999), with a LOD 0.07 MUg/mL(-1) and LOQ 0.2 MUg/mL(-1). The luminescence
      signals of Eu (III)-tolnaftate-sodium dodecyl sulfate were found to be 200-fold
      more sensitive without the presence of micelle solution. The interferences of
      some additives, metals, amino acids, sugars, and other related pharmacological
      action drugs were examined and no interference was recorded. The proposed method
      was used for quick and simple determination of tolnaftate in its pharmaceuticals
      and biological fluids. 

PMID- 26964842
TI  - Pathogenicity of IgG in patients with IgG4-related disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease characterised by
      elevated serum IgG4 and IgG4-positive lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the
      affected tissues. The pathogenic role of IgGs, including IgG4, in patients with
      IgG4-RD, however, is unknown. DESIGN: We examined the pathogenic activity of
      circulating IgGs in patients with IgG4-RD by injecting their IgGs into neonatal
      male Balb/c mice. Binding of patient IgGs to pancreatic tissue was also analysed
      in an ex vivo mouse organ culture model and in tissue samples from patients with
      autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). RESULTS: Subcutaneous injection of patient IgG,
      but not control IgG, resulted in pancreatic and salivary gland injuries.
      Pancreatic injury was also induced by injecting patient IgG1 or IgG4, with more
      destructive changes induced by IgG1 than by IgG4. The potent pathogenic activity
      of patient IgG1 was significantly inhibited by simultaneous injection of patient
      IgG4. Binding of patient IgG, especially IgG1 and IgG4, to pancreatic tissue was
      confirmed in both the mouse model and AIP tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS: IgG1 and
      IgG4 from patients with IgG4-RD have pathogenic activities through binding
      affected tissues in neonatal mice.

PMID- 26964845
TI  - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Gold After Solid-Phase
      Extraction of Its 2-Aminobenzothiazole Complex on Diaion SP-207.
AB  - An SPE of Au (III) on a 2-aminobenzothiazole-coated Diaion SP 207-column system
      has been developed. The parameters, including pH of solution, amount of 2
      aminobenzothiazole, eluent type, sample volume, and flow rates, were examined.
      The effects of alkali, alkali earth, and some metals were also studied. The
      recovery values at optimal conditions and detection limits for Au (III) were
      found as >95% and 3.8 MUg L(-1), respectively. The factor of preconcentration was
      250. The RSD value was <5%. The capacity of adsorption for the resin was 10.4 mg
      g(-1). The accuracy of the method was evaluated by the use of CDN-GS-3D gold
      certified reference material. The proposed procedure for the determination of
      gold was applied to water, mine, soil, and anodic slime samples. 

PMID- 26964835
TI  - Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis.
AB  - In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight
      control of its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly
      sophisticated network of various hormones and neuropeptides released mainly from
      the brain, pancreas, liver, intestine as well as adipose and muscle tissue.
      Within this network, the pancreas represents a key player by secreting the blood
      sugar-lowering hormone insulin and its opponent glucagon. However, disturbances
      in the interplay of the hormones and peptides involved may lead to metabolic
      disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose prevalence, comorbidities
      and medical costs take on a dramatic scale. Therefore, it is of utmost importance
      to uncover and understand the mechanisms underlying the various interactions to
      improve existing anti-diabetic therapies and drugs on the one hand and to develop
      new therapeutic approaches on the other. This review summarizes the interplay of
      the pancreas with various other organs and tissues that maintain glucose
      homeostasis. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs and their impact on signaling
      pathways underlying the network will be discussed. 

PMID- 26964844
TI  - Urinary Stone Disease: Advancing Knowledge, Patient Care, and Population Health.
AB  - Expanding epidemiologic and physiologic data suggest that urinary stone disease
      is best conceptualized as a chronic metabolic condition punctuated by
      symptomatic, preventable stone events. These acute events herald substantial
      future chronic morbidity, including decreased bone mineral density,
      cardiovascular disease, and CKD. Urinary stone disease imposes a large and
      growing public health burden. In the United States, 1 in 11 individuals will
      experience a urinary stone in their lifetime. Given this high incidence and
      prevalence, urinary stone disease is one of the most expensive urologic
      conditions, with health care charges exceeding $10 billion annually. Patient care
      focuses on management of symptomatic stones rather than prevention; after three
      decades of innovation, procedural interventions are almost exclusively minimally
      invasive or noninvasive, and mortality is rare. Despite these advances, the
      prevalence of stone disease has nearly doubled over the past 15 years, likely
      secondary to dietary and health trends. The NIDDK recently convened a symposium
      to assess knowledge and treatment gaps to inform future urinary stone disease
      research. Reducing the public health burden of urinary stone disease will require
      key advances in understanding environmental, genetic, and other individual
      disease determinants; improving secondary prevention; and optimal population
      health strategies in an increasingly cost-conscious care environment.

PMID- 26964846
TI  - Exploring midwifery prescribing in Australia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Midwifery prescribing was introduced in Australia in 2010 and is
      available to those notated as Medicare Eligible. Only 59% of Medicare Eligible
      midwives are endorsed prescribers. AIM: To explore and describe Australian
      midwives views of prescribing including the barriers and enablers to prescribing.
      METHODS: Online survey. Eligible participants were Australian midwives who had
      completed an educational programme required for endorsement as a midwifery
      prescriber (n=131). Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to
      analyse the data set. RESULTS: Sixty-six midwives entered data (50% response
      rate). Twelve midwives (18%) had commenced prescribing. Prescribers agreed that
      being able to prescribe enhanced women's access to medicines and role
      satisfaction. The most common barriers to initiating prescribing were regulatory
      issues and processes, and no pathway to support midwifery prescribing in the
      public sector. The enabling factors most commonly reported were supportive
      relationships, education and personal factors such as motivation, knowledge and
      confidence. CONCLUSION: Prescribing was viewed positively by midwives, but only a
      small proportion of suitably educated midwives were able to translate this into
      prescribing. Prolonged and complicated registration processes, restrictive drug
      formularies, and a lack of prescribing roles for public sector midwives were
      clear barriers. Supportive professional relationships, quality education and
      personal motivation and confidence assisted midwives in overcoming these
      barriers. Offering mentoring may help midwives to move into prescribing practice
      and use it in a manner that best meets the health needs of women and infants in
      midwifery care.

PMID- 26964848
TI  - Benchmarking management practices in Australian public healthcare.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the quality of management
      practices of public hospitals in the Australian healthcare system, specifically
      those in the state-managed health systems of Queensland and New South Wales
      (NSW). Further, the authors assess the management practices of Queensland and NSW
      public hospitals jointly and globally benchmark against those in the health
      systems of seven other countries, namely, USA, UK, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy
      and Canada. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In this study, the authors adapt the
      unique and globally deployed Bloom et al. (2009) survey instrument that uses a
      "double blind, double scored" methodology and an interview-based scoring grid to
      measure and internationally benchmark the management practices in Queensland and
      NSW public hospitals based on 21 management dimensions across four broad areas of
      management - operations, performance monitoring, targets and people management.
      FINDINGS: The findings reveal the areas of strength and potential areas of
      improvement in the Queensland and NSW Health hospital management practices when
      compared with public hospitals in seven countries, namely, USA, UK, Sweden,
      France, Germany, Italy and Canada. Together, Queensland and NSW Health hospitals
      perform best in operations management followed by performance monitoring. While
      target management presents scope for improvement, people management is the sphere
      where these Australian hospitals lag the most. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This paper
      is of interest to both hospital administrators and health care policy-makers
      aiming to lift management quality at the hospital level as well as at the
      institutional level, as a vehicle to consistently deliver sustainable high
      quality health services. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study provides the first
      internationally comparable robust measure of management capability in Australian
      public hospitals, where hospitals are run independently by the state-run
      healthcare systems. Additionally, this research study contributes to the
      empirical evidence base on the quality of management practices in the Australian
      public healthcare systems of Queensland and NSW.

PMID- 26964847
TI  - Sustaining organizational culture change in health systems.
AB  - PURPOSE: The questions addressed by this review are: first, what are the guiding
      principles underlying efforts to stimulate sustained cultural change; second,
      what are the mechanisms by which these principles operate; and, finally, what are
      the contextual factors that influence the likelihood of these principles being
      effective? The paper aims to discuss these issues. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:
      The authors conducted a literature review informed by rapid realist review
      methodology that examined how interventions interact with contexts and mechanisms
      to influence the sustainability of cultural change. Reference and expert
      panelists assisted in refining the research questions, systematically searching
      published and grey literature, and helping to identify interactions between
      interventions, mechanisms and contexts. FINDINGS: Six guiding principles were
      identified: align vision and action; make incremental changes within a
      comprehensive transformation strategy; foster distributed leadership; promote
      staff engagement; create collaborative relationships; and continuously assess and
      learn from change. These principles interact with contextual elements such as
      local power distributions, pre-existing values and beliefs and readiness to
      engage. Mechanisms influencing how these principles sustain cultural change
      include activation of a shared sense of urgency and fostering flexible levels of
      engagement. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The principles identified in this review,
      along with the contexts and mechanisms that influence their effectiveness, are
      useful domains for policy and practice leaders to explore when grappling with
      cultural change. These principles are sufficiently broad to allow local
      flexibilities in adoption and application. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This is the first
      study to adopt a realist approach for understanding how changes in organizational
      culture may be sustained. Through doing so, this review highlights the broad
      principles by which organizational action may be organized within enabling
      contextual settings.

PMID- 26964849
TI  - Contradicting logics in everyday practice.
AB  - PURPOSE: Performance management is criticised as a direct challenge to the
      dominant logic of professionalism in health care organisations. The purpose of
      this paper is to report an ethnographic study that investigates how performance
      management and professionalism as contradicting logics are interpreted and
      implemented by managers and nurses in everyday practice within Norwegian nursing
      homes. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The paper presents an analysis of 18
      semistructured interviews and 100 hours of observation of managers and nurses
      from three nursing homes. The study draws on the institutional logic perspective
      as a theoretical framework. In the analysis, the authors searched for patterns of
      activities and interactions that reflected managers and nurses' coping strategies
      for handling contradicting logics. Qualitative content analysis was used to
      systematically code the data, supported by NVIVO software. FINDINGS: The authors
      identified three forms of coping strategies: the adjustment of professionalism to
      standards, the reinforcement of professional flexibility and problem solving, and
      the strategic adoption of documentation. These patterns of activities and
      interactions reflect new organisational structures that allowed contradicting
      logics to co-exist. The study demonstrates that a new complex dimension of
      governing processes within nursing homes is the way in which managers and nurses
      handle the tension between contradicting logics in their daily work and
      clinicians' everyday practice. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The study provides new insight
      into how managers and nurses reshape internal organisational structures to cope
      with contradicting logics in nursing homes.

PMID- 26964850
TI  - Measuring effective capacity in an emergency department.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to show how elements from queueing theory
      can be used to obtain objective measures of effective capacity in the triage
      function at Skaraborg Hospital in Sweden without direct observation of the
      function itself. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Approximately 30,000 patients
      arrived to the emergency department at Skaraborg Hospital in Sweden during 2011.
      The exact time of arrival and the exact time of triage were recorded for each
      patient on an individual level. Basic queueing theory uses arrival rates and
      system capacity measures to derive average queueing times. The authors use the
      theoretical relation between these three measures to derive system capacity
      measures based on observed arrival rates and observed average queueing times.
      FINDINGS: The effective capacity in the triage process is not a linear function
      of the number of nurses. However, the management of capacity seems well adapted
      to the actual demand, even though service levels vary substantially during the
      day and night. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This paper uses elements from queueing theory
      in an innovative way to measure the effective capacity of a service process
      without direct observation, thereby also avoiding the potential risk of the
      Hawthorne effect.

PMID- 26964851
TI  - Improving care coordination using organisational routines.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to systematically apply theory of
      organisational routines to standardised care pathways. The explanatory power of
      routines is used to address open questions in the care pathway literature about
      their coordinating and organising role, the way they change and can be
      replicated, the way they are influenced by the organisation and the way they
      influence health care professionals. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Theory of
      routines is systematically applied to care pathways in order to develop
      theoretically derived propositions. FINDINGS: Care pathways mirror routines by
      being recurrent, collective and embedded and specific to an organisation. In
      particular, care pathways resemble standard operating procedures that can give
      rise to recurrent collective action patterns. In all, 11 propositions related to
      five categories are proposed by building on these insights: care pathways and
      coordination, change, replication, the organisation and health care
      professionals. Research limitations/implications - The paper is conceptual and
      uses care pathways as illustrative instances of hospital routines. The
      propositions provide a starting point for empirical research. PRACTICAL
      IMPLICATIONS: The analysis highlights implications that health care professionals
      and managers have to consider in relation to coordination, change, replication,
      the way the organisation influences care pathways and the way care pathways
      influence health care professionals. Originality/value - Theory on organisational
      routines offers fundamental, yet unexplored, insights into hospital processes,
      including in particular care coordination.

PMID- 26964852
TI  - Between substance and governance.
AB  - PURPOSE: Many developed countries have seen significant reforms of their health
      systems for the last few decades. Despite extensive investment in these changes,
      health systems still face a range of challenges which reform efforts do not seem
      to have overcome. The purpose of this paper is to argue that there are two
      particular reasons, which go beyond the standard explanations of changing
      demographics and disease profiles. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The paper is a
      commentary based on the literature. FINDINGS: The first explanation relates to
      the relationship between substantive health care reform and governance reform.
      These are intertwined processes and the pattern of interaction has distorted both
      types of reform. Second, reform has multiple meanings and may sometimes be more
      of an intra-organizational ritual and routine than a coherent plan aiming to
      bring about particular changes. As such, part of the reason why reform so
      frequently fails to bring about change is that it was not actually intended to
      bring about specific changes in the first place. The limited success of reform in
      recent years, the authors argue, has been a result of the fact that reform has
      focused too much on the substantive aspects of healthcare, while ignoring the
      governance aspect of the sector. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: As a result, governance has
      often been obstructed by interest groups inside the system, resulting in
      paralysis. The authors conclude by arguing that substantive reform of public
      organizations without an accompanying reassessment of the governance of these
      organizations are more likely to fail, compared to more comprehensive reform
      efforts.

PMID- 26964853
TI  - Planes, straws and oysters: the use of metaphors in healthcare reform.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the paper is to examine the metaphors used by senior
      managers and clinicians in the delivery of healthcare reform.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A study of healthcare reform in England carried out
      a series of semi structured interviews with senior managers and clinicians
      leading primary and secondary care organisations. Qualitative data analysis
      examines instances where metaphorical language is used to communicate how
      particular policy reforms are experienced and the implications these reforms have
      for organisational contexts. FINDINGS: The findings show how metaphorical
      language is used to explain the interactions between policy reform and
      organisational contexts. Metaphors are used to illustrate both the challenges and
      opportunities associated with the reform proposals for organisational change.
      ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The authors provide the first systematic study of patterns and
      meanings of metaphors within English healthcare contexts and beyond. The authors
      argue that these metaphors provide important examples of "generative" dialogue in
      their illustration of the opportunities associated with reform. Conversely, these
      metaphors also provide examples of "degenerative" dialogue in their illustration
      of a demarcation between the reform policy proposals and existing organisational
      contexts.

PMID- 26964855
TI  - Investigation of nurses' intention to leave: a study of a sample of UK nurses.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of the key
      antecedents of leave intention demonstrated by nurses employed in UK National
      Health Service (NHS). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Survey assessment of a sample
      of 433 nurses employed within the NHS was undertaken, potential relationships
      relating to both affective commitment and leave intention and work-place
      experiences assessed through leader-member exchange (LMX) and perceived
      organisational support (POS) have been evaluated quantitatively, using
      confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equations modelling (SEM).
      FINDINGS: The study indicates that both LMX and POS act as direct antecedents to
      nurses' leave intention. Additionally, both LMX and POS in combination,
      significantly effect employees' affective commitment, the latter further
      impacting on employee leave intention. This would suggest that both LMX and POS
      have a significant role to play in employee leave intention that is partially
      mediated by affective commitment, further analysis confirming this to be the
      case. Research limitations/implications - The sample of nurses is large in
      absolute terms, permitting the CFA/SEM analysis undertaken, although the data
      represented only two NHS trusts, hence generalisation across the NHS should be
      done so cautiously. Various other drivers of leave intention, personal and
      organisational, have not been assessed here. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The
      implications of these results are that to safeguard nurse retention, appropriate
      line manager engagement is crucial, but this requires organisational support that
      is recognised by the employees, especially to enhance their levels of affective
      commitment. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This is given by providing NHS-based assessment of
      the role of both POS and LMX in the realisation of both affective commitment and
      desire to remain with their current organisations amongst members of the UK
      nursing profession.

PMID- 26964854
TI  - Quality improvement in large healthcare organizations.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the obstacles and challenges
      associated with organizational monitoring and follow-up (M & F) processes related
      to health care quality improvement (QI) and development.
      DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A longitudinal case study of a large health care
      organization during a system-wide QI intervention. Content analysis was conducted
      of repeated interviews with key actors and archival data collected over a period
      of four years. FINDINGS: The demand for improved M & F strategies, and what and
      how to monitor were described by the respondents. Obstacles and challenges for
      achieving M & F strategies that enables system-wide and coherent development were
      found in three areas: monitoring, processing, and feedback and communication.
      Also overarching challenges were found. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: A model of
      important aspects of M & F systems is presented that can be used for analysis and
      planning and contribute to shared cognition of such systems. Approaches for
      systematic analysis and follow-up of identified problems have to be developed and
      fully incorporated in the organization's measurement systems. A systematic M & F
      needs analytic and process-oriented competence, and this study highlights the
      potential in an organizational function with capacity and mandate for such tasks.
      ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Most health care systems are flooded with a vast amount of
      registers, records, and measurements. A key issue is how such data can be
      processed and refined to reflect the needs and the development process of the
      health care system and how rich data can be used for improvement purposes. This
      study presents key organizational actor's view on important factors to consider
      when building a coherent organizational M & F strategy.

PMID- 26964856
TI  - Entrepreneurs ' perspective on public-private partnership in health care and
      social services.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to probe experiences of entrepreneurs in
      the social and health care service provision. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH:
      Information was collected regarding entrepreneurs' views on the factors affecting
      the collaboration between public and private sectors. A sample of social and
      health care entrepreneurs was interviewed using open-ended questions. The
      interviews were transcribed and analysed using inductive content analysis.
      FINDINGS: Three main categories of factors affecting the success of partnership
      were identified: the nature of partnership, business aspects and tension
      builders. Research LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The research was undertaken in rural
      Finland and the sample consisted 13 entrepreneurs. The results must be considered
      as observations with more generalised conclusions. PRACTICAL implications - The
      results of this study support municipalities in their social and health care
      service strategy work and especially in consideration of how to also facilitate a
      fruitful public-private partnership (PPP)-framework, which will largely depend on
      mutual understanding and consensus. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The reform of the social
      and health care system has raised intensive public debate throughout Europe. Key
      issues include the reorganising of social and health care processes as well as
      PPPs in provision of services. This study observes the views and experiences of
      private entrepreneurs and points out where some potential problems and solutions
      of social and health care PPPs are.

PMID- 26964857
TI  - Comparative Study of Acceptance and Adaptation to New Complete Dentures, Using
      Two Construction Protocols.
AB  - PURPOSE: To validate patients' acceptance and adaptation to new complete
      dentures, fabricated using two construction protocols. Evaluation was achieved by
      means of two psychometric questionnaires and registration of total number of sore
      spots. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty complete denture wearers, who sought
      replacement dentures because of complaints (material degradation or
      unsatisfactory repaired fracture) associated with them, were selected according
      to specific inclusion criteria. The denture construction protocols were randomly
      assigned to the study participants. Ten participants received complete dentures
      using a duplication construction protocol with a bilateral balanced occlusal
      (BBO) scheme (duplicate complete denture group); ten participants received
      complete dentures using a traditional construction protocol with BBO (traditional
      complete denture group). All study participants completed the Complete Denture
      Satisfaction and the Oral Health Impact Profile-20 (OHIP-20) questionnaires
      before they received the new complete dentures (pretreatment) and at 3 and 6
      months post-treatment. At the initial adaptation/adjustment visits, the location
      and number of sore spots were identified. Statistical analysis was performed to
      evaluate differences between groups and within each group pre- and post
      treatment. RESULTS: Denture satisfaction and oral health related quality of life
      scores were independent of the complete denture construction protocol. Within the
      traditional complete denture group there was a statistically significant increase
      in denture satisfaction and equivalent decrease (improvement) in OHIP-20 scores
      between pre- and post-treatment (both at 3-month and 6-month visits). This
      finding was consistent for OHIP-20 scores within the duplicate complete denture
      group, but not for denture satisfaction, which was not statistically significant.
      The total number of recorded sore spots was approximately double for the
      traditional complete denture group compared to the duplicate complete denture
      group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the study, patients' overall
      acceptance of their newly constructed complete dentures improved significantly
      for both groups (traditional and duplication construction protocols). Study
      participants adapted dissimilarly to their newly constructed complete dentures
      regarding comfort, as assessed by the total number of sore spots, although the
      recorded mean number of initial adaptation/adjustment visits was equal.

PMID- 26964859
TI  - Marginal regression analysis of recurrent events with coarsened censoring times.
AB  - Motivated by an ongoing pediatric mental health care (PMHC) study, this article
      presents weakly structured methods for analyzing doubly censored recurrent event
      data where only coarsened information on censoring is available. The study
      extracted administrative records of emergency department visits from provincial
      health administrative databases. The available information of each individual
      subject is limited to a subject-specific time window determined up to concealed
      data. To evaluate time-dependent effect of exposures, we adapt the local linear
      estimation with right censored survival times under the Cox regression model with
      time-varying coefficients (cf. Cai and Sun, Scandinavian Journal of Statistics
      2003, 30, 93-111). We establish the pointwise consistency and asymptotic
      normality of the regression parameter estimator, and examine its performance by
      simulation. The PMHC study illustrates the proposed approach throughout the
      article.

PMID- 26964858
TI  - Design of Highly Potent Lipid-Functionalized Peptidomimetics for Efficient in
      Vivo siRNA Delivery.
AB  - RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly efficient approach for gene silencing.
      Regulation of gene expression at post-transcriptional level provides great
      potential for curing diseases caused by abnormal overexpression of disease
      related genes. However, the application of RNAi in the clinic has been hindered
      by the lack of efficient and biocompatible delivery systems. Therefore, the
      development of a safe and tissue-targeted double-stranded interfering RNA (siRNA)
      carrier for clinical application is urgently needed. Here we report the discovery
      of a highly efficient liposomal siRNA delivery agent based on a novel
      peptidomimetic built from natural amino acids. Fine tuning of the composition of
      amino acids, the type of amide linkage in the peptidomimetic, as well as the
      formulation and the physicochemical parameters of the novel lipoplex resulted in
      a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) that efficiently encapsulates and carries siRNA to
      mouse liver. In vivo experiments showed that a single injection of unmodified
      siRNA complexed to one of the peptidomimetics at a clinically feasible dose
      induced significant RNAi in mouse liver, resulting in a 90% decrease in
      apolipoprotein B (ApoB) mRNA level, as well as a 60% decrease in serum ApoB
      protein level. Analysis of mouse serum by ELISA indicated that the novel
      peptidomimetic based lipoplex did not elevate the level of liver enzymes (ALT,
      AST) in the serum. Our novel peptidomimetic-based lipoplex demonstrated great
      potential for the development of a safe and efficient siRNA delivery agent for
      clinical applications. 

PMID- 26964860
TI  - The impact of a bundled policy intervention on improving the performance of rural
      healthcare in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The strategy of health policy has been changed for improving the
      performances to meeting the increasing healthcare demands. However, limited
      evidences were found to prove that the bundled payment was valid for service
      delivering in public sector. This study was designed to evaluate the
      effectiveness of a bundled policy on strengthening the county-village
      communication and improving the quality of chronic disease management. METHODS:
      This is a retrospective cohort study using the data collected in 2011, 2012 and
      2014 from the Rural Health Development Project in China. The policy intervention
      included performance-related contract with health facilities, developing
      technical guideline for doctors and nurses, routine monitoring of performance,
      and efforts to increase public awareness about the services. There were two
      intervention counties in Henan Province, China, while one county with similar
      characteristics in Henan was selected as control. Funding allocation, work load
      and salary for health care workers, volume of township-to-village technical
      assistance were reported before and after the policy was implemented. Our study
      also examined the policy impacts on improving treatment outcomes of diabetes and
      hypertension care. RESULTS: There were substantial increases in the provision of
      the basic package of services including 96.6 % of patients with hypertension,
      91.2 % of patients with diabetes under the health management system. After the
      intervention, there were 34.3 % (hypertension) and 42.0 % (diabetes) increase in
      regular follow-up visit rates, 24.6 and 17.2 % increase in blood pressure and
      blood glucose control rates, respectively. The family health records system
      covered 96 % of the rural families. Technical assistance between township health
      centres and village clinics were enhanced. Compared with baseline, the monthly
      training meeting and field supervision & guidance between township health centres
      and village clinics increased 1.0 meeting, 1.5 field visits, respectively, while
      the increases in the control county were only 0.3 meeting and 0.3 field visits.
      At the end of this study, 93.8 % of health workers achieved their performance
      goals. More patients were referred to appropriate levels of care. CONCLUSION:
      This bundled policy intervention effectively improved rural health care delivery.
      The result of our study can be used for local governments to implement
      performance-based health system management in developing country.

PMID- 26964866
TI  - Facile synthesis and photoluminescence characteristics of blue-emitting nitrogen
      doped graphene quantum dots.
AB  - A one-step hydrothermal method for synthesizing nitrogen-doped graphene quantum
      dots (N-GQDs) from organic carbon sources is presented in this paper. The high
      quality N-GQDs can be obtained via tuning the degree of dehydration/carbonization
      of citric acid and doping of nitrogen atoms into the graphene lattice. The
      micromorphology, chemical structure, composition and photoluminescence (PL)
      characteristics of the N-GQDs were characterized systematically. The size of the
      obtained N-GQDs is about 5-10 nm with typical topographic heights of 0.8-2.5 nm.
      There is intense blue emission and excitation-independent PL behavior when the N
      GQDs are in aqueous solution. The most remarkable innovation is that the
      fluorescence quantum yield (FL QY) of our N-GQDs is up to 75.2%, which is much
      higher than that of most reported GQDs (less than 25%). Thus, it is initially
      believed that synthesis parameters, hydrothermal process and nitrogen doping may
      greatly influence the surface state and bandgap of the GQDs, which are important
      in determining the PL characteristics of the N-GQDs. 

PMID- 26964868
TI  - Event-Related Potentials for Diagnosing Children and Adults With ADHD.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of ADHD is based on behavioral criteria, which allow for
      subjective variability and invite criticism regarding the reality of the
      disorder. In this situation, more objective criteria would be desirable. We
      review the scientific literature for diagnostic tests based on event-related
      potentials (ERPs). METHOD: Seven studies met the inclusion criteria of reporting
      the sensitivity and specificity of an ERP-based classifier discriminating
      participants with ADHD from healthy controls. Study quality was rated using the
      second version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS
      2) system. RESULTS: Overall, study quality was acceptable. The largest biases
      were lack of representativeness and overfitting. Sensitivities and specificities
      ranged from 57% to 96%, and 63% to 92%, respectively. However, no two studies
      used the same diagnostic test. CONCLUSION: There is a serious lack of
      coordination in worldwide efforts to find more objective ERP-based criteria for
      the diagnosis of ADHD. Concerted action is needed.

PMID- 26964861
TI  - The impact of retractor SPONGE-assisted laparoscopic surgery on duration of
      hospital stay and postoperative complications in patients with colorectal cancer
      (SPONGE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To achieve an adequate visual working field during laparoscopic
      colorectal surgery without disturbance of the small intestine, patients are
      positioned in the Trendelenburg position. This position results in hemodynamic
      changes that may increase the risk of cardiopulmonary complications and prolonged
      hospital stay. Recently, an intraoperative retractor sponge was introduced as an
      alternative to the Trendelenburg position during laparoscopic surgery. The
      objective of this trial is to study the impact of the use of an intraoperative
      retractor sponge on the duration of the hospital stay and risk of perioperative
      complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer.
      METHODS/DESIGN: The SPONGE trial is a monocenter study and follows the cohort
      multiple randomized controlled trial (cmRCT) design. It will be conducted within
      a multicenter prospective observational cohort of colorectal cancer patients of
      all stages, for whom longitudinal clinical data and patient-reported outcomes are
      collected. Patients within the cohort, who will undergo laparoscopic surgery for
      distal colon or rectal cancer, are eligible for inclusion and form a subcohort.
      From this subcohort, a 1:1 random sample will be offered to undergo surgery with
      the use of the retractor sponge. Patients from the subcohort who are not selected
      will undergo standard treatment, that is, surgery in the Trendelenburg position.
      The primary endpoint is the duration of the postoperative hospital stay.
      Secondary outcomes are duration of surgery; intraoperative blood loss and fluid
      balance; and postoperative body temperature, oxygenation and complications. Both
      arms require 94 patients. DISCUSSION: This study is the first randomized
      controlled trial to evaluate the effect of sponge-assisted laparoscopic
      colorectal surgery in comparison with standard Trendelenburg position on hospital
      stay and peri- and postoperative complications. Results of this study will also
      be relevant for other surgical procedures in the pelvic region. The present study
      is the second randomized controlled trial according to the cmRCT design, which is
      embedded within our colorectal cancer cohort. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02574013 . Registered 27 September 2015.

PMID- 26964869
TI  - Amygdala Abnormalities in Adults With ADHD.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The suggested neurobiological bases of ADHD focus on the amygdala as a
      center of emotions processing. Therefore, we hypothesize that patients with ADHD
      will show an irregular pattern of emotional-related activity of the amygdala
      region as well as some structural abnormalities. METHOD: Nine adult patients with
      ADHD and nine group-matched healthy volunteers were studied using a 1.5-T
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Morphometric measurements were obtained
      manually, and they were later processed and compared. Absolute volumes of several
      structures and nuclei were calculated with FSL-FIRST. For the functional magnetic
      resonance examination, a set of two paradigms was prepared, using a block design,
      incorporating images of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The
      patients were unmedicated at the time of the MRI scan. RESULTS: Negative
      correlation was found between the right amygdala volume and Barrat's impulsivity
      scores ( r = -.756, p = .018). The age of patients did not turn out to be a
      significant factor. No significantly higher activation areas were found in
      patients with unpleasant content images. For the left amygdala, an Region Of
      Interest (ROI)-based analysis showed moderately higher level of activation in the
      patients than in the controls with pleasant content images. CONCLUSION: Patients
      with ADHD tend to have smaller amygdala volumes. ADHD patients presented less
      activation in the area of the left frontal pole than the controls. There was no
      amygdala activation stated when presenting the pleasant images. Whereas bigger
      activation of the left amygdala was found in patients while presenting them
      unpleasant images. These results might suggest that lower emotional processing
      and less control of impulsivity is associated with dysfunctional amygdala in ADHD
      patients.

PMID- 26964867
TI  - Genome-wide association mapping for root traits in a panel of rice accessions
      from Vietnam.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite recent sequencing efforts, local genetic resources remain
      underexploited, even though they carry alleles that can bring agronomic benefits.
      Taking advantage of the recent genotyping with 22,000 single-nucleotide
      polymorphism markers of a core collection of 180 Vietnamese rice varieties
      originating from provinces from North to South Vietnam and from different
      agrosystems characterized by contrasted water regimes, we have performed a genome
      wide association study for different root parameters. Roots contribute to water
      stress avoidance and are a still underexploited target for breeding purpose due
      to the difficulty to observe them. RESULTS: The panel of 180 rice varieties was
      phenotyped under greenhouse conditions for several root traits in an experimental
      design with 3 replicates. The phenotyping system consisted of long plastic bags
      that were filled with sand and supplemented with fertilizer. Root length, root
      mass in different layers, root thickness, and the number of crown roots, as well
      as several derived root parameters and shoot traits, were recorded. The results
      were submitted to association mapping using a mixed model involving structure and
      kinship to enable the identification of significant associations. The analyses
      were conducted successively on the whole panel and on its indica (115 accessions)
      and japonica (64 accessions) subcomponents. The two associations with the highest
      significance were for root thickness on chromosome 2 and for crown root number on
      chromosome 11. No common associations were detected between the indica and
      japonica subpanels, probably because of the polymorphism repartition between the
      subspecies. Based on orthology with Arabidopsis, the possible candidate genes
      underlying the quantitative trait loci are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the
      major quantitative trait loci we detected through this genome-wide association
      study contain promising candidate genes encoding regulatory elements of known key
      regulators of root formation and development.

PMID- 26964870
TI  - Mouse models for ROS1-fusion-positive lung cancers and their application to the
      analysis of multikinase inhibitor efficiency.
AB  - ROS1-fusion genes, resulting from chromosomal rearrangement, have been reported
      in 1-2% of human non-small cell lung cancer cases. More than 10 distinct ROS1
      fusion genes, including break-point variants, have been identified to date. In
      this study, to investigate the in vivo oncogenic activities of one of the most
      frequently detected fusions, CD74-ROS1, as well as another SDC4-ROS1 fusion that
      has also been reported in several studies, we generated transgenic (TG) mouse
      strains that express either of the two ROS1-fusion genes specifically in lung
      alveolar type II cells. Mice in all TG lines developed tumorigenic nodules in the
      lung, and a few strains of both TG mouse lines demonstrated early-onset nodule
      development (multiple tumor lesions present in the lung at 2-4 weeks after
      birth); therefore, these two strains were selected for further investigation.
      Tumors developed progressively in the untreated TG mice of both lines, whereas
      those receiving oral administration of an ALK/MET/ROS1 inhibitor, crizotinib, and
      an ALK/ROS1 inhibitor, ASP3026, showed marked reduction in the tumor burden.
      Collectively, these data suggest that each of these two ROS1-fusion genes acts as
      a driver for the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma in vivo The TG mice
      developed in this study are expected to serve as valuable tools for exploring
      novel therapeutic agents against ROS1-fusion-positive lung cancer.

PMID- 26964871
TI  - Transcriptional activation of FN1 and IL11 by HMGA2 promotes the malignant
      behavior of colorectal cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide,
      and metastasis is the principle reason for its poor prognosis. Overexpression of
      high-mobility gene group A2 (HMGA2) contributes to the aggressiveness of CRC.
      However, the underlying molecular mechanism of its overexpression is still
      elusive. In this study, we showed that ectopic expression of HMGA2 significantly
      enhanced cell migration and invasion in vitro and promoted tumor growth and
      distant metastasis in vivo In contrast, the silencing of HMGA2 produced the
      opposite effects in vitro and in vivo Chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR and
      luciferase assays revealed that HMGA2 bound directly to the promoters of FN1 and
      IL11 and significantly induced their transcriptional activities. Moreover, as the
      direct downstream target of HMGA2, IL11 modulated cell migration and invasion
      through a pSTAT3-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, a strong positive
      correlation between HMGA2 and IL11 expression was identified in 122 CRC tissues.
      High IL11 expression was associated with poor differentiation, a large tumor
      size, lymph node metastasis and low overall survival in CRC patients.
      Collectively, our data reveal novel insights into the molecular mechanisms
      underlying HMGA2-mediated CRC metastasis and highlight the possibility of
      targeting HMGA2 and IL11 for treating CRC patients with metastasis.

PMID- 26964873
TI  - Should commonly prescribed drugs be avoided as internal standard choices in new
      assays for clinical samples?

PMID- 26964872
TI  - Cerebral infarction in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a case control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients often develop
      thromboembolic events, including cerebral infarction (CI). However, the
      relationship between advanced NSCLC and CI has not been thoroughly investigated.
      We examined the association between advanced NSCLC and CI and risk factors for CI
      in advanced or post-operative recurrent NSCLC patients. METHODS: We
      retrospectively investigated 515 patients diagnosed with advanced or post
      operative recurrent NSCLC at Juntendo University Hospital between April 2009 and
      March 2014. RESULTS: Among the 515 patients evaluated, 15 patients (2.9%)
      developed CI after diagnosis of advanced or post-operative recurrent NSCLC.
      Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted, and brain metastasis was the
      only significant independent risk factor for CI (odds ratio 5.24, 95% confidence
      interval 1.72-16.10, p = 0.004). The incidence was 6.3% in these patients. The
      median survival time was 36 days, and 1-year survival rate was 6.7% after
      development of CI. Overall survival from diagnosis of advanced NSCLC or post
      operative recurrence was significantly shorter in patients with CI than in
      patients without CI (223 days versus 895 days; HR, 3.46; 95% confidence interval,
      2.04-6.02; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CI is high in advanced or
      post-operative recurrent NSCLC, and is especially higher in patients with brain
      metastasis than in those without brain metastasis. Moreover, CI may affect
      patient's prognosis. Careful monitoring for the development of CI in patients
      with advanced or post-operative recurrent NSCLC is needed, especially for
      patients with brain metastasis.

PMID- 26964874
TI  - Microsatellite loci for Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster and cross
      amplification in other Urochloa species.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Forage grasses of the African genus Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) are
      the basis of Brazilian beef production, and there is a strong demand for high
      quality, productive and adapted forage plants. Among the approximately 100
      species of the genus Urochloa, Urochloa decumbens is one of the most important
      tropical forage grasses used for pastures due to several of its agronomic
      attributes. However, the level of understanding of these attributes and the tools
      with which to control them at the genetic level are limited, mainly due to the
      apomixis and ploidy level of this species. In this context, the present study
      aimed to identify and characterize molecular microsatellite markers of U.
      decumbens and to evaluate their cross-amplification in other Urochloa species.
      FINDINGS: Microsatellite loci were isolated from a previously constructed
      enriched library from one U. decumbens genotype. Specific primers were designed
      for one hundred thirteen loci, and ninety-three primer pairs successfully
      amplified microsatellite regions, yielding an average of 4.93 alleles per locus.
      The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of these loci ranged from 0.26
      to 0.85 (average 0.68), and the associated discriminating power (DP) values
      ranged from 0.22 to 0.97 (average 0.77). Cross-amplification studies demonstrated
      the potential transferability of these microsatellites to four other Urochloa
      species. Structure analysis revealed the existence of three distinct groups,
      providing evidence in the allelic pool that U. decumbens is closely related to
      Urochloa ruziziensis and Urochloa brizantha. The genetic distance values
      determined using Jaccard's coefficient ranged from 0.06 to 0.76. CONCLUSIONS: The
      microsatellite markers identified in this study are the first set of molecular
      markers for U. decumbens species. Their availability will facilitate
      understanding the genetics of this and other Urochloa species and breeding them,
      and will be useful for germplasm characterization, linkage mapping and marker
      assisted selection.

PMID- 26964875
TI  - Metabolic activity of sperm cells: correlation with sperm cell concentration,
      viability and motility in the rabbit.
AB  - The resazurin reduction test (RRT) is a useful technique to assess the metabolic
      rate of sperm cells. RRT depends on the ability of metabolically active cells to
      reduce the non-fluorescent dye resazurin to the fluorescent resorufin. The aim of
      this study was to develop a vital fluorometric method to evaluate metabolic
      activity of rabbit sperm cells. Twenty-five rabbit males were included in the
      study. Viability and morphology, motility and metabolic activity were evaluated
      using an eosin-nigrosin staining, a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and
      the RRT, respectively. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine
      the correlation between RRT and semen parameters. After evaluation, a
      concentration of 10 * 106 sperm cells/ml was selected for further experiments
      with RRT. No significant correlation was found between the RRT results and the
      motility parameters. However, after RRT a significant positive correlation
      between relative fluorescence units and the percentage of alive spermatozoa (r =
      0.62; P = 0.001) and a negative one with the percentage of sperm cells with
      acrosomic abnormalities (r = -0.45; P < 0.05) were detected. The vital assessment
      of metabolic rate of sperm cells by RRT could provide more information about
      semen quality than other routine semen analysis, correlating with sperm viability
      and acrosome status information. 

PMID- 26964877
TI  - A Patient-Centered Approach to Informed Consent: Results from a Survey and
      Randomized Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: Traditional informed consent documents tend to be too lengthy and
      technical to facilitate proper patient engagement. Patient-centered, short
      informed consent content could be equally informative, while minimizing patient
      burden and producing greater patient engagement. This study aimed to develop and
      evaluate patient-centered, patient-designed paper and video informed consent
      formats. METHODS: Two studies were conducted. In study 1, 118 self-identifying
      asthma patients recruited from a national, online pool completed survey tasks
      from their personal computers. Participants in study 1 were randomly assigned to
      examine sections of a standard informed consent document for an asthma trial and
      to select information they deemed critical to their decision making. In study 2,
      a sample of 83 self-identifying asthma patients completed experimental tasks in a
      university laboratory. Participants in study 2 were randomly assigned to a full
      informed consent document; a shortened, patient-designed informed consent
      document created from study 1; or a video with content matched to the shortened
      paper form. RESULTS: Study 1 yielded a more readable, concise version of a
      standard informed consent document (5 v. 17 pages). This shortened, patient
      designed form closely met normative criteria for good clinical practice. In study
      2, participants who viewed either the shortened paper consent or video reported
      greater engagement than those viewing the standard paper consent, without lowered
      performance on any other decision-relevant variables (i.e., comprehension, judged
      risk/benefit, feelings of trust). The video consent format did not cause
      increased enrollment. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that providing concise
      informed consent content, systematically developed from patients' self-reported
      information needs, may be more effective at engaging and informing clinical trial
      participants than the traditional consent approach, without detriment to trial
      comprehension, risk assessment, or enrollment.

PMID- 26964876
TI  - Contemporary Context of Drug-Eluting Stents in Brazil: A Cost Utility Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although drug-eluting stents (DES) have been widely incorporated into
      clinical practice in developed countries, several countries restrict their use
      mainly because of their high cost and unfavorable incremental cost-effectiveness
      ratios (ICER). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of DES in comparison
      with bare-metal stents (BMS) for treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD).
      DESIGN: Markov model. DATA SOURCES: Published literature, government database,
      and CAD patient cohort. TARGET POPULATION: Single-vessel CAD patients. TIME
      HORIZON: One year and lifetime. PERSPECTIVE: Brazilian Public Health System
      (SUS). INTERVENTION: Six strategies composed of percutaneous intervention with a
      BMS or 1 of 5 DES (paclitaxel, sirolimus, everolimus, zotarolimus, and
      zotarolimus resolute). OUTCOME MEASURES: Cost for target vessel revascularization
      avoided and cost for quality-adjusted life year gained. BASE CASE ANALYSIS: In
      the short-term analysis, sirolimus was the most effective and least costly among
      DES (ICER of I$20,642 per target vessel revascularization avoided), with all
      others DES dominated by sirolimus. Lifetime cumulative costs ranged from I$18,765
      to I$21,400. In the base case analysis, zotarolimus resolute had the most
      favorable ICER among the DES (ICER I$62,761), with sirolimus, paclitaxel, and
      zotarolimus being absolute dominated and everolimus extended dominated by
      zotarolimus resolute, although all the results were above the willingness-to-pay
      threshold of 3 times the gross domestic product per capita (I$35,307).
      SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: In deterministic sensitivity analysis, results were
      sensitive to cost of DES, number of stents used per patient, baseline
      probability, and duration of stent thrombosis risk. The probabilistic sensitivity
      analysis demonstrated a probability of 81% for BMS being the strategy of choice,
      with 9% for everolimus and 9% zotarolimus resolute, at the willingness-to-pay
      threshold. CONCLUSION: DES is not a good value for money in SUS perspective,
      despite its benefit in reducing target vessel revascularization. Since the cost
      effectiveness of DES is mainly driven by the stents' cost difference, they should
      cost less than twice the BMS price to become a cost-effective alternative.

PMID- 26964878
TI  - Odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia in a patient homozygous for a WNT10A nonsense
      mutation and mild manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia in carriers of the
      mutation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia (OODD) is a rare form of ectodermal
      dysplasia characterized by severe oligodontia, onychodysplasia, palmoplantar
      hyperkeratosis, dry skin, hypotrichosis, and hyperhidrosis of the palms and
      soles. The ectodermal dysplasias resulting from biallelic mutations in the WNT10A
      gene result in highly variable phenotypes, ranging from isolated tooth agenesis
      to OODD and Schopf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome (SSPS). CASE PRESENTATION: We
      identified a female patient, with consanguineous parents, who was clinically
      diagnosed with OODD. Genetic testing showed that she was homozygous for a
      previously reported pathogenic mutation in the WNT10A gene, c.321C > A,
      p.Cys107*. The skin and nail abnormalities were for many years interpreted as
      psoriasis and treated accordingly. A thorough clinical examination revealed
      hypotrichosis and hyperhidrosis of the soles and dental examination revealed
      agenesis of permanent teeth except the two maxillary central incisors. Skin
      biopsies from the hyperkeratotic palms and soles showed the characteristic
      changes of eccrine syringofibroadenomatosis, which has been described in patients
      with ectodermal dysplasias. Together with a family history of tooth anomalies,
      this lead to the clinical suspicion of a hereditary ectodermal dysplasia.
      CONCLUSION: This case illustrates the challenges of diagnosing ectodermal
      dysplasia like OODD and highlights the relevance of interdisciplinary cooperation
      in the diagnosis of rare conditions.

PMID- 26964879
TI  - Transmembrane delivery of anticancer drugs through self-assembly of cyclic
      peptide nanotubes.
AB  - Breaking the natural barriers of cell membranes achieves fast entry of
      therapeutics, which leads to enhanced efficacy and helps overcome multiple drug
      resistance. Herein, transmembrane delivery of a series of small molecule
      anticancer drugs was achieved by the construction of artificial transmembrane
      nanochannels formed by self-assembly of cyclic peptide (cyclo[Gln-(d-Leu-Trp)4-d
      Leu], CP) nanotubes (CPNTs) in the lipid bilayers. Our in vitro study in
      liposomes indicated that the transport of molecules with sizes smaller than 1.0
      nm, which is the internal diameter of the CPNTs, could be significantly enhanced
      by CPNTs in a size-selective and dose-dependent manner. Facilitated uptake of 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) was also confirmed in the BEL7402 cell line. On the contrary,
      CPs could facilitate neither the transport across liposomal membranes nor the
      uptake by cell lines of cytarabine, a counterevidence drug with a size of 1.1 nm.
      CPs had a very weak anticancer efficacy, but could significantly reduce the IC50
      of 5-FU in BEL7402, HeLa and S180 cell lines. Analysis by a q test revealed that
      a combination of 5-FU and CP had a synergistic effect in BEL7402 at all CP
      levels, in S180 at CP levels higher than 64 MUg mL(-1), but not in HeLa, where an
      additive effect was observed. Temporarily, intratumoral injection is believed to
      be the best way for CP administration. In vivo imaging using (125)I radio
      labelled CP confirmed that CPNPTs were completely localized in the tumor tissues,
      and translocation to other tissues was negligible. In vivo anticancer efficacy
      was studied in the grafted S180 solid tumor model in mice, and the results
      indicated that tumor growth was greatly inhibited by the combinatory use of 5-FU
      and CP, and a synergistic effect was observed at CP doses of 0.25 mg per kg bw.
      It is concluded that facilitated transmembrane delivery of anticancer drugs with
      sizes smaller than 1.0 nm was achieved, and the synergistic anticancer effect was
      confirmed both in cell lines and in vivo through the combinatory use of 5-FU and
      CP. 

PMID- 26964881
TI  - Photoisomerization mechanisms from trans, trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene:
      CASSCF on-the-fly trajectory surface hopping dynamic simulations.
AB  - We have employed the SA2-CAS(4,4)/6-31G ab initio method together with an on-the
      fly global-switching trajectory surface hopping algorithm to simulate
      photoisomerization reaction dynamics from reactant trans, trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3
      butadiene (DPB) to products cis,trans-DPB and cis,cis-DPB. This topic has been
      extensively studied experimentally and the present theoretical study is the first
      to simulate DPB photoisomerization reaction dynamics as far as we know. With
      total 600 sampling trajectories, 300 actively contribute to isomerization
      reaction via two conical intersections between the electronic ground and the
      first excited states. Simulated quantum yields of photoisomerization to cis,
      trans-DPB and cis, cis-DPB are 0.09 and 0.045, which are in good agreement with
      the experimental values of 0.07-0.25 and 0.02, respectively. The lifetime of the
      first excited state is estimated as 702 fs. The present simulation has shown two
      reactive photoisomerization mechanisms, namely one bond twist (OBT) and bicycle
      pedal (BP), and two non-reactive photoisomerization mechanisms, namely single
      bond torsion (SBT) and reverse torsion (RT) with respect to the central backbone
      CC bonds. We believe that the present theoretical work can benefit the
      experiments on photoisomerization of DPB derivates. 

PMID- 26964880
TI  - A review and content analysis of engagement, functionality, aesthetics,
      information quality, and change techniques in the most popular commercial apps
      for weight management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are thousands of apps promoting dietary improvement, increased
      physical activity (PA) and weight management. Despite a growing number of reviews
      in this area, popular apps have not been comprehensively analysed in terms of
      features related to engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information quality,
      and content, including the types of change techniques employed. METHODS: The
      databases containing information about all Health and Fitness apps on GP and
      iTunes (7,954 and 25,491 apps) were downloaded in April 2015. Database filters
      were applied to select the most popular apps available in both stores. Two
      researchers screened the descriptions selecting only weight management apps.
      Features, app quality and content were independently assessed using the Mobile
      App Rating Scale (MARS) and previously-defined categories of techniques relevant
      to behaviour change. Inter-coder reliabilities were calculated, and correlations
      between features explored. RESULTS: Of the 23 popular apps included in the review
      16 were free (70%), 15 (65%) addressed weight control, diet and PA combined; 19
      (83%) allowed behavioural tracking. On 5-point MARS scales, apps were of average
      quality (Md = 3.2, IQR = 1.4); "functionality" (Md = 4.0, IQR = 1.1) was the
      highest and "information quality" (Md = 2.0, IQR = 1.1) was the lowest domain. On
      average, 10 techniques were identified per app (range: 1-17) and of the 34
      categories applied, goal setting and self-monitoring techniques were most
      frequently identified. App quality was positively correlated with number of
      techniques included (rho = .58, p < .01) and number of "technical" features (rho
      = .48, p < .05), which was also associated with the number of techniques included
      (rho = .61, p < .01). Apps that provided tracking used significantly more
      techniques than those that did not. Apps with automated tracking scored
      significantly higher in engagement, aesthetics, and overall MARS scores. Those
      that used change techniques previously associated with effectiveness (i.e., goal
      setting, self-monitoring and feedback) also had better "information quality".
      CONCLUSIONS: Popular apps assessed have overall moderate quality and include
      behavioural tracking features and a range of change techniques associated with
      behaviour change. These apps may influence behaviour, although more attention to
      information quality and evidence-based content are warranted to improve their
      quality.

PMID- 26964882
TI  - Rhodium-catalyzed pyridannulation of indoles with diazoenals: a direct approach
      to pyrido[1,2-a]indoles.
AB  - A novel rhodium catalyzed pyridannulation of 3-substituted indoles with
      diazoenals furnished privileged pyrido[1,2-a]indoles. The reaction is proposed to
      involve a [4 + 2]-annulation of the diacceptor rhodium enalcarbenoid via C-2
      functionalization of the indole. The utility of the methodology was demonstrated
      with a short synthesis of the tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole core, present in a
      large number of biologically important polycyclic indole alkaloids. 

PMID- 26964883
TI  - Directly tailoring photon-electron coupling for sensitive photoconductance.
AB  - The coupling between photons and electrons is at the heart of many fundamental
      phenomena in nature. Despite tremendous advances in controlling electrons by
      photons in engineered energy-band systems, control over their coupling is still
      widely lacking. Here we demonstrate an unprecedented ability to couple photon
      electron interactions in real space, in which the incident electromagnetic wave
      directly tailors energy bands of solid to generate carriers for sensitive
      photoconductance. By spatially coherent manipulation of metal-wrapped material
      system through anti-symmetric electric field of the irradiated electromagnetic
      wave, electrons in the metals are injected and accumulated in the induced
      potential well (EIW) produced in the solid. Respective positive and negative
      electric conductances are easily observed in n-type and p-type semiconductors
      into which electrons flow down from the two metallic sides under light
      irradiation. The photoconductivity is further confirmed by sweeping the injected
      electrons out of the semiconductor before recombination applied by sufficiently
      strong electric fields. Our work opens up new perspectives for tailoring energy
      bands of solids and is especially relevant to develop high effective photon
      detection, spin injection, and energy harvesting in optoelectronics and
      electronics. 

PMID- 26964884
TI  - Optical responses of a metal with sub-nm gaps.
AB  - If the size of a metallic structure is reduced to be comparable to or even
      smaller than the typical quantum-mechanical lengths such as the Fermi wavelength
      or Thomas-Fermi wavelength, the electronic structure and optical responses are
      modulated by quantum effects. Here, we calculate the optical responses of a metal
      with sub-nm gaps using the eigenstates obtained from an effective-mass quantum
      theory. According to our simulation, the dielectric responses can be
      significantly modified by tuning the inter-gap distances. Remarkably, sub-nm gaps
      occupying a 0.3% volumetric fraction can elongate the penetration depth by an
      order of magnitude in the terahertz regime. We find that the detailed dependences
      of electron-photon interaction matrix elements on the involved electronic
      wavefunctions play an important role in the optical responses. The results draw
      our attention to these recently fabricated systems. 

PMID- 26964885
TI  - A unified mechanism for proteolysis and autocatalytic activation in the 20S
      proteasome.
AB  - Biogenesis of the 20S proteasome is tightly regulated. The N-terminal propeptides
      protecting the active-site threonines are autocatalytically released only on
      completion of assembly. However, the trigger for the self-activation and the
      reason for the strict conservation of threonine as the active site nucleophile
      remain enigmatic. Here we use mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography and biochemical
      assays to suggest that Lys33 initiates nucleophilic attack of the propeptide by
      deprotonating the Thr1 hydroxyl group and that both residues together with Asp17
      are part of a catalytic triad. Substitution of Thr1 by Cys disrupts the
      interaction with Lys33 and inactivates the proteasome. Although a Thr1Ser mutant
      is active, it is less efficient compared with wild type because of the
      unfavourable orientation of Ser1 towards incoming substrates. This work provides
      insights into the basic mechanism of proteolysis and propeptide autolysis, as
      well as the evolutionary pressures that drove the proteasome to become a
      threonine protease. 

PMID- 26964887
TI  - Physical Activity Measurement by Accelerometry Among Older Malay Adults Living in
      Semi-Rural Areas-A Feasibility Study.
AB  - We evaluated feasibility of physical activity measurement by accelerometry among
      older Malay adults living in semi-rural areas in Malaysia. Results showed that
      95% of 146 participants (aged [SD] 67.6 [6.4] years) were compliant in wearing
      the accelerometer for at least five days. Fifteen participants were asked for re
      wear the accelerometer because they did not have enough valid days during the
      first assessment. Participants wore the accelerometer an average of 15.3 hr in a
      24-hr day, with 6.5 (1.2) valid wear days. No significant difference in valid
      wear day and time was found between men and women. Participants who are single
      provide more valid wear days compared with married participants (p < .05), and
      participants with higher levels of education provide longer periods of
      accelerometer wearing hours (p < .01). Eighty-seven percent of participants
      reported 'no issues' with wearing the meter. This study suggests that
      accelerometry is a feasible method to assess the physical activity level among
      older Malay adults living in semi-rural areas.

PMID- 26964888
TI  - Fast and Efficient Fragment-Based Lead Generation by Fully Automated Processing
      and Analysis of Ligand-Observed NMR Binding Data.
AB  - NMR binding assays are routinely applied in hit finding and validation during
      early stages of drug discovery, particularly for fragment-based lead generation.
      To this end, compound libraries are screened by ligand-observed NMR experiments
      such as STD, T1rho, and CPMG to identify molecules interacting with a target. The
      analysis of a high number of complex spectra is performed largely manually and
      therefore represents a limiting step in hit generation campaigns. Here we report
      a novel integrated computational procedure that processes and analyzes ligand
      observed proton and fluorine NMR binding data in a fully automated fashion. A
      performance evaluation comparing automated and manual analysis results on (19)F-
      and (1)H-detected data sets shows that the program delivers robust, high
      confidence hit lists in a fraction of the time needed for manual analysis and
      greatly facilitates visual inspection of the associated NMR spectra. These
      features enable considerably higher throughput, the assessment of larger
      libraries, and shorter turn-around times. 

PMID- 26964890
TI  - Lymphocytic meningitis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2.

PMID- 26964889
TI  - Rise in differentiated thyroid cancer incidence in our hospital is not related
      with an increased incidental microcarcinoma detection.

PMID- 26964891
TI  - A scurvy case in a XXI century young men.

PMID- 26964886
TI  - Spatiotemporal patterns of sortilin and SorCS2 localization during organ
      development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sortilin and SorCS2 are part of the Vps10p receptor family. They have
      both been studied in nervous tissue with several important functions revealed,
      while their expression and possible functions in developing peripheral tissue
      remain poorly understood. Here we deliver a thorough characterization of the
      prenatal localization of sortilin and SorCS2 in mouse peripheral tissue. RESULTS:
      Sortilin is highly expressed in epithelial tissues of the developing lung, nasal
      cavity, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland and developing intrahepatic bile ducts.
      Furthermore tissues such as the thyroid gland, developing cartilage and ossifying
      bone also show high expression of sortilin together with cell types such as
      megakaryocytes in the liver. SorCS2 is primarily expressed in mesodermally
      derived tissues such as striated muscle, adipose tissue, ossifying bone and
      general connective tissue throughout the body, as well as in lung epithelia.
      Furthermore, the adrenal gland and liver show high expression of SorCS2 in
      embryos 13.5 days old. CONCLUSIONS: The possible functions relating to the
      expression patterns of Sortilin and SorCS2 in development are numerous and
      hopefully this paper will help to generate new hypotheses to further our
      understanding of the Vps10p receptor family.

PMID- 26964892
TI  - Ecosystem services provided by a complex coastal region: challenges of
      classification and mapping.
AB  - A variety of ecosystem services classification systems and mapping approaches are
      available in the scientific and technical literature, which needs to be selected
      and adapted when applied to complex territories (e.g. in the interface between
      water and land, estuary and sea). This paper provides a framework for addressing
      ecosystem services in complex coastal regions. The roadmap comprises the
      definition of the exact geographic boundaries of the study area; the use of CICES
      (Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services) for ecosystem
      services identification and classification; and the definition of qualitative
      indicators that will serve as basis to map the ecosystem services. Due to its
      complexity, the Ria de Aveiro coastal region was selected as case study,
      presenting an opportunity to explore the application of such approaches at a
      regional scale. The main challenges of implementing the proposed roadmap,
      together with its advantages are discussed in this research. The results
      highlight the importance of considering both the connectivity of natural systems
      and the complexity of the governance framework; the flexibility and robustness,
      but also the challenges when applying CICES at regional scale; and the challenges
      regarding ecosystem services mapping. 

PMID- 26964893
TI  - Ovarian cancer: Status of homologous recombination pathway as a predictor of drug
      response.
AB  - Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), particularly high-grade serous subtype, is
      associated with germline mutations in BRCA1/BRCA2 genes in up to 20% of the
      patients. BRCA1/BRCA2 proteins are important components of the homologous
      recombination (HR) pathway, a vital DNA repair process that protects the genome
      from double-strand DNA damage. Recent studies revealed frequent somatic mutations
      of BRCA1/BRCA2 and hypermethylation of the promoter of BRCA1 in EOC, in addition
      to germline mutations. Comparison of DNA copy number changes in tumors with or
      without BRCA1/BRCA2 alterations, lead to the identification of several signatures
      that detect HR pathway defects, here named "HRness". These signatures predict
      platinum-sensitivity and survival in EOC, as it was previously shown for germline
      mutations of BRCA1/BRCA2. They are currently investigated in clinical trials as
      potential predictive biomarker for response to poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase
      inhibitors. 

PMID- 26964894
TI  - The refugee crisis challenges national health care systems: Countries accepting
      large numbers of refugees are struggling to meet their health care needs, which
      range from infectious to chronic diseases to mental illnesses.

PMID- 26964896
TI  - Exhibition A: scientist at work: Science museums are shifting their focus away
      from educating and elating their audiences to fostering dialogue with scientists.

PMID- 26964895
TI  - A novel cytoprotective function for the DNA repair protein Ku in regulating p53
      mRNA translation and function.
AB  - Ku heterodimer is a DNA binding protein with a prominent role in DNA repair.
      Here, we investigate whether and how Ku impacts the DNA damage response by acting
      as a post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression. We show that Ku represses
      p53 protein synthesis and p53-mediated apoptosis by binding to a bulged stem-loop
      structure within the p53 5' UTR However, Ku-mediated translational repression of
      the p53 mRNA is relieved after genotoxic stress. The underlying mechanism
      involves Ku acetylation which disrupts Ku-p53 mRNA interactions. These results
      suggest that Ku-mediated repression of p53 mRNA translation constitutes a novel
      mechanism linking DNA repair and mRNA translation.

PMID- 26964897
TI  - Niclosamide blocks glucagon phosphorylation of Ser552 on beta-catenin in primary
      rat hepatocytes via PKA signalling.
AB  - Recently, it has been found that glucagon is able to activate the beta-catenin
      signalling pathway leading to increased cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression in liver.
      Therefore the main aim of the present study is to determine whether the effect of
      glucagon activating beta-catenin signalling leading to increased target gene
      expression is mediated through cAMP activation of PKA (protein kinase A). Primary
      rat hepatocytes were incubated with insulin, glucagon or adrenaline (epinephrine)
      and a range of inhibitors of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), Wnt, mitochondrial
      uncoupler (niclosamide) or PKA inhibitors to dissect out the pathway leading to
      increased Ser(552) phosphorylation on beta-catenin following glucagon exposure.
      In primary rat hepatocytes, we found that short exposure to glucagon or
      adrenaline caused a rapid increase in Ser(552) phosphorylation on beta-catenin
      that leads to increased cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression. A range of PI3K and Wnt
      inhibitors were unable to block the effect of glucagon phosphorylating beta
      catenin. Interestingly, both niclosamide and the PKA inhibitor H89 blocked the
      glucagon effect on beta-catenin signalling, leading to a reduction in target gene
      expression. Likewise, niclosamide inhibited cAMP levels and the direct addition
      of db-cAMP (dibutyryl-cAMP sodium salt) also resulted in Ser(552) phosphorylation
      of beta-catenin. We have identified a new pathway via glucagon signalling that
      leads to increased beta-catenin activity that can be reversed with the
      antihelminthic drug niclosamide, which has recently shown promise as a potential
      treatment of T2D (Type 2 diabetes). This novel finding could be useful in liver
      cancer treatment, particularly in the context of T2D with increased beta-catenin
      activity.

PMID- 26964898
TI  - Exploring the structure of glutamate racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as
      a template for anti-mycobacterial drug discovery.
AB  - Glutamate racemase (MurI) is responsible for providing D-glutamate for
      peptidoglycan biosynthesis in bacteria and has been a favoured target in
      pharmaceutical drug design efforts. It has recently been proven to be essential
      in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism of tuberculosis, a disease
      for which new medications are urgently needed. In the present study, we have
      determined the protein crystal structures of MurI from both M. tuberculosis and
      Mycobacterium smegmatis in complex with D-glutamate to 2.3 A and 1.8 A resolution
      respectively. These structures are conserved, but reveal differences in their
      active site architecture compared with that of other MurI structures.
      Furthermore, compounds designed to target other glutamate racemases have been
      screened but do not inhibit mycobacterial MurI, suggesting that a new drug design
      effort will be needed to develop inhibitors. A new type of MurI dimer arrangement
      has been observed in both structures, and this arrangement becomes the third
      biological dimer geometry for MurI found to date. The mycobacterial MurI dimer is
      tightly associated, with a KD in the nanomolar range. The enzyme binds D- and L
      glutamate specifically, but is inactive in solution unless the dimer interface is
      mutated. We created triple mutants of this interface in the M. smegmatis
      glutamate racemase (D26R/R105A/G194R or E) that have appreciable activity
      (kcat=0.056-0.160 min(-1) and KM=0.26-0.51 mM) and can be utilized to screen
      proposed antimicrobial candidates for inhibition.

PMID- 26964899
TI  - miR-434-3p and DNA hypomethylation co-regulate eIF5A1 to increase AChRs and to
      improve plasticity in SCT rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) serve as connections between motor neurons and
      skeletal muscle and are essential for recovery from spinal cord transection
      (SCT). Recently, microRNAs have emerged as important potential biotherapeutics
      for several diseases; however, whether miRNAs operate in the modulation of AChRs
      remains unknown. We found increased AChRs numbers and function scores in rats
      with SCT; these increases were reduced following the injection of a eukaryotic
      translation initiation factor 5A1 (eIF5A1) shRNA lentivirus into the hindlimb
      muscle. Then, high-throughput screening for microRNAs targeting eIF5A1 was
      performed, and miR-434-3p was found to be robustly depleted in SCT rat skeletal
      muscle. Furthermore, a highly conserved miR-434-3p binding site was identified
      within the mRNA encoding eIF5A1 through bioinformatics analysis and dual
      luciferase assay. Overexpression or knockdown of miR-434-3p in vivo demonstrated
      it was a negative post-transcriptional regulator of eIF5A1 expression and
      influenced AChRs expression. The microarray-enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms
      regulated by miR-434-3p were muscle development terms. Using a lentivirus, one
      functional gene (map2k6) was confirmed to have a similar function to that of miR
      434-3p in GO terms. Finally, HRM and MeDIP-PCR analyses revealed that DNA
      demethylation also up-regulated eIF5A1 after SCT. Consequently, miR-434-3p/eIF5A1
      in muscle is a promising potential biotherapy for SCI repair. 

PMID- 26964901
TI  - Efficacy of Ketorolac Buccal Infiltrations and Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks in
      Patients with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled study was to determine whether ketorolac buccal infiltrations (BIs)
      helped to improve the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANBs) in
      patients with acute irreversible pulpitis (AIP). METHODS: Forty adult volunteers
      with AIP in a mandibular molar were included in this study. Patients were
      instructed to evaluate their pain by using a Heft-Parker visual analog scale.
      They were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 20). All patients received standard
      IANB injection and after that a BI of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine.
      After 5 minutes, 20 patients received a BI of 30 mg/mL ketorolac, and the other
      received a BI of normal saline (control group). Endodontic access cavity
      preparation (ACP) was initiated 15 minutes after the IANB when the patient
      reported lip numbness and had 2 electric pulp tests with no responses. The
      patient's pain during caries and dentin removal, ACP, and canal length
      measurements (CLM) was recorded by using Heft-Parker visual analog scale.
      Successful anesthesia was defined as no or mild pain during any of these steps,
      without the need for additional injection. Data were statistically analyzed by
      using Mann-Whitney U and chi(2) tests. RESULTS: Successful anesthesia after an
      IANB plus BI of articaine was obtained in 15% of patients in the control group at
      the end of CLM. Adding BI of ketorolac significantly increased the success rate
      to 40% (P < .05). Patient's pain during ACP and CLM was significantly lower in
      the ketorolac group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Ketorolac BI can increase the success
      rate of anesthesia after IANB and BI with articaine in patients with AIP.

PMID- 26964900
TI  - Novel function of LHFPL2 in female and male distal reproductive tract
      development.
AB  - Congenital reproductive tract anomalies could impair fertility. Female and male
      reproductive tracts are developed from Mullerian ducts and Wolffian ducts,
      respectively, involving initiation, elongation and differentiation. Genetic basis
      solely for distal reproductive tract development is largely unknown. Lhfpl2
      (lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 2) encodes a tetra-transmembrane protein with
      unknown functions. It is expressed in follicle cells of ovary and epithelial
      cells of reproductive tracts. A spontaneous point mutation of Lhfpl2
      (LHFPL2(G102E)) leads to infertility in 100% female mice, which have normal
      ovarian development, ovulation, uterine development, and uterine response to
      exogenous estrogen stimulation, but abnormal upper longitudinal vaginal septum
      and lower vaginal agenesis. Infertility is also observed in ~70% mutant males,
      which have normal mating behavior and sperm counts, but abnormal distal vas
      deferens convolution resulting in complete and incomplete blockage of
      reproductive tract in infertile and fertile males, respectively. On embryonic day
      15.5, mutant Mullerian ducts and Wolffian ducts have elongated but their duct
      tips are enlarged and fail to merge with the urogenital sinus. These findings
      provide a novel function of LHFPL2 and a novel genetic basis for distal
      reproductive tract development; they also emphasize the importance of an
      additional merging phase for proper reproductive tract development. 

PMID- 26964902
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors associated with HIV and tuberculosis in people who
      use drugs in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The number of people who use drugs (PWUD) has dramatically increased
      in West Africa over the last 15 years, but targeted interventions are falling
      behind, notably because of the lack of awareness of the health needs of PWUD. We
      aimed to assess prevalence and factors associated with HIV and other infections
      in PWUD in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, one of the countries most affected by HIV in
      Western Africa. METHODS: We used respondent-driven-sampling to obtain a
      representative sample of heroin or cocaine/crack users aged 18 years or more.
      Socio-behavioral data were obtained by face-to-face questionnaires. Blood samples
      were collected and tested for HIV. Two sputa were obtained in tuberculosis (TB)
      symptomatic participants for acid-fast-bacilli (AFB) smear testing. After a
      descriptive analysis, crude prevalence were calculated, then weighted to take
      account of the sampling method. Factors associated with HIV and TB were studied
      using adjusted log-binomial regression. Population size was estimated by capture
      recapture. RESULTS: 450 PWUD were recruited in May 2014. The mean age was 33.5
      years; 10.9% were women. Smoking was the main mode of consumption, ever injecting
      was reported by 12.7% of the participants (3.6% in the past month). Sex work was
      reported by 15.8% of the PWUD (13.7% of the men), and 10.2% of the men reported
      sexual relationships with other men (MSM). We found a weighted prevalence of 9.5%
      for HIV. Women were 3.4 times more likely to be infected than men. Among men,
      being a sex worker (SW) (adjusted OR 2.9 [95CI 1.06-7.98]) or MSM (adjusted OR
      11.5 [95CI 4.22-31.42]) were the main factors associated with HIV infection in
      adjusted analysis. Injection was not associated with HIV. TB weighted prevalence
      was 1.8%, associated with poor living arrangements in adjusted analysis. We
      estimated that 3521; 95CI 3049-3993 PWUD live in Abidjan. CONCLUSION: PWUD in
      Abidjan are at high risk of HIV due to sexual transmission, especially in women,
      SW and MSM who also use drugs. Interventions should be developed to improve HIV
      prevention and linkage to care in these specific populations. More generally,
      improving the health of PWUD involves a broader reflection on the living
      environment and access to health care of slum residents in large African cities.

PMID- 26964904
TI  - Rehebbilitating Memory.

PMID- 26964903
TI  - Joel Elkes.

PMID- 26964905
TI  - The effects of physical activity on impulsive choice: Influence of sensitivity to
      reinforcement amount and delay.
AB  - Impulsive choice is a diagnostic feature and/or complicating factor for several
      psychological disorders and may be examined in the laboratory using delay
      discounting procedures. Recent investigators have proposed using quantitative
      measures of analysis to examine the behavioral processes contributing to
      impulsive choice. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of
      physical activity (i.e., wheel running) on impulsive choice in a single-response,
      discrete-trial procedure using two quantitative methods of analysis. To this end,
      rats were assigned to physical activity or sedentary groups and trained to
      respond in a delay-discounting procedure. In this procedure, one lever always
      produced one food pellet immediately, whereas a second lever produced three food
      pellets after a 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80-s delay. Estimates of sensitivity to
      reinforcement amount and sensitivity to reinforcement delay were determined using
      (1) a simple linear analysis and (2) an analysis of logarithmically transformed
      response ratios. Both analyses revealed that physical activity decreased
      sensitivity to reinforcement amount and sensitivity to reinforcement delay. These
      findings indicate that (1) physical activity has significant but functionally
      opposing effects on the behavioral processes that contribute to impulsive choice
      and (2) both quantitative methods of analysis are appropriate for use in single
      response, discrete-trial procedures. 

PMID- 26964906
TI  - The role of MAO in personality and drug use.
AB  - Monoamine oxidases, both MAO-A and MAO-B, have been implicated in personality
      traits and complex behaviour, including drug use. Findings supporting the
      involvement of MAO-A and MAO-B in shaping personality and in the development of
      strategies of making behavioural choices come from a variety of studies that have
      examined either prevalence of gene variants in clinical groups or population
      derived samples, estimates of enzyme activity in blood or, by positron emission
      tomography, in the brain and, most recently, measurement of methylation of the
      gene. Most of the studies converge in associating MAO-A and MAO-B with impulsive,
      aggressive or antisocial personality traits or behaviours, including alcohol
      related problems, and for MAO-A available evidence strongly supports interaction
      with adverse environmental exposures in childhood. What is known about genotype
      effects, and on expression and activity of the enzyme in the brain and in blood
      has not yet been possible to unite into a mechanistic model of the role of
      monoamine systems, but the reason for this low degree of generalization is likely
      caused by the cross-sectional nature of investigation that has not incorporated
      the developmental effects of MAO-s in critical time windows, including the foetal
      period. The "risk variants" of both MAO-s appear to increase behavioural
      plasticity, as supportive environments may particularly well enhance the hidden
      potential of their carriers. Importantly, male and female brain and behaviours
      have been found very different with regard to MAO*life events interaction. Future
      studies need to take into consideration these developmental aspects and
      sex/gender, as well as to specify the role of different types of environmental
      factors.

PMID- 26964907
TI  - Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the oomyceta
      Aphanomyces euteiches.
AB  - Aphanomyces euteiches Drechsler is a serious pathogen of leguminous crops that
      causes devastating root rot of pea worldwide. Given that A. euteiches is a
      diploid organism, robust, codominant markers are needed for population genetics
      studies. We have developed and screened a microsatellite-enriched small-insert
      genomic library for identification of A. euteiches SSR containing sequences.
      Fourteen out of the 48 primer pairs designed to amplify SSR, produced unambiguous
      polymorphic products in our test population of 94 isolates. The number of alleles
      at each locus ranged from one to four. The identification of new markers would
      enhance the ability to evaluate the genetic structure of A. euteiches
      populations, and pathogen evolution.

PMID- 26964908
TI  - Genetic variants at 18q11.2 and 8q24 identified by genome-wide association
      studies were not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis risk in Chinese
      population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) recently identified several
      susceptibility loci in ASAP1 gene on chromosome 8q24 for tuberculosis (TB) in a
      Russian population, but no relevant studies have been performed to validate these
      findings. In addition, previous GWAS in Ghana and Gambia found that the variant
      rs4331426 at 18q11.2 was a susceptibility locus for TB. However, the follow-up
      studies reported conflicting results. Herein, we investigated the contribution of
      genetic variants at 8q24 and 18q11.2 to TB in Chinese population. METHODS: We
      genotyped four genetic variants at 8q24 (rs10956514 and rs11774633) and 18q11.2
      (rs4331426 and rs6507226) in a case-control study with 355 newly
      bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases and 395 healthy controls using
      TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis
      including 4 reported studies in Chinese populations and our case-control study
      with a total of 3118 cases and 3226 controls to further evaluate the relationship
      between rs4331426 at 18q11.2 and TB risk. RESULTS: We did not find significant
      association between genetic variants at 8q24 and risk of TB (rs10956514: OR=0.89,
      95%CI: 0.72-1.09, P=0.253; rs11774633: OR=0.86, 95%CI: 0.69-1.08, P=0.206). We
      did not observe significant association for genetic variants at 18q11.2
      (rs4331426: OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.34-1.14, P=0.122; and rs6507226: OR=0.98, 95%CI:
      0.80-1.20, P=0.853). Moreover, the pooled results from the Meta-analysis further
      supported that rs4331426 at 18q11.2 was not associated with TB risk in Chinese
      population (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.63-1.29). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that
      TB risk-associated loci at 8q24 and 18q11.2 identified by GWAS from the other
      populations may not contribute to TB susceptibility in Chinese population.

PMID- 26964909
TI  - Molecular analysis and MIRU-VNTR typing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium,
      'hominissuis' and silvaticum strains of veterinary origin.
AB  - Besides Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), M. avium subsp. avium
      (MAA), M. avium subsp. silvaticum (MAS), and 'M. avium subsp. hominissuis' (MAH)
      are equally important members of M. avium complex, with worldwide distribution
      and zoonotic potential. Genotypic discrimination is a prerequisite to
      epidemiological studies which can facilitate disease prevention through revealing
      infection sources and transmission routes. The primary aim of this study was to
      identify the genetic diversity within 135 MAA, 62 MAS, and 84 MAH strains
      isolated from wild and domestic mammals, reptiles and birds. Strains were tested
      for the presence of large sequence polymorphism LSP(A)17 and were submitted to
      Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU
      VNTR) analysis at 8 loci, including MIRU1, 2, 3, and 4, VNTR25, 32, and 259, and
      MATR9. In 12 strains hsp65 sequence code type was also determined. LSP(A)17 was
      present only in 19.9% of the strains. All LSP(A)17 positive strains belonged to
      subspecies MAH. The discriminatory power of the MIRU-VNTR loci set used reached
      0.9228. Altogether 54 different genotypes were detected. Within MAH, MAA, and MAS
      strains 33, 16, and 5 different genotypes were observed. The described genotypes
      were not restricted to geographic regions or host species, but proved to be
      subspecies specific. Our knowledge about MAS is limited due to isolation and
      identification difficulties. This is the first study including a large number of
      MAS field strains. Our results demonstrate the high diversity of MAH and MAA
      strains and the relative uniformity of MAS strains.

PMID- 26964910
TI  - Separate pulmonary venous anastomoses using a left atrial appendage in a left
      single lung transplantation.

PMID- 26964911
TI  - Evaluation of robotic cardiac surgery simulation training: A randomized
      controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the currently available simulation training modalities used
      to teach robotic surgery. METHODS: Forty surgical trainees completed a
      standardized robotic 10-cm dissection of the internal thoracic artery and placed
      3 sutures of a mitral valve annuloplasty in porcine models and were then
      randomized to a wet lab, a dry lab, a virtual reality lab, or a control group
      that received no additional training. All groups trained to a level of
      proficiency determined by 2 expert robotic cardiac surgeons. All assessments were
      evaluated using the Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills in a blinded
      fashion. RESULTS: Wet lab trainees showed the greatest improvement in time-based
      scoring and the objective scoring tool compared with the experts (mean, 24.9 +/-
      1.7 vs 24.9 +/- 2.6; P = .704). The virtual reality lab improved their scores and
      met the level of proficiency set by our experts for all primary outcomes (mean,
      24.9 +/- 1.7 vs 22.8 +/- 3.7; P = .103). Only the control group trainees were not
      able to meet the expert level of proficiency for both time-based scores and the
      objective scoring tool (mean, 24.9 +/- 1.7 vs 11.0 +/- 4.5; P < .001). The
      average duration of training was shortest for the dry lab and longest for the
      virtual reality simulation (1.6 hours vs 9.3 hours; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We
      have completed the first randomized controlled trial to objectively compare the
      different training modalities of robotic surgery. Our data demonstrate the
      significant benefits of wet lab and virtual reality robotic simulation training
      and highlight key differences in current training methods. This study can help
      guide training programs in investing resources in cost-effective, high-yield
      simulation exercises.

PMID- 26964913
TI  - Every step matters.

PMID- 26964912
TI  - Outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the
      United States based on hospital volume, 2007 to 2011.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine national trends in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
      volume between 2007 and 2011, and analyze in-hospital outcomes after CABG surgery
      stratified according to hospital volume. METHODS: We analyzed all patients who
      underwent isolated CABG surgery between 2007 and 2011 in the National Inpatient
      Sample database. Trends in procedure volume and rates of adverse in-hospital
      outcomes were examined. Multivariate propensity-score adjusted analysis was
      performed to compare in-hospital mortality for hospitals based on quartiles of
      CABG volume. RESULTS: The frequency of isolated CABG decreased by 25.4% from 2007
      to 2011 (from 326 cases per million adults to 243 cases per million adults), with
      the most marked decline at higher-volume centers. Patients in the highest-volume
      quartile were more likely to have a history of previous CABG, previous
      percutaneous coronary intervention, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, or
      chronic renal failure. In-hospital mortality was highest in low-volume centers.
      In multivariate logistic regression analysis, low hospital volume was an
      independent predictor of in-hospital all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio,
      1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-1.56; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of
      CABG procedures has declined, mainly at high-volume centers. Low CABG volume is
      associated with an increase in in-hospital mortality.

PMID- 26964914
TI  - Is conventional coronary artery surgery being replaced by the hybrid approach?

PMID- 26964915
TI  - Postinfarction ventricular septal defect: Beyond patching the hole.

PMID- 26964916
TI  - Controlled Outcomes for Achievement of Urinary Continence among Boys Treated for
      Posterior Urethral Valves.
AB  - PURPOSE: We evaluated the age at which boys with a history of posterior urethral
      valves after no or minimal anticholinergic medication achieve urinary continence
      and the factors contributing to continence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed
      the hospital records of all males treated for posterior urethral valves at a
      single institution between 1990 and 2008. Continence was considered to have been
      attained if no weekly wetting episodes occurred. We evaluated the influence of
      patient characteristics, including reduced kidney function and primary ring type
      ureteral stoma, on age at which continence was achieved. RESULTS: A total of 76
      patients were assessed. Achievement of daytime and nighttime urinary continence
      was markedly delayed in patients (mean +/- SD age 5.5 +/- 3.3 years and 5.4 +/-
      3.0 years, respectively) compared to the reference population (2.3 +/- 0.5 and
      2.9 +/- 1.2, p <0.001). Increased serum creatinine levels at age 5 years were
      associated with later daytime and nighttime continence (mean +/- SD 6.0 +/- 3.2
      and 5.5 +/- 2.6 years, respectively, vs 4.1 +/- 2.3 and 3.7 +/- 1.4 years,
      respectively, in patients with normal serum creatinine, p <=0.05). Prenatal or
      neonatal diagnosis of posterior urethral valves was associated with significantly
      delayed achievement of daytime continence compared to cases diagnosed later (mean
      +/- SD 5.9 +/- 3.6 vs 4.1 +/- 1.8 years, p = 0.02). Patients with high nadir
      serum creatinine and vesicoureteral reflux initially also were at increased risk
      for urinary tract infections (p = 0.003 and p <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients with posterior urethral valves achieve daytime and nighttime urinary
      continence significantly later than their healthy peers. Prenatal or neonatal
      diagnosis and high serum creatinine are associated with later attainment of
      continence.

PMID- 26964918
TI  - Ultrasound-enhanced chemiluminescence tomography in biological tissue.
AB  - This paper reports ultrasound-assisted optical imaging of chemiluminescent probes
      in biological tissue. A focused low power ultrasound sonochemically enhances a
      peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (CL) that involves indocyanine green (ICG) as
      luminescent pigments. By scanning the focus, it produces tomographic images of CL
      in scattering media. The authors demonstrate imaging using a slab of porcine
      muscle measuring 50 * 50 * 75 mm, in which a capsuled CL reagent is embedded at
      25 mm depth. Spatial resolution of imaging and concentration characteristics of
      CL reagents to enhanced CL intensity are also studied to evaluate the potential
      for use in bio-imaging applications with exploring the CL enhancement mechanisms.
      CL enhancement ratio, defined as the ratio of ultrasonically enhanced CL
      intensity to the base intensity without ultrasound irradiation, was found to be
      constant even in varying ICG and oxidizer concentrations, implying to be
      applicable for quantitative determination of these molecules.

PMID- 26964917
TI  - Systemic Radioligand Therapy with (177)Lu Labeled Prostate Specific Membrane
      Antigen Ligand for Imaging and Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Castration
      Resistant Prostate Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: We report our initial clinical experience with beta -emitting (177)Lu
      PSMA-I&T ((177)Lu labeled prostate specific membrane antigen ligand for imaging
      and therapy) for systemic treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate
      cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with metastatic castration resistant
      prostate cancer who experienced treatment failure with chemotherapy and novel
      androgen receptor targeted therapy were treated for 8 weeks with up to 4 cycles
      of (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T. We report safety data, the antitumor response with prostate
      specific antigen decreases and the radiographic tumor response as well as the
      clinical outcome with changes in ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group)
      performance status and pain severity. RESULTS: The first 3 patients were treated
      with a lower activity of 3.7 GBq in cycle 1. Due to a favorable safety profile
      the activity was increased to 7.4 GBq in 19 subsequent patients who completed a
      total of 40 cycles. With the higher activity no grade 3/4 toxicities were
      observed. The main nonhematological and hematological grade 1/2 toxicities were
      dry mouth in 7 patients (37%), anemia in 6 (32%) and thrombopenia in 5 (25%). The
      proportion of patients who achieved a maximum prostate specific antigen decrease
      of 30% or greater, 50% or greater and 90% or greater was 56%, 33% and 11%,
      respectively. Combined assessment of bone and soft tissue metastases showed
      complete remission in 5% of patients, stable disease in 63% and progressive
      disease in 32%. ECOG performance status improved or was stable in 74% of
      patients. Of men with bone pain 58% achieved complete resolution or reduced pain.
      CONCLUSIONS: Radioligand therapy with (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T appears to be safe and
      active in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic castration resistant
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 26964919
TI  - Assessing the application and downstream effects of pulsed mode ultrasound as a
      pre-treatment for alum coagulation.
AB  - The application of pulsed mode ultrasound (PMU) as a pre-treatment for alum
      coagulation was investigated at various alum dosages and pH levels. The effects
      of the treatments on turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and
      residual Al were evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to
      optimize the operating conditions of the applied treatments. The results showed
      that PMU pre-treatment increased turbidity and DOC removal percentages from
      maximum of 96.6% and 43% to 98.8% and 52%, respectively. It also helped decrease
      the minimum residual Al from 0.100 to 0.094 ppm. The multiple response
      optimization was carried out using the desirability function. A desirability
      value of >0.97 estimated respective turbidity removal, DOC removal and Al
      residual of 89.24%, 45.66% and ~ 0.1 ppm for coagulation (control) and 90.61%,
      >55% and ~ 0 for coagulation preceded by PMU. These figures were validated via
      confirmatory experiments. PMU pre-treatment increased total coliform removal from
      80% to >98% and decreased trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) from 250 to
      200 ppb CH3Cl. Additionally, PMU application prior to coagulation improved the
      settleability of sludge due to the degassing effects. The results of this study
      confirms that PMU pre-treatment can significantly improve coagulation
      performance.

PMID- 26964920
TI  - Effects of ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkaline pretreatments on the
      enzymolysis and structural characteristics of rice protein.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of multi-frequency
      energy-gathered ultrasound (MFEGU) and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments on
      the enzymolysis and the mechanism of two pretreatments accelerating the rice
      protein (RP) proteolysis process. The results showed that MFEGU and MFEGU
      assisted alkaline pretreatments improved significantly (P<0.05) the degree of
      hydrolysis (DH) and the protein elution amount of RP. Furthermore under the same
      DH conditions, ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkaline pretreatments were
      more save the enzymolysis time than the unpretreatment. The changes in UV-vis
      spectra, fluorescence emission spectra indicated unfolding and destruction of RP
      by MFEGU and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments. The circular dichroism
      analysis showed that both pretreatments decreased alpha-helix but increased beta
      sheet and random coil of RP. Amino acid composition revealed that MFEGU and MFEGU
      assisted alkaline pretreatments could increase the protein elution amount and the
      ratio of hydrophobic amino acids. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that
      both pretreatments destroyed the microstructures and reduced the particle size of
      RP. Therefore, MFEGU and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments are beneficial to
      improving the degree of hydrolysis due to its sonochemistry effect on the
      molecular conformation as well as on the microstructure of protein. 

PMID- 26964922
TI  - Ultrasonication assisted and surfactant mediated synergistic approach for
      synthesis of calcium sulfate nano-dendrites.
AB  - Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) nano-dendrimers were fabricated successfully via
      ultrasonic irradiation method using calcium chloride [CaCl2] and ammonium per
      sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] as precursors in aqueous solution by using cetyl trimethyl
      ammonium bromide (CTAB) as chemical surfactants. Diffusion-induced branching
      growth mechanism (DIBGM), influenced with the action of head-group and
      hydrocarbon chain effect of cationic surfactants, was the backbone in the
      formation of CaSO4 nano-dendrites. Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy
      (FTIR), X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES),
      Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), Field-Emission Scanning Electron
      Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Dynamic Light
      Spectroscopy (DLS) and BET surface area analyzer were used to characterize the
      products. Results obtained were compared with conventional stirring method that
      proved the superiority of sonication method to obtain well-crystalline
      nanostructures. Also, surfactant concentration, sonication frequency and time
      were noticed as the critical factors to generate such absolute morphologies at
      nano-crystalline size. 

PMID- 26964921
TI  - Formulation of saponin stabilized nanoemulsion by ultrasonic method and its role
      to protect the degradation of quercitin from UV light.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to prepare quercitin (QT) loaded o/w
      nanoemulsion using food grade surfactants (saponin and tween 80). The prepared
      nanoemulsion) was stable up to 30 days. The average particle size of the
      nanoemulsion was 52 +/- 10 nm. The formation of saponin stabilized nanoemulsion
      was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Quercitin (QT) trapped
      nanoemulsion showed higher stability on exposure to UV light (254 nm) as compared
      to water/ethanol system. The degradation rate was found to decrease from 9 +/-
      1%, 11 +/- 1% at pH 7.4, 8.0 respectively as compared to 42 +/- 2% in
      water/ethanol system. Attempt was also made to study the interaction of QT with
      two different bile salts (sodium cholate and sodium taurocholate). The free
      radical scavenging activity of DPPH quercitin and curcumin was compared in NEm
      media. The obtained IC50 value of quercitin, curcumin and ascorbic acid are 28.88
      +/- 1, 45.53 +/- 2 and 51.51 +/- 2 MUM respectively. The values of binding
      constant for sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium taurocholate (NaTC) are 2.66 * 10(5)
      and 2.72 * 10(4) M(-1) respectively. Sodium cholate (NaC) was found to show
      strong interaction towards quercitin (QT) due to more electron density on oxygen
      atom of carboxylate ion.

PMID- 26964923
TI  - Sonochemical procedures; the main synthetic method for synthesis of coinage metal
      ion supramolecular polymer nano structures.
AB  - During the last two decades, supramolecular polymers have received great
      attention and the number of their synthesized compounds is still growing.
      Although people have long been interested in their crystalline network form it
      was only until 2005 that the first examples of nano- or microscale coordination
      polymers particles be demonstrated. This review tries to give an overview of all
      nano supramolecular compounds which were reported from coinage metal ions, their
      attributed synthetic procedures and to investigate the relation between the
      dimensions of coinage metal ions (Cu, Ag and Au) coordination and supramolecular
      polymers with their nano-structural morphologies and dimensions. Eleven compounds
      (from twenty compounds) with nano-structure morphology were prepared by
      sonochemical process and Ag(I) coordination and supramolecular polymer nano
      structures can be easily prepared by sonochemical procedures. 

PMID- 26964924
TI  - Sonochemical degradation of ethyl paraben in environmental samples: Statistically
      important parameters determining kinetics, by-products and pathways.
AB  - The sonochemical degradation of ethyl paraben (EP), a representative of the
      parabens family, was investigated. Experiments were conducted at constant
      ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz and liquid bulk temperature of 30  degrees C in
      the following range of experimental conditions: EP concentration 250-1250 MUg/L,
      ultrasound (US) density 20-60 W/L, reaction time up to 120 min, initial pH 3-8
      and sodium persulfate 0-100mg/L, either in ultrapure water or secondary treated
      wastewater. A factorial design methodology was adopted to elucidate the
      statistically important effects and their interactions and a full empirical model
      comprising seventeen terms was originally developed. Omitting several terms of
      lower significance, a reduced model that can reliably simulate the process was
      finally proposed; this includes EP concentration, reaction time, power density
      and initial pH, as well as the interactions (EP concentration)*(US density), (EP
      concentration)*(pHo) and (EP concentration)*(time). Experiments at an increased
      EP concentration of 3.5mg/L were also performed to identify degradation by
      products. LC-TOF-MS analysis revealed that EP sonochemical degradation occurs
      through dealkylation of the ethyl chain to form methyl paraben, while successive
      hydroxylation of the aromatic ring yields 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic
      and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids. By-products are less toxic to bacterium V.
      fischeri than the parent compound.

PMID- 26964925
TI  - Optimization of ultrasound induced emulsification on the formulation of palm
      olein based nanoemulsions for the incorporation of antioxidant beta-D-glucan
      polysaccharides.
AB  - Polysaccharides of beta-D-glucan configuration have well-known antioxidant
      activity against reactive free radicals generated from the oxidation of metabolic
      processes. In this study, beta-D-glucan-polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma
      lucidum were incorporated in palm olein based nanoemulsions which act as carrier
      systems to enhance the delivery and bioactivity of these polysaccharides and
      could be potentially useful for skin care applications. Initially response
      surface statistical design (Central Composite Design--CCD) was subjected to
      optimize the formulation variables of oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions induced by
      ultrasound. The optimal formulation variables as predicted by CCD resulted in
      considerably improving the physical characteristics of ultrasonically formulated
      nanoemulsions by minimizing their droplet size, polydispersity index and
      viscosity. Moreover, the beta-D-glucan-loaded nanoemulsions exhibited good
      stability over 90 days under different storage conditions (4  degrees C and 25 
      degrees C). The studies using palm olein based beta-D-glucan-loaded nanoemulsion
      generated using ultrasound confirm higher antioxidant activity as compared to
      free beta-D-glucan.

PMID- 26964927
TI  - High yield synthesis of Ni-BTC metal-organic framework with ultrasonic
      irradiation: Role of polar aprotic DMF solvent.
AB  - Nickel based porous solid was synthesized with 20 kHz ultrasonic irradiation. The
      reaction of Ni(II) nitrate hexahydrate with 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid in
      N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) as the sole solvent under ultrasonic radiation
      produced porous Ni-BTC MOF. Choice of correct solvent for the ultrasonic
      treatment was proven important. The effect of varying ultrasonic powers (40%, 60%
      and 80% of 750 W) along with different temperature conditions (50  degrees C, 60 
      degrees C, 70  degrees C and 80  degrees C) influenced the respective yield. A
      very high yield of 88% Ni-BTC MOF was obtained from 80% ultrasonic power at 60 
      degrees C. BET surface areas of the MOF crystals measured by N2 gas adsorption
      isotherms were in the range of 960-1000 m(2)/g.

PMID- 26964926
TI  - Enzymolysis kinetics and structural characteristics of rice protein with energy
      gathered ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali pretreatments.
AB  - This research investigated the structural characteristics and enzymolysis
      kinetics of rice protein which was pretreated by energy-gathered ultrasound and
      ultrasound assisted alkali. The structural characteristics of rice protein before
      and after the pretreatment were performed with surface hydrophobicity and Fourier
      transform infrared (FTIR). There was an increase in the intensity of fluorescence
      spectrum and changes in functional groups after the pretreatment on rice protein
      compared with the control (without ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali
      processed), thus significantly enhancing efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis.
      A simplified kinetic equation for the enzymolysis model with the impeded reaction
      of enzyme was deduced to successfully describe the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice
      protein by different pretreatments. The initial observed rate constants (Kin,0)
      as well as ineffective coefficients (kimp) were proposed and obtained based on
      the experimental observation. The results showed that the parameter of kin,0
      increased after ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali pretreatments, which
      proved the effects of the pretreatments on the substrate enhancing the
      enzymolysis process and had relation to the structure changes of the
      pretreatments on the substrate. Furthermore, the applicability of the simplified
      model was demonstrated by the enzymatic hydrolysis process for other materials. 

PMID- 26964928
TI  - One-pot sonochemical synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones using nano-CdZr4(PO4)6
      as a robust heterogeneous catalyst.
AB  - An efficient three-component synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones is described by
      one-pot condensation of aldehydes, aniline and thioglycolic acid with nano
      CdZr4(PO4)6 as a robust heterogeneous catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation. Use
      of simple and readily available starting materials, experimental simplicity,
      applying the sonochemical methodology as an efficient method and innocuous means
      of activation in synthetic chemistry are some advantages of this protocol. 

PMID- 26964929
TI  - Effect of non-acoustic parameters on heterogeneous sonoporation mediated by
      single-pulse ultrasound and microbubbles.
AB  - Sonoporation-transient plasma membrane perforation elicited by the interaction of
      ultrasound waves with microbubbles--has shown great potential for drug delivery
      and gene therapy. However, the heterogeneity of sonoporation introduces
      complexities and challenges in the realization of controllable and predictable
      drug delivery. The aim of this investigation was to understand how non-acoustic
      parameters (bubble related and bubble-cell interaction parameters) affect
      sonoporation. Using a customized ultrasound-exposure and fluorescence-imaging
      platform, we observed sonoporation dynamics at the single-cell level and
      quantified exogenous molecular uptake levels to characterize the degree of
      sonoporation. Sonovue microbubbles were introduced to passively regulate
      microbubble-to-cell distance and number, and bubble size. 1 MHz ultrasound with
      10-cycle pulse duration and 0.6 MPa peak negative pressure were applied to
      trigger the inertial collapse of microbubbles. Our data revealed the impact of
      non-acoustic parameters on the heterogeneity of sonoporation. (i) The localized
      collapse of relatively small bubbles (diameter, D<5.5 MUm) led to predictable
      sonoporation, the degree of which depended on the bubble-to-cell distance (d). No
      sonoporation was observed when d/D>1, whereas reversible sonoporation occurred
      when d/D<1. (ii) Large bubbles (D>5.5 MUm) exhibited translational movement over
      large distances, resulting in unpredictable sonoporation. Translation towards the
      cell surface led to variable reversible sonoporation or irreversible
      sonoporation, and translation away from the cell caused either no or reversible
      sonoporation. (iii) The number of bubbles correlated positively with the degree
      of sonoporation when D<5.5 MUm and d/D<1. Localized collapse of two to three
      bubbles mainly resulted in reversible sonoporation, whereas irreversible
      sonoporation was more likely following the collapse of four or more bubbles.
      These findings offer useful insight into the relationship between non-acoustic
      parameters and the degree of sonoporation.

PMID- 26964930
TI  - Modification of nanosized natural montmorillonite for ultrasound-enhanced
      adsorption of Acid Red 17.
AB  - This work aims to modify montmorillonite (MMT) via dodecyltrimethylammonium
      bromide (DTMA) and investigate its ability in ultrasound (US) assisted
      decolorization of a polluted solution. BET surface area of MMT was increased from
      19.76 to 42.57 m(2)/g and basal spacing of MMT structural layers was increased
      from 1.13 to 1.69 nm by DTMA modification. The application of DTMA-modified MMT
      (DTMA-MMT) and US for the decolorization of Acid Red 17 (AR17) showed that US
      could improve the ability of DTMA-MMT on decolorization of AR17 solution due to
      simultaneous adsorption and sonocatalysis. The ability of US assisted DTMA-MMT
      was slightly decreased with pH, the initial dye concentration and the presence of
      inorganic anions.

PMID- 26964931
TI  - Sonochemical synthesis of a new nano-sized cerium(III) supramolecular compound;
      Precursor for nanoceria.
AB  - Using a sonochemical method, nanoparticles of a new Ce(III) supramolecular
      compound, (NAMH(+))2[Ce4(pydc)6(pydcH)2(H2O)8].8H2O (1), (H2pydc=2,6
      pyridinedicarboxylic acid, NAM=nicotinamide), have been synthesized. Compound 1
      was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction
      (XRPD), FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses, and its structure was
      determined by X-ray crystallography. It has been revealed that its structure
      consists of tetra-nuclear building units that extend to a 3D supramolecular
      network via non-covalent interactions mainly hydrogen bonding. The thermal
      stability of complex 1 both for its crystals and nanostructures has been studied
      by the thermal gravimetric (TG) method and compared with each other. The role of
      ultrasound irradiation power and the concentration of initial reactants on the
      size and morphology of the nano-structured complex 1, has been investigated.
      Ceria nanoparticles were obtained upon the calcination of complex 1 at 800
      degrees C under atmospheric air. Furthermore, the fluorescent properties of
      complex 1 at room temperature were studied. 

PMID- 26964932
TI  - Syntheses and structural characterization of two new nanostructured Bi(III)
      supramolecular polymers via sonochemical method.
AB  - Two new bismuth(III) coordination supramolecular polymers, {[Bi2(Hbpp)(bpp)(MU
      I)2I6](Hbpp).MeOH}n (1) and [Bi(Hbpp)(Br4)] (2), (bpp=1,3-di(pyridin-4
      yl)propane) were prepared and were structurally characterized by single crystal X
      ray diffraction. Single crystalline one-dimensional materials were prepared using
      a heat gradient applied a solution of the reagents using the branched tube
      method. The structural determination by single crystal X-ray crystallography
      shows that compounds 1 and 2 form monoclinic polymers with symmetry space group
      P21 in the solid state. These new nanostructured Bi(III) supramolecular
      compounds, {[Bi2(Hbpp)(bpp)(MU-I)2I6](Hbpp).MeOH} (1) and [Bi(Hbpp)(Br4)] (2),
      were also synthesized by sonochemical method. The nanostructures were
      characterized by Field Emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X
      ray diffraction (PXRD) and IR spectroscopy. 

PMID- 26964933
TI  - Intensification of degradation of methomyl (carbamate group pesticide) by using
      the combination of ultrasonic cavitation and process intensifying additives.
AB  - In the present work, the degradation of methomyl has been carried out by using
      the ultrasound cavitation (US) and its combination with H2O2, Fenton and photo
      Fenton process. The study of effect of operating pH and ultrasound power density
      has indicated that maximum extent of degradation of 28.57% could be obtained at
      the optimal pH of 2.5 and power density of 0.155 W/mL. Application of US in
      combination with H2O2, Fenton and photo-Fenton process has further accelerated
      the rate of degradation of methomyl with complete degradation of methomyl in 27
      min, 18 min and 9 min respectively. Mineralization study has proved that a
      combination of US and photo-Fenton process is the most effective process with
      maximum extent of mineralization of 78.8%. Comparison of energy efficiency and
      cost effectiveness of various processes has indicated that the electrical cost of
      79892.34Rs./m(3) for ultrasonic degradation of methomyl has drastically reduced
      to 2277.00Rs./m(3), 1518.00Rs./m(3) and 807.58Rs./m(3) by using US in combination
      with H2O2, Fenton and photo-Fenton process respectively. The cost analysis has
      also indicated that the combination of US and photo-Fenton process is the most
      energy efficient and cost effective process.

PMID- 26964935
TI  - Cavitation erosion mechanism of titanium alloy radiation rods in aluminum melt.
AB  - Ultrasound radiation rods play a key role in introducing ultrasonic to the grain
      refinement of large-size cast aluminum ingots (with diameter over 800 mm), but
      the severe cavitation corrosion of radiation rods limit the wide application of
      ultrasonic in the metallurgy field. In this paper, the cavitation erosion of Ti
      alloy radiation rod (TARR) in the semi-continuous direct-chill casting of 7050 Al
      alloy was investigated using a 20 kHz ultrasonic vibrator. The macro/micro
      characterization of Ti alloy was performed using an optical digital microscopy
      and a scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results indicated that the
      cavitation erosion and the chemical reaction play different roles throughout
      different corrosion periods. Meanwhile, the relationship between mass-loss and
      time during cavitation erosion was measured and analyzed. According to the rate
      of mass-loss to time, the whole cavitation erosion process was divided into four
      individual periods and the mechanism in each period was studied accordingly.

PMID- 26964934
TI  - Comparison of ultrasonic-assisted and regular leaching of germanium from by
      product of zinc metallurgy.
AB  - A major source of germanium recovery and also the source of this research is the
      by-product of lead and zinc metallurgical process. The primary purpose of the
      research is to investigate the effects of ultrasonic assisted and regular methods
      on the leaching yield of germanium from roasted slag containing germanium. In the
      study, the HCl-CaCl2 mixed solution is adopted as the reacting system and the
      Ca(ClO)2 used as the oxidant. Through six single factor (leaching time,
      temperature, amount of Ca(ClO)2, acid concentration, concentration of CaCl2
      solution, ultrasonic power) experiments and the comparison of the two methods, it
      is found the optimum collective of germanium for ultrasonic-assisted method is
      obtained at temperature 80  degrees C for a leaching duration of 40 min. The
      optimum concentration for hydrochloric acid, CaCl2 and oxidizing agent are
      identified to be 3.5 mol/L, 150 g/L and 58.33 g/L, respectively. In addition, 700
      W is the best ultrasonic power and an over-high power is adverse in the leaching
      process. Under the optimum condition, the recovery of germanium could reach up to
      92.7%. While, the optimum leaching condition for regular leaching method is same
      to ultrasonic-assisted method, except regular method consume 100 min and the
      leaching rate of Ge 88.35% is lower about 4.35%. All in all, the experiment
      manifests that the leaching time can be reduced by as much as 60% and the
      leaching rate of Ge can be increased by 3-5% with the application of ultrasonic
      tool, which is mainly thanks to the mechanical action of ultrasonic.

PMID- 26964936
TI  - Effect of sonication frequency on the disruption of algae.
AB  - In this study, the efficiency of ultrasonic disruption of Chaetoceros gracilis,
      Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Nannochloropsis sp. was investigated by applying
      ultrasonic waves of 0.02, 0.4, 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, and 4.3 MHz to algal suspensions.
      The results showed that reduction in the number of algae was frequency dependent
      and that the highest efficiency was achieved at 2.2, 3.3, and 4.3MHz for C.
      gracilis, C. calcitrans, and Nannochloropsis sp., respectively. A review of the
      literature suggested that cavitation, rather than direct effects of
      ultrasonication, are required for ultrasonic algae disruption, and that chemical
      effects are likely not the main mechanism for algal cell disruption. The
      mechanical resonance frequencies estimated by a shell model, taking into account
      elastic properties, demonstrated that suitable disruption frequencies for each
      alga were associated with the cell's mechanical properties. Taken together, we
      consider here that physical effects of ultrasonication were responsible for algae
      disruption.

PMID- 26964937
TI  - Precise spatial control of cavitation erosion in a vessel phantom by using an
      ultrasonic standing wave.
AB  - In atherosclerotic inducement in animal models, the conventionally used balloon
      injury is invasive, produces excessive vessel injuries at unpredictable locations
      and is inconvenient in arterioles. Fortunately, cavitation erosion, which plays
      an important role in therapeutic ultrasound in blood vessels, has the potential
      to induce atherosclerosis noninvasively at predictable sites. In this study,
      precise spatial control of cavitation erosion for superficial lesions in a vessel
      phantom was realised by using an ultrasonic standing wave (USW) with the
      participation of cavitation nuclei and medium-intensity ultrasound pulses. The
      superficial vessel erosions were restricted between adjacent pressure nodes,
      which were 0.87 mm apart in the USW field of 1 MHz. The erosion positions could
      be shifted along the vessel by nodal modulation under a submillimetre-scale
      accuracy without moving the ultrasound transducers. Moreover, the cavitation
      erosion of the proximal or distal wall could be determined by the types of
      cavitation nuclei and their corresponding cavitation pulses, i.e., phase-change
      microbubbles with cavitation pulses of 5 MHz and SonoVue microbubbles with
      cavitation pulses of 1 MHz. Effects of acoustic parameters of the cavitation
      pulses on the cavitation erosions were investigated. The flow conditions in the
      experiments were considered and discussed. Compared to only using travelling
      waves, the proposed method in this paper improves the controllability of the
      cavitation erosion and reduces the erosion depth, providing a more suitable
      approach for vessel endothelial injury while avoiding haemorrhage.

PMID- 26964938
TI  - Sono-synthesis and characterization of bimetallic Ni-Co/Al2O3-MgO nanocatalyst:
      Effects of metal content on catalytic properties and activity for hydrogen
      production via CO2 reforming of CH4.
AB  - Sono-dispersion of Ni, Co and Ni-Co over Al2O3-MgO with Al/Mg ratio of 1.5 was
      prepared and tested for dry reforming of methane. The samples were characterized
      by XRD, FESEM, PSD, EDX, TEM, BET and FTIR analyses. In order to assess the
      effect of ultrasound irradiation, Ni-Co/Al2O3-MgO with Co content of 8% prepared
      via sonochemistry and impregnation methods. The sono-synthesized sample showed
      better textural properties and higher activity than that of impregnated one.
      Comparison of XRD patterns indicated that the NiO peaks became broader by
      increasing Co content over the support. The FESEM images displayed the particles
      are small and well-dispersed as a result of sonochemistry method. Also, EDX
      analysis demonstrated better dispersion of Ni and Co as a result of sonochemistry
      method in confirmation of XRD analysis. The sono-synthesized Ni-Co/Al2O3-MgO as a
      superior nanocatalyst with Co content of 3% illustrates much higher conversions
      (97.5% and 99% for CH4 and CO2 at 850  degrees C), yields (94% and 96% for H2 and
      CO at 850  degrees C) and 0.97 of H2/CO molar ratio in all samples using an
      equimolar feed ratio at 850  degrees C. During the 1200 min stability test, H2/CO
      molar ratio remained constant for the superior nanocatalyst.

PMID- 26964939
TI  - Eco-friendly processing in enzymatic xylooligosaccharides production from
      corncob: Influence of pretreatment with sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton reaction
      and its antioxidant potentials.
AB  - Delignification can be considered as a feasible process to pretreat
      lignocellulosic biomass in xylooligosaccharides production after the performance
      and efficiency has been improved through a few modifications. This study compared
      various pretreatment strategies such as Fenton, sonocatalytic, and sonocatalytic
      synergistic Fenton employed on corncob in order to expose lignin content and
      saccharides to enhance the xylooligosaccharides yield by enzymatic hydrolysis.
      The dissolution of lignin and xylooligosaccharides production of corncob was
      enhanced by ultrasound assisted TiO2 and Fenton reaction. The corncob pretreated
      with a sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton reaction gave the highest release of the
      lignin concentration level (1.03 g/L), dissolution level (80.25%), and
      xylooligosaccharides content (46.45 mg/g substrate). A two-step pretreatment
      processes consisting of the alkali treatment (pretreatment) and sonocatalytic
      synergistic Fenton process (posttreatment) illustrated that subsequent enzymatic
      hydrolysis could be enhanced considerably. The release of the lignin
      concentration and xylooligosaccharides content were 33.20 g/L and 174.81 mg/g
      substrate, respectively. The antioxidant potential of xylooligosaccharides showed
      significant differences regarding the amount of xylooligosaccharides and the
      phenolic compounds produced.

PMID- 26964940
TI  - Sono-advanced Fenton decolorization of azo dye Orange G: Analysis of synergistic
      effect and mechanisms.
AB  - In this study, a successful decolorization of Orange G was achieved by means of
      coupling zero valent iron (ZVI), H2O2 and ultrasound (US) under acidic pH
      conditions. The synergistic effect and characterization of potential roles of the
      factors including ZVI, tert-Butanol as radical scavenger, dissolved ferrous ions
      and H2O2 generated from sonication were evaluated in this sono-advanced Fenton
      process (SAFP) system. A clear synergy was evident in terms of decolorization
      rate and the TOC removal as the input of US enhanced the activity of the
      Fe(0)/H2O2 system. The results suggested that the ZVI was potential replacement
      for the Fe(2+) ion. This remarkable activity was attributed to the capacity of
      Fe(2+) formed and reduction of sonic-dissolved Fe(2+) concentration by the
      formation of {Fe.Fe(2+)}. The modification of the condition of H2O2 addition such
      as the dosage and input method showed significant variations in terms of
      decolorization rate. This result indicated that the optimal external addition of
      H2O2 and input method is a limited factor of decolorization rate due to its
      comparatively insufficient generated by ultrasound. 

PMID- 26964941
TI  - Ultrasound-assisted fabrication of a new nano-rods 3D copper(II)-organic
      coordination supramolecular compound.
AB  - High-energy ultrasound irradiation has been used for the synthesis of a new
      copper(II) coordination supramolecular compound, [Cu2(MU-O2CCH3)2(MU
      OOCCH3)(phen)2](BF4) (1), ("phen" is 1,10-phenanthroline) with nano-rods
      morphology. The new nano-structure was characterized by scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), FT-IR spectroscopy and
      elemental analyses. Compound 1 was structurally characterized by single crystal X
      ray diffraction. The utilization of high intensity ultrasound has found as a
      facile, environmentally friendly, and versatile synthetic tool for the
      supramolecular coordination compounds. 

PMID- 26964942
TI  - Effect of platinum nanoparticles on cell death induced by ultrasound in human
      lymphoma U937 cells.
AB  - In this study, we report on the potential use of platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs),
      a superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase mimetic antioxidant, in combination with
      1MHz ultrasound (US) at an intensity of 0.4 W/cm(2), 10% duty factor, 100 Hz PRF,
      for 2 min. Apoptosis induction was assessed by DNA fragmentation assay, cell
      cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Cell killing was confirmed by cell
      counting and microscopic examination. The mitochondrial and Ca(2+)-dependent
      pathways were investigated. Caspase-8 expression and autophagy-related proteins
      were detected by spectrophotometry and western blot analysis, respectively.
      Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation was detected by flow
      cytometry, while extracellular free radical formation was assessed by electron
      paramagnetic resonance spin trapping spectrometry. The results showed that Pt-NPs
      exerted differential effects depending on their internalization. Pt-NPs
      functioned as potent free radical scavengers when added immediately before
      sonication while pre-treatment with Pt-NPs suppressed the induction of apoptosis
      as well as autophagy (AP), and resulted in enhanced cell killing. Dead cells
      displayed the features of pyknosis. The exact mode of cell death is still
      unclear. In conclusion, the results indicate that US-induced AP may contribute to
      cell survival post sonication. To our knowledge this is the first study to
      discuss autophagy as a pro-survival pathway in the context of US. The combination
      of Pt-NPs and US might be effective in cancer eradication.

PMID- 26964944
TI  - Effects of ultrasonic agitation and surfactant additive on surface roughness of
      Si (111) crystal plane in alkaline KOH solution.
AB  - In the silicon wet etching process, the "pseudo-mask" formed by the hydrogen
      bubbles generated during the etching process is the reason causing high surface
      roughness and poor surface quality. Based upon the ultrasonic mechanical effect
      and wettability enhanced by isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ultrasonic agitation and IPA
      were used to improve surface quality of Si (111) crystal plane during silicon wet
      etching process. The surface roughness Rq is smaller than 15 nm when using
      ultrasonic agitation and Rq is smaller than 7 nm when using IPA. When the range
      of IPA concentration (mass fraction, wt%) is 5-20%, the ultrasonic frequency is
      100 kHz and the ultrasound intensity is 30-50 W/L, the surface roughness Rq is
      smaller than 2 nm when combining ultrasonic agitation and IPA. The surface
      roughness Rq is equal to 1 nm when the mass fraction of IPA, ultrasound intensity
      and the ultrasonic frequency is 20%, 50 W and 100 kHz respectively. The
      experimental results indicated that the combination of ultrasonic agitation and
      IPA could obtain a lower surface roughness of Si (111) crystal plane in silicon
      wet etching process.

PMID- 26964943
TI  - Ultrasonic semi-solid coating soldering 6061 aluminum alloys with Sn-Pb-Zn
      alloys.
AB  - In this paper, 6061 aluminum alloys were soldered without a flux by the
      ultrasonic semi-solid coating soldering at a low temperature. According to the
      analyses, it could be obtained that the following results. The effect of
      ultrasound on the coating which promoted processes of metallurgical reaction
      between the components of the solder and 6061 aluminum alloys due to the thermal
      effect. Al2Zn3 was obtained near the interface. When the solder was in semi-solid
      state, the connection was completed. Ultimately, the interlayer mainly composed
      of three kinds of microstructure zones: alpha-Pb solid solution phases, beta-Sn
      phases and Sn-Pb eutectic phases. The strength of the joints was improved
      significantly with the minimum shear strength approaching 101MPa. 

PMID- 26964945
TI  - Irradiation of ultrasound to 5-methylbenzotriazole in aqueous phase: Degradation
      kinetics and mechanisms.
AB  - Ultrasonic irradiation (640 kHz) leads to the effective degradation of 5-methyl
      benzotriazole (5-MBT) in O2 saturated aqueous solution. Up to 97% of 5-MBT is
      eliminated within 2h of treatment. Upon extended treatment of 6h, UV absorbance
      of the n->pi(*) and pi->pi(*) transitions associated with aromatic and conjugated
      systems are completely removed, indicating complete destruction of the aromatic
      system in 5-MBT. The decomposition of 5-MBT follows pseudo-first order kinetics
      and the observed decomposition rate dropped significantly in the presence of
      tertiary butyl alcohol. Detailed product studies were performed employing a
      negative mode ESI LC-MS. Twenty eight intermediate products were detected during
      ultrasonic mediated degradation of 5-MBT. Reaction pathways are proposed based on
      the structures of products assigned to observed 28 masses from LC-MS and commonly
      accepted degradation pathways observed by thermal and hydroxyl radical mediated
      pathways often associated with ultrasonic treatment.

PMID- 26964946
TI  - Ultrasound processing to enhance drying of cashew apple bagasse puree: Influence
      on antioxidant properties and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds.
AB  - The present study has evaluated the effects of power ultrasound pre-treatment on
      air-drying and bioactive compounds of cashew apple bagasse. The sonication
      induced the disruption of cashew bagasse parenchyma, which resulted in lower
      resistance to water diffusion, less hysteresis, and increased rehydration rate.
      The processing did not affect the lignocellulose fibers or the sclerenchyma
      cells. For sonicated samples, water activity reached values below 0.4, after 2h
      of drying, which is appropriate to prevent bacterial and fungi growth. The
      sorption isotherms of cashew apple bagasse presented sigmoid-shape for all
      samples and followed the type II according to BET classification. Sonicated
      cashew apple bagasse showed higher antioxidant activity, higher total phenolic
      compounds (TPC) and higher vitamin C content when compared to the non-sonicated
      sample. The increase in TPC and vitamin C contributed to the product antioxidant
      activity. A slight reduction on Vitamin C bioaccessibility was observed, but the
      TPC bioaccessibility has increased. Sonication reduced the quality loss of
      conventional drying treatments improving the quality of the dried product. 

PMID- 26964947
TI  - Sonocatalytic removal of naproxen by synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on
      montmorillonite.
AB  - ZnO/MMT nanocomposite as sonocatalyst was prepared by immobilizing synthesized
      ZnO on the montmorillonite surface. The characteristics of as-prepared
      nanocomposite were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution
      transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.
      The synthesized samples were used as a catalyst for sonocatalytic degradation of
      naproxen. ZnO/MMT catalyst in the presence of ultrasound irradiation was more
      effective compared to pure ZnO nanoparticles and MMT particles in the
      sonocatalysis of naproxen. The effect of different operational parameters on the
      sonocatalytic degradation of naproxen including initial drug concentration,
      sonocatalyst dosage, solution pH, ultrasonic power and the presence of organic
      and inorganic scavengers were evaluated. It was found that the presence of the
      scavengers suppressed the sonocatalytic degradation efficiency. The reusability
      of the nanocomposite was examined in several consecutive runs, and the
      degradation efficiency decreased only 2% after 5 repeated runs. The main
      intermediates of naproxen degradation were determined by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-Mass). 

PMID- 26964948
TI  - Ultrasound mediation for one-pot sonosynthesis and deposition of magnetite
      nanoparticles on cotton/polyester fabric as a novel magnetic, photocatalytic,
      sonocatalytic, antibacterial and antifungal textile.
AB  - A magnetic cotton/polyester fabric with photocatalytic, sonocatalytic,
      antibacterial and antifungal activities was successfully prepared through in-situ
      sonosynthesis method under ultrasound irradiation. The process involved the
      oxidation of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) via hydroxyl radicals generated through bubbles
      collapse in ultrasonic bath. The treated samples were analyzed by X-ray
      diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray
      spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. Photocatalytic and sonocatalytic
      activities of magnetite treated fabrics were also evaluated toward Reactive Blue
      2 decoloration under sunlight and ultrasound irradiation. Central composite
      design based on response surface methodology was applied to study the influence
      of iron precursor, pH and surfactant concentration to obtain appropriate amount
      for the best magnetism. Findings suggested the potential of one-pot sonochemical
      method to synthesize and fabricate Fe3O4 nanoparticles on cotton/polyester fabric
      possessing appropriate saturation magnetization, 95% antibacterial efficiency
      against Staphylococcus aureus and 99% antifungal effect against Candida albicans,
      87% and 70% dye photocatalytic and sonocatalytic decoloration along with enhanced
      mechanical properties using only one iron rich precursor at low temperature. 

PMID- 26964949
TI  - Surface topography, nano-mechanics and secondary structure of wheat gluten
      pretreated by alternate dual-frequency ultrasound and the correlation to
      enzymolysis.
AB  - The effects of alternate dual-frequency ultrasound (ADFU) pretreatment on the
      degree of hydrolysis (DH) of wheat gluten (WG) and angiotensin I-converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity were investigated in this research. The surface
      topography, nano-mechanics and secondary structure of WG were also determined
      using atomic force microscope (AFM) and circular dichroism (CD). The correlations
      of ACE inhibitory activity and DH with surface topography, nano-mechanics and
      secondary structure of WG were determined using Pearson's correlation analysis.
      The results showed that with an increase in either pretreatment duration or
      power, the ACE inhibitory activity of the hydrolysate also increases, reaching
      maximum at 10 min and 150 W/L, respectively, and then decreases thereafter.
      Similarly, AFM analysis showed that as the pretreatment duration or power
      increases, the surface roughness also increase and again a decrease occurs
      thereafter. As the pretreatment duration or power increased, the Young's modulus
      and adhesion of WG also increased and then declined. Young's modulus and
      adhesions average values were compared with ACE inhibitory activity reversely.
      The result of the CD spectra analysis exhibited losses in the relative percentage
      of alpha-helix of WG. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the average
      values of Young's modulus and the relative percentage of alpha-helix correlated
      with ACE inhibitory activity of the hydrolysates linearly and significantly
      (P<0.05); the relative percentage of beta-sheet correlated linearly with DH of WG
      significantly (P<0.05). In conclusion, ADFU pretreatment is an efficient method
      in proteolysis due to its physical and chemical effect on the Young's modulus,
      alpha-helix and beta-sheet of WG.

PMID- 26964950
TI  - High frequency ultrasound as a selective advanced oxidation process to remove
      penicillinic antibiotics and eliminate its antimicrobial activity from water.
AB  - This work studies the sonochemical degradation of a penicillinic antibiotic
      (oxacillin) in simulated pharmaceutical wastewater. High frequency ultrasound was
      applied to water containing the antibiotic combined with mannitol or calcium
      carbonate. In the presence of additives, oxacillin was efficiently removed
      through sonochemical action. For comparative purposes, the photo-Fenton, TiO2
      photocatalysis and electrochemical oxidation processes were also tested.
      Therefore, the evolution of the antibiotic and its associated antimicrobial
      activity (AA) were monitored. A high inhibition was found for the other three
      oxidation processes in the elimination of the antimicrobial activity caused by
      the additives; while for the ultrasonic treatment, a negligible effect was
      observed. The sonochemical process was able to completely degrade the antibiotic,
      generating solutions without AA. In fact, the elimination of antimicrobial
      activity showed an excellent performance adjusted to exponential kinetic-type
      decay. The main sonogenerated organic by-products were determined by means of
      HPLC-MS. Four intermediaries were identified and they have modified the
      penicillinic structure, which is the moiety responsible for the antimicrobial
      activity. Additionally, the possible oxacillin sonodegradation mechanism was
      proposed based on the evolution of the by-products and their chemical structure.
      Furthermore, the high-frequency ultrasound action over 120 min readily removed
      oxacillin and eliminated its antimicrobial activity. However, the pollutant was
      not mineralized even after a long period of ultrasonic irradiation (360 min).
      Interestingly, the previously sonicated water containing oxacillin and both
      additives was completely mineralized using non-adapted microorganisms from a
      municipal wastewater treatment plant. These results show that the sonochemical
      treatment transformed the initial pollutant into substances that are biotreatable
      with a typical aerobic biological system.

PMID- 26964951
TI  - Effect of ultrasound on the supercritical CO2 extraction of bioactive compounds
      from dedo de moca pepper (Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum).
AB  - Extracts with bioactive compounds were obtained from the red pepper variety "dedo
      de moca" (Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum) through supercritical fluid
      extraction with carbon dioxide assisted by ultrasound (SFE-US). The process was
      tested at pressures of 15, 20 and 25 MPa; temperatures of 40, 50 and 60  degrees
      C, and ultrasonic powers of 200, 400 and 600 W applied during 40, 60 and 80 min
      of extraction. The CO2 mass flow rate was fixed at 1.7569 * 10(-4) kg/s. Global
      yield, phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and capsaicinoid concentration were
      evaluated in the extracts. The application of ultrasound raised the global
      extraction yield of SFE up to 45%. The phenolic content of the extract increased
      with the application of higher ultrasound power and radiation time. The
      capsaicinoid yield was also enhanced with ultrasound up to 12%. However, the
      antioxidant capacity did not increase with the ultrasound application. The BET
      based model and the broken and intact cell model fitted well to the kinetic SFE
      curves. The BET-based model with three adjustable parameters resulted in the best
      fits to the experimental data. Field emission scanning electron microscopy
      (FESEM) images showed that SFE disturbed the vegetable matrix, releasing
      particles from the inner region of the plant cells to their surface. When the
      ultrasound was applied this effect was more pronounced. On the other hand,
      cracks, fissures or any sign of rupture were not identified on the sample
      surface.

PMID- 26964952
TI  - Copper NPs decorated titania: A novel synthesis by high energy US with a study of
      the photocatalytic activity under visible light.
AB  - The most important drawback of the use of TiO2 as photocatalyst is its lack of
      activity under visible light. To overcome this problem, the surface modification
      of commercial micro-sized TiO2 by means of high-energy ultrasound (US), employing
      CuCl2 as precursor molecule to obtain both metallic copper as well as copper
      oxides species at the TiO2 surface, is here. We have prepared samples with
      different copper content, in order to evaluate its impact on the photocatalytic
      performances of the semiconductor, and studied in particular the photodegradation
      in the gas phase of some volatile organic molecules (VOCs), namely acetone and
      acetaldehyde. We used a LED lamp in order to have only the contribution of the
      visible wavelengths to the TiO2 activation (typical LED lights have no emission
      in the UV region). We employed several techniques (i.e., HR-TEM, XRD, FT-IR and
      UV-Vis) in order to characterize the prepared samples, thus evidencing different
      sample morphologies as a function of the various copper content, with a coherent
      correlation between them and the photocatalytic results. Firstly, we demonstrated
      the possibility to use US to modify the TiO2, even when it is commercial and
      micro-sized as well; secondly, by avoiding completely the UV irradiation, we
      confirmed that pure TiO2 is not activated by visible light. On the other hand, we
      showed that copper metal and metal oxides nanoparticles strongly and positively
      affect its photocatalytic activity. 

PMID- 26964953
TI  - High intensity ultrasound modified ovalbumin: Structure, interface and gelation
      properties.
AB  - Influence of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) on the structure and properties of
      ovalbumin (OVA) were investigated. It was found that the subunits and secondary
      structure of OVA did not change significantly with HIUS treatment from the
      electrophoretic patterns and circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. The amount of free
      sulfhydryl groups increased and intrinsic fluorescence spectra analysis indicated
      changes in the tertiary structure and partial unfold of OVA after sonication
      increased. Compared with the untreated OVA, HIUS treatment increased the
      emulsifying activity and foaming ability, and decreased interface tension (oil
      water and air-water interface), which due to the increased surface hydrophobicity
      and decreased the surface net charge in OVA, while the emulsifying and foaming
      stability had no remarkable differences. The increased particle size may be
      attributed to formation of protein aggregates. Moreover, the gelation
      temperatures of HIUS-treated samples were higher than the untreated OVA according
      to the temperature sweep model rheology, and this effect was consistent with the
      increased in surface hydrophobicity for ultrasound treated OVA. These changes in
      functional properties of OVA would promote its application in food industry. 

PMID- 26964954
TI  - Power ultrasound as a pretreatment to convective drying of mulberry (Morus alba
      L.) leaves: Impact on drying kinetics and selected quality properties.
AB  - The effect of ultrasound pretreatment prior to convective drying on drying
      kinetics and selected quality properties of mulberry leaves was investigated in
      this study. Ultrasound pretreatment was carried out at 25.2-117.6 W/L for 5-15
      min in a continuous mode. After sonication, mulberry leaves were dried in a hot
      air convective dryer at 60  degrees C. The results revealed that ultrasound
      pretreatment not only affected the weight of mulberry leaves, it also enhanced
      the convective drying kinetics and reduced total energy consumption. The drying
      kinetics was modeled using a diffusion model considering external resistance and
      effective diffusion coefficient De and mass transfer coefficient hm were
      identified. Both De and hm during convective drying increased with the increase
      of acoustic energy density (AED) and ultrasound duration. However, De and hm
      increased slowly at high AED levels. Furthermore, ultrasound pretreatment had a
      more profound influence on internal mass transfer resistance than on external
      mass transfer resistance during drying according to Sherwood numbers. Regarding
      the quality properties, the color, antioxidant activity and contents of several
      bioactive compounds of dried mulberry leaves pretreated by ultrasound at 63.0 W/L
      for 10 min were similar to that of mulberry leaves without any pretreatments.
      Overall, ultrasound pretreatment is effective to shorten the subsequent drying
      time of mulberry leaves without damaging the quality of final product.

PMID- 26964955
TI  - Ultrasound induced green solvent extraction of oil from oleaginous seeds.
AB  - Ultrasound-assisted extraction of rapeseed oil was investigated and compared with
      conventional extraction for energy efficiency, throughput time, extraction yield,
      cleanness, processing cost and product quality. A multivariate study enabled us
      to define optimal parameters (7.7 W/cm(2) for ultrasonic power intensity, 40 
      degrees C for processing temperature, and a solid/liquid ratio of 1/15) for
      ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from oilseeds to maximize lipid yield while
      reducing solvent consumption and extraction time using response surface
      methodology (RSM) with a three-variable central composite design (CCD). A
      significant difference in oil quality was noted under the conditions of the
      initial ultrasound extraction, which was later avoided using ultrasound in the
      absence of oxygen. Three concepts of multistage cross-current extraction were
      investigated and compared: conventional multistage maceration, ultrasound
      assisted maceration and a combination, to assess the positive impact of using
      ultrasound on the seed oil extraction process. The study concludes that
      ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil is likely to reduce both economic and
      ecological impacts of the process in the fat and oil industry.

PMID- 26964956
TI  - A possible general mechanism for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) suggested
      from the results of UAE of chlorogenic acid from Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke)
      leaves.
AB  - The use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for the extraction of chlorogenic
      acid (CA) from Cynara scolymus L., (artichoke) leaves using 80% methanol at room
      temperature over 15 min gave a significant increase in yield (up to a 50%)
      compared with maceration at room temperature and close to that obtained by
      boiling over the same time period. A note of caution is introduced when comparing
      UAE with Soxhlet extraction because, in the latter case, the liquid entering the
      Soxhlet extractor is more concentrated in methanol (nearly 100%) that the solvent
      in the reservoir (80% methanol) due to fractionation during distillation. The
      mechanism of UAE is discussed in terms of the effects of cavitation on the
      swelling index, solvent diffusion and the removal of a stagnant layer of solvent
      surrounding the plant material.

PMID- 26964957
TI  - Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on emulsion polymerization of styrene.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of pretreatment of ultrasonic irradiation on
      emulsion polymerization of styrene to propose a process intensification method
      which gives high conversion, high reaction rate, and high energy efficiency. The
      solution containing styrene monomer was irradiated by a horn mounted on the
      ultrasonic transducer with the diameter of 5mm diameter and the frequency of 28
      kHz before starting polymerization. The pretreatment of ultrasound irradiation as
      short as 1 min drastically improved monomer dispersion and increased reaction
      rate even under the agitation condition with low rotational speed of impeller.
      Furthermore, the ultrasonic pretreatment resulted in higher monomer concentration
      in polymer particles and produced larger polymer particles than conventional
      polymerization without ultrasonic pretreatment.

PMID- 26964958
TI  - Synthesis of zeolite A from coal fly ash using ultrasonic treatment--A
      replacement for fusion step.
AB  - The synthesis of zeolites from fly ash has become an increasingly promising
      remedy to the crisis of coal fly ash production and disposal in South Africa. In
      recent studies, South African fly ash was proven to be a suitable feedstock for
      the synthesis of essential industrially used zeolite A. However, the process
      involves a costly energy intensive step whereby fly ash is fused at high
      temperatures, which may make the process economically unattractive on a large
      scale. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of replacing high
      temperature fusion with less energy intensive sonochemical treatment for the
      synthesis of zeolite A. Sonochemical treatment was first thought possible due to
      the violent cavitation caused by high intensity sonication. The results of the
      study showed that fusion can be replaced by 10 min of high intensity sonication.
      The incorporation of sonication also consequently reduced the crystallization
      temperature of the process making it possible to synthesize a pure phase zeolite
      A at lower temperatures and reduced times. This study effectively developed a
      novel process to replace the energy intensive fusion step with a short, easy and
      inexpensive treatment. Scale up of this synthesis approach may proffer a
      promising alternative option to the anticipated energy demand of the synthesis of
      fly ash-based zeolite with fusion method.

PMID- 26964960
TI  - Synchrotron quantification of ultrasound cavitation and bubble dynamics in Al
      10Cu melts.
AB  - Knowledge of the kinetics of gas bubble formation and evolution under cavitation
      conditions in molten alloys is important for the control casting defects such as
      porosity and dissolved hydrogen. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography, we
      studied the dynamic behaviour of ultrasonic cavitation gas bubbles in a molten Al
      10 wt%Cu alloy. The size distribution, average radius and growth rate of
      cavitation gas bubbles were quantified under an acoustic intensity of 800 W/cm(2)
      and a maximum acoustic pressure of 4.5 MPa (45 atm). Bubbles exhibited a log
      normal size distribution with an average radius of 15.3 +/- 0.5 MUm. Under
      applied sonication conditions the growth rate of bubble radius, R(t), followed a
      power law with a form of R(t)=alphat(beta), and alpha=0.0021 &beta=0.89. The
      observed tendencies were discussed in relation to bubble growth mechanisms of Al
      alloy melts.

PMID- 26964959
TI  - Ultrasonic dyeing of cellulose nanofibers.
AB  - Textile dyeing assisted by ultrasonic energy has attained a greater interest in
      recent years. We report ultrasonic dyeing of nanofibers for the very first time.
      We chose cellulose nanofibers and dyed with two reactive dyes, CI reactive black
      5 and CI reactive red 195. The cellulose nanofibers were prepared by
      electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) followed by deacetylation. The FTIR
      results confirmed complete conversion of CA into cellulose nanofibers. Dyeing
      parameters optimized were dyeing temperature, dyeing time and dye concentrations
      for each class of the dye used. Results revealed that the ultrasonic dyeing
      produced higher color yield (K/S values) than the conventional dyeing. The color
      fastness test results depicted good dye fixation. SEM analysis evidenced that
      ultrasonic energy during dyeing do not affect surface morphology of nanofibers.
      The results conclude successful dyeing of cellulose nanofibers using ultrasonic
      energy with better color yield and color fastness results than conventional
      dyeing. 

PMID- 26964961
TI  - Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for pretreatment of oily wastewater
      for anaerobic co-digestion with waste activated sludge.
AB  - Application of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) was investigated with the objective
      of biogas production enhancement from co-digestion of oily wastewater (OWW) and
      waste activated sludge (WAS). Initially, the effect of HC on the OWW was
      evaluated in terms of energy consumption and turbidity increase. Then, several
      mixtures of OWW (with and without HC pretreatment) and WAS with the same
      concentration of total volatile solid were prepared as a substrate for co
      digestion. Following, several batch co-digestion trials were conducted. To
      compare the biogas production, a number of digestion trials were also conducted
      with a mono substrate (OWW or WAS alone). The best operating condition of HC was
      achieved in the shortest retention time (7.5 min) with the application of 3mm
      diameter orifice and maximum pump rotational speed. Biogas production from all co
      digestion reactors was higher than the WAS mono substrate reactors. Moreover,
      biogas production had a direct relationship with OWW ratio and no major
      inhibition was observed in any of the reactors. The biogas production was also
      enhanced by HC pretreatment and almost all of the reactors with HC pretreatment
      had higher reaction rates than the reactors without pretreatment.

PMID- 26964962
TI  - Intensified depolymerization of aqueous polyacrylamide solution using combined
      processes based on hydrodynamic cavitation, ozone, ultraviolet light and hydrogen
      peroxide.
AB  - The present work deals with intensification of depolymerization of polyacrylamide
      (PAM) solution using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) reactors based on a combination
      with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.
      Effect of inlet pressure in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and power dissipation
      in the case of UV irradiation on the extent of viscosity reduction has been
      investigated. The combined approaches such as HC+UV, HC+O3, HC+H2O2, UV+H2O2 and
      UV+O3 have been subsequently investigated and found to be more efficient as
      compared to individual approaches. For the approach based on HC+UV+H2O2, the
      extent of viscosity reduction under the optimized conditions of HC (3 bar inlet
      pressure)+UV (8 W power)+H2O2 (0.2% loading) was 97.27% in 180 min whereas
      individual operations of HC (3 bar inlet pressure) and UV (8 W power) resulted in
      about 35.38% and 40.83% intrinsic viscosity reduction in 180 min respectively. In
      the case of HC (3 bar inlet pressure)+UV (8 W power)+ozone (400 mg/h flow rate)
      approach, the extent of viscosity reduction was 89.06% whereas individual
      processes of only ozone (400 mg/h flow rate), ozone (400 mg/h flow rate)+HC (3
      bar inlet pressure) and ozone (400 mg/h flow rate)+UV (8 W power) resulted in
      lower extent of viscosity reduction as 50.34%, 60.65% and 75.31% respectively.
      The chemical structure of the treated PAM by all approaches was also
      characterized using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra and it was
      established that no significant chemical structure changes were obtained during
      the treatment. Overall, it can be said that the combination of HC+UV+H2O2 is an
      efficient approach for the depolymerization of PAM solution.

PMID- 26964963
TI  - Ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal synthesis of activated carbon-HKUST-1-MOF
      hybrid for efficient simultaneous ultrasound-assisted removal of ternary organic
      dyes and antibacterial investigation: Taguchi optimization.
AB  - Activated carbon (AC) composite with HKUST-1 metal organic framework (AC-HKUST-1
      MOF) was prepared by ultrasonically assisted hydrothermal method and
      characterized by FTIR, SEM and XRD analysis and laterally was applied for the
      simultaneous ultrasound-assisted removal of crystal violet (CV), disulfine blue
      (DSB) and quinoline yellow (QY) dyes in their ternary solution. In addition, this
      material, was screened in vitro for their antibacterial actively against
      Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      (PAO1) bacteria. In dyes removal process, the effects of important variables such
      as initial concentration of dyes, adsorbent mass, pH and sonication time on
      adsorption process optimized by Taguchi approach. Optimum values of 4, 0.02 g, 4
      min, 10 mg L(-1) were obtained for pH, AC-HKUST-1 MOF mass, sonication time and
      the concentration of each dye, respectively. At the optimized condition, the
      removal percentages of CV, DSB and QY were found to be 99.76%, 91.10%, and
      90.75%, respectively, with desirability of 0.989. Kinetics of adsorption
      processes follow pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir model as best method
      with high applicability for representation of experimental data, while maximum
      mono layer adsorption capacity for CV, DSB and QY on AC-HKUST-1 estimated to be
      133.33, 129.87 and 65.37 mg g(-1) which significantly were higher than HKUST-1 as
      sole material with Qm to equate 59.45, 57.14 and 38.80 mg g(-1), respectively.

PMID- 26964965
TI  - Depolymerization of microcrystalline cellulose by the combination of ultrasound
      and Fenton reagent.
AB  - In this study, the combined use of Fenton reagent and ultrasound to the
      pretreatment of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) for subsequent enzyme hydrolysis
      was investigated. The morphological analysis showed that the aspect ratio of MCC
      was greatly reduced after pretreatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and degree of
      polymerization (DP) analyses showed that Fenton reagent was more efficient in
      decreasing the crystallinity of MCC while ultrasound was more efficient in
      decreasing the DP of MCC. The combination of Fenton reaction and ultrasound,
      which produced the lowest crystallinity (84.8 +/- 0.2%) and DP (124.7 +/- 0.6) of
      MCC and the highest yield of reducing sugar (22.9 +/- 0.3 g/100 g), provides a
      promising pretreatment process for MCC depolymerization.

PMID- 26964966
TI  - Ultrasonically-enhanced mechanochemical synthesis of CaAl-layered double
      hydroxides intercalated by a variety of inorganic anions.
AB  - CaAl-layered double hydroxides (CaAl-LDHs) were synthesised with various
      interlayer anions (CO3(2-), F(-), Cl(-), Br(-) and I(-)) by mechanochemical pre
      treatment followed by ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous media. The parameters of
      the syntheses (duration of pre-milling and sonication, quality of the aqueous
      media, temperature) were altered in order to optimise the procedure and to
      understand the formation of LDH and other secondary products. The products were
      characterised by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM). The optimisation resulted in close-to-phase-pure CaAl-LDHs, not only with
      carbonate and chloride interlayer anions, but the hard-to-intercalate bromide and
      iodide as well. 

PMID- 26964964
TI  - Scavenging dissolved oxygen via acoustic droplet vaporization.
AB  - Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of perfluorocarbon emulsions has been
      explored for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Previous studies have
      demonstrated that vaporization of a liquid droplet results in a gas microbubble
      with a diameter 5-6 times larger than the initial droplet diameter. The expansion
      factor can increase to a factor of 10 in gassy fluids as a result of air
      diffusing from the surrounding fluid into the microbubble. This study
      investigates the potential of this process to serve as an ultrasound-mediated gas
      scavenging technology. Perfluoropentane droplets diluted in phosphate-buffered
      saline (PBS) were insonified by a 2 MHz transducer at peak rarefactional
      pressures lower than and greater than the ADV pressure amplitude threshold in an
      in vitro flow phantom. The change in dissolved oxygen (DO) of the PBS before and
      after ADV was measured. A numerical model of gas scavenging, based on
      conservation of mass and equal partial pressures of gases at equilibrium, was
      developed. At insonation pressures exceeding the ADV threshold, the DO of air
      saturated PBS decreased with increasing insonation pressures, dropping as low as
      25% of air saturation within 20s. The decrease in DO of the PBS during ADV was
      dependent on the volumetric size distribution of the droplets and the fraction of
      droplets transitioned during ultrasound exposure. Numerically predicted changes
      in DO from the model agreed with the experimentally measured DO, indicating that
      concentration gradients can explain this phenomenon. Using computationally
      modified droplet size distributions that would be suitable for in vivo
      applications, the DO of the PBS was found to decrease with increasing
      concentrations. This study demonstrates that ADV can significantly decrease the
      DO in an aqueous fluid, which may have direct therapeutic applications and should
      be considered for ADV-based diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

PMID- 26964967
TI  - Preparation of metal-ceramic composites by sonochemical synthesis of metallic
      nano-particles and in-situ decoration on ceramic powders.
AB  - Copper and nickel nanoparticles were synthesized using reducing agents in the
      presence of direct high energy ultra-sonication. The metallic nanoparticles were
      decorated on various ceramic substrates (e.g. alpha-Al2O3, and TiO2) leading to
      metal reinforced ceramics with up to 45% metallic content. Different parameters,
      such as the amount of precursor material or the substrate, as well as the
      intensity of ultrasound were examined, in order to evaluate the percentage of
      final metallic decoration on the composite materials. All products were
      characterized by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy in order to
      investigate the loading with metallic particles. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning
      Electron Microscopy were also used for further sample characterization. Selected
      samples were examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy, while finally, some
      of the powders synthesized, were densified by means of Spark Plasma Sintering,
      followed by a SEM/EDX examination and an estimation of their porosity. 

PMID- 26964968
TI  - Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles from
      magnesium.
AB  - Acoustic cavitation in water provides special kinetic and thermodynamic
      conditions for chemical synthesis and nanostructuring of solids. Using cavitation
      phenomenon, we obtained magnesium hydroxide from pure magnesium. This approach
      allows magnesium hydroxide to be synthesized without the requirement of any
      additives and non-aqueous solvents. Variation of sonochemical parameters enabled
      a total transformation of the metal to nanosized brucite with distinct
      morphology. Special attention is given to the obtaining of platelet-shaped,
      nanometric and de-agglomerated powders. The products of the synthesis were
      characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction
      (ED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). 

PMID- 26964969
TI  - Effect of oil extraction assisted by ultrasound on the physicochemical properties
      and fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo).
AB  - The effects of amplitude and time of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the
      physicochemical properties and the fatty acid profile of pumpkin seed oil
      (Cucurbita pepo) were evaluated. Ultrasound time (5-30 min) and the response
      variables amplitude (25-100%), extraction yield, efficiency, oxidative stability
      in terms of the free fatty acids (FFA) of the plant design comprising two
      independent experiments variables, peroxide (PV), p-anisidine (AV), totox value
      (TV) and the fatty acid profile were evaluated. The results were analyzed by
      multiple linear regression. The time and amplitude showed significant differences
      (P<0.05) for all variables. The highest yield of extraction was achieved at 5 min
      and amplitude of 62.5% (62%). However, the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction
      conditions were as follows: ultrasound time of 26.34 min and amplitude of 89.02%.
      All extracts showed low FFA (2.75-4.93% oleic acid), PV (1.67-4.68 meq/kg), AV
      (1.94-3.69) and TV (6.25-12.55) values. The main fatty acids in all the extracts
      were oleic and linoleic acid. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted oil extraction had
      increased performance and reduced extraction time without affecting the oil
      quality.

PMID- 26964970
TI  - Sinoporphyrin sodium triggered sono-photodynamic effects on breast cancer both in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT) is a promising anti-cancer strategy. Briefly,
      SPDT combines ultrasound and light to activate sensitizers that produce
      mechanical, sonochemical and photochemical activities. Sinoporphyrin sodium
      (DVDMS) is a newly identified sensitizer that shows great potential in both
      sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, we
      primarily evaluated the combined effects of SDT and PDT by using DVDMS on breast
      cancer both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, DVDMS-SPDT elicits much serious
      cytotoxicity compared with either SDT or PDT alone by MTT and colony formation
      assays. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluo-rescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) and dihydroethidium
      (DHE) staining revealed that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were
      significantly increased in groups given combined therapy. Terephthalic acid (TA)
      method and FD500-uptake assay reflected that cavitational effects and cell
      membrane permeability changes after ultrasound irradiation were also involved in
      the enhancement of combination therapy. In vivo, DVDMS-SPDT markedly inhibits the
      tumor volume and tumor weight growth. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and
      immunohistochemistry analysis show DVDMS-SPDT greatly suppressed tumor
      proliferation. Further, DVDMS-SPDT significantly inhibits tumor lung metastasis
      in the highly metastatic 4T1 mouse xenograft model, which is consistent well with
      the in vitro findings evaluated by transwell assay. Moreover, DVDMS-SPDT did not
      produces obvious effect on body weight and major organs in 4T1 xenograft model.
      The results suggest that by combination SDT and PDT, the sensitizer DVDMS would
      produce much better therapeutic effects, and DVDMS-SPDT may be a potential
      strategy against highly metastatic breast cancer. 

PMID- 26964971
TI  - Anticancer activity of an ultrasonic nanoemulsion formulation of Nigella sativa
      L. essential oil on human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Nigella sativa L. (NS) is a plant renowned in traditional holistic medicine
      systems for almost 1400 years because of its remarkable antioxidant,
      antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The essential oil of
      N. sativa, in particular, possesses these significant biological properties.
      However, N. sativa essential oil has many insoluble constituents with properties
      that have not been fully explored. Nanoemulsion-based insoluble formulations are
      a widely used carrier system for lipophilic materials. In the present study, we
      used ultrasonic emulsification, polysorbate 80 and water to formulate a highly
      stable N. sativa essential oil nanoemulsion (NSEO-NE). To optimize the NSEO-NE
      preparation, we changed the surfactant concentration, the oil-surfactant mixing
      ratio and the emulsification time. The droplet size distribution and morphology
      of the prepared NE was analyzed using dynamic light scattering and scanning
      electron microscopy, respectively. The droplet size of the NSEO-NE was
      approximately 20-50 nm in diameter. The anticancer properties of the NE
      preparation were studied using a modified methyl-thiazolyl-diphenyl tetrazolium
      bromide (MTT) assay as well as cellular uptake and nuclear morphological
      analyses. The NSEO-NE significantly reduced the viability of Michigan Cancer
      Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. The nucleo-cytoplasmic morphological
      features of NSEO-NE-treated cells included cell membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic
      vacuolation, marginalization of chromatin, and fragmentation of the nucleus. The
      results clearly indicate that NSEO-NE induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. These
      findings support the potential application of NSEO-NE in breast cancer therapy,
      and also merit future translational research.

PMID- 26964972
TI  - Mechanism of sonochemical reduction of permanganate to manganese dioxide in
      aqueous alcohol solutions: Reactivities of reducing species formed by alcohol
      sonolysis.
AB  - The sonochemical reduction of MnO4(-) to MnO2 in aqueous solutions was
      investigated as a function of alcohol concentration under Ar. The rate of MnO4(-)
      reduction initially decreased with increasing alcohol concentration, and then
      increased when the alcohol concentration was increased further. The
      concentrations at which the reduction rates were minimum depended on the
      hydrophobic properties of the added alcohols under ultrasonic irradiation. At low
      concentrations, the alcohols acted as OH radical scavengers; at high
      concentrations, they acted as reductant precursors: Rab, formed by abstraction
      reactions of the alcohols with sonochemically formed OH radicals or H atoms, and
      Rpy, formed by alcohol pyrolysis under ultrasonic irradiation. The results
      suggest that the reactivity order of the sonochemically formed reducing species
      with MnO4(-) at pH 7-9 is the sum of H2O2 and H>Rpy>Rab. The peak wavelengths of
      MnO2 colloidal solutions formed at high 1-butanol concentrations shifted to
      shorter wavelengths, suggesting the formation of small particles at high 1
      butanol concentrations. The rates of sonochemical reduction of MnO2 to Mn(2+) in
      the presence of 1-butanol were slower than that in the absence of 1-butanol,
      because the sonochemical formation of H2O2 and H, which act as reductants, was
      suppressed by 1-butanol in aqueous solutions. 

PMID- 26964973
TI  - Influence of dissolved gases on sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in a flow
      reactor.
AB  - In the present work, the influence of gas addition is investigated on both
      sonoluminescence (SL) and radical formation at 47 and 248 kHz. The frequencies
      chosen in this study generate two distinct bubble types, allowing to generalize
      the conclusions for other ultrasonic reactors. In this case, 47 kHz provides
      transient bubbles, while stable ones dominate at 248 kHz. For both bubble types,
      the hydroxyl radical and SL yield under gas addition followed the sequence:
      Ar>Air>N2>>CO2. A comprehensive interpretation is given for these results, based
      on a combination of thermal gas properties, chemical reactions occurring within
      the cavitation bubble, and the amount of bubbles. Furthermore, in the cases where
      argon, air and nitrogen were bubbled, a reasonable correlation existed between
      the OH-radical yield and the SL signal, being most pronounced under stable
      cavitation at 248 kHz. Presuming that SL and OH originate from different bubble
      populations, the results indicate that both populations respond similarly to a
      change in acoustic power and dissolved gas. Consequently, in the presence of non
      volatile pollutants that do not quench SL, sonoluminescence can be used as an
      online tool to qualitatively monitor radical formation.

PMID- 26964974
TI  - The effect of low frequency ultrasound on the production and properties of
      nanocrystalline cellulose suspensions and films.
AB  - Suspension of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) produced from bleached cotton by
      controlled sulphuric acid hydrolysis was treated with low frequency ultrasound at
      20 kHz and 60% amplitude for 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 min and the effects of sonication
      on the properties of both the cellulose nanocrystals and their aqueous
      suspensions were investigated. Furthermore, a series of nanocellulose films were
      manufactured from the suspensions that were sonicated for different periods of
      time and tested. Laser diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy
      proved that sonication not only disintegrated the large NCC aggregates (Dv50 14.7
      MUm) to individual nanowhiskers with an average length and width of 171 +/- 57
      and 17 +/- 4 nm, respectively, but also degraded the nanocrystals and yielded
      shorter and thinner particles (118 +/- 45 and 13 +/- 3 nm, respectively) at 10
      min sonication. The ultrasound-assisted disintegration to nano-sized cellulose
      whiskers decreased the optical haze of suspensions from 98.4% to 52.8% with
      increasing time from 0 to 10 min, respectively. Sonication of the suspensions
      significantly contributed to the preparation of films with low haze (high
      transparency) and excellent tensile properties. With the increasing duration of
      sonication, the haze decreased and the tensile strength rose gradually.
      Irrespectively of sonication, however, all films had an outstanding oxygen
      transmission rate in a range of 5.5-6.9 cm(3)/m(2)day, and a poor thermal
      stability.

PMID- 26964975
TI  - Shadow-casted ultrathin surface coatings of titanium and titanium/silicon oxide
      sol particles via ultrasound-assisted deposition.
AB  - Ultrasound-assisted deposition (USAD) of sol nanoparticles enables the formation
      of uniform and inherently stable thin films. However, the technique still suffers
      in coating hard substrates and the use of fast-reacting sol-gel precursors still
      remains challenging. Here, we report on the deposition of ultrathin titanium and
      titanium/silicon hybrid oxide coatings using hydroxylated silicon wafers as a
      model hard substrate. We use acetic acid as the catalyst which also suppresses
      the reactivity of titanium tetraisopropoxide while increasing the reactivity of
      tetraethyl orthosilicate through chemical modifications. Taking the advantage of
      this peculiar behavior, we successfully prepared titanium and titanium/silicon
      hybrid oxide coatings by USAD. Varying the amount of acetic acid in the reaction
      media, we managed to modulate thickness and surface roughness of the coatings in
      nanoscale. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force
      microscopy studies showed the formation of conformal coatings having
      nanoroughness. Quantitative chemical state maps obtained by x-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy (XPS) suggested the formation of ultrathin (<10nm) coatings and
      thickness measurements by rotating analyzer ellipsometry supported this
      observation. For the first time, XPS chemical maps revealed the transport effect
      of ultrasonic waves since coatings were directly cast on rectangular substrates
      as circular shadows of the horn with clear thickness gradient from the center to
      the edges. In addition to the progress made in coating hard substrates, employing
      fast-reacting precursors and achieving hybrid coatings; this report provides the
      first visual evidence on previously suggested "acceleration and smashing"
      mechanism as the main driving force of USAD. 

PMID- 26964976
TI  - Combining COMSOL modeling with acoustic pressure maps to design sono-reactors.
AB  - Scaled-up and economically viable sonochemical systems are critical for increased
      use of ultrasound in environmental and chemical processing applications. In this
      study, computational simulations and acoustic pressure maps were used to design a
      larger-scale sono-reactor containing a multi-stepped ultrasonic horn. Simulations
      in COMSOL Multiphysics showed ultrasonic waves emitted from the horn neck and
      tip, generating multiple regions of high acoustic pressure. The volume of these
      regions surrounding the horn neck were larger compared with those below the horn
      tip. The simulated acoustic field was verified by acoustic pressure contour maps
      generated from hydrophone measurements in a plexiglass box filled with water.
      These acoustic pressure contour maps revealed an asymmetric and discrete
      distribution of acoustic pressure due to acoustic cavitation, wave interaction,
      and water movement by ultrasonic irradiation. The acoustic pressure contour maps
      were consistent with simulation results in terms of the effective scale of
      cavitation zones (~ 10 cm and <5 cm above and below horn tip, respectively). With
      the mapped acoustic field and identified cavitation location, a cylindrically
      shaped sono-reactor with a conical bottom was designed to evaluate the treatment
      capacity (~ 5 L) for the multi-stepped horn using COMSOL simulations. In this
      study, verification of simulation results with experiments demonstrates that
      coupling of COMSOL simulations with hydrophone measurements is a simple,
      effective and reliable scientific method to evaluate reactor designs of
      ultrasonic systems.

PMID- 26964977
TI  - Efficient sonochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid using periodate.
AB  - A rapid and efficient treatment method, using periodate (PI) for sonochemical
      oxidation of persistent and bioaccumulative perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was
      developed. With an addition of 45 mM PI, 96.5% of PFOA was decomposed with a
      defluorination efficiency of 95.7% after 120 min of ultrasound (US). The removals
      of PFOA were augmented with an increase in PI doses. In all the PI+US
      experimental runs, decomposition efficiencies were essentially similar to those
      of defluorination, indicating that PFOA was decomposed and mineralized into
      fluoride ions. Lower solution pHs resulted in an increase in decomposition and
      defluorination efficiencies of PFOA due to acid-catalyzation. Dissolved oxygen
      increased the amount of IO4 radicals produced, which consumed the more effective
      IO3 radicals. Consequently, presence of oxygen inhibited the destruction of PFOA.
      The PFOA degradation rates with different gases sparging are in the following
      order: nitrogen>air>oxygen. Effects of anions follow the Hofmeister effects on
      PFOA degradation (i.e., Br(-)>none ? Cl(-)>SO4(2)(-)). Br(-) could react with OH
      to yield radical anion Br2(-) that enhances the PFOA degradation. A reaction
      pathway was also proposed to describe the PI oxidation of PFOA under US
      irradiation.

PMID- 26964979
TI  - Enhancement of mass transfer by ultrasound: Application to adsorbent regeneration
      and food drying/dehydration.
AB  - The physical mechanisms of heat and mass transfer enhancement by ultrasound have
      been identified by people. Basically, the effect of 'cavitation' induced by
      ultrasound is the main reason for the enhancement of heat and mass transfer in a
      liquid environment, and the acoustic streaming and vibration are the main reasons
      for that in a gaseous environment. The adsorbent regeneration and food
      drying/dehydration are typical heat and mass transfer process, and the
      intensification of the two processes by ultrasound is of complete feasibility.
      This paper makes an overview on recent studies regarding applications of power
      ultrasound to adsorbent regeneration and food drying/dehydration. The concerned
      adsorbents include desiccant materials (typically like silica gel) for air
      dehumidification and other ones (typically active carbon and polymeric resin) for
      water treatment. The applications of ultrasound in the regeneration of these
      adsorbents have been proved to be energy saving. The concerned foods are mostly
      fruits and vegetables. Although the ultrasonic treatment may cause food
      degradation or nutrient loss, it can greatly reduce the food processing time and
      decrease drying temperature. From the literature, it can be seen that the
      ultrasonic conditions (i.e., acoustic frequency and power levels) are always
      focused on during the study of ultrasonic applications. The increasing number of
      relevant studies argues that ultrasound is a very promising technology applied to
      the adsorbent regeneration and food drying/dehydration. 

PMID- 26964978
TI  - Ultrasound enhances lipase-catalyzed synthesis of poly (ethylene glutarate).
AB  - The present work explores the best conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of poly
      (ethylene glutarate) for the first time. The start-up materials are the liquids;
      diethyl glutarate and ethylene glycol diacetate, without the need of addition of
      extra solvent. The reactions are catalyzed by lipase B from Candida antarctica
      immobilized on glycidyl methacrylate-ter-divinylbenzene-ter-ethylene glycol
      dimethacrylate at 40 degrees C during 18h in water bath with mechanical stirring
      or 1h in ultrasonic bath followed by 6h in vacuum in both the cases for
      evaporation of ethyl acetate. The application of ultrasound significantly
      intensified the polyesterification reaction with reduction of the processing time
      from 24h to 7h. The same degree of polymerization was obtained for the same
      enzyme loading in less time of reaction when using the ultrasound treatment. The
      degree of polymerization for long-term polyesterification was improved
      approximately 8-fold due to the presence of sonication during the reaction. The
      highest degree of polymerization achieved was 31, with a monomer conversion of
      96.77%. The ultrasound treatment demonstrated to be an effective green approach
      to intensify the polyesterification reaction with enhanced initial kinetics and
      high degree of polymerization. 

PMID- 26964980
TI  - Purification of serratiopeptidase from Serratia marcescens NRRL B 23112 using
      ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning.
AB  - The ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning (UATPP) is a novel bioseparation
      method for separation and purification of biomolecules. In the present work,
      UATPP was investigated for the first time for purification of serratiopeptidase
      from Serratia marcescens NRRL B 23112. Effect of various process parameters such
      as ammonium sulphate saturation, t-butanol to crude extract ratio, pH, ultrasonic
      frequency, ultrasonic intensity, duty cycle and irradiation time were evaluated
      and optimized. The optimized conditions were found to be as follows: ammonium
      sulphate saturation 30% (w/v), pH 7.0, t-butanol to crude ratio 1:1 (v/v),
      ultrasound frequency 25 kHz, ultrasound intensity 0.05 W/cm(2), duty cycle 20%
      and irradiation time 5 min. The maximum purity and recovery obtained from UATPP
      was 9.4-fold and 96% respectively as compared to the three phase partitioning
      (TPP) (4.2-fo ld and 83%). Also the process time for UATPP was significantly
      reduced to 5 min from 1h as compared to TPP. The results indicate that, UATPP is
      an efficient technique for the purification of serratiopeptidase with maximum
      purity, recovery and reduced processing time.

PMID- 26964981
TI  - Effect of high intensity ultrasound on the fermentation profile of Lactobacillus
      sakei in a meat model system.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of high intensity
      ultrasound on the fermentation profile of Lactobacillus sakei in a meat model
      system. Ultrasound power level (0-68.5 W) and sonication time (0-9 min) at 20 
      degrees C were assessed against the growth of L. sakei using a Microplate reader
      over a period of 24h. The L. sakei growth data showed a good fit with the
      Gompertz model (R(2)>0.90; SE<0.042). Second order polynomial models demonstrated
      the effect of ultrasonic power and sonication time on the specific growth rate
      (SGR, MU, h(-1)) and lag phase (lambda, h). A higher SGR and a shorter lag phase
      were observed at low power (2.99 W for 5 min) compared to control. Conversely, a
      decrease (p<0.05) in SGR with an increase in lag phase was observed with an
      increase in ultrasonic power level. Cell-free extracts obtained after 24h
      fermentation of ultrasound treated samples showed antimicrobial activity against
      Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella
      typhimurium at lower concentrations compared to control. No significant
      difference (p<0.05) among treatments was observed for lactic acid content after a
      24h fermentation period. This study showed that both stimulation and retardation
      of L. sakei is possible, depending on the ultrasonic power and sonication time
      employed. Hence, fermentation process involving probiotics to develop functional
      food products can be tailored by selection of ultrasound processing parameters.

PMID- 26964982
TI  - Ultrasonic enhancement of the simultaneous removal of quaternary toxic organic
      dyes by CuO nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon: Central composite design,
      kinetic and isotherm study.
AB  - Copper oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon (CuO-NPs-AC) were prepared
      and fully analyzed and characterized with FE-SEM, XRD and FT-IR. Subsequently,
      this novel material was used for simultaneous ultrasound-assisted adsorption of
      brilliant green (BG), auramine O (AO), methylene blue (MB) and eosin yellow (EY)
      dyes. Problems regard to dyes spectra overlap in quaternary solution of this dyes
      were omitted by derivative spectrophotometric method. The best pH in quaternary
      system was studied by using one at a time method to achieved maximum dyes removal
      percentage. Subsequently, sonication time, adsorbent dosage and initial dyes
      concentrations influence on dyes removal was optimized by central composite
      design (CCD) combined with desirability function approach (DFA). Desirability
      score of 0.978 show optimum conditions set at sonication time (4.2 min),
      adsorbent mass (0.029 g), initial dyes concentration (4.5 mg L(-1)). Under this
      optimum condition the removal percentage for MB, AO, EY and BG dyes 97.58, 94.66,
      96.22 and 94.93, respectively. The adsorption rate well fitted by pseudo second
      order while adsorption capacity according to the Langmuir model as best
      equilibrium isotherm model for BG, MB, AO and EY was 20.48, 21.26, 22.34 and
      21.29 mg g(-1), respectively.

PMID- 26964983
TI  - Effects of high-energy ultrasound on the functional properties of proteins.
AB  - In recent years, high-energy ultrasound has been used as an alternative to
      improve the functional properties of various proteins, such as from milk, eggs,
      soy and poultry. The benefits of implementing this technology depend on the
      inherent characteristics of the protein source and the intensity and amplitude of
      the ultrasound, as well as on the pH, temperature, ionic strength, time, and all
      of the variables that have an effect on the physicochemical properties of
      proteins. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the optimal conditions for each
      type of food. The use of ultrasound is a promising technique in food technology
      with a low impact on the environment, and it has thus become known as a green
      technology. Therefore, this review focuses on the application of high-energy
      ultrasound to food; its effects on the functional properties of proteins; and how
      different conditions such as the frequency, time, amplitude, temperature, and
      protein concentration affect the functional properties. 

PMID- 26964984
TI  - Synergistic effect of ultrasonic cavitation erosion and corrosion of WC-CoCr and
      FeCrSiBMn coatings prepared by HVOF spraying.
AB  - The high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying process was used to fabricate
      conventional WC-10Co-4Cr coatings and FeCrSiBMn amorphous/nanocrystalline
      coatings. The synergistic effect of cavitation erosion and corrosion of both
      coatings was investigated. The results showed that the WC-10Co-4Cr coating had
      better cavitation erosion-corrosion resistance than the FeCrSiBMn coating in 3.5
      wt.% NaCl solution. After eroded for 30 h, the volume loss rate of the WC-10Co
      4Cr coating was about 2/5 that of the FeCrSiBMn coating. In the total cumulative
      volume loss rate under cavitation erosion-corrosion condition, the pure
      cavitation erosion played a key role for both coatings, and the total
      contribution of pure corrosion and erosion-induced corrosion of the WC-10Co-4Cr
      coating was larger than that of the FeCrSiBMn coating. Mechanical effect was the
      main factor for cavitation erosion-corrosion behavior of both coatings.

PMID- 26964985
TI  - Numerical 3D flow simulation of ultrasonic horns with attached cavitation
      structures and assessment of flow aggressiveness and cavitation erosion sensitive
      wall zones.
AB  - As a contribution to a better understanding of cavitation erosion mechanisms, a
      compressible inviscid finite volume flow solver with barotropic homogeneous
      liquid-vapor mixture cavitation model is applied to ultrasonic horn set-ups with
      and without stationary specimen, that exhibit attached cavitation at the horn
      tip. Void collapses and shock waves, which are closely related to cavitation
      erosion, are resolved. The computational results are compared to hydrophone,
      shadowgraphy and erosion test data. At the horn tip, vapor volume and topology,
      subharmonic oscillation frequency as well as the amplitude of propagating
      pressure waves are in good agreement with experimental data. For the evaluation
      of flow aggressiveness and the assessment of erosion sensitive wall zones,
      statistical analyses of wall loads and of the multiplicity of distinct collapses
      in wall-adjacent flow regions are applied to the horn tip and the stationary
      specimen. An a posteriori projection of load collectives, i.e. cumulative
      collapse rate vs. collapse pressure, onto a reference grid eliminates the grid
      dependency effectively for attached cavitation at the horn tip, whereas a
      significant grid dependency remains at the stationary specimen. The load
      collectives show an exponential decrease towards higher collapse pressures.
      Erosion sensitive wall zones are well predicted for both, horn tip and stationary
      specimen, and load profiles are in good qualitative agreement with measured
      topography profiles of eroded duplex stainless steel samples after long-term
      runs. For the considered amplitude and gap width according to ASTM G32-10
      standard, the analysis of load collectives reveals that the distinctive erosive
      ring shape at the horn tip can be attributed to frequent breakdown and re
      development of a small portion of the tip-attached cavity. This partial breakdown
      of the attached cavity repeats at each driving cycle and is associated with
      relatively moderate collapse peak pressures, whereas the stationary specimen is
      rather unfrequently stressed at the end of each subharmonic oscillation cycle by
      the violent collapse of the complete cavity. 

PMID- 26964986
TI  - Transglutaminase-induced gelation properties of soy protein isolate and wheat
      gluten mixtures with high intensity ultrasonic pretreatment.
AB  - Soy protein isolate (SPI) and wheat gluten (WG) are widely used in commercial
      food applications in Asia for their nutritional value and functional properties.
      However, individually each exhibits poor gelation. In this study, we examined the
      microbial transglutaminase (MTGase)-induced gelation properties of SPI and WG
      mixtures with high intensity ultrasonic pretreatment. Ultrasonic treatment
      reduced the particle size of SPI/WG molecules, which led to improvements in
      surface hydrophobicity (Ho) and free sulfhydryl (SH) group content. However,
      MTGase crosslinking facilitated the formation of disulfide bonds, markedly
      decreasing the content of free SH groups. Ultrasonic treatment improved the gel
      strength, water holding capacity, and storage modulus and resulted in denser and
      more homogeneous networks of MTGase-induced SPI/WG gels. In addition, ultrasonic
      treatment changed the secondary structure of the gel samples as determined by
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, with a reduction in alpha
      helices and beta-turns and an increase in beta-sheets and random coils. Thus,
      ultrasound is useful in facilitating the gelation properties of MTGase-induced
      SPI/WG gels and might expand their utilization in the food protein gelation
      industry. 

PMID- 26964987
TI  - Effect of low frequency ultrasound on the surface properties of natural
      aluminosilicates.
AB  - Structural and surface properties of different natural aluminosilicates (layered,
      chain and framework structural types) exposed of 20 kHz ultrasound irradiation (0
      120 min) in aqueous and 35 wt%. aqueous H2O2 dispersions were studied by X-ray
      diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nitrogen adsorption
      desorption, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
      techniques. It was confirmed that sonication caused slight changes in the
      structure of investigated minerals whereas their textural properties were
      significantly affected. The aqueous dispersions of montmorillonite (Mt),
      clinoptilolite (Zlt), glauconite (Glt) and palygorskite (Pal) were represented by
      several particles size fractions according to DLS-study. Ultrasound irradiation
      produced a decrease of the average particle diameter by 4-6 times in water and by
      1.3-5 times in H2O2 dispersions except for Pal, which underwent strong
      agglomeration. A significant increase of total pore volume and pore diameter was
      observed for Glt sonicated in H2O2 dispersions whereas for Pal mainly micropore
      volume sharply increased in both aqueous and H2O2 dispersions.

PMID- 26964988
TI  - Positional stability and radial dynamics of sonoluminescent bubbles under bi
      harmonic driving: Effect of the high-frequency component and its relative phase.
AB  - The use of bi-frequency driving in sonoluminescence has proved to be an effective
      way to avoid the spatial instability (pseudo-orbits) developed by bubbles in
      systems with high viscous liquids like sulfuric or phosphoric acids. In this
      work, we present extensive experimental and numerical evidence in order to assess
      the effect of the high frequency component (PAc(HF)) of a bi-harmonic acoustic
      pressure field on the dynamic of sonoluminescent bubbles in an aqueous solution
      of sulfuric acid. The present study is mainly focused on the role of the harmonic
      frequency (Nf0) and the relative phase between the two frequency components
      (phib) of the acoustic field on the spatial, positional and diffusive stability
      of the bubbles. The results presented in this work were analyzed by means of
      three different approaches. First, we discussed some qualitative considerations
      about the changes observed in the radial dynamics, and the stability of similar
      bubbles under distinct bi-harmonic drivings. Later, we have investigated, through
      a series of numerical simulations, how the use of high frequency harmonic
      components of different order N, affects the positional stability of the SL
      bubbles. Furthermore, the influence of phib in their radius temporal evolution is
      systematically explored for harmonics ranging from the second to the fifteenth
      harmonic (N=2-15). Finally, a multivariate analysis based on the covariance
      method is performed to study the dependences among the parameters characterizing
      the SL bubble. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that the impact
      of PAc(HF) on the positional instability and the radial dynamics turns to be
      progressively negligible as the order of the high frequency harmonic component
      grows (i.e. N ? 1), however its effectiveness on the reduction of the spatial
      instability remains unaltered or even improved.

PMID- 26964989
TI  - Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of flavones by oxidative cyclization of 2'
      hydroxychalcones using iodine monochloride.
AB  - This paper presents an efficient methodology for the synthesis of flavones via
      the oxidative cyclization of 2'-hydroxychalcones in the presence of iodine
      monochloride with DMSO under ultrasound irradiation. Ultrasonic irradiation
      enhances the cyclization reaction and leads to reduced reaction time at lower
      reaction temperatures while generating flavones with high yields. 

PMID- 26964990
TI  - A two-dimensional nonlinear model for the generation of stable cavitation
      bubbles.
AB  - Bubbles appear by acoustic cavitation in a liquid when rarefaction pressures
      attain a specific threshold value in a liquid. Once they are created, the stable
      cavitation bubbles oscillate nonlinearly and affect the ultrasonic field. Here we
      present a model developed for the study of bubble generation in a liquid
      contained in a two-dimensional cavity in which a standing ultrasonic field is
      established. The model considers dissipation and dispersion due to the bubbles.
      It also assumes that both the ultrasonic field and the bubble oscillations are
      nonlinear. The numerical experiments predict where the bubbles are generated from
      a population of nuclei distributed in the liquid and show how they affect the
      ultrasonic field. 

PMID- 26964991
TI  - Dendritic cells generated from peripheral blood monocytes (Mo-DCs) and stimulated
      with laryngeal cancer cell lysates are not good enough in stimulating anti-tumor
      immunity.

PMID- 26964993
TI  - To characterize the incidence of airway misplacement of nasogastric tubes in
      anesthetized intubated patients by using a manometer technique.
AB  - This study characterized the incidence of airway misplacement of nasogastric (NG)
      tubes in surgical patients, and the benefit of using a manometer to discriminate
      gastric placement from airway placement of NG tubes. Subjects included adult
      patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. After tracheal intubation, a 16 Fr. NG
      tube was inserted blindly through the nostril, and its position was assessed
      using the auscultation (10-ml air insufflation) or manometer (attached to NG
      tubes) techniques. Briefly, a biphasic pressure change synchronous with airway
      pressure during mechanical ventilation indicated airway misplacement. The
      presence of a notable pressure change while compressing the epigastric area
      indicated a gastric placement. A surgeon made the final confirmation of NG tube
      placement within the stomach using manual palpation of the tube immediately after
      laparotomy. The first-attempt success rate was 82.7 % in 104 patients. There were
      29 misplacements of 130 attempted insertions (oral cavity, n = 23; trachea, n =
      3; distal esophagus, n = 3). The incidence of airway misplacement was 2.9 % (3 of
      104 cases). For confirmation of gastric placement, the auscultation technique had
      a sensitivity of 100.0 % and a specificity of 79.3 %. In contrast, the manometer
      technique had a sensitivity of 100.0 % and a specificity of 100.0 % in the
      discrimination of gastric placement from airway placement of NG tubes. Airway
      misplacement of NG tubes is not uncommon in surgical patients, and the manometer
      technique may be a reliable and safe method to discriminate gastric placement
      from airway placement of NG tubes.

PMID- 26964994
TI  - [The aim of stimulating discussions on preclinical intubation has been reached].

PMID- 26964992
TI  - Utility of stroke volume variation measured using non-invasive bioreactance as a
      predictor of fluid responsiveness in the prone position.
AB  - The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of stroke volume
      variation (SVV) derived from NICOM(r) to predict fluid responsiveness in the
      prone position. Forty adult patients undergoing spinal surgery in the prone
      position were included in this study. We measured SVV from NICOM(r) (SVVNICOM)
      and FloTracTM/VigileoTM systems (SVVVigileo), and pulse pressure variation (PPV)
      using automatic (PPVauto) and manual (PPVmanual) calculations at four time points
      including supine and prone positions, and before and after fluid loading of 6 ml
      kg-1 colloid solution. Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in the
      cardiac index from VigileoTM of >=12 %. There were 19 responders and 21 non
      responders. Prone positioning induced a significant decrease in SVVNICOM,
      SVVVigileo, PPVauto, and PPVmanual. However, all of these parameters successfully
      predicted fluid responsiveness in the prone position with area under the receiver
      operator characteristic curves for SVVNICOM, SVVVigileo, PPVauto, and PPVmanual
      of 0.78 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.90, P = 0.0001], 0.79 (95 % CI 0.63
      0.90, P = 0.0001), 0.76 (95 % CI 0.6-0.88, P = 0.0006), and 0.84 (95 % CI 0.69
      0.94, P < 0.0001), respectively. The optimal cut-off values were 12 % for
      SVVNICOM, SVVVigileo, and PPVauto, and 10 % for PPVmanual. SVV from NICOM(r)
      successfully predicts fluid responsiveness during surgery in the prone position.
      This totally non-invasive technique for assessing individual functional
      intravenous volume status would be useful in a wide range of surgeries performed
      in the prone position.

PMID- 26964995
TI  - Phase Ib/II study of elisidepsin in metastatic or advanced gastroesophageal
      cancer (IMAGE trial).
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the recommended dose and antitumor activity of single-agent
      elisidepsin as a 24-h intravenous (i.v.) infusion fortnightly [biweekly, d1 and
      15 every 4 weeks (q4wk); Arm A, dose-intensity strategy] or as a 3-h i.v.
      infusion weekly (d1, 8, 15 and 22 q4wk; Arm B, dose-density strategy) in adult
      patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pretreated esophageal,
      gastroesophageal junction and gastric cancer. METHODS: Patients were randomized
      to one of two elisidepsin dosing schedules. Phase Ib starting doses were 8.0 mg
      flat dose (FD) in Arm A and 3.0 mg FD in Arm B. Phase II subsequently explored
      antitumor activity of both dosing schedules at the respective recommended doses.
      RESULTS: Forty-four patients received elisidepsin: 12 in stage Ib and 32 in stage
      II. The recommended doses were defined as 10 mg FD (Arm A) and 3.75 mg FD (Arm
      B). Both schedules were well tolerated. Most adverse events were mild or
      moderate, reversible and predictable with no meaningful differences between
      schedules. The pharmacokinetic profiles of both schedules were similar to those
      reported previously in patients with solid tumors treated with a comparable dose.
      An interim analysis found tumor control in one patient receiving elisidepsin
      fortnightly, and in none given elisidepsin weekly; patient accrual was therefore
      discontinued due to lack of efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Both schedules at the
      recommended doses presented an acceptable safety profile, but lack of response
      means that we do not recommend further evaluation of single-agent elisidepsin as
      chemotherapy for unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic gastroesophageal
      cancer.

PMID- 26964997
TI  - A Pilot Study of an Acceptance-Based Behavioral Intervention for Weight Regain
      After Bariatric Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tens of thousands of bariatric surgery patients each year experience
      sub-optimal weight loss, significant regain, or both. Weight regain can
      contribute to a worsening of weight-related co-morbidities, and for some, leads
      to secondary surgical procedures. Poor weight outcomes have been associated with
      decreased compliance to the recommended postoperative diet. Decreased compliance
      may be partially due to a lack of psychological skills necessary to engage in
      healthy eating behaviors over the long term, especially as the effects of surgery
      (on appetite, hunger, and desire for food) decrease. Many behavioral
      interventions do not sufficiently address these challenges and often have limited
      effectiveness. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and
      preliminary effectiveness of a novel 10-week acceptance-based behavioral
      intervention to stop postoperative weight regain. METHODS: A sample of bariatric
      surgery patients (n = 11) who regained at least 10 % of their maximum lost
      postoperative weight was recruited. All participants received the intervention,
      which emphasized psychological skills thought to be integral to successful weight
      control post-surgery. RESULTS: The intervention was shown to be feasible and
      acceptable, with 72 % retention and high mean rating (4.25 out of 5.00) of
      program satisfaction among completers. Weight regain was stopped, and even
      reversed, with a mean total body weight loss of 3.58 +/- 3.02 % throughout the 10
      week intervention. There were also significant improvements in eating-related and
      acceptance-related variables. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide initial support
      for the use of a psychological acceptance-based intervention for weight regain in
      bariatric surgery patients.

PMID- 26964996
TI  - Gut Wall Metabolism. Application of Pre-Clinical Models for the Prediction of
      Human Drug Absorption and First-Pass Elimination.
AB  - Quantifying the multiple processes which control and modulate the extent of oral
      bioavailability for drug candidates is critical to accurate projection of human
      pharmacokinetics (PK). Understanding how gut wall metabolism and hepatic
      elimination factor into first-pass clearance of drugs has improved enormously.
      Typically, the cytochrome P450s, uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases
      and sulfotransferases, are the main enzyme classes responsible for drug
      metabolism. Knowledge of the isoforms functionally expressed within organs of
      first-pass clearance, their anatomical topology (e.g. zonal distribution),
      protein homology and relative abundances and how these differ across species is
      important for building models of human metabolic extraction. The focus of this
      manuscript is to explore the parameters influencing bioavailability and to
      consider how well these are predicted in human from animal models or from in
      vitro to in vivo extrapolation. A unique retrospective analysis of three
      AstraZeneca molecules progressed to first in human PK studies is used to
      highlight the impact that species differences in gut wall metabolism can have on
      predicted human PK. Compared to the liver, pharmaceutical research has further to
      go in terms of adopting a common approach for characterisation and quantitative
      prediction of intestinal metabolism. A broad strategy is needed to integrate
      assessment of intestinal metabolism in the context of typical DMPK activities
      ongoing within drug discovery programmes up until candidate drug nomination.

PMID- 26964998
TI  - The development of large-cell carcinoma in the wall of a giant bulla complicated
      by hemorrhage.
AB  - There were a few reports of patients with lung cancer developing at the wall of
      giant bullae complicated with hemorrhage. A 40-year-old male with complaints of
      hemoptysis was referred to our hospital, and a solitary pulmonary mass was
      pointed out on his chest roentgenogram. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a
      well-circumscribed solid mass measuring 7.0 * 6.5 * 6.0 cm in the right upper
      lobe of the lung. At the chest CT 1 year before, only a giant bulla without mass
      was found. From the interval change of CT findings with his clinical course, the
      mass was suspected as acute hemorrhage in the giant bulla. A right upper
      lobectomy of the lung was performed to control his hemoptysis. The surgical
      specimen showed the giant bulla filled with blood clot, and a partial wall of the
      bulla was irregularly thickened. Pathological examination revealed that the
      thickened wall was composed of large-cell carcinoma. In patients with bullous
      diseases complicated with hemorrhage, we should be aware of a possibility of
      developing lung cancer in the bullae. 

PMID- 26964999
TI  - Acute and long-term effect of percutaneous coronary intervention on serially
      measured oxidative, inflammatory, and coagulation biomarkers in patients with
      stable angina.
AB  - To derive insights into the temporal changes in oxidative, inflammatory and
      coagulation biomarkers in patients with stable angina undergoing percutaneous
      coronary intervention (PCI). PCI is associated with a variety of biochemical and
      mechanical stresses to the vessel wall. Oxidized phospholipids are present on
      plasminogen (OxPL-PLG) and potentiate fibrinolysis in vitro. We recently showed
      that OxPL-PLG increase following acute myocardial infarction, suggesting that
      they are involved in atherothrombosis. Plasma samples were collected before,
      immediately after, 6 and 24 h, 3 and 7 days, and 1, 3, and 6 months after PCI in
      125 patients with stable angina undergoing uncomplicated PCI. Plasminogen levels,
      OxPL-PLG, and an array of 16 oxidative, inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers
      were measured with established assays. OxPL-PLG and plasminogen declined
      significantly immediately post-PCI, rebounded to baseline, peaked at 3 days and
      slowly returned to baseline by 6 months (p < 0.0001 by ANOVA). The temporal
      trends to maximal peak in biomarkers were as follows: immediately post PCI: OxPL
      apoB and lipoprotein (a); Day 1-the inflammatory biomarker IL-6; Day 3-CRP and
      coagulation biomarkers OxPL-PLG, plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activity; Day
      3 to 7-plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, and complement factor H binding
      to malondialdehyde-LDL and MDA-LDL IgG; Day 7-30 MDA-LDL IgM, CuOxLDL IgM, and
      ApoB-IC IgM and IgG; >30 days uPA activity, uPA antigen, CuOxLDL IgG and peptide
      mimotope to MDA-LDL. Most of the biomarkers trended to baseline by 6 months. PCI
      results in a specific, temporal sequence of changes in plasma biomarkers. These
      observations provide insights into the effects of iatrogenic barotrauma and
      plaque disruption during PCI and suggest avenues of investigation to explain
      complications of PCI and development of targeted therapies to enhance procedural
      success.

PMID- 26965000
TI  - Routes for virtually guided endoscopic liver resection of subdiaphragmatic liver
      tumors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic/laparoscopic hepatectomy is a safe
      procedure that has potential advantages over open surgery. However, deeply
      positioned liver tumors require expert laparoscopic and
      thoracoscopic/laparoscopic hepatectomy techniques. Using simulated preoperative
      three-dimensional virtual endoscopy (P3DVE) guidance, we demonstrate herein that
      a thoracoscopic approach (TA), thoracoscopic-laparoscopic approach (TLA), and
      laparoscopic approach (LA) are all feasible and safe routes for performing pure
      laparoscopic and thoracoscopic/laparoscopic resection of liver tumors located in
      the 4a, 7, and 8 liver subdiaphragmatic areas. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients
      underwent laparoscopic and thoracoscopic/laparoscopic partial liver resection (TA
      13 cases, TLA two cases, and LA 23 cases) of the subdiaphragmatic area at Showa
      University Hospital. All surgical approaches were preoperatively determined based
      on preoperative 3D virtual endoscopic simulation (P3DVES) visualization and
      findings using the image processing software SYNAPSE VINCENT((r)). RESULTS:
      Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic/laparoscopic liver resection was successfully
      performed for all cases under P3DVE instruction. The mean operative times using
      TA, TLA, and LA approaches were 193, 185, and 190 min, respectively. Mean blood
      loss during TA, TLA, and LA was 179, 138, and 73 g, respectively. No patients
      required conversion to open surgery, and there were no deaths, although there
      were three cases of Clavien-Dindo grade I in TA along with three cases of grade I
      and one case of grade II in LA. CONCLUSIONS: TA, TLA, and LA routes performed
      under P3DVE instruction are feasible and safe to perform for pure laparoscopic
      and thoracoscopic/laparoscopic liver resection in selected patients with lesions
      located in the hepatic subdiaphragmatic area.

PMID- 26965001
TI  - Quantifying Differences Between Native and Introduced Species.
AB  - Introduced species have historically been presumed to be evolutionarily novel and
      'different' from native species. Recent studies question these assumptions,
      however, as the traits and factors promoting successful introduced and native
      species can be similar. We advocate a novel statistical framework utilizing
      quantifiable metrics of evolutionary and ecological differences among species to
      test whether different forces govern the success of native versus introduced
      species. In two case studies, we show that native and introduced species appear
      to follow the same 'rules' for becoming abundant. We propose that incorporating
      quantitative differences in traits and evolutionary history among species might
      largely account for many perceived effects of geographic origin, leading to more
      rigorous and general tests of the factors promoting organism success.

PMID- 26965002
TI  - Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the prevention of
      transcatheter aortic valve implantation-related stroke: Another brick in the
      wall?

PMID- 26965003
TI  - A novel doxorubicin loaded folic acid conjugated PAMAM modified with borneol, a
      nature dual-functional product of reducing PAMAM toxicity and boosting BBB
      penetration.
AB  - Effective targeting drug delivery system for glioma treatment is still greatly
      challenged by the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the intracranial
      overspreading of anti-tumor drug. Herein, we presented a dual-functional glioma
      targeting delivery of doxorubicin based on the PAMAM G5 dendrimer, modified with
      folic acid (FA) to target tumor cell, also borneol (BO), a well known safe
      material derived from traditional Chinese medicine, to facilitate the BBB
      permeability and reduce the toxicity of naked PAMAM. The intracranial
      transportation and glioma targeting ability were evaluated on the BBB model and
      C6 glioma cells in vitro. Also, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were studied
      on C6 glioma-bearing rats in vivo. It indeed reduced the cytotoxicity of PAMAM
      against both HBMEC and C6 cells by coupling BO on the surface, while efficiently
      boosted BBB permeability with the improvement of transportation ratio by 2 folds
      to the BO-unmodified conjugates. Furthermore, conjugated FA increased total
      uptake amount by C6 cells leading to strong inhibition with the 3-fold lower IC50
      value than FA-unmodified DOX conjugate. In comparison with DOX solution, FA-BO
      PAMAM/DOX exhibited significantly prolonged half-life time and increased area
      under the curve and improved DOX accumulation in brain tumor. The tumor growth
      inhibition, in vivo, was significantly increased up to 57.4%. The median survival
      time of xenograft rats after administering FA-BO-PAMAM/DOX (28days) was
      significantly prolonged compared to free DOX (18days, P<0.05) or other controls.
      In conclusion, this strategy of novel targeting nanocarrier provides a promising
      method to increase the drug accumulation in the tumor site for therapy of glioma.

PMID- 26965004
TI  - The molecular assembly of the ionic liquid/aliphatic carboxylic acid/aliphatic
      amine as effective and safety transdermal permeation enhancers.
AB  - In spite of numerous advantages, transdermal drug delivery systems are unfeasible
      for most drugs because of the barrier effect of the stratum corneum. Ionic
      liquids were recently used to enhance transdermal drug delivery by improving drug
      solubility. In the present study, safe and effective ionic liquids for
      transdermal absorption were obtained as salts generated by a neutralization
      reaction between highly biocompatible aliphatic carboxylic acids (octanoic acid
      or isostearic acid) and aliphatic amines (diisopropanolamine or
      triisopropanolamine) (Medrx Co., Ltd., 2009). The mechanism of skin permeability
      enhancement by ionic liquids was investigated by hydrophilic phenol red and
      hydrophobic tulobuterol. Further, the skin permeation enhancing effect was
      remarkably superior in the acid excess state rather than the neutralization
      state. Infrared absorption spectrum analysis confirmed that ionic
      liquids/aliphatic carboxylic acid/aliphatic amine are coexisting at all mixing
      states. In the acid excess state, ionic liquids interact with aliphatic
      carboxylic acids via hydrogen bonds. Thus, the skin permeation enhancing effect
      is not caused by the ionic liquid alone. The "liquid salt mixture," referred to
      as a complex of ingredients coexisting with ionic liquids, forms a molecular
      assembly incorporating hydrophilic drug. This molecular assembly was considered
      an effective and safety enhancer of transdermal drug permeation. 

PMID- 26965005
TI  - Tips and tricks for ORIF of displaced femoral neck fractures in the young adult
      patient.
AB  - Femoral neck fractures in the young adult are a less common, but potentially
      functionally significant injury commonly occurring after high-energy trauma. The
      management goals of these injuries are the maintenance of a native hip joint
      absent avascular necrosis and nonunion. The primary determinant to this end is an
      anatomic reduction in displaced fractures with stable fixation. In this paper,
      the authors provide a set of technical tips and tricks to aid orthopedic surgeons
      in the surgical management of these injuries while reviewing the most recent
      literature available to inform clinical decision making. The paper includes the
      recommendations of the authors from the Denver Health Orthopaedic Trauma Service.

PMID- 26965006
TI  - Radiologist, obstetric patient, and emergency department provider survey:
      radiologist-patient interaction in the emergency department setting.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptance of a model
      of direct interaction between radiologist and patients in the emergency
      department (ED) setting. The study population was comprised of pregnant patients
      accrued in a non-consecutive prospective manner from June 2014 to September 2015,
      who had an obstetrical ultrasound performed in the radiology department of an
      inner-city tertiary care hospital at the request of the ED. The feasibility and
      approval of direct communication between radiologist and patient were evaluated
      by means of a questionnaire presented by an independent observer to the ED
      provider, patient, and radiologist. The exam enrolled 54 patients. Ultrasound
      (US) exam results were divided into (31) normal live intrauterine gestation
      (group 1), (7) abnormal failed intrauterine gestation or ectopic pregnancy (group
      2), and (16) indeterminate pregnancies that could not be placed in the former
      categories and may require a follow-up exam (group 3). Forty-five (83 %) ED
      providers approved of the radiologist's direct communication with patients. Fifty
      (93 %) patients stated a better understanding of the radiologist's role in their
      care after than before the interaction. The radiologists found the interaction
      with patients to be positive in 52 (96 %) cases. Direct communication between
      radiologist and patient yielded a good acceptance by the radiologist, ED
      provider, and patient. More importantly, after the encounter, the vast majority
      of patients reported a better understanding of the radiologist's role in their
      care. 

PMID- 26965007
TI  - Thoracic venous injuries: an imaging and management overview.
AB  - Thoracic venous injuries are predominantly attributed to traumatic and iatrogenic
      causes. Gunshot wounds and knife stabbings make up the vast majority of
      penetrating trauma whereas motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of
      blunt trauma to the chest. Iatrogenic injuries, mostly from central venous
      catheter complications are being described in growing detail. Although these
      injuries are rare, they pose a diagnostic challenge as their clinical
      presentation does not substantially differ from that of arterial injury.
      Furthermore, the highly lethal nature of some of these injuries provides limited
      literature for review and probably underestimates their true incidence. The
      widespread use of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) has increased the
      detection rate of these lesions in hemodynamically stable patients that survive
      the initial traumatic event. In this article, we will discuss and illustrate
      various causes of injury to each vein and their supporting CT findings while
      briefly discussing management. The available literature will be reviewed for
      penetrating, blunt, and iatrogenic injuries to the vena cava, innominate,
      subclavian, axillary, azygos, and pulmonary veins. 

PMID- 26965009
TI  - Haemostatic property of cyanoacrylate in pedicled flaps.
AB  - We present a technique that can, in principle, be applied to any pedicled flap
      that is routinely used for reconstructions of the forehead. In our experience,
      cyanoacrylate glue applied to the pedicle before the flap is inserted decreases
      postoperative bleeding and wound exudate.

PMID- 26965008
TI  - Single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to mitochondrial uncoupling protein genes
      UCP2 and UCP3 affect mitochondrial metabolism and healthy aging in female
      nonagenarians.
AB  - Energy expenditure decreases with age, but in the oldest-old, energy demand for
      maintenance of body functions increases with declining health. Uncoupling
      proteins have profound impact on mitochondrial metabolic processes; therefore, we
      focused attention on mitochondrial uncoupling protein genes. Alongside resting
      metabolic rate (RMR), two SNPs in the promoter region of UCP2 were associated
      with healthy aging. These SNPs mark potential binding sites for several
      transcription factors; thus, they may affect expression of the gene. A third SNP
      in the 3'-UTR of UCP3 interacted with RMR. This UCP3 SNP is known to impact UCP3
      expression in tissue culture cells, and it has been associated with body weight
      and mitochondrial energy metabolism. The significant main effects of the UCP2
      SNPs and the interaction effect of the UCP3 SNP were also observed after
      controlling for fat-free mass (FFM) and physical-activity related energy
      consumption. The association of UCP2/3 with healthy aging was not found in males.
      Thus, our study provides evidence that the genetic risk factors for healthy aging
      differ in males and females, as expected from the differences in the phenotypes
      associated with healthy aging between the two sexes. It also has implications for
      how mitochondrial function changes during aging.

PMID- 26965010
TI  - Letter in reply to Letter to the Editor concerning our paper entitled: Atrophy of
      anterior digastric muscle detected during ultrasound of the neck - a prospective
      clinical study.

PMID- 26965011
TI  - The effect of UV-filters on the viability of neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line.
AB  - Topical application of cosmetic products, containing ultraviolet filters (UV
      filters) are recommended as a protection against sunburns and in order to reduce
      the risk of skin cancer. However, some UV filters can be absorbed through skin
      and by consuming contaminated food. Among the chemical UV filters, benzophenone-3
      (BP-3), 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor (4-MBC) and 2-ethylhexyl-4
      methoxycinnamate (OMC) are absorbed through the skin to the greatest extent. So
      far, these lipophilic compounds were demonstrated to influence the gonadal and
      thyroid hormone function, but their effect on central nervous system cells has
      not been investigated, yet. In the present study, we investigated the effect of
      some UV filters on cell viability and caspase-3 activity in SH-SY5Y cells. It has
      been found that benzophenone-2 (BP-2), BP-3, 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) and OMC
      present in the culture medium for 72h in high concentration (10(-5) and 10(-4)M)
      and 4-MBC only 10(-4)M produced a significant cytotoxic effect, as determined
      both by the MTT reduction test and LDH release assay. In contrast to necrotic
      changes, all tested UV filters increased caspase-3 activity in much lower
      concentrations (from 10(-8) to 10(-7)M). Proapoptotic properties of the test
      compounds were positively verified by Hoechst staining. The obtained results
      indicated that UV filters adversely affected the viability of nerve cells, most
      likely by enhancing the process of apoptosis. The most potent effect was exerted
      by BP-3 and 4-MBC and at concentrations that may be reached in vivo. Since human
      exposure to UV filters is significant these compound should be taken into
      consideration as one of the possible factors involved in pathogenesis of
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 26965013
TI  - Myopic traction maculopathy.

PMID- 26965012
TI  - Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor combined with half-fluence
      photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in chronic central serous
      chorioretinopathy.
AB  - PurposeTo evaluate the results of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)-guided
      verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) with half-fluence rate combined with
      intravitreal application of anti-VEGF in treating choroidal neovascularization
      (CNV) in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).Patients and methodsIn
      this retrospective cohort study 17 consecutive patients with secondary CNV due to
      chronic CSCR had their diagnosis verified with fluorescein angiography (FA) and
      ICGA at baseline. All eyes received either intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) or
      bevacizumab (IVB). On the consecutive day following the initial IVR/IVB
      treatment, ICGA-guided verteporfin (6 mg/m(2)) PDT with half-fluence rate (25
      J/cm(2)) was performed on every patient. IVR or IVB was rescheduled on a pro re
      nata regimen. Main outcome measures were changes in visual acuity (VA) according
      to the ETDRS letter score and changes in the central foveal thickness
      (CFT).ResultsBest-corrected VA at baseline was 65.6 letters (+/-6.7; n=17)
      according to the ETDRS letter score. At 12 months, mean ETDRS letter score
      improved to 71.2 letters (P=0.34). CFT was 309 MUm and decreased to 216 MUm at
      month 12 control (P=0.0004). Nine eyes (52.9%) received additional treatment with
      IVR/IVB due to recurrence of subretinal fluid, with an overall mean number of
      IVR/IVB treatment of 1.8+/-3.6 per patient with no systemic side effects during
      12 months' follow-up.ConclusionsIVR or IVB combined with ICGA-guided half-fluence
      PDT with verteporfin is effective in treating CNV in chronic CSCR, with choroidal
      hyperpermeability in ICGA, resulting in stable vision and significant reduction
      of CFT. 

PMID- 26965014
TI  - Reply to 'Comments on Long-term outcomes of phakic patients with diabetic macular
      oedema treated with intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) implants'.

PMID- 26965015
TI  - Comments on 'Long-term outcomes of phakic patients with diabetic macular oedema
      treated with intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) implants'.

PMID- 26965017
TI  - Treatment trials for diabetic macular oedema.

PMID- 26965016
TI  - Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among primary and middle school-aged
      students: a school-based study in Guangzhou.
AB  - PurposeTo estimate the prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school-aged
      students in Guangzhou and to explore the potentially contributing factors to
      myopia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was based on a sample of students in
      grades 1-6 and grades 7-9. Data were collected from refractive error measurements
      and a structured questionnaire.ResultsA total of 3055 participants were involved
      in this analysis, and the overall prevalence of myopia was 47.4% (95% confidence
      interval (CI)= 45.6-49.2%). The prevalence of myopia in students increased along
      with the growth of grade level; the prevalence of myopia in students in grade 1
      was only 0.2%, as it increased to 38.8% in students in grade 3, and the rate was
      the highest (68.4%) in students in grade 9. Girls were at a higher risk of myopia
      than boys (adjusted odds ratio=1.22, 95% CI=1.04-1.44). Both male and female
      students whose distance of reading was longer than 25 cm were less likely to have
      myopia and who have one or two myopic parents were at a higher risk of myopia. In
      addition, reading for pleasure more than 2 h per day (adjusted odds ratio=1.84,
      95% CI=1.09-3.12) was only positively associated with myopia in boys and spending
      time watching television per week was only positively associated with myopia in
      girls.ConclusionMyopia in students is a significant public health problem in
      Guangzhou. Female gender, higher grade, longer time spent for near work, shorter
      distance of near work, and parental myopia were shown to be associated with the
      increasing risk of myopia in children. 

PMID- 26965018
TI  - Predicting macular hole closure with ocriplasmin based on spectral domain optical
      coherence tomography.
AB  - PurposeTo assess the preoperative features of patients with idiopathic macular
      hole (IMH) and vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) treated with ocriplasmin (OCP) that
      can predict successful closure.MethodData were prospectively collected on all
      patients with IMH treated with OCP in three British ophthalmic centres. Several
      preoperative variables were recorded including the IMH base diameter (BD),
      minimum linear diameter (MLD), and VMA width measured on spectral domain optical
      coherence tomography. Several other IMH indices were derived including a 'width
      factor', defined as the BD minus the MLD in MUm. The occurrence of VMA release
      and hole closure were used as the main outcome measures.ResultsThirty-three
      patients in total with IMH were treated with OCP. Two patients developed
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and were excluded. The mean age of the
      remaining 31 patients was 71 years, and 71% were female. VMA release occurred in
      19 of the 31 (61%) patients and macular hole closure in 11 (35%). Width factor
      was the most predictive feature for closure on multivariate analysis. The
      deviance R(2) was 67% (P<0.001). An IMH with a width factor of <60 MUm had a 95%
      certainty of closure, whereas if >290 MUm then there was less than a 5% chance of
      closure. Neither VMA width nor MLD alone was associated with VMA release or
      closure.ConclusionsPatients with macular holes where the BD was close in size to
      the MLD had an improved probability of closure than holes with wider base
      configurations.

PMID- 26965019
TI  - Comparison of Characteristics of Patients aged <=45 Years Versus >45 Years With
      ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (from the AIDA STEMI CMR Substudy).
AB  - It is unknown whether the occurrence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI) at a younger age is associated with differences in myocardial damage
      compared with older patients. We aimed to compare the infarct characteristics
      (area at risk [AAR], myocardial salvage index [MSI], infarct size [IS],
      microvascular obstruction [MVO]) and clinical outcome in patients aged <=45 years
      and >45 years. We analyzed 795 patients with STEMI treated with primary
      percutaneous coronary intervention. All patients completed 12-month follow-up for
      the assessment of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Left ventricular ejection
      fraction, AAR, MSI, IS, and MVO were determined by cardiac magnetic resonance
      imaging. Seventy-eight patients (9.8%) were aged 45 years or younger. Young
      patients were more likely to be male (p = 0.01), to be current smokers (p
      <0.001), and to have a family history of coronary artery disease (p = 0.05).
      Contrary, they had significantly lower prevalence of hypertension (p <0.001),
      diabetes (p <0.01), and 3-vessel disease (p <0.01). There were no significant
      differences in left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.36), AAR (p = 0.30), MSI
      (p = 0.34), IS (p = 0.29), or MVO (p = 0.58) between both groups. MACE rate was
      significantly lower in patients aged <=45 years compared with patients aged >45
      years (1.3% vs 7.5%, p = 0.04). After multivariate adjustment for clinical risk
      factors and cardiac magnetic resonance findings, age remained an independent
      predictor of MACE (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07, p = 0.03). In
      conclusion, infarct characteristics are not dependent on age in patients
      undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI.

PMID- 26965021
TI  - Integration of mental and physical health care: from aspiration to practice.

PMID- 26965020
TI  - Evaluation of risk communication in a mammography patient decision aid.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We characterized patients' comprehension, memory, and impressions of
      risk communication messages in a patient decision aid (PtDA), Mammopad, and
      clarified perceived importance of numeric risk information in medical decision
      making. METHODS: Participants were 75 women in their forties with average risk
      factors for breast cancer. We used mixed methods, comprising a risk estimation
      problem administered within a pretest-posttest design, and semi-structured
      qualitative interviews with a subsample of 21 women. RESULTS: Participants'
      positive predictive value estimates of screening mammography improved after using
      Mammopad. Although risk information was only briefly memorable, through content
      analysis, we identified themes describing why participants value quantitative
      risk information, and obstacles to understanding. We describe ways the most
      complicated graphic was incompletely comprehended. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehension of
      risk information following Mammopad use could be improved. Patients valued
      receiving numeric statistical information, particularly in pictograph format.
      Obstacles to understanding risk information, including potential for confusion
      between statistics, should be identified and mitigated in PtDA design. PRACTICE
      IMPLICATIONS: Using simple pictographs accompanied by text, PtDAs may enhance a
      shared decision-making discussion. PtDA designers and providers should be aware
      of benefits and limitations of graphical risk presentations. Incorporating
      comprehension checks could help identify and correct misapprehensions of
      graphically presented statistics.

PMID- 26965023
TI  - Docetaxel prodrug liposomes for tumor therapy: characterization, in vitro and in
      vivo evaluation.
AB  - There is a strong desire to develop docetaxel (DTX) formulation with good
      therapeutic effectiveness in view of serious adverse reactions of the commercial
      formulation of DTX (Taxotere(r)). In this study, a redox-responsive DTX-vitamin E
      prodrug was successfully formulated into liposomes with the drug loading of 4.14%
      +/- 0.10%. Compared with DTX liposomes, the DTX prodrug liposomes (DPLs) showed
      good stability for 30-d shelf life and during dilution with different media. In
      vitro antitumor activity of DPLs on human prostatic carcinoma PC-3 cells and
      human lung cancer A549 cells was evaluated using cytotoxicity and apoptosis
      assays. In spite of a decrease in in vitro antitumor activity, the in vivo
      pharmacokinetic study reveals that DPLs exhibit significantly longer DTX plasma
      half-life (t1/2, 1.38-fold) and higher bioavailability (AUC0-t, 14.49-fold)
      compared with DTX liposomes. The antitumor activity of DPLs to the A549 tumor
      xenograft model showed selective accumulation in tumor tissue, significant
      inhibition the growth of the tumors and a much lower toxicity as seen in body
      weight loss, compared with DTX-Solution. Taken together, the results showed that
      DPLs is a promising strategy for DTX antitumor delivery. 

PMID- 26965022
TI  - Matrix Extension Study: Validation of the Compact Dry CF Method for Enumeration
      of Total Coliform Bacteria in Selected Foods.
AB  - The Compact Dry "Nissui" CF method, Performance Tested Method(SM) 110401, was
      originally certified for enumeration of coliform bacteria by the AOAC Research
      Institute Performance Tested Methods(SM) program for raw meat products. Compact
      Dry CF is a ready-to-use dry media sheet, containing a cold-soluble gelling
      agent, a chromogenic medium, and selective agents, which are rehydrated by adding
      1 mL of diluted sample. Coliform bacteria produce blue/blue-green colonies on the
      Compact Dry CF, allowing a coliform colony count to be determined in the sample
      after 24 +/- 2 h incubation. A validation study was organized by Campden BRI
      (formerly Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association Technology, Ltd),
      Chipping Campden, United Kingdom, to extend the method's claim to include cooked
      chicken, fresh bagged prewashed shredded iceberg lettuce, frozen fish, milk
      powder, and pasteurized 2% milk. Campden BRI collected single-laboratory data for
      cooked chicken, lettuce, frozen fish, and milk powder, whereas a multilaboratory
      study was conducted on pasteurized milk. Thirteen laboratories participated in
      the interlaboratory study. The Compact Dry CF method was compared to ISO
      4832:2006 "Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for
      the enumeration of coliforms-Colony-count technique," the current version at the
      time this study was conducted. Each matrix was evaluated at either four or five
      contamination levels of coliform bacteria (including an uncontaminated level).
      After logarithmic transformation of counts at each level, the data for
      pasteurized whole milk were analyzed for sr, sR, RSDr, and RSDR. Regression
      analysis was also performed and r(2) was reported. Mean difference between
      methods with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. A log10 range of -0.5
      to 0.5 for the CI was used as the acceptance criterion to establish significant
      statistical difference between methods. In the single-laboratory evaluation (for
      cooked chicken, lettuce, frozen fish, and milk powder), sr and RSDr values were
      analyzed and r(2) was reported. Statistical differences were indicated between
      the Compact Dry CF and ISO 4832 methods in two of five contamination levels
      tested for lettuce, and in the low contamination levels for cooked chicken,
      frozen fish, and dry milk powder. For the low levels of cooked chicken, frozen
      fish, and milk powder, only a few colonies were recovered for each method, and
      thus not a true indication of the methods' performance. In most cases, mean
      differences between the Compact Dry CF and ISO 4832 methods were small (<0.5
      log10), with CIs within the acceptance criterion. The sr and RSDr values were
      similar for both methods, and r(2) values were >0.94 for all matrixes. In the
      multilaboratory study, no statistical differences were indicated between methods.
      The sr, RSDr, sR, and RSDr values were similar for each method and even slightly
      smaller for the Compact Dry CF. The r(2) value was 0.99. The Compact Dry CF
      method offers comparable results to ISO 4832 in a space saving, easy-to-use
      format. 

PMID- 26965024
TI  - The Insulin:Glucagon Ratio and the Choice of Glucose-Lowering Drugs.
AB  - The influence of alpha and beta cells, through glucagon and insulin, on energy
      metabolism is well known. The insulin:glucagon ratio (IGR) is a frequently
      discussed entity in the medical literature. However, in recent years, focus has
      shifted to other pathways and markers of health and disease. This communication
      revisits the insulin:glucagon bipolar axis and describes the significance of the
      IGR. It reviews the effects of various glucose-lowering drugs on this ratio, and
      hypothesizes that the ratio can be used to predict the appropriate choice of
      drugs for managing diabetes. Drugs which increase the IGR may be beneficial in
      insulinopenic conditions, while those which decrease IGR may be of help in the
      setting of hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance. 

PMID- 26965025
TI  - National community pharmacy NHS influenza vaccination service in Wales: a primary
      care mixed methods study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity and excess mortality,
      yet vaccine coverage in the UK remains below target. Community pharmacies are
      increasingly being promoted as an alternative to vaccination by GPs. AIM: To
      explore and verify the factors that influence the relative performance of
      pharmacies providing NHS influenza vaccinations. DESIGN AND SETTING: A mixed
      methods study utilising qualitative, semi-structured interviews and quantitative
      analysis of predictors of vaccination numbers in community pharmacies in Wales.
      METHOD: Interviews were conducted with 16 pharmacists who participated in the
      Welsh national pharmacy influenza service in 2013-2014. A purposive sampling
      strategy was used. Qualitative findings were analysed using framework analysis.
      Potential predictors of vaccination numbers were identified from interviews and a
      literature review, and included in a multivariable regression model. RESULTS: The
      contribution of community pharmacies towards vaccination in Wales is small.
      Findings suggest that community pharmacies reach younger at-risk individuals, in
      whom vaccine uptake is low, in greater proportion than influenza vaccination
      programmes as a whole. Extended opening hours and urban locations were positively
      associated with the number of vaccinations given, although pharmacists reported
      that workload, vaccine costs, unforeseen delays, lack of public awareness, and
      GPs' views of the service limited their contribution. Pharmacists, aware of the
      potential for conflict with GPs, moderated their behaviour to mitigate such risk.
      CONCLUSION: Before community pharmacies take greater responsibility for
      delivering healthcare services, obstacles including increasing pharmacist
      capacity, vaccine procurement, health service delays, managing GP-pharmacy
      relationships, and improving public awareness must be overcome.

PMID- 26965026
TI  - Safety of community-based minor surgery performed by GPs: an audit in different
      settings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minor surgery is a well-established part of family practice, but its
      safety and cost-effectiveness have been called into question. AIM: To audit the
      performance of GP minor surgeons in three different settings. DESIGN AND SETTING:
      A community-based surgery audit of GP minor surgery cases and outcomes from three
      settings: GPs who carried out minor surgery in their practice funded as enhanced
      (primary care) services (ESGPs); GPs with a special interest (GPwSIs) who worked
      independently within a healthcare organisation; and GPs working under acute trust
      governance (Model 2 GPs). METHOD: An audit form was completed by volunteer GP
      minor surgeons. Data were collected about areas of interest and aggregated data
      tables produced. Percentages were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)
      and significant differences across the three groups of GPs tested using the
      chi(2) test. RESULTS: A total of 6138 procedures were conducted, with 41% (2498;
      95% CI = 39.5 to 41.9) of GP minor surgery procedures being on the head/face.
      Nearly all of the samples from a procedure that were expected to be sent to
      histology were sent (5344; 88.8%; 95% CI = 88.0 to 89.6). Malignant diagnosis was
      correct in 69% (33; 95% CI = 54.2 to 79.2) of cases for ESGPs, 93% (293; 95% CI =
      90.1 to 95.5) for GPwSIs, and 91% (282; 95% CI = 87.2 to 93.6) for Model 2 GPs.
      Incomplete excision was significantly more frequent for ESGPs (17%; 9; 95% CI =
      7.5 to 28.3, P<0.001). Complication rates were very low across all practitioners.
      CONCLUSION: GP minor surgery is safe and prompt. GPs working within a managed
      framework performed better. Consideration needs to be given on how better to
      support less well-supervised GPs.

PMID- 26965027
TI  - Interpreting multisource feedback: online study of consensus and variation among
      GP appraisers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: GPs collect multisource feedback (MSF) about their professional
      practice and discuss it at appraisal. Appraisers use such information to identify
      concerns about a doctor's performance, and to guide the doctor's professional
      development plan (PDP). AIM: To investigate whether GP appraisers detect
      variation in doctors' MSF results, and the degree of consensus in appraisers'
      interpretations of this information. DESIGN AND SETTING: Online study of GP
      appraisers in north-east England. METHOD: GP appraisers were invited to review
      eight anonymised doctors' MSF reports, which represented different patterns of
      scores on the UK General Medical Council's Patient and Colleague Questionnaires.
      Participants provided a structured assessment of each doctor's report, and
      recommended actions for their PDP. Appraiser ratings of each report were
      summarised descriptively. An 'agreement score' was calculated for each appraiser
      to determine whether their assessments were more lenient than those of other
      participants. RESULTS: At least one report was assessed by 101/146 appraisers
      (69%). The pattern of appraisers' ratings suggested that they could detect
      variation in GPs' MSF results, and recommend reasonable actions for the doctors'
      PDP. Increasing appraiser age was associated with more favourable interpretations
      of MSF results. CONCLUSION: Although preliminary, the finding of broad consensus
      among GP appraisers in their assessment of MSF reports should be reassuring for
      GPs, appraisers, and employing organisations. However, if older appraisers are
      more lenient than younger appraisers in their interpretation of MSF and in the
      actions they suggest to their appraisees as a result, organisations need to
      consider what steps could be taken to address such differences.

PMID- 26965028
TI  - A 5-year follow-up study of users of benzodiazepine: starting with diazepam
      versus oxazepam.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drug dependency may develop during long-term benzodiazepine use,
      indicated, for example, by dose escalation. The first benzodiazepine chosen may
      affect the risk of dose escalation. AIM: To detect possible differences in
      benzodiazepine use between new users of diazepam and oxazepam over time. DESIGN
      AND SETTING: This 5-year prescription database study included 19 747 new
      benzodiazepine users, inhabitants of Norway, aged 30-60 years, with first
      redemption for diazepam or oxazepam. METHOD: Individuals starting on diazepam
      versus oxazepam were analysed by logistic regression with sex, age, other drug
      redemptions, prescriber's specialty, household income, education level, type of
      work, and vocational rehabilitation support as background variables. Time to
      reach a daily average intake of >=1 defined daily doses (DDD) over a 3-month
      period was analysed using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS:
      New users of oxazepam had a higher risk for dose escalation compared with new
      users of diazepam. This was true even when accounting for differences in
      sociodemographic status and previous drug use (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, 95%
      confidence interval = 1.17 to 1.51). CONCLUSION: Most doctors prescribed,
      according to recommendations, oxazepam to individuals they may have regarded as
      prone to and at risk of dependency. However, these individuals were at higher
      risk for dose escalation even when accounting for differences in sociodemographic
      status and previous drug use. Differences between the two user groups could be
      explained by different preferences for starting drug, DDD for oxazepam being
      possibly too low, and some unaccounted differences in illness.

PMID- 26965029
TI  - Investigating the public's use of Scotland's primary care telephone advice
      service (NHS 24): a population-based cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been no comprehensive examination of the public's
      understanding of, and attitudes towards, NHS 24. AIM: To investigate the public's
      use of NHS 24 and explore their understanding of, and beliefs about, the service.
      DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based cross-sectional study of adults in Scotland.
      METHOD: Quantitative data were collected by self-completion postal questionnaire
      and qualitative data by follow-up telephone interviews. RESULTS: A corrected
      response rate of 34.1% (n = 1190) was obtained. More than half (51.0%, n = 601)
      of responders had used NHS 24. Callers were more likely to be female, have at
      least one child, and be aged 25-34 years. Most calls (92.4%, n = 549) were made
      out of hours, and 54.6% (n = 327) were made on behalf of someone else. The main
      reason for calling was to get advice about a new symptom (69.0%, n = 414). A
      total of 38.6% (n = 219) of users contacted another health professional following
      their call, mostly on NHS 24 advice (71.7%, n = 157). Over 80.0% (n = 449) of
      callers were satisfied with the service and 93.9% (n = 539) would use it
      again.Only 8.4% (n = 78) of responders had used the NHS 24 website and 4.6% (n =
      53) the NHS inform service. The main reasons for non-use were not needing the
      service, a preference to see their own GP, and not knowing the telephone number.
      NHS 24 was mainly viewed as an out-of-hours alternative to the GP. It was not
      considered an appropriate service for minor symptoms. The main facilitator to use
      was convenience, whereas the main barrier to use was not knowing how and when to
      use the service. CONCLUSION: Although most people who used NHS 24 were satisfied,
      others were unclear about how and when to use the service. Further education
      about the full range of services that NHS 24 offers should be considered.

PMID- 26965030
TI  - The relationship between prior antimicrobial prescription and meningitis: a case
      control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent research into the role of the human microbiome in maintaining
      health has identified the potentially harmful impact of antimicrobials. AIM: The
      association with bacterial and viral meningitis following antimicrobial
      prescription during the previous year was investigated to determine whether
      antimicrobials have a deleterious effect on the nasopharyngeal microbiome. DESIGN
      AND SETTING: A case-control study (1:4 cases to controls) was conducted examining
      the rate of previous antimicrobial exposure in cases of meningitis and in a
      matched control group. Data from a UK primary care clinical database were
      analysed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 7346 cases of
      meningitis were identified, 3307 (45%) viral, 1812 (25%) bacterial, and 2227
      (30%) unspecified. The risks of viral (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.45; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 2.24 to 2.68) or bacterial (AOR 1.98; 95% CI = 1.71 to
      2.30) meningitis were both increased following antimicrobial prescription in the
      preceding year. Patients who received >=4 antimicrobial prescriptions in the
      preceding year were at significantly increased risk of all types of meningitis
      (AOR 2.85; 95% CI = 2.44 to 3.34), bacterial meningitis (AOR 3.06; 95% CI = 2.26
      to 4.15) and viral meningitis (AOR 3.23; 95% CI = 2.55 to 4.08) compared to their
      matched controls. CONCLUSION: There was an increased risk of meningitis following
      antimicrobial prescription in the previous year. It is possible that this
      increase was due to an effect of antimicrobials on the microbiome or reflected an
      increased general susceptibility to infections in these patients.

PMID- 26965032
TI  - Experiences of Children With Gay Fathers.
AB  - An online survey was distributed via snowball sampling and resulted in responses
      from 61 gay fathers raising children in 2 states. Fathers reported on the
      barriers they experienced and the pathways they took to becoming parents. They
      reported also on experiences of stigma directed at them and their children,
      especially from family members, friends, and people in religious institutions.
      Despite these difficulties they reported that they engaged actively in parenting
      activities and that their child(ren)'s well-being was consistent with national
      samples.

PMID- 26965033
TI  - Non-Radiological Method for Fabrication of a Screw-Channel Drilling Guide in
      Cement-Retained Implant Restorations Using Intraoral Digital Scanning and Imaging
      Superimposition: A Clinical Report.
AB  - The difficulty of retrieving the abutment screw is a major disadvantage of cement
      retained implant restorations. Conventional methods for locating the screw-access
      hole are based largely on radiography or manual labor, which limits accuracy and
      clinical feasibility. This clinical report describes a non-radiological method
      for fabricating an accurate drilling guide for location of the screw channel
      using intraoral optical scanning, 3D superimposition, and computer-aided design
      and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies. The present technique
      not only improves the guide fabrication process and the accuracy of screw-channel
      drilling, but also has wide indications for implant restorations.

PMID- 26965031
TI  - Predicting antibiotic prescription after symptomatic treatment for urinary tract
      infection: development of a model using data from an RCT in general practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is often treated with
      antibiotics, resulting in increasing resistance levels. A randomised controlled
      trial showed that two-thirds of females with UTI treated symptomatically
      recovered without subsequent antibiotic treatment. AIM: To investigate whether
      there are differences between females with a UTI who were subsequently prescribed
      antibiotics and those who recovered with symptomatic treatment only, and to
      develop a model to predict those who can safely and effectively be treated
      symptomatically. DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a subgroup analysis of females
      assigned to ibuprofen in a UTI trial in general practices. METHOD: Multiple
      logistic regression analysis was used to select variables for a prediction model,
      The discriminative value of the model was estimated by the area under the
      receiver operator curve (AUC) and the effects of different thresholds were
      calculated within the model predicting antibiotic prescription and need for
      follow-up visits. RESULTS: Of the 235 females in the ibuprofen group, 79 were
      subsequently prescribed antibiotics within 28 days of follow-up. The final model
      included five predictors: urgency/frequency, impaired daily activities, and
      positive dipstick test results for erythrocytes, leucocytes, and nitrite. The AUC
      was 0.73 (95% CI = 0.67 to 0.80). A reasonable threshold for antibiotic
      initiation would result in 58% of females presenting with UTI being treated with
      antibiotics. Of the remaining females, only 6% would return to the practice
      because of symptomatic treatment failure. CONCLUSION: The present model revealed
      moderately good accuracy and could be the basis for a decision aid for GPs and
      females to find the treatment option that fits best.

PMID- 26965034
TI  - Computerised cognitive training in acquired brain injury: A systematic review of
      outcomes using the International Classification of Functioning (ICF).
AB  - Computerised cognitive training (CCT) is an increasingly popular intervention for
      people experiencing cognitive symptoms. This systematic review evaluated the
      evidence for CCT in adults with acquired brain injury (ABI), focusing on how
      outcome measures used reflect efficacy across components of the International
      Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Database searches were
      conducted of studies investigating CCT to treat cognitive symptoms in adult ABI.
      Scientific quality was rated using the PEDro-P and RoBiNT Scales. Ninety-six
      studies met the criteria. Most studies examined outcomes using measures of mental
      functions (93/96, 97%); fewer studies included measures of
      activities/participation (41/96, 43%) or body structures (8/96, 8%). Only 14
      studies (15%) provided Level 1 evidence (randomised controlled trials with a
      PEDro-P score >= 6/10), with these studies suggesting strong evidence for CCT
      improving processing speed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and moderate evidence for
      improving memory in MS and brain tumour populations. There is a large body of
      research examining the efficacy of CCT, but relatively few Level 1 studies and
      evidence is largely limited to body function outcomes. The routine use of outcome
      measures of activities/participation would provide more meaningful evidence for
      the efficacy of CCT. The use of body structure outcome measures (e.g.,
      neuroimaging) is a newly emerging area, with potential to increase understanding
      of mechanisms of action for CCT. 

PMID- 26965035
TI  - WHO strengthens Zika travel advice to pregnant women.

PMID- 26965036
TI  - Photosensitizer-Conjugated Hyaluronic Acid-Shielded Polydopamine Nanoparticles
      for Targeted Photomediated Tumor Therapy.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a widely used clinical option for tumor therapy.
      However, the clinical utilization of conventional small-molecule photosensitizers
      (PSs) for PDT has been limited by their low selectivity for disease sites, and
      undesirable photoactivation. To overcome these limitations, we demonstrated a
      tumor-specific and photoactivity-controllable nanoparticle photomedicine based on
      a combination of PS-biomacromolecule conjugates and polydopamine nanoparticles
      (PD-NP) for an effective tumor therapy. This novel photomedicine consisted of a
      PD-NP core and a PS-conjugated hyaluronic acid (PS-HA) shell. The PD-NP and the
      PS-HA play roles as a quencher for PSs and a cancer targeting moiety,
      respectively. The synthesized PS-HA-shielded PD-NPs (PHPD-NPs) had a relatively
      narrow size distribution (approximately 130 nm) with uniform spherical shapes. In
      response to cancer-specific intracellular enzymes (e.g., hyaluronidase), the PHPD
      NPs exhibited an excellent singlet oxygen generation capacity for PDT.
      Furthermore, an efficient photothermal conversion ability for photothermal
      therapy (PTT) was also shown in the PHPD-NPs system. These properties provide
      superior therapeutic efficacy against cancer cells. In mice tumor model, the
      photoactive restorative effects of the PHPD-NPs were much higher in cancer
      microenvironments compared to that in the normal tissue. As a result, the PHPD
      NPs showed a significant antitumor activity in in vivo mice tumor model. The
      nanoparticle photomedicine design is a novel strategy for effective tumor
      therapy. 

PMID- 26965037
TI  - UHPLC/ESI-MS/MS Determination of 187 Pesticides in Wine.
AB  - This paper presents an ultra HPLC/electrospray ionization-tandem MS method to
      determine pesticides in wine. We adopted the quick, easy, cheap, effective,
      rugged, and safe (QuEChERs) method for extraction and used core-shell column to
      achieve ultra-HPLC to develop and validate a simple and fast method to analyze
      187 pesticide residues in red and white wine samples. Pesticide residues were
      extracted from wine samples using QuEChERS. Ultra HPLC/electrospray ionization
      tandem MS quantification was achieved using matrix-matched standard calibration
      curves with isotopically labeled standards or a chemical analogue as internal
      standards with an analytical range from 5.0 to 500.0 MUg/L. The method
      performance characteristics that included overall recovery, intermediate
      precision, and measurement uncertainty were evaluated according to a nested
      experimental design. Generally, 98.4% (in red wine) and 96.8% (in white wine) of
      the pesticides had recoveries between 71 and 120%; 98.9% (in red wine) and 99.5%
      (in white wine) of the pesticides had the intermediate precision <=20%; and 99.5%
      (in red wine) and 98.4% (in white wine) of the pesticides had measurement
      uncertainty <=50%. 

PMID- 26965038
TI  - Measuring implementation strength: lessons from the evaluation of public health
      strategies in low- and middle-income settings.
AB  - Evaluation of strategies to ensure evidence-based, low-cost interventions reach
      those in need is critical. One approach is to measure the strength, or intensity,
      with which packages of interventions are delivered, in order to explore the
      association between implementation strength and public health gains. A recent
      systematic review suggested methodological guidance was needed. We described the
      approaches used in three examples of measures of implementation strength in
      evaluation. These addressed important public health topics with a substantial
      disease burden in low-and middle-income countries; they involved large-scale
      implementation; and featured evaluation designs without comparison areas.
      Strengths and weaknesses of the approaches were discussed. In the evaluation of
      Ethiopia's Health Extension Programme, implementation strength scoring for each
      kebele (ward) was based on aggregated data from interviews with mothers of
      children aged 12-23 months, reflecting their reports of contact with four
      elements of the programme. An evaluation of the Avahan HIV prevention programme
      in India used the cumulative amount of Avahan funding per HIV-infected person
      spent each year in each district. In these cases, a single measure was developed
      and the association with hypothesised programme outcomes presented. In the
      evaluation of the Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria, several implementation
      strength measures were developed based on the duration of activity of the
      programme and the level of implementation of supporting interventions. Measuring
      the strength of programme implementation and assessing its association with
      outcomes is a promising approach to strengthen pragmatic impact evaluation. Five
      key aspects of developing an implementation strength measure are to: (a) develop
      a logic model; (b) identify aspects of implementation to be assessed; (c) design
      and implement data collection from a range of data sources; (d) decide whether
      and how to combine data into a single measure; and, (e) plan whether and how to
      use the measure(s) in outcome analysis. 

PMID- 26965039
TI  - Methylglyoxal, A Metabolite Increased in Diabetes is Associated with Insulin
      Resistance, Vascular Dysfunction and Neuropathies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pandemic metabolic disease characterized
      by a chronically elevated blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemia) due to
      insulin dysfunction. Approximately 50% of diabetics show diabetes complications
      by the time they are diagnosed. Vascular dysfunction, nephropathy and neuropathic
      pain are common diabetes complications. Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation such as methylglyoxal (MGO). METHODS:
      Peer reviewed research papers were studied through bibliographic databases
      searching focused on review questions and inclusion/exclusion criteria. The
      reviewed papers were appraised according to the searching focus. The
      characteristics of screened papers were described, and a deductive qualitative
      content analysis methodology was applied to the included studies using a
      conceptual framework to yield this comprehensive systematic review. RESULTS:
      Sixty-six papers were included in this review. Eleven papers related
      methylglyoxal generation to carbohydrates metabolism, ten papers related lipid
      metabolism to methylglyoxal and 5 papers showed the proteolytic pathways that
      contribute to methylglyoxal generation. Methylglyoxal metabolism was derived from
      7 papers. Descriptive figure 1 was drawn to explain methylglyoxal sources and how
      diabetes increases methylglyoxal generation. Furthermore, twenty-six papers
      related methylglyoxal to diabetes complications from which 9 papers showed
      methylglyoxal ability to induce insulin dysfunction, an effect which was
      described in schematic figure 2. Additionally, fifteen papers revealed
      methylglyoxal contribution to vascular dysfunction and 3 papers showed
      methylglyoxal to cause neuropathic pain. Methylglyoxal-induced vascular
      dysfunction was drawn in a comprehensive figure 3. This review correlated
      methylglyoxal with diabetes and diabetes complications which were summarised in
      table 1. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review suggesting methylglyoxal as an
      essential therapeutic target for managing diabetes in the future.

PMID- 26965040
TI  - The effectiveness of implementation in Indigenous Australian healthcare: an
      overview of literature reviews.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective implementation can maximise the beneficial impacts of
      health services. It is therefore important to review implementation in the
      context of Indigenous populations, who suffer some of the greatest disadvantage
      within developed countries. This paper analyses Aboriginal and Torres Strait
      Islander (hereafter Indigenous) Australian health implementation reviews to
      examine the research question: What is the effectiveness of implementation, as
      reported in the Indigenous Australian health implementation literature? METHODS:
      Eight databases were systematically searched to find reviews of Indigenous
      Australian health services and/or programs where implementation was the focus.
      Search terms included Aborigin* OR Indigen* OR Torres AND health AND service OR
      program* OR intervention AND implementation (or like terms) AND Australia AND
      review. Review findings were analysed through the lens of the PARiHS framework
      which theorises that successful implementation occurs through the interplay of
      evidence, context and facilitation. The review followed Cochrane methods but was
      not registered. RESULTS: Six reviews were found; these encompassed 107 studies
      that considered health service/program implementation. Included studies described
      many health services implemented across Australia as not underpinned by rigorous
      impact evaluation; nevertheless implementers tended to prefer evidence-based
      interventions. Effective implementation was supported by clearly defined
      management systems, employment of Indigenous health workers as leaders, community
      control, partnerships, tailoring for diverse places and settings; and active
      facilitation methods. Short-term funding meant most studies focused on
      implementation in one site through pilot initiatives. Only two mentioned cost
      effectiveness. Indigenous Australian studies incorporated two elements not
      included in the PARiHS reference guide: the value of community control and equity
      of service provision across sites. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of the Indigenous
      Australian review findings against the PARiHS reference guide elements suggested
      a fledgling but growing state of Indigenous implementation research, and
      considerable scope to improve the effectiveness of implementation. Further
      research is required to explore Indigenous people's understandings of what is
      important in healthcare implementation; particularly in relation to the value of
      community control and equity issues.

PMID- 26965046
TI  - Appraising the uptake and use of recommendations for a common outcome data set
      for clinical trials: a case study in fall injury prevention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many researchers and professional bodies are seeking consensus for
      core outcomes for clinical trials. The Prevention of Falls Network Europe
      (ProFaNE) developed a common outcome data set for fall injury prevention trials
      10 years ago. This study assesses the impact of these recommendations. METHODS: A
      systematic search (up to 16 January 2015) was performed using Web of Science,
      Scopus and PubMed for articles citing the ProFaNE recommendations. Randomised
      trials on fall prevention in older people were selected for further analysis.
      Data were extracted on study characteristics and adherence to the key domains
      recommended by the ProFaNE consensus: falls, fall injury, physical activity,
      psychological consequences and health-related quality of life. Details of non
      recommended outcome measures used were also recorded. RESULTS: The ProFaNE
      recommendations were cited in a total of 464 published articles, of which 34 were
      randomised trials on fall prevention in older people. Only one study (3 %)
      reported on all core domains. Most of the trials reported on falls (n = 32/34, 94
      %) as a core outcome measure. Most of the recommendations within the falls domain
      were well-followed. Around half of the trials reported on fall-related injury (n
      = 16/34, 47 %). However, none reported the number of radiologically confirmed
      peripheral fracture events, which is the recommended outcome measure for injury.
      The other key domains (quality of life, physical activity and psychological
      consequences) were less frequently reported on, with a lack of consistency in the
      outcome measures used. CONCLUSIONS: The ProFaNE recommendations had a limited
      effect on standardising the reporting of outcomes in randomised trials on fall
      injury prevention in older people during the search period. Authors of consensus
      guidelines should consider maximising buy-in by including a diversity of
      geographic areas and academic disciplines at the development stage and using a
      solid dissemination strategy.

PMID- 26965041
TI  - Protective role of free and quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion against damage induced
      by intracerebral haemorrhage in rats.
AB  - Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a worldwide public health problem.
      Experimental studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in
      the pathogenesis of ICH and could represent a target for its treatment. However,
      the blood-brain barrier is an obstacle to be overcome, as it hampers the
      administration of compounds to the central nervous system. In this study, we
      compared the effects of a quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QU-N) with the free form
      of the drug (QU-SP) in a collagenase-induced ICH rat model. Quercetin (QU) is a
      polyphenol that has an antioxidant effect in vitro, but due to its high
      lipophilicity, it has low bioavailability in vivo. In this study, animals
      submitted or not to ICH were treated with a single intraperitoneal QU dose (free
      or nanoemulsion) of 30 mg kg(-1). Motor assessment was evaluated by the open
      field, foot fault and beam walking behavioural tests. 72 h after surgery the
      haematoma size was evaluated and biochemical measurements were performed. Animals
      treated with QU-N had a significant improvement in the beam walking and open
      field tests. Also, QU-N was able to reduce the size of the haematoma, preserving
      the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), increasing GSH content, and the
      total antioxidant capacity. QU-SP recovered locomotor activity and increased the
      GSH content and the total antioxidant capacity. Thus, it can be observed that QU
      presented antioxidant activity in both formulations, but the incorporation into
      nanoemulsions increased its antioxidant effect, which was reflected in the
      improvement of the motor skills and in the haematoma size decrement. These
      results suggest that the nanoemulsion containing QU developed in this study could
      be promising for future studies on treatments for ICH. 

PMID- 26965047
TI  - A proteome analysis of freezing tolerance in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improvement of freezing tolerance of red clover (Trifolium pratense
      L.) would increase its persistence under cold climate. In this study, we assessed
      the freezing tolerance and compared the proteome composition of non-acclimated
      and cold-acclimated plants of two initial cultivars of red clover: Endure (E-TF0)
      and Christie (C-TF0) and of populations issued from these cultivars after three
      (TF3) and four (TF4) cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection for superior
      freezing tolerance. Through this approach, we wanted to identify proteins that
      are associated with the improvement of freezing tolerance in red clover. RESULTS:
      Freezing tolerance expressed as the lethal temperature for 50 % of the plants
      (LT50) increased markedly from approximately -2 to -16  degrees C following cold
      acclimation. Recurrent selection allowed a significant 2 to 3  degrees C increase
      of the LT50 after four cycles of recurrent selection. Two-dimensional difference
      gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to study variations in protein abundance.
      Principal component analysis based on 2D-DIGE revealed that the largest
      variability in the protein data set was attributable to the cold acclimation
      treatment and that the two genetic backgrounds had differential protein
      composition in the acclimated state only. Vegetative storage proteins (VSP),
      which are essential nitrogen reserves for plant regrowth, and dehydrins were
      among the most striking changes in proteome composition of cold acclimated crowns
      of red clovers. A subset of proteins varied in abundance in response to selection
      including a dehydrin that increased in abundance in TF3 and TF4 populations as
      compared to TF0 in the Endure background. CONCLUSION: Recurrent selection
      performed indoor is an effective approach to improve the freezing tolerance of
      red clover. Significant improvement of freezing tolerance by recurrent selection
      was associated with differential accumulation of a small number of cold-regulated
      proteins that may play an important role in the determination of the level of
      freezing tolerance.

PMID- 26965048
TI  - Nutritional status of children <5 years of age who have a working mother: an
      epidemiological perspective of diarrhoeal children in urban Bangladesh.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present analysis aimed to observe nutritional impacts among
      children <5 years of age by mother's engagement in paid employment. DESIGN:
      Between 1996 and 2012, 21 443 children <5 years of age with diarrhoea attended
      the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b),
      Dhaka Hospital. They were enrolled in the hospital-based Diarrhoeal Disease
      Surveillance System and their relevant information was extracted from the
      electronic database. SETTING: The icddr,b, Bangladesh. SUBJECTS: The analytic
      sample was 19 597 children aged <5 years who had a mother aged <=35 years with or
      without engagement in paid employment. RESULTS: Eleven per cent of the mothers (n
      2051) were currently engaged in paid employment on behalf of the family.
      Univariate analysis showed that children with mothers engaged in paid employment
      had a 1.14 times higher risk of being undernourished, a 1.20 times of higher risk
      of being stunted, a 1.21 times higher risk of being wasted and a 1.31 times
      higher risk of being underweight (risk ratios) than were children with mothers
      not likewise engaged. Multivariate analysis showed that such associations
      remained significant for stunting (1.08; 95 % CI 1.00, 1.16), wasting (1.15; 95 %
      CI 1.06, 1.25) and underweight (1.09; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.17) after controlling for
      covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' engagement in income-generating employment was
      associated with undernutrition in children <5 years of age in urban Bangladesh.

PMID- 26965050
TI  - Case report of Salmonella cross-contamination in a food laboratory.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This paper describes a case of Salmonella cross-contamination in a
      food laboratory. In 2012, chocolate bars shipped from Belgium to the USA were
      prevented from entering the USA because a Salmonella Rissen strain had been
      isolated from one of the chocolate bars in a Belgian food laboratory. However, a
      retrospective study of the Salmonella isolates sent from the laboratory to the
      Belgian National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella revealed that 7 weeks prior,
      a Salmonella Rissen strain has been isolated from fish meal in the same food
      laboratory. The chocolate bars were not expected to be contaminated with
      Salmonella because the ingredients all tested negative during the production
      process. Furthermore, because Salmonella Rissen is only rarely isolated from
      food, it was hypothesized that the two Salmonella Rissen isolates belonged to the
      same strain and that the second isolation event in this laboratory was caused by
      cross-contamination. To confirm this hypothesis, both Salmonella Rissen isolates
      were fingerprinted using different molecular techniques. To evaluate the
      discriminatory power of the techniques used, 11 other Salmonella Rissen isolates
      from different origins were included in the comparison. Pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis, repetitive element palindromic PCR and three random amplified
      polymorphic DNA PCR assays were used. RESULTS: Repetitive element palindromic PCR
      and random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assays were insufficiently
      discriminatory, whereas pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using the combination of
      two restriction enzymes showed sufficient discrimination to confirm the
      hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Although cross-contamination in food laboratories are
      rarely reported, cross-contamination can always occur. Laboratories should
      therefore always be aware of the possibility of cross-contamination, especially
      when enrichment is used in the microbiological analysis. Furthermore, it is
      advised that results showing isolates of the same serotype isolated in a short
      time frame from unrelated food products should be interpreted carefully and
      should be confirmed with additional strain typing.

PMID- 26965051
TI  - Micro-RNAs in abdominal aortic aneurysms: insights from animal models and
      relevance to human disease.
AB  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major health concern and may be associated
      with high rates of mortality linked to acute complications. Diagnosis and
      treatment are, respectively, based on imaging and surgical techniques. Drug-based
      therapies are still mostly ineffective, which highlight a real unmet need. Major
      pathophysiological mechanisms leading to aneurysm formation involve inflammatory
      processes, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and loss of smooth muscle
      cells. However, the precise cellular and molecular pathways are still poorly
      understood. Recently, microRNAs have emerged as major intracellular players in a
      wide range of biological processes, and their stability in extracellular medium
      within microvesicles has led to propose them as mediators of intercellular
      crosstalk and as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in a variety of
      disease settings. To date, several studies have been performed to address the
      involvement of micro-RNAs (miRs) in aneurysm formation and complications. Here,
      we discuss the roles and implications of miRs in animal models and their
      relevance to human AAA. 

PMID- 26965049
TI  - Expression of F-actin-capping protein subunit beta, CAPZB, is associated with
      cell growth and motility in epithelioid sarcoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A previous proteomics study demonstrated the overexpression of F
      actin capping protein subunit beta (CAPZB) in tissue specimens of epithelioid
      sarcoma (EpiS). The aim of the present study was to elucidate the function of
      CAPZB in EpiS. METHODS: Cellular functional assays were performed in two EpiS
      cell lines using CAPZB siRNAs. In addition, comparative protein expression
      analyses using Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (i-TRAQ)
      method were performed to identify the specific proteins whose expression was
      dysregulated by CAPZB, and analysed the data with the Ingenuity Pathways Analysis
      (IPA) system using the obtained protein profiles to clarify the functional
      pathway networks associated with the oncogenic function of CAPZB in EpiS.
      Additionally, we performed functional assays of the INI1 protein using INI1
      overexpressing EpiS cells. RESULTS: All 15 EpiS cases showed an
      immunohistochemical expression of CAPZB, and two EpiS cell lines exhibited a
      strong CAPZB expression. Silencing of CAPZB inhibited the growth, invasion and
      migration of the EpiS cells. Analysis of protein profiles using the IPA system
      suggested that SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes including INI1 may function
      as a possible upstream regulator of CAPZB. Furthermore, silencing of CAPZB
      resulted in a decreased expression of INI1 proteins in the INI1-positive EpiS
      cells, whereas the induction of INI1 in the INI1-deficient EpiS cells resulted in
      an increased CAPZB mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: CAPZB is involved in tumor
      progression in cases of EpiS, irrespective of the INI1 expression, and may be a
      potential therapeutic target. The paradoxical relationship between the tumor
      suppressor INI1 and the oncoprotein CAPZB in the pathogenesis of EpiS remains to
      be clarified.

PMID- 26965052
TI  - Stabilization of the bicontinuous cubic phase in siloxane-terminated mesogens,
      1,2-bis[4'-(n-(oligodimethylsiloxyl)alkoxy)benzoyl]hydrazine.
AB  - The introduction of oligodimethyl siloxane segments at the termini of the alkyl
      tails has been employed to stabilize the bicontinuous cubic (Cub(bi)) phase of a
      chain-core-chain type molecule having a 1,2-bis(benzoyl)hydrazine central core
      with two chains attached at the 4' position of each benzoyl moiety. In this
      study, three silylated molecules, bis-C10Si2, bis-C10Si3, and C10Si2-C8C=C, were
      synthesized, where "CnSim" represents the number of carbon and silicon atoms in
      the chain and "bis" indicates the two chains being the same, whereas the last one
      is asymmetric with respect to the core. The phase behaviors were examined by
      using polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray
      diffraction techniques. All three compounds form Cub(bi) phases and their
      syntheses were compared including their parent compound bis-C18. It was clearly
      revealed that the introduction of oligodimethyl siloxane segments effectively
      suppresses the crystallization at low temperatures, and as a result stabilizes
      the Cub(bi) phases, in an extreme case down to room temperature. The semi
      quantitative analyses in terms of lattice constant and three-dimensional electron
      density map help us to better understand the self-assembly process in the Cub(bi)
      phases. The study also revealed that the introduction of oligodimethyl siloxane
      segments is not only an alternative for the hydrocarbon segment but also is able
      to provide a versatile design strategy for obtaining stable Cub(bi) phases.

PMID- 26965053
TI  - Complex coacervation of supercharged proteins with polyelectrolytes.
AB  - Complexation of proteins with polyelectrolytes or block copolymers can lead to
      phase separation to generate a coacervate phase or self-assembly of coacervate
      core micelles. However, many proteins do not coacervate at conditions near
      neutral pH and physiological ionic strength. Here, protein supercharging is used
      to systematically explore the effect of protein charge on the complex
      coacervation with polycations. Four model proteins were anionically supercharged
      to varying degrees as quantified by mass spectrometry. Proteins phase separated
      with strong polycations when the ratio of negatively charged residues to
      positively charged residues on the protein (alpha) was greater than 1.1-1.2.
      Efficient partitioning of the protein into the coacervate phase required larger
      alpha (1.5-2.0). The preferred charge ratio for coacervation was shifted away
      from charge symmetry for three of the four model proteins and indicated an excess
      of positive charge in the coacervate phase. The composition of protein and
      polymer in the coacervate phase was determined using fluorescently labeled
      components, revealing that several of the coacervates likely have both induced
      charging and a macromolecular charge imbalance. The model proteins were also
      encapsulated in complex coacervate core micelles and micelles formed when the
      protein charge ratio alpha was greater than 1.3-1.4. Small angle neutron
      scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed that the micelles were
      spherical. The stability of the coacervate phase in both the bulk and micelles
      improved to increased ionic strength as the net charge on the protein increased.
      The micelles were also stable to dehydration and elevated temperatures. 

PMID- 26965055
TI  - Hot electron induced NIR detection in CdS films.
AB  - We report the use of random Au nanoislands to enhance the absorption of CdS
      photodetectors at wavelengths beyond its intrinsic absorption properties from
      visible to NIR spectrum enabling a high performance visible-NIR photodetector.
      The temperature dependent annealing method was employed to form random sized Au
      nanoparticles on CdS films. The hot electron induced NIR photo-detection shows
      high responsivity of ~780 mA/W for an area of ~57 MUm(2). The simulated optical
      response (absorption and responsivity) of Au nanoislands integrated in CdS films
      confirms the strong dependence of NIR sensitivity on the size and shape of Au
      nanoislands. The demonstration of plasmon enhanced IR sensitivity along with the
      cost-effective device fabrication method using CdS film enables the possibility
      of economical light harvesting applications which can be implemented in future
      technological applications. 

PMID- 26965054
TI  - A metabarcoding framework for facilitated survey of endolithic phototrophs with
      tufA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In spite of their ecological importance as primary producers and
      microbioeroders of marine calcium carbonate (CaCO3) substrata, endolithic
      phototrophs spanning both prokaryotic (the cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic algae
      lack established molecular resources for their facilitated survey with high
      throughput sequencing. Here, the development of a metabarcoding framework for the
      elongation factor EF-Ttu (tufA) was tested on four Illumina-sequenced marine
      CaCO3 microfloras for the characterization of their endolithic phototrophs,
      especially the abundant bioeroding Ostreobium spp. (Ulvophyceae). The framework
      consists of novel tufA degenerate primers and a comprehensive database enabling
      Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) identification at multiple taxonomic ranks with
      percent identity thresholds determined herein. RESULTS: The newly established
      tufA database comprises 4057 non-redundant sequences (from 1339 eukaryotic and
      prokaryotic phototrophs, and 2718 prokaryotic heterotrophs) including 27 classes
      in 10 phyla of phototrophic diversity summarized from data mining on
      GenBank((r)), our barcoding of >150 clones produced from coral reef microfloras,
      and >300 eukaryotic phototrophs (>230 Ulvophyceae including >100 'Ostreobium'
      spp., and >70 Florideophyceae, Phaeophyceae and miscellaneous taxa). Illumina
      metabarcoding with the newly designed primers resulted in 802 robust OTUs
      including 618 phototrophs and 184 heterotrophs (77 and 23% of OTUs,
      respectively). Phototrophic OTUs belonged to 14 classes of phototrophs found in
      seven phyla, and represented ~98% of all reads. The phylogenetic profiles of
      coral reef microfloras showed few OTUs in large abundance (proportion of reads)
      for the Chlorophyta (Ulvophyceae, i.e. Ostreobium and Phaeophila), the Rhodophyta
      (Florideophyceae) and Haptophyta (Coccolithophyceae), and a large diversity
      (richness) of OTUs in lower abundance for the Cyanophyta (Cyanophyceae) and the
      Ochrophyta (the diatoms, 'Bacillariophyta'). The bioerosive 'Ostreobium' spp.
      represented four families in a large clade of subordinal divergence, i.e. the
      Ostreobidineae, and a fifth, phylogenetically remote family in the suborder
      Halimedineae (provisionally assigned as the 'Pseudostreobiaceae'). Together they
      harbor 85-95 delimited cryptic species of endolithic microsiphons. CONCLUSIONS:
      The novel degenerate primers allowed for amplification of endolithic phototrophs
      across a wide phylogenetic breadth as well as their recovery in very large
      proportions of reads (overall 98%) and diversity (overall 77% of OTUs). The
      established companion tufA database and determined identity thresholds allow for
      OTU identification at multiple taxonomic ranks to facilitate the monitoring of
      phototrophic assemblages via metabarcoding, especially endolithic communities
      rich in bioeroding Ulvophyceae, such as those harboring 'Ostreobium' spp.,
      Phaeophila spp. and associated algal diversity.

PMID- 26965056
TI  - Epidemiology and risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis among children with
      allergic diseases: a nationwide population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiological research reveals that the incidence of allergic
      diseases and that of autoimmune diseases have been increasing in parallel,
      raising an interest in a potential link between the two disorders. However, the
      relationship between Th2-mediated allergic disease and Th1-mediated juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis (JIA) remains unclear. This population-based case-control
      study was aimed at investigating the development of childhood-onset allergic
      diseases and the subsequent risks of JIA. METHODS: We included 329 children with
      JIA diagnosed between 2000 and 2008, and 1316 age- and sex-matched controls. The
      odds ratios of developing JIA were calculated to determine an association with
      preexisting allergic diseases. RESULTS: The incidence rate of JIA in Taiwan
      between 2000 and 2008 was 1.33 cases per 100,000 children/year according to the
      International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria. The
      children with a single allergic disease had an increased risk of JIA, with
      adjusted odds ratios of developing JIA of 1.44 for allergic conjunctivitis (95 %
      confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.95), 1.50 for allergic rhinitis (1.15-1.96), and
      1.44 for asthma (1.00-2.10). The adjusted odds ratios increased with the number
      of concurrent allergic diseases from 1.50 (95 % CI, 1.12-2.01) for those with
      only one allergic disease to 1.72 (1.24-2.38) for those with at least two
      allergic diseases. The adjusted odds ratios of those with at least two allergic
      diseases increased to 1.84 (95 % CI, 1.19-2.86) for boys and 2.54 (1.42-4.54) for
      those older than 12 years. The children who made two or more medical visits for
      associated allergic diseases per year had an increased risk of JIA. CONCLUSION:
      Children with onset of allergic diseases were at increased risk of developing
      JIA. The increased risk was associated with the cumulative effect of concurrent
      allergic diseases and frequency of seeking medical care. Further study to
      investigate the role of Th2-mediated allergic diseases that contribute to the
      development of Th1-mediated JIA is warranted.

PMID- 26965058
TI  - Hierarchical TiO2 spheres as highly efficient polysulfide host for lithium-sulfur
      batteries.
AB  - Hierarchical TiO2 micron spheres assembled by nano-plates were prepared through a
      facile hydrothermal route. Chemical tuning of the TiO2 through hydrogen reduction
      (H-TiO2) is shown to increase oxygen-vacancy density and thereby modifies the
      electronic properties. H-TiO2 spheres with a polar surface serve as the surface
      bound intermediates for strong polysulfides binding. Under the restricting and
      recapturing effect, the sulfur cathode could deliver a high reversible capacity
      of 928.1 mA h g(-1) after 50 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 200
      mA g(-1). The H-TiO2 additive developed here is practical for restricting and
      recapturing the polysulfide from the electrolyte. 

PMID- 26965057
TI  - Structural basis for selective recognition of acyl chains by the membrane
      associated acyltransferase PatA.
AB  - The biosynthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids are critical pathways for
      virtually all cell membranes. PatA is an essential membrane associated
      acyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of mycobacterial phosphatidyl-myo
      inositol mannosides (PIMs). The enzyme transfers a palmitoyl moiety from
      palmitoyl-CoA to the 6-position of the mannose ring linked to 2-position of
      inositol in PIM1/PIM2. We report here the crystal structures of PatA from
      Mycobacterium smegmatis in the presence of its naturally occurring acyl donor
      palmitate and a nonhydrolyzable palmitoyl-CoA analog. The structures reveal an
      alpha/beta architecture, with the acyl chain deeply buried into a hydrophobic
      pocket that runs perpendicular to a long groove where the active site is located.
      Enzyme catalysis is mediated by an unprecedented charge relay system, which
      markedly diverges from the canonical HX4D motif. Our studies establish the
      mechanistic basis of substrate/membrane recognition and catalysis for an
      important family of acyltransferases, providing exciting possibilities for
      inhibitor design. 

PMID- 26965060
TI  - [Molecular Classification and Personalized Treatment of Gliomas].

PMID- 26965059
TI  - Newborn screening for sickling and other haemoglobin disorders using tandem mass
      spectrometry: A pilot study of methodology in laboratories in England.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine (i) if electrospray mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry
      with the SpOtOn Diagnostics Ltd reagent kit for sickle cell screening could be
      integrated into the English newborn screening programme, under routine screening
      conditions, and provide mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry results which match
      existing methods, and (ii) if common action values could be set for all
      manufacturers in the study, for all assessed haemoglobins, to indicate which
      samples require further investigation. METHODS: Anonymised residual blood spots
      were analysed using the SpOtOn reagent kit as per manufacturer's instructions, in
      parallel with existing techniques at four laboratories. Mass spectrometry-mass
      spectrometry instrumentation at Laboratories A and B was AB Sciex (Warrington,
      UK) AP4000, and at Laboratories C and D, Waters Micromass (Manchester, UK), Xevo
      TQMS and Premier, respectively. RESULTS: There were 23,898 results accepted from
      the four laboratories. Excellent specificity at 100% sensitivity was observed for
      haemoglobin S, haemoglobin C, haemoglobin E and haemoglobin OArab. A common
      action value was not possible for Hb C, but action values were set by
      manufacturer. The two haemoglobin DPunjab cases at Laboratory D were not detected
      using the common action value. Conversely, false-positive results with
      haemoglobin DPunjab were a problem at the remaining three laboratories.
      CONCLUSIONS: This multicentre study demonstrates that it is possible to implement
      mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry into an established screening programme while
      maintaining consistency with existing methods for haemoglobinopathy screening.
      However, one of the instruments investigated cannot be recommended for use with
      this application.

PMID- 26965061
TI  - [Establishment of Endoscopic Spinal Neurosurgery and its Current Status].
AB  - Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy(PELD)has been used as a standard
      surgical technique for lumbar disc herniation at the Southern TOHOKU Healthcare
      Group since its introduction in 2009. We present our clinical experiences with
      PELD for 6 years and discuss the decision-making process for its surgical
      indication with a review of the pertinent literature. PELD can be performed under
      both local anesthesia and general anesthesia, and requires only a stab wound for
      surgery and 3 days of hospitalization. Our surgical results showed generally
      satisfactory outcomes; however, a salvage surgery was required for 10 of the 96
      patients(10.4%)because of early recurrence, insufficient removal of the
      transligamentous disc fragment, and coexistent canal stenosis. Surgery was
      discontinued because of unbearable intraoperative pain in one patient each
      undergoing transforaminal approach and extraforaminal approach under local
      anesthesia. Although our experience is limited, PELD is considered a promising
      minimally invasive surgery for lumbar disc herniation. It is generally indicated
      for patients who are young, sports oriented, or extremely busy. Recurrent disc
      herniation after microdiscectomy, high risk for general anesthesia, and emergency
      are considered ideal indications for this technique. Since PELD is a newer
      technique with a high learning curve, further study, continuous training, and
      education are required before its widespread implementation. Careful selection of
      patients is crucial to achieve satisfactory surgical results. 

PMID- 26965062
TI  - [Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Associated with Cancer Therapy].
AB  - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome(PRES)is a subacute neurological
      syndrome typically manifesting with headache, cortical blindness, and seizures.
      This syndrome is associated with risk factors such as malignant hypertension,
      eclampsia, and renal failure. Numerous case reports depict its occurrence in
      cancer patients. The direct causal mechanisms of PRES in cancer patients have not
      yet been identified. Cytotoxic chemotherapy may cause direct endothelial damage,
      which would impact the blood brain barrier. Angiogenesis inhibitors also cause
      elevation in blood pressure;this is significant, because PRES onset may be solely
      related to hypertension. An increased number of case reports involving new
      molecular targeted agent suggests that incidence of PRES as an oncological
      emergency may increase in the future. 

PMID- 26965063
TI  - [Two Surgical Techniques for Metastatic Brain Tumors:Minimum Resection and
      Removal with Safety Margin].
AB  - Successful resection of cerebral metastases is based on good basic neurosurgical
      techniques, in conjunction with technologies for tumor localization. A clear
      understanding about the border zone pathology of metastatic lesions leads to two
      different techniques for safe and effective tumor removal. There is no capsule or
      pseudocapsule around the metastatic brain tumors. The border zone is widely
      heterogeneous, especially in lesions after stereotactic irradiation. Resection
      can be performed in a circumferential and en bloc fashion with sufficient safety
      margin of the normal brain in non-eloquent area. However, enucleation should be
      done without surrounding brain damage in and near eloquent areas. 

PMID- 26965064
TI  - [Successful Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization of Fusiform Aneurysm in P2 Segment
      of Posterior Cerebral Artery:A Case Report].
AB  - We report a case of a fusiform aneurysm in the P2 segment of the posterior
      cerebral artery treated with stent-assisted coil embolization. A 44-year-old
      woman presented with an unruptured fusiform aneurysm in the left posterior
      cerebral artery. Stent-assisted coil embolization was performed using a "down-the
      barrel" view to preserve the parent artery. The postoperative course was
      uneventful, and MRI showed no evidence of cerebral infarct. The patient was
      discharged 12 days after surgery, with no neurological deficit. Complete
      occlusion of the aneurysm and patency of the parent artery were observed on MR
      angiography at a 3-months follow up. Stent-assisted coil embolization can
      therefore be an effective alternative to parent artery occlusion in P2 segment
      fusiform aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery. 

PMID- 26965065
TI  - [Anterior Communicating Artery Dissection Presenting with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
      and Cerebral Infarction].
AB  - We describe the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction that
      developed simultaneously and was caused by suspected dissection of the anterior
      communicating artery. A 65-year-old woman presented with sudden onset of headache
      and nausea. Head computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging revealed
      subarachnoid hemorrhage in the interhemispheric fissure and a spotty ischemic
      lesion in the right frontal cortex. Both, CT angiography and angiography with
      arterial catheterization showed an aneurysmal dilatation of the anterior
      communicating artery. A repeated CT angiography nine days later demonstrated
      enlargement of the aneurysmal dilatation. The patient underwent craniotomy under
      general anesthesia. Under the microscope, a thick hematoma was seen infero
      dorsally from the anterior communicating artery. Two fenestrations of the
      anterior communicating artery were identified. After removal of the hematoma, a
      fusiform dilatation of the anterior communicating artery with a firm and reddish
      wall was confirmed. The lesion was coated with a teflon sponge and fibrin glue.
      The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. A follow-up CT angiography two
      months after surgery revealed shrinkage of the lesion, when compared with
      preoperative images. 

PMID- 26965066
TI  - [Apixaban-Related Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:A Case Report].
AB  - The risk of anticoagulant-associated intracranial hemorrhage(ICH)is relatively
      low in patients treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants(NOAC).
      The anticoagulant-associated ICH comprises mainly intraparenchimal hemorrhage.
      Subdural hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)are rare complications after
      treatment with NOAC, trauma being the most common cause for these two types of
      ICH. We report a case of non-traumatic convexal SAH(cSAH)associated with
      Apixavan. A 68-year-old man with repeated history of cerebral embolism with
      cardiogenic cause presented with weakness of the lower limbs. Magnetic resonance
      imaging revealed infarctions, and treatment with apixaban(5 mg twice per day)was
      administered. Three days later, SAH in the right superior frontal sulcus was
      discovered incidentally on computed tomography(CT). NOAC-associated SAH is a rare
      manifestation. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy(CAA)is the most common cause of cSAH
      in the elderly, and cSAH is supposed to be a warning sign of cerebral hemorrhage
      in CAA. Patients with CAA started on NOAC require careful monitoring. 

PMID- 26965067
TI  - [Update Knowledge for Brain Tumors(5)Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors].

PMID- 26965068
TI  - Asymmetric Desymmetrization of 1,3-Diketones via Intramolecular Benzoin Reaction.
AB  - A general method for the asymmetric desymmetrization of 1,3-diketone substrates
      via chiral N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed intramolecular benzoin reactions was
      developed. Five- and six-membered cyclic ketones bearing two contiguous fully
      substituted stereocenters were generated with excellent diastereoselectivities
      and moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. 

PMID- 26965069
TI  - Dynamic channel adjustments in the Jingjiang Reach of the Middle Yangtze River.
AB  - Significant channel adjustments have occurred in the Jingjiang Reach of the
      Middle Yangtze River, because of the operation of the Three Gorges Project (TGP).
      The Jingjiang Reach is selected as the study area, covering the Upper Jingjiang
      Reach (UJR) and Lower Jingjiang Reach (LJR). The reach-scale bankfull channel
      dimensions in the study reach were calculated annually from 2002 to 2013 by means
      of a reach-averaged approach and surveyed post-flood profiles at 171 sections. We
      find from the calculated results that: the reach-scale bankfull widths changed
      slightly in the UJR and LJR, with the corresponding depths increasing by 1.6 m
      and 1.0 m; the channel adjustments occurred mainly with respect to bankfull depth
      because of the construction of large-scale bank revetment works, although there
      were significant bank erosion processes in local regions without the bank
      protection engineering. The reach-scale bankfull dimensions in the UJR and LJR
      generally responded to the previous five-year average fluvial erosion intensity
      during flood seasons, with higher correlations being obtained for the depth and
      cross-sectional area. It is concluded that these dynamic adjustments of the
      channel geometry are a direct result of recent human activities such as the TGP
      operation. 

PMID- 26965071
TI  - Immunological risk assessment: The key to individualized immunosuppression after
      kidney transplantation.
AB  - The wide range of immunosuppressive therapies and protocols permits tailored
      planning of the initial regimen according to the immunological risk status of
      individual patients. Pre-transplant risk assessment can include many factors, but
      there is no clear consensus on which parameters to take into account, and their
      relative importance. In general younger patients are known to be at higher risk
      for acute rejection, compounded by higher rates of non-adherence in adolescents.
      Donor age and recipient gender do not appear to exert a meaningful effect on risk
      of rejection per se, but black recipient ethnicity remains a well-established
      risk factor even under modern immunosuppression regimens. Little difference in
      risk is now observed between deceased- and living-donor recipients. Immunological
      risk assessment has developed substantially in recent years. Cross-match testing
      with cytotoxic analysis has long been supplemented by flow cytometry, but
      development of solid-phase single-bead antigen testing of solubilized human
      leukocyte antigens (HLA) to detect donor-specific antibodies (DSA) permits a far
      more nuanced stratification of immunological risk status, including the different
      classes and intensities of HLA antibodies Class I and/or II, including HLA-DSA.
      Immunologic risk evaluation is now often based on a combination of these tests,
      but other assessments are becoming more widely introduced, such as measurement of
      non-HLA antibodies against angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors or T-cell ELISPOT
      assay of alloantigen-specific donor. Targeted densensitization protocols can
      improve immunological risk, notably for DSA-positive patients with negative
      cytotoxicity and flow cross-match. HLA mismatch remains an important and
      undisputed risk factor for rejection. Delayed graft function also increases the
      risk of subsequent acute rejection, and the early regimen can be modified in such
      cases. Overall, there is a shift towards planning the immunosuppressive regimen
      based on pre-transplant immunology testing although certain conventional risk
      factors retain their importance. 

PMID- 26965070
TI  - Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes associated with
      germ cell and gonad development in the Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Controlling and managing the breeding of bluefin tuna (Thunnus spp.)
      in captivity is an imperative step towards obtaining a sustainable supply of
      these fish in aquaculture production systems. Germ cell transplantation (GCT) is
      an innovative technology for the production of inter-species surrogates, by
      transplanting undifferentiated germ cells derived from a donor species into
      larvae of a host species. The transplanted surrogates will then grow and mature
      to produce donor-derived seed, thus providing a simpler alternative to
      maintaining large-bodied broodstock such as the bluefin tuna. Implementation of
      GCT for new species requires the development of molecular tools to follow the
      fate of the transplanted germ cells. These tools are based on key reproductive
      and germ cell-specific genes. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) provides a rapid, cost
      effective method for high throughput gene identification in non-model species.
      This study utilized RNA-Seq to identify key genes expressed in the gonads of
      Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) and their specific expression
      patterns in male and female gonad cells. RESULTS: Key genes involved in the
      reproductive molecular pathway and specifically, germ cell development in gonads,
      were identified using analysis of RNA-Seq transcriptomes of male and female SBT
      gonad cells. Expression profiles of transcripts from ovary and testis cells were
      compared, as well as testis germ cell-enriched fraction prepared with Percoll
      gradient, as used in GCT studies. Ovary cells demonstrated over-expression of
      genes related to stem cell maintenance, while in testis cells, transcripts
      encoding for reproduction-associated receptors, sex steroids and hormone
      synthesis and signaling genes were over-expressed. Within the testis cells, the
      Percoll-enriched fraction showed over-expression of genes that are related to
      post-meiosis germ cell populations. CONCLUSIONS: Gonad development and germ cell
      related genes were identified from SBT gonads and their expression patterns in
      ovary and testis cells were determined. These expression patterns correlate with
      the reproductive developmental stage of the sampled fish. The majority of the
      genes described in this study were sequenced for the first time in T. maccoyii.
      The wealth of SBT gonadal and germ cell-related gene sequences made publicly
      available by this study provides an extensive resource for further GCT and
      reproductive molecular biology studies of this commercially valuable fish.

PMID- 26965073
TI  - High speed direct imaging of thin metal film ablation by movie-mode dynamic
      transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - Obliteration of matter by pulsed laser beams is not only prevalent in science
      fiction movies, but finds numerous technological applications ranging from
      additive manufacturing over machining of micro- and nanostructured features to
      health care. Pulse lengths ranging from femtoseconds to nanoseconds are utilized
      at varying laser beam energies and pulse lengths, and enable the removal of
      nanometric volumes of material. While the mechanisms for removal of material by
      laser irradiation, i.e., laser ablation, are well understood on the micrometer
      length scale, it was previously impossible to directly observe obliteration
      processes on smaller scales due to experimental limitations for the combination
      of nanometer spatial and nanosecond temporal resolution. Here, we report the
      direct observation of metal thin film ablation from a solid substrate through
      dynamic transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis reveals liquid
      phase dewetting of the thin-film, followed by hydrodynamic sputtering of nano- to
      submicron sized metal droplets. We discovered unexpected fracturing of the
      substrate due to evolving thermal stresses. This study confirms that hydrodynamic
      sputtering remains a valid mechanism for droplet expulsion on the nanoscale,
      while irradiation induced stress fields represent limit laser processing of
      nanostructured materials. Our results allow for improved safety during laser
      ablation in manufacturing and medical applications. 

PMID- 26965074
TI  - Dental pain and associated factors in Brazilian preschoolers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of dental pain in Brazilian preschoolers,
      as well as its associated factors, considering a representative sample of that
      population group in Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that used the
      analytical data of the national oral health survey (SB Brazil) carried out in
      2010. A representative sample of Brazilian preschoolers aged 5 years was
      considered. Interviews were carried out (answered by parents/tutors), as well as
      clinical examinations in children. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate
      analyzes were performed, described in odds ratios and 95% confidence interval
      (OR/95%CI). RESULTS: 7,280 preschoolers were included. Of these, 1520 (21.1%) had
      had dental pain in the last 6 months. The chance of the occurrence of dental pain
      was higher among those who used dental services (1.51 / 1.02 to 2.23), with tooth
      decay (3.08 / 2.08 to 4.56), that realized the need for dental treatment (3.96 /
      2.48 to 6.34), whose parents reported dissatisfaction by children with their
      teeth and mouth (1.47 / 1.04 to 2.10) and those who reported impact of oral
      problems on quality of life (5.76 / 3.90 to 8.49). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of
      dental pain among Brazilian preschool children was relatively high, being
      associated with the use of dental services and the normative and subjective oral
      health status.

PMID- 26965072
TI  - Identification of OCTN2 variants and their association with phenotypes of Crohn's
      disease in a Korean population.
AB  - Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease and a genetic
      variant in the OCTN2, g.-207G > C is significantly associated with CD
      susceptibility. This study was aimed to identify novel OCTN2 functional promoter
      variants and their roles in transcriptional regulation using various in vitro
      assays. In addition, we investigated the association between OCTN2 genotypes and
      CD through genetic analysis using DNA samples from 193 patients with CD and 281
      healthy controls. Among the three major promoter haplotypes of OCTN2 identified,
      one haplotype, H3, showed a significant decrease in promoter activity: two
      polymorphisms in H3 were associated with a significant reduction in promoter
      activity. In particular, we found that the reduced transcriptional activity of
      those two polymorphisms results from a reduction in the binding affinity of the
      activators, NF-E2 and YY1, to the OCTN2 promoter. The functional haplotype of the
      OCTN2 promoter was associated with clinical course of CD such as the disease
      behavior and need for surgery. However, genetic variants or haplotypes of OCTN2
      did not affect the susceptibility to CD. Our results suggest that a common
      promoter haplotype of OCTN2 regulates the transcriptional rate of OCTN2 and
      influences the clinical course of CD. 

PMID- 26965075
TI  - The impact of varicella vaccination on varicella-related hospitalization rates:
      global data review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to describe the impact of varicella vaccination on varicella-related
      hospitalization rates in countries that implemented universal vaccination against
      the disease. DATA SOURCE: we identified countries that implemented universal
      vaccination against varicella at the
      http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/schedules site of the
      World Health Organization and selected articles in Pubmed describing the changes
      (pre/post-vaccination) in the varicella-related hospitalization rates in these
      countries, using the Keywords "varicella", "vaccination/vaccine" and "children"
      (or) "hospitalization". Publications in English published between January 1995
      and May 2015 were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: 24 countries with universal
      vaccination against varicella and 28 articles describing the impact of the
      vaccine on varicella-associated hospitalizations rates in seven countries were
      identified. The US had 81.4% -99.2% reduction in hospitalization rates in
      children younger than four years after 6-14 years after the onset of universal
      vaccination (1995), with vaccination coverage of 90%; Uruguay: 94% decrease
      (children aged 1-4 years) in six years, vaccination coverage of 90%; Canada: 93%
      decrease (age 1-4 years) in 10 years, coverage of 93%; Germany: 62.4% decrease
      (age 1-4 years) in 8 years, coverage of 78.2%; Australia: 76.8% decrease (age 1-4
      years) in 5 years, coverage of 90%; Spain: 83.5% decrease (age <5 years) in four
      years, coverage of 77.2% and Italy 69.7% -73.8% decrease (general population),
      coverage of 60%-95%. CONCLUSIONS: The publications showed variations in the
      percentage of decrease in varicella-related hospitalization rates after universal
      vaccination in the assessed countries; the results probably depend on the time
      since the implementation of universal vaccination, differences in the studied age
      group, hospital admission criteria, vaccination coverage and strategy, which does
      not allow direct comparison between data.

PMID- 26965077
TI  - Genetics: Common co-deletion isn't a silent passenger.

PMID- 26965079
TI  - Rehabilitation of severely worn teeth: A systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the treatment
      performance/longevity of dental materials/techniques indicated to restore teeth
      with severe wear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was
      conducted to select retrospective studies (cohort and case series) and
      prospective studies that evaluated or compared techniques/materials to restore
      teeth with severe wear. A search was conducted in Medline (via Pubmed - June
      2015) with no limits for publication year or language to identify clinical
      studies. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and
      assessed the risk of bias of randomized controlled trials included. The annual
      failure rate (AFR%) of restorations was calculated for each study. RESULTS: A
      total of 511 articles were found and 23 studies were eligible for full-text
      analysis; hand search included 7 more papers. From the 30 studies, 12 were
      eligible for the review. Most of these studies presented good performance of the
      restorations in teeth with severe wear. AFR ranged from 0.4% (microhybrid) to
      26.3% (microfilled) for direct resin composite, 0% to 14.9% for indirect resin
      composite and 2.7% for porcelain veneers. CONCLUSION: There is no strong evidence
      to suggest that any material is better than another. Direct or indirect materials
      may be feasible options to restore severely worn teeth.

PMID- 26965078
TI  - Comparison of inhibition kinetics of several organophosphates, including some
      nerve agent surrogates, using human erythrocyte and rat and mouse brain
      acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - Because testing of nerve agents is limited to only authorized facilities, our
      laboratory developed several surrogates that resemble nerve agents because they
      phosphylate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with the same moiety as the actual
      nerve agents. The inhibition kinetic parameters were determined for AChE by
      surrogates of cyclosarin (NCMP), sarin (NIMP, PIMP and TIMP) and VX (NEMP and
      TEMP) and other organophosphorus compounds derived from insecticides. All
      compounds were tested with rat brain and a subset was tested with mouse brain and
      purified human erythrocyte AChE. Within the compounds tested on all AChE sources,
      chlorpyrifos-oxon had the highest molecular rate constant followed by NCMP and
      NEMP. This was followed by NIMP then paraoxon and DFP with rat and mouse brain
      AChE but DFP was a more potent inhibitor than NIMP and paraoxon with human AChE.
      With the additional compounds tested only in rat brain, TEMP was slightly less
      potent than NEMP but more potent than PIMP which was more potent than NIMP.
      Methyl paraoxon was slightly less potent than paraoxon but more potent than TIMP
      which was more potent than DFP. Overall, this study validates that the pattern of
      inhibitory potencies of our surrogates is comparable to the pattern of inhibitory
      potencies of actual nerve agents (i.e., cyclosarin>VX>sarin), and that these are
      more potent than insecticidal organophosphates. 

PMID- 26965080
TI  - Probiotics for managing caries and periodontitis: Systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Probiotics might be beneficial to prevent or treat caries, gingivitis
      or periodontitis. We aimed to appraise trials assessing probiotics for managing
      caries and periodontal disease. DATA: We included randomized controlled trials
      comparing the efficacy of probiotics versus (placebo) control with regards to
      Streptococcus mutans [SM], lactobacilli [LB], periodontal pathogens numbers,
      gingivitis, oral hygiene, caries incidence/experience increment, or
      periodontitis. Meta-analysis and trial-sequential-analysis were performed.
      SOURCES: Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Central) were screened.
      STUDY SELECTION: 50 studies (3247 participants) were included. Studies were
      mainly performed in children and used lactobacilli (45); bifidobacteria (12) or
      other genus (3). Probiotics significantly increased the chance of reducing SM
      (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.23/3.92) or LB (OR: 2.84; 1.34/6.03)<10(4)CFU/ml. Such
      reduction was confirmed for SM counts (standardized mean differences: -1.18, 95%
      CI: -1.64/-0.72), but not LB (SMD: 0.33; 0.15/0.52). For periodontal pathogens,
      no significant difference was found. Probiotics significantly reduced bleeding-on
      probing (SMD: -1.15; -1.68/-0.62) and gingival index (SMD: -0.86; -1.52/-0.20),
      but not plaque index (SMD: -0.34; -0.89/0.21). Caries incidence was not
      significantly reduced (OR: 0.60; 0.35/1.04), neither was caries experience (SMD: 
      0.26; -0.55/0.03) or CAL (SMD: -0.46; -0.84/0.08). In contrast, probing-pocket
      depths (SMD: -0.86; -1.55/-0.17) were significantly reduced. Data was
      quantitatively insufficient for conclusive findings, and risk of bias was high.
      CONCLUSION: Current evidence is insufficient for recommending probiotics for
      managing dental caries, but supportive towards managing gingivitis or
      periodontitis. Future studies should only record bacterial numbers alongside
      accepted disease markers or indicators. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Probiotic therapy
      could be used for managing periodontal diseases. For caries, further studies
      should ascertain both efficacy and safety.

PMID- 26965082
TI  - Understanding the Subjective Experience of Medication Adherence for Older Urban
      African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes and a History of Illicit Drug Addiction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: African Americans experience high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus
      (T2D). Self-management strategies, such as medication adherence, are key to
      mitigating negative T2D outcomes. This article addresses a gap in the literature
      by examining the intersections of drug abuse histories and medication adherence
      among urban, older African Americans with T2D. METHOD: In-depth interview data
      were collected as part of a larger ethnographic study examining the subjective
      experience of T2D among urban older adults. Two representative focal cases were
      selected and thematic analysis performed to illustrate how former illicit drug
      addicts perceive prescription medication usage. RESULTS: Narratives reveal that
      participants are displeased about having to take prescription drugs and are
      making lifestyle changes to reduce medication usage and maintain sobriety.
      DISCUSSION: Previous drug abuse not only complicates medication adherence but is
      also a significant part of how older African Americans who are former drug users
      frame their understanding of T2D more broadly.

PMID- 26965081
TI  - Arthritis and Risk of Cognitive and Functional Impairment in Older Mexican
      Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the risk of cognitive and functional
      impairment in older Mexicans diagnosed with arthritis. Participants included
      2,681 Mexicans, aged >=60 years, enrolled in the Mexican Health and Aging Study
      cohort. METHOD: Participants were categorized into arthritis and no arthritis
      exposure groups. Primary outcome included participants categorized into
      "cognitively impaired" or "cognitively normal" groups. Secondary outcomes
      included participants categorized into Normal, Functionally Impaired only,
      Cognitively Impaired only, or Dementia (both cognitively and functionally
      impaired) groups. Multivariable logistic and multinomial regression models were
      used to assess the relationships. RESULTS: Overall, 16% or 7% were diagnosed with
      cognitive impairment or dementia. Compared with older Mexicans without arthritis,
      those who were diagnosed with arthritis had significantly increased risk of
      functional impairment (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.82, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] = [1.45, 2.29]), but not of dementia. CONCLUSION: Arthritis is associated
      with increased risk of functional impairment, but not with dementia after 11
      years in older Mexicans.

PMID- 26965084
TI  - Animal models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common oral cancer
      worldwide. Local bone invasion into the maxilla or mandible and metastasis to
      regional lymph nodes often result in a poor prognosis, decreased quality of life
      and shortened survival time for HNSCC patients. Poor response to treatment and
      clinical outcomes are the major concerns in this aggressive cancer. Multiple
      animal models have been developed to replicate spontaneous HNSCC and investigate
      genetic alterations and novel therapeutic targets. This review provides an
      overview of HNSCC as well as the traditional animal models used in HNSCC
      preclinical research. The value and challenges of each in vivo model are
      discussed. Similarity between HNSCC in humans and cats and the possibility of
      using spontaneous feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) as a model for
      HNSCC in translational research are highlighted. 

PMID- 26965085
TI  - Survey of animal shelter managers regarding shelter veterinary medical services.
AB  - Veterinary services are increasingly used in animal shelters, and shelter
      medicine is an emerging veterinary specialty. However, little is known about
      working relationships between animal shelters and veterinarians. The aims of this
      survey were to characterize working relationships that shelter personnel have and
      want with veterinarians, identify opinions that shelter managers have regarding
      the veterinarians they work with, and determine areas for relationship growth
      between veterinarians and shelter managers. An electronic survey was distributed
      to 1373 managers of North American animal shelters; 536 (39.0%) responded. Almost
      all shelters had some veterinary relationship, and most had regular relationships
      with veterinarians. The proportion of shelters that used local clinics (73.9%)
      was significantly higher than the proportion that retained on-site paid
      veterinarians (48.5%). The proportion of respondents who did not have but wanted
      a paid on-site veterinarian (42%) was significantly higher than the proportion of
      respondents who did not use local clinics but wanted to (7.9%). These data
      suggest shelter managers valued veterinary relationships, and wished to expand on
      site veterinary services. Almost all shelters in this study provided some
      veterinary care, and all respondents identified at least one common infectious
      disease, which, for most, had a substantial negative impact on shelter successes.
      Respondents indicated that the most important roles and greatest expertise of
      veterinarians were related to surgery, diagnosis and treatment of individual
      animals. Education of both veterinarians and shelter managers may help ensure
      that shelters benefit from the full range of services veterinarians can provide,
      including expertise in disease prevention and animal behavior. 

PMID- 26965083
TI  - Measuring Physical Capacity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop and assess a composite
      measure of physical capacity using self-report and physical performance items.
      METHOD: Item response theory (IRT) is used to evaluate measurement properties of
      self-report and performance items and to develop a composite measure for 7,609
      participants in the National Health and Aging Trends Study. RESULTS: Self-reports
      distinguish differences at the lower end of physical capacity but not at mid-to
      high levels. Performance-based measures discriminate across a fuller spectrum. An
      IRT-based composite score, drawing on both, provides increased measurement
      precision across the physical capacity spectrum and detects age group differences
      if either self-report or performance does so-suggesting it is better suited for
      studying age-related changes than either measure alone. DISCUSSION: Self-report
      and performance measures have different strengths on the physical capacity
      spectrum. IRT provides a means of combining these different measurement
      approaches for analyses of physical capacity across a broad range of functioning
      in later life.

PMID- 26965086
TI  - Bovine papillomatosis: First detection of bovine papillomavirus types 6, 7, 8, 10
      and 12 in Italian cattle herds.
AB  - Limited information about the distribution of different bovine papillomavirus
      (BPV) types in Italy is available; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the
      presence of BPVs in bovine lesions in the Emilia Romagna region. Sixty-four
      proliferative lesions were collected between december 2011 and december 2014, and
      subsequently analysed by qualitative PCR with genus- and type-specific primer
      pairs, as well as rolling circle amplification (RCA). The results demonstrated,
      for the first time in Italy, the presence of BPV 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 and also
      types previously described elsewhere. In addition, the high prevalence of viral
      co-infections in this sample set provides new information about viral tropism. 

PMID- 26965076
TI  - Vaccines for established cancer: overcoming the challenges posed by immune
      evasion.
AB  - Therapeutic vaccines preferentially stimulate T cells against tumour-specific
      epitopes that are created by DNA mutations or oncogenic viruses. In the setting
      of premalignant disease, carcinoma in situ or minimal residual disease,
      therapeutic vaccination can be clinically successful as monotherapy; however, in
      established cancers, therapeutic vaccines will require co-treatments to overcome
      immune evasion and to become fully effective. In this Review, we discuss the
      progress that has been made in overcoming immune evasion controlled by tumour
      cell-intrinsic factors and the tumour microenvironment. We summarize how
      therapeutic benefit can be maximized in patients with established cancers by
      improving vaccine design and by using vaccines to increase the effects of
      standard chemotherapies, to establish and/or maintain tumour-specific T cells
      that are re-energized by checkpoint blockade and other therapies, and to sustain
      the antitumour response of adoptively transferred T cells. 

PMID- 26965087
TI  - The role of tyrosine kinase inhibitor "Lapatinib" in pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and cancer share growth
      factor and protein kinase signaling pathways that result in smooth muscle cell
      proliferation and vasculopathy. There is little known about the impact of
      Lapatinib on the pulmonary vasculature. After reporting a case of Lapatinib
      induced PAH we investigated the association of Lapatinib with the development of
      PAH in our institution. METHODS: We reviewed charts for all patients treated with
      Lapatinib at our institution between 2008 and 2013. Patients who had undergone 2D
      echocardiogram both prior to and after treatment were included in the analysis.
      Increase in Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was assessed. Patients were
      also evaluated in terms of risk factors for non-Group 1 PAH. RESULTS: A total of
      27 patients were found to have 2-D echo done before and after starting treatment
      with Lapatinib. Six patients were found to have significant increase in their
      PASP after starting treatment. Right heart catheterization before and after
      stopping the medication was available in three patient, confirming the diagnosis
      of PAH with complete resolution after stopping the medication. The median pre
      treatment and post treatment PASP in those 6 patients was 29 mmHg and 65.5 mmHg
      respectively (N = 6; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Lapatinib might be associated with
      the development of PAH. PASP should be evaluated in patients who become short of
      breath while on treatment, and stopping the drug in cases where no other reasons
      are identified could be associated with reversibility of the elevated pulmonary
      artery pressure.

PMID- 26965088
TI  - Inspiratory loading and limb blood flow in COPD: The modulating effects of
      resting lung hyperinflation.
AB  - Inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) may have deleterious cardiocirculatory
      effects leading to poor peripheral perfusion in severely-hyperinflated patients
      with COPD. Nineteen patients (13 severely-hyperinflated with inspiratory
      capacity/total lung capacity ratio<=0.28) underwent calf blood flow (CBF)
      measurements by venous occlusion plethysmography at rest and during IRL at 60%
      maximal inspiratory pressure. Severely-hyperinflated patients had lower resting
      CBF and greater calf vascular resistance (CVR) than moderately-hyperinflated
      patients (p<0.05). All severely-hyperinflated patients had markedly reduced CBF
      (p=0.01). Opposite to our main hypothesis, however, IRL did not further reduce
      CBF in these patients (p>0.05). Conversely, it significantly decreased CBF and
      increased CVR in moderately-hyperinflated patients; in fact, end-trial CBF and
      CVR did not differ between the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, marked impairments
      in resting appendicular blood flow in severely-hyperinflated patients with COPD
      were seen only after acute IRL in less hyperinflated patients. These findings set
      the stage for studies investigating the effects of lung deflation on peripheral
      hemodynamics in patients with severe hyperinflation.

PMID- 26965089
TI  - Selenium and zinc protect brain mitochondrial antioxidants and electron transport
      chain enzymes following postnatal protein malnutrition.
AB  - AIMS: Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are trace elements required for optimal brain
      functions. Thus, the role of Se and Zn against protein malnutrition induced
      oxidative stress on mitochondrial antioxidants and electron transport chain (ETC)
      enzymes from rats' brain were investigated. MAIN METHODS: Normal protein (NP) and
      low protein (LP) rats were fed with diets containing 16% and 5% casein
      respectively for a period of 10weeks. Then the rats were supplemented with Se and
      Zn at a concentration of 0.15mgL(-1) and 227mgL(-1) in drinking water for 3weeks
      after which the rats were sacrificed. KEY FINDINGS: The results obtained from the
      study showed significant (p<0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), ROS
      production, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels and mitochondrial swelling and
      significant (p<0.05) reductions in catalase (CAT) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn
      SOD) activities, glutathione (GSH) levels, GSH/GSSG ratio and MTT reduction as a
      result of LP ingestion. The activities of mitochondrial ETC enzymes were also
      significantly inhibited in both the cortex and cerebellum of LP-fed rats.
      Supplementation with either Se or Zn restored the alterations in all the
      parameters. SIGNIFICANCE: The study showed that Se and Zn might be beneficial in
      protecting mitochondrial antioxidants and ETC enzymes against protein
      malnutrition induced oxidative stress.

PMID- 26965090
TI  - Regional assessment of persistent organic pollutants in resident mussels from New
      Jersey and New York estuaries following Hurricane Sandy.
AB  - Resident mussels are effective indicators of ecosystem health and have been
      utilized in national assessment and monitoring studies for over two decades.
      Mussels were chosen because contaminant concentrations in their tissues respond
      to changes in ambient environmental levels, accumulation occurs with little
      metabolic transformation and a substantial amount of historic data were
      available. Mussels were collected from 10 previously studied locations
      approximately a year after Hurricane Sandy. Regionally, concentrations of
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      decreased significantly, while concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)
      remained unchanged, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) increased compared
      to historic concentrations. Although concentrations of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs were
      at or near record low concentrations, long-term trends did not change after
      Hurricane Sandy. To effectively measure storm-induced impacts it is necessary to
      understand the factors influencing changes in mussel body burdens and have a long
      term monitoring network and an ability to mobilize post event. 

PMID- 26965091
TI  - Response of free-living marine nematodes to the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water
      Mass.
AB  - The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass is a remarkable seasonal hydrographic event in the
      bottom water of the Yellow Sea. In order to reveal the response of free-living
      marine nematodes to this event, community structure and biodiversity indices of
      nematodes were studied in June and November 2013. The dominant species were
      Dorylaimopsis rabalaisi, Spilophorella sp., Daptonema sp., Sabatieria sp. and
      Parasphaerolaimus sp. In terms of trophic structure, epigrowth feeders were the
      most dominant group. Correlation analysis showed that Shannon-Wiener diversity
      index had significantly negative correlation with sediment silt-clay percentage,
      organic matter content and water content. Results of BIOENV indicated that
      sediment phaeophorbide content, water content, bottom water salinity and
      temperature were the most important factors related to nematode community. In
      conclusion, community structure and biodiversity indices of nematodes were
      consistent in the two sampling seasons. 

PMID- 26965092
TI  - Metabolic performance of the coral reef fish Siganus guttatus exposed to
      combinations of water borne diesel, an anionic surfactant and elevated
      temperature in Indonesia.
AB  - Jakarta Bay in Indonesia and its offshore island chain, the Thousand Islands, are
      facing extreme pollution. Surfactants and diesel-borne compounds from sewage and
      bilge water discharges are common pollutants. However, knowledge of their effects
      on reef fish physiology is scarce. This study investigated combined and single
      effects of a) the water accommodated fraction of diesel (WAF-D, determined by
      ?EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) and b) the surfactant linear
      alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on metabolic performance of the coral reef fish
      Siganus guttatus. Responses to combinations of each pollutant with elevated
      temperature (+3 degrees C) were determined. Short-term exposure to WAF-D led to a
      significant decrease in standard metabolic rates, while LAS led to an increase.
      During combined exposure, metabolic depression was observed. Effects of
      pollutants were not amplified by elevated temperature. This study highlights the
      need to reduce import of these pollutants and to avoid negative long-term effects
      on fish health. 

PMID- 26965094
TI  - No App for That!

PMID- 26965093
TI  - The influence of sediment particle size on the properties of adsorbed dissolved
      organic matter in the Yangtze Estuary and its interactions with As/Sb.
AB  - The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from sediments
      with four particle sizes (<25, 63-25, 200-63 and >200MUm) in the Yangtze Estuary
      were compared. The differences in their binding capacities for individual
      fluorescent components with As/Sb were studied using fluorescence-quenching
      titrations combined with excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra. The results
      indicated that the particle size influenced the quality and quantity of extracted
      DOM. With increasing particle size, the extracted DOM content, value of UV280 and
      acidic functional group content of the DOM decreased. Three protein-like
      components (C2, C3 and C4) and one humic-like component (C1) were identified
      using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model. Wherein, protein-like
      material dominated in DOM on different particle-size fractions and possessed a
      stronger complex capacity with As/Sb. A significant positive correlation between
      the complexation capacity of extracted DOM from samples, as well as with the
      acidic functional group content, was observed. 

PMID- 26965095
TI  - What Makes a Competent Nutrition Educator?

PMID- 26965096
TI  - Adolescent Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Caffeine and the Consumption of
      Caffeinated Beverages.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore adolescents' attitudes and beliefs toward the consumption
      of caffeinated beverages and factors influencing their caffeinated beverage
      choice and consumption patterns. DESIGN: Twenty focus groups were conducted with
      grades 9 to 12 secondary school students. SETTING: Two secondary schools in
      London, Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: This study included 166 adolescents, 42%
      of whom were male and 72% of whom were in grades 9 and 10. PHENOMENON OF
      INTEREST: Adolescent views regarding caffeine and caffeinated beverages.
      ANALYSIS: Three researchers independently conducted inductive content analysis on
      the data using the principles of the immersion-crystallization method. RESULTS:
      Awareness levels regarding types of caffeinated beverages and their negative
      health effects were high in adolescents whereas awareness of other aspects of
      caffeine itself and recommended consumption levels were low. Adolescents also
      identified reasons for caffeine use, including providing energy, taste,
      accessibility, and image enhancement. Influences for caffeine use most noted by
      participants included parental role modeling, media and advertising, and social
      norms. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Further education is needed to correct the
      misconceptions adolescents have regarding certain aspects of caffeine. By gaining
      a deeper understanding of adolescents' caffeine use, effective educational
      strategies may be developed to reduce its use and mitigate potential harms.

PMID- 26965098
TI  - Healthy Lifestyle Fitness Camp: A Summer Approach to Prevent Obesity in Low
      Income Youth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of participation in a summer camp focused on
      nutrition and fitness among low-income youth. METHODS: In 2011-2012, overweight
      and obese youth (n = 126) from Fresno, CA participated in a free 6-week summer
      program, Healthy Lifestyle Fitness Camp (HLFC), which included 3 h/wk of
      nutrition education provided by University of California CalFresh and 3 hours of
      daily physical activity through Fresno Parks and Recreation. The researchers used
      repeated-measures ANOVA to examine changes in weight, waist circumference, and
      waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) between HLFC and the comparison group (n = 29).
      RESULTS: Significant pre-post WHtR reductions were observed in HLFC: 0.64 to 0.61
      (P < .001). In addition, WHtR reductions were maintained in HLFC 2 months
      afterward whereas an increase occurred in the comparison group (P < .007).
      CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the impact of nutrition- and fitness
      themed summer camps during unstructured months of summer is integral to obesity
      prevention among low-income youth.

PMID- 26965097
TI  - Knowledge of Recommended Calorie Intake and Influence of Calories on Food
      Selection Among Canadians.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine knowledge of recommended daily calorie intake, use of
      calorie information, and sociodemographic correlates between knowledge and use.
      DESIGN: Population-based, random digit-dialed phone surveys. PARTICIPANTS:
      Canadian adults (n = 1,543) surveyed between October and December, 2012. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge of recommended calorie intake and use of calorie
      information when purchasing food. ANALYSIS: Regression models, adjusting for
      sociodemographics and diet-related measures. RESULTS: Overall, 24% of
      participants correctly stated their recommended daily calorie intake; the
      majority (63%) underestimated it, whereas few (4%) overestimated it. Females,
      younger participants, those with a higher income and more education, and those
      who consumed fruits and vegetables at least 5 times daily were significantly more
      likely to state recommended intake correctly. Most respondents (82%) reported
      considering calories when selecting foods. Respondents considered calories more
      often if they were female, had a higher income and more education, perceived
      themselves to be overweight, were actively trying to control their weight,
      reported a healthier diet, or consumed fruits and vegetables at least 5 times
      daily. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Although most Canadians reported using
      calorie information to guide their food choices, few knew their daily recommended
      calorie intake. To promote healthy weights, policy initiatives, including
      education regarding daily calorie intake and changes to the Nutrition Facts
      table, may help consumers make better choices about food.

PMID- 26965099
TI  - There Are Thousands of Apps for That: Navigating Mobile Technology for Nutrition
      Education and Behavior.
AB  - Mobile health (mHealth) is an emerging field devoted to the use of mobile and
      wireless devices to affect health outcomes, health care services, and health
      research. Despite great promise, little research has examined its effectiveness.
      It is the authors' view that the full potential of mHealth has yet to be realized
      in research and practice. This Perspective article explores when and for whom
      mHealth approaches are effective, strengths and limitations of commercially and
      academically generated apps, research design considerations, and public-private
      partnerships. These topics have implications for researchers and practitioners
      who wish to advance the science and practice of mHealth. 

PMID- 26965100
TI  - Past, Present, and Future of eHealth and mHealth Research to Improve Physical
      Activity and Dietary Behaviors.
AB  - Because physical inactivity and unhealthy diets are highly prevalent, there is a
      need for cost-effective interventions that can reach large populations.
      Electronic health (eHealth) and mobile health (mHealth) solutions have shown
      promising outcomes and have expanded rapidly in the past decade. The purpose of
      this report is to provide an overview of the state of the evidence for the use of
      eHealth and mHealth in improving physical activity and nutrition behaviors in
      general and special populations. The role of theory in eHealth and mHealth
      interventions is addressed, as are methodological issues. Key recommendations for
      future research in the field of eHealth and mHealth are provided. 

PMID- 26965101
TI  - Community Engagement in Youth Violence Prevention: Crafting Methods to Context.
AB  - The purpose of the Youth Violence Prevention Centers (YVPC) Program at the
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is to reduce youth violence in defined
      high-risk communities through the implementation and evaluation of comprehensive,
      evidence based prevention strategies. Within this common framework, each YVPC
      varies in its structure and methods, however all engage communities in multiple
      ways. We explore aspects of community engagement employed by three centers that
      operate in very different contexts: a rural county in North Carolina; a suburban
      area of Denver, Colorado; and an urban setting in Flint, Michigan. While previous
      research has addressed theories supporting community involvement in youth
      violence prevention, there has been less attention to the implementation
      challenges of achieving and sustaining participation. In three case examples, we
      describe the foci and methods for community engagement in diverse YVPC sites and
      detail the barriers and facilitating factors that have influenced implementation.
      Just as intervention programs may need to be adapted in order to meet the needs
      of specific populations, methods of community engagement must be tailored to the
      context in which they occur. We discuss case examples of community engagement in
      areas with varying geographies, histories, and racial and ethnic compositions.
      Each setting presents distinct challenges and opportunities for conducting
      collaborative violence prevention initiatives and for adapting engagement methods
      to diverse communities. Although approaches may vary depending upon local
      contexts, there are certain principles that appear to be common across cultures
      and geography: trust, transparency, communication, commitment. We also discuss
      the importance of flexibility in community engagement efforts. 

PMID- 26965102
TI  - Outcomes, Data, and Indicators of Violence at the Community Level.
AB  - Youth violence is a major problem in the United States. It remains the third
      leading cause of death among youth between the ages of 10 and 24 years and the
      leading cause of death in Blacks between 10 and 24 years of age. In its effort to
      prevent youth violence, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention funds six
      Youth Violence Prevention Centers (YVPCs) to design, implement and evaluate
      community-based youth violence prevention programs. These Centers rely on
      surveillance data to monitor youth violence and evaluate the impact of their
      interventions. In public health, surveillance entails a systematic collection and
      analysis of data, typically within defined populations. In the case of youth
      violence, surveillance data may include archival records from medical examiners,
      death certificates, hospital discharges, emergency room visits, ambulance
      pickups, juvenile justice system intakes, police incident reports, and school
      disciplinary incidents and actions. This article illustrates the process the
      YVPCs used for collecting and utilizing youth violence surveillance data.
      Specifically, we will describe available surveillance data sources, describe
      community-level outcomes, illustrate effective utilization of the data, and
      discuss the benefits and limitations of each data source. Public health
      professionals should utilize local surveillance data to monitor and describe
      youth violence in the community. Further, the data can be used to evaluate the
      impact of interventions in improving community-level outcomes. 

PMID- 26965103
TI  - Editorial overview: Cell regulation: Amazingly sophisticated regulatory processes
      in bacteria!

PMID- 26965108
TI  - Zika virus: a flavivirus caused pandemics in Latin America.

PMID- 26965104
TI  - Sinomenine down-regulates TLR4/TRAF6 expression and attenuates lipopolysaccharide
      induced osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis.
AB  - Sinomenine (SIN) is an anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic alkaloid derived from
      Sinomenioum acutum. Effects of SIN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteolysis
      have not been reported. Here, we found that SIN reduced LPS-induced erosion of
      skull bones in C57BL/6 mice significantly. LPS can induce bone-absorbing
      osteoclast formation independent of RANKL in pre-osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells in
      vitro. Here, SIN suppressed LPS-induced osteoclast formation and osteoclast
      survival in RAW264.7 cells. Expression of osteoclastic-specific marker genes was
      also inhibited by SIN during osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast survival
      stimulated with LPS. SIN showed much stronger inhibitory effects on expression of
      Fra-1 and MMP-9 mRNA in osteoclast differentiation rather than osteoclast
      survival. SIN dramatically inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in vitro
      and in vivo. Further signaling studies revealed that SIN suppressed the
      activation and relative gene expression of three notable nuclear factors (NF
      kappaB, AP-1, NFAT), reduced intracellular levels of Ca(2+), and down-regulated
      phosphorylation of MAPK p38 (but not JNK) in LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis.
      Focusing on upstream signals after LPS stimulation, SIN decreased expression of
      TLR4 and TRAF6 during osteoclast differentiation, and reduced expression of TLR4
      (but not TRAF6) in osteoclast survival. These data suggest that SIN might be a
      potential agent for the treatment of osteolysis caused by Gram-negative bacteria
      infection or inflammation due to its inhibition of osteoclastogenesis through
      reduction of TLR4/TRAF6 expression and downstream signal transduction. 

PMID- 26965105
TI  - Engagement in a National Naloxone Programme among people who inject drugs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Availability of the opioid antagonist naloxone for lay administration
      has grown substantially since first proposed in 1996. Gaps remain, though, in our
      understanding of how people who inject drugs (PWID) engage with naloxone
      programmes over time. AIMS: This paper aimed to address three specific evidence
      gaps: the extent of naloxone supply to PWID; supply-source (community or
      prisons); and the carriage of naloxone among PWID. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Analysis of Scotland's Needle Exchange Surveillance Initiative (NESI) responses
      in 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 was undertaken with a specific focus on the extent of
      Scotland's naloxone supply to PWID; including by source (community or prisons);
      and on the carriage of naloxone. Differences in responses between the two surveys
      were measured using Chi-square tests together with 95% confidence intervals for
      rate-differences over time. RESULTS: The proportion of NESI participants who
      reported that they had been prescribed naloxone within the last year increased
      significantly from 8% (175/2146; 95% CI: 7-9%) in 2011-2012 to 32% (745/2331; 95%
      CI: 30% to 34%) in 2013-2014. In contrast, the proportion of NESI participants
      who carried naloxone with them on the day they were interviewed decreased
      significantly from 16% (27/169; 95% CI: 10% to 22%) in 2011-2012 to 5% (39/741;
      95% CI: 4% to 7%) in 2013-2014. CONCLUSIONS: The supply of naloxone to PWID has
      increased significantly since the introduction of a National Naloxone Programme
      in Scotland in January 2011. In contrast, naloxone carriage is low and decreased
      between the two NESI surveys; this area requires further investigation.

PMID- 26965109
TI  - The host immune response in respiratory virus infection: balancing virus
      clearance and immunopathology.
AB  - The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the external environment, and
      therefore, must be equipped to respond to and eliminate pathogens. Viral
      clearance and resolution of infection requires a complex, multi-faceted response
      initiated by resident respiratory tract cells and innate immune cells and
      ultimately resolved by adaptive immune cells. Although an effective immune
      response to eliminate viral pathogens is essential, a prolonged or exaggerated
      response can damage the respiratory tract. Immune-mediated pulmonary damage is
      manifested clinically in a variety of ways depending on location and extent of
      injury. Thus, the antiviral immune response represents a balancing act between
      the elimination of virus and immune-mediated pulmonary injury. In this review, we
      highlight major components of the host response to acute viral infection and
      their role in contributing to mitigating respiratory damage. We also briefly
      describe common clinical manifestations of respiratory viral infection and
      morphological correlates. The continuing threat posed by pandemic influenza as
      well as the emergence of novel respiratory viruses also capable of producing
      severe acute lung injury such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and enterovirus D68,
      highlights the need for an understanding of the immune mechanisms that contribute
      to virus elimination and immune-mediated injury.

PMID- 26965111
TI  - Obese patients with endometrial cancer: is the robotic approach a challenge or a
      new era of safer and more cost-effective management of such patients?

PMID- 26965112
TI  - Optogenetics: Basic Concepts and Their Development.
AB  - The discovery of light-gated ion channels and their application to controlling
      neural activities have had a transformative impact on the field of neuroscience.
      In recent years, the concept of using light-activated proteins to control
      biological processes has greatly diversified into other fields, driven by the
      natural diversity of photoreceptors and decades of knowledge obtained from their
      biophysical characterization. In this chapter, we will briefly discuss the origin
      and development of optogenetics and highlight the basic concepts that make it
      such a powerful technology. We will review how these enabling concepts have
      developed over the past decade, and discuss future perspectives. 

PMID- 26965113
TI  - Natural Resources for Optogenetic Tools.
AB  - Photoreceptors are found in all kingdoms of life and mediate crucial responses to
      environmental challenges. Nature has evolved various types of photoresponsive
      protein structures with different chromophores and signaling concepts for their
      given purpose. The abundance of these signaling proteins as found nowadays by
      (meta-)genomic screens enriched the palette of optogenetic tools significantly.
      In addition, molecular insights into signal transduction mechanisms and design
      principles from biophysical studies and from structural and mechanistic
      comparison of homologous proteins opened seemingly unlimited possibilities for
      customizing the naturally occurring proteins for a given optogenetic task. Here,
      a brief overview on the photoreceptor concepts already established as optogenetic
      tools in natural or engineered form, their photochemistry and their
      signaling/design principles is given. Finally, so far not regarded photosensitive
      modules and protein architectures with potential for optogenetic application are
      described. 

PMID- 26965115
TI  - Reversible Photoregulation of Gene Expression and Translation.
AB  - Several methods for controlling gene expression by light illumination have been
      reported. Most of these methods control transcription by regulating the
      interaction between DNA and transcription factors. The use of a photolabile
      protecting compound (cage compound) is another promising approach for controlling
      gene expression, although typically in an irreversible manner. We here describe a
      new approach for reversibly controlling translation using a photoresponsive 8
      styryl cap (8ST-cap) that can be reversibly isomerized by illumination with light
      of a specific wavelength. 

PMID- 26965114
TI  - Algal Photobiology: A Rich Source of Unusual Light Sensitive Proteins for
      Synthetic Biology and Optogenetics.
AB  - The light absorption system in eukaryotic (micro)algae includes highly sensitive
      photoreceptors, which change their conformation in response to different light
      qualities on a subsecond time scale and induce physiological and behavioral
      responses. Some of the light sensitive modules are already in use to engineer and
      design photoswitchable tools for control of cellular and physiological activities
      in living organisms with various degrees of complexity. Thus, identification of
      new light sensitive modules will not only extend the source material for the
      generation of optogenetic tools but also foster the development of new light
      based strategies in cell signaling research. Apart from searching for new
      proteins with suitable light-sensitive modules, smaller variants of existing
      light-sensitive modules would be helpful to simplify the construction of hybrid
      genes and facilitate the generation of mutated and chimerized modules. Advances
      in genome and transcriptome sequencing as well as functional analysis of
      photoreceptors and their interaction partners will help to discover new light
      sensitive modules. 

PMID- 26965110
TI  - Type 2 innate lymphoid cells: at the cross-roads in allergic asthma.
AB  - Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways that
      affects millions of people worldwide. Allergic asthma is a T helper 2 cell (Th2)
      mediated disease, in which Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are
      closely associated with the symptoms. IL-4 is needed by B cells to switch toward
      an IgE response, IL-5 recruits and activates eosinophils while IL-13 increases
      mucus production. The identification of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2),
      which are able to rapidly produce large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 in response to
      epithelial derived cytokines, implicated a new key player besides Th2 cells. ILCs
      constitute a family of innate lymphocytes distinct from T and B cells. ILC2s are
      located in various epithelial compartments in mice and human, including the lung.
      The recent finding of increased numbers of ILC2s in the airways of severe asthma
      patients prompts further research to clarify their immunological function. Murine
      studies have shown that ILC2s are an early innate source of IL-5 and IL-13 after
      allergen exposure, which induce airway eosinophilic infiltration, mucus
      hyperproduction, and airway hyperresponsiveness but not allergen-specific IgE
      production. ILC2s contribute to the initiation as well as to the maintenance of
      the adaptive type 2 immune response. Here, we review the recent progress on our
      understanding of the role of ILC2s in the immunopathology of allergic asthma, in
      particular by studies using murine models which have elucidated fundamental
      mechanisms by which ILC2s act.

PMID- 26965116
TI  - Controlling Protein Activity and Degradation Using Blue Light.
AB  - Regulation of protein stability is a fundamental process in eukaryotic cells and
      pivotal to, e.g., cell cycle progression, faithful chromosome segregation, or
      protein quality control. Synthetic regulation of protein stability requires
      conditional degradation sequences (degrons) that induce a stability switch upon a
      specific signal. Fusion to a selected target protein permits to influence
      virtually every process in a cell. Light as signal is advantageous due to its
      precise applicability in time, space, quality, and quantity. Light control of
      protein stability was achieved by fusing the LOV2 photoreceptor domain of
      Arabidopsis thaliana phototropin1 with a synthetic degron (cODC1) derived from
      the carboxy-terminal degron of ornithine decarboxylase to obtain the
      photosensitive degron (psd) module. The psd module can be attached to the carboxy
      terminus of target proteins that are localized to the cytosol or nucleus to
      obtain light control over their stability. Blue light induces structural changes
      in the LOV2 domain, which in turn lead to activation of the degron and thus
      proteasomal degradation of the whole fusion protein. Variants of the psd module
      with diverse characteristics are useful to fine-tune the stability of a selected
      target at permissive (darkness) and restrictive conditions (blue light). 

PMID- 26965117
TI  - Photo Control of Protein Function Using Photoactive Yellow Protein.
AB  - Photoswitchable proteins are becoming increasingly common tools for manipulating
      cellular processes with high spatial and temporal precision. Photoactive yellow
      protein (PYP) is a small, water-soluble protein that undergoes a blue light
      induced change in conformation. It can serve as a scaffold for designing new
      tools to manipulate biological processes, but with respect to other protein
      scaffolds it presents some technical challenges. Here, we present practical
      information on how to overcome these, including how to synthesize the PYP
      chromophore, how to express and purify PYP, and how to screen for desired
      activity. 

PMID- 26965118
TI  - A Fluorometric Activity Assay for Light-Regulated Cyclic-Nucleotide-Monophosphate
      Actuators.
AB  - As a transformative approach in neuroscience and cell biology, optogenetics
      grants control over manifold cellular events with unprecedented spatiotemporal
      definition, reversibility, and noninvasiveness. Sensory photoreceptors serve as
      genetically encoded, light-regulated actuators and hence embody the cornerstone
      of optogenetics. To expand the scope of optogenetics, ever more naturally
      occurring photoreceptors are being characterized, and synthetic photoreceptors
      with customized, light-regulated function are being engineered. Perturbational
      control over intracellular cyclic-nucleotide-monophosphate (cNMP) levels is
      achieved via sensory photoreceptors that catalyze the making and breaking of
      these second messengers in response to light. To facilitate discovery,
      engineering and quantitative characterization of such light-regulated cNMP
      actuators, we have developed an efficient fluorometric assay. Both the formation
      and the hydrolysis of cNMPs are accompanied by proton release which can be
      quantified with the fluorescent pH indicator 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)
      carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). This assay equally applies to nucleotide cyclases,
      e.g., blue-light-activated bPAC, and to cNMP phosphodiesterases, e.g., red-light
      activated LAPD. Key benefits include potential for parallelization and
      automation, as well as suitability for both purified enzymes and crude cell
      lysates. The BCECF assay hence stands to accelerate discovery and
      characterization of light-regulated actuators of cNMP metabolism. 

PMID- 26965119
TI  - Optogenetic Control of Pancreatic Islets.
AB  - In light of the emerging diabetes epidemic, new experimental approaches in islet
      research are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind pancreatic islet
      dysfunction and to facilitate the development of more effective therapies.
      Optogenetics has created numerous new experimental tools enabling us to gain
      insights into processes little was known about before. The spatial and temporal
      precision that it can achieve is also attractive for studying the cells of the
      pancreatic islet and we set out to explore the possibilities of this technology
      for our purposes. We here describe how to use the islets of an "optogenetic beta
      cell" mouse line in islet batch incubations and Ca(2+) imaging experiments. This
      protocol enables light-induced insulin release and provides an all-optical
      solution to control and measure intracellular Ca(2+) levels in pancreatic beta
      cells. The technique is easy to set up and provides a useful tool for controlling
      the activity of distinct islet cell populations. 

PMID- 26965121
TI  - Enhancing Channelrhodopsins: An Overview.
AB  - After the discovery of Channelrhodopsin, a light-gated ion channel, only a few
      people saw the diverse range of applications for such a protein. Now, more than
      10 years later Channelrhodopsins have become widely accepted as the ultimate tool
      to control the membrane potential of excitable cells via illumination. The demand
      for more application-specific Channelrhodopsin variants started a race between
      protein engineers to design improved variants. Even though many engineered
      variants have undisputable advantages compared to wild-type variants, many users
      are alienated by the tremendous amount of new variants and their perplexing
      names. Here, we review new variants whose efficacy has already been proven in
      neurophysiological experiments, or variants which are likely to extend the
      optogenetic toolbox. Variants are described based on their mechanistic and
      operational properties in terms of expression, kinetics, ion selectivity, and
      wavelength responsivity.

PMID- 26965120
TI  - Optogenetics in Plants: Red/Far-Red Light Control of Gene Expression.
AB  - Optogenetic tools to control gene expression have many advantages over the
      classical chemically inducible systems, overcoming intrinsic limitations of
      chemical inducers such as solubility, diffusion, and cell toxicity. They offer an
      unmatched spatiotemporal resolution and permit quantitative and noninvasive
      control of the gene expression. Here we describe a protocol of a synthetic light
      inducible system for the targeted control of gene expression in plants based on
      the plant photoreceptor phytochrome B and one of its interacting factors (PIF6).
      The synthetic toggle switch system is in the ON state when plant protoplasts are
      illuminated with red light (660 nm) and can be returned to the OFF state by
      subsequent illumination with far-red light (760 nm). In this protocol, the
      implementation of a red light-inducible expression system in plants using Light
      Emitting Diode (LED) illumination boxes is described, including the isolation and
      transient transformation of plant protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana and
      Nicotiana tabacum. 

PMID- 26965122
TI  - Optogenetics in Drosophila Neuroscience.
AB  - Optogenetic techniques enable one to target specific neurons with light-sensitive
      proteins, e.g., ion channels, ion pumps, or enzymes, and to manipulate their
      physiological state through illumination. Such artificial interference with
      selected elements of complex neuronal circuits can help to determine causal
      relationships between neuronal activity and the effect on the functioning of
      neuronal circuits controlling animal behavior. The advantages of optogenetics can
      best be exploited in genetically tractable animals whose nervous systems are, on
      the one hand, small enough in terms of cell numbers and to a certain degree
      stereotypically organized, such that distinct and identifiable neurons can be
      targeted reproducibly. On the other hand, the neuronal circuitry and the
      behavioral repertoire should be complex enough to enable one to address
      interesting questions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a favorable model
      organism in this regard. However, the application of optogenetic tools to
      depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons through light-induced ionic currents has been
      difficult in adult flies. Only recently, several variants of Channelrhodopsin-2
      (ChR2) have been introduced that provide sufficient light sensitivity,
      expression, and stability to depolarize central brain neurons efficiently in
      adult Drosophila. Here, we focus on the version currently providing highest
      photostimulation efficiency, ChR2-XXL. We exemplify the use of this optogenetic
      tool by applying it to a widely used aversive olfactory learning paradigm.
      Optogenetic activation of a population of dopamine-releasing neurons mimics the
      reinforcing properties of a punitive electric shock typically used as an
      unconditioned stimulus. In temporal coincidence with an odor stimulus this
      artificially induced neuronal activity causes learning of the odor signal,
      thereby creating a light-induced memory. 

PMID- 26965123
TI  - Optogenetic Control of Mammalian Ion Channels with Chemical Photoswitches.
AB  - In neurons, ligand-gated ion channels decode the chemical signal of
      neurotransmitters into an electric response, resulting in a transient excitation
      or inhibition. Neurotransmitters act on multiple receptor types and subtypes,
      with spatially and temporally precise patterns. Hence, understanding the neural
      function of a given receptor requires methods for its targeted, rapid
      activation/inactivation in defined brain regions. To address this, we have
      developed a versatile optochemical genetic strategy, which allows the reversible
      control of defined receptor subtypes in designated cell types, with millisecond
      and micrometer precision. In this chapter, we describe the engineering of light
      activated and -inhibited neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as
      their characterization and use in cultured cells. 

PMID- 26965124
TI  - Optogenetic Modulation of Locomotor Activity on Free-Behaving Rats.
AB  - The technology of optogenetics provides a new method to modulate neural activity
      with spatial specificity and millisecond-temporal scale. This nonelectrical
      modulation method also gives chance for simultaneous electrophysiological
      recording during stimulations. Here, we describe our locomotor activity
      modulation on free-behaving rats using optogenetic techniques. The target sites
      of the rat brain were dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) and ventral tegmental
      area (VTA) for the modulation of defensive and reward behaviors, respectively. 

PMID- 26965125
TI  - Combined Optogenetic and Chemogenetic Control of Neurons.
AB  - Optogenetics provides an array of elements for specific biophysical control,
      while designer chemogenetic receptors provide a minimally invasive method to
      control circuits in vivo by peripheral injection. We developed a strategy for
      selective regulation of activity in specific cells that integrates opto- and
      chemogenetic approaches, and thus allows manipulation of neuronal activity over a
      range of spatial and temporal scales in the same experimental animal. Light
      sensing molecules (opsins) are activated by biologically produced light through
      luciferases upon peripheral injection of a small molecule substrate. Such
      luminescent opsins, luminopsins, allow conventional fiber optic use of
      optogenetic sensors, while at the same time providing chemogenetic access to the
      same sensors. We describe applications of this approach in cultured neurons in
      vitro, in brain slices ex vivo, and in awake and anesthetized animals in vivo. 

PMID- 26965126
TI  - Intracranial Injection of an Optogenetics Viral Vector Followed by Optical
      Cannula Implantation for Neural Stimulation in Rat Brain Cortex.
AB  - Optogenetics is rapidly gaining acceptance as a preferred method to study
      specific neuronal cell types using light. Optogenetic neuromodulation requires
      the introduction of a cell-specific viral vector encoding for a light activating
      ion channel or ion pump and the utilization of a system to deliver light
      stimulation to brain. Here, we describe a two-part methodology starting with a
      procedure to inject an optogenetic AAV virus into rat cortex followed by a second
      procedure to surgically implant an optical cannula for light delivery to the
      deeper cortical layers. 

PMID- 26965127
TI  - An Optimized Calcium-Phosphate Transfection Method for Characterizing Genetically
      Encoded Tools in Primary Neurons.
AB  - In order to characterize genetically encoded tools under the most relevant
      conditions, the constructs need to be expressed in the cell type in which they
      will be used. This is a major hurdle in developing optogenetic tools for neuronal
      cells, due to the difficulty of gene transfer to these cells. Several protocols
      have been developed for transfecting neurons, focusing on improved transfection
      efficiency. However, obtaining healthy cells is as important. We monitored
      transfected cell health by measuring electrophysiological parameters, and used
      them as a guideline to optimize transfection. Here we describe an optimized
      transfection protocol that achieves reasonably high efficiency (10-20 %) with no
      discernable impact on cell health, as characterized by electrophysiology. 

PMID- 26965128
TI  - Optogenetic Approaches for Mesoscopic Brain Mapping.
AB  - Recent advances in identifying genetically unique neuronal proteins has
      revolutionized the study of brain circuitry. Researchers are now able to insert
      specific light-sensitive proteins (opsins) into a wide range of specific cell
      types via viral injections or by breeding transgenic mice. These opsins enable
      the activation, inhibition, or modulation of neuronal activity with millisecond
      control within distinct brain regions defined by genetic markers. Here we present
      a useful guide to implement this technique into any lab. We first review the
      materials needed and practical considerations and provide in-depth instructions
      for acute surgeries in mice. We conclude with all-optical mapping techniques for
      simultaneous recording and manipulation of population activity of many neurons in
      vivo by combining arbitrary point optogenetic stimulation and regional voltage
      sensitive dye imaging. It is our intent to make these methods available to anyone
      wishing to use them. 

PMID- 26965129
TI  - Optogenetic Tools for Confined Stimulation in Deep Brain Structures.
AB  - Optogenetics has emerged in the past decade as a technique to modulate brain
      activity with cell-type specificity and with high temporal resolution. Among the
      challenges associated with this technique is the difficulty to target a spatially
      restricted neuron population. Indeed, light absorption and scattering in
      biological tissues make it difficult to illuminate a minute volume, especially in
      the deep brain, without the use of optical fibers to guide light. This work
      describes the design and the in vivo application of a side-firing optical fiber
      adequate for delivering light to specific regions within a brain subcortical
      structure. 

PMID- 26965130
TI  - Remote Patterning of Transgene Expression Using Near Infrared-Responsive
      Plasmonic Hydrogels.
AB  - The development of noninvasive technologies for remote control of gene expression
      has received increased attention for their therapeutic potential in clinical
      scenarios, including cancer, neurological disorders, immunology, tissue
      engineering, as well as developmental biology research. Near-infrared (NIR) light
      is a suitable source of energy that can be employed to pattern transgene
      expression in plasmonic cell constructs. Gold nanoparticles tailored to exhibit a
      plasmon surface band absorption peaking at NIR wavelengths within the so called
      tissue optical window (TOW) can be used as fillers in fibrin-based hydrogels.
      These biocompatible composites can be loaded with cells harboring heat-inducible
      gene switches. NIR laser irradiation of the resulting plasmonic cell constructs
      causes the local conversion of NIR photon energy into heat, achieving spatially
      restricted patterns of transgene expression that faithfully match the illuminated
      areas of the hydrogels. In combination with cells genetically engineered to
      harbor gene switches activated by heat and dependent on a small-molecule
      regulator (SMR), NIR-responsive hydrogels allow reliable and safe control of the
      spatiotemporal availability of therapeutic biomolecules in target tissues. 

PMID- 26965131
TI  - Optogenetic Light Crafting Tools for the Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias.
AB  - The control of spatiotemporal dynamics in biological systems is a fundamental
      problem in nonlinear sciences and has important applications in engineering and
      medicine. Optogenetic tools combined with advanced optical technologies provide
      unique opportunities to develop and validate novel approaches to control
      spatiotemporal complexity in neuronal and cardiac systems. Understanding of the
      mechanisms and instabilities underlying the onset, perpetuation, and control of
      cardiac arrhythmias will enable the development and translation of novel
      therapeutic approaches. Here we describe in detail the preparation and optical
      mapping of transgenic channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) mouse hearts, cardiac cell
      cultures, and the optical setup for photostimulation using digital light
      processing. 

PMID- 26965133
TI  - Optogenetic Engineering of Atrial Cardiomyocytes.
AB  - Optogenetics is emerging in the cardiology field as a new strategy to explore
      biological functions through the use of light-sensitive proteins and dedicated
      light sources. For example, this technology allows modification of the
      electrophysiological properties of cardiac muscle cells with superb
      spatiotemporal resolution and quantitative control. In this chapter, the
      optogenetic modification of atrial cardiomyocytes (aCMCs) from 2-day-old Wistar
      rats using lentiviral vector (LV) technology and the subsequent activation of the
      light-sensitive proteins (i.e., ion channels) through light-emitting diodes
      (LEDs) are described. 

PMID- 26965132
TI  - Inscribing Optical Excitability to Non-Excitable Cardiac Cells: Viral Delivery of
      Optogenetic Tools in Primary Cardiac Fibroblasts.
AB  - We describe in detail a method to introduce optogenetic actuation tools, a mutant
      version of channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2(H134R), and archaerhodopsin (ArchT), into
      primary cardiac fibroblasts (cFB) in vitro by adenoviral infection to yield
      quick, robust, and consistent expression. Instructions on adjusting infection
      parameters such as the multiplicity of infection and virus incubation duration
      are provided to generalize the method for different lab settings or cell types.
      Specific conditions are discussed to create hybrid co-cultures of the
      optogenetically modified cFB and non-transformed cardiomyocytes to obtain light
      sensitive excitable cardiac syncytium, including stencil-patterned cell growth.
      We also describe an all-optical framework for the functional testing of
      responsiveness of these opsins in cFB. The presented methodology provides cell
      specific tools for the mechanistic investigation of the functional bioelectric
      contribution of different non-excitable cells in the heart and their electrical
      coupling to cardiomyocytes under different conditions. 

PMID- 26965134
TI  - A Multichannel Recording System with Optical Stimulation for Closed-Loop
      Optogenetic Experiments.
AB  - Selective perturbation of the activity of specific cell types in the brain tissue
      is essential in understanding the function of neuronal circuits involved in
      cognition and behavior and might also provide therapeutic neuromodulation
      strategies. Such selective neuronal addressing can be achieved through the
      optical activation of light-sensitive proteins called opsins that are expressed
      in specific cell populations through genetic methods-hence the name
      "optogenetics." In optogenetic experiments, the electrical activity of the
      targeted cell populations is optically triggered and monitored using arrays of
      microelectrodes. In closed-loop studies, the optical stimulation parameters are
      adjusted based on the recorded activity, ideally in real time. Here we describe
      the basic tools and the protocols allowing closed-loop optogenic experiments in
      vivo. 

PMID- 26965135
TI  - Optogenetic Control of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling.
AB  - FGFR1 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, which controls diverse
      cellular functions such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
      OptoFGFR1, an optogenetic method to modulate the FGFR signaling pathway with
      light by utilizing PHR domain of cryptochrome2 and cytoplasmic region of FGFR1,
      enabled light-guided activation of FGFR to study its effects on downstream
      signaling pathway and during diverse biological processes such as cell migration.
      Here, we describe about optogenetic and microscopic methods to spatiotemporally
      manipulate FGFR signaling in a single cell or group of cells using confocal
      microscope and LED array. 

PMID- 26965136
TI  - Protein Inactivation by Optogenetic Trapping in Living Cells.
AB  - Optogenetic modules that use genetically encoded elements to control protein
      function in response to light allow for precise spatiotemporal modulation of
      signaling pathways. As one of optical approaches, LARIAT (Light-Activated
      Reversible Inhibition by Assembled Trap) is a unique light-inducible inhibition
      system that reversibly sequesters target proteins into clusters, generated by
      multimeric proteins and a blue light-induced heterodimerization module. Here we
      present a method based on LARIAT for optical inhibition of targets in living
      mammalian cells. In the protocol, we focus on the inhibition of proteins that
      modulate cytoskeleton and cell cycle, and describe how to transfect, conduct a
      photo-stimulation, and analyze the data. 

PMID- 26965137
TI  - Optogenetic Manipulation of Selective Neural Activity in Free-Moving Drosophila
      Adults.
AB  - Activating selected neurons elicits specific behaviors in Drosophila adults. By
      combining optogenetics and laser-tracking techniques, we have recently developed
      an automated laser-tracking and optogenetic manipulation system (ALTOMS) for
      studying how brain circuits orchestrate complex behaviors. The established ALTOMS
      can independently target three lasers (473-nm blue laser, 593.5-nm yellow laser,
      and 1064-nm infrared laser) on any specified body part of two freely moving
      flies. Triggering light-sensitive proteins in real time, the blue laser and
      yellow laser can respectively activate and inhibit target neurons in artificial
      transgenic flies. Since infrared light is invisible to flies, we use the 1064-nm
      laser as an aversive stimulus in operant learning without perturbing visual
      inputs. Herein, we provide a detailed protocol for the construction of ALTOMS and
      optogenetic manipulation of target neurons in Drosophila adults during social
      interactions. 

PMID- 26965138
TI  - Guidelines for Photoreceptor Engineering.
AB  - Sensory photoreceptors underpin optogenetics by mediating the noninvasive and
      reversible perturbation of living cells by light with unprecedented temporal and
      spatial resolution. Spurred by seminal optogenetic applications of natural
      photoreceptors, the engineering of photoreceptors has recently garnered wide
      interest and has led to the construction of a broad palette of novel light
      regulated actuators. Photoreceptors are modularly built of photosensors that
      receive light signals, and of effectors that carry out specific cellular
      functions. These modules have to be precisely connected to allow efficient
      communication, such that light stimuli are relayed from photosensor to effector.
      The engineering of photoreceptors benefits from a thorough understanding of the
      underlying signaling mechanisms. This chapter gives a brief overview of key
      characteristics and signal-transduction mechanisms of sensory photoreceptors.
      Adaptation of these concepts in photoreceptor engineering has enabled the
      generation of novel optogenetic tools that greatly transcend the repertoire of
      natural photoreceptors. 

PMID- 26965139
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26965140
TI  - Reply to the letter by Ali Kagan Coskun et al.: The effects of oxidative stress
      following ischemia-reperfusion injury.

PMID- 26965141
TI  - Nicotinic receptor involvement in regulation of functions of mouse neutrophils
      from inflammatory site.
AB  - Participation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in functioning of
      polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) isolated from inflammatory site of mice and
      expression of different nAChR subunits were studied. Nicotine and acetylcholine
      (ACh) modified respiratory burst induced by a chemotactic peptide N-formyl-MLF in
      neutrophils of male (but not female) mice. Antagonists of nAChRs alpha-cobratoxin
      (alphaCTX), alpha-conotoxins MII and [A10L]PnIA at concentrations of 0.01-5MUM,
      0.2MUM and 1MUM, respectively, eliminated nAChR agonist effects. ACh also
      affected adhesion of PMNs, this effect was also prevented by alphaCTX (100nM) and
      MII (1nM). Neutrophils of female mice after chronic nicotine consumption acquired
      sensitivity to nAChR agonists. Changes of free intracellular Ca(2+) concentration
      in neutrophils under the action of nAChR ligands were analyzed. In cells with no
      Ca(2+) oscillations and relatively low resting level of intracellular Ca(2+),
      nicotine triggered Ca(2+)-spikes, the lag of the response shortened with
      increasing nicotine concentration. A nicotinic antagonist caramiphen strongly
      decreased the effect of nicotine. RT-PCR analysis revealed mRNAs of alpha2,
      alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha6, alpha7, alpha9, beta2, beta3, and beta4 nAChR
      subunits. Specific binding of [(125)I]-alpha-bungarotoxin was demonstrated. Thus
      in view of the effects and binding characteristics the results obtained suggest a
      regulatory role of alpha7, alpha3beta2 or alpha6* nAChR types in specific
      functions of PMNs.

PMID- 26965142
TI  - Investigating how the attributes of self-associated drug complexes influence the
      passive transport of molecules through biological membranes.
AB  - Relatively little is known about how drug self-association influences absorption
      into the human body. This study presented two hydrophobic membranes with a series
      of solutions containing different types of tetracaine aggregates with the aim of
      understanding how the attributes of supramolecular aggregate formation influenced
      passive membrane transport. The data showed that aqueous solutions of the
      unprotonated form of tetracaine displayed a significantly higher (p<0.05) passive
      membrane transport compared to solutions with mixtures of the unprotonated and
      protonated drug microspecies (e.g. transport through the skin was 0.96+/
      0.31MUgcm(-2)min(-1) and 1.59+/-0.26MUgcm(-2)min(-1) respectively). However,
      despite an enhanced rate of drug transport and a better membrane partitioning the
      unionised molecules showed a significantly longer (p<0.05) lag time to membrane
      penetration compared solutions rich in the ionised microspecies. Analytical
      characterisation of the solutions applied to the apical surface of the membranes
      in the transport studies showed that larger tetracaine aggregates with smaller
      surface charge gave rise to the longer lag times. These large aggregates
      demonstrated more extensive intermolecular bonding and therefore, it was suggest
      that it was the enhanced propensity of the unionised species to form tightly
      bound drug aggregates that caused the delay in the membrane penetration. 

PMID- 26965143
TI  - Constitutive Activation of DNA Damage Checkpoint Signaling Contributes to Mutant
      p53 Accumulation via Modulation of p53 Ubiquitination.
AB  - Many mutant p53 proteins exhibit an abnormally long half-life and overall
      increased abundance compared with wild-type p53 in tumors, contributing to mutant
      p53's gain-of-function oncogenic properties. Here, a novel mechanism is revealed
      for the maintenance of mutant p53 abundance in cancer that is dependent on DNA
      damage checkpoint activation. High-level mutant p53 expression in lung cancer
      cells was associated with preferential p53 monoubiquitination versus
      polyubiquitination, suggesting a role for the ubiquitin/proteasome system in
      regulation of mutant p53 abundance in cancer cells. Interestingly, mutant p53
      ubiquitination status was regulated by ataxia-telangectasia mutated (ATM)
      activation and downstream phosphorylation of mutant p53 (serine 15), both in
      resting and in genotoxin-treated lung cancer cells. Specifically, either
      inhibition of ATM with caffeine or mutation of p53 (serine 15 to alanine)
      restored MDM2-dependent polyubiquitination of otherwise monoubiquitinated mutant
      p53. Caffeine treatment rescued MDM2-dependent proteasome degradation of mutant
      p53 in cells exhibiting active DNA damage signaling, and ATM knockdown
      phenocopied the caffeine effect. Importantly, in cells analyzed individually by
      flow cytometry, p53 levels were highest in cells exhibiting the greatest levels
      of DNA damage response, and interference with DNA damage signaling preferentially
      decreased the relative percentage of cells in a population with the highest
      levels of mutant p53. These data demonstrate that active DNA damage signaling
      contributes to high levels of mutant p53 via modulation of ubiquitin/proteasome
      activity toward p53. IMPLICATION: The ability of DNA damage checkpoint signaling
      to mediate accumulation of mutant p53 suggests that targeting this signaling
      pathway may provide therapeutic gain. Mol Cancer Res; 14(5); 423-36. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26965146
TI  - Contribution of K(+) channels to endothelium-derived hypolarization-induced renal
      vasodilation in rats in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - We investigated the mechanisms behind the endothelial-derived hyperpolarization
      (EDH)-induced renal vasodilation in vivo and in vitro in rats. We assessed the
      role of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels and whether K(+) released from the
      endothelial cells activates inward rectifier K(+) (Kir) channels and/or the
      Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Also, involvement of renal myoendothelial gap junctions was
      evaluated in vitro. Isometric tension in rat renal interlobar arteries was
      measured using a wire myograph. Renal blood flow was measured in isoflurane
      anesthetized rats. The EDH response was defined as the ACh-induced vasodilation
      assessed after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase using L
      NAME and indomethacin, respectively. After inhibition of small conductance Ca(2+)
      activated K(+) channels (SKCa) and intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+)
      channels (IKCa) (by apamin and TRAM-34, respectively), the EDH response in vitro
      was strongly attenuated whereas the EDH response in vivo was not significantly
      reduced. Inhibition of Kir channels and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases (by ouabain and
      Ba(2+), respectively) significantly attenuated renal vasorelaxation in vitro but
      did not affect the response in vivo. Inhibition of gap junctions in vitro using
      carbenoxolone or 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid significantly reduced the
      endothelial-derived hyperpolarization-induced vasorelaxation. We conclude that
      SKCa and IKCa channels are important for EDH-induced renal vasorelaxation in
      vitro. Activation of Kir channels and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases plays a significant role
      in the renal vascular EDH response in vitro but not in vivo. The renal EDH
      response in vivo is complex and may consist of several overlapping mechanisms
      some of which remain obscure.

PMID- 26965148
TI  - Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and
      role in neurological disorders.
AB  - The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of two G protein-coupled receptors
      (GPCRs), the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the two main endogenous lipid
      ligands of such receptors (also known as the "endocannabinoids"), anandamide and
      2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. The ECS is a pleiotropic signalling system involved in
      all aspects of mammalian physiology and pathology, and for this reason it
      represents a potential target for the design and development of new therapeutic
      drugs. However, the endocannabinoids as well as some of their congeners also
      interact with a much wider range of receptors, including members of the Transient
      Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
      (PPARs), and other GPCRs. Indeed, following the discovery of the
      endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-related lipid mediators, which often share the
      same metabolic pathways of the endocannabinoids, have also been identified or
      rediscovered. In this review article, we discuss the role of endocannabinoids and
      related lipids during physiological functions, as well as their involvement in
      some of the most common neurological disorders.

PMID- 26965145
TI  - Blockade of AP-1 Potentiates Endocrine Therapy and Overcomes Resistance.
AB  - The transcription factor AP-1 is downstream of growth factor (GF) receptors
      (GFRs) and stress-related kinases, both of which are implicated in breast cancer
      endocrine resistance. Previously, we have suggested that acquired endocrine
      resistance is associated with increased activity of AP-1 in an in vivo model. In
      this report, we provide direct evidence for the role of AP-1 in endocrine
      resistance. First, significant overlap was found between genes modulated in
      tamoxifen resistance and a gene signature associated with GF-induced estrogen
      receptor (ER) cistrome. Interestingly, these overlapping genes were enriched for
      key signaling components of GFRs and stress-related kinases and had AP-1 motifs
      in their promoters/enhancers. Second, to determine a more definitive role of AP-1
      in endocrine resistance, AP-1 was inhibited using an inducible dominant-negative
      (DN) cJun expressed in MCF7 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo AP-1
      blockade enhanced the antiproliferative effect of endocrine treatments in vitro,
      accelerated xenograft tumor response to tamoxifen and estrogen deprivation in
      vivo, promoted complete regression of tumors, and delayed the onset of tamoxifen
      resistance. Induction of DN-cJun after the development of tamoxifen resistance
      resulted in dramatic tumor shrinkage, accompanied by reduced proliferation and
      increased apoptosis. These data suggest that AP-1 is a key determinant of
      endocrine resistance by mediating a global shift in the ER transcriptional
      program. IMPLICATIONS: AP-1 represents a viable therapeutic target to overcome
      endocrine resistance. Mol Cancer Res; 14(5); 470-81. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26965147
TI  - The adenosine A2B receptor is involved in anion secretion in human pancreatic
      duct Capan-1 epithelial cells.
AB  - Adenosine modulates a wide variety of biological processes via adenosine
      receptors. In the exocrine pancreas, adenosine regulates transepithelial anion
      secretion in duct cells and is considered to play a role in acini-to-duct
      signaling. To identify the functional adenosine receptors and Cl(-) channels
      important for anion secretion, we herein performed experiments on Capan-1, a
      human pancreatic duct cell line, using open-circuit Ussing chamber and gramicidin
      perforated patch-clamp techniques. The luminal addition of adenosine increased
      the negative transepithelial potential difference (V te) in Capan-1 monolayers
      with a half-maximal effective concentration value of approximately 10 MUM, which
      corresponded to the value obtained on whole-cell Cl(-) currents in Capan-1 single
      cells. The effects of adenosine on V te, an equivalent short-circuit current (I
      sc), and whole-cell Cl(-) currents were inhibited by CFTRinh-172, a cystic
      fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel inhibitor. The
      adenosine A2B receptor agonist, BAY 60-6583, increased I sc and whole-cell Cl(-)
      currents through CFTR Cl(-) channels, whereas the A2A receptor agonist, CGS
      21680, had negligible effects. The A2B receptor antagonist, PSB 603, inhibited
      the response of I sc to adenosine. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the
      A2A and A2B receptors colocalized with Ezrin in the luminal membranes of Capan-1
      monolayers and in rat pancreatic ducts. Adenosine elicited the whole-cell Cl(-)
      currents in guinea pig duct cells. These results demonstrate that luminal
      adenosine regulates anion secretion by activating CFTR Cl(-) channels via
      adenosine A2B receptors on the luminal membranes of Capan-1 cells. The present
      study endorses that purinergic signaling is important in the regulation of
      pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 26965150
TI  - High expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 predicts poor
      prognosis for colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - OBJECTS: To explore the roles of growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 (GRB14)
      in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its correlation with clinicopathological
      characteristics and prognosis of CRC patients. RESULTS: GRB14 was localized in
      the cytoplasm of CRC and benign glandular epithelium cells, showing higher levels
      in CRC tissues compared with normal colon samples (P < 0.001). High GRB14 was
      associated with a high pathological grade (P = 0.045), advanced clinical stage (P
      = 0.018), enhanced tumor invasion (P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P =
      0.028). The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) mRNA sequence data showed that GRB14 was
      upregulated in CRC at an advanced clinical stage (P = 0.011) with enhanced tumor
      invasion (P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.014). Kaplan-Meier survival
      curves revealed that CRC patients with high GRB14 levels had a shorter survival
      compared with those showing low GRB14 expression (P = 0.007). High GRB14
      expression was an independent prognostic factor for CRC patients (HR 2.847, 95
      %CI 1.058-7.659; P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: GRB14 may be an important cancer
      promoter that enhances CRC progression. Upregulated GRB14 levels may predict a
      poor clinical outcome in CRC patients.

PMID- 26965149
TI  - The role of the gastrointestinal tract and microbiota on uremic toxins and
      chronic kidney disease development.
AB  - It is well-established that uremic toxins are positively correlated with the risk
      of developing chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. In addition,
      emerging data suggest that gut bacteria exert an influence over both the
      production of uremic toxins and the development of chronic kidney disease. As
      such, modifying the gut microbiota may have the potential as a treatment for
      chronic kidney disease. This is supported by data that suggest that rescuing
      microbiota dysbiosis may: reduce uremic toxin production; prevent toxins and
      pathogens from crossing the intestinal barrier; and, reduce gastrointestinal
      tract transit time allowing nutrients to reach the microbiota in the distal
      portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite emerging literature, the gut
      kidney axis has yet to be fully explored. A special focus should be placed on
      examining clinically translatable strategies that might encourage improvements to
      the microbiome, thereby potentially reducing the risk of the development of
      chronic kidney disease. This review aims to present an overview of literature
      linking changes to the gastrointestinal tract with microbiota dysbiosis and the
      development and progression of chronic kidney disease.

PMID- 26965151
TI  - Sus scrofa matrix attachment region enhances expression of the PiggyBac system
      transfected into HEK293T cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of the Sus scrofa matrix attachment region
      (SusMAR) on transgene expression in HEK293T cells. RESULTS: Three expression
      vectors with the MAR at different sites in the PiggyBac (PB) transposon vector
      backbone were compared: two MARs flanking the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)
      expression cassette, and one at the upstream or downstream site. Bos taurus MAR
      (BosMAR) and a beta-gal expression cassette without MARs were the positive and
      negative controls, respectively. Compared to the control, beta-gal activity of
      all SusMAR and BosMAR vectors was significantly improved in the presence of PB
      transposase (PBase). However, only the downstream SusMAR and upstream BosMAR
      vectors showed increased expression in the absence of PBase. Expression was
      significantly increased in all vectors with the PBase group compared to those
      without the PBase group. Gene copy numbers were not increased compared to the
      negative control. CONCLUSIONS: SusMAR enhanced recombinant gene expression levels
      and stability in HEK293T cells, was not increase transgene copy number. These
      results could facilitate the development of vectors for stable production of
      therapeutic proteins.

PMID- 26965152
TI  - Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastric resection, short bowel syndrome, and diabetes mellitus are
      risk factors for development of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Reasons
      are multifactorial and not completely elucidated. OBJECTIVES: To determine the
      prevalence of EPI after distal (dRYGB) and proximal Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
      (pRYGB) and to assess the influence of respective limb lengths. SETTING:
      University hospital, Switzerland. METHODS: The study comprised 188 consecutive
      patients who underwent primary dRYGB (common channel<120 cm, biliopancreatic limb
      80-100 cm) or pRYGB (alimentary limb = 155 cm, biliopancreatic limb 40-75 cm) and
      who were followed-up for at least 2 years. Patients with a history of
      gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary resection (except for cholecystectomy),
      postoperative pregnancy, and any revision of RYGB (gastric pouch, limb lengths)
      were excluded. EPI was defined by clinical symptoms in combination with fecal
      pancreatic elastase-1<200 MUg/g stool or fecal pancreatic elastase-1>200 and<500
      MUg/g stool and positive dechallenge-rechallenge test with pancreatic enzyme
      replacement therapy. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 52.2 months (range 24-120).
      Seventy-nine patients (42%) underwent dRYGB, and 109 (58%) underwent pRYGB. Of
      those, 59 (31%) patients were diagnosed with EPI after a mean 12.5+/-16.3 months.
      There was a significant difference between dRYGB and pRYGB groups in initial body
      mass index (dRYGB 47.1+/-8.1 kg/m(2) versus pRYGB 42.7+/-6.1 kg/m(2); P<.01),
      patients in Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Score group C (13% versus 3%; P =
      .02), and prevalence of EPI (48% versus 19%; P<.01). Neither overall small bowel
      length nor absolute or relative limb lengths were influencing factors on EPI
      after dRYGB. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of EPI after dRYGB (48%) and pRYGB (19%) is
      of clinical importance. There was no significant difference in absolute or
      relative limb lengths between EPI and non-EPI groups after dRYGB.

PMID- 26965153
TI  - beta-cell pancreatic dysfunction plays a role in hyperglycemic peaks observed
      after gastric bypass surgery of obese patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early and intense hyperglycemic peaks are observed after Roux-en-Y
      gastric bypass (RYGB). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this observational study was to
      compare the beta-cell pancreatic function of patients with (PEAK) and without
      hyperglycemic peaks (NOPEAK). SETTING: Referral bariatric surgery center.
      METHODS: Insulin secretion rate, clearance, and sensitivity and beta-cell and
      rate sensitivities were computed after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 42
      patients who underwent RYGB. RESULTS: PEAK patients (n = 18; 30-min glycemia>10.4
      mmol/L) did not differ from NOPEAK patients (n = 24) in their presurgery or
      weight loss characteristics. PEAK patients had significantly higher plasma
      concentrations of glucose and C-peptide than did NOPEAK patients, whereas insulin
      and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations did not differ. The insulin secretion
      rate and whole-body insulin clearance (208%) were significantly greater, but
      insulin sensitivity was significantly less (48%) in PEAK patients. Insulin
      secretion normalized to plasma glucose was significantly lower in PEAK patients,
      and the disposition index was reduced (35% to 41% of the values in NOPEAK
      patients). CONCLUSION: We conclude that RYGB reveals a series of dysfunctions
      leading to hyperglycemia in a subset of patients. In PEAK patients, an
      insufficient adaptation of beta-cell function to glycemia, an increased insulin
      clearance, and a decreased insulin sensitivity cumulated to contribute to
      hyperglycemic peaks.

PMID- 26965154
TI  - Bariatric Surgery: The Rise and Fall of Bile Acids.

PMID- 26965155
TI  - Use of noninvasive markers to predict advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in severe
      obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is observed in 25%-55% of patients with
      severe obesity and in 2%-12% with bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. There is
      currently no noninvasive test for the diagnosis of severe liver fibrosis before
      bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES: To determine the best noninvasive test for
      predicting advanced liver disease in patients with severe obesity. SETTING:
      University tertiary care hospital, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional
      retrospective study was conducted with 699 patients with severe obesity
      undergoing bariatric surgery: 568 without a biopsy (nonbiopsy cohort) and 131
      patients who had undergone an intraoperative liver biopsy. The tissues were
      subjected to histologic diagnosis (Brunt criteria) and classified as advanced
      fibrosis (stages 3 and 4) or no significant fibrosis (absence of nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis and stages 1 or 2). The following predictive indices of cirrhosis
      were calculated in all patients: aspartate aminotransferase/alanine
      aminotransferase ratio (AAR), age-platelet (AP) index, aminotransferase-to
      platelet ratio index (APRI), cirrhosis discriminant score (CDS), and hepatitis C
      antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis (HALT-C). The cutoff values,
      sensitivity, specificity, and areas under the receiver operating characteristic
      curves (AUROCs) were calculated for patients with biopsies. RESULTS: The AUROC of
      the AAR, AP, APRI, CDS, and HALT-C model for predicting advanced fibrosis or
      cirrhosis were, respectively, .522, .88, .99, .905, and .921. The calculated
      cutoff values, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively, were as follows: AAR:
      .94, .7, .45; AP 5, .7, .93; APRI .44, 1.0, .97; CDS 6, .7, .97; and HALT-C: .76,
      1.0, .77. CONCLUSION: APRI index was the best predictor of advanced liver disease
      in patients with severe obesity.

PMID- 26965156
TI  - The effect of sleeve gastrectomy on extraesophageal reflux disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has been linked to increased rates of
      postoperative gastroesophageal reflux. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to
      evaluate whether SG is also linked to increased pulmonary extraesophageal reflux
      disease in a rodent model, based on histologic inflammatory distal airway
      changes. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: Wistar rats (Charles River
      Institute, Wilmington, MA) were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 months. They were
      divided into HFD only (n = 25) and SG+HFD (n = 19) groups and euthanized at 12
      weeks, and the trachea and lungs were harvested en bloc then preserved for
      analysis by a blinded board-certified pathologist. RESULTS: Rats who underwent SG
      were significantly less likely to show postmortem distal airway changes (4.0%
      versus 31.0%, P = .03), had a lower average chronic aspiration pneumonitis grade
      (.73 versus 1.57, P = .006), and had a lower total lung injury score (1.19 versus
      2.28, P = .005). Alveolar hemorrhage was also less common in the SG+HFD group
      (37.5% versus 80.0%, P = .006). CONCLUSION: SG is associated with increased
      incidence of normal lung histology on postmortem examination, less evidence of
      chronic aspiration pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhage, and decreased total lung
      injury score in a rodent model. SG appears to have a protective effect on the
      pulmonary system. This suggests that SG does not exacerbate extraesophageal
      reflux effects on the pulmonary epithelium.

PMID- 26965159
TI  - Additive effects of Artemisia capillaris extract and scopoletin on the relaxation
      of penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle.

PMID- 26965158
TI  - Preoperative predictors of adherence to dietary and physical activity
      recommendations and weight loss one year after surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Weight loss and weight loss maintenance vary considerably between
      patients after bariatric surgery. Postoperative weight gain has partially been
      explained by lack of adherence to postoperative dietary and physical activity
      recommendations. However, little is known about factors related to postoperative
      adherence. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine psychological,
      behavioral, and demographic predictors of adherence to behavior recommendations
      and weight loss 1 year after bariatric surgery. SETTING: Oslo University
      Hospital. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 230 patients who underwent Roux
      en-Y gastric bypass were recruited from Oslo University hospital from 2011 to
      2013. They completed a comprehensive questionnaire before and 1 year after
      surgery. Weight was measured preoperatively, on the day of surgery, and 1-year
      postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean body mass index was 44.9 kg/m(2) (standard
      deviation [SD] = 6.0) preoperatively and 30.6 kg/m(2) (SD = 5.2) 1 year after
      surgery. Patients lost on average 29.2 % (SD = 8.2) of their initial weight.
      Predictors of dietary adherence were years with dieting experience, readiness to
      limit food intake, and night eating tendency. Preoperative physical activity and
      planning predicted postoperative physical activity whereas predictors of weight
      loss were higher frequency of snacking preoperatively, greater past weight loss,
      and lower age. CONCLUSION: Several preoperative psychological predictors were
      related to postoperative adherence to dietary and physical activity
      recommendations but were not associated with weight loss. Interventions targeting
      psychological factors facilitating behavior change during the initial
      postoperative phase are recommended as this might improve long-term outcomes.

PMID- 26965157
TI  - One or two steps for laparoscopic conversion of failed adjustable gastric banding
      to sleeve gastrectomy: a nationwide French study on 3357 morbidly obese patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adjustable gastric banding (AGB) has been a very common bariatric
      procedure, but long-term AGB related complications have led to an increased
      number of second procedures. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one option and can be
      done as a 1- or 2-step procedure. OBJECTIVES: To compare the 1-step and 2-step
      approachs of conversion of AGB to SG with respect to postoperative mortality and
      morbidity. SETTING: Nationwide study, France. METHODS: All morbidly obese
      patients who underwent AGB followed by SG in France between 2007 and 2012 were
      included. Multivariate analyses were conducted using the French National Health
      Service Database data to ascertain predictive factors for 90-day postoperative
      mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: There were 2061 and 1296 patients in the 1-step
      and 2-step conversion groups, respectively. The readmission rate was 22.8% and
      16.5% in the 1- and 2-step groups, respectively (P<.001). More patients required
      an intensive care unit stay in the 1-step group (11.7 % versus 6.7%; P<.001). The
      90-day mortality was .1%, with no difference between the 2 groups (1% versus
      .08%). The complication rate was 14.7% (1-step 15.9% versus 2-step 12.7%; P =
      .009). The timing of AGB removal (P = .02), patient age 50-60 years (P = .004),
      hypertension (P = .01), surgical approach (P = .002), and hospital status (P =
      .015) were significantly associated with the complication rate. CONCLUSION: This
      study indicates that the 2-step conversion of failed AGB to SG results in a
      significantly reduced rate of postoperative staple line leaks, gastric tube
      stricture, respiratory complication, and need for intensive care unit stay.

PMID- 26965160
TI  - Factors predicting outcomes of penile rehabilitation with udenafil 50 mg
      following radical prostatectomy.

PMID- 26965161
TI  - Hand pains in women and men in early rheumatoid arthritis, a one year follow-up
      after diagnosis. The Swedish TIRA project.
AB  - Purpose This research analysed general pain intensity, hand pain at rest and hand
      pain during activity in women and men in early rheumatoid arhtritis (RA). Method
      Out of the 454 patients that were recruited into the Swedish early RA project
      "TIRA" the 373 patients (67% women) that remained at 12 months follow-up are
      reported here. Disease activity 28 joint score (DAS-28), disability (Health
      Assessment Questionnaire = HAQ) and pain (VAS) were recorded at inclusion and
      after 3 (M3), 6 (M6) and 12 (M12) months. General pain, hand pain during rest,
      hand pain during test of grip force as assessed by GrippitTM, prescribed disease
      modifying anti-inflammatory drugs (DMARDs) and hand dominance were recorded.
      Results DAS-28 and HAQ scores were high at inclusion and improved thereafter in
      both women and men. There were no significant differences between sexes at
      inclusion but women had higher DAS-28 and HAQ at all follow-ups. Women were more
      often prescribed DMARDs than were men. In both women and men all pain types were
      significantly lower at follow-up compared to at inclusion and women reported
      higher pain than men at follow-ups. The pain types differed significantly from
      each other at inclusion into TIRA, general pain was highest and hand pain during
      rest was lowest. There were no significant differences in hand pain related to
      hand dominance or between right and left hands. Conclusions Disease activity,
      disability and pain were high at inclusion and reduced over the first year.
      Despite more DMARDs prescribed in women than in men, women were more affected
      than were men. General pain was highest and not surprisingly hand pain during
      active grip testing was higher than hand pain during rest that was lowest in both
      sexes. Although our cohort was well controlled, it was evident that hand pain
      remains a problem. This has implications for rehabilitation and suggests
      potential ongoing activity limitations that should continue to receive attention
      from a multi-professional team. Implications for Rehabilitation General pain and
      hand pain remain a problem in RA despite today's early intervention and effective
      disease control with new era biologics. The extent of hand pain evidenced in our
      work gives a more detailed and comprehensive account of pain status. Higher hand
      pain during active grip testing than that during rest indicates a potential
      relationship to ongoing activity limitation. Hand pain assessment can help
      guiding multi-professional interventions directed to reduce hand pain and thereby
      probably reduce activity limitations.

PMID- 26965162
TI  - Differential Mobility Spectrometry-Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange (DMS-HDX) as a
      Probe of Protein Conformation in Solution.
AB  - Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) is an ion mobility technique that has
      been adopted chiefly as a pre-filter for small- to medium-sized analytes (<1 000
      Da). With the exception of a handful of studies that employ an analogue of DMS
      field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectroscopy (FAIMS)-the application of
      DMS to intact biomacromolecules remains largely unexplored. In this work, we
      employ DMS combined with gas-phase hydrogen deuterium exchange (DMS-HDX) to probe
      the gas-phase conformations generated from proteins that were initially folded,
      partially-folded, and unfolded in solution. Our findings indicate that proteins
      with distinct structural features in solution exhibit unique deuterium uptake
      profiles as function of their optimal transmission through the DMS. Ultimately we
      propose that DMS-HDX can, if properly implemented, provide rapid measurements of
      liquid-phase protein structural stability that could be of use in
      biopharmaceuticals development. Graphical Abstract ?.

PMID- 26965163
TI  - Multifunctional Guide for Implant Placement, Impressions, and an Occlusal Index
      for Fixed Complete Dentures.
AB  - This article proposes an approach to simplify the steps and reduce fabrication
      time for fixed implant-supported complete dentures. A multifunctional guide can
      function as a surgical template during implant placement and provides a framework
      for the definitive impression and occlusal registration. It therefore enables
      immediate or early loading of dental implants in full-arch rehabilitations.

PMID- 26965166
TI  - Can a total knee arthroplasty be both rotationally unconstrained and
      anteroposteriorly stabilised? A pulsed fluoroscopic investigation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Throughout the 20th Century, it has been postulated that the knee
      moves on the basis of a four-bar link mechanism composed of the cruciate
      ligaments, the femur and the tibia. As a consequence, the femur has been thought
      to roll back with flexion, and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) prostheses have been
      designed on this basis. Recent work, however, has proposed that at a position of
      between 0 degrees  and 120 degrees  the medial femoral condyle does not move
      anteroposteriorly whereas the lateral femoral condyle tends, but is not obliged,
      to roll back - a combination of movements which equates to tibial internal/
      femoral external rotation with flexion. The aim of this paper was to assess if
      the articular geometry of the GMK Sphere TKA could recreate the natural knee
      movements in situ/in vivo. METHODS: The pattern of knee movement was studied in
      15 patients (six male: nine female; one male with bilateral TKAs) with 16 GMK
      Sphere implants, at a mean age of 66 years (53 to 76) with a mean BMI of 30
      kg/m(2) (20 to 35). The motions of all 16 knees were observed using pulsed
      fluoroscopy during a number of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing static and
      dynamic activities. RESULTS: During maximally flexed kneeling and lunging
      activities, the mean tibial internal rotation was 8 degrees  (standard deviation
      (sd) 6). At a mean 112 degrees  flexion (sd 16) during lunging, the medial and
      lateral condyles were a mean of 2 mm (sd 3) and 8 mm (sd 4) posterior to a
      transverse line passing through the centre of the medial tibial concavity. With a
      mean flexion of 117 degrees  (sd 14) during kneeling, the medial and lateral
      condyles were a mean of 1 mm (sd 4) anterior and 6 mm (sd 4) posterior to the
      same line. During dynamic stair and pivoting activities, there was a mean
      anteroposterior translation of 0 mm to 2 mm of the medial femoral condyle.
      Backward lateral condylar translation occurred and was linearly related to tibial
      rotation. CONCLUSION: The GMK Sphere TKA in our study group shows movements
      similar in pattern, although reduced in magnitude, to those in recent reports
      relating to normal knees during several activities. Specifically, little or no
      translation of the medial femoral condyle was observed during flexion, but there
      was posterior roll-back of the lateral femoral condyle, equating to tibiofemoral
      rotation. We conclude that the GMK Sphere is anteroposteriorly stable medially
      and permits rotation about the medial compartment.Cite this article: Professor G.
      Scott. Can a total knee arthroplasty be both rotationally unconstrained and
      anteroposteriorly stabilised?: A pulsed fluoroscopic investigation. Bone Joint
      Res 2016;5:80-86. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.53.2000621.

PMID- 26965167
TI  - Responsiveness and ceiling effects of the Forgotten Joint Score-12 following
      total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the responsiveness and ceiling/floor effects of the
      Forgotten Joint Score -12 and to compare these with that of the more widely used
      Oxford Hip Score (OHS) in patients six and 12 months after primary total hip
      arthroplasty. METHODS: We prospectively collected data at six and 12 months
      following total hip arthroplasty from 193 patients undergoing surgery at a single
      centre. Ceiling effects are outlined with frequencies for patients obtaining the
      lowest or highest possible score. Change over time from six months to 12 months
      post-surgery is reported as effect size (Cohen's d). RESULTS: The mean OHS
      improved from 40.3 (sd 7.9) at six months to 41.9 (sd 7.2) at 12 months. The mean
      FJS-12 improved from 56.8 (sd 30.1) at six months to 62.1 (sd 29.0) at 12 months.
      At six months, 15.5% of patients reached the best possible score (48 points) on
      the OHS and 8.3% obtained the best score (100 points) on the FJS-12. At 12
      months, this percentage increased to 20.8% for the OHS and to 10.4% for the FJS
      12. In terms of the effect size (Cohen's d), the change was d = 0.10 for the OHS
      and d = 0.17 for the FJS-12. CONCLUSIONS: The FJS-12 is more responsive to change
      between six and 12 months following total hip arthroplasty than is the OHS, with
      the measured ceiling effect for the OHS twice that of the FJS-12. The difference
      in effect size of change results in substantial differences in required sample
      size if aiming to detect change between these two time points. This has important
      implications for powering clinical trials with patient-reported measures as the
      primary outcome.Cite this article: Dr D. F. Hamilton. Responsiveness and ceiling
      effects of the Forgotten Joint Score-12 following total hip arthroplasty. Bone
      Joint Res 2016;5:87-91. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.53.2000480.

PMID- 26965165
TI  - Diet and exercise in uterine cancer survivors (DEUS pilot) - piloting a healthy
      eating and physical activity program: study protocol for a randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer survivors comprise a high-risk group for obesity
      related comorbidities. Healthy eating and physical activity can lead to better
      health and well-being, but this population may experience difficulties adopting
      healthy lifestyle practices. Personalised behaviour change programmes that are
      feasible, acceptable and cost-effective are needed. The aim of this trial is to
      pilot a manualised programme about healthy eating and physical activity.
      METHODS/DESIGN: This is a phase II, individually randomized, parallel,
      controlled, two-site, pilot clinical trial. Adult endometrial cancer survivors (n
      = 64) who have been diagnosed with endometrial cancer within the previous 3 years
      and are not on active treatment will be invited to participate. Participants will
      be assigned in a 1:1 ratio through minimisation to either an 8-week, group-based,
      behaviour-change programme with weekly 90-min sessions about healthy eating and
      physical activity or usual care. The intervention will focus on self-monitoring,
      goal setting and self-rewards. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at 8 and
      24 weeks from the baseline assessment. Primary feasibility outcomes will include
      rates of recruitment, adherence, and retention. DISCUSSION: The study results
      will inform the development of a definitive randomised controlled trial to test
      if the programme can improve the health and quality of life of this population.
      It will also provide guidance on costing the intervention and the health care
      resource use in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov
      identifier: NCT02433080, 20 April 2015.

PMID- 26965164
TI  - A genome-wide association study of congenital cardiovascular left-sided lesions
      shows association with a locus on chromosome 20.
AB  - Congenital heart defects involving left-sided lesions (LSLs) are relatively
      common birth defects with substantial morbidity and mortality. Previous studies
      have suggested a high heritability with a complex genetic architecture, such that
      only a few LSL loci have been identified. We performed a genome-wide case-control
      association study to address the role of common variants using a discovery cohort
      of 778 cases and 2756 controls. We identified a genome-wide significant
      association mapping to a 200 kb region on chromosome 20q11 [P= 1.72 * 10-8 for
      rs3746446; imputed Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs6088703 P= 3.01 * 10-9,
      odds ratio (OR)= 1.6 for both]. This result was supported by transmission
      disequilibrium analyses using a subset of 541 case families (lowest P in region=
      4.51 * 10-5, OR= 1.5). Replication in a cohort of 367 LSL cases and 5159 controls
      showed nominal association (P= 0.03 for rs3746446) resulting in P= 9.49 * 10-9
      for rs3746446 upon meta-analysis of the combined cohorts. In addition, a group of
      seven SNPs on chromosome 1q21.3 met threshold for suggestive association (lowest
      P= 9.35 * 10-7 for rs12045807). Both regions include genes involved in cardiac
      development-MYH7B/miR499A on chromosome 20 and CTSK, CTSS and ARNT on chromosome
      1. Genome-wide heritability analysis using case-control genotyped SNPs suggested
      that the mean heritability of LSLs attributable to common variants is moderately
      high ([Formula: see text] range= 0.26-0.34) and consistent with previous
      assertions. These results provide evidence for the role of common variation in
      LSLs, proffer new genes as potential biological candidates, and give further
      insight to the complex genetic architecture of congenital heart disease.

PMID- 26965168
TI  - Plasma glutamine levels in patients after non-elective or elective ICU admission:
      an observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A low plasma glutamine level at the time of acute admission to the
      intensive care unit (ICU) is an independent predictor of an unfavourable outcome
      in critically ill patients. The primary objective of this study was to determine
      whether there are differences in plasma glutamine levels upon non-elective or
      elective ICU admission. The secondary objective was to compare glutamine levels
      over time, and to determine correlations between glutamine levels and the
      severity of illness and presence of infection in ICU patients. METHODS: We
      performed a single-centre observational study in a closed-format, 22-bed, mixed
      ICU. Plasma glutamine levels were measured at admission and every morning at 6.00
      a.m. during the ICU stay. We aimed to include at least 80 patients per group. The
      study was approved by the local Medical Ethics Committee. RESULTS: In 88 patients
      after elective surgery, the median plasma glutamine level at admission was
      significantly higher compared with that in 90 non-elective patients (0.43 mmol/l
      [0.33-0.55 mmol/l] versus 0.25 mmol/l [0.09-0.37 mmol/l], P = 0.001). During the
      ICU stay, plasma glutamine levels remained significantly higher in elective
      patients than in non-elective patients. There was a significant correlation
      between the APACHE IV score and glutamine levels (R = 0.52, P < 0.001). Moreover,
      backward linear regression analysis showed that this correlation was
      independently associated with the APACHE IV score and the presence of infection,
      but not with the type of admission. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma glutamine levels are
      significantly lower after non-elective admission compared with elective admission
      to the ICU. A considerable amount of elective and non-elective patients have
      decreased plasma glutamine levels, but this is not independently associated with
      the type of admission. In contrast to previous studies, we found that plasma
      glutamine levels were determined by the severity of illness and the presence of
      an infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02310035.

PMID- 26965169
TI  - Transcutaneous bilirubin monitoring predicts unexplained late-onset hemolysis in
      a very low birthweight infant.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In term infants, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) monitoring can be
      used to predict hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia. However, it is not clear whether
      the technique can also be used to predict unexplained late-onset hemolysis in
      very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. CASE PRESENTATION: The case was an infant
      with a birthweight of 1154 g who developed unexplained late-onset hemolysis at 8
      days of age. The hyperbilirubinemia rapidly worsened, and therefore both
      phototherapy and exchange transfusion were performed. TcB levels were measured
      using the JM-105 jaundice meter and found to have increased by >3 mg/dL since
      before the onset, demonstrating for the first time that the device clearly
      detects changes in hemolytic rate. CONCLUSIONS: Although TcB levels did not
      correspond directly with total serum bilirubin levels in VLBW infants, the two
      values exhibited parallel changes in this case. Therefore, serial TcB monitoring
      may be useful in the early prediction of unexplained late-onset hemolysis in VLBW
      infants.

PMID- 26965170
TI  - Immunohistochemical expression of glucose transporter 1 in keratin-producing
      odontogenic cysts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Keratin-producing odontogenic cysts (KPOCs) are a group of cystic
      lesions that are often aggressive, with high rates of recurrence and
      multifocality. KPOCs included orthokeratinised odontogenic cyst (OOC) and
      parakeratotic odontogenic cysts, which are now considered true tumours
      denominated keratocystic odontogenic tumours (KCOTs). GLUT1 is a protein
      transporter that is involved in the active uptake of glucose across cell
      membranes and that is overexpressed in tumours in close correlation with the
      proliferation rate and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging results.
      METHODS: A series of 58 keratin-producing odontogenic cysts was evaluated
      histologically and immunohistochemically in terms of GLUT1 expression. Different
      data were correlated using the beta regression model in relation to histological
      type and immunohistochemical expression of GLUT1, which was quantified using two
      different morphological methods. RESULTS: KPOC cases comprised 12 OOCs and 46
      KCOTs, the latter corresponding to 6 syndromic and 40 sporadic KCOTs. GLUT1
      expression was very low in OOC cases compared with KCOT cases, with statistical
      significant differences when quantification was considered. Different GLUT1
      localisation patterns were revealed by immunostaining, with the parabasal cells
      showing higher reactivity in KCOTs. However, among KCOTs cases, GLUT1 expression
      was unable to establish differences between syndromic and sporadic cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: GLUT1 expression differentiated between OOC and KCOT cases, with
      significantly higher expression in KCOTs, but did not differentiate between
      syndromic and sporadic KCOT cases. However, given the structural characteristics
      of KCOTs, we hypothesised that PET imaging methodology is probably not a useful
      diagnostic tool for KCOTs. Further studies of GLUT1 expression and PET
      examination in KCOT series are needed to confirm this last hypothesis.

PMID- 26965171
TI  - Species composition, activity patterns and blood meal analysis of sand fly
      populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the metropolitan region of Thessaloniki, an
      endemic focus of canine leishmaniasis.
AB  - Species composition, activity patterns and blood meal analysis of sand fly
      populations were investigated in the metropolitan region of Thessaloniki, North
      Greece from May to October 2011. Sampling was conducted weekly in 3 different
      environments (animal facilities, open fields, residential areas) along the
      outskirts of the city in areas of increased canine leishmania transmission. Six
      sand fly species (Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus tobbi, Phlebotomus simici,
      Plebotomus papatasi, Sergentomya minuta and Sergentomya dentata) were identified
      using both classical and molecular techniques. DNA barcodes were characterized
      for the first time for two (P. simici and S. dentata) of the six recorded
      species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the COI gene sequences confirmed the
      grouping of P. tobbi, P. perniciosus and P. perfiliewi (subgenus Larrousius) and
      the monophyly of P. simici (subgenus Adlerius). By far the most prevalent species
      was P. perfiliewi, followed by P. simici and P. tobbi. The largest populations of
      sand flies were collected from animal facilities, followed by residential areas
      and open agricultural fields. Peak activity of sand flies overall occurred mid
      August to mid-September and then declined sharply in October. Blood meal analysis
      showed that P. perfiliewi and P. simici feed preferentially on humans (88% & 95%,
      respectively) but also feed on chickens and goats. When designing a control
      strategy to alleviate sand fly nuisance in the region of Thessaloniki the
      following conclusions can be reached from this study: a) August and September are
      high risk months due to increased sand fly activity levels, b) animal facilities
      within or adjacent to urban settlements are high risk areas and may act as a
      maintenance and amplification foci for the vector as well as the parasite, and c)
      the abundance, ubiquity and feeding behavior of P. perfiliewi and P. simici
      establishes them as potentially important vectors of Leishmania in the region. 

PMID- 26965172
TI  - Inhibition of Setaria cervi protein tyrosine phosphatases by Phenylarsine oxide:
      A proteomic and biochemical study.
AB  - Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), a specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor
      significantly decreased the motility and viability of Setaria cervi ultimately
      leading to its death. The PTP activity present in the cytosolic and detergent
      soluble fractions as well as on surface of these parasites was significantly
      inhibited by PAO. A marked alteration in protein spots abundance after proteomic
      analysis showed 14 down-regulated and 9 upregulated spots in the treated
      parasites as compared to the control. The PTP inhibition led to increase in the
      cytosolic and mitochondrial calpain activity in these parasites. PAO also blocked
      the ATP generation in the parasite depicted by reduced activity of
      phosphoglycerate kinase and expression of enolase. An increased ROS level,
      induced lipid peroxidation/protein carbonyl formation and decreased activity of
      different antioxidant enzymes like thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase
      and glutathione transferases was also observed in the PAO treated parasites. PAO,
      thus disturbs the overall homeostasis of the filarial parasite by inhibiting
      PTPs. Thereby suggesting that these molecules could be used as a good
      chemotherapeutic target for lymphatic filariasis. 

PMID- 26965174
TI  - Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Reduces Intimate Partner Violence
      Among Alcohol Dependent Men, and Improves Mental Health Outcomes in their
      Spouses: A Clinic Based Randomized Controlled Trial from South India.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Alcohol abuse has been associated with intimate partner
      violence (IPV). The current study examined the effectiveness of an integrated
      cognitive-behavioral intervention (ICBI) in reducing intimate partner violence
      (IPV) perpetration among alcohol dependent men, and improving mental health
      outcomes among their wives and children. METHODS: One hundred seventy-seven
      alcohol dependent male inpatients who screened positive for IPV perpetration in
      the last 6 months were randomly assigned to receive ICBI which addressed both the
      alcohol use and IPV (n=88), or TAU (TAU: treatment as usual) (n=89). The ICBI
      sessions were attended by the patients alone. All patients and their spouses were
      followed up over 3 months following discharge from the treatment centre. RESULTS:
      Compared to TAU participants in the ICBI group reported significantly lower IPV
      perpetration, and their wives scored significantly lower on depression, anxiety,
      and stress levels at 3-month follow up. Alcohol consumption in the men and
      emotional and behavioral problems in their children were not significantly
      different between the groups, from baseline to follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of an ICBI which addressed both the
      IPV and alcohol use in a coordinated manner in a vulnerable sample.

PMID- 26965175
TI  - Acute liver failure due to primary amyloidosis in a nephrotic syndrome: a swiftly
      progressive course.
AB  - AL amyloidosis is a clonal plasma cell proliferative disorder characterised by
      extracellular tissue deposits of insoluble fibrils derived from kappa or lambda
      immunoglobulin light chains. The most common organs affected by AL amyloidosis
      are the kidney, presenting with nephrotic syndrome and/or progressive renal
      dysfunction, and the heart, with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Hepatic deposition
      of fibrils occurs in half the cases but the liver is rarely the predominantly
      affected organ. The most common presentation of hepatic amyloidosis is
      hepatomegaly with elevated alkaline phosphatase. Acute liver failure with
      cholestasis and jaundice is a rare complication, with a prevalence of
      approximately 5%, and is usually associated with a worse prognosis. We report a
      case of a 39-year-old man admitted to our nephrology department with an unusual
      presentation of primary amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome and acute liver
      failure, complicated by obstructive cholestasis resulting in death 2 months after
      diagnosis. 

PMID- 26965178
TI  - Effect of Calcium beta-Hydroxy-beta-Methylbutyrate (CaHMB), Vitamin D, and
      Protein Supplementation on Postoperative Immobilization in Malnourished Older
      Adult Patients With Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nutrition support in orthopedic patients with malnutrition shortens
      the immobilization period. The efficacy of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta
      methylbutyrate (CaHMB), vitamin D, and protein intake on bone structure is
      studied and well known; however, there is no evidence supporting the effect of
      combined use in orthopedic conditions. We investigated the effects of CaHMB,
      vitamin D, and protein supplementation on wound healing, immobilization period,
      muscle strength, and laboratory parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      randomized controlled study included 75 older female patients with a hip fracture
      admitted to orthopedic clinics. The control group received standard postoperative
      nutrition. The study group received an enteral product containing 3 g CaHMB, 1000
      IU vitamin D, and 36 g protein, in addition to standard postoperative nutrition.
      Anthropometric, laboratory, wound-healing, immobilization period, and muscle
      strength assessments were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative days 15
      and 30. RESULTS: Wound-healing period was significantly shorter in the
      CaHMB/vitamin D/protein group than in the control group ( P < .05). The number of
      patients in the CaHMB/vitamin D/protein group who were mobile on days 15 and 30
      (81.3%) was significantly higher than patients in the control group, who were
      mobile on days 15 and 30 (26.7%) ( P = .001). Muscle strength on day 30 was
      significantly higher in the CaHMB/vitamin D/protein group vs the control group.
      CONCLUSION: Nutrition of elderly patients with a CaHMB/vitamin D/protein
      combination led to acceleration of wound healing, shortening of immobilization
      period, and increased muscle strength without changing body mass index. It also
      reduced dependence to bed and related complications after an orthopedic
      operation.

PMID- 26965176
TI  - Adiponectin improves NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation and abates atherosclerosis
      progression in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a common pathological basis of cardiovascular
      disease. Adiponectin (APN) has been shown to have an anti-atherosclerosis effect,
      and the underlying mechanisms, however, are largely unknown. Nuclear factor
      kappaB (NF-kappaB) has also been regarded as a proatherogenic factor, mainly
      because of its regulation of a variety of the proinflammatory genes linked to
      atherosclerosis. It was hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of adiponectin
      on the atherosclerosis is through the inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
      METHODS: We injected adenovirus of Ad-eGFP virus (control group) or the same
      amount of Ad-APN-eGFP virus (APN group) in ApoE(-/-) mice tail-intravenously.
      Blood samples and aorta were executed at 0 day, 4, and 8 week of high-fat diet
      feeding. Histopathological changes of aortic arch root were detected. Levels of
      TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C were measured. Adiponectin and Matrix metalloproteinases-9
      (MMP-9) concentration were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene
      and protein levels of adiponectin, eNOS, IL-6, MCP-1,VCAM-1, and other
      inflammatory factors were determined. Adiponectin, NF-kappaB p65 in aortic arch
      root were determined by immunofluorescence and western blot. RESULTS:
      Transduction of Ad-APN inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in aorta
      when compared with control group. The lesion formation in aortic arch root was
      inhibited significantly (P < 0.01). Lesion lumen ratio decreased significantly (P
      < 0.001). The expression of adiponectin attenuated the increases of serum TC (P <
      0.001), TG (P < 0.001), and LDL-C (P < 0.001) induced by the high-fat diet, and
      the increase in body weight (P < 0.05). As increasing serum adiponectin, the
      levels of MMP-9 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The exogenous
      adiponectin increased the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory factors eNOS
      (P < 0.05) and IL-10 (P < 0.001), and reduced the gene expression of inflammatory
      factors tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (P < 0.001), IL-6 (P < 0.001),
      VCAM-1 (P < 0.05), respectively. Adiponectin effectively inhibited the activation
      of NF-kappaB pathway and the expression of NF-kappaB nuclear protein p65.
      CONCLUSIONS: Adiponectin may protect the aorta from atherosclerotic injury by
      reducing inflammation. The molecular mechanism may involve inhibited the
      expression of downstream components of NF-kappaB and its transcription factors.

PMID- 26965173
TI  - Familial autoimmunity in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research
      Alliance registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinically distinct autoimmune phenotypes share genetic
      susceptibility factors. We investigated the prevalence of familial autoimmunity
      among subjects with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), childhood systemic lupus
      erythematosus (cSLE) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) in the CARRA Registry,
      the largest multicenter observational Registry for pediatric rheumatic disease.
      METHODS: Children with JIA, cSLE and JDM enrolled in the CARRA Registry between
      May 2010 and May 2012 were investigated for differences in proportion of subjects
      who had first-degree relatives (FDR) with autoimmunity. If a significant
      difference was detected, pairwise comparisons, adjusted for multiple comparisons,
      were made. RESULTS: There were 4677 JIA, 639 cSLE and 440 JDM subjects. The
      proportion of subjects having FDR with any autoimmune disease in the JDM group
      (20.5 %) was less compared to subjects with JIA (31.8 %, p < 0.001) or SLE (31.9
      %; p < 0.001). Significantly greater proportion of JIA cases had FDR with
      inflammatory arthritis (13 %) compared to cSLE (9.2 %, p = 0.007) or JDM (4.3 %,
      p <0.001). Significantly greater proportion of cSLE cases had FDR with SLE (11.1
      % vs. 1.7 % for JIA and 1.1 % for JDM p < 0.001) or type-I diabetes (7.4 % for
      cSLE vs. 3.1 % for JIA and 3.0 % for JDM p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher
      proportions of subjects with JIA and cSLE have FDR with autoimmunity compared to
      those of JDM. Relatives of cSLE cases had an increased prevalence of SLE, and
      relatives of JIA cases were enriched for inflammatory arthropathies demonstrating
      distinct patterns of familial autoimmunity among these phenotypes.

PMID- 26965181
TI  - Polarization induced Z2 and Chern topological phases in a periodically driving
      field.
AB  - Z2 and Chern topological phases such as newly discovered quantum spin Hall and
      original quantum Hall states hardly both co-exist in a single material due to
      their contradictory requirement on the time-reversal symmetry (TRS). We show that
      although the TRS is broken in systems with a periodically driving field, an
      effective TRS can still be defined provided the ac-field is linearly polarized or
      certain other conditions are satisfied. The controllable TRS provides us a route
      to manipulate contradictory phases by tuning the polarization. To demonstrate the
      idea, we consider a tight-binding model that is relevant to several monolayered
      materials as a benchmark system. Our calculation shows not only topological Z2 to
      Chern phase transition occurs but rich Chern phases are also observed. In
      addition, we also discussed the realization of our proposal in real materials,
      such as spin-orbit coupled graphene and crystal Bismuth. This opens the
      possibility of manipulating various topological phases in a single material and
      can be a promising approach to engineer new electronic states of matter. 

PMID- 26965182
TI  - Furfural Determination with Disposable Polymer Films and Smartphone-Based
      Colorimetry for Beer Freshness Assessment.
AB  - We have developed disposable color-changing polymeric films for quantification of
      furfural-a freshness indicator-in beer using a smartphone-based reader. The films
      are prepared by radical polymerization of 4-vinylaniline, as a furfural-sensitive
      indicator monomer, 2-hydroxymethyl methacrylate as a comonomer, and ethylene
      dimethyl methacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker. The sensing mechanism is based on
      the Stenhouse reaction in which aniline and furfural react in acidic media with
      the generation of a deep red cyanine derivative, absorbing at 537 nm, which is
      visible to the naked eye. The colorimetric response has been monitored using
      either a portable fiber-optic spectrophotometer or the built-in camera of a
      smartphone. Under the optimized conditions, a linear response to furfural in beer
      was obtained in the 39 to 500 MUg L(-1) range, with a detection limit of 12 MUg
      L(-1), thus improving the performance of other well-established colorimetric or
      chromatographic methods. The novel films are highly selective to furfural, and no
      cross-reactivity has been observed from other volatile compounds generated during
      beer aging. A smartphone application (app), developed for Android platforms,
      measures the RGB color coordinates of the sensing membranes after exposure to the
      analyte. Following data processing, the signals are converted into concentration
      values by preloaded calibration curves. The method has been applied to
      determination of furfural in pale lager beers with different storage times at
      room temperature. A linear correlation (r > 0.995) between the storage time and
      the furfural concentration in the samples has been confirmed; our results have
      been validated by HPLC with diode-array detection. 

PMID- 26965180
TI  - Averting the Legacy of Kidney Disease--Focus on Childhood.

PMID- 26965179
TI  - Role of autophagy-related protein expression in patients with rectal cancer
      treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autophagy, a cellular degradation process, has complex roles in
      tumourigenesis and resistance to cancer treatment in humans. The aim of this
      study was to explore the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins in
      patients with rectal cancer and evaluate their clinical role in the neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy setting. METHODS: All specimens evaluated were obtained from
      101 patients with colorectal cancer who had undergone neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery. The primary outcomes measured were the
      expression levels of two autophagy-related proteins (microtubule-associated
      protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3beta) and beclin-1) by immunohistochemistry and
      their association with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.
      RESULTS: Among the 101 patients, the frequency of high expression of beclin-1 was
      31.7% (32/101) and that of LC3beta was 46.5% (47/101). A pathologic complete
      response was inversely associated with LC3beta expression (P = 0.003) and
      alterations in the expression of autophagy-related proteins (P = 0.046). In the
      multivariate analysis, however, autophagy-related protein expression did not show
      prognostic significance for relapse-free survival or overall survival.
      CONCLUSIONS: High expression of autophagy-related proteins shows a strong
      negative association with the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in
      patients with rectal cancer. Autophagy has clear implications as a therapeutic
      target with which to improve the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

PMID- 26965183
TI  - Monofunctional Platinum (PtII) Compounds - Shifting the Paradigm in Designing New
      Pt-based Anticancer Agents.
AB  - Platinum (Pt)-based anticancer drugs, exemplified by cisplatin, are key
      components in combination chemotherapy. However, their effective use is hindered
      by toxicity and emergence of drug resistance. They bind to DNA and mainly form
      the Pt-GG diadduct, subsequently leading to apoptosis to mediate cell death. On
      the other hand, the Pt drug -proteins and -metabolites interactions, which
      involve the reaction between Pt and sulfur sites located in protein side chains
      and important bionucleophiles (e.g., glutathione), are responsible for the
      toxicity and drug resistance problem. Therefore, carefully designed coordinating
      ligands may provide the means of fine tuning the electronic environment around
      the core Pt atom and allow the resulting Pt compounds to bind with the DNA in a
      different manner. This may produce alternative cell death mechanisms in cancer
      cells, thereby circumventing Pt resistance. This article reviewed the recent
      development in monofunctional Pt complexes and their prospects in becoming a new
      generation of anticancer drugs. 

PMID- 26965184
TI  - Immunoproteasome-Selective Inhibitors: A Promising Strategy to Treat Hematologic
      Malignancies, Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases.
AB  - The immunoproteasome is predominantly expressed in monocytes and lymphocytes and
      is responsible for the generation of antigenic peptides for cell-mediated
      immunity. Upon the exposure of inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha,
      constitutive subunits can be replaced by the synthesis of the immuno-core
      particles beta1i, beta2i and beta5i. Recent studies demonstrated that the
      immunoproteasome function is not only limited to MHC class I presentation, but it
      is also implicated in a number of pathological disorders including hematological
      malignancies, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. At present the commercially
      available proteasome inhibitors Bortezomib and Carfilzomib, which have been
      validated in multiple myeloma and other diseases, appear to target both the
      constitutive and immunoproteasomes indiscriminately. This lack of specificity
      may, in part, explain some of the side effects of these agents. In contrast, by
      selectively targeting the immunoproteasome, it may be possible to keep the
      antimyeloma and antilymphoma efficacy unchanged and, at the same time, to
      increase the therapeutic index. The aim of this review article is to discuss the
      most promising immunoproteasome core particle-selective inhibitors which have
      been developed in the recent years, with a particular attention to their
      structural features, mechanism of action and therapeutic application. 

PMID- 26965185
TI  - Enhancing the electroluminescence efficiency of Si NC/SiO2 superlattice-based
      light-emitting diodes through hydrogen ion beam treatment.
AB  - This paper presents a novel method for enhancing the electroluminescence (EL)
      efficiency of ten-period silicon-rich oxide (SRO)/SiO2 superlattice-based light
      emitting diodes (LEDs). A hydrogen ion beam (HIB) was used to irradiate each SRO
      layer of the superlattices to increase the interfacial roughness on the nanoscale
      and the density of the Si nanocrystals (Si NCs). Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling
      was the major mechanism for injecting the carriers into the Si NCs. The barrier
      height of the F-N tunneling was lowered by forming a nano-roughened interface and
      the nonradiative Pb centers were passivated through the HIB treatment.
      Additionally, the reflectance of the LEDs was lowered because of the nano
      roughened interface. These factors considerably increased the slope efficiency of
      EL and the maximum output power of the LEDs. The lighting efficiency increased by
      an order of magnitude, and the turn-on voltage decreased considerably. This study
      established an efficient approach for obtaining bright Si NC/SiO2 superlattice
      based LEDs. 

PMID- 26965186
TI  - Effect of adsorbants on in vitro biohydrogenation of 22:6n-3 by mixed cultures of
      rumen microorganisms.
AB  - Studies on microbial biohydrogenation of fatty acids in the rumen are of
      importance as this process lowers the availability of nutritionally beneficial
      unsaturated fatty acids for incorporation into meat and milk but also might
      result in the accumulation of biologically active intermediates. The impact was
      studied of adsorption of 22:6n-3 (DHA) to particulate material on its
      disappearance during 24 h in vitro batch incubations with rumen inoculum. Four
      adsorbants were used in two doses (1 and 5 mg/ml of mucin, gum arabic, bentonite
      or silicic acid). In addition, the distribution of 22:6n-3 in the pellet and
      supernatant of diluted rumen fluid was measured. Bentonite and silicic acid did
      not alter the distribution of 22:6n-3 between pellet and supernatant nor
      increased the disappearance of 22:6n-3 during the incubation. Both mucin and gum
      arabic increased the recovery of 22:6n-3 in the supernatant, indicating that
      these compounds lowered the adsorption of the fatty acid to ruminal particles.
      This was associated with an increased disappearance of 22:6n-3, when initial
      22:6n-3 was 0.06 or 0.10 mg/ml, and an increased formation of 22:0, when initial
      22:6n-3 was 0.02 mg/ml, during the 24 h batch culture experiment. Addition of gum
      arabic to pure cultures of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens or Butyrivibrio
      proteoclasticus did not negate the inhibitory effect of 22:6n-3 on growth. As
      both mucin and gum arabic provide fermentable substrate for ruminal bacteria, an
      additional experiment was performed in which mucin and gum arabic were replaced
      by equal amounts of starch, cellulose or xylan. No differences in disappearance
      of 22:6n-3 were observed, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of mucin and gum
      arabic on disappearance of 22:6n-3 most probably is not due to provision of an
      alternative site of adsorption but related to stimulation of bacterial growth. A
      relatively high proportion of 22:6n-3 can be reduced to 22:0 provided the initial
      concentration is low. 

PMID- 26965187
TI  - Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction of Danishefsky's
      Diene with Glyoxals.
AB  - The highly enantioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of Danishefsky's diene
      with glyoxals was developed by virtue of a readily accessible chiral copper
      catalyst. This efficient transformation provided a facile and scalable access to
      a wide range of biologically active dihydropyrones with a high level of
      enantioselectivities. Moreover, the substrate scope of this reaction could be
      extended to isatins with this catalytic system. More importantly, the mechanism
      involved in this reaction was proposed on the basis of the unambiguous structures
      of intermediates. 

PMID- 26965193
TI  - The origin of the enhanced performance of nitrogen-doped MoS2 in lithium ion
      batteries.
AB  - MoS2 with a similar layered structure to graphene has been widely applied in
      various areas including lithium ion batteries. However, low conductivity,
      capacity fading and poor rate performance are still the main challenges for MoS2
      anode materials. In this work, for the first time, we prepared nitrogen-doped
      MoS2 (N-MoS2) nanosheets through a simple two-step method involving the
      preparation of MoS2 with defects by the hydrothermal method, followed by
      sintering in a NH3 atmosphere. Our electrochemical characterizations and density
      functional theory calculations demonstrated that nitrogen doping could enhance
      the electron conductivity and showed higher specific capacity than pristine MoS2
      as anode materials of lithium ion batteries, which can be attributed to the
      faster transportation of electrons and ions because of nitrogen doping. This work
      helps us understand the origin of the enhanced performance of N-doped MoS2 in
      lithium ion batteries. 

PMID- 26965192
TI  - A New Acyl-homoserine Lactone Molecule Generated by Nitrobacter winogradskyi.
AB  - It is crucial to reveal the regulatory mechanism of nitrification to understand
      nitrogen conversion in agricultural systems and wastewater treatment. In this
      study, the nwiI gene of Nitrobacter winogradskyi was confirmed to be a homoserine
      lactone synthase by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli that synthesized
      several acyl-homoserine lactone signals with 7 to 11 carbon acyl groups. A novel
      signal, 7, 8-trans-N-(decanoyl) homoserine lactone (C10:1-HSL), was identified in
      both N. winogradskyi and the recombined E. coli. Furthermore, this novel signal
      also triggered variances in the nitrification rate and the level of transcripts
      for the genes involved in the nitrification process. These results indicate that
      quorum sensing may have a potential role in regulating nitrogen metabolism. 

PMID- 26965188
TI  - alphav Integrins combine with LC3 and atg5 to regulate Toll-like receptor
      signalling in B cells.
AB  - Integrin signalling triggers cytoskeletal rearrangements, including endocytosis
      and exocytosis of integrins and other membrane proteins. In addition to recycling
      integrins, this trafficking can also regulate intracellular signalling pathways.
      Here we describe a role for alphav integrins in regulating Toll-like receptor
      (TLR) signalling by modulating intracellular trafficking. We show that deletion
      of alphav or beta3 causes increased B-cell responses to TLR stimulation in vitro,
      and alphav-conditional knockout mice have elevated antibody responses to TLR
      ligand-associated antigens. alphav regulates TLR signalling by promoting
      recruitment of the autophagy component LC3 (microtubule-associated proteins 1
      light chain 3) to TLR-containing endosomes, which is essential for progression
      from NF-kappaB to IRF signalling, and ultimately for traffic to lysosomes where
      signalling is terminated. Disruption of LC3 recruitment leads to prolonged NF
      kappaB signalling and increased B-cell proliferation and antibody production.
      This work identifies a previously unrecognized role for alphav and the autophagy
      components LC3 and atg5 in regulating TLR signalling and B-cell immunity. 

PMID- 26965194
TI  - Quantification of long cane usage characteristics with the constant contact
      technique.
AB  - While a number of Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs) have been developed over the past
      decades, the conventional long cane remains the most widely utilized navigation
      tool for people with visual impairments. Understanding the characteristics of
      long cane usage is crucial for the development and acceptance of ETAs. Using
      optical tracking, cameras and inertial measurement units, we investigated grasp
      type, cane orientation and sweeping characteristics of the long cane with the
      constant contact technique. The mean cane tilt angle, sweeping angle, and grip
      rotation deviation were measured. Grasp type varied among subjects, but was
      maintained throughout the experiments, with thumb and index finger in contact
      with the cane handle over 90% of the time. We found large inter-subject
      differences in sweeping range and frequency, while the sweeping frequency showed
      low intra-subject variability. These findings give insights into long cane usage
      characteristics and provide critical information for the development of effective
      ETAs. 

PMID- 26965195
TI  - General Strategy for Broadband Coherent Perfect Absorption and Multi-wavelength
      All-optical Switching Based on Epsilon-Near-Zero Multilayer Films.
AB  - We propose a general, easy-to-implement scheme for broadband coherent perfect
      absorption (CPA) using epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) multilayer films. Specifically, we
      employ indium tin oxide (ITO) as a tunable ENZ material, and theoretically
      investigate CPA in the near-infrared region. We first derive general CPA
      conditions using the scattering matrix and the admittance matching methods. Then,
      by combining these two methods, we extract analytic expressions for all relevant
      parameters for CPA. Based on this theoretical framework, we proceed to study ENZ
      CPA in a single layer ITO film and apply it to all-optical switching. Finally,
      using an ITO multilayer of different ENZ wavelengths, we implement broadband ENZ
      CPA structures and investigate multi-wavelength all-optical switching in the
      technologically important telecommunication window. In our design, the admittance
      matching diagram was employed to graphically extract not only the structural
      parameters (the film thicknesses and incident angles), but also the input beam
      parameters (the irradiance ratio and phase difference between two input beams).
      We find that the multi-wavelength all-optical switching in our broadband ENZ CPA
      system can be fully controlled by the phase difference between two input beams.
      The simple but general design principles and analyses in this work can be widely
      used in various thin-film devices. 

PMID- 26965197
TI  - Generation of a stable supramolecular hydrogen evolving photocatalyst by
      alteration of the catalytic center.
AB  - A new dyad consisting of a Ru(II) chromophore, a tetrapyridophenazine bridging
      ligand and a Rh(Cp*)Cl catalytic center, [Ru(tbbpy)2(tpphz)Rh(Cp*)Cl]Cl(PF6)2,
      acts as durable photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water. Catalytic
      activity is observed for more than 650 hours. Electrochemical investigations
      reveal that up to two electrons can be transferred to the catalytic center by a
      thermodynamically favorable intramolecular process, which has so far not been
      reported for similar tpphz based supramolecular photocatalysts. Additionally,
      mercury poisoning tests indicate that the new dyad works as a homogeneous
      photocatalyst.

PMID- 26965196
TI  - State Scope of Practice Laws, Nurse-Midwifery Workforce, and Childbirth
      Procedures and Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite research indicating that health, cost, and quality of care
      outcomes in midwife-led maternity care are comparable with and in some case
      preferable to those for patients with physician-led care, midwifery plays a more
      important role in some U.S. states than in others. However, this variability is
      not well-understood. OBJECTIVES: This study estimates the association between
      state scope of practice laws related to the autonomy of midwifery practice with
      the certified nurse-midwifery (CNM) workforce, access to midwife-attended births,
      and childbirth-related procedures and outcomes. METHODS: Using multivariate
      regression models, we analyzed Natality Detail File data from births occurring
      from 2009 to 2011. Each state was classified regarding autonomous midwifery
      practice (not requiring supervision or contractual agreements) based on Lexis
      legal search. RESULTS: States with autonomous practice laws had an average of
      4.85 CNMs per 1,000 births, compared with 2.17 in states where CNM practice is
      subject to collaborative agreement. In states with autonomous CNM practice, women
      had higher odds of having a CNM-attended birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.59;
      p = .004), compared with women in states where midwifery is subject to
      collaborative agreement. In addition, women in states with autonomous practice
      had lower odds of cesarean delivery (AOR, 0.87; p = .016), preterm birth (AOR,
      0.87; p < .001), and low birth weight (AOR, 0.89; p = .001), compared with women
      in states without such practice. CONCLUSIONS: States with regulations that
      support autonomous midwifery practice have a larger nurse-midwifery workforce,
      and a greater proportion of CNM-attended births. Correlations between autonomous
      practice laws and better birth outcomes suggest future policy efforts to enhance
      access to midwifery services may be beneficial to pregnancy outcomes and infant
      health.

PMID- 26965198
TI  - In vitro and in vivo evaluation of drug-eluting microspheres designed for
      transarterial chemoembolization therapy.
AB  - Poly(D,L-lactic acid) biodegradable microspheres, loaded with the drugs cisplatin
      and/or sorafenib tosylate, were prepared, characterized and studied. Degradation
      of the microspheres, and release of cisplatin and/or sorafenib tosylate from
      them, were investigated in detail. Incubation of the drug-carrying microspheres
      in phosphate buffered saline (pH=7.4) revealed slow degradation. Nevertheless,
      significant release of cisplatin and sorafenib tosylate from microspheres loaded
      with both drugs was apparent in vitro; this can be attributed to their porous
      structure. Supernatants from microspheres loaded with both drugs showed strong
      toxic effects on cells (i.e. endothelial cells, fibroblast cells and Renca tumor
      cells) and potent anti-angiogenic effect in the matrigel endothelial tube assay.
      In vivo anti-tumor effects of the microspheres were also observed, in a Renca
      tumor mouse model. The poly(D,L-lactic acid) microspheres containing both
      cisplatin and sorafenib tosylate revealed highest therapeutic efficacy, probably
      demonstrating that combined local administration of cisplatin and sorafenib
      tosylate synergistically inhibits tumor growth in situ. In conclusion, this study
      demonstrates the applicability of biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic acid)
      microspheres loaded with cisplatin and sorafenib tosylate for local drug delivery
      as well as the potential of these microspheres for future use in transarterial
      chemoembolization.

PMID- 26965199
TI  - Mucoadhesive polymers: Synthesis and in vitro characterization of thiolated
      poly(vinyl alcohol).
AB  - The aim of this study was to synthesize thiolated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and
      to evaluate its mucoadhesive properties. Thiourea and 3-mercaptopropionic acid
      were utilized in order to obtain thiolated PVAs, namely, TPVA1 and TPVA2,
      respectively. TPVA1 and TPVA2 displayed 130.44 +/- 14.99 and 958.35 +/- 155.27
      MUmol immobilized thiol groups per gram polymer, respectively, which were then
      evaluated regarding reactivity of thiol groups, swelling behavior and
      mucoadhesive properties. Both thiolated PVAs exhibited the highest reactivity at
      pH 8.0 whereas more than 95% of free thiol groups were preserved at pH 5.0.
      Thiolation of PVA decelerated water uptake and prolonged disintegration time of
      test discs compared to unmodified PVA. Contact time of TPVA1- and TPVA2-based
      test discs on porcine intestinal mucosa was 3.2- and 15.8-fold prolonged,
      respectively, in comparison to non-thiolated PVA as measured by rotating cylinder
      method. According to tensile studies on mucosa, the total work of adhesion (TWA)
      and the maximum detachment force (MDF) were increased when compared to PVA.
      Furthermore, thiolated PVAs preserved higher percentage of viable cells compared
      to unmodified PVA within 24h as evaluated by MTT assay. Accordingly, thiolated
      PVA represents a novel excipient that can likely improve the mucoadhesive
      properties of various pharmaceutical formulations.

PMID- 26965200
TI  - Dispersibility of lactose fines as compared to API in dry powders for inhalation.
AB  - This work investigates the dispersion performance of fine lactose particles as
      function of processing time, and compares it to the API, using Beclomethasone
      Dipropionate (BDP) as model API. The total load of fine particles is kept
      constant in the formulations while the proportions of API and lactose fines are
      varied. Fine particle assessment demonstrates that the lactose fines have higher
      dispersibility than the API. For standard formulations, processing time has a
      limited effect on the Fine Particle Fraction (FPF). For formulations containing
      magnesium stearate (MgSt), FPF of BDP is heavily influenced by processing time,
      with an initial increase, followed by a decrease at longer mixing times. An
      equation modeling the observed behavior is presented. Surprisingly, the
      dispersibility of the lactose fines present in the same formulation remains
      unaffected by mixing time. Magnesium analysis demonstrates that MgSt is
      transferred to the fine particles during the mixing process, thus lubrication
      both BDP and lactose fines, which leads to an increased FPF. Dry particle sizing
      of the formulations reveals a loss of fine particles at longer mixing times.
      Incorporation of fine particles into the carrier surfaces is believed to be
      behind this, and is hence a mechanism of importance as regards the dispersion
      performance of dry powders for inhalation. 

PMID- 26965201
TI  - Three-dimensional printing of continuous-fiber composites by in-nozzle
      impregnation.
AB  - We have developed a method for the three-dimensional (3D) printing of continuous
      fiber-reinforced thermoplastics based on fused-deposition modeling. The technique
      enables direct 3D fabrication without the use of molds and may become the
      standard next-generation composite fabrication methodology. A thermoplastic
      filament and continuous fibers were separately supplied to the 3D printer and the
      fibers were impregnated with the filament within the heated nozzle of the printer
      immediately before printing. Polylactic acid was used as the matrix while carbon
      fibers, or twisted yarns of natural jute fibers, were used as the reinforcements.
      The thermoplastics reinforced with unidirectional jute fibers were examples of
      plant-sourced composites; those reinforced with unidirectional carbon fiber
      showed mechanical properties superior to those of both the jute-reinforced and
      unreinforced thermoplastics. Continuous fiber reinforcement improved the tensile
      strength of the printed composites relative to the values shown by conventional
      3D-printed polymer-based composites. 

PMID- 26965203
TI  - Development of immuno-oncology drugs - from CTLA4 to PD1 to the next generations.
AB  - Since the regulatory approval of ipilimumab in 2011, the field of cancer
      immunotherapy has been experiencing a renaissance. This success is based on
      progress in both preclinical and clinical science, including the development of
      new methods of investigation. Immuno-oncology has become a sub-specialty within
      oncology owing to its unique science and its potential for substantial and long
      term clinical benefit. Immunotherapy agents do not directly attack the tumour but
      instead mobilize the immune system - this can be achieved through various
      approaches that utilize adaptive or innate immunity. Therefore, immuno-oncology
      drug development encompasses a broad range of agents, including antibodies,
      peptides, proteins, small molecules, adjuvants, cytokines, oncolytic viruses, bi
      specific molecules and cellular therapies. This Perspective summarizes the recent
      history of cancer immunotherapy, including the factors that led to its success,
      provides an overview of novel drug-development considerations, summarizes three
      generations of immunotherapies that have been developed since 2011 and, thus,
      illustrates the breadth of opportunities these new generations of immunotherapies
      represent.

PMID- 26965205
TI  - Reply to Letter: The importance of comorbidity and illness severity scores in
      cardiac arrest research.

PMID- 26965202
TI  - Emerging applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and precision medicine.
AB  - Metabolomics is an emerging 'omics' science involving the comprehensive
      characterization of metabolites and metabolism in biological systems. Recent
      advances in metabolomics technologies are leading to a growing number of
      mainstream biomedical applications. In particular, metabolomics is increasingly
      being used to diagnose disease, understand disease mechanisms, identify novel
      drug targets, customize drug treatments and monitor therapeutic outcomes. This
      Review discusses some of the latest technological advances in metabolomics,
      focusing on the application of metabolomics towards uncovering the underlying
      causes of complex diseases (such as atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes), the
      growing role of metabolomics in drug discovery and its potential effect on
      precision medicine.

PMID- 26965206
TI  - SOFA score to assess the severity of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic impact of
      organ failures at ICU admission after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA)
      according to the SOFA score. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a
      prospective cohort of all adult patients admitted to a 15-bed medical ICU in a
      university-affiliated hospital after an out-of-hospital CA. In addition to
      demographic and clinical data, initial illness severity was measured using the
      SOFA score. Outcomes (mortality and neurological prognosis) were also collected
      at day 28 and one year. RESULTS: A total of 304 patients (age: 66+/-16 years,
      male: 55%) were admitted for post-CA management. An initial nonshockable cardiac
      rhythm was recorded in 274 (90%) cases. At admission, SOFA score averaged 9.8+/
      3.1 for the entire cohort (8.1+/-3.3 for day 28 survivors versus 10.1+/-3.1 for
      non-survivors, p<0.001). At day 1, SOFA remained significantly (p<0.001) higher
      in nonsurvivors (9.8+/-3.8) when compared to survivors (6.5+/-4.1). Death
      occurred in 269 (88%) and 275 (90%) patients within the 28-day and one-year
      period, respectively. Neurological outcome at one year was favorable (CPC score 1
      2) in 23patients (8%). Multivariate analysis identified the SOFA score at
      admission as independently associated with mortality at day28 (OR per point of
      SOFA score 1.17; 95% CI 1.01-1.35; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study,
      early organ failures, as assessed by the SOFA score at ICU admission, were
      independently associated with day 28 mortality. SOFA score may help clinicians
      objectively evaluate the severity of the post-CA syndrome.

PMID- 26965208
TI  - Reactive oxygen species and calcium signals in skeletal muscle: A crosstalk
      involved in both normal signaling and disease.
AB  - Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) have been profusely studied as agents of potential
      damage to living cells and they have been related to a number of pathological
      processes. Increasing evidence points to a more positive role of ROS in cell
      signaling and the detailed mechanism that regulates the precise amount of ROS
      needed for cell functioning without the deleterious effects of excess ROS still
      needs to be resolved in detail. In skeletal muscle the main source of ROS during
      normal functioning appears to be NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), which is activated by
      electrical stimuli (or exercise) through a cascade of events that include ATP
      release through pannexin1 channels. NOX2 is a protein complex that assembles in
      the T-tubule membrane before activation and ROS production by NOX2 appears to be
      important for muscle adaptation through gene expression and mitochondrial
      biogenesis as well as for improving glucose transport after insulin action.
      Excess ROS production (or diminished antioxidant defenses) plays a role in a
      number of pathological processes in skeletal muscle. Together with increased
      reactive nitrogen species, an increase in ROS appears to have a deleterious role
      in a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy as well as muscle wasting in other
      diseases such as aging sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In addition, ROS is
      involved in obesity and muscle insulin resistance, both of which are causally
      related to type 2 diabetes. A detailed description of the fine-tuning of ROS
      (including all sources of ROS) in skeletal muscle in health and disease will
      significantly contribute to our knowledge of both muscle adaptation and muscle
      related pathologies.

PMID- 26965207
TI  - An implantable compound-releasing capsule triggered on demand by ultrasound.
AB  - Implantable devices have a large potential to improve human health, but they are
      often made of biofouling materials that necessitate special coatings, rely on
      electrical connections for external communication, and require a continuous power
      source. This paper demonstrates an alternative platform, which we call iTAG
      (implantable thermally actuated gel), where an implanted capsule can be
      wirelessly controlled by ultrasound to trigger the release of compounds. We
      constructed a millimeter-sized capsule containing a co-polymer gel (NiPAAm-co
      AAm) that contracts above body temperature (i.e. at 45  degrees C) to release
      compounds through an opening. This gel-containing capsule is biocompatible and
      free of toxic electronic or battery components. An ultrasound hardware, with a
      focused ultrasound (FUS) transducer and a co-axial A-mode imaging transducer, was
      used to image the capsule (to monitor in real time its position, temperature, and
      effectiveness of dose delivery), as well as to trigger a rapid local rise in
      temperature, contraction of gel, and release of compounds in vitro and in vivo.
      The combination of this gel-based capsule and compact ultrasound hardware can
      serve as a platform for triggering local release of compounds, including
      potentially in deep tissue, to achieve tailored personalized therapy. 

PMID- 26965209
TI  - Early white matter involvement in an infant carrying a novel mutation in ACOX1.
AB  - We describe the clinical findings and MRI features observed in a child who
      presented a two-step disease course: he was hypotonic at birth and soon
      afterwards developed seizures, which were partially responsive to treatment; he
      subsequently showed developmental delay and a progressive neurological
      deterioration with the onset of severe seizures at around three years of age.
      Head MRI at age 20 days was unremarkable, whereas at 25 months it showed
      bilateral hyperintensity of the deep cerebellar nuclei; five months later, the
      signal hyperintensity was also present in the cerebellar white matter and ventral
      pontine fibre tracts. Molecular analysis revealed a novel ACOX1 mutation,
      predicting a largely truncated protein. The white matter involvement, which
      followed an ascending trajectory from cerebellar and brainstem structures to the
      cerebral hemispheres, seemed to originate from the perinuclear white matter of
      the deep cerebellar nuclei. 

PMID- 26965210
TI  - Ammonia modification for flotation separation of polycarbonate and polystyrene
      waste plastics.
AB  - A promising method, ammonia modification, was developed for flotation separation
      of polycarbonate (PC) and polystyrene (PS) waste plastics. Ammonia modification
      has little effect on flotation behavior of PS, while it changes significantly
      that of PC. The PC recovery in the floated product drops from 100% to 3.17% when
      modification time is 13min and then rises to 100% after longer modification. The
      mechanism of ammonia modification was studied by contact angle, and Fourier
      transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
      measurements. Contact angle of PC indicates the decline of PC recovery in the
      floated product is ascribed to an increase in surface wettability. FT-IR and XPS
      spectra suggest that ammonia modification causes chemical reactions occurred on
      PC surface. Flotation behavior of ammonia-modified PC and PS was investigated
      with respect to flotation time, frother concentration and particle sizes.
      Flotation separation of PC and PS waste plastics was conducted based on the
      flotation behavior of single plastic. PC and PS mixtures with different particle
      sizes are separated efficiently, implying that the technology possesses superior
      applicability to particle sizes of plastics. The purity of PS and PC is up to
      99.53% and 98.21%, respectively, and the recovery of PS and PC is larger than
      92.06%. A reliable, cheap and effective process is proposed for separation of PC
      and PS waste plastics. 

PMID- 26965211
TI  - Recovery of energy and nutrient resources from cattle paunch waste using
      temperature phased anaerobic digestion.
AB  - Cattle paunch is comprised of partially digested cattle feed, containing mainly
      grass and grain and is a major waste produced at cattle slaughterhouses
      contributing 20-30% of organic matter and 40-50% of P waste produced on-site. In
      this work, Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD) and struvite
      crystallization processes were developed at pilot-scale to recover methane energy
      and nutrients from paunch solid waste. The TPAD plant achieved a maximum
      sustainable organic loading rate of 1-1.5kgCODm(-3)day(-1) using a feed solids
      concentration of approximately 3%; this loading rate was limited by plant
      engineering and not the biology of the process. Organic solids destruction (60%)
      and methane production (230LCH4kg(-1) VSfed) achieved in the plant were similar
      to levels predicted from laboratory biochemical methane potential (BMP) testing.
      Model based analysis identified no significant difference in batch laboratory
      parameters vs pilot-scale continuous parameters, and no change in speed or extent
      of degradation. However the TPAD process did result in a degree of process
      intensification with a high level of solids destruction at an average treatment
      time of 21days. Results from the pilot plant show that an integrated process
      enabled resource recovery at 7.8GJ/dry tonne paunch, 1.8kgP/dry tonne paunch and
      1.0kgN/dry tonne paunch. 

PMID- 26965204
TI  - Convertible visceral fat as a therapeutic target to curb obesity.
AB  - New therapeutic and preventative strategies are needed to address the growing
      obesity epidemic. In animal models, brown adipose tissue activation and the
      associated heat produced contribute to countering obesity and the accompanying
      metabolic abnormalities. Adult humans also have functional brown fat. Here, we
      present and discuss the concepts of murine and human white adipose tissue
      plasticity and the transdifferentiation of white adipocytes into brown
      adipocytes. Human visceral adipocytes - which are crucial contributors to the
      burden of obesity and its complications - are particularly susceptible to such
      transdifferentiation. Therefore, we propose that this process should be a focus
      of anti-obesity research. Approved drugs that have browning properties as well as
      future drugs that target molecular pathways involved in white-to-brown visceral
      adipocyte transdifferentiation may provide new avenues for obesity therapy.

PMID- 26965212
TI  - Production of nitrate-rich compost from the solid fraction of dairy manure by a
      lab-scale composting system.
AB  - In the present study, we developed an efficient composting process for the solid
      fraction of dairy manure (SFDM) using lab-scale systems. We first evaluated the
      factors affecting the SFDM composting process using different thermophilic phase
      durations (TPD, 6 or 3days) and aeration rates (AR, 0.4 or 0.2 lmin(-1)kg(-1)
      total solid (TS)). Results indicated that a similar volatile total solid (VTS)
      degradation efficiency (approximately 60%) was achieved with a TPD of 6 or 3days
      and an AR of 0.4 l min(-1) kg(-1)-TS (hereafter called higher AR), and a TPD of
      3days resulted in less N loss caused by ammonia stripping. N loss was least when
      AR was decreased to 0.2 l min(-1) kg(-1)-TS (hereafter called lower AR) during
      the SFDM composting process. However, moisture content (MC) in the composting
      pile increased at the lower AR because of water production by VTS degradation and
      less water volatilization. Reduced oxygen availability caused by excess water led
      to lower VTS degradation efficiency and inhibition of nitrification. Adding
      sawdust to adjust the C/N ratio and decrease the MC improved nitrification during
      the composing processes; however, the addition of increasing amounts of sawdust
      decreased NO3(-) concentration in matured compost. When an improved composting
      reactor with a condensate removal and collection system was used for the SFDM
      composting process, the MC of the composting pile was significantly reduced, and
      nitrification was detected 10-14days earlier. This was attributed to the activity
      of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Highly matured compost could be generated
      within 40-50days. The VTS degradation efficiency reached 62.0% and the final N
      content, NO3(-) concentration, and germination index (GI) at the end of the
      composting process were 3.3%, 15.5*10(3)mg kg(-1)-TS, and 112.1%, respectively. 

PMID- 26965213
TI  - Effect of phosphoric acid as a catalyst on the hydrothermal pretreatment and
      acidogenic fermentation of food waste.
AB  - The hydrothermal method was applied to food waste (FW) pretreatment with
      phosphoric acid as a catalyst. The content of soluble substances such as protein
      and carbohydrate in the FW increased after the hydrothermal pretreatment with
      phosphoric acid addition (?5%). The SCOD approached approximately 29.0g/L in 5%
      phosphoric acid group, which is almost 65% more than the original FW. The
      hydrothermal condition was 160 degrees C for 10min, which means that at least 40%
      of energy and 60% of reaction time were saved to achieve the expected
      pretreatment effect. Subsequent fermentation tests showed that the optimal dosage
      of phosphoric acid was 3% with a VFA yield of 0.763g/gVSremoval, but the increase
      in salinity caused by phosphoric acid could adversely affect the acidogenesis.
      With an increase in the quantity of phosphoric acid, among the VFAs, the
      percentage of propionic acid decreased and that of butyric acid increased. The
      PCR-DGGE analysis indicated that the microbial diversity could decrease with
      excessive phosphoric acid, which resulted in a low VFA yield. 

PMID- 26965214
TI  - An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent
      lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach.
AB  - In the current study, an environmental benign process namely mechanochemical
      approach was developed for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion
      batteries (LIBs). The main merit of the process was that neither corrosive acid
      nor strong oxidant was applied. In the proposed process, lithium cobalt oxide
      (obtained from spent LIBs) was firstly co-grinded with various additives in a
      hermetic ball milling system, then Co and Li could be easily recovered by a water
      leaching procedure. It was found that EDTA was the most suitable co-grinding
      reagent, and 98% of Co and 99% of Li were respectively recovered under optimum
      conditions: LiCoO2 to EDTA mass ratio 1:4, milling time 4h, rotary speed 600r/min
      and ball-to-powder mass ratio 80:1, respectively. Mechanisms study implied that
      lone pair electrons provided by two nitrogen atoms and four hydroxyl oxygen atoms
      of EDTA could enter the empty orbit of Co and Li by solid-solid reaction, thus
      forming stable and water-soluble metal chelates Li-EDTA and Co-EDTA. Moreover,
      the separation of Co and Li could be achieved through a chemical precipitation
      approach. This study provides a high efficiency and environmentally friendly
      process for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs. 

PMID- 26965215
TI  - Salter-Harris type II metacarpal and metatarsal fracture in three foals.
      Treatment by minimally-invasive lag screw osteosynthesis combined with external
      coaptation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe minimally-invasive lag screw osteosynthesis combined with
      external coaptation for the treatment of Salter-Harris type II third metacarpal
      and third metatarsal bone fractures. METHODS: Three foals aged two weeks to four
      months with a Salter-Harris type II third metacarpal or third metatarsal
      fracture. Surgery was carried out under general anaesthesia in lateral
      recumbency. After fracture reduction, the metaphyseal fragment was stabilized
      with two cortical screws placed in lag fashion under fluoroscopic control. A cast
      was applied for at least two weeks. RESULTS: All foals had a good outcome with
      complete fracture healing and return to complete soundness without any angular
      limb deformity. All foals had moderate transient digital hyperextension after
      cast removal. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Internal fixation of Salter-Harris type II
      third metacarpal or third metatarsal fractures with two cortical screws in lag
      fashion, combined with external coaptation provided good stabilization and
      preserved the longitudinal growth potential of the injured physis.

PMID- 26965216
TI  - Matrix Extension Study: Validation of the Compact Dry EC Method for Enumeration
      of Escherichia coli and non-E. coli Coliform Bacteria in Selected Foods.
AB  - The Compact Dry "Nissui" EC method, originally certified by the AOAC Research
      Institute Performance Test Method(SM) program for enumeration of Escherichia coli
      and non-E. coli coliforms in raw meat products (Performance Tested Method(SM)
      110402), has undergone an evaluation to extend the method's claim to cooked
      chicken, prewashed bagged shredded iceberg lettuce, frozen cod filets, instant
      nonfat dry milk powder, and pasteurized milk (2% fat). Compact Dry EC is a ready
      to-use dry media sheet containing a cold-soluble gelling agent, selective agents,
      and a chromogenic medium, which are rehydrated by adding 1 mL diluted sample. E.
      coli form blue/blue-purple colonies, whereas other coliform bacteria form
      red/pink colonies. Users can obtain an E. coli count (blue/blue-purple colonies
      only) and a total coliform count (red/pink plus blue/blue-purple colonies) after
      24 +/- 2 h of incubation at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. The matrix extension study was
      organized by Campden BRI (formerly Campden and Chorleywood Food Research
      Association Technology, Ltd), Chipping Campden, United Kingdom. Method comparison
      data for cooked chicken, prewashed bagged shredded iceberg lettuce, frozen cod
      filets, and instant nonfat dry milk powder were collected in a single-laboratory
      evaluation by Campden BRI. A multilaboratory study was conducted on pasteurized
      milk (2% fat), with 13 laboratories participating. The Compact Dry EC method was
      compared to ISO 16649-2:2001 "Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs
      Horizontal method for the enumeration of beta-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia
      coli-Part 2: Colony-count technique at 44 degrees C using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3
      indolyl beta-D-glucuronide" and to ISO 4832:2006 "Microbiology of food and animal
      feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the enumeration of coliforms-Colony-count
      technique," the current standards at the time of this study. Each matrix was
      evaluated separately for E. coli and non-E. coli coliforms at each contamination
      level (including an uncontaminated level). In the single-laboratory evaluation
      (cooked chicken, prewashed bagged shredded iceberg lettuce, frozen cod filets,
      and instant nonfat dry milk powder), colony counts were logarithmically
      transformed, and then the data were analyzed at each level for sr, RSDr, and mean
      difference between methods with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A CI outside a
      range of -0.5 to 0.5 on the log10 mean difference between methods was used as the
      criterion to establish a significant statistical difference. In the
      multilaboratory study on pasteurized milk, after logarithmic transformation, the
      data were analyzed for sR and RSDR in addition to sr, RSDr, and mean difference
      with 95% CIs. Regression analysis was performed on all matrixes and reported as
      r(2). In the single-laboratory evaluation, statistical differences were indicated
      between the Compact Dry EC and ISO 16649-2 methods for the enumeration of E. coli
      in two of five contamination levels tested for lettuce, and in the low
      contamination level for cooked chicken. For the cooked chicken and lettuce at the
      low level, only a few colonies were recovered for each method, and thus not a
      true indication of the methods' performance. For the high contamination level of
      lettuce, counts varied within the sets of five replicates more than 10-fold for
      each method, which may have contributed to the significant difference.
      Statistical differences were also indicated between the Compact Dry EC and ISO
      4832 methods for the enumeration of coliforms in two of five contamination levels
      tested for lettuce, two of five contamination levels of milk powder, and in the
      low contamination level for frozen fish. For the lowest levels of frozen fish and
      milk powder, only a few colonies were recovered for each method. For the lettuce
      and the other level of milk powder, counts varied within the sets of five
      replicates more than 10-fold for each method, which may have contributed to the
      significant differences indicated in the those contamination levels. In most
      cases, mean differences between the Compact Dry EC and International Organization
      of Standardization (ISO) methods were well below 0.5 log10, and the CIs were
      within the acceptance criterion (-0.5 to 0.5). The sr and RSDr values were
      similar for both methods, and r(2) values were >0.92 for all comparisons. In the
      multilaboratory study, no statistical differences were indicated between the
      methods. The sr, RSDr, sR, and RSDr values were similar for each method and even
      slightly smaller in most cases for the Compact Dry EC. The r(2) value was 0.97 in
      comparison to ISO 16649-2, and 0.99 in comparison to ISO 4832. The Compact Dry EC
      offers comparable results to the ISO standard plating methods in a space saving,
      easy-to-use format. 

PMID- 26965217
TI  - Orexin A induces bidirectional modulation of synaptic plasticity: Inhibiting long
      term potentiation and preventing depotentiation.
AB  - The orexin system consists of two peptides, orexin A and B and two receptors,
      OX1R and OX2R. It is implicated in learning and memory regulation while
      controversy remains on its role in modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity in
      vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated effects of orexin A on two forms of
      synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depotentiation of field
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), at the Schaffer Collateral-CA1
      synapse of mouse hippocampal slices. Orexin A (?30 nM) attenuated LTP induced by
      theta burst stimulation (TBS) in a manner antagonized by an OX1R (SB-334867), but
      not OX2R (EMPA), antagonist. Conversely, at 1 pM, co-application of orexin A
      prevented the induction of depotentiation induced by low frequency stimulation
      (LFS), i.e. restoring LTP. This re-potentiation effect of sub-nanomolar orexin A
      occurred at LFS of 1 Hz, but not 2 Hz, and with LTP induced by either TBS or
      tetanic stimulation. It was significantly antagonized by SB-334867, EMPA and TCS
      1102, selective OX1R, OX2R and dual OXR antagonists, respectively, and prevented
      by D609, SQ22536 and H89, inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), adenylyl cyclase
      (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA), respectively. LFS-induced depotentiation was
      antagonized by blockers of NMDA, A1-adenosine and type 1/5 metabotropic glutamate
      (mGlu1/5) receptors, respectively. However, orexin A (1 pM) did not affect
      chemical-induced depotentiation by agonists of these receptors. These results
      suggest that orexin A bidirectionally modulates hippocampal CA1 synaptic
      plasticity, inhibiting LTP via OX1Rs at moderate concentrations while inducing re
      potentiation via OX1Rs and OX2Rs, possibly through PLC and AC-PKA signaling at
      sub-nanomolar concentrations.

PMID- 26965218
TI  - Endovanilloid control of pain modulation by the rostroventromedial medulla in an
      animal model of diabetic neuropathy.
AB  - The involvement of transient receptor vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels in pain
      modulation by the brain remains understudied. The rostroventromedial medulla
      (RVM) plays a key role in conveying to the spinal cord pain modulatory influences
      triggered in higher brain centres, with co-existence of inhibitory
      (antinociceptive) and facilitatory (pronociceptive) effects. In spite of some
      reports of TRPV1 expression in the RVM, it remains unknown if endovanilloid
      signalling plays a direct role in local pain modulation. Here we used a model of
      diabetic neuropathy, the streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat, to study the role of
      endovanilloid signalling in RVM-mediated pain modulation during chronic pain.
      Four weeks after diabetes induction, the levels of TRPV1 mRNA and fatty acid
      amide hydrolase (FAAH), a crucial enzyme for endovanilloid catabolism, in the RVM
      of STZ-diabetic rats were higher than control. The RVM of STZ-diabetic rats
      presented decreased levels of several TRPV1 endogenous ligands, namely anandamide
      (AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Administration
      of capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist) into the RVM decreased nociceptive behavioural
      responses in the inflammatory phase of the formalin test (phase 2). These
      findings suggest that diabetic neuropathy induces plastic changes of RVM
      endovanilloid signalling, indicating that TRPV1 may be a putative target for pain
      modulation in this chronic pain condition.

PMID- 26965220
TI  - [Chronic ischaemic heart disease in the elderly].
AB  - It is the aim of this manuscript to take into account the peculiarities and
      specific characteristics of elderly patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease
      from a multidisciplinary perspective, with the participation of the Spanish
      Society of Cardiology (sections of Geriatric Cardiology and Ischaemic Heart
      Disease/Acute Cardiovascular Care), the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, the
      Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians and the Spanish Society of Geriatrics
      and Gerontology. This consensus document shows that in order to adequately
      address these elderly patients a comprehensive assessment is needed, which
      includes comorbidity, frailty, functional status, polypharmacy and drug
      interactions. We conclude that in most patients medical treatment is the best
      option and that this treatment must take into account the above factors and the
      biological changes associated with aging. 

PMID- 26965219
TI  - Venlafaxine treatment after endothelin-1-induced cortical stroke modulates growth
      factor expression and reduces tissue damage in rats.
AB  - Neuromodulators, such as antidepressants, may contribute to neuroprotection by
      modulating growth factor expression to exert anti-inflammatory effects and to
      support neuronal plasticity after stroke. Our objective was to study whether
      early treatment with venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor,
      modulates growth factor expression and positively contributes to reducing the
      volume of infarcted brain tissue resulting in increased functional recovery. We
      studied the expression of BDNF, FGF2 and TGF-beta1 by examining their mRNA and
      protein levels and cellular distribution using quantitative confocal microscopy
      at 5 days after venlafaxine treatment in control and infarcted brains.
      Venlafaxine treatment did not change the expression of these growth factors in
      sham rats. In infarcted rats, BDNF mRNA and protein levels were reduced, while
      the mRNA and protein levels of FGF2 and TGF-beta1 were increased. Venlafaxine
      treatment potentiated all of the changes that were induced by cortical stroke
      alone. In particular, increased levels of FGF2 and TGF-beta1 were observed in
      astrocytes at 5 days after stroke induction, and these increases were correlated
      with decreased astrogliosis (measured by GFAP) and increased synaptophysin
      immunostaining at twenty-one days after stroke in venlafaxine-treated rats.
      Finally, we show that venlafaxine reduced infarct volume after stroke resulting
      in increased functional recovery, which was measured using ladder rung motor
      tests, at 21 days after stroke. Our results indicate that the early oral
      administration of venlafaxine positively contributes to neuroprotection during
      the acute and late events that follow stroke.

PMID- 26965221
TI  - Estimating the extent and economic impact of under and overdiagnosis of chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to estimate the frequency of under- and over
      diagnosis as well as overtreatment and their impact on the financial burden of
      inhaled drugs for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We
      examined 3200 subjects (65.5% males) of the general population (>40 year old,
      current or former smokers, and asthma patients were excluded) during a 3-year
      period. All participants gave detailed medical history, underwent spirometry, and
      their current and past inhaled medications were registered through the national
      electronic prescription system. We diagnosed 342 subjects (10.7%) with COPD of
      whom 180 (52.6%) had no prior medical diagnosis. Overdiagnosis was the case for
      306 subjects (9.6%) of whom 35.1% were treated with inhaled drugs during the last
      year. We calculated that 55.4% of the current cost for inhaled drugs is wasted to
      overtreatment and overdiagnosis. If there was adherence to Global Initiative for
      Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines both for the diagnosis and
      treatment it would be a net profit of 36,059? annually, which would be increased
      to 116,017? if we had excluded underdiagnosed patients. Under- and over-diagnosis
      of COPD as well as non-adherence to GOLD guidelines for treatment are common
      problems in the primary care setting that increase significantly the economic
      burden of inhaled medications. 

PMID- 26965222
TI  - Chronic respiratory diseases and quality of life in elderly nursing home
      residents.
AB  - Few studies have assessed the quality of life (QOL) related to chronic
      respiratory diseases in the elderly. In the framework of the geriatric study on
      the health effects of air quality in elderly care centers (GERIA) study, a
      questionnaire was completed by elderly subjects from 53 selected nursing homes.
      It included various sections in order to assess respiratory complaints, QOL
      (World Health Organization QOL (WHOQOL)-BREF), and the cognitive and depression
      status. The outcome variables were the presence of a score lower than 50 (<50) in
      each of the WHOQOL-BREF domains (physical health, psychological health, social
      relationships, and environmental health). Chronic bronchitis, frequent cough,
      current wheezing, asthma, and allergic rhinitis were considered as potential risk
      factors. The surveyed sample was (n = 887) 79% female, with a mean age of 84
      years (SD: 7 years). In the multivariable analysis, a score of <50 in the
      physical domain was associated with wheezing in the previous 12 months (odds
      ratio (OR): 2.03, confidence interval (CI): 1.25-3.31) and asthma (OR: 1.95, CI:
      1.12-3.38). The psychological domain was related with a frequent cough (OR: 1.43,
      CI: 0.95-2.91). A score of <50 in the environmental domain was associated with
      chronic bronchitis (OR: 2.89, CI: 1.34-6.23) and emphysema (OR: 3.89, CI: 1.27
      11.88). In view of these findings, the presence of respiratory diseases seems to
      be an important risk factor for a low QOL among elderly nursing home residents. 

PMID- 26965224
TI  - Axonal transport along retinal ganglion cells is grossly intact during reduced
      function post-injury.
AB  - It has been established that beyond middle age, mice are slower to recover inner
      retinal function following an acute intraocular pressure (IOP) injury. While 3
      month old animals exhibit near-complete recovery 1 week following injury, 12 and
      18 month old animals demonstrate prolonged inner retinal dysfunction. In this
      study we aim to determine whether age-related differences in functional recovery
      of the inner retina are due to differences in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axonal
      transport. C57BL/6J mice at 3 (n = 8) and 18 months (n = 8) of age were used. At
      day 0, right eyes were cannulated and the IOP was maintained at 50 mmHg for 30
      min. At day 5, mice received bilateral intravitreal injections of choleratoxin
      subunit B (CTB) conjugated to Alexafluor 488. At day 7, mice were euthanized and
      tissue was collected. Axonal transport of CTB was quantified in retinas and
      superior colliculi (SC) using fluorescent microscopy. In response to IOP
      elevation, the overall degree of axonal transport was comparable between young
      and old mice. Furthermore, no differences in axonal transport were detected
      between control eyes and injured in mice at any age. In conclusion, impaired
      recovery of inner retinal function 1 week following acute IOP injury in old mice
      is not associated with changes in active axonal transport in RGCs at this time.

PMID- 26965223
TI  - Traditional and emerging indicators of cardiovascular risk in chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - With the increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in subjects with
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is a priority to identify
      those patients at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Stable patients with
      COPD (n = 185) and controls with a smoking history (n = 106) underwent aortic
      pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP) and skin autofluorescence (AF) at
      clinical stability. Blood was sent for fasting lipids, soluble receptor for
      advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and CV risk prediction scores were
      calculated. More patients (18%) had a self-reported history of CV disease than
      controls (8%), p = 0.02, whilst diabetes was similar (14% and 10%), p = 0.44.
      Mean (SD) skin AF was greater in patients: 3.1 (0.5) AU than controls 2.8 (0.6)
      AU, p < 0.001. Aortic PWV was greater in patients: 10.2 (2.3) m/s than controls:
      9.6 (2.0) m/s, p = 0.02 despite similar BP. The CV risk prediction scores did not
      differentiate between patients and controls nor were the individual components of
      the scores different. The sRAGE levels were not statistically different. We
      present different indicators of CV risk alongside each other in well-defined
      subjects with and without COPD. Two non-invasive biomarkers associated with
      future CV burden: skin AF and aortic PWV are both significantly greater in
      patients with COPD compared to the controls. The traditional CV prediction scores
      used in the general population were not statistically different. We provide new
      data to suggest that alternative approaches for optimal CV risk detection should
      be employed in COPD management. 

PMID- 26965227
TI  - Autopsy/necropsy, diagnosis/detection . . . what's in a word?

PMID- 26965228
TI  - Validation according to OIE criteria of a monoclonal, recombinant p26-based,
      serologic competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as screening method in
      surveillance programs for the detection of Equine infectious anemia virus
      antibodies.
AB  - The Italian National Reference Center for equine infectious anemia (CRAIE; Rome,
      Italy) developed and validated a monoclonal, recombinant p26-based competitive
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for the detection of EIA virus
      antibodies employing the 2010 criteria of the World Organization for Animal
      Health (OIE). The following parameters were evaluated: cutoff values,
      repeatability, reproducibility, concordance, analytical sensitivity (Se),
      absolute analytical specificity (Sp), and diagnostic Se and Sp. Positive and
      negative predictive values were also defined in relation to the estimated
      prevalence. When the cELISA was used as a screening test for 96,468 samples in
      the Italian EIA surveillance program, 17% more EIA cases were detected than by
      the agar gel immunodiffusion test, and the apparent diagnostic Sp estimated from
      these samples was 99.8%, which was more than the diagnostic Sp (80.2%) estimated
      from validation. The high Se and Sp of the cELISA confirm its fit for purpose as
      a screening test. 

PMID- 26965229
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of hypoglycin A intoxication in atypical myopathy of horses.
AB  - Hypoglycin A (2-amino-3-(2-methylidenecyclopropyl)propanoic acid) is the plant
      toxin shown to cause atypical myopathy in horses. It is converted in vivo to
      methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid, which is transformed to a coenzyme A ester that
      subsequently blocks beta oxidation of fatty acids. Methylenecyclopropyl acetic
      acid is also conjugated with carnitine and glycine. Acute atypical myopathy may
      be diagnosed by quantifying the conjugates of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid
      plus a selection of acyl conjugates in urine and serum. We describe a new mass
      spectrometric method for sample volumes of <0.5 mL. Samples were extracted with
      methanol containing 5 different internal standards. Extracts were analyzed by
      ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry focusing on
      11 metabolites. The total preparation time for a series of 20 samples was 100
      min. Instrument run time was 14 min per sample. For the quantification of
      carnitine and glycine conjugates of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in urine,
      the coefficients of variation for intraday quantification were 2.9% and 3.0%,
      respectively. The respective values for interday were 9.3% and 8.0%.
      Methylenecyclopropyl acetyl carnitine was detected as high as 1.18 umol/L in
      serum (median: 0.46 umol/L) and 1.98 mmol/mol creatinine in urine (median: 0.79
      mmol/mol creatinine) of diseased horses, while the glycine derivative accumulated
      up to 1.97 mmol/mol creatinine in urine but was undetectable in most serum
      samples. In serum samples from horses with atypical myopathy, the intraday
      coefficients of variation for C4-C8 carnitines and glycines were <=4.5%. Measured
      concentrations exceeded those in healthy horses by ~10 to 1,400 times. 

PMID- 26965230
TI  - Pathology of Haemonchus contortus in New World camelids in the southeastern
      United States: a retrospective review.
AB  - Most small ruminant farms in tropical climates are plagued by Haemonchus
      contortus, a hematophagous, abomasal parasite. Heavy burdens of this parasite can
      cause anemia, hypoproteinemia, weight loss, and mortality in susceptible animals.
      Haemonchus contortus is becoming a major health concern in New World camelids as
      well, namely llamas (Llama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos), yet little
      research has been conducted regarding its prevalence or pathology in these
      species. Herein, we present a retrospective review of llamas and alpacas that
      were admitted to The University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital and
      Athens Diagnostic Laboratory between the years 2002 and 2013. Antemortem fecal
      egg count (FEC) estimates performed on 30 alpacas were negatively correlated with
      hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count. Total protein was not
      significantly correlated with FEC. On postmortem examination, 55 of 198 camelids,
      including 2 from the aforementioned antemortem review, were infected with H.
      contortus, with llamas (42.6%) having a significantly higher infection rate than
      alpacas (22.2%). In 15.7% of the total cases, the parasite was the major cause of
      death. Common gross lesions included peritoneal, thoracic, and pericardial
      effusions, visceral pallor, subcutaneous edema, and serous atrophy of fat.
      Histologic lesions included centrilobular hepatic necrosis, hepatic atrophy,
      lymphoplasmacytic inflammation of the mucosa of the third gastric compartment
      (C3), extramedullary hematopoiesis in both the liver and spleen, and the presence
      of nematodes in C3. Our study emphasizes the importance of H. contortus diagnosis
      and herd monitoring in New World camelids, particularly llamas. 

PMID- 26965225
TI  - Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but
      misguided question.
AB  - The question whether or not "viruses are alive" has caused considerable debate
      over many years. Yet, the question is effectively without substance because the
      answer depends entirely on the definition of life or the state of "being alive"
      that is bound to be arbitrary. In contrast, the status of viruses among
      biological entities is readily defined within the replicator paradigm. All
      biological replicators form a continuum along the selfishness-cooperativity axis,
      from the completely selfish to fully cooperative forms. Within this range,
      typical, lytic viruses represent the selfish extreme whereas temperate viruses
      and various mobile elements occupy positions closer to the middle of the range.
      Selfish replicators not only belong to the biological realm but are intrinsic to
      any evolving system of replicators. No such system can evolve without the
      emergence of parasites, and moreover, parasites drive the evolution of biological
      complexity at multiple levels. The history of life is a story of parasite-host
      coevolution that includes both the incessant arms race and various forms of
      cooperation. All organisms are communities of interacting, coevolving replicators
      of different classes. A complete theory of replicator coevolution remains to be
      developed, but it appears likely that not only the differentiation between
      selfish and cooperative replicators but the emergence of the entire range of
      replication strategies, from selfish to cooperative, is intrinsic to biological
      evolution. 

PMID- 26965231
TI  - Optimized methods for total nucleic acid extraction and quantification of the bat
      white-nose syndrome fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, from swab and
      environmental samples.
AB  - The continued spread of white-nose syndrome and its impacts on hibernating bat
      populations across North America has prompted nationwide surveillance efforts and
      the need for high-throughput, noninvasive diagnostic tools. Quantitative real
      time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis has been increasingly used for
      detection of the causative fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, in both bat- and
      environment-associated samples and provides a tool for quantification of fungal
      DNA useful for research and monitoring purposes. However, precise quantification
      of nucleic acid from P. destructans is dependent on effective and standardized
      methods for extracting nucleic acid from various relevant sample types. We
      describe optimized methodologies for extracting fungal nucleic acids from
      sediment, guano, and swab-based samples using commercial kits together with a
      combination of chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical modifications. Additionally,
      we define modifications to a previously published intergenic spacer-based qPCR
      test for P. destructans to refine quantification capabilities of this assay. 

PMID- 26965232
TI  - Herd outbreak of bovine tuberculosis illustrates that route of infection
      correlates with anatomic distribution of lesions in cattle and cats.
AB  - An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in a Michigan dairy herd resulted in
      quarantine, depopulation, pathology, and epidemiologic investigations. This herd,
      compared to other TB-infected herds in Michigan, was unusual in the long-term
      feeding of waste milk to its replacement calves. The herd had 80 cattle with
      positive results on caudal fold test or gamma interferon testing, which were
      reclassified as suspects because the herd had never been known to be tuberculous
      previously. Autopsy revealed striking variation in the anatomic distribution of
      gross anatomic lesions, microscopic lesions, and culture-positive lymph nodes
      between the adult cattle, the calves, and the domestic cats present on the farm.
      Adult cattle had lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes predominantly within
      the thoracic lymph nodes, whereas cats had 50% of their lesions and culture
      positive lymph nodes in their abdomens, and 50% of positive calves had culture
      positive lymph nodes in their abdomens. This difference in anatomic distribution
      correlated with the likely routes of infection, which are believed to be by
      direct airborne transmission in adult cattle and indirect ingestion of
      contaminated milk in both calves and cats. Although TB literature over the past
      100-plus years states that the route of infection may manifest itself in
      differences in lesion anatomic distribution, our team has been working with TB
      for over 20 years, and we have never encountered such striking variation between
      different groups of animals on the same farm. 

PMID- 26965233
TI  - Comparison of agar dilution and antibiotic gradient strip test with broth
      microdilution for susceptibility testing of swine Brachyspira species.
AB  - Production-limiting diseases in swine caused by Brachyspira are characterized by
      mucohemorrhagic diarrhea (B. hyodysenteriae and "B. hampsonii") or mild colitis
      (B. pilosicoli), while B. murdochii is often isolated from healthy pigs.
      Emergence of novel pathogenic Brachyspira species and strains with reduced
      susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials has reinforced the need for
      standardized susceptibility testing. Two methods are currently used for
      Brachyspira susceptibility testing: agar dilution (AD) and broth microdilution
      (BMD). However, these tests have primarily been used for B. hyodysenteriae and
      rarely for B. pilosicoli. Information on the use of commercial susceptibility
      testing products such as antibiotic gradient strips is lacking. Our main
      objective was to validate and compare the susceptibility results, measured as the
      minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of 6 antimicrobials for 4 Brachyspira
      species (B. hyodysenteriae, "B. hampsonii", B. pilosicoli, and B. murdochii) by
      BMD and AD (tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, tylosin, and carbadox) or
      antibiotic gradient strip (doxycycline) methods. In general, the results of a
      high percentage of all 4 Brachyspira species differed by +/-1 log2 dilution or
      less by BMD and AD for tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, and tylosin, and by BMD
      and antibiotic gradient strip for doxycycline. The carbadox MICs obtained by BMD
      were 1-5 doubling dilutions different than those obtained by AD. BMD for
      Brachyspira was quicker to perform with less ambiguous interpretation of results
      when compared with AD and antibiotic gradient strip methods, and the results
      confirm the utility of BMD in routine diagnostics. 

PMID- 26965234
TI  - Fatal pyogranulomatous myocarditis in 10 Boxer puppies.
AB  - Over a period of 5 years, 10 pure-bred Boxer puppies, 9-16 weeks old, were
      presented with a history of sudden death and were diagnosed with pyogranulomatous
      myocarditis. The myocarditis was characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed
      predominantly of neutrophils and macrophages. In our retrospective study,
      original case records and archived materials were examined. All dogs were
      positive for Borrelia burgdorferi on immunohistochemistry (IHC). There was no
      evidence of infectious agents in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) heart
      tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen, Gram, Grocott
      methenamine silver, Warthin-Starry, Von Kossa, and Steiner-Chapman stains. IHC
      for Chlamydia sp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, West Nile virus, and
      canine parvovirus also yielded a negative result in all dogs. Polymerase chain
      reaction testing for vector-borne pathogens on heart tissue from 9 of the dogs (1
      frozen and 8 FFPE samples) yielded positive results for 1 dog with B. burgdorferi
      as well as Anaplasma phagocytophilum in another dog. Subsequently, 2 additional
      cases were found in a French Bulldog and a French Bulldog-Beagle mix that had
      identical morphology, test results, age, and seasonality to these 10 Boxer dogs.
      The similarities in the seasonality, signalment of the affected dogs, and the
      gross and microscopic lesions suggest a common etiology. Positive IHC and
      morphologic similarities to human Lyme carditis indicate that B. burgdorferi is
      likely the agent involved. An additional consideration for these cases is the
      possibility of a breed-specific autoimmune myocarditis or potential
      predisposition for cardiopathogenic agents in young Boxers. 

PMID- 26965235
TI  - Failed detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 subgenotype a (BVDV-2a) by
      direct fluorescent antibody test on tissue samples due to reduced reactivity of
      field isolates to raw anti-BVDV antibody.
AB  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is associated with mild or subclinical
      infections, whereas BVDV-2 is frequently implicated in outbreaks of severe
      thrombocytopenia and acute fatal disease. In the present study, the carcass of a
      beef breed cow and tissue samples of a beef calf were received for laboratory
      diagnosis. Both animals exhibited severe clinical signs compatible with
      thrombocytopenia or hemorrhagic syndrome. Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT)
      failed to detect BVDV antigen in the tissue specimens of both cases. However,
      immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed the presence of BVDV antigen in oral and
      esophageal mucosa and Peyer patches of the beef breed cow. Real-time reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) detected BVDV-2 in
      selected tissues of both animals. Subsequently, BVDV was isolated from both cases
      and subjected to genetic and serologic characterizations. Mutations in the 5'
      untranslated genomic region (5'-UTR) primer and probe binding sites and the E2
      gene were associated with reduced efficiency of an established real-time RT-PCR
      assay and amino acid alterations in the E2 glycoprotein, respectively. Both viral
      isolates were classified by real-time RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis as BVDV-2
      subgenotype a. Unlike BVDV reference strains Singer and 125c, the isolates cross
      reacted with anti-BVDV-1 and anti-BVDV-2 reference sera, indicating antigenic
      variations in field isolates. The isolates also showed reduced reactivity to
      porcine anti-BVDV antiserum (the raw serum used to produce BVDV DFA conjugate).
      In summary, data from the present investigation indicated that genetic and
      antigenic variations affected the performance of detection assays, especially
      DFAT, highlighting the need for regular evaluation and modification of BVDV
      tests. 

PMID- 26965236
TI  - Evaluation of cytospin precision in low cellularity canine cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - The cell count and differential of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytologic
      examination classify CSF as inflammatory or not. The cytospin cell yield is
      related to cell count, but to our knowledge a relationship has not been
      characterized and cytospin precision is undocumented in any species. The
      objective of our study was to calculate intra-assay precision of cellular yield
      and differential on cytocentrifuged canine CSF, determine the factors that may
      affect precision, and predict the number of cytospins necessary to confirm mild
      neutrophilic pleocytosis. Ten concurrent replicate cytospins were created from
      nonhemorrhagic CSF, obtained from 60 dogs in other terminal studies, with either
      a manual or calibrated pipetting technique. Up to 500 cells per cytospin were
      counted and classified on each slide. Coefficient of variation (CV), multiple
      regression, and probabilities were calculated for relationships between cell
      yield and independent factors including technique, total nucleated cell count,
      cell differential, and total protein. Manual and calibrated pipetting had similar
      CVs (average 31%) for total cell yield, but the calibrated technique had fewer
      foamy macrophages. CV for neutrophil percentage among low cellularity samples
      with any neutrophils was 146%. Probability based on linear regression showed that
      1 cytospin is sufficient to identify samples with >3% neutrophils. Occasional
      neutrophils, eosinophils, mitotic figures, phagocytic cells, and ependymal cells
      were seen in many low cellularity canine CSF samples. Canine CSF cytospin cell
      yield and differential evaluations are imprecise. Calibrated rather than manual
      pipetting is recommended. 

PMID- 26965237
TI  - Histological and immunohistochemical features of histiocytic sarcoma in four
      domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo).
AB  - Four cases of histiocytic sarcoma in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are
      described in the present study. Tumor samples obtained from the abdominal
      viscera, including the spleen, were submitted for histologic examination.
      Microscopically, poorly demarcated masses contained numerous round- to
      pleomorphic-shaped cells with coarsely vacuolated and eosinophilic cytoplasm.
      Bizarre, binucleated tumor cells and multinucleated giant tumor cells with low
      phagocytic activity were commonly observed. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells in
      all of the cases were positive for vimentin, human leukocyte antigen-DR, ionized
      calcium-binding adapter molecule-1, and lysozyme, but some of them lacked cluster
      of differentiation (CD)163 or CD208 expression. The survival time after surgical
      resection was 9 days to 5 months. Histiocytic sarcoma in the ferret is a rare,
      but highly aggressive, tumor commonly found in the spleen. 

PMID- 26965238
TI  - Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus
      hydrochaeris) from a nonendemic area in Brazil.
AB  - In South America, capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) as well as coatis (Nasua
      nasua) are the reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma evansi. Capybaras from a T. evansi
      nonendemic area in the State of Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil, were culled
      because of an ongoing outbreak of Brazilian spotted fever; serum samples from
      these capybaras were tested for antibodies to T. evansi. Of the 172 sera tested,
      17 (9.9%) were seropositive by card agglutination test, with antibody titers of
      1:8-1:128; 14 (8.1%) of these 17 seropositive sera were also seropositive by
      indirect fluorescent antibody test, with antibody titers of 1:16-1:256. Both
      serologic techniques proved to be efficient, with similar results for detection
      of antibodies to T. evansi in capybaras from a nonendemic area in Brazil. 

PMID- 26965239
TI  - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae genetic variability within a swine operation.
AB  - The objective of our study was to characterize the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
      genetic diversity within a swine operation comingling weaned pigs. Bronchial
      swabs and tracheal aspirates were collected from 3 nursery-to-finish farms.
      During the finishing production stages, samples were obtained from mortalities
      and from live coughing pigs in rooms where mortality was not observed. A total of
      105 samples were examined by a M. hyopneumoniae real-time polymerase chain
      reaction and subjected to genetic typing using a multilocus variable number
      tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) assay. The MLVA was used to identify genetic
      variants based on the number of repeats in 2 variable number tandem repeats loci,
      namely P97 and P146, thought to mediate adherence of M. hyopneumoniae to swine
      cilia. Four distinguishable M. hyopneumoniae variants were identified: MVLA
      variants 9-15, 11-21, 9-21, and 7-15. Variant 9-15 was the most prevalent,
      observed in 79% of rooms, and detected on all 3 farms. Variant 11-21 was present
      in 37% of the rooms on 2 of the 3 farms. Only one 9-21 variant was identified in
      1 farm, and all samples of variant 7-15 were recovered from another farm. Based
      on the low prevalence and limited geographic distribution of the last 2 variants,
      it is hypothesized that they might be the result of in-situ recombination. All
      variants detected in this investigation appeared to belong to 3 clusters.
      Overall, a limited number of variants and clusters were identified in a system
      that comingles pigs from different sources, suggesting limited M. hyopneumoniae
      genetic variation within commercial swine production environments. 

PMID- 26965240
TI  - Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and gamma interferon in
      neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis.
AB  - The objective of our study was to compare the serum concentrations of
      procalcitonin (PCT), neopterin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha),
      prostaglandin E2, malondialdehyde, interleukin 8, and gamma interferon (IFN
      gamma) in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis (n = 15) with healthy
      controls (n = 15). Septicemic colibacillosis was diagnosed based on clinical
      signs and the isolation of Escherichia coli from heparinized blood in clinically
      suspected cases. PCT, neopterin, TNF-alpha (p < 0.05), and IFN-gamma
      concentrations in calves with septicemic colibacillosis were significantly higher
      than in the healthy controls (p < 0.01). Serum PCT concentrations were ~4 times
      higher in the calves with septicemic colibacillosis than in the healthy calves,
      suggesting that PCT could be a useful marker of septicemic colibacillosis in
      neonatal calves.

PMID- 26965241
TI  - Chlamydia pecorum: fetal and placental lesions in sporadic caprine abortion.
AB  - Chlamydial abortion in small ruminants is usually associated with Chlamydia
      abortus infection. Although Chlamydia pecorum has been detected in aborted
      ruminants and epidemiological data suggests that C. pecorum is abortigenic in
      these species, published descriptions of lesions in fetuses are lacking. This
      work describes fetoplacental lesions in a caprine abortion with C. pecorum
      infection, and further supports the abortigenic role of C. pecorum in ruminants.
      A 16-month-old Boer goat aborted twin fetuses at ~130 days of gestation. Both
      fetuses (A and B) and the placenta of fetus A were submitted for postmortem
      examination and diagnostic workup. At autopsy, the fetuses had moderate anasarca,
      intermuscular edema in the hindquarters (A), and brachygnathia and palatoschisis
      (B). In the placenta, the cotyledons were covered by yellow fibrinosuppurative
      exudate that extended into the adjacent intercotyledonary areas. Histologically,
      there was severe suppurative and necrotizing placentitis with vasculitis
      (arteriolitis) and thrombosis, multifocal lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic
      hepatitis (A), and fibrinosuppurative enteritis in both fetuses. Chlamydia
      antigen was detected in the placenta by the direct fluorescent antibody test and
      in fetal intestines by immunohistochemistry. Nested polymerase chain reaction of
      DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of placenta and
      intestine amplified 400 bp of the Chlamydia 16S rRNA gene that was sequenced and
      found to be 99% identical to C. pecorum by BLAST analysis. Other known
      abortigenic infectious agents were ruled out by specific testing. It is concluded
      that C. pecorum infection is associated with fetoplacental lesions and sporadic
      abortion in goats. 

PMID- 26965243
TI  - Perception Abilities of L1 Cypriot Greek Listeners - Types of Errors Involving
      Plosive Consonants in L2 English.
AB  - This paper investigates the difficulties adult second language (L2) users of
      English encounter with plosive consonants in the L2. It presents the results of a
      task examining the acquisition of plosive voicing contrasts by college students
      with Cypriot Greek (CG) linguistic background. The task focused on the types of
      errors involving plosive consonants indicating that performance was significantly
      better in the voiceless plosive category. Participants were able to perceive
      voiced plosives but they treated such instances as a /nasal + voiced plosive/
      sequence. Therefore, the question raised concerns different phonological
      contrasts realised through similar phonetic cues. The patterns observed suggested
      that this gap between phonetic cues and phonological contrast might explain why
      CG users have difficulties perceiving voiced English plosives. In this context,
      voice onset time (VOT) differences between the L1 and L2 are of crucial
      importance. In English, voiced plosives are characterised by short lag VOT while
      their voiceless counterparts fall within the long lag VOT continuum. The same
      phonetic contrast is used in CG to differentiate between single and geminate
      voiceless plosives. The results are discussed in relation to the frameworks of
      second language phonology and speech perception suggesting that the difficulties
      faced by the L2 listeners support the operation of a phonetic-phonological
      challenge.

PMID- 26965242
TI  - Delay of late-venous phase cortical vein filling in acute ischemic stroke
      patients: Associations with collateral status.
AB  - Evaluation of the venous system may be useful in stroke prognostication and
      patient selection for acute intervention strategies. We report a novel
      phenomenon, delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling, observed on dynamic
      computed tomography angiography obtained using multidetector computed tomography
      scanner, in acute ischemic stroke patients. The aim of this study was to examine
      the frequency of delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling and assess its
      association to baseline collateral status. Dynamic computed tomography
      angiography images of acute ischemic stroke patients, being assessed for
      reperfusion therapy, were prospectively studied. Delayed-late venous phase
      cortical vein filling was defined by late venous phase opacification of cortical
      veins despite contrast clearance from contralateral cortical veins on dynamic
      computed tomography angiography. Time to peak of maximum arterial enhancement was
      recorded. A total of 117 patients (mean age = 70.6 +/- 13.3 years; males = 48%)
      with hemispheric ischemic stroke who underwent acute dynamic computed tomography
      angiography were included in the study. Overall, 56 (48%) demonstrated delayed
      late venous phase cortical vein filling. Poor collateralization (OR = 13.50; 95%
      CI = (4.2, 43); p <= 0.0001) and longer time to peak of maximum arterial
      enhancement (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = (1.96, 5.3); p  <= 0.0001) were positively
      associated with delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling. Delayed-late
      venous phase cortical vein filling was independently associated with poor
      baseline collateral status (75% vs. 15%, p <= 0.0001; OR = 14.38; 95% CI = (4.33,
      47.8); p <= 0.0001). Delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling is
      frequently seen in patients with acute ischemic stroke and is associated with
      poor baseline collateralization.

PMID- 26965244
TI  - Cell-autonomous programming of rat adipose tissue insulin signalling proteins by
      maternal nutrition.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Individuals with a low birthweight have an increased risk of
      developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in adulthood. This is associated with
      peripheral insulin resistance. Here, we aimed to determine whether changes in
      insulin signalling proteins in white adipose tissue (WAT) can be detected prior
      to the onset of impaired glucose tolerance, determine whether these changes are
      cell-autonomous and identify the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS:
      Fourteen-month-old male rat offspring born to dams fed a standard protein (20%)
      diet or a low (8%) protein diet throughout gestation and lactation were studied.
      Fat distribution and adipocyte size were determined. Protein content and mRNA
      expression of key insulin signalling molecules were analysed in epididymal WAT
      and in pre-adipocytes that had undergone in vitro differentiation. RESULTS: The
      offspring of low protein fed dams (LP offspring) had reduced visceral WAT mass,
      altered fat distribution and a higher percentage of small adipocytes in
      epididymal WAT. This was associated with reduced levels of IRS1, PI3K p110beta,
      Akt1 and PKCzeta proteins and of phospho-Akt Ser473. Corresponding mRNA
      transcript levels were unchanged. Similarly, in vitro differentiated adipocytes
      from LP offspring showed reduced protein levels of IRbeta, IRS1, PI3K p85alpha
      and p110beta subunits, and Akt1. Levels of Akt Ser473 and IRS1 Tyr612
      phosphorylation were reduced, while IRS1 Ser307 phosphorylation was increased.
      CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Maternal protein restriction during gestation and
      lactation changes the distribution and morphology of WAT and reduces the levels
      of key insulin signalling proteins in the male offspring. This phenotype is
      retained in in vitro differentiated adipocytes, suggesting that programming
      occurs via cell-autonomous mechanism(s).

PMID- 26965245
TI  - Trends in Gastrointestinal Cancer Mortality Rate in Hungary.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the annual death trends for
      gastrointestinal cancer in Hungary between 1963 and 2012. Data on the numbers of
      cancer deaths were obtained from the published nationwide population register.
      Numbers of deaths from esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer were available
      during the study period. However, the mortality data for hepatic, pancreatic and
      gallbladder cancer have been published only since 1979. Joinpoint regression was
      applied to investigate the annual trends in the rates of cancer mortality. The
      annual mortality rates of gastric and gallbladder cancer decreased throughout the
      study period. Furthermore, declines in mortality from esophageal and hepatic
      cancers have been observed since 1998 and 1995, respectively. However, the rates
      of colorectal and pancreatic cancer mortality have been increasing in the past
      few years. Nevertheless, the mortality rates of colorectal and pancreatic cancers
      have increased in males aged 40-59 years during the study period. Moreover,
      significantly higher risks of gastrointestinal cancer-related deaths have been
      observed in males as compared with females except for death related to cancer of
      the gallbladder. The presented data suggest that the Hungarian mortality rates
      are particularly high. The detection of gastrointestinal cancers at an early
      stage would significantly improves the outcome of these malignancies. 

PMID- 26965246
TI  - Oxidative Stress, DNA, Cell Cycle/Cell Cycle Associated Proteins and Multidrug
      Resistance Proteins: Targets of Human Amniotic Membrane in Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - The anticancer effects of human amniotic membrane (hAM) have been studied over
      the last decade. However, the action mechanisms responsible for these effects are
      not fully understood until now. Previously results reported by our team proved
      that hAM is able to induce cytotoxicity and cell death in hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC), a worldwide high incident and mortal cancer. Therefore, this
      experimental study aimed to investigate the cellular targets of hAM protein
      extracts (hAMPE) in HCC through in vitro studies. Our results showed that hAMPE
      is able to modify oxidative stress environment in all HCC cell lines, as well as
      its cell cycle. hAMPE differently targets deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), P21, P53,
      beta-catenin and multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins in HCC cell lines. In
      conclusion, hAMPE has several targets in HCC, being clear that the success of
      this treatment depends of a personalized therapy based on the biological and
      genetic characteristics of the tumor. 

PMID- 26965249
TI  - Oropharyngeal NK/T-cell lymphoma presenting with bilateral uveitis.

PMID- 26965247
TI  - Surface deformation and shear flow in ligand mediated cell adhesion.
AB  - We present a unified, multiscale model to study the attachment/detachment
      dynamics of two deforming, charged, near spherical cells, coated with binding
      ligands and subject to a slow, homogeneous shear flow in a viscous, ionic fluid
      medium. The binding ligands on the surface of the cells experience both
      attractive and repulsive forces in an ionic medium and exhibit finite resistance
      to rotation via bond tilting. The microscale drag forces and couples describing
      the fluid flow inside the small separation gap between the cells, are calculated
      using a combination of methods in lubrication theory and previously published
      numerical results. For a selected range of material and fluid parameters, a
      hysteretic transition of the sticking probability curves (i.e., the function
      [Formula: see text]) between the adhesion phase (when [Formula: see text]) and
      the fragmentation phase (when [Formula: see text]) is attributed to a nonlinear
      relation between the total nanoscale binding forces and the separation gap
      between the cells. We show that adhesion is favoured in highly ionic fluids,
      increased deformability of the cells, elastic binders and a higher fluid shear
      rate (until a critical threshold value of shear rate is reached). Within a
      selected range of critical shear rates, the continuation of the limit points
      (i.e., the turning points where the slope of [Formula: see text] changes sign)
      predict a bistable region, indicating an abrupt switching between the adhesion
      and the fragmentation regimes. Although, bistability in the adhesion
      fragmentation phase diagram of two deformable, charged cells immersed in an ionic
      aqueous environment has been identified by some in vitro experiments, but until
      now, has not been quantified theoretically.

PMID- 26965248
TI  - [Early phase multimodality imaging in unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy].

PMID- 26965250
TI  - Insights into the Freiburg Anatomical Institute during National Socialism, 1933
      1945.
AB  - The Anatomical Institute at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg is among the
      anatomical departments for which a comprehensive account of its history during
      National Socialism (NS) is still missing. Previous investigations (such as in:
      Grun et al., 2002) have revealed the political activities of some anatomists,
      but, in the absence of relevant body-registers, a more comprehensive examination
      of the anatomical body procurement has not been attempted. The inspection of
      records in university and municipal archives allows insight into the activities
      in the institute within the historical context. The Freiburg Institute shared the
      experience of the impact of NS politics with other German anatomies. Four
      anatomists were dismissed because of NS racial discrimination, and chairman von
      Mollendorf left for political reasons. His successor Nauck's appointment was
      politically motivated, as he was a staunch Nazi. His colleagues were also members
      of NS political organizations. Body procurement was controversial between the
      public and the anatomists in Freiburg prior to and following the Third Reich, and
      much of the anatomists' efforts focused on the improvement of the body supply. In
      1935, and, again during the war, the number of bodies was sufficient for
      anatomical education. Among the traditional sources of body procurement were
      increasing numbers of NS victims. Forty-four of them can be identified, among
      them 21 forced laborers and their children who died of so-called natural causes,
      and 22 men who had been executed at Stuttgart prison on April 6, 1943. While the
      victims' names have been ascertained, their biographies still need restoration to
      ensure an appropriate commemoration. 

PMID- 26965251
TI  - Uncoupling EPA and DHA in Fish Nutrition: Dietary Demand is Limited in Atlantic
      Salmon and Effectively Met by DHA Alone.
AB  - Due to the scarcity of marine fish oil resources, the aquaculture industry is
      developing more efficient strategies for the utilization of dietary omega-3 long
      chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). A better understanding of how
      fish utilize EPA and DHA, typically provided by fish oil, is needed. However, EPA
      and DHA have different physiological functions, may be metabolized and
      incorporated into tissues differently, and may vary in terms of their importance
      in meeting the fatty acid requirements of fish. To address these questions,
      Atlantic salmon were fed experimental diets containing, as the sole added dietary
      lipid source, fish oil (positive control), tallow (negative control), or tallow
      supplemented with EPA, DHA, or both fatty acids to ~50 or 100% of their
      respective levels in the positive control diet. Following 14 weeks of feeding,
      the negative control diet yielded optimum growth performance. Though surprising,
      these results support the notion that Atlantic salmon requirements for n-3 LC
      PUFA are quite low. EPA was largely beta-oxidized and inefficiently deposited in
      tissues, and increasing dietary levels were associated with potential negative
      effects on growth. Conversely, DHA was completely spared from catabolism and very
      efficiently deposited into flesh. EPA bioconversion to DHA was largely influenced
      by substrate availability, with the presence of preformed DHA having little
      inhibitory effect. These results clearly indicate EPA and DHA are metabolized
      differently by Atlantic salmon, and suggest that the n-3 LC-PUFA dietary
      requirements of Atlantic salmon may be lower than reported and different, if
      originating primarily from EPA or DHA.

PMID- 26965252
TI  - Characterization of RNA-Protein Interactions: Lessons from Two RNA-Binding
      Proteins, SRSF1 and SRSF2.
AB  - SR proteins are a class of RNA-binding proteins whose RNA-binding ability is
      required for both constitutive and alternative splicing. While members of the SR
      protein family were once thought to have redundant functions, in-depth
      biochemical analysis of their RNA-binding abilities has revealed distinct binding
      profiles for each SR protein, that often lead to either synergistic or
      antagonistic functions. SR protein family members SRSF1 and SRSF2 are two of the
      most highly studied RNA-binding proteins. Here we examine the various methods
      used to differentiate SRSF1 and SRSF2 RNA-binding ability. We discuss the
      benefits and type of information that can be determined using each method. 

PMID- 26965253
TI  - Identification of mRNA-Interacting Factors by MS2-TRAP (MS2-Tagged RNA Affinity
      Purification).
AB  - Posttranscriptional gene expression is governed by the interaction of mRNAs with
      vast families of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding (nc)RNAs. RBPs and
      ncRNAs jointly influence all aspects of posttranscriptional metabolism, including
      pre-mRNA splicing and maturation, mRNA transport, editing, stability, and
      translation. Given the impact of mRNA-interacting molecules on gene expression,
      there is great interest in identifying mRNA-binding factors comprehensively.
      Here, we provide a detailed protocol to tag mRNAs with MS2 hairpins and then
      affinity-purify trans-binding factors (RBPs, ncRNAs) associated with the MS2
      tagged mRNA. This method, termed MS2-TRAP, permits the systematic
      characterization of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes formed on a given mRNA of
      interest. We describe how to prepare the mRNA-MS2 expression vector, purify the
      MS2-tagged RNP complexes, and detect bound RNAs and RBPs, as well as variations
      of this methodology to address related questions of RNP biology. 

PMID- 26965254
TI  - Biotin-Streptavidin Affinity Purification of RNA-Protein Complexes Assembled In
      Vitro.
AB  - RNA-protein complexes are essential for the function of different RNAs, yet
      purification of specific RNA-protein complexes can be complicated and is a major
      obstacle in understanding the mechanism of regulatory RNAs. Here we present a
      protocol to purify RNA-protein complexes assembled in vitro based on biotin
      streptavidin affinity. In vitro transcribed RNA is labeled with (32)P and biotin,
      ribonucleoprotein particles or RNPs are assembled by incubation of RNA in nuclear
      extract and fractionated using gel filtration, and RNP fractions are pooled for
      biotin-streptavidin affinity purification. The amount of RNA-protein complexes
      purified following this protocol is sufficient for mass spectrometry. 

PMID- 26965255
TI  - Detecting RNA-Protein Interaction Using End-Labeled Biotinylated RNA
      Oligonucleotides and Immunoblotting.
AB  - RNA-protein interaction can be detected by RNA pull-down and immunoblotting
      methods. Here, we describe a method to detect RNA-protein interaction using RNA
      pull down and to identify the proteins that are pulled-down by the RNA using
      immunoblotting. In this protocol, RNAs with specific sequences are biotinylated
      and immobilized onto Streptavidin beads, which are then used to pull down
      interacting proteins from cellular extracts. The presence of a specific protein
      is subsequently verified by SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      immunoblotting with antibodies. Interactions between the SMN RNA and the PSF
      protein and between the caspase-2 RNA and the SRSF3 protein (SRp20) in nuclear
      extract prepared from HeLa cells are illustrated as examples. 

PMID- 26965256
TI  - Purification of RNA-Protein Splicing Complexes Using a Tagged Protein from In
      Vitro Splicing Reaction Mixture.
AB  - In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA splicing is an essential step for gene expression.
      Splicing reactions have been well investigated by using in vitro splicing
      reactions with extracts prepared from cultured cells. Here, we describe protocols
      for the preparation of splicing-competent extracts from cells expressing a tagged
      spliceosomal protein. The whole-cell extracts are able to splice exogenously
      added pre-mRNA and the RNA-protein complex formed in the in vitro splicing
      reaction can be purified by immunoprecipitation using antibodies against the
      peptide tag on the splicing protein. The method described here to prepare
      splicing-active extracts from whole cells is particularly useful when studying
      pre-mRNA splicing in various cell types, and the expression of a tagged
      spliceosomal protein allows one to purify and analyze the RNA-protein complexes
      by simple immunoprecipitation. 

PMID- 26965257
TI  - Loading of Argonaute Protein with Small Duplex RNA in Cellular Extracts.
AB  - Argonaute (Ago) proteins are the minimum core proteins required for executing RNA
      interference (RNAi) mechanisms of gene regulation. For Ago proteins to regulate
      gene expression through RNAi they must be loaded, or "programmed," with a single
      strand of small RNA. Natural small RNAs are typically double-stranded duplexes
      that require additional factors for efficient and specific loading into Ago
      proteins. Here, a protocol is described for investigating RNAi programming
      through loading of human Ago2 using radiolabeled small interfering RNA (siRNA)
      and HeLa cell extracts. This protocol provides an Ago loading assay to study RNAi
      programming when starting with crude or partially purified cell extracts. The Ago
      loading assay should prove useful for studying other Ago proteins using a variety
      of mammalian cell extracts. 

PMID- 26965258
TI  - In Vitro Analysis of Ribonucleoprotein Complex Remodeling and Disassembly.
AB  - Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes play essential roles in gene expression. Their
      assembly and disassembly control the fate of mRNA molecules. Here, we describe a
      method that examines the remodeling and disassembly of RNPs. One unique aspect of
      this method is that the RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) of interest are produced in
      HeLa cells with or without the desired modification and the RNP is assembled in
      cellular extracts with synthetic RNA oligonucleotides. We use this method to
      investigate how ubiquitination of an RBP affects its ability to bind its RNA
      target. 

PMID- 26965259
TI  - Single-Turnover Kinetics of Methyl Transfer to tRNA by Methyltransferases.
AB  - Methyl transfer from S-adenosyl methionine (abbreviated as AdoMet) to
      biologically active molecules such as mRNAs and tRNAs is one of the most
      fundamental and widespread reactions in nature, occurring in all three domains of
      life. The measurement of kinetic constants of AdoMet-dependent methyl transfer is
      therefore important for understanding the reaction mechanism in the context of
      biology. When kinetic constants of methyl transfer are measured in steady state
      over multiple rounds of turnover, the meaning of these constants is difficult to
      define and is often limited by non-chemical steps of the reaction, such as
      product release after each turnover. Here, the measurement of kinetic constants
      of methyl transfer by tRNA methyltransferases in rapid equilibrium binding
      condition for one methyl transfer is described. The advantage of such a
      measurement is that the meaning of kinetic constants can be directly assigned to
      the steps associated with the chemistry of methyl transfer, including the
      substrate binding affinity to the methyltransferase, the pre-chemistry re
      arrangement of the active site, and the chemical step of methyl transfer. An
      additional advantage is that kinetic constants measured for one methyl transfer
      can be correlated with structural information of the methyltransferase to gain
      direct insight into its reaction mechanism. 

PMID- 26965260
TI  - Purification and Functional Reconstitution of Box H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein
      Particles.
AB  - Pseudouridylation is the most abundant and widespread RNA modification, and it
      plays an important role in modulating the structure and function of RNA. In
      eukaryotes and archaea, RNA pseudouridylation is catalyzed largely by box H/ACA
      ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), a distinct group of RNA-protein complexes each
      consisting of a unique RNA and four common proteins. The RNA component of the
      complex serves as a guide that base-pairs with its substrate RNA and specifies
      the target uridine to be modified. In order to systematically study the function
      and mechanism of pseudouridylation, it is desirable to have a reconstitution
      system in which biochemically purified/reconstituted box H/ACA RNPs are capable
      of introducing pseudouridines into an RNA at any target site. Here, we describe a
      method for the reconstitution of functional box H/ACA RNPs using designer box
      H/ACA guide RNAs, which in principle can be adopted to reconstitute other RNA
      protein complexes as well. 

PMID- 26965261
TI  - Northwestern Blot Analysis: Detecting RNA-Protein Interaction After Gel
      Separation of Protein Mixture.
AB  - Northwestern assays detect a direct binding of a given RNA molecule to a protein
      immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane. Here, we describe protocols to prepare
      (32)P-labeled RNA probes and to use them to assay for RNA-protein interactions
      after partially purified protein preparations are resolved on denaturing SDS
      polyacrylamide gels. The method can unambiguously determine whether the protein
      of interest can directly and independently bind RNA even in the presence of
      contaminating bacterial proteins or degradation products that at times may hinder
      interpretation of results obtained from gel mobility shift or RNP
      immunoprecipitation assays. 

PMID- 26965262
TI  - Measuring mRNA Translation by Polysome Profiling.
AB  - Determination of mRNA translation rates is essential to understanding the
      regulatory pathways governing eukaryotic gene expression. In this chapter, we
      present a transcriptome-wide method to assess translation by association of mRNAs
      with polysomes on sucrose density gradients. After sedimentation, the fractions
      are spiked with a control RNA mixture and the RNA content is measured by high
      throughput sequencing. Normalization to the spike-ins provides a global
      quantitative view on the translational status of cellular mRNAs, with the ability
      to measure changes and identify active and silent subpopulations of each. 

PMID- 26965263
TI  - Genome-Wide Profiling of RNA-Protein Interactions Using CLIP-Seq.
AB  - UV crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) is an increasingly popular technique
      to study protein-RNA interactions in tissues and cells. Whole cells or tissues
      are ultraviolet irradiated to generate a covalent bond between RNA and proteins
      that are in close contact. After partial RNase digestion, antibodies specific to
      an RNA binding protein (RBP) or a protein-epitope tag is then used to
      immunoprecipitate the protein-RNA complexes. After stringent washing and gel
      separation the RBP-RNA complex is excised. The RBP is protease digested to allow
      purification of the bound RNA. Reverse transcription of the RNA followed by high
      throughput sequencing of the cDNA library is now often used to identify protein
      bound RNA on a genome-wide scale. UV irradiation can result in cDNA truncations
      and/or mutations at the crosslink sites, which complicates the alignment of the
      sequencing library to the reference genome and the identification of the
      crosslinking sites. Meanwhile, one or more amino acids of a crosslinked RBP can
      remain attached to its bound RNA due to incomplete digestion of the protein. As a
      result, reverse transcriptase may not read through the crosslink sites, and
      produce cDNA ending at the crosslinked nucleotide. This is harnessed by one
      variant of CLIP methods to identify crosslinking sites at a nucleotide
      resolution. This method, individual nucleotide resolution CLIP (iCLIP)
      circularizes cDNA to capture the truncated cDNA and also increases the efficiency
      of ligating sequencing adapters to the library. Here, we describe the detailed
      procedure of iCLIP. 

PMID- 26965264
TI  - Identification of Endogenous mRNA-Binding Proteins in Yeast Using Crosslinking
      and PolyA Enrichment.
AB  - The maturation, localization, stability, and translation of messenger RNAs
      (mRNAs) are regulated by a wide variety of mRNA-binding proteins. Identification
      of the complete set of mRNA-binding proteins is a key step in understanding the
      regulation of gene expression. Herein, we describe a method for identifying yeast
      mRNA-binding proteins in a systematic manner using UV crosslinking, purification
      of polyA(+) mRNAs under denaturing conditions, and mass spectrometry to identify
      covalently bound proteins. 

PMID- 26965265
TI  - Ribo-Proteomics Approach to Profile RNA-Protein and Protein-Protein Interaction
      Networks.
AB  - Characterizing protein-protein and protein-RNA interaction networks is a
      fundamental step to understanding the function of an RNA-binding protein. In many
      cases, these interactions are transient and highly dynamic. Therefore, capturing
      stable as well as transient interactions in living cells for the identification
      of protein-binding partners and the mapping of RNA-binding sequences is key to a
      successful establishment of the molecular interaction network. In this chapter,
      we will describe a method for capturing the molecular interactions in living
      cells using formaldehyde as a crosslinker and enriching a specific RNA-protein
      complex from cell extracts followed by mass spectrometry and Next-Gen sequencing
      analyses. 

PMID- 26965266
TI  - Detection of Protein-Protein Interaction Within an RNA-Protein Complex Via
      Unnatural-Amino-Acid-Mediated Photochemical Crosslinking.
AB  - Although DExD/H-box proteins are known to unwind RNA duplexes and modulate RNA
      structures in vitro, it is highly plausible that, in vivo, some may function to
      remodel RNA-protein complexes. Precisely how the latter is achieved remains a
      mystery. We investigated this critical issue by using yeast Prp28p, an
      evolutionarily conserved DExD/H-box splicing factor, as a model system. To probe
      how Prp28p interacts with spliceosome, we strategically placed p-benzoyl
      phenylalanine (BPA), a photoactivatable unnatural amino acid, along the body of
      Prp28p in vivo. Extracts prepared from these engineered strains were then used to
      assemble in vitro splicing reactions for BPA-mediated protein-protein
      crosslinkings. This enabled us, for the first time, to "capture" Prp28p in
      action. This approach may be applicable to studying the roles of other DExD/H-box
      proteins functioning in diverse RNA-related pathways, as well as to investigating
      protein-protein contacts within an RNA-protein complex. 

PMID- 26965267
TI  - Evolution of Cell-Type-Specific RNA Aptamers Via Live Cell-Based SELEX.
AB  - Live cell-based SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligand EXponential enrichment) is
      a promising approach for identifying aptamers that can selectively bind to a cell
      surface antigen or a particular target cell population. In particular, it offers
      a facile selection strategy for some special cell-surface proteins that are
      original glycosylated or heavily post-translationally modified, and are
      unavailable in their native/active conformation after in vitro expression and
      purification. In this chapter, we describe evolution of cell-type-specific RNA
      aptamers targeting the human CCR5 by combining the live cell-based SELEX strategy
      with high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics analysis. 

PMID- 26965268
TI  - mCarts: Genome-Wide Prediction of Clustered Sequence Motifs as Binding Sites for
      RNA-Binding Proteins.
AB  - RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical components of post-transcriptional gene
      expression regulation. However, their binding sites have until recently been
      difficult to determine due to the apparent low specificity of RBPs for their
      target transcripts and the lack of high-throughput assays for analyzing binding
      sites genome wide. Here we present a bioinformatics method for predicting RBP
      binding motif sites on a genome-wide scale that leverages motif conservation, RNA
      secondary structure, and the tendency of RBP binding sites to cluster together. A
      probabilistic model is learned from bona fide binding sites determined by CLIP
      and applied genome wide to generate high specificity binding site predictions. 

PMID- 26965269
TI  - Design of RNA-Binding Proteins: Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
      with Artificial Splicing Factors.
AB  - The majority of human genes undergo alternative splicing to produce multiple
      isoforms with distinct functions. The dysregulations of alternative splicing have
      been found to be closely associated with various human diseases; thus new
      approaches to modulate disease-associated splicing events will provide great
      therapeutic potentials. Here we report protocols for constructing novel
      artificial splicing factors that can be designed to specifically modulate
      alternative splicing of target genes. By following the method outlined in this
      protocol, it is possible to design and generate artificial splicing factors with
      diverse activities in regulating different types of alternative splicing. The
      artificial splicing factors can be used to change splicing of either minigenes or
      endogenous genes in cultured human cells, providing a new strategy to study the
      regulation of alternative splicing and function of alternatively spliced
      products. 

PMID- 26965270
TI  - Informational Suppression to Probe RNA:RNA Interactions in the Context of
      Ribonucleoproteins: U1 and 5' Splice-Site Base-Pairing.
AB  - Informational suppression is a method to map specific RNA:RNA interactions by
      taking advantage of the rules of base complementarity. First, a predicted Watson
      Crick base pair is broken by single-nucleotide substitution which disrupts the
      RNA's structure and/or function. Second, the base pair is restored by mutating
      the opposing nucleotide, thereby rescuing structure and/or function. This method
      applies to RNP:RNA interactions such as 5' splice-site (5'ss) base-pairing to the
      5' end of U1 small nuclear RNA as part of a small nuclear RNP. Our protocol aims
      to determine the 5'ss:U1 base-pairing register for natural 5'ss, because for
      distinct 5'ss sequences the nucleotides on each strand can be aligned
      differently. This methodology includes cloning of a wild-type splicing minigene
      and introduction of 5'ss variants by PCR mutagenesis. A U1-expression plasmid is
      mutated to construct "suppressor U1" snRNAs with restored base-pairing to mutant
      5'ss in different registers. Cells are transfected with combinations of minigenes
      and suppressor U1s, and the splicing patterns are analyzed by reverse
      transcription and semiquantitative PCR, followed by gel electrophoresis. The
      identity of suppressor U1s that rescue splicing for specific mutations indicates
      the register used in that 5'ss. We also provide tips to adapt this protocol to
      other minigenes or registers. 

PMID- 26965271
TI  - Analysis of Alternative Pre-RNA Splicing in the Mouse Retina Using a Fluorescent
      Reporter.
AB  - In vivo alternative splicing is controlled in a tissue and cell type specific
      manner. Often individual cellular components of complex tissues will express
      different splicing programs. Thus, when studying splicing in multicellular
      organisms it is critical to determine the exon inclusion levels in individual
      cells positioned in the context of their native tissue or organ. Here we describe
      how a fluorescent splicing reporter in combination with in vivo electroporation
      can be used to visualize alternative splicing in individual cells within mature
      tissues. In a test case we show how the splicing of a photoreceptor specific exon
      can be visualized within the mouse retina. The retina was chosen as an example of
      a complex tissue that is fragile and whose cells cannot be studied in culture.
      With minor modifications to the injection and electroporation procedure, the
      protocol we outline can be applied to other tissues and organs. 

PMID- 26965272
TI  - Prior colorectal surgery for endometriosis-associated infertility improves ICSI
      IVF outcomes: results from two expert centres.
AB  - OBJECTIVE(S): To assess fertility outcomes after ICSI-IVF in infertile women
      having undergone prior complete surgical removal of colorectal endometriosis.
      STUDY DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study in two referral French
      centres including 60 infertile women who underwent ICSI-IVF after complete
      surgical removal of colorectal endometriosis, from January 2005 to May 2014.
      Women underwent either conservative colorectal surgery (i.e., rectal shaving or
      full thickness disc excision, n=18) or segmental colorectal resection (n=42).
      Clinical pregnancies were defined by the presence of a gestational sac on vaginal
      ultrasound examination from the fifth week. The overall pregnancy rate was
      calculated. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative pregnancy
      rate (CPR). Comparisons of CPR were made using the log-rank test to detect
      determinant factors. RESULTS: The median number of ICSI-IVF cycles per patient
      was one (range: 1-4). Of the 60 women, 36 became pregnant (i.e., overall
      pregnancy rate=60%). The CPR was 41.7% after one ICSI-IVF cycle, 65% after two
      ICSI-IVF cycles and 78.1% after three ICSI-IVF cycles. A decreased CPR was
      observed for women who required segmental colorectal resection compared to those
      who underwent rectal shaving or full thickness disc excision (p=0.04). A trend
      for a decreased CPR was observed for women who received a first ICSI-IVF cycle
      more than 18 months following surgery (p=0.07). Among the nine women with prior
      ICSI-IVF failure, five (55.5%) became pregnant after surgery. CONCLUSION(S):
      Colorectal surgery for endometriosis completed by ICSI-IVF is a good option for
      women with proven infertility, even if prior ICSI-IVF had failed.

PMID- 26965273
TI  - Start-up of sequencing batch reactor with Thiosphaera pantotropha for treatment
      of high-strength nitrogenous wastewater and sludge characterization.
AB  - Biological treatment of high-strength nitrogenous wastewater is challenging due
      to low growth rate of autotrophic nitrifiers. This study reports bioaugmentation
      of Thiosphaera pantotropha capable of simultaneously performing heterotrophic
      nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) in sequencing batch reactors
      (SBRs). SBRs fed with 1:1 organic-nitrogen (N) and NH4+-N were started up with
      activated sludge and T. pantotropha by gradual increase in N concentration.
      Sludge bulking problems initially observed could be overcome through improved
      aeration and mixing and change in carbon source. N removal decreased with
      increase in initial nitrogen concentration, and only 50-60 % removal could be
      achieved at the highest N concentration of 1000 mg L-1 at 12-h cycle time. SND
      accounted for 28 % nitrogen loss. Reducing the settling time to 5-10 min and
      addition of divalent metal ions gradually improved the settling characteristics
      of sludge. Sludge aggregates of 0.05-0.2 mm diameter, much smaller than typical
      aerobic granules, were formed and progressive increase in settling velocity,
      specific gravity, Ca2+, Mg2+, protein, and polysaccharides was observed over
      time. Granulation facilitated total nitrogen (TN) removal at a constant rate over
      the entire 12-h cycle and thus increased TN removal up to 70 %. Concentrations of
      NO2--N and NO3--N were consistently low indicating effective denitrification.
      Nitrogen removal was possibly limited by urea hydrolysis/nitrification. Presence
      of T. pantotropha in the SBRs was confirmed through biochemical tests and 16S
      rDNA analysis.

PMID- 26965274
TI  - Prenatal low-level mercury exposure and infant neurodevelopment at 12 months in
      rural northern China.
AB  - Although MeHg is a confirmed neurotoxin at sufficiently high dosages, the effect
      of prenatal low-level Hg exposure on infant neurodevelopment is still unknown.
      Four hundred ten mother-infant pairs were recruited in rural northern China from
      September 2010 to September 2012. We investigated maternal diet during pregnancy,
      collected maternal and umbilical blood samples, and tested infant
      neurodevelopment using Gesell developmental schedules (GDS) at the age of 1 year
      old. The geometric means (GM) of Hg exposure in maternal and umbilical blood were
      0.72 and 1.2 MUg/L, respectively. Positive associations between Hg levels and the
      frequency of total fish consumption were found (Spearman's correlation, r = 0.09
      for maternal Hg, r = 0.14 for umbilical Hg, p < 0.01). After adjusting for
      confounding factors, we found a log-unit increase in umbilical blood Hg levels
      was associated with a 4.22-point (95 % confidence interval (95 %CI) 0.77 to 7.67)
      increase in the adaptive domain and a 4.06-point (95 %CI 0.51 to 7.62) increase
      in the social domain. No significant association has been found between other
      domains and Hg levels in our study. In further analysis, we noticed the positive
      correlation between the developmental quotient (DQ) scores of the adaptive domain
      and frequencies of total fish consumption (p = 0.04). Our results failed to
      indicate the adverse effects between prenatal Hg exposure and infant
      neurodevelopment. However, given the low-level Hg exposure and its predominant
      source, the potential positive associations in our study may be attributed to the
      beneficial nutrients of fish consumption. 

PMID- 26965275
TI  - Subtype analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from municipal and domestic raw
      wastewaters in Iran.
AB  - A total of 54 raw wastewater samples collected from three urban treatment plants
      and two slaughterhouses in Tehran, Iran, were assessed for the presence of the
      Giardia cysts using immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies. To
      characterize the cysts at the molecular level, the three genetic loci were
      amplified and sequenced. The assemblages A (37.5 %) and E (58.3 %) were detected
      in livestock wastewater samples. Assemblage A, which is composed of only G.
      duodenalis genotype, was detected in 100 % of urban wastewater samples. The
      subassemblages A2, A3, A-I, A-II, and E3 were identified with beta-giardin,
      triose phosphate isomerase, and glutamate dehydrogenase genes. This study is the
      first to report on G. duodenalis genotypes in aquatic environmental samples in
      Iran.

PMID- 26965277
TI  - Effects of gravel on infiltration, runoff, and sediment yield in landslide
      deposit slope in Wenchuan earthquake area, China.
AB  - Amounts of landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake with
      magnitude 8.0 on May 12, 2008. The landslide deposits were composed of soil and
      rock fragments, which play important roles in hydrological and erosion processes
      in the steep slope of landslide deposits. The mixtures of soil and gravels are
      common in the top layers of landslide deposits, and its processes are obviously
      different with the soil without gravels. Based on the data of field
      investigation, a series of simulated scouring flow experiments with four
      proportion of gravel (0, 25, 33.3, and 50 %) and three scouring flow rates (4, 8,
      12 L/min) under two steep slopes (67.5, 72.7 %) were conducted sequentially to
      know the effects of proportion of gravel on infiltration capacity, runoff
      generation, and sediment production in the steep slope of landslide deposit.
      Results indicated that gravel had promoted or reduced effects on infiltration
      capacity which could affect further the cumulative runoff volume and cumulative
      sediment mass increase or decrease. The cumulative infiltration volume in 25 %
      proportion of gravel was less than those in 0, 33.3, and 50 % proportion of
      gravel. The cumulative runoff volume was in an order of 25 > 0 > 33.3 > 50 %
      while cumulative sediment mass ranked as 25 > 33.3 > 0 > 50 % with different
      proportions of gravel. A significant power relationship was found between
      scouring time and cumulative runoff volume as well as cumulative sediment mass.
      The relationship between average soil and water loss rate and proportion of
      gravel was able to express by quadratic function, with a high degree of
      reliability. The results have important implications for soil and water
      conservation and modeling in landslide deposit but also provide useful
      information for the similar conditions. 

PMID- 26965276
TI  - Bioanalytical and instrumental screening of the uptake of sediment-borne, dioxin
      like compounds in roach (Rutilus rutilus).
AB  - To examine the uptake of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), common roaches (Rutilus
      rutilus) were exposed for 28 days to differently contaminated sediments from two
      major European rivers in a purpose-built facility. Dietary transfer of DLCs was
      investigated by exposing fish to sediments inoculated or non-inoculated with
      black worms (Lumbriculus variegatus). Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL
      PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), measured
      via high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry
      (HRGC/HRMS) in sediments and whole fish, were used to calculate toxicity
      equivalent quotients (TEQs). TEQs were compared with biological toxicity
      equivalent quotients (BEQs) determined via the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
      (EROD) assay, performed with mammalian (H4IIE) and fish (RTL-W1) liver cell
      lines. TEQs and BEQs indicated an uptake of sediment-borne DLCs by roach, which
      was independent of sediment contamination levels, but rather reflected sediment
      specific characteristics. For most sediment treatments, DLC uptake did not
      increase with time. Highest congener-specific uptake (DL-PCB 123) was 10-fold
      compared to control. Exposure to worm-inoculated sediment of highest overall DLC
      contamination caused a 2-fold (TEQ and H4IIE BEQ) greater uptake of DLCs by fish
      compared to the respective non-inoculated treatment. H4IIE cells showed the
      greatest sensitivity (0.37 +/- 0.25 pM TCDD) and the strongest correlation with
      TEQs (r (2)  = 0.79), hence, they seem to be best suited for DLC screening of
      sediments and biota, amended by compound-specific instrumental analysis if
      required. 

PMID- 26965278
TI  - Differential toxicity of Al2O3 particles on Gram-positive and Gram-negative
      sediment bacterial isolates from freshwater.
AB  - The current study was aimed to explore the differential effects on Gram-positive
      and Gram-negative freshwater sediment bacterial isolates upon exposure to nano
      particles and bulk particles of Al2O3 at low concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1
      mg/L). The Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more susceptible to both the
      nano-forms and bulk forms than the Gram-positive Bacillus altitudinis. The
      generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and release of lipopolysaccharide due
      to membrane damage were dependent on the dose of nano-Al2O3. The Fourier
      transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies confirmed the attachment of nano
      Al2O3 on bacterial cells, which may lead to subsequent changes in the cell
      membrane composition and integrity. Internalization of nano-Al2O3 was estimated
      to be more for P. aeruginosa than for B. altitudinis cells. As a role of defense
      mechanism, the biofilm formation and production of extracellular polymeric
      substances (EPSs; polysaccharide and protein) were increased with respect to the
      concentration of toxicant. Nano-Al2O3 was estimated to cause more DNA damage than
      the bulk particles in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. 

PMID- 26965279
TI  - Conductometric measurement of the changes in humic substances caused by ozone
      oxidation.
AB  - Humic substances (HS), a broad category of organic compounds and a major
      constituent of soil, are responsible for serious problems during water
      purification processes. In particular, HS react with chlorine during disinfection
      processes to produce a variety of organochlorine compounds such as
      trihalomethanes (THMs), which are potentially carcinogenic to humans. The use of
      ozone as a disinfection method represents a potential solution to this problem;
      however, HS that are not completely oxidized may form by-products more reactive
      than the original molecules. The structural changes of HS during oxidation with
      ozone were evaluated through a replicated 2(2) design, where concentrations of 5
      and 30 mg/L of two commercial HS (Aldrich and Fluka) were ozonized over different
      time intervals (0, 10, and 20 min). The ozone-treated HS were titrated with acid
      and base solutions, and the shifts of the slopes were then analyzed and finally
      related to the ionic alterations of the HS. The Aldrich HS (AHS) showed only
      protonated functional groups; the Fluka HS (FHS) showed only ionized groups; and
      in both cases, the amount of functional groups increased with increasing
      ozonation. For AHS and FHA, respectively, the maximum ozone exposure time (20
      min) and the highest concentration of HS (30 mg/L) produced the greatest
      reductions in total organic carbon (TOC) (39 and 34 %), UV254 (50 and 60.8 %),
      and color (16.4 and 19.6 %). As for aromaticity, AHS showed removals of 39.6 %
      (from a starting concentration of 5 mg/L) and 17.2 % (from a starting
      concentration of 30 mg/L). FHS showed the opposite effect, with removals of 33.3
      % (starting at 5 mg/L) and 40.1 % (starting at 30 mg/L). In this study, the
      structural changes of HS submitted to ozonation were inferred in a relatively
      quick and easy way by using a conductometric titration, thus demonstrating the
      applicability of the technique. 

PMID- 26965281
TI  - Geochemical modeling and assessment of leaching from carbonated municipal solid
      waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash.
AB  - Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ashes are characterized by high
      calcium oxide (CaO) content. Carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption by MSWI fly ash was
      discussed based on thermogravimetry (TG)/differential thermal analysis (DTA),
      minerology analysis, and adapting the Stenoir equation. TG/DTA analysis showed
      that the weight gain of the fly ash below 440  degrees C was as high as 5.70 %.
      An adapted Stenoir equation for MSWI fly ash was discussed. The chloride in MSWI
      fly ash has a major impact on CO2 adsorption by MSWI fly ash or air pollution
      control (APC) residues. Geochemical modeling of the critical trace elements
      copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb) before and
      after carbonation was performed using a thermodynamic equilibrium model for
      solubility and a surface complexation model for metal sorption. Leaching of
      critical trace elements was generally found to be strongly dependent on the
      degree of carbonation attained, and their solubility appeared to be controlled by
      several minerals. Adsorption on ferrum (Fe) and aluminum (Al) colloids was also
      responsible for removal of the trace elements Cd, Pb, and Sb. We used Hakanson's
      potential ecological risk index (HPERI) to evaluate the risk of trace element
      leaching in general. The results demonstrate that the ecological risk showed a V
      shaped dependency on pH; the optimum pH of the carbonated fly ash was found to be
      10.3-11, resulting from the optimum carbonation (liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio =
      0.25, carbonation duration = ~30-48 h). The dataset and modeling results
      presented here provide a contribution to assessing the leaching behavior of MSWI
      fly ash under a wide range of conditions. 

PMID- 26965282
TI  - vox homeobox gene: a novel regulator of midbrain-hindbrain boundary development
      in medaka fish?
AB  - The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) is one of the key organizing centers of the
      vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Its patterning is governed by a well
      described gene regulatory network (GRN) involving several transcription factors,
      namely, pax, gbx, en, and otx, together with signaling molecules of the Wnt and
      Fgf families. Here, we describe the onset of these markers in Oryzias latipes
      (medaka) early brain development in comparison to previously known zebrafish
      expression patterns. Moreover, we show for the first time that vox, a member of
      the vent gene family, is expressed in the developing neural tube similarly to CNS
      markers. Overexpression of vox leads to profound changes in the gene expression
      patterns of individual components of MHB-specific GRN, most notably of fgf8, a
      crucial organizer molecule of MHB. Our data suggest that genes from the vent
      family, in addition to their crucial role in body axis formation, may play a role
      in regionalization of vertebrate CNS. 

PMID- 26965283
TI  - Relative DNA content in diploid, polyploid, and multiploid species of Paspalum
      (Poaceae) with relation to reproductive mode and taxonomy.
AB  - It is generally accepted that polyploids have downsized basic genomes rather than
      additive values with respect to their related diploids. Changes in genome size
      have been reported in correlation with several biological characteristics. About
      75 % of around 350 species recognized for Paspalum (Poaceae) are polyploid and
      most polyploids are apomictic. Multiploid species are common with most of them
      bearing sexual diploid and apomictic tetraploid or other ploidy levels. DNA
      content in the embryo and the endosperm was measured by flow cytometry in a seed
      by-seed analysis of 47 species including 77 different entities. The relative DNA
      content of the embryo informed the genome size of the accession while the
      embryo:endosperm ratio of DNA content revealed its reproductive mode. The genome
      sizes (2C-value) varied from 0.5 to 6.5 pg and for 29 species were measured for
      the first time. Flow cytometry provided new information on the reproductive mode
      for 12 species and one botanical variety and supplied new data for 10 species
      concerning cytotypes reported for the first time. There was no significant
      difference between the mean basic genome sizes (1Cx-values) of 32 sexual and 45
      apomictic entities. Seventeen entities were diploid and 60 were polyploids with
      different degrees. There were no clear patterns of changes in 1Cx-values due to
      polyploidy or reproductive systems, and the existing variations are in
      concordance with subgeneric taxonomical grouping. 

PMID- 26965280
TI  - A review of toxicity and mechanisms of individual and mixtures of heavy metals in
      the environment.
AB  - The rational for the study was to review the literature on the toxicity and
      corresponding mechanisms associated with lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd),
      and arsenic (As), individually and as mixtures, in the environment. Heavy metals
      are ubiquitous and generally persist in the environment, enabling them to
      biomagnify in the food chain. Living systems most often interact with a cocktail
      of heavy metals in the environment. Heavy metal exposure to biological systems
      may lead to oxidation stress which may induce DNA damage, protein modification,
      lipid peroxidation, and others. In this review, the major mechanism associated
      with toxicities of individual metals was the generation of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS). Additionally, toxicities were expressed through depletion of
      glutathione and bonding to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Interestingly, a metal
      like Pb becomes toxic to organisms through the depletion of antioxidants while Cd
      indirectly generates ROS by its ability to replace iron and copper. ROS generated
      through exposure to arsenic were associated with many modes of action, and heavy
      metal mixtures were found to have varied effects on organisms. Many models based
      on concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) have been introduced
      to help predict toxicities and mechanisms associated with metal mixtures. An
      integrated model which combines CA and IA was further proposed for evaluating
      toxicities of non-interactive mixtures. In cases where there are molecular
      interactions, the toxicogenomic approach was used to predict toxicities. The high
      throughput toxicogenomics combines studies in genetics, genome-scale expression,
      cell and tissue expression, metabolite profiling, and bioinformatics. 

PMID- 26965284
TI  - MIM regulates the trafficking of bone marrow cells via modulating surface
      expression of CXCR4.
AB  - Missing in metastasis (MIM) is abundantly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Here
      we characterized the impact of MIM deficiency on murine bone marrow (BM) cells.
      Although MIM(-/-) cells proliferated similarly to wild type (WT), they exhibited
      stronger response to chemokine stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), increase in
      surface expression of CXCR4, impaired CXCR4 internalization and constitutive
      activation of Rac, Cdc42 and p38. Transplantation of MIM(-/-) BM cells into
      lethally irradiated mice showed enhanced homing to BM, which was abolished when
      mice were pretreated with a p38 antagonist. Interestingly, MIM(-/-) BM cells,
      including hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), showed two- to
      fivefold increase in mobilization into the peripheral blood upon treatment with
      AMD3100. In vitro, MIM(-/-) leukocytes were susceptible to AMD3100 and maintained
      increased response to AMD3100 for mobilization even after transfer into WT mice.
      MIM(-/-) mice had also a higher level of SDF-1 in the circulation. Our data
      highlighted an unprecedented role of MIM in the homeostasis of BM cells,
      including HSPCs, through modulation of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and interactions of
      BM leukocytes with their microenvironments.

PMID- 26965285
TI  - Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in murine MDS/MPN driven by hyperactive Ras.
AB  - Chronic and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML and JMML) are
      myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasia (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes that
      respond poorly to conventional treatments. Aberrant Ras activation because of
      NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, CBL and NF1 mutations is common in CMML and JMML. However, no
      mechanism-based treatments currently exist for cancers with any of these
      mutations. An alternative therapeutic strategy involves targeting Ras-regulated
      effector pathways that are aberrantly activated in CMML and JMML, which include
      the Raf/MEK/ERK and phosphoinositide-3'-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascades. Mx1-Cre,
      Kras(D12) and Mx1-Cre, Nf1(flox/)(-) mice accurately model many aspects of CMML
      and JMML. Treating Mx1-Cre, Kras(D12) mice with GDC-0941 (also referred to as
      pictilisib), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of class I PI3K isoforms, reduced
      leukocytosis, anemia and splenomegaly while extending survival. However, GDC-0941
      treatment attenuated activation of both PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in
      primary hematopoietic cells, suggesting it could be acting through suppression of
      Raf/MEK/ERK signals. To interrogate the importance of the PI3K/Akt pathway
      specifically, we treated mice with the allosteric Akt inhibitor MK-2206. This
      compound had no effect on Raf/MEK/ERK signaling, yet it also induced robust
      hematologic responses in Kras and Nf1 mice with MPN. These data support
      investigating PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy in JMML and
      CMML patients.

PMID- 26965287
TI  - Does the medical treatment for prolactinoma remain the standard of care?

PMID- 26965286
TI  - A novel gene expression signature for bone metastasis in breast carcinomas.
AB  - Metastatic cancer remains the leading cause of death for patients with breast
      cancer. To understand the mechanisms underlying the development of distant
      metastases to specific sites is therefore important and of potential clinical
      value. From 157 primary breast tumours of the patients with known metastatic
      disease, gene expression profiling data were generated and correlated to
      metastatic behaviour including site-specific metastasis, metastasis pattern and
      survival outcomes. We analysed gene expression signatures specifically associated
      with the development of bone metastases. As a validation cohort, we used a
      published dataset of 376 breast carcinomas for which gene expression data and
      site-specific metastasis information were available. 80.5 % of luminal-type
      tumours developed bone metastasis as opposed to 41.7 % of basal and 55.6 % of
      HER2-like tumours. A novel 15-gene signature identified 82.4 % of the tumours
      with bone metastasis, 85.2 % of the tumours which had bone metastasis as first
      site of metastasis and 100 % of the ones with bone metastasis only (p 9.99e-09),
      in the training set. In the independent dataset, 81.2 % of the positive tested
      tumours had known metastatic disease to the bone (p 4.28e-10). This 15-gene
      signature showed much better correlation with the development of bone metastases
      than previously identified signatures and was predictive in both ER-positive as
      well as in ER-negative tumours. Multivariate analyses revealed that together with
      the molecular subtype, our 15-gene expression signature was significantly
      correlated to bone metastasis status (p <0.001, 95 % CI 3.86-48.02 in the
      training set; p 0.001, 95 % CI 1.54-5.00 in the independent set). The 15 genes,
      APOPEC3B, ATL2, BBS1, C6orf61, C6orf167, MMS22L, KCNS1, MFAP3L, NIP7, NUP155,
      PALM2, PH-4, PGD5, SFT2D2 and STEAP3, encoded mainly membrane-bound molecules
      with molecular function of protein binding. The expression levels of the up
      regulated genes (NAT1, BBS1 and PH-4) were also found to be correlated to
      epithelial to mesenchymal transition status of the tumour. We have identified a
      novel 15-gene expression signature associated with the development of bone
      metastases in breast cancer patients. This bone metastasis signature is the first
      to be identified using a supervised classification approach in a large series of
      patients and will help forward research in this area towards clinical
      applications. 

PMID- 26965288
TI  - Linoleic acid-derived lipid mediators increase in a female-dominated subphenotype
      of COPD.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality;
      however, the role of inflammatory mediators in its pathobiology remains unclear.
      The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gender in COPD on lipid
      mediator levels.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were obtained from
      healthy never-smokers, smokers and COPD patients (Global Initiative for Chronic
      Obstructive Lung Disease stage I-II/A-B) (n=114). 94 lipid mediators derived from
      the cytochrome-P450, lipoxygenase, and cyclooxygenase pathways were analysed by
      liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Multivariate modelling identified a 9
      lipid panel in BALF that classified female smokers with COPD from healthy female
      smokers (p=6*10(-6)). No differences were observed for the corresponding male
      population (p=1.0). These findings were replicated in an independent cohort with
      92% accuracy (p=0.005). The strongest drivers were the cytochrome P450-derived
      epoxide products of linoleic acid (leukotoxins) and their corresponding soluble
      epoxide hydrolase (sEH)-derived products (leukotoxin-diols). These species
      correlated with lung function (r=0.87; p=0.0009) and mRNA levels of enzymes
      putatively involved in their biosynthesis (r=0.96; p=0.003). Leukotoxin levels
      correlated with goblet cell abundance (r=0.72; p=0.028).These findings suggest a
      mechanism by which goblet cell-associated cytochrome-P450 and sEH activity
      produce elevated leukotoxin-diol levels, which play a putative role in the
      clinical manifestations of COPD in a female-dominated disease sub-phenotype.

PMID- 26965289
TI  - Low yield of screening asylum seekers from countries with a tuberculosis
      incidence of <50 per 100 000 population.

PMID- 26965291
TI  - Follow-up of pulmonary right-to-left shunt in hereditary haemorrhagic
      telangiectasia.
AB  - Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are associated with severe
      neurological complications in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).
      Transthoracic contrast echocardiography (TTCE) is recommended for screening of
      pulmonary right-to-left shunts (RLS). Although growth of PAVMs is shown in two
      small studies, no studies on follow-up with TTCE exist.All HHT patients underwent
      a second TTCE 5 years after initial screening. Patients with a history of PAVM
      embolisation were excluded. Pulmonary RLS grade on TTCE after 5 years was
      compared to the grade at screening.200 patients (53.5% female, mean+/-sd age at
      screening 44.7+/-14.1 years) were included. Increase in RLS grade occurred in 36
      (18%) patients, of whom six (17%) underwent embolisation. The change in grade
      between screening and follow-up was not more than one grade. Of patients with
      nontreatable pulmonary RLS at screening (n=113), 14 (12.4%) underwent
      embolisation. In patients without pulmonary RLS at initial screening (n=87), no
      treatable PAVMs developed during follow-up.Within 5 years, no treatable PAVMs
      developed in HHT patients without pulmonary RLS at initial screening. Increase in
      pulmonary RLS grade occurred in 18% of patients, and never increased by more than
      one grade. Of patients with nontreatable pulmonary RLS at initial screening, 12%
      underwent embolisation.

PMID- 26965290
TI  - Effectiveness and safety of meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens in the
      treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB.
AB  - No large study has ever evaluated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of
      meropenem/clavulanate to treat multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant
      tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB). The aim of this observational study was to
      evaluate the therapeutic contribution, effectiveness, safety and tolerability
      profile of meropenem/clavulanate added to a background regimen when treating MDR-
      and XDR-TB cases.Patients treated with a meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimen
      (n=96) showed a greater drug resistance profile than those exposed to a
      meropenem/clavulanate-sparing regimen (n=168): in the former group XDR-TB was
      more frequent (49% versus 6.0%, p<0.0001) and the median (interquartile range
      (IQR)) number of antibiotic resistances was higher (8 (6-9)versus 5 (4-6)).
      Patients were treated with a meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimen for a
      median (IQR) of 85 (49-156) days.No statistically significant differences were
      observed in the overall MDR-TB cohort and in the subgroups with and without the
      XDR-TB patients; in particular, sputum smear and culture conversion rates were
      similar in XDR-TB patients exposed to meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens
      (88.0% versus 100.0%, p=1.00 and 88.0% versus 100.0%, p=1.00, respectively). Only
      six cases reported adverse events attributable to meropenem/clavulanate (four of
      them then restarting treatment).The nondifferent outcomes and bacteriological
      conversion rate observed in cases who were more severe than controls might imply
      that meropenem/clavulanate could be active in treating MDR- and XDR-TB cases.

PMID- 26965292
TI  - Resting pulmonary artery pressure of 21-24 mmHg predicts abnormal exercise
      haemodynamics.
AB  - A resting mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of 21-24 mmHg is above the upper
      limit of normal but does not reach criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary
      hypertension (PH). We sought to determine whether an mPAP of 21-24 mmHg is
      associated with an increased risk of developing an abnormal pulmonary vascular
      response during exercise.Consecutive patients (n=290) with resting mPAP <25 mmHg
      who underwent invasive exercise haemodynamics were analysed. Risk factors for
      pulmonary vascular disease or left heart disease were present in 63.4% and 43.8%
      of subjects. An abnormal pulmonary vascular response (or exercise PH) was defined
      by mPAP >30 mmHg and total pulmonary vascular resistance >3 WU at maximal
      exercise.Exercise PH occurred in 74 (86.0%) out of 86 versus 96 (47.1%) out of
      204 in the mPAP of 21-24 mmHg and mPAP <21 mmHg groups, respectively (OR 6.9, 95%
      CI: 3.6-13.6; p<0.0001). Patients with mPAP of 21-24 mmHg had lower 6-min walk
      distance (p=0.002) and higher New York Heart Association functional class status
      (p=0.03). Decreasing levels of mPAP were associated with a lower prevalence of
      exercise PH, which occurred in 60.3%, 38.7% and 7.7% of patients with mPAP of 17
      20, 13-16 and <13 mmHg, respectively.In an at-risk population, a resting mPAP
      between 21-24 mmHg is closely associated with exercise PH together with worse
      functional capacity.

PMID- 26965293
TI  - In-hospital mortality following lung cancer resection: nationwide administrative
      database.
AB  - Our aim was to determine the effect of a national strategy for quality
      improvement in cancer management (the "Plan Cancer") according to time period and
      to assess the influence of type and volume of hospital activity on in-hospital
      mortality (IHM) within a large national cohort of patients operated on for lung
      cancer.From January 2005 to December 2013, 76 235 patients were included in the
      French Administrative Database. Patient characteristics, hospital volume of
      activity and hospital type were analysed over three periods: 2005-2007, 2008-2010
      and 2011-2013.Global crude IHM was 3.9%: 4.3% during 2005-2007, 4% during 2008
      2010 and 3.5% during 2011-2013 (p<0.01). 296, 259 and 209 centres performed
      pulmonary resections in 2005-2007, 2008-2010 and 2011-2013, respectively
      (p<0.01). The risk of death was higher in centres performing <13 resections per
      year than in centres performing >43 resections per year (adjusted (a)OR 1.48, 95%
      CI 1.197-1.834). The risk of death was lower in the period 2011-2013 than in the
      period 2008-2010 (aOR 0.841, 95% CI 0.764-0.926). Adjustment variables (age, sex,
      Charlson score and type of resection) were significantly linked to IHM, whereas
      the type of hospital was not.The French national strategy for quality improvement
      seems to have induced a significant decrease in IHM.

PMID- 26965295
TI  - Enhanced monocyte migration to CXCR3  and CCR5 chemokines in COPD.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients exhibit chronic
      inflammation, both in the lung parenchyma and the airways, which is characterised
      by an increased infiltration of macrophages and T-lymphocytes, particularly CD8+
      cells. Both cell types can express chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)3 and C
      C chemokine receptor 5 and the relevant chemokines for these receptors are
      elevated in COPD. The aim of this study was to compare chemotactic responses of
      lymphocytes and monocytes of nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients towards CXCR3
      ligands and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)5. Migration of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells, monocytes and lymphocytes from nonsmokers, smokers and COPD
      patients toward CXCR3 chemokines and CCL5 was analysed using chemotaxis assays.
      There was increased migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COPD
      patients towards all chemokines studied when compared with nonsmokers and
      smokers. Both lymphocytes and monocytes contributed to this enhanced response,
      which was not explained by increased receptor expression. However, isolated
      lymphocytes failed to migrate and isolated monocytes from COPD patients lost
      their enhanced migratory capacity. Both monocytes and lymphocytes cooperate to
      enhance migration towards CXCR3 chemokines and CCL5. This may contribute to
      increased numbers of macrophages and T-cells in the lungs of COPD patients, and
      inhibition of recruitment using selective antagonists might be a treatment to
      reduce the inflammatory response in COPD.

PMID- 26965296
TI  - FG-3019 anti-connective tissue growth factor monoclonal antibody: results of an
      open-label clinical trial in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - FG-3019 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that interferes with the action of
      connective tissue growth factor, a central mediator in the pathogenesis of
      fibrosis.This open-label phase 2 trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of two
      doses of FG-3019 administered by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks for 45 weeks
      in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Subjects had a diagnosis of
      IPF within the prior 5 years defined by either usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)
      pattern on a recent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan, or a
      possible UIP pattern on HRCT scan and a recent surgical lung biopsy showing UIP
      pattern. Pulmonary function tests were performed every 12 weeks, and changes in
      the extent of pulmonary fibrosis were measured by quantitative HRCT scans
      performed at baseline and every 24 weeks.FG-3019 was safe and well-tolerated in
      IPF patients participating in the study. Changes in fibrosis were correlated with
      changes in pulmonary function.Further investigation of FG-3019 in IPF with a
      placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted and is underway.

PMID- 26965294
TI  - The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive
      smoking on the development of early wheeze in children.
AB  - Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases childhood asthma risk, but health
      effects in children of nonsmoking mothers passively exposed to tobacco smoke
      during pregnancy are unclear. We examined the association of maternal passive
      smoking during pregnancy and wheeze in children aged <=2 years.Individual data of
      27 993 mother-child pairs from 15 European birth cohorts were combined in pooled
      analyses taking into consideration potential confounders.Children with maternal
      exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and no other smoking exposure were
      more likely to develop wheeze up to the age of 2 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03
      1.20) compared with unexposed children. Risk of wheeze was further increased by
      children's postnatal passive smoke exposure in addition to their mothers' passive
      exposure during pregnancy (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19-1.40) and highest in children
      with both sources of passive exposure and mothers who smoked actively during
      pregnancy (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.59-1.88). Risk of wheeze associated with tobacco
      smoke exposure was higher in children with an allergic versus nonallergic family
      history.Maternal passive smoking exposure during pregnancy is an independent risk
      factor for wheeze in children up to the age of 2 years. Pregnant females should
      avoid active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke for the benefit of their
      children's health.

PMID- 26965297
TI  - Serum pentraxin 3 as a possible marker for mature cystic teratomas.
AB  - Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory mediator that is released by a wide range
      of tissues and cells. Elevated PTX3 levels may represent a useful diagnostic
      and/or prognostic marker for a number of diseases. The purpose of this study was
      to investigate serum PTX3 levels in benign gynecological conditions including
      mature cystic teratomas (MCTs), endometriomas, and uterine leiomyomas. Serum PTX3
      levels of the MCT group were found to be significantly higher compared to those
      of the other groups, including healthy controls (p = 0.001), although
      carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) did not exhibit a significant difference.
      Serum PTX3 levels of the MCT, but not the endometrioma group, were also found to
      have significantly decreased post-operatively (mean +/- standard deviation, 4.98
      +/- 2.10 to 3.61 +/- 1.53 ng/mL). Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated
      positive staining for PTX3 protein in the sebaceous glands, epidermal tissues,
      and hair roots of MCT specimens. PTX3 is expressed by MCTs and is associated with
      increased serum concentrations compared to healthy controls and patients with
      either endometriomas or uterine leiomyomas. We conclude that serum PTX3 levels
      could be used as a potential diagnostic marker for MCTs, especially helpful in
      differentiating them from endometriomas with elevated expression of CA19-9.

PMID- 26965298
TI  - The Impact of Core/Veneer Thickness Ratio and Cyclic Loading on Fracture
      Resistance of Lithium Disilicate Crown.

PMID- 26965300
TI  - Pancreas Transplantation: Past, Present, Future.
AB  - Diabetes is the pandemic disease of the modern era, with 10% of these patients
      having type 1 diabetes mellitus. Despite the prevalence, morbidities, and
      associated financial burden, treatment options have not changed since the
      introduction of injectable insulin. To date, over 40,000 pancreas transplants
      have been performed globally. It remains the only known method for restoring
      glycemic control and thus curing type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review
      is to bring pancreatic transplantation out of the specialist realm, informing
      practitioners about this important procedure, so that they feel better equipped
      to refer suitable patients for transplantation and manage, counsel, and support
      when encountering them within their own specialty. This study was a narrative
      review conducted in October 2015, with OVID interface searching EMBASE and
      MEDLINE databases, using Timeframe: Inception to October 2015. Articles were
      assessed for clinical relevance and most up-to-date content, with articles
      written in English as the only inclusion criterion. Other sources used included
      conference proceedings/presentations and unpublished data from our institution
      (Oxford Transplant Centre). Pancreatic transplantation is growing and has quickly
      become the gold standard of care for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and
      renal failure. Significant improvements in quality of life and life expectancy
      make pancreatic transplant a viable and economically feasible intervention. It
      remains the most effective method of establishing and maintaining euglycemia,
      halting and potentially reversing complications associated with diabetes.

PMID- 26965301
TI  - Can Benefit Corporations Redeem the Pharmaceutical Industry?

PMID- 26965299
TI  - Cognitive reserve and neuropsychological functioning in older HIV-infected
      people.
AB  - Progress in treatments has led to HIV+ patients getting older. Age and HIV are
      risk factors for neurocognitive impairment (NCI). We explored the role of
      cognitive reserve (CR) on cognition in a group of virologically suppressed older
      HIV+ people. We performed a multicenter study, consecutively enrolling
      asymptomatic HIV+ subjects >=60 years old during routine outpatient visits. A
      comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered. Raw test scores were
      adjusted based on Italian normative data and transformed into z-scores; NCI was
      defined according to Frascati criteria. All participants underwent the Brief
      Intelligence Test (TIB) and the Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) questionnaire as
      proxies for CR. Relationships between TIB, CRI, and NCI were investigated by
      logistic or linear regression analyses. Sixty patients (85 % males, median age
      66, median education 12, 10 % HCV co-infected, 25 % with past acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining events, median CD4 cells count 581
      cells/MUL, median nadir CD4 cells count 109 cells/MUL) were enrolled. Twenty-four
      patients (40 %) showed Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment. At logistic
      regression analysis, only CRI (OR 0.94; 95 % CI 0.91-0.97; P = 0.001) and TIB (OR
      0.80; 95 % CI 0.71-0.90; P < 0.001) were associated with a lower risk of NCI.
      Higher CRI and TIB were significantly correlated with a better performance
      (composite z-score) both globally and at individual cognitive domains. Our
      findings highlight the role of CR over clinical variables in maintaining
      cognitive integrity in a virologically suppressed older HIV-infected population.
      A lifestyle characterized by experiences of mental stimulation may help to cope
      aging and HIV-related neurodegeneration.

PMID- 26965302
TI  - Appropriateness: A Key to Enabling the Use of Genomics in Clinical Practice?

PMID- 26965303
TI  - Extra-abdominal desmoid fibromatosis: A review of management, current guidance
      and unanswered questions.
AB  - Extra abdominal desmoid fibromatosis is a complex condition with many recognised
      treatments including active observation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy,
      radiotherapy and surgical resection. There is large variation in the natural
      history of individual desmoid tumours, with some cases progressing aggressively
      and others regressing spontaneously when observed alone. This combined with an
      absence of accurate clinical predictors of a desmoid tumour's behaviour has led
      to difficulties in identifying which patients would benefit most from aggressive
      treatment, and which could be adequately managed with a policy of active
      observation alone. This review explores the aetiology and common presentation of
      extra-abdominal desmoid fibromatosis including the condition's histopathological,
      clinical and radiological characteristics. The current evidence for potential
      predictors of desmoid tumour behaviour is also reviewed, along with the
      indications and evidence for the multitude of treatments available. We also
      summarise the published guidelines that are currently available for oncologists
      and surgeons managing extra-abdominal desmoid fibromatosis, and highlight some of
      the unanswered questions that need to be addressed to optimise the management of
      this condition.

PMID- 26965304
TI  - HIPEC and nephrotoxicity: A cisplatin induced effect?

PMID- 26965305
TI  - Patterns and outcomes of breast reconstruction in older women - A systematic
      review of the literature.
AB  - PURPOSE: Older age is associated with lower rates of breast reconstruction (BR)
      for women requiring mastectomy. The purpose was to assess the available evidence
      on uptake, outcome and quality of life (QoL) after BR in older women. METHODS: A
      systematic literature review was performed via Medline, Embase and Cochrane
      databases using the search terms breast reconstruction, breast cancer, and
      mastectomy. Eligible studies reported rates of BR, rates of different
      reconstructive techniques, complication rates, and/or patient reported outcome
      measures (PROMs) of BR in women aged 60 years or older undergoing mastectomy for
      ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. RESULTS: A total of 42 eligible
      studies were included, with 32 of these reporting BR rates, 10 reporting rates of
      different reconstructive techniques, 10 reporting rates of complications, and
      four reporting PROMs. The studies reported 24,746 cases of BR in 407,570
      mastectomy patients aged 60 years or older from 1987 to 2012. Implant based BR
      was more common than autologous techniques. Mostly, complication rates were not
      higher in older women, and QoL outcomes were similar to younger women.
      CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms that BR rates are lower in older women despite
      recent studies demonstrating its efficacy. The perception among some surgeons and
      women requiring mastectomy that the potential risks of BR in older women outweigh
      the benefits needs to be revisited. Education of consumers and surgeons along
      with public advocacy for offering BR to all clinically eligible women are the
      most promising means of changing practice.

PMID- 26965306
TI  - Erratum to: 'Recruitment challenges in clinical research including cancer
      patients and their caregivers. A randomized controlled trial study and lessons
      learned'.

PMID- 26965307
TI  - Collaborating in the context of co-location: a grounded theory study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most individuals with mental health concerns seek care from their
      primary care provider, who may lack comfort, knowledge, and time to provide care.
      Interprofessional collaboration between providers improves access to primary
      mental health services and increases primary care providers' comfort offering
      these services. Building and sustaining interprofessional relationships is
      foundational to collaborative practice in primary care settings. However, little
      is known about the relationship building process within these collaborative
      relationships. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to gain a
      theoretical understanding of the interprofessional collaborative relationship
      building process to guide health care providers and leaders as they integrate
      mental health services into primary care settings. METHODS: Forty primary and
      mental health care providers completed a demographic questionnaire and
      participated in either an individual or group interview. Interviews were audio
      recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were reviewed several times and
      then individually coded. Codes were reviewed and similar codes were collapsed to
      form categories using using constant comparison. All codes and categories were
      discussed amongst the researchers and the final categories and core category was
      agreed upon using constant comparison and consensus. RESULTS: A four-stage
      developmental interprofessional collaborative relationship-building model
      explained the emergent core category of Collaboration in the Context of Co
      location. The four stages included 1) Looking for Help, 2) Initiating Co
      location, 3) Fitting-in, and 4) Growing Reciprocity. A patient-focus and
      communication strategies were essential processes throughout the
      interprofessional collaborative relationship-building process. CONCLUSIONS:
      Building interprofessional collaborative relationships amongst health care
      providers are essential to delivering mental health services in primary care
      settings. This developmental model describes the process of how these
      relationships are co-created and supported by the health care region.
      Furthermore, the model emphasizes that all providers must develop and sustain a
      patient-focus and communication strategies that are flexible. Applying this
      model, health care providers can guide the creation and sustainability of primary
      care interprofessional collaborative relationships. Moreover, this model may
      guide health care leaders and policy makers as they initiate interprofessional
      collaborative practice in other health care settings.

PMID- 26965308
TI  - Correction of severe columella and tip retraction in silicone implanted Asian
      short noses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Silicone Implants and other alloplastic materials are frequently used
      in rhinoplasty to augment Asian short noses. However, nasal deformities as a
      result of implant-related infections are increasing in incidence. The resulting
      tissue scarrings hinder the application of traditional techniques of lengthening
      short noses. The following paper presents a technique to correct severe
      postoperative retractions of the tip and columella caused by silicone implants.
      METHODS: We present a retrospective case study of two Asian patients with
      recurrent acute infections, secondary to silicone dorsum implants, leading to
      chronic inflammation of the tip and columella. The treatment consisted of implant
      removal and the immediate nasal reconstruction by combining uni- or bilateral
      gingivobuccal flaps along with L-shaped costal cartilage grafting. To evaluate
      the surgical results, various anthropometric measurements, particularly the nasal
      length (NL) and nasal tip projection (NTP) of pre- and postoperative profile
      photographs, were analyzed. RESULTS: Successful nasal lengthening and correction
      of columellar retraction were achieved. In case I, postoperative NTP and NL
      increased by 34.7% and 21.1%, respectively. In case II, NL and NTP increased by
      23.8% and 10.6%, respectively. However, case II presented necrosis of the distal
      extremity of one gingivobuccal flap without rib graft resorption, which later
      healed by secondary intention. CONCLUSION: Pronounced columellar retraction in
      severe short noses can be successfully managed with a combination of
      gingivobuccal flaps along with L-shaped costal cartilage grafting. The use of
      autologous materials decreases the risk of long-term extrusion through the tip.
      The gingivobuccal flap provides vascularity to the exposed rib cartilage on the
      columella and prevents its resorption.

PMID- 26965309
TI  - Context, mechanisms and outcomes in end of life care for people with advanced
      dementia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of people with dementia in the UK die in care homes. The
      quality of end of life care in these environments is often suboptimal. The aim of
      the present study was to explore the context, mechanisms and outcomes for
      providing good palliative care to people with advanced dementia residing in UK
      care homes from the perspective of health and social care providers. METHOD: The
      design of the study was qualitative which involved purposive sampling of health
      care professionals to undertake interactive interviews within a realist
      framework. Interviews were completed between September 2012 and October 2013 and
      were thematically analysed and then conceptualised according to context,
      mechanisms and outcomes. The settings were private care homes and services
      provided by the National Health Service including memory clinics, mental health
      and commissioning services in London, United Kingdom. The participants included
      14 health and social care professionals including health care assistants, care
      home managers, commissioners for older adults' services and nursing staff.
      RESULTS: Good palliative care for people with advanced dementia is underpinned by
      the prioritisation of psychosocial and spiritual care, developing relationships
      with family carers, addressing physical needs including symptom management and
      continuous, integrated care provided by a multidisciplinary team. Contextual
      factors that detract from good end of life care included: an emphasis on
      financial efficiency over person-centred care; a complex health and social care
      system, societal and family attitudes towards staff; staff training and
      experience, governance and bureaucratisation; complexity of dementia; advance
      care planning and staff characteristics. Mechanisms that influence the quality of
      end of life care include: level of health care professionals' confidence, family
      uncertainty about end of life care, resources for improving end of life care and
      supporting families, and uncertainty about whether dementia specific palliative
      care is required. CONCLUSIONS: Contextual factors regarding the care home
      environment may be obdurate and tend to negatively impact on the quality of end
      of life dementia care. Local level mechanisms may be more amenable to
      improvement. However, systemic changes to the care home environment are necessary
      to promote consistent, equitable and sustainable high quality end of life
      dementia care across the UK care home sector.

PMID- 26965311
TI  - Reply: Methodological considerations in measuring different AMH splice forms
      using ELISA: validity of proAMH ELISA.

PMID- 26965312
TI  - Methodological considerations in measuring different AMH cleavage forms using
      ELISA: validity of proAMH ELISA.

PMID- 26965310
TI  - Role of docosahexaenoic acid in the modulation of glial cells in Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 (omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated
      fatty acid (LCPUFA) relevant for brain function. It has largely been explored as
      a potential candidate to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical evidence favors
      a role for DHA in the improvement of cognition in very early stages of the AD. In
      response to stress or damage, DHA generates oxygenated derivatives called
      docosanoids that can activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
      gamma (PPARgamma). In conjunction with activated retinoid X receptors (RXR),
      PPARgamma modulates inflammation, cell survival, and lipid metabolism. As an
      early event in AD, inflammation is associated with an excess of amyloid beta
      peptide (Abeta) that contributes to neural insult. Glial cells are recognized to
      be actively involved during AD, and their dysfunction is associated with the
      early appearance of this pathology. These cells give support to neurons, remove
      amyloid beta peptides from the brain, and modulate inflammation. Since DHA can
      modulate glial cell activity, the present work reviews the evidence about this
      modulation as well as the effect of docosanoids on neuroinflammation and in some
      AD models. The evidence supports PPARgamma as a preferred target for gene
      modulation. The effective use of DHA and/or its derivatives in a subgroup of
      people at risk of developing AD is discussed. 

PMID- 26965315
TI  - LINE-1 hypomethylation and mutational status in cutaneous melanomas.
AB  - Epigenetic dysregulation is an important emerging hallmark of cutaneous melanoma
      development. The global loss of DNA methylation in gene-poor regions and
      transposable DNA elements of cancer cells contributes to increased genomic
      instability. Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) sequences are the most abundant
      repetitive sequence of the genome and can be evaluated as a surrogate marker of
      the global level of DNA methylation. In this work, LINE-1 methylation levels were
      evaluated in cutaneous melanomas and normal melanocyte primary cell cultures to
      investigate their possible association with both distinct clinicopathological
      characteristics and tumor mutational profile. A set of driver mutations
      frequently identified in cutaneous melanoma was assessed by sequencing
      (actionable mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT genes, and mutations affecting the
      TER T promoter) or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)
      (CDKN2A deletions). Pyrosequencing was performed to investigate the methylation
      level of LINE-1 and CDKN2A promoter sequences. The qualitative analysis showed a
      trend toward an association between LINE-1 hypomethylation and CDKN2A
      inactivation (p=0.05). In a quantitative approach, primary tumors, mainly the
      thicker ones (>4 mm), exhibited a trend toward LINE-1 hypomethylation when
      compared with control melanocytes. To date, this is the first study reporting in
      cutaneous melanomas a possible link between the dysregulation of LINE-1
      methylation and the presence of driver mutations.

PMID- 26965316
TI  - Simple, Robust, and Plasticizer-Free Iodide-Selective Sensor Based on
      Copolymerized Triazole-Based Ionic Liquid.
AB  - Novel solid-contact iodide-selective electrodes based on covalently attached
      1,2,3 triazole ionic liquid (IL) were prepared and investigated in this study.
      Triazole-based IL moieties were synthesized using click chemistry and were
      further copolymerized with lauryl methacrylate via a simple one-step free radical
      polymerization to produce a "self-plasticized" copolymer. The mechanical
      properties of the copolymer are suitable for the fabrication of plasticizer-free
      ion-selective membrane electrodes. We demonstrate that covalently attached IL
      moieties provide adequate functionality to the ion-selective membrane, thus
      achieving a very simple, one-component sensing membrane. We also demonstrate that
      the presence of iodide as the counterion in the triazole moiety has direct
      influence on the membrane's functionality. Potentiometric experiments revealed
      that each electrode displays high selectivity toward iodide anions over a number
      of inorganic anions. Moreover, the inherent presence of the iodide in the
      membrane reduces the need for conditioning. The nonconditioned electrodes show
      strikingly similar response characteristics compared to the conditioned ones. The
      electrodes exhibited a near Nernstian behavior with a slope of -56.1 mV per
      decade across a large concentration range with lower detection limits found at
      approximately 6.3 * 10(-8) M or 8 ppb. These all-solid-state sensors were
      utilized for the selective potentiometric determination of iodide ions in
      artificial urine samples in the nanomolar concentration range. 

PMID- 26965313
TI  - Granulosa cell and oocyte mitochondrial abnormalities in a mouse model of fragile
      X primary ovarian insufficiency.
AB  - STUDY HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that the mitochondria of granulosa cells (GC)
      and/or oocytes might be abnormal in a mouse model of fragile X premutation
      (FXPM). STUDY FINDING: Mice heterozygous and homozygous for the FXPM have
      increased death (atresia) of large ovarian follicles, fewer corpora lutea with a
      gene dosage effect manifesting in decreased litter size(s). Furthermore,
      granulosa cells (GC) and oocytes of FXPM mice have decreased mitochondrial
      content, structurally abnormal mitochondria, and reduced expression of critical
      mitochondrial genes. Because this mouse allele produces the mutant Fragile X
      mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) transcript and reduced levels of wild-type (WT) Fmr1
      protein (FMRP), but does not produce a Repeat Associated Non-ATG Translation
      (RAN)-translation product, our data lend support to the idea that Fmr1 mRNA with
      large numbers of CGG-repeats is intrinsically deleterious in the ovary. WHAT IS
      KNOWN ALREADY: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been detected in somatic cells of
      human and mouse FX PM carriers and mitochondria are essential for oogenesis and
      ovarian follicle development, FX-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI)
      is seen in women with FXPM alleles. These alleles have 55-200 CGG repeats in the
      5' UTR of an X-linked gene known as FMR1. The molecular basis of the pathology
      seen in this disorder is unclear but is thought to involve either some
      deleterious consequence of overexpression of RNA with long CGG-repeat tracts or
      of the generation of a repeat-associated non-AUG translation (RAN translation)
      product that is toxic. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS: Analysis of
      ovarian function in a knock-in FXPM mouse model carrying 130 CGG repeats was
      performed as follows on WT, PM/+, and PM/PM genotypes. Histomorphometric
      assessment of follicle and corpora lutea numbers in ovaries from 8-month-old mice
      was executed, along with litter size analysis. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was
      quantified in oocytes and GC using quantitative PCR, and cumulus granulosa
      mitochondrial content was measured by flow cytometric analysis after staining of
      cells with Mitotracker dye. Transmission electron micrographs were prepared of GC
      within small growing follicles and mitochondrial architecture was compared.
      Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of key genes involved in mitochondrial structure and
      recycling was performed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: A defect was found
      in follicle survival at the large antral stage in PM/+ and PM/PM mice. Litter
      size was significantly decreased in PM/PM mice, and corpora lutea were
      significantly reduced in mice of both mutant genotypes. Mitochondrial DNA copy
      number was significantly decreased in GC and metaphase II eggs in mutants. Flow
      cytometric analysis revealed that PM/+ and PM/PM animals lack the cumulus GC that
      harbor the greatest mitochondrial content as found in wild-type animals. Electron
      microscopic evaluation of GC of small growing follicles revealed mitochondrial
      structural abnormalities, including disorganized and vacuolar cristae. Finally,
      aberrant mitochondrial gene expression was detected. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and Optic
      atrophy 1 (Opa1), genes involved in mitochondrial fusion and structure,
      respectively, were significantly decreased in whole ovaries of both mutant
      genotypes. Mitochondrial fission factor 1 (Mff1) was significantly decreased in
      PM/+ and PM/PM GC and eggs compared with wild-type controls. LIMITATIONS, REASONS
      FOR CAUTION: Data from the mouse model used for these studies should be viewed
      with some caution when considering parallels to the human FXPOI condition. WIDER
      IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our data lend support to the idea that Fmr1 mRNA
      with large numbers of CGG-repeats is intrinsically deleterious in the ovary. FXPM
      disease states, including FXPOI, may share mitochondrial dysfunction as a common
      underlying mechanism. LARGE SCALE DATA: Not applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND
      COMPETING INTERESTS: Studies were supported by NIH R21 071873 (J.J./G.H), The
      Albert McKern Fund for Perinatal Research (J.J.), NIH Intramural Funds (K.U.),
      and a TUBITAK Research Fellowship Award (B.U.). No conflict(s) of interest or
      competing interest(s) are noted.

PMID- 26965314
TI  - Gene polymorphisms associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary
      artery disease: a concise review.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease which
      represents a wide spectrum of hepatic damage. Several studies have reported that
      NAFLD is a strong independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). And
      patients with NAFLD are at higher risk and suggested undergoperiodic
      cardiovascular risk assessment. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for
      the main cause of death in patients with NAFLD, and is mostly influenced by
      genetic factors. Both NAFLD and CAD are heterogeneous disease. Common pathways
      involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and CAD includes insulin resistance (IR),
      atherogenic dyslipidemia, subclinical inflammation, oxidative stress, etc.
      Genomic characteristics of these two diseases have been widely studied, further
      research about the association of these two diseases draws attention. The gene
      polymorphisms of adiponectin-encoding gene (ADIPOQ), leptin receptor (LEPR),
      apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR),
      sterol regulatory elementbinding proteins (SREBP), transmembrane 6 superfamily
      member 2 (TM6SF2), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), tumor
      necrosis factors-alpha (TNF-alpha) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)
      have been reported to be related to NAFLD and CAD. In this review, we aimed to
      provide an overview of recent insights into the genetic basis of NAFLD and CAD. 

PMID- 26965317
TI  - Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on anaemia at 8 and 12 months and
      later neurodevelopment in late pre-term and term infants; a facility-based,
      randomized-controlled trial in Nepal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delayed cord clamping at birth has shown to benefit neonates with
      increased placental transfusion leading to higher haemoglobin concentrations,
      additional iron stores and less anaemia later in infancy, higher red blood cell
      flow to vital organs and better cardiopulmonary adaptation. As iron deficiency in
      infants even without anaemia has been associated with impaired development,
      delayed cord clamping seems to benefit full term infants also in regions with a
      relatively low prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia. In Nepal, there is a high
      anaemia prevalence among children between 6 and 17 months (72-78 %). The
      objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the effects of delayed and early
      cord clamping on anaemia (and haemoglobin level) at 8 and 12 months, ferritin at
      8 and 12 months, bilirubin at 2-3 days, admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
      (NICU) or special care nursery, and development at 12 and 18-24 months of age.
      METHODS/DESIGN: A randomized, controlled trial comparing delayed and early cord
      clamping will be implemented at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital in
      Kathmandu, Nepal. Pregnant woman of gestational age 34-41 weeks who deliver
      vaginally will be included in the study. The interventions will consist of
      delayed clamping of the umbilical cord (>=180 s after delivery) or early clamping
      of the umbilical cord (<=60 s). At 8 and 12 months of age, infant's iron status
      and developmental milestones will be measured. DISCUSSION: This trial is
      important to perform because, although strong indications for the beneficial
      effect of delayed cord clamping on anaemia at 8 to 12 months of age exist, it has
      not yet been evaluated by a randomized trial in this setting. The proposed study
      will analyse both outcome as well as safety effects. Additionally, the results
      may not only contribute to practice in Nepal, but also to the global community,
      in particular to other low-income countries with a high prevalence of iron
      deficiency anaemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial.gov NCT02222805 .
      Registered August 19 2014.

PMID- 26965319
TI  - Enhancing the ballistic thermal transport of silicene through smooth interface
      coupling.
AB  - We have performed nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculations on the length
      (L) dependence of thermal conductivity (Kappa) of silicene both supported on and
      sandwiched between the smooth surfaces, i.e. h-BN, at room temperature. We find
      that Kappa of silicene follows a power law Kappa [proportional] L(beta), with
      beta increasing from about 0.3-0.4 under the effect of interface coupling,
      showing an enhancement of the ballistic thermal transport of silicene. We also
      find that beta can be further increased to about 0.6 by increasing the interface
      coupling strength for the silicene sandwiched between h-BN. The increase of beta
      for the supported case is found to come from the variation of the flexural
      acoustic (ZA) phonon mode and the first optical phonon mode induced by the
      substrate, whereas the unusual increase of beta for the sandwiched case is
      attributed to the increment of velocities of all three acoustic phonon modes.
      These findings provide an interesting route for manipulating the ballistic energy
      flow in nanomaterials.

PMID- 26965321
TI  - Experimental phase determination of the structure factor from Kossel line
      profile.
AB  - Kossel lines are formed when radiation from point x-ray sources inside a single
      crystal are diffracted by the crystal itself. In principle, Kossel line patterns
      contain full information on the crystalline structure: phase and magnitude of the
      structure factors. The phase is coded into the profile of the lines. Although
      this was known for a long time, experimental realization has not been presented.
      In this work we demonstrate experimentally that phases can be directly determined
      from the profile of the Kossel lines. These measurements are interesting not only
      theoretically, but they would facilitate structure solution of samples within
      extreme conditions, such as high pressure, high and low temperatures, high
      magnetic fields and extremely short times. The parallel measurement of many
      diffraction lines on a stationary sample will allow a more efficient use of the
      new generation of x-ray sources the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). 

PMID- 26965320
TI  - IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells enhance bone regeneration.
AB  - Immune responses are crucial not only for host defence against pathogens but also
      for tissue maintenance and repair after injury. Lymphocytes are involved in the
      healing process after tissue injury, including bone fracture and muscle damage.
      However, the specific immune cell subsets and mediators of healing are not
      entirely clear. Here we show that gammadelta T cells produce IL-17A, which
      promotes bone formation and facilitates bone fracture healing. Repair is impaired
      in IL-17A-deficient mice due to a defect in osteoblastic bone formation. IL-17A
      accelerates bone formation by stimulating the proliferation and osteoblastic
      differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. This study identifies a novel
      role for IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells in skeletal tissue regeneration. 

PMID- 26965318
TI  - Elevated on-treatment levels of serum IFN-gamma is associated with treatment
      failure of peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C.
AB  - Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection had been associated with cytokine
      imbalance. Cytokine dynamics in response to peginterferon/ribavirin therapy have
      an impact on the treatment efficacy for HCV patients. Ninety-two treatment-naive
      chronic hepatitis C patients were treated with 24 or 48 weeks of
      peginterferon/ribavirin therapy according to their viral genotypes. Sustained
      virologic response (SVR) is defined as undetectable HCV RNA throughout a 24-week
      post-treatment follow-up period. Dynamic serum levels of the following cytokines:
      (1) Th1-mediated cytokines: IFN-gamma, interleukin-2, and TNF-alpha; (2)Th2
      mediated cytokines: interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, and interleukin
      10 and (3)immuno-modulatory cytokines: interleukin-1beta, interleukin-8, and
      interleukin-12 were determined by Fluorescent Bead immunoassay. Serial dynamic
      cytokine expression demonstrated that not only elevated IFN-gamma concentrations
      at specific time points but also the total IFN-gamma amount was strongly linked
      to non-response in peginterferon/ribavirin therapy. IFN-gamma levels could serve
      as an independent predictor for SVR analyzed by multivariate logistic regression
      test. The accuracy of discriminating responders from non-responders was
      acceptable when IFN-gamma cut-off levels were set at 180, 120, and 40 pg/ml at
      the 4th week, 12th week, and end-of-treatment of therapy, respectively. Elevated
      on-treatment IFN-gamma concentration was significantly associated with treatment
      failure among interleukin-28B rs8099917TT carriers and those patients failed to
      achieve rapid virologic response. 

PMID- 26965322
TI  - Detection of methotrexate in a flow system using electrochemical impedance
      spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.
AB  - Methotrexate (MTX), a common pharmaceutical drug in cancer therapy and treatment
      of rheumatic diseases, is known to cause severe adverse side effects at high
      dose. As the side effect may be life threatening, there is an urgent need for a
      continuous, bed-side monitoring of the nominal MTX serum level in a patient while
      the chemical is being administered. This article describes a detection of MTX
      using a flow system that consists two modified gold electrodes. Interaction of
      MTX with the antibodies fixed on the electrode surface is detected by
      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and evaluated using singular value
      decomposition (SVD). The key finding of this work is that the change in the
      electrode capacitance is found to be quantitative with respect to the
      concentration of MTX. Moreover a calibration curve constructed using the
      principal component regression method has a linear range of six orders of
      magnitude and a detection limit of 1.65 * 10(-10) M.

PMID- 26965323
TI  - A review on continuous-flow microfluidic PCR in droplets: Advances, challenges
      and future.
AB  - Significant advances have been made in developing microfluidic polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) devices in the last two decades. More recently, microfluidic
      microdroplet technology has been exploited to perform PCR in droplets because of
      its unique features. For example, it can prevent crossover contamination and PCR
      inhibition, is suitable for single-cell and single-molecule analyses, and has the
      potential for system integration and automation. This review will therefore focus
      on recent developments on droplet-based continuous-flow microfluidic PCR, and the
      major research challenges. This paper will also discuss a new way of on-chip flow
      control and a rational design simulation tool, which are required to underpin
      fully integrated and automated droplet-based microfluidic systems. We will
      conclude with a scientific speculation of future autonomous scientific
      discoveries enabled by microfluidic microdroplet technologies. 

PMID- 26965324
TI  - Chemometric methods in data processing of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: A
      review.
AB  - This review focuses on recent and potential advances in chemometric methods in
      relation to data processing in metabolomics, especially for data generated from
      mass spectrometric techniques. Metabolomics is gradually being regarded a
      valuable and promising biotechnology rather than an ambitious advancement.
      Herein, we outline significant developments in metabolomics, especially in the
      combination with modern chemical analysis techniques, and dedicated statistical,
      and chemometric data analytical strategies. Advanced skills in the preprocessing
      of raw data, identification of metabolites, variable selection, and modeling are
      illustrated. We believe that insights from these developments will help narrow
      the gap between the original dataset and current biological knowledge. We also
      discuss the limitations and perspectives of extracting information from high
      throughput datasets. 

PMID- 26965325
TI  - Extension of least squares spectral resolution algorithm to high-resolution
      lipidomics data.
AB  - Lipidomics, which focuses on the global study of molecular lipids in biological
      systems, has been driven tremendously by technical advances in mass spectrometry
      (MS) instrumentation, particularly high-resolution MS. This requires powerful
      computational tools that handle the high-throughput lipidomics data analysis. To
      address this issue, a novel computational tool has been developed for the
      analysis of high-resolution MS data, including the data pretreatment,
      visualization, automated identification, deconvolution and quantification of
      lipid species. The algorithm features the customized generation of a lipid
      compound library and mass spectral library, which covers the major lipid classes
      such as glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Next, the
      algorithm performs least squares resolution of spectra and chromatograms based on
      the theoretical isotope distribution of molecular ions, which enables automated
      identification and quantification of molecular lipid species. Currently, this
      methodology supports analysis of both high and low resolution MS as well as
      liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) lipidomics data. The flexibility of the
      methodology allows it to be expanded to support more lipid classes and more data
      interpretation functions, making it a promising tool in lipidomic data analysis. 

PMID- 26965326
TI  - Direct analysis of palladium in active pharmaceutical ingredients by anodic
      stripping voltammetry.
AB  - Anodic stripping voltammetry, a classical electroanalytical method has been
      optimized to analyze trace Pd(II) in active pharmaceutical ingredient matrices.
      The electroanalytical approach with an unmodified glassy carbon electrode was
      performed in both aqueous and 95% DMSO/5% water (95/5 DMSO/H2O) solutions,
      without pretreatment such as acid digestion or dry ashing to remove the organics.
      Limits of detection (LODs) in the presence of caffeine and ketoprofen were
      determined to be 11 and 9.6 MUg g(-1), with a relative standard deviation (RSD)
      of 5.7% and 2.3%, respectively. This method is simple, highly reproducible,
      sensitive, and robust. The instrumentation has the potential to be portable and
      the obviation of sample pretreatment makes it an ideal approach for determining
      lost catalytic metals in pharmaceutical-related industries. Furthermore, the
      simultaneous detection of Pd(II) with Cd(II) and Pb(II) in the low MUg L(-1)
      range indicates that this system is capable of simultaneous multi-analyte
      analysis in a variety of matrices.

PMID- 26965327
TI  - Non-invasive determination of glucose directly in raw fruits using a continuous
      flow system based on microdialysis sampling and amperometric detection at an
      integrated enzymatic biosensor.
AB  - A non-destructive, rapid and simple to use sensing method for direct
      determination of glucose in non-processed fruits is described. The strategy
      involved on-line microdialysis sampling coupled with a continuous flow system
      with amperometric detection at an enzymatic biosensor. Apart from direct
      determination of glucose in fruit juices and blended fruits, this work describes
      for the first time the successful application of an enzymatic biosensor-based
      electrochemical approach to the non-invasive determination of glucose in raw
      fruits. The methodology correlates, through previous calibration set-up, the
      amperometric signal generated from glucose in non-processed fruits with its
      content in % (w/w). The comparison of the obtained results using the proposed
      approach in different fruits with those provided by other method involving the
      same commercial biosensor as amperometric detector in stirred solutions pointed
      out that there were no significant differences. Moreover, in comparison with
      other available methodologies, this microdialysis-coupled continuous flow system
      amperometric biosensor-based procedure features straightforward sample
      preparation, low cost, reduced assay time (sampling rate of 7 h(-1)) and ease of
      automation.

PMID- 26965328
TI  - Matrix molecularly imprinted mesoporous sol-gel sorbent for efficient solid-phase
      extraction of chloramphenicol from milk.
AB  - Highly selective and efficient chloramphenicol imprinted sol-gel silica based
      inorganic polymeric sorbent (sol-gel MIP) was synthesized via matrix imprinting
      approach for the extraction of chloramphenicol in milk. Chloramphenicol was used
      as the template molecule, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) and
      triethoxyphenylsilane (TEPS) as the functional precursors, tetramethyl
      orthosilicate (TMOS) as the cross-linker, isopropanol as the solvent/porogen, and
      HCl as the sol-gel catalyst. Non-imprinted sol-gel polymer (sol-gel NIP) was
      synthesized under identical conditions in absence of template molecules for
      comparison purpose. Both synthesized materials were characterized by Scanning
      Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and
      nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, which unambiguously confirmed their significant
      structural and morphological differences. The synthesized MIP and NIP materials
      were evaluated as sorbents for molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction
      (MISPE) of chloramphenicol in milk. The effect of critical extraction parameters
      (flow rate, elution solvent, sample and eluent volume, selectivity coefficient,
      retention capacity) was studied in terms of retention and desorption of
      chloramphenicol. Competition and cross reactivity tests have proved that sol-gel
      MIP sorbent possesses significantly higher specific retention and enrichment
      capacity for chloramphenicol compared to its non-imprinted analogue. The maximum
      imprinting factor (IF) was found as 9.7, whereas the highest adsorption capacity
      of chloramphenicol by sol-gel MIP was 23 mg/g. The sol-gel MIP was found to be
      adequately selective towards chloramphenicol to provide the necessary minimum
      required performance limit (MRPL) of 0.3 MUg/kg set forth by European Commission
      after analysis by LC-MS even without requiring time consuming solvent evaporation
      and sample reconstitution step, often considered as an integral part in solid
      phase extraction work-flow. Intra and inter-assay RSD values were less than 13%
      and accuracy expressed as relative recovery ranged from 85 to 106%.

PMID- 26965329
TI  - Interfacial reaction using particle-immobilized reagents in a fluidized reactor.
      Determination of glycerol in biodiesel.
AB  - A novel fluidized beads strategy for utilization of particle-immobilized reagents
      in flow analysis was developed in this study. The performance of the suggested
      strategy was demonstrated by the determination of glycerol in biodiesel. This
      analytical task was used as a proof-of-concept example. The method is based on on
      line extraction of glycerol from biodiesel into aqueous stationary phase of
      extraction-chromatographic column, followed by elution and spectrophotometric
      determination in the form of copper glycerate formed in a fluidized reactor of
      stepwise injection system. The floating of cation exchange resin Dowex((r))
      50WX4, saturated with Cu(II) ions in liquid phase, was accomplished by air
      bubbling. The linear range was from 100 to 1000 mg kg(-1), and the limit of
      detection, calculated as 3s of a blank test (n = 5), was found to be 30 mg kg(
      1). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of biodiesel and
      biodiesel-blend (B 20) samples.

PMID- 26965330
TI  - Target and suspect screening of psychoactive substances in sewage-based samples
      by UHPLC-QTOF.
AB  - The quantification of illicit drug and pharmaceutical residues in sewage has been
      shown to be a valuable tool that complements existing approaches in monitoring
      the patterns and trends of drug use. The present work delineates the development
      of a novel analytical tool and dynamic workflow for the analysis of a wide range
      of substances in sewage-based samples. The validated method can simultaneously
      quantify 51 target psychoactive substances and pharmaceuticals in sewage-based
      samples using an off-line automated solid phase extraction (SPE-DEX) method,
      using Oasis HLB disks, followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
      coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) in MS(e).
      Quantification and matrix effect corrections were overcome with the use of 25
      isotopic labeled internal standards (ILIS). Recoveries were generally greater
      than 60% and the limits of quantification were in the low nanogram-per-liter
      range (0.4-187 ng L(-1)). The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on
      the drug scene poses a specific analytical challenge since their market is highly
      dynamic with new compounds continuously entering the market. Suspect screening
      using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) simultaneously allowed the
      unequivocal identification of NPS based on a mass accuracy criteria of 5 ppm (of
      the molecular ion and at least two fragments) and retention time (2.5% tolerance)
      using the UNIFI screening platform. Applying MS(e) data against a suspect
      screening database of over 1000 drugs and metabolites, this method becomes a
      broad and reliable tool to detect and confirm NPS occurrence. This was
      demonstrated through the HRMS analysis of three different sewage-based sample
      types; influent wastewater, passive sampler extracts and pooled urine samples
      resulting in the concurrent quantification of known psychoactive substances and
      the identification of NPS and pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 26965331
TI  - Expanding the analytical toolbox for identity testing of pharmaceutical
      ingredients: Spectroscopic screening of dextrose using portable Raman and near
      infrared spectrometers.
AB  - In the pharmaceutical industry, dextrose is used as an active ingredient in
      parenteral solutions and as an inactive ingredient (excipient) in tablets and
      capsules. In order to address the need for more sophisticated analytical
      techniques, we report our efforts to develop enhanced identification methods to
      screen pharmaceutical ingredients at risk for adulteration or substitution using
      field-deployable spectroscopic screening. In this paper, we report our results
      for a study designed to evaluate the performance of field-deployable Raman and
      near infrared (NIR) methods to identify dextrose samples. We report a comparison
      of the sensitivity of the spectroscopic screening methods against current
      compendial identification tests that rely largely on a colorimetric assay. Our
      findings indicate that NIR and Raman spectroscopy are both able to distinguish
      dextrose by hydration state and from other sugar substitutes with 100% accuracy
      for all methods tested including spectral correlation based library methods,
      principal component analysis and classification methods. 

PMID- 26965332
TI  - Speciation of water soluble iron in size segregated airborne particulate matter
      using LED based liquid waveguide with a novel dispersive absorption spectroscopic
      measurement technique.
AB  - In this study, we present the development and evaluation of a dispersive
      absorption spectroscopic technique for trace level soluble ferrous detection. The
      technique makes use of the broadband absorption spectra of the ferrous-ferrozine
      complex with a novel spectral fitting algorithm to determine soluble ferrous
      concentrations in samples and achieves much improved measurement precision
      compared to conventional methods. The developed method was evaluated by both
      model simulations and experimental investigations. The results demonstrated the
      robustness of the method against the spectral fluctuation, wavelength drift and
      electronic noise, while achieving excellent linearity (R(2) > 0.999) and low
      detection limit (0.06 MUg L(-1)) for soluble ferrous detection. The developed
      method was also used for the speciation of soluble iron in size segregated
      atmospheric aerosols. The measurement was carried out during Spring and Summer in
      typical urban environment in Hong Kong. The measured total iron concentrations
      are in good agreement compared to conventional Inductively Coupled Plasma -
      Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) measurements. Investigation on ambient
      particulate matter samples shows the size dependent characteristic of iron
      speciation in the atmosphere with a more active role of fine particles in
      transforming between ferrous and ferric. The method demonstrated in this study
      provides a cost and time effective approach for the speciation of iron in ambient
      aerosols.

PMID- 26965333
TI  - Three-dimensional printed knotted reactors enabling highly sensitive
      differentiation of silver nanoparticles and ions in aqueous environmental
      samples.
AB  - Whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) persist or release silver ions (Ag(+)) when
      discharged into a natural environment has remained an unresolved issue. In this
      study, we employed a low-cost stereolithographic three-dimensional printing (3DP)
      technology to fabricate the angle-defined knotted reactors (KRs) to construct a
      simple differentiation scheme for quantitative assessment of Ag(+) ions and AgNPs
      in municipal wastewater samples. We chose xanthan/phosphate-buffered saline as a
      dispersion medium for in situ stabilization of the two silver species, while also
      facilitating their extraction from complicated wastewater matrices. After method
      optimization, we measured extraction efficiencies of 54.5 and 32.3% for retaining
      Ag(+) ions and AgNPs, respectively, in the printed KR (768-turn), with detection
      limits (DLs) of 0.86 and 0.52 ng L(-1) when determining Ag(+) ions and AgNPs,
      respectively (sample run at pH 11 without a rinse solution), and 0.86 ng L(-1)
      when determining Ag(+) ions alone (sample run at pH 12 with a 1.5-mL rinse
      solution). The proposed scheme is tolerant of the wastewater matrix and provides
      more reliable differentiation between Ag(+)/AgNPs than does a conventional
      filtration method. The concept and applicability of adopting 3DP technology to
      renew traditional KR devices were evidently proven by means of these
      significantly improved analytical performance. Our analytical data suggested that
      the concentrations of Ag(+) ions and AgNPs in the tested industrial wastewater
      sample were both higher than those in domestic wastewater, implying that
      industrial activity might be a main source of environmental silver species,
      rather than domestic discharge from AgNP-containing products.

PMID- 26965335
TI  - A theoretical study of dispersion-to-aggregation of nanoparticles in adsorbing
      polymers using molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - The properties of polymer-nanoparticle (NP) mixtures significantly depend on the
      dispersion of the NPs. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that,
      in the presence of polymer-NP attraction, the dispersion of NPs in semidilute and
      concentrated polymers can be stabilized by increasing the polymer concentration.
      A lower polymer concentration facilitates the aggregation of NPs bridged by
      polymer chains, as well as a further increase of the polymer-NP attraction.
      Evaluating the binding of NPs through shared polymer segments in an adsorption
      blob, we derive a linear relationship between the polymer concentration and the
      polymer-NP attraction at the phase boundary between dispersed and aggregated NPs.
      Our theoretical findings are directly relevant for understanding and controlling
      many self-assembly processes that use either dispersion or aggregation of NPs to
      yield the desired materials. 

PMID- 26965334
TI  - Simultaneous screening for lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in marine harmful
      algae using a serially coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid
      chromatography separation system with high-resolution mass spectrometry.
AB  - The presence of toxins in harmful algal blooms (HABs) poses considerable concerns
      because of their potential adverse effects on ecological environments and human
      health. When marine HABs occur, efficient screening and identification of toxins
      in different kinds of HAB algae remains a challenge. In this study, the
      applicability of serial coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)
      and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) combined with high resolution
      mass spectrometry (HR-MS) for the simultaneous screening and identification of
      various kinds of known lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in HAB algae was
      investigated for the first time. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was
      explored to extract both lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins in algae
      simultaneously. As in most cases, toxin standards were not available; therefore,
      an identification procedure based on accurate mass data and chromatographic
      behavior was proposed. According to this procedure, eight known lipophilic toxins
      and 11 hydrophilic toxins were successfully detected in a single injection, and
      the proposed method was validated. Satisfactory sensitivity, repeatability (RSD
      <14.87%) and recovery (89.4-105.8%) of the method were achieved. A major
      advantage of the proposed method is that it can almost detect members of all
      eight groups of marine algal toxins in a single run. Using this method, several
      known toxins in different marine toxigenic algae including Alexandrium tamarense,
      Alexandrium minutum and Prorocentrum lima were successfully observed and
      identified. This work demonstrates that RPLC/HILIC-HR-MS combined with an
      accurate mass list of known marine algal toxins may be used as a powerful tool
      for screening of different classes of known toxins in marine harmful algae. 

PMID- 26965336
TI  - Iodine-catalyzed Sulfonylation of Arylacetylenic Acids and Arylacetylenes with
      Sodium Sulfinates: Synthesis of Arylacetylenic Sulfones.
AB  - A highly efficient and generally applicable iodine-catalyzed reaction of
      arylacetylenic acids and arylacetylenes with sodium sulfinates for the synthesis
      of arylacetylenic sulfones was developed. The methodology has the advantages of a
      metal-free strategy, easy to handle reagents, functional group tolerance, a wide
      range of arylacetylenic acids and arylacetylenes, and easy access to
      arylacetylenic sulfones. 

PMID- 26965338
TI  - US workers without paid sick leave are more likely to forgo care, study finds.

PMID- 26965340
TI  - Sleep regulation: physiological models and hypotheses.
AB  - The elucidation of sleep regulation is not an easy task. On one side, there is a
      multitude of solid yet disparate data, on the other side, the topic is tempting
      for engaging in wild speculation, particularly with respect to the functions of
      sleep. Models may exert a moderating influence by mediating between the two
      extremes. However, also they navigate between the risk of banality in
      reformulating the obvious, and the peril of fancy in losing touch with empirical
      reality. 

PMID- 26965337
TI  - Validation of indicators used to assess unconsciousness in veal calves at
      slaughter.
AB  - European legislation states that after stunning regular checks should be
      performed to guarantee animals are unconscious between the end of the stunning
      process and death. When animals are killed without prior stunning these checks
      should be performed before the animal is released from restraint. The validity of
      certain indicators used to assess unconsciousness under different stunning and
      slaughter conditions is under debate. The aim of this study was to validate the
      absence of threat-, withdrawal-, corneal- and eyelid reflex as indicators to
      assess unconsciousness in calves subjected to different stunning and slaughter
      methods. Calves (201+/-22 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the following four
      treatments: (1) Captive bolt stunning followed by neck cut in an inverted
      position (n=25); (2) Non-stunned slaughter in an upright position (n=7); (3) Non
      stunned slaughter in an inverted position (180 degrees  rotation) (n=25); (4) Non
      stunned slaughter in an upright position followed by captive bolt stunning 40 s
      after the neck cut (n=25). Each calf was equipped with non-invasive
      electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes before the slaughter procedure. All
      reflexes were verified once before the slaughter procedure. At the beginning of
      the procedure (T=0 s) calves were stunned (treatment 1) or neck cut in an upright
      position (treatment 2, 4) or inverted position (treatment 3). Calves of treatment
      4 were captive bolt stunned 34+/-8 s after the neck cut. Reflexes were assessed
      every 20 s from T=15 s for all treatments until all reflex tests resulted in a
      negative response three times in a row and a flat line EEG was observed. In
      addition, reflexes were assessed 5 s after captive bolt stunning in calves of
      treatments 1 and 4. Visual assessment of changes in the amplitude and frequency
      of EEG traces was used to determine loss of consciousness. Timing of loss of
      consciousness was related to timing of loss of reflexes. After captive bolt
      stunning, absence of threat-, withdrawal-, corneal- and eyelid reflex indicated
      unconsciousness as determined by EEG recordings. After non-stunned slaughter,
      both threat- and withdrawal reflex were on average lost before calves were
      unconscious based on EEG recordings. The eyelid- and corneal reflex were on
      average lost after calves had lost consciousness based on EEG recordings and
      appeared to be distinctly conservative indicators of unconsciousness in non
      stunned slaughtered calves since they were observed until 76+/-50 and 85+/-45 s
      (mean+/-SD), respectively, after EEG-based loss of consciousness. 

PMID- 26965341
TI  - Circadian tuning of motivation. A little organ of yesterday?
AB  - The analysis of motivational systems underlying temporal organisation in animal
      behaviour has relied primarily on two conceptual functional frameworks:
      Homeostasis and biological clocks. Homeostasis is one of the most general and
      influential concepts in physiology. Walter Cannon introduced homeostasis as a
      universal regulatory principle which animals employ to maintain constancy of
      their 'internal milieu' in the face of challenges and perturbations from the
      external environment. Cannon spoke of "The Wisdom of the Body", the collective of
      responses designed to defend the ideal internal state against those
      perturbations. 

PMID- 26965342
TI  - Circadian regulation of sleep propensity, sleep structure and alertness: A
      symphony of paradoxes.
AB  - The adult human typically exhibits a monophasic sleep-wake cycle, i.e., remains
      awake and alert for approximately 16 hours and then sleeps for 8 hours. Recent
      experiments have provided new insights in the role of the endogenous circadian
      pacemaker in this consolidation of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep deprivation
      studies had shown previously that sleepiness and alertness are co-determined by a
      process which keeps track of the history of sleep and wakefulness and the
      circadian pacemaker, which keeps track of time. During every day life and during
      sleep deprivation both processes change simultaneously and their relative
      contribution to alertness and sleep propensity cannot be assessed under these
      conditions. 

PMID- 26965344
TI  - An interpersonal view on depression.
AB  - Cognitive and behavioural processes may constitute a risk for onset and
      persistence of depression. People who become depressed frequently show enduring
      negative cognitions which predispose them to depression. In addition,
      interpersonal processes are supposed to contribute to the etiology and
      maintenance of depression. Depression-prone persons are presumed to display
      deficient or problematic social behaviours that elicit negative reactions in
      others, finally resulting in withdrawal by family and friends. About 60% of human
      communication is non-verbal. An ethological approach may therefore contribute to
      reveal behavioural and cognitive vulnerability factors for depression onset or
      persistence. Various studies support this presumption: High levels of patients'
      observed behaviour indicating involvement in the interaction between depressives
      and clinicians at admission are related with persistence of depression. 

PMID- 26965343
TI  - Social stress in rats: An animal model of depression?
AB  - Our current understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying depressive
      disorders is not only based on behavioral, neuroendocrine and pharmacological
      studies in depressed humans, but also on experimental studies in a wide variety
      of animal models of depression. Ideally, the two approaches should operate in
      close interaction, each providing additional information to the other approach.
      However, in practice the animal model approach seems to be rather independent
      from the human studies. In a critical evaluation of the available animal models
      of depression, Willner concluded that none of the models fulfilled the criteria
      of a sufficient face, construct and predictive validity. Although this evaluation
      was made ten years ago, we feel that the situation has improved very little since
      that time. Most animal models fail to sufficiently mimic both the etiology and
      the symptomatology of human depressive disorders. With respect to the etiology,
      stress and major life events are generally considered to be an important factor
      in the development of depression. Most of the animal models however use stressors
      which bear little or no relationship to the biology of the species, i.e. to the
      situations an animal may meet in its everyday life in a natural habitat.
      Moreover, these models do not pay attention to the temporal dynamics of the
      disease. In humans, the disease is characterized by its gradual onset, which is
      often preceded by symptoms of anxiety. Moreover, a relatively large number of
      patients suffers from recurrent episodes of depression, which tend to occur with
      decreasing intervals and increasing duration and severity. If we want to improve
      our knowledge of the causal mechanisms of depression, animal models which allow
      an experimental analysis of the temporal dynamics of the disease are essential. 

PMID- 26965345
TI  - Functional brain imaging, sleep, and sleep deprivation: contributions to the
      "overarousal" hypothesis of depression.
AB  - In 1975 van den Burg and van den Hoofdakker hypothesized that depressed patients
      might be 'overaroused.' This suggestion is consistent not only with their seminal
      observations on the antidepressant effects of total sleep deprivation in
      depression, but with the short, fragmented, and shallow sleep of depressed
      patients, lowered arousal thresholds, hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary
      adrenal (HPA) axis, and elevated core body temperature commonly found in some
      patients during the sleep period. 

PMID- 26965347
TI  - Spectral analysis of the sleep EEG of depressed patients before and after total
      sleep deprivation.
AB  - Sleep electroencephalography in depressed patients reveals many signs of
      disrupted sleep, like long sleep latency, frequent awakenings, reduced amounts of
      time spent in the sleep stages 3 and 4, and early morning wakefulness. Upon total
      deprivation of sleep for one night, many patients experience an unexpected
      alleviation of their depression, which usually lasts until the subsequent sleep
      period. Attempts have been made to explain these changes of mood to result from
      induced changes in sleep physiological mechanisms. Such attempts can roughly be
      categorized in two classes. One class of hypotheses concerns proposed
      disturbances in circadian sleep control (i.e. the timing of sleep is
      inappropriately controlled), the other class concerns postulated disrupted
      homeostatic sleep control (i.e. the intensity of sleep is inappropriately
      controlled). For both types of theoretical approaches data have been published
      which are consistent with the hypotheses as well as data which are not. 

PMID- 26965346
TI  - Response of human melatonin secretion to changes in nightlength (scotoperiod):
      Implications for seasonal affective disorder and other psychiatric illnesses.
AB  - Many of the dramatic seasonal changes that occur in animals are triggered by
      changes in the length of night. Changes in the duration of melatonin secretion,
      which usually occurs exclusively at night and therefore lasts longer in winter
      than in summer, often act as a chemical transducer of the effects of seasonal
      changes in night-length on animals' behavior and physiology. Cells in sites that
      regulate seasonal behaviors, such as those associated with breeding, appear to
      possess melatonin receptors and interval timing mechanisms that enable them to
      detect melatonin and measure the duration of the nightly interval when it is
      present. These sites then trigger changes that are appropriate for the season
      that is indexed by the measured length of the interval. 

PMID- 26965349
TI  - Treatment indications for light therapy.
AB  - Light therapy (LT) has become increasingly popular in various countries around
      the world in the last decade. For instance, according to a recent survey carried
      out in Germany in 1992, 13% (n = 56) of all German psychiatric hospitals (n =
      422) used LT for different treatment indications and another 8% indicated their
      interest to do so. Among university facilities LT is even more popular, with a
      percentage of 57%. Although the most frequently used treatment indication for LT
      is seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or its subsyndromal form (S-SAD) it is
      apparent that other forms of depression e.g. non-seasonal forms, either acute or
      chronic are also a target for this new treatment modality. There is a number of
      studies supporting the use of LT for SAD (for review), however there are just a
      few studies for non-seasonal depression or for the other treatment indications
      (for review). 

PMID- 26965348
TI  - Circadian rhythms and sleep regulation in seasonal affective disorder.
AB  - Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterised by recurrent episodes in
      autumn and winter of depression, hypersomnia, augmented appetite with
      carbohydrate craving, and weight gain, and can be successfully treated with
      bright light. Circadian rhythm hypotheses (summarized in) have stimulated
      research into the pathophysiology of SAD, postulating that: 1.The illness is a
      consequence of delayed phase position, 2.It is correlated with diminished
      circadian amplitude, or 3.It results from changes in the nocturnal duration
      between dusk and dawn e.g. of low core body temperature or melatonin secretion.
      Light is considered to act directly on the circadian pacemaker ('Process C') and
      not on sleep dependent processes ('Process S'). Thus successful treatment of SAD
      must act via mechanisms within known retinohypothalamic pathways. Conversely,
      emergence of SAD symptoms may reflect inappropriate neurobiological response to
      decreasing daylength. 

PMID- 26965350
TI  - The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in The Netherlands.
AB  - Since the description of SAD the prevalence of this disorder has been of
      particular interest. The more so, because early studies, indicated the
      correctness of the on theoretical grounds - expected interaction between latitude
      and prevalence rate of SAD. More eleborate prevalence studies, mainly in the USA
      indeed showed a positive correlation between prevalence rate and latitude. In
      Europe, only few studies have appeared. Although the results of most of these
      studies are preliminary and research-methods and criteria vary across studies,
      tentative conclusions are that the prevalence rates in Europe are considerably
      lower than in the USA, but that there is a similar trend in the direction of an
      increase of prevalence at higher latitudes.8"10 In the present study, the
      prevalence of SAD in the Netherlands is investigated. 

PMID- 26965351
TI  - Treating depression with sleep deprivation and consecutive sleep phase advance
      therapy.
AB  - The common treatment modalities for depression, i.e. pharmacotherapy and
      psychotherapy have the significant disadvantage of at least a three- to four-week
      time lag between initiation of treatment and amelioration of mood. Total sleep
      deprivation (TSD) in contrast, leads to an immediate antidepressant effect in 60%
      of the patients. However, it has gained only little clinical relevance as usually
      the improvement is only transient and almost regularly reversed by the next
      nights of sleep. A procedure preserving the antidepressive effect of sleep
      deprivation would therefore be of high clinical relevance. 

PMID- 26965352
TI  - The clinical relevance of treatment with antidepressants.
AB  - Oince the discovery in the late 1950's of imipramine (Tofranil(r)), the first
      tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), and iproniazid, the first monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor (MAOI), many other TCAs and MAOIs, now being considered the classical
      antidepressants, have become available. Their effectiveness has been shown in
      numerous studies, although according to nowadays standards well designed studies
      (placebo-controlled, defined diagnostic groups, the use of standardized rating
      scales) with these compounds are relatively scarce. From the early 1980's the so
      called modern antidepressants have been introduced: the selective serotonin re
      uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the reversible selective monoamine oxidase-A
      inhibitors (RIMAs) and a variety of other compounds. All these drugs have been
      registered after their effectiveness had been shown in well designed, placebo
      controlled studies. In defining the efficacy of antidepressants, registration
      authorities consider two aspects important: statistical evidence and clinical
      relevance. 

PMID- 26965353
TI  - Biological theories of depressions: premisses - and progress?
AB  - Although less undisputed in biological psychiatry than formerly, there are
      basically still two premisses which underly most hypotheses in biological
      depression research. These are deeply rooted in the medical way of thinking and
      have guided the construction of DSM-III. The first is that depressive symptoms
      and complaints cluster in one or more discrete syndromes, and the second is that
      these correspond to separate nosological entities, characterized by specific
      biological derangements and pathogenetic processes. Below a number of issues are
      raised which cast doubts on the validity of these premisses and on the progress
      made in pinpointing the derangements looked for. 

PMID- 26965354
TI  - A longitudinal study of sleep deprivation responses in depression; The
      variability is highly related to diurnal mood variability.
AB  - Unequivocal results demonstrating a causal relationship between a disturbance in
      circadian rhythms and depression have not yet been reported (reviews). However,
      acute mood changes, such as the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation,
      diurnal variations of mood and their interrelationship, are commonly put forward
      as evidence of the importance of circadian dysregulations in affective disorders.
      The purpose of the present study is to obtain more insight in the mechanisms
      underlying these mood changes. The results will be discussed in the context of a
      recently postulated non-chronobiological explanation. Earlier studies have
      suggested that the relationship between diurnal variation of mood and the
      response to total sleep deprivation (TSD) is clear and unambiguous: improvement
      of mood during the day prior to TSD (a positive diurnal variation) is followed by
      a positive response (mood improvement) to TSD, while no improvement or
      deterioration of mood during the day prior to TSD (a negative diurnal variation)
      may result in no, or even a negative, TSD response (for references see Van den
      Hoofdakker). However, these conclusions were based on the results from cross
      sectional studies, comparing single TSD effects across individuals. Comparison of
      sleep deprivation effects within individuals, however, revealed that the course
      of mood during the day prior to TSD is irrelevant for the TSD response.
      Accordingly, a favourable response to TSD appeared to be related to the patient's
      propensity to show diurnal mood variations per se, irrespective of their
      direction. 

PMID- 26965355
TI  - The timing of light therapy and response assessment in winter depression.
AB  - Since Rosenthal et al published their first study about the effects of light
      treatment on mood in patients suffering from winter depression, many research
      centres have become interested in the study and treatment of seasonal affective
      disorders (SAD), one of them being the department of Biological Psychiatry in
      Groningen. In 1987, we started the first experiments under the inspiring
      direction of Prof. Rudi van den Hoofdakker and hundreds of patients have
      participated in various investigations ever since. 

PMID- 26965356
TI  - Attunement of non-verbal behaviour between depressed patients and a psychiatrist
      at admission is related to persistence of depression.
AB  - According to interpersonal theories on depression, the type of interaction
      between depression-prone subjects and their social environment plays a causal
      role in the development and course of depression (e.g. Coyne et al.). So far,
      interpersonal theories have been tackled mostly by psychometrical methods.
      However, non-verbal behaviour plays an important role in human social
      interactions. It is assumed that 60-65% of human communication is non-verbal.
      Ethological observations have shown that non-verbal interpersonal behaviour of
      depressed subjects, as assessed prior to treatment, is related to treatment
      response or subsequent course of depression. These results are in line with an
      interpersonal approach of depression. 

PMID- 26965357
TI  - Lithium treatment in affective disorders: The significance of strongly elevated
      erythrocyte choline levels.
AB  - In manic-depressive patients treated with lithium salts the transport of choline
      over the erythrocyte membrane is strongly inhibited, resulting in dramatically
      increased erythrocyte choline levels (for review see ref. 1). Whether or not
      there is a relationship between this effect and treatment response is not clear.
      Data on this issue are scarce possibly because the measurement of treatment
      response in lithium prophylaxis is very difficult and time consuming. Also the
      effect on erythrocyte choline is specific for lithium and not for manic
      depressive illness. We will address here the question of a possible relation
      between erythrocyte choline and clinical effects of lithium. 

PMID- 26965358
TI  - The rat hippocampus as a target for prolonged stress: Biochemical and behavioral
      effects.
AB  - The probability that an individual will suffer from a major depressive episode is
      often considered to be influenced by risk factors such as gender, premature
      parental loss, exposure to pathogenic parental rearing, personality, a history of
      traumatic events, a previous history of major depression, low social support,
      recent stressful life events and difficulties and predisposing genetic
      influences. Although several studies suffer from methodological limitations,
      major depression (endogenous depression) is regarded as a multifactorial disorder
      and understanding its etiology requires the rigorous integration of several risk
      factors. 

PMID- 26965359
TI  - Microwave synthesis of branched silver nanowires and their use as fillers for
      high thermal conductivity polymer composites.
AB  - We report a rapid synthesis approach to obtain branched Ag nanowires by microwave
      stimulated polyvinylpyrrolidone-directed polyol-reduction of silver nitrate.
      Microwave exposure results in micrometer-long nanowires passivated with
      polyvinylpyrrolidone. Cooling the reaction mixture by interrupting microwave
      exposure promotes nanocrystal nucleation at low-surfactant coverage sites. The
      nascent nuclei grow into nanowire branches upon further microwave exposure.
      Dispersions of low fractions of the branched nanowires in polydimethylsiloxane
      yield up to 60% higher thermal conductivity than that obtained using unbranched
      nanowire fillers. Our findings should be useful for realizing nanocomposites with
      tailored thermal transport properties for applications. 

PMID- 26965361
TI  - National Trends and Outcomes of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
      Creation Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.
AB  - PURPOSE: To elucidate trends in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
      (TIPS) use and outcomes over the course of a decade, including predictors of
      inpatient mortality and extended length of hospital stay. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was interrogated for the most recent 10 years
      available: 2003-2012. TIPS procedures and associated diagnoses were identified
      via International Classification of Diseases (version 9) codes, with the latter
      categorized into primary diagnoses in a hierarchy of disease severity. Linear
      regression analysis was used to determine trends of TIPS use and outcomes over
      time. Independent predictors of mortality and extended length of stay were
      determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 55,145 TIPS procedures
      were captured during the study period. Annual procedural volume did not change
      significantly (5,979 in 2003, 5,880 in 2012). The majority of TIPSs were created
      for ascites and/or varices (84%). Inpatient mortality (12.5% in 2003, 10.6% in
      2012; P < .05) decreased but varied considerably by diagnosis (from 3.7% to
      59.3%), with a disparity between bleeding and nonbleeding varices (18.7% vs 3.8%;
      P < .01). Multivariate predictors of mortality (P < .001 for all) included
      primary diagnoses (bleeding varices, hepatorenal and abdominal compartment
      syndromes), patient characteristics (age > 80 y, black race), and sequelae of
      advanced cirrhosis (comorbid hepatocellular carcinoma, spontaneous bacterial
      peritonitis, encephalopathy, and coagulopathy). CONCLUSIONS: National TIPS
      inpatient mortality has decreased since 2003 while procedural volume has not
      changed. Postprocedural outcome is a function of patient demographic and
      socioeconomic factors and associated diagnoses. Independent predictors of poor
      outcome identified in this large national population study may aid clinicians in
      better assessing preprocedural risk.

PMID- 26965360
TI  - Preservation of ancestral Cretaceous microflora recovered from a hypersaline oil
      reservoir.
AB  - Microbiology of a hypersaline oil reservoir located in Central Africa was
      investigated with molecular and culture methods applied to preserved core
      samples. Here we show that the community structure was partially acquired during
      sedimentation, as many prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from the
      extracted DNA are phylogenetically related to actual Archaea inhabiting surface
      evaporitic environments, similar to the Cretaceous sediment paleoenvironment.
      Results are discussed in term of microorganisms and/or DNA preservation in such
      hypersaline and Mg-rich solutions. High salt concentrations together with
      anaerobic conditions could have preserved microbial/molecular diversity
      originating from the ancient sediment basin wherein organic matter was deposited.

PMID- 26965362
TI  - Therapeutic Application of Percutaneous Peritoneovenous (Denver) Shunt in
      Treating Chylous Ascites in Cancer Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous peritoneovenous
      shunt (PPVS) placement in treating intractable chylous ascites (CA) in patients
      with cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 28 patients with refractory CA
      treated with PPVS from April 2001 to June 2015 were reviewed. Demographic
      characteristics, technical success, efficacy, laboratory values, and
      complications were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression
      analysis was performed. RESULTS: Technical success was 100%, and ascites resolved
      or symptoms were relieved in 92.3% (26 of 28) of patients. In 13 (46%) patients
      with urologic malignancies, whose ascites had resulted from retroperitoneal lymph
      node dissection, the ascites resolved, resulting in shunt removal within 128 days
      +/- 84. The shunt provided palliation of symptoms in 13 of the remaining 15
      patients (87%) for a mean duration of 198 days +/- 214. Serum albumin levels
      increased significantly (21.4%) after PPVS placement from a mean of 2.98 g/dL +/-
      0.64 before the procedure to 3.62 g/dL +/- 0.83 (P < .001). The complication rate
      was 37%, including shunt malfunction/occlusion (22%), venous thrombosis (7%), and
      subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) (7%). Smaller venous
      limb size (11.5 F) and the presence of peritoneal tumor were associated with a
      higher rate of shunt malfunction (P < .05). No patient developed overt DIC.
      CONCLUSIONS: PPVS can safely and effectively treat CA in patients with cancer,
      resulting in significant improvement in serum albumin in addition to palliation
      of symptoms.

PMID- 26965364
TI  - The importance of a border: Medical, veterinary, and wild food ethnobotany of the
      Hutsuls living on the Romanian and Ukrainian sides of Bukovina.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Recent studies have shown that groups sharing the
      same or very similar environments, but with diverse cultural backgrounds (e.g.
      different ethnos and/or religion) have considerably different knowledge of folk
      (medicinal) plant uses. Yet, it is not clear to what extent various factors (such
      as culture, economy, isolation, and especially social and political situations)
      contribute to such differences in the utilization of the same natural resources.
      AIM OF THE STUDY: This paper addresses the effect of border created in 1940 and
      subsequent separation of a single ethnic group on changes in their folk use of
      medicinal and wild food plants. The Hutsuls of Bukovina had been homogenous for
      centuries, but were separated in 1940 as a result of the formation of state
      borders between Romania and the former Soviet Union (now Ukraine). The aim of the
      study is to analyse if the belonging to this different states for 75 years have
      induced different changes in local plant use within communities that share a
      common historical legacy and environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In depth semi
      structured interviews were conducted with 42 people in May 2015. Collected data
      were analysed, and comparisons were made between the data gathered on the two
      sides of the border for different use categories: medicinal, wild food and
      veterinary plants, as well as other remedies. Recently collected data were also
      compared with historical data obtained for the region, medicinal plant folk uses
      in Romania and medicinal plant uses of The State Pharmacopeia of the Soviet
      Union. RESULTS: Divergences in current medicinal plant use are much greater than
      in the use of wild food plants. The majority of the wild food taxa, including
      those used for making recreational teas, are also used for medicinal purposes and
      hence contribute to the food-medicine continuum, representing emergency foods in
      the past and serving as memory markers for possible future food shortages.
      Compared with the historical data, considerable changes have occurred within
      specific medicinal applications and less in the taxa used. The influence of the
      Soviet State Pharmacopeia on present ethnomedicine on the Ukrainian side is
      minimal. CONCLUSIONS: Hutsul herbal ethnomedicine on the Ukrainian side of the
      border has continued to evolve (the abandonment of some uses and the adoption of
      others), whereas on the Romanian side it has undergone significant erosion with a
      proportionally smaller adoption of new uses and the leaving behind of possibly
      more "traditional" uses than on the Ukrainian side. In sum, current
      ethnomedicinal practices of Hutsuls living on both sides of the border are more
      extensive than those reported in historical sources. Yet the unknown sampling
      method employed to collect the historical data and possible skipping of
      "ordinary" uses by folklorists and ethnographers does not allow for definitive
      conclusions to be drawn. Cross-cultural and cross-border ethnobotany represents
      one of the most powerful means for addressing the issue of change and variability
      of medicinal plant uses and heritage, and further studies in other areas of
      Eastern Europe and beyond need to address the trajectory proposed by the present
      study.

PMID- 26965363
TI  - Health related quality of life and return to work after minor extremity injuries:
      A longitudinal study comparing upper versus lower extremity injuries.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the impact on health related quality of life (HRQL)
      during the first year after minor extremity injury and to determine whether there
      is a difference in recovery patterns and return to work between upper extremity
      injuries (UEI) and lower extremity injuries (LEI). METHOD: A total of 181 adults'
      age 18 years or older randomly selected from patients admitted to an emergency
      department with minor injuries were studied. HRQL was measured using the
      Functional Status Questionnaire (FSQ) at 1-2 weeks, 3, 6, and 12-months post
      injury. Pre-injury FSQ scores were measured retrospectively at admission. A quasi
      least square (QLS) model was constructed to examine differences of FSQ scores at
      each measuring point for UEI and LEI. RESULTS: Fractures of the knee/lower leg
      (25%) were the most frequently injured body area. Slips or falls (57%) and
      traffic-related events (22%) were the most common injury causes. The mean ISS was
      4.2 (SD 0.86). Both groups had significant declines in the FSQ scores physical
      and social functioning at 1-2 weeks after injury. Patients with UEI made larger
      improvements in the first 3 months post-injury versus patients with LEI whose
      improvements extended over the first 6 months. None of the groups reached the pre
      injury FSQ scores during the first post-injury year except in the subscale work
      performance where UEI exceeded the pre-injury scores. At 12 months post-injury,
      significant lower FSQ scores remained in the LEI group compared to the UEI group
      in intermediate activities of daily living (p=0.036, d 0.4) and work performance
      (p=0.004, d 0.7). The return to work at 3 months and 12 months were 76% and 88%
      for UEI and 58% and 77% for LEI. No significant differences were found between
      groups in the FSQ scale mental health and social interaction. CONCLUSIONS: LEI
      had the highest impact on HRQL and return to work during the first year which
      exceeded the consequences of UEI. These findings contribute to the information
      about the consequences of injury in order to give sufficient prognostic
      information to patients and different stakeholders. Future investigations should
      aim to investigate specific minor extremity injuries and identify factors that
      facilitate recovery and return to work.

PMID- 26965365
TI  - Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Cecropia
      glaziovii leaves.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cecropia glaziovii Sneth leaves extract is widely
      used as a traditional folk medicine in Brazil, especially for the treatment of
      diabetes, and as an antihypertensive and antiinflammatory agent. AIM OF THE
      STUDY: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of crude
      aqueous extract (CAE) of C. glaziovii leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vivo
      anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of the CAE (10-300mg/kg,
      intragastrically) was investigated in the animal model of pleurisy. The cell
      migration, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6),
      nitrite/nitrate concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, oxidative damage
      in lipids and proteins, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and total protein
      content were also analyzed. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity of CAE
      was evaluated by the inhibition of formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive
      substances (TBARS), induced by free radical generators (H2O2, FeSO4 and AAPH) on
      a lipid-rich substrate. Hence, the chemical characterizarion of CAE by HPLC was
      therefore performed. The results showed that the inflammatory process caused by
      the administration of carragenin (Cg) into the pleural cavity resulted in a
      substantial increase in inflammatory parameters and oxidative damage. These
      levels seems to be reversed after CAE treatment in animals with similar results
      to Dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Further, the CAE was effective in reducing
      proinflammatory cytokines, cell infiltrate, MPO activity, nitrite/nitrate
      concentration, LDH activity, and total protein levels with concomitant
      attenuation of all parameters associated with oxidative damage induced by Cg.
      Finally, the CAE presented in vitro antioxidant activity induced by free radical
      generators at all the concentrations investigated. HPLC analysis confirmed the
      presence of chlorogenic acid and C-glycosylflavonoids (isoorientin and
      isovitexin) as the major compounds of the CAE. CONCLUSION: CAE of C. glaziovii
      exerts significant antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities and this effect
      can be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of chlorogenic acid and the
      C-glycosylflavonoids.

PMID- 26965366
TI  - Metabolomics study on the toxicity of Annona squamosa by ultraperformance liquid
      chromatography high-definition mass spectrometry coupled with pattern recognition
      approach and metabolic pathways analysis.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Annona squamosa Linn (Annonaceae) is a commonly
      used and effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) especially in the South
      China. The seeds of Annona squamosa Linn (SAS) have been used as a folk remedy to
      treat "malignant sores" (cancer) in South of China, but they also have high
      toxicity on human body. AIM OF THE STUDY: To discover the potential biomarkers in
      the mice caused by SAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We made metabonomics studies on
      the toxicity of SAS by ultraperformance liquid-chromatography high-definition
      mass spectrometry coupled with pattern recognition approach and metabolic
      pathways analysis. RESULTS: The significant difference in metabolic profiles and
      changes of metabolite biomarkers between the Control group and SAS group were
      well observed. 11 positive ions and 9 negative ions (P<0.05) were indicated based
      on UFLC-QTOF-HDMS. The metabolic pathways of SAS group are discussed according to
      the identified endogenous metabolites, and eight metabolic pathways are
      identified using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). CONCLUSIONS: The
      present study demonstrates that metabonomics analysis could greatly facilitate
      and provide useful information for the further comprehensive understanding of the
      pharmacological activity and potential toxicity of SAS in the progress of them
      being designed to a new anti-tumor medicine.

PMID- 26965367
TI  - Loss of Bmi1 causes anomalies in retinal development and degeneration of cone
      photoreceptors.
AB  - Retinal development occurs through the sequential but overlapping generation of
      six types of neuronal cells and one glial cell type. Of these, rod and cone
      photoreceptors represent the functional unit of light detection and
      phototransduction and are frequently affected in retinal degenerative diseases.
      During mouse development, the Polycomb group protein Bmi1 is expressed in
      immature retinal progenitors and differentiated retinal neurons, including cones.
      We show here that Bmi1 is required to prevent post natal degeneration of cone
      photoreceptors and bipolar neurons and that inactivation of Chk2 or p53 could
      improve but not overcome cone degeneration in Bmi1(-/-) mice. The retinal
      phenotype of Bmi1(-/-) mice was also characterized by loss of heterochromatin,
      activation of tandem repeats, oxidative stress and Rip3-associated necroptosis.
      In the human retina, BMI1 was preferentially expressed in cones at
      heterochromatic foci. BMI1 inactivation in human embryonic stem cells was
      compatible with retinal induction but impaired cone terminal differentiation.
      Despite this developmental arrest, BMI1-deficient cones recapitulated several
      anomalies observed in Bmi1(-/-) photoreceptors, such as loss of heterochromatin,
      activation of tandem repeats and induction of p53, revealing partly conserved
      biological functions between mouse and man.

PMID- 26965369
TI  - A quantitative analysis of growth control in the Drosophila eye disc.
AB  - The size and shape of organs is species specific, and even in species in which
      organ size is strongly influenced by environmental cues, such as nutrition or
      temperature, it follows defined rules. Therefore, mechanisms must exist to ensure
      a tight control of organ size within a given species, while being flexible enough
      to allow for the evolution of different organ sizes in different species. We
      combined computational modeling and quantitative measurements to analyze growth
      control in the Drosophila eye disc. We find that the area growth rate declines
      inversely proportional to the increasing total eye disc area. We identify two
      growth laws that are consistent with the growth data and that would explain the
      extraordinary robustness and evolutionary plasticity of the growth process and
      thus of the final adult eye size. These two growth laws correspond to very
      different control mechanisms and we discuss how each of these laws constrains the
      set of candidate biological mechanisms for growth control in the Drosophila eye
      disc.

PMID- 26965368
TI  - Retinoid signaling controls spermatogonial differentiation by regulating
      expression of replication-dependent core histone genes.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is crucial for spermatogonial differentiation, which
      is a key step for spermatogenesis. We explored the mechanisms underlying
      spermatogonial differentiation by targeting expression of a dominant-negative
      mutant of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) specifically to the germ cells
      of transgenic mice to subvert the activity of endogenous receptors. Here we show
      that: (1) inhibition of retinoid signaling in germ cells completely blocked
      spermatogonial differentiation identical to vitamin A-deficient (VAD) mice; (2)
      the blockage of spermatogonial differentiation by impaired retinoid signaling
      resulted from an arrest of entry of the undifferentiated spermatogonia into S
      phase; and (3) retinoid signaling regulated spermatogonial differentiation
      through controlling expression of its direct target genes, including replication
      dependent core histone genes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the
      action of retinoid signaling on spermatogonial differentiation in vivo is direct
      through the spermatogonia itself, and provide the first evidence that this is
      mediated by regulation of expression of replication-dependent core histone genes.

PMID- 26965370
TI  - Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after mechanical lesion and genetic ablation
      in larval zebrafish.
AB  - In adult zebrafish, relatively quiescent progenitor cells show lesion-induced
      generation of motor neurons. Developmental motor neuron generation from the
      spinal motor neuron progenitor domain (pMN) sharply declines at 48 hours post
      fertilisation (hpf). After that, mostly oligodendrocytes are generated from the
      same domain. We demonstrate here that within 48 h of a spinal lesion or specific
      genetic ablation of motor neurons at 72 hpf, the pMN domain reverts to motor
      neuron generation at the expense of oligodendrogenesis. By contrast, generation
      of dorsal Pax2-positive interneurons was not altered. Larval motor neuron
      regeneration can be boosted by dopaminergic drugs, similar to adult regeneration.
      We use larval lesions to show that pharmacological suppression of the cellular
      response of the innate immune system inhibits motor neuron regeneration. Hence,
      we have established a rapid larval regeneration paradigm. Either mechanical
      lesions or motor neuron ablation is sufficient to reveal a high degree of
      developmental flexibility of pMN progenitor cells. In addition, we show an
      important influence of the immune system on motor neuron regeneration from these
      progenitor cells.

PMID- 26965371
TI  - Centrosomal protein CP110 controls maturation of the mother centriole during
      cilia biogenesis.
AB  - Defects in cilia centrosomal genes cause pleiotropic clinical phenotypes,
      collectively called ciliopathies. Cilia biogenesis is initiated by the
      interaction of positive and negative regulators. Centriolar coiled coil protein
      110 (CP110) caps the distal end of the mother centriole and is known to act as a
      suppressor to control the timing of ciliogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that CP110
      promotes cilia formation in vivo, in contrast to findings in cultured cells.
      Cp110(-/-) mice die shortly after birth owing to organogenesis defects as in
      ciliopathies. Shh signaling is impaired in null embryos and primary cilia are
      reduced in multiple tissues. We show that CP110 is required for anchoring of
      basal bodies to the membrane during cilia formation. CP110 loss resulted in an
      abnormal distribution of core components of subdistal appendages (SDAs) and of
      recycling endosomes, which may be associated with premature extension of axonemal
      microtubules. Our data implicate CP110 in SDA assembly and ciliary vesicle
      docking, two requisite early steps in cilia formation. We suggest that CP110 has
      unique context-dependent functions, acting as both a suppressor and a promoter of
      ciliogenesis.

PMID- 26965372
TI  - Single-stranded DNA binding proteins are required for LIM complexes to induce
      transcriptionally active chromatin and specify spinal neuronal identities.
AB  - LIM homeodomain factors regulate the development of many cell types. However,
      transcriptional coactivators that mediate their developmental function remain
      poorly defined. To address these, we examined how two related NLI-dependent LIM
      complexes, which govern the development of spinal motor neurons and V2a
      interneurons, activate the transcription in the embryonic spinal cord. We found
      that single-stranded DNA-binding proteins are recruited to these LIM complexes
      via NLI, and enhance their transcriptional activation potential. Ssdp1 and Ssdp2
      (Ssdp1/2) are highly expressed in the neural tube and promote motor neuron
      differentiation in the embryonic spinal cord and P19 stem cells. Inhibition of
      Ssdp1/2 activity in mouse and chick embryos suppresses the generation of motor
      neurons and V2a interneurons. Furthermore, Ssdp1/2 recruit histone-modifying
      enzymes to the motor neuron-specifying LIM complex and trigger acetylation and
      lysine 4 trimethylation of histone H3, which are well-established chromatin marks
      for active transcription. Our results suggest that Ssdp1/2 function as crucial
      transcriptional coactivators for LIM complexes to specify spinal neuronal
      identities during development.

PMID- 26965373
TI  - Restricting calcium currents is required for correct fiber type specification in
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (EC) coupling is independent of calcium
      influx. In fact, alternative splicing of the voltage-gated calcium channel CaV1.1
      actively suppresses calcium currents in mature muscle. Whether this is necessary
      for normal development and function of muscle is not known. However, splicing
      defects that cause aberrant expression of the calcium-conducting developmental
      CaV1.1e splice variant correlate with muscle weakness in myotonic dystrophy.
      Here, we deleted CaV1.1 (Cacna1s) exon 29 in mice. These mice displayed normal
      overall motor performance, although grip force and voluntary running were
      reduced. Continued expression of the developmental CaV1.1e splice variant in
      adult mice caused increased calcium influx during EC coupling, altered calcium
      homeostasis, and spontaneous calcium sparklets in isolated muscle fibers.
      Contractile force was reduced and endurance enhanced. Key regulators of fiber
      type specification were dysregulated and the fiber type composition was shifted
      toward slower fibers. However, oxidative enzyme activity and mitochondrial
      content declined. These findings indicate that limiting calcium influx during
      skeletal muscle EC coupling is important for the secondary function of the
      calcium signal in the activity-dependent regulation of fiber type composition and
      to prevent muscle disease.

PMID- 26965376
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26965374
TI  - aura (mid1ip1l) regulates the cytoskeleton at the zebrafish egg-to-embryo
      transition.
AB  - Embryos from females homozygous for a recessive maternal-effect mutation in the
      gene aura exhibit defects including reduced cortical integrity, defective
      cortical granule (CG) release upon egg activation, failure to complete
      cytokinesis, and abnormal cell wound healing. We show that the cytokinesis
      defects are associated with aberrant cytoskeletal reorganization during furrow
      maturation, including abnormal F-actin enrichment and microtubule reorganization.
      Cortical F-actin prior to furrow formation fails to exhibit a normal transition
      into F-actin-rich arcs, and drug inhibition is consistent with aura function
      promoting F-actin polymerization and/or stabilization. In mutants, components of
      exocytic and endocytic vesicles, such as Vamp2, Clathrin and Dynamin, are
      sequestered in unreleased CGs, indicating a need for CG recycling in the normal
      redistribution of these factors. However, the exocytic targeting factor Rab11 is
      recruited to the furrow plane normally at the tip of bundling microtubules,
      suggesting an alternative anchoring mechanism independent of membrane recycling.
      A positional cloning approach indicates that the mutation in aura is associated
      with a truncation of Mid1 interacting protein 1 like (Mid1ip1l), previously
      identified as an interactor of the X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome gene product
      Mid1. A Cas9/CRISPR-induced mutant allele in mid1ip1l fails to complement the
      originally isolated aura maternal-effect mutation, confirming gene assignment.
      Mid1ip1l protein localizes to cortical F-actin aggregates, consistent with a
      direct role in cytoskeletal regulation. Our studies indicate that maternally
      provided aura (mid1ip1l) acts during the reorganization of the cytoskeleton at
      the egg-to-embryo transition and highlight the importance of cytoskeletal
      dynamics and membrane recycling during this developmental period.

PMID- 26965375
TI  - Clinical and subclinical endometritis induced alterations in bovine endometrial
      transcriptome and miRNome profile.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical and subclinical endometritis are known to affect the
      fertility of dairy cows by inducing uterine inflammation. We hypothesized that
      clinical or subclinical endometritis could affect the fertility of cows by
      disturbing the molecular milieu of the uterine environment. Here we aimed to
      investigate the endometrial molecular signatures and pathways affected by
      clinical and subclinical endometritis. For this, Holstein Frisian cows at 42-60
      days postpartum were classified as healthy (HE), subclinical endometritis (SE) or
      clinical endometritis (CE) based on veterinary clinical examination of the
      animals and histological evaluation the corresponding endometrial biopsies.
      Endometrial transcriptome and miRNome profile changes and associated molecular
      pathways induced by subclinical or clinical endometritis were then investigated
      using GeneChip(r) Bovine Genome Array and Exiqon microRNA PCR Human Panel arrays,
      respectively. The results were further validated in vitro using endometrial
      stromal and epithelial cells challenged with subclinical and clinical doses of
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULT: Transcriptome profile analysis revealed altered
      expression level of 203 genes in CE compared to HE animals. Of these, 92 genes
      including PTHLH, INHBA, DAPL1 and SERPINA1 were significantly upregulated,
      whereas the expression level of 111 genes including MAOB, CXCR4, HSD11B and,
      BOLA, were significantly downregulated in CE compared to the HE animal group.
      However, in SE group, the expression patterns of only 28 genes were found to be
      significantly altered, of which 26 genes including PTHLH, INHBA, DAPL1, MAOB,
      CXCR4 and TGIF1 were common to the CE group. Gene annotation analysis indicated
      the immune system processes; G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway and
      chemotaxis to be among the affected functions in endometritis animal groups. In
      addition, miRNA expression analysis indicated the dysregulation of 35 miRNAs
      including miR-608, miR-526b* and miR-1265 in CE animals and 102 miRNAs including
      let-7 family (let-7a, let-7c, let-7d, let-7d*, let-7e, let-7f, let-7i) in SE
      animals. Interestingly, 14 miRNAs including let-7e, miR-92b, miR-337-3p, let-7f
      and miR-145 were affected in both SE and CE animal groups. Further in vitro
      analysis of selected differentially expressed genes and miRNAs in endometrial
      stroma and epithelial cells challenged with SE and CE doses of LPS showed similar
      results to that of the array data generated using samples collected from SE and
      CE animals. CONCLUSION: The results of this study unraveled endometrial
      transcriptome and miRNome profile alterations in cows affected by subclinical or
      clinical endometritis which may have a significant effect on the uterine
      homeostasis and uterine receptivity.

PMID- 26965377
TI  - Unique glycosignature for intervertebral disc and articular cartilage cells and
      tissues in immaturity and maturity.
AB  - In this study, on/off markers for intervertebral disc (IVD) and articular
      cartilage (AC) cells (chondrocytes) and distinct glycoprofiles of cell and tissue
      types were identified from immaturity to maturity. Three and eleven month-old
      ovine IVD and AC tissues were histochemically profiled with a panel of lectins
      and antibodies. Relationships between tissue and cell types were analysed by
      hierarchical clustering. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) composition of annulus fibrosus
      (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP) and AC tissues was determined by HPLC analysis. Clear
      on/off cell type markers were identified, which enabled the discrimination of
      chondrocytes, AF and NP cells. AF and NP cells were distinguishable using MAA,
      SNA-I, SBA and WFA lectins, which bound to both NP cells and chondrocytes but not
      AF cells. Chondrocytes were distinguished from NP and AF cells with a specific
      binding of LTA and PNA lectins to chondrocytes. Each tissue showed a unique CS
      composition with a distinct switch in sulfation pattern in AF and NP tissues upon
      disc maturity while cartilage maintained the same sulfation pattern over time. In
      conclusion, distinct glycoprofiles for cell and tissue-types across age groups
      were identified in addition to altered CS composition and sulfation patterns for
      tissue types upon maturity. 

PMID- 26965378
TI  - A genetic and molecular update on adrenocortical causes of Cushing syndrome.
AB  - Primary adrenal Cushing syndrome is the result of cortisol hypersecretion mainly
      by adenomas and, rarely, by bilateral micronodular or macronodular adrenocortical
      hyperplasia. cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signalling is the major
      activator of cortisol secretion in the adrenal cortex. Many adenomas and
      hyperplasias associated with primary hypercortisolism carry somatic or germline
      mutations in genes that encode constituents of the cAMP-PKA pathway. In this
      Review, we discuss Cushing syndrome and its linkage to dysregulated cAMP-PKA
      signalling, with a focus on genetic findings in the past few years. In addition,
      we discuss the presence of germline inactivating mutations in ARMC5 in patients
      with primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia. This finding has
      implications for genetic counselling of affected patients; hitherto, most
      patients with this form of adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing syndrome were thought
      to have a sporadic and not a familial disorder. 

PMID- 26965379
TI  - Thyroid cancer: Incidence trends in the USA.

PMID- 26965380
TI  - Obesity: Variations in adipose tissue fibrosis.

PMID- 26965381
TI  - Diabetes: Metformin linked to vitamin B12 deficiency.

PMID- 26965382
TI  - Neuroendocrinology: New regulator of leptin signalling.

PMID- 26965383
TI  - Epigenetics: Don't stress dad - it's bad for your kids' health.

PMID- 26965384
TI  - PCOS: Benefits of brown adipose tissue transplantation.

PMID- 26965385
TI  - Site-specific recombinases: molecular machines for the Genetic Revolution.
AB  - The fields of molecular genetics, biotechnology and synthetic biology are
      demanding ever more sophisticated molecular tools for programmed precise
      modification of cell genomic DNA and other DNA sequences. This review presents
      the current state of knowledge and development of one important group of DNA
      modifying enzymes, the site-specific recombinases (SSRs). SSRs are Nature's
      'molecular machines' for cut-and-paste editing of DNA molecules by inserting,
      deleting or inverting precisely defined DNA segments. We survey the SSRs that
      have been put to use, and the types of applications for which they are suitable.
      We also discuss problems associated with uses of SSRs, how these problems can be
      minimized, and how recombinases are being re-engineered for improved performance
      and novel applications. 

PMID- 26965386
TI  - Enhanced translation initiation factor 4G levels correlate with production levels
      of monoclonal antibodies in recombinant CHO cell lines.
AB  - Using cells to manufacture protein-based therapeutics or biopharmaceuticals is a
      rapidly expanding industrial activity. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the
      most frequently used mammalian host-expression system for the manufacture of
      biopharmaceuticals. Over the past ~30 years academic and industrial researchers
      have studied cell expression characteristics with aims to improve product yield,
      quality, scalability and reproducibility. Although many steps in the gene
      expression and secretion pathways have been optimized, little attention has been
      paid to optimizing protein synthesis factors and regulators during this process.
      A new study in Biochemical Journal by Mead et al., provides a first systematic
      study of several protein synthesis factors and finds that the expression level of
      eIF4G1 correlates with the level of recombinant protein expressed in cultures.
      Optimizing levels and activities of protein synthesis factors may help to enhance
      recombinant protein expression of biopharmaceuticals. 

PMID- 26965388
TI  - Hibernation-like neuroprotection in stroke by attenuating brain metabolic
      dysfunction.
AB  - Many mammalian species naturally undergo hibernation, a process that is
      associated with drastic changes in metabolism and systemic physiology. Their
      ability to retain an undamaged central nervous system during severely reduced
      cerebral blood flow has been studied for possible therapeutic application in
      human ischemic stroke. By inducing a less extreme 'hibernation-like' state, it
      has been hypothesized that similar neuroprotective effects reduce ischemia
      mediated tissue damage in stroke patients. This manuscript includes reviews and
      evaluations of: (1) true hibernation, (2) hibernation-like state and its
      neuroprotective characteristics, (3) the preclinical and clinical methods for
      induction of artificial hibernation (i.e., therapeutic hypothermia, phenothiazine
      drugs, and ethanol), and (4) the mechanisms by which cerebral ischemia leads to
      tissue damage and how the above-mentioned induction methods function to inhibit
      those processes.

PMID- 26965390
TI  - [CO2 laser treatment of fibrofolliculomas and cutaneous tumors in Birt-Hogg-Dube
      syndrome].

PMID- 26965389
TI  - Determination of cyanidin 3-glucoside in rat brain, liver and kidneys by UPLC/MS
      MS and its application to a short-term pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - Anthocyanins exert neuroprotection in various in vitro and in vivo experimental
      models. However, no details regarding their brain-related pharmacokinetics are so
      far available to support claims about their direct neuronal bioactivity as well
      as to design proper formulations of anthocyanin-based products. To gather this
      missing piece of knowledge, we intravenously administered a bolus of 668 nmol
      cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) in anaesthetized Wistar rats and shortly after (15 s
      to 20 min) we collected blood, brain, liver, kidneys and urine samples. Extracts
      thereof were analysed for C3G and its expected metabolites using UPLC/MS-MS. The
      data enabled to calculate a set of pharmacokinetics parameters. The main finding
      was the distinctive, rapid distribution of C3G in the brain, with an apparently
      constant plasma/brain ratio in the physiologically relevant plasma concentration
      range (19-355 nM). This is the first report that accurately determines the
      distribution pattern of C3G in the brain, paving the way to the rational design
      of future tests of neuroprotection by C3G in animal models and humans. 

PMID- 26965391
TI  - Human Blastocystis subtyping with subtype-specific primers developed from unique
      sequences of the SSU rRNA gene.
AB  - The genus Blastocystis is one of the most genetically diverse parasites.
      Blastocystis isolates from humans and animals have been classified into subtypes
      (STs) based on the phylogeny of the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA). Although
      human Blastocystis isolates are limited to STs 1-9, the identification of all 9
      STs remains challenging due to the lack of specific primers for several STs. The
      sequencing of partial SSU rDNA is therefore essential for the identification of
      several STs. In this study, we developed 9 sets of PCR primers to detect each of
      the 9 kinds of ST in humans. When these ST-specific primer pairs were examined
      reference Blastocystis for the 9 STs, all 9 amplified only the target ST even in
      a DNA mixture of all 9 STs. The specificities of the 9 primer sets were tested
      against several intestinal parasites and fungi found in human stool samples. No
      amplification with these common human intestinal eukaryotes was observed using
      the primer pairs for 8 STs, while the ST5 primer set gave only faint bands with
      some parasites. Since genomic DNA levels of these parasites extracted from
      Blastocystis-positive cultures are expected to be markedly lower than the pure or
      highly concentrated DNA samples tested, the cross-amplifications with these
      organisms are unlikely to be detected when DNA samples are extracted from
      Blastocystis-positive cultures. The PCR conditions for all 9 primer sets were the
      same, hence a one-step analysis by PCR amplification, followed by electrophoresis
      has potential as a simple tool for the subtyping of human Blastocystis isolates.

PMID- 26965392
TI  - Editorial overview: Energy biotechnology.

PMID- 26965393
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Acute non-weight bearing pelvic limb lameness in a dog.
      Question and answer.

PMID- 26965387
TI  - Emerging roles of Na+/H+ exchangers in epilepsy and developmental brain
      disorders.
AB  - Epilepsy is a common central nervous system (CNS) disease characterized by
      recurrent transient neurological events occurring due to abnormally excessive or
      synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The CNS is affected by systemic acid
      base disorders, and epileptic seizures are sensitive indicators of underlying
      imbalances in cellular pH regulation. Na(+)/H(+) exchangers (NHEs) are a family
      of membrane transporter proteins actively involved in regulating intracellular
      and organellar pH by extruding H(+) in exchange for Na(+) influx. Altering NHE
      function significantly influences neuronal excitability and plays a role in
      epilepsy. This review gives an overview of pH regulatory mechanisms in the brain
      with a special focus on the NHE family and the relationship between epilepsy and
      dysfunction of NHE isoforms. We first discuss how cells translocate acids and
      bases across the membrane and establish pH homeostasis as a result of the
      concerted effort of enzymes and ion transporters. We focus on the specific roles
      of the NHE family by detailing how the loss of NHE1 in two NHE mutant mice
      results in enhanced neuronal excitability in these animals. Furthermore, we
      highlight new findings on the link between mutations of NHE6 and NHE9 and
      developmental brain disorders including epilepsy, autism, and attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These studies demonstrate the importance of NHE
      proteins in maintaining H(+) homeostasis and their intricate roles in the
      regulation of neuronal function. A better understanding of the mechanisms
      underlying NHE1, 6, and 9 dysfunctions in epilepsy formation may advance the
      development of new epilepsy treatment strategies.

PMID- 26965395
TI  - Preparation of copper-containing bioactive glass/eggshell membrane nanocomposites
      for improving angiogenesis, antibacterial activity and wound healing.
AB  - Effectively stimulating angiogenesis and avoiding wound infection are great
      challenges in wound care management. Designing new healing dressings with
      requisite angiogenic capacity and antibacterial performance is of particular
      significance. In order to achieve this aim, we prepared a copper (Cu)-containing
      bioactive glass nanocoating (40-50nm) with uniform nanostructure on natural
      eggshell membrane (Cu-BG/ESM) by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The
      surface physicochemical properties including hydrophilicity and hardness of ESM
      were significantly improved after depositing Cu-BG nanocoatings. Meanwhile, 5Cu
      BG/ESM films containing 5mol% Cu stimulated proangiogenesis by improving vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha
      protein secretion as well as angiogenesis-related gene expression (VEGF, HIF
      1alpha, VEGF receptor 2 (KDR) and endothelial nitric oxide (eNos)) of human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). When used to treat full-thickness skin
      defects in mice, 5Cu-BG/ESM films enhanced the healing quality as confirmed by
      the significantly improved angiogenesis (as indicated by CD31 expression) and
      formation of continuous and uniform epidermis layer in vivo. Furthermore, 5Cu
      BG/ESM films could maintain a sustained release of Cu(2+) ions and distinctly
      inhibited the viability of bacteria (Escherichia coli). The results indicate that
      Cu(2+) ions released from Cu-BG/ESM nanocomposite films play an important role
      for improving both angiogenesis and antibacterial activity and the prepared
      nanocomposite films combined Cu-containing BG nanocoatings with ESM are a
      promising biomaterial for wound healing application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE:
      Designing new healing dressings with requisite angiogenic capacity and
      antibacterial performance is of particular significance in wound care management.
      In our study, we successfully prepared copper-containing bioactive glass/eggshell
      membrane (Cu-BG/ESM) nanocomposites with uniform bioactive glass nanocoatings by
      using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technology. Due to the deposited Cu-BG
      nanocoatings on the surface of ESM, Cu-BG/ESM nanocomposites possessed
      significantly improved physicochemical and biological properties, including
      surface hydrophilicity, hardness, antibacterial ability, angiogenesis rate in
      vitro and wound healing quality in vivo as compared to pure ESM and BG/ESM films.
      Our study showed that prepared nanocoatings on Cu-BG/ESM nanocomposites offer a
      beneficial carrier for sustained release of Cu(2+) ions which played a key role
      for improving both angiogenesis and antibacterial activity. The prepared
      nanocomposites combined Cu-containing BG nanocoatings with ESM are a promising
      biomaterial for wound healing application.

PMID- 26965394
TI  - Assessment of a polyelectrolyte multilayer film coating loaded with BMP-2 on
      titanium and PEEK implants in the rabbit femoral condyle.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the osseointegration of titanium implants
      (Ti-6Al-4V, noted here TA6V) and poly(etheretherketone) PEEK implants induced by
      a BMP-2-delivering surface coating made of polyelectrolyte multilayer films. The
      in vitro bioactivity of the polyelectrolyte film-coated implants was assessed
      using the alkaline phosphatase assay. BMP-2-coated TA6V and PEEK implants with a
      total dose of 9.3MUg of BMP-2 were inserted into the femoral condyles of New
      Zealand white rabbits and compared to uncoated implants. Rabbits were sacrificed
      4 and 8weeks after implantation. Histomorphometric analyses on TA6V and PEEK
      implants and microcomputed tomography on PEEK implants revealed that the bone-to
      implant contact and bone area around the implants were significantly lower for
      the BMP-2-coated implants than for the bare implants. This was confirmed by
      scanning electron microscopy imaging. This difference was more pronounced at
      4weeks in comparison to the 8-week time point. However, bone growth inside the
      hexagonal upper hollow cavity of the screws was higher in the case of the BMP-2
      coated implants. Overall, this study shows that a high dose of BMP-2 leads to
      localized and temporary bone impairment, and that the dose of BMP-2 delivered at
      the surface of an implant needs to be carefully optimized. STATEMENT OF
      SIGNIFICANCE: The presentation of growth factors from material surfaces currently
      presents significant challenges in academia, clinics and industry. Applying
      osteoinductive factors to different types of implants, made of metals or
      polymers, may improve bone repair in difficult situations. Here, we show the
      effects of an osteoinductive coating made of polyelectrolyte multilayer films on
      two widely used materials, titanium TA6V alloys and PEEK implants, which were
      implanted in the rabbit femoral condyle. We show that a too high dose of BMP-2
      delivered from the screw surface has a negative short-term effect on bone
      regeneration in close vicinity of the screw surface. In contrast, bone formation
      was increased at early times in the empty spaces around the screw. These results
      highlight the need for future dose-dependence studies on bone formation in
      response to osteoinductive coatings.

PMID- 26965397
TI  - Newly-acquired words are more phonologically robust in verbal short-term memory
      when they have associated semantic representations.
AB  - Verbal short-term memory (STM) is a crucial cognitive function central to
      language learning, comprehension and reasoning, yet the processes that underlie
      this capacity are not fully understood. In particular, although STM primarily
      draws on a phonological code, interactions between long-term phonological and
      semantic representations might help to stabilise the phonological trace for words
      ("semantic binding hypothesis"). This idea was first proposed to explain the
      frequent phoneme recombination errors made by patients with semantic dementia
      when recalling words that are no longer fully understood. However, converging
      evidence in support of semantic binding is scant: it is unusual for studies of
      healthy participants to examine serial recall at the phoneme level and also it is
      difficult to separate the contribution of phonological-lexical knowledge from
      effects of word meaning. We used a new method to disentangle these influences in
      healthy individuals by training new 'words' with or without associated semantic
      information. We examined phonological coherence in immediate serial recall (ISR),
      both immediately and the day after training. Trained items were more likely to be
      recalled than novel nonwords, confirming the importance of phonological-lexical
      knowledge, and items with semantic associations were also produced more
      accurately than those with no meaning, at both time points. For semantically
      trained items, there were fewer phoneme ordering and identity errors, and
      consequently more complete target items were produced in both correct and
      incorrect list positions. These data show that lexical-semantic knowledge
      improves the robustness of verbal STM at the sub-item level, even when the effect
      of phonological familiarity is taken into account.

PMID- 26965396
TI  - Salt-responsive polyzwitterionic materials for surface regeneration between
      switchable fouling and antifouling properties.
AB  - Development of smart regenerative surface is a highly challenging but important
      task for many scientific and industrial applications. Specifically, very limited
      research efforts were made for surface regeneration between bio-adhesion and
      antifouling properties, because bioadhesion and antifouling are the two highly
      desirable but completely opposite properties of materials. Herein, we developed
      salt-responsive polymer brushes of poly(3-(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-3
      yl) propane-1-sulfonate) (polyVBIPS), which can be switched reversibly and
      repeatedly between protein capture/release and surface wettability in a
      controllable manner. PolyVBIPS brush has demonstrated its switching ability to
      resist both protein adsorption from 100% blood plasma/serum and bacterial
      attachment in multiple cycles. PolyVBIPS brush also exhibits reversible surface
      wettability from ~40 degrees  to 25 degrees  between in PBS and in 1M NaCl
      solutions in multiple cycles. Overall, the salt-responsive behaviors of polyVBIPS
      brushes can be interpreted by the "anti-polyelectrolyte effect", i.e. polyVBIPS
      brushes adopt a collapsed chain conformation at low ionic strengths to achieve
      surface adhesive, but an extended chain conformation at high ionic strength to
      realize antifouling properties. We expect that polyVBIPS will provide a simple,
      robust, and promising system for the fabrication of smart surfaces with
      biocompatible, reliable, and regenerative properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE:
      Unlike many materials with "one-time switching" capability for surface
      regeneration, we developed a new regenerative surface of zwitterionic polymer
      brush, which exhibits a reversible salt-induced switching property between a
      biomolecule-adhesive state and a biomolecule repellent state in complex media for
      multiple cycles. PolyVBIPS is easily synthesized and can be straightforward
      coated on the surface, which provides a simple, robust, and promising system for
      the fabrication of smart surfaces with biocompatible, reliable, regenerative
      properties.

PMID- 26965398
TI  - Do temporary workers have a higher risk of occupational injury than permanent
      employees?

PMID- 26965399
TI  - RBC invasion and invasion-inhibition assays using free merozoites isolated after
      cold treatment of Babesia bovis in vitro culture.
AB  - Babesia bovis is an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan that can invade bovine red blood
      cells (RBCs), where it multiplies asexually. RBC invasion assays using free
      viable merozoites are now routinely used to understand the invasion mechanism of
      B. bovis, and to evaluate the efficacy of chemicals and antibodies that
      potentially inhibit RBC invasion by the parasite. The application of high-voltage
      pulses (high-voltage electroporation), a commonly used method to isolate free
      merozoites from infected RBCs, reduces the viability of the merozoites. Recently,
      a cold treatment of B. bovis in vitro culture was found to induce an effective
      release of merozoites from the infected RBCs. In the present study, we incubated
      in vitro cultures of B. bovis in an ice bath to liberate merozoites from infected
      RBCs and then evaluated the isolated merozoites in RBC invasion and invasion
      inhibitions assays. The viability of the purified merozoites (72.4%) was
      significantly higher than that of merozoites isolated with high-voltage
      electroporation (48.5%). The viable merozoites prepared with the cold treatment
      also invaded uninfected bovine RBCs at a higher rate (0.572%) than did merozoites
      prepared with high-voltage electroporation (0.251%). The invasion-blocking
      capacities of heparin, a polyclonal rabbit antibody directed against recombinant
      B. bovis rhoptry associated protein 1, and B. bovis-infected bovine serum were
      successfully demonstrated in an RBC invasion assay with the live merozoites
      prepared with the cold treatment, suggesting that the targets of these inhibitors
      were intact in the merozoites. These findings indicate that the cold treatment
      technique is a useful tool for the isolation of free, viable, invasion-competent
      B. bovis merozoites, which can be effectively used for RBC invasion and invasion
      inhibition assays in Babesia research. 

PMID- 26965401
TI  - Matrix Extension Study: Validation of the Compact Dry TC Method for Enumeration
      of Total Aerobic Bacteria in Selected Foods.
AB  - A validation study was conducted to extend the matrix claim for the Nissui
      Compact Dry Total Count (TC), Performance Tested Method(s)(SM) (PTM)
      Certification No. 010404, to cooked chicken, lettuce, frozen fish, milk powder,
      and pasteurized whole milk. The method was originally certified by the AOAC
      Research Institute Performance Tested Method(s)(SM) Program for raw meat
      products. The Compact Dry TC is a ready-to-use dry media sheet that is rehydrated
      by adding 1 mL of diluted sample. A total aerobic colony count can be determined
      in the sample following 48 h of incubation. Matrix extension studies were
      conducted by Campden BRI (formerly Campden and Chorleywood Food Research
      Association Technology Limited), Chipping Campden, UK. Single-laboratory data
      were collected for cooked chicken, lettuce, frozen fish, and milk powder, whereas
      a multilaboratory study was conducted on pasteurized milk. Fourteen laboratories
      participated in the collaborative study. The Compact Dry TC was tested at two
      time points, 48 +/- 3 h and 72 +/- 3 h and compared with the current
      International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method at the time of the
      study, ISO 4833:2003 (this standard is withdrawn and has been replaced by: ISO
      4833-1:2013 and ISO 4833-2:2013), Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs
      Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms-Colony-count technique at
      30 degrees C. The data were logarithmically transformed and evaluated for
      repeatability (plus reproducibility for pasteurized milk), RSD of repeatability
      (plus RSD of reproducibility for milk), r(2), and mean difference between methods
      with 95% confidence interval (CI). A CI outside of (-0.5 to 0.5) on the log10
      mean difference was used as the criterion to establish significant statistical
      difference between methods. No significant differences were found between the
      Compact Dry TC 48 and 72 h time points, with the exception of one contamination
      level of cooked chicken and one contamination level of dry milk powder. Mean
      differences were small at these levels (<0.5 log10), but the upper CIs were above
      0.5. Statistical differences were indicated between the Compact Dry TC and ISO
      4833 in two of five contamination levels tested each for lettuce and frozen fish.
      In each case, mean differences were >0.5 log10, and the total aerobic colony
      count was higher for the ISO method. In most cases, mean differences between the
      Compact Dry and ISO methods were small (<0.5 log10) with CIs within the
      acceptance criterion. Repeatability, reproducibility, and RSD were similar for
      both methods, and r(2) values were >0.97 for all matrixes. The Compact Dry TC, at
      48 h, offers the advantage of a shorter time to results than ISO 4833 in an easy
      to-use format. 

PMID- 26965400
TI  - Exploration of fluorescence-based real-time loop-mediated isothermal
      amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Isospora suis oocysts.
AB  - Isospora suis is an intestinal protozoan parasite in pigs. The 2-3 weeks old
      piglets are most often infected by I. suis because their immune system is not
      fully developed. The infection exhibits clinical features such as diarrhea and
      dehydration and seriously affects the economic interests of farmers. The
      traditional method of identifying I. suis relies on the detection of fecal
      oocysts, which depends heavily on the accumulation of experience. Thus, missed
      detection, and false alarms often occur during detection. With the development of
      molecular-based detection methods, development of a simple, convenient and more
      sensitive method for the detection of I. suis is an urgent need. In this study,
      based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence, a fluorescence -based real-time loop
      mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was established for the detection
      of I. suis. The results showed that the assay is highly specific and sensitive,
      with a detection limit of 2.74 * 10(2) copies/MUL recombinant plasmid of I. suis,
      corresponding to 1 fg/MUL plasmid when converted to DNA concentration. The
      sensitivity is about 100 times higher than conventional PCR. Additionally, DNA
      extracted from a certain number of oocysts was used for detection, and it showed
      that the LAMP assay had a detection limit of 5 oocysts, lower than that of 13
      oocysts of conventional PCR. The established LAMP assay overcomes the shortage of
      the traditional microscopy-based method, and provides a valuable way for
      molecular detection of I. suis. 

PMID- 26965402
TI  - Sex estimation based on scapula analysis in a Japanese population using
      multidetector computed tomography.
AB  - Accurate sex estimation based on measurements of dimorphic dimensions in human
      unknown remains is important as the first step toward making individual
      identification. The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual dimorphism of
      the scapula and to quantify the accuracy of sex estimation in a contemporary
      Japanese forensic sample using scapular measurements based on three-dimensional
      (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images. A total of 218 cadavers (109 males, 109
      females) that underwent postmortem CT and subsequent forensic autopsy were used.
      Ten scapular measurements were performed on 3D CT reconstructed images that
      extracted only bone data, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and
      discriminant function analyses (DFA). All measurements were dimorphic in terms of
      sex differences. Univariate DFA provided sex classification accuracy rates of
      75.7-91.3%. Stepwise DFA yielded sex prediction accuracy rates of 93.1-94.5%. In
      conclusion, the scapular measurements using 3D CT images of a contemporary
      Japanese population may be useful for the estimation of skeletal sex in the field
      of forensic anthropology. 

PMID- 26965403
TI  - Alexander of Tralles and the first portrayal of a placebo by illusion in the 6th
      century AD.

PMID- 26965404
TI  - Landfill site selection using geographic information system and analytical
      hierarchy process: A case study Al-Hillah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq.
AB  - Al-Hillah Qadhaa is located in the central part of Iraq. It covers an area of 908
      km(2) with a total population of 856,804 inhabitants. This Qadhaa is the capital
      of Babylon Governorate. Presently, no landfill site exists in that area based on
      scientific site selection criteria. For this reason, an attempt has been carried
      out to find the best locations for landfills. A total of 15 variables were
      considered in this process (groundwater depth, rivers, soil types, agricultural
      land use, land use, elevation, slope, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, power lines,
      roads, railways, urban centres, villages and archaeological sites) using a
      geographic information system. In addition, an analytical hierarchy process was
      used to identify the weight for each variable. Two suitable candidate landfill
      sites were determined that fulfil the requirements with an area of 9.153 km(2)
      and 8.204 km(2) These sites can accommodate solid waste till 2030. 

PMID- 26965405
TI  - Cyclist's nodule: no smooth ride.
AB  - A fit and active amateur cyclist was referred by his general practitioner to a
      surgical oncology outpatient clinic with a slowly-growing perineal mass.
      Following clinical examination, the patient underwent imaging and biopsy at a
      tertiary soft tissue tumour centre, which diagnosed perineal nodular induration:
      a rare, benign tumour caused by repetitive trauma associated with 'saddle sports'
      such as cycling or horse riding. It is important to consider soft tissue tumours
      in patients who present with 'lumps and bumps'; they can occur anywhere in the
      body including the groin or perineum, where it is sometimes referred to as a
      'third' or 'accessory' testicle in men. Although unusual, the case emphasises the
      importance of rapid specialist referral from primary care, and consideration of a
      patient's occupation and hobbies when formulating diagnoses. 

PMID- 26965407
TI  - Idiopathic female pseudohermaphroditism with urethral duplication and female
      hypospadias.
AB  - Female hypospadias is a rare anomaly of the female urethra where it opens on the
      anterior vaginal wall anywhere between the introitus and the fornix. It is often
      associated with other genitourinary anomalies such as Cloacal malformation,
      female pseudohermaphroditism, nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder and urethral
      duplication. Idiopathic female pseudohermaphroditism is extremely rare, and most
      cases occur secondary to adrenogenital syndrome or maternal androgen exposure. We
      report a unique case of a 1-year and 4-month-old girl who presented with
      ambiguous genitalia and renal failure secondary to a non-neurogenic neurogenic
      bladder. On further evaluation, she was found to have urethral duplication with a
      hypospadiac female urethra. She initially underwent a vesicostomy and was further
      planned to undergo an appendicular Mitrofanoff at an older age. The mainstay of
      treatment in these cases includes relief of bladder outlet obstruction and
      recovery of renal function by adequate urinary drainage. Clitoral reduction, if
      cosmetically warranted, may be planned at puberty. 

PMID- 26965406
TI  - Intrauterine device infection causing concomitant streptococcal toxic shock
      syndrome and pelvic abscess with Actinomyces odontolyticus bacteraemia.
AB  - Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are rarely associated with serious infections. We
      report an unusual concomitant infection of group A Streptococcus (GAS) causing
      toxic shock syndrome and pelvic abscess with Actinomyces odontolyticus associated
      with an IUD in a healthy 50-year-old patient. The IUD was subsequently removed
      and the patient recovered on the appropriate antibiotics. This case highlights
      the importance of clinicians' high index of suspicion of an IUD infection and
      prompt removal of the infected foreign body to obtain source control. 

PMID- 26965408
TI  - Uncommon condition mimicking non-resolving pneumonia and malignancy on
      radiography that improves dramatically with a course of steroids.
AB  - A 58-year-old man was seen in a specialist respiratory clinic, with non-resolving
      pneumonia. Various investigations including CT scan, bronchoscopy and CT-guided
      biopsy were carried out for suspected malignancy but they could not find any
      evidence of neoplasia or anything else of significance. The lung mass that
      persisted for years later resolved with a course of steroids, at which point
      further investigations for alternative differential diagnoses suggested a
      surprising conclusion. 

PMID- 26965409
TI  - Bilateral adrenal haemorrhage: a cause of haemodynamic collapse in heparin
      induced thrombocytopaenia.
AB  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT) is a life-threatening complication of
      exposure to heparin. It is mediated by autoantibodies to platelet factor-4
      causing platelet activation, destruction and thrombosis. Given their rich
      arterial supply and a single central vein, the adrenal glands are particularly
      susceptible to congestive haemorrhage following venous thrombosis. We report a
      case of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage (BAH) associated with HIT following
      prophylactic use of unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism causing
      adrenal insufficiency. BAH is a life-threatening paradoxical complication
      associated with HIT, a prothrombotic state. The resulting adrenal insufficiency
      can lead to haemodynamic collapse if unrecognised. Early diagnosis, in the wake
      of vague symptoms, and prompt treatment primarily aimed at repletion of
      glucocorticoids and close monitoring of enlarging haemorrhage is of utmost
      importance. Likewise, early identification of HIT is important to prevent
      potential complications including adrenal haemorrhage. 

PMID- 26965410
TI  - Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS): An unrecognized paradoxical effect of biologic
      agents (BA) used in chronic inflammatory diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Paradoxical hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) induced by biologic agents
      (BA) is scarcely reported. OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the clinical
      characteristics and outcome of patients developing paradoxical HS under BA.
      METHODS: This was a multicenter nationwide retrospective study asking physicians
      to report all cases of HS, confirmed by a dermatologist, occurring during
      treatment of an inflammatory disease by a BA. RESULTS: We included 25 patients
      (15 inflammatory rheumatism, 9 Crohn's disease, 1 psoriasis) treated by 5 BA
      (adalimumab = 12, infliximab = 6, etanercept = 4, rituximab = 2, tocilizumab =
      1). Median duration of BA exposure before HS onset was 12 (range 1-120) months.
      Patients were mostly Hurley stage I (n = 13) or II (n = 11). Simultaneously to HS
      or within 1 year, 11 patients developed additional inflammatory diseases,
      including paradoxical reactions (psoriasis = 9, Crohn's disease = 3, alopecia
      areata = 1, erythema elevatum diutinum = 1). Complete improvement of HS was more
      frequently obtained after BA discontinuation or switch (n = 6/10, 60%) rather
      than maintenance (n = 1/14, 7%). Reintroducing the same BA resulted in HS relapse
      in 3 of 3 patients. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective nature and lack of complete follow
      up for some patients are limitations. CONCLUSION: HS is a rare paradoxical
      adverse effect of BA, but fortuitous association cannot be excluded in some
      cases. We observed a trend toward better outcome when the BA was discontinued or
      switched.

PMID- 26965412
TI  - Robotic vesico-vaginal fistula repair with no omental flap interposition.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: A vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) is a fistulous tract
      that connects bladder and vagina, causing urine leakage via the vagina. In the
      developed world, iatrogenic postoperative VVF is the most common case.
      Classically, when treating a VVF via the abdominal route, an abdominal flap is
      mobilized and interposed between the bladder and the vagina. METHODS: In our
      video, we describe a robotic VVF repair technique with no omental flap
      interpositioning for a vaginal vault-located fistula. RESULTS: Duration of
      surgery was 95 min, estimated blood loss was <50 ml. The postoperative course was
      uneventful. At the 6-month follow-up, which included clinical and cystographic
      examinations, the patient had not experienced any recurrence. CONCLUSION: In our
      opinion, a two-layered suturing technique using two semi-continuous sutures for
      vaginal closure and perpendicular interrupted stitches for bladder closure does
      not require omental flap mobilization, reducing operating time and possible
      complications related to accidental peritoneal injuries.

PMID- 26965411
TI  - Pelvic floor dysfunction in female Sjogren's syndrome: an 8-year audit.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The classic triad of dry eyes, mouth and vagina is
      known to most gynaecologists as pathognomonic of Sjogren's syndrome, but
      rheumatologists seldom consider vaginal symptoms. Our hypothesis was that women
      with Sjogren's syndrome would have an increased likelihood of postoperative
      voiding dysfunction, severe vaginal stenosis or poor response to anticholinergics
      compared with the general urogynaecology patient. METHODS: All patients with
      Sjogren's syndrome were prospectively recorded from July 2007 to June 2015.
      Presenting complaint, pelvic examination findings, previous/subsequent pelvic
      surgery, voiding dysfunction and response to anticholinergics were noted. The
      denominator, all new urogynaecology patients, was prospectively recorded.
      RESULTS: Fifteen patients were identified over 8 years (0.5 % of 2794 new
      presentations). Of the seven patients who had previously undergone surgery
      elsewhere, all had demonstrable pelvic tissue fibrosis; five had such severe
      fibrosis that no speculum could be passed. Anticholinergic medications were
      completely intolerable in 10/11 (91 %) women, and severe postoperative voiding
      dysfunction occurred in 6/9 (67 %) women. Only 2/15 (13 %) women were unaffected
      by fibrosis, postoperative voiding dysfunction or intolerance to
      anticholinergics. CONCLUSIONS: This audit demonstrates a substantial risk of
      vaginal stenosis, postoperative voiding dysfunction or severe intolerance to
      anticholinergics in women with Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 26965413
TI  - Telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) activity upon recombinant
      expression and purification of human telomerase in a bacterial system.
AB  - Telomerase biogenesis is a highly regulated process that solves the DNA end
      replication problem. Recombinant expression has so far been accomplished only
      within a eukaryotic background. Towards structural and functional analyses, we
      developed bacterial expression of human telomerase. Positive activity by the
      telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) was identified in cell extracts
      of Escherichia coli expressing a sequence-optimized hTERT gene, the full-length
      hTR RNA with a self-splicing hepatitis delta virus ribozyme, and the human heat
      shock complex of Hsp90, Hsp70, p60/Hop, Hsp40, and p23. The Hsp90 inhibitor
      geldanamycin did not affect post-assembly TRAP activity. By various purification
      methods, TRAP activity was also obtained upon expression of only hTERT and hTR.
      hTERT was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry in a ~120 kDa SDS-PAGE fragment
      from a TRAP-positive purification fraction. TRAP activity was also supported by
      hTR constructs lacking the box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA domain. End-point TRAP
      indicated expression levels within 3-fold of that from HeLa carcinoma cells,
      which is several orders of magnitude below detection by the direct assay. These
      results represent the first report of TRAP activity from a bacterium and provide
      a facile system for the investigation of assembly factors and anti-cancer
      therapeutics independently of a eukaryotic setting.

PMID- 26965414
TI  - Purification and characterization of recombinant supersweet protein thaumatin II
      from tomato fruit.
AB  - Thaumatin, a supersweet protein from the African plant katemfe (Thaumatococcus
      daniellii Benth.), is a promising zero-calorie sweetener for use in the food and
      pharmaceutical industries. Due to limited natural sources of thaumatin, its
      production using transgenic plants is an advantageous alternative. We report a
      simple protocol for purification of recombinant thaumatin II from transgenic
      tomato. Thaumatin was extracted from ripe tomato fruit in a low-salt buffer and
      purified on an SP-Sephacryl column. Recombinant thaumatin yield averaged 50 mg/kg
      fresh fruit. MALDI-MS analysis showed correct processing of thaumatin in tomato
      plants. The recombinant thaumatin was indistinguishable from the native protein
      in a taste test. The purified tomato-derived thaumatin had an intrinsic sweetness
      with a threshold value in taste tests of around 50 nM. These results demonstrate
      the potential of an expression system based on transgenic tomato plants for
      production of recombinant thaumatin for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

PMID- 26965415
TI  - Different apoptotic effects of saxifragifolin C in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Breast cancer is currently the most common form of cancer affecting women. Recent
      studies have reported that triterpenoid saponins isolated from Androsace
      umbellata exhibit anti-proliferative effects in several types of cancer cells.
      However, the cytotoxic effect of saxifragifolin C (Saxi C) on breast cancer cells
      remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the in vitro anti-tumor
      activity of Saxi C in human breast cancer cells. Our data indicated that MDA-MB
      231 cells were more sensitive than MCF-7 cells to Saxi C treatment. In addition,
      Saxi C inhibited cell survival through the induction of reactive oxygen species
      and the caspase-dependent pathway in the MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas MCF-7 cells
      treated with Saxi C underwent the apoptotic cell death in a caspase-independent
      manner. Although Saxi C treatment resulted in the induction of activation of
      MAPKs in both types of human breast cancer cells, p38 MAPK and JNK, but not
      ERK1/2, appeared to be involved in Saxi C-induced apoptosis. Moreover, ERalpha
      overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells remained alive, whereas the survival of shERalpha
      transfected MCF-7 cells decreased. Taken together, Saxi C induced apoptosis in
      MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells via different regulatory mechanisms, and ERalpha
      status might be essential for regulating Saxi C-induced apoptosis in breast
      cancer cells. Thus, Saxi C is a potential chemotherapeutic agent in breast
      cancer. 

PMID- 26965416
TI  - Why don't patients take their analgesics? A meta-ethnography assessing the
      perceptions of medication adherence in patients with osteoarthritis.
AB  - Whilst analgesics and medications have demonstrated efficacy for people with
      osteoarthritis, their effectiveness is dependent on adherence. This has
      previously been reported as particularly low in this population. The purpose of
      this meta-ethnography was to explore possible perceptions for this. A systematic
      review of published and unpublished literature was undertaken. All qualitative
      studies assessing the attitudes or perceptions of people with osteoarthritis
      towards medication adherence were eligible. Study quality was assessed using the
      Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative tool. Analysis was undertaken
      using a meta-ethnography approach, distilling to a third-order construct and
      developing a line of argument. From 881 citations, five studies met the
      eligibility criteria. The meta-ethnography generated a model where medication
      adherence for people with osteoarthritis is perceived as a balance between the
      willingness and preference to take medications with the alterative being
      toleration of symptoms. Motivators to influence this 'balance' may fluctuate and
      change over time but include: severity of symptoms, education and understanding
      of osteoarthritis and current medications, or general health which may raise
      issues for poly-pharmacy as other medications are added or substituted into the
      patient's formulary. Medicine adherence in people with osteoarthritis is complex,
      involving motivators which will fluctuate in impact on individuals at different
      points along the disease progression. Awareness of each motivator may better
      inform clinicians as to what education, support or change in prescription
      practice should be adopted to ensure that medicine adherence is individualised to
      better promote long-term behaviour change.

PMID- 26965418
TI  - Massive ascites in a canakinumab resistant case with MVA leading to bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 26965417
TI  - Incidence and risk factors of fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an
      Asian prospective cohort study.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients have high risk for osteoporosis and fracture.
      We aimed to identify the incidence rate and risk factors of fractures in Asian RA
      patients. A total of 3557 RA patients in the KORean Observational study Network
      for Arthritis (KORONA) were included and observed over a mean follow-up of 18
      months. A fracture was assessed as total, major, or minor fractures; major
      fracture was defined as a vertebral or hip fracture, and the other fractures were
      classified as minor fractures. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of fracture
      in RA patients was calculated compared with general population, and possible risk
      factors for fractures were explored using multivariable logistic regression
      analyses. A total of 194 patients with 215 fractures were observed, and the SIR
      of the total fracture in RA patients was 2.2 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.9
      2.6]. The SIRs of major and minor fractures were 1.5 (CI 1.1-2.0) and 3.0 (CI 2.5
      3.7), respectively. Advanced age [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, CI 1.02-1.05, p < 0.01]
      and having history of prior fracture (OR 2.17, CI 1.54-3.08, p < 0.01) were risk
      factors for total fractures. In addition, higher HAQ increased fracture risk (OR
      2.02, CI 1.05-3.89, p = 0.04), whereas the use of bisphosphonate showed
      protective effect for future fractures (OR 0.34, CI 0.14-0.87, p = 0.02) in
      patients with osteoporosis. RA patients had a 2.2-fold increased risk of
      fractures as compared with general population. In Asian RA patients, advanced age
      and history of prior fracture were the most important risk factors for new
      fractures. 

PMID- 26965419
TI  - The interferon-inducible protein p205 acts as an activator in osteoblast
      differentiation of mouse BMSCs.
AB  - p205, an interferon-inducible protein, is induced in the course of osteogenesis
      in mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Knocking down p205 markedly impairs
      whereas overexpressing p205 enhances the osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs, as
      revealed by the altered expression of osteogenic genes, the change of ALP
      activity and the ARS-stained mineral nodules. The positive role of p205 in BMSC
      osteogenesis is probably due, at least in part, to the association of it with Id
      proteins. Further investigation indicated that p205 may disturb the formation of
      Runx2/Ids complex and free more Runx2 to induce the differentiation process.
      Taken together, our findings demonstrated for the first time that p205 functions
      as an activator in osteoblast differentiation.

PMID- 26965420
TI  - Novel dengue virus inhibitor 4-HPR activates ATF4 independent of protein kinase R
      like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase and elevates levels of eIF2alpha
      phosphorylation in virus infected cells.
AB  - Infections by dengue virus (DENV) are increasing worldwide, with an urgent need
      for effective anti-DENV agents. We recently identified N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)
      retinamide (4-HPR), an anti-DENV agent effective against all 4 serotypes of DENV
      in cell culture, and in a lethal mouse model for DENV infection (Fraser et al.,
      2014b). Although identified as an inhibitor of DENV non-structural protein 5
      (NS5) recognition by host nuclear import proteins, the precise impact and mode of
      action of 4-HPR in effecting DENV clearance remains to be defined. Significantly,
      concurrent with decreased viral RNA and infectious DENV in 4-HPR-treated cells,
      we previously observed specific up-regulation of transcripts representing the
      Protein Kinase R-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) arm of the unfolded
      protein response (UPR) pathway upon 4-HPR addition. Here we pursue these findings
      in detail, examining the role of specific PERK pathway components in DENV
      clearance. We demonstrate that 4-HPR-induced nuclear localization of Activating
      Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), a pathway component downstream from PERK, occurs
      in a PERK-independent manner, implying activation instead occurs through
      Integrated Stress Response (ISR) kinases. Significantly, ATF4 does not appear to
      be required for the antiviral activity of 4-HPR, suggesting transcriptional
      events induced by ATF4 do not drive the 4-HPR-induced antiviral state. Instead,
      we demonstrate that 4-HPR induces phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation
      initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha), a target of ISR kinases which controls
      translation attenuation, and confirm the importance of phosphorylated-eIF2alpha
      in DENV infection using guanabenz, a specific inhibitor of eIF2alpha
      dephosphorylation. This study provides the first detailed insight into the
      cellular effects modulated by 4-HPR in DENV-infected cells, critical to
      progressing 4-HPR towards the clinic.

PMID- 26965421
TI  - Management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (venous
      thromboembolism) during pregnancy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is high during pregnancy.
      Although most patients with VTE are safely treated via medications, the optimal
      treatment for massive pulmonary embolism remains controversial. To evaluate the
      safety and efficacy of VTE management during pregnancy, we report our single
      center experience of treating VTE in pregnant women. METHODS: Case records were
      retrospectively reviewed from seven patients who underwent treatment for venous
      thromboembolism between 2002 and 2014. RESULTS: Mean gestational time was 28 +/-
      6.2 weeks. Four patients with deep vein thrombosis were treated medically, and
      they all had vaginal delivery at full term without hemorrhagic complication.
      Three patients with massive pulmonary embolism underwent surgical embolectomy.
      Two of these three patients underwent cesarean delivery at 28 and 29 weeks
      respectively. There was no maternal death, but one fetal death occurred during
      surgical embolectomy. CONCLUSION: VTE during pregnant women is safely managed by
      anticoagulant therapy. Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy can be managed
      safely by surgical embolectomy using cardiopulmonary bypass, but the rate of
      fetal loss remains high.

PMID- 26965422
TI  - English Language Abilities and Unmet Needs in Community Mental Health Services: a
      Cross-Sectional Study.

PMID- 26965424
TI  - Three-dimensional Micro-culture System for Tooth Tissue Engineering.
AB  - The arrangement of cells within a tissue plays an essential role in
      organogenesis, including tooth development. Progress is being made to regenerate
      teeth by reassociating dissociated embryonic dental cells and implanting them in
      vivo. In the present study, we tested the hanging drop method to study mixed
      epithelial-mesenchymal cell reorganization in a liquid instead of semisolid
      medium to see whether it could lead to tooth histogenesis and organogenesis. This
      method allowed the control of the proportion and number of cells to be used, and
      the forming microtissues showed homogeneous size. The liquid environment favored
      cell migrations as compared with collagen gels. Three protocols were compared.
      The one that sequentially combined the hanging drop and semisolid medium cultures
      prior to in vivo implantation gave the best results. Indeed, after implantation,
      teeth developed, showing a well-formed crown, mineralization of dentin and
      enamel, and the initiation of root formation. Vascularization and the cellular
      heterogeneity in the mesenchyme were similar to what was observed in developing
      molars. Finally, after coimplantation with a trigeminal ganglion, the dental
      mesenchyme, including the odontoblast layer, became innervated. The real
      advantage of this technique is the small number of cells required to make a
      tooth. This experimental model can be employed to study the development,
      physiology, metabolism, or toxicology in forming teeth and test other cell
      sources.

PMID- 26965423
TI  - The Emotional Brain as a Predictor and Amplifier of Chronic Pain.
AB  - Human neuroimaging studies and complementary animal experiments now identify the
      gross elements of the brain involved in the chronification of pain. We briefly
      review these advances in relation to somatic and orofacial persistent pain
      conditions. First, we emphasize the importance of reverse translational research
      for understanding chronic pain-that is, the power of deriving hypotheses directly
      from human brain imaging of clinical conditions that can be invasively and
      mechanistically studied in animal models. We then review recent findings
      demonstrating the importance of the emotional brain (i.e., the corticolimbic
      system) in the modulation of acute pain and in the prediction and amplification
      of chronic pain, contrasting this evidence with recent findings regarding the
      role of central sensitization in pain chronification, especially for orofacial
      pain. We next elaborate on the corticolimbic circuitry and underlying mechanisms
      that determine the transition to chronic pain. Given this knowledge, we advance a
      new mechanistic definition of chronic pain and discuss the clinical implications
      of this new definition as well as novel therapeutic potentials suggested by these
      advances.

PMID- 26965425
TI  - New host records of Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Acari: Ixodidae) on birds in
      Brazil.
AB  - Birds are an important component of the life histories and bioecology of a number
      of tick species and of some tick associated pathogens. An examination of the data
      concerning bird/tick associations in the Neotropics, showed that the tick
      Haemaphysalis leporispalustrisis (Packard, 1869) was rarely recorded infesting
      birds. The current study reports parasitism by H. leporispalustris in wild birds
      collected from Atlantic rain forest environments in the states of Rio de Janeiro
      (4LL) and Minas Gerais (17LL, 1NN), Brazil. All ticks were identified
      morphologically to the genus level; total DNA was extracted from each
      Haemaphysalis tick and examined by PCR and nucleotide sequencing of fragments of
      the eukaryotic genes encoding 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA. The bird species Arremon
      semitorquatus, Corythopis delalandi, Fluvicola nengeta, Troglodytes musculus, and
      Volatinia jacarina were recorded as hosts for H. leporispalustris for the first
      time in South America, and Turdus rufiventris represented a new record for
      Brazil. 

PMID- 26965426
TI  - Detection of Balamuthia mandrillaris DNA in the storage case of contact lenses in
      Germany.
AB  - Acanthamoeba spp. are frequently the etiological agents of a severe form of sight
      threatening keratitis, called Acanthamoeba keratitis. The contact lens storage
      solution of a patient with keratitis of unknown genesis was screened using our
      diagnostic tools to detect potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae (FLA).
      Culture methods and a triplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
      (qPCR) targeting Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, and Balamuthia
      mandrillaris were used in context of this routine screening. While no amoebae
      were detected by culture, qPCR specifically detected DNA of B. mandrillaris. This
      FLA is known as the etiological agent of a fatal form of encephalitis in humans
      and other mammals, Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE). A fragment of the 18S
      rDNA gene was amplified from the sample and showed 99 % sequence identity to B.
      mandrillaris sequences from GenBank. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
      first report of B. mandrillaris found in association with contact lenses.
      Although no viable amoeba was obtained by culturing efforts, the verification of
      B. mandrillaris DNA in the contact lens storage solution demonstrates how easily
      this pathogen might come into close contact with humans. 

PMID- 26965427
TI  - Application of DNA barcoding for identifying forensically relevant Diptera from
      northern Thailand.
AB  - In recent decades, forensic entomology has become a useful tool in criminal
      investigations all over the world. Species-specific identification of flies plays
      an important role in this field and is obligatory for accurate calculation of the
      post-mortem interval. However, not all important colonizers of a corpse can be
      identified by common morphological keys. Due to similar morphology and the lack
      of keys for some taxa, especially for immature stages, DNA barcoding has become
      more popular during the last recent years. This development is particularly
      important for countries like Thailand, in which forensic entomology is a newly
      developing research area and which faces several challenges such as a high
      biodiversity of fly species. The most commonly used barcoding region in forensic
      entomology, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coI) gene, as well as
      a 1000-bp-long region of the 28S nuclear rRNA gene, was used to analyze and
      establish the molecular barcodes of 13 different species of flies of forensic
      relevance in northern Thailand. 

PMID- 26965428
TI  - Improving freeze-tolerance of baker's yeast through seamless gene deletion of
      NTH1 and PUT1.
AB  - Baker's yeast strains with freeze-tolerance are highly desirable to maintain high
      leavening ability after freezing. Enhanced intracellular concentration of
      trehalose and proline in yeast is linked with freeze-tolerance. In this study, we
      constructed baker's yeast with enhanced freeze-tolerance by simultaneous deletion
      of the neutral trehalase-encoded gene NTH1 and the proline oxidase-encoded gene
      PUT1. We first used the two-step integration-based seamless gene deletion method
      to separately delete NTH1 and PUT1 in haploid yeast. Subsequently, through two
      rounds of hybridization and sporulation-based allelic exchange and colony PCR
      mediated tetrad analysis, we obtained strains with restored URA3 and deletion of
      NTH1 and/or PUT1. The resulting strain showed higher cell survival and dough
      leavening ability after freezing compared to the wild-type strain due to enhanced
      accumulation of trehalose and/or proline. Moreover, mutant with simultaneous
      deletion of NTH1 and PUT1 exhibits the highest relative dough-leavening ability
      after freezing compared to mutants with single-gene deletion perhaps due to
      elevated levels of both trehalose and proline. These results verified that it is
      applicable to construct frozen dough baker's yeast using the method proposed in
      this paper.

PMID- 26965429
TI  - e-Therapy to reduce emotional distress in women undergoing assisted reproductive
      technology (ART): a feasibility randomized controlled trial.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Is it feasible to evaluate a personalized e-therapy program
      (Internet based) for women during fertility treatment aimed to reduce the chance
      of having clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety and/or depression after
      unsuccessful assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment within a randomized
      controlled trial (RCT)? STUDY ANSWER: The evaluation of a personalized e-therapy
      program is feasible, reflected by good acceptability and integration within
      current guidelines, but adjustments to the e-therapy program and study design of
      the RCT have to be made to enhance demand, practicality and efficacy. WHAT IS
      KNOWN ALREADY: Internet-based interventions are promising in reducing
      psychological distress, especially when treatment is personalized to specific
      risk profiles of patients. However in fertility care, the beneficial effects of
      personalized e-therapy on psychological distress and its implementation in daily
      clinical care still have to be evaluated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: To
      evaluate the feasibility of a personalized e-therapy program, we conducted a two
      arm, parallel group, single-blind feasibility randomized controlled trial with a
      1:1 allocation. Feasibility was assessed in terms of demand, acceptability,
      practicality, implementation, integration and limited efficacy. Women were
      included between 1 February 2011 and 1 June 2013. Women in the control group
      received care as usual, whereas women in the intervention group received in
      addition to their usual care access to a personalized e-therapy program. Women
      were monitored until 3 months after the start of their first ART cycle.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: In a university hospital in the
      Netherlands women who were screened as at risk for emotional adjustment problems
      and intended to start their first ART cycle were invited, and of them 120 were
      randomized. Of these women, 48% in the intervention group were compliant to the
      intervention. Outcome measures associated with the feasibility to analyse this e
      therapy program within an RCT were assessed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE:
      It is feasible to evaluate a personalized e-therapy program within an RCT. The
      acceptability was good, as was the integration within current clinical guidelines
      and care. However, the demand reflected by a participation rate of 44% was low,
      since most women declined participation because they felt no need for support at
      that moment. The practicality of the intervention was moderate illustrated by a
      relatively high dropout rate (30%) due to practical concerns. The intervention
      was effective, shown by a reduction in the percentage women having clinically
      relevant symptoms of anxiety and/or depression in the compliant intervention
      group compared with the control group 3 months after the first ART cycle; risk
      difference of 24% (95% CI: 2-46%; ITALIC! P = 0.03). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR
      CAUTION: The large non-participation rate (56%) needs further evaluation. This
      also could have influenced results on limited efficacy. Barriers for
      participation could be assessed more in-depth. Moreover, ~30% dropped out. This
      percentage is comparable with other e-health studies. Finally, this is a single
      centre study. Generalizability could be enlarged by a multi-centre approach.
      WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: In clinical fertility care, personalizing an
      e-therapy program to the patients' risk profile is promising and feasible.
      However, in future studies, we recommend modification of the study protocol by
      for example offering the intervention to the preferred moment in the treatment
      process. Moreover, adjustment of the study protocol tailored to the found
      barriers and facilitators is needed. When performing a multi-centre consecutive
      RCT to assess the effectiveness of personalized e-therapy in fertility care, the
      findings of this study, for example concerning the preferred timing or reasons
      for non-participation, could be helpful. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS:
      NutsOhra (Study Number 0702-94) funded this study with an unrestricted grant.
      There were no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov
      NCT 01283607. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE: 21 January 2011. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S
      ENROLMENT: February, 2011.

PMID- 26965430
TI  - Overexpression of chloride channel-3 is associated with the increased migration
      and invasion ability of ectopic endometrial cells from patients with
      endometriosis.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Is chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) involved in regulating the
      biological behavior of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER: ClC-3
      promotes endometriotic cell migration and invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: ClC-3
      plays a significant role in the migration and invasion of various kinds of cells.
      STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: An ITALIC! in vitro investigation of the effect of
      ClC-3 on the migration and invasion of ectopic ESCs from patients with
      endometriosis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The ectopic and eutopic
      endometrial samples from 43 female patients with endometriosis and the
      endometrial samples from 39 non-endometriotic female patients were collected.
      Primary cells from these samples were isolated and cultured. Real-time RT-PCR,
      immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the expression of ClC-3
      and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology
      was employed to knock down ClC-3 expression. The migration and invasion ability
      of ESCs was measured by the transwell assay with uncoated or Matrigel-coated
      membranes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The expression of ClC-3 mRNA and
      proteins was significantly up-regulated in the ectopic tissues from endometriotic
      patients, while that in the eutopic endometrial tissues of the same patients did
      not significantly differ from that in non-endometriotic patients. The migration
      and invasion ability and MMP-9 expression was increased in the ESCs from ectopic
      endometrial tissues. The knockdown of ClC-3 expression by ClC-3 siRNA inhibited
      ESC migration and invasion and attenuated the expression of MMP-9. ClC-3
      expression level was well-correlated to the clinical characteristics and symptoms
      of endometriosis patients, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic
      pain, dyspareunia and diameter of endometriosis lesion. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR
      CAUTION: Further studies are needed to examine the regulatory mechanism of
      estrogen on ClC-3 expression of ESCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: ClC-3
      is involved in the migration and invasion processes of ESCs and can regulate MMP
      9 expression. Up-regulation of ClC-3 expression may contribute to endometriosis
      development by regulating MMP-9 expression. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS:
      This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
      (81173064, 81272223, 81273539), the Ministry of Education of China
      (20124401110009), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
      (S2011010001589) and the Science and Technology Programs of Guangdong
      (2013B051000059), Guangzhou (2013J500015) and Dongguan (2011108102006). The
      authors have no conflict of interest.

PMID- 26965431
TI  - Infertile women below the age of 40 have similar anti-Mullerian hormone levels
      and antral follicle count compared with women of the same age with no history of
      infertility.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Do infertile patients below the age of 40 years have a lower
      ovarian reserve, estimated by anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and total antral
      follicle count (AFC), than women of the same age with no history of infertility?
      SUMMARY ANSWER: Serum AMH and AFC were not lower in infertile patients aged 20-39
      years compared with a control group of the same age with no history of
      infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY?: The management of patients with a low
      ovarian reserve and a poor response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS)
      remains a challenge in assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Both AMH levels
      and AFC reflect the ovarian reserve and are valuable predictors of the ovarian
      response to exogenous gonadotrophins. However, there is a large inter-individual
      variation in the age-related depletion of the ovarian reserve and a broad
      variability in the levels of AMH and AFC compatible with conception. Women with
      an early depletion of the ovarian reserve may experience infertility as a
      consequence of postponement of childbearing. Thus, low ovarian reserve is
      considered to be overrepresented among infertile patients. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE,
      DURATION: A prospective cohort study including 382 women with a male partner
      referred to fertility treatment at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark during
      2011-2013 compared with a control group of 350 non-users of hormonal
      contraception with no history of infertility recruited during 2008-2010.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Included patients and controls were
      aged 20-39 years. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome were excluded. On Cycle
      Days 2-5, AFC and ovarian volume were measured by transvaginal sonography, and
      serum levels of AMH, FSH and LH were assessed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF
      CHANCE: Infertile patients had similar AMH levels (11%, 95% confidence interval
      (CI): -1;24%) and AFC (1%, 95% CI: -7;8%) compared with controls with no history
      of infertility in an age-adjusted linear regression analysis. The prevalence of
      very low AMH levels (<5 pmol/l) was similar in the two cohorts (age-adjusted odds
      ratio: 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5;1.7). The findings persisted after adjustment for smoking
      status, body mass index, gestational age at birth, previous conception and
      chronic disease in addition to age. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION: The
      comparison of ovarian reserve parameters in women recruited at different time
      intervals could be a reason for caution. However, all women were examined at the
      same centre using the same sonographic algorithm and AMH immunoassay. WIDER
      IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study indicates that the frequent observation
      of patients with a poor response to COS in ART may not be due to an
      overrepresentation of women with an early depletion of the ovarian reserve but
      rather a result of the expected age-related decline in fertility. STUDY
      FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: The study received funding from MSD and the
      Interregional European Union (EU) projects 'ReproSund' and 'ReproHigh'. The
      authors have no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Not applicable.

PMID- 26965433
TI  - Shared risk aversion in spontaneous and induced abortion.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Does the incidence of spontaneous abortion correlate positively
      over conception cohorts with the incidence of non-clinically indicated induced
      abortion as predicted by shared risk aversion? SUMMARY ANSWER: We find that the
      number of spontaneous and non-clinically indicated induced abortions correlates
      in conception cohorts, suggesting that risk aversion affects both the conscious
      and non-conscious mechanisms that control parturition. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
      Much literature speculates that natural selection conserved risk aversion because
      the trait enhanced Darwinian fitness. Risk aversion, moreover, supposedly
      influences all decisions including those that individuals can and cannot report
      making. We argue that these circumstances, if real, would manifest in conscious
      and non-conscious decisions to invest in prospective offspring, and therefore
      affect incidence of induced and spontaneous abortion over time. STUDY DESIGN,
      SIZE, DURATION: Using data from Denmark, we test the hypothesis that monthly
      conception cohorts yielding unexpectedly many non-clinically indicated induced
      abortions also yield unexpectedly many spontaneous abortions. The 180 month test
      period (January 1995 through December 2009), yielded 1 351 800 gestations
      including 156 780 spontaneous as well as 233 280 induced abortions 9100 of which
      were clinically indicated. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: We use Box
      Jenkins transfer functions to adjust the incidence of spontaneous and non
      clinically indicated induced abortions for autocorrelation (including
      seasonality), cohort size, and fetal as well as gestational anomalies over the
      180-month test period. We use cross-correlation to test our hypothesized
      association. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We find a positive association
      between spontaneous and non-clinically indicated induced abortions. This
      suggests, consistent with our theory, that mothers of conception cohorts that
      yielded more spontaneous abortions than expected opted more frequently than
      expected for non-clinically indicated induced abortion. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR
      CAUTION: Limitations of our work include that even the world's best registration
      system will not capture all spontaneous abortions and that results may not
      generalize beyond Denmark. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our findings imply
      that abortion, intentional or 'spontaneous,' follows from a woman's estimate,
      made consciously or otherwise, of the costs and benefits of extending gestation
      given characteristics of the prospective offspring, likely environmental
      circumstances at birth, and maternal resources. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING
      INTERESTS: The Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholars Program funded the
      research described in this manuscript. None of the authors has any conflict of
      interest to declare.

PMID- 26965432
TI  - Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells combined with collagen scaffolds
      restores ovarian function in a rat model of premature ovarian insufficiency.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Does the transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on
      soluble collagen scaffolds (collagen/ADSCs) have better therapeutic effect than
      transplantation of ADSCs alone, to treat premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in
      a rat model induced by Tripterygium Glycosides (TG)? SUMMARY ANSWER: The
      transplantation of collagen/ADSCs increased the short-term retention of ADSCs in
      ovaries and contributed to long-term restoration of ovarian function, as well as
      the fertility of rats with TG-induced ovarian damage. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
      About 50% of young women in China, who have been treated with TG, have
      subsequently developed ovarian insufficiency. Rats exhibit similar symptoms to
      these patients when given an equivalent dose of TG. Transplantation of ADSCs
      improves ovarian function impaired by chemotherapy in rodent models. STUDY
      DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: After the administration of TG, 54 POI model rats were
      randomly assigned to 4 groups: phosphate buffered saline (PBS) ( ITALIC! n = 14),
      collagen ( ITALIC! n = 11), ADSCs ( ITALIC! n = 16) and collagen/ADSCs ( ITALIC!
      n = 13). Seventeen normal rats were assigned as control group. The retention of
      ADSCs in ovaries was confirmed immediately or at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after
      transplantation ( ITALIC! n = 9). Four weeks after transplantation, ovarian
      function was evaluated from estrous cycle, estradiol level, the follicle number,
      granulosa cell proliferation and a fertility test. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS,
      SETTING, METHODS: To establish the POI model, rats were administered 60 mg
      TG/kg/day intragastrically for 50 days. The estrous cycles were assessed by
      vaginal smear. The concentration of plasma estradiol in diestrus stage was
      measured using a radioimmunoassay kit. Disordered estrous cycles and low serum
      estradiol levels indicated the successful establishment of the POI model. Four
      types of suspensions (PBS, collagen, ADSCs and collagen/ADSCs) were transplanted
      directly into the core of the ovaries. The short-term retention of ADSCs in
      ovaries was evaluated by small-animal positron emission tomography images
      immediately after transplantation of (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) labeled
      ADSCs. The long-term retention of ADSCs in ovaries was observed by
      immunohistochemistry after transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)
      labeled ADSCs. Serial sections of ovaries were prepared for histological
      analysis, follicle counting, and immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and Cleaved
      Caspase-3. For the assessment of fertility, rats were mated with proven fertile
      male rats for 10 days. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The (18)F-FDG signal
      decreased more slowly in ovaries injected with collagen/ADSCs than in ovaries
      with injected with ADSCs alone. Significantly more GFP-positive cells were
      observed in ovaries injected with collagen/GFP-ADSCs than in ovaries injected
      with GFP-ADSCs alone up to 14 days after the injection. However, in both groups
      very few GFP-positive cells were present at 4 weeks after transplantation. The
      collagen/ADSCs and ADSCs groups both showed better estrous cycle recovery than
      the PBS and collagen groups. The estradiol (E2) level in the collagen/ADSCs group
      was significantly increased compared with that of the PBS group ( ITALIC! P <
      0.05). The number of antral follicles in the collagen/ADSCs group and the ADSCs
      group significantly increased compared with the PBS group ( ITALIC! P < 0.05).
      The granulosa cell proliferation in the collagen/ADSCs group was better than in
      the PBS group ( ITALIC! P < 0.01). The mating rates of the collagen/ADSCs group
      (88.9%) and the ADSCs group (90.9%) were higher than that of PBS group (60%,
      ITALIC! P < 0.05). The pregnancy rates of the collagen/ADSCs group (77.8%) and
      the ADSCs group (72.7%) were higher than the PBS group (50%, ITALIC! P < 0.05).
      LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: We chose ADSCs for their accessibility,
      convenience and safety. We did not use other cells or materials for POI
      treatments to show that the collagen/ADSCs are the most promising materials.
      WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Soluble collagen scaffolds may be useful in
      stem cells transplantation therapy for POI. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS:
      This work is supported by grants from the 'Strategic Priority Research Program'
      of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA01030000); Maternal-Fetal Medicine from
      Jiangsu Province Health Department of China (XK2011027); Clinical Center of
      Obstetric, Gynecologic and Genetic Diseases, Nanjing Health Department of Jiangsu
      Province, China; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
      (20620140652). The authors declare no competing financial interests. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: Not applicable.

PMID- 26965434
TI  - Increased rate of spontaneous miscarriages in endometriosis-affected women.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Were spontaneous miscarriages more frequent in women with
      histologically proven endometriosis when compared with endometriosis-free
      controls? SUMMARY ANSWER: Endometriosis-affected women display a significantly
      higher rate of previous spontaneous miscarriages than endometriosis-free
      controls. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The association between endometriosis and
      miscarriages has long been debated without reaching a consensus. STUDY DESIGN,
      SIZE, DURATION: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing exposed women
      (endometriosis) and control (without endometriosis) regarding the incidence of
      miscarriages. All study participants underwent surgery for benign gynaecological
      conditions in a tertiary-care university hospital between January 2004 and March
      2013. After thorough surgical examination of the abdominopelvic cavity, 870 women
      with histologically proven endometriosis were allocated to the endometriosis
      group and 981 unaffected women to the control group. Only previously pregnant
      women were finally included for the study analysis: 284 women in the
      endometriosis group and 466 in the control group. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS,
      SETTING, METHODS: Data were collected preoperatively using a structured
      questionnaire. Among women with at least one pregnancy before the surgery, the
      type and number of the different previous first trimester pregnancies outcomes
      were studied. Previous history of miscarriage was studied according to the
      existence of previous infertility history and the disease severity (revised
      American Fertility Society and surgical classification). MAIN RESULTS AND THE
      ROLE OF CHANCE: Four hundred and seventy-eight pregnancies in endometriosis
      affected women and 964 pregnancies in controls were analysed. The previous
      miscarriage rate was significantly higher in women with endometriosis compared
      with the controls (139/478 [29] versus 187/964 [19%], respectively; ITALIC! P <
      0.001). After a subgroup analysis, the miscarriage rates of women with
      endometriosis and the controls were, respectively: 20 versus 12% ( ITALIC! P =
      0.003) among women without a previous history of infertility and 53 versus 30% (
      ITALIC! P < 0.001) for women with a previous history of infertility. After using
      a random-effects Poisson regression and adjusting for confounding factors, we
      found a significantly increased incidence rate ratio (IRR) for miscarriages in
      women with endometriosis (adjusted IRR: 1.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.34
      2.16). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: There is a possible selection bias due
      to the specificity of the study design which included only surgical patients. In
      the control group, certain of the surgical gynaecological conditions, such as
      fibroids, ovarian cysts or tubal pathologies, might be associated with higher
      spontaneous miscarriage rates. In the endometriosis group, asymptomatic women
      were less likely to be referred for surgery and might therefore be
      underrepresented. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study opens the doors
      to future, more mechanistic studies to establish the exact link between
      endometriosis and spontaneous miscarriage rates. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING
      INTERESTS: No external funding was used for this study. The authors have no
      conflicts of interest to declare.

PMID- 26965435
TI  - Growth trajectories of the human embryonic head and periconceptional maternal
      conditions.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Can growth trajectories of the human embryonic head be created
      using 3D ultrasound (3D-US) and virtual reality (VR) technology, and be
      associated with second trimester fetal head size and periconceptional maternal
      conditions? SUMMARY ANSWER: Serial first trimester head circumference (HC) and
      head volume (HV) measurements were used to create reliable growth trajectories of
      the embryonic head, which were significantly associated with fetal head size and
      periconceptional maternal smoking, age and ITALIC! in vitro fertilization
      (IVF)/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
      Fetal growth is influenced by periconceptional maternal conditions. STUDY DESIGN,
      SIZE, DURATION: We selected 149 singleton pregnancies with a live born non
      malformed fetus from the Rotterdam periconception cohort. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS,
      SETTING, METHODS: Bi-parietal diameter and occipital frontal diameter to
      calculate HC, HV and crown-rump length (CRL) were measured weekly between 9 + 0
      and 12 + 6 weeks gestational age (GA) using 3D-US and VR. Fetal HC was obtained
      from second trimester structural anomaly scans. Growth trajectories of the
      embryonic head were created with general additive models and linear mixed models
      were used to estimate associations with maternal periconceptional conditions as a
      function of GA and CRL, respectively. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 303 3D-US images
      of 149 pregnancies were eligible for embryonic head measurements (intra-class
      correlation coefficients >0.99). Associations were found between embryonic HC and
      fetal HC ( ITALIC! rho = 0.617, ITALIC! P < 0.001) and between embryonic HV and
      fetal HC ( ITALIC! rho = 0.660, ITALIC! P < 0.001) in ITALIC! Z-scores. Maternal
      periconceptional smoking was associated with decreased, and maternal age and
      IVF/ICSI treatment with increased growth trajectories of the embryonic head
      measured by HC and HV (All ITALIC! P < 0.05). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION:
      The consequences of the small effect sizes for neurodevelopmental outcome need
      further investigation. As the study population consists largely of tertiary
      hospital patients, external validity should be studied in the general population.
      WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Assessment of growth trajectories of the
      embryonic head may be of benefit in future early antenatal care. STUDY
      FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This study was funded by the Department of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre and Sophia
      Foundation for Medical Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (SSWO grant number
      644). No competing interests are declared.

PMID- 26965436
TI  - Metagenomic analysis demonstrates the diversity of the fecal virome in
      asymptomatic pigs in East Africa.
AB  - Pigs harbor a variety of viruses that are closely related to human viruses and
      are suspected to have zoonotic potential. Little is known about the presence of
      viruses in smallholder farms where pigs are in close contact with humans and
      wildlife. This study provides insight into viral communities and the prevalence
      and characteristics of enteric viral co-infections in smallholder pigs in East
      Africa. Sequence-independent amplification and high-throughput sequencing were
      applied to the metagenomics analysis of viruses in feces collected from
      asymptomatic pigs. A total of 47,213 de novo-assembled contigs were constructed
      and compared with sequences from the GenBank database. Blastx search results
      revealed that 1039 contigs (>200 nt) were related to viral sequences in the
      GenBank database. Of the 1039 contigs, 612 were not assigned to any viral taxa
      because they had little similarity to known viral genomic or protein sequences,
      while 427 contigs had a high level of sequence similarity to known viruses and
      were assigned to viral taxa. The most frequent contigs related to mammalian
      viruses resembling members of the viral genera Astrovirus, Rotavirus, Bocavirus,
      Circovirus, and Kobuvirus. Other less abundant contigs were related to members of
      the genera Sapelovirus, Pasivirus, Posavirus, Teschovirus and Picobirnavirus.
      This is the first report on the diversity of the fecal virome of pig populations
      in East Africa. The findings of the present study help to elucidate the etiology
      of diarrheal diseases in pigs and identify potential zoonotic and emerging
      viruses in the region. Further investigations are required to compare the
      incidence of these viruses in healthy and diseased pigs in order to better
      elucidate their pathogenic role. 

PMID- 26965437
TI  - Cognitive costs of motor planning do not differ between pointing and grasping in
      a sequential task.
AB  - Neurophysiologic studies have shown differences in brain activation between
      pointing and grasping movements. We asked whether these two movement types would
      differ in their cognitive costs of motor planning. To this end, we designed a
      sequential, continuous posture selection task, suitable to investigate pointing
      and grasping movements to identical target locations. Participants had to open a
      column of drawers or point to a column of targets in ascending and descending
      progression. The global hand pro/supination at the moment of drawer/target
      contact was measured. The size of the motor hysteresis effect, i.e., the
      persistence to a former posture, was used as a proxy for the cognitive cost of
      motor planning. A larger hysteresis effect equals higher cognitive cost. Both
      motor tasks had similar costs of motor planning, but a larger range of motion was
      found for the grasping movements.

PMID- 26965438
TI  - Podokinetic circular vection: characteristics and interaction with optokinetic
      circular vection.
AB  - Stabilising horizontal body orientation in space without sight on a rotating
      platform by holding to a stationary structure and circular 'treadmill' stepping
      in the opposite direction can elicit an illusion of self-turning in space (Bles
      and Kapteyn in Agressologie 18:325-328, 1977). Because this illusion is analogous
      to the well-known illusion of optokinetic circular vection (oCV), we call it
      'podokinetic circular vection' (pCV) here. Previous studies using eccentric
      stepping on a path tangential to the rotation found that pCV was always
      contraversive relative to platform rotation. In contrast, when our subjects
      stepped at the centre of rotation about their vertical axis, we observed an
      inverted, ipsiversive pCV as a reproducible trait in many of our subjects. This
      ipCV occurred at the same latency as the pCV of subjects reporting the actually
      expected contraversive direction, but had lower gain. In contrast to pCV, the
      nystagmus accompanying circular treadmill stepping had the same direction in all
      individuals (slow phase in the direction of platform motion). The direction of an
      individual's pCV predicted the characteristics of the CV resulting from combined
      opto- and podokinetic stimulation (circular treadmill stepping while viewing a
      pattern rotating together with the platform): in individuals with contraversive
      pCV, latency shortened and both gain and felt naturalness increased in comparison
      with pure oCV, whereas the opposite (longer latency, reduced gain and
      naturalness) occurred in individuals with ipCV. Taken together, the
      reproducibility of ipCV, the constant direction of nystagmus and the fact that
      pCV direction predicts the outcome of combined stimulation suggest that ipCV is
      an individual trait of many subjects during compensatory stepping at the centre
      of rotation. A hypothetical model is presented of how ipCV possibly could arise.

PMID- 26965439
TI  - Clinical predictors of cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement in
      patients with atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Aims: This study aims to examine the association of clinical co-morbidities with
      the presence of left atrial (LA) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac
      magnetic resonance (CMR). Previous studies have established the severity of LA
      LGE to be associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following AF
      ablation. We sought to determine whether baseline clinical characteristics were
      associated with LGE extent among patients presenting for an initial AF ablation.
      Methods and results: The cohort consisted of 179 consecutive patients with no
      prior cardiac ablation procedures who underwent pre-procedure LGE-CMR. The extent
      of LA LGE for each patient was calculated using the image intensity ratio,
      normalized to the mean blood pool intensity, corresponding to a bipolar voltage
      <=0.3 mV. The association of LGE extent with baseline clinical characteristics
      was examined using non-parametric and multivariable models. The mean age of the
      cohort was 60.9 +/- 9.6 years and 128 (72%) were male. In total, 56 (31%)
      patients had persistent AF. The mean LA volume was 118.4 +/- 41.6 mL, and the
      mean LA LGE extent was 14.1 +/- 10.4%. There was no association with any clinical
      variables with LGE extent by quartiles in the multivariable model. Extent of LGE
      as a continuous variable was positively, but weakly associated with LA volume in
      a multivariable model adjusting for age, body mass index, AF persistence, and
      left ventricular ejection fraction (1.5% scar/mL, P = 0.038). Conclusion: In a
      cohort of patients presenting for initial AF ablation, the presence of pre
      ablation LA LGE extent was weakly, but positively associated with increasing LA
      volume.

PMID- 26965440
TI  - Age, not therapy intensity, determines outcomes of adults with acute myeloid
      leukemia.

PMID- 26965441
TI  - The impact of a concurrent motor task on auditory and visual temporal
      discrimination tasks.
AB  - Previous studies have shown the presence of an interference effect on temporal
      perception when participants are required to simultaneously execute a nontemporal
      task. Such interference likely has an attentional source. In the present work, a
      temporal discrimination task was performed alone or together with a self-paced
      finger-tapping task used as concurrent, nontemporal task. Temporal durations were
      presented in either the visual or the auditory modality, and two standard
      durations (500 and 1,500 ms) were used. For each experimental condition, the
      participant's threshold was estimated and analyzed. The mean Weber fraction was
      higher in the visual than in the auditory modality, but only for the subsecond
      duration, and it was higher with the 500-ms than with the 1,500-ms standard
      duration. Interestingly, the Weber fraction was significantly higher in the dual
      task condition, but only in the visual modality. The results suggest that the
      processing of time in the auditory modality is likely automatic, but not in the
      visual modality.

PMID- 26965442
TI  - Molecular characterization of human Cryptosporidium spp. isolates after an
      unusual increase in late summer 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the late summer 2012, a number of medical microbiological
      laboratories (MMLs) reported an unusual increase in cases of cryptosporidiosis, a
      gastrointestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp.
      Prompted by this signal, the National Institute of Public Health and the
      Environment (RIVM) started an epidemiological investigation into possible causes.
      Simultaneously, samples diagnosed at MMLs were sent to RIVM for genotyping,
      aiming to further identify the possible source of the increase. METHODS:
      Genotyping was performed by sequencing a fragment of the GP60 gene. Additional
      genotyping was performed on a subset of samples using six microsatellite markers.
      Population genetic analysis was performed using BEAST. RESULTS: The majority of
      the samples were typed as C. hominis, and a single GP60 genotype (IbA10G2)
      largely predominated. Genotyping microsatellite markers further supported the
      circulation of a single genetic type. Population genetic analysis with genotypes
      found in previous years is inconsistent with a decrease in effective population
      size. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion of this finding is that the rise reflects more
      an overall increase and not a common source outbreak.

PMID- 26965443
TI  - Symptoms as the main problem: a cross- sectional study of patient experience in
      primary care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Symptoms are common in primary care. Besides providing thorough
      assessment of possible severe disease, the general practitioner (GP) must ensure
      good health care to all patients, irrespective of diagnoses. We aimed to explore
      patient satisfaction with the provided care and how well expectations in patients
      were met when no diagnosis was made during the consultation. METHOD: Cross
      sectional study based on a questionnaire survey conducted in 2008-2009 among 377
      GPs and their patients in the Central Denmark Region. A total of 2286 patients
      completed a questionnaire after the consultation (response rate: 54 %). The
      questionnaire included four satisfaction items from the EUROPEP instrument and a
      question about unmet expectations. For each patient, the GP answered a one-page
      registration form including information about the main problem in the
      consultation, chronic disorders and assessment of prognosis. Statistical analyses
      were adjusted for patient characteristics and GP clustering. RESULTS: A higher
      proportion of patients reported illness worry (20 vs. 17 %, p-value: 0.005),
      unmet expectations (17 vs. 13 %, p-value: 0.019) and dissatisfaction with their
      GP after the consultation when no diagnosis was made. Dissatisfaction was
      primarily related to the medical examination (adjusted OR 1.30; 95 % CI: 1.06
      1.60) and GP explanations (adjusted OR 1.40; 95 % CI: 1.14-1.71). Exploratory
      analyses revealed an association between dissatisfaction with examination and the
      GP assessment that symptoms were unrelated to biomedical disease. This
      association was found both in patients with 'symptoms only' and patients given a
      specific diagnosis. CONCLUSION: GPs are challenged by patients presenting
      symptoms that do not fit the patterns of biomedical diagnoses. The current study
      demonstrates more illness worry, unmet expectations and dissatisfaction with the
      consultation in these patients compared to patients receiving a diagnosis. This
      trend is true for all patients assessed as having 'symptoms only' at the end of a
      consultation and not only for the minority group with 'medically unexplained
      symptoms'. As primary care is the frontline of the health-care system, symptoms
      are managed as the main problem in almost one in three consultations. It is about
      time that we take the same professional approach to symptoms as we have done for
      years to biomedical disease.

PMID- 26965445
TI  - How can the audiogram be more useful?
AB  - The Canadian Hearing and Auditory Research Translation (CHART) group is a newly
      formed taskforce to develop collaborative research initiatives. Initial
      discussions centered on diagnostic improvements for middle ear disease, auditory
      neuropathy spectrum disorder, tinnitus and presbycusis. Central to these
      discussions was the widely held view that the standard audiogram and its
      interpretation is inadequate to for describing many forms of hearing problems
      that we now recognize. This letter is designed to create awareness and to seek
      feedback from hearing healthcare professionals on their experience regarding the
      adequacy (or otherwise) of the audiogram in its present form. 

PMID- 26965446
TI  - The impact and optimal indication of non-curative gastric resection for stage IV
      advanced gastric cancer diagnosed during surgery: 10 years of experience at a
      single institute.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The survival benefit of non-curative gastric resection for patients
      with stage IV gastric cancer is still unclear. METHODS: Of the patients who
      underwent open abdominal surgery that was preoperatively intended to be a radical
      excision procedure for gastric cancer, 72 were diagnosed with stage IV during the
      operation. At this institution, non-curative gastric resection is performed
      whenever possible. RESULTS: Non-curative gastric resection was performed in 44 of
      the 72 patients. According to the survival analysis, the median survival times in
      the gastric resection and no-resection groups were 1.9 and 0.9 years,
      respectively (log-rank test, p = 0.014). Based on the multivariate analysis, we
      selected gastric resection (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.309; 95% confidence interval
      [CI] = 0.152-0.615) and postoperative chemotherapy (HR = 0.136; 95% CI = 0.056
      0.353) as independent factors associated with overall survival (OS). In the
      subgroup analyses of OS, the factors that were associated with gastric resection
      having no survival benefit were the existence of distant lymph node or liver
      metastasis (p = 0.527) and the lack of postoperative chemotherapy (p = 0.589).
      CONCLUSIONS: For patients who have distant lymph node or liver metastasis and
      those who will not undergo postoperative chemotherapy, non-curative gastric
      resection has no survival benefit.

PMID- 26965444
TI  - The organelle of differentiation in embryos: the cell state splitter.
AB  - The cell state splitter is a membraneless organelle at the apical end of each
      epithelial cell in a developing embryo. It consists of a microfilament ring and
      an intermediate filament ring subtending a microtubule mat. The microtubules and
      microfilament ring are in mechanical opposition as in a tensegrity structure. The
      cell state splitter is bistable, perturbations causing it to contract or expand
      radially. The intermediate filament ring provides metastability against small
      perturbations. Once this snap-through organelle is triggered, it initiates signal
      transduction to the nucleus, which changes gene expression in one of two readied
      manners, causing its cell to undergo a step of determination and subsequent
      differentiation. The cell state splitter also triggers the cell state splitters
      of adjacent cells to respond, resulting in a differentiation wave. Embryogenesis
      may be represented then as a bifurcating differentiation tree, each edge
      representing one cell type. In combination with the differentiation waves they
      propagate, cell state splitters explain the spatiotemporal course of
      differentiation in the developing embryo. This review is excerpted from and
      elaborates on "Embryogenesis Explained" (World Scientific Publishing, Singapore,
      2016). 

PMID- 26965448
TI  - Antiarrhythmic Action of Flecainide in Polymorphic Ventricular Arrhythmias Caused
      by a Gain-of-Function Mutation in the Nav 1.5 Sodium Channel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cardiac sodium channel Nav 1.5, encoded by the gene SCN5A, is
      associated with a wide spectrum of hereditary arrhythmias. The gain-of-function
      mutation p.I141V in SCN5A was identified in a large multigenerational family with
      exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias. The purpose of this study
      was to evaluate the molecular and clinical effects of flecainide administration
      on patients with this syndrome. METHODS: Eleven p.I141V carriers who exhibited
      frequent multiformic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) during exercise were
      subjected to exercise stress tests, both before and after intravenous infusion of
      2 mg/kg flecainide. The in vitro effects of flecainide were evaluated using the
      patch-clamp technique with HEK293 cells expressing the Nav 1.5 channel. RESULTS:
      The flecainide treatment significantly reduced the frequency of PVCs during and
      after exercise. Next, the sensitivity of the p.I141V mutant channel to flecainide
      was compared to that of the wild type channel. Perfusion of flecainide inhibited
      the peak and window currents in both groups. CONCLUSION: The clinical
      investigations of the affected patients, as well as the molecular and
      pharmacological characterization of the SCN5A p.I141V mutation, provide new
      evidence supporting the association of this mutation with exercise-induced
      polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias. These data also demonstrate that flecainide
      may serve as an effective treatment for the defect in Nav 1.5 that leads to an
      increased sodium window current.

PMID- 26965450
TI  - Be an Expert: Take Action with Evidence-Based Practice.

PMID- 26965449
TI  - Skewed risk perceptions in pregnant women: the case of influenza vaccination.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pregnant women and their newborns have an increased risk of
      developing severe influenza and influenza-related complications. In Germany,
      seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for pregnant women since 2010.
      However, little is known about pregnant women's vaccination-related knowledge and
      attitudes, as well as their risk perceptions. This study therefore assessed
      pregnant women's vaccination-related knowledge, risk perceptions related to
      influenza disease and influenza vaccination during pregnancy, and aimed to
      identify determinants of influenza vaccination uptake during pregnancy in
      Germany. METHODS: Between 2012 and 2014, a nationwide web-based prospective
      cohort study with follow-up interviews was conducted in initially pregnant women
      who gave birth over the study period. Control groups were set up in a cross
      sectional fashion during the follow-up interviews. Women who participated in
      both, the baseline interview before giving birth and in the 1st interview after
      giving birth were included in the analysis. Univariate and multiple logistic
      regression were used to identify associations between influenza vaccination
      uptake and sociodemographic characteristics as well as items assessing attitude
      and knowledge. RESULTS: In total, 838 women were included in the analyses.
      Pregnant women had a positive attitude towards vaccination in general, but only
      modest vaccination knowledge. Overall, 10.9 % of women were vaccinated against
      seasonal influenza during pregnancy. While pregnant women perceived classical
      childhood diseases to be more risky than the respective vaccinations, this
      relation reversed for influenza: The risk of vaccination was perceived higher
      than the risk of the disease. These two types of risk perceptions independently
      determined influenza vaccination uptake-higher perception of disease risk and
      lower perceptions of vaccination-related risks increased uptake. Additionally,
      knowledge about the vaccination recommendation for pregnant women and a positive
      gynaecologist's attitude towards vaccination during pregnancy influenced the
      uptake significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination uptake in pregnant women
      is low in Germany. Tailored communication strategies for pregnant women should
      focus especially on changing the perceptions of personal risks regarding
      influenza and influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Gynaecologists should be
      made aware about their crucial role in supporting vaccination decision-making of
      pregnant women and the need to provide relevant information to counteract
      misconceptions.

PMID- 26965447
TI  - The placental membrane microbiome is altered among subjects with spontaneous
      preterm birth with and without chorioamnionitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and
      mortality and is not uncommonly associated with chorioamnionitis. We recently
      have demonstrated that the placenta harbors a unique microbiome with similar
      flora to the oral community. We also have shown an association of these placental
      microbiota with PTB, history of antenatal infection, and excess maternal weight
      gain. On the basis of these previous observations, we hypothesized that the
      placental membranes would retain a microbiome community that would vary in
      association with preterm birth and chorioamnionitis. OBJECTIVE: In the current
      study, we aimed to examine the differences in the placental membrane microbiome
      in association with PTB in both the presence and absence of chorioamnionitis
      and/or funisitis using state-of-the-science whole-genome shotgun metagenomics.
      STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional analysis with 6 nested spontaneous birth
      cohorts (n = 9-15 subjects/cohort): Term gestations without chorioamnionitis,
      term with chorioamnionitis, preterm without chorioamnionitis, preterm with mild
      chorioamnionitis, preterm with severe chorioamnionitis, and preterm with
      chorioamnionitis and funisitis. Histologic analysis was performed with Redline's
      criteria, and inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in the cord blood. DNA from
      placental membranes was extracted from sterile swabs collected at delivery, and
      whole-genome shotgun sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform.
      Filtered microbial DNA sequences were annotated and analyzed with MG-RAST (ie,
      Metagenomic Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology) and R. RESULTS:
      Subjects were assigned to cohorts on the basis of gestational age at delivery and
      independent scoring of histologic chorioamnionitis. We found that preterm
      subjects with severe chorioamnionitis and funisitis had increases in cord blood
      inflammatory cytokines. Of interest, although the placental membrane microbiome
      was altered in association with severity of histologic chorioamnionitis
      (permutational multivariate analysis of variance P = .005), there was no
      observable impact with either betamethasone or antibiotic treatment. In preterm
      subjects with chorioamnionitis, we found a high abundance of both urogenital and
      oral commensal bacteria. These alterations in the microbiome were accompanied by
      significant variation (P < .05) in microbial metabolic pathways important in the
      glucose-fed pentose phosphate pathway (term subjects), or glycerophopholipid
      metabolism, and the biosynthesis of the siderophore group nonribosomal peptides
      (preterm subjects). CONCLUSION: Consistent with ours and others previous
      findings, women who experienced spontaneous PTB harbor placental microbiota that
      further differed by severity of chorioamnionitis. Integrative metagenomic
      analysis revealed significant variation in distinct bacterial metabolic pathways,
      which we speculate may contribute to risk of preterm birth with and without
      severe chorioamnionitis.

PMID- 26965453
TI  - Analysis of the effect of LRP-1 silencing on the invasive potential of cancer
      cells by nanomechanical probing and adhesion force measurements using atomic
      force microscopy.
AB  - Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) can internalize
      proteases involved in cancer progression and is thus considered a promising
      therapeutic target. However, it has been demonstrated that LRP-1 is also able to
      regulate the endocytosis of membrane-anchored proteins. Thus, strategies that
      target LRP-1 to modulate proteolysis could also affect adhesion and cytoskeleton
      dynamics. Here, we investigated the effect of LRP-1 silencing on parameters
      reflecting cancer cells' invasiveness by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The
      results show that LRP-1 silencing induces changes in the cells' adhesion
      behavior, particularly the dynamics of cell attachment. Clear alterations in
      morphology, such as more pronounced stress fibers and increased spreading,
      leading to increased area and circularity, were also observed. The determination
      of the cells' mechanical properties by AFM showed that these differences are
      correlated with an increase in Young's modulus. Moreover, the measurements show
      an overall decrease in cell motility and modifications of directional
      persistence. An overall increase in the adhesion force between the LRP-1-silenced
      cells and a gelatin-coated bead was also observed. Ultimately, our AFM-based
      force spectroscopy data, recorded using an antibody directed against the beta1
      integrin subunit, provide evidence that LRP-1 silencing modifies the rupture
      force distribution. Together, our results show that techniques traditionally used
      for the investigation of cancer cells can be coupled with AFM to gain access to
      complementary phenotypic parameters that can help discriminate between specific
      phenotypes associated with different degrees of invasiveness. 

PMID- 26965454
TI  - Advances in the Simulation of Protein Aggregation at the Atomistic Scale.
AB  - Protein aggregation into highly structured amyloid fibrils is associated with
      various diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and type II
      diabetes. Amyloids can also have normal biological functions and, in the future,
      could be used as the basis for novel nanoscale materials. However, a full
      understanding of the physicochemical forces that drive protein aggregation is
      still lacking. Such understanding is crucial for the development of drugs that
      can effectively inhibit aberrant amyloid aggregation and for the directed design
      of functional amyloids. Atomistic simulations can help understand protein
      aggregation. In particular, atomistic simulations can be used to study the
      initial formation of toxic oligomers which are hard to characterize
      experimentally and to understand the difference in aggregation behavior between
      different amyloidogenic peptides. Here, we review the latest atomistic
      simulations of protein aggregation, concentrating on amyloidogenic protein
      fragments, and provide an outlook for the future in this field. 

PMID- 26965451
TI  - Novel MET/TIE2/VEGFR2 inhibitor altiratinib inhibits tumor growth and
      invasiveness in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma mouse models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma highly expresses the proto-oncogene MET in the setting
      of resistance to bevacizumab. MET engagement by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)
      results in receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation mediating tumor growth,
      invasion, and metastasis. Evasive revascularization and the recruitment of TIE2
      expressing macrophages (TEMs) are also triggered by anti-VEGF therapy. METHODS:
      We investigated the activity of altiratinib (a novel balanced inhibitor of
      MET/TIE2/VEGFR2) against human glioblastoma stem cell lines in vitro and in vivo
      using xenograft mouse models. The biological activity of altiratinib was assessed
      in vitro by testing the expression of HGF-stimulated MET phosphorylation as well
      as cell viability after altiratinib treatment. Tumor volume, stem cell and
      mesenchymal marker levels, microvessel density, and TIE2-expressing monocyte
      infiltration were evaluated in vivo following treatment with a control,
      bevacizumab alone, bevacizumab combined with altiratinib, or altiratinib alone.
      RESULTS: In vitro, HGF-stimulated MET phosphorylation was completely suppressed
      by altiratinib in GSC17 and GSC267, and altiratinib markedly inhibited cell
      viability in several glioblastoma stem cell lines. More importantly, in multiple
      xenograft mouse models, altiratinib combined with bevacizumab dramatically
      reduced tumor volume, invasiveness, mesenchymal marker expression, microvessel
      density, and TIE2-expressing monocyte infiltration compared with bevacizumab
      alone. Furthermore, in the GSC17 xenograft model, altiratinib combined with
      bevacizumab significantly prolonged survival compared with bevacizumab alone.
      CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data suggest that altiratinib may suppress tumor
      growth, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and myeloid cell infiltration in
      glioblastoma. Thus, altiratinib administered alone or in combination with
      bevacizumab may overcome resistance to bevacizumab and prolong survival in
      patients with glioblastoma.

PMID- 26965452
TI  - Aminopeptidase P Mediated Targeting for Breast Tissue Specific Conjugate
      Delivery.
AB  - Cytotoxic chemotherapies are used to treat breast cancer, but are limited by
      systemic toxicity. The key to addressing this important issue is the development
      of a nontoxic, tissue selective, and molecular specific delivery system. In order
      to potentially increase the therapeutic index of clinical reagents, we designed
      an Aminopeptidase P (APaseP) targeting tissue-specific construct conjugated to a
      homing peptide for selective binding to human breast-derived cancer cells. Homing
      peptides are short amino acid sequences derived from phage display libraries that
      have the unique property of localizing to specific organs. Our molecular
      construct allows for tissue-specific drug delivery, by binding to APaseP in the
      vascular endothelium. The breast homing peptide evaluated in our studies is a
      cyclic nine-amino-acid peptide with the sequence CPGPEGAGC, referred to as PEGA.
      We show by confocal microscopy that the PEGA peptide and similar peptide
      conjugates distribute to human breast tissue xenograft specifically and evaluate
      the interaction with the membrane-bound proline-specific APaseP (KD = 723 +/- 3
      nM) by binding studies. To achieve intracellular breast cancer cell delivery, the
      incorporation of the Tat sequence, a cell-penetrating motif derived from HIV, was
      conjugated with the fluorescently labeled PEGA peptide sequence. Ultimately,
      tissue specific peptides and their conjugates can enhance drug delivery and
      treatment by their ability to discriminate between tissue types. Tissue specific
      conjugates as we have designed may be valuable tools for drug delivery and
      visualization, including the potential to treat breast cancer, while
      simultaneously minimizing systemic toxicity.

PMID- 26965455
TI  - Polyomavirus infections and its clinical relevance in cancer patients: A
      Prospective Study.
AB  - BK and JC polyomaviruses (PyV) have been demonstrated to be associated with the
      pathogenesis of various human cancers. We aimed to investigate the impact of BK
      and JC polyomavirus infections on several clinical parameters in different human
      cancers. A total of 150 cancer patients were included in the study (51 patients
      with solid tumors, 48 patients with lymphomas and 51 patients with leukemias).
      Amplification of PyV DNA was performed using a semi-nested version of Polymerase
      chain reaction targeting the T genomic region of PyV. The polyomavirus load was
      determined using real-time PCR assay. The clinical data were collected.
      Polyomavirus DNA could be detected in 84 (56%) of 150 of all cancerous patients.
      The solid tumors had the lowest proportion of JCV (6 (11.8%) of 51), whereas had
      the highest proportion of JCV (200copies/MUl). JCV was more frequent among NHL
      patients (30%) and absent in HL patients (0%). During follow-up, PyV positivity
      decreased significantly (p=0.004) in lymphoma patients (n=28). Although PyV
      positivity decreased significantly from 39% to 7% in 28 of 48 lymphoma patients
      after treatment, it significantly persisted in leukemic patients after treatment
      (from 22% to 38%). JC was more frequent among leukemic patients with leukopenia.
      The presence of JC polyomavirus was more frequent among leukemic patients without
      any significant impact on their overall survival.

PMID- 26965457
TI  - Improved ductility of Cu64Zr36 metallic glass/Cu nanocomposites via phase and
      grain boundaries.
AB  - We investigate tensile deformation of metallic glass/crystalline interpenetrating
      phase nanocomposites as regards the effects of specific area of
      amorphous/crystalline phase interfaces, and grain boundaries. As an illustrative
      case, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations are performed on Cu64Zr36
      metallic glass/Cu nanocomposites with different specific interface areas and
      grain boundary characteristics. Plastic deformation is achieved via shear bands,
      shear transformation zones, and crystal plasticity. Three-dimensional
      amorphous/crystalline interfaces serve as effective barriers to the propagation
      of shear transformation zones and shear bands if formed, diffuse strain
      localizations, and give rise to improved ductility. Ductility increases with
      increasing specific interface area. In addition, introducing grain boundaries
      into the second phase facilitates crystal plasticity, which helps reduce or
      eliminate mature shear bands in the glass matrix. 

PMID- 26965456
TI  - Rutin attenuates intestinal toxicity induced by Methotrexate linked with anti
      oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is recognized as an anti-metabolite in cancer
      chemotherapy and is associated with various toxicities assigned to inflammation
      and oxidative stress. Rutin has been reported to have significant anti
      inflammatory, antioxidant along with antiulcer properties. The present study was
      undertaken to corroborate the effect of rutin against MTX induced intestinal
      toxicity in experimental animals. METHOD: Six groups of rats (n = 6) were dosed
      with normal saline (3 ml/kg,i.p.); MTX (2.5 mg/kg,i.p.); rutin (50 and 100
      mg/kg,i.p.); rutin + MTX (50 mg/kg + 2.5 mg/kg,i.p.); rutin + MTX (100 mg/kg +
      2.5 mg/kg,i.p.) for seven consecutive days and sacrificed on eighth day. The
      intestinal contents were scrutinized physiologically (pH, total acidity, free
      acidity, CMDI), biochemically (TBARS, protein carbonyl, SOD, catalase and GSH)
      and for immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10). RESULTS AND
      DISCUSSION: The administration of rutin demonstrated significant protection
      against intestinal lesions damaged by MTX. The treatment with rutin elicited
      noticeable inhibition of free acidity (26.20%), total acidity (22.05%) and CMDI
      (1.16%) in the experimental animals similar to control. In MTX treated toxic
      group, the levels of oxidative markers and immunoregulatory cytokines
      significantly increased in comparison to control, which was subsequently restored
      after rutin treatment. Rutin also demonstrated 75.63, 81.00 and 80.43% inhibition
      of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2, and 15-lipoxygenase respectively. CONCLUSION: The
      positive modulation of MTX toxicity could be attributed to the free radical
      scavenging and anti-inflammatory (dual inhibition of arachidonic acid pathways)
      potential of rutin.

PMID- 26965459
TI  - Ring formation in the quasi-two-dimensional system of the patchy magnetic
      spheres.
AB  - Fabricating new functional materials has always been at the center of colloidal
      science, and how to form circular rings is a meaningful challenge due to their
      special electronic, magnetic and optical properties. Magnetic colloidal spheres
      can self-assemble into rings, but these rings have an uncontrollable length and
      shape and also have to coexist with chains and defected clusters. To make the
      most of magnetic spheres being able to self-assemble into rings, a patch is added
      to the surface of the sphere to form a chiral link between particles. The
      structural transition in the system of patchy magnetic spheres is studied using
      the Monte Carlo simulation. When the patch angle is in the interval 60 degrees 
      to 75 degrees , rings become the dominant structure if the strength of patchy
      interaction exceeds a particular threshold and the shape of these rings is close
      to the circle. With an increase in the patch angle, the threshold of patchy
      interaction decreases and the average length of the circular ring increases
      approximately from 5 to 8.5.

PMID- 26965458
TI  - A high-throughput peptidomic strategy to decipher the molecular diversity of
      cyclic cysteine-rich peptides.
AB  - Cyclotides are plant cyclic cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). The cyclic nature is
      reported to be gene-determined with a precursor containing a cyclization
      competent domain which contains an essential C-terminal Asn/Asp (Asx) processing
      signal recognized by a cyclase. Linear forms of cyclotides are rare and are
      likely uncyclizable because they lack this essential C-terminal Asx signal
      (uncyclotide). Here we show that in the cyclotide-producing plant Clitoria
      ternatea, both cyclic and acyclic products, collectively named cliotides, can be
      bioprocessed from the same cyclization-competent precursor. Using an improved
      peptidomic strategy coupled with the novel Asx-specific endopeptidase butelase 2
      to linearize cliotides at a biosynthetic ligation site for transcriptomic
      analysis, we characterized 272 cliotides derived from 38 genes. Several types of
      post-translational modifications of the processed cyclotides were observed,
      including deamidation, oxidation, hydroxylation, dehydration, glycosylation,
      methylation, and truncation. Taken together, our results suggest that cyclotide
      biosynthesis involves 'fuzzy' processing of precursors into both cyclic and
      linear forms as well as post-translational modifications to achieve molecular
      diversity, which is a commonly found trait of natural product biosynthesis. 

PMID- 26965461
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26965462
TI  - Cooling Catheters for Selective Brain Hypothermia.

PMID- 26965460
TI  - Association between secondary thrombocytosis and viral respiratory tract
      infections in children.
AB  - Secondary thrombocytosis (ST) is frequently observed in children with a variety
      of clinical conditions. The leading cause of ST is respiratory tract infection
      (RTI) in children. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected and assessed
      for common respiratory viruses. The relationships between virus infections and
      secondary thrombocytosis were analyzed retrospectively. The blood platelet count
      and the presence of respiratory viruses were determined for 3156 RTI patients,
      and 817 (25.9%) cases with platelet >=500 * 10(9)/L were considered as the
      thrombocytosis group. Compared with the normal group, the detection rates of
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) were significantly
      higher in the thrombocytosis group (P = 0.017 and 0.042, respectively). HRV
      single infection was a risk factor associated with thrombocytosis [odds ratio
      (OR) = 1.560, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.108-2.197]. Furthermore, ST was
      more likely to occur in younger patients who had clinical manifestations of
      wheezing and dyspnea and who had been diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Furthermore,
      the course of disease lasted longer in these patients. ST is associated with
      viral respiratory tract infections, especially RSV and HRV infections. HRV single
      infection is a risk factor associated with thrombocytosis. 

PMID- 26965463
TI  - White Matter Diffusion Changes during the First Year of Natalizumab Treatment in
      Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Natalizumab treatment strongly affects relapsing
      remitting multiple sclerosis, possibly by restraining white matter damage. This
      study investigated changes in white matter diffusivity in patients with relapsing
      remitting multiple sclerosis during their first year of natalizumab treatment by
      using diffusion tensor imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included
      patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis initiating natalizumab at
      baseline (n = 22), patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
      continuing interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate (n = 17), and healthy controls
      (n = 12). Diffusion tensor imaging parameters were analyzed at baseline and month
      12. We measured the extent and severity of white matter damage with diffusion
      tensor imaging parameters such as fractional anisotropy, comparing the patient
      groups with healthy controls at both time points. RESULTS: The extent and
      severity of white matter damage were reduced significantly in the natalizumab
      group with time (fractional anisotropy-based extent, 56.8% to 47.2%; severity, z
      = -0.67 to -0.59; P = .02); this reduction was not observed in the interferon
      beta/glatiramer acetate group (extent, 41.4% to 39.1%, and severity, z = -0.64 to
      -0.67; P = .94). Cognitive performance did not change with time in the patient
      groups but did correlate with the severity of damage (r = 0.53, P = < .001).
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis starting
      natalizumab treatment, the extent and severity of white matter damage were
      reduced significantly in the first year of treatment. These findings may aid in
      explaining the large observed clinical effect of natalizumab in relapsing
      remitting multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26965464
TI  - Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Clinical
      Correlations.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quantitative susceptibility mapping has been shown to
      assess iron content in cerebral cavernous malformations. In this study, our aim
      was to correlate lesional iron deposition assessed by quantitative susceptibility
      mapping with clinical and disease features in patients with cerebral cavernous
      malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients underwent routine clinical scans
      in addition to quantitative susceptibility mapping on 3T systems. Data from 105
      patients met the inclusion criteria. Cerebral cavernous malformation lesions
      identified on susceptibility maps were cross-verified by T2-weighted images and
      differentiated on the basis of prior overt hemorrhage. Mean susceptibility per
      cerebral cavernous malformation lesion (chilesion) was measured to correlate with
      lesion volume, age at scanning, and hemorrhagic history. Temporal rates of change
      in chilesion were evaluated in 33 patients. RESULTS: Average chilesion per
      patient was positively correlated with patient age at scanning (P < .05, 4.1%
      change with each decade of life). Cerebral cavernous malformation lesions with
      prior overt hemorrhages exhibited higher chilesion than those without (P < .05).
      Changes in chilesion during 3- to 15-month follow-up were small in patients
      without new hemorrhage between the 2 scans (bias = -0.0003; 95% CI, -0.06-0.06).
      CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a positive correlation between mean quantitative
      susceptibility mapping signal and patient age in cerebral cavernous malformation
      lesions, higher mean quantitative susceptibility mapping signal in hemorrhagic
      lesions, and minimum longitudinal quantitative susceptibility mapping signal
      change in clinically stable lesions. Quantitative susceptibility mapping has the
      potential to be a novel imaging biomarker supplementing conventional imaging in
      cerebral cavernous malformations. The clinical significance of such measures
      merits further study.

PMID- 26965465
TI  - Evaluating Permeability Surface-Area Product as a Measure of Blood-Brain Barrier
      Permeability in a Murine Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Permeability surface-area product has been suggested as a
      marker for BBB permeability with potential applications in clinical care and
      research. However, few studies have demonstrated its correlation with actual
      quantitative measurements of BBB permeability. Our aim was to demonstrate the
      correlation of quantitative permeability surface-area product and BBB
      permeability in a murine model by histologic confirmation. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Coronal MR imaging was performed on mice treated with mannitol (n = 6) for
      disruption of the BBB and controls treated with saline (n = 5). Permeability
      surface-area product was determined by ROI placement and was compared between
      saline- and mannitol-treated mice. Correlation was made with contrast-enhancement
      measurements and immunohistologic-stained sections of tripeptidyl peptidase-1
      distribution in mice treated with mannitol and saline followed by injection of a
      viral vector containing the CLN2 gene, which directs production of tripeptidyl
      peptidase-1. RESULTS: Significantly increased permeability surface-area product
      was seen in mannitol- compared with saline-treated mice in the whole brain (P =
      .008), MCA territory (P = .014), and mixed vascular territories (P = .008). These
      findings were compared with contrast-enhancement measurements of BBB permeability
      and were correlated with immunohistologic-stained sections demonstrating BBB
      permeability to a large vector. CONCLUSIONS: Permeability surface-area product is
      increased in situations with known disruptions of the BBB, as evidenced by
      immunologic staining of large-vector passage through the BBB and concordance with
      contrast-enhancement measurements in a murine model. Quantitative permeability
      surface-area product has potential as an imaging marker of BBB permeability.

PMID- 26965467
TI  - Endovascular Management of Tandem Occlusion Stroke Related to Internal Carotid
      Artery Dissection Using a Distal to Proximal Approach: Insight from the RECOST
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Internal carotid artery dissection is a common cause of
      stroke in young adults. It may be responsible for tandem occlusion defined by a
      cervical steno-occlusive carotid wall hematoma associated with an intracranial
      large-vessel stroke. Intravenous thrombolysis is associated with a poor clinical
      outcome in these cases, and endovascular treatment has not been specifically
      evaluated to date. Our aim was to evaluate endovascular treatment technical and
      clinical efficiency in this specific occlusion topography, in comparison with
      treatment of isolated anterior circulation stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As part
      of our ongoing prospective stroke data base started in August 2009 (Prognostic
      Factors Related to Clinical Outcome Following Thrombectomy in Ischemic Stroke
      [RECOST] Study), we analyzed all carotid artery dissection tandem occlusion
      strokes and isolated anterior circulation occlusions. All patients were selected
      for endovascular treatment according to clinical-radiologic mismatch, NIHSS >= 7
      and DWI-ASPECTS >=5, within 6 hours after onset. For carotid artery dissection,
      the revascularization procedure consisted first of distal recanalization by a
      stent retriever in the intracranial vessel. Following assessment of the circle of
      Willis, internal carotid artery stent placement was only performed in case of
      insufficiency. Carotid artery dissection treatment efficacy, safety, and clinical
      outcome were compared with the results of the isolated anterior circulation
      occlusion cohort. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-eight patients with an anterior
      circulation stroke were analyzed, including 57 with tandem occlusions (22%);
      among them, 20 were carotid artery dissection-related occlusions (7.6%). The
      median age of patients with tandem occlusions with internal carotid dissection
      was 52.45 versus 66.85 years for isolated anterior circulation occlusion (P <
      .05); the mean initial NIHSS score was 17.53 +/- 4.11 versus 17.55 +/- 4.8 (P =
      .983). The median DWI-ASPECTS was 6.05 versus 6.64 (P = .098), and the average
      time from onset to puncture was 4.38 for tandem occlusions versus 4.53 hours in
      isolated anterior circulation occlusion (P = .704). Complication rates and
      symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were comparable in both groups (5% versus 3%,
      P = .49). The duration of the procedure was significantly prolonged in case of
      tandem occlusion (80.69 versus 65.45 minutes, P = .030). Fourteen patients with
      carotid artery dissection (70%) had a 3-month mRS of <= 2, without a significant
      difference from patients with an isolated anterior circulation occlusion (44%, P
      = .2). Only 5 carotid artery dissections (25%) necessitated cervical stent
      placement. No early ipsilateral stroke recurrence was recorded, despite the
      absence of stent placement in 15 patients (75%) with carotid artery dissection.
      CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical endovascular treatment of carotid artery dissection
      tandem occlusions is safe and effective compared with isolated anterior
      circulation occlusion stroke therapy. Hence, a more conservative approach with
      stent placement only in cases of circle of Willis insufficiency may be a reliable
      and safe strategy.

PMID- 26965466
TI  - Performance of CT ASPECTS and Collateral Score in Risk Stratification: Can Target
      Perfusion Profiles Be Predicted without Perfusion Imaging?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular trials suggest that revascularization
      benefits a subset of acute ischemic stroke patients with large-artery occlusion
      and small-core infarct volumes. The objective of our study was to identify
      thresholds of noncontrast CT-ASPECTS and collateral scores on CT angiography that
      best predict ischemic core volume thresholds quantified by CT perfusion among
      patients with acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients
      with acute ischemic stroke (<12 hours) and MCA/intracranial ICA occlusion
      underwent NCCT/CTP during their initial evaluation. CTP analysis was performed on
      a user-independent platform (RApid processing of PerfusIon and Diffusion),
      computing core infarct (defined as CBF of <30% normal). A target mismatch profile
      consisting of infarction core of <=50 mL was selected to define candidates with
      acute ischemic stroke likely to benefit from revascularization. RESULTS: NCCT
      ASPECTS of >=9 with a CTA collateral score of 3 had 100% specificity for
      identifying patients with a CBF core volume of <=50 mL. NCCT-ASPECTS of <=6 had
      100% specificity for identifying patients with a CBF core volume of >50 mL. In
      our cohort, 44 (81%) patients had an NCCT-ASPECTS of >=9, a CTA collateral score
      of 3, or an NCCT-ASPECTS of <=6. CONCLUSIONS: Using an NCCT-ASPECTS of >=9 or a
      CTA collateral score of 3 best predicts CBF core volume infarct of <=50 mL, while
      an NCCT-ASPECTS of <=6 best predicts a CBF core volume infarct of >50 mL.
      Together these thresholds suggest that a specific population of patients with
      acute ischemic stroke not meeting such profiles may benefit most from CTP imaging
      to determine candidacy for revascularization.

PMID- 26965468
TI  - Fate of Coiled Aneurysms with Minor Recanalization at 6 Months: Rate of
      Progression to Further Recanalization and Related Risk Factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Minor recanalization in coiled aneurysms may remain
      stable with time or may progress to major recanalization. Our aim was to monitor
      the aneurysms displaying minor recanalization in imaging studies at 6 months,
      gauging major recanalization rates and related risk factors through extended
      follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five aneurysms (in 65 patients) showing
      minor recanalization in follow-up imaging at 6 months were reviewed
      retrospectively. Medical records and radiologic data accruing during extended
      monitoring (mean, 24.8 +/- 8.2 months) were assessed. Univariate and multivariate
      analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for progression from minor-to
      major recanalization. RESULTS: Progression to major recanalization was observed
      in 24 (36.9%) of the initially qualifying aneurysms during a follow-up of 112.5
      aneurysm-years, for an annual rate of 17.84% per aneurysm-year. Progression was
      determined chronologically as follows: 14 (58.3%) at 6 months, 8 (33.3%) at 18
      months, and 2 (8.4%) at 30 months. Stent deployment significantly decreased the
      occurrence of major recanalization (OR = 0.22, P = .03), whereas antiplatelet
      therapy (OR = 0.82, P = .75), posterior location (OR = 0.24, P = .20), and second
      coiling for recanalized aneurysms (OR = 0.96, P = .96) were unrelated.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis determined a 36.9% rate of major recanalization during
      a follow-up of 112.5 aneurysm-years in coiled aneurysms showing minor
      recanalization at 6 months. Stent deployment alone conferred a protective effect,
      preventing further recanalization without additional treatment. Given the fair
      probability of late major recanalization, aneurysms showing minor recanalization
      at 6 months should be monitored diligently, particularly in the absence of stent
      placement.

PMID- 26965469
TI  - Stroke Presentation of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection with 100% Perfusion
      Weighted Imaging-Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Mismatch: A Call for Urgent Action.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute stroke in the setting of acute type A aortic
      dissection is not rare and may contraindicate immediate surgery. Evaluating
      irreversible brain damage is critical in this setting and magnetic resonance
      imaging is a key determinant in the decision of selecting surgical over medical
      treatment for these patients. SUMMARY OF CASES: We report herein 2 cases assessed
      at a tertiary care center for acute stroke. The initial diagnosis workup revealed
      cerebral hemispheric severe hypoperfusion without any brain infarction. The
      absence of ischemic lesions prompted surgical repair, despite the severity of
      clinical symptoms. Both patients demonstrated complete neurological recovery and
      neuroimaging showed no persistent sequel. CONCLUSION: Acute type A aortic
      dissection is an important differential diagnosis in the causative workup for
      stroke. Brain hypoperfusion alone should not be a contraindication for urgent
      surgical treatment, regardless of initial clinical neurological severity.

PMID- 26965470
TI  - Occurrence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Patients with Transient
      Ischemic Attack.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep breathing disorder
      with episodes of upper airway obstructions. Patients with cardiovascular diseases
      such as myocardial infarction and stroke show a high prevalence of OSAS. Several
      studies focus on stroke and not on transient ischemic attack (TIA), suggesting it
      could be a symptom after stroke. We analyzed the occurrence of OSAS in high-risk
      patients with TIA. METHODS: There were 555 patients suspected for TIA by the
      general practitioner who were referred to our TIA daycare clinic. They were
      screened for OSAS using 3 screening factors: snoring (yes/no), body mass index
      greater than or equal to 30, and Epworth Sleepiness Score greater than 10. When 2
      out of 3 were positive, patients received a polysomnography. An apnea-hypopnea
      index (AHI) of 5-15 is defined as mild OSAS, AHI 15-30 as moderate OSAS, and AHI
      greater than 30 as severe OSAS. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients received a
      polysomnography. Twenty-five patients had a diagnosis of TIA and 18 had a
      diagnosis of cerebral ischemia, whereas 34 had other diagnoses. Twenty of the 25
      (80%) TIA patients had OSAS, compared to 16 of the 34 (47%) patients without a
      vascular diagnosis (P = .010). When excluding patients with a cardiovascular
      history, we found 15 of the 20 patients with OSAS, compared to 14 out of 30
      patients (P = .047). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant higher occurrence of
      OSAS in TIA patients compared to patients without a vascular diagnosis, even
      after excluding patients with a history of cardiovascular events.

PMID- 26965471
TI  - Effect of bone inhomogeneity on tibiofemoral contact mechanics during
      physiological loading.
AB  - It is not known how inhomogeneous mechanical properties of bone affect contact
      mechanics and cartilage response during physiological loading of the knee joint.
      In this study, a finite element model of a cadaver knee joint was constructed
      based on quantitative computed tomography (QCT). The mechanical properties of
      bone were altered and their effect on tibiofemoral contact mechanics and
      cartilage stresses, strains and pore pressures were evaluated during the first
      20% of stance. For this purpose, models with rigid, homogeneous and inhomogeneous
      bones were created. When bone was modeled to be rigid, the resulting contact
      pressures were substantially higher in the medial side of the joint, as compared
      to the non-rigid bones. Similar changes were revealed also in stresses, strains
      and pore pressures throughout the cartilage depth at the cartilage-cartilage
      contact area. Furthermore, the mechanical response of medial tibial cartilage was
      found to be highly dependent on the bone properties. When Young's modulus in the
      model with homogeneous bone was 5GPa, cartilage mechanical response approached to
      that of the model with inhomogeneous bone. Finally, when the apparent bone
      mineral densities were decreased globally in the inhomogeneous bone, stresses,
      strains and pore pressures were decreased at all layers of medial tibial
      cartilage. Similar changes were observed also in cartilage-cartilage contact area
      of the lateral compartment but with a lesser extent. These results indicate that
      during physiological loading Young's modulus of bone has a substantial influence
      on cartilage stresses and strains, especially in the medial compartment.

PMID- 26965472
TI  - A numerical framework for the mechanical analysis of dual-layer stents in
      intracranial aneurysm treatment.
AB  - Dual-layer stents and multi-layer stents represent a new paradigm in endovascular
      interventions. Multi-layer stents match different stent designs in order to offer
      auxiliary functions. For example, dual-layer stents used in the endovascular
      treatment of intracranial aneurysms, like the FRED(TM) (MicroVention, CA) stent,
      combine a densely braided inner metallic mesh with a loosely braided outer mesh.
      The inner layer is designed to divert blood flow, whereas the outer one ensures
      microvessels branching out of the main artery remain patent. In this work, the
      implemented finite element (FE) analysis identifies the key aspects of dual-stent
      mechanics. In particular, dual-layer stents used in the treatment of intracranial
      aneurysms require the ability to conform to very narrow passages in their closed
      configuration, while at the same time they have to provide support and stability
      once deployed. This study developed a numerical framework for the analysis of
      dual-layer stents for endovascular intracranial aneurysm treatment. Our results
      were validated against analytical methods. For the designs considered, we
      observed that foreshortening was in average 37.5%+/-2.5%, and that doubling the
      number of wires in the outer stent increased bending moment by 23%, while halving
      the number of wires of the inner stent reduced von Mises stress by 2.3%. This
      framework can be extended to the design optimization of multi-layer stents used
      in other endovascular treatments.

PMID- 26965473
TI  - Type 1 diabetes in adults: supporting self management.

PMID- 26965474
TI  - Effects of sodium fluoride on immune response in murine macrophages.
AB  - Excessive fluoride intake may be harmful for health, producing dental and
      skeletal fluorosis, and effects upon neurobehavioral development. Studies in
      animals have revealed effects upon the gastrointestinal, renal and reproductive
      systems. Some of the disorders may be a consequence of immune system alterations.
      In this study, an in vitro evaluation is made of fluoride immunotoxicity using
      the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage line over a broad range of concentrations (2.5
      75mg/L). The results show that the highest fluoride concentrations used (50
      75mg/L) reduce the macrophage population in part as a consequence of the
      generation of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species and consequent redox
      imbalance, which in turn is accompanied by lipid peroxidation. A decrease in the
      expression of the antiinflammatory cytokine Il10 is observed from the lowest
      concentrations (5mg/L). High concentrations (50mg/L) in turn produce a
      significant increase in the proinflammatory cytokines Il6 and Mip2 from 4h of
      exposure. In addition, cell phagocytic capacity is seen to decrease at
      concentrations of >=20mg/L. These data indicate that fluoride, at high
      concentrations, may affect macrophages and thus immune system function -
      particularly with regard to the inflammation autoregulatory processes, in which
      macrophages play a key role. 

PMID- 26965475
TI  - A three-dimensional actuated origami-inspired transformable metamaterial with
      multiple degrees of freedom.
AB  - Reconfigurable devices, whose shape can be drastically altered, are central to
      expandable shelters, deployable space structures, reversible encapsulation
      systems and medical tools and robots. All these applications require structures
      whose shape can be actively controlled, both for deployment and to conform to the
      surrounding environment. While most current reconfigurable designs are
      application specific, here we present a mechanical metamaterial with tunable
      shape, volume and stiffness. Our approach exploits a simple modular origami-like
      design consisting of rigid faces and hinges, which are connected to form a
      periodic structure consisting of extruded cubes. We show both analytically and
      experimentally that the transformable metamaterial has three degrees of freedom,
      which can be actively deformed into numerous specific shapes through embedded
      actuation. The proposed metamaterial can be used to realize transformable
      structures with arbitrary architectures, highlighting a robust strategy for the
      design of reconfigurable devices over a wide range of length scales. 

PMID- 26965477
TI  - Are personalised treatments of adult depression finally within reach?

PMID- 26965476
TI  - A randomized-control trial for the teachers' diploma programme on psychosocial
      care, support and protection in Zambian government primary schools.
AB  - Orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) experience poverty, stigma, and abuse
      resulting in poor physical, emotional, and psychological outcomes. The Teachers'
      Diploma Programme on Psychosocial Care, Support, and Protection is a child
      centered 15-month long-distance learning program focused on providing teachers
      with the knowledge and skills to enhance their school environments, foster
      psychosocial support, and facilitate school-community relationships. A randomized
      controlled trial was implemented in 2013-2014. Both teachers (n=325) and students
      (n=1378) were assessed at baseline and 15-months post-intervention from randomly
      assigned primary schools in Lusaka and Eastern Provinces, Zambia. Multilevel
      linear mixed models (MLM) indicate positive significant changes for intervention
      teachers on outcomes related to self-care, teaching resources, safety, social
      support, and gender equity. Positive outcomes for intervention students related
      to future orientation, respect, support, safety, sexual abuse, and bullying.
      Outcomes support the hypothesis that teachers and students benefit from a program
      designed to enhance teachers' psychosocial skills and knowledge.

PMID- 26965479
TI  - A Simple Geotracer Compositional Correlation Analysis Reveals Oil Charge and
      Migration Pathways.
AB  - A novel approach, based on geotracer compositional correlation analysis is
      reported, which reveals the oil charge sequence and migration pathways for five
      oil fields in Saudi Arabia. The geotracers utilised are carbazoles, a family of
      neutral pyrrolic nitrogen compounds known to occur naturally in crude oils. The
      approach is based on the concept that closely related fields, with respect to
      filling sequence, will show a higher carbazole compositional correlation, than
      those fields that are less related. That is, carbazole compositional correlation
      coefficients can quantify the charge and filling relationships among different
      fields. Consequently, oil migration pathways can be defined based on the
      established filling relationships. The compositional correlation coefficients of
      isomers of C1 and C2 carbazoles, and benzo[a]carbazole for all different
      combination pairs of the five fields were found to vary extremely widely (0.28 to
      0.94). A wide range of compositional correlation coefficients allows adequate
      differentiation of separate filling relationships. Based on the established
      filling relationships, three distinct migration pathways were inferred, with each
      apparently being charged from a different part of a common source kitchen. The
      recognition of these charge and migration pathways will greatly aid the search
      for new accumulations. 

PMID- 26965478
TI  - Human limbal mesenchymal stem cells express ABCB5 and can grow on amniotic
      membrane.
AB  - AIM: To isolate and characterize limbal mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs) from human
      corneoscleral rings. MATERIALS & METHODS: Cells were isolated from corneoscleral
      rings and cultured in a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-selective media and examined
      for differentiation, phenotyping and characterization. RESULTS: LMSCs were
      capable of trilineage differentiation, adhered to tissue culture plastic,
      expressed HLA class I and cell surface antigens associated with human MSC while
      having no/low expression of HLA class II and negative hematopoietic lineage
      markers. They were capable for CXCL12-mediated cellular migration. LMSCs adhered,
      proliferated on amniotic membrane and expressed the common putative limbal stem
      cell markers. CONCLUSION: Limbal-derived MSC exhibited plasticity, could maintain
      limbal markers expression and demonstrated viable growth on amniotic membrane.

PMID- 26965480
TI  - Melatonine en stemmingsstoornissen.
AB  - Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland mainly during the night. The
      discovery that this melatonin secretion decreases under the influence of bright
      light, gave rise to the use of light therapy in some affective disorders. The
      literature on the relationship between melatonin secretion and mood is reviewed
      concerning seasonal affective disorder, non-seasonal affective disorder and
      premenstrual syndrome. Light therapy could reduce an abnormal high melatonin
      secretion back to normal proportions. None of the affective disorders, however,
      is accompanied by an unusual high melatonin level. Nevertheless, light therapy as
      well as other therapies that suppress melatonin have a therapeutic effect. This
      is not the case with the administration of melatonin. Mood is not affected by
      extra melatonin in seasonal affective disorder but it is in both other affective
      disorders. Melatonin plays a part in the pathogenesis of the affective disorders
      but it is not yet clear which one. 

PMID- 26965481
TI  - Pharmacotherapeutical treatment of personality disorders.
AB  - Since some years it has become evident that objective disturbances can be found
      in patients suffering from personality disorders. Research findings from earlier
      date already demonstrated low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the
      cerebrospinal fluid, especially in patients with personality disorders, under
      exclusion of depressive features. Furthermore, data have been collected on the
      correlation between a hyposerotonergic state and disturbances in aggression and
      impulse control in a variety of syndromes such as automutilation, bulimia
      nervosa, suicide attempts and various states of drug abuse. However,
      psychopharmacological research in personality disorders is rare and to date
      mainly patients with borderline and schizotypical personality disorders have been
      studied. It is quite remarkable for this area to find more review articles than
      original contributions based on the results of clinical trials. A great variety
      of recommendations for pharmacotherapy in these patients exists in literature,
      among which treatment with carbamazepine, lithium, low-dose neuroleptics,
      tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin uptake inhibitors. In this article we
      will analyze the research methodology and the results of clinical trials forming
      the base for pharmacotherapeutic treatment recommendations. Only the results of
      well-controlled studies will be reviewed. 

PMID- 26965482
TI  - Risperidone in the treatment of psychosis; a concise review.
AB  - Risperidone (Risperdal(r)) is a recently developed antipsychotic drug with the
      combination of serotonin-5HT2A-and dopamine-D2-antagonism (SDA). In patients with
      schizophrenia, risperidone reduces positive symptoms at least equally effective
      as haloperidol, however, risperidone has a reduced propensity for the induction
      of extrapyramidal symptoms. In addition, available evidence indicates that
      risperidone may be an effective treatment for negative symptoms. The optimum
      daily dose range is between 4 and 8 mgfor most patients. In this review article,
      risperidone is compared with some other (classical and atypical) neuroleptics. In
      addition, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of risperidone are
      reviewed. 

PMID- 26965483
TI  - Psychological and neurophysiological dysfunctioning during wakefulness in
      narcolepsy.
AB  - Memory complaints and altered states of consciousness with automatic behaviour of
      narcoleptic patients indicate cognitive dysfunctioning. Although more problems
      arise while performing attention tasks than memory tasks, the neuropsychological
      test inquiry doesn't indicate one particular neuropsychological function as
      consistently impaired. They often perform well because they compensate impaired
      wakefulness by an increased willingness to respond. Neurophysiological research
      indicates that the sometimes occurring cognitive dysfunction is associated with a
      waxing and waning between wakefulness and sleep. The increased psychopathology is
      partly a reflection of, partly a reaction to the symptoms. The impact of
      hypersomnia on psychosocial functioning is more important than that of epilepsy
      in epileptics. In severe cases smoking and driving should better be dissuaded. 

PMID- 26965485
TI  - Increased anticipatory contingent negative variation in posttraumatic stress
      disorder.
AB  - Altered anticipation processes are implicated across various clinical samples,
      but few studies focused on the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We measured
      contingent negative variation (CNV) in a choice reaction paradigm among 58
      survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake, including 28 individuals who were diagnosed
      with PTSD and 30 without PTSD. Compared to the non-PTSD group, the PTSD group had
      significantly larger CNV amplitude. On the behavioral level, although the
      reaction times were comparable between groups, the PTSD group committed more
      errors than the non-PTSD group. Furthermore, the total PTSD symptom severity
      score as well as the re-experiencing symptom score were positively related to CNV
      amplitude. These results suggested that individuals with PTSD might be more
      alerted to and anticipate more to upcoming events in their environment, yet still
      have degraded performance in response to the stimulus.

PMID- 26965488
TI  - Editorial: Signal Transduction, Targeted Therapy and Cancer: From Bench to
      Clinics.

PMID- 26965487
TI  - Cement plug technique for the management of disc-associated cervical
      spondylopathy in 52 Dobermann Pinscher dogs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To report the radiographic and clinical outcome of an intervertebral
      bone cement plug technique for the management of disc-associated cervical
      spondylopathy in Dobermann Pinscher dogs. METHODS: Retrospective study of 52
      Dobermann Pinscher dogs. RESULTS: A variable degree of cement plug subsidence
      with loss of vertebral distraction was evident in all dogs (n = 40) that were
      radiographed >6 weeks postoperatively. In no case was there definitive evidence
      of vertebral body fusion. Eight dogs had a sudden deterioration in neurological
      status, cervical hyperaesthesia, or both between three days and 12 weeks
      following surgery that was considered to be implant-associated; six of these dogs
      were euthanatized. Following surgery, 43/52 dogs were considered to be
      neurologically normal or to have improved, however, nine of 43 subsequently
      deteriorated due to adjacent segment disease. At the long-term follow-up, 34 dogs
      were considered to be neurologically normal or to have improved. Twenty-nine dogs
      were dead by the end of the study period. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Intervertebral
      bone cement plug surgery results in an initial improvement in clinical signs in
      the majority of Dobermann Pinschers with disc-associated cervical spondylopathy.
      However, it fails to maintain vertebral distraction or achieve vertebral body
      fusion, and is associated with acute implant complications, additional cervical
      disc protrusions or mortality in a significant proportion of cases.

PMID- 26965486
TI  - Wax and cutin mutants of Arabidopsis: Quantitative characterization of the
      cuticular transport barrier in relation to chemical composition.
AB  - Using (14)C-labeled epoxiconazole as a tracer, cuticular permeability of
      Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was quantitatively measured in order to compare
      different wax and cutin mutants (wax2, cut1, cer5, att1, bdg, shn3 and shn1) to
      the corresponding wild types (Col-0 and Ws). Mutants were characterized by
      decreases or increases in wax and/or cutin amounts. Permeances [ms(-1)] of
      Arabidopsis cuticles either increased in the mutants compared to wild type or
      were not affected. Thus, genetic changes in wax and cutin biosynthesis in some of
      the investigated Arabidopsis mutants obviously impaired the coordinated cutin and
      wax deposition at the outer leaf epidermal cell wall. As a consequence, barrier
      properties of cuticles were significantly decreased. However, increasing cutin
      and wax amounts by genetic modifications, did not automatically lead to improved
      cuticular barrier properties. As an alternative approach to the radioactive
      transport assay, changes in chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored after foliar
      application of metribuzine, an herbicide inhibiting electron transport in
      chloroplasts. Since both, half-times of photosynthesis inhibition as well as
      times of complete inhibition, in fact correlated with (14)C-epoxiconazole
      permeances, different rates of decline of photosynthetic yield between mutants
      and wild type must be a function of foliar uptake of the herbicide across the
      cuticle. Thus, monitoring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, instead of
      conducting radioactive transport assays, represents an easy-to-handle and fast
      alternative evaluating cuticular barrier properties of different genotypes. This
      article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent
      D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.

PMID- 26965484
TI  - Illness progression in chronic fatigue syndrome: a shifting immune baseline.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Validation of biomarkers for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic
      fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) across data sets has proven disappointing. As immune
      signature may be affected by many factors, our objective was to explore the shift
      in discriminatory cytokines across ME/CFS subjects separated by duration of
      illness. METHODS: Cytokine expression collected at rest across multiple studies
      for female ME/CFS subjects (i) 18 years or younger, ill for 2 years or less (n =
      18), (ii) 18-50 years of age, ill for 7 years (n = 22), and (iii) age 50 years or
      older (n = 28), ill for 11 years on average. Control subjects were matched for
      age and body mass index (BMI). Data describing the levels of 16 cytokines using a
      chemiluminescent assay was used to support the identification of separate linear
      classification models for each subgroup. In order to isolate the effects of
      duration of illness alone, cytokines that changed significantly with age in the
      healthy control subjects were excluded a priori. RESULTS: Optimal selection of
      cytokines in each group resulted in subsets of IL-1alpha, 6, 8, 15 and TNFalpha.
      Common to any 2 of 3 groups were IL-1alpha, 6 and 8. Setting these 3 markers as a
      triple screen and adjusting their contribution according to illness duration sub
      groups produced ME/CFS classification accuracies of 75-88 %. The contribution of
      IL-1alpha, higher in recently ill adolescent ME/CFS subjects was progressively
      less important with duration. While high levels of IL-8 screened positive for
      ME/CFS in the recently afflicted, the opposite was true for subjects ill for more
      than 2 years. Similarly, while low levels of IL-6 suggested early ME/CFS, the
      reverse was true in subjects over 18 years of age ill for more than 2 years.
      CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that IL-1alpha, 6 and 8 adjusted
      for illness duration may serve as robust biomarkers, independent of age, in
      screening for ME/CFS.

PMID- 26965489
TI  - Electrocardiographic and Cardiac Autonomic Indices - Implications of Sex-Specific
      Risk Stratification in Women After Acute Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The debate on whether sex-specific predictive models improve risk
      stratification after myocardial infarction is ongoing. METHODS: This review
      summarises the current clinical knowledge on sex-specific differences in post
      infarction risk stratification parameters. Particular focus is given to
      electrocardiographic risk factors and indices of cardiac autonomic status.
      RESULTS: Differences in the underlying pathophysiology between men and women are
      known. However, clinical findings often lead to uncertain conclusions for a
      number of risk predictors including, among others, resting heart rate, heart rate
      variability, heart rate turbulence, QT interval duration, and QRS-T angle. The
      review links recent findings in prognostic parameters with successful approaches
      in sex-specific non-invasive risk stratification. CONCLUSION: Disparities are
      described in the current clinical opinions on the relevance of investigated
      parameters in women and possible directions for further research in the field are
      given.

PMID- 26965490
TI  - Barriers to Risk Stratification Accuracy in Ischemic Heart Disease in Women: The
      Role of Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A substantial part of literature has been centered on sex differences
      in the clinical aspects of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Many reports have
      documented differences in the presentation and risk profile between women and
      men. Such differences drive sex-related inequalities in the referral and
      treatment of IHD. Yet data are insufficient to clarify the reasons for such
      disparities. The objective of this review is to analyze the main gender
      differences regarding symptoms, diagnosis, and risk stratification of coronary
      heart disease in order to identify "gaps" in existing literature that need to be
      addressed in future research efforts. METHODS: We searched English-language
      studies on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the
      database start dates to January 2016. Evidence synthesis was based on cohort
      studies, registry data, and clinical trial data. RESULTS: Women do not often
      participate in clinical studies. In a number of articles, authors have questioned
      how the "white male" came to be the prototype of the human research subject.
      Consequently although many reports continue to describe differential treatment
      based on patients' sex, the extent to which such inequalities are due to true sex
      differences in pathophysiology or whether they reflects inaccuracy in risk
      stratification is unclear. CONCLUSION: Today, even the best database is incapable
      in and of itself of supplying answers to the question of whether women are being
      treated less compared with men by the medical community.

PMID- 26965491
TI  - Polypharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Potential of beta-Caryophyllene: A
      Dietary Phytocannabinoid of Pharmaceutical Promise.
AB  - BACKGROUND: beta-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene
      abundantly found in essential oils from various spices, fruits and medicinal as
      well as ornamental plants. It is approved by United States Food and Drug
      Administration and European agencies as food additive, taste enhancer and
      flavoring agent and termed as a phytocannabinoid. METHODS: All the available
      literature on BCP and its synonyms were collected through different literature
      databases. RESULTS: BCP was found to elicit a full agonist action on cannabinoid
      type 2 (CB2) receptors, a G-protein coupled receptor representing important
      therapeutic target in several diseases. Activation of CB2 receptors notably
      appeared devoid of psychotropic adverse effect of cannabinoids contrary to the
      CB1 receptors. In addition, it activates peroxisome proliferated activator
      receptors (PPARs) isoforms; PPAR-alpha &-gamma and inhibits pathways triggered by
      the activation of toll like receptor complex; CD14/TLR4/MD2, reduce
      immuneinflammatory processes and exhibit synergy with u-opioid receptor dependent
      pathways. Additionally, it found as potent antagonist of homomeric nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors (alpha7-nAChRs) and devoid of effects mediated by
      serotonergic and GABAergic receptors. It also modulates numerous molecular
      targets by altering their gene expression, signaling pathways or through direct
      interaction. Various pharmacological activities such as cardioprotective,
      hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective,
      antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immune-modulator have been
      reported in experimental studies. It has shown potent therapeutic promise in
      neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. CONCLUSION: The
      present review provides a comprehensive insight of pharmacological and
      therapeutic potential of BCP, its molecular mechanism and signaling pathways in
      different pathological conditions. The review also examines the possibility of
      its further development as a novel candidate for various pathologies considering
      the polypharmacological and multifaceted therapeutic properties potential along
      with favorable oral bioavailability, lipophilicity and physicochemical
      properties.

PMID- 26965492
TI  - Orange juice consumption and its effect on blood lipid profile and indices of the
      metabolic syndrome; a randomised, controlled trial in an at-risk population.
AB  - Data from epidemiological and in vitro studies suggest that orange juice (OJ) may
      have a positive impact on lipid metabolism. However, there have been reports in
      the media claiming detrimental consequences of 100% juice consumption, including
      weight-gain and adverse effects on insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profile.
      The effect of daily OJ consumption was assessed using a randomised, placebo
      controlled, single-blinded, parallel group design. Thirty-six overweight, but
      otherwise healthy men (40-60 years; 27-35 kg m(-2)) with elevated fasting serum
      cholesterol (5-7 mmol l(-1)), were recruited from the general UK population. None
      were using nutritional strategies or medication to lower their cholesterol, nor
      were regular consumers of citrus products. Assessment of BMI, HOMA-IR, and
      circulating lipid (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density
      lipoprotein, non-esterified fatty acids, triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein-A1 and
      apolipoprotein-B) concentrations, was made when fasted before (V1) and after a 12
      week intervention (V2), during which participants consumed 250 ml per d of OJ or
      an energy and sugars-matched orange-flavoured drink (control). The two groups
      were matched at V1 with respect to all parameters described above. Although
      triacylglycerol concentration was similar between the groups at both visits, a
      trend for the change in this variable to differ between groups was observed (P =
      0.060), with those in control exhibiting a significant increase in
      triacylglycerol at V2, compared with V1. In OJ, those with the highest initial
      triacylglycerol concentration showed the greatest reduction at V2 (R(2) = 0.579;
      P < 0.001), whereas there was no correlation between these variables in controls
      (R(2) = 0.023; P = 0.548). Twelve weeks consumption of 250 ml per d of OJ did not
      adversely affect insulin sensitivity, circulating lipids or body weight. 

PMID- 26965493
TI  - DTDP-rhamnosyl transferase RfbF, is a newfound receptor-related regulatory
      protein for phage phiYe-F10 specific for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3.
AB  - Bacteriophages and their hosts are continuously engaged in evolutionary
      competition. Here we isolated a lytic phage phiYe-F10 specific for Yersinia
      enterocolitica serotype O:3. We firstly described the phage receptor was
      regulated by DTDP-rhamnosyl transferase RfbF, encoded within the rfb cluster that
      was responsible for the biosynthesis of the O antigens. The deletion of DTDP
      rhamnosyl transferase RfbF of wild type O:3 strain caused failure in phiYe-F10
      adsorption; however, the mutation strain retained agglutination with O:3
      antiserum; and complementation of its mutant converted its sensitivity to phiYe
      F10. Therefore, DTDP-rhamnosyl transferase RfbF was responsible for the phage
      infection but did not affect recognition of Y. enterocolitica O:3 antiserum.
      Further, the deletions in the putative O-antigen biosynthesis protein precursor
      and outer membrane protein had no effect on sensitivity to phiYe-F10 infection.
      However, adsorption of phages onto mutant HNF10-DeltaO-antigen took longer time
      than onto the WT, suggesting that deletion of the putative O-antigen biosynthesis
      protein precursor reduced the infection efficiency. 

PMID- 26965495
TI  - Radiographic Severity of Arthritis Affects Functional Outcome in Total Ankle
      Replacement (TAR).
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been previously demonstrated that radiographic severity of
      arthritis predicts outcome following knee replacement. In certain circumstances,
      patients may undergo arthroplasty without severe radiographic disease. An example
      may be the patient with significant chondral damage unsuccessfully treated with
      arthroscopy. This patient may proceed to joint replacement when their radiographs
      would not normally merit such intervention. We investigated whether these
      findings were also applicable to total ankle replacements (TARs). METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed a single-surgeon, single-implant series of 178 TARs in
      170 patients. Of them, 124 patients who took part in the hospital joint registry
      with a minimum 2-year follow-up were included for this study. The radiographic
      severity of arthritis was graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence classification.
      Preoperative weight-bearing radiographs were reviewed for severity of arthritis
      by 2 blinded observers: the first author and an independent colleague from the
      radiology department. Patients were grouped into 4 subgroups based on degree of
      severity of radiographic grading for arthritis-A, B, C, and D (for grades 1, 2,
      3, and 4 grades, respectively). Data collected included Foot and Ankle Outcome
      Score (FAOS; pain, function, and stiffness), MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey
      (SF-36) scores, and patient satisfaction scores collected prospectively and at 1
      and 2 years postoperation. RESULTS: Groups were similar in terms of demographic
      data (P > .1) and preoperative FAOS scores (P > .89) for pain, function and
      stiffness. Group D had the biggest improvement in all domains of FAOS. This
      reached significance in each domain when compared to group C. No significant
      differences were demonstrated in SF-36 scores. Overall, 91.1% of patients in
      group D were satisfied at 2 years, compared with 50.0% of patients in groups A,
      B, and C (P < .001). In addition, 93.9% of patients in group D felt that their
      quality of life had been improved by the surgery, compared to 47% of patients
      with groups A, B, and C (P < .001). Further, 77.3% of patients from group D said
      they would have the operation again, vs only 52.2% of patients with grade III or
      less (P = .014). Patients who were "very satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied"
      postoperatively had an average Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade of 3.9
      preoperatively. In contrast the "very dissatisfied" and "somewhat dissatisfied"
      patients had an average KL grade of 2.9 (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Although this
      study does not explain all of the dissatisfaction in TAR, radiologic severity is
      an important factor that surgeons must consider when planning how best to treat
      their patients. There may be a different pathophysiology in this patient group
      that is not well served by arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III,
      retrospective comparative series.

PMID- 26965496
TI  - Characterization of chemical-induced sterile inflammation in vitro: application
      of the model compound ketoconazole in a human hepatic co-culture system.
AB  - Liver injury as a result of a sterile inflammation is closely linked to the
      activation of immune cells, including macrophages, by damaged hepatocytes. This
      interaction between immune cells and hepatocytes is as yet not considered in any
      of the in vitro test systems applied during the generation of new drugs. Here, we
      established and characterized a novel in vitro co-culture model with two human
      cell lines, HepG2 and differentiated THP-1. Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug
      known for its hepatotoxicity, was used as a model compound in the testing of the
      co-culture. Single cultures of HepG2 and THP-1 cells were studied as controls.
      Different metabolism patterns of ketoconazole were observed for the single and co
      culture incubations as well as for the different cell types. The main metabolite
      N-deacetyl ketoconazole was found in cell pellets, but not in supernatants of
      cell cultures. Global proteome analysis showed that the NRF2-mediated stress
      response and the CXCL8 (IL-8) pathway were induced by ketoconazole treatment
      under co-culture conditions. The upregulation and ketoconazole-induced secretion
      of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including CXCL8, TNF-alpha and CCL3, was
      observed in the co-culture system only, but not in single cell cultures. Taking
      together, we provide evidence that the co-culture model applied might be suitable
      to serve as tool for the prediction of chemical-induced sterile inflammation in
      liver tissue in vivo.

PMID- 26965497
TI  - The wrong end of the telescope: neuromuscular mimics of movement disorders (and
      vice versa).
AB  - The rapid advances in modern neurology have led to increased specialisation in
      clinical practice. Being an expert in a neurology subspecialty offers advantages
      for diagnosing and managing specific disorders. However, specialisation also
      risks tunnel vision: interpreting symptoms and signs within one's own framework
      of reference, while ignoring differential diagnostic options from other
      subspecialties. This is particularly relevant when the patient's presentation
      potentially belongs to different neurological subspecialties. We illustrate this
      challenge by highlighting a series of clinical features that partially overlap
      between two common subspecialties: movement disorders and neuromuscular
      disorders. An overlap in clinical presentation is not rare, and includes, for
      example, involuntary eyelid closure (which could be active eye closure due to
      blepharospasm, or ptosis due to weakness). Other overlapping features include
      abnormal postures, involuntary movements and gait changes. We describe two of
      these overlapping features in more detail and emphasise the possible consequences
      of 'looking through the wrong end of the telescope' in such patients, as this may
      lead to a wrong differential diagnosis, unnecessary investigations and a delayed
      treatment start. 

PMID- 26965494
TI  - Neurochemical modulation involved in the beneficial effect of liraglutide, GLP-1
      agonist on PTZ kindling epilepsy-induced comorbidities in mice.
AB  - Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which occurs due to excessive firing of
      excitatory neurons in specific region of brain and associated with cognitive
      impairment and depression. GLP-1 has been reported to maintain hyperexcitability
      of neurons. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective
      effect of liraglutide, GLP-1 analogue in PTZ kindling epilepsy-induced
      comorbidities and neurochemical alteration in mice. Male albino mice were
      administered PTZ (35 mg/kg) on every alternate day up to 29th days and challenge
      test was performed on 33rd day. From 1st day liraglutide (75 and 150 ug/kg) and
      diazepam (3 mg/kg) were administered up to 33rd day, 30 min prior to PTZ
      treatment. On 30th day animals were trained on elevated plus maze and passive
      shock avoidance paradigm and retention was recorded on 31st and 33rd day. On 32nd
      day tail suspension test was performed. Animals were sacrificed on 34th day for
      biochemical (LPO, GSH, and nitrite) and neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate, DA,
      NE, 5-HT and their metabolites) estimation. Chronic treatment with PTZ developed
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures, reduced cognitive skills, increased oxidative
      stress and alteration in the level of neurotransmitters. Pre-treatment with
      liraglutide (75 and 150 MUg/kg) significantly prevented the seizure severity,
      restored behavioural activity, oxidative defence enzymes, and altered level of
      neurochemicals in mice brain. The protective effect of liraglutide is attributed
      to restoration of altered level of GABA, glutamate, DA, NE, and 5-HT by the up
      regulation of GLP-1Rs in mice brain. 

PMID- 26965498
TI  - Trapped without a diagnosis: Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic
      syndrome (TRAPS).
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an
      autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene. It is
      characterised by recurrent episodes of myalgia, followed by prolonged fever,
      migratory rashes, headache, serositis, arthralgia, abdominal pain and periorbital
      oedema. We describe a 49-year-old man with a self-limiting episode of paraparesis
      who reported recurrent bouts of abdominal symptoms and headaches since childhood.
      He had a persistent inflammatory response with night sweats and weight loss. We
      diagnosed TRAPS 2 years after having identified a TNFRSF1A gene mutation. His
      symptoms and inflammatory response resolved dramatically with the interleukin-1
      receptor antagonist anakinra. 

PMID- 26965499
TI  - Adherence to Cancer Prevention Guidelines and Cancer Risk in Low-Income and
      African American Populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society (ACS) publishes behavioral guidelines for
      cancer prevention, including standards on body weight, physical activity,
      nutrition, alcohol, and tobacco use. The impact of these guidelines has been
      rarely studied in low-income and African American populations. METHODS: The study
      included 61,098 racially diverse, mainly low-income adults who participated in
      the Southern Community Cohort Study and were followed for a median of 6 years.
      Cox models were used to estimate HRs for cancer incidence associated with
      behaviors and with an ACS physical activity/nutrition 0-to-4 compliance score
      indicating the number of body weight, physical activity, healthy eating, and
      alcohol guidelines met. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,240 incident cancers
      were identified. Significantly lower cancer incidence was found among never
      smokers and non/moderate alcohol drinkers, but not among those meeting guidelines
      for obesity, physical activity, and diet. The ACS compliance score was inversely
      associated with cancer risk among the 25,509 participants without baseline
      chronic disease. HRs for cancer incidence among those without baseline chronic
      diseases and who met one, two, three, or four guidelines versus zero guidelines
      were 0.93 (95% confidence intervals, 0.71-1.21), 0.85 (0.65-1.12), 0.70 (0.51
      0.97), and 0.55 (0.31-0.99), respectively. Associations were consistent in
      analyses stratified by sex, race, household income, and smoking status.
      CONCLUSIONS: Meeting the ACS smoking and body weight/physical
      activity/dietary/alcohol guidelines for cancer prevention is associated with
      reductions in cancer incidence in low-income and African American populations.
      IMPACT: This study provides strong evidence supporting lifestyle modification to
      lower cancer incidence in these underserved populations. Cancer Epidemiol
      Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 846-53. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26965500
TI  - Surgical treatment of neglected congenital idiopathic talipes equinovarus after
      walking age in Eritrea: an Italo-Eritrean cooperation.
AB  - An Italian team of orthopaedic surgeons joined Eritrean colleagues to perform a
      clinical study in ambulating children affected by neglected idiopathic congenital
      talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). This study reports the surgical strategy as well
      as clinical outcomes, early complications and relapse at a mid-term follow-up.
      Four expeditions of 7 days were organized between 2012 and 2015 from Italy to the
      Halibet Hospital of Asmara in Eritrea. In each expedition were included two
      experienced surgeons, two assistants and one anaesthesiologist. During these
      expeditions, a total of 468 patients were evaluated together with Eritrean
      colleagues and 45 cases of neglected talipes equinovarus in ambulating children
      were diagnosed and selected for surgery. Follow-up range was 1-3 years. During
      the four expeditions, the Eritrean team of orthopaedic surgeons learned to manage
      most cases of neglected talipes equinovarus. No major complications were
      reported. Sixteen feet were considered excellent, 25 good and four poor. No
      overcorrections were observed. Neglected congenital talipes equinovarus is the
      result of delayed treatment of congenital deformity in developing countries, and
      its treatment often requires extensive surgery. Collaboration with foreign expert
      surgeons may help local doctors to learn how to treat this disease. The current
      study demonstrates that surgical expeditions in developing countries, when
      organized in collaboration with local doctors, help to manage on site this severe
      deformity. 

PMID- 26965502
TI  - Repeat fine-needle aspiration can be performed at 6 months or more after initial
      atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined
      significance results for thyroid nodules 10 mm or larger.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether repeat ultrasound-guided fine-needle
      aspiration (US-FNA) in initial atypia of undetermined significance or follicular
      lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) results could be performed 6
      months after or more. METHODS: A total of 221 AUS/FLUS >=10 mm with any follow-up
      were grouped according to the first follow-up interval at less than 6 months
      (group 1, n = 87) and 6 months or more (group 2, n = 134). Clinical features,
      final assessment of ultrasound (US) or the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data
      System (TIRADS), tumour size, extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis
      in malignancies were compared. RESULTS: Thirty-four (15.4 %) were malignant. Age,
      gender, size, final assessment, TIRADS and malignancy rate were not significantly
      different between the two groups (p = 0.660, 0.691, 0.502, 0.237, 0.819 and
      0.420). Tumour size, extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis were not
      significantly different between the two malignancy groups (p = 0.770, 0.611 and
      0.068). Two of 10 nodules with increased size were malignancies found at 7.1 and
      25.0 months. None of 33 nodules (14.9 %) with decreased size at a median 10
      months were malignant. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat US-FNA performed on nodules >=10 mm at
      6 months or more after initial AUS/FLUS results can reduce unnecessary repeat US
      FNAs without progression of malignancy. KEY POINTS: * Follow-up intervals of
      AUS/FLUS did not affect the malignancy rate * Tumour stage was not different
      according to the follow-up intervals * None of the nodules with decreased size
      were malignant * Repeat US-FNA can be performed at >=6 months after initial
      AUS/FLUS.

PMID- 26965501
TI  - Survival evaluation of the patients with diabetic major lower-extremity
      amputations.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival after major lower
      limb amputation, at a level either below (BKA) or above (AKA) the knee, in
      diabetic patients. METHODS: A total of 140 diabetic patients who underwent major
      lower-limb amputation during the period of 2001-2011 were enrolled in the study.
      The patients were grouped as below-knee and above-knee amputations. The
      differences in survival by age, gender, amputation level and revision surgery
      were investigated. The clinical follow-up periods and the results of the patients
      with major lower-limb amputation were retrospectively assessed. RESULTS: The mean
      follow-up period was 24.87 months (range 0.06-120 months). The mortality rate of
      series was 32.8 % for 1 year and 70 % for 5 years. One-year mortality rate was
      24.6 % and 5-year mortality rate was 66.3 % in below-knee group, 1-year mortality
      rate was 43.3 % and 5-year mortality rate was 83.3 % in above-knee group. The
      difference between mortality rates of these groups was significant (p: 0.019).
      There was no statistically significant difference according to age and gender (p:
      0.543 and 0.568). The previous minor amputations were found to have no effect on
      mortality (p: 0.471). CONCLUSION: Routine utilization of diabetes follow-up,
      screening and treatment programs with a multidisciplinary approach might be
      mandatory to handle early multisystem involvement-prevent major amputation, and
      increase survival rate in diabetic patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective
      cohort study, Level III.

PMID- 26965503
TI  - Multidetector CT of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Effect of tube voltage and
      iodine load on tumour conspicuity and image quality.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare a low-tube-voltage with or without high-iodine-load
      multidetector CT (MDCT) protocol with a normal-tube-voltage, normal-iodine-load
      (standard) protocol in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with
      respect to tumour conspicuity and image quality. METHODS: Thirty consecutive
      patients (mean age: 66 years, men/women: 14/16) preoperatively underwent triple
      phase 64-channel MDCT examinations twice according to: (i) 120-kV standard
      protocol (PS; 0.75 g iodine (I)/kg body weight, n = 30) and (ii) 80-kV protocol A
      (PA; 0.75 g I/kg, n = 14) or protocol B (PB; 1 g I/kg, n = 16). Two independent
      readers evaluated tumour delineation and image quality blindly for all protocols.
      A third reader estimated the pancreas-to-tumour contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).
      Statistical analysis was performed with the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Tumour
      delineation was significantly better in PB and PA compared with PS (P = 0.02).
      The evaluation of image quality was similar for the three protocols (all, P >
      0.05). The highest CNR was observed with PB and was significantly better compared
      to PA (P = 0.02) and PS (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: In patients with PDAC, a low
      tube-voltage, high-iodine-load protocol improves tumour delineation and CNR
      leading to higher tumour conspicuity compared to standard protocol MDCT. KEY
      POINTS: * Low-tube-voltage high-iodine-load MDCT improves pancreatic cancer
      conspicuity compared to a standard protocol. * The pancreas-to-tumour attenuation
      difference increases significantly by reducing the tube voltage. * The radiation
      exposure dose decreases by reducing the tube voltage.

PMID- 26965506
TI  - Erratum to: Genome-wide analysis and expression patterns of ZF-HD transcription
      factors under different developmental tissues and abiotic stresses in Chinese
      cabbage.

PMID- 26965505
TI  - Differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on collagen sponges
      for cartilage repair.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate proliferation and chondrogenic
      differentiation of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) cultured
      on collagen biomaterials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: hBMSCs were seeded on five
      different collagen (Col) sponges: C1C2 (types I and II Col), C1C2HS (types I and
      II Col plus heparan sulphate (HS)), C1C2CHS (types I and II Col plus chondroitin
      sulphate (CHS)), C1-OLH3 (type I Col plus low molecular weight heparin) and C1CHS
      (type I Col plus CHS). The resulting constructs were analyzed by histological and
      immunohistochemical staining, molecular biology and electron microscopy. Col
      released into culture media was measured by a dye-binding method Results: hBMSCs
      on biomaterials C1C2, C1C2HS and C1C2CHS had more capacity to attach, proliferate
      and synthesize Col II and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM) than on
      C1-OLH3 and C1CHS. The presence of aggrecan was detected only at the gene level.
      Total Col liberated by the cells in the supernatants in all scaffold cultures was
      detected. The level of Col I in the ECM was lower in C1-OLH3 and that of Col II
      was highest in C1C2 and C1C2HS. Electron microscopy showed differently shaped
      cells, from rounded to flattened, in all constructs. Col fibers in bundles were
      observed in C1C2CHS by transmission electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      show that Col I and Col II (C1C2, C1C2HS and C1C2CHS) biomaterials allowed cell
      proliferation and chondrogenic-like differentiation of hBMSCs at an early stage.
      Constructs cultured on C1C2HS and C1C2CHS showed better cartilage-like phenotype
      than the other ones.

PMID- 26965507
TI  - Telomere length change plateaus at 4 years of age in Latino children:
      associations with baseline length and maternal change.
AB  - Telomeres are the protective complexes at the end of chromosomes, required for
      genomic stability. Little is known about predictors of attrition in young
      children or the relationship between parental and child patterns of telomere
      change. Telomere length was assessed twice over one year, at 4 and at 5 years of
      age, in Latino preschool children (n = 77) and their mothers (n = 70) in whole
      blood leukocytes. Maternal and child rates of attrition during the same time
      period were compared in 70 mother-child pairs. More children showed lengthened
      telomeres over one year compared to their mothers and very few children showed
      attrition (2.6 %). Approximately 31 % of children and 16 % of mothers displayed
      lengthening over one year while 66 % of children showed maintenance in contrast
      with 74 % of mothers. The strongest predictor for child telomere length change
      was child's baseline telomere length (r = -0.61, p < 0.01). Maternal rate of
      change was associated with child rate of change (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). After
      controlling for child baseline telomere length, the relationship between child
      and maternal rate of change trended towards significance (Coeff = 0.20, 95 % CI 
      0.03 to 0.43; p = 0.08). We found primarily maintenance and lengthening from 4 to
      5 years of age in children, with minimal telomere attrition, indicating that most
      of the telomere loss happens in the first 4 years, plateauing by age 4. Lastly,
      we found close to 10 % of the variance in rate of change in children shared by
      mothers. While some of this shared variance is genetic, there are likely
      environmental factors that need to be further identified that impact rate of
      telomere length change. 

PMID- 26965508
TI  - High-resolution genetic linkage mapping, high-temperature tolerance and growth
      related quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification in Marsupenaeus japonicus.
AB  - The Kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, is one of the most promising marine
      invertebrates in the industry in Asia, Europe and Australia. However, the
      increasing global temperatures result in considerable economic losses in M.
      japonicus farming. In the present study, to select genetically improved animals
      for the sustainable development of the Kuruma prawn industry, a high-resolution
      genetic linkage map and quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification were
      performed using the RAD technology. The maternal map contained 5849 SNP markers
      and spanned 3127.23 cM, with an average marker interval of 0.535 cM. Instead, the
      paternal map contained 3927 SNP markers and spanned 3326.19 cM, with an average
      marker interval of 0.847 cM. The consensus map contained 9289 SNP markers and
      spanned 3610.90 cM, with an average marker interval of 0.388 cM and coverage of
      99.06 % of the genome. The markers were grouped into 41 linkage groups in the
      maps. Significantly, negative correlation was detected between high-temperature
      tolerance (UTT) and body weight (BW). The QTL mapping revealed 129 significant
      QTL loci for UTT and four significant QTL loci for BW at the genome-wide
      significance threshold. Among these QTLs, 129 overlapped with linked SNPs, and
      the remaining four were located in regions between contiguous SNPs. They
      explained the total phenotypic variance ranging from 8.9 to 12.4 %. Because of a
      significantly negative correlation between growth and high-temperature tolerance,
      we demonstrate that this high-resolution linkage map and QTLs would be useful for
      further marker-assisted selection in the genetic improvement of M. japonicus. 

PMID- 26965504
TI  - Combining standardized uptake value of FDG-PET and apparent diffusion coefficient
      of DW-MRI improves risk stratification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the independent prognostic value of standardized uptake
      value (SUV) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), separately and combined, in
      order to evaluate if the combination of these two variables allows further
      prognostic stratification of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
      (HNSCC). METHODS: Pretreatment SUV and ADC were calculated in 57 patients with
      HNSCC. Mean follow-up was 21.3 months. Semiquantitative analysis of primary
      tumours was performed using SUVmaxT/B, ADCmean, ADCmin and ADCmax. The prognostic
      value of SUVmaxT/B, ADCmean, ADCmin and ADCmax in predicting disease-free
      survival (DFS) was evaluated with log-rank test and Cox regression models.
      RESULTS: Patients with SUVmaxT/B >=5.75 had an overall worse prognosis (p =
      0.003). After adjusting for lymph node status and diameter, SUVmaxT/B and ADCmin
      were both significant predictors of DFS with hazard ratio (HR) = 10.37 (95 % CI
      1.22-87.95) and 3.26 (95 % CI 1.20-8.85) for SUVmaxT/B >=5.75 and ADCmin >=0.58 *
      10-3 mm2/s, respectively. When the analysis was restricted to subjects with
      SUVmaxT/B >=5.75, high ADCmin significantly predicted a worse prognosis, with
      adjusted HR = 3.11 (95 % CI 1.13-8.55). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of SUVmaxT/B
      and ADCmin improves the prognostic role of the two separate parameters; patients
      with high SUVmaxT/B and high ADCmin are associated with a poor prognosis. KEY
      POINTS: * High SUV maxT/B is a poor prognostic factor in HNSCC * High ADC min is
      a poor prognostic factor in HNSCC * In patients with high SUV maxT/B , high ADC
      min identified those with worse prognosis.

PMID- 26965509
TI  - Reproducibility and regional variations of an improved gagCEST protocol for the
      in vivo evaluation of knee cartilage at 7 T.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective was to establish a gagCEST protocol that would enable
      robust and reproducible assessment of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in knee
      cartilage at 7 T within a clinically feasible measurement time. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Ten young healthy volunteers (mean age 26 years, range 24-28, five
      males, five females) were examined on a 7 T MR system. Informed consent was
      obtained from all individual participants prior to enrollment into the study.
      Each volunteer was measured twice for reproducibility assessment. The examined
      knee was immobilized using a custom-made fixation device. For the gagCEST
      measurement, a prototype segmented 3-D RF-spoiled gradient-echo sequence with an
      improved saturation scheme employing adiabatic pulses was used in a scan time of
      19 min. The asymmetry of the Z-spectra (MTRasym) in selected regions of interest
      in knee cartilage was calculated. Differences in MTRasym between different
      regions were evaluated using ANOVA and the Bonferroni corrected post hoc test.
      RESULTS: The improvement of the saturation scheme reduced the influence of field
      inhomogeneities, resulted in more uniform saturation, and allowed for good
      reproducibility in a reasonable measurement time (19 min), as demonstrated by an
      intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.77. Improved fixation helped to reduce
      motion artifacts. Whereas similar MTRasym values were found for weight-bearing
      and non-weight-bearing femoral cartilage, lower values were observed in the
      trochlear groove (p = 0.028), patellar (p = 0.015) and tibial cartilage (p <
      0.001) when compared to non-weight-bearing femoral cartilage. CONCLUSION:
      Reasonable reproducibility and sensitivity to regional differences in GAG content
      suggests that the improved gagCEST protocol might be useful for assessing the
      biochemical changes in articular cartilage that are associated with early stages
      of cartilage degeneration.

PMID- 26965511
TI  - Amide proton transfer (APT) magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer:
      comparison with Gleason scores.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging in
      estimating the Gleason score (GS) of prostate cancer (Pca). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Sixty-six biopsy-proven cancers were categorized into four groups
      according to the GS: GS-6 (3 + 3); GS-7 (3 + 4/4 + 3); GS-8 (4 + 4) and GS-9 (4 +
      5/5 + 4). APT signal intensities (APT SIs) and apparent diffusion coefficient
      (ADC) values of each GS group were compared by one-way analysis of variance with
      Tukey's HSD post hoc test. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation of the APT
      SIs (%) and ADC values (*10(-3) mm(2)/s) were as follows: GS-6, 2.48 +/- 0.59 and
      1.16 +/- 0.26; GS-7, 5.17 +/- 0.66 and 0.92 +/- 0.18; GS-8, 2.56 +/- 0.85 and
      0.86 +/- 0.17; GS-9, 1.96 +/- 0.75 and 0.85 +/- 0.18, respectively. The APT SI of
      the GS-7 group was highest, and there were significant differences between the GS
      6 and GS-7 groups and the GS-7 and GS-9 groups (p < 0.05). The ADC value of the
      GS-6 group was significantly higher than each value of the GS-7, GS-8, and GS-9
      groups (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were obtained among the GS-7,
      GS-8, and GS-9 groups. CONCLUSION: The mean APT SI in Pca with a GS of 7 was
      higher than that for the other GS groups.

PMID- 26965510
TI  - Endoluminal high-resolution MR imaging protocol for colon walls analysis in a
      mouse model of colitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An endoluminal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol including the
      design of an endoluminal coil (EC) was defined for high-spatial-resolution MR
      imaging of mice gastrointestinal walls at 4.7 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A receive
      only radiofrequency single-loop coil was developed for mice colon wall imaging.
      Combined with a specific protocol, the prototype was first characterized in vitro
      on phantoms and on vegetables. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) profiles were compared
      with a quadrature volume birdcage coil (QVBC). Endoluminal MR imaging protocol
      combined with the EC was assessed in vivo on mice. RESULTS: The SNR measured
      close to the coil is significantly higher (10 times and up to 3 mm of the EC
      center) than the SNR measured with the QVBC. The gain in SNR can be used to
      reduce the in-plane pixel size up to 39 * 39 um(2) (234 um slice thickness)
      without time penalty. The different colon wall layers can only be distinguished
      on images acquired with the EC. CONCLUSION: Dedicated EC provides suitable images
      for the assessment of mice colon wall layers. This proof of concept provides
      gains in spatial resolution and leads to adequate protocols for the assessment of
      human colorectal cancer, and can now be used as a new imaging tool for a better
      understanding of the pathology.

PMID- 26965513
TI  - Surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis: associations between morbidity,
      mortality and costs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Surgery for prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is associated with
      significant morbidity and mortality as well as with increased resource
      utilization and costs. For risk and cost reduction, an understanding of
      contributing factors and interrelations is essential. METHODS: Out of 1080 heart
      valve procedures performed between January 2010 and December 2012, 41 patients
      underwent surgery for PVE. Complete economic data were available for 30 of them
      (study cohort). The patients' mean age was 64 +/- 12 years (range 37-79 years),
      and 73% were men. The clinical course was reviewed and morbidity, mortality and
      costs as well as associations between them were analysed. The cost matrix for
      each individual patient was obtained from the Institute for the Hospital
      Remuneration System (InEK GmbH, Germany). The median follow-up was 2.6 years
      [interquartile range (IQR) 3.7 years; 100% complete]. RESULTS: Preoperative
      status was critical (EuroSCORE II >20%) in 43% of patients. Staphylococci were
      the most common infecting micro-organisms (27%). The operative mortality rate
      (<=30 days) was 17%. At 1 year, the overall survival rate was 71 +/- 9%. At least
      one disease- or surgery-related complication affected 21 patients (early
      morbidity 70%), >1 complication affected 12 patients (40%). There was neither a
      recurrence of endocarditis, nor was a reoperation required. The mean total
      hospital costs were 42.6 +/- 37.4 Thousand Euro (T?), median 25.7 T?, IQR 28.4 T?
      and >100 T? in 10% of cases. Intensive care unit/intermediate care (ICU/IMC) and
      operation accounted for 40.4 +/- 18.6 and 25.7 +/- 12.1% of costs, respectively.
      There was a significant correlation (Pearson's sample correlation coefficient)
      between total costs and duration of hospital stay (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) and
      between ICU/IMC costs and duration of ICU/IMC stay (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). The
      median daily hospital costs were 1.8 T?/day, but >2.4 T?/day in 25% of patients
      (upper quartile). The following pattern of associations was identified (P <
      0.05). Early mortality was related to preoperative morbidity and postoperative
      renal failure. Early morbidity was associated with preoperative morbidity and
      urgency. Total costs were mainly explained by preoperative morbidity,
      postoperative morbidity and urgency. High EuroSCORE II, complex surgery, need for
      mechanical circulatory support as well as postoperative mortality and morbidity
      increased daily costs. CONCLUSIONS: The timely diagnosis and treatment of these
      patients must be a priority, as preoperative morbidity is the major contributor
      towards mortality, morbidity and costs after surgery for PVE.

PMID- 26965512
TI  - Improving the clinical potential of ultra-high field fMRI using a model-free
      analysis method based on response consistency.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop an analysis method that is sensitive to non-model-conform
      responses often encountered in ultra-high field presurgical planning fMRI. Using
      the consistency of time courses over a number of experiment repetitions, it
      should exclude low quality runs and generate activation maps that reflect the
      reliability of responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 7 T fMRI data were acquired from
      six healthy volunteers: three performing purely motor tasks and three a
      visuomotor task. These were analysed with the proposed approach (UNBIASED) and
      the GLM. RESULTS: UNBIASED results were generally less affected by false positive
      results than the GLM. Runs that were identified as being of low quality were
      confirmed to contain little or no activation. In two cases, regions were
      identified as activated in UNBIASED but not GLM results. Signal changes in these
      areas were time-locked to the task, but were delayed or transient. CONCLUSION:
      UNBIASED is shown to be a reliable means of identifying consistent task-related
      signal changes regardless of response timing. In presurgical planning, UNBIASED
      could be used to rapidly generate reliable maps of the consistency with which
      eloquent brain regions are activated without recourse to task timing and despite
      modified hemodynamics.

PMID- 26965515
TI  - Addendum to Abstracts presented at the 14th International Congress on Amino
      Acids, Peptides and Proteins.

PMID- 26965514
TI  - A clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporine and
      imatinib.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cyclosporine A (CsA) and imatinib are both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein
      substrates. Concomitant use after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
      for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+)
      acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) may therefore result in a pharmacokinetic
      interaction. Although case reports and a recent small study in children indeed
      suggested there is a relevant pharmacokinetic interaction, a larger study in
      adults is lacking. In this study, we assessed the presence and extent of this
      interaction in patients with CML or Ph+ ALL undergoing HSCT. METHODS: From a
      large database containing data of all patients receiving HSCT in our center
      between 2005 and 2015, we selected 16 patients using this drug combination. The
      average dose-corrected CsA concentration was calculated before and after
      initiation of imatinib. RESULTS: The average dose-corrected CsA concentration
      increased during imatinib use in all patients, on average by 94 % (p < 0.001).
      Based on measured drug concentrations, the CsA dosage needed to be reduced, on
      average, by 27 % after initiation of imatinib (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Imatinib
      significantly increases CsA concentrations in HSCT patients, putting these
      patients at increased risk of CsA toxicity. We recommend intensive monitoring of
      CsA concentrations after initiation of imatinib; a pre-emptive CsA dose reduction
      of 25 % might be considered.

PMID- 26965517
TI  - Core Fucosylation on T Cells, Required for Activation of T-Cell Receptor
      Signaling and Induction of Colitis in Mice, Is Increased in Patients With
      Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Attachment of a fucose molecule to the innermost N-glycan in a
      glycoprotein (core fucosylation) regulates the activity of many growth factor
      receptors and adhesion molecules. The process is catalyzed by alpha1-6
      fucosyltransferase (FUT8) and required for immune regulation, but it is not clear
      whether this process is dysregulated during disease pathogenesis. We investigated
      whether core fucosylation regulates T-cell activation and induction of colitis in
      mice, and is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS:
      Biopsy samples were collected from inflamed and noninflamed regions of intestine
      from patients (8 with Crohn's disease, 4 with ulcerative colitis, and 4 without
      IBD [controls]) at Osaka University Hospital. Colitis was induced in FUT8
      deficient (Fut8(-/-)) mice and Fut8(+/+) littermates by administration of
      trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed
      histologically. Immune cells were collected and analyzed by lectin flow
      cytometry, immunofluorescence, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain
      reaction, as well as for production of cytokines and levels of T-cell receptor
      (TCR) in lipid raft fractions. T-cell function was analyzed by intraperitoneal
      injection of CD4(+)CD62L(+) naive T cells into RAG2-deficient mice. RESULTS:
      Levels of core fucosylation were increased on T cells from mice with colitis,
      compared with mice without colitis, as well as on inflamed mucosa from patients
      with IBD, compared with their noninflamed tissues or tissues from control
      patients. Fut8(-/-) mice developed less-severe colitis than Fut8(+/+) mice, and T
      cells from Fut8(-/-) mice produced lower levels of T-helper 1 and 2 cytokines.
      Adoptive transfer of Fut8(-/-) T cells to RAG2-deficient mice reduced the
      severity of colitis. Compared with CD4(+) T cells from Fut8(+/+) mice, those from
      Fut8(-/-) mice expressed similar levels of TCR and CD28, but these proteins did
      not contain core fucosylation. TCR complexes formed on CD4(+) T cells from Fut8(
      /-) mice did not signal properly after activation and were not transported to
      lipid rafts. CONCLUSIONS: Core fucosylation of the TCR is required for T-cell
      signaling and production of inflammatory cytokines and induction of colitis in
      mice. Levels of TCR core fucosylation are increased on T cells from intestinal
      tissues of patients with IBD; this process might be blocked as a therapeutic
      strategy.

PMID- 26965518
TI  - Reversible normalisation of serum TSH levels in patients with autoimmune atrophic
      gastritis who received L-T4 in tablet form after switching to an oral liquid
      formulation: a case series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: L-thyroxine (L-T4) malabsorption is a potential concern in patients
      with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. METHODS: We evaluated five patients with
      autoimmune gastritis, who showed high serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels (in the
      hypothyroid range) while in therapy with L-T4 in tablet. All patients were
      switched to receive an oral L-T4 liquid formulation maintaining the same dosage.
      RESULTS: In all patients who received L-T4 in tablet form after switching to an
      oral liquid formulation with the same L-T4 dosage, TSH circulating levels were
      normalized. In four patients who were switched back again to receive L-T4 in
      tablets, maintaining the dosage, TSH levels worsened again reaching levels in the
      hypothyroid range. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that the change from tablets to liquid
      oral formulation normalised serum TSH levels, and that switching back to tablets
      caused thyrotropin levels to worsen, leads us to believe that absorption of L-T4
      is greater with oral liquid formulations in these patients. These results suggest
      that the L-T4 oral liquid formulation could circumvent the pH alteration
      resulting from atrophic gastritis.

PMID- 26965519
TI  - A model for preemptive maintenance of medical linear accelerators-predictive
      maintenance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unscheduled accelerator downtime can negatively impact the quality of
      life of patients during their struggle against cancer. Currently digital data
      accumulated in the accelerator system is not being exploited in a systematic
      manner to assist in more efficient deployment of service engineering resources.
      The purpose of this study is to develop an effective process for detecting
      unexpected deviations in accelerator system operating parameters and/or
      performance that predicts component failure or system dysfunction and allows
      maintenance to be performed prior to the actuation of interlocks. METHODS: The
      proposed predictive maintenance (PdM) model is as follows: 1) deliver a daily
      quality assurance (QA) treatment; 2) automatically transfer and interrogate the
      resulting log files; 3) once baselines are established, subject daily operating
      and performance values to statistical process control (SPC) analysis; 4)
      determine if any alarms have been triggered; and 5) alert facility and system
      service engineers. A robust volumetric modulated arc QA treatment is delivered to
      establish mean operating values and perform continuous sampling and monitoring
      using SPC methodology. Chart limits are calculated using a hybrid technique that
      includes the use of the standard SPC 3sigma limits and an empirical factor based
      on the parameter/system specification. RESULTS: There are 7 accelerators
      currently under active surveillance. Currently 45 parameters plus each MLC leaf
      (120) are analyzed using Individual and Moving Range (I/MR) charts. The initial
      warning and alarm rule is as follows: warning (2 out of 3 consecutive values >=
      2sigma hybrid) and alarm (2 out of 3 consecutive values or 3 out of 5 consecutive
      values >= 3sigma hybrid). A customized graphical user interface provides a means
      to review the SPC charts for each parameter and a visual color code to alert the
      reviewer of parameter status. Forty-five synthetic errors/changes were introduced
      to test the effectiveness of our initial chart limits. Forty-three of the forty
      five errors (95.6 %) were detected in either the I or MR chart for each of the
      subsystems monitored. CONCLUSION: Our PdM model shows promise in providing a
      means for reducing unscheduled downtime. Long term monitoring will be required to
      establish the effectiveness of the model.

PMID- 26965520
TI  - Obituary: A Remembrance of Robert S. Siffert MD (1918-2015).

PMID- 26965522
TI  - Uncovering the mystery of Ebola virus entry: Lock and key.

PMID- 26965521
TI  - An exceptional fossil skull from South America and the origins of the
      archosauriform radiation.
AB  - Birds, dinosaurs, crocodilians, pterosaurs and their close relatives form the
      highly diverse clade Archosauriformes. Archosauriforms have a deep evolutionary
      history, originating in the late Permian, prior to the end-Permian mass
      extinction, and radiating in the Triassic to dominate Mesozoic ecosystems.
      However, the origins of this clade and its extraordinarily successful body plan
      remain obscure. Here, we describe an exceptionally preserved fossil skull from
      the Lower Triassic of Brazil, representing a new species, Teyujagua paradoxa,
      transitional in morphology between archosauriforms and more primitive reptiles.
      This skull reveals for the first time the mosaic assembly of key features of the
      archosauriform skull, including the antorbital and mandibular fenestrae, serrated
      teeth, and closed lower temporal bar. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Teyujagua as
      the sister taxon to Archosauriformes, and is congruent with a two-phase model of
      early archosauriform evolution, in response to two mass extinctions occurring at
      the end of the Guadalupian and the Permian. 

PMID- 26965523
TI  - Establishing guidelines for CAR-T cells: challenges and considerations.
AB  - T cells, genetically modified by chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T), are endowed
      with specificity to a desired antigen and are cytotoxic to cells expressing the
      targeted antigen. CAR-T-based cancer immunotherapy is a promising therapy for
      curing hematological malignancy, such as acute lymphoid leukemia, and is
      promising for extending their efficacy to defeat solid tumors. To date, dozens of
      different CAR-T cells have been evaluated in clinical trials to treat tumors;
      this necessitates the establishment of guidelines for the production and
      application of CAR-T cells. However, it is challenging to standardize CAR-T
      cancer therapy because it involves a combination of gene therapy and cell
      therapy. In this review, we compare the existing guidelines for CAR-T cells and
      discuss the challenges and considerations for establishing guidance for CAR-T
      based cancer immunotherapy. 

PMID- 26965524
TI  - Emerging roles of NudC family: from molecular regulation to clinical
      implications.
AB  - Nuclear distribution gene C (NudC) was first found in Aspergillus nidulans as an
      upstream regulator of NudF, whose mammalian homolog is Lissencephaly 1 (Lis1).
      NudC is conserved from fungi to mammals. Vertebrate NudC has three homologs:
      NudC, NudC-like protein (NudCL), and NudC-like protein 2 (NudCL2). All members of
      the NudC family share a conserved p23 domain, which possesses chaperone activity
      both in conjunction with and independently of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Our
      group and the others found that NudC homologs were involved in cell cycle
      regulation by stabilizing the components of the LIS1/dynein complex.
      Additionally, NudC plays important roles in cell migration, ciliogenesis,
      thrombopoiesis, and the inflammatory response. It has been reported that NudCL is
      essential for the stability of the dynein intermediate chain and ciliogenesis via
      its interaction with the dynein 2 complex. Our data showed that NudCL2 regulates
      the LIS1/dynein pathway by stabilizing LIS1 with Hsp90 chaperone. The fourth
      distantly related member of the NudC family, CML66, a tumor-associated antigen in
      human leukemia, contains a p23 domain and appears to promote oncogenesis by
      regulating the IGF-1R-MAPK signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize our
      current knowledge of the NudC family and highlight its potential clinical
      relevance. 

PMID- 26965516
TI  - Identification of Susceptibility Loci and Genes for Colorectal Cancer Risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Known genetic factors explain only a small fraction of genetic
      variation in colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a genome-wide association
      study to identify risk loci for CRC. METHODS: This discovery stage included 8027
      cases and 22,577 controls of East-Asian ancestry. Promising variants were
      evaluated in studies including as many as 11,044 cases and 12,047 controls. Tumor
      adjacent normal tissues from 188 patients were analyzed to evaluate correlations
      of risk variants with expression levels of nearby genes. Potential functionality
      of risk variants were evaluated using public genomic and epigenomic databases.
      RESULTS: We identified 4 loci associated with CRC risk; P values for the most
      significant variant in each locus ranged from 3.92 * 10(-8) to 1.24 * 10(-12):
      6p21.1 (rs4711689), 8q23.3 (rs2450115, rs6469656), 10q24.3 (rs4919687), and
      12p13.3 (rs11064437). We also identified 2 risk variants at loci previously
      associated with CRC: 10q25.2 (rs10506868) and 20q13.3 (rs6061231). These risk
      variants, conferring an approximate 10%-18% increase in risk per allele, are
      located either inside or near protein-coding genes that include transcription
      factor EB (lysosome biogenesis and autophagy), eukaryotic translation initiation
      factor 3, subunit H (initiation of translation), cytochrome P450, family 17,
      subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (steroidogenesis), splA/ryanodine receptor domain and
      SOCS box containing 2 (proteasome degradation), and ribosomal protein S2
      (ribosome biogenesis). Gene expression analyses showed a significant association
      (P < .05) for rs4711689 with transcription factor EB, rs6469656 with eukaryotic
      translation initiation factor 3, subunit H, rs11064437 with splA/ryanodine
      receptor domain and SOCS box containing 2, and rs6061231 with ribosomal protein
      S2. CONCLUSIONS: We identified susceptibility loci and genes associated with CRC
      risk, linking CRC predisposition to steroid hormone, protein synthesis and
      degradation, and autophagy pathways and providing added insight into the
      mechanism of CRC pathogenesis.

PMID- 26965526
TI  - Making time for mindfulness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Digital mental wellbeing interventions are increasingly being used by
      the general public as well as within clinical treatment. Among these, mindfulness
      and meditation programs delivered through mobile device applications are gaining
      popularity. However, little is known about how people use and experience such
      applications and what are the enabling factors and barriers to effective use. To
      address this gap, the study reported here sought to understand how users adopt
      and experience a popular mobile-based mindfulness intervention. METHODS: A
      qualitative semi-structured interview study was carried out with 16 participants
      aged 25-38 (M=32.5) using the commercially popular mindfulness application
      Headspace for 30-40days. All participants were employed and living in a large UK
      city. The study design and interview schedule were informed by an autoethnography
      carried out by the first author for thirty days before the main study began.
      Results were interpreted in terms of the Reasoned Action Approach to understand
      behaviour change. RESULTS: The core concern of users was fitting the application
      into their busy lives. Use was also influenced by patterns in daily routines, on
      going reflections about the consequences of using the app, perceived self
      efficacy, emotion and mood states, personal relationships and social norms.
      Enabling factors for use included positive attitudes towards mindfulness and use
      of the app, realistic expectations and positive social influences. Barriers to
      use were found to be busy lifestyles, lack of routine, strong negative emotions
      and negative perceptions of mindfulness. CONCLUSIONS: Mobile wellbeing
      interventions should be designed with consideration of people's beliefs,
      affective states and lifestyles, and should be flexible to meet the needs of
      different users. Designers should incorporate features in the design of
      applications that manage expectations about use and that support users to fit app
      use into a busy lifestyle. The Reasoned Action Approach was found to be a useful
      theory to inform future research and design of persuasive mental wellbeing
      technologies.

PMID- 26965525
TI  - Hurdles of CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapy directed against solid tumors.
AB  - Recent reports on the impressive efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)
      modified T cells against hematologic malignancies have inspired oncologists to
      extend these efforts for the treatment of solid tumors. Clinical trials of CAR-T
      based cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors showed that the efficacies are not as
      remarkable as in the case of hematologic malignancies. There are several
      challenges that researchers must face when treating solid cancers with CAR-T
      cells, these include choosing an ideal target, promoting efficient trafficking
      and infiltration, overcoming the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and avoiding
      associated toxicity. In this review, we discuss the obstacles imposed by solid
      tumors on CAR-T cell-based immunotherapy and strategies adopted to improve the
      therapeutic potential of this approach. Continued investigations are necessary to
      improve therapeutic outcomes and decrease the adverse effects of CAR-T cell
      therapy in patients with solid malignancies in the future. 

PMID- 26965528
TI  - Reconstruction of Congenital Nose, Cleft Primary Palate, and Lip Disorders.
AB  - Clefts of the primary palate in the dog are uncommon, and their repair can be
      challenging. The aims of this article are to provide information regarding
      pathogenesis and convey practical information for the repair of these defects. 

PMID- 26965527
TI  - Cortisol response to acute stress in asthma: Moderation by depressive mood.
AB  - Both individuals with asthma and depression show signs of a dysregulated
      hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, little is known about the cortisol
      response to stress in the context of co-occurring asthma and depressive mood.
      Thirty-nine individuals with asthma and 41 healthy controls underwent a combined
      speech and mental arithmetic stressor. During the course of the laboratory
      session, salivary cortisol was collected 5 times, with 1 sample at 0min before
      the stressor and 4 samples at 0, 15, 30 and 45min after the stressor. Depressive
      mood in the past week was assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      at the beginning of the session. Depressive symptoms moderated cortisol response
      to the acute stressor, but only among asthmatic patients. Higher depressive mood
      was associated with a significant increase in cortisol, whereas low depressive
      mood was associated with no cortisol response. In healthy participants,
      depressive mood had no substantial effect on cortisol response to the stressor.
      These findings suggest that depressive mood and chronic inflammatory diseases
      such as asthma can interact to augment cortisol response to stress. 

PMID- 26965529
TI  - Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration 4 to 5 Years after Cataract Surgery.

PMID- 26965531
TI  - [Innovation in healthcare processes and patient safety using clinical
      simulation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Many excellent ideas are never implemented or generalised by
      healthcare organisations. There are two related paradigms: thinking that
      individuals primarily change through accumulating knowledge, and believing that
      the dissemination of that knowledge within the organisation is the key element to
      facilitate change. As an alternative, a description and evaluation of a
      simulation-based inter-professional team training program conducted in a Regional
      Health Service to promote and facilitate change is presented. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The Department of Continuing Education completed the needs assessment
      using the proposals presented by clinical units and management. Skills and
      behaviors that could be learned using simulation were selected, and all personnel
      from the units participating were included. Experiential learning principles
      based on clinical simulation and debriefing, were used for the instructional
      design. The Kirkpatrick model was used to evaluate the program. RESULTS:
      Objectives included: a) decision-making and teamwork skills training in high
      prevalence diseases with a high rate of preventable complications; b) care
      processes reorganisation to improve efficiency, while maintaining patient safety;
      and, c) implementation of new complex techniques with a long learning curve, and
      high preventable complications rate. Thirty clinical units organised 39 training
      programs in the 3 public hospitals, and primary care of the Regional Health
      Service during 2013-2014. Over 1,559 healthcare professionals participated,
      including nursing assistants, nurses and physicians. CONCLUSION: Simulation in
      healthcare to train inter-professional teams can promote and facilitate change in
      patient care, and organisational re-engineering.

PMID- 26965530
TI  - Serum fibroblast growth factor 23, serum iron and bone mineral density in
      premenopausal women.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) circulates as active protein and inactive
      fragments. Low iron status increases FGF23 gene expression, and iron deficiency
      is common. We hypothesized that in healthy premenopausal women, serum iron
      influences C-terminal and intact FGF23 concentrations, and that iron and FGF23
      associate with bone mineral density (BMD). Serum iron, iron binding capacity,
      percent iron saturation, phosphorus, and other biochemistries were measured in
      stored fasting samples from healthy premenopausal white (n=1898) and black women
      (n=994), age 20-55years. Serum C-terminal and intact FGF23 were measured in a
      subset (1631 white and 296 black women). BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and
      femur neck. Serum phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase and creatinine were
      lower in white women than black women (p<0.001). Serum iron (p<0.0001) and intact
      FGF23 (p<0.01) were higher in white women. C-terminal FGF23 did not differ
      between races. Phosphorus correlated with intact FGF23 (white women, r=0.120,
      p<0.0001; black women r=0.163, p<0.01). However, phosphorus correlated with C
      terminal FGF23 only in black women (r=0.157, p<0.01). Intact FGF23 did not
      correlate with iron. C-terminal FGF23 correlated inversely with iron (white women
      r=-0.134, p<0.0001; black women r=-0.188, p<0.01), having a steeper slope at iron
      <50mcg/dl than >=50mcg/dl. Longitudinal changes in iron predicted changes in C
      terminal FGF23. Spine BMD correlated with iron negatively (r=-0.076, p<0.01) in
      white women; femur neck BMD correlated with iron negatively (r=-0.119, p<0.0001)
      in black women. Both relationships were eliminated in weight-adjusted models. BMD
      did not correlate with FGF23. Serum iron did not relate to intact FGF23, but was
      inversely related to C-terminal FGF23. Intact FGF23 correlated with serum
      phosphorus. In weight-adjusted models, BMD was not related to intact FGF23, C
      terminal FGF23 or iron. The influence of iron on FGF23 gene expression is not
      important in determining bone density in healthy premenopausal women. 

PMID- 26965533
TI  - Commercial Use of MVR: What Have We Learned and What Do We Need to Know?

PMID- 26965532
TI  - Initial Experience With Commercial Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair in the
      United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transcatheter mitral valve (MV) repair with the MitraClip received
      approval in 2013 for the treatment of prohibitive-risk patients with primary
      mitral regurgitation (MR). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to report the
      initial U.S. commercial experience with transcatheter MV repair. METHODS: Data
      from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology
      Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry on patients commercially treated with this
      percutaneous mitral valve repair device were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 564 patients
      (56% men, median age 83 years), severe symptoms were present in 473 (86.0%). The
      median Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality scores for MV
      repair and replacement were 7.9% (interquartile range: 4.7% to 12.2%) and 10.0%
      (interquartile range: 6.3% to 14.5%), respectively. Frailty was noted in 323
      patients (57.3%). Transcatheter MV repair was performed for degenerative disease,
      present in 90.8% of patients. Overall, MR was reduced to grade <=2 in 93.0%. In
      hospital mortality was 2.3%; 30-day mortality was 5.8%. Other 30-day events were
      stroke (1.8%), bleeding (2.6%), and device-related complications (1.4%). The
      median length of stay was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 to 6 days), with 84.0%
      patients discharged home. Overall, procedure success occurred in 90.6%. Variables
      associated with reduction in MR were end-diastolic dimension, MR severity, clip
      location, and case volume. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of the initial commercial
      U.S. experience, it was found that procedural success was achieved in
      approximately 91% of patients, and the majority of patients were discharged home
      with moderate or less MR. These data support the effectiveness of this therapy in
      appropriately selected high-risk patients in a commercial setting. Further study
      is required to determine the long-term impact of transcatheter MV repair in this
      patient population.

PMID- 26965534
TI  - Platelet Inhibition With Ticagrelor 60 mg Versus 90 mg Twice Daily in the PEGASUS
      TIMI 54 Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The PEGASUS-TIMI 54 (Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients
      with Prior Heart Attack Using Ticagrelor Compared to Placebo on a Background of
      Aspirin-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 54) trial studied 2 doses of
      ticagrelor, 90 mg twice a day (bid) and 60 mg bid, for long-term prevention of
      ischemic events in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Both doses
      similarly reduced the rate of ischemic events versus placebo. The
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor 60 mg bid have not been
      studied. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the authors sought to study the
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for ticagrelor 60 mg compared with 90 mg
      bid. METHODS: A total of 180 patients who received >4 weeks of study medication
      had blood sampling in the morning pre-maintenance dose and again 2 h post-dose.
      All patients received aspirin. Plasma levels of ticagrelor and its active
      metabolite AR-C124910XX were determined. P2Y12 inhibition was assessed by the
      VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (Accumetrics, Inc., San Diego, California) (P2Y12 reaction
      units [PRU]), light transmittance aggregometry (adenosine diphosphate 5 and 20
      MUmol/l and arachidonic acid), and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein
      phosphorylation assays. VerifyNow Aspirin assays and serum thromboxane B2
      measurements were performed. RESULTS: Mean pre- and post-dose plasma levels of
      ticagrelor were 35% and 38% lower, respectively, with 60 mg versus 90 mg. Both
      doses achieved high levels of platelet inhibition pre- and post-dose, with
      numerically slightly more variability with 60 mg: mean (SD) pre-dose PRU values
      were 59 +/- 63 and 47 +/- 43 for ticagrelor 60 and 90 mg, respectively (p =
      0.34). High platelet reactivity, determined as PRU >208, was rare with the 60-mg
      pre-dose and was absent post-dose. Platelet reactivity pre- and post-dose, as
      measured by light transmittance aggregometry or vasodilator-stimulated
      phosphoprotein assays, was numerically but not significantly lower with 90 mg
      than with 60 mg. Aspirin response was not affected by either dose. CONCLUSIONS:
      Ticagrelor 60 mg bid achieved high levels of peak and trough platelet inhibition
      in nearly all patients, similar to that with 90 mg bid, helping to explain the
      efficacy of the lower ticagrelor dose in PEGASUS-TIMI 54.

PMID- 26965535
TI  - The Yin and Yang of Long-Term Dual Antiplatelet Therapy.

PMID- 26965537
TI  - Microvascular (Dys)Function and Clinical Outcome in Stable Coronary Disease.

PMID- 26965536
TI  - Coronary Flow Reserve and Microcirculatory Resistance in Patients With
      Intermediate Coronary Stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognostic impact of microvascular status in patients with high
      fractional flow reserve (FFR) is not clear. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study
      was to investigate the implications of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and the index
      of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) in patients who underwent FFR measurement.
      METHODS: Patients with high FFR (>0.80) were grouped according to CFR (<=2) and
      IMR (>=23 U) levels: group A, high CFR with low IMR; group B, high CFR with high
      IMR; group C, low CFR with low IMR; and group D, low CFR with high IMR. Patient
      oriented composite outcome (POCO) of any death, myocardial infarction, and
      revascularization was assessed. The median follow-up was 658 days (interquartile
      range: 503.8 to 1,139.3 days). RESULTS: A total of 313 patients (663 vessels)
      were assessed with FFR, CFR, and IMR. Correlation (r = 0.201; p < 0.001) and
      categorical agreement (kappa value = 0.178; p < 0.001) between FFR and CFR were
      modest. Low CFR was associated with higher POCO than high CFR (p = 0.034). There
      were no significant differences in clinical and angiographic characteristics
      among groups. Patients with high IMR with low CFR had the highest POCO (p =
      0.002). Overt microvascular disease (p = 0.008), multivessel disease (p = 0.033),
      and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.033) were independent predictors of POCO. Inclusion
      of a physiological index significantly improved the discriminant function of a
      predictive model (relative integrated discrimination improvement 0.467 [p =
      0.037]; category-free net reclassification index 0.648 [p = 0.007]). CONCLUSIONS:
      CFR and IMR improved the risk stratification of patients with high FFR. Low CFR
      with high IMR was associated with poor prognosis. (Clinical, Physiological and
      Prognostic Implication of Microvascular Status; NCT02186093).

PMID- 26965539
TI  - Influence of Chronic Renal Failure on Cardiac Structure.

PMID- 26965538
TI  - Echocardiography Criteria for Structural Heart Disease in Patients With End-Stage
      Renal Disease Initiating Hemodialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease among hemodialysis (HD) patients is linked to
      poor outcomes. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Workgroup proposed
      echocardiographic (ECHO) criteria for structural heart disease (SHD) in dialysis
      patients. The association of SHD with important patient outcomes is not well
      defined. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine prevalence of ECHO-determined
      SHD and its association with survival among incident HD patients. METHODS: We
      analyzed patients who began chronic HD from 2001 to 2013 who underwent ECHO <=1
      month prior to or <=3 months following initiation of HD (n = 654). RESULTS: Mean
      patient age was 66 +/- 16 years, and 60% of patients were male. ECHO findings
      that met 1 or more and >=3 of the new criteria were discovered in 87% and 54% of
      patients, respectively. Over a median of 2.4 years, 415 patients died: 108 (26%)
      died within 6 months. Five-year mortality was 62%. Age- and sex-adjusted
      structural heart disease variables associated with death were left ventricular
      ejection fraction (LVEF) <=45% (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.48; confidence interval
      [CI]: 1.20 to 1.83) and right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction (HR: 1.68;
      CI: 1.35 to 2.07). An additive of higher death risk included LVEF <=45% and RV
      systolic dysfunction rather than neither (HR: 2.04; CI: 1.57 to 2.67; p = 0.53
      for test for interaction). Following adjustment for age, sex, race, diabetic
      kidney disease, and dialysis access, RV dysfunction was independently associated
      with death (HR: 1.66; CI 1.34 to 2.06; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SHD was common in
      our HD study population, and RV systolic dysfunction independently predicted
      mortality.

PMID- 26965541
TI  - Cardiologists Are Accountable to Determine the Need for ICD Therapy After
      Myocardial Infarction.

PMID- 26965540
TI  - Predicting Persistent Left Ventricular Dysfunction Following Myocardial
      Infarction: The PREDICTS Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Persistent severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction after
      myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with increased mortality and is a class
      I indication for implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator. OBJECTIVES: This
      study developed models and assessed independent predictors of LV recovery to >35%
      and >=50% after 90-day follow-up in patients presenting with acute MI and severe
      LV dysfunction. METHODS: Our multicenter prospective observational study enrolled
      participants with ejection fraction (EF) of <=35% at the time of MI (n = 231).
      Predictors for EF recovery to >35% and >=50% were identified after multivariate
      modeling and validated in a separate cohort (n = 236). RESULTS: In the PREDICTS
      (PREDiction of ICd Treatment Study) study, 43% of patients had persistent EF
      <=35%, 31% had an EF of 36% to 49%, and 26% had an EF >=50%. The model that best
      predicted recovery of EF to >35% included EF at presentation, length of stay,
      prior MI, lateral wall motion abnormality at presentation, and peak troponin. The
      model that best predicted recovery of EF to >=50% included EF at presentation,
      peak troponin, prior MI, and presentation with ventricular fibrillation or
      cardiac arrest. After predictors were transformed into point scores, the lowest
      point scores predicted a 9% and 4% probability of EF recovery to >35% and >=50%,
      respectively, whereas profiles with the highest point scores predicted an 87% and
      49% probability of EF recovery to >35% and >=50%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In
      patients with severe systolic dysfunction following acute MI with an EF <=35%,
      57% had EF recovery to >35%. A model using clinical variables present at the time
      of MI can help predict EF recovery.

PMID- 26965543
TI  - Pharmacometabolomics Meets Genetics: A "Natural" Clinical Trial of Statin
      Effects.

PMID- 26965544
TI  - Long Noncoding RNAs: From Clinical Genetics to Therapeutic Targets?
AB  - Recent studies suggest that the majority of the human genome is transcribed, but
      only about 2% accounts for protein-coding exons. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
      constitute a heterogenic class of RNAs that includes, for example, intergenic
      lncRNAs, antisense transcripts, and enhancer RNAs. Moreover, alternative splicing
      can lead to the formation of circular RNAs. In support of putative functions,
      GWAS for cardiovascular diseases have shown predictive single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms in lncRNAs, such as the 9p21 susceptibility locus that encodes the
      lncRNA antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL). Many lncRNAs are
      regulated during disease. For example, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma
      transcript 1 (MALAT1) and myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) were
      shown to affect endothelial cell functions and diabetic retinopathy, whereas
      lincRNA-p21 controls neointima formation. In the heart, several lncRNAs were
      shown to act as microRNA sponges and to control ischemia-reperfusion injury or
      act as epigenetic regulators. In this review, the authors summarize the current
      understanding of lncRNA functions and their role as biomarkers in cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 26965545
TI  - Fasting or Nonfasting Lipid Measurements: It Depends on the Question.
AB  - In the 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association
      Guideline (AHA) on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic
      Cardiovascular Risk in Adults, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol treatment
      thresholds have been replaced with a focus on global risk. In this context, we re
      examine the need for fasting lipid measurements in various clinical scenarios
      including estimating initial risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in a
      primary prevention patient; screening for familial lipid disorders in a patient
      with a strong family history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
      or genetic dyslipidemia; clarifying a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome so it can
      be used to make lifestyle counseling more effective; assessing residual risk in a
      treated patient; diagnosing and treating patients with suspected
      hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis; or diagnosing hypertriglyceridemia in patients
      who require therapy for other conditions that may further elevate triglycerides.
      Posing a specific question can aid the clinician in understanding when fasting
      lipids are needed and when nonfasting lipids are adequate.

PMID- 26965542
TI  - Metabolomic Profiling of Statin Use and Genetic Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Statins are first-line therapy for cardiovascular disease prevention,
      but their systemic effects across lipoprotein subclasses, fatty acids, and
      circulating metabolites remain incompletely characterized. OBJECTIVES: This study
      sought to determine the molecular effects of statin therapy on multiple metabolic
      pathways. METHODS: Metabolic profiles based on serum nuclear magnetic resonance
      metabolomics were quantified at 2 time points in 4 population-based cohorts from
      the United Kingdom and Finland (N = 5,590; 2.5 to 23.0 years of follow-up).
      Concentration changes in 80 lipid and metabolite measures during follow-up were
      compared between 716 individuals who started statin therapy and 4,874 persistent
      nonusers. To further understand the pharmacological effects of statins, we used
      Mendelian randomization to assess associations of a genetic variant known to
      mimic inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (the intended drug target) with the same
      lipids and metabolites for 27,914 individuals from 8 population-based cohorts.
      RESULTS: Starting statin therapy was associated with numerous lipoprotein and
      fatty acid changes, including substantial lowering of remnant cholesterol (80%
      relative to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]), but only modest
      lowering of triglycerides (25% relative to LDL-C). Among fatty acids, omega-6
      levels decreased the most (68% relative to LDL-C); other fatty acids were only
      modestly affected. No robust changes were observed for circulating amino acids,
      ketones, or glycolysis-related metabolites. The intricate metabolic changes
      associated with statin use closely matched the association pattern with rs12916
      in the HMGCR gene (R(2) = 0.94, slope 1.00 +/- 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Statin use
      leads to extensive lipid changes beyond LDL-C and appears efficacious for
      lowering remnant cholesterol. Metabolomic profiling, however, suggested minimal
      effects on amino acids. The results exemplify how detailed metabolic
      characterization of genetic proxies for drug targets can inform indications,
      pleiotropic effects, and pharmacological mechanisms.

PMID- 26965546
TI  - Seven Deadly Sins of Health Care: Part II.

PMID- 26965547
TI  - Rehospitalization Is a Major Determinant of Inpatient Care Costs in Adult
      Congenital Heart Disease.

PMID- 26965548
TI  - Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Type B Aortic Dissection: Analysis Among
      Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Patients.

PMID- 26965549
TI  - Benefit of Exercise in Atrial Fibrillation: Diastolic Function Matters!

PMID- 26965550
TI  - Reply: Benefit of Exercise in Atrial Fibrillation: Diastolic Function Matters!

PMID- 26965551
TI  - Mechanisms of Late and Very Late Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Thrombosis: Is
      it Only About Flow?

PMID- 26965552
TI  - Reply: Mechanisms of Late and Very Late Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold
      Thrombosis: Is it Only About Flow?

PMID- 26965553
TI  - Are viscoelastic tests essential in polytrauma patient resuscitation?

PMID- 26965554
TI  - Clinical practice guideline on thromboprophylaxis and management of anticoagulant
      and antiplatelet drugs in neurosurgical and neurocritical patients.

PMID- 26965555
TI  - Ultrasound-guided transthecal digital block.

PMID- 26965556
TI  - Bone cement implantation syndrome: A case report.

PMID- 26965557
TI  - The molecular organization of the beta-sheet region in Corneous beta-proteins
      (beta-keratins) of sauropsids explains its stability and polymerization into
      filaments.
AB  - The hard corneous material of avian and reptilian scales, claws, beak and
      feathers is mainly derived from the presence of proteins formerly known as beta
      keratins but now termed Corneous beta-proteins of sauropsids to distinguish them
      from keratins, which are members of the intermediate filament protein family. The
      modeling of the conserved 34 amino acid residues long central beta-sheet region
      of Corneous beta-proteins using an ab initio protein folding and structure
      prediction algorithm indicates that this region is formed by four antiparallel
      beta-sheets. Molecular dynamic simulations and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson
      Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) analysis showed that the disposition of polar
      and apolar amino acids within the beta-region gives rise to an amphipathic core
      whose stability is further increased, especially in an aqueous environment, by
      the association into a dimer due to apolar interactions and specific amino-acid
      interactions. The dimers in turn polymerize into a 3nm thick linear beta-filament
      due to van der Waals and hydrogen-bond interactions. It is suggested that once
      this nuclear core of anti-parallel sheets evolved in the genome of a reptilian
      ancestor of the extant reptiles and birds about 300 millions years ago, new
      properties emerged in the corneous material forming scales, claws, beaks and
      feathers in these amniotes based on the tendency of these unique corneous
      proteins to form stable filaments different from keratin intermediate filaments
      or sterical structures formed by other corneous proteins so far known.

PMID- 26965558
TI  - Structural analysis of Gossypium hirsutum fibers grown under greenhouse and
      hydroponic conditions.
AB  - Cotton is the one of the world's most important crops. Like any other crop,
      cotton growth/development and fiber quality is highly dependent on environmental
      factors. Increasing global weather instability has been negatively impacting its
      economy. Cotton is a crop that exerts an intensive pressure over natural
      resources (land and water) and demands an overuse of pesticides. Thus, the search
      for alternative cotton culture methods that are pesticide-free (biocotton) and
      enable customized standard fiber quality should be encouraged. Here we describe a
      culture of Gossypium hirsutum ("Upland" Cotton) utilizing a greenhouse and
      hydroponics in which the fibers are morphological similar to conventional
      cultures and structurally fit into the classical two-phase cellulose I model with
      4.19nm crystalline domains surrounded by amorphous regions. These fibers exhibit
      a single crystalline form of cellulose I-Ibeta, monoclinic unit cell. Fiber
      quality bulk analysis shows an improved length, strength, whiteness when compared
      with soil-based cultures. Finally, we show that our fibers can be spun, used for
      production of non-woven fabrics and indigo-vat stained demonstrating its
      potential in industrial and commercial applications.

PMID- 26965559
TI  - The Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Bladder Pain Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) pathology is poorly understood. Treatment
      strategies are empirical, with limited efficacy, and affected patients have
      diminished quality of life. OBJECTIVE: We examined the hypothesis that
      inflammatory mediators within the bladder contribute to BPS pathology. DESIGN,
      SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen women with BPS and 15 women with stress
      urinary incontinence without bladder pain were recruited from Cork University
      Maternity Hospital from October 2011 to October 2012. During cystoscopy, 5-mm
      bladder biopsies were taken and processed for gene expression analysis. The
      effect of the identified genes was tested in laboratory animals. OUTCOME MEASURES
      AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We studied the expression of 96 inflammation-related
      genes in diseased and healthy bladders. We measured the correlation between genes
      and patient clinical profiles using the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS
      AND LIMITATIONS: Analysis revealed 15 differentially expressed genes, confirmed
      in a replication study. FGF7 and CCL21 correlated significantly with clinical
      outcomes. Intravesical CCL21 instillation in rats caused increased bladder
      excitability and increased c-fos activity in spinal cord neurons. CCL21 atypical
      receptor knockout mice showed significantly more c-fos upon bladder stimulation
      with CCL21 than wild-type littermates. There was no change in FGF7-treated
      animals. The variability in patient samples presented as the main limitation. We
      used principal component analysis to identify similarities within the patient
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified two biologically relevant inflammatory
      mediators in BPS and demonstrated an increase in nociceptive signalling with
      CCL21. Manipulation of this ligand is a potential new therapeutic strategy for
      BPS. PATIENT SUMMARY: We compared gene expression in bladder biopsies of patients
      with bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and controls without pain and identified two
      genes that were increased in BPS patients and correlated with clinical profiles.
      We tested the effect of these genes in laboratory animals, confirming their role
      in bladder pain. Manipulating these genes in BPS is a potential treatment
      strategy.

PMID- 26965560
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Mirabegron Add-on Therapy to Solifenacin in Incontinent
      Overactive Bladder Patients with an Inadequate Response to Initial 4-Week
      Solifenacin Monotherapy: A Randomised Double-blind Multicentre Phase 3B Study
      (BESIDE).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incontinence has a greater detrimental effect on quality of life than
      other symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) and is often difficult to treat with
      antimuscarinic monotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and the safety
      and tolerability of combination (solifenacin 5mg and mirabegron 50mg) versus
      solifenacin 5 or 10mg in OAB patients remaining incontinent after 4 wk of
      solifenacin 5mg. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: OAB patients remaining
      incontinent despite daily solifenacin 5mg during 4-wk single-blind run-in were
      randomised 1:1:1 to double-blind daily combination or solifenacin 5 or 10mg for
      12 wk. Patients receiving the combination were initiated on mirabegron 25mg
      increasing to 50mg after week 4. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
      The primary end point was a change from baseline to end of treatment (EOT) in the
      mean number of incontinence episodes per 24h (stratified rank analysis of
      covariance [ANCOVA]). Key secondary end points were a change from baseline to EOT
      in the mean number of micturitions per 24h (ANCOVA) and number of incontinence
      episodes noted in a 3-d diary at EOT (mixed-effects Poisson regression). A trial
      (BESIDE) comparing combination treatment (solifenacin plus mirabegron) with one
      treatment alone (solifenacin) tested the superiority of combination versus
      solifenacin 5mg, noninferiority (and potential superiority) of combination versus
      solifenacin 10mg (key secondary end points), and the safety and tolerability of
      combination therapy versus solifenacin monotherapy. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A
      total of 2174 patients were randomised to combination (n=727), solifenacin 5mg
      (n=728), or solifenacin 10mg (n=719). At EOT, combination was superior to
      solifenacin 5mg, with significant improvements in daily incontinence (p=0.001),
      daily micturitions (p<0.001), and incontinence noted in a 3-d diary (p=0.014).
      Combination was noninferior to solifenacin 10mg for key secondary end points and
      superior to solifenacin 10mg for improving daily micturitions. All treatments
      were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Adding mirabegron 50mg to solifenacin 5mg
      further improved OAB symptoms versus solifenacin 5 or 10mg, and it was well
      tolerated in OAB patients remaining incontinent after initial solifenacin 5mg.
      PATIENT SUMMARY: In this 12-wk study, overactive bladder patients who remained
      incontinent despite initial solifenacin 5mg treatment received additional
      treatment with mirabegron 50mg. Combining mirabegron 50mg with solifenacin 5mg
      was superior to solifenacin 5mg alone in improving symptoms of incontinence and
      frequent urination, and it was well tolerated. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01908829.

PMID- 26965563
TI  - What counts as 'ethics education'?

PMID- 26965561
TI  - Prostate-specific Antigen Decline After 4 Weeks of Treatment with Abiraterone
      Acetate and Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant
      Prostate Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The availability of multiple new treatments for metastatic castration
      resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) mandates earlier treatment switches in the
      absence of a response. A decline in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely
      used to monitor treatment response, but is not validated as an intermediate
      endpoint for overall survival (OS). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association
      between early PSA decline and OS following abiraterone acetate (AA) treatment.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We identified mCRPC patients treated with AA
      before or after docetaxel at the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust between 2006
      and 2014. Early PSA decline was defined as a 30% decrease in PSA at 4 wk relative
      to baseline, and early PSA rise as a 25% increase. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND
      STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Association with OS was analyzed using multivariate Cox
      regression and log-rank analyses. Spearman's rho correlation coefficient (r) was
      calculated to evaluate the association between PSA changes at 4 wk and 12 wk.
      RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: There were 274 patients eligible for this analysis. A
      30% PSA decline at 4 wk was associated with longer OS (25.8 vs 15.1 mo; hazard
      ratio [HR] 0.47, p<0.001), and a 25% PSA rise at 4 wk with shorter OS (15.1 vs
      23.8 mo; HR 1.7, p=0.001) in both univariate and multivariable models. The
      percentage PSA decline at 4 wk was significantly correlated with the percentage
      PSA change at 12 wk (r=0.82; p<0.001). Patients achieving a 30% PSA decline at 4
      wk were 11.7 times more likely to achieve a 50% PSA decrease at 12 wk
      (sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 79.4%). Limitations include the retrospective
      design of this analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients not achieving 30% PSA decline
      after 4 wk of AA have a lower likelihood of achieving PSA response at 12 wk and
      significantly inferior OS. Prospective multicentre validation studies are needed
      to confirm these findings. PATIENT SUMMARY: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is
      commonly used to evaluate response to treatment in metastatic castration
      resistant prostate cancer. Expert recommendations discourage reliance on PSA
      changes earlier than 12 wk after treatment initiation. Our data suggest that
      early PSA changes are associated with survival in patients receiving abiraterone
      acetate.

PMID- 26965562
TI  - Low Incidence of Corticosteroid-associated Adverse Events on Long-term Exposure
      to Low-dose Prednisone Given with Abiraterone Acetate to Patients with Metastatic
      Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abiraterone acetate (AA) is the prodrug of abiraterone, which
      inhibits CYP17A1 and testosterone synthesis and prolongs the survival of patients
      with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). AA plus prednisone
      (P) (AA+P) is approved for the treatment of patients with mCRPC. OBJECTIVE: To
      investigate whether long-term use of low-dose P with or without AA leads to
      corticosteroid-associated adverse events (CA-AEs) in mCRPC patients. DESIGN,
      SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 2267 patients in COU-AA-301 and COU
      AA-302. We used an inclusive Standardized MedDRA Queries-oriented approach to
      identify 112 preferred terms for known CA-AEs, and assessed the incidence of CA
      AEs during 3-mo exposure intervals and across all P exposure levels.
      INTERVENTION: All 2267 patients received 5mg of P twice daily, and 1333/2267
      received AA (1g) plus P. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The CA-AE incidence after any P
      exposure was 25%, 26%, and 23% for any grade, and 5%, 5%, and 4% for grade >=3 CA
      AEs for all patients and the AA+P and P alone groups, respectively. The most
      common any-grade CA-AEs were hyperglycemia (7.4%, 7.8%, and 6.9% for all
      patients, AA+P, and P alone, respectively) and weight increase (4.3%, 3.9%, and
      4.8%, respectively). When assessed by duration of exposure (3-mo intervals up to
      >=30 mo), no discernable trend was observed for CA-AEs, including hyperglycemia
      and weight increase. The investigator-reported study discontinuation rate due to
      CA-AEs was 11/2267 (0.5%), and one patient had a CA-AE resulting in death.
      CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose P given with or without AA is associated with low overall
      incidence of CA-AEs. The frequency of CA-AEs remained low with increased duration
      of exposure to P. PATIENT SUMMARY: We assessed adverse events in patients with
      metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer during long-term treatment with a
      low dose of a corticosteroid. We found that long-term treatment with this low
      dose corticosteroid is safe and tolerable.

PMID- 26965566
TI  - The activation and blockage of CRF type 2 receptors of the medial amygdala alter
      elevated T-maze inhibitory avoidance, an anxiety-related response.
AB  - Previous results show that the activation of CRF type 1 (CRFR1) receptors of the
      medial amygdala (MeA) induces anxiogenic-like effects. The present study
      investigates the role played by medial amygdala CRF type 2 receptors (CRFR2) in
      the modulation of anxiety and panic-related responses. Male Wistar rats were
      administered into the MeA with the CRFR2 agonist urocortin 2 (0.5 e
      1.0MUg/0.2MUl, experiment 1) or with the CRFR2 antagonist astressin 2-B
      (60ng/0.2MUl, experiment 2) and 10min later tested in the elevated T-maze (ETM)
      for inhibitory avoidance and escape measurements. In clinical terms, these
      responses have been respectively related to generalized anxiety and panic
      disorder. In a third experiment, the effects of the combined treatment with
      urocortin 2 (1.0MUg/0.2MUl) and a sub-effective dose of astressin 2-B
      (30ng/0.2MUl) were also investigated. All animals were tested in an open field,
      immediately after the ETM, for locomotor activity assessment. Results showed that
      urocortin 2, in the highest dose administered (1.0MUg/0.2MUl), facilitated ETM
      avoidance, an anxiogenic-like effect. Astressin 2-B, also in the highest dose
      (60ng/0.2MUl), significantly decreased avoidance latencies, an anxiolytic-like
      effect. The lower dose of astressin 2-B (30ng/0.2MUl) did not induce anxiolytic
      like effects but was able to counteract the anxiogenic-like effects of urocortin
      2. None of the compounds administered altered escape responses or locomotor
      activity measurements. These results suggest that CRFR2 in the medial amygdala,
      as CRFR1, selectively modulate an anxiety-related response. 

PMID- 26965567
TI  - Anthocyanin effects on microglia M1/M2 phenotype: Consequence on neuronal
      fractalkine expression.
AB  - Microglia mediate multiple aspects of neuroinflammation, including cytotoxicity,
      repair, regeneration, and immunosuppression due to their ability to acquire
      diverse activation states, or phenotypes. Modulation of microglial phenotype or
      microglia-neuron crosstalk can be an appealing neurotherapeutic strategy.
      Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids found e.g., in berries that has been
      attracting interest due to its neuroprotective potential. However, there are no
      data clarifying the impact of anthocyanins on microglial phenotype or on
      microglia-neuron crosstalk (CX3CR1/CX3CL1). N9 microglia cell line was treated
      with 1MUM cyanidin (Cy), cyanidin-3-glucose (Cy3glc) and a methylated form of
      cyanidin-3-glucose (Met-Cy3glc) in basal conditions and with LPS/IL-4
      stimulation. SH-SY5Y cell line was treated with the conditioned medium of
      microglia and with the anthocyanins alone. At basal conditions, microglia
      treatment with anthocyanins for 24h induced a less pro-inflammatory profile.
      Decreased TNF-alpha mRNA expression was induced either by Cy and Met-Cy3glc. LPS
      markedly increase IL-6 mRNA expression, which was lowered by Cy3glc. IL-1beta LPS
      induced expression was reverted by Cy. Cy increased CX3CL1 mRNA expression in SH
      SY5Y comparing either with control or LPS. Anthocyanins and metabolites were not
      able to shift microglia to an M2 strict phenotype however they did interact with
      microglia biology. There was an attenuation of M1 phenotype and increase of
      neuronal expression of CX3CL1 mRNA. Understanding how flavonoids modulate
      microglia-neuron crosstalk can open new directions for future nutritional
      interventions. 

PMID- 26965568
TI  - Routine handling methods affect behaviour of three-spined sticklebacks in a novel
      test of anxiety.
AB  - Fish are increasingly popular subjects in behavioural and neurobiological
      research. It is therefore important that they are housed and handled
      appropriately to ensure good welfare and reliable scientific findings, and that
      species-appropriate behavioural tests (e.g. of cognitive/affective states) are
      developed. Routine handling of captive animals may cause physiological stress
      responses that lead to anxiety-like states (e.g. increased perception of danger).
      In fish, these may be particularly pronounced when handling during tank-to-tank
      transfer involves removal from water into air. Here we develop and use a new
      combined scototaxis (preference for dark over light areas) and novel-tank-diving
      test, alongside conventional open-field and novel-object tests, to measure the
      effects of transferring three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
      between tanks using a box or net (in and out of water respectively). Preference
      tests for dark over light areas confirmed the presence of scototaxis in this
      species. Open-field and novel-object tests failed to detect any significant
      differences between net and box-handled fish. However, the combined diving and
      scototaxis detected consistent differences between the treatments. Net-handled
      fish spent less time on the dark side of the tank, less time in the bottom third,
      and kept a greater distance from the 'safe' bottom dark area than box-handled
      fish. Possible explanations for this reduction in anxiety-like behaviour in net
      handled fish are discussed. The combined diving and scototaxis test may be a
      sensitive and taxon-appropriate method for measuring anxiety-like states in fish.

PMID- 26965569
TI  - Age and gender-related differences in a spatial memory task in humans.
AB  - Cognitive skills decline with age. Our ability to keep oriented in our
      surrounding environment was demonstrated to be influenced by factors like age and
      gender. Introduction of virtual reality based tasks improved assessment of
      spatial memory in humans. In this study, spatial orientation was assessed in a
      virtual memory task in order to determine the effect of aging and gender on
      navigational skills. Subjects from 45 to 74 years of age were organized in three
      groups (45-54, 55-64, 65-74 years old). Two levels of difficulty were considered.
      Results showed that males outperformed females in 65-74 years-old group. In
      addition to this, females showed a more noticeable poor performance in spatial
      memory than males, since memory differences appeared between all age groups. On
      the other hand, 65-74 year-old males showed an impaired performance in comparison
      with 45-54 year-old group. These results support that spatial memory becomes less
      accurate as we age and gender is an important factor influencing spatial
      orientation skills.

PMID- 26965570
TI  - The misfolded pro-inflammatory protein S100A9 disrupts memory via neurochemical
      remodelling instigating an Alzheimer's disease-like cognitive deficit.
AB  - Memory deficits may develop from a variety of neuropathologies including
      Alzheimer's disease dementia. During neurodegenerative conditions there are
      contributory factors such as neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis involved in
      memory impairment. In the present study, dual properties of S100A9 protein as a
      pro-inflammatory and amyloidogenic agent were explored in the passive avoidance
      memory task along with neurochemical assays in the prefrontal cortex and
      hippocampus of aged mice. S100A9 oligomers and fibrils were generated in vitro
      and verified by AFM, Thioflavin T and A11 antibody binding. Native S100A9 as well
      as S100A9 oligomers and fibrils or their combination were administered
      intranasally over 14 days followed by behavioral and neurochemical analysis. Both
      oligomers and fibrils evoked amnestic activity which correlated with disrupted
      prefrontal cortical and hippocampal dopaminergic neurochemistry. The oligomer
      fibril combination produced similar but weaker neurochemistry to the fibrils
      administered alone but without passive avoidance amnesia. Native S100A9 did not
      modify memory task performance even though it generated a general and consistent
      decrease in monoamine levels (DA, 5-HT and NA) and increased metabolic marker
      ratios of DA and 5-HT turnover (DOPAC/DA, HVA/DA and 5-HIAA) in the prefrontal
      cortex. These results provide insight into a novel pathogenetic mechanism
      underlying amnesia in a fear-aggravated memory task based on amyloidogenesis of a
      pro-inflammatory factor leading to disrupted brain neurochemistry in the aged
      brain. The data further suggests that amyloid species of S100A9 create
      deleterious effects principally on the dopaminergic system and this novel finding
      might be potentially exploited during dementia management through a
      neuroprotective strategy.

PMID- 26965571
TI  - The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in updating reward value and avoiding
      perseveration.
AB  - The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a major role in goal-directed
      behaviours, but it is unclear whether it plays a role in breaking away from a
      high-value reward in order to explore for better options. To address this
      question, we designed a novel 3-arm Bandit Task in which rats were required to
      choose one of three potential reward arms, each of which was associated with a
      different amount of food reward and time-out punishment. After a variable number
      of choice trials the reward locations were shuffled and animals had to disengage
      from the now devalued arm and explore the other options in order to optimise
      payout. Lesion and control groups' behaviours on the task were then analysed by
      fitting data with a reinforcement learning model. As expected, lesioned animals
      obtained less reward overall due to an inability to flexibly adapt their
      behaviours after a change in reward location. However, modelling results showed
      that lesioned animals were no more likely to explore than control animals. We
      also discovered that all animals showed a strong preference for certain maze
      arms, at the expense of reward. This tendency was exacerbated in the lesioned
      animals, with the strongest effects seen in a subset of animals with damage to
      dorsal mPFC. The results confirm a role for mPFC in goal-directed behaviours but
      suggest that rats rely on other areas to resolve the explore-exploit dilemma.

PMID- 26965573
TI  - Altered social cognition in male BDNF heterozygous mice and following chronic
      methamphetamine exposure.
AB  - Growing clinical evidence suggests that persistent psychosis which occurs in
      methamphetamine users is closely related to schizophrenia. However, preclinical
      studies in animal models have focussed on psychosis-related behaviours following
      methamphetamine, and less work has been done to assess endophenotypes relevant to
      other deficits observed in schizophrenia. Altered social behaviour is a feature
      of both the negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and
      significantly impacts patient functioning. We recently found that brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) heterozygous mice show disrupted sensitization to
      methamphetamine, supporting other work suggesting an important role of this
      neurotrophin in the pathophysiology of psychosis and the neuronal response to
      stimulant drugs. In the current study, we assessed social and cognitive
      behaviours in methamphetamine-treated BDNF heterozygous mice and wildtype
      littermate controls. Following chronic methamphetamine exposure male wildtype
      mice showed a 50% reduction in social novelty preference. Vehicle-treated male
      BDNF heterozygous mice showed a similar impairment in social novelty preference,
      with a trend for no further disruption by methamphetamine exposure. Female mice
      were unaffected in this task, and no groups showed any changes in sociability or
      short-term spatial memory. These findings suggest that chronic methamphetamine
      alters behaviour relevant to disruption of social cognition in schizophrenia,
      supporting other studies which demonstrate a close resemblance between persistent
      methamphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia. Together these findings suggest that
      dynamic regulation of BDNF signalling is necessary to mediate the effects of
      methamphetamine on behaviours relevant to schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26965572
TI  - Predator-scent stress, ethanol consumption and the opioid system in an animal
      model of PTSD.
AB  - Emerging literature points to stress exposure as a potential contributor to the
      development of alcohol abuse, but animal models have yielded inconsistent
      results. Converging experimental data indicate that the endogenous opioid system
      modulates alcohol consumption and stress regulation. The aim of the present study
      is to examine the interplay between stress exposure, behavioral stress responses,
      ethanol (EtOH) consumption and the endogenous opioid system in an animal model of
      posttraumatic stress disorder. Rats were exposed to stress and then tested in a
      two-bottle free choice (TBC) assay or in a conditioned place preference paradigm.
      In some experiments, the endogenous opioid system was pharmacologically
      manipulated prior to stress exposure. The behavioral outcomes of stress exposure
      were assessed in an elevated plus-maze, with the acoustic startle response, and
      by monitoring the freezing response to trauma reminder. Immunoreactivity of
      phosphorylated opioid receptors in hippocampal subregions was also measured.
      Stress significantly increased the consumption of EtOH in the TBC assay. The
      severity of the behavioral response to stress was associated with EtOH
      consumption, cue-triggered freezing response to a trauma reminder, and endogenous
      levels of phosphorylated opioid receptors in the hippocampus. Pharmacologically
      manipulating the endogenous opioid system prior to stress exposure attenuated
      trauma cue-triggered freezing responses and blocked predator scent stress-induced
      potentiation of EtOH consumption. These data demonstrate a stress-induced
      potentiation of EtOH self-administration and reveal a clear association between
      individual patterns of the behavioral response to stress and alcohol preference,
      while indicating a role for the endogenous opioid system in the neurobiological
      response to stress.

PMID- 26965574
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia in neurosurgical patients.
AB  - Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte imbalance in neurosurgical patients.
      Acute hyponatraemia is particularly common in neurosurgical patients after any
      type of brain insult, including brain tumours and their treatment, pituitary
      surgery, subarachnoid haemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Acute hyponatraemia
      is an emergency condition, as it leads to cerebral oedema due to passive osmotic
      movement of water from the hypotonic plasma to the relatively hypertonic brain
      which ultimately is the cause of the symptoms associated with hyponatraemia.
      These include decreased level of consciousness, seizures, non-cardiogenic
      pulmonary oedema or transtentorial brain herniation. Prompt treatment is
      mandatory to prevent such complications, minimize permanent brain damage and
      therefore permit rapid recovery after brain insult. The infusion of 3% hypertonic
      saline is the treatment of choice with different rates of administration based on
      the severity of symptoms and the rate of drop in plasma sodium concentration. The
      pathophysiology of hyponatraemia in neurotrauma is multifactorial; although the
      syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIADH) and central adrenal insufficiency
      are the commonest causes encountered. Fluid restriction has historically been the
      classical treatment for SIADH, although it is relatively contraindicated in some
      neurosurgical patients such as those with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Furthermore,
      many cases admitted have acute onset hyponatraemia, who require hypertonic saline
      infusion. The recently developed vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist class of drug
      is a promising and effective tool but more evidence is needed in neurosurgical
      patients. Central adrenal insufficiency may also cause acute hyponatraemia in
      neurosurgical patients; this responds clinically and biochemically to
      hydrocortisone. The rare cerebral salt wasting syndrome is treated with large
      volume normal saline infusion. In this review, we summarize the current evidence
      based on the clinical presentation, causes and treatment of different types of
      hyponatraemia in neurosurgical patients. 

PMID- 26965575
TI  - Isolation of broad-specificity domain antibody from phage library for development
      of pyrethroid immunoassay.
AB  - An antibody to phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA), the conserved chemical region of
      pyrethroids, was developed using a domain antibody (DAB) library to enable
      pyrethroid detection in agricultural products. The DAB library, constructed
      without animal immunization and based on a human VH framework, displayed
      repertoires on filamentous bacteriophage. After four rounds of panning, we
      obtained five domain antibodies that are capable of binding to PBA. Antibody A3
      has strong identification capability to cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and
      fenvalerate. The antibody A3 was used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). The IC50 values were 2.586, 1.814, and 2.251 MUg/ml for
      cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and fenvalerate, respectively. The assay shows
      weak competition with flucythrinate but shows no competition with fenpropathrin,
      deltamethrin, and permethrin. The developed ELISA process was successfully
      applied to fortified Chinese cabbage samples, with the recoveries of
      cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and fenvalerate ranging from 84.4 to 112.3%. We
      developed an immunoassay to detect pyrethroids depending on the domain antibody
      library, which overcomes the limitation of requiring protein antigen to immunize
      animals raising antibody.

PMID- 26965576
TI  - Transtympanic balloon dilatation of the eustachian tube: systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the evidence for balloon dilatation of the eustachian
      tube using a transtympanic approach. METHODS: A systematic search of several
      databases was conducted (using the search terms 'dilation' or 'dilatation', and
      'balloon' and 'eustachian tube'). Only studies that used a transtympanic approach
      for the procedure were included. These studies were then assessed for risk of
      bias. RESULTS: Three studies were included. Each of these studies was a limited
      case series, with two performed on human subjects and one on human cadavers.
      Results of safety and efficacy are conflicting. There is a high risk of bias
      overall. CONCLUSION: At present, there is a very narrow evidence base for
      transtympanic balloon dilatation of the eustachian tube. There are a number of
      advantages and disadvantages of the technique. Previously identified and
      theoretical safety concerns will need to be addressed thoroughly in future
      studies prior to wider clinical use.

PMID- 26965577
TI  - Measuring Ochratoxin A Concentrations in Coffee Beverages with Immunoaffinity
      Columns and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - This study developed and validated a method for measuring concentrations of
      ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee beverages, not coffee beans. The new method involved
      extraction using immunoaffinity columns and ultra-performance LC (UPLC)-MS/MS
      using isotope-dilution techniques. The combination of a fused-core column and
      UPLC significantly shortened chromatographic time to 3 min compared to reported
      UPLC methods. The method was sensitive, with an LOD and LOQ of 0.52 and 1.73
      pg/mL, respectively. Quantitative intraday (n = 4) and interday (n = 4) biases
      and RSD were both below 15%. The OTA levels in 40 samples of freshly brewed
      coffee from chain stores, 24 samples of canned ready-to-drink coffee, and 6
      beverages made from instant coffee granules ranged from 1.60 to 93.2 pg/mL (90%
      positive), 6.00 to 131 pg/mL (100% positive), and 21.8 to 59.0 pg/mL (100%
      positive), respectively. Based on published tolerable daily intake, men and women
      in Taiwan should consume no more than 6.3 and 5.1 fifteen gram packages of
      instant coffee per day, respectively. Specific suggestions were not made for
      brewed coffee and canned coffee because of their large variation in OTA
      concentrations. This study should be more relevant to actual human exposure than
      those studying OTA in green, roasted, and ground coffee beans alone. 

PMID- 26965578
TI  - Clinical, radiological, and pathological features of 33 adult unilateral thalamic
      gliomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unilateral adult thalamic gliomas are rarely reported. In this study,
      the authors aimed to analyze the clinical, radiological, and pathological
      features of adult primary unilateral thalamus gliomas (UTGs). METHODS: Clinical
      data of 33 UTGs in adults who underwent surgical treatment between 2005 and 2014
      at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital were collected and retrospectively studied.
      Follow-up evaluation was performed. RESULTS: This study included 21 males and 12
      females with a mean age of 43.1 years. The most common symptoms were headache
      (75.8%, 25/33 patients) and motor deficits (42.4%, 14/33 patients). Radiological
      results showed that enhancement was common (90.9%, 30/33 patients) and included
      cystic appearances in 9 cases (27.3%). All patients underwent maximal safe tumor
      resection. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 19 cases, subtotal
      resection (>=80%) in 9 cases, and partial resection (<80%) in 5 cases. Molecular
      pathology results were available in 15 cases. After surgery, 25 patients received
      postoperative adjuvant therapy based on the remaining pathology. The median
      follow-up period of all 33 patients with UTGs was 17 months (1 week~49 months).
      Twenty-four patients experienced tumor recurrence. The 1-year and 2-year
      progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 49.0 and 10.2%, respectively. The 1
      year and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates were 68.1 and 25.9%, respectively.
      Survival analyses revealed that several predictive factors were correlated with
      better prognosis, among which, GTR and tumor with cystic appearances were
      significantly associated with a longer survival. CONCLUSIONS: Adult UTGs
      displayed a wide spectrum of clinical features. GTR can be achieved in adult UTGs
      with acceptable complications and conferred a better prognosis. Tumor with cystic
      appearance may indicate better prognosis. More patients and longer follow-up
      periods are needed to further elucidate the biological features of adult UTGs.

PMID- 26965579
TI  - High prevalence of TERT promoter mutations in primary squamous cell carcinoma of
      the urinary bladder.
AB  - TERT promoter mutations (TERT-mut) are detectable in the majority of urothelial
      carcinomas. The detection of TERT-mut in urine is under investigation as a
      potential urine-based molecular-screening assay for bladder cancer. A small but
      significant number of bladder carcinomas are pure squamous cell carcinoma. We
      sought to assess the incidence of TERT-mut in squamous cell carcinoma of the
      urinary bladder. A retrospective search of the institutional pathology archives
      yielded 15 cystectomy specimens performed for squamous cell carcinoma (2000
      2014). Histologic slides were reviewed by a senior urologic pathologist to
      confirm the diagnosis and select a representative formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded tissue block for mutational analysis. All cases yielded adequate
      material for DNA analysis. Sequencing for TERT-mut was performed using previously
      described SafeSeq technique. We detected TERT-mut in 12/15 (80%) of bladder
      squamous cell carcinomas. TERT promoter mutations, commonly found in conventional
      urothelial carcinoma, are also highly prevalent in urinary bladder squamous cell
      carcinoma suggesting a common tumorigenesis and potential utility as a molecular
      urine-based-screening assay.

PMID- 26965580
TI  - Post-ablation lymphocytic esophagitis in Barrett esophagus with high grade
      dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma.
AB  - In patients who have undergone ablation therapy for treatment of Barrett's
      esophagus with dysplasia, histologic features of eosinophilic esophagitis, but
      not lymphocytic esophagitis, have been described. We evaluated for histologic
      evidence of eosinophilic esophagitis and lymphocytic esophagitis and correlated
      with endoscopic findings in this population. A single-institution Barrett's
      esophagus registry was searched for patients who had received radiofrequency
      ablation, cryotherapy, or both for treatment of Barrett's esophagus with
      dysplasia. Clinical and endoscopic data were collected and biopsies were reviewed
      for inflammation and reactive changes at three time points: pre-intervention,
      first surveillance after ablation therapy, and most recent surveillance. Of the
      173 patients initially identified, 102 met the inclusion criteria.
      Intraepithelial eosinophils were increased at first surveillance (60%, P=0.096)
      and last surveillance (69%, P=0.048) compared with pre-intervention (50%),
      although histologic evidence of post-ablation eosinophilic esophagitis was not
      significant. Prevalence of lymphocytic esophagitis was significantly higher at
      first surveillance (17%, P=0.02) and at last surveillance (43%, P<0.001),
      compared with pre-intervention (7%). Smoking, hyperlipidemia, and cryotherapy
      were identified as independent risk factors for developing histologic lymphocytic
      esophagitis. This is the first report that histologic evidence of lymphocytic
      esophagitis increased over time in patients undergoing ablation for Barrett's
      esophagus with dysplasia. Though the pathophysiology of lymphocytic esophagitis
      remains unknown, patients in our study with a history of smoking, hyperlipidemia,
      or cryotherapy were more likely to develop post-ablation lymphocytic esophagitis.

PMID- 26965581
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the colon: a distinct morphology reveals a distinctive
      immunoregulatory microenvironment.
AB  - Medullary carcinoma of the colon is a unique histologic subtype of microsatellite
      unstable colorectal carcinoma but little is known regarding its tumor
      immunoregulatory microenvironment. The aims of this study were to characterize
      the immune environment of medullary carcinoma and compare it with other
      microsatellite unstable and microsatellite stable colorectal carcinomas. An
      initial gene expression microarray analysis of six cases of medullary carcinoma
      was used to detect potentially differentially expressed genes. We extended this
      analysis utilizing genomic data from the Cancer Genome Atlas to compare eight
      cases of medullary carcinoma with other microsatellite unstable and stable
      carcinomas. Finally, we evaluated expression of key immune pathway proteins and
      lymphocyte subsets via immunohistochemistry of a large group of medullary
      carcinomas (n=105) and compared these findings with three other groups: poorly
      differentiated, microsatellite unstable well-differentiated and microsatellite
      stable well-differentiated carcinomas. Microarray and the Cancer Genome Atlas
      data analysis identified significant upregulation of several immunoregulatory
      genes induced by IFNgamma including IDO-1, WARS (tRNA(trp)), GBP1, GBP4, GBP5,
      PDCD1 (PD-1), and CD274 (PD-L1) in medullary carcinoma compared with other
      microsatellite unstable and microsatellite stable tumors. By
      immunohistochemistry, IDO-1 was expressed in 64% of medullary carcinomas compared
      with 19% (9/47) of poorly differentiated carcinomas, 14% (3/22) of microsatellite
      unstable, and 7% (2/30) of the microsatellite stable well-differentiated
      carcinomas (P<0.0001). tRNA(trp) was overexpressed in 81% (84/104) of medullary
      carcinomas, 19% (9/47) of poorly differentiated, 32% (7/22) of microsatellite
      unstable, and 3% (1/30) of microsatellite stable well-differentiated carcinomas
      (P<0.0001). Medullary carcinoma had higher mean CD8+ and PD-L1+ tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes compared with all other groups (P<0.0001). This study
      demonstrates overexpression of several immunoregulatory genes in microsatellite
      unstable colorectal carcinomas and that expression of these genes and proteins is
      more prevalent in the medullary carcinoma subtype, which may be of use both
      diagnostically and therapeutically.

PMID- 26965582
TI  - Expression profiling of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors identifies
      subgroups with clinical relevance, prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
AB  - We wanted to define the transcriptome of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors
      in order to identify clinically relevant subgroups of tumors, prognostic markers
      and novel targets for treatment. Genome-wide expression profiling was conducted
      on tumor biopsies from 33 patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors
      of the distal ileum and metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Unsupervised
      hierarchical clustering analysis identified three groups of tumors. The largest
      group, comprising half of the tumors, was characterized by longer patient
      survival and higher expression of neuroendocrine markers, including SSTR2. Tumors
      with higher grade (G2/3) or gain of chromosome 14 were associated with shorter
      patient survival and increased expression of cell cycle-promoting genes. Pathway
      analysis predicted the prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) as the most
      significantly activated regulator in tumors of higher grade, whereas Forkhead box
      M1 (FOXM1) was the most significantly activated regulator in tumors with gain of
      chromosome 14. Druggable genes identified from expression profiles included
      clinically proven SSTR2 and also novel targets, for example, receptor tyrosine
      kinases (RET, FGFR1/3, PDGFRB and FLT1), epigenetic regulators, molecular
      chaperones and signal transduction molecules. Evaluation of candidate drug
      targets on neuroendocrine tumors cells (GOT1) showed significant inhibition of
      tumor cell growth after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or inhibitors
      of HDAC, HSP90 and AKT. In conclusion, we have defined the transcriptome of small
      intestinal neuroendocrine tumors and identified novel subgroups with clinical
      relevance. We found specific gene expression patterns associated with tumor grade
      and chromosomal alterations. Our data also suggest novel prognostic biomarkers
      and therapies for these patients.

PMID- 26965584
TI  - The influence of birth weight amongst 33-35 weeks gestational age (wGA) infants
      on the risk of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalisation: a pooled
      analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between birth weight and respiratory
      syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalisation during the first year of life in 33 degrees
      -356 weeks' gestational age (wGA) infants. STUDY DESIGN: Pooled analysis of data
      (n = 1218) from Spain, Germany, France and Italy. RESULT: RSV hospitalised
      infants overall had a significantly higher birth weight than non-hospitalised
      infants (2.24 versus 2.14 kg; p < 0.001) for both males (2.25 versus 2.18 kg; p =
      0.049) and females (2.22 versus 2.11 kg, p = 0.007). The effect was significant
      only in 34 wGA infants (33 wGA: hospitalised 1.95 kg versus non-hospitalised 1.95
      kg, p = 0.976; 34 wGA: 2.26 versus 2.14 kg, p = 0.007; 35 wGA: 2.37 versus 2.29
      kg, p = 0.070), particularly female 34 wGA infants (female: 2.24 versus 2.08 kg,
      p = 0.019; male: 2.27 versus 2.20, p = 0.191). Birth weight was shown to be an
      independent risk factor for RSV hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS: In 33-35 wGA
      infants, a higher birth weight appeared independently associated with an
      increased risk of RSV hospitalisation.

PMID- 26965583
TI  - Characterization of a variant of t(14;18) negative nodal diffuse follicular
      lymphoma with CD23 expression, 1p36/TNFRSF14 abnormalities, and STAT6 mutations.
AB  - A predominantly diffuse growth pattern and CD23 co-expression are uncommon
      findings in nodal follicular lymphoma and can create diagnostic challenges. A
      single case series in 2009 (Katzenberger et al) proposed a unique morphologic
      variant of nodal follicular lymphoma, characterized by a predominantly diffuse
      architecture, lack of the t(14;18) IGH/BCL2 translocation, presence of 1p36
      deletion, frequent inguinal lymph node involvement, CD23 co-expression, and low
      clinical stage. Other studies on CD23+ follicular lymphoma, while associating
      inguinal location, have not specifically described this architecture. In
      addition, no follow-up studies have correlated the histopathologic and
      cytogenetic/molecular features of these cases, and they remain a diagnostic
      problem. We identified 11 cases of diffuse, CD23+ follicular lymphoma with
      histopathologic features similar to those described by Katzenberger et al. Along
      with pertinent clinical information, we detail their histopathology, IGH/BCL2
      translocation status, lymphoma-associated chromosomal gains/losses, and
      assessment of mutations in 220 lymphoma-associated genes by massively parallel
      sequencing. All cases showed a diffuse growth pattern around well- to ill-defined
      residual germinal centers, uniform CD23 expression, mixed
      centrocytic/centroblastic cytology, and expression of at least one germinal
      center marker. Ten of 11 involved inguinal lymph nodes, 5 solely. By fluorescence
      in situ hybridization analysis, the vast majority lacked IGH/BCL2 translocation
      (9/11). Deletion of 1p36 was observed in five cases and included TNFRSF14. Of the
      six cases lacking 1p36 deletion, TNFRSF14 mutations were identified in three,
      highlighting the strong association of 1p36/TNFRSF14 abnormalities with this
      follicular lymphoma variant. In addition, 9 of the 11 cases tested (82%) had
      STAT6 mutations and nuclear P-STAT6 expression was detectable in the mutated
      cases by immunohistochemistry. The proportion of STAT6 mutations is higher than
      recently reported in conventional follicular lymphoma (11%). These findings lend
      support for a clinicopathologic variant of t(14;18) negative nodal follicular
      lymphoma and suggests importance of the interleukin (IL)-4/JAK/STAT6 pathway in
      this variant.

PMID- 26965585
TI  - Petroclival Meningioma: Patient's Outcomes Can Be Improved by Being Flexible When
      Choosing the Surgical Approach.

PMID- 26965587
TI  - Patterns of lymphatic spread and the management of eyelid carcinomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Eyelid carcinomas are rare, and the management strategy of regional
      lymph node metastasis linked to eyelid carcinomas has not been standardized to
      date. The aim of the present study was to analyze the patterns of regional
      metastasis and to assess the optimal extent of surgical treatment for lymph node
      metastasis of eyelid carcinoma. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of
      patient data from a single institution. From a series of 268 eyelid carcinomas,
      we selected the 21 patients with lymph node metastasis, and we analyzed the
      patterns of lymphatic spread, approach to treatment and outcomes. RESULTS: The
      most common histological type of eyelid carcinoma with regional metastasis was
      sebaceous carcinoma (17/21, 81.0%). Submandibular area metastases were seen only
      in the patients with the primary tumor originating in the medial half of the
      eyelid, but parotid area metastases were seen in both the patients whose tumors
      had a medial-half origin and those with a lateral-half origin. Although 11 of the
      16 patients with parotid-area metastases underwent a tumorectomy or superficial
      parotidectomy (which resulted in four cases of recurrence in the parotid area),
      none of the five patients who underwent a total parotidectomy developed parotid
      area recurrence. The incidence of regional recurrence of the patients who
      received adjuvant radiotherapy (14.3%) was lower than that of the patients
      without adjuvant radiotherapy (57.1%). CONCLUSION: Continued surveillance and
      optimal management of regional lymph node metastases are important for the
      control and survival of eyelid carcinomas.

PMID- 26965589
TI  - Patient-Reported Metal Allergy: A Risk Factor for Poor Outcomes After Total Joint
      Arthroplasty?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metal sensitivity after total joint arthroplasty has been of
      increased concern, but the impact of a patient-reported metal allergy on clinical
      outcomes has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to report the
      incidence and impact of patient-reported metal allergy after total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: This was a
      retrospective, institutional review board-approved investigation of patients
      undergoing a primary, elective total joint arthroplasty between 2009 and 2011.
      All patients completed a preoperative questionnaire asking about drug and
      environmental allergies. In January 2010, a specific question was added regarding
      the presence of a metal allergy. University of California at Los Angeles
      Activity, Short Form 12 (SF-12), Modified Harris Hip, and Knee Society scores
      were collected preoperatively and at most recent follow-up. Overall cohorts of
      metal allergy and nonmetal allergy patients were compared, and a 1:2 matching
      analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Nine hundred six primary THAs and 589
      primary TKAs were included. The incidence of patient-reported metal allergy was
      1.7% before January 2010 and 4.0% after (overall 2.3% of THAs and 4.1% of TKAs);
      97.8% of metal allergy patients were female. After TKA, postoperative Knee
      Society Function, Symptoms, Satisfaction, and Expectation scores were all
      decreased in the metal allergy cohort (P < .001-.002). After THA, metal allergy
      patients had a decreased postoperative SF-12 Mental Component Score and less
      incremental improvement in their SF-12 Mental Component Score vs the nonmetal
      allergy cohort (P < .0001 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patient
      reported metal allergy is associated with decreased functional outcomes after TKA
      and decreased mental health scores after THA.

PMID- 26965588
TI  - miR-30 family promotes migratory and invasive abilities in CD133(+) pancreatic
      cancer stem-like cells.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with a poor prognosis. Recently, miRNAs
      have been reported to be abnormally expressed in several cancers and play a role
      in cancer development and progression. However, the role of miRNA in cancer stem
      cells remains unclear. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the role of miRNA in
      the CD133(+) pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-1M9 because CD133 is a putative
      marker of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Using miRNA microarray, we found that the
      expression level of the miR-30 family decreased in CD133 genetic knockdown
      shCD133 Capan-1M9 cells. We focused on miR-30a, -30b, and -30c in the miR-30
      family and created pancreatic cancer cell sublines, each transfected with these
      miRNAs. High expression of miR-30a, -30b, or -30c had no effect on cell
      proliferation and sphere forming. In contrast, these sublines were resistant to
      gemcitabine, which is a standard anticancer drug for pancreatic cancer, and in
      addition, promoted migration and invasion. Moreover, mesenchymal markers were up
      regulated by these miRNAs, suggesting that mesenchymal phenotype is associated
      with an increase in migration and invasion. Thus, our study demonstrated that
      high expression of the miR-30 family modulated by CD133 promotes migratory and
      invasive abilities in CD133(+) pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggest
      that targeted therapies to the miR-30 family contribute to the development of
      novel therapies for CD133(+) pancreatic cancer stem cells. 

PMID- 26965591
TI  - Cover stories: Making the cover for the Forensics special issue.

PMID- 26965590
TI  - Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trypanosomosis is a haemoprotozoan disease, mostly transmitted by the
      tsetse fly (Glossina spp.), it causes severe disease in humans and animals in Sub
      Saharan Africa (SSA). The disease results in loss of livestock and agricultural
      productivity with severe socio-economic impacts. In Ethiopia, bovine
      trypanosomosis is widely distributed in western and south-western parts of the
      country. It is estimated that some 10 to 14 million heads of cattle in Ethiopia
      are exposed to the risk of trypanosomosis. METHODS: This study describes the
      prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Ethiopia through a meta-analysis. A
      comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed and non-PubMed indexed articles were
      also incorporated based on expert suggestion. Eligible studies were selected by
      using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pooled prevalence was estimated by random
      effect model. Publication bias and the variation in prevalence estimates
      attributed to heterogeneity were also assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies with
      relevant prevalence data were identified and included in the analysis. The
      apparent prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis varied from 1.38 to 17.15 %. The
      pooled estimate of bovine trypanosomosis prevalence across studies for the entire
      period was 8.12 % (95 % CI: 6.88; 9.35), ranging from 10.27 % (95 % CI: 7.34;
      13.20) in the late 1990s and early 2000s, to 6.81 % (95 % CI: 5.00; 8.62) after
      2010. Sub-analysis by region revealed wide variations in prevalence. The highest
      estimated regional prevalence was 13.30 % (95 % CI: 7.73; 18.88) in Benishangul
      Gumuz Regional state. A high degree of heterogeneity was observed in most pooled
      estimates and even after sub-group analysis. The visual inspection of the funnel
      plot and the Egger's regression asymmetry coefficient [b = 2.18] (95 % CI = 
      1.09, 5.46; p > 0.05) did not suggest the presence of publication bias. T.
      congolense and T. vivax were reported to be the predominant causative agents.
      From the total positive animals, 45.5 and 44.3 % of the infections are accounted
      to T. congolense and T. vivax, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis
      showed a significant reduction in prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in recent
      years, but the reduction is not to the lowest necessary level. Since T. vivax is
      reported to be one of the most important trypanosome species involved, efforts
      should also be made to control the mechanical transmission by biting flies.

PMID- 26965592
TI  - Tackling toxics.

PMID- 26965593
TI  - PREview of new products.

PMID- 26965595
TI  - PLANETARY SCIENCE. Mars orbiter to sniff for methane.

PMID- 26965596
TI  - INFECTIOUS DISEASE. Evidence grows for Zika virus as pregnancy danger.

PMID- 26965597
TI  - GRAVITATIONAL WAVES. In search of spacetime megawaves.

PMID- 26965598
TI  - LIPID BIOLOGY. Why high 'good cholesterol' can be bad news.

PMID- 26965599
TI  - ITALY. Plans for new research hub get critical reception.

PMID- 26965600
TI  - Evidence on trial.

PMID- 26965601
TI  - Sizing up the evidence.

PMID- 26965602
TI  - When DNA is lying.

PMID- 26965603
TI  - How hair can reveal a history.

PMID- 26965605
TI  - Who dropped the bomb?

PMID- 26965604
TI  - A trail of microbes.

PMID- 26965606
TI  - Whose voice is that?

PMID- 26965607
TI  - Clues from the ashes.

PMID- 26965608
TI  - The microbial death clock.

PMID- 26965609
TI  - The Bitcoin busts.

PMID- 26965610
TI  - MARINE GOVERNANCE. Ending hide and seek at sea.

PMID- 26965611
TI  - MICROBIOLOGY. The invisible dimension of fungal diversity.

PMID- 26965612
TI  - QUANTUM OPTICS. The time is right for multiphoton entangled states.

PMID- 26965613
TI  - AUTISM. Unraveling a pathway to autism.

PMID- 26965614
TI  - MICROBIOLOGY. Feeding on plastic.

PMID- 26965615
TI  - PHYSICS. To see the world in a grain of spins.

PMID- 26965616
TI  - Streamlining China's protected areas.

PMID- 26965617
TI  - Social cost of carbon: Global duty.

PMID- 26965618
TI  - Reforming China's science awards.

PMID- 26965619
TI  - Comment on "Math at home adds up to achievement in school".
AB  - Berkowitz et al. (Reports, 9 October 2015, p. 196) described a randomized field
      experiment testing whether a math app designed to increase parent-child
      interaction could also bring academic benefits. A reanalysis of the data suggests
      that this well-designed trial failed to find strong evidence for the efficacy of
      the intervention. In particular, there was no significant effect of the
      intervention on math performance. 

PMID- 26965620
TI  - Response to Comment on "Math at home adds up to achievement in school".
AB  - Frank presents an alternative interpretation of our data, yet reports largely
      similar results to those in our original Report. A critical difference centers on
      how to interpret and test interaction effects. Frank finds no mistakes in our
      analyses. We stand by our original conclusions of meaningful effects of the
      Bedtime Learning Together (BLT) math app on children's math achievement. 

PMID- 26965622
TI  - Wavelike charge density fluctuations and van der Waals interactions at the
      nanoscale.
AB  - Recent experiments on noncovalent interactions at the nanoscale have challenged
      the basic assumptions of commonly used particle- or fragment-based models for
      describing van der Waals (vdW) or dispersion forces. We demonstrate that a
      qualitatively correct description of the vdW interactions between polarizable
      nanostructures over a wide range of finite distances can only be attained by
      accounting for the wavelike nature of charge density fluctuations. By considering
      a diverse set of materials and biological systems with markedly different
      dimensionalities, topologies, and polarizabilities, we find a visible enhancement
      in the nonlocality of the charge density response in the range of 10 to 20
      nanometers. These collective wavelike fluctuations are responsible for the
      emergence of nontrivial modifications of the power laws that govern noncovalent
      interactions at the nanoscale. 

PMID- 26965623
TI  - Generation of multiphoton entangled quantum states by means of integrated
      frequency combs.
AB  - Complex optical photon states with entanglement shared among several modes are
      critical to improving our fundamental understanding of quantum mechanics and have
      applications for quantum information processing, imaging, and microscopy. We
      demonstrate that optical integrated Kerr frequency combs can be used to generate
      several bi- and multiphoton entangled qubits, with direct applications for
      quantum communication and computation. Our method is compatible with contemporary
      fiber and quantum memory infrastructures and with chip-scale semiconductor
      technology, enabling compact, low-cost, and scalable implementations. The
      exploitation of integrated Kerr frequency combs, with their ability to generate
      multiple, customizable, and complex quantum states, can provide a scalable,
      practical, and compact platform for quantum technologies. 

PMID- 26965624
TI  - Simple universal models capture all classical spin physics.
AB  - Spin models are used in many studies of complex systems because they exhibit rich
      macroscopic behavior despite their microscopic simplicity. Here, we prove that
      all the physics of every classical spin model is reproduced in the low-energy
      sector of certain "universal models," with at most polynomial overhead. This
      holds for classical models with discrete or continuous degrees of freedom. We
      prove necessary and sufficient conditions for a spin model to be universal and
      show that one of the simplest and most widely studied spin models, the two
      dimensional Ising model with fields, is universal. Our results may facilitate
      physical simulations of Hamiltonians with complex interactions. 

PMID- 26965625
TI  - Quasiparticle interference of the Fermi arcs and surface-bulk connectivity of a
      Weyl semimetal.
AB  - Weyl semimetals host topologically protected surface states, with arced Fermi
      surface contours that are predicted to propagate through the bulk when their
      momentum matches that of the surface projections of the bulk's Weyl nodes. We
      used spectroscopic mapping with a scanning tunneling microscope to visualize
      quasiparticle scattering and interference at the surface of the Weyl semimetal
      TaAs. Our measurements reveal 10 different scattering wave vectors, which can be
      understood and precisely reproduced with a theory that takes into account the
      shape, spin texture, and momentum-dependent propagation of the Fermi arc surface
      states into the bulk. Our findings provide evidence that Weyl nodes act as sinks
      for electron transport on the surface of these materials. 

PMID- 26965626
TI  - Accelerated crystallization of zeolites via hydroxyl free radicals.
AB  - In the hydrothermal crystallization of zeolites from basic media, hydroxide ions
      (OH(-)) catalyze the depolymerization of the aluminosilicate gel by breaking the
      Si,Al-O-Si,Al bonds and catalyze the polymerization of the aluminosilicate anions
      around the hydrated cation species by remaking the Si,Al-O-Si,Al bonds. We report
      that hydroxyl free radicals (*OH) are involved in the zeolite crystallization
      under hydrothermal conditions. The crystallization processes of zeolites-such as
      Na-A, Na-X, NaZ-21, and silicalite-1-can be accelerated with hydroxyl free
      radicals generated by ultraviolet irradiation or Fenton's reagent. 

PMID- 26965630
TI  - The water watchdog.

PMID- 26965629
TI  - Measurement of gene regulation in individual cells reveals rapid switching
      between promoter states.
AB  - In vivo mapping of transcription-factor binding to the transcriptional output of
      the regulated gene is hindered by probabilistic promoter occupancy, the presence
      of multiple gene copies, and cell-to-cell variability. We demonstrate how to
      overcome these obstacles in the lysogeny maintenance promoter of bacteriophage
      lambda, P(RM). We simultaneously measured the concentration of the lambda
      repressor CI and the number of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) from P(RM) in individual
      Escherichia coli cells, and used a theoretical model to identify the stochastic
      activity corresponding to different CI binding configurations. We found that
      switching between promoter configurations is faster than mRNA lifetime and that
      individual gene copies within the same cell act independently. The simultaneous
      quantification of transcription factor and promoter activity, followed by
      stochastic theoretical analysis, provides a tool that can be applied to other
      genetic circuits.

PMID- 26965627
TI  - A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate).
AB  - Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is used extensively worldwide in plastic
      products, and its accumulation in the environment has become a global concern.
      Because the ability to enzymatically degrade PET has been thought to be limited
      to a few fungal species, biodegradation is not yet a viable remediation or
      recycling strategy. By screening natural microbial communities exposed to PET in
      the environment, we isolated a novel bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, that
      is able to use PET as its major energy and carbon source. When grown on PET, this
      strain produces two enzymes capable of hydrolyzing PET and the reaction
      intermediate, mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid. Both enzymes are required
      to enzymatically convert PET efficiently into its two environmentally benign
      monomers, terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. 

PMID- 26965628
TI  - Schedule-dependent interaction between anticancer treatments.
AB  - The oncogene MDMX is overexpressed in many cancers, leading to suppression of the
      tumor suppressor p53. Inhibitors of the oncogene product MDMX therefore might
      help reactivate p53 and enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging drugs. However, we
      currently lack a quantitative understanding of how MDMX inhibition affects the
      p53 signaling pathway and cell sensitivity to DNA damage. Live cell imaging
      showed that MDMX depletion triggered two distinct phases of p53 accumulation in
      single cells: an initial postmitotic pulse, followed by low-amplitude
      oscillations. The response to DNA damage was sharply different in these two
      phases; in the first phase, MDMX depletion was synergistic with DNA damage in
      causing cell death, whereas in the second phase, depletion of MDMX inhibited cell
      death. Thus a quantitative understanding of signal dynamics and cellular states
      is important for designing an optimal schedule of dual-drug administration. 

PMID- 26965621
TI  - Rare variant in scavenger receptor BI raises HDL cholesterol and increases risk
      of coronary heart disease.
AB  - Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is the major receptor for high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C). In humans, high amounts of HDL-C in plasma are
      associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Mice that have
      depleted Scarb1 (SR-BI knockout mice) have markedly elevated HDL-C levels but,
      paradoxically, increased atherosclerosis. The impact of SR-BI on HDL metabolism
      and CHD risk in humans remains unclear. Through targeted sequencing of coding
      regions of lipid-modifying genes in 328 individuals with extremely high plasma
      HDL-C levels, we identified a homozygote for a loss-of-function variant, in which
      leucine replaces proline 376 (P376L), in SCARB1, the gene encoding SR-BI. The
      P376L variant impairs posttranslational processing of SR-BI and abrogates
      selective HDL cholesterol uptake in transfected cells, in hepatocyte-like cells
      derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from the homozygous subject, and in
      mice. Large population-based studies revealed that subjects who are heterozygous
      carriers of the P376L variant have significantly increased levels of plasma HDL
      C. P376L carriers have a profound HDL-related phenotype and an increased risk of
      CHD (odds ratio = 1.79, which is statistically significant). 

PMID- 26965631
TI  - Architecture of the type IVa pilus machine.
AB  - Type IVa pili are filamentous cell surface structures observed in many bacteria.
      They pull cells forward by extending, adhering to surfaces, and then retracting.
      We used cryo-electron tomography of intact Myxococcus xanthus cells to visualize
      type IVa pili and the protein machine that assembles and retracts them (the type
      IVa pilus machine, or T4PM) in situ, in both the piliated and nonpiliated states,
      at a resolution of 3 to 4 nanometers. We found that T4PM comprises an outer
      membrane pore, four interconnected ring structures in the periplasm and
      cytoplasm, a cytoplasmic disc and dome, and a periplasmic stem. By systematically
      imaging mutants lacking defined T4PM proteins or with individual proteins fused
      to tags, we mapped the locations of all 10 T4PM core components and the minor
      pilins, thereby providing insights into pilus assembly, structure, and function. 

PMID- 26965632
TI  - PKC-delta activation in neutrophils promotes fungal clearance.
AB  - The C-type lectin receptor dectin-1 and the integrin Mac-1 have key roles in
      controlling fungal infection. Here, we demonstrate that dectin-1- and Mac-1
      induced activation of protein kinase Cdelta in neutrophils, independent of the
      Card9 adaptor, is required for reactive oxygen species production and for
      intracellular killing upon Candida albicans uptake. Protein kinase Cdelta was
      also required for zymosan-induced cytokine generation in neutrophils. In
      macrophages, protein kinase Cdelta deficiency prevented fungi-induced reactive
      oxygen species generation but had no effect on activation of TGF-beta-activated
      kinase-1, an effector of Card9, or nuclear factor kappaB activation, nor did it
      affect phagolysosomal maturation, autophagy, or intracellular C. albicans
      killing. In vivo, protein kinase Cdelta-deficient mice were highly susceptible to
      C. albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infection, which was partially rescued with
      adoptively transferred wild-type neutrophils. Thus, protein kinase Cdelta
      activation downstream of dectin-1 and Mac-1 has an important role in neutrophil,
      but not macrophage, functions required for host defense against fungal pathogens.

PMID- 26965634
TI  - Interleukin-7 promotes human regulatory T cell development at the CD4+CD8+ double
      positive thymocyte stage.
AB  - Although mature human FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells are CD127 (IL-7Ralpha)
      negative, CD4(+)CD8(+) FOXP3(+) thymocytes express relatively high levels of
      CD127 and are responsive to IL-7. However, the role of IL-7 in human regulatory T
      cell development is poorly known. We show that at the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage,
      FOXP3(+) thymocytes are highly susceptible to apoptosis, and IL-7 selectively
      rescues them from death, leading to an increased frequency of FOXP3(+) cells. IL
      7 also promotes the development of regulatory T cell phenotype by inducing up
      regulation of FOXP3(+) and CTLA-4 expression. In contrast, IL-7 does not enhance
      proliferation of FOXP3(+)thymocytes or induce demethylation of FOXP3(+)
      regulatory T cell-specific demethylated region. After the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage, the
      FOXP3(+) thymocytes down-regulate CD127 expression but despite very low levels of
      CD127, remain responsive to IL-7. These results suggest that IL-7 affects human
      regulatory T cell development in the thymus by at least 2 distinct mechanisms:
      suppression of apoptosis and up-regulation of FOXP3(+) expression.

PMID- 26965633
TI  - CD63 is tightly associated with intracellular, secretory events chaperoning
      piecemeal degranulation and compound exocytosis in human eosinophils.
AB  - Eosinophil activation leads to secretion of presynthesized, granule-stored
      mediators that determine the course of allergic, inflammatory, and
      immunoregulatory responses. CD63, a member of the transmembrane-4 glycoprotein
      superfamily (tetraspanins) and present on the limiting membranes of eosinophil
      specific (secretory) granules, is considered a potential surface marker for
      eosinophil degranulation. However, the intracellular secretory trafficking of
      CD63 in eosinophils and other leukocytes is not understood. Here, we provide a
      comprehensive investigation of CD63 trafficking at high resolution within human
      eosinophils stimulated with inflammatory stimuli, CCL11 and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha, which induce distinctly differing secretory processes in eosinophils:
      piecemeal degranulation and compound exocytosis, respectively. By using different
      transmission electron microscopy approaches, including an immunonanogold
      technique, for enhanced detection of CD63 at subcellular compartments, we
      identified a major intracellular pool of CD63 that is directly linked to
      eosinophil degranulation events. Transmission electron microscopy quantitative
      analyses demonstrated that, in response to stimulation, CD63 is concentrated
      within granules undergoing secretion by piecemeal degranulation or compound
      exocytosis and that CD63 tracks with the movements of vesicles and granules in
      the cytoplasm. Although CD63 was observed at the cell surface after stimulation,
      immunonanogold electron microscopy revealed that a strong CD63 pool remains in
      the cytoplasm. It is remarkable that CCL11 and tumor necrosis factor alpha
      triggered increased formation of CD63(+) large vesiculotubular carriers
      (eosinophil sombrero vesicles), which fused with granules in the process of
      secretion, likely acting in the intracellular translocation of CD63. Altogether,
      we identified active, intracellular CD63 trafficking connected to eosinophil
      granule-derived secretory pathways. This is important for understanding the
      complex secretory activities of eosinophils underlying immune responses.

PMID- 26965636
TI  - Long noncoding RNAs as regulators of Toll-like receptor signaling and innate
      immunity.
AB  - Sensing of microbial pathogens and endogenous "alarmins" by macrophages and
      dendritic cells is reliant on pattern recognition receptors, including membrane
      associated TLRs, cytosolic nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain leucine
      rich repeat-containing receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors,
      and absent in melanoma 2-like receptors. Engagement of TLRs elicits signaling
      pathways that activate inflammatory genes whose expression is regulated by
      chromatin-modifying complexes and transcription factors. Long noncoding RNAs have
      emerged as new regulators of inflammatory mediators in the immune system. They
      are expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and T- and
      B-lymphocytes and are involved in immune cell differentiation and activation.
      Long noncoding RNAs act via repression or activation of transcription factors,
      modulation of stability of mRNA and microRNA, regulation of ribosome entry and
      translation of mRNAs, and controlling components of the epigenetic machinery. In
      this review, we focus on recent advances in deciphering the mechanisms by which
      long noncoding RNAs regulate TLR-driven responses in macrophages and dendritic
      cells and discuss the involvement of long noncoding RNAs in endotoxin tolerance,
      autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. The dissection of the role of long
      noncoding RNAs will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of
      inflammation and may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 26965637
TI  - Proteolytic processing of human serum albumin generates EPI-X4, an endogenous
      antagonist of CXCR4.
AB  - The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is an important G protein-coupled receptor.
      Signaling via CXCL12 regulates a number of important biologic processes,
      including immune responses, organogenesis, or hematopoiesis. Dysregulation of
      CXCR4 signaling is associated with a variety of diseases, such as cancer
      development and metastasis, immunodeficiencies, or chronic inflammation. Here, we
      review our findings on endogenous peptide inhibitor of CXCR4 as a novel
      antagonist of CXCR4. This peptide is a 16-residue fragment of human serum albumin
      and was isolated as an inhibitor of CXCR4-tropic human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 from a blood-derived peptide library. Endogenous peptide inhibitor of
      CXCR4 binds the second extracellular loop of CXCR4, thereby preventing engagement
      of CXCL12 and antagonizing the receptor. Consequently, endogenous peptide
      inhibitor of CXCR4 inhibits CXCL12-mediated migration of CXCR4-expressing cells
      in vitro, mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells, and suppresses inflammatory
      responses in vivo. We discuss the generation of endogenous peptide inhibitor of
      CXCR4, its relevance as biomarker for disease, and its role in human
      immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pathogenesis and
      cancer. Furthermore, we discuss why optimized endogenous peptide inhibitor of
      CXCR4 derivatives might have advantages over other CXCR4 antagonists.

PMID- 26965635
TI  - Frontline Science: Splenic progenitors aid in maintaining high neutrophil numbers
      at sites of sterile chronic inflammation.
AB  - Neutrophils are constantly generated from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
      in the bone marrow to maintain high numbers in circulation. A considerable number
      of neutrophils and their progenitors have been shown to be present in the spleen
      too; however, their exact role in this organ remains unclear. Herein, we sought
      to study the function of splenic neutrophils and their progenitors using a mouse
      model for sterile, peritoneal inflammation. In this microcapsule device
      implantation model, we show chronic neutrophil presence at implant sites, with
      recruitment from circulation as the primary mechanism for their prevalence in the
      peritoneal exudate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that progenitor populations in
      the spleen play a key role in maintaining elevated neutrophil numbers. Our
      results provide new insight into the role for splenic neutrophils and their
      progenitors and establish a model to study neutrophil function during sterile
      inflammation.

PMID- 26965638
TI  - Reduced TNF-alpha response in preterm neonates is associated with impaired
      nonclassic monocyte function.
AB  - Premature infants are highly susceptible to severe bacterial infections. The
      impaired infection control related to the functional immaturity of the neonatal
      innate immune system is an important cause of infection. Different monocyte
      subpopulations have been described and functionally characterized. However, data
      from preterm infants are scarce. We analyzed constitutive monocyte TLR2, TLR4,
      CD163, and HLA-DR expression in preterm cord blood. We further investigated
      activation of the signaling proteins ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB in monocyte
      subpopulations after ex vivo stimulation with the bacterial TLR agonists LPS and
      lipoteichoic acid. The functional outcome of the stimulation was determined by
      the intracellular production of TNF. Furthermore, the phagocytic activity was
      measured via flow cytometry. TLR4 and HLA-DR showed a gestational age-dependent
      increase. However, activation of ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB was impaired in neonatal
      monocyte subpopulations after stimulation with TLR agonists. Accordingly,
      intracellular TNF was diminished in preterm monocytes, especially in nonclassic
      monocytes. Premature monocytes showed high phagocytic activity, with
      significantly lower acidification of the phagosome. The reduced functional
      response of nonclassic monocytes of preterm neonates appears to be part of the
      diminished early immune response to bacterial cell wall components and is likely
      to contribute to their susceptibility to bacterial infection.

PMID- 26965641
TI  - Spectra-selective PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors.
AB  - Traditional photoconductive photodetectors (PDs) commonly respond to higher
      energy photons compared with the bandgaps of PD active materials. Different from
      the wide detection spectra of traditional PDs, the present reported PbS quantum
      dot (QD) PDs can detect the spectra-selective light source. Spectra-selective PDs
      (ss-PDs) of perovskite/QDs and QD/QDs were respectively implemented by
      integrating two functional layers. The top layer (facing the light) was utilized
      to filter the non-target spectra and the bottom layer was used for detection. The
      response spectrum wavelength and the range of ss-PDs can be conveniently tailored
      by tuning the QD size. The obtained selectivity factor and normalized detectivity
      ratio from target and non-target illumination can reach at least 10. A narrow
      detection range with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) ~100 nm was applied by
      typical QD/QD based ss-PDs. The prototype ss-PDs were successfully applied in
      identifying an unknown light source. The convenient tuning and identification
      capabilities of the present QD based ss-PDs may provide a versatile route to
      obtain highly spectrum-selective PDs in order to meet the demands for special
      fields. 

PMID- 26965640
TI  - NMRmix: A Tool for the Optimization of Compound Mixtures in 1D (1)H NMR Ligand
      Affinity Screens.
AB  - NMR ligand affinity screening is a powerful technique that is routinely used in
      drug discovery or functional genomics to directly detect protein-ligand binding
      events. Binding events can be identified by monitoring differences in the 1D (1)H
      NMR spectrum of a compound with and without protein. Although a single NMR
      spectrum can be collected within a short period (2-10 min per sample), one-by-one
      screening of a protein against a library of hundreds or thousands of compounds
      requires a large amount of spectrometer time and a large quantity of protein.
      Therefore, compounds are usually evaluated in mixtures ranging in size from 3 to
      20 compounds to improve the efficiency of these screens in both time and
      material. Ideally, the NMR signals from individual compounds in the mixture
      should not overlap so that spectral changes can be associated with a particular
      compound. We have developed a software tool, NMRmix, to assist in creating ideal
      mixtures from a large panel of compounds with known chemical shifts. Input to
      NMRmix consists of an (1)H NMR peak list for each compound, a user-defined
      overlap threshold, and additional user-defined parameters if default settings are
      not used. NMRmix utilizes a simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the
      composition of the mixtures to minimize spectral peak overlaps so that each
      compound in the mixture is represented by a maximum number of nonoverlapping
      chemical shifts. A built-in graphical user interface simplifies data import and
      visual evaluation of the results. 

PMID- 26965639
TI  - A restaurant-based intervention to promote sales of healthy children's menu
      items: the Kids' Choice Restaurant Program cluster randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Away-from-home eating is an important dietary behavior with
      implications on diet quality. Thus, it is an important behavior to target to
      prevent and control childhood obesity and other chronic health conditions.
      Numerous studies have been conducted to improve children's dietary intake at
      home, in early care and education, and in schools; however, few studies have
      sought to modify the restaurant food environment for children. This study adds to
      this body of research by describing the development and launch of an innovative
      intervention to promote sales of healthy children's menu items in independent
      restaurants in Southern California, United States. METHODS: This is a cluster
      randomized trial with eight pair-matched restaurants in San Diego, California.
      Restaurants were randomized to a menu-only versus menu-plus intervention
      condition. The menu-only intervention condition involves manager/owner
      collaboration on the addition of pre-determined healthy children's menu items and
      kitchen manager/owner collaboration to prepare and plate these items and train
      kitchen staff. The menu-plus intervention condition involves more extensive
      manager/owner collaboration and kitchen staff training to select, prepare, and
      plate new healthy children's menu items, and a healthy children's menu campaign
      that includes marketing materials and server training to promote the items. The
      primary outcome is sales of healthy children's menu items over an 18-week period.
      In addition, dining parties consisting of adults with children under 18 years of
      age are being observed unobtrusively while ordering and then interviewed
      throughout the 18-week study period to determine the impact of the intervention
      on ordering behaviors. Manager/owner interviews and restaurant audits provide
      additional evidence of impact on customers, employees, and the restaurant
      environment. Our process evaluation assesses dose delivered, dose received, and
      intervention fidelity. DISCUSSION: Successful recruitment of the restaurants has
      been completed, providing evidence that the restaurant industry is open to
      working on the public health challenge of childhood obesity. Determining whether
      a restaurant intervention can promote sales of healthy children's menu items will
      provide evidence for how to create environments that support the healthy choices
      needed to prevent and control obesity. Despite these strengths, collection of
      sales data that will allow comprehensive analysis of intervention effects remains
      a challenge. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02511938.

PMID- 26965642
TI  - Uptake Mechanisms of Eu(III) on Hydroxyapatite: A Potential Permeable Reactive
      Barrier Backfill Material for Trapping Trivalent Minor Actinides.
AB  - The permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technique has attracted an increasing level
      of attention for the in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. In this
      study, the macroscopic uptake behaviors and microscopic speciation of Eu(III) on
      hydroxyapatite (HAP) were investigated by a combination of theoretical modeling,
      batch experiments, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) fitting, and X-ray absorption
      spectroscopy (XAS). The underlying removal mechanisms were identified to further
      assess the application potential of HAP as an effective PRB backfill material.
      The macroscopic analysis revealed that nearly all dissolved Eu(III) in solution
      was removed at pH 6.5 within an extremely short reaction time of 5 min. In
      addition, the thermodynamic calculations, desorption experiments, and PXRD and
      XAS analyses definitely confirmed the formation of the EuPO4.H2O(s) phase during
      the process of uptake of dissolved Eu(III) by HAP via the dissolution
      precipitation mechanism. A detailed comparison of the present experimental
      findings and related HAP-metal systems suggests that the relative contribution of
      precipitation to the total Eu(III) removal increases as the P:Eu ratio decreases.
      The dosage of HAP-based PRB for the remediation of groundwater polluted by
      Eu(III) and analogous trivalent actinides [e.g., Am(III) and Cm(III)] should be
      strictly controlled depending on the dissolved Eu(III) concentration to obtain an
      optimal P:M (M represents Eu, Am, or Cm) ratio and treatment efficiency. 

PMID- 26965644
TI  - Are quantum spin Hall edge modes more resilient to disorder, sample geometry and
      inelastic scattering than quantum Hall edge modes?
AB  - On the surface of 2D topological insulators, 1D quantum spin Hall (QSH) edge
      modes occur with Dirac-like dispersion. Unlike quantum Hall (QH) edge modes,
      which occur at high magnetic fields in 2D electron gases, the occurrence of QSH
      edge modes is due to spin-orbit scattering in the bulk of the material. These QSH
      edge modes are spin-dependent, and chiral-opposite spins move in opposing
      directions. Electronic spin has a larger decoherence and relaxation time than
      charge. In view of this, it is expected that QSH edge modes will be more robust
      to disorder and inelastic scattering than QH edge modes, which are charge
      dependent and spin-unpolarized. However, we notice no such advantage accrues in
      QSH edge modes when subjected to the same degree of contact disorder and/or
      inelastic scattering in similar setups as QH edge modes. In fact we observe that
      QSH edge modes are more susceptible to inelastic scattering and contact disorder
      than QH edge modes. Furthermore, while a single disordered contact has no effect
      on QH edge modes, it leads to a finite charge Hall current in the case of QSH
      edge modes, and thus a vanishing of the pure QSH effect. For more than a single
      disordered contact while QH states continue to remain immune to disorder, QSH
      edge modes become more susceptible--the Hall resistance for the QSH effect
      changes sign with increasing disorder. In the case of many disordered contacts
      with inelastic scattering included, while quantization of Hall edge modes holds,
      for QSH edge modes a finite charge Hall current still flows. For QSH edge modes
      in the inelastic scattering regime we distinguish between two cases: with spin
      flip and without spin-flip scattering. Finally, while asymmetry in sample
      geometry can have a deleterious effect in the QSH case, it has no impact in the
      QH case.

PMID- 26965643
TI  - The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling/Id2 cascade mediates the effects of hypoxia on the
      hierarchy of colorectal-cancer stem cells.
AB  - Hypoxia, a feature common to most solid tumors, is known to regulate many aspects
      of tumorigenesis. Recently, it was suggested that hypoxia increased the size of
      the cancer stem-cell (CSC) subpopulations and promoted the acquisition of a CSC
      like phenotype. However, candidate hypoxia-regulated mediators specifically
      relevant to the stemness-related functions of colorectal CSCs have not been
      examined in detail. In the present study, we showed that hypoxia specifically
      promoted the self-renewal potential of CSCs. Through various in vitro studies, we
      found that hypoxia-induced Wnt/beta-catenin signaling increased the occurrence of
      CSC-like phenotypes and the level of Id2 expression in colorectal-cancer cells.
      Importantly, the levels of hypoxia-induced CSC-sphere formation and Id2
      expression were successfully attenuated by treatment with a Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling inhibitor. We further demonstrated, for the first time, that the degree
      of hypoxia-induced CSC-sphere formation (CD44(+) subpopulation) in vitro and of
      tumor metastasis/dissemination in vivo were markedly suppressed by knocking down
      Id2 expression. Taken together, these data suggested that Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling mediated the hypoxia-induced self-renewal potential of colorectal
      cancer CSCs through reactivating Id2 expression. 

PMID- 26965645
TI  - Lumbar Morel-Lavallee lesion: Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - The Morel-Lavallee lesion (MLL) is a rarely reported closed degloving injury, in
      which shearing forces have lead to break off subcutaneous tissues from the
      underlying fascia. Lumbar MLL have been rarely reported to date, explaining that
      patients are frequently misdiagnosed. While patients could be treated
      conservatively or with non-invasive procedures, delayed diagnosis may require
      open surgery for its cure. Indeed, untreated lesions can cause pain, infection or
      growing subcutaneous mass that can be confused with a soft tissue tumor. We
      report the clinical and radiological features of a 45-year old man with
      voluminous lumbar MLL initially misdiagnosed. We also reviewed the relevant
      English literature to summarize the diagnostic tools and the main therapeutic
      options.

PMID- 26965646
TI  - A Case of Neuro-Behcet's Disease Presenting with Central Neurogenic
      Hyperventilation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Behcet's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder usually
      characterized by the triad of oral ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis. Central
      to the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease is an autoimmune vasculitis. Neurological
      involvement, so called "Neuro-Behcet's disease", occurs in 10-20% of patients,
      usually from a meningoencephalitis or venous thrombosis. CASE REPORT: We report
      the case of a 46-year-old patient with Neuro-Behcet's disease who presented with
      central neurogenic hyperventilation as a result of brainstem involvement from
      venulitis. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, central neurogenic
      hyperventilation has not previously been described in a patient with Neuro
      Behcet's disease.

PMID- 26965648
TI  - The tapeworm's elusive antero-posterior polarity.
AB  - Because of their sessile lifestyle and the lack of the sensory and feeding
      structures usually associated with the cephalic end, fixing the antero-posterior
      (AP) polarity of tapeworms is somewhat equivocal and has been a matter of century
      long debates. Koziol et al. offer the first molecular evidence finally fixing the
      scolex as the animal's anterior pole. 

PMID- 26965647
TI  - Evolution of conditional cooperation under multilevel selection.
AB  - We study the emergence of conditional cooperation in the presence of both intra
      group and inter-group selection. Individuals play public goods games within their
      groups using conditional strategies, which are represented as piecewise linear
      response functions. Accordingly, groups engage in conflicts with a certain
      probability. In contrast to previous studies, we consider continuous contribution
      levels and a rich set of conditional strategies, allowing for a wide range of
      possible interactions between strategies. We find that the existence of
      conditional strategies enables the stabilization of cooperation even under strong
      intra-group selection. The strategy that eventually dominates in the population
      has two key properties: (i) It is unexploitable with strong intra-group
      selection; (ii) It can achieve full contribution to outperform other strategies
      in the inter-group selection. The success of this strategy is robust to initial
      conditions as well as changes to important parameters. We also investigate the
      influence of different factors on cooperation levels, including group conflicts,
      group size, and migration rate. Their effect on cooperation can be attributed to
      and explained by their influence on the relative strength of intra-group and
      inter-group selection. 

PMID- 26965650
TI  - Determination of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol from environmental waters by magnetic
      solid phase extraction with Fe@MgAl-layered double hydroxides nanoparticles as
      the adsorbents prior to high performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Magnetic Fe@MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDHs) composite was firstly
      synthesized by coating MgAl-layered double hydroxides on the surface of the
      dispersed nanoscale zero valent irons with co-precipitation method and
      characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction
      techniques. The synthesized Fe@MgAl-LDHs nanoparticles were investigated for
      magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol from the
      water samples. The elutent containing 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol was analyzed by
      high performance liquid chromatography with variable wavelength detection (HPLC
      UV). Under optimal conditions, there is good linear relationship between the
      concentration and the peak area in the range of 0.5-200 MUgL(-1) with the
      correlation coefficients (r(2)) above 0.998 for 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol. The
      limits of detection were 0.22 MUgL(-1) and 0.19 MUgL(-1) for 1-naphthol and 2
      naphthol, respectively, and precisions were both below 2.5% (n=6). The real water
      analysis demonstrated that the spiked recoveries were in the range of 79.2-80.9%
      (n=3). All these results indicated that the developed MSPE-HPLC-UV method was
      proved to be an efficient tool for the analysis of naphthols.

PMID- 26965649
TI  - Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
      methylphosponic and alkyl methylphosphonic acids determination in environmental
      samples after pre-column derivatization with p-bromophenacyl bromide.
AB  - Once exposed to the environment organophosphate nerve agents readily degrade by
      rapid hydrolysis to the corresponding alkyl methylphosphonic acids which do not
      exist in nature. These alkyl methylphosphonic acids are finally slowly hydrolyzed
      to methylphosphonic acid. Methylphosphonic acid is the most stable hydrolysis
      product of organophosphate nerve agents, persisting in environment for a long
      time. A highly sensitive method of methylphosphonic acid and alkyl
      methylphosphonic acids detection in dust and ground mixed samples has been
      developed and validated. The fact that alkyl methylphosphonic acids unlike
      methylphosphonic acid did not react with p-bromophenacyl bromide under chosen
      conditions was discovered. This allowed simultaneous chromatographic separation
      and mass spectrometric detection of derivatized methylphosphonic acid and
      underivatized alkyl methylphosphonic acids using HILIC-MS/MS method. Very simple
      sample pretreatment with high recoveries for each analyte was developed.
      Methylphosphonic acid pre-column derivate and alkyl methylphosphonic acids were
      detected using tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization after
      hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separation. The developed approach
      allows achieving ultra-low detection limits: 200 pg mL(-1) for methylphosphonic
      acid, 70 pg mL(-1) for ethyl methylphosphonic acid, 8 pg mL(-1) for i-propyl
      methylphosphonic acid, 8 pg mL(-1) for i-butyl methylphosphonic acid, 5 pg mL(-1)
      for pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid in the extracts of dust and ground mixed
      samples. This approach was successfully applied to the dust and ground mixed
      samples from decommissioned plant for the production of chemical weapons.

PMID- 26965652
TI  - Antibody-induced neutrophil depletion prior to the onset of pneumococcal
      meningitis influences long-term neurological complications in mice.
AB  - During pneumococcal meningitis, clearance of bacteria by recruited neutrophils is
      crucial for host protection. However, these innate immune mechanisms are often
      insufficient and treatment with antibiotics is necessary to prevent death.
      Despite this antibiotic treatment, approximately half of all survivors suffer
      lifelong neurological problems. There is growing evidence indicating the harmful
      effects of neutrophils on CNS integrity. Therefore, the present study
      investigated the roles of neutrophils in the acute inflammatory response and the
      resulting long-term neuropsychological effects in murine pneumococcal meningitis.
      Long-term behavioural and cognitive functions in mice were measured using an
      automated IntelliCage system. Neutrophil depletion with antibody 1A8 as
      adjunctive therapy was shown to remarkably impair survival in meningitic C57BL/6J
      mice despite antibiotic (ceftriaxone) treatment. This was accompanied by
      increased bacterial load in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and an increase in IL
      1beta, but decrease in TNF, within the CSF at 20h after bacterial inoculation. In
      the longer term, the surviving neutrophil-depleted post-meningitic (PM) mice
      displayed reduced diurnal hypolocomotion compared to PM mice treated with an
      isotype antibody. However, they showed nocturnal hyperactivity, and greater
      learning impairment in a patrolling task that is believed to depend upon an
      intact hippocampus. The data thus demonstrate two important mechanisms: 1.
      Neutrophil extravasation into the CNS during pneumococcal meningitis influences
      the pro-inflammatory response and is central to control of the bacterial load, an
      increase in which may lead to death. 2. Neutrophil-mediated changes in the acute
      inflammatory response modulate the neuropsychological sequelae in mice that
      survive pneumococcal meningitis. 

PMID- 26965653
TI  - Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase mediates neurobehavioral alterations induced by an
      intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-beta1-42 peptide in mice.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by
      a progressive cognitive decline along with various neuropsychiatric symptoms,
      including depression and anxiety. Increasing evidence has been proposed the
      activation of the tryptophan-degrading indoleamine-2,3-dyoxigenase (IDO), the
      rate-limiting enzyme of kynurerine pathway (KP), as a pathogenic factor of
      amyloid-beta (Abeta)-related inflammation in AD. In the current study, the
      effects of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Abeta1-42 peptide
      (400pmol/mice; 3MUl/site) on the regulation of KP biomarkers (IDO activity,
      tryptophan and kynurerine levels) and the impact of Abeta1-42 on neurotrophic
      factors levels were investigated as potential mechanisms linking
      neuroinflammation to cognitive/emotional disturbances in mice. Our results
      demonstrated that Abeta1-42 induced memory impairment in the object recognition
      test. Abeta1-42 also induced emotional alterations, such as depressive and
      anxiety-like behaviors, as evaluated in the tail suspension and elevated-plus
      maze tests, respectively. We observed an increase in levels of proinflammatory
      cytokines in the Abeta1-42-treated mice, which led to an increase in IDO activity
      in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HC). The IDO activation
      subsequently increased kynurerine production and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio
      and decreased the levels of neurotrophic factors in the PFC and HC, which
      contributed to Abeta-associated behavioral disturbances. The inhibition of IDO
      activation by IDO inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), prevented the development
      of behavioral and neurochemical alterations. These data demonstrate that brain
      IDO activation plays a key role in mediating the memory and emotional
      disturbances in an experimental model based on Abeta-induced neuroinflammation. 

PMID- 26965658
TI  - Carry-over effect between diet and physical activity: the bottom-up and top-down
      hypotheses of hierarchical self-efficacy.
AB  - Healthy diet and physical activity have consistently been found to be positively
      correlated; however, most health behavior theories are focused on regulation of
      changes in single, rather than multiple, behaviors. Thus, this study explored the
      mechanism of the carry-over effect between diet and physical activity by
      conducting a longitudinal study with 706 participants to test the bottom-up and
      top-down hypotheses of hierarchical self-efficacy (SE). At Time 1 (baseline) and
      Time 3 (4 weeks after baseline), dietary behavior, physical activity, and self
      efficacies of these behaviors (at the contextual level) were measured, while at
      Time 2 (2 weeks after baseline), general SE (at the general level) was assessed.
      Mediation analysis and structural equation models supported both the bottom-up
      and top-down hypotheses for different levels of self-efficacies, suggesting that
      hierarchical SE is an important factor underlying the carry-over mechanism
      between diet and physical activity.

PMID- 26965651
TI  - CCC- and WASH-mediated endosomal sorting of LDLR is required for normal clearance
      of circulating LDL.
AB  - The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a pivotal role in clearing
      atherogenic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Here we show
      that the COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93 (CCC) and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and
      SCAR homologue (WASH) complexes are both crucial for endosomal sorting of LDLR
      and for its function. We find that patients with X-linked intellectual disability
      caused by mutations in CCDC22 are hypercholesterolaemic, and that COMMD1
      deficient dogs and liver-specific Commd1 knockout mice have elevated plasma LDL
      cholesterol levels. Furthermore, Commd1 depletion results in mislocalization of
      LDLR, accompanied by decreased LDL uptake. Increased total plasma cholesterol
      levels are also seen in hepatic COMMD9-deficient mice. Inactivation of the CCC
      associated WASH complex causes LDLR mislocalization, increased lysosomal
      degradation of LDLR and impaired LDL uptake. Furthermore, a mutation in the WASH
      component KIAA0196 (strumpellin) is associated with hypercholesterolaemia in
      humans. Altogether, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms
      regulating cholesterol homeostasis and LDLR trafficking. 

PMID- 26965660
TI  - [Hydrocephalus complicating sarcoidosis in a patient with a meningocele].

PMID- 26965661
TI  - Autism and autistic-like disorders: the hypothalamic-pituita-ry-adrenal system as
      a model for research.
AB  - In this article an overview is given of the differential diagnosis of autism and
      autistic-like disorders. The diagnosis of the so-called 'Multiple Complex
      Developmental Disorders' (MCDD) as a distinct entity is discussed in relation to
      autism and schizophrenia. Biological research and the relevance of results until
      recently are discussed. Finally, the importance of the hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenal system (HPA system) as a model for research is proposed. Research on the
      flexibility of this system may contribute in understanding the ways of stress
      processing in disorders like autism, MCDD and schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26965659
TI  - Human adipose-derived stem cells promote vascularization of collagen-based
      scaffolds transplanted into nude mice.
AB  - AIM: After in vivo implantation of cell-loaded devices, only the cells close to
      the capillaries can obtain nutrients to maintain their functions. It is known
      that factors secreted by stem cells, rather than stem cells themselves, are
      fundamental to guarantee new vascularization in the area of implant. MATERIALS &
      METHODS: To investigate this possibility, we have grafted mice with Bilayer and
      Flowable Integra((r)) scaffolds, loaded or not with human adipose-derived stem
      cells. RESULTS: Our results support the therapeutic potential of human adipose
      derived stem cells to induce new vascular networks of engineered organs and
      tissues. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests that our approach can help to form new
      vascular networks that allow sufficient vascularization of engineered organs and
      tissues in cases of difficult wound healing due to ischemic conditions.

PMID- 26965662
TI  - The immune system mediates blood-brain barrier damage; possible implications for
      pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illnesses.
AB  - In this investigation the effects of immune activation on the brain are
      characterized. In order to study this, we used a model for chronic immune
      activation, the myocardial infarction, and intravenous injections with the pro
      inflammatory cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The incentive for
      this study is the observation that myocardial infarction is accompanied by
      behavioural and neuronal abnormalities. The effects of myocardial infarction on
      the brain and its functioning are widespread. In order to examine the mechanism
      through which this interaction occurs, a group of rats underwent an
      experimentally induced myocardial infarction whereafter immunohistochemistry was
      performed on slices of the brain. This experiment revealed regional serum protein
      extravasation, pointing to leakage of the blood-brain barrier. This process
      occurred in certain cortical, subcortical and hindbrain areas in discrete
      patches. The leakage was co-localized with the expression of the immune
      activation marker ICAM-1. A second group of rats was therefore injected with TNF
      alpha, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, to assess the involvement of the immune
      system in the effects shown. This procedure rendered the same results. It is
      concluded that myocardial infarction may interfere with the integrity of the
      blood-brain barrier and possibly with brain functioning through activation of the
      immune system. The relevance for pathophysiological processes is discussed. 

PMID- 26965663
TI  - Cholesterol and psyche.
AB  - This paper reviews the relationship between cholesterol and psychological
      functioning. Possibly a relationship exists between the lowering of cholesterol,
      low serum cholesterol concentration and mood and/or impulse control disorders.
      This might be associated with a disregulated cerebral serotonin metabolism. These
      hypotheses are based on (meta-analyses of) epidemiologic research investigating
      the lowering of cholesterol. One of the findings was an increased mortality due
      to suicide, homicide and accidents. Much is still unknown about the matters
      mentioned above. However, recommendations for research and clinical psychiatric
      practice are formulated. 

PMID- 26965664
TI  - Biology of personality disorders.
AB  - Since the introduction of international psychiatric classification systems,
      systematic diagnostic methods have become available for personality disorders.
      Recent developments in the dimensional diagnostic approach of personality
      disorders have yielded relationships between this type of disorders and
      neurobiological processes including both monoaminergic and stress-hormonal
      systems. It is hypothesized that the pathogenesis of borderline personality
      disorders is related to an enhanced serotonergic tone in septo-hippocampal
      structures. Preliminary clinical data are suggestive for potential therapeutic
      effects of serotonin-modulating compounds in borderline personality disorders. 

PMID- 26965666
TI  - Social prescribing could help alleviate pressure on GPs.

PMID- 26965665
TI  - Relative stability of network states in Boolean network models of gene regulation
      in development.
AB  - Progress in cell type reprogramming has revived the interest in Waddington's
      concept of the epigenetic landscape. Recently researchers developed the quasi
      potential theory to represent the Waddington's landscape. The Quasi-potential
      U(x), derived from interactions in the gene regulatory network (GRN) of a cell,
      quantifies the relative stability of network states, which determine the effort
      required for state transitions in a multi-stable dynamical system. However, quasi
      potential landscapes, originally developed for continuous systems, are not
      suitable for discrete-valued networks which are important tools to study complex
      systems. In this paper, we provide a framework to quantify the landscape for
      discrete Boolean networks (BNs). We apply our framework to study pancreas cell
      differentiation where an ensemble of BN models is considered based on the
      structure of a minimal GRN for pancreas development. We impose biologically
      motivated structural constraints (corresponding to specific type of Boolean
      functions) and dynamical constraints (corresponding to stable attractor states)
      to limit the space of BN models for pancreas development. In addition, we enforce
      a novel functional constraint corresponding to the relative ordering of attractor
      states in BN models to restrict the space of BN models to the biological relevant
      class. We find that BNs with canalyzing/sign-compatible Boolean functions best
      capture the dynamics of pancreas cell differentiation. This framework can also
      determine the genes' influence on cell state transitions, and thus can facilitate
      the rational design of cell reprogramming protocols. 

PMID- 26965667
TI  - Deleterious effects of tributyltin on porcine vascular stem cells physiology.
AB  - The vascular functional and structural integrity is essential for the maintenance
      of the whole organism and it has been demonstrated that different types of
      vascular progenitor cells resident in the vessel wall play an important role in
      this process. The purpose of the present research was to observe the effect of
      tributyltin (TBT), a risk factor for vascular disorders, on porcine Aortic
      Vascular Precursor Cells (pAVPCs) in term of cytotoxicity, gene expression
      profile, functionality and differentiation potential. We have demonstrated that
      pAVPCs morphology deeply changed following TBT treatment. After 48h a cytotoxic
      effect has been detected and Annexin binding assay demonstrated that TBT induced
      apoptosis. The transcriptional profile of characteristic pericyte markers has
      been altered: TBT 10nM substantially induced alpha-SMA, while, TBT 500nM
      determined a significant reduction of all pericyte markers. IL-6 protein detected
      in the medium of pAVPCs treated with TBT at both doses studied and with a dose
      response. TBT has interfered with normal pAVPC functionality preventing their
      ability to support a capillary-like network. In addition TBT has determined an
      increase of pAVPC adipogenic differentiation. In conclusion in the present paper
      we have demonstrated that TBT alters the vascular stem cells in terms of
      structure, functionality and differentiating capability, therefore effects of TBT
      in blood should be deeply explored to understand the potential vascular risk
      associated with the alteration of vascular stem cell physiology. 

PMID- 26965668
TI  - Reorganisation of a mesophilic biogas microbiome as response to a stepwise
      increase of ammonium nitrogen induced by poultry manure supply.
AB  - An anaerobic digestion experiment was investigated to evaluate the impact of
      increasing amounts of ammonium nitrogen due to poultry manure addition on the
      reactor performance, especially on the microbiome response. The microbial
      community structure was assessed by using a 16S rRNA gene approach, which was
      further correlated with the prevalent environmental conditions by using
      statistical analyses. The addition of 50% poultry manure led to a process
      disturbance indicated by a high VFA content (almost 10 g(HAc-Eq) L(-1)) in
      combination with elevated concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (5.9 g NH4(+)-N
      kg(FM)(-1)) and free ammonia (0.5 g NH3 kg(FM)(-1)). Simultaneously the
      microbiome, changed from a Bacteroidetes-dominated to a Clostridiales-dominated
      community accompanied by a shift from the acetoclastic to the hydrogenotrophic
      pathway. The "new" microbial community was functional redundant as the overall
      process rates were similar to the former one. A further increase of poultry
      manure resulted in a complete process failure.

PMID- 26965669
TI  - Determination of Gibbs energies of formation in aqueous solution using chemical
      engineering tools.
AB  - Standard Gibbs energies of formation are of primary importance in the field of
      biothermodynamics. In the absence of any directly measured values, thermodynamic
      calculations are required to determine the missing data. For several biochemical
      species, this study shows that the knowledge of the standard Gibbs energy of
      formation of the pure compounds (in the gaseous, solid or liquid states) enables
      to determine the corresponding standard Gibbs energies of formation in aqueous
      solutions. To do so, using chemical engineering tools (thermodynamic tables and a
      model enabling to predict activity coefficients, solvation Gibbs energies and pKa
      data), it becomes possible to determine the partial chemical potential of neutral
      and charged components in real metabolic conditions, even in concentrated
      mixtures. 

PMID- 26965670
TI  - Converting paper mill sludge into neutral lipids by oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus
      vishniaccii for biodiesel production.
AB  - Paper mill sludge (PMS) was assessed as cheap renewable lignocellulosic biomass
      for lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus vishniaccii (MTCC 232).
      The sonicated paper mill sludge extract (PMSE) exhibited enhanced lipid yield and
      lipid content 7.8+/-0.57g/l, 53.40% in comparison to 5.5+/-0.8g/l, 40.44% glucose
      synthetic medium, respectively. The accumulated triglycerides (TAG) inside the
      lipid droplets (LDs) were converted to biodiesel by transesterification and
      thoroughly characterized using GC-MS technique. The fatty acid methyl ester
      (FAME) profile obtained reveals elevated content of oleic acid followed by
      palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid with improved oxidative stability
      related to biodiesel quality. 

PMID- 26965671
TI  - Alzheimer disease: Meta-analysis finds high reversion rate from MCI to normal
      cognition.

PMID- 26965672
TI  - Dementia: Cerebellar atrophy has disease-specific patterns.

PMID- 26965675
TI  - Management and monitoring of hyperthyroid cats: a survey of Australian
      veterinarians.
AB  - Objectives This study sought to evaluate how Australian veterinarians approach
      management and monitoring of feline hyperthyroidism and compare these results
      with a similar survey recently performed in the UK. Methods An invitation to
      complete an online survey was sent to veterinarians in all states and territories
      of Australia. The survey comprised questions relating to management of
      hyperthyroidism, use of antithyroid drugs vs radioiodine treatment vs surgical
      thyroidectomy, in addition to demographic information for respondents. Results A
      total of 546 clinicians completed the survey. The most commonly preferred
      treatments for long-term management of feline hyperthyroidism were antithyroid
      medications (305/546; 56%) and radioiodine (210/546; 38%), with substantially
      more respondents selecting radioiodine when cost was removed as a consideration
      (425/546; 78%). However, most respondents had treated or referred few cases for
      radioiodine (median 2). Most veterinarians (500/546; 92%) used antithyroid
      medications either long term or prior to definitive treatment of hyperthyroidism.
      For medical management, 45% (244/546) of veterinarians used twice-daily
      carbimazole. Half of respondents (274/546) aimed to maintain the total thyroxine
      concentration anywhere within the laboratory reference interval in hyperthyroid
      cats without chronic kidney disease. Blood pressure monitoring was uncommon.
      Surgical thyroidectomy was rarely performed. Conclusions and relevance
      Radioiodine was more frequently preferred by Australian veterinarians compared
      with those in the UK, likely associated with greater availability, reduced cost
      and shorter hospitalisation times in this jurisdiction, although antithyroid
      medications were the most frequently used treatment modality. Barriers remain to
      its utilisation, however, including perceived cost, misconceptions with regard to
      expected success rate and accessibility. Recent changes to recommendations on the
      management and monitoring of hyperthyroid cats do not appear to have been widely
      adopted by veterinarians at this time.

PMID- 26965676
TI  - Confirmatory field study for the evaluation of ciclosporin at a target dose of
      7.0 mg/kg (3.2 mg/lb) in the control of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis.
AB  - Objectives This study was designed to confirm the efficacy and tolerability of a
      daily dose of 7.0 mg/kg (3.2 mg/lb) ciclosporin (CsA) in the treatment of feline
      hypersensitivity dermatitis (HD), as this includes some of the most frequently
      suspected skin diseases in cats and recent publications have reported the
      successful use of CsA in the treatment of feline HD. Methods In total, 217 cats
      with feline HD were treated daily for 42 days with a target dose of 7 mg/kg CsA
      (n = 144) or a placebo control (n = 73) administered either in the food or
      directly in the mouth following feeding. Clinical and dermatological evaluations
      were conducted on days 0, 21 and 42, or study exit. Safety was evaluated through
      physical examinations, clinical pathology and the monitoring of adverse events
      (AEs). Results Administration of CsA at 7.0 mg/kg produced a significant
      improvement in the total lesion score ( P <0.0001). The average reduction from
      visit 1 to visit 3 was 65.1% in the CsA group (9.2% for the placebo). In
      addition, owners assessed 78.3% of the cases in the CsA group as a success.
      Statistically significant recoveries were also seen in extent of lesions,
      investigator assessment of overall improvement, and mean improvement in both the
      investigators' and owners' assessment of pruritus. Mild gastrointestinal
      disorders were the most common AEs but did not require cessation of therapy.
      Conclusions and relevance Results confirm that 7.0 mg/kg CsA dosed daily in food
      or orally for up to 6 weeks is effective and well tolerated by cats with feline
      HD.

PMID- 26965677
TI  - Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characterization of
      feline chronic gingivostomatitis.
AB  - Veronica Machado Rolim, Saulo Petinatti Pavarini, Fabricio Souza Campos, Viviam
      Pignone, Claudia Faraco, Marcelo de Souza Muccillo, Paulo Michel Roehe, Fernanda
      Viera Amorim da Costa, and David Driemeier J Feline Med Surg. Epub ahead of print
      8 February 2016. DOI: 10.1177/1098612X16628578.

PMID- 26965679
TI  - [Erratum to "Risk factors of increased abortions in dairy herds - a statistical
      analysis"].

PMID- 26965673
TI  - Seizures and gliomas--towards a single therapeutic approach.
AB  - Epilepsy often develops in patients with glioma, and the two conditions share
      common pathogenic mechanisms. Altered expression of glutamate transporters,
      including the cystine-glutamate transporter (xCT) system, increases
      concentrations of extracellular glutamate, which contribute to epileptic
      discharge, tumour proliferation and peripheral excitotoxicity. Furthermore,
      mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 gene in low-grade gliomas causes
      production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate, a steric analogue of glutamate. Dysregulation
      of intracellular chloride promotes glioma cell mitosis and migration, and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling suppresses proliferation. In neurons,
      however, chloride accumulation leads to aberrant depolarization on GABA receptor
      activation, thereby promoting epileptic activity. The molecular target of
      rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and epigenetic abnormalities are also involved in the
      development of tumours and seizures. Antitumour therapy can contribute to seizure
      control, and antiepileptic drugs might have beneficial effects on tumours.
      Symptomatic treatment with antiepileptic drugs carries risks of adverse effects
      and drug interactions. In this Review, we discuss the potential for single
      therapeutic agents, such as the xCT blocker sulfasalazine, the chloride regulator
      bumetanide, and the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid, to manage both
      gliomas and associated epilepsy. We also provide guidance on the evidence-based
      use of antiepileptic drugs in brain tumours. The development of solo therapies to
      treat both aspects of gliomas promises to yield more-effective treatment with
      fewer risks of toxicity and drug interactions. 

PMID- 26965680
TI  - Degenerative Changes in the Knee 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture
      and Related Risk Factors: A Prospective Observational Follow-up Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a well-known risk factor
      for development of knee osteoarthritis. Early identification of those patients at
      risk and early identification of the process of ACL rupture leading to
      osteoarthritis may aid in preventing the onset or progression of osteoarthritis.
      PURPOSE: To identify early degenerative changes as assessed on magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) after 2-year follow-up in patients with a recent ACL rupture and to
      evaluate which determinants are related to these changes. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort
      study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Included in this study were 154 adults aged
      between 18 and 45 years with acute ACL rupture diagnosed by physical examination
      and MRI, without previous knee trauma or surgery, and without osteoarthritic
      changes on radiographs. A total of 143 patients completed the 2-year follow-up,
      and the results in this study apply to these 143 patients. All patients were
      treated according to the Dutch guideline on ACL injury. Of the 143 patients, 50
      patients were treated nonoperatively during the 2-year follow-up period. Main
      outcome was early degenerative changes assessed on MRI defined as progression of
      cartilage defects and osteophytes in tibiofemoral and patellofemoral
      compartments. Patient characteristics, activity level, functional instability,
      treatment type, and trauma-related variables were evaluated as determinants.
      RESULTS: The median time between MRI at baseline and MRI at 2-year follow-up was
      25.9 months (interquartile range, 24.7-26.9 months). Progression of cartilage
      defects in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments was present in 12%
      and 27% of patients, and progression of osteophytes in tibiofemoral and
      patellofemoral compartments was present in 10% and 8% of patients, respectively.
      The following determinants were positively significantly associated with early
      degenerative changes: male sex (odds ratio [OR], 4.43; 95% CI, 1.43-13.66; P =
      .010), cartilage defect in the medial tibiofemoral compartment at baseline (OR,
      3.66; 95% CI, 1.04-12.95; P = .044), presence of bone marrow lesions in the
      medial tibiofemoral compartment 1 year after trauma (OR, 5.19; 95% CI, 1.56
      17.25; P = .007), joint effusion 1 year after trauma (OR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.05
      16.72; P = .042), and presence of meniscal tears (OR, 6.37; 95% CI, 1.94-20.88; P
      = .002). When the patients were categorized into 3 treatment groups
      (nonoperative, reconstruction <6 months after ACL rupture, and reconstruction >=6
      months after ACL rupture), there was no significant relationship between the
      treatment options and the development of early degenerative changes. CONCLUSION:
      Two years after ACL rupture, early degenerative changes were assessed on MRI.
      Concomitant medial cartilage defect and meniscal injury, male sex, persistent
      bone marrow lesions in the medial tibiofemoral compartment, and joint effusion
      are risk factors for degenerative changes.

PMID- 26965678
TI  - The virulence factor ychO has a pleiotropic action in an Avian Pathogenic
      Escherichia coli (APEC) strain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains cause extraintestinal
      diseases in birds, leading to substantial economic losses to the poultry industry
      worldwide. Bacteria that invade cells can overcome the host humoral immune
      response, resulting in a higher pathogenicity potential. Invasins are members of
      a large family of outer membrane proteins that allow pathogen invasion into host
      cells by interacting with specific receptors on the cell surface. RESULTS: An in
      silico analysis of the genome of a septicemic APEC strain (SEPT362) demonstrated
      the presence of a putative invasin homologous to the ychO gene from E. coli str.
      K-12 substr. MG1655. In vitro and in vivo assays comparing a mutant strain
      carrying a null mutation of this gene, a complemented strain, and its counterpart
      wild-type strain showed that ychO plays a role in the pathogenicity of APEC
      strain SEPT362. In vitro assays demonstrated that the mutant strain exhibited
      significant decreases in bacterial adhesiveness and invasiveness in chicken cells
      and biofilm formation. In vivo assay indicated a decrease in pathogenicity of the
      mutant strain. Moreover, transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the ychO
      deletion affected the expression of 426 genes. Among the altered genes, 93.66%
      were downregulated in the mutant, including membrane proteins and metabolism
      genes. CONCLUSION: The results led us to propose that gene ychO contributes to
      the pathogenicity of APEC strain SEPT362 influencing, in a pleiotropic manner,
      many biological characteristics, such as adhesion and invasion of in vitro
      cultured cells, biofilm formation and motility, which could be due to the
      possible membrane location of this protein. All of these results suggest that the
      absence of gene ychO would influence the virulence of the APEC strain herein
      studied.

PMID- 26965674
TI  - HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder--pathogenesis and prospects for treatment.
AB  - In the past two decades, several advancements have improved the care of HIV
      infected individuals. Most importantly, the development and deployment of
      combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has resulted in a dramatic decline in
      the rate of deaths from AIDS, so that people living with HIV today have nearly
      normal life expectancies if treated with CART. The term HIV-associated
      neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has been used to describe the spectrum of
      neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV infection. HIV can enter the CNS
      during early stages of infection, and persistent CNS HIV infection and
      inflammation probably contribute to the development of HAND. The brain can
      subsequently serve as a sanctuary for ongoing HIV replication, even when systemic
      viral suppression has been achieved. HAND can remain in patients treated with
      CART, and its effects on survival, quality of life and everyday functioning make
      it an important unresolved issue. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology of
      HAND, the evolving concepts of its neuropathogenesis, novel insights from animal
      models, and new approaches to treatment. We also discuss how inflammation is
      sustained in chronic HIV infection. Moreover, we suggest that adjunctive
      therapies--treatments targeting CNS inflammation and other metabolic processes,
      including glutamate homeostasis, lipid and energy metabolism--are needed to
      reverse or improve HAND-related neurological dysfunction.

PMID- 26965681
TI  - Autologous Bone Plug Supplemented With Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in
      Osteochondral Defects of the Knee.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Structural and functional outcome of bone graft with first- or second
      generation autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in treating cartilage and
      subchondral bone defect has not been reported previously. PURPOSE: To evaluate
      the outcome of simultaneous transplantation of an autologous bone plug with first
      or second-generation ACI for restoration of concomitant subchondral bone and
      full-thickness cartilage defect in the femoral condyle of the knee. STUDY DESIGN:
      Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Seventeen patients (mean +/- SD age,
      27 +/- 7 years; range, 17-40 years)-12 with osteochondritis dissecans
      (International Cartilage Repair Society [ICRS] grades 3 and 4) and 5 with an
      isolated osteochondral defect (ICRS grade 4)-had the defect reconstructed with
      implantation of a unicortical autologous bone graft combined with ACI (the OsPlug
      technique). Functional outcome was assessed with Lysholm scores obtained
      preoperatively and at 1 and 5 years postoperatively. The repair site was
      evaluated with the Oswestry Arthroscopy Score (OAS), MOCART score (magnetic
      resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue), and ICRS II histology score.
      Formation of a subchondral lamina and lateral integration of the bone grafts were
      evaluated from magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS: The mean defect size
      was 4.5 +/- 2.6 cm(2) (range, 1-9 cm(2)), and the mean depth was 11.3 +/- 5 mm
      (range, 5-18 mm). The preoperative Lysholm score improved from 45 (interquartile
      range [IQR], 24; range, 16-79) to 77 (IQR, 28; range, 41-100) at 1 year (P =
      .001) and 70 (IQR, 35; range, 33-91) at 5 years (P = .009). The mean OAS of the
      repair site was 6.2 (range, 0-9) at a mean of 1.3 years. The mean MOCART score
      was 61 +/- 22 (range, 20-85) at 2.6 +/- 1.8 years. Histology demonstrated
      generally good integration of the repair cartilage with the underlying bone. Poor
      lateral integration of the bone graft, as assessed on magnetic resonance imaging
      scan, and a low OAS were significantly associated with a poor Lysholm score and
      failure. A total of 3 patients had treatment failure, with 1 requiring total knee
      replacement at 5 years (Lysholm score of 33 at failure) and the other 2 requiring
      further surgical intervention because of persistent symptoms at 2 and 4 years,
      respectively (both had Lysholm score of 45 at failure). The Lysholm score in
      these patients before failure were still noted to be higher than at the
      preoperative level. CONCLUSION: The OsPlug technique shows significant
      improvement of functional outcome for up to 5 years in patients with high-grade
      osteochondritis dissecans or osteochondral defect. This is the first report
      describing association of bone graft integration with functional outcome after
      such a procedure. It also demonstrates histologic evidence of integration of the
      repair cartilage with the underlying bone graft.

PMID- 26965682
TI  - Vulnerability and resilience: a critical nexus.
AB  - Not all forms of human fragility or vulnerability are unavoidable. Sometimes we
      knowingly and intentionally impose conditions of vulnerability on others; and
      sometimes we knowingly and intentionally enter into and assume conditions of
      vulnerability for ourselves (for example, when we decide to trust or forgive,
      enter into intimate relationships with others, become a parent, become a subject
      of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment, and the like). In this article, I
      propose a presently overlooked basis on which one might evaluate whether the
      imposition or assumption of vulnerability is acceptable, and on which one might
      ground a significant class of vulnerability-related obligations. Distinct from
      existing accounts of the importance of promoting autonomy in conditions of
      vulnerability, this article offers a preliminary exploration of the nature, role,
      and importance of resilience promotion, its relationship to autonomy promotion,
      and its prospects for improving human wellbeing in autonomy inhibiting
      conditions. 

PMID- 26965683
TI  - Inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by
      apolipoprotein A-I.
AB  - Activation of inflammatory signaling pathways links obesity with metabolic
      disorders. TLR4-mediated activation of MAPKs and NF-kappaB are 2 such pathways
      implicated in obesity-induced inflammation. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) exerts
      anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes by effluxing cholesterol from the cells
      via the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). It is not known if these
      effects involve inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways by apoA-I. This
      study asks if apoA-I inhibits activation of MAPKs and NF-kappaB in mouse 3T3-L1
      adipocytes and whether this inhibition is ABCA1 dependent. Incubation of
      differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with apoA-I decreased cell surface expression of
      TLR4 by 16 +/- 2% and synthesis of the TLR4 adaptor protein, myeloid
      differentiation primary response 88, by 24 +/- 4% in an ABCA1-dependent manner.
      ApoA-I also inhibited downstream activation of MAPKs, such as ERK, p38MAPK, and
      JNK, as well as expression of proinflammatory adipokines in bacterial LPS
      stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in an ABCA1-dependent manner. ApoA-I, by contrast,
      suppressed nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB by 30 +/- 3% in
      LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in an ABCA1-independent manner. In conclusion,
      apoA-I inhibits TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways in adipocytes by
      preventing MAPK and NF-kappaB activation.-Sultana, A., Cochran, B. J., Tabet, F.,
      Patel, M., Cuesta Torres, L., Barter, P. J., Rye, K.-A. Inhibition of
      inflammatory signaling pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by apolipoprotein A-I.

PMID- 26965685
TI  - Lipoxin A4 augments host defense in sepsis and reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      virulence through quorum sensing inhibition.
AB  - Bacterial infections can quickly turn into sepsis, with its attendant clinical
      sequelae of inflammation, tissue injury, and organ failure. Paradoxically,
      sustained inflammation in sepsis may lead to immune suppression, because of which
      the host is unable to clear the existing infection. Use of agents that suppress
      the inflammatory response may accelerate host immune suppression, whereas use of
      traditional antibiotics does not significantly affect inflammation. In this
      study, we investigated whether lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a specialized, proresolution
      lipid mediator, could increase neutrophil phagocytic activity as well as reduce
      bacterial virulence. Using the mouse cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of
      sepsis, the administration of LXA4 (7 MUg/kg i.v.) 1 h after surgery increased
      neutrophil phagocytic ability and Fcgamma receptor I (CD64) expression. Ex vivo
      studies have confirmed that the direct addition of LXA4 to CLP neutrophils
      increased phagocytic ability but not CD64 expression. LXA4 did not affect
      neutrophils taken from control mice in which CD64 expression was minimal. Taken
      together with in vivo data, these results suggest that LXA4 directly augments
      CD64-mediated neutrophil phagocytic ability but does not directly increase
      neutrophil CD64 expression. Bacterial communication and virulence is regulated by
      quorum sensing inducers. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, virulence is induced with
      release of various virulence factors, by N-3-oxododecanolyl homoserine lactone
      binding to the quorum sensing receptor, LasR. We show that LXA4 is an inhibitor
      of LasR in P. aeruginosa and that it decreases the release of pyocyanin exotoxin.
      These results suggest that LXA4 has the novel dual properties of increasing host
      defense and decreasing pathogen virulence by inhibiting quorum sensing.-Wu, B.,
      Capilato, J., Pham, M. P., Walker, J., Spur, B., Rodriguez, A., Perez, L. J.,
      Yin, K. Lipoxin A4 augments host defense in sepsis and reduces Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa virulence through quorum sensing inhibition.

PMID- 26965686
TI  - Other Proteins Involved in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders.
AB  - In order to explain the molecular causes of Parkinson's Disease (PD) it is
      important to understand the effect that mutations described as causative of the
      disease have at the functional level. In this special issue, several authors have
      been reviewing the effects in PD and other parkinsonisms of mutations described
      in LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, PINK1-Parkin-DJ-1, UCHL1, ATP13A2, GBA, VPS35, FBOX7
      and HTRA2. In this review, we compile the knowledge about other proteins with a
      more general role in neurodegenerative diseases (MAPT) or for which less data is
      available due to its recent discovery (EIF4G1, DNAJC13), the lack of structural
      or functional data (as for PLA2G6 or DNAJC6), or even their doubtful association
      with the disease (as for GIGYF2, SYNJ1 and SPR). Also the cellular pathways
      involved in this disease are reviewed, with the goal of having an overview of the
      effects on the proteins and its possible role in the disease. This knowledge
      could also serve as the basis for designing tools that may potentially be used as
      a treatment for the disease, such as inhibitory or activating molecules, as well
      as other involved in regulating the half-life of the proteins involved.

PMID- 26965684
TI  - 12-HETER1/GPR31, a high-affinity 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid receptor, is
      significantly up-regulated in prostate cancer and plays a critical role in
      prostate cancer progression.
AB  - Previously we identified and deorphaned G-protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) as
      the high-affinity 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE] receptor (12
      HETER1). Here we have determined its distribution in prostate cancer tissue and
      its role in prostate tumorigenesis using in vitro and in vivo assays. Data-mining
      studies strongly suggest that 12-HETER1 expression positively correlates with the
      aggressiveness and progression of prostate tumors. This was corroborated with
      real-time PCR analysis of human prostate tumor tissue arrays that revealed the
      expression of 12-HETER1 positively correlates with the clinical stages of
      prostate cancers and Gleason scores. Immunohistochemistry analysis also proved
      that the expression of 12-HETER1 is positively correlated with the grades of
      prostate cancer. Knockdown of 12-HETER1 in prostate cancer cells markedly reduced
      colony formation and inhibited tumor growth in animals. To discover the
      regulatory factors, 5 candidate 12-HETER1 promoter cis elements were assayed as
      luciferase reporter fusions in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, where the
      putative cis element required for gene regulation was mapped 2 kb upstream of the
      12-HETER1 transcriptional start site. The data implicate 12-HETER1 in a critical
      new role in the regulation of prostate cancer progression and offer a novel
      alternative target for therapeutic intervention.-Honn, K. V., Guo, Y., Cai, Y.,
      Lee, M.-J., Dyson, G., Zhang, W., Tucker, S. C. 12-HETER1/GPR31, a high-affinity
      12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid receptor, is significantly up-regulated in
      prostate cancer and plays a critical role in prostate cancer progression.

PMID- 26965688
TI  - LRRK2 and Parkinson's Disease: From Lack of Structure to Gain of Function.
AB  - Mutations in LRRK2 comprise the most common cause for familial Parkinson's
      disease (PD), and variations increase risk for sporadic disease, implicating
      LRRK2 in the entire disease spectrum. LRRK2 is a large protein harbouring both
      GTPase and kinase domains which display measurable catalytic activity. Most
      pathogenic mutations increase the kinase activity, with increased activity being
      cytotoxic under certain conditions. These findings have spurred great interest in
      drug development approaches, and various specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have
      been developed. However, LRRK2 is a largely ubiquitously expressed protein, and
      inhibiting its function in some non-neuronal tissues has raised safety liability
      issues for kinase inhibitor approaches. Therefore, understanding the cellular and
      cell type-specific role(s) of LRRK2 has become of paramount importance. This
      review will highlight current knowledge on the precise biochemical activities of
      normal and pathogenic LRRK2, and highlight the most common proposed cellular
      roles so as to gain a better understanding of the cell type-specific effects of
      LRRK2 modulators.

PMID- 26965689
TI  - Hereditary Parkinsonism-Associated Genetic Variations in PARK9 Locus Lead to
      Functional Impairment of ATPase Type 13A2.
AB  - Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (KRS) is an autosomal recessive form of Parkinson's disease
      (PD) with juvenile onset of parkinsonism, often accompanied by extra clinical
      features such as supranuclear gaze palsy, dementia and generalised brain atrophy.
      Mutations in ATP13A2, associated with the PARK9 locus (chromosome 1p36) have been
      identified in KRS patients. ATP13A2 encodes a lysosomal P5B-type ATPase which has
      functional domains similar to other P-type ATPases which mainly transport
      cations. Consistently, recent studies suggest that human ATP13A2 may preferably
      regulate Zn2+, while ATP13A2 from other species have different substrate
      selectivity. Until now, fourteen mutations in ATP13A2 have been associated with
      KRS, while other mutations have been reported in association with neuronal ceroid
      lipofuscinosis (NCL) and early-onset PD. Experimentally, these disease-
      associated ATP13A2 mutations have been shown to confer loss-of-function to the
      protein by disrupting its protein structure and function to varying degrees,
      ranging from impairment in ATPase function to total loss of protein, confirming
      their pathogenicity. Loss of functional ATP13A2 has been shown to induce Zn2+
      dyshomeostasis. Disturbances in Zn2+ homeostasis impair mitochondrial and
      lysosomal function which leads to loss of mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity and
      accumulation of lysosomal substrates such as alpha-synuclein and lipofuscin.
      Additionally, ATP13A2 appears to be involved in alpha-synuclein externalisation
      through its Zn2+-regulating activity. In this review, we will discuss all the
      reported KRS/NCL-associated ATP13A2 mutations along with several PD-associated
      mutations which have been experimentally assessed, in respect to their impact on
      the protein structure and function of ATP13A2.

PMID- 26965690
TI  - Structure and Function of Fbxo7/PARK15 in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Fbxo7/PARK15 has well-defined roles, acting as part of a Skp1-Cul1-F box protein
      (SCF)- type E3 ubiquitin ligase and also having SCF-independent activities.
      Mutations within FBXO7 have been found to cause an early-onset Parkinson's
      disease, and these are found within or near to its functional domains, including
      its F-box domain (FBD), its proline rich region (PRR), and its ubiquitinlike
      domain (Ubl). We highlight recent advances in our understanding of Fbxo7 function
      in Parkinson's disease, with respect to these mutations and where they occur in
      the Fbxo7 protein. We hypothesize that many of Fbxo7 functions contribute to its
      role in PD pathogenesis.

PMID- 26965691
TI  - Retromer's Role in Endosomal Trafficking and Impaired Function in
      Neurodegenerative Diseases.
AB  - The retromer complex is a highly conserved membrane trafficking assembly composed
      of three proteins - Vps26, Vps29 and Vps35 - that were identified over a decade
      ago in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae). Initially, mammalian retromer
      was shown to sort transmembrane proteins from the endosome to the trans-Golgi
      network (TGN), though recent work has identified a critical role for retromer in
      multiple trafficking pathways, including recycling to the plasma membrane and
      regulation of cell polarity. In recent years, genetic, cellular, pharmacological
      and animal model studies have identified retromer and its interacting proteins as
      being linked to familial forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's
      (AD) and Parkinson's (PD). Here, this commentary will summarize recently
      identified point mutations in retromer linked to PD, and explore the molecular
      functions of retromer that may be relevant to disease progression.

PMID- 26965687
TI  - The Effects of Variants in the Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 Genes along with Evidence
      for their Pathogenicity.
AB  - Early onset Parkinson's disease can be caused by variants in the PINK1, Parkin,
      and DJ-1 genes. Since their initial discoveries, hundreds of variants have been
      found in these genes that are associated with a Parkinsonian phenotype. This
      review will briefly discuss the functions of the protein products of the three
      genes, then focus on the effects that disease associated variants have on these
      functions. We will also discuss how experimental findings can help decide whether
      individual variants are pathogenic or not.

PMID- 26965692
TI  - Involvement of Gaucher Disease Mutations in Parkinson Disease.
AB  - Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, caused by
      mutations in the GBA gene. The frequency of Gaucher disease patients and
      heterozygote carriers that developed Parkinson disease has been found to be above
      that of the control population. This fact suggests that mutations in the GBA gene
      can be involved in Parkison's etiology. Analysis of large cohorts of patients
      with Parkinson disease has shown that there are significantly more cases bearing
      GBA mutations than those found among healthy individuals. Functional studies have
      proven an interaction between alpha-synuclein and GBA, the levels of which
      presented an inverse correlation. Mutant GBA proteins cause increases in alpha
      synuclein levels, while an inhibition of GBA by alpha-synuclein has been also
      demonstrated. Saposin C, a coactivator of GBA, has been shown to protect GBA from
      this inhibition. Among the GBA variants associated with Parkinson disease, E326K
      seems to be one of the most prevalent. Interestingly, it is involved in Gaucher
      disease only when it forms part of a double-mutant allele, usually with the L444P
      mutation. Structural analyses have revealed that both residues (E326 and L444)
      interact with Saposin C and, probably, also with alpha-synuclein. This could
      explain the antagonistic role of these two proteins in relation to GBA.

PMID- 26965693
TI  - Pathogenic Role of Serine Protease HtrA2/Omi in Neurodegenerative Diseases.
AB  - High-temperature-requirement A2 (HtrA2)/Omi/PARK13 is a serine protease with
      extensive homology to the Escherichia coli HtrAs that are required for bacterial
      survival at high temperatures. The HtrA2 protein is a key modulator of
      mitochondrial molecular quality control but under stressful conditions it is
      released into the cytosol, where it promotes cell death by various pathways,
      including caspase-dependent pathway and ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Recently,
      the HtrA2 protein has received great attention for its potential role in
      neurodegeneration. Here, we review the current knowledge and pathophysiological
      functions of the HtrA2 protein in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's
      and Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 26965696
TI  - Erratum to: Collagens VI and XII form complexes mediating osteoblast interactions
      during osteogenesis.

PMID- 26965695
TI  - Importance of additional temporary pin fixation combined coracoclavicular
      augmentation using a suture button device for acute acromioclavicular joint
      dislocation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the outcomes of coracoclavicular (CC) augmentation
      using a suture button device with additional temporary pin fixation for acute
      acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six
      consecutive cases who underwent CC augmentation using TightRopeTM (Arthrex,
      Naples, FL, USA) were included. We temporarily fixed trans-articular pins in the
      first 10 cases (TA group) and a trans-spine pin in the next 26 cases (TS group).
      The radiological and clinical outcomes were evaluated at minimum 2 years
      postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 56.7 months (range, 24-84
      months). At the final follow-up evaluation, reduction status showed anatomical
      reduction in 25 cases (69.4 %), slight loss of reduction in seven cases (19.4 %),
      partial loss of reduction in two cases (5.6 %), and total loss of reduction in
      two cases (5.6 %). The mean ASES score, UCLA score, and subjective shoulder value
      were 92.3, 32.9, and 91.6 %, respectively. There were no significant differences
      between the two groups with respect to the outcomes. Intraoperative complications
      occurred in three cases (8.3 %) including two cases of failed reduction and one
      case of technical failure of the implant. Postoperative complications occurred in
      three cases (8.3 %) including one case of pin tract infection and distal clavicle
      fracture at the clavicle-hole, one case of reduction loss by severe subsidence of
      the clavicular button, and one case of shoulder stiffness. CONCLUSIONS: CC
      augmentation using a suture button device with temporary pin fixation yielded
      satisfactory radiological and clinical outcomes. These results support that
      temporary pin fixation for the AC joint may help to protect the AC reduction in
      the early phase of healing and rigid scar formation when performing CC fixation
      using a suture button device. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level-IV, Retrospective Case
      Series, Treatment Study.

PMID- 26965694
TI  - Once-Monthly Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator (C.E.R.A.) in Patients
      with Hemodialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease: Pooled Data from Phase III
      Trials.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron are commonly used in
      patients with chronic kidney disease with the aim of correcting anemia and
      maintaining stable hemoglobin levels. We analyzed pooled data from 13 studies
      with similar designs included in the Umbrella Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor
      Activator (C.E.R.A.) program to investigate the effects of continuous
      erythropoiesis receptor activator in clinically relevant subgroups of patients
      with chronic kidney disease and to determine whether the efficacy and safety
      outcomes demonstrated in the overall chronic kidney disease population are
      maintained in specific subgroups. METHODS: Data from 13 Phase III trials set up
      with similar design were retrospectively pooled for this analysis. Patients with
      chronic kidney disease who had previously been receiving epoetin or darbepoetin
      were switched to continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator once-monthly after
      a 4- to 8-week screening period. Patients entered a 16-week continuous
      erythropoiesis receptor activator dose-titration period followed by an 8-week
      evaluation period. In total, 2060 patients were included in the analysis.
      Subgroups were defined based on: hemoglobin target range [lower (10.0-12.0
      g/dL)/upper (10.5-13.0 g/dL)], gender (female/male), age (<65/>=65), baseline N
      terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (<5000/>=5000), cardiovascular
      risk factors (diabetes/cardiac/vascular/none). RESULTS: Across all subgroups
      analyzed, switching from shorter-acting erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to
      continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator once-monthly maintained stable
      hemoglobin concentrations in a high proportion of patients (78%), with only
      moderate hemoglobin fluctuations and a low number of dose changes. The safety
      profile across subgroups was as expected based on pre-existing risk factors;
      observed increases in adverse events were attributable to underlying risk factors
      rather than study drug. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis of 13 trials
      showed that continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator once-monthly maintained
      stable hemoglobin levels across a number of clinically relevant patient
      subgroups, including those with higher inherent cardiovascular risk. The safety
      profile was consistent with that previously established in the chronic kidney
      disease population. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIERS:
      NCT00413894/NCT00545571/NCT00517413/NCT00560404/NCT00882713/NCT00550680/NCT005763
      3/NCT00660023/NCT00717821/NCT00642850/NCT00605293/NCT00661505/NCT00699348.
      FUNDING: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.

PMID- 26965697
TI  - Prostate Health Index and %p2PSA Predict Aggressive Prostate Cancer Pathology in
      Chinese Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the performance of prostate health index (PHI) and
      percentage prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform [-2]proPSA (%p2PSA) in
      predicting pathologic outcomes at radical prostatectomy (RP) in a Chinese
      population. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 135 prostate cancer
      patients with RP. The accuracy of preoperative %p2PSA (= p2PSA/free PSA) and PHI
      [= (p2PSA/free PSA) * ?PSA] in predicting pathologic outcomes of RP including pT3
      disease, pathologic Gleason score (pGS) >=7, Gleason score (GS) upgrade at RP,
      tumor volume >0.5 ml, and Epstein criteria for significant tumor were calculated
      using multivariate analyses and area under the curve. The base model in
      multivariate analysis included age, PSA, abnormal digital rectal examination, and
      biopsy GS. RESULTS: PHI was significantly higher in patients with pT3 or pGS >= 7
      (p < 0.001), pT3 disease (p = 0.001), pGS >= 7 (p < 0.001), GS upgrade (p <
      0.001), tumor volume >0.5 ml (p < 0.001), and Epstein criteria for significant
      tumor (p = 0.001). %p2PSA was also significantly higher in all the above
      outcomes. The risk of pT3 or pGS >= 7 was 16.1 % for PHI < 35 and 60.8 % for PHI
      > 35 (sensitivity 84.2 %, specificity of 60.3 %), and the risk of tumor volume
      >0.5 ml was 25.5 % for PHI < 35 and 72.6 % for PHI > 35 (sensitivity 79.1 %,
      specificity 67.2 %). In multivariate analysis, adding %p2PSA or PHI to the base
      model significantly improved the accuracy (area under the curve) in predicting
      pT3 or pGS >= 7 (by 7.2-7.9 %), tumor volume >0.5 ml (by 10.3-12.8 %), and
      Epstein criteria for significant tumor (by 13.9-15.9 %). Net clinical benefit was
      observed in decision curve analyses for prediction of both tumor volume >0.5 ml,
      and pT3 or pGS >= 7. CONCLUSIONS: Both PHI and %p2PSA predict aggressive and
      significant pathologies in RP in Chinese men. This enabled identification of
      nonaggressive cancers for better counseling on active surveillance or treatment.

PMID- 26965698
TI  - Complications After Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation for the Treatment of
      Unstable Spinal Metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complications after surgical stabilization for the treatment of
      unstable spinal metastases are common. Less invasive surgical (LIS) procedures
      are potentially associated with a lower risk of complications; however, little is
      known regarding the complications after LIS procedures for the treatment of
      spinal metastases. Our primary objective was to determine the characteristics and
      rate of complications after percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) for the
      treatment of mechanically unstable spinal metastases. The secondary objective was
      to identify factors associated with the occurrence of complications and survival.
      METHODS: A retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients who underwent PPSF
      between 2009 and 2014 for the treatment of unstable spinal metastases was
      performed. Patient data pertaining to demographics, diagnosis, treatment,
      neurologic function, complications, and survival were collected. RESULTS: A total
      of 101 patients were identified, 45 men (45 %) and 56 women (55 %) with a mean
      age of 60.3 +/- 11.2 years. The median operating time was 122 (range 57-325)
      minutes with a median blood loss of 100 ml (based on 41 subjects). Eighty-eight
      patients (87 %) ambulated within the first 3 days after surgery. An overall
      median survival of 11.0 (range 0-70) months was observed, with 79 % of the
      patients alive at 3 months after treatment. Eighteen patients experienced a total
      of 30 complications; nonsurgical complications were the most commonly
      encountered. Prolonged operating time was independently associated with an
      increased risk of complications. CONCLUSIONS: A complication rate of 18 % was
      found after PPSF for unstable spinal metastases. Potential advantages of less
      invasive treatment are limited blood loss and high early ambulation rate.

PMID- 26965699
TI  - Interobserver Agreement Between Pathologists Assessing Tumor-Infiltrating
      Lymphocytes (TILs) in Breast Cancer Using Methodology Proposed by the
      International TILs Working Group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast
      tumors is prognostic and predictive, suggesting that TILs may be an important
      biomarker. Recently, an international TILs working group formulated consensus
      recommendations for TIL evaluation. The current study was performed to determine
      interobserver agreement using that methodology. METHODS: Tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes were assessed on a single hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slide
      obtained from the core biopsy of 75 triple-negative breast cancers. Four
      pathologists independently reviewed each slide and evaluated stromal TILs (sTILs)
      and intratumoral TIL (iTILs). The kappa statistic was used to estimate
      interobserver agreement for identification of sTILs, and the intraclass
      correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to estimate the agreement among observers
      for iTILs. Cases with poor agreement were reviewed to identify pathologic factors
      that may contribute to the lack of agreement. RESULTS: The kappa statistic for
      sTIL evaluation was 0.57 (standard error, 0.04). For iTILs, the ICC calculated to
      determine internal consistency within raters was 0.65 (95 % confidence interval
      [CI] 0.56-0.74; p < 0.0001), and the ICC calculated to determine agreement among
      raters was 0.62 (95 % CI 0.50-0.72; p < 0.0001). In 10 cases (13 %), there was
      not agreement between three of four pathologists. The pathologic features
      contributing to difficulty in TIL enumeration included marked individual tumor
      cell necrosis or apoptosis, the presence of reactive plasma cells mimicking tumor
      cells, plasmatoid tumor cells, and accurate quantification of TILs in specimens
      with focal areas of heavy immune infiltrate. CONCLUSION: Acceptable agreement in
      TIL enumeration was observed, suggesting that the proposed methodology can be
      used to facilitate the use of TILs as a biomarker in research and clinical trial
      settings.

PMID- 26965700
TI  - Patterns of Referral for Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II and III Colon Cancer:
      A Population-Based Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Reasons for variable utilization of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) for
      colon cancer have not been well described. We report medical oncology (MO)
      referral patterns and subsequent use of ACT. METHODS: Treatment records were
      linked to the population-based Ontario Cancer Registry to describe MO referral
      and ACT use among 5289 patients with stage II-III colon cancer treated in 2002
      2008. Modified Poisson regression was used to analyze factors associated with MO
      referral and ACT use. Multilevel modeling was used to explore the proportion of
      variation in practice attributable to providers. RESULTS: There was wide
      geographic variation in MO referral rates for stage II (range 37-80 %, p < 0.001)
      and stage III disease (range 77-98 %, p < 0.001). Use of ACT among referred
      patients varied across regions for stage II (range 12-49 %, p < 0.001) but not
      stage III (range 67-79 %, p = 0.353). For both stages, younger patients (p <
      0.001) with less comorbidity (p < 0.010) were more likely to be referred to MO
      and treated with ACT. Applying the fitted regression model to nonreferred stage
      III patients suggests that 38 % had >50 % probability of having ACT if they had
      seen a MO. Among stage III patients, 15 % percent of the variance in MO referral
      rate and 6 % of the variance in ACT utilization rate is attributable to the
      surgeon and MO respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of non
      referred patients with stage III colon cancer may have been offered ACT if they
      had seen MO. A small proportion of variance in referral rate and ACT treatment is
      attributable to providers.

PMID- 26965701
TI  - Mixed Adeno-neuroendocrine Carcinoma: An Aggressive Clinical Entity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a rare pathologic
      diagnosis recently defined by the World Health Organization in 2010. Due to poor
      understanding of MANEC as a clinical entity, there is significant variation in
      the management of these patients. The purpose of our study was to characterize
      MANEC to develop evidence-based treatment strategies. METHODS: The Ohio State
      University patient database was queried for the diagnosis of MANEC and 46
      patients were identified. For comparison, the database also was queried for
      goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) of the appendix, signet ring cell carcinoma, and
      carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix. Charts were then retrospectively
      reviewed for clinicopathologic characteristics, patient treatment, and survival
      data. RESULTS: The mean age of diagnosis of MANEC was 54 years. Eighty-seven
      percent of MANEC arose from the appendix, with 28 % of patients undergoing
      appendectomy and 35 % undergoing right hemicolectomy as their index operation.
      Immunohistochemical staining was positive for chromogranin (82 %), synaptophysin
      (97 %), and CD56 (67 %). Sixty-seven percent of patients presented with stage IV
      disease and 41 % had nodal metastases. Overall survival was 4.1 years, which was
      statistically significantly different (p <= 0.05) compared with carcinoid tumors
      (13.4 years), GCC (15.4 years), and signet ring carcinoma (2.2 years).
      CONCLUSIONS: MANEC is a more aggressive clinical entity than both GCC of the
      appendix and carcinoid/neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix. Based on these
      findings, we recommend patients with MANEC tumors undergo aggressive
      multidisciplinary cancer management and close surveillance.

PMID- 26965702
TI  - Perineural Invasion and Lymphovascular Invasion are Associated with Increased
      Risk of Biochemical Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine whether perineural invasion (PNI)
      and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) are independent predictors for biochemical
      recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa) following radical prostatectomy (RP) in
      the Asian population. METHODS: The study population comprised 2394 PCa patients
      undergoing RP at our institution in Korea. After excluding 360 patients, we
      compared the baseline characteristics between the groups according to the
      presence of PNI or LVI and estimated BCR-free survival using the Kaplan-Meier
      survival. Multivariate Cox regression model was adopted to identify significant
      predictive factors of BCR following RP. RESULTS: Among 2034 patients, PNI and LVI
      were detected in 69.3 and 12.4 % patients, respectively. Patients with PNI or LVI
      had higher rates of advanced biopsy and pathological Gleason score (>=7), and
      higher proportions of advanced clinical and pathological T stage >=3,
      extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and surgical margin
      positivity. Notably, BCR-free survival was lower in patients with PNI or LVI
      compared with that in patients without these markers and lower in patients with
      both markers compared with that in other populations of patients. Moreover, PNI
      (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.11) and LVI (HR = 1.57) were significant predictors of
      BCR. The presence of the two markers was associated with a higher risk of BCR (HR
      = 4.60) compared with the presence of either marker alone (HR = 3.47).
      CONCLUSIONS: PNI and LVI are adverse pathologic parameters and independent
      predictors for BCR, and the concurrent presence of PNI and LVI resulted in poorer
      outcomes for BCR in PCa patients who underwent RP.

PMID- 26965703
TI  - Effect of two commercial herbicides on life history traits of a human disease
      vector, Aedes aegypti, in the laboratory setting.
AB  - Some mosquito species utilize the small niches of water that are abundant in
      farmland habitats. These niches are susceptible to effects from agricultural
      pesticides, many of which are applied aerially over large tracts of land. One
      principal form of weed control in agricultural systems involves the development
      of herbicide-tolerant crops. The impact of sub-agricultural levels of these
      herbicides on mosquito survival and life-history traits of resulting adults have
      not been determined. The aim of this study was to test the effect of two
      commercial herbicides (Beyond and Roundup) on the survivorship, eclosion time,
      and body mass of Aedes aegypti. First instar A. aegypti larvae were exposed to
      varying concentrations (270, 550 and 820 MUg/m(2) of glyphosate and 0.74, 1.49,
      2.24 MUL imazamox/m(2)), all treatments being below recommended application
      rates, of commercial herbicides in a controlled environment and resulting adult
      mosquitoes were collected and weighed. Exposure to Roundup had a significant
      negative effect on A. aegypti survivorship at medium and high sub-agricultural
      application concentrations, and negatively affected adult eclosion time at the
      highest concentration. However, exposure to low concentrations of Beyond
      significantly increased A. aegypti survivorship, although adult female mass was
      decreased at medium sub-agricultural concentrations. These results demonstrate
      that low concentrations of two different herbicides, which can occur in rural
      larval habitats as a result of spray drift, can affect the same species of
      mosquito in both positive and negative ways depending on the herbicide applied.
      The effects of commercial herbicides on mosquito populations could have an
      important effect on disease transmission within agricultural settings, where
      these and other herbicides are extensively applied to reduce weed growth. 

PMID- 26965704
TI  - Prolonged effects of in-hive monoterpenoids on the honey bee Apis mellifera.
AB  - Honey bees are exposed in their environment to contaminants but also to
      biological stressors such as Varroa destructor that can weaken the colony.
      Preparations containing monoterpenoids that are essential oil components, can be
      introduced into hives to control Varroa. The long-term sublethal effects of
      monoterpenoids used as miticides have been poorly investigated. Analysis of
      behavior of free-moving bees in the laboratory is useful to evaluate the impact
      of chemical stressors on their cognitive functions such as vision function. Here,
      the walking behavior was quantified under a 200-lux light intensity. Weeks and
      months after introduction of the miticide (74 % thymol) into the hives, decreases
      of phototaxis was observed with both summer and winter bees. Curiously, in
      spring, bees collected in treated hives were less attracted by light in the
      morning than control bees. The survival of bees collected in spring was increased
      by treatment. After a 1-year period of observation, the colony losses were
      identical in treated and non-treated groups. Colony loss started earlier in the
      non-treated group. In public opinion, natural substances as essential oils are
      safer and more environmentally friendly. We demonstrated that a monoterpenoid
      based treatment affects bee responses to light. The latter results have notable
      implications regarding the evaluation of miticides in beekeeping. 

PMID- 26965705
TI  - Factors Affecting Length of Postoperative Hospitalization for Pediatric Cardiac
      Operations in a Large North American Registry (1982-2007).
AB  - Surgical treatment of congenital heart disease represents a major cause of
      pediatric hospitalization and healthcare resource use. Larger centers may provide
      more efficient care with resulting shorter length of postoperative
      hospitalization (LOH). Data from 46 centers over 25 years were used to evaluate
      whether surgical volume was an important determinant of LOH using a competing
      risk regression strategy that concurrently accounted for deaths, transfers, and
      discharges with some time interactions. Earlier discharge was more likely for
      infants and older children compared to neonates [subhazard ratios at
      postoperative day 6 of 1.64 (99 % confidence interval (CI) 1.57, 1.72) and 2.67
      (99 % CI 2.53, 2.80), respectively], but less likely for patients undergoing
      operations in Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery categories 2, 3, 4,
      and 5/6 compared to category 1 [subhazard ratios at postoperative day 6 of 0.66
      (99 % CI 0.64, 0.68), 0.34 (95 % CI 0.33, 0.35), 0.28 (99 % CI 0.27, 0.30), and
      0.10 (99 % CI 0.09, 0.11), respectively]. There was no difference by sex [non
      time-dependent subhazard ratio 1.019 (99 % CI 0.995, 1.040)]. For every 100
      operation increase in center annual surgical volume, the non-time-dependent
      subhazard for discharge was 1.035 (99 % CI 1.006, 1.064) times greater, and
      center-specific exponentiated random effects ranged from 0.70 to 1.42 with a
      variance of 0.023. The conditional discharge rate increased with increasing age
      and later era. No sex-specific difference was found. Centers performing more
      operations discharged patients sooner than lower volume centers, but this
      difference appears to be too small to be of clinical significance. Interestingly,
      unmeasured institutional characteristics estimated by the center random effects
      were variable, suggesting that these played an important role in LOH and merit
      further investigation. 

PMID- 26965706
TI  - Inulin and fructooligosaccharide affect in vitro calcium uptake and absorption
      from calcium-enriched gluten-free bread.
AB  - Compromised intestinal calcium absorption affecting a deterioration of bone state
      is a sign of coeliac disease. Experimental calcium-fortified gluten-free bread
      (GFB) of improved calcium bioavailability could increase calcium content in the
      diets of coeliac disease patients, allowing them to obtain the amount of calcium
      they need for therapeutic use. Prebiotics, including inulin-type fructans (IFs)
      have a beneficial effect on calcium bioavailability. In the present study, the in
      vitro model composed of the intestinal-like Caco-2 cells and the human intestinal
      bacteria (Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae) were used to
      analyse the effect of inulin and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) of different chain
      lengths, on calcium uptake and absorption from experimental GFB. Analysed IFs,
      especially short-chain FOS, significantly (p < 0.05) increased cellular calcium
      uptake from GFB digest and stimulated the intestinal bacteria applied in the
      cultures to the intensive synthesis of organic acids. In particular, the
      concentration of butyric, valeric and lactic acids increased significantly.
      Similarly, in the calcium absorption experiment, IFs increased the cellular
      calcium retention but concomitantly reduced its content in basolateral filtrates.
      The results obtained suggest that the applied IFs affected differentially calcium
      uptake and absorption from the experimental calcium-enriched GFB, therefore a
      further study is needed to assess whether these observations made in vitro
      contribute to IF effects on calcium absorption from experimental GFB in vivo. 

PMID- 26965707
TI  - Prenatal predictors of postpartum depression and postpartum depressive symptoms
      in Mexican mothers: a longitudinal study.
AB  - Prospective studies on the predictors of postpartum depression (PPD) in Latin
      America are scarce, which is a matter of importance, since the significance of
      PPD risk factors may vary according to the level of development of a country, the
      types of measurement and the time periods assessed. This study identifies the
      prenatal predictors for PPD (diagnostic interview) and postpartum depressive
      symptoms (PPDS) (self-report scale) in Mexican mothers at 6 weeks and 6 months
      postpartum. Two hundred and ten women were interviewed using the Structured
      Clinical Interview (SCID-I), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and various
      risk factor scales. Univariate logistic regressions showed that social support,
      marital satisfaction, life events, a history of psychopathology, anxiety
      symptoms, depressive symptoms, the traditional female role, previous
      miscarriages/termination of pregnancy and unplanned/unwanted pregnancy were
      significant predictors for both PPD and PPDS at both assessment times in the
      postpartum. Education, age, marital status, income, occupation, parity, C-section
      and resilience were significant for only one of the measurements and/or at just
      one assessment time. General findings replicate a high- and low-income country
      observed psychosocial risk profile and confirm a sociodemographic and obstetric
      profile of vulnerability that is more prevalent in resource-constrained
      countries. PPD constitutes a high burden for new mothers, particularly for those
      living in low-middle-income countries who face social disadvantages (such as low
      educational attainment and income).

PMID- 26965708
TI  - The effect of Wazzup Mama?! An antenatal intervention to prevent or reduce
      maternal distress in pregnancy.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of the intervention WazzUp Mama?! on antenatal maternal
      distress in a non-randomized pre-post study including healthy women in 17 Dutch
      midwifery practices. The control group (n = 215) received antenatal care-as
      usual. The experimental group (n = 218) received the intervention. Data were
      collected at the first and third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal distress (MD)
      was measured with the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS), State-Trait Anxiety
      Inventory (STAI), and Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ). We used
      multivariate repeated-measure analysis to examine the across time changes and
      ANCOVA was used to examine the differences between the two groups. In the control
      group, mean EDS, STAI, and MD scores significantly increased from first to third
      trimester of pregnancy, mean PRAQ scores increased, but not significantly, the
      proportion of scores above cut-off level of EDS, STAI, and PRAQ significantly
      increased from first to third trimester, and the proportion of MD scores above
      cut-off level increased, but not significantly. Within the experimental group,
      the mean STAI, PRAQ, and MD scores significantly decreased from first to third
      trimester, the EDS mean scores decreased but not significantly, proportions of
      scores above cut-off level for PRAQ and MD significantly decreased from first to
      third trimester of pregnancy, the proportions of EDS and STAI scores above cut
      off level decreased but not significantly. There was a moderate significant
      positive effect of WazzUP Mama?! on the MD scores (F(1.43) = 27.05, p < 0.001, d
      = 0.5). The results provide support for the effectiveness of the intervention
      WazzUp Mama?!

PMID- 26965709
TI  - Causation by Diesel Exhaust Particles of Endothelial Dysfunctions in
      Cytotoxicity, Pro-inflammation, Permeability, and Apoptosis Induced by ROS
      Generation.
AB  - Epidemiological studies suggest that an increase of diesel exhaust particles
      (DEP) in ambient air corresponds to an increase in hospital-recorded myocardial
      infarctions within 48 h after exposure. Among the many theories to explain this
      data are endothelial dysfunction and translocation of DEP into vasculature. The
      mechanisms for such DEP-induced vascular permeability remain unknown. One of the
      major mechanisms underlying the effects of DEP is suggested to be oxidative
      stress. Experiments have shown that DEP induce the generation of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS), such as superoxide anion and H2O2 in the HUVEC tube cells.
      Transcription factor Nrf2 is translocated to the cell nucleus, where it activates
      transcription of the antioxidative enzyme HO-1 and sequentially induces the
      release of vascular permeability factor VEGF-A. Furthermore, a recent study shows
      that DEP-induced intracellular ROS may cause the release of pro-inflammatory TNF
      alpha and IL-6, which may induce endothelial permeability as well by promoting
      VEGF-A secretion independently of HO-1 activation. These results demonstrated
      that the adherens junction molecule, VE-cadherin, becomes redistributed from the
      membrane at cell-cell borders to the cytoplasm in response to DEP, separating the
      plasma membranes of adjacent cells. DEP were occasionally found in endothelial
      cell cytoplasm and in tube lumen. In addition, the induced ROS is cytotoxic to
      the endothelial tube-like HUVEC. Acute DEP exposure stimulates ATP depletion,
      followed by depolarization of their actin cytoskeleton, which sequentially
      inhibits PI3K/Akt activity and induces endothelial apoptosis. Nevertheless, high
      dose DEP augments tube cell apoptosis up to 70 % but disrupts the p53 negative
      regulator Mdm2. In summary, exposure to DEP affects parameters influencing
      vasculature permeability and viability, i.e., oxidative stress and its
      upregulated antioxidative and pro-inflammatory responses, which sequentially
      induce vascular permeability factor, VEGF-A release and disrupt cell-cell
      junction integrity. While exposure to a low dose of DEP actin triggers
      cytoskeleton depolarization, reduces PI3K/Akt activity, and induces a p53/Mdm2
      feedback loop, a high dose causes apoptosis by depleting Mdm2. Addition of ROS
      scavenger N-acetyl cysteine suppresses DEP-induced oxidative stress efficiently
      and reduces subsequent damages by increasing endogenous glutathione.

PMID- 26965710
TI  - Potential impact of the implementation of multiple-criteria decision analysis
      (MCDA) on the Polish pricing and reimbursement process of orphan drugs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of the
      implementation of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) on the Polish
      pricing and reimbursement (P&R) process with regard to orphan drugs. METHODS: A
      four step approach was designed. Firstly, a systematic literature review was
      conducted to select the MCDA criteria. Secondly, a database of orphan drugs was
      established. Thirdly, health technology appraisals (HTA recommendations) were
      categorized and an MCDA appraisal was conducted. Finally, a comparison of HTA and
      MCDA outcomes was carried out. An MCDA outcome was considered positive if more
      than 50% of the maximum number of points was reached (base case). In the
      sensitivity analysis, 25% and 75% thresholds were tested as well. RESULTS: Out of
      2242 publications, 23 full-text articles were included. The final MCDA tool
      consisted of ten criteria. In total, 27 distinctive drug-indication pairs
      regarding 21 drugs were used for the study. Six negative and 21 positive HTA
      recommendations were issued. In the base case, there were 19 positive MCDA
      outcomes. Of the 27 cases, there were 12 disagreements between the HTA and MCDA
      outcomes, the majority of which related to positive HTA guidance for negative
      MCDA outcomes. All drug-indication pairs with negative HTA recommendations were
      appraised positively in the MCDA framework. Economic details were available for
      12 cases, of which there were 9 positive MCDA outcomes. Amongst the 12 drug
      indication pairs, two were negatively appraised in the HTA process, with positive
      MCDA guidance, and two were appraised in the opposite direction. CONCLUSIONS: An
      MCDA approach may lead to different P&R outcomes compared to a standard HTA
      process. On the one hand, enrichment of the list of decision making criteria
      means further scrutiny of a given health technology and as such increases the
      odds of a negative P&R outcome. On the other hand, it may uncover additional
      values and as such increase the odds of positive P&R outcomes.

PMID- 26965711
TI  - Analytical solution for time-dependent potentials in a fiber stimulated by an
      external electrode.
AB  - This study provides an analytical solution for time-dependent potentials in a 3D
      cylindrical fiber stimulated by an extracellular point electrode. The membrane is
      passive and represented by surface resistance and surface capacitance. Separation
      of variables solution expresses intracellular and extracellular potentials as
      sums involving modified Bessel functions; the coefficients ([Formula: see text]
      and [Formula: see text]) depend on time. In contrast to previous analytical
      solutions, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] had to be determined
      numerically, here [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are given by
      explicit formulas that resemble the formulas for potentials in a fiber stimulated
      by a transverse electric field. The comparison of the 3D analytical solution with
      the 1D cable model shows that the cable model approximates transmembrane
      potential with the error below 5 % when the distance between the electrode and
      the fiber is 0.2-4 mm and when the stimulus is longer than 3.3 ms. For stimuli
      between 0.43 and 3.3 ms, the range of fiber-electrode distances with error below
      5 % shrinks, and it disappears completely for stimuli shorter than 0.43 ms. Thus,
      our study shows that the applicability of the 1D cable model may be more limited
      than previously considered.

PMID- 26965712
TI  - Immunonutrition suppresses acute inflammatory responses through modulation of
      resolvin E1 in patients undergoing major hepatobiliary resection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although several studies have reported the effects of immunonutrition
      on clinical outcomes, detailed mechanisms of immunonutrition after an operation
      are still unclear. It was recently reported that resolvin E1, a novel lipid
      mediator generated from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), activates factors that
      reduce inflammation. This randomized clinical trial was designed to investigate
      not only the effect of immunonutrition on postoperative complications but also
      the participation of resolvin E1 on anti-inflammatory effects of immunonutrition
      in patients undergoing major hepatobiliary resection. METHODS: Forty patients who
      underwent major hepatobiliary resection were divided into 2 groups. Twenty
      patients received oral supplementation enriched with EPA, arginine, and
      nucleotides before the operation (group IN). Twenty patients (control group)
      received no artificial nutrition before the operation (group C). RESULTS: The
      rate of infectious complications and severity of complications in group IN was
      significantly lower than in group C (P < .05). Immediately after the operation,
      plasma resolvin E1 levels were significantly higher in group IN than in group C
      (P < .05), and plasma interleukin-6 levels were significantly lower in group IN
      than in group C (P < .05). Preoperative serum EPA levels correlated with plasma
      resolvin E1 levels immediately after the operation. Plasma resolvin E1 levels
      correlated with plasma interleukin-6 levels immediately after the operation.
      CONCLUSION: Preoperative immunonutrition reduced inflammatory responses and
      protected against the aggravation of postoperative complications in patients
      undergoing major hepatobiliary resection. Resolvin E1 may play a key role in the
      resolution of acute inflammation when immunonutrition is supplemented with EPA.
      (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01256047.).

PMID- 26965713
TI  - Localized surface plasmon resonances dominated giant lateral photovoltaic effect
      observed in ZnO/Ag/Si nanostructure.
AB  - We report substantially enlarged lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) in the
      ZnO/Ag/Si nanostructures. The maximum LPE sensitivity (55.05 mv/mm) obtained in
      this structure is about seven times larger than that observed in the control
      sample (7.88 mv/mm) of ZnO/Si. We attribute this phenomenon to the strong
      localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) induced by nano Ag semicontinuous
      films. Quite different from the traditional LPE in PN junction type structures,
      in which light-generated carriers contributed to LPE merely depends on direct
      excitation of light in semiconductor, this work firstly demonstrates that, by
      introducing a super thin metal Ag in the interface between two different kinds of
      semiconductors, the nanoscale Ag embedded in the interface will produce strong
      resonance of localized field, causing extra intraband excitation, interband
      excitation and an enhanced direct excitation. As a consequence, these LSPRs
      dominated contributions harvest much more carriers, giving rise to a greatly
      enhanced LPE. In particular, this LSPRs-driven mechanism constitutes a sharp
      contrast to the traditional LPE operation mechanism. This work suggests a brand
      new LSPRs approach for tailoring LPE-based devices and also opens avenues of
      research within current photoelectric sensors area. 

PMID- 26965714
TI  - Metabolic syndrome in people with a psychotic illness: is cannabis protective?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rates of the metabolic syndrome in people with psychotic illness are
      high. Emerging evidence suggests that cannabis use may have a positive impact on
      cardiometabolic risk factors in the general population, but little is known about
      its impact for people with psychotic illness. Our aim was to investigate whether
      the rate of the metabolic syndrome in people with psychotic illness was
      associated with frequency of cannabis use. METHOD: The 2010 Australian psychosis
      survey used a two-phase design to randomly select a nationally representative
      sample of 1825 adults with psychotic illness for interview and physical
      assessment. This study is based on 1813 participants who provided data on
      cannabis use. Multiple logistic regression was used to model the influence of
      frequency of cannabis use on the metabolic syndrome, adjusting for potential
      covariates including antipsychotic medication use, smoking, alcohol use and
      cognitive function. RESULTS: One-third (33.0%) of participants had used cannabis
      in the past year. The proportion of non-users, occasional users and frequent
      users with the metabolic syndrome was 63.0, 51.7 and 43.5%, respectively (p <
      0.001). In unadjusted analyses, both occasional use and frequent cannabis use
      were associated with significantly lower odds of the metabolic syndrome. In the
      adjusted analyses, the association between the metabolic syndrome and frequent
      cannabis use remained significant [odds ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval
      (CI) 0.39-0.80], but not the association with occasional use (odds ratio = 0.75,
      95% CI 0.49-1.13). CONCLUSIONS: While cannabis use may be detrimental for mental
      health, these data suggest that it may also have a cardiometabolic protective
      effect. Further investigation is required to understand the mechanism underlying
      this paradoxical finding.

PMID- 26965715
TI  - Increased enhancement of the liver adjacent to the gallbladder seen with contrast
      ultrasound: comparison between acute cholecystitis and non-cholecystitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the ability of contrast-enhanced
      ultrasonography (CEUS) with time-intensity curve analysis to demonstrate an
      increased enhancement of the liver parenchyma adjacent to the inflamed
      gallbladder, as seen on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. METHODS: The
      Ethics Committee of our institution approved the study protocol (Kawasaki Medical
      School, registration number 1277). From April to November 2013, 11 consecutive
      patients with acute cholecystitis and 16 patients without cholecystitis consented
      to CEUS (SonazoidTM) and were enrolled in this study. The gallbladder and liver
      were scanned by one gastroenterologist using harmonic imaging with a low
      mechanical index. The raw imaging data were stored. Another physician, blinded to
      all clinical information, constructed the time-intensity curve. The major axis of
      the region of interest (ROI) was set in segment 5 (pericholecystic area), and the
      control ROI in segment 8 at the same depth. The intensity ratio (IR) was defined
      as the peak intensity of segment 5 divided by the simultaneous value of segment
      8. The characteristics of the patient with and without acute cholecystitis were
      compared. The correlation between the IR and the presence of acute cholecystitis
      was analyzed using binomial logistic regression analysis. A receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed as well. RESULTS: The IR was
      significantly higher in the group with than without acute cholecystitis (p =
      0.006). The IR correlated significantly with the presence of acute gallbladder
      inflammation (p = 0.043). The area under the ROC curve was estimated as 0.852
      (95% confidence interval, 0.709-0.995). A cut-off value of 2.72 had a sensitivity
      of 81.8% and a specificity of 81.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The IR obtained by CEUS with
      time-intensity curve analysis generally demonstrated increased enhancement of the
      liver parenchyma adjacent to the inflamed gallbladder.

PMID- 26965716
TI  - Dissection of a non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery.
AB  - A non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery is a rare anomaly in the population.
      Radiologic diagnosis of pathologies seen together with this anomaly can be
      challenging. Despite not being diagnostic all the time, digital subtraction
      angiography is accepted as the gold standard method for the diagnosis of
      dissection. We present a case of a non-bifurcating cervical carotid artery and
      concomitant dissection, which presented to the hospital with trauma and ischemic
      findings. 

PMID- 26965717
TI  - Variability of Insulin Requirements Over 12 Weeks of Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery
      in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To quantify variability of insulin requirements during closed-loop
      insulin delivery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed
      overnight, daytime, and total daily insulin amounts delivered during a
      multicenter closed-loop trial involving 32 adults with type 1 diabetes.
      Participants applied hybrid day-and-night closed-loop insulin delivery under free
      living home conditions over 12 weeks. The coefficient of variation was adopted to
      measure variability of insulin requirements in individual subjects. RESULTS: Data
      were analyzed from 1,918 nights, 1,883 daytime periods and 1,564 total days
      characterized by closed-loop use over 85% of time. Variability of overnight
      insulin requirements (mean [SD] coefficient of variation 31% [4]) was nearly
      twice as high as variability of total daily requirements (17% [3], P < 0.001) and
      was also higher than variability of daytime insulin requirements (22% [4], P <
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overnight insulin requirements were significantly more
      variable than daytime and total daily amounts. This may explain why some people
      with type 1 diabetes report frustrating variability in morning glycemia.

PMID- 26965718
TI  - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Care and Impact of Vendor-Based Disease
      Management Programs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We examined the existence of disparities in receipt of appropriate
      diabetes care among California's fee-for-service Medicaid beneficiaries and the
      effectiveness of a telephonic-based disease management program delivered by a
      disease management vendor on the reduction of racial/ethnic disparities in
      diabetes care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted an intervention-control
      cohort study to test the effectiveness of a 3-year-long disease management
      program delivered to Medicaid fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 22 to 75 with a
      diagnosis of diabetes in Los Angeles and Alameda counties. The outcome measures
      were the receipt of at least one hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, LDL cholesterol
      test, and retinal examination each year. We used generalized estimating equations
      models with logit link to analyze the claims data for a cohort of beneficiaries
      in two intervention counties (n = 2,933) and eight control counties (n = 2,988)
      from September 2005 through August 2010. RESULTS: Racial/ethnic disparities
      existed in the receipt of all three types of testing in the intervention counties
      before the program. African Americans (0.66; 95% CI 0.62-0.70) and Latinos (0.77;
      95% CI 0.74-0.80) had lower rates of receipt for HbA1c testing than whites (0.83;
      95% CI 0.81-0.85) in the intervention counties. After the intervention, the
      disparity among African Americans and Latinos compared with whites persisted in
      the intervention counties. For Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, the
      disparity in testing rates decreased. We did not find similar disparities in the
      control counties. CONCLUSIONS: This disease management program was not effective
      in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes care in the most
      racially/ethnically diverse counties in California.

PMID- 26965719
TI  - Variations in Diabetes Prevalence in Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries:
      Results From the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to assess whether diabetes prevalence
      varies by countries at different economic levels and whether this can be
      explained by known risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The prevalence of
      diabetes, defined as self-reported or fasting glycemia >=7 mmol/L, was documented
      in 119,666 adults from three high-income (HIC), seven upper-middle-income (UMIC),
      four lower-middle-income (LMIC), and four low-income (LIC) countries.
      Relationships between diabetes and its risk factors within these country
      groupings were assessed using multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Age- and sex
      adjusted diabetes prevalences were highest in the poorer countries and lowest in
      the wealthiest countries (LIC 12.3%, UMIC 11.1%, LMIC 8.7%, and HIC 6.6%; P <
      0.0001). In the overall population, diabetes risk was higher with a 5-year
      increase in age (odds ratio 1.29 [95% CI 1.28-1.31]), male sex (1.19 [1.13
      1.25]), urban residency (1.24 [1.11-1.38]), low versus high education level (1.10
      [1.02-1.19]), low versus high physical activity (1.28 [1.20-1.38]), family
      history of diabetes (3.15 [3.00-3.31]), higher waist-to-hip ratio (highest vs.
      lowest quartile; 3.63 [3.33-3.96]), and BMI (>=35 vs. <25 kg/m(2); 2.76 [2.52
      3.03]). The relationship between diabetes prevalence and both BMI and family
      history of diabetes differed in higher- versus lower-income country groups (P for
      interaction < 0.0001). After adjustment for all risk factors and ethnicity,
      diabetes prevalences continued to show a gradient (LIC 14.0%, LMIC 10.1%, UMIC
      10.9%, and HIC 5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional risk factors do not fully account
      for the higher prevalence of diabetes in LIC countries. These findings suggest
      that other factors are responsible for the higher prevalence of diabetes in LIC
      countries.

PMID- 26965721
TI  - Prognostic factors in the patients with T2N0M0 colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The 5-year survival rate of the patients with stage I colorectal
      cancer is about 90%; therefore, adjuvant therapy has not been recommended after
      radical resection; however, about 16-26% of T2N0M0 patients will be dead at 5
      years despite radical curative resection. It indicated that there is a defined
      group of patients who are at high risk for relapse or metastasis despite radical
      operation. This study aimed to find the patients with T2N0M0 colorectal cancer at
      high risk for relapse or metastasis. METHODS: From January 1993 to December 2014,
      812 patients with histologically confirmed stage T2N0M0 primary colorectal cancer
      treated by radical surgery with complete clinical follow-up data were eligible
      for this study. The medical records of all patients were collected and were
      retrospectively analyzed. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier
      method, and survival cures were compared using the log-rank test. Cox
      proportional hazards model was used to analyze the significant factors defined in
      univariate test. RESULTS: The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 81.9
      and 67.7%, respectively. Male gender, old age, lymphovascular permeation,
      perineural invasion, and poor differentiation were associated with low cancer
      specific survival rates in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed
      old age, lymphovascular permeation, perineural invasion, and poor differentiation
      as significant independent factors predicting worse prognosis (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Old age, lymphovascular permeation, perineural invasion, and poor
      differentiation are risk factors for the worse prognostic patients with T2N0M0
      colorectal patients who would potential benefit from more aggressive therapy.

PMID- 26965722
TI  - The influence of epidural blockade on gut permeability in patients undergoing
      open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic clamping during aneurysm repair may cause a decrease
      in splanchnic blood flow and deterioration of gut barrier integrity. Epidural
      blocks have beneficial effects on vital organs during abdominal surgery, but
      sparse data are available on the influence on gut permeability during open aortic
      surgery. The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis that epidural blocks
      may have beneficial effects on intestine permeability changes. METHODS: Seventy
      individuals undergoing elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair were
      randomly assigned to receive either balanced anaesthesia (continuous epidural and
      general anaesthesia, group E&G) or only general anaesthesia (group G). For group
      E&G, an epidural catheter was inserted into the epidural space before the
      induction of general anaesthesia. Ropivacaine was used for intraoperative and
      postoperative blocks. For both groups general anaesthesia was maintained with
      sevoflurane. For group G, analgesia was provided with remifentanil. The
      assessments of gut function were based on measurements of the absorption and
      percentages of urinary excretion of four sugars (m 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D
      xylose, L-rhamnose and lactulose) and the lactulose/rhamnose (L/R) ratio.
      RESULTS: No intergroup differences were observed for sugar recovery or L/R ratio.
      Significant decreases in 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-rhamnose
      recoveries were revealed in both examined groups when comparing the results
      obtained at 12 and 24 hours following the administration of anaesthesia. The rate
      of blood pressure decrease was significantly higher in group E&G. CONCLUSIONS:
      Aortic clamping during open abdominal aortic repair led to unfavorable changes in
      intestinal permeability. Epidural block did not attenuate this deterioration.

PMID- 26965723
TI  - An urgent call for infectious diseases specialists.

PMID- 26965720
TI  - Metabolic Syndrome Components Are Associated With Symptomatic Polyneuropathy
      Independent of Glycemic Status.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Previous studies demonstrate that the metabolic syndrome is associated
      with distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP). We aimed to determine the magnitude
      of this effect and the precise components involved. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:
      We determined the symptomatic DSP prevalence in the Health, Aging, and Body
      Composition (Health ABC) study (prospective cohort study, with subjects aged 70
      79 years at baseline), stratified by glycemic status (glucose tolerance test) and
      the number of additional metabolic syndrome components (updated National
      Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III definition). DSP was
      defined as neuropathic symptoms (questionnaire) plus at least one of three
      confirmatory tests (heavy monofilament, peroneal conduction velocity, and
      vibration threshold). Multivariable logistic and linear regression evaluated the
      association of metabolic syndrome components with DSP in cross-sectional and
      longitudinal analyses. RESULTS: Of 2,382 participants with neuropathy measures
      (mean age 73.5 +/- 2.9 years, 38.2% black, 51.7% women), 21.0% had diabetes,
      29.9% prediabetes, 52.8% metabolic syndrome, and 11.1% DSP. Stratified by
      glycemic status, DSP prevalence increased as the number of metabolic syndrome
      components increased (P = 0.03). Diabetes (cross-sectional model, odds ratio [OR]
      1.65 [95% CI 1.18-2.31]) and baseline hemoglobin A1C (longitudinal model, OR 1.42
      [95% CI 1.15-1.75]) were the only metabolic syndrome measures significantly
      associated with DSP. Waist circumference and HDL were significantly associated
      with multiple secondary neuropathy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Independent of glycemic
      status, symptomatic DSP is more common in those with additional metabolic
      syndrome components. However, the issue of which metabolic syndrome components
      drive this association, in addition to hyperglycemia, remains unclear. Larger
      waist circumference and low HDL may be associated with DSP, but larger studies
      with more precise metabolic measures are needed.

PMID- 26965724
TI  - [Tramadol associated with increased risk of hypoglycaemia].

PMID- 26965725
TI  - Congenital varicella syndrome: A systematic review.
AB  - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a teratogen that can cross the placenta and cause
      the congenital varicella syndrome (CVS), which is characterised by multi-system
      anomalies. There have been 130 reported cases of CVS from 1947 to 2013. The
      estimated incidence of CVS was 0.59% and 0.84% for women infected with VZV during
      the entire pregnancy and for those infected the first 20 weeks of pregnancy,
      respectively. Nine cases were reported at 21-27 weeks of gestation and one case
      was identified at 36 weeks. Herpes zoster caused CVS in two cases. Regarding
      treatment, varicella zoster immunoglobulin treatment, irrespective of gestational
      age, should be considered in addition to antiviral drugs for women who have been
      exposed to or infected with virus. 

PMID- 26965726
TI  - Mixed regiospecificity compromises alkene synthesis by a cytochrome P450
      peroxygenase from Methylobacterium populi.
AB  - Intensive interest has focused on enzymes that are capable of synthesizing
      hydrocarbons, alkenes and alkanes, for sustainable fuel production. A recently
      described cytochrome P450 (OleTJE) from the CYP152 family catalyzes an unusual
      carbon-carbon scission reaction, transforming Cn fatty acids to Cn-1 1-alkenes.
      Here, we show that a second CYP152, CYP-MP from Methylobacterium populi ATCC BAA
      705, also catalyzes oxidative substrate decarboxylation. Alkene production is
      accompanied with the production of fatty alcohol products, underscoring the
      mechanistic similarity of the decarboxylation reaction with canonical P450
      monooxygenation chemistry. The branchpoint of these two chemistries, and
      regiospecificity of oxidation products, is strongly chain length dependent,
      suggesting an importance of substrate coordination for regulating alkene
      production.

PMID- 26965727
TI  - Prenatal low-dose methylmercury exposure impairs neurite outgrowth and synaptic
      protein expression and suppresses TrkA pathway activity and eEF1A1 expression in
      the rat cerebellum.
AB  - Methylmercury (MeHg) is a highly neurotoxic environmental chemical that can cause
      developmental impairments. Human fetuses and neonates are particularly
      susceptible to MeHg toxicity; however, the mechanisms governing its effects in
      the developing brain are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the
      effects of prenatal and lactational MeHg exposure on the developing cerebellum in
      rats. We demonstrated that exposure to 5ppm MeHg decreased postnatal expression
      of pre- and postsynaptic proteins, suggesting an impairment in synaptic
      development. MeHg exposure also reduced neurite outgrowth, as shown by a decrease
      in the expression of the neurite marker neurofilament H. These changes were not
      observed in rats exposed to 1ppm MeHg. In order to define the underlying
      mechanism, we investigated the effects of MeHg exposure on the tropomyosin
      receptor kinase (Trk) A pathway, which plays important roles in neuronal
      differentiation and synapse formation. We demonstrated suppression of the TrkA
      pathway on gestation day 20 in rats exposed to 5ppm MeHg. In addition, down
      regulation of eukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (eEF1A1) was observed on postnatal
      day 1. eEF1A1 knockdown in differentiating PC12 cells impaired neurite outgrowth
      and synaptic protein expression, similar to the results of MeHg exposure in the
      cerebellum. These results suggest that suppression of the TrkA pathway and
      subsequent decreases in eEF1A1 expression induced by prenatal exposure to MeHg
      may lead to reduced neurite outgrowth and synaptic protein expression in the
      developing cerebellum. 

PMID- 26965728
TI  - Fluid dynamic lateral slicing of high tensile strength carbon nanotubes.
AB  - Lateral slicing of micron length carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is effective on laser
      irradiation of the materials suspended within dynamic liquid thin films in a
      microfluidic vortex fluidic device (VFD). The method produces sliced CNTs with
      minimal defects in the absence of any chemical stabilizers, having broad length
      distributions centred at ca 190, 160 nm and 171 nm for single, double and multi
      walled CNTs respectively, as established using atomic force microscopy and
      supported by small angle neutron scattering solution data. Molecular dynamics
      simulations on a bent single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with a radius of
      curvature of order 10 nm results in tearing across the tube upon heating,
      highlighting the role of shear forces which bend the tube forming strained bonds
      which are ruptured by the laser irradiation. CNT slicing occurs with the VFD
      operating in both the confined mode for a finite volume of liquid and continuous
      flow for scalability purposes. 

PMID- 26965730
TI  - Diagnosing Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Focusing on the Little Things...

PMID- 26965729
TI  - Myocardial Perfusion Reserve and Strain-Encoded CMR for Evaluation of Cardiac
      Allograft Microvasculopathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate myocardial perfusion reserve index
      (MPRI) and diastolic strain rate, both assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance
      (CMR) as a noninvasive tool for the detection of microvasculopathy. BACKGROUND:
      Long-term survival of cardiac allograft recipients is limited primarily by cancer
      and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Besides epicardial CAV, diagnosed by
      coronary angiography, stenotic microvasculopathy was found to be an additional
      independent risk factor for survival after heart transplantation. METHODS: Sixty
      three consecutive heart transplant recipients who underwent CMR, coronary
      angiography, and myocardial biopsy were enrolled. Stenotic vasculopathy in
      microvessels was considered in myocardial biopsies by immunohistochemistry and
      CAV was graded during coronary angiography according to International Society of
      Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria. In addition, by CMR microvasculopathy
      was assessed by myocardial perfusion reserve during pharmacologic hyperemia with
      adenosine and strain-encoded magnetic resonance using a modified spatial
      modulation of magnetization tagging pulse sequence in all patients. RESULTS:
      Decreasing MPRI and diastolic strain rates were observed in patients with
      decreasing microvessel luminal radius to wall thickness ratio and decreasing
      capillary density (r = 0.45 and r = 0.61 for MPRI and r = 0.50 and r = 0.38 for
      diastolic strain rate, respectively; p < 0.005 for all). Using multivariable
      analysis, both MPRI and diastolic strain rate were robust predictors of stenotic
      microvasculopathy, independent of age, organ age, and CAV by International
      Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria (hazard ratio: 0.07, p = 0.006
      for MPRI; hazard ratio: 0.91, p = 0.002 for diastolic strain rate). Patients
      without stenotic microvasculopathy in the presence of no or mild CAV (n = 36)
      exhibited significantly higher median survival free of events, compared with
      patients with stenotic microvasculopathy in the presence of no or mild CAV (n =
      18; p = 0.04 by log rank). CONCLUSIONS: CMR represents a valuable noninvasive
      diagnostic tool, which may be used for the early detection of transplant
      microvasculopathy before the manifestation of CAV during surveillance coronary
      angiographic procedures.

PMID- 26965731
TI  - Evidence Base for Quality Control Activities in Cardiovascular Imaging.
AB  - Quality control is pervasive in most modern business, but, surprisingly, is in
      its infancy in medicine in general-and cardiovascular imaging in particular. The
      increasing awareness of the cost of cardiovascular imaging, matched by a desire
      to show benefits from imaging to patient outcome, suggests that this deficiency
      should be reassessed. Demonstration of improved quality has been proposed to
      require a focus on several domains: laboratory organization, patient selection,
      image acquisition, image interpretation, and results communication. Improvement
      in these steps will require adoption of a variety of interventions, including
      laboratory accreditation, appropriate use criteria, and continuous quality
      control and enhancements in reporting, but the evidence base for the benefit of
      interventions on these steps has been sparse. The purpose of this review is to
      evaluate the current status and future goals of developing the evidence base for
      these processes in cardiovascular imaging. 

PMID- 26965732
TI  - MR Imaging of Coronary Arteries and Plaques.
AB  - Cardiac magnetic resonance offers the promise of radiation-free imaging of the
      coronary arteries, providing information with respect to luminal stenosis, plaque
      burden, high-risk plaque characteristics, and disease activity. In combination,
      this would provide a comprehensive, individualized assessment of coronary
      atherosclerosis that could be used to improve patient risk stratification and to
      guide treatment. However, the technical challenges involved with delivering upon
      this promise are considerable, requiring sophisticated approaches to both data
      acquisition and post-processing. In this review, we describe the current status
      of this technology, its capabilities, its limitations, and what will be required
      in the future to translate this technology into routine clinical practice. 

PMID- 26965733
TI  - Nonatherosclerotic Coronary Artery Narrowing.

PMID- 26965734
TI  - How to Distinguish Between Myocarditis and Sarcoidosis Based on CMR Imaging.

PMID- 26965735
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 26965736
TI  - CT Coronary Angiography in Kidney Transplantation Candidates.

PMID- 26965737
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 26965738
TI  - Coronary Artery Calcium Scanning: Past, Present, and Future.

PMID- 26965739
TI  - The Author Replies.

PMID- 26965740
TI  - Imaging and the Valley of Death: Developing the Evidence Base for the Use of
      Imaging in Follow-Up.

PMID- 26965741
TI  - Extraction of esophageal foreign body with burrowing technique.

PMID- 26965742
TI  - Whole genome sequence of Pantoea ananatis R100, an antagonistic bacterium
      isolated from rice seed.
AB  - Pantoea ananatis is a group of bacteria, which was first reported as plant
      pathogen. Recently, several papers also described its biocontrol ability. In
      2003, P. ananatis R100, which showed strong antagonism against several plant
      pathogens, was isolated from rice seeds. In this study, whole genome sequence of
      this strain was determined by SMRT Cell technology. The total genome size of R100
      is 4,857,861bp with 4659 coding genes (CDS), 82 tRNAs and 22 rRNAs. The genome
      sequence of R100 may shed a light on the research of antagonism P. ananatis. 

PMID- 26965743
TI  - Atlas of select poisonous plants and mushrooms.

PMID- 26965744
TI  - Has deinstitutionalization affected inpatient suicide? Psychiatric inpatient
      suicide rates between 1990 and 2013 in Israel.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine variations in rates of inpatient suicide and clinical risk
      factors for this phenomenon. METHOD: The National Israeli Psychiatric
      Hospitalization Case Registry was used to study inpatient suicide. Clinical risk
      factors for inpatient suicide were examined in a nested case control design.
      RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2013 there were 326 inpatient suicides, at an average
      of one inpatient suicide per 1614 admissions. A significant decline in rates of
      suicide per admission over time (p<0.001) was associated with a reduced number of
      beds (p<0.001) and a decline in nationwide suicide rates (p=0.001). Clinical risk
      factors for inpatient suicide were: affective disorders (OR=5.95),
      schizoaffective disorder (OR=5.27), schizophrenia (OR=3.82), previous suicide
      attempts (OR=2.59), involuntary hospitalization (OR=1.67), and more previous
      hospitalizations (OR=1.16,). A multivariate model with sensitivity of 27.3% and
      specificity of 95.3% for inpatient suicide, showed a positive predictive value of
      0.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The absolute number and rates of inpatient suicide per
      admission have decreased over time, probably due to the decreased number of beds
      lowering total time at risk. Patients with affective and psychotic disorders and
      with previous suicide attempts have the greatest risk of inpatient suicide.
      However, clinical characteristics do not enable identification of patients who
      are at risk for suicide.

PMID- 26965748
TI  - Cloning, characterization and mRNA expression of interleukin-6 in blunt snout
      bream (Megalobrama amblycephala).
AB  - In the present study, the interleukin-6 gene (IL-6) cDNA in blunt snout bream
      (Megalobrama amblycephala) was identified and its expression profiles under
      ammonia stress and bacterial challenge were investigated. The IL-6 sequence
      consisted of 1045 bp, including a 696 bp ORF which translated into a 232 amino
      acid (AA) protein. The protein contained a putative signal peptide of 24 AA in
      length. IL-6 expression analysis showed that the it is differentially expressed
      in various tissues under normal conditions and the highest IL-6 level was
      observed in the intestine tissue, followed by the liver, and then in the gills.
      Under ammonia stress, the IL-6 mRNA level both in spleens and intestine increased
      significantly (P < 0.05), with the maximum levels attained at 6 h, 12 h (72, 10
      fold, respectively). Thereafter, they all significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and
      returned to the basal value within 48 h. Whereas, in livers it slightly decreased
      at 3 h firstly (0.5-fold), and then significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the
      maximum level attained 12 h (3-fold). Further expression analysis showed that the
      mRNA level of IL-6 in spleens, intestine and livers of blunt snout bream all
      increased significantly (P < 0.05), with maximum values attained at 6 h, 3 h, 6 h
      (10, 6, 18-fold, respectively) after Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila)
      injection, and then decreased to the basal value within 24 h which suggested that
      IL-6 was involved in the immune response to A. hydrophila. The cloning and
      expression analysis of the IL-6 provide theoretical basis to further study the
      mechanism of anti-adverseness and expression characteristics under stress
      conditions in blunt snout bream. 

PMID- 26965746
TI  - Paratransgenesis to control malaria vectors: a semi-field pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria still remains a serious health burden in developing
      countries, causing more than 1 million deaths annually. Given the lack of an
      effective vaccine against its major etiological agent, Plasmodium falciparum, and
      the growing resistance of this parasite to the currently available drugs
      repertoire and of Anopheles mosquitoes to insecticides, the development of
      innovative control measures is an imperative to reduce malaria transmission.
      Paratransgenesis, the modification of symbiotic organisms to deliver anti
      pathogen effector molecules, represents a novel strategy against Plasmodium
      development in mosquito vectors, showing the potential to reduce parasite
      development. However, the field application of laboratory-based evidence of
      paratransgenesis imposes the use of more realistic confined semi-field
      environments. METHODS: Large cages were used to evaluate the ability of bacteria
      of the genus Asaia expressing green fluorescent protein (Asaia (gfp)), to diffuse
      in Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles gambiae target mosquito populations. Asaia
      (gfp) was introduced in large cages through the release of paratransgenic males
      or by sugar feeding stations. Recombinant bacteria transmission was directly
      detected by fluorescent microscopy, and further assessed by molecular analysis.
      RESULTS: Here we show the first known trial in semi-field condition on
      paratransgenic anophelines. Modified bacteria were able to spread at high rate in
      different populations of An. stephensi and An. gambiae, dominant malaria vectors,
      exploring horizontal ways and successfully colonising mosquito midguts. Moreover,
      in An. gambiae, vertical and trans-stadial diffusion mechanisms were
      demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the considerable ability of
      modified Asaia to colonise different populations of malaria vectors, including
      pecies where its association is not primary, in large environments. The data
      support the potential to employ transgenic Asaia as a tool for malaria control,
      disclosing promising perspective for its field application with suitable effector
      molecules.

PMID- 26965750
TI  - From the Editor.

PMID- 26965749
TI  - Effects of melatonin injection or green-wavelength LED light on the antioxidant
      system in goldfish (Carassius auratus) during thermal stress.
AB  - We tested the mitigating effects of melatonin injections or irradiation from
      green-wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on goldfish (Carassius auratus)
      exposed to thermal stress (high water temperature, 30  degrees C). The effects of
      the two treatments were assessed by measuring the expression and activity levels
      of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, plasma hydrogen
      peroxide, lipid hydroperoxide, and lysozyme. In addition, a comet assay was
      conducted to confirm that high water temperature damaged nuclear DNA. The
      expression and activity of the antioxidant enzymes, plasma hydrogen peroxide, and
      lipid hydroperoxide were significantly higher after exposure to high temperature
      and were significantly lower in fish that received melatonin or LED light than in
      those that received no mitigating treatment. Plasma lysozyme was significantly
      lower after exposure to high temperature and was significantly higher after
      exposure to melatonin or LED light. The comet assay revealed that thermal stress
      caused a great deal of damage to nuclear DNA; however, treatment with melatonin
      or green-wavelength LED light prevented a significant portion of this damage from
      occurring. These results indicate that, although high temperatures induce
      oxidative stress and reduce immune system strength in goldfish, both melatonin
      and green-wavelength LED light inhibit oxidative stress and boost the immune
      system. LED treatment increased the antioxidant and immune system activity more
      significantly than did melatonin treatment.

PMID- 26965745
TI  - Hyperactivity of caudate, parahippocampal, and prefrontal regions during working
      memory in never-medicated persons at clinical high-risk for psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deficits in working memory (WM) are a core feature of schizophrenia
      (SZ) and other psychotic disorders. We examined brain activity during WM in
      persons at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. METHODS: Thirty-seven CHR and
      34 healthy control participants underwent functional MRI (fMRI) on a 3.0T scanner
      while performing an N-back WM task. The sample included a sub-sample of CHR
      participants who had no lifetime history of treatment with psychotropic
      medications (n=11). Data were analyzed using SPM8 (2-back>0-back contrast).
      Pearson correlations between brain activity, symptoms, and WM performance were
      examined. RESULTS: The total CHR group and medication-naive CHR sub-sample were
      comparable to controls in most demographic features and in N-back WM performance,
      but had significantly lower IQ. Relative to controls, medication-naive CHR showed
      hyperactivity in the left parahippocampus (PHP) and the left caudate during
      performance of the N-back WM task. Relative to medication-exposed CHR, medication
      naive CHR exhibited hyperactivity in the left caudate and the right dorsolateral
      prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). DLPFC activity was significantly negatively correlated
      with WM performance. PHP, caudate and DLPFC activity correlated strongly with
      symptoms, but results did not withstand FDR-correction for multiple comparisons.
      When all CHR participants were combined (regardless of medication status), only
      trend-level PHP hyperactivity was observed in CHR relative to controls.
      CONCLUSIONS: Medication-naive CHR exhibit hyperactivity in regions that subserve
      WM. These regions are implicated in studies of schizophrenia and risk for
      psychosis. Results emphasize the importance of medication status in the
      interpretation of task - induced brain activity.

PMID- 26965751
TI  - Derivation of a measure of systolic blood pressure mutability: a novel
      information theory-based metric from ambulatory blood pressure tests.
AB  - We provide ambulatory blood pressure (BP) exams with tools based on information
      theory to quantify fluctuations thus increasing the capture of dynamic test
      components. Data from 515 ambulatory 24-hour BP exams were considered. Average
      age was 54 years, 54% were women, and 53% were under BP treatment. The average
      systolic pressure (SP) was 127 +/- 8 mm Hg. A data compressor (wlzip) designed to
      recognize meaningful information is invoked to measure mutability which is a form
      of dynamical variability. For patients with the same average SP, different
      mutability values are obtained which reflects the differences in dynamical
      variability. In unadjusted linear regression models, mutability had low
      association with the mean systolic BP (R(2) = 0.056; P < .000001) but larger
      association with the SP deviation (R(2) = 0.761; P < .001). Wlzip allows
      detecting levels of variability in SP that could be hazardous. This new indicator
      can be easily added to the 24-hour BP monitors improving information toward
      diagnosis.

PMID- 26965752
TI  - Integrating acute malnutrition interventions into national health systems:
      lessons from Niger.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since 2007, integrated care of acute malnutrition has been promoted
      in Niger, a country affected by high burden of disease. This policy change aimed
      at strengthening capacity and ownership to manage the condition. Integration was
      neither defined nor planned but assumed to have been achieved. This paper studied
      the level and progress of integration of acute malnutrition interventions into
      key health system functions. METHODS: The qualitative study method involved
      literature searches on acute malnutrition interventions for children under 5 in
      low-income countries to develop a matrix of integration. Integration indicators
      defined three levels of integration of acute malnutrition interventions into
      health system functions-full, partial or none. Indicators of health services and
      health status were added to describe health system improvements. Data from
      qualitative and quantitative studies conducted in Niger between 2007 and 2013
      were used to measure the indicators for the years under study. RESULTS: Results
      showed a mosaic of integration levels across key health system functions. Four
      indicators showed full integration, 22 showed partial integration and three
      showed no integration. Two-thirds of system functions showed progress in
      assimilating acute malnutrition interventions, while six persistently stagnated
      over time. There was variation within and across health system domains, with
      governance and health information functions scoring highest and financing lowest.
      Steady improvements were noted in geographic coverage, access and under-5
      mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided useful information to inform
      policy makers and guide strategic planning to improve integration of acute
      malnutrition interventions in Niger. The proposed method of assessing the extent
      of integration and monitoring progress may be adapted and used in Niger and other
      low-income countries that are integrating or intending to integrate acute
      malnutrition interventions.

PMID- 26965753
TI  - Pre-steady-state kinetic studies of redox reactions catalysed by Bacillus
      subtilis ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase with NADP(+)/NADPH and ferredoxin.
AB  - Ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase ([EC1.18.1.2], FNR) from Bacillus subtilis
      (BsFNR) is a homodimeric flavoprotein sharing structural homology with bacterial
      NADPH-thioredoxin reductase. Pre-steady-state kinetics of the reactions of BsFNR
      with NADP(+), NADPH, NADPD (deuterated form) and B. subtilis ferredoxin (BsFd)
      using stopped-flow spectrophotometry were studied. Mixing BsFNR with NADP(+) and
      NADPH yielded two types of charge-transfer (CT) complexes, oxidized FNR (FNR(ox))
      NADPH and reduced FNR (FNR(red))-NADP(+), both having CT absorption bands
      centered at approximately 600n m. After mixing BsFNR(ox) with about a 10-fold
      molar excess of NADPH (forward reaction), BsFNR was almost completely reduced at
      equilibrium. When BsFNR(red) was mixed with NADP(+), the amount of BsFNR(ox)
      increased with increasing NADP(+) concentration, but BsFNR(red) remained as the
      major species at equilibrium even with about 50-fold molar excess NADP(+). In
      both directions, the hydride-transfer was the rate-determining step, where the
      forward direction rate constant (~500 s(-1)) was much higher than the reverse one
      (<10 s(-1)). Mixing BsFd(red) with BsFNR(ox) induced rapid formation of a neutral
      semiquinone form. This process was almost completed within 1 ms. Subsequently the
      neutral semiquinone form was reduced to the hydroquinone form with an apparent
      rate constant of 50 to 70 s(-1) at 10 degrees C, which increased as BsFd(red)
      increased from 40 to 120 MUM. The reduction rate of BsFNR(ox) by BsFd(red) was
      markedly decreased by premixing BsFNR(ox) with BsFd(ox), indicating that the
      dissociation of BsFd(ox) from BsFNR(sq) is rate-limiting in the reaction. The
      characteristics of the BsFNR reactions with NADP(+)/NADPH were compared with
      those of other types of FNRs.

PMID- 26965754
TI  - Recent advancements in ion concentration polarization.
AB  - In this minireview, we discuss advancements in ion concentration polarization
      (ICP)-based preconcentration, separation, desalination, and dielectrophoresis
      that have been made over the past three years. ICP as a means of controlling the
      distribution of the ions and electric field in a microfluidic device has rapidly
      expanded its areas of application. Recent advancements have focused on the
      development of ion-permselective materials with tunable dimensions and surface
      chemistry, adaptation to paper microfluidics, higher-throughput device
      geometries, and coupling ICP with other separation (isotachophoresis and
      dielectrophoresis) and fluidic (valve and droplet microfluidic) strategies. These
      studies have made great strides toward solving real-world problems such as low
      cost and rapid analysis, accessible desalination technology, and single-cell
      research tools. 

PMID- 26965755
TI  - Eosinophilic pneumonia: Daptomycin-induced lung complication.

PMID- 26965756
TI  - Health benefits of legumes and pulses with a focus on Australian sweet lupins.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 68th United Nations General Assembly declared 2016
      the International Year of Pulses. Therefore it is timely to review the current
      evidence of the benefits of legumes for human health with a focus on Australian
      sweet lupins. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane library were
      searched to identify cross-sectional/epidemiological studies, randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. RESULTS: The strongest evidence
      appears to be for links between eating legumes and reduced risk of colorectal
      cancer as well as eating soy foods and reduced LDL cholesterol. However,
      epidemiological studies and RCTs suggest that replacing several meat-based meals
      a week with legumes can have a positive impact on longevity, diabetes,
      cardiovascular disease and weight management, potentially via favourable effects
      on the gut microbiome. Sweet lupins are unique among legumes with one of the
      highest combined amounts of digestible plant protein (38%) and dietary fibre
      (30%). Unlike other legumes, their low amount of anti-nutritional factors negates
      the need for soaking/cooking and they can therefore be eaten uncooked. Sweet
      lupins may lower blood pressure, improve blood lipids and insulin sensitivity and
      favourably alter the gut microbiome. There is growing interest in pulses,
      especially sweet lupins, as ingredients to improve the nutritional value of baked
      goods (particularly gluten free) and to create novel products to replace meat.
      CONCLUSION: Legumes form part of most traditional diets. They, including sweet
      lupins, can play a useful role in health maintenance.

PMID- 26965757
TI  - Rapid estimation of the energy content of composite foods: the application of the
      Calorie AnswerTM.
AB  - The estimation of calories in foods is central in the maintenance of body weight
      and energy regulation. Conventional laboratory analysis using bomb calorimetry to
      determine calorie content is expensive and time-consuming. There is a need to
      explore alternative techniques for calorie estimation that requires less
      processing and resources. The potential of using near infrared spectroscopy for
      calorie measurements with Calorie AnswerTM was evaluated in this study. The
      caloric content of 105 different foods was measured, and compared against values
      reported on nutrition labels. The average percentage relative standard deviation
      for triplicate measurements was 1.7% for all foods. The percentage difference
      between stated and measured calories was modest, at 4.0% for all foods. Stated
      and measured calorie contents were significantly and highly correlated (R2=0.98,
      p<0.001). The use of near infrared spectroscopy, using Calorie AnswerTM, is a
      rapid, reproducible and cost-effective way of measuring calorie content in a
      diverse range of foods. Its application in many parts of Asia Pacific and other
      emerging nations will generate much needed information on the calorie content of
      complex foods consumed by people living in these regions. 

PMID- 26965758
TI  - Dialysis Malnutrition and Malnutrition Inflammation Scores: screening tools for
      prediction of dialysis-related protein-energy wasting in Malaysia.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition is highly prevalent in Malaysian dialysis
      patients and there is a need for a valid screening tool for early identification
      and management. This cross-sectional study aims to examine the sensitivity of the
      Dialysis Malnutrition Score (DMS) and Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS) tools
      in predicting protein-energy wasting (PEW) among Malaysian dialysis patients.
      METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 155 haemodialysis (HD) and 90 peritoneal
      dialysis (PD) patients were screened for risk of malnutrition using DMS and MIS
      and comparisons were made with established guidelines by International Society of
      Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) for PEW. RESULTS: MIS cut-off score of >=5
      indicated presence of malnutrition in all patients. A total of 59% of HD and 83%
      of PD patients had PEW by ISRNM criteria. Based on DMS, 73% of HD and 71% of PD
      patients exhibited moderate malnutrition, whilst using MIS, 88% and 90%,
      respectively were malnourished. DMS and MIS correlated significantly in HD
      (r2=0.552, p<0.001) and PD (r2=0.466, p<0.001) patients. DMS and MIS had higher
      sensitivity values in PD (81% and 82%, respectively) compared to HD (59% and 60%,
      respectively) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The MIS cut-off scores for malnutrition
      classification were established (score >=5) for use amongst Malaysian dialysis
      patients. Both DMS and MIS are valid tools to be used for nutrition screening of
      dialysis patients especially those undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The DMS may be
      a more practical and simpler tool to be utilized in the Malaysian dialysis
      settings as it does not require laboratory markers.

PMID- 26965759
TI  - Conventional MRI for diagnosis of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of the
      spinal cord due to vitamin B-12 deficiency.
AB  - Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SCD) is often found in vitamin
      B-12 deficiency and typically shows hyperintensity on T2-weighted images of the
      lateral and posterior columns. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use
      of conventional magnetic resonance examination in diagnosing SCD. Thirty-six
      patients were clinically confirmed and retrospectively analyzed; conventional
      spine MRIs were available for all patients and eight of them had contrast
      enhancement MRIs. 19 out of 36 patients showed abnormal signal intensity on T2
      weighted images with a sensitivity of 52.8%, among which 18 in the posterior
      aspect of the spinal cord and 1 in the anterior horn of the thoracic spinal cord
      The spinal cord abnormalities were seen at the cervical spine in 12 patients
      (33.3%) and at the thoracic spine in the other 7 patients (19.4%). Axial T2
      weighted images showed symmetric linear T2-hyperintensity as an "inverted V" at
      the cervical spinal cord in 5 patients, which has been reported as a typical sign
      of SCD. For patients with thoracic spinal cord abnormalities, the bilateral
      paired nodular T2-hyperintensity looked like "binoculars" at the thoracic spinal
      cord. Only one out of the eight patients showed slight enhancement after
      injection with contrast agent. All the 36 patients reported clinical improvement
      after appropriate vitamin B-12 treatment. The two follow-up spine MRIs showed a
      decreased extent of the lesion. Therefore, conventional MRI is useful in the
      diagnosis and management of SCD caused by vitamin B-12 deficiency. 

PMID- 26965761
TI  - Early enteral nutrition in neonates with partial gastrectomy: a multi-center
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compared with total parenteral nutrition (TPN),
      enteral nutrition is more suitable for patients post-operatively. Our aim was to
      determine the safety and feasibility of early enteral nutrition (EEN) using a
      jejunum feeding tube in neonates after undergoing a partial gastrectomy. METHODS
      AND STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of 46 patients who underwent
      partial gastrectomies for gastric perforation in our hospital. These patients
      were categorized into two groups (EEN group [n=24 patients], a jejunal feeding
      tube was inserted during surgery; and a control group [n=22 patients], a jejunal
      feeding tube was not placed). Differences in operative time, time to first
      defecation post-operatively, time to first oral feeding post-operatively, length
      of hospital stay post-operatively, nutrition indices, and post-operative
      complications (died due to septic shock, cholestasis, pneumonia, abdominal
      distension, and diarrhea) were reviewed. RESULTS: There were no significant
      differences in the operative time and the time to first oral feeding post
      operatively between the two groups; however, the time to first defecation post
      operatively in the EEN group and the hospital length of stay post-operatively for
      the EEN group were significantly shorter than the control group. The levels of
      albumin, retinol binding protein, and prealbumin were not significantly different
      between the two groups pre-operatively and 14 days postoperatively. The incidence
      of cholestasis and abdominal distention in the EEN group was significantly lower
      than the control group. CONCLUSION: EEN using a jejunal feeding tube in neonates
      who have undergone a partial gastrectomy for gastric perforation is safe, easy,
      and has fewer complications than TPN.

PMID- 26965760
TI  - Daily salt intake estimated by overnight urine collections indicates a high
      cardiovascular disease risk in Thailand.
AB  - This cross-sectional study (February 2012 to March 2013) was conducted to
      estimate daily salt intake and basic characteristics among 793 community-dwelling
      participants at high risk of cardiovascular disease (Framingham risk score >15%),
      who had visited diabetes or hypertension clinics at health centres in the Muang
      district, Chiang Rai, Thailand. We performed descriptive analysis of baseline
      data and used an automated analyser to estimate the average of 24-hour salt
      intake estimated from 3 days overnight urine collection. Participants were
      divided into two groups based on median estimated daily salt intake. Mean age and
      proportion of males were 65.2 years and 37.6% in the higher salt intake group
      (>=10.0 g/day, n=362), and 67.5 years and 42.7% in the lower salt intake group
      (<10.0 g/day, n=431), respectively (p=0.01, p<0.01). The higher salt intake group
      comprised more patients with a family history of hypertension, antihypertensive
      drug use, less ideal body mass index (18.5-24.9), higher exercise frequency (>=2
      times weekly) and lower awareness of high salt intake. Among higher salt intake
      participants, those with lower awareness of high salt intake were younger and
      more often had a family history of hypertension, relative to those with more
      awareness. Our data indicated that families often share lifestyles involving high
      salt intake, and discrepancies between actual salt intake and awareness of high
      salt intake may represent a need for salt reduction intervention aiming at family
      level. Awareness of actual salt intake should be improved for each family. 

PMID- 26965762
TI  - Amino acid dosing in parenteral nutrition for very low birth weight preterm
      neonates: an outcome assessment.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the effects of parenteral nutrition (PN)
      administration of amino acids (AA) on physical changes among very low birth
      weight infants in a local hospital setting in Malaysia. A retrospective study was
      carried out at a hospital in Malaysia. Records of neonates prescribed PN in the
      neonatal unit in 2012 were screened for eligibility. A total of 199 premature
      neonates received PN support in the year 2012 and, of these, 100 fulfilled the
      inclusion criteria. The median value of AA intake on the first day of PN was 2.00
      (<28 weeks group); 1.00 (28-31 weeks group) and 0.75 (>31 weeks group). Neonates
      in the <28 weeks group were more likely to receive AA at an earlier time and
      higher initial dose compared with the other age groups. The study also found that
      there was no statistically significant difference in the dose of AA on the first
      day of PN administration and that the significant variations in nutritional
      parameters among the subjects did not lead to differences in physical outcomes.
      This study identified that when PN is provided in the local hospital setting, it
      is likely that the current nutritional practices are inadequate to achieve the
      standard growth recommendations. Our findings call for a need to optimize AA and
      calorie intake since growth restriction is a morbidity which will affect the
      infants' growth and development. Current prescriptions for PN in this hospital
      need to be reviewed in order to improve patient outcomes. 

PMID- 26965763
TI  - Folic acid fortified milk increases blood folate to concentrations associated
      with a very low risk of neural tube defects in Singaporean women of childbearing
      age.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Folic acid (400 MUg/d) taken during the
      periconceptional period reduces neural tube defect (NTD) risk by >75%. Achieving
      red cell folate (RCF) or plasma folate (PF) >905 nmol/L and >35 nmol/L,
      respectively, has been associated with a low risk of NTDs. We determined whether
      daily consumption of folic acid fortified milk increases blood folate
      concentrations to levels associated with a low risk of NTDs in Singaporean women
      of childbearing age. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: In this double-blind placebo
      controlled trial, 70 non-pregnant women (21-35 y) were randomly assigned to
      receive fortified milk (FM) powder providing 400 MUg folic acid per day or
      unfortified placebo milk (PM) powder for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected
      at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, mean (95% CI) RCF and PF
      concentrations were 376 (240, 512) and 39 (26, 51) nmol/L higher in the FM group
      compared with the PM group (p<0.001). Of the women receiving FM, 71% (n=25) and
      86% (n=30) achieved a RCF and PF associated with a very low risk of NTDs,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Folic acid fortified milk increased blood folate
      concentrations in women of childbearing age to levels associated with a reduced
      risk of an NTD-affected pregnancy.

PMID- 26965764
TI  - Correction of hypovitaminosis D does not improve the metabolic syndrome risk
      profile in a Chinese population: a randomized controlled trial for 1 year.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a variety of
      chronic metabolic diseases. In vitro and animal studies suggest that vitamin D
      may play a crucial role in obesity and related metabolic disorders. Limited
      evidence regarding vitamin D deficiency exists within the Chinese population. The
      aims of the present study were to assess whether supplementation with vitamin D
      would improve metabolic indices in a middle-aged urban Chinese population.
      METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We designed a randomized placebo controlled trial
      involving 126 metabolic syndrome sufferers with vitamin D deficiency, allocated
      to receive either a daily oral tablet contain 700 IU vitamin D or a matching
      placebo. Metabolic indices including body mass index, plasma glucose, lipid
      profile and other parameters were measured in subjects who completed a 12 months
      intervention trial. RESULTS: There were significantly higher serum 25(OH)D and
      lower serum parathyroid hormone in vitamin D treatment group after the 12 months
      intervention, but no significant effect was observed for the metabolic variables
      which included body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids in both
      treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of hypovitaminosis D did
      not improve the metabolic syndrome in this urban Chinese cohort. Further studies
      are warranted in order to elucidate the cause-effect relation between vitamin D
      status, obesity and related metabolic disorders.

PMID- 26965765
TI  - A randomised trial of the feasibility of a low carbohydrate diet vs standard
      carbohydrate counting in adults with type 1 diabetes taking body weight into
      account.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of a low carbohydrate diet and
      standard carbohydrate counting on glycaemic control, glucose excursions and daily
      insulin use compared with standard carbohydrate counting in participants with
      type 1 diabetes. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Participants (n=10) with type 1
      diabetes using a basal; bolus insulin regimen, who attended a secondary care
      clinic, were randomly allocated (1:1) to either a standard carbohydrate counting
      course or the same course with added information on following a carbohydrate
      restricted diet (75 g per day). Participants attended visits at baseline and 12
      weeks for measurements of weight, height, blood pressure, HbA1c, lipid profile
      and creatinine. They also completed a 3-day food diary and had 3 days of
      continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring. RESULTS: The carbohydrate restricted
      group had significant reductions in HbA1c (63 to 55 mmol/mol (8.9-8.2%), p<0.05)
      and daily insulin use (64.4 to 44.2 units/day, p<0.05) and non-significant
      reductions in body weight (83.2 to 78.0 kg). There were no changes in blood
      pressure, creatinine or lipid profile and all outcomes in the carbohydrate
      counting group were unchanged. There was no change in glycaemic variability as
      measured by the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion in either group.
      CONCLUSIONS: A low carbohydrate diet is a feasible option for people with type 1
      diabetes, and may be of benefit in reducing insulin doses and improving glycaemic
      control, particularly for those wishing to lose weight.

PMID- 26965766
TI  - Effect of food service form on eating rate: meal served in a separated form might
      lower eating rate.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the association between food form (mixed vs
      separated) and eating rate. The experiment used a within-subjects design (n=29,
      young healthy women with normal weight). Test meals (white rice and side dishes)
      with the same content and volume were served at lunch in a mixed or separated
      form. The form in which the food was served had significant effects on
      consumption volume and eating rate; subjects ate significantly more (p<0.05) when
      a test meal was served as a mixed form (285 g, 575 kcal) compared to a separated
      form (244 g, 492 kcal). Moreover, subjects also ate significantly faster (p<0.05)
      when the test meal was served as a mixed form (22.4 g/min) as compared to a
      separated form (16.2 g/min). Despite consuming more when the test meal was served
      as a mixed form than when served as a separated form, the subjects did not feel
      significantly fuller. In conclusion, we confirmed that meals served in a
      separated form might lower the eating rate and, moreover, slower eating might be
      associated with less energy intake, without compromising satiety. 

PMID- 26965768
TI  - Differential dietary habits among 570 young underweight Japanese women with and
      without a desire for thinness: a comparison with normal weight counterparts.
AB  - The strong social pressure for thinness in Japanese society has produced a
      dramatic increase in underweight (body mass index: <18.5 kg/m2) among young
      women. Being underweight is associated with several negative health outcomes,
      including nutritional deficiency, osteoporosis, and unfavourable pregnancy
      outcomes. However, evidence which would help deal with this problem from a public
      health perspective is scarce. Here, we aimed to identify the dietary
      characteristics of underweight female university students, particularly those
      with a desire for thinness. Data on dietary habits and other lifestyle variables,
      including the desire for thinness, were obtained through a self-administered
      questionnaire survey conducted at 54 academic institutions in Japan, from which
      we selected 3634 female students for analysis. The subjects were divided into
      three groups of normal weight (84.3%), and underweight with (6.4%) or without
      (9.3%) a desire for thinness. After adjusting for potential confounders, the
      underweight subjects with a desire for thinness consumed less cereal and rice,
      whereas those without a desire for thinness consumed more cereal and rice than
      the normal weight subjects. In addition, those without a desire for thinness
      consumed less confectionaries, including candies and ice cream, and less fats and
      oils than the normal weight subjects. These results suggest that dietary habits
      differ between underweight women with and without a desire for thinness. Although
      both groups require nutritional education to maintain appropriate body weight,
      underweight women with a desire for thinness require particular attention to
      improve recognition of their constitution and dietary habits. 

PMID- 26965767
TI  - Plasma isoflavones in Malaysian men according to vegetarianism and by age.
AB  - Epidemiological studies indicate lower prevalences of breast and prostate cancers
      and cardiovascular disease in Southeast Asia where vegetarianism is popular and
      diets are traditionally high in phytoestrogens. This study assessed plasma
      isoflavones in vegetarian and non-vegetarian Malaysian men according to age.
      Daidzein, genistein, equol (a daidzein metabolite), formononetin, biochanin A,
      estrone, estradiol and testosterone were measured by validated liquid
      chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS). Plasma isoflavone and sex
      hormone concentrations were measured in 225 subjects according to age (18-34, 35
      44 and 45-67 years old). In all age groups, vegetarians had a higher
      concentration of circulating isoflavones compared with non-vegetarians especially
      in the 45-67 year age group where all isoflavones except equol, were
      significantly higher in vegetarians compared with omnivores. By contrast, the 18
      34 year group had a significantly higher concentration of daidzein in vegetarians
      and significantly higher testosterone and estrone concentrations compared with
      non-vegetarians. In this age group there were weak correlations between estrone,
      estradiol and testosterone with some of the isoflavones. This human study
      provides the first Malaysian data for the phytoestrogen status of vegetarian and
      nonvegetarian men. 

PMID- 26965769
TI  - Measurements and profiles of body weight misperceptions among Taiwanese
      teenagers: a national survey.
AB  - Children and adolescents tend to lose weight, which may be associated with
      misperceptions of weight. Previous studies have emphasized establishing
      correlations between eating disorders and an overestimated perception of body
      weight, but few studies have focused on an underestimated perception of body
      weight. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between
      misperceptions of body weight and weight-related risk factors, such as eating
      disorders, inactivity, and unhealthy behaviors, among overweight children who
      underestimated their body weight. We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive
      study between December 1, 2006 and February 15, 2007. A total of 29,313 children
      and adolescents studying in grades 4-12 were enrolled in this nationwide, cross
      sectional survey, and they were asked to complete questionnaires. A multivariate
      logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimates was used. The prevalence
      of body weight misperception was 43.2% (26.4% overestimation and 16.8%
      underestimation). Factors associated with the underestimated perception of weight
      among overweight children were parental obesity, dietary control for weight loss,
      breakfast consumption, self-induced vomiting as a weight control strategy, fried
      food consumption, engaging in vigorous physical activities, and sleeping for >8
      hours per day (odds ratios=0.86, 0.42, 0.88, 1.37, 1.13, 1.11, and 1.17,
      respectively). In conclusion, the early establishment of an accurate perception
      of body weight may mitigate unhealthy behaviors.

PMID- 26965770
TI  - Survey of contemporary feeding practices in critically ill children in the Asia
      Pacific and the Middle East.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nutrition is a fundamental component of care of
      critically ill children. Determining variation in nutritional practices within
      paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) allows for review and improvement of
      nutrition practices. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The aim was to survey the
      nutrition practices and perspectives of paediatric intensivists and dieticians in
      Asia-Pacific and the Middle East. A questionnaire was developed to collect data
      on (1) the respondent's and institution's characteristics, (2) nutritional
      assessments and nutrient delivery practices, and (3) the perceived importance and
      barriers to optimal enteral feeding in the PICU. RESULTS: We analysed 47
      responses from 35 centres in 18 different countries. Dedicated dietetic services
      were only present in 13 (37%) centres and regular nutrition assessments were
      conducted in only 12 (34%) centres. In centres with dedicated dieticians, we
      found greater use of carbohydrate, fat additives and special formulas. Two thirds
      [31 (66%)] of respondents used total fluids to estimate energy requirements. Only
      11 (31%) centres utilized feeding protocols. These centres had higher use of
      small bowel feeding, acid suppressants, laxatives and gastric residual volume
      thresholds. When dealing with feed intolerance, they were also more likely to
      start a motility agent. There was also a lack of consensus on when feeding should
      start and the use of adjuncts. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition practices and barriers are
      unique in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East and strongly reflect a lack of
      dietetic services. Future effort should focus on developing a uniform approach on
      nutrition practices to drive paediatric critical care nutrition research in these
      regions.

PMID- 26965771
TI  - Insulin resistance, body composition, and fat distribution in obese children with
      nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of
      body composition, especially distribution of body fat, and insulin resistance on
      nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children. METHODS AND STUDY
      DESIGN: One hundred obese children (66 boys, 34 girls) with (n=60) and without
      NAFLD (n=40) were assessed. Anthropometry, laboratory tests, abdominal
      ultrasonography, and dual energy x-ray absorption metry (DXA) were evaluated in
      all subjects. RESULTS: Subject age and measurements of liver enzymes, gamma-
      glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT), uric acid, high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol, and insulin resistance were significantly different between the non
      NAFLD group and NAFLD group. Body fat and trunk fat percentage were significantly
      different between the two groups (p<0.001 and p=0.003), whereas extremity fat
      percentage was not (p=0.683). Insulin resistance correlated significantly with
      body fat and trunk fat percentages, age, liver enzymes, gammaGT, and uric acid in
      obese children. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that insulin
      resistance and trunk fat percentage significantly affected the development of
      NAFLD in obese children. CONCLUSIONS: Body fat, especially abdominal fat,
      influences the development of insulin resistance and subsequent NAFLD in obese
      children. Therefore, body composition measurement using DXA, in conjunction with
      biochemical tests, may be beneficial in evaluating obese children with NAFLD.

PMID- 26965772
TI  - Influence of proximities to food establishments on body mass index among children
      in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Over the past two decades, food environment has
      changed, and the obesity and overweight rates have increased dramatically in
      China. Previous studies have suggested an association between food environment
      and obesity, while most studies were based on the data from developed countries,
      and few were conducted in developing countries. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The
      current study evaluated the influence of food establishments (distance to and
      types of grocery store, free market, restaurant, and food stall) on body mass
      index (BMI) in 348 children aged 6-17 years, surveyed in the 2009 and 2011 China
      Health and Nutrition Survey in nine provinces. Food establishments were assessed
      using geographic information system (GIS) data. Weight and height of children
      were directly measured. RESULTS: Our longitudinal analysis suggested boys in the
      2nd quartile of the proximity to the nearest grocery store had higher BMI (by 1.6
      kg/m2, 95% CI, 0.07 to 3.24) as compared to those in the 1st quartile, while
      girls in higher quartiles had lower BMI (-1.78 kg/m2, 95% CI: -3.38 to - 0.18,
      2nd quartile; -1.62 kg/m2, 95%: -3.22 to -0.01, 3rd quartile) as compared to
      those in the 1st quartile. Boys and girls in the 2nd quartile of the proximity to
      the nearest Chinese restaurant had lower BMI (-1.69 kg/m2, 95% CI: - 3.27 to 
      0.12; -1.76 kg/m2, 95% CI: -3.26, -0.27, respectively) as compared to those in
      the 1st quartile. CONCLUSIONS: Food environment may affect children's BMI in
      China, while the association is inconsistent with previous studies. Further
      research is needed.

PMID- 26965773
TI  - Salt intake and iodine status of women in Samoa.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine iodine nutrition status and whether
      iodine status differs across salt intake levels among a sample of women aged 18
      45 years living in Samoa. A cross-sectional survey was completed and 24-hr urine
      samples were collected and assessed for iodine (n=152) and salt excretion
      (n=119). The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among the women was 88
      MUg/L (Interquartile range (IQR)=54-121 MUg/L). 62% of the women had a UIC <100
      MUg/L. The crude estimated mean 24-hr urinary salt excretion was 6.6 (standard
      deviation 3.2) g/day. More than two-thirds (66%) of the women exceeded the World
      Health Organization recommended maximum level of 5 g/day. No association was
      found between median UIC and salt excretion (81 MUg/L iodine where urinary salt
      excretion >=5 g/day versus 76 MUg/L where urinary salt excretion <5 g/day;
      p=0.4). Iodine nutrition appears to be insufficient in this population and may be
      indicative of iodine deficiency disorders in Samoan women. A collaborative
      approach in monitoring iodine status and salt intake will strengthen both
      programs and greatly inform the level of iodine fortification required to ensure
      optimal iodine intake as population salt reduction programs take effect. 

PMID- 26965774
TI  - Distribution of iron status among urban Chinese women.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the distribution of serum ferritin, serum
      soluble transferrin receptor and body iron among girls and women by age and
      anaemia. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Serum ferritin, serum soluble transferrin
      receptor and high sensitive C-reactive protein of 1625 and 1372 women in general
      and anaemic were measured in the National Health and Nutrition Survey commenced
      in 2010. RESULTS: The distributions of serum ferritin, serum soluble transferrin
      receptor and body iron for 6-11-y, 12-17-y, 18-44-y, 45-59-y and >=60-y subgroups
      were significantly different. Both in population-representative women and those
      anaemic, the iron status of 18-44-y women was the lowest and that of 12-17-y
      girls the second lowest. The iron status of anaemic women was lower than that in
      representative women at ages 12-17 y, 18-44 y, 45-59 y and >=60 y. CONCLUSION:
      Iron status in women of different ages and anaemic had different distributions,
      but consistently lower than that of population-representative women. The observed
      iron status of Chinese urban women supports program planning for iron nutrition
      promotion in women. Iron status information is also needed for men and to
      understand the pathogenesis which may be related to intake or loss.

PMID- 26965776
TI  - Factors associated with irregular breakfast consumption among high school
      students in a Japanese community.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the associations between the
      characteristics of high school students and irregular breakfast consumption and
      explored the association with knowledge regarding diet and dietary education in a
      community in Japan. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey using a
      self-administered questionnaire was conducted in 2007 among all the high school
      students in the second grade in Imari, Saga. Data for 318 male and 292 female
      students were analyzed. Irregular breakfast consumption was defined as consuming
      breakfast three times or less in a week. The associations between the
      characteristics of students and irregular breakfast consumption were assessed
      using logistic regression with adjustments for sex and school. RESULTS: Among
      male students, a strong association between the consumption of juice or pop and
      irregular breakfast consumption was observed (OR comparing ">=2 servings" vs
      "rarely"=8.97, 95% CI=2.99-26.9). The associations with wake times and bed times
      were strong among male students, and the association with regular bowel movements
      was strong among female students. Students who had knowledge of regional
      agricultural and livestock products were more likely to consume breakfast
      regularly, and this association was significant among female students (OR=2.89,
      95% CI=1.23-6.82). Significant associations were also observed with the
      consumption of snacks, and traditional greeting before meals. CONCLUSIONS:
      Several characteristics, including specific knowledge, were associated with the
      irregular consumption of breakfast. The results are of interest to policy makers,
      nutrition specialists, and educators working to enhance regular breakfast
      consumption among students.

PMID- 26965775
TI  - Self-reported health problems related to traditional dietary practices in
      postpartum women from urban, suburban and rural areas of Hubei province, China:
      the 'zuo yuezi'.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of maternal
      health problems in the postpartum period and their association with traditional
      Chinese postpartum diets and behaviours in three selected regions in Hubei
      province, China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted
      in urban, suburban and rural areas. A total of 2100 women who had given birth to
      full-term single infants in the past two years were enrolled. Their postpartum
      diet, personal behaviours, and health problems were surveyed by trained
      interviewers. RESULTS: During the puerperium women consumed plentiful eggs, fish,
      poultry and meats; however, fruit, vegetable and milk consumption were limited. A
      high prevalence of health problems potentially related to pregnancy and the
      puerperium were found. At least one such problem was reported by 59.3% of women.
      The putative postpartum problems were backaches (29.6%), arthralgia or leg clonus
      (12.7%), breast problems (19.6%), constipation (18.7%), haemorrhoids (11.7%),
      dizziness or headaches (14.8%), anaemia (10.0%). Multiple logistic regression
      analysis showed that leafy vegetable intake and frequent recipe change in the
      puerperium were positively associated with less anal diseases. Bathing or hair
      washing did not increase the risk of maternal infection as belief would have
      suggested. However, bathing was a risk factor for backache or arthralgia, and
      tooth brushing was a risk factor for bleeding gums. Excessive housework was a
      risk factor for anal diseases and disordered uterine involution. CONCLUSION:
      Postpartum maternal health problems were prevalent in Hubei province. These were
      in part associated with postpartum traditional Chinese diets and behaviours.

PMID- 26965777
TI  - Excessive screen viewing time by adolescents and body fatness in a developing
      country: Vietnam.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Screen time among youth has been increasingly
      recognized as a public health problem because of its link with obesity. This has
      been demonstrated in many studies conducted in developed countries but few
      studies have addressed the problem in developing countries, despite an increase
      literature about the emergence of obesity and a greater access to screen devices
      in a country like Vietnam. Our study aimed at assessing screen time and its
      relationship with BMI in adolescents of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. METHODS
      AND STUDY DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study of 2024 junior high school students
      aged 11-14 of HCMC, students were measured for BMI and questioned on time spent
      watching television/Video/DVD or using computer for fun. High users were defined
      as time >=2 h/d. International Obesity Task Force BMI cutoffs were used to define
      overweight and obesity. RESULTS: Adolescents spent 2.2 h/d in screen time, with
      higher values for boys than girls (p<0.001). 53.8% of the respondents were high
      users. Time spent using computers for fun increased with age, and with the
      household wealthy index. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was
      21.1%. Using multiple logistic regression, overweight and obesity was higher in
      boys (adjusted OR=2.66, 95% CI: [2.06; 3.44], p<0.001) and in children aged 11-12
      who had a screen time >=2 h/d (adjusted OR=1.48, 95% CI: [1.09; 1.99], p<0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: In HCMC, a majority of adolescents spent >=2 h/d on screen time.
      High screen time is associated with an increased prevalence of overweight and
      obesity in young adolescents. Public health intervention programs are needed to
      reduce screen time among youth.

PMID- 26965778
TI  - Alcoholic beverage preferences and associated drinking patterns by socioeconomic
      status among high-school drinkers in three metropolises of China.
AB  - To examine the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent
      alcoholic beverage preferences and the associated drinking patterns in China. The
      study used cross-sectional data collected from 136 junior or senior high schools,
      using a self-administered questionnaire. A total number of 7,075 subjects of
      drinking students were selected from three metropolises (Beijing, Shanghai, and
      Guangzhou) via a two-stage stratified sampling method. Among the adolescent
      drinkers, 87.8% (95% CI: 86.5-89.0) reported that they drunk alcohol during the
      past years preceding the study, while 42.4% (95% CI: 40.4-44.4) of the subjects
      stated that they had drunk alcohol during the past 30 days. There were gradual
      increases in the usual quantity (>1 Standard Drink, SD) of alcoholic beverages
      with increasing SES, with highest rates reported by the high-level SES. Beer and
      grape wine were the most widely consumed alcoholic beverage, regardless of SES.
      Our findings suggest that high-level SES students have an increasing prevalence
      of drinking behaviour. Their confirmation by future studies which extend the
      sampling regions is required to further the prevention of adolescent alcohol
      abuse in China. 

PMID- 26965779
TI  - Validity of a food frequency questionnaire in a population with high alcohol
      consumption in Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Alcohol consumption has a relatively large impact on
      energy intake in drinkers, and several studies reported different dietary habits
      from non-drinkers. However, few studies have investigated the influence of
      alcohol consumption on the validity of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). To
      investigate its influence, we conducted a validity test in a population with high
      alcohol consumption. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The study subjects were 66
      residents living on an island in the south-western part of Japan. We conducted
      the FFQ and 12-day-weighed dietary records (12d-WDRs) in each 3 day of each 4
      season. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients (CCs) and agreement rates
      according to quartile classification after adjusting for energy. RESULTS: The
      intake energy (kcal) estimated from 12d-WDRs and FFQ was 1,641 and 1,534 in
      women, and 2,093 and 1,979 in men, respectively. The cumulative percentage
      contribution of the alcohol energy was 6.7% in men. De-attenuated, log
      transformed Pearson's median CCs between the nutrients quantified with the 12d
      WDRs and FFQ were 0.51 in women and 0.38 in men. The CCs for carbohydrate and
      saturated fatty acids intake of men were lower than those in the previous Tokai
      study using the same FFQ. The findings in agreement rates were consistent with
      the Tokai study. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that the FFQ can be used for
      epidemiological studies using categorical comparisons in this population,
      although the underestimation of carbohydrates and other nutrients in the FFQ
      should be taken into consideration.

PMID- 26965780
TI  - Novel dietary intake assessment in populations with poor literacy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cultural and/or environmental barriers make the
      assessment of dietary intake in rural populations challenging. We aimed to assess
      the accuracy of a meal recall questionnaire, adapted for use with impoverished
      South Indian populations living in rural areas. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Dietary
      data collected by recall versus weighed meals were compared. Data were obtained
      from 45 adults aged 19-85 years, living in rural Andhra Pradesh, who were
      recruited by convenience sampling. Weighed meal records (WMRs) were conducted in
      the household by a researcher aided by a trained field worker. The following day,
      field workers conducted a recall interview with the same participant. Eight life
      size photographs of portions of South Indian foods were created to aid each
      participant's recall and a database of nutrients was developed to calculate
      nutrient intake. Pearson correlations were used to assess the strength of
      associations between intake of energy and nutrients calculated from meal recalls
      versus WMRs. Least products regression was conducted to examine fixed and
      proportional bias. Bland-Altman plots were constructed to measure systematic or
      differential bias. RESULTS: Significant correlations were observed between
      estimates for energy and nutrients obtained by the two methods (r2=0.19-0.67,
      p<0.001). No systematic bias was detected by Bland-Altman plots. Recall method
      underestimated the intake of protein and fat in a manner proportional to the
      level of intake. CONCLUSIONS: Our culturally adapted meal recall questionnaire
      provides an accurate measure for assessment of the intake of energy,
      macronutrients and some micronutrients in rural Indian populations.

PMID- 26965781
TI  - Melanocortin-4 receptor rs17782313 polymorphisms are associated with serum
      triglycerides in older Chinese women.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor) gene polymorphisms have
      been associated with serum triglycerides (TG) in Caucasians and Japanese, but no
      reports are available Chinese. The purpose of this study was to find whether
      there was an association of rs17782313 polymorphisms at the MC4R gene with serum
      TG in elderly Chinese. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: 2,012 over 40 years participated
      in a cross-sectional study in which their body mass index (BMI), TG, high density
      lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms were
      determined. RESULTS: For women, carriers of the T/T genotype had significantly
      lower serum TG than those with C/C genotype (p=0.006). Carriers of the C/C
      genotype of this polymorphisms exhibited significantly lower fasting HDL-C levels
      compared with T/T and T/C genotypes (p=0.025), and increased glycosylated
      hemoglobin (HbA1c) (p=0.043), but no change in blood pressure. Higher serum TG in
      carriers of the C/C genotype of MC4R gene remained stable after adjustment for
      age, smoking, drinking, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and three or more
      components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) by multivariable linear regression
      (p=0.01) in women. The carriers of the C/C genotype of MC4R gene showed
      significantly greater odds ratio for TG than T/C and T/T genotypes, even when
      adjusted for age, smoking, drinking, BMI and WC in women. CONCLUSIONS: The
      rs17782313 C/C genotype is associated with higher TG levels in older Chinese
      women.

PMID- 26965782
TI  - Combining routine markers improves the accuracy of transient elastography for
      hepatitis B cirrhosis detection.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vibration Controlled Transient Elastography (VCTE) is a non
      invasive test for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis but may be inaccurate in some
      patients, especially in those with chronic hepatitis B. This study aims at
      improving the accuracy of VCTE in cirrhosis detection by combining ultrasound and
      routine blood parameters. METHODS: Hepatitis B patients with liver biopsies
      samples >=20mm underwent VCTE, ultrasound and blood tests, and were divided into
      training set (n=170) and validation set (n=75). RESULTS: An algorithm consisting
      of VCTE, international normalization ratio (INR), ultrasonic hepatic vessel and
      platelet count (CIR-4) and a VCTE-based cirrhosis six-index score (CIR-6)
      comprised VCTE, INR, platelet, albumin, ultrasonic hepatic vessel and liver
      parenchyma were derived. In training set, area under receiver operating
      characteristics curve of CIR-6 and CIR-4 to detect cirrhosis was 0.946 and 0.945,
      respectively, which was superior to that of VCTE 0.907. CIR-4 could save more
      liver biopsies. In validation set, CIR-6 detected cirrhosis with accuracy similar
      to that in training set. However, the sensitivity of CIR-4 and VCTE in validation
      set lowered to 0.538 and 0.846, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combining routine
      markers improve the accuracy of VCTE for cirrhosis detection in hepatitis B
      patients. CIR-6 may be more valuable.

PMID- 26965783
TI  - Risk of pancreatic malignancy and mortality in branch-duct IPMNs undergoing
      surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Safety of non-operative management for low-risk branch-duct
      intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMNs) is debated. AIM: To perform a
      systematic review/meta-analysis to determine their risk of developing pancreatic
      malignancy and of pancreatic malignancy-related deaths. METHODS: A MEDLINE search
      was performed and methodology was based on PRISMA statement. Incidence rates of
      overall pancreatic malignancy, malignant BD-IPMN, IPMN-distinct PDAC, and of
      pancreatic malignancy-related death rates were calculated by dividing the total
      number of events by the total number of person-years (pyrs) of follow-up.
      Heterogeneity was determined by I(2) statistic. RESULTS: 20 studies including
      2177 patients were included. Mean follow-up ranged from 29.3 to 76.7 months.
      Overall, 82 patients (3.7%) developed a pancreatic malignancy with a pooled
      estimate rate of 0.007/pyrs (I(2)=32.8%). The pooled estimate rate of malignant
      IPMN was 0.004/pyrs (I(2)=40.8%), and the pooled estimate rate of distinct PDAC
      0.002/pyrs (I(2)=0%). The rate of death due to pancreatic malignancy during
      follow-up was 0.9%, with an overall pooled estimate rate of death of 0.002/pyrs
      (I(2)=0%). CONCLUSION: Non-operative management of low-risk BD-IPMN is safe, with
      a very low risk of malignant transformation of IPMN and of distinct PDAC. The
      rate of pancreatic malignancy-related mortality is low, particularly when
      compared with the mortality of pancreatic surgery.

PMID- 26965784
TI  - Appendiceal diverticulosis incidentally detected by computed tomographic
      colonography.

PMID- 26965785
TI  - Drug-eluting beads versus conventional chemoembolization for the treatment of
      unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the promising results of earlier studies, a clear superiority
      of drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization over conventional
      chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients has not been
      established yet. AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two treatments
      in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. METHODS: Computerized
      bibliographic search on the main databases was performed. One-year, two-year,
      three-year survival rates were analyzed. Hazard ratios from Kaplan-Meier curves
      were extracted in order to perform an unbiased comparison of survival estimates.
      Objective response and severe adverse event rate were analyzed too. RESULTS: Four
      randomized-controlled trials and 8 observational studies with 1449 patients were
      included in the meta-analysis. Non-significant trends in favor of drug-eluting
      beads chemoembolization were observed as for 1-year (odds ratio: 0.76, 0.48-1.21,
      p=0.25), 2-year (odds ratio: 0.68, 0.42-1.12, p=0.13) and 3-year survival (odds
      ratio: 0.57, 0.32-1.01, p=0.06). Meta-analysis of plotted hazard ratios confirmed
      this trend (hazard ratio: 0.86, 0.71-1.03, p=0.10). Pooled data of objective
      response showed no significant difference between the two treatments (odds ratio:
      1.21, 0.69-2.12, p=0.51). No statistically significant difference in adverse
      events was registered (odds ratio: 0.85, 0.60-1.20, p=0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results stand for a non-superiority of drug-eluting beads chemoembolization with
      respect to conventional chemoembolization in hepatocarcinoma patients.

PMID- 26965787
TI  - Genetic diversity, acaricide resistance status and evolutionary potential of a
      Rhipicephalus microplus population from a disease-controlled cattle farming area
      in South Africa.
AB  - The Southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus is a hematophagous ectoparasite
      of great veterinary and economic importance. Along with its adaptability,
      reproductive success and vectoring capacity, R. microplus has been reported to
      develop resistance to the major chemical classes of acaricides currently in use.
      In South Africa, the Mnisi community in the Mpumalanga region offers a unique
      opportunity to study the adaptive potential of R. microplus. The aims of this
      study therefore included characterising acaricide resistance and determining the
      level and pattern of genetic diversity for R. microplus in this region from one
      primary population consisting of 12 communal dip-stations. The level of acaricide
      resistance was evaluated using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes
      that contribute to acaricide insensitivity. Additionally, the ribosomal internal
      transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene fragments of collected individuals were
      sequenced and a haplotype network was constructed. A high prevalence of alleles
      attributed to resistance against formamidines (amitraz) in the
      octopamine/tyramine (OCT/Tyr) receptor (frequency of 0.55) and pyrethroids in the
      carboxylesterase (frequency of 0.81) genes were observed. Overall, the sampled
      tick population was homozygous resistant to pyrethroid-based acaricides in the
      voltage-gated sodium channel (VGS) gene. A total of 11 haplotypes were identified
      in the Mnisi R. microplus population from ITS2 analysis with no clear population
      structure. From these allele frequencies it appears that formamidine resistance
      in the Mnisi community is on the rise, as the R. microplus populations is
      acquiring or generating these resistance alleles. Apart from rearing multi
      resistant ticks to commonly used acaricides in this community these ticks may
      pose future problems to its surrounding areas.

PMID- 26965786
TI  - Kbeta Valence to Core X-ray Emission Studies of Cu(I) Binding Proteins with Mixed
      Methionine - Histidine Coordination. Relevance to the Reactivity of the M- and H
      sites of Peptidylglycine Monooxygenase.
AB  - Biological systems use copper as a redox center in many metalloproteins, where
      the role of the metal is to cycle between its +1 and +2 oxidation states. This
      chemistry requires the redox potential to be in a range that can stabilize both
      Cu(I) and Cu(II) states and often involves protein-derived ligand sets involving
      mixed histidine-methionine coordination that balance the preferences of both
      oxidation states. Transport proteins, on the other hand, utilize copper in the
      Cu(I) state and often contain sites comprised predominately of the cuprophilic
      residue methionine. The electronic factors that allow enzymes and transporters to
      balance their redox requirements are complex and are often elusive due to the
      dearth of spectroscopic probes of the Cu(I) state. Here we present the novel
      application of X-ray emission spectroscopy to copper proteins via a study of a
      series of mixed His-Met copper sites where the ligand set varies in a systematic
      way between the His3 and Met3 limits. The sites are derived from the wild-type
      peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHM), two single-site variants which replicate
      each of its two copper sites (CuM-site and CuH-site), and the transporters CusF
      and CusB. Clear differences are observed in the Kbeta2,5 region at the Met3 and
      His3 limits. CusB (Met3) has a distinct peak at 8978.4 eV with a broad shoulder
      at 8975.6 eV, whereas CuH (His3) has two well-resolved features: a more intense
      feature at 8974.8 eV and a second at 8977.2 eV. The mixed coordination sphere
      CusF (Met2His) and the PHM CuM variant (Met1His2) have very similar spectra
      consisting of two features at 8975.2 and 8977.8 eV. An analysis of DFT calculated
      spectra indicate that the intensity of the higher energy peak near 8978 eV is
      mediated by mixing of ligand-based orbitals into the Cu d(10) manifold, with S
      from Met providing more intensity by facilitating increased Cu p-d mixing.
      Furthermore, reaction of WT PHM with CO (an oxygen analogue) produced the M site
      CO complex, which showed a unique XES spectrum that could be computationally
      reproduced by including interactions between Cu(I) and the CO ligand. The study
      suggests that the valence-to-core (VtC) region can not only serve as a probe of
      ligand speciation but also offer insight into the coordination geometry, in a
      fashion similar to XAS pre-edges, and may be sufficiently sensitive to the
      coordination of exogenous ligands to be useful in the study of reaction
      mechanisms. 

PMID- 26965789
TI  - Phonon Scattering Dynamics of Thermophoretic Motion in Carbon Nanotube
      Oscillators.
AB  - Using phonon wave packet molecular dynamics simulations, we find that anomalous
      longitudinal acoustic (LA) mode phonon scattering in low to moderate energy
      ranges is responsible for initiating thermophoretic motion in carbon nanotube
      oscillators. The repeated scattering of a single mode LA phonon wave packet near
      the ends of the inner nanotube provides a net unbalanced force that, if large
      enough, initiates thermophoresis. By applying a coherent phonon pulse on the
      outer tube, which generalizes the single mode phonon wave packet, we are able to
      achieve thermophoresis in a carbon nanotube oscillator. We also find the nature
      of the unbalanced force on end-atoms to be qualitatively similar to that under an
      imposed thermal gradient. The thermodiffusion coefficient obtained for a range of
      thermal gradients and core lengths suggest that LA phonon scattering is the
      dominant mechanism for thermophoresis in longer cores, whereas for shorter cores,
      it is the highly diffusive mechanism that provides the effective force. 

PMID- 26965788
TI  - Absence of serological evidence of Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia
      spp. and Coxiella burnetii infections in American Samoa.
AB  - Little is known about the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in American Samoa
      (Pacific). A review of literature did not identify any published information on
      human Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. or Coxiella burnetii
      infections in this country. To determine the presence of these diseases, we
      conducted a serosurvey of American Samoans. The presence of immunoglobulin G
      antibodies against Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia conorii, C.
      burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis was
      evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay in sera from 197 American Samoan
      adults. None of the samples had antibodies at a significant level against
      Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. or C. burnetii (seroprevalence
      0%; one-tailed 95% CI 0-1.86%). We cannot conclude that these pathogens are
      absent in American Samoa but, if present, their prevalence is probably very low.
      Q fever has been reported worldwide except in New Zealand and French Polynesia;
      these new data suggest that the prevalence of Q fever is likely to be very low in
      the Pacific Islands.

PMID- 26965790
TI  - Abrupt climate shift in the Western Mediterranean Sea.
AB  - One century of oceanographic measurements has evidenced gradual increases in
      temperature and salinity of western Mediterranean water masses, even though the
      vertical stratification has basically remained unchanged. Starting in 2005, the
      basic structure of the intermediate and deep layers abruptly changed. We report
      here evidence of reinforced thermohaline variability in the deep western basin
      with significant dense water formation events producing large amounts of warmer,
      saltier and denser water masses than ever before. We provide a detailed
      chronological order to these changes, giving an overview of the new water masses
      and following their route from the central basin interior to the east (toward the
      Tyrrhenian) and toward the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence of this climate
      shift, new deep waters outflowing through Gibraltar will impact the North
      Atlantic in terms of salt and heat input. In addition, modifications in the
      Mediterranean abyssal ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles are to be expected. 

PMID- 26965791
TI  - Comparison of Prednisolone, Etoricoxib, and Indomethacin in Treatment of Acute
      Gouty Arthritis: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: At present there are several kinds of medicine for treating acute
      gout arthritis (AGA). This study compared the efficacy and safety of
      prednisolone, etoricoxib, and indomethacin in the treatment of AGA.
      MATERIAL/METHODS: This was an open-label, randomized, active-comparator study in
      patients with AGA. Patients were randomized to 4 days of prednisolone 35 mg qd,
      etoricoxib 120 mg qd, or indomethacin 50 mg tid. The primary efficacy endpoint
      was the reduction of self-assessed pain in the index joint from baseline.
      Secondary endpoints included changes in physician's assessment of tenderness,
      erythema, swelling, and joint activity; patient assessment of response to
      therapy; and safety. RESULTS: We analyzed 113 patients. Baseline demographics
      were comparable among treatment groups. Oral prednisolone, etoricoxib, and
      indomethacin were similarly effective in improving pain, tenderness, and joint
      activity over 4 days. For inflammation, oral prednisolone, etoricoxib, and
      indomethacin were similarly effective in reducing erythema, but prednisolone
      might be more effective in reducing swelling than indomethacin. The patient
      response to therapy was similar in the 3 groups. There were more total adverse
      events with indomethacin compared with the other 2 drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy
      was comparable among prednisolone, etoricoxib, and indomethacin for the treatment
      of AGA. Prednisolone might be more effective in reducing inflammation and it had
      a better safety profile.

PMID- 26965792
TI  - Vaginal Fibroblastic Cells from Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Produce Matrices
      with Increased Stiffness and Collagen Content.
AB  - Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is characterised by the weakening of the pelvic floor
      support tissues, and often by subsequent prolapse of the bladder outside the
      body, i.e. cystocele. The bladder is kept in place by the anterior vaginal wall
      which consists of a dense extracellular matrix rich in collagen content that is
      maintained and remodelled by fibroblastic cells, i.e. fibroblasts and
      myofibroblasts. Since altered matrix production influences tissue quality, and
      myofibroblasts are involved in normal and pathological soft tissue repair
      processes, we evaluated matrix production of cells derived from pre- and post
      menopausal POP and non-POP control anterior vaginal wall tissues. Results showed
      that cells from postmenopausal POP women deposited matrices with high percentage
      of collagen fibres with less anisotropic orientation and increased stiffness than
      those produced by controls. There was a transient increase in myofibroblastic
      phenotype that was lost after the peak of tissue remodelling. In conclusion,
      affected fibroblasts from postmenopausal prolapsed tissues produced altered
      matrices in vitro compared to controls. Such aberrant altered matrix production
      does not appear to be a consequence of abnormal phenotypical changes towards the
      myofibroblastic lineage. 

PMID- 26965793
TI  - A Rapid Method for the Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Utilizing Standard
      Pressure HPLC: Refinement of AOAC 2005.06.
AB  - Superficially porous column technologies have previously been shown to provide
      faster chromatographic analysis of toxin oxidation products when analyzing
      shellfish for paralytic shellfish toxins. While sub 3 MUm fused core columns have
      facilitated enhanced method performance, including significantly lower analysis
      times and lower LOD, they were also found to last for only a few hundred
      injections before pressure increases rendered them unusable with standard HPLC.
      Recently 5 MUm superficially porous columns have become commercially available.
      In this study, a 5 MUm fused core column was used to develop a fast
      chromatographic method for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins, with
      performance characteristics and column lifetime being assessed. The 5 MUm column
      was found to be able to perform approximately 3000 injections without significant
      increases in back pressure or reduction in performance. Data generated using the
      column were found to be equivalent to that determined using current HPLC column
      technologies for both screening and quantitation methods. Furthermore, an
      increase in sensitivity for all toxins tested under the routine monitoring
      program for British waters was observed and the overall run time of the analysis
      halved. Overall, the 5 MUm fused core column provided a significant increase in
      sample throughput, a reduction in mobile phase consumption, and an increase in
      method sensitivity. 

PMID- 26965795
TI  - Prognostic significance of glycemic variability after cardiac surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prognostic significance of acute glycemic variability (GV)
      after cardiac surgery is not known. This study was therefore planned to analyze
      the independent prognostic value of GV after cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: This is a single center prospective observational study in 870
      consecutive cardiac surgery patients over a 3-month period at a tertiary care
      institute in India. RESULTS: In linear regression analysis, GV was a significant
      predictor of length of stay in intensive care unit (LOS-ICU) (beta 0.102,
      p=0.007) and rise in creatinine after surgery (beta 0.229, p<0.001). Mean POC-BG
      was a significant positive predictor of length of stay in hospital (LOS-hospital)
      (beta 0.1, p=0.004). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, GV predicted
      prolonged LOS-ICU (p=0.006, OR 1.016) and acute kidney injury (p<0.001, OR
      1.034). CONCLUSION: This study showed that GV, as measured by standard deviation,
      was a predictor of LOS-ICU, rise in creatinine and AKI after cardiac surgery. GV
      is therefore a new dimension in postoperative glycemic management in cardiac
      surgery patients, which needs to be explored.

PMID- 26965797
TI  - Tomographic Measurement of Gutters and Analysis of the Conformability of Stent
      Grafts in the Octopus Technique for Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm
      Repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Octopus technique is an off-label and off-the-shelf strategy used
      as an option in the management of some specific and selected cases of
      thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA). We sought to compare 2 different
      methods of measurements on computed tomography (CT) slices and to evaluate the
      accommodation and conformability, before and after ballooning, of the components
      used in the Octopus technique. METHODS: The CT gutter analysis between the 3
      stent grafts within the short docking limb of the Excluder((r)) was made using
      Viabahns((r)) of 8, 7, and 6 mm in diameter. Each of the 10 possible combinations
      underwent a CT established protocol. The best axial image of the docking limb was
      submitted for an evaluation by 2 independent analysts, using 2 different methods.
      We also performed a postballooning evaluation, and the same CT protocol was used.
      RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the formats of measurement
      type "A" and type "B." Furthermore, there was no significant difference between
      the measurements made by the independent analysts. The tomography analyses
      demonstrated that the combination of stent grafts (Viabahn) of 8 and 7 mm
      diameter, inside the short docking limb of the bifurcated endoprosthesis, had the
      best possible relationship between the diameters used. These combinations showed
      better conformability and juxtaposition, with smaller areas of gutters and
      theoretically less possibility of endoleak. In addition, we found that
      postimplant balloon dilatation impaired the conformability and juxtaposition of
      the stent grafts (Viabahn) in the optimum combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      analysis, we demonstrated a feasible, reliable, and reproducible form of CT
      measurement of the gutters in the Octopus technique for endovascular repair of
      TAAAs. Based on these measurements, there is a preferable combination of Viabahn
      sizes to be used in the Octopus technique and that postdilatation impairs the
      conformability and juxtaposition.

PMID- 26965794
TI  - Causative pathogens and antibiotic resistance in diabetic foot infections: A
      prospective multi-center study.
AB  - AIM: Clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic foot infections
      developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) are commonly used
      worldwide. The issue of whether or not these guidelines need to be adjusted for
      local circumstances, however, has seldom been assessed in large prospective
      trials. METHODS: The Turk-DAY trial was a prospective, multi-center study in
      which infectious disease specialists from centers across Turkey were invited to
      participate (NCT02026830). RESULTS: A total of 35 centers throughout Turkey
      enrolled patients in the trial. Overall, investigators collected a total of 522
      specimens from infected diabetic foot wounds for culture from 447 individual
      patients. Among all isolates, 36.4% were gram-positive organisms, with
      Staphylococcus aureus the most common among these (11.4%). Gram-negative
      organisms constituted 60.2% of all the isolates, and the most commonly isolated
      gram-negative was Escherichia coli (15%). The sensitivity rates of the isolated
      species were remarkably low for several antimicrobials used in the mild infection
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, several of the antimicrobials
      frequently used for empirical treatment, including some also recommended in the
      IDSA guidelines, would not be optimal for treating diabetic foot infections in
      Turkey. Although the IDSA guideline recommendations may be helpful to guide
      empiric antimicrobial therapy of DFIs, they should be adjusted to local
      conditions.

PMID- 26965796
TI  - Anti-apolipoprotein A-1 autoantibodies as risk biomarker for cardiovascular
      diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Anti-Apolipoprotein A-1 autoantibodies (anti-ApoA-1 IgG) represent an
      emerging prognostic cardiovascular marker in patients with myocardial infarction
      or autoimmune diseases associated with high thrombotic events. The aim of this
      work is to investigate the incidence of anti-apoA-1 autoantibodies in type 2
      diabetes (T2DM) patients with and without CVD and to study potential association
      with disease risk and its effect on plasma lipid parameters. METHODS: Qualitative
      determination of anti-apoA-1 IgG was assayed in sera from 302 subjects classified
      into T2DM patients (n=102), T2DM+CVD (n=112) and healthy controls (n=88).
      RESULTS: The incidence of anti-apoA-1 IgG was significantly higher among CVD
      patients (35.7%) than T2DM patients (8.8%) or control subjects (6.1%), p<0.0001.
      A significant association with CVD was identified (p<0.0001) and subjects who
      were positive for anti-apoA-1 IgG were at 8.5 times increased risk to develop CVD
      when compared to controls. Diabetic patients who were positive for the antibodies
      showed 5.7 times increased CVD risk. ROC analysis indicated anti-apoA-1 IgG as a
      risk biomarker for CVD in T2DM patients with an AUC value of 0.76, sensitivity of
      35.7% and specificity of 91.2%. Studying the effect on lipid parameters, anti
      apoA-1 IgG associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of TC and
      non-HDL-C in all groups and with higher concentrations of LDL-C in diabetic
      patients and higher TC/HDL-C ratio in CVD patients. CONCLUSION: Our results
      indicate that anti-apoA-1 IgG is a cardiovascular risk biomarker in T2DM
      patients.

PMID- 26965799
TI  - Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Secondary to Septic Embolism of a Thoracic
      Aorta Graft Infection.
AB  - Mycotic aneurysms account for 1% of abdominal aortic aneurysms. There are very
      few cases published that describe the formation of mycotic aneurysms after septic
      embolism due to graft infection. We present the first case to our knowledge to be
      described in the literature of a mycotic aneurysm caused by septic embolism
      derived from a thoracic aorta graft infection, treated with conventional surgery
      leading to a successful outcome and evolution. 

PMID- 26965798
TI  - Infantile Renovascular Hypertension with Failure to Thrive.
AB  - Severe hypertension in infancy is a rare cause of failure to thrive. The
      successful surgical management of this disease in an infant having refractory
      renovascular hypertension and growth failure is reported. 

PMID- 26965800
TI  - A Case of Primary Aortoenteric Fistula: Review of Therapeutic Challenges.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: Primary aortoenteric fistula (PAEF) is a lethal cause of
      gastrointestinal bleeding. They mainly originate from eroding abdominal aortic
      aneurysms into the intestinal wall. Other known causes involve malignancies,
      infection, corpora aliena, or radiation therapy. Traditional treatment consists
      of resection of the fistula and extra-anatomic reconstruction. In situ repair and
      endovascular stenting have offered new therapeutic options in managing this
      complex entity. CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old woman presented with a PAEF. She was
      known with a 3.9-cm abdominal aortic aneurysm and polymyalgia rheumatica. The
      initial treatment consisted of endovascular stenting. Several months later, she
      presented with persistent inflammation of the aortic endoprosthesis. The
      prosthesis and inflammatory tissue were resected, and in situ reconstruction with
      autologous superficial femoral vein and omentoplasty was performed. Two years
      later, she remains well with no evidence for infection or bleeding. CONCLUSIONS:
      Polymyalgia rheumatica might induce an AEF as in this patient no other provoking
      factors were retained. The different therapeutic options all have their
      advantages and disadvantages. In line with this case, we suggest an
      individualized approach for AEFs. In case of precarious hemodynamical state or
      life expectancy, endovascular treatment is indicated. Afterward, the possibility
      and/or necessity of open repair should be discussed. For stable patients with
      respectable life expectancy in situ repair with autologuous vein or rifampicin
      soaked prosthesis (adjusted to comorbidities) might be most appropriate. Extra
      anatomic reconstruction still remains a valuable alternative in older patients
      and in the presence of any other local factors hampering in situ reconstruction.

PMID- 26965801
TI  - Outcomes after External Iliac and Femoral Vascular Injuries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular injuries occurring at the junction of the trunk and lower
      extremity are uncommon yet challenging because of their location and potential
      for associated truncal injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine and
      compare outcomes among patients sustaining external iliac and femoral vascular
      injuries. METHODS: We performed a 13-year retrospective analysis of our level 1
      trauma center database to identify and compare patients with external iliac and
      femoral vessel injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to
      identify independent predictors for mortality. RESULTS: During the study period,
      135 patients with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 25 (20-35) years
      were identified with external iliac (n = 29) and femoral vascular injuries (n =
      106). The majority were male (85.9%) with a penetrating mechanism (84.5%), and
      the median (IQR) Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 16 (11-26). The overall
      mortality rate was 14.1%. In comparison with patients with femoral vascular
      injuries, patients with external iliac injuries presented with higher ISS (25 vs.
      16, P < 0.001), lower Glasgow Coma Scale (14 vs. 15, P = 0.001) and had a higher
      incidence of mortality (41.4% vs. 6.6%, P < 0.001) and disability (13.8% vs. 1%,
      P = 0.007). Shunts were used in only 7 patients (5.2%). Stepwise logistic
      regression consistently identified external iliac injury (odds ratio, 15.6; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.72-141, P = 0.014 in best-fitted model) as independently
      associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with femoral vascular
      injuries, external iliac vascular injuries are associated with higher blood loss,
      more intense resuscitation, higher disability and mortality in patients
      sustaining junctional groin injuries. Early recognition and application of damage
      control techniques and resuscitative practices may result in improved outcomes.

PMID- 26965802
TI  - Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting in Octogenarians in a Monocentric Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has emerged as an alternative to
      carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients at high risk for complications from
      surgery. The very elderly (>=80-year-old) are 1 subgroup of patients identified
      as being at increased risk for carotid surgery. However, there is concern that
      the very elderly are also at increased risk for complications of CAS. A stroke
      and death rate of 12% were reported in very elderly patients during the roll-in
      phase of Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial. We are
      reporting on a clinical series of CAS and CEA with independent neurologic
      assessment in the very elderly. The aim of this article is to evaluate early and
      mild-term results obtained in the treatment of the carotid artery stenosis in
      symptomatic and asymptomatic octogenarians, comparing the data of CEA and CAS in
      academic hospital. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2013, a consecutive series of 129
      CAS and 45 CEA patients (>=80-year-old) were treated in our academic hospital, a
      center with extensive carotid revascularization experience. Independent
      neurologic assessment was performed before and after procedures. Exclusion
      criteria were cerebral hemorrhage diagnosed within 6 months, cerebral tumors and
      dementia. Hostile aortic arches were nevertheless treated with alternative
      approaches like cervical or radial access. All the procedures have been performed
      by the senior authors. RESULTS: The average age was 86.9 years. Most patients
      were male (56%), and the target lesion carotid stenosis was asymptomatic in 80%
      of patients. No significant differences were obtained regarding gender, symptoms,
      risk factors or comorbidities, and evident CT lesions among the 2 groups of
      different treatments. Embolic protection devices were used in all cases with the
      CAS procedure. The overall 30-day incidence of stroke and death was 2.3% (3 of
      129) in CAS group and 4.4% (2 of 45) in CEA group. CONCLUSIONS: Exclusion of high
      risk patients from CAS, based on age alone, seems to be unjustified.
      Octogenarians are not at increased risk of periprocedural adverse events after
      CAS compared with younger patients. The key to obtain satisfactory results is CAS
      to be performed by an experienced team able to use not only standard filter
      protected CAS but also familiar with all the other types of access and protection
      techniques.

PMID- 26965803
TI  - The Addition of Ultrasound Arterial Examination to Upper Extremity Vein Mapping
      before Hemodialysis Access.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Routine upper extremity vein mapping by ultrasound (Ven-US) is
      recommended by current National Kidney Foundation/Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality
      Initiative guidelines before arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. However, the
      impact of concomitant arterial US (Art-US) examination is not clear. METHODS: The
      Ven-US protocol at our institution was modified to include Art-US starting
      January 2013. Therefore, retrospective review of patients who received Ven-US
      with Art-US between January 2013 and July 2014 was performed. The Art-US
      component included distal brachial and radial artery diameters, level of brachial
      bifurcation, and Doppler Allen's test. A plan for hemodialysis (HD) access was
      proposed by 2 attending vascular surgeons (VS1 and VS2) and based on a set of
      criteria for fistula creation (CFC) using Ven-US findings alone. The Art-US
      findings were subsequently reviewed, and the plan was changed based on either
      vascular surgeon judgment (VS1 and VS2) or predetermined arterial anatomic
      criteria (CFC). RESULTS: In total, 163 patients (326 arms) were included. The
      mean age was 53 years, most patients were male (60%), and most were HD dependent
      at the time of US evaluation (67%). The initial plan based on Ven-US was: 17-19%
      radiocephalic (RC) AVF, 33-48% brachiocephalic AVF, 20-27% brachiobasilic AVF,
      and 14-23% grafts. The Art-US revealed 159 radial arteries (49%) with diameter <2
      mm, 16 brachial arteries (5%) with high bifurcation, 93 (29%) incomplete palmar
      arches, and 7 arms (2%) with arterial waveform blunting. Review of Art-US
      findings resulted in an overall change to the operative plan from 4% to 12% of
      patients. Those with an initially planned RC AVF were more likely to have a
      change in operative approach (21-57%) compared with all other types of planned
      access (1-3%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative Art-US may significantly
      change the operative plan, particularly when planning a RC AVF, and should be
      performed before HD access surgery at the wrist.

PMID- 26965805
TI  - Axillary Artery Injury Associated with Proximal Humeral Fractures: Review of Long
      Term Vascular, Orthopedic, and Neurologic Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fracture and dislocation of the proximal humerus is common. It is
      associated with a number of vascular, neurologic, and orthopedic complications;
      these include brachial plexopathy and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral
      head. These complications are rare but can potentially cause severe disability to
      patients; however, they remain poorly described in the literature. To describe
      vascular, orthopedic, and neurologic outcomes after axillary artery repair, in
      patients with proximal humeral fractures or dislocations. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective review of patients admitted to 2 tertiary trauma centers in
      Victoria, Australia, with fracture or dislocation of the proximal humerus and
      associated axillary artery injury. Patients were selected according to guidelines
      for trauma call or alert and the presence of high-risk mechanism of injury. Data
      on vascular, orthopedic, and neurologic complications were collected. RESULTS:
      Twenty-one patients were identified. Injury to the first part of the axillary
      artery was noted in 11 patients (52%). Brachial plexus exploration was performed
      in 17 patients (81%). Four patients (19%) underwent nerve repair. Long-term
      neurologic recovery was universally poor. Major orthopedic complications included
      AVN of the humeral head, delayed union, and the need for prosthesis or
      arthrodesis. Eleven patients (52%) received upper limb fasciotomy. Five patients
      (24%) underwent delayed secondary upper limb amputation. CONCLUSIONS: There was
      an unusually high rate of injuries to the first part of the axillary artery.
      Close clinical observation is recommended for such patients. AVN of the humeral
      head and brachial plexopathy remain significant and debilitating complications.

PMID- 26965804
TI  - Postintervention Patency: A Comparison of Stenting versus Patch Angioplasty for
      Dysfunctional Hemodialysis Access Sites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous access dysfunction is commonly caused by venous outflow
      stenosis, leading to thrombosis of the conduit. Given that there are limited
      lifetime hemodialysis access sites, the preservation of existing sites through
      novel means is of high priority. This study compares the efficacy of balloon
      angioplasty and stent placement to surgical patch angioplasty for upper arm
      (brachium) thrombosed or dysfunctional hemodialysis access sites in a group of
      patients at a single institution. METHODS: Using the operating room log and
      electronic medical record system, we retrospectively examined the outcomes of 52
      consecutive patients (3 were lost to follow-up), who had either stent placement
      (34 patients) or patch angioplasty (15 patients) for hemodialysis access salvage
      to calculate postintervention patency. RESULTS: Initial postinterventional
      patency (PIP1) for patch angioplasty compared with stent placement was not
      statistically significant at any time during a mean 6-month follow-up (60% vs.
      67.65% at 1 month, 33.33% vs. 41.18% at 3 months, and 13.33% vs. 17.65% at 6
      months, respectively; P = 0.75). Patency after secondary reintervention (PIP2)
      was longer for patients who had stent placement as the initial intervention (n =
      15) than patients who had patch angioplasty (n = 5; 100% vs. 80% at 1 month,
      66.68% vs. 80% at 3 months, and 46.67% vs. 40% at 6 months, respectively), but
      again there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P =
      0.84). At last, the initial PIP1 of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and arteriovenous
      graft (AVG) salvaged before occlusion was significantly different from that of
      occluded access sites (40% vs. 10% at 6 months, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      suggest that AVF had a longer postinterventional primary patency than AVG though
      the difference did not reach statistical significance. Stents extended PIP1 for
      the thrombosed or failing arteriovenous access longer than patch angioplasty, but
      the difference was not statistically significant. Patency is longer if
      intervention is made before graft thrombosis. Our data also indicate better
      prolongation of patency with a second reintervention (PIP2) if the first
      intervention was a stent placement. Patch angioplasty appears to be a less
      attractive alternative for correction of venous outflow stenosis given the more
      invasive and occasionally technically difficult procedure.

PMID- 26965807
TI  - Lead, Follow, or Get out of the Way-How Bold Young Surgeons Brought Vascular
      Surgery into Clinical Practice from the Korean War Battlefield.
AB  - The maturation of vascular surgery into widespread clinical practice was
      accelerated by events that took place in Korea during the conflict of 1950-1953.
      Early research and anecdotal clinical trials were just then resulting in
      publication of cases of the successful vascular repairs and replacements.
      Noncrushing vascular clamps were being developed and limited manufacture begun.
      The stage was set for a major advance in the treatment of arterial injury, just
      as war commenced in Korea, which provided a clinical laboratory. When the war on
      the Korean Peninsula erupted in June 1950, the policy of the Army Medical
      department was to ligate all arterial injuries unless a simple transverse or end
      to-end anastomosis could be performed, and repair was "contrary to policy and
      orders." Despite pressure and threats of "courts martial for vascular repairs"
      from the senior military medicine leaders-clinical experiments in arterial repair
      were carried out at Mobile Army Surgical Hospital facilities at battlefield
      locations across Korea. The young surgeons, mostly draftees and reservists,
      resisted rigid doctrine and orders to desist, and in the face of threatened
      punishment, were committed to do the right thing, and ultimately went on to
      change military medicine and vascular surgery. The "on-the-job" training in
      vascular surgery that was carried out in Korea by military surgeons who
      demonstrated substantially higher limb salvage rates energized the field from the
      battlefield laboratory. Many wounded soldiers had limbs saved by the new
      techniques in vascular repair pioneered by surgeons in the Korean War, and
      countless thousands who entered civilian hospitals for emergency vascular surgery
      in subsequent years also ultimately benefited from their work. 

PMID- 26965806
TI  - Outcomes of the Endovascular Treatment for the Supra-Aortic Trunks Occlusive
      Disease: A 14-Year Monocentric Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment of proximal supra-aortic trunks (SAT) has
      become a safe and reliable alternative to conventional open surgery, with a lower
      morbimortality rate and good short- and middle-term patency rates. The aim of our
      study was to assess the long-term results of endovascular treatment of proximal
      lesions of the SAT (brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid artery, and subclavian
      artery) and identify predictive risk factors of restenosis. METHODS: From 1999 to
      2013, 67 consecutive stenotic lesions of the proximal SAT were treated by
      angioplasty (13.4%) or stenting (86.6%) in 63 patients with a mean age of 65.5
      years (40-87). Procedures were performed under general (69%), local (24%), or
      locoregional (7%) anesthesia, with percutaneous puncture (47.8%) or open access
      (52.2%). Patients were followed up for 3, 6, and 12 months, and then every year
      with clinical examination, Doppler ultrasound and if required an angio-CT scan.
      RESULTS: The technical success rate was 98.5%. There was no postoperative death
      or strokes. One myocardial infarction occurred at day 2. There were 2 access
      complications: a nonsurgical hematoma after brachial access and a brachial
      thrombosis postpuncture. The mean follow-up was 4.5 years (2-163 months). The
      primary- and assisted-patency rates were 90.1%, 86.4%, 77.9% and 93.3%, 91.4%,
      82.9% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Eleven restenosis (16.4%) occurred at
      28.5 months (3, 0-112, 0) of follow-up. Four of them required an endovascular
      repair and 3 required a surgical one. The restenosis rate was 17.5% in the
      stented group on average at 30.2 months of follow-up (range, 3.0-112.0) and 10%
      in the group of patients with angioplasty alone at 8 months of follow-up, without
      significant statistically difference (P = 0.9). No predictive risk factor of
      restenosis was statistically identified. CONCLUSIONS: The endovascular treatment
      of proximal stenosis of SAT is a safe, reliable, and efficient technique with a
      low morbidity and mortality. The long-term results are good, but restenosis can
      occur. Long-term follow-up should be performed to detect and treat restenosis.

PMID- 26965809
TI  - Direct Cervical Carotid Angioplasty with Flow Reversal: A Single-Center Report
      from the Roadster Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carotid stent and/or angioplasty (CAS) via the transfemoral route
      with distal protection carries twice the risk of stroke and/or death when
      compared with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in multiple randomized trials.
      Potential causes for this include disadvantaged aortic arch anatomy and the need
      to traverse the lesion to place a distal protection device. This report describes
      the technique and our experience with direct CAS using flow reversal for embolic
      protection. METHODS: University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) division of
      Vascular and Endovascular surgery was a participant in the multi-institutional
      Roadster Trial of high-risk patients. We are reporting on our experience with 8
      patients who met high-risk criteria. Using a small supraclavicular cutdown, the
      Michi sheath from Silk Road Medical was inserted into the common carotid artery.
      This provides a working channel for internal CAS as well as a side port to
      reverse and divert blood flow to the femoral vein, for embolic protection. All
      patients qualified as medically high risk because of a combination of factors
      including advanced age, smoking history, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery
      disease, or hostile neck anatomy. RESULTS: All 8 patients had 3 or more risk
      factors including age >75 years (6 of 8), smoking (6 of 8), hypertension (7 of
      8), overt coronary artery disease (4 of 8), diabetes (2 of 8), and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (1 of 8). All stenoses were in the 80-99% category,
      and all were asymptomatic. All patients tolerated temporary clamping with flow
      reversal with no electroencephalogram changes. There were no deaths, strokes,
      transient ischemic attacks, or myocardial infarctions. All patients were
      discharged on the first postoperative day. Follow-up ranged from 7 to 21 months.
      One patient developed in-stent restenosis (asymptomatic). CONCLUSIONS: Direct CAS
      with flow reversal appears to be a safe, less invasive alternative to CEA.

PMID- 26965808
TI  - Predictors of Severity in Diabetic Foot Infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) constitute a large burden of the
      morbidity of diabetes, with more than 70,000 lower-extremity amputations (LEA)
      performed annually in the United States. A necrotizing infection signifies the
      most severe form of infection and is a key factor in the decision to proceed to
      LEA for source control. Key clinical and laboratory variables can assist in the
      identification of necrotizing infections; however, the effect of diabetes on
      these variables is unknown. Given the increased level and complexity of metabolic
      derangements in diabetic patients, we sought to examine characteristics
      predictive of necrotizing infection in patients with DFI who underwent LEA.
      METHODS: We performed a single-institutional retrospective analysis of diabetic
      patients who underwent a LEA for DFIs over an 18-month period. Patients with
      necrotizing infection on final pathology were compared with patients without this
      pathologic finding. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent
      predictors of necrotizing infection. RESULTS: Of 183 patients, 57 (31%) had
      evidence of necrotizing infections. Factors associated with necrotizing infection
      on univariate analysis were the presence of bullae (11% vs. 2%; odds ratio [OR] =
      4.8, P = 0.03), a higher mean admission white blood cell count (WBC; 15 vs. 12, P
      = 0.002), a lower mean absolute sodium (132 vs. 134, P = 0.01), a higher
      hemoglobin A1C (11.3 vs. 10.3, P = 0.05), hyperglycemia (289 vs. 248, P = 0.04),
      elevated C-reactive protein (20 vs. 11, P = 0.02), and the presence of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa on final tissue culture (12.3 vs. 1.6, P = 0.004). These
      patients were taken to surgery more rapidly (22.5 vs. 31 hr, P = 0.04), and they
      had a longer postoperative stay (7 vs. 4 days, P = 0.02). On multivariate
      analysis, an elevated WBC was predictive of necrotizing infection (OR = 1.1, P =
      0.01), whereas alcohol use was found to be protective (OR = 0.3, P = 0.04).
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and laboratory variables known to be associated with
      necrotizing infections among the general population appear to be predictive of
      disease severity among patients undergoing amputation for DFIs. Identification of
      these abnormalities preoperatively may allow for improved operative planning,
      shared decision making, and resource management. Prospective validation of these
      findings is potentially warranted.

PMID- 26965810
TI  - Smoking, Periodontitis, and Buerger Disease.

PMID- 26965811
TI  - Comment on Clinical Features and Therapeutic Options for Isolated Visceral Artery
      Dissection.

PMID- 26965812
TI  - Recognition and Surgical Techniques for Management of Nonrecurrent Laryngeal
      Nerve during Carotid Endarterectomy.
AB  - The presence of a nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) during carotid
      endarterectomy (CEA) may significantly limit the exposure of the surgical field
      during this operation. Although its reported incidence is rare, NRLN typically
      overlies the carotid bifurcation and failure to recognize this anatomic variation
      increases the risk of NRLN injury. A retrospective chart review of all patients
      who underwent CEA for hemodynamically significant extracranial carotid stenosis
      between January 2005 and December 2014 was performed. All patients with NRLN
      encountered intraoperatively were identified. Clinical outcomes, surgical
      techniques, and complications were reviewed and reported. Four left-sided NRLN
      were identified and 4 were right sided. No cranial nerve deficits or injuries
      occurred after CEA in patients where NRLN was encountered. Two distinct surgical
      techniques were used to manage patients with NRLN and they are discussed in
      detail. 

PMID- 26965813
TI  - A National Survey on Teaching and Assessing Technical Proficiency in Vascular
      Surgery in Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This survey aims to explore trainees' perspectives on how Canadian
      vascular surgery training programs are using simulation in teaching and assessing
      technical skills through a cross-sectional national survey. METHODS: A 10-min
      online questionnaire was sent to Program Directors of Canada's Royal College of
      Physicians and Surgeons' of Canada approved training programs in vascular
      surgery. This survey was distributed among residents and fellows who were
      studying in the 2013-2014 academic year. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (58%) of the 48
      Canadian vascular surgery trainees completed the survey. A total of 68% of the
      respondents were part of the 0 + 5 integrated vascular surgery training program.
      The use of simulation in the assessment of technical skills at the beginning of
      training was reported by only 3 (11%) respondents, whereas 43% reported that
      simulation was used in their programs in the assessment of technical skills at
      some time during their training. Training programs most often provided simulation
      as a method of teaching and learning endovascular abdominal aortic or thoracic
      aneurysm repair (64%). Furthermore, 96% of trainees reported the most common
      resource to learn and enhance technical skills was dialog with vascular surgery
      staff. CONCLUSIONS: Surveyed vascular surgery trainees in Canada report that
      simulation is rarely used as a tool to assess baseline technical skills at the
      beginning of training. Less than half of surveyed trainees in vascular surgery
      programs in Canada report that simulation is being used for skills acquisition.
      Currently, in Canadian training programs, simulation is most commonly used to
      teach endovascular skills.

PMID- 26965814
TI  - Vascular Trauma Operative Experience is Inadequate in General Surgery Programs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular injuries may be challenging, particularly for surgeons who
      have not received formal vascular surgery fellowship training. Lack of experience
      and improper technique can result in significant complications. The objective of
      this study was to examine changes in resident experience with operative vascular
      trauma over time. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed using
      Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) case logs of general
      surgery residents graduating between 2004 and 2014 at 2 academic, university
      affiliated institutions associated with level 1 trauma centers. The primary
      outcome was number of reported vascular trauma operations, stratified by year of
      graduation and institution. RESULTS: A total of 112 residents graduated in the
      study period with a median 7 (interquartile range 4.5-13.5) vascular trauma cases
      per resident. Fasciotomy and exposure and/or repair of peripheral vessels
      constituted the bulk of the operative volume. Linear regression showed no
      significant trend in cases with respect to year of graduation (P = 0.266).
      Residents from program A (n = 53) reported a significantly higher number of
      vascular trauma cases when compared with program B (n = 59): 12.0 vs. 5.0 cases,
      respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Level 1 trauma center verification does
      not guarantee sufficient exposure to vascular trauma. The operative exposure in
      program B is reflective of the national average of 4.0 cases per resident as
      reported by the ACGME, and this trend is unlikely to change in the near future.
      Fellowship training may be critical for surgeons who plan to work in a trauma
      setting, particularly in areas lacking vascular surgeons.

PMID- 26965815
TI  - Post-Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair Complicated with Mycotic Aneurysm
      Rupture, Repaired by Redo Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair.
AB  - Mycotic aneurysms although rare can be devastating. We encountered a dialysis
      patient with rapidly expanding distal aortic arch aneurysm who underwent
      axilloaxillary bypass and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Three
      months later, he suffered mycotic aneurysm rupture for which redo TEVAR was
      performed. Antibiotic therapy was discontinued 16 weeks after the second
      operation, and renal transplantation was performed 6 months later. Dialysis was
      discontinued in the patient without infection recurrence. 

PMID- 26965816
TI  - Endovascular Aortoiliac Aneurysm Repair with Fenestrated Stent Graft and Iliac
      Side Branch Using Image Fusion without Iodinated Contrast Medium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is becoming the preferred
      method to treat an aortic aneurysm with its better short-term postoperative
      mortality and morbidity rates in comparison with the open repair. A main drawback
      of this method is the need to use a nephrotoxic iodinated contrast medium to
      visualize the aorta and its side branches. CASE REPORT: An 83-year-old man with
      an asymptomatic infrarenal aortic aneurysm of a 51-mm diameter accompanied by a
      42-mm aneurysm of the left common iliac artery was treated with combined
      fenestrated EVAR (FEVAR) and iliac side branch stent graft (ISBG) under guidance
      of image fusion (IF) without the intraoperative use of iodinated contrast agent.
      CONCLUSIONS: Complex EVAR (FEVAR and ISBG) using computed tomography angiography
      IF is feasible and together with the use of CO2 angiography may help to abstain
      from need to nephrotoxic contrast medium.

PMID- 26965817
TI  - Transthoracic Median Arcuate Ligament Release and Mesenteric Revascularization.
AB  - Surgical revascularization for chronic or acute mesenteric ischemia is often
      technically challenging. In many instances, because of the presence of hostile
      abdominal conditions or the lack of adequate intra-abdominal arterial inflow
      sources, alternative surgical approaches that avoid the abdomen and use a more
      proximal source of arterial inflow are necessary. In these situations, a bypass
      from the descending or ascending thoracic aorta to the mesenteric vessels may be
      the only viable option. However, the standard thoracoabdominal approach for
      mesenteric revascularization carries an extensive surgical insult, and in some
      situations, this approach does not obviate hostile abdominal pathology. We here
      describe a transthoracic surgical technique that allows antegrade celiac and
      mesenteric revascularization without a thoracoabdominal incision. This approach
      facilitates the easy transection of the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm
      and, when needed, resection of the celiac autonomic ganglia. The transthoracic
      mesenteric revascularization is less invasive than a thoracoabdominal approach,
      whereas allowing a similar antegrade, short bypass to the mesenteric vessels from
      the descending thoracic aorta equal to that done through a thoracoabdominal
      exposure. This procedure provides a superb approach for the treatment of median
      arcuate ligament syndrome, and an excellent alternative for mesenteric
      revascularization when avoidance of the abdomen is advisable. 

PMID- 26965818
TI  - Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Combined with Open Versus Endovascular Abdominal
      Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

PMID- 26965819
TI  - Dialysis Access Surgery: Does Anesthesia Type Affect Maturation and Complication
      Rates?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred method of
      establishing long-term dialysis access. There are multiple anesthetic techniques
      used for patients undergoing this surgery including general endotracheal
      intubation, laryngeal mask airway, regional anesthesia with nerve blocks, and
      monitored anesthesia care with local infiltration. It is unclear what effect the
      method of anesthesia has on AVF creation success rate. It is our objective to
      determine if anesthesia type affects success of these surgeries defined by
      complication and maturation rates. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed
      in a single institution, single surgeon study of 253 patients who underwent AVF
      creation between January 2003 and December 2010. Patients were cross analyzed
      between 3 anesthesia types (General Endotracheal Intubation, Laryngeal Mask
      Airway and Local Infiltration with Monitored Anesthesia Care) and AVF creation
      surgeries (radiocephalic, brachiocephalic, and basilic vein transposition). No
      patients had regional anesthesia performed. Demographic data including
      comorbidities and risk factors were stratified among all categories. Analysis of
      variance, chi-squared testing, and Fisher's exact P testing was performed across
      all anesthesia types and specific operations and measured according to success of
      fistula maturation and complication rates (including death within 30 days,
      myocardial infarction within 30 days, respiratory insufficiency, venous
      hypertension, wound infections, neuropathy, and vascular steal syndrome).
      RESULTS: There were no significant differences in maturation rate in terms of all
      3 anesthesia types for radiocephalic (P = 0.191), brachiocephalic (P = 0.191),
      and basilic vein transposition surgeries (P = 0.305). In addition, there were no
      differences in complication rates between the surgeries and the 3 types of
      anesthesia (P = 0.557). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that despite anesthesia
      type, outcomes in terms of maturation and complication rate are not statistically
      different in AVF creation surgeries. The use of monitored anesthesia care with
      local anesthesia may improve operative efficiency in terms of time in the
      operating room and in the recovery unit and therefore may be the preferred method
      of anesthesia. This recommendation may also parallel the preference to avoid
      general anesthesia in a patient population with more medical comorbidities. It is
      our conclusion that dialysis access surgery should therefore be performed under
      local anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care.

PMID- 26965820
TI  - Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury in Case of a 15-Year-Old Boy: Difficulties and
      Possibilities of the Endovascular Approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAIs) are rare but life threatening.
      Most BTAI are caused by high-energy trauma. Among children with blunt trauma, the
      incidence of BTAI is below 1 percent. The present case deals with covered
      thoracic aortic rupture of a 15-year-old boy. Emphasizing the value and the
      difficulties of endovascular surgery in children is the motivation for this case
      report. CASE REPORT: We are presenting the case of a 15-year-old boy, who
      suffered multiple traumata after accident. Beneath multiple fractures and a liver
      laceration, a thoracic aortic rupture with pseudoaneurysm of the aortic wall was
      diagnosed. Owing to the comorbidities, an endovascular therapy in combination
      with a transposition of the left subclavian artery to the common carotid artery
      was performed. The chronological line-up of the events and the endovascular
      treatment as well as the in-hospital follow-up are described. DISCUSSION: Injury
      induced BTAI in pubescent children rarely occurs. Only few cases can be found in
      literature, none of which were associated with the presented pattern of injury.
      CONCLUSIONS: The optimal treatment for childhood BTAI is a case-by-case decision.
      We critically discuss the value of endovascular therapy in the present case.

PMID- 26965821
TI  - Oral Anticoagulant Therapy and Endovascular Procedures.

PMID- 26965822
TI  - GIA-Aneurysmorrhaphy and Dermal Detachment: A Novel Technique to Repair
      Arteriovenous Fistula Aneurysms.
AB  - This report describes a simplified technique for management of aneurysmal
      arteriovenous fistulas along with results of initial clinical experience in 12
      patients. Various techniques have been described which seek to repair the
      arteriovenous fistula and lengthen its duration of use. Here, we introduce the
      GIA-aneurysmorrhaphy and dermal detachment (GADD) procedure, a novel technique
      which requires minimal dissection to decompress tension on the overlying skin.
      Transverse incisions were made proximally and distally to the aneurysmal segment,
      which was then bluntly dissected along its length on either side. A GIA stapler
      is then fired along the longitudinal axis, narrowing the lumen of the fistula and
      separating the aneurysm from the skin. After the operation, the arteriovenous
      fistulae were used continuously until death (1 patient for 12 months), until
      thrombosis (1 patient for 13 months), or continue to be in use (9 patients, mean
      patency 18 months). One patient underwent conversion to open aneurysmorrhaphy due
      to intraoperative fistula occlusion. Five patients resumed hemodialysis
      immediately, while the remaining resumed hemodialysis within 3 months. The most
      common complication was cellulitis (3 patients). The GADD procedure as described
      in this report offers an effective and low-risk option for the management of
      venous aneurysms with threatened skin in hemodialysis patients. 

PMID- 26965823
TI  - Distal Radial Artery Embolization: An Alternative Approach towards Access
      Preservation and Limb Salvage in Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistulae Complicated
      by Steal Syndrome.
AB  - The incidence of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae complicated by ischemic
      steal syndrome is low; however, its sequelae can be quite devastating.
      Traditional management includes open ligation of the distal radial artery. This
      series details 4 cases of successful embolization of the distal radial artery for
      flow interruption to treat ischemic steal syndrome and salvage functional
      dialysis access. For radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulae complicated by steal
      syndrome, distal radial artery endovascular coil embolization is a valuable
      treatment strategy. 

PMID- 26965824
TI  - Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Massive Pulmonary Embolism Resulting from
      Thrombosis in a Duplicated Inferior Vena Cava: A Case Report.
AB  - Pulmonary embolism (PE) associated with duplicated inferior vena cava (IVC) is
      rare, and there are no reports of this condition treated with catheter-directed
      thrombolysis. We present the case of a 54-year-old man who developed massive PE
      caused by thrombi in a duplicated IVC that detached during transcatheter
      angiography. After implantation of a retrievable filter in the common IVC, the
      patient underwent catheter-directed thrombolysis. He was asymptomatic at
      discharge, with complete resolution of thrombosis and successful retrieval of the
      filter. The patient had an uneventful 9-month follow-up with no further
      complications. 

PMID- 26965825
TI  - Applicability of Zenith p-branch Standard Fenestrated Endograft in Our Series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with
      short or absent infrarenal neck, the delay in the availability of fenestrated
      device and its high cost, have led to the manufacture of standardized models.
      Another option is the endografts with stents in parallel; however, regulated
      criteria for their use and long-term studies are lacking. The aim of this study
      was to assessed whether the AAA treated with fenestrated device or stents in
      parallel in our department, complied with the characteristics for the placement
      of the new endograft p-branch((r)). Furthermore, the differences between the p
      branch and the implanted prosthesis were analyzed. METHODS: Single-center and
      descriptive study of 41 aneurysms treated consecutively from 2008 to 2015. The
      anatomic characteristics analyzed were: relative distances between the visceral
      arteries, time position, diameter in the sealing area and number of
      fenestrations, and its compatibility with the p-branch. RESULTS: The anatomic
      compatibility rate with the p-branch options was 73.2% (30 cases). Of the 11
      incompatible cases, 6 were due to misalignment of the visceral branches, 2 due to
      the aortic neck diameter being greater, another because the femoral access was
      inappropriate, and 2 more due to the fenestration configuration. Of the 30 cases
      in which compatibility existed, in 12 (40%) the configuration used coincided with
      the p-branch. In 13 cases, the number of fenestrations was higher than those
      actually used, with 23 fenestrations carried out and 39 hypothetical
      fenestrations with the new endograft. In the 5 remaining cases, a fenestration
      for the celiac trunk was necessary to achieve an adequate seal. CONCLUSIONS: The
      p-branch could meet the needs of three-quarters of the aortic anatomies of our
      series, with favorable expectations on cost and waiting time. However, in most
      cases either a higher number of fenestrations are needed for visceral arteries or
      the proximal seal was shorter than would be ideal.

PMID- 26965826
TI  - Tg6F ameliorates the increase in oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum of mice
      fed unsaturated LysoPC or WD.
AB  - Mouse chow supplemented with lysophosphatidylcholine with oleic acid at sn-1 and
      a hydroxyl group at sn-2 (LysoPC 18:1) increased LysoPC 18:1 in tissue of the
      jejunum of LDL receptor (LDLR)-null mice by 8.9 +/- 1.7-fold compared with chow
      alone. Western diet (WD) contained dramatically less phosphatidylcholine 18:1 or
      LysoPC 18:1 compared with chow, but feeding WD increased LysoPC 18:1 in the
      jejunum by 7.5 +/- 1.4-fold compared with chow. Feeding LysoPC 18:1 or feeding WD
      increased oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum by 5.2 +/- 3.0-fold or 8.6 +/-
      2.2-fold, respectively, in LDLR-null mice (P < 0.0004), and 2.6 +/- 1.5-fold or
      2.4 +/- 0.92-fold, respectively, in WT C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.0001). Adding 0.06%
      by weight of a concentrate of transgenic tomatoes expressing the 6F peptide
      (Tg6F) decreased LysoPC 18:1 in the jejunum of LDLR-null mice on both diets (P <
      0.0001), and prevented the increase in oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum in
      LDLR-null and WT mice on both diets (P < 0.008). Tg6F decreased inflammatory
      cells in the villi of the jejunum, decreased dyslipidemia, and decreased systemic
      inflammation in LDLR-null and WT mice on both diets. We conclude that Tg6F
      reduces diet-induced inflammation by reducing the content of unsaturated LysoPC
      and oxidized phospholipids in the jejunum of mice.

PMID- 26965832
TI  - New Labdane diterpenes from Hedychium yunnanense with cytotoxicity and inhibitory
      effects on nitric oxide production.
AB  - Two new labdane diterpenes, hedychenoids A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the
      rhizomes of Hedychium yunnanense, together with four known ones hedychenone (3),
      forrestin A (4), villosin (5) and calcaratarin C (6). Their structures were
      determined on the basis of NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectroscopic analysis.
      Compounds 2, 3 and 5 exhibited cytotoxicity against SGC-7901 with IC50 values of
      14.88 +/- 0.52, 7.08 +/- 0.21 and 7.76 +/- 0.21 MUg/ml, 3 and 5 against HeLa with
      IC50 values of 9.76 +/- 0.48 and 13.24 +/- 0.63 MUg/ml, respectively. Compounds
      2, 5 showed inhibitory effects against nitric oxide production in LPS and IFN
      gamma-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophages with IC50 values of 6.57 +/- 0.88 and
      5.99 +/- 1.20 MUg/ml, respectively.

PMID- 26965833
TI  - CRISPR: taking the shortcut to a healthy genome editing enterprise.

PMID- 26965835
TI  - Unexplained somatic complaints in relation to paroxysmal EEG phenomena and
      localised abnormalities in the electroencephalogram.
AB  - A positive significant relationship (p<0,01) is found between a psychiatric
      judgement on autonomic nervous system complaints and a "blind" neurological
      judgement on paroxysmal EEG phenomena. CLASSIFICATION: Somatization Disorder (DSM
      III-R; IV 300.81). Diagnoses: nervous functional complaints, hyperventilation
      syndrome, Da Costa's disease (irritable heart syndrome, neurocirculatory
      asthenia) and irritable bowel syndrome. A positive significant relationship
      (p<0,001) is found between a diagnosis of "Da Costa's disease" and a "blind"
      neurological judgement on PEF. A positive significant relationship (p<0,001) is
      found between a psychiatric judgement on neurasthenia (atypical headache and
      atypical tiredness) classified as dysthymia DSM-IH-R 300.40 and a neurological
      judgement on localised (cortical) abnormalities by "blind" EEG evaluation. No
      medication in the last half year. Logistic regression analysis (n=116) revealed
      that sex and age are of no importance. No medication in the last half year before
      EEG registration.

PMID- 26965836
TI  - Antidepressive interventions: on state and vulnerability of the brain.
AB  - An attempt is made to relate drug and non-drug antidepressive interventions to
      brain processes. In the present context two concepts are proposed: vulnerability
      towards depressogenic factors and depression as a state of the brain.
      Accordingly, it is assumed that the current antidepressants make the brain less
      vulnerable by inhibiting monoaminergic neurons and by reducing the number or
      efficacy of their postsynaptic receptors. In contrast, electroconvulsive therapie
      and sleep-deprivation affect primarily the state of the brain and can produce
      spectacular (but often short lasting) improvements. It is proposed that the
      combination of the two aspects may lead to fast and lasting antidepressive
      effects. 

PMID- 26965837
TI  - Nightmares in psychiatry.
AB  - Nightmares are frightening dreams awakening the dreamer. In psychiatry they are
      often considered as an indication of psychopathology or even as a feature of
      schizophrenia. Assumptions are made that nightmares occur more often in
      psychiatric patients than in the normal population and that they are accompanied
      by an elevated anxiety level in the daytime. From a psychophysiological point of
      view nightmares possibly are derailed attemps of problem solving, of overcoming
      frightening experiences. In this review the importance of nightmares as symptom
      in psychiatry is assessed. It appears that they are no indication of an elevated
      anxiety level in the day-time or of psychopathology in general, and they are no
      criterium for the diagnosis of schizophrenia either. 

PMID- 26965827
TI  - The TLX-miR-219 cascade regulates neural stem cell proliferation in
      neurodevelopment and schizophrenia iPSC model.
AB  - Dysregulated expression of miR-219, a brain-specific microRNA, has been observed
      in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ). However, its role
      in normal mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) and in SCZ pathogenesis remains
      unknown. We show here that the nuclear receptor TLX, an essential regulator of
      NSC proliferation and self-renewal, inhibits miR-219 processing. miR-219
      suppresses mouse NSC proliferation downstream of TLX. Moreover, we demonstrate
      upregulation of miR-219 and downregulation of TLX expression in NSCs derived from
      SCZ patient iPSCs and DISC1-mutant isogenic iPSCs. SCZ NSCs exhibit reduced cell
      proliferation. Overexpression of TLX or inhibition of miR-219 action rescues the
      proliferative defect in SCZ NSCs. Therefore, this study uncovers an important
      role for TLX and miR-219 in both normal neurodevelopment and in SCZ patient iPSC
      derived NSCs. Moreover, this study reveals an unexpected role for TLX in
      regulating microRNA processing, independent of its well-characterized role in
      transcriptional regulation. 

PMID- 26965834
TI  - Oral chondroitin sulfate and prebiotics for the treatment of canine Inflammatory
      Bowel Disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic enteropathy of
      unknown etiology, although microbiome dysbiosis, genetic susceptibility, and
      dietary and/or environmental factors are hypothesized to be involved in its
      pathogenesis. Since some of the current therapies are associated with severe side
      effects, novel therapeutic modalities are needed. A new oral supplement for long
      term management of canine IBD containing chondroitin sulfate (CS) and prebiotics
      (resistant starch, beta-glucans and mannaoligosaccharides) was developed to
      target intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, and restore normobiosis,
      without exhibiting any side effects. This double-blinded, randomized, placebo
      controlled trial in dogs with IBD aims to evaluate the effects of 180 days
      administration of this supplement together with a hydrolyzed diet on clinical
      signs, intestinal histology, gut microbiota, and serum biomarkers of inflammation
      and oxidative stress. RESULTS: Twenty-seven client-owned biopsy-confirmed IBD
      dogs were included in the study, switched to the same hydrolyzed diet and
      classified into one of two groups: supplement and placebo. Initially, there were
      no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05) for any of the studied
      parameters. Final data analysis (supplement: n = 9; placebo: n = 10) showed a
      significant decrease in canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) score in both groups
      after treatment (p < 0.001). After treatment, a significant decrease (1.53-fold;
      p < 0.01) in histologic score was seen only in the supplement group. When groups
      were compared, the supplement group showed significantly higher serum cholesterol
      (p < 0.05) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) levels after 60 days of treatment (p < 0.01),
      and the placebo group showed significantly reduced serum total antioxidant
      capacity (TAC) levels after 120 days (p < 0.05). No significant differences were
      found between groups at any time point for CIBDAI, WSAVA histologic score and
      fecal microbiota evaluated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR
      RFLP). No side effects were reported in any group. CONCLUSIONS: The combined
      administration of the supplement with hydrolyzed diet over 180 days was safe and
      induced improvements in selected serum biomarkers, possibly suggesting a
      reduction in disease activity. This study was likely underpowered, therefore
      larger studies are warranted in order to demonstrate a supplemental effect to
      dietary treatment of this supplement on intestinal histology and CIBDAI.

PMID- 26965838
TI  - Pharmacological treatment strategies in mood, panic and obsessive compulsive
      disorders.
AB  - Since the introduction of the monoamine oxydase inhibitors and the first
      tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) imipramine in the late fifties, the treatment of
      depressive disorders has been changed dramatically. Althought a great variety of
      antidepressants such as TCA's, selective serotoninte-re-uptake inhibitors
      (SSRI's) mianserin, trazodone, mirtazapine, moclobemide and venlafaxine has
      become available, the exact mode of action is not revealed as yet, and
      classification should be done according to the interference of antidepressants
      with central monoaminergic processes. As to the potential of causing
      interactions, special attention has to be given to the SSRI's because of their
      interference with the CYP450 isozyme system. Therapeutic monotoring is
      recommended for the TCA's. The choiseforan antidepressant should be based on
      various factors like symptomatology and severity of the depression, potential
      interactions and somatic and/or psychiatric comorbidity. Extensive clinical
      research has demonstrated that TCA's are the most effective for major depression
      with melancholia (vital depression) and depressive disorders in the elderly. 

PMID- 26965839
TI  - Establishment of a lectotype for the species Plesiochelys langii Rutimeyer, 1873.
AB  - Background. In a recent paper, we proposed a lectotype for the species
      Plesiochelys langii Rutimeyer, 1873. However, we failed to register this
      publication in ZooBank as required by the International Commission on Zoological
      Nomenclature (ICZN) for electronic publication. Although our conclusions remain
      unchanged, this particular nomenclatural act cannot be considered as published
      under ICZN regulations. Results. The present work fulfills the requirements of
      the ICZN for a lectotype designation and has been registered in ZooBank. 

PMID- 26965841
TI  - In this issue of Occupational Medicine.

PMID- 26965840
TI  - In vitro bioassay investigations of the endocrine disrupting potential of steviol
      glycosides and their metabolite steviol, components of the natural sweetener
      Stevia.
AB  - The food industry is moving towards the use of natural sweeteners such as those
      produced by Stevia rebaudiana due to the number of health and safety concerns
      surrounding artificial sweeteners. Despite the fact that these sweeteners are
      natural; they cannot be assumed safe. Steviol glycosides have a steroidal
      structure and therefore may have the potential to act as an endocrine disruptor
      in the body. Reporter gene assays (RGAs), H295R steroidogenesis assay and Ca(2+)
      fluorimetry based assays using human sperm cells have been used to assess the
      endocrine disrupting potential of two steviol glycosides: stevioside and
      rebaudioside A, and their metabolite steviol. A decrease in transcriptional
      activity of the progestagen receptor was seen following treatment with 25,000
      ng/ml steviol in the presence of progesterone (157 ng/ml) resulting in a 31%
      decrease in progestagen response (p=<0.01). At the level of steroidogenesis, the
      metabolite steviol (500-25,000 ng/ml) increased progesterone production
      significantly by 2.3 fold when exposed to 10,000 ng/ml (p=<0.05) and 5 fold when
      exposed to 25,000 ng/ml (p=<0.001). Additionally, steviol was found to induce an
      agonistic response on CatSper, a progesterone receptor of sperm, causing a rapid
      influx of Ca(2+). The response was fully inhibited using a specific CatSper
      inhibitor. These findings highlight the potential for steviol to act as a
      potential endocrine disruptor.

PMID- 26965842
TI  - Analysis of Biopsies From Duodenal Bulbs of All Endoscopy Patients Increases
      Detection of Abnormalities but has a Minimal Effect on Diagnosis of Celiac
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: In patients with positive results from serologic tests for
      celiac disease, analysis of tissues samples from the duodenal bulb, in addition
      to those from other parts of the small bowel, might increase the diagnostic
      yield. However, biopsies are not routinely collected from the duodenal bulb
      because of concerns that villous atrophy detected there could be caused by other
      disorders (Brunner glands or peptic duodenitis, gastric metaplasia, shorter
      villi, or lymphoid follicles). We investigated whether analysis of biopsies from
      duodenal bulbs of all patients undergoing endoscopy (a population with a low
      probability for celiac disease) increases diagnoses of celiac disease. METHODS:
      We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 679 patients (63% female; mean
      age, 50 years) from whom duodenal bulb and small bowel biopsies were collected
      during endoscopy at 3 Mayo Clinic sites, from January 1, 2011 through December
      31, 2011. Records were reviewed for age, sex, pathology findings, serology test
      results (HLA DQ2 or DQ), indications for biopsy analyses, and adherence to a
      gluten-free diet. Patients with celiac disease were identified on the basis of
      increased intraepithelial lymphocytosis, with or without villous atrophy and
      crypt hyperplasia, and results from serology tests. Findings from duodenal bulbs
      were compared with diagnoses using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Of all
      patients undergoing endoscopy, 16 patients (2%) were found to have celiac
      disease. Analysis of the duodenal bulb biopsies identified 1 patient (0.1%) with
      celiac disease limited to this region. Of 399 patients whose celiac serology was
      not known before endoscopic examination, only 2 patients had histologic changes
      consistent with celiac disease but not limited to duodenal bulb. Abnormal
      duodenal histology was detected in 265 patients (39%), most commonly in the bulb
      (n = 241; P < .0001). Of abnormal bulb histologies, chronic peptic duodenitis was
      most common (observed in 114 patients, 47%). In patients with a normal distal
      duodenum (n = 576), the duodenal bulb had abnormal histology in 162 (28%).
      CONCLUSIONS: In a low pretest probability cohort, separate sampling of the
      duodenal bulb had minimal effect on celiac disease detection. Abnormal histologic
      findings are more commonly detected in the duodenal bulb; although they do not
      seem to impair identification of celiac disease, their clinical implications are
      unclear.

PMID- 26965844
TI  - A Rare Cause of Acute Abdomen.

PMID- 26965843
TI  - Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation Improves Quality of Life in
      Patients With Refractory Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Therapeutic options are limited for patients with recurrent
      acute pancreatitis who have intractable symptoms despite maximal endoscopic and
      medical treatment, but equivocal or no morphologic or functional evidence of
      chronic pancreatitis. We performed a prospective observational cohort study to
      determine the efficacy of total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation
      (TPIAT) for these patients. METHODS: We collected data from all patients
      undergoing TPIAT at the University of Minnesota from 2007 through 2013; 49
      patients (42 female; mean age, 32.8 +/- 7.8 years) had a diagnosis of recurrent
      acute pancreatitis not provoked by intervention, with negative or equivocal
      findings from nondiagnostic imaging or pancreatic function tests for chronic
      pancreatitis, and intractable pain between episodes. Data on insulin use,
      narcotic requirements, pain scores, and health-related quality of life were
      collected before TPIAT; 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year afterward; and then
      yearly. RESULTS: All 49 patients studied required narcotics before TPIAT (45
      daily users and 4 intermittent users); 2 had insulin-treated diabetes. At 1 year
      after TPIAT, 22 out of 48 patients (46%) reported no use of narcotic pain
      medications (P < .001 vs baseline). Health-related quality of life score,
      measured by the physical and mental component summary score, increased by
      approximately 1 standard deviation from the population mean (P < .001 for the
      physical component summary; P = .019 for the mental component summary). At 1 year
      after TPIAT, 21 out of 48 patients (45%) were insulin independent; their mean
      percent glycosylated hemoglobin A1c at 1 year after TPIAT was 6.0% +/- 0.9% (5.2%
      +/- 0.6% pre-TPIAT). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis but
      lacking clear chronic pancreatitis benefit from TPIAT, with outcomes similar to
      those previously described for patients with chronic pancreatitis (improved
      quality of life and reduced narcotic use). For these patients who have otherwise
      limited surgical treatment options, TPIAT can be considered when medical and
      endoscopic therapies have failed.

PMID- 26965845
TI  - Heritability and Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Intracranial Carotid Artery
      Calcification: The Rotterdam Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC) is one
      of the most important risk factors for stroke. Although several environmental
      risk factors for ICAC have been identified, its genetic background remains
      unclear. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2006, 2034 participants from the prospective
      population-based Rotterdam study (mean age: 69.6+/-6.8 years; 51.7% female)
      underwent computed tomography to quantify vascular calcification in the
      intracranial internal carotid artery. Blood samples were drawn for genotyping.
      Genotypes of the participants were imputed to the 1000 Genomes reference panel to
      generate genetic relationship matrices for the estimation of the heritability of
      ICAC volume. Adjustments were made for age and sex. Subsequently, genome-wide
      association analyses were performed to identify specific variants. RESULTS: The
      age- and sex-adjusted heritability (h(2)) of ICAC was 47% [standard error (SE):
      19%; P=0.009]. Genome-wide association analyses identified a variant on
      chromosome 9p21.3 (rs1537372; N=2034; P=4.75*10(-9)) and 1 variant on chromosome
      11p11.2 (rs11038042, N=2034; P=3.27*10(-8)) that were significantly associated
      with ICAC volume. Rs1537372 replicated in an independent sample of 716 stroke
      patients (Pcombined=1.38*10(-10)). CONCLUSIONS: ICAC volume is a heritable trait,
      which is partly explained by common genetic variation. We identified specific
      genetic variants associated with ICAC, which given the importance of ICAC in
      stroke risk, needs replication in larger-scale studies to further elucidate its
      genetic basis.

PMID- 26965848
TI  - Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Damage to the Left Precentral Gyrus Is
      Associated With Apraxia of Speech in Acute Stroke".

PMID- 26965846
TI  - Effects of Arterial Stiffness on Brain Integrity in Young Adults From the
      Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous work from the Framingham Heart Study suggests
      that brain changes because of arterial aging may begin in young adulthood and
      that such changes precede cognitive deficits. The objective of this study was to
      determine the association of arterial stiffness with measures of white matter and
      gray matter (GM) integrity in young adults. METHODS: One thousand nine hundred
      three participants from the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation (mean age,
      46+/-8.7 years) had complete tonometry measurements and brain magnetic resonance
      imaging (T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging). Tonometry measures included
      carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, carotid-brachial
      pressure amplification, and central pulse pressure. Fractional anisotropy and GM
      density images were computed from diffusion tensor imaging and T1 images.
      Registration to a common anatomic template enabled voxel-based linear regressions
      relating measures of fractional anisotropy and GM to tonometry measures,
      adjusting for relevant covariables. RESULTS: Higher carotid-femoral pulse wave
      velocity was associated with lower regional fractional anisotropy, including the
      corpus callosum and the corona radiata (8.7 and 8.6 cc, respectively, P<0.001),
      as well as lower GM density in the thalamus region (0.9 cc, P<0.001). Analyses
      did not reveal significant associations between other tonometry measures and
      fractional anisotropy or GM. CONCLUSIONS: Among young healthy adults, higher
      aortic stiffness was associated with measures of reduced white matter and GM
      integrity in areas implicated in cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
      Greater aortic stiffness may result in subclinical vascular brain injury at ages
      much younger than previously described.

PMID- 26965849
TI  - Perfusion Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Acute Ischemic Stroke:
      Strengths and Pitfalls.

PMID- 26965847
TI  - Astrocyte-Derived Pentraxin 3 Supports Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Under Acute
      Phase of Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is released on inflammatory responses
      in many organs. However, roles of PTX3 in brain are still mostly unknown. Here we
      asked whether and how PTX3 contributes to blood-brain barrier dysfunction during
      the acute phase of ischemic stroke. METHODS: In vivo, spontaneously hypertensive
      rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia by transient middle cerebral
      artery occlusion. At day 3, brains were analyzed to evaluate the cellular origin
      of PTX3 expression. Correlations with blood-brain barrier breakdown were assessed
      by IgG staining. In vitro, rat primary astrocytes and rat brain endothelial RBE.4
      cells were cultured to study the role of astrocyte-derived PTX3 on vascular
      endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial permeability. RESULTS: During the
      acute phase of stroke, reactive astrocytes in the peri-infarct area expressed
      PTX3. There was negative correlation between gradients of IgG leakage and PTX3
      positive astrocytes. Cell culture experiments showed that astrocyte-conditioned
      media increased levels of tight junction proteins and reduced endothelial
      permeability under normal conditions. Removing PTX3 from astrocyte-conditioned
      media by immunoprecipitation increased endothelial permeability. PTX3 strongly
      bound vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro and was able to decrease
      vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial permeability. CONCLUSIONS:
      Astrocytes in peri-infarct areas upregulate PTX3, which may support blood-brain
      barrier integrity by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor-related
      mechanisms. This response in astrocytes may comprise a compensatory mechanism for
      maintaining blood-brain barrier function after ischemic stroke.

PMID- 26965850
TI  - Letter by Terao et al Regarding Article, "Damage to the Left Precentral Gyrus Is
      Associated With Apraxia of Speech in Acute Stroke".

PMID- 26965851
TI  - Apolipoprotein B-100 Antibody Interaction With Atherosclerotic Plaque
      Inflammation and Repair Processes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Treatment with IgG against the malondialdehyde (MDA)
      modified apolipoprotein B-100 epitope p45 reduces atherosclerosis in experimental
      models. This study investigated the association between p45 IgG autoantibodies
      and plaque inflammation in subjects with advanced cardiovascular disease.
      METHODS: Native and MDA-p45 IgG levels were analyzed by ELISA in 349 carotid
      endarterectomy patients. In a subcohort of 195 subjects, endarterectomy samples
      were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA to determine plaque constituents
      and inflammation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy
      donors. RESULTS: Patients with preoperative events of neurological ischemia had
      lower levels of native p45 IgG. Low levels of MDA-p45 IgG were associated with
      increased risk of postoperative cardiovascular death during a mean follow-up of
      54 months. High plasma levels of native p45 IgG were associated with increased
      plaque content of collagen and smooth muscle cell growth factors, as well as with
      lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Exposure of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells from healthy donors to recombinant MDA-p45 IgG in presence of
      oxidized low-density lipoprotein reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor
      alpha and stimulated release of smooth muscle cell growth factors. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study confirms previous experimental findings of anti-inflammatory
      properties of apolipoprotein B-100 p45 antibodies and provides the first clinical
      evidence of associations between p45 IgG autoantibody levels and atherosclerotic
      plaque inflammation, plaque repair as well as prevalent and incident
      cardiovascular events in carotid endarterectomy patients. These findings suggest
      the possibility that treatment with anti-p45 antibodies may have beneficial
      effects in advanced cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 26965852
TI  - Cracking the Role of Cocaine in Stroke.

PMID- 26965853
TI  - Cocaine Use and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although case reports have long identified a temporal
      association between cocaine use and ischemic stroke (IS), few epidemiological
      studies have examined the association of cocaine use with IS in young adults, by
      timing, route, and frequency of use. METHODS: A population-based case-control
      study design with 1090 cases and 1154 controls was used to investigate the
      relationship of cocaine use and young-onset IS. Stroke cases were between the
      ages of 15 and 49 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the
      association between cocaine use and IS with and without adjustment for potential
      confounders. RESULTS: Ever use of cocaine was not associated with stroke with 28%
      of cases and 26% of controls reporting ever use. In contrast, acute cocaine use
      in the previous 24 hours was strongly associated with increased risk of stroke
      (age-sex-race adjusted odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-18.6). Among
      acute users, the smoking route had an adjusted odds ratio of 7.9 (95% confidence
      interval, 1.8-35.0), whereas the inhalation route had an adjusted odds ratio of
      3.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.7-16.9). After additional adjustment for current
      alcohol, smoking use, and hypertension, the odds ratio for acute cocaine use by
      any route was 5.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-19.7). Of the 26 patients with
      cocaine use within 24 hours of their stroke, 14 reported use within 6 hours of
      their event. CONCLUSIONS: Our data are consistent with a causal association
      between acute cocaine use and risk of early-onset IS.

PMID- 26965854
TI  - Isoindolinone compounds active as Kv1.5 blockers identified using a
      multicomponent reaction approach.
AB  - A series of isoindolinone compounds have been developed showing good in vitro
      potency on the Kv1.5 ion channel. By modification of two side chains on the
      isoindolinone scaffold, metabolically stable compounds with good in vivo PK
      profile could be obtained leaving the core structure unsubstituted. In this way,
      low microsomal intrinsic clearance (CLint) could be achieved despite a relatively
      high logD. The compounds were synthesized using the Ugi reaction, in some cases
      followed by Suzuki and Diels-Alder reactions, giving a diverse set of compounds
      in a small number of reaction steps. 

PMID- 26965856
TI  - Development of potential broad spectrum antimicrobials using C2-symmetric 9
      fluorenone alkyl amine.
AB  - DNA-dependent RNA primase is essential for de novo primer synthesis during DNA
      replication in all living organisms. Bacterial DnaG primase is an attractive
      target for inhibition because it is essential, low in copy number and
      structurally distinct from eukaryotic and archaeal primases. DnaG primase is
      sensitive to known inhibitors including suramin and doxorubicin. Recently,
      tilorone was discovered by high throughput screening to be an inhibitor of
      Bacillus anthracis primase DnaG but it failed to reduce the growth of B.
      anthracis in vitro. In this study we determined that tilorone also inhibited DnaG
      primase from Staphylococcus aureus. C2-Symmetric fluorenone-based compounds,
      similar to tilorone chemical structure were synthesized and tested to identify
      potential lead compounds that inhibit bacterial growth in B. anthracis, MRSA and
      Burkholderia thailandensis. These compounds were evaluated by determining the
      minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against several different bacterial
      species which demonstrated 17.5 and 16 MUg/ml MIC profiles. Importantly, some of
      the fluorenone-based compounds with a long carbon chain showed a relatively low
      MIC against B. anthracis, S. aureus, MRSA, Francisella tularensis, and B.
      thailandensis, suggesting it may be a promising lead compound.

PMID- 26965855
TI  - Synthesis and in vitro anticancer evaluation of some 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine-2
      carbohydrazides as Rad6 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - Series of 4-amino-6-(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides (3a-e) and N'
      phenyl-4,6-bis(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides (6a-e), for ease of
      readership, we will abbreviate our compound names as 'new triazines', have been
      synthesized, based on the previously reported Rad6B-inhibitory diamino
      triazinylmethyl benzoate anticancer agents TZ9 and 4-amino-N'-phenyl-6
      (arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carbohydrazides. Synthesis of the target compounds
      was readily accomplished in two steps from either bis-aryl/aryl biguanides via
      reaction of phenylhydrazine or hydrazinehydrate with key 4-amino-6
      bis(arylamino)/(arylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-carboxylate intermediates. These new
      triazine derivatives were evaluated for their abilities to inhibit Rad6B
      ubiquitin conjugation and in vitro anticancer activity against several human
      cancer cell lines: ovarian (OV90 and A2780), lung (H1299 and A549), breast (MCF-7
      and MDA-MB231) and colon (HT29) cancer cells by MTS assays. All the 10 new
      triazines exhibited superior Rad6B inhibitory activities in comparison to
      selective Rad6 inhibitor TZ9 that was reported previously. Similarly, new
      triazines also showed better IC50 values in survival assays of various tumor cell
      lines. Particularly, new triazines 6a-c, exhibited lower IC50 (3.3-22 MUM) values
      compared to TZ9.

PMID- 26965857
TI  - New antimalarial norterpene cyclic peroxides from Xisha Islands sponge Diacarnus
      megaspinorhabdosa.
AB  - Four new norterpene cyclic peroxides (1-4), together with three known norterpene
      cyclic peroxides were isolated from the Xisha Islands Sponge Diacarnus
      megaspinorhabdosa. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic
      analyses and comparison with the related model compounds. The compounds (1-7)
      were evaluated for the inhibitory activity against the malaria parasite
      Plasmodium falciparum, all of them showed significant antimalarial activity with
      IC50 values in the range of 1.6-8.6 MUM.

PMID- 26965858
TI  - Development of a selective activity-based probe for glycosylated LIPA.
AB  - Loss of LIPA activity leads to diseases such as Wolman's Disease and Cholesterol
      Ester Storage Disease. While it is possible to measure defects in LIPA protein
      levels, it is difficult to directly measure LIPA activity in cells. In order to
      measure LIPA activity directly we developed a LIPA specific activity based probe.
      LIPA is heavily glycosylated although it is unclear how glycosylation affects
      LIPA activity or function. Our probe is specific for a glycosylated form of LIPA
      in cells, although it labels purified LIPA regardless of glycosylation. 

PMID- 26965859
TI  - New isosteroidal alkaloids with tracheal relaxant effect from the bulbs of
      Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk.
AB  - Four new isosteroidal alkaloids, yibeinones A-D (1-4), along with four known
      ones, imperialine-3beta-d-glucoside (5), imperialine (6), imperialine beta-N
      oxide (7), and dongbeinine (8), were isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria
      pallidiflora. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of extensive
      spectroscopic analysis or comparison with the data in the literatures (known
      compounds). Compounds 2, 3, 4, and 6 showed an apparent concentration-dependant
      relaxation of isolated tracheal preparation, amongst 3 and 6 exhibited
      significant effects with pA2 values of 6.19 +/- 0.02 and 8.41 +/- 0.10, and EC50
      values of 0.65 +/- 0.02 MUmol L(-1) and 4.40 +/- 0.90 nmol L(-1), respectively.

PMID- 26965860
TI  - Insights into the substrate specificity of the MutT pyrophosphohydrolase using
      structural analogues of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine nucleotide.
AB  - The bacterial repair enzyme MutT hydrolyzes the damaged nucleotide OdGTP (the 5'
      triphosphate derivative of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; OdG), which is a known
      mutagen and has been linked to antibacterial action. Previous work has indicated
      important roles for the C8-oxygen, N7-hydrogen, and C2-exocyclic amine during
      OdGTP recognition by MutT. In order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the
      contribution of these three sites to the overall activity of MutT, we determined
      the reaction parameters for dGTP, OdGTP, and nine of their analogues using steady
      state kinetics. Our results indicate that overall high reaction efficiencies can
      be achieved despite altering any one of these sites. However, altering two or
      more sites leads to a significant decrease in efficiency. The data also suggest
      that, similar to another bacterial OdG repair enzyme, MutM, a specific carbonyl
      in the enzyme can not only promote activity by forming an active site hydrogen
      bond with the N7-hydrogen of OdGTP, but can also hinder activity through
      electrostatic repulsion with the N7-lone pair of dGTP. 

PMID- 26965861
TI  - D-Amino acid oxidase inhibitors based on the 5-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one
      scaffold.
AB  - A series of 3-substituted 5-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one derivatives were
      designed and synthesized as a new class of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO)
      inhibitors. Some of the newly synthesized derivatives showed potent inhibitory
      activity against human DAAO with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Among them,
      6-hydroxy-3-phenethyl-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one 6b and 3-((6-fluoronaphthalen-2
      yl)methylthio)-6-hydroxy-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one 6m were found to be
      metabolically stable in mouse liver microsomes. In addition, compound 6b was
      found to be orally available in mice and able to enhance plasma d-serine levels
      following its co-administration with d-serine compared to the oral administration
      of d-serine alone. 

PMID- 26965862
TI  - 7-Substituted umbelliferone derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists for the
      potential treatment of prostate and breast cancer.
AB  - The clinically used androgen receptor (AR) antagonists (bicalutamide, flutamide
      and nilutamide) bind with low affinity to AR and can induce escape mechanisms.
      Furthermore, under AR gene amplification or mutation conditions they demonstrate
      agonist activity and fail to inhibit AR, causing relapse into castration
      resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Discovery of new scaffolds distinct from the 4
      cyano/nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group common to currently used
      antiandrogens is urgently needed to avoid cross-resistance with these compounds.
      In this study, a series of twenty-nine 7-substituted umbelliferone derivatives
      was prepared and their antiproliferative activities were evaluated. The most
      active compound 7a demonstrated submicromolar inhibitory activity in the human
      prostate cancer cell line (22Rv1); IC50=0.93 MUM which represents a 50 fold
      improvement over the clinical antiandrogen bicalutamide (IC50=46 MUM) and a more
      than 30 fold improvement over enzalutamide (IC50=32 MUM). Interestingly, this
      compound showed even better activity against the human breast cancer cell line
      (MCF-7); IC50=0.47 MUM. Molecular modelling studies provided a plausible
      theoretical explanation for our findings.

PMID- 26965863
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory studies of new
      esterquats.
AB  - Novel esterquats (monoesterquats and diesterquats) were synthesized from 11-bromo
      undecanoic acid (11-BUA) and different alkyl amines. The prepared compounds were
      characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral analysis. 11-BUA
      was converted into methyl 11-bromo undecanoate which was further converted into
      amine ester (amine monoester and diester) by reacting with different aliphatic
      amines (hexyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, dioctyl and dicyclohexyl amine). Finally, the
      obtained amine esters were converted into esterquats (monoesterquat and
      diesterquat) by reacting with methyl iodide followed by ion exchange to afford
      chloride counter ion esterquats (5a-h). The synthesized esterquat products were
      studied for their antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory activities. Among all the
      compounds, amine ester 3a and esterquat 5d showed potent antimicrobial activity
      towards pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) values in the range of 3.9-15.6 MUg mL(-1) and 1.9-7.8 MUg
      mL(-1), respectively. The esterquat 5d also showed promising antifungal activity
      against Candida albicans MTCC 3017, Candida albicans MTCC 4748 and Candida aaseri
      MTCC 1962 strains with MIC value of 7.8 MUg mL(-1) which was identical to
      standard Miconazole. The compounds which exhibited antimicrobial activity were
      also effective in anti-biofilm activity and it was found that compound 5d
      exhibited excellent biofilm inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.9 MUg mL(-1)
      against Staphylococcus aureus MLS16 MTCC 2940.

PMID- 26965864
TI  - Novel Imbricatolic acid derivatives as protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B
      inhibitors: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking.
AB  - Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP-1B) antagonizes insulin signaling and is a
      potential therapeutic target for insulin resistance associated with obesity and
      type 2 diabetes. To find potential PTP-1B inhibitors, derivatives of Imbricatolic
      acid (1) have been synthesized by introducing various nitrogenous functionalities
      at C-15 and C-19 positions. They were evaluated for PTP-1B enzyme inhibition
      activity. Compounds 3, 6, 14, and 15 exhibited promising PTP-1B inhibitory
      activity at 10 MUM concentrations with IC50 6.3, 6.8, 7.0 and 7.8 values,
      respectively. Structure activity relationship and molecular docking studies of
      these derivatives demonstrated that the integrity of the polar substituents were
      important for significant PTP-1B inhibitory activity. The Imbricatolic acid and
      active derivatives in this study might represent a starting point for development
      of new potential PTP-1B inhibitors.

PMID- 26965866
TI  - Regioselective and stereoselective route to N2-beta-tetrazolyl unnatural
      nucleosides via SN2 reaction at the anomeric center of Hoffer's chlorosugar.
AB  - We are reporting a regioselective and stereoselective route to N2-beta-tetrazolyl
      aromatic donor/acceptor unnatural nucleosides as new class of possible DNA base
      analogs. The SN2 substitution reaction at the anomeric center of Hoffer's
      chlorosugar with various 5-substituted aromatic tetrazoles in THF in presence of
      K2CO3 proceeds with regioselectivity at N2-tetrazoles and stereoselectivity at
      alpha-chlorosugar with very good yield. The stereoelectronic and steric effects
      play a crucial role for the observed outcome which is also supported from a
      theoretical (DFT) study. The methodology is simple, eco-compatible and the
      tetrazolyl unnatural nucleosides might find applications in decorating DNA for
      various biotechnological and DNA based material science applications. 

PMID- 26965865
TI  - Exploring the purine core of 3'-C-ethynyladenosine (EAdo) in search of novel
      nucleoside therapeutics.
AB  - A series of new nucleoside analogues based on a C-3 branched ethynyl sugar
      derivative as present in 3'-C-ethynylcytidine (ECyd) and -adenosine (EAdo),
      combined with modified purine bases was synthetized and evaluated against a broad
      array of viruses and tumour cell lines. The pronounced cytostatic activity of
      EAdo was confirmed. EAdo and its 2,6-diaminopurine analogue showed inhibitory
      activity against vaccinia virus (EC50: 0.31 and 51 MUM, respectively). Derivative
      10 on the other hand was found active against varicella zoster virus (EC50: 4.68
      MUM).

PMID- 26965867
TI  - Design, synthesis and docking studies of novel dipeptidyl boronic acid proteasome
      inhibitors constructed from alphaalpha- and alphabeta-amino acids.
AB  - A series of novel dipeptidyl boronic acid proteasome inhibitors constructed from
      alphaalpha- and alphabeta-amino acids were designed and synthesized. Their
      structures were elucidated by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, LC-MS and HRMS. These
      compounds were evaluated for their beta5 subunit inhibitory activities of human
      proteasome. The results showed that dipeptidyl boronic acid inhibitors composed
      of alphaalpha-amino acids were as active as bortezomib. Interestingly, the
      activities of those derived from alphabeta-amino acids lost completely. Of all
      the inhibitors, compound 22 (IC50=4.82 nM) was the most potent for the inhibition
      of proteasome activity. Compound 22 was also the most active against three MM
      cell lines with IC50 values less than 5 nM in inhibiting cell growth assays.
      Molecular docking studies displayed that 22 fitted very well in the beta5 subunit
      active pocket of proteasome.

PMID- 26965868
TI  - ACEMg Diet Supplement Modifies Progression of Hereditary Deafness.
AB  - Dietary supplements consisting of beta-carotene (precursor to vitamin A),
      vitamins C and E and the mineral magnesium (ACEMg) can be beneficial for reducing
      hearing loss due to aminoglycosides and overstimulation. This regimen also slowed
      progression of deafness for a boy with GJB2 (CONNEXIN 26) mutations. To assess
      the potential for treating GJB2 and other forms of hereditary hearing loss with
      ACEMg, we tested the influence of ACEMg on the cochlea and hearing of mouse
      models for two human mutations: GJB2, the leading cause of childhood deafness,
      and DIAPH3, a cause of auditory neuropathy. One group of mice modeling GJB2 (Gjb2
      CKO) received ACEMg diet starting shortly after they were weaned (4 weeks) until
      16 weeks of age. Another group of Gjb2-CKO mice received ACEMg in utero and after
      weaning. The ACEMg diet was given to mice modeling DIAPH3 (Diap3-Tg) after
      weaning (4 weeks) until 12 weeks of age. Control groups received food pellets
      without the ACEMg supplement. Hearing thresholds measured by auditory brainstem
      response were significantly better for Gjb2-CKO mice fed ACEMg than for the
      control diet group. In contrast, Diap3-Tg mice displayed worse thresholds than
      controls. These results indicate that ACEMg supplementation can influence the
      progression of genetic hearing loss. 

PMID- 26965869
TI  - Men who have sex with men in Great Britain: comparing methods and estimates from
      probability and convenience sample surveys.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine sociodemographic and behavioural differences between men
      who have sex with men (MSM) participating in recent UK convenience surveys and a
      national probability sample survey. METHODS: We compared 148 MSM aged 18-64 years
      interviewed for Britain's third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and
      Lifestyles (Natsal-3) undertaken in 2010-2012, with men in the same age range
      participating in contemporaneous convenience surveys of MSM: 15 500 British
      resident men in the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS); 797 in the London Gay
      Men's Sexual Health Survey; and 1234 in Scotland's Gay Men's Sexual Health
      Survey. Analyses compared men reporting at least one male sexual partner (past
      year) on similarly worded questions and multivariable analyses accounted for
      sociodemographic differences between the surveys. RESULTS: MSM in convenience
      surveys were younger and better educated than MSM in Natsal-3, and a larger
      proportion identified as gay (85%-95% vs 62%). Partner numbers were higher and
      same-sex anal sex more common in convenience surveys. Unprotected anal
      intercourse was more commonly reported in EMIS. Compared with Natsal-3, MSM in
      convenience surveys were more likely to report gonorrhoea diagnoses and HIV
      testing (both past year). Differences between the samples were reduced when
      restricting analysis to gay-identifying MSM. CONCLUSIONS: National probability
      surveys better reflect the population of MSM but are limited by their smaller
      samples of MSM. Convenience surveys recruit larger samples of MSM but tend to
      over-represent MSM identifying as gay and reporting more sexual risk behaviours.
      Because both sampling strategies have strengths and weaknesses, methods are
      needed to triangulate data from probability and convenience surveys.

PMID- 26965871
TI  - [Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in term newborn: ?Is it necessary to systematically
      monitor plasmatic levels?].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gentamicin is indicated as empiric treatment for neonatal sepsis.
      Plasmatic levels dosification of gentamicin is a common practice. The
      relationship between peak plasma concentration (Cmax) with minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) (Cmax/MIC) is the parameter that best predicts treatment
      efficacy. AIM: To determine pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in term newborn
      infants. METHODS: Term newborn infants receiving gentamicin, without critical
      illness in which plasmatic levels of gentamicin was performed were included.
      Elimination clearance (Cl) elimination half-life (t1/2) and volume of
      distribution (Vd) were calculated. In each case the value of Cmax/MIC parameter
      was calculated, considering a MIC value of 1 MUg/mL for Escherichia coli.
      RESULTS: Thirteen newborns were included. The mean PK values were Cl: 0.26
      mL/hour, Vd: 0.54 L/kg and t1/2: 6.8 h. Cmax/MIC was > 8 in 6 newborns.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin are predictable in term
      newborn infants. With gentamicin doses normally used Cmax/MIC values reached 8 in
      6 newborns. It is necessary to review the usefulness of plasma drug monitoring
      and gentamicin dosage in this group of newborns.

PMID- 26965870
TI  - A fruitful alliance: the synergy between Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella
      vaginalis in bacterial vaginosis-associated biofilm.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterised by a change in the
      microbial composition of the vagina. The BV-associated organisms outnumber the
      health-associated Lactobacillus species and form a polymicrobial biofilm on the
      vaginal epithelium, possibly explaining the difficulties with antibiotic
      treatment. A better understanding of vaginal biofilm with emphasis on Atopobium
      vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis may contribute to a better diagnosis and
      treatment of BV. METHODS: To this purpose, we evaluated the association between
      the presence of both bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and BV
      by Nugent scoring in 463 vaginal slides of 120 participants participating in a
      clinical trial in Rwanda. RESULTS: A bacterial biofilm was detected in half of
      the samples using a universal bacterial probe. The biofilm contained A. vaginae
      in 54.1% and G. vaginalis in 82.0% of the samples. A. vaginae was accompanied by
      G. vaginalis in 99.5% of samples. The odds of having a Nugent score above 4 were
      increased for samples with dispersed G. vaginalis and/or A. vaginae present (OR
      4.5; CI 2 to 10.3). The probability of having a high Nugent score was even higher
      when a combination of adherent G. vaginalis and dispersed A. vaginae was
      visualised (OR 75.6; CI 13.3 to 429.5) and highest when both bacteria were part
      of the biofilm (OR 119; CI 39.9 to 360.8). CONCLUSIONS: Our study, although not
      comprehensive at studying the polymicrobial biofilm in BV, provided a strong
      indication towards the importance of A. vaginae and the symbiosis of A. vaginae
      and G. vaginalis in this biofilm. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01796613.

PMID- 26965872
TI  - [Geographic distribution of Kawasaki disease throughout Chile].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Chile is rising, however the
      distribution of cases throughout Chile is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe the
      epidemiology of KD in Chile between years 2001 and 2011, and study the geographic
      distribution of KD cases throughout the country. METHODS: We reviewed national
      hospital discharge databases for KD cases (ICD10 code M30.3) in children < 18
      years. KD admission rates per 100,000 children < 5 years were calculated for
      every commune, health district and region, as a proxy of KD incidence. RESULTS:
      1,404 KD cases were registered with a national KD incidence rate of 8.7. KD
      incidence rate increased significantly from 5.9 in 2001-2003 to 10.4 in 2009-2011
      (p < 0.001). Regions IX (Araucania), Metropolitan and VI (O'Higgins) had the
      highest KD incidence (12.4, 11.1 and 10.5 respectively), and regions III
      (Atacama), II (Antofagasta) and XII (Magallanes), had the lowest incidence (0.8,
      3.9 and 4, respectively). The Eastern Metropolitan Health District, the
      population with the highest socioeconomic status in Chile, had the highest KD
      incidence rate (19.8) and concentrated 23.9% of the country's hospital discharges
      for KD. CONCLUSION: KD incidence in Chile is heterogeneous, with concentration of
      caseloads in the central regions and especially in the Eastern Metropolitan
      Health District. Geographic variations of KD in Chile could be associated with
      real differences in incidence or with disparities in diagnostic opportunity, and
      access to specialists and tertiary healthcare centers.

PMID- 26965873
TI  - [Stethoscope or staphyloscope?: Potential vector in nosocomial infections].
AB  - Healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) are a problem worldwide. In our country,
      the estimated incidence of HCAI is 70,000 per year. This results in an increase
      in the average length of hospital stay by 10 days per patient, an estimated
      annual cost of US $ 70 million and an overstay of 700 thousand bed days a year.
      For over 30 years stethoscopes have been considered as potential HCAI vectors,
      since pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin
      resistant Enterococcus strains adhere and colonize them. These organisms can be
      transmitted between patients if the instruments are not sanitized. Several
      studies conclude that disinfecting the stethoscope with isopropyl alcohol
      eliminates up to 99% of bacteria. Simple, economic measures such as
      implementation of guidelines for stethoscope disinfection are a clear opportunity
      for preventing infections. 

PMID- 26965875
TI  - [Knowledge and attitudes of the parents in relation to the vaccination of their
      children].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vaccination, a health action that has allowed to decrease mortality
      and to eradicate many diseases, may be at risk as a result of misinformation of
      parents and campaigns led by movements against vaccines. OBJECTIVE: To describe
      and analyze the knowledge and attitudes of parents of newborns and children of 2
      and more months of age against the application of vaccines. METHOD: Exploratory
      study performed by application of a questionnaire to parents attending the UC
      CHRISTUS health network. RESULTS: Knowledge and attitude of parents of newborns
      is rated as very good. 32.5% think that the vaccines can cause damage or claim
      not to know and have wrong knowledge; vaccination is considered a measure in
      favor of their childrens' health, but manifest that scarce information does not
      allow to make right decisions and suspect economic interests behind them. The
      parents of older children have no precise knowledge of the existing calendar, nor
      of the name of vaccines. They think that the existing information does not allow
      them to be sure of the real benefits, with some of them even feeling forced to
      vaccinate their children. DISCUSSION: It is urgent to educate and answer
      questions about the importance and safety of vaccines and to perform studies at a
      national level.

PMID- 26965874
TI  - [Usefulness of conventional polymerase chain reaction for the detection of
      Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis in female
      outpatient's genital samples].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. are
      microorganisms responsible for genitourinary and pregnancy pathologies. Nucleic
      acid amplification methods have shown several advantages, but have not been
      widely studied for the detection of these microorganisms. AIM: To implement a
      conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the
      microorganisms and to compare its results versus the methods currently used at
      our laboratory. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 91 available samples were processed by PCR,
      culture (M. hominis y Ureaplasma spp.) and wet mount (T vaginalis). Results were
      compared and statistically analyzed by kappa agreement test. RESULTS: 85, 80 and
      87 samples resulted in agreement for the detection of M. hominis, Ureaplasma spp.
      y T. vaginalis, respectively. For M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp., agreement was
      substantial, whereas for T. vaginalis it was moderate, however, for the latter,
      PCR detected more cases than wet mount. CONCLUSION: We recommend the
      implementation of PCR for detection of T. vaginalis whereas culture kit is still
      a useful method for the other microorganisms.

PMID- 26965876
TI  - [Characteristics associated with pre travel medical consultation in tourists
      visiting Cuzco, Peru].
AB  - BACKGROUND: International tourism is increasing. Preventive Medicine remains
      important, especially the Pre-Travel Consultation (PTC). OBJECTIVE: To
      determinate, the characteristics of tourists associated with PTC in tourists at
      Cuzco, Peru. METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytical study, a secondary analysis
      of data from a database generated by survey of foreign tourists who visited
      Cuzco, in the waiting room of the airport was performed. The main variable was to
      have had a PTC at the tourist's country of residence, the area of residence was
      categorized according to health/risk of acquiring infectious diseases as
      traveler's diarrhea during their stay. These and other variables were analyzed
      and statistical association with generalized linear models were done. RESULTS: Of
      the 1827 tourists, 875 (48%) were men, with a median age of 33 years (range 18-88
      years); 42% had a PTC. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that a PTC
      lower frequency was associated with male gender (aPR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.75-0.94),
      and a higher frequency was associated with have born (aPR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.39
      2.27) and reside in an area of low risk of acquiring infectious diseases (aPR:
      1.95; 95% CI: 1.26-3.00), adjusted for the history of a disease. CONCLUSIONS:
      Sex, region of birth and residence of tourists (as risk of acquiring infectious
      diseases) are associated with having a PTC. These findings may serve the health
      and government attending tourists who come to our country.

PMID- 26965877
TI  - [Modulation of apoptosis by cytomegalovirus, from the perspective of the central
      nervous system].
AB  - Apoptosis is one of the most effective mechanisms against the spread of pathogens
      such as viruses. However, viruses have developed measures to counter the
      protective role of apoptosis in infected cells. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) represents
      the major cause of congenital infection worldwide triggering important damage in
      the developing central nervous system (CNS). Several mechanisms of apoptosis
      prevention during CMV infection have been described, among them, viral proteins
      and RNAs are capable of prevent apoptosis by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
      as well as the one mediated by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nevertheless,
      the CMV pro-apoptotic effect remains enigmatic and it has been suggested as a
      bystander effect in non-infected cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms by
      which CMV modulates the signaling pathways involved in apoptosis. It also
      includes a brief description of the permissiveness of the CNS to CMV infection
      and the generated cell death after infection, which may relate to the observed
      damage during a congenital infection. 

PMID- 26965879
TI  - [Neosartorya fischeri (Wehmer) Malloch & Cain].

PMID- 26965878
TI  - [Is it time to vaccine pregnant woman against pertussis?].
AB  - Pertussis may cause death in neonates and very young infants. In these ages
      pertussis vaccine has not been administered yet or infants haven't received
      enough doses of vaccine to protect them. Cocoon strategy have been implemented in
      several countries and has limited efficacy because of low coverage among
      households. In vaccinated pregnant women transplacental transfer of pertussis
      antibodies starts at 32-34 weeks of pregnancy. United Kingdom, The United States
      of America and afterward other countries in Europe and America have adopted this
      strategy. Recent British research about security and effectiveness of pertussis
      vaccination in pregnant women to reduce pertussis incidence and fatality cases in
      neonate and very young infants infant support this strategy despite the fact that
      controlled studies about the efficacy and security in mothers and neonates have
      not been published. Several studies still not published or in progress are trying
      to answer these two questions and to evaluate possible interference between
      transplacentaly transferred pertussis antibodies and infants immune response to
      routine vaccines. Recently WHO has recommended pertussis vaccination during
      pregnancy in countries where neonatal pertussis is a public health problem.
      Nowadays, Chilean experts discuss if pertussis vaccination of pregnant women must
      be adopted in our country. 

PMID- 26965880
TI  - [The research-study of pneumococci transformation in the laboratory, and the rise
      of bacterial genetics and molecular biology].
AB  - The virulence of pneumococci for mice depends on the production of a
      polysaccharide-capsule, which encloses the bacteria and protects it against
      phagocytosis. Capsulated pneumococci yield smooth, brilliant colonies designated
      S, but mutant strains arise frequently which have lost the capacity to sinthetise
      the capsule, are avirulent and rough designated R. F. Griffith discovery of
      bacterial "transformation" in 1928, is a landmark in the history of genetics,
      because hereditary determinants could be transferred from one bacteria to
      another, and laid the foundation for the subsequent recognition of
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the hereditary material. A systematic analysis of
      the chemical nature of the "transforming principle", by O. T. Avery and his
      colleagues during next 10 years, culminated in a formidable weight of evidence
      that it possessed all properties of DNA. In 1953, J. D. Watson and F. H. C Crick
      by a brilliant synthesis, fitted the chemical X-ray diffraction data together
      into a symmetrical double-helix structure, which possessed the inherent
      properties of genetic material, and carries the information necessary to direct
      all biochemical-cellular activities and self-replications. This paper describes
      de early rise and development of bacterial genetics and molecular biology. 

PMID- 26965881
TI  - [Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae
      infection: a case report].
AB  - Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is an uncommon skin eruption,
      characterized by fever and the rapid onset of disseminated, non-follicular,
      sterile pustules, over an erythematous skin background. It is usually classified
      as a severe cutaneous adverse drug reaction, whose most relevant triggers are
      antibiotics and anticonvulsants. However, viral and bacterial infections have
      also rarely been associated with this dermatosis. We report the case of a
      patient, who developed lesions of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis as
      an extrapulmonary manifestation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 

PMID- 26965882
TI  - [Endocarditis and arthritis caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing
      non-Typhi Salmonella].
AB  - We present the case of a patient with endocarditis and arthritis caused by
      extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing non-Typhi Salmonella, with incomplete
      response (defined as persistence of Salmonella in joint fluid) to initial
      instituted treatment (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and posterior recovery with
      ertapenem. The disease was associated with implantable central venous catheter
      infection. Five percent of patients with non-Typhi Salmonella gastroenteritis
      develop bacteremia. Infective endocarditis and joint infection has been reported
      in 1,4% and less than 1% of cases, respectively. 

PMID- 26965883
TI  - [Aspergillus fumigatus mediastinitis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient
      after heart surgery].
AB  - Postsurgical aspergillosis occurs primarily in immunocompetent patients whose
      main predisposing factor is the loss of skin and mucosal integrity during
      surgery. Local infection tends to be destructive and refractory to treatment and
      relapses are common. It is important to consider aspergillosis in the
      differential diagnosis of slowly progressive and destructive surgical site
      infections with negative bacterial cultures. We present the case of a child who
      developed Aspergillus fumigatus mediastinitis months after heart surgery. 

PMID- 26965884
TI  - [Fatal pneumococcal meningitis due to serotype 19 A: A preventable case?].
AB  - Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) remains as an important cause of morbidity in
      the world and in our country, while in Chile the incidence has decreased after
      the incorporation of the 10 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, in the routine
      infant inmunization schedule (EPI). One of the expected effects of the program
      after vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine is the likely replacement
      serotype phenomenon that means the presence of ENI caused by serotypes not
      included in the vaccine. In this context, we present the case of a child with
      pneumococcal meningitis caused by serotype 19 A of fatal course. The occurrence
      of ENI in a later stage of pneumococcal vaccine incorporation in Chile reinforces
      the importance of active surveillance, in order to know in detail the impact of
      vaccination, distribution of circulating serotypes and their correlation with the
      different clinical disease and their severity.

PMID- 26965885
TI  - [Pasteurella canis hemorragic sepsis and empyema].
AB  - We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient, with a three-day history of
      hematemesis, melena, abdominal wall hematoma and epistaxis associated with
      thrombocytopenia and anemia. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed
      and she was treated with dexamethasone for four days. The patient developed acute
      respiratory failure with signs of systemic inflammatory response. Blood and
      pleural fluid cultures grew Pasteurella canis. This is the first case, to our
      knowledge, of P. canis empyema associated with hemorrhagic septicemia without
      epidemiological background and the third case of septicemia caused by P. canis
      reported in the literature. 

PMID- 26965886
TI  - [Filmarray GI TM panel for detection of enteric pathogens in stool samples:
      preliminary experience].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal infections remain a major public health problem
      worldwide and its etiologic diagnosis is one of the main challenges. In molecular
      diagnostic techniques recently developed, the Filmarray GI(r) panel allows
      detection of 23 pathogens (14 bacteria, virus 5 and 4 parasites) within an hour.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of Filmarray GI(r) panel in the Molecular
      Biology Laboratory of Clinica Las Condes. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational
      study that includes the results of 305 stool samples tested by Filmarray GI(r)
      panel was performed. RESULTS: Of the 305 tests requested 99 (32.5%) were negative
      and 206 were positive (67.5%). Of the positive samples, in 107 samples (51.9%)
      one pathogen was detected and in 99 samples (48.1%) more than one pathogen was
      found. CONCLUSIONS: Describe the experience of using FilmArray GI(r) panel in
      stool specimens, which highlights the large number of positive samples for a
      microorganism and co-detection of enteric pathogens.

PMID- 26965887
TI  - [Simplified protocol for Carba NP test for enhanced detection of carbapenemase
      producers directly from bacterial cultures].

PMID- 26965888
TI  - [Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and
      microcephaly: tip of the iceberg?].

PMID- 26965889
TI  - [Esparganosis cerebral].

PMID- 26965890
TI  - [Chilean consensus of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium
      difficile-associated diarrhea].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clostridium dijfficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has become very
      important due to the increase in its incidence, severity, recurrence and the
      associated economic burden. Having a national consensus guideline is essential to
      improve its management. OBJECTIVE: To build a multidisciplinary and evidence
      based consensus in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CDAD. METHODS: We
      convened a panel of experts in the field of infectious diseases,
      gastroenterology, evidence-based medicine and consensus methodology. The panel
      conducted a structured review of published literature in CDAD evaluating evidence
      levels and recommendation degree according to the methodology proposed by the
      GRADE working-group. A modified three-round Delphi technique was used to reach a
      consensus among the experts. RESULTS: A group of 16 experts was established, 12
      of them answered 18 clinically relevant questions. The levels of agreement
      achieved by the panel of 16 experts were 79% in the first round and 100% in the
      second and third round. The main consensus recommendations in prevention are:
      restricting the use of proton-pump inhibitors, primary prophylaxis with
      probiotics in antibiotics users, education of health personnel, isolation for
      patients hospitalized with CDAD, and cleaning the rooms exposed to C. difficile
      with products based in chlorine or hydrogen peroxide. In the diagnosis: use of
      biology molecular-based techniques is preferred and if not available, glutamate
      dehydrogenase-based algorithms may be recommended. With regard to treatment: the
      use of oral metronidazole in mild-moderate CDAD and oral vancomycin in severe
      CDAD are recommended. Treat the first recurrence with the same antibiotics
      according to severity. In the case of second and subsequent recurrences consider
      prolonged therapy with vancomycin, rifaximin or fecal microbiota transplant.
      CONCLUSION: The first Chilean consensus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
      CDAD is presented, which is a major step in improving national standards in the
      management of this disease.

PMID- 26965891
TI  - Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for
      rapid identification of mold and yeast cultures of Penicillium marneffei.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Penicillium marneffei is the most important thermal dimorphic fungus
      causing systemic mycosis in HIV-infected and other immunocompromised patients in
      Southeast Asia. However, laboratory diagnosis of penicilliosis, which relies on
      microscopic morphology and mycelial-to-yeast conversion, is time-consuming and
      expertise-dependent, thus delaying diagnosis and treatment. Although matrix 
      assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF
      MS) is useful for identification of various medically important fungi, its
      performance for identification of P. marneffei is less clear. RESULTS: We
      evaluated the performance of the Bruker MALDI-TOF MS system for identification of
      mold and yeast cultures of 59 clinical strains and the type strain of P.
      marneffei using the direct transfer method, with results compared to four
      phylogenetically closely related species, P. brevi-compactum, P. chrysogenum,
      Talaromyces aurantiacus and T. stipitatus. Using the Bruker original database
      combined with BDAL v4.0.0.1 and Filamentous Fungi Library 1.0, MALDI-TOF MS
      failed to identify the 60 P. marneffei strains grown in mold and yeast phase
      (identified as P. funiculosum and P. purpurogenum with scores <1.7 respectively).
      However, when the combined database was expanded with inclusion of spectra from
      21 P. marneffei strains in mold and/or yeast phase, all the remaining 39 P.
      marneffei strains grown in mold or phase were correctly identified to the species
      level with score >2.0. The MS spectra of P. marneffei exhibited significant
      difference to those of P. brevi-compactum, P. chrysogenum, T. aurantiacus and T.
      stipitatus. However, MALDI-TOF MS failed to identify these four fungi to the
      species level using the combined database with or without spectra from P.
      marneffei. CONCLUSIONS: MALDI-TOF MS is useful for rapid identification of both
      yeast and mold cultures of P. marneffei and differentiation from related species.
      However, accurate identification to the species level requires database expansion
      using P. marneffei strains.

PMID- 26965892
TI  - Pig fatness in relation to FASN and INSIG2 genes polymorphism and their
      transcript level.
AB  - Fat content and fatty acid (FA) profile influence meat quality in pigs. These
      parameters are important for consumers due to their preferences for healthy, high
      quality meat. The aim of this study was searching for polymorphisms and
      transcript levels of two positional and functional candidate genes, FASN and
      INSIG2, encoding proteins which take part in lipid metabolism. The molecular
      findings were analyzed in relation to fatness traits. Pigs of four commercial
      breeds were included: Polish Landrace (PL), Polish Large White (PLW), Duroc and
      Pietrain. DNA sequencing, 5'RACE technique and real time PCR and association
      analysis were applied. In total, 20 polymorphisms in 5'-flanking, 5'UTR and 3'UTR
      regions of FASN (12 novel polymorphisms) and INSIG2 (seven novel ones and one
      known) genes were found. Association study with fatness traits (PL n = 225, PLW n
      = 179) revealed that four polymorphisms (c.-2908G>A, c.-2335C>T, c.*42_43insCCCCA
      and c.*264A>G) of the FASN gene were associated with back fat thickness in PL and
      PLW. Since the polymorphisms were identified in regulatory sequences of the both
      genes also their transcript levels were studied in PLW (n = 23), PL (n = 22),
      Pietrain (n = 17) and Duroc (n = 23). The INSIG2 transcript level was positively
      correlated with monounsaturated FA contents in the longissimus thoracis et
      lumborum muscle. Several correlations were also found between three polymorphisms
      (c.*264A>G and c.-2335C>T in FASN, and c.-5527C>G in INSIG2) and the FA content.
      Our study showed that the FASN gene is a promising marker for subcutaneous fat
      tissue accumulation, while INSIG2 is a promising marker for FA composition.

PMID- 26965894
TI  - The binding landscape of plasmepsin V and the implications for flap dynamics.
AB  - Plasmepsin V belongs to the plasmepsin family of aspartic proteases. PlmV is
      unique compared to other plasmepsins, as this membrane bound aspartic protease
      resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and is responsible for the cleavage of PEXEL
      tagged proteins destined for export outside of the host red blood cell.
      Plasmepsin V is highly conserved throughout the Plasmodium species, and is
      essential to the survival of the parasite. Recently, two potent inhibitors of
      Plmv have been identified, WEHI-916 and WEHI-842. Of these inhibitors, WEHI-842
      has a higher binding affinity for P. vivax PlmV, and a crystal structure of PlmV
      in complex with WEHI-842 has recently been resolved (). The structure of PlmV is
      unique compared to other plasmepsins; it is stabilised internally by seven
      disulfide bonds, a NAP1 insert/fold is associated with the movement of the flap
      covering the active site and a highly conserved helix-turn-helix is situated
      towards the C-terminus. Flap motion and dynamics play an important role in enzyme
      selectivity and function. To better understand the impact of ligand binding on
      the flap dynamics, molecular dynamic simulations and post-dynamic analysis were
      employed in the present study on PlmV in complex with WEHI-842. Previously
      defined parameters, which accurately accounted for the opening and closing of the
      active site, were used to assess the conformational changes induced in the
      absence and presence of WEHI-842. From the simulations it can be seen that
      inhibitor binding significantly reduces the flexibility and mobility of not only
      the flap and flexible loop but areas outside of the active site. Ligand binding
      leads to the formation of a more stable compact structure. This being said, there
      is a possibility of reducing the flexibility even further with potentially more
      lethal effects on the plasmodium parasite. We believe that results presented
      herein would assist researchers in the discovery of potent PlmV inhibitors as
      potential antimalarial therapies.

PMID- 26965893
TI  - Adjunctive use of systematic retinal thickness map analysis to monitor disease
      activity in punctate inner choroidopathy.
AB  - A challenge in the management of 'white dot syndromes' is the lack of sensitive
      objective measures of disease activity. Retinal thickness maps from spectral
      domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) inform treatment decisions in other
      retinal conditions such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic
      maculopathy. In this report, we demonstrate their value in providing quantitative
      monitoring of a patient with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC). Retinal
      thickness maps referenced against a baseline scan reliably detected focal areas
      of increased macular volume in active PIC lesions during symptomatic episodes,
      highlighting these as 'hot spots' that could be quantified, providing an
      objective basis for treatment decisions. 

PMID- 26965895
TI  - Getting into hot water: sick guppies frequent warmer thermal conditions.
AB  - Ectotherms depend on the environmental temperature for thermoregulation and
      exploit thermal regimes that optimise physiological functioning. They may also
      frequent warmer conditions to up-regulate their immune response against parasite
      infection and/or impede parasite development. This adaptive response, known as
      'behavioural fever', has been documented in various taxa including insects,
      reptiles and fish, but only in response to endoparasite infections. Here, a
      choice chamber experiment was used to investigate the thermal preferences of a
      tropical freshwater fish, the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), when
      infected with a common helminth ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli, in female
      only and mixed-sex shoals. The temperature tolerance of G. turnbulli was also
      investigated by monitoring parasite population trajectories on guppies maintained
      at a continuous 18, 24 or 32  degrees C. Regardless of shoal composition,
      infected fish frequented the 32  degrees C choice chamber more often than when
      uninfected, significantly increasing their mean temperature preference. Parasites
      maintained continuously at 32  degrees C decreased to extinction within 3 days,
      whereas mean parasite abundance increased on hosts incubated at 18 and 24 
      degrees C. We show for the first time that gyrodactylid-infected fish have a
      preference for warmer waters and speculate that sick fish exploit the upper
      thermal tolerances of their parasites to self medicate.

PMID- 26965896
TI  - The experience of gasless endoscopic-assisted thyroidectomy via the anterior
      chest approach for Graves' disease.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, feasibility, effectiveness, and
      cosmesis of a gasless endoscopic-assisted thyroidectomy via the anterior chest in
      patients with Graves' disease. We retrospectively reviewed 38 patients with
      Graves' disease treated with thyroidectomy from November 2007 to June 2015. We
      analyzed clinical characteristics of patients, type of operation, operative
      indications, operative duration, length of postoperative hospital stay, and
      postoperative complications. The thyroidectomies were classified as total
      thyroidectomy (n = 12) or near-total thyroidectomy with a remnant of <1 g (n =
      26). Surgical indications were recurrence after antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and
      unwillingness to undergo radioiodine therapy (n = 27), local compressive symptoms
      (n = 2), adverse drug reactions to ATDs (n = 5), and patient's preference (n =
      4). Mean resection weight was 71.7 +/- 16.2 g (range 44-109 g), mean operative
      duration 87.7 +/- 17.3 min (range 66-136 min), intraoperative blood loss 70.6 +/-
      11.3 mL (range 43-92 mL), and drainage was 42.0 +/- 8.5 mL (range 20-62 mL).
      Temporary postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and temporary
      hypoparathyroidism occurred in 3 cases (7.89 %) each. Mean hospital stay was 2.5
      +/- 0.3 days (range 2-4 days). There was no recurrence of hyperthyroidism over
      the follow-up period of for 68.1 +/- 5.6 months (range 6-89 months). All patients
      were satisfied with their cosmetic results. Gasless endoscopic-assisted
      thyroidectomy via the anterior chest approach for Graves' disease is a safe,
      feasible, and effective and provides an excellent cosmetic outcome procedure. It
      is a valid option in appropriately selected patients. 

PMID- 26965897
TI  - Silent sinus syndrome an acquired condition and the essential role of
      otorhinolaryngologist consultation: a retrospective study.
AB  - The silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is a rare clinical entity characterized by
      painless spontaneous enophthalmos, hypoglobus, and facial deformities secondary
      to chronic maxillary sinus atelectasis. The aim of this study was to present an
      SSS diagnostic feature and evaluate the relationship between nasal septum
      deviation and maxillary sinus volume. A retrospective chart review of the
      clinical characteristics of 20 patients diagnosed with SSS between January 2013
      and July 2014 were analyzed by the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of
      University Hospital Complex of Santiago de Compostela. 14 patients were females
      and six males. The mean age was 43 years (range 28-67 years). The right maxillary
      sinus was involved in 12 patients and the left maxillary sinus in eight patients.
      There was no statistical difference between gender and the presence of SSS.
      Maxillary sinus sizes were significantly smaller on the same side as the
      deviation (p < 0.01). 14 patients were treated with functional endoscopic sinus
      surgery (FESS) with maxillary antrostomy. We concluded that patients with SSS
      usually present with facial asymmetry, and the best approach to document and show
      all facial asymmetries for these patients are the frontal and craneo-caudal
      photographs. The present study demonstrates that, in adult patients, SSS
      generally presents a septal deviation to the affected maxillary sinus. We
      recommend performing a paranasal sinus CT scan when the patient has a deviated
      nasal septum, retraction of the malar eminence (evidenced from the viewpoint
      cranio-caudal facial) and hypoglobus. FESS performing postero-anterior
      uncinectomy and enlargement of the maxillary ostium is recommended to restore
      sinus pressure and prevent progression of the enophthalmos, hypoglobus and facial
      deformities. 

PMID- 26965899
TI  - Comment on "Synergistic co-digestion of solid-organic-waste and municipal-sewage
      sludge: 1 plus 1 equals more than 2 in terms of biogas production and solids
      reduction" [Water Research 87, 416-423].
AB  - Co-digestion of organic waste and sewage sludge enhances biogas production and
      reduces the mass of remaining solids. This phenomenon of enhanced organic matter
      decomposition by adding labile substrate is known from other habitats like soils
      and sediments where it is called priming effect. It is thus suggested to adopt
      the term priming effect also in environmental biotechnology, and in particular
      for biomethanisation of wastewater sludges by the addition of energy-rich co
      substrates.

PMID- 26965898
TI  - In vitro modeling of endothelial interaction with macrophages and pericytes
      demonstrates Notch signaling function in the vascular microenvironment.
AB  - Angiogenesis is regulated by complex interactions between endothelial cells and
      support cells of the vascular microenvironment, such as tissue myeloid cells and
      vascular mural cells. Multicellular interactions during angiogenesis are
      difficult to study in animals and challenging in a reductive setting. We
      incorporated stromal cells into an established bead-based capillary sprouting
      assay to develop assays that faithfully reproduce major steps of vessel sprouting
      and maturation. We observed that macrophages enhance angiogenesis, increasing the
      number and length of endothelial sprouts, a property we have dubbed
      "angiotrophism." We found that polarizing macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory
      profile further increased their angiotrophic stimulation of vessel sprouting, and
      this increase was dependent on macrophage Notch signaling. To study
      endothelial/pericyte interactions, we added vascular pericytes directly to the
      bead-bound endothelial monolayer. These pericytes formed close associations with
      the endothelial sprouts, causing increased sprout number and vessel caliber. We
      found that Jagged1 expression and Notch signaling are essential for the growth of
      both endothelial cells and pericytes and may function in their interaction. We
      observed that combining endothelial cells with both macrophages and pericytes in
      the same sprouting assay has multiplicative effects on sprouting. These results
      significantly improve bead-capillary sprouting assays and provide an enhanced
      method for modeling interactions between the endothelium and the vascular
      microenvironment. Achieving this in a reductive in vitro setting represents a
      significant step toward a better understanding of the cellular elements that
      contribute to the formation of mature vasculature. 

PMID- 26965900
TI  - The use of cell phone and insight into its potential human health impacts.
AB  - The rapid evolution of mobile phone technology has raised public concern about
      its possible association with adverse health effects. Given the huge number of
      mobile phone users at present days, even simple adverse health effects could have
      major implications. This article reviews the present knowledge concerning the
      health effects stemming from the use of cellular phones by emphasizing adverse
      biological effects, epidemiological issues, and indirect health effects. A line
      of epidemiological evidence suggests that there is no concrete association
      between mobile phone radiation and cancer. The evidence regarding the occurrence
      of cancer due to exposure to the radio frequency energy of mobile phones is
      nonetheless conflicting. Consequently, long-term research in this field is
      necessary to account for the vital issue of this scientific research to the
      public in a meaningful way. 

PMID- 26965901
TI  - Ancestral Exposure to Stress Generates New Behavioral Traits and a Functional
      Hemispheric Dominance Shift.
AB  - In a continuously stressful environment, the effects of recurrent prenatal stress
      (PS) accumulate across generations and generate new behavioral traits in the
      absence of genetic variation. Here, we investigated if PS or multigenerational PS
      across 4 generations differentially affect behavioral traits, laterality, and
      hemispheric dominance in male and female rats. Using skilled reaching and skilled
      walking tasks, 3 findings support the formation of new behavioral traits and
      shifted laterality by multigenerational stress. First, while PS in the F1
      generation did not alter paw preference, multigenerational stress in the F4
      generation shifted paw preference to favor left-handedness only in males. Second,
      multigenerational stress impaired skilled reaching and skilled walking movement
      abilities in males, while improving these abilities in females beyond the levels
      of controls. Third, the shift toward left-handedness in multigenerationally
      stressed males was accompanied by increased dendritic complexity and greater
      spine density in the right parietal cortex. Thus, cumulative multigenerational
      stress generates sexually dimorphic left-handedness and dominance shift toward
      the right hemisphere in males. These findings explain the origins of apparently
      heritable behavioral traits and handedness in the absence of DNA sequence
      variations while proposing epigenetic mechanisms.

PMID- 26965902
TI  - Post-Inhibitory Rebound Spikes in Rat Medial Entorhinal Layer II/III Principal
      Cells: In Vivo, In Vitro, and Computational Modeling Characterization.
AB  - Medial entorhinal cortex Layer-II stellate cells (mEC-LII-SCs) primarily interact
      via inhibitory interneurons. This suggests the presence of alternative mechanisms
      other than excitatory synaptic inputs for triggering action potentials (APs) in
      stellate cells during spatial navigation. Our intracellular recordings show that
      the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) allows post-inhibitory
      rebound spikes (PIRS) in mEC-LII-SCs. In vivo, strong inhibitory-post-synaptic
      potentials immediately preceded most APs shortening their delay and enhancing
      excitability. In vitro experiments showed that inhibition initiated spikes more
      effectively than excitation and that more dorsal mEC-LII-SCs produced faster and
      more synchronous spikes. In contrast, PIRS in Layer-II/III pyramidal cells were
      harder to evoke, voltage-independent, and slower in dorsal mEC. In computational
      simulations, mEC-LII-SCs morphology and Ih homeostatically regulated the dorso
      ventral differences in PIRS timing and most dendrites generated PIRS with a
      narrow range of stimulus amplitudes. These results suggest inhibitory inputs
      could mediate the emergence of grid cell firing in a neuronal network.

PMID- 26965904
TI  - Evidence of Stereoscopic Surface Disambiguation in the Responses of V1 Neurons.
AB  - For the important task of binocular depth perception from complex natural-image
      stimuli, the neurophysiological basis for disambiguating multiple matches between
      the eyes across similar features has remained a long-standing problem. Recurrent
      interactions among binocular disparity-tuned neurons in the primary visual cortex
      (V1) could play a role in stereoscopic computations by altering responses to
      favor the most likely depth interpretation for a given image pair. Psychophysical
      research has shown that binocular disparity stimuli displayed in 1 region of the
      visual field can be extrapolated into neighboring regions that contain ambiguous
      depth information. We tested whether neurons in macaque V1 interact in a similar
      manner and found that unambiguous binocular disparity stimuli displayed in the
      surrounding visual fields of disparity-selective V1 neurons indeed modified their
      responses when either bistable stereoscopic or uniform featureless stimuli were
      presented within their receptive field centers. The delayed timing of the
      response behavior compared with the timing of classical surround suppression and
      multiple control experiments suggests that these modulations are carried out by
      slower disparity-specific recurrent connections among V1 neurons. These results
      provide explicit evidence that the spatial interactions that are predicted by
      cooperative algorithms play an important role in solving the stereo
      correspondence problem.

PMID- 26965903
TI  - Area-Specific Features of Pyramidal Neurons-a Comparative Study in Mouse and
      Rhesus Monkey.
AB  - A principal challenge of systems neuroscience is to understand the unique
      characteristics of cortical neurons and circuits that enable area- and species
      specific sensory encoding, motor function, cognition, and behavior. To address
      this issue, we compared properties of layer 3 pyramidal neurons in 2 cortical
      areas that span a broad range of cortical function-primary sensory (V1), to
      cognitive (frontal)-in the mouse and the rhesus monkey. Hierarchical clustering
      and discriminant analyses of 15 physiological and 25 morphological variables
      revealed 2 fundamental principles. First, V1 and frontal neurons are remarkably
      similar with regard to nearly every property in the mouse, while the opposite is
      true in the monkey, with V1 and frontal neurons exhibiting significant
      differences in nearly every property assessed. Second, neurons within visual and
      frontal areas differ significantly between the mouse and the monkey. Neurons in
      mouse and monkey V1 are the same size, but differ in nearly every other way;
      mouse frontal cortical neurons are smaller than those in the monkey and also
      differ substantially with regard to most other properties. These findings have
      broad implications for understanding the differential contributions of
      heterogeneous neuronal types in construction of cortical microcircuitry in
      diverse brain areas and species.

PMID- 26965905
TI  - Pain-Related Suppression of Beta Oscillations Facilitates Voluntary Movement.
AB  - Increased beta oscillations over sensorimotor cortex are antikinetic. Motor- and
      pain-related processes separately suppress beta oscillations over sensorimotor
      cortex leading to the prediction that ongoing pain should facilitate movement. In
      the current study, we used a paradigm in which voluntary movements were executed
      during an ongoing pain-eliciting stimulus to test the hypothesis that a pain
      related suppression of beta oscillations would facilitate the initiation of a
      subsequent voluntary movement. Using kinematic measures, electromyography, and
      high-density electroencephalography, we demonstrate that ongoing pain leads to
      shorter reaction times without affecting the kinematics or accuracy of movement.
      Reaction time was positively correlated with beta power prior to movement in
      contralateral premotor areas. Our findings corroborate the view that beta-band
      oscillations are antikinetic and provide new evidence that pain primes the motor
      system for action. Our observations provide the first evidence that a pain
      related suppression of beta oscillations over contralateral premotor areas leads
      to shorter reaction times for voluntary movement.

PMID- 26965908
TI  - Raising a Red Flag on Dating Violence: Evaluation of a Low-Resource, College
      Based Bystander Behavior Intervention Program.
AB  - Encouraging bystanders to intervene safely and effectively in situations that
      could escalate to violence-known as bystander behavior programs-is a growing yet
      largely untested strategy to prevent dating violence. Using a quasi-experimental
      design, we evaluate a low-resource, low-intensity intervention aimed at
      preventing dating violence among college students. The integrated behavioral
      model (IBM) was used to guide the evaluation. We also assess which IBM variables
      were most strongly associated with bystander behaviors. Participants were drawn
      from two Virginia colleges that predominantly train females in the health
      profession sciences. The intervention group ( n = 329) participated in a
      university-wide bystander behavior intervention consisting of a 30-min
      presentation on dating violence at new-student orientation and a week-long "red
      flag" social marketing campaign on campus to raise awareness of dating violence.
      Controlling for changes at the comparison university, results showed an increase
      in bystander behaviors, such as encouraging a friend who may be in an abusive
      relationship to get help, after the intervention and adjusting for potential
      confounders (increase of 1.41 bystander behaviors, p = .04). However, no
      significant changes were found for bystander intentions, self-efficacy, social
      norms, or attitudes related to dating violence from pre- to post-intervention.
      Self-efficacy had a direct relationship with bystander behaviors. Results suggest
      that low-resource interventions have a modest effect on increasing bystander
      behaviors. However, higher resource interventions likely are needed for a larger
      impact, especially among students who already demonstrate strong baseline
      intentions to intervene and prevent dating violence.

PMID- 26965906
TI  - The Right Dorsal Premotor Mosaic: Organization, Functions, and Connectivity.
AB  - The right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) of humans has been reported to be involved
      in a broad range of motor and cognitive functions. We explored the basis of this
      behavioral heterogeneity by performing a connectivity-based parcellation using
      meta-analytic approach applied to PMd coactivations. We compared our connectivity
      based parcellation results with parcellations obtained through resting-state
      functional connectivity and probabilistic diffusion tractography. Functional
      connectivity profiles and behavioral decoding of the resulting PMd subregions
      allowed characterizing their respective behavior profile. These procedures
      divided the right PMd into 5 distinct subregions that formed a cognitive-motor
      gradient along a rostro-caudal axis. In particular, we found 1) a rostral
      subregion functionally connected with prefrontal cortex, which likely supports
      high-level cognitive processes, such as working memory, 2) a central subregion
      showing a mixed behavioral profile and functional connectivity to parietal
      regions of the dorsal attention network, and 3) a caudal subregion closely
      integrated with the motor system. Additionally, we found 4) a dorsal subregion,
      preferentially related to hand movements and connected to both cognitive and
      motor regions, and 5) a ventral subregion, whose functional profile fits the
      concept of an eye movement-related field. In conclusion, right PMd may be
      considered as a functional mosaic formed by 5 subregions.

PMID- 26965907
TI  - Behavioral Resilience and Sensitivity to Locally Restricted Cortical Migration
      Deficits Induced by In Utero Knockdown of Disabled-1 in the Adult Rat.
AB  - Irregular neuronal migration plays a causal role in mental illnesses such as
      schizophrenia and autism, but the very nature of the migration deficits necessary
      to evoke adult behavioral changes is unknown. Here, we used in utero
      electroporation (IUE) in rats to induce a locally restricted, cortical migration
      deficit by knockdown of disabled-1 (Dab1), an intracellular converging point of
      the reelin pathway. After birth, selection of successfully electroporated rats by
      detection of in vivo bioluminescence of a simultaneously electroporated
      luciferase gene correlated to and was thus predictive to the number of
      electroporated neurons in postmortem histochemistry at 6 months of age. Rat
      neurons silenced for Dab1 did not migrate properly and their number surprisingly
      decreased after E22. Behavioral tests at adult ages (P180) revealed increased
      sensitivity to amphetamine as well as decreased habituation, but no deficits in
      memory tasks or motor functions. The data suggest that even subtle migration
      deficits involving only ten-thousands of cortical neurons during neurodevelopment
      can lead to lasting behavioral and neuronal changes into adulthood in some very
      specific behavioral domains. On the other hand, the lack of effects on various
      memory-related tasks may indicate resilience and plasticity of cognitive
      functions critical for survival under these specific conditions.

PMID- 26965909
TI  - Erratum to: Utility of ultrasound in noninvasive preoperative workup of neonatal
      brachial plexus palsy.

PMID- 26965911
TI  - In silico assessment of primers for eDNA studies using PrimerTree and application
      to characterize the biodiversity surrounding the Cuyahoga River.
AB  - Analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) enables the detection of species of interest
      from water and soil samples, typically using species-specific PCR. Here, we
      describe a method to characterize the biodiversity of a given environment by
      amplifying eDNA using primer pairs targeting a wide range of taxa and high
      throughput sequencing for species identification. We tested this approach on 91
      water samples of 40 mL collected along the Cuyahoga River (Ohio, USA). We
      amplified eDNA using 12 primer pairs targeting mammals, fish, amphibians, birds,
      bryophytes, arthropods, copepods, plants and several microorganism taxa and
      sequenced all PCR products simultaneously by high-throughput sequencing. Overall,
      we identified DNA sequences from 15 species of fish, 17 species of mammals, 8
      species of birds, 15 species of arthropods, one turtle and one salamander.
      Interestingly, in addition to aquatic and semi-aquatic animals, we identified DNA
      from terrestrial species that live near the Cuyahoga River. We also identified
      DNA from one Asian carp species invasive to the Great Lakes but that had not been
      previously reported in the Cuyahoga River. Our study shows that analysis of eDNA
      extracted from small water samples using wide-range PCR amplification combined
      with high-throughput sequencing can provide a broad perspective on biological
      diversity. 

PMID- 26965910
TI  - Sclerotic bone lesions at abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in children with
      tuberous sclerosis complex.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sclerotic bone lesions are often seen on chest CT in adults with
      tuberous sclerosis complex. OBJECTIVE: To characterize bone lesions at abdominal
      MRI in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      retrospective review included 70 children with tuberous sclerosis complex who had
      undergone abdominal MRI for renal imaging. An additional longitudinal study was
      performed in 50 children who had had two or more MRI scans. Abdominal CT (eight
      children) and radiographs (three children) were reviewed and compared with MRI.
      RESULTS: A total of 173 sclerotic bone lesions were detected in 51/70 children
      (73%; 95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.82) chiefly affecting vertebral pedicles.
      New lesions appeared in 20 children and growth of previous sclerotic bone lesions
      was documented in 14 children. Sclerotic bone lesions were more frequent in girls
      and in children with more extensive renal involvement. CONCLUSION: Sclerotic bone
      lesions are commonly detected by abdominal MRI in children with tuberous
      sclerosis complex. They usually affect posterior vertebral elements and their
      number and size increase with age. As current recommendations for tuberous
      sclerosis complex surveillance include renal MR performed in childhood,
      recognition of these lesions is useful.

PMID- 26965912
TI  - The degree of urinary hypercortisolism is not correlated with the severity of
      cushing's syndrome.
AB  - Cushing syndrome (CS) is characterized by increased morbidity and mortality
      compared to the general population. However, there are patients who have more
      clinical aggressive forms than others. Aim of the study is to evaluate whether
      the degree of hypercortisolism, defined by the number of times urinary free
      cortisol (UFC) levels exceed the upper limit of the normal range (ULN), is
      related to the worsening of phenotypic features, as well as metabolic and
      cardiovascular parameters, in a cohort of CS patients. A cross-sectional study
      was conducted on 192 patients with active CS, consecutively presenting at the
      outpatients' clinic of the University Hospitals of Ancona, Naples, and Palermo.
      Patients were grouped into mild (UFC not exceeding twice the ULN), moderate (2-5
      times the ULN), and severe (more than 5 times the ULN) hypercortisolism. Thirty
      seven patients (19.3 %) had mild, 115 (59.8 %) moderate, and 40 (20.9 %) severe
      hypercortisolism. A significant trend of increase among the three groups was
      demonstrated for 8-, 16-, and 24-h serum cortisol levels (p < 0.001) and serum
      cortisol after low dose of dexamethasone suppression test (p = 0.001). No
      significant trend of increase was found regarding phenotype and comorbidities.
      The degree of hypercortisolism by itself does not appear to be a sufficient
      parameter to express the severity of CS. Therefore, estimating the severity of CS
      according to biochemical parameters remains a challenge, while the clinical
      phenotype and the associated comorbidities might be more useful to assessing the
      severity of the CS.

PMID- 26965913
TI  - Development of an algorithm to predict serum vitamin D levels using a simple
      questionnaire based on sunlight exposure.
AB  - Sun exposure is the main determinant of vitamin D production. The aim of this
      study was to develop an algorithm to assess individual vitamin D status,
      independently of serum 25(OHD) measurement, using a simple questionnaire, mostly
      relying upon sunlight exposure, which might help select subjects requiring serum
      25(OHD) measurement. Six hundred and twenty adult subjects living in a mountain
      village in Southern Italy, located at 954 m above the sea level and at a latitude
      of 40 degrees 50'11"76N, were asked to fill the questionnaire in two different
      periods of the year: August 2010 and March 2011. Seven predictors were
      considered: month of investigation, age, sex, BMI, average daily sunlight
      exposure, beach holidays in the past 12 months, and frequency of going outdoors.
      The statistical model assumes four classes of serum 25(OHD) concentrations: <=10,
      10-19.9, 20-29.9, and >=30 ng/ml. The algorithm was developed using a two-step
      procedure. In Step 1, the linear regression equation was defined in 385 randomly
      selected subjects. In Step 2, the predictive ability of the regression model was
      tested in the remaining 235 subjects. Seasonality, daily sunlight exposure and
      beach holidays in the past 12 months accounted for 27.9, 13.5, and 6.4 % of the
      explained variance in predicting vitamin D status, respectively. The algorithm
      performed extremely well: 212 of 235 (90.2 %) subjects were assigned to the
      correct vitamin D status. In conclusion, our pilot study demonstrates that an
      algorithm to estimate the vitamin D status can be developed using a simple
      questionnaire based on sunlight exposure.

PMID- 26965914
TI  - Differential immunohistochemical expression profiles of perlecan-binding growth
      factors in epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma
      of the oral mucosa.
AB  - The intercellular deposit of perlecan, a basement-membrane type heparan sulfate
      proteoglycan, is considered to function as a growth factor reservoir and is
      enhanced in oral epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ (CIS). However, it
      remains unknown which types of growth factors function in these perlecan-enriched
      epithelial conditions. The aim of this study was to determine
      immunohistochemically which growth factors were associated with perlecan in
      normal oral epithelia and in different epithelial lesions from dysplasia and CIS
      to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Eighty-one surgical tissue specimens of oral
      SCC containing different precancerous stages, along with ten of normal mucosa,
      were examined by immunohistochemistry for growth factors. In normal epithelia,
      perlecan and growth factors were not definitely expressed. In epithelial
      dysplasia, VEGF, SHH, KGF, Flt-1, and Flk-1were localized in the lower half of
      rete ridges (in concordance with perlecan, 33-100%), in which Ki-67 positive
      cells were densely packed. In CIS, perlecan and those growth factors/receptors
      were more strongly expressed in the cell proliferating zone (63-100%). In SCC,
      perlecan and KGF disappeared from carcinoma cells but emerged in the stromal
      space (65-100%), while VEGF, SHH, and VEGF receptors remained positive in SCC
      cells (0%). Immunofluorescence showed that the four growth factors were shown to
      be produced by three oral SCC cell lines and that their signals were partially
      overlapped with perlecan signals. The results indicate that perlecan and its
      binding growth factors are differentially expressed and function in specific
      manners before (dysplasia/CIS) and after (SCC) invasion of dysplasia/carcinoma
      cells. 

PMID- 26965916
TI  - 12 year follow up of enzyme-replacement therapy in two siblings with attenuated
      mucopolysaccharidosis I: the important role of early treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is an autosomal recessive disorder
      caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase and characterized by a progressive
      course with multisystem involvement. Clinically, Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is
      classified into two forms: severe (Hurler syndrome), which presents in infancy
      and is characterized by rapid progressive neurological involvement and attenuated
      (Hurler/Scheie and Scheie syndromes), which presents with slower progression and
      absent to mild nervous system involvement. The specific treatment for attenuated
      Mucopolysaccharidosis type I consists of enzyme-replacement therapy with
      laronidase (human recombinant alpha-L-iduronidase, Aldurazyme). We present here
      the clinical and laboratory results in an 12-year-old patient affected by the
      attenuated form of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I treated by enzyme-replacement
      therapy from the age of 5 months, compared with his 17 year old affected sister,
      who started therapy at 5 years of age. CASE PRESENTATION: Clinical evaluation of
      these siblings shows that initiation of therapy prior of the onset of clinically
      detectable disease resulted in considerable improvement in outcome in the young
      sibling. After 12 years of enzyme-replacement therapy, facial appearance, linear
      growth rate, and liver and spleen volumes were normal; moreover, the degree of
      joint disease, vertebral, and cardiac valvular involvement were only minimal
      compared with those of his sister. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that early
      diagnosis and early initiation of enzyme-replacement therapy substantially modify
      the natural history of the attenuated form of Mucopolysaccharidosis type I.

PMID- 26965915
TI  - Romidepsin for the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T cell lymphoma:
      prolonged stable disease provides clinical benefits for patients in the pivotal
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Achievement of durable responses in patients with relapsed/refractory
      peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is challenging with current therapies, and
      there are few data regarding the potential benefits of continuing treatment in
      patients with the best response of stable disease (SD). Histone deacetylase
      inhibitors are a novel class of drugs with activity in T cell malignancies.
      Romidepsin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment
      of relapsed/refractory PTCL based on a pivotal trial demonstrating an objective
      response rate of 25% (33/130), including 15% with confirmed/unconfirmed complete
      response and a median duration of response of 28 months. Our objective was to
      further study the clinical benefits of romidepsin in patients that had the best
      response of SD. METHODS: Patients with PTCL relapsed/refractory to >=1 prior
      therapy were treated with the approved dose of 14 mg/m(2) romidepsin on days 1,
      8, and 15 of six 28-day cycles; patients with SD or response after cycle 6 were
      allowed to continue on study until progression. By protocol amendment, patients
      treated for >=12 cycles could receive maintenance dosing twice per cycle; after
      cycle 24, dosing could be further reduced to once per cycle in those who had
      received maintenance dosing for >=6 months. RESULTS: Of the 32 patients (25%)
      with the best response of SD, 22 had SD for >=90 days (SD90; cycle 4 response
      assessment). The longest SD was >3 years in a patient who received maintenance
      dosing of 14 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 15 beginning in cycle 13. Patients with the
      best response of SD90 or partial response achieved similar overall and
      progression-free survival. Prolonged dosing of romidepsin was well tolerated.
      CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that patients who achieve SD may consider continuing
      treatment because the clinical benefits of romidepsin may extend beyond objective
      responses. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00426764.

PMID- 26965917
TI  - Transarterial embolization of hypervascular tumors using trisacryl gelatin
      microspheres (Embosphere): a prospective multicenter clinical trial in Japan.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of transarterial embolization
      (TAE) using trisacryl gelatin microspheres (TGMs) for hypervascular tumors.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter clinical trial
      involving five institutions. TAE using TGMs was performed for hypervascular
      tumors in various locations. The primary endpoint was the technical success. The
      secondary endpoints included catheter accessibility, preservation of the feeding
      arteries, local tumor response based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in
      Cancer of the Liver (RECICL) and adverse events related to TAE based on the
      Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. RESULTS: Twenty
      three patients with liver tumors (n = 9), uterine fibroids (n = 3) and other
      tumors (n = 11) were enrolled. The technical success rate was 95.7 % (22 of 23
      patients). Catheter accessibility and preservation of the feeding arteries were
      obtained in all 55 target vessels (100 %). Local tumor response rates were 46.7
      and 55.8 % at 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. Eighteen (78.3 %) patients developed
      53 symptomatic events including grade ?3 events: hypertension 21.7 %, pain 8.7 %,
      vomiting 4.3 % and anorexia 4.3 %, all related to postembolization syndromes.
      CONCLUSION: TAE using TGMs was technically feasible and safe for
      devascularization of hypervascular tumors.

PMID- 26965918
TI  - Rosenthal MC, Pisciotta AV, Komninos ZD, Goldenberg H, Dameshek W. The auto
      immune hemolytic anemia of malignant lymphocytic disease. Blood. 1955;10(3):197
      227.

PMID- 26965919
TI  - Mutant calreticulin: when a chaperone becomes intrusive.
AB  - In this issue of Blood, Marty et al, Chachoua et al, and Araki et al report
      results of studies unraveling the molecular pathogenesis of CALR-mutant
      myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Together, these 3 reports define a novel
      disease paradigm, whereby a mutant chaperone constitutively activates receptor
      signaling through an abnormal interaction with the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor
      (MPL).

PMID- 26965920
TI  - Prothrombotic lipoprotein patterns in stroke.
AB  - The importance of research focused on the final events of atherothrombosis cannot
      be overestimated. Platelet hyperreactivity leading to thrombosis is the main
      reason for mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular disease and
      stroke, which together remain a leading cause of death in developed countries. In
      this issue of Blood, Shen et al1 establish another functional link between
      proatherogenic lipoproteins and platelet-mediated thrombus formation with a
      specific focus on stroke. In their model, the initiating component is L5, the
      electronegative subfraction of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which was shown
      to be substantially elevated in patients with ischemic stroke. L5 was shown to
      activate platelets via its receptor, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1),
      and alphabeta amyloid peptide, which together contribute to platelet
      hyperreactivity and stroke complications.

PMID- 26965921
TI  - Platelet VIII pack evades immune detection.
AB  - In this issue of Blood, Chen et al demonstrate that platelets expressing factor
      VIII (FVIII) shield FVIII from immune detection. In the naive FVIII null
      hemophilia A (HA) mouse, platelet-derived VIII prevents both a primary and memory
      anti-FVIII immune response, and together with total body irradiation, suppresses
      anti-FVIII immune response.

PMID- 26965922
TI  - Allogeneic CAR19 cells clear ALL.
AB  - Chimeric antigen receptor T cells redirected to CD19 (chimeric antigen receptor
      [CAR19]) show great promise in the clinic to treat refractory CD19+ acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, production of autologous CAR19 cells from
      these patients can be difficult as patients frequently have T-cell dysfunction,
      due to disease and/or treatment-related effects. In this issue of Blood, Jacoby
      et al1 addressed this by exploring whether allogeneic donor CAR19 cells could be
      used to treat ALL-bearing mice using a minor mismatch bone marrow transplant
      model.

PMID- 26965923
TI  - Does father-child conflict mediate the association between fathers' postnatal
      depressive symptoms and children's adjustment problems at 7 years old?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Paternal depressive symptoms are associated with children's emotional
      and behavioural problems, which may be mediated by negative parenting. But there
      is no research on the influence of paternal depressive symptoms on children's
      emotion regulation and limited literature investigating fathers' parenting as a
      mediator in the pathway between paternal depressive symptoms and children's
      externalizing and internalizing problems. We aimed to investigate the mediating
      role of father-child conflict (at 3 years) in the association between postnatal
      paternal depressive symptoms (at 9 months) and children's emotional and
      behavioural problems (at 7 years) (aim 1). We also examined whether mediation
      pathways were more pronounced for boys or for girls (aim 2). METHOD: Secondary
      data analysis was conducted on the Millennium Cohort Study, when children were 9
      months, 3 years and 7 years old (n = 3520). Main study variables were measured by
      self-report questionnaires. Fathers completed the Rutter Scale (depressive
      symptoms) and the Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (father-child
      conflict), while mothers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
      and the Social Behaviour Questionnaire (child emotional and behavioural problems,
      emotion regulation). We used structural equation modelling to estimate direct,
      indirect and total effects of paternal depressive symptoms on child outcomes,
      mediated by father-child conflict whilst adjusting for relevant covariates
      (maternal depressive symptoms, child temperament, marital conflict, and socio
      economic factors such as poverty indicator and fathers' education level). Multi
      group and interaction analysis was then conducted to determine the differential
      effect by gender of the association between paternal depressive symptoms on child
      outcomes via father-child conflict. RESULTS: Father-child conflict mediated the
      association between paternal depressive symptoms and emotion regulation problems
      [standardized indirect effect (SIE) 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.03 to -0.01,
      p < 0.001; standardized total effect (STE) 95% CI -0.05 to -0.01, p < 0.05] (aim
      1). Father-child conflict mediated a larger proportion of the effect in boys (SIE
      95% CI -0.03 to -0.01, p < 0.001; STE 95% CI -0.05 to 0.00, p = 0.063) than it
      did in girls (SIE 95% CI -0.02 to -0.01, p < 0.001; STE 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01, p =
      0.216) (aim 2). CONCLUSIONS: Father-child conflict may mediate the association
      between postnatal paternal depressive symptoms and children's emotion regulation
      problems. Paternal depressive symptoms and father-child conflict resolution may
      be potential targets in preventative interventions.

PMID- 26965924
TI  - Enjoy your heart-beets. The role of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular
      health.

PMID- 26965925
TI  - Changes in flow-mediated dilatation in patients with femoropopliteal occlusion
      receiving conservative and invasive treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the beneficial effect of revascularisation on reduction of
      local clinical ischaemic symptoms has been well established, its effect on
      systemic vascular endothelial function has not been fully explained yet. AIM: To
      determine changes in endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation in patients
      with unilateral femoropopliteal occlusion receiving medical and surgical
      treatment. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic
      ischaemia of lower extremities, treated with endovascular procedures, with
      femoropopliteal graft, or receiving conservative treatment (21-day controlled
      treadmill training) were enrolled in the study. Ankle brachial pressure index
      (ABPI), skin blood flow on the feet, and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of
      brachial arteries were measured in each patient at baseline and after 90 days of
      follow-up. RESULTS: The ABPI, vasomotion in the myogenic frequency band, and FMD
      increased significantly in surgical patients. In patients after femoropopliteal
      bypass a significant increase of vasomotion in the endothelial frequency band was
      also observed. In patients receiving conservative treatment (treadmill training),
      vasomotion in the myogenic frequency band increased whereas the FMD remained
      unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that surgical treatment may contribute to
      reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with advanced
      peripheral artery disease, as a result of improving the systemic vascular
      endothelial function. Limiting treatment to just treadmill training increases
      pain-free walking distance but does not improve systemic vascular endothelial
      function.

PMID- 26965926
TI  - Expression and partial biochemical characterization of a recombinant serine
      protease from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom.
AB  - Snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs) are enzymes capable of interfering at
      several points of hemostasis. Some serine proteases present thrombin-like
      activity, which makes them targets for the development of therapeutics agents in
      the treatment of many hemostatic disorders. In this study, a recombinant thrombin
      like serine protease, denominated rBpSP-II, was obtained from cDNA of the
      Bothrops pauloensis venom gland and was characterized enzymatically and
      biochemically. The enzyme rBpSP-II showed clotting activity on bovine plasma and
      proteolytic activity on fibrinogen, cleaving exclusively the Aalpha chain. The
      evaluation of rBpSP-II activity on chromogenic substrates demonstrated thrombin
      like activity of the enzyme due to its capacity to hydrolyze the thrombin
      substrate. These characteristics make rBpSP-II an attractive molecule for
      additional studies. Further research is needed to verify whether rBpSP-II can
      serve as a template for the synthesis of therapeutic agents to treat hemostatic
      disorders. 

PMID- 26965927
TI  - Establishment of a cone photoreceptor transplantation platform based on a novel
      cone-GFP reporter mouse line.
AB  - We report successful retinal cone enrichment and transplantation using a novel
      cone-GFP reporter mouse line. Using the putative cone photoreceptor-enriched
      transcript Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 136 (Ccdc136) GFP-trapped allele, we
      monitored developmental reporter expression, facilitated the enrichment of cones,
      and evaluated transplanted GFP-labeled cones in wildtype and retinal degeneration
      mutant retinas. GFP reporter and endogenous Ccdc136 transcripts exhibit
      overlapping temporal and spatial expression patterns, both initiated in cone
      precursors of the embryonic retina and persisting to the adult stage in S and S/M
      opsin(+) cones as well as rod bipolar cells. The trapped allele does not affect
      cone function or survival in the adult mutant retina. When comparing the
      integration of GFP(+) embryonic cones and postnatal Nrl(-/-) 'cods' into retinas
      of adult wildtype and blind mice, both cell types integrated and exhibited a
      degree of morphological maturation that was dependent on donor age. These results
      demonstrate the amenability of the adult retina to cone transplantation using a
      novel transgenic resource that can advance therapeutic cone transplantation in
      models of age-related macular degeneration.

PMID- 26965930
TI  - Cancer Moonshot 2020: a new march of clinical and translational medicine.

PMID- 26965929
TI  - Localization of tamoxifen in human breast cancer tumors by MALDI mass
      spectrometry imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen is used in endocrine treatment of breast cancer to inhibit
      estrogen signaling. A set of stratified ER-positive and ER-negative tumor
      sections was subjected to manual deposition of tamoxifen solution in order to
      investigate its spatial distribution upon exposure to interaction within thin
      tissue sections. METHODS: The localization of tamoxifen in tumor sections was
      assessed by matrix assisted laser deposition/ionization mass spectrometry
      imaging. The images of extracted ion maps were analyzed for comparison of signal
      intensity distributions. RESULTS: The precursor ion of tamoxifen (m/z 372.233)
      displayed heterogeneous signal intensity distributions in histological
      compartments of tumor tissue sections. The levels of tamoxifen in tumor cells
      compared with stroma were higher in ER-positive tissues, whereas ER-negative
      tissue sections showed lower signal intensities in tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: The
      experimental model was successfully applied on frozen tumor samples allowing for
      differentiation between ER groups based on distribution of tamoxifen.

PMID- 26965928
TI  - The potential of deferasirox as a novel therapeutic modality in gastric cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron is a crucial element for cell proliferation, growth, and
      metabolism. However, excess iron and altered iron metabolism are both associated
      with tumor initiation and tumor growth. Deferasirox is an oral iron chelator.
      Although some studies have indicated that deferasirox is a promising candidate
      for anti-cancer therapies, its effectiveness against gastric cancer has not yet
      been determined. This study was conducted to determine whether deferasirox exerts
      anti-tumor effects in gastric cancer cell lines and whether deferasirox and
      cisplatin act synergistically. METHODS: Four human gastric cancer cell lines
      (AGS, MKN-28, SNU-484, and SNU-638) were treated with various concentrations of
      deferasirox to determine the IC50 for each cell line. The effects of deferasirox
      on the cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the effects of
      deferasirox on iron metabolism, the cell cycle, and apoptosis were assessed by
      Western blotting. To determine whether deferasirox enhances the effect of
      cisplatin, AGS cells were cultured in the presence and absence of cisplatin.
      RESULTS: Deferasirox inhibited the proliferation of all gastric cancer cell lines
      as assessed by MTT assays. Since the IC50 of deferasirox was the lowest (below 10
      MUM) in AGS cells, subsequent experiments were performed in this line.
      Deferasirox upregulated transferrin receptor 1 expression and decreased
      ferroportin expression. Moreover, deferasirox induced G1 arrest; upregulated p21,
      p27, and p53 expression; and downregulated cyclin D1, cyclin B, and CDK4
      expression. Furthermore, deferasirox induced apoptosis, upregulated N-myc
      downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), and downregulated p-mTOR and c-myc
      expression. It was also found to act synergistically with cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results suggest that deferasirox may exert anti-tumor effects in the context
      of gastric cancer. Deferasirox affects a number of different pathways and
      molecules; for instance, deferasirox upregulates NDRG1 expression, inhibits the
      cell cycle, downregulates mTOR and c-myc expression, and induces apoptosis. In
      addition, deferasirox appears to potentiate the anti-cancer effects of cisplatin.
      Although the efficacy of deferasirox remains to be tested in future studies, the
      results presented here indicate that deferasirox is a promising novel anti-cancer
      therapeutic agent.

PMID- 26965931
TI  - Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Structural and Valvular Heart
      Disease Interventions.
AB  - The field of percutaneous interventions for the treatment of structural and
      valvular heart diseases has been expanding rapidly in the last 5 years.
      Noninvasive cardiac imaging has been a critical part of the planning, procedural
      guidance, and follow-up of these procedures. Although echocardiography and
      cardiovascular computed tomography are the most commonly used and studied imaging
      techniques in this field today, advances in cardiovascular magnetic resonance
      imaging continue to provide important contributions in the comprehensive
      assessment and management of these patients. In this comprehensive paper, we will
      review and demonstrate how cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging can be used
      to assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up of patients who are
      being considered for and/or who have undergone interventions for structural and
      valvular heart diseases. 

PMID- 26965933
TI  - Can't Bare It Any Longer.

PMID- 26965932
TI  - Is Bare-Metal Stent Implantation Still Justifiable in High Bleeding Risk Patients
      Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention?: A Pre-Specified Analysis From the
      ZEUS Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the ischemic and bleeding outcomes
      of patients fulfilling high bleeding risk (HBR) criteria who were randomized to
      zotarolimus-eluting Endeavor Sprint stent (E-ZES) or bare-metal stent (BMS)
      implantation followed by an abbreviated dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration
      for stable or unstable coronary artery disease. BACKGROUND: DES instead of BMS
      use remains controversial in HBR patients, in whom long-term DAPT poses safety
      concerns. METHODS: The ZEUS (Zotarolimus-Eluting Endeavor Sprint Stent in
      Uncertain DES Candidates) is a multinational, randomized single-blinded trial
      that randomized among others, in a stratified manner, 828 patients fulfilling pre
      defined clinical or biochemical HBR criteria-including advanced age, indication
      to oral anticoagulants or other pro-hemorrhagic medications, history of bleeding
      and known anemia-to receive E-ZES or BMS followed by a protocol-mandated 30-day
      DAPT regimen. The primary endpoint of the study was the 12-month major adverse
      cardiovascular event rate, consisting of death, myocardial infarction, or target
      vessel revascularization. RESULTS: Compared with patients without, those with 1
      or more HBR criteria had worse outcomes, owing to higher ischemic and bleeding
      risks. Among HBR patients, major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 22.6%
      of the E-ZES and 29% of the BMS patients (hazard ratio: 0.75; 95% confidence
      interval: 0.57 to 0.98; p = 0.033), driven by lower myocardial infarction (3.5%
      vs. 10.4%; p < 0.001) and target vessel revascularization (5.9% vs. 11.4%; p =
      0.005) rates in the E-ZES arm. The composite of definite or probable stent
      thrombosis was significantly reduced in E-ZES recipients, whereas bleeding events
      did not differ between stent groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among HBR patients with stable
      or unstable coronary artery disease, E-ZES implantation provides superior
      efficacy and safety as compared with conventional BMS. (Zotarolimus-Eluting
      Endeavor Sprint Stent in Uncertain DES Candidates [ZEUS]; NCT01385319).

PMID- 26965934
TI  - The Dilemma of Selecting Patients for Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds in Our
      Daily Routine: Neither Too Much Nor Too Little!

PMID- 26965935
TI  - Long-Term Outcome of Alcohol Septal Ablation for Obstructive Hypertrophic
      Cardiomyopathy in the Young and the Elderly.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of alcohol septal
      ablation (ASA) in young and elderly patients with obstructive hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (HCM). BACKGROUND: The American College of Cardiology
      Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines reserve ASA for elderly patients
      and patients with serious comorbidities. Information on long-term age-specific
      outcomes after ASA is scarce. METHODS: This cohort study included 217 HCM
      patients (age 54 +/- 12 years) who underwent ASA because of symptomatic left
      ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Patients were divided into young (age <=55
      years) and elderly (age >55 years) groups and matched by age in a 1:1 fashion to
      nonobstructive HCM patients. RESULTS: Atrioventricular block following ASA was
      more common in elderly patients (43% vs. 21%; p = 0.001), resulting in pacemaker
      implantation in 13% and 5%, respectively (p = 0.06). Residual left ventricular
      outflow tract gradient, post-procedural New York Heart Association functional
      class, and necessity for additional septal reduction therapy was comparable
      between age groups. During a follow-up of 7.6 +/- 4.6 years, 54 patients died.
      The 5- and 10-year survival following ASA was 95% and 90% in patients age <=55
      years and 93% and 82% in patients age >55 years, which was comparable to their
      control groups. The annual adverse arrhythmic event rate following ASA was
      0.7%/year in young patients and 1.4%/year in elderly patients, which was
      comparable to their control groups. CONCLUSIONS: ASA is similarly effective for
      reduction of symptoms in young and elderly patients; however, younger patients
      have a lower risk of procedure-related atrioventricular conduction disturbances.
      The long-term mortality rate and risk of adverse arrhythmic events following ASA
      are low, both in young and elderly patients, and are comparable to age-matched
      nonobstructive HCM patients.

PMID- 26965936
TI  - Patient Selection for Alcohol Septal Ablation: Does Age Matter?

PMID- 26965937
TI  - Transcarotid Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Feasibility and Safety.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and safety of
      transcarotid transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). BACKGROUND: Many
      candidates for TAVR have challenging vascular anatomy that precludes transfemoral
      access. Transcarotid arterial access may be an option for such patients. METHODS:
      The French Transcarotid TAVR Registry is a voluntary database that prospectively
      collected patient demographics, procedural characteristics, and clinical outcomes
      among patients undergoing transcarotid TAVR. Outcomes are reported according to
      the updated Valve Academic Research Consortium criteria. RESULTS: Among 96
      patients undergoing transcarotid TAVR at 3 French sites (2009 to 2013), the mean
      age and Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality were 79.4 +/-
      9.2 years and 7.1 +/- 4.1%, respectively. Successful carotid artery access was
      achieved in all patients. The Medtronic CoreValve (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis,
      Minnesota) (n = 89; 92.7%) and Edwards SAPIEN valves (Edwards Lifesciences,
      Irvine, California) (n = 7; 7.3%) were used. Procedural complications included:
      valve embolization (3.1%), requirement for a second valve (3.1%), and tamponade
      (4.2%). There were no major bleeds or major vascular complications related to the
      access site. There were 3 (3.1%) procedural deaths and 6 (6.3%) deaths at 30
      days. The 1-year mortality rate was 16.7%. There were 3 (3.1%) cases of Valve
      Academic Research Consortium-defined in-hospital stroke (n = 0) or transient
      ischemic attack (TIA) (n = 3). None of these patients achieved the criteria for
      stroke and none manifested new ischemic lesions on cerebral computed tomography
      or magnetic resonance imaging. At 30 days, a further 3 TIAs were observed, giving
      an overall stroke/TIA rate of 6.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Transcarotid vascular access for
      TAVR is feasible and is associated with encouraging short- and medium-term
      clinical outcomes. Prospective studies are required to ascertain if transcarotid
      TAVR yields equivalent results to other nonfemoral vascular access routes.

PMID- 26965938
TI  - How Many Roads Lead to Rome?

PMID- 26965939
TI  - Public Reporting of Mortality After PCI in Cardiac Arrest and Cardiogenic Shock:
      An Opinion From the Interventional Council and the Board of Governors of the
      American College of Cardiology.

PMID- 26965940
TI  - Novel 3-Dimensional Vessel and Scaffold Reconstruction Methodology for the
      Assessment of Strut-Level Wall Shear Stress After Deployment of Bioresorbable
      Vascular Scaffolds From the ABSORB III Imaging Substudy.

PMID- 26965941
TI  - A Remedy to the Paradoxical Increase of Femoral Access Complications: A Full
      Switch to the Radial Route for Cardiac Catheterization.

PMID- 26965942
TI  - Reply: A Remedy to the Paradoxical Increase of Femoral Access Complications: A
      Full Switch to the Radial Route for Cardiac Catheterization.

PMID- 26965943
TI  - DCB and Dissections: In Search of a Good Balance Between Enthusiasm and
      Scientific Strictness.

PMID- 26965944
TI  - Mathematics and Cardiovascular Interventions: Role of the Finite Element Modeling
      in Clinical Decision Making.

PMID- 26965945
TI  - Patient-Specific Computer Modeling to Predict Aortic Regurgitation After
      Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

PMID- 26965946
TI  - Response to a Differing Perspective: The Real Issues Related to Public Reporting
      Around Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

PMID- 26965947
TI  - Chenodeoxycholic acid reduces feed intake and modulates the expression of
      hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens.
AB  - Bile acids have recently become an emerging research hot spot in mammals due to
      their roles as metabolic regulators and molecular signatures controlling whole
      body metabolic homeostasis. Such effects are still unknown in avian (non
      mammalian) species. We, therefore, undertook this study to determine the effect
      of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on growth performance and on the expression of
      hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic genes in broiler chickens.
      Chickens fed with diet-containing 0.1% or 0.5% CDCA for two weeks exhibited a
      significant and a dose dependent reduction of feed intake and body weight
      compared to the control (standard diet). These changes were accompanied with a
      significant decrease in plasma glucose levels at d10 and d15 post-treatment. At
      molecular levels, CDCA treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of
      feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides (NPY, AgRP, ORX, CRH, Ghrl, and MC1R)
      and down-regulated the hypothalamic expression of SOCS3. CDCA treatment also
      decreased the mRNA levels of key hepatic lipogenic genes (FAS, ACCalpha, ME,
      ATPcl, and SCD-1) and their related transcription factors SREBP-1/2 and
      PPARalpha. In addition, CDCA reduced the hepatic expression of FXR and the
      adipokine, visfatin, and adiponectin genes compared to the control. Together, our
      data provide evidence that CDCA alters growth performances in broilers and
      modulates the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and hepatic lipogenic and
      adipocytokine genes.

PMID- 26965948
TI  - Effect of Letrozole, a selective aromatase inhibitor, on testicular activities in
      adult mice: Both in vivo and in vitro study.
AB  - The aim of present study was to evaluate the significance of estradiol (E2) in
      testicular activities and to find out the mechanism by which E2 regulates
      spermatogenesis in mice. To achieve this, both in vivo and in vitro effect of
      Letrozole on testis of adult mice was investigated. Letrozole-induced changes in
      testicular histology, cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen;
      PCNA), cell survival (B cell lymphoma factor-2; Bcl2), apoptotic (cysteine
      aspartic proteases; caspase-3), steroidogenic (side chain cleavage; SCC, 3beta
      hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase enzyme; 3beta HSD, steroidogenic acute regulatory
      protein; StAR, aromatase and luteinizing hormone receptor; LH-R) markers, glucose
      level, and rate of expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) 8 and insulin
      receptor (IR) proteins in the testis along with changes in serum E2 and
      testosterone (T) levels were evaluated. Letrozole acts on testis and caused
      significant decrease in E2 synthesis, but increase in testosterone level and
      showed regressive changes in the spermatogenesis. Letrozole-induced changes in
      various testicular markers were compared with the changes in serum E2 level. The
      correlation study showed that decreased circulating E2 level may be responsible
      for decreased insulin receptor (IR) level in the testis. The decreased effects of
      insulin inhibited the glucose transport in the testis by suppressing GLUT8. The
      decreased level of testicular glucose may produce less lactate as energy support
      to developing germ cells consequently resulting in decreased cell proliferation
      and cell survival, but increased apoptosis. Thus, Letrozole suppresses
      spermatogenesis by reducing insulin sensitivity and glucose transport in the
      testis, but significantly increased testosterone level by promoting gonadotrophin
      release by decreased E2.

PMID- 26965949
TI  - Wound-healing ability is conserved during periods of chronic stress and costly
      life history events in a wild-caught bird.
AB  - Chronic stress, potentially through the actions of corticosterone, is thought to
      directly impair the function of immune cells. However, chronic stress may also
      have an indirect effect by influencing allocation of energy, ultimately shifting
      resources away from the immune system. If so, the effects of chronic stress on
      immune responses may be greater during energetically-costly life history events.
      To test whether the effects of chronic stress on immune responses differ during
      expensive life history events we measured wound healing rate in molting and non
      molting European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) exposed to control or chronic
      stress conditions. To determine whether corticosterone correlated with wound
      healing rates before starting chronic stress, we measured baseline and stress
      induced corticosterone and two estimates of corticosterone release and
      regulation, negative feedback (using dexamethasone injection), and maximal
      capacity of the adrenals to secrete corticosterone (using adrenocorticotropin
      hormone [ACTH] injection). After 8days of exposure to chronic stress, we wounded
      both control and chronically stressed birds and monitored healing daily. We
      monitored nighttime heart rate, which strongly correlates with energy
      expenditure, and body mass throughout the study. Measures of corticosterone did
      not differ with molt status. Contrary to work on lizards and small mammals, all
      birds, regardless of stress or molt status, fully-healed wounds at similar rates.
      Although chronic stress did not influence healing rates, individuals with low
      baseline corticosterone or strong negative feedback had faster healing rates than
      individuals with high baseline corticosterone or weak negative feedback. In
      addition, wound healing does appear to be linked to energy expenditure and body
      mass. Non-molting, chronically stressed birds decreased nighttime heart rate
      during healing, but this pattern did not exist in molting birds. Additionally,
      birds of heavier body mass at the start of the experiment healed wounds more
      rapidly than lighter birds. Finally, chronically stressed birds lost body mass at
      the start of chronic stress, but after wounding all birds regardless of stress or
      molt status started gaining weight, which continued for the remainder of the
      study. Increased body mass could suggest compensatory feeding to offset energetic
      or resource demands (e.g., proteins) of wound healing. Although chronic stress
      did not inhibit healing, our data suggest that corticosterone may play an
      important role in mediating healing processes and that molt could influence
      energy saving tactics during periods of chronic stress. Although the experiment
      was designed to test allostasis, interpretation of data through reactive scope
      appears to be a better fit.

PMID- 26965950
TI  - In-vitro and in-vivo biological activity of recombinant yellowtail kingfish
      (Seriola lalandi) follicle stimulating hormone.
AB  - Biologically active recombinant yellowtail kingfish follicle stimulating hormone
      (rytkFsh) was produced in yeast Pichia pastoris and its biological activity was
      demonstrated by both in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays. Incubation of ovarian and
      testicular fragments with the recombinant hormone stimulated E2 and 11-KT
      secretion, respectively. In-vivo trial in immature female YTK resulted in a
      significant increase of plasma E2 levels and development of oocytes. In males at
      the early stages of puberty, advancement of spermatogenesis was observed, however
      plasma 11-KT levels were reduced when administered with rytkFsh.

PMID- 26965952
TI  - Prolactin is related to individual differences in parental behavior and
      reproductive success in a biparental passerine, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia
      guttata).
AB  - Variation in parental care can lead to important fitness consequences. The
      endocrine system is known to regulate physiological and behavioral reproductive
      traits that are important contributors to lifetime reproductive success. However,
      the hormonal basis of variation in avian parental care is still not well
      understood. Plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations are generally high during post
      hatch parental care in birds, and may be a candidate mechanism that regulates
      variation in parental care and other reproductive success outcomes. Here we
      analyze the relationship between PRL, parental behavior (chick brooding and
      feeding) and reproductive success outcomes (clutch size, number of chicks
      hatched, and chick survival) for the first time in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia
      guttata). Birds were given cabergoline, a dopamine agonist traditionally used to
      lower prolactin in mammals, or vehicle in their food. Cabergoline had no effect
      on prolactin concentrations, but across both groups we found that PRL is
      positively correlated with parental behavior, number of chicks hatched, and chick
      survival, but not clutch size. Results from this study will inform hypotheses and
      predictions for future manipulation studies which test for a causal role for PRL
      in parental traits.

PMID- 26965951
TI  - Expression of stress hormones AVP and CRH in the hypothalamus of Mus musculus
      following water and food deprivation.
AB  - Neurohypophyseal hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), in addition to acting as
      antidiuretic hormone is also considered to be stress hormone like hypothalamic
      corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Present study was designed to investigate
      the relative response of these stress hormones during water and food deprivation.
      In this study, male laboratory mice of Swiss strain were divided in 5 groups,
      control - provided water and food ad libitum, two experimental groups water
      deprived for 2 and 4days respectively (WD2 and WD4) and another two groups food
      deprived for 2 and 4days respectively (FD2 and FD4). Results indicate an
      increased expression of AVP mRNA as well as peptide in the hypothalamus of WD2
      mice and the expression was further upregulated after 4days of water deprivation
      but the expression of CRH remained unchanged compare to their respective
      controls. On the other hand no change was observed in the expression of
      hypothalamic AVP mRNA while AVP peptide increased significantly in FD2 and FD4
      mice compare to control. Further, the expression of CRH mRNA although increased
      in hypothalamus of both FD2 and FD4 mice, the immunofluorescent staining shows
      decreased expression of CRH in PVN of food deprived mice. Based on these findings
      it is concluded that since during osmotic stress only AVP expression is
      upregulated but during metabolic stress i.e. food deprivation transcription and
      translation of both the stress hormones are differentially regulated. Further, it
      is suggested that role of AVP and CRH may be stress specific.

PMID- 26965953
TI  - Effects of the fish spawning inducer ovaprim on vasotocin receptor gene
      expression in brain and ovary of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis with a note
      on differential transcript expression in ovarian follicles.
AB  - Ovaprim (OVP), a commercial formulation of a salmon GnRH analogue and the
      dopamine receptor-2 blocker domperidone, is a successful spawning inducer for
      fish breeding. It induces a preovulatory surge in LH, which stimulates the
      synthesis of a maturation-inducing steroid (MIS, 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3
      one) that initiates germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and ovulation.
      Coincidently, the OVP treatment also stimulates vasotocin (VT) secretion in the
      brain and ovary of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis that also stimulates the
      synthesis of the MIS. VT mediates its effect through V1- and V2-type receptors.
      In the present study in the catfish, we report that OVP stimulates the expression
      of VT receptor genes v1a1, v1a2 and v2a in the brain and ovary. A single
      intraperitoneal administration of OVP (0.5MUL/g body weight) or incubation of
      post-vitellogenic ovarian follicles with 5MUL/mL OVP, for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and
      24h stimulated ovulation and GVBD, respectively, in a time-dependent manner. The
      OVP treatment in vivo stimulated brain VT receptor transcript levels 4h onwards.
      The peak expression was noticed at 12h (v1a1), 8 and 12h (v1a2), and 8, 12 and
      16h (v2a), coinciding with FOM and ovulation. The VT receptor genes are expressed
      in the ovarian follicles compartmentally; both v1a1 and v1a2 are expressed in the
      isolated follicular layer (theca and granulosa) but absent in denuded oocytes.
      V2a is expressed in the denuded oocytes and not in the follicular layer. The OVP
      injection stimulated the v1a1 and v1a2 expression from 4h onwards in both intact
      follicle and isolated follicular layer, the peak expression was observed at 16h.
      The v2a expression was up-regulated in both intact follicles and denuded oocytes
      at 4h (denuded oocytes) or 8h (intact follicle) onwards with the peak expression
      at 12h and 16h (denuded oocytes) or at 16h (intact follicles). Under in vitro
      conditions, the OVP incubations elicited similar pattern of changes with the peak
      stimulation at 16h for all the genes. In conclusion, the VT receptor genes are
      differentially expressed in the ovarian follicles and OVP induced periovulatory
      stimulation of the VT receptor genes, coinciding with FOM and ovulation.

PMID- 26965954
TI  - Prediction of Scylla olivacea (Crustacea; Brachyura) peptide hormones using
      publicly accessible transcriptome shotgun assembly (TSA) sequences.
AB  - The aquaculture of crabs from the genus Scylla is of increasing economic
      importance for many Southeast Asian countries. Expansion of Scylla farming has
      led to increased efforts to understand the physiology and behavior of these
      crabs, and as such, there are growing molecular resources for them. Here,
      publicly accessible Scylla olivacea transcriptomic data were mined for putative
      peptide-encoding transcripts; the proteins deduced from the identified sequences
      were then used to predict the structures of mature peptide hormones. Forty-nine
      pre/preprohormone-encoding transcripts were identified, allowing for the
      prediction of 187 distinct mature peptides. The identified peptides included
      isoforms of adipokinetic hormone-corazonin-like peptide, allatostatin A,
      allatostatin B, allatostatin C, bursicon beta, CCHamide, corazonin, crustacean
      cardioactive peptide, crustacean hyperglycemic hormone/molt-inhibiting hormone,
      diuretic hormone 31, eclosion hormone, FMRFamide-like peptide, HIGSLYRamide,
      insulin-like peptide, intocin, leucokinin, myosuppressin, neuroparsin,
      neuropeptide F, orcokinin, pigment dispersing hormone, pyrokinin, red pigment
      concentrating hormone, RYamide, short neuropeptide F, SIFamide and tachykinin
      related peptide, all well-known neuropeptide families. Surprisingly, the tissue
      used to generate the transcriptome mined here is reported to be testis. Whether
      or not the testis samples had neural contamination is unknown. However, if the
      peptides are truly produced by this reproductive organ, it could have far
      reaching consequences for the study of crustacean endocrinology, particularly in
      the area of reproductive control. Regardless, this peptidome is the largest thus
      far predicted for any brachyuran (true crab) species, and will serve as a
      foundation for future studies of peptidergic control in members of the
      commercially important genus Scylla.

PMID- 26965955
TI  - Immune-endocrine crosstalk during pregnancy.
AB  - The success of pregnancy depends mostly on a synchronized immune-endocrine
      crosstalk at the maternal-fetal interface. Hormones are important in terms of
      maintaining the suitable environment and sufficient nutrition for the developing
      fetus. They also play a major role during the process of parturition and
      lactation. Maternal immunomodulation is important for the tolerance of
      semiallogeneic fetus. This is achieved in concert with a variety of endocrine
      stimulation. Estrogen, progesterone, and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin play a
      major role in immune modulation during pregnancy. Hormones modulate B cells,
      dendritic cells, uterine natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils to adopt
      fetal friendly immune phenotypes. Recently the use of hormones in assisted
      reproductive technology has been found to improve the pregnancy outcome. The
      present review focuses on the pregnancy-related hormones, their role in
      immunomodulation for successful pregnancy outcome. This also shed light on the
      immune-endocrine crosstalk at maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy.

PMID- 26965957
TI  - Development of edge-activated liposomes for siRNA delivery to human basal
      epidermis for melanoma therapy.
AB  - Delivery of macromolecules such as siRNA into cells that reside in the basal
      epidermis of the skin is a major challenge due to the transport barriers that
      need to be overcome. siRNAs have potential therapeutic applications in various
      dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and cancer.
      Unfortunately, a low permeability of siRNA through the stratum corneum and
      epidermis has significantly limited its use for topical application. The
      objective of this study was to develop a topical siRNA delivery system that can
      permeate through the stratum corneum and viable epidermis and efficiently deposit
      therapeutic levels of siRNA to the basal epidermis/upper dermis where melanoma
      cells reside. To achieve this objective, a series of liposome compositions that
      contained various concentrations of edge activator in their structures were
      prepared and then complexed with siRNA at different ratios to generate a small
      library of liposome-siRNA complexes (lipoplexes) with different physicochemical
      properties. In this study we used melanoma as a disease model. Through use of
      quantitative imaging analysis, we identified the necessary design parameters for
      effective permeation of lipoplexes through the skin layers and deposition at the
      upper dermis. The ability of the formulated lipoplexes to internalize into
      melanoma cells, knockdown the expression of the BRAF protein and induce cell
      death in melanoma cells was studied by fluorescent microscopy, in-cell
      immunofluorescence assay and WST-1 cell proliferation assay. By providing direct
      quantitative and qualitative microscopy evidence, the results of this study
      demonstrate for the first time that the passive delivery of an edge-activated
      liposomal formulation can effectively carry siRNA through the stratum corneum and
      deposit it at the lower epidermis/upper dermis. 

PMID- 26965958
TI  - Statistical analysis of differences in turnover times among operating theatres.

PMID- 26965956
TI  - Seeing is believing, PLGA microsphere degradation revealed in PLGA
      microsphere/PVA hydrogel composites.
AB  - The aim of this study was to understand the polymer degradation and drug release
      mechanism from PLGA microspheres embedded in a PVA hydrogel. Two types of
      microspheres were prepared with different molecular weight PLGA polymers
      (approximately 25 and 7 kDa) to achieve different drug release profiles, with a 9
      day lag phase and without a lag phase, respectively. The kinetics of water uptake
      into the microspheres coincided with the drug release profiles for both
      formulations. For the 25 kDa microspheres, minimal water uptake was observed in
      the early part of the lag phase followed by substantial water uptake at the later
      stages and in the drug release phase. For the 7 kDa microspheres, water uptake
      occurred simultaneously with drug release. Water uptake was approximately 2-3
      times that of the initial microsphere weight for both formulations. The internal
      structure of the PLGA microspheres was evaluated using low temperature scanning
      electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Burst drug release occurred followed by pore
      forming from the exterior to the core of both microspheres. A well-defined
      hydrogel/microsphere interface was observed. For the 25 kDa microspheres,
      internal pore formation and swelling occurred before the second drug release
      phase. The surface layer of the microspheres remained intact whereas swelling,
      and degradation of the core continued throughout the drug release period. In
      addition, microsphere swelling reduced glucose transport through the coatings in
      PBS media and this was considered to be a as a consequence of the increased
      thickness of the coatings. The combination of the swelling and microdialysis
      results provides a fresh understanding on the competing processes affecting
      molecular transport of bioanalytes (i.e. glucose) through these composite
      coatings during prolonged exposure in PBS.

PMID- 26965959
TI  - Response to: 'Statistical analysis of differences in turnover times among
      operating theatres' by Dexter.

PMID- 26965960
TI  - An Intestinal Inflammasome - The ILC3-Cytokine Tango.
AB  - The inflammasome is a key regulator of immune responses in the gut. Two recent
      studies in the journal Cell demonstrate that epithelial inflammasome activation
      and IL-18 secretion can control intestinal homeostasis or induce
      autoinflammation. ILC3 cells are triggered to secrete IL-22, regulating IL-18
      expression in epithelial cells, in turn modulating homeostasis and inflammation. 

PMID- 26965961
TI  - 'Mitotherapy' for Heart Failure.
AB  - Abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics along with those for the molecular
      mediators involved are presently being viewed with increased interest in the
      field of cardiovascular disease. Recent research highlights OPA1, a dynamin-like
      GTPase mediating mitochondrial fusion, as well as the 'mitoproteases' OMA1 and
      YME1L, as potential therapeutic targets against heart failure. 

PMID- 26965962
TI  - Zika virus infection-the next wave after dengue?
AB  - Zika virus was initially discovered in east Africa about 70 years ago and
      remained a neglected arboviral disease in Africa and Southeast Asia. The virus
      first came into the limelight in 2007 when it caused an outbreak in Micronesia.
      In the ensuing decade, it spread widely in other Pacific islands, after which its
      incursion into Brazil in 2015 led to a widespread epidemic in Latin America. In
      most infected patients the disease is relatively benign. Serious complications
      include Guillain-Barre syndrome and congenital infection which may lead to
      microcephaly and maculopathy. Aedes mosquitoes are the main vectors, in
      particular, Ae. aegypti. Ae. albopictus is another potential vector. Since the
      competent mosquito vectors are highly prevalent in most tropical and subtropical
      countries, introduction of the virus to these areas could readily result in
      endemic transmission of the disease. The priorities of control include
      reinforcing education of travellers to and residents of endemic areas, preventing
      further local transmission by vectors, and an integrated vector management
      programme. The container habitats of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus means
      engagement of the community and citizens is of utmost importance to the success
      of vector control. 

PMID- 26965963
TI  - The Problem of Treating Unexplained Chronic Cough.

PMID- 26965964
TI  - Use of Parenteral Prostanoids: Important Insights for CHEST Physicians.

PMID- 26965965
TI  - Don't Wait for COPD to Treat Tobacco Use.

PMID- 26965966
TI  - Giants in Chest Medicine: Leonardo M. Fabbri, MD.

PMID- 26965967
TI  - POINT: Does the United States Need More Intensivist Physicians? Yes.

PMID- 26965968
TI  - COUNTERPOINT: Does the United States Need More Intensivist Physicians? No.

PMID- 26965969
TI  - Rebuttal From Dr Davidson.

PMID- 26965970
TI  - Rebuttal From Dr Rubenfeld.

PMID- 26965975
TI  - A Cancer That Went Up in Smoke: Pulmonary Reaction to e-Cigarettes Imitating
      Metastatic Cancer.
AB  - e-Cigarettes have gained worldwide popularity as a substitute for smoking, but
      concern has been raised regarding the long-term effects associated with their
      use. We report a case of a 45-year-old female consumer of e-cigarettes who
      presented with 4 months of abdominal pain and fever. Initial imaging discovered
      multiple pulmonary nodules and liver lesions suspicious of widespread metastases;
      however, an extensive evaluation found no evidence of malignancy. Results of a
      lung biopsy revealed an area with multinucleated giant cells suggestive of a
      foreign body reaction to a lipophilic material. Upon cessation of e-cigarette use
      (known as vaping), the lung nodules disappeared, and the liver lesions regressed.
      Our case report suggests that vaping can induce an inflammatory reaction
      mimicking metastatic cancer.

PMID- 26965976
TI  - Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients Treated for Hepatitis C With
      Sofosbuvir.
AB  - Development of direct-acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has
      changed the management of chronic HCV infection. We report three cases of newly
      diagnosed or exacerbated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients
      treated with sofosbuvir. All patients had PAH-associated comorbidities (HIV
      coinfection in two, portal hypertension in one) and one was already being treated
      for PAH. At admission, all patients presented with syncope, World Health
      Organization functional class IV, right-sided heart failure, and extremely severe
      hemodynamic parameters. After specific PAH therapy, the clinical and hemodynamic
      properties for all patients were improved. Severity and acuteness of PAH, as well
      as chronology, could suggest a causal link between HCV treatment and PAH onset.
      We hypothesize that suppression of HCV replication promotes a decrease in
      vasodilatory inflammatory mediators leading to worsening of underlying PAH. The
      current report suggests that sofosbuvir-based therapy may be associated with
      severe PAH.

PMID- 26965977
TI  - A 33-Year-Old Man With a History of Intravenous Drug Use and Fevers.

PMID- 26965978
TI  - A 38-Year-Old Woman With an Osteolytic Rib Lesion.
AB  - A 38-year-old black woman with a medical history significant for hypertension and
      depression presented to the emergency department with a 2-week history of lower
      back pain. This visit was her second in 1 week with the same symptoms, after
      attaining minimal pain relief with cyclobenzaprine.

PMID- 26965979
TI  - A 45-Year-Old Woman With 3 Weeks of Cough and Night Sweats.
AB  - A 45-year-old woman who received a renal transplant 7 years prior presented with
      a 3-week history of low-grade fever, night sweats, and a dry cough with scant
      sputum production. Additionally, she reported generalized weakness and increased
      fatigability. She denied hemoptysis or weight loss, and there had been no change
      in medication or foreign travel. She had no history of latent tuberculosis or
      sick contacts. She had recently relocated to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She was
      sexually active with her boyfriend who worked as a prison guard. She also
      reported that she was briefly incarcerated 7 years ago shortly after her renal
      transplantation. Her immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate,
      and prednisone.

PMID- 26965980
TI  - A 26-Year-Old Woman With a Small Right Lung and a Right-Sided Heart.
AB  - A 26-year-old woman presented with abnormal findings on a chest radiograph. She
      had no significant history other than a fever 4 months prior to presentation that
      had resolved without a definite cause identified. She denied cough, shortness of
      breath, chest pain, history of smoking, environmental exposures, or prior
      pregnancies. She remained physically active.

PMID- 26965981
TI  - Antibodies to infliximab in Remicade-treated rheumatic patients show identical
      reactivity towards biosimilars.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether antibodies to
      infliximab (IFX) in Remicade-treated patients cross-react with the biosimilar CT
      P13. METHODS: 250 consecutive patients with rheumatic diseases under Remicade and
      77 controls were retrospectively selected for the study. Anti-IFX antibodies at
      drug through levels were measured in parallel with three different bridging ELISA
      assays: Promonitor-ANTI-IFX kit, which uses Remicade to detect antibodies, and
      two more assays that use either Inflectra or Remsima with the same format.
      Correlation and association between each assay was studied. RESULTS: 50.4% of
      patients were tested positive with Promonitor-ANTI-IFX. All were antibodies to
      IFX (ATI)-positive when either Inflectra or Remsima assays were used. In all
      comparisons positive and negative percentage agreements were 100%, and
      correlation coefficients were >=0.995. No differences between rheumatoid
      arthritis and spondyloarthritis, or between concomitant immunosuppressives, were
      observed. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-IFX antibodies of Remicade-treated patients cross
      react with either Inflectra or Remsima. Although additional epitopes may be
      present in the biosimilar, results suggest that epitopes influencing the immune
      response to IFX are also present in the biosimilar. Antibody-positive patients
      treated with Remicade should not be switched to the biosimilar, since antibodies
      will interact with the new drug and potentially lead to loss of response. This
      finding supports the utility for therapeutic drug monitoring before a switching
      strategy is considered.

PMID- 26965982
TI  - Should 2016 Criteria for Macrophage Activation Syndrome be applied in children
      with Kawasaki disease, as well as with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic
      arthritis?

PMID- 26965983
TI  - Low dose of fish oil in osteoarthritis: low effect?

PMID- 26965984
TI  - Three routes to crypsis: Stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias
      species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae).
AB  - Evolutionary inference can be complicated by morphological crypsis, particularly
      in open marine systems that may rapidly dissipate signals of evolutionary
      processes. These complications may be alleviated by studying systems with simpler
      histories and clearer boundaries, such as marine lakes-small bodies of seawater
      entirely surrounded by land. As an example, we consider the jellyfish Mastigias
      spp. which occurs in two ecotypes, one in marine lakes and one in coastal oceanic
      habitats, throughout the Indo-West Pacific (IWP). We tested three evolutionary
      hypotheses to explain the current distribution of the ecotypes: (H1) the ecotypes
      originated from an ancient divergence; (H2) the lake ecotype was derived recently
      from the ocean ecotype during a single divergence event; and (H3) the lake
      ecotype was derived from multiple, recent, independent, divergences. We collected
      specimens from 21 locations throughout the IWP, reconstructed multilocus
      phylogenetic and intraspecific relationships, and measured variation in up to 40
      morphological characters. The species tree reveals three reciprocally
      monophyletic regional clades, two of which contain ocean and lake ecotypes,
      suggesting repeated, independent evolution of coastal ancestors into marine lake
      ecotypes, consistent with H3; hypothesis testing and an intraspecific haplotype
      network analysis of samples from Palau reaffirms this result. Phylogenetic
      character mapping strongly correlates morphology to environment rather than
      lineage (r=0.7512, p<0.00001). Considering also the deeper relationships among
      regional clades, morphological similarity in Mastigias spp. clearly results from
      three separate patterns of evolution: morphological stasis in ocean medusae,
      convergence of lake morphology across distinct species and parallelism between
      lake morphologies within species. That three evolutionary routes each result in
      crypsis illustrates the challenges of interpreting evolutionary processes from
      patterns of biogeography and diversity in the seas. Identifying cryptic species
      is only the first step in understanding these processes; an equally important
      second step is exploring and understanding the processes and patterns that create
      crypsis.

PMID- 26965985
TI  - Glycyrrhizin Protects against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury via
      Alleviating Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Mediated Apoptosis.
AB  - Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of drug-induced acute liver
      failure in Western countries. Glycyrrhizin (GL), a potent hepatoprotective
      constituent extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine liquorice, has
      potential clinical use in treating APAP-induced liver failure. The present study
      determined the hepatoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of action of GL
      and its active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Various administration routes
      and pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analyses were used to differentiate the
      effects of GL and GA on APAP toxicity in mice. Mice deficient in cytochrome P450
      2E1 enzyme (CYP2E1) or receptor interacting protein 3 (RIPK3) and their relative
      wild-type littermates were subjected to histologic and biochemical analyses to
      determine the potential mechanisms. Hepatocyte death mediated by tumor necrosis
      factoralpha(TNFalpha)/caspase was analyzed by use of human liver-derived LO2
      cells. The pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis using various
      administration routes revealed that GL but not GA potently attenuated APAP
      induced liver injury. The protective effect of GL was found only with
      intraperitoneal and intravenous administration and not with gastric
      administration. CYP2E1-mediated metabolic activation and RIPK3-mediated
      necroptosis were unrelated to GL's protective effect. However, GL inhibited
      hepatocyte apoptosis via interference with TNFalpha-induced apoptotic hepatocyte
      death. These results demonstrate that GL rapidly attenuates APAP-induced liver
      injury by directly inhibiting TNFalpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. The
      protective effect against APAP-induced liver toxicity by GL in mice suggests the
      therapeutic potential of GL for the treatment of APAP overdose. 

PMID- 26965986
TI  - CYP2D6 Is Inducible by Endogenous and Exogenous Corticosteroids.
AB  - Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 has been widely considered to be noninducible
      on the basis of human hepatocyte studies, in vivo data suggests that it is
      inducible by endo- and xenobiotics. Therefore, we investigated if the
      experimental conditions routinely used in human hepatocyte studies may be a
      confounding factor in the lack of in vitro induction of CYP2D6. Sandwich cultured
      human hepatocytes (SCHH) were preincubated with or without dexamethasone (100 nM)
      for 72 hours before incubation with 1MUM endogenous (cortisol or corticosterone)
      or exogenous (dexamethasone or prednisolone) corticosteroids. At 72 hours, CYP2D6
      mRNA, protein, and activity were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction, quantitative proteomics, and formation of dextrorphan from
      dextromethorphan, respectively. In the absence of supplemental dexamethasone,
      CYP2D6 activity, mRNA, and protein were significantly and robustly (>10-fold)
      induced by all four corticosteroids. However, this CYP2D6 induction was abolished
      in cells preincubated with supplemental dexamethasone. These data show, for the
      first time, that CYP2D6 is inducible in vitro but the routine presence of 100 nM
      dexamethasone in the culture medium masks this induction. Our cortisol data are
      in agreement with the clinical observation that CYP2D6 is inducible during the
      third trimester of pregnancy when the plasma concentrations of cortisol increase
      to ~1MUM. These findings, if confirmed in vivo, have implications for predicting
      CYP2D6-mediated drug-drug interactions and call for re-evaluation of regulatory
      guidelines on screening for CYP2D6 induction by xenobiotics. Our findings also
      suggest that cortisol may be a causative factor in the in vivo induction of
      CYP2D6 during pregnancy. 

PMID- 26965987
TI  - The ionization properties of cardiolipin and its variants in model bilayers.
AB  - The anionic phospholipid cardiolipin has an unusual dimeric structure with a two
      phosphate headgroup and four acyl chains. Cardiolipin is present in energy
      transducing membranes that maintain electrochemical gradients, including most
      bacterial plasma membranes and the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it
      mediates respiratory complex assembly and activation, among many other roles.
      Dysfunctional biogenesis of cardiolipin is implicated in the pathogenesis of
      several diseases including Barth syndrome. Because cardiolipin is a dominant
      anionic lipid in energy-conserving membranes, its headgroup is a major
      contributor to surface charge density and the bilayer electrostatic profile.
      However, the proton dissociation behavior of its headgroup remains controversial.
      In one model, the pKa values of the phosphates differ by several units and the
      headgroup exists as a monoanion at physiological pH. In another model, both
      phosphates ionize as strong acids with low pKa values and the headgroup exists in
      dianionic form at physiological pH. Using independent electrokinetic and
      spectroscopic approaches, coupled with analysis using Gouy-Chapman-Stern
      formalism, we have analyzed the ionization properties of cardiolipin within
      biologically relevant lipid bilayer model systems. We show that both phosphates
      of the cardiolipin headgroup show strong ionization behavior with low pKa values.
      Moreover, cardiolipin variants lacking structural features proposed to be
      required to maintain disparate pKa values--namely the secondary hydroxyl on the
      central glycerol or a full complement of four acyl chains--were shown to have
      ionization behavior identical to intact cardiolipin. Hence, these results
      indicate that within the physiological pH range, the cardiolipin headgroup is
      fully ionized as a dianion. We discuss the implications of these results with
      respect to the role of cardiolipin in defining membrane surface potential,
      activating respiratory complexes, and modulating membrane curvature.

PMID- 26965988
TI  - Antimicrobial peptides: Cell Membrane and Microbial Surface Interactions.

PMID- 26965989
TI  - Impact of environmental factors on the emergence, transmission and distribution
      of Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that poses a great
      threat to human health and economic well-being worldwide. The effects of
      environmental factors such as changing climate and human activities on the
      ecology of this protozoan are being discovered. Accumulated evidence shows that
      changes of these environmental factors can exert influence on the occurrence,
      transmission and distribution of T. gondii. This article reviews studies from
      different geographical regions with varying climates, social cultures and animal
      welfare standards. It aims to illustrate how these environmental factors work,
      highlighting their importance in influencing the ecology of T. gondii, as well as
      providing clues which may contribute to preventing transmission of this important
      zoonotic pathogen.

PMID- 26965990
TI  - Long-Term Condition Self-Management Support in Online Communities: A Meta
      Synthesis of Qualitative Papers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent years have seen an exponential increase in people with long
      term conditions using the Internet for information and support. Prior research
      has examined support for long-term condition self-management through the
      provision of illness, everyday, and emotional work in the context of traditional
      offline communities. However, less is known about how communities hosted in
      digital spaces contribute through the creation of social ties and the
      mobilization of an online illness "workforce." OBJECTIVE: The aim was to
      understand the negotiation of long-term condition illness work in patient online
      communities and how such work may assist the self-management of long-term
      conditions in daily life. METHODS: A systematic search of qualitative papers was
      undertaken using various online databases for articles published since 2004. A
      total of 21 papers met the inclusion criteria of using qualitative methods and
      examined the use of peer-led online communities for those with a long-term
      condition. A qualitative meta-synthesis was undertaken and the review followed a
      line of argument synthesis. RESULTS: The main themes identified in relation to
      the negotiation of self-management support were (1) redressing offline
      experiential information and knowledge deficits, (2) the influence of modeling
      and learning behaviors from others on self-management, (3) engagement that
      validates illness and negates offline frustrations, (4) tie formation and
      community building, (5) narrative expression and cathartic release, and (6)
      dissociative anonymity and invisibility. These translated into a line of argument
      synthesis in which four network mechanisms for self-management support in patient
      online communities were identified. These were (1) collective knowledge and
      identification through lived experience; (2) support, information, and engagement
      through readily accessible gifting relationships; (3) sociability that extends
      beyond illness; and (4) online disinhibition as a facilitator in the negotiation
      of self-management support. CONCLUSIONS: Social ties forged in online spaces
      provide the basis for performing relevant self-management work that can improve
      an individual's illness experience, tackling aspects of self-management that are
      particularly difficult to meet offline. Membership in online groups can provide
      those living with a long-term condition with ready access to a self-management
      support illness workforce and illness and emotional support. The substitutability
      of offline illness work may be particularly important to those whose access to
      support offline is either limited or absent. Furthermore, such resources require
      little negotiation online because information and support is seemingly gifted to
      the community by its members.

PMID- 26965991
TI  - [Para-infectious seizures: A retrospective multicentre study].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Para-infectious seizures are afebrile seizures that are associated
      with mild infections, and occur in children with no pre-existing neurological
      illness. They are still little known in our environment. METHODS: A multicentre
      retrospective study was conducted that included patients with normal psychomotor
      development and had presented with one or more seizures in the context of a mild
      afebrile infection. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients (47% male, 53% female) were
      included in the study over a period of three years (2012-2015). The mean age was
      2.1 years. A previous history of febrile seizures was found in 7.9% of them. Mean
      number of seizures per patient was 2.2, with 57.9% of them being tonic-clonic
      seizures. The mean duration of seizures was 3.2minutes. An EEG was performed
      during admission in 73.7% of cases. Lumbar punctures were performed in 34.2% of
      cases. All were normal. Neuroimaging tests were carried out in 36.9% of cases.
      Brain MRI was the imaging test performed in most cases (21.1%), with no any
      pathological findings. The most frequent infection found was acute
      gastroenteritis (68%), followed by upper respiratory tract infection (32%).
      Almost two-thirds (63.2%) of patients did not require anticonvulsant medication.
      Rectal diazepam was the most frequently used drug in emergencies. Intravenous
      medication was required by 28.9% of patients due to repeated seizures. The most
      frequently used drug in the non-emergency setting was valproic acid.
      Anticonvulsant treatment was continued after discharge in 16% of patients. Para
      infectious seizures was the diagnosis in 76.3% of cases when discharged.
      CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of para-infectious seizures, their clinical diagnosis and
      benign course is crucial, as this would avoid further testing and unnecessary
      treatments.

PMID- 26965992
TI  - Opioid use after total hip arthroplasty surgery is associated with revision
      surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain is an indication for total hip arthroplasty (THA) and it should
      be resolved post-surgery. Because patients' pain is typically treated
      pharmacologically we tested whether opioid use can be used as a surrogate for
      patient-reported pain and as an indicator for early surgical failure.
      Specifically, we evaluated whether the amount of opioids taken within the year
      after THA was associated with one and five years risk of revision surgery.
      METHODS: A cohort of 9943 THAs (01/2001-12/2012) was evaluated. Post-operative
      opioid use was the exposure of interest and cumulative daily oral morphine
      equivalent (OME) amounts were calculated. Total OMEs/90-day periods were
      categorised into quartiles. Revisions within one and five years were the outcomes
      of interest. RESULTS: Of the THAs, 2.0 % (N = 200) were revised within one year
      and 4.2 % (N = 413) within five years. After adjustments for gender, age,
      surgical indication, co-morbidities, and other analgesics, revision was
      associated with amount of OMEs in the second quarter after THA (days 91-180 after
      discharge). Patients on medium-high amounts of OME (400-1119 mg) had higher risk
      of one (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.22, 95 % CI 1.08-4.56) and five year (HR = 1.66, 95
      % CI 1.08-2.56) revision than a patient not taking opioids. During the same
      period, patients taking the highest amounts of OMEs (>=1120 mg) had a 2.64 (95 %
      CI 1.03-6.74) times higher risk of one year and a 2.11 (95 % CI 1.13-3.96) times
      higher risk of five year revision. CONCLUSIONS: Opioid use 91-180 days post
      surgery is associated with higher risk of revision surgery and therefore is an
      early and useful indicator for surgical failure.

PMID- 26965993
TI  - The endocannabinoid system: A novel player in human placentation.
AB  - Cannabis sativa is the most consumed illegal drug around the world. Its
      consumption during pregnancy is associated with gestational complications,
      particularly with fetal growth restriction. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid
      molecules that act by activating the G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors,
      which are also target of the phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol
      (THC). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in distinct biological
      processes, including pain, inflammation, neuroprotection, and several
      reproductive events. In addition, an abnormal expression of ECS is associated
      with infertility and miscarriages. This manuscript will review and discuss the
      expression of ECS in normal and pathological human placentas, and the role of
      eCBs and THC in trophoblast proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and
      function. The current evidence points towards a role of ECS in human
      placentation, shedding light on the contribution of the eCBs in the coordination
      of human placentation, and in the cellular mechanisms underlying the deleterious
      effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy.

PMID- 26965994
TI  - Multiplex Dipstick Technologies for Rapid and Simultaneous Screening of Analytes
      of Importance in Agri-Food-Nutrition and Health Care: A Review.
AB  - Dipstick test kits are being widely used for the rapid screening of a range of
      antigens or toxins in food, agriculture, and health care. They provide specific
      results on-site within 10 min with suitable accuracy and are, therefore, cost
      effective. Multiplex dipsticks also provide the opportunity for simultaneous
      detection of multiple antigens in the target sample without using expensive
      instrumentation, minimizing the cost of analysis as well as the duration of
      assay. Because of these benefits, dipstick kits are widely being used in the
      simultaneous detection of several antigens/toxins in large number of samples and
      in high-throughput manner. This review focuses on the current status of developed
      multiplex strips and its working principles and future direction of the
      technology in the agriculture, food, nutrition, and health care sectors. 

PMID- 26965995
TI  - Skewing of peritoneal resident macrophages toward M1-like is involved in
      enhancement of inflammatory responses induced by secondary necrotic neutrophils
      in aged mice.
AB  - Secondary necrotic cells, which are generated if apoptotic cells are incompletely
      cleared, induce severe inflammatory responses involving MIP-2 production and
      subsequent neutrophil infiltration. Recently, we showed that the phagocytic
      capacity of peritoneal resident macrophages from wild type (WT) aged mice as well
      as SMP30(-/-) mice fed a VC-limited diet as to secondary necrotic cells was
      reduced as compared with that in young mice, and that the inflammatory responses
      induced were stronger than those in young mice, presumably because of the delay
      in removal of secondary necrotic cells in aged mice. In this study, we
      investigated why MIP-2 production was increased in aged mice upon injection of
      secondary necrotic cells and why the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal resident
      macrophages from aged mice was reduced. When cocultured with secondary necrotic
      cells, the peritoneal resident macrophages from both types of aged mice
      significantly produced MIP-2 even in the absence of IFN-gamma, whereas MIP-2
      production by macrophages from WT young mice required IFN-gamma. The peritoneal
      resident macrophages from both types of aged mice expressed CD40, a M1 macrophage
      marker, as in the case of M1 macrophages, which were obtained by treatment of
      macrophages from WT young mice with IFN-gamma and LPS. Furthermore, M1
      macrophages exhibited less phagocytic capacity as to secondary necrotic cells
      than non-treated macrophages. These results suggest that the phenotype of
      peritoneal resident macrophages is skewed toward M1-like in aged mice and that
      such skewing toward M1-like is involved in enhancement of inflammatory responses
      induced by secondary necrotic neutrophils in aged mice.

PMID- 26965996
TI  - Prostate-derived ets factor represses tumorigenesis and modulates epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition in bladder carcinoma cells.
AB  - Prostate-derived Ets (E-twenty six) factor (PDEF), an epithelium-specific member
      of the Ets family of transcription factors, has been shown to play a role in
      suppressing the development of many epithelium-derived cancers such as prostate
      and breast cancer. It is not clear, however, whether PDEF is involved in the
      development or progression of bladder cancer. In a comparison between normal
      urothelium and bladder tumor tissue, we identified significant decreases of PDEF
      in the tumor tissue. Further, the immunohistochemistry assays indicated a
      significantly higher immunostaining of PDEF in low-grade bladder tumors.
      Additionally, the highly differentiated transitional-cell bladder carcinoma RT-4
      cells expressed significantly more PDEF levels than the bladder carcinoma HT1376
      and the T24 cells. Ectopic overexpression of PDEF attenuated proliferation,
      invasion, and tumorigenesis of bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PDEF
      enhanced the expression levels of mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN), N
      myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), KAI1, and B-cell translocation gene 2
      (BTG2). PDEF modulated epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) by upregulating E
      cadherin expression and downregulating the expression of N-cadherin, SNAIL, SLUG,
      and vimentin, leading to lower migration and invasion abilities of bladder
      carcinoma cells. Filamentous actin (F-actin) polarization and remodeling were
      observed in PDEF-knockdown RT-4 cells. Our results suggest that PDEF gene
      expression is associated with the extent of bladder neoplasia and PDEF modulated
      the expressions of EMT-related genes. The induction of BTG2, NDRG1, MASPIN, and
      KAI1 gene expressions by PDEF may explain the inhibitory functions of PDEF on the
      proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in bladder carcinoma cells. 

PMID- 26965997
TI  - High-throughput "Omics" technologies: New tools for the study of triple-negative
      breast cancer.
AB  - Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents about 15% to 20% of all breast
      cancers and is typically associated with poorer outcome than other breast cancer
      subtypes. The heterogeneity of this breast cancer subtype and present lack of
      clinically established targeted therapies further complicates treatment of
      patients. The treatment of TNBC emphasizes enhancing health care and developing
      personalized medicine. To respond to this need, the researchers have turned their
      attention to a different approach to scientific enquiry: the era of "big biology"
      and the integrative study of biological systems, also called "Omics"
      technologies. The term omics comprises different fields of molecular studies and
      characterizes a global view on biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins,
      and metabolites. Combined "omics" approach offers a major tool for the
      understanding of a challenging cancer model, TNBC. This review discusses the
      different discoveries made using omics technologies concerning the molecular
      mechanisms underlying TNBC phenotypic heterogeneity, and their potential transfer
      to clinical applications.

PMID- 26965998
TI  - Jak-STAT3 pathway triggers DICER1 for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin ligase
      complex of CUL4A(DCAF1) to promote colon cancer development.
AB  - Chronic intestinal inflammation is closely associated with colon cancer
      development and STAT3 seems to take center stage in bridging chronic inflammation
      to colon cancer progress. Here, we discovered that DICER1 was significantly
      downregulated in response to IL-6 or LPS stimulation and identified a novel
      mechanism for DICER1 downregulation via proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin
      ligase complex of CUL4A(DCAF1) in colon cancer cells. Meanwhile, PI3K-AKT
      signaling pathway phosphorylated DICER1 and contributed to its proteasomal
      degradation. The regulation of DICER1 by CUL4A(DCAF1) affected cell growth and
      apoptosis which is controlled by IL-6 activated Jak-STAT3 pathway. Intervention
      of CUL4A(DCAF1) ubiquitin ligase complex led to fluctuation in expression levels
      of DICER1 and microRNAs, and thus affected tumor growth in a mouse xenograft
      model. A panel of microRNAs that were downregulated by IL-6 stimulation was
      rescued by siRNA-CUL4A, and their predicated functions are involved in regulation
      of cell proliferation, apoptosis and motility. Furthermore, clinical specimen
      analysis revealed that decreased DICER1 expression was negatively correlated with
      STAT3 activation and cancer progression in human colon cancers. DICER1 and p
      STAT3 expression levels correlated with 5-year overall survival of colon cancer
      patients. Consequently, this study proposes that inflammation-induced Jak-STAT3
      signaling leads to colon cancer development through proteasomal degradation of
      DICER1 by ubiquitin ligase complex of CUL4A(DCAF1), which suggests a novel
      therapeutic opportunity for colon cancer.

PMID- 26965999
TI  - Long non-coding RNA: A newly deciphered "code" in prostate cancer.
AB  - As one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in males, the development and
      progression of prostate cancer remains an open area of research. The role of
      lncRNAs in prostate cancer is an emerging field of study. In this review, we
      summarize what is currently known about lncRNAs in prostate cancer while focusing
      on a few key lncRNAs. PCA3 was the first lncRNA identified in prostate cancer and
      has been shown to be expressed in a majority of prostate cancer cases. It may act
      in both an androgen dependent and independent fashion and has clinical utility as
      a biomarker. Other lncRNAs are known to interact directly with the androgen
      receptor pathway including PlncRNA-1, HOTAIR, PRNCR1 and PCGEM1. Additionally,
      lncRNAs have been shown to interfere with tumor suppressors, DNA break repair,
      transcription and alternate RNA splicing. While only in its infancy, an
      understanding of the role of lncRNAs in prostate cancer development should
      present ample opportunities for the discovery of new cancer biomarkers and
      therapeutic targets.

PMID- 26966002
TI  - Atrial electrograms improve the accuracy of tachycardia interpretation from ICD
      and pacemaker recordings: The RATE Registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tachycardia diagnoses from implantable device recordings ultimately
      depend on the analysis of captured electrograms (EGMs). The degree to which
      atrial EGMs improve tachycardia discrimination, dependent on the level of
      expertise of the medical professional involved, remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The
      purpose of this article was to determine whether atrial EGM recordings improve
      tachycardia discrimination and whether this improvement, if any, varies for
      professionals with different levels of training. METHODS: Expert-adjudicated
      supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) dual-chamber
      EGMs (DEGMs) from the Registry of Atrial Tachycardia and Atrial Fibrillation
      Episodes in the Cardiac Rhythm Management Device Population were provided to
      electrophysiology specialists, electrophysiology fellows (EPF), and nurse
      practitioners or physician assistants (NPPA). Each participant diagnosed 112 EGM
      episodes presented in random sequence (61 VTs and 51 SVTs) and independently
      categorized each as "SVT," "VT," or "uncertain" in 2 stages. First, participants
      analyzed ventricular EGMs (VEGMs) alone (atrial channel covered). Second, the
      tracings were randomized and reanalyzed with atrial EGMs exposed. The diagnostic
      accuracy of VEGMs alone vs DEGMs was assessed for each group. RESULTS: For all 3
      groups, diagnostic accuracy improved significantly (>20% for VTs and >15% for
      SVTs; P < .01 for all) when DEGMs were provided. Electrophysiology specialists
      diagnosed VTs more accurately than did EPF and NPPA (VEGM: 73.1%+/-7.6% vs
      58.7%+/-15.5% and 56.1%+/-14.1%; P < .01; DEGM: 98.0%+/-2.7% vs 90.8%+/-16.0% and
      80.3%+/-7.4%; P < .01). EPF diagnosed VTs more accurately than did NPPA only when
      DEGMs were provided. There was no significant intergroup difference in SVT
      diagnoses. CONCLUSION: DEGMs are superior to VEGMs alone for tachycardia
      discrimination at all levels of expertise. The level of training affects
      diagnostic accuracy with and without atrial EGMs.

PMID- 26966000
TI  - CGCG clinical practice guidelines for the management of adult diffuse gliomas.
AB  - The Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG) Guideline Panel for adult diffuse
      gliomas provided recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The
      Panel covered all fields of expertise in neuro-oncology, i.e. neurosurgeons,
      neurologists, neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, radiation and medical
      oncologists and clinical trial experts. The task made clearer and more
      transparent choices about outcomes considered most relevant through searching the
      references considered most relevant and evaluating their value. The scientific
      evidence of papers collected from the literature was evaluated and graded based
      on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence and
      recommendations were given accordingly. The recommendations will provide a
      framework and assurance for the strategy of diagnostic and therapeutic measures
      to reduce complications from unnecessary treatment and cost. The guideline should
      serve as an application for all professionals involved in the management of
      patients with adult diffuse glioma and also as a source of knowledge for
      insurance companies and other institutions involved in the cost regulation of
      cancer care in China.

PMID- 26966001
TI  - Expression quantitative trait analysis reveals fine germline transcript
      regulation in mouse lung tumors.
AB  - Gene expression modulates cellular functions in both physiologic and pathologic
      conditions. Herein, we carried out a genetic linkage study on the transcriptome
      of lung tumors induced by urethane in an (A/J x C57BL/6)F4 intercross population,
      whose individual lung tumor multiplicity (Nlung) is linked to the genotype at the
      Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) locus. We found that expression levels
      of 1179 and 1579 genes are modulated by an expression quantitative trait locus
      (eQTL) in cis and in trans, respectively (LOD score > 5). Of note, the genomic
      area surrounding and including the Pas1 locus regulated 14 genes in cis and 857
      genes in trans. In lung tumors of the same (A/J x C57BL/6)F4 mice, we found 1124
      genes whose transcript levels associated with Nlung (FDR < 0.001). The expression
      levels of about a third of these genes (n = 401) were regulated by the genotype
      at the Pas1 locus. Pathway analysis of the sets of genes associated with Nlung
      and regulated by Pas1 revealed a set of 14 recurrently represented genes that are
      components or targets of the Ras-Erk and Pi3k-Akt signaling pathways. Altogether
      our results illustrate the architecture of germline control of gene expression in
      mouse lung cancer: they highlight the importance of Pas1 as a tumor-modifier
      locus, attribute to it a novel role as a major regulator of transcription in lung
      tumor nodules and strengthen the candidacy of the Kras gene as the effector of
      this locus.

PMID- 26966004
TI  - RE: Serum vit D levels and response to molecular subtypes in breast cancer.

PMID- 26966003
TI  - Exposure to urban PM1 in rats: development of bronchial inflammation and airway
      hyperresponsiveness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several epidemiological and laboratory studies have evidenced the
      fact that atmospheric particulate matter (PM) increases the risk of respiratory
      morbidity. It is well known that the smallest fraction of PM (PM1 - particulate
      matter having a diameter below 1 MUm) penetrates the deepest into the airways.
      The ratio of the different size fractions in PM is highly variable, but in
      industrial areas PM1 can be significant. Despite these facts, the health effects
      of PM1 have been poorly investigated and air quality standards are based on PM10
      and PM2.5 (PM having diameters below 10 MUm and 2.5 MUm, respectively)
      concentrations. Therefore, this study aimed at determining whether exposure to
      ambient PM1 at a near alert threshold level for PM10 has respiratory consequences
      in rats. METHODS: Rats were either exposed for 6 weeks to 100 MUg/m(3) (alert
      threshold level for PM10 in Hungary) urban submicron aerosol, or were kept in
      room air. End-expiratory lung volume, airway resistance (Raw) and respiratory
      tissue mechanics were measured. Respiratory mechanics were measured under
      baseline conditions and following intravenous methacholine challenges to
      characterize the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AH). Bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed and lung histology was performed. RESULTS: No
      significant differences were detected in lung volume and mechanical parameters at
      baseline. However, the exposed rats exhibited significantly greater MCh-induced
      responses in Raw, demonstrating the progression of AH. The associated bronchial
      inflammation was evidenced by the accumulation of inflammatory cells in BALF and
      by lung histology. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that exposure to
      concentrated ambient PM1 (mass concentration at the threshold level for PM10)
      leads to the development of mild respiratory symptoms in healthy adult rats,
      which may suggest a need for the reconsideration of threshold limits for airborne
      PM1.

PMID- 26966005
TI  - Estimating the Effect of Competition on Trait Evolution Using Maximum Likelihood
      Inference.
AB  - Many classical ecological and evolutionary theoretical frameworks posit that
      competition between species is an important selective force. For example, in
      adaptive radiations, resource competition between evolving lineages plays a role
      in driving phenotypic diversification and exploration of novel ecological space.
      Nevertheless, current models of trait evolution fit to phylogenies and
      comparative data sets are not designed to incorporate the effect of competition.
      The most advanced models in this direction are diversity-dependent models where
      evolutionary rates depend on lineage diversity. However, these models still treat
      changes in traits in one branch as independent of the value of traits on other
      branches, thus ignoring the effect of species similarity on trait evolution.
      Here, we consider a model where the evolutionary dynamics of traits involved in
      interspecific interactions are influenced by species similarity in trait values
      and where we can specify which lineages are in sympatry. We develop a maximum
      likelihood based approach to fit this model to combined phylogenetic and
      phenotypic data. Using simulations, we demonstrate that the approach accurately
      estimates the simulated parameter values across a broad range of parameter space.
      Additionally, we develop tools for specifying the biogeographic context in which
      trait evolution occurs. In order to compare models, we also apply these
      biogeographic methods to specify which lineages interact sympatrically for two
      diversity-dependent models. Finally, we fit these various models to morphological
      data from a classical adaptive radiation (Greater Antillean Anolis lizards). We
      show that models that account for competition and geography perform better than
      other models. The matching competition model is an important new tool for
      studying the influence of interspecific interactions, in particular competition,
      on phenotypic evolution. More generally, it constitutes a step toward a better
      integration of interspecific interactions in many ecological and evolutionary
      processes.

PMID- 26966007
TI  - Challenges in Fusarium, a Trans-Kingdom Pathogen.
AB  - Fusarium species are emerging human pathogens, next to being plant pathogens.
      Problems with Fusarium are in their diagnostics and in their difficult treatment,
      but also in what are actual Fusarium species or rather Fusarium-like species. In
      this issue Guevara-Suarez et al. (Mycopathologia. doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-9983-9
      , 2016) characterized 89 isolates of Fusarium from Colombia showing especially
      lineages within the Fusarium solani and oxysporum species complexes to be
      responsible for onychomycosis. 

PMID- 26966006
TI  - Changes of diet and dominant intestinal microbes in farmland frogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Agricultural activities inevitably result in anthropogenic
      interference with natural habitats. The diet and the gut microbiota of farmland
      wildlife can be altered due to the changes in food webs within agricultural
      ecosystems. In this work, we compared the diet and intestinal microbiota of the
      frog Fejervarya limnocharis in natural and farmland habitats in order to
      understand how custom farming affects the health of in vivo microbial ecosystems.
      RESULTS: The occurrence, abundance, and the numbers of prey categories of stomach
      content were significantly different between the frogs inhabiting natural and
      farmland habitats. In addition, differences in the abundance, species richness,
      and alpha-diversity of intestinal microbial communities were also statistically
      significant. The microbial composition, and particularly the composition of
      dominant microbes living in intestines, indicated that the land use practices
      might be one of factors affecting the gut microbial community composition.
      Although the first three dominant microbial phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and
      Proteobacteria found in the intestines of frogs were classified as generalists
      among habitats, the most dominant gut bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes in natural
      environments was replaced by the microbial phylum Firmicutes in farmland frogs.
      Increased intestinal microbial richness of the farmland frogs, which is mostly
      contributed by numerous microbial species of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria,
      Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes, not only reflects the possible shifts in
      microbial community composition through the alteration of external ecosystem, but
      also indicates the higher risk of invasion by disease-related microbes.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that anthropogenic activities, such as the
      custom farming, have not only affected the food resources of frogs, but also
      influenced the health and in vivo microbial ecosystem of wildlife.

PMID- 26966008
TI  - Ketamine Affects the Neurogenesis of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in 7-Day-Old
      Rats.
AB  - Ketamine has been reported to cause neonatal neurotoxicity via a neuronal
      apoptosis mechanism; however, no in vivo research has reported whether ketamine
      could affect postnatal neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). A
      growing number of experiments suggest that postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis is
      the foundation of maintaining normal hippocampus function into adulthood.
      Therefore, this study investigated the effect of ketamine on hippocampal
      neurogenesis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the control
      group (equal volume of normal saline), and the ketamine-anesthesia group (40
      mg/kg ketamine in four injections at 1 h intervals). The S-phase marker 5
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered after ketamine exposure to postnatal
      day 7 (PND-7) rats, and the neurogenesis in the hippocampal DG was assessed using
      single- or double-immunofluorescence staining. The expression of GFAP in the
      hippocampal DG was measured by western blot analysis. Spatial reference memory
      was tested by Morris water maze at 2 months after PND-7 rats exposed to ketamine
      treatment. The present results showed that neonatal ketamine exposure
      significantly inhibited neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, decreased
      astrocytic differentiation, and markedly enhanced neuronal differentiation. The
      disruptive effect of ketamine on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs
      lasted at least 1 week and disappeared by 2 weeks after ketamine exposure.
      Moreover, the migration of newborn neurons in the granule cell layer and the
      growth of astrocytes in the hippocampal DG were inhibited by ketamine on PND-37
      and PND-44. Finally, ketamine caused a deficit in hippocampal-dependent spatial
      reference memory tasks at 2 months old. Our results suggested that ketamine may
      interfere with hippocampal neurogenesis and long-term neurocognitive function in
      PND-7 rats. These findings may provide a new perspective to explain the adult
      neurocognitive dysfunction induced by neonatal ketamine exposure.

PMID- 26966009
TI  - L-DOPA Reverses the Increased Free Amino Acids Tissue Levels Induced by Dopamine
      Depletion and Rises GABA and Tyrosine in the Striatum.
AB  - Perturbations in the cerebral levels of various amino acids are associated with
      neurological disorders, and previous studies have suggested that such alterations
      have a role in the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However,
      the direct effects of chronic L-DOPA treatment, that produces dyskinesia, on
      neural tissue amino acid concentrations have not been explored in detail. To
      evaluate whether striatal amino acid concentrations are altered in peak dose
      dyskinesia, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinsonian mice were
      treated chronically with L-DOPA and tissue amino acid concentrations were
      assessed by HPLC analysis. These experiments revealed that neither 6-OHDA nor L
      DOPA treatment are able to alter glutamate in the striatum. However, glutamine
      increases after 6-OHDA and returns back to normal levels with L-DOPA treatment,
      suggesting increased striatal glutamatergic transmission with lack of dopamine.
      In addition, glycine and taurine levels are increased following dopamine
      denervation and restored to normal levels by L-DOPA. Interestingly, dyskinetic
      animals showed increased levels of GABA and tyrosine, while aspartate striatal
      tissue levels are not altered. Overall, our results indicate that chronic L-DOPA
      treatment, besides normalizing the altered levels of some amino acids after 6
      OHDA, robustly increases striatal GABA and tyrosine levels which may in turn
      contribute to the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.

PMID- 26966011
TI  - Enhancing ethanol production from cellulosic sugars using Scheffersomyces
      (Pichia) stipitis.
AB  - Studies were performed on the effect of CaCO3 and CaCl2 supplementation to
      fermentation medium for ethanol production from xylose, glucose, or their
      mixtures using Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis. Both of these chemicals were
      found to improve maximum ethanol concentration and ethanol productivity. Use of
      xylose alone resulted in the production of 20.68 +/- 0.44 g L(-1) ethanol with a
      productivity of 0.17 +/- 0.00 g L(-1) h(-1), while xylose plus 3 g L(-1) CaCO3
      resulted in the production of 24.68 +/- 0.75 g L(-1) ethanol with a productivity
      of 0.21 +/- 0.01 g L(-1) h(-1). Use of xylose plus glucose in combination with 3
      g L(-1) CaCO3 resulted in the production of 47.37 +/- 0.55 g L(-1) ethanol
      (aerobic culture), thus resulting in an ethanol productivity of 0.39 +/- 0.00 g
      L(-1) h(-1). These values are 229 % of that achieved in xylose medium.
      Supplementation of xylose and glucose medium with 0.40 g L(-1) CaCl2 resulted in
      the production of 44.84 +/- 0.28 g L(-1) ethanol with a productivity of 0.37 +/-
      0.02 g L(-1) h(-1). Use of glucose plus 3 g L(-1) CaCO3 resulted in the
      production of 57.39 +/- 1.41 g L(-1) ethanol under micro-aerophilic conditions.
      These results indicate that supplementation of cellulosic sugars in the
      fermentation medium with CaCO3 and CaCl2 would improve economics of ethanol
      production from agricultural residues. 

PMID- 26966010
TI  - Overexpressed Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) Deregulates P21
      Activated Kinase (PAK) Activity in an In Vitro Neuronal Model of Down Syndrome:
      Consequences on Cell Process Formation and Extension.
AB  - In humans, Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of
      autosome 21. The most striking finding in DS patients is intellectual disability
      and the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathology in adulthood. Gene
      overdose is most likely to underlie both developmental impairments, as well as
      altered neuronal function in DS. Lately, the disruption of cellular signaling and
      regulatory pathways has been implicated in DS pathophysiology, and many of such
      pathways may represent common targets for diverse DS-related genes, which could
      in turn represent attractive therapeutical targets. In this regard, one DS
      related gene Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM), has important
      functions in neuronal proliferation, maturation, and synaptogenesis. p21
      associated kinases (PAKs) appear as a most interesting possibility for study, as
      DSCAM is known to regulate the PAKs pathway. Hence, in DS, overexpressed DSCAM
      could deregulate PAKs activity and affect signaling pathways that regulate
      synaptic plasticity such as dendritic spine dynamics and axon guidance and
      growth. In the present work, we used an immortalized cell line derived from the
      cerebral cortex of an animal model of DS such as the trisomy 16 (Ts16) fetal
      mouse (named CTb), and a similar cell line established from a normal littermate
      (named CNh), to study the effect of DSCAM in the PAKs pathway. The present study
      shows that DSCAM is overexpressed in CTb cells by approximately twofold, compared
      to CNh cells. Congruently, PAK1, as well as its downstream effectors LIMK and
      cofilin, stay phosphorylated for longer periods after DSCAM activation in the CTb
      cells, leading to an altered actin dynamics, expressed as an increased basal F/G
      ratio and reduced neurite growth, in the trisomic condition. The present work
      presents the correlation between DSCAM gene overexpression and a dysregulation of
      the PAK pathway, resulting in altered morphological parameters of neuronal
      plasticity in the trisomic cell line, namely decreased number and length of
      processes.

PMID- 26966013
TI  - Correlates of Awareness of and Willingness to Use Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
      in Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Use Geosocial
      Networking Smartphone Applications in New York City.
AB  - Geosocial-networking smartphone applications are commonly used by gay, bisexual,
      and other men who have sex with men (MSM) to meet sexual partners. The purpose of
      the current study was to evaluate awareness of and willingness to use pre
      exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among MSM who use geosocial-networking smartphone
      applications residing in New York City. Recruitment utilizing broadcast
      advertisements on a popular smartphone application for MSM yielded a sample of
      152 HIV-uninfected MSM. Multivariable models were used to assess demographic and
      behavioral correlates of awareness of and willingness to use PrEP. Most
      participants (85.5 %) had heard about PrEP but few (9.2 %) reported current use.
      Unwillingness to use PrEP was associated with concerns about side effects (PR =
      0.303; 95 % CI 0.130, 0.708; p = 0.006). Given that more than half (57.6 %) of
      participants were willing to use PrEP, future research is needed to elucidate
      both individual and structural barriers to PrEP use among MSM.

PMID- 26966012
TI  - Hot executive control and response to a stimulant in a double-blind randomized
      trial in children with ADHD.
AB  - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to involve an
      executive inhibitory control (IC) deficit, yet it is not clear if this is a
      general deficit affecting both cold and hot EC, and if methylphenidate (MPH)
      affects both systems in treated children. We explored this by using a Stroop-like
      task in children with ADHD as compared to controls, containing different types of
      emotional stimuli (six levels), and we investigated the role of intervention with
      MPH on IC as compared to placebo. Children with ADHD and controls (N = 40; 7-13
      years old) were tested with a hot and cold Stroop-like task. This was followed by
      a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of the effect of MPH on these
      skills. Children with ADHD showed a specific difficulty inhibiting their
      responses, particularly to hot, angry and frustration-inducing stimuli. Further,
      treatment with MPH was effective in reducing errors toward frustration-inducing
      stimuli as compared to placebo (p < .05, eta 2 = .347), particularly with
      repeated exposure to the stimuli. Results indicate that children with ADHD
      experience executive control difficulties, particularly in hot negative emotional
      contexts. These emotion regulation difficulties are amenable to stimulant
      intervention.

PMID- 26966015
TI  - Race, APOL1 Risk, and eGFR Decline in the General Population.
AB  - The APOL1 high-risk genotype, present in approximately 13% of blacks in the
      United States, is a risk factor for kidney function decline in populations with
      CKD. It is unknown whether genetic screening is indicated in the general
      population. We evaluated the prognosis of APOL1 high-risk status in participants
      in the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study,
      including associations with eGFR decline, variability in eGFR decline, and
      related adverse health events (AKI, ESRD, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular
      disease, pre-ESRD and total hospitalization rate, and mortality). Among 15,140
      ARIC participants followed from 1987-1989 (baseline) to 2011-2013, 75.3% were
      white, 21.5% were black/APOL1 low-risk, and 3.2% were black/APOL1 high-risk. In a
      demographic-adjusted analysis, blacks had a higher risk for all assessed adverse
      health events; however, in analyses adjusted for comorbid conditions and
      socioeconomic status, blacks had a higher risk for hypertension, diabetes, and
      ESRD only. Among blacks, the APOL1 high-risk genotype associated only with higher
      risk of ESRD in a fully adjusted analysis. Black race and APOL1 high-risk status
      were associated with faster eGFR decline (P<0.001 for each). However, we detected
      substantial overlap among the groups: median (10th-90th percentile) unadjusted
      eGFR decline was 1.5 (1.0-2.2) ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year for whites, 2.1 (1.4
      3.1) ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year for blacks with APOL1 low-risk status, and 2.3
      (1.5-3.5) ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year for blacks with APOL1 high-risk status.
      The high variability in eGFR decline among blacks with and without the APOL1 high
      risk genotype suggests that population-based screening is not yet justified.

PMID- 26966014
TI  - Somatic Mutations Modulate Autoantibodies against Galactose-Deficient IgA1 in IgA
      Nephropathy.
AB  - Autoantibodies against galactose-deficient IgA1 drive formation of pathogenic
      immune complexes in IgA nephropathy. IgG autoantibodies against galactose
      deficient IgA1 in patients with IgA nephropathy have a specific amino-acid
      sequence, Y1CS3, in the complementarity-determining region 3 of the heavy chain
      variable region compared with a Y1CA3 sequence in similar isotype-matched IgG
      from healthy controls. We previously found that the S3 residue is critical for
      binding galactose-deficient IgA1. To determine whether this difference is due to
      a rare germline sequence, we amplified and sequenced the corresponding germline
      variable region genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of seven patients
      with IgA nephropathy and six healthy controls from whom we had cloned single-cell
      lines secreting monoclonal IgG specific for galactose-deficient IgA1. Sanger DNA
      sequencing revealed that complementarity-determining region 3 in the variable
      region of the germline genes encoded the Y1C(A/V)3 amino-acid sequence. Thus, the
      A/V>S substitution in the complementarity-determining region 3 of anti-galactose
      deficient-IgA1 autoantibodies of the patients with IgA nephropathy is not a rare
      germline gene variant. Modeling analyses indicated that the S3 hydroxyl group
      spans the complementarity-determining region 3 loop stem, stabilizing the
      adjacent beta-sheet and stem structure, important features for effective binding
      to galactose-deficient IgA1. Understanding processes leading to production of the
      autoantibodies may offer new approaches to treat IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 26966017
TI  - Mechanists Must be Holists Too! Perspectives from Circadian Biology.
AB  - The pursuit of mechanistic explanations in biology has produced a great deal of
      knowledge about the parts, operations, and organization of mechanisms taken to be
      responsible for biological phenomena. Holist critics have often raised important
      criticisms of proposed mechanistic explanations, but until recently holists have
      not had alternative research strategies through which to advance explanations.
      This paper argues both that the results of mechanistic strategies has forced
      mechanists to confront ways in which whole systems affect their components and
      that new representational and modeling strategies are providing tools for
      understanding these effects of whole systems upon components. Drawing from
      research on the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms in mammals, I develop
      two examples in which mechanistic analysis is being integrated into a more holist
      perspective: research revealing intercellular integration of circadian mechanisms
      with those involved in cell metabolism and research revealing that stable?rhythms
      are dependent on how individual cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus synchronize
      with each other to generate regular rhythms. Tools such as network diagramming
      and computational modeling are providing means to integrate mechanistic models
      into accounts of whole systems.

PMID- 26966019
TI  - Mozambique's Debt and the International Monetary Fund's Influence on Poverty,
      Education, and Health.
AB  - For nearly 30 years, Mozambique has been facing austerity measures regulated by
      the IMF. These austerity measures, grounded in macroeconomic policies, were
      supposed to lift Mozambique out of poverty, and improve its healthcare and
      education systems. By taking an in-depth look at the major etiologies of
      Mozambique's debt and the conditions which forced the country to accept austerity
      measures-despite their protests-prior to receiving IMF funding, this paper
      examines how IMF policies over the past 30 years have affected poverty, health,
      and the education system. The results of these policies have contributed to
      Mozambique's enduring classification as one of the poorest countries in the
      world. Aside from economic outcomes, Mozambique also has abysmal health and
      education systems, with one of the lowest life expectancies in Sub-Saharan
      Africa. It is time to re-evaluate how the current IMF macroeconomic policies
      negatively affect, health, education and the socioeconomic status of those who
      live in abject poverty. As short term macroeconomic policies of PARPA have been
      ineffective at reducing poverty, promoting education and improving health, the
      IMF should consider using longer term macroeconomic policies which invest in
      rather than limit-public services such as health and education. 

PMID- 26966016
TI  - The Uromodulin Gene Locus Shows Evidence of Pathogen Adaptation through Human
      Evolution.
AB  - Common variants in the UMOD gene encoding uromodulin, associated with risk of
      hypertension and CKD in the general population, increase UMOD expression and
      urinary excretion of uromodulin, causing salt-sensitive hypertension and renal
      lesions. To determine the effect of selective pressure on variant frequency, we
      investigated the allelic frequency of the lead UMOD variant rs4293393 in 156
      human populations, in eight ancient human genomes, and in primate genomes. The T
      allele of rs4293393, associated with CKD risk, has high frequency in most modern
      populations and was the one detected in primate genomes. In contrast, we
      identified only the derived, C allele in Denisovan and Neanderthal genomes. The
      distribution of the UMOD ancestral allele did not follow the ancestral
      susceptibility model observed for variants associated with salt-sensitive
      hypertension. Instead, the global frequencies of the UMOD alleles significantly
      correlated with pathogen diversity (bacteria, helminths) and prevalence of
      antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections (UTIs). The inverse correlation
      found between urinary levels of uromodulin and markers of UTIs in the general
      population substantiates the link between UMOD variants and protection against
      UTIs. These data strongly suggest that the UMOD ancestral allele, driving higher
      urinary excretion of uromodulin, has been kept at a high frequency because of its
      protective effect against UTIs.

PMID- 26966018
TI  - Prognostic value of the DNMTs mRNA expression and genetic polymorphisms on the
      clinical outcome in oral cancer patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Although the importance of the epigenetic changes in tumors,
      including oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), is now becoming apparent, the
      mechanisms that trigger or cause aberrant DNA methylation in cancer are still
      unrevealed. DNA methylation is regulated by a family of enzymes, DNA
      methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNMT gene expression analysis, as well as genetic
      polymorphisms, has not been previously evaluated in OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      In 65 OSCC patients, SYBR Green real-time PCR method was assessed for relative
      quantification of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B mRNAs, normalized to TATA-binding
      protein (TBP) mRNA. The expression levels of all three genes were dichotomized as
      high or low, with a twofold change of normalized mRNA expression used as the
      cutoff value. Polymorphisms in DNMT1 (rs2228612) and DNMT3B (rs406193) were
      analyzed in 99 OSCCs by TaqMan SNPs genotyping assays. RESULTS: DNMT1, DNMT3A,
      and DNMT3B were overexpressed in 36.9, 26, and 23 % of the OSCC patients,
      respectively. DNMT1 overexpression was significantly associated with the overall
      survival, p = 0.029, and relapse-free survival of OSCC patients, p = 0.003.
      Patients with DNMT1 overexpression, as an independent prognostic factor, had a
      2.385 times higher risk to relapse than those with lower expression. The DNMT1
      A201G gene polymorphism was associated with a reduced overall survival in OSCC
      patients, p = 0.036. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that DNMT1 could play an
      important role in modulating OSCC patient survival. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: DNMT gene
      expression could be a potential prognostic marker that might lead to an
      improvement in diagnosis, prognosis, and prospective use of epigenetic-targeted
      therapy of OSCC.

PMID- 26966021
TI  - Strike at the heart of the stroke.

PMID- 26966020
TI  - Late survival and heart failure after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Short-term survival in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve
      implantation is favorable. Our aim was to evaluate late survival and composite
      clinical endpoints specified by the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2,
      including rehospitalization for congestive heart failure. METHODS: Between
      January 2008 and April 2014, 166 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic
      aortic stenosis underwent 168 transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedures
      at our facility. This cohort was compared with propensity score-matched aortic
      valve replacement patients. Event rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method
      and compared using the log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was performed to
      determine predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Although 30-day mortality rates
      following both procedures were similar (4.2% and 4.8%; p = 0.81), significant
      differences were seen in corresponding rates of survival (51.7% +/- 5.8% vs.
      72.3% +/- 4.3%; p < 0.001) and cumulative rehospitalization for congestive heart
      failure (41.3% +/- 7.2% vs. 23% +/- 4.3%; p = 0.006). New York Heart Association
      functional class IV preoperative status was an independent risk factor for
      rehospitalization due to congestive heart failure (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: This
      study confirms the merit of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in high-risk
      patients with aortic stenosis, although late survival proved inferior to that of
      aortic valve replacement in propensity score-matched subjects. Early safety was
      excellent for both treatment groups, however, patients undergoing transcatheter
      aortic valve implantation had a higher incidence of rehospitalization for
      congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction during follow-up. Patients
      with severe congestive heart failure should be carefully monitored and
      aggressively treated to improve outcomes.

PMID- 26966022
TI  - Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Acute Liver Failure: Institutional Case
      Series.
AB  - Acute liver failure (ALF) has been associated with cerebral edema and elevated
      intracranial pressure (ICP), which may be managed utilizing an ICP monitor. The
      most feared complication of placement is catastrophic intracranial hemorrhage in
      the setting of severe coagulopathy. Previous studies reported hemorrhage rates
      between 3.8-22 % among various devices, with epidural catheters having lower
      hemorrhage rates and precision relative to subdural bolts and intraparenchymal
      catheters. We sought to identify institutional hemorrhagic rates of ICP
      monitoring in ALF and its associated factors in a modern series guided by
      protocol implantation. Patient records treated for ALF with ICP monitoring at
      Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN from 1995 to 2014 were reviewed. Protocalized since
      1995, epidural (EP) ICP monitors were first used followed by intraparenchymal
      (IP) for stage III-IV hepatic encephalopathy. The following variables and
      outcomes were collected: patient demographics, ICPs and treatment methods,
      laboratory data, imaging studies, number of days for ICP monitoring, radiographic
      and symptomatic hemorrhage rates, orthotopic liver transplantation rates, and
      death. A total of 20 ICP monitors were placed for ALF, 7 EP, and 13 IP.
      International normalized ratio (INR) at placement of an EP monitor was 2.4 (1.7
      3.2) with maximum of 2.7 (2.0-3.6) over the following 2.3 (1-3) days. Mean EP ICP
      at placement was 36.3 (11-55) and maximum of 43.1 (20-70) mm Hg. INR at placement
      of an IP monitor was 1.3 (<0.8-3.0) with maximum value of 2.9 (1.6-5.4) over the
      following 4.2 (2-6) days. Mean IP ICP at placement was 9.9 (2-19) and maximum was
      39.8 (11-100) mm Hg. There was one asymptomatic hemorrhage in the EP group (14.3
      % hemorrhage rate) and two hemorrhages in the IP group (hemorrhage rate was 15.4
      %), both of which were fatal. Overall mortality rate in the EP group was 71.4 %
      (5/7) with two patients receiving transplantation, and one death in the
      transplant group. Overall mortality in the IP group was 38.5 % (5/13) with nine
      liver transplantations; three of the transplanted patients died, including one of
      the fatal hemorrhages due to monitor placement. Intracranial hypertension is
      common in patients with ALF with severe hepatic encephalopathy. Monitored
      patients in both groups experienced elevations of ICP in the setting of
      intermittent coagulopathy. Severity of coagulopathy did not influence hemorrhage
      rate. Yet, hemorrhages related to IP monitoring can be catastrophic and may add
      to the overall mortality.

PMID- 26966024
TI  - Interplay between pathway-specific and global regulation of the fumonisin gene
      cluster in the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi.
AB  - The rice pathogenic fungus Fusarium fujikuroi is known to produce a large variety
      of secondary metabolites. Besides the gibberellins, causing the bakanae effect in
      infected rice seedlings, the fungus produces several mycotoxins and pigments.
      Among the 47 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters identified in the genome
      of F. fujikuroi, the fumonisin gene cluster (FUM) shows very high homology to the
      FUM cluster of the main fumonisin producer Fusarium verticillioides, a pathogen
      of maize. Despite the high level of cluster gene conservation, total fumonisin
      FB1 and FB2 levels (FBx) produced by F. fujikuroi were only 1-10 % compared to F.
      verticillioides under inducing conditions. Nitrogen repression was found to be
      relevant for wild-type strains of both species. However, addition of germinated
      maize kernels activated the FBx production only in F. verticillioides, reflecting
      the different host specificity of both wild-type strains. Over-expression of the
      pathway-specific transcription factor Fum21 in F. fujikuroi strongly activated
      the FUM cluster genes leading to 1000-fold elevated FBx levels. To gain further
      insights into the nitrogen metabolite repression of FBx biosynthesis, we studied
      the impact of the global nitrogen regulators AreA and AreB and demonstrated that
      both GATA-type transcription factors are essential for full activation of the FUM
      gene cluster. Loss of one of them obstructs the pathway-specific transcription
      factor Fum21 to fully activate expression of FUM cluster genes. 

PMID- 26966023
TI  - Meta-analysis of executive functioning in ecstasy/polydrug users.
AB  - Ecstasy/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use is proposed to cause damage
      to serotonergic (5-HT) axons in humans. Therefore, users should show deficits in
      cognitive processes that rely on serotonin-rich, prefrontal areas of the brain.
      However, there is inconsistency in findings to support this hypothesis. The aim
      of the current study was to examine deficits in executive functioning in ecstasy
      users compared with controls using meta-analysis. We identified k = 39 studies,
      contributing 89 effect sizes, investigating executive functioning in ecstasy
      users and polydrug-using controls. We compared function-specific task performance
      in 1221 current ecstasy users and 1242 drug-using controls, from tasks tapping
      the executive functions - updating, switching, inhibition and access to long-term
      memory. The significant main effect demonstrated overall executive dysfunction in
      ecstasy users [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.18, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) -0.26 to -0.11, Z = 5.05, p < 0.001, I 2 = 82%], with a significant
      subgroup effect (chi 2 = 22.06, degrees of freedom = 3, p < 0.001, I 2 = 86.4%)
      demonstrating differential effects across executive functions. Ecstasy users
      showed significant performance deficits in access (SMD = -0.33, 95% CI -0.46 to 
      0.19, Z = 4.72, p < 0.001, I 2 = 74%), switching (SMD = -0.19, 95% CI -0.36 to 
      0.02, Z = 2.16, p < 0.05, I 2 = 85%) and updating (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI -0.37 to 
      0.15, Z = 4.49, p < 0.001, I 2 = 82%). No differences were observed in inhibitory
      control. We conclude that this is the most comprehensive analysis of executive
      function in ecstasy users to date and provides a behavioural correlate of
      potential serotonergic neurotoxicity.

PMID- 26966025
TI  - Aspergilloma in atypical localisation in severe asthma patient - case report.
AB  - Pulmonary aspergillosis is a condition caused by the fungi Aspergillus. The form
      of disease depends on the immunological condition of the host organism and other
      concomitant illnesses that influence the pulmonary tissue. Asthmatic patients, in
      particular with the severe form of disease, who require the use of systemic
      glucocorticoids, are predisposed to develop allergic bronchopulmonary
      aspergillosis. Development of aspergilloma in the lung is preceded by the
      formation of pathological cavity in the course of another illness. The study
      reports a case of a severe asthma patient who developed aspergilloma in atypical
      localisation, without the presence of predisposing anatomical changes and
      illnesses. 

PMID- 26966026
TI  - Acromegaly and associated tumours: what should gastroenterologists know?
AB  - Acromegaly is a clinical syndrome caused by the excessive production of growth
      hormone. It is associated with high morbidity and significantly increased
      mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular and respiratory complications, and
      cancer. Mortality is reduced to that of the general population following
      successful treatment, in other words, when insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and
      growth hormone values return to normal levels. Not all tumours associated with
      this syndrome benefit from cost-effective early diagnosis programmes. An in-depth
      knowledge on the part of clinicians of the morbidity and mortality associated
      with acromegaly, allowing them in many cases to anticipate the expected clinical
      course of the disease, is the best therapeutic and follow-up strategy in these
      patients.

PMID- 26966027
TI  - First-in-human, open-label dose-escalation and dose-expansion study of the
      safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor effects of an oral ALK inhibitor ASP3026
      in patients with advanced solid tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ASP3026 is a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)
      inhibitor that has potent in vitro activity against crizotinib-resistant ALK
      positive tumors. This open-label, multicenter, first-in-human phase I study (
      NCT01284192 ) assessed the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, and antitumor
      activity of ASP3026. METHODS: Advanced solid tumor patients received oral ASP3026
      in 3 + 3 dose-escalation cohorts at doses of 25-800 mg once daily in 28-day
      cycles. The endpoints were to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the
      recommended phase II dose (RP2D), and the pharmacokinetic profile of ASP3026. A
      phase Ib expansion cohort enrolled patients with metastatic, crizotinib-resistant
      ALK-positive solid tumors at the RP2D, and response was evaluated by RECIST 1.1.
      RESULTS: The dose-escalation cohort enrolled 33 patients, including three
      crizotinib-resistant, ALK-positive patients, and the dose-expansion cohort
      enrolled another 13 crizotinib-resistant, ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC) patients. ASP3026 demonstrated both linear pharmacokinetics and dose
      proportional exposure for area under the plasma concentration-time curve and
      maximum concentration observed with a median terminal half-life of 35 h,
      supporting the daily dosing. Grade 3 rash and elevated transaminase
      concentrations were dose-limiting toxicities observed at 800 mg; hence, 525 mg
      daily was the MTD and RP2D. The most common treatment-related adverse events were
      nausea (38%), fatigue (35%), and vomiting (35 %). Among the 16 patients with
      crizotinib-resistant ALK-positive tumors (15 NSCLC, 1 neuroblastoma), eight
      patients achieved partial response (overall response rate 50%; 95% confidence
      interval 25-75%) and seven patients (44%) achieved stable disease. CONCLUSIONS:
      ASP3026 was well tolerated and had therapeutic activity in patients with
      crizotinib-resistant ALK-positive advanced tumors. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinTrials.gov: NCT01284192.

PMID- 26966028
TI  - Robotic-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Colectomy Results in Increased Operative
      Time Without Improved Perioperative Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interest in robotic technology is burgeoning within the field of
      colorectal surgery. However, benefits of robotic-assisted colectomy (RAC)
      compared with laparoscopic colectomy (LC) remain ambiguous. STUDY DESIGN:
      Patients who underwent minimally invasive colectomy during 2012-2013 were
      identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP)
      database. Short-term perioperative outcomes were compared between 1:1 propensity
      matched groups. A subset analysis was performed among patients who underwent
      segmental resections. RESULTS: Among the 15,976 patients included, 498 (3.1 %)
      colectomies were performed with robotic assistance. After matching for
      demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics, there were no differences
      between RAC and LC in complications such as wound infection, urinary tract
      infection, cardiopulmonary or thromboembolic events, renal insufficiency,
      anastomotic leaks, transfusions, readmissions, or 30-day mortality (all p >
      0.05). However, operative time was markedly higher for RAC (196 vs. 166 min, p <
      0.001). Among segmental resections, operative time remained significantly longer
      for RAC (190 vs. 153 min, p < 0.001) without differences in perioperative
      outcomes (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this early experience, RAC resulted in
      similar perioperative outcomes when compared to LC but was associated with longer
      operative time. Given the focus on value-based healthcare, utilizing RAC in
      straightforward colectomies may not be financially justifiable at this stage of
      adoption.

PMID- 26966030
TI  - [How to assess the neutral position of the fetus for the crown-rump length
      measurement at the nuchal translucency scan].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to establish a simple and
      reproducible method for the assessment of the fetal head position when measuring
      crown-rump length (CRL) at the nuchal translucency scan. METHODS: Two observers
      conducted a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 570 images of CRL
      collected by the French College of Fetal Echography (CFEF) national practice
      assessment program for the first-trimester scan. The images were deemed hyper
      flexed if no fluid was visible between the chin and the chest of the fetus. The
      images were deemed hyper-extended if the angle between the palate and the CRL
      line was 90 degrees  or more. The images were deemed neutral if no hyper
      extension nor hyper-flexion was observed. RESULTS: The proportion of agreement
      for a non-neutral position of the fetal head was 91.3% (kappa=0.80, 95% CI [0.75
      to 0.86]). Images with a non-neutral position corresponded to poor CRL quality
      images according to the CFEF score (relative risk=4.2, 95% CI [2.9 to 6.1] for
      one observer and 4.9, 95% CI [3.3 to 7.2] for the other observer). Proportions of
      agreement for the hyper-flexion and for the hyper-extension were 94.6%
      (kappa=0.80, 95% CI [0.72 to 0.87]) and 96.8% (kappa=0.81, 95% CI [0.72 to
      0.90]), respectively. No additional lines were drawn on the ultrasound images
      during the evaluation process. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method for evaluating
      the extent to which the fetal head has a non-neutral position at measurement of
      the CRL appears both simple and reproducible.

PMID- 26966029
TI  - ALAIN01--Alemtuzumab in autoimmune inflammatory neurodegeneration: mechanisms of
      action and neuroprotective potential.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada(r)) is a newly approved therapeutic agent for
      relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In previous phase II and III
      clinical trials, alemtuzumab has proven superior efficacy to subcutaneous
      interferon beta-1a concerning relapse rate and disability progression with
      unprecedented durability and long-lasting freedom of disease activity. The
      humanized monoclonal antibody targets CD52, leading to a rapid and long-lasting
      depletion, especially of B and T cells. Arising from hematopoietic precursor
      cells a fundamental reprogramming of the immune system restores tolerogenic
      networks effectively suppressing autoimmune inflammatory responses in the central
      nervous system (CNS). Despite its favourable effects alemtuzumab holds a severe
      risk of side effects with secondary autoimmunity being the most considerable.
      Markers for risk stratification and treatment response improving patient
      selection and therapy guidance are a big unmet need for MS patients and health
      care providers. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a mono center, single arm, explorative
      phase IV study including 15 patients with highly active RRMS designed for 3
      years. Patients will be studied by a high-resolution analysis comprising a
      repertoire of various immunological assays for the detection of immune cells and
      their function in peripheral blood as well as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      These assays encompass a number of experiments investigating immune cell subset
      composition, activation status, cytokine secretion, migratory capacity, potential
      neuroprotective properties and cytolytic activity complemented by instrument
      based diagnostics like MRI scans, evoked potentials and optical coherence
      tomography (OCT). DISCUSSION: Our study represents the first in-depth and
      longitudinal functional analysis of key immunological parameters in the periphery
      and the CNS compartment underlying the fundamental effects of alemtuzumab in MS
      patients. By combining clinical, experimental and MRI data our study will provide
      a deeper understanding of alemtuzumab's mechanisms of action (MOA) potentially
      identifying immune signatures associated with treatment response or the
      development of secondary autoimmunity. After validation in larger cohorts this
      might help to improve efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab therapy in RRMS
      patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02419378 (clinicaltrials.gov), registered 31
      March 2015.

PMID- 26966031
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in three siblings.

PMID- 26966032
TI  - [A male breast cancer differential diagnosis: Calcific epithelioma of Malherbe or
      Pilomatrixoma].

PMID- 26966033
TI  - [Acquired caustic vagina stenosis: Surgical outcomes of 21 cases].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To document epidemiology, causes, anatomical varieties and surgical
      management outcomes of caustic acquired vagina stenosis. METHODOLOGY:
      Retrospective study of 21 patients involved from 1996 to 2012 at the department
      of obstetrics and gynecology of Yopougon's teaching hospital in Abidjan, Cote
      d'Ivoire. Vaginal stenosis due to genital malformation, vaginal irradiation of
      pelvic tumours, repair of bladder and vaginal fistulae or intersexual disorders
      were excluded. RESULTS: The prevalence was 0.14/1000 admissions, mean age was
      32.1 years, mean gravidity was 1.76 and mean parity was 1.1. Vaginal stenosis
      seat and extent were variable and 100 % had a caustic origin by use of
      traditional medicine vaginal pessaire. Of the patients, 95.2 % underwent surgical
      treatment followed by several dilations sessions with glass dilators. Successful
      surgical outcome allowing coitus was achieved in 47.6 % of cases with 52.4 %
      failure. CONCLUSION: Acquired caustic vagina stenosis are frequently occurring
      and are a public health problem related to ignorance. Health education and
      establishment of expert centers with exchange of experiences in West Africa
      should be able to improve surgical outcomes.

PMID- 26966034
TI  - [Thyroid function for infertile women during ovarian hyperstimulation as part of
      IVF].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Optimal thyroid function is necessary for an effective fertility.
      Many authors have suggested that thyroid function has an impact on IVF outcome.
      Conversely, IVF has been suggested to induce changes in thyroid function. The aim
      of this study was to determine the nature and the timing of alterations in
      thyroid function, throughout controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, from the
      beginning of therapy to the day of triggering ovulation. And make a clarification
      of the current recommendations of the thyroid function during hormonal
      stimulation. METHODS: Subjects were recruited from March 2013 to July 2013 at the
      Hospital of the University of Reims. The studied population consisted of 50
      infertile patients who had undergone IVF/ICSI cycles. Thyroid axis exploration
      was realized before therapy and at every hormonal dosage during ovarian
      monitorage. RESULTS: Prematuary fluctuations were observed without impact on
      pregnancy rate. We could detect potential hypothyroid women thanks to this dosage
      and define a connection between pregnancy rate and TSH with a threshold closer to
      1mUI/L than 2,5mUI/L defined by the endocrine society. CONCLUSIONS: The link
      between thyroid function, forecast of conception and pregnancy is well
      documented. Currently, there is no recommendation on the rate of TSH targets for
      the patients in medical assisted procreation.

PMID- 26966035
TI  - [Misleading diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia in women].
AB  - Prolactin is a major hormone, involved in gonadotroph axis regulation.
      Hyperprolactinemia induces gonadotropin deficiency and therefore hypogonadotropic
      hypogonadism. It should be suspected in front of menstrual cycle abnormalities,
      infertility and/or galactorrhea. If drugs and/or PRL adenoma represent the vast
      majority of causes of hyperprolactinemia, other etiologies and misleading
      diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia should be searched for. After eliminating a
      pregnancy, in women of childbearing age, the first step is to interpret the
      result of hyperprolactinemia, according to the assay technique used. Indeed, the
      major active form of prolactin is the 23kDA non-glycosylated prolactin. However,
      some assays interfere with macroprolactinemia, an inactive form of prolactin,
      including glycosylated prolactin bound to an IgG immunoglobulin. Its presence in
      the serum is misleading as it may induce increased levels of prolactin, usually
      below 100 ng/mL. The diagnosis of macroprolactinemia has major issues as
      pituitary MRI does not need to be performed. Furthermore, neither treatment nor
      follow-up of patients with macroprolactinemia are necessary. It should be
      suspected in the presence of normal menstrual cycles. Drugs inducing
      hyperprolactinemia usually raise prolactin levels below 100 ng/mL. If prolactin
      level is higher than 250 ng/mL, the main diagnosis is pituitary macro-adenoma. If
      prolactin ranges between 100 and 250 ng/mL, it is usually related to a micro
      adenoma or a necrotic macro-adenoma. A mixed PRL/GH should always be suspected.
      If prolactin level is below 150 ng/mL, in the presence of a large hypothalamic
      pituitary tumor, the major diagnosis is hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary
      disconnection. Ectopic secretions of prolactin remain very rare. A new etiology
      of hyperprolactinemia is loss of function mutation of prolactin receptor.

PMID- 26966036
TI  - [Contribution of a virtual hysteroscopic simulator in the learning of
      hysteroscopic myoma resection].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Uterine myomas are a frequent pathology affecting 20% of women of
      reproductive age. Myomas induce abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain and
      increase the risk of infertility and obstetrical complications. Symptomatic sub
      mucosal myomas are classically treated by hysteroscopic resection. Simulation is
      a method of education and training. It could improve quality and security of
      cares. The aim of this study is to assess the interest of a hysteroscopic
      simulator for the resection of myoma by novice surgeons. METHODS: Twenty medical
      students were recruited, in a prospective study, in august 2014. The virtual
      reality simulator VirtaMed HystSimTM (VirtaMed AG, Zurich, Switzerland) was used
      to perform the hysteroscopic training. All students received a short
      demonstration of myoma resection. The practice consists of a submucous myoma type
      0 resection. The procedure and the evaluation were performed before and after a
      specific training in hysteroscopic resection of sixty minutes long. The main
      outcome criteria were time for the resection before and after training. The
      second criteria were fluid quantity used, number of contact between optic and
      uterine cavity and uterine perforation. RESULTS: Twenty students aged from 22 to
      24 years were included. The time for the procedure was significantly reduced
      after training (170s versus 335s, P<0.01). There is the same for fluid quantity
      used (335 mL versus 717mL, P<0.01) and the number of contact between optic and
      uterine cavity (0.2 contact versus 3, P=0.012). No perforation occurred in the
      simulation. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that hysteroscopic simulator enhances
      and facilitates hysteroscopic resection for novice surgeons.

PMID- 26966037
TI  - [Uterine volume and vaginal hysterectomy: Interest and limits of uterine
      morcellation].
AB  - Abdominal hysterectomy remains the preferred approach for large uteri or in case
      of narrow vaginal access. However, the traditional morcellation techniques allow
      safe and efficient extraction when choosing the vaginal route. Uterine volume
      reductive techniques do not increase perioperative morbidity thus complications
      do not seem to be linked to uterine size. There are numerous advantages of the
      vaginal route in comparison with laparotomy, such as aesthetic benefits,
      decreased postoperative pain, reduced hospital stay and recovery as well as
      decreased perioperative morbidity. Compared to laparoscopy, surgical outcomes and
      blood loss of the vaginal approach of a large uterus seem to be similar.
      Nevertheless, laparoscopic hysterectomy is associated with longer operative time
      and significant increase in hospital cost. Hence, a thorough knowledge and
      mastery of uterine morcellation techniques are essential when performing vaginal
      hysterectomy for large uteri or when the vagina is narrow. They must therefore
      continue to be taught, spread and regularly used in order to stretch the
      indications for vaginal hysterectomy in favour of an abdominal approach. 

PMID- 26966038
TI  - Current Status of Lymph Node Imaging in Bladder and Prostate Cancer.
AB  - The bladder and the prostate have a multitude of primary lymphatic landing sites,
      making the sentinel node concept inapplicable in patients with bladder or
      prostate cancer. However, some imaging techniques may be helpful in guiding
      surgeons for the removal of suspicious nodes that would not have been resected in
      a standardized template. Despite the multitude of new imaging techniques
      available today, a meticulous histologic workup of lymph nodes retrieved by an
      extended pelvic lymph node dissection still has the highest accuracy for
      detection of lymph node metastases in bladder or prostate cancer.

PMID- 26966039
TI  - Evaluation and Impact of Workflow Interruptions During Robot-assisted Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze and categorize causes for interruptions during robot
      assisted surgery. METHODS: We analyzed 10 robot-assisted prostatectomies that
      were performed by 3 surgeons from October 2014 to June 2015. Interruptions to
      surgery were defined in terms of duration, stage of surgery, personnel involved,
      reasons, and impact of the interruption on the surgical workflow. RESULTS: The
      main reasons for interruptions included the following: console surgeons switching
      (29%); preparation of the surgical equipment, such as cleaning or changing the
      camera (29%) or an instrument (27%); or when a suture, stapler, or clip was
      needed (12%). The most common interruption duration was 10-29 seconds (47.6%),
      and the least common interruption duration was greater than 90 seconds (3.6%).
      Additionally, about 14% of the interruptions were considered avoidable, whereas
      the remaining 86% of interruptions were necessary for surgery. CONCLUSION: By
      identifying and analyzing interruptions, we can develop evidence-based strategies
      to improve operating room efficiency, lower costs, and advance patient safety.

PMID- 26966040
TI  - Reply by the Authors.

PMID- 26966041
TI  - Reply by the Authors.

PMID- 26966042
TI  - Re: Han et al: The Prevalence and Association of Varicoceles on Male Patients
      With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (Urology
      2016;90:97-100).

PMID- 26966044
TI  - Re: Han et al: The Prevalence and Association of Varicoceles on Male Patients
      With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (Urology
      2016;90:97-100).

PMID- 26966043
TI  - Diagnostic Value of Guided Biopsies: Fusion and Cognitive-registration Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging Versus Conventional Ultrasound Biopsy of the Prostate.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To better assess the increased utilization of multiparametric magnetic
      resonance imaging (mpMRI) and fusion biopsy of the prostate, we compared prostate
      cancer detection rates among (a) men undergoing MR-ultrasound (US) fusion biopsy,
      (b) mpMRI cognitive-registration biopsy, and (c) conventional transrectal US
      guided biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      present a retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing mpMRI of the
      prostate with subsequent prostate biopsy from October 2013 to September 2015.
      Lesions concerning for prostate cancer visualized on mpMRI were targeted with
      cognitive-registration or MR-US fusion biopsies. A cohort of men undergoing
      conventional prostate biopsy was utilized for comparison. Rates of cancer
      detection were compared among the 3 cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 231 patients
      underwent mpMRI-targeted biopsy (81 fusion, 150 cognitive). There was no
      difference in prostate specific antigen, mpMRI-defined Prostate Imaging Reporting
      and Data System score or number of lesions, or history of prostate cancer among
      the cohorts. The overall detection rate of cancer was significantly higher in the
      fusion cohort (48.1%) compared with both the cognitive (34.6% P = .04) and
      conventional (32.0%, P = .03) cohorts. Cancer detection rates were comparable in
      the MRI-cognitive and transrectal prostate US biopsy groups (34.6% vs 32%). MR
      fusion detected significantly more Gleason >=7 cancer (61.5 vs 37.5%, P = .04)
      and significantly less Gleason 6 cancer (38.5 vs 62.5%, P = .04) compared with
      conventional biopsy. CONCLUSION: Targeted biopsy of the prostate using MR-US
      fusion increased the cancer detection rate compared with both cognitive
      registration and conventional biopsy and was associated with detection of higher
      grade cancer compared with conventional biopsy.

PMID- 26966046
TI  - Intramedullary nailing has sufficient durability for metastatic femoral
      fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment options of femoral metastases include
      intramedullary nailing (IMN) and endoprosthetic reconstruction (EPR). Previous
      studies have demonstrated functional and oncological advantages of EPR over IMN.
      The purpose of this study was to (1) report the durability of IMN and (2)
      establish the indication of IMN for femoral metastases. METHODS: In 2003-2013,
      among 186 surgically treated femoral metastasis cases, we retrospectively
      reviewed 80 consecutive IMN cases in 75 patients, including 14 pathological and
      66 impending fractures. For the decision of surgical procedure (IMN, EPR, or
      plating), the following factors are considered: (1) fracture pattern (impending
      or pathological fracture), (2) Mirels' score (>=8 or <8), (3) fracture site
      (femoral head, neck, intertrochanter, subtrochanter, diaphysis, or distal), (4)
      number of metastases (solitary or multiple), and (5) patient's estimated
      prognosis. Patient demographics, postoperative survival, implant survival, and
      early postoperative mortality were reviewed. RESULTS: The patients were 37 males
      and 38 females, with a mean age of 60.1 (20-84) years. Average follow-up period
      was 11.4 (1-77) months. The most common fracture site was the subtrochanter
      (46/80), followed by the diaphysis (26/80) and the intertrochanter (8/80). The
      most common primary tumor was lung cancer (24/80, 32%), followed by breast cancer
      (24%) and melanoma (15%). With the exception of six cases, all patients underwent
      postoperative radiotherapy to the affected whole femur. The postoperative patient
      survival was 14.2 and 8.4% at 2 and 3 years from surgery, respectively, while the
      implant survival rate remained 94.0% at both 2 and 3 years. Three out of 46
      subtrochanteric cases required revision surgeries because of proximal breakage of
      implant 4-50 months after initial surgery for femoral metastases, but all were
      replaced by mega-prosthesis and did not need further operation until their death.
      Early postoperative fatal complications were observed in three patients, all of
      which were pulmonary dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of IMN in this
      study was satisfactory although a large portion of sub- and intertrochanter
      metastases were included. Broader indication including these parts should be
      considered, for IMN has advantages such as lower cost and less invasiveness and
      even an implant failure can be revised by mega-prosthetic reconstruction.

PMID- 26966047
TI  - Update on hepatitis E virology: Implications for clinical practice.
AB  - Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-strand RNA virus transmitted by the fecal
      oral route. The 7.2kb genome encodes three open reading frames (ORF) which are
      translated into (i) the ORF1 polyprotein, representing the viral replicase, (ii)
      the ORF2 protein, corresponding to the viral capsid, and (iii) the ORF3 protein,
      a small protein involved in particle secretion. Although HEV is a non-enveloped
      virus in bile and feces, it circulates in the bloodstream wrapped in cellular
      membranes. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 infect only humans and cause mainly waterborne
      outbreaks. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are widely represented in the animal kingdom and
      are transmitted as a zoonosis mainly via contaminated meat. HEV infection is
      usually self-limited but may persist and cause chronic hepatitis in
      immunocompromised patients. Reduction of immunosuppressive treatment or antiviral
      therapy with ribavirin have proven effective in most patients with chronic
      hepatitis E but therapy failures have been reported. Alternative treatment
      options are needed, therefore. Infection with HEV may also cause a number of
      extrahepatic manifestations, especially neurologic complications. Progress in the
      understanding of the biology of HEV should contribute to improved control and
      treatment of HEV infection.

PMID- 26966049
TI  - Intra-cycle variation of the uterine cavity indentation assessed with three
      dimensional ultrasound in natural and stimulated cycles.
AB  - The recent ESHRE-ESGE classification for female genital anomalies attempts to
      promote objectivity in diagnosis of normal and septate uteri. The aim of this
      study was to ascertain whether the uterine cavity indentation - the
      characteristic feature of septate uteri - varies significantly throughout the
      cycle. Seventy consecutive women underwent three-dimensional ultrasound twice: 35
      during the proliferative and luteal phase of a natural cycle, and 35 during the
      first and final day of a stimulated cycle. Endometrial thickness, interostial
      distance, cavity indentation and percentage of cavity indentation were all
      assessed in accordance with the ESHRE-ESGE consensus on diagnosis of female
      genital anomalies. Overall, throughout both cycles, there was a significant
      increase in endometrial thickness (from 4.6 mm to 10.2 mm; P < 0.001) and
      interostial distance (from 30.1 mm to 35.1 mm; P < 0.001), which was associated
      with a significant reduction in the percentage of cavity indentation (from 30.3%
      to 15.0%; P < 0.001). Between the first and second assessment, 3/70 (4.3%)
      patients had a change in diagnosis from septate to normal uterus, although this
      did not reach statistical significance. This observation of a significant intra
      cycle variation of the uterine cavity indentation has important implications for
      both clinical practice and research.

PMID- 26966048
TI  - Pharmacotherapy for Dravet Syndrome.
AB  - Dravet syndrome (DS) is an intractable pediatric epilepsy syndrome, starting in
      early childhood. This disorder typically manifests with febrile status
      epilepticus, and progresses to a multifocal epilepsy with febrile and non-febrile
      seizures with encephalopathy. Most cases are due to a mutation in the SCN1A gene.
      This article reviews treatments for DS, with an emphasis on pharmacotherapy.
      While many medications are used in treating the seizures associated with DS,
      these patients typically have medically refractory epilepsy, and polytherapy is
      often required. First-line agents include valproate and clobazam, although there
      are supportive data for topiramate, levetiracetam, stiripentol and the ketogenic
      diet. Other agents such as fenfluramine are promising therapies for Dravet
      syndrome. Sodium channel-blocking anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine and
      lamotrigine are generally contraindicated in this syndrome. Nonpharmacologic
      therapies (such as neurostimulation or surgery) are understudied in DS. Because
      DS is a global encephalopathy, pharmacologic treatment of non-epileptic
      manifestations of the disease is often necessary. Attention-deficit hyperactivity
      disorder is often encountered in patients with DS, and psychostimulants can be
      helpful for this indication. Other psychoactive drugs are less studied in this
      context. Extrapyramidal and gait disorders are often encountered in DS as well.
      While DS is a severe epileptic encephalopathy with a high (up to 15 %) mortality
      rate in childhood, careful pharmacologic management can improve these patients'
      clinical picture and quality of life. 

PMID- 26966050
TI  - Annexin A5 haplotype M2 is not a risk factor for recurrent spontaneous abortion
      in Northern Europe: is there sufficient evidence?
AB  - The M2 haplotype of the annexin A5 gene is a well-recognized predisposition
      factor for recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). A recent publication by
      Nagirnaja et al. (2015) in PLoS One discusses the risk role of the M2 haplotype
      for RSA in cases compared with controls of North European extraction and arrives
      at a negative result. As a number of previous and fairly recent studies have
      supported the proposed involvement of the M2 haplotype in the cause of idiopathic
      RSA, this commentary aims to highlight problematic issues in the above
      publication. It is the opinion of the authors that the study by Nagirnaja et al.
      (2015) does not generate adequate proof of the absence of RSA risk, attributable
      to carriage of the M2 haplotype. 

PMID- 26966045
TI  - Comparative genomics analysis of mononuclear phagocyte subsets confirms homology
      between lymphoid tissue-resident and dermal XCR1(+) DCs in mouse and human and
      distinguishes them from Langerhans cells.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DC) are mononuclear phagocytes which exhibit a branching
      (dendritic) morphology and excel at naive T cell activation. DC encompass several
      subsets initially identified by their expression of cell surface molecules and
      later shown to possess distinct functions. DC subset differentiation is
      orchestrated by transcription factors, growth factors and cytokines. Identifying
      DC subsets is challenging as very few cell surface molecules are uniquely
      expressed on any one of these cell populations. There is no standard consensus to
      identify mononuclear phagocyte subsets; varying antigens are employed depending
      on the tissue and animal species studied and between laboratories. This has led
      to confusion in how to accurately define and classify DCs across tissues and
      between species. Here we report a comparative genomics strategy that enables
      universal definition of DC and other mononuclear phagocyte subsets across
      species. We performed a meta-analysis of several public datasets of human and
      mouse mononuclear phagocyte subsets isolated from blood, spleen, skin or
      cutaneous lymph nodes, including by using a novel and user friendly software,
      BubbleGUM, which generates and integrates gene signatures for high throughput
      gene set enrichment analysis. This analysis demonstrates the equivalence between
      human and mouse skin XCR1(+) DCs, and between mouse and human Langerhans cells. 

PMID- 26966051
TI  - Ultrastructural features of the differentiating thyroid primordium in the sand
      lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) from the differentiation of the cellular cords to the
      formation of the follicular lumen.
AB  - The differentiation of the thyroid primordium of lacertilian species is poorly
      understood. The present study reports on the ultrastructural analysis of the
      developing thyroid primordium in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) during the
      early stages of differentiation. The early thyroid primordium of sand lizard
      embryos was composed of cellular cords that contained single cells with a giant
      lipid droplet, which were eliminated by specific autophagy (lipophagy). The
      follicular lumens at the periphery of the primordium differentiated even before
      the division of the cellular cords. When the single cells within the cords
      started to die through paraptosis, the adjacent cells started to polarise and
      junctional complexes began to form around them. After polarisation and clearing
      up after the formation of the lumens, the cellular cords divided into definitive
      follicles. The cellular cords in the central part of the primordium started to
      differentiate later than those at the periphery. The cellular cords divided into
      presumptive follicles first and only later differentiated into definitive
      follicles. During this process, a population of centrally located cells was
      removed through apoptosis to form the lumen. Although the follicular lumen in
      sand lizard embryos is differentiated by cavitation similar to that in the grass
      snake, there were very important differences during the early stages of the
      differentiation of the cellular cords and the formation of the thyroid follicles.

PMID- 26966052
TI  - Targeting Comorbidities in Elderly Patients With Heart Failure: The OPTIMIZE
      HFPEF Trial.

PMID- 26966053
TI  - Household survey analysis of the impact of comprehensive strategies to improve
      the expanded programme on immunisation at the county level in western China, 2006
      2010.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate interventions to improve routine vaccination coverage and
      caregiver knowledge in China's remote west, where routine immunisation is
      relatively weak. DESIGN: Prospective pre-post (2006-2010) evaluation in project
      counties; retrospective comparison based on 2004 administrative data at baseline
      and surveyed post-intervention (2010) data in selected non-project counties.
      SETTING: Four project counties and one non-project county in each of four
      provinces. PARTICIPANTS: 3390 children in project counties at baseline, and 3299
      in project and 830 in non-project counties post-intervention; and 3279 caregivers
      at baseline, and 3389 in project and 830 in non-project counties post
      intervention. INTERVENTION: Multicomponent inexpensive knowledge-strengthening
      and service-strengthening and innovative, multisectoral engagement. DATA
      COLLECTION: Standard 30-cluster household surveys of vaccine coverage and
      caregiver interviews pre-intervention and post-intervention in each project
      county. Similar surveys in one non-project county selected by local authorities
      in each province post-intervention. Administrative data on vaccination coverage
      in non-project counties at baseline. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in vaccine
      coverage between baseline and project completion (2010); comparative caregiver
      knowledge in all counties in 2010. ANALYSIS: Crude (chi(2)) analysis of changes
      and differences in vaccination coverage and related knowledge. Multiple logistic
      regression to assess associations with timely coverage. RESULTS: Timely coverage
      of four routine vaccines increased by 21% (p<0.001) and hepatitis B (HepB) birth
      dose by 35% (p<0.001) over baseline in project counties. Comparison with non
      project counties revealed secular improvement in most provinces, except new
      vaccine coverage was mostly higher in project counties. Ethnicity, province,
      birthplace, vaccination site, dual-parental out-migration and parental knowledge
      had significant associations with coverage. Knowledge increased for all variables
      but one in project counties (highest p<0.05) and was substantially higher than in
      non-project counties (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive but inexpensive
      strategies improved vaccination coverage and caretaker knowledge in western
      China. Establishing multisectoral leadership, involving the education sector and
      including immunisation in public-sector performance standards, are affordable and
      effective interventions.

PMID- 26966054
TI  - Prevalence of alcohol and drug use in injured British Columbia drivers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Determine the prevalence of drug use in injured drivers and identify
      associated demographic factors and crash characteristics. DESIGN: Prospective
      cross-sectional study. SETTING: Seven trauma centres in British Columbia, Canada
      (2010-2012). PARTICIPANTS: Automobile drivers who had blood obtained within 6 h
      of a crash. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analysed blood for cannabis, alcohol and
      other impairing drugs using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LCMS).
      RESULTS: 1097 drivers met inclusion criteria. 60% were aged 20-50 years, 63.2%
      were male and 29.0% were admitted to hospital. We found alcohol in 17.8% (15.6%
      to 20.1%) of drivers. Cannabis was the second most common recreational drug:
      cannabis metabolites were present in 12.6% (10.7% to 14.7%) of drivers and we
      detected Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) in 7.3% (5.9% to 9.0%),
      indicating recent use. Males and drivers aged under 30 years were most likely to
      use cannabis. We detected cocaine in 2.8% (2.0% to 4.0%) of drivers and
      amphetamines in 1.2% (0.7% to 2.0%). We also found medications including
      benzodiazepines (4.0% (2.9% to 5.3%)), antidepressants (6.5% (5.2% to 8.1%)) and
      diphenhydramine (4.7% (3.5% to 6.2%)). Drivers aged over 50 years and those
      requiring hospital admission were most likely to have used medications. Overall,
      40.1% (37.2% to 43.0%) of drivers tested positive for alcohol or at least one
      impairing drug and 12.7% (10.7% to 14.7%) tested positive for more than one
      substance. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol, cannabis and a broad range of other impairing
      drugs are commonly detected in injured drivers. Alcohol is well known to cause
      crashes, but further research is needed to determine the impact of other drug
      use, including drug-alcohol and drug-drug combinations, on crash risk. In
      particular, more work is needed to understand the role of medications in causing
      crashes to guide driver education programmes and improve public safety.

PMID- 26966055
TI  - Determinants of postnatal depression in Sudanese women at 3 months postpartum: a
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Maternal mental health is a neglected issue in Sudanese healthcare.
      The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with postnatal
      depression (PND) at 3 months postpartum in a sample of Sudanese women in Khartoum
      state. SETTING: Recruitment was from two major public antenatal care (ANC)
      clinics in two maternity teaching hospitals in Khartoum state. The study
      participants were recruited during their pregnancy and were followed up and
      screened for PND at 3 months postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression
      Scale (EPDS). PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 300 pregnant Sudanese women in their
      second or third trimester was included in the study. The inclusion criteria were
      Sudanese nationality, pregnancy in the second or third trimester and satisfactory
      contact information. OUTCOME MEASURES: PND was assessed using the EPDS at a cut
      off score of >= 12. Maternal and sociodemographic factors of interest were
      illustrated in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) to identify which variables to
      adjust for in multivariate analyses and to show their type of effect on PND. A
      forward logistic regression model was built to assess the factors that are
      independently associated with PND. RESULTS: History of violence increased the
      odds of PND sevenfold, OR=7.4 (95% CI 1.9 to 27.6). Older age of mothers
      decreased the odds of PND by almost 20%, OR=0.82 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.92). Exclusive
      breast feeding and regular prenatal vitamins during pregnancy are associated with
      an 80% decrease in odds of PND, OR=0.2 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.70) and 0.17 (95% CI
      0.06 to 0.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with PND in this
      study are comparable to factors from other developing countries, although
      findings should be judged with caution owing to the high number of women who
      refused recruitment into the study.

PMID- 26966056
TI  - What factors are important for deprescribing in Australian long-term care
      facilities? Perspectives of residents and health professionals.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Polypharmacy and multimorbidity are common in long-term care
      facilities (LTCFs). Reducing polypharmacy may reduce adverse events and maintain
      quality of life. Deprescribing refers to reducing medications after consideration
      of therapeutic goals, benefits and risks, and medical ethics. The objective was
      to use nominal group technique (NGT) to generate then rank factors that general
      medical practitioners (GPs), nurses, pharmacists and residents or their
      representatives perceive are most important when deciding whether or not to
      deprescribe medications. DESIGN: Qualitative research using NGT. SETTING:
      Participants were invited if they worked with, or resided in LTCFs across
      metropolitan and regional South Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 11
      residents/representatives, 19 GPs, 12 nurses and 14 pharmacists participated
      across six separate groups. METHODS: Individual groups of GPs, nurses,
      pharmacists and residents/representatives were convened. Using NGT each group
      ranked factors perceived to be most important when deciding whether or not to
      deprescribe. Then, using NGT, the prioritised factors from individual groups were
      discussed and prioritised by a multidisciplinary metropolitan and regional group
      comprised of resident representatives, GPs, nurses and pharmacists. RESULTS: No
      two groups had the same priorities. GPs ranked 'evidence for deprescribing' and
      'communication with family/resident' as most important factors. Nurses ranked 'GP
      receptivity to deprescribing' and 'nurses ability to advocate for residents' as
      most important. Pharmacists ranked 'clinical appropriateness of therapy' and
      'identifying residents' goals of care' as most important. Residents ranked
      'wellbeing of the resident' and 'continuity of nursing staff' as most important.
      The multidisciplinary groups ranked 'adequacy of medical and medication history'
      and 'identifying residents' goals of care' as most important. CONCLUSIONS: While
      each group prioritised different factors, common and contrasting factors emerged.
      Future deprescribing interventions need to consider the similarities and
      differences within the range of factors prioritised by residents and health
      professionals.

PMID- 26966057
TI  - Health service utilisation for anogenital warts in Ontario, Canada prior to the
      human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine programme introduction: a retrospective
      longitudinal population-based study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Trends in occurrence of anogenital warts (AGWs) can provide early
      evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme impact on preventing
      HPV infection and HPV-induced lesions. The objective of this study was to provide
      a baseline of AGW epidemiology in Ontario prior to the introduction of the
      publicly-funded school-based HPV vaccination programme in September 2007. SETTING
      AND PARTICIPANTS: As a retrospective longitudinal population-based study, we used
      health administrative data as a proxy to estimate incident AGWs and total health
      service utilisation (HSU) for AGWs for all Ontario residents 15 years and older
      with valid health cards between 1 April 2003 and 31 March 2007. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      The outcome of interest was AGW healthcare utilisation identified using the
      International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) diagnostic code
      for AGWs, as well as an algorithm for identifying AGW physician office visits in
      a database with a unique system of diagnostic and procedural codes. An AGW case
      was considered incident if preceded by 12 months without HSU for AGWs. Time
      trends by age group and sex were analysed. RESULTS: Between fiscal years 2003 and
      2006, we identified 123,247 health service visits for AGWs by 51,436 Ontario
      residents 15 years and older. Incident AGWs peaked in females and males in the 21
      23 year age group, at 3.74 per 1000 and 2.81 per 1000, respectively. HSU for AGWs
      peaked in females and males within the 21-23 year age group, at 9.34 per 1000 and
      7.22 per 1000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is
      the first population-based study of AGW incidence and HSU in Ontario. The sex and
      age distribution of individuals with incident and prevalent AGWs in Ontario was
      similar to that of other provinces before HPV vaccine programme implementation in
      Canada.

PMID- 26966059
TI  - Pregnancy history and current use of contraception among women of reproductive
      age in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda: analysis of demographic and
      health survey data.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between pregnancy history and the use of
      contraception among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in East Africa.
      METHODS: Demographic and Health Surveys data from Burundi (2010), Kenya (2008
      2009), Rwanda (2010), Tanzania (2010) and Uganda (2011) were used in the
      analysis. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of women's
      pregnancy history on their use of contraception. SETTING: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda,
      Tanzania and Uganda. PARTICIPANTS: 3226, 2377, 4396, 3250 and 2596 women of
      reproductive age (15-49 years) from Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda,
      respectively, were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Women who had experienced a
      mistimed pregnancy were more likely to use a modern contraceptive method during
      their most recent sexual encounter in Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda. Other
      significant correlates of women's contraceptive use were: desire for more
      children, parity, household wealth, maternal education and access information
      through radio. In-country regional differences on use of modern contraceptive
      methods were noted across five East African countries. CONCLUSIONS: Women's birth
      histories were significantly associated with their decision to adopt a modern
      contraceptive method. This highlights the importance of considering women's birth
      histories, especially women with mistimed births, in the promotion of
      contraceptive use in East Africa. Variations as a result of place of residency,
      educational attainment, access to family planning information and products, and
      wealth ought to be addressed in efforts to increase use of modern contraceptive
      methods in the East African region.

PMID- 26966058
TI  - Study protocol for a single-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial of Tianjiu
      effects in patients with intradialytic hypotension.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is the most frequent complication
      of haemodialysis (HD) and may contribute to cardiovascular events and high
      mortality. The aetiology of IDH is multifactorial; therefore, it remains a
      challenging problem in the management of patients with HD. Since the application
      of Tianjiu at specific points can influence haemodynamics, we hypothesise that
      Tianjiu therapy at the traditionally used meridian points will reduce the
      severity of hypotension in patients who undergo HD. METHODS/ANALYSIS: In this
      clinical trial, eligible patients with IDH will be divided randomly and equally
      into a Tianjiu group and a control group for 4 weeks. In the Tianjiu group, the
      patients will have Tianjiu applied at three points (conception vessel 4, and
      bilateral kidney 1) during each HD session. In the control group, patients will
      have clay patches applied in the same way as those in the Tianjiu treatment
      group. Both groups will be followed up for 2 weeks. The primary outcome measure
      will be the percentage of target ultrafiltration achieved, defined as the actual
      ultrafiltration volume divided by the target ultrafiltration volume. Secondary
      outcome measures, including frequency of IDH episodes and number of nursing
      interventions during HD sessions, predialysis and postdialysis blood pressure
      (BP), patient's participative assessment of the degree of fatigue after dialysis
      (scale from 0, not at all, to 10, extremely), and recovery time from fatigue
      after dialysis will be recorded at the 0th and 4th weeks. ETHICS/DISSEMINATION:
      This trial has undergone ethical scrutiny and been approved by the ethics review
      board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Permission number: 102-4749A3 and 104
      3156C). The pre-results of this trial will help to determine whether Tianjiu is
      an effective and safe treatment for IDH, and, if so, whether it is a therapeutic
      effect rather than a placebo effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02210377; Pre
      results.

PMID- 26966060
TI  - Past speculations of the future: a review of the methods used for forecasting
      emerging health technologies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Forecasting can support rational decision-making around the
      introduction and use of emerging health technologies and prevent investment in
      technologies that have limited long-term potential. However, forecasting methods
      need to be credible. We performed a systematic search to identify the methods
      used in forecasting studies to predict future health technologies within a 3-20
      year timeframe. Identification and retrospective assessment of such methods
      potentially offer a route to more reliable prediction. DESIGN: Systematic search
      of the literature to identify studies reported on methods of forecasting in
      healthcare. PARTICIPANTS: People are not needed in this study. DATA SOURCES: The
      authors searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO and grey literature sources, and
      included articles published in English that reported their methods and a list of
      identified technologies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Studies reporting methods used to
      predict future health technologies within a 3-20-year timeframe with an
      identified list of individual healthcare technologies. Commercially sponsored
      reviews, long-term futurology studies (with over 20-year timeframes) and
      speculative editorials were excluded. RESULTS: 15 studies met our inclusion
      criteria. Our results showed that the majority of studies (13/15) consulted
      experts either alone or in combination with other methods such as literature
      searching. Only 2 studies used more complex forecasting tools such as scenario
      building. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological fundamentals of formal 3-20-year
      prediction are consistent but vary in details. Further research needs to be
      conducted to ascertain if the predictions made were accurate and whether accuracy
      varies by the methods used or by the types of technologies identified.

PMID- 26966061
TI  - Cross-sectional survey of Good Samaritan behaviour by physicians in North
      Carolina.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the responses of physicians to providing emergency medical
      assistance outside of routine clinical care. We assessed the percentage who
      reported previous Good Samaritan behaviour, their responses to hypothetical
      situations, their comfort providing specific interventions and the most likely
      reason they would not intervene. SETTING: Physicians residing in North Carolina.
      PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 1000 licensed physicians. INTERVENTION:
      Mailed survey. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted May 2015 to September
      2015. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Willingness of physicians to act as Good
      Samaritans as determined by the last opportunity to intervene in an out-of-office
      emergency. RESULTS: The adjusted response rate was 26.1% (253/970 delivered). 4
      out of 5 physicians reported previous opportunities to act as Good Samaritans.
      Approximately, 93% reported acting as a Good Samaritan during their last
      opportunity. There were no differences in this outcome between sexes, practice
      setting, specialty type or experience level. Doctors with greater perceived
      knowledge of Good Samaritan law were more likely to have intervened during a
      recent opportunity (p=0.02). The most commonly cited reason for potentially not
      intervening was that another health provider had taken charge. CONCLUSIONS: We
      found the frequency of Good Samaritan behaviour among physicians to be much
      higher than reported in previous studies. Greater helping behaviour was exhibited
      by those who expressed more familiarity with Good Samaritan law. These findings
      suggest that physicians may respond to legal protections.

PMID- 26966062
TI  - Does family-centred neonatal discharge planning reduce healthcare usage? A before
      and after study in South West England.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To implement parent-oriented discharge planning (Train-to-Home) for
      preterm infants in neonatal care. DESIGN: Before and after study, investigating
      the effects of the intervention during two 11-month periods before and after
      implementation. SETTING: Four local neonatal units (LNUs) in South West England.
      PARTICIPANTS: Infants without major anomalies born at 27-33 weeks' gestation
      admitted to participating units, and their parents. TRAIN-TO-HOME INTERVENTION: A
      family-centred discharge package to increase parents' involvement and
      understanding of their baby's needs, comprising a train graphic and supporting
      care pathways to facilitate parents' understanding of their baby's progress and
      physiological maturation, combined with improved estimation of the likely
      discharge date. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy
      (PMP S-E) scores, infant length of stay (LOS) and healthcare utilisation for 8
      weeks following discharge. RESULTS: Parents reported that the Train-to-Home
      improved understanding of their baby's progress and their preparedness for
      discharge. Despite a lack of change in PMP S-E scores with the intervention, the
      number of post-discharge visits to emergency departments (EDs) fell from 31 to 20
      (p<0.05), with a significant reduction in associated healthcare costs (L3400 to
      L2200; p<0.05) after discharge. In both study phases, over 50% of infants went
      home more than 3 weeks before their estimated date of delivery (EDD), though no
      reduction in LOS occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of measurable effect on
      the parental self-efficacy scores, the reduction in ED attendances and associated
      costs supports the potential value of this approach.

PMID- 26966063
TI  - Biodiversity and biogeography of rhizobia associated with common bean (Phaseolus
      vulgaris L.) in Shaanxi Province.
AB  - The biodiversity and biogeography of rhizobia associated with bean in Shaanxi
      Province were investigated. A total of 194 bacterial isolates from bean nodules
      collected from 13 sampling sites were characterized based on phylogenetic
      analyses of the 16S rRNA gene, the housekeeping genes recA, glnII and atpD, and
      the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH. Fifteen genospecies belonging to the genera
      Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Ensifer, Bradyrhizobium and Ochrobactrum were defined
      among the isolates, with Rhizobium sp. II, Agrobacterium sp. II, E. fredii and R.
      phaseoli being the dominant groups. Four symbiotic gene lineages corresponding to
      Rhizobium sp. I, Rhizobium sp. II, R. phaseoli and B. liaoningense were detected
      in the nodC and nifH sequence analyses, indicating different origins for the
      symbiotic genes and their co-evolution with the chromosome of the bacteria.
      Moreover, the Ensifer isolates harbored symbiotic genes closely related to bean
      nodulating Pararhizobium giardinii, indicating possible lateral gene transfer
      from Rhizobium to Ensifer. Correlation of rhizobial community composition with
      moisture, temperature, intercropping, soil features and nutrients were detected.
      All the results demonstrated a great diversity of bean rhizobia in Shaanxi that
      might be due to the adaptable evolution of the bean-nodulating rhizobia subjected
      to the diverse ecological conditions in the area. 

PMID- 26966064
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces cell cycle arrest by activating atypical
      cyclin-dependent kinase 5 through up-regulation of Smad3-dependent p35 expression
      in human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells.
AB  - Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) play important roles in control of cell division.
      Cdk5 is an atypical member of Cdk family with non-cyclin-like regulatory subunit,
      p35, but its role in cell cycle progression is still unclear. In the present
      study, we investigated the role of Cdk5/p35 on transforming growth factor-beta1
      (TGF-beta1)-induced cell cycle arrest. In human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells,
      TGF-beta1 induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and increased p27KIP1 expression.
      Interestingly, pretreatment with roscovitine, an inhibitor of Cdk5, or
      transfection with small interfering (si) RNAs specific to Cdk5 and p35
      significantly attenuated the TGF-beta1-induced p27KIP1 expression and cell cycle
      arrest. TGF-beta1 increased Cdk5 activity via up-regulation of p35 gene at
      transcriptional level, and these effects were abolished by transfection with
      Smad3 siRNA or infection of adenovirus carrying Smad3 mutant at the C-tail (3SA).
      Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further revealed that wild type Smad3, but
      not mutant Smad3 (3SA), binds to the region of the p35 promoter region (-1000-
      755) in a TGF-beta1-dependent manner. These results for the first time
      demonstrate a role of Cdk5/p35 in the regulation of cell cycle progression
      modulated by TGF-beta1. 

PMID- 26966065
TI  - Phospholamban degradation is induced by phosphorylation-mediated ubiquitination
      and inhibited by interaction with cardiac type Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum
      Ca(2+)-ATPase.
AB  - Phospholamban (PLN) regulates cardiac type sarco (endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)
      ATPase (SERCA2a) via Ser(16)-phosphorylation. During heart failure, PLN
      expression is downregulated with SERCA2a; however, the mechanism of its
      regulation is not fully understood. Phosphorylation triggers protein degradation
      and because PLN phosphorylation is upregulated in failing hearts, we examined
      whether PLN is degraded by Ser(16)-phosphorylation. Cells overexpressing PLN
      exhibited its degradation post isoproterenol (Iso), forskolin, or 3-isobutyl-1
      methylxanthine (IBMX) addition. Moreover, this degradation was inhibited by a
      cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor--H89. Co-immunoprecipitation
      revealed that Lys(3) of PLN was oligo-ubiquitinated when ubiquitin was
      overexpressed, and was degraded by Iso treatment. However, when co-expressed with
      SERCA2a, oligo-ubiquitinated PLN at Lys(3) was not degraded by Iso treatment. In
      failing hearts from 16 week-old TgPLN(R9C) mice, oligo-ubiquitinated PLN levels
      increased and PLN expression was downregulated. Furthermore, SERCA2a mRNA levels
      in TgPLN(R9C) mice hearts were lower than that in wild type mice; however, PLN
      mRNA levels showed no changes. In another heart failure model, MG132 treatment
      reversed PLN degradation. These data suggest that PLN is, at least partially,
      oligo-ubiquitinated at Lys(3) and degraded through Ser(16)-phosphorylation
      mediated poly-ubiquitination during heart failure. 

PMID- 26966066
TI  - PEDF and PEDF-derived peptide 44mer inhibit oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced
      oxidative stress through upregulating PPARgamma via PEDF-R in H9c2 cells.
AB  - Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) is a glycoprotein with broad biological
      activities including inhibiting oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)-induced
      cardiomyocytes apoptosis through its anti-oxidative properties. PEDF derived
      peptide-44mer shows similar cytoprotective effect to PEDF. However, the molecular
      mechanisms mediating cardiomyocytes apoptosis have not been fully established.
      Here we found that PEDF and 44mer decreased the content of ROS. This content was
      abolished by either PEDF-R small interfering RNA (siRNA) or PPARgamma antagonist.
      The level of Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was observed
      as drawn from the ELISA assays. PEDF and 44mer sequentially induced PPARgamma
      expression was observed both in qPCR and Western blot assays. The level of LPA
      and PLA2 and PPARgamma expression increased by PEDF and 44mer was significantly
      attenuated by PEDF-R siRNA. However, PEDF and 44mer inhibited the H9c2 cells and
      cultured neonatal rat myocardial cells apoptosis rate. On the other hand, TUNEL
      assay and cleavage of procaspase-3 showed that PEDF-R siRNA or PPARgamma
      antagonist increased the apoptosis again. We conclude that under OGD condition,
      PEDF and 44mer reduce H9c2 cells apoptosis and inhibit OGD-induced oxidative
      stress via its receptor PEDF-R and the PPARgamma signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26966068
TI  - HMGA2 promotes adipogenesis by activating C/EBPbeta-mediated expression of
      PPARgamma.
AB  - Adipogenesis is orchestrated by a highly ordered network of transcription factors
      including peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and CCAAT
      enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family proteins. High mobility group protein AT
      hook 2 (HMGA2), an architectural transcription factor, has been reported to play
      an essential role in preadipocyte proliferation, and its overexpression has been
      implicated in obesity in mice and humans. However, the direct role of HMGA2 in
      regulating the gene expression program during adipogenesis is not known. Here, we
      demonstrate that HMGA2 is required for C/EBPbeta-mediated expression of
      PPARgamma, and thus promotes adipogenic differentiation. We observed a transient
      but marked increase of Hmga2 transcript at an early phase of differentiation of
      mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Importantly, Hmga2 knockdown greatly impaired
      adipocyte formation, while its overexpression promoted the formation of mature
      adipocytes. We found that HMGA2 colocalized with C/EBPbeta in the nucleus and was
      required for the recruitment of C/EBPbeta to its binding element at the
      Ppargamma2 promoter. Accordingly, HMGA2 and C/EBPbeta cooperatively enhanced the
      Ppargamma2 promoter activity. Our results indicate that HMGA2 is an essential
      constituent of the adipogenic transcription factor network, and thus its function
      may be affected during the course of obesity. 

PMID- 26966067
TI  - MiR-30e suppresses proliferation of hepatoma cells via targeting prolyl 4
      hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 (P4HA1) mRNA.
AB  - Aberrant microRNA expression has been shown to be characteristic of many cancers.
      It has been reported that the expression levels of miR-30e are decreased in liver
      cancer tissues. However, the role of miR-30e in hepatocellular carcinoma remains
      poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the significance of miR
      30e in hepatocarcinogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis reveals a putative target
      site of miR-30e in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of prolyl 4-hydroxylase
      subunit alpha-1 (P4HA1) mRNA. Moreover, luciferase reporter gene assays verified
      that miR-30e directly targeted 3'UTR of P4HA1 mRNA. Then, we demonstrated that
      miR-30e was able to reduce the expression of P4HA1 at the levels of mRNA and
      protein using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot
      analysis. Enforced expression of miR-30e suppressed proliferation of HepG2 cells
      by 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and reduced colony formation of these
      cells by colony formation analysis. Conversely, anti-miR-30e enhanced the
      proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro. Interestingly, the ectopic expression
      of P4HA1 could efficiently rescue the inhibition of cell proliferation mediated
      by miR-30e in HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, silencing of P4HA1 abolished the anti-miR
      30e-induced proliferation of cells. Clinically, quantitative real-time PCR showed
      that miR-30e was down-regulated in liver tumor tissues relative to their
      peritumor tissues. The expression levels of miR-30e were negatively correlated to
      those of P4HA1 mRNA in clinical liver tumor tissues. Thus, we conclude that miR
      30e suppresses proliferation of hepatoma cells through targeting P4HA1 mRNA. Our
      finding provides new insights into the mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis. 

PMID- 26966069
TI  - Proteomic insight into the effects of the Salmonella ubiquitin ligase SlrP on
      host cells.
AB  - The virulence of the human and animal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar
      Typhimurium is dependent on two type III secretion systems. These systems
      translocate proteins called effectors into eukaryotic host cells. SlrP is a
      Salmonella type III secretion effector with ubiquitin ligase activity. Here, we
      used two complementary proteomic approaches, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
      and iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) to study the
      consequences of the presence of SlrP in human epithelial cells. We identified 37
      proteins that were differentially expressed in HeLa cells expressing slrP
      compared to control cells. Microarray analysis revealed that more than a half of
      differentially expressed proteins did not show changes in the transcriptome,
      suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. A gene ontology overrepresentation
      test carried out on the differentially expressed proteins revealed enrichment of
      ontology terms related to several types of junctions mediating adhesion in
      epithelial cells. Consistently, slrP-transfected cells showed defects in
      migration and adhesion. Our results suggest that the modification of cell-cell
      interaction ability of the host could be one of the final consequences of the
      action of SlrP during an infection. 

PMID- 26966071
TI  - Modeling of drug-mediated CYP3A4 induction by using human iPS cell-derived
      enterocyte-like cells.
AB  - Many drugs have potential to induce the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes,
      particularly cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), in small intestinal enterocytes.
      Therefore, a model that can accurately evaluate drug-mediated CYP3A4 induction is
      urgently needed. In this study, we overlaid Matrigel on the human induced
      pluripotent stem cells-derived enterocyte-like cells (hiPS-ELCs) to generate the
      mature hiPS-ELCs that could be applied to drug-mediated CYP3A4 induction test. By
      overlaying Matrigel in the maturation process of enterocyte-like cells, the gene
      expression levels of intestinal markers (VILLIN, sucrase-isomaltase, intestine
      specific homeobox, caudal type homeobox 2, and intestinal fatty acid-binding
      protein) were enhanced suggesting that the enterocyte-like cells were maturated
      by Matrigel overlay. The percentage of VILLIN-positive cells in the hiPS-ELCs
      found to be approximately 55.6%. To examine the CYP3A4 induction potential, the
      hiPS-ELCs were treated with various drugs. Treatment with dexamethasone,
      phenobarbital, rifampicin, or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 resulted in 5.8-fold,
      13.4-fold, 9.8-fold, or 95.0-fold induction of CYP3A4 expression relative to that
      in the untreated controls, respectively. These results suggest that our hiPS-ELCs
      would be a useful model for CYP3A4 induction test. 

PMID- 26966070
TI  - Regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated transcription in human retinal
      pigmented epithelial cells.
AB  - The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor
      with pleiotropic effects in normal physiology or vascular development, xenobiotic
      metabolism, and cancer. A previous study has reported that BRG1, a component of
      the SWI/SNF complex, is a coactivator for AHR and is recruited to the promoter
      region of the CYP1A1 gene in mouse hepatocytes. Recent data suggest that AHR is
      also expressed in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19), which play a
      crucial role in retinal physiology and the visual cycle. Multiple studies have
      shown that the AHR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of retinal
      diseases including age-related macular degeneration. However, the mechanism of
      AHR transcriptional activation in retinal pigment cells has not been reported.
      Here, we demonstrate that the AHR signaling pathway is active in ARPE-19 cells,
      as in hepatocytes, but with different target gene specificity. We also found that
      chromatin remodeling by the BRG1-containing SWI/SNF complex is required for the
      AHR-mediated expression of target genes in ARPE-19 cells. We identified a novel
      enhancer region (-12 kb) of the CYP1A1 gene in ARPE-19 cells, to which both AHR
      and BRG1 are recruited in a ligand-dependent manner. BRG1 is associated with the
      AHR in ARPE-19 cells, and the C-terminal activation domain of the AHR directly
      interacts with BRG1. Furthermore, depletion of BRG1 caused a reduction in
      chromatin accessibility at the CYP1A1 enhancer. These results suggest that ARPE
      19 cells possess an AHR-mediated transcription pathway with different target gene
      specificity, and that BRG1 is required for AHR-mediated transcription in ARPE-19
      cells. 

PMID- 26966073
TI  - The ratio of intracellular CRY proteins determines the clock period length.
AB  - Although a deficiency in CRY1 or CRY2 correlates with a shorter or longer
      circadian period, the regulation of CRY proteins in the circadian period has not
      been well studied. In this study, we found that both CRY1 and CRY2 were able to
      rescue oscillation in CRY null cells and that they displayed different periods.
      Furthermore, we demonstrated that protein nuclear import rates, not protein
      stability, regulate the period-length at the cellular level. Co-transfection of
      CRY1 and CRY2 in various ratios in the same cells gives rise to the predicted
      period length in a dose-dependent manner. Given the distinct characteristics of
      the C-terminal tails of the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins, our study addresses a long
      standing hypothesis that the ratio of these two CRY molecules affects the clock
      period. 

PMID- 26966072
TI  - Rac1-PAK2 pathway is essential for zebrafish heart regeneration.
AB  - P-21 activated kinases, or PAKs, are serine-threonine kinases that play important
      roles in diverse heart functions include heart development, cardiovascular
      development and function in a range of models; however, the mechanisms by which
      PAKs mediate heart regeneration are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PAK2 and
      PAK4 expression is induced in cardiomyocytes and vessels, respectively, following
      zebrafish heart injury. Inhibition of PAK2 and PAK4 using a specific small
      molecule inhibitor impedes cardiomyocyte proliferation/dedifferentiation and
      cardiovascular regeneration, respectively. Cdc42 is specifically expressed in the
      ventricle and may function upstream of PAK2 but not PAK4 under normal conditions
      and that cardiomyocyte proliferentation during heart regeneration relies on Rac1
      mediated activation of Pak2. Our results indicate that PAKs play a key role in
      heart regeneration. 

PMID- 26966074
TI  - Targeting of the BLT2 in chronic myeloid leukemia inhibits leukemia
      stem/progenitor cell function.
AB  - Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) has significantly improved clinical
      outcome for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. However, patients develop
      resistance when the disease progresses to the blast phase (BP) and the mechanisms
      are not well understood. Here we show that BCR-ABL activates BLT2 in
      hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to promote leukemogenesis and this involves
      the p53 signaling pathway. Compared to normal bone marrow (NBM), the mRNA and
      protein levels of BLT2 are significantly increased in BP-CML CD34(+)
      stem/progenitor cells. This is correlated with increasing BCR-ABL expression. In
      contrast, knockdown of BCR-ABL or inhibition of its tyrosine kinase activity
      decreases Blt2 protein level. BLT2 inhibition induces apoptosis, inhibits
      proliferation, colony formation and self-renewal capacity of CD34(+) cells from
      TKI-resistant BP-CML patients. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of BCR-ABL TKI
      on CML stem/progenitor cells are further enhanced upon combination with BLT2
      inhibition. We further show that BLT2 activation selectively suppresses p53 but
      not Wnt or BMP-mediated luciferase activity and transcription. Our results
      demonstrate that BLT2 is a novel pathway activated by BCR-ABL and critically
      involved in the resistance of BP-CML CD34(+) stem/progenitors to TKIs treatment.
      Our findings suggest that BLT2 and p53 can serve as therapeutic targets for CML
      treatment. 

PMID- 26966076
TI  - In vivo characterization of the integration and vascularization of a silk-derived
      surgical scaffold.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The application of acellular matrices, biomaterials, and polymeric
      scaffolds in reconstructive surgery facilitates postsurgical tissue remodeling
      and is increasingly used clinically in order to improve tissue healing and
      implant coverage. This study presents an in vivo investigation of the integration
      of the knitted, silk-derived surgical scaffold, SERI((r)) with regard to
      angiogenesis and wound healing. METHODS: SERI((r)) Surgical Scaffold was
      implanted into a full-thickness skin defect in male C57BL/6J mice (n = 45) via
      the dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC). Skin tissue samples were collected for
      histology on days 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 (n = 5 per time point) post
      implantation. Immunohistochemistry was performed for various angiogenic and
      inflammatory markers, as well as collagen deposition (CD31, VEGF, CD3, CD45,
      Desmin, and Sirius red). Vascular corrosion casting was used to assess the
      neovasculature within the silk and was visualized with scanning electron
      microscopy. RESULTS: We observed both early and late stages of inflammation
      during the healing process characterized by the infiltration of regenerating
      tissue by different subsets of leukocytes. Histological analysis displayed
      capillary-containing granulation tissue with full scaffold integration. In
      addition, collagen deposition within the scaffold and full skin defect was
      significantly increased over time. Qualitative analysis of the regenerated
      vasculature through corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy revealed a
      complex, angiogenic network of capillaries originating from the wound bed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, SERI((r)) displays the potential to be a
      promising resorbable bioengineered material for use in reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 26966075
TI  - Family history in breast cancer in Sao Luis, Maranhao, Brazil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Familial cancer includes some types of cancer aggregation without a
      well-defined inheritance pattern. Cancer genetics is an essential component of
      clinical practice in oncology. In Brazil, breast cancer is the leading cause of
      death in women. In Maranhao, studies on genetic predisposition are necessary to
      investigate the incidence and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to
      investigate familial cancer among relatives of women who died of breast cancer in
      Sao Luis, Brazil, constructing a pedigree to identify families with a hereditary
      predisposition, an important step in the early diagnosis of malignant tumors.
      METHODS: The city of Sao Luis is located on the Island of Maranhao, northeastern
      Brazil, with a population of 997,098 inhabitants mainly comprising blacks and
      mulattoes, including descendants of runaway slaves from the Amazon region itself.
      Data for pedigree construction were obtained from the records of 54 patients seen
      at the Aldenora Bello Institute of Oncology, Sao Luis, between 2000 and 2007, as
      well as by interview with relatives of the patients. RESULTS: The mean patient
      age at diagnosis was 39.5 years. Most women were mulattoes (36/54, 66.6%). A
      history of cancer was observed in 18 families, with 16 families possessing cases
      of cancer among first-degree relatives and five among second-degree relatives.
      CONCLUSION: A concentration of cancer cases was found in families of patients
      diagnosed until the age of 40, a finding demonstrating the importance of a family
      history prior to genetic counseling.

PMID- 26966077
TI  - The reverse abdominal reduction and the 'waistcoating' procedure for the
      correction of the fixated Pfannenstiel incision.
AB  - The principles of a standard abdominal reduction are well understood; this
      technique has been used for many years. However, a reverse abdominal reduction
      may be considered in some cases, for example, continued weight loss, and thus
      skin redundancy on the upper abdomen in patients who have already undergone
      abdominal reduction and upper abdomen improvement in patients requiring a
      mastopexy or breast reduction simultaneously. Reverse abdominal reduction is
      rarely mentioned in the medical literature, but it can prove successful; although
      the scar across the lower sternum has often been considered to be unsatisfactory,
      often it does not prove to be so. Thus, this procedure can be proven to be
      successful in suitable cases. Secondly, the Pfannenstiel incision, if not
      satisfactorily repaired in the first instance, can become fixated to the
      abdominal wall; this fixation along with the inevitable migration of skin and fat
      at its cephalic edge causes a rather displeasing contour defect when wearing
      tight-fitting swimwear. The principle of the waistcoating procedure is
      essentially to chamfer the fat cephalically; this procedure is employed for
      removing the Pfannenstiel scar from the abdominal wall. The principle is simple
      and effective and can be applied in cases with fixated scars. These two
      aforementioned principles are not commonly used, but they can prove particularly
      effective in suitable cases. We illustrate the principles. 

PMID- 26966078
TI  - Understanding Online Health Groups for Depression: Social Network and Linguistic
      Perspectives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mental health problems have become increasingly prevalent in the past
      decade. With the advance of Web 2.0 technologies, social media present a novel
      platform for Web users to form online health groups. Members of online health
      groups discuss health-related issues and mutually help one another by anonymously
      revealing their mental conditions, sharing personal experiences, exchanging
      health information, and providing suggestions and support. The conversations in
      online health groups contain valuable information to facilitate the understanding
      of their mutual help behaviors and their mental health problems. OBJECTIVE: We
      aimed to characterize the conversations in a major online health group for major
      depressive disorder (MDD) patients in a popular Chinese social media platform. In
      particular, we intended to explain how Web users discuss depression-related
      issues from the perspective of the social networks and linguistic patterns
      revealed by the members' conversations. METHODS: Social network analysis and
      linguistic analysis were employed to characterize the social structure and
      linguistic patterns, respectively. Furthermore, we integrated both perspectives
      to exploit the hidden relations between them. RESULTS: We found an intensive use
      of self-focus words and negative affect words. In general, group members used a
      higher proportion of negative affect words than positive affect words. The social
      network of the MDD group for depression possessed small-world and scale-free
      properties, with a much higher reciprocity ratio and clustering coefficient value
      as compared to the networks of other social media platforms and classic network
      models. We observed a number of interesting relationships, either strong
      correlations or convergent trends, between the topological properties and
      linguistic properties of the MDD group members. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The MDD group
      members have the characteristics of self-preoccupation and negative thought
      content, according to Beck's cognitive theory of depression; (2) the social
      structure of the MDD group is much stickier than those of other social media
      groups, indicating the tendency of mutual communications and efficient spread of
      information in the MDD group; and (3) the linguistic patterns of MDD members are
      associated with their topological positions in the social network.

PMID- 26966079
TI  - Comparative Outcomes of Resident vs Attending Performed Surgery: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether outcomes are different when surgery is performed
      by resident or attending surgeons, and which variables may affect outcomes.
      DESIGN: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to
      May 2014 alongside the bibliographies of all included or relevant studies. Any
      study comparing outcomes from surgery performed by resident vs attending surgeons
      was eligible for inclusion. The main outcome measures were surgical complications
      (classified by Clavien-Dindo grade), death, operative time, and length of stay.
      Data were extracted independently by 2 authors and analyzed using the random
      effects model. RESULTS: The final analysis included 182 eligible studies that
      enrolled 141 555 patients. Resident performed surgery took longer by 10.2 minutes
      (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.38-11.95), and had more Clavien-Dindo grade 1
      (rate ratio = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.29) and grade 3a complications (rate ratio =
      1.22, 95% CI: 1.04-1.44). Resident performed surgery resulted in fewer deaths
      (risk ratio = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70-0.999) with a shorter length of stay of -0.49
      days (95% CI: -0.77 to -0.21). Significant heterogeneity was present in 7 of 10
      outcomes, which persisted during multiple subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS:
      Resident performed surgery appears to be safe in carefully selected patients. The
      significant amount of heterogeneity present in the study outcomes prevents
      generalizability of these results to specific clinical contexts.

PMID- 26966080
TI  - The Surgery Fellow's Education Workshop: A Pilot Study to Determine the
      Feasibility of Training Senior Learners to Teach in the Operating Room.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2013, we developed an education workshop to enhance the teaching
      skills of surgical fellows. We sought to investigate the feasibility of the
      monthly educational workshop format and its effect on participant teaching
      skills. STUDY DESIGN: Surgical and medical education faculty created a broadly
      applicable curriculum developed from evidence-based teaching principles,
      delivered across 8 monthly 90-minute weekday sessions. Workshop feasibility and
      effect were assessed using evaluations, attendance records, and a variety of self
      reported surveys. Each session was associated with a specified education action
      plan to be completed between sessions. RESULTS: A total of 13 fellows intended to
      participate. More than 60% attendance was achieved in 7 of 8 sessions. In all, 11
      of 13 fellows were engaged (actual attendance or excused absence) across 75% or
      more of the sessions. Mean participant satisfaction scores ranged from 4.0 to 4.9
      on a 5 point Likert scale across 87.5% of sessions. Postworkshop surveys showed
      increased understanding of the following: (1) knowledge gaps related to
      education; (2) the role of education for academic surgeons; (3) educational tools
      to improve teaching performance; and (4) perceived knowledge and attitudes about
      teaching in the operating room. An action plan was performed in 43% of cases; the
      most common reason for nonparticipation was lack of time (38%). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      pilot supports the feasibility of an educational workshop series to enhance
      fellow's educational skills in the area of intraoperative teaching. Participant
      engagement and satisfaction were high in this self-selected group of initial
      trainees. Sessions were effective, resulting in a thoughtful self-assessment of
      teaching skills.

PMID- 26966081
TI  - Operative Experience vs. Competence: A Curriculum Concordance and Learning Curve
      Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Certification of completion of training in general surgery requires
      proof of competence of index operations by means of 3, level-4 consultant
      validated procedural-based assessments. The aim of this study was to examine the
      relationship between index operative experience and competence. DESIGN: Higher
      surgical trainee procedural-based assessments were compared with e-logbooks to
      determine the relationship between index operative experience and achievement of
      a third level 4 competence (L4C) related to the indicative procedures of
      emergency laparotomy (EL, target 100), Hartmann procedure (5), appendicectomy
      (80), segmental colectomy (20), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (50), and inguinal
      hernia (80). SETTING: All trainees are from a single UK Deanery. PARTICIPANTS:
      Consecutive 69 national training number higher surgical trainees were appointed
      to a single UK Deanery between 2007 and 2014. RESULTS: EL L4C was achieved at a
      median of 76 (15-136) cases, Hartmann procedure L4C at 17 (7-27) cases (p = 0.009
      vs. EL), appendicectomy L4C at 107 (20-206) cases, segmental colectomy L4C at 52
      (15-131) cases, laparoscopic cholecystectomy L4C at 72 (40-197) cases, and
      inguinal hernia L4C at 64 (17-132) cases. CONCLUSIONS: The learning curve and
      caseload required to demonstrate L4C related to specific procedure varied over 4
      fold, from 0.76 to 3.4 times the national indicative target number guidance.
      Certification of completion of training operative logbook number targets should
      be reconsidered to better reflect the competencies demanded by the curriculum.

PMID- 26966082
TI  - Assessment of Surgical Competence: Development and Validation of Rating Scales
      Used for Laparoscopic Supracervical Hysterectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a procedure-specific rating scale for laparoscopic
      supracervical hysterectomy (LSH), and to compare the construct validity and
      reliability with a general rating scale in laparoscopic surgery, global operative
      assessment of laparoscopic skills (GOALS). DESIGN: Prospective interobserver
      study. In collaboration with an expert group, we developed the procedure-specific
      rating scale, competence assessment tool for laparoscopic supracervical
      hysterectomy (CAT-LSH). LSH was performed by gynecologists with different levels
      of surgical competence levels (13 procedures were performed by inexperienced
      trainees, 13 by intermediate experienced, and 15 by laparoscopic experts). All
      procedures were video-recorded. Surgical performance was evaluated in all
      procedures using both CAT-LSH and GOALS by the surgical assistant, as well as by
      2 blinded observers evaluating the video recordings. SETTING: University teaching
      hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Laparoscopic experts, consultants and gynecological
      registrars from the Department of Gynecology. RESULTS: There were significant
      differences between the 3 proficiency groups in both the rating scales. Mean
      GOALS score evaluated by the operating assistant and the 2 observers were for
      inexperienced surgeons 16.4 vs. 13.6 (p < 0.01), for surgeons with intermediate
      experienced 22.6 vs. 19.5 (p < 0.05) and for expert surgeons 26.1 vs. 22.4 (p <
      0.01), respectively. Corresponding results for the CAT-LSH scores were 41.0/34.6
      (p < 0.01), 49.2/43.1 (p < 0.01), and 58.7/51.1 (p < 0.01), respectively. The
      interrater reliability measured by the interclass correlation coefficient between
      the surgical assistant and the 2 blinded observers for GOALS and CAT-LSH were
      0.71 and 0.75, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The GOALS and CAT-LSH appear to have
      construct validity and high interrater reliability. Assessment of surgical
      competence during LSH is feasible in daily practice with objective rating scales
      like CAT-LSH and GOALS.

PMID- 26966083
TI  - An Assessment of the Industry-Faculty Surgeon Relationship Within Colon and
      Rectum Surgical Training Programs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Industry funding of surgical training programs poses a potential
      conflict of interest. With the recent implementation of the Sunshine Act,
      industry funding can be more accurately determined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the
      financial relationship between faculty surgeons within colon and rectal
      fellowship programs and industry. DESIGN: Review of industry funding based on the
      first reporting period (August-December, 2013) using the Centers for Medicare and
      Medicaid Services online database. SETTING: ACGME certified colon and rectum
      surgical fellowship programs. PARTICIPANTS: Overall, 343 Faculty surgeons from 55
      colon and rectum surgical fellowship programs were identified using the American
      Board of Colon and Rectum Surgery website. There was complete identification of
      faculty surgeons in 47 (85.5%) programs, partially complete identification (i.e.,
      >80%) in 6 (10.9%) programs, and inadequate identification of faculty in 2 (3.6%)
      programs. MAIN OUTCOME: Industry funding as defined by the Sunshine Act included
      general payments (honorariums, consulting fees, food and beverage, and travel),
      research payments, and amount invested. RESULTS: In all, 69.1% of program
      directors and 59.4% of other faculty received at least one payment during the
      reporting period (Delta9.7%, 95% CI: -4.4% to 23.8%, p = 0.18). Program directors
      received higher amounts of funding than other faculty ($7072.90 vs. $2,819.29,
      Delta$4,253.61, 95% CI: $1132-$7375, p = 0.008). Overall, 49 of 53 (93%) programs
      had surgeons receive funding, with a median of 3.5 surgeons receiving funding per
      program. A total of 65 companies made payments to surgeons, with 80.1% of the
      funding categorized as general payments, 16.2% as investments, and 3.7% as
      research payments. CONCLUSIONS: Industry funding was common. This financial
      relationship poses a potential conflict of interest in training fellows for
      future practice.

PMID- 26966084
TI  - Examination of the Acute Abdomen in Children.
AB  - The history and physical examination (H&P) on a child with an acute abdomen is an
      opportunity to build a solid relationship with the child and parents. Building
      confidence and trust under fraught circumstances requires a genuine affection for
      children, and sympathy for the anxiety of the parents. Arrival of a surgeon is a
      signal that the illness is serious and not likely to respond to the usual
      remedies. The surgeon therefore must have a gentle, unhurried approach. Obtaining
      the history should be non-directive and allow both parent and child to describe
      the entire timeline of the illness without interruption. The physical examination
      should be done without hurting the child, first observing how the child moves
      about in bed and undresses, then having the child control palpation by holding
      the examiner's hand and pulling it away should undue pain be elicited. Even
      though a diagnosis and a plan for surgery may already have been made, exiting the
      exam room after the H&P to review lab and radiological images gives the family
      time to regroup information. The diagnosis and decision for operation require
      simple and direct explanations that communicate patience, have a tone of
      reassurance, and affirm repeatedly that parents understand what is being said.
      The message is that surgery is a shared decision, and safety and the child's
      wellbeing always foremost. To the child three points have to be paramount: They
      won't feel pain during or after the procedure; after the operation they will feel
      better; and they won't be alone. The goal is to build a trusting relationship so
      that the child has some calm in departing to the operating room and the parents
      willingly see them leave. 

PMID- 26966086
TI  - The effect of venous anatomy on the morphology of multiple sclerosis lesions: a
      susceptibility-weighted imaging study.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the cause of morphology in non-ovoid multiple sclerosis (MS)
      lesions lacking a radial course and typical shape. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non
      ovoid atypical lesions without perpendicular extensions to the ventricle were
      investigated in 95 MS patients by retrospective examination of T2-weighted and
      fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The relationship between the
      morphology of these atypical lesions detected in 38 patients and central vein
      anatomy was examined using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). RESULTS: A
      central venous structure was observed in 107 (65.6%) of 163 atypical lesions in
      38 patients. The distribution of atypical lesions grouped by their shape was as
      follows: (1) V- or Y-shaped lesions (n=27, 48.6%) were observed where veins
      bifurcated; (2) crescent-shaped lesions (n=9, 8.4%) were observed where veins
      formed an arc; (3) patchy lesions comprised 48.6% (n=52) of the atypical lesions
      and involved multiple medullary veins or medullary veins showing a "caput
      medusae" distribution; (4) ovoid lesions with a non-radial course (n=19, 17.7%)
      were generally observed where medullary veins converged to form internal cerebral
      vein branches. CONCLUSION: Unlike typical MS plaques, non-ovoid atypical lesions
      make the differential diagnosis of MS challenging. Demonstration of the
      relationship between venous anatomy and lesion morphology in atypical lesions
      using SWI will aid in the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 26966085
TI  - Using self-drilling screws in volar plate osteosynthesis for distal radius
      fractures: a feasibility study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Symptomatic extensor tendon irritation is a frequent complication in
      volar plate osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures. It is typically caused by
      dorsal screw protrusion and overdrilling of the dorsal cortex. The use of self
      drilling locking screws (SDLS) could overcome both causes. The practical
      applicability of SDLS depends on two prerequisites: (1) the feasibility of
      preoperative distal screw length determination, and (2) sufficient primary
      biomechanical stability of SDLS compared to standard locking screws (SLS).
      METHODS: We first assessed the feasibility of preoperative screw length
      determination (1): Distal radius width, depth and distal screw lengths were
      measured in 38 human radii. Correlations between distal radius width and depth
      were assessed, a cluster analysis (Ward's method and squared Euclidean distance)
      for distal radius width conducted, and intra-cluster screw lengths analyzed
      (ANOVA). The biomechanical performance of SDLS (2) was assessed by comparison to
      SLS in a distal radius fracture model (AO-23 A3). 75 % distal screw length was
      chosen for both groups to simulate a worst-case scenario. Uniaxial compression
      tests were conducted to measure stiffness, elastic limit, maximum force and
      residual tilt. Statistics comprised of independent sample t-tests and a
      Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0125). RESULTS: (1) Distal radius width and depth
      showed a high correlation (R (2)  = 0.79; p < 0.001). Three distal radius width
      clusters could be identified: small <34 mm; medium 34-36.9 mm; large >36.9 mm.
      ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc analysis revealed significantly different volar-dorsal
      depths (p < 0.05) for nearly all screws. (2) To assess biomechanical stability
      nine specimens were tested each; no significant differences were found between
      the SDLS and SLS groups. CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility study demonstrates that
      (1) distal radius width can be used as a predictor for distal screw length and
      (2) that SDLS provides mechanical stability equivalent to SLS. These results
      highlight the feasibility of applying SDLS screws in volar plate osteosynthesis
      at least in extraarticular fractures.

PMID- 26966087
TI  - Evaluation of different types of inferior vena cava cannulae placement by
      transesophageal echocardiography and its impact on hepatic dysfunction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative hepatic dysfunction may occur in an otherwise
      uncomplicated open heart surgery. One of the reasons is malpositioning of the
      inferior vena cava (IVC) cannula in the hepatic vein (HV) or beyond. A straight
      cannula is considered more likely to be malpositioned compared to the angled
      cannula and a malpositioned cannula can lead to hepatic dysfunction. METHODS: In
      this prospective study, forty adult patients undergoing atrial septal defect
      repair were randomized into two groups as: straight cannula group (n=20) and
      angled cannula group (n=20). The cannula position was assessed by transesophageal
      echocardiography (TEE) (hepatic vein view). Alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT)
      and bilirubin levels were measured immediately, at 6 hours and on day 1, day 2
      and day 7 after surgery as a marker of hepatic injury. RESULTS: TEE localization
      of the IVC cannula was achieved in all patients except one. Visualization was
      good in 85% of patients. A cannula in the HV or beyond the HV in the IVC was
      considered malpositioned. The number of cases of cannula malposition was 10 (50%)
      and 4 (20%) in the straight and angled cannula groups, respectively. The pattern
      of change in serum bilirubin and liver enzymes levels in the postoperative period
      was similar in both the groups (p>0.05). The mean distance between the right
      atrium (RA) - inferior vena cava (IVC) junction to the hepatic vein was 1.94+/
      0.56 cm and the mean diameters of the IVC and HV were 1.95+/-0.5 and 1.31+/-0.33
      cm, respectively. CONCLUSION: TEE can be used to monitor IVC cannula position. A
      higher frequency of cannula malposition was observed with the straight cannula
      compared to the angled cannula, but was not found to be associated with hepatic
      dysfunction.

PMID- 26966088
TI  - Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent enrichment of a megakaryocytic precursor with
      a high potential to produce proplatelets.
AB  - The mechanisms regulating megakaryopoiesis and platelet production
      (thrombopoiesis) are still incompletely understood. Identification of a
      progenitor with enhanced thrombopoietic capacity would be useful to decipher
      these mechanisms and to improve our capacity to produce platelets in vitro.
      Differentiation of peripheral blood CD34(+) cells in the presence of bone marrow
      human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhanced the production of proplatelet
      bearing megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelet-like elements. This was accompanied by
      enrichment in a MK precursor population exhibiting an intermediate level of CD41
      positivity while maintaining its expression of CD34. Following sorting and
      subculture with MSCs, this CD34(+)CD41(low) population was able to efficiently
      generate proplatelet-bearing MKs and platelet-like particles. Similarly,
      StemRegenin 1 (SR1), an antagonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)
      transcription factor known to maintain CD34 expression of progenitor cells, led
      to an enriched CD34(+)CD41(low) fraction and to an increased capacity to generate
      proplatelet-producing MKs and platelet-like elements ultrastructurally and
      functionally similar to circulating platelets. The effect of MSCs, like that of
      SR1, appeared to be mediated by an AhR-dependent mechanism because both culture
      conditions resulted in repression of its downstream effector CYP1B1. This newly
      described isolation of a precursor exhibiting strong MK potential could be
      exploited to study normal and abnormal thrombopoiesis and for in vitro platelet
      production.

PMID- 26966092
TI  - On the electronic measurement of pain intensity: Can we use different pain
      intensity scales interchangeably?
AB  - The objective of this work was to study the agreement between four pain intensity
      scales when administered electronically: the Numerical Rating Scale-11, the Faces
      Pain Scale-Revised, the Visual Analogue Scale and the Coloured Analogue Scale. In
      all, 180 schoolchildren between 12 and 19 years old participated in the study.
      They had to report the maximum intensity of their most frequent pain using the
      electronic versions of the four scales. Agreement was calculated using the Bland
      Altman method. Results show that the electronic versions of Numerical Rating
      Scale-11, Coloured Analogue Scale and Visual Analogue Scale can be used
      interchangeably.

PMID- 26966090
TI  - An autonomous CEBPA enhancer specific for myeloid-lineage priming and
      neutrophilic differentiation.
AB  - Neutrophilic differentiation is dependent on CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha
      (C/EBPalpha), a transcription factor expressed in multiple organs including the
      bone marrow. Using functional genomic technologies in combination with clustered
      regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein
      9 genome editing and in vivo mouse modeling, we show that CEBPA is located in a
      170-kb topological-associated domain that contains 14 potential enhancers. Of
      these, 1 enhancer located +42 kb from CEBPA is active and engages with the CEBPA
      promoter in myeloid cells only. Germ line deletion of the homologous enhancer in
      mice in vivo reduces Cebpa levels exclusively in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
      and myeloid-primed progenitor cells leading to severe defects in the granulocytic
      lineage, without affecting any other Cebpa-expressing organ studied. The enhancer
      deleted progenitor cells lose their myeloid transcription program and are blocked
      in differentiation. Deletion of the enhancer also causes loss of HSC maintenance.
      We conclude that a single +42-kb enhancer is essential for CEBPA expression in
      myeloid cells only.

PMID- 26966094
TI  - Work environment and quality improvement in healthcare.

PMID- 26966091
TI  - Integrated genomic DNA/RNA profiling of hematologic malignancies in the clinical
      setting.
AB  - The spectrum of somatic alterations in hematologic malignancies includes
      substitutions, insertions/deletions (indels), copy number alterations (CNAs), and
      a wide range of gene fusions; no current clinically available single assay
      captures the different types of alterations. We developed a novel next-generation
      sequencing-based assay to identify all classes of genomic alterations using
      archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blood and bone marrow samples with high
      accuracy in a clinically relevant time frame, which is performed in our Clinical
      Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified College of American Pathologists
      accredited laboratory. Targeted capture of DNA/RNA and next-generation sequencing
      reliably identifies substitutions, indels, CNAs, and gene fusions, with similar
      accuracy to lower-throughput assays that focus on specific genes and types of
      genomic alterations. Profiling of 3696 samples identified recurrent somatic
      alterations that impact diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection. This
      comprehensive genomic profiling approach has proved effective in detecting all
      types of genomic alterations, including fusion transcripts, which increases the
      ability to identify clinically relevant genomic alterations with therapeutic
      relevance.

PMID- 26966093
TI  - Evaluation of novel inducible promoter/repressor systems for recombinant protein
      expression in Lactobacillus plantarum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Engineering lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is of growing importance for
      food and feed industry as well as for in vivo vaccination or the production of
      recombinant proteins in food grade organisms. Often, expression of a transgene is
      only desired at a certain time point or period, e.g. to minimize the metabolic
      burden for the host cell or to control the expression time span. For this
      purpose, inducible expression systems are preferred, though cost and availability
      of the inducing agent must be feasible. We selected the plasmid free strain
      Lactobacillus plantarum 3NSH for testing and characterization of novel inducible
      promoters/repressor systems. Their feasibility in recombinant protein production
      was evaluated. Expression of the reporter protein mCherry was monitored with the
      BioLector((r)) micro-fermentation system. RESULTS: Reporter gene mCherry
      expression was compared under the control of different promoter/repressor
      systems: PlacA (an endogenous promoter/repressor system derived from L. plantarum
      3NSH), PxylA (a promoter/repressor system derived from Bacillus megaterium DSMZ
      319) and PlacSynth (synthetic promoter and codon-optimized repressor gene based
      on the Escherichia coli lac operon). We observed that PlacA was inducible solely
      by lactose, but not by non-metabolizable allolactose analoga. PxylA was inducible
      by xylose, yet showed basal expression under non-induced conditions. Growth on
      galactose (as compared to exponential growth phase on glucose) reduced basal
      mCherry expression at non-induced conditions. PlacSynth was inducible with TMG
      (methyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside) and IPTG (isopropyl beta-D-1
      thiogalactopyranoside), but also showed basal expression without inducer. The
      promoter PlacSynth was used for establishment of a dual plasmid expression
      system, based on T7 RNA polymerase driven expression in L. plantarum. Comparative
      Western blot supported BioLector((r)) micro-fermentation measurements.
      Conclusively, overall expression levels were moderate (compared to a constitutive
      promoter). CONCLUSIONS: We evaluated different inducible promoters, as well as an
      orthologous expression system, for controlled gene expression in L. plantarum.
      Furthermore, here we provide proof of concept for a T7 RNA polymerase based
      expression system for L. plantarum. Thereby we expanded the molecular toolbox for
      an industrial relevant and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) strain.

PMID- 26966089
TI  - Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic
      cell lineages.
AB  - The histiocytoses are rare disorders characterized by the accumulation of
      macrophage, dendritic cell, or monocyte-derived cells in various tissues and
      organs of children and adults. More than 100 different subtypes have been
      described, with a wide range of clinical manifestations, presentations, and
      histologies. Since the first classification in 1987, a number of new findings
      regarding the cellular origins, molecular pathology, and clinical features of
      histiocytic disorders have been identified. We propose herein a revision of the
      classification of histiocytoses based on histology, phenotype, molecular
      alterations, and clinical and imaging characteristics. This revised
      classification system consists of 5 groups of diseases: (1) Langerhans-related,
      (2) cutaneous and mucocutaneous, and (3) malignant histiocytoses as well as (4)
      Rosai-Dorfman disease and (5) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage
      activation syndrome. Herein, we provide guidelines and recommendations for
      diagnoses of these disorders.

PMID- 26966097
TI  - Erratum to: Post-mortem whole-exome sequencing (WES) with a focus on cardiac
      disease-associated genes in five young sudden unexplained death (SUD) cases.

PMID- 26966095
TI  - A phase I study to repurpose disulfiram in combination with temozolomide to treat
      newly diagnosed glioblastoma after chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - Disulfiram, a generic alcohol aversion drug, has promising preclinical activity
      against glioblastoma (GBM). This phase I study aims to evaluate its safety,
      maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacodynamic effect, and preliminary efficacy
      when combined with adjuvant temozolomide in GBM patients after standard
      chemoradiotherapy. Patients received disulfiram 500-1000 mg once daily, in
      combination with 150-200 mg/m(2) temozolomide. A modified 3 + 3 dose-escalation
      design was used to determine the MTD. The pharmacodynamic effect of proteasome
      inhibition was assessed using fluorometric 20S proteasome assay on peripheral
      blood cells. The MTD was determined based on the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs)
      within the first month of therapy. Twelve patients were enrolled to two dose
      levels: 500 and 1000 mg. Two DLTs of grade 3 delirium occurred after 15 days of
      administration at 1000 mg per day. Other possible grade 2-3 DSF-related
      toxicities included fatigue, ataxia, dizziness, and peripheral neuropathy. The
      toxicities were self-limiting or resolved after discontinuing DSF. The MTD was
      determined to be 500 mg per day. Limited proteasome inhibition was observed at
      week 4 and showed an increased trend with escalated disulfiram. Median
      progression-free survival with 500 mg of DSF was 5.4 months from the start of
      disulfiram and 8.1 months from the start of chemoradiotherapy. Disulfiram can be
      safely combined with temozolomide but can cause reversible neurological
      toxicities. The MTD of disulfiram with adjuvant temozolomide appears to produce
      limited proteasome inhibition on peripheral blood cells.

PMID- 26966096
TI  - Pre-treatment factors associated with detecting additional brain metastases at
      stereotactic radiosurgery.
AB  - The number of brain metastases identified on diagnostic magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) is a key factor in consideration of stereotactic radiosurgery
      (SRS). However, additional lesions are often detected on high-resolution SRS
      planning MRI. We investigated pre-treatment clinical characteristics that are
      associated with finding additional metastases at SRS. Patients treated with SRS
      for brain metastases between the years of 2009-2014 comprised the study cohort.
      All patients underwent frame-fixed, 1 mm thick MRI on the day of SRS. Patient,
      tumor, and treatment characteristics were analyzed for an association with
      increase in number of metastases identified on SRS-planning MRI. 289 consecutive
      SRS cases were analyzed. 725 metastases were identified on pre-treatment MRI and
      1062 metastases were identified on SRS-planning MRI. An increase in the number of
      metastases occurred in 34 % of the cases. On univariate analysis, more than four
      metastases and the diameter of the largest lesion were significantly associated
      with an increase in number of metastases on SRS-planning MRI. When stratified by
      the diameter of the largest lesion into <2, 2-3, or >=3 cm, additional metastases
      were identified in 37, 29, and 18 %, respectively. While this increase in the
      number of metastases is largely due to the difference in imaging technique, the
      number and size of the metastases were also associated with finding additional
      lesions. These clinical factors may be considered when determining treatment
      options for brain metastases.

PMID- 26966098
TI  - A novel method for pair-matching using three-dimensional digital models of bone:
      mesh-to-mesh value comparison.
AB  - The commingling of human remains often hinders forensic/physical anthropologists
      during the identification process, as there are limited methods to accurately
      sort these remains. This study investigates a new method for pair-matching, a
      common individualization technique, which uses digital three-dimensional models
      of bone: mesh-to-mesh value comparison (MVC). The MVC method digitally compares
      the entire three-dimensional geometry of two bones at once to produce a single
      value to indicate their similarity. Two different versions of this method, one
      manual and the other automated, were created and then tested for how well they
      accurately pair-matched humeri. Each version was assessed using sensitivity and
      specificity. The manual mesh-to-mesh value comparison method was 100 % sensitive
      and 100 % specific. The automated mesh-to-mesh value comparison method was 95 %
      sensitive and 60 % specific. Our results indicate that the mesh-to-mesh value
      comparison method overall is a powerful new tool for accurately pair-matching
      commingled skeletal elements, although the automated version still needs
      improvement. 

PMID- 26966099
TI  - Codeine-spiked beer in a date rape case?
AB  - A case of suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault, involving codeine and
      acetaminophen, possibly mixed in beer, was recently addressed at the Norwegian
      Institute of Public Health. To examine the case, a small study was performed,
      spiking beer with preparations containing codeine and acetaminophen and observing
      the concentrations, appearance, and taste of the solutions. The study revealed
      the majority of the preparations to be quickly soluble in beer, achieving high
      concentrations, but at the expense of strong taste and drastic visible changes in
      the beer.

PMID- 26966100
TI  - Social deprivation and the rate of emergency medical admission for older persons.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deprivation Status increases the annual admission incidence of
      emergency medical admissions; the extent to which deprivation influences the
      admission of older persons is less well known. AIM: To examine whether
      deprivation within a hospital catchment area influences emergency medical
      admissions for the elderly population. DESIGN: The relationship between
      Deprivation Status, Dependency Ratio (population proportion of non-working age
      (<15 or >=65 years) and age for all emergency admissions (82 368 episodes of 44
      628 patients), over a 13-year period, were examined and ranked by quintile.
      METHODS: Univariate and multi-variable risk estimates (incidence rate ratios)
      were calculated, using truncated Poisson regression. RESULTS: The Dependency
      Ratio and the Deprivation index independently predicted the annual incidence rate
      of medical emergencies; however, when calculated for older persons, the
      corresponding incidence rate ratios showed a falling trend with increasing
      Deprivation Status-Q2 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50, 0.52), Q3 0.59
      (95% CI: 0.58, 0.60), Q4 0.51 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.52) and Q5 0.37 (95% CI: 0.36,
      0.38). Thus, with increasing Deprivation Status, the proportion of total
      admission from the >=65-year cohort fell substantially. CONCLUSION: The admission
      incidence rate for emergency medical patients is strongly influenced by the
      catchment area Deprivation Status. However, because of its greater impact on the
      younger population, increasing deprivation alters the ratio of younger to older
      persons as a proportion of total emergency admissions.

PMID- 26966101
TI  - Emphysematous osteomyelitis of spine.

PMID- 26966102
TI  - Qualitative effects of omalizumab on concomitant IgE-mediated disease in a severe
      asthmatic population: a real life observational study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody (anti
      IgE) licensed for use in GINA 5 asthma or for chronic idiopathic urticaria. Many
      patients with asthma have concomitant allergic diseases such as dermatitis and
      sinusitis. IgE is also implicated in allergic-bronchopulmonary disease (ABPA). In
      addition, extreme sensitivity to allergen can prevent the initiation of allergen
      immunotherapy. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of
      omalizumab on symptoms of concomitant non asthmatic IgE-mediated allergic disease
      in a population of severe GINA 5 in a real life observational setting. DESIGN:
      This study is a retrospective, observational study assessing patients reported
      allergic, non-asthmatic symptom response to omalizumab treatment. METHODS: Fifty
      six severe asthmatics treated with omalizumab were studied. Thirty-seven patients
      had concomitant rhino-sinusitis, 13 had dermatitis and 4 ABPA. Subjects were
      asked to grade the improvement in their symptom scores on an analogue scale from
      0 (no response) to 10 (excellent response). RESULTS: Mean improvement from
      baseline was 5 and 1.8 in patients with allergic rhino-sinusitis and dermatitis,
      respectively. Mean improvement from baseline in respiratory symptoms in patients
      with ABPA was 4.0. CONCLUSIONS: The results from our study suggest that
      omalizumab may have a role in allergic disease outside of its current license.

PMID- 26966103
TI  - Behavioral Rehearsal for Analogue Fidelity: Feasibility in a State-Funded
      Children's Mental Health Initiative.
AB  - A substantial number of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) are available, but are
      delivered infrequently in public mental health. To improve the quality of care,
      some states and systems have focused on EBT training; however, these efforts have
      rarely included objective measurement of clinician fidelity because of
      feasibility issues. The primary goal of the current study was evaluating the
      feasibility of the behavioral rehearsal (BR) method to assess "analogue fidelity"
      in a children's mental health quality improvement initiative. Results indicated
      low-but representative-clinician participation. Participants demonstrated
      greatest improvement at post-training with maintenance or decreases at 6-months
      (post-consultation). Implications for future use of BR are discussed.

PMID- 26966105
TI  - Urinary tract infections in intensive care unit patients - a single-centre, 3
      year observational study according to the INICC project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) in patients with urinary catheters
      could be a serious complication of hospitalisation in the intensive care unit
      (ICU). METHODS: A prospective study (01.01.2012-31.12.2014) was conducted in the
      20-bed ICU of the University Hospital in Wroclaw, Poland. The frequency (density,
      incidence) and aetiology of UTI as well as prophylactic method compliance were
      estimated in patients of the ICU according to the INICC project. RESULTS: Among
      1261 ICU patients, urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 91 (7%). The
      incidence index was 7.25/100 admissions to the ICU. CA-UTI constituted 36% of the
      device-associated, healthcare-associated infections (n = 255). A urinary catheter
      was used in 92.21 +/- 4.51% of patients during 14,006 patient-days and 12,917
      urinarycatheter- days. The density of CA-UTI/1000 catheter-days was 6.44, 6.84,
      7.16 during the years 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. The main pathogens of
      CA-UTI were Enterococcus spp. (22%), Acinetobacter baumannii (20%), Klebsiella
      pneumoniae (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), and Candida spp. (13%). Only in
      four elements of the "Urinary Catheter Bundle" was 100% compliance noted.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the observed period of time, the incidence of CA-UTI was higher
      than in the INICC (2014) report and the NHSN/CDC (2012) report. Analysis of
      compliance with a "Urinary Catheter Bundle" to prevent UTI shows low
      implementation of preventative methods with the INICC protocol.

PMID- 26966104
TI  - Acute angle-closure glaucoma in a highly myopic patient secondary to Weill
      Marchesani syndrome: histopathologic lens features.
AB  - The authors describe a case of acute angle-closure glaucoma in a highly myopic
      patient secondary to Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) and histopathologic features
      of his lens. A 37-year-old male patient visited our clinic for ocular pain with
      elevated intraocular pressure (19/57 mmHg). The slit-lamp examination showed an
      inferiorly subluxated lens in the right eye, and anterior dislocated
      microspherophakia with corneolenticular contact in the left eye. The physical
      examination showed brachydactyly and relatively short stature. To control the IOP
      and to improve visual acuity, lens extraction, anterior vitrectomy, and scleral
      sutured IOL implantation surgery were performed. To the best of our knowledge,
      this is the first histopathologic report of bilateral lens in a Korean patient
      with WMS. The pathologic specimens showed epithelial cell changes, hyaloid
      degeneration, and subcapsular cortical fiber changes. The authors attributed
      these changes to physical and mechanical factors because the lens is highly
      mobile and often comes in contact with the iris.

PMID- 26966106
TI  - Etomidate, but not thiopental, decreases serum cortisol concentration in morbidly
      obese patients. A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of etomidate administration on the adrenal cortex in obese
      patients is still unclear. The objective of the study was to determine the
      influence of a single dose of etomidate on cortisol secretion in the morbidly
      obese. METHODS: 127 healthy patients were enrolled into the study. Data from 82
      patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgery were analyzed. 62 of them
      were morbidly obese, while 20 had normal body mass. The participants were divided
      equally into etomidate and thiopental groups, depending on the kind of
      intravenous anaesthetic used for the induction of anaesthesia. Each patient's
      serum cortisol concentration was measured five times: on the day before surgery
      (sample A), two hours after the induction of anaesthesia (sample B), after a
      short tetracosactide test (sample C), 24 hours after the induction of anaesthesia
      (sample D), and after a second short stimulation test (sample E). RESULTS: The
      mean cortisol concentration in obese patients in the etomidate group was lower
      two hours after the induction of anaesthesia (sample B, P < 0.001), and 30
      minutes after the first tetracosactide test (sample C, P < 0.001) compared to
      obese patients in the thiopental group. There were no differences between the
      groups in sample A (P = 0.833), D (P = 0.614) and E (P = 0.769). We found no
      changes in haemodynamic parameters between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Etomidate
      decreased serum cortisol concentration and decreased reactivity to tetracosactide
      both in morbidly obese and in normal weight patients. This effect was reversible
      within 24 hours.

PMID- 26966107
TI  - A comparison of subhypnotic doses of propofol and midazolam during spinal
      anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study compared two types of sedation in pregnant women receiving
      subarachnoid anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section. METHODS: This
      prospective randomised study included 56 women. Patients were sedated with
      propofol (PROP group, n = 27) or midazolam (MID group, n = 29) via intravenous
      infusion after extraction of the foetus. The following parameters were assessed
      at five-minute intervals: degree of sedation, heart rate, arterial pressure, ECG
      recording and arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation. Moreover, we recorded drug
      doses, changes in infusion rates to ensure a desirable degree of sedation and
      adverse side effects. The maternal recall of delivery and satisfaction with
      sedation were also evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence of increased sedative
      infusion rates was higher in the PROP group (59.3% vs. 37.9%). In contrast,
      decreased infusion rates were observed in the MID group (41.4% vs. 29.6%). After
      the initial dose, a desirable level of sedation was easier to obtain in the PROP
      group (77.7% vs. 55.1%), whereas excessive sedation was noted more frequently in
      the MID group (34.5% vs. 11.5%). The deepest degree of sedation was found in 2
      PROP patients and 1 MID patient. In the PROP group, excessive sedation was
      rapidly alleviated by reducing the infusion rate. In the MID group, excessive
      sedation was observed throughout the examination, despite reduced infusion rates.
      No significant intergroup differences were found for desired sedation levels. The
      mean heart rate and arterial pressure were lower in the PROP group. In the MID
      group, only 5% of patients developed an elevated systolic RR. No ECG alterations
      were observed in any patient. A haemoglobin oxygen saturation level below 92% was
      found in 1 patient from each group. Logorrhoea was characteristic in the PROP
      group (44.4%). The incidence of nausea and vomiting were higher in the MID group.
      Other side effects (e.g., headache, backache, erythema and chills) were observed
      in a subset of patients from both groups. In the MID group, birth recall was
      significantly lower (82.8% vs. 96.3%). Full satisfaction with sedation was
      declared by 89.6% of MID patients and 92.6% of PROP patients. CONCLUSIONS:
      Midazolam and propofol induce effective and safe sedation in patients receiving
      subarachnoid anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Propofol appears to be more
      useful for Caesarean section sedation when compared with midazolam because of its
      shorter action, antiemetic effects and better maternal recall of foetal delivery.

PMID- 26966108
TI  - Single strip lesions radiofrequency denervation for treatment of sacroiliac joint
      pain: two years' results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sacroiliac joint pain can be managed by intra-articular injections or
      radiofrequency of its innervation. Single strip lesions radiofrequency
      denervation is a new system. The objective of this study was to present one of
      the first utilizations of this innovative technique. METHODS: 60 patients who met
      the diagnostic criteria for sacroiliac joint syndrome were enrolled in the study.
      In total, 102 single strip lesions radiofrequency denervations were performed.
      Pain intensity was measured with the Oswestry low back pain disability
      questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index whose scores were assessed at 1,
      3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS: 91.8 % of the 102 radiofrequency
      treatments resulted in a reduction of more than 50% pain intensity relief at 1
      month, 81.6% at 3 months and 59.16% at 6 months. In 35.7% of cases, the relief
      was continuative up to 1 year. No relief was observed in 12.24% of cases. The ODI
      scores improved significantly 1 month after the procedure, compared with the
      baseline scores. The ODI scores after 6 months improved very clearly compared
      with the baseline scores and with the 3-month scores. CONCLUSIONS: Single strip
      lesions radiofrequency denervation using the Simplicity III probe is a potential
      modality for intermediate term relief for patients with sacroiliac pain.

PMID- 26966109
TI  - Tissue oximetry in anaesthesia and intensive care.
AB  - Conventional monitoring during surgery and intensive care is not sufficiently
      sensitive to detect acute changes in vital organs perfusion, while its good
      quality is critical for maintaining their function. Disturbed vital organ
      perfusion may lead to the development of postoperative complications, including
      neurological sequel and renal failure. Near-infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS)
      represents one of up-to-date techniques of patient monitoring which is commonly
      used for the assessment of brain oximetry in thoracic aorta surgery, and -
      increasingly more often -in open-heart surgery. Algorithms for maintaining
      adequate brain saturation may result in a decrease of neurological complications
      and cognitive dysfunction following cardiac surgery. The assessment of kidney and
      visceral perfusion with tissue oximetry is gaining increasing interest during
      pediatric cardiac surgery. Attempts at decreasing complications by the use of
      brain oximetry during carotid endarterectomy, as well as thoracic and abdominal
      surgery demonstrated conflicting results. In recent years NIRS technique was
      proposed as a tool for muscle perfusion assessment under short term ischemia and
      reperfusion, referred to as vascular occlusion test (VOT). This monitoring
      extension allows for the identification of early disturbances in tissue
      perfusion. Results of recent studies utilizing VOT suggest that the muscle
      saturation decrease rate is reduced in septic shock patients, while decreased
      speed of saturation recovery on reperfusion is related to disturbed
      microcirculation. Being non-invasive and feasible technique, NIRS offers an
      improvement of preoperative risk assessment in cardiac surgery and promises more
      comprehensive intraoperative and ICU patient monitoring allowing for better
      outcome. 

PMID- 26966110
TI  - Anaesthetic perioperative management according to the ERAS protocol.
AB  - After many years of experience in surgery, a series of recommendations have been
      created by a group of European specialists to improve the quality of
      perioperative care and maximize postoperative outcomes. Early mobilization and
      oral feeding, preoperative oral intake of carbohydrate-rich fluids, proper fluid
      and pain management, intensive postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis, and
      antimicrobial and thromboembolism prophylaxis are the interventions that may
      decrease surgery-induced metabolic stress and facilitate the return of bowel
      function and early discharge. The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society
      is the group that focuses on these perioperative issues. This paper aims to
      summarize the role of anaesthesiologists in the implementation of the ERAS
      protocol. 

PMID- 26966111
TI  - Comparison of the C-Mac video laryngoscope with the McGrath Series 5 video
      laryngoscope concerning an extremely difficult airway.

PMID- 26966112
TI  - Commentary to "Remifentanil for labour pain relief".

PMID- 26966113
TI  - In reply to the commentary to Commentary to "Remifentanil for labour pain
      relief".

PMID- 26966114
TI  - Cut-off point for switching from non- -invasive ventilation to intubation in
      severe ARDS. Still a spectrum of greys and whites.

PMID- 26966115
TI  - Cut-off point for switching from non- -invasive ventilation to intubation in
      severe ARDS. Fifty shades of grey?

PMID- 26966116
TI  - The role of Argentine Federation of Associations of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and
      Reanimation.

PMID- 26966117
TI  - Snaring swans: intraoperative knotting of pulmonary artery catheters.

PMID- 26966118
TI  - Successful surgery for refractory seizures associated with bilateral
      schizencephaly: two case reports and literature review.
AB  - Schizencephaly is a rare malformation of cortical development resulting from cell
      migration defects that occur unilaterally or bilaterally. The type of the
      schizencephalic cleft can be open lip or closed lip. Patients suffering from
      refractory seizures secondary to schizencephaly should be considered for surgical
      treatment. In this paper, we retrospectively analyzed two patients with confirmed
      schizencephaly and intractable seizures. The evaluation methods included a
      medical history assessment, a neurological examination and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI). Continuous intracranial video-electroencephalogram (vEEG)
      monitoring with surface electrodes and deep electrodes was evaluated to confirm
      the epileptogenic zones associated with the schizencephalic lesions. Cortical
      electrical stimulation was performed to evaluate the neurophysiology of the
      relevant brain regions. Epileptic focus resection was performed close to the
      schizencephalic cleft according to the results of intracranial EEG and
      stimulation while preserving neurological functions. MRI revealed bilateral open
      lip schizencephaly in one patient and closed lip schizencephaly in the other
      patient. The epileptogenic zones were localized close to the schizencephalic
      clefts. The seizure outcome was Engel's class Ia in both patients at 1-year
      follow-up. No significant neurological deficits were found, and their activities
      of daily life were significantly improved. We conclude that abnormal cortex near
      the schizencephalic clefts may display an extrinsic epileptogenicity. Accurate
      localization of the epileptogenic zones using intracranial EEG and electrical
      stimulation can lead to a seizure-free outcome in patients with refractory
      epilepsy associated with schizencephaly. 

PMID- 26966120
TI  - What role for ?vortioxetine?
AB  - ?Vortioxetine (Brintellix-Lundbeck) is licensed for treating adults with major
      depressive episodes.(1) It acts on the serotonin system and is described as
      having a 'novel multimodal mechanism of action'.(2) The company claims that it is
      the first antidepressant in the EU to include an effect on certain aspects of
      cognitive function in patients with depression in its Summary of Product
      Characteristics.(3) The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has
      recommended it as an option for patients whose current episode has responded
      inadequately to two antidepressants. Here we consider the evidence for
      vortioxetine and its place in treating major depression in adults.

PMID- 26966119
TI  - A proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial of DAR-0100A, a dopamine-1
      receptor agonist, for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence from preclinical and human studies indicates the presence of
      reduced dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) signaling in the cortex, where D1Rs
      predominate, in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), which may contribute to their
      cognitive deficits. Furthermore, studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) have
      suggested that intermittent administration of low doses of D1R agonists produce
      long-lasting reversals in cognitive deficits. The purpose of this trial was to
      test whether a similar design, involving subacute intermittent administration of
      low doses of a full, selective agonist at D1Rs, DAR-0100A, would improve
      cognitive deficits in SCZ. METHODS: We randomized 49 clinically stable
      individuals with SCZ to three weeks of intermittent treatment with 0.5 mg or 15
      mg of DAR-0100A, or placebo (normal saline). Functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) BOLD was used to evaluate the effects of drug administration on
      brain activity during a working memory (WM) task. Effects on cognition were also
      assessed using the MATRICS and the N-back task as primary endpoints. The CogState
      battery was used as a secondary endpoint. RESULTS: There were no observed
      treatment effects on either the BOLD fMRI signal during WM tasks or the WM
      domains of the MATRICS. Moderate improvement was detected on the CogState battery
      and on the attention domain of the MATRICS. CONCLUSION: These results suggest
      that low doses of D1 agonists that do not result in measureable occupancy of the
      D1R do not reliably improve cognition in SCZ, unlike the observations in NHP. As
      this drug is limited by its pharmacokinetic profile, better D1R agonists that can
      achieve adequate levels of D1R occupancy are needed to test the efficacy of this
      mechanism for cognitive enhancement in SCZ.

PMID- 26966121
TI  - QT interval and drug therapy.
AB  - The QT interval is an important component of the electrocardiogram, which when
      prolonged can predict the risk of developing the potentially fatal cardiac
      arrhythmia, torsades de pointes. There is growing understanding of the genetics
      associated with cardiac arrhythmias and an increasing number of drugs that can
      prolong the QT interval. Consequently, assessment of the effect of drugs on the
      QT interval has become a significant aspect of drug development, regulatory
      assessment and clinical care. Here, we review the QT interval and the risks
      associated with drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval.

PMID- 26966123
TI  - Capsule Commentary on Boissy et al., Communication Skills Training for Physicians
      Improves Patient Experiences.

PMID- 26966122
TI  - (18)F-DOPA: the versatile radiopharmaceutical.

PMID- 26966124
TI  - Capsule Commentary on Melzer et al., Predictors of Pharmacotherapy for Tobacco
      Use among Veterans Admitted for COPD: The Role of Disparities and Tobacco Control
      Processes.

PMID- 26966125
TI  - Cost Effectiveness of Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy Versus Standard Triple
      Therapy in the Long-Term Management of HIV Patients: Analysis Using Evidence from
      the PIVOT Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Protease inhibitor (PI) monotherapy can maintain virological
      suppression in the majority of patients once it has been established on triple
      therapy and may also have the potential for substantial cost savings arising from
      the use of fewer drugs. However, the cost effectiveness of PI monotherapy has yet
      to be demonstrated. OBJECTIVES: In this study we examine the cost effectiveness
      of PI monotherapy with prompt return to combination therapy in the event of viral
      load rebound compared with ongoing triple therapy (OT) in patients with
      suppressed viral load on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the UK.
      METHODS: The analysis used data from the PIVOT trial in which HIV-positive adults
      with suppressed viral load for >=24 weeks on combination ART were randomised to
      maintain OT or to a strategy of PI monotherapy with prompt return to combination
      therapy if viral load rebounded. A cost-effectiveness analysis including long
      term modelling was conducted. Main outcomes included UK National Health Service
      (NHS) costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) with comparative results
      presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: PI monotherapy was
      cost saving as a result of large savings in ART drug costs while being no less
      effective in terms of QALYs in the within-trial analysis and marginally less
      effective with lifetime modelling. In the base-case analysis over 3 years, the
      incremental total cost per patient was -L6424.11 (95 % confidence interval 
      7418.84 to -5429.38) and incremental QALYs were 0.0051 (95 % CI -0.0479 to
      0.0582), resulting in PI monotherapy 'dominating' OT. Multiple scenario analyses
      found that PI monotherapy was cost saving with no marked differences in QALYs.
      Modelling of lifetime costs and QALYs showed that PI monotherapy was associated
      with significant cost savings and was marginally less effective; PI monotherapy
      was cost effective at accepted cost-effectiveness thresholds in all but one
      scenario analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Under most assumptions, PI monotherapy appears to
      be a cost-effective treatment strategy compared with OT for HIV-infected patients
      who have achieved sustained virological suppression.

PMID- 26966126
TI  - Effect of Outflow Tract Contributions to 82Rb-PET Global Myocardial Blood Flow
      Computations.
AB  - Algorithms are able to compute myocardial blood flow (MBF) from dynamic PET data
      for each of the 17 left ventricular segments, with global MBF obtained by
      averaging segmental values. This study was undertaken to compare MBFs with and
      without the basal-septal segments. METHODS: Data were examined retrospectively
      for 196 patients who underwent rest and regadenoson-stress (82)Rb PET/CT scanning
      for evaluation of known or suspected coronary artery disease. MBF data were
      acquired in gated list mode and rebinned to isolate the first-pass dynamic
      portion. Coronary vascular resistance (CVR) was computed as mean arterial
      pressure divided by MBF. MBF inhomogeneity was computed as the ratio of SD to
      mean MBF. Relative perfusion scores were obtained using (82)Rb-specific normal
      limits applied to polar maps of myocardial perfusion generated from myocardial
      equilibrium portions of PET data. MBF and CVRs from 17 and 14 segments were
      compared. RESULTS: Mean MBFs were lower for 17- than 14-segment means for rest
      (0.78 +/- 0.50 vs. 0.85 +/- 0.54 mL/g/min, paired t test P < 0.0001) and stress
      (1.50 +/- 0.88 vs. 1.67 +/- 0.96 mL/g/min, P < 0.0001). Bland-Altman plots of MBF
      differences versus means exhibited nonzero intercept (-0.04 +/- 0.01, P = 0.0004)
      and significant correlation (r = -0.64, P < 0.0001), with slopes significantly
      different from 0.0 (-7.2% +/- 0.6% and -8.3% +/- 0.7% for rest and stress MBF; P
      < 0.0001). Seventeen-segment CVRs were higher than 14-segment CVRs for rest (159
      +/- 86 vs. 147 +/- 81 mm Hg/mL/g/min, paired t test P < 0.0001) and stress CVR
      (85 +/- 52 vs. 76 +/- 48 mm Hg/mL/g/min, P < 0.0001). MBF inhomogeneity
      correlated significantly (P < 0.0001) with summed perfusion scores, but values
      correlated significantly more strongly for 14- than 17-segment values for rest (r
      = 0.67 vs. r = 0.52, P = 0.02) and stress (r = 0.69 vs. r = 0.47, P = 0.001).
      When basal segments were included in MBF determinations, perfusion inhomogeneity
      was greater both for rest (39% +/- 10% vs. 31% +/- 10%, P < 0.0001) and for
      stress (42% +/- 12% vs. 32% +/- 11%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Averaging 17 versus
      14 segments leads to systematically 7%-8% lower MBF calculations, higher CVRs,
      and greater computed inhomogeneity. Consideration should be given to excluding
      basal-septal segments from standard global MBF determination.

PMID- 26966127
TI  - Incidental Detection of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma in 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT Imaging.
AB  - Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II transmembrane protein. It
      has been shown to be expressed in various solid malignant neoplasms. We report a
      case of a prostate cancer patient who underwent (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT imaging. There
      is a large thyroid nodule in the right thyroid gland, which had intense PSMA
      accumulation. Follicular thyroid lesions can be seen on (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT
      imaging. 

PMID- 26966128
TI  - Optimizing 18F-FDG Uptake Time Before Imaging Improves the Accuracy of PET/CT in
      Liver Lesions.
AB  - (18)F-FDG PET/CT has emerged as one of the fastest-growing imaging modalities. A
      shorter protocol results in a lower target-to-background ratio, which can
      increase the challenge of identifying mildly (18)F-FDG-avid lesions and
      differentiating inflammatory or physiologic activity from malignant activity. The
      purpose of this study was to determine the delay between radiotracer injection
      and imaging that optimizes target-to-background ratio while maintaining counts
      high enough to ensure scan sensitivity. METHODS: The study included 140 patients
      (66 male and 74 female; age range, 42-95 y) with suspected hepatic lesions as
      seen on an (18)F-FDG PET scan. SUV was determined as region-of-interest
      activity/(dose/total body weight). RESULTS: The mean injected dose was 610 +/-
      66.6 MBq (16.5 +/-1.8 mCi), with a mean glucose level of 107 +/- 26.6 mg/dL
      (standardized to 90 mg/dL). The uptake time before imaging ranged from 61 to 158
      min, with a mean of 108.8 +/- 24.8 min. The P values for the correlation of SUV
      to time were 0.004, 0.003, and 0.0001 for malignant lesions, benign lesions, and
      background hepatic tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: An approximately 90-min time
      window from (18)F-FDG injection to PET imaging would significantly improve target
      to-background ratio and, thus, quantitation and visual interpretation. This
      benefit outweighs the minimal loss in patient throughput.

PMID- 26966129
TI  - Antisense inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III in patients with
      hypertriglyceridemia.

PMID- 26966130
TI  - Comments on: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for xanthochromia versus modern
      computed tomography scanners in the diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage:
      experience at a tertiary trauma referral centre.

PMID- 26966131
TI  - Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin in Refractory Juvenile Dermatomyositis.
AB  - Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is the most common form of juvenile idiopathic
      inflammatory myopathy. We report a child with steroid-dependent JDM refractory to
      hydroxychloroquine and subcutaneous methotrexate who experienced systemic
      reactions to intravenous immunoglobulin and was successfully treated with
      subcutaneous immunoglobulin. This form of therapy has been shown to be safe, has
      a very low rate of adverse effects, does not require hospital admission, reduces
      the number of missed school days, and decreases the costs associated with
      treatment.

PMID- 26966132
TI  - Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Well-Being in a Low-income, Urban Cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study tests the association between adverse childhood experiences
      (ACEs) and multidimensional well-being in early adulthood for a low-income, urban
      cohort, and whether a preschool preventive intervention moderates this
      association. METHODS: Follow-up data were analyzed for 1202 low-income, minority
      participants in the Chicago Longitudinal Study, a prospective investigation of
      the impact of early experiences on life-course well-being. Born between 1979 and
      1980 in high-poverty neighborhoods, individuals retrospectively reported ACEs
      from birth to adolescence, except in cases of child abuse and neglect. RESULTS:
      Nearly two-thirds of the study sample experienced >=1 ACEs by age 18. After
      controlling for demographic factors and early intervention status, individuals
      reporting ACEs were significantly more likely to exhibit poor outcomes than those
      with no ACEs. Those with >=4 ACEs had significantly reduced likelihood of high
      school graduation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37; P < .001), increased risk for
      depression (OR = 3.9; P < .001), health compromising behaviors (OR = 4.5; P <
      .001), juvenile arrest (OR = 3.1; P < .001), and felony charges (OR = 2.8; P <
      .001). They were also less likely to hold skilled jobs (OR = 0.50; P = .001) and
      to go further in school even for adversity measured by age 5. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs
      consistently predicted a diverse set of adult outcomes in a high-risk,
      economically disadvantaged sample. Effective and widely available preventive
      interventions are needed to counteract the long-term consequences of ACEs.

PMID- 26966134
TI  - Number of children given antidepressants is rising, study shows.

PMID- 26966133
TI  - A Standardized Discharge Process Decreases Length of Stay for Ventilator
      Dependent Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Children who require chronic mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy
      are medically complex and require prolonged hospitalization, placing a heavy
      burden on caregivers and hospital systems. We developed an interdisciplinary
      Ventilator Care Program to relieve this burden, through improved communication
      and standardized care. We hypothesized that a standardized team approach to the
      discharge of tracheostomy- and ventilator-dependent children would decrease
      length of stay (LOS), reduce patient costs, and improve safety. METHODS: We used
      process mapping to standardize the discharge process for children requiring
      chronic ventilation. Interventions included developing education materials, a
      Chronic Ventilation Road Map for caregivers, utilization of the electronic
      medical record to track discharge readiness, team-based care coordination, and
      timely case management to arrange home nursing. We aimed to decrease overall and
      pediatric respiratory care unit LOS as the primary outcomes. We also analyzed
      secondary outcomes (mortality, emergency department visits, unplanned
      readmissions), and per-patient hospital costs during 2-year "preintervention" and
      "postintervention" periods (n = 18 and 30, respectively). RESULTS: Patient
      demographics were not different between groups. As compared with the
      preintervention cohort, the overall LOS decreased 42% (P = .002). Pediatric
      respiratory care unit LOS decreased 56% (P = .001). As a result, unplanned
      readmissions, emergency department visits, and mortality were not increased.
      Direct costs per hospitalization were decreased by an average of 43% (P = .01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Although LOS remained high, a standardized discharge process for
      chronically ventilated children by an interdisciplinary Ventilator Care Program
      team resulted in decreased LOS and costs without a negative impact on patient
      safety.

PMID- 26966135
TI  - Neurotoxicity and LSD treatment: a follow-up study of 151 patients in Denmark.
AB  - LSD was introduced in psychiatry in the 1950s. Between 1960 and 1973, nearly 400
      patients were treated with LSD in Denmark. By 1964, one homicide, two suicides
      and four suicide attempts had been reported. In 1986 the Danish LSD Damages Law
      was passed after complaints by only one patient. According to the Law, all 154
      applicants received financial compensation for LSD-inflicted harm. The Danish
      State Archives has preserved the case material of 151 of the 154 applicants. Most
      of the patients suffered from severe side effects of the LSD treatment many years
      afterwards. In particular, two-thirds of the patients had flashbacks. With the
      recent interest in LSD therapy, we should consider the neurotoxic potential of
      LSD.

PMID- 26966136
TI  - Epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns associated with fatigue in primary
      Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Chronic fatigue is a common, disabling and poorly understood
      phenomenon. Recent studies indicate that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in
      the expression of fatigue, a prominent feature of primary SS (pSS). The aim of
      this study was to investigate whether DNA methylation profiles of whole blood are
      associated with fatigue in patients with pSS. METHODS: Forty-eight pSS patients
      with high (n = 24) or low (n = 24) fatigue as measured by a visual analogue scale
      were included. Genome-wide DNA methylation was investigated using the Illumina
      HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. After quality control, a total of 383 358
      Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine (CpG) sites remained for further analysis. Age, sex
      and differential cell count estimates were included as covariates in the
      association model. A false discovery rate-corrected P < 0.05 was considered
      significant, and a cut-off of 3% average difference in methylation levels between
      high- and low-fatigue patients was applied. RESULTS: A total of 251
      differentially methylated CpG sites were associated with fatigue. The CpG site
      with the most pronounced hypomethylation in pSS high fatigue annotated to the
      SBF2-antisense RNA1 gene. The most distinct hypermethylation was observed at a
      CpG site annotated to the lymphotoxin alpha gene. Functional pathway analysis of
      genes with differently methylated CpG sites in subjects with high vs low fatigue
      revealed enrichment in several pathways associated with innate and adaptive
      immunity. CONCLUSION: Some genes involved in regulation of the immune system and
      in inflammation are differently methylated in pSS patients with high vs low
      fatigue. These findings point to functional networks that may underlie fatigue.
      Epigenetic changes could constitute a fatigue-regulating mechanism in pSS.

PMID- 26966137
TI  - Temporal plus epilepsy is a major determinant of temporal lobe surgery failures.

PMID- 26966138
TI  - Reply: Temporal plus epilepsy is a major determinant of temporal lobe surgery
      failures.

PMID- 26966141
TI  - Partial breast radiotherapy is as effective as standard whole breast
      radiotherapy, study finds.

PMID- 26966140
TI  - Mycobacterium bovis Cerebellar Abscess Following Treatment With Bacillus Calmette
      Guerin.
AB  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium
      bovis that is used to treat superficial bladder cancer. Although its use is
      typically associated with only mild, localized side effects, rare systemic
      complications can occur. Disseminated mycobacterium infections after BCG therapy
      have been reported in over 30 cases; however, central nervous system (CNS)
      infections do not commonly occur. We report a 74-year-old male who developed a M.
      bovis cerebellar abscess after receiving intravesical BCG infusion for bladder
      cancer for less than 1 year. This patient was successfully treated with
      antituberculosis therapy and corticosteroids. This patient case demonstrates that
      early-onset M bovis CNS infections can occur after BCG therapy. Patients
      presenting with altered mental status while on BCG therapy should be evaluated
      for disseminated infections.

PMID- 26966139
TI  - Surface errors without semantic impairment in acquired dyslexia: a voxel-based
      lesion-symptom mapping study.
AB  - Patients with surface dyslexia have disproportionate difficulty pronouncing
      irregularly spelled words (e.g. pint), suggesting impaired use of lexical
      semantic information to mediate phonological retrieval. Patients with this
      deficit also make characteristic 'regularization' errors, in which an irregularly
      spelled word is mispronounced by incorrect application of regular spelling-sound
      correspondences (e.g. reading plaid as 'played'), indicating over-reliance on
      sublexical grapheme-phoneme correspondences. We examined the neuroanatomical
      correlates of this specific error type in 45 patients with left hemisphere
      chronic stroke. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping showed a strong positive
      relationship between the rate of regularization errors and damage to the
      posterior half of the left middle temporal gyrus. Semantic deficits on tests of
      single-word comprehension were generally mild, and these deficits were not
      correlated with the rate of regularization errors. Furthermore, the deep
      occipital-temporal white matter locus associated with these mild semantic
      deficits was distinct from the lesion site associated with regularization errors.
      Thus, in contrast to patients with surface dyslexia and semantic impairment from
      anterior temporal lobe degeneration, surface errors in our patients were not
      related to a semantic deficit. We propose that these patients have an inability
      to link intact semantic representations with phonological representations. The
      data provide novel evidence for a post-semantic mechanism mediating the
      production of surface errors, and suggest that the posterior middle temporal
      gyrus may compute an intermediate representation linking semantics with
      phonology.

PMID- 26966142
TI  - Protective effects of sevoflurane in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
AB  - The endothelial glycocalyx plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular
      structure and functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane, a
      volatile anesthetic, can preserve the endothelial glycocalyx in heart tissues
      against ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, little is known about the effects
      of sevoflurane pretreatment on the vascular structure and functions of liver
      tissues following ischemia-reperfusion injury. To this end, female Sprague-Dawley
      rats (n = 28) were anesthetized either with ketamine (80-120 mg/kg, i.p.) or with
      one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) sevoflurane (2% v/v). Following in vivo
      hepatic ischemia procedure, the liver was isolated and reperfusion was produced.
      During the period of reperfusion, liver reperfusion samples were collected, and
      the concentrations of heparan sulfate and syndecan-1 (Syn-1), and the levels of
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes, were
      measured. The morphology of hepatocytes and endothelial glycocalyx were then
      assessed by using the light and electron microscopies, respectively. Ischemia
      reperfusion increased the release of HS and Syn-1, and elevated the levels of ALT
      and AST in a time-dependent manner. However, sevoflurane pretreatment reduced the
      release of HS and Syn-1and attenuated the levels of ALT and AST, in a time
      dependent manner, as compared with ketamine pretreatment. Furthermore,
      sevoflurane pretreatment decreased the shedding of endothelial glycocalyx and
      hepatocytes necrosis. Sevoflurane pretreatment preserved the endothelial
      glycocalyx in the liver tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury. The effect
      appears to help protect hepatocytes against ischemia-reperfusion-induced
      necrosis. 

PMID- 26966144
TI  - Focus on harm reduction in fight against HIV, says report.

PMID- 26966145
TI  - Contrast medium enhanced susceptibility imaging signal mechanism; should we use
      contrast medium?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intracranial lesions exhibit clear contrast enhancement in T1
      weighted imaging, but the mechanism whereby contrast-enhanced susceptibility
      weighted imaging (CE-SWI) generates signals remains unclear. Contrast enhancement
      patterns cannot be reliably predicted. PURPOSE: To explore the mechanism of CE
      SWI contrast enhancement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-five patients were
      retrospectively enrolled. All of the imaging employed a clinical 3T magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) system fitted with a 32-channel head coil. Minimum
      intensity projection reformatted images were evaluated. Intracranial lesions and
      brain parenchymal intensities were explored using SWI and CE-SWI. signal
      intensity rates were calculated by dividing the lesional intensity by the white
      matter intensity, after which the SWI and CE-SWI signal intensity rate were
      compared. Two observers independently performed intralesional susceptibility
      signal analysis. RESULTS: After contrast medium administration, malignant and
      extra-axial tumors exhibited obvious contrast enhancement on CE-SWI (P < 0.001
      and P = 0.013, respectively). The signal intensity of white matter was
      significantly reduced. The signal intensity rates rose significantly in the
      benign, malignant, and extra-axial groups (P < 0.001). Between-radiologist
      agreement in terms of intralesional susceptibility signal assessment was strong
      (kappa = 0.8, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Contrast media can either reduce or
      increase SWI signal intensities. The dual contrast feature of CE-SWI can be
      useful when exploring intracranial disorders.

PMID- 26966143
TI  - Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection.
AB  - Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of common
      neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously shown that Toxoplasma gondii (T.
      gondii) induces high nitric oxide (NO) production, glial activation, and
      apoptosis that altogether cause severe neuropathology in toxoplasma encephalitis
      (TE). The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of OS
      and to identify a correlation between the causes of T. gondii induced
      neuropathology. Expression levels of glutathione reductase (GR), Cu/Zn superoxide
      dismutase (SOD1), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
      (8-OHdG) were investigated. Results of the study revealed that the levels of GR
      (P <0.005) and NSE (P <0.001) expression in the brain tissue markedly increased
      while SOD1 activity decreased (P <0.001) in the infected group compared to the
      non-infected group. In addition, intense staining for 8-OHdG (P <0.05) was
      observed both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells that
      underwent OS. These results were reasonable to suggest that T. gondii-mediated OS
      might play a pivotal role and a different type of role in the mechanism of
      neurodegeneration/neuropathology in the process of TE. The results also clearly
      indicated that increased levels of NO and apoptosis might contribute to OS
      related pathogenesis of TE. As a result, OS and expression of NSE might give an
      idea of the disease progress and may have a critical diagnostic significance for
      patients with T. gondii infection. 

PMID- 26966146
TI  - CT-based measurement of the inner pelvic volume.
AB  - Background Surgery in the lesser pelvis is associated with a high complication
      rate as surgeons are spatially limited by solid anatomic structures and soft
      tissue borders. So far, only two-dimensional (2D) parameters have been used for
      risk stratification. Purpose To precisely measure the inner pelvic volume a
      computed tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional (3D) approach was established
      and compared to approximations by 2D parameter combinations. Material and Methods
      Thin-layered multi-slice CT datasets were used retrospectively for slice by slice
      depiction of the inner pelvic surface. The inner pelvic volume was then
      automatically compounded. Combinations of two to four 2D dimensions determined in
      3D volume rendered reconstructions were correlated with the inner pelvic volume.
      Pearson's correlation coefficient and Chi square test were used for statistical
      calculations. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results In total 142
      patients (91 men, 51 women) aged 64.8 +/- 10.6 years at surgery were included in
      the study. Mean calculated pelvic volume was 1031.13 +/- 180.06 cm3 (men, 996.57
      +/- 172.43 cm3; women, 1093.34 +/- 178.39 cm3). Best approximations were obtained
      by combination of the 2D measurements transverse inlet and pelvic height for men
      (r = 0.799, P < 0.05) as well as transverse inlet, obstetric conjugate,
      interspinous distance and pelvic depth for women (r = 0.855, P < 0.05).
      Conclusion We describe a precise and reproducible CT-based method for pelvic
      volumetry. A less time consuming but still reliable approximation can be achieved
      by combination of two to four 2D dimensions.

PMID- 26966147
TI  - Closing PFO closure for migraine?

PMID- 26966148
TI  - Is takotsubo syndrome a microvascular acute coronary syndrome? Towards of a new
      definition.

PMID- 26966149
TI  - Physical activity, resting heart rate, and atrial fibrillation: the Tromso Study.
AB  - AIMS: The objective was to examine the association of physical activity and
      resting heart rate (RHR) with hospital-diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) in a
      Norwegian cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective study included 20 484
      adults (50.3% men) who participated in the third Tromso Study survey in 1986-87.
      At baseline, physical activity was assessed by a validated questionnaire, and RHR
      was objectively measured. Participants were followed from baseline through 2010
      with respect to incident cases of hospital-diagnosed AF documented on an
      electrocardiogram. During a mean follow-up period of 20 years (409 045 person
      years), 750 participants (70.5% men) were diagnosed with AF. Compared with the
      low physical activity group, moderately active individuals had a 19% lower risk
      of any AF [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68
      0.97], whereas highly active had similar risk of AF. Vigorously active
      individuals showed a non-significantly higher risk of AF (adjusted HR 1.37, 95%
      CI 0.77-2.43). Risk of AF increased with decreasing RHR (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI
      0.86-0.98 for each 10 b.p.m. increase in RHR), and RHR < 50 b.p.m. was a risk
      factor for AF (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this prospective cohort study, leisure
      time physical activity was associated with AF in a J-shaped pattern. Moderate
      physical activity was associated with a reduced risk of AF, whereas higher
      activity levels attenuated the benefits of moderate activity. Low RHR was a risk
      factor for AF. Our results support the hypothesis that moderate and vigorous
      physical activity may affect AF risk via different pathophysiological mechanisms.

PMID- 26966150
TI  - Differential substrate recognition by isozymes of plant protein-only Ribonuclease
      P.
AB  - Ribonuclease P (RNase P) catalyzes the cleavage of leader sequences from
      precursor tRNA (pre-tRNA). Typically, these enzymes are ribonucleic protein
      complexes that are found in all domains of life. However, a new class of RNase P
      has been discovered that is composed entirely of protein, termed protein-only
      RNase P (PRORP). To investigate the molecular determinants of PRORP substrate
      recognition, we measured the binding affinities and cleavage kinetics of
      Arabidopsis PRORP1 for varied pre-tRNA substrates. This analysis revealed that
      PRORP1 does not make significant contacts within the trailer or beyond N-1of the
      leader, indicating that this enzyme recognizes primarily the tRNA body. To
      determine the extent to which sequence variation within the tRNA body modulates
      substrate selectivity and to provide insight into the evolution and function of
      PRORP enzymes, we measured the reactivity of the three Arabidopsis PRORP isozymes
      (PRORP1-3) with four pre-tRNA substrates. A 13-fold range in catalytic
      efficiencies (10(4)-10(5)M(-1)s(-1)) was observed, demonstrating moderate
      selectivity for pre-tRNA substrates. Although PRORPs bind the different pre-tRNA
      species with affinities varying by as much as 100-fold, the three isozymes have
      similar affinities for a given pre-tRNA, suggesting similar binding modes.
      However, PRORP isozymes have varying degrees of cleavage fidelity, which is
      dependent on the pre-tRNA species and the presence of a 3'-discriminator base.
      This work defines molecular determinants of PRORP substrate recognition that
      provides insight into this new class of RNA processing enzymes.

PMID- 26966152
TI  - Writing an Independently Composed Sentence by Spanish-Speaking Children With and
      Without Poor Transcription Skills: A Writing-Level Match Design.
AB  - The main objective of this research was to analyze the impact of transcription
      skills of Spanish writers when writing an independently composed sentence within
      a writing-level design. The free-writing sentence task from the Early Grade
      Writing Assessment (Jimenez, in press) was used to examine the production,
      accuracy, speed, syntactic complexity, quality, and fluency of children with poor
      transcription skills (PTS). The results showed that there were significant
      differences between children with PTS and peers who had good transcription
      skills. The PTS group members were less accurate, slower, and less fluent or even
      dysfluent. Furthermore, their sentences were less complex and contained lower
      quality content. These results suggest that transcription skills play a crucial
      role in early written expression in Spanish, and poor transcription abilities
      hamper the acquisition and normal development of sentence composition.

PMID- 26966154
TI  - Five minutes with . . . Candace Imison.

PMID- 26966153
TI  - Error Patterns in Ordering Fractions Among At-Risk Fourth-Grade Students.
AB  - The three purposes of this study were to (a) describe fraction ordering errors
      among at-risk fourth grade students, (b) assess the effect of part-whole
      understanding and accuracy of fraction magnitude estimation on the probability of
      committing errors, and (c) examine the effect of students' ability to explain
      comparing problems on the probability of committing errors. Students ( N = 227)
      completed a nine-item ordering test. A high proportion (81%) of problems were
      completed incorrectly. Most (65%) errors were due to students misapplying whole
      number logic to fractions. Fraction-magnitude estimation skill, but not part
      whole understanding, significantly predicted the probability of committing this
      type of error. Implications for practice are discussed.

PMID- 26966151
TI  - Secondary structure confirmation and localization of Mg2+ ions in the mammalian
      CPEB3 ribozyme.
AB  - Most of today's knowledge of the CPEB3 ribozyme, one of the few small self
      cleaving ribozymes known to occur in humans, is based on comparative studies with
      the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme, which is highly similar in cleavage
      mechanism and probably also in structure. Here we present detailed NMR studies of
      the CPEB3 ribozyme in order to verify the formation of the predicted nested
      double pseudoknot in solution. In particular, the influence of Mg(2+), the
      ribozyme's crucial cofactor, on the CPEB3 structure is investigated. NMR
      titrations, Tb(3+)-induced cleavage, as well as stoichiometry determination by
      hydroxyquinoline sulfonic acid fluorescence and equilibrium dialysis, are used to
      evaluate the number, location, and binding mode of Mg(2+)ions. Up to eight
      Mg(2+)ions interact site-specifically with the ribozyme, four of which are bound
      with high affinity. The global fold of the CPEB3 ribozyme, encompassing 80%-90%
      of the predicted base pairs, is formed in the presence of monovalent ions alone.
      Low millimolar concentrations of Mg(2+)promote a more compact fold and lead to
      the formation of additional structures in the core of the ribozyme, which
      contains the inner small pseudoknot and the active site. Several Mg(2+)binding
      sites, which are important for the functional fold, appear to be located in
      corresponding locations in the HDV and CPEB3 ribozyme, demonstrating the
      particular relevance of Mg(2+)for the nested double pseudoknot structure. 

PMID- 26966155
TI  - Sjogren's syndrome complicated with Fanconi syndrome and Hashimoto's thyroiditis:
      Case report and literature review.
AB  - We report a unique case of Sjogren's syndrome complicated with Fanconi syndrome
      and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a 53-year-old Chinese woman, initially found to
      have proteinuria, fatigue and multiple old costal fractures. Distal tubular
      dysfunction is the most common renal damage in Sjogren's syndrome, while Fanconi
      syndrome (which is caused by proximal tubular dysfunction) and Hypothyroidism are
      rare complications of Sjogren's syndrome. 

PMID- 26966156
TI  - Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality-of-life in
      maintenance haemodialysis patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between sleep quality, daytime sleepiness
      and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in Chinese patients undergoing
      maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled
      patients undergoing MHD. Self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality
      Index [PSQI]), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) and HRQoL (36
      item Short Form [SF-36]) were recorded for all patients. RESULTS: Sixty eight
      patients (mean +/- SD age = 61.75 +/- 16.56 years; 43 male/25 female) who
      regularly received MHD were included. The prevalence of poor sleepers was 69.1%
      (47/68) and daytime sleepiness was 11.8% (eight of 68). Poor sleepers had a
      significantly lower Physical Component Scale (PCS) score, Mental Component Scale
      (MCS) score and total SF-36 score than good sleepers. The PSQI score correlated
      inversely with both the PCS and MCS scores and correlated positively with age.
      Independent variables associated with total SF-36 score were duration of MHD, ESS
      score and PSQI score. CONCLUSIONS: Poor sleep quality is a common and severe
      issue for MHD patients in east China. Both sleep quality and daytime sleepiness
      were associated with lower HRQoL scores.

PMID- 26966157
TI  - Brain connectivity reflects human aesthetic responses to music.
AB  - Humans uniquely appreciate aesthetics, experiencing pleasurable responses to
      complex stimuli that confer no clear intrinsic value for survival. However,
      substantial variability exists in the frequency and specificity of aesthetic
      responses. While pleasure from aesthetics is attributed to the neural circuitry
      for reward, what accounts for individual differences in aesthetic reward
      sensitivity remains unclear. Using a combination of survey data, behavioral and
      psychophysiological measures and diffusion tensor imaging, we found that white
      matter connectivity between sensory processing areas in the superior temporal
      gyrus and emotional and social processing areas in the insula and medial
      prefrontal cortex explains individual differences in reward sensitivity to music.
      Our findings provide the first evidence for a neural basis of individual
      differences in sensory access to the reward system, and suggest that social
      emotional communication through the auditory channel may offer an evolutionary
      basis for music making as an aesthetically rewarding function in humans.

PMID- 26966158
TI  - The Role of Attractiveness: Imaging the Interaction Between Cardiovascular and
      Immune System.

PMID- 26966159
TI  - The Current State of Nuclear Medicine Physics Training: Findings of the
      AAPM/SNMMI Task Force.

PMID- 26966160
TI  - Hepatobiliary Secretion Kinetics of Conjugated Bile Acids Measured in Pigs by 11C
      Cholylsarcosine PET.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a method for the quantification of
      hepatobiliary uptake and secretion of conjugated bile acids with PET and the
      (11)C-labeled conjugated bile acid analog [N-methyl-(11)C]cholylsarcosine ((11)C
      CSar). METHODS: Six pigs (13 experiments) underwent dynamic (11)C-CSar PET of the
      liver with simultaneous measurements of hepatic blood perfusion and (11)C-CSar
      concentrations in arterial, portal, and hepatic venous blood. In 3 pigs (7
      experiments), bile was collected from a catheter in the common hepatic duct. PET
      data were analyzed with a 2-tissue compartmental model with calculation of rate
      constants for the transport of (11)C-CSar among blood, hepatocytes, and intra-
      and extrahepatic bile ducts. PET results were validated against invasive blood
      and bile measurements. RESULTS: The directly measured rate of secretion of (11)C
      CSar into bile was equal to the rate of removal from blood at steady state.
      Accordingly, hepatocytes did not accumulate bile acids but simply facilitated the
      transport of bile acids from blood to bile against a measured concentration
      gradient of 4,000. The rate constant for the secretion of (11)C-CSar from
      hepatocytes into bile in experiments with a catheter in the common hepatic duct
      was 25% of that in experiments without a catheter (P < 0.05); we interpreted this
      result to be mild cholestasis caused by the catheter. The catheter caused an
      increased backflux of (11)C-CSar from hepatocytes to blood, and hepatic blood
      flow was 25% higher than in experiments without the catheter. The capacity for
      the overall transport of (11)C-CSar from blood to bile, as quantified by
      intrinsic clearance, was significantly lower in experiments with the catheter
      than in those without the catheter (P < 0.001). PET and blood measurements
      correlated significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The in vivo kinetics of
      hepatobiliary secretion of conjugated bile acids can now be determined by dynamic
      (11)C-CSar PET.

PMID- 26966168
TI  - Clinicians will get legal protection for owning up to mistakes.

PMID- 26966161
TI  - Comparison of Tumor Uptake Heterogeneity Characterization Between Static and
      Parametric 18F-FDG PET Images in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - (18)F-FDG PET is well established in the field of oncology for diagnosis and
      staging purposes and is increasingly being used to assess therapeutic response
      and prognosis. Many quantitative indices can be used to characterize tumors on
      (18)F-FDG PET images, such as SUVmax, metabolically active tumor volume (MATV),
      total lesion glycolysis, and, more recently, the proposed intratumor uptake
      heterogeneity features. Although most PET data considered within this context
      concern the analysis of activity distribution using images obtained from a single
      static acquisition, parametric images generated from dynamic acquisitions and
      reflecting radiotracer kinetics may provide additional information. The purpose
      of this study was to quantify differences between volumetry, uptake, and
      heterogeneity features extracted from static and parametric PET images of non
      small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in order to provide insight on the potential
      added value of parametric images. METHODS: Dynamic (18)F-FDG PET/CT was performed
      on 20 therapy-naive NSCLC patients for whom primary surgical resection was
      planned. Both static and parametric PET images were analyzed, with quantitative
      parameters (MATV, SUVmax, SUVmean, heterogeneity) being extracted from the
      segmented tumors. Differences were investigated using Spearman rank correlation
      and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: MATV was slightly smaller on static images (
      2% +/- 7%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.14). All derived
      parameters, including those characterizing tumor functional heterogeneity,
      correlated strongly between static and parametric images (r = 0.70-0.98, P <=
      0.0006), exhibiting differences of less than +/-25%. CONCLUSION: In NSCLC primary
      tumors, parametric and static baseline (18)F-FDG PET images provided strongly
      correlated quantitative features for both standard (MATV, SUVmax, SUVmean) and
      heterogeneity quantification. Consequently, heterogeneity quantification on
      parametric images does not seem to provide significant complementary information
      compared with static SUV images.

PMID- 26966162
TI  - Relationship Between 18F-FDG PET/CT Findings and HER2 Expression in Gastric
      Cancer.
AB  - (18)F-FDG PET has been widely used in the management of malignant tumors. In
      gastric cancer, the status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
      predicts the response to anti-HER2 antibody therapy, and testing of HER2
      expression is now routine in the management of gastric cancer patients. However,
      to date, the relationship between (18)F-FDG uptake and HER2 expression has not,
      to our knowledge, been investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate
      whether HER2 expression is associated with (18)F-FDG uptake and whether (18)F-FDG
      PET/CT can be used to predict the HER2 status of gastric cancer. METHODS: A
      retrospective analysis was performed on 64 gastric cancer patients who had
      undergone (18)F-FDG PET/CT before surgical resection. Tumor SUVmax was calculated
      from the level of (18)F-FDG uptake. RESULTS: No significant correlation was found
      between SUVmax and HER2 expression in gastric cancer. However, when signet-ring
      cell carcinoma was excluded, SUVmax was significantly higher in the HER2-negative
      group than in the HER2-positive group (8.619 +/- 5.878 vs. 3.789 +/- 2.613,
      respectively; P = 0.021). Multivariate analysis indicated that SUVmax and tumor
      differentiation remained significantly associated with HER2 expression (P = 0.048
      and P = 0.028, respectively). HER2 expression was predicted with an accuracy of
      64.4% when an SUVmax cutoff of 6.2 was used. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG uptake by
      gastric cancer is associated with HER2 expression. (18)F-FDG PET/CT may be useful
      for predicting the HER2 status of gastric cancer and for determining the
      therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 26966169
TI  - Programming of Plant Leaf Senescence with Temporal and Inter-Organellar
      Coordination of Transcriptome in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Plant leaves, harvesting light energy and fixing CO2, are a major source of foods
      on the earth. Leaves undergo developmental and physiological shifts during their
      lifespan, ending with senescence and death. We characterized the key regulatory
      features of the leaf transcriptome during aging by analyzing total- and small-RNA
      transcriptomes throughout the lifespan of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      leaves at multidimensions, including age, RNA-type, and organelle. Intriguingly,
      senescing leaves showed more coordinated temporal changes in transcriptomes than
      growing leaves, with sophisticated regulatory networks comprising transcription
      factors and diverse small regulatory RNAs. The chloroplast transcriptome, but not
      the mitochondrial transcriptome, showed major changes during leaf aging, with a
      strongly shared expression pattern of nuclear transcripts encoding chloroplast
      targeted proteins. Thus, unlike animal aging, leaf senescence proceeds with tight
      temporal and distinct interorganellar coordination of various transcriptomes that
      would be critical for the highly regulated degeneration and nutrient recycling
      contributing to plant fitness and productivity.

PMID- 26966170
TI  - A Short Open Reading Frame Encompassing the MicroRNA173 Target Site Plays a Role
      in trans-Acting Small Interfering RNA Biogenesis.
AB  - trans-Acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) participate in the regulation of
      organ morphogenesis and determination of developmental timing in plants by down
      regulating target genes through mRNA cleavage. The production of tasiRNAs is
      triggered by microRNA173 (miR173) and other specific microRNA-mediated cleavage
      of 5'-capped and 3'-polyadenylated primary TAS transcripts (pri-TASs). Although
      pri-TASs are not thought to encode functional proteins, they contain multiple
      short open reading frames (ORFs). For example, the primary TAS2 transcript (pri
      TAS2) contains 11 short ORFs, and the third ORF from the 5' terminus (ORF3)
      encompasses the miR173 target site. Here, we show that nonsense mutations in ORF3
      of pri-TAS2 upstream of the miR173 recognition site suppress tasiRNA accumulation
      and that ORF3 is translated in vitro. Glycerol gradient centrifugation analysis
      of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plant extracts revealed that pri-TAS2 and
      its miR173-cleaved 5' and 3' fragments are fractionated together in the polysome
      fractions. These and previous results suggest that the 3' fragment of pri-TAS2,
      which is a source of tasiRNAs, forms a huge complex containing SGS3, miR173
      programmed AGO1 RNA-induced silencing complex, the 5' fragment, and ribosomes.
      This complex overaccumulated, moderately accumulated, and did not accumulate in
      rdr6, sde5, and sgs3 mutants, respectively. The sgs3 sde5 and rdr6 sde5 double
      mutants showed phenotypes similar to those of sgs3 and sde5 single mutants,
      respectively, with regard to the TAS2-related RNA accumulation, suggesting that
      the complex is formed in an SGS3-dependent manner, somehow modified and
      stabilized by SDE5, and becomes competent for RDR6 action. Ribosomes in this
      complex likely play an important role in this process.

PMID- 26966171
TI  - Potato NPH3/RPT2-Like Protein StNRL1, Targeted by a Phytophthora infestans RXLR
      Effector, Is a Susceptibility Factor.
AB  - Plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate host processes. We know little
      about how fungal and oomycete effectors target host proteins to promote
      susceptibility, yet such knowledge is vital to understand crop disease. We show
      that either transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, or stable transgenic
      expression in potato (Solanum tuberosum), of the Phytophthora infestans RXLR
      effector Pi02860 enhances leaf colonization by the pathogen. Expression of
      Pi02860 also attenuates cell death triggered by the P. infestans microbe
      associated molecular pattern INF1, indicating that the effector suppresses
      pattern-triggered immunity. However, the effector does not attenuate cell death
      triggered by Cf4/Avr4 coexpression, showing that it does not suppress all cell
      death activated by cell surface receptors. Pi02860 interacts in yeast two-hybrid
      assays with potato NPH3/RPT2-LIKE1 (NRL1), a predicted CULLIN3-associated
      ubiquitin E3 ligase. Interaction of Pi02860 in planta was confirmed by
      coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Virus
      induced gene silencing of NRL1 in N. benthamiana resulted in reduced P. infestans
      colonization and accelerated INF1-mediated cell death, indicating that this host
      protein acts as a negative regulator of immunity. Moreover, whereas NRL1 virus
      induced gene silencing had no effect on the ability of the P. infestans effector
      Avr3a to suppress INF1-mediated cell death, such suppression by Pi02860 was
      significantly attenuated, indicating that this activity of Pi02860 is mediated by
      NRL1. Transient overexpression of NRL1 resulted in the suppression of INF1
      mediated cell death and enhanced P. infestans leaf colonization, demonstrating
      that NRL1 acts as a susceptibility factor to promote late blight disease.

PMID- 26966173
TI  - Thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: prospective comparison between 18F
      FDG-PET/CT, multiparametric neck ultrasonography, 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy and
      histology.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of (18)F-flurodeoxiglucose positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET/CT) in predicting malignancy of
      thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed 87
      patients who have been scheduled to undergo surgery for thyroid nodule with
      indeterminate cytology. All patients underwent (18)F-FDG-PET/CT, multiparametric
      neck ultrasonography (MPUS), and (99m)Tc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintigraphy
      ((99m)Tc-MIBI-scan). Histopathology was the standard of reference. We compared
      the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), accuracy (AC), positive (PPV) and
      negative predictive (NPV) values of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT with those of (99m)Tc-MIBI
      scan and MPUS in detecting cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluated
      the association between each diagnostic tool and histopathology. RESULTS: On
      histopathology, 69 out of 87 nodules were found to be benign and 18 to be
      malignant. The SE, SP, AC, PPV and NPV of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT were 94, 58, 66, 37
      and 98% respectively. The SE, AC and NPV of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT were significantly
      higher than those of MPUS and (99m)Tc-MIBI-scan. The association of both positive
      (18)F-FDG-PET/CT and MPUS (FDG+/MPUS+) showed significantly lower SE (61% vs 94%)
      and NPV (88% vs 98%) than (18)F-FDG-PET/CT alone, but significantly higher SP
      (77% vs 58%). On univariate analysis, (18)F-FDG-PET/CT and the combination of
      FDG+/MPUS+ and of FDG+/MIBI- were all significantly associated with
      histopathology. On multivariate analysis, only FDG+/MIBI- was significantly
      associated with histopathology. CONCLUSION: The AC of (18)F-FDG-PET /CT in
      detecting thyroid malignancy is higher than that of (99m)Tc-MIBI-scan and MPUS. A
      negative (18)F-FDG-PET/CT correctly predicts benign findings on histopathology.
      The association of FDG+/MPS+ is significantly more specific than (18)F-FDG-PET/CT
      alone in identifying differentiated thyroid cancer. A positive (18)F-FDG-PET/CT
      is significantly associated with malignancy when qualitative (99m)Tc-MIBI-scan is
      rated as negative.

PMID- 26966174
TI  - Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus:
      a population-based cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Physical activity in a nonpregnant state or before pregnancy reduces
      the risk of type 2 diabetes and is also associated with reduced risk of
      gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, it is uncertain whether physical
      activity during pregnancy reduces the risk of GDM. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using an
      established universal screening system in Tianjin, China, we prospectively
      recruited 11 450 pregnant women within the 12th gestational week from 2010 to
      2012. These women underwent a 50-g 1-h glucose challenge test (GCT) at 24-28
      weeks of gestation and a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test if GCT glucose
      >=7.8mmol/L. GDM was defined according to the International Association of
      Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group's criteria. Self-reported physical activity in
      the last month was collected at GCT time using a validated questionnaire.
      RESULTS: GDM developed in 7.3% (n=840) of the women. Women with GDM were less
      likely to be engaged in moderate-to-high physical activity during pregnancy than
      those without (79.8% vs 81.6%, P=0.191). Moderate-to-high physical activity
      during pregnancy was associated with decreased risk of GDM (multivariable odds
      ratio (OR): 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67-0.97). Sitting at home for 2
      4h per day and >4h per day were associated with significantly increased risk of
      GDM (multivariable OR of sitting time for 2-4h vs <2h: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18-2.15;
      OR of sitting time for >4h vs <2h: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.22-2.43). CONCLUSIONS:
      Increased physical activity during pregnancy was associated with reduced GDM
      risk, whereas sedentary lifestyle was associated with increased GDM risk among
      Chinese pregnant women.

PMID- 26966172
TI  - Novel Approach for High-Throughput Metabolic Screening of Whole Plants by Stable
      Isotopes.
AB  - Here, we demonstrate whole-plant metabolic profiling by stable isotope labeling
      and combustion isotope-ratio mass spectrometry for precise quantification of
      assimilation, translocation, and molecular reallocation of (13)CO2 and (15)NH4NO3
      The technology was applied to rice (Oryza sativa) plants at different growth
      stages. For adult plants, (13)CO2 labeling revealed enhanced carbon assimilation
      of the flag leaf from flowering to late grain-filling stage, linked to efficient
      translocation into the panicle. Simultaneous (13)CO2 and (15)NH4NO3 labeling with
      hydroponically grown seedlings was used to quantify the relative distribution of
      carbon and nitrogen. Two hours after labeling, assimilated carbon was mainly
      retained in the shoot (69%), whereas 7% entered the root and 24% was respired.
      Nitrogen, taken up via the root, was largely translocated into the shoot (85%).
      Salt-stressed seedlings showed decreased uptake and translocation of nitrogen
      (69%), whereas carbon metabolism was unaffected. Coupled to a gas chromatograph,
      labeling analysis provided enrichment of proteinogenic amino acids. This revealed
      significant protein synthesis in the panicle of adult plants, whereas protein
      biosynthesis in adult leaves was 8-fold lower than that in seedling shoots.
      Generally, amino acid enrichment was similar among biosynthetic families and
      allowed us to infer labeling dynamics of their precursors. On this basis, early
      and strong (13)C enrichment of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and pentose
      phosphate pathway intermediates indicated high activity of these routes. Applied
      to mode-of-action analysis of herbicides, the approach showed severe disturbance
      in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids upon treatment with imazapyr. The
      established technology displays a breakthrough for quantitative high-throughput
      plant metabolic phenotyping.

PMID- 26966175
TI  - Diabetes and risk of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a
      population-based case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients with diabetes may experience higher risk of Staphylococcus
      aureus bacteremia (SAB) than patients without diabetes due to decreased immunity
      or coexisting morbidities. We investigated the risk of community-acquired (CA)
      SAB in persons with and without diabetes. DESIGN: Using population-based medical
      databases, we conducted a case-control study of all adults with first-time CA-SAB
      and matched population controls in Northern Denmark, 2000-2011. METHODS: Based on
      conditional logistic regression, we computed odds ratios (ORs) of CA-SAB
      according to diabetes. We further assessed whether the risk of CA-SAB differed
      according to various diabetes-related characteristics (e.g. duration of diabetes,
      glycemic control, and presence of diabetes complications). RESULTS: We identified
      2638 patients with incident CA-SAB, of whom 713 (27.0%) had diabetes, and 26,379
      matched population controls (2495 or 9.5% with diabetes). Individuals with
      diabetes had a substantially increased risk of CA-SAB compared with population
      controls (adjusted OR = 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5-3.1)). Duration of
      diabetes of >=10 years and poor glycemic control conferred higher risk estimates,
      with an adjusted OR = 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9-2.7) for diabetes with Hba1c < 7% (< 53
      mmol/mol) and an adjusted OR = 5.7 (95% CI: 4.2-7.7) for diabetes with Hba1c >=9%
      (>=75 mmol/mol). The risk of CA-SAB was particularly high in patient with
      diabetes complications: adjusted OR = 5.5 (95% CI: 4.2-7.2) with presence of
      microvascular complications and OR = 7.0 (95% CI: 5.4-9.0) with combined macro-
      and microvascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes is associated with a
      substantially increased risk of CA-SAB, particularly in patients with diabetes of
      long duration, poor glycemic control, and diabetes complications.

PMID- 26966176
TI  - Myelodysplastic Syndrome Revealed by Systems Immunology in a Melanoma Patient
      Undergoing Anti-PD-1 Therapy.
AB  - Antibodies aimed at blocking the interaction between programmed cell death-1 (PD
      1) and its ligands have shown impressive efficacy in a variety of malignancies
      and are generally well tolerated. Research has focused intensely on T cells and
      their interaction with cells within melanoma tumors, while relatively little is
      understood about the systems immunology of the cells in the blood during
      checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Longitudinal cytomic analysis using mass cytometry
      can characterize all the cells in a small sample of blood and has the potential
      to reveal key shifts in the cellular milieu occurring during treatment. We report
      a case of advanced melanoma in which mass cytometry detected abnormal myeloid
      cells resulting from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the blood following
      treatment with an anti-PD-1 agent. Myeloid blasts comprised <1% of peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) 1 month after the start of treatment. Six months
      after starting therapy, myeloid blasts comprised 5% of PBMCs, and a bone marrow
      biopsy confirmed refractory anemia with excess blasts-2 (RAEB-2). Longitudinal
      mass cytometry immunophenotyping comprehensively characterized blast phenotype
      evolution and revealed elevated PD-1 expression on the surface of nonblast
      myeloid cells. These findings highlight the clinical significance of cytomic
      monitoring, indicate that the myeloid compartment should be monitored during
      checkpoint inhibitor therapy, and emphasize the value of systems immunology in
      medicine. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 474-80. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26966177
TI  - Identification of Haloferax volcanii Pilin N-Glycans with Diverse Roles in Pilus
      Biosynthesis, Adhesion, and Microcolony Formation.
AB  - N-Glycosylation is a post-translational modification common to all three domains
      of life. In many archaea, the oligosacharyltransferase (AglB)-dependent N
      glycosylation of flagellins is required for flagella assembly. However, whether N
      glycosylation is required for the assembly and/or function of the structurally
      related archaeal type IV pili is unknown. Here, we show that of six Haloferax
      volcanii adhesion pilins, PilA1 and PilA2, the most abundant pilins in pili of
      wild-type and DeltaaglB strains, are modified under planktonic conditions in an
      AglB-dependent manner by the same pentasaccharide detected on H. volcanii
      flagellins. However, unlike wild-type cells, which have surfaces decorated with
      discrete pili and form a dispersed layer of cells on a plastic surface, DeltaaglB
      cells have thick pili bundles and form microcolonies. Moreover, expressing PilA1,
      PilA2, or PilA6 in DeltapilA[1-6]DeltaaglB stimulates microcolony formation
      compared with their expression in DeltapilA[1-6]. Conversely, expressing PilA3 or
      PilA4 in DeltapilA[1-6] cells results in strong surface adhesion, but not
      microcolony formation, and neither pilin stimulates surface adhesion in
      DeltapilA[1-6]DeltaaglB cells. Although PilA4 assembles into pili in the
      DeltapilA[1-6]DeltaaglB cells, these pili are, unlike wild-type pili, curled,
      perhaps rendering them non-functional. To our knowledge, this is the first
      demonstration of a differential effect of glycosylation on pilus assembly and
      function of paralogous pilins. The growth of wild-type cells in low salt media, a
      condition that decreases AglB glycosylation, also stimulates microcolony
      formation and inhibits motility, supporting our hypothesis that N-glycosylation
      plays an important role in regulating the transition between planktonic to
      sessile cell states as a response to stress. 

PMID- 26966178
TI  - Potassium and the K+/H+ Exchanger Kha1p Promote Binding of Copper to ApoFet3p
      Multi-copper Ferroxidase.
AB  - Acquisition and distribution of metal ions support a number of biological
      processes. Here we show that respiratory growth of and iron acquisition by the
      yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae relies on potassium (K(+)) compartmentalization to
      the trans-Golgi network via Kha1p, a K(+)/H(+) exchanger. K(+) in the trans-Golgi
      network facilitates binding of copper to the Fet3p multi-copper ferroxidase. The
      effect of K(+) is not dependent on stable binding with Fet3p or alteration of the
      characteristics of the secretory pathway. The data suggest that K(+) acts as a
      chemical factor in Fet3p maturation, a role similar to that of cations in folding
      of nucleic acids. Up-regulation of KHA1 gene in response to iron limitation via
      iron-specific transcription factors indicates that K(+) compartmentalization is
      linked to cellular iron homeostasis. Our study reveals a novel functional role of
      K(+) in the binding of copper to apoFet3p and identifies a K(+)/H(+) exchanger at
      the secretory pathway as a new molecular factor associated with iron uptake in
      yeast. 

PMID- 26966180
TI  - Ectodomain Shedding of Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Hyaluronan Receptor 1 (LYVE
      1) Is Induced by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A).
AB  - Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), a type I
      transmembrane glycoprotein, is known as one of the most specific lymphatic vessel
      markers in the skin. In this study, we found that the ectodomain of LYVE-1
      undergoes proteolytic cleavage, and this process produces soluble LYVE-1. We
      further identified the cleavage site for ectodomain shedding and generated an
      uncleavable mutant of LYVE-1. In lymphatic endothelial cells, ectodomain shedding
      of LYVE-1 was induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, an
      important factor for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis under pathological
      conditions. VEGF-A-induced LYVE-1 ectodomain shedding was mediated via the
      extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and a disintegrin and
      metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17. Wild-type LYVE-1, but not uncleavable LYVE-1,
      promoted migration of lymphatic endothelial cells in response to VEGF-A.
      Immunostaining analyses in human psoriasis skin lesions and VEGF-A transgenic
      mouse skin suggested that the ectodomain shedding of LYVE-1 occurred in lymphatic
      vessels undergoing chronic inflammation. These results indicate that the
      ectodomain shedding of LYVE-1 might be involved in promoting pathological
      lymphangiogenesis. 

PMID- 26966179
TI  - Cathepsin S Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Muscular Dystrophy in Mice.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disease caused by
      mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin. Loss of dystrophin protein compromises
      the stability of the sarcolemma membrane surrounding each muscle cell fiber,
      leading to membrane ruptures and leakiness that induces myofiber necrosis, a
      subsequent inflammatory response, and progressive tissue fibrosis with loss of
      functional capacity. Cathepsin S (Ctss) is a cysteine protease that is actively
      secreted in areas of tissue injury and ongoing inflammation, where it
      participates in extracellular matrix remodeling and healing. Here we show
      significant induction of Ctss expression and proteolytic activity following acute
      muscle injury or in muscle from mdx mice, a model of DMD. To examine the
      functional ramifications associated with greater Ctss expression, the Ctss gene
      was deleted in the mdx genetic background, resulting in protection from muscular
      dystrophy pathogenesis that included reduced myofiber turnover and
      histopathology, reduced fibrosis, and improved running capacity. Mechanistically,
      deletion of the Ctss gene in the mdx background significantly increased myofiber
      sarcolemmal membrane stability with greater expression and membrane localization
      of utrophin, integrins, and beta-dystroglycan, which anchor the membrane to the
      basal lamina and underlying cytoskeletal proteins. Consistent with these results,
      skeletal muscle-specific transgenic mice overexpressing Ctss showed increased
      myofiber necrosis, muscle histopathology, and a functional deficit reminiscent of
      muscular dystrophy. Hence, Ctss induction during muscular dystrophy is a
      pathologic event that partially underlies disease pathogenesis, and its
      inhibition might serve as a new therapeutic strategy in DMD. 

PMID- 26966181
TI  - Deletions of Retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1) and Its Repressing Target S Phase Kinase
      associated protein 2 (Skp2) Are Synthetic Lethal in Mouse Embryogenesis.
AB  - Tumor suppressor pRb represses Skp2, a substrate-recruiting subunit of the
      SCF(Skp2) ubiquitin ligase. Rb1(+/-) mice incur "two-hit" pituitary
      tumorigenesis; Skp2(-/-);Rb1(+/-) mice do not. Rb1(-/-) embryos die on embryonic
      day (E) 14.5-15.5. Here, we report that Skp2(-/-);Rb1(-/-) embryos died on E11.5,
      establishing an organismal level synthetic lethal relationship between Rb1 and
      Skp2 On E10.5, Rb1(-/-) placentas showed similarly active proliferation and
      similarly inactive apoptosis as WT placenta, whereas Rb1(-/-) embryos showed
      ectopic proliferation without increased apoptosis in the brain. Combining Skp2(-/
      ) did not reduce proliferation or increase apoptosis in the placentas but induced
      extensive apoptosis in the brain. We conditionally deleted Rb1 in neuronal
      lineage with Nes-Cre and reproduced the brain apoptosis in E13.5 Nes
      Cre;Rb1(lox/lox);Skp2(-/-) embryos, demonstrating their synthetic lethal
      relationship at a cell autonomous level. Nes-Cre-mediated Rb1 deletion increased
      expression of proliferative E2F target genes in the brains of Skp2(+/+) embryos;
      the increases rose higher with activation of expression of apoptotic E2F target
      genes in Skp2(-/-) embryos. The brain apoptosis was independent of p53 but
      coincident with proliferation. The highly activated expression of proliferative
      and apoptotic E2F target genes subsided with gradually reduced roles of Skp2 in
      preventing p27 protein accumulation in the brain in late gestation, allowing the
      embryos to reach full term with normally sized brains. These findings establish
      that Rb1 and Skp2 deletions are synthetic lethal and suggest how this lethal
      relationship might be circumvented, which could help design better therapies for
      pRb-deficient cancer. 

PMID- 26966182
TI  - Crystal Structure of the LysY.LysW Complex from Thermus thermophilus.
AB  - Several bacteria and archaea utilize the amino group-carrier protein, LysW, for
      lysine biosynthesis, in which an isopeptide bond is formed between the C-terminal
      Glu of LysW and an amino group of alpha-aminoadipate (AAA). The resulting LysW
      gamma-AAA is phosphorylated by LysZ to form LysW-gamma-AAA phosphate, which is
      subsequently reduced to LysW-gamma-aminoadipic semialdehyde (LysW-gamma-AASA)
      through a reaction catalyzed by LysY. In this study, we determined the crystal
      structures of LysY from Thermus thermophilus HB27 (TtLysY) complexed with TtLysW
      gamma-AASA and TtLysW-gamma-AAA, respectively. In both structures, the globular
      domain of TtLysW was recognized by positively charged residues on helix alpha9
      and the beta11-alpha10 loop of TtLysY through conformational changes. A
      mutational analysis confirmed that the interactions observed between TtLysY and
      TtLysW are important for the function of TtLysY. The extended LysW recognition
      loop and conserved arginine residue were identified as signatures to discriminate
      LysY from ArgC, which is involved in arginine biosynthesis. Combined with the
      previously determined TtLysZ.TtLysW complex structure, TtLysW may simultaneously
      bind TtLysZ and TtLysY. These structural insights suggest the formation of a
      TtLysWZY ternary complex, in which the flexible C-terminal extension of TtLysW
      promotes the efficient transfer of the labile intermediate from the active site
      of TtLysZ to that of TtLysY during the sequential reactions catalyzed by TtLysZY.

PMID- 26966184
TI  - The global push for institutional childbirths--in unhygienic facilities.

PMID- 26966183
TI  - Endo-F3 Glycosynthase Mutants Enable Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Core-fucosylated
      Triantennary Complex Type Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins.
AB  - Chemoenzymatic synthesis is emerging as a promising approach to the synthesis of
      homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins highly demanded for functional
      glycomics studies, but its generality relies on the availability of a range of
      enzymes with high catalytic efficiency and well defined substrate specificity. We
      describe in this paper the discovery of glycosynthase mutants derived from
      Elizabethkingia meningoseptica endoglycosidase F3 (Endo-F3) of the GH18 family,
      which are devoid of the inherent hydrolytic activity but are able to take glycan
      oxazolines for transglycosylation. Notably, the Endo-F3 D165A and D165Q mutants
      demonstrated high acceptorsubstrate specificity toward alpha1,6-fucosyl-GlcNAc
      Asn or alpha1,6-fucosyl-GlcNAc-polypeptide in transglycosylation, enabling a
      highly convergent synthesis of core-fucosylated, complex CD52 glycopeptide
      antigen. The Endo-F3 mutants were able to use both bi- and triantennary glycan
      oxazolines as substrates for transglycosylation, in contrast to previously
      reported endoglycosidases derived from Endo-S, Endo-M, Endo-D, and Endo-A mutants
      that could not recognize triantennary N-glycans. Using rituximab as a model
      system, we have further demonstrated that the Endo-F3 mutants are highly
      efficient for glycosylation remodeling of monoclonal antibodies to produce
      homogeneous intact antibody glycoforms. Interestingly, the new triantennary
      glycan glycoform of antibody showed much higher affinity for galectin-3 than that
      of the commercial antibody. The Endo-F3 mutants represent the first
      endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases capable of transferring triantennary complex
      N-glycans, which would be very useful for glycoprotein synthesis and
      glycosylation remodeling of antibodies. 

PMID- 26966186
TI  - ARMS/Kidins220 and synembryn-B levels regulate NGF-mediated secretion.
AB  - Proper development of the nervous system requires a temporally and spatially
      orchestrated set of events including differentiation, synapse formation and
      neurotransmission. Nerve growth factor (NGF) acting through the TrkA neurotrophin
      receptor (also known as NTRK1) regulates many of these events. However, the
      molecular mechanisms responsible for NGF-regulated secretion are not completely
      understood. Here, we describe a new signaling pathway involving TrkA, ARMS (also
      known as Kidins220), synembryn-B and Rac1 in NGF-mediated secretion in PC12
      cells. Whereas overexpression of ARMS blocked NGF-mediated secretion, without
      affecting basal secretion, a decrease in ARMS resulted in potentiation. Similar
      effects were observed with synembryn-B, a protein that interacts directly with
      ARMS. Downstream of ARMS and synembryn-B are Galphaq and Trio proteins, which
      modulate the activity of Rac1 in response to NGF. Expression of dominant-negative
      Rac1 rescued the secretion defects of cells overexpressing ARMS or synembryn-B.
      Thus, this neurotrophin pathway represents a new mechanism responsible for NGF
      regulated secretion.

PMID- 26966185
TI  - CEP164-null cells generated by genome editing show a ciliation defect with intact
      DNA repair capacity.
AB  - Primary cilia are microtubule structures that extend from the distal end of the
      mature, mother centriole. CEP164 is a component of the distal appendages carried
      by the mother centriole that is required for primary cilium formation. Recent
      data have implicated CEP164 as a ciliopathy gene and suggest that CEP164 plays
      some roles in the DNA damage response (DDR). We used reverse genetics to test the
      role of CEP164 in the DDR. We found that conditional depletion of CEP164 in
      chicken DT40 cells using an auxin-inducible degron led to no increase in
      sensitivity to DNA damage induced by ionising or ultraviolet irradiation.
      Disruption of CEP164 in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells blocked primary
      cilium formation but did not affect cellular proliferation or cellular responses
      to ionising or ultraviolet irradiation. Furthermore, we observed no localisation
      of CEP164 to the nucleus using immunofluorescence microscopy and analysis of
      multiple tagged forms of CEP164. Our data suggest that CEP164 is not required in
      the DDR.

PMID- 26966188
TI  - Identification of FAM3D as a new endogenous chemotaxis agonist for the formyl
      peptide receptors.
AB  - The family with sequence similarity 3 (FAM3) gene family is a cytokine-like gene
      family with four members FAM3A, FAM3B, FAM3C and FAM3D. In this study, we found
      that FAM3D strongly chemoattracted human peripheral blood neutrophils and
      monocytes. To identify the FAM3D receptor, we used chemotaxis, receptor
      internalization, Ca(2+) flux and radioligand-binding assays in FAM3D-stimulated
      HEK293 cells that transiently expressed formyl peptide receptor (FPR)1 or FPR2 to
      show that FAM3D was a high affinity ligand of these receptors, both of which were
      highly expressed on the surface of neutrophils, and monocytes and macrophages.
      After being injected into the mouse peritoneal cavity, FAM3D chemoattracted
      CD11b+ Ly6G+ neutrophils in a short time. In response to FAM3D stimulation,
      phosphorylated ERK1/2 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK family proteins were
      upregulated in the mouse neutrophils, and this increase was inhibited upon
      treatment with an inhibitor of FPR1 or FPR2. FAM3D has been reported to be
      constitutively expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. We found that FAM3D
      expression increased significantly during colitis induced by dextran sulfate
      sodium. Taken together, we propose that FAM3D plays a role in gastrointestinal
      homeostasis and inflammation through its receptors FPR1 and FPR2.

PMID- 26966187
TI  - E-cadherin-mediated force transduction signals regulate global cell mechanics.
AB  - This report elucidates an E-cadherin-based force-transduction pathway that
      triggers changes in cell mechanics through a mechanism requiring epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and the downstream
      formation of new integrin adhesions. This mechanism operates in addition to local
      cytoskeletal remodeling triggered by conformational changes in the E-cadherin
      associated protein alpha-catenin, at sites of mechanical perturbation. Studies
      using magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC), together with traction force microscopy
      (TFM) and confocal imaging identified force-activated E-cadherin-specific signals
      that integrate cadherin force transduction, integrin activation and cell
      contractility. EGFR is required for the downstream activation of PI3K and myosin
      II-dependent cell stiffening. Our findings also demonstrated that alpha-catenin
      dependent cytoskeletal remodeling at perturbed E-cadherin adhesions does not
      require cell stiffening. These results broaden the repertoire of E-cadherin-based
      force transduction mechanisms, and define the force-sensitive signaling network
      underlying the mechano-chemical integration of spatially segregated adhesion
      receptors.

PMID- 26966189
TI  - Structure and organization of heteromeric AMPA-type glutamate receptors.
AB  - AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), which are central mediators of rapid
      neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, predominantly exist as heteromers of
      the subunits GluA1 to GluA4. Here we report the first AMPAR heteromer structures,
      which deviate substantially from existing GluA2 homomer structures. Crystal
      structures of the GluA2/3 and GluA2/4 N-terminal domains reveal a novel compact
      conformation with an alternating arrangement of the four subunits around a
      central axis. This organization is confirmed by cysteine cross-linking in full
      length receptors, and it permitted us to determine the structure of an intact
      GluA2/3 receptor by cryogenic electron microscopy. Two models in the ligand-free
      state, at resolutions of 8.25 and 10.3 angstroms, exhibit substantial vertical
      compression and close associations between domain layers, reminiscent of N-methyl
      D-aspartate receptors. Model 1 resembles a resting state and model 2 a
      desensitized state, thus providing snapshots of gating transitions in the nominal
      absence of ligand. Our data reveal organizational features of heteromeric AMPARs
      and provide a framework to decipher AMPAR architecture and signaling.

PMID- 26966190
TI  - A 21st-century shift from fossil-fuel to biogenic methane emissions indicated by
      13CH4.
AB  - Between 1999 and 2006, a plateau interrupted the otherwise continuous increase of
      atmospheric methane concentration [CH4] since preindustrial times. Causes could
      be sink variability or a temporary reduction in industrial or climate-sensitive
      sources. We reconstructed the global history of [CH4] and its stable carbon
      isotopes from ice cores, archived air, and a global network of monitoring
      stations. A box-model analysis suggests that diminishing thermogenic emissions,
      probably from the fossil-fuel industry, and/or variations in the hydroxyl CH4
      sink caused the [CH4] plateau. Thermogenic emissions did not resume to cause the
      renewed [CH4] rise after 2006, which contradicts emission inventories. Post-2006
      source increases are predominantly biogenic, outside the Arctic, and arguably
      more consistent with agriculture than wetlands. If so, mitigating CH4 emissions
      must be balanced with the need for food production.

PMID- 26966192
TI  - CLIMATE. How Antarctica got its ice.

PMID- 26966191
TI  - MYC regulates the antitumor immune response through CD47 and PD-L1.
AB  - The MYC oncogene codes for a transcription factor that is overexpressed in many
      human cancers. Here we show that MYC regulates the expression of two immune
      checkpoint proteins on the tumor cell surface: the innate immune regulator CD47
      (cluster of differentiation 47) and the adaptive immune checkpoint PD-L1
      (programmed death-ligand 1). Suppression of MYC in mouse tumors and human tumor
      cells caused a reduction in the levels of CD47 and PD-L1 messenger RNA and
      protein. MYC was found to bind directly to the promoters of the Cd47 and Pd-l1
      genes. MYC inactivation in mouse tumors down-regulated CD47 and PD-L1 expression
      and enhanced the antitumor immune response. In contrast, when MYC was inactivated
      in tumors with enforced expression of CD47 or PD-L1, the immune response was
      suppressed, and tumors continued to grow. Thus, MYC appears to initiate and
      maintain tumorigenesis, in part, through the modulation of immune regulatory
      molecules. 

PMID- 26966194
TI  - An estimate of Lyme borreliosis incidence in Western Europe?.
AB  - Background: Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common zoonotic disease transmitted
      by ticks in the USA and Europe. This review aims to estimate the regional burden
      of LB in Western Europe. Data from previous publications will be used to
      calculate the mean incidence. The mean incidence rates will then be combined to
      estimate the regional burden and a population-weighted regional burden of disease
      based on the standardized incidence rate from the included studies and the total
      population at risk. Methods: Reviews and surveillance reports identified by the
      initial database search were assessed for eligibility first by their title and
      abstract and subsequently by a more detailed review of the source by two
      independent authors for the most recent data regarding LB. Eleven sources of
      incidence data were included in the review representing 17 countries in total.
      Incidence estimates were calculated from reported values and population data.
      Results: Countries in Western Europe have a large variance in the incidence
      rates. The highest reported incidences for LB were reported in southern Sweden
      with 464/100 000 and the lowest in Italy of 0.001/100 000. The unweighted mean
      for the included data provided an incidence rate of 56.3/100 000 persons per
      year, equating to ~232 125 cases in 1 year throughout the region. The calculated
      population-weighted average incidence rate for the regional burden of LB in
      Western Europe was 22.05 cases per 100 000 person-years. Conclusions: LB is a
      continually emerging disease and the most common zoonotic infection in Western
      Europe approaching endemic proportions in many European countries. The population
      weighted incidence rate has been estimated by this study to be 22.04/100 000
      person-years. Concordant and well-conducted surveillance and disease awareness
      should continue to be encouraged to monitor LB, as tick numbers and activity are
      increasing, leading to greater risks of infection.

PMID- 26966195
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Rheinheimera sp. F8, a Biofilm-Forming Strain Which
      Produces Large Amounts of Extracellular DNA.
AB  - Rheinheimera sp. strain F8 is a biofilm-forming gammaproteobacterium that has
      been found to produce large amounts of filamentous extracellular DNA. Here, we
      announce the de novo assembly of its genome. It is estimated to be 4,464,511 bp
      in length, with 3,970 protein-coding sequences and 92 RNA-coding sequences. 

PMID- 26966193
TI  - Autism-associated SHANK3 haploinsufficiency causes Ih channelopathy in human
      neurons.
AB  - Heterozygous SHANK3 mutations are associated with idiopathic autism and Phelan
      McDermid syndrome. SHANK3 is a ubiquitously expressed scaffolding protein that is
      enriched in postsynaptic excitatory synapses. Here, we used engineered
      conditional mutations in human neurons and found that heterozygous and homozygous
      SHANK3 mutations severely and specifically impaired hyperpolarization-activated
      cation (Ih) channels. SHANK3 mutations caused alterations in neuronal morphology
      and synaptic connectivity; chronic pharmacological blockage of Ih channels
      reproduced these phenotypes, suggesting that they may be secondary to Ih-channel
      impairment. Moreover, mouse Shank3-deficient neurons also exhibited severe
      decreases in Ih currents. SHANK3 protein interacted with hyperpolarization
      activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel proteins (HCN proteins) that form Ih
      channels, indicating that SHANK3 functions to organize HCN channels. Our data
      suggest that SHANK3 mutations predispose to autism, at least partially, by
      inducing an Ih channelopathy that may be amenable to pharmacological
      intervention. 

PMID- 26966196
TI  - Genome Sequence of Elizabethkingia anophelis Strain EaAs1, Isolated from the
      Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - We sequenced the genome of a strain of the Gram-negative bacterial species
      Elizabethkingia anophelis, which is an important component of the Anopheles
      mosquito microbiome. This genome sequence will add to the list of resources used
      to examine host-microbe interactions in mosquitoes. 

PMID- 26966197
TI  - Genome Sequences of Staphylococcus hominis Strains ShAs1, ShAs2, and ShAs3,
      Isolated from the Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - Staphylococcus hominis is a culturable component of the bacterial microbiome of
      Anopheles stephensi. Here, we present the annotated draft genome sequences of
      three S. hominis isolates from A. stephensi. These genomic resources will
      facilitate experiments to further our understanding of the role of bacteria in
      mosquito biology. 

PMID- 26966198
TI  - Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain SmAs1, Isolated From the
      Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
AB  - An isolate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was cultured from the Asian malaria
      vector Anopheles stephensi. Here, we present the annotated draft genome sequence
      of this S. maltophilia strain. This genomic resource will facilitate further
      characterization of bacteria associated with mosquitoes. 

PMID- 26966199
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Strain SEC470, Isolated from a Piglet
      Experiencing Diarrhea.
AB  - Escherichia coli strain SEC470 is a diarrhea-causing strain, isolated from a
      piglet experiencing serious diarrhea in Jingxi Province, China. Here, we present
      the draft genome of this strain, which provides the genetic basis for exploring
      the mechanism of enterotoxigenic E. coli infections. 

PMID- 26966200
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Thermodesulfovibrio aggregans TGE-P1T, an Obligately
      Anaerobic, Thermophilic, Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium in the Phylum Nitrospirae.
AB  - We report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the type strain (TGE-P1(T)) of
      Thermodesulfovibrio aggregans, an obligately anaerobic, thermophilic, sulfate
      reducing bacterium in the phylum Nitrospirae. The genome comprises 2.00 Mb in 16
      contigs (3 scaffolds), has a G+C content of 34.5%, and contains 1,998 predicted
      protein-encoding genes. 

PMID- 26966201
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Nitrosomonas ureae Strain Nm10, an Oligotrophic Group
      6a Nitrosomonad.
AB  - The complete genome of Nitrosomonas ureae strain Nm10, a mesophilic
      betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizer isolated from Mediterranean soils in
      Sardinia, Italy, is reported here. This genome represents a cluster 6a
      nitrosomonad. 

PMID- 26966202
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Kocuria rhizophila RF, a Radiation-Resistant Soil
      Isolate.
AB  - Kocuria rhizophila RF, a soil isolate from Iran, is a radiation-resistant
      bacterium. Only a limited amount of genomic information for radiation-resistant
      bacteria is currently available. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
      this bacterium, providing knowledge to aid in the discovery of the genomic basis
      of its resistance to radiation. 

PMID- 26966203
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Rhodosporidium toruloides Strains ATCC 10788 and ATCC
      10657 with Compatible Mating Types.
AB  - Rhodosporidium toruloides ATCC 10788 (haploid, A1 mating type) and ATCC 10657
      (haploid, A2 mating type) were derived from the same diploid parent strain
      Rhodotorula glutinis ATCC 90781 and are important strains for metabolic
      engineering. Draft genome sequences of both strains are reported here. The
      current assembly of strain ATCC 10788 comprises 61 scaffolds with a total size of
      20.75 Mbp and a GC content of 62.01%, while that of strain ATCC 10657 comprises
      137 scaffolds with a total size of 21.49 Mbp and a GC content of 61.81%. Genome
      annotation predicts 7,730 and 7,800 protein encoding genes for strain ATCC 10788
      and strain ATCC 10657, respectively. 

PMID- 26966204
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Fungus Aspergillus calidoustus.
AB  - Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Aspergillus calidoustus (strain
      SF006504). The functional annotation of A. calidoustus predicts a relatively
      large number of secondary metabolite gene clusters. The presented genome sequence
      builds the basis for further genome mining. 

PMID- 26966205
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Commercial Textile Dye-Decolorizing and -Degrading
      Bacillus subtilis Strain C3 Isolated in India.
AB  - Bacillus subtilis C3, a commercial textile dye-decolorizing and -degrading
      bacterium, was isolated from the common effluent treatment plant (CEPT) of the
      Jetpur textile dyeing and printing industrial sector situated in the district of
      Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Here, we present the annotated 4.18-Mb draft genome
      sequence of B. subtilis C3, providing information about the metabolic pathways
      involved in decolorization and degradation of several commercial textile azo
      dyes. Thus, we confirm B. subtilis C3 as a potential candidate for bioremediation
      of textile effluents. 

PMID- 26966207
TI  - Complete Coding Genome Sequence of a Putative Novel Teschovirus Serotype 12
      Strain.
AB  - Porcine teschoviruses are ubiquitous and prevalent viruses generally harmless to
      their hosts, the suids. Here, we report the first complete coding genome sequence
      of a putative new serotype of porcine teschovirus (PTV-12), strain CC25, isolated
      from fecal material from a healthy pig in Spain. 

PMID- 26966206
TI  - Genome Sequences of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Responsible for Cheese- and
      Cooked Ham Product-Associated Swiss Listeriosis Outbreaks in 2005 and 2011.
AB  - The complete genome sequences of three Listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2a
      strains, Lm 3136, Lm 3163, and Lm N1546, which were responsible for listeriosis
      outbreaks in 2005 and 2011 in Switzerland, are presented here. 

PMID- 26966208
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506, an Immunomodulatory
      Strain Isolated from Goat Milk.
AB  - This report describes a draft genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506,
      a probiotic strain with immunomodulatory properties isolated from goat milk. The
      reads generated by a whole-genome shotgun (WGS) strategy on an Illumina MiSeq
      sequencer were assembled into contigs with a total size of 3,228,096 bp. The
      draft genome sequence of L. plantarum CRL1506 will be useful for further studies
      of specific genetic features of this strain and for understanding the mechanisms
      of its immunobiotic properties. 

PMID- 26966209
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudoalteromonas sp. Strain XI10 Isolated from the
      Brine-Seawater Interface of Erba Deep in the Red Sea.
AB  - Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain XI10 was isolated from the brine-seawater interface
      of Erba Deep in the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Here, we present the draft genome
      sequence of strain XI10, a gammaproteobacterium that synthesizes polysaccharides
      for biofilm formation when grown in liquid culture. 

PMID- 26966210
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Three Flavobacterium psychrophilum Strains Isolated
      from Coldwater Disease Outbreaks at Three Production Hatcheries.
AB  - We report here the genome sequences of three Flavobacterium psychrophilum strains
      causing a bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) outbreak, isolated from infected
      rainbow trout from hatcheries in Montana and South Dakota. The availability of
      these virulent outbreak-causing strain genome sequences will help further
      understand the pathogenesis of BCWD. 

PMID- 26966211
TI  - Genome Sequences of Five Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen of emerging importance and
      displays resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as carbapenems. Here, we
      report the genome sequences of five clinical K. pneumoniae isolates, four of
      which are carbapenem resistant. Carbapenem resistance is conferred by hydrolyzing
      class A beta-lactamases found adjacent to transposases. 

PMID- 26966212
TI  - Genome Sequencing of Serinicoccus chungangensis Strain CD08_5 Isolated from
      Duodenal Mucosa of a Celiac Disease Patient.
AB  - For the first time, we report here the 3.5-Mb genome of Serinicoccus
      chungangensis strain CD08_5, isolated from duodenal mucosa from a celiac disease
      (CD) patient. The specific annotations obtained revealed genes associated with
      virulence, disease, and defense, which predict its probable role in the
      pathogenesis of CD. 

PMID- 26966213
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Strains Representing Each of the Elizabethkingia
      Genomospecies Previously Determined by DNA-DNA Hybridization.
AB  - Draft genome sequences of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and representatives of
      each of its four historically described genomospecies were sequenced here.
      Preliminary analysis suggests that Elizabethkingia miricola belongs to
      genomospecies 2, and both Elizabethkingia anophelis and Elizabethkingia
      endophytica are most similar to genomospecies 1. 

PMID- 26966214
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Mesorhizobium sp. UFLA 01-765, a Multitolerant,
      Efficient Symbiont and Plant Growth-Promoting Strain Isolated from Zn-Mining Soil
      Using Leucaena leucocephala as a Trap Plant.
AB  - We report the 7.4-Mb draft genome sequence of Mesorhizobium sp. strain UFLA 01
      765, a Gram-negative bacterium of the Phyllobacteriaceae isolated from Zn-mining
      soil in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This strain promotes plant growth, efficiently
      fixes N2 in symbiosis with Leucaena leucocephala on multicontaminated soil, and
      has potential for application in bioremediation of marginal lands. 

PMID- 26966215
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus methylotrophicus Strain B25, a Potential
      Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium.
AB  - The complete genome of Bacillus methylotrophicus strain B25, isolated in
      Switzerland, was sequenced. Its size is 3.85 Mb, and several genes that may
      contribute to plant growth-promoting activities were identified in silico. 

PMID- 26966216
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Two Thiomicrospira Strains Isolated from the Brine
      Seawater Interface of Kebrit Deep in the Red Sea.
AB  - Two Thiomicrospira strains, WB1 and XS5, were isolated from the Kebrit Deep brine
      seawater interface in the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Here, we present the draft
      genome sequences of these gammaproteobacteria, which both produce sulfuric acid
      from thiosulfate in culture. 

PMID- 26966217
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Strain UASWS1015, a Highly
      Ammonia-Tolerant Nitrifying Bacterium.
AB  - Bradyrhizobium elkanii UASWS1015 was isolated from a sewage plant in Switzerland.
      Its genome indicates that it is fully equipped for ammonia assimilation and
      aromatic compound degradation, and it displays a large type IV secretion system,
      which characterizes plant-associated microbes. Totally deprived of toxins, it
      could be considered for agricultural and environmental uses. 

PMID- 26966219
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Cobetia sp. UCD-24C, Isolated from Roots and Leaves of
      the Seagrass Zostera marina.
AB  - Here, we present the 4,230,758-bp draft genome for Cobetia sp. UCD-24C. This
      strain was isolated from Zostera marina roots collected in Woods Hole,
      Massachusetts, USA. 

PMID- 26966218
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis Tu3298.
AB  - Staphylococcus epidermidis Tu3298 is a frequently used laboratory strain, known
      for its production of epidermin and absence of the icaABCD operon. We report the
      whole-genome sequence of this strain, a 2.5-kb genome containing 2,332 genes. 

PMID- 26966220
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter bereziniae HPC229, a Carbapenem-Resistant
      Clinical Strain from Argentina Harboring blaNDM-1.
AB  - We report here the draft genome sequence of an NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter
      bereziniae clinical strain, HPC229. This strain harbors both plasmid and
      chromosomal resistance determinants toward different beta-lactams and
      aminoglycosides as well as several types of multidrug efflux pumps, most likely
      representing an adaptation strategy for survival under different environments. 

PMID- 26966221
TI  - Genome Sequences of Two Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Race 1 Strains, Isolated
      from Tomato Fields in California.
AB  - Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato race 1 strains have evolved to overcome genetic
      resistance in tomato. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of two race 1
      P. syringae pv. tomato strains, A9 and 407, isolated from diseased tomato plants
      in California. 

PMID- 26966222
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of White Spot Syndrome Virus Isolated from Cultured
      Litopenaeus vannamei in Mexico.
AB  - The first genome sequence of a Mexican white spot syndrome virus is presented
      here. White spot syndrome is a shrimp pandemic virus that has devastated
      production in Mexico for more than 10 years. The availability of this genome will
      greatly aid epidemiological studies worldwide, contributing to the molecular
      diagnostic and disease prevention in shrimp farming. 

PMID- 26966224
TI  - Scientific Phishing: Fact or Fiction?

PMID- 26966223
TI  - Genomic Sequence of the First Porcine Rotavirus Group H Strain in the United
      States.
AB  - The genomic sequence of a rotavirus group H was identified in the intestine of a
      diarrheal pig in the United States, designated RVH/Pig-wt/USA/MN9.65/2008/GxP[x].

PMID- 26966225
TI  - Suppurative appendicitis presenting as acute scrotum confounded by a testicular
      appendage.
AB  - Patients presenting with testicular pain and swelling mandate an urgent urology
      review and scrotal exploration to prevent testicle loss due to torsion. Other
      pathology masquerading as torsion is extremely rare but can occur. We present one
      such case. A 14-year-old male presented with a 1-day history of right testicular
      swelling and tenderness. He was apyrexial and denied any other symptoms. Blood
      tests demonstrated raised inflammatory markers. He had lower left-sided abdominal
      tenderness with a swollen, erythematous right hemiscrotum. During an urgent
      scrotal exploration for testicular torsion, a purulent hydrocele with a patent
      process vaginalis was noted, but no torsion. Post-operative abdominal pain
      mandated a general surgical review and subsequent appendicectomy. The patient
      made a full recovery. Acute suppurative appendicitis presenting as a urological
      emergency is extremely rare. To make a correct diagnosis and prevent multiple
      surgeries, a joint urological and general surgical assessment with a high index
      of suspicion is required. 

PMID- 26966226
TI  - Balancing Safety and Efficacy of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in
      Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

PMID- 26966227
TI  - Expression of Concern.

PMID- 26966228
TI  - Attention Alters Perceived Attractiveness.
AB  - Can attention alter the impression of a face? Previous studies showed that
      attention modulates the appearance of lower-level visual features. For instance,
      attention can make a simple stimulus appear to have higher contrast than it
      actually does. We tested whether attention can also alter the perception of a
      higher-order property-namely, facial attractiveness. We asked participants to
      judge the relative attractiveness of two faces after summoning their attention to
      one of the faces using a briefly presented visual cue. Across trials,
      participants judged the attended face to be more attractive than the same face
      when it was unattended. This effect was not due to decision or response biases,
      but rather was due to changes in perceptual processing of the faces. These
      results show that attention alters perceived facial attractiveness, and broadly
      demonstrate that attention can influence higher-level perception and may affect
      people's initial impressions of one another. 

PMID- 26966229
TI  - Stable biomarker for plastic microglia.

PMID- 26966230
TI  - Cardiac myosin-binding protein C: A protein once at loose ends finds its
      regulatory groove.

PMID- 26966231
TI  - Cytochrome c folds through foldon-dependent native-like intermediates in an
      ordered pathway.
AB  - Previous hydrogen exchange (HX) studies of the spontaneous reversible unfolding
      of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) under native conditions have led to the following
      conclusions. Native Cyt c (104 residues) is composed of five cooperative folding
      units, called foldons. The high-energy landscape is dominated by an energy ladder
      of partially folded forms that differ from each other by one cooperative foldon
      unit. The reversible equilibrium unfolding of native Cyt c steps up through these
      intermediate forms to the unfolded state in an energy-ordered sequence, one
      foldon unit at a time. To more directly study Cyt c intermediates and pathways
      during normal energetically downhill kinetic folding, the present work used HX
      pulse labeling analyzed by a fragment separation-mass spectrometry method. The
      results show that 95% or more of the Cyt c population folds by stepping down
      through the same set of foldon-dependent pathway intermediates as in
      energetically uphill equilibrium unfolding. These results add to growing evidence
      that proteins fold through a classical pathway sequence of native-like
      intermediates rather than through a vast number of undefinable intermediates and
      pathways. The present results also emphasize the condition-dependent nature of
      kinetic barriers, which, with less informative experimental methods
      (fluorescence, etc.), are often confused with variability in intermediates and
      pathways. 

PMID- 26966232
TI  - Identifying genetic modulators of the connectivity between transcription factors
      and their transcriptional targets.
AB  - Regulation of gene expression by transcription factors (TFs) is highly dependent
      on genetic background and interactions with cofactors. Identifying specific
      context factors is a major challenge that requires new approaches. Here we show
      that exploiting natural variation is a potent strategy for probing functional
      interactions within gene regulatory networks. We developed an algorithm to
      identify genetic polymorphisms that modulate the regulatory connectivity between
      specific transcription factors and their target genes in vivo. As a proof of
      principle, we mapped connectivity quantitative trait loci (cQTLs) using parallel
      genotype and gene expression data for segregants from a cross between two strains
      of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae We identified a nonsynonymous mutation in
      the DIG2 gene as a cQTL for the transcription factor Ste12p and confirmed this
      prediction empirically. We also identified three polymorphisms in TAF13 as
      putative modulators of regulation by Gcn4p. Our method has potential for
      revealing how genetic differences among individuals influence gene regulatory
      networks in any organism for which gene expression and genotype data are
      available along with information on binding preferences for transcription
      factors.

PMID- 26966233
TI  - Unfolded protein response regulates yeast small GTPase Arl1p activation at late
      Golgi via phosphorylation of Arf GEF Syt1p.
AB  - ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTPases are key regulators of membrane traffic at
      the Golgi complex. In yeast, Arf guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Syt1p
      activates Arf-like protein Arl1p, which was accompanied by accumulation of golgin
      Imh1p at late Golgi, but whether and how this function of Syt1p is regulated
      remains unclear. Here, we report that the inositol-requiring kinase 1 (Ire1p)
      mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) modulated Arl1p activation at late
      Golgi. Arl1p activation was dependent on both kinase and endo-RNase activities of
      Ire1p. Moreover, constitutively active transcription factor Hac1p restored the
      Golgi localization of Arl1p and Imh1p inIRE1-deleted cells. Elucidating the
      mechanism of Ire1p-Hac1p axis actions, we found that it regulated phosphorylation
      of Syt1p, which enhances Arl1p activation, recruitment of Imh1p to the Golgi, and
      Syt1p interaction with Arl1p. Consistent with these findings, the induction of
      UPR by tunicamycin treatment increases phosphorylation of Syt1p, resulting in
      Arl1p activation. Thus, these findings clarify how the UPR influences the roles
      of Syt1p, Arl1p, and Imh1p in Golgi transport. 

PMID- 26966234
TI  - Temporally chimeric mice reveal flexibility of circadian period-setting in the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master circadian clock controlling daily
      behavior in mammals. It consists of a heterogeneous network of neurons, in which
      cell-autonomous molecular feedback loops determine the period and amplitude of
      circadian oscillations of individual cells. In contrast, circuit-level properties
      of coherence, synchrony, and ensemble period are determined by intercellular
      signals and are embodied in a circadian wave of gene expression that progresses
      daily across the SCN. How cell-autonomous and circuit-level mechanisms interact
      in timekeeping is poorly understood. To explore this interaction, we used
      intersectional genetics to create temporally chimeric mice with SCN containing
      dopamine 1a receptor (Drd1a) cells with an intrinsic period of 24 h alongside non
      Drd1a cells with 20-h clocks. Recording of circadian behavior in vivo alongside
      cellular molecular pacemaking in SCN slices in vitro demonstrated that such
      chimeric circuits form robust and resilient circadian clocks. It also showed that
      the computation of ensemble period is nonlinear. Moreover, the chimeric circuit
      sustained a wave of gene expression comparable to that of nonchimeric SCN,
      demonstrating that this circuit-level property is independent of differences in
      cell-intrinsic periods. The relative dominance of 24-h Drd1a and 20-h non-Drd1a
      neurons in setting ensemble period could be switched by exposure to resonant or
      nonresonant 24-h or 20-h lighting cycles. The chimeric circuit therefore reveals
      unanticipated principles of circuit-level operation underlying the emergent
      plasticity, resilience, and robustness of the SCN clock. The spontaneous and
      light-driven flexibility of period observed in chimeric mice provides a new
      perspective on the concept of SCN pacemaker cells. 

PMID- 26966235
TI  - Transcriptional errors and the drift barrier.

PMID- 26966236
TI  - Chimney stove intervention--ready for scale up? CON.

PMID- 26966238
TI  - Chimney stove intervention--ready for scale up? PRO.

PMID- 26966237
TI  - Lung function in woodsmoke-exposed Guatemalan children following a chimney stove
      intervention.
AB  - RATIONALE: Household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion is a major
      contributor to the global burden of disease, with considerable impact from
      respiratory infections in children. The impact of HAP on lung function is
      unknown. OBJECTIVES: The Childhood Exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter
      (CRECER) prospective cohort study followed Guatemalan children who participated
      in the Randomised Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Respiratory Effects
      (RESPIRE) trial of a chimney stove intervention to determine the effect of early
      childhood HAP exposure on growth of lung function. METHODS: RESPIRE households
      with pregnant women or infant children were randomised to receive a chimney stove
      at the beginning or at the end of the 18-month trial. During CRECER, a subset of
      these children, as well as children from households with newly installed stoves,
      were followed with spirometry beginning at age 5. Biomass smoke exposure was
      measured using personal carbon monoxide tubes. Two-stage regression models were
      employed to analyse associations with lung function growth. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Longitudinal peak expiratory flow (PEF) and FEV1 data were available for
      443 and 437 children, respectively, aged 5-8 (mean follow-up 1.3 years).
      Decreases in PEF growth of 173 mL/min/year (95% CI -341 to -7) and FEV1 of 44
      mL/year (95% CI -91 to 4) were observed with stove installation at 18 months
      compared with stove installation at birth in analyses adjusted for multiple
      covariates. No statistically significant associations were observed between
      personal HAP exposure and lung function. CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in
      PEF growth and a large non-significant decrease in FEV1 growth were observed with
      later stove installation. Additional studies including longer follow-up and
      cleaner stoves or fuels are needed.

PMID- 26966240
TI  - Rings Reconcile Genotypic and Phenotypic Evolution within the Proteobacteria.

PMID- 26966241
TI  - Necrotizing Periodontal Diseases in Children: A Literature Review and Adjustment
      of Treatment.
AB  - Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, sometimes observed in young children, may lead
      to necrotizing stomatitis and noma. Therefore, its interception is a necessity
      and a challenge for the paediatric practitioners. First, this article aims to
      propose a systematic review of recent literature on the use of local antiseptic
      and antibiotic prescription in this particular periodontal condition. Then, a
      protocol is proposed to have a simple, costless and reproducible treatment on
      children.

PMID- 26966242
TI  - Perfusion Index-Bedside Diagnosis of Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus
      Arteriosus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a significant problem in preterm
      babies <34 weeks old. Echocardiogram (echo) is the gold standard for diagnosing
      PDA. Perfusion index (PI) using a pulse oximeter could aid in diagnosing a
      hemodynamically significant PDA (HsPDA). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of
      delta-PI (DeltaPI; pre-ductal - post-ductal PI) in diagnosing HsPDA in preterm
      babies <34 weeks old. DESIGN: Prospective analytical cross-sectional
      (observational) study. METHODS: Preterm infants <34 weeks old (n = 27) were
      enrolled in the study after parental consent. DeltaPI was calculated on Days 1
      and 3. Babies are categorized into two groups-HsPDA and no HsPDA based on echo on
      Day 3. RESULTS: The mean gestational ages were 30.4 +/- 1.9 (HsPDA) and 31.7 +/-
      1.6 weeks (no HsPDA), and birth weights were 1.23 +/- 0.32 kg and 1.43 +/- 0.34
      kg, respectively (p > 0.05). Ten infants had HsPDA. The DeltaPI values in Groups
      A and B differed significantly on Days 1 and 3 (Day 1: 1.06 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.54 +/-
      0.2 and Day 3: 1.11 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.3). The area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve was significant for DeltaPI on Days 1 and 3. The
      DeltaPI > 0.85 on Day 1 and > 0.95 on Day 3 had a sensitivity and specificity of
      80% and 94% and 80% and 88.2%, respectively, for diagnosing HsPDA. CONCLUSION:
      DeltaPI is a useful, simple parameter, which could help in the assessment of PDA
      in preterm babies.

PMID- 26966243
TI  - Plasmodium vivax Malaria Presenting with Multifocal Hemorrhagic Brain Infarcts in
      a School-going Child.
AB  - Cerebral malaria is a well-known complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
      Over recent years, however, Plasmodium vivax also has been reported to cause
      cerebral malaria with or without co-infection with P. falciparum Here, we report
      a boy aged 10 years presenting with acute febrile encephalopathy with raised
      intracranial pressure to the emergency, who was later diagnosed to have P. vivax
      malaria. His neurological status improved gradually during 6 weeks of pediatric
      intensive care unit stay. We report this case to highlight the unusual radiologic
      findings in the patient, such as multifocal hemorrhagic infarcts in the
      brainstem, bilateral thalami, frontal cortex and basal ganglia, which have not
      been reported with P. vivax malaria.

PMID- 26966239
TI  - Evolutionary Insights into RNA trans-Splicing in Vertebrates.
AB  - Pre-RNA splicing is an essential step in generating mature mRNA. RNA trans
      splicing combines two separate pre-mRNA molecules to form a chimeric non-co
      linear RNA, which may exert a function distinct from its original molecules.
      Trans-spliced RNAs may encode novel proteins or serve as noncoding or regulatory
      RNAs. These novel RNAs not only increase the complexity of the proteome but also
      provide new regulatory mechanisms for gene expression. An increasing amount of
      evidence indicates that trans-splicing occurs frequently in both physiological
      and pathological processes. In addition, mRNA reprogramming based on trans
      splicing has been successfully applied in RNA-based therapies for human genetic
      diseases. Nevertheless, clarifying the extent and evolution of trans-splicing in
      vertebrates and developing detection methods for trans-splicing remain
      challenging. In this review, we summarize previous research, highlight recent
      advances in trans-splicing, and discuss possible splicing mechanisms and
      functions from an evolutionary viewpoint. 

PMID- 26966244
TI  - Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Shandong,
      China: Urban-Rural Disparity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pattern of urban-rural disparity in childhood obesity varies
      across countries. The present study examined the change trend of urban-rural
      disparity in childhood overweight and obesity from 1985 to 2014 in Shandong,
      China. METHODS: Data for this study were obtained from four cross-sectional
      surveys of school children carried out in 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2014 in Shandong
      Province, China. In this study, 39 943 students aged 7-18 years were included (14
      458 in 1985, 7198 in 1995, 8568 in 2005 and 9719 in 2014). Height and weight of
      all subjects were measured; body mass index (BMI) was calculated from their
      height and weight. The BMI cutoff points recommended by the International Obesity
      Task Force were used to define overweight and obesity. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      overweight and obesity was increasing continuously both in urban and rural areas
      over the past 29 years (1985-2014). The prevalence of combined overweight and
      obesity was significantly higher in urban than in rural children and adolescents
      in 1985, 1995 and 2005 (p < 0.01). However, a rapid increase in the prevalence of
      combined overweight and obesity was observed in rural areas after 2005; as a
      result, the urban-rural disparity was getting narrower, and no significant urban
      rural disparity was observed in 2014 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The change trend of
      urban-rural disparity should be concerned in the future; policies and
      interventions focused on childhood overweight and obesity should pay attention to
      rural areas.

PMID- 26966245
TI  - Nucleosome repositioning underlies dynamic gene expression.
AB  - Nucleosome repositioning at gene promoters is a fundamental aspect of the
      regulation of gene expression. However, the extent to which nucleosome
      repositioning is used within eukaryotic genomes is poorly understood. Here we
      report a comprehensive analysis of nucleosome positions as budding yeast transit
      through an ultradian cycle in which expression of >50% of all genes is highly
      synchronized. We present evidence of extensive nucleosome repositioning at
      thousands of gene promoters as genes are activated and repressed. During
      activation, nucleosomes are relocated to allow sites of general transcription
      factor binding and transcription initiation to become accessible. The extent of
      nucleosome shifting is closely related to the dynamic range of gene transcription
      and generally related to DNA sequence properties and use of the coactivators
      TFIID or SAGA. However, dynamic gene expression is not limited to SAGA-regulated
      promoters and is an inherent feature of most genes. While nucleosome
      repositioning occurs pervasively, we found that a class of genes required for
      growth experience acute nucleosome shifting as cells enter the cell cycle.
      Significantly, our data identify that the ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling
      enzyme Snf2 plays a fundamental role in nucleosome repositioning and the
      expression of growth genes. We also reveal that nucleosome organization changes
      extensively in concert with phases of the cell cycle, with large, regularly
      spaced nucleosome arrays being established in mitosis. Collectively, our data and
      analysis provide a framework for understanding nucleosome dynamics in relation to
      fundamental DNA-dependent transactions. 

PMID- 26966247
TI  - Integrated molecular mechanism directing nucleosome reorganization by human FACT.
AB  - Facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) plays essential roles in chromatin
      remodeling during DNA transcription, replication, and repair. Our structural and
      biochemical studies of human FACT-histone interactions present precise views of
      nucleosome reorganization, conducted by the FACT-SPT16 (suppressor of Ty 16) Mid
      domain and its adjacent acidic AID segment. AID accesses the H2B N-terminal basic
      region exposed by partial unwrapping of the nucleosomal DNA, thereby triggering
      the invasion of FACT into the nucleosome. The crystal structure of the Mid domain
      complexed with an H3-H4 tetramer exhibits two separate contact sites; the Mid
      domain forms a novel intermolecular beta structure with H4. At the other site,
      the Mid-H2A steric collision on the H2A-docking surface of the H3-H4 tetramer
      within the nucleosome induces H2A-H2B displacement. This integrated mechanism
      results in disrupting the H3 alphaN helix, which is essential for retaining the
      nucleosomal DNA ends, and hence facilitates DNA stripping from histone. 

PMID- 26966246
TI  - Differential regulation of the anti-crossover and replication fork regression
      activities of Mph1 by Mte1.
AB  - We identified Mte1 (Mph1-associated telomere maintenance protein 1) as a
      multifunctional regulator of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mph1, a member of the FANCM
      family of DNA motor proteins important for DNA replication fork repair and
      crossover suppression during homologous recombination. We show that Mte1
      interacts with Mph1 and DNA species that resemble a DNA replication fork and the
      D loop formed during recombination. Biochemically, Mte1 stimulates Mph1-mediated
      DNA replication fork regression and branch migration in a model substrate.
      Consistent with this activity, genetic analysis reveals that Mte1 functions with
      Mph1 and the associated MHF complex in replication fork repair. Surprisingly,
      Mte1 antagonizes the D-loop-dissociative activity of Mph1-MHF and exerts a
      procrossover role in mitotic recombination. We further show that the influence of
      Mte1 on Mph1 activities requires its binding to Mph1 and DNA. Thus, Mte1
      differentially regulates Mph1 activities to achieve distinct outcomes in
      recombination and replication fork repair. 

PMID- 26966250
TI  - Introduction to Special Issue.

PMID- 26966249
TI  - Current management practices and interventions prioritised as part of a
      nationwide mastitis control plan.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to report performance and management data taken
      from a sample of UK dairy farms that have participated in the Agriculture and
      Horticulture Development Board Dairy Mastitis Control Plan (DMCP) and to identify
      important mastitis prevention practices that are not currently widely
      implemented. A total of 234 UK dairy herds were included in the study from which
      farm management and udder health data were collected. Herds were grouped
      according to their mastitis epidemiology and could be classed as (i)
      environmental dry period (EDP) (i.e. environmental pathogen with majority of
      infections being acquired during the dry period), (ii) environmental lactation
      (EL), (iii) contagious dry period (CDP) or (iv) contagious lactation (CL). The
      results of this study showed that many mastitis-related management practices that
      are generally considered to be important were not widely performed. A better
      understanding of those practices not widely adopted by UK dairy farmers at
      present may aid practitioners in identifying and overcoming potential barriers to
      improved mastitis control. 

PMID- 26966251
TI  - Will the Latino Mortality Advantage Endure?
AB  - Persons of Mexican origin and some other Latino groups in the United States have
      experienced a survival advantage compared with their non-Latino White
      counterparts, a pattern known as the Latino, Hispanic, or epidemiological
      paradox. However, high rates of obesity and diabetes among Latinos relative to
      Whites and continued increases in the prevalence of these conditions suggest that
      this advantage may soon disappear. Other phenomena, including high rates of
      disability in the older Latino population compared with Whites, new evidence of
      health declines shortly after migration to the United States, increasing
      environmental stressors for immigrants, and high-risk values of inflammatory
      markers among Latinos compared with Whites support this prediction. One powerful
      counterargument, however, is substantially lower smoking-attributable mortality
      among Latinos. Still, it is questionable as to whether smoking behavior can
      counteract the many forces at play that may impede Latinos from experiencing
      future improvements in longevity on a par with Whites. 

PMID- 26966252
TI  - The Effect of Changes in Educational Composition on Adult Female Mortality in
      Brazil.
AB  - The last century in Brazil was witness to profound changes. Female life
      expectancy at birth increased from 34.6 years in 1910 to 77.26 years in 2010. At
      the same time, the educational composition of the population has changed
      dramatically. In the 1940s, only 25% of the children aged 5-14 years old were
      enrolled in school. Currently, nearly all children attend school. We examine the
      extent to which changes in the age-specific distribution of education have
      contributed to the decline in adult mortality among women in Brazil. Our analysis
      follows other applications in the literature to measure the mortality reduction
      that would occur if exposure to specific risk factors was changed at the
      counterfactual level. The effects are not trivial: Between 1960 and 2010, about
      38% of the increase in life expectancy at age 30 can be attributed to changes in
      the educational composition of women. An additional 22% increase is expected
      until 2040. 

PMID- 26966248
TI  - Mte1 interacts with Mph1 and promotes crossover recombination and telomere
      maintenance.
AB  - Mph1 is a member of the conserved FANCM family of DNA motor proteins that play
      key roles in genome maintenance processes underlying Fanconi anemia, a cancer
      predisposition syndrome in humans. Here, we identify Mte1 as a novel interactor
      of the Mph1 helicase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vitro, Mte1 (Mph1-associated
      telomere maintenance protein 1) binds directly to DNA with a preference for
      branched molecules such as D loops and fork structures. In addition, Mte1
      stimulates the helicase and fork regression activities of Mph1 while inhibiting
      the ability of Mph1 to dissociate recombination intermediates. Deletion of MTE1
      reduces crossover recombination and suppresses the sensitivity of mph1Delta
      mutant cells to replication stress. Mph1 and Mte1 interdependently colocalize at
      DNA damage-induced foci and dysfunctional telomeres, and MTE1 deletion results in
      elongated telomeres. Taken together, our data indicate that Mte1 plays a role in
      regulation of crossover recombination, response to replication stress, and
      telomere maintenance. 

PMID- 26966254
TI  - Adult Children's Education and Parents' Functional Limitations in Mexico.
AB  - This article asks how adult children's education influences older parents'
      physical health in Mexico, a context where older adults often lack access to
      institutional resources and rely on kin, primarily children, as a main source of
      support. Using logistic and negative binomial regression models and data from the
      first wave of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (N = 9,661), we find that
      parents whose children all completed high school are less likely to report any
      functional limitations as well as fewer limitations compared to parents with no
      children who completed high school. This association remains significant even
      after accounting for parent and offspring-level characteristics, including
      parents' income that accounts for children's financial transfers to parents.
      Future research should aim to understand the mechanisms that explain the
      association between adult children's education and changes to parents' health
      over time. 

PMID- 26966253
TI  - Educational Gradients and Pathways of Disability Onset Among Older Mexicans.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Educational disparities research is less common in developing
      countries. We evaluate whether educational gradients of disability onset exist in
      Mexico across groups (birth cohort and sex) and whether the association is
      unexplained or indirect via health (health behaviors, chronic conditions, and
      self-rated health) or economic (income, wealth, and health insurance) pathways.
      METHOD: Data come from the Mexican Health & Aging study. Activities of daily
      living are reported in 2001, 2003, and 2012 by respondents and spouses aged 50+
      (N = 9,560). Groups are analyzed using logistic regression to test education
      disability onset associations. RESULTS: Significant education-ADL onset
      associations were observed across groups, and much of these associations were
      direct (unexplained by pathways). Indirect effects operated primarily through the
      health pathway. DISCUSSION: Those with less education were disadvantaged in terms
      of disability across birth cohorts and sex. Unexplained effects of education may
      suggest unobserved mediators or differential returns to resources by educational
      level.

PMID- 26966255
TI  - Household Composition and Longitudinal Health Outcomes for Older Mexican Return
      Migrants.
AB  - Mexican return migrant population is increasing, yet our knowledge about their
      lives after resettlement in Mexico remains fragmentary. Using 2001-2012
      longitudinal data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study, we investigate
      difference in household composition for older migrants who returned from the
      United States compared to nonmigrants. Furthermore, we fit a Cox proportional
      hazards model to assess the relationship between household composition and health
      and functional trajectories of return migrants and nonmigrants. The results
      indicate that return migrants with long duration of U.S. stay have different
      household composition than nonmigrants or short-term migrants: On average, they
      have smaller household size, including fewer females who may be available to
      offer assistance to older adults. Presence of middle-age females in the household
      has positive effects on health and functional trajectories. We highlight
      implications of this research for policy makers in Mexico and the United States. 

PMID- 26966256
TI  - Perceived Social Support Trajectories and the All-Cause Mortality Risk of Older
      Mexican American Women and Men.
AB  - Although numerous studies of non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks show that social
      integration and social support tend to favor longevity, it is unclear whether
      this general pattern extends to the Mexican American population. Building on
      previous research, we employed seven waves of data from the Hispanic Established
      Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly to examine the association
      between perceived social support trajectories and the all-cause mortality risk of
      older Mexican Americans. Growth mixture estimates revealed three latent classes
      of support trajectories: high, moderate, and low. Cox regression estimates
      indicated that older Mexican American men in the low support trajectory tend to
      exhibit a higher mortality risk than their counterparts in the high support
      trajectory. Social support trajectories were unrelated to the mortality risk of
      older Mexican American women. A statistically significant interaction term
      confirmed that social support was more strongly associated with the mortality
      risk of men. 

PMID- 26966257
TI  - Racial Disparities in Functional Limitations Among Hispanic Women in the United
      States.
AB  - This article assesses whether there are race differences in functional health
      among Hispanic women in the United States; ascertains whether the race
      differences in functional health vary by age; and examines the extent to which
      race differences in functional health are attributable to key dimensions of
      demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic heterogeneity. The analysis is based
      on 15 years of aggregated data from the National Health Interview Survey. Both
      U.S.- and foreign-born Black and other race Hispanic women display a higher level
      of functional limitations than their White Hispanic counterparts. There is little
      evidence that such health differences widen with age. U.S.-born Black Hispanic
      women, however, suffer from a high burden of functional limitations across the
      adult age range. This research speaks to the need for greater attention to racial
      differences in health among Hispanics and particularly so within the U.S.-born
      segment of this rapidly aging population. 

PMID- 26966260
TI  - Obituary for Prof. Torsten Almen.

PMID- 26966258
TI  - Mitonuclear Epistasis for Development Time and Its Modification by Diet in
      Drosophila.
AB  - Mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear genes have to operate in a coordinated manner
      to maintain organismal function, and the regulation of this homeostasis presents
      a substantial source of potential epistatic (G * G) interactions. How these
      interactions shape the fitness landscape is poorly understood. Here we developed
      a novel mitonuclear epistasis model, using selected strains of the Drosophila
      Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and mitochondrial genomes from within Drosophila
      melanogaster and D. simulans to test the hypothesis that mtDNA * nDNA
      interactions influence fitness. In total we built 72 genotypes (12 nuclear
      backgrounds * 6 mtDNA haplotypes, with 3 from each species) to dissect the
      relationship between genotype and phenotype. Each genotype was assayed on four
      food environments. We found considerable variation in several phenotypes,
      including development time and egg-to-adult viability, and this variation was
      partitioned into genetic (G), environmental (E), and higher-order (G * G, G * E,
      and G * G * E) components. Food type had a significant impact on development time
      and also modified mitonuclear epistases, evidencing a broad spectrum of G * G * E
      across these genotypes. Nuclear background effects were substantial, followed by
      mtDNA effects and their G * G interaction. The species of mtDNA haplotype had
      negligible effects on phenotypic variation and there was no evidence that mtDNA
      variation has different effects on male and female fitness traits. Our results
      demonstrate that mitonuclear epistases are context dependent, suggesting the
      selective pressure acting on mitonuclear genotypes may vary with food environment
      in a genotype-specific manner.

PMID- 26966261
TI  - 'Classic papers' in this issue of Acta Radiologica.

PMID- 26966259
TI  - Characterization of Chicken MMP13 Expression and Genetic Effect on Egg Production
      Traits of Its Promoter Polymorphisms.
AB  - Extracelluar matrix undergoes constant remodeling, cell-cell, and cell-matrix
      interactions during chicken ovarian follicle growth, which is coordinated by
      matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their associated endogenous inhibitors
      (TIMPs). Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of MMP13 in sexually mature
      chicken ovaries. In this study, we found that the expression of MMP13 in chicken
      ovary was stably elevated from 60 d to 159 d, and was significantly higher at 159
      d than at the other three developmental stages (P < 0.05). The expression of
      MMP13 mRNA increased from SW (small white follicles) to F5 (fifth largest
      follicles), then decreased to F1 (first largest follicles), and dramatically
      increased again in POF1 (newly postovulatory follicles) follicles (P < 0.05). The
      MMP13 protein was localized in stroma cells and primordial follicles of sexually
      immature chicken ovaries, in the theca cell layers of all sized follicles of
      sexually mature chicken ovaries. Furthermore, we identified a positive element
      (positions -1863 to -1036) controlling chicken MMP13 transcription, and, in this
      region, six single nucleotide polymorphisms were found and genotyped in chicken
      populations. In the White Recessive Rock population, hens with A(-1356)-C(
      1079)/A(-1356)-C(-1079) genotype had earlier "age at first laying" than those
      with G(-1356)-T(-1079)/G(-1356)-T(-1079) genotype (P < 0.05), and exhibited
      significantly lower transcriptional activity (P < 0.01). Collectively, chicken
      MMP13 plays an important role in ovarian follicle growth and regression, and
      polymorphisms in its promoter region could be used as molecular markers for
      improving the trait "age at first laying" in chicken breeding.

PMID- 26966262
TI  - Roentgen Examination of Ileocaecal Tuberculosis with Special Reference to the so
      called Stierlin-Sign.

PMID- 26966263
TI  - A Hitherto Unknown Affection of the Patella In Children.

PMID- 26966265
TI  - How well does the capillary thyroid-stimulating hormone test for newborn thyroid
      screening predict the venous free thyroxine level?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine, in newborn infants referred with elevated capillary
      thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a threshold below which a frankly subnormal
      venous free thyroxine (fT4) level of <10 pmol/L is unlikely, so that treatment
      with levo-thyroxine (L-T4) might be deferred until venous thyroid function tests
      (TFTs) become available. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All infants referred in Scotland
      since 1979 with capillary TSH elevation were studied, with particular focus on
      infants screened using the AutoDELFIA assay between 2002 and 2013. RESULTS: Of
      the 321 infants referred with capillary TSH elevation using AutoDELFIA, 35 were
      excluded (fT4/TSH unavailable (12), venous sample either preceding or >10 days
      after capillary sampling (13, 10)), leaving 286 eligible for analysis (208
      definite/probable hypothyroidism, 61 transient TSH elevation, 17 of uncertain
      thyroid status). Capillary TSH and venous T4 were strongly correlated (Spearman's
      rank correlation coefficient -0.707355). The optimal capillary TSH threshold for
      predicting a venous fT4 of <10 pmol/L was found to be >40 mU/L (90.3% sensitivity
      and 65.9% specificity compared with 90.25% and 59.1% for >35 mU/L and 88.3% and
      68.2% for >45 mU/L). 93 infants (32.5%) had capillary TSH <=40 mU/L at referral
      of whom 15 (9.7%) had venous fT4 <10 pmol/L, comprising seven with true
      congenital hypothyroidism, five with transient TSH elevation and three with
      uncertain status, two of whom died. CONCLUSION: For infants in whom capillary TSH
      is <=40 mU/L, it is reasonable to defer L-T4 treatment until venous TFT results
      are known provided that the latter become available quickly.

PMID- 26966268
TI  - Detection and Direction Determination of Approaching Vehicle Noises Among Older
      Adults.
AB  - We examined detection and direction determination of auditory cues from a
      pedestrian environment among a sample of older and younger adults. Review of
      relevant research suggests normal aging is associated with declines in physical,
      cognitive, and perceptual abilities. Relatively, few studies have examined the
      impact of such developmental changes on pedestrian safety among older adults, and
      none have examined such factors in relation to use of auditory cues. Thirty-five
      younger and 35 older adults completed cognitive measures and a pedestrian
      auditory detection task. Some results by speed were similar to past research that
      examined younger samples. Interactions were discovered between age and speed
      conditions within the auditory task. Results are discussed in the context of past
      research and with regard to informing future injury prevention efforts. 

PMID- 26966270
TI  - Chiral Separation and Thermodynamic Investigation of Ezetimibe Optical Isomers on
      a Chiralpak IC Column.
AB  - A liquid chromatographic separation method of ezetimibe optical isomers on the
      immobilised-type Chiralpak IC chiral stationary phase, onto which cellulose tris
      (3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate) was covalently grafted as a chiral selector, was
      developed under normal-phase conditions. The optimized chromatographic conditions
      were as follows: n-hexane-isopropanol-diethylamine (90:10:0.1, v/v) as mobile
      phase, 1.0 mL min-1 as flow rate, 256 nm as UV detection wavelength and 25
      degrees C as column temperature. Several factors concerning the enantioseparation
      were studied, including quality and quantity of different polar organic
      modifiers, additives, and flow rate and column temperature. Separation and
      resolution in the temperature range of 15-35 degrees C was investigated. Apparent
      thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the Van't Hoff plots and used to
      explain the strength of interactions between the optical isomers and chiral
      selector. The validated method is simple, rapid and robust. Four ezetimibe
      optical isomers can be effectively separated from each other and the resolutions
      are 3.5, 2.7 and 2.5 successively. The method has been demonstrated to be
      applicable in routine quality control of Ezetimibe.

PMID- 26966269
TI  - Overview of ICRP Committee 3: protection in medicine.
AB  - Committee 3 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
      develops recommendations and guidance for protection of patients, staff, and the
      public against radiation exposure when ionising radiation is used for medical
      diagnosis, therapy, or biomedical research. This paper presents a summary of the
      work that Committee 3 has accomplished over the past few years, and also
      describes its current work. The most recent reports published by the Commission
      that relate to radiological protection in medicine are 'Radiological protection
      in cone beam computed tomography' (Publication 129), 'Radiation dose to patients
      from radiopharmaceuticals: a compendium of current information related to
      frequently used substances' (Publication 128, in cooperation with Committee 2),
      'Radiological protection in ion beam radiotherapy' (Publication 127),
      'Radiological protection in paediatric diagnostic and interventional radiology'
      (Publication 121), 'Radiological protection in cardiology' (Publication 120), and
      'Radiological protection in fluoroscopically guided procedures outside the
      imaging department' (Publication 117). A new report on diagnostic reference
      levels in medical imaging will provide specific advice for interventional
      radiology, digital imaging, computed tomography, nuclear medicine, paediatrics,
      and hybrid (multi-modality) imaging procedures, and is expected to be published
      in 2016. Committee 3 is also working on guidance for occupational radiological
      protection in brachytherapy, and on guidance on occupational protection issues in
      interventional procedures, paying particular attention to the 2011 Commission's
      recommendations on the occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye
      (Publication 118). Other reports in preparation deal with justification,
      radiological protection in therapy with radiopharmaceuticals, radiological
      protection in medicine as related to individual radiosusceptibility, appropriate
      use of effective dose (in cooperation with other Committees), and guidance for
      healthcare practitioners on radiological and patient protection. Committee 3 has
      also suggested specific priorities for research on radiological protection in
      medicine to the Commission. 

PMID- 26966266
TI  - Different Patterns of Cortical Inputs to Subregions of the Primary Motor Cortex
      Hand Representation in Cebus apella.
AB  - The primary motor cortex (M1) plays an essential role in the control of hand
      movements in primates and is part of a complex cortical sensorimotor network
      involving multiple premotor and parietal areas. In a previous study in squirrel
      monkeys, we found that the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) projected mainly to 3
      regions within the M1 forearm representation [rostro-medial (RM), rostro-lateral
      (RL), and caudo-lateral (CL)] with very few caudo-medial (CM) projections. These
      results suggest that projections from premotor areas to M1 are not uniform, but
      rather segregated into subregions. The goal of the present work was to study how
      inputs from diverse areas of the ipsilateral cortical network are organized
      within the M1 hand representation. In Cebus apella, different retrograde
      neuroanatomical tracers were injected in 4 subregions of the hand area of M1 (RM,
      RL, CM, and CL). We found a different pattern of input to each subregion of M1.
      RM receives inputs predominantly from dorsal premotor cortex, RL from PMv, CM
      from area 5, and CL from area 2. These results support that the M1 hand
      representation is composed of several subregions, each part of a unique cortical
      network. 

PMID- 26966271
TI  - Development of Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid
      Microextraction Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Three
      Benzodiazepines in Human Urine and Plasma.
AB  - A new pretreatment method termed solid-phase extraction (SPE) which is combined
      with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SPE-DLLME) has been developed for
      the determination of oxazepam, alprazolam and diazepam in urine and plasma
      samples. The analytes were extracted from biological samples using SPE followed
      by DLLME. Various parameters that affect the efficiency of the two extraction
      techniques have been optimized. The calibration plots were linear in the range of
      2.5-500 ug L(-1) for oxazepam, alprazolam and 1.0-500 ug L(-1) for diazepam with
      detection limits of 0.7 ug L(-1) for oxazepam, alprazolam and 0.4 ug L(-1) for
      diazepam in plasma sample. The results confirm the suitability of the SPE-DLLME
      HPLC-UV as a sensitive method for the analysis of the targeted analytes in urine
      and plasma samples. 

PMID- 26966272
TI  - Development and Validation of New Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
      Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of
      Melatonin in Fruits.
AB  - A new reliable analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid
      chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was
      developed for the analysis of melatonin (MEL) in food products. In-house
      validation was performed using deuterated melatonin (MEL-d4) as an internal
      standard to ensure method selectivity and accuracy and to evaluate the efficiency
      of a robust ethyl acetate extraction technique used for sample preparation. The
      analysis of 18 tart cherry varieties and 28 tomato varieties was performed at
      optimized conditions. The method was linear (R(2)> 0.99) over the concentration
      range of 5-200 pg/g. A very low limit of quantification (10 pg/g) was provided
      for both analyzed matrices. The determined average recoveries (102 and 110%) and
      the values of intraday repeatability (6.30 and 10.9%) for cherry and tomato
      matrices, respectively, indicated a good accuracy and precision. The elaborated
      procedure proved the absence of MEL in any of tart cherries (<10 pg/g), whereas
      the concentration levels in tomatoes were found to be in the range of <10-149
      pg/g, where the highest concentrations were determined in "Cherry," "Cherry Red"
      and "Rome" tomatoes grown in the Netherlands. 

PMID- 26966273
TI  - Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Variant p.Tyr157Cys Reduces Platelet Functional
      Responses and Alters Receptor Trafficking.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a key regulator of platelet
      reactivity and is encoded by F2RL3, which has abundant rare missense variants. We
      aimed to provide proof of principle that rare F2LR3 variants potentially affect
      platelet reactivity and responsiveness to PAR1 antagonist drugs and to explore
      underlying molecular mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We identified 6 rare F2RL3
      missense variants in 236 cardiac patients, of which the variant causing a
      tyrosine 157 to cysteine substitution (Y157C) was predicted computationally to
      have the greatest effect on PAR4 structure. Y157C platelets from 3 cases showed
      reduced responses to PAR4-activating peptide and to alpha-thrombin compared with
      controls, but no reduction in responses to PAR1-activating peptide. Pretreatment
      with the PAR1 antagonist vorapaxar caused lower residual alpha-thrombin responses
      in Y157C platelets than in controls, indicating greater platelet inhibition.
      HEK293 cells transfected with a PAR4 Y157C expression construct had reduced PAR4
      functional responses, unchanged total PAR4 expression but reduced surface
      expression. PAR4 Y157C was partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and
      displayed an expression pattern consistent with defective N-glycosylation.
      Mutagenesis of Y322, which is the putative hydrogen bond partner of Y157, also
      reduced PAR4 surface expression in HEK293 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced PAR4
      responses associated with Y157C result from aberrant anterograde surface receptor
      trafficking, in part, because of disrupted intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
      Characterization of PAR4 Y157C establishes that rare F2RL3 variants have the
      potential to markedly alter platelet PAR4 reactivity particularly after exposure
      to therapeutic PAR1 antagonists.

PMID- 26966274
TI  - Functional Analysis of a Novel Genome-Wide Association Study Signal in SMAD3 That
      Confers Protection From Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A recent genome-wide association study meta-analysis identified an
      intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in SMAD3, rs56062135C>T, the minor allele
      (T) which associates with protection from coronary artery disease. Relevant to
      atherosclerosis, SMAD3 is a key contributor to transforming growth factor-beta
      pathway signaling. Here, we seek to identify >=1 causal coronary artery disease
      associated single nucleotide polymorphisms at the SMAD3 locus and characterize
      mechanisms whereby the risk allele(s) contribute to coronary artery disease risk.
      APPROACH AND RESULTS: By genetic and epigenetic fine mapping, we identified a
      candidate causal single nucleotide polymorphism rs17293632C>T (D', 0.97; r(2),
      0.94 with rs56062135) in intron 1 of SMAD3 with predicted functional effects. We
      show that the sequence encompassing rs17293632 acts as a strong enhancer in human
      arterial smooth muscle cells. The common allele (C) preserves an activator
      protein (AP)-1 site and enhancer function, whereas the protective (T) allele
      disrupts the AP-1 site and significantly reduces enhancer activity (P<0.001).
      Pharmacological inhibition of AP-1 activity upstream demonstrates that this
      allele-specific enhancer effect is AP-1 dependent (P<0.001). Chromatin
      immunoprecipitation experiments reveal binding of several AP-1 component proteins
      with preferential binding to the (C) allele. We show that rs17293632 is an
      expression quantitative trait locus for SMAD3 in blood and atherosclerotic plaque
      with reduced expression of SMAD3 in carriers of the protective allele. Finally,
      siRNA knockdown of SMAD3 in human arterial smooth muscle cells increases cell
      viability, consistent with an antiproliferative role. CONCLUSIONS: The coronary
      artery disease-associated rs17293632C>T single nucleotide polymorphism represents
      a novel functional cis-acting element at the SMAD3 locus. The protective (T)
      allele of rs17293632 disrupts a consensus AP-1 binding site in a SMAD3 intron 1
      enhancer, reduces enhancer activity and SMAD3 expression, altering human arterial
      smooth muscle cell proliferation.

PMID- 26966275
TI  - Network-Based Identification and Prioritization of Key Regulators of Coronary
      Artery Disease Loci.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Recent genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease
      (CAD) have revealed 58 genome-wide significant and 148 suggestive genetic loci.
      However, the molecular mechanisms through which they contribute to CAD and the
      clinical implications of these findings remain largely unknown. We aim to
      retrieve gene subnetworks of the 206 CAD loci and identify and prioritize
      candidate regulators to better understand the biological mechanisms underlying
      the genetic associations. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We devised a new integrative
      genomics approach that incorporated (1) candidate genes from the top CAD loci,
      (2) the complete genetic association results from the 1000 genomes-based CAD
      genome-wide association studies from the Coronary Artery Disease Genome Wide
      Replication and Meta-Analysis Plus the Coronary Artery Disease consortium, (3)
      tissue-specific gene regulatory networks that depict the potential relationship
      and interactions between genes, and (4) tissue-specific gene expression patterns
      between CAD patients and controls. The networks and top-ranked regulators
      according to these data-driven criteria were further queried against literature,
      experimental evidence, and drug information to evaluate their disease relevance
      and potential as drug targets. Our analysis uncovered several potential novel
      regulators of CAD such as LUM and STAT3, which possess properties suitable as
      drug targets. We also revealed molecular relations and potential mechanisms
      through which the top CAD loci operate. Furthermore, we found that multiple CAD
      relevant biological processes such as extracellular matrix, inflammatory and
      immune pathways, complement and coagulation cascades, and lipid metabolism
      interact in the CAD networks. CONCLUSIONS: Our data-driven integrative genomics
      framework unraveled tissue-specific relations among the candidate genes of the
      CAD genome-wide association studies loci and prioritized novel network regulatory
      genes orchestrating biological processes relevant to CAD.

PMID- 26966276
TI  - Modulation of Kinin B2 Receptor Signaling Controls Aortic Dilatation and Rupture
      in the Angiotensin II-Infused Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an important cause of mortality in
      older adults. Activity of the local kallikrein-kinin system may be important in
      cardiovascular disease. The effect of kinin B2 receptor (B2R) agonist and
      antagonist peptides on experimental AAA was investigated. APPROACH AND RESULTS:
      AAA was induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via infusion of angiotensin II
      (1.0 MUg/kg per minute SC). B2R agonists or antagonists were given via injection
      (2 mg/kg IP) every other day. The B2R agonist (B9772) promoted aortic rupture in
      response to angiotensin II associated with an increase in neutrophil infiltration
      of the aorta in comparison to controls. Mice receiving a B2R/kinin B1 receptor
      antagonist (B9430) were relatively protected from aortic rupture. Neutrophil
      depletion abrogated the ability of the B2R agonist to promote aortic rupture.
      Progression of angiotensin II-induced aortic dilatation was inhibited in mice
      receiving a B2R antagonist (B9330). Secretion of metalloproteinase-2 and -9,
      osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin by human AAA explant was reduced in the presence
      of the B2R antagonist (B9330). B2R agonist and antagonist peptides enhanced and
      inhibited, respectively, angiotensin II-induced neutrophil activation and aortic
      smooth muscle cell inflammatory phenotype. The B2R antagonist (B9330; 5 MUg)
      delivered directly to the aortic wall 1 week post-AAA induction with calcium
      phosphate in a rat model reduced aneurysm growth associated with downregulation
      of aortic metalloproteinase-9. CONCLUSIONS: B2R signaling promotes aortic rupture
      within a mouse model associated with the ability to stimulate inflammatory
      phenotypes of neutrophils and vascular smooth muscle cells. B2R antagonism could
      be a potential therapy for AAA.

PMID- 26966278
TI  - Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated With Reduced High-Density Lipoprotein Sphingosine
      1-Phosphate Content and Impaired High-Density Lipoprotein Cardiac Cell
      Protection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetes mellitus has multiple etiologies
      and impairs lipoprotein functionality, thereby increasing risk for cardiovascular
      disease. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have several beneficial effects,
      notably protecting the heart from myocardial ischemia. We hypothesized that
      glycation of HDL could compromise this cardioprotective effect. APPROACH AND
      RESULTS: We used in vitro (cardiomyocytes) and ex vivo (whole heart) models
      subjected to oxidative stress together with HDL isolated from diabetic patients
      and nondiabetic HDL glycated in vitro (methylglyoxal). Diabetic and in vitro
      glycated HDL were less effective (P<0.05) than control HDL in protecting from
      oxidative stress. Protection was significantly, inversely correlated with the
      degree of in vitro glycation (P<0.001) and the levels of hemoglobin A1c in
      diabetic patients (P<0.007). The ability to activate protective, intracellular
      survival pathways involving Akt, Stat3, and Erk1/2 was significantly reduced
      (P<0.05) using glycated HDL. Glycation reduced the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)
      content of HDL, whereas the S1P concentrations of diabetic HDL were inversely
      correlated with hemoglobin A1c (P<0.005). The S1P contents of in vitro glycated
      and diabetic HDL were significantly, positively correlated (both <0.01) with
      cardiomyocyte survival during oxidative stress. Adding S1P to diabetic HDL
      increased its S1P content and restored its cardioprotective function.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that glycation can reduce the S1P content of
      HDL, leading to increased cardiomyocyte cell death because of less effective
      activation of intracellular survival pathways. It has important implications for
      the functionality of HDL in diabetes mellitus because HDL-S1P has several
      beneficial effects on the vasculature.

PMID- 26966277
TI  - Mineralocorticoid Receptor Deficiency in Macrophages Inhibits Neointimal
      Hyperplasia and Suppresses Macrophage Inflammation Through SGK1-AP1/NF-kappaB
      Pathways.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention remains to be a
      serious medical problem. Although mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has been
      implicated as a potential target for treating restenosis, the cellular and
      molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. This study aims to explore the
      functions of macrophage MR in neointimal hyperplasia and to delineate the
      molecular mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Myeloid MR knockout (MMRKO) mice and
      controls were subjected to femoral artery injury. MMRKO reduced intima area and
      intima/media ratio, Ki67- and BrdU-positive vascular smooth muscle cells,
      expression of proinflammatory molecules, and macrophage accumulation in injured
      arteries. MMRKO macrophages migrated less in culture. MMRKO decreased Ki67- and
      BrdU-positive macrophages in injured arteries. MMRKO macrophages were less Ki67
      positive in culture. Conditioned media from MMRKO macrophages induced less
      migration, Ki67 positivity, and proinflammatory gene expression of vascular
      smooth muscle cells. After lipopolysaccharide treatment, MMRKO macrophages had
      decreased p-cFos and p-cJun compared with control macrophages, suggesting
      suppressed activation of activator protein-1 (AP1). Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF
      kappaB) pathway was also inhibited by MMRKO, manifested by decreased p-IkappaB
      kinase-beta and p-IkappaBalpha, increased IkappaBalpha expression, decreased
      nuclear translocation of p65 and p50, as welll as decreased phosphorylation and
      expression of p65. Finally, overexpression of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible
      kinase-1 (SGK1) attenuated the effects of MR deficiency in macrophages.
      CONCLUSIONS: Selective deletion of MR in myeloid cells limits macrophage
      accumulation and vascular inflammation and, therefore, inhibits neointimal
      hyperplasia and vascular remodeling. Mechanistically, MR deficiency suppresses
      migration and proliferation of macrophages and leads to less vascular smooth
      muscle cell activation. At the molecular level, MR deficiency suppresses
      macrophage inflammatory response via SGK1-AP1/NF-kappaB pathways.

PMID- 26966279
TI  - Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition With Anacetrapib Decreases
      Fractional Clearance Rates of High-Density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein A-I and
      Plasma Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Anacetrapib (ANA), an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein
      (CETP) activity, increases plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA)-I, apoA-II, and CETP. The
      mechanisms responsible for these treatment-related increases in apolipoproteins
      and plasma CETP are unknown. We performed a randomized, placebo (PBO)-controlled,
      double-blind, fixed-sequence study to examine the effects of ANA on the
      metabolism of HDL apoA-I and apoA-II and plasma CETP. APPROACH AND RESULTS:
      Twenty-nine participants received atorvastatin (ATV) 20 mg/d plus PBO for 4
      weeks, followed by ATV plus ANA 100 mg/d for 8 weeks (ATV-ANA). Ten participants
      received double PBO for 4 weeks followed by PBO plus ANA for 8 weeks (PBO-ANA).
      At the end of each treatment, we examined the kinetics of HDL apoA-I, HDL apoA
      II, and plasma CETP after D3-leucine administration as well as 2D gel analysis of
      HDL subspecies. In the combined ATV-ANA and PBO-ANA groups, ANA treatment
      increased plasma HDL-C (63.0%; P<0.001) and apoA-I levels (29.5%; P<0.001). These
      increases were associated with reductions in HDL apoA-I fractional clearance rate
      (18.2%; P=0.002) without changes in production rate. Although the apoA-II levels
      increased by 12.6% (P<0.001), we could not discern significant changes in either
      apoA-II fractional clearance rate or production rate. CETP levels increased 102%
      (P<0.001) on ANA because of a significant reduction in the fractional clearance
      rate of CETP (57.6%, P<0.001) with no change in CETP production rate.
      CONCLUSIONS: ANA treatment increases HDL apoA-I and CETP levels by decreasing the
      fractional clearance rate of each protein.

PMID- 26966281
TI  - The High-Density Lipoprotein Puzzle: Why Classic Epidemiology, Genetic
      Epidemiology, and Clinical Trials Conflict?
AB  - Classical epidemiology has established the incremental contribution of the high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol measure in the assessment of
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk; yet, genetic epidemiology does not
      support a causal relationship between HDL cholesterol and the future risk of
      myocardial infarction. Therapeutic interventions directed toward cholesterol
      loading of the HDL particle have been based on epidemiological studies that have
      established HDL cholesterol as a biomarker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular
      risk. However, therapeutic interventions such as niacin, cholesteryl ester
      transfer protein inhibitors increase HDL cholesterol in patients treated with
      statins, but have repeatedly failed to reduce cardiovascular events. Statin
      therapy interferes with ATP-binding cassette transporter-mediated macrophage
      cholesterol efflux via miR33 and thus may diminish certain HDL functional
      properties. Unraveling the HDL puzzle will require continued technical advances
      in the characterization and quantification of multiple HDL subclasses and their
      functional properties. Key mechanistic criteria for clinical outcomes trials with
      HDL-based therapies include formation of HDL subclasses that improve the
      efficiency of macrophage cholesterol efflux and compositional changes in the
      proteome and lipidome of the HDL particle that are associated with improved
      antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These measures require validation
      in genetic studies and clinical trials of HDL-based therapies on the background
      of statins.

PMID- 26966280
TI  - Leukocyte Calpain Deficiency Reduces Angiotensin II-Induced Inflammation and
      Atherosclerosis But Not Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin II (AngII) infusion profoundly increases activity of
      calpains, calcium-dependent neutral cysteine proteases, in mice. Pharmacological
      inhibition of calpains attenuates AngII-induced aortic medial macrophage
      accumulation, atherosclerosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice. However,
      the precise functional contribution of leukocyte-derived calpains in AngII
      induced vascular pathologies has not been determined. The purpose of this study
      was to determine whether calpains expressed in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells
      contribute to AngII-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms in
      hypercholesterolemic mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS: To study whether leukocyte
      calpains contributed to AngII-induced aortic pathologies, irradiated male low
      density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice were repopulated with BM-derived cells
      that were either wild-type or overexpressed calpastatin, the endogenous inhibitor
      of calpains. Mice were fed a fat-enriched diet and infused with AngII (1000 ng/kg
      per minute) for 4 weeks. Overexpression of calpastatin in BM-derived cells
      significantly attenuated AngII-induced atherosclerotic lesion formation in aortic
      arches, but had no effect on aneurysm formation. Using either BM-derived cells
      from calpain-1-deficient mice or mice with leukocyte-specific calpain-2
      deficiency generated using cre-loxP recombination technology, further studies
      demonstrated that independent deficiency of either calpain-1 or -2 in leukocytes
      modestly attenuated AngII-induced atherosclerosis. Calpastatin overexpression
      significantly attenuated AngII-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages and
      spleen. Furthermore, calpain inhibition suppressed migration and adhesion of
      macrophages to endothelial cells in vitro. Calpain inhibition also significantly
      decreased hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in the absence of AngII.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates a pivotal role for BM-derived
      calpains in mediating AngII-induced atherosclerosis by influencing macrophage
      function.

PMID- 26966282
TI  - Multi-marker linkage disequilibrium mapping of quantitative trait loci.
AB  - Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common genetic markers in genome
      wide association studies, are usually in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each
      other within a small genomic region. Both single- and two-marker-based LD mapping
      methods have been developed by taking advantage of the LD structures. In this
      study, a more general LD mapping framework with an arbitrary number of markers
      has been developed to further improve LD mapping and its detection power. This
      method is referred as multi-marker linkage disequilibrium mapping (mmLD). For the
      parameter estimation, we implemented a two-phase estimation procedure: first,
      haplotype frequencies were estimated for known markers; then, haplotype
      frequencies were updated to include the unknown quantitative trait loci based on
      estimates from the first step. For the hypothesis testing, we proposed a novel
      sequential likelihood ratio test procedure, which iteratively removed haplotypes
      with zero frequency and subsequently determined the proper degree of freedom. To
      compare the proposed mmLD method with other existing mapping methods, e.g. the
      adjusted single-marker LD mapping and the SKAT_C, we performed extensive
      simulations under various scenarios. The simulation results demonstrated that the
      mmLD has the same or higher power than the existing methods, while maintaining
      the correct type I errors. We further applied the mmLD to a public data set,
      'GAW17', to investigate its applicability. The result showed the good performance
      of mmLD. We concluded that this improved mmLD method will be useful for future
      genome-wide association studies and genetic association analyses.

PMID- 26966283
TI  - Effect of lossy compression of quality scores on variant calling.
AB  - Recent advancements in sequencing technology have led to a drastic reduction in
      genome sequencing costs. This development has generated an unprecedented amount
      of data that must be stored, processed, and communicated. To facilitate this
      effort, compression of genomic files has been proposed. Specifically, lossy
      compression of quality scores is emerging as a natural candidate for reducing the
      growing costs of storage. A main goal of performing DNA sequencing in population
      studies and clinical settings is to identify genetic variation. Though the field
      agrees that smaller files are advantageous, the cost of lossy compression, in
      terms of variant discovery, is unclear.Bioinformatic algorithms to identify SNPs
      and INDELs use base quality score information; here, we evaluate the effect of
      lossy compression of quality scores on SNP and INDEL detection. Specifically, we
      investigate how the output of the variant caller when using the original data
      differs from that obtained when quality scores are replaced by those generated by
      a lossy compressor. Using gold standard genomic datasets and simulated data, we
      are able to analyze how accurate the output of the variant calling is, both for
      the original data and that previously lossily compressed. We show that lossy
      compression can significantly alleviate the storage while maintaining variant
      calling performance comparable to that with the original data. Further, in some
      cases lossy compression can lead to variant calling performance that is superior
      to that using the original file. We envisage our findings and framework serving
      as a benchmark in future development and analyses of lossy genomic data
      compressors.

PMID- 26966284
TI  - GeneXpert MTB/Rif to Diagnose Tuberculous Meningitis: Perhaps the First Test but
      not the Last.
AB  - Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculous with
      substantial mortality. In May 2015, 54 researchers from 10 countries met in Da
      Lat, Vietnam, to discuss advances in TBM. Among the attendees were researchers
      involved in pivotal studies on the use of Xpert MTB/Rif for TBM diagnosis.
      Attendees discussed the 2014 World Health Organization strong recommendation
      favoring the use of Xpert "in preference to conventional microscopy and culture
      as the initial diagnostic test for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) if the sample volume
      is low or if additional specimens cannot be obtained to make a quick diagnosis."
      Attendees were concerned that the limitations of Xpert testing for TBM are not
      emphasized. Clear guidance is needed for the investigational pathway for TBM,
      including recommendations on the diagnostic package of investigations, which does
      not stop with Xpert testing. Second, emphasis on the large CSF volumes (ideally 8
      10 mL) needed for Xpert testing is required. Guidelines should also emphasize
      that TBM is a medical emergency and early treatment reduces mortality. 

PMID- 26966285
TI  - Race, disability, and grade: Social relationships in children with autism
      spectrum disorders.
AB  - Race is associated with social relationships among typically developing children;
      however, studies rarely examine the impact of race on social outcomes for
      children with autism spectrum disorder. This study examined how race (African
      American, Latino, Asian, or White) in conjunction with disability status (autism
      spectrum disorders or typically developing) and grade (grades K-2 or 3-5) affects
      friendships and social networks. The sample comprises 85 children with autism
      spectrum disorders and 85 typically developing controls matched on race, gender,
      age/grade, and classroom (wherever possible). Race, disability, and grade each
      had an independent effect on friendship nominations, and there was an interaction
      among the three variables. Specifically, children with autism spectrum disorders
      who were African American or Latino in the upper elementary grades received fewer
      friendship nominations than typically developing White children in the lower
      elementary grades. Only the presence of autism spectrum disorders was associated
      with social network centrality. Our results also suggested that Latino children
      with autism spectrum disorders in the upper elementary grades were at the highest
      risk of social isolation. Implications for re-conceptualizing social skills
      interventions are discussed.

PMID- 26966287
TI  - Association Between Left Atrial Stiffness Index and Atrial Fibrillation
      Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Left Atrial Ablation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with significant abnormalities
      of left atrial (LA) systolic and diastolic function. This study describes a novel
      measure, LA stiffness index, that estimates LA diastolic function and its
      association with clinical outcomes of catheter ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A
      total of 219 AF patients referred for ablation (59% paroxysmal, mean CHA2DS2VASc
      score 1.7 +/- 1.4) were enrolled. Atrial pressure and volume loops were prepared
      from invasive pressure measures and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging volumetric
      data during sinus rhythm for all patients. An LA stiffness index was created,
      defined by the ratio of change in LA pressure to volume during passive filling of
      LA (DeltaP/DeltaV). Patients were followed prospectively. Mean LA stiffness index
      for AF patients was 0.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg/mL (paroxysmal AF 0.51 +/- 0.4 and
      persistent AF 0.73 +/- 0.6; P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a rise
      in the stiffness index with age, increasing at a rate of 0.02 mm Hg/mL per year
      (P < 0.001). The LA stiffness index was higher in patients with previous LA
      ablation(s) for AF (0.51 +/- 0.35 versus 0.83 +/- 0.70; P < 0.001). Forty of 160
      patients had recurrence after AF ablation with a mean follow-up of 10.4 +/- 7.6
      months. Patients with recurrence had higher stiffness index than those without
      recurrence (0.83 +/- 0.46 versus 0.40 +/- 0.22; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LA
      stiffness index, a novel measure to assess LA diastolic function, increases with
      age and is higher in persistent AF and in the setting of repeat AF ablation.
      Greater LA stiffness index was independently associated with recurrence of AF
      after LA ablation.

PMID- 26966286
TI  - Ablation of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Targeting Low-Voltage Areas With
      Selective Activation Characteristics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complex-fractionated atrial electrograms and atrial fibrosis are
      associated with maintenance of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). We
      hypothesized that pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) plus ablation of selective
      atrial low-voltage sites may be more successful than PVI only. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: A total of 85 consecutive patients with persistent AF underwent high
      density atrial voltage mapping, PVI, and ablation at low-voltage areas (LVA < 0.5
      mV in AF) associated with electric activity lasting > 70% of AF cycle length on a
      single electrode (fractionated activity) or multiple electrodes around the
      circumferential mapping catheter (rotational activity) or discrete rapid local
      activity (group I). The procedural end point was AF termination. Arrhythmia
      freedom was compared with a control group (66 patients) undergoing PVI only
      (group II). PVI alone was performed in 23 of 85 (27%) patients of group I with
      low amount (< 10% of left atrial surface area) of atrial low voltage. Selective
      atrial ablation in addition to PVI was performed in 62 patients with termination
      of AF in 45 (73%) after 11 +/- 9 minutes radiofrequency delivery. AF-termination
      sites colocalized within LVA in 80% and at border zones in 20%. Single-procedural
      arrhythmia freedom at 13 months median follow-up was achieved in 59 of 85 (69%)
      patients in group I, which was significantly higher than the matched control
      group (31/66 [47%], P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the
      success rate of patients in group I with a low amount of low voltage undergoing
      PVI only and patients requiring PVI+selective low-voltage ablation (P = 0.42).
      CONCLUSIONS: Ablation of sites with distinct activation characteristics within/at
      borderzones of LVA in addition to PVI is more effective than conventional PVI
      only strategy for persistent AF. PVI only seems to be sufficient to treat
      patients with left atrial low voltage < 10%.

PMID- 26966289
TI  - The Stiff Left Atrium Is to Atrial Fibrillation as the Stiff Left Ventricle Is to
      Diastolic Heart Failure.

PMID- 26966290
TI  - 2016 manifestos online.

PMID- 26966291
TI  - RCVS Council votes for governance reform.

PMID- 26966292
TI  - 'Animal health law' adopted.

PMID- 26966288
TI  - Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in
      Individuals With a p.S358L Mutation in TMEM43 Following Implantable Cardioverter
      Defibrillator Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We previously showed a survival benefit of the implantable
      cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in males with arrhythmogenic right ventricular
      cardiomyopathy caused by a p.S358L mutation in TMEM43. We present long-term data
      (median follow-up 8.5 years) after ICD for primary (PP) and secondary prophylaxis
      in males and females, determine whether ICD discharges for ventricular
      tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation were equivalent to an aborted death, and
      assess relevant clinical predictors. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 24 multiplex
      families segregating an autosomal dominant p.S358L mutation in TMEM43. We
      compared survival in 148 mutation carriers with an ICD to 148 controls matched
      for age, sex, disease status, and family. Of 80 male mutation carriers with ICDs
      (median age at implantation 31 years), 61 (76%) were for PP; of 68 females
      (median age at implantation 43 years), 66 (97%) were for PP. In males,
      irrespective of indication, survival was better in the ICD groups compared with
      control groups (relative risk 9.3 [95% confidence interval 3.3-26] for PP and 9.7
      [95% confidence interval 3.2-29.6] for secondary prophylaxis). For PP females,
      the relative risk was 3.6 (95% confidence interval 1.3-9.5). ICD discharge-free
      survival for ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation >= 240 beats per
      minute was equivalent to the control survival rate. Ectopy (>= 1000 premature
      ventricular complexes/24 hours) was the only independent clinical predictor of
      ICD discharge in males, and no predictor was identified in females. CONCLUSIONS:
      ICD therapy is indicated for PP in postpubertal males and in females >= 30 years
      with the p.S358L TMEM43 mutation. ICD termination of rapid ventricular
      tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation can reasonably be considered an aborted
      death.

PMID- 26966293
TI  - Testing for BVD virus becomes compulsory in Northern Ireland.

PMID- 26966294
TI  - FSA reports further progress in reducing Campylobacter contamination.

PMID- 26966295
TI  - Defra to consult on tackling TB in non-bovine animals.

PMID- 26966296
TI  - Animal medicines body warns of the dangers of 'humanising' pets.

PMID- 26966297
TI  - RVC to deliver Emirati scholarship programme.

PMID- 26966298
TI  - Farriers present their research and hone their speaking skills.

PMID- 26966299
TI  - Interactive maps to help forecast the risk of nematodirosis in lambs.

PMID- 26966300
TI  - Bloggers aim to encourage engagement with CPD.

PMID- 26966302
TI  - Vets with Horsepower to head to South Africa.

PMID- 26966301
TI  - New masters degree in bioveterinary science.

PMID- 26966303
TI  - Focus on equine practice at student symposium.
AB  - Veterinary students with a particular interest in equine medicine and surgery
      gathered at Nottingham vet school recently to further their knowledge and skills
      in these areas. Jordan Sinclair, editor of the Journal of the Association of
      Veterinary Students, reports. 

PMID- 26966304
TI  - Measuring progesterone from the milk line.

PMID- 26966306
TI  - Importance of ketamine.

PMID- 26966305
TI  - Transmission routes of African swine fever virus to domestic pigs: current
      knowledge and future research directions.
AB  - African swine fever (ASF) is a major threat to the pig industry in Europe. Since
      2007, ASF outbreaks have been ongoing in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe and the
      Baltic countries, causing severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork
      producers. In addition, the number of ASF cases in wild boar populations has
      dramatically increased over the past few years. Evidence supports direct contact
      with infectious domestic pigs and wild boars, and consumption of contaminated
      feed, as the main transmission routes of ASF virus (ASFV) to domestic pigs.
      However, significant knowledge gaps highlight the urgent need for research to
      investigate the dynamics of indirect transmission via the environment, the
      minimal infective doses for contaminated feed ingestion, the probability of
      effective contacts between infectious wild boars and domestic pigs, the potential
      for recovered animals to become carriers and a reservoir for transmission, the
      potential virus persistence within wild boar populations and the influence of
      human behaviour for the spread of ASFV. This will provide an improved scientific
      basis to optimise current interventions and develop new tools and strategies to
      reduce the risk of ASFV transmission to domestic pigs. 

PMID- 26966307
TI  - Nematodirus lamae identified in an alpaca in the UK.

PMID- 26966308
TI  - Biocidal properties of copper.

PMID- 26966309
TI  - Help in crisis.

PMID- 26966316
TI  - Never a dull day as a vet working in public health.
AB  - Jason Aldiss entered vet school in New Zealand knowing that he didn't want to go
      into general practice. Despite that, after qualifying he did spend two years in
      large animal practice. Having taken a keen interest in the role vets can play in
      society, he came to the UK to become an Official Veterinarian. 

PMID- 26966317
TI  - Second-year student diary.
AB  - Rosie Perrett can't believe it's nearly Easter already but is looking forward to
      lambing. In the meantime she has been learning pharmacology and communication
      skills. 

PMID- 26966318
TI  - Genetic epidemiology of migraine and depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Migraine and major depressive disorder (commonly referred to as
      depression) are both common disorders with a significant impact on society.
      Studies in both clinical and community-based settings have demonstrated a strong
      relationship between migraine and depression. In addition to complicating the
      diagnosis, depression that is comorbid with migraine may lower treatment
      adherence, increase risk of medication overuse and is associated with migraine
      chronification, thus leading to higher direct and indirect costs and poorer
      health-related outcomes with increased disability. AIM: The aim of this review is
      to summarise the current knowledge on the genetic epidemiology of migraine and
      depression and the possible biological mechanisms underlying their comorbidity.
      METHODS: We present a narrative review reporting on the current literature.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological findings indicate that there is a
      bidirectional relationship between migraine and depression, with one disorder
      increasing the risk for the other and vice versa, suggesting shared biological
      mechanisms. Twin and family studies indicate that this bidirectional relationship
      can be explained, at least partly, by shared underlying genetically determined
      disease mechanisms. Although no genes have been robustly associated with the
      aetiology of both migraine and depression, genes from serotonergic, dopaminergic
      and GABAergic systems together with variants in the MTHFR and BDNF genes remain
      strong candidates.

PMID- 26966319
TI  - Cold Water Swimming Beneficially Modulates Insulin Sensitivity in Middle-Aged
      Individuals.
AB  - We determined whether cold water swimming for six consecutive months results in
      adaptive changes in body composition and insulin sensitivity. Thirty healthy
      subjects aged 50.2 +/- 9.4 years were exposed to cold water at least twice a
      week. Body composition was determined and serum glucose and insulin served to
      calculate beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and resistance using HOMA2.
      Compared with control subjects, swimmers were overweight, and had greater percent
      body fat and beta cell function. Women had lower values of BMI, fat free mass,
      muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue level, and greater percent body fat than
      men. Increased insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin secretion and resistance
      from beginning to middle of swim season was observed in females and in lean
      subjects. Findings suggest that men and women differ in regard to body
      composition and response to repeated cold exposure. Cold water swimming may
      beneficially modulate insulin sensitivity in cold acclimated lean swimmers.

PMID- 26966320
TI  - Searching for resilience: addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes
      on forest ecosystem services.
AB  - 1. The provisioning of ecosystem services to society is increasingly under
      pressure from global change. Changing disturbance regimes are of particular
      concern in this context due to their high potential impact on ecosystem
      structure, function and composition. Resilience-based stewardship is advocated to
      address these changes in ecosystem management, but its operational implementation
      has remained challenging. 2. We review observed and expected changes in
      disturbance regimes and their potential impacts on provisioning, regulating,
      cultural and supporting ecosystem services, concentrating on temperate and boreal
      forests. Subsequently, we focus on resilience as a powerful concept to quantify
      and address these changes and their impacts, and present an approach towards its
      operational application using established methods from disturbance ecology. 3. We
      suggest using the range of variability concept - characterizing and bounding the
      long-term behaviour of ecosystems - to locate and delineate the basins of
      attraction of a system. System recovery in relation to its range of variability
      can be used to measure resilience of ecosystems, allowing inferences on both
      engineering resilience (recovery rate) and monitoring for regime shifts
      (directionality of recovery trajectory). 4. It is important to consider the
      dynamic nature of these properties in ecosystem analysis and management decision
      making, as both disturbance processes and mechanisms of resilience will be
      subject to changes in the future. Furthermore, because ecosystem services are at
      the interface between natural and human systems, the social dimension of
      resilience (social adaptive capacity and range of variability) requires
      consideration in responding to changing disturbance regimes in forests.
      5.Synthesis and applications. Based on examples from temperate and boreal forests
      we synthesize principles and pathways for fostering resilience to changing
      disturbance regimes in ecosystem management. We conclude that future work should
      focus on testing and implementing these pathways in different contexts to make
      ecosystem services provisioning more robust to changing disturbance regimes and
      advance our understanding of how to cope with change and uncertainty in ecosystem
      management.

PMID- 26966322
TI  - Data sharing in public health emergencies: a call to researchers.

PMID- 26966323
TI  - Monitoring adolescent sexual and reproductive health.

PMID- 26966325
TI  - Meeting the need for surgery.
AB  - Surgical provision falls far short of what is needed in developing countries, but
      recent initiatives aim to correct this deficit. Carolyn Mahoney and Fiona Fleck
      report. 

PMID- 26966326
TI  - Brazil's scientists scramble to solve the Zika puzzle.
AB  - The World Health Organization has declared the recent leap in the number of
      microcephaly cases and their suspected association with Zika virus a public
      health emergency of international concern. Ana Bispo tells Andreia Azevedo Soares
      why Brazil should have some scientific answers in coming months. 

PMID- 26966327
TI  - Care services for elderly people with dementia in rural China: a case study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the state of the health and supportive services available
      to elderly people with dementia - and their families - in rural Lanxi county, in
      the province of Zhejiang, China. METHODS: In November 2014 and January 2015, we
      interviewed 14 key informants on dementia care face-to-face, using a semi
      structured questionnaire. The informants included three rural physicians, an
      urban geriatrician, seven directors of institutions for the care of the elderly
      and three officials of the civil affairs bureau. We also completed in-depth
      interviews with five family caregivers of elderly people with dementia. FINDINGS:
      The interviewees indicated that there was a lack of specialized services designed
      specifically to address the needs of individuals with dementia and their family
      members. Non-psychiatric medical services and the available facilities for long
      term care appeared to be ill-equipped to manage these needs. They lacked both
      clinical staff and standardized, evidence-based practices for the diagnosis,
      care, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with dementia. As care facilities
      often refused to admit elderly people with dementia, families were generally
      forced to care for elderly relatives with dementia at home. CONCLUSION: In Lanxi
      county - and probably in much of rural China - more public resources are needed
      to support family caregivers and to improve the capacity of care facilities for
      the elderly to care for individuals with dementia.

PMID- 26966328
TI  - An assessment of GLOBOCAN methods for deriving national estimates of cancer
      incidence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the GLOBOCAN methods for deriving national
      estimates of cancer incidence. METHODS: We obtained incidence and mortality data
      from Norway by region, year of diagnosis, cancer site, sex and 5-year age group
      for the period 1983-2012 from the NORDCAN database. Estimates for the year 2010
      were derived using nine different methods from GLOBOCAN. These included the
      projection of national historical rates, the use of regional proxies and the
      combination of national mortality data with mortality to incidence ratios or
      relative survival proportions. We then compared the national estimates with
      recorded cancer incidence data. FINDINGS: Differences between the estimates
      derived using different methods varied by cancer site and sex. Methods based on
      projections performed better where major changes in recent trends were absent.
      Methods based on mortality data performed less well for cancers associated with
      small numbers of deaths and for cancers detectable by screening. In countries
      with longstanding cancer registries of high quality, regional-based, or trends
      based incidence estimates perform reasonably well in comparison with recorded
      incidence. CONCLUSION: Although the performance of the GLOBOCAN methods varies by
      cancer site and sex in this study, the results emphasize a need for more high
      quality population-based cancer registries - either regional or, where practical
      and feasible, national registries - to describe cancer patterns and trends for
      planning cancer control priorities.

PMID- 26966329
TI  - Nutritional quality of diet and academic performance in Chilean students.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore associations between the nutritional quality of diet at age
      16 years and academic performance in students from Santiago, Chile. METHODS: We
      assessed the nutritional quality of diet, using a validated food frequency
      questionnaire, in 395 students aged 16.8 +/- 0.5 years. Depending on the amount
      of saturated fat, fibre, sugar and salt in the foods, diet was categorized as
      unhealthy, fair or healthy. Academic performance was assessed using high school
      grade-point average (GPA) and tests for college admission in language and
      mathematics. Academic results on or above the 75th percentile in our sample were
      considered good academic performance. We tested associations between nutritional
      quality of diet and good academic performance using logistic regression models.
      We considered sociodemographic, educational and body-mass index (BMI) factors as
      potential confounders. FINDINGS: After controlling for potential confounding
      factors, an unhealthy diet at age 16 years was associated with reduced academic
      performance. Compared to participants with healthy diets, those with unhealthy
      diets were significantly less likely to perform well based on language tests
      (odds ratio, OR: 0.42; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.18-0.98) mathematics tests
      (OR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.15-0.82) or GPA (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.09-0.56). CONCLUSION:
      In our sample, excessive consumption of energy-dense, low-fibre, high-fat foods
      at age 16 years was associated with reduced academic performance.

PMID- 26966330
TI  - Catastrophic health expenditure on acute coronary events in Asia: a prospective
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of catastrophic
      health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes
      in Asia. METHODS: Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into
      this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore,
      Thailand and Viet Nam. Sites were required to enrol a minimum of 10 consecutive
      participants who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome.
      Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket costs of initial
      hospitalization > 30% of annual baseline household income, and it was assessed
      six weeks after discharge. We assessed associations between health expenditure
      and age, sex, diagnosis of the index coronary event and health insurance status
      of the participant, using logistic regression models. FINDINGS: Of 12,922
      participants, 9370 (73%) had complete data on expenditure. The mean out-of-pocket
      cost was 3237 United States dollars. Catastrophic health expenditure was reported
      by 66% (1984/3007) of those without insurance versus 52% (3296/6366) of those
      with health insurance (P < 0.05). The occurrence of catastrophic expenditure
      ranged from 80% (1055/1327) in uninsured and 56% (3212/5692) of insured
      participants in China, to 0% (0/41) in Malaysia. CONCLUSION: Large variation
      exists across Asia in catastrophic health expenditure resulting from
      hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes. While insurance offers some
      protection, substantial numbers of people with health insurance still incur
      financial catastrophe.

PMID- 26966331
TI  - Size and distribution of the global volume of surgery in 2012.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate global surgical volume in 2012 and compare it with
      estimates from 2004. METHODS: For the 194 Member States of the World Health
      Organization, we searched PubMed for studies and contacted key informants for
      reports on surgical volumes between 2005 and 2012. We obtained data on population
      and total health expenditure per capita for 2012 and categorized Member States as
      very-low, low, middle and high expenditure. Data on caesarean delivery were
      obtained from validated statistical reports. For Member States without recorded
      surgical data, we estimated volumes by multiple imputation using data on total
      health expenditure. We estimated caesarean deliveries as a proportion of all
      surgery. FINDINGS: We identified 66 Member States reporting surgical data. We
      estimated that 312.9 million operations (95% confidence interval, CI: 266.2
      359.5) took place in 2012, an increase from the 2004 estimate of 226.4 million
      operations. Only 6.3% (95% CI: 1.7-22.9) and 23.1% (95% CI: 14.8-36.7) of
      operations took place in very-low- and low-expenditure Member States representing
      36.8% (2573 million people) and 34.2% (2393 million people) of the global
      population of 7001 million people, respectively. Caesarean deliveries comprised
      29.6% (5.8/19.6 million operations; 95% CI: 9.7-91.7) of the total surgical
      volume in very-low-expenditure Member States, but only 2.7% (5.1/187.0 million
      operations; 95% CI: 2.2-3.4) in high-expenditure Member States. CONCLUSION:
      Surgical volume is large and growing, with caesarean delivery comprising nearly a
      third of operations in most resource-poor settings. Nonetheless, there remains
      disparity in the provision of surgical services globally.

PMID- 26966333
TI  - Household air pollution and the sustainable development goals.
AB  - Globally, 41% of households, over 2.8 billion people, rely on solid fuels (coal
      and biomass) for cooking and heating. In developing countries in Asia and sub
      Saharan Africa where these fuels are predominantly used, women who are
      customarily responsible for cooking, and their young children, are most exposed
      to the resulting air pollution. Solid fuels are still in widespread use and it
      appears that intervention efforts are not keeping pace with population growth in
      developing countries. Here we pinpoint the challenges and identify opportunities
      for addressing household air pollution while mitigating global climate change and
      promoting the sustainable development goals. We recommend the following actions:
      implementation of the WHO indoor air quality guidelines on household fuel
      combustion; effective promotion and dissemination of improved cookstoves through
      formation of country alliances for clean cookstoves; expansion of liquefied
      petroleum gas production facilities and distribution networks; harnessing
      renewable energy potential; promotion of biogas production at both household and
      community level; ensuring improved ventilation of homes through education and
      enforcement of building standards; and exploiting opportunities in the health and
      other sectors for changing health-damaging cooking behaviour. 

PMID- 26966332
TI  - Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and
      international levels.
AB  - The 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone was the worst in
      history with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths. Here we examine the
      psychosocial consequences of the epidemic. Ebola is a traumatic illness both in
      terms of symptom severity and mortality rates. Those affected are likely to
      experience psychological effects due to the traumatic course of the infection,
      fear of death and experience of witnessing others dying. Survivors can also
      experience psychosocial consequences due to feelings of shame or guilt (e.g. from
      transmitting infection to others) and stigmatization or blame from their
      communities. At the community level, a cyclical pattern of fear occurs, with a
      loss of trust in health services and stigma, resulting in disruptions of
      community interactions and community break down. Health systems in affected
      countries were severely disrupted and overstretched by the outbreak and their
      capacities were significantly reduced as almost 900 health-care workers were
      infected with Ebola and more than 500 died. The outbreak resulted in an increased
      need for health services, reduced quality of life and economic productivity and
      social system break down. It is essential that the global response to the
      outbreak considers both acute and long-term psychosocial needs of individuals and
      communities. Response efforts should involve communities to address psychosocial
      need, to rebuild health systems and trust and to limit stigma. The severity of
      this epidemic and its long-lasting repercussions should spur investment in and
      development of health systems.

PMID- 26966335
TI  - A new global agenda for nutrition and health: the importance of agriculture and
      food systems.

PMID- 26966336
TI  - Disability, noncommunicable disease and health information.

PMID- 26966334
TI  - Providing HIV-related services in China for men who have sex with men.
AB  - PROBLEM: In China, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care provided by community
      based organizations and the public sector are not well integrated. APPROACH: A
      community-based organization and experts from the Guangzhou Center for Disease
      Control and Prevention developed internet-based services for men who have sex
      with men, in Guangzhou, China. The internet services were linked to clinical
      services offering HIV testing and care. LOCAL SETTING: The expanding HIV epidemic
      among men who have sex with men is a public health problem in China. HIV control
      and prevention measures are implemented primarily through the public system. Only
      a limited number of community organizations are involved in providing HIV
      services. RELEVANT CHANGES: The programme integrated community and public sector
      HIV services including health education, online HIV risk assessment, on-site HIV
      counselling and testing, partner notification, psychosocial care and support,
      counting of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and treatment guidance. LESSONS LEARNT: The
      internet can facilitate HIV prevention among a subset of men who have sex with
      men by enhancing awareness, service uptake, retention in care and adherence to
      treatment. Collaboration between the public sector and the community group
      promoted acceptance by the target population. Task sharing by community groups
      can increase access of this high-risk group to available HIV-related services.

PMID- 26966337
TI  - Differences in coda voicing trigger changes in gestural timing: A test case from
      the American English diphthong /ai/.
AB  - We investigate the hypothesis that duration and spectral differences in vowels
      before voiceless versus voiced codas originate from a single source, namely the
      reorganization of articulatory gestures relative to one another in time. As a
      test case, we examine the American English diphthong /ai/, in which the acoustic
      manifestations of the nucleus /a/ and offglide /i/ gestures are relatively easy
      to identify, and we use the ratio of nucleus-to-offglide duration as an index of
      the temporal distance between these gestures. Experiment 1 demonstrates that, in
      production, the ratio is smaller before voiceless codas than before voiced codas;
      this effect is consistent across speakers as well as changes in speech rate and
      phrasal position. Experiment 2 demonstrates that, in perception, diphthongs with
      contextually incongruent ratios delay listeners' identification of target words
      containing voiceless codas, even when the other durational and spectral
      correlates of voicing remain intact. This, we argue, is evidence that listeners
      are sensitive to the gestural origins of voicing differences. Both sets of
      results support the idea that the voicing contrast triggers changes in timing:
      gestures are close to one another in time before voiceless codas, but separated
      from one another before voiced codas.

PMID- 26966338
TI  - Warmth of the Welcome: Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy.
AB  - Natives' attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy are important factors
      in the context of reception of immigrants since they contribute to a warm or
      chilly welcome, which potentially shapes immigrant and ethnic identities and
      inter-group relations. Public opinion polls show a recent "warming" of Americans'
      traditional ambivalence about immigration. Empirical research on attitudes toward
      immigrants and racial groups formed by recent waves of immigrants resonate with
      the dynamic nature of Blumer's (1958) theory of prejudice as a sense of relative
      group position. To better understand this dynamism, research that intentionally
      contrasts study sites on conflict and contact conditions and the presence of
      absence of symbolic politics, as well as research with different native-born
      racial and ethnic groups, would reveal a broader range of natives' attitude
      formation processes and the role they play in immigrant reception.

PMID- 26966340
TI  - Hydroxytyrosol Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through a
      PI3K/Akt-Dependent Mechanism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of hydroxytyrosol (HT)
      during the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in rat hearts.
      METHODS: The rats were randomized into five groups: sham group, I/R group, HT+I/R
      group, HT+LY294002+I/R group, and LY+I/R group. Myocardial infarct size, markers
      of oxidative stress, extent of myocardial apoptosis, echocardiographically
      assessed cardiac function, and expression of Akt and GSK 3beta were measured in
      each group. RESULTS: Prereperfusion administration of HT was associated with a
      significantly smaller area of myocardial infarction and remarkably decreased
      level of myocardial apoptosis and necrosis, as evidenced by a lower apoptotic
      index, reduced cleaved caspase-3, and the serum activities of lactate
      dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase MB. Moreover, HT also attenuated the
      impairment of cardiac systolic function. However, cotreatment with LY294002 and
      HT completely abolished the above cardioprotective effects of HT. A subsequent
      mechanistic study revealed that the cardioprotective effects of HT during the
      process of I/R of the myocardium were dependent on the activation of the
      Akt/GSK3beta pathway. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with HT may have antiapoptotic and
      cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury, and these effects seem to
      be related to the activation of the Akt/GSK3beta pathway in the myocardium.

PMID- 26966339
TI  - Host genome polymorphisms and tuberculosis infection: What we have to say?
AB  - Several epidemiology studies suggest that host genetic factors play important
      roles in susceptibility, protection and progression of tuberculosis infection.
      Here we have reviewed the implications of some genetic polymorphisms in pathways
      related to tuberculosis susceptibility, severity and development. Large case
      control studies examining single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes have
      been performed in tuberculosis patients in some countries. Polymorphisms in
      natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), toll-like receptor 2
      (TLR2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha),
      interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-10, vitamin D receptor (VDR),
      dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), monocyte
      chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), nucleotide oligomerization binding domain 2
      (NOD2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS),
      mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant proteins A (SP-A) have been reviewed.
      These genes have been variably associated with tuberculosis infection and there
      is strong evidence indicating that host genetic factors play critical roles in
      tuberculosis susceptibility, severity and development.

PMID- 26966341
TI  - Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils in Tumor Microenvironment.
AB  - Distinct tumor microenvironment forms in each progression step of cancer and has
      diverse capacities to induce both adverse and beneficial consequences for
      tumorigenesis. It is now known that immune cells can be activated to favor tumor
      growth and progression, most probably influenced by the tumor microenvironment.
      Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-associated neutrophils can exert
      protumoral functions, enhancing tumor cell invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis,
      and extracellular matrix remodeling, while inhibiting the antitumoral immune
      surveillance. Considering that neutrophils in inflammatory environments recruit
      macrophages and that recruited macrophages affect neutrophil functions, there may
      be various degrees of interaction between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor
      associated neutrophils. Platelets also play an important role in the recruitment
      and regulation of monocytic and granulocytic cells in the tumor tissues,
      suggesting that platelet function may be essential for generation of tumor
      associated macrophages and tumor-associated neutrophils. In this review, we will
      explore the biology of tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-associated
      neutrophils and their possible interactions in the tumor microenvironment.
      Special attention will be given to the recruitment and activation of these tumor
      associated cells and to the roles they play in maintenance of the tumor
      microenvironment and progression of tumors. 

PMID- 26966343
TI  - A Latent Profile Analysis of Latino Parenting: The Infusion of Cultural Values on
      Family Conflict.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to (a) examine how acculturation and social
      support inform Latinos' parenting behaviors, controlling for gender and
      education; (b) describe parenting styles among Latino immigrants while accounting
      for cultural elements; and (c) test how these parenting styles are associated
      with family conflict. A 3 step latent profile analysis with the sample (N = 489)
      revealed best fit with a 4 profile model (n = 410) of parenting: family parenting
      (n = 268, 65%), child-centered parenting (n = 68, 17%), moderate parenting (n =
      60, 15%), and disciplinarian parenting (n = 14, 3%). Parents' gender,
      acculturation, and social support significantly predicted profile membership.
      Disciplinarian and moderate parenting were associated with more family conflict.
      Recommendations include integrating culturally based parenting practices as a
      critical element to family interventions to minimize conflict and promote
      positive youth development.

PMID- 26966344
TI  - Testing the Validity of a Protocol to Screen for Spiritual Struggle among Parents
      of Children with Cystic Fibrosis.
AB  - Spirituality is important to many Americans and is used to cope with adverse
      events. Some forms of spiritual coping are maladaptive or troubling, and are
      known as negative spiritual coping or spiritual struggle. These forms of
      spirituality are often associated with poorer physical and mental health
      outcomes. Thus, in clinical contexts there is a need to identify persons who may
      be experiencing spiritual struggle and, if indicated, offer spiritual care that
      may address that struggle. Twenty-two parents of children with cystic fibrosis
      (CF) completed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires exploring
      spirituality's role in their child's illness. Interviews included oral
      administration of a protocol to screen for spiritual struggle. The parents also
      completed the negative religious coping subscale of the Brief RCOPE, a commonly
      used measure of spiritual struggle. Descriptive statistics were obtained. The
      screening protocol identified 18% of the parents as potentially having spiritual
      struggle. Thirty-two percent had negative religious coping scores suggestive of
      spiritual struggle. Comparison of results with both measures found the screening
      protocol had good specificity (87%) but relatively low sensitivity (29%). Using
      either measure, indications of spiritual struggle were associated with higher
      levels of depressive symptoms. The screener's administration was acceptable and
      feasible. The low sensitivity may be due in part to differences between the focus
      of the screener and that of the negative religious coping subscale, which focuses
      on struggle with the Divine. Further work is needed to establish the best
      approach to screening for spiritual struggle.

PMID- 26966345
TI  - Acinetobacter baumannii: An Emerging and Important Pathogen.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical significance, management, and control of
      Acinetobacter infections. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Acinetobacter
      infections have become a major cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide.
      Acinetobacter is noted for its ability to survive for long periods on hospital
      surfaces and equipment, its predilection to develop resistance to multiple
      antibiotics, its affinity to cause serious infections in critically ill patients,
      and many well described outbreaks attributable to contamination of a common
      source. The crude ICU mortality is approximately 40%. Rigorous antibiotic
      stewardship and infection control measures are critical to prevent the spread of
      multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections. There is also a pressing need for
      new therapeutic options. CONCLUSION: Acinetobacter is an emerging pathogen of
      increasing significance.

PMID- 26966346
TI  - Introduction to the Special Issue: Advancing the State-of-the-Science in Reading
      Research through Modeling.
AB  - Reading research is increasingly a multi-disciplinary endeavor involving more
      complex, team-based science approaches. These approaches offer the potential of
      capturing the complexity of reading development, the emergence of individual
      differences in reading performance over time, how these differences relate to the
      development of reading difficulties and disability, and more fully understanding
      the nature of skilled reading in adults. This special issue focuses on the
      potential opportunities and insights that early and richly integrated advanced
      statistical and computational modeling approaches can provide to our foundational
      (and translational) understanding of reading. The issue explores how
      computational and statistical modeling, using both observed and simulated data,
      can serve as a contact point among research domains and topics, complement other
      data sources and critically provide analytic advantages over current approaches.

PMID- 26966342
TI  - Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in Immune Cells and Inflammation: Roles and
      Therapeutic Potential.
AB  - Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite involved in
      many critical cell processes. It is produced by the phosphorylation of
      sphingosine by sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and exported out of cells via
      transporters such as spinster homolog 2 (Spns2). S1P regulates diverse
      physiological processes by binding to specific G protein-binding receptors, S1P
      receptors (S1PRs) 1-5, through a process coined as "inside-out signaling." The
      S1P concentration gradient between various tissues promotes S1PR1-dependent
      migration of T cells from secondary lymphoid organs into the lymphatic and blood
      circulation. S1P suppresses T cell egress from and promotes retention in inflamed
      peripheral tissues. S1PR1 in T and B cells as well as Spns2 in endothelial cells
      contributes to lymphocyte trafficking. FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a functional
      antagonist of S1PRs that induces systemic lymphopenia by suppression of
      lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. In this review, we summarize previous
      findings and new discoveries about the importance of S1P and S1PR signaling in
      the recruitment of immune cells and lymphocyte retention in inflamed tissues. We
      also discuss the role of S1P-S1PR1 axis in inflammatory diseases and wound
      healing. 

PMID- 26966347
TI  - Detection of Productively Rearranged TcR-alpha V-J Sequences in TCGA Exome Files:
      Implications for Tumor Immunoscoring and Recovery of Antitumor T-cells.
AB  - Tumor immunoscoring is rapidly becoming a universal parameter of prognosis, and T
      cells isolated from tumor masses are used for ex vivo amplification and
      readministration to patients to facilitate an antitumor immune response. We
      recently exploited the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) RNASeq data to assess T-cell
      receptor (TcR) expression and, in particular, discovered strong correlations
      between major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) and TcR-alpha constant region
      expression levels. In this article, we describe the results of searching TCGA
      exome files for TcR-alpha V-regions, followed by searching the V-region datasets
      for TcR-alpha-J regions. Both primary and metastatic breast cancer sample files
      contained recombined TcR-alpha V-J regions, ranging in read counts from 16-39, at
      the higher level. Among four such V-J rearrangements, three were productive
      rearrangements. Rearranged TcR-alpha V-J regions were also detected in TCGA
      bladder cancer, -lung cancer, and -ovarian cancer datasets, as well as exome
      files representing bladder cancer, in Moffitt Cancer Center patients. These
      results suggest that a direct search of commonly available, conventional exome
      files for rearranged TcR segments could play a role in more sophisticated
      immunoscoring or in identifying particular T-cell clones and TcRs directed
      against tumor antigens. 

PMID- 26966349
TI  - Review of external ocular compression: clinical applications of the ocular
      pressure estimator.
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors have previously validated an Ocular Pressure Estimator (OPE)
      that can estimate the intraocular pressure (IOP) during external ocular
      compression (EOC). The authors now apply the OPE in clinical states where EOC is
      clinically important. The original work is described for two periods of risk:
      during sleep and during the digital ocular massage (DOM) maneuver used by
      surgeons after trabeculectomy to keep the operation functional. Other periods of
      risk for external ocular compression are then reviewed. METHODS: The first
      protocol estimated the IOP in the dependent eye during simulated sleep. Subjects
      had their IOPs initially measured in an upright-seated position, immediately upon
      assuming a right eye dependent side sleeping position (with nothing contacting
      the eye), and then 5 minutes later while still in this position. While
      maintaining this position, the fluid filled bladder of the OPE was then placed
      between the subject's closed eye and a pillow during simulated sleep. The IOP was
      continuously estimated in this position for 5 minutes. The subjects then had the
      IOP measured in both eyes in an upright-seated position. The second protocol
      determined if a larger vertical cup-to-disc ratio was more common on the side
      that patients reported they preferred to sleep on. The hypothesis was that
      chronic asymmetric, compression induced, elevations of IOP during sleep would be
      associated with otherwise unexplained asymmetry of the vertical cup-to-disc
      ratio. The third protocol assessed the IOP during DOM. The OPE was used to
      characterize the IOP produced during the DOM maneuver of five glaucoma surgeons.
      After this, 90 mmHg was chosen as a target pressure for DOM. The surgeons were
      then verbally coached during three additional compressions. After a 5-minute
      period, the surgeons were asked to reproduce this targeted IOP during subsequent
      compressions. RESULTS: The mean IOP during the "sleep session" was 22+/-5 mmHg
      (SEM). The mean peak pressure was 40+/-11 mmHg (SEM) and the mean trough pressure
      was 15+/-2 mmHg (SEM). There was a 78% agreement between the eye that was
      reported to be dependent during sleep and the eye with the larger vertical cup-to
      disc ratio, for eyes with at least a 0.10 cup-to-disc ratio difference, P=0.001,
      n=137. The OPE estimated an average induced IOP during typical DOM of 104+/-8
      mmHg (SEM), with each compression having an average range of 17+/-3 mmHg (SEM).
      After coaching, and a 5-minute waiting period, the average induced IOP reduced to
      95+/-3 mmHg (SEM) with a reduced average range of IOP to 11+/-1 mmHg. CONCLUSION:
      The OPE was successfully used to estimate the IOP while subjects experienced EOC
      during normal sleep postures. These EOC-induced elevations of IOP were
      considerable, and likely contribute to significant ocular pathology, not only for
      glaucoma, but for retinal vascular occlusive diseases, retinal vascular leakage,
      and the induction of the ocular-cardiac reflex in infants, as well. The
      correlation of a larger vertical cup-to-disc ratio in patients with a sleep
      posture preference suggests a causal relationship, since patients with other
      conditions known to be associated with cup-to disc ratio asymmetry were excluded
      from this study. The OPE is a useful device to teach DOM to surgeons and patients
      for home use.

PMID- 26966348
TI  - Brain Histamine N-Methyltransferase As a Possible Target of Treatment for
      Methamphetamine Overdose.
AB  - Stereotypical behaviors induced by methamphetamine (METH) overdose are one of the
      overt symptoms of METH abuse, which can be easily assessed in animal models.
      Currently, there is no successful treatment for METH overdose. There is
      increasing evidence that elevated levels of brain histamine can attenuate METH
      induced behavioral abnormalities, which might therefore constitute a novel
      therapeutic treatment for METH abuse and METH overdose. In mammals, histamine N
      methyltransferase (HMT) is the sole enzyme responsible for degrading histamine in
      the brain. Metoprine, one of the most potent HMT inhibitors, can cross the blood
      brain barrier and increase brain histamine levels by inhibiting HMT.
      Consequently, this compound can be a candidate for a prototype of drugs for the
      treatment of METH overdose. 

PMID- 26966351
TI  - miR-125b acts as a tumor suppressor in chondrosarcoma cells by the sensitization
      to doxorubicin through direct targeting the ErbB2-regulated glucose metabolism.
AB  - Chondrosarcoma is the second most common type of primary bone malignancy in the
      United States after osteosarcoma. Surgical resections of these tumors are the
      only effective treatment to chondrosarcoma patients due to their resistance to
      conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. In this study, miR-125b was found to
      perform its tumor-suppressor function to inhibit glucose metabolism via the
      direct targeting of oncogene, ErbB2. We report miR-125b was downregulated in both
      chondrosarcoma patient samples and cell lines. The total 20 Asian chondrosarcoma
      patients showed significantly downregulated miR-125b expression compared with
      normal tissues. Meanwhile, miR-125 was downregulated in chondrosarcoma cells and
      doxorubicin resistant cells. Overexpression of miR-125 enhanced the sensitivity
      of both parental and doxorubicin resistant cells to doxorubicin through direct
      targeting on the ErbB2-mediated upregulation of glycolysis in chondrosarcoma
      cells. Moreover, restoration of the expression of ErbB2 and glucose metabolic
      enzymes in miR-125 pretransfected cells recovered the susceptibility to
      doxorubicin. Our study will provide a novel aspect on the overcoming
      chemoresistance in human chondrosarcoma cells and may help in the development of
      therapeutic strategies for the treatments of patients. 

PMID- 26966352
TI  - Total saponin of Dioscoreae hypoglaucae rhizoma ameliorates streptozotocin
      induced diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy has become the most common cause of morbidity
      and mortality in diabetic patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more
      effective and safer drugs for use in this condition. PURPOSE: The aims of this
      study were to investigate the ameliorative effects of total saponin of Dioscoreae
      hypoglaucae rhizoma (TSD) on diabetic nephropathy and to explore the potential
      underlying mechanism(s). METHODS: Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were
      orally treated with TSD at 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg/d for 12 weeks. At the end of
      the treatment, blood, urine, and kidneys were collected for biochemical and
      histological examination. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that TSD
      significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin,
      urinary protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels in diabetic
      rats. The results of histological examinations showed that TSD ameliorated
      glomerular and tubular pathological changes in diabetic rats. Furthermore, TSD
      significantly prevented oxidative stress and reduced the renal levels of advanced
      glycation end products, transforming growth factor-beta1, connective tissue
      growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrated the renoprotective effects of TSD in experimental diabetic
      nephropathy via a number of different mechanisms.

PMID- 26966350
TI  - A clinical prognostic scoring system for resectable gastric cancer to predict
      survival and benefit from paclitaxel- or oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy is a standard procedure of
      curative resection for gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to develop
      a simple and reliable prognostic scoring system for GC treated with D2
      gastrectomy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: A prognostic scoring
      system was established based on clinical and laboratory data from 579 patients
      with localized GC without distant metastasis treated with D2 gastrectomy and
      adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: From the multivariate model for overall survival
      (OS), five factors were selected for the scoring system: >=50% metastatic lymph
      node rate, positive lymphovascular invasion, pathologic TNM Stage II or III, >=5
      ng/mL preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, and <110 g/L preoperative
      hemoglobin. Two models were derived using different methods. Model A identified
      low- and high-risk patients for OS (P<0.001), while Model B differentiated low-,
      intermediate-, and high-risk patients for OS (P<0.001). Stage III patients in the
      low-risk group had higher survival probabilities than Stage II patients. Both
      Model A (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69
      0.78) and Model B (AUC: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72-0.83) were better predictors compared
      with the pathologic TNM classification (AUC: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.59-0.71, P<0.001).
      Adjuvant paclitaxel- or oxaliplatin-based or triple chemotherapy showed
      significantly better outcomes in patients classified as high risk, but not in
      those with low and intermediate risk. CONCLUSION: A clinical three-tier
      prognostic risk scoring system was established to predict OS of GC treated with
      D2 gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The potential advantage of this scoring
      system is that it can identify high-risk patients in Stage II or III who may
      benefit from paclitaxel- or oxaliplatin-based regimens. Prospective studies are
      needed to confirm these results before they are applied clinically.

PMID- 26966353
TI  - Maximizing the encapsulation efficiency and the bioavailability of controlled
      release cetirizine microspheres using Draper-Lin small composite design.
AB  - This study was aimed at developing a controlled-release cetirizine hydrochloride
      (CTZ)-loaded polymethacrylate microsphere by optimization technique using
      software-based response surface methodology. The emulsion solvent evaporation
      method was utilized in the preparation of microspheres. Four process variables
      were selected, namely, Eudragit RLPO loading percentage in total polymer, the
      emulsifier hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB), the antitacking percentage, and
      the dispersed phase volume. The desired responses were particle size, angle of
      repose, production yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, initial
      drug release, and the time for 85% of drug release from the microspheres.
      Optimization was carried out by fitting the experimental data to the software
      program (Statgraphics Centurion XV). Moreover, 18 batches were subjected to
      various characterization tests required for the production of dosage form. The
      pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated after the oral administration of 10 mg
      CTZ in both optimized formulation and commercial product on healthy human
      volunteers using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. The optimized
      formulation showed satisfactory yield (84.43%) and drug encapsulation efficiency
      (87.1%). Microspheres were of spherical shape, smooth surface, and good
      flowability with an average size of 142.3 MUm. The developed optimized batch of
      microspheres ensured 28.87% initial release after 2 hours, and the release of CTZ
      extended for >12 hours. In addition, the relative bioavailability of the
      optimized formulation was 165.5% with respect to the marketed CTZ tablets
      indicating a significant enhancement of CTZ bioavailability. Thus, there is an
      expectation to decrease the administered dose and the frequency of
      administration, and subsequently minimize the adverse effects that are faced by
      the patient during the treatment. 

PMID- 26966354
TI  - The mechanism underlying alpinetin-mediated alleviation of pancreatitis
      associated lung injury through upregulating aquaporin-1.
AB  - Characterized by its acute onset, critical condition, poor prognosis, and high
      mortality rate, severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) can cause multiple organ failure
      at its early stage, particularly acute lung injury (ALI). The pathogenesis of ALI
      is diffuse alveolar damage, including an increase in pulmonary microvascular
      permeability, a decrease in compliance, and invasion of many inflammatory cells.
      Corticosteroids are the main treatment method for ALI; however, the associated
      high toxicity and side effects induce pain in patients. Recent studies show that
      the effective components in many traditional Chinese medicines can effectively
      inhibit inflammation with few side effects, which can decrease the complications
      caused by steroid consumption. Based on these observations, the main objective of
      the current study is to investigate the effect of alpinetin, which is a flavonoid
      extracted from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, on treating lung injury induced by SAP
      and to explore the mechanism underlying the alpinetin-mediated decrease in the
      extent of ALI. In this study, we have shown through in vitro experiments that a
      therapeutic dose of alpinetin can promote human pulmonary microvascular
      endothelial cell proliferation. We have also shown via in vitro and in vivo
      experiments that alpinetin upregulates aquaporin-1 and, thereby, inhibits tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha expression as well as reduces the degree of lung injury.
      Overall, our study shows that alpinetin alleviates SAP-induced ALI. The likely
      molecular mechanism includes upregulated aquaporin expression, which inhibits
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha and, thus, alleviates SAP-induced ALI. 

PMID- 26966355
TI  - Temporal arteritis with erythrocyte sedimentation rate <50 mm/h: a clinical
      reminder.
AB  - Temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis (GCA), is a systemic
      vasculitis that predominantly involves the temporal arteries. It is a medical
      emergency and should be treated promptly as it can lead to permanent loss of
      vision. It is very commonly associated with a raised erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate (ESR), usually >50 mm/h, one of the essential criteria defined by the
      American College of Rheumatology classification of GCA. Here, we describe the
      case of a 73-year-old male presenting with a 2-day history of a sudden onset of a
      severe left-sided headache, which had the signs and symptoms consistent with GCA
      but he had an ESR of only 27 mm/h. The patient was urgently treated with
      prednisolone 60 mg per day, and his symptoms dramatically improved within 24
      hours of therapy. Temporal artery biopsy results were consistent with an
      inflammatory response, and withdrawal of treatment led to a relapse of the
      symptoms. The patient was slowly tapered off the high steroid dose and is now
      currently managed on a low steroid dose. We should keep a high index of suspicion
      for GCA in patients presenting with clinical symptoms of GCA even though the ESR
      is <50 mm/h as stated in the criteria for GCA diagnosis. 

PMID- 26966357
TI  - Prevalence and pattern of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis among edentulous
      patients of Saudi Arabia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most remarkable exostoses of the human jaws are torus palatinus
      (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM). The aim of the present study was to actuate the
      prevalence of TP and TM in relation to age and sex among the edentulous patients
      of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: The present study included 847 edentulous subjects (458
      men and 389 women) aged between 51 and 79 years. The subjects were examined for
      the existence of tori by clinical inspection and palpation. Statistical analysis
      was performed using SPSS for Windows version. RESULTS: Among the 847 subjects,
      149 (17.59%) had either TP or TM. Sixty six (7.79%) subjects had TP, whereas 83
      (9.80%) had TM. The maximum percentage (36.36%) of tori was observed in the age
      group of 60-69 years. The percentage of males with either tori was higher (19.0%)
      when compared to females (15.94%). According to shape, the occurrence of flat
      shaped TP (57.58%) and bilateral solitary TM (39.76%) was more common.
      CONCLUSION: No significant difference in the presence of tori with respect to sex
      and age was observed. A comparatively increased prevalence of TP and TM was
      however observed, and this should be taken into consideration while planning for
      prosthodontic and periodontal therapy in these patients.

PMID- 26966358
TI  - Lower cognitive function in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a
      meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cognitive impairment in patients with age-related
      macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Relevant articles were identified through a
      search of the following electronic databases through October 2015, without
      language restriction: 1) PubMed; 2) the Cochrane Library; 3) EMBASE; 4)
      ScienceDirect. Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0 software.
      Standardized mean differences with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were
      calculated. All of the included studies met the following four criteria: 1) the
      study design was a case-control or randomized controlled trial (RCT) study; 2)
      the study investigated cognitive function in the patient with AMD; 3) the
      diagnoses of AMD must be provided; 4) there were sufficient scores data to
      extract for evaluating cognitive function between cases and controls. The
      Newcastle-Ottawa Scale criteria were used to assess the methodological quality of
      the studies. RESULTS: Of the initial 278 literatures, only six case-control and
      one RCT studies met all of the inclusion criteria. A total of 794 AMD patients
      and 1,227 controls were included in this study. Five studies were performed with
      mini-mental state examination (MMSE), two studies with animal fluency, two
      studies with trail making test (TMT)-A and -B, one study with Mini-Cog. Results
      of the meta-analysis revealed lower cognitive function test scores in patients
      with AMD, especially with MMSE and Mini-Cog test (P<=0.001 for all). The results
      also showed that differences in the TMT-A (except AMD [total] vs controls) and
      TMT-B test had no statistical significance (P>0.01). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale
      score was >=5 for all of the included studies. Based on the sensitivity analysis,
      no single study influenced the overall pooled estimates. CONCLUSION: This meta
      analysis suggests lower cognitive function test scores in patients with AMD,
      especially with MMSE and Mini-Cog test. The other cognitive impairment screening
      tests, such as animal fluency test and TMT, need more studies to assess.

PMID- 26966356
TI  - Oropharyngeal dysphagia in older persons - from pathophysiology to adequate
      intervention: a review and summary of an international expert meeting.
AB  - Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a highly prevalent and growing condition in the
      older population. Although OD may cause very severe complications, it is often
      not detected, explored, and treated. Older patients are frequently unaware of
      their swallowing dysfunction which is one of the reasons why the consequences of
      OD, ie, aspiration, dehydration, and malnutrition, are regularly not attributed
      to dysphagia. Older patients are particularly vulnerable to dysphagia because
      multiple age-related changes increase the risk of dysphagia. Physicians in charge
      of older patients should be aware that malnutrition, dehydration, and pneumonia
      are frequently caused by (unrecognized) dysphagia. The diagnosis is particularly
      difficult in the case of silent aspiration. In addition to numerous screening
      tools, videofluoroscopy was the traditional gold standard of diagnosing OD.
      Recently, the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is increasingly
      utilized because it has several advantages. Besides making a diagnosis,
      fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is applied to evaluate the
      effectiveness of therapeutic maneuvers and texture modification of food and
      liquids. In addition to swallowing training and nutritional interventions, newer
      rehabilitation approaches of stimulation techniques are showing promise and may
      significantly impact future treatment strategies. 

PMID- 26966359
TI  - Development of a spirometry T-score in the general population.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Spirometry values may be expressed as T-scores in
      standard deviation units relative to a reference in a young, normal population as
      an analogy to the T-score for bone mineral density. This study was performed to
      develop the spirometry T-score. METHODS: T-scores were calculated from lambda-mu
      sigma-derived Z-scores using a young, normal age reference. Three outcomes of all
      cause death, respiratory death, and COPD death were evaluated in 9,101 US
      subjects followed for 10 years; an outcome of COPD-related health care
      utilization (COPD utilization) was evaluated in 1,894 Korean subjects followed
      for 4 years. RESULTS: The probability of all-cause death appeared to remain
      nearly zero until -1 of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) T-score but
      increased steeply where FEV1 T-score reached below -2.5. Survival curves for all
      cause death, respiratory death, COPD death, and COPD utilization differed
      significantly among the groups when stratified by FEV1 T-score (P<0.001). The
      adjusted hazard ratios of the FEV1 T-score for the four outcomes were 0.54 (95%
      confidence interval, 0.48-0.60), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.37-0.50), 0.30 (95% CI: 0.24
      0.37), and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.59-0.81), respectively, adjusting for covariates
      (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The spirometry T-score could predict all-cause death,
      respiratory death, COPD death, and COPD utilization.

PMID- 26966360
TI  - Self-assembled lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery:
      preparation and functional evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Here, we investigated the formation and functional properties of self
      assembled lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (L/C NPs) loaded with insulin following
      insulin-phospholipid complex preparation, with the aim of developing a method for
      oral insulin delivery. METHODS: Using a modified solvent-injection method,
      insulin-loaded L/C NPs were obtained by combining insulin-phospholipid complexes
      with L/C NPs. The nanoparticle size distribution was determined by dynamic light
      scattering, and morphologies were analyzed by cryogenic transmission electron
      microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to disclose
      the molecular mechanism of prepared insulin-loaded L/C NPs. Fast ultrafiltration
      and a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay were used to
      separate free insulin from insulin entrapped in the L/C NPs, as well as to
      measure the insulin-entrapment and drug-loading efficiencies. The in vitro
      release profile was obtained, and in vivo hypoglycemic effects were evaluated in
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. RESULTS: Our results indicated that insulin
      containing L/C NPs had a mean size of 180 nm, an insulin-entrapment efficiency of
      94%, and an insulin-loading efficiency of 4.5%. Cryogenic transmission electron
      microscopy observations of insulin-loaded L/C NPs revealed multilamellar
      structures with a hollow core, encircled by several bilayers. In vitro analysis
      revealed that insulin release from L/C NPs depended on the L/C ratio. Insulin
      loaded L/C NPs orally administered to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
      exerted a significant hypoglycemic effect. The relative pharmacological
      bioavailability following oral administration of L/C NPs was 6.01%. CONCLUSION:
      With the aid of phospholipid-complexation techniques, some hydrophilic peptides,
      such as insulin, can be successfully entrapped into L/C NPs, which could improve
      oral bioavailability, time-dependent release, and therapeutic activity.

PMID- 26966361
TI  - Functioning in patients with major depression treated with duloxetine or a
      selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in East Asia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess and compare the levels of functioning in patients with major
      depressive disorder treated with either duloxetine with a daily dose of <=60 mg
      or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) as monotherapy for up to 6
      months in a naturalistic setting in East Asia. In addition, this study examined
      the impact of painful physical symptoms (PPS) on the effects of these treatments.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data for this post hoc analysis were taken from a 6-month
      prospective observational study involving 1,549 patients with major depressive
      disorder without sexual dysfunction. The present analysis focused on a subgroup
      of patients from East Asia (n=587). Functioning was measured using the Sheehan
      Disability Scale (SDS). Depression severity was assessed using the 16-item Quick
      Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report. PPS were rated using the
      modified Somatic Symptom Inventory. A mixed model with repeated measures was
      fitted to compare the levels of functioning between duloxetine-treated (n=227)
      and SSRI-treated (n=225) patients, adjusting for baseline patient
      characteristics. RESULTS: The mean SDS total score was similar between the two
      treatment cohorts (15.46 [standard deviation =6.11] in the duloxetine cohort and
      16.36 [standard deviation =6.53] in the SSRI cohort, P=0.077) at baseline. Both
      descriptive and regression analyses confirmed improvement in functioning in both
      groups during follow-up, but duloxetine-treated patients achieved better
      functioning. At 24 weeks, the estimated mean SDS total score was 4.48 (standard
      error =0.80) in the duloxetine cohort, which was statistically significantly
      lower (ie, better functioning) than that of 6.76 (standard error =0.77) in the
      SSRI cohort (P<0.001). This treatment difference was more apparent in the
      subgroup of patients with PPS at baseline. Similar patterns were also observed
      for SDS subscores (work, social life, and family life). CONCLUSION: Depressed
      patients treated with duloxetine achieved better functioning compared to those
      treated with SSRIs. This treatment difference was mostly driven by patients with
      PPS at baseline.

PMID- 26966362
TI  - The investigation of factors related to suicide attempts in Southeastern Turkey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suicide is an important health problem in Turkey as it is in all
      regions of the world. Suicidal behavior has multiple causes, which are broadly
      divided into those related to proximal stressors and those due to predisposition.
      Suicide statistics may be associated with mental health disorders, which are
      among the foremost predictors of suicide attempts. More than 90% of patients who
      commit suicide have a diagnosable psychiatric disorder, usually a major
      depressive disorder. Other major risk factors for suicide attempts are history of
      suicide attempts in the family, stressful life events, sleep disturbances, poor
      income, unemployment, severity of symptoms of depression, and anxiety. Sleep is a
      complex phenomenon. Sleep disturbances can therefore be contributed to the
      emergence of suicidal behavior allowing for the possibility of predicting future
      suicides. METHODS: We evaluated 106 patients who were admitted after suicide
      attempts to the Department of Psychiatry at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine.
      The recruited subjects were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
      Axis I disorders, and the intensity of symptoms was evaluated using the Beck
      Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality
      Index. The mean values of the subjects attempting multiple and single suicides
      were compared using appropriate inferential statistical tests. RESULTS: Most
      suicide attempts are believed to be preventable. Our results revealed that a
      great variety of risk factors are associated with an increased risk for multiple
      suicide attempts. Most of these attempts appeared to be spontaneous and impulsive
      rather than planned. In particular, this study highlights the importance of
      previous suicide attempts, history of suicide in the family, history of stressful
      life events in the previous 6 months, poor income, unemployment, sleep
      disturbances, severe hopelessness with depression, and coexisting symptoms of
      anxiety as risk factors. CONCLUSION: The first step in prevention of suicides is
      doubtlessly strong and reliable communication, due to the fact that the majority
      of subjects who commit suicide have had contact with a health professional during
      the month before the suicide.

PMID- 26966363
TI  - Intractable restless legs syndrome: role of prolonged-release oxycodone-naloxone.
AB  - Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common neurological disorder characterized by
      an irresistible urge to move the legs accompanied by uncomfortable sensations
      that occur at night or at time of rest. Pharmacological therapy should be limited
      to patients who suffer from clinically relevant symptoms. Chronic RLS is usually
      treated with either a dopamine agonist (pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine) or
      an alpha2delta calcium-channel ligand (gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil,
      pregabalin). Augmentation is the main complication of long-term dopaminergic
      treatment, and frequently requires a reduction of current dopaminergic dose or a
      switch to non-dopaminergic medications. Opioids as monotherapy or add-on
      treatment should be considered when alternative satisfactory regimens are
      unavailable and the severity of symptoms warrants it. In a recent Phase III
      trial, oxycodone-naloxone prolonged release (PR) demonstrated a significant and
      sustained effect on patients with severe RLS inadequately controlled by previous
      treatments. The adverse-event profile was consistent with the safety profile of
      opioids. The most frequent adverse events were fatigue, constipation, nausea,
      headache, hyperhidrosis, somnolence, dry mouth, and pruritus. Adverse events were
      usually mild or moderate in intensity. No cases of augmentation were reported.
      Oxycodone-naloxone PR is approved for the second-line symptomatic treatment of
      adults with severe to very severe idiopathic RLS after failure of dopaminergic
      treatment. Further studies are needed to evaluate if oxycodone-naloxone PR is
      equally efficacious as a first-line treatment. Moreover, long-term comparative
      studies between opioids, dopaminergic drugs and alpha2delta ligands are needed. 

PMID- 26966364
TI  - Attitudes toward metabolic adverse events among patients with schizophrenia in
      Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome is a growing concern among patients with
      schizophrenia because metabolic abnormalities are widely regarded as a major risk
      factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death. The current study assessed
      attitudes toward metabolic adverse events among patients with schizophrenia.
      METHODS: A brief questionnaire was constructed to investigate patient recognition
      of the following broad areas: dietary habits, lifestyle, self-monitoring,
      knowledge, and medical practice. Between January 2012 and June 2013,
      questionnaires were sent to patients associated with 520 outpatient facilities
      and 247 inpatient facilities belonging to the Japan Psychiatric Hospital
      Association. All of the participants (n=22,072; inpatients =15,170, outpatients
      =6,902) were diagnosed with schizophrenia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical
      Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, or the International Classification
      of Diseases, tenth revision. RESULTS: Approximately 55.0% (8,069/14,669) of
      inpatients and 44.8% of outpatients (2,978/6,649) reported that they did not
      exercise at all. Although 60.9% (4,116/6,760) of outpatients reported that they
      felt obese, only 35.6% (5,261/14,794) of inpatients felt obese. More than half of
      the inpatients (51.2%; 7,514/14,690) and outpatients (60.8%; 4,086/6,721) hoped
      to receive regular blood tests to prevent weight gain and diseases such as
      diabetes. CONCLUSION: Although more than half of patients hoped to prevent weight
      gain and diabetes, only a minority of patients were mindful of eating balanced
      meals and having physical exercise. Educational efforts and the promotion of the
      best pharmacotherapy and monitoring practices are needed for patients with
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 26966365
TI  - Development and validation of the Thai version of the 4 'A's Test for delirium
      screening in hospitalized elderly patients with acute medical illnesses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The English version of the 4 'A's Test (4AT) is a rapid screening
      tool for delirium with a high sensitivity and specificity among hospitalized
      elderly patients. OBJECTIVE: To develop the Thai version of the 4AT (4AT-T) and
      assess its validity. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: A total of 97 elderly patients aged 60
      years or above who were admitted to the general medical wards were included.
      METHODS: Both authors independently translated the English version of the 4AT
      into Thai and thereafter developed a single reconciled forward translation by
      consensus. Back translation was performed by a bilingual native English speaker
      and it was then reviewed to ensure its agreement with the original one. After 24
      hours of admission, subjects were enrolled and clinical data collected. Definite
      diagnosis of delirium was made by a psychiatrist using the Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text-Revision criteria and
      the 6-item Thai Delirium Rating Scale; the 4AT was then administered to
      participants by nurses within 30 minutes. A 4AT score >=4 was considered positive
      for delirium screening. The optimal cut-off point of the 4AT-T was identified by
      Youden's index. RESULTS: In all, 24 out of 97 participants met the Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text-Revision criteria for
      delirium. At a cut-off score of 4 or greater, the 4AT-T exhibited satisfactory
      diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 83.3% (95% confidence interval (CI):
      62.6%-95.3%) and specificity of 86.3% (95% CI: 76.3%-93.2%). The area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.92. The specified score provided
      maximal Youden's index, suggesting an optimal criterion value for delirium
      screening. CONCLUSION: The 4AT-T is a valid delirium-screening instrument for
      hospitalized elderly patients with acute medical illnesses.

PMID- 26966366
TI  - A voxel-based morphometric study of age- and sex-related changes in white matter
      volume in the normal aging brain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To carry out a cross-sectional study of 187 cognitively normal Chinese
      adults using the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach to delineate age-related
      changes in the white matter volume of regions of interest in the brain and
      further analyze their correlation with age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 187
      cognitively normal adults were divided into the young, middle, and old age
      groups. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging was performed with the Achieva
      3.0 T system. Structural images were processed using VBM8 and statistical
      parametric mapping 8. Regions of interest were obtained by WFU PickAtlas, and all
      realigned images were spatially normalized. RESULTS: Females showed significantly
      greater total white matter volume than males (t=2.36, P=0.0096, false-discovery
      rate [FDR] corrected). VBM demonstrated statistically significant age-related
      differences in white matter volume between the young age-group and the middle age
      group (P<0.05, FDR corrected) and between the middle age-group and the old age
      group (P<0.05, FDR corrected). No interaction was found between age and sex on
      white matter volume (P<0.05, FDR corrected). Logistic regression analysis
      revealed nonlinear correlation between total white matter volume and age (R
      (2)=0.124, P<0.001). White matter volume gradually increased before 40 years of
      age, peaked around 50 years of age, and rapidly declined after 60 years of age.
      CONCLUSION: Significant age-related differences are present in white matter
      volume across multiple brain regions during aging. The VBM approach may help
      differentiate underlying normal neurobiological aging changes of specific brain
      regions from neurodegenerative impairments.

PMID- 26966368
TI  - Effect of red yeast rice combined with antioxidants on lipid pattern, hs-CRP
      level, and endothelial function in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects.
AB  - Our aim was to test, through a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      randomized clinical trial, if a short-term treatment with 10 mg monacolins
      combined with antioxidants could improve lipid pattern, high-sensitivity C
      reactive protein (hs-CRP), and endothelial function in a small cohort of
      moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Thus, 25 healthy, moderately
      hypercholesterolemic subjects were consecutively enrolled and, after 4 weeks of
      stabilization diet, were randomized to the sequence placebo followed by a
      washout, monacolins or monacolins followed by a washout, placebo, with each
      period being 4 weeks long. At each study step, a complete lipid pattern, safety
      parameters, hs-CRP, and endothelial function have been measured. When compared to
      the placebo phase, during monacolin treatment, patients experienced a more
      favorable percentage change in total cholesterol (TC) (TC after monacolin
      treatment, -18.35%; TC after placebo treatment, -5.39%), low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (LDL-C) (LDL after monacolin treatment, -22.36%; LDL after placebo
      treatment, -1.38%), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (non-HDL
      after monacolin treatment, -22.83%; non-HDL after placebo treatment: -7.15%), hs
      CRP (hs-CRP after monacolin treatment: -2.33%; hs-CRP after placebo treatment,
      2.11%), and endothelial function (pulse volume displacement after monacolin
      treatment, 18.59%; pulse volume displacement after placebo treatment, -6.69%). No
      significant difference was observed with regard to triglycerides, HDL
      cholesterol, and safety parameters. On the basis of our data, we could
      demonstrate that a 10 mg monacolin nutraceutical treatment appears to safely
      reduce cholesterolemia, hs-CRP, and markers of vascular remodeling in moderately
      hypercholesterolemic subjects. These results need to be confirmed in larger
      patient samples and in studies with longer duration. 

PMID- 26966369
TI  - Ethyl pyruvate protects against sepsis by regulating energy metabolism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a derivative of pyruvic acid that has been
      demonstrated to be a potential scavenger of reactive oxygen species as well as an
      anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of
      EP and its role in regulating the energy metabolism in the livers of cecal
      ligation-and-puncture-induced septic mice. METHODS: The animals were treated
      intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of Ringer's lactate solution or an equivalent
      volume of Ringer's lactate solution containing EP immediately after cecal
      ligation and puncture. Each mouse in the Sham group was only subjected to a
      laparotomy. At 30-, 60-, 180-, and 360-minute time points, we measured the
      histopathological alterations of the intestines, and the plasma levels of
      interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and the
      total antioxidative capacity, malondialdehyde content, and lactate and
      lactate/pyruvate levels in livers. Furthermore, we detected the levels of
      adenosine triphosphate, total adenylate, and energy charge in the livers.
      RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the administration of EP significantly
      improved the survival rate and reduced intestinal histological alterations. EP
      inhibited the plasma levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      and increased the IL-10 level. EP significantly inhibited the elevation of the
      malondialdehyde, lactate, and lactate/pyruvate levels and enhanced the total
      antioxidative capacity levels in the liver tissues. The downregulation of the
      adenosine triphosphate, total adenylate, and energy charge levels in the liver
      tissues was reversed in the septic mice treated with EP. CONCLUSION: The results
      suggest that EP administration effectively modulates the energy metabolism, which
      may be an important component in treatment of sepsis.

PMID- 26966367
TI  - Medical management of epileptic seizures: challenges and solutions.
AB  - Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic illnesses. This condition afflicts
      2.9 million adults and children in the US, leading to an economic impact
      amounting to $15.5 billion. Despite the significant burden epilepsy places on the
      population, it is not very well understood. As this understanding continues to
      evolve, it is important for clinicians to stay up to date with the latest
      advances to provide the best care for patients. In the last 20 years, the US Food
      and Drug Administration has approved 15 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), with many
      more currently in development. Other advances have been achieved in terms of
      diagnostic modalities like electroencephalography technology, treatment devices
      like vagal nerve and deep-brain stimulators, novel alternate routes of drug
      administration, and improvement in surgical techniques. Specific patient
      populations, such as the pregnant, elderly, those with HIV/AIDS, and those with
      psychiatric illness, present their own unique challenges, with AED side effects,
      drug interactions, and medical-psychiatric comorbidities adding to the conundrum.
      The purpose of this article is to review the latest literature guiding the
      management of acute epileptic seizures, focusing on the current challenges across
      different practice settings, and it discusses studies in various patient
      populations, including the pregnant, geriatric, those with HIV/AIDS, comatose,
      psychiatric, and "pseudoseizure" patients, and offers possible evidence-based
      solutions or the expert opinion of the authors. Also included is information on
      newer AEDs, routes of administration, and significant AED-related drug
      interaction tables. This review has tried to address only some of these issues
      that any practitioner who deals with the acute management of seizures may
      encounter. The document also highlights the numerous avenues for new research
      that would help practitioners optimize epilepsy management. 

PMID- 26966370
TI  - Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for Barcelona clinic liver cancer very
      early/early stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review.
AB  - AIM: To compare the long-term survival outcomes of radiofrequency ablation and
      liver resection for single very early/early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      METHODS: The Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2015), Embase (1974 to March 15, 2015),
      PubMed (1950 to March 15, 2015), Web of Science (1900 to March 15, 2015), and
      Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (1978 to March 15, 2015) were searched to
      identify relevant trials. Only trials that compared radiofrequency ablation and
      liver resection for single very early stage (<=2 cm) or early stage (<=3 cm) HCC
      according to the Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) staging system were
      considered for inclusion in this review. The primary outcomes that we analyzed
      were the 3-year and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates, and the secondary
      outcomes that we analyzed were the 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS)
      rates. Review Manager 5.3 was used to perform a cumulative meta-analysis.
      Possible publication bias was examined using a funnel plot. A random-effects
      model was applied to summarize the various outcomes. RESULTS: Six studies
      involving 947 patients were identified that compared radiofrequency ablation
      (n=528) to liver resection (n=419) for single BCLC very early HCC. In these six
      studies, the rates of 3-year OS, 5-year OS, 3-year DFS, and 5-year DFS were
      significantly lower in the radiofrequency ablation group than in the liver
      resection group (risk ratio [RR] =0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.98,
      P=0.01; RR =0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.95, P=0.004; RR =0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.98,
      P=0.04; and RR =0.70, 95% CI: 0.52-0.94, P=0.02, respectively). Ten studies
      involving 2,501 patients were identified that compared radiofrequency ablation
      (n=1,476) to liver resection (n=1,025) for single BCLC early HCC. In these ten
      studies, the rates of 3-year OS, 5-year OS, 3-year DFS, and 5-year DFS were also
      significantly lower in the radiofrequency ablation group than in the liver
      resection group (RR =0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.98, P=0.003; RR =0.84, 95% CI: 0.75
      0.94, P=0.002; RR =0.72, 95% CI: 0.58-0.89, P=0.002; and RR =0.47, 95% CI: 0.33
      0.67, P<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The long-term survival outcomes for
      patients with single BCLC very early/early stage HCC appear to be superior after
      liver resection compared to radiofrequency ablation.

PMID- 26966371
TI  - Home care assistants' perspectives on detecting mental health problems and
      promoting mental health among community-dwelling seniors with multimorbidity.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Elderly people with multiple chronic conditions, or multimorbidity,
      are at risk of developing poor mental health. These seniors often remain in their
      homes with support from home care assistants (HCAs). Mental health promotion by
      HCAs needs to be studied further because they may be among the first to observe
      changes in clients' mental health status. AIM: To describe HCAs' perspectives on
      detecting mental health problems and promoting mental health among homebound
      seniors with multimorbidity. METHODS: We applied a descriptive qualitative study
      design using semi-structured interviews. Content analyses were performed on five
      focus group interviews conducted in 2014 with 26 HCAs. RESULTS: Most HCAs stated
      that they were experienced in caring for clients with mental health problems such
      as anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and high alcohol consumption. The HCAs
      mentioned as causes, or risk factors, multiple chronic conditions, feelings of
      loneliness, and social isolation. The findings reveal that continuity of care and
      seniors' own thoughts and perceptions were essential to detecting mental health
      problems. Observation, collaboration, and social support emerged as important
      means of detecting mental health problems and promoting mental health.
      CONCLUSION: The HCAs had knowledge of risk factors, but they seemed insecure
      about which health professionals had the primary responsibility for mental
      health. They also seemed to have detected early signs of mental health problems,
      even though good personal knowledge of the client and continuity in home visits
      were crucial to do so. When it came to mental health promotion, the suggestions
      related to the aim of ending social isolation, decreasing feelings of loneliness,
      and increasing physical activity. The results indicate that the HCAs seemed
      dependent on supervision by district nurses and on care managers' decisions to
      support the needed care, to schedule assignments related to the detection of
      mental health problems, and to promote mental health.

PMID- 26966374
TI  - Primary renal carcinoid tumor: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this case report is to discuss the clinicopathological
      features of a patient with a primary renal carcinoid tumor. METHODS: We report on
      the clinical and pathological information of one case of a patient with a primary
      renal carcinoid tumor as well as review relative literature. RESULTS: The patient
      was diagnosed with a renal tumor when she received physical examination, and
      exhibited no positive symptoms. The diameter of tumor was 5 cm, the cross surface
      of the tumor was light yellow and firm, and the central part was soft with
      hemorrhage and necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining revealed strong and diffuse
      staining with synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neuron-specific enolase.
      CONCLUSION: A primary renal carcinoid tumor is extremely rare. Surgical resection
      is a preferred therapeutic method.

PMID- 26966373
TI  - Inferring Orthologs: Open Questions and Perspectives.
AB  - With the increasing number of sequenced genomes and their comparisons, the
      detection of orthologs is crucial for reliable functional annotation and
      evolutionary analyses of genes and species. Yet, the dynamic remodeling of genome
      content through gain, loss, transfer of genes, and segmental and whole-genome
      duplication hinders reliable orthology detection. Moreover, the lack of direct
      functional evidence and the questionable quality of some available genome
      sequences and annotations present additional difficulties to assess orthology.
      This article reviews the existing computational methods and their potential
      accuracy in the high-throughput era of genome sequencing and anticipates open
      questions in terms of methodology, reliability, and computation. Appropriate
      taxon sampling together with combination of methods based on similarity,
      phylogeny, synteny, and evolutionary knowledge that may help detecting speciation
      events appears to be the most accurate strategy. This review also raises
      perspectives on the potential determination of orthology throughout the whole
      species phylogeny. 

PMID- 26966372
TI  - Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Cellular Iron Homeostasis and Ultimate
      Links to Human Disease.
AB  - Chronic disease has increased in the past several decades, and environmental
      pollutants have been implicated. The magnitude and variety of diseases may
      indicate the malfunctioning of some basic mechanisms underlying human health.
      Environmental pollutants demonstrate a capability to complex iron through
      electronegative functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.
      Cellular exposure to the chemical or its metabolite may cause a loss of requisite
      functional iron from intracellular sites. The cell is compelled to acquire
      further iron critical to its survival by activation of iron-responsive proteins
      and increasing iron import. Iron homeostasis in the exposed cells is altered due
      to a new equilibrium being established between iron-requiring cells and the
      inappropriate chelator (the pollutant or its catabolite). Following exposure to
      environmental pollutants, the perturbation of functional iron homeostasis may be
      the mechanism leading to adverse biological effects. Understanding the mechanism
      may lead to intervention methods for this major public health concern. 

PMID- 26966375
TI  - Elevated preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor
      prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the prognostic relevance of preoperative peripheral
      neutrophil- to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 129 consecutive GIST patients who
      underwent initial curative surgical resection with or without adjuvant/palliative
      imatinib treatment in our study. Blood NLR was calculated as neutrophil count
      (number of neutrophils *10(9)/L) divided by lymphocyte count (number of
      lymphocytes *10(9)/L). Survival curves were constructed by using the Kaplan-Meier
      method. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models
      were performed to identify associations with outcome variable. All tests were two
      sided, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The optimal
      cut-off value of NLR was 2.07 in the receiver operating characteristic curve
      analysis. The median overall survival (OS) of high NLR group was 113.0 months,
      whereas that of the low NLR group had not reached the median OS both in the
      general (P<0.001) and subgroup analyses. The elevated NLR suggested shorter OS in
      the high malignant potential groups (P=0.01) and the combined low and moderate
      groups (P=0.02). Increased NLR indicated poor OS in patients regardless of
      whether if received imatinib treatment or not (P=0.005, and P=0.032,
      respectively). High NLR indicated poor OS of patients in stage I and II disease
      (P=0.005) and a clear tendency that increased level of NLR is inimical to OS.
      CONCLUSION: Elevated NLR was detected as an independent adverse prognostic
      factor. Elevated preoperative NLR predicts poor clinical outcome in GIST patients
      and may serve as a cost-effective and broadly available independent prognostic
      biomarker.

PMID- 26966377
TI  - Interleukin-27 rs153109 polymorphism and the risk of non-small-cell lung cancer
      in a Chinese population.
AB  - Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a multifactorial pathogenesis, and the
      genetic background may be one of the critical etiologic factors. Interleukin (IL)
      27, a novel member of the IL-12 family, plays a vital role in antitumor immunity.
      The aim of the current study was to determine the association of a single
      nucleotide polymorphism of the IL-27 gene with the risk of NSCLC. The genotype of
      the IL-27 rs153109 polymorphism was analyzed in 388 patients with NSCLC and 390
      healthy controls by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
      polymorphism and DNA sequencing methods. In the patients with NSCLC, the
      frequencies of the GG, GA, and AA genotypes and the G and A alleles were 14.0%,
      56.4%, 29.6%, 42.1%, and 57.9%, respectively. There were no significant
      differences in the genotype and allele distributions of the IL-27 rs153109
      polymorphism between the patients with NSCLC and healthy controls (P>0.05).
      Furthermore, no association was determined between this polymorphism and
      different clinical characteristics in patients with NSCLC. Taken together, these
      findings suggest that the IL-27 gene may not be involved in the development of
      NSCLC in the Chinese population. 

PMID- 26966376
TI  - Arsenic trioxide inhibits viability and induces apoptosis through reactivating
      the Wnt inhibitor secreted frizzled related protein-1 in prostate cancer cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) induces
      apoptosis and inhibits tumor cell growth in prostate cancer (PCa), although
      details of the mechanism are still inconclusive. We investigated the antitumor
      effect of As2O3 in human PCa cell lines LNCaP and PC3 and the underlying
      mechanisms by focusing on the Wnt signaling pathway. METHODS: The effect of As2O3
      on the viability and apoptosis of PCa cells was investigated by cholecystokinin-8
      and flow cytometry. The expression of the related proteins in the Wnt signaling
      pathway and the downstream target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway was examined
      by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR assay. The methylation status of
      the SFRP1 gene promoter was assessed by bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS: As2O3
      inhibited the viability of PCa cells and induced apoptosis of PCa cells in a dose
      dependent manner. The protein level of phosphoglycogen synthase kinase-3beta was
      upregulated, whereas the protein level of beta-catenin and the mRNA levels of c
      MYC, MMP-7, and COX-2 were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner in PCa cells
      treated with As2O3. In addition, As2O3 upregulated the protein and mRNA levels of
      secreted frizzled related protein-1, and increased the demethylation of the SFRP1
      gene promoter. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that As2O3 may inhibit cell
      viability and induce apoptosis through reactivating the Wnt inhibitor secreted
      frizzled related protein-1 in both androgen-dependent and -independent human PCa.

PMID- 26966378
TI  - Association between three exonuclease 1 polymorphisms and cancer risks: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - To date, the results of studies exploring the relation between exonuclease 1
      (Exo1) polymorphisms and cancer risks have differed. In this study, we performed
      a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of the three most extensively studied
      Exo1 polymorphisms (Pro757Leu, Glu589Lys, and Glu670Gly) on cancer
      susceptibility. The related studies published before August 5, 2015, were
      collected by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases. We found 16 publications
      containing studies that were eligible for our study, including 10 studies for
      Pro757Leu polymorphism (4,093 cases and 3,834 controls), 12 studies for Glu589Lys
      polymorphism (6,479 cases and 6,550 controls), and 7 studies for Glu670Gly
      polymorphism (3,700 cases and 3,496 controls). Pooled odds ratios and 95%
      confidence intervals were used to assess the strength of the associations, and
      all the statistical analyses were calculated using the software program STATA
      version 12.0. Our results revealed that the Pro757Leu polymorphism was
      significantly associated with a reduced cancer risk, whereas an inverse
      association was found for the Glu589Lys polymorphism. Furthermore, subgroup
      analysis of smoking status indicated that the Glu589Lys polymorphism was
      significantly associated with an increased cancer risk in smokers, but not in
      nonsmokers. However, no evidence was found for an association between the
      Glu670Gly polymorphism and cancer risk. In conclusion, this meta-analysis
      suggests that the Pro757Leu polymorphism may provide protective effects against
      cancer, while the Glu589Lys polymorphism may be a risk factor for cancer.
      Moreover, the Glu670Gly polymorphism may have no influence on cancer
      susceptibility. In the future, large-scaled and well-designed studies are needed
      to achieve a more precise and comprehensive result. 

PMID- 26966379
TI  - Plasma levels and diagnostic utility of VEGF, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in the diagnosis
      of patients with breast cancer.
AB  - Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue
      inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer
      disease. We investigated their levels and utility in comparison to cancer antigen
      (CA) 15-3 in patients with breast cancer (BC) and in relation to the control
      groups. The study included 100 women with BC, 50 patients with benign breast
      tumor, and 50 healthy women. The plasma levels of the tested parameters were
      determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while CA 15-3 with
      chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The results demonstrated significant
      differences in the concentration of the tested parameters and CA 15-3 between
      groups of patients with BC and healthy patients or patients with benign breast
      tumor. The plasma levels of VEGF and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were
      significantly higher in advanced tumor stages. The tested parameters were
      comparable to CA 15-3 values of the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, the
      predictive values of positive and negative test results, and the area under the
      receiver-operating characteristic curve. The combined use of the tested
      parameters with CA 15-3 resulted in the increase in sensitivity, negative
      predictive value, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve,
      especially in the combination of VEGF with tumor marker (84%, 73%, 0.888,
      respectively). These findings suggest the usefulness of the tested parameters in
      the diagnosis of BC. VEGF, especially in combination with CA 15-3, showed the
      highest usefulness in the diagnosis of early BC. 

PMID- 26966380
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy is superior to chemotherapy following
      surgical treatment of stage IIIA N2 non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - The use of additional radiotherapy for resected stage IIIA N2 non-small-cell lung
      cancer in the setting of standard adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. A
      comprehensive search (last search updated in March 2015) for relevant studies
      comparing patients with stage IIIA N2 non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing
      resection after treatment with adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy alone or
      adjuvant postoperative chemoradiotherapy (POCRT) was conducted. Hazard ratios
      (HRs) were extracted from these studies to give pooled estimates of the effects
      of POCRT on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Six studies
      were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated that POCRT had a greater OS benefit
      than postoperative chemotherapy (HR =0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79
      0.96, P=0.006). Unfortunately, there was no significant difference in DFS between
      the two groups: the combined HR for DFS was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.57-1.46, P=0.706). In
      a subgroup analysis of two randomized controlled trials (n=172 patients), adding
      radiation was of no benefit to either OS (HR =0.72, 95% CI: 0.49-1.06, P=0.094)
      or DFS (HR =1.45, 95% CI: 1.00-2.09, P=0.047). In summary, compared with
      postoperative chemotherapy, POCRT was beneficial to OS but not DFS in patients
      with stage IIIA N2 non-small-cell lung cancer. 

PMID- 26966382
TI  - Short- and longer-term health-care resource utilization and costs associated with
      acute ischemic stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The mean lifetime cost of ischemic stroke is approximately $140,048
      in the United States, placing stroke among the top 10 most costly conditions
      among Medicare beneficiaries. The objective of this study was to describe the
      health-care resource utilization and costs in the year following hospitalization
      for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS: This retrospective claims analysis
      quantifies utilization and costs following inpatient admission for AIS among the
      commercially insured and Medicare beneficiaries in the Truven Health databases.
      Patients who were 18 years or older and continuously enrolled for 12 months
      before and after an AIS event occurring (index) between January 2009 and December
      2012 were identified. Patients with AIS in the year preindex were excluded.
      Demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated at admission and in the
      preindex, respectively. Direct costs, readmissions, and inpatient length of stay
      (LOS) were described in the year postindex. RESULTS: The eligible populations
      comprised 20,314 commercially insured patients and 31,037 Medicare beneficiaries.
      Average all-cause costs were $61,354 and $44,929 (commercial and Medicare,
      respectively) in the first year after the AIS. Approximately 50%-55% of total 12
      month costs were incurred between day 31 and day 365 following the incident AIS.
      One quarter (24.6%) of commercially insured patients and 38.8% of Medicare
      beneficiaries were readmitted within 30 days with 16.6% and 71.7% (commercial and
      Medicare, respectively) of those having a principal diagnosis of AIS. The average
      AIS-related readmission length of stay was nearly three times that of the initial
      hospitalization for both commercially insured patients (3.8 vs 10.8 days) and
      Medicare beneficiaries (4.0 vs 10.8 days). CONCLUSION: In addition to the
      substantial costs of the initial hospitalization of an AIS, these costs double
      within the year following this event. Given the high cost associated with AIS,
      new interventions reducing either the acute or longer-term burden of AIS are
      needed.

PMID- 26966381
TI  - Efficacy and safety of icotinib as first-line therapy in patients with advanced
      non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Several clinical trials have proven that icotinib
      hydrochloride, a novel epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor, exhibits encouraging efficacy and tolerability in patients with
      advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who failed previous chemotherapy.
      This study was performed to assess the efficacy and toxicity of icotinib as first
      line therapy for patients with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma with EGFR
      sensitive mutation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with advanced
      NSCLC with EGFR-sensitive mutation who were sequentially admitted to the First
      Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from March 2012 to March 2014
      were enrolled into our retrospective research. All patients were administered
      icotinib as first-line treatment. The tumor responses were evaluated using
      Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST, version 1.1). RESULTS:
      Among the 35 patients, the tumor objective response rate (ORR) and disease
      control rate were 62.9% (22/35) and 88.6% (31/35), respectively. The median
      progression-free survival was 11.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.2
      11.8 months), and median overall survival was 21.0 months (95% CI: 20.1-21.9
      months). The most common drug-related toxicities were rashes (eleven patients)
      and diarrhea (nine patients), but these were generally manageable and reversible.
      CONCLUSION: Icotinib monotherapy is effective and tolerable as first-line
      treatment for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR-sensitive
      mutation.

PMID- 26966383
TI  - Patient considerations in type 2 diabetes - role of combination dapagliflozin
      metformin XR.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this review article is to provide guidance to health care
      providers regarding the use of dapagliflozin-metformin XR (extended release) as a
      therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      (T2DM). METHODS: The PubMed database was searched through August 2015 to identify
      clinical trials and meta-analyses evaluating the use of the sodium-glucose
      cotransporter type 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin administered as monotherapy or in
      combination with metformin. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included for this
      review, six of which evaluated dapagliflozin in combination with metformin, one
      of which evaluated dapagliflozin monotherapy, and four of which evaluated
      dapagliflozin as an add-on therapy to other antidiabetic agents. The combination
      of dapagliflozin and metformin resulted in an A1C decrease of up to 2%, weight
      loss of 2-3 kg, and modest systolic blood pressure decrease of 3-5 mmHg. However,
      long-term effects on cancer and cardiovascular health are still being
      investigated. Providing patients with a fixed-dose combination therapy such as
      dapagliflozin-metformin XR can increase medication adherence and patient
      satisfaction, and improve glycemic control. Dapagliflozin-metformin XR is ideal
      because it can be administered orally once a day, is associated with a low risk
      of hypoglycemia, and provides the added benefit of weight reduction and modest
      blood pressure lowering. CONCLUSION: The unique combined mechanism of action and
      favorable efficacy and safety profile of dapagliflozin-metformin XR support
      consideration of this fixed-dose combination as a treatment option for patients
      with T2DM.

PMID- 26966385
TI  - Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy: a test case for precision medicine.
AB  - Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is characterized by the clinical triad
      of scapulohumeroperoneal muscle weakness, joint contractures, and cardiac defects
      that include arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy. Although there is a defining
      group of clinical findings, the proteins responsible and their underlying gene
      defects leading to EDMD are varied. A common aspect of the gene defects is their
      involvement in, or with, the nuclear envelope. Treatment approaches are largely
      based on clinical symptoms. The genetic diversity of EDMD predicts that a cure
      will ultimately depend upon the individual's defect at the gene level, making
      this an ideal candidate for a precision medicine approach. 

PMID- 26966386
TI  - The cost-utility of treating anemia with continuous erythropoietin receptor
      activator or Epoetin versus routine blood transfusions among chronic hemodialysis
      patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the cost-utility of
      treating anemic dialysis patients with continuous erythropoietin receptor
      activator (CERA) once monthly or Epoetin Beta (EpoB) thrice weekly compared with
      a reference strategy of managing anemia with red blood cell transfusion (RBCT).
      METHODS: Cost-utility analysis study design. Decision analysis model, National
      health care payer, over 1 year with the publicly funded health care system.
      Chronic hemodialysis patients with renal anemia were included. The outcome marker
      of this study was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)
      gained (incremental cost-utility ratio [ICUR]) of CERA or EpoB relative to RBCT.
      RESULTS: The total cost per patient (in US$) was estimated at $2,176.37,
      $4,107.01, and $4,356.69 for RBCT, CERA, and EpoB, respectively. The cost-utility
      ratio was calculated at 4,423.52, 6,955.50, and 7,406.38 $/QALY for RBCT, CERA,
      and EpoB, with an ICUR of CERA and EpoB in relation to RBCT at 19,606.40 and
      22,466.09 $/QALY, respectively. In sensitivity analysis, the model was most
      sensitive to hospitalization costs, hospital stay, and annual number of RBCT
      units. Also, assuming utility and survival improvement with erythropoiesis
      stimulating agents use resulted in a decrease in ICUR at 13,429 $/QALY for CERA
      and 15,331 $/QALY for EpoB. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the main
      results of our model were unchanged; CERA and EpoB were more costly and more
      effective than RBCT below a threshold of 19,500 $/QALY. CERA was the best option
      for a willingness to pay over 19,500 $/QALY. LIMITATIONS: Some model parameters
      were obtained from observational data, the comparator RBCT is not the standard of
      care. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that managing anemia in dialysis patients
      with CERA or EpoB may result in better outcomes with higher overall costs.
      Considering different assumptions, we found substantial variability in the
      estimates of the cost-utility and incremental of using CERA or EpoB.

PMID- 26966384
TI  - In vitro study of RRS HA injectable mesotherapy/biorevitalization product on
      human skin fibroblasts and its clinical utilization.
AB  - Mesotherapy/biorevitalization with hyaluronic acid (HA) is a treatment approach
      currently used for skin rejuvenation. Various products with a wide range of
      polycomponent formulations are available on the market. Most of these
      formulations contain noncross-linked HA in combination with a biorevitalization
      cocktail, formed by various amounts of vitamins, minerals, amino acids,
      nucleotides, coenzymes, and antioxidants. Although ingredients are very similar
      among the different products, in vitro and clinical effects may vary
      substantially. There is a real need for better characterization of these products
      in terms of their action on human skin or in vitro skin models. In this study, we
      analyzed the effect of the RRS((r)) (Repairs, Refills, Stimulates) HA injectable
      medical device on human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Skin fibroblast viability and
      its capacity to induce the production of key extracellular matrix were evaluated
      in the presence of different concentrations of RRS HA injectable. Viability was
      evaluated through colorimetric MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl
      tetrazolium bromide) assay, and key extracellular matrix genes, type I collagen
      and elastin, were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results
      demonstrated that RRS HA injectable could promote human skin fibroblast viability
      (+15%) and increase fibroblast gene expression of type I collagen and elastin by
      9.7-fold and 14-fold in vitro, respectively. These results demonstrate that
      mesotherapy/biorevitalization products can, at least in vitro, effectively
      modulate human skin fibroblasts. 

PMID- 26966387
TI  - Quality of life under oxycodone/naloxone, oxycodone, or morphine treatment for
      chronic low back pain in routine clinical practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of life of patients with moderate-to-severe
      chronic low back pain under treatment with the WHO-step III opioids
      oxycodone/naloxone, oxycodone, or morphine in routine clinical practice. STUDY
      DESIGN: Prospective, 12-week, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point study in
      88 medical centers in Germany. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 901 patients
      requiring around-the-clock pain treatment with a WHO-step III opioid were
      randomized to either morphine, oxycodone, or oxycodone/naloxone (1:1:1). Changes
      from baseline to week 12 in quality of life were assessed using different
      validated tools (EuroQoL-5 Dimensions [EQ-5D], Short Form 12 [SF-12], quality of
      life impairment by pain inventory [QLIP]). RESULTS: EQ-5D weighted index scores
      significantly improved over the 12-week treatment period under all three opioids
      (P<0.001) with significantly greater improvements under oxycodone/naloxone (65.2%
      vs 49.6% for oxycodone and 48.2% for morphine, P<0.001). The proportion of
      patients without EQ-5D complaints was also significantly higher under
      oxycodone/naloxone (P<0.001). Although quality of life ratings with the QLIP
      inventory showed significant improvements in all the three treatment arms,
      improvements were significantly higher under oxycodone/naloxone than under
      oxycodone and morphine (P<0.001): 90.7% of all oxycodone/naloxone patients
      achieved >=30% improvements in quality of life, 72.8% had >=50%, and 33.2% >=70%
      improvements. Similarly, both physical and mental SF-12 component scores showed
      significantly greater improvements under oxycodone/naloxone with both scores
      close to the German population norm after 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Treatment with
      morphine, oxycodone, or oxycodone/naloxone under routine daily practice
      conditions significantly improved state of health and quality of life of patients
      with moderate-to-severe low back pain over a 12-week treatment period. Comparison
      between the treatment groups showed significantly greater improvements for
      oxycodone/naloxone than for the other two opioids.

PMID- 26966388
TI  - Not everything that can be done should be done.

PMID- 26966389
TI  - Autophagy Induction Protects Against 7-Oxysterol-induced Cell Death via Lysosomal
      Pathway and Oxidative Stress.
AB  - 7-Oxysterols are major toxic components in oxidized low-density lipoprotein and
      human atheroma lesions, which cause lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and
      cell death. Autophagy may function as a survival mechanism in this process. Here,
      we investigated whether 7-oxysterols mixed in an atheroma-relevant proportion
      induce autophagy, whether autophagy induction influences 7-oxysterol-mediated
      cell death, and the underlying mechanisms, by focusing on cellular lipid levels,
      oxidative stress, and LMP in 7-oxysterol-treated macrophages. We found that 7
      oxysterols induced cellular lipid accumulation, autophagy dysfunction, and cell
      death in the form of both apoptosis and necrosis. Exposure to 7-oxysterols
      induced autophagic vacuole synthesis in the form of increased autophagy marker
      microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and LC3
      phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and autophagic vacuole formation.
      This led to an accumulation of p62, indicating a reduction in autophagic vacuole
      degradation. Importantly, autophagy induction significantly reduced 7-oxysterol
      mediated cell death by diminishing LMP and oxidative stress. Moreover, autophagy
      induction minimized cellular lipid accumulation induced by 7-oxysterols. These
      findings highlight the importance of autophagy in combating cellular stress, LMP,
      and cell death in atherosclerosis. Therefore, activation of the autophagy pathway
      may be a potential therapeutic strategy for prevention of necrotic core formation
      in atherosclerotic lesions. 

PMID- 26966391
TI  - Smoking Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Among Health Care Professionals from
      Sulaymaniyah City/Iraq.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Smoking is a serious risk to health globally. Health care
      professionals play a key role in the prevention of smoking as they are considered
      a role model by patients. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are to evaluate
      smoking rate among physicians and dentists from Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan,
      Iraq, and to understand their knowledge and attitudes toward tobacco smoking.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted involving physicians
      and dentists working in both University of Sulaimani and Sulaymaniyah Teaching
      Hospitals. A questionnaire created based on World Health Organization Global
      Health Professional Survey with slight modifications was emailed to the study
      participants and the responses received were analyzed. RESULTS: Incidence of
      smoking among physicians and dentists was 26.5%, with a significantly higher rate
      among male compared to female health care professionals. The mean age of starting
      smoking was 22.3 (+/-4.8) years. Only 7.3% of health care professionals received
      formal training on smoking cessation. All responders agreed that smoking is
      harmful to health. However, ever smokers compared to never smokers were less
      likely to agree that health care professionals should set a positive impact by
      not smoking. CONCLUSION: Smoking rate is high among physicians and dentists from
      Sulaymaniyah city/Iraq, and at the same time, there is a low rate of training on
      smoking cessation.

PMID- 26966393
TI  - A Unique Procedure to Identify Cell Surface Markers Through a Spherical Self
      Organizing Map Applied to DNA Microarray Analysis.
AB  - To identify cell-specific markers, we designed a DNA microarray platform with
      oligonucleotide probes for human membrane-anchored proteins. Human glioma cell
      lines were analyzed using microarray and compared with normal and fetal brain
      tissues. For the microarray analysis, we employed a spherical self-organizing
      map, which is a clustering method suitable for the conversion of multidimensional
      data into two-dimensional data and displays the relationship on a spherical
      surface. Based on the gene expression profile, the cell surface characteristics
      were successfully mirrored onto the spherical surface, thereby distinguishing
      normal brain tissue from the disease model based on the strength of gene
      expression. The clustered glioma-specific genes were further analyzed by
      polymerase chain reaction procedure and immunocytochemical staining of glioma
      cells. Our platform and the following procedure were successfully demonstrated to
      categorize the genes coding for cell surface proteins that are specific to glioma
      cells. Our assessment demonstrates that a spherical self-organizing map is a
      valuable tool for distinguishing cell surface markers and can be employed in
      marker discovery studies for the treatment of cancer. 

PMID- 26966390
TI  - Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Aging Human Retina.
AB  - Degenerative retinal diseases, such as glaucoma, age-related macular
      degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, have complex etiologies with
      environmental, genetic, and epigenetic contributions to disease pathology. Much
      effort has gone into elucidating both the genetic and the environmental risk
      factors for these retinal diseases. However, little is known about how these
      genetic and environmental risk factors bring about molecular changes that lead to
      pathology. Epigenetic mechanisms have received extensive attention of late for
      their promise of bridging the gap between environmental exposures and disease
      development via their influence on gene expression. Recent studies have
      identified epigenetic changes that associate with the incidence and/or
      progression of each of these retinal diseases. Therefore, these epigenetic
      modifications may be involved in the underlying pathological mechanisms leading
      to blindness. Further genome-wide epigenetic studies that incorporate well
      characterized tissue samples, consider challenges similar to those relevant to
      gene expression studies, and combine the genome-wide epigenetic data with genome
      wide genetic and expression data to identify additional potentially causative
      agents of disease are needed. Such studies will allow researchers to create much
      needed therapeutics to prevent and/or intervene in disease progression. Improved
      therapeutics will greatly enhance the quality of life and reduce the burden of
      disease management for millions of patients living with these potentially
      blinding conditions. 

PMID- 26966394
TI  - Molecular Characterization and Bioinformatics Analysis of a Prophenoloxidase-1
      (PPO1) in Plutella xylostella.
AB  - Phenoloxidase (PO) is an important enzyme in insect life, which is involved in
      important physical functions, such as defensive encapsulation and melanization of
      foreign organisms and wound healing. In this study, we obtained a cDNA sequence
      of 2838 bp with 2049 open reading frames encoding 682 amino acids. The protein
      sequence deduced from the cDNA has high homology with the known PPO1 sequences of
      other lepidopterous insects. There were three conserved regions, including the
      two copper-binding sites characteristic of arthropod PPOs. The whole PxPPO1 DNA
      was also obtained with 7202 bp when the five fragments were stitched together and
      the overlapping sequences were deleted. The PxPPO1 DNA consists of 11 introns and
      12 exons, and the homology is 99.9% when the exons are compared with the above
      cDNA. Moreover, the gene expression levels were also determined by
      semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and real-time
      quantitative PCR; the results indicated that PxPPO1 transcripts in the eggs and
      the fourth instar larvae were more abundant, followed by the second and the third
      instar larvae, prepupae, and pupa. 

PMID- 26966395
TI  - Serum and Urinary Interleukin-6 in Assessment of Renal Activity in Egyptian
      Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - AIM OF THE WORK: This study investigates whether serum and urinary interleukin-6
      (IL-6) represent an early marker of kidney involvement and assesses the
      difference between them and renal biopsy in lupus nephritis (LN). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 60 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were compared
      to 20 healthy controls. Urinary and serum IL-6 were measured in both patients and
      controls. In addition, renal biopsy was done prior or shortly after urine and
      blood sampling; the results were classified according to the International
      Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification of LN by recording
      the activity score and chronicity score for each sample. RESULTS: There was a
      significant higher level of urinary IL-6 in the SLE patients with biopsy-proven
      LN than in those without LN and those of the control group. However, no
      significant difference was reported between the three groups as regards serum IL
      6. A strong positive correlation was found between urinary IL-6 and renal disease
      activity based on the renal SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score with no
      significant correlation regarding the extra renal SLEDAI. Urinary IL-6 was
      positively correlated with renal biopsy results and with its activity scores but
      weakly correlated with the chronicity scores. CONCLUSION: Urinary IL-6 may
      provide a simple noninvasive potential marker of disease activity of renal
      involvement in adult patients with SLE.

PMID- 26966392
TI  - Lysophospholipid receptors LPA1-3 are not required for the inhibitory effects of
      LPA on mouse retinal growth cones.
AB  - One of the major requirements in the development of the visual system is axonal
      guidance of retinal ganglion cells toward correct targets in the brain. A novel
      class of extracellular lipid signaling molecules, lysophospholipids, may serve as
      potential axon guidance cues. They signal through cognate G protein-coupled
      receptors, at least some of which are expressed in the visual system. Here we
      show that in the mouse visual system, a lysophospholipid known as
      lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is inhibitory to retinal neurites in vitro when
      delivered extracellularly, causing growth cone collapse and neurite retraction.
      This inhibitory effect of LPA is both active in the nanomolar range and specific
      compared to the related lysophospholipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Knockout
      mice lacking three of the five known LPA receptors, LPA1-3, continue to display
      retinal growth cone collapse and neurite retraction in response to LPA,
      demonstrating that these three receptors are not required for these inhibitory
      effects and indicating the existence of one or more functional LPA receptors
      expressed on mouse retinal neurites that can mediate neurite retraction.

PMID- 26966396
TI  - Radical Surgery for Endometriosis: Analysis of Quality of Life and Surgical
      Procedure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study is to determine the improvement in quality
      of life in patients who have undergone radical surgery because of severe
      endometriosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This nonrandomized interventional study
      (quasi experimental) was carried out between January 2009 and September 2014. A
      total of 46 patients with diagnosis of severe endometriosis were included.
      Radical surgery, including hysterectomy, was performed. Acting as their own
      control group, the patients were asked to fill in a validated questionnaire of
      quality of life [Endometriosis Health Profile-5 (EHP-5)] and a visual analog
      scale of pain at the moment of the preoperative visit (one month prior to
      surgery) and six months after the surgery. RESULTS: Radical surgery for
      endometriosis was performed in 46 patients at our center over the period of six
      years. Among the patients, 73.9% of them had undergone previous surgery for
      endometriosis. In 82.6% of cases, a complete laparoscopic resection was carried
      out. Gastrointestinal tract resection was performed in 21.7%, and urinary tract
      resection was necessary in 8.7%. The mean age of the patients was 38.6 years. The
      rate of complications was 30.4%. Six months after the surgery, all items of the
      EHP-5 questionnaire had a lower score, which means an improvement in all aspects
      of quality of life related to endometriosis. The difference obtained between the
      scores before and after the surgery was statistically significant. The mean
      visual analog scale score before the surgery was 8.5, whereas it decreased to 1.4
      after the surgery (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Performing a radical surgery is a
      difficult decision to make; however, it can provide optimal results in terms of
      improvement of quality of life and, therefore, should be considered when
      conservative therapy fails.

PMID- 26966398
TI  - The second Current Oncology Scholar's Conference.

PMID- 26966399
TI  - Expression and clinical significance of insulin-like growth factor 1 in lung
      cancer tissues and perioperative circulation from patients with non-small-cell
      lung cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We explored the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) in the
      development of lung cancer. METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry to measure the
      expression of igf-1 and igf-1 receptor (igf-1r) in specimens of tissue and
      perioperative circulation from 80 patients with primary non-small-cell lung
      cancer (nsclc) and from 45 patients with benign pulmonary lesions (bpls).
      Correlations of those measurements with clinicopathologic characteristics and
      clinical follow-up were analyzed. Circulating igf-1 was measured before and after
      surgery in all patients. RESULTS: Compared with bpl specimens, nsclc specimens
      showed overexpression of igf-1and igf-1r (p < 0.001). The expression levels of
      igf-1 and igf-1r were significantly associated with advanced-stage disease (p =
      0.034 and 0.029 respectively) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.012 and 0.017
      respectively), and expression of igf-1 correlated with tumour differentiation and
      tumour diameter (p = 0.011 and 0.021 respectively). Specimens positive for igf-1
      or igf-1r were significantly correlated with shorter patient survival (p = 0.0012
      and 0.0016 respectively). After surgery, circulating igf-1 was significantly
      elevated in patients with bpl (p = 0.0346) and significantly lower in patients
      with nsclc (p = 0.0030), especially in those with advanced-stage disease, a
      larger tumour size, regional lymphoid node metastasis, or lesser differentiation
      (p = 0.0092, 0.0051, 0.0131, and p < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In nsclc,
      igf-1 and igf-1r are upregulated, and expression of those factors is correlated
      with tumour progression and prognosis in nsclc patients. Radical resection of
      nsclc can directly influence the serum concentration of igf-1.
      Autocrine/paracrine igf-1 might be playing an important role in the development
      of lung cancer.

PMID- 26966400
TI  - Quebec public funding facilitates fertility preservation for male cancer
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sperm cryopreservation remains the only clinically feasible option to
      preserve male fertility. The quality of counselling provided by the treating
      physicians and the cost of sperm cryopreservation can both influence a patient's
      decision about whether to preserve sperm. On 5 August 2010, the Quebec government
      introduced provincial coverage of assisted reproductive technologies, with sperm
      cryopreservation included as a covered service. The aim of the present study was
      to evaluate whether and how such a program affects the behaviour of cancer
      patients with respect to sperm cryopreservation. METHODS: We analyzed the
      database derived from male patients undergoing sperm cryopreservation from August
      2008 to August 2012 at our centre. The retrieved data included patient age, male
      infertility or oncologic diagnosis, sperm quality parameters, and details about
      the number of visits for sperm cryopreservation. RESULTS: The number of cancer
      patients who cryopreserved sperm before and after the policy change did not
      differ significantly, but a marked increase in the number of non-cancer patients
      was observed. Further analysis revealed that, after implementation of the public
      funding program, the total number of sperm cryopreservation sessions per patient
      increased significantly in cancer patients but not in non-cancer patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: It appears that cancer patients who are willing to freeze sperm are
      keen to return for more sessions of sperm banking when no fees are associated
      with the service. Those findings suggest that cost reduction is an important
      factor for improving delivery of fertility preservation services to male cancer
      patients.

PMID- 26966397
TI  - A Review of Imaging Methods for Prostate Cancer Detection.
AB  - Imaging is playing an increasingly important role in the detection of prostate
      cancer (PCa). This review summarizes the key imaging modalities-multiparametric
      ultrasound (US), multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRI-US fusion
      imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging-used in the diagnosis and
      localization of PCa. Emphasis is laid on the biological and functional
      characteristics of tumors that rationalize the use of a specific imaging
      technique. Changes to anatomical architecture of tissue can be detected by
      anatomical grayscale US and T2-weighted MRI. Tumors are known to progress through
      angiogenesis-a fact exploited by Doppler and contrast-enhanced US and dynamic
      contrast-enhanced MRI. The increased cellular density of tumors is targeted by
      elastography and diffusion-weighted MRI. PET imaging employs several different
      radionuclides to target the metabolic and cellular activities during tumor
      growth. Results from studies using these various imaging techniques are discussed
      and compared. 

PMID- 26966401
TI  - Adenoid cystic carcinoma of head and neck: clinical predictors of outcome from a
      Canadian centre.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (acc) is often treated with surgery, with or
      without adjuvant radiation therapy (rt). We evaluated disease characteristics,
      treatments, and potentially prognostic variables in patients with acc. METHODS:
      Our retrospective analysis considered consecutive cases of acc presenting at a
      tertiary care hospital between 2000 and 2014. Factors predictive of overall
      survival (os) and disease-free survival (dfs) were identified by univariate
      analysis. RESULTS: The 60 patients analyzed had a mean age of 58 years (range: 22
      88 years), with a 2:1 female:male ratio. Tumour locations included the major
      salivary glands (40% parotid, 17% submandibular and sublingual), the oro
      nasopharyngeal cavity (27%), and other locations (16%). Of the 60 patients, 35
      (58%) received surgery with adjuvant rt; 12 (20%), rt only; 13 (22%), surgery
      only. Of 18 patients (30%) who experienced a recurrence within 5 years, 3 (5%)
      developed local recurrence only, and the remaining 15 (25%), distant metastasis.
      The 5-year os and dfs were 64.5% [95% confidence interval (ci): 45.9% to 78.1%]
      and 46.2% (95% ci: 29.7% to 61.2%) respectively. In patients without recurrence,
      5-year os was 77% (95% ci: 52.8% to 89.9%), and in patients with recurrence, it
      was 42.7% (95% ci: 15.8% to 67.6%). Patients treated with rt only had a 5-year os
      of 9.2%. Predictors of 5-year dfs were TNM stage, T stage, nodal status,
      treatment received, and margin status; age, nodal status, treatment received, and
      margin status predicted 5-year os. CONCLUSIONS: Despite surgery and rt, one third
      of patients with acc experience distant recurrence. Patients whose tumours are
      not amenable to surgery have a poor prognosis, indicating a need for alternative
      approaches to improve outcomes.

PMID- 26966403
TI  - A Canadian perspective on the use of immunoglobulin therapy to reduce infectious
      complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (cll), who typically have increased susceptibility because
      of hypogammaglobulinemia (hgg) related to their disease and its treatment.
      Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (igrt) has been shown to reduce the frequency
      of bacterial infections and associated hospitalizations in patients with hgg or a
      history of infection, or both. However, use of igrt in cll is contentious.
      Studies examining such treatment were conducted largely before the use of newer
      chemoimmunotherapies, which can extend lifespan, but do not correct the hgg
      inherent to the disease. Thus, the utility of igrt has to be re-evaluated in the
      current setting. Here, we discuss the evidence for the use of igrt in cll and
      provide a practical approach to its use in the prevention and management of
      infections. 

PMID- 26966405
TI  - Patterns of care and treatment trends for Canadian men with localized low-risk
      prostate cancer: an analysis of provincial cancer registry data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many prostate cancers (pcas) are indolent and, if left untreated, are
      unlikely to cause death or morbidity in a man's lifetime. As a result of testing
      for prostate-specific antigen, more such cases are being identified, leading to
      concerns about "overdiagnosis" and consequent overtreatment of pca. To mitigate
      the risks associated with overtreatment (that is, invasive therapies that might
      cause harm to the patient without tangible benefit), approaches such as active
      surveillance are now preferred for many men with low-risk localized pca
      (specifically, T1/2a, prostate-specific antigen <= 10 ng/mL, and Gleason score <=
      6). Here, we report on patterns of care and treatment trends for men with
      localized low-risk pca. RESULTS: The provinces varied substantially with respect
      to the types of primary treatment received by men with localized low-risk pca.
      From 2010 to 2013, many men had no record of surgical or radiation treatment
      within 1 year of diagnosis-a proxy for active surveillance; the proportion ranged
      from 53.3% in Nova Scotia to 80.8% in New Brunswick. Among men who did receive
      primary treatment, the use of radical prostatectomy ranged from 12.0% in New
      Brunswick to 35.9% in Nova Scotia. The use of radiation therapy (external-beam
      radiation therapy or brachytherapy) ranged from 4.1% in Newfoundland and Labrador
      to 17.6% in Alberta. Treatment trends over time suggest an increase in the use of
      active surveillance. The proportion of men with low-risk pca and no record of
      surgical or radiation treatment rose to 69.9% in 2013 from 46.1% in 2010 for all
      provinces combined. CONCLUSIONS: The provinces varied substantially with respect
      to patterns of care for localized low-risk pca. Treatment trends over time
      suggest an increasing use of active surveillance. Those findings can further the
      discussion about the complex care associated with pca and identify opportunities
      for improvement in clinical practice.

PMID- 26966406
TI  - Eye-witnessing cancer-an ever-challenging experience.

PMID- 26966402
TI  - Targeting leukemia stem cells: which pathways drive self-renewal activity in T
      cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
AB  - T-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (t-all) is a malignancy of white blood cells,
      characterized by an uncontrolled accumulation of T-cell progenitors. During
      leukemic progression, immature T cells grow abnormally and crowd into the bone
      marrow, preventing it from making normal blood cells and spilling out into the
      bloodstream. Recent studies suggest that only discrete cell populations that
      possess the ability to recreate the entire tumour might be responsible for the
      initiation and propagation of t-all. Those unique cells are commonly called
      "cancer stem cells" or, in the case of hematopoietic malignancies, "leukemia stem
      cells" (lscs). Like normal hematopoietic stem cells, lscs are thought to be
      capable of self-renewal, during which, by asymmetrical division, they give rise
      to an identical copy of themselves as well as to a daughter cell that is no
      longer capable of self-renewal activity and represents a more "differentiated"
      progeny. Here, we review the main pathways of self-renewal activity in lscs,
      focusing on their involvement in the maintenance and development of t-all. New
      stem cell-directed therapies and lsc-targeted agents are also discussed. 

PMID- 26966404
TI  - Eastern Canadian Colorectal Cancer Consensus Conference 2013: emerging therapies
      in the treatment of pancreatic, rectal, and colorectal cancers.
AB  - The annual Eastern Canadian Colorectal Cancer Consensus Conference held in
      Montreal, Quebec, 17-19 October 2013, marked the 10-year anniversary of this
      meeting that is attended by leaders in medical, radiation, and surgical oncology.
      The goal of the attendees is to improve the care of patients affected by
      gastrointestinal malignancies. Topics discussed during the conference included
      pancreatic cancer, rectal cancer, and metastatic colorectal cancer. 

PMID- 26966407
TI  - Relationship between HLA-DRB1 allele polymorphisms and familial aggregations of
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We explored the relationship between HLA-DRB1 allele polymorphisms and
      familial aggregation of hepatocellular carcinoma (fhcc). METHODS: Polymerase
      chain reaction sequence-specific primers were used to determine HLA-DRB1
      genotypes for 130 members of families with 2 or more liver cancer patients and
      for 130 members of families without any diagnosed cancers. The genotype profiles
      were then compared to explore the relationship between HLA-DRB1 gene polymorphism
      and fhcc. RESULT: Of 11 selected alleles, the frequencies of DRB1*11 and DRB1*12
      were significantly lower in the fhcc group than in no-cancer group (p < 0.05;
      odds ratio: 0.286; 95% confidence interval: 0.091 to 0.901; and odds ratio:
      0.493; 95% confidence interval: 0.292 to 0.893). Differences in the frequencies
      of the other 9 alleles were not statistically significant in the two groups (p >
      0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our research suggests that if genetic factors play a role in
      fhcc, the deficiency in the DRB1*11 and DRB1*12 alleles might be the risk factor
      at work in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P.R.C.

PMID- 26966408
TI  - Genetic polymorphisms of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth
      factor binding protein 3, xenoestrogen, phytoestrogen, and premenopausal breast
      cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest a combined effect of insulin-like growth
      factor 1 (igf-1) and igf binding protein 3 (igfbp-3) gene polymorphisms,
      xenoestrogen, and phytoestrogen on the igf-1 signalling pathway and serum
      concentrations in the igf system, which are associated with premenopausal breast
      cancer (bca) risk. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2012, our study recruited 140
      premenopausal bca patients and 160 community-based premenopausal control
      subjects. Participants were surveyed about oral contraceptive (oc) use, dietary
      habits, and other bca risk factors. TaqMan assays were used to determine igf-1
      rs1520220 and igfbp-3 rs2854744 genotypes. Daily intakes of energy-adjusted soy
      isoflavones (easis) were calculated by the residual method. Multivariate logistic
      regression was applied to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (ors) and 95%
      confidence intervals (cis) of the igf-1 rs1520220 and igfbp-3 rs2854744
      genotypes, oc use, and intake of easis. Stratified analyses were performed to
      detect the gene-environment combined effect, and multivariate logistic regression
      was used to estimate interaction coefficients (iors) by the multiplicative model,
      with 95% cis. The delta method was used to calculate interaction coefficients by
      the additive model [relative excess risk of interaction (reri), attributable
      proportions of interaction (apis)] and 95% cis. RESULTS: The igf-1 and igfbp-3
      genotypes, oc use, and easis were not found to be associated with bca risk (p >
      0.05). Stratified analysis showed that the risk of bca was markedly increased in
      women carrying the igfbp-3C allele and using ocs compared with women either
      carrying the igfbp-3C allele or using ocs (or: 3.02; 95% ci: 1.04 to 8.79). The
      interaction coefficients ior, reri, and api were 4.89 (95% ci: 1.09 to 21.90),
      2.42 (95% ci: -0.76 to 5.61), and 0.80 (95% ci: 0.46 to 1.67) respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The igfbp-3 rs2854744 polymorphism and oc use might synergistically
      increase premenopausal bca risk.

PMID- 26966409
TI  - Hepcidin and ferroportin expression in breast cancer tissue and serum and their
      relationship with anemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our correlation study investigated the relationships of the expression
      of hepcidin and ferroportin (fpn) in tissues and serum from breast cancer (bca)
      patients and the relationships of hepcidin and fpn with anemia. METHODS: We used
      elisa and immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of hepcidin and fpn in
      tissue and serum from 62 individuals with bca, and we analyzed correlations
      between hepcidin and fpn expression in tissue and in serum. At the same time, we
      evaluated the relationships between hepcidin, fpn, and anemia. RESULTS: Mean
      serum hepcidin was 8.18 +/- 3.75 MUg/L in bca patients with anemia and 4.53 +/-
      2.07MUg/L in those without anemia, a statistically significant difference (t =
      3.7090, p < 0.01). Mean serum fpn was obviously lower in the anemia group than in
      the non-anemia group (1.77 +/- 0.51 MUg/L vs. 2.46 +/- 0.52 MUg/L, t = 3.5115, p
      < 0.01). Serum hepcidin and hemoglobin were negatively correlated (r = -0.502, p
      < 0.01); however, serum fpn was positively correlated with hemoglobin, and serum
      hepcidin was negatively correlated with fpn. The rates of hepcidin and fpn
      expression in bca tissues were 50.0% and 61.2% respectively, but no association
      with anemia was observed. We also observed no relationship between expression of
      hepcidin and fpn in serum and in tissue. CONCLUSIONS: In bca patients, expression
      of hepcidin in serum was high, but expression of fpn was low, suggesting that
      serum hepcidin plays a major role in anemia in those patients. Expression of
      hepcidin and fpn in bca tissue showed no correlation with their expression in
      serum and no clear relationship with anemia.

PMID- 26966410
TI  - Effects of warm acupuncture on breast cancer-related chronic lymphedema: a
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective treatment for breast cancer-related chronic lymphedema
      (bcrl) remains a clinical challenge. Acupuncture and moxibustion treatments have
      been shown to be beneficial and safe for treating bcrl. In the present randomized
      controlled trial, we compared the effectiveness of combined acupuncture and
      moxibustion ("warm acupuncture") with that of diosmin in bcrl. METHODS: Breast
      cancer patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (n = 30) were
      randomized to experimental and control groups (15 per group). On alternate days,
      patients in the experimental group received 30 minutes of acupuncture at 6
      acupoints, with 3 of the needles each being topped by a 3-cm moxa stick. The
      control treatment was diosmin 900 mg 3 times daily. The control and experimental
      treatments were administered for 30 days. Outcome measures included arm
      circumferences (index of effectiveness), range of motion [rom (shoulder joint
      function)], quality of life, clinical safety, and adverse events. RESULTS:
      Measured by the index of effectiveness, bcrl improved by 51.46% in the
      experimental group and by 26.27% in the control group (p < 0.00001). Effects were
      greatest at 10 cm above the elbow and at the wrist, where the warm needling was
      provided. Impairments in shoulder joint rom were minimal at baseline in both
      treatment groups. However, the roms of rear protraction, abduction, intorsion,
      and extorsion in the experimental group improved significantly; they did not
      change in the control group. Self-reported quality of life was significantly
      better with warm acupuncture than with diosmin. No adverse effects were reported
      during the treatment period, and laboratory examinations for clinical safety fell
      within the normal ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with diosmin, warm acupuncture
      treatment can effectively reduce the degree of bcrl at the specific acupoints
      treated and can promote quality of life. Warm acupuncture showed good clinical
      safety, without any adverse effects on blood or the cardiovascular system.

PMID- 26966411
TI  - In vitro and in vivo studies on the inhibitory effects of myocardial cell culture
      medium on growth of a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the heart is one of the body's vital organs, with an
      abundant blood supply, metastasis to the heart is considered rare. In a previous
      study, we found that the myocardial microenvironment might contain a low
      molecular weight natural tumour suppressor. The present study was designed to
      investigate the inhibitory effect of cardiac myocyte-conditioned medium (cmcm) on
      the growth of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS:
      An mtt assay was used to detect the inhibition ratio with respect to A549
      proliferation. Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549 cell strain) were
      transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice to produce tumours. The xenograft
      tumour growth in mice was observed after selected drug administration. RESULTS:
      After treatment with cmcm and cisplatin (Cis), A549 cell viability significantly
      declined (p < 0.001). The cell viability in the cmcm and Cis groups were 53.42%
      +/- 3.45% and 58.45% +/- 6.39% respectively. Growth of implanted tumour cells in
      vivo was significantly inhibited in the cmcm group, the group treated with
      recombinant human adenovirus-p53, and the Cis-treated group compared with a
      control group. The inhibition rates were 41.44% in the cmcm group, 41.34% in the
      p53 group, and 64.50% in the Cis group. Lung metastasis capacity was
      significantly reduced in the presence of cmcm (p < 0.05). Lung metastasis
      inhibition rates in mice were 56.52% in the cmcm group, 47.83% in the p53 group,
      and 82.61% in the Cis group. With cmcm, the lives of A549-tumour-bearing mice
      could be significantly prolonged without any effect on weight loss. CONCLUSIONS:
      Use of cmcm has the effect of reducing A549 cell viability, tumour volume, and
      lung metastasis rate, while prolonging survival duration without severe toxicity.

PMID- 26966412
TI  - Dosimetric and clinical toxicity comparison of critical organ preservation with
      three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and
      RapidArc for the treatment of locally advanced cancer of the pancreatic head.
AB  - PURPOSE: We compared dosimetry and clinical toxicity for 3-dimensional conformal
      radiotherapy (3D-crt), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (imrt), and RapidArc
      (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) in locally advanced pancreatic
      cancer (lapcc). We hypothesized that the technique with better sparing of organs
      at risk (oars) and better target dose distributions could lead to decreased
      clinical toxicity. METHODS: The study analyzed 280 patients with lapcc who had
      undergone radiotherapy. The dosimetry comparison was performed using 20 of those
      patients. Dose-volume histograms for the target volume and the oars were
      compared. The clinical toxicity comparison used the 280 patients who received
      radiation with 3D-crt, imrt, or RapidArc. RESULTS: Compared with 3D-crt, RapidArc
      and imrt both achieved a better conformal index, homogeneity index, V95%, and
      V110%. Compared with 3D-crt or imrt, RapidArc reduced the V10, V20, and mean dose
      to duodenum, the V20 of the right kidney, and the liver mean dose. Compared with
      3D-crt, RapidArc reduced the V35, and V45 of duodenum, the mean dose to small
      bowel, and the V15 of right kidney. The incidences of grades 3 and 4 diarrhea (p
      = 0.037) and anorexia (p = 0.042) were lower with RapidArc than with 3D-crt, and
      the incidences of grades 3 and 4 diarrhea (p = 0.027) were lower with RapidArc
      than with imrt. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with 3D-crt or imrt, RapidArc showed better
      sparing of oars, especially duodenum, small bowel, and right kidney. Also, fewer
      acute grades 3 and 4 gastrointestinal toxicities were seen with RapidArc than
      with 3D-crt or imrt. A technique with better sparing of oars and better target
      dose distributions could result in decreased clinical toxicities during radiation
      treatment for lapcc.

PMID- 26966413
TI  - Cancer Evolution-Development: experience of hepatitis B virus-induced
      hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - Here, we present the basic concept and theoretical framework of a scientific
      hypothesis called Cancer Evolution-Development ("Cancer Evo-Dev"), based on our
      recent studies of the molecular mechanisms by which chronic infection with the
      hepatitis B virus induces hepatocarcinogenesis, together with related advances in
      that field. Several aspects central to our hypothesis are presented: ? Immune
      imbalance-caused by the interaction of genetic predispositions and environmental
      exposures such as viral infection-is responsible for the maintenance of chronic
      non-resolving inflammation. Non-resolving inflammation promotes the occurrence
      and progression of cancers, characterized by an evolutionary process of "mutation
      selection-adaptation" for both viruses and host cells.? Under a microenvironment
      of non-resolving inflammation, proinflammatory factors promote mutations in viral
      or host genomes by transactivation of the expression of cytidine deaminases and
      their analogues. Most cells with genomic mutations and mutated viruses are
      eliminated in the competition for survival in the inflammatory microenvironment.
      Only a small percentage of the mutated cells that alter their survival signal
      pathways and exhibit the characteristics of "stem-ness" can survive and function
      as cancer-initiating cells.? Cancers generally develop with properties of
      "backward evolution" and "retro-differentiation," indicating the indispensability
      of stem-like signal pathways in the evolution and development of cancers. The
      hypothesis of Cancer Evo-Dev not only lays the theoretical foundation for
      understanding the mechanisms by which inflammation promotes the development of
      cancers, but also plays an important role in specific prophylaxis, prediction,
      early diagnosis, and targeted treatment of cancers. 

PMID- 26966415
TI  - Impact of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer: a
      prospective evaluation at a single institution.
AB  - Oxaliplatin plays a major role in the treatment of colorectal cancer (crc), but
      is associated with the development of neuropathies. The main objective of the
      present prospective study was to estimate the proportion of participants with
      grade 1, 2, 3, or 4 peripheral sensory neuropathies according to the U.S.
      National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
      (version 4) among crc patients treated with oxaliplatin (adjuvant or metastatic,
      folfox or xelox regimens) at the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke.
      Among the 57 patients so treated between May 2012 and April 2013, about 60%
      reported grade 2 neuropathy, at maximum, during treatment. About 25% of patients
      had to stop treatment because of neuropathies. In a subset of patients contacted
      approximately 22 months after treatment cessation, neuropathies persisted in 70%.
      Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy affects a significant number of crc patients and
      can influence the course of treatment and outcomes. 

PMID- 26966417
TI  - A simple approach for eliminating spam.

PMID- 26966416
TI  - Synchronous rectal adenocarcinoma and splenic marginal zone lymphoma.
AB  - Synchronous cancers of different primary origin are rare. Here, we describe the
      case of a patient with concomitant diagnoses of rectal adenocarcinoma and splenic
      marginal zone lymphoma (smzl). A 57-year-old woman initially presented with
      abdominal pain. Physical examination and computed tomography demonstrated massive
      splenomegaly, and a complete blood count revealed microcytic anemia and
      lymphopenia. During the subsequent evaluation, she presented with hematochezia,
      melena, and constipation, which prompted gastroenterology referral. Subsequent
      endoscopic rectal ultrasonography revealed a T3N1 moderately differentiated
      rectal adenocarcinoma, with computed tomography imaging of chest, abdomen, and
      pelvis confirming no metastasis. Thus, the cancer was classified as clinical
      stage T3N1M0, stage iii. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed co-existing marginal zone
      lymphoma, and with the clinical presentation of massive splenomegaly, a diagnosis
      of smzl was made. The patient's management was individually tailored for
      simultaneous optimal treatment of both conditions. Concurrent treatment with
      neoadjuvant rituximab and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy, with external-beam
      radiation therapy to the pelvis, was administered, followed by surgery consisting
      of en bloc splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy, and low anterior resection. The
      patient completed a standard course of adjuvant folfox (fluorouracil-leucovorin
      oxaliplatin) chemotherapy and has remained disease-free for 7 years. To our
      knowledge, this report is the first to specifically describe simultaneous
      diagnoses of locally advanced rectal cancer and smzl. We also describe the
      successful combined neoadjuvant treatment combination of 5-fluorouracil,
      rituximab, and pelvic radiation. 

PMID- 26966414
TI  - Management of uveal melanoma: a consensus-based provincial clinical practice
      guideline.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Survival in uveal melanoma has remained unchanged since the early
      1970s. Because outcomes are highly related to the size of the tumour, timely and
      accurate diagnosis can increase the chance for cure. METHODS: A consensus-based
      guideline was developed to inform practitioners. PubMed was searched for
      publications related to this topic. Reference lists of key publications were hand
      searched. The National Guidelines Clearinghouse and individual guideline
      organizations were searched for relevant guidelines. Consensus discussions by a
      group of content experts from medical, radiation, and surgical oncology were used
      to formulate the recommendations. RESULTS: Eighty-four publications, including
      five existing guidelines, formed the evidence base. SUMMARY: Key recommendations
      highlight that, for uveal melanoma and its indeterminate melanocytic lesions in
      the uveal tract, management is complex and requires experienced specialists with
      training in ophthalmologic oncology. Staging examinations include serum and
      radiologic investigations. Large lesions are still most often treated with
      enucleation, and yet radiotherapy is the most common treatment for tumours that
      qualify. Adjuvant therapy has yet to demonstrate efficacy in reducing the risk of
      metastasis, and no systemic therapy clearly improves outcomes in metastatic
      disease. Where available, enrolment in clinical trials is encouraged for patients
      with metastatic disease. Highly selected patients might benefit from surgical
      resection of liver metastases.

PMID- 26966418
TI  - De-escalation of bone-targeted agents for metastatic prostate cancer.

PMID- 26966419
TI  - The ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for
      detection and quantification of C4NP in rat plasma and its application to
      pharmacokinetic studies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Combretastatins, which are excellent anticancer agents, are
      isolated from Combretum. A sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the
      pharmacokinetic study of a combretastatin analog (C4NP) in rats. METHODS: Sample
      pretreatment was finished by simple protein precipitation in which methanol was
      added to plasma containing an internal standard (buspirone hydrochloride). Liquid
      chromatograph separation was accomplished on a reverse-phase Kinetex XB-C18
      column [50*4.6 mm; internal diameter: 2.6 MUm (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, U.S.A.)]
      with a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile (0.05% formic acid, volume for
      volume) and water (0.05% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The analytes
      were analyzed in the positive ion by electrospray ionization and quantified in
      the selective reaction monitoring mode. The entire procedure was validated
      following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for bioanalytical
      methods validation. RESULTS: Our study investigated, for the first time, the
      detection and pharmacokinetic characteristics of C4NP in Sprague-Dawley rat
      plasma. The pharmacokinetic results suggest that C4NP is predominantly restricted
      to blood or extracellular fluid and is not extensively distributed to most organ
      tissues. In addition, C4NP can be cleared by renal filtration and active tubular
      secretion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicokinetics of C4NP in these rats indicate
      that no saturation of the metabolic or excretion process occurs for C4NP, and
      metabolic induction and accumulation of toxic injury from multiple dosing are
      both absent. CONCLUSIONS: For 100 MUL of analyte, recovery plus high accuracy and
      reproducibility indicate that our new ultra-performance liquid chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry method is a reliable and high-throughput analytical tool
      for the pharmacokinetic study of C4NP in rats. Those results should be useful for
      risk assessment.

PMID- 26966420
TI  - Evidence that phospholipase C is involved in the antitumour action of NSC768313,
      a new thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The thieno[2,3-b]pyridines were discovered by virtual high throughput
      screening as potential inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms and showed
      potent growth inhibitory effects in National Cancer Institute's human tumour cell
      line panel (NCI60). The mechanism of the anti-proliferative activity of
      thieno[2,3-b]pyridines is explored here. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the
      basis for the anti-proliferative activity of these thieno[2,3-b]pyridines and to
      determine whether the cellular inhibition was related to their inhibition of PLC.
      METHODS: Four breast cancer cell lines were used to assess the anti-proliferative
      effects (IC50 values) of six representative thieno[2,3-b]pyridines. The most
      potent compound (derivative 3; NSC768313), was further studied in MDA-MB-231
      cells. DNA damage was examined by gammaH2AX expression level, and cell cycle
      arrest by flow cytometry. Cell morphology was examined by tubulin antibody
      staining. The growth inhibitory effect of combination treatment with derivative 3
      and paclitaxel (tubulin inhibitor), doxorubicin (topoisomerase II inhibitor) or
      camptothecin (topoisomerase I inhibitor) was evaluated. A preliminary mouse
      toxicity assay was used to evaluate the pharmacological properties. RESULTS:
      Addition of the thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative 3 to the MDA-MB-231 cells
      induced G2/M growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest in G2-phase, membrane blebbing
      and the formation of multinucleated cells. It did not induce DNA damage, mitotic
      arrest or changes in calcium ion flux. Combination of derivative 3 with
      paclitaxel showed a high degree of synergy, while combinations with doxorubicin
      and camptothecin showed only additive effects. A mouse pharmacokinetic study of
      derivative 3 showed that after intraperitoneal injection of a single does (10
      mg/Kg), the Cmax was 0.087 MUmol/L and the half-life was 4.11 h. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results are consistent with a mechanism in which thieno[2,3-b]pyridine
      derivatives interact with PLC isoforms (possibly PLC-delta), which in turn affect
      the cellular dynamics of tubulin-beta, inducing cell cycle arrest in G2-phase. We
      conclude that these compounds have novelty because of their PLC target and may
      have utility in combination with mitotic poisons for cancer treatment.

PMID- 26966422
TI  - Use of Insurance Against a Small Loss as an Incentive Strategy.
AB  - The success of extended warranties and buyer protection plans suggests that
      insurance against a small loss has high decision utility. We explore whether the
      behavioral insight that people are highly averse to small chances of loss can be
      used to create a powerful incentive that has very low expected value. We compare
      decisions of individuals offered fixed payments for healthy choices to those
      offered insurance in exchange for healthy choices. We test the prediction that
      aversion to small losses will result in very high rates of health behavior uptake
      in exchange for insurance. Three hundred participants endowed with a $2 bonus
      randomly received one of two incentives for completing a scheduled health risk
      assessment: (1) an insurance guarantee against the 1% risk of losing the $2 bonus
      or (2) a fixed payment at the expected value of the insurance. Relative to the
      fixed payment condition, participants in the insurance intervention were 70% more
      likely to meet their health risk assessment appointment (p < 0.01). Fixed
      payments of $2.59 were needed for every $1 spent on insurance to achieve the same
      behavioral effect. Loss aversion, probability weighting, and the certainty effect
      may account for this result. Incentive design may benefit from utilizing an
      insurance paradigm.

PMID- 26966421
TI  - MicroRNA biogenesis and their functions in regulating stem cell potency and
      differentiation.
AB  - Stem cells are unspecialized/undifferentiated cells that exist in embryos and
      adult tissues or can be converted from somatic differentiated cells. Use of stem
      cells for tissue regeneration and tissue engineering has been a cornerstone of
      the regenerative medicine. Stem cells are also believed to exist in cancer
      tissues, namely cancer stem cells (CSCs). Growing evidence suggests that CSCs are
      the culprit of cancer dormancy, progression and recurrence, and thus have
      recently received great attention. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of short, non
      coding RNAs that regulate expression of a wide range of genes at a post
      transcriptional manner. They are emerging as key regulators of stem cell
      behaviors. This mini review summarizes the basic biogenesis and mode of actions
      of miRNAs, recent progress and discoveries of miRNAs in cellular reprogramming,
      stem cell differentiation and cellular communication, as well as miRNAs in CSCs.
      Some potential of miRNAs in future biomedical applications and research
      pertaining to stem cells are briefly discussed. 

PMID- 26966423
TI  - Enzymatic saccharification and lactic acid production from banana pseudo-stem
      through optimized pretreatment at lowest catalyst concentration.
AB  - This work estimates the potential of banana pseudo-stem with high cellulosic
      content 42.2-63 %, for the production of fermentable sugars for lactic acid
      production through statistically optimized pretreatment method. To evaluate the
      catalyzed pretreatment efficiency of banana pseudo stem based on the enzymatic
      digestibility, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for the
      optimization of pretreatment temperature and time using lowest concentrations of
      H2SO4, NaOH, NaOH catalyzed Na2S and Na2SO3 that seemed to be significant
      variables with P<0.05. High F and R (2) values and low p-value for hydrolysis
      yield indicated the model predictability. The optimized condition for NaOH was
      determined to be conc. 1 %, temperature 130 (o)C for 2.6 hr; Na2S; conc. 1 %,
      temperature 130 (o)C for 2.29 hr; Na2SO3; conc. 1 %, temperature 130 (o)C for
      2.41 hr and H2SO4; conc. 1 %, temperature 129.45 (o)C for 2.18 hr, produced 84.91
      %, 85.23 %, 81.2 % and 76.02 % hydrolysis yield, respectively. Sulphuric acid
      provided 33+1 gL(-1) reducing sugars in pretreatment step along with 38+0.5 gL(
      1) during enzymatic hydrolysis. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation of resulting
      sugars showed that the conversion of glucans into lactic acid reached 92 % of the
      theoretical yield of glucose. 

PMID- 26966424
TI  - The protective effects of pomelo extract (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) against
      fructose-mediated protein oxidation and glycation.
AB  - Chronic hyperglycemia induces non-enzymatic protein glycation, which plays an
      important role in the development of diabetic complications. Immense efforts have
      been made to determine effective antiglycation compounds from natural products.
      Pomelo has shown beneficial effects for human health. The objective of this study
      was to determine the antiglycation effect of pomelo extract against fructose
      mediated protein oxidation and glycation. Our results showed that the pomelo
      extract (0.25 - 2.00 mg/mL) significantly inhibited the overall formation of
      advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in a concentration-dependent manner. The
      pomelo extract markedly decreased the level of fructosamine, which is directly
      associated with reduction in formation of AGEs and N (epsilon)
      (carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). In addition, the pomelo extract inhibited protein
      oxidation through its ability to prevent the loss of thiol groups and reduced
      protein carbonyl formation. We characterized the active components in the pomelo
      extract by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which showed that
      the pomelo extract contained naringin (11.90 +/- 0.21 mg/g dried extract),
      hesperidin (12.04 +/- 0.12 mg/g dried extract), neohesperidin (25.4 +/- 0.12 mg/g
      dried extract), and naringenin (9.20 +/- 0.19 mg/g dried extract). Our findings
      could provide a new insight into the antiglycation properties of the extract of
      the naturally occurring fruit pomelo for preventing AGE-mediated diabetic
      complications. 

PMID- 26966425
TI  - Natural porous and nano fiber chitin structure from Gammarus argaeus (Gammaridae
      Crustacea).
AB  - Chitin and its derivatives are commercially important biopolymers due to their
      applications in medicine, agriculture, water treatment, cosmetics and various
      biotechnological areas. Since chitin and its derivatives exhibit different
      chemical and physical properties depending on the source and isolation method,
      there is a growing demand for new chitin sources other than crab and shrimp
      worldwide. In this study Gammarus, a Crustacea, was investigated as a novel
      chitin source. Gammarus, which belongs to the family Gammaridae Crustacea, lives
      in the bottom of aquatic ecosystems. More than 200 species are known worldwide.
      One of these species, G. argaeus was investigated for chitin isolation. The alpha
      chitin isolated from G. argaeus was characterized by using analysis techniques
      such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray
      diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All these analyses
      confirmed that the isolated chitin from G. argaeus was in the alpha form.
      Furthermore, we described that dry weight of this species contained 11-12 %
      chitin. SEM examination of the isolated alpha-chitin revealed that it was
      composed of nanofibrils (15-55 nm) and pores (about 150 nm). 

PMID- 26966426
TI  - Association between individual ovarian dimensions with ovarian reserve indices.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In some young female candidates of assisted reproductive technology
      (ART), ovarian response to simulative treatments is less than what is expected.
      More precise assessment of oocyte quality and quantity through studying ovarian
      dimensions can be useful for determining the dose of ovarian stimulant drugs and
      for preventing ART cycles cancellation. The aim of the present study is to
      determine the association between ovarian dimensions and ovarian reserve (OR)
      indices and whether ovarian dimensions can predict ovarian reserve. METHODS: In
      this cross-sectional study, 85 infertile women were studied. In early follicular
      phase, ovarian diameters (including length and width of the ovaries) were
      measured using transvaginal ultrasonography. Mean ovarian diameters (MOD) were
      calculated according to average length and width of the ovaries. A serum sample
      was taken from all patients to measure the level of Follicular Stimulating
      Hormone (FSH) and oestradiol as OR indices. RESULTS: The results of univariate
      analysis showed that FSH and oestradiol had a negative significant association
      with width, length and MOD (P < 0.01). The results of multivariate regression
      analysis showed that FSH and oestradiol had a negative significant association
      with width (betaFSH = -0.59, P = 0.001 and betaOestradiol = -0.019, P = 0.029)
      and MOD (betaFSH = -0.52, P = 0.003 and betaOestradiol = -0.021, P = 0.017) and
      had a borderline negative significant correlation with ovarian length (betaFSH = 
      0.49, P=0.077 and betaOestradiol = 0.022, P = 0.08) CONCLUSIONS: The results of
      this study revealed that despite a moderate correlation, ovarian diameters could
      be an applicable index for predicting OR. Using this method along with other
      methods may be useful in treatment with ovarian stimulants.

PMID- 26966427
TI  - Hematological alterations in diabetic rats - Role of adipocytokines and effect of
      citrus flavonoids.
AB  - Dysfunction in adipocytes is associated with insulin resistance and type 2
      diabetes. Diabetes-associated anemia has been reported due to the increased non
      enzymatic glycosylation of RBC membrane proteins, which correlates with
      hyperglycemia. The present study was hypothesized to assess the effect of citrus
      flavonoids on hematological parameters and adipose tissue interleukin-6 and
      adiponectin in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by feeding rats with a
      high fat diet for 2 weeks followed by an intraperitoneal injection of
      streptozotocin. An oral dose of 50 mg/kg hesperidin or naringin was daily given
      for 4 weeks after diabetes induction. By the end of the experiment, blood samples
      were collected and were immediately used for determination of haematological
      parameters. Expression levels of adiponectin and interleukin-6 were assayed in
      adipose tissue samples. Both hesperidin and naringin significantly improved the
      levels of erythrocytes, leukocytes and their functional indices. Similarly,
      supplementation with either compound significantly ameliorated the declined
      adipose tissue adiponectin expression in conjunction with down-regulated
      interleukin-6. The findings of the present study indicated that hesperidin and
      naringin exert protection to diabetes-associated anemia in type 2 diabetic rats.
      This could be due to attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine production and
      stimulation of adiponectin expression. 

PMID- 26966428
TI  - Post-operative acute kidney injury in non-suprainguinal vascular surgery patients
      with a pre-operative history of hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension is an independent predictor of acute kidney injury (AKI) in non
      cardiac surgery patients. There are a few published studies which report AKI
      following non-suprainguinal vascular procedures, but these studies have not
      investigated predictors of AKI, including anti-hypertensive medications and other
      comorbidities, in the hypertensive population alone. We sought to identify
      independent predictors of post-operative AKI in non-suprainguinal vascular
      surgery patients with a pre-operative history of hypertension. We performed
      univariate (chi-squared, or Fisher's exact testing) and multivariate (binary
      logistic regression) statistical analysis of prospectively collected data from
      243 adult hypertensive patients who underwent non-suprainguinal vascular surgery
      (lower limb amputation or peripheral artery bypass surgery) at a tertiary
      hospital between 2008 and 2011 in an attempt to identify possible associations
      between comorbidity, acute pre-operative antihypertensive medication
      administration, and post-operative AKI (a post-operative increase in serum
      creatinine of >= 25 % above the pre-operative measurement) in these patients. The
      incidence of post-operative AKI in this study was 5.3 % (95 % Confidence
      Interval: 3.2-8.9 %). Acute pre-operative beta-blocker administration was
      independently associated with post-operative AKI in non-suprainguinal vascular
      surgery patients with a pre-operative history of hypertension (Odds Ratio: 3.24;
      95 % Confidence Interval: 1.03-10.25). The acute pre-operative administration of
      beta-blockers should be carefully considered in non-suprainguinal vascular
      surgery patients with a pre-operative history of hypertension, in lieu of an
      increased risk of potentially poor post-operative renal outcomes. 

PMID- 26966429
TI  - New Imaging in Gastrointestinal Tract.

PMID- 26966430
TI  - Synergistic Effects of Simvastatin and Irinotecan against Colon Cancer Cells with
      or without Irinotecan Resistance.
AB  - Aims. We here investigated whether the combination of simvastatin and irinotecan
      could induce the synergistic effect on colon cancer cells with or without
      resistance to irinotecan. Methods. We investigated cell proliferation assay and
      assessed cell death detection ELISA and caspase-3 activity assay of various
      concentrations of simvastatin and irinotecan to evaluate the efficacy of drug
      combination on colon cancer cells with or without irinotecan resistance. Results.
      The IC50 values of simvastatin alone and irinotecan alone were 115.4 +/- 0.14 MUM
      (r = 0.98) and 62.5 +/- 0.18 MUM (r = 0.98) in HT-29 cells without resistance to
      irinotecan. The IC50 values of these two drugs were 221.9 +/- 0.22 MUM (r = 0.98)
      and 195.9 +/- 0.16 MUM (r = 0.99), respectively, in HT-29 cell with resistance to
      irinotecan. The results of combinations of the various concentrations of two
      drugs showed that combined treatment with irinotecan and simvastatin more
      efficiently suppressed cell proliferation of HT-29 cells even with resistance to
      irinotecan as well as without resistance. Furthermore, the combination of
      simvastatin and irinotecan at 2 : 1 molar ratio showed the best synergistic
      interaction. Conclusion. Simvastatin could act synergistically with irinotecan to
      overcome irinotecan resistance of colon cancer. 

PMID- 26966431
TI  - Extensive Use of Interventional Therapies Improves Survival in Unresectable or
      Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - Aim. To assess the outcomes of patients with unresectable intrahepatic
      cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC) treated by a tailored therapeutic approach,
      combining systemic with advanced image-guided local or locoregional therapies.
      Materials and Methods. Treatment followed an algorithm established by a
      multidisciplinary GI-tumor team. Treatment options comprised ablation (RFA, CT
      guided brachytherapy) or locoregional techniques (TACE, radioembolization, i.a.
      chemotherapy). Results. Median survival was 33.1 months from time of diagnosis
      and 16.0 months from first therapy. UICC stage analysis showed a median survival
      of 15.9 months for stage I, 9 months for IIIa, 18.4 months for IIIc, and 13
      months for IV. Only the number of lesions, baseline serum CEA and serum CA19-9,
      and objective response (RECIST) were independently associated with survival.
      Extrahepatic metastases had no influence. Conclusion. Patients with unresectable
      ICC may benefit from hepatic tumor control provided by local or locoregional
      therapies. Future prospective study formats should focus on supplementing
      systemic therapy by classes of interventions ("toolbox") rather than specific
      techniques, that is, local ablation leading to complete tumor destruction (such
      as RFA) or locoregional treatment leading to partial remission (such as
      radioembolization). This trial is registered with German Clinical Trials Registry
      (Deutsche Register Klinischer Studien), DRKS-ID: DRKS00006237. 

PMID- 26966432
TI  - The Relationship of the Subclavius Muscle with Relevance to Venous Cannulation
      below the Clavicle.
AB  - Introduction. The catheter "pinch-off syndrome" has been described to be
      secondary to crimping of the catheter between the clavicle and the first rib, as
      well as entrapment of the catheter at the site of penetration of the subclavius
      muscle. The lateral insertion technique has been recommended to prevent catheter
      pinch-off, but it is unknown if this technique can prevent entrapment by the
      subclavius muscle. We undertook this study to evaluate the anatomical
      relationship of the subclavius muscle and the subclavian vein. Methods. Twenty
      eight adult cadavers were studied on both right and left sides. The adherence
      between the subclavian vein and subclavius muscle was subjectively assessed and
      the distance between the two structures was measured in mm. Results. The
      subclavius muscle and subclavian vein were tightly adherent in 72% of specimens,
      partly adherent in 14% with a mean distance of 4.5 mm and loosely connected in
      14% with a mean distance of 6.1 mm. Conclusions. The anatomical relationship
      between the subclavius muscle and vein was very close in the majority of
      specimens, suggesting that the lateral insertion technique may not prevent
      penetration of the muscle, which may contribute to catheter pinch-off. The real
      time ultrasound-guided technique may prevent penetration of the subclavius
      muscle. 

PMID- 26966433
TI  - Clinical Screening Tools for Sarcopenia and Its Management.
AB  - Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in muscle mass and function, is affecting the
      older population worldwide. Sarcopenia is associated with poor health outcomes,
      such as falls, disability, loss of independence, and mortality; however it is
      potentially treatable if recognized and intervened early. Over the last two
      decades, there has been significant expansion of research in this area. Currently
      there is international recognition of a need to identify the condition early for
      intervention and prevention of the disastrous consequences of sarcopenia if left
      untreated. There are currently various screening tools proposed. As yet, there is
      no consensus on the best tool. Effective interventions of sarcopenia include
      physical exercise and nutrition supplementation. This review paper examined the
      screening tools and interventions for sarcopenia. 

PMID- 26966434
TI  - Protective Effect of Vitamins C and E on Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
      Induced Ovarian Oxidative Stress In Vivo.
AB  - A study was designed to investigate ameliorates effect of combined vitamins C and
      E able to against depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate- (DMPA-) induced ovarian
      oxidative stress in rat. Twenty-five female Wistar rats were divided into the
      following groups (n = 5 rats each): control (untreated) (C); depot
      medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA); DMPA plus green vitamin C (at dose of 0.2
      mg/gram; 0.4 mg/gram; 0.8 mg/gram) and vitamin E (0.04 IU/gram). The treatment
      with combined vitamins C and E was performed for four weeks. Analysis of
      malondialdehyde (MDA) level as a marker of oxidative stress was done
      colorimetrically. Analysis of SOD level was done by enzyme linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) technically. This increase in ovarium MDA was significantly (P <
      0.05) attenuated by medium dose treatments of combined vitamins C and E. DMPA
      insignificantly decreased SOD levels compared to the untreated group. This
      decrease in ovarian SOD level was significantly attenuated by all doses of the
      combined vitamins C and E. In conclusion, DMPA induces ovarian oxidative stress.
      Combined vitamins C and E prohibit the increase in ovarian lipid peroxidation, at
      least in part by modulating of superoxide dismutase. Therefore, this may provide
      an antioxidant therapy for attenuating the ovarian toxicity found in the DMPA
      therapy. 

PMID- 26966435
TI  - Comparison between New-Onset and Old-Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes with Ketosis in
      Rural Regions of China.
AB  - Objectives. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) with ketosis was common because of late
      diagnosis and lacking adequate treatment in rural regions of China. This study
      aimed to provide the data of T2D with ketosis among inpatients in a south-west
      border city of China. Methods. Data of 371 patients of T2D with ketosis who were
      hospitalized between January 2011 and July 2015 in Baoshan People's Hospital,
      Yunnan, China, were analyzed. New-onset and old-diagnosed T2D patients presenting
      with ketosis were compared according to clinical characteristics, laboratory
      results, and chronic diabetic complications. Results. Overall, the blood glucose
      control was poor in our study subjects. Male predominated in both groups (male
      prevalence was 68% in new-onset and 64% in old-diagnosed groups). Overweight and
      obesity accounted for 50% in new-onset and 46% in old-diagnosed cases.
      Inducements of ketosis were 13.8% in new-onset and 38.7% in old-diagnosed
      patients. Infections were the first inducements in both groups. The prevalence of
      chronic complications of diabetes was common in both groups. Conclusions. More
      medical supports were needed for the early detection and adequate treatment of
      diabetes in rural areas of China. 

PMID- 26966437
TI  - Innervation of Cochlear Hair Cells by Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived
      Neurons In Vitro.
AB  - Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may serve as an autologous source of
      replacement neurons in the injured cochlea, if they can be successfully
      differentiated and reconnected with residual elements in the damaged auditory
      system. Here, we explored the potential of hiPSC-derived neurons to innervate
      early postnatal hair cells, using established in vitro assays. We compared two
      hiPSC lines against a well-characterized hESC line. After ten days' coculture in
      vitro, hiPSC-derived neural processes contacted inner and outer hair cells in
      whole cochlear explant cultures. Neural processes from hiPSC-derived neurons also
      made contact with hair cells in denervated sensory epithelia explants and
      expressed synapsin at these points of contact. Interestingly, hiPSC-derived
      neurons cocultured with hair cells at an early stage of differentiation formed
      synapses with a higher number of hair cells, compared to hiPSC-derived neurons
      cocultured at a later stage of differentiation. Notable differences in the
      innervation potentials of the hiPSC-derived neurons were also observed and
      variations existed between the hiPSC lines in their innervation efficiencies.
      Collectively, these data illustrate the promise of hiPSCs for auditory neuron
      replacement and highlight the need to develop methods to mitigate variabilities
      observed amongst hiPSC lines, in order to achieve reliable clinical improvements
      for patients. 

PMID- 26966436
TI  - Intrahepatic Fat Content and Markers of Hepatic Fibrosis in Obese Children.
AB  - Aim. We evaluated both direct and indirect hepatic fibrosis markers in obese
      children and their relationship with intrahepatic fat (IHF) content. We also
      aimed to investigate the possible roles of IHF and fibrosis markers in metabolic
      syndrome (MS). Methods. 189 obese children were divided into simple obese (SOB),
      simple steatosis (SS), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) groups according
      to their IHF and blood alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. They were also scored
      for the MS components. IHF was assessed as a continuous variable by proton
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). In addition, 30 nonobese children were
      enrolled as controls and their direct hepatic fibrosis markers and IHF were
      assessed. Results. Age was related to IHF, NFS, and FIB-4. Both NFS and APRI were
      related to IHF more significantly than the direct markers. In the estimation of
      liver function impairment, indirect markers had greater AUROC than direct
      markers. In MS, IHF and all the fibrosis markers showed similar AUROC.
      Conclusions. Both direct and indirect markers played a valuable role in
      evaluating MS. Indirect markers were more effective in distinguishing fatty
      hepatitis. Age is an important factor underlying hepatic steatosis and fibrosis
      even in children. 

PMID- 26966438
TI  - Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Cell-Based Therapeutics for Wound Healing.
AB  - Chronic wounds are a source of substantial morbidity for patients and are a major
      financial burden for the healthcare system. There are no current therapies that
      reliably improve nonhealing wounds or reverse pathological scarring. Mesenchymal
      stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising source of novel cell-based therapies due to
      the ease of their harvest and their integral role in the native wound repair
      process. Recent work has addressed the problems of loss of plasticity and off
      target delivery through use of modern bioengineering techniques. Here we describe
      the applications of MSCs harvested from different sources to the wound healing
      process and recent advances in delivery of MSCs to targeted sites of injury. 

PMID- 26966439
TI  - Standardizing Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Translation to
      Clinical Use: Selection of GMP-Compliant Medium and a Simplified Isolation
      Method.
AB  - Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) are a focus for
      clinical translation but standardized methods for isolation and expansion are
      lacking. Previously we published isolation and expansion methods for UC-MSCs
      which presented challenges when considering good manufacturing practices (GMP)
      for clinical translation. Here, a new and more standardized method for isolation
      and expansion of UC-MSCs is described. The new method eliminates dissection of
      blood vessels and uses a closed-vessel dissociation following enzymatic digestion
      which reduces contamination risk and manipulation time. The new method produced
      >10 times more cells per cm of UC than our previous method. When biographical
      variables were compared, more UC-MSCs per gram were isolated after vaginal birth
      compared to Caesarian-section births, an unexpected result. UC-MSCs were expanded
      in medium enriched with 2%, 5%, or 10% pooled human platelet lysate (HPL)
      eliminating the xenogeneic serum components. When the HPL concentrations were
      compared, media supplemented with 10% HPL had the highest growth rate, smallest
      cells, and the most viable cells at passage. UC-MSCs grown in 10% HPL had surface
      marker expression typical of MSCs, high colony forming efficiency, and could
      undergo trilineage differentiation. The new protocol standardizes manufacturing
      of UC-MSCs and enables clinical translation. 

PMID- 26966441
TI  - Off-label indications for bioresorbable scaffolds: "Beethoven can, but you
      cannot".

PMID- 26966440
TI  - The Use of Stem Cells to Model Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal
      Dementia: From Basic Research to Regenerative Medicine.
AB  - In recent years several genes have linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
      frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as a spectrum disease; however little is known
      about what triggers their onset. With the ability to generate patient specific
      stem cell lines from somatic cells, it is possible to model disease without the
      need to transfect cells with exogenous DNA. These pluripotent stem cells have
      opened new avenues for identification of disease phenotypes and their relation to
      specific molecular pathways. Thus, as never before, compounds with potential
      applications for regenerative medicine can be specifically tailored in patient
      derived cultures. In this review, we discuss how patient specific induced
      pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been used to model ALS and FTD and the most
      recent drug screening targets for these diseases. We also discuss how an iPSC
      bank would improve the quality of the available cell lines and how it would
      increase knowledge about the ALS/FTD disease spectrum. 

PMID- 26966442
TI  - The role of manual aspiration thrombectomy in the management of STEMI: a TOTALly
      different TASTE of TAPAS.

PMID- 26966443
TI  - Diagnostic imaging methods applied in long-term surveillance after EVAR. Will
      computed tomography angiography be replaced by other methods?
AB  - Endovascular implantation of a stent graft in the abdominal aorta (endovascular
      aneurysm repair - EVAR) is a widely accepted alternative to open surgery in
      treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Although EVAR is connected with a
      significant reduction in the risk of peri- and post-operative complications, it
      does not eliminate them totally. Long-term surveillance of post-EVAR patients is
      aimed at early detection of and fast reaction to a group of complications called
      endovascular leaks. Currently, the gold standard in leak diagnostics is computed
      tomography angiography (CTA). The other methods are ultrasonography, magnetic
      resonance (MR) angiography, intra-aneurysm sac pressure measurement, X-ray, and
      digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Despite many analyses based on long-term
      research, emphasising the high value and competitiveness of less invasive tests
      such as US or X-ray compared to CTA, it is still difficult for them to win the
      trust and acceptance of clinicians. The persisting view is that computed
      tomography is the test that finally resolves any inaccuracies. Consequently, a
      patient with a number of concurrent diseases is subject to absurdly high
      radiation exposure and effects of a radiocontrast agent within a short time. It
      is therefore logical to acknowledge that the EVAR-related risk is catching up
      with the open surgery risk, while the endovascular procedure is much more costly.
      Nevertheless, the status of CTA as the gold standard ultimately seems to be
      unthreatened. This paper presents a description of the diagnostic imaging tests
      that make it possible to detect any vascular leaks and to develop strategies for
      therapeutic processes. 

PMID- 26966444
TI  - Novel device-based interventional strategies for advanced heart failure.
AB  - While heart failure is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, our
      tools to provide ultimate treatment solutions are still limited. Recent
      developments in new devices are designed to fill this therapeutic gap. The scope
      of this review is to focus on two particular targets, namely (1) left ventricular
      geometric restoration and (2) atrial depressurization. (1) Reduction of the wall
      stress by shrinking the ventricular cavity has been traditionally attempted
      surgically. Recently, the Parachute device (CardioKinetix Inc., Menlo Park, CA,
      USA) has been introduced to restore ventricular geometry and cardiac mechanics.
      The intervention aims to partition distal dysfunctional segments that are non
      contributory to the ventricular mechanics and forward cardiac output. (2)
      Diastolic heart failure is characterized by abnormal relaxation and chamber
      stiffness. The main therapeutic goal achieved should be the reduction of
      afterload and diastolic pressure load. Recently, new catheter-based approaches
      were proposed to reduce left atrial pressure and ventricular decompression: the
      InterAtrial Shunt Device (IASDTM) (Corvia Medical Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA) and
      the V-Wave Shunt (V-Wave Ltd, Or Akiva, Israel). Both are designed to create a
      controlled atrial septal defect in symptomatic patients with heart failure. While
      the assist devices are aimed at end-stage heart failure, emerging device-based
      percutaneous or minimal invasive techniques comprise a wide spectrum of
      innovative concepts that target ventricular remodeling, cardiac contractility or
      neuro-humoral modulation. The clinical adoption is in the early stages of the
      initial feasibility and safety studies, and clinical evidence needs to be
      gathered in appropriately designed clinical trials. 

PMID- 26966445
TI  - Predictors of successful percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total
      coronary occlusions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total coronary
      occlusions (CTOs) is one of the most challenging procedures of interventional
      cardiology and is associated with increased risk of significant complications.
      However, debate continues in regard to which factors adversely influence the
      success rate of PCI and whether the benefits of revascularization of CTO outweigh
      the risks and challenges. AIM: To analyze the relationship between lesion
      characteristics and overall success rates as well as in-hospital outcomes after
      PCI for CTO. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively examined the procedural
      outcomes of 173 consecutive native coronary artery CTO PCIs performed from
      February 2012 to March 2013 (78% men; mean age: 60.3 +/-12.1 years). RESULTS: The
      CTO target vessel was the right coronary artery (53.8%), circumflex (10.4%) and
      left anterior descending artery (35.8%), respectively. The retrograde approach
      was used in 13.9% of all procedures. Successful revascularization was achieved in
      83.2% of patients. Major complications occurred in 13.3% of patients. In
      multivariate analysis, bridge collaterals, severe calcification and tortuosity as
      well as tandem occlusions were independent predictors of procedural failure,
      whereas existence of micro-channels was the only predictor of procedural success.
      CONCLUSIONS: Revascularization of coronary CTOs may be performed with high
      success and low major complication rates. Bridge collaterals, severe
      calcification and tortuosity, tandem/multiple occlusions and micro-channels were
      independent predictors of successful CTO revascularization.

PMID- 26966446
TI  - Three-dimensional modeling and numerical analysis of fractional flow reserve in
      human coronary arteries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Noninvasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) computed from CT (FFRCT)
      is a novel method for determining the physiologic significance of coronary artery
      disease (CAD). Several clinical trials have been conducted, but its diagnostic
      performance varied among different trials. AIM: To determine the cut-off value of
      FFRCT and its correlation with the gold standard used to diagnose CAD in clinical
      practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients with single vessel disease were
      included in our study. Computed tomography scan and coronary angiography with FFR
      were conducted for these patients. Three-dimensional geometric reconstruction and
      numerical analysis based on the computed tomographic angiogram (CTA) of coronary
      arteries were applied to obtain the values of FFRCT. The correlation between
      FFRCT and the gold standard used in clinical practice was tested. RESULTS: For
      FFRCT, the best cut-off value was 0.76, with the sensitivity, specificity,
      positive predictive value and negative predictive values of 84.6%, 92.9%, 88% and
      73.3%, respectively. The area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve
      was 0.945 (p < 0.0001). There was a good correlation of FFRCT values with FFR
      values (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001), with a slight overestimation of FFRCT as compared
      with measured FFR (mean difference 0.01 +/-0.11, p < 0.05). For inter-observer
      agreement, the mean kappa value was 0.69 (0.61 to 0.78) and for intra-observer
      agreement the mean kappa value was 0.61 (0.50 to 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: FFRCT
      derived from CT of the coronary artery is a reliable non-invasive way providing
      reliable functional information of coronary artery stenosis.

PMID- 26966447
TI  - No clinical benefit from manual thrombus aspiration in patients with non-ST
      elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are scarce data on the usefulness of manual thrombectomy
      among patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Early
      positive reports were not supported by the clinical outcome in the recent TATORT
      NSTEMI (Thrombus Aspiration in Thrombus Containing Culprit Lesions in Non-ST
      Elevation Myocardial Infarction) study. AIM: To analyze the long-term outcome of
      NSTEMI patients treated with manual thrombectomy during percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI) in the Polish multicenter National Registry of Drug Eluting
      Stents (NRDES) study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 13 catheterization
      laboratories in Poland that enrolled patients in NRDES Registry in 2010-2011.
      Patients with a diagnosis of NSTEMI were divided into two groups: those that were
      treated with manual thrombectomy for their primary PCI (T) and those who were not
      (NT). RESULTS: There were 923 patients diagnosed with NSTEMI in NRDES. Aspiration
      thrombectomy was used in 71 (7.7%) patients and the remaining 852 (92.3%) NSTEMI
      cases were treated without thrombectomy during the index PCI. Thrombectomy was
      more often used in patients with TIMI less than 1, thrombus grades 4 and 5 and
      older male patients. Percutaneous coronary interventions complications such as
      distal embolization and slow flow were more often observed in the thrombectomy
      subgroup. Overall mortality at 1 year was 1.69% in the T and 5.92% in the NT
      group (p = 0.24 and p = 0.32 after propensity score matching adjustment with p =
      0.11 in the multivariate logistic regression model). CONCLUSIONS: There was no
      mortality benefit from thrombus aspiration in NSTEMI patients at 1-year follow
      up.

PMID- 26966448
TI  - Rise of serum troponin levels following uncomplicated elective percutaneous
      coronary interventions in patients without clinical and procedural signs
      suggestive of myocardial necrosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The new definition of periprocedural myocardial infarction (type 4a
      MI) excludes patients without angina and electrocardiographic or
      echocardiographic changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia even though
      significant serum troponin elevations occur following percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI). AIM: To evaluate the incidence and predictors of serum
      troponin rise following elective PCI in patients without clinical and procedural
      signs suggestive of myocardial necrosis by using a high-sensitivite troponin
      assay (hsTnT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and four patients (mean age:
      60.8 +/-8.8 years, 204 male) undergoing elective PCI were enrolled. Patients with
      periprocedural angina, electrocardiographic or echocardiographic signs indicating
      myocardial ischemia or a visible procedural complication such as dissection or
      side branch occlusion were excluded. Mild-moderate periprocedural myocardial
      injury (PMI) and severe PMI were defined as post-PCI (12 h later) elevation of
      serum hsTnT concentrations to the range of 14-70 ng/l and > 70 ng/l,
      respectively. RESULTS: The median pre-procedural hsTnT level was 9.7 ng/l
      (interquartile range: 7.1-12.2 ng/l). Serum hsTnT concentration elevated (p <
      0.001) to 19.4 ng/l (IQR: 12.0-38.8 ng/l) 12 h after PCI. Mild-moderate PMI and
      severe PMI were detected in 49.3% and 12.2% of patients, respectively. Post
      procedural hsTnT levels were significantly higher in multivessel PCI, overlapping
      stenting, predilatation and postdilatation subgroups. In addition, post
      procedural hsTnT levels were correlated (r = 0.340; p < 0.001) with the stent
      lengths. CONCLUSIONS: High-sensitivite troponin measurements indicate a high
      incidence of PMI even though no clinical or procedural signs suggestive of
      myocardial ischemia exist. Multivessel PCI, overlapping stenting, predilatation,
      postdilatation and longer stent length are associated with PMI following elective
      PCI.

PMID- 26966450
TI  - Anomalous origin of right coronary artery from mid-left anterior descending
      artery leading to coronary steal phenomenon and ischemia.

PMID- 26966451
TI  - Noninvasive pacing during transfemoral implantation of the Edwards SAPIEN valve
      for tricuspid valve bioprosthesis stenosis.

PMID- 26966452
TI  - Endovascular thrombectomy with the AngioJet System for the treatment of
      intermediate-risk acute pulmonary embolism: a case report of two patients.

PMID- 26966449
TI  - Long-term follow-up after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale with
      Amplatzer PFO Occluder: a single center experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with the occurrence of
      cryptogenic strokes, transient neurological ischemic attacks (TIA) and migraine.
      Therefore despite the recent ambiguous results of prospective controlled trials,
      percutaneous closure of PFO is still performed in many centers. AIM: To evaluate
      the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous PFO closure in the prevention of
      recurrence of neurologic events and migraine symptoms in long-term observation.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 70 patients (31 male, age: 38 +/-18 years) percutaneous
      PFO closure was successfully performed with the Amplatzer PFO Occluder. An
      interview in conjunction with neurological follow-up was performed in all
      patients to reveal recurrence of embolism such as TIA or stroke and the presence
      of migraine symptoms before and after the procedure. RESULTS: The mean follow-up
      period was 857 +/-363 days (median: 571 days). No serious complications of the
      procedure and no death were observed. Neurological events recurred in 5 (7.1%)
      patients - stroke in 1 patient, TIA in 3 patients, ocular embolism in 1 patient.
      All of these patients were over 40 years old or had other cardiovascular risk
      factors. Migraine was observed in 21 (30%) patients before the procedure and in
      11 (15.7%) after the procedure (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The complication rate and
      recurrence of neurological events in young patients after PFO closure are low.
      However, careful qualification and postprocedural monitoring of the patients are
      necessary. Patent foramen ovale closure seems to result in attenuation of
      migraine symptoms.

PMID- 26966453
TI  - Staged interventional and surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot with critical
      stenosis of proximal aortic arch in premature hypotrophic newborn.

PMID- 26966454
TI  - Is there still a place for thrombectomy?

PMID- 26966455
TI  - The first reported aspiration thrombectomy with a guide extension mother-and
      child catheter in ST elevation myocardial infarction due to bacterial vegetation
      coronary artery embolism.

PMID- 26966456
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction due to coronary embolism originating from left
      ventricle thrombus in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and sinus rhythm.

PMID- 26966457
TI  - A case of doxazosin-induced acute coronary syndrome in a patient with myocardial
      bridging.

PMID- 26966459
TI  - Segregation in Post-Civil Rights America: Stalled Integration or End of the
      Segregated Century?
AB  - In this paper we adjudicate between competing claims of persisting segregation
      and rapid integration by analyzing trends in residential dissimilarity and
      spatial isolation for African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians living in 287
      consistently defined metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2010. On average, black
      segregation and isolation have fallen steadily but still remain very high in many
      areas, particularly those areas historically characterized by hypersegregation.
      In contrast, Hispanic segregation has increased slightly but Hispanic isolation
      has risen substantially owing to rapid population growth. Asian segregation has
      changed little and remains moderate, and although Asian isolation has increased
      it remains at low levels compared with other groups. Multivariate analyses reveal
      that segregation and isolation are being actively produced in some areas by
      restrictive density zoning regimes, large and/or rising minority percentages,
      lagging minority socioeconomic status, and active expressions of anti-black and
      anti-Latino sentiment, especially in large metropolitan areas. Areas displaying
      these characteristics are either integrating very slowly (in the case of blacks)
      or becoming more segregated (in the case of Hispanics), whereas those lacking
      these attributes are clearly moving toward integration, often quite rapidly.

PMID- 26966458
TI  - Attenuation of Oxidative Stress of Erythrocytes by Plant-Derived Flavonoids,
      Orientin and Luteolin.
AB  - Erythrocytes are easy to be injured by oxidative stress in their lifespan.
      Although there are several chemicals such as vitamin C (VC) that would be able to
      reduce oxidative stress, natural herbal products still remain an interesting
      research area. The current study investigated the effects of two plant-derived
      flavonoids, orientin and luteolin, on erythrocytes and their possible mechanisms.
      This experiment was divided into nine groups, which were normal group, model
      group, VC control group, and treated groups with different doses of orientin and
      luteolin (10, 20, and 40 MUg/mL), respectively. Hemolysis rate was determined by
      spectrophotometry. Antioxidative enzyme and products were evaluated by different
      methods. Erythrocyte cell surface and cellular structure were observed with
      scanning or transmission electron microscope, respectively. Oxidative stress
      induced significant increase in hemolysis rate of erythrocytes. Orientin or
      luteolin ameliorated hemolysis of erythrocytes in oxidative stress in a dose
      dependent manner. Both orientin and luteolin reduced oxidative products and
      increased antioxidative enzyme activities. Moreover, orientin and luteolin
      attenuated oxidative stress induced damage of erythrocyte cell surface morphology
      and cellular structure. In conclusion, orientin and luteolin could protect human
      erythrocytes from oxidative damage by attenuating oxidative stress, protecting
      antioxidative enzyme activities, and preserving integrity of erythrocyte
      structure. 

PMID- 26966460
TI  - Comparative analysis of volatiles difference of Yunnan sun-dried Pu-erh green tea
      from different tea mountains: Jingmai and Wuliang mountain by chemical
      fingerprint similarity combined with principal component analysis and cluster
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Modern instrumental analysis technology can provide various chemical
      data and information on tea samples. Unfortunately, it remains difficult to
      extract the useful information. We describe the use of chemical fingerprint
      similarities, combined with principal component and cluster analyses, to
      distinguish and recognize Pu-erh green teas, which from two tea mountains,
      Wuliang and Jingmai, in the Pu-erh district of Yunnan province. The volatile
      components of all 20 Pu-erh green teas (10 Wuliang and 10 Jingmai teas) were
      extracted and identified by headspace solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME)
      combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: Sixty-three
      volatiles (including alcohols, hydrocarbons, ketones, and aldehydes) were
      identified in the 20 Pu-erh green teas, and differences in compound compositions
      between them were also observed. Through fingerprint similarity, combined with
      principal component and cluster analyses, the 20 Pu-erh green teas were
      differentiated successfully based on their volatile characteristics. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study demonstrates that the GC-MS combined with chemical fingerprint and
      unsupervised pattern recognition method is suitable for the investigation of the
      volatile profiling and evaluating the quality and authenticity of teas related to
      the different origins.Graphical abstractDifferentiate Pu-erh green teas from
      different tea mountains by using chemical fingerprint similarity and multivariate
      statistical methods.

PMID- 26966463
TI  - A Classification Proposal for Peri-Implant Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis: A
      Critical Update.
AB  - Definitions of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis vary in the
      literature, and no clear criteria have been established for the diagnosis and
      treatment of such disorders. This study proposes a classification for peri
      implant mucositis and peri-implantitis based on the severity of the disease,
      using a combination of peri-implant clinical and radiological parameters to
      classify severity into several stages (Stage 0A and 0B = peri-implant mucositis,
      and Stage I to IV = periimplantitis). Following a review of the literature on the
      subject and justification of the proposed peri-implant disease classification,
      the latter aims to facilitate professional communication and data collection for
      research and community health studies. 

PMID- 26966462
TI  - Key enzymes catalyzing glycerol to 1,3-propanediol.
AB  - Biodiesel can replace petroleum diesel as it is produced from animal fats and
      vegetable oils, and it produces about 10 % (w/w) glycerol, which is a promising
      new industrial microbial carbon, as a major by-product. One of the most potential
      applications of glycerol is its biotransformation to high value chemicals such as
      1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD), dihydroxyacetone (DHA), succinic acid, etc., through
      microbial fermentation. Glycerol dehydratase, 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (1,3
      propanediol-oxydoreductase), and glycerol dehydrogenase, which were encoded,
      respectively, by dhaB, dhaT, and dhaD and with DHA kinase are encompassed by the
      dha regulon, are the three key enzymes in glycerol bioconversion into 1,3-PD and
      DHA, and these are discussed in this review article. The summary of the main
      research direction of these three key enzyme and methods of glycerol
      bioconversion into 1,3-PD and DHA indicates their potential application in future
      enzymatic research and industrial production, especially in biodiesel industry. 

PMID- 26966466
TI  - Evaluating Resin-Dentin Bond by Microtensile Bond Strength Test: Effects of
      Various Resin Composites and Placement Techniques.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study evaluated the microtensile bond strength (MTBS)
      of a methacrylate-based compared to a silorane-based resin composite in Class I
      cavity using different placement techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class I
      cavities with dimension of (4 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3 mm deep) were prepared in
      extracted sound human molars. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups.
      The first three groups were filled with Filtek P90 using three methods of
      insertion; bulk, incremental and snow-plow, and the remaining three groups were
      filled with Clearfil AP-X using the same three placement techniques. After 24
      hours of storage in water at 37 degrees C, the specimens were thermocycled to
      1000 cycles. Specimens were prepared for MTBS testing by creating bonded beams
      obtained from the pulpal floor. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analyses
      of data were performed by two-way ANOVA/Tukey (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The
      experiment showed significant differences between the two resin composites with
      regard to filling techniques (P<0.05). The MTBS was significantly higher in each
      of Filtek P90 subgroup compared to Clearfil AP-X ones (P<0.05). With respect to
      filling technique in both resin composites, bulk insertion showed the
      significantly lowest MTBS (P<0.05), while no significant difference was found
      between the outcome of incremental and snow-plow techniques (P>0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Silorane-based resin composite as opposed to methacrylate based resin composite
      and layering placements in contrast to bulk filling method had higher
      microtensile bond strength.

PMID- 26966464
TI  - Intracanal Antibiotic Medication for Sustained Root Surface Disinfection-A
      Laboratory Evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To measure the release of an antibiotic mixture of ciprofloxacin,
      cerfuroxim and metronidazole (TreVitaMix, TVM) through human dentine and to
      assess the growth inhibition of Fusobacterium nucleatum. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Twenty-four extracted human incisors were scaled and endodontically treated. Root
      canals were either filled with antibiotic tri-mixture (TVM) or with the carrier
      material alone (propylene glycol, PG) and were coronally and apically sealed with
      a flowable composite. Transradicular medicament release was
      spectrophotometrically measured at 277 nm in simulated body fluid for up to 21
      days. In a second part, an agar diffusion assay (F. nucleatum) with
      representative TVM concentrations as determined in the first part was performed
      to study the growth inhibition. Samples were anaerobical incubated for 48 h and
      inhibition zones were measured. RESULTS: TVM was spectrophotometrically
      detectable in the immersion solution and released in decreasing concentrations up
      to 21 days (222.5 +/- 65.2 mg/ml at day 1 and 35.1 +/- 15.6 mg/ml at day 21). In
      addition, inhibition zones were shown in the agar diffusion assay at
      representative TVM concentrations. The carrier material showed no antibacterial
      effect. CONLUSION: TVM showed the potential to penetrate through dentine and to
      inhibit bacterial growth. Therefore, it might have the potential to disinfect the
      outer root surface in perio-endo lesions, but further research is needed to
      confirm these observations.

PMID- 26966465
TI  - Effect of Food Simulating Agents on the Hardness and Bond Strength of a Silicone
      Soft Liner to a Denture Base Acrylic Resin.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Bonding failure between acrylic resin and soft liner
      material and also gradual loss of soft liner resiliency over time are two
      impending challenges frequently recognized with a denture base embraced with a
      resilient liner. Since patients drink various beverages, it is crucial to assess
      the influences of these beverages on physical characteristics of soft liners.
      PURPOSE: This in vitro study envisioned to assess the influence of food
      simulating agents (FSA) on the hardness of a silicone soft liner by employing a
      Shore A durometer test and also evaluate its bond strength to a denture base
      resin by using tensile bond strength test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To test the
      hardness of samples, 50 rectangular samples (40 mm * 10 mm * 3 mm) were prepared
      from a heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (Meliodent). Mollosil, a
      commercially available silicone resilient liner, was provided and applied on the
      specimens following the manufacturer's directions. In order to test tensile bond
      strength, 100 cylindrical specimens (30 mm * 10 mm) were fabricated. The liners
      were added between specimens with the thicknesses of 3 mm. The specimens were
      divided into 5 groups (n=10) and immersed in distilled water, heptane, citric
      acid, and 50% ethanol. For each test, we used 10 specimens as a baseline
      measurement; control group. All specimens were kept in dispersed containers at
      37oC for 12 days and all solutions were changed every day. The hardness was
      verified using a Shore A durometer and the tensile bond strength was examined by
      an Instron testing machine at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. The records were
      analyzed employing one-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD, and LSD tests. RESULTS: The mean
      tensile bond strength +/- standard deviation (SD) for Mollosil was as follows for
      each group: 3.1 +/- 0.4 (water), 1.8 +/- 0.4 (citric acid), 3.0 +/- 0.4
      (heptane), 1.2 +/- 0.3 (50% ethanol), and 3.8 +/- 0.4 (control). The hardness
      values for each group were: 28.7 +/- 2.11 (water), 33.2 +/- 2.82 (citric acid),
      39.2 +/- 4.8 (heptane), 32.3 +/- 3.56 (50% ethanol) and 22.2 +/- 2.08 (control).
      Mean values for hardness indicated that all of the food simulating agents
      significantly increased hardness of the Mollosil soft liner compared to the
      control group (p<0.05). The results of tensile bond strength depicted that water
      and FSA decreased the bond strength of the soft liner -denture base resin
      compared to the control group and it was statistically significant (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The food simulating agents could influence the mechanical properties
      of silicone soft liners; hence, clinicians should inform their patients
      concerning their possible adverse effects and complications.

PMID- 26966467
TI  - Sinus Lift Augmentation by Using Calcium Sulphate. A Retrospective 12 Months
      Radiographic Evaluation Over 25 Treated Italian Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this investigation was to assess bone healing of sinus lift
      procedure in which the augmentation has been performed by using calcium sulphate
      like bone substitutes. The methods of this investigation how the use of Cone Beam
      Computed Tomography (CBCT) may be a valid instrument to support reconstructive
      surgery of the jaws. PATIENTS AND METHODOLOGY: 25 Patients presented large bone
      defects after tooth extractions located in the upper jaw posterior area. Vertical
      bone volume was assessed by CBCT examinations before and about six months after
      sinus lift surgery. RESULTS: Examined defects treated with sinus lift surgery and
      evaluated by CBCT showed a strong increasing on the bone volume at 6 months
      follow up control. CONCLUSION: Calcium sulphate application in sinus lift surgery
      represent a safe and predictable option in the place of autologous bone.
      Therefore the application of CBCT investigation may give the clinicians the
      opportunity of evaluating with high precision value, the consistence of the bone
      defects before the surgery.

PMID- 26966468
TI  - Medical Risk Assessment in Patients Referred to Dental Clinics, Mashhad, Iran
      (2011-2012).
AB  - Advances in medical and dental techniques have led to a growing aged population
      living with complex medical conditions. This study focuses on the detection of
      medically compromised dental patients by means of a validated patient
      administered medical risk-related history questionnaire. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      We used the questionnaire EMRRH (European Risk Related Medical History) in order
      to study the prevalence as well as the risk assessment of past medical problems
      in a population who visited dental centers (dental university, dental offices and
      clinics) for treatment in Mashhad, Iran. RESULTS: A total number of 1,188
      patients were registered, 871 of whom had a medical history that was of some
      interest to us. From the population with medical problems which was 30.6% of the
      total (N=219), 26.7% of the patients were classified as risk ASA I; 37.3% as ASA
      II, 16.9% as ASA III; and 19.1% as ASA IV. Among the diverse pathologies, the
      highest percentage was hypertension (11.6%), followed by allergies to different
      drugs (8.37%). CONCLUSION: It seems absolutely essential for dental practitioners
      to take a detailed medical history prior to any therapeutic procedure, as certain
      medical conditions, if unnoticed, will lead to unfavorable consequences and/or
      repercussions.

PMID- 26966469
TI  - Piezosurgery in Bone Augmentation Procedures Previous to Dental Implant Surgery:
      A Review of the Literature.
AB  - The piezosurgery has been used with increasing frequency and applicability by
      health professionals, especially those who deal with dental implants. The concept
      of piezoelectricity has emerged in the nineteenth century, but it was applied in
      oral surgery from 1988 by Tomaso Vercellotti. It consists of an ultrasonic device
      able to cut mineralized bone tissue, without injuring the adjacent soft tissue.
      It also has several advantages when compared to conventional techniques with
      drills and saws, such as the production of a precise, clean and low bleed bone
      cut that shows positive biological results. In dental implants surgery, it has
      been used for maxillary sinus lifting, removal of bone blocks, distraction
      osteogenesis, lateralization of the inferior alveolar nerve, split crest of
      alveolar ridge and even for dental implants placement. The purpose of this paper
      is to discuss the use of piezosurgery in bone augmentation procedures used
      previously to dental implants placement. 

PMID- 26966470
TI  - A Colorimetric Interdental Probe as a Standard Method to Evaluate Interdental
      Efficiency of Interdental Brush.
AB  - The aim of this study is to evaluate the concordance between the empirical choice
      of interdental brushes of different diameters compared to the gold standard, the
      IAP CURAPROX((c)) calibrating colorimetric probe. It is carried out with the aim
      of facilitating the consensus development of best practices. All the subjects'
      interproximal spaces were evaluated using the reference technique (colorimetric
      probe), then after a time lapse of 1.2 +/- 0.2 hours, using the empirical
      clinical technique (brushes) by the same examiner. Each examiner explored 3
      subjects. The order the patients were examined with the colorimetric interdental
      probe (CIP) was random. 446 sites were selected in the study out of 468 potential
      sites. The correspondence of scores between interdental bushes vs. colorimetric
      probe is 43.0% [95%-CI: 38.5-47.6]. In 33.41% of the 446 sites, the brush is
      inferior to the probe; in 23.54% of cases, the brush is superior to the probe.
      Among the discrepancies there is thus a tendency for the subjects to use brushes
      with smaller diameter than that recommended by the colorimetric probe. This
      review has found very high-quality evidence that colorimetric probes plus
      interdental brushing is more beneficial than interdental brushing alone for
      increase the concordance between the empirical choice of interdental brushes of
      different diameters compared to the gold standard. Uncertainties remain and
      further research is required to provide detailed data on user satisfaction. 

PMID- 26966471
TI  - Pedunculated Hepatic Hemangioma Masquerading as a Peritoneal Tumor. A Case
      Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although being classically located inside the liver parenchyma,
      hemangiomas may occasionally develop outside the extra-hepatic capsule, thus
      appearing as a pedunculated mass. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 66-year
      old anal cancer female patient presenting with an asymptomatic sub-hepatic mass.
      Incidental diagnosis of a pedunculated hepatic hemangioma was strongly suggested
      by the typical imaging features on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic
      resonance (MR) examinations, and was confirmed by histopathological examination.
      CONCLUSIONS: Exophytic pedunculated growth is a rare and atypical feature of
      hepatic hemangioma. Thin contrast- enhanced sections and multiplanar CT and MR
      scan reformations helped to the final diagnosis of hemangioma, showing its origin
      from the liver edge. Surgical resection is mandatory to prevent threatening mass
      pedicle torsion.

PMID- 26966473
TI  - Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Left Lower Limb in a 12 Year-Old Female Child with
      Ulcerative Colitis - Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's
      disease. CASE REPORT: This case report presents a patient with ulcerative
      colitis, with thrombotic complication of the left common iliac vein that occurred
      at the age of 11, two years after diagnosis. After a year of anticoagulation and
      compression therapy, although exacerbations of underlying disease occurred in the
      first 6 months of treatment, there was no recurrence of deep venous thrombosis,
      partial recanalization within affected venous system has been achieved and the
      patient is remission of ulcerative colitis for the last six months. CONCLUSIONS:
      In children, thromboembolic complications occur about 7 times less often than in
      adults, but increases in the case of hospitalized children. In children with IBD
      this complication can occur independently og disease activity even in patients
      with any other risk factors.

PMID- 26966474
TI  - Right Aortic Arch with Aplasia of the Left Brachiocephalic Trunk Presented as
      Systolic Blood Pressure Difference Between Upper Extremities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The right aortic arch with mirror-image of branching arteries without
      coexisting congenital heart disease is a very rare anomaly. CASE REPORT: We
      report a case of the right-sided aortic arch with aplasia of the left
      brachiocephalic trunk in a 64-year-old women, presenting difference in systolic
      blood pressure between upper extremities. The history of the patient and angio-CT
      findings were described and visualized with images. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of
      vascular variations is important for the clinical and therapeutic aspects.

PMID- 26966472
TI  - Irreversible Electroporation (IRE): Standardization of Terminology and Reporting
      Criteria for Analysis and Comparison.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) as newer ablation modality has
      been introduced and its clinical niche is under investigation. At present just
      one IRE system has been approved for clinical use and is currently commercially
      available (NanoKnife(r) system). In 2014, the International Working Group on
      Image-Guided Tumor Ablation updated the recommendation about standardization of
      terms and reporting criteria for image-guided tumor ablation. The IRE method is
      not covered in detail. But the non-thermal IRE method and the NanoKnife System
      differ fundamentally from established ablations techniques, especially thermal
      approaches, e.g. radio frequency ablation (RFA). MATERIAL/METHODS: As numerous
      publications on IRE with varying terminology exist so far - with numbers
      continuously increasing - standardized terms and reporting criteria of IRE are
      needed urgently. The use of standardized terminology may then allow for a better
      inter-study comparison of the methodology applied as well as results achieved.
      RESULTS: Thus, the main objective of this document is to supplement the updated
      recommendation for image-guided tumor ablation by outlining a standardized set of
      terminology for the IRE procedure with the NanoKnife Sytem as well as address
      essential clinical and technical informations that should be provided when
      reporting on IRE tumor ablation. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that the usage of all
      above recommended reporting criteria and terms can make IRE ablation reports
      comparable and provide treatment transparency to assess the current value of IRE
      and provide further development.

PMID- 26966475
TI  - LATENT DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ESTIMATION IN HARD-TO-REACH GROUPS.
AB  - The sampling frame in most social science surveys excludes members of certain
      groups, known as hard-to-reach groups. These groups, or sub-populations, may be
      difficult to access (the homeless, e.g.), camouflaged by stigma (individuals with
      HIV/AIDS), or both (commercial sex workers). Even basic demographic information
      about these groups is typically unknown, especially in many developing nations.
      We present statistical models which leverage social network structure to estimate
      demographic characteristics of these subpopulations using Aggregated relational
      data (ARD), or questions of the form "How many X's do you know?" Unlike other
      network-based techniques for reaching these groups, ARD require no special
      sampling strategy and are easily incorporated into standard surveys. ARD also do
      not require respondents to reveal their own group membership. We propose a
      Bayesian hierarchical model for estimating the demographic characteristics of
      hard-to-reach groups, or latent demographic profiles, using ARD. We propose two
      estimation techniques. First, we propose a Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm for
      existing data or cases where the full posterior distribution is of interest. For
      cases when new data can be collected, we propose guidelines and, based on these
      guidelines, propose a simple estimate motivated by a missing data approach. Using
      data from McCarty et al. [Human Organization60 (2001) 28-39], we estimate the age
      and gender profiles of six hard-to-reach groups, such as individuals who have
      HIV, women who were raped, and homeless persons. We also evaluate our simple
      estimates using simulation studies.

PMID- 26966476
TI  - Comparative Ab-Initio Study of Substituted Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Compounds
      for Solar Thermal Storage.
AB  - Molecular photoswitches that are capable of storing solar energy, so-called
      molecular solar thermal storage systems, are interesting candidates for future
      renewable energy applications. In this context, substituted norbornadiene
      quadricyclane systems have received renewed interest due to recent advances in
      their synthesis. The optical, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties of these
      systems can vary dramatically depending on the chosen substituents. The molecular
      design of optimal compounds therefore requires a detailed understanding of the
      effect of individual substituents as well as their interplay. Here, we model
      absorption spectra, potential energy storage, and thermal barriers for back
      conversion of several substituted systems using both single-reference (density
      functional theory using PBE, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, M06, M06-2x, and M06-L functionals
      as well as MP2 calculations) and multireference methods (complete active space
      techniques). Already the diaryl substituted compound displays a strong red-shift
      compared to the unsubstituted system, which is shown to result from the extension
      of the conjugated pi-system upon substitution. Using specific donor/acceptor
      groups gives rise to a further albeit relatively smaller red-shift. The
      calculated storage energy is found to be rather insensitive to the specific
      substituents, although solvent effects are likely to be important and require
      further study. The barrier for thermal back-conversion exhibits strong
      multireference character and as a result is noticeably correlated with the red
      shift. Two possible reaction paths for the thermal back-conversion of diaryl
      substituted quadricyclane are identified and it is shown that among the compounds
      considered the path via the acceptor side is systematically favored. Finally, the
      present study establishes the basis for high-throughput screening of
      norbornadiene-quadricyclane compounds as it provides guidelines for the level of
      accuracy that can be expected for key properties from several different
      techniques.

PMID- 26966477
TI  - Injuries Caused by Explosion of Electronic Cigarette Devices.

PMID- 26966478
TI  - [Parecoxib effects in the prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions:
      randomized experimental study in rats].

PMID- 26966479
TI  - Retraction: Redundant Publication of the article Dental caries and oral health
      practices among 12 year old children in Nairobi West and Mathira West Districts,
      Kenya. Gladwell Gathecha et al. The Pan African Medical Journal. 2012;12:42.

PMID- 26966480
TI  - [A case of cervical muscle hematoma found in Antananarivo].

PMID- 26966481
TI  - [Nosocomial pneumonia in ICU CHU Hassan II of Fez].

PMID- 26966483
TI  - [The posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a boy on peritoneal
      dialysis].

PMID- 26966484
TI  - [Athletic pubalgia: update about a retrospective study of 128 players].

PMID- 26966482
TI  - Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes among hypertensive patients
      attending Kiambu district Hospital, Kenya: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are two common non
      communicable diseases (NCDs) that are closely linked: one cannot be properly
      managed without attention to the other. The aim of this study was to determine
      the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetic and pre-diabetic states that is abnormal
      glucose regulation (AGR) and factors associated with it among hypertensive
      patients in Kiambu Hospital, Kenya. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study
      from February 2014 to April 2014. Hypertensive patients aged >= 18 attending the
      out-patient medical clinic were included in the study. Pregnant and known
      diabetic patients were excluded. Data was collected on socio-demographics,
      behavior, and anthropometrics. Diabetes status was based on a Glycated
      Haemoglobin (HbA1C) classification of >= 6.5% for diabetes, 6.0-6.4% for pre
      diabetes and <= 6.0% for normal. AGR was the dependable variable and included two
      diabetic categories; diabetes and pre-diabetes. RESULTS: We enrolled 334 patients
      into the study: the mean age was 59 years (Standard deviation = 14.3). Of these
      patients 254 (76%) were women. Thirty two percent (107/334; 32%) were found to
      have AGR, with 14% (46) having un-diagnosed DM and 18%(61) with pre-diabetes.
      Factors associated with AGR were age >= 45 (OR = 3.23; 95% CI 1.37 >= 7.62),
      basal metabolic index (BMI) >= 25 Kg/m(2) (OR = 3.13; 95% CI 1.53 - 6.41), low
      formal education (primary/none)(OR= 2; 95%CI 1.08 - 3.56) and family history of
      DM (OR = 2.19; 95%CI 1.16 - 4.15). CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of
      undiagnosed AGR among hypertensive patients. This highlights the need to
      regularly screen for AGR among hypertensive patients as recommended by WHO.

PMID- 26966485
TI  - An exceptional collision tumor: gastric calcified stromal tumor and pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The authors report an exceptional case of collision tumor comprised of a gastric
      calcified stromal tumor and a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The pancreatic tumor was
      detected fortuitously on the histological exam of resection specimen. 

PMID- 26966486
TI  - [An unusual mode of discovery of primary hyperparathyroidism: multiple fractures
      on brown tumors secondary to ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma].

PMID- 26966487
TI  - [Suspicious melanonychia revealing Laugier Hunziker syndrome].

PMID- 26966488
TI  - Multiple myeloma in Nigeria: a multi-centre epidemiological and biomedical study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Myelomatosis is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the
      bone marrow, with relatively high prevalence in African populations. Variation in
      genetic mutations has been observed in individual patients and may be responsible
      for differences in disease pattern and treatment outcomes. This study described
      the presentations and treatment outcomes of multiple myeloma in nigerian.
      METHODS: The data was obtained retrospectively from the case notes of 135
      patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma from eight tertiary health institutions
      across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria from 2005 to 2014. Data analysis was
      carried out using SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: The predominant presentations were bone
      pain in 97 (74%), nephropathy in 47 (35.9%) and pathological fractures in 58
      (44.3%). Sixty-seven percent (67%) of the patients were less than 60 years, and
      35% had Bence Jones proteinuria. The overall survival beyond 6 months was 91.3%,
      mean duration of survival rate was 7.4 months. Majority (66.2%) were on Melphalan
      alone or on melphalan-containing combinations. A higher packed cell volume (PCV)
      and total serum protein levels at presentation were associated with increased
      survival, p=0.033 and 0.036, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study portrayed the
      importance of detail investigation on the causes of bone pain and anaemia in
      person's aged 40 years and above. There is a high prevalence of nephropathy in
      this cohort of patients which needs to be further investigated. Majority of the
      patients, though < 65 years of age were placed on melphalan-containing
      combinations, which foreclosed chances of future autologous bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 26966489
TI  - New-onset diabetic ketoacidosis in a 13-months old african toddler: a case
      report.
AB  - Type 1 diabetes mellitus is very rare in infants and toddlers and is usually
      associated with high mortality when complicated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
      Toddlers in DKA are often missed in our typical African setting where there is
      low index of suspicion. Usually, the classical symptoms are not usually at the
      forefront and many infants and toddlers who develop DKA are mistreated for
      infections. The case of a 13-months old toddler with new-onset type 1 diabetes
      mellitus, complicated with DKA at diagnosis is reported in view of its rarity and
      elevated mortality even when diagnosed in our African setting. She was
      subsequently treated with intravenous insulin and was passed over to subcutaneous
      insulin after the eradication of ketones in urine. She continues follow-up at the
      out-patient children diabetes clinic at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital. 

PMID- 26966490
TI  - Intralaryngeal thyroglossal duct cyst.

PMID- 26966491
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966493
TI  - Phenytoin intoxication with no symptoms correlated with serum drug level: a case
      study.
AB  - In high-dose intake of phenytoin, which is used frequently to treat epilepsy,
      nystagmus, diplopia, nausea-vomiting, lethargy, confusion, seizure, and coma can
      be observed. In recent studies on phenytoin intoxication, in which seizure and
      coma were observed in drug levels greater than 50 ug/mL. The serum phenytoin
      level of a patient, who consumed approximately 100 pcs of 100 mg phenytoin
      tablets in an effort to commit suicide, and who had no pathological finding in
      her neurologic examination, was 124 ug/mL. High drug level and the absence of
      toxic effect (or the absence of toxic effect correlated with the drug level)
      indicates that cytochrome P450 is functioning, but there can be a mutation in the
      MDR1 gene. In our case study, we report on phenytoin intoxication in a patient
      having a high level of phenytoin but no symptoms correlated with serum drug
      level, as supported by the findings in the literature.

PMID- 26966494
TI  - Cutaneous onchocerciasis in Dumbu, a pastoral area in the North-West region of
      Cameroon: diagnostic challenge and socio-economic implications.
AB  - Onchocerciasis is a severe parasitic infestation caused by Onchocerca volvulus
      which causes disabling skin and subcutaneous tissue changes and ultimately leads
      to blindness. It has a huge public health impact due to its socioeconomic burden
      and the vast number of people it affects in developing countries. In this case, a
      60 years old woman was encountered with leopard skin like changes, rashes and
      pruritus on the left leg; which had been managed as cutaneous mycosis for over a
      period of 8 years. A diagnosis of onchocerciasis was finally made after a skin
      snip identified onchocercal microfilariae. The above case shows that
      onchocerciasis is still a neglected tropical disease (NTD) in Cameroon. This
      emphasizes the need for more expansive outreach programs in remote areas in
      Cameroon, a change in health policies to ensure the eradication of this disabling
      disease and health promotion amongst vulnerable populations. 

PMID- 26966492
TI  - [Prevalence, associated and predisposing factors of metabolic syndrome among
      people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in Porto Novo in 2014].

PMID- 26966495
TI  - Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva with minor unilateral hallux anomaly in a
      sporadic case from Northern Tanzania with the common ACVR1c.617G>A mutation.
AB  - Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited
      disorder of connective tissue caused by mutations in the gene encoding for
      ACVR1/ALK2, a bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor. It is mainly
      characterized by congenital malformations of the great toes and the formation of
      qualitatively normal bone in extra-skeletal sites leading to severe disability
      and eventually death. We present a sporadic case from Northern Tanzania with a
      minor unilateral hallux anomaly and the common ACVR1 c.617G>A mutation. 

PMID- 26966496
TI  - [An atypical presentation of celiac disease: central retinal vein occlusion].

PMID- 26966497
TI  - [Blackwater fever (BWF) of late revelation about a case at the University
      Hospital of Dakar].

PMID- 26966498
TI  - Tuberculosis following kidney transplantation: report of paediatric case.
AB  - Recipients of solid organ transplantation are, because of immunosuppressive
      therapy, at high risk to develop opportunistic infections including tuberculosis
      (TB). The incidence, clinical manifestations, and optimal diagnostic tests of
      this disease in this population have not been adequately defined. In this paper,
      we report a case of 13 year-old boy who developed pulmonary tuberculosis
      following a second renal transplantation from a deceased donor. The described
      case points diagnostic difficulties of the tuberculosis disease which are due to
      insidious and non specific clinical presentation. Also, the treatment is delicate
      because interaction between immunosuppressive drugs and antituberculosis drugs. 

PMID- 26966500
TI  - SD Bioline malaria antigen Pf (HRP-2/pLHD) for assessing efficacy of artemisinin
      combination therapy against Plasmodium falciparum in pediatric patients in the
      Democratic Republic of the Congo.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin
      combination therapy (ACT) is a worrying development. It calls for close
      surveillance to monitor the efficacy of the drugs. The objectives of this study
      were to determine the performance of SD Bioline malaria AgPf(HRP-2/pLDH) 3 band
      Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) against Giemsa-stained blood smear and evaluate the
      suitability of this test in assessing the therapeutic efficacy of ACT in
      pediatric malaria patients in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
      METHODS: Five hundred and one patients with malaria symptoms were screened for P.
      falciparum in Kinshasa, DRC. Of the 166 patients who tested positive for P.
      falciparum at recruitment (day 0), 103 consented to participate in this study and
      were followed up and retested for P. falciparum on day 3, day 7, day 14, day 21
      and day 28. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of the test were significantly
      high on day 0 and so were their positive and negative predictive values. Higher
      proportions of false positive cases were observed on the HRP-2 band irrespective
      of patient parasite densities during the follow up but these were barely seen on
      the pLDH band. Some patients turned positive during follow up but pLDH readings
      remained consistent with blood smear readings. CONCLUSION: SD Bioline malaria
      AgPf(HRP-2/pLDH) RDT demonstrated high performance in DRC. Thus, the test can be
      employed to assess the efficacy of ACT in pediatric malaria patients and
      prioritize areas that require the deployment of advanced testing like polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR).

PMID- 26966501
TI  - [Gliosarcoma: rare tumor of the central nervous system--presentation of two
      cases].

PMID- 26966499
TI  - [Effectiveness of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus by the 2010 protocol of the World Health Organisation at
      the Medical Center St. Camille of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)].

PMID- 26966502
TI  - Sustainable Health Development Goals (SHDG): breaking down the walls.
AB  - The world's governments failed to achieve the Health for All 2000 goals from the
      Alma Ata Declaration of 1978. Although a lot of milestones have been covered
      since 2000, the world's governing authorities are unlikely to achieve the current
      Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which expire by the end of this year. The
      inability to achieve these goals may be linked to the multiplicity of health
      related directives and fragmentation of health systems in many countries.
      However, with the proposed 17 sustainability development goals, health has only
      one universal aim: to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all
      ages. Accomplishing this will require a focus on health systems (system
      thinking), commonization of services and full integration of services with total
      dismantling of vertical programs across the world. 

PMID- 26966503
TI  - [Syndrome Heerfordt].

PMID- 26966504
TI  - [Angiocholitis secondary to a tumor thrombus of a primitive neuroendocrine tumor
      of the liver].

PMID- 26966505
TI  - [Tinnitus indicative of Horton disease].

PMID- 26966506
TI  - [Mount Fuji sign: compressive pneumocephalus].

PMID- 26966507
TI  - Protective Effect of Parsley Juice (Petroselinum crispum, Apiaceae) against
      Cadmium Deleterious Changes in the Developed Albino Mice Newborns (Mus musculus)
      Brain.
AB  - Parsley was used as a probe of the current experiment to prevent the behavioral,
      morphological and biochemical changes in the newborn brain following the
      administration of cadmium (Cd) to the pregnant mice. The nonanesthetized pregnant
      mice were given daily parsley juice (Petroselinum crispum) at doses of 20 mg/kg
      and 10 mg/kg. Pregnant mothers were given Cd at a dose of 30 mg/kg divided into 3
      equal times. The newborns have been divided into 6 groups: Group A, mothers did
      not take treatment; Groups B and C, mothers were treated with low and high dose
      of parsley, respectively; Group D, mothers were treated only with Cd (perinatal
      intoxication); Groups E and F, mothers were treated with Cd doses and protected
      by low and high doses of parsley, respectively. Light microscopy showed that Cd
      induced neuronal degeneration by chromatolysis and pyknosis in the brain regions.
      The low dose of parsley 10 g/kg/day exhibited significant effects in neutralizing
      and reducing the deleterious changes due to Cd exposure during pregnancy on the
      behavioral activities, neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, and brain neurons
      morphology of the mice newborns. 

PMID- 26966510
TI  - Energy drink consumption in Israeli youth: Public health & the perils of
      energetic marketing.
AB  - In a recently published IJHPR article, Magnezi and colleagues add to our
      knowledge of consumption of energy drinks (ED), and alcohol mixed with energy
      drinks (AmED), by exploring these patterns among public school students in Tel
      Aviv, Israel. Prior research on this topic is largely limited to young adults,
      but adolescents are clearly targets of energy drink marketing, and this age group
      is at well-known risk for initiating risky exposures. The survey data presented
      here indicate that ED exposure is widespread in high school, and often begins in
      middle school. Among students consuming energy drinks, AmED exposure is also
      high, and of particular concern. Knowledge of ED and AmED hazards does not
      clearly associate with reduced intake, but a suggestion that awareness of
      caffeine thresholds may offer some dissuasion is noteworthy. The authors propose
      warning labels, and education directed to both youth and their parents. A case is
      made here for regulation of the energetic marketing of these products to youth as
      well. 

PMID- 26966509
TI  - Draft genome sequence and overview of the purple non sulfur bacterium
      Rhodopseudomonas palustris 42OL.
AB  - Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain 42OL was isolated in 1973 from a sugar refinery
      waste treatment pond. The strain has been prevalently used for hydrogen
      production processes using a wide variety of waste-derived substrates, and
      cultured both indoors and outdoors, either freely suspended or immobilized. R.
      palustris 42OL was suitable for many other applications and capable of growing in
      very different culturing conditions, revealing a wide metabolic versatility. The
      analysis of the genome sequence allowed to identify the metabolic pathways for
      hydrogen and poly-beta-hydroxy-butyrate production, and confirmed the ability of
      using a wide range of organic acids as substrates. 

PMID- 26966508
TI  - Periodic Exposure of Keratinocytes to Cold Physical Plasma: An In Vitro Model for
      Redox-Related Diseases of the Skin.
AB  - Oxidative stress illustrates an imbalance between radical formation and removal.
      Frequent redox stress is critically involved in many human pathologies including
      cancer, psoriasis, and chronic wounds. However, reactive species pursue a dual
      role being involved in signaling on the one hand and oxidative damage on the
      other. Using a HaCaT keratinocyte cell culture model, we investigated redox
      regulation and inflammation to periodic, low-dose oxidative stress after two,
      six, eight, ten, and twelve weeks. Chronic redox stress was generated by
      recurrent incubation with cold physical plasma-treated cell culture medium. Using
      transcriptome microarray technology, we identified both acute ROS-stress
      responses as well as numerous adaptions after several weeks of redox challenge.
      We determined a differential expression (2-fold, FDR < 0.01, p < 0.05) of 260
      genes that function in inflammation and redox homeostasis, such as cytokines
      (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), growth factors (e.g., CSF2, FGF, and IGF-2), and
      antioxidant enzymes (e.g., HMOX, NQO1, GPX, and PRDX). Apoptotic signaling was
      affected rather modestly, especially in p53 downstream targets (e.g., BCL2, BBC3,
      and GADD45). Strikingly, the cell-protective heat shock protein HSP27 was
      strongly upregulated (p < 0.001). These results suggested cellular adaptions to
      frequent redox stress and may help to better understand the inflammatory
      responses in redox-related diseases. 

PMID- 26966513
TI  - EEG correlates of social interaction at distance.
AB  - This study investigated EEG correlates of social interaction at distance between
      twenty-five pairs of participants who were not connected by any traditional
      channels of communication. Each session involved the application of 128
      stimulations separated by intervals of random duration ranging from 4 to 6
      seconds. One of the pair received a one-second stimulation from a light signal
      produced by an arrangement of red LEDs, and a simultaneous 500 Hz sinusoidal
      audio signal of the same length. The other member of the pair sat in an isolated
      sound-proof room, such that any sensory interaction between the pair was
      impossible. An analysis of the Event-Related Potentials associated with sensory
      stimulation using traditional averaging methods showed a distinct peak at
      approximately 300 ms, but only in the EEG activity of subjects who were directly
      stimulated. However, when a new algorithm was applied to the EEG activity based
      on the correlation between signals from all active electrodes, a weak but robust
      response was also detected in the EEG activity of the passive member of the pair,
      particularly within 9 - 10 Hz in the Alpha range. Using the Bootstrap method and
      the Monte Carlo emulation, this signal was found to be statistically significant.

PMID- 26966512
TI  - Novel in vitro and mathematical models for the prediction of chemical toxicity.
AB  - The focus of much scientific and medical research is directed towards
      understanding the disease process and defining therapeutic intervention
      strategies. The scientific basis of drug safety is very complex and currently
      remains poorly understood, despite the fact that adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
      are a major health concern and a serious impediment to development of new
      medicines. Toxicity issues account for ~21% drug attrition during drug
      development and safety testing strategies require considerable animal use.
      Mechanistic relationships between drug plasma levels and molecular/cellular
      events that culminate in whole organ toxicity underpins development of novel
      safety assessment strategies. Current in vitro test systems are poorly predictive
      of toxicity of chemicals entering the systemic circulation, particularly to the
      liver. Such systems fall short because of (1) the physiological gap between cells
      currently used and human hepatocytes existing in their native state, (2) the lack
      of physiological integration with other cells/systems within organs, required to
      amplify the initial toxicological lesion into overt toxicity, (3) the inability
      to assess how low level cell damage induced by chemicals may develop into overt
      organ toxicity in a minority of patients, (4) lack of consideration of systemic
      effects. Reproduction of centrilobular and periportal hepatocyte phenotypes in in
      vitro culture is crucial for sensitive detection of cellular stress. Hepatocyte
      metabolism/phenotype is dependent on cell position along the liver lobule, with
      corresponding differences in exposure to substrate, oxygen and hormone gradients.
      Application of bioartificial liver (BAL) technology can encompass in vitro
      predictive toxicity testing with enhanced sensitivity and improved mechanistic
      understanding. Combining this technology with mechanistic mathematical models
      describing intracellular metabolism, fluid-flow, substrate, hormone and nutrient
      distribution provides the opportunity to design the BAL specifically to mimic the
      in vivo scenario. Such mathematical models enable theoretical hypothesis testing,
      will inform the design of in vitro experiments, and will enable both refinement
      and reduction of in vivo animal trials. In this way, development of novel
      mathematical modelling tools will help to focus and direct in vitro and in vivo
      research, and can be used as a framework for other areas of drug safety science.

PMID- 26925227
TI  - Differential analyses for RNA-seq: transcript-level estimates improve gene-level
      inferences.
AB  - High-throughput sequencing of cDNA (RNA-seq) is used extensively to characterize
      the transcriptome of cells. Many transcriptomic studies aim at comparing either
      abundance levels or the transcriptome composition between given conditions, and
      as a first step, the sequencing reads must be used as the basis for abundance
      quantification of transcriptomic features of interest, such as genes or
      transcripts. Various quantification approaches have been proposed, ranging from
      simple counting of reads that overlap given genomic regions to more complex
      estimation of underlying transcript abundances. In this paper, we show that gene
      level abundance estimates and statistical inference offer advantages over
      transcript-level analyses, in terms of performance and interpretability. We also
      illustrate that the presence of differential isoform usage can lead to inflated
      false discovery rates in differential gene expression analyses on simple count
      matrices but that this can be addressed by incorporating offsets derived from
      transcript-level abundance estimates. We also show that the problem is relatively
      minor in several real data sets. Finally, we provide an R package ( tximport) to
      help users integrate transcript-level abundance estimates from common
      quantification pipelines into count-based statistical inference engines. 

PMID- 26966515
TI  - IL-21 Signaling in Immunity.
AB  - IL-21 is a type I cytokine produced by T cells and natural killer T cells that
      has pleiotropic actions on a wide range of immune and non-immune cell types.
      Since its discovery in 2000, extensive studies on the biological actions of IL-21
      have been performed in vitro and in vivo. Recent reports describing patients with
      primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations of IL21 or IL21R have further
      deepened our knowledge of the role of this cytokine in host defense. Elucidation
      of the molecular mechanisms that mediate IL-21's actions has provided the
      rationale for targeting IL-21 and IL-21 downstream mediators for therapeutic
      purposes. The use of next-generation sequencing technology has provided further
      insights into the complexity of IL-21 signaling and has identified transcription
      factors and co-factors involved in mediating the actions of this cytokine. In
      this review, we discuss recent advances in the biology and signaling of IL-21 and
      how this knowledge can be potentially translated into clinical settings. 

PMID- 26966516
TI  - Impact of female adult eating disorder inpatients' attitudes to compulsive
      exercise on outcome at discharge and follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The link between compulsive exercise and eating disorders is well
      known, but research with clinical samples has been limited. The purpose of the
      study was to investigate changes in attitudes towards compulsive exercise and its
      impact on outcome at follow-up in female adult hospitalised patients with eating
      disorders. METHODS: The sample consisted of 78 patients: Diagnostic distribution:
      anorexia nervosa 59 % (n = 46), approximately 22 % (n = 16) in bulimia nervosa,
      and Eating Disorder not Otherwise Specified respectively. The average follow-up
      period was 26 months (SD =15 months). Compulsive exercise was measured by the
      Exercise and Eating Disorder (EED) questionnaire. Other measures were the Eating
      Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), Body Attitude Test (BAT), Symptom Checklist (SCL-90),
      Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP 64), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),
      and body mass index (BMI). Outcome measures were EDI-2 and BMI (patients with
      admission BMI <= 18.5). Paired sample t-tests and mixed model regression analysis
      were conducted to investigate changes in compulsive exercise and predictors of
      outcome respectively. RESULTS: All measures revealed significant improvements (p
      < .01 - p < .001) from admission to follow-up. EED scores significantly predicted
      changes in EDI-2 scores and BMI (p < .01 and p < .001 respectively). Other
      significant predictors were BAT, SCL-90, IIP-64, BMI (p < .01-.001) (EDI-2 as
      outcome measure), and BAT and BDI (p < .001) (BMI as outcome measure).
      CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated significant improvements in attitudes
      towards compulsive exercise during treatment and follow-up. The change in
      compulsive exercise scores predicted the longer-term course of eating disorder
      symptoms and BMI.

PMID- 26966517
TI  - Effects of preoperative proton pump inhibitor administration on bleeding after
      gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The efficacy of using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) prior to
      gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to reduce gastric bleeding remains
      controversial. This study aimed to systematically review the literature to
      evaluate the efficacy of preoperative PPI use to reduce post-ESD bleeding.
      METHODS: PubMed, the Cochrane library, and the Igaku-Chuo-Zasshi database were
      searched to identify randomized trials eligible for inclusion in the systematic
      review. Data from four studies (406 patients) were combined to calculate a pooled
      risk difference (RD) for developing post-ESD bleeding. RESULTS: Compared with
      patients who received no premedication, the pooled RD for post-ESD bleeding in
      patients who received preoperavive PPI was -0.027 (95% confidence interval: 
      0.070-0.017, p = 0.228), without significant heterogeneity. Preoperavive PPI use
      significantly increased gastric pH (weighted mean difference: 1.289, 95% CI:
      0.227-2.352, p = 0.0174). CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis
      showed that premedication with PPI had no advantage for the prevention of post
      ESD bleeding, despite increasing gastric pH.

PMID- 26966519
TI  - Systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection vs
      endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This systematic review and meta-analysis compares the safety
      and effectiveness of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic
      mucosal resection (EMR) in the treatment of flat and sessile colorectal lesions
      >20 mm preoperatively assessed as noninvasive. METHODS: We reviewed the
      literature published between January 2000 and March 2014. Pooled estimates of the
      proportion of patients with en bloc, R0 resection, complications, recurrence, and
      need for further treatment were compared in a meta-analysis using fixed and
      random effects. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies and 4678 patients were included.
      The en bloc resection rate was 89.9% for ESD vs 34.9% for EMR patients (RR 1.93 p
      < 0.001). The R0 resection rate was 79.6% for ESD vs 36.2% for EMR patients (RR
      2.01 p < 0.001). The rate of perforation was 4.9% for the ESD group and 0.9% for
      EMR (RR 3.19, p < 0.001), while the rate of bleeding was 1.9% for ESD and 2.9%
      for EMR (RR 0.68, p = 0.070). Therefore, the overall need for further surgery,
      including surgery for oncologic reasons and surgery for complications, was 7.8%
      for ESD and 3.0% for EMR (RR 2.40, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: ESD achieves a higher
      rate of en bloc and R0 resection compared to EMR, at the cost of a higher risk of
      complications. This, added to an increased need for surgery for oncologic reasons
      for a plausible tendency to extend indication for endoscopic excision, increases
      the risk of further surgery after ESD.

PMID- 26966518
TI  - Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation in balloon-assisted enteroscopy: A
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The efficacy of CO2 insufflation during balloon-assisted
      enteroscopy remains controversial. This study aimed to perform a systematic
      review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which CO2
      insufflation was compared with air insufflation in balloon-assisted enteroscopy.
      METHODS: PubMed, the Cochrane library, and the Igaku-Chuo-Zasshi database were
      searched to identify RCTs eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Data
      from the eligible studies were combined to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs)
      or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:
      Four RCTs (461 patients) were identified. Compared with air insufflation, CO2
      insufflation significantly increased intubation depth of oral enteroscopy (WMD:
      55.2, 95% CI: 10.77-99.65, p = 0.015). However, there was significant
      heterogeneity. The intubation depth of anal enteroscopy showed no significant
      difference between the CO2 group and the air group. CO2 insufflation
      significantly reduced abdominal pain compared with air insufflation (WMD: -2.463,
      95% CI: -4.452 to -0.474, p = 0.015), without significant heterogeneity. The
      PaCO2 or end-tidal CO2 level showed no significant difference between the CO2
      group and air group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with air insufflation, CO2
      insufflation during balloon-assisted enteroscopy caused less post-procedural pain
      without CO2 retention.

PMID- 26966521
TI  - Adherence to therapy for Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplasia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Multiple endoscopic sessions may be necessary for treatment and
      surveillance of Barrett's esophagus (BE)-associated neoplasia. Adherence to an
      endoscopic therapeutic regimen is important for longitudinal management of BE.
      The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with adherence
      to therapy for BE-associated neoplasia. METHODS: We retrospectively identified
      patients with BE whom were referred to a tertiary center for endoscopic mucosal
      resection (EMR) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) between 2009 and 2012.
      Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the medical record. RESULTS: We
      had 69 subjects meet our inclusion criteria. Referral diagnosis was low-grade
      dysplasia in 9 (13%) subjects, high-grade dysplasia in 33 (48%) subjects and
      adenocarcinoma in 26 (38%) subjects. The majority (55%) lived more than 100 miles
      from the treatment center. The primary third-party payer was US Medicare for 54%
      of the subjects and private insurance for 36% of them; 45% of the subjects were
      seen in the clinic by the treating endoscopist, prior to endoscopic therapy and
      71% underwent EMR as the initial treatment, while 29% underwent RFA without prior
      EMR. We found that 72% of subjects were adherent to therapy, including: 23 (33%)
      completing endoscopic therapy with documented post-treatment surveillance, 18
      (26%) with ongoing endoscopic therapy, and 9 (13%) whom underwent esophagectomy.
      Subjects seen in gastroenterology clinical consultation were significantly more
      likely to demonstrate adherence than those referred for open access endoscopy
      (Lasso OR 2.31). CONCLUSIONS: Patients seen in a clinical consultation prior to
      endoscopic therapy for BE-associated neoplasia were more likely to demonstrate
      treatment adherence, compared to patients referred for open-access endoscopy. A
      clinic visit prior to therapy may define expectations regarding treatment course
      and increase the likelihood of patient adherence.

PMID- 26966520
TI  - The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Quality Improvement
      Initiative: developing performance measures.
AB  - The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and United European
      Gastroenterology (UEG) have a vision to create a thriving community of endoscopy
      services across Europe, collaborating with each other to provide high quality,
      safe, accurate, patient-centered and accessible endoscopic care. Whilst the
      boundaries of what can be achieved by advanced endoscopy are continually
      expanding, we believe that one of the most fundamental steps to achieving our
      goal is to raise the quality of everyday endoscopy. The development of robust,
      consensus- and evidence-based key performance measures is the first step in this
      vision. ESGE and UEG have identified quality of endoscopy as a major priority.
      This paper explains the rationale behind the ESGE Quality Improvement Initiative
      and describes the processes that were followed. We recommend that all units
      develop mechanisms for audit and feedback of endoscopist and service performance
      using the ESGE performance measures that will be published in future issues of
      this journal over the next year. We urge all endoscopists and endoscopy services
      to prioritize quality and to ensure that these performance measures are
      implemented and monitored at a local level, so that we can provide the highest
      possible care for our patients. 

PMID- 26966522
TI  - Argon plasma coagulation for the endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal tumor
      bleeding: A retrospective comparison with a non-treated historical cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The endoscopic use of argon plasma coagulation (APC) to achieve
      hemostasis for upper gastrointestinal tumor bleeding (UGITB) has not been
      adequately evaluated in controlled trials. This study aimed to evaluate the
      efficacy of APC for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding from
      malignant lesions. METHODS: Between January and September 2011, all patients with
      UGITB underwent high-potency APC therapy (up to 70 Watts). This group was
      compared with a historical cohort of patients admitted between January and
      December 2010, when the endoscopic treatment of bleeding malignancies was not
      routinely performed. Patients were stratified into two categories, grouping the
      Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status scale: Category I
      (ECOG 0-2) patients with a good clinical status and Category II (ECOG 3-4)
      patients with a poor clinical status. RESULTS: Our study had 25 patients with
      UGITB whom underwent APC treatment and 28 patients whom received no endoscopic
      therapy. The clinical characteristics of the groups were similar, except for
      endoscopic active bleeding, which was more frequently detected in APC group. We
      had 15 patients in the APC group whom had active bleeding, and initial hemostasis
      was obtained in 11 of them (73.3%). In the control group, four patients had
      active bleeding. There were no differences in 30-day re-bleeding (33.3% in the
      APC group versus 14.3% in the control group; p = 0.104) and 30-day mortality
      rates (20.8% in the APC group, versus 42.9% in the control group; p = 0.091).
      When patients were categorized according to their ECOG status, we found that APC
      therapy had no impact in re-bleeding and mortality rates (Group I: APC versus no
      endoscopic treatment: re-bleeding p = 0.412, mortality p = 0.669; Group II: APC
      versus no endoscopic treatment: re-bleeding p = 0.505, mortality p = 0.580).
      Hematemesis and site of bleeding located at the esophagus or duodenum were
      associated with a higher 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic hemostasis of
      UGITB with APC has no significant impact on 30-day re-bleeding and mortality
      rates, irrespective of patient performance status.

PMID- 26966523
TI  - Correlation of esophageal clearance and dysphagia symptom assessment after
      treatment for achalasia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early relapse after treatment of achalasia occurs in 10-32 % of
      patients. The best method to follow up these patients is not known. Symptoms
      often do not correlate with esophageal clearance: some patients are
      oligosymptomatic despite persistent esophageal stasis/dilatation. AIM: The aim
      was to compare two methods of measurement of esophageal clearance (impedance
      manometry with barium swallow) in achalasia patients following treatment. Symptom
      assessment (Eckardt score/detailed dysphagia questions) was correlated with
      objective measurements of esophageal stasis (barium swallow and impedance
      manometry) in achalasia patients following treatment. METHODS: Post-treatment
      patients were followed up after median 38.4 months (median range 1-144 months).
      Symptoms were quantified using the Eckardt score and detailed dysphagia
      questions. Timed barium swallow quantified distal esophageal retention 0.5, 1, 3,
      and 5 minutes after oral contrast and impedance manometry assessed total and
      segmental esophageal clearance during water/viscous swallows and free drinking
      (200 mL). RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (7 women, age 48.3; range 20-74) completed
      all investigations. Bolus retention in the distal esophagus assessed by impedance
      correlated well with barium swallow. There were no differences in impedance and
      timed barium swallow parameters between patients with Eckardt score 0-2 points or
      >=3 points. Nine (28%) patients had an Eckardt score >=3 points and 21 (66%) had
      >=1 point in the detailed dysphagia questions. Patients without any dysphagia
      history had lower barium column height and width at 3 and 5 minutes compared to
      those with >=1 positive answer in the detailed dysphagia questions. Correlation
      between the Eckardt score and detailed dysphagia questions was moderately good (r
      = 0.546; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: A detailed history of esophageal dysphagia
      rather than the Eckardt score is more sensitive to detect oligosymptomatic
      patients with disturbed esophageal clearance. Impedance manometry correlates well
      with the timed-barium swallow examination and represents an alternative objective
      assessment as it avoids radiation exposure.

PMID- 26966524
TI  - Simultaneous combined balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and
      partial splenic embolization for gastric fundal varices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We previously reported the techniques and usefulness of simultaneous
      combined balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) and partial
      splenic embolization (PSE), based on the hypothesis that concomitant PSE can
      diminish the increase in portal venous pressure after B-RTO. OBJECTIVE: After
      experiencing more cases and performing longer-term follow-up, we re-evaluated the
      efficacy of simultaneous combined B-RTO and PSE for gastric fundal varices (GVs).
      METHODS: We performed B-RTO in 36 consecutive patients treated for GVs from 2005
      to 2013. Twenty-three patients underwent simultaneous combined B-RTO and PSE
      (Group 1) and 13 underwent B-RTO monotherapy (Group 2). The outcomes were
      retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in
      baseline characteristics between the two groups except that the splenic volumes
      were larger in Group 1 than 2. B-RTO was technically successful in 21 of 23
      patients (91.3%) in Group 1 and in 12 of 13 patients (92.3%) in Group 2. In all
      patients with ruptured GVs (six in Group 1 and five in Group 2), complete
      hemostasis was obtained by B-RTO. Exacerbation of esophageal varices was
      significantly less frequent in Group 1 than 2 (p = 0.0017). CONCLUSION:
      Concomitant PSE with B-RTO may contribute to prevention of the exacerbation of
      esophageal varices after B-RTO.

PMID- 26966525
TI  - Long-acting somatostatin analogues provide significant beneficial effect in
      patients with refractory small bowel angiodysplasia: Results from a proof of
      concept open label mono-centre trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Small bowel angiodysplasias account for over 50% of causes of small
      bowel bleeding and carry a worse prognosis than lesions located elsewhere in the
      gastrointestinal tract. Re-bleeding rates are high even after first-line
      endoscopic therapy and are associated with high levels of morbidity for affected
      patients. Small trials of long-acting somatostatin analogues have shown promising
      results but have not yet been assessed in patients with refractory small bowel
      disease. AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of long-acting
      somatostatin analogues in reducing re-bleeding rates and transfusion
      requirements, and improving haemoglobin levels in patients with refractory small
      bowel angiodysplasia. METHODS: Patients with refractory small bowel
      angiodysplasia were treated with 20 mg of long-acting octreotide for a minimum of
      three months. Response was assessed according to: rates of re-bleeding,
      haemoglobin levels, transfusion requirements, and side effects. RESULTS: A total
      of 24 patients were initially treated and 20 received at least three doses. Rates
      of complete, partial and non-response were 70%, 20% and 10% respectively. Average
      haemoglobin rates increased from 9.19 g/dl to 11.35 g/dl (p = 0.0027, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) -3.5 to -1.1) in the group overall and 70% remained
      transfusion-free after a mean treatment duration of 8.8 months. The rate of
      adverse events was higher than previously reported at 30%. CONCLUSION: Long
      acting somatostatin analogues offer a therapeutic advantage in a significant
      proportion of patients with small bowel angiodysplasia. With careful patient
      selection and close observation, a long-acting somatostatin analogue should be
      considered in all patients with persistent anaemia attributable to refractory
      disease in conjunction with other standard treatments.

PMID- 26966526
TI  - Prospective study of profile of hepatic osteodystrophy in patients with non
      choleastatic liver cirrhosis and impact of bisphosphonate supplementation.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with liver cirrhosis are more prone to
      develop reduced bone mineral density (BMD), i.e. hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD).
      There are few data on the prevalence of HOD in the Indian population and its
      treatment. We aimed to determine the prevalence of HOD, factors associated with
      it and the impact of bisphosphonates on BMD in patients with liver cirrhosis.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis admitted at Sir
      Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, between August 2012 and July 2013 were enrolled.
      Patients with chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism and those on steroids
      were excluded. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the
      lumbar spine and femoral neck. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were defined according
      to WHO criteria. Ibandronic acid 150 mg per day orally for six months was given
      to patients with osteoporosis and DEXA scan repeated. RESULTS: A total of 215
      patients (males 179, 83%) with a mean age of 50.9 +/- 11 years were enrolled in
      this study. Prevalence of HOD was found to be 66% (142/215). On multivariate
      analysis BMI, TLC, total serum bilirubin and transient elastography values were
      found to be independently associated with HOD. All the patients with osteoporosis
      (n = 47) were treated with ibandronic acid as per protocol. Treated patients had
      significant improvement in DEXA scans after six months as compared to baseline.
      CONCLUSIONS: HOD was seen in two-thirds of patients with liver cirrhosis. Higher
      liver stiffness as determined by transient elastography is significantly
      associated with HOD. Severity scores of liver disease (CTP and MELD) and etiology
      of liver cirrhosis did not determine HOD. Ibandronic acid is a safe drug that
      showed significant improvement in BMD in patients with liver disease along with
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 26966527
TI  - A common genetic variant of fucosyltransferase 2 correlates with serum
      carcinoembryonic antigen levels and affects cancer screening in patients with
      primary sclerosing cholangitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) patients are at increased risk
      of biliary tract cancer, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) serum levels might be
      used for screening. OBJECTIVE: To examine cancer screening with CEA in PSC
      patients and analyse how serum CEA levels are affected by genetic variants of
      fucosyltransferase (FUT) 2 and 3. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort analysis we
      evaluated CEA levels in 226 PSC patients, including 19 with biliary malignancy,
      and investigated how FUT2 and FUT3 SNPs affected CEA levels. Receiver-operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed and cut-off values were determined
      based on Youden's index. A control cohort contained 240 patients, including 28
      with biliary malignancy. RESULTS: Median CEA concentration was lower in cancer
      free patients (1.4 ng/mL) than in cancer patients (2.0 ng/mL, P = 0.014). ROC
      analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.671, the optimal cut-off was
      3.2 ng/mL. The FUT2 variant rs601338 (G428A) correlated with CEA levels, and the
      effect was most prominent in a subgroup of patients genetically incapable of
      expressing CA19-9. The AUC improved if ROC analysis was performed separately for
      wild-type (AUC: 0.731) and homozygous mutant (AUC: 0.816) G428A. The influence of
      FUT2 on CEA was confirmed in the control cohort. CONCLUSIONS: CEA is interesting
      for biliary-malignancy screening in PSC patients, especially in patients who do
      not express CA19-9. This is the first study to show that the combined use of CEA
      measurement and FUT genotyping is clinically beneficial and that it might enhance
      the early detection of biliary malignancy in clinical practice. This approach
      could also be effective when screening for other common gastrointestinal
      malignancies.

PMID- 26966528
TI  - The association of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 (ERAP-1) with Familial
      Mediterranean Fever (FMF).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ERAP1 gene cleaves the receptors and reduces their ability to
      transmit chemical signals to the cell that affect the process of inflammation
      and, secondly, it cleaves many types of proteins into small peptides that are
      recognized by the immune system. OBJECTIVE: ERAP-1 gene mutations may create a
      sensitivity for Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). METHOD: We included 15 FMF
      patients with the M694 (+) mutation in the study in order to exclude patients
      without pyrin gene mutations and create a homogeneous study group. Fifteen
      patients with ulcerative colitis formed the control group. RESULTS: There wasn't
      any case without ERAP-1 gene mutations. At least one mutation at exon 3 or exon
      10 was found in all cases in both groups. There were 14 ERAP-1 gene mutations at
      exon 10 and 11 at exon 3 in patients with FMF. Interestingly, if there were ERAP
      1 gene mutations at exon 3, a p.Arg127 Pro (c.380 G>C) mutation always existed
      for three FMF patients with polymorphic mutations at this exon. There were 11
      ERAP-1 gene mutations at exon 10 and 12 gene mutations at exon 3 in patients with
      ulcerative colitis. Exon 3 mutations were usually single p.Arg127 Pro (c.380 G>C)
      mutations for 12 patients with ulcerative colitis as seen in the patients with
      FMF. The single mutation was always p.Ser453 Ser (c.1359T>C) for patients with
      ulcerative colitis at exon 10. CONCLUSION: There are more ERAP-1 mutations in the
      FMF group in comparison to the ulcerative colitis group. So, there may be a
      strong susceptibility to ERAP-1 gene mutations in FMF patients according to our
      results. However, further studies with larger study and control groups are
      needed.

PMID- 26966529
TI  - Alicaforsen, an antisense inhibitor of ICAM-1, as treatment for chronic
      refractory pouchitis after proctocolectomy: A case series.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The published data about the efficacy of the intercellular
      adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antisense oligonucleotide termed alicaforsen in
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rather inconsistent. This case series
      analyzes its efficacy in chronic refractory pouchitis, after proctocolectomy.
      METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis on all patients who had received
      at least one dose of alicaforsen for IBD at three referral centers in
      Switzerland. We assessed the drug's efficacy in patients treated for chronic
      refractory pouchitis, by comparing the clinical and/or endoscopic disease
      activity at baseline with a 2-3-month follow-up visit. RESULTS: We identified 22
      patients who had received at least one dose. Among them, 13 patients were being
      treated for chronic refractory pouchitis. These patients had a median age of 38.0
      years (95% CI 21.0-69.0) and five were female (38.5%). The median time since
      pouch surgery was 102.5 months (95% CI 16.0-288.0), with a median pouchitis
      duration of 16.0 months (95% CI 4.0-216.0). At 2-3 months after therapy, clinical
      and endoscopic disease activity was significantly reduced (stool frequency 9.0
      versus 6.0, the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI) clinical subscore was 4.0
      versus 1.0, and the endoscopic disease activity was 4.0 versus 2.0). Clinical
      improvement was achieved in 11 out of 13 pouchitis patients (84.6%); however, a
      relapse was observed in nine of these patients (81.8%). The median time from
      clinical improvement to relapse was 16 weeks (95% CI 9.0-23.0). CONCLUSIONS:
      Alicaforsen seemed to be efficacious in inducing clinical and/or endoscopic
      improvement in chronic refractory pouchitis and may be a promising treatment
      alternative in those patients; however, given the high proportion of relapse, one
      6-week course of alicaforsen may not be sufficient.

PMID- 26966530
TI  - Feasibility study of minimal prepared hydroflush screening colonoscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although screening colonoscopy is effective for early detection of
      colorectal cancer (CRC), screening rates remain low. Multiple factors are thought
      to be responsible for the low rates of screening colonoscopy, but bowel
      preparation appears to be a key deterrent. Tolerability issues with bowel
      preparations may lead to poor patient compliance, inadequate colon cleansing, and
      reduced detection of colonic polyps. AIM: The aim of this article is to evaluate
      the feasibility, safety, and outcomes of minimally prepared intra-procedural
      hydroflush technique as an alternative to traditional bowel preparation in
      screening colonoscopy. DESIGN: We conducted a prospective feasibility study of
      intraprocedural hydroflush technique aided by water-jet pumps and a mechanical
      suction novel device following minimal bowel preparation for CRC screening.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine procedures were performed in nine healthy individuals
      scheduled for routine screening colonoscopy. Preparation included mild diet
      restriction, laxative tablets two to three days prior to the procedure and two
      Fleet enemas one to two hours before the colonoscopy. The cleanliness of the
      colon was assessed by using the Boston bowel preparation scale. Insertion and
      withdrawal times were recorded. RESULTS: Complete colonoscopy to the cecum was
      performed in all patients (100%). Mean time to the cecum was 5.78 +/- 2.68
      minutes, and mean withdrawal time was 15.33 +/- 3.94 minutes. Endoscopic
      visualization of the entire mucosa was achieved in all cases with no colonoscopy
      repeated because of inadequate preparation. Four polyps have been detected and
      removed in three patients. Mild mucosal erosions were seen in some areas where
      the suction was used extensively, similar to those that can be seen during
      conventional colonoscopy. Mild stiffness of the shaft of the scope was noted.
      LIMITATIONS: This was an uncontrolled feasibility study of selected patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Minimally prepared colonoscopy with the intra-procedural hydroflush
      technique for colorectal screening is feasible. The water exchange technology
      compensates for the mild stiffness of the scope. This technique might increase
      patients' compliance for CRC screening.

PMID- 26966531
TI  - Time trends in quality indicators of colonoscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is considerable variation in the quality of colonoscopy
      performance. The Norwegian quality assurance programme Gastronet registers
      outpatient colonoscopies performed in Norwegian endoscopy centres. The aim of
      Gastronet is long-term improvement of endoscopist and centre performance by
      annual feedback of performance data. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is
      to perform an analysis of trends of quality indicators for colonoscopy in
      Gastronet. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 73,522 outpatient
      colonoscopies from 73 endoscopists at 25 endoscopy centres from 2003 to 2012. We
      used multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for relevant variables to
      determine annual trends of three performance indicators: caecum intubation rate,
      pain during the procedure, and detection rate of polyps >=5 mm. RESULTS: The
      proportion of severely painful colonoscopies decreased from 14.8% to 9.2%
      (relative risk reduction of 38%; OR = 0.92 per year in Gastronet; 95% CI 0.86
      1.00; p = 0.045). Caecal intubation (OR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.94-1.04; p = 0.6) and
      polyp detection (OR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.99-1.07; p = 0.15) remained unchanged during
      the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Pain at colonoscopy showed a significant decrease
      during years of Gastronet participation while caecal intubation and polyp
      detection remained unchanged - independent of the use of sedation and/or
      analgesics and level of endoscopist experience. This may be due to the Gastronet
      audit, but effects of improved endoscopy technology cannot be excluded.

PMID- 26966532
TI  - Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) after infection with Shiga-like
      toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4: A cohort study with prospective
      follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In May/June 2011, the new Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli
      (STEC) strain O104:H4 caused the severest outbreak ever recorded of hemorrhagic
      enterocolitis in 3842 patients in Germany. OBJECTIVES: As bacterial enterocolitis
      is an established risk factor of subsequent irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), we
      aimed to estimate prevalence and incidence of post-infectious (PI)-IBS after six
      and 12 months in a cohort of STEC O104:H4 patients and to prospectively identify
      associated somatic and psychometric risk factors. METHODS: A total of 389
      patients were studied prospectively at baseline and at six and 12 months after
      STEC infection using STEC disease-related questionnaires and validated
      instruments for IBS (Rome III) and psychological factors. Frequencies and
      logistic regression models using multiple imputations were applied to assess
      predictor variables. RESULTS: Prevalence of IBS increased from 9.8% prior to STEC
      infection to 23.6% at six and 25.3% at 12 months after STEC infection. In
      patients without IBS symptoms prior to STEC infection, incidence of new IBS was
      16.9%. Logistic regression models indicated higher somatization and anxiety
      scores as risk factors for, and mesalazine treatment during, STEC infection as
      the only significant protective factor against IBS. No other factor analyzed,
      including disease severity, showed an association. CONCLUSIONS: PI-IBS rates
      following this unusually severe STEC outbreak were similar to what has been
      observed after other infectious gastroenteritis outbreaks. Our findings suggest
      that mesalazine may have reduced the risk of subsequent PI-IBS. As altered
      mucosal immune activity is a pivotal pathogenic factor in PI-IBS, our observation
      of a potential protective effect of mesalazine might be explained by its known
      modulatory action on mucosal immunity, and may warrant further investigation.

PMID- 26966534
TI  - Chronic constipation and co-morbidities: A prospective population-based nested
      case-control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic constipation (CC) is common in the community but surprisingly
      little is known about relevant gastro-intestinal (GI) and non-GI co-morbidities.
      OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of CC and in
      particular provide new insights into the co-morbidities linked to this condition.
      METHODS: In a prospective, population-based nested case-control study, a cohort
      of randomly selected community residents (n = 8006) were mailed a validated self
      report gastrointestinal symptom questionnaire. CC was defined according to Rome
      III criteria. Medical records of each case and control were abstracted to
      identify potential CC comorbidities. RESULTS: Altogether 3831 (48%) subjects
      returned questionnaires; 307 met criteria for CC. Age-adjusted prevalence in
      females was 8.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1-10.3) and 5.1 (3.6-6.7) in
      males, per 100 persons. CC was not associated with most GI pathology, but the
      odds for constipation were increased in subjects with anal surgery relative to
      those without (odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, 95% CI 1.2-9.1). In those with constipation
      vs those without, neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease (OR = 6.5,
      95% CI 2.9-14.4) and multiple sclerosis (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.9-15.8) showed
      significantly increased odds for chronic constipation, adjusting for age and
      gender. In addition, modestly increased odds for chronic constipation in those
      with angina (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.9) and myocardial infarction (OR = 1.5, 95%
      CI 1.0-2.4) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Neurological and cardiovascular diseases
      are linked to constipation but in the community constipation is unlikely to
      account for most lower GI pathology.

PMID- 26966535
TI  - Safety of gluten in gluten-free foods.

PMID- 26966536
TI  - Response to Forbes's comment.

PMID- 26966537
TI  - Why submit an abstract to United European Gastroenterology Week, and how to be
      successful with your submission?

PMID- 26966533
TI  - Visceral pain perception in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy
      volunteers is affected by the MRI scanner environment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The MRI scanner environment induces marked psychological effects, but
      specific effects on pain perception and processing are unknown and relevant to
      all brain imaging studies. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: We performed visceral and
      somatic quantitative sensory and pain testing and studied endogenous pain
      modulation by heterotopic stimulation outside and inside the functional MRI
      scanner in 11 healthy controls and 13 patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
      RESULTS: Rectal pain intensity (VAS 0-100) during identical distension pressures
      increased from 39 (95% confidence interval: 35-42) outside the scanner to 53 (43
      63) inside the scanner in irritable bowel syndrome, and from 42 (31-52) to 49 (39
      58), respectively, in controls (ANOVA for scanner effect: p = 0.006, group
      effect: p = 0.92). The difference in rectal pain outside versus inside correlated
      significantly with stress (r = -0.76, p = 0.006), anxiety (r = -0.68, p = 0.02)
      and depression scores (r = -0.67, p = 0.02) in controls, but not in irritable
      bowel syndrome patients, who a priori had significantly higher stress and anxiety
      scores. ANOVA analysis showed trends for effect of the scanner environment and
      subject group on endogenous pain modulation (p = 0.09 and p = 0.1, respectively),
      but not on somatic pain (p > 0.3). CONCLUSION: The scanner environment
      significantly increased visceral, but not somatic, pain perception in irritable
      bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls in a protocol specifically aimed at
      investigating visceral pain. Psychological factors, including anxiety and stress,
      are the likely underlying causes, whereas classic endogenous pain modulation
      pathways activated by heterotopic stimulation play a lesser role. These results
      are highly relevant to a wide range of imaging applications and need to be taken
      into account in future pain research. Further controlled studies are indicated to
      clarify these findings.

PMID- 26966538
TI  - Young GI Angle: Young physicians and researchers within UEG - Perspectives and a
      toolbox for future development.

PMID- 26966541
TI  - Treatment with rituximab and brentuximab vedotin in a patient of common variable
      immune deficiency-associated classic Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have an
      increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases, including non-Hodgkins
      lymphoma (Blood 116:1228-1234, 2010; Blood 119:1650-7, 2012). The incidence and
      prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in this population is not clear, with only a few
      case reports in the literature. Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, although
      highly efficacious in treating Hodgkin lymphoma in immune competent patients, is
      problematic in patients with CVID due to the increased risk of infectious
      complications (Ther Umsch 69:687-91, 2012; Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24:337-42,
      2012). Rituximab and brentuximab vedotin are both targeted agents used to treat
      lymphomas that express CD20 and CD30, respectively. Compared to cytotoxic
      chemotherapy typically used in Hodgkin lymphoma, these agents are better
      tolerated with minimal side effects. This makes them an attractive option for
      treating lymphoma in patients who have significant co-morbidities, including
      those with immune deficiencies. Additionally, rituximab has been used safely to
      treat autoimmune cytopenias in patients with CVID5. However, the role of these
      targeted therapies in CVID-associated Hodgkin lymphoma has not been reported.
      CASE PRESENTATION: Here we report the case of a 25 year old female diagnosed with
      CVID-associated classic Hodgkin lymphoma, who achieved a complete remission
      following treatment with rituximab followed by brentuximab vedotin. CONCLUSIONS:
      We demonstrate that rituximab and brentuximab are likely safe and effective in
      CVID-associated Hodgkin lymphoma, providing a feasible and potentially optimal
      treatment option for this patient population.

PMID- 26966540
TI  - Circulating micrornas associated with glycemic impairment and progression in
      Asian Indians.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Asian Indians have a high incidence of type 2 diabetes, but
      factors associated with glycemic progression in this population are not
      understood. MicroRNAs are emerging as important mediators of glucose homeostasis
      and have not been previously studied in Asian Indians. We examined microRNA (miR)
      expression associated with glycemic impairment and progression in Asian Indians
      from the San Francisco Bay Area. We studied 128 Asian Indians age 45-84 years
      without known cardiovascular disease and not taking diabetes medications. Oral
      glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline and after 2.5 years. We
      quantified circulating miRs from plasma collected during the enrollment visit
      using a flow cytometry-based assay. RESULTS: Glycemic impairment was present in
      57 % (n = 73) at baseline. MiR-191 was positively associated with glycemic
      impairment (odds ratio (OR) 1.7 (95 % CI 1.2, 2.4), p < 0.01). The prevalence of
      glycemic progression after 2.5 years was 24 % (n = 23). Six miRs were negatively
      associated with glycemic progression: miR-122 (OR 0.5 (0.2, 0.8), p < 0.01), miR
      15a (OR 0.6 (0.4, 0.9), p < 0.01), miR-197 (OR 0.6 (0.4, 0.9), p < 0.01), miR
      320a (OR 0.6 (0.4, 0.9), p < 0.01), miR-423 (OR 0.6 (0.4, 0.9), p < 0.01), and
      miR-486 (OR 0.5 (0.3, 0.8), p < 0.01). Further multivariate adjustment did not
      attenuate these results. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This is the first study to
      investigate circulating miRs associated with glycemic status among this high-risk
      ethnic group. Individual miRs were significantly associated with both glycemic
      impairment and glycemic progression. Further studies are needed to determine
      whether miR (s) might be useful clinical biomarkers for incident T2D in the Asian
      Indian population.

PMID- 26966543
TI  - A novel immunopathological association of IgG4-RD and vasculitis with Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis.
AB  - A 73-year-old man with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) suffered from purpura on the
      lower legs. He was diagnosed with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) with serum IgG4
      elevation and dacryo-sialadenitis confirmed histologically. Serum Th2 and Treg
      cytokines, interleukin 7 (IL7), IL8 and Th2 chemokine levels were elevated, while
      skewed Th1 balance was seen in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
      Therefore, preferential Th1 balance in HT appeared to be followed by IgG4-RD
      characterized with Th2 and Treg polarization. The commencement of steroid therapy
      dramatically exacerbated clinical manifestations including IgG4-RD-associated HT.
      The measurement of cytokine and chemokine levels as well as FACS analysis in the
      development of IgG4-RD seemed to be beneficial. In conclusion, an innovative
      association of HT, IgG4-RD and vasculitis was observed. This report also offers
      novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for IgG4-RD. LEARNING POINTS:
      Recently, a subtype of HT has been considered to be a thyroid manifestation of
      IgG4-RD, although the etiology of IgG4-RD is not established yet.Immunologically
      a close association between HT and vasculitis was reported.Leukocytoclastic
      vasculitis is a rare skin presentation of IgG4-RD.In the current case, during the
      course of HT, IgG4-RD and leukocytoclastic vasculitis occurred; thus, innate
      immunity and acquired immunity seem to be involved in the development of IgG4
      RD.The measurement of cytokine and chemokines appeared to be beneficial in the
      development of IgG4-RD.Remarkably, effectiveness of steroid therapy for HT
      suggested presence of IgG4-RD-associated HT. Therefore, this report highlights
      the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD and proposes novel therapeutic mechanisms. Clinicians
      should pay attention to the development of IgG4-RD and vasculitis during long
      course of HT.

PMID- 26966542
TI  - Profiles of direct oral anticoagulants and clinical usage-dosage and dose regimen
      differences.
AB  - The availability of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has caused a paradigm
      shift in thrombosis management. DOAC profiles do not differ greatly, though they
      are quite different from that of warfarin, whereas their dosage and dose regimens
      are not consistent. The direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran seems to obstruct
      tenase by inhibiting thrombin generated in the initial phase and feedback to the
      amplification phase of cell-based coagulation reactions. Factor Xa inhibitors
      (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban) mainly inhibit factor Xa activity of the
      prothrombinase complex in the propagation phase. The dose regimens of these
      inhibitors can be classified into once (rivaroxaban, edoxaban) and twice
      (dabigatran, apixaban) daily. On the other hand, their plasma elimination half
      life times are similar, which can be explained by differences in the type of
      aimed anticoagulation, such as persistent (e.g., warfarin) and intermittent
      (e.g., low-molecular-weight heparin). Because of the differences among DOACs, an
      indicator is necessary to compare them. We investigated relative potency to
      compare dosage and intensity by calculation of conversion using a profile
      comprised of molecular weight, bioavailability, protein-binding rate, inhibitory
      constant, and dosage. We found that the relative potencies were different, with
      that of apixaban higher than edoxaban (60 mg) and nearly twice that of
      rivaroxaban. However, dabigatran could not be evaluated with this profile, likely
      due to its different mode of action. These results suggest that rivaroxaban and
      apixaban differ in regard to anticoagulation type, as the former shows persistent
      and the latter intermittent anticoagulation. 

PMID- 26966544
TI  - Predictors of early attrition and successful weight loss in patients attending an
      obesity management program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our objective was to identify factors that are independently
      associated with early attrition and successful weight loss (WL) in an obesity
      management program. METHODS: Participants were 9,498 patients enrolled in
      treatment at the Wharton Weight Management Clinic for at least 6 months.
      Predictors of early attrition (<6 months) and successful WL (>=5 %) were analyzed
      using relative risk (RR) in men and women separately. Pearson's correlation was
      used to determine the relationship between WL and treatment time Weight loss and
      attrition analysis was restricted to patients who had more than two visits (n =
      5415). RESULTS: Older individuals had lower early attrition (RR Range:0.74-0.92,
      P < 0.05) and greater WL success (RR Range:1.40-1.65, P < 0.05) than younger
      individuals. Males with hypertension and females with depression had greater
      early attrition (RR Range:1.09-1.20, P < 0.05) and lower WL success (RR
      Range:0.48-0.57, P < 0.05) than those without these health conditions. Males with
      lower education had greater early attrition (RR = 1.11[1.03-1.19]) than males
      with higher education, but did not differ in WL. Females who smoked had greater
      early attrition (RR = 1.06[1.01-1.11]) than females who did not smoke, but did
      not differ in WL. Ethnicity was not related to early attrition, however, females
      of Black and Other ethnicities had lower WL success compared to White females (RR
      Range:0.58-0.74, P < 0.05). After adjusting for treatment time, all above
      associations were no longer significant and treatment time remained as the only
      independent predictor of WL success (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: As WL is positively
      and independently related with treatment time, individuals at risk for early
      attrition may need alternative treatment options, in order to improve patient
      retention and improve WL success.

PMID- 26966545
TI  - Effectiveness analysis of an internet-based intervention for overweight
      adolescents: next steps for researchers and clinicians.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: The development of effective strategies for the management of
      overweight in adolescence is a well recognized need. The current study
      investigates the effectiveness of an e-therapeutic platform (Next.Step) which
      aims to promote weight management skills and the adoption of health-promoting
      behaviours among overweight adolescents. METHODS: We conducted a randomized
      clinical trial with a sample of 80 adolescents. The control group followed the
      standard intervention. The experimental group was invited to access the platform
      during 12 weeks in addition to the standard intervention. RESULTS: Although there
      was no change in the primary outcomes (body mass index and percentage of fat
      mass), the results suggest that the program is associated with an improvement in
      the 'positive perspective of life' and 'benefits perceived from the
      intervention', which have been identified as relevant factors for an effective
      weight management. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide little support for the
      effectiveness of internet-based weight management programs as an add-on to the
      standard intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01904474.

PMID- 26966546
TI  - Readability and content analysis of lifestyle education resources for weight
      management in Australian general practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Weight management education is one of the key strategies to assist
      patients to manage their weight. Educational resources provide an important
      adjunct in the chain of communication between practitioners and patients.
      However, one in five Australian adults has low health literacy. The purpose of
      this study was to assess the readability and analyse the content of weight
      management resources. METHODS: This study is based on the analysis of 23
      resources found in the waiting rooms of ten Sydney-based general practices and
      downloaded from two clinical software packages used at these practices. The
      reading grade level of these resources was calculated using the Flesch Reading
      Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Fry Readability Graph, and the Simplified
      Measure of Gobbledygook. Resources' content was analysed for the presence of
      dietary, physical activity, and behaviour change elements, as recommended by the
      Clinical practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in
      adults, adolescents, and children in Australia. RESULTS: The resources' average
      reading grade level was for a 10(th) grader (9.5 +/- 1.8). These findings
      highlight that the average reading grade level was two grades higher than the
      recommended reading grade level for health education resources of 8th grade level
      or below. Seventy percent of resources contained dietary and behaviour change
      elements. Physical activity was included in half of the resources. Two messages
      were identified to be inconsistent with the guidelines and three messages had no
      scientific basis. CONCLUSION: A body of evidence now exists that supports the
      need to develop evidence-based education resources for weight management that
      place low demand on literacy, without compromising content accuracy. The findings
      from this study suggest that there is significant room for improvement in the
      educational resources provided in general practices.

PMID- 26966547
TI  - Lower response to simeprevir and sofosbuvir in HCV genotype 1 in routine practice
      compared with clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High sustained virological response at 12 weeks after end of
      treatment (SVR12) with 12 weeks of simeprevir and sofosbuvir+/-ribavirin
      (SMV+SOF+/-RBV) has been demonstrated in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1) but
      is based on limited data. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of available
      data evaluating the effectiveness of SMV+SOF+/-RBV in HCV-1. METHODS: We
      performed a comprehensive literature search in June 2015 to identify randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of HCV-1 patients treated with
      12 weeks of SMV+SOF+/-RBV. Original studies with SVR12 data in >=5 HCV-1 patients
      were included. We excluded studies on liver transplant recipients and/or patients
      co-infected with HIV or hepatitis B/D. We estimated pooled effect sizes using a
      random-effects model and evaluated heterogeneity with Cochrane Q-test, p<=0.10
      and I(2) statistic >=50%. RESULTS: Pooled SVR12 was 85.6% (CI 81.3% to 89.0%) in
      1389 HCV-1 patients from 15 studies. On subgroup analysis, SVR12 was 83.9% (CI
      79.4% to 87.5%) in observational studies, which was lower than 93.5% (CI 85.7% to
      97.2%) in RCTs. A trend showed SVR12 was higher in mild fibrosis, 93.0% (CI 86.2%
      to 96.6%) compared with advanced fibrosis, 81.5% (CI 75.7% to 86.1%), OR 2.22 (CI
      0.79 to 6.25, p=0.131). There was no significant difference in SVR12 rates
      between HCV-1a, 89.9% (CI 81.9% to 94.6%) and HCV-1b, 89.0% (CI 78.9% to 94.6%)
      with OR 1.35 (CI 0.75 to 2.42, p=0.322). The most common pooled side effects
      were: headache 15.2% (n=55/361), fatigue 12.1% (n=78/646), nausea 9.5% (n=50/527)
      and rash 9.3% (n=68/728). CONCLUSIONS: SMV+SOF+/-RBV is an effective regimen in
      HCV-1 patients. The SVR12 rate in observational studies was lower than that in
      RCTs, which may reflect the more diverse patient population in real-world
      settings.

PMID- 26966548
TI  - Development and validation of a lipase nasogastric tube position test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nasogastric tube position should be checked every day by either
      aspirate pH or chest radiography to prevent fatal misplaced feeding into the
      lungs. Many patients do not have acidic gastric aspirates and require daily chest
      radiographs. We developed and validated a lipase test that was compatible with
      non-acidic gastric aspirates. METHODS: We conducted evaluations of diagnostic
      test accuracy at a teaching hospital in development and validation stages.
      DEVELOPMENT: We collected gastric and lung aspirates from 34 consecutive
      patients. We measured pH and human gastric lipase activity in the laboratory.
      These data helped us develop the lipase test. Ingenza Ltd (Roslin, Scotland)
      created tributyrin-coated pH test paper, which human gastric lipase converted
      into butyric acid, thus correcting false negatives. VALIDATION: We tested
      nasogastric feeding tube aspirates from 36 consecutive patients with pH and
      lipase tests, using chest radiography or trial by use as the reference standard.
      RESULTS:  DEVELOPMENT: We demonstrated human gastric lipase activity in the non
      acidic stomach aspirates. VALIDATION: The accuracy of the lipase test
      (sensitivity 97.2%, specificity 100%) was significantly better than pH
      (sensitivity 65.7%, specificity 100%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When nasogastric tube
      stomach aspirates were not acidic and pH was falsely negative, the lipase test
      showed a true positive and was significantly more accurate.

PMID- 26966549
TI  - Tolerability and effectiveness of sofosbuvir and simeprevir in the post
      transplant setting: systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Outcome data on simeprevir and sofosbuvir (SMV+SOF) in patients with
      liver transplantation (LT) with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1) are limited
      with individual studies having a small sample size and limited SVR12 (sustained
      virological response) data. Our goal was to perform a meta-analysis to study the
      outcome of SMV+SOF+/-ribavirin (RBV) in recipients with LT. METHODS: In April
      2015, we conducted a literature search for 'simeprevir' in MEDLINE/EMBASE and
      five major liver meetings. We included studies with SVR12 data in >=5 post-LT
      mono-infected HCV-1 patients treated with SMV+SOF+/-RBV. We used random-effects
      models to estimate effect sizes, and the Cochrane Q-test (p value <0.10) with
      I(2) (>50%) to assess study heterogeneity. RESULTS: We included nine studies with
      a total of 325 patients with post-LT. Studies included mostly men (59-81%).
      Pooled SVR12 was 88.0% (95% CI 83.4% to 91.5%). In two studies, HCV-1a patients
      with mild fibrosis (n=108) had an SVR12 rate of 95.0% (95% CI 82.4% to 98.7%),
      which was significantly higher than that of HCV-1a patients with advanced
      fibrosis (n=49) with an SVR12 rate of 81.7% (95% CI 69.8% to 89.5%), OR 4.2 (95%
      CI 1.1 to 16.1, p=0.03). The most common pooled side effects were: fatigue 21%
      (n=48/237), headache 9% (n=23/254), dermatological symptoms 15% (n=38/254), and
      gastrointestinal symptoms 6% (12/193). CONCLUSIONS: SMV+SOF+/-RBV is safe and
      effective in recipients with LT with HCV-1 infection.

PMID- 26966550
TI  - Prevalence of hepatitis B seromarkers and hepatitis C antibodies in blood donors
      in Basra, Iraq.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transfusion-caused hepatitis remains a major problem in Iraq.
      Therefore, testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to
      hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and antibodies to hepatitis C antigen (anti
      HCV) is a very important preventative measure. The objective of this study was to
      establish the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus seromarkers among blood
      donors as a foundation for safe blood transfusion in Iraq. METHODS: A cross
      sectional observational study was conducted in the blood banks in Basra, Iraq
      from 1 January to 31 December 2013. Blood samples were collected and were tested
      for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV using standard laboratory techniques. RESULTS: A
      total of 69 915 blood donors were enrolled for the study. A total of 1625 (2.3%)
      donors have shown serological evidence for hepatitis B virus infection; of those
      donors, 125 (0.2%) showed a positive test result for both anti-HBc and HBsAg
      while 1475 (2.1%) had positive anti-HBc results as the only positive test for HBV
      infection. There was no significant difference between males and females
      (p=0.28). The prevalence of anti-HCV was 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      large population study of its kind in Basra, Iraq. The prevalence of hepatitis B
      and C among blood donors is very low in Basra. Around 2% of blood donors had anti
      HBc as the only serological evidence of HBV infection. Inclusion of anti-HBc in
      routine screening of blood donors in Iraq should be encouraged.

PMID- 26966552
TI  - Hyperbilirubinaemia in HIV-HCV co-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy:
      drug effect or liver disease severity?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hyperbilirubinaemia (HB) is common in HIV and hepatitis C virus (HIV
      HCV) co-infected patients and poses a unique challenge in management as it may be
      due to medications such as the protease inhibitors (PIs) or to hepatic
      dysfunction. There are no data on the relationship of HB to liver histology and
      PI use in this population. Clinicians caring for these patients are faced with
      the difficult task of determining whether increasing serum bilirubin is due to
      drug effects or progression of liver disease. METHODS: To address this gap in
      knowledge, we performed a retrospective analysis of 344 consecutive HIV-HCV co
      infected patients undergoing liver biopsy to identify factors associated with HB.
      Demographic, clinical, laboratory data were collected. Advanced fibrosis was
      defined as bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Those with hepatitis B virus, hepatic
      decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. RESULTS: The prevalence
      of HB (range 1.3-9.4) was 33% and more common in those on a PI (46%) than those
      who were not (10%; p<=0.001) and mostly in those on indinavir (40%) or atazanavir
      (46%). Of the patients on these PIs, HB was not associated with fibrosis grade,
      demographics, or other clinical variables. Conversely, in those not on a PI, HB
      was associated with fibrosis grade (p<=0.0001) after adjusting for other clinical
      and demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of indinavir or atazanavir
      use, HB is common and unrelated to underlying disease severity and the
      medications can be continued safely. Conversely, HB in HIV-HCV co-infected
      patients not on a PI is due to their underlying liver disease and suggests these
      patients require closer monitoring.

PMID- 26966551
TI  - Effectiveness of disease-specific cognitive-behavioural therapy on depression,
      anxiety, quality of life and the clinical course of disease in adolescents with
      inflammatory bowel disease: study protocol of a multicentre randomised controlled
      trial (HAPPY-IBD).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) show a higher
      prevalence of depression and anxiety, compared to youth with other chronic
      diseases. The inflammation-depression hypothesis might explain this association,
      and implies that treating depression can decrease intestinal inflammation and
      improve disease course. The present multicentre randomised controlled trial aims
      to test the effectiveness of an IBD-specific cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
      protocol in reducing symptoms of subclinical depression and anxiety, while
      improving quality of life and disease course in adolescents with IBD. METHODS AND
      ANALYSIS: Adolescents with IBD (10-20 years) from 7 hospitals undergo screening
      (online questionnaires) for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Those with
      elevated scores of depression (Child Depression Inventory (CDI) >=13 or Beck
      Depression Inventory (BDI) II >=14) and/or anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety
      Related Disorders: boys >=26, girls >=30) receive a psychiatric interview.
      Patients meeting criteria for depressive/anxiety disorders are referred for
      psychotherapy outside the trial. Patients with elevated (subclinical) symptoms
      are randomly assigned to medical care-as-usual (CAU; n=50) or CAU plus IBD
      specific CBT (n=50). MAIN OUTCOMES: (1) reduction in depressive and/or anxiety
      symptoms after 3 months and (2) sustained remission for 12 months. SECONDARY
      OUTCOMES: quality of life, psychosocial functioning, treatment adherence. In
      addition, we will assess inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells and whole blood RNA expression profiles. For analysis, multilevel linear
      models and generalised estimating equations will be used. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: The Medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC approved this
      study. If we prove that this CBT improves emotional well-being as well as disease
      course, implementation is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02265588.

PMID- 26966553
TI  - Women in HIV cure research: multilevel interventions to improve sex equity in
      recruitment.
AB  - Women are underrepresented in HIV cure research. In this paper we discuss the
      rationale for including women and propose multilevel strategies to improve sex
      equity in HIV cure research. The inadequate inclusion of women in HIV cure
      research is concerning for both scientific and ethical reasons. Biological
      responses to HIV and HIV treatment, as well as social contexts, differ between
      men and women, and this may affect the efficacy of curative interventions.
      Strategies for improving sex equity in HIV cure research include addressing
      eligibility criteria, adapting recruitment strategies, engaging community members
      early in the research process, and promoting funder policy changes. We conclude
      by describing the Gender, Race, and Clinical Experience (GRACE) study, which is
      one example of how women can be effectively recruited into HIV-related clinical
      trials. While HIV cure research is currently in the early stages, as it continues
      to develop it is important to mobilise for adequate inclusion of women.

PMID- 26966554
TI  - Systematic literature review of domains assessed in psoriatic arthritis to inform
      the update of the psoriatic arthritis core domain set.
AB  - The objectives of this systematic literature review (SLR) were to identify
      domains and outcome measures used in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) studies in the
      past 5 years, and to compare the measurement of the Outcome Measures in
      Rheumatology (OMERACT) 2006 PsA Core Domain Set in studies published in 2010-2015
      vs those published in 2006-2010. We performed a systematic literature search in
      two databases, PubMed and Embase, to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
      in PsA. We also identified PsA longitudinal observational studies (LOS). Three
      patient research partners provided input into study conception, and data
      collection and interpretation. We identified 41 studies representing 22 unique
      RCTs, 27 LOS and 12 registries. Across all studies, we identified 24 domains and
      169 outcome measures. In addition to the PsA Core Domain Set (6 domains), the
      following domains were also assessed in more than 30% of RCTs: acute phase
      reactants, dactylitis, enthesitis, fatigue and work productivity. We identified a
      range of 1-15 outcome measures per domain with a mean (SD) of 7 (4.7) per domain.
      The complete PsA Core Domain Set was assessed in 59% of RCTs in 2010-2015
      compared to 23.5% RCTs in 2006-2010. There has been increased measurement of the
      PsA Core Domain Set in RCTs and LOS in the past 5 years. Numerous additional
      outcomes were also measured. The PsA Core Domain Set needs an update to
      standardise PsA outcome assessments. This SLR will inform the development of an
      updated PsA Core Domain Set with patient research partner input. 

PMID- 26966555
TI  - Carbon Fiber Biocompatibility for Implants.
AB  - Carbon fibers have multiple potential advantages in developing high-strength
      biomaterials with a density close to bone for better stress transfer and
      electrical properties that enhance tissue formation. As a breakthrough example in
      biomaterials, a 1.5 mm diameter bisphenol-epoxy/carbon-fiber-reinforced composite
      rod was compared for two weeks in a rat tibia model with a similar 1.5 mm
      diameter titanium-6-4 alloy screw manufactured to retain bone implants. Results
      showed that carbon-fiber-reinforced composite stimulated osseointegration inside
      the tibia bone marrow measured as percent bone area (PBA) to a great extent when
      compared to the titanium-6-4 alloy at statistically significant levels. PBA
      increased significantly with the carbon-fiber composite over the titanium-6-4
      alloy for distances from the implant surfaces of 0.1 mm at 77.7% vs. 19.3% (p <
      10-8) and 0.8 mm at 41.6% vs. 19.5% (p < 10-4), respectively. The review focuses
      on carbon fiber properties that increased PBA for enhanced implant
      osseointegration. Carbon fibers acting as polymer coated electrically conducting
      micro-biocircuits appear to provide a biocompatible semi-antioxidant property to
      remove damaging electron free radicals from the surrounding implant surface.
      Further, carbon fibers by removing excess electrons produced from the cellular
      mitochondrial electron transport chain during periods of hypoxia perhaps
      stimulate bone cell recruitment by free-radical chemotactic influences. In
      addition, well-studied bioorganic cell actin carbon fiber growth would appear to
      interface in close contact with the carbon-fiber-reinforced composite implant.
      Resulting subsequent actin carbon fiber/implant carbon fiber contacts then could
      help in discharging the electron biological overloads through electrochemical
      gradients to lower negative charges and lower concentration.

PMID- 26966556
TI  - Mean Platelet Volume in Patients with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic
      Neuropathy.
AB  - Objective. We aimed to investigate the mean platelet volume (MPV) of the patients
      with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods. The
      medical records of 46 patients with the diagnosis of NAION and 90 control
      subjects were retrospectively evaluated. All participants underwent complete
      ocular examination including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. Hematocrit,
      MPV, hemoglobin, and platelet levels of the patients with NAION were compared
      with those of control subjects. Results. There was no significant difference
      between the groups in platelet counts (p = 0.76). NAION group had significantly
      higher MPV values (8.25 +/- 1.26 fL) than that of control subjects (7.64 +/- 1.01
      fL) (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MPV is an
      independent predictor of NAION (odds ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) =
      1.13-2.28; p = 0.007). The mean IOP was significantly higher in NAION group (p <
      0.001). IOP was also found as an independent predictor of NAION according to the
      regression analysis (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.08-1.48; p = 0.003). Conclusion. Our
      results demonstrated that the MPV values were significantly higher in NAION
      patients, suggesting that larger platelets may contribute to the pathogenesis of
      the NAION. 

PMID- 26966557
TI  - Comparison of Two Different OCT Systems: Retina Layer Segmentation and Impact on
      Structure-Function Analysis in Glaucoma.
AB  - Purpose. To compare two different spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
      (OCT) systems in regard to full macular thickness (MT) and ganglion cell layer
      inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measures and in regard to structure-function
      correlation when compared to standard automated perimetry (SAP). Methods.
      Seventeen primary open angle glaucoma patients and 16 controls (one eye per
      subject) were enrolled. MT and GCIPL thicknesses were measured by Cirrus and
      Spectralis OCTs. Octopus Perimeter 101 (G2 protocol) reports sensitivity in mean
      defect (dB). Differences between measurements were assessed with Student's t-test
      and Bland Altman. Diagnostic performance was also compared between each parameter
      calculating the areas under the operator receiver (ROC). Linear models were used
      to investigate structure-function association between OCT and SAP. Results.
      Disagreement between OCTs in both MT and GCIPL values was significant. Spectralis
      values were thicker than Cirrus. Average difference between OCTs was 21.64 MUm
      (SD 4.5) for MT and 9.8 MUm (SD 5.4) for GCIPL (p < 0.001). Patients differed
      significantly from controls in both OCTs, in both measurements. MT and GCIPL were
      negatively associated with MD (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Although OCT values were
      not interchangeable, both machines differentiated patients from controls with
      statistical significance. Structure-function analysis results were comparable,
      when either OCT was compared to SAP. 

PMID- 26966558
TI  - Surgical and Functional Results of Hybrid 25-27-Gauge Vitrectomy Combined with
      Coaxial 2.2 mm Small Incision Cataract Surgery.
AB  - Purpose. To investigate outcomes after coaxial 2.2 mm small incision cataract
      surgery combined with hybrid 25-27-gauge vitrectomy in eyes with vitreoretinal
      disease and age-related cataract. Methods. A single-center, retrospective case
      series study of 55 subjects (55 eyes) with a mean age of 70 years who underwent
      combined small incision phacoemulsification, intraocular lens (IOL) implantation,
      and hybrid 25-27-gauge vitrectomy during the 12-month period to December 2014.
      Intraoperative and postoperative complications and visual results were the main
      outcome measures. Results. The mean follow-up period was 6 months (range: 2-18
      months). Intraoperative findings were 3 retinal breaks (5.5%). No cases required
      corneal or scleral suture or conversion to larger-gauge vitrectomy. Postoperative
      complications consisted of posterior capsule opacification (12.7%), elevated
      intraocular pressure >30 mmHg (1.8%), and fibrin reaction (5.5%). There were no
      cases of hypotony (<7 mmHg), IOL decentration, or postoperative endophthalmitis.
      Visual acuity (mean +/- SD) improved from 0.52 +/- 0.6 logMAR preoperatively to
      0.22 +/- 0.46 logMAR at final postoperative visit (P < 0.0001). Conclusion.
      Surgical and visual outcomes suggest hybrid 25-27-gauge vitrectomy combined with
      small incision phacoemulsification and IOL implantation is feasible, safe, and
      effective as a one-step surgical procedure for the management of vitreoretinal
      pathologies and concurrent cataract. 

PMID- 26966561
TI  - Symmetric encryption algorithms using chaotic and non-chaotic generators: A
      review.
AB  - This paper summarizes the symmetric image encryption results of 27 different
      algorithms, which include substitution-only, permutation-only or both phases. The
      cores of these algorithms are based on several discrete chaotic maps (Arnold's
      cat map and a combination of three generalized maps), one continuous chaotic
      system (Lorenz) and two non-chaotic generators (fractals and chess-based
      algorithms). Each algorithm has been analyzed by the correlation coefficients
      between pixels (horizontal, vertical and diagonal), differential attack measures,
      Mean Square Error (MSE), entropy, sensitivity analyses and the 15 standard tests
      of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP-800-22
      statistical suite. The analyzed algorithms include a set of new image encryption
      algorithms based on non-chaotic generators, either using substitution only (using
      fractals) and permutation only (chess-based) or both. Moreover, two different
      permutation scenarios are presented where the permutation-phase has or does not
      have a relationship with the input image through an ON/OFF switch. Different
      encryption-key lengths and complexities are provided from short to long key to
      persist brute-force attacks. In addition, sensitivities of those different
      techniques to a one bit change in the input parameters of the substitution key as
      well as the permutation key are assessed. Finally, a comparative discussion of
      this work versus many recent research with respect to the used generators, type
      of encryption, and analyses is presented to highlight the strengths and added
      contribution of this paper. 

PMID- 26966559
TI  - Review of available studies of the neurobiology and pharmacotherapeutic
      management of trichotillomania.
AB  - Trichotillomania (TTM) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an irresistible
      urge to pull out one's hair. Currently there are no FDA approved treatments for
      TTM, which makes it difficult for clinicians to select an appropriate therapeutic
      plan. The clinical studies that have been performed do not provide sufficient or
      consistent evidence regarding which drug classes should be administered.
      Unfortunately, most of the available data consist of case reports and clinical
      trials with limited sample size. This review provides an overview of currently
      available clinical literature that targets TTM. A summary of clinical trials as
      well as case reports is provided. The most common rating scales used for clinical
      assessment are also reviewed. The etiology of TTM remains unclear. Studies that
      examine various neuroanatomical, neurobiologic, as well as genetic factors
      associated with TTM are thoroughly discussed in this review. It is evident that
      clear understanding of TTM is crucial to provide better recognition, assessment,
      and treatment to patients of this disorder. Finally, despite research efforts for
      establishing pharmacological options for treatment, it is clear that new targets
      are warranted in order to ensure a clinically supported effective pharmacological
      approach to treat TTM. 

PMID- 26966560
TI  - TNF-alpha -308 polymorphisms and male infertility risk: A meta-analysis and
      systematic review.
AB  - This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective
      studies discussing TNF-alpha -308 polymorphism and male infertility. This study
      was conformed to Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta
      Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were searched to
      identify relevant studies by two independent reviewers. Hazard ratios were pooled
      using fixed-effect or random-effects models when appropriate. Q-test was
      performed to evaluate study heterogeneity and publication bias appraised using
      funnel plots. The search yielded five studies (three of Caucasians ethnicity and
      2 of Asian ethnicity) comprising 2939 men (2262 infertile men and 677 fertile
      controls). Most of the studied cases were carried out on TNF-alpha promoter
      region at positions -308 G/A (four studies) where -308 C/T was dealt with in one
      study. Overall, significant associations between TNF-alpha -308 gene
      polymorphisms and idiopathic male infertility risk were observed (fixed effect:
      OR = 0.472, 95% CI: 0.378-0.589; P = 0.001; random effect: OR = 0.407, 95% CI:
      0.211-0.785; P = 0.007) with robust findings according to sensitivity analyses.
      Funnel plot inspections did not give evidences of publication bias. A stratified
      analysis performed for ethnic groups revealed significant association in both
      Caucasian and Asian populations. It is concluded that there are evidences of
      associations between TNF-alpha -308 gene polymorphisms and male infertility risk.

PMID- 26966562
TI  - Chemical and biological profile of Cespitularia species: A mini review.
AB  - Soft corals belonging to the genus Cespitularia have been well recognized as a
      rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites especially diterpenoids. This
      review furnishes an overview of all naturally isolated compounds from
      Cespitularia genus as, diterpenoids, nitrogen-containing diterpenes,
      sesquiterpenoids and steroids as well as biological activities of these species.
      Cespitularia species have been studied for their anticancer, immunomodulatory,
      antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This work is the
      first review published on this topic. 

PMID- 26966563
TI  - Anode optimization for miniature electronic brachytherapy X-ray sources using
      Monte Carlo and computational fluid dynamic codes.
AB  - A miniature X-ray source has been optimized for electronic brachytherapy. The
      cooling fluid for this device is water. Unlike the radionuclide brachytherapy
      sources, this source is able to operate at variable voltages and currents to
      match the dose with the tumor depth. First, Monte Carlo (MC) optimization was
      performed on the tungsten target-buffer thickness layers versus energy such that
      the minimum X-ray attenuation occurred. Second optimization was done on the
      selection of the anode shape based on the Monte Carlo in water TG-43U1 anisotropy
      function. This optimization was carried out to get the dose anisotropy functions
      closer to unity at any angle from 0 degrees  to 170 degrees . Three anode shapes
      including cylindrical, spherical, and conical were considered. Moreover, by
      Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code the optimal target-buffer shape and
      different nozzle shapes for electronic brachytherapy were evaluated. The
      characterization criteria of the CFD were the minimum temperature on the anode
      shape, cooling water, and pressure loss from inlet to outlet. The optimal anode
      was conical in shape with a conical nozzle. Finally, the TG-43U1 parameters of
      the optimal source were compared with the literature. 

PMID- 26966564
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of amniotic membrane stem cells and adipose tissue stem
      cells in rats with chemically induced ovarian failure.
AB  - The present study was conducted to compare between the therapeutic efficacies of
      human amniotic membrane-derived stem cells (hAM-MSCs) vs. adipose tissue derived
      stem cells (AD-MSCs) in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced ovarian failure in rats.
      Forty-eight adult female rats were included in the study; 10 rats were used as
      control group. Thirty-eight rats were injected with CTX to induce ovarian failure
      and divided into four groups: ovarian failure (IOF) (IOF group), IOF + phosphate
      buffer saline (PBS group), IOF + hAM-MSCs group and IOF + AD-MSCs group. Serum
      levels of FSH and estradiol (E2) were assessed. Histopathological examination of
      the ovarian tissues was performed and quantitative gene expressions of Oct-4,
      Stra8 and integrin beta-1 genes were conducted by quantitative real time PCR.
      Results showed that IOF and IOF + PBS rat groups exhibited decreased ovarian
      follicles, increased interstitial fibrosis with significant decrease of serum E2,
      significant increase serum FSH level and significant down-regulation of Stra8 and
      integrin beta-1. In hAM-MSCs and AD-MSCs rat groups, there were increased
      follicles and corpora with evident the presence of oocytes, significant increase
      in serum E2, significant decrease in serum FSH levels (in hAM-MSCs treated group
      only) and significant up-regulation of the three studied genes with higher levels
      in hAM-MSCs treated rats group when compared to AD-MSCs treated rats group. In
      Conclusion, administration of either hAM-derived MSCs or AD-MSCs exerts a
      significant therapeutic efficacy in chemotherapy induced ovarian insult in rats.
      hAM-MSCs exert higher therapeutic efficacy as compared to AD-MSCs. 

PMID- 26966565
TI  - Acute inflammation induces immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells associated
      with anti-tumor responses in a tumor mouse model.
AB  - Given the self nature of cancer, anti-tumor immune response is weak. As such,
      acute inflammation induced by microbial products can induce signals that result
      in initiation of an inflammatory cascade that helps activation of immune cells.
      We aimed to compare the nature and magnitude of acute inflammation induced by
      toll-like receptor ligands (TLRLs) on the tumor growth and the associated
      inflammatory immune responses. To induce acute inflammation in tumor-bearing
      host, CD1 mice were inoculated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Ehrlich
      ascites carcinoma (EAC) (5 * 10(5) cells/mouse), and then treated with i.p.
      injection on day 1, day 7 or days 1 + 7 with: (1) polyinosinic:polycytidylic
      (poly(I:C)) (TLR3L); (2) Poly-ICLC (clinical grade of TLR3L); (3) Bacillus
      Calmette Guerin (BCG) (coding for TLR9L); (4) Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)
      (coding for TLR9L); and (5) Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA). Treatment with
      poly(I:C), Poly-ICLC, BCG, CFA, or IFA induced anti-tumor activities as measured
      by 79.1%, 75.94%, 73.94%, 71.88% and 47.75% decreases, respectively in the total
      number of tumor cells collected 7 days after tumor challenge. Among the tested
      TLRLs, both poly(I:C) (TLR3L) and BCG (contain TLR9L) showed the highest anti
      tumor effects as reflected by the decrease in the number of EAc cells. These
      effects were associated with a 2-fold increase in the numbers of inflammatory
      cells expressing the myeloid markers CD11b(+)Ly6G(+), CD11b(+)Ly6G(-), and
      CD11b(+)Ly6G(-). We concluded that Provision of the proper inflammatory signal
      with optimally defined magnitude and duration during tumor growth can induce
      inflammatory immune cells with potent anti-tumor responses without vaccination. 

PMID- 26966566
TI  - Efficient variable bandwidth filters for digital hearing aid using Farrow
      structure.
AB  - Design of a digital hearing aid requires a set of filters that gives reasonable
      audiogram matching for the concerned type of hearing loss. This paper proposes
      the use of a variable bandwidth filter, using Farrow subfilters, for this
      purpose. The design of the variable bandwidth filter is carried out for a set of
      selected bandwidths. Each of these bands is frequency shifted and provided with
      sufficient magnitude gain, such that, the different bands combine to give a
      frequency response that closely matches the audiogram. Due to the adjustable
      bandedges in the basic filter, this technique allows the designer to add
      reconfigurability to the system. This technique is simple and efficient when
      compared with the existing methods. Results show that lower order filters and
      better audiogram matching with lesser matching errors are obtained using Farrow
      structure. This, in turn reduces implementation complexity. The cost
      effectiveness of this technique also comes from the fact that, the user can
      reprogram the same device, once his hearing loss pattern is found to have changed
      in due course of time, without the need to replace it completely. 

PMID- 26966567
TI  - Repair bond strength of dual-cured resin composite core buildup materials.
AB  - The reparability of dual-cured resin composite core buildup materials using a
      light-cured one following one week or three months storage, prior to repair was
      evaluated. Two different dual-cured resin composites; CosmecoreTM DC automix and
      ClearfilTM DC automix core buildup materials and a light-cured nanofilled resin
      composite; FiltekTM Z350 XT were used. Substrate specimens were prepared (n =
      12/each substrate material) and stored in artificial saliva at 37  degrees C
      either for one week or three months. Afterward, all specimens were ground flat,
      etched using ScotchbondTM phosphoric acid etchant and received Single Bond
      Universal adhesive system according to the manufacturers' instructions. The light
      cured nanofilled resin composite (FiltekTM Z350 XT) was used as a repair material
      buildup. To determine the cohesive strength of each solid substrate material,
      additional specimens from each core material (n = 12) were prepared and stored
      for the same periods. Five sticks (0.8 +/- 0.01 mm(2)) were obtained from each
      specimen (30 sticks/group) for microtensile bond strength (MUTBS) testing. Modes
      of failure were also determined. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect for
      the core materials but not for the storage periods or their interaction. After
      one week, dual-cured resin composite core buildup materials (CosmecoreTM DC and
      ClearfilTM DC) achieved significantly higher repair MUTBS than the light-cured
      nanofilled resin composite (FiltekTM Z350 XT). However, ClearfilTM DC revealed
      the highest value, then CosmecoreTM DC and FiltekTM Z350 XT, following storage
      for 3-month. Repair strength values recovered 64-86% of the cohesive strengths of
      solid substrate materials. The predominant mode of failure was the mixed type.
      Dual-cured resin composite core buildup materials revealed acceptable repair bond
      strength values even after 3-month storage. 

PMID- 26966568
TI  - Numerical study for multi-strain tuberculosis (TB) model of variable-order
      fractional derivatives.
AB  - In this paper, we presented a novel multi-strain TB model of variable-order
      fractional derivatives, which incorporates three strains: drug-sensitive,
      emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR), as an
      extension for multi-strain TB model of nonlinear ordinary differential equations
      which developed in 2014 by Arino and Soliman [1]. Numerical simulations for this
      variable-order fractional model are the main aim of this work, where the variable
      order fractional derivative is defined in the sense of Grunwald-Letnikov
      definition. Two numerical methods are presented for this model, the standard
      finite difference method (SFDM) and nonstandard finite difference method (NSFDM).
      Numerical comparison between SFDM and NSFDM is presented. It is concluded that,
      NSFDM preserves the positivity of the solutions and numerically stable in large
      regions than SFDM. 

PMID- 26966569
TI  - Multi-agents and learning: Implications for Webusage mining.
AB  - Characterization of user activities is an important issue in the design and
      maintenance of websites. Server weblog files have abundant information about the
      user's current interests. This information can be mined and analyzed therefore
      the administrators may be able to guide the users in their browsing activity so
      they may obtain relevant information in a shorter span of time to obtain user
      satisfaction. Web-based technology facilitates the creation of personally
      meaningful and socially useful knowledge through supportive interactions,
      communication and collaboration among educators, learners and information. This
      paper suggests a new methodology based on learning techniques for a Web-based
      Multiagent-based application to discover the hidden patterns in the user's
      visited links. It presents a new approach that involves unsupervised,
      reinforcement learning, and cooperation between agents. It is utilized to
      discover patterns that represent the user's profiles in a sample website into
      specific categories of materials using significance percentages. These profiles
      are used to make recommendations of interesting links and categories to the user.
      The experimental results of the approach showed successful user pattern
      recognition, and cooperative learning among agents to obtain user profiles. It
      indicates that combining different learning algorithms is capable of improving
      user satisfaction indicated by the percentage of precision, recall, the
      progressive category weight and F 1-measure. 

PMID- 26966570
TI  - Porous bodies of hydroxyapatite produced by a combination of the gel-casting and
      polymer sponge methods.
AB  - A combination of gel-casting and polymeric foam infiltration methods is used in
      this study to prepare porous bodies of hydroxyapatite (HA), to provide a better
      control over the microstructures of samples. These scaffolds were prepared by
      impregnating a body of porous polyurethane foam with slurry containing HA powder,
      and using a percentage of solids between 40% and 50% w/v, and three different
      types of monomers to provide a better performance. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and
      Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were
      employed to evaluate both the powder hydroxyapatite and the scaffolds obtained.
      In addition, porosity and interconnectivity measurements were taken in accordance
      with the international norm. Bioactivity was checked using immersion tests in
      Simulated Body Fluids (SBF). After the sintering process of the porous bodies,
      the XRD results showed peaks characteristic of a pure and crystalline HA (JCPDS 9
      432) as a single phase. SEM images indicate open and interconnected pores inside
      the material, with pore sizes between 50 and 600 MUm. Also, SEM images
      demonstrate the relatively good bioactivity of the HA scaffolds after immersion
      in SBF. All results for the porous HA bodies suggest that these materials have
      great potential for use in tissue engineering. 

PMID- 26966572
TI  - Morphological, molecular and pathological appraisal of Callitetrarhynchus
      gracilis plerocerci (Lacistorhynchidae) infecting Atlantic little tunny
      (Euthynnus alletteratus) in Southeastern Mediterranean.
AB  - The Atlantic little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus, is widely distributed in
      temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Black and Mediterranean
      Seas. In this study, wild-caught little tunny from Egypt, were found to be
      naturally infected with trypanorhyncha metacestodes, and the overall prevalence
      rate of infection was 38.7%. The blastocysts were either loosely attached to the
      mesentery of infected fish, or firmly attached and deeply embedded within the
      hepatic parenchyma. These encysted plerocerci are identified as
      Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Trypanorhyncha, Lacistorhynchidae) based on its
      morphological and molecular characterization. The morphological characteristics
      of C. gracilis including scolex shape; the bothridia groove; the presence of
      frontal glands; the length of post-larval (appendix); metabasal armature; the
      existence of 'Chainette' and satellite hooks of different size were studied and
      described by Light and Scanning electron microscope. The phylogenetic analysis of
      lsrDNA gene of plerocerci confirmed the identification of the species to be
      deeply embedded in genus Callitetrarhynchus. The histopathological examination
      revealed severe pathological changes in the affected organs, including necrosis,
      inflammatory reactions, fibrosis and migratory tracts of the parasitic larvae
      together with marked visceral organs adhesions. To the best of our knowledge,
      this is the first report describing the detection of C. gracilis in little tunny
      collected from the Abu Qir landing site in Alexandria, Egypt. 

PMID- 26966573
TI  - Antianemic Treatment of Cancer Patients in German Routine Practice: Data from a
      Prospective Cohort Study-The Tumor Anemia Registry.
AB  - The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess current antianemic
      treatment of cancer patients in German routine practice, including diagnostics,
      treatments, and quality of life (QoL). 88 study sites recruited 1018 patients at
      the start of antianemic treatment with hemoglobin (Hb) levels <11 g/dL (females)
      or <12 g/dL (males). Patients were followed up for 12 weeks. 63% of the patients
      had inoperable solid tumors, 22% operable solid tumors, and 15% hematological
      malignancies. Over 85% received chemotherapy. Median age was 67 years; 48% were
      male. Red blood cell transfusions (RBCTx) were given to 59% of all patients and
      to 55% of the patients with Hb >=8 g/dL on day 1 of the observation period (day 1
      treatment). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) were the second most
      frequently applied day 1 treatment (20%), followed by intravenous (IV) iron (15%)
      and ESA + IV iron (6%). Only about a third of patients were tested for blood
      serum iron parameters at the start of treatment. Overall, more than half of the
      patients had long-term responses to antianemic therapy. Our data suggest that in
      routine practice diagnostics for treatable causes of anemia are underused. A high
      proportion of cancer patients receive RBCTx. It should be discussed whether
      thorough diagnostics and earlier intervention could decrease the need for RBCTx.
      This trial is registered with NCT01795690. 

PMID- 26966571
TI  - Plant-based culture media: Efficiently support culturing rhizobacteria and
      correctly mirror their in-situ diversity.
AB  - Our previous publications and the data presented here provide evidences on the
      ability of plant-based culture media to optimize the cultivability of
      rhizobacteria and to support their recovery from plant-soil environments.
      Compared to the tested chemically-synthetic culture media (e.g. nutrient agar and
      N-deficient combined-carbon sources media), slurry homogenates, crude saps,
      juices and powders of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) and succulent plants (Aloe
      vera and Aloe arborescens) were rich enough to support growth of rhizobacteria.
      Representative isolates of Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp. and
      Azospirillum spp. exhibited good growth on agar plates of such plant-based
      culture media. Cell growth and biomass production in liquid batch cultures were
      comparable to those reported with the synthetic culture media. In addition, the
      tested plant-based culture media efficiently recovered populations of
      rhizobacteria associated to plant roots. Culturable populations of >10(6)-10(8)
      cfu g(-1) were recovered from the ecto- and endo-rhizospheres of tested host
      plants. More than 100 endophytic culture-dependent isolates were secured and
      subjected to morphophysiological identification. Factor and cluster analyses
      indicated the unique community structure, on species, genera, class and phyla
      levels, of the culturable population recovered with plant-based culture media,
      being distinct from that obtained with the chemically-synthetic culture media.
      Proteobacteria were the dominant (78.8%) on plant-based agar culture medium
      compared to only 31% on nutrient agar, while Firmicutes prevailed on nutrient
      agar (69%) compared to the plant-based agar culture media (18.2%). Bacteroidetes,
      represented by Chryseobacterium indologenes, was only reported (3%) among the
      culturable rhizobacteria community of the plant-based agar culture medium. 

PMID- 26966574
TI  - The Role of Mean Platelet Volume as a Predictor of Mortality in Critically Ill
      Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Background. An increase in the mean platelet volume (MPV) has been proposed as a
      novel prognostic indicator in critically ill patients. Objective. We conducted a
      systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether there is an association
      between MPV and mortality in critically ill patients. Methods. We did electronic
      search in Medline, Scopus, and Embase up to November 2015. Results. Eleven
      observational studies, involving 3724 patients, were included. The values of
      initial MPV in nonsurvivors and survivors were not different, with the mean
      difference with 95% confident interval (95% CI) being 0.17 (95% CI: -0.04, 0.38;
      p = 0.112). However, after small sample studies were excluded in sensitivity
      analysis, the pooling mean difference of MPV was 0.32 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.60; p =
      0.03). In addition, the MPV was observed to be significantly higher in
      nonsurvivor groups after the third day of admission. On the subgroup analysis,
      although patient types (sepsis or mixed ICU) and study type (prospective or
      retrospective study) did not show any significant difference between groups, the
      difference of MPV was significantly difference on the unit which had mortality up
      to 30%. Conclusions. Initial values of MPV might not be used as a prognostic
      marker of mortality in critically ill patients. Subsequent values of MPV after
      the 3rd day and the lower mortality rate unit might be useful. However, the
      heterogeneity between studies is high. 

PMID- 26966575
TI  - Parents' Experiences of Caring Responsibility for Their Adult Child with
      Schizophrenia.
AB  - As a consequence of the latest psychiatry-related reform in Sweden and its
      implementation, relatives and family members have taken over from the formal
      healthcare system significant responsibility for the care of persons with a
      mental disability and illness. The aim of this study was to systematically
      describe and analyze the experiences of parents' informal care responsibility.
      The questions were, what are the experiences around parents' informal care
      activities and responsibilities and how do parents construct and manage their
      caring responsibility and with what consequences? Semistructured in-depth
      interviews were conducted (16 hours of recorded material) with eight parents who
      were all members of the Interest Association for Schizophrenia
      (Intresseforeningen for Schizofreni (IFS)) in Sweden. A mixed hermeneutic
      deductive and inductive method was used for the interpretation of the material.
      The parents endow their informal caring responsibility with meaning of being a
      good, responsible, and accountable parent with respect to their social context
      and social relationships as well as with respect to the psychiatric care
      representatives. In this tense situation, parents compromise between elements of
      struggle, cooperation, avoidance, and adaption in their interaction with the
      world outside, meaning the world beyond the care provision for their child, as
      well as with the world inside themselves. 

PMID- 26966577
TI  - Contribution of Cell Surface Hydrophobicity in the Resistance of Staphylococcus
      aureus against Antimicrobial Agents.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is found in a wide variety of habitats, including human
      skin, where many strains are commensals that may be clinically significant or
      contaminants of food. To determine the physiological characteristics of resistant
      strain of Staphylococcus aureus against pediocin, a class IIa bacteriocin, a
      resistant strain was compared with wild type in order to investigate the
      contribution of hydrophobicity to this resistance. Additional clumping of
      resistant strain relative to wild type in light microscopy was considered as an
      elementary evidence of resistance attainment. A delay in log phase attainment was
      observed in resistant strain compared to the wild type strain. A significant
      increase in cell surface hydrophobicity was detected for resistant strain in both
      hexadecane and xylene indicating the contribution of cell surface hydrophobicity
      as adaptive reaction against antimicrobial agents. 

PMID- 26966576
TI  - Soluble Expression and Characterization of Biologically Active Bacillus anthracis
      Protective Antigen in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Bacillus anthracis secretory protein protective antigen (PA) is primary candidate
      for subunit vaccine against anthrax. Attempts to obtain large quantity of PA from
      Escherichia coli expression system often result in the formation of insoluble
      inclusion bodies. Therefore, it is always better to produce recombinant proteins
      in a soluble form. In the present study, we have obtained biologically active
      recombinant PA in small scale E. coli shake culture system using three different
      expression constructs. The PA gene was cloned in expression vectors bearing trc,
      T5, and T7 promoters and transformed into their respective E. coli hosts. The
      growth conditions were optimized to obtain maximum expression of PA in soluble
      form. The expression construct PA-pET32c in DE3-pLysS E. coli host resulted in a
      maximum production of soluble PA (15 mg L(-1)) compared to other combinations.
      Purified PA was subjected to trypsin digestion and binding assay with lethal
      factor to confirm the protein's functionality. Biological activity was confirmed
      by cytotoxicity assay on J774.1 cells. Balb/c mice were immunized with PA and the
      immunogenicity was tested by ELISA and toxin neutralization assay. This study
      highlights the expression of soluble and biologically active recombinant PA in
      larger quantity using simpler E. coli production platform. 

PMID- 26966578
TI  - Lack of Association between Pulse Steroid Therapy and Bone Mineral Density in
      Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been associated with reduced bone mineral density
      (BMD). The purpose of this study was to determine the possible factors affecting
      BMD in patients with MS. We included consecutive 155 patients with MS and 90 age-
      and sex-matched control subjects. Patients with MS exhibited significantly lower
      T-scores and Z-scores in the femoral neck and trochanter compared to the
      controls. Ninety-four (61%) patients had reduced bone mass in either the lumbar
      spine or the femoral neck; of these, 64 (41.3%) had osteopenia and 30 (19.4%) had
      osteoporosis. The main factors affecting BMD were disability, duration of MS, and
      smoking. There was a negative relationship between femoral BMD and EDSS and
      disease duration. No association with lumbar BMD was determined. There were no
      correlations between BMD at any anatomic region and cumulative corticosteroid
      dose. BMD is significantly lower in patients with MS than in healthy controls.
      Reduced BMD in MS is mainly associated with disability and duration of the
      disease. Short courses of high dose steroid therapy did not result in an obvious
      negative impact on BMD in the lumbar spine and femoral neck in patients with MS. 

PMID- 26966579
TI  - Management of Multiple Sclerosis in the Breastfeeding Mother.
AB  - Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurological disease characterized by
      inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Relapsing-Remitting MS is
      characterized by acute attacks followed by remission. Treatment is aimed at
      halting these attacks; therapy may last for months to years. Because MS
      disproportionately affects females and commonly begins during the childbearing
      years, clinicians treat pregnant or nursing MS patients. The intent of this
      review is to perform an in-depth analysis into the safety of drugs used in
      breastfeeding women with MS. This paper is composed of several drugs used in the
      treatment of MS and current research regarding their safety in breastfeeding
      including immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, monoclonal antibodies,
      corticosteroids, and drugs used for symptomatic treatment. Typically, some
      medications are large polar molecules which often do not pass into the milk in
      clinically relevant amounts. For this reason, interferon beta is likely safe for
      the infant when given to a breastfeeding mother. However, other drugs with
      particularly dangerous side effects may not be recommended. While treatment
      options are available and some data from clinical studies does exist, there
      continues to be a need for investigation and ongoing review of the medications
      used in breastfeeding mothers. 

PMID- 26966580
TI  - Imaging Techniques for Diagnosis of Thoracic Aortic Atherosclerosis.
AB  - The most severe complications after cardiac surgery are neurological
      complications including stroke which is often caused by emboli merging from
      atherosclerosis in the ascending aorta to the brain. Information about the
      thoracic aorta is crucial in reducing the embolization risk for both surgical
      open and closed chest procedures such as transaortic heart valve implantation.
      Several techniques are available to screen the ascending aorta, for example,
      transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), epiaortic ultrasound, TEE A-view method,
      manual palpation, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. This paper
      provides a description of the advantages and disadvantages of these imaging
      techniques. 

PMID- 26966581
TI  - Dependence of Proximal GC Boxes and Binding Transcription Factors in the
      Regulation of Basal and Valproic Acid-Induced Expression of t-PA.
AB  - Objective. Endothelial tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) release is a
      pivotal response to protect the circulation from occluding thrombosis. We have
      shown that the t-PA gene is epigenetically regulated and greatly induced by the
      histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). We now investigated
      involvement of known t-PA promoter regulatory elements and evaluated dependence
      of potential interacting transcription factors/cofactors. Methods. A reporter
      vector with an insert, separately mutated at either the t-PA promoter CRE or GC
      box II or GC box III elements, was transfected into HT-1080 and HUVECs and
      challenged with VPA. HUVECs were targeted with siRNA against histone acetyl
      transferases (HAT) and selected transcription factors from the Sp/KLF family.
      Results. An intact VPA-response was observed with CRE mutated constructs, whereas
      mutation of GC boxes II and III reduced the magnitude of the induction by 54 and
      79% in HT-1080 and 49 and 50% in HUVECs, respectively. An attenuated induction of
      t-PA mRNA was observed after Sp2, Sp4, and KLF5 depletion. KLF2 and p300 (HAT)
      were identified as positive regulators of basal t-PA expression and Sp4 and KLF9
      as repressors. Conclusion. VPA-induced t-PA expression is dependent on the
      proximal GC boxes in the t-PA promoter and may involve interactions with Sp2,
      Sp4, and KLF5. 

PMID- 26966582
TI  - Antibiotic-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Increasing Success Remains a
      Challenge as a Nosocomial Pathogen.
AB  - Antibiotic-resistant infectious bacteria currently imply a high risk and
      therefore constitute a strong challenge when treating patients in hospital
      settings. Characterization of these species and of particular strains is a
      priority for the establishment of diagnostic tests and preventive procedures. The
      relevance of Acinetobacter baumannii as a problematic microorganism in inpatient
      facilities, particularly intensive care units, has increased over time. This
      review aims to draw attention to (i) the historical emergence of carbapenem
      resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, (ii) the current status of surveillance needs
      in Latin America, and (iii) recent data suggesting that A. baumannii continues to
      spread and evolve in hospital settings. First, we present synopsis of the series
      of events leading to the discovery and precise identification of this
      microorganism in hospital settings. Then key events in the acquisition of
      antibiotic-resistant genes by this microorganism are summarized, highlighting the
      race between new antibiotic generation and emergence of A. baumannii resistant
      strains. Here we review the historical development of this species as an
      infectious threat, the current state of its distribution, and antibiotic
      resistance characteristics, and we discuss future prospects for its control. 

PMID- 26966583
TI  - Natural Product-Derived Treatments for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:
      Safety, Efficacy, and Therapeutic Potential of Combination Therapy.
AB  - Typical treatment plans for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
      utilize nonpharmacological (behavioral/psychosocial) and/or pharmacological
      interventions. Limited accessibility to behavioral therapies and concerns over
      adverse effects of pharmacological treatments prompted research for alternative
      ADHD therapies such as natural product-derived treatments and nutritional
      supplements. In this study, we reviewed the herbal preparations and nutritional
      supplements evaluated in clinical studies as potential ADHD treatments and
      discussed their performance with regard to safety and efficacy in clinical
      trials. We also discussed some evidence suggesting that adjunct treatment of
      these agents (with another botanical agent or pharmacological ADHD treatments)
      may be a promising approach to treat ADHD. The analysis indicated mixed findings
      with regard to efficacy of natural product-derived ADHD interventions.
      Nevertheless, these treatments were considered as a "safer" approach than
      conventional ADHD medications. More comprehensive and appropriately controlled
      clinical studies are required to fully ascertain efficacy and safety of natural
      product-derived ADHD treatments. Studies that replicate encouraging findings on
      the efficacy of combining botanical agents and nutritional supplements with other
      natural product-derived therapies and widely used ADHD medications are also
      warranted. In conclusion, the risk-benefit balance of natural product-derived
      ADHD treatments should be carefully monitored when used as standalone treatment
      or when combined with other conventional ADHD treatments. 

PMID- 26966585
TI  - Sildenafil citrate as a medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteric stones: A
      randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of sildenafil citrate on spontaneous passage of
      distal ureteric stones (DUS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a randomised double
      blinded placebo-controlled study of 100 patients with DUS. Inclusion criteria
      were: male, age 18-65 years, normal renal function, and a single radiopaque
      unilateral DUS of 5-10 mm. Patients were randomly allocated into two equal
      groups, one that received placebo and the other that received 50 mg sildenafil
      citrate once daily. Both investigators and patients were masked to the type of
      treatment. Patients self-administered the medication until spontaneous passage of
      the DUS. In patients where there was uncontrolled pain, fever, an increase in
      serum creatinine of >1.8 mg/dL, progressive hydronephrosis or no further progress
      after 4 weeks, a decision was taken for further treatment. RESULTS: In all, 47
      and 49 patients were available for analysis in both the placebo and sildenafil
      citrate groups; respectively. Both groups were comparable for age and stone
      characteristics. Spontaneous expulsion occurred in 19 of 47 patients (40.4%) in
      the placebo group and in 33 of 49 (67.3%) in the sildenafil citrate group (P =
      0.014). The mean time to stone expulsion was significantly shorter in the
      sildenafil citrate group (P < 0.001). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards
      model showed that receiving sildenafil citrate was the only independent factor
      that had a significant impact on stone passage with a hazard ratio of 2.7 (95%
      confidence interval 1.5-4.8; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sildenafil citrate enhances
      spontaneous passage of 5-10 mm DUS.

PMID- 26966584
TI  - Acute Footshock Stress Induces Time-Dependent Modifications of AMPA/NMDA Protein
      Expression and AMPA Phosphorylation.
AB  - Clinical studies on patients with stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders
      reported functional and morphological changes in brain areas where glutamatergic
      transmission is predominant, including frontal and prefrontal areas. In line with
      this evidence, several preclinical works suggest that glutamate receptors are
      targets of both rapid and long-lasting effects of stress. Here we found that
      acute footshock- (FS-) stress, although inducing no transcriptional and RNA
      editing alterations of ionotropic AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor subunits,
      rapidly and transiently modulates their protein expression, phosphorylation, and
      localization at postsynaptic spines in prefrontal and frontal cortex. In total
      extract, FS-stress increased the phosphorylation levels of GluA1 AMPA subunit at
      Ser(845) immediately after stress and of GluA2 Ser(880) 2 h after start of
      stress. At postsynaptic spines, stress induced a rapid decrease of GluA2
      expression, together with an increase of its phosphorylation at Ser(880),
      suggesting internalization of GluA2 AMPA containing receptors. GluN1 and GluN2A
      NMDA receptor subunits were found markedly upregulated in postsynaptic spines, 2
      h after start of stress. These results suggest selected time-dependent changes in
      glutamatergic receptor subunits induced by acute stress, which may suggest early
      and transient enhancement of AMPA-mediated currents, followed by a transient
      activation of NMDA receptors. 

PMID- 26966586
TI  - Outcome of alpha-blockers, with or without methylprednisolone combination, in
      medical expulsive therapy for lower ureteric stones: A prospective randomised
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and efficacy of tamsulosin, alfuzosin, and
      their combinations with methylprednisolone, in the medical management of lower
      ureteric stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 2012 and June 2014,
      patients diagnosed with a single lower ureteric stone of ?10 mm (longest
      dimension) were enrolled. Patients with urinary tract infection, severe
      hydronephrosis, pregnancy, hypertension, diabetes, ulcer disease, or renal
      insufficiency were excluded. According to the medication added to the analgesic
      anti-inflammatory, patients were stratified into four groups, with 53 patients in
      each. Group I patients received tamsulosin 0.4 mg and those in Group II received
      tamsulosin 0.4 mg and methylprednisolone 8 mg. Group III patients received
      alfuzosin 10 mg and those in Group IV received alfuzosin 10 mg and
      methylprednisolone 8 mg. Treatment was continued until stone expulsion or to a
      maximum of 2 weeks. The patients' demographics, stone criteria, and stone-free
      rates were calculated and analysed. RESULTS: The mean (SD) maximum stone
      dimension was 7.8 (1.5), 8.1 (1.3), 7.9 (1.6) and 8.0 (1.4) mm in Groups I, II,
      III and IV, respectively. Groups II and IV had significantly higher stone-free
      rates than Groups I and III (P < 0.05), whilst there were no statistically
      significant differences between Groups I and III or between Groups II and IV.
      There was no statistical difference among the four groups for the time to stone
      expulsion. Three patients in Group II and two patients in Group IV developed
      transient hyperglycaemia, which resolved after cessation of methylprednisolone.
      CONCLUSIONS: The combination of alfuzosin or tamsulosin with methylprednisolone
      seems to be effective and safe for managing lower ureteric stones of <1 cm.

PMID- 26966587
TI  - Silodosin vs tamsulosin in the management of distal ureteric stones: A
      prospective randomised study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of silodosin (8 mg) vs tamsulosin (0.4 mg),
      as a medical expulsive therapy, in the management of distal ureteric stones (DUS)
      in terms of stone clearance rate and stone expulsion time. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      A prospective randomised study was conducted on 115 patients, aged 21-55 years,
      who had unilateral DUS of ?10 mm. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1
      received silodosin (8 mg) and Group 2 received tamsulosin (0.4 mg) daily for 1
      month. The patients were followed-up by ultrasonography, plain abdominal
      radiograph of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, and computed tomography (in some
      cases). RESULTS: There was a significantly higher stone clearance rate of 83% in
      Group 1 vs 57% in Group 2 (P = 0.007). Group 1 also showed a significant
      advantage for stone expulsion time and analgesic use. Four patients, two in each
      group, discontinued the treatment in first few days due to side-effects
      (orthostatic hypotension). No severe complications were recorded during the
      treatment period. Retrograde ejaculation was recorded in nine and three patients
      in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data show that silodosin is more
      effective than tamsulosin in the management of DUS for stone clearance rates and
      stone expulsion times. A multicentre study on larger scale is needed to confirm
      the efficacy and safety of silodosin.

PMID- 26966589
TI  - Antegrade JJ stenting after percutaneous renal procedures: The 'pull and push'
      technique.

PMID- 26966588
TI  - Standard versus tubeless mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A randomised
      controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare the outcome of standard mini-percutaneous
      nephrolithotomy (SmPCNL) versus tubeless mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy
      (TmPCNL) as primary treatments of renal stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 80
      patients with a solitary radio-opaque renal stone and candidates for PCNL were
      selected. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 40, one group
      treated with SmPCNL and the other with TmPCNL. Patients and stone characters, as
      well as operative and postoperative data of both groups were compared and
      statistically analysed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the
      two groups for patient demographics and stone characteristics. There was no
      statistically significant difference between the two groups for the mean
      operative time, mean postoperative drop in haemoglobin, mean postoperative urine
      leakage, mean hospital stay, and stone-free rate. The mean (SD) postoperative
      dose of analgesia was statistically significantly higher in the SmPCNL group
      compared with the TmPCNL group, at 112.5 (48.03) versus 48.8 (43.5) mg,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Both procedures are safe and effective for managing
      renal stones, without any significant difference between the two procedures;
      however, the postoperative analgesic requirement is significantly higher in
      SmPCNL.

PMID- 26966590
TI  - Robot-assisted ureterocalycostomy: A single centre contemporary experience in
      adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present our technique and experience of robot-assisted
      ureterocalycostomy (RAUC) in managing secondary pelvi-ureteric junction
      obstruction (PUJO) in adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed
      all patients from our centre who underwent RAUC, between 2011 and 2015, for
      secondary PUJO resulting from previous surgical intervention. Six procedures in
      five patients, including a bilateral RAUC were performed. The median (range)
      patient age was 33.7 (18-41) years. The outcome variables included operative
      time, duration of hospital stay, and objective evidence of unimpeded drainage on
      urography. RESULTS: The mean (range) operating time was 172 (144-260) min and
      estimated blood loss was 100 (50-250) mL. There were no conversions to open or
      laparoscopic surgery, and no intraoperative complications. Two patients had
      Clavien-Dindo Grade I complications that were managed conservatively and one
      patient had a Grade IIIb complication, which required balloon dilatation and re
      stenting. After a median (range) follow-up of 11 (7-48) months, five of the six
      renal units had successful outcomes. CONCLUSION: The robot-assisted approach
      appears to be ideally suited for redo cases demanding fine dissection with
      meticulous suturing. In our present series of adult patients, we could safely and
      successfully perform RAUC with minimal morbidity. However, a larger multi
      institutional outcome analysis is required to substantiate the role of the robot
      assisted approach in performing UC.

PMID- 26966591
TI  - Testosterone replacement therapy improves the health-related quality of life of
      men diagnosed with late-onset hypogonadism.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)
      improves the long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of men with late
      onset hypogonadism (LOH), as studies have shown that sub-physiological
      testosterone levels have a negative impact on psychological (e.g. mood, vitality,
      libido and sexual interest) and physical features (e.g. erectile function and
      physical strength), all of which contribute to a sense of well-being. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: In all, 261 patients (mean age 58 years) diagnosed with LOH were
      treated with long-acting intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (TU) for up to 5
      years. Health quality indicators including the International Prostate Symptom
      Score (IPSS), the five-item version of the International Index of Erectile
      Function (IIEF-5), the Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale, and the percentage of
      patients reporting joint and muscle pain were measured at baseline and at each
      visit. The means were then plotted over time in parallel with mean total
      testosterone (TT) levels. RESULTS: Both the mean IPSS and AMS scores fell
      significantly within the first 3 months and the mean IIEF-5 score and TT levels
      increased within the first 3 months. All four parameters continued to improve
      over the course of the trial. The percentage of patients reporting both joint and
      muscle pain decreased during TRT. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective, observational
      and longitudinal analysis shows a clear improvement in both psychological and
      physical characteristics as physiological testosterone levels are reached and
      maintained contributing to an improvement in the HRQoL in men with diagnosed LOH.

PMID- 26966592
TI  - Venous thromboembolism after radical cystectomy: Experience with screening
      ultrasonography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To detect the incidence of immediate postoperative deep vein
      thrombosis (DVT) using screening lower extremity ultrasonography (US) in patients
      undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and to determine the rate of symptomatic
      pulmonary embolism (PE) after RC and identify risk factors for venous
      thromboembolic (VTE) events in a RC population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective review of prospective data collected on patients who
      underwent RC between July 2008 and January 2012. These patients underwent
      screening US at 2/3 days after RC to determine the rate of asymptomatic DVT. A
      chart review was completed to identify those who had a symptomatic PE. Univariate
      and multivariable analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with DVT,
      PE and total VTE events. RESULTS: In all, 221 patients underwent RC and
      asymptomatic DVT was identified in 21 (9.5%) on screening US. Nine (4.5%)
      developed symptomatic PE at a median of 9 days, of which no patients had positive
      lower extremity US postoperatively. Increased length of hospital stay, increased
      estimated blood loss, and lower body mass index were linked to risk of PE, and
      only a previous history of DVT was associated with postoperative DVT. CONCLUSION:
      Patients who undergo RC are at high-risk for thromboembolic events and multimodal
      prophylaxis should be administered. Clinicians should be especially vigilant in
      those who demonstrate factors associated with higher risk for VTE events.

PMID- 26966593
TI  - Adult-type granulosa cell tumour of the testis: Report of a case and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Granulosa cell tumours (GCTs) can be either juvenile or adult type, and more
      commonly occur in the ovaries. Adult-type GCTs of the testis (AGCTT) are very
      rare and only 46 cases have previously been reported. We report here on a 48-year
      old Filipino man with a left testicular AGCTT, which measured 1.2 * 1.2 * 1.0 cm.
      He underwent radical orchidectomy with postoperative surveillance for 1 year,
      which included computed tomography with oral intravenous contrast and clinical
      examinations, which have been unremarkable. The previously reported AGCTTs were
      briefly reviewed. 

PMID- 26966594
TI  - Holmium laser enucleation versus simple prostatectomy for treating large
      prostates: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare and evaluate the safety and efficacy of holmium laser
      enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and simple prostatectomy for large prostate
      burdens, as discussion and debate continue about the optimal surgical
      intervention for this common pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic
      search was conducted for studies comparing HoLEP with simple prostatectomy [open
      (OP), robot-assisted, laparoscopic] using a sensitive strategy and in accordance
      with Cochrane collaboration guidelines. Primary parameters of interest were
      objective measurements including maximum urinary flow rate (Q max) and post-void
      residual urine volume (PVR), and subjective outcomes including International
      Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and quality of life (QoL). Secondary outcomes of
      interest included volume of tissue retrieved, catheterisation time, hospital
      stay, blood loss and serum sodium decrease. Data on baseline characteristics and
      complications were also collected. Where possible, comparable data were combined
      and meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS: In all, 310 articles were identified
      and after screening abstracts (114) and full manuscripts (14), three randomised
      studies (263 patients) were included, which met our pre-defined inclusion
      criteria. All these compared HoLEP with OP. The mean transrectal ultrasonography
      (TRUS) volume was 113.9 mL in the HoLEP group and 119.4 mL in the OP group. There
      was no statistically significant difference in Q max, PVR, IPSS and QoL at 12 and
      24 months between the two interventions. OP was associated with a significantly
      shorter operative time (P = 0.01) and greater tissue retrieved (P < 0.001).
      However, with HoLEP there was significantly less blood loss (P < 0.001), patients
      had a shorter hospital stay (P = 0.03), and were catheterised for significantly
      fewer hours (P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in the total number
      of complications recorded amongst HoLEP and OP (P = 0.80). CONCLUSION: The
      results of the meta-analysis have shown that HoLEP and OP possess similar overall
      efficacy profiles for both objective and subjective disease status outcome
      measures. This review shows these improvements persist to at least the 24 month
      follow-up point. Further randomised studies are warranted to fully determine the
      optimal surgical intervention for large prostate burdens.

PMID- 26966596
TI  - Transperineal ultrasonography in stress urinary incontinence: The significance of
      urethral rotation angles.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess, using transperineal ultrasonography (TPUS), the numerical
      value of the rotation of the bladder neck [represented by the difference in the
      anterior (alpha angle) and posterior urethral angles (beta angle)] at rest and
      straining, in continent women and women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI),
      to ascertain if there are significant differences in the angles of rotation
      (Ralpha and Rbeta) between the groups. PATIENTS SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In all, 30
      women with SUI (SUI group) and 30 continent women (control group) were included.
      TPUS was performed at rest and straining (Valsalva manoeuver), and the threshold
      value for the urethral angles (alpha and beta angles) for each group were
      estimated. The degree of rotation for each angle was calculated and was
      considered as the angle of rotation. RESULTS: Both the alpha and beta angles were
      significantly different between the groups at rest and straining, and there was a
      significant difference in the mean increment in the value of each angle. Higher
      values of increment (higher rotation angles) were reported in the SUI group for
      both the alpha and beta angles compared with those of the control group [mean
      (SD) Ralpha SUI group 19.43 (12.76) vs controls 10.53 (2.98)  degrees ; Rbeta SUI
      group 28.30 (12.96) vs controls 16.33 (10.8)  degrees ; P < 0.001]. CONCLUSION:
      Urethral rotation angles may assist in the assessment and diagnosis of patients
      with SUI, which may in turn reduce the need for more sophisticated urodynamic
      studies.

PMID- 26966595
TI  - Goserelin acetate before transurethral resection of moderately enlarged benign
      prostatic hyperplasia: Prospective randomised-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone
      (LHRH) agonist, goserelin acetate (GA), on surgical blood loss during
      transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), as well as its histopathological
      effect on prostatic microvessel density (MVD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who
      underwent TURP due to benign prostatic enlargement (60-100 mL) were randomly
      subdivided into two equal groups according to whether they received preoperative
      GA administration (3.6 mg; group A) or not (group B). Evaluation parameters were
      operative time, weight of resected prostatic tissue, perioperative haematocrit
      (HCT) changes, estimation of intraoperative blood loss, and suburethral and
      stromal prostatic MVD. Effects of GA on prostate weight and any possible side
      effects were also monitored. RESULTS: In all, 35 and 33 patients were included in
      groups A and B, respectively. Operative time and HCT values' changes were
      significantly less in group A (P < 0.05). Also, operative blood loss (both total
      and adjusted per weight of resected tissue) was lower in group A, at a mean (SD)
      of 178.13 (77.71) mL and 3.74 (1.52) mL/g vs 371.75 (91.09) mL and 8.59 (2.42)
      mL/g (P < 0.001). The median MVD in both suburethral [8 vs 11 vessels/high-power
      field (HPF)] and stromal tissues (9 vs 17 vessels/HPF) were significantly lower
      in group A (P < 0.001). Side-effects were minimal. CONCLUSION: A single dose of
      GA, a LHRH agonist, before TURP is safe and effective in reducing surgical blood
      loss. It significantly reduced MVD in both suburethral and stromal nodular
      prostatic tissues without regional discrepancy.

PMID- 26966597
TI  - Corrigendum to "Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for treating staghorn stones: 10
      years of experience of a tertiary-care centre" [Arab J. Urol. 10 (2012) 324-329].
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.03.002.]. 

PMID- 26966598
TI  - Corrigendum to "Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs. extracorporeal shockwave
      lithotripsy for treating a 20-30 mm single renal pelvic stone" [Arab J. Urol.
      13(3) (2015) 212-216].
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2015.04.002.]. 

PMID- 26966599
TI  - Ischemic Left Ventricular Perforation Covered by a Thrombus in a Patient
      Presenting with Cerebral Ischemia: Importance of Time-Sensitive Performance and
      Adequate Interpretation of Bedside Transthoracic Echography.
AB  - If myocardial infarction remains silent, only clinical signs of complications may
      unveil its presence. Life-threatening complications include myocardial rupture,
      thrombus formation, or arterial embolization. In the presented case, a 76-year
      old patient was admitted with left-sided hemiparesis. In duplex sonography, a
      critical stenosis of the right internal carotid artery was identified and
      initially but retrospectively incorrectly judged as the potential cause for
      ischemia. During operative thromboendarterectomy, arterial embolism of the right
      leg occurred coincidentally, more likely pointing towards a cardioembolic origin.
      Percutaneous interventions remained unsuccessful and local fibrinolysis was
      applied. Delayed bedside echocardiography by an experienced cardiologist
      demonstrated a discontinuity of the normal myocardial texture of the left
      ventricular apex together with an echodense, partly floating structure merely
      attached by a thin bridge not completely sealing the myocardial defect,
      accompanied by pericardial effusion. The patient was immediately transferred to
      emergency cardiac surgery with extirpation of the thrombus, aortocoronary bypass
      graft placement, and aneurysmectomy. This didactic case reveals decisive
      structural shortcomings in patient's admission and triage processes and
      underlines, if performed timely and correctly, the value of transthoracic
      echocardiography as a noninvasive and cost-effective tool allowing immediate
      decision-making, which, in this case, led to the correct but almost fatally
      delayed diagnosis. 

PMID- 26966600
TI  - Retained Products of Conception: An Atypical Presentation Diagnosed Immediately
      with Bedside Emergency Ultrasound.
AB  - Background. Retained products of conception is an important diagnosis to consider
      in patients presenting with postpartum complaints. Bedside ultrasound is a rapid,
      accurate, noninvasive modality to evaluate these patients. Objective. To report
      an atypical case of retained products of conception diagnosed with bedside
      ultrasound in the emergency department. Case Report. A 27-year-old female who was
      1-month postpartum presented with vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and no fever. At
      the time of initial H&P, bedside ultrasound revealed echogenic material within
      the endometrial cavity with blood flow seen by color Doppler consistent with
      retained products of conception. The bedside ultrasound rapidly narrowed the
      differential and allowed a definitive diagnosis immediately. Ob/Gyn was consulted
      and dilation and curettage was performed in the operating room. Conclusions.
      Retained products of conception is an important diagnosis for the emergency
      physician to consider in at-risk patients. The sonographic findings are easily
      obtained and interpreted by emergency physicians. Earlier diagnosis of this
      disease process should lead to more focused patient evaluations and management. 

PMID- 26966601
TI  - First Case Report of Sinusitis with Lophomonas blattarum from Iran.
AB  - Introduction. Lophomonas blattarum is a rare cause of bronchopulmonary and sinus
      infection. This paper presents a rare case of Lophomonas sinusitis. Case
      Presentation. The patient was a 31-year-old woman who was admitted because of a
      history of upper respiratory infection and sinusitis. Direct microscopic
      examination of the sputum and nasal discharge showed large numbers of living
      Lophomonas blattarum with irregular movement of flagella. The patient was
      successfully treated by Metronidazole 750 mg t.i.d. for 30 days. Conclusions.
      This is the first case report of Lophomonas blattarum sinusitis from Iran. 

PMID- 26966602
TI  - A Case of Recurrent Rudimentary Horn Ectopic Pregnancies Managed by Methotrexate
      Therapy and Laparoscopic Excision of the Rudimentary Horn.
AB  - This report presents a case of a 31-year-old woman successfully treated medically
      for a noncommunicating rudimentary horn ectopic pregnancy who presented with a
      second, successive rudimentary horn pregnancy. Patient underwent laparoscopic
      excision of right rudimentary horn and right salpingectomy after failed
      methotrexate therapy. Given the potential for rupture and recurrence, serious
      efforts should be made to excise a uterine rudimentary horn. 

PMID- 26966603
TI  - Capecitabine Induced Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Do We Have Always to Switch
      off the Chemotherapy?
AB  - Capecitabine is a well tolerated and safe 5-fluorouracil agent for adjuvant,
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy or metastatic cases. Neurological side effects require
      discontinuation of chemotherapy. We report this unique case of a 50-year-old
      female, who presented an isolated episode of dysarthria and ataxia under
      bevacizumab, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin treatment due to reversible multifocal
      leukoencephalopathy that did not recur after readministration of chemotherapy. 

PMID- 26966604
TI  - Pseudotumor Cerebri in a Child with Idiopathic Growth Hormone Insufficiency Two
      Months after Initiation of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment.
AB  - Purpose. To report a rare case of pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) in a child two months
      after receiving treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and to
      emphasize the need of close collaboration between ophthalmologists and pediatric
      endocrinologists in monitoring children receiving rhGH. Methods. A 12-year-old
      boy with congenital hypothyroidism started treatment with rhGH on a dose of 1,5
      mg/daily IM (4.5 IU daily). Eight weeks later, he was complaining of severe
      headache without any other accompanying symptoms. The child was further
      investigated with computed tomography scan and lumbar puncture. Results. Computed
      tomography scan showed normal ventricular size and lumbar puncture revealed an
      elevated opening pressure of 360 mm H2O. RhGH was discontinued and acetazolamide
      250 mg per os twice daily was initiated. Eight weeks later, the papilledema was
      resolved. Conclusions. There appears to be a causal relationship between the
      initiation of treatment with rhGH and the development of PTC. All children
      receiving rhGH should have a complete ophthalmological examination if they report
      headache or visual disturbances shortly after the treatment. Discontinuation of
      rhGH and initiation of treatment with acetazolamide may be needed and regular
      follow-up examinations by an ophthalmologist should be recommended. 

PMID- 26966605
TI  - Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis with Paraneoplastic Polymyositis: A Rare Malignancy
      with Rare Complication.
AB  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare Epstein-Barr virus driven
      lymphoproliferative disease. It most commonly presents with symptoms of lung
      involvement such as cough, chest tightness, and dyspnea or constitutional
      symptoms of weight loss, malaise, and fever. The diagnosis is obtained by biopsy
      and histopathology. Here we report the case of a 31-year-old male who presented
      with weight loss, rash, and weakness and was diagnosed with lymphomatoid
      granulomatosis with paraneoplastic polymyositis. We explore the relationship of
      Epstein-Barr virus with inflammatory myopathy and discuss paraneoplastic
      inflammatory myopathy. 

PMID- 26966606
TI  - Surgical Management and Reconstruction of Hoffman's Disease (Dissecting
      Cellulitis of the Scalp).
AB  - Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, or Hoffman's disease, is a rare dermatologic
      condition characterized by recurrent pustules and sinus tract formation leading
      to scarring and alopecia. Medical management includes the use of corticosteroids,
      antibiotics, isotretinoin, and adalimumab. In cases where the disease is severe,
      refractory, and intractable, surgery is an option. We report two cases of
      Hoffman's disease, where medical management failed to achieve remission. Surgical
      treatment was undertaken with complete resection of the affected scalp in staged
      procedures with subsequent split-thickness skin grafting for reconstruction.
      Surgery achieved both disease remission and excellent aesthetic outcomes in both
      patients. 

PMID- 26966607
TI  - Scrotal Abscess Precipitating Late Infection of a Malleable Penile Prosthesis:
      The Risk Never Evanesces.
AB  - Although infrequent, infections represent the dreadful complication of penile
      prosthesis implantation. The incidence substantially decreases after a few
      infection-free postoperative months. We report herein a case of a very late
      penile prosthesis infection from a fistualizing scrotal abscess in a 67-year-old
      man. The patient presented with a one-month history of persistent penile-base
      discharge from a right hemiscrotal swelling. On examination, mild penile
      tenderness and a discharging penoscrotal-junction sinus were noted.
      Microbiological wound culture was positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis.
      Magnetic resonance imaging revealed this multiloculated fluid collection's
      communication with the right corporal body. Removal of the prosthesis was
      performed. Pathological evaluation of the dissected fistula was suggestive of
      acute on top of chronic inflammatory reactions. To our knowledge, this is the
      first report of a scrotal abscess leading to penile prosthesis infection 15 years
      after an uneventful implantation. 

PMID- 26966608
TI  - Utilization and Predictors of Electrical Cardioversion in Patients Hospitalized
      for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in adults associated with
      thromboembolic complications. External electrical cardioversion (DCCV) is a safe
      procedure used to convert AF to normal sinus rhythm. We sought to study factors
      that affect utilization of DCCV in hospitalized patients with AF. The study
      sample was drawn from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) of the Healthcare
      Cost and Utilization Project in the United States. Patients with a primary
      discharge diagnosis of AF that received DCCV during hospitalization in the years
      2000-2010 were included. An estimated 2,810,530 patients with a primary diagnosis
      of AF were hospitalized between 2001 and 2010, of which 1,19,840 (4.26%) received
      DCCV. The likelihood of receiving DCCV was higher in patients who were males,
      whites, privately insured, and aged < 40 years and those with fewer comorbid
      conditions. Higher CHADS2 score was found to have an inverse association with
      DCCV use. In-hospital stroke, in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost for
      hospitalization were significantly lower for patients undergoing DCCV during AF
      related hospitalization. Further research is required to study the contribution
      of other disease and patient related factors affecting the use of this procedure
      as well as postprocedure outcomes. 

PMID- 26966609
TI  - The Heavy Links between Geological Events and Vascular Plants Evolution: A Brief
      Outline.
AB  - Since the rise of photosynthesis, life has influenced terrestrial atmosphere,
      particularly the O2 and the CO2 content (the latter being originally more than
      95%), changing the chemistry of waters, atmosphere, and soils. Billions of years
      after, a far offspring of these first unicellular forms conquered emerging lands,
      not only completely changing landscape, but also modifying geological cycles of
      deposition and erosion, many chemical and physical characteristics of soils and
      fresh waters, and, more, the cycle of various elements. So, there are no doubts
      that vascular plants modified geology; but it is true that also geology has
      affected (and, more, has driven) plant evolution. New software, PyRate, has
      determined vascular plant origin and diversification through a Bayesian analysis
      of fossil record from Silurian to today, particularly observing their origination
      and extinction rate. A comparison between PyRate data and geological history
      suggests that geological events massively influenced plant evolution and that
      also the rise of nonflowering seed plants and the fast diffusion of flowering
      plants can be explained, almost partly, with the environmental condition changes
      induced by geological phenomena. 

PMID- 26966610
TI  - The Pattern of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in a Single Tertiary Center in Saudi
      Arabia.
AB  - Introduction. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic
      arthritis in children. Our aim is to describe demographic, clinical, and
      laboratory characteristics and treatment of JIA patients followed up in Pediatric
      Rheumatology clinic in a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia. Methods. Medical
      records of all patients who are followed up between January 2007 and January 2015
      were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected about demographic, clinical,
      and laboratory features and treatment. Results. Total patients were 82, males
      were 31 (37.8%), and mean age of JIA onset was 7.1 +/- 3.6 yr. Mean follow-up
      duration was 2.67+/-1.6 yr. Systemic onset JIA (SoJIA) was the commonest (36.5%),
      followed by polyarticular in 29.2% and oligoarticular in 28%. Large and small
      joints are involved in 76 (92%) and 30 (36.6%), respectively. Main extra
      articular feature was fever in 34 (41.4%). Uveitis was diagnosed in 7 (8.5%) and
      in 5 (21.7%) of oligoarticular JIA. Anemia was found in 49 (59.7%), high ESR in
      45 (54.8%), and leukocytosis and thrombocytosis in 33 (40.2%). Positive ANA was
      found in 30 (36.5%) mainly in oligoarticular subtype as 12 (52%) patients (out of
      23) had this positive test. 9 patients (10.9%) required NSAIDs only, 6 patients
      (7.3%) required NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids only, and 19 (23%) required
      NSAIDs, methotrexate, steroids, and biologics. Conclusion. SoJIA is the most
      common JIA subtype in our study. A population based rather than a single center
      study will give more details about JIA characteristics in Saudi Arabia. 

PMID- 26966612
TI  - Medicinal Effect of Nutraceutical Fruits for the Cognition and Brain Health.
AB  - The recent era is witnessing evaluation of medicinal and nutritional value of
      fruits and fruit juices for the management and prevention of brain diseases like
      headache stress, anxiety, hypertension, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
      by the scientists and researchers worldwide. Fruits possess various chemicals
      such as antioxidants and polyphenols, which reduce and balance the effect of
      hormone in brain responsible for brain disease. Natural remedy is cheap, easily
      available, nontoxic, and easy to prepare and provides good mental health as
      compared to other remedies. The main objective of this review is to acknowledge
      medicinal benefits of fruits for the cognition and management of brain disease. 

PMID- 26966613
TI  - Do Health Reforms Impact Cost Consciousness of Health Care Professionals? Results
      from a Nation-Wide Survey in the Balkans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serbia, as the largest market of the Western Balkans, has entered
      socioeconomic transition with substantial delay compared to most of Eastern
      Europe. Its health system reform efforts were bold during the past 15 years, but
      their results were inconsistent in various areas. The two waves of global
      recession that hit Balkan economies ultimately reflected to the financial
      situation of healthcare. Serious difficulties in providing accessible medical
      care to the citizens became a reality. A large part of the unbearable expenses
      actually belongs to the overt prescription of pharmaceuticals and various
      laboratory and imaging diagnostic procedures requested by physicians. Therefore,
      a broad national survey was conducted at all levels of the healthcare system
      hierarchy to distinguish the ability of cost containment strategies to reshape
      clinician's mindsets and decision-making in practice. AIMS: Assessment of
      healthcare professionals' judgment on economic consequences of prescribed medical
      interventions and evaluation of responsiveness of healthcare professionals to
      policy measures targeted at increasing cost-consciousness. STUDY DESIGN: Cross
      sectional study. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted
      through a hierarchy of medical facilities across diverse geographical regions
      before and after policy action, from January 2010 to April 2013. In the middle of
      the observed period, the National Health Insurance Fund (RFZO) adopted severe
      cost-containment measures. Independently, pharmacoeconomic guidelines targeted at
      prescribers were disseminated. Administration in large hospitals and community
      pharmacies was forced to restrict access to high budget-impact medical care.
      Economic Awareness of Healthcare Professionals Questionnaire-29 (EAHPQ-29),
      developed in Serbian language, was used in face-to-face interviews. The
      questionnaire documented clinician's attitudes on: Clinical-Decision-Making
      between-Alternative-Interventions (CDMAI), Quality-of-Health-Care (QHC), and Cost
      Containment-Policy (CCP). The authors randomly and anonymously recruited 2000
      healthcare experts, with a total of 1487 responding; after eliminating incomplete
      surveys, 649 participants were considered before and 651 after policy
      intervention. RESULTS: Dentists (1.195+/-0.560) had a higher mean CDMAI score
      compared to physicians (1.017+/-0.453). The surgical group compared to the
      internist group had a higher total EAHPQ-29 score, CCP score and CDMAI score.
      Policy intervention had a statistically significant negative impact on the QHC
      score (F=4.958; df=1; p=0.027). There was no substantial impact of policy
      interventions on professional behavior and judgment with regard to the CDMAI,
      CCP, and total EAHPQ-29 scores. CONCLUSION: Although cost savings were forcibly
      imposed in practice, the effects on clinical decision-making were modest.
      Clinicians' perceptions of quality of medical care were explained in a less
      effective manner due to the severely constrained resources allocated to the
      providers. This pioneering effort in the Balkans exposes the inefficiency of
      current policies to expand clinicians' cost consciousness.

PMID- 26966611
TI  - Salivary and Urinary Total Antioxidant Capacity as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
      in Humans.
AB  - Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) is a biomarker often used in order to
      investigate oxidative stress in many pathological conditions. Saliva and urine
      can be collected noninvasively and represent attractive diagnostic fluids for
      detecting biomarkers of various pathological conditions. The reviewed case
      control and intervention studies that measured salivary or urinary TAC revealed
      that diseases, antioxidant foods, or supplements and age, gender, and lifestyle
      factors influenced salivary or urinary TAC. Salivary and urinary TAC were
      particularly affected by oral or renal status, respectively, as well as by
      infection; therefore these factors must be taken into account in both case
      control and intervention studies. Furthermore, some considerations on sample
      collection and normalization strategies could be made. In particular,
      unstimulated saliva could be the better approach to measure salivary TAC, whereas
      24 h or spontaneous urine collection should be chosen on the basis of the study
      outcome and of the creatinine clearance. Finally, the uric acid-independent TAC
      could be the better approach to evaluate red-ox status of body, in particular
      after nutritional interventions and in diseases associated with hyperuricaemia. 

PMID- 26966615
TI  - Criteria for Drug Reimbursement Decision-Making: An Emerging Public Health
      Challenge in Bulgaria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During times of fiscal austerity, means of reimbursement decision
      making are of particular interest for public health theory and practice.
      Introduction of advanced health technologies, growing health expenditures and
      increased public scrutiny over drug reimbursement decisions have pushed
      governments to consider mechanisms that promote the use of effective health
      technologies, while constraining costs. AIMS: The study's aim was to explore the
      current rationale of the drug reimbursement decision-making framework in
      Bulgaria. Our pilot research focused on one particular component of this process 
      the criteria used - because of the critical role that criteria are known to have
      in setting budgets and priorities in the field of public health. The analysis
      pursued two objectives: to identify important criteria relevant to drug
      reimbursement decision-making and to unveil relationships between theory and
      practice. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The study was realized
      through a closed-ended survey on reimbursement criteria among four major public
      health stakeholders - medical professionals, patients, health authorities, and
      industry. Empirical outcomes were then cross-compared with the theoretical
      framework, as defined by current Bulgarian public health legislation. Analysis
      outlined what is done and what needs to be done in the field of public health
      reimbursement decision-making. RESULTS: Bulgarian public health stakeholders
      agreed on 15 criteria to form a tentative optimal framework for drug
      reimbursement decision-making. The most apparent gap between the empirically
      found preferences and the official legislation is the lack of consideration for
      the strength of evidence in reimbursement decisions. CONCLUSION: Bulgarian policy
      makers need to address specific gaps, such as formal consideration for strength
      of evidence, explicit role of efficiency criteria, and means to effectively
      empower patient and citizen involvement in public health decision-making. Drug
      reimbursement criteria have to be integrated into legitimate public health
      decision support tools that ensure the achievement of national public health
      objectives. These recommendations could be expanded to all Eastern European
      countries who share common public health problems.

PMID- 26966616
TI  - Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mental Health of Adult Population: Serbian National
      Health Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The global burden of mental disorders is rising. In Serbia, anxiety
      is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years. Serbia has no mental
      health survey at the population level. The information on prevalence of mental
      disorders and related socioeconomic inequalities are valuable for mental care
      improvement. AIMS: To explore the prevalence of mental health disorders and
      socioeconomic inequalities in mental health of adult Serbian population, and to
      explore whether age years and employment status interact with mental health in
      urban and rural settlements. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: This
      study is an additional analysis of Serbian Health Survey 2006 that was carried
      out with standardized household questionnaires at the representative sample of
      7673 randomly selected households - 15563 adults. The response rate was 93%. A
      multivariate logistic regression modeling highlighted the predictors of the 5
      item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5), and of chronic anxiety or depression within
      eight independent variables (age, gender, type of settlement, marital status and
      self-perceived health, education, employment status and Wealth Index). The
      significance level in descriptive statistics, chi square analysis and bivariate
      and multivariate logistic regressions was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Chronic anxiety
      or depression was seen in 4.9% of the respondents, and poor MHI-5 in 47% of
      respondents. Low education (Odds Ratios 1.32; 95% confidence intervals=1.16
      1.51), unemployment (1.36; 1.18-1.56), single status (1.34; 1.23-1.45), and
      Wealth Index middle class (1.20; 1.08-1.32) or poor (1.33; 1.21-1.47) were
      significantly related with poor MHI-5. Unemployed persons in urban settlements
      had higher odds for poormMHI-5 than unemployed in rural areas (0.73; 0.59-0.89).
      Single (1.50; 1.26-1.78), unemployed (1.39; 1.07-1.80) and inactive respondents
      (1.42; 1.10-1.83) had a higher odds of chronic anxiety or depression than married
      individuals, or those with partner, and employed persons. Those with perceived
      good health status had lower odds for poor MHI-5, chronic anxiety or depression
      than those whose general health was average and poor. CONCLUSION: Almost half of
      the population assessed their mental health as poor and 5% had diagnosed chronic
      anxiety or depression. Multi-sectoral socioeconomic and female-sensitive policies
      should be wisely tailored to reduce mental health inequalities contributed by
      differences in age, education, employment, marriage and the wealth status of the
      adult population.

PMID- 26966614
TI  - Evaluation of Dual Therapy in Real Life Setting in Treatment-Naive Turkish
      Patients with HCV Infection: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Before the introduction of direct-acting antivirals in the treatment
      of chronic hepatitis C patients, the combination of peginterferon alpha and
      ribavirin was the standard therapy. Observational studies that investigated
      sustained virological response (SVR) rates by these drugs yielded different
      outcomes. AIMS: The goal of the study was to demonstrate real life data
      concerning SVR rate achieved by peginterferon alpha plus ribavirin in patients
      who were treatment-naive. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, retrospective
      observational study. METHODS: The study was conducted retrospectively on 1214
      treatment naive-patients, being treated with peginterferon alpha-2a or 2b plus
      ribavirin in respect of the current guidelines between 2005 and 2013. The
      patients' data were collected from 22 centers via a standard form, which has been
      prepared for this study. The data included demographic and clinical
      characteristics (gender, age, body weight, initial Hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV
      RNA) level, disease staging) as well as course of treatment (duration of
      treatment, outcomes, discontinuations and adverse events). Renal insufficiency,
      decompensated liver disease, history of transplantation, immunosuppressive
      therapy or autoimmune liver disease were exclusion criteria for the study.
      Treatment efficacy was assessed according to the patient's demographic
      characteristics, baseline viral load, genotype, and fibrosis scores. RESULTS: The
      mean age of the patients was 50.74 (+/-0.64) years. Most of them were infected
      with genotype 1 (91.8%). SVR was achieved in 761 (62.7%) patients. SVR rate was
      59.1% in genotype 1, 89.4% in genotype 2, 93.8% in genotype 3, and 33.3% in
      genotype 4 patients. Patients with lower viral load yielded higher SVR (65.8% vs.
      58.4%, p=0.09). SVR rates according to histologic severity were found to be
      69.3%, 66.3%, 59.9%, 47.3%, and 45.5% in patients with fibrosis stage 0, 1, 2, 3
      and 4, respectively. The predictors of SVR were male gender, genotype 2/3, age
      less than 45 years, low fibrosis stage, low baseline viral load and presence of
      early virological response. SVR rates to each peginterferon were found to be
      similar in genotype 1/4 although SVR rates were found to be higher for
      peginterferon alpha-2b in patients with genotype 2/3. The number of patients who
      failed to complete treatment due to adverse effects was 33 (2.7%). The number of
      patients failed to complete treatment due to adverse effects was 33 (2.7%).
      CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the rate of SVR to dual therapy was higher
      in treatment-naive Turkish patients than that reported in randomized controlled
      trials. Also peginterferon alpha-2a and alpha-2b were found to be similar in
      terms of SVR in genotype 1 patients.

PMID- 26966617
TI  - Evaluation of a Community Health Service Center-Based Intervention Program for
      Managing Chronic Heart Failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the role of primary care for the management of patients with
      chronic heart failure (CHF) has been highly recommended, structural involvement
      of primary care in heart failure (HF) management programs is extremely limited.
      AIMS: To examine the feasibility and applicability of two most recommended forms
      of care delivery mode, home visit and telephone support, for CHF management in
      the setting of community health service center (CHSC). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective
      study. METHODS: This study was conducted in two CHSCs in Beijing, China. Care
      delivery was led by trained general practitioners or community nurses via home
      visits in one CHSC and telephone support in the other. Data regarding the change
      in mortality and hospitalization rate during 12 months and self-care level at 6
      months were prospectively collected and compared across the intervention groups.
      RESULTS: A total of 329 patients were included, with 142 in the home visit group
      and 187 in the telephone support group. Patients in both groups had frequent
      visits to CHSC (8.1+/-5.9 in the home visit and 7.7+/-4.1 in the telephone
      support group, p=0.45) during the follow-up period. Compared to the telephone
      support group, patients in the home visit group showed a reduction in all-cause
      mortality (14.1% versus 20.3%, p=0.14), one or more hospitalizations due to any
      cause (33.8% versus 44.2%, p=0.12) and one or more hospitalizations due to
      cardiac cause (17.6% versus 24.6%, p=0.13) in the home visit group. The absolute
      differences were 6.2% (95% CI: 1.9%, 14.3%), 8.4% (95% CI: 2.1%, 18.9%) and 7.3%
      (95% CI: 1.5%, 16.1%), respectively, although the results were not statistically
      significant. After 6 months of intervention, patients in both groups achieved
      marked improvement in self-care with reference to their own baseline values.
      CONCLUSION: Although no statistical difference was observed between the two care
      delivery approaches regarding the clinical outcomes of interest, given the high
      participation rates, the acceptable rate of adverse events, frequent CHSC visits
      and patients' preferences in the current study, it was concluded that CHSC might
      be the optimal setting for delivering care to CHF patients in China.

PMID- 26966618
TI  - Isolated Diastolic Hypertension among Adults in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Risk
      Factors, Predictors and Treatment. Results of a National Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the past, diastolic hypertension was the main criterion for
      treatment, but currently, systolic pressure is the main criterion because it was
      thought that Isolated Diastolic Hypertension (IDH) is not associated with
      complications. Studies later revealed that IDH carries significant risks.
      Quantifying the magnitude and risk factors of IDH in the community is essential
      for all intervention strategies. AIMS: This study aims to determine the
      prevalence, risk factors, predictors, treatment modalities and lifestyle
      practices of IDH adult patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). STUDY
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study
      using STEPwise approach among adults using a multistage, stratified, cluster
      random sample was carried out. Data were collected using questionnaires which
      included socio-demographics, blood pressure, biochemical, anthropometric
      measurements and lifestyle practices. Statistical analysis included calculating
      means and standard deviations, proportions, univariate and multiple logistic
      regression analysis. RESULTS: Of a total 4562 subjects, 180 (3.95%) suffered from
      IDH, which was significantly related to age, gender, employment, smoking,
      diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypercholesterolemia. More than 93% were using
      some form of treatment, with 77.2% on prescribed drugs, 63% using diet, and 23%
      using exercise. Significant predictors of IDH were retirement and
      hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSION: IDH is associated with some sociodemographic
      characteristics and co-morbidity. Given the risk of cardiovascular disease
      associated with IDH, the findings of this study emphasize the need for diagnosing
      the disease in middle-aged persons focusing on the modifiable risk factors of
      IDH.

PMID- 26966619
TI  - ST-Segment Elevation in the Right Precordial Leads in Patients with Acute
      Anterior Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Elevation of ST segment in leads V3R/ V4R, which is commonly
      encountered in right ventricular myocardial infarction, may also occur in
      patients with anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the
      clinical impact of this finding in the setting of anterior myocardial infarction
      is not well understood. AIMS: We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of ST
      segment elevation in leads V3R/V4R in patients with first acute anterior
      myocardial infarction. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Right
      precordial leads V3R/V4R were recorded in 111 patients admitted with first time
      anterior myocardial infarction. Patients were allocated into two groups based on
      the presence or absence of ST elevation in leads V3R/V4R. Demographic,
      biochemical and echocardiographic data, as well as the angiographic information,
      were recorded. In-hospital and 3 month mortality, and major adverse cardiac
      events (MACE), death, heart failure and ventricular dysrhythmia were also
      compared. RESULTS: ST elevation in lead V3R or V4R was present in 72 out of 111
      patients (64.9%). Involvement of the proximal part of the left anterior
      descending (LAD) artery was not different in the two groups (44.4% of patients
      with elevation vs. 53.8% of patients without elevation, p=0.22). Post-myocardial
      infarction complications, mortality and major adverse cardiac events were similar
      in the two groups. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly
      lower in patients with ST elevation in V3R/V4R (35 %+/-8 vs. 38 %+/-8, p=0.02).
      Twenty three out of 111 patients (20.7%) developed heart failure, which was
      similar in the two groups [16 (22.2%) of patients with ST elevation vs. 7 (17.9%)
      of patients without ST elevation, p=0.39]. CONCLUSION: Although ST elevation in
      V3R/V4R can be present in patients with left anterior descending artery
      occlusion, it does not seem to predict the prognosis. Lower left ventricular
      ejection fraction in this group may play a role in the long-term prognosis;
      however, this issue needs further investigation.

PMID- 26966620
TI  - The Relationship between Telomerase Activity and Clinicopathological Parameters
      in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, accumulated research has found that the expression of
      telomerase activity (TA) was associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) advancement,
      whereas the TA prognostic effect in CRC patients is still controversial. AIMS: To
      investigate relationships between TA and CRC clinicopathological parameters.
      STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis study. METHODS: We searched published studies in
      databases, such as EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Ovid databases (last
      search updated to October 2014) by meeting specified search criteria. The quality
      of the included studies was usually evaluated and a meta-analysis was implemented
      by Stata 12.0 software. We used an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval
      (CI) to evaluate relationship strengths between TA and CRC clinicopathological
      parameters. RESULTS: In total, 11 studies (715 patients) were included to assess
      the relation between TA and metastasis-related parameters in CRC patients. The
      results indicate that a senior TA expression was connected with the existence of
      lymph node metastasis (180 patients; OR=2.85, 95% CI=1.40-5.81, p=0.004), and
      tumor site (522 patients; OR=2.93, 95% CI=1.29-6.67, p=0.010). However, a senior
      TA expression was not connected with tumor size (137 patients; OR=1.57, 95%
      CI=0.71-3.47, p=0.267), histological differentiation (570 patients; OR=1.28, 95%
      CI=0.78-2.09, p=0.332), depth of invasion (57 patients; OR=3.76, 95% CI=0.61
      23.04, p=0.152), distant metastasis (123 patients; OR=1.76, 95% CI=0.54-5.74,
      p=0.346), and clinical stage of the cancer (543 patients; OR=1.59, 95% CI=0.74
      3.38, p=0.232). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that a positive TA was
      correlated with lymph node metastasis progression and tumor site of the CRC but
      did not correlate with other important clinicopathological parameters. TA can
      play a useful part in the prognosis and treatment of CRC patients, but further
      studies are required to confirm this.

PMID- 26966621
TI  - Evaluating Unscheduled Readmission to Emergency Department in the Early Period.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The readmission in the early period (RAEP) is defined as the
      admission of a patient to emergency department (ED) for the second time within 72
      hours after discharge from the ED. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine
      the disease, patient, doctor, and system related causes of RAEP. STUDY DESIGN:
      Descriptive study. METHODS: This study is a two-stage study that was conducted at
      Department of Emergency, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine. The causes of RAEP
      were defined as disease, patient, doctor, and system related causes. RESULTS: A
      total of 46,800 adult patients admitted to ED during the study period and 779
      (1.66%) patients required RAEP. After the exclusion criteria, 429 of these
      patients were included the study. The most common reasons for RAEP were renal
      colic in 46 (10.7%) patients. It was detected that 60.4% of the causes of RAEP
      were related to disease, 20.0% were related to the doctor, 12.1% were related to
      the patient, and 7.5% were related to the hospital management system. CONCLUSION:
      This study revealed that there are patient-, doctor-, and system-related
      preventable reasons for RAEP and the patients requiring RAEP constitute the high
      risk group.

PMID- 26966622
TI  - A Diagnostic Algorithm for the Detection of Clostridium difficile-Associated
      Diarrhea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile is a common cause of hospital-acquired
      diarrhea, which is usually associated with previous antibiotic use. The clinical
      manifestations of C. difficile infection (CDI) may range from mild diarrhea to
      fulminant colitis. Clostridium difficile should be considered in diarrhea cases
      with a history of antibiotic use within the last 8 weeks (community-associated
      CDI) or with a hospital stay of at least 3 days, regardless of the duration of
      antibiotic use (hospital-acquired CDI). AIMS: This study investigated the
      frequency of CDI in diarrheic patients and evaluated the efficacy of the triple
      diagnostic algorithm that is proposed here for C. difficile detection. STUDY
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: In this study, we compared three methods
      currently employed for C. difficile detection using 95 patient stool samples: an
      enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for toxin A/B (C. diff Toxin A+B; Diagnostic Automation
      Inc.; Calabasas, CA, USA), an EIA for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) (C. DIFF CHEK
      60TM, TechLab Inc.; Blacksburg, VA, USA), and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      based assay (GeneXpert((r)) C. difficile; Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) that
      detects C. difficile toxin genes and conventional methods as well. In this study,
      50.5% of the patients were male, 50 patients were outpatients, 32 were from
      inpatient clinics and 13 patients were from the intensive care unit. RESULTS: Of
      the 95 stool samples tested for GDH, 28 were positive. Six samples were positive
      by PCR, while nine samples were positive for toxin A/B. The hypervirulent strain
      NAP-1 and binary toxin was not detected. The rate of occurrence of toxigenic C.
      difficile was 5.1% in the samples. Cefaclor, ampicillin-sulbactam, ertapenem, and
      piperacillin-tazobactam were the most commonly used antibiotics by patients
      preceding the onset of diarrhea. Among the patients who were hospitalized in an
      intensive care unit for more than 7 days, 83.3% were positive for CDI by PCR
      screening. If the PCR test is accepted as the reference: C. difficile Toxin A/B
      ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 67% and 94%, respectively, and GDH
      sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Tests
      targeting C. difficile toxins are frequently applied for the purpose of
      diagnosing CDI in a clinical setting. However, changes in the temperature and
      reductant composition of the feces may affect toxin stability, potentially
      yielding false-negative test results. Therefore, employment of a GDH EIA, which
      has high sensitivity, as a screening test for the detection of toxigenic strains,
      may prevent false-negative results, and its adoption as part of a multistep
      diagnostic algorithm may increase accuracy in the diagnosis of CDIs.

PMID- 26966623
TI  - Prognostic Factors in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is still a complex and
      challenging process which requires clinical evidence regarding its etiology,
      treatment and prognostic factors. Therefore, determination of prognostic factors
      might aid in the selection of proper treatment modality. AIMS: The aim of this
      study is to analyze whether there is correlation between SSNHL outcomes and (1)
      systemic steroid therapy, (2) time gap between onset of symptoms and initiation
      of therapy and (3) audiological pattern of hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN:
      Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Patients diagnosed at our clinic with SSNHL
      between May 2005 and December 2011 were reviewed. A detailed history of
      demographic features, side of hearing loss, previous SSNHL and/or ear surgery,
      recent upper respiratory tract infection, season of admission, duration of
      symptoms before admission and the presence of co-morbid diseases was obtained.
      Radiological and audiological evaluations were recorded and treatment protocol
      was assessed to determine whether systemic steroids were administered or not.
      Treatment started <=5 days was regarded as "early" and >5 days as "delayed".
      Initial audiological configurations were grouped as "upward sloping", "downward
      sloping", "flat" and "profound" hearing loss. Significant recovery was defined as
      thresholds improved to the same level with the unaffected ear or improved >=30 dB
      on average. Slight recovery was hearing improvement between 10-30dB on average.
      Hearing recovery less than 10 dB was accepted as unchanged. RESULTS: Among the
      181 patients who met the inclusion criteria, systemic steroid was administered to
      122 patients (67.4%), whereas 59 (32.6%) patients did not have steroids. It was
      found that steroid administration did not have any statistically significant
      effect in either recovered or unchanged hearing groups. Early treatment was
      achieved in 105 patients (58%) and 76 patients (42%) had delayed treatment.
      Recovery rates were no different in these two groups; however, when unchanged
      hearing rates were compared, it was statistically significantly lower in the
      early treatment group (p<0.05). When hearing outcomes were compared according to
      initial audiological pattern, significant recovery and unchanged hearing rates
      did not differ between groups; however, slight recovery rate was highest in the
      "flat" type audiological configuration (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: According to this
      patient series, oral steroid therapy does not have any influence on the outcomes
      of SSNHL. However, mid-frequency hearing loss of flat type and initiation of
      treatment earlier than 5 days from the onset of symptoms, seem to have positive
      prognostic effects. Further randomized controlled subject groups might contribute
      to determine prognostic factors of SSNHL.

PMID- 26966625
TI  - Beneficial Effect of Leptin on Spatial Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin
      Induced Diabetic Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which may be accompanied by
      cognitive impairments. The expression of the obesity gene (ob) is decreased in
      insulin-deficient diabetic animals and increased after the administration of
      insulin or leptin. Plasma leptin levels are reduced in the streptozotocin (STZ)
      induced diabetic rats. Therefore, the deleterious effects of diabetes on memory
      may be due to the reduction of leptin. AIMS: Investigate the effect of
      subcutaneous injection of leptin on spatial learning and memory in STZ-induced
      diabetic rats. STUDY DESIGN: Animal experimentation. METHODS: The rats were
      divided into three groups: 1-control, 2- diabetic, and 3- diabetic-leptin.
      Diabetes was induced in groups 2 and 3 by STZ injection (55 mg/kg)
      intraperitoneally (i.p). The animals received leptin (0.1 mg/kg) or saline
      subcutaneously (s.c) for 10 days before behavioral studies. Then, they were
      examined in the Morris water maze over 3 blocks after 3 days of the last
      injection of leptin. RESULTS: The travelled path length and time spent to reach
      the platform significantly increased in the diabetic group (p<0.001) and
      decreased with leptin treatment (p<0.01 & p<0.001 respectively); also, a
      significant increase in path length and time was observed between the diabetic
      leptin group and the diabetic group (p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively) in the probe
      test. CONCLUSION: Leptin can exert positive effects on memory impairments in
      diabetic rats.

PMID- 26966624
TI  - The Effect of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Achilles Tendon
      Ruptures: An Experimental Study on Rabbits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Achilles tendon ruptures are characterized by a long recovery period,
      high re-rupture rate and late return to work. To overcome these difficulties and
      augment tendon repair, many agents have been used. AIMS: To determine the effect
      of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of Achilles tendon
      ruptures in rabbits. STUDY DESIGN: Animal experimentation. METHODS: The study
      included 14 New Zealand albino rabbits that were divided randomly into 2 groups,
      A and B, each containing seven rabbits. On day zero, all 28 Achilles tendons were
      tenotomized and repaired. In group A, the tendons were injected with PRP post
      surgery, whereas those in group B were left untreated. On day 28, the right
      tendons in both groups were examined histopathologically via both light and
      electron microscopy, and the left tendons were subjected to biomechanical
      testing. RESULTS: The histological and biomechanical findings in both light and
      electron microscopy in group A were better than those in group B, but the
      difference was not significant. According to Tang's scale, the mean value in
      Group A was 3.57, while it was 3.0 in Group B. The mean value of Group A for the
      length of collagen bands was 48.09 nm while the mean value of Group B was 46.58
      nm (p=0.406). In biomechanical tests, although stiffness values were higher in
      group A, the difference between groups was not significant. In addition, maximum
      load values did not differ between groups A and B. CONCLUSION: PRP had no effect
      on the healing process 28 days post-Achilles tendon rupture.

PMID- 26966627
TI  - Sonographic Diagnosis of Fetal Adrenal Hemorrhage Complicating a Vein of Galen
      Aneurysmal Malformation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare
      intracranial vascular malformation which causes end-organ ischemia or venous
      congestion due to heart failure. Adrenal hemorrhage associated with VGAM has not
      been reported in the literature. We present the imaging findings of a fetal VGAM
      with adrenal hemorrhage. CASE REPORT: A 26 year-old primigravida woman whose
      fetus with VGAM and mild cardiomegaly was scanned in the 34th week. On fetal
      ultrasound, a hyperechoic, well-circumscribed mass in the left suprarenal region
      was shown. Fetal and postnatal magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis
      of adrenal hemorrhage. The baby died after delivery. CONCLUSION: Adrenal
      hemorrhage can complicate VGAM in fetuses with severe heart failure. Evaluation
      of the adrenal gland in affected cases may contribute to the prenatal counseling,
      and postnatal management.

PMID- 26966626
TI  - Cochlear Implantation in Neurobrucellosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurobrucellosis is a disease consisting of a wide spectrum of
      complications such as peripheral neuropathy, cranial nerve involvement, ataxia,
      meningeal irritation, paraplegia, seizures, coma, and even death. The
      vestibulocochlear nerve seems to be the most commonly affected cranial nerve
      (10%). We present a patient with neurobrucellosis whose auditory perception and
      speech intelligibility skill performances improved after cochlear implantation.
      CASE REPORT: A 35 year-old woman was admitted to another hospital 2 years ago
      with the symptoms of headache, nausea, and altered consciousness, who was finally
      diagnosed with neurobrucellosis. She developed bilateral profound sensorineural
      hearing loss during the following 6 months. There was no benefit of using hearing
      aids. After successful treatment of her illness, she was found to be suitable for
      cochlear implantation. After the operation, her auditory perception skills
      improved significantly with a Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) score of
      5. According to clinical observations and her family members' statements, her
      Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) score was 3. Her speech intelligibility
      skills are still improving. CONCLUSION: Our case report represents the second
      case of hearing rehabilitation with cochlear implantation after neurobrucellosis.
      Cochlear implantation is a cost-effective and time-proven successful intervention
      in post-lingual adult patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Early timing of
      the surgery after appropriate treatment of meningitis helps the patient to
      achieve better postoperative results.

PMID- 26966628
TI  - Can Vemurafenib Induce Vitiligo in Metastatic Melanoma Patients?

PMID- 26966629
TI  - A Rare Cause of Acute Pancreatitis: Unexpected Travel of the Biliary Catheter.

PMID- 26966630
TI  - High Efficacy of Prednisolone in a Complicated Case of Weil Disease.

PMID- 26966631
TI  - Intracerebroventricular Transplantation of Cord Blood-Derived Neural Progenitors
      in a Child With Severe Global Brain Ischemic Injury.
AB  - Transplantation of neural stem/precursor cells has recently been proposed as a
      promising, albeit still controversial, approach to brain repair. Human umbilical
      cord blood could be a source of such therapeutic cells, proven beneficial in
      several preclinical models of stroke. Intracerebroventricular infusion of
      neutrally committed cord blood-derived cells allows their broad distribution in
      the CNS, whereas additional labeling with iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) enables
      to follow the fate of engrafted cells by MRI. A 16-month-old child at 7 months
      after the onset of cardiac arrest-induced global hypoxic/ischemic brain injury,
      resulting in a permanent vegetative state, was subjected to
      intracerebroventricular transplantation of the autologous neutrally committed
      cord blood cells. These cells obtained by 10-day culture in vitro in neurogenic
      conditions were tagged with SPIO nanoparticles and grafted monthly by three
      serial injections (12 * 10(6) cells/0.5 ml) into lateral ventricle of the brain.
      Neural conversion of cord blood cells and superparamagnetic labeling efficiency
      was confirmed by gene expression, immunocytochemistry, and phantom study. MRI
      examination revealed the discrete hypointense areas appearing immediately after
      transplantation in the vicinity of lateral ventricles wall with subsequent
      lowering of the signal during entire period of observation. The child was
      followed up for 6 months after the last transplantation and his neurological
      status slightly but significantly improved. No clinically significant adverse
      events were noted. This report indicates that intracerebroventricular
      transplantation of autologous, neutrally committed cord blood cells is a
      feasible, well tolerated, and safe procedure, at least during 6 months of our
      observation period. Moreover, a cell-related MRI signal persisted at a wall of
      lateral ventricle for more than 4 months and could be monitored in transplanted
      brain hemisphere. 

PMID- 26966632
TI  - Transplant of Primary Human Hepatocytes Cocultured With Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
      to SCID Alb-uPA Mice.
AB  - Hepatocytes are vulnerable to loss of function and viability in culture. Modified
      culture methods have been applied to maintain their functional status.
      Heterotypic interactions between hepatocytes and nonparenchymal neighbors in
      liver milieu are thought to modulate cell differentiation. Cocultivation of
      hepatocyte with various cell types has been applied to mimic the hepatic
      environment. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are plastic cell lines capable of
      transforming to other cell types. In this study hepatocyte coculture with BMSCs
      achieved long-term function of human hepatocytes in culture for 4 weeks. In vitro
      functional status of human hepatocytes in BMSC coculture was compared with
      fibroblast coculture and collagen culture by measuring albumin, human-alpha-1
      antitrypsin (hAAT), urea secretion, CYP450 activity, and staining for
      intracellular albumin and glycogen. After 2 weeks in culture hepatocytes were
      retrieved and transplanted to severe combined immunodeficiency/albumin linked
      urokinase type plasminogen activator (SCID Alb-uPA) mice and engraft-ment
      capacity was analyzed by human hepatic-specific function measured by hAAT levels
      in mouse serum, and Alu staining of mouse liver for human hepatocytes.
      Hepatocytes from BMSC coculture had significantly higher albumin, hAAT secretion,
      urea production, and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity than other culture groups.
      Staining confirmed the higher functional status in BMSC coculture.
      Transplantation of hepatocytes detached from BMSC cocultures showed significantly
      higher engraftment function than hepatocytes from other culture groups measured
      by hAAT levels in mouse serum. In conclusion, BMSC coculture has excellent
      potential for hepatocyte function preservation in vitro and in vivo after
      transplant. It is possible to use BMSC hepatocyte coculture as a supply of cell
      therapy in liver disease. 

PMID- 26966634
TI  - Effects of Quantum Dot Labeling on Endothelial Progenitor Cell Function and
      Viability.
AB  - Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) play an important role in repairing damaged
      endothelium. An effective imaging method for in vivo tracking of EPCs is
      essential for understanding EPC-based cell therapy. Fluorescent quantum dots
      (QDs) have attractive optical characteristics such as extreme brightness and
      photostability. QDs are currently being investigated as probes for stem cell
      labeling; however, there is concern about whether QDs can be used safely. We
      investigated whether quantum dot (QD) labeling would influence EPC viability and
      function. Rat bone marrow-derived EPCs were cultured and characterized. The cells
      were labeled with near-infrared-emitting, carboxyl-coated QDs (8 nM) for 24 h. QD
      labeling efficiency was higher than 97%. Using WST-1 assay, we showed that the
      viability of the QD-labeled EPCs was not different from that of the control EPCs.
      Moreover, QD labeling did not influence the ability of EPCs to form capillary
      tubes on Matrigel and to migrate. The percentage of QD-positive cells decreased
      with time, probably due to the rapid division of EPCs. These data suggest that
      the carboxyl-coated QD705 can be useful for labeling EPCs without interrupting
      their viability and functions. 

PMID- 26966633
TI  - In Vivo Growing of New Cell Colonies in a Portion of Bone Marrow: Potential Use
      for Indirect Cell Therapy.
AB  - The ability of bone marrow cells (BMCs) to migrate to different organs can be
      used for indirect cell therapy, a procedure based on the engraftment of
      therapeutic cells in a different place from where they will finally move to and
      perform their action and which could be particularly useful for chronic illness
      where a persistent and long-lasting therapeutic action is required. Thus,
      establishing a stable colony of engineered BMCs is a requisite for the chronic
      provision of damaged tissues with engineered cells. Reported here is a procedure
      for creating such a cell colony in a portion of the bone marrow (BM). The study
      was performed in C57BL/6j mice and consisted of developing a focal niche in a
      portion of the bone marrow with focal irradiation so that it could be selectively
      colonized by BM cells (C57BL/6-FG-VC-GFP mice) injected in the blood stream. Both
      the arrival of cells coming from the nonirradiated BM (week 1 after irradiation)
      and the proliferation of cells in the irradiated BM (week 2) prevented the homing
      of injected cells in the BM niche. However, when BMCs were injected in a time
      window about 48 h after irradiation they migrated to the BM niche where they
      established a cell colony able to: 1) survive for a long period of time [the
      percentage of injected cells increased in the BM from day 30 postinjection (15%)
      to day 110 postinjection 28%)]; 2) express cell differentiation markers (90% of
      them were lineage committed 4 weeks after engraftment); and 3) colonize to the
      blood stream (with 5% and 9% of all blood cells being computed 1 and 3 months
      after engraftment, respectively). The intravenous injection of BMCs in
      combination with a previous transitory focal myeloablation is a safe and easy
      method for creating the long-lasting colony of modified BMCs needed for treating
      chronic and progressive illness with indirect cell therapy. 

PMID- 26966635
TI  - Exercise Improves Glucose Disposal and Insulin Signaling in Pregnant Mice Fed a
      High Fat Diet.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Physical activity has been suggested as a non-pharmacological
      intervention that can be used to improve glucose homeostasis in women with
      gestational diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      effects of voluntary exercise on glucose tolerance and body composition in
      pregnant high fat diet fed mice. METHODS: Female mice were put on a standard diet
      or high fat diet for two weeks. The mice were then split into 4 groups; control
      standard diet fed, exercise standard diet fed, control high fat diet fed, and
      exercise high fat diet fed. Exercise mice had voluntary access to a running wheel
      in their home cage one week prior to mating, during mating, and throughout
      pregnancy. Glucose tolerance and body composition were measured during pregnancy.
      Akt levels were quantified in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue isolated from
      saline or insulin injected pregnant dams as a marker for insulin signaling.
      RESULTS: Consumption of the high fat diet led to significantly increased body
      weight, fat mass, and impaired glucose tolerance in control mice. However,
      voluntary running in the high fat diet fed dams significantly reduced weight gain
      and fat mass and ultimately improved glucose tolerance compared to control high
      fat diet fed dams. Further, body weight, fat mass, and glucose disposal in
      exercise high fat diet dams were indistinguishable from control dams fed the
      standard diet. High fat diet fed exercise dams also had significantly increased
      insulin stimulated phosphorylated Akt expression in adipose tissue, but not
      skeletal muscle, compared to control dams on high fat diet. CONCLUSION: The use
      of voluntary exercise improves glucose homeostasis and body composition in
      pregnant female mice. Thus, future studies could investigate potential long-term
      health benefits in offspring born to obese exercising dams.

PMID- 26966637
TI  - Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Analyses of Age Effects on Retinal Nerve Fiber
      Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness by Fourier-Domain OCT.
AB  - PURPOSE: We studied the effects of age and intraocular pressure (IOP) on retinal
      nerve fiber layer (NFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in
      normal eyes. METHODS: Data from subjects from the multicenter Advanced Imaging
      for Glaucoma Study (AIGS) were analyzed. The data included yearly visits from the
      normal subjects in the AIGS study. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography
      (FD-OCT) was used to measure retinal NFL and macular GCC on each visit. Mixed
      effect models were used to evaluate the longitudinal effect of age and IOP on the
      NFL and GCC thickness. The measurements at baseline were used to examine the
      cross-sectional effects. RESULTS: The analysis included 192 eyes (92
      participants) from AIGS between 2009 and 2013. The longitudinal analyses showed
      overall GCC thickness decreased 0.25 +/- 0.05 MUm per year (P < 0.001) while the
      overall NFL thickness decreased 0.14 +/- 0.07 MUm per year (P = 0.04). The cross
      sectional analyses showed the GCC thickness was 0.17 +/- 0.05 MUm thinner per
      year of baseline age (P < 0.001), while the NFL was 0.21 +/- 0.06 MUm thinner (P
      < 0.001). There was no significant IOP effect on either GCC or NFL from either
      the longitudinal or cross-sectional analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal and cross
      sectional analyses provided consistent rates of approximately 0.2% per year of
      age-related thinning in NFL and GCC thicknesses. This is relevant in establishing
      criteria to detect glaucoma-related thinning (disease progression) in excess of
      normal aging. IOP does not seem to be a significant confounder for progression
      analysis. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrated the relevance of
      advanced imaging technology in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma disease.

PMID- 26966636
TI  - Cardiac Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Following Instillation of 20 nm Citrate
      capped Nanosilver.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have garnered much interest due to their
      antimicrobial properties, becoming one of the most utilized nano-scale materials.
      However, any potential evocable cardiovascular injury associated with exposure
      has not been reported to date. We have previously demonstrated expansion of
      myocardial infarction after intratracheal (IT) instillation of carbon-based
      nanomaterials. We hypothesized pulmonary exposure to Ag core AgNP induces a
      measureable increase in circulating cytokines, expansion of cardiac ischemia
      reperfusion (I/R) injury and is associated with depressed coronary constrictor
      and relaxation responses. Secondarily, we addressed the potential contribution of
      silver ion release on AgNP toxicity. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were
      exposed to 200 MUl of 1 mg/ml of 20 nm citrate-capped Ag core AgNP, 0.01, 0.1, 1
      mg/ml Silver Acetate (AgAc), or a citrate vehicle by intratracheal (IT)
      instillation. One and 7 days following IT instillation the lungs were evaluated
      for inflammation and the presence of silver; serum was analyzed for
      concentrations of selected cytokines; cardiac I/R injury and coronary artery
      reactivity were assessed. RESULTS: AgNP instillation resulted in modest pulmonary
      inflammation with detection of silver in lung tissue and alveolar macrophages,
      elevation of serum cytokines: G-CSF, MIP-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-13, IL
      10, IL-18, IL-17alpha, TNFalpha, and RANTES, expansion of I/R injury and
      depression of the coronary vessel reactivity at 1 day post IT compared to vehicle
      treated rats. Silver within lung tissue was persistent at 7 days post IT
      instillation and was associated with an elevation in cytokines: IL-2, IL-13, and
      TNFalpha and expansion of I/R injury. AgAc resulted in a concentration dependent
      infarct expansion and depressed vascular reactivity without marked pulmonary
      inflammation or serum cytokine response. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, IT
      instillation of AgNP increases circulating levels of several key cytokines, which
      may contribute to persistent expansion of I/R injury possibly through an impaired
      vascular responsiveness.

PMID- 26966638
TI  - Oral Mineralocorticoid-Receptor Antagonists: Real-Life Experience in Clinical
      Subtypes of Nonresolving Central Serous Chorioretinopathy With Chronic
      Epitheliopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral mineralocorticoid-receptor
      antagonist (MRa) therapy in three clinical presentations of nonresolving central
      serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) with chronic epitheliopathy. METHODS:
      Retrospective case series of consecutive patients with nonresolving CSCR treated
      with oral eplerenone or spironolactone. Treatment criteria were: persistent CSCR
      with subretinal fluid (SRF) lasting longer than 4 months; recurrent CSCR with SRF
      lasting longer than 2 months; persistent CSCR (SRF >= 4 months) with fundus
      autofluorescence gravitational tracks. Outcomes at 1, 3, and 6 months were:
      foveal SRF height, central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness
      (SFCT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and occurrence of side effects.
      RESULTS: Among 54 eyes from 42 patients (mean age: 53 years), mean foveal SRF,
      CMT, and SFCT decreased significantly at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment
      initiation. Mean BCVA improved significantly at 6 months. In the subgroup
      analysis, mean foveal SRF, CMT, and SFCT decreased significantly at 3 and 6
      months in the persistent and recurrent groups. In persistent cases with tracks, a
      significant diminution of mean CMT and SFCT was achieved at 6 months. Treatment
      related side effects were observed in 6 patients, prompting treatment
      discontinuation in one case. CONCLUSION: Response to treatment was observed in
      the three subgroups. In persistent CSCR with tracks the response was delayed
      compared with persistent and recurrent cases, suggesting that longer treatment
      durations would be beneficial in patients with gravitational tracks of RPE
      alteration. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: The clinical response to oral MRa is
      consistent with the involvement of the mineralocorticoid pathway in CSCR
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 26966639
TI  - Automated Retinal Image Analysis for Evaluation of Focal Hyperpigmentary Changes
      in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop and evaluate a software tool for automated detection of focal
      hyperpigmentary changes (FHC) in eyes with intermediate age-related macular
      degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Color fundus (CFP) and autofluorescence (AF)
      photographs of 33 eyes with FHC of 28 AMD patients (mean age 71 years) from the
      prospective longitudinal natural history MODIAMD-study were included. Fully
      automated to semiautomated registration of baseline to corresponding follow-up
      images was evaluated. Following the manual circumscription of individual FHC
      (four different readings by two readers), a machine-learning algorithm was
      evaluated for automatic FHC detection. RESULTS: The overall pixel distance error
      for the semiautomated (CFP follow-up to CFP baseline: median 5.7; CFP to AF
      images from the same visit: median 6.5) was larger as compared for the automated
      image registration (4.5 and 5.7; P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The total number of
      manually circumscribed objects and the corresponding total size varied between
      637 to 1163 and 520,848 pixels to 924,860 pixels, respectively. Performance of
      the learning algorithms showed a sensitivity of 96% at a specificity level of 98%
      using information from both CFP and AF images and defining small areas of FHC
      ("speckle appearance") as "neutral." CONCLUSIONS: FHC as a high-risk feature for
      progression of AMD to late stages can be automatically assessed at different time
      points with similar sensitivity and specificity as compared to manual outlining.
      Upon further development of the research prototype, this approach may be useful
      both in natural history and interventional large-scale studies for a more refined
      classification and risk assessment of eyes with intermediate AMD. TRANSLATIONAL
      RELEVANCE: Automated FHC detection opens the door for a more refined and detailed
      classification and risk assessment of eyes with intermediate AMD in both natural
      history and future interventional studies.

PMID- 26966640
TI  - Efficacy of Column Scatter Plots for Presenting Retinitis Pigmentosa Phenotypes
      in a Japanese Cohort.
AB  - PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy of column scatter plots to describe genotype
      phenotype correlations in a Japanese cohort with retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
      METHODS: Clinical records of 121 patients with RP with identified causative
      mutations were reviewed. Visual acuity, central and peripheral visual fields,
      electroretinography (ERG), lens status, and measurements of optical coherence
      tomography were evaluated according to causative genes using column scatter
      plots. Values for three common genes (EYS, USH2A, and RHO) were compared
      statistically. RESULTS: All patients with PDE6B, PRPH2, and RPGR mutations, those
      55 years old or younger with RP1L1 and USH2A mutations, and those 45 years old or
      younger with EYS and RHO mutations retained visual acuity of at least 0.1. All
      patients with RPGR mutations showed at least -20 dB mean deviation. Goldmann
      perimeter measures of 4/6 patients with RHO mutations showed remaining peripheral
      visual fields. Dark-adapted 0.01 and 3.0 ERGs were extinguished for most genes.
      Half of the patients with RHO RP maintained cone responses in light-adapted 3.0
      and 3.0 flicker ERG. All patients with PRPH2, those 55 years old or younger with
      USH2A and RP1L1, and those 45 years old or younger with PDE6B and EYS mutations
      maintained subfoveal ellipsoid zones. No differences were identified between EYS
      and USH2A or RHO and USH2A. CONCLUSIONS: Column scatter plots enabled comparisons
      of the associated severities and illustration of the ophthalmological
      measurements for every RP causative gene. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of
      mutations in specific genes may be helpful for determining visual prognoses in
      the clinical setting.

PMID- 26966641
TI  - Normal Values for the Full Visual Field, Corrected for Age- and Reaction Time,
      Using Semiautomated Kinetic Testing on the Octopus 900 Perimeter.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine normal values of the visual field (VF), corrected for age
      and reaction time (RT) for semiautomated kinetic perimetry (SKP) on the Octopus
      900 perimeter, create a model describing the age-dependency of these values, and
      assess test-retest reliability for each isopter. METHODS: Eighty-six eyes of 86
      ophthalmologically healthy subjects (age 11-79 years, 34 males, 52 females)
      underwent full-field kinetic perimetry with the Octopus 900 instrument. Stimulus
      size, luminance, velocity, meridional angle, subject age, and their interactions,
      were used to create a smooth multiple regression mathematical model (V/4e,
      III/4e, I/4e, I/3e, I/2e, I/1e, and I/1a isopters). Fourteen subjects (2 from
      each of 7 age groups) were evaluated on three separate sessions to assess test
      retest reliability of the isopters. Reaction time (RT) was tested by presenting
      12 designated RT-vectors between 10 degrees  and 20 degrees  within the seeing
      areas for the III/4e isopter (stimulus velocity, 3 degrees /second). Four RT-
      vectors were presented at the nasal (0 degrees  or 180 degrees ), superotemporal
      (45 degrees ), and inferior (270 degrees ) meridians. RESULTS: The model fit was
      excellent (r2 = 0.94). The test-retest variability was less than 5 degrees , and
      the median decrease in this deviation attributed to aging, per decade, for all
      age groups and for all stimulus sizes was 0.8 degrees . No significant learning
      effect was observed for any age group or isopter. CONCLUSION: Age-corrected and
      RT-corrected normative threshold values for full-field kinetic perimetry can be
      adequately described by a smooth multiple linear regression mathematical model.
      TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: A description of the entire kinetic VF is useful for
      assessing a full characterization of VF sensitivity, determining function losses
      associated with ocular and neurologic diseases, and for providing a more
      comprehensive analysis of structure-function relationships.

PMID- 26966642
TI  - Genome-wide discovered psychosis-risk gene ZNF804A impacts on white matter
      microstructure in health, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
AB  - Background. Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have both been
      associated with reduced microstructural white matter integrity using, as a proxy,
      fractional anisotropy (FA) detected using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Genetic
      susceptibility for both illnesses has also been positively correlated in recent
      genome-wide association studies with allele A (adenine) of single nucleotide
      polymorphism (SNP) rs1344706 of the ZNF804A gene. However, little is known about
      how the genomic linkage disequilibrium region tagged by this SNP impacts on the
      brain to increase risk for psychosis. This study aimed to assess the impact of
      this risk variant on FA in patients with SZ, in those with BD and in healthy
      controls. Methods. 230 individuals were genotyped for the rs1344706 SNP and
      underwent DTI. We used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) followed by an
      analysis of variance, with threshold-free cluster enhancement (TFCE), to assess
      underlying effects of genotype, diagnosis and their interaction, on FA. Results.
      As predicted, statistically significant reductions in FA across a widely
      distributed brain network (p < 0.05, TFCE-corrected) were positively associated
      both with a diagnosis of SZ or BD and with the double (homozygous) presence of
      the ZNF804A rs1344706 risk variant (A). The main effect of genotype was medium (d
      = 0.48 in a 44,054-voxel cluster) and the effect in the SZ group alone was large
      (d = 1.01 in a 51,260-voxel cluster), with no significant effects in BD or
      controls, in isolation. No areas under a significant diagnosis by genotype
      interaction were found. Discussion. We provide the first evidence in a
      predominantly Caucasian clinical sample, of an association between ZNF804A
      rs1344706 A-homozygosity and reduced FA, both irrespective of diagnosis and
      particularly in SZ (in overlapping brain areas). This suggests that the
      previously observed involvement of this genomic region in psychosis
      susceptibility, and in impaired functional connectivity, may be conferred through
      it inducing abnormalities in white matter microstructure. 

PMID- 26966643
TI  - Samples and data accessibility in research biobanks: an explorative survey.
AB  - Biobanks, which contain human biological samples and/or data, provide a crucial
      contribution to the progress of biomedical research. However, the effective and
      efficient use of biobank resources depends on their accessibility. In fact,
      making bio-resources promptly accessible to everybody may increase the benefits
      for society. Furthermore, optimizing their use and ensuring their quality will
      promote scientific creativity and, in general, contribute to the progress of bio
      medical research. Although this has become a rather common belief, several
      laboratories are still secretive and continue to withhold samples and data. In
      this study, we conducted a questionnaire-based survey in order to investigate
      sample and data accessibility in research biobanks operating all over the world.
      The survey involved a total of 46 biobanks. Most of them gave permission to
      access their samples (95.7%) and data (85.4%), but free and unconditioned
      accessibility seemed not to be common practice. The analysis of the guidelines
      regarding the accessibility to resources of the biobanks that responded to the
      survey highlights three issues: (i) the request for applicants to explain what
      they would like to do with the resources requested; (ii) the role of funding,
      public or private, in the establishment of fruitful collaborations between
      biobanks and research labs; (iii) the request of co-authorship in order to give
      access to their data. These results suggest that economic and academic aspects
      are involved in determining the extent of sample and data sharing stored in
      biobanks. As a second step of this study, we investigated the reasons behind the
      high diversity of requirements to access biobank resources. The analysis of
      informative answers suggested that the different modalities of resource
      accessibility seem to be largely influenced by both social context and
      legislation of the countries where the biobanks operate. 

PMID- 26966644
TI  - Influence of isoflurane on the diastolic pressure-flow relationship and critical
      occlusion pressure during arterial CABG surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - The effects of isoflurane on the determinants of blood flow during Coronary
      Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery are not completely understood. This study
      characterized the influence of isoflurane on the diastolic Pressure-Flow (P-F)
      relationship and Critical Occlusion Pressure (COP) during CABG surgery. Twenty
      patients undergoing CABG surgery were studied. Patients were assigned to an
      isoflurane or control group. Hemodynamic and flow measurements during CABG
      surgery were performed twice (15 minutes after the discontinuation of
      extracorporeal circulation (T15) and again 15 minutes later (T30)). The zero flow
      pressure intercept (a measure of COP) was extrapolated from a linear regression
      analysis of the instantaneous diastolic P-F relationship. In the isoflurane
      group, the application of isoflurane significantly increased the slope of the
      diastolic P-F relationship by 215% indicating a mean reduction of Coronary
      Vascular Resistance (CVR) by 46%. Simultaneously, the Mean Diastolic Aortic
      Pressure (MDAP) decreased by 19% mainly due to a decrease in the systemic
      vascular resistance index by 21%. The COP, cardiac index, heart rate, Left
      Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP) and Coronary Sinus Pressure (CSP) did
      not change significantly. In the control group, the parameters remained
      unchanged. In both groups, COP significantly exceeded the CSP and LVEDP at both
      time points. We conclude that short-term application of isoflurane at a sedative
      concentration markedly increases the slope of the instantaneous diastolic P-F
      relationship during CABG surgery implying a distinct decrease with CVR in
      patients undergoing CABG surgery. 

PMID- 26966645
TI  - Low-frequency, low-magnitude vibrations (LFLM) enhances chondrogenic
      differentiation potential of human adipose derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells
      (hASCs).
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate if low-frequency, low-magnitude vibrations
      (LFLM) could enhance chondrogenic differentiation potential of human adipose
      derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) with simultaneous inhibition of their
      adipogenic properties for biomedical purposes. We developed a prototype device
      that induces low-magnitude (0.3 g) low-frequency vibrations with the following
      frequencies: 25, 35 and 45 Hz. Afterwards, we used human adipose derived
      mesenchymal stem cell (hASCS), to investigate their cellular response to the
      mechanical signals. We have also evaluated hASCs morphological and proliferative
      activity changes in response to each frequency. Induction of chondrogenesis in
      hASCs, under the influence of a 35 Hz signal leads to most effective and stable
      cartilaginous tissue formation through highest secretion of Bone Morphogenetic
      Protein 2 (BMP-2), and Collagen type II, with low concentration of Collagen type
      I. These results correlated well with appropriate gene expression level.
      Simultaneously, we observed significant up-regulation of alpha3, alpha4, beta1
      and beta3 integrins in chondroblast progenitor cells treated with 35 Hz
      vibrations, as well as Sox-9. Interestingly, we noticed that application of 35 Hz
      frequencies significantly inhibited adipogenesis of hASCs. The obtained results
      suggest that application of LFLM vibrations together with stem cell therapy might
      be a promising tool in cartilage regeneration. 

PMID- 26966646
TI  - The semantic basis of taste-shape associations.
AB  - Previous research shows that people systematically match tastes with shapes.
      Here, we assess the extent to which matched taste and shape stimuli share a
      common semantic space and whether semantically congruent versus incongruent
      taste/shape associations can influence the speed with which people respond to
      both shapes and taste words. In Experiment 1, semantic differentiation was used
      to assess the semantic space of both taste words and shapes. The results suggest
      a common semantic space containing two principal components (seemingly, intensity
      and hedonics) and two principal clusters, one including round shapes and the
      taste word "sweet," and the other including angular shapes and the taste words
      "salty," "sour," and "bitter." The former cluster appears more positively
      valenced whilst less potent than the latter. In Experiment 2, two speeded
      classification tasks assessed whether congruent versus incongruent mappings of
      stimuli and responses (e.g., sweet with round versus sweet with angular) would
      influence the speed of participants' responding, to both shapes and taste words.
      The results revealed an overall effect of congruence with congruent trials
      yielding faster responses than their incongruent counterparts. These results are
      consistent with previous evidence suggesting a close relation (or crossmodal
      correspondence) between tastes and shape curvature that may derive from common
      semantic coding, perhaps along the intensity and hedonic dimensions. 

PMID- 26966647
TI  - Ultra-structural changes and expression of chondrogenic and hypertrophic genes
      during chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells in alginate
      beads.
AB  - Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the form of
      pellet culture and encapsulation in alginate beads has been widely used as
      conventional model for in vitro chondrogenesis. However, comparative
      characterization between differentiation, hypertrophic markers, cell adhesion
      molecule and ultrastructural changes during alginate and pellet culture has not
      been described. Hence, the present study was conducted comparing MSCs cultured in
      pellet and alginate beads with monolayer culture. qPCR was performed to assess
      the expression of chondrogenic, hypertrophic, and cell adhesion molecule genes,
      whereas transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to assess the
      ultrastructural changes. In addition, immunocytochemistry for Collagen type II
      and aggrecan and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis were performed. Our results
      indicate that pellet and alginate bead cultures were necessary for chondrogenic
      differentiation of MSC. It also indicates that cultures using alginate bead
      demonstrated significantly higher (p < 0.05) chondrogenic but lower hypertrophic
      (p < 0.05) gene expressions as compared with pellet cultures. N-cadherin and N
      CAM1 expression were up-regulated in second and third weeks of culture and were
      comparable between the alginate bead and pellet culture groups, respectively. TEM
      images demonstrated ultrastructural changes resembling cell death in pellet
      cultures. Our results indicate that using alginate beads, MSCs express higher
      chondrogenic but lower hypertrophic gene expression. Enhanced production of
      extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules was also observed in this group.
      These findings suggest that alginate bead culture may serve as a superior
      chondrogenic model, whereas pellet culture is more appropriate as a hypertrophic
      model of chondrogenesis. 

PMID- 26966648
TI  - The use and evaluation of self-regulation techniques can predict health goal
      attainment in adults: an explorative study.
AB  - Background. Self-regulation tools are not always used optimally, and
      implementation intention plans often lack quality. Therefore, this study explored
      participants' use and evaluation of self-regulation techniques and their impact
      on goal attainment. Methods. Data were obtained from 452 adults in a proof of
      concept (POC) intervention of 'MyPlan', an eHealth intervention using self
      regulation techniques to promote three healthy behaviours (physical activity
      (PA), fruit intake, or vegetable intake). Participants applied self-regulation
      techniques to a self-selected health behaviour, and evaluated the self-regulation
      techniques. The quality of implementation intentions was rated by the authors as
      a function of instrumentality (instrumental and non-instrumental) and specificity
      (non-specific and medium to highly specific). Logistic regression analyses were
      conducted to predict goal attainment. Results. Goal attainment was significantly
      predicted by the motivational value of the personal advice (OR:1.86), by the
      specificity of the implementation intentions (OR:3.5), by the motivational value
      of the action plan (OR:1.86), and by making a new action plan at follow-up
      (OR:4.10). Interaction-effects with behaviour showed that the specificity score
      of the implementation intention plans (OR:4.59), the motivational value of the
      personal advice (OR:2.38), selecting hindering factors and solutions(OR:2.00) and
      making a new action plan at follow-up (OR:7.54) were predictive of goal
      attainment only for fruit or vegetable intake. Also, when participants in the
      fruit and vegetable group made more than three plans, they were more likely to
      attain their goal (OR:1.73), whereas the reverse was the case in the PA group
      (OR:0.34). Discussion. The chance that adults reach fruit and vegetable goals can
      be increased by including motivating personal advice, self-formulated action
      plans, and instructions/strategies to make specific implementation intentions
      into eHealth interventions. To increase the chance that adults reach short-term
      PA goals, it is suggested to keep eHealth PA interventions simple and focus only
      on developing a few implementation intentions. However, more research is needed
      to identify behaviour change techniques that can increase health goal attainment
      at long-term. 

PMID- 26966650
TI  - The dark cube: dark and light character profiles.
AB  - Background. Research addressing distinctions and similarities between people's
      malevolent character traits (i.e., the Dark Triad: Machiavellianism, narcissism,
      and psychopathy) has detected inconsistent linear associations to temperament
      traits. Additionally, these dark traits seem to have a common core expressed as
      uncooperativeness. Hence, some researchers suggest that the dark traits are best
      represented as one global construct (i.e., the unification argument) rather than
      as ternary construct (i.e., the uniqueness argument). We put forward the dark
      cube (cf. Cloninger's character cube) comprising eight dark profiles that can be
      used to compare individuals who differ in one dark character trait while holding
      the other two constant. Our aim was to investigate in which circumstances
      individuals who are high in each one of the dark character traits differ in
      Cloninger's "light" character traits: self-directedness, cooperativeness, and
      self-transcendence. We also investigated if people's dark character profiles were
      associated to their light character profiles. Method. A total of 997 participants
      recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) responded to the Short Dark Triad
      and the Short Character Inventory. Participants were allocated to eight different
      dark profiles and eight light profiles based on their scores in each of the
      traits and any possible combination of high and low scores. We used three-way
      interaction regression analyses and t-tests to investigate differences in light
      character traits between individuals with different dark profiles. As a second
      step, we compared the individuals' dark profile with her/his character profile
      using an exact cell-wise analysis conducted in the ROPstat software
      (http://www.ropstat.com). Results. Individuals who expressed high levels of
      Machiavellianism and those who expressed high levels of psychopathy also
      expressed low self-directedness and low cooperativeness. Individuals with high
      levels of narcissism, in contrast, scored high in self-directedness. Moreover,
      individuals with a profile low in the dark traits were more likely to end up with
      a profile high in cooperativeness. The opposite was true for those individuals
      with a profile high in the dark traits. The rest of the cross-comparisons
      revealed some of the characteristics of human personality as a non-linear complex
      dynamic system. Conclusions. Our study suggests that individuals who are high in
      Machiavellianism and psychopathy share a unified non-agentic and uncooperative
      character (i.e., irresponsible, low in self-control, unempathetic, unhelpful,
      untolerant), while individuals high in narcissism have a more unique character
      configuration expressed as high agency and, when the other dark traits are high,
      highly spiritual but uncooperative. In other words, based on differences in their
      associations to the light side of character, the Dark Triad seems to be a dyad
      rather than a triad. 

PMID- 26966649
TI  - Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and
      evolution.
AB  - Background. Anchors are one of the important attachment appendages for monogenean
      parasites. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left their mark on
      anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and size variation useful
      for systematic and evolutionary studies. When combined with morphological and
      molecular data, analysis of anchor morphometry can potentially answer a wide
      range of biological questions. Materials and Methods. We used data from anchor
      morphometry, body size and morphology of 13 Ligophorus (Monogenea:
      Ancyrocephalidae) species infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae)
      fish hosts: Moolgarda buchanani (Bleeker) and Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) from
      Malaysia. Anchor shape and size data (n = 530) were generated using methods of
      geometric morphometrics. We used 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS1 sequence data to
      infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny. We discriminated species using principal
      component and cluster analysis of shape data. Adams's K mult was used to detect
      phylogenetic signal in anchor shape. Phylogeny-correlated size and shape changes
      were investigated using continuous character mapping and directional statistics,
      respectively. We assessed morphological constraints in anchor morphometry using
      phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size. Anchor
      morphological integration was studied using partial least squares method. The
      association between copulatory organ morphology and anchor shape and size in
      phylomorphospace was used to test the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis. We created
      monogeneaGM, a new R package that integrates analyses of monogenean anchor
      geometric morphometric data with morphological and phylogenetic data. Results. We
      discriminated 12 of the 13 Ligophorus species using anchor shape data.
      Significant phylogenetic signal was detected in anchor shape. Thus, we discovered
      new morphological characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between the
      inner root point and the outer root point, and the length between the inner root
      point and the dent point. The species on M. buchanani evolved larger, more robust
      anchors; those on L. subviridis evolved smaller, more delicate anchors. Anchor
      shape and size were significantly correlated, suggesting constraints in anchor
      evolution. Tight integration between the root and the point compartments within
      anchors confirms the anchor as a single, fully integrated module. The correlation
      between male copulatory organ morphology and size with anchor shape was
      consistent with predictions from the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis. Conclusions.
      Monogenean anchors are tightly integrated structures, and their shape variation
      correlates strongly with phylogeny, thus underscoring their value for systematic
      and evolutionary biology studies. Our MonogeneaGM R package provides tools for
      researchers to mine biological insights from geometric morphometric data of
      speciose monogenean genera. 

PMID- 26966652
TI  - Comparison of three clustering approaches for detecting novel environmental
      microbial diversity.
AB  - Discovery of novel diversity in high-throughput sequencing studies is an
      important aspect in environmental microbial ecology. To evaluate the effects that
      amplicon clustering methods have on the discovery of novel diversity, we
      clustered an environmental marine high-throughput sequencing dataset of protist
      amplicons together with reference sequences from the taxonomically curated
      Protist Ribosomal Reference (PR(2)) database using three de novo approaches:
      sequence similarity networks, USEARCH, and Swarm. The potentially novel diversity
      uncovered by each clustering approach differed drastically in the number of
      operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and in the number of environmental amplicons
      in these novel diversity OTUs. Global pairwise alignment comparisons revealed
      that numerous amplicons classified as potentially novel by USEARCH and Swarm were
      more than 97% similar to references of PR(2). Using shortest path analyses on
      sequence similarity network OTUs and Swarm OTUs we found additional novel
      diversity within OTUs that would have gone unnoticed without further exploiting
      their underlying network topologies. These results demonstrate that graph theory
      provides powerful tools for microbial ecology and the analysis of environmental
      high-throughput sequencing datasets. Furthermore, sequence similarity networks
      were most accurate in delineating novel diversity from previously discovered
      diversity. 

PMID- 26966651
TI  - Iflavirus increases its infectivity and physical stability in association with
      baculovirus.
AB  - Virus transmission and the prevalence of infection depend on multiple factors,
      including the interaction with other viral pathogens infecting the same host. In
      this study, active replication of an iflavirus, Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1
      (order Picornavirales) was observed in the offspring of insects that survived
      following inoculation with a pathogenic baculovirus, Spodoptera exigua multiple
      nucleopolyhedrovirus. Tracking the origin of the iflavirus suggested the
      association of this virus with the occlusion bodies of the baculovirus. Here we
      investigated the effect of this association on the stability and infectivity of
      both viruses. A reduction in baculovirus pathogenicity, without affecting its
      infectivity and productivity, was observed when associated with the iflavirus. In
      contrast, viral association increased the infectivity of the iflavirus and its
      resistance to ultraviolet radiation and high temperature, two of the main factors
      affecting virus stability in the field. In addition, electron microscopy analysis
      revealed the presence of particles resembling iflavirus virions inside the
      occlusion bodies of the baculovirus, suggesting the possible co-occlusion of both
      viruses. Results reported here are indicative of facultative phoresis of a virus
      and suggest that virus-virus interactions may be more common than currently
      recognized, and may be influential in the ecology of baculovirus and host
      populations and in consequence in the use of baculoviruses as biological
      insecticides. 

PMID- 26966653
TI  - Broad-scale sampling of primary freshwater fish populations reveals the role of
      intrinsic traits, inter-basin connectivity, drainage area and latitude on shaping
      contemporary patterns of genetic diversity.
AB  - Background. Worldwide predictions suggest that up to 75% of the freshwater fish
      species occurring in rivers with reduced discharge could be extinct by 2070 due
      to the combined effect of climate change and water abstraction. The Mediterranean
      region is considered to be a hotspot of freshwater fish diversity but also one of
      the regions where the effects of climate change will be more severe. Iberian
      cyprinids are currently highly endangered, with over 68% of the species raising
      some level of conservation concern. Methods. During the FISHATLAS project, the
      Portuguese hydrographical network was extensively covered (all the 34 river
      basins and 47 sub-basins) in order to contribute with valuable data on the
      genetic diversity distribution patterns of native cyprinid species. A total of
      188 populations belonging to 16 cyprinid species of Squalius, Luciobarbus,
      Achondrostoma, Iberochondrostoma, Anaecypris and Pseudochondrostoma were
      characterized, for a total of 3,678 cytochrome b gene sequences. Results. When
      the genetic diversity of these populations was mapped, it highlighted differences
      among populations from the same species and between species with identical
      distribution areas. Factors shaping the contemporary patterns of genetic
      diversity were explored and the results revealed the role of latitude, inter
      basin connectivity, migratory behaviour, species maximum size, species range and
      other species intrinsic traits in determining the genetic diversity of sampled
      populations. Contrastingly, drainage area and hydrological regime (permanent vs.
      temporary) seem to have no significant effect on genetic diversity. Species
      intrinsic traits, maximum size attained, inter-basin connectivity and latitude
      explained over 30% of the haplotype diversity variance and, generally, the levels
      of diversity were significantly higher for smaller sized species, from connected
      and southerly river basins. Discussion. Targeting multiple co-distributed species
      of primary freshwater fish allowed us to assess the relative role of historical
      versus contemporary factors affecting genetic diversity. Since different patterns
      were detected for species with identical distribution areas we postulate that
      contemporary determinants of genetic diversity (species' intrinsic traits and
      landscape features) must have played a more significant role than historical
      factors. Implications for conservation in a context of climate change and highly
      disturbed habitats are detailed, namely the need to focus management and
      conservation actions on intraspecific genetic data and to frequently conduct
      combined genetic and demographic surveys. 

PMID- 26966654
TI  - Sexual behaviour and risk of sexually transmitted infections in young female
      healthcare students in Spain.
AB  - Background. Several authors have examined the risk for sexually transmitted
      infections (STI), but no study has yet analyzed it solely in relation with sexual
      behaviour in women. We analyzed the association of sexual behaviour with STI risk
      in female university students of healthcare sciences. Methods. We designed a
      cross-sectional study assessing over three months vaginal intercourse with a man.
      The study involved 175 female university students, without a stable partner,
      studying healthcare sciences in Spain. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: STI risk (not
      always using male condoms). Secondary variables: sexual behaviour, method of
      orgasm, desire to increase the frequency of sexual relations, desire to have more
      variety in sexual relations, frequency of sexual intercourse with the partner,
      and age. The information was collected with an original questionnaire. A logistic
      regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) in order to
      analyze the association between the STI risk and the study variables. Results. Of
      the 175 women, 52 were positive for STI risk (29.7%, 95% CI [22.9-36.5%]).
      Factors significantly associated with STI risk (p < 0.05) included: orgasm (not
      having orgasms ->OR = 7.01, 95% CI [1.49-33.00]; several methods ->OR = 0.77, 95%
      CI [0.31-1.90]; one single method ->OR = 1; p = 0.008) and desiring an increased
      frequency of sexual activities (OR = 0.27, 95% CI [0.13-0.59], p < 0.001).
      Conclusions. Women's desire for sexual activities and their sexual function were
      significant predictors of their risk for STI. Information about sexual function
      is an intrinsic aspect of sexual behaviour and should be taken into consideration
      when seeking approaches to reduce risks for STI.

PMID- 26966655
TI  - A systematic review of pediatric clinical trials of high dose vitamin D.
AB  - Background. Due to inadequate UV exposure, intake of small quantities of vitamin
      D is recommended to prevent musculoskeletal disease. Both basic science and
      observational literature strongly suggest that higher doses may benefit specific
      populations and have non-musculoskeletal roles. Evaluating the evidence
      surrounding high dose supplementation can be challenging given a relatively large
      and growing body of clinical trial evidence spanning time, geography, populations
      and dosing regimens. Study objectives were to identify and summarize the clinical
      trial literature, recognize areas with high quality evidence, and develop a
      resource database that makes the literature more immediately accessible to end
      users. Methods. Medline (1946 to January 2015), Embase (1974 to January 2015),
      and Cochrane databases (January 2015), were searched for trials. All pediatric (0
      18 years) trials administering doses higher than 400 IU (<1 year) or 600 IU (>=1
      year) were included. Data was extracted independently by two of the authors. An
      online searchable database of trials was developed containing relevant extracted
      information (http://www.cheori.org/en/pedvitaminddatabaseOverview). Sensitivity
      and utility were assessed by comparing the trials in the database with those from
      systematic reviews of vitamin D supplementation including children. Results. A
      total of 2,579 candidate papers were identified, yielding 169 trials having one
      or more arms meeting eligibility criteria. The publication rate has increased
      significantly from 1 per year (1970-1979) to 14 per year (2010-2015). Although
      84% of the total trials focused on healthy children or known high risk
      populations (e.g., renal, prematurity), this proportion has declined in recent
      years due to the rise in trials evaluating populations and outcomes not directly
      related to the musculoskeletal actions of vitamin D (27% in 2010s). Beyond
      healthy children, the only pediatric populations with more than 50 participants
      from low risk of bias trials evaluating a clinically relevant outcome were
      prematurity and respiratory illness. Finally, we created and validated the online
      searchable database using 13 recent systematic reviews. Of the 38 high dose
      trials identified by the systematic review, 36 (94.7%) could be found within the
      database. When compared with the search strategy reported in each systematic
      review, use of the database reduced the number of full papers to assess for
      eligibility by 85.2% (+/-13.4%). Conclusion. The pediatric vitamin D field is
      highly active, with a significant increase in trials evaluating non-classical
      diseases and outcomes. Despite the large overall number there are few high
      quality trials of sufficient size to provide answers on clinical efficacy of high
      dose vitamin D. An open access online searchable data should assist end users in
      the rapid and comprehensive identification and evaluation of trials relevant to
      their population or question of interest. 

PMID- 26966656
TI  - Head capsule stacking by caterpillars: morphology complements behaviour to
      provide a novel defence.
AB  - Herbivores employ a variety of chemical, behavioural and morphological defences
      to reduce mortality from natural enemies. In some caterpillars the head capsules
      of successive instars are retained and stacked on top of each other and it has
      been suggested that this could serve as a defence against natural enemies. We
      tested this hypothesis by comparing the survival of groups of the gumleaf
      skeletoniser Uraba lugens Walker caterpillars, allocated to one of three
      treatments: "-HC," where stacked head capsules were removed from all individuals,
      "+HC," where the caterpillars retained their stacked head capsules, and "mixed,"
      where only half of the caterpillars in a group had their stacked head capsules
      removed. We found no difference in predation rate between the three treatments,
      but within the mixed treatment, caterpillars with head capsules were more than
      twice as likely to survive. During predator choice trials, conducted to observe
      how head capsule stacking acts as a defence, the predatory pentatomid bug
      attacked the -HC caterpillar in four out of six trials. The two attacks on +HC
      caterpillars took over 10 times longer because the bug would poke its rostrum
      through the head capsule stack, while the caterpillar used its head capsule stack
      to deflect the bug's rostrum. Our results support the hypothesis that the
      retention of moulted head capsules by U. lugens provides some protection against
      their natural enemies and suggest that this is because stacked head capsules can
      function as a false target for natural enemies as well as a weapon to fend off
      attackers. This represents the first demonstration of a defensive function. 

PMID- 26966658
TI  - A comparison of clustering methods for biogeography with fossil datasets.
AB  - Cluster analysis is one of the most commonly used methods in palaeoecological
      studies, particularly in studies investigating biogeographic patterns. Although a
      number of different clustering methods are widely used, the approach and
      underlying assumptions of many of these methods are quite different. For example,
      methods may be hierarchical or non-hierarchical in their approaches, and may use
      Euclidean distance or non-Euclidean indices to cluster the data. In order to
      assess the effectiveness of the different clustering methods as compared to one
      another, a simulation was designed that could assess each method over a range of
      both cluster distinctiveness and sampling intensity. Additionally, a non
      hierarchical, non-Euclidean, iterative clustering method implemented in the R
      Statistical Language is described. This method, Non-Euclidean Relational
      Clustering (NERC), creates distinct clusters by dividing the data set in order to
      maximize the average similarity within each cluster, identifying clusters in
      which each data point is on average more similar to those within its own group
      than to those in any other group. While all the methods performed well with
      clearly differentiated and well-sampled datasets, when data are less than ideal
      the linkage methods perform poorly compared to non-Euclidean based k-means and
      the NERC method. Based on this analysis, Unweighted Pair Group Method with
      Arithmetic Mean and neighbor joining methods are less reliable with incomplete
      datasets like those found in palaeobiological analyses, and the k-means and NERC
      methods should be used in their place. 

PMID- 26966657
TI  - New phiomorph rodents from the latest Eocene of Egypt, and the impact of Bayesian
      "clock"-based phylogenetic methods on estimates of basal hystricognath
      relationships and biochronology.
AB  - The Fayum Depression of Egypt has yielded fossils of hystricognathous rodents
      from multiple Eocene and Oligocene horizons that range in age from ~37 to ~30 Ma
      and document several phases in the early evolution of crown Hystricognathi and
      one of its major subclades, Phiomorpha. Here we describe two new genera and
      species of basal phiomorphs, Birkamys korai and Mubhammys vadumensis, based on
      rostra and maxillary and mandibular remains from the terminal Eocene (~34 Ma)
      Fayum Locality 41 (L-41). Birkamys is the smallest known Paleogene hystricognath,
      has very simple molars, and, like derived Oligocene-to-Recent phiomorphs (but
      unlike contemporaneous and older taxa) apparently retained dP(4)/4 late into
      life, with no evidence for P(4)/4 eruption or formation. Mubhammys is very
      similar in dental morphology to Birkamys, and also shows no evidence for P(4)/4
      formation or eruption, but is considerably larger. Though parsimony analysis with
      all characters equally weighted places Birkamys and Mubhammys as sister taxa of
      extant Thryonomys to the exclusion of much younger relatives of that genus, all
      other methods (standard Bayesian inference, Bayesian "tip-dating," and parsimony
      analysis with scaled transitions between "fixed" and polymorphic states) place
      these species in more basal positions within Hystricognathi, as sister taxa of
      Oligocene-to-Recent phiomorphs. We also employ tip-dating as a means for
      estimating the ages of early hystricognath-bearing localities, many of which are
      not well-constrained by geological, geochronological, or biostratigraphic
      evidence. By simultaneously taking into account phylogeny, evolutionary rates,
      and uniform priors that appropriately encompass the range of possible ages for
      fossil localities, dating of tips in this Bayesian framework allows
      paleontologists to move beyond vague and assumption-laden "stage of evolution"
      arguments in biochronology to provide relatively rigorous age assessments of
      poorly-constrained faunas. This approach should become increasingly robust as
      estimates are combined from multiple independent analyses of distantly related
      clades, and is broadly applicable across the tree of life; as such it is
      deserving of paleontologists' close attention. Notably, in the example provided
      here, hystricognathous rodents from Libya and Namibia that are controversially
      considered to be of middle Eocene age are instead estimated to be of late Eocene
      and late Oligocene age, respectively. Finally, we reconstruct the evolution of
      first lower molar size among Paleogene African hystricognaths using a Bayesian
      approach; the results of this analysis reconstruct a rapid latest Eocene dwarfing
      event along the lineage leading to Birkamys. 

PMID- 26966659
TI  - Identifying key conservation threats to Alpine birds through expert knowledge.
AB  - Alpine biodiversity is subject to a range of increasing threats, but the scarcity
      of data for many taxa means that it is difficult to assess the level and likely
      future impact of a given threat. Expert opinion can be a useful tool to address
      knowledge gaps in the absence of adequate data. Experts with experience in Alpine
      ecology were approached to rank threat levels for 69 Alpine bird species over the
      next 50 years for the whole European Alps in relation to ten categories: land
      abandonment, climate change, renewable energy, fire, forestry practices, grazing
      practices, hunting, leisure, mining and urbanization. There was a high degree of
      concordance in ranking of perceived threats among experts for most threat
      categories. The major overall perceived threats to Alpine birds identified
      through expert knowledge were land abandonment, urbanization, leisure and
      forestry, although other perceived threats were ranked highly for particular
      species groups (renewable energy and hunting for raptors, hunting for gamebirds).
      For groups of species defined according to their breeding habitat, open habitat
      species and treeline species were perceived as the most threatened. A spatial
      risk assessment tool based on summed scores for the whole community showed threat
      levels were highest for bird communities of the northern and western Alps.
      Development of the approaches given in this paper, including addressing biases in
      the selection of experts and adopting a more detailed ranking procedure, could
      prove useful in the future in identifying future threats, and in carrying out
      risk assessments based on levels of threat to the whole bird community. 

PMID- 26966660
TI  - Bioinformatics analysis identifies several intrinsically disordered human E3
      ubiquitin-protein ligases.
AB  - The ubiquitin-proteasome system targets misfolded proteins for degradation. Since
      the accumulation of such proteins is potentially harmful for the cell, their
      prompt removal is important. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases mediate substrate
      ubiquitination by bringing together the substrate with an E2 ubiquitin
      conjugating enzyme, which transfers ubiquitin to the substrate. For misfolded
      proteins, substrate recognition is generally delegated to molecular chaperones
      that subsequently interact with specific E3 ligases. An important exception is
      San1, a yeast E3 ligase. San1 harbors extensive regions of intrinsic disorder,
      which provide both conformational flexibility and sites for direct recognition of
      misfolded targets of vastly different conformations. So far, no mammalian
      ortholog of San1 is known, nor is it clear whether other E3 ligases utilize
      disordered regions for substrate recognition. Here, we conduct a bioinformatics
      analysis to examine >600 human and S. cerevisiae E3 ligases to identify enzymes
      that are similar to San1 in terms of function and/or mechanism of substrate
      recognition. An initial sequence-based database search was found to detect
      candidates primarily based on the homology of their ordered regions, and did not
      capture the unique disorder patterns that encode the functional mechanism of
      San1. However, by searching specifically for key features of the San1 sequence,
      such as long regions of intrinsic disorder embedded with short stretches
      predicted to be suitable for substrate interaction, we identified several E3
      ligases with these characteristics. Our initial analysis revealed that another
      remarkable trait of San1 is shared with several candidate E3 ligases: long
      stretches of complete lysine suppression, which in San1 limits auto
      ubiquitination. We encode these characteristic features into a San1 similarity
      score, and present a set of proteins that are plausible candidates as San1
      counterparts in humans. In conclusion, our work indicates that San1 is not a
      unique case, and that several other yeast and human E3 ligases have sequence
      properties that may allow them to recognize substrates by a similar mechanism as
      San1. 

PMID- 26966661
TI  - The origin of the medial circumflex femoral artery: a meta-analysis and proposal
      of a new classification system.
AB  - Background and Objectives. The medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) is a
      common branch of the deep femoral artery (DFA) responsible for supplying the
      femoral head and the greater trochanteric fossa. The prevalence rates of MCFA
      origin, its branching patterns and its distance to the mid-inguinal point (MIP)
      vary significantly throughout the literature. The aim of this study was to
      determine the true prevalence of these characteristics and to study their
      associated anatomical and clinical relevance. Methods. A search of the major
      electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science,
      SciELO, BIOSIS, and CNKI was performed to identify all articles reporting data on
      the origin of the MCFA, its branching patterns and its distance to the MIP. No
      data or language restriction was set. Additionally, an extensive search of the
      references of all relevant articles was performed. All data on origin, branching
      and distance to MIP was extracted and pooled into a meta-analysis using MetaXL
      v2.0. Results. A total of 38 (36 cadaveric and 2 imaging) studies (n = 4,351
      lower limbs) were included into the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of the
      MCFA originating from the DFA was 64.6% (95% CI [58.0-71.5]), while the pooled
      prevalence of the MCFA originating from the CFA was 32.2% (95% CI [25.9-39.1]).
      The CFA-derived MCFA was found to originate as a single branch in 81.1% (95% CI
      [70.1-91.7]) of cases with a mean pooled distance of 50.14 mm (95% CI [42.50
      57.78]) from the MIP. Conclusion. The MCFA's variability must be taken into
      account by surgeons, especially during orthopedic interventions in the region of
      the hip to prevent iatrogenic injury to the circulation of the femoral head.
      Based on our analysis, we present a new proposed classification system for origin
      of the MCFA. 

PMID- 26966662
TI  - A hierarchical model of daily stream temperature using air-water temperature
      synchronization, autocorrelation, and time lags.
AB  - Water temperature is a primary driver of stream ecosystems and commonly forms the
      basis of stream classifications. Robust models of stream temperature are critical
      as the climate changes, but estimating daily stream temperature poses several
      important challenges. We developed a statistical model that accounts for many
      challenges that can make stream temperature estimation difficult. Our model
      identifies the yearly period when air and water temperature are synchronized,
      accommodates hysteresis, incorporates time lags, deals with missing data and
      autocorrelation and can include external drivers. In a small stream network, the
      model performed well (RMSE = 0.59 degrees C), identified a clear warming trend
      (0.63  degrees C decade(-1)) and a widening of the synchronized period (29 d
      decade(-1)). We also carefully evaluated how missing data influenced predictions.
      Missing data within a year had a small effect on performance (~0.05% average drop
      in RMSE with 10% fewer days with data). Missing all data for a year decreased
      performance (~0.6  degrees C jump in RMSE), but this decrease was moderated when
      data were available from other streams in the network. 

PMID- 26966663
TI  - Familiarity breeds content: assessing bird species popularity with culturomics.
AB  - Understanding public perceptions of biodiversity is essential to ensure continued
      support for conservation efforts. Despite this, insights remain scarce at broader
      spatial scales, mostly due to a lack of adequate methods for their assessment.
      The emergence of new technologies with global reach and high levels of
      participation provide exciting new opportunities to study the public visibility
      of biodiversity and the factors that drive it. Here, we use a measure of internet
      saliency to assess the national and international visibility of species within
      four taxa of Brazilian birds (toucans, hummingbirds, parrots and woodpeckers),
      and evaluate how much of this visibility can be explained by factors associated
      with familiarity, aesthetic appeal and conservation interest. Our results
      strongly indicate that familiarity (human population within the range of a
      species) is the most important factor driving internet saliency within Brazil,
      while aesthetic appeal (body size) best explains variation in international
      saliency. Endemism and conservation status of a species had small, but often
      negative, effects on either metric of internet saliency. While further studies
      are needed to evaluate the relationship between internet content and the cultural
      visibility of different species, our results strongly indicate that internet
      saliency can be considered as a broad proxy of cultural interest. 

PMID- 26966664
TI  - Global miRNA expression is temporally correlated with acute kidney injury in
      mice.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression and protein
      abundance. Current evidence shows an association of miRNAs with acute kidney
      injury (AKI) leading to substantially increased morbidity and mortality. Here, we
      investigated whether miRNAs are inductive regulators responsible for the
      pathological development of AKI. Microarray analysis was used to detect temporal
      changes in global miRNA expression within 48 h after AKI in mice. Results
      indicated that global miRNA expression gradually increased over 24 h from
      ischemia reperfusion injury after 24 h, and then decreased from 24 h to 48 h. A
      similar trend was observed for the index of tubulointerstitial injury and the
      level of serum creatinine, and there was a significant correlation between the
      level of total miRNA expression and the level of serum creatinine (p < 0.05).
      This expression-phenotype correlation was validated by quantitative reverse
      transcription PCR on individual miRNAs, including miR-18a, -134, -182, -210 and 
      214. Increased global miRNA expression may lead to widespread translational
      repression and reduced cellular activity. Furthermore, significant inflammatory
      cytokine release and peritubular capillary loss were observed, suggesting that
      the initiation of systematic destruction programs was due to AKI. Our findings
      provide new understanding of the dominant role of miRNAs in promoting the
      pathological development of AKI. 

PMID- 26966665
TI  - An examination of clinical differences between carriers and non-carriers of
      chromosome 8q24 risk alleles in a New Zealand Caucasian population with prostate
      cancer.
AB  - Background. Prostate cancer makes up approximately 15% of all cancers diagnosed
      in men in developed nations and approximately 4% of cases in developing nations.
      Although it is clear that prostate cancer has a genetic component and single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can contribute to prostate cancer risk, detecting
      associations is difficult in multi-factorial diseases, as environmental and
      lifestyle factors also play a role. In this study, specific clinical
      characteristics, environmental factors and genetic risk factors were assessed for
      interaction with prostate cancer. Methods. A total of 489 prostate cancer cases
      and 427 healthy controls were genotyped for SNPs found on chromosome 8q24 and a
      genetic risk score was calculated. In addition the SNPs were tested for an
      association with a number of clinical and environmental factors. Results. Age and
      tobacco use were positively associated, whilst alcohol consumption was negatively
      associated with prostate cancer risk. The following SNPs found on chromosome 8q24
      were statistically significantly associated with prostate cancer: rs10086908,
      rs16901979; rs1447295and rs4242382. No association between Gleason score and
      smoking status, or between Gleason score and genotype were detected. Conclusion.
      A genetic risk score was calculated based on the 15 SNPs tested and found to be
      significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Smoking significantly
      contributed to the risk of developing prostate cancer, and this risk was further
      increased by the presence of four SNPs in the 8q24 chromosomal region. 

PMID- 26966666
TI  - Potential contribution of fish restocking to the recovery of deteriorated coral
      reefs: an alternative restoration method?
AB  - Counteracting the worldwide trend of coral reef degeneration is a major challenge
      for the scientific community. A crucial management approach to minimizing stress
      effects on healthy reefs and helping the recovery of disturbed reefs is reef
      protection. However, the current rapid decline of the world's reefs suggests that
      protection might be insufficient as a viable stand-alone management approach for
      some reefs. We thus suggest that the ecological restoration of coral reefs (CRR)
      should be considered as a valid component of coral reef management, in addition
      to protection, if the applied method is economically applicable and scalable.
      This theoretical study examines the potential applicability and outcomes of
      restocking grazers as a restoration tool for coral reef recovery-a tool that has
      not been applied so far in reef restoration projects. We studied the effect of
      restocking grazing fish as a restoration method using a mathematical model of
      degrading reefs, and analyzed the financial outcomes of the restocking
      intervention. The results suggest that applying this restoration method, in
      addition to protection, can facilitate reef recovery. Moreover, our analysis
      suggests that the restocking approach almost always becomes profitable within
      several years. Considering the relatively low cost of this restoration approach
      and the feasibility of mass production of herbivorous fish, we suggest that this
      approach should be considered and examined as an additional viable restoration
      tool for coral reefs. 

PMID- 26966667
TI  - Attitudes towards preventive tuberculosis treatment among hospital staff.
AB  - Background. Healthcare workers have an increased risk of latent tuberculosis
      infection (LTBI), but previous studies suggested that they might be reluctant to
      accept preventive tuberculosis (TB) treatment. We aimed to examine doctors' and
      nurses' experience of TB screening and to explore their attitudes towards
      preventive TB treatment. Methods. We conducted a survey among randomly selected
      healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia, using a paper
      based questionnaire. Results. A total of 1,304 questionnaires were distributed
      and 311 (24%) responses were received. The majority of hospital staff supported
      preventive TB treatment in health care workers with evidence of latent TB
      infection (LTBI) in general (74%, 164/223) and for them personally (81%, 198/244)
      while 80 and 53 healthcare workers respectively had no opinion on the topic.
      Staff working in respiratory medicine were significantly less likely to support
      preventive TB treatment in health care workers in general or for them personally
      if they would have evidence of LTBI compared to other specialties (p = 0.001).
      Only 13% (14/106) of respondents with evidence of LTBI indicated that they had
      been offered preventive TB treatment. Twenty-one percent (64/306) of respondents
      indicated that they did not know the difference between active and latent TB.
      Among staff who had undergone testing for LTBI, only 33% (75/230) felt adequately
      informed about the meaning of their test results. Discussion. Hospital staff in
      general had positive attitudes towards preventive TB treatment, but actual
      treatment rates were low and perceived knowledge about LTBI was insufficient
      among a significant proportion of staff. The gap between high support for
      preventive TB treatment among staff and low treatment rates needs to be
      addressed. Better education on the concept of LTBI and the meaning of screening
      test results is required. 

PMID- 26966668
TI  - Metamorphosis of the invasive ascidian Ciona savignyi: environmental variables
      and chemical exposure.
AB  - In this study, the effects of environmental variables on larval metamorphosis of
      the solitary ascidian Ciona savignyi were investigated in a laboratory setting.
      The progression of metamorphic changes were tracked under various temperature,
      photoperiod, substrate, larval density, and vessel size regimes. Metamorphosis
      was maximised at 18  degrees C, 12:12 h subdued light:dark, smooth polystyrene
      substrate, and 10 larvae mL(-1) in a twelve-well tissue culture plate.
      Eliminating the air-water interface by filling culture vessels to capacity
      further increased the proportion of metamorphosed larvae; 87 +/- 5% of larvae
      completed metamorphosis within 5 days compared to 45 +/- 5% in control wells. The
      effects of the reference antifouling compounds polygodial, portimine, oroidin,
      chlorothalonil, and tolylfluanid on C. savignyi were subsequently determined,
      highlighting (1) the sensitivity of C. savignyi metamorphosis to chemical
      exposure and (2) the potential to use C. savignyi larvae to screen for
      bioactivity in an optimised laboratory setting. The compounds were bioactive in
      the low ng mL(-1) to high ug mL(-1) range. Polygodial was chosen for additional
      investigations, where it was shown that mean reductions in the proportions of
      larvae reaching stage E were highly repeatable both within (repeatability = 14 +/
      9%) and between (intermediate precision = 17 +/- 3%) independent experiments. An
      environmental extract had no effect on the larvae but exposing larvae to both the
      extract and polygodial reduced potency relative to polygodial alone. This change
      in potency stresses the need for caution when working with complex samples, as is
      routinely implemented when isolating natural compounds from their biological
      source. Overall, the outcomes of this study highlight the sensitivity of C.
      savignyi metamorphosis to environmental variations and chemical exposure. 

PMID- 26966669
TI  - Increasing land use drives changes in plant phylogenetic diversity and prevalence
      of specialists.
AB  - Increased human land use has resulted in the increased homogenization of
      biodiversity between sites, yet we lack sufficient indicators to predict which
      species decline and the consequence of their potential loss on ecosystem
      services. We used comparative phylogenetic analysis to (1) characterize how
      increasing conversion of forest and grasslands to grazing pasturelands changes
      plant diversity and composition; (2) examine how changes in land use relate to
      declines in functional trait diversity; and (3) specifically investigate how
      these changes in plant composition affect the prevalence of zygomorphy and the
      possible consequences that these changes may have on pollinator functional
      groups. As predicted, we found that the conversion to grazing pasturelands
      negatively impacted species richness and phylogenetic composition. Clades with
      significantly more represented taxa in grasslands (GL) were genera with a high
      representation of agricultural weeds, while the composition was biased towards
      clades of subalpine herbaceous wildflowers in Mixed Forest (MF). Changes in
      community composition and structure had strong effects on the prevalence of
      zygomorphic species likely driven by nitrogen-fixing abilities of certain clades
      with zygomorphic flowers (e.g., Fabaceae). Land conversion can thus have
      unexpected impacts on trait distributions relevant for the functioning of the
      community in other capacities (e.g., cascading effects to other trophic levels
      (i.e., pollinators). Finally, the combination of traits represented by the
      current composition of species in GL and MF might enhance the diagnostic value of
      productivity and ecosystem processes in the most eroded ecosystems. 

PMID- 26966670
TI  - Looking upstream: enhancers of child nutritional status in post-flood rural
      settings.
AB  - Background. Child undernutrition and flooding are highly prevalent public health
      issues in many developing countries, yet we have little understanding of
      preventive strategies for effective coping in these circumstances. Education has
      been recently highlighted as key to reduce the societal impacts of extreme
      weather events under climate change, but there is a lack of studies assessing to
      what extent parental education may prevent post-flood child undernutrition.
      Methods and Materials. One year after large floods in 2008, we conducted a two
      stage cluster population-based survey of 6-59 months children inhabiting flooded
      and non-flooded communities of Jagatsinghpur district, Odisha (India), and
      collected anthropometric measurements on children along with child, parental and
      household level variables through face-to-face interviews. Using multivariate
      logistic regression models, we examined separately the effect of maternal and
      paternal education and other risk factors (mainly income, socio-demographic, and
      child and mother variables) on stunting and wasting in children from households
      inhabiting recurrently flooded communities (2006 and 2008; n = 299). As a
      comparison, separate analyses on children in non-flooded communities were carried
      out (n = 385). All analyses were adjusted by income as additional robustness
      check. Results. Overall, fathers with at least completed middle education (up to
      14 years of age and compulsory in India) had an advantage in protecting their
      children from child wasting and stunting. For child stunting, the clearest result
      was a 100-200% lower prevalence associated with at least paternal secondary
      schooling (compared to no schooling) in flooded-areas. Again, only in flooded
      communities, an increase in per capita annual household income of 1,000 rupees
      was associated to a 4.7-4.9% lower prevalence of child stunting. For child
      wasting in flooded areas, delayed motherhood was associated to better nutritional
      outcomes (3.4% lower prevalence per year). In flooded communities, households
      dedicated to activities other than agriculture, a 50-51% lower prevalence of
      child wasting was estimated, suggesting farmers and fishermen as the most
      vulnerable livelihoods under flooding. In flooded areas, lower rank castes were
      at higher odds of both child wasting and stunting. Conclusions. In the short
      term, protracted nutritional response in the aftermath of floods should be
      urgently implemented and target agricultural livelihoods and low-rank castes.
      Education promotion and schooling up to 14 years should have positive impacts on
      improving children nutritional health in the long run, especially under flooding.
      Policies effectively helping sustainable livelihood economic development and
      delayed motherhood are also recommended. 

PMID- 26966671
TI  - The pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio predicts survival in patients with
      natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Background. The pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) has been reported to
      be a predictor of survival in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was
      to evaluate the prognostic impact of AGR in patients with natural killer/T-cell
      lymphoma (NKTCL). Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the available serum
      biochemistry results for 331 NKTCL patients before treatment. AGR was calculated
      as albumin/(total protein-albumin), and a cut-off value of 1.3 was used to define
      AGR as low or high. Survival analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of
      AGR. Results. A low AGR (<1.3) was associated with significantly more adverse
      clinical features, including old age, poor performance status, advanced stage,
      elevated lactate dehydrogenase, B symptoms, and high International Prognostic
      Index (IPI) and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma prognostic index (NKPI) scores.
      Patients with a low AGR had a significantly lower 5-year overall survival (44.5
      vs. 65.2%, P < 0.001) and progression-free survival (33.1 vs. 57.4%, P < 0.001).
      In the multivariate analysis, a low AGR remained an independent predictor of
      poorer survival. Additionally, AGR distinguished patients with different outcomes
      in the IPI low-risk group and in the NKPI high-risk group. Discussion.
      Pretreatment AGR may serve as a simple and effective predictor of prognosis in
      patients with NKTCL. 

PMID- 26966672
TI  - Distinguishing between enamel fluorosis and other enamel defects in permanent
      teeth of children.
AB  - Background. The inconsistent prevalence of fluorosis for a given level of
      fluoride in drinking water suggests developmental defects of enamel (DDEs) other
      than fluorosis were being misdiagnosed as fluorosis. The imprecise definition and
      subjective perception of fluorosis indices could result in misdiagnosis of dental
      fluorosis. This study was conducted to distinguish genuine fluorosis from
      fluorosis-resembling defects that could have adverse health-related events as a
      cause using Early Childhood Events Life-grid method (ECEL). Methods. A study was
      conducted on 400 9-year-old children from areas with high, optimal and low levels
      of fluoride in the drinking water of Fars province, Iran. Fluorosis cases were
      diagnosed on the standardized one view photographs of the anterior teeth using
      Dean's and TF (Thylstrup and Fejerskov) Indices by calibrated dentists.
      Agreements between examiners were tested. Early childhood health-related data
      collected retrospectively by ECEL method were matched with the position of enamel
      defects. Results. Using both Dean and TF indices three out of four dentists
      diagnosed that 31.3% (115) children had fluorosis, 58.0%, 29.1%, and 10.0% in
      high (2.12-2.85 ppm), optimal (0.62-1.22 ppm), and low (0.24-0.29 ppm) fluoride
      areas respectively (p < 0.001). After matching health-related events in the 115
      (31.3%) of children diagnosed with fluorosis, 31 (8.4%) of children had fluorosis
      which could be matched with their adverse health-related events. This suggests
      that what was diagnosed as fluorosis were non-fluoride related DDEs that resemble
      fluorosis. Discussion. The frequently used measures of fluorosis appear to
      overscore fluorosis. Use of ECEL method to consider health related events
      relevant to DDEs could help to differentiate between genuine fluorosis and
      fluorosis-resembling defects. 

PMID- 26966673
TI  - The (mis)measurement of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: exploitation at the core of
      the scale.
AB  - Background. The dark side of human character has been conceptualized in the Dark
      Triad Model: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. These three dark
      traits are often measured using single long instruments for each one of the
      traits. Nevertheless, there is a necessity of short and valid personality
      measures in psychological research. As an independent research group, we
      replicated the factor structure, convergent validity and item response for one of
      the most recent and widely used short measures to operationalize these malevolent
      traits, namely, Jonason's Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. We aimed to expand the
      understanding of what the Dirty Dozen really captures because the mixed results
      on construct validity in previous research. Method. We used the largest sample to
      date to respond to the Dirty Dozen (N = 3,698). We firstly investigated the
      factor structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and an exploratory
      distribution analysis of the items in the Dirty Dozen. Secondly, using a sub
      sample (n = 500) and correlation analyses, we investigated the Dirty Dozen dark
      traits convergent validity to Machiavellianism measured by the Mach-IV,
      psychopathy measured by Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire Revised, narcissism
      using the Narcissism Personality Inventory, and both neuroticism and extraversion
      from the Eysenck's questionnaire. Finally, besides these Classic Test Theory
      analyses, we analyzed the responses for each Dirty Dozen item using Item Response
      Theory (IRT). Results. The results confirmed previous findings of a bi-factor
      model fit: one latent core dark trait and three dark traits. All three Dirty
      Dozen traits had a striking bi-modal distribution, which might indicate
      unconcealed social undesirability with the items. The three Dirty Dozen traits
      did converge too, although not strongly, with the contiguous single Dark Triad
      scales (r between .41 and .49). The probabilities of filling out steps on the
      Dirty Dozen narcissism-items were much higher than on the Dirty Dozen items for
      Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Overall, the Dirty Dozen instrument delivered
      the most predictive value with persons with average and high Dark Triad traits
      (theta > -0.5). Moreover, the Dirty Dozen scale was better conceptualized as a
      combined Machiavellianism-psychopathy factor, not narcissism, and is well
      captured with item 4: 'I tend to exploit others towards my own end.' Conclusion.
      The Dirty Dozen showed a consistent factor structure, a relatively convergent
      validity similar to that found in earlier studies. Narcissism measured using the
      Dirty Dozen, however, did not contribute with information to the core of the
      Dirty Dozen construct. More importantly, the results imply that the core of the
      Dirty Dozen scale, a manipulative and anti-social trait, can be measured by a
      Single Item Dirty Dark Dyad (SIDDD). 

PMID- 26966674
TI  - How do colonial Eurasian Griffon Vultures prevent extra-pair mating?
AB  - In colonial breeding species, preventive measures to reduce the risks of extra
      pair copulations (EPCs) should reflect the actual risk perceived by males (e.g.,
      proximity of neighbors, intrusions into the nest) mainly during the fertile
      period. In colonial vultures, specific studies examining the preventive measures
      that minimize the risks of EPCs occurring within the competitive context of
      colonial breeding have not been conducted. Here we tested at Eurasian Griffon
      Vulture (Gyps fulvus) nesting sites the intensity of paternity assurance
      behavior, shown as frequency and duration of within-pair copulations (WPCs),
      potential mate vigilance or nest attendance, and levels of aggressivity. This was
      measured according to the frequency of territorial intrusions and comparison of
      the fertile vs. the non-fertile period. Our findings suggest that the frequency
      of WPCs and their duration increased significantly during the presumed fertile
      period, regarded as the period when Griffon pairs spent significantly more time
      together at their nests. In addition, low levels of territorial intrusions were
      observed, an aggressive response of pairs towards intruders, and a relatively
      high presence of pairs at the nests during the fertile period. Thus, although
      nesting sites are subject to low exposure to EPC attempts, the increased
      frequency and duration of copulations during the fertile period suggests that,
      under pressure from the colonial breeding system, a higher rate of copulations is
      the most effective preventive mechanism against relative uncertainty of
      paternity. 

PMID- 26966675
TI  - A large abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Morocco and comments on the
      Cenomanian theropods from North Africa.
AB  - We describe the partially preserved femur of a large-bodied theropod dinosaur
      from the Cenomanian "Kem Kem Compound Assemblage" (KKCA) of Morocco. The fossil
      is housed in the Museo Geologico e Paleontologico "Gaetano Giorgio Gemmellaro" in
      Palermo (Italy). The specimen is compared with the theropod fossil record from
      the KKCA and coeval assemblages from North Africa. The combination of a distally
      reclined head, a not prominent trochanteric shelf, distally placed lesser
      trochanter of stout, alariform shape, a stocky shaft with the fourth trochanter
      placed proximally, and rugose muscular insertion areas in the specimen
      distinguishes it from Carcharodontosaurus, Deltadromeus and Spinosaurus and
      supports referral to an abelisaurid. The estimated body size for the individual
      from which this femur was derived is comparable to Carnotaurus and
      Ekrixinatosaurus (up to 9 meters in length and 2 tons in body mass). This find
      confirms that abelisaurids had reached their largest body size in the "middle
      Cretaceous," and that large abelisaurids coexisted with other giant theropods in
      Africa. We review the taxonomic status of the theropods from the Cenomanian of
      North Africa, and provisionally restrict the Linnean binomina Carcharodontosaurus
      iguidensis and Spinosaurus aegyptiacus to the type specimens. Based on
      comparisons among the theropod records from the Aptian-Cenomanian of South
      America and Africa, a partial explanation for the so-called "Stromer's riddle"
      (namely, the coexistence of many large predatory dinosaurs in the "middle
      Cretaceous" record from North Africa) is offered in term of taphonomic artifacts
      among lineage records that were ecologically and environmentally non-overlapping.
      Although morphofunctional and stratigraphic evidence supports an ecological
      segregation between spinosaurids and the other lineages, the co-occurrence of
      abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids, two groups showing several craniodental
      convergences that suggest direct resource competition, remains to be explained. 

PMID- 26966677
TI  - Genetic structure of the threatened West-Pannonian population of Great Bustard
      (Otis tarda).
AB  - The genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow of the Great Bustards
      (Otis tarda) living in Austria-Slovakia-West Hungary (West-Pannonian region), one
      of the few populations of this globally threatened species that survives across
      the Palaearctic, has been assessed for the first time in this study. Fourteen
      recently developed microsatellite loci identified one single population in the
      study area, with high values of genetic diversity and gene flow between two
      different genetic subunits. One of these subunits (Heideboden) was recognized as
      a priority for conservation, as it could be crucial to maintain connectivity with
      the central Hungarian population and thus contribute to keeping contemporary
      genetic diversity. Current conservation efforts have been successful in saving
      this threatened population from extinction two decades ago, and should continue
      to guarantee its future survival. 

PMID- 26966676
TI  - Cell cycle progression in glioblastoma cells is unaffected by pathophysiological
      levels of hypoxia.
AB  - Hypoxia is associated with the increased malignancy of a broad range of solid
      tumours. While very severe hypoxia has been widely shown to induce cell cycle
      arrest, the impact of pathophysiological hypoxia on tumour cell proliferation is
      poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of
      different oxygen levels on glioblastoma (GBM) cell proliferation and survival.
      GBM is an extremely aggressive brain tumour with a heterogeneous oxygenation
      pattern. The effects of a range of oxygen tensions on GBM cell lines and primary
      cells were assessed using flow cytometry. Results indicate that cell cycle
      distribution and viability are unaffected by long term exposure (24-96 h) to
      pathophysiological levels of oxygen (1-8% O2). Both transient cell cycle arrest
      and small amounts of cell death could only be detected when cells were exposed to
      severe hypoxia (0.1% O2). No significant changes in p21 protein expression levels
      were detected. These findings reinforce the importance of using physiologically
      relevant oxygen tensions when investigating tumour hypoxia, and help to explain
      how solid tumours can be both hypoxic and highly proliferative, as is the case
      with GBM. 

PMID- 26966679
TI  - The effect of weight controllability beliefs on prejudice and self-efficacy.
AB  - An experiment was conducted to test for the presence of prejudice towards obesity
      and whether weight controllability beliefs information reduces this prejudice and
      impacts on a person's own healthy eating self-efficacy. The experiment randomly
      allocated 346 participants (49 males) into one of three conditions: controllable
      contributors toward obesity condition (e.g., information about personal control
      about diet and exercise); uncontrollable contributors toward obesity condition
      (e.g., information about genes, factors in society); and a control condition with
      no information given. Prejudice was present in 81% of the sample. High prejudice
      was predicted by low self-efficacy for exercise and weight. Weight
      controllability beliefs information had no significant effect on prejudice levels
      or exercise or healthy eating self-efficacy levels. Future research directions
      are discussed. 

PMID- 26966680
TI  - Aboveground carbon in Quebec forests: stock quantification at the provincial
      scale and assessment of temperature, precipitation and edaphic properties effects
      on the potential stand-level stocking.
AB  - Biological carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems plays an important role in
      the net balance of greenhouse gases, acting as a carbon sink for anthropogenic
      CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the abiotic
      environmental factors (including climate) that control carbon storage in
      temperate and boreal forests and consequently, about their potential response to
      climate changes. From a set of more than 94,000 forest inventory plots and a
      large set of spatial data on forest attributes interpreted from aerial
      photographs, we constructed a fine-resolution map (~375 m) of the current carbon
      stock in aboveground live biomass in the 435,000 km(2) of managed forests in
      Quebec, Canada. Our analysis resulted in an area-weighted average aboveground
      carbon stock for productive forestland of 37.6 Mg ha(-1), which is lower than
      commonly reported values for similar environment. Models capable of predicting
      the influence of mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and soil physical
      environment on maximum stand-level aboveground carbon stock (MSAC) were
      developed. These models were then used to project the future MSAC in response to
      climate change. Our results indicate that the MSAC was significantly related to
      both mean annual temperature and precipitation, or to the interaction of these
      variables, and suggest that Quebec's managed forests MSAC may increase by 20% by
      2041-2070 in response to climate change. Along with changes in climate, the
      natural disturbance regime and forest management practices will nevertheless
      largely drive future carbon stock at the landscape scale. Overall, our results
      allow accurate accounting of carbon stock in aboveground live tree biomass of
      Quebec's forests, and provide a better understanding of possible feedbacks
      between climate change and carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests. 

PMID- 26966678
TI  - The beneficial effects of cumulus cells and oocyte-cumulus cell gap junctions
      depends on oocyte maturation and fertilization methods in mice.
AB  - Cumulus cells are a group of closely associated granulosa cells that surround and
      nourish oocytes. Previous studies have shown that cumulus cells contribute to
      oocyte maturation and fertilization through gap junction communication. However,
      it is not known how this gap junction signaling affects in vivo versus in vitro
      maturation of oocytes, and their subsequent fertilization and embryonic
      development following insemination. Therefore, in our study, we performed mouse
      oocyte maturation and insemination using in vivo- or in vitro-matured oocyte
      cumulus complexes (OCCs, which retain gap junctions between the cumulus cells and
      the oocytes), in vitro-matured, denuded oocytes co-cultured with cumulus cells
      (DCs, which lack gap junctions between the cumulus cells and the oocytes), and in
      vitro-matured, denuded oocytes without cumulus cells (DOs). Using these models,
      we were able to analyze the effects of gap junction signaling on oocyte
      maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development. We found that gap
      junctions were necessary for both in vivo and in vitro oocyte maturation. In
      addition, for oocytes matured in vivo, the presence of cumulus cells during
      insemination improved fertilization and blastocyst formation, and this
      improvement was strengthened by gap junctions. Moreover, for oocytes matured in
      vitro, the presence of cumulus cells during insemination improved fertilization,
      but not blastocyst formation, and this improvement was independent of gap
      junctions. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the beneficial
      effect of gap junction signaling from cumulus cells depends on oocyte maturation
      and fertilization methods. 

PMID- 26966681
TI  - Mechanism by which nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB) regulates ovine fetal
      pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
AB  - Platelet activating factor (PAF) modulates ovine fetal pulmonary hemodynamic. PAF
      acts through its receptors (PAFR) in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells
      (PVSMC) to phosphorylate and induce nuclear translocation of NF-kB p65 leading to
      PVSMC proliferation. However, the interaction of NF-kB p65 and PAF in the nuclear
      domain to effect PVSMC cell growth is not clearly defined. We used siRNA
      dependent translation initiation arrest to study a mechanism by which NF-kB p65
      regulates PAF stimulation of PVSMC proliferation. Our hypotheses are: (a) PAF
      induces NF-kB p65 DNA binding and (b) NF-kB p65 siRNA attenuates PAF stimulation
      of PVSMC proliferation. For DNA binding, cells were fed 10 nM PAF with and
      without PAFR antagonists WEB 2170, CV 3988 or BN 52021 and incubated for 12 h.
      DNA binding was measured by specific ELISA. For NF-kB p65 siRNA effect, starved
      cells transfected with the siRNA were incubated for 24 h with and without 10 nM
      PAF. Cell proliferation was measured by DNA synthesis while expression of NF-kB
      p65 and PAFR protein was measured by Western blotting. In both studies, the
      effect of 10% FBS alone was used as the positive control. In general, PAF
      stimulated DNA binding which was inhibited by PAFR antagonists. siRNAs to NF-kB
      p65 and PAFR significantly attenuated cell proliferation compared to 10% FBS and
      PAF effect. Inclusion of PAF in siRNA-treated cells did not reverse inhibitory
      effect of NF-kB p65 siRNA on DNA synthesis. PAFR expression was inhibited in
      siRNA-treated cells. These data show that PAF-stimulation of PVSMC proliferation
      occurs via a PAFR-NF-kB p65 linked pathway. 

PMID- 26966682
TI  - Glutaredoxin mediated redox effects of coenzyme Q10 treatment in type 1 and type
      2 diabetes patients.
AB  - The possible beneficial effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on
      disease progression and oxidant status in diabetes remains debated. In the
      present study, patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes were treated with oral
      CoQ10, 100 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. We assessed total antioxidant capacity,
      intra- and extracellular levels of the redox regulating protein glutaredoxin 1
      (Grx1), CoQ10, oxidized LDL-cholesterol, lipid profile and HbA1c. We have
      previously shown that extracellular Grx1 is increased in patients with type 2
      diabetes compared to healthy subjects. In the present study, CoQ10 treatment
      significantly decreased serum Grx1 activity as well as total antioxidant capacity
      independent of type of diabetes, indicating an improvement to a less oxidized
      extracellular environment. The effect on serum Grx1 activity was more prominent
      in patients not on statin treatment. Conversely, intracellular Grx1 activity as
      well as mRNA levels increased independent of statin treatment. There was a
      significant improvement in oxidized LDL-cholesterol and lipid profile, with a
      tendency to improved metabolic control (HbA1c). Additionally, we describe for the
      first time that CoQ10 is a direct substrate for glutathione, and that Grx1
      catalyzes this reaction, thus presenting a novel mechanism for CoQ10 reduction
      which could explain our findings of an increased intracellular Grx1. In
      conclusion, 12 weeks CoQ10 treatment significantly improved the extracellular
      redox balance and lipid profile, indicating that prolonged treatment may have
      beneficial effects also on clinical outcome in diabetes. 

PMID- 26966683
TI  - Calcium vitamin D3 supplementation in clinical practice: side effect and
      satisfaction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess side effects and
      satisfaction about OsteoCalVitFort (500 mg calcium and 400 I.U. of vitamin D3)
      usage. METHODS: A total 186 people were participated with range age from 18 to 65
      years old. Each participant received 1 pack that contains 60 OsteoCalVitFort
      tablet and used two tablet OsteoCalVitFort daily (1 tablet after breakfast and 1
      after dinner). By a phone call, side effects and satisfaction about
      OsteoCalVitFort were assessed. RESULTS: The rate of constipating (8.0 %) and
      bloating (12.5 %) were decreased significantly after OsteoCalVitFort supplement
      intake (1.2 %, and 0.6 %, respectively). Similar results were observed in
      metallic taste in mouth, tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, bone/muscle pain
      and mental/mood change after Calcium Vitamin D3 supplementation intake. Totally,
      94 % of patients were satisfied about OsteoCalVitFort usage. CONCLUSION: The
      results of the research indicate despite the high quality of OsteoCalVitFort
      supplement, there are no side effects which have been seen in other supplements.

PMID- 26966685
TI  - Newly Emerging Parasitic Threats for Human Health: National and International
      Trends.

PMID- 26966684
TI  - PIPINO: A Software Package to Facilitate the Identification of Protein-Protein
      Interactions from Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry Data.
AB  - The functionality of most proteins is regulated by protein-protein interactions.
      Hence, the comprehensive characterization of the interactome is the next
      milestone on the path to understand the biochemistry of the cell. A powerful
      method to detect protein-protein interactions is a combination of
      coimmunoprecipitation or affinity purification with quantitative mass
      spectrometry. Nevertheless, both methods tend to precipitate a high number of
      background proteins due to nonspecific interactions. To address this challenge
      the software Protein-Protein-Interaction-Optimizer (PIPINO) was developed to
      perform an automated data analysis, to facilitate the selection of bona fide
      binding partners, and to compare the dynamic of interaction networks. In this
      study we investigated the STAT1 interaction network and its activation dependent
      dynamics. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was
      applied to analyze the STAT1 interactome after streptavidin pull-down of
      biotagged STAT1 from human embryonic kidney 293T cells with and without
      activation. Starting from more than 2,000 captured proteins 30 potential STAT1
      interaction partners were extracted. Interestingly, more than 50% of these were
      already reported or predicted to bind STAT1. Furthermore, 16 proteins were found
      to affect the binding behavior depending on STAT1 phosphorylation such as STAT3
      or the importin subunits alpha 1 and alpha 6. 

PMID- 26966686
TI  - Optimizing Human Bile Preparation for Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis.
AB  - AIMS: Bile is an important body fluid which assists in the digestion of fat and
      excretion of endogenous and exogenous compounds. In the present study, an
      improved sample preparation for human bile was established. METHODS AND MATERIAL:
      The method involved acetone precipitation followed by protein extraction using
      commercially available 2D Clean-Up kit. The effectiveness was evaluated by 2
      dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) profiling quality, including number of protein
      spots and spot distribution. RESULTS: The total protein of bile fluid in benign
      biliary disorders was 0.797 +/- 0.465 MUg/MUL. The sample preparation method
      using acetone precipitation first followed by 2D Clean-Up kit protein extraction
      resulted in better quality of 2DE gel images in terms of resolution as compared
      with other sample preparation methods. Using this protocol, we obtained
      approximately 558 protein spots on the gel images and with better protein spots
      presentation of haptoglobin, serum albumin, serotransferrin, and transthyretin.
      CONCLUSIONS: Protein samples of bile prepared using acetone precipitation
      followed by 2D Clean-Up kit exhibited high protein resolution and significant
      protein profile. This optimized protein preparation protocol can effectively
      concentrate bile proteins, remove abundant proteins and debris, and yield clear
      presentation of nonabundant proteins and its isoforms on 2-dimensional
      electrophoresis gel images.

PMID- 26966687
TI  - Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Multimorbidity in Primary
      Care: An Indian Experience.
AB  - Multimorbidity remains an underexplored domain in Indian primary care. We
      undertook a study to assess the prevalence, correlates, and outcomes of
      multimorbidity in primary care settings in India. This paper describes the
      process of development and validation of our data collection tool "Multimorbidity
      Assessment Questionnaire for Primary Care (MAQ-PC)." An iterative process
      comprising desk review, chart review, and expert consultations was undertaken to
      generate the questionnaire. The MAQ-PC contained items on chronic conditions,
      health care utilization, health related quality of life, disease severity, and
      sociodemographics. It was first tested with twelve adults for comprehensibility
      followed by test-retest reliability with 103 patients from four primary care
      practices. For interrater reliability, two interviewers separately administered
      the questionnaire to sixteen patients. MAQ-PC displayed strong internal
      consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.69), interrater reliability (Cohen's Kappa: 0.78
      1), and test-retest reliability (ICC: 0.970-0.741). Substantial concordance
      between self-report and physician diagnosis (Scott Kappa: 0.59-1.0) was observed
      for listed chronic conditions indicating strong concurrent validity. Nearly 54%
      had one chronic condition and 23.3% had multimorbidity. Our findings demonstrate
      MAQ-PC to be a valid and reliable measure of multimorbidity in primary care
      practice and suggest its potential utility in multimorbidity research in India. 

PMID- 26966688
TI  - Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Cattle Farmers and Farm
      Residents in Three Northeastern Provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,
      China.
AB  - Little is known about Coxiella burnetii infection among cattle farmers and farm
      residents in China. Thus, the present study was conducted to detect the
      seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection and estimate associated risk factors
      among cattle farmers and farm residents in China. A cross-sectional study was
      designed, and sera of 362 people living or working on 106 cattle farms were
      tested for C. burnetii IgG and IgM antibodies by immunofluorescence assay.
      Overall C. burnetii seroprevalence was 35.6% (129/362, 95% CI: 30.70-40.57), and
      112 participants had experienced a past infection and seventeen (4.7%) had
      experienced a relatively recent infection. In the final combined multilevel
      model, the following activities were significantly associated with presence of
      antibodies against C. burnetii: milking cattle, providing general healthcare to
      cattle, providing birth assistance, contact dead-born animals, urbanization, and
      presence of mice and/or rats in the stable. Moreover, presence of disinfection
      equipment was a significant protective factor. This is the first study addressing
      the seroprevalence and risk factors of C. burnetii infection in cattle farmers
      and farm residents in three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous
      Region, China. 

PMID- 26966689
TI  - Self-Perception of Swallowing-Related Problems in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
      Patients Diagnosed with 24-Hour Oropharyngeal pH Monitoring.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Swallowing difficulty is considered one of the
      nonspecific symptoms that many patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux complain
      of. However, the relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux and swallowing
      problems is not clear. The purpose of this work is to explore correlation between
      swallowing-related problems and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in a group of
      patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal pH monitoring and to study the effect of
      laryngopharyngeal reflux on the patients' self-perception of swallowing problems.
      METHODS: 44 patients complaining of reflux-related problems were included in the
      study. Patients underwent 24-hour oropharyngeal pH monitoring and were divided
      into positive and negative LPR groups based on the pH monitoring results. All
      patient filled out the Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI) and Reflux Symptom Index
      (RSI) questionnaires. Comparison was made between the positive and negative LPR
      groups regarding the results of the DHI and RSI ratings. Also, correlation
      between DHI scores, RSI scores, and pH monitoring results was studied. RESULTS:
      Significant difference was reported between positive and negative LPR groups
      regarding DHI scores, RSI scores, and overall rating of swallowing difficulty.
      There was significant correlation demonstrated between DHI scores, RSI scores,
      and 24-hour oropharyngeal pH results. CONCLUSION: Laryngopharyngeal reflux
      appears to have a significant impact on patients' self-perception of swallowing
      problems as measured by DHI.

PMID- 26966690
TI  - A Prediction Model for Membrane Proteins Using Moments Based Features.
AB  - The most expedient unit of the human body is its cell. Encapsulated within the
      cell are many infinitesimal entities and molecules which are protected by a cell
      membrane. The proteins that are associated with this lipid based bilayer cell
      membrane are known as membrane proteins and are considered to play a significant
      role. These membrane proteins exhibit their effect in cellular activities inside
      and outside of the cell. According to the scientists in pharmaceutical
      organizations, these membrane proteins perform key task in drug interactions. In
      this study, a technique is presented that is based on various computationally
      intelligent methods used for the prediction of membrane protein without the
      experimental use of mass spectrometry. Statistical moments were used to extract
      features and furthermore a Multilayer Neural Network was trained using
      backpropagation for the prediction of membrane proteins. Results show that the
      proposed technique performs better than existing methodologies. 

PMID- 26966691
TI  - Current Applications for the Use of Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal in
      Critically Ill Patients.
AB  - Mechanical ventilation in patients with respiratory failure has been associated
      with secondary lung injury, termed ventilator-induced lung injury. Extracorporeal
      venovenous carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) appears to be a feasible means to
      facilitate more protective mechanical ventilation or potentially avoid mechanical
      ventilation in select patient groups. With this expanding role of ECCO2R, we aim
      to describe the technology and the main indications of ECCO2R. 

PMID- 26966692
TI  - Longitudinal Frequencies of Blood Leukocyte Subpopulations Differ between NOD and
      NOR Mice but Do Not Predict Diabetes in NOD Mice.
AB  - Immune phenotyping provides insight into disease pathogenesis and prognostic
      markers. Trajectories from age of 4 to 36 weeks were modeled for insulin
      autoantibodies and for leukocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from female
      NOD (n = 58) and NOR (n = 22) mice. NOD mice had higher trajectories of insulin
      autoantibodies, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, IgD(+)IgM(-) B
      lymphocytes, and NK cells and lower trajectories of CD4(+)CD25(+) T lymphocytes,
      IgM(+) B lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes than NOR mice (all p < 0.001).
      Of these, only the increased IAA trajectory was observed in NOD mice that
      developed diabetes as compared to NOD mice that remained diabetes-free.
      Therefore, the profound differences in peripheral blood leukocyte proportions
      observed between the diabetes-prone NOD mice and the diabetes-resistant mice do
      not explain the variation in diabetes development within NOD mice and do not
      provide markers for diabetes prediction in this model.

PMID- 26966694
TI  - Perception of Time Since Smoking Cessation: Time in Memory Can Elapse Faster.
AB  - Self-reports concerning smoking behaviors are subject to different types of
      response bias that may severely affect the data quality. This study examined the
      evidence and extent of backward telescoping bias in reports on time since
      completely quitting smoking among former smokers. The study goals were to
      determine whether the extent of bias differs, on average, across subpopulations
      with diverse sociodemographic characteristics, prior smoking habits and duration
      of smoking abstinence, and across the survey administration mode (phone, in
      person, mixed). The sample included 1,611 subjects who responded to the 2002-2003
      Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Multiple regressions for
      subjects who quit smoking recently, some time ago, and a long time ago were
      fitted, where the variance was estimated via the Balanced Repeated Replications
      approach. The model-based estimates were used to compare the extent of response
      bias across diverse subpopulations of respondents. Analyses revealed a
      significantly smaller overall extent of response bias for respondents who were
      younger (p < 0.01), female (p < 0.01), Non-Hispanic White (p = 0.02), employed (p
      < 0.01), who were regular (rather than occasional) smokers in the past (p <
      0.01), and who quit smoking recently or some time ago as opposed to a long time
      ago (p < 0.01); a significant overall effect of survey mode was also detected (p
      < 0.01). Male respondents who smoked occasionally in the past tended to provide
      the most disagreeing reports. The discrepancy in reports may be due to backward
      telescoping bias. Studies which use the national survey smoking cessation
      measures should be aware of not only possible forward telescoping (that has been
      addressed in the literature) but also backward telescoping. This will help
      correctly account for possible impaired perception of time elapsed since smoking
      cessation in former smokers.

PMID- 26966693
TI  - Dendritic Cells under Hypoxia: How Oxygen Shortage Affects the Linkage between
      Innate and Adaptive Immunity.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered as one of the main regulators of immune
      responses. They collect antigens, process them, and present typical antigenic
      structures to lymphocytes, thereby inducing an adaptive immune response. All
      these processes take place under conditions of oxygen shortage (hypoxia) which is
      often not considered in experimental settings. This review highlights how deeply
      hypoxia modulates human as well as mouse immature and mature dendritic cell
      functions. It tries to link in vitro results to actual in vivo studies and
      outlines how hypoxia-mediated shaping of dendritic cells affects the activation
      of (innate) immunity. 

PMID- 26966696
TI  - Relationship Between Upper Respiratory Tract Influenza Test Result and Clinical
      Outcomes Among Critically Ill Influenza Patients.
AB  - Among critically ill patients with lower respiratory tract (LRT)-confirmed
      influenza, we retrospectively observed worse 28-day clinical outcomes in upper
      respiratory tract (URT)-negative versus URT-positive subjects. This finding may
      reflect disease progression and highlights the need for influenza testing of both
      URT and LRT specimens to improve diagnostic yield and possibly inform prognosis. 

PMID- 26966695
TI  - Genital Shedding of Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Among Women
      Diagnosed With Treatment Failure by Clinical and Immunologic Monitoring.
AB  - Background.  The accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance
      mutations can compromise treatment outcomes and promote transmission of drug
      resistant virus. We conducted a study to determine the duration and evolution of
      genotypic drug resistance in the female genital tract among HIV-1-infected women
      failing first-line therapy. Methods.  Treatment failure was diagnosed based on
      World Health Organization (WHO) clinical or immunologic criteria, and second-line
      therapy was initiated. Stored plasma and genital samples were tested to determine
      the presence and timing of virologic failure and emergence of drug resistance.
      The median duration of genital shedding of genotypically resistant virus prior to
      regimen switch was estimated. Results.  Nineteen of 184 women were diagnosed with
      treatment failure, of whom 12 (63.2%) had confirmed virologic failure at the
      switch date. All 12 women with virologic failure (viral load, 5855-1 086 500
      copies/mL) had dual-class resistance in plasma. Seven of the 12 (58.3%) had
      genital HIV-1 RNA levels high enough to amplify (673-116 494 copies/swab), all
      with dual-class resistance. The median time from detection of resistance in
      stored samples to regimen switch was 895 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 130
      1414 days) for plasma and 629 days (95% CI, 341-984 days) for genital tract
      secretions. Conclusions.  Among women diagnosed with treatment failure using WHO
      clinical or immunologic criteria, over half had virologic failure confirmed in
      stored samples. Resistant HIV-1 RNA was shed in the genital tract at detectable
      levels for ~1.7 years before failure diagnosis, with steady accumulation of
      mutations. These findings add urgency to the ongoing scale-up of viral load
      testing in resource-limited settings. 

PMID- 26966697
TI  - Systemic Cytokine Levels Do Not Predict CD4(+) T-Cell Recovery After Suppressive
      Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      Infection.
AB  - Background.  Subjects on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)
      who do not achieve robust reconstitution of CD4(+) T cells face higher risk of
      complications and death. We studied participants in the Women's Interagency HIV
      Study with good (immunological responder [IR]) or poor (immunological
      nonresponder [INR]) CD4(+) T-cell recovery after suppressive cART (n = 50 per
      group) to determine whether cytokine levels or low-level viral load correlated
      with INR status. Methods.  A baseline sample prior to viral control and 2
      subsequent samples 1 and 2 years after viral control were tested. Serum levels of
      30 cytokines were measured at each time point, and low-level human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and anti-HIV antibody levels were
      measured 2 years after viral suppression. Results.  There were minimal
      differences in cytokine levels between IR and INR subjects. At baseline,
      macrophage inflammatory protein-3beta levels were higher in IR subjects; after 1
      year of suppressive cART, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor-R3 levels
      were higher in IR subjects; and after 2 years of suppressive cART, interferon
      gamma-induced protein 10 levels were higher in INR subjects. Very low-level HIV
      viral load and anti-HIV antibody levels did not differ between IR and INR
      subjects. Conclusions.  These results imply that targeting residual viral
      replication might not be the optimum therapeutic approach for INR subjects. 

PMID- 26966698
TI  - Construction of a hybrid beta-hexosaminidase subunit capable of forming stable
      homodimers that hydrolyze GM2 ganglioside in vivo.
AB  - Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff disease result from mutations in either the evolutionarily
      related HEXA or HEXB genes encoding respectively, the alpha- or beta-subunits of
      beta-hexosaminidase A (HexA). Of the three Hex isozymes, only HexA can interact
      with its cofactor, the GM2 activator protein (GM2AP), and hydrolyze GM2
      ganglioside. A major impediment to establishing gene or enzyme replacement
      therapy based on HexA is the need to synthesize both subunits. Thus, we combined
      the critical features of both alpha- and beta-subunits into a single hybrid u
      subunit that contains the alpha-subunit active site, the stable beta-subunit
      interface and unique areas in each subunit needed to interact with GM2AP. To
      facilitate intracellular analysis and the purification of the u-homodimer (HexM),
      CRISPR-based genome editing was used to disrupt the HEXA and HEXB genes in a
      Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cell line stably expressing the u-subunit. In
      association with GM2AP, HexM was shown to hydrolyze a fluorescent GM2 ganglioside
      derivative both in cellulo and in vitro. Gene transfer studies in both Tay-Sachs
      and Sandhoff mouse models demonstrated that HexM expression reduced brain GM2
      ganglioside levels. 

PMID- 26966699
TI  - Efficient detection of human circulating tumor cells without significant
      production of false-positive cells by a novel conditionally replicating
      adenovirus.
AB  - Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are promising biomarkers in several cancers, and
      thus methods and apparatuses for their detection and quantification in the blood
      have been actively pursued. A novel CTC detection system using a green
      fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing conditionally replicating adenovirus (Ad)
      (rAd-GFP) was recently developed; however, there is concern about the production
      of false-positive cells (GFP-positive normal blood cells) when using rAd-GFP,
      particularly at high titers. In addition, CTCs lacking or expressing low levels
      of coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) cannot be detected by rAd-GFP,
      because rAd-GFP is constructed based on Ad serotype 5, which recognizes CAR. In
      order to suppress the production of false-positive cells, sequences perfectly
      complementary to blood cell-specific microRNA, miR-142-3p, were incorporated into
      the 3'-untranslated region of the E1B and GFP genes. In addition, the fiber
      protein was replaced with that of Ad serotype 35, which recognizes human CD46,
      creating rAdF35-142T-GFP. rAdF35-142T-GFP efficiently labeled not only CAR
      positive tumor cells but also CAR-negative tumor cells with GFP. The numbers of
      false-positive cells were dramatically lower for rAdF35-142T-GFP than for rAd
      GFP. CTCs in the blood of cancer patients were detected by rAdF35-142T-GFP with a
      large reduction in false-positive cells. 

PMID- 26966700
TI  - Development of a real-time imaging system for hypoxic cell apoptosis.
AB  - Hypoxic regions within the tumor form due to imbalances between cell
      proliferation and angiogenesis; specifically, temporary closure or a reduced flow
      due to abnormal vasculature. They create environments where cancer cells acquire
      resistance to therapies. Therefore, the development of therapeutic approaches
      targeting the hypoxic cells is one of the most crucial challenges for cancer
      regression. Screening potential candidates for effective diagnostic modalities
      even under a hypoxic environment would be an important first step. In this study,
      we describe the development of a real-time imaging system to monitor hypoxic cell
      apoptosis for such screening. The imaging system is composed of a cyclic
      luciferase (luc) gene under the control of an improved hypoxic-responsive
      promoter. The cyclic luc gene product works as a caspase-3 (cas-3) monitor as it
      gains luc activity in response to cas-3 activation. The promoter composed of six
      hypoxic responsible elements and the CMV IE1 core promoter drives the effective
      expression of the cyclic luc gene in hypoxic conditions, enhancing hypoxic cell
      apoptosis visualization. We also confirmed real-time imaging of hypoxic cell
      apoptosis in the spheroid, which shares properties with the tumor. Thus, this
      constructed system could be a powerful tool for the development of effective
      anticancer diagnostic modalities. 

PMID- 26966701
TI  - Assessment of the Shear Bond Strength between Nanofilled Composite Bonded to
      Glass-ionomer Cement Using Self-etch Adhesive with Different pHs and Total-Etch
      Adhesive.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: In the sandwich technique, the undesirable bond between
      the composite resin and glass-ionomer cement (GIc) is one of the most important
      factors which lead to the failure of restoration. Total-etch and self-etch
      adhesives may improve the bond strength based on their pH. PURPOSE: The purpose
      of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength between the nanofilled
      composite resin and GIc using different adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this
      experimental study, 40 specimens (6*6mm) in 4 groups (n=10) were prepared in
      acrylic mold. Each specimen contained conventional GI ChemFil Superior with a
      height of 3mm, bonded to Z350 composite resin with a height measured 3mm. In
      order to bond the composite to the GI, the following adhesives were used,
      respectively: A: mild Clearfil SE Bond self-etch (pH=2), B: intermediate OptiBond
      self-etch (pH=1.4), C: strong Adper Prompt L-Pop (pH=1), and D: Adper Single Bond
      2 total-etch (pH=7.2). The shear bond strength was measured by using universal
      testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test
      were used to analyze the data (p< 0.05). RESULTS: The shear bond strength in
      group A was significantly higher than group B (p= 0.002), C (p< 0.001), and D (p<
      0.001). Moreover, the shear bond strength of groups A and B (self-etch) was
      significantly different from group D (total-etch) (p< 0.001); and C (self-etch)
      with D (p= 0.024). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that applying the
      mild self-etch adhesive between the composite and the GIc results in stronger
      shear bond strength compared to intermediate and strong self-etch adhesives.
      Moreover, the self-etch adhesive increased the shear bond strength between
      composite resin and GIc more significantly than total-etch adhesive.

PMID- 26966702
TI  - Evaluation of Anatomic Variations in Maxillary Sinus with the Aid of Cone Beam
      Computed Tomography (CBCT) in a Population in South of Iran.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Anatomic variations of the maxillary sinus can be
      detected in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and may assist to locate the
      posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) and define the maxillary sinus
      morphology more accurately for a more strict surgical treatment plan. PURPOSE:
      The study aimed to determine normal variations of the maxillary sinus with the
      aid of CBCT in a sample population in south of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This
      cross-sectional prevalence study was based on evaluation of 198 projection data
      of CBCT scans of some Iranian patients aged 18-45 who referred to a private oral
      and maxillofacial radiology center in Shiraz from 2011 to 2013. CBCT scans were
      taken and analyzed with NewTom VGi device and software. The anatomic variations
      which were evaluated in the axial images included the presence of alveolar
      pneumatization, anterior pneumatization, exostosis, and hypoplasia. Moreover the
      location and height of sinus septa, and the location of PSAA were assessed. SPSS
      software (version 17.0) was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: In a total of 396
      examined sinuses, maxillary sinus alveolar pneumatization was the most common
      anatomic variation detected. Anterior pneumatization was detected in 96 sinuses
      (24.2%). Antral septa were found in 180 sinuses (45.4%) and were mostly located
      in the anterior region. Meanwhile, PSAA was mostly detected intra-osseous in 242
      sinuses (65.7%). CONCLUSION: Anatomic variations of the maxillary sinus were
      common findings in CBCT of the maxilla. Preoperative imaging with CBCT seems to
      be very helpful for assessing the location of PSAA and the maxillary sinus
      morphology, which may be used to adjust the surgical treatment plan to yield more
      successful treatments.

PMID- 26966703
TI  - The Effects of Alkaline pH on Microleakage of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and
      Calcium Enriched Mixture Apical Plugs.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Alkaline pH can affect the physical and chemical
      properties and sealing ability of apical plug material. Calcium hydroxide is used
      as an intracanal medication to complete disinfection of root canals. It raises
      the pH of environment to alkaline value. PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study
      was to evaluate and compare the effect of alkaline pH on the sealing ability of
      calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical
      plugs. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Seventy single-rooted human maxillary anterior teeth
      were randomly divided to two experimental groups for Angelus MTA and CEM cement
      (n=30) and two control groups (n=5). Each group was divided into two subgroups of
      15 for neutral and alkaline pH, and 1 negative and 1 positive control groups of
      5. The root canals were cleaned and shaped by using ProTaper rotary system
      (Dentsply Maillefer; Ballaigues, Switzerland) and the terminal 3mm of the roots
      were resected. Then, MTA and CEM cement were condensed in apical region with 3mm
      thickness. The samples were exposed to two environments with different pH values
      of 13 and 7.4. The leakage was assessed by using the fluid filtration technique
      at 1, 7, 14, 30 days intervals. Data were analyzed by the repeated measures
      MANOVA. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of
      microleakage between neutral and alkaline pH of CEM cement and MTA (p> 0.05). The
      sealing ability of MTA in an alkaline pH of 13 was significantly less than CEM
      cement in this pH (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: An environment with alkaline pH had no
      adverse effect on the sealing ability of MTA and CEM cement used as apical plugs.
      CEM cement had better sealing ability in alkaline pH.

PMID- 26966704
TI  - Evaluation of Plasma Isoprostane in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease. Free
      radicals and reactive oxygen species play important roles in pathogenesis of oral
      lichen planus (OLP). Isoprostanes show oxidative stress and are formed by free
      radical mediated lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and cell membrane
      phospholipids. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the plasma level of
      8-isoprostane in patients suffering from erosive and non-erosive forms of OLP.
      MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this case-control study, 31 patients with OLP and 30
      control subjects were enrolled. Plasma samples were obtained and the level of 8
      isoprostane was measured with Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      in both groups. The data were analyzed by using two-sample t-test, chi-square and
      ANOVA tests. RESULTS: The results showed significant increase in the plasma level
      of 8-isoprostane in OLP group compared with the control group. The results of
      independent t-test revealed no significant correlation between the plasma level
      of isoprostane and sex, smoking, or previous treatment. CONCLUSION: Based on the
      findings of this study, oxidative stress was increased in patients with OLP,
      reflected by higher concentrations of 8-isoprostane in plasma.

PMID- 26966706
TI  - Normal Variations of Sphenoid Sinus and the Adjacent Structures Detected in Cone
      Beam Computed Tomography.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The sphenoid sinus is a common target of paranasal
      surgery. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is likely to endanger the anatomic
      variations of vital structures adjacent to the sphenoid sinus. PURPOSE: The aim
      of this study was to determine the variations of sphenoid sinus and the related
      structures by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHOD:
      In this descriptive-analytic study, CBCT images of 103 patients aged above 20
      years were selected (206 sides). Degree of pneumatization of sphenoid sinus,
      pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process, pterygoid process, protrusion of
      optic canal, vidian canal, and foramen rotundum, as well as prevalence of sinus
      septa were recorded. Examinations were performed using On-Demand software
      (Version 1); data were analyzed by using chi-square test. RESULTS: There was a
      statistically significant correlation between the pterygoid pneumatization and
      vidian canal protrusion (p< 0.001), and foramen rotundum protrusion (p< 0.001).
      The optic canal protrusion was found to be significantly associated with the
      anterior clinoid pneumatization and pterygoid process (p< 0.001). Statistically
      significant relationship was also observed between the carotid canal protrusion
      and pterygoid process pneumatization (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: The anatomical
      variations of the sphenoid sinus tend to give rise to a complexity of symptoms
      and potentially serious complications. This variability necessitates a
      comprehensive understanding of the regional sphenoid sinus anatomy by a detailed
      CBCT sinus examination.

PMID- 26966705
TI  - The Effects of Septal Deviation, Concha Bullosa, and Their Combination on the
      Depth of Posterior Palatal Arch in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Nasal breathing is the major pattern of air intake.
      Changes in breathing pattern alter the posture of the head, jaws and tongue that
      could change pressure on the jaw and teeth and affect their growth. PURPOSE: This
      study aimed to investigate the relationship between septal deviations (SD) per se
      and in combination with concha bullosa (CB) on maxilla; particularly the depth of
      palatal arch. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This descriptive-comparative study was
      performed on 116 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The images were
      categorized into four groups (n=29) as follows; group 1: SD+CB, group 2: only SD,
      group 3: neither SD nor CB, and group 4: only CB. In coronal images, deviated
      septal length (DSL), angle of deviated septal curve (DSCA), palatal arch depth
      (PAD), palatal interalveolar length (PIL), PAD/PIL ratio, septal vertical length
      (SVL), maxillopalatal arch angle (MPAA), interjugum distance (IJD), and jugum
      angle (JA) were measured. The data were statistically analyzed with Tukey's HSD
      and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences
      in DSL and DSCA (p= 0.0001) among the four groups. The study groups were not
      statistically different regarding the IJD, JA, MPAA, PAD/PIL, PAD, PIL, and SVL.
      However, in group 1, PAD/PIL were significantly correlated with DSCA and DSL (p=
      0.037, and p= 0.043, respectively). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this
      study, simultaneous occurrence of SD and CB influenced the depth and curve of the
      palatal bone. The PAD/PIL ratio was negatively correlated with the DSCA angle.
      This correlation was associated with a decrease in PAD, indicating that
      concurrent occurrence of SD and CB remarkably affected the palatal base of
      maxilla.

PMID- 26966707
TI  - Evaluation of the Association between Oral Lichen Planus and Hypothyroidism: a
      Retrospective Comparative Study.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune mucocutaneous
      disease. There are some reports of thyroid diseases, especially hypothyroidism,
      to have association with OLP in some studies. PURPOSE: Based on the controversial
      results of former studies in other populations about the association of
      hypothyroidism and OLP, the current study aimed to evaluate this association in a
      sample of Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This retrospective
      comparative study evaluated 523 patients with OLP referring to the Oral and
      Maxillofacial Department of Shiraz Dental Faculty as the test group and 523 age-
      and sex-matched patients as the control group. Those participants with oral
      lichenoid reactions and other mucosal lesions were excluded. The odds ratio (OR)
      with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of OLP and thyroid
      diseases were estimated by logistic regression adjusted for the matched age and
      sex. RESULTS: In the test group, 74% (n=387) and in the control group 73.8% of
      the patients were female (n=386). In the test group, 26% (n=136) and in the
      control group 26.2% of the samples were male (n=137). A total of 4% of the
      patients in the control group (n=21) and 6.7% in the case group (n=35) had a
      history of hypothyroidism. The reported OR for association of thyroid disease and
      OLP was 1.714 (CI=0.984-2.987). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed no
      significant association between hypothyroidism and OLP in comparison with the age
      and sex-matched control group.

PMID- 26966708
TI  - Histological Evaluation of Wound Healing Process after Photodynamic Therapy of
      Rat Oral Mucosal Ulcer.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: When the body defense is compromised, wounds can act as
      a route for entrance and colonization of microorganisms in the body. Photodynamic
      therapy with methylene blue is known as a promising antimicrobial modality.
      PURPOSE: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of this procedure on
      wound healing processes. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this experimental study, 48
      male Wistar rats were recruited. Experimental wounds were surgically made on
      their buccal mucosa. Based on the treatment modality, they were divided into 3
      groups (n=16) of control (CG), laser (LG), photosensitizer+ laser (PLG) by
      methylene blue (MB). The treatment procedure in the two latter groups was done in
      days 1-4 and 6-9. After sacrificing on 2, 4, 7 and 14-day follow-ups, the
      microscopic grade of healing of the wounds was assigned on each interval
      according to histological grading criteria. RESULTS: A qualitative result was
      obtained that showed a healing progression in PLG at day 2 of follow-up. At day 4
      of follow-up, no difference was seen in healing stage among the groups. However
      on day 7 of follow-up, samples of the LG showed a lower degree of healing
      compared with the other two groups. Likewise, on day 14 of follow- up, both PLG
      and LG showed lower degree of healing than CG. CONCLUSION: This study
      qualitatively showed that MB- mediated photodynamic therapy would have an
      inhibitory effect on healing process after 14 days of the wound creation.

PMID- 26966709
TI  - Assessment of Anti HSV-1 Activity of Aloe Vera Gel Extract: an In Vitro Study.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most
      common and debilitating oral diseases; yet, there is no standard topical
      treatment to control it. The extract of Aloe vera leaves has been previously
      reported to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and also antiviral effects.
      There is no data on anti-Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activity of Aloe
      vera gel. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-HSV-1 activity of Aloe
      vera gel in Vero cell line. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this study, gel extraction
      and cytotoxicity of various increasing concentrations of Aloe vera gel (0.2, 0.5,
      1, 2, and 5%) was evaluated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing
      2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Having been washed with phosphate buffered saline,
      50 plaque-forming units (PFU) of HSV-1 was added to each well. After 1 hour of
      incubation at 37 degrees C, cell monolayers in 24 well plates were exposed to
      different increasing concentrations of Aloe vera gel. The anti-HSV-1 activity of
      Aloe vera gel in different concentrations was assessed by plaque reduction
      assays. Data were analyzed by using One-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The cytotoxicity
      assay showed that Aloe vera in prearranged concentrations was cell-compatible.
      The inhibitory effect of various concentrations of Aloe vera was observed one
      hour after the Vero cell was infected with HSV-1. However, there was no
      significant difference between two serial concentrations (p> 0.05). One-way ANOVA
      also revealed no significant difference between the groups. The findings
      indicated a dose-dependent antiviral effect of Aloe vera. CONCLUSION: The
      findings showed significant inhibitory effect of 0.2-5% Aloe vera gel on HSV-1
      growth in Vero cell line. Therefore, this gel could be a useful topical treatment
      for oral HSV-1 infections without any significant toxicity.

PMID- 26966710
TI  - A Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Two Low-Shrinkage Composites with a
      Conventional Resin Composite: an In Vitro Assessment.
AB  - STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Polymerization shrinkage stress in composite
      restorations may lead to microleakage. Clinical methods such as using low
      shrinkage composites have been suggested to overcome this problem; however, there
      are controversies about their efficiency in decreasing the microleakage. PURPOSE:
      This in vitro study was conducted to compare the microleakage of two low
      shrinkage resin composites with a conventional one. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Fifty
      class V cavities of 2.5*3*2 mm (depth* length* width) were prepared in the buccal
      surfaces of intact bovine incisor teeth with the incisal margin on the enamel and
      gingival margin on the cementum. The teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups.
      In group 1, Clearfil APX (conventional) with SE Bond was used in 2 layers
      (Kuraray; Japan). In group 2, GC Kalore (low -shrinkage) with GC UniFil Bond was
      applied in one layer (GC Company). In group 3, the material of group 2 was
      applied in two layers. In group 4, FiltekP90 (low -shrinkage) with P90 System
      adhesive was applied in one layer (3M ESPE). In group 5, the materials of group 4
      were applied in two layers. The samples were thermocycled and immersed in 0.5%
      fuchsin solution for 24h. The restorations were sectioned in buccolingual
      direction. Then they were evaluated for microleakage by using a stereomicroscope
      and scored as 0, 1, 2, and 3 and then Kruskal-Wallis test was used (p< 0.05).
      RESULTS: The groups were not significantly different regarding the microleakage
      in the coronal and cervical margins (p< 0.423 and p< 0.212, respectively);
      however, the Filtek P90 yielded the best results. In all groups, except group 5
      (p= 0.018), the cervical margins had greater microleakage than the coronal
      margins. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that low-shrinkage resin composites
      may not reduce the marginal microleakage. The proper use of conventional resin
      composites may offer comparable clinical results.

PMID- 26966711
TI  - Gingival Enlargement in a Case of Variant Jones Syndrome: a Case Report.
AB  - Gingival enlargement can be caused by a variety of etiological factors like
      inflammation, drugs, and systemic diseases or can be presented as a part of a
      syndrome. One such syndrome is Jones Syndrome, which is associated with gingival
      enlargement and progressive hearing loss. We present here a case of fifteen-year
      old boy with gingival enlargement, hearing loss, and generalized alveolar bone
      loss and diagnosed as Jones syndrome. The diagnosis was made based on history,
      clinical, radiographic, and histopathological findings. Gingival enlargement was
      surgically managed using gingivectomy and no recurrence was observed. The patient
      showed remarkable esthetical and functional improvement. 

PMID- 26966712
TI  - Bilateral Supernumerary Deciduous Maxillary Lateral Incisors with Fusion: Report
      of a Rare Case.
AB  - Dental anomaly in number, size and shape might be due to excessive activation of
      dental lamina during the morpho-differentiation stage. Fusion is one of the most
      unusual and rare anomalies of shape of the teeth. It frequently involves the
      supernumerary teeth resulting in a challenging differential diagnosis with
      gemination. Dental anomalies may result in different problems such as delayed
      eruption and crowding; thus, early diagnosis is required for effective
      intervention and proper in-time treatment. The case reported here is a 4-year-old
      girl with bilateral supernumerary primary maxillary lateral incisors associated
      with fusion between primary maxillary left lateral incisor and supernumerary
      lateral tooth. 

PMID- 26966713
TI  - Syndromic craniosynostosis associated with microdeletion of chromosome 19p13.12
      19p13.2.
AB  - Craniosynostosis, a condition in which the cranial sutures prematurely fuse, can
      lead to elevated intracranial pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in young
      children. Currently surgical intervention is the only therapeutic option for
      patients with this condition. Craniosynostosis has been associated with a variety
      of different gene mutations and chromosome anomalies. Here we describe three
      cases of partial deletion of chromosome 19p. Two of the cases present with
      syndromic craniosynostosis while one has metopic ridging. A review of the genes
      involved in the rearrangements between the three cases suggests several gene
      candidates for craniosynostosis. CALR and DAND5, BMP regulators involved in
      osteoblast differentiation, and MORG1, a mediator of osteoclast dysregulation may
      play a role in abnormal cranial vault development. Additionally, CACNA1A, a gene
      that when mutated is associated with epilepsy and CC2D1A, a gene associated with
      nonsyndromic mental retardation may contribute to additional phenotypic features
      seen in the patients we describe. In addition, these findings further support the
      need for genetic testing in cases of syndromic craniosynostosis.

PMID- 26966714
TI  - Data for iTRAQ profiling of micro-vesicular plasma specimens: In search of
      potential prognostic circulatory biomarkers for Lacunar infarction.
AB  - To discover potential prognostic biomarkers of Lacunar infarction (LACI), here we
      present quantitative proteomics data of plasma microvesicle-enriched fraction
      derived by comparative isobaric profiling of three groups of prospectively
      followed-up LACI patients (LACI - no adverse outcome, LACI -recurrent vascular
      event and LACI - cognitive decline) and a demographically matched control group.
      We confidently (unused prot score >3, FDR=1.1%) identified 183 proteins, 43 out
      of which were significantly regulated (p-value<0.05) in at least one of the three
      LACI groups in comparison to control group. Bioinformatics analysis and data
      mining revealed upregulation of brain-specific proteins including myelin basic
      protein, proteins of coagulation cascade (e.g., fibrinogen alpha chain,
      fibrinogen beta chain) and focal adhesion (e.g., integrin alpha-IIb, talin-1, and
      filamin-A) while albumin was downregulated in both groups of patients with
      adverse outcome. The data of this study are also in line with our previously
      published article entitled "Discovery of prognostic biomarker candidates of
      Lacunar infarction by quantitative proteomics of microvesicles enriched plasma"
      by Datta et al. (2014). The raw data had been deposited to the ProteomeXchange
      consortium with identifier PXD000748. 

PMID- 26966715
TI  - Data supporting the role of electric field and electrode material on the
      improvement of the ageing effects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells.
AB  - Hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) solar cells are strongly affected by the well
      known Staebler-Wronski effect. This is a worsening of solar cell performances
      under light soaking which results in a substantial loss of cell power conversion
      efficiency compared to time zero performance. It is believed not to be an
      extrinsic effect, but rather a basic phenomenon related to the nature of a-Si:H
      and to the stability and motion of H-related species in the a-Si:H lattice. This
      work has been designed in support of the research article entitled "Role of
      electric field and electrode material on the improvement of the ageing effects in
      hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells" in Solar Energy Materials & Solar
      Cells (Scuto et al. [1]), which discusses an electrical method based on reverse
      bias stress to improve the solar cell parameters, and in particular the effect of
      temperature, electric field intensity and illumination level as a function of the
      stress time. Here we provide a further set of the obtained experimental data
      results. 

PMID- 26966716
TI  - Mechanical properties and drug release behavior of PCL/zein coated 45S5 bioactive
      glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering application.
AB  - This article presents data related to the research article entitled "The effect
      of coating type on mechanical properties and controlled drug release of PCL/zein
      coated 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering" [1]. We
      provide data on mechanical properties, in vitro bioactivity and drug release of
      bioactive glass (BG) scaffolds coated by poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and
      zein used as a controlled release device for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). By
      coating the BG scaffolds with PCL or PCL/zein blend the mechanical properties of
      the scaffolds were substantially improved, i.e., the compressive strength
      increased from 0.004+/-0.001 MPa (uncoated BG scaffolds) to 0.15+/-0.02 MPa
      (PCL/zein coated BG scaffolds). A dense bone-like apatite layer formed on the
      surface of PCL/zein coated scaffolds immersed for 14 days in simulated body fluid
      (SBF). The data describe control of drug release and in vitro degradation
      behavior of coating by engineering the concentration of zein. Thus, the developed
      scaffolds exhibit attractive properties for application in bone tissue
      engineering research. 

PMID- 26966717
TI  - Data in support of association study of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor
      gene SNPs and completed suicide in the Slovenian sample.
AB  - This data article provides the data generated from additional analyses of a
      genetic association study, where 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      near/within the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene were investigated
      for an association with completed suicide in Slavic population (Ropret et al.,
      2015) [1]. One SNP was excluded from the present analyses due to insufficient
      genotyping rate (rs1491850) and the remaining 6 SNPs (rs7124442, rs10767664,
      rs962369, rs12273363, rs908867, rs1491851) were analyzed to gain deeper insight
      into the possible role of these SNPs in the studied phenotype. We present data on
      logistic regression analyses of: (a) genotypes under four inheritance models, and
      (b) haplotypes using 2-, 3- and 4-adjacent SNPs sliding window procedure. In both
      analyses adjustments for potential confounders (age, gender and alcohol
      dependence syndrome status) were executed. Data may serve as a reference for
      comparison of the populations with either low or very high suicide rates. The raw
      genotyping data that could be used in case meta-analyses should be performed may
      be provided upon request. 

PMID- 26966718
TI  - Handwriting Moroccan regions recognition using Tifinagh character.
AB  - The territorial organization of Morocco during administratives division of 2009
      is based on 16 regions. In this work we will create a system of recognition of
      handwritten words (names of regions) using the Amazigh language is an official
      language by the Moroccan Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture (IRCAM) (2003a) [1]
      such as this language is slightly treated by researchers in pattern recognition
      field that is why we decided to study this language (El Kessab et al., 2013 [3];
      El Kessab et al., 2014 [4]) that knowing the state make a decision to computerize
      the various public sectors by this language. In this context we propose a data
      set for handwritten Tifinagh regions composed of 1600 image (100 Image for each
      region). The dataset can be used in one hand to test the efficiency of the
      Tifinagh region recognition system in extraction of characteristics
      significatives and the correct identification of each region in classification
      phase in the other hand. 

PMID- 26966719
TI  - Interaction of beta1-adrenoceptor with RAGE mediates cardiomyopathy via CaMKII
      signaling.
AB  - Stimulation of beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1AR), a GPCR, and the receptor for
      advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR),
      have been independently implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy caused
      by various etiologies, including myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion
      injury, and metabolic stress. Here, we show that the two distinctly different
      receptors, beta1AR and RAGE, are mutually dependent in mediating myocardial
      injury and the sequelae of cardiomyopathy. Deficiency or inhibition of RAGE
      blocks beta1AR- and RAGE-mediated myocardial cell death and maladaptive
      remodeling. Ablation or blockade of beta1AR fully abolishes RAGE-induced
      detrimental effects. Mechanistically, RAGE and beta1AR form a complex, which in
      turn activates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), resulting in loss of
      cardiomyocytes and myocardial remodeling. These results indicate that RAGE and
      beta1AR not only physically crosstalk at the receptor level, but also
      functionally converge at the common mediator, CaMKII, highlighting a combined
      inhibition of RAGE and beta1AR as a more effective therapy to treat diverse
      cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion
      injury, and diabetic cardiovascular complications.

PMID- 26966720
TI  - Journal title changes from Korean Journal of Urology to Investigative and
      Clinical Urology.

PMID- 26966721
TI  - The artificial urinary sphincter and male sling for postprostatectomy
      incontinence: Which patient should get which procedure?
AB  - Surgery is the most efficacious treatment for postprostatectomy incontinence. The
      ideal surgical approach depends on a variety of patient factors including history
      of prior incontinence surgery or radiation treatment, bladder contractility,
      severity of leakage, and patient expectations. Most patients choose to avoid a
      mechanical device, opting for the male sling over the artificial urinary
      sphincter. The modern male sling has continued to evolve with respect to device
      design and surgical technique. Various types of slings address sphincteric
      incompetence via different mechanisms of action. The recommended surgery,
      however, must be individualized to the patient based on degree of incontinence,
      detrusor contractility, and urethral compliance. A thorough urodynamic evaluation
      is indicated for the majority of patients, and the recommendation for an
      artificial urinary sphincter, a transobturator sling, or a quadratic sling will
      depend on urodynamic findings and the patient's particular preference. As
      advancements in this field evolve, and our understanding of the pathophysiology
      of incontinence and mechanisms of various devices improves, we expect to see
      continued evolution in device design. 

PMID- 26966722
TI  - Current status of active surveillance in prostate cancer.
AB  - Active surveillance (AS) is a management strategy involving close monitoring the
      course of disease with the expectation to intervene if the cancer progress, in a
      super-selected group of low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Determining AS
      candidates should be based on careful individualized weighing of numerous
      factors: life expectancy, general health condition, disease characteristics,
      potential side effects of treatment, and patient preference. Several protocols
      have been developed to determine insignificant PCa for choosing ideal AS
      candidates. Results regarding disease reclassification during AS have been also
      reported. In an effort to enhance accuracy during selection of AS candidate,
      there were several reports on using magnetic resonance imaging for prediction of
      insignificant PCa. Currently, there is an urgent need for further clinical
      studies regarding the criteria for recommending AS, the criteria for
      reclassification on AS, and the schedule for AS. Considering the racial
      differences in behavior of PCa between Western and Asian populations, more
      stringent AS protocols for Asian patients should be established from additional,
      well-designed, large clinical studies. 

PMID- 26966723
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of nanomedicines for prostate cancer: An update.
AB  - Recent advances in cancer nanomedicine have attracted remarkable attention in
      medical sectors. Pharmacologic research on nanomedicines, including targeted
      cancer therapy, has increased dramatically in the past 5 years. The success
      stories of nanomedicines in the clinical field include the fabrication of
      nanomedicines that show maximum loading efficiency into carriers, maximal release
      kinetics, and minimum toxicity to healthy cells. Nanoparticle-mediated medicines
      have been developed to specifically target prostate cancer tissue by use of
      aptamers, antibody targeting, and sustained release of nanomedicines in a dose-
      and time-dependent manner. Nanomedicines have been developed for therapeutic
      application in combination with image-guided therapy in real time. The scope of
      one of these nanomedicines, Abraxane (paclitaxel), may be extended to prostate
      cancer therapeutic applications for better quality of patient life and longer
      survival. This review provides an update on the latest directions and
      developments in nanomedicines for prostate cancer. 

PMID- 26966725
TI  - Chromosomal aberrations in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the chromosomal changes in patients with benign prostatic
      hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 54 patients diagnosed with
      clinical BPH underwent transurethral prostate resection to address their primary
      urological problem. All patients were evaluated by use of a comprehensive medical
      history and rectal digital examination. The preoperative evaluation also included
      serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement and ultrasonographic
      measurement of prostate volume. Prostate cancer was detected in one patient, who
      was then excluded from the study. We performed conventional cytogenetic analyses
      of short-term cultures of 53 peripheral blood samples obtained from the BPH
      patients. RESULTS: The mean (+/-standard deviation) age of the 53 patients was
      67.8+/-9.4 years. The mean PSA value of the patients was 5.8+/-7.0 ng/mL. The
      mean prostate volume was 53.6+/-22.9 mL. Chromosomal abnormalities were noted in
      5 of the 53 cases (9.4%). Loss of the Y chromosome was the most frequent
      chromosomal abnormality and was observed in three patients (5.7%). There was no
      statistically significant relationship among age, PSA, prostate volume, and
      chromosomal changes. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of the Y chromosome was the main
      chromosomal abnormality found in our study. However, this coexistence did not
      reach a significant level. Our study concluded that loss of the Y chromosome
      cannot be considered relevant for the diagnosis of BPH as it is for prostate
      cancer. Because BPH usually occurs in aging men, loss of the Y chromosome in BPH
      patients may instead be related to the aging process.

PMID- 26966724
TI  - Korean clinical practice guideline for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - In 2014, the Korean Urological Association organized the Benign Prostatic
      Hyperplasia Guideline Developing Committee composed of experts in the field of
      benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with the participation of the Korean Academy
      of Family Medicine and the Korean Continence Society to develop a Korean clinical
      practice guideline for BPH. The purpose of this clinical practice guideline is to
      provide current and comprehensive recommendations for the evaluation and
      treatment of BPH. The committee developed the guideline mainly by adapting
      existing guidelines and partially by using the de novo method. A comprehensive
      literature review was carried out primarily from 2009 to 2013 by using medical
      search engines including data from Korea. Based on the published evidence,
      recommendations were synthesized, and the level of evidence of the
      recommendations was determined by using methods adapted from the 2011 Oxford
      Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Meta-analysis was done for one key question
      and four recommendations. A draft guideline was reviewed by expert peer reviewers
      and discussed at an expert consensus meeting until final agreement was achieved.
      This evidence-based guideline for BPH provides recommendations to primary
      practitioners and urologists for the diagnosis and treatment of BPH in men older
      than 40 years. 

PMID- 26966726
TI  - The establishment of KORCC (KOrean Renal Cell Carcinoma) database.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to report establishment of the 1st Web
      based database (DB) system to collect renal cell carcinoma (RCC) data in Korea.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The new Web-based DB system was established to collect
      basic demographic and clinicopahtological characteristics of a large cohort of
      patients with RCC in Korea. Data from a total of 6,849 patients were collected
      from 8 tertiary care hospitals that agreed to participate in organizing the
      Korean Renal Cell Carcinoma (KORCC) study group as of 1 July 2015. Basic
      demographic and clinicopathological characteristics were collected. The data of
      patients who underwent surgical treatments were analyzed to characterize Korean
      RCC. RESULTS: We established the 1st Web-based DB of Korean RCC, a database
      comprising renal mass management cases from multiple centers in Korea. The data
      of 5,281 patients who underwent surgical management (mean follow-up, 32 months)
      were analyzed. The most common symptom was incidentally detected renal mass
      (76.9%). Clinical T1a was the most common (54.3%) stage and mean tumor size was
      4.8+/-4.2 cm. Radical nephrectomy accounted for 62.7% of cases and an open
      approach was used in 50.7% and 52.2% of radical and partial nephrectomies,
      respectively. The 5-year overall, cancer-specific and recurrence-free survival
      rates were 88.1%, 92.2%, and 88.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We report the 1st
      establishment of a Web-based DB system to collect RCC data in Korea. This DB
      system will provide a solid basis for the characterization of Korean RCC.

PMID- 26966727
TI  - Secondary surgery for vesicoureteral reflux after failed endoscopic injection:
      Comparison to primary surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: As endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has increased,
      secondary ureteral reimplantation (UR) after failure of endoscopic treatment has
      increased. We studied the clinical feature and efficacy of secondary UR after
      failure of endoscopic treatment compared with primary UR. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Eighty-one children who had UR for VUR were enrolled. Charts were reviewed
      retrospectively for age, sex, grade of VUR before surgery, operative time,
      hospitalization period, postoperative complication, and success rate. Primary UR
      (group A, n=64) was compared with secondary UR after failed endoscopic treatment
      (group B, n=17). In group B, telephone survey for the satisfaction of endoscopic
      treatment and surgery was done. RESULTS: Mean age of each group was 49.6+/-37.1
      and 56.6+/-22.5 months (p=0.236). There was no significant difference between
      each group in sex, mean operative time, postoperative transfusion, complication
      rate, and success rate. As telephone survey in group B, eleven responders
      preferred endoscopic treatment as primary treatment of VUR because it was a
      simple method and no hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary UR after failure of
      endoscopic treatment was similar to primary UR. Parents preferred endoscopic
      treatment as first line treatment for VUR in spite of the need for secondary UR
      after failure of endoscopic treatment.

PMID- 26966730
TI  - Mechanism for the photoreduction of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) to HAuCl4 and the
      dominating saturable absorption of Au colloids.
AB  - Both fabrication of Au nano-objects and the nonlinear optical properties of Au
      nano-objects are the focus of research. In the present work, Au nanoparticles
      with different mean sizes (18, 32, 42, and 70 nm) are controllably fabricated in
      ethanol by changing the concentration of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and HAuCl4,
      as well as the power of continuous wave UV light at 365 nm. PVP acts as both
      reducing and protective agent. The mechanism of photoreduction of PVP to HAuCl4
      is proposed. PVP undergoes a series of chemical reactions which include the
      attack of the hydrogen atom on the tertiary carbon atom at the alpha-position of
      the nitrogen atom, production of a hydroxyl radical, and chain scission. The
      hydroxyl radical combines with the hydrogen atom produced through the
      dissociation of HAuCl4, which facilitates the decomposition of HAuCl4. The
      fabrication mechanism of Au nanoparticles is discussed. The nonlinear absorption
      of these Au nanoparticles is investigated; all of them exhibit saturable
      absorption, and the saturable absorption dominates the nonlinear absorption with
      the increase of laser energy. The dominance of saturable absorption in the
      nonlinear absorption is due to the stronger single-photon absorbed intraband
      absorption from the ground state to the first excited state in the conduction
      band, the weaker excited state absorption in the conduction band, and the weaker
      two-photon absorption from the d band to the conduction band. 

PMID- 26966729
TI  - Ultrasound Accuracy of Liver Length Measurement with Cadaveric Specimens.
AB  - The liver is one of the principal organs of our body involved in over 500
      physiological functions related to metabolism, digestion, immunity, and storage
      of nutrients, which makes it an essential organ to preserve life. Given that
      there are a number of approaches to measure liver length through diagnostic 2D
      sonography, this work aims to determine the most accurate measurement of this
      organ. Cadaveric specimens (n = 21) were employed to assess measurements in
      midclavicular line (MCL) and midaxillary line (MAL). Each measurement was
      calculated in anteroposterior (AP) and craniocaudal (CC) planes. In addition, in
      situ measurements were obtained by accessing the organ through the anterior
      thoracoabdominal wall. Statistical differences were detected between MCL and MAL
      measurements (p < 0.05), a positive correlation between MAL CC and in situ
      anterior measurements were noted (r = 0.97). Liver size, as assessed through in
      situ measurements, varied as a funtion of BMI and waist circumference (p < 0.05).
      It is concluded that CC measurement of the RLL in MAL from the uppermost right
      hemi-diaphragm to the inferior tip of the right lobe through a horizontal line
      parallel to the anterior liver wall is the most accurate measurement of the organ
      by sonography.

PMID- 26966728
TI  - Upregulated expression of BCL2, MCM7, and CCNE1 indicate cisplatin-resistance in
      the set of two human bladder cancer cell lines: T24 cisplatin sensitive and T24R2
      cisplatin resistant bladder cancer cell lines.
AB  - PURPOSE: The mechanism of resistance to cisplatin during treatment of bladder
      cancer (BC) has been a subject of intense investigation in clinical research.
      This study aims to identify candidate genes associated with resistance to
      cisplatin, in order to understand the resistance mechanism of BC cells to the
      drug, by combining the use of microarray profiling, quantitative reverse
      transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analyses.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cisplatin sensitive human BC cell line (T24) and the
      cisplatin resistant BC cell line, T24R2, were used for microarray analysis to
      determine the differential expression of genes that are significant in cisplatin
      resistance. Candidate upregulated genes belonging to three well-known cancer
      related KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways (p53 tumor
      suppressor, apoptosis, and cell cycle) were selected from the microarray data.
      These candidate genes, differentially expressed in T24 and T24R2, were then
      confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. A fold change >=2 with a p
      value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 18 significantly
      upregulated genes were detected in the three selected cancer-related pathways in
      both microarray and RT-PCR analyses. These genes were PRKAR2A, PRKAR2B, CYCS,
      BCL2, BIRC3, DFFB, CASP6, CDK6, CCNE1, STEAP3, MCM7, ORC2, ORC5, ANAPC1, and
      ANAPC7, CDC7, CDC27, and SKP1. Western blot analyses also confirmed the
      upregulation of BCL2, MCM7, and CCNE1 at the protein level, indicating their
      crucial association with cisplatin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The BCL2, MCM7, and
      CCNE1 genes might play distinctive roles in cisplatin resistance in BC.

PMID- 26966731
TI  - Charge retention of soft-landed phosphotungstate Keggin anions on self-assembled
      monolayers.
AB  - Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces often results in partial loss of
      charge that may affect the structure and reactivity of deposited species. In this
      study, Keggin phosphotungstate anions in two selected charge states, PW12O40(3-)
      (WPOM(3-)) and PW12O40(2-) (WPOM(2-)), were soft-landed onto different self
      assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces and examined using in situ infrared reflection
      absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
      Partial retention of the 3- charge was observed when WPOM(3-) was soft-landed
      onto the fluorinated SAM (FSAM), while the charge state distribution was
      dominated by the 2- charge after both WPOM(3-) and WPOM(2-) were deposited onto a
      hydrophilic alkylthiol SAM terminated with cationic NH3(+) functional groups
      (NH3(+)SAM). We found that during the course of the soft landing of WPOM(3-), the
      relative abundance of WPOM(3-) on FSAM decreased while that of WPOM(2-)
      increased. We propose that the higher stability of immobilized WPOM(2-) in
      comparison with WPOM(3-) makes it the preferred charge state of WPOM on both the
      FSAM and NH3(+)SAM. We also observe weaker binding of WPOM anions to SAMs in
      comparison with phosphomolybdate ions (MoPOM) reported previously (J. Phys. Chem.
      C, 2014, 118, 27611-27622). The weaker binding of WPOM to SAMs is attributed to
      the lower reactivity of WPOM reported in the literature. This study demonstrates
      that both the charge retention and the reactivity of deposited anionic POM
      clusters on surfaces are determined by the type of addenda metal atoms in the
      cluster. 

PMID- 26966732
TI  - Aromatic cages B: unprecedented existence of octagonal holes in boron clusters.
AB  - The cage-like structures containing octagonal holes are located as the lowest
      lying isomers for the B. The presence of octagonal holes, which have been found
      for the first time, not only gives us new insight into the bonding motif, but
      also marks a breakthrough in the structural characteristics of boron clusters
      since they were never expected to be stable units for elemental clusters. These
      cages are composed of both delocalized sigma and pi electron systems that
      consequently make them aromatic and thermodynamically stable.

PMID- 26966733
TI  - Effects of Fe cations in ruthenium-complex multilayers fabricated by a layer-by
      layer method.
AB  - Molecular multilayers were fabricated using a Ru complex containing Fe cations on
      an indium tin oxide surface to control the properties of the Ru-complex
      multilayers such as the multilayer orientation and the electron transport. The Ru
      complex multilayer films containing Fe cations were thicker than those containing
      Zr cations, which have been used previously. The electron transport properties of
      the multilayers containing Fe cations were evaluated. Solid-state sandwich cell
      measurements showed that the Ru-complex multilayer films containing Fe cations
      exhibited increased electron transport with a lower transport coefficient beta of
      0.01 A(-1), whereas those that contain Zr cations have beta ~ 0.07 A(-1). Thus,
      Fe cations are effective in obtaining thicker Ru-complex layers with increased
      electron transport abilities. 

PMID- 26966735
TI  - Ionic liquid-based materials: a platform to design engineered CO2 separation
      membranes.
AB  - During the past decade, significant advances in ionic liquid-based materials for
      the development of CO2 separation membranes have been accomplished. This review
      presents a perspective on different strategies that use ionic liquid-based
      materials as a unique tuneable platform to design task-specific advanced
      materials for CO2 separation membranes. Based on compilation and analysis of the
      data hitherto reported, we provide a judicious assessment of the CO2 separation
      efficiency of different membranes, and highlight breakthroughs and key challenges
      in this field. In particular, configurations such as supported ionic liquid
      membranes, polymer/ionic liquid composite membranes, gelled ionic liquid
      membranes and poly(ionic liquid)-based membranes are detailed, discussed and
      evaluated in terms of their efficiency, which is attributed to their chemical and
      structural features. Finally, an integrated perspective on technology, economy
      and sustainability is provided.

PMID- 26966734
TI  - A study of temperature dependent local atomic displacements in a Ba(Fe(1
      x)Co(x))2As2 superconductor.
AB  - We have studied the local structure of a Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))2As2 superconductor
      using temperature dependent extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
      measurements. Polarized EXAFS at the Fe K-edge on an optimally doped (x = 0.06)
      single crystal has permitted us to determine atomic displacements across the
      superconducting transition temperature (T(c)). The Fe-As bondlength hardly shows
      any change with temperature; however, the Fe-Fe sublattice reveals a sharp
      anomaly across T(c), indicated by a significant drop in mean square relative
      displacements, similar to the one known for cuprates and A15-type
      superconductors. We have also found a large atomic disorder around the
      substituted Co, revealed by polarized Co K-edge EXAFS measurements. The Co-Fe/Co
      bonds are more flexible than the Fe-Fe bonds with the As-height in Co-containing
      tetrahedra being larger than the one in FeAs4. The results suggest that the local
      Fe-Fe bondlength fluctuations and the atomic disorder in this sub-lattice should
      have some important role in the superconductivity of Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))2As2
      pnictides.

PMID- 26966736
TI  - A stable open-shell redox active ditopic ligand.
AB  - Herein we describe the synthesis, structure and electronic properties of an
      unusual redox-active ditopic ligand with a stable open-shell configuration. This
      stable phenoxyl radical features intense and very low energy electronic
      transitions in the near infrared (NIR) part of the spectrum and is structurally
      set up to strongly spin couple coordinated transition metal ions in [2 * 2] grid
      type structures. 

PMID- 26966737
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966738
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966740
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966739
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966741
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966742
TI  - Author reply.

PMID- 26966743
TI  - In Memoriam Daniel Morton.

PMID- 26966745
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26966744
TI  - Group dynamics: A lab of their own.

PMID- 26966747
TI  - Message from the WHO Regional Director for Europe: European Member States 
      welcome increased WHO  support for refugee and  migrant health.

PMID- 26966746
TI  - Cryoglobulinemia presenting with crystals in peripheral blood.

PMID- 26966748
TI  - THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN EARLY MEDIEVAL PERSIA (9TH-12TH
      CENTURY CE).
AB  - Neuropathic pain is supposed to be a post-renaissance described medical entity.
      Although it is often believed that John Fothergill (1712-1780) provided the first
      description of this condition in 1773, a review of the medieval Persian medical
      writings will show the fact that neuropathic pain was a medieval-originated
      concept. "Auojae Asab" [Nerve-originated Pain] was used as a medical term in
      medieval Persian medical literature for pain syndromes which etiologically
      originated from nerves. Physicians like Rhazes (d. 925 CE), Haly Abbas (d. 982
      CE), Avicenna (d. 1037 CE), and Jorjani (d. 1137 CE) have discussed multiple
      aspects of nerve-originated pain including its classification, etiology,
      differentiating characteristics, different qualities, and pharmacologic and non
      pharmacologic treatments. Recognizing medieval scholars' views on nerve
      originated pain can lighten old historical origins of this concept.

PMID- 26966749
TI  - [HYPERPROLACTINEMIA AND SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS. A NARRATIVE
      REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE].
AB  - A large number of scientific papers have reported the relationship between the
      development of hyperprolactinemia and the use of psychotropic drugs, especially
      the role of antipsychotics which are antidopaminergic drugs. However, less
      information is known about the role of antidepressants in the development of
      hyperprolactinemia, specially the selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The
      prevalence of hyperprolactinemia as a pharmacological side effect of SSRIs is
      still unknown, despite the widespread use over the last decade. The aim of this
      review is to explore the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and SSRIs.

PMID- 26966751
TI  - [QUATERNARY PREVENTION IN MENTAL HEALTH].

PMID- 26966750
TI  - [RESEARCH AMONG PSYCHIATRISTS IN TRAINING IN CIUDAD DE BUENOS AIRES].
AB  - Research is a cornerstone in the training of medical doctors in any specialty,
      whereas it substantially contributes to good clinical practice. The aim of this
      study is to determine the importance of research among psychiatrists in training
      in Ciudad de Buenos Aires. A cross sectional descriptive study using a paper
      survey, which was voluntary and anonymous, was sent to psychiatrists in training
      in different training centers between October-November 2013. 76.6% considered
      research training deficient; 27.8% participated in a research project during
      their psychiatric training and only 21.5% presented their results at a scientific
      activity. 95.6% participants considered important to include research in their
      training. In summary, a small proportion of psychiatrists in training who
      participated in this study conducted research and we observed limited experience
      in the area, as opposed to the interest in being trained in this field.

PMID- 26966752
TI  - [QUATERNARY PREVENTION: AN ATTEMPT TO AVOID THE EXCESSES OF MEDICINE].
AB  - Seduced by technology, biometrics, practical guidelines and the use of
      medication, medicine has been driven away from the subject of its care.
      Quaternary prevention is, among other voices around the world, trying to denounce
      the consequent excesses of medical practice given by this situation. There are
      visible excesses, such as the long list of studies being performed on patients
      without indication, and others, much more subtle, as excessive prevention and the
      continuous and progressive medicalization of life itself that are rooted in our
      culture and demanded by a society that requests certainty at almost any cost.
      Quaternary prevention proposes a series of actions leaning towards avoiding and
      diminishing the damage produced by health care activities, in order to protect
      the subject of overdiagnosis and overtreatment; offering also ethical and viable
      alternatives in which the balance of risks and benefits (based on the best
      evidences) respects the autonomy of the subject by properly informing and
      allowing him to decide among the best options he has; altogether in a process
      that contemplates a rational and equitable use of resources. In order to achieve
      this, reliable sources of information and a medical education not dependent on
      industries related to technology or pharmaceuticals, are vital; in conjuction
      with a medicine that restablishes the subject as its main and central interest.

PMID- 26966754
TI  - [THE MATTER: NO PSYCHIATRIZATION].
AB  - Anxiety, sadness, worries, fears, irritability, fatigue, tedium, are situations
      that life confront us with. They don't qualify as psy- chiatric disorders, but
      nevertheless they are treated as though. We refer to the psychiatrization of
      daily life. The aim of this article is to prevent such psychiatrization. To
      support this assertion, we are going to develop different aspects tending to
      explain the origins of the patient's demands and the answers given by the
      psychiatrist. A critical reflection of our practice is proposed.

PMID- 26966753
TI  - [THE ART OF DOING MINIMAL HARM IN MENTAL HEALTH].
AB  - There are socio-cultural and political-economic conditions that favor
      interventionism in mental health and iatrogenesis. However, the professional, in
      relationship with the patient, has the ability to reduce harm in clinical
      practice. This article, briefly, reviews the damage of work in mental health and
      arises, from the recognition of professional intellectual and personal conflicts,
      the foundation for a practice that causes the least harm to patients

PMID- 26966755
TI  - [PSYCHOTHERAPY, THE PRECIOUS GIRL IN THE HEALTH FIELD: ALWAYS USEFUL AND NEVER
      HARMFUL?].
AB  - The present paper reviews some psychotherapy's features through the light of it's
      alleged supposedly invariant usefulness and incapacity to harm consultants.
      Differences between general health field and mental health field are discussed
      with the assis- tance of the concepts of necessity, supply and demand, in order
      to understand psychotherapeutic supply dynamics. Its use with non-diagnosed
      clients and the explicit decission to give assistance to people ailed with
      discomfort are discussed based on international studies on prevalence and
      efficacy of psychotherapy. Its harmfulness, underreporting by psychotherapists
      and specific proposals to reduce it are reviewed. Some considerations regarding
      psychotherapy as part of the health field are discussed.

PMID- 26966756
TI  - [FROM ULYSSES TO PARIS: JOURNEY TO THE MEDICALIZATION OF AGEING].
AB  - In the following study we will be introducing the Paris Syndrome, taking as a
      departure stand the Ulises Syndrome described by Mercer Rang back in 1972. This
      syndrome is analyzed within the current context of medicalization that old people
      within Western societies are currently undergoing. We decided to present this
      topic by looking at the medical trajectories of four paradigmatic patients with
      the intention of capturing how they themselves experience this process. Through
      these cases, we would also like to further understand current medical practices
      toward the elderly.

PMID- 26966757
TI  - [THE OPPORTUNITY TO TRANSFORM THE MODEL OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE OF ARGENTINA TO A
      MODEL BASED ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE BASED ON THE NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH LAW].
AB  - Mental disorders significantly contribute to the burden of disease, reduce the
      quality or life, and pose vast economic and social costs. Furthermore, access to
      treatment and treatment quality is often poor, particularly in low- and middle
      income countries. Indeed, WHO urged countries to develop policies and
      comprehensive mental health strategies. In response, Argentina promulgated a
      National Mental Health Law (NMHL, No. 26.657) that was regulated through the
      Regulatory Decree No. 603/2013 and implemented through the National Mental Health
      Plan (NMHP). The NMHL defines the vision, values, and principles for improving
      the mental health system for the country via urging that mental health care be
      based on scientific evidence adjusted to ethical principles. This is not new in
      other areas of health; however, it implies a paradigm shift for the mental health
      system in Argentina. Inconsistencies between the conceptual framework that raises
      the NMHL and operational instruments issued by the National Mental Health and
      Addiction Department were observed. These inconsistencies reflect the resistance
      to change in paradigm.

PMID- 26966758
TI  - [Doctoral theses at the University of Buenos Aires].

PMID- 26966760
TI  - [The Magic Mountain].

PMID- 26966761
TI  - PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY--WHY CARIES?.

PMID- 26966759
TI  - [Pedro Alcacer (1883). ].

PMID- 26966762
TI  - DEAN'S UPDATE.

PMID- 26966763
TI  - MEMBERSHIP UPDATE.

PMID- 26966764
TI  - EDUCATION UPDATE.

PMID- 26966765
TI  - INTERFACE BETWEEN DEMENTIA AND ORAL HEALTH.

PMID- 26966766
TI  - WORKING TOGETHER TO DELIVER JOINED-UP CARE FOR OUR YOUNG PATIENTS.

PMID- 26966767
TI  - DESIGNED TO SMILE--TACKLING CARIES IN YOUNG CHILDREN IN WALES.

PMID- 26966768
TI  - A CHANGE IN PRACTICE PROTOCOL: PREFORMED METAL CROWNS FOR TREATING NON-INFECTED
      CARIOUS PRIMARY MOLARS IN A GENERAL PRACTICE SETTING--A SERVICE EVALUATION.
AB  - Restoring non-infected carious primary molars can pose a challenge to the general
      dental practitioner. This paper aims to assess the effect on primary caries
      management and patient experience in a general dental practice setting, when
      restoring non-infected carious primary molars using a Hall preformed metal crown
      (PMC).

PMID- 26966769
TI  - EFFECTIVE CARIES PREVENTION IN A HEBRIDEAN ISLAND POPULATION.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Isle of Islay has a remote-rural population. Two dentists have
      been responsible for the care of the majority of the school-age children for 15
      years. The island affords a unique situation to measure caries prevalence in a
      relatively static population. AIM: This study measures the changes in the dental
      caries experience of five and 12-year olds exposed to a preventive-based approach
      to improving dental health, which included a school-based tooth-brushing
      programme (four to 12-year-olds). DESIGN: Data from practice-based records were
      collected for children aged five and 12 in the years 1999-2003 and 2012-2014.
      Indices including percentage of children with no obvious caries, decayed, missing
      or filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) and care indexes were calculated, translated into
      graphs and compared to Scotland's National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP)
      data. RESULTS: 478 children were included in the study. The mean number in each
      year group for five-year-olds was 28 (SD +/- 5.65) and for 12-year-olds was 31.75
      (SD +/- 8.30). The percentage of children caries-free increased from 39% to 85%
      (five-year-olds) and 31% to 97% (12-year-olds). DMFT decreased from 3.04 to 0.30
      (five-year-olds) and 3.74 to 0.03 (12-year-olds). Figures for care index and
      percentage of first permanent molars fissure sealed were higher than national
      data averages. CONCLUSION: Caries prevalence decreased in children in Islay aged
      five and 12 years over the period 1999-2014. There was no control group but the
      differences described above can be associated with the introduction of a
      preventive approach, however they cannot be assumed to be causative.

PMID- 26966770
TI  - CHILDSMILE: THE CHlLD ORAL HEALTH IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME IN SCOTLAND.

PMID- 26966771
TI  - CLUB POLICIES FOR MOUTH PROTECTORS AND DENTAL EMERGENCY COVER IN SCOTTISH RUGBY
      UNION (SRU) AFFILIATED JUNIOR TEAMS.
AB  - AIMS: To determine whether club policies exist for junior players concerning the
      wearing of mouth protectors during training and playing, and whether dental
      emergency cover is present on both training and match days at Scottish Rugby
      Union (SRU) affiliated junior clubs. METHOD: A self-reporting structured
      questionnaire, sent to all SRU affiliated clubs with junior playing members.
      RESULTS: Response rate was 77% (117 out of 151 clubs) showing a wide variation in
      policies and implementation. Exclusion was reported from training in 11% (13 out
      of 151) and from playing on match days in 17% (20 out of 151) of clubs if a mouth
      protector was not worn. The majority of clubs advocated that shop-bought
      protectors were satisfactory. First aiders were present at training at 86% (130
      out of 151) and on match days at 95% (143 out of 151) of clubs. Fewer than 1% had
      a dentist and only 3% a doctor present at training. On match days fewer than 2%
      had a dentist and fewer than 20% a doctor present. CONCLUSION: There is a wide
      variation in club policies and guidelines thus allowing parents, players and club
      staff considerable latitude in interpretation. A significant number of youngsters
      will be at increased risk of dental injury. First aiders are present in a
      significant number of clubs during training and playing.

PMID- 26966772
TI  - PREFORMED METAL CROWNS FOR THE PERMANENT DENTITION.
AB  - Preformed metal crowns have a range of uses in paediatric dentistry in both the
      primary and permanent dentition. This article provides an overview of their use
      in permanent teeth, including teeth that have been affected by molar incisor
      hypomineralisation, caries, developmental defects and tooth surface loss. The
      indications for use are described, along with the clinical technique for
      placement

PMID- 26966773
TI  - PLACEMENT OF PREFORMED METAL CROWNS ON CARIOUS PRIMARY MOLARS BY DENTAL
      HYGIENE/THERAPY VOCATIONAL TRAINEES IN SCOTLAND: A SERVICE EVALUATION ASSESSING
      PATIENT AND PARENT SATISFACTION.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The utility and acceptability of preformed metal crowns (PMC) for
      management of carious primary molars has been established in the literature and
      published guidance. The role of dental hygienist and therapists (DHT) in the
      evolving team model in primary care has been recognised as requiring further
      investigation. The importance of patient and parental acceptance is acknowledged
      in recent healthcare research. METHOD: This study focuses on patient and parent
      acceptance of preformed metal crowns placed by DHTs. Prescription format is
      investigated and the availability of bitewing radiographs considered. Reflective
      assignments at the end of training gave an indication of DHTs views on increased
      professional autonomy and the issue of direct access. Patient and parent
      satisfaction following placement of PMCs by DHT vocational trainees (DHTVT) were
      evaluated. Data was collected in two audit rounds from 2013 to 2014 using a
      'faces' scale for children and a Likert scale for parents following placement of
      PMCs on carious primary molars. RESULTS: 133 PMCs were placed (110 children) by
      10 DHTVTs over an eight-month period. Overall, radiographs were available for
      10.5% of cases. The data showed high levels of patient and parent acceptance of
      the use of PMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Low availability of radiographs may represent a
      missed diagnostic opportunity. PMC placement by DHTVTs resulted in high patient
      and parent satisfaction, comparable to other studies. Although caries has been
      declining over the last decade in Scotland, evidence shows that inequalities and
      a social gradient in experience of caries in children remain. There is a need for
      tools and strategies for the prevention, recognition, risk assessment, diagnosis,
      and management of caries in the primary dentition. These must be accessible,
      acceptable to children and their parents/carers, cost effective, affordable and
      applicable in the primary care general dental practice environment where most
      families are likely to be registered. The emerging theme of dentistry being
      provided in a team model with dental care professionals (DCPs) taking on an
      expanded role is under continuing review following the General Dental Council
      (GDC) announcements on 'direct access'. The Scottish Dental Hygiene and Therapy
      Vocational Training (DHTVT) programme is a one-year, elective, post-qualification
      training programme for Dental Hygiene and Therapy graduates run by NHS Education
      for Scotland (NES). In 2013-2014, DHTVTs were employed across six Scottish health
      board areas in hospital, salaried and independent settings in urban and rural
      locations. The elements of the programme involve a blend of clinical mentoring,
      web-based learning, case presentations, critical reading, reflective assignments
      and face-to-face theoretical and practical teaching across a number of modules.
      The aim of this project was to collect data to indicate patient and parental
      response following the placement of PMCs, collect data on the use of radiographs
      in children having PMCs placed and to investigate the role of dental therapists
      in the dental team. The data, once collated, was presented to DHTVTs to inform
      reflection on the management of carious primary molars and to raise awareness of
      issues relating to cost effectiveness of providing treatment in a primary care
      environment and critically appraise perceived barriers to the use of PMCs in the
      treatment of carious primary molars. Collated data has been presented to trainers
      in future cohorts to inform discussion amongst the group of trainers at induction
      days around dental team working, effective detection, diagnosis, risk assessment
      and prescription to DHTs.

PMID- 26966774
TI  - DENTAL CARE PROFESSIONALS AND CHILD PROTECTION: CASE SCENARIOS AND DISCUSSIONS.
AB  - Any concerns about paediatric patients in general dental practice can be
      stressful for all involved. Barriers to the reporting of concerns by dental teams
      are known to exist. Anything that can help ease those situations can only be
      beneficial. In this article we look at three scenarios that could arise which I
      am often asked about during teaching and training sessions on safeguarding and
      child protection for dental teams. They can be discussed at team meetings and
      training, so that if they are ever to happen for real, everyone will know exactly
      what to do. This article cannot be completely prescriptive as there will be local
      variations, but it gives general guidance on issues raised by the scenarios. If
      you already have a child protection policy in your practice, make sure you know
      what it says; and if you don't this article will point the way to further
      resources for developing one.

PMID- 26966775
TI  - WHY DO YOU NEED TO USE A CARIES RISK ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL TO PROVIDE AN EFFECTIVE
      CARIES PREVENTIVE REGIME?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines recommend an individual is given a caries risk
      status based on analysis of defined clinical and social criteria before
      implementing a tailored preventive plan. AIMS: Improve documentation of caries
      risk assessment (CRA) in a general dental practice setting, using a systems-based
      approach to quality improvement methods. Investigate the impact of quality
      improvement efforts on subsequent design and delivery of preventive care.
      Identify barriers to delivery of CRA and provision of preventive care. DESIGN:
      Data for patients aged 0-16 years was collected over two cycles using standard
      audit methodology. The first cycle was a retrospective analysis (n = 400) using
      random sampling. The second cycle a prospective analysis (n = 513) using
      consecutive sampling over a 15-week period. Five staff meetings with feedback
      occurred between cycles. RESULTS: In cycle one, no specific CRA system was
      identified. CRA status was not stated widely, risk factors were not analysed and
      there was variation with respect to the prescription and delivery of preventive
      strategies. These discrepancies were demonstrable for all four participating
      dentists and at all ages. In cycle two, 100% recorded CRA. All risk factors were
      analysed and individual caries risk was correctly annotated. There was 100%
      compliance with the protocol for preventive plans. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CRA
      improved documentation of caries risk status. This has improved subsequent
      prescription of age specific evidence-based preventive care appropriate to the
      risk status of that individual. Barriers were identified to the delivery of CRA
      and the provision of comprehensive preventive care by the dentists and other
      healthcare professionals.

PMID- 26966776
TI  - INVESTIGATING THE MANAGEMENT OF CARIOUS PRIMARY TEETH IN GENERAL DENTAL PRACTICE:
      AN OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONDUCT OF THE FICTION TRIAL.
AB  - The management of carious primary teeth is a challenge for patients, parents and
      clinicians. Most evidence supporting different management strategies originates
      from a specialist setting and therefore its relevance to the primary care setting
      is questionable. The UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health
      Technology Assessment (HTA) has commissioned the FiCTION (Filling Children's
      Teeth: Indicated Or Not?) trial; a multi-centre primary dental care randomised
      controlled trial (RCT) to determine the most clinically and cost- effective
      approach to managing caries in the primary dentition in the UK. This large trial
      began in 2012, is due to be completed in late 2017 and involves 72 practices and
      1,124 children initially aged three to seven years with dentine caries, following
      randomisation to one of three caries management strategies. Clinical,
      radiographic, quality of life, treatment acceptability and health economics data
      are collected during the three-year follow up period. This article provides an
      overview of the development and conduct of FiCTION and discusses some approaches
      adopted to manage challenges and achieve the patient recruitment target.

PMID- 26966777
TI  - MUCH ADO ABOUT BRUSHING: PROMOTING DENTAL HEALTH IN SCHOOLS.

PMID- 26966778
TI  - CAREER FOCUS: EXPEDITION DENTISTRY.

PMID- 26966779
TI  - Microaggressions Toward Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and
      Genderqueer People: A Review of the Literature.
AB  - Microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination, often unconscious or
      unintentional, that communicate hostile or derogatory messages, particularly to
      and about members of historically marginalized social groups. While Sue's (2010a,
      2010b) microaggression theory formed its foundation in studies based on racial
      microaggressions, the following review summarizes microaggression literature to
      date, as it pertains to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and
      genderqueer (LGBTQ) people. Searching PsycINFO and other databases between 2010
      and 2015, we found 35 peer-reviewed papers or dissertations that concentrate on
      the negative impact microaggressions have on LGBTQ people. A comprehensive
      overview of the experiences of individual LGBTQ subgroups (e.g., lesbian women,
      gay men, bisexual people, transgender people, and genderqueer people) is
      included, as well as microaggressions based on intersectional identities (e.g.,
      experiences of LGBTQ people of color). The significance of this review is that it
      is the only known article to comprehensively analyze the literature on LGBTQ
      people and microaggressions, examining the strengths and weaknesses of past
      literature while encouraging future areas of theory, research, and practice.

PMID- 26966780
TI  - Tanshinone IIA increases levels of NeuN, protein disulfide isomerase, and Na+/K+
      ATPase and decreases evidence of microglial activation after cerebral ischemic
      injury.
AB  - This study was designed to clarify the neuroprotective effects of tanshinone IIA
      (TSA) following cerebral ischemic insult. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were operated
      upon to achieve a middle cerebral artery occlusion to cause transient focal
      cerebral ischemia, which were then randomly divided into the sham-operated
      control group and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) groups receiving a 2 h
      occlusion. The treatment groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of high
      or low doses of TSA, for 7 or 15 days. NeuN immunostaining revealed neuronal loss
      following I/R, which was partially prevented with subsequent TSA dosing. Protein
      disulfide isomerase and adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase) levels were
      all depressed by means of I/R. TSA treatment markedly reversed the depression of
      all indices examined. The intensity of microglial activation, as evidenced with
      CD11b staining, was increased by means of cerebral artery occlusion, but this was
      partially reversed with subsequent TSA treatment. TSA may affect neuroprotection
      by way of minimizing deficits in energy metabolism and reduction of the extent of
      cell death within affected regions.

PMID- 26966781
TI  - Short-term high-altitude pre-exposure improves neurobehavioral ability.
AB  - This study aims to evaluate the effect of the duration of high-altitude (HA) pre
      exposure on human neurobehavioral parameters including mood states and cognitive
      performance at HA. One hundred and eleven healthy individuals (ranging in age
      from 18 to 35 years) were recruited to participate in this study. They were
      divided into two groups: a 4-day short-term HA pre-exposure group (n=57) and a 3
      month long-term HA pre-exposure group (n=54). All participants lived in the area
      at 400 m altitude above sea level before pre-exposure to HA. They were then
      transported to 3700 m plateau for either a 4-day or a 3-month HA pre-exposure,
      and finally delivered to 4400 m plateau. On the last day of pre-exposure at 3700
      m and on the 10th day at 4400 m, neurobehavioral parameters of the participants
      in the two groups were evaluated. At the end of pre-exposure and on the 10th day
      of HA exposure, participants in the short-term group had significantly lower
      negative mood states, better cognitive performance with higher sensorimotor,
      attention, and psychomotor abilities, and less acute mountain sickness in
      comparison with the participants in the long-term pre-exposure group. Our field
      study with large samples showed that in comparison with 3-month long-term pre
      exposure, 4-day short-term HA pre-exposure at 3700 m has a better effect in
      improving human neurobehavioral parameters including mood states and cognitive
      performance and reducing acute mountain sickness when exposed to a HA at 4400 m.

PMID- 26966782
TI  - Stress-responsive heme oxygenase-1 isoenzyme participates in Toll-like receptor 4
      induced inflammation during brain ischemia.
AB  - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the progression of ischemic brain
      injury and hence vascular dementia; however, the underlying mechanisms are
      largely unknown. Here, we have investigated the interrelationship between stress
      responsive heme oxygenase (HO)-1 isoenzyme and TLR4 during chronic brain
      hypoperfusion. The right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion was performed
      by ligation of the right common carotid artery in C57BL/6J mice. The brain cortex
      or hippocampus was removed for western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence
      analysis. The link between HO-1 and TLR4 was further examined by silencing TLR4
      and pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 in primary cultured cortical neurons.
      Cognitive dysfunction and decrease in cerebral blood flow in mice were observed 4
      weeks after the occlusion. Our data further show that common carotid artery
      occlusion induced an increase in TLR4 and HO-1 protein levels. Although the
      administration of CoPP (10 mg/kg), HO-1 agonist, improved the cognitive
      dysfunction in a mice model of occlusion, western blot analysis in primary
      cultured cortical neurons showed that HO-1 was upregulated after
      lipopolysaccharide treatment; this was partially abolished by the TLR4 siRNA
      interference. The flow cytometry analysis showed that pharmacological inhibition
      of HO-1 by ZnPP (100 MUM) further exaggerated lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal
      cell death. Hence, stress-responsive HO-1 isoenzyme participates in TLR4-induced
      inflammation during chronic brain ischemia. The pharmacological manipulation of
      TLR4 or the HO-1 antioxidant defense pathway may represent a novel treatment
      strategy for neuronal protection in vascular dementia.

PMID- 26966783
TI  - Imidacloprid toxicity impairs spatial memory of echolocation bats through neural
      apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 and medial entorhinal cortex areas.
AB  - It has been reported that the decimation of honey bees was because of pesticides
      of imidacloprid. The imidacloprid is a wildly used neonicotinoid insecticide.
      However, whether imidacloprid toxicity interferes with the spatial memory of
      echolocation bats is still unclear. Thus, we compared the spatial memory of
      Formosan leaf-nosed bats, Hipposideros terasensis, before and after chronic
      treatment with a low dose of imidacloprid. We observed that stereotyped flight
      patterns of echolocation bats that received chronic imidacloprid treatment were
      quite different from their originally learned paths. We further found that neural
      apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 and medial entorhinal cortex areas of echolocation
      bats that received imidacloprid treatment was significantly enhanced in
      comparison with echolocation bats that received sham treatment. Thus, we suggest
      that imidacloprid toxicity may interfere with the spatial memory of echolocation
      bats through neural apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 and medial entorhinal cortex
      areas. The results provide direct evidence that pesticide toxicity causes a
      spatial memory disorder in echolocation bats. This implies that agricultural
      pesticides may pose severe threats to the survival of echolocation bats. 

PMID- 26966785
TI  - Advances in the pharmacological treatment of Graves' orbitopathy.
AB  - Graves' orbitopathy has a deteriorating effect on patients' appearance and
      vision, thus significantly decreases their quality of life. A multidisciplinary
      team of endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, head and neck surgeons, nuclear
      medicine physicians, radiologists, and psychologists should constitute a standard
      health care team for those patients. It is vital that the therapy is based on an
      individual approach, with patients being well informed and involved in the
      decision-making process. Generally, traditional therapies include
      immunosuppression with steroids, orbital irradiation and surgical decompression.
      Novel treatment modalities include: biological agents, somatostatin analogs,
      antioxidants, methotrexate. Better insight into pathogenesis of Graves'
      orbitopathy is the only chance for targeted therapy development. 

PMID- 26966784
TI  - Admission Peripheral Edema, Central Venous Pressure, and Survival in Critically
      Ill Patients.
AB  - RATIONALE: The clinical significance of peripheral edema has not been well
      described in critical illness. OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical significance of
      peripheral edema detected on physical examination at the time of hospital
      admission for patients who were treated in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS:
      Using a large inception cohort of critically ill patients, we examined the
      association of peripheral edema, as documented on hospital admission physical
      examination, with hospital and 1-year survival. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of
      12,778 patients admitted to an ICU at a teaching hospital in Boston,
      Massachusetts, 2,338 (18%) had peripheral edema. Adjusting for severity of
      illness and comorbidities, including pulmonary edema, admission peripheral edema
      was associated with a 26% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-1.44, P < 0.001)
      higher risk of hospital mortality. In those patients whose peripheral edema could
      be graded, trace, 1+, 2+, and 3+ admission peripheral edema was associated with a
      2% (95% CI = 0.80-1.31, P = 0.89), 17% (95% CI = 1.00-1.56, P = 0.05), 60% (95%
      CI = 1.26-2.04, P < 0.001), and 54% (95% CI = 1.04-2.29, P = 0.03) higher
      adjusted risk of hospital mortality, respectively, compared with patients without
      edema. The association was consistent across strata of patients with diabetes,
      congestive heart failure, sepsis, and premorbid diuretic or calcium channel
      blocker use. In a subset of patients with central venous pressures measurements
      obtained within 6 hours of ICU admission, the highest central venous pressure
      quartile (>13 cm H2O) was similarly associated with a 35% (95% CI = 1.05-1.75, P
      = 0.02) higher adjusted risk of hospital mortality compared with the lowest
      quartile (<=7 cm H2O). CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral edema, as detected on physical
      examination at the time of hospital admission, is a poor prognostic indicator in
      critical illness. Whether peripheral edema simply reflects underlying
      pathophysiology, or has an independent pathogenic role, will require further
      interventional studies.

PMID- 26966786
TI  - Identification of Kinesin-1 Cargos Using Fluorescence Microscopy.
AB  - Fluorescence microscopy is employed to identify Kinesin-1 cargos. Recently, the
      heavy chain of Kinesin-1 (KIF5B) was shown to transport the nuclear transcription
      factor c-MYC for proteosomal degradation in the cytoplasm. The method described
      here involves the study of a motorless KIF5B mutant for fluorescence microscopy.
      The wild-type and motorless KIF5B proteins are tagged with the fluorescent
      protein tdTomato. The wild-type tdTomato-KIF5B appears homogenously in the
      cytoplasm, while the motorless tdTomato-KIF5B mutant forms aggregates in the
      cytoplasm. Aggregation of the motorless KIF5B mutant induces aggregation of its
      cargo c-MYC in the cytoplasm. Hence, this method provides a visual means to
      identify the cargos of Kinesin-1. A similar strategy can be utilized to identify
      cargos of other motor proteins. 

PMID- 26966787
TI  - Nationwide Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor Dust in
      Mainland China From Eastern to Western Areas.
AB  - From eastern to western areas, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were
      detected at substantial levels in the outdoor dust across mainland China. Urban
      samples generally showed higher levels compared with those of rural samples.
      Compared with neutral PFASs, ionizable PFASs (C4-C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic
      acids and C4/C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids) were more abundant, with the
      highest total concentration up to 1.6 * 10(2) ng/g and perfluorooctanoic acid
      (PFOA) being a predominant analogue. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and
      polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (DiPAPs) were both detected in most
      samples with total concentrations of 0.12-32 and 0.030-20 ng/g, respectively.
      Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols/sulfonamides (FOSE/As) were detected at low
      frequencies (<30%). In addition to partitioning to organic moiety, specific
      adsorption onto mineral particles can be important for PFASs to bind onto outdoor
      dust, especially for short-chain ionizable PFASs. The eastern plain areas were
      characterized by a higher contribution of long-chain ionizable PFASs; whereas the
      western high plateau areas were characterized by the dominating contribution of
      short-chain analogues. The difference suggests that the long-range atmospheric
      transport potential of PFASs from source regions to the inland is probably
      limited by the increase in altitude, and different sources from adjacent regions
      may influence the western border area of China. 

PMID- 26966788
TI  - Octazethrene and Its Isomer with Different Diradical Characters and Chemical
      Reactivity: The Role of the Bridge Structure.
AB  - The fundamental relationship between structure and diradical character is
      important for the development of open-shell diradicaloid-based materials. In this
      work, we synthesized two structural isomers bearing a 2,6-naphthoquinodimethane
      or a 1,5-naphthoquinodimethane bridge and demonstrated that their diradical
      characters and chemical reactivity are quite different. The mesityl-or
      pentafluorophenyl-substituted octazethrene derivatives OZ-M/OZ-F and their isomer
      OZI-M (with mesityl substituents) were synthesized via an intramolecular Friedel
      Crafts alkylation followed by oxidative dehydrogenation strategy from the key
      building blocks 4 and 11. Our detailed experimental and theoretical studies
      showed that both isomers have an open-shell singlet ground state with a
      remarkable diradical character (y0 = 0.35 and 0.34 for OZ-M and OZ-F, and y0 =
      0.58 for OZI-M). Compounds OZ-M and OZ-F have good stability in an ambient
      environment, while OZI-M has high reactivity and can be easily oxidized to a
      dioxo product 15, which can be correlated to their different diradical
      characters. Additionally, we investigated the physical properties of OZ-M, OZ-F,
      and 15. 

PMID- 26966789
TI  - Root-Shoot Signaling crosstalk involved in the shoot growth promoting action of
      rhizospheric humic acids.
AB  - Numerous studies have shown the ability of humic substances to improve plant
      development. This action is normally reflected in an enhancement of crop yields
      and quality. However, the mechanisms responsible for this action of humic
      substances remain rather unknown. Our studies have shown that the shoot promoting
      action of sedimentary humic acids is dependent of its ability to increase root
      hydraulic conductivity through signaling pathways related to ABA, which in turn
      is affected in roots by humic acids in an IAA-NO dependent way. Furthermore,
      these studies also indicate that the primary action of humic acids in roots might
      also be physical, resulting from a transient mild stress caused by humic acids
      associated with a fouling-cleaning cycle of wall cell pores. Finally the role of
      alternative signal molecules, such as ROS, and corresponding signaling pathways
      are also discussed and modeled in the context of the above-mentioned framework. 

PMID- 26966790
TI  - Parent binge eating and restrictive feeding practices: Indirect effects of
      parent's responses to child's negative emotion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Parents' emotion regulation difficulties are related to binge eating
      (BE), and to responses to children's negative emotion. However, less is known
      about how responses to children's negative emotion are related to eating and
      feeding in the parenting context. We examined the degree to which BE had both
      direct and indirect effects on parental restrictive feeding practices, through
      parents' reported responses to negative emotion. METHOD: Parents of preschoolers
      (n=441) completed validated questionnaires about their feeding strategies,
      responses to children's negative emotion, and their children's eating behaviors.
      Height and weight were measured in children and self-reported by parents.
      Unsupportive (Distress, Minimizing, and Punitive), and Supportive (Emotion
      focused, Problem-focused, and Expressive Encouragement) responses to negative
      emotion were measured using the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale.
      RESULTS: Parent's BE was correlated with Distress responses, Restriction for
      health, and Restriction for weight control. Controlling for confounders, BE was
      associated with Restriction for weight control, and Restriction for health. Model
      testing revealed that BE had significant direct (R(2) [SE]=.073 [.031], 95% CI
      [.013, .134]) and indirect effects (R(2) [SE]=.011 [.005], 95% CI [.003, .023])
      on Restriction for weight control, through Distress responses, but only indirect
      effects on Restriction for health (R(2) [SE]=.018 [.009], 95% CI [.004, .039]).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an association between emotion regulation and
      energy-intake regulation in the parenting context. Efforts to modify feeding
      practices may be more effective if parents' eating behaviors and their emotional
      responsiveness to distress are taken into account.

PMID- 26966792
TI  - Approaching Bulk Carrier Dynamics in Organo-Halide Perovskite Nanocrystalline
      Films by Surface Passivation.
AB  - The electronic properties of organo-halide perovskite absorbers described in the
      literature have been closely associated with their morphologies and processing
      conditions. However, the underlying origins of this dependence remain unclear. A
      combination of inorganic synthesis, surface chemistry, and time-resolved
      photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to show that charge recombination centers
      in organo-halide perovskites are almost exclusively localized on the surfaces of
      the crystals rather than in the bulk. Passivation of these surface defects causes
      average charge carrier lifetimes in nanocrystalline thin films to approach the
      bulk limit reported for single-crystal organo-halide perovskites. These findings
      indicate that the charge carrier lifetimes of perovskites are correlated with
      their thin-film processing conditions and morphologies through the influence
      these have on the surface chemistry of the nanocrystals. Therefore, surface
      passivation may provide a means to decouple the electronic properties of organo
      halide perovskites from their thin-film processing conditions and corresponding
      morphologies. 

PMID- 26966791
TI  - The mechanism of action of tofacitinib - an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease
      characterised by infiltration of immune cells into the affected synovium, release
      of inflammatory cytokines and degradative mediators, and subsequent joint damage.
      Both innate and adaptive arms of the immune response play a role, with activation
      of immune cells leading to dysregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines.
      Cytokines work within a complex regulatory network in RA, signalling through
      different intracellular kinase pathways to modulate recruitment, activation and
      function of immune cells and other leukocytes. As our understanding of RA has
      advanced, intracellular signalling pathways such as Janus kinase (JAK) pathways
      have emerged as key hubs in the cytokine network and, therefore, important as
      therapeutic targets. Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor for the treatment of
      RA. Tofacitinib is a targeted small molecule, and an innovative advance in RA
      therapy, which modulates cytokines critical to the progression of immune and
      inflammatory responses. Herein we describe the mechanism of action of tofacitinib
      and the impact of JAK inhibition on the immune and inflammatory responses in RA. 

PMID- 26966793
TI  - Neuromuscular Disease.

PMID- 26966794
TI  - Once again, complex care leads the way.

PMID- 26966796
TI  - Clinical course of growth in patients with congenital neuromuscular disease in a
      single multidisciplinary neuromuscular clinic.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of nutritional interventions on growth and on
      respiratory status in patients with congenital myopathy (CM), congenital muscular
      dystrophy (CMD), and congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). METHODS: Retrospective
      cohort study based on case-note review of 18 patients affected by CM, CMD, and
      CMS, followed at a single pediatric neuromuscular center, between 2006 and 2014.
      RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of patients required placement of a gastrostomy tube
      for bulbar weakness or for growth failure. Of those patients, 10 had 1 year
      follow up anthropometric data and 6 had 2 year follow up anthropometric data.
      Height percentiles and z-scores were significantly improved in patients after 1
      year, while weight and BMI percentiles and z-scores were not. Weight and height
      percentiles and z-scores were significantly improved in patients at 2 year follow
      up, while BMI percentiles and z-scores were not. The number of respiratory
      illnesses was not significantly different before or after placement of the
      feeding tube. Of the patients who did not have placement of a gastrostomy tube, 4
      had 1 year follow up anthropometric data and 3 had 2 year follow up
      anthropometric data. Gastrostomy tube fed patients had significantly higher mean
      weight percentiles and z-scores compared to orally fed patients. There was no
      significant difference in height or BMI between the gastrostomy fed and orally
      fed groups. Individual growth curves highlight the effect of intervention on
      weight and height. CONCLUSIONS: This is a single multidisciplinary center
      experience describing the effect of nutritional interventions on growth in
      patients with congenital neuromuscular disorders. While the number of patients
      and their data in this report are limited, it highlights that the growth in this
      group of patients is unique but that the low weight and short stature respond to
      nutritional interventions with changes typically seen after 2 years of
      intervention.

PMID- 26966795
TI  - Age at onset of first signs or symptoms predicts age at loss of ambulation in
      Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy: Data from the MD STARnet.
AB  - PURPOSE: We investigated the prognostic utility of onset age at first signs and
      symptoms (SS) to predict onset age at loss of ambulation (LOA) for childhood
      onset Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies (DBMD). METHODS: Our cohort
      comprised male cases with DBMD ascertained by the population-based Muscular
      Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet). Adjusted
      hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox
      proportional hazards models for associations between onset ages of first SS and
      LOA. Covariates controlled for were corticosteroid use, family history of DBMD,
      birth year, race/ethnicity, and MD STARnet site. Onset age at first SS was
      considered as a continuous and as a categorical variable. RESULTS: A one-year
      increase in onset age at first SS was significantly associated with a 10%
      reduction in annual risk of LOA (HR = 0.90, CI = 0.87-0.94). Treating onset age
      at first SS as a categorical variable yielded a similar association (>= 5 years:
      referent; >= 3 to < 5 years: HR = 1.36, CI = 1.02-1.81; 18 months to < 3 years:
      HR = 1.72, CI = 1.31-2.26; < 18 months: HR = 1.52, CI = 1.14-2.02). CONCLUSIONS:
      Earlier onset age at first SS is associated with earlier onset age at LOA and may
      have clinical utility in differentiating childhood-onset Duchenne and Becker
      muscular dystrophies.

PMID- 26966797
TI  - Management of scoliosis in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal
      muscular atrophy: A literature review.
AB  - Scoliosis occurs in nearly all non-ambulatory children with spinal muscular
      atrophy (SMA) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Non-operative treatments
      have not been shown to be effective at preventing progression of scoliosis.
      Progressive scoliosis can impact the ability of patients to sit comfortably, be
      cosmetically unappealing, and in severe cases exacerbate pulmonary disease. The
      main goal of operative treatment is to improve sitting balance and prevent
      progression of scoliosis. Complication rates are high and there is little data on
      effect of operative treatment on quality of life in children with SMA and DMD.
      Comprehensive multi-disciplinary pre-operative evaluations are vital to reduce
      the risks of operative treatment. 

PMID- 26966798
TI  - Rehabilitation issues in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common hereditary sensorimotor
      neuropathy that has a slow onset. It presents usually in childhood, starting
      distally and from the lower limbs progressing to more proximal muscles. Due to
      the lack of curative medical treatments and the problematic outcomes of surgical
      intervention, rehabilitation continues to play a major role in treatment. This
      paper aims to summarize the rehabilitation approaches like aerobic, stretching
      and strengthening exercises. Orthotics is another important part of treatment
      that complete rehabilitative approaches. Orthotic devices that are currently
      being used and investigated in patients with CMT are also reviewed. The evidence
      shows that exercise is effective in improving strength and general fitness.
      Stretching is somewhat effective in maintaining range of motion. Orthotic devices
      are the mainstay of maintaining mobility and ambulation and upper extremity
      function. 

PMID- 26966799
TI  - Physical therapy services received by individuals with spinal muscular atrophy
      (SMA).
AB  - PURPOSE: The consensus statement for standard of care in SMA recommends
      multidisciplinary medical care including physical therapy (PT) services. To date
      there are no reports regarding the implementation of these recommendations and
      the type of care or services received by individuals with SMA. The purpose of
      this study is to describe the PT services received by individuals with SMA.
      METHODS: Interviews were conducted with patients or their caregivers at the
      Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research (PNCR) Network sites from October 2011
      to September 2012. Questions included information about clinical status of the
      patient, sociodemographic profile of the patient or caregiver, and PT services
      received in the past year, including the setting, frequency, duration and type of
      PT, and therapies administered by caregivers. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of 105
      participants reported receiving PT services, some in multiple settings: 62% in
      the neuromuscular clinic, 38% at school, 34% at home, and 13% in an outpatient
      clinic. Greater frequency of PT services received was associated with younger age
      and inability to walk, but not SMA type. CONCLUSION: This is the first
      multicenter study documenting PT services received by patients with SMA. Further
      research is needed to better understand the impact of PT services on the natural
      history of SMA.

PMID- 26966800
TI  - Rehabilitative technology use among individuals with Duchenne/Becker muscular
      dystrophy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To document use of rehabilitative technology among individuals with
      Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) among sites of the Muscular Dystrophy
      Surveillance, Tracking, and Research network (MD STARnet). METHODS: Data from 362
      caregivers who participated in the MD STARnet caregiver interview between April
      2006 and March 2012 (54.7% response rate) were analyzed to assess the type,
      frequency and duration of use of assistive technology. RESULTS: Caregiver reports
      of technology use by individuals with DBMD across five MD STARnet sites in the US
      demonstrated significant regional differences in the proportion of individuals
      who had ever used night splints (36.9%-73.0%), standers (3.1%-22.2%) and scooters
      (10.7%-54.5%). Among individuals who used night splints 59.7% stopped using them
      at a mean age of 10.3 years after a mean duration of 2.9 years in spite of the
      current recommendation to continue using them through the non-ambulatory phase.
      DISCUSSION: Results of this comprehensive survey document the frequency of
      assistive device use by individuals with DBMD in the USA and also provides data
      on differences across the sites. Further research is needed to understand the
      reasons for and the impact of these differences on clinical outcomes and health
      related quality of life of individuals with DBMD.

PMID- 26966801
TI  - Physical activity and the use of standard and complementary therapies in Duchenne
      and Becker muscular dystrophies.
AB  - PURPOSE: To record the use and perceived benefits of mainstream allied health
      services, complementary therapies, nutritional supplements and structured
      physical activity in a paediatric population of males with Duchenne or Becker
      muscular dystrophy. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed to 125 parents of
      males with a dystrophinopathy within a tertiary neuromuscular clinic population
      in Melbourne, Australia. RESULTS: Response rate to the survey was 41%. Most
      families (73%) reported use of allied health services: physiotherapy (65%),
      occupational therapy (47%), and psychology (25%). The most commonly used
      complementary therapy was massage (31%). Sixty-five percent of families reported
      using nutritional supplements. Fifty-one and 38% of families reported
      participation in swimming and other organised sports, respectively. Physical and
      psychological benefits of sporting activities were identified by families.
      Participation in physical activity was lowest in those transitioning to full-time
      wheelchair use. CONCLUSIONS: Access to allied health services by boys with
      dystrophinopathies is variable and inconsistent with published international
      standards of care. There is frequent use of complementary therapies, despite a
      lack of proven efficacy. Studies of the effects of such therapies would support
      provision of evidence-based advice to families. Continued involvement in physical
      activity for those boys with declining function should be supported by
      clinicians.

PMID- 26966802
TI  - Factors associated with caregiver experience in families with a child with
      cerebral palsy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Managing the stresses of parenting a child with cerebral palsy (CP) can
      be challenging. This study sought to identify factors that are associated with
      higher levels of caregiver stress. METHODS: A retrospective review of data from
      the Learn From Every PatientTM project conducted in an interdisciplinary CP
      clinic were used to compare caregiver responses on 2 subsets (financial and
      time/emotional) of the Assessment of Caregiver Experience in Neuromuscular
      Disorders (ACEND) and physical and medical characteristics of the child. RESULTS:
      The range of scores in both the financial and emotional subset was large. The
      presence of behavior problems, seizures, and severity of CP showed the strongest
      associations with emotional stress and accounted for 14% of the variance in
      scaled scores (r= 0.392, adj R2= 14.3, p< 0.01). The child's age was not
      significantly related to parental stress. The most highly reported areas of
      stress were worry about the child's pain, and the financial impact of lost wages.
      CONCLUSION: Caregiver experience varied widely and is associated with a range of
      factors among families caring for a child with CP. Further research is needed to
      test whether interventions to minimize the areas of greatest stress could make a
      meaningful difference in family functioning.

PMID- 26966803
TI  - Complementary therapies that do not include respiratory therapies are a very
      small part of the story.

PMID- 26966804
TI  - Authors' Response to Commentary.

PMID- 26966808
TI  - Solubility enhancement of dioxins and PCBs by surfactant monomers and micelles
      quantified with polymer depletion techniques.
AB  - Partitioning of super-hydrophobic organic contaminants (SHOCs) to dissolved or
      colloidal materials such as surfactants can alter their behaviour by enhancing
      apparent aqueous solubility. Relevant partition constants are, however,
      challenging to quantify with reasonable accuracy. Partition constants to
      colloidal surfactants can be measured by introducing a polymer (PDMS) as third
      phase with known PDMS-water partition constant in combination with the mass
      balance approach. We quantified partition constants of PCBs and PCDDs (log KOW
      5.8-8.3) between water and sodium dodecyl sulphate monomers (KMO) and micelles
      (KMI). A refined, recently introduced swelling-based polymer loading technique
      allowed highly precise (4.5-10% RSD) and fast (<24 h) loading of SHOCs into PDMS,
      and due to the miniaturisation of batch systems equilibrium was reached in <5
      days for KMI and <3 weeks for KMO. SHOC losses to experimental surfaces were
      substantial (8-26%) in monomer solutions, but had a low impact on KMO (0.10-0.16
      log units). Log KMO for PCDDs (4.0-5.2) were approximately 2.6 log units lower
      than respective log KMI, which ranged from 5.2 to 7.0 for PCDDs and 6.6-7.5 for
      PCBs. The linear relationship between log KMI and log KOW was consistent with
      more polar and moderately hydrophobic compounds. Apparent solubility increased
      with increasing hydrophobicity and was highest in micelle solutions. However,
      this solubility enhancement was also considerable in monomer solutions, up to 200
      times for OCDD. Given the pervasive presence of surfactant monomers in typical
      field scenarios, these data suggest that low surfactant concentrations may be
      effective long-term facilitators for subsurface transport of SHOCs.

PMID- 26966807
TI  - Molecular Dynamics of Fibrinogen Adsorption onto Graphene, but Not onto
      Poly(ethylene glycol) Surface, Increases Exposure of Recognition Sites That
      Trigger Immune Response.
AB  - Changes in the conformation of blood proteins due to their binding to
      nonbiological surfaces is the initial step in the chain of immunological
      reactions to foreign bodies. Despite the large number of experimental studies
      that have been performed on fibrinogen adsorption to nonbiological surfaces, a
      clear picture describing this complex process has eluded researchers to date.
      Developing a better understanding of the behavior of bioactive fibrinogen motifs
      upon their interaction with surfaces may facilitate the design of advanced
      materials with improved biocompatibility. This is especially important within the
      context of medical implants. Here we present results of explicit-solvent, all
      atom MD simulations of the adsorption of the fibrinogen D-domain onto a graphene
      surface and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) surface. Our results are consistent
      with experimental observations that interactions with PEG do not induce
      significant conformational changes on immune-reactive sites present in the D
      domain of fibrinogen. In contrast, our results indicate that significant
      conformational changes induced by adsorption to graphene surfaces may occur under
      conditions that promote a high density of blood proteins on the surface. The
      structural rearrangements observed on graphene directly affect the secondary
      structure content of the D-domain, with consequent exposure of the recognition
      sites P1 (gamma190-202) and P2 (gamma377-395) and the subsite P2-C (gamma383-395)
      involved in immune response. Analysis of the structural parameters of the MD
      conformers was shown to accurately assess the biocompatibility of the modeled
      surfaces.

PMID- 26966809
TI  - On-line classification of pollutants in water using wireless portable electronic
      noses.
AB  - A portable electronic nose with database connection for on-line classification of
      pollutants in water is presented in this paper. It is a hand-held, lightweight
      and powered instrument with wireless communications capable of standalone
      operation. A network of similar devices can be configured for distributed
      measurements. It uses four resistive microsensors and headspace as sampling
      method for extracting the volatile compounds from glass vials. The measurement
      and control program has been developed in LabVIEW using the database connection
      toolkit to send the sensors data to a server for training and classification with
      Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The use of a server instead of the
      microprocessor of the e-nose increases the capacity of memory and the computing
      power of the classifier and allows external users to perform data classification.
      To address this challenge, this paper also proposes a web-based framework (based
      on RESTFul web services, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and JavaScript Object
      Notation) that allows remote users to train ANNs and request classification
      values regardless user's location and the type of device used. Results show that
      the proposed prototype can discriminate the samples measured (Blank water,
      acetone, toluene, ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, benzene,
      dichloromethane, acetic acid, xylene and dimethylacetamide) with a 94%
      classification success rate. 

PMID- 26966810
TI  - Determination of uptake, accumulation, and stress effects in corn (Zea mays L.)
      grown in single-wall carbon nanotube contaminated soil.
AB  - Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are projected to increase in usage across
      many industries. Two studies were conducted using Zea L. (corn) seeds exposed to
      SWNT spiked soil for 40 d. In Study 1, corn was exposed to various SWNT
      concentrations (0, 10, and 100 mg/kg) with different functionalities (non
      functionalized, OH-functionalized, or surfactant stabilized). A microwave induced
      heating method was used to determine SWNTs accumulated mostly in roots (0-24
      MUg/g), with minimal accumulation in stems and leaves (2-10 MUg/g) with a limit
      of detection at 0.1 MUg/g. Uptake was not functional group dependent. In Study 2,
      corn was exposed to 10 mg/kg SWNTs (non-functionalized or COOH-functionalized)
      under optimally grown or water deficit conditions. Plant physiological stress was
      determined by the measurement of photosynthetic rate throughout Study 2. No
      significant differences were seen between control and SWNT treatments.
      Considering the amount of SWNTs accumulated in corn roots, further studies are
      needed to address the potential for SWNTs to enter root crop species (i.e.,
      carrots), which could present a significant pathway for human dietary exposure.

PMID- 26966812
TI  - Relationship between antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistance profiles in bacteria
      harvested from tap water.
AB  - Chlorination is commonly used to control levels of bacteria in drinking water;
      however, viable bacteria may remain due to chlorine resistance. What is
      concerning is that surviving bacteria, due to co-selection factors, may also have
      increased resistance to common antibiotics. This would pose a public health risk
      as it could link resistant bacteria in the natural environment to human
      population. Here, we investigated the relationship between chlorine- and
      antibiotic-resistances by harvesting 148 surviving bacteria from chlorinated
      drinking-water systems and compared their susceptibilities against chlorine
      disinfectants and antibiotics. Twenty-two genera were isolated, including members
      of Paenibacillus, Burkholderia, Escherichia, Sphingomonas and Dermacoccus
      species. Weak (but significant) correlations were found between chlorine
      tolerance and minimum inhibitory concentrations against the antibiotics
      tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin, but not against ciprofloxacin;
      this suggest that chlorine-tolerant bacteria are more likely to also be
      antibiotic resistant. Further, antibiotic-resistant bacteria survived longer than
      antibiotic-sensitive organisms when exposed to free chlorine in a contact-time
      assay; however, there were little differences in susceptibility when exposed to
      monochloramine. Irrespective of antibiotic-resistance, spore-forming bacteria had
      higher tolerance against disinfection compounds. The presence of chlorine
      resistant bacteria surviving in drinking-water systems may carry additional risk
      of antibiotic resistance. 

PMID- 26966811
TI  - GIS-based multielement source analysis of dustfall in Beijing: A study of 40
      major and trace elements.
AB  - Dust, as an important carrier of inorganic and organic pollutants, daily exposes
      to human without any protection. It affects our health adversely, especially its
      chemical elements and ions. In this research, we investigated the chemical
      characteristics of dustfall in Beijing, specifically in terms of 40 major and
      trace elements, and presented semi-quantitative evaluations of the relative local
      and remote contributions. In total, 58 samples were collected in Beijing and
      nearby cities during 2013-2014 "the winter heating period". Using multiple
      statistical methods and GIS techniques, we obtained the relative similarities
      among certain elements and identified their pollution sources (from local or
      nearby cities). And more interestingly, the relative contributions of nearby
      cities can be calculated by the Hysplit4 backward-trajectory model. In addition,
      the correlation analysis for the 40 elements in dust and soil indicated that
      traffic restricted interchange between them; the city center, with the heaviest
      traffic, had the most significant influence. Finally, the resulting source
      apportionment was examined and modified using land use data and terrain
      information. We hope it can provide a strong basis for the environmental
      protection and risk assessment. 

PMID- 26966813
TI  - Dispersal and dilution of wastewater from an ocean outfall at Davis Station,
      Antarctica, and resulting environmental contamination.
AB  - The Antarctic Treaty permits the discharge of wastewater into Antarctic marine
      waters providing that conditions exist for initial dilution and rapid dispersal.
      We investigated the dilution and dispersal of macerated wastewater around
      Australia's Davis Station in East Antarctica and examined sediments for evidence
      of contaminants. Methods used to examine hydrodynamic conditions included current
      meters, dye release experiments and measurement of sewage-associated microbial
      markers and surfactants in the water column. We measured marine sediments for
      metals, nutrients, PBDEs, hydrocarbons and faecal sterols. We propose that if
      there is adequate dilution and dispersal there would be no significant difference
      in contaminant concentrations in sediments around the outfall compared to distant
      control sites. Currents were strongly correlated with prevailing wind conditions.
      Modelling indicated that diffusivity of wastewater had the greatest effect on
      dilution factors and that neither discharge rates nor local currents had as much
      effect. During summer conditions of open water, wastewater is likely to be
      constrained in a narrow plume close to the coast. Concentrations of sewage
      bacteria were high around the outfall and detected up to 1.5 km away, along with
      dye. There were significant differences in sediment concentrations of metals,
      PBDEs, hydrocarbons, nutrients and faecal sterols between sites within 2 km of
      the outfall and control sites. We conclude that dilution and dispersal conditions
      at the Davis outfall are insufficient to prevent the accumulation of contaminants
      in local sediments and that microbial hazards posed by wastewater are an
      environmental risk to local wildlife.

PMID- 26966814
TI  - Negative Pressure Wound Therapy With Instillation: Review of Evidence and
      Recommendations.
AB  - Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWTi) and dwell time is an
      adjunctive treatment modality for selected complex wounds. Because of the greater
      amount of research now available, a multidisciplinary expert panel comprising the
      fields of podiatry, plastic and general surgery, burn treatment, infectious
      diseases, and orthopedics was convened on July 11, 2015, to produce a summary of
      the data and recommendations on the use of NPWTi. The panel members each reviewed
      available published literature on NPWTi in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Google
      Scholar databases from 1 January 2012 up until 20 July 2015 using the string
      search term negative pressure wound therapy instillation provided by the panel
      moderator; there were no restrictions on the language or type of publication.
      Panel members discussed their experiences and worked to reach consensus on
      several predefined topics. NPWTi was found to be most appropriate for properly
      selected complex hosts or wounds such as patients with multiple comorbidities,
      patients with an American Society of Anesthesiology Classification >= 2, severe
      traumatic wounds, diabetic foot infections, and wounds complicated by invasive
      infection or extensive biofilm. NPWTi should not be used routinely to treat
      simple wounds or hosts without comorbidities.There is evidence that when NPWTi is
      added to standard of care in properly selected cases it provides better overall
      clinical outcomes than standard of care alone, even when including NPWT. Based on
      published evidence and panel member experience, the Panel recommends a dwell time
      - fluid briefly instilled into the wound and allowed to diffuse for a user
      specified time - of 10-20 minutes followed by 2-4 hours of negative pressure at 
      125 mmHg, although larger wounds may need times of up to 6 hours. Normal saline
      (0.9%) is the preferred solution for NPWTi, except in special situations. NPWTi
      with dwell time is an adjunct to other standard principles of appropriate wound
      assessment and treatment (e.g., debridement, pressure offloading, systemic
      antibiotic therapy, vascular assessment and revascularization when needed, or
      glycemic control).

PMID- 26966816
TI  - Local, national, and service component cost variations in the management of low
      back pain: Considerations for the clinician.
AB  - In the past two decades, the cost associated with managing low back pain has
      increased significantly. Improved consciousness of how clinicians utilize
      resources when managing low back pain is necessary in the current economic
      climate. The goal of this review is to examine the component costs associated
      with managing low back pain and provide practical solutions for reducing
      healthcare costs. This is accomplished by utilizing examples from a major
      metropolitan area with several major academic institutions and private health
      care centers. It is clear that there is considerable local and national variation
      in the component costs of managing low back pain, including physician visits,
      imaging studies, medications, and therapy services. By being well informed about
      these variations in one's environment, clinicians and patients alike can make
      strides towards reducing the financial impact of low back pain. Investigation of
      the cost discrepancies for services within one's community of practice is
      important. Improved public access to both cost and outcomes data is needed.

PMID- 26966815
TI  - Dissecting Electrostatic Contributions to Folding and Self-Assembly Using
      Designed Multicomponent Peptide Systems.
AB  - We investigate formation of nano- to microscale peptide fibers and sheets where
      assembly requires association of two distinct collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs).
      The multicomponent nature of these designs allows the decoupling of amino acid
      contributions to peptide folding versus higher-order assembly. While both
      arginine and lysine containing CMP sequences can favor triple-helix folding, only
      arginine promotes rapid supramolecular assembly in each of the three two
      component systems examined. Unlike lysine, the polyvalent guanidyl group of
      arginine is capable of both intra- and intermolecular contacts, promoting
      assembly. This is consistent with the supramolecular diversity of CMP
      morphologies observed throughout the literature. It also connects CMP self
      assembly with a broad range of biomolecular interaction phenomena, providing
      general principles for modeling and design. 

PMID- 26966817
TI  - Three week results of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with
      chronic unilateral low back related leg pain: The relation to MRI findings and
      clinical features.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TESI) is a frequently used
      intervention for lumbar radicular pain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of MRI
      findings, neurologic assessment and the Slump test (neurodynamic test) as
      predictors of treatment response to TESI. METHOD: One hundred subjects (mean age
      58 [SD13], 54% females) were included in this trial. The sample was stratified by
      location of disc herniaton, grade of nerve root compression, clinically assessed
      neurologic deficit and positive Slump test.Treatment response was primarily
      evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale for leg pain after three weeks. Predictive
      value for each stratum was analyzed using logistic regression after the sample
      was dichotomized into definite treatment response (>= 50% reduction of pain) and
      negative response (<= 0% reduction) to TESI (the 1-49% reduction group was
      excluded). RESULTS: The overall definite treatment response rate was 27%. The
      Slump test was the only predictor of the response to TESI (p= 0.031). The
      definite treatment response rates for subjects with positive and negative Slump
      test were 33% and 15%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic low
      back related leg pain, MRI findings and neurologic assessment results failed to
      predict treatment response, whereas a positive Slump test predicted the best 3
      week response to TESI.

PMID- 26966818
TI  - Ultrasonographic evaluation of femoral cartilage thickness in patients with
      psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a common form of arthritis that may vary
      from asymmetric oligoarthritis to symmetric polyarthritis and spondyloarthritis.
      OBJECTIVES: To evaluate femoral cartilage thickness using ultrasonography in
      patients with PsA. METHODS: Thirty-three patients (24 female, 9 male) with a
      diagnosis of PsA and 31 age-, sex- and body mass index-similar healthy subjects
      were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the
      patients were recorded, including disease duration, morning stiffness and
      medications. The femoral cartilage thicknesses of both knees (while held in
      maximum flexion) were measured with a 7-12 MHz linear probe. Three mid-point
      measurements were taken from both knees (at the lateral condyle, intercondylar
      area and medial condyle). RESULTS: Cartilage thicknesses were similar between PsA
      patients and healthy control subjects. However, there were significant
      correlations between cartilage thickness and the Maastricht Ankylosing
      Spondylitis Enthesitis Score, Bath AS functional index and Bath AS disease
      activity index scores. CONCLUSION: Femoral cartilage thickness is similar between
      PsA patients and healthy controls. The femoral cartilage thickness in PsA
      patients is associated with disease activity, functional inadequacy, and
      enthesopathy scores.

PMID- 26966819
TI  - Short term effects of kinesio taping on pain and functional disability in young
      females with menstrual low back pain: A randomised control trial study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Menstrual low back pain (LBP) in young females can reduce daily
      activity and cause functional disability, while the progressive application of
      kinesio-taping (KT) on pain reduction and functional correction has been stated.
      OBJECTIVE: This study has been designed to investigate the efficacy of the lumbar
      vertebral column KT in young female with menstrual LBP. METHODS: Thirty-two young
      females with menstrual LBP participated in this crossover study and were assigned
      randomly in two separate groups. The first group received KT during their first
      menstrual cycle and No-KT in their next menstrual, while the other group had no
      KT during the first mentrual cycle and received KT during the next menstrual
      cycle. The primary outcome measurements included the visual analogue scale (VAS)
      of pain, Oswestry disability index and McGill pain questionnaire score which were
      planned to collect at the end of the third day of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS:
      Comparing pain and disability between two conditions, of menstrual cycle with KT
      and menstrual cycle without KT, revealed significant reduction in VAS (mean
      change = 1.7; 95%CI = 0.6 to 2.8; P= 0.005), McGill pain score (mean change =
      20.1; 95%CI = 8.7 to 31.3; P= 0.001) and functional disability (mean change =
      12.3; 95%CI = 7.2 to 17.5; P< 0.0001) by using KT during menstrual cycle.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that KT may effectively reduce pain and disability.
      The findings may support the clinical application of kinesiotaping in young
      females with menstrual LBP.

PMID- 26966820
TI  - Spinal accessory nerve injury: A potentially missed cause of a painful, droopy
      shoulder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal accessory nerve (SAN) injury can be an overlooked cause of
      scapular winging and shoulder dysfunction. The most common etiology is iatrogenic
      injury following surgical procedures at the posterior triangle of the neck. We
      present three cases of isolated injury to the SAN following trauma. OBJECTIVE: To
      improve detection of SAN injuries through highlighting the clinical presentation,
      diagnosis and treatment via three cases in which the injuries were initially
      missed. METHODS: Clinical case series and narrative review. RESULTS: Three (3)
      patients were evaluated by history, physical exam and electrodiagnostic study
      (EMG). Clinical symptoms included, a painful, droopy shoulder and difficulties
      with overhead activities. Clinical signs included the observation of scapular
      winging, and focal atrophy of the trapezius and in some cases the
      sternocleidomastoid (SCM). Novel clinical signs such as the active elevation lag
      sign and triangle sign were also helpful clinically to highlight the SAN as the
      site of pathology. EMG revealed denervation and reduced motor unit recruitment in
      the trapezius and SCM. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of SAN injuries can be
      improved through appropriate clinical suspicion, a detailed history and careful
      physical exam. EMG testing can help guide prognosis, direct conservative and
      surgical treatment, and reduce patient morbidity.

PMID- 26966822
TI  - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: Correlation between nerve cross-sectional area on
      ultrasound and clinical features.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlations of the cross-sectional
      area (CSA) of peripheral nerves in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) patients
      based on ultrasound (US) with clinical and demographic characteristics. METHODS:
      A DPN patient group (n= 53) and a matched healthy control group (n= 53) underwent
      US imaging of the sciatic, tibial and median nerves. The CSAs of these nerves
      were recorded, and their associations with pain intensity according to the visual
      analog scale (VAS) score and the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and
      Signs (LANSS) pain scale score, diabetes mellitus (DM) duration, body mass index
      (BMI), HbA1c level and blood glucose levels were evaluated. RESULTS: The CSAs of
      the examined nerves in diabetic patients were larger than those in healthy
      individuals (p< 0.05). No correlations were detected between the CSAs of the
      examined nerves and the parameters of interest (p> 0.05), including the VAS and
      LANSS pain scale scores (p= 0.32 and p= 0.31, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: US is a
      sensitive diagnostic technique for detecting DPN; however, it does not indicate
      disease severity.

PMID- 26966821
TI  - Factors influencing the evaluation and management of neuromuscular scoliosis: A
      review of the literature.
AB  - Neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) is the second most prevalent spinal deformity
      (after idiopathic scoliosis) and is usually first identified during early
      childhood. Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of NMS, followed by
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Progressive spinal deformity causes difficulty
      with daily care, walking and sitting, and can lead to back and rib pain, cardiac
      and pulmonary complications, altered seizure thresholds, and skin compromise.
      Early referral to specialist spinal services and early diagnosis of NMS is
      essential to ensure appropriate multidisciplinary patient management. The most
      important goals for patients are preservation of function, facilitation of daily
      care, and alleviation of pain. Non-operative management includes observation or
      bracing for less severe and flexible deformity in young patients as a temporising
      measure to provide postural support. Surgical correction and stabilisation of NMS
      is considered for patients with a deformity >40-50 degrees , but may be performed
      for less severe deformity in patients with DMD. Post-operative intensive care,
      early mobilisation and nutritional supplementation aim to minimise the rate of
      post-surgical complications, which are relatively common in this patient group.
      However, surgical management of NMS is associated with good long-term outcomes
      and high satisfaction rates for patients, their relatives and carers.

PMID- 26966823
TI  - Evaluation of the effectiveness of home based or hospital based calisthenic
      exercises in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of calisthenic
      exercises on functionality, mobility, disaese activity, quality of life, and
      psychological status in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS:
      Prospective analysis of forty patients diagnosed with AS were randomized into two
      exercise groups. AS patients having diagnosis based on 1984-modified New York
      criteria were involved. Patients were given 8 weeks calisthenic exercise program.
      Outcome measures including the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), Bath AS Disease
      Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI), AS Quality of Life
      Questionnaire (ASQoL), Bath AS Patient Global Score (BAS-G) Hospital Anxiety
      Depression Score (HADS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the serum C
      reactive protein (CRP) levels were assessed at the baseline and at 8 weeks.
      RESULTS: Thirty-seven participants completed the exercise programme. After the 8
      week exercise programme, the home-based exercise group showed significant
      improvement in ESR levels and hospital-based exercise group showed significant
      improvements in terms of the BASMI and HADS-A scores. CONCLUSION: Calisthenic
      exercises can be easily performed both at home and in hospital setting. In
      patients with AS, calisthenic exercises performed at the hospital may improve the
      mobility, and psychological status (anxiety).

PMID- 26966824
TI  - Pelvic floor muscle contraction and abdominal hollowing during walking can
      selectively activate local trunk stabilizing muscles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trunk muscle exercises are widely performed, and many studies have
      been performed to examine their effects on low back pains. However, the effect of
      trunk muscles activations during walking with pelvic floor muscle contraction
      (PFMC) and abdominal hollowing (AH) has not been clarified. OBJECT: To
      investigate whether walking with PFMC and AH is more effective for promoting
      local trunk muscle activation than walking without PFMC and AH. METHODS: Twenty
      healthy men (28.9 +/- 3.14 years, 177.2 +/- 4.25 cm, 72.1 +/- 6.39 kg, body mass
      index 22.78 +/- 2.38 kg/m2) were participated in this study. Surface electrodes
      were attached over the multifidus (MF), lumbar erector spinae (LES), thoracic
      erector spinae (TES), transverse abdominus-internal oblique abdominals (TrA-IO),
      external oblique abdominals (EO), and rectus abdominus (RA). The amplitudes of
      electromyographic signals were measured during a normal walking with and without
      PFMC and AH. RESULT: PFMC and AH while walking was found to result in significant
      bilateral increases in the normalized maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of MFs
      and TrA-IOs (p< 0.05). Ratios of local muscle activity to global muscle
      activities were increased while performing PFMC and AH during normal walking.
      Bilateral TrA-IO/EO activity ratios were significantly increased by PFMC and AH
      (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Performance of the PFMC and AH during walking resulted in
      significantly more recruitment of local trunk muscles. This study suggests that
      PFMC and AH during normal daily walking improves activation of muscles
      responsible for spinal dynamic stabilization and might be useful if integrated
      into low back disability and pain physical rehabilitation efforts.

PMID- 26966825
TI  - Effect of thoracic mobilization on respiratory parameters in chronic non-specific
      low back pain: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Altered respiratory function has been found to be associated with
      back pain. Limited chest excursion in subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP)
      may be due to co-contraction or bracing of erector spinae and abdominal muscles;
      their flexed spinal posture; and/or their compromised spinal stability resulting
      from dysfunctional transversus abdominis. OBJECTIVE: To check for the effects of
      thoracic mobilization on respiratory parameters in subjects with chronic non
      specific low back pain. METHODS: Sixty-two subjects (excluding 11 dropouts) with
      CLBP of age group 30-60 were randomly allocated to two groups. Both groups
      received individualized treatment for low back pain (LBP) and HEP (home exercise
      program) regime of breathing exercises. In addition, group 1 received Maitland's
      Central postero-anterior vertebral pressure for thoracic spine (T1-T8). Total
      treatment duration was 10 sessions in 2 weeks (5 sessions/week). RESULTS: Results
      showed significant improvement in respiratory parameters viz. Forced Vital
      Capacity (FVC), Sustained Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (SMIP) and Chest Wall
      Expansion (CWE) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) in both groups (p< 0.05) at
      end of 2 weeks of intervention. However, improvement was significantly more in
      group 1 (p < 0.05) receiving additional thoracic mobilization. CONCLUSION:
      Subjects with non-specific chronic low back pain with or without radiation to
      lower limbs when treated with thoracic central PA mobilization, in addition to
      LBP specific treatment and breathing exercises, show an improvement in
      respiratory parameters and reduction in disability.

PMID- 26966826
TI  - Breast size impacts spine motion and postural muscle activation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While it is generally accepted that large breast sizes in females
      contribute to back pain and poor posture, the effects of breast size on spinal
      motion and muscle activation characteristics are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE:
      This study examined the relationship between breast size, spine motion, and trunk
      muscle activation. METHODS: Fifteen university-aged females, free of back pain
      symptoms, were tested. Breast sizes were calculated, and three-dimensional spine
      motion and activation from five trunk muscles bilaterally were measured during
      standing and trunk flexion movements. Correlations between breast size and motion
      and muscle activation measures were assessed. RESULTS: Head and trunk angles were
      strongly, negatively correlated to breast size during upright standing; thoracic
      angles were moderately, positively correlated to breast size during thoracic
      flexion movements. Trunk muscles showed positive, moderate-strength relationships
      with breast size during upright standing and some trunk movements. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings provide a preliminary indication that increasing breast sizes are
      associated with altered postures and increased muscle activation in a non
      clinical population, and constitute a baseline for the study of females with a
      full range of breast sizes. Further research is required to confirm the
      generalizability of these findings to other sizes, in order to inform strategies
      for the prevention or reduction of back pain, as well as diagnosis, treatment,
      and rehabilitation techniques associated with breast size and back pain.

PMID- 26966827
TI  - Peripheral nerve injuries: Long term follow-up results of rehabilitation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common problem in the world
      resulting with severe disability. Etiological data is different in studies
      because of the study period, patient population, economic status, and workplace
      safety policies of the different countries. OBJECTIVE: To define epidemiological
      and etiological data of our patients with peripheral nerve injury and to identify
      factors influencing efficacy of rehabilitation methods and recovery. METHODS:
      Patients were compared by means of electromyography and muscle strength changes.
      Influence of orthotics use, disease interval and type of physical therapy
      (electrical stimulation or EMG biofeedback) was assessed. RESULTS: There was no
      significant difference between groups. But we found weak correlation between EMG
      and motor changes. There was no difference in EMG and motor score changes in
      terms of orthotics use and type of physical therapy. When the patients were
      grouped according to EMG changes, we found significant difference by disease
      interval. Disease interval was longest in patients with no change in EMG. When
      the patients were grouped according to motor score changes, there was no
      significant difference by disease interval. CONCLUSION: Etiology of the patients
      didn't affect long term results in peripheral nerve injury. The results of this
      study might help rehabilitation teams to guide their follow-up.

PMID- 26966828
TI  - Quality of life, depression and musculoskeletal pain experience among employed
      women: A controlled study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The musculoskeletal pain is one of the leading health problems among
      employed women. The aim of our study was to examine musculoskeletal pain,
      depression and quality of life (QOL) among employed women and find out the
      differences with unemployed women. METHODS: A hundred and fifty employed women
      and 151 housewives were included in our study. We used visual analog scale (VAS)
      for the assessment of pain, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for the depressive
      symptoms and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) for the assessment of QOL. RESULTS:
      The ratio of musculoskeletal pain among employed women and unemployed women were
      found as 42.5% and 57.5% respectively. A mild level of depression was found among
      employed women whereas moderate and vigorous level of depression were found among
      unemployed women. There were significant differences in terms of depression and
      QOL parameters. When the correlations of pain, depression and QOL were analyzed,
      significant high positive relationships between spinal, lower extremity, upper
      extremity pain levels and BDI and NHP were found only in housewives. CONCLUSIONS:
      Lower levels of depression among employed women can give the idea that social
      ambience at work place, focusing at work and economic independence play a role in
      decreasing depression.

PMID- 26966829
TI  - Kinesio Taping for temporomandibular disorders: Single-blind, randomized,
      controlled trial of effectiveness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Data regarding the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping in
      temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy
      of Kinesio Taping (KT) in patients with TMD. METHODS: Patients with TMDs were
      randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n= 14)
      received KT in combination with counseling and jaw exercise, whilst controls (n=
      14) were given the regimen of counseling and exercise alone. Jaw movements,
      Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and self-reported measures (functional
      limitation and masticatory efficiency) were evaluated at baseline, first and
      sixth weeks of the treatment. Biobehavioral questionnaire was filled out at
      baseline and at sixth week. RESULTS: Active mouth opening improved more in the
      experimental group than controls (p= 0.003). In the experimental group, VAS for
      temporomandibular joint, masticatory efficiency and functional limitation
      improved significantly at the sixth week when compared to baseline (p= 0.011, p=
      0.001 and p= 0.001, respectively), but not in controls. Subjective treatment
      efficacy was higher in the experimental group than that of controls (p= 0.000).
      Pain, depression and disability scores reduced significantly in the experimental
      group (p= 0.001, p= 0.006 and p= 0.01, respectively), but not in controls.
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, KT in combination with counseling and exercise is more
      effective than counseling and exercise alone in TMDs.

PMID- 26966830
TI  - Assessment on selectivity of multi-contact cuff electrode for recording
      peripheral nerve signals using Fitzhugh-Nagumo model of nerve excitation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nerve cuff electrodes provide a safe technique for recording nerve
      signals. Defining a more realized modeling to investigate the selectivity of a
      cuff electrode in recording from peripheral nervous system is an interesting
      field of research. METHODS: A four-contact cuff electrode was modeled to evaluate
      selective recording from a peripheral nerve. Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations were used
      to model the electromagnetic fields generated by active nerves and electrodes and
      the ''selectivity index'' used to quantify the selective property of the cuff
      electrode. RESULTS: The action potentials amplitude and impulse velocity
      generated by Fitzhugh-Nagumo model are similar to real-life nerve measurements
      according to the literature. The electrical field distribution caused by the
      impulse propagation along a specific nerve was the maximum near the corresponding
      contact. Also, the selectivity was increased with increasing the distance between
      the active sources and the number of contacts. CONCLUSION: The results of this
      research showed that Fitzhugh-Nagumo equations could model the nerve excitation
      accurately and could be used in computer simulation for studying nervous systems.
      Also, using these equations indicated that multi-contact cuff electrodes could be
      used in recording peripheral nerve signals in order to discriminate active
      fascicles in a nerve bundle.

PMID- 26966831
TI  - A Filter-based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Assay for Rapid Detection of
      Chemical Contaminants.
AB  - We demonstrate a method to fabricate highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman
      spectroscopic (SERS) substrates using a filter syringe system that can be applied
      to the detection of various chemical contaminants. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)
      are synthesized via reduction of silver nitrate by sodium citrate. Then the NPs
      are aggregated by sodium chloride to form nanoclusters that could be trapped in
      the pores of the filter membrane. A syringe is connected to the filter holder,
      with a filter membrane inside. By loading the nanoclusters into the syringe and
      passing through the membrane, the liquid goes through the membrane but not the
      nanoclusters, forming a SERS-active membrane. When testing the analyte, the
      liquid sample is loaded into the syringe and flowed through the Ag NPs coated
      membrane. The analyte binds and concentrates on the Ag NPs coated membrane. Then
      the membrane is detached from the filter holder, air dried and measured by a
      Raman instrument. Here we present the study of the volume effect of Ag NPs and
      sample on the detection sensitivity as well as the detection of 10 ppb ferbam and
      1 ppm ampicillin using the developed assay. 

PMID- 26966832
TI  - AIE-Active Tetraphenylethylene Cross-Linked N-Isopropylacrylamide Polymer: A Long
      Term Fluorescent Cellular Tracker.
AB  - There is a great demand to understand cell transplantation, migration, division,
      fusion, and lysis. Correspondingly, illuminant object-labeled bioprobes have been
      employed as long-term cellular tracers, which could provide valuable insights
      into detecting these biological processes. In this work, we designed and
      synthesized a fluorescent polymer, which was comprised of hydrophilic N
      isopropylacrylamide polymers as matrix and a hydrophobic tetraphenylethene (TPE)
      unit as AIE-active cross-linkers (DDBV). It was found that when the feed molar
      ratio of N-isopropylacrylamides to cross-linkers was 22:1, the produced polymers
      demonstrated the desirable LCST at 37.5  degrees C. And also, the temperature
      sensitivity of polymers could induce phase transfer within a narrow window (32-38
      degrees C). Meanwhile, phase transfer was able to lead the florescent response.
      And thus, we concluded that two responses occur when one stimulus is input.
      Therefore, the new cross-linker of DDBV rendered a new performance from PNIPAm
      and a new chance to create new materials. Moreover, the resulted polymers
      demonstrated very good biocompatibility with living A549 human lung
      adenocarcinoma cells and L929 mouse fibroblast cells, respectively. Both of these
      cells retained very active viabilities in the concentration range of 7.8-125
      MUL/mg of polymers. Notably, P[(NIPAm)22-(DDBV)1] (P6) could be readily
      internalized by living cells with a noninvasive manner. The cellular staining by
      the fluorescent polymer is so indelible that it enables cell tracing for at least
      10 passages. 

PMID- 26966833
TI  - A Quick and Efficient Method for the Purification of Endoderm Cells Generated
      from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.
AB  - The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem
      cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell replacement
      therapies. Terminally differentiated cell types could be used for the treatment
      of various degenerative diseases. In vitro differentiation of these cells towards
      tissues of the lung, liver and pancreas requires as a first step the generation
      of definitive endodermal cells. This step is rate-limiting for further
      differentiation towards terminally matured cell types such as insulin-producing
      beta cells, hepatocytes or other endoderm-derived cell types. Cells that are
      committed towards the endoderm lineage highly express a multitude of
      transcription factors such as FOXA2, SOX17, HNF1B, members of the GATA family,
      and the surface receptor CXCR4. However, differentiation protocols are rarely
      100% efficient. Here, we describe a method for the purification of a CXCR4+ cell
      population after differentiation into the DE by using magnetic microbeads. This
      purification additionally removes cells of unwanted lineages. The gentle
      purification method is quick and reliable and might be used to improve downstream
      applications and differentiations. 

PMID- 26966834
TI  - Orally administered hyaluronan affects skin dryness and epidermal thickening in
      photoaged hairless mice.
AB  - The oral administration of hyaluronans (HAs) (molecular weight, 300k and less
      than 10k) to photoaged hairless mice increased the moisture content of the
      stratum corneum and decreased the epidermal thickness, respectively. Furthermore,
      orally administered HAs suppressed the low-molecular weight of HA content of the
      skin. This study indicates oral administered HAs may ameliorate the skin
      condition resulting from photoaging. 

PMID- 26966835
TI  - Oral Fluoroquinolones, Retinal Detachments, and Claims Database Studies.

PMID- 26966837
TI  - Cycle helmet legislation should apply only to children, say researchers.
AB  - Laws to make the wearing of helmets by cyclists compulsory in the UK should apply
      to children only, research has concluded. 

PMID- 26966838
TI  - England's chief nursing officer identifies her proudest achievement.
AB  - The newly appointed chief nursing officer (CNO) for England says that one of her
      proudest achievements was meeting the national four-hour operational standard for
      emergency care. 

PMID- 26966836
TI  - Trabeculectomy in eyes with unsuspected retinoblastoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To report the management and clinical outcome of children with
      unsuspected retinoblastoma who underwent trabeculectomy surgery. METHODS: Three
      children who presented to us after trabeculectomy surgery were diagnosed with
      retinoblastoma. They were treated with enucleation of the affected eye.
      Histopathology of the enucleated eyeball showed tumor infiltration into the iris
      and the ciliary body in two cases, and massive choroidal invasion in the third
      case. Six cycles of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy with carboplatin, vincristine
      and etoposide were given. RESULTS: The follow-up ranged from 18-48 months. At
      last follow-up, all children were alive and well, with no local recurrence or
      systemic metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: The management of retinoblastoma with operated
      trabeculectomy is challenging due to risk of tumor dissemination. Timely
      intervention can result in good clinical outcome. Nevertheless, a meticulous
      posterior segment evaluation to rule out retinoblastoma in children presenting
      with buphthalmos or secondary glaucoma should always be considered.

PMID- 26966839
TI  - Fewer NHS nurses work in Scotland than at any time in past five years.
AB  - Seventy one nurses in Scotland lost their jobs between September and December
      last year, bringing the remaining number of nurses working in NHS Scotland to its
      lowest level since September 2006, the RCN has said. 

PMID- 26966840
TI  - Cardiac arrest vest test.
AB  - Heart attacks could be diagnosed up to 12 hours faster if trials of a cardiac
      vest that presents a three-dimensional computer image of the heart succeed. 

PMID- 26966841
TI  - Value of teamwork.
AB  - I recently attended a national consensus conference to take part in a debate on
      advanced nursing practice. 

PMID- 26966842
TI  - Role of physical activity, physical fitness, and chronic health conditions on the
      physical independence of community-dwelling older adults over a 5-year period.
AB  - The variability in the individual characteristics and habits could help determine
      how older adults maintain independence. The impact of the variability in physical
      activity, physical fitness, body composition, and chronic health conditions (co
      morbidities) on the independence of older adults, especially over time, is seldom
      examined. This study aims to analyze quantitatively the impact of baseline values
      and changes in physical activity, physical fitness, body composition, and co
      morbidities on the physical independence of community-dwelling, older adults over
      a 5-year period. Data from 106 and 85 community-dwelling adults (>=60 years) were
      collected at baseline and after five years, respectively. Linear regression
      selected the main predictors of changes in physical independence as follows: the
      baseline physical independence (beta=0.032, R(2)=9.9%) and co-morbidities (beta=
      0.191, R(2)=6.3%) and the changes in co-morbidities (beta=-0.244, R(2)=10.8%),
      agility (beta=-0.288, R(2)=6.7%), aerobic endurance (beta=0.007, R(2)=3.2%), and
      walking expenditure (beta=0.001, R(2)=5.1%) (p<0.05). In conclusion, baseline
      physical independence, baseline co-morbidities, and changes in co-morbidities,
      walking, agility, and aerobic endurance predicted physical independence over five
      years regardless of age and gender. Gains of up to 8.3% in physical independence
      were associated with improvements in these variables, which corresponds to
      regaining independence for performing one or two activities of daily living.

PMID- 26966843
TI  - Implementation and Operational Research: What Happens After a Negative Test for
      Tuberculosis? Evaluating Adherence to TB Diagnostic Algorithms in South African
      Primary Health Clinics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) using sputum
      have suboptimal sensitivity among HIV-positive persons. We assessed health care
      worker adherence to TB diagnostic algorithms after negative sputum test results.
      METHODS: The XTEND (Xpert for TB-Evaluating a New Diagnostic) trial compared
      outcomes among people tested for TB in primary care clinics using Xpert MTB/RIF
      vs. smear microscopy as the initial test. We analyzed data from XTEND
      participants who were HIV positive or HIV status unknown, whose initial sputum
      Xpert MTB/RIF or microscopy result was negative. If chest radiography, sputum
      culture, or hospital referral took place, the algorithm for TB diagnosis was
      considered followed. Analysis of intervention (Xpert MTB/RIF) effect on algorithm
      adherence used methods for cluster-randomized trials with small number of
      clusters. RESULTS: Among 4037 XTEND participants with initial negative test
      results, 2155 (53%) reported being or testing HIV positive and 540 (14%) had
      unknown HIV status. Among 2155 HIV-positive participants [684 (32%) male, mean
      age 37 years (range, 18-79 years)], there was evidence of algorithm adherence
      among 515 (24%). Adherence was less likely among persons tested initially with
      Xpert MTB/RIF vs. smear [14% (142/1031) vs. 32% (364/1122), adjusted risk ratio
      0.34 (95% CI: 0.17 to 0.65)] and for participants with unknown vs. positive HIV
      status [59/540 (11%) vs. 507/2155 (24%)]. CONCLUSIONS: We observed poorer
      adherence to TB diagnostic algorithms among HIV-positive persons tested initially
      with Xpert MTB/RIF vs. microscopy. Poor adherence to TB diagnostic algorithms and
      incomplete coverage of HIV testing represents a missed opportunity to diagnose TB
      and HIV, and may contribute to TB mortality.

PMID- 26966845
TI  - [In Process Citation].

PMID- 26966846
TI  - [Sexual minorities: Concepts, attitudes and structure for an appropriate
      psychotherapeutic approach].
AB  - Objective To propose a theoretical model and clinical approach to sexual minority
      patients who consult mental health professionalsMethods Clinicians at the McGill
      University Sexual Identity Center (MUSIC) who have been treating patients from
      various sexual minorities for more than 15 years present useful theoretical
      constructs of gender and sexuality as well as guidelines for the evaluation and
      treatment of patients consulting for discomfort or confusion surrounding their
      sexual orientation, their gender identity or both, based on both the current
      literature and their clinical experience.Results The notions of non-binary
      construction of gender, of social determinism of gender roles and expression, and
      of gender creativity are presented. Sexual orientation is divided into four most
      commonly used dimensions (emotional attraction, physical attraction, behaviour
      and identity); the fluidity of these and their potential non-concordance are
      described. The fact that attraction to one gender is independent of attraction to
      another gender is highlighted. An attitude of openness to all forms of gender
      expression and sexual orientation constellations is encouraged to allow the
      patient free exploration of the several facets of their sexuality.Various domains
      to explore in evaluating sexual orientation and gender as well as therapeutic
      avenues are proposed. Areas to enquire about include: mental, physical and social
      experiences of gender, eroticism and sexual fantasies towards all genders,
      emotional attraction towards them, sexual and romantic experiences, comfort and
      certainty about one's identity and about disclosing it.Psychoeducation can be
      used to teach about sexual diversity and to assess the risks and benefits of
      coming out to self, family, friends, co-workers or strangers. Cognitive
      strategies can be undertaken to debunk homophobic and transphobic myths which may
      fuel poor self-esteem. Psychodynamic approaches can be used to heal the
      narcissistic wounds of homophobia that may lead one to be mistrustful of
      authority figures or to suppress sexual feelings when emotional attachment
      becomes important. Some of these dynamic patterns are rooted in past reactions to
      parental homophobia and the compromises sexual minorities made as children in
      order to preserve their relationships with their parents. For youth coming out in
      present times, family support is crucial to well-being and can be enhanced
      through family therapy. In mixed orientation couples, couple therapy can help
      both spouses adapt to the coming out of one of the partners and find a new
      partnership. Group therapy is useful for many of the above issues particularly as
      it provides a sense of community which is often lacking in minority groups,
      especially when individuals and their families do not share the same minority
      status.Conclusion With the proposed framework and an attitude of openness to
      sexual diversity, clinicians should feel competent to treat sexual minority
      patients. 

PMID- 26966847
TI  - [Rethinking identity].
AB  - Pioneering work conducted over the past decades used to design sex, gender and
      sexual orientation in order to go beyond the traditional binary model. In
      general, professionals in the health and social services, however, are a little
      bit slow to take note of this paradigm shift making more space for human
      diversity, and much less to the marginalization or pathologizing of differences.
      In this article, the work of Alfred Kinsey, Sandra Bem and Anne Fausto-Sterling
      will be especially presented, respectively on sexual orientation, gender and sex.
      It will be proposed to include their contributions (and also those of their
      successors) in a model taking into account both the diversity and the fluidity
      that may be present in identities and self-expressions related to sex, gender and
      sexual orientation. 

PMID- 26966844
TI  - Enzyme-Instructed Self-Assembly of Small D-Peptides as a Multiple-Step Process
      for Selectively Killing Cancer Cells.
AB  - Selective inhibition of cancer cells remains a challenge in chemotherapy. Here we
      report the molecular and cellular validation of enzyme-instructed self-assembly
      (EISA) as a multiple step process for selectively killing cancer cells that
      overexpress alkaline phosphatases (ALPs). We design and synthesize two kinds of D
      tetrapeptide containing one or two phosphotyrosine residues and with the N
      terminal capped by a naphthyl group. Upon enzymatic dephosphorylation, these D
      tetrapeptides turn into self-assembling molecules to form nanofibers in water.
      Incubating these D-tetrapeptides with several cancer cell lines and one normal
      cell line, the unphosphorylated D-tetrapeptides are innocuous to all the cell
      lines, the mono- and diphosphorylated D-tetrapeptides selectively inhibit the
      cancer cells, but not the normal cell. The monophosphorylated D-tetrapeptides
      exhibit more potent inhibitory activity than the diphosphorylated D-tetrapeptides
      do; the cancer cell lines express higher level of ALPs are more susceptible to
      inhibition by the phosphorylated D-tetrapeptides; the precursors of D
      tetrapeptides that possess higher self-assembling abilities exhibit higher
      inhibitory activities. These results confirm the important role of enzymatic
      reaction and self-assembly. Using uncompetitive inhibitors of ALPs and
      fluorescent D-tetrapeptides, we delineate that the enzyme catalyzed
      dephosphorylation and the self-assembly steps, together, result in the
      localization of the nanofibers of D-tetrapeptides for killing the cancer cells.
      We find that the cell death modality likely associates with the cell type and
      prove the interactions between nanofibers and the death receptors. This work
      illustrates a paradigm-shifting and biomimetic approach and contributes useful
      molecular insights for the development of spatiotemporal defined supramolecular
      processes/assemblies as potential anticancer therapeutics.

PMID- 26966848
TI  - [The association of bullying with suicide ideation, plan, and attempt among
      adolescents with GLB or unsure sexual identity, heterosexual identity with same
      sex attraction or behavior, or heterosexual identity without same-sex attraction
      or behavior].
AB  - Context Bullying is a known risk factor for suicidality, and suicide is the
      second leading cause of death for adolescents. Both are increased in sexual
      minority youth (SMY). As SMY are comprised of youth who self-identify as gay,
      lesbian, bisexual (GLB) or who have same-sex attractions or behaviors, our
      previous finding that different subgroups have different risks for suicidality is
      understandable. Given that the difference was along sexual identity lines (GLB vs
      heterosexual SMY), the analysis of bullying data in the same subgroups was felt
      to be important.Objective To compare the association of bullying and suicide
      among heterosexual students without same-sex attractions or behaviors,
      heterosexual students with same-sex attractions and behaviors, and students with
      gay, lesbian or bisexual (GLB) or unsure sexual identities.Design The 2004 Quebec
      Youth Risk Behavior Survey (QYRBS) questionnaire was based on the 2001 Center for
      Disease Control Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and included items assessing the
      three dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attraction and behavior),
      health risk behaviors, experiences of harassment, and suicidal ideation, plans
      and attempts.Methods A total of 1852 students 14-18 years of age from 14 public
      and private high schools in Montreal Quebec were surveyed anonymously during the
      2004-2005 academic year.Main outcome measure Self reports of suicidal ideation,
      suicidal plan and suicide attempts in the last 12 months.Results In all, 117
      students (6.3%) had a non-heterosexual identity (GLB or unsure) and 115 students
      (6.3%) had a heterosexual identity with same-sex attraction or behavior. Bullying
      occurred in 24% of heterosexual students without same-sex attraction or behavior,
      32% of heterosexual students with same-sex attraction or behavior, and 48% of non
      heterosexually identified students. In multivariable analysis, the common risk
      factors of age, gender, depressed mood, drug use, fighting, physical and sexual
      abuse, and age of initial sexual contact were controlled. The reference group was
      heterosexual students without same-sex attraction or behavior and no bullying.
      When these students were bullied, they were more likely to have suicidal ideation
      (odds ratio [OR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52-2.92) but not
      suicide attempts. Non-heterosexual students with no bullying were twice as likely
      to have suicidal ideation (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.24-4.48) and four times as
      likely when bullied (OR = 4.44, 95% CI = 2.26-8.72). Similarly for suicide
      attempts, they were not at increased risk when not bullied, but they were almost
      three times as likely when bullied (OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.43-5.78). Heterosexual
      students with same-sex attraction or behavior were never more likely on any of
      the suicide measures compared to the reference group, even when
      bullied.Conclusion This study was the first to show that adolescent students with
      a non-heterosexual identity will have a disproportionate increase in their
      suicide parameters when subject to harassment, but that heterosexually identified
      students with same-sex attraction or behavior did not have an increased risk over
      heterosexually identified students without same-sex attraction. This suggests
      that same-sex attraction and behavior on their own are not contributory to
      suicide risk, and that the efforts of future research as well as public health
      efforts may be better served by examining the interface between sexual identity
      and the school, family, and larger culture that surrounds the sexual minority
      youth. Longitudinal studies looking at the interplay between all these factors
      are needed. 

PMID- 26966849
TI  - [Victimization, mental health and well-being among trans youths in the province
      of Quebec].
AB  - Introduction Trans youths are more likely to experience negative social and
      parental reactions suggesting reprehension, from disapproving looks to physical
      violence. While victimization increases the likelihood of poor mental health
      outcomes, little is known about potential mediating factors between mental health
      and victimization. Self-esteem is one of the factors that may mediate the impact
      of homophobic victimization on mental health. Yet, data on trans youths are
      scarce.Objectives The objectives of this paper are: 1) to compare trans youths to
      cisgender heterosexual male and female youths regarding two different forms of
      victimization (victimization based on gender nonconformity and parental verbal
      abuse), self-esteem, and psychological distress, as well as 2) to test a path
      model of the impact of these two forms of victimization on self-esteem and
      psychological distress.Methods Data for this study are drawn from the Quebec
      Youths' Romantic Relationships survey. Data were collected among youth aged 14 to
      22 years old recruited either in schools or online. Thirty-seven participants
      endorsed being trans or questioning their gender identity. They were paired to 74
      cisgender heterosexual youths (37 male and 37 female) using propensity scores
      based on socio-demographic characteristics.Results Results showed that verbal
      parental abuse and victimization based on gender nonconformity were more
      prevalent among trans participants. Parental verbal abuse and victimization based
      on gender nonconformity were both directly and negatively associated with self
      esteem (explained variance: 36%). Sexual status explains 19.6% of the variance of
      parental victimization and 50.6% of the variance of victimization on the basis of
      gender nonconformity. A higher self-esteem was associated with decreased
      psychological distress (explained variance: 66.9%). Moreover, parental verbal
      abuse was also directly associated with higher psychological distress. Although
      there was no direct relationship between trans status and psychological distress
      and self-esteem, its total indirect effects on these two indicators of mental
      health and wellbeing status were significant (p-value < 0.001), suggesting that
      the impact of sexual status on them is mediated by the victimization.Conclusion
      This study showed the high vulnerability of trans youths to poor mental health
      and wellbeing outcomes because of the victimization they experience. The results
      highlight the importance of preventing victimization based on sexual-minority
      status and to educate people, including parents, to sexual and gender diversity. 

PMID- 26966850
TI  - [Trans Youth and their Parents: an exploration of experiences and interventions
      in a trans-affirming perspective].
AB  - This article explores the most recent knowledge on the experiences of trans youth
      and their parents. The article also explores best practices for professional who
      work with those families. Finally the article proposes two main principles of
      intervention to work with those populations, highlighting the importance of a
      transaffirmative perspective. In particular, it is proposed to challenge the
      current way of understanding gender and to appreciate the complexity of the
      various trajectories young people may take. Furthermore, we suggest focusing the
      intervention on promoting self-determination of the young person as well as to
      support families so they can better meet their child's needs.Objectives To
      provide comprehensive review of current knowledge on the experience of parenting
      a transgender youth, and to propose some reflections on directions for working
      with those families.Method Written as a theoretical paper, this article employs a
      systematic literature review to identify promising interventions with families
      who support a transgender youth.Results Because families of transgender children
      and youth experience difficulties both on personal and social levels, many of
      which are coming from social stigmatization and lack of knowledge about their
      experience, it is proposed that practitioners work toward interventions that not
      only facilitate families support, but also works toward a more just and inclusive
      society by broadening access to services and by challenging oppressive structures
      that contribute to the difficulties experiences by children, youth and their
      families.Conclusion The paper proposes that practitioners working with families
      of transgender children must be guided by an reviewed conception of gender and an
      understanding of the multiplicity of contexts that may affect the person's
      trajectory, as well as promoting self-determination and supporting families in
      meeting their needs. 

PMID- 26966852
TI  - [Distinguishing normal identity formation process for sexual minorities from
      obsessive compulsive disorder with sexual orientation obsessions].
AB  - Objectives In synthesizing a homosexual or bisexual identity, an individual may
      go through different stages before coming to a positive healthy identity. It is
      likely that there will be a period in which homosexual yearnings will be
      unwanted. Sometimes this distress leads the person to consult a health
      professional. Conversion therapy has been proven both ineffective and harmful and
      therefore has been ethically prohibited by all major psychiatric and
      psychological associations. The responsible clinician will attempt to assist the
      individual in his acceptance of his sexual minority. Occasionally individuals
      without homoeroticism consult because of distress related to sexual identity
      questioning which poses a different problem for clinicians especially if the
      situation goes unrecognized. The objective of this paper is to describe
      homosexual obsessive compulsive disorder (HOCD) and distinguish it clinically
      from the normal process of sexual minority identity formation in western
      culture.Methods A literature review yielded very few descriptions of homosexual
      OCD. A retrospective chart review of all patients seen in the last 3 years at the
      McGill University Sexual Identity Centre was conducted to identify all the cases
      of OCD. Six cases were found, 4 of which were of HOCD and are presented.
      Similarities between cases are highlighted.Results All cases were young men with
      relatively little relationship and sexual experience. Most were rather shy and
      had some other obsessional history in the past though often at a sub-clinical
      threshold. Obsessional doubt about their orientation was very distressing and did
      not abate over time as would normally occur with a homoerotic individual. The
      four patients who had an obsession of being gay despite little or no homoerotism
      are presented in detail. They all presented mental compulsions, avoidance and
      physiological monitoring. Continuous internal debate trying to prove or disprove
      sexual orientation was a ubiquitous mental compulsion. They all spent a majority
      of time monitoring their physiological reactions to members of both sexes to
      check for arousal. They attempted homosexual activity and were disgusted by it,
      yet this did not end their questioning. They avoided relationships with the
      opposite sex, being either too anxious to initiate, or too conflicted to maintain
      them. The obsession with being gay seemed like a horrific thought symptomatic of
      homophobia, however the level of horror was out of proportion to the patient's
      overall level of homonegativity suggesting that the horror came mostly from
      feeling like their core identity was threatened.Conclusion HOCD can present in
      ways similar to normal homosexual identity formation. A thorough exploration of
      eroticism towards both sexes as well as prior history of subclinical anxiety
      should help distinguish the two. Treatment of HOCD should combine education about
      sexuality and OCD as well as usual OCD treatments such as relaxation techniques,
      cognitive restructuring, mindfulness training and pharmacology. 

PMID- 26966853
TI  - [Mental health implications of workplace discrimination against sexual and gender
      minorities: A literature review].
AB  - Despite legislative advances in terms of workplace equality for sexual and gender
      minorities (SGM), available data ascertains the persistence of workplace
      discrimination of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and especially of
      transgender/transsexual employees. This article, based on an extensive literature
      review, explores the relationship between different types of workplace
      discrimination experiences and their impacts on the mental health of SGM and of
      different sub-populations: men who have sex with men, non-heterosexual women,
      lesbian and gay parents, and trans people. Furthermore, the article explores
      certain individual and systemic protection and risk factors that have an impact
      on this relationship, such as coming-out at work and organisational support.
      Finally, the existing literature on workplace discrimination and mental health of
      sexual and gender minorities highlights the importance, in the current legal and
      social context, of intersectional approaches and of research on homo- and trans
      negative microaggressions. The article ends with a discussion on the implications
      for practice, research, and workplace settings, as well as with several
      recommendations for these settings. 

PMID- 26966851
TI  - [The role of parental support in the relationship between homophobic bullying,
      internalized homophobia and psychological distress among sexual-minority youths
      (SMY): a moderated mediation approach].
AB  - Introduction Sexual-minority youths (SMY) report high rates of psychological
      distress such as depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation (Burton, Marshal,
      Chisolm, Sucato et Friedman, 2013; Williams & Chapman, 2011). Several studies
      confirm that the poor mental health outcomes are partly related to their high
      likelihood of experiencing homophobic victimization (Blais, Gervais, Boucher,
      Hebert & Lavoie, 2013; Taylor & Peter, 2011; Hughes, McCabe, Wilsnack, West &
      Boyd, 2010; Chamberland, Richard & Bernier, 2013). Whereas the development of a
      positive sexual minority identity is crucial for the mental health of SMY
      (Chamberland, Richard & Chevrier, 2011; Rosario, Schrimshaw & Hunter, 2011;
      Luhtanen, 2002), the victimization they experience put them at risk of
      internalizing societal homophobia and heterosexism (Meyer, 2003; Hatzenbuehler,
      2009). It is important to identify variables that may influence the impact of
      distal and proximal factors that impact SMY's mental health.Objectives The
      objectives of this paper are 1) to document different forms of homophobic
      victimization experienced by SMY, according to gender and age, and 2) to test the
      potential moderating effect of parental support in the relationship between
      homophobic victimization, internalized homophobia and psychological
      distress.Method Data come from 228 SMY aged 14 to 22 years old recruited through
      online means as part of the Quebec Youth's Romantic Relationships Survey. The
      impact of homophobic victimization, parental support, and internalized homophobia
      on psychological distress is explored by a linear regression model including
      moderated mediation effects.Results Results show the relationship between
      homophobic victimization and psychological distress as well as indirect
      significant relationship through internalized homophobia. The moderated mediation
      analysis also confirms the moderating role of parental support in the
      relationship between homophobic victimization and psychological distress. Thus,
      at equal level of victimization, participants with low parental support
      experienced more psychological distress. However, parental support did not lessen
      the impact of victimization on internalized homophobia. The linear regression
      model explains 22.5% of the variance in psychological distress and 6.6% of the
      variance of internalized homophobia.Conclusion The results emphasize the
      importance of continuing efforts to prevent homophobic behaviors and attitudes
      among school staff, parents as well as employers and colleagues in the workplace.
      Given their key role, parents must also be educated and trained to support their
      gay, lesbian, bisexual or questioning children. 

PMID- 26966855
TI  - [RaeRae and Mahu: third polynesian gender].
AB  - Background On numerous islands of the Pacific, under various names, there are
      people considered to be neither men nor women but half-men/half-women. In French
      Polynesia, there is a sociological and anthropological condition called RaeRae or
      Mahu. A RaeRae is a man who behaves as and considers himself to be a woman.
      RaeRae and Mahu are good examples of culture-bound transsexuality or cross
      dressing. Being Mahu has a cultural meaning, recognized in the history of
      Polynesian society, and cannot be considered as a medical or psychiatric
      condition. Being RaeRae extends the transformation to possible hormone therapy
      and surgery; the traditional social role (education, tourism) of Mahu is retained
      but in some cases is influenced by prostitution and at-risk
      homosexuality.Bibliographic sources and method We conducted a literature search
      using several medical, social, and anthropological bibliographic sources
      (MedLine, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, DUMAS). We used the terms RaeRae, Mahu,
      Polynesian androphilia, and Polynesian sexuality. We found 20 articles and
      theses. Some articles discuss a very similar condition in Samoa (fa'afafine). In
      addition, Mahu seems to be a derogatory term for a male homosexual or drag queen
      in the Hawaiian Islands.Results and contents RaeRae and Mahu is broadly defined
      as men with sweetness [OK?] or women who are prisoners of men's bodies. There is
      evidence of their presence and social functions in ancient times. The arrival of
      the missionaries and Christian morality resulted in the emergence of a new moral
      and sexual order. RaeRae and Mahu remain present and visible today. They are
      integrated into local professional and cultural life and are accepted, as long as
      their sexuality remains unspoken and invisible, which is more difficult for
      RaeRae. We describe the phenomenon and its context and the sociocultural
      hypotheses. We retain a reference connected to tacit knowledge of Polynesian
      sacrificial rites: Mahu did not undergo sacrifices the victims of which had to be
      men. A general discussion must be envisaged concerning the DSM-5, transgender
      identity and stigmatization. For instance, in Hawaii, people who identify as
      transgender continue to suffer high rates of violence, sexual assault and
      discrimination. The description contributes to an investigation of the limits of
      considering gender as binary; rather, it is a continuum not governed by the
      medicalization and psychologization of a cultural feature, which is also
      recognizable in other cultural areas including among the Amerindians. Studying
      RaeRae and Mahu in Polynesia means agreeing to confront the binary concept that
      structures and divides the world into two categories of gender and sex, male and
      female, just like grammatical gender in French. Examples from other cultures
      include the new half in Japan, muxe or muche among the Zapotecs of Tehuantepec,
      woubi in Cote d'Ivoire, femminielli in Italy, ladyboys or kathoeys in Thailand,
      natkadaw in Myanmar, hijra in India and Pakistan, khounta in Arab Islamic
      culture, and in Canada and the USA, agokwa among the Ojibwa, and ikoneta in the
      Illinois language. Mahu, or transgendered individuals and transvestites, were in
      fact viewed by the ancient Hawaiians as a normal element of the old social
      culture that preceded missionary days and American and French military missions.
      Mahu were not merely tolerated; they were regarded as a legitimate and
      contributory part of the ancient Polynesian community. 

PMID- 26966854
TI  - [The mental health issues among gay and lesbian elders].
AB  - Most gay and lesbian elders have experienced discrimination and stigmatization
      related to their sexual orientation in their life trajectory. These negative
      experiences may have had an impact on their life course and on their mental
      health. Even if the majority of gay and lesbian older adults actually have and
      maintain good mental health, studies show that non-heterosexual people are at a
      greater risk of developing certain difficulties, such as anxiety, depression,
      suicidal thoughts and excessive consumption of alcohol and other substances. This
      article presents the factors that may weaken the mental health of older gay and
      lesbian people, such as victimization and the exposure to various forms of
      prejudice in their life course, the continuous management of the disclosure or
      dissimulation of their sexual orientation, the degree of internalized homophobia,
      as well as loneliness; and also presents the potential protective factors, such
      as building resilience, social networks and social support. This article
      concludes by illustrating the implications concerning the specific needs of the
      gay and lesbian elders. Some recommendations are also formulated with regards to
      recognizing the issues affecting gay and lesbian older adults as well as
      improving the services that are offered to them. 

PMID- 26966856
TI  - [Adaptation and Neuroscience I: Fears, society, methodology, finality].
AB  - This article is a first article in a series of two articles exploring the
      bidirectional links between the concept of adaptation and of neuroscience. In
      this first article, first of all we will see that neurosciences can be seen as
      ambitious and all-powerful oscillating between a reductionist and dehumanizing
      threat or crystallizing some control fantasies. We will then see that society
      adapts itself to neurosciences methodologies and incorporate some discoveries in
      various fields so that we can ask ourselves about the neuro-society of tomorrow.
      Then we will see that the methodology of neurosciences themselves is frequently
      challenged and requires that everyone knows the limitations and not only stick to
      promises. After that, we will see that the adaptation seen as the promise of a
      determined and finite goal may be reassuring but is most unlikely. 

PMID- 26966857
TI  - [Systemic biopsychological perspective of basic emotions].
AB  - The systemic biopsychological perspective of basic emotions is a heuristic model
      that allows a better understanding of how people learn to adapt to their
      environment through different emotions that developed gradually along
      neurohormonal circuit myelination from birth until about the age of twenty-one.
      These same emotions, acting in complementarity, will allow the individual to
      maintain a balance throughout his life.Five basic emotions were retained in line
      with the five emotions related to neuronal circuits, which are defined in the
      literature, and these are the five circuits described by Panksepp as follows:
      aggressiveness (Rage, angry), stress (Fear- surprise), developed by LeDoux,
      reward (Seeking-joy), developed by Tassin, empathy (Panic-sadness), developed by
      Decety, and consciousness (consciousness-happiness), developed by Damasio.Several
      studies on myelination (Kinney, 1988, Parazzini, 2002, Deoni, 2012), Miller,
      2012, and Welker, 2012) provide us with a scientific platform to determine the
      order of development of the neurohormonal circuits underlying basic
      emotions.Neurohormonal circuits development begins at conception and will
      continue up until the age of 20-30 years. This article specifically addresses the
      first three years of life. It offers a systemic biopsychological perspective of
      basic emotions developed from the latest data in neuroscience. These informations
      have been integrated into a coherent whole that allows understanding the origin,
      the development and the functioning of basic emotions.In addition to the
      information output from the thalamus to the midbrain that set in motion the
      somatic nervous system there exist, according to Roberge (1998), two other brain
      information sources that are managed by the hypothalamus (the limbic system).
      These two information sources allow the refining of the behavioural responses and
      they favour the homeostasis of the organism. The first information source goes
      from the midbrain to the hypothalamus to activate the peripheral nervous system.
      The latter is divided into two: the sympathetic (norepinephrine) that accelerates
      the motor response and the parasympathetic (acetylcholine), which slows it down.
      These two systems work in tandem. As for the second release of information, it is
      endocrine, thus it will follow the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to
      cortisol, the hypothalamus-pituitary axis to endorphin and oxytocin and the
      hypothalamus-pineal axis to melatonin. The different emotional behaviours result
      from one of these two sources of information or from a combination of these two
      and are then managed by the limbic system, which is in continuous connection with
      the neocortex.In short, no specific centre totally controls human behaviour.
      Control is achieved through a group of brain structures and relays, permitting
      adaptive behaviour and maintenance of balance by means of permanent exchanges.
      Anger, for instance, is a survival emotion, which allows protecting one's
      physical integrity. It is very useful as an immediate response in an emergency
      situation, but it can also be harmful if it is used extensively in all
      situations, giving way to conduct disorders. Thus, the other neurohormonal
      circuits will regulate anger.Emotions are an integral part of human behaviour.
      They allow the individual to constantly adapt to the physical and social
      environment. This approach brings a new perspective to understand how each person
      maintains balance to avoid the onset of clinical disorders. The understanding of
      neurochemical mechanisms underlying basic emotions opens up the door to several
      clinical applications. 

PMID- 26966858
TI  - [In Process Citation].
AB  - Objectives The Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a severe psychopathology
      related to great personal and family distress, which aetiology goes back to
      childhood. Empirical data supports a certain temporal stability of personality
      traits from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. Several authors argue that it
      is possible to identify in children and adolescents personality traits that could
      be associated with the characteristics of BPD observed in adulthood. However,
      only few instruments have been developed to assess child and adolescent traits
      associated with BPD. This article aims to present the results of the first
      validity study of the French version of the Borderline Personality Features Scale
      for Children (BPFS-C).Method The French version of the instrument, which has been
      developed using translation/back-translation was administered to 262 children,
      aged 9 to 12 years old (M = 10.52; ET = 0.96), attending regular schools in
      Quebec (55.70% were girls). Forty-three bilingual children (M = 10.65, SD = 0.98;
      60.50% were girls) completed the two versions of the questionnaire (English and
      French), on a one-week interval. In addition, 23 English-speaking children from
      Quebec (M = 10.42, SD = 1.12) completed the original version of the
      questionnaire.Results The first validity study of the French version of the
      instrument shows a very satisfactory internal consistency. The correlations
      between the English and French versions of the instrument are significant. The
      principal component analysis revealed a four component model that have
      similarities with the four subscales of the English version, but differs in the
      distribution of items originally belonging to the subscale Identity problems of
      the BPFS-C.Conclusions The results of the first validity study of the French
      version of the instrument are promising. However, further research is needed in
      order to demonstrate the temporal stability as well as the construct validity of
      this measure. The instrument should also be validated with children from a
      clinical population with a higher preponderance of biological and environmental
      risk factors associated with the development of BPD. Finally, it would be
      interesting to establish the standardized values of the instrument allowing
      clinicians to identify which scores can be considered normal and which may
      indicate a strong presence of borderline personality traits. The identification
      of personality traits and behaviours associated with BPD in children and
      adolescents could promote prospective research and increase knowledge about the
      aetiology, characteristics, and trajectory of BPD throughout child development. 

PMID- 26966859
TI  - Therapeutic compositions and uses of alpha1-antitrypsin: a patent review (2012 -
      2015).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Identified as a circulating serine-protease inhibitor, the genetic
      deficiency of which predisposes to the development of lung emphysema, alpha1
      antitrypsin (AAT) has recently been found to possess various anti-inflammatory
      and immunomodulatory activities outside the biochemical inhibition of serine
      proteases. AAT is presently extracted from human plasma to supply life-long
      infusions to patients with genetic AAT deficiency. However, its newly appreciated
      functions point to extended therapeutic uses; these, alongside modified
      production attempts, represent a novel and dynamic niche of drug repurposing, set
      apart from addressing lung emphysema in AAT-deficient individuals. AREAS COVERED:
      The review provides a comprehensive summary of patent-protected inventions in the
      field of novel clinical indications for AAT and innovations in AAT production.
      EXPERT OPINION: A molecule no longer patentable per se, presents with novel
      clinical applications; its mechanism still unfolding. While modified protein
      sequences are patentable and potentially superior, they are burdened by
      regulatory setbacks. Thus, recent approaches in the context of AAT appear in
      patents that describe combinations with other drugs, redefined clinical
      subclasses, and unique recombinant entities, carefully skirting saturated areas
      of AAT patentology. It will be fascinating to follow technologies and creative
      patenting as AAT navigates the trying trades of pharmaceutical industry towards
      an increasing lineup of unmet clinical needs.

PMID- 26966860
TI  - Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic
      Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability.
AB  - Janus microparticles are compartmentalized particles with differing molecular
      structures and/or functionality on each of their two sides. Because of this
      unique property, Janus microparticles have been recognized as a new class of
      materials, thereby attracting a great deal of attention from various research
      fields. The versatility of these microparticles has been exemplified through
      their uses as building blocks for self-assembly, electrically responsive
      actuators, emulsifiers for painting and cosmetics, and carriers for drug
      delivery. This study introduces a detailed protocol that explicitly describes a
      synthetic method for designing novel Janus microhydrogels composed of a single
      base material, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Janus microdroplets are
      firstly generated via a hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic device (HFMD) based on
      the separation of a supersaturated aqueous NIPAAm monomer solution and
      subsequently polymerized through exposure to UV irradiation. The resulting Janus
      microhydrogels were found to be entirely composed of the same base material,
      featured an easily identifiable compartmentalized morphology, and exhibited
      anisotropic thermo-responsiveness and organophilic/hydrophilic loading
      capability. We believe that the proposed method introduces a novel hydrogel
      platform with the potential for advanced synthesis of multi-functional Janus
      microhydrogels. 

PMID- 26966861
TI  - Effects of transgene expression level per cell in mice livers on induction of
      transgene-specific immune responses after hydrodynamic gene transfer.
AB  - We previously showed that high and sustained transgene expression of antigenic
      proteins induced transgene-specific immune responses. In the present study, a
      detailed relationship between the level of transgene expression per cell and
      immune response after hydrodynamic gene transfer was investigated. Cypridina
      luciferase (cLuc), a secretory antigenic reporter protein, was selected as a
      model antigen, and pROSA-cLuc, a plasmid expressing cLuc, was constructed. A
      fixed dose (30 MUg) of pROSA-cLuc was delivered to mice by a single hydrodynamic
      injection or three injections at 24-h intervals because the number of cells
      transfected with plasmids is dependent on the number of hydrodynamic injections.
      Serum cLuc activity, an indicator of the total amount of cLuc transgene
      expression, was almost equal between these two groups. In contrast, the high-dose
      single injection induced higher levels of cLuc-specific humoral and cellular
      immune responses than the three low-dose injections. Moreover, the serum cLuc
      activity of the high-dose single injection group began to decline ~10 days after
      injection, whereas the activity remained constant in the three low-dose injection
      group. These results indicate that it is preferable to reduce the level of
      transgene expression per cell to avoid induction of the transgene-specific immune
      response after hydrodynamic gene transfer.

PMID- 26966863
TI  - Ethical Considerations When Counseling Patients With Thyroid Cancer About Surgery
      vs Observation-Reply.

PMID- 26966862
TI  - Adenovirus-mediated hAQP1 expression in irradiated mouse salivary glands causes
      recovery of saliva secretion by enhancing acinar cell volume decrease.
AB  - Head and neck irradiation (IR) during cancer treatment causes by-stander effects
      on the salivary glands leading to irreversible loss of saliva secretion. The
      mechanism underlying loss of fluid secretion is not understood and no adequate
      therapy is currently available. Delivery of an adenoviral vector encoding human
      aquaporin-1 (hAQP1) into the salivary glands of human subjects and animal models
      with radiation-induced salivary hypofunction leads to significant recovery of
      saliva secretion and symptomatic relief in subjects. To elucidate the mechanism
      underlying loss of salivary secretion and the basis for AdhAQP1-dependent
      recovery of salivary gland function we assessed submandibular gland function in
      control mice and mice 2 and 8 months after treatment with a single 15-Gy dose of
      IR (delivered to the salivary gland region). Salivary secretion and
      neurotransmitter-stimulated changes in acinar cell volume, an in vitro read-out
      for fluid secretion, were monitored. Consistent with the sustained 60% loss of
      fluid secretion following IR, a carbachol (CCh)-induced decrease in acinar cell
      volume from the glands of mice post IR was transient and attenuated as compared
      with that in cells from non-IR age-matched mice. The hAQP1 expression in non-IR
      mice induced no significant effect on salivary fluid secretion or CCh-stimulated
      cell volume changes, except in acinar cells from 8-month group where the initial
      rate of cell shrinkage was increased. Importantly, the expression of hAQP1 in the
      glands of mice post IR induced recovery of salivary fluid secretion and a volume
      decrease in acinar cells to levels similar to those in cells from non-IR mice.
      The initial rates of CCh-stimulated cell volume reduction in acinar cells from
      hAQP1-expressing glands post IR were similar to those from control cells.
      Altogether, the data suggest that expression of hAQP1 increases the water
      permeability of acinar cells, which underlies the recovery of fluid secretion in
      the salivary glands functionally compromised post IR.

PMID- 26966864
TI  - VITREORETINAL SURGERY WITH SILICONE OIL TAMPONADE IN PRIMARY UNCOMPLICATED
      RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT: Clinical Outcomes and Complications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To determine the anatomical and functional outcomes and possible
      complications after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicone oil (SO) tamponade
      in primary uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. METHODS: This is a
      prospective observational study. Overall, 62 consecutive patients who underwent
      surgical repair by PPV and SO injection for primary uncomplicated rhegmatogenous
      retinal detachment between January 01, 2006 and April 30, 2012 were followed. In
      general, PPV was chosen over scleral buckling when a significant cataract or a
      vitreous hemorrhage prevented adequate fundus visualization. Silicone oil was
      chosen over gas tamponade in patients living at 1,000 meters above the sea level,
      where SF6 or C3F8 tamponade could not be performed because of the risk of acute
      increase of intraocular pressure (IOP). One thousand centistokes SO was used in
      all eyes. At all visits, patients had a detailed ocular history and thorough
      bilateral evaluation, including best-corrected visual acuity, anterior segment
      examination, and IOP measurements by aplanation and fundus examination. Outcomes
      were assessed at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and every 6 months
      thereafter. Increased IOP was defined as an IOP of more than 21 mmHg. RESULTS:
      Anatomical success rate, final best-corrected visual acuity, IOP elevation,
      cataract formation, and other complications were the main outcome measures. This
      study included 62 eyes of 62 patients (41 men and 21 women) that underwent
      retinal detachment repair by PPV and SO injection. The age at the time of
      intervention was 57.6 +/- 10.5 years (mean +/- standard deviation; range, 34-79
      years). All patients were whites. Mean follow-up was 24.5 +/- 17.3 months (range,
      6-70 months). Anatomical success rate defined as retinal reattachment 6 months
      after SO removal was 93.5%. Final BCVA was improved in 55 eyes (88.7%), with a
      mean of 4 Snellen lines, unchanged in 5 (8.1%), and worse in 2 eyes (3.2%), with
      a mean of 3 Snellen lines. Mean duration of SO tamponade was 5.12 +/- 2.37 months
      (range, 2-12 months). From the 30 eyes that were still phakic after vitrectomy,
      24 eyes (80.0%) underwent cataract surgery within a period of 7.37 +/- 3.00
      months (range, 2-13 months). Thirty-five eyes (56.5%) had an increase in IOP
      during the follow-up period. Thirty-one patients had transient ocular
      hypertension requiring topical treatment during the immediate postoperative
      period (one month). Only 1 eye (2.9%) required filtrating drainage surgery for
      IOP control. No eyes developed optic neuropathy secondary to IOP elevation.
      CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy with SO injection seems to be a safe and
      efficient surgical approach in the treatment of primary uncomplicated
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in patients living in high altitude (>1,000 m).
      Also, PPV and SO injection are associated with good anatomical and functional
      outcomes in our series. Reattachment rates are high, and rates of proliferative
      vitreoretinopathy are low. Cataract formation and elevated IOP represent frequent
      but successfully controlled complications.

PMID- 26966865
TI  - INVERTED INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP TECHNIQUE FOR MACULAR HOLES IN HIGH
      MYOPIA WITH AXIAL LENGTH >=30 mm.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the closure rate of macular holes in highly myopic eyes
      treated with the inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique. METHODS:
      Retrospective study in 33 consecutive patients (33 eyes) with a myopic macular
      hole (axial length >=30 mm) and no associated macular retinoschisis, undergoing
      23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy combined with the inverted internal limiting
      membrane flap technique. RESULTS: Mean initial logarithm of the minimum angle of
      resolution best-corrected visual acuity was 0.59 (range, 0.22-1.8) (Snellen
      fraction, 20/80). At the 1-month postoperative control visit, the macular hole
      was closed in all patients. Reopening of the hole occurred in 2 patients. Visual
      acuity improved in 13 patients (39.4%): final mean ETDRS (Early Treatment
      Diabetic Retinopathy Study) improvement was +80 letters, and logarithm of the
      minimum angle of resolution was 0.4 (20/50). Staphyloma with macular involvement
      was present in all patients. Dissociated optic nerve fiber layer was observed in
      25 patients (75.7%) and was absent in 2 (6.1%); in the remaining 6 patients, the
      layer could not be assessed. Gliosis was found in 14 patients (42.4%).
      CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy plus the inverted internal limiting membrane flap
      technique was effective for treating macular holes in eyes with axial length >=30
      mm and no associated retinoschisis.

PMID- 26966866
TI  - CORRELATION OF OPTICAL INTENSITY ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND VISUAL
      OUTCOME IN CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between optical coherence tomography
      (OCT) characteristics at baseline and visual outcome in central retinal artery
      occlusion (CRAO). METHODS: The medical charts and OCT images of patients with
      central retinal artery occlusion with follow-up for more than 90 days were
      reviewed. Optical intensities of inner retinal layers, outer nuclear layers, and
      photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium were measured using Image J software.
      Optical intensity ratio was calculated as the optical intensity of inner retinal
      layers divided by that of photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal
      thickness over the nine early treatment diabetic retinopathy study regions was
      automatically calculated by OCT software. The relationship between best-corrected
      visual acuity at the last follow-up and OCT characteristics were analyzed using
      Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Fifteen eyes of 15 central retinal artery
      occlusion patients were included, with mean follow-up of 327.1 +/- 184.1 days.
      The final best-corrected visual acuity was mildly or moderately correlated with
      retinal thicknesses, and strongly correlated with the optical intensity of
      photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium (r = -0.707, P = 0.003) and optical
      intensity ratio (r = 0.825, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Optical intensity ratio on
      OCT is highly correlated with visual prognosis in central retinal artery
      occlusion. It may be a potential biomarker of retinal ischemia.

PMID- 26966867
TI  - RISK OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION IN END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS
      RECEIVING LONG-TERM DIALYSIS.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study investigated the risk of age-related macular degeneration
      (AMD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving long-term
      dialysis and compared the risk between various dialysis modalities using
      propensity score-matching methods. METHODS: From the National Health Insurance
      Research Database of Taiwan, the authors identified 27,232 patients with ESRD
      newly diagnosed from 2000 to 2010, including 9,287 patients on peritoneal
      dialysis (PD) and 17,945 patients on hemodialysis (HD). A total of 108,928
      controls without kidney disease were randomly selected and frequency matched by
      age, sex, and index year of ESRD patients. The authors established an additional
      HD cohort matched by propensity scores of PD patients (N = 9,256 each). All
      cohorts were followed up until the end of 2011 to measure the incidence of AMD.
      RESULTS: The incidences of AMD were 1.84, 4.03, 5.37, and 3.50 per 1,000 person
      years in the control, ESRD (PD and HD), PD, and HD cohorts, respectively. The
      hazard ratios for AMD were 1.72, 2.47, and 1.43 for the ESRD, PD, and HD cohorts,
      with 95% confidence intervals of 1.50 to 1.97, 2.05 to 2.98, and 1.22 to 1.68,
      respectively, compared with the control cohort. The patients on PD exhibited a
      hazard ratio of 1.74 (95% confidence interval = 1.27-2.38) for developing AMD
      compared with propensity score-matched patients on HD. CONCLUSION: Patients with
      ESRD may exhibit a higher risk of AMD than people without kidney disease.
      Patients on PD may be more likely to develop AMD than patients on HD.

PMID- 26966868
TI  - ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF SYMPTOMATIC IDIOPATHIC VITREOMACULAR
      TRACTION: A Natural History Study From the Pan American Collaborative Retina
      Study Group.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the natural history of eyes with symptomatic idiopathic
      vitreomacular traction (VMT). METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study of 168
      eyes with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings
      consistent with idiopathic VMT. All eyes were graded according to SD-OCT
      findings. Grade 1 was defined as incomplete cortical vitreous separation with
      foveal attachment. Grade 2 was defined as Grade 1 plus intraretinal cysts or
      clefts. Grade 3 was defined as Grade 2 plus a foveal detachment. All patients
      were followed for at least 6 months. RESULTS: There were 168 patients (51 men)
      with a mean age of 68.8 +/- 10.7 years. Patients were followed for a mean of 22.7
      +/- 20.1 months. The mean duration of symptoms before the initial presentation
      was 3.65 +/- 5.42 months. At baseline, 72 eyes had Grade 1, 74 eyes had Grade 2,
      and 22 eyes had Grade 3 SD-OCT findings. Over the follow-up period, 36 eyes
      (21.4%) had spontaneous resolution of the VMT with normalization of the foveal
      anatomy. The mean time to resolution was 12.3 +/- 12.6 months. An unfavorable
      anatomical outcome occurred in 7.7% (13 of 168) of the eyes, with 6 eyes
      developing a lamellar macular hole and 7 eyes developing a full-thickness macular
      hole. This occurred at a mean of 10.3 +/- 10.7 months after the presentation.
      Subgroup analysis based on baseline SD-OCT grade showed that 4.1% (3 of 73) of
      Grade 1 eyes compared with 6.8% (5 of 74) of Grade 2 eyes, and 23.8% (5 of 21) of
      Grade 3 eyes developed a full-thickness macular hole or lamellar macular hole (P
      = 0.0109, chi-square test). In the remaining 119 eyes, at the last follow-up, 65
      eyes had Grade 1, 42 eyes had Grade 2, and 12 eyes had Grade 3 VMT. On average,
      the best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.40 +/- 0.35 logarithm of the
      minimum angle of resolution (Snellen, 20/50) at baseline to 0.35 +/- 0.36
      logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen, 20/45; P = 0.0372), and
      the mean central macular thickness improved from 350 +/- 132 MUm to 323 +/- 121
      MUm. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous resolution of VMT occurred in 21.4% (36 of 168) of
      eyes after a mean follow-up of 11.4 +/- 12.6 months. An unfavorable anatomical
      outcome occurred in 7.7% (13 of 168) of eyes. The baseline SD-OCT grade may
      predict the progression to full-thickness macular hole.

PMID- 26966869
TI  - ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD DATABASE STUDY OF VITRECTOMY AND OBSERVATION FOR
      VITREOMACULAR TRACTION.
AB  - PURPOSE: To audit the natural history of vitreomacular traction, and the risks
      and benefits of surgery. METHODS: Database study of 1,254 patients (1,399 eyes)
      with vitreomacular traction from 16 UK vitreoretinal units. RESULTS: The median
      age was 75 years, with 36.2% of patients diagnosed as diabetic. In 986 (70.5%)
      eyes managed conservatively, the median presenting logarithm of the minimum angle
      of resolution visual acuity of 0.30 (Snellen 20/40) was unchanged over follow-up.
      Of 413 eyes (29.5%) that required pars plana vitrectomy, the median preoperative
      visual acuity improved from 0.60 to 0.50 (20/80-20/63), 6 months to 12 months
      after surgery, with 33% gaining at least 0.3 units (approximately 2 Snellen
      lines). Vitrectomy was combined with internal limiting membrane peel in 43.8%,
      epiretinal membrane peel in 42.4%, gas/air tamponade in 46.2%, and cataract
      surgery in 27.9%. One or more intraoperative complications occurred in 12.6%;
      most commonly retinal breaks (8.0%), retinal trauma (1.9%), and retinal
      hemorrhage (1.0%). Postoperative retinal detachment occurred in 2.7% and macular
      hole in 2.2%. The 1, 2, and 3 year rates of postvitrectomy cataract surgery were
      28.2%, 38.2%, and 42.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Many eyes with vitreomacular
      traction have stable visual acuity. Those progressing to vitrectomy have
      relatively modest visual acuity gains, and complications are not infrequent.

PMID- 26966870
TI  - Macro-microscopy: clinical surface microscopy using digital cameras.

PMID- 26966871
TI  - An update on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnosis and management.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a drug-mediated,
      prothrombotic disorder caused by immunization against platelet factor 4 (PF4)
      after complex formation with heparin or other polyanions. A subset of anti
      PF4/heparin antibodies are capable of intravascular platelet activation by cross
      linking Fcgamma receptor IIA leading to platelet count decrease and/or
      thrombosis. HIT can be potentially associated with devastating complications such
      as life-threatening thrombosis making it one of the most serious adverse drug
      reactions. Diagnosis of HIT based on clinical information is often difficult.
      AREA COVERED: This review highlights the pathophysiology of HIT, emphasizing
      characteristic clinical features and the role of laboratory assays in the
      diagnosis of HIT. In addition, a summary of current therapeutic options for
      patients with HIT will be provided. EXPERT OPINION: A combination of clinical
      pretest scoring system and laboratory investigation is usually necessary to
      diagnose HIT. If HIT is strongly suspected, all sources of heparin must be
      stopped and an alternative non-heparin anticoagulant should be started to prevent
      new thromboembolic complications. However, heparin alternative anticoagulants
      bear a considerable bleeding risk, especially if given to patients with
      thrombocytopenia due to other reasons than HIT. A better understanding of
      clinical and laboratory features of HIT may help developing strategies to avoid
      complications induced by this serious adverse reaction against heparin.

PMID- 26966872
TI  - Vinclozolin alters the expression of hormonal and stress genes in the midge
      Chironomus riparius.
AB  - Vinclozolin is a fungicide used in agriculture that can reach aquatic ecosystems
      and affect the organisms living there. Its effects have been intensively studied
      in vertebrates, where it acts as an antiandrogen, but there is a lack of
      information about its mechanistic effects on invertebrates. In this work, we
      analyzed the response of genes related to the endocrine system, the stress
      response, and the detoxification mechanisms of Chironomus riparius fourth instar
      larvae after 24h and 48h exposures to 20 (69.9nM), 200 (699nM), and 2000MUg/L
      (6.99MUM) of Vinclozolin. Survival analysis showed that this compound has low
      toxicity, as it was not lethal for this organism at the concentrations used.
      However, this fungicide was shown to modify the transcriptional activity of the
      ecdysone response pathway genes EcR, E74, and Kr-h1 by increasing their mRNA
      levels. While no changes were observed in disembodied, a gene related with the
      ecdysone synthesis metabolic pathway, Cyp18A1, which is involved in the
      inactivation of the active form of ecdysone, was upregulated. Additionally, the
      expression of two genes related to other hormones, FOXO and MAPR, did not show
      any changes when Vinclozolin was present. The analysis of stress response genes
      showed significant changes in the mRNA levels of Hsp70, Hsp24, and Gp93,
      indicating that Vinclozolin activates the cellular stress mechanisms. Finally,
      the expressions of the genes Cyp4G and GstD3, which encode enzymes involved in
      phase I and phase II detoxification, respectively, were analyzed. It was found
      that their mRNA levels were altered by Vinclozolin, suggesting their involvement
      in the degradation of this compound. For the first time, these results show
      evidence that Vinclozolin can modulate gene expression, leading to possible
      significant endocrine alterations of the insect endocrine system. These results
      also offer new clues about the mode of action of this compound in invertebrates. 

PMID- 26966873
TI  - Sublethal effects of copper sulphate compared to copper nanoparticles in rainbow
      trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at low pH: physiology and metal accumulation.
AB  - A few studies have investigated the interaction between copper toxicity and water
      pH in fishes, but little is known about the effects of acidic pH on the toxicity
      of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). This study aimed to describe the sub-lethal
      toxic effects of Cu-NPs compared to CuSO4 at neutral and acidic water pH values
      in juvenile rainbow trout. Fish were exposed in triplicate (3 tanks/treatment) to
      control (no added Cu), or 20MUgl(-1) of either Cu as CuSO4 or Cu-NPs, at pH 7 and
      5 in a semi-static aqueous exposure regime for up to 7 days. Acidification of the
      water altered the mean primary particle size (at pH 7, 60+/-2nm and pH 5, 55+/
      1nm) and dialysis experiments to measure dissolution showed an increased release
      of dissolved Cu from Cu-NPs at pH 5 compared to pH 7. Copper accumulation was
      observed in the gills of trout exposed to CuSO4 and Cu-NPs at pH 7 and 5, with a
      greater accumulation from the CuSO4 treatment than Cu-NPs at each pH. The liver
      also showed Cu accumulation with both Cu treatments at pH 7 only, whereas, the
      spleen and kidney did not show measurable accumulation of Cu at any of the water
      pH values. Exposure to acid water caused changes in the ionoregulatory physiology
      of control fish and also altered the observed effects of Cu exposure; at pH 5,
      branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was greater than at pH 7 and the inhibition
      of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity caused by exposure to CuSO4 at pH 7 was also not
      observed. There were some changes in haematology and depletion of plasma Na(+) at
      pH 7 and 5 due to Cu exposure, but there were few material-type or pH effects.
      Overall, the data show that the accumulation of Cu is greater from CuSO4 than Cu
      NPs; however, understanding of the effects of low pH on bioavailability of CuSO4
      may not be directly transferred to Cu-NPs without further consideration of the
      physico-chemical behaviour of Cu-NPs in acid water. 

PMID- 26966874
TI  - Salinity-dependent mechanisms of copper toxicity in the galaxiid fish, Galaxias
      maculatus.
AB  - The euryhaline galaxiid fish, inanga (Galaxias maculatus) is widely spread
      throughout the Southern hemisphere occupying near-coastal streams that may be
      elevated in trace elements such as copper (Cu). Despite this, nothing is known
      regarding their sensitivity to Cu contamination. The mechanisms of Cu toxicity in
      inanga, and the ameliorating role of salinity, were investigated by acclimating
      fish to freshwater (FW), 50% seawater (SW), or 100% SW and exposing them to a
      graded series of Cu concentrations (0-200MUgL(-1)) for 48h. Mortality, whole body
      Cu accumulation, measures of ionoregulatory disturbance (whole body ions, sodium
      (Na) influx, sodium/potassium ATPase activity) and ammonia excretion were
      monitored. Toxicity of Cu was greatest in FW, with mortality likely resulting
      from impaired Na influx. In both FW and 100% SW, ammonia excretion was
      significantly elevated, an effect opposite to that observed in previous studies,
      suggesting fundamental differences in the effect of Cu in this species relative
      to other studied fish. Salinity was protective against Cu toxicity, and
      physiology seemed to play a more important role than water chemistry in this
      protection. Inanga are sensitive to waterborne Cu through a conserved impairment
      of Na ion homeostasis, but some effects of Cu exposure in this species are
      distinct. Based on effect concentrations, current regulatory tools and limits are
      likely protective of this species in New Zealand waters. 

PMID- 26966875
TI  - Physiological effects and cellular responses of metamorphic larvae and juveniles
      of sea urchin exposed to ionic and nanoparticulate silver.
AB  - The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) would likely result in their
      discharge into wastewater and inevitable release in densely populated coastal
      areas. It is known that AgNPs can cause harmful effects to marine fauna, but how
      they affect development stages is still an open question. In order to understand
      in details how polymer-coated AgNPs (PAAm-AgNPs) (from 0.19 to 4.64mM as Ag) can
      affect critical stages of marine invertebrate development, metamorphic larvae and
      juveniles of sea urchins were used as biological models. Multidimensional scaling
      (MDS) approach based on Bray-Curtis similarity matrix with PERMANOVA showed
      organisms in a multivariate space undergoing through different physiological
      conditions as a function of time, chemical forms of silver, nominal
      concentrations, and presence or absence of food. Sublethal effects such as
      lethargy, oedema and immobility mainly characterized PAAm-AgNPs effects with
      juveniles and postlarvae, whereas necrosis and death arose in Ag(+) conditions in
      short-term tests. Chronically exposed metamorphic larvae had their morphogenic
      processes interrupted by PAAm-AgNPs and a high mortality rate was observed in
      recovery period. On the contrary, Ag(+) ions caused progressive mortality during
      exposure, but a quick recovery in uncontaminated seawater was observed. By means
      of fluorescent markers we showed that nanosilver could be transferred between
      consecutive stages (swimming larvae and postlarvae) and highlighted how important
      is food to enhance PAAm-AgNPs uptake. Using TEM we observed that unfed juveniles
      had nanosilver aggregates mostly restricted to their coelomic sinuses, while
      metamorphic larvae already had nano-contamination overspread in different tissues
      and blastocoel. Our main hypothesis for nanotoxicity of PAAM-AgNPs relies on the
      slow dissolution of nano-core over time, but in this study the effects of
      particulate silver form itself are also evoked. Main mechanisms governing
      tissular and cellular responses to nano-intoxication such as inflammatory
      response and detoxification based on the role of sentinel cells (peritoneal cells
      and coelomocytes) for general homeostasis are discussed. This paper is first to
      detail physiological states, main uptake routes and cellular response against
      polymer-coated AgNPs in developmental stages of marine invertebrate species. 

PMID- 26966876
TI  - Decontamination of Anodized Implant Surface With Different Modalities for Peri
      Implantitis Treatment: Lasers and Mechanical Debridement With Citric Acid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although oral rehabilitation with dental implants is a very promising
      and effective procedure, peri-implantitis is an emerging concern. Surgical and
      non-surgical methods have been applied to treat peri-implantitis together with
      various implant surface decontamination methods. However, there is no consensus
      concerning the most effective treatment for peri-implantitis. The aim of the
      present study is to evaluate the effects of erbium-doped:yttrium, aluminum, and
      garnet (Er:YAG) laser, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and titanium bur with and
      without citric acid on ligature-induced peri-implantitis around an anodized
      implant surface. METHODS: Thirty dental implants with anodized surface (3.3 * 10
      mm) were installed in the mandibles of five beagle dogs. After 3 months, peri
      implantitis was induced by applying cotton ligatures subgingivally. After
      ligature removal (baseline), the implants were divided into the following
      treatment groups: 1) Er:YAG laser, 2) PDT, 3) titanium bur alone, and 4) titanium
      bur with citric acid. Animals were sacrificed after 3 months, and clinical,
      radiologic, histologic, and histomorphometric evaluations were conducted for all
      treatment modalities. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance
      and Tukey test. A value of P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
      RESULTS: The titanium bur with citric acid group exhibited statistically
      significantly greater improvement in vertical bone height than the Er:YAG laser
      group and significantly better bone-to-implant contact than the PDT group and the
      bur-alone group. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the study, the combination of
      mechanical and chemical treatment proved to be the most effective treatment for
      disinfection of the anodized implant surface.

PMID- 26966881
TI  - Automatic detection of rate change in large data sets with an unsupervised
      approach: the case of influenza viruses.
AB  - Influenza viruses evolve at such a high rate that vaccine recommendations need to
      be changed, but not quite on a regular basis. This observation suggests that the
      rate of evolution of these viruses is not constant through time, which begs the
      question as to when such rate changes occur, if they do so independently of the
      host in which they circulate and (or) independently of their subtype. To address
      these outstanding questions, we introduce a novel heuristics, Mclust*, that is
      based on a two-tier clustering approach in a phylogenetic context to estimate (i)
      absolute rates of evolution and (ii) when rate change occurs. We employ the novel
      approach to compare the two influenza surface proteins, hemagglutinin and
      neuraminidase, that circulated in avian, human, and swine hosts between 1960 and
      2014 in two subtypes: H3N2 and H1N1. We show that the algorithm performs well in
      most conditions, accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty by means of
      bootstrapping and scales up to analyze very large data sets. Our results show
      that our approach is robust to the time-dependent artifact of rate estimation,
      and confirm pervasive punctuated evolution across hosts and subtypes. As such,
      the novel approach can potentially detect when vaccine composition needs to be
      updated. 

PMID- 26966882
TI  - Surface modification of layered zirconium phosphate with PNIPAM.
AB  - A new method was reported to modify layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) with
      thermoresponsive polymer PNIPAM (poly N-isopropylacrylamide). PNIPAM was proved
      to be covalently grafted onto ZrP. (60)Co gamma-rays irradiation produced
      peroxide groups on the surface which, upon heating, initiated free radical
      polymerization and subsequent attachment of PNIPAM. 

PMID- 26966880
TI  - Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea.
AB  - In recent years, primary cilia have emerged as key regulators in development and
      disease by influencing numerous signaling pathways. One of the earliest signaling
      pathways shown to be associated with ciliary function was the non-canonical Wnt
      signaling pathway, also referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. One
      of the best places in which to study the effects of planar cell polarity (PCP)
      signaling during vertebrate development is the mammalian cochlea. PCP signaling
      disruption in the mouse cochlea disrupts cochlear outgrowth, cellular patterning
      and hair cell orientation, all of which are affected by cilia dysfunction. The
      goal of this protocol is to describe the analysis of PCP signaling in the
      developing mammalian cochlea via phenotypic analysis, immunohistochemistry and
      scanning electron microscopy. Defects in convergence and extension are manifested
      as a shortening of the cochlear duct and/or changes in cellular patterning, which
      can be quantified following dissection from developing mouse mutants. Changes in
      stereociliary bundle orientation and kinocilia length or positioning can be
      observed and quantitated using either immunofluorescence or scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM). A deeper insight into the role of ciliary proteins in cellular
      signaling pathways and other biological phenomena is crucial for our
      understanding of cellular and developmental biology, as well as for the
      development of targeted treatment strategies.

PMID- 26966883
TI  - Implications of patient-borne costs associated with pediatric neurosurgical care
      in eastern Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Pediatric neurosurgery can be highly cost-effective even in the
      developing world, but delivery of these services is hampered by resource
      limitations at the levels of both health care infrastructure and individual
      patients. Few studies have evaluated costs borne by neurosurgical patients in the
      developing world and their potential implications for efficient and effective
      delivery of care in this population. METHODS The families of 40 pediatric
      neurosurgery patients were surveyed in February 2015 at the AIC Kijabe Hospital
      in Kijabe, Kenya. Costs associated with obtaining inpatient care were assessed.
      RESULTS Patient families were charged an average of US $539.44 for neurosurgical
      services, representing 132% of their annual income. Indirect expenses (transport,
      food and lodging, lost wages) constituted US $79.37, representing 14.7% of the
      overall cost and 19.5% of their annual income. CONCLUSIONS Expansion of pediatric
      neurosurgical services throughout the developing world necessitates increased
      attention to seemingly insignificant expenses that are absorbed by patients and
      their families. Even when all direct costs are covered at the institutional or
      national level, without additional assistance, some patients may be too poor to
      obtain even "free" neurosurgical care. 

PMID- 26966884
TI  - The Preventable Shunt Revision Rate: a potential quality metric for pediatric
      shunt surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Shunt surgery consumes a large amount of pediatric neurosurgical health
      care resources. Although many studies have sought to identify risk factors for
      shunt failure, there is no consensus within the literature on variables that are
      predictive or protective. In this era of "quality outcome measures," some authors
      have proposed various metrics to assess quality outcomes for shunt surgery. In
      this paper, the Preventable Shunt Revision Rate (PSRR) is proposed as a novel
      quality metric. METHODS An institutional shunt database was queried to identify
      all shunt surgeries performed from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014, at Le
      Bonheur Children's Hospital. Patients' records were reviewed for 90 days
      following each "index" shunt surgery to identify those patients who required a
      return to the operating room. Clinical, demographic, and radiological factors
      were reviewed for each index operation, and each failure was analyzed for
      potentially preventable causes. RESULTS During the study period, there were 927
      de novo or revision shunt operations in 525 patients. A return to the operating
      room occurred 202 times within 90 days of shunt surgery in 927 index surgeries
      (21.8%). In 67 cases (33% of failures), the revision surgery was due to
      potentially preventable causes, defined as inaccurate proximal or distal catheter
      placement, infection, or inadequately secured or assembled shunt apparatus.
      Comparing cases in which failure was due to preventable causes and those in which
      it was due to nonpreventable causes showed that in cases in which failure was due
      to preventable causes, the patients were significantly younger (median 3.1 vs 6.7
      years, p = 0.01) and the failure was more likely to occur within 30 days of the
      index surgery (80.6% vs 64.4% of cases, p = 0.02). The most common causes of
      preventable shunt failure were inaccurate proximal catheter placement (33 [49.3%]
      of 67 cases) and infection (28 [41.8%] of 67 cases). No variables were found to
      be predictive of preventable shunt failure with multivariate logistic regression.
      CONCLUSIONS With economic and governmental pressures to identify and implement
      "quality measures" for shunt surgery, pediatric neurosurgeons and hospital
      administrators must be careful to avoid linking all shunt revisions with "poor"
      or less-than-optimal quality care. To date, many of the purported risk factors
      for shunt failure and causes of shunt revision surgery are beyond the influence
      and control of the surgeon. We propose the PSRR as a specific, meaningful,
      measurable, and-hopefully-modifiable quality metric for shunt surgery in
      children. 

PMID- 26966885
TI  - En bloc resection of a C-1 lateral mass osteosarcoma: technical note.
AB  - Osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary bone tumor. It is currently treated with
      multimodality therapy including en bloc resection, which has been demonstrated to
      confer a survival benefit over intralesional resection. The authors present the
      case of an 8-year-old girl with a C-1 lateral mass osteosarcoma, which was
      treated with a 4-stage en bloc resection and spinal reconstruction. While
      technically complex, the feasibility of en bloc resection for spinal osteosarcoma
      should be explored in the pediatric population. 

PMID- 26966886
TI  - Something Old, New, Borrowed, Blue: Anthracenedione Agents for Treatment of
      Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present anthracenedione agents that have been used
      to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), problems related to their use, and knowledge
      gained from our experiences using these agents to develop more efficacious drugs
      with fewer adverse effects. METHODS: We review preclinical and clinical data
      during the development mitoxantrone, an anthracycline, for the treatment of MS;
      benefits and potential risks; and strategies to reduce complications of
      anthracyclines. RESULTS: Mitoxantrone had unacceptable and greater-than
      anticipated toxicity for use in a chronic disease such as MS. Adverse effects
      included cardiotoxicity, treatment-associated leukemia, and amenorrhea. Toxicity
      was identified primarily in retrospect. Structurally related compounds include
      pixantrone (BBR2278) and BBR3378. Pixantrone is in clinical development in
      oncology. BBR3378 prevents the development of autoimmunity and experimental
      autoimmune encephalomyelitis and blocks experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
      even when given after the onset of autoimmunity. CONCLUSIONS: There remains a
      need for effective MS treatment, particularly for nonrelapsing forms of MS.
      Mitoxantrone was the first nonbiologic drug approved by the Food and Drug
      Administration for use in MS. Chromophore modification of anthracenedione agents
      yielded a novel class of DNA binding agents (aza-anthracenediones such as
      pixantrone and aza-anthrapyrazoles such as BBR3378) with the potential for less
      cardiotoxicity compared with mitoxantrone. There is a need for long-term
      observation for delayed toxicity among humans enrolled in pixantrone trials.
      Preclinical toxicity studies for delayed toxicities in rodents and other models
      are warranted before consideration of derivatives of anthracenediones, aza
      anthrazenediones, or aza-anthrapyrazoles for use in human MS clinical trials.

PMID- 26966887
TI  - Treating Schizophrenia With the Diuretic Bumetanide: A Case Report.
AB  - Administration of the diuretic and NKCC1 chloride cotransporter antagonist
      bumetanide reduces the severity of autism spectrum disorders in children, and
      this effect is mediated by a reduction of the elevated intracellular chloride
      concentrations and a reinforcement of GABAergic inhibition (Lemonnier et al
      Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e202; Tyzio et al Science. 2014;343:675-679). Here, we
      report that this treatment also reduces the severity of symptoms in an adolescent
      with schizophrenia. Long-term treatment reduced hallucinations significantly,
      suggesting that this treatment may also be useful to treat schizophrenia. Further
      clinical trials and experimental studies are warranted to test this hypothesis. 

PMID- 26966889
TI  - New developments in flavivirus drug discovery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Flaviviruses are major causes of infectious disease. The vast
      global, social and economic impact due to morbidity and mortality associated with
      diseases caused by these viruses urgently demands effective therapeutic
      interventions. There is currently no specific antiviral therapy available for the
      effective clinical treatment of infections by any of the flaviviridae.
      Development of more effective vaccines and antiviral agents for the prevention
      and treatment of most flavivirus infections remains a clear public health
      priority in the 21st century. AREAS COVERED: This review describes some of the
      recent discoveries in the field of flavivirus inhibitor development, with a
      particular focus on targeting viral proteins. Emphasis is placed on the advances
      published during the 2012-2015 period. EXPERT OPINION: The field of drug
      discovery targeting viral proteins has progressed slowly in recent years. New
      information, particularly on structures, location and mechanisms of action of
      established protein targets have been reported. There have also been studies on
      repurposing known drugs as templates for targeting flavivirus proteins and these
      hits could be promising templates for developing new more potent inhibitors.
      Further research should be conducted to improve in vitro assays that better
      reflect the conditions found in cellular environments.

PMID- 26966888
TI  - Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled
      Drug Release.
AB  - Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly
      controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of smart
      soft devices for biomedical applications. Although a number of magnetically
      responsive drug delivery systems have demonstrated efficacies through either in
      vitro proof of concept studies or in vivo preclinical applications, their use in
      clinical settings is still limited by their insufficient biocompatibility or
      biodegradability. Additionally, many of the existing platforms rely on
      sophisticated techniques for their fabrications. We recently demonstrated the
      fabrication of biodegradable, gelatin-based thermo-responsive microgel by
      physically entrapping poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) chains as a minor
      component within a three-dimensional gelatin network. In this study, we present a
      facile method to fabricate a biodegradable drug release platform that enables a
      magneto-thermally triggered drug release. This was achieved by incorporating
      superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and thermo-responsive polymers within
      gelatin-based colloidal microgels, in conjunction with an alternating magnetic
      field application system. 

PMID- 26966890
TI  - Risk of occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon and arsenic on pulmonary
      disorders: Understanding the genetic-epigenetic interplay and future prospects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest strong association of lung disorders
      with occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon and arsenic. The chronic
      occupational exposure primarily through inhalation results in adverse outcome on
      the respiratory tract which may also be fatal. Although several mechanisms have
      attributed towards these diseases; the molecular pathogenesis is still unknown.
      OBJECTIVE: In this review, we investigated the plausible molecular mechanism
      based on current research that may identify the genetic and epigenetic
      susceptibility of respiratory disorders upon such occupational exposures in
      humans. METHODS: We considered genetic variants and epigenetic alterations
      associated with pulmonary exposure hazards leading to asbestosis, silicosis and
      arsenicosis. Our review is stringently based on the literatures available through
      peer-reviewed articles mostly published in the last 10 years. Relevant search
      were conducted using keywords like "occupational lung disorders" along with
      "asbestos", "silicon" and "arsenic". RESULTS: Till September 2015, pubmed search
      yielded approximately 780 articles relating to asbestos exposure; 240 articles
      for silicon exposure and 60 articles for arsenic exposure. Extensive screening
      for genetic and epigenetic factors identified certain genes and related pathways
      that are important to determine the susceptibility of an individual towards such
      occupational exposure. CONCLUSION: The link between genotype and phenotype and
      its association with disease susceptibility is very complex in nature due to
      several factors like person's environment, lifestyle and nutritional status. The
      epigenome is dynamic as well as reversible and can be reshaped further by certain
      dietary components throughout its life. In the present review, we have addressed
      the role of molecular pathogenesis of occupational lung diseases based on the
      genetic variability and epigenetic alterations and also attempted to highlight
      the promising aspect of dietary interventions to counter toxic outcomes upon
      occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon or arsenic.

PMID- 26966891
TI  - Nrf2 silencing to inhibit proteolytic defense induced by hyperthermia in HT22
      cells.
AB  - Nrf2 pathway has been known to be protective against cancer progression however
      recent studies have revealed that the antioxidant activity of Nrf2 contributes to
      chemotherapy resistance. For many years, hyperthermia has been used as an
      additional therapy to increase the efficiency of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
      Besides the positive effects of hyperthermia during treatment procedure,
      thermotolerance has been found to develop against heat treatment. Although the
      involved molecular mechanisms have not been fully clarified, heat shock proteins
      (HSP) and proteasome activity are known to be involved in the acquisition of
      thermotolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential
      beneficial effects of combining hyperthermia with Nrf2 silencing to inhibit
      molecular mechanisms leading to induction of defense mechanisms in transcription
      level. Following heat treatment of HT22 cells, HSP70 and the proteasome levels
      and as well as proteasome activity were found to be elevated in the nucleus. Our
      results demonstrated that Nrf2 silencing reduced defense mechanisms against heat
      treatment both in antioxidant and proteolytic manner and Nrf2 may be a potential
      target for therapeutic approach in order to improve the beneficial effects of
      hyperthermia in cancer therapy.

PMID- 26966892
TI  - Role of heme Oxygenase-1 in low dose Radioadaptive response.
AB  - Radioadaptive response (RAR) is an important phenomenon induced by low dose
      radiation. However, the molecular mechanism of RAR is obscure. In this study, we
      focused on the possible role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in RAR. Consistent with
      previous studies, priming dose of X-ray radiation (1-10cGy) induced significant
      RAR in normal human skin fibroblasts (AG 1522 cells). Transcription and
      translation of HO-1 was up-regulated more than two fold by a priming dose of
      radiation (5cGy). Zinc protoporphyrin IX, a specific competitive inhibitor of HO
      1, efficiently inhibited RAR whereas hemin, an inducer of HO-1, could mimic
      priming dose of X-rays to induce RAR. Knocking down of HO-1 by transfection of HO
      1 siRNA significantly attenuated RAR. Furthermore, the expression of HO-1 gene
      was modulated by the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), which
      translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus after priming dose radiation and enhance
      the antioxidant level of cells.

PMID- 26966894
TI  - Glucose-induced abnormal egg-laying rate in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - High glucose reduced the egg-laying rate of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
      and was dependent on serotonergic signaling. Antidiabetic drugs of the biguanide
      and thiazolidine classes ameliorated the detrimental effect of glucose on egg
      laying rate, suggesting the possibility that this quick and easy assay system may
      be applicable to whole-animal screening for novel antidiabetic drugs, at least,
      of these classes. 

PMID- 26966893
TI  - The MLN4924 inhibitor exerts a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress
      injury via Nrf2 protein accumulation.
AB  - It was explored the cytoprotective and antioxidant effect of MLN4924, a specific
      inhibitor of Nedd8-activating enzyme (NAE), against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
      induced damage in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Primary cultures of CGNs
      were exposed to H2O2 after preincubation with MLN4924. The compounds were
      removed, and CGNs were incubated in culture medium for 24h in order to determine
      cell viability by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
      (MTT) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assays. It was demonstrated that MLN4924
      remarkably attenuated H2O2-induced cell damage. Meanwhile reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) production was evaluated with the fluorescent probe dihydroethidium (DHE).
      Interestingly H2O2-induced ROS production was inhibited by pretreatment with
      MLN4924. MLN4924 treatment in CGNs resulted in nuclear factor E2-related factor 2
      (Nrf2) protein accumulation. Intriguingly this effect was observed in the
      cytosolic and nuclear compartments of the CGNs. The cytoprotective effect of
      MLN4924 was associated with its ability to diminish ROS production induced by
      H2O2 and the accumulation of Nrf2 protein levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus of
      the CGNs.

PMID- 26966895
TI  - Simultaneous determination of selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors with
      corticosteroids and antiemetics in rat plasma by solid phase extraction and ultra
      performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to
      pharmacokinetic interaction studies.
AB  - A sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous
      analysis of selected tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)(gefitinib GEF, erlotinib
      ERL), corticosteroids (dexamethasone DEX, prednisolone PRED), and the antiemetic
      ondansetron (OND) in rat plasma samples. After the addition of domperidone (DOM)
      as internal standard (IS), spiked plasma samples were prepared using the solid
      phase extraction (SPE) C 18 cartridges. Chromatographic separation was performed
      on a Waters BEH C18 column with an isocratic elution using a mobile phase
      composed of acetonitrile and water, each with 0.1% formic acid, (80: 20, v/v), at
      a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Quantitation of the analytes was performed using the
      multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the positive ionization mode at m/z
      447.25>128.08 (GEF), m/z 394.20>278.04 (ERL), m/z 393.30>147.04 (DEX), m/z
      361.29>147.02 (PRED), m/z 294.18>170.16 (OND), and m/z 426.26>175.07 (DOM). The
      method was validated over the concentration range of 0.025-100 (GEF, ERL, OND)
      and 0.05-100 ng/mL plasma (PRED, DEX) with very low lower limit of quantification
      of 0.025 (GEF, ERL, OND) and 0.05 ng/mL (DEX, PRED). The intra- and inter-day
      precision (RSD%) evaluated at four different concentration levels were within the
      acceptable limits (<15%). The method provided good extraction recovery of all
      analytes from rat plasma (Er% from -14.05 to -1.08). The validated method was
      successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic studies following the oral
      administration of selected combinations of the studied drugs. This study can be
      readily applied in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients receiving these
      drug combinations as well as investigation of possible drug interactions between
      TKIs and DEX/PRED/OND.

PMID- 26966896
TI  - Development of complementary HPLC-DAD/APCI MS methods for chemical
      characterization of pharmaceutical packaging materials.
AB  - The chemical characterization of plastics for pharmaceutical packaging has been
      subject to ever increasing regulatory scrutiny, the reasons for which being: a)
      plastic additives and degradation products can be extremely hazardous to the
      patients' health (especially patients on chronic therapy) and b) they offer no
      therapeutic or formulatory benefit whatsoever. The last decade has seen the
      issuing of several books, monographs and guidelines dealing with extractables and
      leachables, however the amount of scientific work done so far is still fairly
      small (the majority of it performed by only a few research groups), with only a
      small number of methods published in the literature. This work focuses on
      developing a set of two complementary HPLC-DAD/APCI MS methods for simultaneous
      separation, detection, identification and quantification of a wide variety of
      packaging additives and degradants, the second method specifically targeting a
      group of compounds known as polymeric hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS),
      which are known to be notoriously difficult to separate and analyze with standard
      analytical techniques. The methods are capable of detecting plastic additives
      present in low ppb concentrations, from samples extracted in solvents with
      various polarities and pH values. Both methods were developed and optimized using
      system suitability mixtures comprised of 9 additives commonly encountered in
      plastic materials, and their practical applicability tested on a variety of
      extracts from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), where
      several additives were successfully separated, detected and identified. 

PMID- 26966897
TI  - Metabonomic study of the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla as an effective treatment
      for chronic renal injury in rats.
AB  - Alpinia oxyphylla (Zingiberaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant. Its fruit ("Yi
      Zhi-Ren" in Chinese) is used as an anti-diuretic and traditionally used for the
      treatment of enuresis and reduce urination. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a
      disease with the characteristic of the slowly loss of kidney function and has a
      prevalence of up to 7-10% in adults. Recent advances in its etiology and
      pathogenesis are providing more speculative hypotheses focused on integral
      systems. Using a UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomic platform, we explored the
      changes of metabolic profiling in plasma/urine simultaneously between chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) induced from adenine excess and the protective effects of A.
      oxyphylla extract (AOE). The total twenty-one metabolites (twelve in urine and
      nine in plasma), up-regulated or down-regulated, were identified and contributed
      to CKD progress. Among these biomarkers, agmatine, CAMP, 7-methylguanine,
      hippuric acid, indoxyl sulfate, asparagines, kynurenic acid and p-cresol sulfate
      were restored back to the control-like level after the treatment of AOE (p<0.05
      or 0.01), These findings may be promising to yield a valuable insight into the
      pathophysiology of CKD and serve as characteristics to explain the mechanisms of
      AOE.

PMID- 26966898
TI  - Simultaneous determination of shikimic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in
      wild and transgenic Nicotiana langsdorffii plants exposed to abiotic stresses.
AB  - The presence and relative concentration of phytohormones may be regarded as a
      good indicator of an organism's physiological state. The integration of the rolC
      gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes and of the rat glucocorticoid receptor (gr) in
      Nicotiana langsdorffii Weinmann plants has shown to determine various
      physiological and metabolic effects. The analysis of wild and transgenic N.
      langsdorffii plants, exposed to different abiotic stresses (high temperature,
      water deficit, and high chromium concentrations) was conducted, in order to
      investigate the metabolic effects of the inserted genes in response to the
      applied stresses. The development of a new analytical procedure was necessary, in
      order to assure the simultaneous determination of analytes and to obtain an
      adequately low limit of quantification. For the first time, a sensitive HPLC-HRMS
      quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid,
      jasmonic acid and shikimic acid was developed and validated. The method was
      applied to 80 plant samples, permitting the evaluation of plant stress responses
      and highlighting some metabolic mechanisms. Salicylic, jasmonic and shikimic
      acids proved to be suitable for the comprehension of plant stress responses.
      Chemical and heat stresses showed to induce the highest changes in plant hormonal
      status, differently affecting plant response. The potential of each genetic
      modification toward the applied stresses was marked and particularly the
      resistance of the gr modified plants was evidenced. This work provides new
      information in the study of N. langsdorffii and transgenic organisms, which could
      be useful for the further application of these transgenes. 

PMID- 26966899
TI  - Transcriptomics of tomato plants infected with TYLCSV or expressing the central
      TYLCSV Rep protein domain uncover changes impacting pathogen response and
      senescence.
AB  - To establish a successful infection viruses need to overcome plant innate immune
      responses and redirect host gene expression for their multiplication and
      diffusion. Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) is a geminivirus,
      which causes significant economic losses in tomato. The multifunctional
      replication associated geminivirus protein (Rep) has an important role during
      viral infection. In particular, the Rep central domain spanning from aa 120 to
      180 is known to interact with viral and host factors. In this study, we used long
      serial analysis of gene expression to analyse the transcriptional profiles of
      transgenic tomato plants expressing the first 210 amino acids of TYLCSV Rep
      (Rep210) and TYLCSV-infected wild-type tomato plants (Wt-Ty). Also, we compared
      these profiles with those of transgenic Rep130 tomatoes. Comparison of Wt-Ty and
      Rep210 libraries with the wild-type one identified 118 and 203 differentially
      expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Importantly, 55% of Wt-Ty DEGs were in
      common with Rep210, and no ones showed opposite expression. Conversely, a
      negligible overlap was found between Rep130 DEGs and Wt-Ty and Rep210 ones.
      TYLCSV- and Rep210-repressed genes, but not induced ones, overlapped with the
      leaf senescence process. Interestingly, TYLCSV upregulates expression of genes
      involved in the negative regulation of programmed cell death (PCD), several of
      which were also regulated by the abscisic acid. Rep210 upregulated genes related
      to defence response, immune system processes and negative regulation of PCD.
      Collectively, our results support a model in which the Rep central domain has a
      pivotal role in redirecting host plant gene expression. 

PMID- 26966900
TI  - Accurate and Phenol Free DNA Sexing of Day 30 Porcine Embryos by PCR.
AB  - Research into prenatal programming in the pig has shown that the sex of the
      developing embryo or fetus can influence the developmental outcome. Therefore,
      the ability to determine an embryo's sex is necessary in many experiments
      particularly regarding early development. The present protocol demonstrates an
      inexpensive, rapid and non-toxic preparation of pig genomic DNA for use with PCR.
      Day 30 embryos must be humanely collected according to the guidelines established
      by Institutional Animal Policy and Welfare Committees for the present protocol.
      The preparation of the whole embryo for this PCR based sexing technique simply
      involves grinding the frozen embryo to a fine powder using a pre-chilled mortar
      and pestle. PCR-quality DNA is released from a small amount of embryo powder by
      applying a hot incubation in an alkaline lysis reagent. Next, the DNA solution is
      mixed with neutralization buffer and used directly for PCR. Two primer pairs are
      generated to detect specific sex determining region of the Y- chromosome (SRY)
      and ZFX region of the X- chromosome with high accuracy and specificity. The same
      protocol can be applied to other elongated embryos (Day 10 to Day 14) earlier
      than Day 30. Also, this protocol can be carried with 96-welled plates when
      screening a large number of embryos, making it feasible for automation and high
      throughput sex typing. 

PMID- 26966901
TI  - Are MUPs a Toxic Waste Disposal System?
AB  - Male house mice produce large quantities of major urinary proteins (MUPs), which
      function to bind and transport volatile pheromones, though they may also function
      as scavengers that bind and excrete toxic compounds ('toxic waste hypothesis').
      In this study, we demonstrate the presence of an industrial chemical, 2,4-di-tert
      butylphenol (DTBP), in the urine of wild-derived house mice (Mus musculus
      musculus). Addition of guanidine hydrochloride to male and female urine resulted
      in an increased release of DTBP. This increase was only observed in the high
      molecular weight fractions (HMWF; > 3 kDa) separated from male or female urine,
      suggesting that the increased release of DTBP was likely due to the denaturation
      of MUPs and the subsequent release of MUP-bound DTBP. Furthermore, when DTBP was
      added to a HMWF isolated from male urine, an increase in 2-sec-butyl-4,5
      dihydrothiazole (SBT), the major ligand of MUPs and a male-specific pheromone,
      was observed, indicating that DTBP was bound to MUPs and displaced SBT. These
      results suggest that DTBP is a MUP ligand. Moreover, we found evidence for
      competitive ligand binding between DTBP and SBT, suggesting that males
      potentially face a tradeoff between eliminating toxic wastes versus transporting
      pheromones. Our findings support the hypothesis that MUPs bind and eliminate
      toxic wastes, which may provide the most important fitness benefits of excreting
      large quantities of these proteins. 

PMID- 26966902
TI  - First Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Species Causing Visceral
      Leishmaniasis among Children in Yemen.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a debilitating, often fatal disease caused by
      Leishmania donovani complex; however, it is a neglected tropical disease. L.
      donovani complex comprises two closely related species, L. donovani that is
      mostly anthroponotic and L. infantum that is zoonotic. Differentiation between
      these two species is critical due to the differences in their epidemiology and
      pathology. However, they cannot be differentiated morphologically, and their
      speciation using isoenzyme-based methods poses a difficult task and may be
      unreliable. Molecular characterization is now the most reliable method to
      differentiate between them and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The
      present study aims to characterize Leishmania species isolated from bone marrows
      of Yemeni pediatric patients using sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal
      transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) gene. Out of 41 isolates from Giemsa-stained bone
      marrow smears, 25 isolates were successfully amplified by nested polymerase chain
      reaction and sequenced in both directions. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor
      joining method placed all study isolates in one cluster with L. donovani complex
      (99% bootstrap). The analysis of ITS1 for microsatellite repeat numbers
      identified L. infantum in 11 isolates and L. donovani in 14 isolates. These data
      suggest the possibility of both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission of VL
      causing Leishmania species in Yemen. Exploring the possible animal reservoir
      hosts is therefore needed for effective control to be achieved. 

PMID- 26966904
TI  - Production of Tetraploid Gynogenetic Loach Using Diploid Eggs of Natural
      Tetraploid Loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Fertilized with UV-Irradiated Sperm
      of Megalobrama amblycephala without Treatments for Chromosome Doubling.
AB  - The gynogenesis phenomenon in nature mainly appears in the reproduction of fish
      and invertebrates. So far, gynogenesis has been successfully induced in many fish
      species with the aid of some physical or chemical methods for chromosome
      doubling. However, few fish can produce gynogenetic progenies, genetically
      identical or similar to the somatic cells of the mothers, without a treatment for
      the doubling of chromosomes, which may be related to apomixis, premeiotic
      endoreduplication, or premeiotic endomitosis. At present, no studies are
      available about fish with normal ovarian structures producing gynogenetic
      progenies that could spontaneously double their chromosomes. According to the
      analyses of flow cytometry, chromosome number, and microsatellites, we found
      that, with the use of UV-irradiated sperm of blunt snout bream Megalobrama
      amblycephala, tetraploid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus produced tetraploid
      gynogenetic progenies without any treatments for the doubling of chromosomes. To
      determine the genetic relationships of gynogenetic progenies and their maternal
      parent, microsatellite genotyping was conducted. The results indicated that the
      reason for spontaneous chromosome duplication in gynogenetic progenies may be
      cytokinesis or inhibition of the extrusion of the second polar body. This is the
      first report on fish with normal ovarian structures that can produce gynogenetic
      progenies which spontaneously double their chromosomes and which are genetically
      identical or similar to the somatic cells of the mothers. 

PMID- 26966905
TI  - Correction: The Impact of a One-Dose versus Two-Dose Oral Cholera Vaccine Regimen
      in Outbreak Settings: A Modeling Study.

PMID- 26966903
TI  - Comorbidities of Psoriasis - Exploring the Links by Network Approach.
AB  - Increasing epidemiological studies in patients with psoriasis report the frequent
      occurrence of one or more associated disorders. Psoriasis is associated with
      multiple comorbidities including autoimmune disease, neurological disorders,
      cardiometabolic diseases and inflammatory-bowel disease. An integrated system
      biology approach is utilized to decipher the molecular alliance of psoriasis with
      its comorbidities. An unbiased integrative network medicine methodology is
      adopted for the investigation of diseasome, biological process and pathways of
      five most common psoriasis associated comorbidities. A significant overlap was
      observed between genes acting in similar direction in psoriasis and its
      comorbidities proving the mandatory occurrence of either one of its
      comorbidities. The biological processes involved in inflammatory response and
      cell signaling formed a common basis between psoriasis and its associated
      comorbidities. The pathway analysis revealed the presence of few common pathways
      such as angiogenesis and few uncommon pathways which includes CCKR signaling map
      and gonadotrophin-realising hormone receptor pathway overlapping in all the
      comorbidities. The work shed light on few common genes and pathways that were
      previously overlooked. These fruitful targets may serve as a starting point for
      diagnosis and/or treatment of psoriasis comorbidities. The current research
      provides an evidence for the existence of shared component hypothesis between
      psoriasis and its comorbidities. 

PMID- 26966906
TI  - Hepatitis C Virus E1 and E2 Proteins Used as Separate Immunogens Induce
      Neutralizing Antibodies with Additive Properties.
AB  - Various strategies involving the use of hepatitis C virus (HCV) E1 and E2
      envelope glycoproteins as immunogens have been developed for prophylactic
      vaccination against HCV. However, the ideal mode of processing and presenting
      these immunogens for effective vaccination has yet to be determined. We used our
      recently described vaccine candidate based on full-length HCV E1 or E2
      glycoproteins fused to the heterologous hepatitis B virus S envelope protein to
      compare the use of the E1 and E2 proteins as separate immunogens with their use
      as the E1E2 heterodimer, in terms of immunogenetic potential and the capacity to
      induce neutralizing antibodies. The specific anti-E1 and anti-E2 antibody
      responses induced in animals immunized with vaccine particles harboring the
      heterodimer were profoundly impaired with respect to those in animals immunized
      with particles harboring E1 and E2 separately. Moreover, the anti-E1 and anti-E2
      antibodies had additive neutralizing properties that increase the cross
      neutralization of heterologous strains of various HCV genotypes, highlighting the
      importance of including both E1 and E2 in the vaccine for an effective
      vaccination strategy. Our study has important implications for the optimization
      of HCV vaccination strategies based on HCV envelope proteins, regardless of the
      platform used to present these proteins to the immune system. 

PMID- 26966907
TI  - A Gain-Of-Function Mutation in the Plcg2 Gene Protects Mice from Helicobacter
      felis-Induced Gastric MALT Lymphoma.
AB  - Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas develop from a chronic
      Helicobacter infection. Phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) is important for B-cell
      survival and proliferation. We used BALB/c mice with a gain-of-function mutation
      in the Plcg2 gene (Ali5) to analyze its role in the development of gastric MALT
      lymphoma. Heterozygous BALB/c Plcg2Ali5/+ and wildtype (WT) mice were infected
      with Helicobacter felis (H. felis) and observed up to 16 months for development
      of gastric MALT lymphomas. In contrast to our initial hypothesis, Plcg2Ali5/+
      mice developed MALT lymphomas less frequently than their WT littermates after
      long-term infection of 16 months. Infected Plcg2Ali5/+ mice showed downregulation
      of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased H. felis-specific IgG1 and IgG2a
      antibody responses. These results suggested a blunted immune response of
      Plcg2Ali5/+ mice towards H. felis infection. Intriguingly, Plcg2Ali5/+ mice
      harboured higher numbers of CD73 expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs), possibly
      responsible for impaired immune response towards Helicobacter infection. We
      suggest that Plcg2Ali5/+ mice may be protected from developing gastric MALT
      lymphomas as a result of elevated Treg numbers, reduced response to H. felis and
      decrease of proinflammatory cytokines. 

PMID- 26966908
TI  - A Continuous Correlated Beta Process Model for Genetic Ancestry in Admixed
      Populations.
AB  - Admixture and recombination create populations and genomes with genetic ancestry
      from multiple source populations. Analyses of genetic ancestry in admixed
      populations are relevant for trait and disease mapping, studies of speciation,
      and conservation efforts. Consequently, many methods have been developed to infer
      genome-average ancestry and to deconvolute ancestry into continuous local
      ancestry blocks or tracts within individuals. Current methods for local ancestry
      inference perform well when admixture occurred recently or hybridization is
      ongoing, or when admixture occurred in the distant past such that local ancestry
      blocks have fixed in the admixed population. However, methods to infer local
      ancestry frequencies in isolated admixed populations still segregating for
      ancestry do not exist. In the current paper, I develop and test a continuous
      correlated beta process model to fill this analytical gap. The method explicitly
      models autocorrelations in ancestry frequencies at the population-level and uses
      discriminant analysis of SNP windows to take advantage of ancestry blocks within
      individuals. Analyses of simulated data sets show that the method is generally
      accurate such that ancestry frequency estimates exhibited low root-mean-square
      error and were highly correlated with the true values, particularly when large
      (+/-10 or +/-20) SNP windows were used. Along these lines, the proposed method
      outperformed post hoc inference of ancestry frequencies from a traditional hidden
      Markov model (i.e., the linkage model in structure), particularly when admixture
      occurred more distantly in the past with little on-going gene flow or was
      followed by natural selection. The reliability and utility of the method was
      further assessed by analyzing genetic ancestry in an admixed human population
      (Uyghur) and three populations from a hybrid zone between Mus domesticus and M.
      musculus. Considerable variation in ancestry frequencies was detected within and
      among chromosomes in the Uyghur, with a large region of excess French ancestry
      harboring a gene with a known disease association. Similar variation was detected
      in the mouse hybrid zone, with notable constancy in regions of excess ancestry
      among admixed populations. By filling what has been an analytical gap, the
      proposed method should be a useful tool for many biologists. A computer program
      (popanc), written in C++, has been developed based on the proposed method and is
      available on-line at http://sourceforge.net/projects/popanc/. 

PMID- 26966910
TI  - Correction: A Conserved Interaction between a C-Terminal Motif in Norovirus VPg
      and the HEAT-1 Domain of eIF4G Is Essential for Translation Initiation.

PMID- 26966909
TI  - Motor Demands Constrain Cognitive Rule Structures.
AB  - Study of human executive function focuses on our ability to represent cognitive
      rules independently of stimulus or response modality. However, recent findings
      suggest that executive functions cannot be modularized separately from perceptual
      and motor systems, and that they instead scaffold on top of motor action
      selection. Here we investigate whether patterns of motor demands influence how
      participants choose to implement abstract rule structures. In a learning task
      that requires integrating two stimulus dimensions for determining appropriate
      responses, subjects typically structure the problem hierarchically, using one
      dimension to cue the task-set and the other to cue the response given the task
      set. However, the choice of which dimension to use at each level can be
      arbitrary. We hypothesized that the specific structure subjects adopt would be
      constrained by the motor patterns afforded within each rule. Across four
      independent data-sets, we show that subjects create rule structures that afford
      motor clustering, preferring structures in which adjacent motor actions are valid
      within each task-set. In a fifth data-set using instructed rules, this bias was
      strong enough to counteract the well-known task switch-cost when instructions
      were incongruent with motor clustering. Computational simulations confirm that
      observed biases can be explained by leveraging overlap in cortical motor
      representations to improve outcome prediction and hence infer the structure to be
      learned. These results highlight the importance of sensorimotor constraints in
      abstract rule formation and shed light on why humans have strong biases to invent
      structure even when it does not exist. 

PMID- 26966912
TI  - Rhinosinusal Inflammation and High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein: A New Target for
      Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein belonging to the
      class of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, which activates innate
      immunity and powerful inflammatory factors. The aim of this review is to show the
      importance of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases and to
      suggest that inhibition of HMGB1 may be an innovative therapeutic target.
      METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry to study whether HMGB1 increases in chronic
      rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and whether its expression is associated with
      eosinophils and inflammatory cytokines. Using primary cultures of human nasal
      epithelial cells, we localised lipopolysaccharide-induced active translocation
      and release of HMGB1 by immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. RESULTS:
      Patients with severe symptoms have the highest HMGB1 serum levels. Glycyrrhetic
      acid inhibits the chemotactic and mitogenic function of HMGB1, binding to the
      hydrophobic residues that delimit the pockets in box A and B. CONCLUSIONS:
      Chronic inflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses are increasingly
      prevalent and are a financial burden for society. HMGB1 has been shown to play a
      role in several inflammatory diseases of otolaryngological interest. The
      inhibition of HMGB1 may be an innovative therapeutic target for patients with
      chronic upper airway inflammatory diseases having nasal obstruction as a major
      symptom.

PMID- 26966911
TI  - Safety Evaluation of Neo Transgenic Pigs by Studying Changes in Gut Microbiota
      Using High-Throughput Sequencing Technology.
AB  - The neo (neomycin phosphotransferase) gene is widely used as a selection marker
      in the production of genetically engineered animals and plants. Recent attention
      has been focused on safety concerns regarding neo transgene expression. In this
      study, neo transgenic and non-transgenic piglets were randomly assigned into
      Group A and Group B to evaluate effects of neo transgene by studying changes in
      gut microbiota using high-throughput sequencing. Group A pigs were fed a standard
      diet supplemented with antibiotic neomycin; Group B pigs were fed a standard
      diet. We examined horizontal transfer of exogenous neo gene using multiplex PCR;
      and investigated if the presence of secreted NPT II (neo expression product) in
      the intestine could lead to some protection against neomycin in transgenic pigs
      by monitoring different patterns of changes in gut microbiota in Group A animals.
      The unintended effects of neo transgene on gut microbiota were studied in Group B
      animals. Horizontal gene transfer was not detected in gut microbiota of any
      transgenic pigs. In Group A, a significant difference was observed between
      transgenic pigs and non-transgenic pigs in pattern of changes in Proteobacteria
      populations in fecal samples during and post neomycin feeding. In Group B, there
      were significant differences in the relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes,
      Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and genera Lactobacillus and Escherichia
      Shigella-Hafnia between transgenic pigs and non-transgenic pigs. We speculate
      that the secretion of NPT II from transgenic tissues/cells into gut microbiota
      results in the inhibition of neomycin activity and the different patterns of
      changes in bacterial populations. Furthermore, the neo gene also leads to
      unintended effects on gut microbiota in transgenic pigs that were fed with basic
      diet (not supplemented with neomycin). Thus, our data in this study caution that
      wide use of the neo transgene in genetically engineered animals should be
      carefully considered and fully assessed. 

PMID- 26966915
TI  - Electronic Structures of the [Fe(N2)(SiP(iPr)3)](+1/0/-1) Electron Transfer
      Series: A Counterintuitive Correlation between Isomer Shifts and Oxidation
      States.
AB  - The electronic structure analysis of the low-spin iron(II/I/0) complexes
      [Fe(N2)(SiP(iPr)3)](+/0/-) (SiP(iPr)3 = [Si(o-C6H4P(i)Pr2)3](-)) recently
      published by J. Peters et al. (Nature Chem. 2010, 2, 558-565) reveals that the
      redox processes stringing this electron transfer series are best viewed as metal
      centered reductions, i.e. Fe(II)N2(0) -> Fe(I)N2(0) -> Fe(0)N2(0). Superficially,
      the interpretation seems to be incompatible with the Mossbauer measurement,
      because the observed isomer shifts are more negative for the lower oxidation
      states, whereas typically iron-based reduction tends to increase the isomer
      shift. To rationalize the experimental findings, we analyzed the contributions
      from the 1s to 4s orbitals to the charge density at the Mossbauer nucleus and
      found that the positive correlation between the isomer shift and the oxidation
      state results from an unusual shrinking of the Fe-N2 bond upon reduction due to
      enhanced N2 to Fe pi-backbonding. The other effects of reduction arising from
      shielding of the nuclear potential, decreasing covalency, and changes in the 4s
      population would induce the usual negative correlation. The structure distortion
      dictates the radial distribution of the 4s orbital and the charge density at the
      nucleus such that a virtually linear relationship between the isomer shift and
      the Fe-N2 distance could be identified for this series. 

PMID- 26966913
TI  - Heavy Metal Exposure Influences Double Strand Break DNA Repair Outcomes.
AB  - Heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic and nickel are classified as carcinogens.
      Although the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis is undefined, heavy metal
      exposure can contribute to genetic damage by inducing double strand breaks (DSBs)
      as well as inhibiting critical proteins from different DNA repair pathways. Here
      we take advantage of two previously published culture assay systems developed to
      address mechanistic aspects of DNA repair to evaluate the effects of heavy metal
      exposures on competing DNA repair outcomes. Our results demonstrate that exposure
      to heavy metals significantly alters how cells repair double strand breaks. The
      effects observed are both specific to the particular metal and dose dependent.
      Low doses of NiCl2 favored resolution of DSBs through homologous recombination
      (HR) and single strand annealing (SSA), which were inhibited by higher NiCl2
      doses. In contrast, cells exposed to arsenic trioxide preferentially repaired
      using the "error prone" non-homologous end joining (alt-NHEJ) while inhibiting
      repair by HR. In addition, we determined that low doses of nickel and cadmium
      contributed to an increase in mutagenic recombination-mediated by Alu elements,
      the most numerous family of repetitive elements in humans. Sequence verification
      confirmed that the majority of the genetic deletions were the result of Alu
      mediated non-allelic recombination events that predominantly arose from repair by
      SSA. All heavy metals showed a shift in the outcomes of alt-NHEJ repair with a
      significant increase of non-templated sequence insertions at the DSB repair site.
      Our data suggest that exposure to heavy metals will alter the choice of DNA
      repair pathway changing the genetic outcome of DSBs repair. 

PMID- 26966914
TI  - Neoglycoenzyme-Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Toward the Design of
      Nanodevices for Pulsatile Programmed Sequential Delivery.
AB  - We report herein the design of a stimulus-programmed pulsatile delivery system
      for sequential cargo release based on the use of a lactose-modified esterase as a
      capping agent in phenylboronic acid functionalized mesoporous silica
      nanoparticles. The dual-release mechanism was based on the distinct stability of
      the cyclic boronic acid esters formed with lactose residues and the long
      naturally occurring glycosylation chains in the modified neoglycoenzyme. Cargo
      delivery in succession was achieved using glucose and ethyl butyrate as triggers.

PMID- 26966917
TI  - FormylBODIPYs: Privileged Building Blocks for Multicomponent Reactions. The Case
      of the Passerini Reaction.
AB  - Eleven formyl-containing BODIPY dyes were prepared by means of either the
      Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling reaction or the Vilsmeier reaction. These dyes
      were used as components in the Passerini reaction to give highly substituted
      BODIPY dyes. A joined spectroscopic and theoretical characterization of the
      synthesized compounds was conducted to unravel the impact of the structural
      rigidity/flexibility on the photophysical signatures. These dyes were tested as
      fluorescent trackers for phagocytosis. Additionally, they proved to be useful to
      stain different blood cells with an intense and stable signal at a very low
      exposure time. 

PMID- 26966916
TI  - Three-dimensional Alginate-bead Culture of Human Pituitary Adenoma Cells.
AB  - A three-dimensional culture method is described in which primary pituitary
      adenoma cells are grown in alginate beads. Alginate is a polymer derived from
      brown sea algae. Briefly, the tumor tissue is cut into small pieces and submitted
      to an enzymatic digestion with collagenase and trypsin. Next, a cell suspension
      is obtained. The tumor cell suspension is mixed with 1.2% sodium alginate and
      dropped into a CaCl2 solution, and the alginate/cell suspension is gelled on
      contact with the CaCl2 to form spherical beads. The cells embedded in the
      alginate beads are supplied with nutrients provided by the culture media enriched
      with 20% FBS. Three-dimensional culture in alginate beads maintains the viability
      of adenoma cells for long periods of time, up to four months. Moreover, the cells
      can be liberated from the alginate by washing the beads with sodium citrate and
      seeded on glass coverslips for further immunocytochemical analyses. The use of a
      cell culture model allows for the fixation and visualization of the actin
      cytoskeleton with minimal disorganization. In summary, alginate beads provide a
      reliable culture system for the maintenance of pituitary adenoma cells. 

PMID- 26966918
TI  - Computer Simulation Study of Graphene Oxide Supercapacitors: Charge Screening
      Mechanism.
AB  - Graphene oxide supercapacitors in the parallel plate configuration are studied
      via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The full range of electrode oxidation
      from 0 to 100% is examined by oxidizing the graphene surface with hydroxyl
      groups. Two different electrolytes, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
      (EMI(+)BF4(-)) as an ionic liquid and its 1.3 M solution in acetonitrile as an
      organic electrolyte, are considered. While the area-specific capacitance tends to
      decrease with increasing electrode oxidation for both electrolytes, its details
      show interesting differences between the organic electrolyte and ionic liquid,
      including the extent of decrease. For detailed insight into these differences,
      the screening mechanisms of electrode charges by electrolytes and their
      variations with electrode oxidation are analyzed with special attention paid to
      the aspects shared by and the contrasts between the organic electrolyte and ionic
      liquid. 

PMID- 26966920
TI  - Accelerating Ab Initio Path Integral Simulations via Imaginary Multiple
      Timestepping.
AB  - This work investigates the use of multiple-timestep schemes in imaginary time for
      computationally efficient ab initio equilibrium path integral simulations of
      quantum molecular motion. In the simplest formulation, only every n(th) path
      integral replica is computed at the target level of electronic structure theory,
      whereas the remaining low-level replicas still account for nuclear motion quantum
      effects with a more computationally economical theory. Motivated by recent
      developments for multiple-timestep techniques in real-time classical molecular
      dynamics, both 1-electron (atomic-orbital basis set) and 2-electron (electron
      correlation) truncations are shown to be effective. Structural distributions and
      thermodynamic averages are tested for representative analytic potentials and ab
      initio molecular examples. Target quantum chemistry methods include density
      functional theory and second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory, although
      any level of theory is formally amenable to this framework. For a standard two
      level splitting, computational speedups of 1.6-4.0x are observed when using a 4
      fold reduction in time slices; an 8-fold reduction is feasible in some cases.
      Multitiered options further reduce computational requirements and suggest that
      quantum mechanical motion could potentially be obtained at a cost not
      significantly different from the cost of classical simulations. 

PMID- 26966921
TI  - Wrong-level spinal surgery - 'never' again?

PMID- 26966919
TI  - Efficacy and prognostic factors of treatment retention with intravenous abatacept
      for rheumatoid arthritis: 24-month results from an international, prospective,
      real-world study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate retention of abatacept over 24 months in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in routine clinical practice across Europe and Canada.
      METHODS: ACTION (AbataCepT In rOutiNe clinical practice) was a prospective,
      observational, multicentre study of adult patients with moderate-to-severe RA
      who, at their physician's discretion, initiated treatment with intravenous
      abatacept. Enrolment occurred from May 2008 to December 2010, with up to 30
      months of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the abatacept retention rate over
      24 months. Crude abatacept retention rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier
      method. Prognostic factors of abatacept retention in patients with >=1 prior
      biologic failure were derived from a Cox proportional hazards regression model,
      accounting for clustered data. RESULTS: A total of 1137 patients were enrolled
      (1573 patient-years on abatacept); most (89.2%) had experienced prior biologic
      failure. The overall crude abatacept retention rate at 24 months was 54.4% (95%
      confidence interval: 51.3, 57.4). Positivity for both rheumatoid factor and anti
      cyclic citrullinated antibody, previous exposure to one or no anti-tumour
      necrosis factor agents, and cardiovascular comorbidity were prognostic of higher
      abatacept retention. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate >=51 mm/hour and introduction
      of corticosteroid use at abatacept initiation were predictors of lower abatacept
      retention. Abatacept retention varied according to country. Abatacept was well
      tolerated without any unexpected safety signals. CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world
      setting, intravenous abatacept treatment retention was more than 50% at 24
      months. The identification of prognostic factors of abatacept retention could
      support individualised biologic treatment strategies in patients with moderate-to
      severe RA.

PMID- 26966922
TI  - Microalbuminuria in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Chronic Obstructive
      Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome.
AB  - RATIONALE: Microalbuminuria is said to reflect systemic vascular damage and
      endothelial dysfunction and is an established indicator of cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome have worse survival than
      those with OSA or COPD alone. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the association
      between overlap syndrome and microalbuminuria. METHODS: Data on patients in whom
      OSA was suspected and who underwent polysomnography between January 2010 and
      December 2012 were reviewed. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin
      creatinine ratio between 20 and 299 mg/g in men and between 30 and 299 mg/g in
      women. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 740 consecutive patients, 344 were
      analyzed. Sixty-four were control participants, 248 had OSA only, 4 had COPD
      only, and 28 had OSA-COPD overlap syndrome. Prevalence of microalbuminuria
      significantly increased in the order of control, OSA, and overlap syndrome groups
      (3.1, 12.9, and 32.1%, respectively; P = 0.0006). After adjusting for age and
      sex, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant
      association of overlap syndrome with microalbuminuria compared with OSA (odds
      ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-6.38; P = 0.047), but after adjusting
      for other confounding factors, the difference in the association did not reach
      significance (odds ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-6.72; P = 0.070).
      Of 63 patients reevaluated after 3 months of continuous positive airway pressure
      therapy, the logarithm of the albumin-creatinine ratio in 36 patients with good
      compliance significantly decreased, but there was no difference in patients with
      poor compliance. CONCLUSIONS: OSA-COPD overlap syndrome was more prevalent than
      OSA alone in patients with microalbuminuria, but the difference might be mediated
      by conventional risk factors rather than the addition of COPD itself.

PMID- 26966924
TI  - Addressing challenges for sustainable healthcare in Central and Eastern Europe.
AB  - All European countries face increasing challenges in the provision of equitable
      and comprehensive healthcare for their citizens in view of a number of factors.
      These include changing demographics and the continual launch of new premium
      priced medicines. The challenges are even more difficult among Central and
      Eastern European healthcare systems. Consequently, there is a need for countries
      to learn from each other to help address some of these challenges and to maintain
      sustainable systems. This was the basis of the 2-day conference, The Fifth
      International Conference: Challenges for Efficient Healthcare in Central and
      Eastern Europe, 9-10 October 2015, Belgrade, Serbia.

PMID- 26966923
TI  - New roles for the GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE 3.3, 3.5, and 3.6 genes as on/off
      switches of wound-induced systemic electrical signals.
AB  - Wounding induces systemic potentials in Arabidopsis thaliana that can be
      abolished by concomitant suppression of the GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE GLR3.3 and
      GLR3.6 genes. However, the roles of specific GLR channels to these potentials
      remain unclear. Here I applied the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) to study
      the contribution of three GLR channels to wound-induced, systemically propagated
      electrical potentials in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to recordings made
      with conventional rigs for whole-plant electrophysiology, the EPG allows for the
      unambiguous distinction of the phloem-propagated action potential (AP) from the
      electrical activity outside of the phloem. The data reported here suggest that:
      (a) the transmission of wound-induced, phloem-propagated AP to neighbor leaves,
      requires expression of GLR3.3 or GLR3.6, whereas GLR3.5 prevents its transmission
      to non-neighbor leaves; (b) the generation of wound-induced electrical signals
      outside the phloem network depends on GLR3.6 expression; and (c) wound-induced
      systemic potentials initiated in the shoot are transmitted to the root in the
      adult plant, which suggests a role for these electrical signals in coordinating
      the plant defenses in the shoot and in the root. Here, I propose a model for
      wound-induced systemic electrical signals at the molecular, cellular and
      anatomical level. In this model, GLR3.3 and GLR3.6 function as on switches for
      the propagation of wound-induced potentials beyond the wounded leaf, while GLR3.5
      functions as an off switch that prevents the propagation of wound-induced
      electrical potentials to distal, non-neighbor leaves.

PMID- 26966925
TI  - Influence of a bonding agent on the bond strength between a dental Co-Cr alloy
      and nine different veneering porcelains.
AB  - Adequate bonding between dental veneering porcelains and non-precious metal
      alloys is a main factor for the long-term functionality of porcelain fused to
      metal restorations. Although a huge number of veneering porcelains are on the
      market, only few studies have reported about the role of bonding agents for the
      bond strength at their respective interface to cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr). The aim
      of this study was to compare the influence of a metal-ceramic bonding agent for
      Co-Cr alloys on the bond strength of metal-ceramic systems. The bond strength
      test was done according to ISO 9693 with additional detection of the first
      acoustic crack initiated signal while testing. The bonding agent had only minor
      effects on the bond strength of the different Co-Cr/ceramic systems. Only three
      of the nine studied systems showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05)
      upon applying the bonding agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed cracks
      predominantly caused by adhesive failure. Based on this study, Co-Cr alloys
      veneered with porcelains with and without a bonding agent exceeded the minimum
      bond strength of 25 MPa required according to ISO 9693. However, if bond strength
      values based on acoustic signals were calculated, values below the threshold of
      25 MPa could be observed. Such findings are important for failures caused by the
      occurrence of early cracks.

PMID- 26966926
TI  - Preparation of anticoagulant polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber hemodialysis
      membranes.
AB  - In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) were
      modified by coating with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan. The influences of
      PVA and chitosan amount on PVDF membrane mechanical and separation performance
      were investigated. The results showed that the modified PVDF membranes had better
      mechanical and separation performance when the amount of PVA and chitosan was 20
      mg/m2. At the same time, the biocompatibility of PVDF membranes was also
      investigated. Compared with virgin PVDF membranes, the modified PVDF membranes
      showed better anticoagulation, hydrophilicity, less bovine serum albumin (BSA)
      adsorption, and lower hemolytic ratio. The anticoagulation behavior of modified
      PVDF membranes coating with PVA had been obviously improved. Prothrombin time
      (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of the modified PVDF
      membrane are 44.8 s and 72.5 s while the PT and APTT of virgin PVDF membrane are
      15.6 s and 37.3 s. The advancing water contact angle (WCA) and BSA adsorption of
      the modified PVDF membrane coating with PVA are 24 degrees  and 23 mg/m2 while
      virgin PVDF membrane is 52 degrees  and 49 mg/m2. However, further
      biocompatibility evaluation is needed to obtain a more comprehensive conclusion.

PMID- 26966927
TI  - Cost effectiveness of universal umbilical cord blood gas and lactate analysis in
      a tertiary level maternity unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is an increasing body of literature supporting universal
      umbilical cord blood gas analysis (UCBGA) into all maternity units. A significant
      impediment to UCBGA's introduction is the perceived expense of the introduction
      and associated ongoing costs. Consequently, this study set out to conduct the
      first cost-effectiveness analysis of introducing universal UCBGA. METHODS:
      Analysis was based on 42,100 consecutive deliveries >=23 weeks of gestation at a
      single tertiary obstetric unit. Within 4 years of UCBGA's introduction there was
      a 45% reduction in term special care nursery (SCN) admissions >2499 g. Incurred
      costs included initial and ongoing costs associated with universal UCBGA. Averted
      costs were based on local diagnosis-related grouping costs for reduction in term
      SCN admissions. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and sensitivity
      analysis results were reported. RESULTS: Under the base-case scenario, the
      adoption of universal UCBGA was less costly and more effective than selective
      UCBGA over 4 years and resulted in saving of AU$641,532 while adverting 376 SCN
      admissions. Sensitivity analysis showed that UCBGA was cost-effective in 51.8%,
      83.3%, 99.6% and 100% of simulations in years 1, 2, 3 and 4. These conclusions
      were not sensitive to wide, clinically possible variations in parameter values
      for neonatal intensive care unit and SCN admissions, magnitude of averted SCN
      admissions, cumulative delivery numbers, and SCN admission costs. CONCLUSIONS:
      Universal UCBGA is associated with significant initial and ongoing costs;
      however, potential averted costs (due to reduced SCN admissions) exceed incurred
      costs in most scenarios.

PMID- 26966928
TI  - Postural instability and falls in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Postural instability (PI) is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms of
      Parkinson's disease (PD), as it is associated with an increased risk of falls and
      subsequent medical complications (e.g. fractures), fear of falling, decreased
      mobility, self-restricted physical activity, social isolation, and decreased
      quality of life. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PI in PD remain
      elusive. This short review provides a critical summary of the literature on PI in
      PD, covering the clinical features, the neural and cognitive substrates, and the
      effects of dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation. The delayed
      effect of dopaminergic medication combined with the success of extrastriatal deep
      brain stimulation suggests that PI involves neurotransmitter systems other than
      dopamine and brain regions extending beyond the basal ganglia, further
      challenging the traditional view of PD as a predominantly single-system
      neurodegenerative disease.

PMID- 26966929
TI  - Molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of
      [Arg4]tigerinin-1R in mice with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
AB  - The frog skin host-defense peptide tigerinin-1R stimulates insulin release in
      vitro and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in animal models of
      type 2 diabetes. This study extends these observations by investigating the
      molecular mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial metabolic effects of the
      analogue [Arg4]tigerinin-1R in mice with diet-induced obesity, glucose
      intolerance and insulin resistance. The study also investigates the
      electrophysiological effects of the peptide on KATP and L-type Ca2+ channels in
      BRIN-BD11 clonal beta cells. Non-fasting plasma glucose and glucagon
      concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) decreased and plasma insulin increased
      by twice daily treatment with [Arg4]tigerinin-1R (75 nmol/kg body weight) for 28
      days. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance were significantly (p<0.05)
      improved accompanied by enhanced secretion and action of insulin. The peptide
      blocked KATP channels and, consistent with this, improved beta cell responses of
      isolated islets to a range of secretagogues. Peptide administration resulted in
      up-regulation of key functional genes in islets involved insulin secretion
      (Abcc8, Kcnj11, Cacna1c and Slc2a2) and in skeletal muscle involved with insulin
      action (Insr, Irs1, Pdk1, Pik3ca, and Slc2a4). These observations encourage
      further development of tigerinin-1R analogues for the treatment of patients with
      type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26966930
TI  - Seasonal variations in plasma free metanephrine concentrations are not evident in
      the West of Ireland.

PMID- 26966932
TI  - Theranos phenomenon--part 3.

PMID- 26966931
TI  - Kounis syndrome: an update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and
      therapeutic management.
AB  - Kounis syndrome has been established as a hypersensitivity coronary disorder
      induced by various conditions, drugs, environmental exposures, foods and coronary
      stents. Allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions are
      associated with this syndrome. Vasospastic allergic angina, allergic myocardial
      infarction and stent thrombosis with occluding thrombus infiltrated by
      eosinophils and/or mast cells constitute are the three reported, so far, variants
      of this syndrome. Apart from coronary arteries, it affects the cerebral and
      mesenteric arteries. Its manifestations are broadening and its etiology is
      continuously increasing. Kounis syndrome is a ubiquitous disease which represents
      a magnificent natural paradigm and nature's own experiment in a final trigger
      pathway implicated in cases of coronary artery spasm and plaque rupture. Kounis
      syndrome seems to be not a rare disease but an infrequently diagnosed clinical
      entity which has revealed that the same mediators released from the same
      inflammatory cells are also present and in acute coronary events of non allergic
      etiology. These cells are not only present in the culprit region before plaque
      erosion or rupture but they release their contents just before an actual coronary
      event. Therefore, awareness of etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical
      manifestations seems to be important for its prognosis, diagnosis, treatment,
      prevention. 

PMID- 26966933
TI  - Hormones and endometrial carcinogenesis.
AB  - Endometrial cancer (EC) is the commonest gynaecological cancer in the Western
      World with an alarmingly increasing incidence related to longevity and obesity.
      Ovarian hormones regulate normal human endometrial cell proliferation,
      regeneration and function therefore are implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis
      directly or via influencing other hormones and metabolic pathways. Although the
      role of unopposed oestrogen in the pathogenesis of EC has received considerable
      attention, the emerging role of other hormones in this process, such as androgens
      and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) is less well recognised. This review
      aims to consolidate the current knowledge of the involvement of the three main
      endogenous ovarian hormones (oestrogens, progesterone and androgens) as well as
      the other hormones in endometrial carcinogenesis, to identify important avenues
      for future research. 

PMID- 26966934
TI  - Manipulating Magnetism at Organic/Ferromagnetic Interfaces by Molecule-Induced
      Surface Reconstruction.
AB  - Fullerenes have several advantages as potential materials for organic
      spintronics. Through a theoretical first-principles study, we report that
      fullerene C60 adsorption can induce a magnetic reconstruction in a Ni(111)
      surface and expose the merits of the reconstructed C60/Ni(111) spinterface for
      molecular spintronics applications. Surface reconstruction drastically modifies
      the magnetic properties at both sides of the C60/Ni interface. Three outstanding
      properties of the reconstructed structure are revealed, which originate from
      reconstruction enhanced spin-split pi-d coupling between C60 and Ni(111): (1) the
      C60 spin polarization and conductance around the Fermi level are enhanced
      simultaneously, which can be important for read-head sensor miniaturization; (2)
      localized spin-polarized states appear in C60 with a spin-filter functionality;
      and (3) magnetocrystalline anisotropic energy and exchange coupling in the
      outermost Ni layer are reduced enormously. Surface reconstruction can be realized
      simply by controlling the annealing temperature in experiments.

PMID- 26966936
TI  - Post-Treatments for Multifunctional Property Enhancement of Carbon Nanotube
      Fibers from the Floating Catalyst Method.
AB  - We investigated the effects of the synthesis conditions and condensation
      processes on the chemical compositions and multifunctional performance of the
      directly spun carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. On the basis of the optimized
      synthesis conditions, a two-step post-treatment technique which involved
      acidification and epoxy infiltration was also developed to further enhance their
      mechanical and electrical properties. As a result, their tensile strength and
      Young's modulus increased remarkably by 177% and 325%, respectively, while their
      electrical conductivity also reached 8235 S/cm. This work may provide a general
      strategy for the postprocessing optimization of the directly spun CNT fibers. The
      treated CNT fibers with superior properties are promising for a wide range of
      applications, such as structural reinforcements and lightweight electric cables. 

PMID- 26966935
TI  - Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from
      In Vivo Intracellular Recordings.
AB  - Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single
      cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular recording
      has historically been a common technique used to study sensitivities of
      individual photoreceptor cells to different light stimuli that is still being
      used today. However, there remains a dearth of detailed methodology in the
      literature for researchers wishing to replicate intracellular recording
      experiments in the eye. Here we present the insect as a model for examining eye
      physiology more generally. Insect photoreceptor cells are located near the
      surface of the eye and are therefore easy to reach, and many of the mechanisms
      involved in vision are conserved across animal phyla. We describe the basic
      procedure for in vivo intracellular recording of photoreceptor cells in the eye
      of a butterfly, with the goal of making this technique more accessible to
      researchers with little prior experience in electrophysiology. We introduce the
      basic equipment needed, how to prepare a live butterfly for recording, how to
      insert a glass microelectrode into a single cell, and finally the recording
      procedure itself. We also explain the basic analysis of raw response data for
      determining spectral sensitivity of individual cell types. Although our protocol
      focuses on determining spectral sensitivity, other stimuli (e.g., polarized
      light) and variations of the method are applicable to this setup. 

PMID- 26966937
TI  - Highly Sensitive Assay for Measurement of Arenavirus-cell Attachment.
AB  - Arenaviruses are a family of enveloped RNA viruses that cause severe human
      disease. The first step in the arenavirus life cycle is attachment of viral
      particles to host cells. While virus-cell attachment can be measured through the
      use of virions labeled with biotin, radioactive isotopes, or fluorescent dyes,
      these approaches typically require high multiplicities of infection (MOI) to
      enable detection of bound virus. We describe a quantitative (q)RT-PCR-based assay
      that measures Junin virus strain Candid 1 attachment via quantitation of virion
      packaged viral genomic RNA. This assay has several advantages including its
      extreme sensitivity and ability to measure attachment over a large dynamic range
      of MOIs without the need to purify or label input virus. Importantly, this
      approach can be easily tailored for use with other viruses through the use of
      virus-specific qRT-PCR reagents. Further, this assay can be modified to permit
      measurement of particle endocytosis and genome uncoating. In conclusion, we
      describe a simple, yet robust assay for highly sensitive measurement of
      arenavirus-cell attachment. 

PMID- 26966938
TI  - Accelerated Removal of Fe-Antisite Defects while Nanosizing Hydrothermal LiFePO4
      with Ca(2).
AB  - Based on neutron powder diffraction (NPD) and high angle annular dark field
      scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), we show that calcium ions
      help eliminate the Fe-antisite defects by controlling the nucleation and
      evolution of the LiFePO4 particles during their hydrothermal synthesis. This Ca
      regulated formation of LiFePO4 particles has an overwhelming impact on the
      removal of their iron antisite defects during the subsequent carbon-coating step
      since (i) almost all the Fe-antisite defects aggregate at the surface of the
      LiFePO4 crystal when the crystals are small enough and (ii) the concomitant
      increase of the surface area, which further exposes the Fe-antisite defects. Our
      results not only justify a low-cost, efficient and reliable hydrothermal
      synthesis method for LiFePO4 but also provide a promising alternative viewpoint
      on the mechanism controlling the nanosizing of LiFePO4, which leads to improved
      electrochemical performances. 

PMID- 26966939
TI  - A Lactobacillus mutant capable of accumulating long-chain polyphosphates that
      enhance intestinal barrier function.
AB  - Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) was previously identified as a probiotic-derived
      substance that enhances intestinal barrier function. PolyP-accumulating bacteria
      are expected to have beneficial effects on the human gastrointestinal tract. In
      this study, we selected Lactobacillus paracasei JCM 1163 as a strain with the
      potential to accumulate polyP, because among the probiotic bacteria stored in our
      laboratory, it had the largest amount of polyP. The chain length of polyP
      accumulated in L. paracasei JCM 1163 was approximately 700 phosphate (Pi)
      residues. L. paracasei JCM 1163 accumulated polyP when Pi was added to Pi-starved
      cells. We further improved the ability of L. paracasei JCM 1163 to accumulate
      polyP by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. The mutant accumulated polyP at a level of
      1500 nmol/mg protein-approximately 190 times that of the wild-type strain. PolyP
      extracted from the L. paracasei JCM 1163 significantly suppressed the oxidant
      induced intestinal permeability in mouse small intestine. In conclusion, we have
      succeeded in breeding the polyP-accumulating Lactobacillus mutant that is
      expected to enhance intestinal barrier function. 

PMID- 26966940
TI  - Management of Postpartum Diastasis of the Pubic Symphysis.
AB  - Conservative management is typically recommended for postpartum diastasis of the
      pubic symphysis, despite significant functional disability and chronic pain
      associated with this condition. With a reported incidence of 1:500, the authors
      describe diagnosis and management controversies with an additional review of
      relevant literature related to the management of this orthopedic condition. The
      case is of a 27-year-old woman diagnosed with 5.5-cm diastasis of the pubic
      symphysis after spontaneous vaginal delivery of a 5 lb 5 oz infant. She underwent
      early orthopedic surgical correction via open reduction and internal fixation.
      The patient achieved pain-free ambulation within 3 months of surgery, and
      returned to full activity at 6 months. Postpartum diastasis of the pubic
      symphysis is typically treated conservatively; however, the authors illustrate
      that early orthopedic consultation and intervention at diastasis greater than 5
      cm may improve recovery and functional outcome.

PMID- 26966941
TI  - Prospective, Longitudinal Evaluation of Gender Differences After Total Hip
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - Temporal trends in survivorship, patient-reported outcomes, and activity levels
      following total hip arthroplasty were compared between 61 men and 127 women.
      Overall implant survivorship was excellent for both genders. Similar functional
      improvements were found between men and women out until 5 years. Some gender
      differences were observed: men had a faster time to functional recovery and
      higher preoperative Short-Form 12-item survey mental component scores, whereas
      women had a significant improvement in Short-Form 12-item survey mental component
      scores. Increased understanding of these differences by patients and surgeons,
      combined with gender-based interventions, may further advance outcomes for these
      patients.

PMID- 26966943
TI  - Repair of Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Ruptures.
AB  - This article presents a novel technique for repair of chronic tibialis anterior
      tendon ruptures. All chronic tibialis anterior tendon ruptures reviewed were
      treated with this technique. Patients with chronic tibialis anterior tendon
      ruptures presenting to the authors' institution from 2006 to 2012 had
      preoperative and postoperative Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scores. The average
      follow-up time was 2.1 years. The average Foot and Ankle Ability Measure score
      was 66.1% preoperatively and 87.1% postoperatively (P=.002). This technique
      offers theoretical improved strength and may help avoid the need for tendon graft
      often required by other techniques.

PMID- 26966942
TI  - Effect of Different Distal Fixation Augmentation Methods on the Pullout Strength
      of Fassier-Duval Telescoping Rods.
AB  - Antegrade telescoping rods have been introduced for use in pediatric patients
      with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) to decrease the incidence of long-bone
      fractures and to correct and prevent deformities. Recent studies have documented
      failures of telescoping intramedullary rods due to inadequate distal fixation.
      The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pullout strength of distal fixation
      of the telescoping rod with and without synthetic calcium phosphate or
      polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmentation. Four sets of 6 telescoping distal
      fixation rods were fixed according to standard insertion technique into an open
      cell rigid-foam synthetic bone block simulating OI bone. The groups tested were
      as follows: control (no augmentation), 0.75 mL of PMMA-augmented, 0.75 mL of PMMA
      rescued (stripped distal fixation, then resecured after PMMA augmentation), and
      0.75 mL of bioabsorbable-calcium phosphate (CP)-augmented. All rods were tested
      to failure. The peak load was recorded. Average pullout strengths were as
      follows: control, 20+/-6.6 N; PMMA, 125+/-16.8 N; PMMA-rescued, 137+/-11.9 N;
      bioabsorbable-CP, 81+/-10.3 N. All augmented groups had significantly higher
      pullout strength compared with the control (P<.001). The PMMA and PMMA-rescued
      groups failed at the PMMA/bone interface, whereas the bioabsorbable-CP group
      failed at the cement/rod interface. All augmented constructs improved pullout
      strength by at least 400% compared with the control. Bioabsorbable cement may be
      less detrimental to the physis if pullout still occurs despite augmentation due
      to its mode of failure. This study provides biomechanical evidence to support the
      further in vivo investigation of either PMMA or bioabsorbable cement augmentation
      to improve pullout strength of distal telescoping rod fixation.

PMID- 26966944
TI  - Total Hip Arthroplasty Complicated by a Gluteal Hematoma Resulting in Acute Foot
      Drop.
AB  - Total hip arthroplasty is a prevalent orthopedic intervention in the United
      States. Massive postoperative hematomas are a rare albeit serious complication of
      the procedure. Sequelae of these hematomas can include lower extremity paralysis
      from compression of the sciatic nerve. A 66-year-old woman taking aspirin and
      clopidogrel for coronary stents presented with a complete foot drop,
      paresthesias, and lower extremity pain 10 days after a total hip arthroplasty.
      The patient was initially seen by a neurology service at another hospital and
      thought to have lateral recess stenosis. At the authors' center, magnetic
      resonance imaging of the lumbar spine failed to show lateral recess stenosis.
      Urgent pelvic computed tomography showed a large hematoma and raised suspicion of
      sciatic nerve compression. Hip magnetic resonance imaging showed a right gluteal
      hematoma compressing the sciatic nerve. The patient was then taken to the
      operating room for the clot to be evacuated and was later referred for
      rehabilitation. Massive hematomas after total hip arthroplasty are an important
      consideration in the differential diagnosis of nontraumatic acute foot drop.
      Prompt diagnosis may correlate with improved neurological outcome and help reduce
      overall morbidity.

PMID- 26966945
TI  - Painful Intramuscular Lipoma of the Infraspinatus: Unusual Location and
      Presentation.
AB  - Intramuscular lipomas are considered a rare type of benign lipomas. They are
      usually located deeper and are less palpable than subcutaneous lipomas. A painful
      presentation with no palpable mass will make clinical diagnosis difficult; in
      these cases, further imaging should be considered. Only a small number of cases
      of intramuscular lipomas present with pain; these are located in the
      supraspinatus and deltoid muscles. To the authors' knowledge, there have been no
      previous reports of painful intramuscular lipomas involving the infraspinatus
      muscle. This article describes a case of intramuscular lipoma uniquely located in
      the infraspinatus muscle and presenting with shoulder pain. A 49-year-old woman
      presented with 2 months of left shoulder pain. There was no history of preceding
      trauma. Pain was aggravated by lying on the left shoulder and by the hand behind
      the back similar to Crass position. On the physical examination, her shoulder
      joint range of motion was slightly decreased. Simple radiography showed no
      significant abnormality, but ultrasonography revealed a hyperechogenic mass
      within the infraspinatus muscle. There was focal tenderness over the mass, but
      definite palpation of the mass was not possible. Magnetic resonance imaging
      revealed a well-circumscribed, homogeneous lesion measuring 43 * 28 * 16 mm
      within the infraspinatus muscle, leading to a diagnosis of intramuscular lipoma.
      Her pain was not improved with medication, suprascapular nerve block, and steroid
      injections. Finally, surgical intervention was done and intramuscular lipoma was
      confirmed by specimen. After excision, her shoulder pain was improved and
      resolved.

PMID- 26966947
TI  - Taliban victim responds well to treatment after trauma centre transfer.
AB  - Fifteen-year-old Malala Yousufzai, shot in the head last month by religious
      fundamentalists, continues to respond well to treatment, according to staff at
      Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham. 

PMID- 26966948
TI  - Younger patients miss out on temperature and blood monitoring.
AB  - Emergency care staff are failing to monitor the temperatures and blood pressures
      of younger patients who have low levels of consciousness, audit results show. 

PMID- 26966949
TI  - Homeless people are dying in middle age, according to research.
AB  - The average age of death among homeless people is 30 years earlier than that of
      the general population, according to a study published last month. 

PMID- 26966950
TI  - Trauma centre status.
AB  - In March, the hospital in which I work, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
      (QEHB), was designated a major trauma centre and is equipped to treat some of the
      most seriously injured patients in the West Midlands. 

PMID- 26966946
TI  - Molecular Occupancy of Nanodot Arrays.
AB  - Single-molecule nanodot arrays, in which a biomolecule of choice (protein,
      nucleic acid, etc.) is bound to a metallic nanoparticle on a solid substrate, are
      becoming an increasingly important tool in the study of biomolecular and cellular
      interactions. We have developed an on-chip measurement protocol to monitor and
      control the molecular occupancy of nanodots. Arrays of widely spaced nanodots and
      nanodot clusters were fabricated on glass surfaces by nanolithography and
      functionalized with fluorescently labeled proteins. The molecular occupancy was
      determined by monitoring individual fluorophore bleaching events, while
      accounting for fluorescence quenching effects. We found that the occupancy can be
      interpreted as a packing problem, and depends on nanodot size and binding ligand
      concentration, where the latter is easily adjusted to compensate the flexibility
      of dimension control in nanofabrication. The results are scalable with nanodot
      cluster size, extending to large area close packed arrays. As an example, the
      nanoarray platform was used to probe the geometric requirement of T-cell
      activation at the single-molecule level.

PMID- 26966951
TI  - The Liver Segmental Volume Ratio for Noninvasive Detection of Cirrhosis:
      Comparison With Established Linear and Volumetric Measures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the liver segmental volume ratio
      (LSVR), a novel volumetric computed tomography measurement, with established
      linear measurements for differentiating normal from cirrhotic livers. METHODS:
      Hepatic volumes were measured using semiautomated software (Liver Analysis
      Application, Philips IntelliSpace Portal) on contrast-enhanced abdominal computed
      tomography scans in 312 adults, including 108 patients with end-stage liver
      disease (mean age, 55 years; 63 men/45 women) and 204 healthy controls (potential
      renal donors; mean age, 46 years; 82 men/122 women). The LSVR was defined as the
      volume ratio of Couinaud segments I to III to segments IV to VIII. Linear
      measures included the caudate-to-right lobe ratio and maximal splenic dimension.
      RESULTS: Differences in LSVR between cirrhotics and controls were highly
      significant (P < 0.0001; mean, 0.55 +/- 0.29 versus 0.27 +/- 0.07; receiver
      operating characteristic [ROC] area under the curve [AUC], 0.916). Linear caudate
      to-right lobe ratio differences were not statistically significant between the 2
      cohorts (P = 0.051; ROC AUC, 0.567). Total liver volume was ineffective for
      discrimination (ROC AUC, 0.598). An LSVR threshold of 0.35 or greater had a
      sensitivity and specificity for cirrhosis of 81.5% and 88.7%, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Regional hepatic volume changes, as reflected by the LSVR, are more
      effective than standard linear measures or total liver volume for differentiating
      cirrhotic from normal livers.

PMID- 26966952
TI  - Usefulness of the Short-Echo Time Cube Sequence at 3-T Magnetic Resonance
      Cholangiopancreatography: Prospective Comparison With the Conventional 3
      Dimensional Fast Spin-Echo Sequence.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated prospectively the clinical use of the short-echo time
      (TE) Cube sequence for magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) at 3 T.
      METHODS: Using a 3-T unit, we subjected 41 consecutive patients to short-TE Cube
      MRCP and conventional 3-dimensional fast spin-echo (3D-FSE) MRCP. Two
      radiologists independently rated the image quality and the visibility of the
      right and left hepatic, cystic, common bile, and main pancreatic ducts and the
      gallbladder on a 4-point scale. The averaged visual scores by 2 readers for the
      image quality were calculated, and the artifacts were evaluated in cases with
      relatively lower (<3) score. The signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio,
      and acquisition time were evaluated by quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The visual
      scores of the common bile duct (P < 0.05), cystic duct (P < 0.01), and
      gallbladder (P < 0.01) were significantly higher for Cube than 3D-FSE MRCP.
      Signal-to-noise ratio was also significantly higher for Cube than 3D-FSE MRCP (P
      < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the image acquisition time (352.1
      +/- 93.0 vs 314.1 +/- 126.2 seconds, P = 0.059). Four cases on 3D-FSE MRCP and 2
      cases on Cube MRCP have relatively lower image quality; however, the difference
      was not significant (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The visibility of biliary structures
      is significantly better on short-TE Cube MRCP than conventional 3D-FSE MRCP
      images at a clinically acceptable acquisition time.

PMID- 26966953
TI  - Where Does Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Relapse?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the anatomic pattern of disease spread
      at first disease relapse compared with baseline in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
      (DLBCL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who were newly diagnosed as having
      DLBCL between January 2004 and June 2014 who initially achieved complete
      remission but who eventually developed relapsed disease during follow-up were
      retrospectively identified. Available histological and imaging data were used to
      determine which nodal regions and extranodal locations were involved at relapse.
      RESULTS: A total of 21 patients with relapsed DLBCL were included, of whom 8
      (38.1%) presented with disease relapse at previously involved sites only, 7
      (33.3%) presented with disease relapse at both previously involved and new sites,
      and 6 (28.6%) presented with disease relapse at new sites only. A total of 57
      nodal stations and 34 extranodal locations were involved in all 21 relapsed DLBCL
      patients. Of these 57 involved nodal regions, 47 (82.5%) were also involved at
      baseline, whereas 10 (17.5%) were not involved at baseline. Of the 34 involved
      extranodal locations, 17 (50.0%) were also involved at baseline, whereas 17
      (50.0%) were not involved at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Relapsed DLBCL generally
      tends to affect previously involved sites, although close to one third of
      patients seem to have disease recurrence exclusively in previously uninvolved
      sites. The great majority of involved nodal stations at relapse are also involved
      at baseline, whereas only one half of involved extranodal locations at relapse
      are involved at baseline.

PMID- 26966954
TI  - Correlation Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Evaluation of Extramural
      Vascular Invasion and Prognostic Parameters of T3 Stage Rectal Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between magnetic
      resonance imaging-based extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) and the prognostic
      clinical and histological parameters of stage T3 rectal cancers. METHODS: Eighty
      six patients with T3 stage rectal cancer who received surgical resection without
      neoadjuvant therapy were included. Magnetic resonance imaging-based EMVI scores
      were determined. Correlations between the scores and pretreatment
      carcinoembryonic antigen levels, tumor differentiation grade, nodal stage, and
      vascular endothelial growth factor expression were analyzed using Spearman rank
      coefficient analysis. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging-based EMVI scores were
      statistically different (P = 0.001) between histological nodal stages (N0 vs N1
      vs N2). Correlations were found between magnetic resonance imaging-based EMVI
      scores and tumor histological grade (rs = 0.227, P = 0.035), histological nodal
      stage (rs = 0.524, P < 0.001), and vascular endothelial growth factor expression
      (rs = 0.422; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging-based EMVI score
      is correlated with prognostic parameters of T3 stage rectal cancers and has the
      potential to become an imaging biomarker of tumor aggressiveness. Magnetic
      resonance imaging-based EMVI may be useful in helping the multidisciplinary team
      to stratify T3 rectal cancer patients for neoadjuvant therapies.

PMID- 26966955
TI  - Preoperative Fluorine 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed
      Tomography for Prediction of Microvascular Invasion in Small Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the value of preoperative fluorine 18
      fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-FDG PET
      CT) for predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) in small hepatocellular carcinoma
      (HCC). METHODS: We retrospectively examined 60 patients who received F-FDG PET-CT
      prior to hepatic resection for small HCC (<=30 mm) with subsequent MVI
      confirmation by histopathology. The associations between PET-positive status and
      tumor factors were assessed. Furthermore, independent predictors for MVI and
      diagnostic utility of each MVI predictor were assessed. RESULTS: Multivariate
      analysis revealed the presence of MVI as an independent predictor of PET-positive
      status (P = 0.023). Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 3.2 or greater
      (P = 0.017) and lens culinaris agglutinin a-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (AFP-L3)
      19% or greater (P = 0.010) were independent predictors of MVI. Areas under the
      receiver operating characteristic curves for SUVmax of 3.2 or greater, AFP-L3 19%
      or greater, and both factors combined for predicting MVI were 0.712 (0.493
      0.932), 0.755 (0.563-0.947), and 0.856 (0.721-0.991), respectively. The
      sensitivity and specificity for predicting MVI were 77.8% and 74.5% for SUVmax of
      3.2 or greater, 66.7% and 84.3% for AFP-L3 19% or greater, and 88.9% and 82.4%
      for the combination. CONCLUSIONS: F-FDG PET-CT and AFP-L3 may be useful for
      predicting MVI in small HCC, and the combination of the 2 factors provided
      reliable assessment for selection of suitable hepatic resection and liver
      transplantation candidates.

PMID- 26966957
TI  - Is Playing in the Pit Really the Pits?: Pain, Strength, Music Performance
      Anxiety, and Workplace Satisfaction in Professional Musicians in Stage, Pit, and
      Combined Stage/Pit Orchestras.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Typically, Australian orchestral musicians perform on stage, in an
      orchestra pit, or in a combination of both workplaces. This study explored a
      range of physical and mental health indicators in musicians who played in these
      different orchestra types to ascertain whether orchestra environment was a risk
      factor affecting musician wellbeing. METHODS: Participants comprised 380 full
      time orchestral musicians from the eight major state orchestras in Australia
      comprised of two dedicated pit orchestras, three stage-only symphonic orchestras,
      and three mixed stage/pit orchestras. Participants completed a physical
      assessment and a range of self-report measures assessing performance-related
      musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD), physical characteristics including strength and
      perceived exertion, and psychological health, including music performance anxiety
      (MPA), workplace satisfaction, and bullying. RESULTS: Physical characteristics
      and performance-related musculoskeletal profiles were similar for most factors on
      the detailed survey completed by orchestra members. The exceptions were that pit
      musicians demonstrated greater shoulder and elbow strength, while mixed-workload
      orchestra musicians had greater flexibility Significantly more exertion was
      reported by pit musicians when rehearsing and performing. Stage/pit musicians
      reported less physical exertion when performing in the pit compared with
      performing on stage. Severity of MPA was significantly greater in pit musicians
      than mixed orchestra musicians. Pit musicians also reported more frequent
      bullying and lower job satisfaction compared with stage musicians. DISCUSSION:
      There were few differences in the objective physical measures between musicians
      in the different orchestra types. However, pit musicians appear more
      psychologically vulnerable and less satisfied with their work than musicians from
      the other two orchestra types. The physical and psychological characteristics of
      musicians who perform in different orchestra types have not been adequately
      theorized or studied. We offer some preliminary thoughts that may account for the
      observed differences.

PMID- 26966958
TI  - Occupational Diseases of Professional Orchestra Musicians from Northern Portugal:
      A Descriptive Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Owing to repetitive movements and a very stressful and competitive
      lifestyle, musicians are a group that may be prone to suffer from occupational
      diseases. According to the literature, musicians are affected mainly by two types
      of occupational diseases: music performance anxiety (MPA) and playing-related
      musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). The aim of this study was to describe the
      prevalence of the most common complaints affecting musicians in the three
      professional orchestras from northern Portugal. METHODS: Professional orchestra
      musicians (n=112) from the three main professional orchestras from northern
      Portugal were individually interviewed about their physical and psychological
      complaints. RESULTS: Results indicated that 94% of musicians interviewed self
      reported at least one working-related problem. PRMDs were the most common
      conditions, affecting 84.8% of musicians. The most affected areas were the
      shoulder and the cervical and lumbar regions. MPA was reported by 13.2% of
      musicians. CONCLUSION: The present work covers about 50% of all Portuguese
      professional orchestra musicians. It raises awareness of the importance of
      focusing on the high prevalence of professional diseases among musicians.

PMID- 26966956
TI  - Highly Branched Pentasaccharide-Bearing Amphiphiles for Membrane Protein Studies.
AB  - Detergents are essential tools for membrane protein manipulation. Micelles formed
      by detergent molecules have the ability to encapsulate the hydrophobic domains of
      membrane proteins. The resulting protein-detergent complexes (PDCs) are
      compatible with the polar environments of aqueous media, making structural and
      functional analysis feasible. Although a number of novel agents have been
      developed to overcome the limitations of conventional detergents, most have
      traditional head groups such as glucoside or maltoside. In this study, we
      introduce a class of amphiphiles, the PSA/Es with a novel highly branched
      pentasaccharide hydrophilic group. The PSA/Es conferred markedly increased
      stability to a diverse range of membrane proteins compared to conventional
      detergents, indicating a positive role for the new hydrophilic group in
      maintaining the native protein integrity. In addition, PDCs formed by PSA/Es were
      smaller and more suitable for electron microscopic analysis than those formed by
      DDM, indicating that the new agents have significant potential for the structure
      function studies of membrane proteins. 

PMID- 26966959
TI  - Injuries Among Italian DanceSport Athletes: A Questionnaire Survey.
AB  - During training and competition, athletic dancers perform complex artistic
      movements that can lead to stress on the musculoskeletal system, making them
      subject to high risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      prevalence, location, and nature of musculoskeletal injuries among dancesport
      athletes and to identify potential risk factors for injury. This cross-sectional
      study was performed at several national dancesport meetings in Italy. All 168
      dancesport athletes who participated at the meetings were invited to complete a
      questionnaire related to injuries they may have suffered during the previous
      year; other information collected included demographic data (age, sex, height,
      weight), dance participation (discipline, categories), training (training
      duration, years since starting to dance), and injury (location, etiology). Of the
      168 dancers, 153 completed the questionnaire. Of the 102 injuries reported, 73
      athletes (47.7%) reported at least 1 injury. The locations of the injuries were
      the lower limbs (n=75, 73.5%), upper limbs (8, 7.8%), and spine (19, 18.7%).
      Significant differences were found in the injury location (p<0.01) as well as the
      nature of the injury (p<0.01). No significant differences were found between
      injured and non-injured athletes in demographic data, dance participation, and
      training variables (p>0.05). The results indicate that about half of the dancers
      reported at least 1 injury, with these being located particularly in the lower
      limbs and predominantly strain and sprain injuries. To reduce the prevalence of
      injuries, a prevention program may be indicated, with future research needed to
      identify appropriate strategies to prevent injuries. 

PMID- 26966960
TI  - Subjective and Objective Analyses of Voice Improvement After Phonosurgery in
      Professional Voice Users.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate voice improvement after phonosurgery by subjective and
      objective voice analysis. DESIGN: Prospective observational analytic group study.
      METHODS: This study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2013. Two hundred
      forty professional voice users (patients), classified as Koufman level I or II
      with benign vocal fold lesions, were divided in two groups. Patients in group 1
      had a diagnosis of superficial vocal fold lesions, and patients in group 2 had
      deep lesions on the vocal folds. All patients completed the Vocal Performance
      Questionnaire (VPQ) and underwent acoustic voice tests using the Praat program.
      Subjective and objective voice analyses were performed before phonosurgery and at
      1, 2, and 3 months after phonosurgery. A control group of 100 volunteers was
      created and underwent the same voice metrics that were applied to the patients.
      RESULTS: Jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio, and VPQ scores significantly
      differentiated patients with vocal fold lesions from individuals in the control
      group. All of the analyzed parameters improved significantly after phonosurgery.
      Additionally, patients with superficial vocal fold lesions achieved normal voice
      parameters 1 month after surgery, and patients with deep lesions achieved normal
      voice parameters 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of vocal
      parameters using the VPQ and acoustic tests revealed voice improvement after
      phonosurgery for both patient groups.

PMID- 26966961
TI  - Bone Mineral Density in Elite DanceSport Athletes.
AB  - This study compared bone mineral density (BMD) variables of female and male elite
      dancesport athletes with untrained control subjects of the same gender. Sixty-six
      elite dancesport athletes (M 33, F 33) and 64 untrained controls (M 34, F 31)
      participated in this study. Elite dancesport athletes were dancing couples
      competing at the international level. Whole-body bone mineral content and whole
      body, forearm, lumbar-spine, and femoral-neck BMD, as well as whole-body fat mass
      and fat free mass, were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were
      no differences (p>0.05) in height and body mass between dancers and controls of
      the same gender, but percent body fat was lower (p<0.05) in dancers of both
      genders than in untrained controls. Elite dancesport athletes had significantly
      higher femoral-neck BMD, and male dancers also higher whole-body BMD values when
      compared with controls of the same gender. All other measured bone mineral values
      did not differ between the groups of the same gender. In addition, training
      experience was positively correlated with whole-body BMD (r=0.27; p<0.05) in
      dancesport athletes. Based on this study, it can be concluded that elite
      dancesport athletes have higher BMD values at the weight-bearing site (femoral
      neck BMD), while other measured areas and whole-body bone mineral values do not
      differ from the corresponding values of healthy sedentary controls of the same
      gender. According to our results, low BMD is not an issue for elite female
      dancesport athletes, despite their lower percent body fat values. 

PMID- 26966962
TI  - Hearing Health in College Instrumental Musicians and Prevention of Hearing Loss.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: College musicians exhibit greater declines in hearing than the general
      population and are at particular risk because they rehearse and perform daily in
      loud environments. Also, they engage in use of personal listening devices which
      increases the amount of "exposure" time. Despite increased risk, many do not use
      hearing protection devices (HPD). The purpose of this study was to (1) to
      identify the present level of education about hearing health, (2) identify the
      perceived advantages and disadvantages of using HPD, and (3) evaluate results
      among different musical instrument groups. METHODS: A mixed-methods group design
      was used including both quantitative and qualitative instruments. SPSS was used
      to generate descriptive statistics, and non-parametric statistical analysis was
      performed on quantitative data. NVivo software was used to evaluate qualitative
      responses. RESULTS: Of the 90 college instrumental music students who
      participated, 12% reported a history of hearing loss, and over one-third reported
      tinnitus. Seventy-seven percent of participants had never received any training
      about hearing health and only a small percentage of students used HPD. The most
      cited reason for lack of protection use was its negative impact on sound quality.
      However, group differences were noted between brass, woodwind, and percussion
      musicians in terms of HPD uptake. CONCLUSION: Improving the type of information
      disseminated to college musicians may reduce the risk of ear-related deficits.
      Noise dosage information, HPD information, and prevention education grounded in
      theories like the Health Belief Model may increase awareness and promote greater
      use of HPDs in this population.

PMID- 26966963
TI  - Life Expectancy and Cause of Death in Popular Musicians: Is the Popular Musician
      Lifestyle the Road to Ruin?
AB  - Does a combination of lifestyle pressures and personality, as reflected in genre,
      lead to the early death of popular musicians? We explored overall mortality,
      cause of death, and changes in patterns of death over time and by music genre
      membership in popular musicians who died between 1950 and 2014. The death records
      of 13,195 popular musicians were coded for age and year of death, cause of death,
      gender, and music genre. Musician death statistics were compared with age-matched
      deaths in the US population using actuarial methods. Although the common
      perception is of a glamorous, free-wheeling lifestyle for this occupational
      group, the figures tell a very different story. Results showed that popular
      musicians have shortened life expectancy compared with comparable general
      populations. Results showed excess mortality from violent deaths (suicide,
      homicide, accidental death, including vehicular deaths and drug overdoses) and
      liver disease for each age group studied compared with population mortality
      patterns. These excess deaths were highest for the under-25-year age group and
      reduced chronologically thereafter. Overall mortality rates were twice as high
      compared with the population when averaged over the whole age range. Mortality
      impacts differed by music genre. In particular, excess suicides and liver-related
      disease were observed in country, metal, and rock musicians; excess homicides
      were observed in 6 of the 14 genres, in particular hip hop and rap musicians. For
      accidental death, actual deaths significantly exceeded expected deaths for
      country, folk, jazz, metal, pop, punk, and rock. 

PMID- 26966964
TI  - Brain Activation During Singing: "Clef de Sol Activation" Is the "Concert" of the
      Human Brain.
AB  - Humans are the most complex singers in nature, and the human voice is thought by
      many to be the most beautiful musical instrument. Aside from spoken language,
      singing represents a second mode of acoustic communication in humans. The purpose
      of this review article is to explore the functional anatomy of the "singing"
      brain. Methodologically, the existing literature regarding activation of the
      human brain during singing was carefully reviewed, with emphasis on the anatomic
      localization of such activation. Relevant human studies are mainly neuroimaging
      studies, namely functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission
      tomography studies. Singing necessitates activation of several cortical,
      subcortical, cerebellar, and brainstem areas, served and coordinated by multiple
      neural networks. Functionally vital cortical areas of the frontal, parietal, and
      temporal lobes bilaterally participate in the brain's activation process during
      singing, confirming the latter's role in human communication. Perisylvian
      cortical activity of the right hemisphere seems to be the most crucial component
      of this activation. This also explains why aphasic patients due to left
      hemispheric lesions are able to sing but not speak the same words. The term clef
      de sol activation is proposed for this crucial perisylvian cortical activation
      due to the clef de sol shape of the topographical distribution of these cortical
      areas around the sylvian fissure. Further research is needed to explore the
      connectivity and sequence of how the human brain activates to sing. 

PMID- 26966965
TI  - Raynaud's Phenomenon in a Slap Bass Player: A Case Report.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon is a frequent condition related to
      occupational exposure to local vibration but has not been described in musicians.
      This study aims to describe cold-induced blanching of the right second and (in
      particular) third digits in a 67-year-old double bass player following decades of
      cumulative repetitive blunt trauma to the fingers from slapping the strings.
      METHODS: A physical examination was undertaken and systolic blood pressure
      measured before and after cold provocation. RESULTS: At 10 deg C the brachial
      systolic blood pressure was 156 mm Hg while blood pressure was immeasurable at
      the finger level, corresponding to a finger/brachial index of 0% of the second
      and third fingers. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of objectively
      verified, playing-related Raynaud's phenomenon in a musician.

PMID- 26966966
TI  - Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Musicians.

PMID- 26966968
TI  - Reporting mental health problems of undocumented migrants in Greece: A
      qualitative exploration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mental health problems are highly prevalent amongst undocumented
      migrants (UMs), and often part of their consultations with general practitioners
      (GPs). Little empirical data are available of how GPs and UMs engage around
      mental health in Greece, a country with a lack of balance between primary and
      secondary care and limited healthcare provisions for UMs. OBJECTIVES: To acquire
      insight in the barriers and levers in the provision of mental healthcare for UMs
      by GPs in Greece. METHODS: This was a qualitative study using semi-structured
      interviews with 12 GPs in Crete, Greece with clinical expertise in the care of
      UMs. All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim and were analysed
      using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Greek GPs recognized many mental health
      problems in UMs and identified the barriers that prevented them from discussing
      these problems and delivering appropriate care: growing societal resistance
      towards UMs, budget cuts in healthcare, administrative obstacles and lack of
      support from the healthcare system. To overcome these barriers, Greek GPs
      provided UMs with free access to care and psychotropic drugs free of charge, and
      referred to other primary care professionals rather than to mental healthcare
      institutions. CONCLUSION: Greek GPs experienced substantial barriers in the
      provision of mental healthcare to UMs and political, economic and organizational
      factors played a major role.

PMID- 26966969
TI  - Research and Development of High-performance Explosives.
AB  - Developmental testing of high explosives for military applications involves small
      scale formulation, safety testing, and finally detonation performance tests to
      verify theoretical calculations. small-scale For newly developed formulations,
      the process begins with small-scale mixes, thermal testing, and impact and
      friction sensitivity. Only then do subsequent larger scale formulations proceed
      to detonation testing, which will be covered in this paper. Recent advances in
      characterization techniques have led to unparalleled precision in the
      characterization of early-time evolution of detonations. The new technique of
      photo-Doppler velocimetry (PDV) for the measurement of detonation pressure and
      velocity will be shared and compared with traditional fiber-optic detonation
      velocity and plate-dent calculation of detonation pressure. In particular, the
      role of aluminum in explosive formulations will be discussed. Recent developments
      led to the development of explosive formulations that result in reaction of
      aluminum very early in the detonation product expansion. This enhanced reaction
      leads to changes in the detonation velocity and pressure due to reaction of the
      aluminum with oxygen in the expanding gas products. 

PMID- 26966970
TI  - Cognitive Patient Education for Low Back Pain in Primary Care: A Cluster
      Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial in primary care.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the clinical effectiveness and
      cost-effectiveness of a cognitive-based education program on patients with
      subacute or chronic low back pain (LBP) in primary care, compared to usual
      treatment, provided by general practitioners (GP) and physiotherapists (PT).
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Patient education has been reported to have a
      favorable effect on patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders. In this
      study, an "Explain Pain" model was adapted to fit into an ordinary clinical
      setting in Norwegian primary care. METHODS: Sixteen GPs and 20 PTs participated
      in the study and a total of 216 patients were recruited. The GPs and PTs were
      randomly assigned to provide either a cognitive patient education or usual
      treatment. All patients in both groups were provided with four consultations of
      30 min with their provider during the study. In the intervention group the
      patients were educated according to a specific manual written for the purpose of
      this study. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent responded at 4-week, and 68% at the 12
      month follow-up. There was a substantial improvement in function, pain, and sick
      leave in both groups. After 4 weeks the intervention group scored 0.51 RMDQ
      points lower than the control group (Beta -0.506 [95% CI -1.76-0.75]). After 12
      months the intervention group scored 0.66 RMDQ points higher than the control
      group (Beta 0.66 [95% CI -0.56-1.88]). There was no significant difference in
      QALYs in the two treatment groups; the estimated difference was 0.005 (-0.016
      0.027) in favor of the intervention. CONCLUSION: This study showed no clinical or
      health economic benefits as a result of adding a cognitive education program to
      usual treatment for patients with subacute and chronic LBP. Potential weaknesses
      such as a long recruiting period and potentially low compliance with the
      cognitive intervention warrant a careful interpretation of the results.

PMID- 26966971
TI  - Comparison of 1-Level Versus 2-Level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion:
      Clinical and Radiographic Follow-Up at 60 Months.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: This study represents a posthoc analysis of data collected from 2
      control arms of a prospective, randomized study. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this
      study was to compare results of patients undergoing 1- versus 2-level anterior
      cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: For single
      level ACDF, reported outcomes have generally been good; however, results for 2
      levels have been less consistent. METHODS: This 60-month follow-up study was
      based on data from the prospective Food and Drug Administration regulated Mobi-C
      artificial disc trial. Serving as the control, ACDF was performed at 1 level in
      81 patients and 2 levels in 105 patients. Study selection criteria, fusion
      technique, and outcome measures were identical, with the only exception being the
      number of levels that were pathological and operated. RESULTS: Neck Disability
      Index (NDI) scores, visual analog scales assessing neck and arm pain, and SF-12
      scores improved significantly in both groups. Significant differences were
      observed between groups on NDI and SF-12 PCS scores through 60 months. Fusion
      rates were 93.3% in the 1-level group and 86.1% in the 2-level (60 months, not
      significantly different). Adjacent segment degeneration occurred in 54.7% of
      patients at the superior level and 44.7% at the inferior segment in the 1-level
      group and 70.8%, and 55.0% respectively in 2-level patients (trend at superior
      level; 0.05 < P < 0.10). Subsequent index level surgery was performed in 11.1% of
      single-level patients versus 16.2% of the 2-level group (not significantly
      different). CONCLUSION: One- and 2-level ACDF groups improved significantly and
      maintained improvement throughout 60 month follow-up. When comparing groups,
      outcomes were often similar, though the 1-level group demonstrated higher fusion
      rates at 6 and 12 months, greater improvement in NDI scores from 18 to 60-month
      follow-up, and greater improvement in SF-12 PCS from 12 to 60 months.

PMID- 26966973
TI  - National Trends in the Surgical Management of Adult Lumbar Isthmic
      Spondylolisthesis: 1998 to 2011.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review. OBJECTIVE: Isthmic spondylolisthesis (ISY)
      is a common orthopedic condition. Our objective was to identify trends in the
      surgical management of adult ISY in the United States and to evaluate trends in
      the surgical techniques utilized. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Various surgical
      approaches have been described for ISY but preferred trends are not known.
      METHODS: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), 47,132 adult patients (>=
      18 years) with ISY undergoing lumbar spine fusion from 1998 to 2011 were
      identified. Our primary outcome of interest was the national trend in use of
      anterior (ASF), posterior (PSF), posterior with interbody (P/TLIF), and combined
      anterior-posterior fusion (A/PSF) surgeries for ISY patients. Poisson regression,
      modified Wald's test, and linear and logistic regression analysis with P < 0.05
      were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The annual rate of fusion surgeries
      for ISY increased 4.33 times-from 28.31 surgeries in 1998 to 122.69 surgeries per
      million US adults per year in 2011. Over the study period, annual rates of ASFs
      increased 2.65 times (P < 0.001), PSFs increased 1.03 times (P = 0.24), P/TLIFs
      increased 4.33 times (P < 0.001), and A/PSF increased 2.93 times (P < 0.001). In
      2010 to 2011, the complication rate was significantly higher for A/PSF (18.86%, P
      < 0.001). PSFs had a higher complication rate of 3.61% and P/TLIFs (2.58%). The
      risk of complications was lower for females, elective admissions, and in
      hospitals in the South. Mean hospitalization charges adjusted to 2011 dollars
      were significantly higher for A/PSF ($157,560; 95% CI [95% confidence interval]:
      14,480-170,360; P <  .001), followed by P/TLIFs ($103,700; 95% CI: 9840-109,030)
      and PSFs had lower mean hospitalization charges ($87,420; 95% CI: 8210-92,770).
      CONCLUSION: Use of fusion for ISY has significantly increased and interbody
      fusion has become the most preferred approach over the study period. Hospital
      charges and complications were highest for combined anterior-posterior fusions.

PMID- 26966972
TI  - Exploration of the Intraoperative Motor Evoked Potential.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study was to
      (1) seek a relation between motor evoked potential (MEP) and corresponding
      cervical cord function in cervical compression myelopathy (CCM) and (2) explore a
      high-sensitive MEP range that can predict the intraoperative monitoring change
      ahead in cervical spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There have been lots
      of controversies concerning the application of transcranial MEP in cervical spine
      surgery. METHODS: We prospectively investigate 86 consecutive patients with CCM
      who underwent posterior laminoplasty or laminectomy from December 2012 to
      September 2014. The 18-point modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA)
      score and intraoperative MEP were used for neurological and electrophysiological
      assessment. Statistical correlation analysis and curve fitting were used to
      definite the relationship between MEP and corresponding cervical cord function.
      And a novel concept of high-sensitive MEP range was firstly addressed for
      predicting the intraoperative monitoring change ahead in CCM. RESULTS: Our
      results showed that the preoperative mJOA score of lower extremity presented a
      significant correlation with MEP parameters in CCM, and the correlation was
      expressed in an exponential relationship. The monitoring change in CCM often
      appeared at a high-sensitive MEP range (amplitude <159 MUV or latency >36.1 ms).
      In addition, the high-sensitive MEP ranges not only included MEP degeneration but
      also a larger number of MEP improvement cases. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative MEP may
      imply an exponential correlation with the corresponding cervical cord function in
      CCM. And we first characterize a high-sensitive MEP range which may indicate high
      risk for the impending monitoring change during cervical cord decompression and
      we must watch more closely.

PMID- 26966974
TI  - Implant Failure of Titanium Versus Cobalt-Chromium Growing Rods in Early-onset
      Scoliosis.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series of one institute database. OBJECTIVE: To
      investigate the differences in the metallic strength of rods used for implant
      failure in the dual growing rod technique and evaluate clinical outcomes. SUMMARY
      OF BACKGROUND DATA: The dual growing rod technique in which implanted rods extend
      with the growth of the spine is a useful treatment for early onset scoliosis.
      However, many complications, particularly those associated with rods, exist.
      Especially, the implant failure of growing rod focused on metallic strength is
      unknown. METHODS: Thirteen patients (42 lengthening surgeries) who underwent
      surgery by this technique at our hospital from 2007 were divided into a titanium
      rod plus titanium connector group (T group, n = 4, 26 lengthening surgeries) and
      cobalt-chromium rod plus titanium connection group (C group, n = 9, 16
      lengthening surgeries). The incidence of implant failure and the site of fracture
      were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS: Implant failure occurred in three
      patients in the T group, because of rod fracture in two patients and connector
      fracture in one. In the C group, implant failure occurred in six patients,
      because of rod fracture in one patient and connector fracture in seven. Fracture
      occurred twice in two patients. The rod fracture rate decreased with the use of
      cobalt-chromium rods but the rate of connector fracture increased. We performed a
      stress distribution analysis using the finite element method to clarify the
      mechanisms underlying implant failure in both groups. Regardless of the rod type,
      the greater load was placed on the distal rod. However, differences in the
      metallic strength caused the rod to fracture when titanium rods were used and
      connectors (weak metallic strength) to fracture when cobalt-chromium rods were
      used. CONCLUSION: Rod fractures occurred more commonly with titanium rods and
      connector fractures with cobalt-chromium rods.

PMID- 26966975
TI  - Variation in Costs of Spinal Implants in United States Academic Medical Centers.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of benchmarking database. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate the variability in direct costs of spinal implants across various
      academic medical centers, determining variability between and within specific
      manufacturers, and to measure the relationship between purchasing volume and
      price. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal implants are a significant component of
      the cost of surgery. There is an absence of transparency of how much various
      medical centers in the United States pay for implants because of the use of
      nondisclosure agreements as part of price negotiations. Transparency of
      information on costs and awareness of costs by physicians will be useful in
      managing costs in a value-based health care economy. METHODS: Purchasing records
      of 45 academic medical centers over a 12-month period were examined. Purchasing
      volume and unit pricing for pedicle screws (PS), anterior cervical plates (ACP),
      and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) cages were collected for 6
      manufacturers. Overall variation in implant costs across centers and for each
      manufacturer was determined as was the relationship between purchasing volume and
      unit price. RESULTS: We found variation in implant costs between medical centers,
      and between manufacturers for PS, ACP and TLIF similar to joint replacement
      implants. Regression analysis showed that for each 10-fold increase in purchasing
      volume, the unit price decreased by $126 for PS, $242 for ACP, and $789 for TLIF.
      CONCLUSION: There was variation in implant costs between medical centers and
      manufacturers of implants, with a small negative relationship between purchasing
      volume and cost. Transparency in cost negotiation, surgeon awareness of costs and
      alignment between surgeon and hospital goals may help decrease the cost of spinal
      implants, and the cost of care for patients undergoing instrumented fusions.

PMID- 26966976
TI  - Development of a Competence-Based Spine Surgery Fellowship Curriculum Set of
      Learning Objectives in Canada.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Modified-Delphi expert consensus method. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to develop competence-based spine fellowship curricula as a set of
      learning goals through expert consensus methodology in order to provide an
      educational tool for surgical educators and trainees. Secondarily, we aimed to
      determine potential differences among specialties in their rating of learning
      objectives to defined curriculum documents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There has
      been recent interest in competence-based education in the training of future
      surgeons. Current spine fellowships often work on a preceptor-based model, and
      recent studies have demonstrated that graduating spine fellows may not
      necessarily be exposed to key cognitive and procedural competencies throughout
      their training that are expected of a practicing spine surgeon. METHODS: A
      consensus group of 32 spine surgeons from across Canada was assembled. A modified
      Delphi approach refined an initial fellowship-level curriculum set of learning
      objectives (108 cognitive and 84 procedural competencies obtained from open
      sources). A consensus threshold of 70% was chosen with up to 5 rounds of blinded
      voting performed. Members were asked to ratify objectives into either a general
      comprehensive or focused/advanced curriculum. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 32
      consultants (88%) responded and participated in voting rounds. Seventy-eight
      (72%) cognitive and 63 (75%) procedural competency objectives reached 70%
      consensus in the first round. This increased to 82 cognitive and 73 procedural
      objectives by round 4. The final curriculum document evolved to include a general
      comprehensive curriculum (91 cognitive and 53 procedural objectives), a
      focused/advanced curriculum (22 procedural objectives), and a pediatrics
      curriculum (22 cognitive and 9 procedural objectives). CONCLUSION: Through a
      consensus-building approach, the study authors have developed a competence-based
      curriculum set of learning objectives anticipated to be of educational value to
      spine surgery fellowship educators and trainees. To our knowledge, this is one of
      the first nationally based efforts of its kind that is also anticipated to be of
      interest by international colleagues.

PMID- 26966977
TI  - Rate of Unsuspected Malignancy in Patients With Vertebral Compression Fracture
      Undergoing Percutaneous Vertebroplasty.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the malignancy rate
      and histology in bone biopsies obtained during PVP for VCF. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND
      DATA: Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCF) affect approximately 20%
      of postmenopausal women and can lead to long-term disability. Percutaneous
      vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive procedure, primarily used in
      patients with severe pain after VCF. Even with a thorough clinical examination,
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and blood samples, some fractures maybe
      caused by an underlying malignant disease. METHODS: 144 consecutive patients
      underwent PVP for painful VCF, at the Center for Spine Surgery and Research,
      Middelfart Hospital. All patients had bone biopsies obtained during the PVP, and
      these biopsies were sent to the Department for Pathology at Vejle Sygehus for
      histologic diagnosis. RESULTS: About 144 patients were included in this study.
      The majority of the biopsy specimens (137, 95.1%) were acceptable for
      histological diagnosis. One hundred and twenty nine (89.6%) biopsies showed no
      signs of malignancy. Seven (4.9 %) were positive for malignancy. One biopsy was
      positive for MGUS. Seven (4.9 %) of the biopsies were unsuitable for histologic
      diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our study shows an incidence of unsuspected malignancy in
      biopsies during PVP of 4.9%. Conservative treatment with analgesics and brace can
      potentially delay diagnosis and treatment of underlying malignant disease. We
      recommend biopsy during PVP as a standard procedure, to insure not to overlook
      any underlying malignancy despite the MRI-scan, blood analysis, and clinical
      examination being inconspicuous.

PMID- 26966978
TI  - Retraction. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial of silicate-substituted
      calcium phosphate versus rhBMP-2 in a minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar
      interbody fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2014. 39(3): 185-191. Nandyala,
      Sreeharsha V.; Marquez-Lara, Alejandro; Fineberg, Steven J.; Pelton, Miguel;
      Singh, Kern.

PMID- 26966979
TI  - Dopamine D1 Receptor Agonist A-68930 Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation,
      Controls Inflammation, and Alleviates Histopathology in a Rat Model of Spinal
      Cord Injury.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A randomized experimental study. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study
      was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and molecular mechanisms of dopamine
      D1 receptor agonist A-68930 in spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: The inflammation induced by SCI includes maturation and
      secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18 mediated
      by nucleotide-binding domain -like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome.
      Dopamine D1 receptor agonist A-68930 has been reported to exert neuroprotective
      effect via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in some central nervous
      injury models. However, whether A-68930 can exert nueroprotection in rat SCI
      models through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation has yet to be
      investigated. METHODS: Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided
      into 4 groups: sham group, SCI group, SCI + Vehicle (Veh) group, SCI + A-68930
      group. The influences of A-68930 on the proinflammatory cytokines levels,
      histological changes, and locomotion scale were estimated. RESULTS: SCI
      significantly promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation and increased
      proinflammatory cytokines productions in SCI group as compared with sham group. A
      68930 administration significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and
      reduced inflammatory cytokines levels. Moreover, A-68930 administration
      attenuated histopathology and promoted locomotion recovery. CONCLUSION: A-68930
      can attenuate tissue damage and improve neurological function recovery, and the
      mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

PMID- 26966980
TI  - Primary Epidural Lumbar Ewing Sarcoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: We present a case of isolated primary
      epidural lumbar Ewing sarcoma and review the current literature on the standard
      management. We also propose laminoplasty as safe procedure in this patient
      population that can provide good stabilization in young people. SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: Primary epidural Ewing's sarcoma is a very rare entity. The best
      generally accepted treatment option in sarcomas is to achieve a gross total
      resection with safe margins followed by local radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A
      total resection with safe margins is a great challenge in neurosurgical patients.
      METHODS: We present a previously healthy 17-year-old girl who complained of right
      sciatica with an epidural lumbar mass at L3-L4. She underwent complete resection
      of the tumor and a laminoplasty, which, in our experience, is a good way to
      preserve stability. RESULTS: At surgery, an isolated and noninvasive lesion was
      identified. Histopathological confirmation of Ewing sarcoma was obtained by
      immunohistochemical study and EWSR1 gene rearrangement detection. Treatment with
      6 months of chemotherapy resulted in no further identifiable lesions by PET and
      MRI imaging at 4 years postsurgery. The laminoplasty has remained stable.
      CONCLUSION: Primary epidural Ewing sarcoma is extremely rare. The detection of
      the EWSR1 gene rearrangement can help to diagnose these tumors. The decision on
      how to treat these patients is difficult and can hardly be based on data from the
      current literature because of the small number of patients. The laminoplasty
      procedure can be safely performed in the setting of sarcoma of the epidural
      space.

PMID- 26966981
TI  - Anticholinergics: theoretical and clinical overview.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Anticholinergics are a class of medicines that block the
      neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in the brain and peripheral tissues. Medicines
      with anticholinergic activity are widely prescribed for and used by older people
      for various medical conditions. One-third to one-half of the medicines commonly
      prescribed for older people have anticholinergic activity. Several studies have
      reported anticholinergic burden to be a predictor of cognitive and functional
      impairments in older people. AREAS COVERED: This article exemplifies the
      theoretical and clinical aspects of medicines with anticholinergic activity,
      including pharmacology (definition of medicines that possess anticholinergic
      activity, antimuscarinic receptors, therapeutic and adverse effects),
      epidemiology, measures and effects of cumulative anticholinergic burden in older
      adults, and clinical recommendations. In addition, the gaps in the literature
      have been identified for future research. EXPERT OPINION: Many medicines that are
      commonly prescribed to older people have a degree of anticholinergic activity
      that can contribute to anticholinergic burden. Anticholinergic burden, measured
      in several ways that consider number, dose and/or degree of anticholinergic
      activity of medicines, has shown to be a predictor of adverse health and
      functional outcomes. The anticholinergic burden on older people should be
      minimised by avoiding, reducing dose and deprescribing medicines with
      anticholinergic activity where clinically possible.

PMID- 26966982
TI  - Teaching Tip: Developing an Intercollegiate Twitter Forum to Improve Student Exam
      Study and Digital Professionalism.
AB  - #VetFinals has been developed as a novel online Twitter teaching event designed
      to support intercollegiate veterinary teaching using social media. Previous
      studies in other fields have suggested that Twitter use within universities may
      have benefits for undergraduate education. This "teaching tip" paper describes a
      project using Twitter to host online exam study sessions. The project has been a
      highly successful collaborative effort between the Royal Veterinary College and
      Nottingham Veterinary School in the UK. Over 4 years, the #VetFinals project has
      developed into a long-term, self-sustaining enterprise. This initiative provides
      a semi-structured means for student exam preparation with direct real-time input
      from a faculty member. It also creates a network of peers both horizontally
      across institutions and vertically throughout year groups. Based on similar
      initiatives in other disciplines, an anticipated outcome of this project was to
      contribute to student online professionalism. This could help address the
      veterinary community's recently highlighted problems with professional conduct
      and appropriate use of social media. Analysis of the success of this endeavor
      will be available in a future publication. 

PMID- 26966983
TI  - The Impact of a Group Communication Course on Veterinary Medical Students'
      Perceptions of Communication Competence and Communication Apprehension.
AB  - This paper explores the impact of a group communication course on veterinary
      medical students' perceptions of communication competence and communication
      anxiety. Students enrolled in the Group Communication in Veterinary Medicine
      course completed the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension and the
      Communicative Competence Scale at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of the
      semester. Results show that first-year veterinary students' self-perceptions of
      communication competence increased and their self-reported levels of
      communication apprehension decreased across multiple contexts from Time 1 to Time
      2. This research provides support for experiential communication training
      fostering skill development and confidence. 

PMID- 26966984
TI  - Novel Card Games for Learning Radiographic Image Quality and Urologic Imaging in
      Veterinary Medicine.
AB  - Second-year veterinary students are often challenged by concepts in veterinary
      radiology, including the fundamentals of image quality and generation of
      differential lists. Four card games were developed to provide veterinary students
      with a supplemental means of learning about radiographic image quality and
      differential diagnoses in urogenital imaging. Students played these games and
      completed assessments of their subject knowledge before and after playing. The
      hypothesis was that playing each game would improve students' understanding of
      the topic area. For each game, students who played the game performed better on
      the post-test than students who did not play that game (all p<.01). For three of
      the four games, students who played each respective game demonstrated significant
      improvement in scores between the pre-test and the post-test (p<.002). The
      majority of students expressed that the games were both helpful and enjoyable.
      Educationally focused games can help students learn classroom and laboratory
      material. However, game design is important, as the game using the most passive
      learning process also demonstrated the weakest results. In addition, based on
      participants' comments, the games were very useful in improving student
      engagement in the learning process. Thus, use of games in the classroom and
      laboratory setting seems to benefit the learning process. 

PMID- 26966985
TI  - Evaluation of a Communication Skills Training Program for Companion-Animal
      Veterinarians: A Pilot Study Using RIAS Coding.
AB  - Effective veterinarian communication skills training and the related key outcomes
      provided the impetus for this study. We implemented a pre-experimental pre
      test/post-test single-group design with a sample of 13 veterinarians and their 71
      clients to evaluate the effects of a 6.5-hour communication skills intervention
      for veterinarians. Consultations were audiotaped and analyzed with the Roter
      Interaction Analysis System (RIAS). Clients completed the Consultation and
      Relational Care Measure, a global satisfaction scale, a Parent Medical Interview
      Satisfaction Scale, and the Adherence Intent measure. Veterinarians completed a
      communication confidence measure and a workshop satisfaction scale. Contrary to
      expectation, neither veterinarian communication skills nor their confidence
      improved post-training. Despite client satisfaction and perceptions of
      veterinarians' relational communication skills not increasing, clients
      nevertheless reported an increased intent to adhere to veterinarian
      recommendations. This result is important because client adherence is critical to
      managing and enhancing the health and well-being of animals. The results of the
      study suggest that while the workshop was highly regarded, either the duration of
      the training or practice opportunities were insufficient or a booster session was
      required to increase veterinarian confidence and integration of new skills.
      Future research should utilize a randomized control study design to investigate
      the appropriate intervention with which to achieve change in veterinarian
      communication skills. Such change could translate to more effective interactions
      in veterinarians' daily lives. 

PMID- 26966986
TI  - Structural integrity of frontostriatal connections predicts longitudinal changes
      in self-esteem.
AB  - Diverse neurological and psychiatric conditions are marked by a diminished sense
      of positive self-regard, and reductions in self-esteem are associated with risk
      for these disorders. Recent evidence has shown that the connectivity of
      frontostriatal circuitry reflects individual differences in self-esteem. However,
      it remains an open question as to whether the integrity of these connections can
      predict self-esteem changes over larger timescales. Using diffusion magnetic
      resonance imaging and probabilistic tractography, we demonstrate that the
      integrity of white matter pathways linking the medial prefrontal cortex to the
      ventral striatum predicts changes in self-esteem 8 months after initial scanning
      in a sample of 30 young adults. Individuals with greater integrity of this
      pathway during the scanning session at Time 1 showed increased levels of self
      esteem at follow-up, whereas individuals with lower integrity showed stifled or
      decreased levels of self-esteem. These results provide evidence that
      frontostriatal white matter integrity predicts the trajectory of self-esteem
      development in early adulthood, which may contribute to blunted levels of
      positive self-regard seen in multiple psychiatric conditions, including
      depression and anxiety.

PMID- 26966987
TI  - Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and
      Specific Protein-substrates.
AB  - Acetylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification (PTM)
      regulating a plethora of cellular processes and functions. This is further
      supported by recent findings in high-resolution mass spectrometry based
      proteomics showing that many new proteins and sites within these proteins can be
      acetylated. However the identity of the enzymes regulating these proteins and
      sites is often unknown. Among these enzymes, sirtuins, which belong to the class
      III histone lysine deacetylases, have attracted great interest as enzymes
      regulating the acetylome under different physiological or pathophysiological
      conditions. Here we describe methods to link SIRT2, the cytoplasmic sirtuin, with
      its substrates including both in vitro and in vivo deacetylation assays. These
      assays can be applied in studies focused on other members of the sirtuin family
      to unravel the specific role of sirtuins and are necessary in order to establish
      the regulatory interplay of specific deacetylases with their substrates as a
      first step to better understand the role of protein acetylation. Furthermore,
      such assays can be used to distinguish functional acetylation sites on a protein
      from what may be non-regulatory acetylated lysines, as well as to examine the
      interplay between a deacetylase and its substrate in a physiological context. 

PMID- 26966988
TI  - Characterization and abiotic stress-responsive expression analysis of SGT1 genes
      in Brassica oleracea.
AB  - SGT1 genes are involved in enhancing plant responses to various biotic and
      abiotic stresses. Brassica oleracea is known to contain two types of SGT1 genes,
      namely suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 and suppressor of GCR2. In this study,
      through systematic analysis, four putative SGT1 genes were identified and
      characterized in B. oleracea. In phylogenetic analysis, the genes clearly formed
      separate groups, namely BolSGT1a, BolSGT1b (both suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1
      types), and BolSGT1 (suppressor of GCR2). Functional domain analysis and organ
      specific expression patterns suggested possible roles for BolSGT1 genes during
      stress conditions. BolSGT1 genes showed significant changes in expression in
      response to heat, cold, drought, salt, or ABA treatment. Interaction network
      analysis supported the expression analysis, and showed that the BolSGT1a and
      BolSGT1b genes are strongly associated with co-regulators during stress
      conditions. However, the BolSGT1 gene did not show any strong association. Hence,
      BolSGT1 might be a stress resistance-related gene that functions without a co
      regulator. Our results show that BolSGT1 genes are potential target genes to
      improve B. oleracea resistance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, and salt. 

PMID- 26966989
TI  - In Vitro Mean Red Blood Cell Volume Change Induced by Diode Pump Solid State Low
      Level Laser of 405 nm.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of low-level laser
      (LLL) doses on human red blood cell volume. The effects of exposure to a diode
      pump solid state (DPSS) (lambda = 405 nm) laser were observed. BACKGROUND DATA:
      The response of human blood to LLL irradiation gives important information about
      the mechanism of interaction of laser light with living organisms. Materials and
      methods Blood samples were collected into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
      containing tubes, and each sample was divided into two equal aliquots, one to
      serve as control and the other for irradiation. The aliquot was subjected to
      laser irradiation for 20, 30, 40, or 50 min at a fixed power density of 0.03
      W/cm(2). Mean cell volume (MCV) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were measured
      immediately after irradiation using a computerized hemtoanalyzer. RESULTS:
      Significant decrease in RBC volume (p < 0.05, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p <
      0.05, respectively) was induced with variation in laser doses.The highest
      response was observed with an exposure time of 40 min. This result was reproduced
      in RBCs suspended in a buffered NaCl solution. In contrast to this finding, laser
      induced RBC volume change was completely abolished by suspending RBCs in a
      solution containing a higher concentration of EDTA. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested
      that LLL can reduce RBC volume possibly because of the increased free
      intracellular Ca(+2) concentrations, which activate Ca(+2)-dependent K(+)
      channels with consequent K(+) ion efflux and cell shrinkage.

PMID- 26966993
TI  - Identification of a Human Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 8-Specific Agonist and a
      Functional Pan-TLR Inhibitor in 2-Aminoimidazoles.
AB  - Activation of human toll-like receptor-8 (TLR8), expressed in myeloid dendritic
      cells, monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, evokes a distinct
      cytokine profile which favors the development of Type 1 helper T cells. Part
      structures of the 2-aminobenzimidazole scaffold were examined with a view to
      identifying structural requisites corresponding to the smallest possible fragment
      of the benzimidazole core that would allow for retention of TLR8-agonistic
      activity. TLR8-specific agonistic activity was retained in 1-pentyl-4-phenyl-1H
      imidazol-2-amine. The crystal structure of this compound bound to the TLR8
      ectodomain displayed binding interactions that are common to other TLR8 agonists.
      This compound showed markedly attenuated proinflammatory properties in ex vivo
      human blood models. SAR studies revealed that 4-(2-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1-pentyl-1H
      imidazol-2-amine inhibited TLR signaling in a variety of TLR reporter cell lines,
      as well as in pharmacologically relevant human blood model systems. A kinase
      screen of this compound showed relative specificity for calmodulin kinases. 

PMID- 26966994
TI  - 'Struggling to be the alpha': sources of tension and intimate partner violence in
      same-sex relationships between men.
AB  - In countries such as the USA, gay and bisexual men experience high rates of
      intimate partner violence. However, little is known about the factors that
      contribute to this form of violence. In this study, we examine gay and bisexual
      men's perceptions of sources of tension in same-sex male relationships and how
      these may contribute to intimate partner violence. We conducted seven focus-group
      discussions with 64 gay and bisexual men in Atlanta, GA. Focus groups examined
      men's reactions to the short-form revised Conflicts Tactics Scale to determine if
      each item was considered to be intimate partner violence if it were to occur
      among gay and bisexual men. Analysts completed a thematic analysis, using
      elements of grounded theory. The sources of tension that men identified included:
      gender role conflict, dyadic inequalities (e.g. differences in income, age,
      education), differences in 'outness' about sexual identity, substance use,
      jealousy and external homophobic violence. Results suggest that intimate partner
      violence interventions for gay and bisexual men should address behavioural
      factors, while also focusing on structural interventions. Interventions that aim
      to reduce homophobic stigma and redefine male gender roles may help to address
      some of the tension that contributes to intimate partner violence in same-sex
      male relationships.

PMID- 26966996
TI  - Advances in immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography for novel drug
      discovery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The development of immobilized artificial membrane (IAM)
      chromatography has unfolded new perspectives for the use of chromatographic
      techniques in drug discovery, combining simulation of the environment of cell
      membranes with rapid measurements. AREAS COVERED: The present review describes
      the characteristics of phosphatidylcholine-based stationary phases and analyses
      the molecular factors governing IAM retention in comparison to n-octanol-water
      and liposomes partitioning systems as well as to reversed phase chromatography.
      Other biomimetic stationary phases are also briefly discussed. The potential of
      IAM chromatography to model permeability through the main physiological barriers
      and drug membrane interactions is outlined. Further applications to calculate
      complex pharmacokinetic properties, related to tissue binding, and to screen drug
      candidates for phospholipidosis, as well as to estimate cell
      accumulation/retention are surveyed. EXPERT OPINION: The ambivalent nature of IAM
      chromatography, as a border case between passive diffusion and binding, defines
      its multiple potential applications. However, despite its successful performance
      in many permeability and drug-membrane interactions studies, IAM chromatography
      is still used as a supportive and not a stand-alone technique. Further studies
      looking at IAM chromatography in different biological processes are still
      required if this technique is to have a more focused and consistent application
      in drug discovery.

PMID- 26966995
TI  - In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS.
AB  - This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the
      aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface
      (SALVI) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The
      fibronectin protein film was immobilized on the silicon nitride (SiN) membrane
      that forms the SALVI detection area. During ToF-SIMS analysis, three modes of
      analysis were conducted including high spatial resolution mass spectrometry, two
      dimensional (2D) imaging, and depth profiling. Mass spectra were acquired in both
      positive and negative modes. Deionized water was also analyzed as a reference
      sample. Our results show that the fibronectin film in water has more distinct and
      stronger water cluster peaks compared to water alone. Characteristic peaks of
      amino acid fragments are also observable in the hydrated protein ToF-SIMS
      spectra. These results illustrate that protein molecule adsorption on a surface
      can be studied dynamically using SALVI and ToF-SIMS in the liquid environment for
      the first time. 

PMID- 26966997
TI  - Effects of C-xylopyranoside derivative on epithelial regeneration in an in vitro
      3D oral mucosa model.
AB  - Identifying substandard tissue-engineered oral mucosa grafts with a poor
      epithelium before clinical use is critical to ensure quality assurance/control in
      regenerative medicine, leading to success of grafting. This study investigated
      the effects of one of the C-xylopyranoside derivatives, beta-D-xylopyranoside-n
      propane-2-one (XPP), on oral epithelial regeneration. Using a three-dimensional
      oral mucosa model, we analyzed changes of the epithelial structure,
      glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, the expression levels of basement membrane
      zone markers, and substrates of Akt/mTOR signaling. Compared with the control, 2
      mM XPP treatment increased the mean and minimal epithelial thickness, and reduced
      the variation of epithelial thickness. It also stimulated expressions of decorin
      and syndecan-1 with change of GAG amount and/or composition, and enhanced the
      expressions of integrin alpha6, CD44, and Akt/mTOR signaling substrates. These
      findings suggest that XPP supplementation contributes to consistent epithelial
      regeneration. Moreover, upregulation of those markers may play a role in
      increasing the quality of the oral mucosal epithelium. 

PMID- 26966998
TI  - Detailed investigation of ROS arisen from chlorophyll a/Chitosan based-biofilm.
AB  - The aim of this work is to study the nature of reactive oxygen species, ROS,
      arisen from Chitosan/2-HP-beta-Cyclodextrin/Chlorophyll a (CH/CD/Chla) blended
      biofilm under a photodynamic activity. Suitable molecules, called primary
      acceptors, able to react selectively with ROS, in turn generated by the
      photosensitizer (PS), herein Chla, are used to attempt this purpose. The changes
      of the absorption and the emission spectra of these acceptors after the
      irradiation of aqueous solution containing the active biofilm have provided the
      specific nature of ROS and thus the main pathway of reaction followed by PS, in
      our condition. The (1)O2 formation was unveiled using Uric Acid (UA) and 9,10
      diphenilanthracene (DPA). On the other hand, 2,7- dichlorofluorescin and
      Ferricytochrome c (Cyt-c) were used to detect the formation of hydrogen peroxide
      and superoxide radical anion, respectively. Results suggest that among the
      possible pathways of reaction, namely Type I and Type II, potentially followed by
      PSs, in our condition the hybrid biofilm CH/CD/Chla follows mainly Type II
      mechanism with the formation of (1)O2. However, the latter is involved in
      subsequent pathway of reaction involving Chla inducing, in addition, the
      formation of O2(-) and H2O2. 

PMID- 26966999
TI  - Effective delivery of immunosuppressive drug molecules by silica coated iron
      oxide nanoparticles.
AB  - Iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in a wide range of biomedical
      applications, including drug delivery, molecular imaging, and cellular imaging.
      Various surface modifications have been applied to the particles to stabilize
      their surface and to give them a moiety for anchoring tags and/or drug molecules.
      Conventional methods of delivering immunosuppressant drugs often require a high
      dose of drugs to ensure therapeutic effects, but this can lead to toxic side
      effects. In this study, we used silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IOSs) for
      a drug delivery application in which the nanoparticles carry the minimum amount
      of drug required to be effective to the target cells. IOSs could be loaded with
      water-insoluble immunosuppressive drug molecules (MPA: mycophenolic acid) and be
      used as a contrast agent for MRI. We characterized the IOSs for their
      physicochemical properties and found their average hydrodynamic diameter and core
      size to be 40.5nm and 5nm, respectively. Following the introduction of MPA-loaded
      IOSs (IOS/M), we evaluated the secretion dynamics of cytokines from peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The results
      showed that IOS/M effectively inhibited the secretion of the cytokines
      interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, with a minimal concentration of
      MPA. In conclusion, IOS/M may have potential applications in both efficient drug
      delivery and MRI. 

PMID- 26967000
TI  - Glycoside hydrolase family 13 alpha-glucosidases encoded by Bifidobacterium breve
      UCC2003; A comparative analysis of function, structure and phylogeny.
AB  - Bifidobacterium breve is a noted inhabitant and one of the first colonizers of
      the human gastro intestinal tract (GIT). The ability of this bacterium to persist
      in the GIT is reflected by the abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes that are
      encoded by its genome. One such family of enzymes is represented by the alpha
      glucosidases, of which three, Agl1, Agl2 and MelD, have previously been
      identified and characterized in the prototype B. breve strain UCC2003. In this
      report, we describe an additional B. breve UCC2003-encoded alpha-glucosidase,
      along with a B. breve UCC2003-encoded alpha-glucosidase-like protein, designated
      here as Agl3 and Agl4, respectively, which together with the three previously
      described enzymes belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13. Agl3 was shown to
      exhibit hydrolytic specificity towards the alpha-(1->6) linkage present in
      palatinose; the alpha-(1->3) linkage present in turanose; the alpha-(1->4)
      linkages found in maltotriose and maltose; and to a lesser degree, the alpha-(1
      >2) linkage found in sucrose and kojibiose; and the alpha-(1->5) linkage found in
      leucrose. Surprisingly, based on the substrates analyzed, Agl4 did not exhibit
      biologically relevant alpha-glucosidic activity. With the presence of four
      functionally active GH13 alpha-glucosidases, B. breve UCC2003 is capable of
      hydrolyzing all alpha-glucosidic linkages that can be expected in glycan
      substrates in the lower GIT. This abundance of alpha-glucosidases provides B.
      breve UCC2003 with an adaptive ability and metabolic versatility befitting the
      transient nature of growth substrates in the GIT. 

PMID- 26967002
TI  - Effects of transport distance, lairage time and stunning efficiency on cortisol,
      glucose, HSPA1A and how they relate with meat quality in cattle.
AB  - This study determined the effects of distance travelled, lairage duration and
      number of stunning shots on the plasma levels of bovine heat shock protein 70
      (HSPA1A), cortisol (CORT) and glucose (GLU) and their relationship with beef
      quality. There were positive correlations among HSPA1A, GLU, CORT, a*, b* and the
      HUE angle. Animals that were stunned more than once had the highest HSPA1A
      (13.61+/-2.874ng/ml) and CORT (109.36+/-8.373nmol/L) levels. Animals that
      travelled for 200<400km had lower HSPA1A expression (8.29+/-2.026ng/ml) than
      those that were transported for 400<800km (12.11+/-2.548ng/ml) and <200km
      (17.32+/-2.362ng/ml). Lairage duration affected (P<0.05) the expression of
      HSPA1A, GLU and CORT levels. Animals stunned more than once had elevated CORT and
      HSPA1A levels. HSPA1A, CORT and GLU were related to beef quality. Stunning of
      animals more than once increased the levels of blood CORT and HSPA1A. 

PMID- 26967001
TI  - Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a
      Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1.
AB  - Although mitochondria possess their own transcriptional machinery, merely 1% of
      mitochondrial proteins are synthesized inside the organelle. The nuclear-encoded
      proteins are transported into mitochondria guided by their mitochondria targeting
      sequences (MTS); however, a majority of mitochondrial localized proteins lack an
      identifiable MTS. Nevertheless, the fact that MTS can instruct proteins to go
      into the mitochondria provides a valuable tool for studying mitochondrial
      functions of normally nuclear and/or cytoplasmic proteins. We have recently
      identified the cell cycle kinase CyclinB1/Cdk1 complex in the mitochondria. To
      specifically study the mitochondrial functions of this complex, mitochondrial
      overexpression and knock-down of this complex without interfering with its
      nuclear or cytoplasmic functions were essential. By tagging CyclinB1/Cdk1 with
      MTS, we were able to achieve mitochondrial overexpression of this complex to
      study its mitochondrial targets as well as functions. Via tagging dominant
      negative Cdk1 with MTS, inhibition of Cdk1 activity was accomplished particularly
      in the mitochondria. Potential mitochondrial targets of CyclinB1/Cdk1 complex
      were identified using a gel-based proteomics approach. Unlike traditional 2D gel
      analysis, we employed 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE)
      technology followed by phosphoprotein staining to fluorescently label
      differentially phosphorylated proteins in mitochondrial Cdk1 expressing cells.
      Identification of phosphoprotein spots that were altered in wild type versus
      dominant negative Cdk1 bearing mitochondria revealed the identity of
      mitochondrial targets of Cdk1. Finally, to determine the effect of CyclinB1/Cdk1
      mitochondrial localization in cell cycle progression, a cell proliferation assay
      using a synthetic thymidine analogue EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) was used to
      monitor the cells as they go through the cell cycle and replicate their DNA.
      Altogether, we demonstrated a variety of approaches available to study
      mitochondrial localization and activity of a cell cycle kinase. These are
      advanced, yet easy to follow methods that will be beneficial to many cell biology
      researchers. 

PMID- 26967003
TI  - Early signaling, synthesis, transport and metabolism of ureides.
AB  - The symbiosis between alpha nitrogen (N2)-fixing Proteobacteria (family
      Rhizobiaceae) and legumes belonging to the Fabaceae (a single phylogenetic group
      comprising three subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae)
      results in the formation of a novel root structure called a nodule, where
      atmospheric N2 is fixed into NH3(+). In the determinate type of nodules harbored
      by Rhizobium-nodulated Fabaceae species, newly synthesized NH3(+) is finally
      converted into allantoin (C4H6N4O3) and allantoic acid (C4H8N4O4) (ureides)
      through complex pathways involving at least 20 different enzymes that act
      synchronously in two types of nodule cells with contrasting ultrastructure,
      including the tree nodule cell organelles. Newly synthesized ureides are loaded
      into the network of nodule-root xylem vessels and transported to aerial organs by
      the transpirational water current. Once inside the leaves, ureides undergo an
      enzymatically driven reverse process to yield NH4(+) that is used for growth.
      This supports the role of ureides as key nitrogen (N)-compounds for the growth
      and yield of legumes nodulated by Rhizobium that grow in soils with a low N
      content. Thus, a concrete understanding of the mechanisms underlying ureide
      biogenesis and catabolism in legumes may help agrobiologists to achieve greater
      agricultural discoveries. In this review we focus on the transmembranal and
      transorganellar symplastic and apoplastic movement of N-precursors within the
      nodules, as well as on the occurrence, localization and properties of enzymes and
      genes involved in the biogenesis and catabolism of ureides. The synthesis and
      transport of ureides are not unique events in Rhizobium-nodulated N2-fixing
      legumes. Thus, a brief description of the synthesis and catabolism of ureides in
      non-legumes was included for comparison. The establishment of the symbiosis,
      nodule organogenesis and the plant's control of nodule number, synthesis and
      translocation of ureides via feed-back inhibition mechanisms are also reviewed. 

PMID- 26967004
TI  - Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and Eutrema salsugineum in a closed growing system
      designed for quantification of plant water use.
AB  - The identification of genetic determinants for water-use efficiency (WUE) and
      their incorporation into crop plants is critical as world water resources are
      predicted to become less stable over the coming decades. However, quantification
      of WUE in small model species such as Arabidopsis is difficult because of low
      plant water loss relative to root zone evaporation. Furthermore, measurements of
      long-term WUE are labor-intensive and time-consuming. A novel high-throughput
      closed-container growing system for measuring plant WUE is described. The system
      eliminates nearly all water loss from the media and does not require irrigation
      throughout the duration of a typical experiment. Using the model species
      Arabidopsis thaliana and Eutrema salsugineum, it was confirmed that under growth
      chamber conditions, this system: (1) eliminates the need for irrigation for as
      much as 30 days with media water content remaining above 80% full capacity; (2)
      allows for quantification of WUE in plants with a leaf area as small as ca. 20
      cm(2); (3) does not inhibit plant growth; and (4) does not alter media conditions
      outside of an acceptable range for these species. The growing system provides an
      efficient high-throughput system for quantifying plant water loss and WUE.

PMID- 26967005
TI  - Association Between Oral Fluoroquinolone Use and Retinal Detachment.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Several studies have focused on the current use of oral
      fluoroquinolones and the risk for retinal detachment (RD), but the existence of
      this association is under debate. Given the widespread fluoroquinolone use,
      investigation of this association is essential. OBJECTIVE: To assess the
      association between oral fluoroquinolone use and the risk for RD, including the
      rhegmatogenous and exudative types. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This case
      crossover study included 27,540 adults with RD from French health care databases
      from July 1, 2010, through December 31, 2013. Patients with a history of RD or
      retinal break, endophthalmitis, intravitreal injection, choroidal retinal vitreal
      biopsy, and human immunodeficiency virus infection or those hospitalized within 6
      months of RD were excluded. The risk period of primary interest was current use,
      defined as exposure to fluoroquinolones within 10 days immediately before RD
      surgery, according to previous findings. Oral fluoroquinolone use was assumed to
      start on the day the prescription was dispensed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Exposure to fluoroquinolones during the risk period (1-10 days) compared with the
      control period (61-180 days). The association was also assessed regarding use in
      the recent (11-30 days) and past (31-60 days) intermediate risk period, type of
      fluoroquinolone, and type of RD. RESULTS: Of the 27,540 eligible patients (57%
      men; mean [SD] age, 61.5 [13.6] years), 663 patients with RD were exposed to
      fluoroquinolones during the observation period, corresponding to 80 cases exposed
      during the 10-day risk period (<=10 days before RD) and 583 cases exposed during
      the control period (61-180 days). We found a significant increased risk for RD
      during the 10-day period after the dispensing of oral fluoroquinolones, with an
      adjusted odds ratio of 1.46 (95% CI, 1.15-1.87). The risk was significantly
      increased for rhegmatogenous and exudative RD, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.41
      (95% CI, 1.04-1.92) and 2.57 (95% CI, 1.46-4.53), respectively. Recent and past
      use of fluoroquinolones were not associated with a higher risk for RD, with
      adjusted odds ratios of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.78-1.14) and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.91-1.24),
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Current oral fluoroquinolone use was
      associated with an increased risk for RD, including the rhegmatogenous and
      exudative types. These findings, along with the available literature, suggest an
      association between fluoroquinolone use and the risk for RD. The nature of this
      association should be further investigated in future studies.

PMID- 26967006
TI  - Luteolin rescues pentylenetetrazole-induced cognitive impairment in epileptic
      rats by reducing oxidative stress and activating PKA/CREB/BDNF signaling.
AB  - Most antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) interfere with cognitive function, and there is
      therefore an urgent need for AEDs that are effective but do not have this side
      effect. Various studies have reported the antiinflammatory and cytoprotective
      properties of the natural flavonoid luteolin (LU); however, none has examined
      systematically its antiseizure potential. The current study investigated the
      effects of LU on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced cognitive impairment in rats
      and the underlying mechanisms. Seizures were induced in rats by daily injection
      of PTZ for 36 days. Two other groups were pretreated with LU (50 or 100 mg/kg/day
      by oral administration) 30 min prior to PTZ administration. Seizure severity was
      scored, and cognitive function was tested in the Morris water maze. Neuronal
      damage, mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress,
      phosphoactivation of the protein kinase A (PKA)-cyclic AMP response element
      binding protein (CREB) pathway, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
      expression were measured in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with LU suppressed
      seizure induction, duration, and severity following PTZ injection, reversed
      cognitive impairment, reduced neuronal and oxidative stress damage, and increased
      phosphoactivation of PKA and CREB as well as BDNF expression. These results
      indicate that LU should be further investigated as a treatment for epilepsy.

PMID- 26967008
TI  - Investigation of Postoperative Oral Fluid Intake as a Predictor of Postoperative
      Emergency Department Visits After Pediatric Tonsillectomy.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: This study contributes novel data on the association between oral
      fluid intake before discharge and adverse outcomes following tonsillectomy in
      pediatric patients. These data contribute to evidence-based, safe, and cost
      effective decision making regarding discharge. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether
      the quantity of oral fluid intake before discharge is associated with adverse
      outcomes following tonsillectomy in pediatric patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the electronic
      medical records of 1183 pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy between
      September 24, 2012, and June 5, 2015, at a tertiary care academic medical center.
      Exclusion criteria included age 18 years or older, overnight admission, and
      missing data on fluid intake. The final cohort comprised 473 patients. Data
      analysis was conducted from July 8 to August 23, 2015. EXPOSURES: All patients
      underwent tonsillectomy by 1 of 7 attending surgeons at our institution. All
      patients were given intravenous fluids and analgesia in the postanesthesia care
      unit before being admitted to the pediatric inpatient floor for monitoring before
      discharge. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome measured was
      presentation to the emergency department within 2 weeks after tonsillectomy with
      a related complication. We also recorded hospital readmissions and returns to the
      operating room for related complications. The primary diagnosis was noted for
      each complication. RESULTS: Among 473 patients (235 male; mean [SD] age, 7.2
      [3.5] years), oral fluid intake after tonsillectomy ranged from 0.7 to 66.7
      mL/kg, with a mean (SD) intake of 18.2 (10.8) mL/kg. Mean (SD) time to discharge
      was 6.96 (1.91) hours (range, 1.68-14.25 hours). Overall, 31 patients (6.6%)
      presented to the emergency department for a related complication after
      tonsillectomy. No correlation was found between oral fluid intake after
      tonsillectomy and presentation to the emergency department (odds ratio, 1.03; 95%
      CI, 0.98-1.08; P = .29). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study suggests that oral
      fluid intake before discharge is not predictive of presentation to the emergency
      department after tonsillectomy within the ranges studied and at this institution.
      Therefore, discharge criteria based strictly on thresholds for oral fluid intake
      may be unnecessary. Further study at multiple institutions using a wider range of
      fluid intake volumes or a large-scale randomized clinical trial is needed before
      conclusions can be generalized.

PMID- 26967007
TI  - Point-of-use water disinfection using ultraviolet and visible light-emitting
      diodes.
AB  - Improvements in point-of-use (POU) drinking water disinfection technologies for
      remote and regional communities are urgently needed. Conceptually, UV-C light
      emitting diodes (LEDs) overcome many drawbacks of low-pressure mercury tube based
      UV devices, and UV-A or visible light LEDs also show potential. To realistically
      evaluate the promise of LED disinfection, our study assessed the performance of a
      model 1.3 L reactor, similar in size to solar disinfection bottles. In all, 12
      different commercial or semi-commercial LED arrays (270-740 nm) were compared for
      their ability to inactivate Escherichia coli K12 ATCC W3110 and Enterococcus
      faecalis ATCC 19433 over 6h. Five log10 and greater reductions were consistently
      achieved using the 270, 365, 385 and 405 nm arrays. The output of the 310 nm
      array was insufficient for useful disinfection while 430 and 455 nm performance
      was marginal (~ 4.2 and 2.3-log10s E. coli and E. faecalis over the 6h). No
      significant disinfection was observed with the 525, 590, 623, 660 and 740 nm
      arrays. Delays in log-phase inactivation of E. coli were observed, particularly
      with UV-A wavelengths. The radiation doses required for >3-log10 reduction of E.
      coli and E. faecalis differed by 10 fold at 270 nm but only 1.5-2.5 fold at 365
      455 nm. Action spectra, consistent with the literature, were observed with both
      indicators. The design process revealed cost and technical constraints pertaining
      to LED electrical efficiency, availability and lifetime. We concluded that POU
      LED disinfection using existing LED technology is already technically possible.
      UV-C LEDs offer speed and energy demand advantages, while UV-A/violet units are
      safer. Both approaches still require further costing and engineering development.
      Our study provides data needed for such work.

PMID- 26967010
TI  - Coloration in different areas of facial skin is a cue to health: The role of
      cheek redness and periorbital luminance in health perception.
AB  - Looking healthy is a desirable trait, and facial skin color is a predictor of
      perceived health. However, skin conditions that cause dissatisfaction with
      appearance are specific to particular facial areas. We investigated whether color
      variation in facial skin is related to perceived health. Study 1 defined three
      areas based on color differences between faces perceived as healthy or unhealthy:
      the forehead, periorbital areas, and the cheeks. Periorbital luminance and cheek
      redness predicted perceived health, as did global skin yellowness. In Study 2,
      increased luminance and redness caused faces to be perceived as healthier, but
      only when the increase was in the periorbital and cheek areas, respectively.
      Manipulating each area separately in Study 3 revealed cheek redness and
      periorbital luminance equally increased perceived health, with low periorbital
      luminance more negatively affecting perceptions. These findings show that color
      variation in facial skin is a cue for health perception in female faces. 

PMID- 26967011
TI  - Corrections to: Attention allocation before antisaccades.

PMID- 26967009
TI  - Influenza vaccine with adjuvant on disease activity in psoriatic arthritis
      patients under anti-TNF-alpha therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects on disease activity of seasonal influenza
      vaccination with adjuvant in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients in stable disease
      activity on anti-TNF-alpha drugs as compared to not vaccinated PsA patients
      adequately matched. METHODS: An observational study was conducted on a cohort of
      PsA patients in stable disease activity who underwent administration of an
      adjuvanted vaccine for seasonal influenza. Cases (Group 1) were matched for age,
      sex, disease activity and therapy with not vaccinated PsA patients (Group 2).
      Analysis included patients data before vaccination (T0), and one month (T1) and
      three months (T3) after administration of the vaccination for Group 1 and at
      correspondent intervals for Group 2. Assessment of disease activity parameters
      was performed at each visit. RESULTS: Twenty-five vaccinated and 25 not
      vaccinated patients were included in the study. As a first approach, we analysed
      the data within groups. At T1, as compared to baseline, the group of vaccinated
      patients had a statistically significant increase in TJC (tender joint count) and
      ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). At T3, a statistically significant
      difference from baseline characteristics was found only for the TJC. In Group 2,
      all the observed variables showed no significant differences when comparing
      baseline to T1 and T3. Analysis of the data between groups at T1, Group 1, as
      compared to Group 2, showed a significant increase of TJC, ESR, HAQ (Health
      Assessment Questionnaire), PtGA (patient global assessment) and PhGA (physician
      global assessment). These findings were also confirmed when comparing the two
      groups at T3 for ESR and PtGA, while they were not confirmed for TJC, HAQ and
      PhGA. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination is clinically efficacious in PsA
      patients under anti-TNF-alpha therapy, but it could trigger a short-lasting
      exacerbation of the disease.

PMID- 26967012
TI  - Where are you looking? Pseudogaze in afterimages.
AB  - How do we know where we are looking? A frequent assumption is that the subjective
      experience of our direction of gaze is assigned to the location in the world that
      falls on our fovea. However, we find that observers can shift their subjective
      direction of gaze among different nonfoveal points in an afterimage. Observers
      were asked to look directly at different corners of a diamond-shaped afterimage.
      When the requested corner was 3.5 degrees  in the periphery, the observer often
      reported that the image moved away in the direction of the attempted gaze shift.
      However, when the corner was at 1.75 degrees  eccentricity, most reported
      successfully fixating at the point. Eye-tracking data revealed systematic drift
      during the subjective fixations on peripheral locations. For example, when
      observers reported looking directly at a point above the fovea, their eyes were
      often drifting steadily upwards. We then asked observers to make a saccade from a
      subjectively fixated, nonfoveal point to another point in the afterimage, 7
      degrees  directly below their fovea. The observers consistently reported making
      appropriately diagonal saccades, but the eye movement traces only occasionally
      followed the perceived oblique direction. These results suggest that the
      perceived direction of gaze can be assigned flexibly to an attended point near
      the fovea. This may be how the visual world acquires its stability during
      fixation of an object, despite the drifts and microsaccades that are normal
      characteristics of visual fixation. 

PMID- 26967013
TI  - Visual continuity across saccades is influenced by expectations.
AB  - As we make saccades, the image on each retina is displaced, yet our visual
      perception is uninterrupted. This is commonly referred to as transsaccadic
      perceptual stability, but such a description is inadequate. Some visual objects
      are stable (e.g., rocks) and should be perceived as such across saccades, but
      other objects may move at any time (e.g., birds). Stability is probabilistic in
      natural scenes. Here we extend the common notion of transsaccadic visual
      stability to a more general, ecologically based hypothesis of transsaccadic
      visual continuity in which postsaccadic percepts of objects depend on
      expectations about their probability of movement. Subjects made a saccade to a
      target and reported whether it seemed displaced after the saccade. Targets had
      varying probabilities of movement (ranging from 0.1-0.9) that corresponded to
      their color (spectrum from blue to red). Performance was compared before and
      after subjects were told about the color-probability pairings ("uninformed" vs.
      "informed" conditions). Analyses focused on signal detection and psychometric
      threshold measures. We found that in the uninformed condition, performance was
      similar across color-probability pairings, but in the informed condition,
      response biases varied with probability of movement, and movement-detection
      sensitivities were higher for rarely moving targets. We conclude that subjects
      incorporate priors about object movement into their judgments of visual
      continuity across saccades. 

PMID- 26967014
TI  - Object attributes combine additively in visual search.
AB  - We perceive objects as containing a variety of attributes: local features,
      relations between features, internal details, and global properties. But we know
      little about how they combine. Here, we report a remarkably simple additive rule
      that governs how these diverse object attributes combine in vision. The perceived
      dissimilarity between two objects was accurately explained as a sum of (a)
      spatially tuned local contour-matching processes modulated by part decomposition;
      (b) differences in internal details, such as texture; (c) differences in emergent
      attributes, such as symmetry; and (d) differences in global properties, such as
      orientation or overall configuration of parts. Our results elucidate an enduring
      question in object vision by showing that the whole object is not a sum of its
      parts but a sum of its many attributes. 

PMID- 26967015
TI  - Learning and inference using complex generative models in a spatial localization
      task.
AB  - A large body of research has established that, under relatively simple task
      conditions, human observers integrate uncertain sensory information with learned
      prior knowledge in an approximately Bayes-optimal manner. However, in many
      natural tasks, observers must perform this sensory-plus-prior integration when
      the underlying generative model of the environment consists of multiple causes.
      Here we ask if the Bayes-optimal integration seen with simple tasks also applies
      to such natural tasks when the generative model is more complex, or whether
      observers rely instead on a less efficient set of heuristics that approximate
      ideal performance. Participants localized a "hidden" target whose position on a
      touch screen was sampled from a location-contingent bimodal generative model with
      different variances around each mode. Over repeated exposure to this task,
      participants learned the a priori locations of the target (i.e., the bimodal
      generative model), and integrated this learned knowledge with uncertain sensory
      information on a trial-by-trial basis in a manner consistent with the predictions
      of Bayes-optimal behavior. In particular, participants rapidly learned the
      locations of the two modes of the generative model, but the relative variances of
      the modes were learned much more slowly. Taken together, our results suggest that
      human performance in a more complex localization task, which requires the
      integration of sensory information with learned knowledge of a bimodal generative
      model, is consistent with the predictions of Bayes-optimal behavior, but involves
      a much longer time-course than in simpler tasks. 

PMID- 26967016
TI  - MoS2-Titanium Contact Interface Reactions.
AB  - The formation of the Ti-MoS2 interface, which is heavily utilized in
      nanoelectronic device research, is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
      It is found that, if deposition under high vacuum (~1 * 10(-6) mbar) as opposed
      to ultrahigh vacuum (~1 * 10(-9) mbar) conditions are used, TiO2 forms at the
      interface rather than Ti. The high vacuum deposition results in an interface free
      of any detectable reaction between the semiconductor and the deposited contact.
      In contrast, when metallic titanium is successfully deposited by carrying out
      depositions in ultrahigh vacuum, the titanium reacts with MoS2 forming Ti(x)S(y)
      and metallic Mo at the interface. These results have far reaching implications as
      many prior studies assuming Ti contacts may have actually used TiO2 due to the
      nature of the deposition tools used.

PMID- 26967017
TI  - Inclusion for People with Developmental Disabilities: Measuring an Elusive
      Construct.
AB  - The philosophy of inclusion for people with intellectual and developmental
      disabilities (IDD) has evolved over the last 50 years. Over time, inclusion
      research has shifted from a focus on deinstitutionalization to understanding the
      extent to which individuals with IDD are meaningfully involved in the community
      and social relationships. Yet, there has been no agreed on way to measure
      inclusion. Many different measurement and data collection techniques have been
      used in the literature. This study proposes a brief measure of inclusion that can
      be used with family members and on survey instruments. 

PMID- 26967019
TI  - Solvent Effects on Electronic Excitations of an Organic Chromophore.
AB  - In this work we study the solvatochromic shift of a selected low-energy excited
      state of alizarin in water by using a linear-scaling implementation of large
      scale time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). While alizarin, a small
      organic dye, is chosen as a simple example of solute-solvent interactions, the
      findings presented here have wider ramifications for the realistic modeling of
      dyes, paints, and pigment-protein complexes. We find that about 380 molecules of
      explicit water need to be considered in order to yield an accurate representation
      of the solute-solvent interaction and a reliable solvatochromic shift. By using a
      novel method of constraining the TDDFT excitation vector, we confirm that the
      origin of the slow convergence of the solvatochromic shift with system size is
      due to two different effects. The first factor is a strong redshift of the
      excitation due to an explicit delocalization of a small fraction of the electron
      and the hole from the alizarin onto the water, which is mainly confined to within
      a distance of 7 A from the alizarin molecule. The second factor can be identified
      as long-range electrostatic influences of water molecules beyond the 7 A region
      on the ground-state properties of alizarin. We also show that these electrostatic
      influences are not well reproduced by a QM/MM model, suggesting that full QM
      studies of relatively large systems may be necessary in order to obtain reliable
      results. 

PMID- 26967020
TI  - Unveiling the Role of Hot Charge-Transfer States in Molecular Aggregates via
      Nonadiabatic Dynamics.
AB  - Exciton dynamics governs energy transfer and charge generation in organic
      functional materials. We investigate high-energy nonadiabatic excited-state
      dynamics for a bithiophene dimer to describe time-dependent excitonic effects in
      molecular aggregates. We show that the lowest excited states are populated on the
      subpicosecond time scale. These states are localized and unproductive in terms of
      charge separation. Productive high-energy charge-transfer (CT) states are
      populated within 50 fs during exciton deactivation, but they are short-lived
      (~100 fs) and quickly transfer their population to lower states. Our simulations
      offer molecular-level insights into ultrafast photoinduced charge separation
      potentially triggered by hot CT states in solid-state organic materials. Design
      rules are suggested to increase hot exciton lifetimes, favoring the population of
      CT states as gateways for direct charge generation. These rules may boost the CT
      quantum yield by depleting unproductive recombination channels. 

PMID- 26967018
TI  - A game of tag: MAPS catches up on RNA interactomes.
AB  - In the last few decades, small regulatory RNA (sRNA) molecules emerged as key
      regulators in every kingdom of life. Resolving the full targetome of sRNAs has
      however remained a challenge. To address this, we used an in vivo tagging MS2
      affinity purification protocol coupled with RNA sequencing technology, namely
      MAPS, to assemble full bacterial small RNAs targetomes. The impressive potential
      of MAPS has been supported by a number of reports. Here, we concisely overview
      RNA-tagging history that preceded the development of the MAPS assay and expose
      the range of possible uses of this technology.

PMID- 26967021
TI  - Calix[3]carbazole: One-Step Synthesis and Host-Guest Binding.
AB  - The one-step synthetic strategy for the preparation of the hitherto unknown
      calix[3]carbazole from readily available starting materials is described.
      Calix[3]carbazole is obtained in 20% yield, and it could selectively bind the
      N(C2H5)4(+) cation (tetraethylammonium, TEA) via cation-pi interactions. The
      experimental and modeling results indicate that calix[3]carbazole possesses a
      larger pi-cavity as well as a better chromophoric property than the traditional
      phenol-based macrocycles, and thus is capable of binding to and optically
      responding to the relatively large guest TEA. 

PMID- 26967022
TI  - Advantages and disadvantages of discrete-event simulation for health economic
      analyses.

PMID- 26967023
TI  - Interactive Online Module Failed to Improve Sustained Knowledge of the Maryland
      Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment Form.
AB  - RATIONALE: Legal documents similar to the Maryland Medical Orders for Life
      Sustaining Treatment (MOLST) form requiring physician endorsement are
      increasingly used by critically ill patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether an
      interactive, online training module on completion and interpretation of the MOLST
      form leads to a sustained increase in knowledge among house staff. METHODS:
      Pre/post survey of 329 house staff at Johns Hopkins Hospital who admit and
      discharge patients between June 2014 and July 2015. House staff were encouraged
      to complete a voluntary, interactive, online educational module on completing and
      interpreting MOLST forms. Participants received $25 for accessing the module and
      $10 for completing each survey. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary
      outcome was the change in the number of questions answered correctly on the post-
      versus presurvey comparing house staff who viewed the module for at least 20
      minutes with house staff who never viewed or never completed the module. Overall,
      329 (69%) house staff completed the knowledge assessment survey both before and
      after the module was available, and 201 (61%) of these house staff completed the
      voluntary module. The median score on the presurvey conducted in July and August
      of 2014 was 14 out of 21 (interquartile range [IQR] 12, 16). The median (IQR)
      score on the postsurvey conducted in May and June of 2015 was 15 out of 21 (13,
      17). The median (IQR) change in score among those who spent at least 20 minutes
      completing the module was 1 question (-1, 3), and among those who never viewed or
      never completed the module it was also 1 (IQR -1, 2). The postsurvey was
      completed a median (IQR) of 59 (52, 62) days after viewing the module. After
      adjusting for years of postgraduate clinical training, self-reported baseline
      experience completing MOLST forms, and self-reported responsibility for
      discharging patients, viewing the module for at least 20 minutes was associated
      with a nonsignificant increase in score of 0.41 questions (95% confidence
      interval, -0.25, 1.06; P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: An interactive, online educational
      module had no effect on trainee knowledge of completing and interpreting MOLST
      forms approximately 2 months after completion. Information conveyed via online
      modules alone may have minimal sustained impact on house staff knowledge.

PMID- 26967024
TI  - Convertible resistive switching characteristics between memory switching and
      threshold switching in a single ferritin-based memristor.
AB  - A bio-memristor fabricated with ferritin exhibits novel resistive switching
      characteristics wherein memory switching and threshold switching are made
      steadily coexistent and inter-convertible through controlling the magnitude of
      compliance current presets. 

PMID- 26967027
TI  - Association between postures and work-related musculoskeletal discomforts (WRMD)
      among beverage bottling workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bottling tasks postures may increase risk for developing work related
      musculoskeletal discomforts (WRMDs). Postural evaluation with epidemiological
      investigation for possible association may be appropriate for planning ergonomic
      programs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate working postures and investigate associations
      between postural risks and prevalence of WRMDs among beverage bottling workers.
      METHOD: 301 beverage bottling company workers (8 work-stations) participated in
      this survey. They were required to complete a modified standard Nordic
      questionnaire, and their working postures examined utilizing Rapid Entire Body
      Assessment (REBA). RESULTS: Postural risks ratings were high (8- 10) to very high
      (11- 15). Shoulder was the most commonly reported body part with WRMDs except at
      the carbonating workstations where Neck, Upper and Lower back discomforts were
      the most common (60.0%). The compounding workstations recorded the highest
      prevalence of WRMDs in all body regions except shoulder and wrist. There was a
      significant association between working posture and occurrence of WRMDs in at
      least one body part. Similarly, working posture was significantly associated with
      WRMDs at Neck, Upper back and Wrist. CONCLUSIONS: Working postures may be
      exposing beverage bottling workers to significant risk of developing WRMDs in at
      least one body part, more specifically, Shoulder, Neck, Upper back and Wrist.
      Intervention aimed at reducing postural risks is necessary.

PMID- 26967028
TI  - Best practice intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder among transit
      workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transportation industry workers are at high risk for exposure to
      traumatic incidents in the workplace. A considerable number of those exposed to
      such incidents will develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which
      leads to high rates of absenteeism and are costly to the public transit
      corporation and workplace safety compensation insurance. OBJECTIVE: To determine
      whether the newly implemented Best Practice Intervention (BPI) provides superior
      outcomeswhen compared with Treatment-as-Usual (TAU) interventions in improving
      workers' rates of return to work (RTW), decreasing duration of time lost from
      work and overall reduction in severity of PTSD symptoms 6 months after exposure.
      METHODS: A sequential mixed methods approach was used with qualitative analysis
      followed by a pre-post intervention design. Sixty-two participants were recruited
      to the (TAU) phase of the study and 79 to the (BPI) phase. RESULTS: Significant
      differences were observed between the TAU and BPI groups in number of lost work
      days (TAU: 20 days vs. BPI: 52 days, p = 0.02). PTSD symptoms decreased with time
      (MPPS score: 51.3 vs. 24.35; p < 0.001). One-fifth of the participants (21 %) did
      not return to work by the end of the 6 months follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The
      study demonstrated the value of workplace interventions in improving awareness of
      psychological symptoms after exposure to a traumatic incident and the value of
      screening for PTSD symptoms.

PMID- 26967029
TI  - Facilitators and barriers to doing workplace mental health research: Case study
      of acute psychological trauma in a public transit system.
AB  - The Acute Psychological Trauma (APT) Study was a collaboration between an acute
      care hospital, a specialized multidisciplinary program designed to meet the
      mental health needs of injured workers, and a large urban public transit system.
      The overall purpose was to evaluate a Best Practices Intervention (BPI) for
      employees affected by acute psychological trauma compared to a Treatment as Usual
      (TAU) group. The specific purpose is to discuss facilitators and barriers that
      were recognized in implementing and carrying out mental health research in a
      workplace setting. Over the course of the APT study, a joint implementation
      committee was responsible for day-to-day study operations and made regular
      observations on the facilitators and barriers that arose throughout the study.
      The facilitators to this study included the longstanding relationships among the
      partners, increased recognition for the need of mental health research in the
      workplace, and the existence of a community advisory committee. The significant
      barriers to doing this study of mental health research in the workplace included
      differences in organizational culture, inconsistent union support, co
      interventions, and stigma. Researchers and funding agencies need to be flexible
      and provide additional resources in order to overcome the barriers that can exist
      doing workplace mental health research. 

PMID- 26967026
TI  - Assessment of the Mitigative Capacity of Dietary Zinc on PCB126 Hepatotoxicity
      and the Contribution of Zinc to Toxicity.
AB  - Hepatic levels of the essential micronutrient, zinc, are diminished by several
      hepatotoxicants, and the dietary supplementation of zinc has proven protective in
      those cases. 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), a liver toxicant, alters
      hepatic nutrient homeostasis and lowers hepatic zinc levels. The current study
      was designed to determine the mitigative potential of dietary zinc in the
      toxicity associated with PCB126 and the role of zinc in that toxicity. Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three dietary groups and fed diets
      deficient in zinc (7 ppm Zn), adequate in zinc (30 ppm Zn), and supplemented in
      zinc (300 ppm). The animals were maintained for 3 weeks on these diets, then
      given a single IP injection of vehicle or 1 or 5 MUmol/kg PCB126. After 2 weeks,
      the animals were euthanized. Dietary zinc increased the level of ROS, the
      activity of CuZnSOD, and the expression of metallothionein but decreased the
      levels of hepatic manganese. PCB126 exposed rats exhibited classic signs of
      exposure, including hepatomegaly, increased hepatic lipids, increased ROS and CYP
      induction. Liver histology suggests some mild ameliorative properties of both
      zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation. Other metrics of toxicity (relative
      liver and thymus weights, hepatic lipids, and hepatic ROS) did not support this
      trend. Interestingly, the zinc supplemented high dose PCB126 group had mildly
      improved histology and less efficacious induction of investigated genes than did
      the low dose PCB126 group. Overall, decreases in zinc caused by PCB126 likely
      contribute little to the ongoing toxicity, and the mitigative/preventive capacity
      of zinc against PCB126 exposure seems limited.

PMID- 26967030
TI  - Hiring people with disabilities: A scoping review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many people with disabilities continue to encounter challenges trying
      to secure employment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to synthesize
      existent knowledge about the hiring process for people with disabilities and
      explore research priorities from the perspective of key stakeholders. METHODS: A
      scoping review of the literature related to hiring processes and practices as
      they relate to people with disabilities was undertaken. As part of the scoping
      review, seven key informant consultations were conducted in order to gain further
      insight into the key issues identified by those most involved in the hiring
      process for people with disabilities. RESULTS: Findings from the literature and
      consultations revolve around seven inter-related topics: 1) regulationsversus
      practice, 2) stigma, 3) disclosure, 4) accommodations, 5) relationship building
      and use of disability organizations,6) information and support to employers, and
      7) hiring practices that invite people with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Although
      barriers to employment for people with disabilities have been examined in the
      literature, there remains a paucity of literature examining and evaluating
      strategies to improve hiring practices and employment opportunities for people
      with disabilities. Future research must occur in consultation with key
      stakeholders including employers, people with disabilities, and employment
      support workers.

PMID- 26967031
TI  - Firefighters' cardiovascular health and fitness: An observation of adaptations
      that occur during firefighter training academies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Firefighters' cardiovascular fitness remains a foremost concern among
      fire departments and organizations, yet very little research has been conducted
      to examine the cardiovascular fitness adaptations that occur during firefighter
      training academies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the cardiovascular adaptations
      observed among firefighter recruits during firefighter training academies using
      measures of estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and heart rate recovery
      (DeltaHR). METHODS: Firefighter recruits (n = 41) enrolled in a 16-week
      firefighter training academy completed a 5-minute step test during the first,
      eighth, and sixteenth week of training. Repeated measures analysis of variance
      (RM ANOVA) calculations were conducted to determine changes in estimated VO2max
      and DeltaHR. RESULTS: Results of the RM ANOVA calculations revealed that mean
      estimated VO2max and mean DeltaHR differed significantly between time points:
      F(2, 80) = 75.525, p < 0.001, and F(2, 80) = 4.368, p = 0.016, respectively. No
      significant changes were observed in mean estimated VO2max and mean DeltaHR
      beyond the eighth week of training. No significant relationship was identified
      between estimated VO2max and DeltaHR. CONCLUSIONS: Although firefighter recruits'
      estimated VO2max and DeltaHR change significantly over the course of the
      firefighter training academy, the measures may not be equal predictors of
      cardiovascular fitness.

PMID- 26967032
TI  - An examination of retention factors among registered nurses in Northeastern
      Ontario, Canada: Nurses intent to stay in their current position.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to examine factors related to the
      retention of registered nurses in northeastern Ontario, Canada. OBJECTIVE/METHOD:
      A cross-sectional survey of registered nurses working in northeastern Ontario,
      Canada was conducted. Logistic regression analyses were used to consider intent
      to stay in current employment in relation to the following: 1) demographic
      factors, and 2) occupation and career satisfaction factors. RESULTS: A total of
      459 (29.8% response rate) questionnaires were completed. The adjusted odds
      logistic regression analysis of RNs who intended to remain in their current
      position for the next five years, demonstrated that respondents in the 46 to 56
      age group (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.50 to 4.69), the importance of staff development
      in the organization (OR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.13 to 8.13) northeastern Ontario
      lifestyle (OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.55 to 4.40), working in nursing for 14 to 22.5
      years (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.10 to 5.93), and working between 0 to 1 hour of
      overtime per week (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.20 to 4.64) were significant factors in
      staying in their current position for the next five years. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study shows that a further understanding of the work environment could assist
      with developing retention for rural nurses. Furthermore, employers may use such
      information to ameliorate the working conditions of nurses, while researchers may
      use such evidence to develop interventions that are applicable to improving the
      working conditions of nurses.

PMID- 26967033
TI  - Validity and reliability of Persian version of the Specific Nordic questionnaire
      in Iranian industrial workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nordic is one of the most popular questionnaires for evaluating Work
      related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs), but no studies have been reported on
      the reliability and validity of this questionnaire in Iran. OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      this study was translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the
      Persian version of the Specific Nordic questionnaire (SNQ), and evaluation of the
      reliability of this questionnaire for the assessment of WMSDs in Iranian
      industrial workers. METHODS: The SNQ was completed by 122 Iranian industrial
      workers with lumbar or knee musculoskeletal disorders to assess the reliability
      and construct validity. The validity was assessed by knee injury and
      Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
      questionnaires. Reliability was assessed by a test-retest procedure for 60
      patients with 7-days interval. RESULTS: There was significant positive
      correlation between KSNQ and KOOS pain (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) and the KSNQ and KOOS
      QOL (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). There was High Pearson correlation between LSNQ and ODI
      (r = 0.77, p < 0.05). Both lumbar and knee SNQ had a high Kappa coefficient
      correlation (0.83-1 for KSNQ and 0.63-1 for LSNQ). CONCLUSIONS: The Persian
      version of the SNQ is a reliable and valid instrument to be used for the
      assessment of WMSDs in Iranian industrial workers.

PMID- 26967035
TI  - Feeling well by being together: Study of Swedish auditors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As guardians of the public interest, auditors represent a unique
      occupational group. The group that has shown to experience high level of stress
      and overload is often being associated with environmentally imposed
      responsibility as well as organizationally imposed performance demands. It is the
      latter aspects, represented by the concept of organizational culture, that is
      being highlighted in this paper and its relationship to auditor's well-being
      OBJECTIVES: The paper aims to explore organizational culture as an antecedent of
      auditors' well-being, which is assumed to have important consequences for the
      quality of auditors' work. METHODS: This study is based on a survey of 207
      Swedish auditors. Using established and validated instruments measuring aspects
      of organizational culture and personal well-being, the study employed
      correlations and multiple regression analysis in testing the relationship between
      the two. RESULTS: The results of the study suggest that an increasing degree of
      collectivistic organizational culture has a positive relationship with three
      aspects of well-being: Job satisfaction, life balance and life satisfaction.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first attempt to explore well-being of auditors
      and its antecedents represented by organizational culture. Contrary to the
      expectation that auditors take an individualistic approach to their work, this
      study establishes that auditors feel best in a work environment characterized by
      a collectivist organizational culture.

PMID- 26967034
TI  - The Bahasa Melayu version of Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire
      (CMDQ): Reliability and validity study in Malaysia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) was
      developed to assess the level of musculoskeletal discomfort among office workers
      related to their ergonomic situation. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this
      initial study is to analyze the validity and dependability of the Malay
      translation of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. METHODS: The
      questionnaire was self-administered two times, with an interval of two weeks in
      order to evaluate the accuracy of the original findings with a retest. The study
      involved 115 participants. RESULTS: The range of Cronbach Alpha coefficient
      showed a considerable consistency of the items for each sub-scale (Cronbach's a >
      0.95). The range of Kappa coefficients was between (ICC = 0.690-0.949, p <
      0.001), (ICC = 0.801-0.979, p < 0.001) and (ICC = 0.778-0.944, p < 0.001) for
      frequency, severity and interference scales. CONCLUSIONS: This research,
      introduced the Malay-language version of the CMDQ (CMDQ-M) as the first formal
      validation of the CMDQ, and confirmed a high reliability and validity for the
      evaluation of musculoskeletal discomfort among the study population.

PMID- 26967036
TI  - Organizational identification moderates the impact of organizational justice on
      job satisfaction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies concern the moderator effect of organizational
      identification between organizational justice and job satisfaction. OBJECTIVE:
      This study aimed to examine the trilateral relationship among organizational
      identification, organizational justice and job satisfaction, especially focus on
      the moderator effect of organizational identification. METHODS: 354 staffs
      completed the measures of organizational justice, organizational identification
      and job satisfaction. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analysis showed that
      organizational identification moderated the association between organizational
      justice and job satisfaction. When staffs reported a low level of organizational
      identification, those with high organizational justice reported higher scores in
      job satisfaction than those with low organizational justice. However, the impact
      of organizational justice on job satisfaction was not significant in high
      organizational identification group. CONCLUSIONS: Organizational identification
      can significantly moderate the impact of organizational justice on job
      satisfaction. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.

PMID- 26967037
TI  - Perceived safety management practices in the logistics sector.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaysia's progress on logistics has been slowed to keep pace with
      its growth in trade. The Government has been pressing companies to improve the
      safety of their activities in order to reduce society's loss due to occupational
      accidents and illnesses. Occupational safety and health is a crucial part of a
      workplace because every worker has to take care of his/her own safety and health.
      The main occupational safety and health (OSH) national policy in Malaysia is the
      enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994. Only those
      companies which have excellent health and safety care have good quality and
      productive employees. This study investigated safety management practices in the
      logistics sector. OBJECTIVES: The present study is concerned with the human
      factors to safety in the logistics industry. The authors examined the perceived
      safety management practices of workers in the logistics sector. The purpose was
      to identify the perception of safety management practices of Malaysian logistics
      personnel. METHODS: Survey questionnaires were distributed to assess logistics
      personnel about management commitment. The quantitative method using the
      availability sampling method was applied. The data gathered from the survey were
      analysed using SPSS software. The responses to the survey were rated according to
      the Likert scale type, with '1' indicating strongly disagree and '5' indicating
      strongly agree. One hundred and three employees of logistics functions completed
      the survey. RESULTS: The highest mean scores were found for fire apparatus,
      prioritisation of safety, and safety policy. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this
      study also emphasise the importance of the management's commitment in enhancing
      workplace safety. Specifically, companies should maintain good relations between
      the employer and the employee to help reduce workplace injuries.

PMID- 26967039
TI  - From the Editor.

PMID- 26967038
TI  - Exploration of the associations of touch-screen tablet computer usage and
      musculoskeletal discomfort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tablet users may be at high risk of developing physical discomfort
      because of their usage behaviors and tablet design. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the
      usage of tablets, variations in head and neck posture associated with different
      tablet tilt angles, and the association of tablet use with users' musculoskeletal
      discomfort. METHODS: A survey of users' subjective perceptions conducted by
      questionnaire and measurements of users' postures by a 3D Motion analysis system
      was used to explore the effects of tablet use. RESULTS: The questionnaire results
      indicated that over half of the participants reported physical discomfort after
      using tablets, with the most prevalent discomfort in the neck and shoulders, and
      more intensity of discomfort for the back although only few participants
      experienced it. Chi-squared tests indicated that significantly more participants
      who tended to use tablet computers to play games reported having musculoskeletal
      discomfort after using a tablet. In addition, preferences for tablet tilt angles
      varied across tasks (reading and game playing). The results from the 3D motion
      analysis revealed that head and neck flexion angles were significantly reduced
      when the tablets were positioned at relatively steep tilt angles. Neck flexion
      angle was significantly higher in game playing. CONCLUSIONS: These data add
      information regarding to the usage of tablet and its associations with physical
      discomfort (significantly more participants who tended to use tablet computers to
      play games reported having musculoskeletal discomfort after using a tablet).
      Steep tilt angles (such as 60 degrees ) may cause tablet users to decrease their
      head and neck flexion angles, which could lead to a more neutral, effortless, and
      ergonomically correct posture. Maintaining proper neck posture during active
      activities such as game playing is recommended to avoid neck discomfort.

PMID- 26967041
TI  - Work ability index among healthcare personnel in a university hospital in Tehran,
      Iran.
AB  - BACKGOUND: Work ability is an important issue from a social point of view, as it
      is essential for workers health and welfare. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to
      determine work ability among healthcare personnel and to investigate its
      relationship with demographic and lifestyle-related factors. METHODS: Data were
      collected using the Work Ability Index (WAI) questionnaire among 517 personnel of
      a hospital in Tehran, Iran. RSULTS: Findings showed a mean WAI of 40.3 (+/-5.2)
      for the study population. Work ability was significantly lower in the older
      personnel and higher for men. A significant correlation was observed between BMI
      and exercise activity and WAI score. Moreover, employees with experience of less
      than five years had significant higher work ability than those with 16-20 years
      of service. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the young study population, it seems the
      mean WAI is not as desirable. The use of lifestyle promoting programs, besides
      workplace interventions, can be an effective strategy to increase work ability
      among healthcare workers.

PMID- 26967040
TI  - A practical tool to improve outcomes in Work Injury Management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychosocial factors have the greatest influence on work
      rehabilitation outcomes yet effective and efficient systems to manage these
      factors are not widely utilized in Work Injury Management. OBJECTIVE: To report
      on the development and validation of a comprehensive assessment tool with
      practical utility in identifying and measuring the biopsychosocial factors which
      are barriers to return to work and community. METHODS: Literature search
      identified many instruments designed to identify the presence of psychosocial
      factors impacting recovery and return to work following musculoskeletal injury.
      This research aimed to match assessment with intervention. In clinical practice
      over a 5 year period, this led to development of a composite questionnaire, the
      Abilita Rehabilitation Index, which was trialed with 43 adults participating in
      Occupational Rehabilitation. The validation data are based on the results of 957
      case records of Occupational Rehabilitation participants. RESULTS: Examination of
      Cronbach coefficient alpha of the instrument indicates strong internal
      consistency (0.90) and factor analysis supports satisfactory construct validity
      of the domains (subscales) with factor loading scores ranging from 0.73 to 0.90.
      CONCLUSION: There is evidence that the proprietary Abilita Rehabilitation Index
      is a valid and reliable instrument to identify and measure the influence of
      psychosocial factors impacting an individual's recovery and return to work.
      Automated reports generated from this tool provide an evidence-based resource to
      identify risk and support rehabilitation planning in Work Injury Management.

PMID- 26967042
TI  - A comparison of carpal tunnel syndrome between digital and paper textbook users
      in elementary schools.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are advantages to using digital textbooks, but also health
      concerns yet to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the use of digital
      textbooks' effects on carpal tunnel, considered one of the potential health risks
      in students using digital textbooks. METHODS: Data were obtained from 43
      elementary school students in the sixth grade, selected from two groups who had
      used digital and paper textbooks, respectively. To assess carpal tunnel function,
      this study performed median motor nerve and median sensory nerve conduction
      studies. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the
      groups, indicating that there were no functional differences related to carpal
      tunnel syndrome between the groups. CONCLUSION: Usage of digital textbook is
      expanding nationwide in the Republic of Korea. There is no short-term risk of
      carpal tunnel syndrome in this population of elementary school students.

PMID- 26967043
TI  - Ergonomics evaluation of user-hand tool interaction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An in-depth evaluation of user hand tool interaction aids to derive
      strenuous areas for redesigning. OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we examined user
      perception about the hand tool features and derived features that exert an
      influence on human system. This nature of study aids to reduce the risk and
      enhance the comfort. METHODS: Workers from six occupational groups participated
      in the study. Ergonomic checkpoints pertaining tool features and a general health
      questionnaire that included musculoskeletal discomforts, stress symptoms and
      general health complaints were administered to check user's interaction with hand
      tools. RESULTS: Risk estimates identified varied factors such as weight of tool,
      improperly designed handle and sharp edges associated with workers risk to pain
      in upper extremities, anxiety and injury. The workers' response indicated that
      handle redesign and protection against sharp-edged tools are crucial for
      improving comfort. CONCLUSION: The study aims to provide an approach to examine
      the characteristics of tools for redesign and increase user's comfort and safety.

PMID- 26967044
TI  - A Robust Luminescent Tb(III)-MOF with Lewis Basic Pyridyl Sites for the Highly
      Sensitive Detection of Metal Ions and Small Molecules.
AB  - A new luminescent terbium-metal-organic framework [Tb3(L)2(HCOO)(H2O)5].DMF.4H2O
      (1) (H4L = 4,4'-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)diisophthalic acid) has been successfully
      assembled by Tb(3+) ions and an undeveloped pyridyl-tetracarboxylate. Compound 1
      exhibits a 3D porous (3,8)-connected (4.5(2))2(4(2).5(12).6(6).7(5).8(3))
      topological framework with fascinating 1D open hydrophilic channels decorated by
      uncoordinated Lewis basic pyridyl nitrogen atoms. In particular, the Tb-MOF (1)
      can detect Cu(2+) ions with high selectivity and sensitivity, and its
      luminescence is nearly entirely quenched in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution
      and biological system. In addition, 1 still has high detection for the trace
      content of nitromethane with 70 ppm, which suggests that 1 is a promising example
      of dual functional materials with sensing copper ions and nitromethane. 

PMID- 26967045
TI  - Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting
      and Developmental Challenges.
AB  - The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two branches, the parasympathetic
      and sympathetic nervous systems, and controls the function of internal organs
      (e.g., heart rate, respiration, digestion) and responds to everyday and adverse
      experiences (1). ANS measures in children have been found to be related to
      behavior problems, emotion regulation, and health (2-7). Therefore, understanding
      the factors that affect ANS development during early childhood is important. Both
      branches of the ANS affect young children's cardiovascular responses to stimuli
      and have been measured noninvasively, via external monitoring equipment, using
      valid and reliable measures of physiological change (8-11). However, there are
      few studies of very young children with simultaneous measures of the
      parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which limits understanding of
      the integrated functioning of the two systems. In addition, the majority of
      existing studies of young children report on infants' resting ANS measures or
      their reactivity to commonly used mother-child interaction paradigms, and less is
      known about ANS reactivity to other challenging conditions. We present a study
      design and standardized protocol for a non-invasive and rapid assessment of
      cardiac autonomic control in 18 month old children. We describe methods for
      continuous monitoring of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the ANS
      under resting and challenge conditions during a home or laboratory visit and
      provide descriptive findings from our sample of 140 ethnically diverse toddlers
      using validated equipment and scoring software. Results revealed that this
      protocol can produce a range of physiological responses to both resting and
      developmentally challenging conditions, as indicated by changes in heart rate and
      indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. Individuals demonstrated
      variability in resting levels, responses to challenges, and challenge reactivity,
      which provides additional evidence that this protocol is useful for the
      examination of ANS individual differences for toddlers.

PMID- 26967046
TI  - Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation
      of Monodisperse Microdroplets.
AB  - Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size
      controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal
      microfluidic device. W/O microdroplets have recently been used in powerful
      methods that enable miniaturized chemical experiments. Therefore, developing a
      versatile method to yield monodisperse W/O microdroplets is needed. We have
      developed a method for generating monodisperse W/O microdroplets based on a
      capillary-based centrifugal axisymmetric co-flowing microfluidic device. We
      succeeded in controlling the size of microdroplets by adjusting the capillary
      orifice. Our method requires equipment that is easier-to-use than with other
      microfluidic techniques, requires only a small volume (0.1-1 ul) of sample
      solution for encapsulation, and enables the production of hundreds of thousands
      number of W/O microdroplets per second. We expect this method will assist
      biological studies that require precious biological samples by conserving the
      volume of the samples for rapid quantitative analysis biochemical and biological
      studies. 

PMID- 26967047
TI  - Anisotropic Nanoantenna-Based Magnetoplasmonic Crystals for Highly Enhanced and
      Tunable Magneto-Optical Activity.
AB  - We present a novel concept of a magnetically tunable plasmonic crystal based on
      the excitation of Fano lattice surface modes in periodic arrays of magnetic and
      optically anisotropic nanoantennas. We show how coherent diffractive far-field
      coupling between elliptical nickel nanoantennas is governed by the two in-plane,
      orthogonal and spectrally detuned plasmonic responses of the individual building
      block, one directly induced by the incident radiation and the other induced by
      the application of an external magnetic field. The consequent excitation of
      magnetic field-induced Fano lattice surface modes leads to highly tunable and
      amplified magneto-optical effects as compared to a continuous film or
      metasurfaces made of disordered noninteracting magnetoplasmonic anisotropic
      nanoantennas. The concepts presented here can be exploited to design novel
      magnetoplasmonic sensors based on coupled localized plasmonic resonances, and
      nanoscale metamaterials for precise control and magnetically driven tunability of
      light polarization states. 

PMID- 26967048
TI  - Ivabradine for the treatment of chronic heart failure.
AB  - Several studies have underlined the beneficial effects of a lower heart rate on
      mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
      In clinical practice, achieving a heart rate <=70 bpm with beta-blockers is not
      always possible. In this context, the more recent guidelines added ivabradine to
      the management of those patients if heart rate remains >=70 bpm in sinus rhythm
      and symptoms persist despite treatment with an evidence-based or maximum
      tolerated dose of a beta-blocker, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or
      angiotensin-receptor blocker, and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.
      Ivabradine is a well-tolerated, safe and effective treatment option with the
      objective to improve prognosis, left ventricular structure and function, exercise
      tolerance and quality of life. Accordingly, the following article will evaluate
      the benefits of a combination of the currently recommended pharmacological
      therapy in chronic heart failure with the selective heart rate reducing agent
      ivabradine. 

PMID- 26967049
TI  - A rank-based transcriptional signature for predicting relapse risk of stage II
      colorectal cancer identified with proper data sources.
AB  - The irreproducibility problem seriously hinders the studies on transcriptional
      signatures for predicting relapse risk of early stage colorectal cancer (CRC)
      patients. Through reviewing recently published 34 literatures for the development
      of CRC prognostic signatures based on gene expression profiles, we revealed a
      surprising phenomenon that 33 of these studies analyzed CRC samples with and
      without adjuvant chemotherapy together in the training and/or validation
      datasets. This data misuse problem could be partially attributed to the unclear
      and incomplete data annotation in public data sources. Furthermore, all the
      signatures proposed by these studies were based on risk scores summarized from
      gene expression levels, which are sensitive to experimental batch effects and
      risk compositions of the samples analyzed together. To avoid the above-mentioned
      problems, we carefully selected three qualified large datasets to develop and
      validate a signature consisting of three pairs of genes. The within-sample
      relative expression orderings of these gene pairs could robustly predict relapse
      risk of stage II CRC samples assessed in different laboratories. The
      transcriptional and functional analyses provided clear evidence that the high
      risk patients predicted by the proposed signature represent patients with micro
      metastases. 

PMID- 26967050
TI  - Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: a meta-analysis of
      randomized placebo-controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Isoflavone from soy and other plants modulate hormonal effects in
      women, and the hormone disorder might result in different caners including
      endometrial cancer. However, it's effect on the risk of endometrial cancer is
      still inconclusive. We aimed to assess the effects of isoflavone on endometrial
      thickness, a risk factor of endometrial cancer in peri- and post-menopausal
      women. METHODS: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to
      evaluate the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness
      in peri- and post-menopausal women. Electronic searches were performed on the
      PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, web of science, CINAHL, and WHO ICTRP to
      August 1st, 2015. Reviews and reference lists of relevant articles were also
      searched to identify more studies. Summary estimates of standard mean differences
      (SMD's) and 95%CIs were obtained with random-effects models. Heterogeneity was
      evaluated with meta-regression and stratified analyses. RESULTS: A total of 23
      trials were included in the current analysis. The overall results did not show
      significant change of endometrial thickness after oral isoflavone supplementation
      (23 studies, 2167subjects; SMD:-0.05; 95%CI:-0.23, 0.13; P=0.60). Stratified
      analysis suggested that a daily dose of more than 54mg could decrease the
      endometrial thickness for 0.26mm (10 trials, 984subjects; SMD:-0.26; 95%CI:-0.45,
      -0.07; P=0.007). Furthermore, isoflavone supplementation significantly decrease
      the endometrial thickness for 0.23mm in North American studies (7 trials, 726
      subjects; SMD:-0.23; 95%CI:-0.44, -0.01; P=0.04), but it suggested an increase
      for 0.23mm in Asian studies (3 trials, 224 subjects; SMD: 0.23; 95%CI:-0.04,
      0.50; P=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Oral isoflavone supplementation might have different
      effects in different populations and at different daily doses. Multiple-centre,
      larger, and long-term trials are deserved to further evaluate its effect.

PMID- 26967051
TI  - Lipidome in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths.
      Understanding its pathophysiology is essential for developing efficient
      strategies to treat this disease. Lipidome, the sum of total lipids, related
      enzymes, receptors and signaling pathways, plays crucial roles in multiple
      cellular processes, such as metabolism, energy storage, proliferation and
      apoptosis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and function contributes to the
      development of CRC, and can be used towards the evaluation of prognosis. The
      strategies targeting lipidome have been applied in clinical trails and showed
      promising results. Here we discuss recent advances in abnormal lipid metabolism
      in CRC, the mechanisms by which the lipidome regulates tumorigenesis and tumor
      progression, and suggest potential therapeutic targets for clinical trials. 

PMID- 26967052
TI  - PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and targeted therapy for glioblastoma.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant glioma of all the brain
      tumors and currently effective treatment options are still lacking. GBM is
      frequently accompanied with overexpression and/or mutation of epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR), which subsequently leads to activation of many downstream
      signal pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/rapamycin
      sensitive mTOR-complex (mTOR) pathway. Here we explored the reason why inhibition
      of the pathway may serve as a compelling therapeutic target for the disease, and
      provided an update data of EFGR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in clinical trials. 

PMID- 26967054
TI  - Comparative analysis of human and mouse transcriptomes of Th17 cell priming.
AB  - Uncontrolled Th17 cell activity is associated with cancer and autoimmune and
      inflammatory diseases. To validate the potential relevance of mouse models of
      targeting the Th17 pathway in human diseases we used RNA sequencing to compare
      the expression of coding and non-coding transcripts during the priming of Th17
      cell differentiation in both human and mouse. In addition to already known
      targets, several transcripts not previously linked to Th17 cell polarization were
      found in both species. Moreover, a considerable number of human-specific long non
      coding RNAs were identified that responded to cytokines stimulating Th17 cell
      differentiation. We integrated our transcriptomics data with known disease
      associated polymorphisms and show that conserved regulation pinpoints genes that
      are relevant to Th17 cell-mediated human diseases and that can be modelled in
      mouse. Substantial differences observed in non-coding transcriptomes between the
      two species as well as increased overlap between Th17 cell-specific gene
      expression and disease-associated polymorphisms underline the need of parallel
      analysis of human and mouse models. Comprehensive analysis of genes regulated
      during Th17 cell priming and their classification to conserved and non-conserved
      between human and mouse facilitates translational research, pointing out which
      candidate targets identified in human are worth studying by using in vivo mouse
      models. 

PMID- 26967053
TI  - Long-range and short-range tumor-stroma networks synergistically contribute to
      tumor-associated epilepsy.
AB  - Epileptic seizures are frequently caused by brain tumors. Traditional anti
      epileptic treatments do not acquire satisfactory responses. Preoperative and
      postoperative seizures seriously influence the quality of life of patients. Thus,
      tumor-associated epilepsy (TAE) is an important subject of the current research.
      The delineation of the etiology of epileptogenesis in patients with primary brain
      tumor may help to find the novel and effective drug targets for treating this
      disease. In this review, we describe the current status of treatment of TAE. More
      importantly, we focus on the factors that are involved in the functional
      connectivity between tumors and stromal cells. We propose that there exist two
      modes, namely, long-range and short-range modes, which likely trigger neuronal
      hyperexcitation and subsequent epileptic seizures. The long-range mode is
      referred to as factors released by tumors including glutamate and GABA, binding
      to the corresponding receptor on the cellular membrane and causing neuronal
      hyperactivity, while the short-range mode is considered to involve direct
      intracellular communication between tumor cells and stromas. Gap junctions and
      tunneling nanotube network are involved in cellular interconnections. Future
      investigations focused on those two modes may find a potential novel therapeutic
      target for treating TAE. 

PMID- 26967055
TI  - Notch signalling drives bone marrow stromal cell-mediated chemoresistance in
      acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Both preclinical and clinical investigations suggest that Notch signalling is
      critical for the development of many cancers and for their response to
      chemotherapy. We previously showed that Notch inhibition abrogates stromal
      induced chemoresistance in lymphoid neoplasms. However, the role of Notch in
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its contribution to the crosstalk between
      leukemia cells and bone marrow stromal cells remain controversial. Thus, we
      evaluated the role of the Notch pathway in the proliferation, survival and
      chemoresistance of AML cells in co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal
      cells expanded from both healthy donors (hBM-MSCs) and AML patients (hBM-MSCs*).
      As compared to hBM-MSCs, hBM-MSCs* showed higher level of Notch1, Jagged1 as well
      as the main Notch target gene HES1. Notably, hBM-MSCs* induced expression and
      activation of Notch signalling in AML cells, supporting AML proliferation and
      being more efficientin inducing AML chemoresistance than hBM-MSCs*.
      Pharmacological inhibition of Notch using combinations of Notch receptor-blocking
      antibodies or gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), in presence of chemotherapeutic
      agents, significant lowered the supportive effect of hBM-MSCs and hBM-MSCs*
      towards AML cells, by activating apoptotic cascade and reducing protein level of
      STAT3, AKT and NF-kappaB.These results suggest that Notch signalling inhibition,
      by overcoming the stromal-mediated promotion of chemoresistance,may represent a
      potential therapeutic targetnot only for lymphoid neoplasms, but also for AML. 

PMID- 26967056
TI  - MicroRNAs mediated regulation of MAPK signaling pathways in chronic myeloid
      leukemia.
AB  - Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a severe problem throughout the world and
      requires identification of novel targets for its treatment. This multifactorial
      disease accounts for about 15% of the all diagnosed leukemia cases. Mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is crucial for the cell
      survival and its dysregulation is being implicated in various types of cancers.
      In here, we have discussed the potential role of various miRNAs that are found
      involved in regulating the proteins cascades of MAPK signaling pathway associated
      with CML. An emphasis has been paid to summarize the influence of various miRNAs
      in elevating or suppressing the expression level of significant proteins such as
      miR-203, miR-196a, miR-196b, miR-30a, miR-29b, miR-138 in BCR-ABL tyrosine
      kinase; miR-126, miR-221, miR-128, miR-15a, miR-188-5p, miR-17 in CRK family
      proteins; miR-155, miR-181a with SOS proteins; miR-155, miR-19a, with KRAS
      proteins; miR-19a with RAF1 protein; and miR-17, miR-19a, miR-17-92 cluster with
      MAPK/ERK proteins. In light of ever-increasing importance and ever-widening
      regulatory roles of miRNAs in cells, we have reviewed the recent progress in the
      field of miRNAs and have tried to suggest them as controlling targets for various
      protein cascades of MAPK signaling pathway. An understanding of the supervisory
      mechanism of MAPK by miRNAs might provide novel targets for treating CML.

PMID- 26967057
TI  - A chemical screen for medulloblastoma identifies quercetin as a putative
      radiosensitizer.
AB  - Treatment of medulloblastoma in children fails in approximately 30% of patients,
      and is often accompanied by severe late sequelae. Therefore, more effective drugs
      are needed that spare normal tissue and diminish long-term side effects. Since
      radiotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment of medulloblastoma, we set out
      to identify novel drugs that could potentiate the effect of ionizing
      radiation.Thereto, a small molecule library, consisting of 960 chemical
      compounds, was screened for its ability to sensitize towards irradiation. This
      small molecule screen identified the flavonoid quercetin as a novel
      radiosensitizer for the medulloblastoma cell lines DAOY, D283-med, and, to a
      lesser extent, D458-med at low micromolar concentrations and irradiation doses
      used in fractionated radiation schemes. Quercetin did not affect the
      proliferation of neural precursor cells or normal human fibroblasts. Importantly,
      in vivo experiments confirmed the radiosensitizing properties of quercetin.
      Administration of this flavonoid at the time of irradiation significantly
      prolonged survival in orthotopically xenografted mice. Together, these findings
      indicate that quercetin is a potent radiosensitizer for medulloblastoma cells
      that may be a promising lead for the treatment of medulloblastoma in patients.

PMID- 26967058
TI  - Pantoprazole, an FDA-approved proton-pump inhibitor, suppresses colorectal cancer
      growth by targeting T-cell-originated protein kinase.
AB  - T-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is highly expressed in several cancer
      cells and promotes tumorigenesis and progression, and therefore, it is an
      important target for drug treatment of tumor. Pantoprazole (PPZ) was identified
      to be a TOPK inhibitor from FDA-approved drug database by structure based virtual
      ligand screening. Herein, the data indicated that pantoprazole inhibited TOPK
      activities by directly binding with TOPK in vitro and in vivo. Ex vivo studies
      showed that pantoprazole inhibited TOPK activities in JB6 Cl41 cells and HCT 116
      colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of TOPK in HCT 116 cells decreased
      their sensitivities to pantoprazole. Results of an in vivo study demonstrated
      that i.p. injection of pantoprazole in HCT 116 colon tumor-bearing mice
      effectively suppressed cancer growth. The TOPK downstream signaling molecule
      phospho-histone H3 in tumor tissues was also decreased after pantoprazole
      treatment. In short, pantoprazole can suppress growth of colorectal cancer cells
      as a TOPK inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. 

PMID- 26967059
TI  - Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha is required for the tumourigenic and aggressive
      phenotype associated with Rab25 expression in ovarian cancer.
AB  - The small GTPase Rab25 has been functionally linked to tumour progression and
      aggressiveness in ovarian cancer and promotes invasion in three-dimensional
      environments. This type of migration has been shown to require the expression of
      the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha). In this report we demonstrate
      that Rab25 regulates HIF-1alpha protein expression in an oxygen independent
      manner in a panel of cancer cell lines. Regulation of HIF-1alpha protein
      expression by Rab25 did not require transcriptional upregulation, but was
      dependent on de novo protein synthesis through the Erbb2/ERK1/2 and p70S6K/mTOR
      pathways. Rab25 expression induced HIF-1 transcriptional activity, increased
      cisplatin resistance, and conferred intraperitoneal growth to the A2780 cell line
      in immunocompromised mice. Targeting HIF1 activity by silencing HIF-1beta re
      sensitised cells to cisplatin in vitro and reduced tumour formation of A2780
      Rab25 expressing cells in vivo in a mouse ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis
      model. Similar effects on cisplatin resistance in vitro and intraperitoneal
      tumourigenesis in vivo were obtained after HIF1b knockdown in the ovarian cancer
      cell line SKOV3, which expresses endogenous Rab25 and HIF-1alpha at atmospheric
      oxygen concentrations. Our results suggest that Rab25 tumourigenic potential and
      chemoresistance relies on HIF1 activity in aggressive and metastatic ovarian
      cancer. Targeting HIF-1 activity may potentially be effective either alone or in
      combination with standard chemotherapy for aggressive metastatic ovarian cancer. 

PMID- 26967060
TI  - Cancer-associated S100P protein binds and inactivates p53, permits therapy
      induced senescence and supports chemoresistance.
AB  - S100P belongs to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins regulating diverse
      cellular processes. Certain S100 family members (S100A4 and S100B) are associated
      with cancer and used as biomarkers of metastatic phenotype. Also S100P is
      abnormally expressed in tumors and implicated in migration-invasion, survival,
      and response to therapy. Here we show that S100P binds the tumor suppressor
      protein p53 as well as its negative regulator HDM2, and that this interaction
      perturbs the p53-HDM2 binding and increases the p53 level. Paradoxically, the
      S100P-induced p53 is unable to activate its transcriptional targets hdm2, p21WAF,
      and bax following the DNA damage. This appears to be related to reduced
      phosphorylation of serine residues in both N-terminal and C-terminal regions of
      the p53 molecule. Furthermore, the S100P expression results in lower levels of
      pro-apoptotic proteins, in reduced cell death response to cytotoxic treatments,
      followed by stimulation of therapy-induced senescence and increased clonogenic
      survival. Conversely, the S100P silencing suppresses the ability of cancer cells
      to survive the DNA damage and form colonies. Thus, we propose that the oncogenic
      role of S100P involves binding and inactivation of p53, which leads to aberrant
      DNA damage responses linked with senescence and escape to proliferation. Thereby,
      the S100P protein may contribute to the outgrowth of aggressive tumor cells
      resistant to cytotoxic therapy and promote cancer progression. 

PMID- 26967061
TI  - Electronic Structure of the Dark Surface of the Weak Topological Insulator
      Bi14Rh3I9.
AB  - Compound Bi14Rh3I9 consists of ionic stacks of intermetallic [(Bi4Rh)3I](2+) and
      insulating [Bi2I8](2-) layers and has been identified to be a weak topological
      insulator. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed the robust edge states at all
      step edges of the cationic layer as a topological fingerprint. However, these
      edge states are found 0.25 eV below the Fermi level, which is an obstacle for
      transport experiments. Here, we address this obstacle by comparing results of
      density functional slab calculations with scanning tunneling spectroscopy and
      angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We show that the n-type doping of the
      intermetallic layer is intrinsically caused by the polar surface and is well
      screened toward the bulk. In contrast, the anionic "spacer" layer shows a gap at
      the Fermi level, both on the surface and in the bulk; that is, it is not surface
      doped due to iodine desorption. The well-screened surface dipole implies that a
      buried edge state, probably already below a single spacer layer, is located at
      the Fermi level. Consequently, a multilayer step covered by a spacer layer could
      provide access to the transport properties of the topological edge states. In
      addition, we find a lateral electronic modulation of the topologically nontrivial
      surface layer, which is traced back to the coupling with the underlying zigzag
      chain structure of the spacer layer.

PMID- 26967062
TI  - Risk factors for persistent disease in papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph
      node metastasis.
AB  - PURPOSE: It is known that the presence of neck lymph node (LN) metastasis is
      correlated with persistent disease in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients.
      After appropriate therapy, most patients become disease free, whereas some may
      still have persistent disease. The present study aimed to determine the potential
      variables affecting the clinical course of the disease and persistent disease
      patterns in PTC patients with LN metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study
      group included consecutive PTC patients with LN metastasis. Clinicopathological
      characteristics and persistent disease pattern during the follow-up period were
      examined to identify risk factors for persistent disease using univariate and
      multivariate analyses. RESULTS: At the end of a median follow-up of 84 months, 90
      (69%) patients became disease free and 40 (31%) patients had persistent disease.
      Univariate analysis showed that male sex, older age at initial diagnose (>=45
      years), larger tumor size (>4 cm), presence of lateral cervical LN metastasis,
      extrathyroidal invasion, and higher number of metastatic LN (>=10) were
      significant predictors for persistent disease. Multivariate analysis showed that
      extrathyroidal involvement, presence of lateral cervical LN metastasis, and older
      age at initial diagnosis (>=45 years) were independent predictors for persistent
      disease. CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of LN involvement, most patients may
      become disease free with therapy. Patients with extrathyroidal invasion, lateral
      cervical LN involvement, and those at least 45 years old at initial diagnosis are
      more likely to have persistent disease. However, disease control can be achieved
      with close clinical follow-up and therapy.

PMID- 26967063
TI  - Toward 3D Printing of Medical Implants: Reduced Lateral Droplet Spreading of
      Silicone Rubber under Intense IR Curing.
AB  - The direct fabrication of silicone-rubber-based individually shaped active neural
      implants requires high-speed-curing systems in order to prevent extensive
      spreading of the viscous silicone rubber materials during vulcanization.
      Therefore, an infrared-laser-based test setup was developed to cure the silicone
      rubber materials rapidly and to evaluate the resulting spreading in relation to
      its initial viscosity, the absorbed infrared radiation, and the surface tensions
      of the fabrication bed's material. Different low-adhesion materials (polyimide,
      Parylene-C, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluorinated ethylenepropylene) were used
      as bed materials to reduce the spreading of the silicone rubber materials by
      means of their well-known weak surface tensions. Further, O2-plasma treatment was
      performed on the bed materials to reduce the surface tensions. To calculate the
      absorbed radiation, the emittance of the laser was measured, and the absorptances
      of the materials were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
      in attenuated total reflection mode. A minimum silicone rubber spreading of 3.24%
      was achieved after 2 s curing time, indicating the potential usability of the
      presented high-speed-curing process for the direct fabrication of thermal-curing
      silicone rubbers. 

PMID- 26967064
TI  - Sex differences in cardiovascular demands of refereeing during international
      basketball competition.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sex on
      cardiovascular responses of referees during elite international basketball
      competition. METHODS: Twenty-seven elite referees (9 female; 18 male) officiated
      a random sample of 18 matches during the final round of the 2013 Women's
      Eurobasket Championship. Continuous recordings of referees' heart rate (HR)
      during matches were obtained and analyzed for average HR, relative exercise
      intensity (% maximum HR, HRmax) and proportion of time spent within different
      exercise-intensity categories. RESULTS: During the championship, the average
      match HR was >150 bpm and approximated an exercise intensity of >85% HRmax for
      referees. Female referees exhibited lower average match HR (156.8 +/- 10.2 vs.
      163.6 +/- 11.6 bpm, p<0.05) and exercise intensity (86.2 +/- 5.5 vs. 89.5 +/-
      6.0% HRmax, p<0.05) compared to male referees. Referees spent most (>70%) of each
      match at a HR intensity of 70-89% HRmax with females experiencing more match time
      within the 55-69% HRmax category compared to males. Average HR and exercise
      intensity was greatest for all referees during the early part of the match
      (Quarter 1) that declined over the match. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated
      that sex significantly influences cardiovascular responses for elite basketball
      referees with lower responses for females potentially reflective of different
      movement patterns. Reductions in cardiovascular response noted during matches for
      all referees may reflect alterations in metabolism, match activities or induction
      of fatigue that should be considered in the development and training of elite
      referees for optimal match performance.

PMID- 26967065
TI  - Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore
      Proteins.
AB  - "Centromeres" and "kinetochores" refer to the site where chromosomes associate
      with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere
      kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in
      investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in
      fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore
      components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the
      centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent
      (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations.
      However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail
      problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.(1-4) Here we report
      optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human
      cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report
      protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells
      subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting
      and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A
      proteins, including those in human cells. 

PMID- 26967067
TI  - Comparison of Nasal Septum and Ear Cartilage as a Graft for Lower Eyelid
      Reconstruction.
AB  - In lower eyelid reconstruction, several types of grafts from the nasal septum,
      ear cartilage, buccal mucosa, and hard palate mucosa have been used for an inner
      layer of the lower eyelid, but there have been no studies comparing these grafts.
      The authors retrospectively reviewed our cases of lower eyelid reconstruction,
      and compared chondromucosal grafts from the nasal septum (N = 8) and ear
      cartilage grafts (N = 10) for an inner layer of the lower eyelid. The authors
      observed no significant difference in operative time, blood loss, or length of
      hospital stay between the "nasal septum" and "ear cartilage" groups. The final
      results were aesthetically and functionally satisfactory in both groups. In the
      nasal septum group, 1 patient suffered from perforation of the nasal septum and
      another patient suffered from nasal bleeding postoperatively. There were no donor
      site complications in the ear cartilage group. These findings indicate that both
      a chondromucosal graft from the nasal septum and an ear cartilage graft are good
      grafts for an inner layer of the lower eyelid. Regarding the donor site, however,
      an ear cartilage graft has the advantage of a lower complication rate.

PMID- 26967066
TI  - Surgical Optimization of Motor Recovery in Face Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Face transplantation (FT) has emerged as a viable option for treating
      devastating facial injuries. Most reported outcomes have demonstrated
      satisfactory motor and sensory restoration despite differences in technique. The
      authors have developed an algorithm of facial nerve management in these
      challenging patients. Our principles of management are illustrated by 2 specific
      patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 2
      full face transplants was performed. Both patients required nerve grafting during
      full FT. Patient 1 due to short donor facial nerve stumps and patient 2 due to
      intraoperative soft tissue swelling. Patient 2 required a nerve transfer 11
      months after full FT due to impaired motor recovery opposite the side of nerve
      grafting. Follow-up examinations consisting of manual muscle testing and
      Sunnybrook Facial Grading System 6 to 42 months after full FT with selected video
      examinations were critically reviewed. RESULTS: Patient 1 had symmetrical motor
      recovery with gradual improvements noted throughout. At 6 months, Patient 2 had
      asymmetrically improving motor function. After nerve transfer, the patient showed
      gradual improvement in motor recovery, symmetry, and tone. Videos for each
      patient demonstrate the evolution of the patients' ability to smile from 6 to 42
      months. DISCUSSION: The authors describe their assessment of motor recovery and
      management of facial nerve reconstruction as it pertains to FT. Finally, the
      authors illustrate the principles of nerve transfer are applicable to FT
      recipients.

PMID- 26967068
TI  - Treatment Efficacy of the Transsylvian Approach Versus the Transtemporal Cortex
      Approach to Evacuate Basal Ganglia Hematoma Under a Microscope.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the transsylvian approach
      versus the transtemporal cortex approach to evacuate basal ganglia hemorrhage
      under a microscope. The relevant literature was collected from PubMed, Embase,
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese Biomedical Literature
      database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The meta
      analysis was conducted by Stata 12.0 software. Seven studies were included in the
      meta-analysis. There were 659 patients, including 329 patients who were treated
      by the transsylvian approach and 330 patients who were treated by the
      transtemporal cortex approach. There were significant advantages in the
      transsylvian approach group, including a high clearance rate of hematoma (OR =
      2.361; 95% CI: 1.443-3.861) and a better postoperative recovery (OR = 2.248; 95%
      CI: 1.598-3.160). A better postoperative recovery could also be found in patients
      with a history of hypertension (OR = 2.063; 95% CI: 1.429-2.980) and patients
      whose volume of hematoma ranged from 25 to 60 mL (OR = 2.275; 95% CI: 1.466
      3.529). The authors conclude that there are significant advantages to the
      transsylvian approach, such as a high clearance rate of hematoma and a good
      postoperative recovery. These advantages should be taken into account when
      devising appropriate therapeutic strategies for patients with basal ganglia
      hematoma.

PMID- 26967069
TI  - Acellular Dermal Graft in Secondary Cleft Lip Deficiencies: Assessment of Results
      With a Reproducible Quantitative Technique.
AB  - PURPOSE: Considering the little evidence around acellular dermal graft
      application in secondary lip reshaping, this study is aimed to quantitatively
      examine the effect of acellular dermal graft in combination with Z-plasty
      technique in secondary defects of cleft lip. METHODS: In this clinical
      investigation, patients with secondary unilateral cleft lip deformity were
      selected. Standard photographs were prepared for each patient. Subsequent to scar
      revision, submucosal tunneling and Z-plasty, implantable human acellular dermal
      graft was placed and fixed in submucosal pocket. Quantitative parameters included
      angle of symmetry , dimension of symmetry (DS), defect height (DH), parallel
      lines, and lip thickness were measured presurgically and 1 year after treatment.
      Pre and post-operative pictures were compared and the changes were documented
      according to the criteria. P value less than 0.05 were considered as significant.
      RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included in this study. The difference of "DS"
      between normal side and cleft side was 3.1 +/- 1.5 mm presurgically and 1.1 +/-
      1.8 mm postsurgically. The change was significant (P value < 0.05). The
      difference between pretreatment and posttreatment measures of "DS", "DH", and
      "Lip Thickness" were 2.75 +/- 4.55, 3.43 +/- 4.82, and 2.66 +/- 3.04 mm,
      respectively. The results were significant (P value<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on
      the results, acellular dermal graft in combination with Z-plasty was able to
      improve lip deformity in patients with secondary defects of cleft lip. Further
      studies are recommended regarding the application of this technique in patients
      with bilateral cleft lip and severe "DH."

PMID- 26967070
TI  - Comparing the Effect of Nonactivated Platelet-Rich Plasma, Activated Platelet
      Rich Plasma, and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Calvarial Bone Regeneration.
AB  - Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used to enhance bone graft
      survival, the effect of PRP itself on bone regeneration is unclear. Because
      activated PRP releases many growth factors in a bolus, there are controversies
      regarding the effect of activation of the PRP on bone regeneration. Thus, we
      studied the effect of activated versus nonactivated PRP on bone regeneration and
      compared the effect with that of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2
      (rhBMP-2) in a critical-sized cranial defect model. Forty New Zealand white
      rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups. Defect sizing 15 * 15 mm(2) was
      created on the cranium of each rabbit, and then a collagen sponge soaked with
      normal saline, rhBMP-2, nonactivated PRP, or PRP activated with CaCl2 solution
      was immediately placed on the defect. After 16 weeks, using three-dimensional
      computed tomography and digital photography, the volume and new bone surface area
      were measured. The newly created bone was histologically analyzed. The
      experimental groups showed a significantly increased volume and surface area of
      new bone compared with the control group (P < 0.05), but no significant
      differences were found among the experimental groups. Histologic examination in
      the experimental groups showed newly created bone that had emerged in the center
      as well as the margin of the defect. Overall, these results indicate that PRP
      enhanced bony regeneration regardless of activation with an effect that was
      comparable to that of rhBMP-2. Thus, PRP has therapeutic effects on bone
      regeneration and may replace rhBMP-2, which is costly.

PMID- 26967071
TI  - The Auricular Cartilage in 197 Secondary and Tertiary Rhinoplasties.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the efficacy
      of the use of auricular cartilage to treat aesthetic and functional deformities
      of patients who underwent secondary rhinoplasty o tertiary. METHODS: From July
      2005 to July 2014, 197 patients (144 women and 53 men) underwent rhinoplasty with
      the use of cartilage grafts. A total of 137 patients (70%) underwent secondary
      rhinoplasty, 60 patients (30%) underwent tertiary rhinoplasty. Patients in whom
      the Cottle maneuver was positive (108 patients, 55%) underwent a rhinomanometry
      test and responded to a simple questionnaire that reported on their nasal
      patency. Patients were evaluated at 6, 12, 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: The
      results of this study revealed an effective correction of aesthetic deformities
      of patients and a significant improvement in airway patency in 108 patients with
      respiratory obstruction. No major complication was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use
      of auricular cartilage graft is efficacy to solve aesthetic and functional
      remnants after an incorrect procedure, or primary or secondary.

PMID- 26967072
TI  - Epidemiological Profile of Facial Fractures and Their Relationship With Clinical
      Epidemiological Variables.
AB  - The objective of this study was to identify the epidemiological profile of facial
      fractures and to associate with clinical-epidemiological variables. An
      epidemiological survey was conducted in which data retrieved from the records of
      patients with facial fractures were analyzed. Pearson chi(2) test, Student t
      test, one-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni post-hoc test, and logistic
      regression were used for statistical analysis, adopting a level of significance
      of 5%. The sample consisted of 718 patients ranging in age from 21 to 30 years
      (56.4%), including 480 (66.9%) men. Traffic accidents were the main etiological
      agent (62.7%) and the nasal bones were the most affected (41.8%). An association
      was observed between age and etiology (P < 0.001), fractured bone (P < 0.001),
      type of treatment (P < 0.001), hospital length of stay (P < 0.001), and
      complications (P = 0.001). Patients with traffic accident [odds ratio (OR) =
      3.08, P < 0.001] and fall (OR = 2.50, P = 0.049) as etiology had more risk of
      complications. The type of fractured bone was associated with etiology (P <
      0.001), type of treatment (P < 0.001), hospital length of stay (P < 0.001), and
      complications (maxilla--OR = 1.90, P = 0.004). In conclusion, facial fractures
      predominantly affect men aged 21 to 30 years. Traffic accidents are the main
      etiology and the nasal bone is the site most affected. It was observed that the
      older the patient, the greater the susceptibility to falls, surgical treatment,
      hospital stay, and complications. Patients with maxillary or mandibular fractures
      remain hospitalized for longer periods of time. Fractures by traffic accident and
      fall had more risk of complications. The risk of complications was also higher in
      patients with maxilla fracture.

PMID- 26967073
TI  - Cephalometric Assessment of Upper Airway Effects on Craniofacial Morphology.
AB  - To investigate craniofacial growth deformities in children with upper airway
      obstruction, this controlled study was performed. Cephalometry is used as a
      screening test for anatomic abnormalities in patients with obstructive sleep
      apnea syndrome. Therefore, the current work selected this method to investigate
      the effect of upper airway obstruction on craniofacial morphology.Patients with
      upper airway obstruction (104) were compared with 71 controls. Patients with
      upper airway compromise had mandibular hypoplasia, mandibular retrognathism, and
      higher hard palates in comparison with controls with no history of airway
      obstruction. The difference was higher in the older age group.Airway obstruction
      has significant correlation craniofacial morphology. Our findings support the
      idea of early assessment and thorough management of mouth breathing in children. 

PMID- 26967074
TI  - Brows Asymmetry Correction With the Direct Approach: Myth or Reality?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The current article is aimed to test the effectiveness of direct and
      indirect brow lifting to correct brows asymmetry. METHODS: Fifty patients treated
      with direct brow lift between January of 2011 and January of 2013 were
      investigated. All patients were men and treated under local anesthesia. In all
      patients, the brow lifting was associated with an upper blepharoplasty. The
      amount of brow elevation produced was assessed by comparison of the preoperative
      and at 1-year postoperative vertical distances between the superior eyebrow
      hairline and the interpupillary line at midpupil and at lateral and medial
      canthus. Paired sample t-test was used to investigate brow lifting amelioration
      after 1 year. The differences in measurements between the 2 sides were plotted to
      evaluate the degree of symmetry between 2 sides. In addition, a comparison was
      performed; a series of 45 patients treated with temporal (ie, indirect) approach.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The paired sample test demonstrated that direct brow
      lifting is a proper surgical technique to correct brow asymmetry. Also temporal
      (ie, indirect) approach is able to ameliorate brow asymmetry but direct technique
      provide better results. The direct brow lifting is a reliable, reproducible and
      safe surgical procedure, provides excellent and long-lasting results, and is very
      efficacious in brows asymmetry correction.

PMID- 26967076
TI  - The Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Cranio-Maxillofacial and Plastic
      Surgery.
AB  - The antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid (TXA) is effective in reducing blood
      loss and transfusion requirements in other fields of elective surgery and its use
      is emerging in a number of plastic surgical subspecialties. This systematic
      review and meta-analysis evaluates the current evidence for the efficacy and
      safety of TXA in craniomaxillofacial, head and neck, breast, aesthetic, burns,
      and reconstructive microsurgery. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, The
      Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials of TXA in plastic surgery.
      Studies were analyzed using standard methodology. A total of 7965 records were
      screened, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Seven were suitable for meta
      analysis. In craniofacial surgery, TXA was associated with a mean reduction in
      blood loss of 18.2 mL/kg (P = 0.00001) and a mean reduction in blood transfusion
      of 8.7 mL/kg (P = 0.0001). In orthognathic surgery, TXA was associated with a
      mean reduction in blood loss of 156 mL (P = 0.001). Tranexamic acid may also have
      a role in reducing drainage output volumes in oncological breast excision and
      lymph node dissection of the neck. Level-1 evidence for efficacy in aesthetic
      surgery, burns, and reconstructive microsurgery is lacking. Although no reported
      complications were attributable to TXA, there remain no phase IV trials
      published. Level-1 evidence supports the use of TXA in craniofacial and
      orthognathic surgery. There exists an unmet need for studies in areas, including
      burns, aesthetic surgery, and reconstructive microsurgery. Phase IV trials in
      areas of proven efficacy are also required.

PMID- 26967075
TI  - Real Time Navigation-Assisted Orbital Wall Reconstruction in Blowout Fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Limitation in performing restoration of orbital structures is the
      narrow, deep, and dark surgical field, which makes it difficult to view the
      operative site directly. To avoid perioperative complications from this
      limitation, the authors have evaluated the usefulness of computer-assisted
      navigation techniques in surgical treatment of blowout fracture. METHODS: Total
      37 patients (14 medial orbital wall fractures and 23 inferior orbital wall
      fractures) with facial deformities had surgical treatment under the guide of
      navigation system between September 2012 and January 2015. RESULTS: All 37
      patients were treated successfully and safely with navigation-assisted surgery
      without any complications, including diplopia, retrobulbar hematoma, globe
      injury, implant migration, and blindness. CONCLUSIONS: Blowout fracture can be
      treated safely under guidance of a surgical navigation system. In orbital
      surgery, navigation-assisted technology could give rise to improvements in the
      functional and aesthetic outcome and checking the position of the instruments on
      the surgical site in real time, without injuring important anatomic structures.

PMID- 26967077
TI  - Risk Factors for Life-Threatening Complications of Maxillofacial Space Infection.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to review the clinical features of maxillofacial
      space infection (MSI), and to identify the potential risk factors predisposing to
      life-threatening complications. A retrospective review of the medical charts of
      patients with MSI treated at Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology
      from August 2008 to September 2013 was conducted. A total of 127 patients [75 men
      (59.1%) and 52 women (40.9%); mean age, 45.39 +/- 21.18 years, with a range of 1
      85 years] formed the study cohort. The most common cause of MSI was odontogenic
      infection (57.5%). The most common space involved was the submandibular space.
      All patients were treated by antibiotics as well as surgical incision and
      drainage. Sixteen patients developed life-threatening complications, and the
      dominant complication was respiratory obstruction. Multivariate logistic
      regression analysis revealed the percentage of neutrophils (NEUT%) upon hospital
      admission >= 85.0% to be associated with life-threatening complications (P <
      0.05). Even though adequate antibiotic therapy and incision and drainage of
      abscess were given, MSI patients with NEUT% upon hospital admission >= 85.0%
      carry a higher risk of life-threatening complications. In these patients, an
      aggressive treatment strategy is mandatory.

PMID- 26967079
TI  - Improvement of the Marginal Reflex Distance-1 in Blepharoptosis Surgeries.
AB  - The aim of this study was to predict the improvement of the marginal reflex
      distance (MRD1) in each blepharoptosis surgery.In PubMed and Scopus, the search
      terms 1. (blepharoptosis) AND 2. (surgery) AND 3. (levator OR outcome OR MRD OR
      function OR ptosis amount) were used and 1268 titles were found. Among them 28
      papers were analyzed: Aponeurotic surgery (A-group, 8), Muller muscle resection
      (M-group, 10), Levator resection (L-group, 4), and Frontalis suspension (F-group,
      6).The preop-MRD1 was greatest in L-group (1.7 +/- 1.0 mm) followed by the A
      group (1.3 +/- 0.5 mm) and the M-group (1.3 +/- 0.5 mm). The F-group had the
      lowest (-0.4 +/- 0.7 mm). Age was oldest in the M-group (58.6 +/- 11.9 years)
      followed by the A-group (42.4 +/- 18.9 years) and the F-group (27.2 +/- 17.9
      years). The L-group was the youngest (18.9 +/- 11.5 years). The mean improved
      amount of MRD1 (DeltaL) was 2.15 +/- 0.90 mm. The DeltaL was different among the
      four operative methods. The F-group was greatest (2.4 +/- 1.5 mm) followed by the
      A-group (2.3 +/- 0.5 mm) and the M-group (2.0 +/- 0.6 mm). The L-group had the
      least improved amount of MRD1 (1.8 +/- 0.8 mm). There were significant
      differences between the groups (P < 0.05), except between the F-group and the A
      group (P = 0.284). The mean follow-up period was 8.1 +/- 7.0 months. In the 3
      groups except A-group, the DeltaL decreased in follow-up periods, with different
      degree of decrement. Only in A-group, DeltaL increased slightly in follow-up
      periods. We think this is due to relatively well preserved levator function and
      short follow-up period (5.4 +/- 3.3 months) of A-group patients.The results of
      this review can be used in choosing blepharoptosis correction methods.

PMID- 26967078
TI  - Assessment of Patient Satisfaction With Evaluation Methods in Open Technique
      Septorhinoplasty.
AB  - The aim of this study was to measure the postoperative satisfaction of patients
      who underwent open technique septorhinoplasty (SRP) using Nasal Obstruction
      Symptoms Evaluation (NOSE), Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation (ROE) and visual
      analog scale (VAS), and to assess the reliability and usability of these forms in
      the outcome of SRP.Forty-five patients who underwent primary open technique SRP
      were included in the study. The levels of patient satisfaction were assessed
      before the surgery and in the long-term using NOSE, ROE, and VAS.Nasal
      Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation scores were found to be decreased significantly
      after surgery, whereas ROE scores were increased postoperatively (P < 0.01).
      Patients' either functional (VAS) and aesthetic (VAS) increased significantly in
      the long-term after surgery (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant
      differences between preoperative and postoperative measurements of NOSE, ROE,
      functional VAS, and aesthetic VAS by sex (P > 0.05).There was a statistically
      significant positive relationship between ROE difference before and after
      surgery, and functional VAS difference (r = 0.544, P = 0.001).There was a
      positive correlation between pre-postoperative ROE difference, and aesthetic VAS
      difference (r = 0.766, P = 0.001). The relationship between the pre-postoperative
      NOSE score difference and functional VAS difference was found to be significantly
      negative (r = -0.833, P = 0.001). The relationship between pre-postoperative NOSE
      difference and aesthetic VAS difference was also significantly negative (r = 
      0.475, P = 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between ROE
      difference between before and after surgery, and NOSE difference (r = -0.640, P =
      0.00).The disease-specific quality of life assessment forms used to evaluate
      patient esthetic and functional satisfaction correlate significantly with nasal
      obstruction and ROE.

PMID- 26967080
TI  - Prevention of Recurrence in the Surgical Correction of Cryptotia Using Local
      Flaps With a Cartilage Wedge Graft.
AB  - Cryptotia attributable to deficient posterior skin coverage frequently recurs.
      Because local flaps cover only the posterior aspects of the defective upper
      auricular cartilage and lack functional support to resist collapse of the helix,
      especially if severe helical cartilage anomalies are present, additional support
      is required to prevent the postoperative recurrence of this anomaly. The authors
      present cases of cryptotia treated using local flaps including a Z-plasty or
      formation of a trefoil flap with an additional cartilage wedge graft on the
      cephaloauricular sulcus to enhance projection of the helix. The combination of a
      graft with a local flap using a large Z-plasty or trefoil flap efficiently
      corrects the cryptotia, and is associated with minimal visible scarring and few
      complications, including recurrence. 

PMID- 26967081
TI  - Otoplasty Outcomes With Different Suture Materials in a Rabbit Model.
AB  - Otoplasty is a commonly performed procedure to correct prominent ears. Many
      different otoplasty techniques have been described but there is no gold standard
      technique. As well, many different suture materials are used in otoplasty but
      studies directly comparing different sutures materials are lacking. An otoplasty
      outcome study with Nylon and Mersilene (2 of the most commonly used sutures in
      otoplasty) sutures was conducted using a rabbit model. Each rabbit ear was
      randomized to receive a Mustarde-type horizontal mattress suture with either 4-0
      clear Nylon (N = 12 ears) or 4-0 Mersilene sutures (N = 12 ears). Two weeks after
      surgery, the auricular bend angle was measured with a finger goniometer and
      histologic analysis with hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on the
      rabbit auricular cartilage. Overall, there was no significant difference in the
      mean bend angle between the 2 groups (Nylon: 135.8 degrees , SD = 22.7 degrees 
      and Mersilene: 143.2 degrees , SD = 19.7 degrees ; P = 0.559). Also, no
      qualitative difference was observed on histologic analysis between the 2 suture
      groups. In the current rabbit model study, both Nylon and Mersilene sutures
      performed well and no significant differences were noted.

PMID- 26967082
TI  - Primary Abbe Flap for Median Cleft Lip Deformity: New Trends on an Old Concept.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The authors present our experience using primary Abbe flaps for median
      cleft lip. METHODS: The records of 9 patients who underwent primary Abbe flaps
      were reviewed for indications, operative details, and complications. Flap design
      is discussed, including the "W" method to facilitate columellar reconstruction.
      Maxillomandibular fixation was not used. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2015, 9 patients
      with median cleft lip received primary Abbe flaps. Mean age was 10.2 +/- 6.2
      months. Lobar holoprosencephaly was confirmed by imaging in 5 of the 9 patients.
      Operative time averaged 70 +/- 22 minutes. Flap division was performed at a mean
      of 3.6 +/- 0.9 weeks. Patients were followed for a mean of 45 +/- 49 months. No
      flaps were lost to vascular compromise and no dehiscences or infections were
      noted after initial repair. Five patients required prolonged intubation ranging
      from 4 to 7 days and 3 required transition to gastric feedings postoperatively.
      One patient with holoprosencephaly expired for reasons independent of surgery.
      Four patients have undergone 5 lip revisions to date. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with
      holoprosencephaly-spectrum disorder and median cleft lip have more favorable
      prognoses today. The Abbe flap may be safely and advantageously used for the
      primary repair of median cleft lip with extreme prolabial tissue deficiency.

PMID- 26967087
TI  - Scalp Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall.

PMID- 26967083
TI  - A Three-dimensional Analysis of Zygomatic Symmetry in Normal, Uninjured Faces.
AB  - Current approaches to facial reconstruction are based on the assumption of facial
      symmetry, though this has yet to be established in the literature. Through
      quantitative and qualitative analysis, symmetry of normal, male faces is examined
      here using the zygomatic complex as a bellwether for the rest of the facial
      skeleton. Three-dimensional models reconstructed from the computed tomography
      scans of 30 adult male patients displaying normal facial skeletal anatomy were
      analyzed. Seven zygomatic landmarks were identified on all craniofacial models,
      and asymmetry scores were calculated based on the average deviation distance upon
      reflection of 1 hemiface across the midfacial plane. Deviation maps were then
      generated for each zygomatic pair to enable visualization of the asymmetry. All
      landmarks displayed a slight (<3 mm) deviation from perfect symmetry, and
      analysis of zygomatic form asymmetry revealed an average of 0.4 mm of surface
      deviation between hemifaces. The presence of such slight asymmetries in the
      zygoma warrants further investigation as to the clinical relevance of such
      skeletal asymmetries from both an esthetic and biomechanical consideration to
      provide insight as to the proper approach to zygomatic restoration in cases of
      zygomatic fracture.

PMID- 26967088
TI  - Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Sinus-Oral Pathology.

PMID- 26967089
TI  - Comment on the Effect of Nasal Septal Deviation on Frontal and Maxillary Sinus
      Volumes and Development of Sinusitis.

PMID- 26967090
TI  - Early Descriptions of the Forehead Muscle and Traumatic Blepharoptosis:
      Historical Vignette.

PMID- 26967091
TI  - Dumbbell-Shaped Recurrent Skin Cancer in the Temple Area.

PMID- 26967092
TI  - Allergic Contact Dermatitis After Bone-anchored Hearing Aid Surgery.

PMID- 26967093
TI  - Cleft Le Fort I Osteotomy: A Video Presentation.
AB  - In this video, we present a single piece Le Fort I osteotomy with bone graft in a
      patient with a unilateral cleft lip and palate. Maxillary osteotomies in the
      cleft patient can be challenging because of the presence of scar, palatal or
      alveolar fistulae, compromised teeth, and vascularization of the segments. The
      video demonstrates our current approach and technique. The authors particularly
      want to highlight aspects of the approach, such as the incision, exposure,
      osteotomies, mobilization, splints, and plating. The associated manuscript
      discusses the depicted video as well as the blood supply to the maxilla, and
      postoperative patient care. 

PMID- 26967094
TI  - Alveolar Bone, Upper Lip and Columellar Reconstruction With Composite Abbe Flap.
AB  - Bilateral cleft lip and palate repair usually requires secondary corrective
      intentions. Abbe flap is a useful option and has many modifications for revision
      surgeries of cleft lip nose deformities. Study evaluated a 23-year-old woman for
      secondary cleft lip nose correction. The authors performed a composite Abbe flap,
      which included mental bone for repairing the upper lip harmony, maintaining the
      columellar elongation and bridging central alveolar bone cleft. No complications
      were observed and aesthetic and functional improvement was maintained. Presented
      new modification of Abbe flap maintains not only upper lip relaxation (additional
      skin soft tissue replacement) and columellar lengthening (extended designed flap)
      but also alveolar cleft reconstruction (vascularized mental bone) by a composite
      flap. Also, this modification prevents additional surgeries for alveolar cleft
      repair in cleft lip nose patients. 

PMID- 26967095
TI  - Mandibular Condyle Reimplantation and Free Bone Grafting: Considerations to
      Increase Its Efficacy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mandibulectomy and disarticulation, resection of the lesion, and
      subsequent reimplantation of the condyle is a method to manage benign mandibular
      intraosseous lesions, involving the ramus but not extending to the mandibular
      condyle. OBJECTIVE: This article presents some considerations to increase the
      efficacy of this method. METHOD AND MATERIAL: Archived files of the patients that
      this method had been used for mandibular reconstruction were reevaluated.
      Patients were recalled and favorable and unfavorable results in reconstruction of
      the mandible with this technique were evaluated. RESULT: Intact large segment of
      the condyle is necessary for success of this procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Inferior
      alveolar nerve anastomosis, coronoidectomy, concomitant free bone grafting with
      adequate width, and attention to the intraoral soft tissue incision design will
      decrease unfavorable outcomes.

PMID- 26967096
TI  - Chyle Leak Following Neck Dissection: Could Radiotherapy Be Considered a
      Management Option?
AB  - Chyle leak after neck dissection is a relatively rare complication in head and
      neck cancer scenario.This review summarizes the basic knowledge of chyle leak
      underlying the potential benefit induced by low-dose radiation therapy and may
      serve as basis for future studies, necessary to optimize chyle leak management in
      head and neck cancer patients. 

PMID- 26967097
TI  - Our Treatment Approaches in Severe Maxillofacial Injuries Occurring After Failed
      Suicide Attempts Using Long-Barreled Guns.
AB  - Maxillofacial traumas with long-barreled guns may sometimes cause catastrophic
      results by means of smashing in facial structures. In these patients,
      reconstruction strategies of both fragmented/lost soft and hard tissues still
      remain controversial. In their clinic, the authors treated 5 patients with
      severely injured face after failed suicide attempt between 2008 and 2013. In this
      study, the authors aimed to present their clinical experiences on these severely
      injured maxillofacial gunshot traumas and offer a treatment algorithm to gain a
      result as possible as satisfactory in terms of functionality and appearance. 

PMID- 26967098
TI  - Trancutaneous Versus Intraoral Approach to Isolated Zygomatic Arch Fractures: A
      Comparison of Two Techniques.
AB  - Zygomatic arch fractures are caused by a vector force orthogonal to the bone
      segment that causes the collapse of the arch through depression of the bone
      fragments. Reduction of isolated zygomatic arch fractures are usually only of
      esthetic interest, with the exception of those cases where the fracture causes an
      impingement with the underlying mandibular coronoid process, causing limitation
      of mandibular movements. Reduction is usually performed with an extraoral
      approach, more rarely through a transoral approach. In this article, authors
      compare the traditional transcutaneous technique with the intraoral approach in 2
      groups for a total number of 42 patients.For what concerns the correct alignment
      of the fragments, the 2 techniques have shown being equivalent. Although the
      intraoral approach has shown being a faster surgical procedure leaving no visible
      incision, allowing faster recovering and reduced postoperative pain. 

PMID- 26967099
TI  - Schwannoma With Cystic Changes in the Pterygomandibular Space.
AB  - Schwannomas are tumors that arise from Schwann cells. Although schwannomas can
      occur almost anywhere in the body where nerve cells are present, they rarely
      occur in the head and neck region, including the oral and maxillofacial region.
      Cystic changes in schwannomas are extremely rare. This report is on a case of
      schwannoma with cystic changes that occurred in the pterygomandibular space.A 46
      year-old woman presented with a complaint of limited mouth opening and pain on
      the left side of the mandible for 3 months. On panoramic radiography,
      radiolucency was seen on the left mandibular ramus. On enhanced computed
      tomography, a 4 * 3 cm cystic mass was found along the inner side of the left
      mandibular ramus area. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a multiseptated, well
      demarcated cystic lesion on the inner side of the mandibular ramus on the left
      side. Under general anesthesia, the tumor was excised. The final diagnosis was
      schwannoma with cystic changes. Lower lip hypoesthesia occurred postoperatively.
      At the 1-year postoperative follow-up, maximum mouth opening was increased to 44
      mm, and lip hypoesthesia was improved.

PMID- 26967100
TI  - Treatment of Maxillary Glandular Odontogenic Cyst Involving the Same Place of
      Previously Treated Traumatic Bone Cyst.
AB  - Glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare developmental odontogenic cysts of the jaws
      having an aggressive behavior. The most common site of occurrence is the anterior
      mandible, and it is widely seen in middle-aged people. It is suggested that
      trauma could be a precipitating factor for its occurrence. This article presents
      the diagnosis and treatment of a case of glandular odontogenic cyst at anterior
      maxilla that occurred at the same localization of a traumatic bone cyst, 5 years
      after its management. 

PMID- 26967101
TI  - Forehead Mass Removal by Endoscopic Approach.
AB  - Patients with forehead mass have a cosmetic problem because the forehead is an
      important first impression. Conventional skin approach results in visible scar
      even though surgeons designed the incision along the relaxed skin tension line1.
      Since Onishi introduced the technique for endoscopic approach in 1995, endoscopic
      surgery has become rapidly popular in the field of plastic surgery. Endoscopic
      approach to the forehead mass by small incision on the scalp behind hair line is
      big advantageous for leaving less ugly scar on the forehead. All procedures need
      to be identified under the endoscopic visualization. When it was completed, the
      mass was pulled out. The authors also used the osteotome or rasp when it was the
      osteoma. The forehead and scalp were applied compressive dressing to prevent
      hematoma and swelling for 2 days. The cosmesis was excellent because they have no
      visible scar on the forehead. Endoscopic approaching technique is getting popular
      and commonly used during the cosmetic surgery because it has many advantages.
      This method also, however, has difficulties to remove large-sized mass and to
      perform caudal dissection, and for increased operative times. Furthermore, there
      are complication of incomplete removal, hematoma, and swelling. The proper
      candidate is the patient with smooth forehead, with a mobile and soft mass, with
      a propensity for keloid formation, or hypertrophic scarring. Endoscopic technique
      is not only advantageous but also disadvantageous. That is why surgeon's
      selection is more important. 

PMID- 26967102
TI  - Scuba Diving After Extensive Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery: Is it
      Possible?

PMID- 26967103
TI  - Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a non
      atherosclerotic, segmental inflammatory pathology that most commonly affects the
      small and medium sized arteries, veins, and nerves in the upper and lower
      extremities. The etiology is unknown, but involves hereditary susceptibility,
      tobacco exposure, immune and coagulation responses. In many cases, there is no
      possibility of revascularization to improve the condition. Pharmacological
      treatment is an option for patients with severe complications, such as ischaemic
      ulcers or rest pain. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of any
      pharmacological agent (intravenous or oral) compared with placebo or any other
      pharmacological agent in patients with Buerger's disease. SEARCH METHODS: The
      Cochrane Vascular Trials Search Co-ordinator searched their Specialised Register
      (last searched in April 2015) and the Cochrane Register of Studies (Issue 3,
      2015). The review authors searched trial registers and the European grey
      literature; screened reference lists of relevant studies, and contacted study
      authors and major pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) involving pharmacological agents used in the treatment
      of Buerger's disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors,
      independently assessed the studies, extracted data and performed data analysis.
      MAIN RESULTS: Five randomised controlled trials (total 602 participants) compared
      prostacyclin analogue with placebo, aspirin, or a prostaglandin analogue, and
      folic acid with placebo. No studies assessed other pharmacological agents such as
      cilostazol, clopidogrel and pentoxifylline or compared oral versus intravenous
      prostanoid.Compared with aspirin, intravenous prostacyclin analogue iloprost
      improved ulcer healing (risk ratio (RR) 2.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15
      to 6.11; 98 participants; one study; moderate quality evidence), and helped to
      eradicate rest pain after 28 days (RR 2.28; 95% CI 1.48 to 3.52; 133
      participants; one study; moderate quality evidence), although amputation rates
      were similar six months after treatment (RR 0.32; 95% CI 0.09 to 1.15; 95
      participants; one study; moderate quality evidence). When comparing prostacyclin
      (iloprost and clinprost) with prostaglandin (alprostadil) analogues, ulcer
      healing was similar (RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.69; 89 participants; two studies;
      I2 = 0%; very low quality evidence), as was the eradication of rest pain after 28
      days (RR 1.57; 95% CI 0.72 to 3.44; 38 participants; one study; low quality
      evidence), while amputation rates were not measured. Compared with placebo, the
      effects of oral prostacyclin analogue iloprost were similar for: healing
      ischaemic ulcers (iloprost 200 mcg: RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.54 to 2.29; 133
      participants; one study; moderate quality evidence, and iloprost 400 mcg: RR
      0.90; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.93; 135 participants; one study; moderate quality
      evidence), eradication of rest pain after eight weeks (iloprost 200 mcg: RR 1.14;
      95% CI 0.79 to 1.63; 207 participants; one study; moderate quality evidence, and
      iloprost 400 mcg: RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.59; 201 participants; one study;
      moderate quality evidence), and amputation rates after six months (iloprost 200
      mcg: RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.19 to 1.56; 209 participants; one study, and iloprost 400
      mcg: RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.13 to 1.31; 213 participants; one study). When comparing
      folic acid with placebo in patients with Buerger's disease and
      hyperhomocysteinaemia, pain scores were similar, there were no new cases of
      amputation in either group, and ulcer healing was not assessed (very low quality
      evidence).Treatment side effects such as headaches, flushing or nausea were not
      associated with treatment interruptions or more serious consequences. Outcomes
      such as amputation-free survival, walking distance or pain-free walking distance,
      and ankle brachial index were not assessed by any study.Overall, the quality of
      the evidence was very low to moderate, with few studies, small numbers of
      participants, variation in severity of disease of participants between studies
      and missing information regarding for example baseline tobacco exposure. AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: Moderate quality evidence suggests that intravenous iloprost
      (prostacyclin analogue) is more effective than aspirin for eradicating rest pain
      and healing ischaemic ulcers in Buerger's disease, but oral iloprost is not more
      effective than placebo. Verylow and low quality evidence suggests there is no
      difference between prostacyclin (iloprost and clinprost) and the prostaglandin
      analogue alprostadil for healing ulcers and relieving pain respectively in severe
      Buerger's disease. Very-low quality evidence suggests there is no difference in
      pain scores and amputation rates between folic acid and placebo, in people with
      Buerger's disease and hyperhomocysteinaemia. High quality trials assessing the
      effectiveness of pharmacological agents (intravenous or oral) in people with
      Buerger's disease are needed.

PMID- 26967104
TI  - The nutritional value of narrow-leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) for
      fattening pigs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the nutrient digestibility of seeds of
      four varieties of narrow-leafed lupines (Lupinus angustifolius) and the
      possibility of soya bean meal (SBM) substitution by lupine seeds alone and in
      combination with rapeseed meal (RSM) in the diets of pigs. The seeds of the
      lupine varieties Kalif, Sonet, Zeus and Boruta were analysed. The apparent total
      tract digestibility (ATTD) was determined on 50 cross-bred pigs using the
      difference method with titanium dioxide as a marker. The substitution of SBM by
      lupine seeds alone (at 0 - 100%) was tested on 60 pigs (20-105 kg body weight
      (BW)) and by a combination of lupine seeds and RSM on 180 fattening pigs (35-80
      kg BW). The chemical composition of lupine seeds differed considerably,
      especially in terms of crude protein and mineral content. All seeds contained
      less than 0.05% alkaloids and 9.3% oligosaccharides in dry matter. The ATTD of
      protein ranged from 70% to 74%, those of ether extract from 36% to 55% and those
      of gross energy from 77% to 84%. The entire replacement of SBM by lupine seeds
      (var. Sonet) did not have a negative effect on the performance of grower and
      fattener pigs. The substitution of SBM by a combination of lupines and RSM
      reduced the performance of growing and finishing pigs significantly. 

PMID- 26967106
TI  - Factors Predicting the Need for Retreatment After Laser Refractive Surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the potential risk factors that increase the likelihood of
      requiring retreatment after refractive surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study
      included patients who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis or photorefractive
      keratectomy between January 2005 and December 2012 at the Care-Vision Laser
      Centers, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to
      whether they underwent additional refractive surgery (retreatment) during the
      study period. RESULTS: Overall, 41,504 eyes (n = 21,313) were included in the
      final analysis of this study. Throughout the study period, there was a
      significant reduction in the 2-year annual retreatment rates with a decline from
      4.52% for primary surgeries done in 2005 to 0.18% for surgeries performed in 2012
      (quadratic R = 0.96, P < 0.001). The retreatment group had significantly higher
      preoperative age, maximum keratometric power, sphere, cylinder, and better best
      corrected visual acuity. They were more likely to have preoperative hyperopia,
      photorefractive keratectomy as opposed to laser in situ keratomileusis,
      intraoperative higher humidity conditions and lower temperature, and higher
      ablation depths. Significant differences in retreatment rates were found between
      the 5 high-volume surgeons (>1500 procedures performed) ranging from 0.48 to
      3.14% (P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age,
      astigmatism, hyperopia, temperature, and surgeon's experience all significantly
      affected the need for retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The following factors
      significantly increase the need for refractive retreatment: older preoperative
      age, higher degrees of astigmatism, hyperopia, colder operating room temperature,
      and less surgeon experience. Some of these factors may be incorporated into
      nomograms to reduce future retreatment rates.

PMID- 26967105
TI  - Engineering microbial consortia for controllable outputs.
AB  - Much research has been invested into engineering microorganisms to perform
      desired biotransformations; nonetheless, these efforts frequently fall short of
      expected results due to the unforeseen effects of biofeedback regulation and
      functional incompatibility. In nature, metabolic function is compartmentalized
      into diverse organisms assembled into robust consortia, in which the division of
      labor is thought to lead to increased community efficiency and productivity. Here
      we consider whether and how consortia can be designed to perform bioprocesses of
      interest beyond the metabolic flexibility limitations of a single organism.
      Advances in post-genomic analysis of microbial consortia and application of high
      resolution global measurements now offer the promise of systems-level
      understanding of how microbial consortia adapt to changes in environmental
      variables and inputs of carbon and energy. We argue that, when combined with
      appropriate modeling frameworks, systems-level knowledge can markedly improve our
      ability to predict the fate and functioning of consortia. Here we articulate our
      collective perspective on the current and future state of microbial community
      engineering and control while placing specific emphasis on ecological principles
      that promote control over community function and emergent properties.

PMID- 26967108
TI  - In Vitro Corneal Tomography of Donor Cornea Using Anterior Segment OCT.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish a tomographic screening method
      for revealing potential pathologies in corneal donors before keratoplasty so they
      may be excluded as candidates for corneal transplantation. METHODS: Donor corneal
      tomographies were measured in a viewing chamber filled with preservation medium
      and with the use of a clinical optical coherence tomography (OCT) device. Custom
      written software was developed to extract corneal surfaces from the raw data,
      which were analyzed in the central and peripheral regions. An adaptive nonlinear
      edge-enhancement algorithm was used to observe scars within the corneal volume.
      The thickness distribution map was analyzed to detect keratoconus and corneas
      with extreme topographic irregularities. Measurements were repeated 5 times to
      assess reproducibility. RESULTS: Eight corneas were investigated: 6 randomly
      selected intact donors, unsuitable for implantation because of low endothelial
      cell densities, and 2 keratoconus corneas, excised from patients during corneal
      transplantation. A major thickness abnormality was detected in one of the intact
      donor corneas, so it was excluded from further analysis. The keratoconus corneas
      were clearly evident in optical coherence tomography cross-sectional images, and
      similarly, they could easily be identified by analyzing the thickness map.
      Overall, the measurements were reliable and had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient
      greater than 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: Donor corneal examination using sterile viewing
      chambers was found to be suitable as a pre-keratoplasty advanced screening
      routine. A proof of concept was demonstrated, which could identify both irregular
      corneas and those affected by keratoconus.

PMID- 26967107
TI  - Long-Term Topical Ganciclovir and Corticosteroids Preserve Corneal Endothelial
      Function in Cytomegalovirus Corneal Endotheliitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the long-term outcomes of topical ganciclovir (GCV) and
      corticosteroids as a maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) corneal
      endotheliitis. METHODS: This retrospective study included 10 eyes of 9 patients
      diagnosed with CMV corneal endotheliitis with a minimum 1-year follow-up at a
      tertiary referral hospital between 2008 and 2014. CMV corneal endotheliitis was
      defined by corneal edema associated with typical keratic precipitates (KPs) and a
      positive CMV polymerase chain reaction from aqueous humor taps. Patients
      receiving long-term topical 0.5% GCV and topical corticosteroids without
      discontinuation were included. The final corneal condition and endothelial cell
      density (ECD) were reported. RESULTS: The mean age was 45.6 +/- 11.7 years. The
      mean follow-up duration was 48 +/- 25 months. All patients exhibited typical coin
      shaped and/or linear KPs. A significant resolution of corneal edema and decreased
      KPs were achieved within 1 month in all patients after initiating topical 0.5%
      GCV every 2 hours and topical corticosteroids twice a day. The dose frequency was
      gradually tapered to GCV 4 times and corticosteroids once or twice a day as a
      maintenance therapy. All 10 eyes had a clear graft or corneas at the end of this
      study. The mean ECD was 1630 +/- 699 cells per millimeter square before treatment
      and 1776 +/- 834 cells per millimeter square at the end of the study period.
      CONCLUSIONS: Topical 0.5% GCV and corticosteroids as a maintenance regimen
      without interruption effectively preserved long-term corneal endothelial
      function.

PMID- 26967109
TI  - Association of Birth Parameters With Corneal Thickness in Prematurely Born and
      Full-Term School-Aged Children.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate and compare corneal
      thicknesses of prematurely born and full-term early school-aged children, who
      were grouped into birth weight categories according to gestational age. METHODS:
      This cross-sectional study included 136 school-aged white children. They were
      grouped as premature (born before 37 weeks of gestation) and full term (born at
      or after 37 weeks of gestation). These 2 groups were further divided into birth
      weight groups according to gestational age as small, appropriate, and large for
      gestational age. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by ultrasound
      pachymetry. The intraocular pressures of both groups were measured by a Goldmann
      applanation tonometer. RESULTS: The study included right eyes of 136 children.
      There were 53 girls and 83 boys whose mean age was 6.5 +/- 0.9 years (range: 5-8
      yrs). Mean pachymetry of the small for gestational age group (526.8 +/- 37.9 MUm)
      in prematurely born children was significantly lower than that of appropriate for
      gestational age (554.6 +/- 34.2 MUm) (P = 0.039, mean difference 27.8, 95%
      confidence interval, 1.1-54.5). When prematurely born and full-term children are
      compared, the mean pachymetric values of the term children (574.5 +/- 37.8 MUm)
      were found to be significantly higher than those of the prematurely born children
      (545.4 +/- 35.6 MUm) (P <= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Birth parameters affect CCT in
      early school-aged children. Prematurely born, small for gestational age children
      have lesser CCT. This should be kept in mind at their follow-ups.

PMID- 26967110
TI  - Efficacy of Intraductal Meibomian Gland Probing on Tear Function in Patients With
      Obstructive Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of intraductal meibomian gland probing
      in patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction who experienced little
      improvement with eyelid warming, massage, or artificial tears. METHODS: Forty
      nine patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction were randomly divided
      into 2 groups: intraductal meibomian gland probing with 0.1% fluorometholone
      (group I), and 0.1% fluorometholone alone (group II). Subjective symptom scores
      and objective signs, including lid margin abnormalities, meibum quality and
      expressibility, meibomian gland dropout, fluorescein staining, tear break-up time
      (TBUT), and Schirmer I test results, were recorded before treatment and after 1
      day, 1 week, and 1 month posttreatment. RESULTS: Clinical subjective symptoms and
      objective signs including meibum grade, TBUT, lid margin abnormalities, and
      fluorescein staining demonstrated significant improvements in both groups after
      treatment over time (all P < 0.05), and group I was better than group II 1 month
      after treatment in meibum grade (6.1 +/- 3.3 vs. 10.4 +/- 4.9, respectively; P <
      0.001), lid margin abnormalities (0.8 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3, respectively; P <
      0.001), and TBUT (8.2 +/- 2.1 vs. 7.0 +/- 3.0, respectively; P = 0.0293). Before
      applying any medications, 76% of patients obtained immediate symptom relief 1 day
      after probing. However, the Schirmer I test results and meibomian gland dropout
      were insignificant pre- and posttreatment in either group (P > 0.1,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Intraductal meibomian gland probing demonstrated
      significant efficacy in symptom relief and tear film stabilization. Probing
      helped release accumulated meibum and could help increase the accessibility of
      diseased meibomian glands to topical corticosteroids.

PMID- 26967111
TI  - Instrument to Enhance Visualization of Descemet Membrane During Graft Preparation
      for DMEK Surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: Descemet membrane (DM) endothelial keratoplasty has improved outcomes of
      corneal transplantation in patients with corneal endothelial disease. However,
      the procedure has been criticized for jeopardizing donor tissue during graft
      preparation. Standardization of this procedure may provide a way toward
      minimizing tissue loss. For this purpose, we propose the use of a novel tool.
      METHODS: Computerized numerical control milling was used to create a blunt
      instrument, which was used to remove endothelial cells within a defined area in
      the periphery of donor corneas. Trypan blue was used to stain denuded DM. Graft
      preparation was continued as per our standard protocol. Transmission electron
      microscopy was performed on the treated area, and endothelial cell counts were
      obtained. RESULTS: Use of the modified procedure resulted in delineation of a
      peripheral band of denuded DM, which readily stained with trypan blue. This
      provided increased visibility of DM during subsequent steps. Transmission
      electron microscopy confirmed that no structural deficits of DM were induced.
      Mean endothelial cell loss (+/-SD) at 24 hours after preparation was 63 (+/-130)
      cells per square millimeter in the group prepared with the use of the new
      instrument (n = 7), versus 116 (+/-107) cells per square millimeter in the group
      prepared without the new instrument (n = 7; P = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: The device
      presented here enhances visualization of DM during creation of the peripheral
      margin for subsequent lifting of the margin and stripping of the graft. This may
      increase success rates and shorten preparation times and learning periods for DM
      preparation. DM ultrastructure and endothelial cells were not negatively
      affected.

PMID- 26967112
TI  - In Vitro Study of the Deturgescence Ability of Cultivated Human Corneal
      Endothelial Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency of cultivated human corneal endothelial cells
      (HCECs) to dehydrate the cornea, using models of the posterior cornea, composed
      of artificial collagen mass (to represent corneal stroma) and equine collagen
      membranes (to represent Descemet membrane). METHODS: HCECs were isolated from
      donor corneal rings and cultivated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 and 95% humidified
      air. The study design included 4 different sets of models: in set 1, the HCECs
      were placed directly on the collagen mass complex; in set 2, HCECs were placed on
      a thin equine collagen membrane and laid over the collagen mass; in set 3, HCECs
      were placed on a thick equine collagen membrane laid over the collagen mass; and
      in set 4 (the control group), the hydrophilic collagen mass was left alone to
      interact with the nutritional medium. The minimum thickness of each sample was
      measured with optical coherence tomography directly before placement of cells and
      after exposure to the nutritional fluid for 48 hours. RESULTS: After 2 days of
      exposure to the nutritional medium, the percentage decreases in thickness in
      "posterior cornea" models were 66% for set 1, 57% for set 2, and 13% set 3. In
      the control set, measurement of thickness after 2 days of exposure was not
      possible because of excessive fluid absorption. CONCLUSIONS: This in vitro study
      of HCECs showed that the dehydrating ability of HCECs is adversely affected by
      increased thickness of the artificial (Descemet) membrane. Further studies with
      similar models would aid better understanding of corneal diseases.

PMID- 26967113
TI  - Differential Changes in Intraocular Pressure and Corneal Manifestations in
      Individuals With Viral Endotheliitis After Keratoplasty.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical characteristics of viral endotheliitis after
      keratoplasty, we evaluated clinical parameters in individuals with anterior
      chamber inflammation after keratoplasty classified according to the absence or
      presence of DNA from various viruses in aqueous humor. METHODS: A total of 29
      eyes of 27 subjects with anterior chamber inflammation after keratoplasty were
      enrolled in the study. The subjects were classified into the herpes simplex virus
      (HSV) group (7 patients, 8 eyes), cytomegalovirus (CMV) group (6 patients, 6
      eyes), varicella zoster virus group (2 patients, 2 eyes), and nonviral group (12
      patients, 13 eyes) on the basis of detection of viral DNA in aqueous humor. The
      interval between keratoplasty and the onset of inflammation, changes in
      intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal manifestations of inflammation were
      retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Sixteen of the 29 eyes developed anterior
      chamber inflammation within 2 years after keratoplasty. IOP during active
      inflammation was significantly increased in the HSV and CMV groups compared with
      preinflammation values, and the increased IOP was significantly ameliorated in
      association with resolution of inflammation. Linear-type keratoprecipitates were
      frequently detected in the HSV (5 of 8 eyes), CMV (3 of 6 eyes), and nonviral (6
      of 13 eyes) groups. Corneal edema was also commonly observed in the HSV (7 of 8
      eyes) and nonviral (13 of 13 eyes) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in IOP and
      corneal manifestations may provide a basis for differentiation of viral
      endotheliitis from allograft rejection and among viral pathogens in individuals
      with anterior chamber inflammation after keratoplasty, and they may thus allow
      initiation of appropriate treatment before viral DNA is identified.

PMID- 26967115
TI  - Searching for novel ATF4 target genes in human hepatoma cells by microarray
      analysis.
AB  - Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a transcription factor with an
      important biological activity. ATF4 is induced by various stresses, such as
      endoplasmic reticulum stress, through the phosphorylation of eukaryotic
      translation initiation factor 2alpha. ATF4 is also involved in lipid metabolism.
      In the present study, we performed a microarray experiment to identify new ATF4
      target genes, particularly those involved in lipid metabolism, and identified
      C12orf39, CSTA, and CALCB as novel ATF4 target genes. An amino acid response
      element (AARE) as an ATF4-binding site is present in the promoter regions of
      these genes. In a detailed analysis using luciferase assay, we showed that ATF4
      activated C12orf39 promoter activity and that this activation was diminished by
      deletion or mutation of the AARE sequence in the promoter region. Our results
      suggest that C12orf39, CSTA, and CALCB are novel ATF4 target genes and that
      C12orf39 promoter activity is activated by ATF4 through AARE. 

PMID- 26967116
TI  - Negative Studies in Cancer Research: Why the Negativity?

PMID- 26967119
TI  - Minced Tissue in Compressed Collagen: A Cell-containing Biotransplant for Single
      staged Reconstructive Repair.
AB  - Conventional techniques for cell expansion and transplantation of autologous
      cells for tissue engineering purposes can take place in specially equipped human
      cell culture facilities. These methods include isolation of cells in single cell
      suspension and several laborious and time-consuming events before transplantation
      back to the patient. Previous studies suggest that the body itself could be used
      as a bioreactor for cell expansion and regeneration of tissue in order to
      minimize ex vivo manipulations of tissues and cells before transplanting to the
      patient. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a method for tissue harvesting,
      isolation of continuous epithelium, mincing of the epithelium into small pieces
      and incorporating them into a three-layered biomaterial. The three-layered
      biomaterial then served as a delivery vehicle, to allow surgical handling,
      exchange of nutrition across the transplant, and a controlled degradation. The
      biomaterial consisted of two outer layers of collagen and a core of a
      mechanically stable and slowly degradable polymer. The minced epithelium was
      incorporated into one of the collagen layers before transplantation. By mincing
      the epithelial tissue into small pieces, the pieces could be spread and thereby
      the propagation of cells was stimulated. After the initial take of the
      transplants, cell expansion and reorganization would take place and extracellular
      matrix mature to allow ingrowth of capillaries and nerves and further maturation
      of the extracellular matrix. The technique minimizes ex vivo manipulations and
      allow cell harvesting, preparation of autograft, and transplantation to the
      patient as a simple one-stage intervention. In the future, tissue expansion could
      be initiated around a 3D mold inside the body itself, according to the specific
      needs of the patient. Additionally, the technique could be performed in an
      ordinary surgical setting without the need for sophisticated cell culturing
      facilities. 

PMID- 26967120
TI  - Sulfur Isotopic Fractionation of Carbonyl Sulfide during Degradation by Soil
      Bacteria.
AB  - We performed laboratory incubation experiments on the degradation of gaseous
      phase carbonyl sulfide (OCS) by soil bacteria to determine its sulfur isotopic
      fractionation constants ((34)epsilon). Incubation experiments were conducted
      using strains belonging to the genera Mycobacterium, Williamsia, and Cupriavidus
      isolated from natural soil environments. The (34)epsilon values determined were 
      3.67 +/- 0.330/00, -3.99 +/- 0.190/00, -3.57 +/- 0.220/00, and -3.56 +/- 0.230/00
      for Mycobacterium spp. strains THI401, THI402, THI404, and THI405; -3.74 +/-
      0.290/00 for Williamsia sp. strain THI410; and -2.09 +/- 0.070/00 and -2.38 +/-
      0.350/00 for Cupriavidus spp. strains THI414 and THI415. Although OCS degradation
      rates divided by cell numbers (cell-specific activity) were different among
      strains of the same genus, the (34)epsilon values for same genus showed no
      significant differences. Even though the numbers of bacterial species examined
      were limited, our results suggest that (34)epsilon values for OCS bacterial
      degradation depend not on cell-specific activities, but on genus-level biological
      differences, suggesting that (34)epsilon values are dependent on enzymatic and/or
      membrane properties. Taking our (34)epsilon values as representative for
      bacterial OCS degradation, the expected atmospheric changes in delta(34)S values
      of OCS range from 0.50/00 to 0.90/00, based on previously reported decreases in
      OCS concentrations at Mt. Fuji, Japan. Consequently, tropospheric observation of
      delta(34)S values for OCS coupled with (34)epsilon values for OCS bacterial
      degradation can potentially be used to investigate soil as an OCS sink. 

PMID- 26967114
TI  - Enantiodivergent Fluorination of Allylic Alcohols: Data Set Design Reveals
      Structural Interplay between Achiral Directing Group and Chiral Anion.
AB  - Enantioselectivity values represent relative rate measurements that are sensitive
      to the structural features of the substrates and catalysts interacting to produce
      them. Therefore, well-designed enantioselectivity data sets are information rich
      and can provide key insights regarding specific molecular interactions. However,
      if the mechanism for enantioselection varies throughout a data set, these values
      cannot be easily compared. This premise, which is the crux of free energy
      relationships, exposes a challenging issue of identifying mechanistic breaks
      within multivariate correlations. Herein, we describe an approach to addressing
      this problem in the context of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed fluorination of
      allylic alcohols using aryl boronic acids as transient directing groups. By
      designing a data set in which both the phosphoric and boronic acid structures
      were systematically varied, key enantioselectivity outliers were identified and
      analyzed. A mechanistic study was executed to reveal the structural origins of
      these outliers, which was consistent with the presence of several mechanistic
      regimes within the data set. While 2- and 4-substituted aryl boronic acids
      favored the (R)-enantiomer with most of the studied catalysts, meta-alkoxy
      substituted aryl boronic acids resulted in the (S)-enantiomer when used in
      combination with certain (R)-phosphoric acids. We propose that this selectivity
      reversal is the result of a lone pair-pi interaction between the substrate
      ligated boronic acid and the phosphate. On the basis of this proposal, a catalyst
      system was identified, capable of producing either enantiomer in high
      enantioselectivity (77% (R)-2 to 92% (S)-2) using the same chiral catalyst by
      subtly changing the structure of the achiral boronic acid. 

PMID- 26967121
TI  - Acquired lymphangiectasia (lymphangioma circumscriptum) of the vulva:
      Clinicopathologic study of 11 patients from a single institution and 67 from the
      literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acquired lymphangiectasia of the vulva (ALV) is a rare condition
      thought to be secondary to pelvic lymphatic obstruction. Although benign, this
      entity often occurs after previous malignancy and can be confused with conditions
      such as genital warts. We sought to clarify the clinicopathologic features of ALV
      by studying affected patients from our institution and from the existing
      literature. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the clinical and histopathologic
      characteristics of patients with ALV from our institution and performed an
      extensive literature search to identify all published cases of ALV. RESULTS:
      Eleven patients with ALV were identified from our institution. Three patients had
      Crohn disease, three had malignancies involving the pelvic region (rectal
      adenocarcinoma, cervical carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma), and three (two with
      pelvic malignancy) had previous radiation therapy. One patient had Proteus
      syndrome. Of 67 distinct cases of ALV identified in the literature, 41 (61%) had
      a history of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: In any acquired or clinically unusual
      lymphatic process in the skin and soft tissues, a lesion or obstructive process
      of the draining lymphatics should be investigated.

PMID- 26967122
TI  - Prevalence and Location of Neuropathic Pain in Lumbar Spinal Disorders: Analysis
      of 1804 Consecutive Patients With Primary Lower Back Pain.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 1804 consecutive patients. OBJECTIVE:
      The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pathological pain and
      its distribution features in patients with chronic lumbar spinal disorders.
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical spinal disorders can involve pathological
      neuropathic pain (NeP) as well as physiological nociceptive pain (NocP), as they
      have varied pathology, including spinal cord injury, stenosis, and compression. A
      study conducted by the Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research
      (JSSR) has determined a prevalence of 29.4% for NeP in patients with lumbar
      spinal disorder. However, the data did not include information on pain location.
      METHODS: Patients aged 20 to 79 years with chronic lower back pain (>=3 months,
      visual analog scale score >=30) were recruited from 137 JSSR-related
      institutions. Patient data included an NeP screening questionnaire score and pain
      location (lower back, buttock, and legs). The association between the pain
      pathology and its location was analyzed statistically using the unpaired t test
      and Chi-square test followed by Fisher test. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
      RESULTS: Low back pain subjects showed 31.9% of NeP prevalence, and the pain
      distribution showed [NocP(%)/NeP(%)] low back pain only cases: 44/22, while low
      back pain with leg pain cases showed a prevalence of 56/78. This indicates that
      low back pain alone can significantly induce NocP rather than NeP (P < 0.01).
      Buttock pain was revealed to significantly induce both lower back pain and leg
      pain with NeP properties (P < 0.01). Leg pain was revealed to be predominantly
      neuropathic, especially when it included peripheral pain (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION:
      Low back pain with no buttock pain induces NocP rather than NeP. Buttock pain is
      significantly associated with NeP prevalence whether or not leg pain exists. Leg
      pain can increase the prevalence of NeP, especially when it contains a peripheral
      element. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26967123
TI  - Hospital Readmission Within 2 Years Following Adult Thoracolumbar Spinal
      Deformity Surgery: Prevalence, Predictors, and Effect on Patient-derived Outcome
      Measures.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of prospective multicenter database.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing readmission,
      reoperation, and the impact on health-related quality of life outcomes (HRQoLs)
      in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Many ASD
      patients experience complications requiring readmission. It is important to
      identify baseline/operative factors leading to rehospitalizations and
      reoperation, which may impact outcomes. METHODS:  INCLUSION CRITERIA: ASD
      surgical patients (age >18 yrs, major coronal Cobb >=20 degrees , sagittal
      vertical axis >=5 cm, pelvic tilt >=25 degrees , and/or thoracic kyphosis >60
      degrees ) with complete baseline, 1-, and 2-year follow-up. Patients were grouped
      on the basis of readmission occurrence (yes/no) and type [medical (no
      reoperation) vs. surgical (revision surgery)]. Readmissions caused by infections
      requiring surgical treatment (e.g., deep infections) were considered
      reoperations. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined readmission and
      reoperation predictors. Repeated measures mixed models evaluated readmission
      impact on HRQoLs at 1 and 2 years. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-four patients
      were included: 76 (22.8%) readmissions, involving 65 (85.5% of 76) reoperations
      (surgical readmission) and 11 (14.5% of 76) medical readmissions. The most common
      surgical readmission indication (n = 65) was implant complications (36.9%; rod
      breakage n = 13); the most common medical readmission indication was infection
      (36.4%, n = 4), treated with antibiotics. Noninfectious medical readmission (n =
      7) included pleural effusion, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), intraoperative blood
      loss, neurologic, and unspecified. Readmission predictors: increased number of
      major peri-operative complications [odds ratio (OR) 5.13, P = 0.014], infection
      presence (OR 25.02, P = 0.001), implant complications (OR 6.12, P < 0.001), and
      radiographic complications (DJK, proximal junctional kyphosis, pseudoarthrosis,
      sagittal/coronal imbalance) (OR 16.94, P < 0.001). HRQoL analysis revealed
      overall improvement of the full cohort (P < 0.01), though the 76 readmitted
      improved less overall and at each time point P < 0.001) except in 6-week MCS (P =
      0.14). CONCLUSION: Major peri-operative, implant, radiographic, and infection
      complications during index were associated with increased readmission odds.
      Implant complications most frequently caused surgical readmissions. Readmitted
      patients improved in outcome scores, although less compared with the
      nonreadmitted cohort, yet displayed reduced 6-week SF-36 Mental Component
      Summary. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26967125
TI  - Intraspinal Pathology Associated With Pediatric Scoliosis: A Ten-year Review
      Analyzing the Effect of Neurosurgery on Scoliosis Curve Progression.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective study of patients with Chiari I (CM I) and
      Chiari II (CM II) malformations, tethered cord syndrome, and syringomyelia
      examining the effect of neurosurgery on scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to determine the factors affecting spinal deformity progression in
      patients with diseases of the neural axis following neurosurgical management.
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There have been attempts to explain which factors
      influence the spinal deformity in diseases of the neural axis with varying
      results. Debate still exists as to the effectiveness of neurosurgery in curve
      stabilization. METHODS: The medical records for patients treated over the past 10
      years were reviewed. The spinal deformity surgical group consisted of patients
      who received surgery or progressed to surgical range (50 degrees ) and the
      nonsurgical group those who did not undergo fusion. RESULTS: Fifteen patients
      (eight females and seven males) with scoliosis who underwent neurosurgical
      intervention were identified. Ten had tethered cord, six CM II, four CM I, and 11
      syrinx. Average age at the time of neurosurgery was 7 +/- 4 years (range 0.7-14
      yrs). Following neurosurgery, no patients experienced improvement in their curves
      (defined as >10 degrees  decrease in Cobb angle), eight patients experienced
      stabilization (<10 degrees  decrease), and seven experienced worsening (>10
      degrees  increase). The group that went on to spinal deformity surgery possessed
      larger curves before neurosurgery (mean 42 degrees , range 20 degrees -63 degrees
      ) than the nonsurgical group (19 degrees , range 15 degrees -26 degrees ; P =
      0.004). CM II patients had the greatest magnitude of curve progression, mean of
      49 degrees , compared with patients with CM I (6 degrees ) or tether cord without
      CM I or II (11 degrees , P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Neurosurgical intervention may
      prevent curve progression in patients with scoliosis and Cobb angles < 30 degrees
      if they do not have a complex CM II malformation. Patients with CM II are at a
      higher risk of curve progression and undergoing spinal fusion than patients with
      CM I, tethered cord syndrome, or syringomyelia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 26967124
TI  - Risk Factors for 30-Day Unplanned Readmission and Major Perioperative
      Complications After Spine Fusion Surgery in Adults: A Review of the National
      Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of a prospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      the study was to determine the patient characteristics and surgical procedure
      factors related to increased rates of 30-day unplanned readmission and major
      perioperative complications after spinal fusion surgery, and the association
      between unplanned readmission and major complications. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND
      DATA: Reducing unplanned readmissions can reduce the cost of healthcare. Payers
      are implementing penalties for 30-day readmissions after discharge. There is
      limited data regarding the current rates and risk factors for unplanned
      readmission and major complications related to spinal fusion surgery. METHODS:
      Spine fusion patients were identified using the 2012 and 2013 American College of
      Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant User File.
      Rates of readmissions within 30 days after spine fusion surgery were calculated
      using the person-years method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to
      assess the independent associations of spine surgical procedure types, diagnoses,
      patient profiles, and major perioperative complications with unplanned related
      readmissions. Independent risk factors for major complications were assessed by
      multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 18,602 identified patients,
      there was a 5.2% overall major perioperative complication rate. There was a rate
      of 4.4% per 30 person-days for unplanned readmissions related to index surgery.
      Independent risk factors for both readmissions and major perioperative
      complications included combined anterior and posterior surgery, diagnosis of
      solitary tumor, older age, and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists
      class. Patients with deep/organ surgical site infection carried higher risk of
      having unplanned readmission, followed by pulmonary embolism, acute renal
      failure, and stroke/cerebral vascular accident with neurological deficit.
      CONCLUSION: This study provides benchmark rates of 30-day readmission based on
      diagnosis and procedure codes from a high-quality database for adult spinal
      fusion patients and showed increased rates of 30-day unplanned readmission and
      major perioperative complications for patients with specific risk factors.
      Targeted preoperative planning on modifiable risk factors with proportional
      reimbursement may promote higher-quality healthcare. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26967126
TI  - Safety and tolerability of antipsychotic co-treatment in patients with
      schizophrenia: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
      controlled trials.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Antipsychotic co-treatment is common in schizophrenia, despite
      lacking evidence for its efficacy and safety. Areas: We conducted a systematic
      search of PubMed/PsycInfo/CJN/WangFan/CBM without language restrictions from
      database inception until 05/25/2015 for randomized trials comparing antipsychotic
      monotherapy with antipsychotic co-treatment in >=20 adults with schizophrenia
      reporting meta-analyzable adverse events (AEs) data. Meta-analyzing 67 studies
      (n=4,861, duration=10.3+/-5.2 weeks), antipsychotic co-treatment was similar to
      monotherapy regarding intolerability-related discontinuation (risk ratio
      (RR)=0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.53-1.33, p=0.455). While incidence of
      >=1 AE was lower with antipsychotic co-treatment (RR=0.77, 95%CI=0.66-0.90,
      p=0.001), these results were solely driven by open-label and efficacy-focused
      studies. Adjunctive D2-antagonists lead to less nausea (RR=0.220, 95%CI=0.06
      0.87, p=0.030) and insomnia (RR=0.26, 95%CI=0.08-0.86, p=0.028), but higher
      prolactin (SMD=2.20, 95%CI=0.43-3.96, p=0.015). Conversely, adjunctive partial D2
      agonists (aripiprazole=100%) resulted in lower electrocardiogram abnormalities
      (RR=0.43, 95%CI=0.25-0.73, p=0.002), constipation (RR=0.45, 95%CI=0.25-0.79,
      p=0.006), drooling/hypersalivation (RR=0.14, 95%CI=0.07-0.29, p<0.001), prolactin
      (SMD=-1.77, 95%CI=-2.38, -1.15, p<0.001), total and LDL-cholesterol (SMD=-0.33,
      95%CI=-0.55, -0.11, p=0.003; SMD=-0.33, 95%CI=-0.54, -0.10, p=0.004). EXPERT
      OPINION: No double-blind evidence for altered AE burden associated with
      antipsychotic co-treatment was found. However, AEs were insufficiently and
      incompletely reported and follow-up duration was modest. Adjunctive partial D2
      agonists might be beneficial for counteracting several AEs. High-quality, long
      term studies that comprehensively assess AEs are needed.

PMID- 26967127
TI  - Canine Distemper Virus in Wild Felids of Costa Rica.
AB  - Several highly infectious diseases can be transmitted through feces and cause
      elevated mortality among carnivore species. One such infectious agent, canine
      distemper virus (CDV; Paramyxoviridae: Morbillivirus), has been reported to
      affect wild carnivores, among them several felid species. We screened free
      ranging and captive wild carnivores in Costa Rica for CDV. Between 2006 and 2012,
      we collected 306 fecal samples from 70 jaguars (Panther onca), 71 ocelots (
      Leopardus pardalis ), five jaguarundis (Puma yaguaroundi), 105 pumas ( Puma
      concolor ), five margays ( Leopardus wiedii ), 23 coyotes ( Canis latrans ), and
      27 undetermined Leopardus spp. We found CDV in six individuals: one captive
      jaguarundi (rescued in 2009), three free-ranging ocelots (samples collected in
      2012), and two free-ranging pumas (samples collected in 2007). Phylogenetic
      analyses were performed using sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) gene. We
      provide evidence of CDV in wild carnivores in Costa Rica and sequence data from a
      Costa Rican CDV isolate, adding to the very few sequence data available for CDV
      isolates from wild Central American carnivores.

PMID- 26967128
TI  - RANAVIRUS CAUSES MASS DIE-OFFS OF ALPINE AMPHIBIANS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN ALPS,
      FRANCE.
AB  - Pathogenic fungi and viruses cause mortality outbreaks in wild amphibians
      worldwide. In the summer of 2012, dead tadpoles and adults of the European common
      frog Rana temporaria were reported in alpine lakes in the southwestern Alps
      (Mercantour National Park, France). A preliminary investigation using molecular
      diagnostic techniques identified a Ranavirus as the potential pathogenic agent.
      Three mortality events were recorded in the park, and samples were collected. The
      amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was not detected in any
      of the dead adult and juvenile frogs sampled (n=16) whereas all specimens were
      positive for a Ranavirus. The genome sequence of this Ranavirus was identical to
      previously published sequences of the common midwife toad virus (CMTV), a
      Ranavirus that has been associated with amphibian mortalities throughout Europe.
      We cultured virus from the organs of the dead common frogs and infecting adult
      male common frogs collected in another alpine region where no frog mortality had
      been observed. The experimentally infected frogs suffered 100% mortality (n=10).
      The alpine die-off is the first CMTV outbreak associated with mass mortality in
      wild amphibians in France. We describe the lesions observed and summarize
      amphibian populations affected by Ranaviruses in Europe. In addition, we discuss
      the ecologic specificities of mountain amphibians that may contribute to
      increasing their risk of exposure to and transmission of Ranaviruses.

PMID- 26967129
TI  - AN EPIZOOTIC OF EMERGING NOVEL AVIAN POX IN CARRION CROWS (CORVUS CORONE) AND
      LARGE-BILLED CROWS (CORVUS MACRORHYNCHOS) IN JAPAN.
AB  - In 2006-10, an epizootic of emerging avian pox occurred in Carrion Crows ( Corvus
      corone ) and Large-billed Crows ( Corvus macrorhynchos ), leading to mortality of
      juvenile crows in Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. We diagnosed 27
      crows with proliferative skin lesions (19 carcasses and eight biopsied cases [one
      in zoo captivity]) as avian pox clinically, histopathologically by detection of
      Avipoxvirus-specific 4b core protein (P4b) gene, and epidemiologically. The fatal
      cases demonstrated intensively severe infection and aggressive lesions with
      secondary bacterial infection. Since the first identification of avian pox in
      Sapporo, Japan, in 2006, the frequency of mortality events has increased, peaking
      in 2007-08. Mortalities have subsequently occurred in other areas, suggesting
      disease expansion. In Sapporo, prevalence of avian pox evaluated by field
      censuses during 2007-12 was 17.6% (6.6-27.2%), peaked during 2007-08 and 2008-09,
      and then decreased. All diseased crows were juveniles, except for one adult. The
      number of crows assembling in the winter roosts had been stable for >10 yr;
      however, it declined in 2007-08, decreased by about 50% in 2008-09, and recovered
      to the previous level in 2009-10, correlated with the avian pox outbreak. Thus,
      avian pox probably contributed to the unusual crow population decline. All P4b
      sequences detected in six specimens in Sapporo were identical and different from
      any previously reported sequences. The sequence detected in the zoo-kept crow was
      distinct from any reported clades, and interspecies transmission was suspected.
      This report demonstrates an emerging novel avian pox in the Japanese avifauna and
      in global populations of Carrion Crows and Large-billed Crows. Longitudinal
      monitoring is needed to evaluate its impact on the crow population.

PMID- 26967131
TI  - GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF BARTONELLA SPP. INFECTIONS IN
      MOOSE (ALCES ALCES) IN FINLAND.
AB  - Moose, Alces alces (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Finland are heavily infested with
      deer keds, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboschidae). The deer ked, which carries
      species of the genus Bartonella, has been proposed as a vector for the
      transmission of bartonellae to animals and humans. Previously, bartonella DNA was
      found in deer keds as well as in moose blood collected in Finland. We
      investigated the prevalence and molecular diversity of Bartonella spp. infection
      from blood samples collected from free-ranging moose. Given that the deer ked is
      not present in northernmost Finland, we also investigated whether there were
      geographic differences in the prevalence of bartonella infection in moose. The
      overall prevalence of bartonella infection was 72.9% (108/148). Geographically,
      the prevalence was highest in the south (90.6%) and lowest in the north (55.9%).
      At least two species of bartonellae were identified by multilocus sequence
      analysis. Based on logistic regression analysis, there was no significant
      association between bartonella infection and either age or sex; however, moose
      from outside the deer ked zone were significantly less likely to be infected
      (P<0.015) than were moose hunted within the deer ked zone.

PMID- 26967130
TI  - DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF LIVER FLUKE (FASCIOLOIDES MAGNA) INFECTION IN FALLOW
      DEER (DAMA DAMA) IN SERBIA.
AB  - Giant liver fluke ( Fascioloides magna ) infection is an important health problem
      of cervids in southeastern Europe. We measured the prevalence and intensity of
      infection with F. magna in a fenced area near the Danube River in the South Backa
      District of Serbia. Parasitologic, pathomorphologic, and histopathologic
      examinations were conducted from November 2007 to February 2008, beginning with a
      population of 127 adult fallow deer ( Dama dama ). After a positive diagnosis,
      therapy with triclabendazole-medicated corn was applied. Deer were treated at
      four baiting stations, using medicated feed providing triclabendazole at an
      estimated dose of 10-14 mg/kg of body weight per deer. Treatment lasted for 7 d
      in early February 2008 and an additional 7 d 2 wk later. For the complete success
      of pharmacotherapy it was necessary to prevent any contact of deer with the snail
      intermediate host ( Galba truncatula ). Intervention in the habitat, removing
      grass and low vegetation, and draining ponds reduces the possibility of contact.
      Six months after the treatment, livers of hunted deer were reddish, with fibrous
      tracks; pigmentation and cysts in the parenchyma were surrounded by a fibrous
      capsule and their fecal samples contained no eggs of F. magna . Over the
      following years, livers of hunted deer were negative, and the last control cull
      in March 2015 confirmed complete absence of infection. We reconfirmed the
      presence of giant liver flukes in fallow deer in Serbia, apparently the result of
      natural spread across the Danube from Hungary and Croatia. We also report that
      the treatment of deer with triclabendazole-medicated corn is an effective method
      for administration of therapeutic doses of drug in semicaptive deer.
      Interventions in the environment are necessary to prevent recontact of deer with
      habitats used by the snail intermediate host, and enable the success of the
      therapy.

PMID- 26967133
TI  - ECO-EPIZOOTIOLOGIC STUDY OF FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS, THE AGENT OF TULAREMIA, IN
      QUEBEC WILDLIFE.
AB  - In Canada, Francisella tularensis , the zoonotic bacterial agent of tularemia,
      affects mostly snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus ), muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus
      ), and beavers ( Castor canadensis ). Despite numerous studies, the ecologic
      cycle and natural reservoirs of F. tularensis are not clearly defined. We
      conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of F. tularensis in
      snowshoe hares, muskrats, and coyotes ( Canis latrans ) in four regions of
      Quebec, Canada, and to describe the risk of infection in relation to host and
      environmental characteristics at three spatial scales. Between October 2012 and
      April 2013, trappers captured 345 snowshoe hares, 411 muskrats, and 385 coyotes.
      Blood samples were tested by microagglutination tests, and DNA extracts of liver,
      kidney, lung, and spleen of snowshoe hares and muskrats were tested by real-time
      PCR to detect past and active infection to F. tularensis , respectively.
      Individual host characteristics, including body condition, age, and sex, were
      evaluated as risk factors of infection, along with ecologic characteristics of
      the location of capture extracted from geographic databases. Prevalences of
      antibody to F. tularensis and 95% confidence intervals were 2.9% (1.4-5.1%) in
      coyotes, 0.6% (0.1-2.1%) in hares, and 0% (0.0-0.9%) in muskrats. Francisella
      tularensis DNA was not detected by real-time PCR in the pools of four organs from
      muskrats and hares, but F. tularensis type AI was detected during testing of the
      individual organs of two antibody-positive hares. Exact logistic regression
      analyses showed that age was a significant predictor of antibody detection in
      coyotes, as were the proportion of forest and the proportion of area considered
      as suitable habitat for hares in the environment around the location of capture
      of the coyotes. Our results suggest a terrestrial cycle of F. tularensis in the
      regions studied.

PMID- 26967132
TI  - PREVALENCE AND PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF CHLAMYDIA PECORUM INFECTIONS IN SOUTH
      AUSTRALIAN KOALAS (PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS).
AB  - Chlamydia pecorum infection is highly prevalent in many koala ( Phascolarctos
      cinereus ) populations in the eastern states of Australia, causing ocular and
      urogenital tract disease. In contrast, the current prevalence of chlamydiosis in
      South Australian (SA) koalas is largely unknown, with few reports of clinical
      cases. We examined 65 SA rescued wild koalas at necropsy and collected ocular and
      urogenital swabs for the detection of C. pecorum by PCR. We detected C. pecorum
      in ocular or urogenital swabs from 57 koalas (88%), and 34 koalas were positive
      at both ocular and urogenital sites. Clinically overt chlamydial disease was
      present in only 12 (21%) positive koalas. Gross lesions were often externally
      inapparent as they affected the urogenital tract (n=5), and 24 infected koalas
      had microscopically evident lesions only. Lesions were predominantly mild and
      included conjunctivitis, cystitis, and urethritis. Reproductive tract disease was
      infrequently observed. We detected C. pecorum in 16 (28%) koalas with no evidence
      of chlamydial disease, suggesting the presence of subclinical carriers in this
      population. Based on these findings, chlamydiosis has a higher occurrence in SA
      koala populations than previously thought, but is most often mild and does not
      always result in overt clinical disease; inapparent and subclinical infections
      appear common. Further studies of the prevalence in wild-caught SA koalas are
      needed along with research into the host and bacterial factors that may influence
      disease outcome in these animals.

PMID- 26967134
TI  - OCCURRENCE OF LUNGWORMS IN EUROPEAN WILDCATS (FELIS SILVESTRIS SILVESTRIS) OF
      CENTRAL ITALY.
AB  - The increasing focus on infections in domestic cats ( Felis catus ) has raised
      questions about lungworm distribution in wild hosts. To enhance knowledge of the
      occurrence of lungworms in enzootic regions of central Italy, we examined the
      carcasses of 16 European wildcats ( Felis silvestris silvestris). Adult
      nematodes, feces, respiratory flushings, and pulmonary tissues were collected at
      necropsy and then microscopically and genetically analyzed. Fourteen wildcats had
      single or mixed lungworm species. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was the most common
      parasite retrieved, followed by Troglostrongylus brevior. In addition, three
      specimens of Angiostrongylus chabaudi were found in the pulmonary arteries of one
      wildcat. Histologically, the most common lesions were a mild-to-severe chronic
      catarrhal bronchitis and a chronic interstitial pneumonia with smooth muscle
      hypertrophy, associated with T. brevior and A. abstrusus , respectively. These
      results demonstrate that the European wildcats may harbor several species of
      lungworms that may impair their health and welfare. Also, F. s. silvestris is a
      potential reservoir for respiratory nematodes in domestic cats.

PMID- 26967136
TI  - PATHOGENIC LEPTOSPIRA SEROVARS IN FREE-LIVING SEA LIONS IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA
      AND ALONG THE BAJA CALIFORNIA COAST OF MEXICO.
AB  - The California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus ), a permanent inhabitant of the
      Gulf of California in Mexico, is susceptible to pathogenic Leptospira spp.
      infection, which can result in hepatic and renal damage and may lead to renal
      failure and death. During summer 2013, we used the microscopic agglutination test
      (MAT) to investigate the prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in blood of
      clinically healthy sea lion pups from seven rookery islands on the Pacific Coast
      of Baja California (Pacific Ocean) and in the Gulf of California. We also used
      PCR to examine blood for Leptospira DNA. Isolation of Leptospira in liquid media
      was unsuccessful. We found higher antibody prevalence in sea lions from the
      rookery islands in the gulf than in those from the Pacific Coast. Antibodies
      against 11 serovars were identified in the Gulf of California population; the
      most frequent reactions were against serovars Bataviae (90%), Pyrogenes (86%),
      Wolffi (86%), Celledoni (71%), and Pomona (65%). In the Pacific Ocean population,
      MAT was positive against eight serovars, where Wolffi (88%), Pomona (75%), and
      Bataviae (70%) were the most frequent. Serum samples agglutinated with more than
      one Leptospira serovar. The maximum titer was 3,200. Each island had a different
      serology profile, and islands combined showed a distinct profile for each region.
      We detected pathogenic Leptospira DNA in 63% of blood samples, but we found no
      saprophytic Leptospira. Positive PCR results were obtained in blood samples with
      high and low MAT titers. Together, these two methods enhance the diagnosis and
      interpretation of sea lion leptospirosis. Our results may be related to human
      activities or the presence of other reservoirs with which sea lions interact, and
      they may also be related to sea lion stranding.

PMID- 26967135
TI  - EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND
      NEOSPORA CANINUM INFECTIONS IN WILD RUMINANTS IN SPAIN.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two major abortifacient protozoans in
      domestic small ruminants and cattle, respectively, and they also parasitize a
      wide range of wildlife. Numerous serosurveys have been conducted in wild
      ruminants worldwide. However, the potential effect of different ecosystems and
      management practices on these infections has not been investigated. We studied
      the prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum in wild ruminants
      between 2007 and 2012 from four national wildlife reserves: three open space
      reserves in northwest Spain (Ancares, Mampodre, and Riano) and a fenced reserve
      in central Spain (Quintos de Mora). Sera from roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus )
      and chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ) were collected in Ancares (roe deer),
      Mampodre (both species), and Riano (both species), whereas red deer ( Cervus
      elaphus ) sera were collected only in Quintos de Mora. The results of
      immunofluorescence antibody tests showed a T. gondii antibody prevalence
      significantly higher in red deer (13%; 17/131) than in roe deer (2%; 5/228) and
      chamois (4%; 6/149) (P<0.05, Fisher's exact test). Moreover, N. caninum -specific
      antibodies were only detected in 1% of animals (2/131 red deer, 2/228 roe deer,
      and 2/149 chamois). Management measures were implemented in the Quintos de Mora
      reserve and T. gondii antibody prevalence in red deer decreased from 13% to 2%
      after 5 yr. In contrast, N. caninum antibody prevalences were very low (<2%) over
      the years. The results suggest a low frequency of sylvatic life cycles in the
      hunting reservations studied, so interconnection between sylvatic and domestic
      life cycles is unlikely. Regardless, a sustainable exploitation of natural
      resources in wildlife reserves may help to reduce the prevalence of T. gondii
      infection.

PMID- 26967137
TI  - THE HIGH COST OF MOTHERHOOD: END-LACTATION SYNDROME IN SOUTHERN SEA OTTERS
      (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS) ON THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST, USA.
AB  - Sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) have exceptionally high energetic requirements,
      which nearly double during lactation and pup care. Thus, females are extremely
      vulnerable to caloric insufficiency. Despite a number of compensatory strategies,
      the metabolic challenge of reproduction culminates in numerous maternal deaths
      annually. Massive depletion of energy reserves results in a case presentation
      that we define as end-lactation syndrome (ELS), characterized by moderate to
      severe emaciation not attributable to a concurrent, independent disease process
      in females dying during late pup care or postweaning. We compiled detailed data
      for 108 adult female southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis) examined
      postmortem that stranded in California, US, 2005-12, and assessed pathology,
      reproductive status, and the location and timing of stranding. We introduce
      simple, grossly apparent, standardized physical criteria to assess reproductive
      stage for female sea otters. We also describe ELS, examine associated risk
      factors, and highlight female life history strategies that likely optimize
      reproduction and survival. Our data suggest that females can reset both the
      timing and energetic demands of reproduction through fetal loss, pup abandonment,
      or early weaning as part of specific physiologic checkpoints during each
      reproductive cycle. Females appear to preload nutritionally during delayed
      implantation and gestation to increase fitness and reproductive success. We found
      that ELS was a major cause of death, affecting 56% of enrolled adult females.
      Peak ELS prevalence occurred in late spring, possibly reflecting the population
      trend toward fall/winter pupping. Increasing age and number of pregnancies were
      associated with a higher risk of ELS. Although the proportion of ELS females was
      highest in areas with dense sea otter populations, cases were recovered
      throughout the range, suggesting that death from ELS is associated with, but not
      solely caused by, population resource limitation.

PMID- 26967138
TI  - TOXOPLASMA GONDII ANTIBODY PREVALENCE AND TWO NEW GENOTYPES OF THE PARASITE IN
      ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN GEESE (NENE: BRANTA SANDVICENSIS).
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite transmitted by domestic cats ( Felis
      catus ) that has historically caused mortality in native Hawaiian birds. To
      estimate how widespread exposure to the parasite is in nene (Hawaiian Geese,
      Branta sandvicensis), we did a serologic survey for T. gondii antibody and
      genetically characterized parasite DNA from the tissues of dead birds that had
      confirmed infections by immunohistochemistry. Of 94 geese sampled, prevalence on
      the island of Kauai, Maui, and Molokai was 21% (n=42), 23% (n=31), and 48%
      (n=21), respectively. Two new T. gondii genotypes (ToxoDB #261 and #262) were
      identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism from four geese, and
      these appeared segregated geographically. Exposure to T. gondii in wild nene is
      widespread and, while the parasite is not a major cause of death, it could have
      sublethal or behavioral effects. How to translate such information to implement
      effective ways to manage feral cats in Hawaii poses challenges.

PMID- 26967139
TI  - THE STRUCTURE AND SEASONALITY OF BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS POPULATIONS IN RACCOONS
      (PROCYON LOTOR).
AB  - Baylisascaris procyonis , the raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) ascarid, is a common
      roundworm parasite of raccoons that is also a well-recognized zoonotic pathogen,
      and a cause for conservation concern. The transmission dynamics of B. procyonis
      differ with host population attributes, season, and landscape. We examined how
      the parasite's population attributes change with season, parasite population
      structure, and host demographics. We examined 1,050 raccoon gastrointestinal
      tracts collected from 1996 to 2012. Of the 1,050 raccoons necropsied, 382 (36%)
      were infected with at least one B. procyonis (x-=15.8 [95% confidence
      interval=13.39-18.26]; median=7; range 1-199 worms/host), and populations were
      overdispersed. There was a seasonal change in prevalence with a peak in
      October/November. Worm burdens decreased approximately 28% per month from January
      to June and increased approximately 31% per month from June to December. The sex
      structure of B. procyonis populations was female-biased (56% female). Host
      demographics did not impact parasite population attributes. This study provides
      evidence that B. procyonis populations exhibit a yearly cycle of loss and
      recruitment that may impact the transmission dynamics of the parasite.

PMID- 26967140
TI  - HEMATOLOGY IN AN EASTERN MASSASAUGA (SISTRURUS CATENATUS) POPULATION AND THE
      EMERGENCE OF OPHIDIOMYCES IN ILLINOIS, USA.
AB  - Disease events are threatening wildlife populations across North America.
      Specifically, mortality events due to Ophidiomyces (snake fungal disease; SFD)
      have been observed recently in snakes in Illinois, US. We investigated the health
      of a population of eastern massasaugas ( Sistrurus catenatus ) in south-central
      Illinois using 1) a meta-analysis of hematologic findings from 2004, 2011, 2013,
      and 2014; 2) a determination of the prevalence of SFD in snakes examined in 2013
      and 2014; and 3) the examination of 184 museum specimens collected from 1999-2013
      for signs and presence of SFD. For the meta-analysis and prevalence of SFD,
      hematologic analytes were reduced to three principle components that explained
      67.5% of the cumulative variance. There were significant differences among one
      principle component (total white blood cell counts, monocytes, lymphocytes, and
      basophils) across years when it was highest in 2004 and 2014. The top general
      linear model explaining the difference in principle components included the main
      effects of year and stage, body condition index (BCI), and the interaction
      between stage and BCI. The prevalence of SFD was 18% (n=7) in 2013 and 24% (n=11)
      in 2014, and no hematologic analytes were associated with SFD. In museum
      specimens, Ophidiomyces DNA was first detected from an individual collected in
      2000. Studies such as these, integrating multiple modalities of health, can
      elucidate the epidemiology of diseases that may pose conservation threats.

PMID- 26967141
TI  - THIAFENTANIL-AZAPERONE-XYLAZINE AND CARFENTANIL-XYLAZINE IMMOBILIZATIONS OF FREE
      RANGING CARIBOU (RANGIFER TARANDUS GRANTI) IN ALASKA, USA.
AB  - Carfentanil-xylazine (CX) has been the primary drug combination used for
      immobilizing free-ranging ungulates in Alaska, US since 1986. We investigated the
      efficacy of a potential new drug of choice, thiafentanil (Investigational New
      Animal Drug A-3080). Captive trials indicated that thiafentanil-azaperone
      medetomidine could provide good levels of immobilization. However, field trials
      conducted in October 2013 on free-ranging caribou ( Rangifer tarandus granti)
      calves showed the combination too potent, causing three respiratory arrests and
      one mortality. The protocol was revised to thiafentanil-azaperone-xylazine (TAX),
      with good results. The induction time was not significantly different between the
      two combinations. However, the recovery time was significantly shorter for the
      TAX group than for the CX group. A physiologic evaluation was performed on 12
      animals immobilized on CX and 15 animals on TAX. Arterial blood was collected
      after induction and again after 10 min of intranasal oxygen supplements (1
      L/min). Both groups had significant increases in partial pressure of arterial
      oxygen after oxygen treatment. There was a concurrent significant increase in
      partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide in both groups. Rectal temperature
      increased significantly in both groups during the downtime, which is consistent
      with other studies of potent opioids in ungulates. On the basis of our results,
      we found TAX to be a potential alternative for the current CX protocol for
      immobilizing free-ranging caribou calves via helicopter darting.

PMID- 26967142
TI  - EUCOLEUS BOEHMI INFECTION IN THE NASAL CONCHAE AND PARANASAL SINUSES OF RED FOX
      (VULPES VULPES) ON PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA.
AB  - Eucoleus boehmi (Nematoda: Capillariidae) occurs in the nasal conchae and
      paranasal sinuses of wild and domestic canids. We surveyed the red fox ( Vulpes
      vulpes ) on Prince Edward Island, Canada, for E. boehmi infection and
      characterized the associated histopathology. Nasal capillarid infections were
      detected based on histologic examination of three coronal sections of the nasal
      cavity and by centrifugal flotation examination (CFE) of rectal feces.
      Capillarids were detected in histologic sections in 28 of 36 (78%) foxes;
      detection occurred most frequently in the caudal section (28 foxes) and least in
      the rostral section (10 foxes). Adult worm morphology was typical for capillarids
      (stichosome esophagus, bacillary bands, bipolar plugged eggs); E. boehmi eggs
      were specifically identified based on the characteristic pitted shell wall
      surface. Adult worms were detected in histologic sections in all 28 and E. boehmi
      eggs in 21 of the positive foxes. No eggs of Eucoleus aerophilus were observed in
      any of the sections. Affected foxes had an eosinophilic and lymphoplasmacytic
      rhinitis with goblet cell hyperplasia. Eggs of E. aerophilus were detected on CFE
      in 20 of 36 (56%) foxes; 19 of the histologically positive foxes were coinfected
      with E. aerophilus. Eggs of E. boehmi were detected on CFE in 26 of 36 (72%)
      foxes and were consistent in size and morphology with those described from wild
      canids, but they differed from those reported from cases of infection in dogs.
      Prevalence based on identification of eggs on histologic section or CFE indicated
      27 of 36 (75%) red foxes examined were infected with E. boehmi.

PMID- 26967144
TI  - Correlation of Doxorubicin Delivery and Tumor Necrosis after Drug-eluting Bead
      Transarterial Chemoembolization of Rabbit VX2 Liver Tumors.
AB  - Purpose To quantify the correlation between doxorubicin (DOX) delivery and tumor
      necrosis after drug-eluting bead (DEB) transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).
      Materials and Methods In this animal care committee-approved study, New Zealand
      white rabbit VX2 liver tumors were treated transarterially with DOX-loaded 70-150
      MUm DEBs in five treatment groups with varying drug doses: sham (saline), 0 mg,
      12.5 mg, 25 mg, and 37.5 mg. DEB TACE was followed by 3- and 7-day sacrifice,
      tumor harvest, and sectioning. Drug delivery was assessed by using fluorescence
      imaging, and tumor necrosis was quantified by means of histologic analysis.
      Statistical correlation of DOX delivery and tumor necrosis was performed by using
      the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rho). Results Thirty-six VX2 tumors
      (median diameter, 1.3 cm) in 20 rabbits (median weight, 2.8 kg) underwent
      successful DEB TACE. Treatment groups included eight, seven, eight, five, and
      eight tumors of similar size (P > .05). Tumors showed progressively greater DOX
      extent (sham, 0%; 0 mg, 0%; 12.5 mg, 3%; 25 mg, 20%; and 37.5 mg, 27%) and
      intensity (sham, 0.4; 0 mg, 1.9; 12.5 mg, 8.5; 25 mg, 9.6; and 37.5 mg, 18.3) and
      higher median percentage necrosis (sham, 68%; 0 mg, 64%; 12.5 mg, 76%; 25 mg,
      78%; and 37.5 mg, 83%) across DOX treatment groups. Correlation of DOX extent
      (rho = 0.975, P = .005) and intensity (rho = 0.900, P = .037) with percentage
      tumor necrosis was statistically significant. Conclusion Incremental increases in
      DOX correlate with greater necrosis in rabbit VX2 liver tumors after DEB TACE.
      This result indicates an essential role for chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity in
      TACE effectiveness and supports the use of chemotherapeutic drugs in
      transarterial therapy. ((c)) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available
      for this article.

PMID- 26967145
TI  - Three-dimensional Biomimetic Technology: Novel Biorubber Creates Defined Micro-
      and Macro-scale Architectures in Collagen Hydrogels.
AB  - Tissue scaffolds play a crucial role in the tissue regeneration process. The
      ideal scaffold must fulfill several requirements such as having proper
      composition, targeted modulus, and well-defined architectural features.
      Biomaterials that recapitulate the intrinsic architecture of in vivo tissue are
      vital for studying diseases as well as to facilitate the regeneration of lost and
      malformed soft tissue. A novel biofabrication technique was developed which
      combines state of the art imaging, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and selective
      enzymatic activity to create a new generation of biomaterials for research and
      clinical application. The developed material, Bovine Serum Albumin rubber, is
      reaction injected into a mold that upholds specific geometrical features. This
      sacrificial material allows the adequate transfer of architectural features to a
      natural scaffold material. The prototype consists of a 3D collagen scaffold with
      4 and 3 mm channels that represent a branched architecture. This paper emphasizes
      the use of this biofabrication technique for the generation of natural
      constructs. This protocol utilizes a computer-aided software (CAD) to manufacture
      a solid mold which will be reaction injected with BSA rubber followed by the
      enzymatic digestion of the rubber, leaving its architectural features within the
      scaffold material. 

PMID- 26967143
TI  - Fibrofatty Changes: Incidence at Cardiac MR Imaging in Patients with
      Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Purpose To determine the incidence of ventricular fatty replacement and late
      gadolinium enhancement (LGE) at cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in
      patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) dysplasia/cardiomyopathy
      (ARVD/C) and the relationship of these findings to disease severity. Materials
      and Methods This was a retrospective institutional review board-approved HIPAA
      compliant study. All subjects provided written informed consent. Seventy-six
      patients with ARVD/C were enrolled from 2002 to 2012. Quantitative and
      qualitative cardiac MR imaging analyses of the RV and the left ventricle (LV)
      were performed to determine cardiac MR imaging-specific Task Force Criteria (TFC)
      and non-TFC features (ARVD/C-type pattern of fatty infiltration and/or
      nonischemic pattern LGE). Patients were separated into four groups on the basis
      of cardiac MR imaging TFC: (a) patients with major cardiac MR imaging criteria,
      (b) patients with minor criteria, (c) patients with partial criteria, and (d)
      patients with no criterion. Continuous variables were compared by using the
      independent Student t test and analysis of variance. Categoric variables were
      compared by using the Fisher exact test. Results Of 76 patients (mean age, 34.2
      years +/- 14 [standard deviation]; 51.3% men), 42 met major cardiac MR imaging
      criteria, seven met minor criteria, seven met partial criteria, and 20 met no
      criterion. Most probands (36 [80.0%] of 45) met major or minor cardiac MR imaging
      criteria. Only 13 (41.9%) of 31 family members met any cardiac MR imaging
      criterion. The most common non-TFC MR imaging features were RV fatty infiltration
      (28.9%) and LV LGE (35.5%). Non-TFC cardiac MR imaging features were seen in
      88.1% of subjects with major criteria, in 28.6% of those with minor criteria, in
      71.4% of those with partial criteria, and in 10.0% of those with no criteria.
      Conclusion In this large cohort of patients with ARVD/C, non-TFC findings of
      ventricular fatty infiltration and LGE were frequent and were most often found in
      those who met major cardiac MR imaging criteria and in probands. ((c)) RSNA, 2016
      Online supplemental material is available for this article.

PMID- 26967146
TI  - Genome scan for nonadditive heterotic trait loci reveals mainly underdominant
      effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The overdominant model of heterosis explains the superior phenotype of hybrids by
      synergistic allelic interaction within heterozygous loci. To map such genetic
      variation in yeast, we used a population doubling time dataset of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae 16 * 16 diallel and searched for major contributing heterotic trait
      loci (HTL). Heterosis was observed for the majority of hybrids, as they surpassed
      their best parent growth rate. However, most of the local heterozygous loci
      identified by genome scan were surprisingly underdominant, i.e., reduced growth.
      We speculated that in these loci adverse effects on growth resulted from
      incompatible allelic interactions. To test this assumption, we eliminated these
      allelic interactions by creating hybrids with local hemizygosity for the
      underdominant HTLs, as well as for control random loci. Growth of hybrids was
      indeed elevated for most hemizygous to HTL genes but not for control genes, hence
      validating the results of our genome scan. Assessing the consequences of local
      heterozygosity by reciprocal hemizygosity and allele replacement assays revealed
      the influence of genetic background on the underdominant effects of HTLs.
      Overall, this genome-wide study on a multi-parental hybrid population provides a
      strong argument against single gene overdominance as a major contributor to
      heterosis, and favors the dominance complementation model. 

PMID- 26967152
TI  - Total Synthesis of Laspartomycin C and Characterization of Its Antibacterial
      Mechanism of Action.
AB  - Laspartomycin C is a lipopeptide antibiotic with activity against a range of Gram
      positive bacteria including drug-resistant pathogens. We report the first total
      synthesis of laspartomycin C as well as a series of structural variants.
      Laspartomycin C was found to specifically bind undecaprenyl phosphate (C55-P) and
      inhibit formation of the bacterial cell wall precursor lipid II. While several
      clinically used antibiotics target the lipid II pathway, there are no approved
      drugs that act on its C55-P precursor. 

PMID- 26967151
TI  - What can structured professional judgement tools contribute to management of
      neurobehavioural disability? Predictive validity of the Short-Term Assessment of
      Risk and Treatability (START) in acquired brain injury.
AB  - Aggression is a frequently cited outcome of acquired brain injury (ABI).
      Paradoxically, evidence suggests that ABI clinicians underestimate the risk of
      violence, and aggression in neurobehavioural services appears more frequent than
      in forensic/secure psychiatric settings. Risk assessment tools are endemic in the
      latter and highly beneficial in managing harm. However, none has been validated
      for ABI. This study examines the predictive validity of ABI violence using one
      established tool, the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). It
      is argued that successful management of aggression in neurobehavioural
      rehabilitation is partly attributable to ongoing programme calibration following
      regular review of measures conceptualised for ABI. The predictive ability of
      START and ABI measures was determined through correlational, receiver operating
      characteristic and hierarchical multiple regression analyses, using 4559
      aggression recordings concerning 76 patients over 4 weeks. The START risk of
      violence was classed "low" for 50% of the sample and "high" for 13.7%.
      Significant relationships between individual measures and aggression were
      evident. However, multivariate analysis confirmed that the best fitting model
      comprised ABI measures of neurobehavioural disability and functional abilities:
      START data did not increase explained variance. ABI risk prediction may benefit
      from development of specific tools. However, these should be conceptualised for
      ABI to incorporate the diverse range of variables underpinning neurobehavioural
      disability.

PMID- 26967147
TI  - Interactions between intestinal pathogens, enteropathy and malnutrition in
      developing countries.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on recent data highlighting the
      interactions between intestinal pathogens, enteropathy and malnutrition in
      developing countries, which drive morbidity and mortality and hinder the long
      term developmental potential of children. RECENT FINDINGS: Diarrhoea remains the
      second commonest cause of death in children below 5 years, and malnutrition
      underlies 45% of all child deaths. Even in the absence of diarrhoea, subclinical
      pathogen carriage and enteropathy are almost universal in developing countries.
      Here, we review recent studies addressing the causes and consequences of
      diarrhoea; emerging data on environmental influences that govern postnatal
      development of the gut and microbiota; current concepts of environmental enteric
      dysfunction; and recent intervention trials in the field. We highlight the
      interactions between these processes, whereby intestinal pathogens drive a cycle
      of gut damage, malabsorption, chronic inflammation and failed mucosal
      regeneration, leading to malnutrition and susceptibility to further enteric
      infections. SUMMARY: Efforts to improve child survival and long-term
      developmental potential need to address the overlapping and interacting effects
      of diarrhoea, enteropathy and malnutrition. Recent insights from human and animal
      studies suggest potential targets for intervention.

PMID- 26967153
TI  - Light-responsive in situ forming injectable implants for effective drug delivery
      to the posterior segment of the eye.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Frequent intravitreal injections are currently the preferred
      treatment method for diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye.
      However, these repeated injections have been associated with pain, risk of
      infection, hemorrhages, retinal detachment and high treatment costs. To overcome
      these limitations, light-responsive in situ forming injectable implants (ISFIs)
      may emerge as novel systems providing site-specific controlled drug delivery to
      the retinal tissues with great accuracy, safety, minimal invasiveness and high
      cost efficiency. AREA COVERED: Complex ocular barriers, routes for drug delivery,
      types of injectable implants, ocular application of light and benefits of light
      responsive systems are discussed with regards to challenges and strategies
      employed for effective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. In
      particular, we have highlighted photoresponsive moieties, photopolymerization
      mechanisms and different development strategies with their limitations as well as
      recent advancements in the field. EXPERT OPINION: Biodegradable light-responsive
      ISFIs are promising drug delivery systems that have shown a high degree of
      biocompatibility with sustained drug release in a number of applications.
      However, their use in intravitreal drug delivery is still in the very early
      stages. Issues related to the biocompatibility of the photoinitiator and the
      elimination of photo-degraded by-products from the ocular tissues need careful
      consideration, not only from a chemistry standpoint, but also from a biological
      perspective to improve the suitability of these systems for clinical
      applications.

PMID- 26967154
TI  - Characterization of HIV Transmission in South-East Austria.
AB  - To gain deeper insight into the epidemiology of HIV-1 transmission in South-East
      Austria we performed a retrospective analysis of 259 HIV-1 partial pol sequences
      obtained from unique individuals newly diagnosed with HIV infection in South-East
      Austria from 2008 through 2014. After quality filtering, putative transmission
      linkages were inferred when two sequences were <=1.5% genetically different.
      Multiple linkages were resolved into putative transmission clusters. Further
      phylogenetic analyses were performed using BEAST v1.8.1. Finally, we investigated
      putative links between the 259 sequences from South-East Austria and all publicly
      available HIV polymerase sequences in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV
      sequence database. We found that 45.6% (118/259) of the sampled sequences were
      genetically linked with at least one other sequence from South-East Austria
      forming putative transmission clusters. Clustering individuals were more likely
      to be men who have sex with men (MSM; p<0.001), infected with subtype B (p<0.001)
      or subtype F (p = 0.02). Among clustered males who reported only heterosexual
      (HSX) sex as an HIV risk, 47% clustered closely with MSM (either as pairs or
      within larger MSM clusters). One hundred and seven of the 259 sequences (41.3%)
      from South-East Austria had at least one putative inferred linkage with sequences
      from a total of 69 other countries. In conclusion, analysis of HIV-1 sequences
      from newly diagnosed individuals residing in South-East Austria revealed a high
      degree of national and international clustering mainly within MSM. Interestingly,
      we found that a high number of heterosexual males clustered within MSM networks,
      suggesting either linkage between risk groups or misrepresentation of sexual risk
      behaviors by subjects. 

PMID- 26967156
TI  - An ethanol extract of Ramulus mori improves blood circulation by inhibiting
      platelet aggregation.
AB  - Inappropriate platelet aggregation can cause blood coagulation and thrombosis. In
      this study, the effect of an ethanol extract of Ramulus mori (ERM) on blood
      circulation was investigated. The antithrombotic activity of ERM on rat carotid
      arterial thrombosis was evaluated in vivo, and the effect of ERM on platelet
      aggregation and blood coagulation time was evaluated ex vivo. To evaluate the
      safety of ERM, its cytotoxicity to platelets and its effect on tail bleeding time
      were assessed; ERM was not toxic to rat platelets and did not prolong bleeding
      time. Moreover, administering ERM to rats had a significant preventive effect on
      carotid arterial thrombosis in vivo, and significantly inhibited adenosine
      diphosphate- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo, whereas it did
      not prolong coagulation periods, such as prothrombin time and activated partial
      thromboplastin time. The results suggest that ERM is effective in improving blood
      circulation via antiplatelet activity rather than anticoagulation activity. 

PMID- 26967155
TI  - Pharmacological Modulation of Hemodynamics in Adult Zebrafish In Vivo.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hemodynamic parameters in zebrafish receive increasing attention
      because of their important role in cardiovascular processes such as
      atherosclerosis, hematopoiesis, sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis. To
      study underlying mechanisms, the precise modulation of parameters like blood flow
      velocity or shear stress is centrally important. Questions related to blood flow
      have been addressed in the past in either embryonic or ex vivo-zebrafish models
      but little information is available for adult animals. Here we describe a
      pharmacological approach to modulate cardiac and hemodynamic parameters in adult
      zebrafish in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult zebrafish were paralyzed and
      orally perfused with salt water. The drugs isoprenaline and sodium nitroprusside
      were directly applied with the perfusate, thus closely resembling the preferred
      method for drug delivery in zebrafish, namely within the water. Drug effects on
      the heart and on blood flow in the submental vein were studied using
      electrocardiograms, in vivo-microscopy and mathematical flow simulations.
      RESULTS: Under control conditions, heart rate, blood flow velocity and shear
      stress varied less than +/- 5%. Maximal chronotropic effects of isoprenaline were
      achieved at a concentration of 50 MUmol/L, where it increased the heart rate by
      22.6 +/- 1.3% (n = 4; p < 0.0001). Blood flow velocity and shear stress in the
      submental vein were not significantly increased. Sodium nitroprusside at 1 mmol/L
      did not alter the heart rate but increased blood flow velocity by 110.46 +/-
      19.64% (p = 0.01) and shear stress by 117.96 +/- 23.65% (n = 9; p = 0.03).
      DISCUSSION: In this study, we demonstrate that cardiac and hemodynamic parameters
      in adult zebrafish can be efficiently modulated by isoprenaline and sodium
      nitroprusside. Together with the suitability of the zebrafish for in vivo
      microscopy and genetic modifications, the methodology described permits studying
      biological processes that are dependent on hemodynamic alterations.

PMID- 26967158
TI  - Multicentre Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Food Challenge Study in Children
      Sensitised to Cashew Nut.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies with a limited number of patients have provided
      indications that cashew-allergic patients may experience severe allergic
      reactions to minimal amounts of cashew nut. The objectives of this multicentre
      study were to assess the clinical relevance of cashew nut sensitisation, to study
      the clinical reaction patterns in double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge
      tests and to establish the amount of cashew nuts that can elicit an allergic
      reaction. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A total of 179 children were included (median age
      9.0 years; range 2-17 years) with cashew nut sensitisation and a clinical history
      of reactions to cashew nuts or unknown exposure. Sensitised children who could
      tolerate cashew nuts were excluded. The study included three clinical visits and
      a telephone consultation. During the first visit, the medical history was
      evaluated, physical examinations were conducted, blood samples were drawn and
      skin prick tests were performed. The children underwent a double-blind placebo
      controlled food challenge test with cashew nut during the second and third
      visits. The study showed that 137 (76.5%) of the sensitised children suspected of
      allergy to cashew nut had a positive double-blind placebo-controlled food
      challenge test, with 46% (63) manifesting subjective symptoms to the lowest dose
      of 1 mg cashew nut protein and 11% (15) developing objective symptoms to the
      lowest dose. Children most frequently had gastro-intestinal symptoms, followed by
      oral allergy and skin symptoms. A total of 36% (49/137) of the children
      experienced an anaphylactic reaction and 6% (8/137) of the children were treated
      with epinephrine. CONCLUSION: This prospective study demonstrated a strikingly
      high percentage of clinical reactions to cashew nut in this third line
      population. Severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis requiring
      epinephrine, were observed. These reactions were to minimal amounts of cashew
      nut, demonstrated the high potency of this allergens. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed NTR3572.

PMID- 26967157
TI  - Factors Associated with Correct and Consistent Insecticide Treated Curtain Use in
      Iquitos, Peru.
AB  - Dengue is an arthropod-borne virus of great public health importance, and control
      of its mosquito vectors is currently the only available method for prevention.
      Previous research has suggested that insecticide treated curtains (ITCs) can
      lower dengue vector infestations in houses. This observational study investigated
      individual and household-level socio-demographic factors associated with correct
      and consistent use of ITCs in Iquitos, Peru. A baseline knowledge, attitudes, and
      practices (KAP) survey was administered to 1,333 study participants, and ITCs
      were then distributed to 593 households as part of a cluster-randomized trial.
      Follow up KAP surveys and ITC-monitoring checklists were conducted at 9, 18, and
      27 months post-ITC distribution. At 9 months post-distribution, almost 70% of
      ITCs were hanging properly (e.g. hanging fully extended or tied up), particularly
      those hung on walls compared to other locations. Proper ITC hanging dropped at 18
      months to 45.7%. The odds of hanging ITCs correctly and consistently were
      significantly greater among those participants who were housewives, knew three or
      more correct symptoms of dengue and at least one correct treatment for dengue,
      knew a relative or close friend who had had dengue, had children sleeping under a
      mosquito net, or perceived a change in the amount of mosquitoes in the home.
      Additionally, the odds of recommending ITCs in the future were significantly
      greater among those who perceived a change in the amount of mosquitoes in the
      home (e.g. perceived the ITCs to be effective). Despite various challenges
      associated with the sustained effectiveness of the selected ITCs, almost half of
      the ITCs were still hanging at 18 months, suggesting a feasible vector control
      strategy for sustained community use. 

PMID- 26967159
TI  - The Silk Road Health Project: How Mobility and Migration Status Influence HIV
      Risks among Male Migrant Workers in Central Asia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We examined whether mobility, migrant status, and risk environments
      are associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV risk behaviors
      (e.g. sex trading, multiple partners, and unprotected sex). METHODS: We used
      Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) to recruit external male migrant market vendors
      from Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan as well internal migrant and non
      migrant market vendors from Kazakhstan. We conducted multivariate logistic
      regressions to examine the effects of mobility combined with the interaction
      between mobility and migration status on STIs and sexual risk behaviors, when
      controlling for risk environment characteristics. RESULTS: Mobility was
      associated with increased risk for biologically-confirmed STIs, sex trading, and
      unprotected sex among non-migrants, but not among internal or external migrants.
      Condom use rates were low among all three groups, particularly external migrants.
      Risk environment factors of low-income status, debt, homelessness, and limited
      access to medical care were associated with unprotected sex among external
      migrants. CONCLUSION: Study findings underscore the role mobility and risk
      environments play in shaping HIV/STI risks. They highlight the need to consider
      mobility in the context of migration status and other risk environment factors in
      developing effective prevention strategies for this population.

PMID- 26967160
TI  - Reference-Free Assessment of Speech Intelligibility Using Bispectrum of an
      Auditory Neurogram.
AB  - Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner and outer hair cells
      of the peripheral auditory system. Hearing loss can cause decreases in
      audibility, dynamic range, frequency and temporal resolution of the auditory
      system, and all of these effects are known to affect speech intelligibility. In
      this study, a new reference-free speech intelligibility metric is proposed using
      2-D neurograms constructed from the output of a computational model of the
      auditory periphery. The responses of the auditory-nerve fibers with a wide range
      of characteristic frequencies were simulated to construct neurograms. The
      features of the neurograms were extracted using third-order statistics referred
      to as bispectrum. The phase coupling of neurogram bispectrum provides a unique
      insight for the presence (or deficit) of supra-threshold nonlinearities beyond
      audibility for listeners with normal hearing (or hearing loss). The speech
      intelligibility scores predicted by the proposed method were compared to the
      behavioral scores for listeners with normal hearing and hearing loss both in
      quiet and under noisy background conditions. The results were also compared to
      the performance of some existing methods. The predicted results showed a good fit
      with a small error suggesting that the subjective scores can be estimated
      reliably using the proposed neural-response-based metric. The proposed metric
      also had a wide dynamic range, and the predicted scores were well-separated as a
      function of hearing loss. The proposed metric successfully captures the effects
      of hearing loss and supra-threshold nonlinearities on speech intelligibility.
      This metric could be applied to evaluate the performance of various speech
      processing algorithms designed for hearing aids and cochlear implants. 

PMID- 26967161
TI  - A Lymph Node Staging System for Gastric Cancer: A Hybrid Type Based on
      Topographic and Numeric Systems.
AB  - Although changing a lymph node staging system from an anatomically based system
      to a numerically based system in gastric cancer offers better prognostic
      performance, several problems can arise: it does not offer information on the
      anatomical extent of disease and cannot represent the extent of lymph node
      dissection. The purpose of this study was to discover an alternative lymph node
      staging system for gastric cancer. Data from 6025 patients who underwent
      gastrectomy for primary gastric cancer between January 2000 and December 2010
      were reviewed. The lymph node groups were reclassified into lesser-curvature,
      greater-curvature, and extra-perigastric groups. Presence of any metastatic lymph
      node in one group was considered positive. Lymph node groups were further
      stratified into four (new N0-new N3) according to the number of positive lymph
      node groups. Survival outcomes with this new N staging were compared with those
      of the current TNM system. For validation, two centers in Japan (large center, n
      = 3443; medium center, n = 560) were invited. Even among the same pN stages, the
      more advanced new N stage showed worse prognosis, indicating that the anatomical
      extent of metastatic lymph nodes is important. The prognostic performance of the
      new staging system was as good as that of the current TNM system for overall
      advanced gastric cancer as well as lymph node-positive gastric cancer (Harrell C
      index was 0.799, 0.726, and 0.703 in current TNM and 0.799, 0.727, and 0.703 in
      new TNM stage). Validation sets supported these outcomes. The new N staging
      system demonstrated prognostic performance equal to that of the current TNM
      system and could thus be used as an alternative. 

PMID- 26967162
TI  - Effect of Metformin Use on Survival in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Single
      Institution Experience and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Observational studies have demonstrated that metformin use in diabetic patients
      is associated with reduced cancer incidence and mortality. Here, we aimed to
      determine whether metformin use was associated with improved survival in patients
      with resected pancreatic cancer. All patients with diabetes who underwent
      resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma between 12/1/1986 and 4/30/2013 at our
      institution were categorized by metformin use. Survival analysis was done using
      the Kaplan-Meier method, with log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards
      multivariable regression models. For analyses of our data and the only other
      published study, we used Meta-Analysis version 2.2. We identified 44 pancreatic
      cancer patients with diabetes who underwent resection of the primary tumor (19
      with ongoing metformin use, 25 never used metformin). There were no significant
      differences in major clinical and demographic characteristics between metformin
      and non-metformin users. Metformin users had a better median survival than
      nonusers, but the difference was not statistically significant (35.3 versus 20.2
      months; P = 0.3875). The estimated 2-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for non
      metformin users were 42%, 28%, and 14%, respectively. Metformin users fared
      better with corresponding rates of 68%, 34%, and 34%, respectively. In our
      literature review, which included 111 patients from the two studies (46 metformin
      users and 65 non-users), overall hazard ratio was 0.668 (95% CI 0.397-1.125),
      with P = 0.129. Metformin use was associated with improved survival outcomes in
      patients with resected pancreatic cancer, but the difference was not
      statistically significant. The potential benefit of metformin should be
      investigated in adequately powered prospective studies. 

PMID- 26967164
TI  - Tranexamic acid-associated seizures: A meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence rate of tranexamic acid (TXA)-associated
      seizures. METHODS: Two electronic databases (Medline and Embase) were searched.
      We looked for additional studies in the references of all identified
      publications. The cutoff day was 2015 Dec 06. Two authors independently reviewed
      the titles and abstracts of the publications identified firstly. Odds ratio (OR)
      and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to compare discontinuous variables.
      RESULTS: Ten studies enrolling 26,079 patients with TXA exposure and 7395
      patients with non-TXA exposure were included. The cumulative incidence rate of
      TXA-associated seizures is 2.7%. The odds ratio of seizure is 5.39 (95%CI: 3.29
      8.85; I(2)=0%; P<0.001) in patients with TXA exposure vs patients with non-TXA
      exposure. The incidence rate of TXA-associated seizures increased when the dose
      levels increased. CONCLUSION: The risk of seizure increased in patients with TXA
      exposure and the incidence rate of TXA-associated seizures increased when the
      dose levels increased.

PMID- 26967163
TI  - H3 Histone Tail Conformation within the Nucleosome and the Impact of K14
      Acetylation Studied Using Enhanced Sampling Simulation.
AB  - Acetylation of lysine residues in histone tails is associated with gene
      transcription. Because histone tails are structurally flexible and intrinsically
      disordered, it is difficult to experimentally determine the tail conformations
      and the impact of acetylation. In this work, we performed simulations to sample
      H3 tail conformations with and without acetylation. The results show that
      irrespective of the presence or absence of the acetylation, the H3 tail remains
      in contact with the DNA and assumes an alpha-helix structure in some regions.
      Acetylation slightly weakened the interaction between the tail and DNA and
      enhanced alpha-helix formation, resulting in a more compact tail conformation. We
      inferred that this compaction induces unwrapping and exposure of the linker DNA,
      enabling DNA-binding proteins (e.g., transcription factors) to bind to their
      target sequences. In addition, our simulation also showed that acetylated lysine
      was more often exposed to the solvent, which is consistent with the fact that
      acetylation functions as a post-translational modification recognition site
      marker. 

PMID- 26967165
TI  - Motivations for Intravaginal Product Use among a Cohort of Women in Los Angeles.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Intravaginal practices-including behaviors such as intravaginal
      cleansing and insertion of products-have been linked to a number of adverse
      reproductive health outcomes, including increased risk for bacterial vaginosis,
      sexually transmitted infections, and HIV. Currently, little is known about the
      motivations for intravaginal practices among women in the United States. The
      objective of this study was to identify and describe motivations for intravaginal
      washing and intravaginal insertion of products among women of differing ages and
      racial/ethnic groups. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2010, we enrolled a convenience
      sample of sexually active women aged 18-65 years living in Los Angeles recruited
      through community education and outreach activities in HIV/AIDS service
      organizations, women's health clinics, community-based organizations, and HIV
      testing sites. At the enrollment visit, women completed a self-administered,
      computer-assisted questionnaire covering demographics, sexual behaviors,
      intravaginal practices, and motivations for intravaginal practices over the past
      month and past year. RESULTS: We enrolled 141 women; 34% of participants were
      Caucasian, 40% African American, and 26% Latina. Peri-sexual intravaginal washing
      was common in all groups, whether to clean up after sex (70%) or to prepare for
      sex (54%). African American women were more likely to report learning to wash
      intravaginally from their mothers compared to Latina or Caucasian women (70% vs.
      49%, P = 0.04). Sixty-one percent of African American women reported using a
      douching device over the past year compared to 41% of Latina and 40% of Caucasian
      women (p = 0.02). Younger women were more likely to report that their male
      partners wanted them to wash intravaginally than older women (77% vs. 24%,
      P<0.01), and more likely to report the removal of odors as a motive than older
      women (65% vs. 40%, P = 0.04). The most commonly used intravaginal products
      included sexual lubricants, petroleum jelly, body lotions, oils, and wet wipes.
      Use of these products varied by race, and motives given included increasing
      lubrication, preparing for sex, smelling good, and preventing sexually
      transmitted infections. CONCLUSION: Women's intravaginal practices and
      motivations for these practices differ across race and age. Motivations for use
      also vary by type of intravaginal product used. Given that some intravaginal
      practices have been shown to be harmful, interventions, programs and counseling
      messages to encourage less harmful practices are needed, and should consider
      underlying motivations that influence women's vaginal practices. Practitioners
      may use these results to better support women in achieving vaginal health.

PMID- 26967166
TI  - Transposons, Genome Size, and Evolutionary Insights in Animals.
AB  - The relationship between genome size and the percentage of transposons in 161
      animal species evidenced that variations in genome size are linked to the
      amplification or the contraction of transposable elements. The activity of
      transposable elements could represent a response to environmental stressors.
      Indeed, although with different trends in protostomes and deuterostomes,
      comprehensive changes in genome size were recorded in concomitance with
      particular periods of evolutionary history or adaptations to specific
      environments. During evolution, genome size and the presence of transposable
      elements have influenced structural and functional parameters of genomes and
      cells. Changes of these parameters have had an impact on morphological and
      functional characteristics of the organism on which natural selection directly
      acts. Therefore, the current situation represents a balance between insertion and
      amplification of transposons and the mechanisms responsible for their deletion or
      for decreasing their activity. Among the latter, methylation and the silencing
      action of small RNAs likely represent the most frequent mechanisms. 

PMID- 26967167
TI  - Er:Yag Laser Treatment of Simple Snorers in an Outpatient Setting.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Snoring occurs as a result of soft tissue vibration caused by a
      partial upper airway collapse during sleep. This study evaluated the
      effectiveness and potential adverse side effects associated with the use of a
      nonsurgical, erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment for
      patients with snoring conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 33 patients
      with different degrees of snoring were analyzed retrospectively. All patients
      received three NightLaseTM Er:YAG laser treatments. Results were measured using a
      follow-up questionnaire and then statistically analyzed. Any effects that
      occurred during the first year after treatment (i.e., short-term effects) were
      followed up with interviews. RESULTS: Laser treatment effectively reduced
      patients' snoring and achieved a 65% satisfaction rate after three treatments.
      The greatest improvement and satisfaction were experienced by patients aged >=50
      years. Patients reported additional benefits from this treatment including easier
      breathing, higher alertness, and increased focus. CONCLUSION: Nonsurgical Er:YAG
      laser treatment is an effective and minimally invasive procedure to reduce
      patient snoring and other sleep-disordered breathing symptoms. Patients reported
      minimal disadvantages including minor discomfort and a low risk of side effects.

PMID- 26967168
TI  - Photoinduced formation of threadlike micelles from mixtures of a cationic
      surfactant and a stilbene amphiphile.
AB  - This study examined the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on aqueous
      surfactant solutions containing an anionic stilbene derivative (sodium [4-[(E)-2
      (4-butylphenyl)ethenyl]phenoxy]acetate; C4StilNa) as a photoresponsive skeleton.
      Prior to UV irradiation, an aqueous solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
      (CTAB) and C4StilNa was a low-viscosity fluid forming spheroidal micelles.
      Exposure of the low-viscosity fluid to UV light resulted in the formation of
      threadlike micelles and an increase in the viscosity of the aqueous CTAB/C4StilNa
      solution. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the
      photochemically induced isomerization and dimerization reactions of C4StilNa
      molecules had occurred in the aggregates due to UV irradiation. Overall, the
      structural transformation of the stilbene groups in the C4StilNa molecules with
      the photochemical reactions leads to an increase in the critical packing
      parameter and consequently a photoinduced transition of spheroidal micelles to
      threadlike micelles. 

PMID- 26967170
TI  - Course of Glaucomatous Visual Field Loss Across the Entire Perimetric Range.
AB  - Importance: Identifying the course of glaucomatous visual field (VF) loss that
      progresses from normal to perimetric blindness is important for treatment and
      prognostication. Objective: To model the process of glaucomatous VF decay over
      the entire perimetric range from normal to perimetric blindness. Design, Setting,
      and Participants: A post hoc, retrospective analysis was performed using data
      from the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study and the UCLA (University of
      California, Los Angeles) Jules Stein Eye Institute Glaucoma Division. Patients
      with open-angle glaucoma and VFs obtained from reliable examinations (defined as
      <30% fixation losses, <30% false-positive rates, and <30% false-negative rates)
      were recruited. All tests were performed with standard automated perimetry and a
      24-2 test pattern. Linear, exponential, and sigmoid regression models were used
      to assess the pattern of threshold sensitivity deterioration at each VF location
      as a function of time. Visual field locations of interest included those with a
      mean of the initial 2 sensitivities of 26 dB or greater and a less than 10-dB
      mean of the final 2 sensitivities. Root mean squared error (RMSE) was used to
      evaluate goodness of fit for each regression model. The error was defined as the
      difference between the sensitivities modeled by the function and the observed
      sensitivities. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study was conducted from 1998
      to 2006; the present post hoc analysis was conducted from March 1, 2014, to March
      1, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures: The RMSE of the residuals (fitted minus
      observed values) for the 3 regression models was used to evaluate goodness of
      fit. Results: A total of 798 eyes from 583 patients (mean [SD] age, 64.7 [10.7]
      years; 301 [51.6%] women) who had more than 6 years of follow-up and underwent
      more than 10 VF examinations were included in this analysis. Mean (SD) follow-up
      time was 8.7 (2.2) years, and each eye had a mean of 15.2 (4.9) VF tests. For the
      VF locations with an initial sensitivity of 26 dB or greater and final
      sensitivity of less than 10 dB (309 locations), the sigmoid best-fit regression
      model had the lowest RMSE in 248 (80.3%) of the locations, the exponential
      function in 39 (12.6%), and the linear function in 22 (7.1%). The means (SDs) of
      RMSE were sigmoid, 4.1 (1.9); exponential, 6.0 (1.5); and linear 5.8 (1.6).
      Conclusions and Relevance: Pointwise sigmoid regression had a better ability to
      fit perimetric decay into a subset of locations that traverse the entire range of
      perimetric measurements from near normal to near perimetric blindness compared
      with linear and exponential functions. These results support the concept that the
      measured behavior of glaucomatous VF loss to perimetric blindness is nonlinear
      and that its course of deterioration may change with the course of disease.

PMID- 26967169
TI  - Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular
      Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates.
AB  - Functions of clusters in nano or sub-nano scale significantly depend on not only
      kinds of their components but also arrangements, or symmetry, of their
      components. Therefore, the arrangements in the clusters have been precisely
      characterized, especially for metal complexes. Contrary to this,
      characterizations of molecular arrangements in supramolecular clusters composed
      of organic molecules are limited to a few cases. This is because construction of
      the supramolecular clusters, especially obtaining a series of the supramolecular
      clusters, is difficult due to low stability of non-covalent bonds compare to
      covalent bonds. From this viewpoint, utilization of organic salts is one of the
      most useful strategies. A series of the supramolecules could be constructed by
      combinations of a specific organic molecule with various counter ions.
      Especially, primary ammonium carboxylates are suitable as typical examples of
      supramolecules because various kinds of carboxylic acids and primary amines are
      commercially available, and it is easy to change their combinations. Previously,
      it was demonstrated that primary ammonium triphenylacetates using various kinds
      of primary amines specifically construct supramolecular clusters, which are
      composed of four ammoniums and four triphenylacetates assembled by charge
      assisted hydrogen bonds, in crystals obtained from non-polar solvents. This study
      demonstrates an application of the specific construction of the supramolecular
      clusters as a strategy to conduct systematical symmetric study for clarification
      of correlations between molecular arrangements in supramolecules and kinds and
      numbers of their components. In the same way with binary salts composed of
      triphenylacetates and one kind of primary ammoniums, ternary organic salts
      composed of triphenylacetates and two kinds of ammoniums construct the
      supramolecular clusters, affording a series of the supramolecular clusters with
      various kinds and numbers of the components. 

PMID- 26967171
TI  - Depression-Specific Outcomes After Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Depression is frequently undiagnosed in patients with chronic
      rhinosinusitis (CRS) and affects quality of life, productivity, and health care
      use. OBJECTIVE: To examine depression-specific outcomes after medical or surgical
      treatment of CRS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multi-institutional,
      prospective study of patients with refractory CRS treated at tertiary academic
      rhinology centers was performed from March 1, 2011, to November 1, 2015. Data
      analysis was performed from October 1, 2015, to November 1, 2015. INTERVENTIONS:
      Patients self-selected to undergo continued medical management or endoscopic
      sinus surgery for refractory CRS. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patients completed
      the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT22), Rhinosinusitis Disability Index
      (RSDI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and missed productivity and
      medication use questionnaires before and at least 6 months after treatment.
      Computed tomography and endoscopy scoring were performed with reviewers masked to
      patient-reported data. Depression-specific outcomes were recorded using the 2
      item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ2). RESULTS: Baseline data were available
      on 685 patients, with 167 (24.4%) having depression according to the PHQ2 scores.
      The mean (SD) age of the patients was 50.5 (15.0) years, and 332 (48.4%) were
      male. Revision surgery status was the only baseline factor associated with
      depression (53.9% vs 38.0%, P < .001). Patients with depression had worse
      baseline SNOT22 (mean, 64.5 vs 47.6), PSQI (mean, 12.8 vs 8.4), productivity
      (mean, 22.8 vs 5.2 days missed), and medication use scores for oral antibiotics
      (mean, 23.8 vs 14.8) and oral corticosteroids (mean, 17.8 vs 9.9) (P < .001 for
      all). Medical and surgical treatments had similar outcomes for patients with
      depression with mean improvement in the PHQ2 scores from 3.96 to 1.91 (P < .001),
      and 110 of 167 patients (65.9%) categorized as having depression at baseline were
      categorized as not having depression after treatment. Improvements in the PHQ2
      scores were associated with improvements in the SNOT22, PSQI, oral antibiotic
      use, and productivity scores (P <= .001 for all). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Depression is a common comorbidity in patients with CRS and affects numerous
      quality-of-life and health care outcomes. There are few objective baseline
      factors to aid physicians in identifying depression in patients with CRS. Medical
      and surgical treatments for CRS improve depression and related clinical outcomes.

PMID- 26967172
TI  - The role of the illusion in the construction of erotic desire: narratives from
      heterosexual men who have occasional sex with transgender women.
AB  - Little is known about men's sexual desire for and erotic attraction to male-to
      female transgender women. To better understand how erotic desire is constructed,
      this study examined the narratives of a sample of heterosexual men who had had an
      occasional sexual encounter with a transgender woman. Open-ended qualitative
      interviews were conducted with 16 heterosexual men who reported at least one
      sexual encounter with a transgender woman in the previous 12 months. Using
      principles of Grounded Theory, three themes emerged: (1) the erotic desire that
      transpired from a transgender woman's construction of her femininity, (2) the
      sexual act that dictated the specific navigation of a transgender woman's penis
      and (3) the sexual dissonance that resulted from being a heterosexually
      identified man having sex with a partner who had a penis. These themes reflected
      how the participants defined and negotiated their sexual encounters, both
      psychologically through their understanding of sex with a transgender woman with
      a penis, and physically through the navigation of specific sex acts. The role of
      the 'illusion' was central to the meaning and construction of erotic desire.
      These narratives provided another framework for continuing discourse on the
      complexity of erotic desire.

PMID- 26967175
TI  - Pathologic Abnormalities Behind Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Terminology.

PMID- 26967176
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ.

PMID- 26967177
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ-Reply.

PMID- 26967178
TI  - Treatment and Long-term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ.

PMID- 26967179
TI  - Effects of Standard Treatments for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ-Making Informed
      Choices.

PMID- 26967180
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ.

PMID- 26967181
TI  - Treatment Recommendations for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In
      Situ.

PMID- 26967182
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ.

PMID- 26967183
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ.

PMID- 26967184
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ.

PMID- 26967186
TI  - Perspectives in Oncology Drug Pricing.

PMID- 26967185
TI  - Treatment and Long-Term Risks for Patients With a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma
      In Situ-Reply.

PMID- 26967187
TI  - Perspectives in Oncology Drug Pricing.

PMID- 26967188
TI  - Perspectives in Oncology Drug Pricing.

PMID- 26967189
TI  - Perspectives in Oncology Drug Pricing-Reply.

PMID- 26967190
TI  - 340B Drug Pricing Program Reform.

PMID- 26967191
TI  - 340B Drug Pricing Program Reform-Reply.

PMID- 26967192
TI  - Co-intercalation of Mg(2+) and Na(+) in Na(0.69)Fe2(CN)6 as a High-Voltage
      Cathode for Magnesium Batteries.
AB  - Thanks to the advantages of low cost and good safety, magnesium metal batteries
      get the limelight as substituent for lithium ion batteries. However, the energy
      density of state-of-the-art magnesium batteries is not high enough because of
      their low operating potential; thus, it is necessary to improve the energy
      density by developing new high-voltage cathode materials. In this study,
      nanosized Berlin green Fe2(CN)6 and Prussian blue Na(0.69)Fe2(CN)6 are compared
      as high-voltage cathode materials for magnesium batteries. Interestingly, while
      Mg(2+) ions cannot be intercalated in Fe2(CN)6, Na(0.69)Fe2(CN)6 shows reversible
      intercalation and deintercalation of Mg(2+) ions, although they have the same
      crystal structure except for the presence of Na(+) ions. This phenomenon is
      attributed to the fact that Mg(2+) ions are more stable in Na(+)-containing
      Na(0.69)Fe2(CN)6 than in Na(+)-free Fe2(CN)6, indicating Na(+) ions in
      Na(0.69)Fe2(CN)6 plays a crucial role in stabilizing Mg(2+) ions.
      Na(0.69)Fe2(CN)6 delivers reversible capacity of approximately 70 mA h g(-1) at
      3.0 V vs Mg/Mg(2+) and shows stable cycle performance over 35 cycles. Therefore,
      Prussian blue analogues are promising structures for high-voltage cathode
      materials in Mg batteries. Furthermore, this co-intercalation effect suggests new
      avenues for the development of cathode materials in hybrid magnesium batteries
      that use both Mg(2+) and Na(+) ions as charge carriers.

PMID- 26967193
TI  - To anticoagulate or not to anticoagulate vascular thrombosis in Behcet's
      syndrome: an enduring question.

PMID- 26967194
TI  - PR3 antibodies: not always an immunological emergency.

PMID- 26967195
TI  - Global Liver Proteome Analysis Using iTRAQ Reveals AMPK-mTOR-Autophagy Signaling
      Is Altered by Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Newborn Piglets.
AB  - Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs fetal growth and development,
      perturbs nutrient metabolism, and increases the risk of developing diseases in
      postnatal life. However, the underlying mechanisms by which IUGR affects fetal
      liver development and metabolism remain incompletely understood. Here, we applied
      a high-throughput proteomics approach and biochemical analysis to investigate the
      impact of IUGR on the liver of newborn piglets. As a result, we identified 78
      differentially expressed proteins in the three biological replicates, including
      31 significantly up-regulated proteins and 47 significantly down-regulated
      proteins. Among them, a majority of differentially expressed proteins were
      related to nutrient metabolism and mitochondrial function. Additionally, many
      significantly down-regulated proteins participated in the mTOR signaling pathway
      and the phagosome maturation signaling pathway. Further analysis suggested that
      glucose concentration and hepatic glycogen storage were both reduced in IUGR
      newborn piglets, which may contribute to AMPK activation and mTORC1 inhibition.
      However, AMPK activation and mTORC1 inhibition failed to induce autophagy in the
      liver of IUGR neonatal pigs. A possible reason is that PP2Ac, a potential
      candidate in autophagy regulation, is significantly down-regulated in the liver
      of IUGR newborn piglets. These findings may provide implications for preventing
      and treating IUGR in human beings and domestic animals. 

PMID- 26967196
TI  - Association diastolic function by echo and infarct size by magnetic resonance
      imaging after STEMI.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is a predictor of
      increased morbidity and mortality; however, little is known about diastolic
      function and the degree of myocardial damage after myocardial infarction (MI).
      The aim was to assess the association between diastolic dysfunction by
      echocardiography and myocardial salvage assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance
      (CMR) imaging in patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI). DESIGN: In a
      prospective study, echocardiography and CMR were performed in STEMI patients in
      the early post-MI phase assessing diastolic dysfunction according to E/A and
      E/e'average and area at risk, and after three months with measurement of final
      infarct size and salvage index. Linear regression analyses were performed testing
      the association of diastolic dysfunction with area at risk, final infarct size
      and salvage index. RESULTS: A total of 193 patients (61 +/- 11 years) were
      included. Median system delay (first medical contact to primary PCI) was 185 min,
      123 patients (63%) had TIMI 0/1 flow before intervention and 85 (46%) sustained
      an anterior MI. In 74 patients (38%), diastolic function was normal. The presence
      of diastolic dysfunction was associated with larger area at risk of median 6.6%
      (p < 0.001), larger final infarct size of 4.5% (p < 0.001), and lower salvage
      index of -5.9% (p = 0.02) compared with patients with normal diastolic function.
      CONCLUSION: Diastolic dysfunction in the early phase after STEMI is associated
      with more extensive myocardial damage and significantly poorer myocardial salvage
      after three months, and the presence of diastolic dysfunction acutely after STEMI
      may therefore be used as a marker of worse myocardial outcome.

PMID- 26967197
TI  - En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact
      Arteries.
AB  - Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) produced from endothelial NO-synthase
      (eNOS) is one of the most important vasoprotective molecules in cardiovascular
      physiology. Dysfunctional eNOS such as uncoupling of eNOS leads to decrease in NO
      bioavailability and increase in superoxide anion (O2(.-)) production, and in turn
      promotes cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, appropriate measurement of NO and
      O2(.-) levels in the endothelial cells are pivotal for research on cardiovascular
      diseases and complications. Because of the extremely labile nature of NO and O2(.
      ), it is difficult to measure NO and O2(.-) directly in a blood vessel. Numerous
      methods have been developed to measure NO and O2(.-) production. It is, however,
      either insensitive, or non-specific, or technically demanding and requires
      special equipment. Here we describe an adaption of the fluorescence dye method
      for en face simultaneous detection and visualization of intracellular NO and O2(.
      ) using the cell permeable diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) and
      dihydroethidium (DHE), respectively, in intact aortas of an obesity mouse model
      induced by high-fat-diet feeding. We could demonstrate decreased intracellular NO
      and enhanced O2(.-) levels in the freshly isolated intact aortas of obesity mouse
      as compared to the control lean mouse. We demonstrate that this method is an easy
      technique for direct detection and visualization of NO and O2(.-) in the intact
      blood vessels and can be widely applied for investigation of endothelial
      (dys)function under (physio)pathological conditions. 

PMID- 26967198
TI  - Solvatochromic Shifts in UV-Vis Absorption Spectra: The Challenging Case of 4
      Nitropyridine N-Oxide.
AB  - 4-Nitropyridine N-oxide is a well-known molecular probe for which the
      experimental UV/vis absorption spectrum has been measured in a large number of
      solvents. Previous measurements and their analyses suggest a dominant role of the
      solvent hydrogen-bond donation (HBD) capability in the solvatochromic shifts
      measured for the absorption spectra. Herein, we analyze these solvatochromic
      effects using a series of complementary approaches, including empirical solvent
      parameters, high-level calculation of the excited-state dipole and
      polarizability, several flavors of the polarizable continuum model, as well as
      dynamics using an effective fragment potential (EFP) description of the solvent
      molecules. First, applying a recently proposed set of solvent parameters, we show
      the importance of dispersion interactions for non-HBD solvents. This statement
      confronts advanced coupled-cluster and multireference calculations of dipole
      moments and polarizabilities of both the ground and excited states in gas phase.
      We further address the pros and cons of implicit solvent models combined to time
      dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) in describing the solvents effects
      for all (HBD and non-HBD) media, the simplest linear-response approach turning
      out to be the most adequate. Finally, we show that the explicit TD-DFT/EFP2
      models work correctly for HBD molecules and allow for restoration of the main
      experimental trends. 

PMID- 26967199
TI  - Experimental Inferential Structure Determination of Ensembles for Intrinsically
      Disordered Proteins.
AB  - We develop a Bayesian approach to determine the most probable structural ensemble
      model from candidate structures for intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that
      takes full advantage of NMR chemical shifts and J-coupling data, their known
      errors and variances, and the quality of the theoretical back-calculation from
      structure to experimental observables. Our approach differs from previous
      formulations in the optimization of experimental and back-calculation nuisance
      parameters that are treated as random variables with known distributions, as
      opposed to structural or ensemble weight optimization or use of a reference
      ensemble. The resulting experimental inferential structure determination (EISD)
      method is size extensive with O(N) scaling, with N = number of structures, that
      allows for the rapid ranking of large ensemble data comprising tens of thousands
      of conformations. We apply the EISD approach on singular folded proteins and a
      corresponding set of ~25 000 misfolded states to illustrate the problems that can
      arise using Boltzmann weighted priors. We then apply the EISD method to rank IDP
      ensembles most consistent with the NMR data and show that the primary error for
      ranking or creating good IDP ensembles resides in the poor back-calculation from
      structure to simulated experimental observable. We show that a reduction by a
      factor of 3 in the uncertainty of the back-calculation error can improve the
      discrimination among qualitatively different IDP ensembles for the amyloid-beta
      peptide. 

PMID- 26967200
TI  - Pandemic influenza vaccine & narcolepsy: simulations on the potential impact of
      bias.
AB  - Several studies have identified an association between Pandemrix(TM), an AS03
      adjuvanted pandemic influenza A(H1N1) vaccine, and narcolepsy, a rare and under
      diagnosed sleep disorder with a median onset-to-diagnosis interval of ten years.
      This paper reviews potential sources of bias in published studies and aims to
      provide, through simulation, methodological recommendations for assessment of
      vaccine safety signals. Our simulation study showed that in the absence of an
      association between the vaccine and the outcome, presence of detection bias and
      differential exposure misclassification could account for elevated risk
      estimates. These may play a major role, particularly in alert situations when
      observation times are limited and the disease has a long latency period.
      Estimates from the case-control design were less inflated than those from the
      cohort design when these biases were present. Overall, these simulations provide
      useful insights for the design and interpretation of future studies. 

PMID- 26967201
TI  - The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence in Earth's Solar Transit Zone.
AB  - Over the past few years, astronomers have detected thousands of planets and
      candidate planets by observing their periodic transits in front of their host
      stars. A related method, called transit spectroscopy, might soon allow studies of
      the chemical imprints of life in extrasolar planetary atmospheres. Here, we
      address the reciprocal question, namely, from where is Earth detectable by
      extrasolar observers using similar methods. We explore Earth's transit zone
      (ETZ), the projection of a band around Earth's ecliptic onto the celestial plane,
      where observers can detect Earth transits across the Sun. ETZ is between 0.520
      degrees  and 0.537 degrees  wide due to the noncircular Earth orbit. The
      restricted Earth transit zone (rETZ), where Earth transits the Sun less than 0.5
      solar radii from its center, is about 0.262 degrees  wide. We first compile a
      target list of 45 K and 37 G dwarf stars inside the rETZ and within 1 kpc (about
      3260 light-years) using the Hipparcos catalogue. We then greatly enlarge the
      number of potential targets by constructing an analytic galactic disk model and
      find that about 10(5) K and G dwarf stars should reside within the rETZ. The
      ongoing Gaia space mission can potentially discover all G dwarfs among them
      (several 10(4)) within the next 5 years. Many more potentially habitable planets
      orbit dim, unknown M stars in ETZ and other stars that traversed ETZ thousands of
      years ago. If any of these planets host intelligent observers, they could have
      identified Earth as a habitable, or even as a living, world long ago, and we
      could be receiving their broadcasts today. The K2 mission, the Allen Telescope
      Array, the upcoming Square Kilometer Array, or the Green Bank Telescope might
      detect such deliberate extraterrestrial messages. Ultimately, ETZ would be an
      ideal region to be monitored by the Breakthrough Listen Initiatives, an upcoming
      survey that will constitute the most comprehensive search for extraterrestrial
      intelligence so far.

PMID- 26967202
TI  - Fibrous polyaniline@manganese oxide nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrode
      materials and cathode catalysts for improved power production in microbial fuel
      cells.
AB  - Fibrous Pani-MnO2 nanocomposite were prepared using a one-step and scalable in
      situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. The formation, structural and
      morphological properties were investigated using a range of characterization
      techniques. The electrochemical capacitive behavior of the fibrous Pani-MnO2
      nanocomposite was examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge
      discharge measurements using a three-electrode experimental setup in an aqueous
      electrolyte. The fibrous Pani-MnO2 nanocomposite achieved high capacitance (525 F
      g(-1) at a current density of 2 A g(-1)) and excellent cycling stability of 76.9%
      after 1000 cycles at 10 A g(-1). Furthermore, the microbial fuel cell constructed
      with the fibrous Pani-MnO2 cathode catalyst showed an improved power density of
      0.0588 W m(-2), which was higher than that of pure Pani and carbon paper,
      respectively. The improved electrochemical supercapacitive performance and
      cathode catalyst performance in microbial fuel cells were attributed mainly to
      the synergistic effect of Pani and MnO2 in fibrous Pani-MnO2, which provides high
      surface area for the electrode/electrolyte contact as well as electronic
      conductive channels and exhibits pseudocapacitance behavior. 

PMID- 26967203
TI  - Free Energies of Ion Binding in the Bacterial CLC-ec1 Chloride Transporter with
      Implications for the Transport Mechanism and Selectivity.
AB  - The chloride channel/transporter family of proteins facilitates anion transport
      across biological membranes. There is extensive physiological and bioinformatic
      evidence that the channels and transporters are closely related. Each monomer of
      a homodimeric CLC transport protein contains a narrow selectivity filter.
      Investigating the ion binding properties inside the filter is crucial for
      understanding key mechanistic states during ion transit. Here computer
      simulations are used to explore the free energies of Cl(-) ions in the binding
      sites of the wild-type CLC-ec1 transporter and its mutant E148A. Specifically, a
      local molecular field theory approach for free energy calculations is exploited
      to compute the absolute free energies in water and in the protein binding sites.
      The calculations indicate a close synergy between anion binding and protonation
      of the external glutamate gate. Electrostatic differences between the bacterial
      CLC-ec1 and eukaryotic CmCLC transporters revealed by these and other simulations
      help to rationalize the observed differing structures in the pore region. In
      addition, quantum chemical calculations on the F(-), Cl(-), and Br(-) ions in the
      central binding site are used to examine ion selectivity. The calculations show a
      significant extent of charge transfer from the ion to the nearby residues. The
      computed free energies, in conjunction with experimental measurements, place
      constraints on proposed mechanisms for the transport cycle. 

PMID- 26967204
TI  - Peptide-Mediated Specific Immobilization of Catalytically Active Cytochrome P450
      BM3 Variant.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 BM3 (CYP102A1) from Bacillus megaterium is an interesting target
      for biotechnological applications, because of its vast substrate variety combined
      with high P450 monooxygenase activity. The low stability in vitro could be
      overcome by immobilization on surfaces. Here we describe a novel method for
      immobilization on metal surfaces by using selectively binding peptides. A P450
      BM3 triple mutant (3M-P450BM3: A74G, F87V, L188Q) was purified as protein
      thioester and ligated to indium tin oxide or gold binding peptides (BP) named
      HighSP-BP and Cys-BP, respectively. The ligation products were characterized by
      Western Blot and tryptic digestion combined with mass spectrometry, and displayed
      high affinity binding on the depicted surfaces. Next, we could demonstrate by
      benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation assay (BROD assay) that the activity of
      immobilized ligation products is higher than for the soluble form. The study
      provides a new tool for selective modification and immobilization of P450
      variants. 

PMID- 26967205
TI  - Electrochemical Zinc-Ion Intercalation Properties and Crystal Structures of
      ZnMo6S8 and Zn2Mo6S8 Chevrel Phases in Aqueous Electrolytes.
AB  - The crystal structures and electrochemical properties of ZnxMo6S8 Chevrel phases
      (x = 1, 2) prepared via electrochemical Zn(2+)-ion intercalation into the Mo6S8
      host material, in an aqueous electrolyte, were characterized. Mo6S8 [trigonal,
      R3, a = 9.1910(6) A, c = 10.8785(10) A, Z = 3] was first prepared via the
      chemical extraction of Cu ions from Cu2Mo6S8, which was synthesized via a solid
      state reaction for 24 h at 1000  degrees C. The electrochemical zinc-ion
      insertion into Mo6S8 occurred stepwise, and two separate potential regions were
      depicted in the cyclic voltammogram (CV) and galvanostatic profile. ZnMo6S8 first
      formed from Mo6S8 in the higher-voltage region around 0.45-0.50 V in the CV,
      through a pseudo two-phase reaction. The inserted zinc ions occupied the
      interstitial sites in cavities surrounded by sulfur atoms (Zn1 sites). A
      significant number of the inserted zinc ions were trapped in these Zn1 sites,
      giving rise to the first-cycle irreversible capacity of ~46 mAh g(-1) out of the
      discharge capacity of 134 mAh g(-1) at a rate of 0.05 C. In the lower-voltage
      region, further insertion occurred to form Zn2Mo6S8 at around 0.35 V in the CV,
      also involving a two-phase reaction. The electrochemical insertion and extraction
      into the Zn2 sites appeared to be relatively reversible and fast. The crystal
      structures of Mo6S8, ZnMo6S8, and Zn2Mo6S8 were refined using X-ray Rietveld
      refinement techniques, while the new structure of Zn2Mo6S8 was determined for the
      first time in this study using the technique of structure determination from
      powder X-ray diffraction data. With the zinc ions inserted into Mo6S8 forming
      Zn2Mo6S8, the cell volume and a parameter increased by 5.3% and 5.9%,
      respectively, but the c parameter decreased by 6.0%. The average Mo-Mo distance
      in the Mo6 cluster decreased from 2.81 to 2.62 A. 

PMID- 26967206
TI  - Two Phase 2 Multiple Ascending-Dose Studies of Vanutide Cridificar (ACC-001) and
      QS-21 Adjuvant in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Vanutide cridificar (ACC-001), an immunotherapeutic vaccine, is a potentially
      disease-modifying therapy that aims to reduce brain amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques
      in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). ACC-001 was evaluated in two phase 2a,
      multicenter, randomized, third party-unblinded, placebo-controlled, multiple
      ascending-dose studies of ACC-001 (3MUg, 10MUg, 30MUg) with and without QS-21
      adjuvant that enrolled patients with mild-to-moderate AD (n = 245). Patients were
      treated with up to five doses of study vaccine or placebo and followed for safety
      and tolerability (primary objective) and anti-Abeta IgG immunogenicity (secondary
      objective) up to 12 months after the last vaccination. Exploratory assessments
      included cognitive/functional measures, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      volumetry, and pharmacodynamic markers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (>=10%) were local injection
      reactions and headache. Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities with vasogenic
      edema occurred in two (0.8%) patients (ACC-001 30MUg + QS-21; ACC-001 10MUg). ACC
      001 + QS-21 elicited consistently higher peak and sustained anti-Abeta IgG titers
      compared with ACC-001 alone. Plasma Abetax-40 was significantly higher in all ACC
      001 + QS-21 groups versus placebo (weeks 16-56), with no evidence of dose
      response. Exploratory cognitive evaluations, volumetric brain MRI, and CSF
      biomarkers did not show differences or trends between treatment groups and
      placebo. ACC-001 with or without QS-21 adjuvant has an acceptable safety profile
      in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. 

PMID- 26967208
TI  - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Dysfunction:
      A Meta-Analysis of Current Studies.
AB  - Cognitive dysfunction has been shown to be associated with many risk factors,
      such as smoking, diabetes, and body mass index. Chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD), a common disease within the elderly population, has also been
      found to be related to cognitive decline. However, whether COPD is a risk factor
      of cognitive dysfunction is not well established. The purpose of this meta
      analysis is to investigate the role COPD plays in cognitive dysfunction. PubMed,
      Cochrane library and Web of Science databases were searched. Three cohort studies
      and eleven cross-sectional studies were found to be eligible. According to our
      results, COPD patients had a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction than controls
      (OR [odds ratio]: 1.72; 95% CI, 1.12-2.65; p = 0.01). The exacerbation of COPD
      was strongly correlated with cognitive decline. COPD patients performed worse
      than controls on the Mini- Mental State Examination test, but the results were
      not statistically significant (OR: -0.79; 95% CI, [-1.78, 0.19]; p = 0.11). Thus,
      more attention should be given to the occurrence of cognitive decline in COPD
      patients. The prevention and control of COPD exacerbation are critical.

PMID- 26967207
TI  - Nutritional Status is Associated with Faster Cognitive Decline and Worse
      Functional Impairment in the Progression of Dementia: The Cache County Dementia
      Progression Study1.
AB  - Nutritional status may be a modifiable factor in the progression of dementia. We
      examined the association of nutritional status and rate of cognitive and
      functional decline in a U.S. population-based sample. Study design was an
      observational longitudinal study with annual follow-ups up to 6 years of 292
      persons with dementia (72% Alzheimer's disease, 56% female) in Cache County, UT
      using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes
      (CDR-sb), and modified Mini Nutritional Assessment (mMNA). mMNA scores declined
      by approximately 0.50 points/year, suggesting increasing risk for malnutrition.
      Lower mMNA score predicted faster rate of decline on the MMSE at earlier follow
      up times, but slower decline at later follow-up times, whereas higher mMNA scores
      had the opposite pattern (mMNA by time beta= 0.22, p = 0.017; mMNA by time2 beta=
      -0.04, p = 0.04). Lower mMNA score was associated with greater impairment on the
      CDR-sb over the course of dementia (beta= 0.35, p <  0.001). Assessment of
      malnutrition may be useful in predicting rates of progression in dementia and may
      provide a target for clinical intervention.

PMID- 26967209
TI  - Spatial Navigation in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Although several previous studies have demonstrated navigational deficits in
      early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD), navigational abilities in
      preclinical AD have not been examined. The present investigation examined the
      effects of preclinical AD and early-stage symptomatic AD on spatial navigation
      performance. Performance on tasks of wayfinding and route learning in a virtual
      reality environment were examined. Comparisons were made across the following
      three groups: Clinically normal without preclinical AD (n = 42), clinically
      normal with preclinical AD (n = 13), and early-stage symptomatic AD (n = 16)
      groups. Preclinical AD was defined based on cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 levels
      below 500 pg/ml. Preclinical AD was associated with deficits in the use of a
      wayfinding strategy, but not a route learning strategy. Moreover, post-hoc
      analyses indicated that wayfinding performance had moderate sensitivity and
      specificity. Results also confirmed early-stage symptomatic AD-related deficits
      in the use of both wayfinding and route learning strategies. The results of this
      study suggest that aspects of spatial navigation may be particularly sensitive at
      detecting the earliest cognitive deficits of AD.

PMID- 26967212
TI  - Diversity of Cognitive Phenotypes Associated with C9ORF72 Hexanucleotide
      Expansion.
AB  - For diagnostic purposes, we screened for the C9ORF72 mutation in a) 162 FTLD
      cases, and b) 145 cases with other diagnoses but with some frontotemporal
      features or manifestations previously reported in C9 carriers. Ten cases (onset
      50 to 75 years) harbored the expansion: seven had FTLD syndromes (4.3% of total,
      11% of familial cases), and three (2%) had a different diagnosis. All positive
      cases had family history of dementia, psychiatric disease, or ALS, but only 20%
      of families with mixed FTLD/ALS phenotypes carried the expansion. Language
      impairment was the most common symptom, followed by behavioral changes, memory
      deficits, and parkinsonism. C9ORF72 mutation has a low frequency in our dementia
      series and very diverse clinical manifestations.

PMID- 26967210
TI  - Comparison of Different Matrices as Potential Quality Control Samples for
      Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Assay-vendor independent quality control (QC) samples for
      neurochemical dementia diagnostics (NDD) biomarkers are so far commercially
      unavailable. This requires that NDD laboratories prepare their own QC samples,
      for example by pooling leftover cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. OBJECTIVE: To
      prepare and test alternative matrices for QC samples that could facilitate intra-
      and inter-laboratory QC of the NDD biomarkers. METHODS: Three matrices were
      validated in this study: (A) human pooled CSF, (B) Abeta peptides spiked into
      human prediluted plasma, and (C) Abeta peptides spiked into solution of bovine
      serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline. All matrices were tested also after
      supplementation with an antibacterial agent (sodium azide). We analyzed short-
      and long-term stability of the biomarkers with ELISA and chemiluminescence
      (Fujirebio Europe, MSD, IBL International), and performed an inter-laboratory
      variability study. RESULTS: NDD biomarkers turned out to be stable in almost all
      samples stored at the tested conditions for up to 14 days as well as in samples
      stored deep-frozen (at - 80 degrees C) for up to one year. Sodium azide did not
      influence biomarker stability. Inter-center variability of the samples sent at
      room temperature (pooled CSF, freeze-dried CSF, and four artificial matrices) was
      comparable to the results obtained on deep-frozen samples in other large-scale
      projects. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that it is possible to replace self
      made, CSF-based QC samples with large-scale volumes of QC materials prepared with
      artificial peptides and matrices. This would greatly facilitate intra- and inter
      laboratory QC schedules for NDD measurements.

PMID- 26967213
TI  - Anti-Correlated Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker Trajectories in Preclinical
      Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The earliest stage of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined
      by low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta (Abeta42). However,
      covariance in longitudinal dynamic change of Abeta42 and tau in incipient
      preclinical AD is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To examine dynamic
      interrelationships between Abeta42 and tau in preclinical AD. METHODS: We
      followed 47 cognitively intact participants (CI) with available CSF data over
      four years in ADNI. Based on longitudinal Abeta42 levels in CSF, CI were
      classified into three groups: 1) Abeta42 stable with normal levels of Abeta42
      over time (n = 15); 2) Abeta42 declining with normal Abeta42 levels at baseline
      but showing decline over time (n = 14); and 3) Abeta42 levels consistently
      abnormal (n = 18). RESULTS: In the Abeta42 declining group, suggestive of
      incipient preclinical AD, CSF phosphorylated tau (p-tau) showed a similar
      longitudinal pattern of increasing abnormality over time (p = 0.0001).
      Correlation between longitudinal slopes of Abeta42 and p-tau confirmed that both
      trajectories were anti-correlated (rho = -0.60; p = 0.02). Regression analysis
      showed that Abeta42 slope (decreasing Abeta42) predicted p-tau slope (increasing
      p-tau) (R2 = 0.47, p = 0.03). Atrophy in the hippocampus was predicted by the
      interaction of Abeta42 and p-tau slopes (p <  0.0001) only in this incipient
      preclinical AD group. In all groups combined, memory decline was predicted by p
      tau. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of Abeta42 and p-tau CSF biomarkers in CI
      subjects follows an anti-correlated trajectory, i.e., as Abeta42 declined, p-tau
      increased, and thus was suggestive of strong temporal coincidence. Rapid
      pathogenic cross-talk between Abeta42 and p-tau thus may be evident in very early
      stages of preclinical AD.

PMID- 26967211
TI  - The Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project: Study Design and Baseline Cohort Overview.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular health factors frequently co-occur with Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). A better understanding of how systemic vascular and cerebrovascular health
      intersects with clinical and pathological AD may inform prevention and treatment
      opportunities. OBJECTIVE: To establish the Vanderbilt Memory & Aging Project, a
      case-control longitudinal study investigating vascular health and brain aging,
      and describe baseline methodology and participant characteristics. METHODS: From
      September 2012 to November 2014, 335 participants age 60- 92 were enrolled,
      including 168 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, 73+/-8 years, 41%
      female) and 167 age-, sex-, and race-matched cognitively normal controls (NC,
      72+/-7 years, 41% female). At baseline, participants completed a physical and
      frailty examination, fasting blood draw, neuropsychological assessment,
      echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, and brain MRI. A subset underwent 24-hour ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring and lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      collection. RESULTS: As designed, participant groups were comparable for age (p =
      0.31), sex (p = 0.95), and race (p = 0.65). MCI participants had greater
      Framingham Stroke Risk Profile scores (p = 0.008), systolic blood pressure values
      (p = 0.008), and history of left ventricular hypertrophy (p = 0.04) than NC
      participants. As expected, MCI participants performed worse on all
      neuropsychological measures (p-values < 0.001), were more likely to be APOEE4
      carriers (p = 0.02), and had enhanced CSF biomarkers, including lower Abeta42 (p
      = 0.02), higher total tau (p = 0.004), and higher p-tau (p = 0.02) compared to NC
      participants. CONCLUSION: Diverse sources of baseline and longitudinal data will
      provide rich opportunities to investigate pathways linking vascular and
      cerebrovascular health, clinical and pathological AD, and neurodegeneration
      contributing to novel strategies to delay or prevent cognitive decline.

PMID- 26967216
TI  - Music and Memory in Alzheimer's Disease and The Potential Underlying Mechanisms.
AB  - With population aging and a projected exponential expansion of persons diagnosed
      with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the development of treatment and prevention
      programs has become a fervent area of research and discovery. A growing body of
      evidence suggests that music exposure can enhance memory and emotional function
      in persons with AD. However, there is a paucity of research that aims to identify
      specific underlying neural mechanisms associated with music's beneficial effects
      in this particular population. As such, this paper reviews existing anecdotal and
      empirical evidence related to the enhancing effects of music exposure on
      cognitive function and further provides a discussion on the potential underlying
      mechanisms that may explain music's beneficial effect. Specifically, this paper
      will outline the potential role of the dopaminergic system, the autonomic nervous
      system, and the default network in explaining how music may enhance memory
      function in persons with AD. 

PMID- 26967214
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of ABT-126 in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's
      Disease on Stable Doses of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: A Randomized, Double
      Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ABT-126 is a potent, selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor agonist with putative procognitive effects as a monotherapy in treating
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: This randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled multicenter study (NCT01549834) investigated the efficacy and safety
      of ABT-126 in subjects with mild-to-moderate AD who were taking stable doses of
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). METHODS: Subjects received 25 mg ABT
      126 (n = 143), 75 mg ABT-126 (n = 145), or placebo (n = 146) once daily for 24
      weeks. Subjects who completed the 24-week double-blind study were eligible to
      enroll in a 28-week open-label extension study (NCT01690195) and received 75 mg
      ABT-126 daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to week
      24 in the 11-item total score of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-
      Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog). RESULTS: Neither dose of ABT-126 demonstrated
      significant improvement compared with placebo in the primary efficacy endpoint.
      However, 25 mg ABT-126 demonstrated significant improvement compared with placebo
      in ADAS-Cog scores at week 4 (least squares mean difference, -1.21; standard
      error, 0.51; p <  0.010, one-sided); 75 mg ABT-126 did not demonstrate
      significant improvements in ADAS-Cog scores compared with placebo at any time
      point. A treatment effect was not observed for any secondary efficacy measures of
      cognition, function, or global improvement. ABT-126 was generally well tolerated;
      the most common adverse events were agitation, constipation, diarrhea, fall, and
      headache. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the efficacy profile of ABT-126 did not warrant
      further development as add-on therapy to AChEIs to treat mild-to-moderate AD.

PMID- 26967217
TI  - A Qualitative Impairment in Face Perception in Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from
      a Reduced Face Inversion Effect.
AB  - Prevalent face recognition difficulties in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have
      typically been attributed to the underlying episodic and semantic memory
      impairment. The aim of the current study was to determine if AD patients are also
      impaired at the perceptual level for faces, more specifically at extracting a
      visual representation of an individual face. To address this question, we
      investigated the matching of simultaneously presented individual faces and of
      other nonface familiar shapes (cars), at both upright and inverted orientation,
      in a group of mild AD patients and in a group of healthy older controls matched
      for age and education. AD patients showed a reduced inversion effect (i.e.,
      larger performance for upright than inverted stimuli) for faces, but not for
      cars, both in terms of error rates and response times. While healthy participants
      showed a much larger decrease in performance for faces than for cars with
      inversion, the inversion effect did not differ significantly for faces and cars
      in AD. This abnormal inversion effect for faces was observed in a large subset of
      individual patients with AD. These results suggest that AD patients have deficits
      in higher-level visual processes, more specifically at perceiving individual
      faces, a function that relies on holistic representations specific to upright
      face stimuli. These deficits, combined with their memory impairment, may
      contribute to the difficulties in recognizing familiar people that are often
      reported in patients suffering from the disease and by their caregivers. 

PMID- 26967218
TI  - Association of Frontotemporal Dementia GWAS Loci with Late-Onset Alzheimer's
      Disease in a Northern Han Chinese Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are a
      class of neurodegenerative diseases. Strong similarities in cerebrospinal fluid
      biomarker, imaging markers, and disease progression profiles suggest that some or
      most of the pathophysiology is shared between AD and FTD. A recent large genome
      wide association study reported several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at
      the RAB38, RAB38/CTSC, HLA-DRA/HLA-DRB5, and BTNL2 in association with FTD.
      OBJECTIVE: To explore whether these SNPs are associated with AD risk. METHODS: We
      conducted a case-control study to investigate the association of FTD-associated
      loci in 2338 Han Chinese subjects. RESULTS: We observed significant differences
      in genotype distributions of rs302668 (pc = 0.025), rs9268877 (pc = 0.025),
      rs9268856 (p <  0.001), and rs1980493 (pc = 0.045) between cases and controls.
      The SNPs rs16913634 for RAB38/CTSC was unrelated to LOAD risk (p = 0.088).
      CONCLUSION: The SNPs rs302668 in RAB38, rs9268877 and rs9268856 polymorphism in
      HLA-DRA/HLA-DRB5, and rs1980493 polymorphism in BTNL2 might play a role in the
      susceptibility to late-onset AD in the Han Chinese population.

PMID- 26967215
TI  - Unraveling Alzheimer's: Making Sense of the Relationship between Diabetes and
      Alzheimer's Disease1.
AB  - Numerous studies have documented a strong association between diabetes and
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nature of the relationship, however, has remained a
      puzzle, in part because of seemingly incongruent findings. For example, some
      studies have concluded that insulin deficiency is primarily at fault, suggesting
      that intranasal insulin or inhibiting the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) could be
      beneficial. Other research has concluded that hyperinsulinemia is to blame, which
      implies that intranasal insulin or the inhibition of IDE would exacerbate the
      disease. Such antithetical conclusions pose a serious obstacle to making progress
      on treatments. However, careful integration of multiple strands of research, with
      attention to the methods used in different studies, makes it possible to
      disentangle the research on AD. This integration suggests that there is an
      important relationship between insulin, IDE, and AD that yields multiple pathways
      to AD depending on the where deficiency or excess in the cycle occurs. I review
      evidence for each of these pathways here. The results suggest that avoiding
      excess insulin, and supporting robust IDE levels, could be important ways of
      preventing and lessening the impact of AD. I also describe what further tests
      need to be conducted to verify the arguments made in the paper, and their
      implications for treating AD. 

PMID- 26967219
TI  - Maintenance of Cognitive Performance and Mood for Individuals with Alzheimer's
      Disease Following Consumption of a Nutraceutical Formulation: A One-Year, Open
      Label Study.
AB  - Nutritional interventions have shown varied efficacy on cognitive performance
      during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twenty-four individuals diagnosed with AD
      received a nutraceutical formulation (NF: folate, alpha-tocopherol, B12, S
      adenosyl methioinine, N-acetyl cysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine) under open-label
      conditions (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01320527). Primary outcome was cognitive
      performance. Secondary outcomes were behavioral and psychological symptoms of
      dementia (BPSD) and activities of daily living. Participants maintained their
      baseline cognitive performance and BPSD over 12 months. These findings are
      consistent with improvement in cognitive performance and BPSD in prior placebo
      controlled studies with NF, and contrast with the routine decline for
      participants receiving placebo. 

PMID- 26967220
TI  - PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target for Neurologic
      Disease.
AB  - Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is a critical component of the cGMP-PKG axis of
      cellular signaling in neurons, and inhibition of PDE5 has been shown to be
      therapeutic in a wide range of neurologic conditions in animal models. However,
      enthusiasm for PDE5 inhibitors in humans is limited by data suggesting that PDE5
      may not exist in human neurons. Here, we first show that past attempts to
      quantify PDE5 mRNA were flawed due to the use of incorrect primers, and that when
      correct primers are used, PDE5 mRNA is detectable in human brain tissue. We then
      show that PDE5 protein exists in human brain by western blot and ELISA. Most
      importantly, we performed immunohistochemistry and demonstrate that PDE5 is
      present in human neurons. We hope that this work will trigger a renewed interest
      in the development of PDE5 inhibitors for neurologic disease.

PMID- 26967222
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Sustained Release Donepezil High Dose versus Immediate
      Release Donepezil Standard Dose in Japanese Patients with Severe Alzheimer's
      Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Donepezil is an established treatment for mild, moderate, and severe
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). An international study demonstrated superior efficacy
      of sustained release (SR) 23 mg/day donepezil over immediate release (IR) 10
      mg/day donepezil for cognitive function, but not global function in moderate-to
      severe AD. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the superiority of SR 23 mg/day donepezil
      over IR 10 mg/day donepezil in Japanese patients with severe AD (SAD). METHODS:
      In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, Japanese
      outpatients with SAD were randomly assigned to continue IR 10 mg/day or switch to
      SR 23 mg/day for 24 weeks. Endpoints included the Severe Impairment Battery
      (SIB), Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input
      (CIBIC-plus), and safety. RESULTS: Overall, 166 and 185 patients were randomized
      to receive IR 10 mg/day and SR 23 mg/day, respectively. SR 23 mg/day was not
      statistically superior to IR 10 mg/day by SIB (least squares mean difference
      [LSMD]: 0.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.7, 1.8; p = 0.981) or CIBIC-plus
      (LSMD: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.4; p = 0.080). Common adverse events in the SR 23 mg
      group were decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and contusion. Safety findings
      were consistent with known safety profiles of donepezil. CONCLUSION: SR 23 mg/day
      donepezil was not superior to IR 10 mg/day donepezil regarding the efficacy
      endpoints for Japanese SAD. Considering that a 10 mg/day dose is approved for SAD
      in Japan, the present findings suggest that IR 10 mg/day donepezil is the optimal
      dosage for Japanese patients with SAD.

PMID- 26967221
TI  - Activation of p53 in Down Syndrome and in the Ts65Dn Mouse Brain is Associated
      with a Pro-Apoptotic Phenotype.
AB  - Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability,
      resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21. The main feature of DS neuropathology
      includes early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with deposition of senile
      plaques and tangles. We hypothesized that apoptosis may be activated in the
      presence of AD neuropathology in DS, thus we measured proteins associated with
      upstream and downstream pathways of p53 in the frontal cortex from DS cases with
      and without AD pathology and from Ts65Dn mice, at different ages. We observed
      increased acetylation and phosphorylation of p53, coupled to reduced MDM2/p53
      complex level and lower levels of SIRT1. Activation of p53 was associated with a
      number of targets (BAX, PARP1, caspase-3, p21, heat shock proteins, and
      PGC1alpha) that were modulated in both DS and DS/AD compared with age-matched
      controls. In particular, the most relevant changes (increased p-p53 and acetyl
      p53 and reduced formation of MDM2/p53 complex) were found to be modified only in
      the presence of AD pathology in DS. In addition, a similar pattern of alterations
      in the p53 pathway was found in Ts65Dn mice. These results suggest that p53 may
      integrate different signals, which can result in a pro-apoptotic-phenotype
      contributing to AD neuropathology in people with DS.

PMID- 26967223
TI  - Salidroside, a Bioactive Compound of Rhodiola Rosea, Ameliorates Memory and
      Emotional Behavior in Adult Mice.
AB  - Rhodiola Rosea (R. Rosea) is a plant used in traditional popular medicine to
      enhance cognition and physical performance. R. Rosea medicinal properties have
      been related to its capability to act as an adaptogen, i.e., a substance able to
      increase the organism's resistance to a variety of chemical, biological, and
      physical stressors in a non-specific way. These adaptogen properties have been
      mainly attributed to the glycoside salidroside, one of the bioactive compounds
      present in the standardized extracts of R. Rosea. Here, we aimed to investigate
      whether a single dose of salidroside is able to affect memory and emotional
      behavior in wild type adult mice. We performed fear conditioning to assess cued
      and contextual memory, elevated plus maze and open field to evaluate anxiety, and
      tail suspension test to evaluate depression. Our results showed that a single
      i.p. administration of salidroside was able to enhance fear memory and exerted an
      anxiolytic and antidepressant effect. These data confirmed the adaptogenic effect
      of R. Rosea bioactive compounds in animal models and suggest that salidroside
      might represent an interesting pharmacological tool to ameliorate cognition and
      counteract mood disorders.

PMID- 26967225
TI  - Formal Psychiatric Disorders are not Overrepresented in Behavioral Variant
      Frontotemporal Dementia.
AB  - While psychiatric misdiagnosis is well-known in behavioral variant frontotemporal
      dementia (bvFTD), a systematic evaluation of standardized criteria for
      psychiatric disorders in bvFTD is still missing. Our aim was to define frequency
      and character of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders among patients with probable and
      definite bvFTD compared to possible bvFTD, other neurodegenerative diseases, and
      psychiatric diagnoses, using MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. We
      additionally compared psychiatric prodromes between these groups. Subjects were
      participants of the late-onset frontal lobe (LOF) study, a longitudinal
      multicenter study. In each patient, after baseline diagnostic procedure, a
      neurologist and geriatric psychiatrist made a joint clinical diagnosis.
      Independently, a structured diagnostic interview according to DSM-IV and ICD-10
      criteria (MINI-Plus) was performed by a trained professional blinded to clinical
      diagnosis. Out of 91 patients, 23 with probable and definite bvFTD, 3 with
      possible bvFTD, 25 with a non bvFTD neurodegenerative disease, and 40 with a
      clinical psychiatric diagnosis were included. Overall frequency of formal current
      and past psychiatric disorders in probable and definite bvFTD (21.7% current,
      8.7% past) did not differ from other neurodegenerative diseases (12.0% current,
      16.0% past) or possible bvFTD (66.7% current, 66.7% past), but was less than in
      patients with a clinical psychiatric diagnosis (57.5% current, 62.5% past; p < 
      0.01). In probable and definite bvFTD unipolar mood disorders were most common.
      Formally diagnosed psychiatric disorders are not overrepresented in probable
      bvFTD, suggesting that psychiatric misdiagnosis in bvFTD can be reduced by
      strictly applying diagnostic criteria. In suspected bvFTD close collaboration
      between neurologists and psychiatrists will advance diagnostics and subsequent
      treatment. 

PMID- 26967224
TI  - Incidence and Duration of Cumulative Bisphosphonate Use among Community-Dwelling
      Persons with or without Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - We studied the incidence and duration of cumulative bisphosphonate use among
      older Finnish women and men with or without Alzheimer's disease (AD). The MEDALZ
      2005 cohort is a nationwide sample of all persons with clinically diagnosed AD on
      31 December 2005 and their age-, gender-, and region of residence-matched control
      persons without AD. Information on bisphosphonate use by persons with an AD
      diagnosis and their controls without AD during 2002-2009 was obtained from the
      prescription register database containing reimbursed medications. A total of
      6,041 (11.8%) persons used bisphosphonates during the 8-year follow-up.
      Bisphosphonates were more commonly used among persons without AD (n = 3121,
      12.3%) than among persons with AD (n = 2,920, 11.2%) (p = 0.001). The median
      duration of bisphosphonate use was 743 days (IQR). Among persons with AD, the
      median duration of use was 777 days (IQR) and among persons without AD, 701 days
      (IQR) (p = 0.011). People without AD more often used bisphosphonate combination
      preparations including vitamin D than did people with AD (p <  0.0001).
      Bisphosphonate use was more common among people without AD who had comorbidities,
      asthma/COPD, or rheumatoid arthritis compared with users with AD. Short-term
      users were more likely to be male, at least 80 years old, and not having AD.
      Although the incidence of bisphosphonate use was slightly higher among persons
      without AD, the cumulative duration of bisphosphonate use was longer in persons
      with AD. Short-term use was associated with male gender, older age, and not
      having AD.

PMID- 26967226
TI  - Metformin Facilitates Amyloid-beta Generation by beta- and gamma-Secretases via
      Autophagy Activation.
AB  - The evidence of strong pathological associations between type 2 diabetes and
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased in recent years. Contrary to suggestions
      that anti-diabetes drugs may have potential for treating AD, we demonstrate here
      that the insulin sensitizing anti-diabetes drug metformin (Glucophage(r))
      increased the generation of amyloid-beta (Abeta), one of the major pathological
      hallmarks of AD, by promoting beta- and gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of
      amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we show
      that metformin caused autophagosome accumulation in Tg6799 AD model mice.
      Extremely high gamma-secretase activity was also detected in autophagic vacuoles,
      apparently a novel site of Abeta peptide generation. Together, these data suggest
      that metformin-induced accumulation of autophagosomes resulted in increased gamma
      secretase activity and Abeta generation. Additional experiments indicated that
      metformin increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, which
      activates autophagy by suppressing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The
      suppression of mTOR then induces the abnormal accumulation of autophagosomes. We
      conclude that metformin, an anti-diabetes drug, may exacerbate AD pathogenesis by
      promoting amyloidogenic AbetaPP processing in autophagosomes. 

PMID- 26967227
TI  - Longitudinal Relationships between Caloric Expenditure and Gray Matter in the
      Cardiovascular Health Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) can be neuroprotective and reduce the risk for
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). In assessing physical activity, caloric expenditure is
      a proxy marker reflecting the sum total of multiple physical activity types
      conducted by an individual. OBJECTIVE: To assess caloric expenditure, as a proxy
      marker of PA, as a predictive measure of gray matter (GM) volumes in the normal
      and cognitively impaired elderly persons. METHODS: All subjects in this study
      were recruited from the Institutional Review Board approved Cardiovascular Health
      Study (CHS), a multisite population-based longitudinal study in persons aged 65
      and older. We analyzed a sub-sample of CHS participants 876 subjects (mean age
      78.3, 57.5% F, 42.5% M) who had i) energy output assessed as kilocalories (kcal)
      per week using the standardized Minnesota Leisure-Time Activities questionnaire,
      ii) cognitive assessments for clinical classification of normal cognition, mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD, and iii) volumetric MR imaging of the brain.
      Voxel-based morphometry modeled the relationship between kcal/week and GM volumes
      while accounting for standard covariates including head size, age, sex, white
      matter hyperintensity lesions, MCI or AD status, and site. Multiple comparisons
      were controlled using a False Discovery Rate of 5 percent. RESULTS: Higher energy
      output, from a variety of physical activity types, was associated with larger GM
      volumes in frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as hippocampus,
      thalamus, and basal ganglia. High levels of caloric expenditure moderated
      neurodegeneration-associated volume loss in the precuneus, posterior cingulate,
      and cerebellar vermis. CONCLUSION: Increasing energy output from a variety of
      physical activities is related to larger gray matter volumes in the elderly,
      regardless of cognitive status.

PMID- 26967228
TI  - Less Daily Computer Use is Related to Smaller Hippocampal Volumes in Cognitively
      Intact Elderly.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Computer use is becoming a common activity in the daily life of older
      individuals and declines over time in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
      The relationship between daily computer use (DCU) and imaging markers of
      neurodegeneration is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to
      examine the relationship between average DCU and volumetric markers of
      neurodegeneration on brain MRI. METHODS: Cognitively intact volunteers enrolled
      in the Intelligent Systems for Assessing Aging Change study underwent MRI. Total
      in-home computer use per day was calculated using mouse movement detection and
      averaged over a one-month period surrounding the MRI. Spearman's rank order
      correlation (univariate analysis) and linear regression models (multivariate
      analysis) examined hippocampal, gray matter (GM), white matter hyperintensity
      (WMH), and ventricular cerebral spinal fluid (vCSF) volumes in relation to DCU. A
      voxel-based morphometry analysis identified relationships between regional GM
      density and DCU. RESULTS: Twenty-seven cognitively intact participants used their
      computer for 51.3 minutes per day on average. Less DCU was associated with
      smaller hippocampal volumes (r = 0.48, p = 0.01), but not total GM, WMH, or vCSF
      volumes. After adjusting for age, education, and gender, less DCU remained
      associated with smaller hippocampal volume (p = 0.01). Voxel-wise analysis
      demonstrated that less daily computer use was associated with decreased GM
      density in the bilateral hippocampi and temporal lobes. CONCLUSIONS: Less daily
      computer use is associated with smaller brain volume in regions that are integral
      to memory function and known to be involved early with Alzheimer's pathology and
      conversion to dementia. Continuous monitoring of daily computer use may detect
      signs of preclinical neurodegeneration in older individuals at risk for dementia.

PMID- 26967230
TI  - Quantitative Analysis of Protein Expression to Study Lineage Specification in
      Mouse Preimplantation Embryos.
AB  - This protocol presents a method to perform quantitative, single-cell in situ
      analyses of protein expression to study lineage specification in mouse
      preimplantation embryos. The procedures necessary for embryo collection,
      immunofluorescence, imaging on a confocal microscope, and image segmentation and
      analysis are described. This method allows quantitation of the expression of
      multiple nuclear markers and the spatial (XYZ) coordinates of all cells in the
      embryo. It takes advantage of MINS, an image segmentation software tool
      specifically developed for the analysis of confocal images of preimplantation
      embryos and embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies. MINS carries out unsupervised
      nuclear segmentation across the X, Y and Z dimensions, and produces information
      on cell position in three-dimensional space, as well as nuclear fluorescence
      levels for all channels with minimal user input. While this protocol has been
      optimized for the analysis of images of preimplantation stage mouse embryos, it
      can easily be adapted to the analysis of any other samples exhibiting a good
      signal-to-noise ratio and where high nuclear density poses a hurdle to image
      segmentation (e.g., expression analysis of embryonic stem cell (ESC) colonies,
      differentiating cells in culture, embryos of other species or stages, etc.). 

PMID- 26967231
TI  - Fluorescence Time-lapse Imaging of the Complete S. venezuelae Life Cycle Using a
      Microfluidic Device.
AB  - Live-cell imaging of biological processes at the single cell level has been
      instrumental to our current understanding of the subcellular organization of
      bacterial cells. However, the application of time-lapse microscopy to study the
      cell biological processes underpinning development in the sporulating filamentous
      bacteria Streptomyces has been hampered by technical difficulties. Here we
      present a protocol to overcome these limitations by growing the new model
      species, Streptomyces venezuelae, in a commercially available microfluidic device
      which is connected to an inverted fluorescence widefield microscope. Unlike the
      classical model species, Streptomyces coelicolor, S. venezuelae sporulates in
      liquid, allowing the application of microfluidic growth chambers to cultivate and
      microscopically monitor the cellular development and differentiation of S.
      venezuelae over long time periods. In addition to monitoring morphological
      changes, the spatio-temporal distribution of fluorescently labeled target
      proteins can also be visualized by time-lapse microscopy. Moreover, the
      microfluidic platform offers the experimental flexibility to exchange the culture
      medium, which is used in the detailed protocol to stimulate sporulation of S.
      venezuelae in the microfluidic chamber. Images of the entire S. venezuelae life
      cycle are acquired at specific intervals and processed in the open-source
      software Fiji to produce movies of the recorded time-series.

PMID- 26967232
TI  - [Significance of alanine aminotransferase screening in blood donors for risk
      reduction of hepatitis B and C transmission by haemotherapy].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The goal of the retrospective observatory cross-sectional study was
      to evaluate the benefit of alanine aminotransferase screening of blood donors in
      prevention of hepatitis B and C transmission by haemotherapy in context of actual
      screening methods. METHODS: Donations with elevated ALT more than the defined
      limit (ALT men 80 IU/l, women 64 IU/l, spectrophotometric UV test, KUADRO(TM),
      BPC BioSed Srt, Castelnuovo di Porto Roma, Italy) and/or reactivity any of the
      hepatitis screening parameters HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HCV (chemiluminescence
      method, ARCHITECT i2000(TM), Illinois, USA) were evaluated. Donors were
      confirmatory retested. They were classified into groups with common biological
      properties according to their final virological status and statistically
      evaluated in programs Graph Pad Prism 6.05 and Microsoft Excel 2003. RESULTS:
      From a total of 61 214 donations elevated ALT was found in 420 (0.69 %), active
      HBV in 25 (0.04 %), active HCV infection in 5 (0.01 %) blood donors. Coincidental
      elevation of ALT and active HBV infection occured in 1 donor (0.002 %), as well
      as HCV (0.002 %). Levels of ALT were higher in the group with elevated ALT
      without active HBV or HCV infection than in groups with active HCV and HCV
      infection (p < 0.05). Occurence of blood donor in seronegative anti-HCV window
      was not observed. Elevated ALT was low specific (69.14 %) and senzitive (6.45 %)
      for active hepatitis. We did not prove positive correlation of ALT and S/CO
      (signal-to-cut-off) anti-HBc (Spearman r = -0,565, p < 0.0001), ALT and S/CO anti
      HCV (Spearman r = -0.1046, p = 0.0022), in ALT and S/CO HBsAg the result was not
      statistically significant (Spearman r = -0.00968, p = 0.77). Positive but
      statistically insignificant correlation ALT and S/CO anti-HCV occured in the
      group of 5 blood donors with active HCV infection (Spearman r = 0.4, p = 0.51).
      Screening scheme for HCV infection testing anti-HCV + ALT was per one donation by
      ? 0.18 more expensive than the scheme anti-HCV + HCV RNA due to amount of waisted
      donations with ALT elevation (825 TU, ? 41 388.89). CONCLUSION: Elevation of ALT
      in blood donors was not pathognomonic for hepatitis B and C infection. Screening
      of HCV consisting of anti-HCV + HCV RNA (nucleic acid testing method, COBAS
      AmpliScreen HCV 2.0(TM), ROCHE Diagnostics, Hague Road, Indianapolis, USA) is
      more cost-effective than the scheme anti-HCV + ALT.

PMID- 26967233
TI  - ["3P (Patient-Pulse-Prognosis) in heart failure" survey: focus on heart rate].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The data on heart rate in chronic heart failure in the real-world
      practice in Slovakia are not sufficiently known. The objective of the "3P
      (Patient-Pulse-Prognosis) in heart failure" survey was to collect epidemiological
      data with particular emphasis on heart rate control in sinus rhythm. METHODS: The
      survey was performed by 162 cardiologists and internists. Outpatients or
      clinically stable hospitalized patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure were
      included in the survey. No exclusion criteria for patients enrollment were used.
      A total of 4738 patients were prospectively included. RESULTS: 93.6% of patients
      with heart failure were taking beta-blockers. At least 50% of the target dose
      according to ESC had 48.1% of patients receiving beta-blockers. Heart rate >= 70
      bpm was present in 55.3% of all patients and in 48.1% of patients with sinus
      rhythm. Out of the total unselected study population we identified 28.0% of
      patients with symptomatic heart failure (NYHA class II-IV), sinus rhythm, and
      suboptimal heart rate >= 70 bpm. The prevalence of heart rate >= 70 bpm was
      significantly higher in patients with beta-blocker dose < 50% of the target dose
      according to ESC compared with patients receiving >= 50% of the target dose
      (58.0% vs 52.4%, p < 0.001). Heart rate >= 70 bpm was significantly more common
      in patients with history of hospitalization for heart failure compared with
      patients who have not been hospitalized (56.8% vs 53.7%, p < 0.05). The
      physicians planned up-titration of the dose only in 20.2% of patients treated
      with beta-blockers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite extensive beta-blockers therapy we found
      suboptimal heart rate control in chronic heart failure. Patients on lower doses
      of beta-blockers (< 50 % of the target dose according to ESC) and patients with
      history of hospitalization for heart failure were noted to be in significantly
      higher risk of unsatisfactory heart rate. The proportion of patients with
      intended up-titration of the beta-blocker dose was low. Therefore it is necessary
      to reduce heart rate by alternative or complementary pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 26967229
TI  - Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease.

PMID- 26967234
TI  - [Changes in the prognosis and treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
      Literature overview and own experience].
AB  - Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is defined by the presence of monoclonal
      immunoglobulin IgM type (M-IgM) and evidence of lymphoplasmacytic bone marrow
      infiltration. The disease has an indolent course, the treatment is only initiated
      when the disease has begun to damage its carrier. The following symptoms are
      regarded as proven indications for initiating therapy: B symptoms, symptomatic
      lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anemia with hemoglobin below 100 g / l or
      thrombocytopenia < 100 * 10(9)/l, caused by lymphoplasmacytic bone marrow
      infiltration. Frequent indications for initiating treatment include clinical
      evidence of hyperviscosity or cryoglobulinemia. M-IgM tends to have a character
      of autoantibody reaching up to 50 %, which may harm the organism, and therefore
      any proven damage to the organism by an autoimmune activity of M-IgM is also an
      indication for treatment. The text includes an overview of rare and very rare
      types of damage to the organism by M-IgM autoimmune activity. A combination of
      rituximab, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (RCD) is recommended for the
      initial treatment, possibly extended to R-CHOP regimen (rituximab,
      cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and prednisone). In our cohort of 43
      patients the therapy involving a combination of R-CHOP achieved 3 (8.1 %)
      complete remissions and 31 (83.8 %) partial remissions. The remission in 75 % of
      the patients lasted more than 3 years. In case of recurrence after > 2 years, the
      same therapy can be used, in case of a relapse within a shorter period of time
      different treatment schedules are recommended. High-dose chemotherapy with an
      autologous transplant of stem cells obtained from peripheral blood is only
      recommended after the first recurrence for people under 65 years of age without
      contraindications. The text analyses the benefits of the new drugs for the
      treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (bendamustine, thalidomide,
      lenalidomide, ibrutinib and high-dose chemotherapy).

PMID- 26967235
TI  - [Gene mutations connected to Waldenstom macroglobulinemia].
AB  - Waldenstom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder,
      currently classified as a monoclonal gammopathy, with incidence rate of 3 per
      million. The disease is characterized by presence of clonal B lymphocytes in the
      bone marrow and by presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin IgM in serum. It is
      mostly an indolent disorder, with median overall survival 6 years. Molecular
      pathogenesis of WM remains unclear, but deletion of 6q and 13q, trisomy of
      chromosomes 4 and 8 seem to be typical. Mutations of MYD88(L265P) and CXCR4(WHIM)
      are very common for WM and affect growth and survival of malignant cells. This
      work is aimed at the current knowledge of chromosomal aberrations and gene
      mutations connected to the pathophysiology of WM.

PMID- 26967236
TI  - [The SPRINT Research. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood
      Pressure Control].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most appropriate targets for systolic blood pressure to reduce
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among persons without diabetes remain
      uncertain. METHODS: We randomly assigned 9 361 persons with a systolic blood
      pressure of 130 mm Hg or higher and an increased cardiovascular risk, but without
      diabetes, to a systolic blood-pressure target of less than 120 mm Hg (intensive
      treatment) or a target of less than 140 mm Hg (standard treatment). The primary
      composite outcome was myocardial infarction, other acute coronary syndromes,
      stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes. RESULTS: At 1 year,
      the mean systolic blood pressure was 121.4 mm Hg in the intensive treatment group
      and 136.2 mm Hg in the standard-treatment group. The intervention was stopped
      early after a median follow-up of 3.26 years owing to a significantly lower rate
      of the primary composite outcome in the intensive-treatment group than in the
      standard-treatment group (1.65 % per year vs 2.19 % per year; hazard ratio with
      intensive treatment, 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64 to 0.89; p < 0.001).
      All causes mortality was also significantly lower in the intensive-treatment
      group (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.90; p = 0.003). Rates of serious
      adverse events of hypotension, syncope, electrolyte abnormalities, and acute
      kidney injury or failure, but not of injurious falls, were higher in the
      intensive-treatment group than in the standard-treatment group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Among patients at high risk for cardiovascular events but without diabetes,
      targeting a systolic blood pressure of less than 120 mm Hg as compared with less
      than 140 mm Hg, resulted in lower rates of fatal and nonfatal major
      cardiovascular events and death from any cause, although significantly higher
      rates of some adverse events were observed in the intensive-treatment group.
      Funded by the National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 26967237
TI  - [Rare diagnostics of infective endocarditis after kidney transplantation].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Infective endocarditis in a patient after kidney transplantation is
      a serious infective complication which increases the risk of loss of the graft
      and also the mortality of patients. The most important predisposing factor is the
      immunosuppressive therapy - mainly induction immunosuppression.Material and case
      description: 250 patients underwent kidney transplantation throughout the period
      of 12 years in the Transplant Center Martin. This set of patients included 5
      patients (2 %) after heart valve replacement. We present the case of a patient
      after kidney transplantation with development of endocarditis of the
      bioprosthesis of the aortic valve one month after successful kidney
      transplantation. Diagnostics of endocarditis by standard procedures (examination
      by transthoracic echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiography, hemocultures)
      was unsuccessful. We rarely diagnosed endocarditis only by PET-CT examination
      with a consequent change of the antibiotic treatment and successful managing of
      this post-transplant complication. CONCLUSION: Endocarditis after kidney
      transplantation is a serious complication which significantly worsens the
      mortality of patients. The risk of development of infective endocarditis after
      transplantation is also increased by induction, mainly by antithymocyte globulin.
      Diagnostics only by PET-CT examination is rare; however, in this case it
      fundamentally changed the approach to the patient and led to a successful
      treatment.

PMID- 26967238
TI  - [A rare case of mobile atherosclerotic plaque with a high embolic potential in
      the femoral artery].
AB  - Atherosclerosis is a diffuse disease which may lead to the development of
      unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Its rupture can result in acute ischemic event.
      The atherosclerotic plaques with a mobile component are typical presentations of
      such instability and patients with these plaques are at high risk of acute
      ischemic events. In the current literature, substantial data regarding the mobile
      atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries and thoracic aorta is published.
      However there are almost no data concerning the mobile plaques in the peripheral
      arteries of the lower limbs. We present a rare case of a patient with generalized
      atherosclerosis, in whom an asymptomatic mobile atherosclerotic plaque in the
      common femoral artery with a high embolic potential was diagnosed. This plaque
      was successfully removed by femoral endarterectomy. On the basis of this case, we
      review the possibilities and limitations of the current imaging methods in
      detection of mobile plaques in the peripheral arteries. Moreover optimal
      therapeutic approaches in such patients are discussed.

PMID- 26967239
TI  - [Dangerous cucumbers - Leylls syndrome].
AB  - Leylls syndrome (syndrome of toxic epidermal necrolysis) is a rare disease,
      firstly described by Scottish doctor of medicine Allan Lyell in 1956. It is
      characterized by huge skin and mucosa necrolysis, which affects at least 30 % of
      body surface, and systemic symptoms. According to the frequency of the occurrence
      it is an extremely rare condition, with an incidence of 0.5-2 cases per million
      residents per year. Leylls syndrome is considered as a toxoallergic reaction,
      triggered mostly by some medication and it is associated with a very high
      mortality rate (in the literature reported between 30 to 90 %). Adequate and
      timely local and systemic treatment at the Intensive Care Unit or at the
      specialized clinic can improve the overall poor prognosis of the patients. In our
      case report we describe a very rare case of the Lyells syndrome after exposure to
      the antifungal organosulfur compound, which is widely used by the homegardners
      and farmers.

PMID- 26967240
TI  - [Toxic epidermal necrolysis].
AB  - Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare, acute and life-threatening disorder
      manifested by extensive separation of the epidermis and mucosal surfaces. It is a
      serious adverse response to administered drugs, mostly antibiotics,
      anticonvulsants or NSAIDs. First described by Scottish dermatologist Alan Lyell
      in 1956, it is also known as Lyells syndrome. Mortality of the disease is high,
      therefore its early diagnosis is crucial and immediate initiation of appropriate
      patient care necessary. It is a rare disease with a very low incidence and
      serious prognosis, which is a considerable hindrance to undertaking large
      randomized clinical studies. It is therefore difficult to evaluate the
      effectiveness of various therapeutic options. As the most promising so far
      appears the administration of intravenous immunoglobulins, apparently reaching
      improvement in the clinical condition of the patient, with a good tolerances and
      minimal side adverse effects. New experimental techniques endeavour to seek a way
      to the therapy through targeted influencing of granulysin as the major cytotoxic
      mediator.

PMID- 26967241
TI  - Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in peripheral vascular disease: a review.
AB  - Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) carries a significant morbidity and mortality.
      The role of inflammatory markers in cardiovascular medicine has been extensively
      studied. Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a novel biomarker which has been
      proposed as a marker of cardiovascular disease. We review the association of NLR
      with PVD. NLR has been shown to be an independent predictor of early and midterm
      amputation in patients with acute limb ischemia after embolectomy. A recent risk
      stratification model including NLR has emerged as a predictor of mortality and/or
      major amputation in critical limb ischemia. NLR appears to be an independent
      predictor of severity of PVD based on TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus
      classification, which classifies PVD based on the nature of the lesion and its
      anatomic distribution. A review of a large cohort of patients who had major
      vascular surgery, an NLR > 5 was found to be an independent predictor of
      mortality. In patients with intermediate carotid artery disease, NLR of 2.6 was
      found to be an independent variable for symptomatic carotid artery disease. It is
      a good predictor of early death in acute pulmonary embolism. NLR is inexpensive
      and readily available and appears to have a major role in peripheral vascular
      disease. 

PMID- 26967242
TI  - High expression of Zinc-finger protein X-linked promotes tumor growth and
      predicts a poor outcome for stage II/III colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - Zinc-finger protein X-linked (ZFX) was recently identified as a novel oncoprotein
      in several human malignancies. In this study, we examined the correlation between
      ZFX expression and the clinical characteristics of stage II/III CRC patients, as
      well as the molecular mechanism by which ZFX apparently contributes to CRC tumor
      progression. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected expression of ZFX in CRC
      tissues collected from stage II/III patients and determined that its expression
      correlated with tumor differentiation and stage. Survival analysis indicated that
      patients with high ZFX expression had poorer overall and disease-free survival.
      ZFX knockdown in SW620 and SW480 CRC cells significantly inhibited cell
      proliferation and colony formation, enhanced apoptosis and induced cell cycle
      arrest. It also enhanced the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-Fu. In a xenograft
      model, ZFX knockdown suppressed in vivo CRC tumor growth. Microarray analysis
      revealed the primary target of ZFX to be DUSP5. Whereas ZFX knockdown increased
      DUSP5 expression, DUSP5 knockdown rescued ZFX-mediated cell proliferation in ZFX
      knockdown cells. These findings demonstrate that ZFX promotes CRC progression by
      suppressing DUSP5 expression and suggest that ZFX is a novel prognostic biomarker
      and potentially useful therapeutic target in stage II/III CRC patients. 

PMID- 26967244
TI  - Systematic meta-analyses of gene-specific genetic association studies in prostate
      cancer.
AB  - In the past twenty-five years, over 700 case-control association studies on the
      risk of prostate cancer have been published worldwide, but their results were
      largely inconsistent. To facilitate following and explaining these findings, we
      performed a systematic meta-analysis using allelic contrasts for gene-specific
      SNVs from at least three independent population-based case-control studies, which
      were published in the field of prostate cancer between August 1, 1990 and August
      1, 2015. Across 66 meta-analyses, a total of 20 genetic variants involving
      584,100 subjects in 19 different genes (KLK3, IGFBP3, ESR1, SOD2, CAT, CYP1B1,
      VDR, RFX6, HNF1B, SRD5A2, FGFR4, LEP, HOXB13, FAS, FOXP4, SLC22A3, LMTK2, EHBP1
      and MSMB) exhibited significant association with prostate cancer. The average
      summary OR was 1.33 (ranging from: 1.016-3.788) for risk alleles and 0.838
      (ranging from: 0.757-0.896) for protective alleles. Of these positive variants,
      FOXP4 rs1983891, LMTK2 rs6465657 and RFX6 rs339331 had not been previously meta
      analyzed. Further analyses with sufficient power design and investigations of the
      potential biological roles of these genetic variants in prostate cancer should be
      conducted. 

PMID- 26967243
TI  - Specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 are non-oncogene
      addiction genes in cancer cells.
AB  - Specificity protein (Sp) transcription factor (TF) Sp1 is overexpressed in
      multiple tumors and is a negative prognostic factor for patient survival. Sp1 and
      also Sp3 and Sp4 are highly expressed in cancer cells and in this study, we have
      used results of RNA interference (RNAi) to show that the three TFs individually
      play a role in the growth, survival and migration/invasion of breast, kidney,
      pancreatic, lung and colon cancer cell lines. Moreover, tumor growth in athymic
      nude mice bearing L3.6pL pancreatic cancer cells as xenografts were significantly
      decreased in cells depleted for Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 (combined) or Sp1 alone.
      Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) of changes in gene expression in Panc1
      pancreatic cancer cells after individual knockdown of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4
      demonstrates that these TFs regulate genes and pathways that correlated with the
      functional responses observed after knockdown but also some genes and pathways
      that inversely correlated with the functional responses. However, causal IPA
      analysis which integrates all pathway-dependent changes in all genes strongly
      predicted that Sp1-, Sp3- and Sp4-regulated genes were associated with the pro
      oncogenic activity. These functional and genomic results coupled with
      overexpression of Sp transcription factors in tumor vs. non-tumor tissues and
      decreased Sp1 expression with age indicate that Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 are non-oncogene
      addiction (NOA) genes and are attractive drug targets for individual and combined
      cancer chemotherapies. 

PMID- 26967245
TI  - Exploring the role of sphingolipid machinery during the epithelial to mesenchymal
      transition program using an integrative approach.
AB  - The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program is activated in epithelial
      cancer cells and facilitates their ability to metastasize based on enhanced
      migratory, proliferative, anti-apoptotic, and pluripotent capacities. Given the
      fundamental impact of sphingolipid machinery to each individual process, the
      sphingolipid-related mechanisms might be considered among the most prominent
      drivers/players of EMT; yet, there is still limited knowledge. Given the
      complexity of the interconnected sphingolipid system, which includes distinct
      sphingolipid mediators, their synthesizing enzymes, receptors and transporters,
      we herein apply an integrative approach for assessment of the sphingolipid
      associated mechanisms underlying EMT program. We created the sphingolipid-/EMT
      relevant 41-gene/23-gene signatures which were applied to denote transcriptional
      events in a lung cancer cell-based EMT model. Based on defined 35-gene
      sphingolipid/EMT-attributed signature of regulated genes, we show close
      associations between EMT markers, genes comprising the sphingolipid network at
      multiple levels and encoding sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-/ceramide-metabolizing
      enzymes, S1P and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors and S1P transporters,
      pluripotency genes and inflammation-related molecules, and demonstrate the
      underlying biological pathways and regulators. Mass spectrometry-based
      sphingolipid analysis revealed an EMT-attributed shift towards increased S1P and
      LPA accompanied by reduced ceramide levels. Notably, using transcriptomics data
      across various cell-based perturbations and neoplastic tissues (24193 arrays), we
      identified the sphingolipid/EMT signature primarily in lung adenocarcinoma
      tissues; besides, bladder, colorectal and prostate cancers were among the top
      ranked. The findings also highlight novel regulatory associations between
      influenza virus and the sphingolipid/EMT-associated mechanisms. In sum, data
      propose the multidimensional contribution of sphingolipid machinery to
      pathological EMT and may yield new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 

PMID- 26967248
TI  - CWP232228 targets liver cancer stem cells through Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: a
      novel therapeutic approach for liver cancer treatment.
AB  - Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and
      radiation, which may destroy tumor masses, but not all liver CSCs contribute to
      tumor initiation, metastasis, and relapse. In the present study, we showed that
      liver CSCs with elevated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling possess much greater self
      renewal and clonogenic potential. We further documented that the increased
      clonogenic potential of liver CSCs is highly associated with changes in Wnt/beta
      catenin signaling and that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activity is positively
      correlated with CD133 expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymatic
      activity. Notably, the small molecule inhibitor CWP232228, which antagonizes the
      binding of beta-catenin to TCF in the nucleus, inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling and depletes CD133+/ALDH+ liver CSCs, thus ultimately diminishing the
      self-renewal capacity of CSCs and decreasing tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo.
      Taken together, our findings suggest that CWP232228 acts as a candidate
      therapeutic agent for liver cancer by preferentially targeting liver CSCs. 

PMID- 26967247
TI  - miR-155 regulates the proliferation and invasion of clear cell renal cell
      carcinoma cells by targeting E2F2.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical modulators of carcinogenesis and
      tumor progression. In the present work, we sought to identify the biological
      function of miR-155 as well as its underlying mechanism in clear cell renal cell
      carcinoma (ccRCC). We examined the expression of miR-155 in clear cell RCC
      (ccRCC) and adjacent normal tissues and then explored the roles of miR-155 both
      in vitro and in vivo. The results of this analysis indicated that miR-155
      activity was significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues compared with the
      corresponding normal tissues. miR-155 was associated with ccRCC aggressiveness in
      both cell lines and clinical specimens, and a specific and inverse correlation
      between miR-155 and E2F2 expression was found in human ccRCC samples.
      Overexpression of miR-155 in 786-O cells decreased E2F2 expression while
      reduction of miR-155 by anti-miR-155 in ACHN cells elevated E2F2 expression. Re
      expression of E2F2 in 786-O cells repressed the cell migration/invasion abilities
      elevated by miR-155, whereas knockdown of E2F2 in ACHN cells restored these
      cellular functions hampered by the miR-155 inhibitor. Using Western blot and
      luciferase reporter assays, we determined that E2F2 was a direct target of miR
      155. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that miR-155
      functions as a tumor-promoting miRNA by targeting E2F2 in ccRCC. 

PMID- 26967246
TI  - The clinical value of aberrant epigenetic changes of DNA damage repair genes in
      human cancer.
AB  - The stability and integrity of the human genome are maintained by the DNA damage
      repair (DDR) system. Unrepaired DNA damage is a major source of potentially
      mutagenic lesions that drive carcinogenesis. In addition to gene mutation, DNA
      methylation occurs more frequently in DDR genes in human cancer. Thus, DNA
      methylation may play more important roles in DNA damage repair genes to drive
      carcinogenesis. Aberrant methylation patterns in DNA damage repair genes may
      serve as predictive, diagnostic, prognostic and chemosensitive markers of human
      cancer. MGMT methylation is a marker for poor prognosis in human glioma, while,
      MGMT methylation is a sensitive marker of glioma cells to alkylating agents.
      Aberrant epigenetic changes in DNA damage repair genes may serve as therapeutic
      targets. Treatment of MLH1-methylated colon cancer cell lines with the
      demethylating agent 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine induces the expression of MLH1 and
      sensitizes cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Synthetic lethality is a more exciting
      approach in patients with DDR defects. PARP inhibitors are the most effective
      anticancer reagents in BRCA-deficient cancer cells.

PMID- 26967249
TI  - Age-related changes in the transcriptome of antibody-secreting cells.
AB  - We analyzed age-related defects in B cell populations from young and aged mice.
      Microarray analysis of bone marrow resident antibody secreting cells (ASCs)
      showed significant changes upon aging, affecting multiple genes, pathways and
      functions including those that play a role in immune regulation, humoral immune
      responses, chromatin structure and assembly, cell metabolism and the endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) stress response. Further analysis showed upon aging defects in
      energy production through glucose catabolism with reduced oxidative
      phosphorylation. In addition aged B cells had increased levels of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS), which was linked to enhanced expression of the co-inhibitor
      programmed cell death (PD)-1. 

PMID- 26967250
TI  - Acetylation and deacetylation of Cdc25A constitutes a novel mechanism for
      modulating Cdc25A functions with implications for cancer.
AB  - The dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25A is a key regulator of the cell cycle that
      promotes cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating cyclin
      dependent kinases. In response to genotoxicants, Cdc25A undergoes
      posttranslational modifications which contribute to its proteasome-mediated
      degradation and consequent cell cycle checkpoint arrest. The most thoroughly
      studied Cdc25A modification is phosphorylation. We now provide the first evidence
      that Cdc25A can be acetylated and that it directly interacts with the ARD1
      acetyltransferase which acetylates Cdc25A both biochemically and in cultured
      cells. When acetylated, Cdc25A has an extended half-life. We have also identified
      the class IV histone deacetylase, HDAC11, as a Cdc25A deacetylase. We further
      show that DNA damage, such as exposure to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS),
      etoposide or arsenic, increases Cdc25A acetylation. Importantly, this acetylation
      modulates Cdc25A phosphatase activity and its function as a cell cycle regulator,
      and may reflect a cellular response to DNA damage. Since Cdc25A, ARD1, and HDAC11
      are frequently dysregulated in multiple types of cancer, our findings may provide
      insight into a novel mechanism in carcinogenesis. 

PMID- 26967252
TI  - Metabolomics profiling in plasma samples from glioma patients correlates with
      tumor phenotypes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumor-based molecular biomarkers have redefined in the classification
      gliomas. However, the association of systemic metabolomics with glioma phenotype
      has not been explored yet. METHODS: In this study, we conducted two-step
      (discovery and validation) metabolomic profiling in plasma samples from 87 glioma
      patients. The metabolomics data were tested for correlation with glioma grade
      (high vs low), glioblastoma (GBM) versus malignant gliomas, and IDH mutation
      status. RESULTS: Five metabolites, namely uracil, arginine, lactate, cystamine,
      and ornithine, significantly differed between high- and low-grade glioma patients
      in both the discovery and validation cohorts. When the discovery and validation
      cohorts were combined, we identified 29 significant metabolites with 18 remaining
      significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Those 18 significant
      metabolites separated high- from low-grade glioma patients with 91.1% accuracy.
      In the pathway analysis, a total of 18 significantly metabolic pathways were
      identified. Similarly, we identified 2 and 6 metabolites that significantly
      differed between GBM and non-GBM, and IDH mutation positive and negative patients
      after multiple comparison adjusting. Those 6 significant metabolites separated
      IDH1 mutation positive from negative glioma patients with 94.4% accuracy. Three
      pathways were identified to be associated with IDH mutation status. Within
      arginine and proline metabolism, levels of intermediate metabolites in creatine
      pathway were all significantly lower in IDH mutation positive than in negative
      patients, suggesting an increased activity of creatine pathway in IDH mutation
      positive tumors. CONCLUSION: Our findings identified metabolites and metabolic
      pathways that differentiated tumor phenotypes. These may be useful as host
      biomarker candidates to further help glioma molecular classification.

PMID- 26967251
TI  - The antinociceptive effects of ferulic acid on neuropathic pain: involvement of
      descending monoaminergic system and opioid receptors.
AB  - Neuropathic pain can be considered as a form of chronic stress that may share
      common neuropathological mechanism between pain and stress-related depression and
      respond to similar treatment. Ferulic acid (FA) is a major active component of
      angelica sinensis and has been reported to exert antidepressant-like effects;
      however, it remains unknown whether FA ameliorate chronic constriction injury
      (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain and the involvement of descending monoaminergic
      system and opioid receptors. Chronic treatment with FA (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg)
      ameliorated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in von Frey hair and
      hot plate tasks, accompanied by increasing spinal noradrenaline (NA) and
      serotonin (5-HT) levels. Subsequent study suggested that treatment of CCI animals
      with 40 and 80 mg/kg FA also inhibited spinal MAO-A levels. FA's effects on
      mechanical allodynia or thermal hyperalgesiawas blocked by 6-hydroxydopamine (6
      OHDA) or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) via pharmacological depletion of spinal
      noradrenaline or serotonin. Moreover, the anti-allodynic action of FA on
      mechanical stimuli was prevented by pre-treatment with beta2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist ICI 118,551, or by the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole.
      While the anti-hyperalgesia on thermal stimuli induced by FA was blocked by pre
      treatment with 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635, or with the irreversible mu
      opioid receptor antagonist beta-funaltrexamine. These results suggest that the
      effect of FA on neuropathic pain is potentially mediated via amelioration of the
      descending monoaminergic system that coupled with spinal beta2- and 5-HT1A
      receptors and the downstream delta- and mu-opioid receptors differentially. 

PMID- 26967253
TI  - Nomograms to estimate long-term overall survival and breast cancer-specific
      survival of patients with luminal breast cancer.
AB  - Luminal breast cancer constitutes a group of highly heterogeneous diseases with a
      sustained high risk of late recurrence. We aimed to develop comprehensive and
      practical nomograms to better estimate the long-term survival of luminal breast
      cancer.Patients with luminal breast cancer diagnosed between 1990 and 2006 were
      retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database
      and randomly divided into the training (n = 87,867) and validation (n = 88,215)
      cohorts. The cumulative incidence function (CIF) and a competing-risks model were
      used to estimate the probability of breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and
      death from other causes. We integrated significant prognostic factors to build
      nomograms and subjected the nomograms to bootstrap internal validation and to
      external validation.We screened 176,082 luminal breast cancer cases. The 5- and
      10-year probabilities of overall death were 0.089 and 0.202, respectively. The 5-
      and 10-year probabilities of breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM) were 0.053
      and 0.112, respectively. Nine independent prognostic factors for both OS and BCSS
      were integrated to construct the nomograms. The calibration curves for the
      probabilities of 5- and 10-year OS and BCSS showed excellent agreement between
      the nomogram prediction and actual observation. The C-indexes of the nomograms
      were high in both internal validation (0.732 for OS and 0.800 for BCSS) and
      external validation (0.731 for OS and 0.794 for BCSS).We established nomograms
      that accurately predict OS and BCSS for patients with luminal breast cancer. The
      nomograms can identify patients with higher risk of late overall mortality and
      BCSM, helping physicians in facilitating individualized treatment. 

PMID- 26967255
TI  - Word Recognition Variability With Cochlear Implants: The Degradation of Phonemic
      Sensitivity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cochlear implants (CIs) do not automatically restore speech
      recognition for postlingually deafened adults. Average word recognition remains
      at 60%, and enormous variability exists. Understanding speech requires knowledge
      of phonemic codes, the basic sound units of language. Hearing loss may result in
      degeneration of these long-term mental representations (i.e., "phonemic
      sensitivity"), and CI use may not adequately restore those representations. This
      investigation examined whether phonemic sensitivity is degraded for CI users, and
      whether this degradation results in poorer word recognition. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty
      adults with CIs and 20 normal-hearing controls underwent testing. METHODS:
      Participants were assessed for word recognition in quiet, along with tasks of
      phonemic sensitivity using an audiovisual format to maximize recognition: initial
      consonant choice (ICC), in which they selected the word with the same starting
      sound as a target word, final consonant choice (FCC), in which they selected the
      word with the same ending sound, and backwards words, in which they repeated
      phonemes comprising words in backwards order. RESULTS: Phonemic sensitivity was
      poorer for CI users than for normal-hearing controls for ICC and FCC. For CI
      users, ICC and FCC predicted 25% and 40% of variance in word recognition,
      respectively. Longer duration of CI use did not lead to greater restoration in
      phonemic sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Even for adults who presumably had developed
      refined phonemic representations, hearing loss can degrade those representations,
      which results in poorer word recognition. Cochlear implants do not adequately
      restore those representations. Findings suggest the need for rehabilitative
      efforts to improve CI users' phonemic sensitivity.

PMID- 26967254
TI  - Increased Nanoparticle Delivery to Brain Tumors by Autocatalytic Priming for
      Improved Treatment and Imaging.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is partially disrupted in brain tumors. Despite the
      gaps in the BBB, there is an inadequate amount of pharmacological agents
      delivered into the brain. Thus, the low delivery efficiency renders many of these
      agents ineffective in treating brain cancer. In this report, we proposed an
      "autocatalytic" approach for increasing the transport of nanoparticles into the
      brain. In this strategy, a small number of nanoparticles enter into the brain via
      transcytosis or through the BBB gaps. After penetrating the BBB, the
      nanoparticles release BBB modulators, which enables more nanoparticles to be
      transported, creating a positive feedback loop for increased delivery.
      Specifically, we demonstrated that these autocatalytic brain tumor-targeting
      poly(amine-co-ester) terpolymer nanoparticles (ABTT NPs) can readily cross the
      BBB and preferentially accumulate in brain tumors at a concentration of 4.3- and
      94.0-fold greater than that in the liver and in brain regions without tumors,
      respectively. We further demonstrated that ABTT NPs were capable of mediating
      brain cancer gene therapy and chemotherapy. Our results suggest ABTT NPs can
      prime the brain to increase the systemic delivery of therapeutics for treating
      brain malignancies.

PMID- 26967256
TI  - Biological measures to minimize the risk of radiotherapy-associated second
      cancer: A research perspective.
AB  - Purpose Second cancers are among the most serious sequelae for cancer survivors
      who receive radiotherapy. This article aims to review current knowledge regarding
      how the risk of radiotherapy-associated second cancer can be minimized by
      biological measures and to discuss relevant research needs. Results The risk of
      second cancer can be reduced not only by physical measures to decrease the
      radiation dose to normal tissues but also by biological means that interfere with
      the critical determinants of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Requirements for
      such biological means include the targeting of tumor types relevant to
      radiotherapy-associated risk, concrete safety and efficacy evidence and
      feasibility and minimal invasiveness. Mechanistic insights into the process of
      radiation carcinogenesis provide rational approaches to minimize the risk. Five
      mechanism-based strategies are proposed herein based on the current state of
      knowledge. Epidemiological studies on the joint effects of radiation and
      lifestyle or other factors can provide evidence for factors that modify radiation
      associated risks if deliberately controlled. Conclusions Mechanistic and
      epidemiological evidence indicates that it is possible to develop interventional
      measures to minimize the second cancer risk associated with radiotherapy.
      Research is needed regarding the critical determinants of radiation-induced
      carcinogenesis available for intervention and joint effects of radiation and
      controllable factors.

PMID- 26967257
TI  - Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal
      Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity.
AB  - Applications such as sensors, batteries, and fuel cells have been improved
      through the use of highly porous aerogels when functional compounds are
      encapsulated within the aerogels. However, few reports on encapsulating proteins
      within sol-gels that are processed to form aerogels exist. A procedure for
      encapsulating cytochrome c (cyt. c) in silica (SiO2) sol-gels that are
      supercritically processed to form bioaerogels with gas-phase activity for nitric
      oxide (NO) is presented. Cyt. c is added to a mixed silica sol under controlled
      protein concentration and buffer strength conditions. The sol mixture is then
      gelled and the liquid filling the gel pores is replaced through a series of
      solvent exchanges with liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is brought to
      its critical point and vented off to form dry aerogels with cyt. c encapsulated
      inside. These bioaerogels are characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy and
      circular dichroism spectroscopy and can be used to detect the presence of gas
      phase nitric oxide. The success of this procedure depends on regulating the cyt.
      c concentration and the buffer concentration and does not require other
      components such as metal nanoparticles. It may be possible to encapsulate other
      proteins using a similar approach making this procedure important for potential
      future bioanalytical device development. 

PMID- 26967258
TI  - Incidence and Management of Glaucoma in Vogt Koyanagi Harada Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyse the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of glaucoma in
      Vogt Koyanagi Harada (VKH) disease and study the changes in visual acuity and
      intraocular pressure (IOP) with treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective
      chart analysis of 448 eyes of 224 patients of Indian origin diagnosed with VKH
      disease from January 1990 to December 2013, who had a minimum follow-up of 3
      months was performed. RESULTS: Seventy-one eyes (15.8%) developed sustained
      elevation in IOP. The prevalence of glaucoma at presentation was 15.8% and the
      cumulative incidence of glaucoma was 11.7%. The mechanisms of glaucoma were open
      angle glaucoma in 46 eyes, (64.8%), angle closure in 21 eyes (29.6%), and of
      combined mechanisms in the remainder (4 eyes, 5.6%). Acute angle-closure crisis
      developed in 9 eyes (12.6%). Uveal effusion (odds ratio 9.47; confidence
      interval, 4.08-20.03) and increased number of recurrences (odds ratio 1.31;
      confidence interval, 1.13-1.53) were found to be significant risk factors for the
      development of glaucoma. Successful control of IOP was achieved in 64% at 12
      months using medical/ laser treatment for glaucoma and was 50 % at 12 months
      following surgical management. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma is a frequent complication
      of uveitis in VKH disease. Presence of uveal effusion and increased number of
      recurrences of inflammation are significant risk factors.

PMID- 26967259
TI  - Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delirium is a common mental disorder, which is distressing and has
      serious adverse outcomes in hospitalised patients. Prevention of delirium is
      desirable from the perspective of patients and carers, and healthcare providers.
      It is currently unclear, however, whether interventions for preventing delirium
      are effective. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of interventions for
      preventing delirium in hospitalised non-Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients.
      SEARCH METHODS: We searched ALOIS - the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive
      Improvement Group's Specialized Register on 4 December 2015 for all randomised
      studies on preventing delirium. We also searched MEDLINE (Ovid SP), EMBASE (Ovid
      SP), PsycINFO (Ovid SP), Central (The Cochrane Library), CINAHL (EBSCOhost),
      LILACS (BIREME), Web of Science core collection (ISI Web of Science),
      ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO meta register of trials, ICTRP. SELECTION
      CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of single and multi-
      component non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for preventing
      delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two
      review authors examined titles and abstracts of citations identified by the
      search for eligibility and extracted data independently, with any disagreements
      settled by consensus. The primary outcome was incidence of delirium; secondary
      outcomes included duration and severity of delirium, institutional care at
      discharge, quality of life and healthcare costs. We used risk ratios (RRs) as
      measures of treatment effect for dichotomous outcomes; and between group mean
      differences and standard deviations for continuous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: We
      included 39 trials that recruited 16,082 participants, assessing 22 different
      interventions or comparisons. Fourteen trials were placebo-controlled, 15
      evaluated a delirium prevention intervention against usual care, and 10 compared
      two different interventions. Thirty-two studies were conducted in patients
      undergoing surgery, the majority in orthopaedic settings. Seven studies were
      conducted in general medical or geriatric medicine settings.We found multi
      component interventions reduced the incidence of delirium compared to usual care
      (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.81; seven studies; 1950 participants; moderate-quality
      evidence). Effect sizes were similar in medical (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.92;
      four studies; 1365 participants) and surgical settings (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.59 to
      0.85; three studies; 585 participants). In the subgroup of patients with pre
      existing dementia, the effect of multi-component interventions remains uncertain
      (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.36; one study, 50 participants; low-quality
      evidence).There is no clear evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors are effective
      in preventing delirium compared to placebo (RR 0.68, 95% CI, 0.17 to 2.62; two
      studies, 113 participants; very low-quality evidence).Three trials provide no
      clear evidence of an effect of antipsychotic medications as a group on the
      incidence of delirium (RR 0.73, 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.59; 916 participants; very low
      quality evidence). In a pre-planned subgroup analysis there was no evidence for
      effectiveness of a typical antipsychotic (haloperidol) (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.69 to
      1.60; two studies; 516 participants, low-quality evidence). However, delirium
      incidence was lower (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.52; one study; 400 participants,
      moderate-quality evidence) for patients treated with an atypical antipsychotic
      (olanzapine) compared to placebo (moderate-quality evidence).There is no clear
      evidence that melatonin or melatonin agonists reduce delirium incidence compared
      to placebo (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.89; three studies, 529 participants; low
      quality evidence).There is moderate-quality evidence that Bispectral Index (BIS)
      guided anaesthesia reduces the incidence of delirium compared to BIS-blinded
      anaesthesia or clinical judgement (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.85; two studies;
      2057 participants).It is not possible to generate robust evidence statements for
      a range of additional pharmacological and anaesthetic interventions due to small
      numbers of trials, of variable methodological quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:
      There is strong evidence supporting multi-component interventions to prevent
      delirium in hospitalised patients. There is no clear evidence that cholinesterase
      inhibitors, antipsychotic medication or melatonin reduce the incidence of
      delirium. Using the Bispectral Index to monitor and control depth of anaesthesia
      reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium. The role of drugs and other
      anaesthetic techniques to prevent delirium remains uncertain.

PMID- 26967260
TI  - The Scientific Impact of Positive and Negative Phase 3 Cancer Clinical Trials.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Positive phase 3 cancer clinical trials are widely hailed, while
      trials with negative results are often interpreted as scientific failures. We
      hypothesized that these interpretations would be reflected in the scientific
      literature. OBJECTIVE: To compare the scientific impact of positive vs negative
      phase 3 cancer clinical treatment trials. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We
      examined the phase 3 trial history of SWOG, a national cancer clinical trials
      consortium, over a 30-year period (1985-2014). Scientific impact was assessed
      according to multiple publication and citation outcomes. Citation data were
      obtained using Google Scholar. Citation counts were compared using generalized
      estimating equations for Poisson regression. Any trial that was formally
      evaluated for the randomized treatment comparison was included for analysis of
      publication and citation outcomes. Trials were categorized as positive if they
      achieved a statistically significant result in favor of the new experimental
      treatment for the protocol-specified primary end point. Trials were categorized
      as negative if they achieved a statistically significant result in favor of
      standard therapy or a null result with no statistically significant benefit for
      either the experimental or standard therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Impact
      factors for the journals publishing the primary trial results, and the number of
      citations for the primary trial articles and all secondary articles associated
      with the trials. RESULTS: Ninety-four studies enrolling n = 46 424 patients were
      analyzed. Twenty-eight percent of trials were positive (26 of 94). The primary
      publications from positive trials were published in journals with higher mean
      (SD) 2-year impact factors (28 [19] vs 18 [13]; P = .007) and were cited twice as
      often as negative trials (mean per year, 43 vs 21; relative risk, 2.0; 95% CI,
      1.1-3.9; P = .03). However, the number of citations from all primary and
      secondary articles did not significantly differ between positive and negative
      trials (mean per year, 55 vs 45; relative risk, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7-2.3; P = .53).
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The scientific impact of the primary articles from
      positive phase 3 randomized cancer clinical trials was twice as great as for
      negative trials. But when all of the articles associated with the trials were
      considered, the scientific impact between positive and negative trials was
      similar. Positive trials indicate clinical advances, but negative trials also
      have a sizeable scientific impact by generating important scientific observations
      and new hypotheses and by showing what new treatments should not be used.

PMID- 26967261
TI  - Profiling and Spatial Variation Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants in
      South African Delphinids.
AB  - The continuous disposal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in South Africa
      (SA) warrants concern about their detrimental effects on humans and wildlife. We
      surveyed six dolphin species (n = 90) incidentally captured in shark net
      installations or stranded off the SA east and south coast from 2005 to 2009 to
      study the POP exposure. Sousa plumbea, an inshore and estuarine species, was
      found to be the most contaminated by total POPs (21 100 ng g(-1) lw) of all the
      dolphins off SA, followed by Tursiops aduncus (19 800 ng g(-1) lw), Lagenodelphis
      hosei (13 600 ng g(-1) lw), and Delphinus capensis (5500 ng g(-1) lw), whereas
      POP levels in the offshore or pelagic delphinids were much lower. In all
      delphinids, dominant pollutants were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs),
      which represented more than 60% of the total concentration of total POPs,
      followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, 30%). Concentrations of DDTs in S.
      plumbea and T. aduncus off SA were among the highest levels reported in
      delphinids globally. Approximately half of the adult T. aduncus had PCB
      concentrations above the effect threshold for impairment of immune functions. The
      concentrations of Mirex and Dieldrin in SA delphinids were higher than those
      found in species from other regions of the Southern Hemisphere. 

PMID- 26967263
TI  - New technologies in tumor ablation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The application of ablative modalities for small renal masses
      continues to increase. In addition, multiple technologies continue to be studied
      for the treatment of these renal masses. This review focuses on new and emerging
      technologies so that the clinician can become more familiar with these modalities
      as they become available in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS: Radiofrequency
      ablation (RFA) and cryoablation (cryo) continue to be the most often used
      ablative modalities for the treatment of small renal masses. In addition, they
      are the most thoroughly studied modalities leading to a set of well defined
      variables predicting successful ablation. Microwave ablation (MWA) and
      irreversible electroporation are newer modalities that offer theoretical
      advantages to RFA and cryo, although each differs in the specific advantage
      provided. Multiple animal studies have been performed with each modality;
      however, in both cases, the optimal device settings are not well defined. For MWA
      in particular, there are a significant number of systems available and within
      each system, there are an array of variables that can be modified, which
      influences the ablation zone size and shape. Other emerging technologies include
      stereotactic body radiation and high-intensity focused ultrasound, although each
      has limited data supporting their efficacy to date. SUMMARY: Ablation technology
      continues to multiply and evolve. Newer technologies such as MWA and irreversible
      electroporation are promising as they offer theoretical advantages to RFA and
      cryo. However, both require further studies to identify the optimal tumor
      characteristics and device settings leading to successful ablation.

PMID- 26967262
TI  - Fluorescence Monitoring of the Oxidative Repair of DNA Alkylation Damage by
      ALKBH3, a Prostate Cancer Marker.
AB  - The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent iron enzyme ALKBH3 is an antitumor target and a
      potential diagnostic marker for several tumor types, including prostate cancer.
      However, there is at present no simple way to measure this enzyme's activity.
      Here we describe a fluorogenic probe design (MAQ) that is directly responsive to
      ALKBH3 repair activity. It makes use of the fluorescence-quenching properties of
      1-methyladenine; removal of the alkyl group results in a >10-fold light-up
      signal. The probe is specific for ALKBH3 over its related homologue ALKBH2 and
      can be used to identify and measure the effectiveness of enzyme inhibitors.
      Measurements of the enzyme substrate parameters show that MAQ displays Km and
      kcat values essentially the same as those of the native substrate. Finally, we
      show that the probe functions efficiently in cells, allowing imaging and
      quantitation of ALKBH3 activity by microscopy and flow cytometry. We expect that
      MAQ probes will be broadly useful in the study of the basic biology of ALKBH3 and
      in clinical cancer applications as well. 

PMID- 26967264
TI  - Innovations in surgical stone disease.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urinary stone disease is a condition characterized by a rich
      history of surgical innovation. Herein, we review the new ideas, devices and
      methods that are the cornerstones of contemporary surgical innovation in stone
      disease, specifically flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
      RECENT FINDINGS: The new ideas being applied to flexible ureteroscopy include
      extending the boundaries of surgical indications and eliminating the need for
      intraoperative fluoroscopy. Device advancements include disposable ureteroscopes
      and flexi semirigid ureteroscopes. Robotic flexible ureteroscopy, the use of
      magnets and mobile technology applications represent progress in methods of
      performing flexible ureteroscopy. Three-dimensional computed tomography and
      printing technology are enhancing percutaneous renal access. Novel image-guided
      access techniques are improving the accuracy of percutaneous surgery particularly
      for complex cases. SUMMARY: New ideas, devices and methods are continuing to
      reshape the landscape of surgical stone treatment and in so doing not only have
      the potential to improve surgical outcomes but also to cultivate further
      scientific and technological advancements in this area.

PMID- 26967265
TI  - Nocturia in women.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Nocturia in women is a notable health concern, associated with
      significant morbidity and decreases in health-related quality of life. It is
      implicated in daytime somnolence and poor sleep quality, and has been found to
      negatively impact household activities, work, exercise, and sexual activity. This
      review is intended to relay new information regarding the prevalence, cause, risk
      factors, ramifications, and treatment options for nocturia in women as it gains
      traction as a clinical entity in and of itself. RECENT FINDINGS: New literature
      exposes the prevalence and burden of nocturia among young, healthy nulliparous
      women; reveals its presence in women without daytime symptoms; suggests its
      relationship with abnormal bowel function; and supports its association with
      obesity, cardiac burden and poor sleep. The link between nocturia and menopause
      has been challenged, and recent nomenclature describing the genitourinary
      symptoms of menopause excludes it from the list. Desmopressin and tamsulosin
      trials in women have demonstrated safety and efficacy in limiting nocturia
      frequency and severity, as well as in improving sleep parameters. SUMMARY:
      Nocturia is an impactful health issue at risk of being missed, especially in
      younger female patients. Open dialogue, purposeful questioning, and screening
      surveys can help elicit this symptom in women who are embarrassed or who accredit
      it to normal aging and therefore do not seek medical attention. In light of a
      growing geriatric population, nocturia is a clinical entity of increasing
      importance as it can be a clue to underlying systemic disorder or it can be an
      isolated symptom with significant clinical implications if left unaddressed.

PMID- 26967266
TI  - Chloroquine-induced subacute paranoid-like disorder as a complication of
      dermatological treatment.

PMID- 26967268
TI  - Characterization of an RNA receptor motif that recognizes a GCGA tetraloop.
AB  - Tertiary interactions between a new RNA motif and RNA tetraloops were analyzed to
      determine whether this new motif shows preference for a GCGA tetraloop. In the
      structural context of a ligase ribozyme, this motif discriminated GCGA loop from
      3 other tetraloops. The affinity between the GCGA loop and its receptor is strong
      enough to carry out the ribozyme activity. 

PMID- 26967267
TI  - Will novel oral formulations change the management of inflammatory bowel disease?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The traditional management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with
      sulphasalazine/5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids and immunomodulators (i.e.,
      thiopurines and methotrexate) was nearly two decades ago extended with
      intravenously or subcutaneously administered biologics (i.e., tumor necrosis
      factor inhibitors and later gut-selective integrin antagonists). However,
      recently, orally administered treatments with simple, well-characterized, and
      stable structures consisting of either small molecules or anti-sense therapy have
      been devised. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses the current approaches with
      promising new oral drugs with distinct modes of action, including: the Janus
      kinase inhibitors (i.e., tofacitinib, filgotinib and peficitinib); the
      immunomodulatory drug (laquinimod); a small alpha4 antagonist (AJM300); agonists
      for sphingosine-phosphate receptors (i.e., ozanimod, APD334, and amiselimod), as
      well as anti-sense therapy (mongersen) targeting SMAD7, drugs which directly
      target intracellular pathways of relevance for intestinal inflammation. EXPERT
      OPINION: A new avenue using easily administered oral therapies for the management
      of IBD is being introduced. While their place in the clinical armamentarium
      remains to be proven, it is likely that many of these drugs will find their place
      in the treatment algorithm of IBD in the next few years. Thus, we will face times
      in which IBD therapy will be based on significantly more tablets than prescribed
      today.

PMID- 26967270
TI  - Communication In and Of Biology.

PMID- 26967269
TI  - Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion
      in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability.
AB  - Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including
      carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and
      diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is
      important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke
      accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory
      of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the
      sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral
      side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic
      stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and
      substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle
      cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy
      forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the
      ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the
      contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the
      infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24
      hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% +/-
      2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for
      brain swelling using Gerriet's equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and
      clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor
      deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms
      and novel treatments. 

PMID- 26967272
TI  - Spreading Knowledge and Wonder.

PMID- 26967273
TI  - When Biology Doesn't Add Up.
AB  - Physical models are increasingly used to inform our understanding of biology.
      Where such models still run into limits was the question that Cell's Robert
      Kruger posed to Julie Theriot, K.C. Huang, and Mark Goulian. Annotated excerpts
      from this conversation are presented below, and the full conversation is
      available with the article online.

PMID- 26967274
TI  - All You Need Is Mentorship.

PMID- 26967275
TI  - Staying Afloat in the Rising Tide of Science.
AB  - New York Times columnist and science writer Carl Zimmer discusses the challenges
      of effectively communicating with the public about science. 

PMID- 26967276
TI  - You, Me, and We: Biolabs for the 21st Century.
AB  - Twenty-first century biomedical research is advantaged by institutional
      infrastructures that foster a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. A few
      critical elements in the design of labs, research buildings, or campus can make
      interaction easier while preserving privacy and comfort for the individual
      researcher.

PMID- 26967277
TI  - Communication in Drug Development: "Translating" Scientific Discovery.
AB  - The discovery and development of new medicines that promote human health and
      potentially extend natural life remains a remarkably challenging endeavor. In
      this Commentary, we identify key elements of communication required to
      successfully translate promising biological findings to novel approved drug
      therapies and discuss the attendant challenges and opportunities. 

PMID- 26967278
TI  - Reverse Engineering Human Pathophysiology with Organs-on-Chips.
AB  - While studies of cultured cells have led to new insights into biological control,
      greater understanding of human pathophysiology requires the development of
      experimental systems that permit analysis of intercellular communications and
      tissue-tissue interactions in a more relevant organ context. Human organs-on
      chips offer a potentially powerful new approach to confront this long-standing
      problem. 

PMID- 26967282
TI  - Passive Noise Filtering by Cellular Compartmentalization.
AB  - Chemical reactions contain an inherent element of randomness, which presents
      itself as noise that interferes with cellular processes and communication. Here
      we discuss the ability of the spatial partitioning of molecular systems to filter
      and, thus, remove noise, while preserving regulated and predictable differences
      between single living cells. In contrast to active noise filtering by network
      motifs, cellular compartmentalization is highly effective and easily scales to
      numerous systems without requiring a substantial usage of cellular energy. We
      will use passive noise filtering by the eukaryotic cell nucleus as an example of
      how this increases predictability of transcriptional output, with possible
      implications for the evolution of complex multicellularity. 

PMID- 26967280
TI  - Movement: How the Brain Communicates with the World.
AB  - Voluntary movement is a result of signals transmitted through a communication
      channel that links the internal world in our minds to the physical world around
      us. Intention can be considered the desire to effect change on our environment,
      and this is contained in the signals from the brain, passed through the nervous
      system to converge on muscles that generate displacements and forces on our
      surroundings. The resulting changes in the world act to generate sensations that
      feed back to the nervous system, closing the control loop. This Perspective
      discusses the experimental and theoretical underpinnings of current models of
      movement generation and the way they are modulated by external information.
      Movement systems embody intentionality and prediction, two factors that are
      propelling a revolution in engineering. Development of movement models that
      include the complexities of the external world may allow a better understanding
      of the neuronal populations regulating these processes, as well as the
      development of solutions for autonomous vehicles and robots, and neural
      prostheses for those who are motor impaired.

PMID- 26967279
TI  - The 3D Genome as Moderator of Chromosomal Communication.
AB  - Proper expression of genes requires communication with their regulatory elements
      that can be located elsewhere along the chromosome. The physics of chromatin
      fibers imposes a range of constraints on such communication. The molecular and
      biophysical mechanisms by which chromosomal communication is established, or
      prevented, have become a topic of intense study, and important roles for the
      spatial organization of chromosomes are being discovered. Here we present a view
      of the interphase 3D genome characterized by extensive physical
      compartmentalization and insulation on the one hand and facilitated long-range
      interactions on the other. We propose the existence of topological machines
      dedicated to set up and to exploit a 3D genome organization to both promote and
      censor communication along and between chromosomes. 

PMID- 26967281
TI  - Communication in Neural Circuits: Tools, Opportunities, and Challenges.
AB  - Communication, the effective delivery of information, is fundamental to life
      across all scales and species. Nervous systems (by necessity) may be most
      specifically adapted among biological tissues for high rate and complexity of
      information transmitted, and thus, the properties of neural tissue and principles
      of its organization into circuits may illuminate capabilities and limitations of
      biological communication. Here, we consider recent developments in tools for
      studying neural circuits with particular attention to defining neuronal cell
      types by input and output information streams--i.e., by how they communicate.
      Complementing approaches that define cell types by virtue of genetic
      promoter/enhancer properties, this communication-based approach to defining cell
      types operationally by input/output (I/O) relationships links structure and
      function, resolves difficulties associated with single-genetic-feature
      definitions, leverages technology for observing and testing significance of
      precisely these I/O relationships in intact brains, and maps onto processes
      through which behavior may be adapted during development, experience, and
      evolution.

PMID- 26967285
TI  - Engineering Cellular Metabolism.
AB  - Metabolic engineering is the science of rewiring the metabolism of cells to
      enhance production of native metabolites or to endow cells with the ability to
      produce new products. The potential applications of such efforts are wide
      ranging, including the generation of fuels, chemicals, foods, feeds, and
      pharmaceuticals. However, making cells into efficient factories is challenging
      because cells have evolved robust metabolic networks with hard-wired, tightly
      regulated lines of communication between molecular pathways that resist efforts
      to divert resources. Here, we will review the current status and challenges of
      metabolic engineering and will discuss how new technologies can enable metabolic
      engineering to be scaled up to the industrial level, either by cutting off the
      lines of control for endogenous metabolism or by infiltrating the system with
      disruptive, heterologous pathways that overcome cellular regulation. 

PMID- 26967283
TI  - The Nuclear Pore Complex as a Flexible and Dynamic Gate.
AB  - Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) perforate the nuclear envelope and serve as the
      primary transport gates for molecular exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm.
      Stripping the megadalton complex down to its most essential organizational
      elements, one can divide the NPC into scaffold components and the disordered
      elements attached to them that generate a selective barrier between compartments.
      These structural elements exhibit flexibility, which may hold a clue in
      understanding NPC assembly and function. Here we review the current status of NPC
      research with a focus on the functional implications of its structural and
      compositional heterogeneity. 

PMID- 26967284
TI  - The Dark Side of Cell Signaling: Positive Roles for Negative Regulators.
AB  - Cell signaling is dominated by analyzing positive responses to stimuli. Signal
      activation is balanced by negative regulators that are generally considered to
      terminate signaling. Rather than exerting only negative effects, however, many
      such regulators play important roles in enhancing cell-signaling control.
      Considering responses downstream of selected cell-surface receptors, we discuss
      how receptor internalization affects signaling specificity and how rapid
      kinase/phosphatase and GTP/GDP cycles increase responsiveness and allow kinetic
      proofreading in receptor signaling. We highlight the blurring of distinctions
      between positive and negative signals, recasting signal termination as the
      response to a switch-like transition into a new cellular state. 

PMID- 26967288
TI  - Communication by Extracellular Vesicles: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go.
AB  - In multicellular organisms, distant cells can exchange information by sending out
      signals composed of single molecules or, as increasingly exemplified in the
      literature, via complex packets stuffed with a selection of proteins, lipids, and
      nucleic acids, called extracellular vesicles (EVs; also known as exosomes and
      microvesicles, among other names). This Review covers some of the most striking
      functions described for EV secretion but also presents the limitations on our
      knowledge of their physiological roles. While there are initial indications that
      EV-mediated pathways operate in vivo, the actual nature of the EVs involved in
      these effects still needs to be clarified. Here, we focus on the context of tumor
      cells and their microenvironment, but similar results and challenges apply to all
      patho/physiological systems in which EV-mediated communication is proposed to
      take place.

PMID- 26967286
TI  - Hallmarks of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes.
AB  - Although they are classically viewed as continuously recirculating through the
      lymphoid organs and blood, lymphocytes also establish residency in non-lymphoid
      tissues, most prominently at barrier sites, including the mucosal surfaces and
      skin. These specialized tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets span the innate
      adaptive continuum and include innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), unconventional T
      cells (e.g., NKT, MAIT, gammadelta T cells, and CD8alphaalpha(+) IELs), and
      tissue-resident memory T (T(RM)) cells. Although these diverse cell types differ
      in the particulars of their biology, they nonetheless exhibit important shared
      features, including a role in the preservation of tissue integrity and function
      during homeostasis, infection, and non-infectious perturbations. In this Review,
      we discuss the hallmarks of tissue-resident innate, innate-like, and adaptive
      lymphocytes, as well as their potential functions in non-lymphoid organs.

PMID- 26967287
TI  - Hardwiring Stem Cell Communication through Tissue Structure.
AB  - Adult stem cells across diverse organs self-renew and differentiate to maintain
      tissue homeostasis. How stem cells receive input to preserve tissue structure and
      function largely relies on their communication with surrounding cellular and non
      cellular elements. As such, how tissues are organized and patterned not only
      reflects organ function, but also inherently hardwires networks of communication
      between stem cells and their environment to direct tissue homeostasis and injury
      repair. This review highlights how different methods of stem cell communication
      reflect the unique organization and function of diverse tissues. 

PMID- 26967289
TI  - The Basis of Oncoimmunology.
AB  - Cancer heterogeneity, a hallmark enabling clonal survival and therapy resistance,
      is shaped by active immune responses. Antigen-specific T cells can control
      cancer, as revealed clinically by immunotherapeutics such as adoptive T-cell
      transfer and checkpoint blockade. The host immune system is thus a powerful tool
      that, if better harnessed, could significantly enhance the efficacy of cytotoxic
      therapy and improve outcomes for cancer sufferers. To realize this vision,
      however, a number of research frontiers must be tackled. These include developing
      strategies for neutralizing tumor-promoting inflammation, broadening T-cell
      repertoires (via vaccination), and elucidating the mechanisms by which immune
      cells organize tumor microenvironments to regulate T-cell activity. Such efforts
      will pave the way for identifying new targets for combination therapies that
      overcome resistance to current treatments and promote long-term cancer control.

PMID- 26967290
TI  - Bone and Muscle Endocrine Functions: Unexpected Paradigms of Inter-organ
      Communication.
AB  - Most physiological functions originate with the communication between organs.
      Mouse genetics has revived this holistic view of physiology through the
      identification of inter-organ communications that are unanticipated, functionally
      important, and would have been difficult to uncover otherwise. This Review
      highlights this point by showing how two tissues usually not seen as endocrine
      ones, bone and striated muscles, influence several physiological processes in a
      significant manner. 

PMID- 26967293
TI  - Ecology and Evolution of Communication in Social Insects.
AB  - Insect life strategies comprise all levels of sociality from solitary to
      eusocial, in which individuals form persistent groups and divide labor. With
      increasing social complexity, the need to communicate a greater diversity of
      messages arose to coordinate division of labor, group cohesion, and concerted
      actions. Here we summarize the knowledge on prominent messages in social insects
      that inform about reproduction, group membership, resource locations, and threats
      and discuss potential evolutionary trajectories of each message in the context of
      social complexity. 

PMID- 26967295
TI  - SnapShot: Timescales in Cell Biology.

PMID- 26967292
TI  - Insights into the Neural and Genetic Basis of Vocal Communication.
AB  - The use of vocalizations to communicate information and elaborate social bonds is
      an adaptation seen in many vertebrate species. Human speech is an extreme version
      of this pervasive form of communication. Unlike the vocalizations exhibited by
      the majority of land vertebrates, speech is a learned behavior requiring early
      sensory exposure and auditory feedback for its development and maintenance.
      Studies in humans and a small number of other species have provided insights into
      the neural and genetic basis for learned vocal communication and are helping to
      delineate the roles of brain circuits across the cortex, basal ganglia, and
      cerebellum in generating vocal behaviors. This Review provides an outline of the
      current knowledge about these circuits and the genes implicated in vocal
      communication, as well as a perspective on future research directions in this
      field.

PMID- 26967291
TI  - Information Integration and Communication in Plant Growth Regulation.
AB  - Plants are equipped with the capacity to respond to a large number of diverse
      signals, both internal ones and those emanating from the environment, that are
      critical to their survival and adaption as sessile organisms. These signals need
      to be integrated through highly structured intracellular networks to ensure
      coherent cellular responses, and in addition, spatiotemporal actions of hormones
      and peptides both orchestrate local cell differentiation and coordinate growth
      and physiology over long distances. Further, signal interactions and signaling
      outputs vary significantly with developmental context. This review discusses our
      current understanding of the integrated intracellular and intercellular signaling
      networks that control plant growth. 

PMID- 26967296
TI  - Screening for Asymptomatic Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the Pediatric Emergency
      Department.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because adolescents rely heavily on emergency services for health
      care, a pediatric emergency department (PED) visit may be their only opportunity
      for sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening. The primary objectives of
      this study were to determine the proportion of Neisseria gonorrheae (GC) and
      Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections in asymptomatic PED adolescents and patient
      perceived barriers to STI screening. METHODS: A convenience sample of patients
      aged 14 to 21 years presenting to an urban PED with nongenitourinary complaints
      was offered screening for GC and CT. Regardless of declining or accepting
      screening, all were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to identify
      barriers to screening. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of those approached
      participated (n = 719). Those who agreed to STI screening were more likely to be
      nonwhite (61.4% vs. 38.6%, P = 0.001) and publically insured (63.3%) versus
      privately insured (29.3%) or no insurance (7.58%). Four hundred three (56%)
      participants provided urine samples, and of those, 40 (9.9%) were positive for an
      STI. Controlling for other demographics, race was a significant predictor, with
      the odds of testing positive for nonwhite participants 5.90 times that of white
      participants. Patients who refused testing were more likely to report not
      engaging in sexual activity (54.3% vs. 42.4%, P = 0.009) and less likely to
      perceive that they were at risk for STIs. CONCLUSIONS: There are high proportions
      of GC and CT among asymptomatic adolescents visiting an academic urban PED. A
      universal PED STI screening program may be an important component of STI
      reduction initiatives, especially among adolescents who do not perceive that they
      are at risk and may not receive testing elsewhere.

PMID- 26967294
TI  - Signaling in Host-Associated Microbial Communities.
AB  - Human-associated microbiota form and stabilize communities based on interspecies
      interactions. We review how these microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions
      are communicated to shape communities over a human's lifespan, including periods
      of health and disease. Modeling and dissecting signaling in host-associated
      communities is crucial to understand their function and will open the door to
      therapies that prevent or correct microbial community dysfunction to promote
      health and treat disease. 

PMID- 26967298
TI  - Public Housing Relocations and Partnership Dynamics in Areas With High
      Prevalences of Sexually Transmitted Infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated the implications of one structural intervention-
      public housing relocations--for partnership dynamics among individuals living
      areas with high sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence. High-prevalence
      areas fuel STI endemicity and are perpetuated by spatially assortative
      partnerships. METHODS: We analyzed 7 waves of data from a cohort of black adults
      (n = 172) relocating from 7 public housing complexes in Atlanta, Georgia. At each
      wave, data on whether participants' sexual partners lived in the neighborhood
      were gathered via survey. Participant addresses were geocoded to census tracts,
      and measures of tract-level STI prevalence, socioeconomic conditions, and other
      attributes were created for each wave. "High-prevalence tracts" were tracts in
      the highest quartile of STI prevalence in Georgia. Descriptive statistics and
      hierarchical generalized linear models examined trajectories of spatially
      assortative partnerships and identified predictors of assortativity among
      participants in high-prevalence tracts. RESULTS: All 7 tracts containing public
      housing complexes at baseline were high-prevalence tracts; most participants
      relocated to high-prevalence tracts. Spatially assortative partnerships had a U
      shaped distribution: the mean percent of partners living in participants'
      neighborhoods at baseline was 54%; this mean declined to 28% at wave 2 and was
      45% at wave 7. Participants who experienced greater postrelocation improvements
      in tract-level socioeconomic conditions had a lower odds of having spatially
      assortative partnerships (adjusted odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval [95%
      CI], 1.06-2.26). CONCLUSIONS: Public housing relocation initiatives may disrupt
      high-prevalence areas if residents experience significant postrelocation gains in
      tract-level socioeconomic conditions.

PMID- 26967297
TI  - Influence of Detection Method and Study Area Scale on Syphilis Cluster
      Identification in North Carolina.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identifying geographical clusters of sexually transmitted infections
      can aid in targeting prevention and control efforts. However, detectable clusters
      can vary between detection methods because of different underlying assumptions.
      Furthermore, because disease burden is not geographically homogenous, the
      reference population is sensitive to the study area scale, affecting cluster
      outcomes. We investigated the influence of cluster detection method and
      geographical scale on syphilis cluster detection in Mecklenburg County, North
      Carolina. METHODS: We analyzed primary and secondary syphilis cases reported in
      North Carolina (2003-2010). Primary and secondary syphilis incidence rates were
      estimated using census tract-level population estimates. We used 2 cluster
      detection methods: local Moran's I using an areal adjacency matrix and
      Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic using a variable size moving circular window.
      We evaluated 3 study area scales: North Carolina, Piedmont region, and
      Mecklenburg County. We focused our investigation on Mecklenburg, an urban county
      with historically high syphilis rates. RESULTS: Syphilis clusters detected using
      local Moran's I and Kulldorff's scan statistic overlapped but varied in size and
      composition. Because we reduced the scale to a high-incidence urban area, the
      reference syphilis rate increased, leading to the identification of smaller
      clusters with higher incidence. Cluster demographic characteristics differed when
      the study area was reduced to a high-incidence urban county. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results underscore the importance of selecting the correct scale for analysis to
      more precisely identify areas with high disease burden. A more complete
      understanding of high-burden cluster location can inform resource allocation for
      geographically targeted sexually transmitted infection interventions.

PMID- 26967299
TI  - Race is Associated With Sexual Behaviors and Modifies the Effect of Age on Human
      Papillomavirus Serostatus Among Perimenopausal Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes oropharyngeal and cervical cancers.
      Oropharyngeal cancer primarily affects whites, but cervical cancer is more common
      among blacks. Reasons for this distinct epidemiology are unclear. METHODS: Serum
      was collected from women aged 35 to 60 years in the HPV in Perimenopause cohort
      and evaluated for antibodies to 8 HPV types. Demographic and behavioral data were
      collected by telephone questionnaire. Associations between sexual behaviors,
      race, age, HPV serostatus, and strength of serologic response to HPV were
      evaluated. RESULTS: There were 781 women in this analysis, including 620 white
      (79%) and 161 (21%) black women. Whites were less likely to report 5+ vaginal sex
      partners (prevalence ratio [PR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-0.97),
      but more likely to report 5+ oral sex partners (PR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.62-3.49)
      compared with blacks. Seropositivity to most individual HPV types and at least 3
      types was significantly lower in whites than in blacks (PR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.47
      0.80). Human papillomavirus seropositivity was independently associated with
      younger age among blacks, but with sexual exposures among whites. Furthermore,
      strength of serologic response to most HPV types significantly decreased with
      older age among blacks, but not among whites. CONCLUSIONS: Racial differences in
      immune markers of HPV exposure and the epidemiology of HPV-related cancers may be
      linked to differences in patterns of sexual behaviors.

PMID- 26967300
TI  - Significant Reduction in the Incidence of Genital Warts in Young Men 5 Years into
      the Danish Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Program for Girls and Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Denmark introduced the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine into
      the vaccination program for 12- to 15-year-old girls in 2008 to 2009. In 2012,
      the program was supplemented with a catch-up program for women aged up to 27
      years. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Danish vaccination program on the
      nationwide incidence of genital warts (GWs), after the second catch-up by
      including information on both hospital treatments and on self-administered
      treatment with podophyllotoxin. Genital wart incidence was investigated in both
      sexes; however, the main focus was on potential herd protection of men. METHODS:
      Incident cases of GWs were identified from the Danish National Patient Register
      and through redemptions of prescription for podophyllotoxin in the Danish
      National Prescription Registry in 2006 to 2013. Age-specific incidence rates
      (IRs) were assessed, and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated
      by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Genital wart incidence was either stable or
      increased in both sexes in 2006 to 2008. After introduction of the vaccination
      program, GW incidence decreased significantly in women aged 12 to 35 years and
      men aged 12 to 29 years, with rapid decrease among 16- to 17-year-olds (IRwomen,
      from 1071 to 58 per 100,000 person-years [EAPC, -55.1%; 95% confidence interval, 
      58.7 to-51.2]; IRmen, from 365 to 77 per 100,000 person-years [EAPC, -36.6%; 95%
      confidence interval, -40.5 to -32.5] in 2008-2013). CONCLUSIONS: We found a
      significantly decreasing incidence of GWs in women up to 35 years of age after
      the start of the human papillomavirus vaccination program. A similar pattern was
      observed for men aged 12 to 29 years, indicating substantial herd protection.

PMID- 26967303
TI  - The Prevalence of Syphilis from the Early HIV Period is Correlated With Peak HIV
      Prevalence at a Country Level.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Could we have predicted national peak HIV based on syphilis
      prevalence in the 1990s? Earlier studies have shown positive correlations between
      various sexually transmitted infections at different population levels. In this
      article, we test the hypothesis that there was a residual variation in the
      national prevalence rates of syphilis and that these rates could predict
      subsequent peak HIV prevalence rates. METHODS: This analysis uses linear
      regression to evaluate the country-level relationship between antenatal syphilis
      prevalence (1990-1999) and peak HIV prevalence. Antenatal syphilis data were
      taken from an Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation database on the
      prevalence of syphilis in low-risk populations. Peak HIV prevalence was
      calculated based on data taken from the Global Health Observatory Data Repository
      of the World Health Organization. RESULTS: A moderately strong association is
      found for the 76 countries with data available (R = 0.53, P < 0.001). The
      association was weakened but remained significantly positive when we adjusted for
      the type of syphilis testing used. CONCLUSIONS: Syphilis prevalence in the 1990s
      predicted approximately 53% of the variation in peak HIV prevalence. Populations
      with generalized HIV epidemics had a higher prevalence of syphilis in the pre-HIV
      period. This finding provides additional rationale to carefully monitor sexual
      behavior, sexual networks, and sexually transmitted infection incidence in these
      populations.

PMID- 26967301
TI  - Prevalence of Anal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infections Among HIV-Positive
      and HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men in Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prevalence estimates of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)
      are needed in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV is endemic. This study evaluated anal
      HR-HPV in Nigeria among HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men
      (MSM) for future immunization recommendations. METHODS: We conducted a cross
      sectional study to compare the prevalence of anal HR-HPV infections between 64
      HIV-negative and 90 HIV-positive MSM. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses
      were used to examine demographic and behavioral risk factors associated with any
      HR-HPV infections. RESULTS: The median age of the 154 participants was 25 years
      (interquartile range, 22-28 years; range, 16-38 years), and the median age at
      initiation of anal sex with another man was 16 years (interquartile range, 13-18
      years; range, 7-29 years). The prevalence of anal HR-HPV was higher among HIV
      positive than HIV-negative MSM (91.1% vs. 40.6%, P < 0.001). In the multivariate
      analysis, HIV infection (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 2.02; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 1.49-2.72), 10 years or more since anal sexual debut (aPR, 1.26;
      95% CI, 1.07-1.49), and concurrent relationships with men (aPR, 1.32; 95% CI,
      1.04-1.67) were associated with increased anal HR-HPV prevalence. CONCLUSIONS:
      Anal HR-HPV infection is high for young Nigerian MSM, and rates are amplified in
      those coinfected with HIV. Providing universal coverage as well as catch-up
      immunization for young MSM may be an effective anal cancer prevention strategy in
      Nigeria.

PMID- 26967302
TI  - HIV Incidence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men After Diagnosis With Sexually
      Transmitted Infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for acquiring HIV
      infection after diagnosis with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
      Identifying the STIs associated with the greatest risk of subsequent HIV
      infection could help target prevention interventions, particularly preexposure
      prophylaxis (PrEP). METHODS: Using matched HIV and STI surveillance data from
      Washington State from January 1, 2007, to June 30, 2013, we calculated the
      incidence of new HIV diagnoses after different STI diagnoses among MSM. Men
      entered observation at the time of their first STI diagnosis during the study
      period and exited at HIV diagnosis or June 30, 2013. Cox proportional hazards
      regression was used to conduct a global comparison of rates. RESULTS: From
      January 1, 2007, to June 30, 2013, 6577 HIV-negative MSM were diagnosed as having
      10,080 bacterial STIs at 8371 unique time points and followed for 17,419 person
      years. Two hundred eighty (4.3%) men were subsequently diagnosed as having HIV
      infection for an overall incidence of 1.6 per 100 person-years (95% confidence
      interval, 1.4-1.8). The estimated incidence of HIV diagnoses among all MSM in the
      state was 0.4 per 100 person-years. Men who have sex with men were at the
      greatest risk for HIV diagnosis after being diagnosed as having rectal gonorrhea
      (HIV incidence, 4.1 per 100 person-years), followed by early syphilis (2.8),
      urethral gonorrhea (1.6), rectal chlamydial infection (1.6), pharyngeal gonorrhea
      (1.1), late syphilis (1.0), and urethral chlamydial infection (0.6; P < 0.0001
      overall). CONCLUSIONS: Men who have sex with men diagnosed as having rectal
      gonorrhea and early syphilis were at the greatest risk for being diagnosed as
      having HIV infection after STI diagnosis. These men should be prioritized for
      more intensive prevention interventions, including PrEP.

PMID- 26967304
TI  - A Case of Persistent and Possibly Treatment Resistant Pharyngeal Gonorrhea.
AB  - An HIV-negative man with pharyngeal gonorrhea had a positive test-of-cure
      (nucleic acid amplification test) result 7 days after treatment with
      ceftriaxone/azithromycin. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Multi-Antigen Sequencing Type
      1407 and mosaic pen A (XXXIV) gene were identified in the test-of-cure specimen,
      and culture was negative. Retreatment with ceftriaxone 500 mg intramuscularly
      plus azithromycin 2 g orally yielded a negative test-of-cure result. 

PMID- 26967305
TI  - The Change in Insurance Status Among Patients Seeking Care at Chicago Sexually
      Transmitted Disease Clinics After Affordable Care Act Implementation.
AB  - There was a 13% increase in the number of insured patients in Chicago sexually
      transmitted disease clinics 1 year after Affordable Care Act implementation.
      Major disparities in being insured persisted among those at higher risk for
      sexually transmitted diseases. ABSTRACT: There was a 13% increase in the number
      of insured patients in Chicago sexually transmitted disease clinics 1 year after
      Affordable Care Act implementation. Insured patients were more likely to report
      having access to preventive (65% vs. 36%, P < 0.01) and sick care (72% vs. 44%, P
      < 0.01). Major disparities in being insured persisted among men, those aged 26 to
      45 years, and racial minorities.

PMID- 26967306
TI  - Public Health-Seattle & King County and Washington State Department of Health
      Preexposure Prophylaxis Implementation Guidelines, 2015.

PMID- 26967307
TI  - An Opportunity Too Good to Miss: Implementing Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      Preexposure Prophylaxis in Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinics.

PMID- 26967309
TI  - Reference values for the incremental shuttle walk test in patients with
      cardiovascular disease entering exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.
AB  - The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) is used to assess functional capacity of
      patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. Factors such as age and sex account for
      a proportion of the variance in test performance in healthy individuals but there
      are no reference values for patients with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this
      study was to produce reference values for the ISWT. Participants were n = 548
      patients referred to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation who underwent a clinical
      examination and performed the ISWT. We used regression to identify predictors of
      performance and produced centile values using the generalised additive model for
      location, scale and shape model. Men walked significantly further than women (395
      +/- 165 vs. 269 +/- 118 m; t = 9.5, P < 0.001) so data were analysed separately
      by sex. Age (years) was the strongest predictor of performance in men (beta = 
      5.9; 95% CI: -7.1 to -4.6 m) and women (beta = -4.8; 95% CI: -6.3 to 3.3).
      Centile curves demonstrated a broadly linear decrease in expected ISWT values in
      males (25-85 years) and a more curvilinear trend in females. Patients entering
      cardiac rehabilitation present with highly heterogeneous ISWT values. Much of the
      variance in performance can be explained by patients' age and sex. Comparing
      absolute values with age-and sex-specific reference values may aid interpretation
      of ISWT performance during initial patient assessment at entry to cardiac
      rehabilitation.

PMID- 26967311
TI  - The force output of handle and pedal in different bicycle-riding postures.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyse the force output of handle and pedal as
      well as the electromyography (EMG) of lower extremity in different cycling
      postures. Bilateral pedalling asymmetry indices of force and EMG were also
      determined in this study. Twelve healthy cyclists were recruited for this study
      and tested for force output and EMG during steady state cycling adopting
      different pedalling and handle bar postures. The standing posture increased the
      maximal stepping torque (posture 1: 204.2 +/- 47.0 Nm; posture 2: 212.5 +/- 46.1
      Nm; posture 3: 561.5 +/- 143.0 Nm; posture 4: 585.5 +/- 139.1 Nm), stepping work
      (posture 1: 655.2 +/- 134.6 Nm; posture 2: 673.2 +/- 116.3 Nm; posture 3: 1852.3
      +/- 394.4 Nm; posture 4: 1911.3 +/- 432.9 Nm), and handle force (posture 1: 16.6
      +/- 3.6 N; posture 2: 16.4 +/- 3.6 N; posture 3: 26.5 +/- 8.2 N; posture 4: 41.4
      +/- 11.1 N), as well as muscle activation (posture 1: 13.6-25.1%; posture 2: 13.0
      23.9%; posture 3: 23.6-61.8%; posture 4: 22.5-65.8%) in the erector spine, rectus
      femoris, tibialis anterior, and soleus. However, neither a sitting nor a standing
      riding posture affected the hamstring. The riding asymmetry was detected between
      the right and left legs only in sitting conditions. When a cyclist changes
      posture from sitting to standing, the upper and lower extremities are forced to
      produce more force output because of the shift in body weight. These findings
      suggest that cyclists can switch between sitting and standing postures during
      competition to increase cycling efficiency in different situations. Furthermore,
      coaches and trainers can modify sitting and standing durations to moderate
      cycling intensity, without concerning unbalanced muscle development.

PMID- 26967312
TI  - Free energy landscapes of sodium ions bound to DMPC-cholesterol membrane surfaces
      at infinite dilution.
AB  - Exploring the free energy landscapes of metal cations on phospholipid membrane
      surfaces is important for the understanding of chemical and biological processes
      in cellular environments. Using metadynamics simulations we have performed
      systematic free energy calculations of sodium cations bound to DMPC phospholipid
      membranes with cholesterol concentration varying between 0% (cholesterol-free)
      and 50% (cholesterol-rich) at infinite dilution. The resulting free energy
      landscapes reveal the competition between binding of sodium to water and to lipid
      head groups. Moreover, the binding competitiveness of lipid head groups is
      diminished by cholesterol contents. As cholesterol concentration increases, the
      ionic affinity to membranes decreases. When cholesterol concentration is greater
      than 30%, the ionic binding is significantly reduced, which coincides with the
      phase transition point of DMPC-cholesterol membranes from a liquid-disordered
      phase to a liquid-ordered phase. We have also evaluated the contributions of
      different lipid head groups to the binding free energy separately. The DMPC's
      carbonyl group is the most favorable binding site for sodium, followed by DMPC's
      phosphate group and then the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. 

PMID- 26967308
TI  - The DNA methylation profile of activated human natural killer cells.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are now recognized to exhibit characteristics akin to
      cells of the adaptive immune system. The generation of adaptive memory is linked
      to epigenetic reprogramming including alterations in DNA methylation. The study
      herein found reproducible genome wide DNA methylation changes associated with
      human NK cell activation. Activation led predominately to CpG hypomethylation
      (81% of significant loci). Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that non-coding and
      gene-associated differentially methylated sites (DMS) are enriched for immune
      related functions (i.e., immune cell activation). Known DNA methylation-regulated
      immune loci were also identified in activated NK cells (e.g., TNFA, LTA, IL13,
      CSF2). Twenty-one loci were designated high priority and further investigated as
      potential markers of NK activation. BHLHE40 was identified as a viable candidate
      for which a droplet digital PCR assay for demethylation was developed. The assay
      revealed high demethylation in activated NK cells and low demethylation in naive
      NK, T- and B-cells. We conclude the NK cell methylome is plastic with potential
      for remodeling. The differentially methylated region signature of activated NKs
      revealed similarities with T cell activation, but also provided unique biomarker
      candidates of NK activation, which could be useful in epigenome-wide association
      studies to interrogate the role of NK subtypes in global methylation changes
      associated with exposures and/or disease states.

PMID- 26967310
TI  - CN-GELFrEE - Clear Native Gel-eluted Liquid Fraction Entrapment Electrophoresis.
AB  - Protein complexes perform an array of crucial cellular functions. Elucidating
      their non-covalent interactions and dynamics is paramount for understanding the
      role of complexes in biological systems. While the direct characterization of
      biomolecular assemblies has become increasingly important in recent years, native
      fractionation techniques that are compatible with downstream analysis techniques,
      including mass spectrometry, are necessary to further expand these studies.
      Nevertheless, the field lacks a high-throughput, wide-range, high-recovery
      separation method for native protein assemblies. Here, we present clear native
      gel-eluted liquid fraction entrapment electrophoresis (CN-GELFrEE), which is a
      novel separation modality for non-covalent protein assemblies. CN-GELFrEE
      separation performance was demonstrated by fractionating complexes extracted from
      mouse heart. Fractions were collected over 2 hr and displayed discrete bands
      ranging from ~30 to 500 kDa. A consistent pattern of increasing molecular weight
      bandwidths was observed, each ranging ~100 kDa. Further, subsequent reanalysis of
      native fractions via SDS-PAGE showed molecular-weight shifts consistent with the
      denaturation of protein complexes. Therefore, CN-GELFrEE was proved to offer the
      ability to perform high-resolution and high-recovery native separations on
      protein complexes from a large molecular weight range, providing fractions that
      are compatible with downstream protein analyses. 

PMID- 26967314
TI  - The role of social media in schizophrenia: evaluating risks, benefits, and
      potential.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients with schizophrenia suffer from numerous social
      problems often because of negative symptoms of the illness and impairments in
      social cognition. Social media and social networks now offer a novel tool to
      engage and help patients navigate and potentially improve social functioning. In
      this review, we aim to explore how impaired neural networks in schizophrenia
      impair social functioning, examine the evidence base for social networks and
      social media to help in the role, consider the evidence for current risks and
      benefits of use, and discuss the future of social media and social networks for
      schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients with schizophrenia are increasingly
      connected to and engaged with social media. There is strong evidence that they
      own, use, and accept digital tools like smartphones and already use social media
      services like Facebook at high rates, especially among those who are younger.
      Less is known about the clinical risks and benefits of social media use in
      schizophrenia, although there are increasingly more social networking platforms
      being designed specifically for those with mental illness. SUMMARY: Social media
      tools have the potential to offer a plethora of new services to patients with
      schizophrenia, although the clinical evidence base for such is still nascent. It
      is important to ensure that both clinicians and patients are aware of and
      educated about the risks of using social media. Going forward, it is likely that
      social media will have an expanding role in care, with social media offering new
      pathways to address negative symptoms and impairments in social cognition in
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 26967313
TI  - How long should antipsychotic treatment be continued after a single episode of
      schizophrenia?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this article, recent publications addressing the pros and
      cons of antipsychotic maintenance treatment are reviewed and some recommendations
      formulated. RECENT FINDINGS: On one hand, relapse rates are extremely high when
      antipsychotic treatment is discontinued, even after a single episode of
      psychosis; there are no reliable predictors of relapse; and there are serious
      psychosocial and biological consequences of relapse. On the other hand, in
      addition to the well recognised side-effect burden of antipsychotics, a few
      recent publications suggest an association between greater exposure to
      antipsychotic treatment and poorer long-term outcome. SUMMARY: There is more
      evidence in favour of maintaining patients on antipsychotics than on stopping
      them. There is an urgent need for more and better research before the question of
      duration of maintenance after a single episode of schizophrenia can be answered
      with confidence. Until such studies have been conducted, clinicians should
      prioritize relapse prevention, particularly in the early years of illness, by
      encouraging indefinite, continuous antipsychotic treatment, and avoid unnecessary
      side-effects by using the lowest possible effective dose and selecting the best
      tolerated antipsychotic.

PMID- 26967319
TI  - Redirecting adenovirus tropism by genetic, chemical, and mechanical modification
      of the adenovirus surface for cancer gene therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite remarkable advancements, clinical evaluations of adenovirus
      (Ad)-mediated cancer gene therapies have highlighted the need for improved
      delivery and targeting. AREA COVERED: Genetic modification of Ad capsid proteins
      has been extensively attempted. Although genetic modification enhances the
      therapeutic potential of Ad, it is difficult to successfully incorporate
      extraneous moieties into the capsid and the engineering process is laborious.
      Recently, chemical modification of the Ad surface with nanomaterials and
      targeting moieties has been found to enhance Ad internalization into the target
      by both passive and active mechanisms. Alternatively, external stimulus-mediated
      targeting can result in selective accumulation of Ad in the tumor and prevent
      dissemination of Ad into surrounding nontarget tissues. In the present review, we
      discuss various genetic, chemical, and mechanical engineering strategies for
      overcoming the challenges that hinder the therapeutic efficacy of Ad-based
      approaches. EXPERT OPINION: Surface modification of Ad by genetic, chemical, or
      mechanical engineering strategies enables Ad to overcome the shortcomings of
      conventional Ad and enhances delivery efficiency through distinct and unique
      mechanisms that unmodified Ad cannot mimic. However, although the therapeutic
      potential of Ad-mediated gene therapy has been enhanced by various surface
      modification strategies, each strategy still possesses innate limitations that
      must be addressed, requiring innovative ideas and designs.

PMID- 26967318
TI  - Effect of alpha-Methyl versus alpha-Hydrogen Substitution on Brain Availability
      and Tumor Imaging Properties of Heptanoic [F-18]Fluoroalkyl Amino Acids for
      Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
AB  - Two [(18)F]fluoroalkyl substituted amino acids differing only by the presence or
      absence of a methyl group on the alpha-carbon, (S)-2-amino-7-[(18)F]fluoro-2
      methylheptanoic acid ((S)-[(18)F]FAMHep, (S)-[(18)F]14) and (S)-2-amino-7
      [(18)F]fluoroheptanoic acid ((S)-[(18)F]FAHep, (S)-[(18)F]15), were developed for
      brain tumor imaging and compared to the well-established system L amino acid
      tracer, O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ([(18)F]FET), in the delayed brain
      tumor (DBT) mouse model of high-grade glioma. Cell uptake, biodistribution, and
      PET/CT imaging studies showed differences in amino acid transport of these tracer
      by DBT cells. Recognition of (S)-[(18)F]15 but not (S)-[(18)F]14 by system L
      amino acid transporters led to approximately 8-10-fold higher uptake of the alpha
      hydrogen substituted analogue (S)-[(18)F]15 in normal brain. (S)-[(18)F]15 had
      imaging properties similar to those of (S)-[(18)F]FET in the DBT tumor model
      while (S)-[(18)F]14 afforded higher tumor to brain ratios due to much lower
      uptake by normal brain. These results have important implications for the future
      development of alpha-alkyl and alpha,alpha-dialkyl substituted amino acids for
      brain tumor imaging. 

PMID- 26967320
TI  - Altered Cerebellar White Matter Integrity in Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain
      Injury in the Acute Stage.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Imaging studies of traumatic brain injury demonstrate
      that the cerebellum is often affected. We aim to examine fractional anisotropy
      alteration in acute-phase mild traumatic brain injury patients in cerebellum
      related white matter tracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study
      included 47 mild traumatic brain injury patients in the acute stage and 37
      controls. MR imaging and neurocognitive tests were performed in patients within 7
      days of injury. White matter integrity was examined by using diffusion tensor
      imaging. We used three approaches, tract-based spatial statistics, graphical
      model-based multivariate analysis, and region-of-interest analysis, to detect
      altered cerebellar white matter integrity in mild traumatic brain injury
      patients. RESULTS: Results from three analysis methods were in accordance with
      each other, and suggested fractional anisotropy in the middle cerebellar peduncle
      and the pontine crossing tract was changed in the acute-phase mild traumatic
      brain injury patients, relative to controls (adjusted p-value < 0.05). Higher
      fractional anisotropy in the middle cerebellar peduncle was associated with worse
      performance in the fluid cognition composite (r = -0.289, p-value = 0.037).
      CONCLUSION: Altered cerebellar fractional anisotropy in acute-phase mild
      traumatic brain injury patients is localized in specific regions and
      statistically associated with cognitive deficits detectable on neurocognitive
      testing.

PMID- 26967322
TI  - Purification and characterization of 2S albumin from Nelumbo nucifera.
AB  - The 2S albumins are a group of seed storage proteins that have recently attracted
      considerable attention in the field of allergen science due to their allergenic
      potential. A new 2S albumin from seeds of Nelumbo nucifera (Nn-2S alb) was
      purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by the combination of ammonium sulfate
      fractionation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The protein has a
      molecular mass of about 12 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE, in good agreement with 12.5
      +/- 0.01 kDa determined by ESI-MS. Circular dichroism data showed that protein
      contained about 66% alpha-helices as estimated by K2D3, indicating that the
      protein was predominantly helical. The sedimentation coefficient (s degrees 20,w)
      of the predicted model was 1.72 +/- 0.21 S. The predicted 3-dimensional structure
      of the Nn-2S alb revealed that the protein has a region of 12 amino acids which
      largely corresponds to the conserved immuno-dominant epitope of 2S allergens.

PMID- 26967321
TI  - Impact of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Function on the Chiral Blood Plasma
      Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Phase I and
      II Metabolites in Humans.
AB  - 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) metabolism is known to be
      stereoselective, with preference for S-stereoisomers. Its major metabolic step
      involves CYP2D6-catalyzed demethylenation to 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA),
      followed by methylation and conjugation. Alterations in CYP2D6 genotype and/or
      phenotype have been associated with higher toxicity. Therefore, the impact of
      CYP2D6 function on the plasma pharmacokinetics of MDMA and its phase I and II
      metabolites was tested by comparing extensive metabolizers (EMs), intermediate
      metabolizers (IMs), and EMs that were pretreated with bupropion as a metabolic
      inhibitor in a controlled MDMA administration study. Blood plasma samples were
      collected from 16 healthy participants (13 EMs and three IMs) up to 24 h after
      MDMA administration in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-period, cross
      over design, with subjects receiving 1 week placebo or bupropion pretreatment
      followed by a single placebo or MDMA (125 mg) dose. Bupropion pretreatment
      increased the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC24) of R-MDMA (9% and 25%,
      respectively) and S-MDMA (16% and 38%, respectively). Bupropion reduced the Cmax
      and AUC24 of the CYP2D6-dependently formed metabolite stereoisomers of DHMA 3
      sulfate, DHMA 4-sulfate, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA sulfate and
      HMMA glucuronide) by approximately 40%. The changes that were observed in IMs
      were generally comparable to bupropion-pretreated EMs. Although changes in
      stereoselectivity based on CYP2D6 activity were observed, these likely have low
      clinical relevance. Bupropion and hydroxybupropion stereoisomer pharmacokinetics
      were unaltered by MDMA co-administration. The present data might aid further
      interpretations of toxicity based on CYP2D6-dependent MDMA metabolism. 

PMID- 26967323
TI  - Correction: Seeing Touches Early in Life.

PMID- 26967324
TI  - Generation and Characterization of a Human/Mouse Chimeric GD2-Mimicking Anti
      Idiotype Antibody Ganglidiximab for Active Immunotherapy against Neuroblastoma.
AB  - Vaccination with proteins mimicking GD2 that is highly expressed on neuroblastoma
      (NB) cells is a promising strategy in treatment of NB, a pediatric malignancy
      with poor prognosis. We previously showed efficacy of ganglidiomab in vivo, a
      murine anti-idiotype (anti-Id) IgG1. In order to tailor immune responses to
      variable regions, we generated a new human/mouse chimeric anti-Id antibody (Ab)
      ganglidiximab by replacing murine constant fragments with corresponding human
      IgG1 regions. DNA sequences encoding for variable regions of heavy (VH) and light
      chains (VL) were synthesized by RT-PCR from total RNA of ganglidiomab-producing
      hybridoma cells and further ligated into mammalian expression plasmids with
      coding sequences for constant regions of human IgG1 heavy and light chains,
      respectively. We established a stable production cell line using Chinese hamster
      ovarian (CHO) cells co-transfected with two expression plasmids driving the
      expression of either ganglidiximab heavy or light chain. After purification from
      supernatants, anti-idiotypic characteristics of ganglidiximab were demonstrated.
      Binding of ganglidiximab to anti-GD2 Abs of the 14.18 family as well as to NK
      92tr cells expressing a GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor (scFv(ch14.18)
      zeta) was shown using standard ELISA and flow cytometry analysis, respectively.
      Ganglidiximab binding affinities to anti-GD2 Abs were further determined by
      surface plasmon resonance technique. Moreover, binding of anti-GD2 Abs to the
      nominal antigen GD2 as well as GD2-specific Ab-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC, CDC)
      was competitively inhibited by ganglidiximab. Finally, ganglidiximab was
      successfully used as a protein vaccine in vivo to induce a GD2-specific humoral
      immune response. In summary, we report generation and characterization of a new
      human/mouse chimeric anti-Id Ab ganglidiximab for active immunotherapy against
      NB. This Ab may be useful to tailor immune responses to the paratope regions
      mimicking GD2 overexpressed in NB. 

PMID- 26967325
TI  - Shared Decision-Making in Oncology - A Qualitative Analysis of Healthcare
      Providers' Views on Current Practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite an increased awareness of shared decision-making (SDM) and
      its prominent position on the health policy agenda, its implementation in routine
      care remains a challenge in Germany. In order to overcome this challenge, it is
      important to understand healthcare providers' views regarding SDM and to take
      their perspectives and opinions into account in the development of an
      implementation program. The present study aimed at exploring a) the attitudes of
      different healthcare providers regarding SDM in oncology and b) their experiences
      with treatment decisions in daily practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative
      study was conducted using focus groups and individual interviews with different
      healthcare providers at the University Cancer Center Hamburg, Germany. Focus
      groups and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using
      conventional content analysis and descriptive statistics. RESULTS: N = 4 focus
      groups with a total of N = 25 participants and N = 17 individual interviews were
      conducted. Attitudes regarding SDM varied greatly between the different
      participants, especially concerning the definition of SDM, the attitude towards
      the degree of patient involvement in decision-making and assumptions about when
      SDM should take place. Experiences on how treatment decisions are currently made
      varied. Negative experiences included time and structural constraints, and a lack
      of (multidisciplinary) communication. Positive experiences comprised informed
      patients, involvement of relatives and a good physician-patient relationship.
      CONCLUSION: The results show that German healthcare providers in oncology have a
      range of attitudes that currently function as barriers towards the implementation
      of SDM. Also, their experiences on how decision-making is currently done reveal
      difficulties in actively involving patients in decision-making processes. It will
      be crucial to take these attitudes and experiences seriously and to subsequently
      disentangle existing misconceptions in future implementation programs.

PMID- 26967326
TI  - MiRComb: An R Package to Analyse miRNA-mRNA Interactions. Examples across Five
      Digestive Cancers.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate the expression of target mRNAs by
      specific binding on the mRNA 3'UTR and promoting mRNA degradation in the majority
      of cases. It is often of interest to know the specific targets of a miRNA in
      order to study them in a particular disease context. In that sense, some
      databases have been designed to predict potential miRNA-mRNA interactions based
      on hybridization sequences. However, one of the main limitations is that these
      databases have too many false positives and do not take into account disease
      specific interactions. We have developed an R package (miRComb) able to combine
      miRNA and mRNA expression data with hybridization information, in order to find
      potential miRNA-mRNA targets that are more reliable to occur in a specific
      physiological or disease context. This article summarizes the pipeline and the
      main outputs of this package by using as example TCGA data from five
      gastrointestinal cancers (colon cancer, rectal cancer, liver cancer, stomach
      cancer and esophageal cancer). The obtained results can be used to develop a huge
      number of testable hypotheses by other authors. Globally, we show that the
      miRComb package is a useful tool to deal with miRNA and mRNA expression data,
      that helps to filter the high amount of miRNA-mRNA interactions obtained from the
      pre-existing miRNA target prediction databases and it presents the results in a
      standardised way (pdf report). Moreover, an integrative analysis of the miRComb
      miRNA-mRNA interactions from the five digestive cancers is presented. Therefore,
      miRComb is a very useful tool to start understanding miRNA gene regulation in a
      specific context. The package can be downloaded in
      http://mircomb.sourceforge.net. 

PMID- 26967327
TI  - Overview of Current Treatment Options and Investigational Targeted Therapies for
      Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.
AB  - Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) typically
      present with locally advanced (LA) stage III or IV disease and are treated with
      combined-modality therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery (if
      resectable). These aggressive, upfront treatment measures are often associated
      with substantial morbidity, and about half the patients develop locoregional or
      distant recurrences. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are needed that offer
      similar efficacy benefits with less toxicity. Current research is focused on
      selectively targeting signaling pathways involved in the proliferation and
      malignant transformation of SCCHN cells and the tumor microenvironment. For
      example, the ErbB receptor pathway has been implicated in the development and
      progression of SCCHN, and several agents targeting this pathway and downstream
      effectors are in various phases of clinical investigation. Cetuximab, a
      monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is the only
      currently approved targeted therapy for the treatment of LA SCCHN. Additional
      agents targeting EGFR and other ErbB family members, including monoclonal
      antibodies (eg, panitumumab, nimotuzumab) and small-molecule tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (eg, erlotinib, afatinib, lapatinib) are being studied in LA SCCHN
      with varying results. Other treatment strategies for LA SCCHN include targeting
      downstream effectors of signaling and resistance mechanisms to EGFR inhibitors
      (eg, mammalian target of rapamycin, Src family, and Aurora kinase family). Data
      from ongoing and future clinical trials will continue to refine current treatment
      paradigms for LA SCCHN and provide new therapeutic options and potential
      predictive biomarkers to improve patient efficacy and safety and abrogate
      resistance.

PMID- 26967329
TI  - Age Bias in Time From Diagnosis Comparisons of Prostate Cancer Treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Observational studies of prostate cancer treatment have demonstrated
      a major survival benefit with prostatectomy; randomized trials have been less
      certain in this regard. This discrepancy is hypothesized to be due to the use
      survival calculations based on time from diagnosis (TFD), which can bias toward
      better survival for younger cohorts. Attained age is an alternative timescale
      that can mitigate this effect. A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results
      comparison of prostatectomy, radiotherapy (XRT), and conservative management for
      localized prostatic cancer was conducted to compare these 2 timescales. METHODS:
      Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to contrast overall survival based on TFD and
      attained age from 279,064 prostate cancer cases. Proportional hazards models were
      constructed and baseline hazard functions estimated. RESULTS: The prostatectomy
      cohort averaged 9 to 12 years younger than the radiotherapy or conservative
      management cohorts, and the baseline hazard depended more strongly upon age than
      TFD. Survival calculations based on TFD demonstrated a major benefit with
      prostatectomy compared with XRT and conservative management, consistent with
      prior observational studies. Calculations based on attained age, however,
      demonstrated lesser differences between treatment cohorts and were more
      consistent with published randomized trials. CONCLUSIONS: The survival benefit
      apparent to prostatectomy in conventional observational cohort studies could
      reflect an age-related bias attributable to their use of TFD analysis. Care is
      warranted in the choice of timescale in observational analysis if large age
      differences exist between treatment cohorts. Randomized controlled trials remain
      the most reliable means to compare prostate cancer treatments.

PMID- 26967328
TI  - EGFR Exon 19 Deletion is Associated With Favorable Overall Survival After First
      line Gefitinib Therapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Exon 19 deletion and L858R mutation in exon 21 of the epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGFR) are both common mutations that predict a good
      response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC). However, the existence of clinically significant difference in
      sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors among different EGFR mutation
      subtypes is still a matter of debate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The outcome of 60
      EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC patients who received first-line gefitinib
      therapy (250 mg/d) was retrospectively analyzed according to EGFR mutation
      subtypes. RESULTS: The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall
      survival (OS) after the initiation of gefitinib therapy for all patients was 11
      and 26 months, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that patients with exon
      19 deletion (n=28) had significantly longer median PFS (20 vs. 8 mo, P=0.004) and
      OS (36 vs. 22 mo, P=0.001) compared with those with L858R mutation (n=25) and
      uncommon or dual mutations (n=7). Multivariate analysis revealed that exon 19
      deletion (P=0.007) was an independent prognostic factor of favorable PFS, with an
      independent association with poor PFS of male sex (P=0.049). Exon 19 deletion was
      also independently associated with favorable OS (P<0.0001), whereas male sex
      (P=0.004) and primary metastatic disease (P=0.032) were independent prognostic
      factors of poor OS. CONCLUSIONS: The EGFR exon 19 deletion was associated with
      favorable PFS and OS in patients receiving first-line gefitinib treatment. The
      EGFR mutation subtype should be considered when making treatment decision or
      designing clinical trials for chemotherapy-naive, EGFR mutation-positive advanced
      NSCLC patients.

PMID- 26967330
TI  - Correction: Using Linkage Analysis to Detect Gene-Gene Interactions. 2. Improved
      Reliability and Extension to More-Complex Models.

PMID- 26967331
TI  - Effect of Two or Six Doses 800 mg of Albendazole Every Two Months on Loa loa
      Microfilaraemia: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Loiasis is a parasitic infection endemic in the African rain forest
      caused by the filarial nematode Loa loa. Loiasis can be co-endemic with
      onchocerciasis and/or lymphatic filariasis. Ivermectin, the drug used in the
      control of these diseases, can induce serious adverse reactions in patients with
      high L loa microfilaraemia (LLM). A drug is needed which can lower LLM below the
      level that represents a risk so that ivermectin mass treatment to support
      onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis elimination can be implemented safely.
      METHODOLOGY: Sixty men and women from a loiasis endemic area in Cameroon were
      randomized after stratification by screening LLM (<= 30000, 30001-50000, >50000)
      to three treatment arms: two doses albendazole followed by 4 doses matching
      placebo (n = 20), six doses albendazole (n = 20) albendazole or 6 doses matching
      placebo (n = 20) administered every two months. LLM was measured before each
      treatment and 14, 18, 21 and 24 months after the first treatment. Monitoring for
      adverse events occurred three and seven days as well as 2 months after each
      treatment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: None of the adverse events recorded were
      considered treatment related. The percentages of participants with >= 50%
      decrease in LLM from pre-treatment for >= 4 months were 53%, 17% and 11% in the 6
      dose, 2-dose and placebo treatment arms, respectively. The difference between the
      6-dose and the placebo arm was significant (p = 0.01). The percentages of
      participants with LLM < 8100 mf/ml for >= 4 months were 21%, 11% and 0% in the 6
      dose, 2-dose and placebo treatment arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/ SIGNIFICANCE:
      The 6-dose regimen reduced LLM significantly, but the reduction was insufficient
      to eliminate the risk of severe and/or serious adverse reactions during
      ivermectin mass drug administration in loiasis co-endemic areas.

PMID- 26967333
TI  - Catalytic conversion of xylose and corn stalk into furfural over carbon solid
      acid catalyst in gamma-valerolactone.
AB  - A novel carbon solid acid catalyst was synthesized by the sulfonation of
      carbonaceous material which was prepared by carbonization of sucrose using 4-BDS
      as a sulfonating agent. TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, elemental analysis, XPS
      and FT-IR were used to characterize the catalyst. Then, the catalyst was applied
      for the conversion of xylose and corn stalk into furfural in GVL. The influence
      of the reaction time, temperature and dosage of catalyst on xylose dehydration
      were also investigated. The Bronsted acid catalyst exhibited high activity in the
      dehydration of xylose, with a high furfural yield of 78.5% at 170 degrees C in
      30min. What's more, a 60.6% furfural yield from corn stalk was achieved in 100min
      at 200 degrees C. The recyclability of the sulfonated carbon catalyst was
      perfect, and it could be reused for 5times without the loss of furfural yields. 

PMID- 26967332
TI  - Dynamic Modelling Reveals 'Hotspots' on the Pathway to Enzyme-Substrate Complex
      Formation.
AB  - Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the
      diaminopimelate pathway of bacteria, yielding amino acids required for cell wall
      and protein biosyntheses. The essentiality of the enzyme to bacteria, coupled
      with its absence in humans, validates DHDPS as an antibacterial drug target.
      Conventional drug design efforts have thus far been unsuccessful in identifying
      potent DHDPS inhibitors. Here, we make use of contemporary molecular dynamics
      simulation and Markov state models to explore the interactions between DHDPS from
      the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and its cognate substrate, pyruvate. Our
      simulations recover the crystallographic DHDPS-pyruvate complex without a priori
      knowledge of the final bound structure. The highly conserved residue Arg140 was
      found to have a pivotal role in coordinating the entry of pyruvate into the
      active site from bulk solvent, consistent with previous kinetic reports,
      indicating an indirect role for the residue in DHDPS catalysis. A metastable
      binding intermediate characterized by multiple points of intermolecular
      interaction between pyruvate and key DHDPS residue Arg140 was found to be a
      highly conserved feature of the binding trajectory when comparing alternative
      binding pathways. By means of umbrella sampling we show that these binding
      intermediates are thermodynamically metastable, consistent with both the
      available experimental data and the substrate binding model presented in this
      study. Our results provide insight into an important enzyme-substrate interaction
      in atomistic detail that offers the potential to be exploited for the discovery
      of more effective DHDPS inhibitors and, in a broader sense, dynamic protein-drug
      interactions. 

PMID- 26967334
TI  - A novel stepwise pretreatment on corn stalk by alkali deacetylation and liquid
      hot water for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and energy utilization efficiency.
AB  - A novel stepwise pretreatment on corn stalk (CS) by alkali deacetylation combined
      with liquid hot water (LHW) was investigated to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis.
      After deacetylated treatment, strength of alkali deacetylation of CS was from
      1.79% to 91.34% which was subsequently pretreated by LHW with severity from 3.27
      to 4.27. It was found that higher strength of alkali deacetylation could reduce
      both the degradation of hemicellulose and inhibitors formation in liquid hot
      water pretreatment (LHWP). Enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was confirmed to be
      affected by LHW pretreatment severity (PS) and strength of alkali treatment. This
      combined pretreatment of alkali deacetylation and LHW could not only increase
      glucose yield, but also enhance energy utilization efficiency. The maximum
      enzymatic hydrolysis of 87.55%+/-3.64 with the ratio of glucose yield to energy
      input at 50.39gglucosekJ(-1) was obtained when strength of alkali deacetylation
      at 84.96% with PS at 3.97 were used. 

PMID- 26967335
TI  - Nitrification cessation and recovery in an aerated saturated vertical subsurface
      flow treatment wetland: Field studies and microscale biofilm modeling.
AB  - In aerated treatment wetlands, oxygen availability is not a limiting factor in
      sustaining a high level of nitrification in wastewater treatment. In the case of
      an air blower failure, nitrification would cease, potentially causing adverse
      effects to the nitrifying bacteria. A field trial was completed investigating
      nitrification loss when aeration is switched off, and the system recovery rate
      after the aeration is switched back on. Loss of dissolved oxygen was observed to
      be more rapid than loss of nitrification. Nitrate was observed in the effluent
      long after the aeration was switched off (48h+). A complementary modeling study
      predicted nitrate diffusion out of biofilm over a 48h period. After two weeks of
      no aeration in the established system, nitrification recovered within two days,
      whereas nitrification establishment in a new system was previously observed to
      require 20-45days. These results suggest that once established resident
      nitrifying microbial communities are quite robust. 

PMID- 26967336
TI  - Increase in the carbohydrate content of the microalgae Spirulina in culture by
      nutrient starvation and the addition of residues of whey protein concentrate.
AB  - Non-renewable sources that will end with time are the largest part of world
      energy consumption, which emphasizes the necessity to develop renewable sources
      of energy. This necessity has created opportunities for the use of microalgae as
      a biofuel. The use of microalgae as a feedstock source for bioethanol production
      requires high yields of both biomass and carbohydrates. With mixotrophic
      cultures, wastewater can be used to culture algae. The aim of the study was to
      increase the carbohydrate content in the microalgae Spirulina with the additions
      of residues from the ultra and nanofiltration of whey protein. The nutrient
      deficit in the Zarrouk medium diluted to 20% and the addition of 2.5% of both
      residue types led to high carbohydrate productivity (60 mg L(-1) d(-1)). With
      these culture conditions, the increase in carbohydrate production in Spirulina
      indicated that the conditions were appropriate for use with microalgae as a
      feedstock in the production of bioethanol. 

PMID- 26967337
TI  - Study on pyrolysis characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass impregnated with
      ammonia source.
AB  - The current study presents the pyrolysis characteristics of rice husk impregnated
      with different kinds of ammonia source (ammonium acetate, urea, ammonium sulfate
      and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) in a fixed bed reactor. The introduction of
      ammonia source in pyrolysis process achieved the conversation from carbonyl
      compounds to nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds. The liquid product of urea
      impregnated biomass has higher content of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds
      (8.35%) and phenols (30.4%). For ammonium sulfate and ammonium dihydrogen
      phosphate-impregnated biomass, the quantity of compounds in liquid products
      reduces remarkably, and the gas products are rich in CO and H2. All the solid
      products of pyrolysis have great potential application in biochar-based
      fertilizer and activated carbon for their high N content. 

PMID- 26967338
TI  - Potential enhancement of direct interspecies electron transfer for syntrophic
      metabolism of propionate and butyrate with biochar in up-flow anaerobic sludge
      blanket reactors.
AB  - Promoting direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) to enhance syntrophic
      metabolism may be a strategy for accelerating the conversion of organic wastes to
      methane, but microorganisms capable of metabolizing propionate and butyrate via
      DIET under methanogenic conditions have yet to be identified. In an attempt to
      establish methanogenic communities metabolizing propionate or butyrate with DIET,
      enrichments were initiated with up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), similar
      to those that were previously reported to support communities that metabolized
      ethanol with DIET that relied on direct biological electrical connections. In the
      absence of any amendments, microbial communities enriched were dominated by
      microorganisms closely related to pure cultures that are known to metabolize
      propionate or butyrate to acetate with production of H2. When biochar was added
      to the reactors there was a substantial enrichment on the biochar surface of 16S
      rRNA gene sequences closely related to Geobacter and Methanosaeta species known
      to participate in DIET. 

PMID- 26967339
TI  - Synergetic and inhibition effects in carbon dioxide gasification of blends of
      coals and biomass fuels of Indian origin.
AB  - The present study investigates the enhancement of CO2 gasification reactivity of
      coals due to the presence of catalytic elements in biomass such as K2O, CaO, Na2O
      and MgO. Co-gasification of three Indian coal chars with two biomass chars has
      been studied using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in CO2 environment
      at 900, 1000 and 1100 degrees C. The conversion profiles have been used to
      establish synergetic or inhibitory effect on coal char reactivity by the presence
      of catalytic elements in biomass char by comparing the 90% conversion time with
      and without biomass. It is concluded that both biomasses exhibit synergistic
      behavior when blended with the three coals with casuarina being more synergetic
      than empty fruit bunch. Some inhibitory effect has been noted for the high ash
      coal at the highest temperature with higher 90% conversion time for the blend
      over pure coal, presumably due to diffusional control of the conversion rate. 

PMID- 26967340
TI  - Lipase coated clusters of iron oxide nanoparticles for biodiesel synthesis in a
      solvent free medium.
AB  - Methyl or ethyl esters of long chain fatty acids are called biodiesel. Biodiesel
      is synthesized by the alcoholysis of oils/fats. In this work, lipase from
      Thermomyces lanuginosus was precipitated over the clusters of Fe3O4
      nanoparticles. This biocatalyst preparation was used for obtaining biodiesel from
      soybean oil. After optimization of both immobilization conditions and process
      parameters, complete conversion to biodiesel was obtained in 3h and on lowering
      the enzyme amount, as little as 1.7U of lipase gave 96% conversion in 7h. The
      solvent free media with oil:ethanol (w/w) of 1:4 and 40 degrees C with 2% (w/w)
      water along with 20% (w/w) silica (for facilitating acyl migration) were employed
      for reaching this high % of conversion. The biocatalyst design enables one to use
      a rather small amount of lipase. This should help in switching over to a biobased
      production of biodiesel. 

PMID- 26967342
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of 3D-transvaginal ultrasound in detecting uterine cavity
      abnormalities in infertile patients as compared with hysteroscopy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess diagnostic accuracy of 3D transvaginal ultrasound (3D-TVS)
      compared with hysteroscopy in detecting uterine cavity abnormalities in infertile
      women. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective observational cross-sectional study was
      conducted during the July 2013 to December 2013 study period. Sixty-nine women
      with infertility were enrolled. In the mid to late follicular phase of each
      subject's menstrual cycle, 3D transvaginal ultrasound and hysteroscopy were
      performed on the same day in each patient. Hysteroscopy is widely considered to
      be the gold standard method for investigation of the uterine cavity. Uterine
      cavity characteristics and abnormalities were recorded. Diagnostic accuracy,
      sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value,
      and positive and negative likelihood ratios were evaluated. RESULTS: Hysteroscopy
      was successfully performed in all subjects. Hysteroscopy diagnosed pathological
      findings in 22 of 69 cases (31.8%). There were 18 endometrial polyps, 3 submucous
      myomas, and 1 septate uterus. Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound in
      comparison with hysteroscopy had 84.1% diagnostic accuracy, 68.2% sensitivity,
      91.5% specificity, 79% positive predictive value, and 86% negative predictive
      value. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 8.01 and 0.3,
      respectively. 3D-TVS successfully detected every case of submucous myoma and
      uterine anomaly. For detection of endometrial polyps, 3D-TVS had 61.1%
      sensitivity, 91.5% specificity, and 83.1% diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSION: 3D-TVS
      demonstrated 84.1% diagnostic accuracy for detecting uterine cavity abnormalities
      in infertile women. A significant percentage of infertile patients had evidence
      of uterine cavity pathology. Hysteroscopy is, therefore, recommended for accurate
      detection and diagnosis of uterine cavity lesion.

PMID- 26967341
TI  - Clinical practice guidelines from the French College of Gynecologists and
      Obstetricians (CNGOF): benign breast tumors - short text.
AB  - Screening with breast ultrasound in combination with mammography is needed to
      investigate a clinical breast mass (Grade B), colored single-pore breast nipple
      discharge (Grade C), or mastitis (Grade C). The BI-RADS system is recommended for
      describing and classifying abnormal breast imaging findings. For a breast
      abscess, a percutaneous biopsy is recommended in the case of a mass or persistent
      symptoms (Grade C). For mastalgia, when breast imaging is normal, no MRI or
      breast biopsy is recommended (Grade C). Percutaneous biopsy is recommended for a
      BI-RADS category 4-5 mass (Grade B). For persistent erythematous nipple or
      atypical eczema lesions, a nipple biopsy is recommended (Grade C). For distortion
      and asymmetry, a vacuum core-needle biopsy is recommended due to the risk of
      underestimation by simple core-needle biopsy (Grade C). For BI-RADS category 4-5
      microcalcifications without any ultrasound signal, a minimum 11-G vacuum core
      needle biopsy is recommended (Grade B). In the absence of microcalcifications on
      radiography cores additional samples are recommended (Grade B). For atypical
      ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, flat
      epithelial atypia, radial scar and mucocele with atypia, surgical excision is
      commonly recommended (Grade C). Expectant management is feasible after
      multidisciplinary consensus. For these lesions, when excision margins are not
      clear, no new excision is recommended except for LCIS characterized as
      pleomorphic or with necrosis (Grade C). For grade 1 phyllodes tumor, surgical
      resection with clear margins is recommended. For grade 2 phyllodes tumor, 10mm
      margins are recommended (Grade C). For papillary breast lesions without atypia,
      complete disappearance of the radiological signal is recommended (Grade C). For
      papillary breast lesions with atypia, complete surgical excision is recommended
      (Grade C). 

PMID- 26967343
TI  - Predictors for failure of vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery: a case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify potential predictors for failed vacuum-assisted delivery.
      STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study conducted in two perinatal centers
      in the Netherlands. Cases were women who underwent a failed vacuum-assisted
      delivery between 1997 and 2011. A failed vacuum extraction was defined as a
      delivery that was started as vacuum extraction but was converted to a cesarean
      section because of failure to progress. As controls we studied two successful
      vacuum extractions that were performed before the failed one. We used
      multivariable logistic regression to assess the risk for failed vacuum
      extraction. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2011, 6734 trials of vacuum extraction were
      performed of which 309 failed (4.6%). These 309 cases were compared to the data
      of 618 women who underwent a successful vacuum extraction. Predictors for failed
      vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery were increasing gestational age (OR 1.2 per
      week), maternal height (OR 0.97 per cm), previous vaginal birth as compared to
      nulliparae (OR 0.32), estimated fetal weight >=3750g as compared to <3250g (OR
      5.7), epidural analgesia (OR 3.0), augmentation (OR 1.4), failure to progress as
      indication for trial of vacuum delivery (OR 1.7), station of descent of the fetal
      head (OR 0.31 per station more descended), and occiput posterior position (OR
      2.6). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of a prediction
      model integrating these indicators was 0.83. CONCLUSION: Failed vacuum extraction
      can be predicted accurately using both ante- and intrapartum characteristics.
      There is a strong need for prospective studies on the subject.

PMID- 26967344
TI  - Prevalence and trends of pelvic floor disorders in late pregnancy and after
      delivery in a cohort of Israeli women using the PFDI-20.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders (PFD) in a
      cohort of Israeli women at late pregnancy and three months postpartum, to define
      changes in PFD rates and to evaluate various obstetrical factors that may
      correlate with these changes. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal cohort study
      was conducted between March and July 2014. The PFDI-20 questionnaire (validated
      in the Hebrew language) was used to evaluate pelvic floor distress symptoms 24h
      and 3 months after delivery (representing the third trimester and post-partum
      period, respectively). Patients with a preterm delivery (<36 completed weeks of
      gestation), delivery of a stillbirth, non-fluency in Hebrew and patients with
      inability to complete the questionnaire due to a communication problem were
      excluded from the study. In addition to the PFDI results demographic and clinical
      data were collected from the patients' medical records. Routine statistical
      methods were used to interpret the results. RESULTS: During the study period 117
      women answered the first questionnaire and only 37 had filled the second
      questionnaire. The most prevalent item group reported in the third trimester was
      the urinary distress symptoms. Urinary frequency was the most common with 65% of
      patients reporting this symptom. At the post-partum period the most prevalent
      item group reported was the colorectal and anal distress with 31.5% of patients
      reporting increased straining efforts. There was a mixed trend in the changes
      noted between the two questionnaires. While some items improved in the puerperium
      as compared with late pregnancy others have worsened. In a multivariable analysis
      the only statistically significant finding was that at the post-partum follow-up,
      stress urinary incontinence was significantly associated with spontaneous
      perineal tears at delivery. Other obstetrical parameters including episiotomy and
      birth weight were not found to be significantly associated with any of the PFD
      items. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that PFD is prevalent both in late
      pregnancy and in the puerperium. There are mixed trends of spontaneous recovery
      following childbirth. A significant association between perineal tears and SUI 3
      months after delivery was noted.

PMID- 26967345
TI  - Systematic classification of uterine cervical elongation in patients with pelvic
      organ prolapse.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To define and classify cervical elongation, to compare uterine
      measurements after prolapse hysterectomy with a non-prolapse control group, and
      to associate stage of prolapse and degree of cervical elongation. STUDY DESIGN:
      This was a single-centre retrospective case-control study conducted at the
      University Hospital, Urogynaecological Unit, with a certified urogynaecological
      surgeon. Data were collected from patients with and without pelvic organ prolapse
      (POP) who underwent laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Post
      hysterectomy uterine cervical elongation was examined using the corpus/cervix
      ratio (CCR), calculated from measurements taken on photographs. Cervical
      elongation was classified as physiological (grade 0, CCR>1.5) grade I (CCR>1 and
      <=1.5) grade II (CCR>0.5 and <=1), and grade III (CCR<=0.5). RESULTS: Cervical
      elongation was detected in 288/295 (97.6%) patients in the prolapse group (grade
      I, 44/288 [15.2%]; grade II, 212 [73.6%]; grade III, 32 [11.1%]). Mean CCR was
      greater among those with stage II/III than among those with stage IV prolapse
      (1.0+/-0.4 vs. 0.8+/-0.2; p<0.001). Grades of cervical elongation and prolapse
      stages were associated (p<0.001). Grade I cervical elongation was detected in
      26/69 (37.6%), grade II in 5/69, and grade III in 0/69 patients of the control
      group. Cervical elongation was found more often in the prolapse group compared to
      the control group (p<0.001). Mean total uterine length did not differ between the
      prolapse and control groups (8.0+/-1.6 vs. 8.2+/-1.3cm), but mean calculated
      cervical length was greater in the prolapse group than in the control group
      (4.4+/-1.1 vs. 3.1+0.8cm; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine cervical elongation is
      found in patients undergoing hysterectomy for pelvic organ prolapse. Cervical
      elongation grades and prolapse stages are correlated. Defining uterine cervical
      elongation based on corpus/cervix ratio with grades I-III could be a valuable
      basic tool for further research.

PMID- 26967346
TI  - The value of Anti-Mullerian hormone in low and extremely low ovarian reserve in
      relation to live birth after in vitro fertilization.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation of Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) with live
      birth after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection
      (ICSI) in women with (extremely) low ovarian reserve. STUDY DESIGN: This study
      was a retrospective cohort study in a Dutch tertiary fertility clinic. Between
      January 2009 and March 2012, AMH levels were measured in infertile women when
      >=36 years of age or when showing clinical signs of diminished ovarian reserve,
      before they underwent IVF or ICSI treatment. Ultimately, 156 women with
      (extremely) low ovarian reserve were included and evaluated for cumulative live
      birth rates. Of each woman, only one treatment cycle was analyzed, either the one
      in which she became pregnant or her first treatment cycle if she did not reach
      pregnancy. The relation between AMH and live birth was evaluated with
      multivariable logistic regression analysis. A ROC curve was composed to evaluate
      the discriminative value of AMH in relation to live birth after IVF/ICSI.
      RESULTS: Thirty-three out of 156 women (21.2%) gave live birth. Live birth was
      significantly lower in women with AMH <=0.1ng/ml (4/37 women; 10.8%) or AMH >0.1
      0.4ng/ml (7/42 women; 16.7%), compared to women with AMH >0.4-1.05ng/ml (22/77
      women; 28.6%), p<0.001. Multivariable logistic regression revealed an association
      between the severity of low ovarian reserve and live birth (per 0.1ng/ml increase
      in AMH value, Odds ratio 1.21; 95% CI 1.07-1.36). CONCLUSIONS: The level of AMH
      is related to live birth after IVF/ICSI in women with (extremely) low ovarian
      reserve. The live birth rate in women with AMH >0.4ng/ml was significantly higher
      than in women with AMH <=0.4ng/ml. AMH could serve as a tool in the pre-treatment
      counseling for pregnancy and live birth chances in women with (extremely) low
      ovarian reserve.

PMID- 26967348
TI  - Syntax in Spanish-speaking children with Williams syndrome.
AB  - The syntactic skills of Spanish-speaking children with Williams syndrome (WS)
      were assessed in different areas (phrase structure, recursion, and bound
      anaphora). Children were compared to typically-developing peers matched either in
      chronological age (CA-TD) or in verbal age (VA-TD). In all tasks children with WS
      performed significantly worse than CA-TD children, but similarly to VA-TD
      children. However, significant differences were observed in specific domains,
      particularly regarding sentences with cross-serial dependencies. At the same
      time, children with WS were less sensitive to syntactic constraints and exhibited
      a poorer knowledge of some functional words (specifically, of nonreflexive
      pronouns). A processing bottleneck or a computational constraint may account for
      this outcome. 

PMID- 26967349
TI  - Childhood body mass index and risk of schizophrenia in relation to childhood age,
      sex and age of first contact with schizophrenia.
AB  - Childhood leanness is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, but the
      effects of gender, age at anthropometric measurements and age at first diagnosis
      on this relationship are unclear. The present study aimed at elucidating these
      associations. METHODS: Population-based cohort study with childhood
      anthropometric measures obtained annually from the age of 7 to 13 years in
      253,353 Danes born 1930-1976 and followed to 31 December 2010. During this
      period, 4936 were registered with schizophrenia. The associations of childhood
      BMI with risk of schizophrenia were estimated with Cox regression models.
      RESULTS: Childhood BMI was significantly inversely associated with risk of
      schizophrenia, however with different patterns among boys and girls. In boys,
      childhood BMI had an inverse non-linear association with schizophrenia risk
      dependent on age at diagnosis; in particular, a surprisingly strong association
      was found between leanness and later onset of schizophrenia. In girls, the risk
      of schizophrenia decreased linearly with increasing BMI z-score (HR: 0.93; 95%
      CI: 0.88-0.98). In both boys and girls, birth weight was inversely associated
      with later risk. In girls, but not in boys, birth weight appeared to
      significantly modify the associations; there was a somewhat stronger inverse
      association in the lowest birth weight category. CONCLUSION: Birth weight as well
      as childhood BMI at ages 7 through 13 years is associated with risk of
      schizophrenia in both genders, but with a particular high risk of late-onset in
      lean boys irrespective of birth weight, and in lean girls with low birth weight.
      If replicated, these observations may inform preventive efforts build on
      schizophrenia trajectories rooted in early life.

PMID- 26967347
TI  - Expanding the Role of FurA as Essential Global Regulator in Cyanobacteria.
AB  - In the nitrogen-fixing heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120,
      the ferric uptake regulator FurA plays a global regulatory role. Failures to
      eliminate wild-type copies of furA gene from the polyploid genome suggest
      essential functions. In the present study, we developed a selectively regulated
      furA expression system by the replacement of furA promoter in the Anabaena sp.
      chromosomes with the Co2+/Zn2+ inducible coaT promoter from Synechocystis sp. PCC
      6803. By removing Co2+ and Zn2+ from the medium and shutting off furA expression,
      we showed that FurA was absolutely required for cyanobacterial growth. RNA-seq
      based comparative transcriptome analyses of the furA-turning off strain and its
      parental wild-type in conjunction with subsequent electrophoretic mobility shift
      assays and semi-quantitative RT-PCR were carried out in order to identify direct
      transcriptional targets and unravel new biological roles of FurA. The results of
      such approaches led us to identify 15 novel direct iron-dependent transcriptional
      targets belonging to different functional categories including detoxification and
      defences against oxidative stress, phycobilisome degradation, chlorophyll
      catabolism and programmed cell death, light sensing and response, heterocyst
      differentiation, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, among others. Our analyses
      evidence novel interactions in the complex regulatory network orchestrated by
      FurA in cyanobacteria. 

PMID- 26967350
TI  - Quantifying Fish Swimming Behavior in Response to Acute Exposure of Aqueous
      Copper Using Computer Assisted Video and Digital Image Analysis.
AB  - Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be
      precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction. However,
      these responses may be subtle, and measurement can be challenging. Using juvenile
      white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with copper exposures, this paper
      illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses using computer
      assisted video and digital image analysis. In previous studies severe impairments
      in swimming behavior were observed among early life stage white sturgeon during
      acute and chronic exposures to copper. Sturgeon behavior was rapidly impaired and
      to the extent that survival in the field would be jeopardized, as fish would be
      swept downstream, or readily captured by predators. The objectives of this
      investigation were to illustrate protocols to quantify swimming activity during a
      series of acute copper exposures to determine time to effect during early
      lifestage development, and to understand the significance of these responses
      relative to survival of these vulnerable early lifestage fish. With mortality
      being on a time continuum, determining when copper first affects swimming ability
      helps us to understand the implications for population level effects. The
      techniques used are readily adaptable to experimental designs with other
      organisms and stressors. 

PMID- 26967351
TI  - Tactic response of bacteria to zero-valent iron nanoparticles.
AB  - The microbial assessment of pollutant toxicity rarely includes behavioral
      responses. In this study, we investigated the tactic response of Pseudomonas
      putida G7, a representative of soil bacterium, towards engineered zero-valent
      iron nanoparticles (nZVIs), as a new end-point assessment of toxicity. The study
      integrated the characterization of size distribution and charge of nZVIs and
      tactic reaction response by means of inverted capillary assay and computer
      assisted motion analysis of motility behavior. Iron nanoparticles (diameter <=
      100 nm) were prepared in the absence of oxygen to prevent aggregation, and then
      exposed in aerobic conditions. We first demonstrate that iron nanoparticles can
      elicit a negative tactic response in bacteria at low but environmentally
      relevant, sub-lethal concentrations (1-10 MUg/L). Cells were repelled by nZVIs in
      the concentration gradients created inside the capillaries, and a significant
      increase in turning events, characteristic of negative taxis, was detected under
      exposure to nZVIs. These tactic responses were not detectable after sustained
      exposure of the nanoparticles to oxygen. This new behavioral assessment may be
      prospected for the design of sensitive bioassays for nanomaterial toxicity. 

PMID- 26967352
TI  - A century long sedimentary record of anthropogenic lead (Pb), Pb isotopes and
      other trace metals in Singapore.
AB  - Reconstructing the history of metal deposition in Singapore lake sediments
      contributes to understanding the anthropogenic and natural metal deposition in
      the data-sparse Southeast Asia. To this end, we present a sedimentary record of
      Pb, Pb isotopes and eleven other metals (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Tl, U
      and Zn) from a well-dated sediment core collected near the depocenter of
      MacRitchie Reservoir in central Singapore. Before the 1900s, the sedimentary Pb
      concentration was less than 2 mg/kg for both soil and sediment, with a
      corresponding (206)Pb/(207)Pb of ~1.20. The Pb concentration increased to 55
      mg/kg in the 1990s, and correspondingly the (206)Pb/(207)Pb decreased to less
      than 1.14. The (206)Pb/(207)Pb in the core top sediment is concordant with the
      (206)Pb/(207)Pb signal of aerosols in Singapore and other Southeast Asian cities,
      suggesting that Pb in the reservoir sediment was mainly from atmospheric
      deposition. Using the Pb concentration in the topmost layer of sediment, the
      estimated atmospheric Pb flux in Singapore today is ~1.6 * 10(-2) g/m(2) yr. The
      concentrations of eleven other metals preserved in the sediment were also
      determined. A principal component analysis showed that most of the metals exhibit
      an increasing trend towards 1990s with a local concentration peak in the mid
      20(th) century. 

PMID- 26967354
TI  - Potential Importance of Ozone in the Association Between Outdoor Air Pollution
      and Dry Eye Disease in South Korea.
AB  - Importance: Air pollution is an important public health concern and the ocular
      surface is continuously exposed to pollutants in outdoor air. Ocular surface
      abnormalities related to air pollution are thought to be a subtype of dry eye
      disease (DED). However, to date, there is no large-scale study evaluating an
      association between air pollution and DED that includes multiple air pollutants.
      Objective: To investigate associations between outdoor air pollution and DED in a
      Korean population. Design, Setting, and Participants: A population-based cross
      sectional study using data on 16 824 participants in the fifth Korea National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted from January 1, 2010, to
      December 31, 2012. Data analysis was conducted from September 1 to 30, 2015. Dry
      eye disease was defined as previously diagnosed by an ophthalmologist or the
      presence of frequent ocular pain and discomfort. Outdoor air pollution
      measurements (mean annual humidity, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter
      <10 um [PM10], ozone, and nitrogen dioxide levels) were collected from 283
      national monitoring stations in South Korea. Main Outcomes and Measures:
      Associations of multiple air pollutants with DED were assessed from multivariable
      logistic regression analyses. Sociodemographic factors and previously known
      factors associated with DED were applied as covariates (model 1 controlled for
      sociodemographic factors and model 2 controlled for sociodemographic, behavioral,
      and clinical factors). Results: Among 16 824 participants (7104 men and 9720
      women), higher ozone levels and lower humidity levels were significantly
      associated with symptoms and diagnosis of DED. In model 1, an increase in ozone
      levels of 0.003 ppm was significantly associated with symptoms and diagnosis of
      DED (symptoms: odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.30; P = .04; diagnosis: OR,
      1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.40; P = .008), while a 5% increase in humidity levels was
      significantly associated with decreased symptoms and diagnoses of DED (symptoms:
      OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.98; P = .03; diagnosis: OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.97; P =
      .01). In model 2, an increase in ozone levels of 0.003 ppm was significantly
      associated with symptoms and diagnosis of DED (symptoms: OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02
      1.34; P = .03; diagnosis: OR, 1.27; 95 CI, 1.09-1.48; P = .002), while a 5%
      increase in humidity levels was significantly associated with decreased symptoms
      and diagnoses of DED (symptoms: OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98; P = .045; diagnosis:
      OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.97; P = .02). In model 2, an increase in nitrogen
      dioxide of 0.003 ppm (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.23 P = .02) was also associated
      with diagnosis of DED. Levels of sulfur dioxide and PM10 were not associated with
      symptoms or diagnosis of DED in model 1 or model 2 (P > .05 for each).
      Conclusions and Relevance: Higher ozone levels and lower humidity levels were
      associated with DED in the Korean population, while PM10 level was not associated
      with DED.

PMID- 26967353
TI  - Cross-sectional association between exposure to particulate matter and
      inflammatory markers in the Japanese general population: NIPPON DATA2010.
AB  - A suggestive mechanism behind the association between particulate matter and
      cardiovascular disease is inflammatory response. Earlier population-based studies
      investigating the association between particulate matter and inflammatory
      biological markers, in particular C-reactive protein (CRP), showed inconsistent
      results. In addition, evidence from the Asian population, in which CRP levels are
      typically lower than those observed in Western populations, was sparse. We
      examined the cross-sectional association between short- and long-term exposure to
      particulate matter and inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity CRP (hs
      CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) count, in a representative population of Japanese
      community dwellers (NIPPON DATA2010). We analysed data from 2360 participants
      (1002 men and 1358 women), aged 20 years or older, who resided in 300 randomly
      selected districts (222 public health centre areas) throughout Japan. We used
      background concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM, defined as
      particles with a 100% cut-off level at 10 MUm aerodynamic diameter) and co
      pollutants within the public health centre area. A logistic regression model was
      applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of elevated hs-CRP (> 0.3 mg/dl) or WBC (>
      9000/MUl). Since smoking is an important confounding factor, we firstly included
      this in the models, and additionally conducted the analyses after excluding
      current smokers. The one-month average concentration of SPM was positively
      associated with hs-CRP (OR per 10 MUg/m(3) increase in SPM = 1.42, 95% confidence
      interval = 1.00-2.04), and high exposure to SPM on the day of blood draw was
      associated with increased WBC count, after excluding current smokers (OR = 1.13,
      1.01-1.28). Similar association patterns were observed for ozone. In conclusion,
      exposure to particulate matter was associated with inflammatory markers in the
      general Japanese population. Systemic inflammation may play a role in the link
      between particulate matter and cardiovascular disease. 

PMID- 26967355
TI  - Accuracy of Ultrasonography-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration in Detecting Persistent
      Nodal Disease After Chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Few patients with persistent adenopathy following chemoradiotherapy
      (CRT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma harbor viable disease. Improved
      selectivity for surgical salvage is needed to prevent unnecessary salvage neck
      dissection. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ultrasonography-guided fine-needle
      aspiration (FNA) can be used to identify viable cancer cells in the lymph nodes
      of patients with persistent radiographic adenopathy following CRT. DESIGN,
      SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A pilot study included patients undergoing
      preoperative ultrasonography-guided FNA of lymph nodes considered suspicious on
      radiography prior to planned neck dissection at a quaternary care facility from
      February 28, 2011, to March 18, 2013. Data analysis was performed from April 28
      to December 24, 2013. Patients treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
      with CRT who were determined to have persistent neck disease on a 6-week
      posttreatment computed tomographic scan of the neck and scheduled for salvage
      neck dissection were considered candidates for this pilot study. All patients
      enrolled in the study underwent ultrasonography-guided FNA of the suspicious
      lymph nodes within 2 weeks of the planned neck dissection. The cytopathologist
      reading the samples was blinded to the patient's identity. EXPOSURES: Fine-needle
      aspiration with a 23- to 25-gauge needle following CRT. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: The accuracy of ultrasonography-guided FNA cytologic results was
      compared with the standard of surgical pathologic examination of neck dissection
      specimens. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (11 [79%] men; mean [SD] age, 57.8 [11.2]
      years) were enrolled in this pilot study; data were collected on 17 lymph nodes.
      Among these 14 patients with incomplete radiographic clinical response, 17 lymph
      node aspirations were performed. Ultrasonography-guided FNA identified squamous
      cell carcinoma in the aspirates of 4 (80%) of the 5 nodes with squamous cell
      carcinoma identified on pathologic testing and confirmed the absence of disease
      in the remaining 12 (71%) lymph nodes. The statistical analysis of these results
      revealed a sensitivity of 80%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value,
      100%; and negative predictive value, 92.3%. The diagnostic accuracy of
      ultrasonography-guided FNA at detecting residual persistent cancer was 88%.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This pilot study suggests that ultrasonography-guided
      FNA may be a feasible ancillary diagnostic imaging tool to imaging to assess
      patients with radiographic persistent disease prior to consideration of salvage
      neck dissection.

PMID- 26967356
TI  - In situ impact assessment of wastewater effluents by integrating multi-level
      biomarker responses in the pale chub (Zacco platypus).
AB  - The integration of biomarker responses ranging from the molecular to the
      individual level is of great interest for measuring the toxic effects of
      hazardous chemicals or effluent mixtures on aquatic organisms. This study
      evaluated the effects of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents on the
      freshwater pale chub Zacco platypus by using multi-level biomarker responses at
      molecular [mRNA expression of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD),
      glutathione S-transferase (GST), and metallothionein (MT)], biochemical (enzyme
      activities of CAT, SOD, GST, and concentration of MT), and physiological
      [condition factor (CF) and liver somatic index (LSI)] levels. The mRNA expression
      levels of GST and MT in Z. platypus from a site downstream of a WWTP
      significantly increased by 2.2- and 4.5-fold (p<0.05) when compared with those
      from an upstream site. However, the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GST in
      fish from the downstream site significantly decreased by 43%, 98%, and 13%,
      respectively (p<0.05), except for an increase in MT concentration (41%). In
      addition, a significant increase in LSI (46%) was observed in Z. platypus from
      the downstream site (p<0.05). Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the liver
      of Z. platypus were higher (530%, 353%, 800%, and 2,200%, respectively) in fish
      from a downstream site than in fish from an upstream location, and several multi
      level biomarker responses were significantly correlated with the accumulated
      metals in Z. platypus (p<0.05). Integrated biomarker responses at molecular,
      biochemical, and physiological levels (multi-level IBR) were much higher (about 4
      fold) at the downstream site than at the upstream site. This study suggests that
      the multi-level IBR approach is very useful for quantifying in situ adverse
      effects of WWTP effluents. 

PMID- 26967357
TI  - The stigmatisation of pregnancy: societal influences on pregnant women's physical
      activity Behaviour.
AB  - Many women going through the major life transition of pregnancy experience
      decreases in physical activity behaviour, which may compromise maternal and
      infant health and wellbeing. Although research suggests that the social
      environment plays a large role in influencing women's physical activity
      behaviour, little is known about the association between societal attitudes and
      physical activity behaviour during the course of pregnancy. Through a qualitative
      longitudinal study, we explored women's physical activity experiences throughout
      pregnancy and how these were formed, supported and/or opposed by their social
      environment. This research included telephone interviews with 30 pregnant
      participants, recruited via a regional public hospital. Using a feminist
      standpoint analysis incorporating modern dialectics, three major tensions were
      identified, reflecting dominant societal discourses around physical activity and
      pregnancy: (1) engaging in physical activity and keeping the baby safe, (2)
      engaging in physical activity and obtaining social approval and (3) listening to
      oneself and to others. These findings present previously unrecognised
      opportunities for developing tailored and effective physical activity
      interventions among pregnant women.

PMID- 26967358
TI  - Soft-Etching Copper and Silver Electrodes for Significant Device Performance
      Improvement toward Facile, Cost-Effective, Bottom-Contacted, Organic Field-Effect
      Transistors.
AB  - Poor charge injection and transport at the electrode/semiconductor contacts has
      been so far a severe performance hurdle for bottom-contact bottom-gate (BCBG)
      organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Here, we have developed a simple,
      economic, and effective method to improve the carrier injection efficiency and
      obtained high-performance devices with low cost and widely used source/drain
      (S/D) electrodes (Ag/Cu). Through the simple electrode etching process, the work
      function of the electrodes is more aligned with the semiconductors, which reduces
      the energy barrier and facilitates the charge injection. Besides, the formation
      of the thinned electrode edge with desirable micro/nanostructures not only leads
      to the enlarged contact side area beneficial for the carrier injection but also
      is in favor of the molecular self-organization for continuous crystal growth at
      the contact/active channel interface, which is better for the charge injection
      and transport. These effects give rise to the great reduction of contact
      resistance and the amazing improvement of the low-cost bottom-contact
      configuration OFETs performance. 

PMID- 26967359
TI  - Providing Hearing Aids to Infants and Young Children.

PMID- 26967360
TI  - Pediatric Audiology in North America: Current Clinical Practice and How It
      Relates to the American Academy of Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guideline.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is broad consensus that screening and diagnosis of permanent
      hearing loss in children must be embedded within a comprehensive, evidence-based,
      family-centered intervention program. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for
      pediatric hearing assessment and hearing aid verification aim to reduce
      variability in practice and increase the use of effective evidence-based
      diagnostic and treatment options so that optimal outcomes may be achieved. To be
      of value, guidelines must be translated and implemented into practice and ongoing
      monitoring of their use in practice should occur. PURPOSE: This paper provides
      the results of two studies that aim to examine current pediatric audiology and
      amplification practice in North America. RESEARCH DESIGN: A concurrent embedded
      mixed methods design was used. STUDY SAMPLE: An electronic survey was distributed
      to North American audiologists who delivered pediatric audiology services with
      350 audiologists participating in study 1 and 63 audiologists participating in
      study 2. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A quantitative approach was the
      predominant method of data collection. Respondents were prompted to provide
      additional qualitative text and detail regarding their quantitative response
      choice. This qualitative text was used during the analysis phase and combined
      with quantitative results to assist understanding of respondents' knowledge,
      skills, and barriers/facilitators to implement best practice in pediatric
      amplification. RESULTS: Approximately 70% of audiologists reported using best
      practice protocols for pediatric hearing aid fitting. Despite widespread
      knowledge and increased use of CPGs over the last 18 yrs, results of these
      studies show that variation in practice patterns continue to exist. Several
      examples of implementation challenges are discussed with recommendations
      provided. CONCLUSIONS: In order for audiologists working with children who are
      deaf or hard of hearing and their families to achieve the principles of family
      centered early intervention, practice guidelines must continue to be developed,
      disseminated, and translated as they have a positive impact on the services
      provided. Researchers and clinical audiologists who deliver services must
      continue to collaborate to understand the "how" and "why" of implementing
      guidelines into practice and to identify the barriers/facilitators encountered in
      trying to do so.

PMID- 26967361
TI  - Prescribing and Verifying Hearing Aids Applying the American Academy of Audiology
      Pediatric Amplification Guideline: Protocols and Outcomes from the Ontario Infant
      Hearing Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guidelines and protocols for pediatric hearing aid fitting are
      necessary to meet the goals of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI)
      programs. The American Academy of Audiology published an update to their
      Pediatric Amplification Guideline in 2013. Ontario's Infant Hearing Program (IHP)
      offers specific protocols that aim to fulfill recommended guidelines. It has
      recently been updated to align with the American Academy of Audiology Guideline
      and other evidence. PURPOSE: A summary of the updates to the Ontario IHP's
      Amplification Protocol is described. In addition, data illustrating hearing
      related outcomes of the program are offered. RESEARCH DESIGN: The updated Ontario
      protocol is based on evidence, wherever possible. Where research is not yet
      available, clinical decision support has been described in a systematic way.
      Outcomes of the Ontario IHP were obtained through a longitudinal clinical
      observation study. STUDY SAMPLE: One hundred and fifteen children with hearing
      loss, who wore hearing aids, were included in the outcome analyses (mean = 28.6
      mo; range = 1.3-115.3 mo). Hearing losses ranged from mild to profound,
      unilateral or bilateral sensorineural (pure-tone average = 52.3 dB HL). They were
      recruited from four IHP clinics within Ontario. Children with complexities in
      addition to hearing loss were included. INTERVENTION: The children were fitted
      with hearing aids following Ontario's Amplification Protocol. DATA COLLECTION AND
      ANALYSES: During routine clinical appointments, IHP Audiologists administered
      questionnaires to the parents of their pediatric patients using a systematic
      outcome measurement protocol (University of Western Ontario Pediatric
      Audiological Monitoring Protocol). Hearing aid fitting details (e.g., speech
      intelligibility index) were also gathered to describe the quality of the hearing
      aid fittings in relation to the functional outcomes. Regression analyses were
      conducted to characterize scores on the questionnaires and the impact of
      important variables. Children with complexities were analyzed separately from
      those who were typically developing. RESULTS: Important updates to Ontario's
      Amplification Protocol offer new details about candidacy considerations as well
      as technical updates. Outcomes from the IHP reveal protocol elements can be
      executed clinically and when they are, typically developing children who wear
      hearing aids are meeting auditory development and performance milestones.
      CONCLUSIONS: Updates to Ontario's Amplification Protocol are necessary to support
      the evolution of EHDI programs and the evidence which sustains them. With
      advances in technology and additional research, pediatric hearing aid fitting
      will continue to progress and support systematic measurement of outcomes for
      children who wear hearing aids. The application of state-of-the-art hearing aid
      fitting practices to the pediatric population within EHDI programs supports good
      outcomes for infants and children with hearing loss.

PMID- 26967362
TI  - Children with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder Fitted with Hearing Aids
      Applying the American Academy of Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guideline:
      Current Practice and Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Up to 15% of children with permanent hearing loss (HL) have auditory
      neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD), which involves normal outer hair cell
      function and disordered afferent neural activity in the auditory nerve or
      brainstem. Given the varying presentations of ANSD in children, there is a need
      for more evidence-based research on appropriate clinical interventions for this
      population. PURPOSE: This study compared the speech production, speech
      perception, and language outcomes of children with ANSD, who are hard of hearing,
      to children with similar degrees of mild-to-moderately severe sensorineural
      hearing loss (SNHL), all of whom were fitted with bilateral hearing aids (HAs)
      based on the American Academy of Audiology pediatric amplification guidelines.
      RESEARCH DESIGN: Speech perception and communication outcomes data were gathered
      in a prospective accelerated longitudinal design, with entry into the study
      between six mo and seven yr of age. Three sites were involved in participant
      recruitment: Boys Town National Research Hospital, the University of North
      Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the University of Iowa. STUDY SAMPLE: The sample
      consisted of 12 children with ANSD and 22 children with SNHL. The groups were
      matched based on better-ear pure-tone average, better-ear aided speech
      intelligibility index, gender, maternal education level, and newborn hearing
      screening result (i.e., pass or refer). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Children
      and their families participated in an initial baseline visit, followed by visits
      twice a year for children <2 yr of age and once a yr for children >2 yr of age.
      Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare children with ANSD to children with
      SNHL. RESULTS: Paired t-tests indicated no significant differences between the
      ANSD and SNHL groups on language and articulation measures. Children with ANSD
      displayed functional speech perception skills in quiet. Although the number of
      participants was too small to conduct statistical analyses for speech perception
      testing, there appeared to be a trend in which the ANSD group performed more
      poorly in background noise with HAs, compared to the SNHL group. CONCLUSIONS: The
      American Academy of Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guidelines recommend that
      children with ANSD receive an HA trial if their behavioral thresholds are
      sufficiently high enough to impede speech perception at conversational levels.
      For children with ANSD in the mild-to-severe HL range, the current results
      support this recommendation, as children with ANSD can achieve functional
      outcomes similar to peers with SNHL.

PMID- 26967363
TI  - Fitting Frequency-Lowering Signal Processing Applying the American Academy of
      Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guideline: Updates and Protocols.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although guidelines for fitting hearing aids for children are well
      developed and have strong basis in evidence, specific protocols for fitting and
      verifying technologies can supplement such guidelines. One such technology is
      frequency-lowering signal processing. Children require access to a broad
      bandwidth of speech to detect and use all phonemes including female /s/. When
      access through conventional amplification is not possible, the use of frequency
      lowering signal processing may be considered as a means to overcome limitations.
      Fitting and verification protocols are needed to better define candidacy
      determination and options for assessing and fine tuning frequency-lowering signal
      processing for individuals. PURPOSE: This work aims to (1) describe a set of
      calibrated phonemes that can be used to characterize the variation in different
      brands of frequency-lowering processors in hearing aids and the verification with
      these signals and (2) determine whether verification with these signal are
      predictive of perceptual changes associated with changes in the strength of
      frequency-lowering signal processing. Finally, we aimed to develop a fitting
      protocol for use in pediatric clinical practice. STUDY SAMPLE: Study 1 used a
      sample of six hearing aids spanning four types of frequency lowering algorithms
      for an electroacoustic evaluation. Study 2 included 21 adults who had hearing
      loss (mean age 66 yr). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Simulated fricatives were
      designed to mimic the level and frequency shape of female fricatives extracted
      from two sources of speech. These signals were used to verify the frequency
      lowering effects of four distinct types of frequency-lowering signal processors
      available in commercial hearing aids, and verification measures were compared to
      extracted fricatives made in a reference system. In a second study, the simulated
      fricatives were used within a probe microphone measurement system to verify a
      wide range of frequency compression settings in a commercial hearing aid, and 27
      adult listeners were tested at each setting. The relation between the hearing aid
      verification measures and the listener's ability to detect and discriminate
      between fricatives was examined. RESULTS: Verification measures made with the
      simulated fricatives agreed to within 4 dB, on average, and tended to mimic the
      frequency response shape of fricatives presented in a running speech context.
      Some processors showed a greater aided response level for fricatives in running
      speech than fricatives presented in isolation. Results with listeners indicated
      that verified settings that provided a positive sensation level of /s/ and that
      maximized the frequency difference between /s/ and /?/ tended to have the best
      performance. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency-lowering signal processors have measureable
      effects on the high-frequency fricative content of speech, particularly female
      /s/. It is possible to measure these effects either with a simple strategy that
      presents an isolated simulated fricative and measures the aided frequency
      response or with a more complex system that extracts fricatives from running
      speech. For some processors, a more accurate result may be achieved with a
      running speech system. In listeners, the aided frequency location and sensation
      level of fricatives may be helpful in predicting whether a specific hearing aid
      fitting, with or without frequency-lowering, will support access to the
      fricatives of speech.

PMID- 26967364
TI  - Fitting Noise Management Signal Processing Applying the American Academy of
      Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guideline: Verification Protocols.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although guidelines for fitting hearing aids for children are well
      developed and have strong basis in evidence, specific protocols for fitting and
      verifying some technologies are not always available. One such technology is
      noise management in children's hearing aids. Children are frequently in high
      level and/or noisy environments, and many options for noise management exist in
      modern hearing aids. Verification protocols are needed to define specific test
      signals and levels for use in clinical practice. PURPOSE: This work aims to (1)
      describe the variation in different brands of noise reduction processors in
      hearing aids and the verification of these processors and (2) determine whether
      these differences are perceived by 13 children who have hearing loss. Finally, we
      aimed to develop a verification protocol for use in pediatric clinical practice.
      STUDY SAMPLE: A set of hearing aids was tested using both clinically available
      test systems and a reference system, so that the impacts of noise reduction
      signal processing in hearing aids could be characterized for speech in a variety
      of background noises. A second set of hearing aids was tested across a range of
      audiograms and across two clinical verification systems to characterize the
      variance in clinical verification measurements. Finally, a set of hearing aid
      recordings that varied by type of noise reduction was rated for sound quality by
      children with hearing loss. RESULTS: Significant variation across makes and
      models of hearing aids was observed in both the speed of noise reduction
      activation and the magnitude of noise reduction. Reference measures indicate that
      noise-only testing may overestimate noise reduction magnitude compared to speech
      in-noise testing. Variation across clinical test signals was also observed,
      indicating that some test signals may be more successful than others for
      characterization of hearing aid noise reduction. Children provided different
      sound quality ratings across hearing aids, and for one hearing aid rated the
      sound quality as higher with the noise reduction system activated. CONCLUSIONS:
      Implications for clinical verification systems may be that greater
      standardization and the use of speech-in-noise test signals may improve the
      quality and consistency of noise reduction verification cross clinics. A
      suggested clinical protocol for verification of noise management in children's
      hearing aids is suggested.

PMID- 26967365
TI  - Stability of Audiometric Thresholds for Children with Hearing Aids Applying the
      American Academy of Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guideline: Implications for
      Safety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children who wear hearing aids may be at risk for further damage to
      their hearing from overamplification. Previous research on amplification-induced
      hearing loss has included children using linear amplification or simulations of
      predicted threshold shifts based on nonlinear amplification formulae. A
      relationship between threshold shifts and the use of nonlinear hearing aids in
      children has not been empirically verified. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was
      to compare predicted threshold shifts from amplification to longitudinal
      behavioral thresholds in a large group of children who wear hearing aids to
      determine the likelihood of amplification-induced hearing loss. RESEARCH DESIGN:
      An accelerated longitudinal design was used to collect behavioral threshold and
      amplification data prospectively. STUDY SAMPLE: Two-hundred and thirteen children
      with mild-to-profound hearing loss who wore hearing aids were included in the
      analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Behavioral audiometric thresholds,
      hearing aid outputs, and hearing aid use data were collected for each participant
      across four study visits. Individual ear- and frequency-specific safety limits
      were derived based on the Modified Power Law to determine the level at which
      increased amplification could result in permanent threshold shifts. Behavioral
      thresholds were used to estimate which children would be above the safety limit
      at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz using thresholds in dB HL and then in dB SPL in
      the ear canal. Changes in thresholds across visits were compared for children who
      were above and below the safety limits. RESULTS: Behavioral thresholds decreased
      across study visits for all children, regardless of whether their amplification
      was above the safety limits. The magnitude of threshold change across time
      corresponded with changes in ear canal acoustics as measured by the real-ear-to
      coupler difference. CONCLUSIONS: Predictions of threshold changes due to
      amplification for children with hearing loss did not correspond with observed
      changes in threshold over across 2-4 yr of monitoring amplification. Use of dB HL
      thresholds and predictions of hearing aid output to set the safety limit resulted
      in a larger number of children being classified as above the safety limit than
      when safety limits were based on dB SPL thresholds and measured hearing aid
      output. Children above the safety limit for the dB SPL criteria tended to be fit
      above prescriptive targets. Additional research should seek to explain how the
      Modified Power Law predictions of threshold shift overestimated risk for children
      who wear hearing aids.

PMID- 26967366
TI  - Using the Real-Ear-to-Coupler Difference within the American Academy of Audiology
      Pediatric Amplification Guideline: Protocols for Applying and Predicting Earmold
      RECDs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Real-ear-to-coupler difference (RECD) measurements are used for the
      purposes of estimating degree and configuration of hearing loss (in dB SPL ear
      canal) and predicting hearing aid output from coupler-based measures. Accurate
      measurements of hearing threshold, derivation of hearing aid fitting targets, and
      predictions of hearing aid output in the ear canal assume consistent matching of
      RECD coupling procedure (i.e., foam tip or earmold) with that used during
      assessment and in verification of the hearing aid fitting. When there is a
      mismatch between these coupling procedures, errors are introduced. PURPOSE: The
      goal of this study was to quantify the systematic difference in measured RECD
      values obtained when using a foam tip versus an earmold with various tube
      lengths. Assuming that systematic errors exist, the second goal was to
      investigate the use of a foam tip to earmold correction for the purposes of
      improving fitting accuracy when mismatched RECD coupling conditions occur (e.g.,
      foam tip at assessment, earmold at verification). STUDY SAMPLE: Eighteen adults
      and 17 children (age range: 3-127 mo) participated in this study. DATA COLLECTION
      AND ANALYSIS: Data were obtained using simulated ears of various volumes and
      earmold tubing lengths and from patients using their own earmolds. Derived RECD
      values based on simulated ear measurements were compared with RECD values
      obtained for adult and pediatric ears for foam tip and earmold coupling. RESULTS:
      Results indicate that differences between foam tip and earmold RECDs are
      consistent across test ears for adults and children which support the development
      of a correction between foam tip and earmold couplings for RECDs that can be
      applied across individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The foam tip to earmold correction
      values developed in this study can be used to provide improved estimations of
      earmold RECDs. This may support better accuracy in acoustic transforms related to
      transforming thresholds and/or hearing aid coupler responses to ear canal sound
      pressure level for the purposes of fitting behind-the-ear hearing aids.

PMID- 26967367
TI  - Incense Burning during Pregnancy and Birth Weight and Head Circumference among
      Term Births: The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incense burning for rituals or religious purposes is an important
      tradition in many countries. However, incense smoke contains particulate matter
      and gas products such as carbon monoxide, sulfur, and nitrogen dioxide, which are
      potentially harmful to health. OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the relationship between
      prenatal incense burning and birth weight and head circumference at birth using
      the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study. We also analyzed whether the associations varied
      by sex and along the distribution of birth outcomes. METHODS: We performed
      ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regressions analysis on a sample of
      15,773 term births (> 37 gestational weeks; 8,216 boys and 7,557 girls) in Taiwan
      in 2005. The associations were estimated separately for boys and girls as well as
      for the population as a whole. We controlled extensively for factors that may be
      correlated with incense burning and birth weight and head circumference, such as
      parental religion, demographics, and health characteristics, as well as pregnancy
      related variables. RESULTS: Findings from fully adjusted OLS regressions
      indicated that exposure to incense was associated with lower birth weight in boys
      (-18 g; 95% CI: -36, -0.94) but not girls (1 g; 95% CI: -17, 19; interaction p
      value = 0.31). Associations with head circumference were negative for boys (-0.95
      mm; 95% CI: -1.8, -0.16) and girls (-0.71 mm; 95% CI: -1.5, 0.11; interaction p
      values = 0.73). Quantile regression results suggested that the negative
      associations were larger among the lower quantiles of birth outcomes.
      CONCLUSIONS: OLS regressions showed that prenatal incense burning was associated
      with lower birth weight for boys and smaller head circumference for boys and
      girls. The associations were more pronounced among the lower quantiles of birth
      outcomes. Further research is necessary to confirm whether incense burning has
      differential effects by sex. CITATION: Chen LY, Ho C. 2016. Incense burning
      during pregnancy and birth weight and head circumference among term births: The
      Taiwan Birth Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect 124:1487-1492;
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509922.

PMID- 26967368
TI  - Evaluation of the Alere i Influenza A&B assay for rapid identification of
      influenza A and influenza B viruses.
AB  - The Alere i Influenza A&B assay is a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification
      assay capable of detecting and differentiating influenza A and B viruses in
      approximately 15 min with minimal hands-on time. This study was conducted in
      order to assess the performance of the Alere i Influenza A&B assay compared to
      molecular techniques, considered to be gold standard methods, to evaluate the
      results. A total of 119 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from inpatients with
      influenza-like illness were included in the study using both archived and
      prospectively collected samples from adults and children. Prospectively collected
      samples were also compared to the Alere BinaxNOW(r) Influenza A & B Card. The
      overall sensitivity for detection of influenza A and B viruses compared to those
      of molecular techniques were 65.96 % and 53.33 % respectively, while the
      specificity was 98.51 % and 95.96 %. Compared to the Alere BinaxNOW(r) Influenza
      A & B Card, the Alere i assay is considerably more sensitive for detection of
      influenza A and B viruses, although both tests demonstrated excellent specificity
      for diagnosis of influenza viruses. 

PMID- 26967370
TI  - Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune
      Cell Network.
AB  - Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and
      maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell
      populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for
      the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of
      constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory
      disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic
      characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at
      steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for
      use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo.
      This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival
      immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in
      oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our
      understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology. 

PMID- 26967371
TI  - Role of Enzyme Flexibility in Ligand Access and Egress to Active Site: Bias
      Exchange Metadynamics Study of 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid in Cytochrome P450 3A4.
AB  - Although the majority of enzymes have buried active sites, very little is known
      about the energetics and mechanisms associated with substrate and product
      channeling in and out. Gaining direct information about these processes is a
      challenging task both for experimental and theoretical techniques. Here, we
      present a methodology that enables following of a ligand during its passage to
      the active site of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and mapping of the free energy
      associated with this process. The technique is based on a combination of a
      bioinformatics tool for identifying access channels and bias-exchange
      metadynamics and provides converged free energies in good agreement with
      experimental data. In addition, it identifies the energetically preferred escape
      routes, limiting steps, and amino acids residues lining the channel. The approach
      was applied to mapping of a complex channel network in a complex environment,
      i.e., CYP3A4 attached to a lipid bilayer mimicking an endoplasmic reticulum
      membrane. The results provided direct information about the energetics and
      conformational changes associated with the ligand channeling. The methodology can
      easily be adapted to study channeling through other flexible biomacromolecular
      channels. 

PMID- 26967369
TI  - Research Resource: Real-Time Analysis of Somatostatin and Dopamine Receptor
      Signaling in Pituitary Cells Using a Fluorescence-Based Membrane Potential Assay.
AB  - Stable somatostatin analogues and dopamine receptor agonists are the mainstay for
      the pharmacological treatment of functional pituitary adenomas; however, only a
      few cellular assays have been developed to detect receptor activation of novel
      compounds without disrupting cells to obtain the second messenger content. Here,
      we adapted a novel fluorescence-based membrane potential assay to characterize
      receptor signaling in a time-dependent manner. This minimally invasive technique
      provides a robust and reliable read-out for ligand-induced receptor activation in
      permanent and primary pituitary cells. The mouse corticotropic cell line AtT-20
      endogenously expresses both the somatostatin receptors 2 (sst2) and 5 (sst5).
      Exposure of wild-type AtT-20 cells to the sst2- and sst5-selective agonists BIM
      23120 and BIM-23268, respectively, promoted a pertussis toxin- and tertiapin-Q
      sensitive reduction in fluorescent signal intensity, which is indicative of
      activation of G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels.
      After heterologous expression, sst1, sst3, and sst4 receptors also coupled to
      GIRK channels in AtT-20 cells. Similar activation of GIRK channels by dopamine
      required overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). Interestingly, the
      presence of D2Rs in AtT-20 cells strongly facilitated GIRK channel activation
      elicited by the sst2-D2 chimeric ligand BIM-23A760, suggesting a synergistic
      action of sst2 and D2Rs. Furthermore, stable somatostatin analogues produced
      strong responses in primary pituitary cultures from wild-type mice; however, in
      cultures from sst2 receptor-deficient mice, only pasireotide and somatoprim, but
      not octreotide, induced a reduction in fluorescent signal intensity, suggesting
      that octreotide mediates its pharmacological action primarily via the sst2
      receptor. 

PMID- 26967373
TI  - Beyond vertical and horizontal programs: a diagonal approach to building national
      immunization programs through measles elimination.

PMID- 26967372
TI  - Design and Synthesis of New Circularly Polarized Thermally Activated Delayed
      Fluorescence Emitters.
AB  - This work describes the first thermally activated delayed fluorescence material
      enabling circularly polarized light emission through chiral perturbation. These
      new molecular architectures obtained through a scalable one-pot sequential
      synthetic procedure at room temperature (83% yield) display high quantum yield
      (up to 74%) and circularly polarized luminescence with an absolute luminescence
      dissymmetry factor, |glum|, of 1.3 * 10(-3). These chiral molecules have been
      used as an emissive dopant in an organic light emitting diode exhibiting external
      quantum efficiency as high as 9.1%. 

PMID- 26967376
TI  - Negligible Isotopic Effect on Dissociation of Hydrogen Bonds.
AB  - Isotopic effects on the formation and dissociation kinetics of hydrogen bonds are
      studied in real time with ultrafast chemical exchange spectroscopy. The
      dissociation time of hydrogen bond between phenol-OH and p-xylene (or mesitylene)
      is found to be identical to that between phenol-OD and p-xylene (or mesitylene)
      in the same solvents. The experimental results demonstrate that the isotope
      substitution (D for H) has negligible effects on the hydrogen bond kinetics. DFT
      calculations show that the isotope substitution does not significantly change the
      frequencies of vibrational modes that may be along the hydrogen bond formation
      and dissociation coordinate. The zero point energy differences of these modes
      between hydrogen bonds with OH and OD are too small to affect the activation
      energy of the hydrogen bond dissociation in a detectible way at room temperature.

PMID- 26967375
TI  - Optimized Rhodamine B labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles as fluorescent
      scaffolds for the immobilization of photosensitizers: a theranostic platform for
      optical imaging and photodynamic therapy.
AB  - A highly efficient bifunctional mesoporous silica nanodevice coupling optical
      imaging with photodynamic therapy (PDT) was successfully prepared by using
      Rhodamine B as a contrast agent and verteporfin as a photosensitizer. The precise
      localization and high dispersion of the contrast agent in the nanoparticles is
      the key point to get higher fluorescence quantum yields with respect to the
      fluorophore in solution. To obtain this information photoluminescence
      spectroscopy coupled with fluorescence lifetime measurements was used, due to its
      high sensitivity. The bifunctional nanodevice showed good performances both in
      terms of quantum yield of the anchored Rhodamine B (Phi(RhB) = 0.55) and the
      singlet oxygen delivery efficiency for PDT applications.

PMID- 26967374
TI  - Using Balance Tests to Discriminate Between Participants With a Recent Index
      Lateral Ankle Sprain and Healthy Control Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - CONTEXT: The first step to identifying factors that increase the risk of
      recurrent ankle sprains is to identify impairments after a first sprain and
      compare performance with individuals who have never sustained a sprain. Few
      researchers have restricted recruitment to a homogeneous group of patients with
      first sprains, thereby introducing the potential for confounding. OBJECTIVE: To
      identify impairments that differ in participants with a recent index lateral
      ankle sprain versus participants with no history of ankle sprain. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional study. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: We recruited a sample of
      convenience from May 2010 to April 2013 that included 70 volunteers (age = 27.4
      +/- 8.3 years, height = 168.7 +/- 9.5 cm, mass = 65.0 +/- 12.5 kg) serving as
      controls and 30 volunteers (age = 31.1 +/- 13.3 years, height = 168.3 +/- 9.1 cm,
      mass = 67.3 +/- 13.7 kg) with index ankle sprains. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We
      collected demographic and physical performance variables, including ankle-joint
      range of motion, balance (time to balance after perturbation, Star Excursion
      Balance Test, foot lifts during single-legged stance, demi-pointe balance test),
      proprioception, motor planning, inversion-eversion peak power, and timed stair
      tests. Discriminant analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between
      explanatory variables and sprain status. Sequential discriminant analysis was
      performed to identify the most relevant variables that explained the greatest
      variance. RESULTS: The average time since the sprain was 3.5 +/- 1.5 months. The
      model, including all variables, correctly predicted a sprain status of 77% (n =
      23) of the sprain group and 80% (n = 56) of the control group and explained 40%
      of the variance between groups ([Formula: see text] = 42.16, P = .03). Backward
      stepwise discriminant analysis revealed associations between sprain status and
      only 2 tests: Star Excursion Balance Test in the anterior direction and foot
      lifts during single-legged stance ([Formula: see text] = 15.2, P = .001). These 2
      tests explained 15% of the between-groups variance and correctly predicted group
      membership of 63% (n = 19) of the sprain group and 69% (n = 48) of the control
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Balance impairments were associated with a recent first ankle
      sprain, but proprioception, motor control, power, and function were not.

PMID- 26967379
TI  - Solid-State and Solution Metallophilic Aggregation of a Cationic [Pt(NCN)L](+)
      Cyclometalated Complex.
AB  - The noncovalent intermolecular interactions (pi-pi stacking, metallophilic
      bonding) of the cyclometalated complexes [Pt(NCN)L](+)X(-) (NCN =
      dipyridylbenzene, L = pyridine (1), acetonitrile (2)) are determined by the
      steric properties of the ancillary ligands L in the solid state and in solution,
      while the nature of the counterion X(-) (X(-) = PF6(-), ClO4(-), CF3SO3(-))
      affects the molecular arrangement of 2.X in the crystal medium. According to the
      variable-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements, the extensive Pt...Pt
      interactions and pi-stacking in 2.X are significantly temperature-dependent. The
      variable concentration (1)H and diffusion coefficients NMR measurements reveal
      that 2.X exists in the monomeric form in dilute solutions at 298 K, while upon
      increase in concentration [Pt(NCN)(NCMe)](+) cations undergo the formation of the
      ground-state oligomeric aggregates with an average aggregation number of ~3. The
      photoluminescent characteristics of 1 and 2.X are largely determined by the
      intermolecular aggregation. For the discrete molecules the emission properties
      are assigned to metal perturbed IL charge transfer mixed with some MLCT
      contribution. In the case of oligomers 2.X the luminescence is significantly red
      shifted with respect to 1 and originates mainly from the (3)MMLCT excited states.
      The emission energies depend on the structural arrangement in the crystal and on
      the complex concentration in solution, variation of which allows for the
      modulation of the emission color from greenish to deep red. In the solid state
      the lability of the ligands L leads to vapor-induced reversible transformation 1
      <-> 2 that is accompanied by the molecular reorganization and, consequently,
      dramatic change of the photophysical properties. Time-dependent density
      functional theory calculations adequately support the models proposed for the
      rationalization of the experimental observations. 

PMID- 26967377
TI  - (1,3;1,4)-beta-Glucan Biosynthesis by the CSLF6 Enzyme: Position and Flexibility
      of Catalytic Residues Influence Product Fine Structure.
AB  - Cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) genes encode polysaccharide synthases
      responsible for (1,3;1,4)-beta-glucan biosynthesis in cereal grains. However, it
      is not clear how both (1,3)- and (1,4)-linkages are incorporated into a single
      polysaccharide chain and how the frequency and arrangement of the two linkage
      types that define the fine structure of the polysaccharide are controlled.
      Through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, two CSLF6 orthologs
      from different cereal species were shown to mediate the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)
      beta-glucans with very different fine structures. Chimeric cDNA constructs with
      interchanged sections of the barley and sorghum CslF6 genes were developed to
      identify regions of the synthase enzyme responsible for these differences. A
      single amino acid residue upstream of the TED motif in the catalytic region was
      shown to dramatically change the fine structure of the polysaccharide produced.
      The structural basis of this effect can be rationalized by reference to a
      homology model of the enzyme and appears to be related to the position and
      flexibility of the TED motif in the active site of the enzyme. The region and
      amino acid residue identified provide opportunities to manipulate the solubility
      of (1,3;1,4)-beta-glucan in grains and vegetative tissues of the grasses and, in
      particular, to enhance the solubility of dietary fibers that are beneficial to
      human health. 

PMID- 26967380
TI  - Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse
      Brain.
AB  - Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the
      intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells.
      A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating
      immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased
      endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well
      known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their
      significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only
      recently been noticed. Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of
      immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial
      perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated.
      Enzymatic digestion with Liberase is followed by density gradient (such as
      Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of
      this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not
      require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed.
      The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and
      allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate.
      Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after
      experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their
      multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair. 

PMID- 26967382
TI  - The adaptive immune system in atopic dermatitis and implications on therapy.
AB  - In atopic dermatitis (AD), the skin inflammation is believed to occur due to a
      misdirected immune reaction against harmless antigens on the one hand, and to a
      disturbed skin barrier on the other. In recent years, vast efforts have been made
      to investigate the relevance and details of the immune response to allergens.
      Clinically, it was demonstrated for the first time that aeroallergen exposure
      leads to worsening of AD symptoms. An overexpression of Th2 cytokines has been
      observed in acute and subacute lesions of AD. The clinical impact of the key Th2
      cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 on atopic dermatitis has recently been shown in clinical
      studies with dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody which blocks the IL-4/IL-13
      receptor. In vitro data indicate, however, that the T cell response is not solely
      Th2-polarized but may lead to heterogeneous cytokine production involving IFN
      gamma and IL-17 in an allergen-dependent manner. Classical thymus-derived Foxp3 T
      cells have interestingly been detected in elevated numbers in the circulation of
      AD patients. Therapeutic approaches with allergen specific immunotherapy aim to
      induce regulatory T cells of the Tr1 type. The strikingly altered microbiome of
      AD skin with diminished diversity of bacteria on lesional skin but increases of
      S. aureus colonization and the sensitization against microbial allergens and
      homologue self-proteins deserve special attention. For the treatment of itch
      symptoms, which still represent a challenge in daily practice, promising data
      have been published on the relevance of the H(histamine)4-receptor and on
      mediators such as IL-31, TSLP. 

PMID- 26967381
TI  - Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley
      Conchotome.
AB  - Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well
      established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and
      well tolerated technique. The Weil-Blakesley conchotome has a sharp biting tip
      with a 4 - 6 mm wide hollow. It is inserted through a 5 - 10 mm skin incision and
      can be maneuvered for controlled tissue penetration. The tip is opened and closed
      within the tissue and then rotated through 90 -180 degrees  to cut the muscle.
      The amount of muscle obtained following repeated sampling can vary from 20 mg to
      290 mg which can be processed for both histology and molecular studies. The wound
      needs to be kept dry and vigorous physical activity kept to a minimum for
      approximately 72 hr although normal levels of activity can restart immediately
      following the procedure. This procedure is safe and effective when close
      attention is paid to the selection of subjects, full asepsis and post procedure
      care.  Both right and left vastus lateralis are suitable for biopsy dependent on
      participant preference. 

PMID- 26967383
TI  - Nitrilase 1 modulates lung tumor progression in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Uncovering novel growth modulators for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may
      lead to new therapies for these patients. Previous studies suggest Nit1
      suppresses chemically induced carcinogenesis of the foregut in a mouse model. In
      this study we aimed to determine the role of Nit1 in a transgenic mouse lung
      cancer model driven by a G12D Kras mutation. Nit1 knockout mice (Nit1-/-) were
      crossed with KrasG12D/+ mice to investigate whether a G12D Kras mutation and Nit1
      inactivation interact to promote or inhibit the development of NSCLC. We found
      that lung tumorigenesis was suppressed in the Nit1-null background (Nit1-/
      :KrasG12D/+). Micro-CT scans and gross tumor measurements demonstrated a 5-fold
      reduction in total tumor volumes compared to Nit1+/+KrasG12D/+ (p<0.01).
      Furthermore, we found that Nit1 is highly expressed in human lung cancer tissues
      and cell lines and use of siRNA against Nit1 decreased overall cell survival of
      lung cancer cells in culture. In addition, cisplatin response was enhanced in
      human lung cancer cells when Nit1 was knocked down and Nit1-/-:KrasG12D/+ tumors
      showed increased sensitivity to cisplatin in vivo. Together, our data indicate
      that Nit1 may play a supportive role in the modulation of lung tumorigenesis and
      represent a novel target for NSCLCs treatment. 

PMID- 26967384
TI  - Apatinib inhibits VEGF signaling and promotes apoptosis in intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - Tumor cells co-express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF
      receptors (VEGFRs) that interact each other to support a self-sustainable cell
      growth. So far, this autocrine VEGF loop is not reported in human intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Apatinib is a highly selective VEGFR2 inhibitor, but
      its effects on ICC have not been investigated. In this study, we reported that
      VEGF and phosphorylated VEGFR2 were expressed at a significantly high level in
      ICC patient tissues (P<0.05). In vitro, treating ICC cell lines RBE and SSP25
      with recombinant human VEGF (rhVEGF) induced phosphorylation of VEGFR1 (pVEGFR1)
      and VEGFR2 (pVEGFR2); however, only the VEGFR2 played a role in the anti
      apoptotic cell growth through activating a PI3K-AKT-mTOR anti-apoptotic signaling
      pathway which generated more VEGF to enter this autocrine loop. Apatinib
      inhibited the anti-apoptosis induced by VEGF signaling, and promoted cell death
      in vitro. In addition, Apatinib treatment delayed xenograft tumor growth in vivo.
      In conclusion, the autocrine VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling promotes ICC cell survival.
      Apatinib inhibits anti-apoptotic cell growth through suppressing the autocrine
      VEGF signaling, supporting a potential role for using Apatinib in the treatment
      of ICC. 

PMID- 26967385
TI  - Exogenous hepatitis B virus envelope proteins induce endoplasmic reticulum
      stress: involvement of cannabinoid axis in liver cancer cells.
AB  - HBV represents the most common chronic viral infection and major cause of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although its exact role in liver tumorigenesis is
      unclear. Massive storage of the small (SHBs), middle (MHBs) and large surface
      (LHBs) HBV envelope proteins leads to cell stress and sustained inflammatory
      responses. Cannabinoid (CB) system is involved in the pathogenesis of liver
      diseases, stimulating acute and chronic inflammation, liver damage and
      fibrogenesis; it triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. The aim of
      our work was to investigate the activation of ER stress pathway after ectopic HBV
      envelope proteins expression, in liver cancer cells, and the role exerted by CB
      receptors. PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting showed that exogenous
      LHBs and MHBs induce a clear ER stress response in Huh-7 cells expressing CB1
      receptor. Up-regulation of the chaperone BiP/GRP78 (Binding Immunoglobulin
      Protein/Glucose-Regulated Protein 78) and of the transcription factor
      CHOP/GADD153 (C/EBP Homologous Protein/Growth Arrest and DNA Damage inducible
      gene 153), phosphorylation of PERK (PKR-like ER Kinase) and eIF2alpha (Eukaryotic
      Initiation Factor 2alpha) and splicing of XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1) was
      observed. CB1-/- HepG2 cells did not show any ER stress activation. Inhibition of
      CB1 receptor counteracted BiP expression in transfected Huh-7 and in HBV+
      PLC/PRF/5 cells; whereas no effect was observed in HBV- HLF cells. These results
      suggest that HBV envelope proteins are able to induce the ER stress pathway. CB1
      expression is directly correlated with ER stress function. Further investigations
      are needed to clarify the involvement of cannabinoid in HCC progression after HBV
      infection. 

PMID- 26967386
TI  - The association of six polymorphisms of five genes involved in three steps of
      nucleotide excision repair pathways with hepatocellular cancer risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes
      encoding nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins are involved in every step of
      the DNA recognition-unwinding-incision process, which may affect cancer risk.
      However, only a limited number of studies have examined the association of NER
      SNPs with hepatocellular cancer (HCC) risk. RESULTS: In screening stage, single
      locus analysis showed that six SNPs in five genes were associated with HCC risk,
      including three risk SNPs (XPA rs10817938, XPC rs1870134 and ERCC2 rs238417) and
      three protective SNPs (ERCC1 rs2298881 and rs3212961, and ERCC5 rs873601). In
      verification stage, only XPC rs1870134 was verified to be associated with HCC
      risk (P = 4.7 * 10-4). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression and MDR
      analysis consistently revealed a gene-gene interaction among ERCC1 rs2298881 and
      XPC rs1870134 SNPs associated with HCC risk (Pinteraction = 0.023). When
      analyzing the effect of the positive SNP on the mRNA expression, we found XPC
      rs1870134 GG genotype which was associated with an increased HCC risk showed
      lower XPC mRNA expression. METHODS: This study designed as "screening
      verification" experiments and included a total of 1472 participants (570 HCC
      patients vs. 902 controls). We explored 39 SNPs in eight genes involved in NER
      Pathways, including XPA, XPC, DDB2, ERCC3, ERCC2, ERCC1, ERCC4 and ERCC5, using
      Sequenom MassARRAY and KASPar platform. Eighty-six cases of HCC and the
      neighboring noncancerous tissues were subjected to the measurement of mRNA
      expression level of the promising gene. CONCLUSIONS: XPC promoter rs1870134 SNP
      and SNP-SNP interaction were associated with HCC risk.

PMID- 26967387
TI  - MiR-148a functions to suppress metastasis and serves as a prognostic indicator in
      triple-negative breast cancer.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents a major challenge in the clinic due
      to its lack of reliable prognostic markers and targeted therapies. Accumulating
      evidence strongly supports the notion that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in
      tumorigenesis and could serve as biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. To identify
      miRNAs that functionally suppress metastasis of TNBC, we employed a concerted
      approach with selecting miRNAs that display differential expression profiles from
      bioinformatic analyses of breast cancer patient databases and validating top
      candidates with functional assays using breast cancer cell lines and mouse
      models. We have found that miR-148a exhibits properties as a tumor suppressor as
      its expression is inversely correlated with the ability of both human and mouse
      breast cancer cells to colonize the lung in mouse xenograft tumor models.
      Mechanistically, miR-148a appears to suppress the extravasation process of cancer
      cells, likely by targeting two genes WNT1 and NRP1 in a cell non-autonomous
      manner. Importantly, lower expression of miR-148a is detected in higher-grade
      tumor samples and correlated with increased likelihood to develop metastases and
      poor prognosis in subsets of breast cancer patients, particularly those with
      TNBC. Thus, miR-148a is functionally defined as a suppressor of breast cancer
      metastasis and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for this disease. 

PMID- 26967388
TI  - Antibody-based targeting of alternatively spliced tissue factor: a new approach
      to impede the primary growth and spread of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Alternatively spliced Tissue Factor (asTF) is a secreted form of Tissue Factor
      (TF), the trigger of blood coagulation whose expression levels are heightened in
      several forms of solid cancer, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
      asTF binds to beta1 integrins on PDAC cells, whereby it promotes tumor growth,
      metastatic spread, and monocyte recruitment to the stroma. In this study, we
      determined if targeting asTF in PDAC would significantly impact tumor
      progression. We here report that a novel inhibitory anti-asTF monoclonal antibody
      curtails experimental PDAC progression. Moreover, we show that tumor-derived asTF
      is able to promote PDAC primary growth and spread during early as well as later
      stages of the disease. This raises the likelihood that asTF may comprise a viable
      target in early- and late-stage PDAC. In addition, we show that TF expressed by
      host cells plays a significant role in PDAC spread. Together, our data
      demonstrate that targeting asTF in PDAC is a novel strategy to stem PDAC
      progression and spread. 

PMID- 26967389
TI  - Genetic variants of lncRNA HOTAIR contribute to the risk of osteosarcoma.
AB  - Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents
      and young adults. However, the essential mechanisms underlying
      osteosarcomagenesis remain obscure. The HOTAIR, a well-known long noncoding RNA
      (lncRNA), is involved in pathogenesis and progress of multiple tumors. To reveal
      the potential role of lncRNA HOTAIR in OS carcinogenesis, we conducted a two
      stage, case-control study among Chinese population with 900 OS cases and 900
      controls to evaluated associations of its genetic variants with OS risk. We found
      that C allele of rs7958904 was associated with a significantly decreased OS risk
      when compared with G allele (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.67-0.90; P = 6.77*10-4).
      Functional analyses on HOTAIR Expression showed that the expression level of
      HOTAIR in OS tissues was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal
      tissues, and subjects with the rs7958904 CC genotype had significantly lower
      HOTAIR RNA levels than those of other genotypes. This should be the first study
      to examine the association between HOTAIR variants and OS risk. 

PMID- 26967390
TI  - Granulocyte-like myeloid derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC) are increased in
      multiple myeloma and are driven by dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).
AB  - Granulocytic-Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC) are increased in Multiple
      Myeloma (MM) patients but the mechanisms of G-MDSC generation are still unknown.
      There are many evidences of the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in promoting
      MM cell growth, survival and drug-resistance. We here used a specific
      experimental model in vitro to evaluate the ability of MSC to induce G-MDSC. We
      found that although MSC derived from healthy donors (HD), MGUS and MM were able
      to generate the same amount of MDSC, only MM-MSC-educated G-MDSC exhibited
      suppressive ability. In addition, in comparison with MSC derived from HD, MM-MSC
      produce higher amount of immune-modulatory factors that could be involved in MDSC
      induction. Compared to G-MDSC obtained from co-culture models with MSC from
      healthy subjects, both MGUS and MM-MSC-educated G-MDSC showed increase of immune
      modulatory factors. However, only MM-MSC educated G-MDSC 1) up-regulated immune
      suppressive factors as ARG1 and TNFalpha, 2) expressed higher levels of PROK2,
      important in angiogenesis and inflammatory process, and 3) showed ability to
      digest bone matrix.Our data demonstrate that MM-MSC are functionally different
      from healthy subjects and MGUS-MSC, supporting an evolving concept regarding the
      contribution of MM-MSC to tumor development and progression.

PMID- 26967392
TI  - RalA, a GTPase targeted by miR-181a, promotes transformation and progression by
      activating the Ras-related signaling pathway in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - BCR/ABL is a well-known activator of multiple signaling pathways. RalA, a Ras
      downstream signaling molecule and a small GTPase, plays an important role in Bcr
      Abl-induced leukemogenesis but the exact mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show
      that RalA GTPase activity is commonly high in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
      cell lines and patient samples. Overexpression of RalA results in malignant
      transformation and progression, and induces resistance to imatinib (IM) in BaF3
      and K562 cell lines. RalA reduced survival and led to IM resistance in a
      xenografted mouse model. Ablation of RalA by either siRNA or miR-181a, a RalA
      targeting microRNA, attenuated the malignant phenotypes in K562 cells. RBC8, a
      selective Ral inhibitor, enhanced the inhibitory effects of IM in K562, KCL22 and
      BaF3-P210 cells. Interestingly, the phospho-specific protein microarray assay
      revealed that multiple phosphorylation signal proteins were decreased by RalA
      inhibition, including SAPK, JNK, SRC, VEGFR2, P38 MAPK, c-Kit, JunB, and
      Keratin18. Among them, P38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK are Ras downstream signaling
      kinases. Taken together, RalA GTPase might be an important oncogene activating
      the Ras-related signaling pathway in CML. 

PMID- 26967391
TI  - Tenascin-C serum levels and its prognostic power in non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tenascin-C is overexpressed in the stroma of most solid malignancies
      and may function as a diagnostic tumor marker. This study was conducted to
      evaluate the potential significance of Tenascin-C as a predictive marker for
      tumor progression in the sera of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
      RESULTS: Serum concentration of Tenascin-C is significantly elevated in NSCLC
      patients compared to healthy controls (p=0.013). The sensitivity of Tenascin-C in
      detecting NSCLC was 74% at a specificity of 57%. Elevated Tenascin-C serum values
      are associated with larger tumor size and lymph node involvement (p=0.022 and
      p=0.036, respectively). The Kaplan-Meyer-curves showed a significant association
      of Tenascin-C with the patient's overall survival (p=0.004), but not with the
      recurrence-free survival (p=0.328). METHODS: We quantified Tenascin-C in the sera
      of 103 NSCLC patients and 76 healthy blood donors by enzyme-linked immune
      absorbance assay tests. Prognostic significance was determined by area under the
      curve analysis and Youden-index. The results were correlated with clinical,
      histopathological, and patient survival data (Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier
      analysis, log-rank test, multivariate Cox-regression analysis). CONCLUSION:
      Although significantly elevated in patients with NSCLC, the sensitivity and
      specificity of the Tenascin-C serum quantification test was low. However,
      although failing to be an independent prognosticator in multivariate analysis,
      the results implicate Tenascin-C as a predictive prognostic marker for NSCLC
      patients. The data must be further validated in future prospective trials with
      larger patient cohorts.

PMID- 26967393
TI  - Loss of SOCS3 in myeloid cells prolongs survival in a syngeneic model of glioma.
AB  - In glioma, microglia and macrophages are the largest population of tumor
      infiltrating cells, referred to as glioma associated macrophages (GAMs). Herein,
      we sought to determine the role of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3), a
      negative regulator of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3),
      in GAM functionality in glioma. We utilized a conditional model in which SOCS3
      deletion is restricted to the myeloid cell population. We found that SOCS3
      deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages display enhanced and prolonged
      expression of pro-inflammatory M1 cytokines when exposed to glioma tumor cell
      conditioned medium in vitro. Moreover, we found that deletion of SOCS3 in the
      myeloid cell population delays intracranial tumor growth and increases survival
      of mice bearing orthotopic glioma tumors in vivo. Although intracranial tumors
      from mice with SOCS3-deficient myeloid cells appear histologically similar to
      control mice, we observed that loss of SOCS3 in myeloid cells results in
      decreased M2 polarized macrophage infiltration in the tumors. Furthermore, loss
      of SOCS3 in myeloid cells results in increased CD8+ T-cell and decreased
      regulatory T-cell infiltration in the tumors. These findings demonstrate a
      beneficial effect of M1 polarized macrophages on suppressing glioma tumor growth,
      and highlight the importance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. 

PMID- 26967396
TI  - Editorial Reminders.

PMID- 26967397
TI  - Mode Dependency of Quantum Decoherence Studied via an Aharonov-Bohm
      Interferometer.
AB  - We investigate the dependence of decoherence on the mode number M in a multiple
      mode Aharonov-Bohm (AB) interferometer. The design of the AB interferometer
      allows us to precisely determine M by the additivity rule of ballistic
      conductors; meanwhile, the decoherence rate is simultaneously deduced by the
      variance of the AB oscillation amplitude. The AB amplitude decreases and
      fluctuates with depopulating M. Moreover, the normalized amplitude exhibits a
      maximum at a specific M (~9). Data analysis reveals that the charge-fluctuation
      induced dephasing, which depends on the geometry and the charge relaxation
      resistance of the system, could play an essential role in the decoherence
      process. Our results suggest that the phase coherence, in principle, can be
      optimized using a deliberated design and pave one of the ways toward the
      engineering of quantum coherence. 

PMID- 26967394
TI  - EVI1 promotes cell proliferation in HBx-induced hepatocarcinogenesis as a
      critical transcription factor regulating lncRNAs.
AB  - The involvement of the hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein in epigenetic
      modifications during hepatocarcinogenesis has been previously characterized. Long
      noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a kind of epigenetic regulator molecules, have also
      been shown to play crucial roles in HBx-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      In this study, we analyzed the key transcription factors of aberrantly expressed
      lncRNAs in the livers of HBx transgenic mice by bioinformatics prediction, and
      found that ecotropic viral integration site 1 (Evi1) was a potential main
      transcription regulator. Further investigation showed that EVI1 was positively
      correlated to HBx expression and was frequently up-regulated in HBV-related HCC
      tissues. The forced expression of HBx in liver cell lines resulted in a
      significant increase of the expression of EVI1. Furthermore, suppression of EVI1
      expression decreased the proliferation of HCC cells overexpressing HBx in vitro
      and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that EVI1 is frequently up
      regulated and regulates a cluster of lncRNAs in HBV-related hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC). These findings highlight a novel mechanism for HBx-induced
      hepatocarcinogenesis through transcription factor EVI1 and its target lncRNAs,
      and provide a potential new approach to predict the functions of lncRNAs.

PMID- 26967395
TI  - Dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin sensitizes human
      leukemia cells to cerulenin-induced apoptosis via the ROCK1/Akt/JNK signaling
      pathway.
AB  - In this study, we determined that cerulenin, a natural product inhibitor of fatty
      acid synthase, induces mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in human leukemia cells
      through the mitochondrial translocation of cofilin. Only dephosphorylated cofilin
      could translocate to mitochondria during cerulenin-induced apoptosis. Disruption
      of the ROCK1/Akt/JNK signaling pathway plays a critical role in the cerulenin
      mediated dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and
      apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that cerulenin-mediated inhibition of
      tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of leukemia was associated with
      mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and apoptosis. These data are consistent
      with a hierarchical model in which induction of apoptosis by cerulenin primarily
      results from activation of ROCK1, inactivation of Akt, and activation of JNK.
      This leads to the dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of cofilin
      and culminates with cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Our
      study has revealed a novel role of cofilin in the regulation of mitochondrial
      injury and apoptosis and suggests that cerulenin is a potential drug for the
      treatment of leukemia. 

PMID- 26967398
TI  - Converting Nonclassicality into Entanglement.
AB  - Quantum mechanics exhibits a wide range of nonclassical features, of which
      entanglement in multipartite systems takes a central place. In several specific
      settings, it is well known that nonclassicality (e.g., squeezing, spin squeezing,
      coherence) can be converted into entanglement. In this work, we present a general
      framework, based on superposition, for structurally connecting and converting
      nonclassicality to entanglement. In addition to capturing the previously known
      results, this framework also allows us to uncover new entanglement convertibility
      theorems in two broad scenarios, one which is discrete and one which is
      continuous. In the discrete setting, the classical states can be any finite
      linearly independent set. For the continuous setting, the pertinent classical
      states are "symmetric coherent states," connected with symmetric representations
      of the group SU(K). These results generalize and link convertibility properties
      from the resource theory of coherence, spin coherent states, and optical coherent
      states, while also revealing important connections between local and nonlocal
      pictures of nonclassicality. 

PMID- 26967399
TI  - Thermodynamics of Weakly Measured Quantum Systems.
AB  - We consider continuously monitored quantum systems and introduce definitions of
      work and heat along individual quantum trajectories that are valid for coherent
      superposition of energy eigenstates. We use these quantities to extend the first
      and second laws of stochastic thermodynamics to the quantum domain. We illustrate
      our results with the case of a weakly measured driven two-level system and show
      how to distinguish between quantum work and heat contributions. We finally employ
      quantum feedback control to suppress detector backaction and determine the work
      statistics. 

PMID- 26967400
TI  - Efficient Quantum Compression for Ensembles of Identically Prepared Mixed States.
AB  - We present one-shot compression protocols that optimally encode ensembles of N
      identically prepared mixed states into O(logN) qubits. In contrast to the case of
      pure-state ensembles, we find that the number of encoding qubits drops down
      discontinuously as soon as a nonzero error is tolerated and the spectrum of the
      states is known with sufficient precision. For qubit ensembles, this feature
      leads to a 25% saving of memory space. Our compression protocols can be
      implemented efficiently on a quantum computer. 

PMID- 26967401
TI  - Parallel Transport Quantum Logic Gates with Trapped Ions.
AB  - We demonstrate single-qubit operations by transporting a beryllium ion with a
      controlled velocity through a stationary laser beam. We use these to perform
      coherent sequences of quantum operations, and to perform parallel quantum logic
      gates on two ions in different processing zones of a multiplexed ion trap chip
      using a single recycled laser beam. For the latter, we demonstrate individually
      addressed single-qubit gates by local control of the speed of each ion. The
      fidelities we observe are consistent with operations performed using standard
      methods involving static ions and pulsed laser fields. This work therefore
      provides a path to scalable ion trap quantum computing with reduced requirements
      on the optical control complexity. 

PMID- 26967402
TI  - Rapid Adiabatic Preparation of Injective Projected Entangled Pair States and
      Gibbs States.
AB  - We propose a quantum algorithm for many-body state preparation. It is especially
      suited for injective projected entangled pair states and thermal states of local
      commuting Hamiltonians on a lattice. We show that for a uniform gap and
      sufficiently smooth paths, an adiabatic runtime and circuit depth of O(polylogN)
      can be achieved for O(N) spins. This is an almost exponential improvement over
      previous bounds. The total number of elementary gates scales as O(NpolylogN).
      This is also faster than the best known upper bound of O(N^{2}) on the mixing
      times of Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithms for sampling classical systems in
      thermal equilibrium.

PMID- 26967404
TI  - X-ray Echo Spectroscopy.
AB  - X-ray echo spectroscopy, a counterpart of neutron spin echo, is being introduced
      here to overcome limitations in spectral resolution and weak signals of the
      traditional inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) probes. An image of a pointlike x
      ray source is defocused by a dispersing system comprised of asymmetrically cut
      specially arranged Bragg diffracting crystals. The defocused image is refocused
      into a point (echo) in a time-reversal dispersing system. If the defocused beam
      is inelastically scattered from a sample, the echo signal acquires a spatial
      distribution, which is a map of the inelastic scattering spectrum. The spectral
      resolution of the echo spectroscopy does not rely on the monochromaticity of the
      x rays, ensuring strong signals along with a very high spectral resolution.
      Particular schemes of x-ray echo spectrometers for 0.1-0.02 meV ultrahigh
      resolution IXS applications (resolving power >10^{8}) with broadband ?5-13  meV
      dispersing systems are introduced featuring more than 10^{3} signal enhancement.
      The technique is general, applicable in different photon frequency domains. 

PMID- 26967403
TI  - Universality in the Dynamics of Second-Order Phase Transitions.
AB  - When traversing a symmetry-breaking second-order phase transition at a finite
      rate, topological defects form whose number dependence on the quench rate is
      given by simple power laws. We propose a general approach for the derivation of
      such scaling laws that is based on the analytical transformation of the
      associated equations of motion to a universal form rather than employing
      plausible physical arguments. We demonstrate the power of this approach by
      deriving the scaling of the number of topological defects in both homogeneous and
      nonhomogeneous settings. The general nature and extensions of this approach are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26967405
TI  - Neutrino Cloud Instabilities Just above the Neutrino Sphere of a Supernova.
AB  - Most treatments of neutrino flavor evolution, above a surface of the last
      scattering, take identical angular distributions on this surface for the
      different initial (unmixed) flavors, and for particles and antiparticles.
      Differences in these distributions must be present, as a result of the species
      dependent scattering cross sections lower in the star. These lead to a new set of
      nonlinear equations, unstable even at the initial surface with respect to
      perturbations that break all-over spherical symmetry. There could be important
      consequences for explosion dynamics as well as for the neutrino pulse in the
      outer regions. 

PMID- 26967406
TI  - Cosmic Explosions, Life in the Universe, and the Cosmological Constant.
AB  - Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are copious sources of gamma rays whose interaction with
      a planetary atmosphere can pose a threat to complex life. Using recent
      determinations of their rate and probability of causing massive extinction, we
      explore what types of universes are most likely to harbor advanced forms of life.
      We use cosmological N-body simulations to determine at what time and for what
      value of the cosmological constant (Lambda) the chances of life being unaffected
      by cosmic explosions are maximized. Life survival to GRBs favors Lambda-dominated
      universes. Within a cold dark matter model with a cosmological constant, the
      likelihood of life survival to GRBs is governed by the value of Lambda and the
      age of the Universe. We find that we seem to live in a favorable point in this
      parameter space that minimizes the exposure to cosmic explosions, yet maximizes
      the number of main sequence (hydrogen-burning) stars around which advanced life
      forms can exist. 

PMID- 26967408
TI  - Quantum Phase Transition between a Topological and a Trivial Semimetal from
      Holography.
AB  - We present a holographic model of a topological Weyl semimetal. A key ingredient
      is a time-reversal breaking parameter and a mass deformation. Upon varying the
      ratio of mass to time-reversal breaking parameter the model undergoes a quantum
      phase transition from a topologically nontrivial semimetal to a trivial one. The
      topological nontrivial semimetal is characterized by the presence of an anomalous
      Hall effect. The results can be interpreted in terms of the holographic
      renormalization group (RG) flow leading to restoration of time reversal at the
      end point of the RG flow in the trivial phase. 

PMID- 26967407
TI  - Exact Bremsstrahlung Function in N=2 Superconformal Field Theories.
AB  - We propose an exact formula for the energy radiated by an accelerating quark in
      N=2 superconformal theories in four dimensions. This formula reproduces the known
      bremsstrahlung function for N=4 theories and provides a prediction for all the
      perturbative and instanton corrections in N=2 theories. We perform a perturbative
      check of our proposal up to three loops. 

PMID- 26967409
TI  - Perturbed Lepton-Specific Two-Higgs-Doublet Model Facing Experimental Hints for
      Physics beyond the Standard Model.
AB  - BABAR, Belle, and LHCb Collaborations report evidence for new physics in B
      >Dtaunu and B->D^{*}taunu of approximately 3.8sigma. There is also the long
      lasting discrepancy of about 3sigma in the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon,
      and the branching ratio for tau->MUnunu is 1.8sigma (2.4sigma) above the standard
      model expectation using the HFAG (PDG) values. Furthermore, CMS Collaboration
      finds hints for a nonzero decay rate of h->MUtau. Interestingly, all these
      observations can be explained by introducing new scalars. In this Letter we
      consider these processes within a lepton-specific two-Higgs doublet model (i.e.,
      of type X) with additional nonstandard Yukawa couplings. It is found that one can
      accommodate tau->MUnunu with modified Higgs-tau couplings. The anomalous magnetic
      moment of the muon can be explained if the additional neutral CP-even Higgs boson
      H is light (below 100 GeV). Also R(D) and R(D^{*}) can be easily explained by
      additional t-c-Higgs couplings. Combining these t-c couplings with a light H the
      decay rate for t->Hc can be in a testable range for the LHC. Effects in h->MUtau
      are also possible, but in this case a simultaneous explanation of the anomalous
      magnetic moment of the muon is difficult due to the unavoidable tau->MUgamma
      decay. 

PMID- 26967410
TI  - Measurement of Electron Neutrino Quasielastic and Quasielasticlike Scattering on
      Hydrocarbon at ?E_{nu}?=3.6  GeV.
AB  - The first direct measurement of electron neutrino quasielastic and
      quasielasticlike scattering on hydrocarbon in the few-GeV region of incident
      neutrino energy has been carried out using the MINERvA detector in the NuMI beam
      at Fermilab. The flux-integrated differential cross sections in the electron
      production angle, electron energy, and Q^{2} are presented. The ratio of the
      quasielastic, flux-integrated differential cross section in Q^{2} for nu_{e} with
      that of similarly selected nu_{MU}-induced events from the same exposure is used
      to probe assumptions that underpin conventional treatments of charged-current
      nu_{e} interactions used by long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. The
      data are found to be consistent with lepton universality and are well described
      by the predictions of the neutrino event generator GENIE. 

PMID- 26967413
TI  - High-Precision Differential Predictions for Top-Quark Pairs at the LHC.
AB  - We present the first complete next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD
      predictions for differential distributions in the top-quark pair production
      process at the LHC. Our results are derived from a fully differential partonic
      Monte Carlo calculation with stable top quarks which involves no approximations
      beyond the fixed-order truncation of the perturbation series. The NNLO
      corrections improve the agreement between existing LHC measurements [V.
      Khachatryan et al. (CMS Collaboration), Eur. Phys. J. C 75, 542 (2015)] and
      standard model predictions for the top-quark transverse momentum distribution,
      thus helping alleviate one long-standing discrepancy. The shape of the top-quark
      pair invariant mass distribution turns out to be stable with respect to radiative
      corrections beyond NLO which increases the value of this observable as a place to
      search for physics beyond the standard model. The results presented here provide
      essential input for parton distribution function fits, implementation of higher
      order effects in Monte Carlo generators, as well as top-quark mass and strong
      coupling determination. 

PMID- 26967414
TI  - Hamiltonian Effective Field Theory Study of the N^{*}(1535) Resonance in Lattice
      QCD.
AB  - Drawing on experimental data for baryon resonances, Hamiltonian effective field
      theory (HEFT) is used to predict the positions of the finite-volume energy levels
      to be observed in lattice QCD simulations of the lowest-lying J^{P}=1/2^{-}
      nucleon excitation. In the initial analysis, the phenomenological parameters of
      the Hamiltonian model are constrained by experiment and the finite-volume
      eigenstate energies are a prediction of the model. The agreement between HEFT
      predictions and lattice QCD results obtained on volumes with spatial lengths of 2
      and 3 fm is excellent. These lattice results also admit a more conventional
      analysis where the low-energy coefficients are constrained by lattice QCD
      results, enabling a determination of resonance properties from lattice QCD
      itself. Finally, the role and importance of various components of the Hamiltonian
      model are examined. 

PMID- 26967415
TI  - Subradiance in a Large Cloud of Cold Atoms.
AB  - Since Dicke's seminal paper on coherence in spontaneous radiation by atomic
      ensembles, superradiance has been extensively studied. Subradiance, on the
      contrary, has remained elusive, mainly because subradiant states are weakly
      coupled to the environment and are very sensitive to nonradiative decoherence
      processes. Here, we report the experimental observation of subradiance in an
      extended and dilute cold-atom sample containing a large number of particles. We
      use a far detuned laser to avoid multiple scattering and observe the temporal
      decay after a sudden switch-off of the laser beam. After the fast decay of most
      of the fluorescence, we detect a very slow decay, with time constants as long as
      100 times the natural lifetime of the excited state of individual atoms. This
      subradiant time constant scales linearly with the cooperativity parameter,
      corresponding to the on-resonance optical depth of the sample, and is independent
      of the laser detuning, as expected from a coupled-dipole model. 

PMID- 26967416
TI  - Temporal Structure of Attosecond Pulses from Laser-Driven Coherent Synchrotron
      Emission.
AB  - The microscopic dynamics of laser-driven coherent synchrotron emission
      transmitted through thin foils are investigated using particle-in-cell
      simulations. For normal incidence interactions, we identify the formation of two
      distinct electron nanobunches from which emission takes place each half-cycle of
      the driving laser pulse. These emissions are separated temporally by 130 as and
      are dominant in different frequency ranges, which is a direct consequence of the
      distinct characteristics of each electron nanobunch. This may be exploited
      through spectral filtering to isolate these emissions, generating electromagnetic
      pulses of duration ~70  as. 

PMID- 26967417
TI  - Photon Thermal Hall Effect.
AB  - A near-field thermal Hall effect (i.e., Righi-Leduc effect) in networks of
      magneto-optical particles placed in a constant magnetic field is predicted. This
      many-body effect is related to a symmetry breaking in the system induced by the
      magnetic field, which gives rise to preferential channels for the heat transport
      by near-field interaction thanks to the particle's anisotropy tuning. 

PMID- 26967418
TI  - Stellarator Turbulence: Subdominant Eigenmodes and Quasilinear Modeling.
AB  - Owing to complex geometry, gyrokinetic simulations in stellarator geometry
      produce large numbers of subdominant unstable and stable, near-orthogonal
      eigenmodes. Here, results based on the full eigenmode spectrum in stellarator
      geometry are presented for the first time. In the nonlinear state of a low
      magnetic-shear ion-temperature-gradient-driven case, a multitude of these modes
      are active and imprint the system. Turbulent frequency spectra are broadband as a
      consequence, in addition to a nonlinear, narrow signature at electron
      frequencies. It is shown that successful quasilinear, mixing-length transport
      modeling is possible in stellarators, where it is essential to account for all
      subdominant unstable modes. 

PMID- 26967420
TI  - Strongly Emitting Surfaces Unable to Float below Plasma Potential.
AB  - An important unresolved question in plasma physics concerns the effect of strong
      electron emission on plasma-surface interactions. Previous papers reported
      solutions with negative and positive floating potentials relative to the plasma
      edge. The two models give very different predictions for particle and energy
      balance. Here we show that the positive potential state is the only possible
      equilibrium in general. Even if a negative floating potential existed at t=0, the
      ionization collisions near the surface will force a transition to the positive
      floating potential state. This transition is demonstrated with a new simulation
      code. 

PMID- 26967419
TI  - Microengineering Laser Plasma Interactions at Relativistic Intensities.
AB  - We report on the first successful proof-of-principle experiment to manipulate
      laser-matter interactions on microscales using highly ordered Si microwire
      arrays. The interaction of a high-contrast short-pulse laser with a flat target
      via periodic Si microwires yields a substantial enhancement in both the total and
      cutoff energies of the produced electron beam. The self-generated electric and
      magnetic fields behave as an electromagnetic lens that confines and guides
      electrons between the microwires as they acquire relativistic energies via direct
      laser acceleration. 

PMID- 26967421
TI  - Synchronized Ion Acceleration by Ultraintense Slow Light.
AB  - An effective scheme of synchronized laser-triggered ion acceleration and the
      corresponding theoretical model are proposed for a slow light pulse of
      relativistic intensity, which penetrates into a near-critical-density plasma,
      strongly slows, and then increases its group velocity during propagation within a
      target. The 3D particle-in-cell simulations confirm this concept for proton
      acceleration by a femtosecond petawatt-class laser pulse experiencing
      relativistic self-focusing, quantify the characteristics of the generated
      protons, and demonstrate a significant increase of their energy compared with the
      proton energy generated from optimized ultrathin solid dense foils. 

PMID- 26967422
TI  - Stable Core Symmetries and Confined Textures for a Vortex Line in a Spinor Bose
      Einstein Condensate.
AB  - We show how a singly quantized vortex can exhibit energetically stable defect
      cores with different symmetries in an atomic spin-1 polar Bose-Einstein
      condensate, and how a stable topologically nontrivial Skyrmion texture of lower
      dimensionality can be confined inside the core. The core isotropy and the
      stability of the confined texture are sensitive to Zeeman level shifts. The
      observed structures have analogies, respectively, in pressure-dependent
      symmetries of superfluid liquid ^{3}He vortices and in the models of
      superconducting cosmic strings. 

PMID- 26967423
TI  - Mechanical Yield in Amorphous Solids: A First-Order Phase Transition.
AB  - Amorphous solids yield at a critical value of the strain (in strain-controlled
      experiments); for larger strains, the average stress can no longer increase-the
      system displays an elastoplastic steady state. A long-standing riddle in the
      materials community is what the difference is between the microscopic states of
      the material before and after yield. Explanations in the literature are material
      specific, but the universality of the phenomenon begs a universal answer. We
      argue here that there is no fundamental difference in the states of matter before
      and after yield, but the yield is a bona fide first-order phase transition
      between a highly restricted set of possible configurations residing in a small
      region of phase space to a vastly rich set of configurations which include many
      marginally stable ones. To show this, we employ an order parameter of universal
      applicability, independent of the microscopic interactions, that is successful in
      quantifying the transition in an unambiguous manner. 

PMID- 26967424
TI  - Elasticity in Amorphous Solids: Nonlinear or Piecewise Linear?
AB  - Quasistatic strain-controlled measurements of stress versus strain curves in
      macroscopic amorphous solids result in a nonlinear-looking curve that ends up
      either in mechanical collapse or in a steady state with fluctuations around a
      mean stress that remains constant with increasing strain. It is therefore very
      tempting to fit a nonlinear expansion of the stress in powers of the strain. We
      argue here that at low temperatures the meaning of such an expansion needs to be
      reconsidered. We point out the enormous difference between quenched and annealed
      averages of the stress versus strain curves and propose that a useful description
      of the mechanical response is given by a stress (or strain) -dependent shear
      modulus for which a theoretical evaluation exists. The elastic response is
      piecewise linear rather than nonlinear. 

PMID- 26967425
TI  - Short-Time Beta Relaxation in Glass-Forming Liquids Is Cooperative in Nature.
AB  - Temporal relaxation of density fluctuations in supercooled liquids near the glass
      transition occurs in multiple steps. Using molecular dynamics simulations for
      three model glass-forming liquids, we show that the short-time beta relaxation is
      cooperative in nature. Using finite-size scaling analysis, we extract a growing
      length scale associated with beta relaxation from the observed dependence of the
      beta relaxation time on the system size. We find, in qualitative agreement with
      the prediction of the inhomogeneous mode coupling theory, that the temperature
      dependence of this length scale is the same as that of the length scale that
      describes the spatial heterogeneity of local dynamics in the long-time alpha
      relaxation regime. 

PMID- 26967426
TI  - Enhanced Configurational Entropy in High-Density Nanoconfined Bilayer Ice.
AB  - A novel kind of crystal order in high-density nanoconfined bilayer ice is
      proposed from molecular dynamics and density-functional theory simulations. A
      first-order transition is observed between a low-temperature proton-ordered solid
      and a high-temperature proton-disordered solid. The latter is shown to possess
      crystalline order for the oxygen positions, arranged on a close-packed triangular
      lattice with AA stacking. Uniquely among the ice phases, the triangular bilayer
      is characterized by two levels of disorder (for the bonding network and for the
      protons) which results in a configurational entropy twice that of bulk ice. 

PMID- 26967427
TI  - Correlations between In Situ Conductivity and Uniform-Height Epitaxial Morphology
      in Pb/Si(111)-(7*7).
AB  - The growth of Pb on Si(111)-(7*7) at temperatures from 72 to 201 K has been
      investigated using in situ electrical resistivity measurements and scanning
      tunneling microscopy. For temperatures T>140  K the specific resistivity
      rho(theta) versus coverage theta shows an unusual "hump," instead of the expected
      monotonic decrease with theta. This novel result correlates well with the
      formation of uniform height eight-layer Pb islands and the superdiffusive motion
      of the wetting layer, despite the low temperatures. A model of the film
      resistivity as two resistors in series, the amorphous wetting layer and the
      crystalline islands, explains quantitatively the resistivity dependence on theta.

PMID- 26967428
TI  - Clustering of Oxygen Vacancies at CeO2(111): Critical Role of Hydroxyls.
AB  - By performing density functional theory calculations corrected by an on site
      Coulomb interaction, we find that the defects at the CeO_{2}(111) surface
      observed by the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements of Esch et al.
      [Science 309, 752 (2005)] are not mere oxygen vacancies or fluorine impurities as
      suggested by Kullgren et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 156102 (2014)], but actually
      the hydroxyl-vacancy combined species. Specifically, we show that hydroxyls play
      a critical role in the formation and propagation of oxygen vacancy clusters
      (VCs). In the presence of neighboring hydroxyls, the thermodynamically unstable
      VCs can be significantly stabilized, and the behaviors of oxygen vacancies become
      largely consistent with the STM observations. In addition to the clarification of
      the long term controversy on the surface defect structures of CeO_{2}(111), the
      "hydroxyl-vacancy model" proposed in this work emphasizes the coexistence of
      hydroxyls and oxygen vacancies, especially VCs, which is important for
      understanding the catalytic and other physicochemical properties of reducible
      metal oxides. 

PMID- 26967429
TI  - Using Nonequilibrium Dynamics to Probe Competing Orders in a Mott-Peierls System.
AB  - Competition between ordered phases, and their associated phase transitions, are
      significant in the study of strongly correlated systems. Here, we examine one
      aspect, the nonequilibrium dynamics of a photoexcited Mott-Peierls system, using
      an effective Peierls-Hubbard model and exact diagonalization. Near a transition
      where spin and charge become strongly intertwined, we observe antiphase dynamics
      and a coupling-strength-dependent suppression or enhancement in the static
      structure factors. The renormalized bosonic excitations coupled to a particular
      photoexcited electron can be extracted, which provides an approach for
      characterizing the underlying bosonic modes. The results from this analysis for
      different electronic momenta show an uneven softening due to a stronger coupling
      near k_{F}. This behavior reflects the strong link between the fermionic momenta,
      the coupling vertices, and ultimately, the bosonic susceptibilities when multiple
      phases compete for the ground state of the system. 

PMID- 26967430
TI  - Calculation of Electrochemical Energy Levels in Water Using the Random Phase
      Approximation and a Double Hybrid Functional.
AB  - Understanding charge transfer at electrochemical interfaces requires consistent
      treatment of electronic energy levels in solids and in water at the same level of
      the electronic structure theory. Using density-functional-theory-based molecular
      dynamics and thermodynamic integration, the free energy levels of six redox
      couples in water are calculated at the level of the random phase approximation
      and a double hybrid density functional. The redox levels, together with the water
      band positions, are aligned against a computational standard hydrogen electrode,
      allowing for critical analysis of errors compared to the experiment. It is
      encouraging that both methods offer a good description of the electronic
      structures of the solutes and water, showing promise for a full treatment of
      electrochemical interfaces. 

PMID- 26967431
TI  - Mott Quantum Criticality in the Anisotropic 2D Hubbard Model.
AB  - We present evidence for Mott quantum criticality in an anisotropic two
      dimensional system of coupled Hubbard chains at half-filling. In this scenario
      emerging from variational cluster approximation and cluster dynamical mean-field
      theory, the interchain hopping t_{?} acts as a control parameter driving the
      second-order critical end point T_{c} of the metal-insulator transition down to
      zero at t_{?}^{c}/t?0.2. Below t_{?}^{c}, the volume of the hole and electron
      Fermi pockets of a compensated metal vanishes continuously at the Mott
      transition. Above t_{?}^{c}, the volume reduction of the pockets is cut off by a
      first-order transition. We discuss the relevance of our findings to a putative
      quantum critical point in layered organic conductors, whose location remains
      elusive so far. 

PMID- 26967432
TI  - Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations of High-Mobility Holes in Monolayer and Bilayer
      WSe_{2}: Landau Level Degeneracy, Effective Mass, and Negative Compressibility.
AB  - We study the magnetotransport properties of high-mobility holes in monolayer and
      bilayer WSe_{2}, which display well defined Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations,
      and quantum Hall states in high magnetic fields. In both mono- and bilayer
      WSe_{2}, the SdH oscillations and the quantum Hall states occur predominantly at
      even filling factors, evincing a twofold Landau level degeneracy. The Fourier
      transform analysis of the SdH oscillations in bilayer WSe_{2} reveals the
      presence of two subbands localized in the top or the bottom layer, as well as
      negative compressibility. From the temperature dependence of the SdH oscillations
      we determine a hole effective mass of 0.45m_{0} for both mono- and bilayer
      WSe_{2}. 

PMID- 26967433
TI  - Effects of Dephasing on Spin Lifetime in Ballistic Spin-Orbit Materials.
AB  - We theoretically investigate spin dynamics in spin-orbit-coupled materials. In
      the ballistic limit, the spin lifetime is dictated by dephasing that arises from
      energy broadening plus a nonuniform spin precession. For the case of clean
      graphene, we find a strong anisotropy with spin lifetimes that can be short even
      for modest energy scales, on the order of a few ns. These results offer deeper
      insight into the nature of spin dynamics in graphene, and are also applicable to
      the investigation of other systems where spin-orbit coupling plays an important
      role. 

PMID- 26967434
TI  - Topological Protection from Random Rashba Spin-Orbit Backscattering: Ballistic
      Transport in a Helical Luttinger Liquid.
AB  - The combination of Rashba spin-orbit coupling and potential disorder induces a
      random current operator for the edge states of a 2D topological insulator. We
      prove that charge transport through such an edge is ballistic at any temperature,
      with or without Luttinger liquid interactions. The solution exploits a mapping to
      a spin 1/2 in a time-dependent field that preserves the projection along one
      randomly undulating component (integrable dynamics). Our result is exact and
      rules out random Rashba backscattering as a source of temperature-dependent
      transport, absent integrability-breaking terms. 

PMID- 26967411
TI  - Observation of the Singly Cabibbo-Suppressed Decay D^{+}->omegapi^{+} and
      Evidence for D^{0}->omegapi^{0}.
AB  - Based on 2.93  fb^{-1} e^{+}e^{-} collision data taken at center-of-mass energy
      of 3.773 GeV by the BESIII detector, we report searches for the singly Cabibbo
      suppressed decays D^{+}->omegapi^{+} and D^{0}->omegapi^{0}. A double tag
      technique is used to measure the absolute branching fractions B(D^{+}
      >omegapi^{+})=(2.79+/-0.57+/-0.16)*10^{-4} and B(D^{0}->omegapi^{0})=(1.17+/
      0.34+/-0.07)*10^{-4}, with statistical significances of 5.5sigma and 4.1sigma,
      where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic,
      respectively. 

PMID- 26967435
TI  - Tunable Hybrid Qubit in a GaAs Double Quantum Dot.
AB  - We experimentally demonstrate a tunable hybrid qubit in a five-electron GaAs
      double quantum dot. The qubit is encoded in the (1,4) charge regime of the double
      dot and can be manipulated completely electrically. More importantly, dot
      anharmonicity leads to quasiparallel energy levels and a new anticrossing, which
      help preserve quantum coherence of the qubit and yield a useful working point. We
      have performed Larmor precession and Ramsey fringe experiments near the new
      working point and find that the qubit decoherence time is significantly improved
      over a charge qubit. This work shows a new way to encode a semiconductor qubit
      that is controllable and coherent. 

PMID- 26967412
TI  - Evidence for Simultaneous Production of J/psi and Upsilon Mesons.
AB  - We report evidence for the simultaneous production of J/psi and Upsilon mesons in
      8.1  fb^{-1} of data collected at sqrt[s]=1.96  TeV by the D0 experiment at the
      Fermilab pp[over -] Tevatron Collider. Events with these characteristics are
      expected to be produced predominantly by gluon-gluon interactions. In this
      analysis, we extract the effective cross section characterizing the initial
      parton spatial distribution, sigma_{eff}=2.2+/-0.7(stat)+/-0.9(syst)  mb. 

PMID- 26967437
TI  - Non-Zhang-Rice Singlet Character of the First Ionization State of T-CuO.
AB  - We argue that tetragonal CuO (T-CuO) has the potential to finally settle long
      standing modeling issues for cuprate physics. We compare the one-hole
      quasiparticle (qp) dispersion of T-CuO to that of cuprates, in the framework of
      the strongly correlated (U_{dd}->infinity) limit of the three-band Emery model.
      Unlike in CuO_{2}, magnetic frustration in T-CuO breaks the C_{4} rotational
      symmetry and leads to strong deviations from the Zhang-Rice singlet picture in
      parts of the reciprocal space. Our results are consistent with angle-resolved
      photoemission spectroscopy data but in sharp contradiction to those of a one-band
      model previously suggested for them. These differences identify T-CuO as an ideal
      material to test a variety of scenarios proposed for explaining cuprate
      phenomenology. 

PMID- 26967438
TI  - Colossal Seebeck Coefficient of Hopping Electrons in (TMTSF)_{2} PF_{6}.
AB  - We report on a study of the Seebeck coefficient and resistivity in the quasi-one
      dimensional conductor (TMTSF)_{2} PF_{6} extended deep into the spin-density-wave
      state. The metal-insulator transition at T_{SDW}=12  K leads to a reduction in
      carrier concentration by 7 orders of magnitude. Below 1 K, charge transport
      displays the behavior known as variable range hopping. Until now, the Seebeck
      response of electrons in this regime has barely been explored and is even less
      understood. We find that, in this system, residual carriers, hopping from one
      trap to another, generate a Seebeck coefficient as large as 400  k_{B}/e. The
      results provide the first solid evidence for a long-standing prediction according
      to which hopping electrons in the presence of the Coulomb interaction can
      generate a sizable Seebeck coefficient in the zero-temperature limit. 

PMID- 26967436
TI  - Bulk Topological Proximity Effect.
AB  - Existing proximity effects stem from systems with a local order parameter, such
      as a local magnetic moment or a local superconducting pairing amplitude. Here, we
      demonstrate that despite lacking a local order parameter, topological phases also
      may give rise to a proximity effect of a distinctively inverted nature. We focus
      on a general construction in which a topological phase is extensively coupled to
      a second system, and we argue that, in many cases, the inverse topological order
      will be induced on the second system. To support our arguments, we rigorously
      establish this "bulk topological proximity effect" for all gapped free-fermion
      topological phases and representative integrable models of interacting
      topological phases. We present a terrace construction which illustrates the
      phenomenological consequences of this proximity effect. Finally, we discuss
      generalizations beyond our framework, including how intrinsic topological order
      may also exhibit this effect. 

PMID- 26967439
TI  - Static and Dynamical Properties of the Spin-1/2 Equilateral Triangular-Lattice
      Antiferromagnet Ba_{3}CoSb_{2}O_{9}.
AB  - We present single-crystal neutron scattering measurements of the spin-1/2
      equilateral triangular-lattice antiferromagnet Ba_{3}CoSb_{2}O_{9}. Besides
      confirming that the Co^{2+} magnetic moments lie in the ab plane for zero
      magnetic field and then determining all the exchange parameters of the minimal
      quasi-2D spin Hamiltonian, we provide conclusive experimental evidence of magnon
      decay through observation of intrinsic line broadening. Through detailed
      comparisons with the linear and nonlinear spin-wave theories, we also point out
      that the large-S approximation, which is conventionally employed to predict
      magnon decay in noncollinear magnets, is inadequate to explain our experimental
      observation. Thus, our results call for a new theoretical framework for
      describing excitation spectra in low-dimensional frustrated magnets under strong
      quantum effects. 

PMID- 26967440
TI  - Anomalous Magnetothermopower in a Metallic Frustrated Antiferromagnet.
AB  - We report the temperature T and magnetic field H dependence of the thermopower S
      of an itinerant triangular antiferromagnet PdCrO_{2} in high magnetic fields up
      to 32 T. In the paramagnetic phase, the zero-field thermopower is positive with a
      value typical of good metals with a high carrier density. In marked contrast to
      typical metals, however, S decreases rapidly with increasing magnetic field,
      approaching zero at the maximum field scale for T>70  K. We argue here that this
      profound change in the thermoelectric response derives from the strong
      interaction of the 4d correlated electrons of the Pd ions with the short-range
      spin correlations of the Cr^{3+} spins that persist beyond the Neel ordering
      temperature due to the combined effects of geometrical frustration and low
      dimensionality. 

PMID- 26967441
TI  - Ultralow-Frequency Collective Compression Mode and Strong Interlayer Coupling in
      Multilayer Black Phosphorus.
AB  - The recent renaissance of black phosphorus (BP) as a two-dimensional (2D) layered
      material has generated tremendous interest, but its unique structural characters
      underlying many of its outstanding properties still need elucidation. Here we
      report Raman measurements that reveal an ultralow-frequency collective
      compression mode (CCM) in BP, which is unprecedented among similar 2D layered
      materials. This novel CCM indicates an unusually strong interlayer coupling, and
      this result is quantitatively supported by a phonon frequency analysis and first
      principles calculations. Moreover, the CCM and another branch of low-frequency
      Raman modes shift sensitively with changing number of layers, allowing an
      accurate determination of the thickness up to tens of atomic layers, which is
      considerably higher than previously achieved by using high-frequency Raman modes.
      These findings offer fundamental insights and practical tools for further
      exploration of BP as a highly promising new 2D semiconductor. 

PMID- 26967443
TI  - Divergence of Voronoi Cell Anisotropy Vector: A Threshold-Free Characterization
      of Local Structure in Amorphous Materials.
AB  - Characterizing structural inhomogeneity is an essential step in understanding the
      mechanical response of amorphous materials. We introduce a threshold-free measure
      based on the field of vectors pointing from the center of each particle to the
      centroid of the Voronoi cell in which the particle resides. These vectors tend to
      point in toward regions of high free volume and away from regions of low free
      volume, reminiscent of sinks and sources in a vector field. We compute the local
      divergence of these vectors, where positive values correspond to overpacked
      regions and negative values identify underpacked regions within the material.
      Distributions of this divergence are nearly Gaussian with zero mean, allowing for
      structural characterization using only the moments of the distribution. We
      explore how the standard deviation and skewness vary with the packing fraction
      for simulations of bidisperse systems and find a kink in these moments that
      coincides with the jamming transition. 

PMID- 26967442
TI  - Two-Dimensional Correlation of Isotropic and Directional Diffusion Using NMR.
AB  - Diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique for studying
      porous media, but yields ambiguous results when the sample comprises multiple
      regions with different pore sizes, shapes, and orientations. Inspired by solid
      state NMR techniques for correlating isotropic and anisotropic chemical shifts,
      we propose a diffusion NMR method to resolve said ambiguity. Numerical data
      inversion relies on sparse representation of the data in a basis of radial and
      axial diffusivities. Experiments are performed on a composite sample with a cell
      suspension and a liquid crystal. 

PMID- 26967444
TI  - New X-Ray Tomography Method Based on the 3D Radon Transform Compatible with
      Anisotropic Sources.
AB  - In this work, we propose a novel computed tomography (CT) approach for three
      dimensional (3D) object reconstruction, based on a generalized tomographic
      geometry with two-dimensional angular sampling (two angular degrees of freedom).
      The reconstruction is based on the 3D Radon transform and is compatible with
      anisotropic beam conditions. This allows isotropic 3D imaging with a source,
      which can be extended along one direction for increased flux, while high
      resolution is achieved by a small source size only in the orthogonal direction.
      This novel scheme for analytical CT is demonstrated by numerical simulations and
      proof-of-concept experiments. In this way high resolution and coherence along a
      single direction determines the reconstruction quality of the entire 3D data set,
      opening up, for example, new opportunities to achieve nanoscale resolution and/or
      phase contrast with low brilliance sources such as laboratory x-ray or neutron
      sources. 

PMID- 26967445
TI  - Transient Cooperative Processes in Dewetting Polymer Melts.
AB  - We compare the high velocity dewetting behavior, at elevated temperatures, of
      atactic polystyrene (aPS) and isotactic polystyrene (iPS) films, with the zero
      shear bulk viscosity (eta_{bulk}) of aPS being approximately ten times larger
      than iPS. As expected, for aPS the apparent viscosity of the films (eta_{f})
      derived from high-shear dewetting is less than eta_{bulk}, displaying a shear
      thinning behavior. Surprisingly, for iPS films, eta_{f} is always larger than
      eta_{bulk}, even at about 50  degrees C above the melting point, with
      eta_{f}/eta_{bulk} following an Arrhenius behavior. The corresponding activation
      energy of ~160+/-10  kJ/mol for iPS films suggests a cooperative motion of
      segments which are aligned and agglomerated by fast dewetting. 

PMID- 26967446
TI  - Erratum: Fully Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113,
      140501 (2014)].
AB  - This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.140501. 

PMID- 26967447
TI  - Erratum: Impact of Tensor Force on beta Decay of Magic and Semimagic Nuclei
      [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 122501 (2013)].
AB  - This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.122501. 

PMID- 26967448
TI  - Erratum: Self-Diffusion in Amorphous Silicon [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 025901
      (2016)].
AB  - This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.025901. 

PMID- 26967449
TI  - Erratum: Symmetry-Dependent Exciton-Phonon Coupling in 2D and Bulk MoS_{2}
      Observed by Resonance Raman Scattering [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 136403 (2015)].
AB  - This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.136403. 

PMID- 26967450
TI  - The Time to Clearance of Peripheral Blood Blasts Predicts Complete Remission and
      Survival in Chinese Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
AB  - The value of clearance of peripheral blood blasts (PBB) as a predictor of
      outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is controversial. To investigate the
      prognostic significance of the time to clearance of PBB after induction in
      Chinese patients with AML, a retrospective analysis of 146 patients with newly
      diagnosed AML at Shanghai Ruijin Hospital was performed. Patients were
      categorized into early blast clearance (EBC; <=5 days) and delayed blast
      clearance (DBC; >5 days) groups based on a receiver operating characteristic
      analysis. Complete remission (CR) after induction chemotherapy was related to the
      time to clearance of PBB (p < 0.001). Relapse-free survival (RFS; p = 0.003) and
      overall survival (p < 0.001) were longer in the EBC group. Multivariate analysis
      demonstrated that the time to clearance of PBB and cytogenetic risk independently
      predicted CR and RFS. Early clearance of PBB after induction chemotherapy can be
      a significant predictor of survival outcomes in AML patients.

PMID- 26967451
TI  - Clinical Profile, Etiology, and Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis in North
      American Women: Analysis of a Large Multicenter Cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Historically, chronic pancreatitis (CP) was considered a disease of
      alcoholic males, but recent data suggest its etiology to be complex. To better
      understand CP in women, we compared data on women and men with CP in a large,
      prospectively ascertained multicenter US cohort. METHODS: Patients with CP
      enrolled in the NAPS2 Continuation and Validation study were studied. Information
      on demographics, etiology, risk factors, phenotype, and treatment(s) used was
      obtained from detailed questionnaires completed by the patients and physicians.
      RESULTS: Of 521 cases, 45% were women. Women were significantly (P < 0.05) less
      likely to have alcohol etiology (30% vs 58.5%) and more likely to have
      nonalcoholic etiologies (idiopathic, 32% vs 18%; obstructive, 12% vs 2.4%;
      genetic, 12.8% vs 7.3%). Demographics, pain experience, morphologic findings,
      exocrine and endocrine insufficiency, CP-related disability, and use of medical
      therapies were mostly similar in both sexes. Sphincterotomy (biliary, 33% vs 24%;
      pancreatic, 38% vs 28%; P < 0.05) was performed more frequently in women, whereas
      cyst/pseudocyst operations were more common in men (6.6 vs 2.6%, P = 0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: Most CP cases in women are from nonalcoholic etiologies. In contrast
      to many other chronic diseases, clinical phenotype of CP is determined by the
      disease and is independent of sex.

PMID- 26967452
TI  - Stromal Fibrosis and Expression of Matricellular Proteins Correlate With
      Histological Grade of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to clarify the correlation between the
      microenvironmental factors and histological grade in intraductal papillary
      mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). METHODS: We investigated 65 IPMNs resected at Yamagata
      University Hospital between 2000 and 2011, and all cases were categorized to low
      inter (including low- and intermediate-grade dysplasia) and high-inv (including
      high-grade dysplasia and IPMN with an associated invasive carcinoma) groups. We
      compared between the 2 groups pathologically with regard to fibrosis and the
      expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), periostin, and galectin-1 in
      the periductal stroma of IPMN. RESULTS: There were 41 low-inter and 24 high-inv.
      The subtype was categorized as 22 main duct type (MD-IPMN) and 43 branch duct
      type (BD-IPMN). The degree of fibrosis and the expression of alpha-SMA,
      periostin, and galectin-1 were significantly higher in high-inv than in low-inter
      within BD-IPMNs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that high
      expression of alpha-SMA (odds ratio, 13.802; 95% confidence interval, 1.108
      171.893; P = 0.0414) was a significant independent related factor of high-inv in
      BD-IPMN. CONCLUSIONS: Stromal fibrosis and expression of alpha-SMA, periostin,
      and galectin-1 are more marked in high-inv than in low-inter within BD-IPMNs, and
      they could become new markers for determining the indications for surgery in BD
      IPMN.

PMID- 26967454
TI  - Smaller Width of the Pancreatic Duct During Secretin-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance
      Cholangiopancreatography in Pancreatic-Sufficient Cystic Fibrosis Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: New tools are needed in cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnostics in
      pancreatic-sufficient CF (PS-CF) patients. Secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance
      cholangiopancreatography (SE-MRCP) allows for improved assessment of the width of
      the pancreatic duct. METHODS: Sixteen PS-CF patients and 17 healthy volunteers
      underwent SE-MRCP. The width of the pancreatic duct in the head, the body, and
      the tail of the pancreas was measured at the baseline and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10
      minutes after secretin administration. RESULTS: The width of the pancreatic duct
      in the head of the pancreas did not differ between the groups at the baseline;
      after 10 minutes of secretin stimulation, it was smaller in PS-CF patients
      (median, 1.4 mm [first-third quartile, 1.3-2.0] vs 2.2 mm [1.7-2.4], P = 0.008).
      The area under the curve for discrimination between the 2 groups using this
      parameter was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: The SE-MRCP
      identified differences in the width of the pancreatic duct between PS-CF and
      healthy volunteers. Further improvements of the method are needed to augment its
      clinical utility.

PMID- 26967453
TI  - Prognostic Significance of MUC-1 in Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients With
      Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Development of targeted therapies for pancreatic cancer could be
      enhanced by a reliable method for noninvasive tumor cell assessment. In this
      pilot study, we isolated and phenotypically characterized circulating tumor cells
      (CTCs) from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and explored their
      relationship to clinical outcome. METHODS: Peripheral blood from 50 patients was
      collected at treatment initiation and first disease evaluation for CTC
      enumeration and phenotyping by CellSearch(r) system. Expression of human mucin 1
      (MUC-1) was performed. RESULTS: Forty-eight and 37 patients had evaluable samples
      at baseline and first disease evaluation, respectively. The cohort was 62% male,
      with a median age of 63 years. At least 1 CTC per 7.5 mL was detected in 23
      patients (48%) pretreatment and 11 patients (30%) at first disease evaluation. No
      difference was seen in overall survival between patients with 1 or more CTCs
      versus no CTC at baseline (P = 0.14). Patients with MUC-1 expressing CTC (n = 10)
      had shorter median overall survival compared with those with MUC-1 negative CTC
      (n = 13; 2.7 vs 9.6 m; P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating tumor cell
      enumeration and phenotypic characterization from metastatic pancreatic cancer
      patients are feasible. No correlation was found between CTC isolation and
      survival. However, the presence of MUC-1 expressing CTC demonstrated a trend
      toward inferior survival.

PMID- 26967455
TI  - Duct Diameter and Size of Stones Predict Successful Extracorporeal Shock Wave
      Lithotripsy and Endoscopic Clearance in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis and
      Pancreaticolithiasis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The need for endoscopic therapy before extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy (SWL) to facilitate pancreatic duct stone removal is unclear.
      Predictive factors associated with successful fragmentation and subsequent
      complete duct clearance are variable. We hypothesize pancreatic duct strictures
      and large stones, but not pre-SWL endotherapy, correlate with successful
      fragmentation and complete duct clearance. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study
      of patients with pancreaticolithiasis who underwent SWL and endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography between January 2009 and June 2014 was evaluated.
      RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were treated. Technical success (TS) of
      fragmentation was achieved in 22 patients (60%). Technical success was associated
      with fewer stones and SWL sessions and smaller stone and duct size. By
      multivariate logistic regression, only duct dilation was associated with TS.
      Endoscopic success of complete duct clearance was achieved in 29 patients (80%).
      Endoscopic success was more frequent with stones 12 mm or less and with
      successful TS. By multivariate logistic regression, stones greater than 12 mm
      were associated with endoscopic failure. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-SWL endotherapy does
      not affect stone fragmentation. Patients with a dilated duct (>8 mm) and
      pancreatic stones 12 mm or greater were associated with unsuccessful TS and
      endoscopic success, respectively, and may benefit from early referral for
      surgical decompression.

PMID- 26967456
TI  - Heterogeneity of KRAS Mutations in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Activating Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)
      mutations are the most common and frequent changes observed in pancreatic cancer.
      This study aimed to determine the frequency and extent of intratumoral and
      metastatic lymph node KRAS mutation heterogeneity of resected pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Tumor tissues macrodissected from tumor centers,
      invasion fronts (n = 97), and lymph nodes (n = 11) were subjected to DNA
      extraction and mutation analysis of KRAS codons 12 and 13 by pyrosequencing.
      RESULTS: Activating mutations in codon 12 of KRAS were detected in 90 (92.8%)
      tumor centers. No mutations were detected in KRAS codon 13 in any patient. After
      a comparison of tumor centers and invasion fronts, intratumoral heterogeneity of
      KRAS was observed only in 4 (4.1%) cases. Additional invasion front tumor
      analysis revealed the same mutation status consistent with each tumor center. No
      heterogeneity was observed between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes.
      CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoral heterogeneity of the KRAS mutational status is rare in
      pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In addition, no KRAS heterogeneity between
      primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes was detected in this study. This
      finding is consistent with the hypothesis that oncogenic activation of KRAS is
      the first driver mutation in pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26967457
TI  - Comparison of effectiveness of 1,064-nm Nd:YAG laser and Nd:YAG laser-IPL
      combination treatments in hand skin rejuvenation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the efficacy and side effects of neodymium-doped yttrium
      aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and Nd:YAG laser-intense pulsed light (IPL)
      combination treatments in photorejuvenations of skin of the hand, and determining
      their impacts on patient satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five female
      patients with signs of photoaging on the skin of their hands were included in the
      study. Three sessions of IPL and four sessions of Nd:YAG laser treatment were
      applied to the right hand in total with 2-week intervals between each session,
      whereas six sessions of Nd:YAG laser treatment were applied to the left hand of
      patients with 2-week intervals between each session. RESULTS: The patients' ages
      ranged between 31 and 78, and mean age was 60.77 +/- 9.48. While there was no
      difference in pigment distribution, fine wrinkles, coarse wrinkles, and global
      scores between the right and left hand prior to treatment (p > 0.05), average
      pigment tone score was higher in the right hand with a statistically significant
      difference (p < 0.05). There was greater improvement in scores of pigment
      distribution, fine wrinkles, sallowness, pigment tone parameters, and global
      score on the right hand compared to left hand, which was statistically
      significant (p <0.001). CONCLUSION: In rejuvenation of photoaged dorsal skin of
      the hand, IPL-Nd:YAG laser combination treatment surpasses Nd:YAG laser
      treatment.

PMID- 26967458
TI  - Survival and SOS response induction in ultraviolet B irradiated Escherichia coli
      cells with defective repair mechanisms.
AB  - Purpose In this paper, the contribution of different genes involved in DNA repair
      for both survival and SOS induction in Escherichia coli mutants exposed to
      ultraviolet B radiation (UVB, [wavelength range 280-315 nm]) was evaluated.
      Materials and methods E. coli strains defective in uvrA, oxyR, recO, recN, recJ,
      exoX, recB, recD or xonA genes were used to determine cell survival. All strains
      also had the genetic sulA::lacZ fusion, which allowed for the quantification of
      SOS induction through the SOS Chromotest. Results Five gene products were
      particularly important for survival, as follows: UvrA > RecB > RecO > RecJ >
      XonA. Strains defective in uvrA and recJ genes showed elevated SOS induction
      compared with the wild type, which remained stable for up to 240 min after UVB
      irradiation. In addition, E. coli strains carrying the recO or recN mutation
      showed no SOS induction. Conclusions The nucleotide excision and DNA
      recombination pathways were equally used to repair UVB-induced DNA damage in E.
      coli cells. The sulA gene was not turned off in strains defective in UvrA and
      RecJ. RecO protein was essential for processing DNA damage prior to SOS
      induction. In this study, the roles of DNA repair proteins and their
      contributions to the mechanisms that induce SOS genes in E. coli are proposed.

PMID- 26967459
TI  - Effects of Acupuncture in Anesthesia for Craniotomy: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acupuncture treatment has been used in China for >2500 years, and at
      present it is used worldwide as a form of analgesia in patients with acute and
      chronic pain. Furthermore, acupuncture is regularly used not only as a single
      anesthetic technique but also as a supplement or in addition to general
      anesthesia (GA). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis
      was to assess the level of evidence for the clinical use of acupuncture in
      addition to GA in patients undergoing craniotomy. DESIGN: This is a systematic
      review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES: The
      literature search (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) yielded 56
      citations, published between 1972 and March 01, 2015. No systematic review or
      meta-analyses on this topic matched our search criteria. Each article of any
      language was assessed and rated for the methodological quality of the studies,
      using the recommendation of the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Ten
      prospective randomized controlled clinical trials with a total of 700 patients
      were included. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Included in the meta-analysis were studies
      that involved any craniotomy under GA compared with a combination of GA and
      acupuncture. Exclusion criteria were no acupuncture during surgery, no GA during
      surgery, only postoperative data available, animal studies, and low grade of
      evidence. RESULTS: The use of acupuncture significantly reduced the amount of
      volatile anesthetics during surgery (P<0.001) and led to faster extubation time
      (P=0.001) and postoperative patient recovery (P=0.003). In addition,
      significantly reduced blood levels of the brain tissue injury marker S100beta 48
      hours after operation (P=0.001) and occurrence of postoperative nausea and
      vomiting (P=0.017) were observed. No patient studied suffered from awareness.
      CONCLUSIONS: The analysis suggests that the complementary use of acupuncture for
      craniotomy has additional analgesic effects, reduces the needed amount of
      volatile anesthetic, reduces the onset of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and
      might have protective effects on brain tissue. Our findings may stimulate future
      randomized controlled trials to provide definitive recommendations.

PMID- 26967460
TI  - The Fate of Fat Grafts in Different Recipient Areas: Subcutaneous Plane, Fat Pad,
      and Muscle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although fat is transplanted into several layers, including
      subcutaneous, fat, and muscle layers, there is little (clinical) scientific basis
      for these procedures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal recipient layer for fat
      transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fat harvested from inguinal fat pads of
      green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice was grafted into the subcutaneous and
      intramuscular planes and the fat pads of C57 mice. Specimens collected after 1,
      4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to determine
      angiogenesis and fibrosis in the grafts. The survival rate of donor adipose
      tissue was determined by measuring GFP expression. RESULTS: Fat was retained
      longer in fat pads than in subcutaneous layers of recipient mice and longer in
      subcutaneous than in intramuscular layers. Angiogenesis and vascularized
      connective tissue were greater in intramuscular than in subcutaneous or fat
      grafts. Neovascularization, however, was similar in fat pads and subcutaneous
      grafts. Survival rate was higher for intramuscularly injected fat than
      subcutaneously and fat pad injected fat. CONCLUSION: Fat pad injection showed the
      highest graft retention rate, indicating that fat pads maybe the optimal area for
      fat transplantation. The increased blood supply to muscle suggests that
      intramuscular injection maybe optimal when there is little movement.

PMID- 26967461
TI  - Commentary on a Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Half-Head Study to
      Assess the Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Treatment of Androgenetic
      Alopecia.

PMID- 26967463
TI  - Amyloid-beta and alpha-Synuclein Decrease the Level of Metal-Catalyzed Reactive
      Oxygen Species by Radical Scavenging and Redox Silencing.
AB  - The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is linked to the pathogenesis of
      neurodegenerative diseases. Here we have investigated the effect of soluble and
      aggregated amyloid-beta (Abeta) and alpha-synuclein (alphaS), associated with
      Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively, on the Cu(2+)-catalyzed
      formation of ROS in vitro in the presence of a biological reductant. We find that
      the levels of ROS, and the rate by which ROS is generated, are significantly
      reduced when Cu(2+) is bound to Abeta or alphaS, particularly when they are in
      their oligomeric or fibrillar forms. This effect is attributed to a combination
      of radical scavenging and redox silencing mechanisms. Our findings suggest that
      the increase in ROS associated with the accumulation of aggregated Abeta or
      alphaS does not result from a particularly ROS-active form of these peptides, but
      rather from either a local increase of Cu(2+) and other ROS-active metal ions in
      the aggregates or as a downstream consequence of the formation of the
      pathological amyloid structures. 

PMID- 26967464
TI  - Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.
AB  - Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human
      development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can
      direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by
      manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during
      development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of
      neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV
      irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in
      vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate
      NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from
      the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and
      EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte
      precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by
      culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and
      stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes. 

PMID- 26967466
TI  - Olaparib for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of epithelial ovarian
      cancer, overall survival rates remain poor, and there is a pressing need to
      develop novel therapeutic agents and maintenance strategies to improve outcomes
      for women with this disease. Olaparib, a potent oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
      (PARP) inhibitor, has demonstrated antitumor activity in women with ovarian
      cancer, associated with homologous recombination deficiency. AREAS COVERED: This
      review outlines the rationale for PARP inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer and
      summarizes the efficacy and tolerability data for olaparib to date. Ongoing phase
      III clinical trials of olaparib in ovarian cancer will be discussed. EXPERT
      OPINION: There are a number of issues regarding the optimal use of olaparib in
      ovarian cancer, including the identification of a homologous recombination
      deficiency signature to predict treatment response, establishment of the optimal
      treatment setting (maintenance or relapsed disease), and evaluation of cost
      effectiveness. Finally, the long term consequences of PARP inhibitors, including
      the risk of myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia need to be quantified in
      ongoing large phase III clinical trials.

PMID- 26967465
TI  - Effect of Low-Magnitude, High-Frequency Mechanical Stimulation on BMD Among Young
      Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Bone accrual during youth is critical to establish sufficient
      strength for lifelong skeletal health. Children with cancer may develop low bone
      mineral density (BMD) any time before or after diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate
      the ability of low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimulation to enhance
      BMD among childhood cancer survivors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Double
      blind randomized clinical trial conducted at St Jude Children's Research Hospital
      from June 1, 2010, to January 22, 2013, using cancer survivors, ages 7 to 17
      years, who were previously treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, were
      in remission, and at least 5 years from diagnosis, with whole-body or lumbar
      spine BMD z scores of -1.0 or lower. Participants were randomized (stratified by
      sex and Tanner stage) to either a placebo device or low-magnitude, high-frequency
      mechanical stimulation device, which was used at home. INTERVENTIONS: Placebo or
      low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimulation (0.3 g; 32-37 Hz) for 2
      sessions lasting 10 minutes each, 7 days per week for 1 year. All participants
      were prescribed daily cholecalciferol (vitamin D) and calcium. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Changes in areal and volumetric BMD and bone biomarkers were compared
      by analysis of variance, adjusted for strata. RESULTS: Of the 65 participants, 32
      were randomized to the intervention group (mean [SD] age was 13.6 [3.7] years, 18
      [56.2%] were male, and 27 [84.4%] were white), and 33 were randomized to the
      placebo group (mean [SD] age was 13.6 [2.9] years, 17 [51.5%] were male, and 26
      [78.8%] were white). Forty-eight participants completed the trial, 22 in the
      intervention group and 26 in the placebo group with median adherence of 70.1% for
      intervention and 63.7% for placebo groups. With intention-to-treat analysis, mean
      (SD) whole-body BMD z score by dual x-ray absorptiometry improved by 0.25 (0.78)
      in the intervention (n = 22), but decreased by -0.19 (0.79) in the placebo group
      (n = 26, P = .05). Circulating osteocalcin at 12 months correlated with change in
      total body BMD (r = 0.35, P = .02). Tibial trabecular bone among participants
      completing 70% or more of the prescribed sessions increased by a mean of 11.2%
      (95% CI, 5.2 to 17.2%) compared with those completing less than 70% who decreased
      by a mean of -1.3% (95% CI, -7.3 to 4.7%; P = .02). Change in circulating
      receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand was higher in the
      intervention than in the placebo group (0.06 [0.16] vs -0.04 [0.17] pmol/L) (P =
      .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Pediatric cancer survivors with low BMD may
      benefit from low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical stimulation as a novel and
      safe intervention to optimize peak bone mass during youth, alone or in
      conjunction with other therapies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov
      Identifier: NCT01010230.

PMID- 26967467
TI  - Water Uptake and Hygroscopic Growth of Organosulfate Aerosol.
AB  - Organosulfates (OS) are important components of secondary organic aerosol (SOA)
      that have been identified in numerous field studies. This class of compounds
      within SOA can potentially affect aerosol physicochemical properties such as
      hygroscopicity because of their polar and hydrophilic nature as well as their low
      volatility. Currently, there is a dearth of information on how aerosol particles
      that contain OS interact with water vapor in the atmosphere. Herein we report a
      laboratory investigation on the hygroscopic properties of a structurally diverse
      set of OS salts at varying relative humidity (RH) using a Hygroscopicity-Tandem
      Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA). The OS studied include the potassium
      salts of glycolic acid sulfate, hydroxyacetone sulfate, 4-hydroxy-2,3-epoxybutane
      sulfate, and 2-butenediol sulfate and the sodium salts of benzyl sulfate, methyl
      sulfate, ethyl sulfate, and propyl sulfate. In addition, mixtures of OS and
      sodium chloride were also studied. The results showed gradual deliquescence of
      these aerosol particles characterized by continuous uptake and evaporation of
      water in both hydration and dehydration processes for the OS, while the mixture
      showed prompt deliquescence and effloresce transitions, albeit at a lower
      relative humidity relative to pure sodium chloride. Hygroscopic growth of these
      OS at 85% RH were also fit to parameterized functional forms. This new
      information provided here has important implications about the atmospheric
      lifetime, light scattering properties, and the role of OS in cloud formation.
      Moreover, results of these studies can ultimately serve as a basis for the
      development and evaluation of thermodynamic models for these compounds in order
      to consider their impact on the atmosphere.

PMID- 26967469
TI  - Synthesis of 5'-Aldehyde Oligonucleotide.
AB  - Synthesis of oligonucleotide ending with an aldehyde functional group at their 5'
      end (5'-AON) is possible for both DNA (5'-AODN) and RNA (5'-AORN) series
      irrespectively of the nature of the last nucleobase. The 5'-alcohol of on-support
      ODN is mildly oxidized under Moffat conditions. Transient protection of the
      resulting aldehyde by N,N'-diphenylethylenediamine derivatives allows cleavage,
      deprotection, and RP-HPLC purification of the protected 5'-AON. Finally, 5'-AON
      is deprotected by usual acetic acid treatment. In the aggregates, 5'-AON can be
      now synthesized and purified as routinely as non-modified ODNs, following
      procedures similar to the well-known "DMT-On" strategy.

PMID- 26967468
TI  - Synthesis of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Analogs with Extended Transferable Groups
      for Methyltransferase-Directed Labeling of DNA and RNA.
AB  - S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) is a ubiquitous methyl donor for a variety of
      biological methylation reactions catalyzed by methyltransferases (MTases). AdoMet
      analogs with extended propargylic chains replacing the sulfonium-bound methyl
      group can serve as surrogate cofactors for many DNA and RNA MTases enabling
      covalent deposition of these linear chains to their cognate targets sites in DNA
      or RNA. Here we describe synthetic procedures for the preparation of two
      representative examples of AdoMet analogs with a transferable hex-2-ynyl group
      carrying a terminal azide or amine functionality. Our approach is based on direct
      chemoselective alkylation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine at sulfur with
      corresponding nosylates under acidic conditions. We also describe synthetic
      routes to 6-substituted hex-2-yn-1-ols and their conversion to the corresponding
      nosylates. Using these protocols, synthetic AdoMet analogs can be prepared within
      1 to 2 weeks.

PMID- 26967470
TI  - A case of scarring alopecia with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease.

PMID- 26967471
TI  - The regulatory mechanism underlying light-inducible production of carotenoids in
      nonphototrophic bacteria.
AB  - Light is a ubiquitous environmental factor serving as an energy source and
      external stimulus. Here, I review the conserved molecular mechanism of light
      inducible production of carotenoids in three nonphototrophic bacteria:
      Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), Thermus thermophilus HB27, and Bacillus megaterium
      QM B1551. A MerR family transcriptional regulator, LitR, commonly plays a central
      role in their light-inducible carotenoid production. Genetic and biochemical
      studies on LitR proteins revealed a conserved function: LitR in complex with
      adenosyl B12 (AdoB12) has a light-sensitive DNA-binding activity and thus
      suppresses the expression of the Crt biosynthesis gene cluster. The in vitro DNA
      binding and transcription assays showed that the LitR-AdoB12 complex serves as a
      repressor allowing transcription initiation by RNA polymerase in response to
      illumination. The existence of novel light-inducible genes and the unique role of
      the megaplasmid were revealed by the transcriptomic analysis of T. thermophilus.
      The findings suggest that LitR is a general regulator responsible for the light
      inducible carotenoid production in the phylogenetically divergent nonphototrophic
      bacteria, and that LitR performs diverse physiological functions in bacteria. 

PMID- 26967472
TI  - Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place
      Preference in Mice.
AB  - It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual
      associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs
      of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable
      individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the
      maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of
      addiction/dependence(2). In rodents, reward experience and contextual
      associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference
      assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is
      measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug
      induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since
      sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug
      abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are
      considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers
      have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates
      mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different
      interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic,
      effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to
      cocaine. 

PMID- 26967474
TI  - Gorab Is Required for Dermal Condensate Cells to Respond to Hedgehog Signals
      during Hair Follicle Morphogenesis.
AB  - GORAB is a golgin that localizes predominantly at the Golgi apparatus and
      physically interacts with small guanosine triphosphatases. GORAB is ubiquitously
      expressed in mammalian tissues, including the skin. However, the biological
      function of this golgin in skin is unknown. Here, we report that disrupting the
      expression of the Gorab gene in mice results in hair follicle morphogenesis
      defects that were characterized by impaired follicular keratinocyte
      differentiation. This hair follicle phenotype was associated with markedly
      suppressed hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in dermal condensates in vivo. Gorab
      deficient dermal mesenchymal cells also displayed a significantly reduced
      capability to respond to Hh pathway activation in vitro. Furthermore, we found
      that the formation of the primary cilium, a cellular organelle that is essential
      for the Hh pathway, was impaired in mutant dermal condensate cells, suggesting
      that Gorab may be required for the Hh pathway through facilitating the formation
      of primary cilia. Thus, data obtained from this study provided insight into the
      biological functions of Gorab during embryonic morphogenesis of the skin in which
      Hh signaling and primary cilia exert important functions.

PMID- 26967475
TI  - Tamibarotene Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Dermal Fibrosis by Modulating
      Phenotypes of Fibroblasts, Endothelial Cells, and Immune Cells.
AB  - Tamibarotene (Am80) is a synthetic retinoid that modulates the pathologic
      processes of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their animal
      models. We here investigated the therapeutic potential of Am80 against systemic
      sclerosis using its animal models. Am80 significantly attenuated dermal and
      hypodermal fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-treated mice and tight skin 1 mice,
      respectively. Consistently, Am80 significantly suppressed the expression of
      various molecules related to tissue fibrosis, including transforming growth
      factor-beta1, connective tissue growth factor, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha, IFN-gamma, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in the
      lesional skin of BLM-treated mice. Furthermore, Am80 decreased the proportion of
      effector T cells, while increasing that of naive T cells among CD4+ T cells in
      the draining lymph nodes of BLM-treated mice. Moreover, a series of BLM-induced
      pathologic events, including endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; ICAM-1
      expression in endothelial cells; the infiltration of macrophages, mast cells, and
      lymphocytes; and M2 macrophage differentiation, were attenuated by Am80.
      Importantly, Am80 directly reversed the profibrotic phenotype of transforming
      growth factor-beta1-treated dermal fibroblasts, suppressed ICAM-1 expression in
      endothelial cells, and promoted M1 macrophage differentiation in vitro.
      Collectively, Am80 inhibits the development of experimental dermal fibrosis by
      reversing the profibrotic phenotype of various cell types and would be a
      candidate for therapeutic drugs against dermal fibrosis of systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 26967476
TI  - Integrin-Linked Kinase Is Indispensable for Keratinocyte Differentiation and
      Epidermal Barrier Function.
AB  - A functional permeability barrier is essential to prevent the passage of water
      and electrolytes, macromolecules, and pathogens through the epidermis. This is
      accomplished in terminally differentiated keratinocytes through formation of a
      cornified envelope and the assembly of tight intercellular junctions. Integrin
      linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein essential for hair follicle
      morphogenesis and epidermal attachment to the basement membrane. However, the
      biological functions of ILK in differentiated keratinocytes remain poorly
      understood. Furthermore, whether ILK is implicated in keratinocyte
      differentiation and intercellular junction formation has remained an unresolved
      issue. Here we describe a pivotal role for ILK in keratinocyte differentiation
      responses to increased extracellular Ca(2+), regulation of adherens and tight
      junction assembly, and the formation of an outside-in permeability barrier toward
      macromolecules. In the absence of ILK, the calcium sensing receptor, E-cadherin,
      and ZO-1 fail to translocate to the cell membrane, through mechanisms that
      involve abnormalities in microtubules and in RhoA activation. In situ, ILK
      deficient epidermis exhibits reduced tight junction formation and increased
      outside-in permeability to a dextran tracer, indicating reduced barrier
      properties toward macromolecules. Therefore, ILK is an essential component of
      keratinocyte differentiation programs that contribute to epidermal integrity and
      the establishment of its barrier properties. 

PMID- 26967477
TI  - Palmoplantar Keratoderma in Slurp2-Deficient Mice.
AB  - SLURP1, a member of the lymphocyte antigen 6 protein family, is secreted by
      suprabasal keratinocytes. Mutations in SLURP1 cause a palmoplantar keratoderma
      (PPK) known as mal de Meleda. SLURP2, another secreted lymphocyte antigen 6
      protein, is encoded by a gene located ?20 kb downstream from SLURP1. SLURP2 is
      produced by suprabasal keratinocytes. To investigate the importance of SLURP2, we
      first examined Slurp2 knockout mice in which exon 2-3 sequences had been replaced
      with lacZ and neo cassettes. Slurp2(-/-) mice exhibited hyperkeratosis on the
      volar surface of the paws (i.e., palmoplantar keratoderma), increased
      keratinocyte proliferation, and an accumulation of lipid droplets in the stratum
      corneum. They also exhibited reduced body weight and hind limb clasping. These
      phenotypes are similar to those of Slurp1(-/-) mice. To solidify a link between
      Slurp2 deficiency and palmoplantar keratoderma and to be confident that the
      disease phenotypes in Slurp2(-/-) mice were not secondary to the effects of the
      lacZ and neo cassettes on Slurp1 expression, we created a new line of Slurp2
      knockout mice (Slurp2X(-/-)) in which Slurp2 was inactivated with a simple
      nonsense mutation. Slurp2X(-/-) mice exhibited the same disease phenotypes. Thus,
      Slurp2 deficiency and Slurp1 deficiencies cause the same disease phenotypes. 

PMID- 26967478
TI  - MIG6 Is MEK Regulated and Affects EGF-Induced Migration in Mutant NRAS Melanoma.
AB  - Activating mutations in neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) are
      frequent driver events in cutaneous melanoma. NRAS is a guanosine triphosphate
      binding protein whose most well-characterized downstream effector is RAF, leading
      to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal
      regulated protein kinase 1/2 signaling. Although there are no Food and Drug
      Administration-approved targeted therapies for melanoma patients with a primary
      mutation in NRAS, one form of targeted therapy that has been explored is MEK
      inhibition. In clinical trials, MEK inhibitors have shown disappointing efficacy
      in mutant NRAS patients, the reasons for which are unclear. To explore the
      effects of MEK inhibitors in mutant NRAS melanoma, we used a high-throughput
      reverse-phase protein array platform to identify signaling alterations. Reverse
      phase protein array analysis of phospho-proteomic changes in mutant NRAS melanoma
      in response to trametinib indicated a compensatory increase in v-akt murine
      thymoma viral oncogene homolog signaling and decreased expression of mitogen
      inducible gene 6 (MIG6), a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor
      receptor/v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog receptors. MIG6
      expression did not alter the growth or survival properties of mutant NRAS
      melanoma cells. Rather, we identified a role for MIG6 as a negative regulator of
      epidermal growth factor-induced signaling and cell migration and invasion. In MEK
      inhibited cells, further depletion of MIG6 increased migration and invasion,
      whereas MIG6 expression decreased these properties. Therefore, a decrease in MIG6
      may promote the migration and invasiveness of MEK-inhibited mutant NRAS melanoma,
      especially in response to epidermal growth factor stimulation. 

PMID- 26967479
TI  - Synchronized Targeting of Notch and ERBB Signaling Suppresses Melanoma Tumor
      Growth through Inhibition of Notch1 and ERBB3.
AB  - Despite significant advances in melanoma therapy, melanoma remains the deadliest
      form of skin cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of only 15%. Thus, novel
      treatments are required to address this disease. Notch and ERBB are
      evolutionarily conserved signaling cascades required for the maintenance of
      melanocyte precursors. We show that active Notch1 (Notch1(NIC)) and active
      (phosphorylated) ERBB3 and ERBB2 correlate significantly and are similarly
      expressed in both mutated and wild-type BRAF melanomas, suggesting these
      receptors are co-reactivated in melanoma to promote survival. Whereas blocking
      either pathway triggers modest effects, combining a ?-secretase inhibitor to
      block Notch activation and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to inhibit ERBB3/2 elicits
      synergistic effects, reducing cell viability by 90% and hampering melanoma tumor
      growth. Specific inhibition of Notch1 and ERBB3 mimics these results, suggesting
      these are the critical factors triggering melanoma tumor expansion. Notch and
      ERBB inhibition blunts AKT and NF?B signaling. Constitutive expression of NF?B
      partially rescues cell death. Blockade of both Notch and ERBB signaling inhibits
      the slow cycling JARID1B-positive cell population, which is critical for long
      term maintenance of melanoma growth. We propose that blocking these pathways is
      an effective approach to treatment of melanoma patients regardless of whether
      they carry mutated or wild-type BRAF.

PMID- 26967480
TI  - Symptomatic Improvement in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Epithelial Neoplasia by
      Specific Targeting of the CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor.
AB  - Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is estimated to be the causal agent in 5% of
      all human cancers and is the leading cause of genital warts, which is the most
      common sexually transmitted viral disease. Currently, there are no medications to
      treat HPV infection, and therapeutic strategies primarily target HPV-related
      cancer rather than viral infection. HPV infection has severe effects on patients
      who display selective susceptibility to the virus in the context of primary
      immunodeficiencies, such as the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and
      myelokathexis syndrome, which is caused by dysfunctions of CXCR4, the receptor
      for the CXCL12 chemokine. In this study we showed in a transgenic mouse model of
      HPV-induced epidermal neoplasia the beneficial effects of Cxcl12/Cxcr4 pathway
      blockade with the selective CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Daily treatment with
      AMD3100 for 28 days potently reduced the abnormal ear epidermal thickening in all
      mice. This effect was associated with reductions in keratinocyte
      hyperproliferation and immune cell infiltration, both of which are linked to
      neoplastic progression. Moreover, we observed the abnormal coordinate expression
      of Cxcl12 and p16INK4a (a surrogate marker of HPV-induced cancers) in dysplastic
      epidermal keratinocytes, which was inhibited by AMD3100 treatment. These results
      provide strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway
      blockade in HPV-induced pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26967481
TI  - Delayed Healing of Sickle Cell Ulcers Is due to Impaired Angiogenesis and CXCL12
      Secretion in Skin Wounds.
AB  - Leg ulcers are a major complication of sickle cell disease that occur in 2.5-40%
      of patients. Leg ulcers are responsible for frequent complications because they
      are often long-lasting and are highly resistant to therapy. Although their
      occurrence is associated with hyperhemolysis, the mechanisms underlying sickle
      cell ulcers remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that skin wound
      healing is severely altered in old SAD sickle cell mice but is normal in young
      animals, consistent with reports in humans. Alterations of wound healing were
      associated with impaired blood and lymphatic angiogenesis in the wound beds and
      poor endothelial progenitor cell mobilization from the bone marrow. CXCL12
      secretion by keratinocytes and inflammatory cells was low in the wounds of SAD
      mice. Local therapy with endothelial progenitor cells or recombinant CXCL12
      injections restored wound angiogenesis and rescued the healing defect together
      with mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. To our knowledge,
      this is a previously unreported study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of
      sickle cell ulcers in a murine model that provides promising therapeutic
      perspectives for clinical trials. 

PMID- 26967482
TI  - Generation of a Functional Non-Shedding Collagen XVII Mouse Model: Relevance of
      Collagen XVII Shedding in Wound Healing.
AB  - Collagen XVII is a hemidesmosomal anchorage molecule of basal keratinocytes that
      promotes stable epidermal-dermal adhesion. One unique feature of collagen XVII is
      that its collagenous ectodomain is constitutively released from the cell surface
      by a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) through cleavage within its
      juxtamembranous linker domain. The responsivity of shedding to environmental
      stimuli and the high stability of the released ectodomain in several tissues
      suggests functions in cell detachment during epidermal morphogenesis,
      differentiation, and regeneration, but its physiologic relevance remained
      elusive. To investigate this, we generated knock-in mice, which express a
      functional non-sheddable collagen XVII mutant, with a 41 amino acid deletion in
      the linker domain spanning all ADAM cleavage sites. These mice showed no
      macroscopic phenotypic changes, were fertile, and had a normal lifespan.
      Prevention of collagen XVII shedding interfered neither with skin development nor
      with epidermal adhesion and differentiation. However, it led to faster wound
      closure due to accelerated re-epithelialization at the wound edges where shedding
      of wild-type collagen XVII was strongly induced. Taken together, we have
      successfully generated a functional non-shedding collagen XVII mouse model, which
      represents a powerful tool to investigate the pathophysiologic relevance of
      ectodomain shedding during wound regeneration and cancer invasion. 

PMID- 26967483
TI  - Thy-1/beta3 Integrin Interaction-Induced Apoptosis of Dermal Fibroblasts Is
      Mediated by Up-Regulation of FasL Expression.

PMID- 26967486
TI  - Combined Benefits of a PAR2 Inhibitor and Stratum Corneum Acidification for
      Murine Atopic Dermatitis.

PMID- 26967484
TI  - The HLA Alleles B*0801 and DRB1*0301 Are Associated with Dermatitis Herpetiformis
      in a Chinese Population.

PMID- 26967487
TI  - Melanoma-Directed Activation of Apoptosis Using a Bispecific Antibody Directed at
      MCSP and TRAIL Receptor-2/Death Receptor-5.

PMID- 26967489
TI  - Retraction: X. Ma et al. Hybrid Endovascular Repair in Aortic Arch Pathologies: A
      Retrospective Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 4687-4696.
AB  - We have been made aware that the figures and experimental data reported in the
      title paper [1] are duplicated in another publication by P. Bergeron [2]. [...]. 

PMID- 26967485
TI  - Distinct Histologic Subtypes and Risk Factors for Early Onset Basal Cell
      Carcinoma: A Population-Based Case Control Study from New Hampshire.

PMID- 26967488
TI  - Regulation of Plant Mineral Nutrition: Transport, Sensing and Signaling.
AB  - Limitation in crop yield productivity significantly contributes to the pressing
      problem of food security and malnutrition worldwide. [...]. 

PMID- 26967490
TI  - The influence of golf shaft stiffness on grip and clubhead kinematics.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of shaft stiffness on
      grip and clubhead kinematics. Two driver shafts with disparate levels of
      stiffness, but very similar inertial properties, were tested by 33 golfers
      representing a range of abilities. Shaft deflection data as well as grip and
      clubhead kinematics were collected from 14 swings, with each shaft, for each
      golfer using an optical motion capture system. The more flexible shaft (R-Flex)
      demonstrated a higher contribution to clubhead speed from shaft deflection
      dynamics (P < .001), but was also associated with significantly less grip angular
      velocity at impact (P = .001), resulting in no significant difference in clubhead
      speed (P = .14). However, at the individual level, half of the participants
      demonstrated a significant difference in clubhead speed between shafts. The more
      flexible shaft was also associated with significantly different magnitudes of
      head rotation relative to the grip. More specifically, both bend loft (P < .001)
      and bend lie (P < .001) were greater for the R-Flex shaft, while bend close (P =
      .017) was greater for the stiffer (X-Flex) shaft. However, changes in grip
      orientation resulted in no significant differences in face orientation, between
      the shafts, at impact.

PMID- 26967491
TI  - Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating.
AB  - One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold
      nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to
      neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium
      borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar
      nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au
      nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over
      Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal
      size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters
      (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage
      of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in
      principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au
      nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes
      on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the
      VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a
      unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material
      provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an
      external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au
      nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3
      can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The
      photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change
      and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared
      thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the
      use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A
      caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution
      temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced
      and the temperature is likely to be higher. 

PMID- 26967492
TI  - Does oral buffered sodium supplementation reduce nausea and vomiting during an
      ultramarathon?
AB  - This work examines whether nausea or vomiting during an ultramarathon are due to
      a fluid or electrolyte imbalance, and if these symptoms can be reduced through
      the use of buffered sodium supplements. Starters (n = 376) of a 161.3-km
      ultramarathon underwent body weight measurements, 74.5% completed a post-race
      questionnaire, and 53.0% also underwent a post-race blood draw. The incidence of
      nausea or vomiting progressively increased during the race, and affected 60% of
      runners overall. Weight change and rate of sodium intake in supplements or in
      buffered sodium supplements did not differ between those with and without nausea
      or vomiting. Post-race serum sodium concentration also did not differ between
      those with and without symptoms in the last race segment. We conclude that weight
      change, the rate of sodium intake in supplements or in buffered sodium
      supplements, and serum sodium concentration are not related to symptoms of nausea
      or vomiting during a 161-km ultramarathon.

PMID- 26967494
TI  - Genome-wide association studies in migraine: current state and route to follow.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed over a
      dozen genetic factors robustly associated with the common forms of migraine. The
      identification of these factors, the implicated biological mechanisms, and
      whether they are of use in basic research and clinic practice will be discussed.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Several GWAS have been performed in recent years. New approaches
      are being tested to identify how information of genetic susceptibility factors
      can be used in research and the clinic. Still, we are only at the beginning of
      understanding how the genetic factors may be involved in migraine
      pathophysiology. SUMMARY: The identification of genetic factors that confer risk
      for the common forms of migraine by GWAS has given insight into the genetic
      underpinning of migraine pathophysiology. Still, the interpretation of the
      findings of GWAS is not straightforward. Various strategies are being tested to
      investigate which pathophysiological mechanisms are involved, how they can be
      studied, and what this means for clinical diagnosis, and even care.

PMID- 26967493
TI  - The Role of Adherence and Retreatment in De Novo Emergence of MDR-TB.
AB  - Treatment failure after therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infections is an
      important challenge, especially when it coincides with de novo emergence of multi
      drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). We seek to explore possible causes why MDR-TB has
      been found to occur much more often in patients with a history of previous
      treatment. We develop a mathematical model of the replication of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis within a patient reflecting the compartments of macrophages,
      granulomas, and open cavities as well as parameterizing the effects of drugs on
      the pathogen dynamics in these compartments. We use this model to study the
      influence of patient adherence to therapy and of common retreatment regimens on
      treatment outcome. As expected, the simulations show that treatment success
      increases with increasing adherence. However, treatment occasionally fails even
      under perfect adherence due to interpatient variability in pharmacological
      parameters. The risk of generating MDR de novo is highest between 40% and 80%
      adherence. Importantly, our simulations highlight the double-edged effect of
      retreatment: On the one hand, the recommended retreatment regimen increases the
      overall success rate compared to re-treating with the initial regimen. On the
      other hand, it increases the probability to accumulate more resistant genotypes.
      We conclude that treatment adherence is a key factor for a positive outcome, and
      that screening for resistant strains is advisable after treatment failure or
      relapse. 

PMID- 26967508
TI  - Improving drug delivery technology for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent intricate challenges for
      efficient uptake and transport of drugs to the brain mainly due to the
      restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB). NDs are characterized by the loss of
      neuronal subtypes as sporadic and/or familial and several mechanisms of
      neurodegeneration have been identified. AREAS COVERED: This review attempts to
      recap, organize and concisely evaluate the advanced drug delivery systems
      designed for treating common NDs. It highlights key research gaps and opinionates
      on new neurotherapies to overcome the BBB as an addition to the current
      treatments of countering oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic mechanisms.
      EXPERT OPINION: Current treatments do not fully address the biological, drug and
      therapeutic factors faced. This has led to the development of vogue treatments
      such as nose-to-brain technologies, bio-engineered systems, fusion protein
      chaperones, stem cells, gene therapy, use of natural compounds, neuroprotectants
      and even vaccines. However, failure of these treatments is mainly due to the BBB
      and non-specific delivery in the brain. In order to increase neuroavailability
      various advanced drug delivery systems provide promising alternatives that are
      able to augment the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
      However, much work is still required in this field beyond the preclinical testing
      phase.

PMID- 26967507
TI  - Structure Property Relationships of Carboxylic Acid Isosteres.
AB  - The replacement of a carboxylic acid with a surrogate structure, or (bio)
      isostere, is a classical strategy in medicinal chemistry. The general underlying
      principle is that by maintaining the features of the carboxylic acid critical for
      biological activity, but appropriately modifying the physicochemical properties,
      improved analogs may result. In this context, a systematic assessment of the
      physicochemical properties of carboxylic acid isosteres would be desirable to
      enable more informed decisions of potential replacements to be used for analog
      design. Herein we report the structure-property relationships (SPR) of 35
      phenylpropionic acid derivatives, in which the carboxylic acid moiety is replaced
      with a series of known isosteres. The data set generated provides an assessment
      of the relative impact on the physicochemical properties that these replacements
      may have compared to the carboxylic acid analog. As such, this study presents a
      framework for how to rationally apply isosteric replacements of the carboxylic
      acid functional group. 

PMID- 26967510
TI  - The Recognition of Mental Illness, Schizophrenia Identification, and Help-Seeking
      from Friends in Late Adolescence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The recognition of mental illness without anticipating stigma might
      encourage adolescents' help-seeking behavior. We aimed to identify the
      relationship between mental illness identification and adolescents' intention to
      seek help if faced with mental illness. METHOD: We examined the relationships
      between help-seeking intentions and recognition of mental illness (RMI) without
      correctly identifying the disease name, as well as correct labelling of
      schizophrenia (LSC) using a vignette about a person with schizophrenia in a cross
      sectional survey of 9,484 Japanese high-school students aged 15-18 years.
      RESULTS: When compared with adolescents who were unable to recognize the mental
      illness (UMI) in the vignette, those in the RMI group reported they were
      significantly more likely to seek help from friends (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-1.41; P < 0.001) and expressed an increased
      likelihood to seek help from professionals (all P < .05). Those in the LSC group
      reported they were significantly less likely to exhibit help-seeking behavior (OR
      = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65-0.92, P = 0.003) and expressed an increased likelihood of
      help-seeking from health professionals than the UMI group (all P < .05).
      CONCLUSION: The ability to recognize mental illness without identifying the
      disease may increase help-seeking from friends, while the ability to identify the
      disease as schizophrenia might decrease late adolescents' help-seeking. To
      promote help-seeking behavior among adolescents, improving their ability to
      recognize mental illness generally is recommended.

PMID- 26967511
TI  - High pressure Raman spectra of monoglycine nitrate single crystal.
AB  - Single crystal of monoglycine nitrate has been studied by Raman spectroscopy
      under high pressures up to 5.5 GPa. The results show changes in lattice modes in
      the pressure ranges of 1.1-1.6 GPa and 4.0-4.6 GPa. The first change occurs with
      appearance of bands related to the lattice modes as well as discontinuity in the
      slope of dOmega/dP of these modes. Moreover, bands associated with the skeleton
      of glycine suggest that the molecule undergoes conformational modifications. The
      appearance of a strong band at 55 cm(-1) point to a second phase transition
      associated with the lattice modes, while the internal modes remain unchanged.
      These anomalies are probably due to rearrangement of hydrogen bonds.
      Additionally, decompression to ambient pressure shows that the phase transitions
      are reversible. Finally, the results show that the nitrate anions play an
      important role on the stability of the monoglycine nitrate crystal.

PMID- 26967512
TI  - A selective fluorescent 'turn-on' sensor for recognition of Zn(2+) in aqueous
      media.
AB  - A new rhodamine-based fluorescent probe 'RhAP' was synthesized and successfully
      characterized using FT-IR, (13)C NMR and (1)H NMR spectroscopies, LC-MS/MS
      spectrometry and elemental analysis. The RhAP, a colorless and non-fluorescent
      compound, showed a selective fluorescent response and colorimetric change for
      Zn(2+) in HEPES buffer (10mM, EtOH:water, 2:1, v/v, pH7.2). Upon the addition of
      two equivalents of Zn(2+) to a solution of RhAP, a nearly 35-fold enhancement of
      the fluorescence intensity, with an emission maximum at 578 nm, was observed in
      comparison to the sensor alone under the same experimental conditions. The
      complex formation between RhAP and Zn(2+) was found to have a 1:1 ratio based on
      calculations obtained from Job's plot and the mole ratio plot methods. The
      results showed that RhAP can be used as an effective fluorescent probe for
      selective detecting of Zn(2+) in an aqueous medium.

PMID- 26967509
TI  - Alcohol Consumption-Related Metabolites in Relation to Colorectal Cancer and
      Adenoma: Two Case-Control Studies Using Serum Biomarkers.
AB  - Alcohol is a known carcinogen that may be associated with colorectal cancer.
      However, most epidemiologic studies assess alcoholic beverage consumption using
      self-reported data, leading to potential exposure misclassification. Biomarkers
      of alcohol consumption may provide an alternative, complementary approach that
      reduces misclassification and incorporates individual differences in alcohol
      metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between previously
      identified alcohol consumption-related metabolites and colorectal cancer and
      adenoma using serum metabolomics data from two studies. Data on colorectal cancer
      were obtained from a nested case-control study of 502 US adults (252 cases, 250
      controls) within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening
      Trial. Data on colorectal adenoma were obtained from a case-control study of 197
      US adults (120 cases, 77 controls) from the Navy Colon Adenoma Study.
      Unconditional multivariable logistic regression models were fit to calculate odds
      ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for eight alcohol consumption
      related metabolites identified in a previous analysis: ethyl glucuronide; 4
      androstene-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate 1; 5-alpha-androstan-3beta,17beta-diol
      disulfate; 16-hydroxypalmitate; bilirubin (E,Z or Z,E); cyclo (-leu-pro); dihomo
      linoleate (20:2n6); and palmitoleate (16:1n7). We found no clear association
      between these alcohol consumption-related metabolites and either endpoint.
      However, we did observe an inverse association between cyclo (-leu-pro) and
      colorectal adenoma that was only observed in the highest metabolite quantile (OR
      4th vs. 1st Quantile = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12-0.78; P-trend = 0.047), but no
      association for colorectal cancer. In conclusion, there were no adverse
      associations between alcohol consumption-related metabolites and colorectal
      cancer or adenoma. 

PMID- 26967513
TI  - Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Terminalia cuneata and its
      catalytic action in reduction of direct yellow-12 dye.
AB  - Facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous bark extract
      of Terminalia cuneata has been reported in this article. The effects of
      concentration of the extract, reaction time and pH were studied by UV-Vis
      spectroscopy. Appearance of yellow color with lambdamax around ~420 nm suggested
      the formation of AgNPs. The stable AgNPs were further characterized by Fourier
      transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light
      scattering (DLS) with zeta potential and high resolution transmission electron
      microscopy (HR-TEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The
      synthesized AgNPs were in the size range of 25-50 nm with a distorted spherical
      shape identified from HR-TEM analysis. The catalytic activity of AgNPs on the
      reduction of direct yellow-12 using NaBH4 was analyzed using a UV-Vis
      spectrophotometer. This study showed the efficacy of biogenic AgNPs in catalyzing
      the reduction of direct yellow-12.

PMID- 26967514
TI  - NIR emission studies and dielectric properties of Er(3+)-doped multicomponent
      tellurite glasses.
AB  - Multicomponent tellurite glasses containing altered concentrations of Er2O3
      (ranging from 0 to 1 mol%) were prepared by the standard melt quenching
      technique. Investigations through energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS),
      Raman scattering spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy,
      near-infrared (NIR) emission studies and dielectric measurement techniques were
      done to probe their compositional, structural, spectroscopic and dielectric
      characteristics. The broad emission together with the high values of the
      effective linewidth (~63 nm), stimulated emission cross-section (9.67 * 10(-21)
      cm(2)) and lifetime (2.56 ms) of (4)I13/2 level for 0.5 mol% of Er(3+) makes
      these glasses attractive for broadband amplifiers. From the measured capacitance
      and dissipation factor, the relative permittivity, dielectric loss and the
      conductivity were computed; which furnish the dielectric nature of the
      multicomponent tellurite glasses that depend on the applied frequency. Assuming
      the ideal Debye behavior as substantiated by Cole-Cole plot, an examination of
      the real and imaginary parts of impedance was performed. The power-law and Cole
      Cole parameters were resolved for all the glass samples. From the assessment of
      the emission analysis and dielectric properties of the glass samples, it was
      obvious that the Er(3+) ion concentration had played a vital role in tuning the
      optical and dielectric properties and the 0.5 mol% of Er(3+) -doped glass was
      confirmed as the optimum composition.

PMID- 26967515
TI  - A systematic evaluation of the safety and toxicity of fingolimod for its
      potential use in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is challenging and emerging treatment
      options include protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activators. Fingolimod is a known
      PP2A activator that inhibits multiple signalling pathways and has been used
      extensively in patients with multiple sclerosis and other indications. The
      initial positive results of PP2A activators in vitro and mouse models of AML are
      promising; however, its safety for use in AML has not been assessed. From human
      studies of fingolimod in other indications, it is possible to evaluate whether
      the safety and toxicity profile of the PP2A activators will allow their use in
      treating AML. A literature review was carried out to assess safety before the
      commencement of Phase I trials of the PP2A activator Fingolimod in AML. From
      human studies of fingolimod in other indications, it is possible to evaluate
      whether the safety and toxicity profile of the PP2A activators will allow their
      use in treating AML. A systematic review of published literature in Medline,
      EMBASE and the Cochrane Library of critical reviews was carried out.
      International standards for the design and reporting of search strategies were
      followed. Search terms and medical subject headings used in trials involving PP2A
      activators as well as a specific search were performed for 'adverse events',
      'serious adverse events', 'delays in treatment', ' side effects' and 'toxicity'
      for primary objectives. Database searches were limited to papers published in the
      last 12 years and available in English. The search yielded 677 articles. A total
      of 69 journal articles were identified as relevant and included 30 clinical
      trials, 24 review articles and 15 case reports. The most frequently reported
      adverse events were nausea, diarrhoea, fatigue, back pain, influenza viral
      infections, nasopharyngitis and bronchitis. Specific safety concerns include
      monitoring of the heart rate and conduction at commencement of treatment as
      cardiotoxicity has been reported. There is little evidence to suggest specific
      bone marrow toxicity. Lymophopenia is a desired effect in the management of
      multiple sclerosis, but may have implications in patients with acute leukaemia as
      it may potentially increase susceptibility to viral infections such as influenza.
      Fingolimod is a potential treatment option for AML with an acceptable risk to
      benefit ratio, given its lack of bone marrow toxicity and the relatively low rate
      of serious side effects. As most patients with AML are elderly, specific
      monitoring for cardiac toxicity as well as infection would be required.

PMID- 26967516
TI  - Involvement of an SRF-MADS protein McmA in regulation of extracellular enzyme
      production and asexual/sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - SRF-MADS proteins are transcription factors conserved among eukaryotes that
      regulate a variety of cellular functions; however, their physiological roles are
      still not well understood in filamentous fungi. Effects of a mutation in mcmA
      gene that encodes the sole SRF-MADS protein in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans
      were examined by RNA sequencing. Sequencing data revealed that expression levels
      of cellulase genes were significantly decreased by the mutation as reported
      previously. However, expression levels of various hemicellulolytic enzyme genes,
      several extracellular protease genes, the nosA and rosA genes involved in sexual
      development, and AN4394 encoding an ortholog of EcdR involved in Aspergillus
      oryzae conidiation, were also significantly decreased by the mutation. As
      expected from the RNA sequencing data, the mcmA mutant had reduced protease
      production, cleistothecial development, and conidiation. This is the first report
      describing the involvement of SRF-MADS proteins in protease production in fungi,
      and asexual and sexual development in Aspergillus. 

PMID- 26967517
TI  - Opt-Out Panel Testing for HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in an Urban Emergency
      Department: A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Studies suggest 2 per 1000 people in Dublin are living with HIV, the
      level above which universal screening is advised. We aimed to assess the
      feasibility and acceptability of a universal opt-out HIV, Hepatitis B and
      Hepatitis C testing programme for Emergency Department patients and to describe
      the incidence and prevalence of blood-borne viruses in this population. METHODS:
      An opt-out ED blood borne virus screening programme was piloted from March 2014
      to January 2015. Patients undergoing blood sampling during routine clinical care
      were offered HIV 1&2 antibody/antigen assay, HBV surface antigen and HCV antibody
      tests. Linkage to care where necessary was co-ordinated by the study team. New
      diagnosis and prevalence rates were defined as the new cases per 1000 tested and
      number of positive tests per 1000 tested respectively. RESULTS: Over 45 weeks of
      testing, of 10,000 patient visits, 8,839 individual patient samples were
      available for analysis following removal of duplicates. A sustained target uptake
      of >50% was obtained after week 3. 97(1.09%), 44(0.49%) and 447(5.05%) HIV,
      Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C tests were positive respectively. Of these, 7(0.08%),
      20(0.22%) and 58(0.66%) were new diagnoses of HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
      respectively. The new diagnosis rate for HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C was
      0.8, 2.26 and 6.5 per 1000 and study prevalence for HIV, Hepatitis B and
      Hepatitis C was 11.0, 5.0 and 50.5 per 1000 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Opt-out
      blood borne viral screening was feasible and acceptable in an inner-city ED.
      Blood borne viral infections were prevalent in this population and newly
      diagnosed cases were diagnosed and linked to care. These results suggest
      widespread blood borne viral testing in differing clinical locations with
      differing population demographic risks may be warranted.

PMID- 26967518
TI  - Naringin Reduces Hyperglycemia-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis by Relieving Oxidative
      Stress.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycemia promotes myocardial fibrotic lesions through
      upregulation of PKC and p38 in response to redox changes. The effects of naringin
      on hyperglycemia-induced myocardial fibrotic changes and its putative effects on
      PKC-beta and p38 protein expression in type 1 rat model of diabetes are hereby
      investigated. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups I
      VI. Groups I and II, were orally treated with distilled water {3.0 ml/kg body
      weight (BW)} and naringin (50 mg/kg BW), respectively. Groups III, IV, V and VI
      were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin
      (60 mg/kg, BW) and were similarly treated with subcutaneous insulin (8.0 I.U/kg
      BW, twice daily), naringin (50 mg/kg BW), distilled water (3.0 ml/Kg BW) and
      ramipril (3.0 mg/kg/BW), respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 56 days
      by halothane overdose; blood and heart samples removed for further analysis.
      RESULTS: The untreated diabetic rats exhibited significantly increased oxidative
      stress, NADPH oxidase activity, increased cardiac fibrosis, PKC-beta and p38
      mitogen activated protein kinase expression compared to controls. Naringin
      treatment significantly ameliorated these changes in diabetic rats compared to
      the untreated diabetic controls. CONCLUSIONS: Naringin's amelioration of
      myocardial fibrosis by modulating p38 and PKC-beta protein expression possibly
      through its known antioxidant actions and may therefore be useful in retarding
      the progression of fibrosis in a diabetic heart.

PMID- 26967519
TI  - Is It Possible to Detect Activated Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans Using Single
      Time-Point Infrared Thermography under Thermoneutral Conditions? Impact of BMI
      and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Thickness.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility to detect activated brown adipose tissue
      (BAT) using single-time-point infrared thermography of the supraclavicular skin
      region under thermoneutral conditions. To this end, infrared thermography was
      compared with 18-F-FDG PET, the current reference standard for the detection of
      activated BAT. METHODS: 120 patients were enrolled in this study. After exclusion
      of 18 patients, 102 patients (44 female, 58 male, mean age 58+/-17 years) were
      included for final analysis. All patients underwent a clinically indicated 18F
      FDG-PET/CT examination. Immediately prior to tracer injection skin temperatures
      of the supraclavicular, presternal and jugular regions were measured using
      spatially resolved infrared thermography at room temperature. The presence of
      activated BAT was determined in PET by typical FDG uptake within the
      supraclavicular adipose tissue compartments. Local thickness of supraclavicular
      subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) was measured on CT. Measured skin temperatures
      were statistically correlated with the presence of activated BAT and
      anthropometric data. RESULTS: Activated BAT was detected in 9 of 102 patients
      (8.8%). Local skin temperature of the supraclavicular region was significantly
      higher in individuals with active BAT compared to individuals without active BAT.
      However, after statistical correction for the influence of BMI, no predictive
      value of activated BAT on skin temperature of the supraclavicular region could be
      observed. Supraclavicular skin temperature was significantly negatively
      correlated with supraclavicular SCAT thickness. CONCLUSION: We conclude that
      supraclavicular SCAT thickness influences supraclavicular skin temperature and
      thus makes a specific detection of activated BAT using single-time-point
      thermography difficult. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the possibility
      of BAT detection using alternative thermographic methods, e.g. dynamic
      thermography or MR-based thermometry taking into account BMI as a confounding
      factor.

PMID- 26967521
TI  - Hypocrellin B and paclitaxel-encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles
      for targeted photodynamic therapy in lung cancer.
AB  - To increase the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating
      lung cancer, we developed both photosensitizer and anticancer drug encapsulated
      hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles. Based on our previous study, a co
      delivery system of photosensitizers and anticancer agents greatly improves the
      therapeutic effect of PDT. Furthermore, hyaluronic acid-ceramide-based
      nanoparticles are ideal targeting carriers for lung cancer. In vitro
      phototoxicity in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells and in vivo antitumor
      efficacy in A549 tumor-bearing mice treated with hypocrellin B (HB)-loaded
      nanoparticles (HB-NPs) or hypocrellin B and paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles (HB-P
      NPs) were evaluated. Cell viability assay, microscopic analysis and FACS analysis
      were performed for the in vitro studies and HB-P-NPs showed enhanced
      phototoxicity compared with HB-NPs. In the animal study, the tumor volume change
      and the histological analysis was studied and the anticancer efficacy improved in
      the order of free HB<HB-NPs<HB-P-NPs. In conclusion, the combination therapy of
      PDT and chemotherapy, and hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticle-based targeted
      delivery improved the effects of PDT in lung cancer in mice. 

PMID- 26967522
TI  - Exome sequencing reveals a novel missense mutation in the KIAA0196 gene in a
      Japanese patient with SPG8.
AB  - Exome sequencing revealed a novel missense mutation (c.2152G>A, p.E713K) in the
      KIAA0196 gene in a Japanese patient with SPG8. To date, only 10 mutations in the
      KIAA0196 gene have been reported in the world. We describe the clinical and
      genetic findings in our patient with SPG8, which is a rare dominant hereditary
      spastic paraplegia. Notably, our patient showed mild upper limb ataxia, which is
      a relatively atypical symptom of SPG8. Thus, our patient showed a wide clinical
      spectrum of SPG8. 

PMID- 26967523
TI  - Correction: Spatial and Temporal Examination of Bivalve Communities in Several
      Estuaries of Southern California and Northern Baja California, MX.

PMID- 26967520
TI  - Chicken TREM-B1, an Inhibitory Ig-Like Receptor Expressed on Chicken
      Thrombocytes.
AB  - Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) form a multigene family of
      immunoregulatory Ig-like receptors and play important roles in the regulation of
      innate and adaptive immunity. In chickens, three members of the TREM family have
      been identified on chromosome 26. One of them is TREM-B1 which possesses two V
      set Ig-domains, an uncharged transmembrane region and a long cytoplasmic tail
      with one ITSM and two ITIMs indicating an inhibitory function. We generated
      specific monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a Balb/c mouse with a TREM-B1-FLAG
      transfected BWZ.36 cell line and tested the hybridoma supernatants on TREM-B1
      FLAG transfected 2D8 cells. We obtained two different antibodies specific for
      TREM-B1, mab 7E8 (mouse IgG1) and mab 1E9 (mouse IgG2a) which were used for cell
      surface staining. Single and double staining of different tissues, including
      whole blood preparations, revealed expression on thrombocytes. Next we
      investigated the biochemical properties of TREM-B1 by using the specific mab 1E9
      for immunoprecipitation of either lysates of surface biotinylated peripheral
      blood cells or stably transfected 2D8 cells. Staining with streptavidin coupled
      horse radish peroxidase revealed a glycosylated monomeric protein of about 50
      kDa. Furthermore we used the stably transfected 2D8 cell line for analyzing the
      cytoplasmic tyrosine based signaling motifs. After pervanadate treatment, we
      detected phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues and subsequent recruitment of
      the tyrosine specific protein phosphatase SHP-2, indicating an inhibitory
      potential for TREM-B1. We also showed the inhibitory effect of TREM-B1 in chicken
      thrombocytes using a CD107 degranulation assay. Crosslinking of TREM-B1 on
      activated primary thrombocytes resulted in decreased CD107 surface expression of
      about 50-70%. 

PMID- 26967524
TI  - Dengue in Java, Indonesia: Relevance of Mosquito Indices as Risk Predictors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No vaccine is currently available for dengue virus (DENV), therefore
      control programmes usually focus on managing mosquito vector populations.
      Entomological surveys provide the most common means of characterising vector
      populations and predicting the risk of local dengue virus transmission. Despite
      Indonesia being a country strongly affected by DENV, only limited information is
      available on the local factors affecting DENV transmission and the suitability of
      available survey methods for assessing risk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We
      conducted entomological surveys in the Banyumas Regency (Central Java) where
      dengue cases occur on an annual basis. Four villages were sampled during the dry
      and rainy seasons: two villages where dengue was endemic, one where dengue cases
      occurred sporadically and one which was dengue-free. In addition to data for
      conventional larvae indices, we collected data on pupae indices, and collected
      adult mosquitoes for species identification in order to determine mosquito
      species composition and population density. Traditionally used larval indices
      (House indices, Container indices and Breteau indices) were found to be
      inadequate as indicators for DENV transmission risk. In contrast, species
      composition of adult mosquitoes revealed that competent vector species were
      dominant in dengue endemic and sporadic villages. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our
      data suggested that the utility of traditional larvae indices, which continue to
      be used in many dengue endemic countries, should be re-evaluated locally. The
      results highlight the need for validation of risk indicators and control
      strategies across DENV affected areas here and perhaps elsewhere in SE Asia.

PMID- 26967526
TI  - "Anyone Know What Species This Is?" - Twitter Conversations as Embryonic Citizen
      Science Communities.
AB  - Social media like blogs, micro-blogs or social networks are increasingly being
      investigated and employed to detect and predict trends for not only social and
      physical phenomena, but also to capture environmental information. Here we argue
      that opportunistic biodiversity observations published through Twitter represent
      one promising and until now unexplored example of such data mining. As we
      elaborate, it can contribute to real-time information to traditional ecological
      monitoring programmes including those sourced via citizen science activities.
      Using Twitter data collected for a generic assessment of social media data in
      ecological monitoring we investigated a sample of what we denote biodiversity
      observations with species determination requests (N = 191). These entail images
      posted as messages on the micro-blog service Twitter. As we show, these
      frequently trigger conversations leading to taxonomic determinations of those
      observations. All analysed Tweets were posted with species determination
      requests, which generated replies for 64% of Tweets, 86% of those contained at
      least one suggested determination, of which 76% were assessed as correct. All
      posted observations included or linked to images with the overall image quality
      categorised as satisfactory or better for 81% of the sample and leading to
      taxonomic determinations at the species level in 71% of provided determinations.
      We claim that the original message authors and conversation participants can be
      viewed as implicit or embryonic citizen science communities which have to offer
      valuable contributions both as an opportunistic data source in ecological
      monitoring as well as potential active contributors to citizen science
      programmes. 

PMID- 26967525
TI  - Incomplete Lineage Sorting and Hybridization Statistics for Large-Scale
      Retroposon Insertion Data.
AB  - Ancient retroposon insertions can be used as virtually homoplasy-free markers to
      reconstruct the phylogenetic history of species. Inherited, orthologous
      insertions in related species offer reliable signals of a common origin of the
      given species. One prerequisite for such a phylogenetically informative insertion
      is that the inserted element was fixed in the ancestral population before
      speciation; if not, polymorphically inserted elements may lead to random
      distributions of presence/absence states during speciation and possibly to
      apparently conflicting reconstructions of their ancestry. Fortunately, such
      misleading fixed cases are relatively rare but nevertheless, need to be
      considered. Here, we present novel, comprehensive statistical models applicable
      for (1) analyzing any pattern of rare genomic changes, (2) testing and
      differentiating conflicting phylogenetic reconstructions based on rare genomic
      changes caused by incomplete lineage sorting or/and ancestral hybridization, and
      (3) differentiating between search strategies involving genome information from
      one or several lineages. When the new statistics are applied, in non-conflicting
      cases a minimum of three elements present in both of two species and absent in a
      third group are considered significant support (p<0.05) for the branching of the
      third from the other two, if all three of the given species are screened equally
      for genome or experimental data. Five elements are necessary for significant
      support (p<0.05) if a diagnostic locus derived from only one of three species is
      screened, and no conflicting markers are detected. Most potentially conflicting
      patterns can be evaluated for their significance and ancestral hybridization can
      be distinguished from incomplete lineage sorting by considering symmetric or
      asymmetric distribution of rare genomic changes among possible tree
      configurations. Additionally, we provide an R-application to make the new KKSC
      insertion significance test available for the scientific community at
      http://retrogenomics.uni-muenster.de:3838/KKSC_significance_test/. 

PMID- 26967528
TI  - Patient Databases and Clinical Registries in Facial Plastic Surgery Research
      Looking at Outcomes Data on a Broader Scale.

PMID- 26967527
TI  - Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse.
AB  - In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into
      powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and translational
      research in the field of transplantation medicine. A vast array of reagents is
      available exclusively in this setting, including mono- and polyclonal antibodies
      for both diagnostic and interventional applications. In addition, a vast number
      of genotyped, inbred, transgenic, and knock out strains allow detailed
      investigation of the individual contributions of humoral and cellular components
      to the complex interplay of an immune response and make the mouse the gold
      standard for immunological research. Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
      (VCA) delineates a novel field of transplantation using allografts to replace
      "like with like" in patients suffering traumatic or congenital tissue loss. This
      surgical methodological protocol shows the use of a non-suture cuff technique for
      super-microvascular anastomosis in an orthotopic mouse hind limb transplantation
      model. The model specifically allows for comparison between established paradigms
      in solid organ transplantation with a novel form of transplants consisting of
      various different tissue components. Uniquely, this model allows for the
      transplantation of a viable vascularized bone marrow compartment and niche that
      have the potential to exert a beneficial effect on the balance of immune
      acceptance and rejection. This technique provides a tool to investigate
      alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection and acceptance, as well as
      enables the pursuit of functional nerve regeneration studies to further advance
      this novel field of transplantation. 

PMID- 26967529
TI  - Driving through the Great Recession: Why does motor vehicle fatality decrease
      when the economy slows down?
AB  - The relationship between short-term macroeconomic growth and temporary mortality
      increases remains strongest for motor vehicle (MV) crashes. In this paper, I
      investigate the mechanisms that explain falling MV fatality rates during the
      recent Great Recession. Using U.S. state-level panel data from 2003 to 2013, I
      first estimate the relationship between unemployment and MV fatality rate and
      then decompose it into risk and exposure factors for different types of MV
      crashes. Results reveal a significant 2.9 percent decrease in MV fatality rate
      for each percentage point increase in unemployment rate. This relationship is
      almost entirely explained by changes in the risk of driving rather than exposure
      to the amount of driving and is particularly robust for crashes involving large
      commercial trucks, multiple vehicles, and speeding cars. These findings provide
      evidence suggesting traffic patterns directly related to economic activity lead
      to higher risk of MV fatality rates when the economy improves. 

PMID- 26967530
TI  - Effects of Metabolic Programming on Juvenile Play Behavior and Gene Expression in
      the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats.
AB  - Early developmental processes, such as metabolic programming, can provide cues to
      an organism, which allow it to make modifications that are predicted to be
      beneficial for survival. Similarly, social play has a multifaceted role in
      promoting survival and fitness of animals. Play is a complex behavior that is
      greatly influenced by motivational and reward circuits, as well as the energy
      reserves and metabolism of an organism. This study examined the association
      between metabolic programming and juvenile play behavior in an effort to further
      elucidate insight into the consequences that early adaptions have on
      developmental trajectories. The study also examined changes in expression of four
      genes (Drd2, IGF1, Opa1, and OxyR) in the prefrontal cortex known to play
      significant roles in reward, bioenergetics, and social-emotional functioning.
      Using four distinct variations in developmental programming (high-fat diet,
      caloric restriction, exercise, or high-fat diet combined with exercise), we found
      that dietary programming (high-fat diet vs. caloric restriction) had the greatest
      impact on play behavior and gene expression. However, exercise also induced
      changes in both measures. This study demonstrates that metabolic programming can
      alter neural circuits and bioenergetics involved in play behavior, thus providing
      new insights into mechanisms that allow programming to influence the evolutionary
      success of an organism.

PMID- 26967531
TI  - Microvesicle-associated tissue factor procoagulant activity for the preoperative
      diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tissue factor (TF) is involved in tumor growth and metastasis and
      contributes to venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer, including gynecological
      malignancies. The diagnostic value of microvesicle-associated TF procoagulant
      activity (MV TF PCA) in women with suspected ovarian cancer, however, has not
      been studied. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate MV TF PCA as a diagnostic tool in women with
      an ovarian mass of unknown etiology and as a predictive biomarker for
      perioperative VTE. METHODS: Plasma MVs were isolated by high-speed centrifugation
      and analyzed for TF-specific PCA by single-stage clotting assay. In addition,
      plasma TF antigen and soluble P-selectin (sCD62P) were measured by ELISA.
      RESULTS: D-Dimer, MV TF PCA, and sCD62P, but not the tumor marker, CA-125,
      significantly differentiated patients with malignant (n=40) from those with
      benign tumors (n=15) and healthy controls (n=34). In cancer patients, only D
      Dimer and CA-125 correlated with the FIGO stage. An abnormal D-dimer had the
      highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of cancer, while MV TF PCA above the ROC
      curve-derived cut-off value of 182U/mL had the highest specificity. By
      multivariate logistic regression analysis, addition of MV TF PCA conferred
      diagnostic benefit to the single variables, CA-125 (p=0.052) and D-dimer
      (p=0.019). Perioperative VTE occurred in 16% of cancer patients and was
      associated with an advanced FIGO stage, but not MV TF PCA. There was no
      difference in plasma TF antigen levels between study groups. CONCLUSIONS: MV TF
      PCA, but not plasma TF antigen, may provide valuable additional information for
      the diagnostic work-up of women with suspected ovarian cancer.

PMID- 26967532
TI  - Standardization of a well-controlled in vivo mouse model of thrombus formation
      induced by mechanical injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Vascular plug formation by mechanical injury that exposes abundant
      extracellular matrix is an ideal model to mimic thrombus formation. The objective
      of this study was to standardize our previously established in vivo mouse model
      of thrombus formation induced by mechanical injury. RESULTS: The mechanical
      injury was exerted by pinching the abdominal aorta with hemostatic forceps for
      either 15 (moderate injury) or 60 (severe injury) seconds. Thrombus formation was
      monitored for 20min in real time using a fluorescent microscope coupled to a CCD
      camera. In the moderate injury, thrombus formation peaked at approximately 1min
      after injury and resolved within 3min, with the mean AUC (area under the curve)
      of 165.2+/-17.29mm(2), whereas a larger thrombus was observed upon the severe
      injury, with the mean AUC of 600.5+/-37.77mm(2). Using scanning electron
      microscopy and HE staining, a complete deformation of the endothelium in the
      moderate injury model and the exposure of the media in the severe injury model
      were observed. The model was also evaluate for its application on the effects of
      antithrombotic drugs targeting GP IIb-IIIa (eptifibatide), ADP receptor P2Y1
      (MRS2500) and P2Y12 (clopidogrel), and thrombin (hirudin) on thrombus formation.
      CONCLUSIONS: We have improved a vascular injury model with optimal
      reproducibility and feasibility that allows evaluating the effect of anti
      thrombotic drugs on thrombus formation in vivo.

PMID- 26967533
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus Induces Shedding of IL-1RII in Monocytes and Neutrophils.
AB  - Interleukin 1 (IL-1) beta is a critical cytokine that orchestrates host defenses
      against Staphylococcus aureus and is crucial for the eradication of bacteria. The
      production and action of IL-1beta are regulated by multiple control pathways.
      Among them, IL-1RII (the type II IL-1 receptor) acts as a decoy receptor and has
      been shown to regulate the biological effects of IL-1beta. High levels of soluble
      IL-1RII are present in septic patients; however, the stimuli that regulate the
      expression and release of IL-1RII in pathological conditions are incompletely
      elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated the ability of S. aureus and
      protein A to induce IL-1RII shedding in myeloid cells. The positive modulation of
      IL-1RII expression and cleavage was associated with the failure to detect IL
      1beta in response to S. aureus both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the
      soluble form of the receptor could be masking the availability of IL-1beta. The
      absence of detectable IL-1beta was associated with low levels of inflammatory
      cytokines and chemokines known to be regulated by IL-1beta and with increased
      bacterial persistence. Modulation of decoy receptors during systemic S. aureus
      infection is proposed as a new strategy used by this bacterium to evade the
      immune response.

PMID- 26967534
TI  - Parent Perception of Newborn Hearing Screening: Results of a US National Survey.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: An unacceptably high number of children who do not pass universal
      newborn hearing screening (UNHS) are lost to follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To provide
      insight into parent recall of UNHS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this
      nationally representative cross-sectional survey, 2144 US parent households were
      surveyed in May 2012 using the Knowledge Panel. Responses of parents whose
      children were born before vs after UNHS implementation were compared. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcome measures included recall of hearing screen at
      birth, hearing screen results, and recommendations for follow-up. All outcome
      measures were based on parent recall and report. Descriptive statistics and
      multiple logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: The study participants
      included 1539 parent households and 605 nonparent households. Of the 1539 parent
      households surveyed, the mean age of the parents was 38.8 years (range, 18-88
      years), the mean age of the children was 10.2 years (range, 0-17 years), and the
      mean age of children with hearing loss was 12.1 years (range, 0-17 years). A
      total of 1539 parents (55.8%) were women. Only 62.9% of parents (unweighted n =
      950) recalled a newborn hearing screen, and among those children with risk
      indicators for hearing loss (n = 587), only 68.6% (unweighted n = 385) recalled a
      hearing screen. Higher parent educational level (odds ratio [OR], 2.27; 95% CI,
      1.17-4.41, for some college and OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.22-4.78, for a bachelor's
      degree; P = .03), younger age of the child (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.23; P <
      .001), and the presence of any risk indicator for hearing loss (OR, 1.5; 95% CI,
      1.13-2.13; P = .007) were associated with parent recall of hearing screen.
      Reported pass rates were higher than expected. Parent recall of follow-up
      recommendations was not always consistent with guidelines. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Although this study is inherently limited by recall bias, the findings
      indicate a lack of parent awareness of UNHS. Changes in the system of reporting
      UNHS results are necessary to improve parent recall of screen results and improve
      follow-up for children who do not pass the screen.

PMID- 26967535
TI  - Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from feeding and no-feeding mariculture ponds.
AB  - The CO2 and CH4 fluxes at the water-air interface were measured in shrimp
      (Marsupenaeus japonicus) monoculture ponds (S) with feed supply and shrimp-sea
      cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) polyculture ponds (SS) without feed supply.
      During farming seasons of the whole year, cumulated CO2-C fluxes were -5.69 g m(
      2) (S) and 11.23 g m(-2) (SS), respectively. The cumulated CO2 emissions from S
      and SS did not differ significantly. The cumulated CH4-C emissions from S (0.57 g
      m(-2)) were significantly higher than those from SS (0.068 g m(-2)). S absorbed C
      from the atmosphere with a mean absorption rate of -5.12 g m(-2), whereas SS
      emitted C to the atmosphere with a mean emission rate of 11.30 g m(-2). Over 20
      year horizon, the compressive global warming potentials (cGWPs) were 33.55 (S)
      and 47.71 (SS), respectively, indicating both feeding and no-feeding mariculture
      ponds could promote global warming. 

PMID- 26967536
TI  - Near roadway air pollution across a spatially extensive road and cycling network.
AB  - This study investigates the variability in near-road concentrations of ultra-fine
      particles (UFP). Our results are based on a mobile data collection campaign
      conducted in 2012 in Montreal, Canada using instrumented bicycles and covering
      approximately 475 km of unique roadways. The spatial extent of the data collected
      included a diverse array of roads and land use patterns. Average concentrations
      of UFP per roadway segment varied greatly across the study area (1411-192,340
      particles/cm(3)) as well as across the different visits to the same segment.
      Mixed effects linear regression models were estimated for UFP (R(2) = 43.80%),
      incorporating a wide range of predictors including land-use, built environment,
      road characteristics, and meteorology. Temperature and wind speed had a large
      negative effect on near-road concentrations of UFP. Both the day of the week and
      time of day had a significant effect with Tuesdays and afternoon periods
      positively associated with UFP. Since UFP are largely associated with traffic
      emissions and considering the wide spatial extent of our data collection
      campaign, it was impossible to collect traffic volume data. For this purpose, we
      used simulated data for traffic volumes and speeds across the region and observed
      a positive effect for volumes and negative effect for speed. Finally, proximity
      to truck routes was also associated with higher UFP concentrations. 

PMID- 26967537
TI  - Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyanobacteria and algae in
      laboratory strains and in natural algal assemblages.
AB  - In recent years measurable concentrations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs (NSAIDs) have been shown in the aquatic environment as a result of
      increasing human consumption. Effects of five frequently used non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, diflunisal, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid and
      piroxicam in 0.1 mg ml(-1) concentration) in batch cultures of cyanobacteria
      (Synechococcus elongatus, Microcystis aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis
      raciborskii), and eukaryotic algae (Desmodesmus communis, Haematococcus
      pluvialis, Cryptomonas ovata) were studied. Furthermore, the effects of the same
      concentrations of NSAIDs were investigated in natural algal assemblages in
      microcosms. According to the changes of chlorophyll-a content, unicellular
      cyanobacteria seemed to be more tolerant to NSAIDs than eukaryotic algae in
      laboratory experiments. Growth of eukaryotic algae was reduced by all drugs, the
      cryptomonad C. ovata was the most sensitive to NSAIDs, while the flagellated
      green alga H. pluvialis was more sensitive than the non-motile green alga D.
      communis. NSAID treatments had weaker impact in the natural assemblages dominated
      by cyanobacteria than in the ones dominated by eukaryotic algae, confirming the
      results of laboratory experiments. Diversity and number of functional groups did
      not change notably in cyanobacteria dominated assemblages, while they decreased
      significantly in eukaryotic algae dominated ones compared to controls. The
      results highlight that cyanobacteria (especially unicellular ones) are less
      sensitive to the studied, mostly hardly degradable NSAIDs, which suggest that
      their accumulation in water bodies may contribute to the expansion of
      cyanobacterial mass productions in appropriate environmental circumstances by
      pushing back eukaryotic algae. Thus, these contaminants require special attention
      during wastewater treatment and monitoring of surface waters. 

PMID- 26967538
TI  - 'When you visit a man you should prepare yourself': male community care worker
      approaches to working with men living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa.
AB  - Caring is typically constructed as a feminised practice, resulting in women
      shouldering the burden of care-related work. Health-seeking behaviours are also
      constructed as feminine and men have poorer health outcomes globally. Employing
      men as carers may not only improve the health of the men they assist but also be
      transformative with regards to gendered constructions of caring. Using semi
      structured interviews and observational home visits, this study explored the
      techniques that community care workers employ when working with male clients. The
      empirical analysis draws on the perspectives of eight care workers and three of
      their male clients from the Cape Town area. Interviews reveal how care workers
      and clients perform and negotiate masculinities as they navigate hegemonic
      masculine norms that require men to act tough, suppress emotions and deny
      weakness and sickness. Both parties bump up against ideals of what it means to be
      a man as they strive to provide care and receive support. Community care workers
      avoid rupturing client performances of hegemonic masculinities which inhibit
      confession and support. To do this, they use techniques of indirectly broaching
      sensitive subjects, acting in a friendly way and being clear about the intention
      of their work.

PMID- 26967539
TI  - Stripe-like Clay Nanotubes Patterns in Glass Capillary Tubes for Capture of Tumor
      Cells.
AB  - Here, we used capillary tubes to evaporate an aqueous dispersion of halloysite
      nanotubes (HNTs) in a controlled manner to prepare a patterned surface with
      ordered alignment of the nanotubes . Sodium polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) was added
      to improve the surface charges of the tubes. An increased negative charge of HNTs
      is realized by PSS coating (from -26.1 mV to -52.2 mV). When the HNTs aqueous
      dispersion concentration is higher than 10%, liquid crystal phenomenon of the
      dispersion is found. A typical shear flow behavior and decreased viscosity upon
      shear is found when HNTs dispersions with concentrations higher than 10%. Upon
      drying the HNTs aqueous dispersion in capillary tubes, a regular pattern is
      formed in the wall of the tube. The width and spacing of the bands increase with
      HNTs dispersion concentration and decrease with the drying temperature for a
      given initial concentration. Morphology results show that an ordered alignment of
      HNTs is found especially for the sample of 10%. The patterned surface can be used
      as a model for preparing PDMS molding with regular micro-/nanostructure. Also,
      the HNTs rough surfaces can provide much higher tumor cell capture efficiency
      compared to blank glass surfaces. The HNTs ordered surfaces provide promising
      application for biomedical areas such as biosensors. 

PMID- 26967540
TI  - Presence of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in retail chicken meat but not in
      humans in the Netherlands since 2009.
AB  - Recently, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was found in
      Enterobacteriaceae from humans, pigs and retail meat in China. Several reports
      have documented global presence of the gene in Enterobacteriaceae from humans,
      food animals and food since. We screened several well-characterised strain
      collections of Enterobacteriaceae, obtained from retail chicken meat and
      hospitalised patients in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2015, for presence of
      colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene. A total of 2,471 Enterobacteriaceae
      isolates, from surveys in retail chicken meat (196 isolates), prevalence surveys
      in hospitalised patients (1,247 isolates), clinical cultures (813 isolates) and
      outbreaks in healthcare settings (215 isolates), were analysed. The mcr-1 gene
      was identified in three (1.5%) of 196 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)
      producing Escherichia coli isolates from retail chicken meat samples in 2009 and
      2014. Two isolates were obtained from the same batch of meat samples, most likely
      representing contamination from a common source. No mcr-1-positive isolates were
      identified among 2,275 human isolates tested. All mcr-1-positive isolates were
      colistin-resistant (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 2 mg/L). Our
      findings indicate that mcr-1-based colistin-resistance currently poses no threat
      to healthcare in the Netherlands. They indicate however that continued monitoring
      of colistin resistance and its underlying mechanisms in humans, livestock and
      food is needed.

PMID- 26967541
TI  - Evaluation of SAMe-TT2R2 score and other clinical factors influencing the quality
      of anticoagulation therapy in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a nationwide
      study in Spain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the major clinical factors affecting the quality of
      anticoagulation and evaluate the predictive value of the SAMe-TT2R2 score to
      identify patients who will achieve a high average time in therapeutic range
      (T.T.R.) with vitamin K antagonist (V.K.A.) treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional, retrospective and nationwide
      multicenter study included 1524 patients from the primary care setting with non
      valvular atrial fibrillation receiving V.K.A. (>=12 months). We performed a
      bivariate analysis to identify factors individually associated with the T.T.R.
      and a multiple regression analysis to identify the independent predictive
      factors. For the validation of the SAMe-TT2R2 score, the receiver operating
      characteristic (R.O.C.) curve was calculated and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was
      used to test calibration. RESULTS: A total of 94.8% of patients received
      acenocumarol (4.8% warfarin). A progressive decrease in mean T.T.R. was found
      when the SAMe-TT2R2 score increased from 0 points (72.1 +/- 17.1%) to 4 points
      (64.1 +/- 23.2%), p < 0.001. Other risk scores (CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc, HAS
      BLED) were also associated with the mean T.T.R. We found a significant
      association between low T.T.R. and the following clinical factors: female sex,
      three or more comorbidities, amiodarone treatment, dietary habits, bleeding
      history and the intake of >=7 tablets per day besides V.K.A. (p < 0.01).
      Regarding SAMe-TT2R2 score validation, the R.O.C. curve showed significant
      capability, although not high, of discriminating good anticoagulation control
      (T.T.R. >=65%) with an area under the curve of 0.562 (95% C.I. 0.533-0.592, p <
      0.001) which increased, remaining modest, to 0.594 (95% C.I. 0.564-0.624, p <
      0.001) when the factors not included in SAMe-TT2R2 score were added. CONCLUSION:
      In this cohort, the SAMe-TT2R2 score had a significant, although modest, ability
      to assess the likelihood of good international normalized ration (I.N.R.)
      control, and its predictive value might slightly improve by adding other simple
      clinical factors. Further research is needed to refine the predictive scales.

PMID- 26967542
TI  - Optimizing Solute-Solute Interactions in the GLYCAM06 and CHARMM36 Carbohydrate
      Force Fields Using Osmotic Pressure Measurements.
AB  - GLYCAM06 and CHARMM36 are successful force fields for modeling carbohydrates. To
      correct recently identified deficiencies with both force fields, we adjusted
      intersolute nonbonded parameters to reproduce the experimental osmotic
      coefficient of glucose at 1 M. The modified parameters improve behavior of
      glucose and sucrose up to 4 M and improve modeling of a dextran 55-mer. While the
      modified parameters may not be applicable to all carbohydrates, they highlight
      the use of osmotic simulations to optimize force fields. 

PMID- 26967544
TI  - Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case
      of a Jet Flow.
AB  - 3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the
      Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic
      recording of image sequences. The basic components, features, constraints and
      optimization tips of a 3D-PTV topology consisting of a high-speed camera with a
      four-view splitter are described and discussed in this article. The technique is
      applied to the intermediate flow field (5 <x/d <25) of a circular jet at Re ~
      7,000. Lagrangian flow features and turbulence quantities in an Eulerian frame
      are estimated around ten diameters downstream of the jet origin and at various
      radial distances from the jet core. Lagrangian properties include trajectory,
      velocity and acceleration of selected particles as well as curvature of the flow
      path, which are obtained from the Frenet-Serret equation. Estimation of the 3D
      velocity and turbulence fields around the jet core axis at a cross-plane located
      at ten diameters downstream of the jet is compared with literature, and the power
      spectrum of the large-scale streamwise velocity motions is obtained at various
      radial distances from the jet core. 

PMID- 26967543
TI  - Quantile Regression Analysis of the Distributional Effects of Air Pollution on
      Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability, Blood Lipids, and Biomarkers of
      Inflammation in Elderly American Men: The Normative Aging Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have observed associations between air pollution and
      heart disease. Susceptibility to air pollution effects has been examined mostly
      with a test of effect modification, but little evidence is available whether air
      pollution distorts cardiovascular risk factor distribution. OBJECTIVES: This
      paper aims to examine distributional and heterogeneous effects of air pollution
      on known cardiovascular biomarkers. METHODS: A total of 1,112 men from the
      Normative Aging Study and residents of the greater Boston, Massachusetts, area
      with mean age of 69 years at baseline were included in this study during the
      period 1995-2013. We used quantile regression and random slope models to
      investigate distributional effects and heterogeneity in the traffic-related
      responses on blood pressure, heart rate variability, repolarization, lipids, and
      inflammation. We considered 28-day averaged exposure to particle number, PM2.5
      black carbon, and PM2.5 mass concentrations (measured at a single monitor near
      the site of the study visits). RESULTS: We observed some evidence suggesting
      distributional effects of traffic-related pollutants on systolic blood pressure,
      heart rate variability, corrected QT interval, low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol, triglyceride, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). For
      example, among participants with LDL cholesterol below 80 mg/dL, an interquartile
      range increase in PM2.5 black carbon exposure was associated with a 7-mg/dL (95%
      CI: 5, 10) increase in LDL cholesterol, while among subjects with LDL cholesterol
      levels close to 160 mg/dL, the same exposure was related to a 16-mg/dL (95% CI:
      13, 20) increase in LDL cholesterol. We observed similar heterogeneous
      associations across low versus high percentiles of the LDL distribution for PM2.5
      mass and particle number. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that air pollution
      distorts the distribution of cardiovascular risk factors, and that, for several
      outcomes, effects may be greatest among individuals who are already at high risk.
      CITATION: Bind MA, Peters A, Koutrakis P, Coull B, Vokonas P, Schwartz J. 2016.
      Quantile regression analysis of the distributional effects of air pollution on
      blood pressure, heart rate variability, blood lipids, and biomarkers of
      inflammation in elderly American men: the Normative Aging Study. Environ Health
      Perspect 124:1189-1198; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510044.

PMID- 26967545
TI  - Diagnosis and investigation in the severe asthma clinic.
AB  - Severe asthma is recognised as an important and emerging area of unmet need in
      asthma. The assessment of severe asthma should include three steps; (1)
      determining the diagnosis of asthma, including verification that the disease is
      severe asthma, (2) assessing comorbidities and contributing factors that will
      impact on clinical severity, as well as (3) assessing asthma phenotypes. These
      steps recognize the importance of heterogeneity in asthma as a key factor that
      determines the disease course and increasingly the choice of successful therapy.
      This assessment should be undertaken systematically and is best done by an expert
      multidisciplinary team. Here, we will outline the important aspects that should
      be included in the clinical assessment of the patient in the severe asthma
      clinic, including diagnosis, clinical history, the assessment of important
      comorbidities and the key investigations needed to support them. 

PMID- 26967546
TI  - Allantoin transport protein, PucI, from Bacillus subtilis: evolutionary
      relationships, amplified expression, activity and specificity.
AB  - This work reports the evolutionary relationships, amplified expression,
      functional characterization and purification of the putative allantoin transport
      protein, PucI, from Bacillus subtilis. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic
      analysis confirmed close evolutionary relationships between PucI and membrane
      proteins of the nucleobase-cation-symport-1 family of secondary active
      transporters. These include the sodium-coupled hydantoin transport protein, Mhp1,
      from Microbacterium liquefaciens, and related proteins from bacteria, fungi and
      plants. Membrane topology predictions for PucI were consistent with 12 putative
      transmembrane-spanning alpha-helices with both N- and C-terminal ends at the
      cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The pucI gene was cloned into the IPTG
      inducible plasmid pTTQ18 upstream from an in-frame hexahistidine tag and
      conditions determined for optimal amplified expression of the PucI(His6) protein
      in Escherichia coli to a level of about 5 % in inner membranes. Initial rates of
      inducible PucI-mediated uptake of 14C-allantoin into energized E. coli whole
      cells conformed to Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent affinity (Kmapp) of
      24 +/- 3 MUM, therefore confirming that PucI is a medium-affinity transporter of
      allantoin. Dependence of allantoin transport on sodium was not apparent.
      Competitive uptake experiments showed that PucI recognizes some additional
      hydantoin compounds, including hydantoin itself, and to a lesser extent a range
      of nucleobases and nucleosides. PucI(His6) was solubilized from inner membranes
      using n-dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside and purified. The isolated protein contained a
      substantial proportion of alpha-helix secondary structure, consistent with the
      predictions, and a 3D model was therefore constructed on a template of the Mhp1
      structure, which aided localization of the potential ligand binding site in PucI.

PMID- 26967548
TI  - Injury Scheme Claims in Gaelic Games: A Review of 2007-2014.
AB  - CONTEXT: Gaelic games (Gaelic football and hurling) are indigenous Irish sports
      with increasing global participation in recent years. Limited information is
      available on longitudinal injury trends. Reviews of insurance claims can reveal
      the economic burden of injury and guide cost-effective injury-prevention
      programs. OBJECTIVE: To review Gaelic games injury claims from 2007-2014 for male
      players to identify the costs and frequencies of claims. Particular attention was
      devoted to lower limb injuries due to findings from previous epidemiologic
      investigations of Gaelic games. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING:
      Open-access Gaelic Athletic Association Annual Reports from 2007-2014 were
      reviewed to obtain annual injury-claim data. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS:
      Gaelic Athletic Association players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Player age (youth
      or adult) and relationships between lower limb injury-claim rates and claim
      values, Gaelic football claims, hurling claims, youth claims, and adult claims.
      RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2014, ?64 733 597.00 was allocated to 58 038 claims.
      Registered teams had annual claim frequencies of 0.36 with average claim values
      of ?1158.4 +/- 192.81. Between 2007 and 2014, average adult claims were always
      greater than youth claims (6217.88 versus 1036.88), while Gaelic football claims
      were always greater than hurling claims (5395.38 versus 1859.38). Lower limb
      injuries represented 60% of all claims. The number of lower limb injury claims
      was significantly correlated with annual injury-claim expenses (r = 0.85, P =
      .01) and adult claims (r = 0.96, P = .01) but not with youth claims (r = 0.69, P
      = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Reducing lower limb injuries will likely reduce injury-claim
      expenses. Effective injury interventions have been validated in soccer, but
      whether such changes can be replicated in Gaelic games remains to be
      investigated. Injury-claim data should be integrated into current elite injury
      surveillance databases to monitor the cost effectiveness of current programs.

PMID- 26967547
TI  - Immediate Effect of Patterned Electrical Neuromuscular Stimulation on Pain and
      Muscle Activation in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain.
AB  - CONTEXT: For individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP), altered muscle activity
      and pain are common during functional tasks. Clinicians often seek interventions
      to improve muscle activity and reduce impairments. One intervention that has not
      been examined in great detail is electrical stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To determine
      whether a single patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) treatment
      would alter muscle activity and pain in individuals with PFP during 2 functional
      tasks, a single-legged squat and a lateral step down. DESIGN: Cohort study.
      SETTING: Sports medicine research laboratory. PATIENTS OF OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A
      total of 22 individuals with PFP (15 women, 7 men; age = 26.0 +/- 7.9 years,
      height = 173.8 +/- 8.1 cm, mass = 75.1 +/- 17.9 kg). INTERVENTION(S):
      Participants were randomized into 2 intervention groups: a 15-minute PENS
      treatment that produced a strong motor response or a 15-minute 1-mA subsensory
      (sham) treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Before and immediately after the
      intervention, we assessed normalized electromyography amplitude, percentage of
      activation time across functional tasks, and onset of activation for the vastus
      medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, adductor longus, biceps
      femoris, and medial gastrocnemius muscles during a single-legged squat and a
      lateral step down. Scores on the visual analog scale for pain were recorded
      before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After a single treatment of PENS, the
      percentage of gluteus medius activation increased (0.024) during the lateral step
      down. Visual analog scores decreased during both the single-legged squat (PENS:
      preintervention = 2.7 +/- 1.9, postintervention = 0.9 +/- 0.7; sham:
      preintervention = 3.2 +/- 1.6, postintervention = 2.8 +/- 1.9; group * time
      interaction: P = .041) and lateral step down (PENS: preintervention = 3.4 +/-
      2.4, postintervention = 1.1 +/- 0.8; sham: preintervention = 3.9 +/- 1.7,
      postintervention = 3.3 +/- 2.0; group * time interaction: P = .023). No changes
      in electromyography or pain measures were noted in the sham group. CONCLUSIONS:
      The PFP participants who received PENS had immediate improvement in gluteus
      medius activation and a reduction in pain during functional tasks.

PMID- 26967549
TI  - The Ability of American Football Helmets to Manage Linear Acceleration With
      Repeated High-Energy Impacts.
AB  - CONTEXT: Football players can receive up to 1400 head impacts per season,
      averaging 6.3 impacts per practice and 14.3 impacts per game. A decrease in the
      capacity of a helmet to manage linear acceleration with multiple impacts could
      increase the risk of traumatic brain injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the
      ability of football helmets to manage linear acceleration with multiple high
      energy impacts. DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. SETTING: Laboratory. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We collected linear-acceleration data for 100 impacts at 6
      locations on 4 helmets of different models currently used in football. Impacts 11
      to 20 were compared with impacts 91 to 100 for each of the 6 locations. RESULTS:
      Linear acceleration was greater after multiple impacts (91-100) than after the
      first few impacts (11-20) for the front, front-boss, rear, and top locations.
      However, these differences are not clinically relevant as they do not affect the
      risk for head injury. CONCLUSIONS: American football helmet performance
      deteriorated with multiple impacts, but this is unlikely to be a factor in head
      injury causation during a game or over a season.

PMID- 26967550
TI  - Ion exchange induced removal of Pb(ii) by MOF-derived magnetic inorganic
      sorbents.
AB  - Nanoporous adsorbents of ZnO/ZnFe2O4/C were synthesized by using a metal organic
      framework (Fe(III)-modified MOF-5) as both the precursor and the self-sacrificing
      template. The adsorption properties of ZnO/ZnFe2O4/C toward Pb(ii) ions were
      investigated, including the pH effect, adsorption equilibrium and adsorption
      kinetics. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were well described by using the
      Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The MOF
      derived inorganic adsorbents exhibited high absorption performance with a maximum
      adsorption capacity of 344.83 mg g(-1). X-ray powder diffraction and high
      resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest that Zn(ii) was substituted
      by a significant portion of Pb(ii) on the surface of ZnO nanocrystals.
      Microscopic observations also demonstrate the effect of Pb(ii) ions on ZnO
      crystals as reflected by the considerably reduced average particle size and
      defective outer layer. Quantitative measurement of the released Zn(ii) ions and
      the adsorbed Pb(ii) ions indicated a nearly linear relationship (R(2) = 0.977).
      Moreover, Pb-containing ZnO/ZnFe2O4/C adsorbents are strongly magnetic allowing
      their separation from the water environment by an external magnet. 

PMID- 26967551
TI  - Reorientation Motion and Preferential Interactions of a Peptide in Denaturants
      and Osmolyte.
AB  - Fluorescence anisotropy decay measurements and all atom molecular dynamics
      simulations are used to characterize the orientational motion and preferential
      interaction of a peptide, N-acetyl-tryptophan-amide (NATA) containing two peptide
      bonds, in aqueous, urea, guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), and proline solution.
      Anisotropy decay measurements as a function of temperature and concentration
      showed moderate slowing of reorientations in urea and GdmCl and very strong
      slowing in proline solution, relative to water. These effects deviate
      significantly from simple proportionality of peptide tumbling time to solvent
      viscosity, leading to the investigation of microscopic preferential interaction
      behavior through molecular dynamics simulations. Examination of the interactions
      of denaturants and osmolyte with the peptide backbone uncovers the presence of
      strongest interaction with urea, intermediate with proline, and weakest with
      GdmCl. In contrast, the strongest preferential solvation of the peptide side
      chain is by the nonpolar part of the proline zwitterion, followed by urea, and
      GdmCl. Interestingly, the local density of urea around the side chain is higher,
      but the GdmCl distribution is more organized. Thus, the computed preferential
      solvation of the side chain by the denaturants and osmolyte can account for the
      trend in reorientation rates. Analysis of water structure and its dynamics
      uncovered underlying differences between urea, GdmCl, and proline. Urea exerted
      the smallest perturbation of water behavior. GdmCl had a larger effect on water,
      slowing kinetics and stabilizing interactions. Proline had the largest overall
      interactions, exhibiting a strong stabilizing effect on both water-water and
      water-peptide hydrogen bonds. The results for this elementary peptide system
      demonstrate significant differences in microscopic behavior of the examined
      solvent environments. For the commonly used denaturants, urea tends to form
      disorganized local aggregates around the peptide groups and has little influence
      on water, while GdmCl only forms specific interactions with the side chain and
      tends to destabilize water structure. The protective osmolyte proline has the
      strongest and most specific interactions with the tryptophan side chain, and also
      stabilizes both water-water and water-peptide hydrogen bonds. Our results
      strongly suggest protein or peptide denaturation triggered by urea occurs by
      direct interaction, whereas GdmCl interacts favorably with side chains and
      destabilizes peptide-water hydrogen bonds. The stabilization of biopolymers by an
      osmolyte such as proline is governed by favorable preferential interaction with
      the side chains and stabilization of water. 

PMID- 26967552
TI  - Docking and ADMET prediction of few GSK-3 inhibitors divulges 6-bromoindirubin-3
      oxime as a potential inhibitor.
AB  - GSK-3 is a member of cellular kinases with diversified functions such as cellular
      differentiation, metabolic signaling, neuronal functions and apoptosis. It has
      been validated as an important therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease and type
      2 diabetes. Few molecules targeting GSK-3 are currently in clinical trials. In
      this study, we have compared certain docking and computational ADME (Absorption,
      Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) parameters of a few GSK-3 targeted ligands
      (Indirubin, Hymenialdisine, Meridianins, 6-bromoindirubin-3-oxime) against two
      control molecules (Tideglusib and LY-2090314) to derive and analyze the basic
      drug-like properties of the test compounds. Docking between the GSK-3 and various
      ligands was done using AutoDock while ADME parameters were derived from ADMET
      server PreADMET and admetSAR. Various docked images were retrieved from docking,
      indicating the docking sites in the target protein. Out of four compounds tested,
      6-bromoindirubin-3-oxime (6-BIO) was found as the best docking and ADME
      parameters, followed by Hymenialdisine (HMD). The LigPlot interaction results
      show two residues Leu (188) and Thr (138) to be common at the interaction site.
      The LD50 of 6-BIO is better than one of the control ligands while very similar to
      the other. Some of the parameters were very similar to the control ligands, thus,
      making it a suitable candidate among the test ligands. From this in-silico study,
      we concluded that 6-BIO is a potent drug candidate which could be further tested
      in vitro and in vivo to establish a drug molecule. Since, 6-BIO is a chemically
      modified form of the basic molecule Indirubin, we can hypothesize that certain
      other modified indirubins could be tested as GSK-3 targeted ligands. 

PMID- 26967553
TI  - Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives.
AB  - Reported in this paper is a very simple method for direct preparation of 4
      substituted quinazoline derivatives from a reaction between substituted 2
      aminobenzophenones and thiourea in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
      This is a unique complementary reaction system in which thiourea undergoes
      thermal decomposition to form carbodiimide and hydrogen sulfide, where the former
      reacts with 2-aminobenzophenone to form 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine
      intermediate, whilst hydrogen sulfide reacts with DMSO to give methanethiol or
      other sulfur-containing molecule which then functions as a complementary reducing
      agent to reduce 4-phenylquinazolin-2(1H)-imine intermediate into 4-phenyl-1,2
      dihydroquinazolin-2-amine. Subsequently, the elimination of ammonia from 4-phenyl
      1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-amine affords substituted quinazoline derivative. This
      reaction usually gives quinazoline derivative as a single product arising from 2
      aminobenzophenone as monitored by GC/MS analysis, along with small amount of
      sulfur-containing molecules such as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, etc.
      The reaction usually completes in 4-6 hr at 160 oC in small scale but may last
      over 24 hr when carried out in large scale. The reaction product can be easily
      purified by means of washing off DMSO with water followed by column
      chromatography or thin layer chromatography. 

PMID- 26967555
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS
      Core/Shell Nanoparticles.
AB  - Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting
      applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large
      extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research
      into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to
      the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or
      emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum
      dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of
      a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and
      leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also
      be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial
      arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light
      harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and,
      therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles
      could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between
      a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the
      exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic
      gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and
      ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity
      with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for
      a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external
      chromophores. 

PMID- 26967556
TI  - Multimodal CT techniques for cerebrovascular and hemodynamic evaluation of
      ischemic stroke: occlusion, collaterals, and perfusion.
AB  - Neuroimaging of cerebrovascular status and hemodynamics has vastly improved our
      understanding of stroke mechanisms and provided information for therapeutic
      decision-making. CT techniques are the most commonly used techniques due to wide
      availability, rapid acquisition and acceptable tolerance. Numerous multimodal CT
      techniques have been developed in the last few years. We summarize and explain
      the various multimodal CT acquisition techniques within three categories based on
      the scanning mode, namely static mode (single-phase CTA), multiple static mode
      (multi-phase CTA) and continuous mode (CT perfusion and dynamic CTA). Post
      processing methods based on different acquisition modes are also introduced in an
      easy manner by focusing on the information extracted and products generated. We
      also describe the applications for these techniques along with their advantages
      and disadvantages.

PMID- 26967557
TI  - MG53 permeates through blood-brain barrier to protect ischemic brain injury.
AB  - Ischemic injury to neurons represents the underlying cause of stroke to the
      brain. Our previous studies identified MG53 as an essential component of the cell
      membrane repair machinery. Here we show that the recombinant human (rh)MG53
      protein facilitates repair of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to the brain. MG53
      rapidly moves to acute injury sites on neuronal cells to form a membrane repair
      patch. IR-induced brain injury increases permeability of the blood-brain-barrier,
      providing access of MG53 from blood circulation to target the injured brain
      tissues. Exogenous rhMG53 protein can protect cultured neurons against
      hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced damages. Transgenic mice with increased levels of
      MG53 in the bloodstream are resistant to IR-induced brain injury. Intravenous
      administration of rhMG53, either prior to or after ischemia, can effectively
      alleviate brain injuries in rats. rhMG53-mediated neuroprotection involves
      suppression of apoptotic neuronal cell death, as well as activation of the pro
      survival RISK signaling pathway. Our data indicate a physiological function for
      MG53 in the brain and suggest that targeting membrane repair or RISK signaling
      may be an effective means to treat ischemic brain injury. 

PMID- 26967558
TI  - EBV reactivation as a target of luteolin to repress NPC tumorigenesis.
AB  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy derived from the epithelial cells
      of the nasopharynx. Although a combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy is
      effective for therapy, relapse and metastasis after remission remain major causes
      of mortality. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is believed to be one of causes of NPC
      development. We demonstrated previously that EBV reactivation is important for
      the carcinogenesis of NPC. We sought, therefore, to determine whether EBV
      reactivation can be a target for retardation of relapse of NPC. After screening,
      we found luteolin is able to inhibit EBV reactivation. It inhibited EBV lytic
      protein expression and repressed the promoter activities of two major immediate
      early genes, Zta and Rta. Furthermore, luteolin was shown to reduce genomic
      instability induced by recurrent EBV reactivation in NPC cells. EBV reactivation
      induced NPC cell proliferation and migration, as well as matrigel invasiveness,
      were also repressed by luteolin treatment. Tumorigenicity in mice, induced by EBV
      reactivation, was decreased profoundly following luteolin administration.
      Together, these results suggest that inhibition of EBV reactivation is a novel
      approach to prevent the relapse of NPC. 

PMID- 26967559
TI  - ZLM-7 exhibits anti-angiogenic effects via impaired endothelial cell function and
      blockade of VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling.
AB  - Inhibition of angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic strategy against cancer. In
      this study, we reported that ZLM-7, a combretastain A-4 (CA-4) derivative,
      exhibited anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, ZLM-7 induced
      microtubule cytoskeletal disassembly. It decreased VEGF-induced proliferation,
      migration, invasion and tube formation in endothelial cells, which are critical
      steps in angiogenesis. In vivo, ZLM-7 significantly inhibited neovascularization
      in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model and reduced the microvessel
      density in tumor tissues of MCF-7 xenograft mouse model. ZLM-7 also displayed
      comparable antiangiogenic and anti-tumor activities associated with the lead
      compound CA-4, but exhibited lower toxicity compared with CA-4. The anti
      angiogenic effect of ZLM-7 was exerted via blockade of VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling.
      ZLM-7 treatment suppressed the expression and secretion of VEGF in endothelial
      cells and MCF-7 cells under hypoxia. Further, ZLM-7 suppressed the VEGF-induced
      phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and its downstream signaling mediators including
      activated AKT, MEK and ERK in endothelial cells. Overall, these results
      demonstrate that ZLM-7 exhibits anti-angiogenic activities by impairing
      endothelial cell function and blocking VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling, suggesting that
      ZLM-7 might be a potential angiogenesis inhibitor. 

PMID- 26967560
TI  - MEK1 signaling promotes self-renewal and tumorigenicity of liver cancer stem
      cells via maintaining SIRT1 protein stabilization.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death. This
      high mortality has been commonly attributed to the presence of residual cancer
      stem cells (CSCs). Meanwhile, MEK1 signaling is regarded as a key molecular in
      HCC maintenance and development. However, nobody has figured out the particular
      mechanisms that how MEK1 signaling regulates liver CSCs self-renewal. In this
      study, we show that inhibition or depletion of MEK1 can significantly decrease
      liver CSCs self-renewal and tumor growth both in vitro and vivo conditions.
      Furthermore, we demonstrate that MEK1 signaling promotes liver CSCs self-renewal
      and tumorigenicity by maintaining SIRT1 level. Mechanistically, MEK1 signaling
      keeps SIRT1 protein stabilization through activating SIRT1 ubiquitination, which
      inhibits proteasomal degradation. Clinical analysis shows that patients co
      expression of MEK1 and SIRT1 are associated with poor survival. Our finding
      indicates that MEK1-SIRT1 can act as a novel diagnostic biomarker and inhibition
      of MEK1 may be a viable therapeutic option for targeting liver CSCs treatment. 

PMID- 26967562
TI  - DSGOST inhibits tumor growth by blocking VEGF/VEGFR2-activated angiogenesis.
AB  - Tumor growth requires a process called angiogenesis, a new blood vessel formation
      from pre-existing vessels, as newly formed vessels provide tumor cells with
      oxygen and nutrition. Danggui-Sayuk-Ga-Osuyu-Saenggang-Tang (DSGOST), one of
      traditional Chinese medicines, has been widely used in treatment of vessel
      diseases including Raynaud's syndrome in Northeast Asian countries including
      China, Japan and Korea. Therefore, we hypothesized that DSGOST might inhibit
      tumor growth by targeting newly formed vessels on the basis of its historical
      prescription. Here, we demonstrate that DSGOST inhibits tumor growth by
      inhibiting VEGF-induced angiogenesis. DSGOST inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic
      abilities of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo, which resulted from its
      inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction. Furthermore, DSGOST attenuated pancreatic
      tumor growth in vivo by reducing angiogenic vessel numbers, while not affecting
      pancreatic tumor cell viability. Thus, our data conclude that DSGOST inhibits
      VEGF-induced tumor angiogenesis, suggesting a new indication for DSGOST in
      treatment of cancer. 

PMID- 26967561
TI  - Multitargeting activity of miR-24 inhibits long-term melatonin anticancer
      effects.
AB  - We have previously shown that melatonin exerts tumor suppressor activities by
      inducing the p38-p53 axis. This occurred within a few hours while no data are
      available on how melatonin pathway can be sustained on the long term. Here we
      show that miR-24, which has been demonstrated to target genes involved in the DNA
      repair process, targets p38, p53, PML and H2AX simultaneously. We show that long
      term treatment with melatonin can decrease miR-24 levels post-transcriptionally,
      which pairs with a long-wave regulation of genes involved in cell proliferation,
      DNA damage, RNA metabolism and cell shape and transformation. Moreover, we show
      that melatonin can inhibit cell proliferation and migration, at least in part, by
      downregulating miR-24. Furthermore, we propose the involvement of hnRNP A1, which
      is downregulated by melatonin and involved in miRNA processing, in the regulation
      of miR-24 levels by melatonin. We conclude showing that miR-24 is upregulated in
      colon, breast and head and neck datasets and its levels negatively correlate with
      overall survival. 

PMID- 26967563
TI  - Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 inhibits invasiveness and proliferation in
      non-small cell lung cancer by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
AB  - Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) has been reported to be associated
      with colon and gastric cancer metastasis. However, the role and function of PRL-3
      in human non-small cell lung cancer cells is unknown. Our studies showed that the
      expression of PRL-3mRNA and protein are higher in less invasive human lung
      adenocarcinoma cells than in highly invasive cell lines. Ectopic expression of
      PRL-3 reduced cell capacity for anchorage-dependent growth, anchorage-independent
      growth, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis in vivo.
      Conversely, catalytic (C104S) and prenylation-site (C170S) mutants enhanced cell
      invasion. Microarray profiling of PRL-3 transfectants revealed the pathways
      potentially involving PRL-3, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT), extracellular matrix remodeling, and the WNT signaling pathway.
      Furthermore, we demonstrated that increased PRL-3 reduced Slug and enhanced E
      cadherin gene expression through the AKT/GSK3beta/beta-catenin pathway. In
      conclusion, our data suggest that PRL-3 might play a tumor suppressor role in
      lung cancer, distinct from other cancers, by inhibiting EMT-related pathways. 

PMID- 26967564
TI  - A direct quantification method for measuring plasma MicroRNAs identified
      potential biomarkers for detecting metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - Circulating miRNAs are protected from ribonuclease degradation by assembly into
      microvesicles and exosomes. Releasing miRNAs completely from these particles is
      the key step to quantify the circulating miRNAs. Currently purified RNA-based
      quantitative analysis is widely used while it is time and cost consuming with
      high risk for those circulating miRNAs with low abundance due to partial loss of
      RNA during the steps of total RNA extraction and small RNA enrichment. Herein, we
      optimized a simple, effective and time-saving method to directly measure plasma
      miRNAs without RNA isolation. It is based on complete miRNA release from the
      protein complexes, followed by miRNA-specific reverse transcription and
      quantitative real-time PCR amplification. By comparison to the RNA-based
      approach, the direct quantification method showed more efficiency for circulating
      miRNA analysis, higher accuracy and specificity. By application of the direct
      quantification method to clinical samples combined with the RNA-based miRNA
      screening analysis, upregulation of miR-106a in blood was validated in metastatic
      breast cancer patients, indicating miR-106a are a potential biomarker for
      metastatic breast cancer. 

PMID- 26967566
TI  - Genetic variants in lncRNA SRA and risk of breast cancer.
AB  - Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) has been
      identified to activate steroid receptor transcriptional activity and participate
      in tumor pathogenesis. This case-control study evaluated the association between
      two haplotype tagging SNPs (htSNPs) (rs10463297, rs801460) of the whole SRA
      sequence and breast cancer risk. We found that rs10463297 TC genotype
      significantly increased BC risk compared with CC genotype in both the codominant
      (TC vs. TT: OR=1.43, 95 % CI=1.02-2.00) and recessive (TC+CC vs. TT: OR=1.39, 95
      % CI=1.01-1.92) genetic models. Both TC, TC + CC genotypes of rs10463297 and GA,
      AA, GA+AA genotypes of rs801460 were significantly associated with estrogen
      receptor (ER) positivity status. rs10463297 TC (2.09 +/- 0.41), CC (2.42 +/-
      0.51) and TC + CC (2.20 +/- 0.47) genotypes were associated with higher blood
      plasma SRA mRNA levels compared with the TT genotype (1.45 +/- 0.34). Gene
      reproductive interaction analysis presented a best model consisted of four
      factors (rs10463297, age, post-menopausal, No. of pregnancy), which could
      increase the BC risk with 1.58-fold (OR=1.58, 95 % CI=1.23-2.03). These findings
      suggest that SRA genetic variants may contribute to BC risk and have apparent
      interaction with reproductive factors in BC progression. 

PMID- 26967565
TI  - Pre-treatment evaluation of 5-fluorouracil degradation rate: association of poor
      and ultra-rapid metabolism with severe toxicity in a colorectal cancer patients
      cohort.
AB  - Despite the wide use of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, development of severe
      toxicity that follow the treatment is not a rare event. The efforts to establish
      pretreatment tools for toxicity prediction, led to the development of various
      pharmacogenetic and biochemical assays, mainly targeted to assess the activity
      level of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the main metabolizing enzyme for
      5-fluorouracil. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we developed a
      biochemical assay, that is not limited to the evaluation of DPD activity, but
      determines the net result of all the enzymatic transformation of 5FU, in terms of
      the amount of drug consumed by the cells in a time unit. This parameter, named 5
      fluorauracil degradation rate, presents a normal distribution inside the
      population and highlight the presence of an ultra-rapid metabolizers class of
      subjects, besides the expected poor metabolizers class. Here we will show that,
      in a colorectal cancer patient cohort, both poor and ultra-rapid metabolizers
      have significantly increased the risk of developing severe toxicity (grade3-4).
      Patient stratification depending on the individual 5-fluorouracil degradation
      rate allows to identify a 10% of the overall population at high risk of
      developing severe toxicity, compared to the 1.3% (as assessed in the Italian
      population) identified by the most commonly employed pharmacogenetic test,
      including the DPD polymorphism IVS14+1G>A. 

PMID- 26967568
TI  - Structure and Function of the Kidney in Septic Shock. A Prospective Controlled
      Experimental Study.
AB  - RATIONALE: It is unclear how septic shock causes acute kidney injury (AKI) and
      whether this is associated with histological change. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to
      determine the nature and extent of changes in renal structure and function over
      time in an ovine model of septic shock. METHODS: Fifteen sheep were instrumented
      with a renal artery flow probe and renal vein cannula. Ten were given intravenous
      Escherichia coli to induce septic shock, and five acted as controls. Animals were
      mechanically ventilated for 48 hours, while receiving protocol-guided parenteral
      fluids and a norepinephrine infusion to maintain mean arterial pressure. Renal
      biopsies were taken every 24 hours or whenever animals were oliguric for 2 hours.
      A renal pathologist, blinded to tissue source, systematically quantified
      histological appearance by light and electron microscopy for 31 prespecified
      structural changes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sheep given E. coli developed
      septic shock, oliguria, increased serum creatinine, and reduced creatinine
      clearance (AKI), but there were no changes over time in renal blood flow between
      groups (P > 0.30) or over time within groups (P > 0.50). Renal oxygen consumption
      increased only in nonseptic animals (P = 0.01), but there was no between-group
      difference in renal lactate flux (P > 0.50). There was little structural
      disturbance in all biopsies and, although some cellular appearances changed over
      time, the only difference between septic and nonseptic animals was mesangial
      expansion on electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: In an intensive care-supported
      model of gram-negative septic shock, early AKI was not associated with changes in
      renal blood flow, oxygen delivery, or histological appearance. Other mechanisms
      must contribute to septic AKI.

PMID- 26967567
TI  - Inhibition of miR301 enhances Akt-mediated cell proliferation by accumulation of
      PTEN in nucleus and its effects on cell-cycle regulatory proteins.
AB  - Micro-RNAs (miRs) represent an innovative class of genes that act as regulators
      of gene expression. Recently, the aberrant expression of several miRs has been
      associated with different types of cancers. In this study, we show that miR301
      inhibition influences PI3K-Akt pathway activity. Akt overexpression in MCF7 and
      MDAMB468 cells caused downregulation of miR301 expression. This effect was
      confirmed by co-transfection of miR301-modulators in the presence of Akt. Cells
      overexpressing miR301-inhibitor and Akt, exhibited increased migration and
      proliferation. Experimental results also confirmed PI3K, PTEN and FoxF2 as
      regulatory targets for miR301. Furthermore, Akt expression in conjunction with
      miR301-inhibitor increased nuclear accumulation of PTEN, thus preventing it from
      downregulating the PI3K-signalling. In summary, our data emphasize the importance
      of miR301 inhibition on PI3K-Akt pathway-mediated cellular functions. Hence, it
      opens new avenues for the development of new anti-cancer agents preferentially
      targeting PI3K-Akt pathway. 

PMID- 26967569
TI  - Theory and Modeling of Asymmetric Catalytic Reactions.
AB  - Modern density functional theory and powerful contemporary computers have made it
      possible to explore complex reactions of value in organic synthesis. We describe
      recent explorations of mechanisms and origins of stereoselectivities with density
      functional theory calculations. The specific functionals and basis sets that are
      routinely used in computational studies of stereoselectivities of organic and
      organometallic reactions in our group are described, followed by our recent
      studies that uncovered the origins of stereocontrol in reactions catalyzed by (1)
      vicinal diamines, including cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amines, (2) vicinal
      amidophosphines, and (3) organo-transition-metal complexes. Two common cyclic
      models account for the stereoselectivity of aldol reactions of metal enolates
      (Zimmerman-Traxler) or those catalyzed by the organocatalyst proline (Houk-List).
      Three other models were derived from computational studies described in this
      Account. Cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amines and other vicinal diamines are
      venerable asymmetric organocatalysts. For alpha-fluorinations and a variety of
      aldol reactions, vicinal diamines form enamines at one terminal amine and
      activate electrophilically with NH(+) or NF(+) at the other. We found that the
      stereocontrolling transition states are cyclic and that their conformational
      preferences are responsible for the observed stereoselectivity. In fluorinations,
      the chair seven-membered cyclic transition states is highly favored, just as the
      Zimmerman-Traxler chair six-membered aldol transition state controls
      stereoselectivity. In aldol reactions with vicinal diamine catalysts, the crown
      transition states are favored, both in the prototype and in an experimental
      example, shown in the graphic. We found that low-energy conformations of cyclic
      transition states occur and control stereoselectivities in these reactions.
      Another class of bifunctional organocatalysts, the vicinal amidophosphines,
      catalyzes the (3 + 2) annulation reaction of allenes with activated olefins.
      Stereocontrol here is due to an intermolecular hydrogen bond that activates the
      electrophilic partner in this reaction. We have also studied complex
      organometallic catalysts. Krische's ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric
      hydrohydroxyalkylation of butadiene involves two chiral ligands at Ru, a chiral
      diphosphine and a chiral phosphate. The size of this combination strains the
      limits of modern computations with over 160 atoms, multiple significant steps,
      and a variety of ligand coordinations and conformations possible. We found that
      carbon-carbon bond formation occurs via a chair Zimmerman-Traxler-type transition
      structure and that a formyl CH...O hydrogen bond from aldehyde CH to phosphate
      oxygen, as well as steric interactions of the two chiral ligands, control the
      stereoselectivity. 

PMID- 26967571
TI  - Combination of microneedling and 10% trichloroacetic acid peels in the management
      of infraorbital dark circles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dark circles (DC), seen in the periorbital area, are defined as
      bilateral, round, homogeneous pigmented macules whose aetiology is thought to be
      multifactorial. Available treatments include bleaching creams, topical retinoic
      acid, chemical peels, lasers, autologous fat transplantation, injectable fillers
      and surgery (blepharoplasty). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a
      combination of microneedling and 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peels in the
      treatment of DC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen female patients with mild to
      severe infraorbital DC were included in the study. The patients were aged between
      21 and 61 years. They were treated with Automatic Microneedle Therapy System
      Handhold and topical application of 10% TCA solution to each infraorbital area
      for five minutes. The effect was photo-documented and a Patient and Physician
      Global Assessment was evaluated. Safety was assessed by evaluating early and
      delayed adverse events. RESULTS: Almost all patients showed significant aesthetic
      improvement. Both Physician and Patient Global Assessment rated a fair, good or
      excellent response in 92.3%. The procedure was well tolerated. Mild discomfort,
      transient erythema and oedema were quite common during or immediately after the
      procedure. The patients were followed up regularly every month for four months,
      and no recurrence was recorded. CONCLUSION: Microneedling and 10% TCA constitute
      an innovative combination treatment for DC with encouraging results and minor
      side effects.

PMID- 26967570
TI  - Val/Val glutathione-S-transferase P1 polymorphism predicts nonresponders in
      psoriasis patients treated with fumaric acid esters.
AB  - Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are beneficial in the treatment of psoriasis. However,
      about a third of psoriasis patients do not respond to FAE. We aimed to determine
      whether glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms are associated
      with treatment outcome in psoriasis patients treated with FAE. We studied 84
      psoriasis patients who were treated with FAE for 3 months. FAE nonresponders were
      defined as having psoriasis area and severity improvement index less than 50%
      after 3-month therapy. GSTM1 genotyping for gene deletion and GSTP1 exon 5 105
      Ile->Val polymorphisms were assessed using a high-resolution melting analysis. A
      dropout rate of 23.8% (20/84) was found; 25% (16/64) were FAE nonresponders. We
      observed 42 (84/50%) patients with G 9STM1*0 homozygous alleles and 42 (84/50%)
      patients with one or two active GSTM1 alleles. The Ile/Ile GSTP1 genotype was
      observed in 37 (84/44%), the Ile/Val GSTP1 genotype in 38 (84/45.2%) patients and
      the Val/Val GSTP1 genotype in nine (84/10.7%) patients. There was no significant
      (P>0.05) association between the GST genotypes assessed and the frequency FAE
      responder status, except for the Val/Val GSTP1 polymorphism, which was a
      significant (overall model fit; P=0.0012) predictor for nonresponders with an
      odds ratio of 43.4 (95% confidence interval: 4.2-511.1). The coefficient of
      regression was 3.9, with a SE of 1.2 as assessed by logistic regression analysis
      (P=0.0017). The Val/Val GSTP1 polymorphism predicts nonresponders in FAE
      treatment of psoriasis patients and may therefore serve as a biomarker that
      enables a laboratory-based pretreatment selection of patients. 

PMID- 26967572
TI  - Conversion of 3,3,3-Trisubstituted Prop-1-ynes with tert-Butylhydrazine into
      3,3,3-Trisubstituted Propionitriles Catalyzed by TpRh(C2H4)2/P(2-furyl)3.
AB  - The combination of TpRh(C2H4)2 (Tp = tris(pyrazol-1-yl)borate) and P(2-furyl)3
      catalyzes the reaction of tertiary alkyl-substituted alkynes with tert
      butylhydrazine, leading to the formation of 3,3,3-trisubstituted propionitrile
      derivatives. This reaction system is applicable to 1,1-disubstituted propargyl
      alcohols and amines to afford the corresponding beta-cyanohydrins and beta-amino
      nitriles, respectively. The catalytic cycle involves the formation of a
      vinylidenerhodium complex as a key intermediate. 

PMID- 26967573
TI  - Autophagic flux in glioblastoma cells.
AB  - To establish metabolic context for radiation sensitivity by measuring autophagic
      flux in two different glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Clonogenic survival curve
      analysis of U87 or U251 cells exposed to gamma radiation, fast neutrons, a mixed
      energy neutron beam (METNB) or Auger electrons from a gadolinium neutron capture
      (GdNC) reaction suggested other factors, beyond a defective DNA damage response,
      contribute to cell death of U251 cells. Altered tumor metabolism (autophagy) was
      hypothesized as a factor in U251 cells' clonogenic response. Each of the four
      different radiation modalities induced an increase in the number of
      autophagosomes in both U87 and U251 cells. Changes in the number of
      autophagosomes can be explained by either induction of autophagy or alterations
      in autophagic flux so autophagic flux was assayed by p62 immunoblotting or in
      engineered GBM cells that stably express an autophagy marker protein, LC3B-eGFP
      mCherry. Perturbations in later stages of autophagy in U251 cells corresponded
      with radiation sensitivity of U251 cells irradiated with 10 Gy gamma rays.
      Establishment of altered autophagic flux is a useful biomarker for metabolic
      stress and provided metabolic context for radiation sensitization to 10 Gy gamma
      rays. These results provide strong evidence for the usefulness of managing tumor
      cell metabolism as a tool for the enhancement of radiation therapy.

PMID- 26967574
TI  - Systemic Amyloidosis and Extraocular Muscle Deposition.
AB  - Isolated amyloid deposition in an extraocular muscle is a rare event but can be a
      presenting feature of systemic amyloidosis. A 67-year-old woman with an acquired
      exotropia and hypertropia was found to have unilateral diffuse extraocular muscle
      enlargement on magnetic resonance imaging. Owing to the progressive nature of her
      strabismus and the negative laboratory testing for thyroid disease, she underwent
      an extraocular muscle biopsy that revealed amyloid deposition. Further workup
      demonstrated a monoclonal gammopathy consistent with systemic amyloidosis. This
      case demonstrates the need to consider amyloidosis in the differential diagnosis
      of patients presenting with an atypical acquired strabismus. We review other
      reports of isolated amyloid deposition in extraocular muscles and its association
      with systemic amyloidosis, emphasizing the importance of the ophthalmologist in
      the early recognition of this disease to prevent irreversible, life-threatening
      end organ damage.

PMID- 26967576
TI  - Disaster preparedness and response improvement: comparison of the 2010 Haiti
      earthquake-related diagnoses with baseline medical data.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Disaster medicine research generally lacks control groups. This study
      aims to describe categories of diagnoses encountered by the Belgian First Aid and
      Support Team after the 2010 Haiti earthquake and extract earthquake-related
      changes from comparison with comparable baseline data. The hypothesis is that
      besides earthquake-related trauma, medical problems emerge soon, questioning an
      appropriate composition of Foreign Medical Teams and Interagency Emergency Health
      Kits. METHODS: Using a descriptive cohort study design, diagnoses of patients
      presenting to the Belgian field hospital were prospectively registered during 4
      weeks after the earthquake and compared with those recorded similarly by Medecins
      Sans Frontieres in the same area and time span in previous and later years.
      RESULTS: Of 7000 triaged postearthquake patients, 3500 were admitted, of whom
      2795 were included and analysed. In the fortnight after the earthquake, 90%
      suffered from injury. In the following fortnight, medical diseases emerged,
      particularly respiratory (23%) and digestive (14%). More than 53% developed
      infections within 3 weeks after the event. Medecins Sans Frontieres registered
      6407 patients in 2009; 6033 in 2011; and 7300 in 2012. A comparison indicates
      that postearthquake patients suffered significantly less from violence, but more
      from wounds, respiratory, digestive and ophthalmological diseases. CONCLUSION:
      This is the first comparison of postearthquake diagnoses with baseline data.
      Within 2 weeks after the acute phase of an earthquake, respiratory, digestive and
      ophthalmological problems will emerge to the prejudice of trauma. This fact
      should be anticipated when composing Foreign Medical Teams and Interagency
      Emergency Health Kits to be sent to the disaster site.

PMID- 26967578
TI  - Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Piperidines via the Stepwise
      Dearomatization/Borylation of Pyridines.
AB  - We have developed a novel approach for the synthesis of enantioenriched 3-boryl
      tetrahydropyridines via the Cu(I)-catalyzed regio-, diastereo-, and
      enantioselective protoborylation of 1,2-dihydropyridines, which were obtained by
      the partial reduction of the pyridine derivatives. This
      dearomatization/enantioselective borylation stepwise strategy provides facile
      access to chiral piperidines together with the stereospecific transformation of a
      stereogenic C-B bond from readily available starting materials. Furthermore, the
      utility of this method is demonstrated for the concise synthesis of the
      antidepressant drug (-)-paroxetine. A theoretical study of the reaction mechanism
      is also described. 

PMID- 26967579
TI  - Association between Urinary Sodium Excretion and Bone Health in Male and Female
      Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High salt intake is a well-known risk factor for osteoporosis, but
      the association between bone mass and urinary sodium excretion has not been
      studied as yet. This study investigates the hypothesis that urinary sodium
      excretion is negatively associated with bone mass and the risk of osteoporosis.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed using data from the Korea
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2011. Participants (n =
      16,279) were divided into age groups; men were categorized as younger than 50
      years of age or 50 years or greater, women were categorized as pre- or post
      menopausal. RESULTS: Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that urinary
      sodium excretion was negatively associated with bone mineral content (BMC) and
      bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Sodium
      excretion was negatively associated with BMC and BMD of the lumbar spine in women
      with normal bone health, osteopenia and osteoporosis, but there was no
      association in men. Increased sodium excretion was significantly associated with
      risk for osteoporosis/osteopenia in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      demonstrates that urinary sodium excretion is negatively associated with bone
      health, suggesting that high salt intake could be a possible risk factor for
      osteoporosis in Korean women, but not in men.

PMID- 26967580
TI  - Intraluminal Drug Delivery to the Mouse Arteriovenous Fistula Endothelium.
AB  - Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation
      can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The simple murine
      AVF model was combined with intraluminal administration of drug solution to the
      venous endothelium at the same time as fistula creation. Technical aspects of
      this model are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made
      and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The infra-renal aorta and
      IVC are dissected for clamping. After proximal and distal clamping, the puncture
      site is exposed and a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta and
      into the IVC. Immediately after the puncture, a reporter gene-expressing viral
      vector was infused in the IVC via the same needle, followed by 15 min of
      incubation. The intraluminal administration method enabled more robust viral gene
      delivery to the venous endothelium compared to administration by the external
      route. This novel method of delivery will facilitate studies that explore the
      role of the endothelium in AVF maturation and enable intraluminal drug delivery
      at the time of surgical operation. 

PMID- 26967581
TI  - Effects of Narrow Networks on Access to High-Quality Cancer Care.

PMID- 26967582
TI  - Erlotinib for the treatment of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Brain metastases (BM) are a common and lethal complication of non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with up to 40% experiencing this complication. The
      use of erlotinib, a small molecule epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
      inhibitor, holds promise in this somewhat refractory cohort of patients, and has
      become the subject of active clinical investigation. AREAS COVERED: This review
      covers the preclinical and clinical studies of erlotonib as it relates to its use
      in the treatment of NSCLC patients with BM. A literature search in part utilized
      the PubMed database up through Dec 2015. EXPERT OPINION: Preclinical and
      retrospective data for erlotinib provide evidence of CNS penetration, and
      objective responses in the setting of BM from EGFR mutated NSCLC. Phase I and II
      data have demonstrated the feasibility of concomitant delivery of erlotinib and
      WBRT in the treatment of BM from NSCLC. Phase II/III data however, from non-EGFR
      mutation enriched populations, have demonstrated no benefit in progression free
      or overall survival with the addition of erlotinib to metastasis directed
      radiotherapy. Currently the utilization of erlotinib with WBRT or SRS is
      therefore investigational and may be a reasonable option in erlotinib naive, EGFR
      mutated patients with refractory BM.

PMID- 26967583
TI  - A Techno-Economic Assessment of Hybrid Cooling Systems for Coal- and Natural-Gas
      Fired Power Plants with and without Carbon Capture and Storage.
AB  - Advanced cooling systems can be deployed to enhance the resilience of
      thermoelectric power generation systems. This study developed and applied a new
      power plant modeling option for a hybrid cooling system at coal- or natural-gas
      fired power plants with and without amine-based carbon capture and storage (CCS)
      systems. The results of the plant-level analyses show that the performance and
      cost of hybrid cooling systems are affected by a range of environmental,
      technical, and economic parameters. In general, when hot periods last the entire
      summer, the wet unit of a hybrid cooling system needs to share about 30% of the
      total plant cooling load in order to minimize the overall system cost. CCS
      deployment can lead to a significant increase in the water use of hybrid cooling
      systems, depending on the level of CO2 capture. Compared to wet cooling systems,
      widespread applications of hybrid cooling systems can substantially reduce water
      use in the electric power sector with only a moderate increase in the plant-level
      cost of electricity generation. 

PMID- 26967584
TI  - Morphoeic basal cell carcinoma with ring-form ulceration.

PMID- 26967585
TI  - Identification of candidate genes in atopic dermatitis based on bioinformatic
      methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic or relapsing inflammatory
      disorder of the skin that frequently precedes asthma and allergic disorders. This
      study aimed to identify candidate genes related to AD using bioinformatic
      methods. METHODS: The microarray data of GSE32924, including 12 nonlesional AD
      (ANL) and 13 lesional AD (AL) skin samples obtained from 14 patients with AD as
      well as eight other normal human skin samples, was downloaded from the Gene
      Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened
      in ANL and AL skin samples compared with normal controls, followed by gene
      ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Furthermore, the selected
      overlapping DEGs were analyzed to identify co-expressed genes, and a co
      expression network was established. GeneCodis database was selected for
      functional annotation of the differentially co-expressed genes and a regulatory
      network was constructed. RESULTS: Compared with normal controls, 438 DEGs were
      identified in ANL skin samples and were mainly enriched in two pathways and the
      GO terms associated with epidermis development. Besides, 779 DEGs were identified
      in AL skin samples and were mainly enriched in four pathways and GO terms
      associated with immune response. Stimulated by retinoic acid 13 (STRA13),
      presenilin enhancer gamma secretase subunit (PSENEN), and nucleosome assembly
      protein 1-like 2 (NAP1L2) were significantly enriched by integration analysis of
      the co-expression and regulatory network. CONCLUSION: Genes STRA13, PSENEN, and
      NAP1L2 were presumed to play critical roles in AD and they may serve as potential
      targets for the treatment of AD.

PMID- 26967586
TI  - Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings.
AB  - We constructed linear covalently closed (LCC) DNA minivectors as a non-viral gene
      delivery vector alternative produced via a simple platform in vivo. DNA
      ministrings possess a heightened safety profile and also efficiently deliver DNA
      cargo to targeted cells. Conventional DNA vectors carry undesirable prokaryotic
      sequences, including antibiotic resistance genes, CpG motifs, and bacterial
      origins of replication, which may lead to the stimulation of host immunological
      responses. The bioavailability of conventional DNA vectors is also compromised
      due to their larger molecular size. Their circular nature may also impart
      chromosomal integration, leading to insertional mutagenesis. Bacterial sequences
      are excised from DNA minivectors, leaving only the gene of interest (GOI) and
      necessary eukaryotic expression elements. Our LCC DNA minivectors, or DNA
      ministrings, are devoid of immunogenic bacterial sequences; therefore improving
      their bioavailability and GOI expression. In the event of vector integration into
      the chromosome, the LCC DNA ministring will lethally disrupt the host chromosome,
      thereby removing the potentially dangerous mutant from the proliferating cell
      population. Consequently, DNA ministrings offer the benefits of 'minicircle' DNA
      while eliminating the potential for undesirable vector integration events. In
      comparison to conventional plasmids and their isogenic circular covalently closed
      (CCC) counterparts, DNA ministrings demonstrate superior bioavailability,
      transfection efficiency, and cytoplasmic kinetics - they thus require lower
      amounts of cationic surfactants for effective transfection of target cells. We
      have constructed a one-step inducible in vivo system for the production of DNA
      ministrings in Escherichia coli that is simple to use, rapid, and scalable. 

PMID- 26967587
TI  - Naringin lauroyl ester inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of nuclear
      factor kappaB signaling in macrophages.
AB  - Naringin (Nar) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It was recently
      reported that enzymatic modification of Nar enhanced its functions. Here, we
      acylated Nar with fatty acids of different sizes (C2-C18) using immobilized
      lipase from Rhizomucor miehei and investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of
      these molecules. Treatment of murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells with Nar alkyl
      esters inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production,
      with Nar lauroyl ester (Nar-C12) showing the strongest effect. Furthermore, Nar
      C12 suppressed the LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase by blocking
      the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-alpha as well as
      the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB subunit p65 in macrophage cells. Analysis
      of Nar-C12 uptake in macrophage cells revealed that Nar-C12 ester bond was
      partially degraded in the cell membrane and free Nar was translocated to the
      cytosol. These results indicate that Nar released from Nar-C12 exerts anti
      inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-kappaB signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26967588
TI  - Epidemiology of Uveitis in a Tertiary Eye Center in Myanmar.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the characteristics of uveitis in a tertiary eye center in
      Myanmar. METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken to obtain the
      characteristics of uveitis in a tertiary eye center in Myanmar from September
      2013 to September 2014, using a standard clinical protocol and tailored
      laboratory investigations. RESULTS: A total of 139 patients were included in this
      epidemiologic study; 71 (51.1%) men and 68 (48.9%) women. The mean age of onset
      was 36.3 +/- 15.5 years. Infectious uveitis constituted 76/139 (54.7%) cases and
      non-infectious etiologies accounted for 63/139 (45.3%) cases. The most common non
      infectious etiologies were idiopathic, followed by HLA-B27-associated anterior
      uveitis and multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis, while tuberculosis was the
      most common infectious etiology. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis was the most frequent
      cause of uveitis among the infectious group of patients in this tertiary eye
      center as a result of endemic disease in Myanmar.

PMID- 26967590
TI  - Shared mental models and intra-team psychophysiological patterns: a test of the
      juggling paradigm.
AB  - We explored implicit coordination mechanisms underlying the conceptual notion of
      "shared mental models" (SMM) through physiological (i.e., breathing and heart
      rates) and affective-cognitive (i.e., arousal, pleasantness, attention, self
      efficacy, other's efficacy) monitoring of two professional jugglers performing a
      real-time interactive task of increasing difficulty. There were two experimental
      conditions: "individual" (i.e., solo task) and "interactive" (i.e., two jugglers
      established a cooperative interaction by juggling sets of balls with each other).
      In both conditions, there were two task difficulties: "easy" and "hard."
      Descriptive analyses revealed that engaging in a dyadic cooperative motor task
      (interactive condition) required greater physiological effort (Median Cohen's d =
      2.13) than performing a solo motor task (individual condition) of similar
      difficulty. Our results indicated a strong positive correlation between the
      jugglers' heart rate for the easy (r = .87) and hard tasks (r = .77). The
      relationship between the jugglers' breathing rate was significant for the easy
      task (r = .73) but non-significant for the hard task. The findings are
      interpreted based on research on SMM and Theory of Mind. Practitioners should
      advance the notion of "shared-regulation" in the context of team coordination
      through the use of biofeedback training.

PMID- 26967589
TI  - Expectations impact short-term memory through changes in connectivity between
      attention- and task-related brain regions.
AB  - Over the recent years, neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural
      mechanisms underlying the influence of expectations on perception. However, it
      seems equally reasonable to assume that expectations impact cognitive functions.
      Here we used fMRI to explore the role of expectations on task performance and its
      underlying neural mechanisms. 43 healthy participants were randomly assigned to
      two groups. Using verbal instructions, group 1 was led to believe that pain
      enhances task performance while group 2 was instructed that pain hampers their
      performance. All participants performed a Rapid-Serial-Visual-Presentation (RSVP)
      Task (target detection and short-term memory component) with or without
      concomitant painful heat stimulation during 3T fMRI scanning. As hypothesized,
      short-term memory performance showed an interaction between painful stimulation
      and expectation. Positive expectations induced stronger neural activation in the
      right inferior parietal cortex (IPC) during painful stimulation than negative
      expectation. Moreover, IPC displayed differential functional coupling with the
      left inferior occipital cortex under pain as a function of expectancy. Our data
      show that an individual's expectation can influence cognitive performance in a
      visual short-term memory task which is associated with activity and connectivity
      changes in brain areas implicated in attentional processing and task performance.

PMID- 26967591
TI  - Comparison between the effects of 18- and 23-mmHg elastic stockings on leg volume
      and fatigue in golfers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the effect
      of 18- versus 23-mmHg hosiery as for leg volume and fatigue control. METHODS:
      Forty golf players (M: N.=29, F: N.=11; mean age 48+/-11 years) were randomized
      for a 18-hole competition without hosiery (N.=10), with 18-mmHg graduated
      stockings (N.=10) and with 23-mmHg graduated stockings (N.=20, half of which
      footless and half footed). An echo-color-Doppler scanning excluded vascular
      pathologies. Limb volume was assessed by water plethysmography. The perceived
      fatigue was assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS: The use of no hosiery led to a
      5% increase in leg volume (P<0.0001). In the 18-mmHg group, a non-significant 1%
      volume reduction was observed. In the 23-mmHg group, leg volume significantly
      decreased by 4% both with footless and footed stockings. A significant fatigue
      reduction was perceived only in the 23-mmHg group. CONCLUSIONS: A leg volume
      increase was reported along an 18-hole competition. In the 18- and 23-mmHg
      groups, only the latter demonstrated a significant reduction in leg volume and
      perceived fatigue.

PMID- 26967594
TI  - Thyroid function and IVF outcome: when to investigate and when to intervene?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the evidence regarding the need to assess thyroid
      function in women undergoing ovarian stimulation as well as the need to intervene
      when thyroid function is suboptimal. RECENT FINDINGS: There is now evidence that
      ovarian stimulation can influence thyroid function not only via hyperestrogenism
      but also directly, since thyroid-related receptors are present in human granulosa
      cells and in the endometrium. Prospective and retrospective observational
      studies, as well as a few clinical trials, have been conducted in an effort to
      clarify the association between ovarian stimulation and thyroid function with
      controversial results. SUMMARY: The need of thyroid function screening with
      thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in infertile women attempting pregnancy is
      recognized by many international societies. Since TSH is a simple, cheap
      screening tool and levothyroxine (LT4) supplementation is an easy to apply, cheap
      and well tolerated intervention, universal thyroid screening in women undergoing
      IVF represents a reasonable policy. In case of subclinical hypothyroidism, when
      TSH exceeds the threshold of 4.0 or 4.5 MUIU/ml before IVF, LT4 replacement
      should be administered, while the same intervention might also be justified for
      women with TSH concentration more than 2.5 MUIU/ml before IVF.

PMID- 26967593
TI  - Testing principle working mechanisms of the health action process approach for
      subjective physical age groups.
AB  - This study investigated differences in social-cognitive predictors and self
      regulatory planning, as proposed by the health action process approach (HAPA),
      across three different subjective physical age groups for physical activity. With
      a cross-sectional design, 521 participants across the chronological age span from
      25 to 86 years (M = 48.79; SD = 12.66) were separated into three groups: those
      who feel physically younger than they are in terms of chronological age, the same
      perceived and chronological age, and feeling physically older compared to their
      chronological age. Participants were assessed regarding their perceived
      vulnerability, outcome expectancies, general intentions, planning, self-efficacy,
      and stages of physical activity (non-intenders, intenders, and actors). Data were
      analysed via mean comparison and multigroup structural equation modelling. Mean
      differences for all but one construct were eminent in all groups, generally
      showing that those feeling physically younger also report better social-cognitive
      predictors of physical activity (e.g. lower perceived vulnerability) in
      comparison to those who feel the same age or older. The model showed that basic
      working mechanisms of the HAPA can be applied to all groups. With that, the
      results provide for the first time evidence that principle working mechanism of
      the HAPA can be applied to all subjective physical age groups. These may be used
      to tailor health promoting interventions according to participants' needs as a
      more suitable proxy than chronological age.

PMID- 26967595
TI  - Adjusting the thermoelectric properties of copper(I) oxide-graphite-polymer
      pastes and the applications of such flexible composites.
AB  - We present a facile alternative to other well known strategies for synthesizing
      flexible thermoelectric materials. Instead of printing thin active layers on
      flexible substrates or doping conductive polymers, we produce thermoelectric
      pastes, using a mixture of graphite, copper(I) oxide and
      polychlorotrifluoroethene. The Seebeck coefficient of the investigated pastes
      varies between 10 and 600 MUV K(-1), while the electrical conductivity spans over
      an even wider range of 10(-4) to 10(2) S m(-1). Here, the influence of phenomena
      such as percolation on the electrical transport is revealed. The resulting power
      factor reaches 5.69 * 10(-4) +/- 0.70 * 10(-4) MUW m(-1) K(-2) for the graphite
      polymer paste, with an unexpected minimum at a graphite molar fraction of
      approximately 0.4. The values are comparable to those of the powder mixtures,
      which are slightly higher, but less precisely tunable. Such compounds are further
      evaluated for practical applications. The graphite-polymer paste is used to
      exemplify, how a flexible thermoelectric sensor can be easily manufactured, step
      by step. Our results represent a proof of principle, that thermoelectric pastes
      are viable alternatives to current solutions. A further expansion of the scope
      for the composites can be achieved by using high performance thermoelectric
      materials and conductive polymers.

PMID- 26967592
TI  - In Vivo Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Structure, Function, Perfusion and
      Viability Using Cardiac Micro-computed Tomography.
AB  - The use of Micro-Computed Tomography (MicroCT) for in vivo studies of small
      animals as models of human disease has risen tremendously due to the fact that
      MicroCT provides quantitative high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) anatomical
      data non-destructively and longitudinally. Most importantly, with the development
      of a novel preclinical iodinated contrast agent called eXIA160, functional and
      metabolic assessment of the heart became possible. However, prior to the advent
      of commercial MicroCT scanners equipped with X-ray flat-panel detector technology
      and easy-to-use cardio-respiratory gating, preclinical studies of cardiovascular
      disease (CVD) in small animals required a MicroCT technologist with advanced
      skills, and thus were impractical for widespread implementation. The goal of this
      work is to provide a practical guide to the use of the high-speed Quantum FX
      MicroCT system for comprehensive determination of myocardial global and regional
      function along with assessment of myocardial perfusion, metabolism and viability
      in healthy mice and in a cardiac ischemia mouse model induced by permanent
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). 

PMID- 26967624
TI  - Simulation and Theory of Antibody Binding to Crowded Antigen-Covered Surfaces.
AB  - In this paper we introduce a fully flexible coarse-grained model of
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies parametrized directly on cryo-EM data and
      simulate the binding dynamics of many IgGs to antigens adsorbed on a surface at
      increasing densities. Moreover, we work out a theoretical model that allows to
      explain all the features observed in the simulations. Our combined computational
      and theoretical framework is in excellent agreement with surface-plasmon
      resonance data and allows us to establish a number of important results. (i)
      Internal flexibility is key to maximize bivalent binding, flexible IgGs being
      able to explore the surface with their second arm in search for an available
      hapten. This is made clear by the strongly reduced ability to bind with both arms
      displayed by artificial IgGs designed to rigidly keep a prescribed shape. (ii)
      The large size of IgGs is instrumental to keep neighboring molecules at a certain
      distance (surface repulsion), which essentially makes antigens within reach of
      the second Fab always unoccupied on average. (iii) One needs to account
      independently for the thermodynamic and geometric factors that regulate the
      binding equilibrium. The key geometrical parameters, besides excluded-volume
      repulsion, describe the screening of free haptens by neighboring bound
      antibodies. We prove that the thermodynamic parameters govern the low-antigen
      concentration regime, while the surface screening and repulsion only affect the
      binding at high hapten densities. Importantly, we prove that screening effects
      are concealed in relative measures, such as the fraction of bivalently bound
      antibodies. Overall, our model provides a valuable, accurate theoretical paradigm
      beyond existing frameworks to interpret experimental profiles of antibodies
      binding to multi-valent surfaces of different sorts in many contexts. 

PMID- 26967625
TI  - Additional Insights into the Obtusallene Family: Components of Laurencia
      marilzae.
AB  - The obtusallenes are a significant subset of C15-halogenated acetogenins that
      incorporate 12-membered cyclic ethers. We have recently reported the isolation
      from Laurencia marilzae of 12-epoxyobtusallene IV (1) and its related alpha,beta
      unsaturated carboxylate ester (2), both of special biogenetic relevance. Here we
      describe the final step of our study, the isolation of three new analogues (3-5),
      among these, the first bromopropargylic derivative (3) of this class of
      macrocyclic C15-acetogenins. The structures were elucidated by analysis of NMR
      and X-ray data. 12-Epoxyobtusallene IV (1), its new isomer 4, and known
      obtusallene IV (6) were evaluated for their apoptosis-inducing activities in a
      human hepatocarcinoma cell line. 

PMID- 26967626
TI  - Truncation, modification, and optimization of MIG6(segment 2) peptide to target
      lung cancer-related EGFR.
AB  - Human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a central role in the
      pathological progression and metastasis of lung cancer; the development and
      clinical application of therapeutic agents that target the receptor provide
      important insights for new lung cancer therapies. The tumor-suppressor protein
      MIG6 is a negative regulator of EGFR, which can bind at the activation interface
      of asymmetric dimer of EGFR kinase domains to disrupt dimerization and then
      inactivate the kinase (Zhang X. et al. Nature 2007, 450: 741-744). The protein
      adopts two separated segments, i.e. MIG6(segment 1) and MIG6(segment 2), to
      directly interact with EGFR. Here, computational modeling and analysis of the
      intermolecular interaction between EGFR kinase domain and MIG6(segment 2) peptide
      revealed that the peptide is folded into a two-stranded beta-sheet composed of
      beta-strand 1 and beta-strand 2; only the beta-strand 2 can directly interact
      with EGFR activation loop, while leaving beta-strand 1 apart from the kinase. A C
      terminal island within the beta-strand 2 is primarily responsible for peptide
      binding, which was truncated from the MIG6(segment 2) and exhibited weak affinity
      to EGFR kinase domain. Structural and energetic analysis suggested that
      phosphorylation at residues Tyr394 and Tyr395 of truncated peptide can
      considerably improve EGFR affinity, and mutation of other residues can further
      optimize the peptide binding capability. Subsequently, three derivative versions
      of the truncated peptide, including phosphorylated and dephosphorylated peptides
      as well as a double-point mutant were synthesized and purified, and their
      affinities to the recombinant protein of human EGFR kinase domain were determined
      by fluorescence anisotropy titration. As expected theoretically, the
      dephosphorylated peptide has no observable binding to the kinase, and
      phosphorylation and mutation can confer low and moderate affinities to the
      peptide, respectively, suggesting a good consistence between the computational
      analysis and experimental assay. 

PMID- 26967627
TI  - Practice Guidelines for Operative Performance Assessments.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide recommended practice guidelines for assessing single
      operative performances and for combining results of operative performance
      assessments into estimates of overall operative performance ability. SUMMARY
      BACKGROUND DATA: Operative performance is one defining characteristic of
      surgeons. Assessment of operative performance is needed to provide feedback with
      learning benefits to surgical residents in training and to assist in making
      progress decisions for residents. Operative performance assessment has been a
      focus of investigation over the past 20 years. This review is designed to
      integrate findings of this research into a set of recommended operative
      performance practices. METHODS: Literature from surgery and from other pertinent
      research areas (psychology, education, business) was reviewed looking for
      evidence to inform practice guideline development. Guidelines were created along
      with a conceptual and scientific foundation for each guideline. RESULTS: Ten
      guidelines are provided for assessing individual operative performances and 10
      are provided for combing data from individual operative performances into overall
      judgments of operative performance ability. CONCLUSIONS: The practice guidelines
      organize available information to be immediately useful to program directors, to
      support surgical training, and to provide a conceptual framework upon which to
      build as the base of pertinent knowledge expands through future research and
      development efforts.

PMID- 26967629
TI  - Percutaneous Microwave Ablation Liver Partition and Portal Vein Embolization for
      Rapid Liver Regeneration: A Minimally Invasive First Step of ALPPS for
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

PMID- 26967637
TI  - Screening of dietary antioxidants against mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress
      by visualization of intracellular redox state.
AB  - Mitochondrial impairment and the resulting generation of reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) have been associated with aging and its related pathological conditions.
      Recently, dietary antioxidants have gained significant attention as potential
      preventive and therapeutic agents against ROS-generated aging and pathological
      conditions. We previously demonstrated that food-derived antioxidants prevented
      intracellular oxidative stress under proteasome inhibition conditions, which was
      attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation, followed by cell
      death. Here, we further screened dietary antioxidants for their activity as redox
      modulators by visualization of the redox state using Redoxfluor, a fluorescent
      protein redox probe. Direct alleviation of ROS by antioxidants, but not induction
      of antioxidative enzymes, prevented mitochondria-mediated intracellular
      oxidation. The effective antioxidants scavenged mitochondrial ROS and suppressed
      cell death. Our study indicates that redox visualization under mitochondria
      mediated oxidative stress is useful for screening potential antioxidants to
      counteract mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been implicated in aging and the
      pathogenesis of aging-related diseases. 

PMID- 26967638
TI  - Ginger hexane extract suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease caused by decreased bone density.
      Compounds with anti-osteoclastic activity, such as bisphosphonates, may help in
      the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Herein, we determined the
      inhibitory effects of ginger hexane extract (GHE) on receptor activator of
      nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7
      cells. The results showed that GHE (1) suppressed osteoclast differentiation and
      the formation of actin rings; (2) inhibited the expression of Nfatc1, a master
      transcriptional factor for osteoclast differentiation, in a dose-dependent manner
      (10-20 MUg/mL); and (3) inhibited other osteoclastogenesis-related genes, such as
      Oscar, Dc-stamp, Trap, and Mmp9. These findings suggest that GHE may be used to
      prevent and treat osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation.

PMID- 26967639
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26967640
TI  - Cannabinoids Regulate Bcl-2 and Cyclin D2 Expression in Pancreatic beta Cells.
AB  - Recent reports have shown that cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) are expressed in
      pancreatic beta cells, where they induce cell death and cell cycle arrest by
      directly inhibiting insulin receptor activation. Here, we report that CB1Rs
      regulate the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell cycle
      regulator cyclin D2 in pancreatic beta cells. Treatment of MIN6 and betaTC6 cells
      with a synthetic CB1R agonist, WIN55,212-2, led to a decrease in the expression
      of Bcl-2 and cyclin D2, in turn inducing cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and
      caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, genetic deletion and pharmacological
      blockade of CB1Rs after injury in mice led to increased levels of Bcl-2 and
      cyclin D2 in pancreatic beta cells. These findings provide evidence for the
      involvement of Bcl-2 and cyclin D2 mediated by CB1Rs in the regulation of beta
      cell survival and growth, and will serve as a basis for developing new
      therapeutic interventions to enhance beta-cell function and growth in diabetes. 

PMID- 26967641
TI  - Pericardial- Rather than Intramyocardial Fat Is Independently Associated with
      Left Ventricular Systolic Heart Function in Metabolically Healthy Humans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major risk factor to develop heart failure, in part due
      to possible lipotoxic effects of increased intramyocardial (MYCL) and/or local or
      paracrine effects of pericardial (PERI) lipid accumulation. Recent evidence
      suggests that MYCL is highly dynamic and might rather be a surrogate marker for
      disturbed energy metabolism than the underlying cause of cardiac dysfunction. On
      the other hand, PERI might contribute directly by mechanic and paracrine effects.
      Therefore, we hypothesized that PERI rather than MYCL is associated with
      myocardial function. METHODS: To avoid potential confounding of metabolic disease
      31 metabolically healthy subjects (age: 29+/-10yrs; BMI: 23+/-3kg/m2) were
      investigated using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. MYCL and PERI,
      as well as systolic and diastolic left ventricular heart function were assessed.
      Additionally, anthropometric data and parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism
      were analyzed. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation
      coefficient. Linear regression model was used to show individual effects of PERI
      and MYCL on myocardial functional parameters. RESULTS: Correlation analysis with
      parameters of systolic heart function revealed significant associations for PERI
      (Stroke Volume (SV): R = -0.513 p = 0.001; CardiacIndex (CI): R = -0.442 p =
      0.014), but not for MYCL (SV: R = -0.233; p = 0.207; CI: R = -0.130; p = 0.484).
      No significant correlations were found for E/A ratio as a parameter of diastolic
      heart function. In multiple regression analysis CI was negatively predicted by
      PERI, whereas no impact of MYCL was observed in direct comparison. CONCLUSIONS:
      Cardiac fat depots impact left ventricular heart function in a metabolically
      healthy population. Direct comparison of different lipid stores revealed that
      PERI is a more important predictor than MYCL for altered myocardial function.

PMID- 26967643
TI  - Surface Reconstruction from Parallel Curves with Application to Parietal Bone
      Fracture Reconstruction.
AB  - Maxillofacial trauma are common, secondary to road traffic accident, sports
      injury, falls and require sophisticated radiological imaging to precisely
      diagnose. A direct surgical reconstruction is complex and require clinical
      expertise. Bio-modelling helps in reconstructing surface model from 2D contours.
      In this manuscript we have constructed the 3D surface using 2D Computerized
      Tomography (CT) scan contours. The fracture part of the cranial vault are
      reconstructed using GC1 rational cubic Ball curve with three free parameters,
      later the 2D contours are flipped into 3D with equidistant z component. The
      constructed surface is represented by contours blending interpolant. At the end
      of this manuscript a case report of parietal bone fracture is also illustrated by
      employing this method with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) illustration. 

PMID- 26967642
TI  - Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in Parkinson's Disease: Potential as Trait-,
      Progression- and Prediction Marker and Confounding Factors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers indicating trait, progression and prediction of
      pathology and symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) often lack specificity or
      reliability. Investigating biomarker variance between individuals and over time
      and the effect of confounding factors is essential for the evaluation of
      biomarkers in PD, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: IGF-1 serum levels were investigated in up to 8 biannual visits in 37 PD
      patients and 22 healthy controls (HC) in the longitudinal MODEP study. IGF-1
      baseline levels and annual changes in IGF-1 were compared between PD patients and
      HC while accounting for baseline disease duration (19 early stage: <=3.5 years;
      18 moderate stage: >4 years), age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and common medical
      factors putatively modulating IGF-1. In addition, associations of baseline IGF-1
      with annual changes of motor, cognitive and depressive symptoms and medication
      dose were investigated. RESULTS: PD patients in moderate (130+/-26 ng/mL; p =
      .004), but not early stages (115+/-19, p>.1), showed significantly increased
      baseline IGF-1 levels compared with HC (106+/-24 ng/mL; p = .017). Age had a
      significant negative correlation with IGF-1 levels in HC (r = -.47, p = .028) and
      no correlation in PD patients (r = -.06, p>.1). BMI was negatively correlated in
      the overall group (r = -.28, p = .034). The annual changes in IGF-1 did not
      differ significantly between groups and were not correlated with disease
      duration. Baseline IGF-1 levels were not associated with annual changes of
      clinical parameters. DISCUSSION: Elevated IGF-1 in serum might differentiate
      between patients in moderate PD stages and HC. However, the value of serum IGF-1
      as a trait-, progression- and prediction marker in PD is limited as IGF-1 showed
      large inter- and intraindividual variability and may be modulated by several
      confounders.

PMID- 26967644
TI  - Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Human Adenovirus in Immunocompetent
      Adults: A Multicenter Case Series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by human adenovirus
      (HAdV), especially HAdV type 55 (HAdV-55) in immunocompetent adults has raised
      increasing concerns. Clinical knowledge of severe CAP and acute respiratory
      distress syndrome induced by HAdV-55 is still limited, though the pathogen has
      been fully characterized by whole-genome sequencing. METHODS: We conducted a
      multicentre retrospective review of all consecutive patients with severe CAP
      caused by HAdV in immunocompetent adults admitted to the Emergency Department
      Intensive Care Unit of two hospitals in Northern China between February 2012 and
      April 2014. Clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics, treatments and
      outcomes of these patients were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 15
      consecutive severe CAP patients with laboratory-confirmed adenovirus infections
      were included. The median age was 30 years and all cases were identified during
      the winter and spring seasons. HAdV-55 was the most frequently (11/15) detected
      HAdV type. Persistent high fever, cough and rapid progression of dyspnea were
      typically reported in these patients. Significantly increased pneumonia severity
      index (PSI), respiratory rate, and lower PaO2/FiO2, hypersensitive CRP were
      reported in non-survivors compared to survivors (P = 0.013, 0.022, 0.019 and
      0.026, respectively). The rapid development of bilateral consolidations within 10
      days after illness onset were the most common radiographic finding, usually
      accompanied by adjacent ground glass opacities and pleural effusions. Total
      mortality was 26.7% in this study. Corticosteroids were prescribed to 14 patients
      in this report, but the utilization rate between survivors and non-survivors was
      not significant. CONCLUSIONS: HAdV and the HAdV-55 sub-type play an important
      role among viral pneumonia pathogens in hospitalized immunocompetent adults in
      Northern China. HAdV should be tested in severe CAP patients with negative
      bacterial cultures and a lack of response to antibiotic treatment, even if
      radiologic imaging and clinical presentation initially suggest bacterial
      pneumonia.

PMID- 26967646
TI  - Improvements of the cyclone separator performance by down-comer tubes.
AB  - Enhancement of fine particle (PM2.5) separation is important for cyclone
      separators to reduce any extra purification process required at the outlet.
      Therefore, the present experimental research was performed to explore the
      performance of cyclone separators modified with down-comer tubes at solid loading
      rates from 0 to 8.0 g/m(3) with a 10 m/s inlet velocity. The study proved the
      effectiveness of down-comer tubes in reducing the particle re-entrainment and
      increasing the finer separation with acceptable pressure drops, which was
      pronounced at low solid loading conditions. The experimental results were
      compared with theories of Smolik and Muschelknautz. Theories were acceptable for
      certain ranges, and theory breakdown was mainly due to the neglect of particle
      agglomeration, re-entrainment and the reduction of swirling energy, as well as
      the increase of wall friction due to presence of particles.

PMID- 26967645
TI  - Re-Infection Outcomes Following One- And Two-Stage Surgical Revision of Infected
      Knee Prosthesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication of
      total knee arthroplasty. Two-stage revision is the most widely used technique and
      considered as the most effective for treating periprosthetic knee infection. The
      one-stage revision strategy is an emerging alternative option, however, its
      performance in comparison to the two-stage strategy is unclear. We therefore
      sought to ask if there was a difference in re-infection rates and other clinical
      outcomes when comparing the one-stage to the two-stage revision strategy.
      OBJECTIVE: Our first objective was to compare re-infection (new and recurrent
      infections) rates for one- and two-stage revision surgery for periprosthetic knee
      infection. Our second objective was to compare between the two revision
      strategies, clinical outcomes as measured by postoperative Knee Society Knee
      score, Knee Society Function score, Hospital for Special Surgery knee score,
      WOMAC score, and range of motion. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
      DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, reference lists
      of relevant studies to August 2015, and correspondence with investigators. STUDY
      SELECTION: Longitudinal (prospective or retrospective cohort) studies conducted
      in generally unselected patients with periprosthetic knee infection treated
      exclusively by one- or two-stage revision and with re-infection outcomes reported
      within two years of revision surgery. No clinical trials comparing both revision
      strategies were identified. REVIEW METHODS: Two independent investigators
      extracted data and discrepancies were resolved by consensus with a third
      investigator. Re-infection rates from 10 one-stage studies (423 participants) and
      108 two-stage studies (5,129 participants) were meta-analysed using random-effect
      models after arcsine transformation. RESULTS: The rate (95% confidence intervals)
      of re-infection was 7.6% (3.4-13.1) in one-stage studies. The corresponding re
      infection rate for two-stage revision was 8.8% (7.2-10.6). In subgroup analyses,
      re-infection rates remained generally similar for several study-level and
      clinically relevant characteristics. Postoperative clinical outcomes of knee
      scores and range of motion were similar for both revision strategies.
      LIMITATIONS: Potential bias owing to the limited number of one-stage revision
      studies and inability to explore heterogeneity in greater detail. CONCLUSIONS:
      Available evidence from aggregate published data suggest the one-stage revision
      strategy may be as effective as the two-stage revision strategy in treating
      infected knee prostheses in generally unselected patients. Further investigation
      is warranted. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015017327.

PMID- 26967649
TI  - Disentangling the relationship between tumor genetic programs and immune
      responsiveness.
AB  - Correlative studies in humans have demonstrated that an active immune
      microenvironment characterized by the presence of a T-helper 1 immune response
      typifies a tumor phenotype associated with better outcome and increased
      responsiveness to immune manipulation. This phenotype also signifies the counter
      activation of immune-regulatory mechanisms. Variables modulating the development
      of an effective anti-tumor immune response are increasingly scrutinized as
      potential therapeutic targets. Genetic alterations of cancer cells that
      functionally influence intratumoral immune response include mutational load,
      specific mutations of genes involved in oncogenic pathways and copy number
      aberrations involving chemokine and cytokine genes. Inhibiting oncogenic pathways
      that prevent the development of the immune-favorable cancer phenotype may
      complement modern immunotherapeutic approaches. 

PMID- 26967647
TI  - Nanoparticle delivery of miR-223 to attenuate macrophage fusion.
AB  - The foreign body response (FBR) begins with injury acquired during implantation
      of a biomaterial (BM) and is detrimental due to the eventual encapsulation of the
      implant. Fusion of macrophages to form foreign body giant cells (FBGC), a
      hallmark of the FBR, is the consequence of a multistep mechanism induced by
      interleukin (IL)-4 that includes the acquisition of a fusion competent state and
      subsequent cytoskeletal rearrangements. However, the precise mechanism,
      regulation, and interplay among molecular mediators to generate FBGCs are
      insufficiently understood. Seeking novel mediators of fusion that might be
      regulated at the post-transcriptional level, we examined the role of microRNAs
      (miRs) in this process. A miR microarray was screened and identified miR-223 as a
      negative regulator of macrophage fusion. In addition, transfection of primary
      macrophages with a mir-223 mimic attenuated IL-4-induced fusion. Furthermore, miR
      223 KO mice and mir-223 deficient cells displayed increased fusion in vivo and in
      vitro, respectively. Finally, we developed a method for in vivo delivery of miR
      223 mimic utilizing PLGA nanoparticles, which inhibited FBGC formation in a
      biomaterial implant model. Our results identify miR-223 as a negative regulator
      of fusion and demonstrate miR-223 mimic-loaded nanoparticles as a therapeutic
      inhibitor of macrophage fusion. 

PMID- 26967650
TI  - Facile Preparation of Internally Self-assembled Lipid Particles Stabilized by
      Carbon Nanotubes.
AB  - We present a facile method to prepare nanostructured lipid particles stabilized
      by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Single-walled (pristine) and multi-walled
      (functionalized) CNTs are used as stabilizers to produce Pickering type oil-in
      water (O/W) emulsions. Lipids namely, Dimodan U and Phytantriol are used as
      emulsifiers, which in excess water self-assemble into the bicontinuous cubic Pn3m
      phase. This highly viscous phase is fragmented into smaller particles using a
      probe ultrasonicator in presence of conventional surfactant stabilizers or CNTs
      as done here. Initially, the CNTs (powder form) are dispersed in water followed
      by further ultrasonication with the molten lipid to form the final emulsion.
      During this process the CNTs get coated with lipid molecules, which in turn are
      presumed to surround the lipid droplets to form a particulate emulsion that is
      stable for months. The average size of CNT-stabilized nanostructured lipid
      particles is in the submicron range, which compares well with the particles
      stabilized using conventional surfactants. Small angle X-ray scattering data
      confirms the retention of the original Pn3m cubic phase in the CNT-stabilized
      lipid dispersions as compared to the pure lipid phase (bulk state). Blue shift
      and lowering of the intensities in characteristic G and G' bands of CNTs observed
      in Raman spectroscopy characterize the interaction between CNT surface and lipid
      molecules. These results suggest that the interactions between the CNTs and
      lipids are responsible for their mutual stabilization in aqueous solutions. As
      the concentrations of CNTs employed for stabilization are very low and lipid
      molecules are able to functionalize the CNTs, the toxicity of CNTs is expected to
      be insignificant while their biocompatibility is greatly enhanced. Hence the
      present approach finds a great potential in various biomedical applications, for
      instance, for developing hybrid nanocarrier systems for the delivery of multiple
      functional molecules as in combination therapy or polytherapy. 

PMID- 26967651
TI  - Revision Rates and Risk Factors of 175 842 Patients Undergoing Septorhinoplasty.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Estimates of the rate of revision septorhinoplasty and the risk
      factors associated with revision are unknown because the current published
      literature is limited to small, retrospective, single-surgeon studies with
      limited follow-up time. OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of revision for
      septorhinoplasty surgery and to determine the risk factors associated with
      revision. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort analysis of 175
      842 patients undergoing septorhinoplasty between January 1, 2005, and December
      31, 2009, from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's State Inpatient
      Databases, State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases, and State Emergency
      Department Databases from California, Florida, and New York. Revisit information
      for these patients was then collected from the 3 databases between January 1,
      2005, and December 31, 2012, with a minimal follow-up time of 3 years; and study
      analysis done January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2012. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Revision surgery after an index septorhinoplasty was the main outcome measure,
      and the rate of revision was calculated within subgroups of patients based on
      different demographic and clinical characteristics. A multivariable model was
      then used to determine independent risk factors for the performance of revision
      surgery. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 175 842 participants who underwent
      septorhinoplasty procedures; mean (SD) age was 41.0 (15.3) years, and 57.0% were
      male. The overall revision rate for any septorhinoplasty procedure was 3.3% (5775
      of 175 842) (99% CI, 3.2%-3.4%). After separating the patients into primary
      septorhinoplasty and secondary septorhinoplasty groups, the primary group had an
      overall revision rate of 3.1% (5389 of 172 324), while the secondary group had an
      overall revision rate of 11.0% (386 of 3518). Patient characteristics associated
      with an increased rate of revision include younger age (5.9% [633 of 10 727]),
      female sex (3.8% [2536 of 67 397]), a history of anxiety (3.9% [168 of 4350]) or
      autoimmune disease (4.4% [57 of 1286]), and surgery for cosmetic (7.9% [340 of
      4289]) or congenital nasal deformities (8.9% [208 of 2334]). CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: The study results, derived from a large cohort of patients with long
      follow-up time, suggest that the rate of revision septorhinoplasty is low, but
      certain patient characteristics are associated with higher revision rates. These
      data provide valuable preoperative counseling information for patients and
      physicians. This study also provides robust data for third-party payers or
      government agencies in an era in which physician performance metrics require
      valid risk adjustment before being used for reimbursement and quality
      initiatives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26967648
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinase-13 mediated degradation of hyaluronic acid-based
      matrices orchestrates stem cell engraftment through vascular integration.
AB  - A critical design parameter for the function of synthetic extracellular matrices
      is to synchronize the gradual cell-mediated degradation of the matrix with the
      endogenous secretion of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) (e.g., creeping
      substitution). In hyaluronic acid (HyA)-based hydrogel matrices, we have
      investigated the effects of peptide crosslinkers with different matrix
      metalloproteinases (MMP) sensitivities on network degradation and
      neovascularization in vivo. The HyA hydrogel matrices consisted of cell adhesive
      peptides, heparin for both the presentation of exogenous and sequestration of
      endogenously synthesized growth factors, and MMP cleavable peptide linkages
      (i.e., QPQGLAK, GPLGMHGK, and GPLGLSLGK). Sca1(+)/CD45(-)/CD34(+)/CD44(+) cardiac
      progenitor cells (CPCs) cultured in the matrices with the slowly degradable
      QPQGLAK hydrogels supported the highest production of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13,
      VEGF165, and a range of angiogenesis related proteins. Hydrogels with QPQGLAK
      crosslinks supported prolonged retention of these proteins via heparin within the
      matrix, stimulating rapid vascular development, and anastomosis with the host
      vasculature when implanted in the murine hindlimb. 

PMID- 26967653
TI  - Correction: Antenna Mechanism of Length Control of Actin Cables.

PMID- 26967652
TI  - Correction: Isolation of a Stable Subpopulation of Mobilized Dental Pulp Stem
      Cells (MDPSCs) with High Proliferation, Migration, and Regeneration Potential Is
      Independent of Age.

PMID- 26967654
TI  - Preparing for and Executing a Randomised Controlled Trial of Podoconiosis
      Treatment in Northern Ethiopia: The Utility of Rapid Ethical Assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Community-based randomized controlled trials are often complex pieces
      of research with significant challenges around the approach to the community,
      information provision, and decision-making, all of which are fundamental to the
      informed consent process. We conducted a rapid ethical assessment to guide the
      preparation for and conduct of a randomized controlled trial of podoconiosis
      treatment in northern Ethiopia. METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out in
      Aneded woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State from August to September,
      2013. A total of 14 In-depth Interviews (IDIs) with researchers, experts, and
      leaders, and 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) involving 80 participants (people
      of both gender, with and without podoconiosis), were conducted. Interviews were
      carried out in Amharic. Data analysis was started alongside collection. Final
      data analysis used a thematic approach based on themes identified a priori and
      those that emerged during the analysis. RESULTS: Respondents made a range of
      specific suggestions, including that sensitisation meetings were called by woreda
      or kebele leaders or the police; that Health Extension Workers were asked to
      accompany the research team to patients' houses; that detailed trial information
      was explained by someone with deep local knowledge; that analogies from
      agriculture and local social organisations be used to explain randomisation; that
      participants in the 'delayed' intervention arm be given small incentives to
      continue in the trial; and that key community members be asked to quell rumours
      arising in the course of the trial. CONCLUSION: Many of these recommendations
      were incorporated into the preparatory phases of the trial, or were used during
      the course of the trial itself. This demonstrates the utility of rapid ethical
      assessment preceding a complex piece of research in a relatively research-naive
      setting.

PMID- 26967655
TI  - Weighting of Criteria for Disease Prioritization Using Conjoint Analysis and
      Based on Health Professional and Student Opinion.
AB  - Disease prioritization exercises have been used by several organizations to
      inform surveillance and control measures. Though most methodologies for disease
      prioritization are based on expert opinion, it is becoming more common to include
      different stakeholders in the prioritization exercise. This study was performed
      to compare the weighting of disease criteria, and the consequent prioritization
      of zoonoses, by both health professionals and students in Switzerland using a
      Conjoint Analysis questionnaire. The health professionals comprised public health
      and food safety experts, cantonal physicians and cantonal veterinarians, while
      the student group comprised first-year veterinary and agronomy students. Eight
      criteria were selected for this prioritization based on expert elicitation and
      literature review. These criteria, described on a 3-tiered scale, were evaluated
      through a choice-based Conjoint Analysis questionnaire with 25 choice tasks.
      Questionnaire results were analyzed to obtain importance scores (for each
      criterion) and mean utility values (for each criterion level), and the latter
      were then used to rank 16 zoonoses. While the most important criterion for both
      groups was "Severity of the disease in humans", the second ranked criteria by the
      health professionals and students were "Economy" and "Treatment in humans",
      respectively. Regarding the criterion "Control and Prevention", health
      professionals tended to prioritize a disease when the control and preventive
      measures were described to be 95% effective, while students prioritized a disease
      if there were almost no control and preventive measures available. Bovine
      Spongiform Encephalopathy was the top-ranked disease by both groups. Health
      professionals and students agreed on the weighting of certain criteria such as
      "Severity" and "Treatment of disease in humans", but disagreed on others such as
      "Economy" or "Control and Prevention". Nonetheless, the overall disease ranking
      lists were similar, and these may be taken into consideration when making future
      decisions regarding resource allocation for disease control and prevention in
      Switzerland. 

PMID- 26967656
TI  - Utility of Diagnostic Molecular Markers for Evaluation of Indeterminate Thyroid
      Nodules.

PMID- 26967657
TI  - Understanding the relationship of land uses and water quality in Twenty First
      Century: A review.
AB  - Rising food, housing and energy demand of increasing population creates an
      immense pressure on water resources, especially on water quality. The water
      quality around the globe is degrading primarily due to intense agricultural
      activities associated with rapid urbanization. This study attributes to cause of
      water quality problem, indices to measure water quality, methods to identify
      proper explanatory variables to water quality and it's processing to capture the
      special effect, and finally modeling of water quality using identified
      explanatory variables to provide insights. This would help policymakers and
      watershed managers to take necessary steps to protect water quality for the
      future as well as current generation. Finally, some knowledge gaps are also
      discussed which need to be addressed in the future studies. 

PMID- 26967658
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26967659
TI  - Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein Dysfunction May Contribute to
      Memory Disorder and Earlier Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore a possible role for activity-regulated cytoskeleton
      associated (Arc/Arg3.1) protein in the clinical identification of children with
      autism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The plasma levels of Arc/Arg3.1 in 62 boys with
      autism and 32 healthy boys were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was used to assess the
      severity of autism as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons
      between children with autism and healthy children. The Spearman r correlation
      coefficient (r) was used to determine the relationship between the CARS scores
      among patients with autism and different variables. RESULTS: The mean plasma
      level of Arc/Arg3.1 protein in autism was 1.689 +/- 0.917 pg/ml, significantly
      higher than that of healthy controls, i.e. 0.792 +/- 1.056 pg/ml (p < 0.001). No
      significant relationship was found between plasma levels of Arc/Arg3.1 protein
      and CARS scores (r = -0.06; p > 0.05) or age (r = -0.27; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      The mean plasma level of Arc/Arg3.1 protein was higher in children with autism
      than in controls, suggesting that Arc/Arg3.1 could be a potential early blood
      biomarker for diagnosis of autism.

PMID- 26967660
TI  - When paradigms collide at the road rail interface: evaluation of a sociotechnical
      systems theory design toolkit for cognitive work analysis.
AB  - The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit (CWA-DT) is a recently developed
      approach that provides guidance and tools to assist in applying the outputs of
      CWA to design processes to incorporate the values and principles of
      sociotechnical systems theory. In this paper, the CWA-DT is evaluated based on an
      application to improve safety at rail level crossings. The evaluation considered
      the extent to which the CWA-DT met pre-defined methodological criteria and
      aligned with sociotechnical values and principles. Both process and outcome
      measures were taken based on the ratings of workshop participants and human
      factors experts. Overall, workshop participants were positive about the process
      and indicated that it met the methodological criteria and sociotechnical values.
      However, expert ratings suggested that the CWA-DT achieved only limited success
      in producing RLX designs that fully aligned with the sociotechnical approach.
      Discussion about the appropriateness of the sociotechnical approach in a public
      safety context is provided. Practitioner Summary: Human factors and ergonomics
      practitioners need evidence of the effectiveness of methods. A design toolkit for
      cognitive work analysis, incorporating values and principles from sociotechnical
      systems theory, was applied to create innovative designs for rail level
      crossings. Evaluation results based on the application are provided and
      discussed. 

PMID- 26967662
TI  - Spectroscopic Investigation of Plasma-Fluorinated Monolayer Graphene and
      Application for Gas Sensing.
AB  - Large-area monolayer fluorinated graphene (FG) is synthesized by a controllable
      SF6 plasma treatment. The functional groups of FG are elucidated by various
      spectroscopies, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
      (XPS), and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Raman
      results suggest that the defects are introduced into the monolayer graphene
      during the fluorination process. The fluorine content can be varied by the plasma
      treatment and can reach the maximum (~24.6 atom % F) under 20 s of plasma
      treatment as examined by XPS measurement. The angle-dependent NEXAFS results
      reveal that the fluorine atoms interact with the graphene matrix to form covalent
      C-F bonds, which are perpendicular to the basal plane of FG. FG is applied as a
      gas-sensing material and owns much better performance for ammonia detection
      compared to pristine graphene. On the basis of our density functional theory
      simulation results, the fast response/recovery behavior and high sensitivity of
      the FG gas sensor are attributed to enhanced physical absorption due to the C-F
      covalent bonds on the surface of FG. 

PMID- 26967661
TI  - The measles outbreak in Bulgaria, 2009-2011: An epidemiological assessment and
      lessons learnt.
AB  - Measles re-emerged in a nationwide outbreak in Bulgaria from 2009 to 2011 despite
      reported high vaccination coverage at national level. This followed an eight-year
      period since the last indigenous cases of measles were detected. The Bulgarian
      National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases collated measles
      surveillance data for 2009-2011. We analysed data for age group, sex, ethnicity,
      diagnosis confirmation, vaccination, hospitalisation, disease complications, and
      death and describe the outbreak control measures taken. The outbreak started in
      April 2009 following an importation of measles virus and affected 24,364 persons,
      predominantly Roma. Most cases (73%) were among children < 15 years old.
      Vaccination status was available for 52% (n = 12,630) of cases. Of children 1-14
      years old, 22% (n = 1,769) were unvaccinated and 70% (n = 5,518) had received one
      dose of a measles-containing vaccine. Twenty-four measles-related deaths were
      reported. The Roma ethnic group was particularly susceptible to measles. The
      magnitude of the outbreak resulted primarily from the accumulation of susceptible
      children over time. This outbreak serves as a reminder that both high vaccination
      coverage and closing of immunity gaps across all sections of the population are
      crucial to reach the goal of measles elimination.

PMID- 26967663
TI  - A microscale multi-functional metal-organic framework as a fluorescence
      chemosensor for Fe(III), Al(III) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde.
AB  - A microscale metal-organic framework [Eu(atpt)1.5(phen)(H2O)]n (H2atpt=2
      aminoterephthalic acid, phen=1,10-phenanthroline) (Eu-MOF) was synthesized and
      characterized by elemental analysis, luminescence spectrum, powder X-ray
      diffraction, dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscope. The
      fluorescence response of Eu-MOF to metal ions and aldehydes showed that Eu-MOF is
      highly selective to Fe(III), Al(III) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (2-OH-NA). Eu
      MOF could be utilized as a multi-functional fluorescence chemosensor for Fe(III),
      Al(III) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (2-OH-NA). The detection limit of Fe(III),
      Al(III) and 2-OH-NA was 45, 10 and 36MUM, respectively. The corresponding sensing
      mechanisms were explored. 

PMID- 26967664
TI  - Instability of Liquids in Flexible Fiber Brushes under Applied Pressure.
AB  - We theoretically predict the stability of liquid in a model brush made of
      flexible fibers for cases in which liquid is supplied from an ink reservoir. The
      volume of the liquid in the brush increases with increasing applied pressure by
      the reservoir, and the liquid shows instability at a critical pressure. When the
      fibers are shorter than a critical length, the end of the brush opens
      continuously with increasing applied pressure. The volume of the liquid that
      hangs from the open end of the brush increases with increasing applied pressure,
      and the liquid drops from the brush at the critical pressure, where the weight of
      the liquid becomes larger than the surface tension. In contrast, when the fibers
      are longer than the critical length, the end of the brush opens discontinuously
      to the maximal extent at the critical pressure. The discontinuous unbuckling is
      driven by the instability arising from the fact that the bending stiffness of the
      water surface, which bends together with the flexible fibers, decreases as the
      end of the brush opens, and it is thus a unique feature of brushes of flexible
      fibers. 

PMID- 26967665
TI  - How to appoint a new chief nurse, win friends and influence people.
AB  - OUR CHIEF nurse for England, Sarah Mullally, has announced her intention to leave
      the NHS and the search is on for her replacement. Speculation on who it will be
      is rife; this is an opportune moment therefore to reflect on the ideal qualities
      of the new chief nursing officer (CNO) for England. 

PMID- 26967666
TI  - Microneedle arrays delivery of the conventional vaccines based on nonvirulent
      viruses.
AB  - Recently, microneedle arrays (MAs) have been developed for painless inoculation
      of vaccines and possess many prominent advantages, including convenience for
      inoculation, and exact delivery of vaccine to the exact epidermal and dermal or
      mucosal compartments which teem with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Among
      different types of MAs, while the micro-environmental stimulus-responsive MAs
      represent one of the developmental trends in the field, the MAs combined with the
      conventional vaccines that are based on nonvirulent viruses, such as live
      attenuated or whole inactivated viruses, and antigen-encoding DNA viral vectors,
      have developed rapidly into the advanced stages, with certain products already on
      clinical trials. The pre- and clinical research outcomes showed that the painless
      MA delivery of the conventional vaccines through mammalian skin or mucosa can not
      only elicit robust systemic and even mucosal immunity to pathogens but also, in
      certain circumstances, redirect the immune response toward a specific Th1
      pathway, resulting in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to erase the cell-hidden
      pathogens, thanks to the robust adjuvant function of MAs exerted through damaging
      the contacted cells to release dangerous signals. This paper focuses on reviewing
      the latest research and advancements in MA delivery of the conventional vaccines
      that are based on nonvirulent viruses, underlining MA enhancement of the overall
      vaccine performance and the most advanced MA vaccine products that are relatively
      close to markets.

PMID- 26967667
TI  - Correction to Noncovalent Mutant Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
      Inhibitors: A Lead Optimization Case Study.

PMID- 26967668
TI  - Immunostaining Phospho-epitopes in Ciliated Organs of Whole Mount Zebrafish
      Embryos.
AB  - The rapid proliferation of cells, the tissue-specific expression of genes and the
      emergence of signaling networks characterize early embryonic development of all
      vertebrates. The kinetics and location of signals - even within single cells - in
      the developing embryo complements the identification of important developmental
      genes. Immunostaining techniques are described that have been shown to define the
      kinetics of intracellular and whole animal signals in structures as small as
      primary cilia. The techniques for fixing, imaging and processing images using a
      laser-scanning confocal compound microscope can be completed in as few as 36 hr.
      Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a desirable organism for investigators who seek to
      conduct studies in a vertebrate species that is affordable and relevant to human
      disease. Genetic knockouts or knockdowns must be confirmed by the loss of the
      actual protein product. Such confirmation of protein loss can be achieved using
      the techniques described here. Clues into signaling pathways can also be
      deciphered by using antibodies that are reactive with proteins that have been
      post-translationally modified by phosphorylation. Preserving and optimizing the
      phosphorylated state of an epitope is therefore critical to this determination
      and is accomplished by this protocol. This study describes techniques to fix
      embryos during the first 72 hr of development and co-localize a variety of
      relevant epitopes with cilia in the Kupffer's Vesicle (KV), the kidney and the
      inner ear. These techniques are straightforward, do not require dissection and
      can be completed in a relatively short period of time. Projecting confocal image
      stacks into a single image is a useful means of presenting these data. 

PMID- 26967669
TI  - Primary ciliary dyskinesia and associated sensory ciliopathies.
AB  - Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease of motile cilia, which
      belongs to a group of disorders resulting from dysfunction of cilia, collectively
      known as ciliopathies. Insights into the genetics and phenotypes of PCD have
      grown over the last decade, in part propagated by the discovery of a number of
      novel cilia-related genes. These genes encode proteins that segregate into
      structural axonemal, regulatory, as well as cytoplasmic assembly proteins. Our
      understanding of primary (sensory) cilia has also expanded, and an ever-growing
      list of diverse conditions has been linked to defective function and signaling of
      the sensory cilium. Recent multicenter clinical and genetic studies have
      uncovered the heterogeneity of motile and sensory ciliopathies, and in some
      cases, the overlap between these conditions. Here, we will describe the genetics
      and pathophysiology of ciliopathies in children, focusing on PCD, review emerging
      genotype-phenotype relationships, and diagnostic tools available for the
      clinician. 

PMID- 26967671
TI  - Characterization of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene and its effects on cell
      viability in human cancer cell lines.
AB  - We synthesized 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP), characterized it by
      electrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and electron paramagnetic resonance
      techniques, and evaluated its cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines. The
      results revealed that HHTP has accessible higher-oxidation states, especially the
      tris-semiquinone monoradical. This species is stable and is formed after being
      stored for months. HHTP exhibited cytotoxic effects on 5 human cancer cell lines,
      including glioma and lung cancer cells. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated based
      on the decrease in cell viability, increases in the percentage of cells with
      fragmented DNA, and elevated numbers of annexin V-PI-positive cells after HHTP
      treatment. 

PMID- 26967672
TI  - Sulfidization of Organic Freshwater Flocs from a Minerotrophic Peatland:
      Speciation Changes of Iron, Sulfur, and Arsenic.
AB  - Iron-rich organic flocs are frequently observed in surface waters of wetlands and
      show a high affinity for trace metal(loid)s. Under low-flow stream conditions,
      flocs may settle, become buried, and eventually be subjected to reducing
      conditions facilitating trace metal(loid) release. In this study, we reacted
      freshwater flocs (704-1280 mg As/kg) from a minerotrophic peatland (Gola di Lago,
      Switzerland) with sulfide (5.2 mM, S(-II)spike/Fe = 0.75-1.62 mol/mol) at neutral
      pH and studied the speciation changes of Fe, S, and As at 25 +/- 1  degrees C
      over 1 week through a combination of synchrotron X-ray techniques and wet
      chemical analyses. Sulfidization of floc ferrihydrite and nanocrystalline
      lepidocrocite caused the rapid formation of mackinawite (52-81% of Fesolid at day
      7) as well as solid-phase associated S(0) and polysulfides. Ferrihydrite was
      preferentially reduced over lepidocrocite, although neoformation of lepidocrocite
      from ferrihydrite could not be excluded. Sulfide-reacted flocs contained
      primarily arsenate (47-72%) which preferentially adsorbed to Fe(III)
      (oxyhydr)oxides, despite abundant mackinawite precipitation. At higher S(
      II)spike/Fe molar ratios (>=1.0), the formation of an orpiment-like phase
      accounted for up to 35% of solid-phase As. Despite Fe and As sulfide
      precipitation and the presence of residual Fe(III)-(oxyhydr)oxides, mobilization
      of As was recorded in all samples (Asaq = 0.45-7.0 MUM at 7 days). Aqueous As
      speciation analyses documented the formation of thioarsenates contributing up to
      33% of Asaq. Our findings show that freshwater flocs from the Gola di Lago
      peatland may become a source of As under sulfate-reducing conditions and
      emphasize the pivotal role Fe-rich organic freshwater flocs play in trace
      metal(loid) cycling in S-rich wetlands characterized by oscillating redox
      conditions. 

PMID- 26967673
TI  - Effects of single atom doping on the ultrafast electron dynamics of M1Au24(SR)18
      (M = Pd, Pt) nanoclusters.
AB  - Atomically precise, doped metal clusters are receiving wide research interest due
      to their synergistic properties dependent on the metal composition. To understand
      the electronic properties of doped clusters, it is highly desirable to probe the
      excited state behavior. Here, we report the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of
      doped M1@Au24(SR)18 (M = Pd, Pt; R = CH2CH2Ph) clusters using femtosecond visible
      and near infrared transient absorption spectroscopy. Three relaxation components
      are identified for both mono-doped clusters: (1) sub-picosecond relaxation within
      the M1Au12 core states; (2) core to shell relaxation in a few picoseconds; and
      (3) relaxation back to the ground state in more than one nanosecond. Despite
      similar relaxation pathways for the two doped nanoclusters, the coupling between
      the metal core and surface ligands is accelerated by over 30% in the case of the
      Pt dopant compared with the Pd dopant. Compared to Pd doping, the case of Pt
      doping leads to much more drastic changes in the steady state and transient
      absorption of the clusters, which indicates that the 5d orbitals of the Pt atom
      are more strongly mixed with Au 5d and 6s orbitals than the 4d orbitals of the Pd
      dopant. These results demonstrate that a single foreign atom can lead to entirely
      different excited state spectral features of the whole cluster compared to the
      parent Au25(SR)18 cluster. The detailed excited state dynamics of atomically
      precise Pd/Pt doped gold clusters help further understand their properties and
      benefit the development of energy-related applications. 

PMID- 26967670
TI  - Associations between Blood and Urine Arsenic Concentrations and Global Levels of
      Post-Translational Histone Modifications in Bangladeshi Men and Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with numerous adverse
      health outcomes, with susceptibility differing by sex. Although evidence from in
      vitro studies suggests that arsenic alters post-translational histone
      modifications (PTHMs), evidence in humans is limited. OBJECTIVES: The objectives
      were to determine: a) if arsenic exposure is associated with global (percent)
      levels of PTHMs H3K36me2, H3K36me3, and H3K79me2 in a sex-dependent manner, and
      b) if %PTHMs are stable when arsenic exposure is reduced. METHODS: We examined
      associations between arsenic, measured in blood and urine, and %PTHMs in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 317 participants enrolled in the
      Bangladesh Folic Acid and Creatine Trial (FACT). We also examined the stability
      of %PTHMs after the use of arsenic-removal water filters (n = 60). RESULTS:
      Associations between natural log-transformed (ln) urinary arsenic, adjusted for
      creatinine (uAsCr), and %H3K36me2 differed significantly between men and women (p
      = 0.01). ln(uAsCr) was positively associated with %H3K36me2 in men [beta = 0.12;
      95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.23, p = 0.03] but was negatively associated
      with %H3K36me2 in women (beta = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.12, 0.02, p = 0.19). The
      patterns of associations with blood arsenic were similar. On average, water
      filter use was also associated with reductions in %H3K36me2 (p < 0.01), but this
      did not differ significantly by sex. Arsenic was not significantly associated
      with %H3K36me3 or %H3K79me2 in men or women. CONCLUSIONS: Arsenic exposure was
      associated with %H3K36me2 in a sex-specific manner but was not associated with
      %H3K36me3 or %H3K79me2. Additional studies are needed to assess changes in
      %H3K36me2 after arsenic removal. CITATION: Howe CG, Liu X, Hall MN, Slavkovich V,
      Ilievski V, Parvez F, Siddique AB, Shahriar H, Uddin MN, Islam T, Graziano JH,
      Costa M, Gamble MV. 2016. Associations between blood and urine arsenic
      concentrations and global levels of post-translational histone modifications in
      Bangladeshi men and women. Environ Health Perspect 124:1234-1240;
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510412.

PMID- 26967674
TI  - Enterococcus faecalis Ebp pili are important for cell-cell aggregation and
      intraspecies gene transfer.
AB  - Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that ranks among the leading
      causes of biofilm-associated infections. We previously demonstrated that the
      endocarditis- and biofilm-associated pili (Ebp) of E. faecalis play a major role
      in biofilm formation, adherence to abiotic surfaces and experimental infections.
      In this study, derivatives of E. faecalis strain OG1 were engineered to further
      characterize functions of Ebp pili. Loss of pili resulted in a 36-fold decrease
      in the number of closely associated cells when OG1RFDeltaebpABC was mixed with
      OG1SSpDeltaebpABC, compared with mixing the Ebp+ parental strains. In addition,
      using the Ebp+ parental strains as donor and recipient, we found a statistically
      significant increase (280-360 %, P < 0.05) in the frequency of plasmid transfer
      versus using Ebp-  mutants in the conjugation experiments. These results
      demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of Ebp pili, namely, as important
      contributors to microscale cell aggregation and horizontal spread of genetic
      material.

PMID- 26967675
TI  - Direct-acting antiviral treatment in adults infected with hepatitis C virus:
      Reactivation of hepatitis B virus coinfection as a further challenge.
AB  - Use of direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) greatly improves management of adults
      infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) whether patients are treatment-naive or
      unsuccessfully pre-treated. Several inhibitors of viral nonstructural proteins
      (NS3/4A protease, NS5A and NS5B polymerase) allow a rapid HCV clearance and
      increase rates of sustained virological response. Both the EASL and AASLD
      guidelines have recently published up-to-date recommendations for their use,
      addressing each HCV genotype and particular situations. However, management of
      patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been developed by these
      guidelines with reference to cases of HBV reactivation reported during previous
      anti-HCV regimens containing interferon known active against both HBV and HCV. In
      the setting of the interferon-free HCV therapies with DAAs only, the possibility
      of HBV reactivation during treatment of hepatitis C is raised due to viral
      interferences in HCV/HBV coinfected persons. Herein, we report a case of early
      HBV reactivation during DAAs-based anti-HCV treatment (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir) in
      a patient having a resolved HBV infection and chronically infected with HCV
      genotype 4 and HIV. Moreover, we review similar recent cases of HBV reactivation
      in patients infected with HBV and HCV genotype 1 during treatment of hepatitis C
      by regimen incorporating other combination of DAAs (sofosbuvir/simeprevir or
      daclatasvir/asunaprevir). Due to the potential risk of early HBV reactivation in
      HCV/HBV-coinfected patients during interferon-free DAAs-based HCV therapies,
      altogether these cases highlight the necessity to closely monitor HBV
      coinfection, regardless its stage (chronic, occult, resolved), whatever HCV
      genotype or class of DAAs used. 

PMID- 26967677
TI  - Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via
      Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector.
AB  - In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson's disease (PD) and to
      develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on animal
      models. The identification of PD-associated genes has led to the development of
      genetic PD models. Most transgenic alpha-SYN mouse models develop gradual alpha
      SYN pathology but fail to display clear dopaminergic cell loss and dopamine
      dependent behavioral deficits. This hurdle was overcome by direct targeting of
      the substantia nigra with viral vectors overexpressing PD-associated genes. Local
      gene delivery using viral vectors provides an attractive way to express
      transgenes in the central nervous system. Specific brain regions can be targeted
      (e.g. the substantia nigra), expression can be induced in the adult setting and
      high expression levels can be achieved. Further, different vector systems based
      on various viruses can be used. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to
      perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a
      viral vector-based alpha-synuclein animal model for Parkinson's disease. 

PMID- 26967679
TI  - Neurological manifestations in ANCA-associated vasculitis - assessment and
      treatment.

PMID- 26967678
TI  - Construction of Defined Human Engineered Cardiac Tissues to Study Mechanisms of
      Cardiac Cell Therapy.
AB  - Human cardiac tissue engineering can fundamentally impact therapeutic discovery
      through the development of new species-specific screening systems that replicate
      the biofidelity of three-dimensional native human myocardium, while also enabling
      a controlled level of biological complexity, and allowing non-destructive
      longitudinal monitoring of tissue contractile function. Initially, human
      engineered cardiac tissues (hECT) were created using the entire cell population
      obtained from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, which
      typically yielded less than 50% cardiomyocytes. However, to create reliable
      predictive models of human myocardium, and to elucidate mechanisms of
      heterocellular interaction, it is essential to accurately control the biological
      composition in engineered tissues. To address this limitation, we utilize live
      cell sorting for the cardiac surface marker SIRPalpha and the fibroblast marker
      CD90 to create tissues containing a 3:1 ratio of these cell types, respectively,
      that are then mixed together and added to a collagen-based matrix solution.
      Resulting hECTs are, thus, completely defined in both their cellular and
      extracellular matrix composition. Here we describe the construction of defined
      hECTs as a model system to understand mechanisms of cell-cell interactions in
      cell therapies, using an example of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem
      cells (hMSC) that are currently being used in human clinical trials. The defined
      tissue composition is imperative to understand how the hMSCs may be interacting
      with the endogenous cardiac cell types to enhance tissue function. A bioreactor
      system is also described that simultaneously cultures six hECTs in parallel,
      permitting more efficient use of the cells after sorting. 

PMID- 26967680
TI  - A model for the pore size distribution in random and isotropic mixtures of
      cylindrical fibres and circular disks.
AB  - A model for the distribution of pore sizes in systems of randomly distributed
      cylindrical fibers and circular disks is developed that derives from simple
      excluded-volume considerations. The dimensions of the particles with finite hard
      cores are mapped onto those of a hypothetical system of fully penetrable objects
      in a manner that preserves the overall core-occupied volume fraction and specific
      surface area. This mapping enables us to obtain estimates for the pore size
      distribution, and for the first and second moments of the pore sizes, as
      functions of the particle volume fraction and mixture composition in terms of
      closed-form, analytical expressions. 

PMID- 26967682
TI  - MU-Nitrido Diiron Macrocyclic Platform: Particular Structure for Particular
      Catalysis.
AB  - The ultimate objective of bioinspired catalysis is the development of efficient
      and clean chemical processes. Cytochrome P450 and soluble methane monooxygenase
      enzymes efficiently catalyze many challenging reactions. Extensive research has
      been performed to mimic their exciting chemistry, aiming to create efficient
      chemical catalysts for functionalization of strong C-H bonds. Two current
      biomimetic approaches are based on (i) mononuclear metal porphyrin-like complexes
      and (ii) iron and diiron non-heme complexes. However, biomimetic catalysts
      capable of oxidizing CH4 are still to be created. In the search for powerful
      oxidizing catalysts, we have recently proposed a new bioinspired strategy using N
      bridged diiron phthalocyanine and porphyrin complexes. This platform is
      particularly suitable for stabilization of Fe(IV)Fe(IV) complexes and can be
      useful to generate high-valent oxidizing active species. Indeed, the possibility
      of charge delocalization on two iron centers, two macrocyclic ligands, and the
      nitrogen bridge makes possible the activation of H2O2 and peracids. The ultrahigh
      valent diiron-oxo species (L)Fe(IV)-N-Fe(IV)(L(+*))?O (L = porphyrin or
      phthalocyanine) have been prepared at low temperatures and characterized by
      cryospray MS, UV-vis, EPR, and Mossbauer techniques. The highly electrophilic
      (L)Fe(IV)-N-Fe(IV)(L(+*))?O species exhibit remarkable reactivity. In this
      Account, we describe the catalytic applications of MU-nitrido diiron complexes in
      the oxidation of methane and benzene, in the transformation of aromatic C-F bonds
      under oxidative conditions, in oxidative dechlorination, and in the formation of
      C-C bonds. Importantly, all of these reactions can be performed under mild and
      clean conditions with high conversions and turnover numbers. MU-Nitrido diiron
      species retain their binuclear structure during catalysis and show the same
      mechanistic features (e.g., (18)O labeling, formation of benzene epoxide, and NIH
      shift in aromatic oxidation) as the enzymes operating via high-valent iron-oxo
      species. MU-Nitrido diiron complexes can react with perfluorinated aromatics
      under oxidative conditions, while the strongest oxidizing enzymes cannot.
      Advanced spectroscopic, labeling, and reactivity studies have confirmed the
      involvement of high-valent diiron-oxo species in these catalytic reactions.
      Computational studies have shed light on the origin of the remarkable catalytic
      properties, distinguishing the Fe-N-Fe scaffold from Fe-C-Fe and Fe-O-Fe
      analogues. X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies assisted with DFT
      calculations allow deeper insight into the electronic structure of these
      particular complexes. Besides the novel chemistry involved, iron phthalocyanines
      are cheap and readily available in bulk quantities, suggesting high application
      potential. A variety of macrocyclic ligands can be used in combination with
      different transition metals to accommodate M-N-M platform and to tune their
      electronic and catalytic properties. The structural simplicity and flexibility of
      MU-nitrido dimers make them promising catalysts for many challenging reactions. 

PMID- 26967683
TI  - Bone Pain in a 4-year-old Boy with Chronic Granulomatous Disease and History of
      Aspergillus pneumonia.

PMID- 26967684
TI  - The Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction and Brucellosis.

PMID- 26967681
TI  - Desipramine Increases Genioglossus Activity and Reduces Upper Airway
      Collapsibility during Non-REM Sleep in Healthy Subjects.
AB  - RATIONALE: Obstructive sleep apnea is a state-dependent disease. One of the key
      factors that triggers upper airway collapse is decreased pharyngeal dilator
      muscle activity during sleep. To date, there have not been effective methods to
      reverse pharyngeal hypotonia pharmacologically in sleeping humans. OBJECTIVES: We
      tested the hypothesis that administration of desipramine 200 mg prevents the
      state-related reduction in genioglossus activity that occurs during sleep and
      thereby decreases pharyngeal collapsibility. METHODS: We conducted a placebo
      controlled, double-blind, crossover trial with 10 healthy participants.
      Participants received active treatment or placebo in randomized order 2 hours
      before sleep in the physiology laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Genioglossus activity during wakefulness and sleep, genioglossus muscle
      responsiveness to negative epiglottic pressure, and upper airway collapsibility
      during passive and active conditions were compared between on- and off-drug
      states. Desipramine abolished the normal reduction of genioglossus activity from
      wakefulness to non-REM sleep that occurred on the placebo night. Specifically,
      tonic (median, 96% [86-120] vs. 75% [50-92] wakefulness; P = 0.01) but not phasic
      genioglossus activity was higher with desipramine compared with placebo. Upper
      airway collapsibility was also reduced with desipramine compared with placebo (
      10.0 cm H2O [-15.2 to -5.8] vs. -8.1 cm H2O [-10.4 to -6.3]; P = 0.037).
      CONCLUSIONS: Desipramine reduces the state-related drop in tonic genioglossus
      muscle activity that occurs from wakefulness to non-REM sleep and reduces airway
      collapsibility. These data provide a rationale for a new pharmacologic therapy
      for obstructive sleep apnea. Clinical trial registered with
      www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02428478).

PMID- 26967685
TI  - Pertussis in a Portuguese Pediatric Tertiary Care Hospital.

PMID- 26967686
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia Complicating Adenovirus Gastroenteritis.

PMID- 26967687
TI  - Unexplained Anemia in a Young Infant Due to Congenital Malaria.

PMID- 26967689
TI  - Synthesis of 2-Aminoquinazolinones via Carbonylative Coupling of ortho
      Iodoanilines and Cyanamide.
AB  - Herein, we describe a convenient and efficient synthesis of 2-aminoquinazolin
      4(3H)-ones and N1-substituted 2-aminoquinazolin-4(1H)-ones by a domino
      carbonylation/cyclization process. The reaction proceeds via carbonylative
      coupling of readily available ortho-iodoanilines with cyanamide followed by in
      situ ring closure of an N-cyanobenzamide intermediate. The products were easily
      isolated by precipitation in moderate to excellent yields for a wide range of
      substrates, making this a highly attractive method for the synthesis of 2
      aminoquinazolinones. 

PMID- 26967691
TI  - Serum Amino Acid Profiles in Childhood Predict Triglyceride Level in Adulthood: A
      7-Year Longitudinal Study in Girls.
AB  - CONTEXT: Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are associated with high risk of
      developing dyslipidemia and type II diabetes in adults. OBJECTIVE: This study
      aimed to examine whether serum amino acid profiles associate with triglyceride
      concentrations during pubertal growth and predict hypertriglyceridemia in early
      adulthood. DESIGN: This was a 7.5-year longitudinal study. SETTING: The study was
      conducted at the Health Science Laboratory, University of Jyvaskyla.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 396 nondiabetic Finnish girls aged 11.2 +/- 0.8 years at
      the baseline participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body composition
      was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; serum concentrations of
      glucose, insulin, and triglyceride by enzymatic photometric methods; and amino
      acids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Serum leucine and
      isoleucine correlated significantly with future triglyceride, independent of
      baseline triglyceride level (P < .05 for all). In early adulthood (at the age of
      18 years), these amino acids were significantly associated with
      hypertriglyceridemia, whereas fat mass and homeostasis model assessment of
      insulin resistance were not. Leucine was the strongest determinant discriminating
      subjects with hypertriglyceridemia from those with normal triglyceride level
      (area under the curve, 0.822; 95% confidence interval, 0.740-0.903; P = .000001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Serum leucine and isoleucine were associated with future serum
      triglyceride levels in girls during pubertal growth and predicted
      hypertriglyceridemia in early adulthood. Therefore, these amino acid indices may
      serve as biomarkers to identify individuals at high risk for developing
      hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease later in life. Further studies
      are needed to elucidate the role these amino acids play in the lipid metabolism.

PMID- 26967690
TI  - Aromatase Inhibition Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men.
AB  - CONTEXT: Deficiency of aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of
      androgens to estrogens, is associated with insulin resistance in humans and mice.
      OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that pharmacological aromatase inhibition results in
      peripheral insulin resistance in humans. DESIGN: This was a double-blind,
      randomized, controlled, crossover study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a
      clinical research facility. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen healthy male volunteers (18
      50 y) participated in the study. INTERVENTION: The intervention included oral
      anastrozole (1 mg daily) and placebo, each for 6 weeks with a 2-week washout
      period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Glucose disposal and rates of lipolysis were
      measured during a stepwise hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Data are mean
      (SEM). RESULTS: Anastrozole therapy resulted in significant estradiol suppression
      (59.9 +/- 3.6 vs 102.0 +/- 5.7 pmol/L, P = < .001) and a more modest elevation of
      total T (25.8 +/- 1.2 vs 21.4 +/- 0.7 nmol/L, P = .003). Glucose infusion rate,
      during the low-dose insulin infusion, was lower after anastrozole administration
      (12.16 +/- 1.33 vs 14.15 +/- 1.55 MUmol/kg.min, P = .024). No differences in
      hepatic glucose production or rate of lipolysis were observed. CONCLUSION:
      Aromatase inhibition reduces insulin sensitivity, with respect to peripheral
      glucose disposal, in healthy men. Local generation and action of estradiol, at
      the level of skeletal muscle, is likely to be an important determinant of insulin
      sensitivity.

PMID- 26967692
TI  - Plasma Apelin Concentrations in Patients With Polyuria-Polydipsia Syndrome.
AB  - CONTEXT: Apelin and arginine vasopressin are antagonists in the regulation of
      body fluid and osmotic homeostasis. There are no data about apelin levels in
      patients with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome (PPS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate
      plasma apelin levels and plasma apelin to copeptin ratios in patients with PPS
      and healthy volunteers using copeptin as a surrogate marker for arginine
      vasopressin. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING: We included 41 patients with PPS
      in this post hoc analysis of a prospective study performed in tertiary care
      hospitals in Switzerland and Germany and 113 healthy volunteers as a control
      group. OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma apelin and copeptin levels were measured in 15
      patients with complete central diabetes insipidus (DI), seven patients with
      complete nephrogenic DI, 19 patients with primary polydipsia (PP), and 113
      healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Plasma apelin levels were highest in patients with
      complete nephrogenic DI (413 pmol/L; interquartile range, 332-504 pmol/L; P =
      .01) and lower in patients with PP (190 [172-215] pmol/L; P < .001) or complete
      central DI (209 [174-241] pmol/L; P = .02) as compared to healthy volunteers (254
      [225-311] pmol/L). Plasma apelin to copeptin ratio in patients with PP (53 [38
      92] pmol/pmol; P > .9) was similar to healthy volunteers (57 [37-102] pmol/pmol).
      In contrast, the apelin to copeptin ratio was higher in patients with complete
      central DI (89 [73-135] pmol/pmol; P = .02) and lower in patients with complete
      nephrogenic DI (7 [6-10] pmol/pmol; P < .001) compared to healthy volunteers.
      CONCLUSION: In PP, normal plasma apelin to copeptin ratio attests a normal water
      homeostasis. In contrast, in patients with central or nephrogenic DI, the
      increased or decreased apelin to copeptin ratio, respectively, reflects a
      disturbed osmotic and body fluid homeostasis.

PMID- 26967693
TI  - Reinvitation to screening colonoscopy: a randomized-controlled trial of reminding
      letter and invitation to educational meeting on attendance in nonresponders to
      initial invitation to screening colonoscopy (REINVITE).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The response rate to initial invitation to population-based primary
      screening colonoscopy within the NordICC trial (NCT 00883792) in Poland is around
      50%. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a reinvitation letter and
      invitation to an educational intervention on participation in screening
      colonoscopy in nonresponders to initial invitation. METHODS: Within the NordICC
      trial framework, individuals living in the region of Warsaw, who were drawn from
      Population Registries and assigned randomly to the screening group, received an
      invitation letter and a reminder with a prespecified screening colonoscopy
      appointment date. One thousand individuals, aged 55 to 64 years, who did not
      respond to both the invitation and the reminding letter were assigned randomly in
      a 1:1 ratio to the reinvitation group (REI) and the educational meeting group
      (MEET). The REI group was sent a reinvitation letter and reminder 6 and 3 weeks
      before the new colonoscopy appointment date, respectively. The MEET group was
      sent an invitation 6 weeks before an educational meeting date. Outcome measures
      were participation in screening colonoscopy within 6 months and response rate
      within 3 months from the date of reinvitation or invitation to an educational
      meeting. RESULTS: The response rate and the participation rate in colonoscopy
      were statistically significantly higher in the REI group compared with the MEET
      group (16.5 vs. 4.3%; P<0.001 and 5.2 vs. 2.1%; P=0.008, respectively).
      CONCLUSION: A simple reinvitation letter results in a higher response rate and
      participation rate to screening colonoscopy than invitation to tailored
      educational meeting in nonresponders to previous invitations. (NCT01183156).

PMID- 26967695
TI  - The heterogeneity of headache patients who self-medicate: a cluster analysis
      approach.
AB  - Patients with headache often self-treat their condition with over-the-counter
      analgesics. However, overuse of analgesics can cause medication-overuse headache.
      The present study aimed to identify subgroups of individuals with headache who
      self-medicate, as this could be helpful to tailor intervention strategies for
      prevention of medication-overuse headache. Patients (n = 1021) were recruited
      from 202 community pharmacies and completed a self-administered questionnaire. A
      hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group patients as a function of
      sociodemographics, pain, disability, and medication use for pain. Three patient
      clusters were identified. Cluster 1 (n = 498, 48.8%) consisted of relatively
      young individuals, and most of them suffered from migraine. They reported the
      least number of other pain complaints and the lowest prevalence of medication
      overuse (MO; 16%). Cluster 2 (n = 301, 29.5%) included older persons with mainly
      non-migraine headache, a low disability, and on average pain in 2 other
      locations. Prevalence of MO was 40%. Cluster 3 (n = 222, 21.7%) mostly consisted
      of patients with migraine who also report pain in many other locations. These
      patients reported a high disability and a severe limitation of activities. They
      also showed the highest rates of MO (73%).

PMID- 26967694
TI  - Agonist-dependence of functional properties for common nonsynonymous variants of
      human transient receptor potential vanilloid 1.
AB  - Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a polymodal receptor
      activated by capsaicin, heat, and acid, which plays critical roles in
      thermosensation and pain. In addition, TRPV1 also contributes to multiple
      pathophysiological states in respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal
      systems. These contributions are further supported by evidence that variations in
      the human TRPV1 (hTRPV1) gene are associated with various physiological and
      pathological phenotypes. However, it is not well understood how the variations in
      hTRPV1 affect channel functions. In this study, we examined functional
      consequences of amino acid variations of hTRPV1 induced by 5 nonsynonymous single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that most commonly exist in the human population.
      Using electrophysiological assays in HEK293 cells, we examined 9 parameters:
      activation, Ca permeation, and desensitization after activation by capsaicin,
      acid, and heat. Our results demonstrated that the 5 SNPs differentially affected
      functional properties of hTRPV1 in an agonist-dependent manner. Based upon the
      directionality of change of each phenotype and cumulative changes in each SNP, we
      classified the 5 SNPs into 3 presumptive functional categories: gain of function
      (hTRPV1 Q85R, P91S, and T469I), loss of function (I585V), and mixed (M315I).
      These results reveal a spectrum of functional variation among common hTRPV1
      polymorphisms in humans and may aid mechanistic interpretation of phenotypes
      associated with nonsynonymous hTRPV1 SNPs under pathophysiological conditions.

PMID- 26967697
TI  - Effect of dietary supplementation with inulin and/or benzoic acid on the
      incidence and severity of post-weaning diarrhoea in weaner pigs after
      experimental challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding pigs with inulin
      and/or benzoic acid on post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD), indices of fermentation in
      the gastrointestinal tract, and production in pigs experimentally infected with
      an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli (ETEC). Forty-eight entire male
      pigs (Large White*Landrace) aged 21 +/- 3 days of age and weighing 4.97 +/- 0.08
      kg (mean +/- SE) were used in a 2*2 factorial experiment, with the respective
      factors being inulin (0 versus 8%) and benzoic acid (0 vs. 0.5%). Feeding inulin
      supplemented diets improved (p = 0.022) the faecal consistency (FC) and reduced
      (p = 0.001) the incidence of PWD; however, the use of benzoic acid had no effects
      on PWD or faecal ETEC shedding. Wet faeces (a higher FC score) were associated
      with increased faecal ETEC shedding (R(2) = 0.394, p = 0.001). Inulin reduced the
      total concentrations of short chain fatty acids (p = 0.029) in the proximal
      colon. The total concentration of lactic acid was increased by inulin in the
      caecum (p = 0.007) and proximal colon (p = 0.002). Feeding inulin or benzoic acid
      had no effects on production after weaning.

PMID- 26967698
TI  - Effect of xylanase on apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients
      and energy of rye in young pigs.
AB  - A digestibility experiment was carried out on weanling piglets to study the
      effect of an enzyme complex with predominant xylanase activity on apparent ileal
      (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy. The enzyme
      was supplemented at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) to a diet containing
      96% rye. There were significant effects of the added enzyme on AID of dry matter,
      organic matter and crude fibre, and on apparent total tract digestibility of dry
      matter, organic matter and energy. However, the improvements in the digestibility
      were rather small. Except for galactose, there was a significant response in AID
      of all non-starch polysaccharide constituents to enzyme supplementation, the
      greatest effect being found at 100 mg/kg. The improvement in AID of arabinose +
      xylose (685%) was much higher than that of the remaining sugars (110%). AID of
      galactose was negative in all dietary treatments, presumably due to its high
      concentration in endogenous secretions. There was a significant response in AID
      of the sum of essential and total amino acids to the increased level of the
      enzyme. It is concluded that the enzyme complex is efficient in degrading dietary
      fibre components, thus improving the digestibility of organic matter, amino acids
      and energy.

PMID- 26967699
TI  - Effect of dietary phytate and phytase on proteolytic digestion and growth
      regulation of broilers.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary phytate and phytase
      on proteolytic digestion and growth signalling in the gastrointestinal tract of
      broilers. Diets containing phytate phosphorus (2.2 or 4.4 g/kg) with phytase dose
      rates of 0, 500, or 1,000 FTU/kg were fed to 504 female Cobb chicks for three
      weeks. Diets containing high phytate reduced the activity of pepsin and trypsin,
      whereas the inclusion of microbial phytase increased the activity of pepsin,
      H(+)K(+)-ATPase, trypsin and alanyl aminopeptidase. In the intestine, phytate
      upregulated the mRNA expression of somatostatin, and down-regulated the mRNA
      expressions of ghrelin and target of rapamycin (TOR). Phytase down regulated the
      somatostatin gene, and upregulated the genes of ghrelin, TOR, p70 S6 kinase (S6K)
      and methionyl aminopeptidase. Significant interactions between phytate and
      phytase on the mRNA expressions of ghrelin, somatostatin and S6K in the jejunum
      were detected. The results suggest that dietary phytate and phytase can influence
      the gastrointestinal endocrine and exocrine systems, as well as the peripherally
      regulatory network of growth in broilers.

PMID- 26967696
TI  - (S)-lacosamide inhibition of CRMP2 phosphorylation reduces postoperative and
      neuropathic pain behaviors through distinct classes of sensory neurons identified
      by constellation pharmacology.
AB  - Chronic pain affects the life of millions of people. Current treatments have
      deleterious side effects. We have advanced a strategy for targeting protein
      interactions which regulate the N-type voltage-gated calcium (CaV2.2) channel as
      an alternative to direct channel block. Peptides uncoupling CaV2.2 interactions
      with the axonal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) were
      antinociceptive without effects on memory, depression, and reward/addiction. A
      search for small molecules that could recapitulate uncoupling of the CaV2.2-CRMP2
      interaction identified (S)-lacosamide [(S)-LCM], the inactive enantiomer of the
      Food and Drug Administration-approved antiepileptic drug (R)-lacosamide [(R)-LCM,
      Vimpat]. We show that (S)-LCM, but not (R)-LCM, inhibits CRMP2 phosphorylation by
      cyclin dependent kinase 5, a step necessary for driving CaV2.2 activity, in
      sensory neurons. (S)-lacosamide inhibited depolarization-induced Ca influx with a
      low micromolar IC50. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments demonstrated a
      commensurate reduction in Ca currents in sensory neurons after an acute
      application of (S)-LCM. Using constellation pharmacology, a recently described
      high content phenotypic screening platform for functional fingerprinting of
      neurons that uses subtype-selective pharmacological agents to elucidate cell
      specific combinations (constellations) of key signaling proteins that define
      specific cell types, we investigated if (S)-LCM preferentially acts on certain
      types of neurons. (S)-lacosamide decreased the dorsal root ganglion neurons
      responding to mustard oil, and increased the number of cells responding to
      menthol. Finally, (S)-LCM reversed thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical
      allodynia in a model of postoperative pain, and 2 models of neuropathic pain.
      Thus, using (S)-LCM to inhibit CRMP2 phosphorylation is a novel and efficient
      strategy to treat pain, which works by targeting specific sensory neuron
      populations.

PMID- 26967700
TI  - A simplified management of the in situ evaluation of feedstuffs in ruminants:
      Application to the study of the digestive availability of protein and amino acids
      corrected for the ruminal microbial contamination.
AB  - The ruminal effective degradability (RED) and intestinal effective digestibility
      (IED) for dry matter, crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) were estimated by a
      simplified in situ method using pooled samples from rumen-incubated residues,
      which represented the ruminal outflow of undegraded feed. The effect of microbial
      contamination in the rumen was corrected using (15)N infusion techniques. Studies
      were carried out for soybean meal (SBM), barley grain (BG) and lucerne hay (LH)
      in three wethers cannulated in the rumen and the duodenum. Uncorrected values of
      RED for CP obtained either by mathematical integration or our simplified method
      were similar in all feeds. Microbial N in the pooled samples of SBM, BG and LH
      were 2%, 11% and 24% of total N, respectively. However, intestinal incubation
      eliminated this microbial charge by 100%, 99% and 88%, respectively. With
      microbial corrections, RED showed an increase, and IED showed a decrease, except
      for SBM. With this correction, intestinal digested CP was reduced by 2% in SBM,
      13% in BG and 34% in LH. Corrected IED of AA was relatively similar in SBM (97
      99%). However, large variations were observed in BG (74-93%) and in LH (10-88%).
      Digestion in the rumen and intestine changed the essential AA pattern. Overall,
      our results support that AA digestion is affected by the characteristics of their
      radicals and their contents in plant cell wall proteins. The accurate estimation
      of feed metabolisable AA or protein requires effective measures that are
      corrected by ruminal microbial contamination. The proposed in situ method largely
      simplifies these tasks and allows a more complete and less expensive feed
      evaluation. 

PMID- 26967701
TI  - Effect of zeolite A on rumen fermentation and phosphorus metabolism in dairy
      cows.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of zeolite A on several
      physiological parameters and on mineral metabolism in the rumino-intestinal-tract
      of cows. Eight double fistulated (rumen and proximal duodenum) cows were fed
      maize silage, grass silage and concentrate. Zeolite A was added to the ration
      over a period of three weeks at 0, 10 and 20 g/kg dry matter (DM). The daily feed
      amounts were adjusted to the current performance and varied between 3.9 and 15.5
      kg/d. Rumen fluid, duodenal chyme and faeces were sampled to characterise the
      nutrient digestibility. Blood samples were taken to analyse the concentration of
      inorganic phosphate. Zeolite A supplementation led to a significantly reduced
      ruminal DM digestibility and fermentation of organic matter. The molar proportion
      of acetate in the rumen increased, and propionate as well as valerate decreased
      significantly after zeolite A supplementation. The concentration of the total
      fatty acids and ruminal pH were not affected. No effect on faecal digestion of
      DM, organic matter nor on calcium and magnesium digestion was observed. Otherwise
      the phosphorus (P) concentration in rumen fluid correlated negatively with the
      mean zeolite A intake (r (2) = 0.75; p = 0.0003). Further, the faecal excretion
      of P increased significantly for cows with the highest zeolite A dosage (36.9 g
      P/d) compared to the control group (29.9 g P/d). The lower digestibility of P
      resulted in a significantly decreased concentration of inorganic P in serum from
      a basal value of 2.05-1.16 mmol/l six days after starting zeolite A
      supplementation. The zeolite A treated cows showed a significantly higher Al
      concentration already in rumen fluid (14.31 and 13.84 mmol/l) compared to the
      control cows (6.33 mmol/l). The Al flow in the duodenum was also higher for
      zeolite A treated cows.

PMID- 26967702
TI  - Determination of titanium dioxide supplements in different matrices using two
      methods involving photometer and inductively coupled plasma optical emission
      spectrometer measurements.
AB  - Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a viable marker in digestibility studies using
      different animal species. The photometrical analysis is based on an intense
      orange colour following the addition of hydrogen peroxide to an acid solution.
      The measurement using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
      (ICP-OES) is a method for analysing more than one element from the same sample
      preparation. The present study was conducted to investigate whether an
      established ICP-OES element analysis following acid-based hydrolysis is
      appropriate for titanium analysis. Defined amounts of TiO2 were added to samples
      obtained in studies with cows, pigs and turkeys and recoveries were determined.
      It was shown that supplemented TiO2 can be determined in samples of feeds, faeces
      or excreta, and digesta using a method based on photometric or ICP-OES
      measurement. The differences between the true and measured titanium
      concentrations indicate that using the ICP-OES method leads to a higher accuracy
      of determination. 

PMID- 26967705
TI  - Bilateral Visual Disturbances in a Young Woman.

PMID- 26967706
TI  - An update on the treatment of osteoarthritis in obese patients.

PMID- 26967704
TI  - Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study
      Airway Inflammation.
AB  - Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver
      Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We demonstrate
      the procedure for preparing H. influenzae inoculum, intra-tracheal instillation
      of H. influenzae into the lung, collection of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid
      (BALF), analysis of immune cells in the BALF, and RNA isolation for differential
      gene expression analysis. This procedure can be used to study the lung
      inflammatory response to any bacteria, virus or fungi. Direct tracheal
      instillation is mostly preferred over intranasal or aerosol inhalation procedures
      because it more efficiently delivers the bacterial inoculum into the lower
      respiratory tract with less ambiguity. 

PMID- 26967703
TI  - Structurally Diverse Diazafluorene-Ligated Palladium(II) Complexes and Their
      Implications for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions.
AB  - 4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) has been identified as a highly effective ligand in
      a number of Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions, but the mechanistic basis for its
      utility has not been elucidated. Here, we present the complex coordination
      chemistry of DAF and palladium(II) carboxylate salts. Multiple complexes among an
      equilibrating mixture of species have been characterized by (1)H and (15)N NMR
      spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. These complexes include monomeric and
      dimeric Pd(II) species, with monodentate (kappa(1)), bidentate (kappa(2)), and
      bridging (MU:kappa(1):kappa(1)) DAF coordination modes. Titration studies of DAF
      and Pd(OAc)2 reveal the formation of two dimeric DAF/Pd(OAc)2 complexes at low
      [DAF] and four monomeric species at higher [DAF]. The dimeric complexes feature
      two bridging acetate ligands together with either a bridging or nonbridging
      (kappa(1)) DAF ligand coordinated to each Pd(II) center. The monomeric structures
      consist of three isomeric Pd(kappa(1)-DAF)2(OAc)2 complexes, together with
      Pd(kappa(2)-DAF)(OAc)2 in which the DAF exhibits a traditional bidentate
      coordination mode. Replacing DAF with the structurally related, but more-electron
      rich derivative 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2DAF) simplifies the
      equilibrium mixture to two complexes: a dimeric species in which the Me2DAF
      bridges the two Pd centers and a monomeric species with a traditional kappa(2)
      Me2DAF coordination mode. The use of DAF in combination with other carboxylate
      ligands (CF3CO2(-) or tBuCO2(-)) also results in a simplified collection of
      equilibrating Pd(II)-DAF complexes. Collectively, the results highlight the
      ability of DAF to equilibrate rapidly among multiple coordination modes, and
      provide valuable insights into the utility of DAF as a ligand in Pd-catalyzed
      oxidation reactions. 

PMID- 26967708
TI  - Demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: The role of hypoxia.

PMID- 26967707
TI  - Generation of Nanoparticles from Friction between Railway Brake Disks and Pads.
AB  - In this study, we measured the size distribution of particles ranging in size
      from 5.6 to 560 nm that were emitted between brake disks and pads under various
      braking conditions to observe and analyze changes to the resulting particle size
      distribution over braking time. A peak of 178-275 nm (200 nm peak) was observed
      in all braking conditions. However, the generation of spherical particles of a 10
      nm range was observed only when the disk speed and brake force were above certain
      levels and intensified only when speed and brake force further increased. The
      total number concentration of ultrafine particles (no larger than 0.1 MUm; PM0.1)
      generated was found to correlate with disk speed and brake force. Thus, the
      generation of nanoparticles resulting from disk speed and brake force was
      attributable primarily to increases in the contact surface temperature. The
      critical temperature for the generation of nanoparticles of a 10 nm range was
      found to be about 70  degrees C, which is the average temperature between the
      surface and the inside of the disk. If the speed or brake force was higher, that
      is, the temperature of the contact surface reached a certain level, evaporation
      and condensation took place. Vapor then left the friction surface, met with the
      air, and quickly cooled to form nanoparticles through nucleation. When the newly
      generated particles became highly concentrated, they grew through coagulation to
      form agglomerates or the vapor condensed directly onto the surface of existing
      particles of about 200 nm (formed by mechanical friction). 

PMID- 26967709
TI  - Sweet's syndrome: a retrospective study of 90 cases from a tertiary care center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sweet's syndrome (SS) is a neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by
      the abrupt onset of cutaneous, systemic and histopathological alterations in
      response to different stimuli. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess
      the epidemioclinical, histological, and therapeutic features and outcomes of SS.
      METHODS: A retrospective study of all patients diagnosed with SS over a 20-year
      period (1993-2012) was conducted. Data were analyzed using a level of
      significance of 5%. RESULTS: Ninety patients (mean age: 46.5 years) fulfilled the
      inclusion criteria. The ratio of women to men was 5. Significant associations
      emerged between dermohypodermic nodes and location on the lower limbs (P =
      0.042), and vesiculobullous lesions and location on the legs (P = 0.030), dorsum
      of the hand (P = 0.015), and forearms (P = 0.003), and paraneoplastic forms (P =
      0.012). The upper extremities were involved in the majority of patients (83.3%).
      Correlations were found between edema of the superficial dermis and
      vesiculobullous lesions and between leukocytoclastic vasculitis and atypical
      targetoid lesions. Sweet's syndrome was associated with cytomegalovirus infection
      (n = 1), inflammatory bowel disease (n = 4), neoplasm (n = 6), and pregnancy (n =
      3). First-line treatment consisted of colchicine. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of the
      present authors' knowledge, this is the largest series of SS to be reported.
      Clinical presentations are similar to those described in the literature.
      Colchicine was efficient and facilitates the reduced use of corticosteroids. The
      association between SS and neoplasms should be considered in the context of
      vesiculobullous lesions.

PMID- 26967710
TI  - Differentiation of the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line.
AB  - Having appropriate in vivo and in vitro systems that provide translational models
      for human disease is an integral aspect of research in neurobiology and the
      neurosciences. Traditional in vitro experimental models used in neurobiology
      include primary neuronal cultures from rats and mice, neuroblastoma cell lines
      including rat B35 and mouse Neuro-2A cells, rat PC12 cells, and short-term slice
      cultures. While many researchers rely on these models, they lack a human
      component and observed experimental effects could be exclusive to the respective
      species and may not occur identically in humans. Additionally, although these
      cells are neurons, they may have unstable karyotypes, making their use
      problematic for studies of gene expression and reproducible studies of cell
      signaling. It is therefore important to develop more consistent models of human
      neurological disease. The following procedure describes an easy-to-follow,
      reproducible method to obtain homogenous and viable human neuronal cultures, by
      differentiating the chromosomally stable human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y.
      This method integrates several previously described methods(1-4) and is based on
      sequential removal of serum from media. The timeline includes gradual serum
      starvation, with introduction of extracellular matrix proteins and neurotrophic
      factors. This allows neurons to differentiate, while epithelial cells are
      selected against, resulting in a homogeneous neuronal culture. Representative
      results demonstrate the successful differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
      from an initial epithelial-like cell phenotype into a more expansive and branched
      neuronal phenotype. This protocol offers a reliable way to generate homogeneous
      populations of neuronal cultures that can be used for subsequent biochemical and
      molecular analyses, which provides researchers with a more accurate translational
      model of human infection and disease.

PMID- 26967711
TI  - Protein extracts from cultured cells contain nonspecific serum albumin.
AB  - Serum is an important component of cell culture media. The present study
      demonstrates contamination of intracellular protein extract by bovine serum
      albumin from the culture media and illustrates how this contamination can cause
      the misinterpretation of western blot results. Preliminary experiments can
      prevent the misinterpretation of some experimental results, and optimization of
      the washing process may enable specific protein detection. 

PMID- 26967712
TI  - Comparison of the Visual Capabilities of an Amphibious and an Aquatic Goby That
      Inhabit Tidal Mudflats.
AB  - The mudskipper Periophthalmus modestus and the yellowfin goby Acanthogobius
      flavimanus are gobiid teleosts that both inhabit the intertidal mudflats in
      estuaries. While P. modestus has an amphibious lifestyle and forages on the
      exposed mudflat during low tide, the aquatic A. flavimanus can be found at the
      same mudflat at high tide. This study primarily aimed to elucidate the
      differential adaptations of these organisms to their respective habitats by
      comparing visual capacities and motor control in orienting behavior during prey
      capture. Analyses of retinal ganglion cell topography demonstrated that both
      species possess an area in the dorsotemporal region of the retina, indicating
      high acuity in the lower frontal visual field. Additionally, P. modestus has a
      minor area in the nasal portion of the retina near the optic disc. The
      horizontally extended specialized area in P. modestus possibly reflects the need
      for optimized horizontal sight on the exposed mudflat. Behavioral experiments to
      determine postural and eye direction control when orienting toward the object of
      interest revealed that these species direct their visual axes to the target
      situated below eye level just before a rapid approach toward it. A characteristic
      feature of the orienting behavior of P. modestus was that they aimed at the
      target by using the specialized retinal area by rotating the eye and lifting the
      head before jumping to attack the target located above eye level. This behavior
      could be an adaptation to a terrestrial feeding habitat in which buoyancy is
      irrelevant. This study provides insights into the adaptive mechanisms of gobiid
      species and the evolutionary changes enabling them to forage on land.

PMID- 26967713
TI  - Young patients with hematologic and lymphatic malignancies have an increased risk
      of hip and knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Background Skeletal complications such as osteonecrosis (ON) are potential
      adverse events in patients treated for cancer, especially in those treated for
      hematologic and lymphatic malignancies (HLMs). ON may damage the hip or knee
      joints and may lead to arthrosis requiring total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The
      aim of this study was to address the risk of TJA in patients with cancer,
      especially those treated for HLM, in a nationwide population-based setting.
      Material and methods All patients who had undergone TJA after cancer diagnosis
      between the years 2000 and 2012 were identified by linking the Arthroplasty
      Register and the Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of TJAs
      were calculated to assess whether patients with any cancer, but especially HLM,
      have increased risk for TJA when compared with the general population. Results In
      patients with HLM or other cancer, the overall SIRs were similar compared with
      the general population. However, in HLM patients under 50 years of age, the SIR
      was 7.6, and in patients under 35 years of age, it was 45.5. The corresponding
      SIRs in patients with other cancers were 3.6 and 6.6, respectively. The highest
      SIRs, including all age groups, were among patients with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (SIR = 4.5) and acute myeloid leukemia (SIR = 1.9). Discussion HLMs
      imply an increased risk for TJA compared with the general population. The risk is
      especially high in patients younger than 50 years, regardless of the type of HLM.
      Young patients with HLM, as well as their healthcare providers, should be aware
      of the highly increased risk of skeletal complications requiring TJA. 

PMID- 26967715
TI  - Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular
      mechanisms, and a way forward.
AB  - The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the
      gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other
      maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a
      cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased
      abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations
      of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL
      levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a
      significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In
      addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability,
      sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a
      substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and
      mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that
      each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway
      selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR
      require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The
      result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive,
      particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while
      carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if
      hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains
      responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia
      might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance
      in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible
      combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the
      atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only
      recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements
      to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance
      that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin
      action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the
      molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are
      discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the
      master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling
      cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major
      proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in
      this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic
      overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A
      sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments,
      has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of
      a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer,
      convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for
      the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made
      epidemic.

PMID- 26967716
TI  - The influence of hand positions on biomechanical injury risk factors at the wrist
      joint during the round-off skills in female gymnastics.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the biomechanical injury risk factors at the
      wrist, including joint kinetics, kinematics and stiffness in the first and second
      contact limb for parallel and T-shape round-off (RO) techniques. Seven
      international-level female gymnasts performed 10 trials of the RO to back
      handspring with parallel and T-shape hand positions. Synchronised kinematic (3D
      motion analysis system; 247 Hz) and kinetic (two force plates; 1235 Hz) data were
      collected for each trial. A two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA)
      assessed differences in the kinematic and kinetic parameters between the
      techniques for each contact limb. The main findings highlighted that in both the
      RO techniques, the second contact limb wrist joint is exposed to higher
      mechanical loads than the first contact limb demonstrated by increased axial
      compression force and loading rate. In the parallel technique, the second contact
      limb wrist joint is exposed to higher axial compression load. Differences between
      wrist joint kinetics highlight that the T-shape technique may potentially lead to
      reducing these bio-physical loads and consequently protect the second contact
      limb wrist joint from overload and biological failure. Highlighting the
      biomechanical risk factors facilitates the process of technique selection making
      more objective and safe.

PMID- 26967714
TI  - Comparison of newly developed anti-bone morphogenetic protein 4 llama-derived
      antibodies with commercially available BMP4 inhibitors.
AB  - Due to improved understanding of the role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)
      in an increasing number of diseases, the development of selective inhibitors of
      BMP4 is an attractive therapeutic option. The currently available BMP4 inhibitors
      are not suitable as therapeutics because of their low specificity and low
      effectiveness. Here, we compared newly generated anti-BMP4 llama-derived
      antibodies (VHHs) with 3 different types of commercially available BMP4
      inhibitors, natural antagonists, small molecule BMPR inhibitors and conventional
      anti-BMP4 monoclonal antibodies. We found that the anti-BMP4 VHHs were as
      effective as the natural antagonist or small molecule inhibitors, but had higher
      specificity. We also showed that commercial anti-BMP4 antibodies were inferior in
      terms of both specificity and effectiveness. These findings might result from the
      fact that the VHHs C4C4 and C8C8 target a small region within the BMPR1 epitope
      of BMP4, whereas the commercial antibodies target other areas of the BMP4
      molecule. Our results show that the newly developed anti-BMP4 VHHs are promising
      antibodies with better specificity and effectivity for inhibition of BMP4, making
      them an attractive tool for research and for therapeutic applications.

PMID- 26967717
TI  - Ultrasound guided mini-invasive tailored approach and intraoperative
      neurophysiological monitoring: a synergistic strategy for the removal of tumors
      near the motor cortex. A preliminary experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper was to evaluate the synergic strategy
      comprising intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and ultrasound sonography
      in terms of clinical motor scores and extent of resection. METHODS: Patients
      harboring tumors in close relationship with the motor cortex were operated on
      with image-guided mini-invasive approach and multimodal neurophysiological
      monitoring. The peculiarity is the partial exposure of the motor cortex and the
      limited electrophysiological mapping used to search for negative spots.
      Multimodal neurophysiological monitoring comprised the electrocortical
      stimulation, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials and
      subcortical stimulation. Ultrasound sonography guided the tumor removal. The post
      op clinical motor scores and the extent of resection were assessed. RESULTS:
      Twelve patients were operated on with the combined approach and were further
      analyzed. Six had high grade gliomas, 1 anaplastic astrocytoma, 1
      oligodendroglioma, 1 pilocytic astrocytoma and three had metastasis. One out of
      12 had a worsening of the motor scores at the last follow-up. The mean extent of
      resection was 90% ranging from 60% to 100%, but in 9 out of 12 patients, it
      reached or exceeded 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The synergic strategy comprising
      intraoperative multimodal neurophysiological monitoring and the ultrasound
      sonography is feasible in all surgeries. Data are promising in terms of both
      clinical motor scores and extent of resection. This strategy represents an
      alternative approach to the treatment of supratentorial tumors, although further
      studies are necessary to confirm the long-term efficacy of this procedure.

PMID- 26967718
TI  - Zebrafish as a Model to Assess the Teratogenic Potential of Nitrite.
AB  - High nitrate levels in the environment may result in congenital defects or
      miscarriages in humans. Presumably, this is due to the conversion of nitrate to
      nitrite by gut and salivary bacteria. However, in other mammalian studies, high
      nitrite levels do not cause birth defects, although they can lead to poor
      reproductive outcomes. Thus, the teratogenic potential of nitrite is not clear.
      It would be useful to have a vertebrate model system to easily assess teratogenic
      effects of nitrite or any other chemical of interest. Here, we demonstrate the
      utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to screen compounds for toxicity and embryonic
      defects. Zebrafish embryos are fertilized externally and have rapid development,
      making them a good model for teratogenic studies. We show that increasing the
      time of exposure to nitrite negatively affects survival. Increasing the
      concentration of nitrite also adversely affects survival, whereas nitrate does
      not. For embryos that survive nitrite exposure, various defects can occur,
      including pericardial and yolk sac edema, swim bladder noninflation, and
      craniofacial malformation. Our results indicate that the zebrafish is a
      convenient system for studying the teratogenic potential of nitrite. This
      approach can easily be adapted to test other chemicals for their effects on early
      vertebrate development.

PMID- 26967719
TI  - Assessing performance, stability, and cleat comfort/support in collegiate club
      soccer players using prophylactic ankle taping and bracing.
AB  - Soccer athletes at all levels of play are keenly aware of their equipment needs
      including cleat wear, and want to be protected from injury but without impeding
      on-field performance. Ankle injury is a common disorder that is prevalent in the
      sport of soccer and recent improvements in ankle prophylaxis interventions have
      proven effective. The aim of this study was to determine if the use of elastic
      taping or a neoprene sleeve alters performance, stability, and cleat
      comfort/support in soccer players compared to wearing a soccer cleat without any
      external support. Twenty male collegiate club soccer players were recruited and
      randomly assigned to the three conditions (untaped control, taped, neoprene
      sleeve). Performance testing and comfort/support assessment for each condition
      took place in one on-field test session, while stability testing was completed
      during a separate laboratory session. The only significant finding was improved
      inversion/eversion stability in both the tape and sleeve conditions as compared
      to the cleated condition. The addition of tape or a sleeve did not have an
      adverse effect on performance or comfort during functional and stability testing,
      and should therefore be considered as a method to decrease ankle injuries in
      soccer athletes as external supports provide increased stability in
      inversion/eversion range of motion. 

PMID- 26967720
TI  - Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in prostate
      cancer: a step toward personalized medicine.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Increasing attention is being given to personalized medicine
      in oncology, where therapies are tailored to the particular characteristics of
      the individual cancer patient. In recent years, there has been greater focus on
      prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in prostate cancer (PCa) as a target
      for imaging and therapy with radionuclides. This review highlights the recent
      advancements in PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) in PCa during the past
      year. RECENT FINDINGS: Several reports on PSMA PET/computed tomography (CT) in
      PCa patients are demonstrating promising results, especially for detection of
      biochemical recurrence. F-PSMA PET/CT may be superior to Ga-PSMA PET/CT. The
      detection rate of PSMA PET is influenced by prostate-specific antigen level. PSMA
      PET/CT may have a higher detection rate than choline PET/CT. Only a few reports
      have been published on PSMA PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and this
      modality remains to be elucidated further. SUMMARY: Molecular imaging with PSMA
      PET is paving the way for personalized medicine in PCa. However, large
      prospective clinical studies are needed to further evaluate the role of PSMA
      PET/CT and PET/MRI in the clinical workflow of PCa. PSMA is an excellent target
      for imaging and therapy with radionuclides, and the 'image and treat' strategy
      has the potential to become a milestone in the management of PCa patients.

PMID- 26967730
TI  - Causal Inference for Spatial Constancy across Saccades.
AB  - Our ability to interact with the environment hinges on creating a stable visual
      world despite the continuous changes in retinal input. To achieve visual
      stability, the brain must distinguish the retinal image shifts caused by eye
      movements and shifts due to movements of the visual scene. This process appears
      not to be flawless: during saccades, we often fail to detect whether visual
      objects remain stable or move, which is called saccadic suppression of
      displacement (SSD). How does the brain evaluate the memorized information of the
      presaccadic scene and the actual visual feedback of the postsaccadic visual scene
      in the computations for visual stability? Using a SSD task, we test how
      participants localize the presaccadic position of the fixation target, the
      saccade target or a peripheral non-foveated target that was displaced parallel or
      orthogonal during a horizontal saccade, and subsequently viewed for three
      different durations. Results showed different localization errors of the three
      targets, depending on the viewing time of the postsaccadic stimulus and its
      spatial separation from the presaccadic location. We modeled the data through a
      Bayesian causal inference mechanism, in which at the trial level an optimal
      mixing of two possible strategies, integration vs. separation of the presaccadic
      memory and the postsaccadic sensory signals, is applied. Fits of this model
      generally outperformed other plausible decision strategies for producing SSD. Our
      findings suggest that humans exploit a Bayesian inference process with two causal
      structures to mediate visual stability. 

PMID- 26967731
TI  - Valencene from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus Inhibits Skin Photoaging-Related
      Ion Channels and UV-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) radiation deeply penetrates skin and causes inflammation and
      pigmentary changes and triggers immune responses. Furthermore, accumulating
      evidence suggests that calcium ion channels, such as TRPV1 and ORAI1, mediate
      diverse dermatological processes including melanogenesis, skin wrinkling, and
      inflammation. The rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus have been used to treat
      inflammatory diseases including dermatitis. However, their effects on UV-induced
      photoaging-related ion channels remain unknown. Therefore, this study was
      undertaken to evaluate the antagonistic effects of C. rotundus extract and their
      constituents on TRPV1 and ORAI1 channels. Electrophysiological analysis revealed
      that valencene (1) isolated from the hexane fraction potently inhibited capsaicin
      induced TRPV1 and ORAI1 currents at 90 MUM (69 +/- 15% and 97 +/- 2% at -60 and 
      120 mV, respectively). The inhibitory effect of 1 on cytoplasmic Ca(2+)
      concentrations in response to ORAI1 activation (85 +/- 2% at 50 MUM) was also
      confirmed. Furthermore, 1 concentration-dependently decreased the melanin content
      after UVB irradiation in murine B16F10 melanoma cells by 82.66 +/- 2.14% at 15
      MUg/mL. These results suggest that C. rotundus rhizomes have potential
      therapeutic effects on UV-induced photoaging and indicate that the therapeutic
      and cosmetic applications of 1 are worth further investigation. 

PMID- 26967732
TI  - How Effective Is Help on the Doorstep? A Longitudinal Evaluation of Community
      Based Organisation Support.
AB  - Community-based responses have a lengthy history. The ravages of HIV on family
      functioning has included a widespread community response. Although much funding
      has been invested in front line community-based organisations (CBO), there was no
      equal investment in evaluations. This study was set up to compare children aged 9
      13 years old, randomly sampled from two South African provinces, who had not
      received CBO support over time (YC) with a group of similarly aged children who
      were CBO attenders (CCC). YC baseline refusal rate was 2.5% and retention rate
      was 97%. CCC baseline refusal rate was 0.7% and retention rate was 86.5%. 1848
      children were included-446 CBO attenders compared to 1402 9-13 year olds drawn
      from a random sample of high-HIV prevalence areas. Data were gathered at baseline
      and 12-15 months follow-up. Standardised measures recorded demographics, violence
      and abuse, mental health, social and educational factors. Multivariate regression
      analyses revealed that children attending CBOs had lower odds of experiencing
      weekly domestic conflict between adults in their home (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.09,
      0.32), domestic violence (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.08, 0.62), or abuse (OR 0.11; 95% CI
      0.05, 0.25) at follow-up compared to participants without CBO contact. CBO
      attenders had lower odds of suicidal ideation (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.18, 0.91), fewer
      depressive symptoms (B = -0.40; 95% CI -0.62, -0.17), less perceived stigma (B = 
      0.37; 95% CI -0.57, -0.18), fewer peer problems (B = -1.08; 95% CI -1.29, -0.86)
      and fewer conduct problems (B = -0.77; 95% CI -0.95, -0.60) at follow-up. In
      addition, CBO contact was associated with more prosocial behaviours at follow-up
      (B = 1.40; 95% CI 1.13, 1.67). No associations were observed between CBO contact
      and parental praise or post-traumatic symptoms. These results suggest that CBO
      exposure is associated with behavioural and mental health benefits for children
      over time. More severe psychopathology was not affected by attendance and may
      need more specialised input. 

PMID- 26967733
TI  - The Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
      through Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta Induced by All-Trans Retinoic Acid in
      Cultured ARPE-19 Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plays an important role in ocular
      development. Previous studies found that retinoic acid could influence the
      metabolism of scleral remodeling by promoting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
      cells to secrete secondary signaling factors. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate whether retinoic acid affected secretion of bone morphogenetic
      protein 2 (BMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and to explore the
      signaling pathway of retinoic acid in cultured acute retinal pigment epithelial
      19 (ARPE-19) cells. METHODS: The effects of ATRA (concentrations from 10-9 to 10
      5 mol/l) on the expression of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in ARPE-19 cells
      were examined at the mRNA and protein levels using reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assay, respectively. The
      effects of treating ARPE-19 cells with ATRA concentrations ranging from 10-9 to
      10-5 mol/l for 24 h and 48 h or with 10-6mol/l ATRA at different times ranging
      from 6h to 72h were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The contribution of RARbeta-induced
      activation of ARPE-19 cells was confirmed using LE135, an antagonist of RARbeta.
      RESULTS: RARbeta mRNA levels significantly increased in the ARPE-19 cells treated
      with ATRA for 24h and 48h. These increases in RARbeta mRNA levels were dose
      dependent (at concentrations of 10-9 to 10-5 mol/l) with a maximum effect
      observed at 10-6 mol/l. There were no significant changes in the mRNA levels of
      RARalpha and RARgamma. Western blot assay revealed that RARbeta protein levels
      were increased significantly in a time-dependent manner in ARPE-19 cells treated
      with 10-6 mol/l ATRA from 12 h to 72 h, with a marked increase observed at 24 h
      and 48 h. The upregulation of RARbeta and the ATRA-induced secretion in ARPE-19
      cells could be inhibited by the RARbeta antagonist LE135. CONCLUSION: ATRA
      induced upregulation of RARbeta in ARPE-19 cells and stimulated these cells to
      secrete BMP-2 and MMP-2.

PMID- 26967735
TI  - Rb and p53 Liver Functions Are Essential for Xenobiotic Metabolism and Tumor
      Suppression.
AB  - The tumor suppressors Retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 are frequently inactivated in
      liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) or infections with
      Hepatitis B or C viruses. Here, we discovered a novel role for Rb and p53 in
      xenobiotic metabolism, which represent a key function of the liver for
      metabolizing therapeutic drugs or toxins. We demonstrate that Rb and p53
      cooperate to metabolize the xenobiotic 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine
      (DDC). DDC is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (Cyp)3a enzymes resulting in
      inhibition of heme synthesis and accumulation of protoporphyrin, an intermediate
      of heme pathway. Protoporphyrin accumulation causes bile injury and ductular
      reaction. We show that loss of Rb and p53 resulted in reduced Cyp3a expression
      decreased accumulation of protoporphyrin and consequently less ductular reaction
      in livers of mice fed with DDC for 3 weeks. These findings provide strong
      evidence that synergistic functions of Rb and p53 are essential for metabolism of
      DDC. Because Rb and p53 functions are frequently disabled in liver diseases, our
      results suggest that liver patients might have altered ability to remove toxins
      or properly metabolize therapeutic drugs. Strikingly the reduced biliary injury
      towards the oxidative stress inducer DCC was accompanied by enhanced
      hepatocellular injury and formation of HCCs in Rb and p53 deficient livers. The
      increase in hepatocellular injury might be related to reduce protoporphyrin
      accumulation, because protoporphrin is well known for its anti-oxidative
      activity. Furthermore our results indicate that Rb and p53 not only function as
      tumor suppressors in response to carcinogenic injury, but also in response to non
      carcinogenic injury such as DDC. 

PMID- 26967734
TI  - Generation of Antigen Microarrays to Screen for Autoantibodies in Heart Failure
      and Heart Transplantation.
AB  - Autoantibodies directed against endogenous proteins including contractile
      proteins and endothelial antigens are frequently detected in patients with heart
      failure and after heart transplantation. There is evidence that these
      autoantibodies contribute to cardiac dysfunction and correlate with clinical
      outcomes. Currently, autoantibodies are detected in patient sera using individual
      ELISA assays (one for each antigen). Thus, screening for many individual
      autoantibodies is laborious and consumes a large amount of patient sample. To
      better capture the broad-scale antibody reactivities that occur in heart failure
      and post-transplant, we developed a custom antigen microarray technique that can
      simultaneously measure IgM and IgG reactivities against 64 unique antigens using
      just five microliters of patient serum. We first demonstrated that our antigen
      microarray technique displayed enhanced sensitivity to detect autoantibodies
      compared to the traditional ELISA method. We then piloted this technique using
      two sets of samples that were obtained at our institution. In the first
      retrospective study, we profiled pre-transplant sera from 24 heart failure
      patients who subsequently received heart transplants. We identified 8 antibody
      reactivities that were higher in patients who developed cellular rejection (2 or
      more episodes of grade 2R rejection in first year after transplant as defined by
      revised criteria from the International Society for Heart and Lung
      Transplantation) compared with those who did have not have rejection episodes. In
      a second retrospective study with 31 patients, we identified 7 IgM reactivities
      that were higher in heart transplant recipients who developed antibody-mediated
      rejection (AMR) compared with control recipients, and in time course studies,
      these reactivities appeared prior to overt graft dysfunction. In conclusion, we
      demonstrated that the autoantibody microarray technique outperforms traditional
      ELISAs as it uses less patient sample, has increased sensitivity, and can detect
      autoantibodies in a multiplex fashion. Furthermore, our results suggest that this
      autoantibody array technology may help to identify patients at risk of rejection
      following heart transplantation and identify heart transplant recipients with
      AMR. 

PMID- 26967737
TI  - Improving Image Quality of Bronchial Arteries with Virtual Monochromatic Spectral
      CT Images.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of using monochromatic images in
      spectral CT pulmonary angiography to improve image quality of bronchial arteries.
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the chest CT images of 38 patients who
      underwent contrast-enhanced spectral CT. These images included a set of 140kVp
      polychromatic images and the default 70keV monochromatic images. Using the
      standard Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI) viewer on an advanced workstation
      (AW4.6,GE Healthcare), an optimal energy level (in keV) for obtaining the best
      contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for the artery could be automatically obtained. The
      signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), CNR and objective image quality score (1-5) for
      these 3 image sets (140kVp, 70keV and optimal energy level) were obtained and,
      statistically compared. The image quality score consistency between the two
      observers was also evaluated using Kappa test. RESULTS: The optimal energy levels
      for obtaining the best CNR were 62.58+/-2.74keV.SNR and CNR from the 140kVp
      polychromatic, 70keV and optimal keV monochromatic images were (16.44+/-5.85,
      13.24+/-5.52), (20.79+/-7.45, 16.69+/-6.27) and (24.9+/-9.91, 20.53+/-8.46),
      respectively. The corresponding subjective image quality scores were 1.97+/-0.82,
      3.24+/-0.75, and 4.47+/-0.60. SNR, CNR and subjective scores had significant
      difference among groups (all p<0.001). The optimal keV monochromatic images were
      superior to the 70keV monochromatic and 140kVp polychromatic images, and there
      was high agreement between the two observers on image quality score (kappa>0.80).
      CONCLUSIONS: Virtual monochromatic images at approximately 63keV in dual-energy
      spectral CT pulmonary angiography yielded the best CNR and highest diagnostic
      confidence for imaging bronchial arteries.

PMID- 26967738
TI  - Correction: Exploiting MEK Inhibitor-Mediated Activation of ERalpha for
      Therapeutic Intervention in ER-Positive Ovarian Carcinoma.

PMID- 26967736
TI  - Initial Results from the Survey of Organizational Research Climates (SOuRCe) in
      the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In service to its core mission of improving the health and well-being
      of veterans, Veterans Affairs (VA) leadership is committed to supporting research
      best practices in the VA. Recognizing that the behavior of researchers is
      influenced by the organizational climates in which they work, efforts to assess
      the integrity of research climates and share such information with research
      leadership in VA may be one way to support research best practices. The Survey of
      Organizational Research Climate (SOuRCe) is the first validated survey instrument
      specifically designed to assess the organizational climate of research integrity
      in academic research organizations. The current study reports on an initiative to
      use the SOuRCe in VA facilities to characterize the organizational research
      climates and pilot test the effectiveness of using SOuRCe data as a reporting and
      feedback intervention tool. METHODS: We administered the SOuRCe using a cross
      sectional, online survey, with mailed follow-up to non-responders, of research
      engaged employees in the research services of a random selection of 42 VA
      facilities (e.g., Hospitals/Stations) believed to employ 20 or more research
      staff. We attained a 51% participation rate, yielding more than 5,200 usable
      surveys. RESULTS: We found a general consistency in organizational research
      climates across a variety of sub-groups in this random sample of research
      services in the VA. We also observed similar SOuRCe scale score means, relative
      rankings of these scales and their internal reliability, in this VA-based sample
      as we have previously documented in more traditional academic research settings.
      Results also showed more substantial variability in research climate scores
      within than between facilities in the VA research service as reflected in
      meaningful subgroup differences. These findings suggest that the SOuRCe is
      suitable as an instrument for assessing the research integrity climates in VA and
      that the tool has similar patterns of results that have been observed in more
      traditional academic research settings. CONCLUSIONS: The local and specific
      nature of organizational climates in VA research services, as reflected in
      variability across sub-groups within individual facilities, has important policy
      implications. Global, "one-size-fits-all" type initiatives are not likely to
      yield as much benefit as efforts targeted to specific organizational units or sub
      groups and tailored to the specific strengths and weaknesses documented in those
      locations.

PMID- 26967739
TI  - Correction: Inferring Neuronal Dynamics from Calcium Imaging Data Using
      Biophysical Models and Bayesian Inference.

PMID- 26967740
TI  - Screening of the Open Source Malaria Box Reveals an Early Lead Compound for the
      Treatment of Alveolar Echinococcosis.
AB  - The metacestode (larval) stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis causes
      alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a very severe and in many cases incurable disease.
      To date, benzimidazoles such as albendazole and mebendazole are the only approved
      chemotherapeutical treatment options. Benzimidazoles inhibit metacestode
      proliferation, but do not act parasiticidal. Thus, benzimidazoles have to be
      taken a lifelong, can cause adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity, and are
      ineffective in some patients. We here describe a newly developed screening
      cascade for the evaluation of the in vitro efficacy of new compounds that
      includes assessment of parasiticidal activity. The Malaria Box from Medicines for
      Malaria Venture (MMV), comprised of 400 commercially available chemicals that
      show in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum, was repurposed. Primary
      screening was carried out at 10 MUM by employing the previously described PGI
      assay, and resulted in the identification of 24 compounds that caused physical
      damage in metacestodes. Seven out of these 24 drugs were also active at 1 MUM.
      Dose-response assays revealed that only 2 compounds, namely MMV665807 and
      MMV665794, exhibited an EC50 value below 5 MUM. Assessments using human foreskin
      fibroblasts and Reuber rat hepatoma cells showed that the salicylanilide
      MMV665807 was less toxic for these two mammalian cell lines than for
      metacestodes. The parasiticidal activity of MMV665807 was then confirmed using
      isolated germinal layer cell cultures as well as metacestode vesicles by
      employing viability assays, and its effect on metacestodes was morphologically
      evaluated by electron microscopy. However, both oral and intraperitoneal
      application of MMV665807 to mice experimentally infected with E. multilocularis
      metacestodes did not result in any reduction of the parasite load. 

PMID- 26967743
TI  - A review of antidepressant-induced urinary hesitancy: a focus on levomilnacipran
      ER including two case presentations(5633).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Levomilnacipran ER was recently FDA approved as Fetzima(r) for the
      treatment of MDD. Urinary hesitancy can be an adverse event associated with
      levomilnacipran treatment. AREAS COVERED: This manuscript details the
      longitudinal course of levomilnacipran-induced urinary hesitancy in 2 cases that
      were in a pivotal clinical trial, examining possible predisposing factors and
      treatment issues. This manuscript also reviews the literature comparing urinary
      hesitancy associated with levomilnacipran versus other antidepressants.
      Antidepressants that are potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors like
      levomilnacipran, may have increased rates of associated urinary hesitancy. The
      latter can cause significant discomfort and a compromised quality of life.
      Occasionally, it can progress to urinary retention necessitating an emergency
      medical intervention. EXPERT OPINION: All patients being treated with
      antidepressants should be carefully monitored for this side effect.
      Discontinuation of treatment or reduction of the dose of antidepressant
      frequently relieves urinary hesitancy; alternatively, treatment with an alpha1A
      antagonist, e.g., tamsulosin may relieve antidepressant-induced urinary hesitancy
      within hours to days; such strategies allow for continued antidepressant
      treatment without urinary hesitancy recurring. Thus, with appropriate clinical
      care, the benefits using levomilnacipran outweigh its risks.

PMID- 26967744
TI  - Measurement of the Patient Experience: Clarifying Facts, Myths, and Approaches.

PMID- 26967741
TI  - Asparaginase Potentiates Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis in a Mouse Model.
AB  - Osteonecrosis is a common dose-limiting toxicity of glucocorticoids. Data from
      clinical trials suggest that other medications can increase the risk of
      glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis. Here we utilized a mouse model to study the
      effect of asparaginase treatment on dexamethasone-induced osteonecrosis. Mice
      receiving asparaginase along with dexamethasone had a higher rate of
      osteonecrosis than those receiving only dexamethasone after 6 weeks of treatment
      (44% vs. 10%, P = 0.006). Similarly, epiphyseal arteriopathy, which we have shown
      to be an initiating event for osteonecrosis, was observed in 58% of mice
      receiving asparaginase and dexamethasone compared to 17% of mice receiving
      dexamethasone only (P = 0.007). As in the clinic, greater exposure to
      asparaginase was associated with greater plasma exposure to dexamethasone (P =
      0.0001). This model also recapitulated other clinical risk factors for
      osteonecrosis, including age at start of treatment, and association with the
      systemic exposure to dexamethasone (P = 0.027) and asparaginase (P = 0.036). We
      conclude that asparaginase can potentiate the osteonecrotic effect of
      glucocorticoids. 

PMID- 26967742
TI  - Gastroprotective effect of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate against acute gastric
      mucosal damage induced by ethanol.
AB  - Gastric mucosal damage induced by ethanol is a serious medical problem. Recent
      evidences suggest that reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators play a
      key role in the destruction of gastric mucosa. The present study was aimed to
      evaluate the potential beneficial effect of MESNA (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate)
      against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice. The animals were orally
      pretreated with vehicle or MESNA and then treated with acidified ethanol to
      induce gastric mucosal damage. One hour after ethanol ingestion mice were
      euthanized and stomach samples were collected for biochemical analysis.
      Macroscopic and histopathological evaluation of gastric mucosa showed that
      pretreatment with MESNA attenuated gastric lesions induced by ethanol.
      Administration of MESNA significantly increased glutathione content and
      superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the gastric tissues. In addition,
      MESNA markedly reduced ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase
      activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and monocyte
      chemotactic protein-1 levels. These findings suggest that the thiol-containing
      compound MESNA is able to decrease alcohol-induced oxidative stress and
      inflammation in the gastric tissue. It seems that MESNA may have a protective
      effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. 

PMID- 26967745
TI  - A Rapidly Enlarging Forehead Mass in a Young Retinoblastoma Survivor.

PMID- 26967747
TI  - Age, Gender, Comorbidity, and the MDS-UPDRS: Results from a Population-Based
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding sources of variation in International Parkinson and
      Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)
      scores is essential for planning clinical trials in Parkinson's disease and
      interpreting studies of mild parkinsonian signs. METHODS: We describe the
      characteristics of the MDS-UPDRS in a population-based sample of individuals
      without parkinsonism. Multiple linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation
      coefficients were used to examine potential associations. RESULTS: Among 194
      consecutive individuals without parkinsonism, the mean total MDS-UPDRS score was
      12.5 (SD 9.8). Sixty-nine percent (134/193) had motor examination (Part III)
      scores of 2 or more, 16% (30/194) had scores of 10 or more. Female sex, arthritis
      or spondylosis, diabetes mellitus, and essential tremor were found to be
      associated with statistically significant increases in MDS-UPDRS Part III scores.
      For every 10-year increase in age, the Part III score was greater on average by
      2.2 (1.5-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated MDS-UPDRS scores are common in the general
      population. The overall burden of motor signs of parkinsonism is especially high
      in older age groups, in women, and in those with particular comorbidities.
      Whether this represents evidence of a subclinical neurodegenerative process or
      the effect of comorbid conditions requires further examination.

PMID- 26967746
TI  - High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal
      Ribbon Synapses.
AB  - Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar
      cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA receptors
      (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Physiological data have indicated that
      glutamate receptors at RGCs are expressed not only in postsynaptic but also in
      perisynaptic or extrasynaptic membrane compartments. However, precise anatomical
      locations for glutamate receptors at RGC synapses have not been determined.
      Although a high-resolution quantitative analysis of glutamate receptors at
      central synapses is widely employed, this approach has had only limited success
      in the retina. We developed a postembedding immunogold method for analysis of
      membrane receptors, making it possible to estimate the number, density and
      variability of these receptors at retinal ribbon synapses. Here we describe the
      tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful
      preparation of retinal fixation, 2) freeze-substitution, 3) postembedding
      immunogold electron microscope (EM) immunocytochemistry and, 4) quantitative
      visualization of glutamate receptors at ribbon synapses. 

PMID- 26967751
TI  - Unilateral Choroidal Macrovessel.

PMID- 26967752
TI  - Overestimation of Intraocular Pressure by Goldmann Applanation Tonometry Without
      Astigmatic Correction.

PMID- 26967753
TI  - Familial Retinal Arteriolar Tortuosity.

PMID- 26967754
TI  - Direct Visualization of a New Choroidal Vessel on Spectral-Domain Optical
      Coherence Tomography.

PMID- 26967756
TI  - Influence of Interface Structure on Magnetic Proximity Effect in Pt/Y3Fe5O12
      Heterostructures.
AB  - The influence of interface structure on the magnetic proximity effect (MPE) in
      Pt/Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) bilayered heterostructures is studied by first-principles
      calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). When Pt atoms are in
      close proximity with Y or Fe ions at the interface, Pt-Y and Pt-Fe bonds are
      observed. The crystalline orientations and interface termination layers of the
      YIG strongly modify both the strength and the length of the Pt-Fe bonding and
      thereby influence the magnetic properties of the Pt. Point defects including
      tetrahedral Fe, octahedral Fe, and Y vacancies are introduced at the Pt/YIG
      interface to quantitatively evaluate the influence on the MPE from individual
      atoms. For the Pt(100)/YIG(100) structure, the interface tetrahedral Fe vacancies
      can significantly reduce or even completely diminish the magnetic moments in the
      Pt. In a stark contrast, the octahedral Fe vacancies slightly enhance the Pt
      magnetism, and the nonmagnetic Y vacancies cause little influences to the Pt
      magnetism. These results indicate that the strength of the MPE at the Pt/YIG
      interface strongly depends on the interface structure. This dependence originated
      from the direct exchange interaction between the Fe 3d and Pt 5d electrons via
      electronic state hybridization as well as the electron exchange coupling between
      the Pt atoms. 

PMID- 26967755
TI  - The peroxisome as a cell signaling organelle.
AB  - Peroxisomes participate in lipid metabolism, and are a major source of ROS in the
      cell. Their importance in cellular energy balance and redox homeostasis is well
      established, as is the need to maintain peroxisome homeostasis to prevent
      pathologies associated with too few, or too many, of these organelles. How cells
      regulate peroxisome number has remained somewhat elusive. Recently, the tumor
      suppressors ATM and TSC, which regulate mTORC1 signaling, have been localized to
      peroxisomes. When activated by peroxisomal ROS, ATM signals to TSC to repress
      mTORC1 signaling and increase autophagic flux in cells, and also phosphorylates
      the peroxisomal protein PEX 5 to target peroxisomes for selective autophagy
      (pexophagy), providing a mechanism for regulation of peroxisomal homeostasis
      using ROS as a rheostat. 

PMID- 26967757
TI  - Continuity of phenomenology and (in)consistency of content of meaningful
      autobiographical memories.
AB  - Phenomenology is a critical component of autobiographical memory retrieval; it
      reflects both (a) memory-specific features and (b) stable individual differences.
      Few studies have tested phenomenology longitudinally. The present work examined
      the continuity of memory phenomenology in a sample of Italians adults (N=105)
      over a 4-week period. Participants retrieved two 'key' personal memories, a
      Turning Point and an Early Childhood Memory, rated the phenomenology of each
      memory, and completed measures of personality, psychological distress and
      subjective well-being. Phenomenological ratings were moderately stable over time
      (median correlation >.40), regardless of memory content. Personality traits,
      psychological distress and well-being were associated with phenomenology cross
      sectionally and with changes in phenomenology over time. These results suggest
      that how individuals re-experience their most important personal memories is
      relatively consistent over time and shaped by both trait and state aspects of
      psychological functioning.

PMID- 26967758
TI  - Zika virus detection in urine from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome on
      Martinique, January 2016.
AB  - We report two cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome who had concomitant Zika virus
      viruria. This viruria persisted for longer than 15 days after symptom onset. The
      cases occurred on Martinique in January 2016, at the beginning of the Zika virus
      outbreak. Awareness of this possible neurological complication of ZikV infection
      is needed.

PMID- 26967759
TI  - Half-life extended biotherapeutics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Many of the biotherapeutics approved or under development suffer
      from a short half-life necessitating frequent applications in order to maintain a
      therapeutic concentration over an extended period of time. The implementation of
      half-life extension strategies allows the generation of long-lasting therapeutics
      with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. AREAS COVERED: This
      review gives an overview of the different half-life extension strategies
      developed over the past years and their application to generate next-generation
      biotherapeutics. It focuses on srategies already used in approved drugs and drugs
      that are in clinical development. These strategies include those aimed at
      increasing the hydrodynamic radius of the biotherapeutic and strategies which
      further implement recycling by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). EXPERT OPINION:
      Half-life extension strategies have become an integral part of development for
      many biotherapeutics. A diverse set of these strategies is available for the fine
      tuning of half-life and adaption to the intended treatment modality and disease.
      Currently, half-life extension is dominated by strategies utilizing albumin
      binding or fusion, fusion to an immunoglobulin Fc? region and PEGylation.
      However, a variety of alternative strategies, such as fusion of flexible
      polypeptide chains as PEG mimetic substitute, have reached advanced stages and
      offer further alternatives for half-life extension.

PMID- 26967761
TI  - Antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease.
AB  - Pulmonary infections are the most frequent diseases caused by nontuberculous
      mycobacteria (NTM). Common causative organisms of pulmonary infection are slowly
      growing mycobacteria including Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium
      kansasii, and rapidly growing mycobacteria including Mycobacterium abscessus
      complex. Clinical concern has been raised over the increasing incidence of NTM
      lung disease combined with the poor treatment outcomes of these chronic
      infectious diseases. Since treatment guidelines of the American Thoracic
      Society/Infectious Disease Society of America were published in 2007 there have
      been continuous efforts to improve the outcomes of NTM lung disease, albeit
      slowly and with limitations. Here, we focus on recent advances in the antibiotic
      treatment of NTM lung disease. 

PMID- 26967760
TI  - Preparation of Rat Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cultures and Quantification of
      Oligodendrogenesis Using Dual-infrared Fluorescence Scanning.
AB  - Efficient oligodendrogenesis is the therapeutic goal of a number of areas of
      research including spinal cord injury, neonatal hypoxia, and demyelinating
      diseases such as multiple sclerosis and transverse myelitis. Myelination is
      required to not only facilitate rapid impulse propagation within the central
      nervous system, but also to provide trophic support to underlying axons.
      Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can be studied in vitro to help identify
      factors that may promote or inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation. To date,
      many of the methods available to evaluate this process have either required large
      numbers of cells, thus limiting the number of conditions that can be investigated
      at any one time, or labor-intensive methods of quantification. Herein, we
      describe a protocol for the isolation of large numbers of highly pure OPCs
      together with a fast and reliable method to determine oligodendrogenesis from
      multiple conditions simultaneously. OPCs are isolated from P5-P7 neonatal rat
      cortices and grown in vitro for three days prior to differentiation. Four days
      after differentiation, oligodendrogenesis is evaluated using a dual-infrared
      fluorescence-scanning assay to determine expression of the myelin protein. 

PMID- 26967762
TI  - Molecular characterization of lysR-lysXE, gcdR-gcdHG and amaR-amaAB operons for
      lysine export and catabolism: a comprehensive lysine catabolic network in
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.
AB  - Among multiple interconnected pathways for l-Lysine catabolism in pseudomonads,
      it has been reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 employs the decarboxylase
      and the transaminase pathways. However, up until now, knowledge of several genes
      involved in operation and regulation of these pathways was still missing.
      Transcriptome analyses coupled with promoter activity measurements and growth
      phenotype analyses led us to identify new members in l-Lys and d-Lys catabolism
      and regulation, including gcdR-gcdHG for glutarate utilization, dpkA, amaR-amaAB
      and PA2035 for d-Lys catabolism, lysR-lysXE for putative l-Lys efflux and lysP
      for putative l-Lys uptake. The gcdHG operon encodes an acyl-CoA transferase
      (gcdG) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (gcdH) and is under the control of the
      transcriptional activator GcdR. Growth on l-Lys was enhanced in the mutants of
      lysX and lysE, supporting the operation of l-Lys efflux. The transcriptional
      activator LysR is responsible for l-Lys specific induction of lysXE and the
      PA4181-82 operon of unknown function. The putative operator sites of GcdR and
      LysR were deduced from serial deletions and comparative genomic sequence
      analyses, and the formation of nucleoprotein complexes was demonstrated with
      purified His-tagged GcdR and LysR. The amaAB operon encodes two enzymes to
      convert pipecolate to 2-aminoadipate. Induction of the amaAB operon by l-Lys, d
      Lys and pipecolate requires a functional AmaR, supporting convergence of Lys
      catabolic pathways to pipecolate. Growth on pipecolate was retarded in the gcdG
      and gcdH mutants, suggesting the importance of glutarate in pipecolate and 2
      aminoadipate utilization. Furthermore, this study indicated links in the control
      of interconnected networks of lysine and arginine catabolism in P. aeruginosa.

PMID- 26967763
TI  - Synthesis and orthogonal functionalization of oxazolo[5',4':4,5]pyrano[2,3
      b]pyridine by intra- and intermolecular Pd-catalyzed direct C-H bond
      heteroarylation.
AB  - The construction and subsequent orthogonal functionalization of a hitherto
      unknown oxazolo[5',4':4,5]pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine are reported. A palladium
      catalyzed direct C-H bond functionalization methodology was used to build the
      tricyclic scaffold as well as to achieve the subsequent C-H bond
      functionalization at the C-2 position of the oxazole unit with various
      (hetero)aryl iodides. Remarkably, selective C-H construction and
      functionalization procedures preserve the chorine atom on the pyridine moiety
      offering a late-stage substitution site to progress drug design. 

PMID- 26967764
TI  - Development of a cytokine-secreting-based assay for the identification, sorting
      and transcriptomic analysis of polyfunctional human T cells.
AB  - Polyfunctional T cells that simultaneously produce the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2
      and TNF have been correlated with better clinical outcomes in various diseases.
      To date, cytokine polyfunctionality within T cells has been exclusively studied
      by intracellular cytokine staining coupled with flow cytometric analysis. Thus,
      further downstream interrogation of polyfunctional T cell characteristics such as
      transcriptomic analysis has not been possible. Here, we report the use of a flow
      cytometric method based on cytokine secretion assay technology to detect and
      isolate, for the first time, viable human polyfunctional T cells directly from in
      vitro stimulated whole blood samples. We demonstrate the successful application
      of this method to sort polyfunctional T cells obtained from human volunteers,
      which can be then used for downstream applications such as transcriptomic
      analysis using RT-qPCR. This assay will facilitate in-depth investigations of T
      cells with distinct cytokine polyfunctionality, including defining their
      molecular profile and understanding the mechanisms regulating their generation
      and function. 

PMID- 26967765
TI  - Evaluation of insulin resistance and plasma levels for visfatin and resistin in
      obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate insulin resistance and plasma levels of
      visfatin and resistin in obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovary
      syndrome (PCOS). A total of 37 premenopausal PCOS patients with (n = 18, mean
      (SD) age: 27.5 (5.7 years) or without obesity (n = 19, mean (SD) age: 23.7 (3.1)
      years) and healthy volunteers (n = 18, mean (SD) age:29.8 (4.1) years) were
      included in this study. Data on clinical characteristics, glycemic parameters and
      lipid parameters were recorded for each subject as were plasma visfatin and
      resistin levels. Mean (SD) HOMA-IR values were significantly higher in obese PCOS
      patients (3.4 (1.7)) compared with non-obese PCOS patients (2.0 (1.2), p<0.01)
      and controls (1.6 (0.8), p<0.01). No significant difference was noted between
      study groups in terms of plasma resistin (ng/mL) or visfatin (ng/mL) levels.
      There was no correlation between serum plasma visfatin (r = 0.127, p = 0.407) and
      resistin (r = -0.096, p = 0.544) levels and HOMA-IR. In conclusion, our findings
      revealed increased likelihood of metabolic and dyslipidemic manifestations in
      obese compared to non-obese PCOS patients, while no significant difference was
      noted in visfatin and resistin levels among PCOS patients in terms of co-morbid
      obesity and in comparison to controls.

PMID- 26967766
TI  - Brief, cooperative peer-instruction sessions during lectures enhance student
      recall and comprehension.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the academic impact of
      cooperative peer instruction during lecture pauses in an immunology/endocrinology
      course. METHODS: Third-quarter students participated across iterations of the
      course. Each class offered 20 lectures of 50 minutes each. Classes were divided
      into a peer-instruction group incorporating cooperative peer instruction and a
      control group receiving traditional lectures. Peer-instruction group lectures
      were divided into 2-3 short presentations followed by a multiple-choice question
      (MCQ). Students recorded an initial answer and then had 1 minute to discuss
      answers with group peers. Following this, students could submit a revised answer.
      The control group received the same lecture material, but without MCQs or peer
      discussions. Final-exam scores were compared across study groups. A mixed-design
      analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There was a
      statistically significant main effect for the peer-instruction activity (F(1, 93)
      = 6.573, p = .012, r = .257), with recall scores higher for MCQs asked after peer
      instruction activities than for those asked before peer instruction. Final-exam
      scores at the end of term were greater in the peer-instruction group than the
      control group (F(1, 193) = 9.264, p = .003, r = .214; question type, F(1, 193) =
      26.671, p = .000, r = .348). CONCLUSION: Lectures with peer-instruction pauses
      increase student recall and comprehension compared with traditional lectures.

PMID- 26967768
TI  - Palliative care outcome measures in COPD patients: a conceptual review.
AB  - In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), palliative care is appropriate
      in very advanced stages based on recognition of its need when conventional
      therapy is no longer able to control symptoms, disease morbidity, or to
      improve/maintain an acceptable quality of life. Palliative care aims to improve
      quality of life, or, if applied specifically at the end-of-life, to ensure
      comfortable care. In COPD palliative care effectiveness of interventions should
      be quantified with outcome measures able to better capture the holistic nature of
      approaches and not only the specific features of disease. These should include:
      physical outcomes, psychological outcomes, social outcomes, spiritual outcomes.
      Such measures are discussed in this review along with arguments supporting their
      use. 

PMID- 26967767
TI  - Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC
      Technique.
AB  - Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain
      perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord
      of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in
      any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been
      studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional
      significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the
      spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible
      to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which
      is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal
      pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic
      fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques.
      The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and
      clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord
      tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent
      staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi
      photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was
      reconstructed using Osirix software. 

PMID- 26967769
TI  - Preparation of Thermoresponsive Nanostructured Surfaces for Tissue Engineering.
AB  - Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-immobilized surfaces for
      controlling cell adhesion and detachment were fabricated by the Langmuir-Schaefer
      method. Amphiphilic block copolymers composed of polystyrene and PIPAAm (St
      IPAAms) were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer
      (RAFT) radical polymerization. A chloroform solution of St-IPAAm molecules was
      gently dropped into a Langmuir-trough apparatus, and both barriers of the
      apparatus were moved horizontally to compress the film to regulate its density.
      Then, the St-IPAAm Langmuir film was horizontally transferred onto a
      hydrophobically modified glass substrate by a surface-fixed device. Atomic force
      microscopy images clearly revealed nanoscale sea-island structures on the
      surface. The strength, rate, and quality of cell adhesion and detachment on the
      prepared surface were modulated by changes in temperature across the lower
      critical solution temperature range of PIPAAm molecules. In addition, a two
      dimensional cell structure (cell sheet) was successfully recovered on the
      optimized surfaces. These unique PIPAAm surfaces may be useful for controlling
      the strength of cell adhesion and detachment. 

PMID- 26967773
TI  - Letter to the Editor: Methodological advances in randomized trials.

PMID- 26967774
TI  - A prospective time-series quality improvement trial of a standardized analgesia
      protocol to reduce postoperative pain among neurosurgery patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The inclusion of the pain management domain in the Hospital Consumer
      Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey now ties patients'
      perceptions of pain and analgesia to financial reimbursement for inpatient stays.
      Therefore, the authors wanted to determine if a quality improvement initiative
      centered on a standardized analgesia protocol could significantly reduce
      postoperative pain among neurosurgery patients. METHODS The authors implemented a
      10-month, prospective, interrupted time-series trial of a quality improvement
      initiative. The intervention consisted of a multimodal, interdepartmental,
      standardized analgesia protocol with process improvements from preadmission to
      discharge. All neurosurgical-floor patients participated in the quality
      improvement intervention, with data collected on a systematically randomly
      sampled subset of 96 patients for detailed analysis. Patient-reported numeric
      rating scale pain on the first postoperative day (POD) served as the primary
      outcome. RESULTS Implementation of the analgesia protocol resulted in improved
      preoperative and postoperative documentation of pain (p < 0.001) and improved use
      of multimodal analgesia, including use of NSAIDs (p < 0.009) and gabapentin (p <
      0.027). This intervention also correlated with a 32% reduction in reported pain
      on the 1st POD for all neurosurgical patients (mean pain scale scores 4.31 vs
      2.94; p = 0.000) and a 43% reduction among spinal surgery patients (mean pain
      scale scores 5.45 vs 3.10; p = 0.036). After controlling for covariates,
      implementation of the protocol was a significant predictor of lowered
      postoperative pain (p = 0.05) on the 1st POD. This reduction in pain correlated
      with protocol compliance (p = 0.028), and a significant decrease in the monthly
      number of naloxone doses suggests improved safety (mean dose +/- SD 1.5 +/- 1.0
      vs 0.33 +/- 0.5; p = 0.04). Furthermore, a significant and persistent reduction
      in the pain management component of the HCAHPS scores suggests a durability of
      results extending beyond the life of the study (72.1% vs 82.0%; p = 0.033).
      CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a standardized analgesia protocol can
      significantly reduce postoperative pain among neurosurgical patients while
      increasing safety. Given the current climate of patient-centered outcomes, this
      study has broad implications for the continuum of care model proposed in the
      Affordable Care Act. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01693588 (
      clincaltrials.gov ).

PMID- 26967775
TI  - Aneurysm growth and de novo aneurysms during aneurysm surveillance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Many low-risk unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are followed for
      growth with surveillance imaging. Growth of UIAs likely increases the risk of
      rupture. The incidence and risk factors of UIA growth or de novo aneurysm
      formation require further research. The authors retrospectively identify risk
      factors and annual risk for UIA growth or de novo aneurysm formation in an
      aneurysm surveillance protocol. METHODS Over an 11.5-year period, the authors
      recommended surveillance imaging to 192 patients with 234 UIAs. The incidence of
      UIA growth and de novo aneurysm formation was assessed. With logistic regression,
      risk factors for UIA growth or de novo aneurysm formation and patient compliance
      with the surveillance protocol was assessed. RESULTS During 621 patient-years of
      follow-up, the incidence of aneurysm growth or de novo aneurysm formation was
      5.0%/patient-year. At the 6-month examination, 5.2% of patients had aneurysm
      growth and 4.3% of aneurysms had grown. Four de novo aneurysms formed
      (0.64%/patient-year). Over 793 aneurysm-years of follow-up, the annual risk of
      aneurysm growth was 3.7%. Only initial aneurysm size predicted aneurysm growth
      (UIA < 5 mm = 1.6% vs UIA >= 5 mm = 8.7%, p = 0.002). Patients with growing UIAs
      were more likely to also have de novo aneurysms (p = 0.01). Patient compliance
      with this protocol was 65%, with younger age predictive of better compliance (p =
      0.01). CONCLUSIONS Observation of low-risk UIAs with surveillance imaging can be
      implemented safely with good adherence. Aneurysm size is the only predictor of
      future growth. More frequent (semiannual) surveillance imaging for newly
      diagnosed UIAs and UIAs >= 5 mm is warranted.

PMID- 26967776
TI  - Increased risk of delayed cerebral ischemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients
      with additional intracerebral hematoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) has a major impact on the outcome of
      patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this
      study was to assess the influence of an additional intracerebral hematoma (ICH)
      on the occurrence of DCI. METHODS The authors conducted a single-center
      retrospective analysis of cases of SAH involving patients treated between 2006
      and 2011. Patients who died or were transferred to another institution within 10
      days after SAH without the occurrence of DCI were excluded from the analysis.
      RESULTS Additional ICH was present in 123 (24.4%) of 504 included patients (66.7%
      female). ICH was classified as frontal in 72 patients, temporal in 24, and
      perisylvian in 27. DCI occurred in 183 patients (36.3%). A total of 59 (32.2%) of
      these 183 patients presented with additional ICH, compared with 64 (19.9%) of the
      321 without DCI (p = 0.002). In addition, DCI was detected significantly more
      frequently in patients with higher World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
      (WFNS) grades. The authors compared the original and modified Fisher Scales with
      respect to the occurrence of DCI. The modified Fisher Scale (mFS) was superior to
      the original Fisher Scale (oFS) in predicting DCI. Furthermore, they suggest a
      new classification based on the mFS, which demonstrates the impact of additional
      ICH on the occurrence of DCI. After the different scales were corrected for age,
      sex, WFNS score, and aneurysm site, the oFS no longer was predictive for the
      occurrence of DCI, while the new scale demonstrated a superior capacity for
      prediction as compared with the mFS. CONCLUSIONS Additional ICH was associated
      with an increased risk of DCI in this study. Furthermore, adding the presence or
      absence of ICH to the mFS improved the identification of patients at the highest
      risk for the development of DCI. Thus, a simple adjustment of the mFS might help
      to identify patients at high risk for DCI.

PMID- 26967777
TI  - Incidence and predictors of dural venous sinus pressure gradient in idiopathic
      intracranial hypertension and non-idiopathic intracranial hypertension headache
      patients: results from 164 cerebral venograms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Cerebral venous pressure gradient (CVPG) from dural venous sinus
      stenosis is implicated in headache syndromes such as idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension (IIH). The incidence of CVPG in headache patients has not been
      reported. METHODS The authors reviewed all cerebral venograms with manometry
      performed for headache between January 2008 and May 2015. Patient demographics,
      headache etiology, intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements, and radiographic and
      manometric results were recorded. CVPG was defined as a difference >= 8 mm Hg by
      venographic manometry. RESULTS One hundred sixty-four venograms were performed in
      155 patients. There were no procedural complications. Ninety-six procedures
      (58.5%) were for patients with IIH. The overall incidence of CVPG was 25.6% (42
      of 164 procedures): 35.4% (34 of 96 procedures) in IIH patients and 11.8% (8 of
      68 procedures) in non-IIH patients. Sixty procedures (36.6%) were performed in
      patients with preexisting shunts. Seventy-seven patients (49.7%) had procedures
      preceded by an ICP measurement within 4 weeks of venography, and in 66 (85.7%) of
      these patients, the ICP had been found to be elevated. CVPG was seen in 8.3% (n =
      5) of the procedures in the 60 patients with a preexisting shunt and in 0% (n =
      0) of the 11 procedures in the 77 patients with normal ICP (p < 0.001 for both).
      Noninvasive imaging (MR venography, CT venography) was assessed prior to
      venography in 112 (68.3%) of 164 cases, and dural venous sinus abnormalities were
      demonstrated in 73 (65.2%) of these cases; there was a trend toward CVPG (p =
      0.07). Multivariate analysis demonstrated an increased likelihood of CVPG in
      patients with IIH (OR 4.97, 95% CI 1.71-14.47) and a decreased likelihood in
      patients with a preexisting shunt (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.44). CONCLUSIONS CVPG
      is uncommon in IIH patients, rare in those with preexisting shunts, and absent in
      those with normal ICP.

PMID- 26967778
TI  - Editorial: Health care reform and the uninsured: lessons from Massachusetts.

PMID- 26967779
TI  - Cortical spreading depression occurs during elective neurosurgical procedures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been observed with relatively
      high frequency in the period following human brain injury, including traumatic
      brain injury and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke. These events are characterized by
      loss of ionic gradients through massive cellular depolarization, neuronal
      dysfunction (depression of electrocorticographic [ECoG] activity) and slow spread
      (2-5 mm/min) across the cortical surface. Previous data obtained in animals have
      suggested that even in the absence of underlying injury, neurosurgical
      manipulation can induce CSD and could potentially be a modifiable factor in
      neurosurgical injury. The authors report their initial experience with direct
      intraoperative ECoG monitoring for CSD. METHODS The authors prospectively
      enrolled patients undergoing elective craniotomy for supratentorial lesions in
      cases in which the surgical procedure was expected to last > 2 hours. These
      patients were monitored for CSD from the time of dural opening through the time
      of dural closure, using a standard 1 * 6 platinum electrode coupled with an AC or
      full-spectrum DC amplifier. The data were processed using standard techniques to
      evaluate for slow potential changes coupled with suppression of high-frequency
      ECoG propagating across the electrodes. Data were compared with CSD validated in
      previous intensive care unit (ICU) studies, to evaluate recording conditions most
      likely to permit CSD detection, and identify likely events during the course of
      neurosurgical procedures using standard criteria. RESULTS Eleven patients
      underwent ECoG monitoring during elective neurosurgical procedures. During the
      periods of monitoring, 2 definite CSDs were observed to occur in 1 patient and 8
      suspicious events were detected in 4 patients. In other patients, either no
      events were observed or artifact limited interpretation of the data. The DC
      coupled amplifier system represented an improvement in stability of data compared
      with AC-coupled systems. Compared with more widely used postoperative ICU
      monitoring, there were additional challenges with artifact from saturation during
      bipolar cautery as well as additional noise peaks detected. CONCLUSIONS CSD can
      occur during elective neurosurgical procedures even in brain regions distant from
      the immediate operative site. ECoG monitoring with a DC-coupled full-spectrum
      amplifier seemed to provide the most stable signal despite significant challenges
      to the operating room environment. CSD may be responsible for some cases of
      secondary surgical injury. Though further studies on outcome related to the
      occurrence of these events is needed, efforts to decrease the occurrence of CSD
      by modification of anesthetic regimen may represent a novel target for study to
      increase the safety of neurosurgical procedures.

PMID- 26967780
TI  - Motor areas of the frontal cortex in patients with motor eloquent brain lesions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Because of its huge clinical potential, the importance of premotor
      areas for motor function itself and plastic reshaping due to tumors or ischemic
      brain lesions has received increased attention. Thus, in this study the authors
      used navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) to investigate whether
      tumorous brain lesions induce a change in motor cortex localization in the human
      brain. METHODS Between 2010 and 2013, nTMS motor mapping was performed in a
      prospective cohort of 100 patients with brain tumors in or adjacent to the
      rolandic cortex. Spatial data analysis was performed by normalization of the
      individual motor maps and creation of overlays according to tumor location.
      Analysis of motor evoked potential (MEP) latencies was performed regarding mean
      overall latencies and potentially polysynaptic latencies, defined as latencies
      longer than 1 SD above the mean value. Hemispheric dominance, lesion location,
      and motor-function deficits were also considered. RESULTS Graphical analysis
      showed that motor areas were not restricted to the precentral gyrus. Instead,
      they spread widely in the anterior-posterior direction. An analysis of MEP
      latency showed that mean MEP latencies were shortest in the precentral gyrus and
      longest in the superior and middle frontal gyri. The percentage of latencies
      longer than 1 SD differed widely across gyri. The dominant hemisphere showed a
      greater number of longer latencies than the nondominant hemisphere (p < 0.0001).
      Moreover, tumor location-dependent changes in distribution of polysynaptic
      latencies were observed (p = 0.0002). Motor-function deficit did not show any
      statistically significant effect. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of primary and
      polysynaptic motor areas changes in patients with brain tumors and highly depends
      on tumor location. Thus, these data should be considered for resection planning.

PMID- 26967782
TI  - Editorial: Acute stress impacts psychomotor performance.

PMID- 26967783
TI  - Racial disparities in the diagnosis and management of trigeminal neuralgia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE A number of studies have documented inequalities in care and outcomes
      for a variety of clinical conditions. The authors sought to identify racial and
      socioeconomic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
      (TN), as well as the potential underlying reasons for those disparities, which
      could serve as areas of focus for future quality improvement initiatives. METHODS
      The medical records of patients with an ICD-9 code of 350.1, signifying a
      diagnosis of TN, at the Henry Ford Medical Group (HFMG) in the period from 2006
      to 2012 were searched, and clinical and socioeconomic data were retrospectively
      reviewed. Analyses were conducted to assess potential racial differences in
      subspecialty referral patterns and the specific type of treatment modality
      undertaken for patients with TN. RESULTS The authors identified 652 patients
      eligible for analysis. Compared with white patients, black patients were less
      likely to undergo percutaneous ablative procedures, stereotactic radiosurgery, or
      microvascular decompression (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in the
      likelihood of blacks and whites undergoing a procedure once they had seen a
      neurosurgeon (67% vs 70%, respectively; p = 0.712). Blacks and whites were
      equally likely to be seen by a neurologist or neurosurgeon if they were initially
      seen in either the emergency room (38% vs 37%, p = 0.879) or internal medicine
      (48% vs 50%, p = 0.806). Among patients diagnosed (268 patients) after the 2008
      publication of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the American
      Academy of Neurology guidelines for medical therapy for TN, fewer than 50% were
      on medications sanctioned by the guidelines, and there were no statistically
      significant racial disparities between white and black patients (p = 0.060).
      CONCLUSIONS According to data from a large database from one of the nation's
      largest comprehensive health care systems, there were significant racial
      disparities in the likelihood of a patient undergoing a procedure for TN. This
      appeared to stem from outside HFMG from a difference in referral patterns to the
      neurologists and neurosurgeons.

PMID- 26967781
TI  - Natural history of colloid cysts of the third ventricle.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Colloid cysts are rare, histologically benign lesions that may result
      in obstructive hydrocephalus and death. Understanding the natural history of
      colloid cysts has been challenging given their low incidence and the small number
      of cases in most reported series. This has complicated efforts to establish
      reliable prognostic factors and surgical indications, particularly for
      asymptomatic patients with incidental lesions. Risk factors for obstructive
      hydrocephalus in the setting of colloid cysts remain poorly defined, and there
      are no grading scales on which to develop standard management strategies. METHODS
      The authors performed a single-center retrospective review of all cases of
      colloid cysts of the third ventricle treated over nearly 2 decades at Washington
      University. Univariate analysis was used to identify clinical, imaging, and
      anatomical factors associated with 2 outcome variables: symptomatic clinical
      status and presentation with obstructive hydrocephalus. A risk-prediction model
      was defined using bootstrapped logistic regression. Predictive factors were then
      combined into a simple 5-point clinical scale referred to as the Colloid Cyst
      Risk Score (CCRS), and this was evaluated with receiver-operator characteristics.
      RESULTS The study included 163 colloid cysts, more than half of which were
      discovered incidentally. More than half of the incidental cysts (58%) were
      followed with surveillance neuroimaging (mean follow-up 5.1 years). Five patients
      with incidental cysts (8.8%) progressed and underwent resection. No patient with
      an incidental, asymptomatic colloid cyst experienced acute obstructive
      hydrocephalus or sudden neurological deterioration in the absence of antecedent
      trauma. Nearly half (46.2%) of symptomatic patients presented with hydrocephalus.
      Eight patients (12.3%) presented acutely, and there were 2 deaths due to
      obstructive hydrocephalus and herniation. The authors identified several factors
      that were strongly correlated with the 2 outcome variables and defined third
      ventricle risk zones where colloid cysts can cause obstructive hydrocephalus. No
      patient with a lesion outside these risk zones presented with obstructive
      hydrocephalus. The CCRS had significant predictive capacity for symptomatic
      clinical status (area under the curve [AUC] 0.917) and obstructive hydrocephalus
      (AUC 0.845). A CCRS >= 4 was significantly associated with obstructive
      hydrocephalus (p < 0.0001, RR 19.4). CONCLUSIONS Patients with incidentally
      discovered colloid cysts can experience both lesion enlargement and symptom
      progression or less commonly, contraction and symptom regression. Incidental
      lesions rarely cause acute obstructive hydrocephalus or sudden neurological
      deterioration in the absence of antecedent trauma. Nearly one-half of patients
      with symptomatic colloid cysts present with obstructive hydrocephalus, which has
      an associated 3.1% risk of death. The CCRS is a simple 5-point clinical tool that
      can be used to identify symptomatic lesions and stratify the risk of obstructive
      hydrocephalus. External validation of the CCRS will be necessary before objective
      surgical indications can be established. Surgical intervention should be
      considered for all patients with CCRS >= 4, as they represent the high-risk
      subgroup.

PMID- 26967784
TI  - Impact of the 2006 Massachusetts health care insurance reform on neurosurgical
      procedures and patient insurance status.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The Massachusetts health care insurance reform law passed in 2006 has
      many similarities to the federal Affordable Care Act (ACA). To address concerns
      that the ACA might negatively impact case volume and reimbursement for
      physicians, the authors analyzed trends in the number of neurosurgical procedures
      by type and patient insurance status in Massachusetts before and after the
      implementation of the state's health care insurance reform. The results can
      provide insight into the future of neurosurgery in the American health care
      system. METHODS The authors analyzed data from the Massachusetts State Inpatient
      Database on patients who underwent neurosurgical procedures in Massachusetts from
      2001 through 2012. These data included patients' insurance status (insured or
      uninsured) and the numbers of procedures performed classified by neurosurgical
      procedural codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,
      Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Each neurosurgical procedure was grouped into 1
      of 4 categories based on ICD-9-CM codes: 1) tumor, 2) other cranial/vascular, 3)
      shunts, and 4) spine. Comparisons were performed of the numbers of procedures
      performed and uninsured patients, before and after the implementation of the
      reform law. Data from the state of New York were used as a control. All data were
      controlled for population differences. RESULTS After 2008, there were declines in
      the numbers of uninsured patients who underwent neurosurgical procedures in
      Massachusetts in all 4 categories. The number of procedures performed for tumor
      and spine were unchanged, whereas other cranial/vascular procedures increased.
      Shunt procedures decreased after implementation of the reform law but exhibited a
      similar trend to the control group. In New York, the number of spine surgeries
      increased, as did the percentage of procedures performed on uninsured patients.
      Other cranial/vascular procedures decreased. CONCLUSIONS After the Massachusetts
      health care insurance reform, the number of uninsured individuals undergoing
      neurosurgical procedures significantly decreased for all categories, but more
      importantly, the total number of surgeries performed did not change dramatically.
      To the extent that trends in Massachusetts can predict the overall US experience,
      we can expect that some aspects of reimbursement may be positively impacted by
      the ACA. Neurosurgeons, who often treat patients with urgent conditions, may be
      affected differently than other specialists.

PMID- 26967785
TI  - Snare technique for the remodeling of the redundant arachnoid pouch to prevent
      cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and hematoma collection during transsphenoidal
      surgery for suprasellar-extended pituitary tumors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is considered a most effective treatment
      for pituitary tumors with huge suprasellar extension. However, the chance of
      developing CSF leakage is relatively high, because tearing of the arachnoid
      membrane is common and there could be multiple tear points during the dissection
      of suprasellar tumors from the overlying arachnoid membrane. If there are
      multiple leaking points in the arachnoid membrane packing methods such as using
      fat or multilayered fascia graft may not be sufficient to seal off the leaking
      points. Moreover, the packing material may not provide sufficient tamponade to
      stop bleeding, and thus generates postoperative hematoma formation in the tumor
      resection cavity. To prevent these complications, the authors have developed a
      new technique for remodeling the redundant arachnoid pouch (the so-called snare
      technique) to reconstruct the diaphragm, seal off the CSF leak points completely,
      and reduce the dead space in the tumor resection cavity. METHODS In 9 patients
      with huge macroadenomas (> 2.5 cm in diameter) with suprasellar extension, the
      snare technique was used to remodel the arachnoid pouch after tumor removal via
      standard TSS between July 2009 and August 2014. Complications were investigated,
      including postoperative CSF rhinorrhea, postoperative hematoma collection, and
      visual compromise. RESULTS During the resection of the tumor, CSF leakage was
      encountered in 8 cases, all of which were sealed off using the snare technique.
      In 1 case without intraoperative CSF leakage, the snare technique was also
      applied after intentional puncturing of the arachnoid membrane to reduce the
      volume and tension of the arachnoid pouch. None of the 9 patients experienced
      postoperative CSF rhinorrhea. Lumbar CSF drainage was not required in any case.
      Magnetic resonance imaging studies performed 24 hours after surgery revealed a
      remarkable reduction in the height of the diaphragm in all cases. Visual deficits
      improved in all patients immediately after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Remodeling of the
      arachnoid pouch using the snare technique is simple and effective for completely
      sealing off the CSF leak point and preventing hematoma collection in the tumor
      resection cavity after TSS for huge pituitary tumors with suprasellar extension.

PMID- 26967786
TI  - Exclusive endoscopic transcanal transpromontorial approach: a new perspective for
      internal auditory canal vestibular schwannoma treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the first case series in which an
      exclusive endoscopic transcanal transpromontorial approach (EETTA) was used to
      treat small vestibular schwannomas (VSs) and meningiomas of the internal auditory
      canal (IAC). METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of patients who
      had undergone surgery using an EETTA to the IAC at 2 university tertiary care
      referral centers during the period from November 2011 to January 2015. RESULTS
      Ten patients underwent surgery via an EETTA for the treatment of VS in the IAC at
      the University Hospital of Modena or the University Hospital of Verona. The
      patients had Koos Grade I or II tumors and American Academy of Otolaryngology
      Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) Class D hearing status preoperatively. Gross
      total resection was achieved in all patients. No major complications such as
      cerebrospinal fluid leakage or hemorrhage were reported. In 7 of 10 (70%)
      patients, facial nerve function was normal immediately after surgery (Rough
      Grading System [RGS] Grade I). Two patients presented with a transitory facial
      palsy immediately after surgery (RGS Grade II-III) but experienced complete
      recovery during the follow-up period. The mean follow-up was 10 months.
      CONCLUSIONS The EETTA proved to be successful for the removal of VS or meningioma
      involving the cochlea, fundus, and IAC, with possible lower complication rates
      and less invasive procedures than those for traditional microscopic approaches.
      The potential for the extensive and routine use of this approach in lateral and
      posterior skull base surgery will depend on the development of technology and
      surgical refinements and on the diffusion of skull base endoscopic skills among
      the otolaryngological and neurosurgical communities.

PMID- 26967787
TI  - Impact of acute stress on psychomotor bimanual performance during a simulated
      tumor resection task.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Severe bleeding during neurosurgical operations can result in acute
      stress affecting the bimanual psychomotor performance of the operator, leading to
      surgical error and an adverse patient outcome. Objective methods to assess the
      influence of acute stress on neurosurgical bimanual psychomotor performance have
      not been developed. Virtual reality simulators, such as NeuroTouch, allow the
      testing of acute stress on psychomotor performance in risk-free environments.
      Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the impact of a simulated
      stressful virtual reality tumor resection scenario by utilizing NeuroTouch to
      answer 2 questions: 1) What is the impact of acute stress on bimanual psychomotor
      performance during the resection of simulated tumors? 2) Does acute stress
      influence bimanual psychomotor performance immediately following the stressful
      episode? METHODS Study participants included 6 neurosurgeons, 6 senior and 6
      junior neurosurgical residents, and 6 medical students. Participants resected a
      total of 6 simulated tumors, 1 of which (Tumor 4) involved uncontrollable
      "intraoperative" bleeding resulting in simulated cardiac arrest and thus
      providing the acute stress scenario. Tier 1 metrics included extent of blood
      loss, percentage of tumor resected, and "normal" brain tissue volume removed.
      Tier 2 metrics included simulated suction device (sucker) and ultrasonic
      aspirator total tip path length, as well as the sum and maximum forces applied in
      using these instruments. Advanced Tier 2 metrics included efficiency index,
      coordination index, ultrasonic aspirator path length index, and ultrasonic
      aspirator bimanual forces ratio. All metrics were assessed before, during, and
      after the stressful scenario. RESULTS The stress scenario caused expected
      significant increases in blood loss in all participant groups. Extent of tumor
      resected and brain volume removed decreased in the junior resident and medical
      student groups. Sucker total tip path length increased in the neurosurgeon group,
      whereas sucker forces increased in the senior resident group. Psychomotor
      performance on advanced Tier 2 metrics was altered during the stress scenario in
      all participant groups. Performance on all advanced Tier 2 metrics returned to
      pre-stress levels in the post-stress scenario tumor resections. CONCLUSIONS
      Results demonstrated that acute stress initiated by simulated severe
      intraoperative bleeding significantly decreases bimanual psychomotor performance
      during the acute stressful episode. The simulated intraoperative bleeding event
      had no significant influence on the advanced Tier 2 metrics monitored during the
      immediate post-stress operative performance.

PMID- 26967788
TI  - Bioinformatic analyses reveal a distinct Notch activation induced by STAT3
      phosphorylation in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of malignant
      glioma. The Cancer Genome Atlas divides the gene expression-based classification
      of GBM into classical, mesenchymal, neural, and proneural subtypes, which is
      important for understanding GBM etiology and for designing effective personalized
      therapy. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a critical
      transcriptional activator in tumorigenesis, is persistently phosphorylated and
      associated with an unfavorable prognosis in GBM. Although a set of specific
      targets has been identified, there have been no systematic analyses of STAT3
      signaling based on GBM subtype. METHODS This study compared STAT3-associated
      messenger RNA, protein, and microRNA expression profiles across different
      subtypes of GBM. RESULTS The analyses revealed a prominent role for STAT3 in the
      mesenchymal but not in other GBM subtypes, which can be reliably used to classify
      patients with mesenchymal GBM into 2 groups according to phosphorylated STAT3
      expression level. Differentially expressed genes suggest an association between
      Notch and STAT3 signaling in the mesenchymal subtype. Their association was
      validated in the U87 cell, a malignant glioma cell line annotated as mesenchymal
      subtype. Specific associated proteins and microRNAs further profile the STAT3
      signaling among GBM subtypes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a prominent role
      for STAT3 signaling in mesenchymal GBM and highlight the importance of
      identifying signaling pathways that contribute to specific cancer subtypes.

PMID- 26967789
TI  - Prior Infarcts, Reactivity, and Angiography in Moyamoya Disease (PIRAMD): a
      scoring system for moyamoya severity based on multimodal hemodynamic imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Quantification of the severity of vasculopathy and its impact on
      parenchymal hemodynamics is a necessary prerequisite for informing management
      decisions and evaluating intervention response in patients with moyamoya. The
      authors performed digital subtraction angiography and noninvasive structural and
      hemodynamic MRI, and they outline a new classification system for patients with
      moyamoya that they have named Prior Infarcts, Reactivity, and Angiography in
      Moyamoya Disease (PIRAMD). METHODS Healthy control volunteers (n = 11; age 46 +/-
      12 years [mean +/- SD]) and patients (n = 25; 42 +/- 13.5 years) with
      angiographically confirmed moyamoya provided informed consent and underwent
      structural (T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, MR angiography) and hemodynamic (T2*
      and cerebral blood flow-weighted) 3-T MRI. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in
      the internal carotid artery territory was assessed using susceptibility-weighted
      MRI during a hypercapnic stimulus. Only hemispheres without prior
      revascularization were assessed. Each hemisphere was considered symptomatic if
      localizing signs were present on neurological examination and/or there was a
      history of transient ischemic attack with symptoms referable to that hemisphere.
      The PIRAMD factor weighting versus symptomatology was optimized using binary
      logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with
      bootstrapping. The PIRAMD finding was scored from 0 to 10. For each hemisphere, 1
      point was assigned for prior infarct, 3 points for reduced CVR, 3 points for a
      modified Suzuki Score >= Grade II, and 3 points for flow impairment in >= 2 of 7
      predefined vascular territories. Hemispheres were divided into 3 severity grades
      based on total PIRAMD score, as follows: Grade 1, 0-5 points; Grade 2, 6-9
      points; and Grade 3, 10 points. RESULTS In 28 of 46 (60.9%) hemispheres the
      findings met clinical symptomatic criteria. With decreased CVR, the odds ratio of
      having a symptomatic hemisphere was 13 (95% CI 1.1-22.6, p = 0.002). The area
      under the curve for individual PIRAMD factors was 0.67-0.72, and for the PIRAMD
      grade it was 0.845. There were 0/8 (0%), 10/18 (55.6%), and 18/20 (90%)
      symptomatic PIRAMD Grade 1, 2, and 3 hemispheres, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A
      scoring system for total impairment is proposed that uses noninvasive MRI
      parameters. This scoring system correlates with symptomatology and may provide a
      measure of hemodynamic severity in moyamoya, which could be used for guiding
      management decisions and evaluating intervention response.

PMID- 26967791
TI  - Sulfonyl Azides as Precursors in Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of
      Sulfonyl Carbamates and Sulfonyl Ureas and Synthesis of Sulfonamides.
AB  - An efficient synthesis of sulfonyl carbamates and sulfonyl ureas from sulfonyl
      azides employing a palladium-catalyzed carbonylation protocol has been developed.
      Using a two-chamber system, sulfonyl azides, PdCl2, and CO gas, released ex situ
      from Mo(CO)6, were assembled to generate sulfonyl isocyanates in situ, and
      alcohols and aryl amines were exploited as nucleophiles to afford a broad range
      of sulfonyl carbamates and sulfonyl ureas. A protocol for the direct formation of
      substituted sulfonamides from sulfonyl azides and amines via nucleophilic
      substitution was also developed. 

PMID- 26967790
TI  - De Novo DQ Donor-Specific Antibodies Are Associated with Chronic Lung Allograft
      Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation.
AB  - RATIONALE: Despite increasing evidence about the role of donor-specific human
      leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in transplant outcomes, the incidence and
      impact of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) after lung transplantation
      remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence, characteristics, and
      impact of dnDSA after lung transplantation. METHODS: We investigated a single
      center cohort of 340 lung transplant recipients undergoing transplant during 2008
      to 2011. All patients underwent HLA-antibody testing quarterly pretransplant and
      at regular intervals over the first 24 months after transplant. The patients
      received modified immunosuppression depending on their pretransplant
      sensitization status. Risk factors for dnDSA development, as well as the
      associations of dnDSA with patient survival and chronic lung allograft
      dysfunction (CLAD), were determined using multivariable analysis. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of dnDSA was 47% at a median of 86
      days (range, 44-185 d) after lung transplantation. Seventy-six percent of
      recipients with dnDSA had DQ-DSA. Male sex and the use of ex vivo lung perfusion
      were associated with an increased risk of dnDSA, whereas increased HLA-DQB1
      matching was protective. DQ-dnDSA preceded or coincided with the diagnosis of
      CLAD in all cases. Developing dnDSA (vs. no dnDSA) was associated with a twofold
      increased risk of CLAD (hazard ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.69).
      This association appeared to be driven by the development of DQ-dnDSA.
      CONCLUSIONS: dnDSA are common after lung transplantation, with the majority being
      DQ DSA. DQ-dnDSA are associated with an increased risk of CLAD. Strategies to
      prevent or treat DQ-dnDSA may improve outcomes for lung transplant recipients.

PMID- 26967792
TI  - Low thermal conductivity and improved thermoelectric performance of
      nanocrystalline silicon germanium films by sputtering.
AB  - Si x Ge1-x alloys are well-known thermoelectric materials with a high figure of
      merit at high temperatures. In this work, metal-induced crystallization (MIC) has
      been used to grow Si0.8Ge0.2 films that present improved thermoelectric
      performance (zT = 5.6 * 10(-4) at room temperature)--according to previously
      reported values on films--with a relatively large power factor (sigma . S (2) =
      16 MUW . m(-1) . K(-2)). More importantly, a reduction in the thermal
      conductivity at room temperature (kappa = 1.13 +/- 0.12 W . m(-1) . K(-1))
      compared to other Si-Ge films (~3 W . m(-1) . K(-1)) has been found. Whereas the
      usual crystallization of amorphous SiGe (a-SiGe) is achieved at high temperatures
      and for long times, which triggers dopant loss, MIC reduces the crystallization
      temperature and the heating time. The associated dopant loss is thus avoided,
      resulting in a nanostructuration of the film. Using this method, we obtained
      Si0.8Ge0.2 films (grown by DC plasma sputtering) with appropriate compositional
      and structural properties. Different thermal treatments were tested in situ (by
      heating the sample inside the deposition chamber) and ex situ (annealed in an
      external furnace with controlled conditions). From the studies of the films by: x
      ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron radiation grazing incidence x-ray diffraction
      (SR-GIXRD), micro Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photoemission
      spectroscopy (XPS), Hall effect, Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal
      conductivity measurements, we observed that the in situ films at 500  degrees C
      presented the best zT values with no gold contamination.

PMID- 26967793
TI  - The Breaking and Mending of meso-Tetraarylporphyrins: Transmuting the Pyrrolic
      Building Blocks.
AB  - Naturally occurring porphyrins and hydroporphyrins vary with respect to their
      ring substituents and oxidation states, but their tetrapyrrolic frameworks remain
      fully preserved across all kingdoms of life; there are no naturally occurring
      porphyrin-like macrocycles known that contain nonpyrrolic building blocks.
      However, the study of porphyrin analogues in which one or two pyrroles were
      replaced with nonpyrrolic building blocks might shed light on the correlation
      between structural modulation and ground and excited state optical properties of
      the "pigments of life", unlocking their mechanisms of function. Also,
      porphyrinoids with strong absorbance and emission spectra in the NIR are sought
      after in technical (e.g., light-harvesting) and biomedical (e.g., imaging and
      photochemotherapy) applications. These porphyrin analogues, the so-called pyrrole
      modified porphyrins (PMPs), are synthetically accessible using total syntheses.
      Alternatively-and most handily-they can also be formed by conversion of synthetic
      porphyrins. Guided by older reports of the fortuitous modifications of porphyrins
      into PMPs, our research program generalized the so-dubbed "Breaking and Mending
      of Porphyrins" approach toward PMPs. This method to convert a pyrrole in meso
      tetraarylporphyrins to a nonpyrrolic building block with high precision relies on
      a number of distinct steps. Step 1: The porphyrin is functionalized in a way that
      activates one or two peripheral double bonds toward breakage; in all cases
      surveyed here, this step is an osmium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylation to
      generate dihydroxychlorin and tetrahydroxybacteriochlorins. Step 2: The
      activated, dihydroxylated beta,beta'-bond is "broken". Step 3: The functional
      groups resulting from the ring-cleavage reactions are utilized in subsequent
      "mending" steps to form the PMPs, that themselves may be subject to further
      modifications, Step 4. Thus, PMPs in which a pyrrole was degraded to an imine
      linkage, contracted to a four-membered ring, or expanded by oxygen, sulfur,
      carbon, or nitrogen atoms to form six-membered building blocks have become
      accessible. This approach also allowed the replacement of a single beta-carbon
      atom by a nitrogen or oxygen atom. Depending on the ring size, conformation,
      conformational flexibility, the oxidation state of the pyrrole replacements, or
      the presence of substituents that pi-extend the chromophores, the PMPs possess
      porphyrin- or hydroporphyrin-like optical spectra, or they show altogether unique
      electronic properties. Some PMP classes allow the fine-tuning of their absorption
      range; others exhibit panchromatic absorption spectra from the UV to the NIR.
      Several PMPs take up persistent chiral helimeric conformations that could be
      resolved. This Account summarizes the scopes of the "Breaking and Mending"
      methodology with a special focus on laying out the structural diversity of PMPs
      accessible from meso-tetraarylporphyrins and highlighting their optical
      properties, with the aim of encouraging their further study and application.

PMID- 26967794
TI  - Influence of an Enterococcus faecium probiotic on the development of Peyer's
      patches B cells in piglets.
AB  - To study the interactions between a probiotic bacterium and the host's immune
      system, we undertook a feeding trial with Enterococcus faecium SF68 (NCIMB
      10415). Starting at an age of 1 day, piglets received a daily oral dose of the
      probiotic bacteria. Immune cells were isolated from the blood and the distal
      continuous Peyer's patch (PP) of the piglets. While the percentage of B cells in
      the distal continuous PP was not influenced by the probiotic treatment, an
      elevated expression of CD1 on Peyer's patch B cells was observed after probiotic
      treatment. Furthermore, the fraction of CD4-CD8+ cells was decreased in this
      organ. In blood lymphocyte fractions of the probiotic-treated piglets, the
      proportion of CD16-positive cells was also diminished, whereas the portion of
      gammadelta T cells and CD4-positive T cells increased. The data indicate that
      early administration of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium can modulate the
      composition of blood lymphocyte populations in piglets. 

PMID- 26967795
TI  - Standardised ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibilities in protein
      supplements for piglets.
AB  - Standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein and amino acids (AA)
      originating from 24 different feed ingredients, including 11 feed ingredients
      produced from soybeans, seven by-products of starch processing, four whey
      products and two fish meals, were determined in piglets by means of the
      difference method. For the indispensable AA, the highest SID values were obtained
      in three out of four whey proteins (SID >=90% for most indispensable AA), one out
      of two fish meals (SID >=86%), soy protein concentrate, hydrolysed soy protein
      isolate (SID >=86% for most indispensable AA), and by-products of starch
      processing (SID >=84% for most indispensable AA). The lowest SID values were
      obtained in extruded soybeans and microbially fermented soy protein (SID <=78%
      for most indispensable AA), whereas the SID values for high-protein soybean meal
      were intermediate (SID 80-89% for indispensable AA except for Thr). The SID
      values in the three enzymatically fermented soy proteins (SID 80-94% for most
      indispensable AA) were similar to those in high-protein soybean meal and soy
      protein concentrate. The results of the present study indicate that SID values of
      AA in feed ingredients for piglets differ considerably from those reported for
      grower-finisher pigs, thus there may be a need for separate feed tables for
      piglets. 

PMID- 26967796
TI  - Identification of cobalamin and cobalamin analogues along the gastrointestinal
      tract of dairy cows.
AB  - Cobalamin analogues in samples of rumen fluid, duodenal and ileal digesta and
      faeces of lactating dairy cows collected during the course of two nutritional
      studies were identified using a recently developed liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry method in order to determine if changes in diet composition could
      alter their proportions. Only cobalamin and cobinamine were detected in
      feedstuffs; six supplementary analogues were detected in the gastrointestinal
      tract content. The proportion of analogues produced by the gastrointestinal
      microflora was higher than the vitamin itself. The mode of conservation of forage
      had no effect on the proportion of analogues in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta and
      faeces, whereas increasing metabolisable protein supply raised the proportion of
      analogues reaching the duodenum (p = 0.008). The proportion of analogues was
      higher in ileal than duodenal digesta, this observation probably indicates a
      preferential absorption of cobalamin in the small intestine. The present results
      showed that changes in diet composition could alter cobalamin synthesis in rumen.

PMID- 26967797
TI  - Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by dietary saponins
      and tannins from mangosteen peel and soapberry fruit.
AB  - Four fistulated Holstein Friesian heifers were used in a 4 * 4 Latin square
      design with a 2 * 2 factorial arrangement. The main factors were two roughage-to
      concentrate ratios (R:C, 70:30 and 30:70) and two supplementation levels of
      soapberry fruit-mangosteen peel (SM) pellets (0 and 4% tannins-saponins of total
      diets). Rice straw was used as a roughage source. The diet was fed ad libitum as
      a total mixed ration. SM pellets contained crude tannins and saponins at 12.1 and
      15.7% of DM, respectively. It was found that at R:C 30:70 the DM intake and the
      digestibility of DM, CP and NDF were increased (p < 0.05), while SM pellet
      supplementation reduced the DM digestibility (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was decreased
      at R:C 30:70. Total VFA and propionate was increased at high concentrate level
      and after SM pellet supplementation (p < 0.05); simultaneously, the acetate
      concentration and the acetate-to-propionate ratios were decreased (p < 0.05).
      Methane production was decreased at R:C 30:70 and additionally when SM pellets
      were supplemented (p < 0.05). This was in agreement with the percentage of
      methanogens in total ruminal DNA. Furthermore, the number of fungal zoospores
      were reduced at a higher concentrate proportion (R:C 30:70) and by SM-pellet
      supplementation (p < 0.05). Protozoal populations were diminished when SM pellets
      were supplemented (p < 0.05). In this study, it was shown that the roughage-to
      concentrate ratio, as well as the supplementation of SM pellets containing
      condensed tannins and saponins, caused changes in ruminal microorganisms and
      their fermentation end-products.

PMID- 26967798
TI  - The effect of the source of nitrogen supplementation on nitrogen balance, rates
      of plasma leucine turnover, protein synthesis and degradation in sheep.
AB  - Combined experiments of the isotope dilution method of [1-(13)C]leucine, open
      circuit calorimetry and nitrogen (N) balance test were used to determine the
      effect of the source of N supplementation on N balance, whole body protein
      synthesis (WBPS) and degradation (WBPD) in sheep. The experiment was performed in
      a replicated 3 * 3 Latin square design. The control diet consisted of timothy
      hay, ground maize and soybean meal. The urea diet was the control diet
      supplemented with 1.5% urea. The SBM diet contained the same N and metabolisable
      energy as the urea diet, which was reached by changing ground maize and soybean
      meal weights of the control diet. Nitrogen retention was greater (p < 0.05) for
      the urea diet than the control and SBM diets. Plasma urea concentrations were
      highest for the SBM diet, followed by the urea diet, and the control diet was
      lowest. The WBPS and WBPD did not differ between diets, but were numerically
      lower for the urea and SBM diets. These results suggest that in sheep, urea
      supplementation influenced N retention without clear changes in WBPS and WBPD.

PMID- 26967799
TI  - In vivo (rat) and in vitro (Caco-2 cells) absorption of amino acids from legume
      protein isolates as compared to lactalbumin or casein.
AB  - The amino acid absorption from legume protein isolates (from chickpeas, CPI; and
      lupins, LPI) was studied in in vivo and in vitro experiments in comparison to
      animal proteins (casein and lactalbumin). In the in vivo experiment on rats, the
      diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogen (per kg diet 15.5 MJ digestible energy
      and 150 g protein, respectively). At 150 min after feeding, the concentration of
      free amino acids in arterial and portal blood plasma of rats fed legume proteins
      was significantly different (p < 0.05) from rats fed animal protein
      (lactalbumin). In arterial plasma the concentration for Met, Leu, Trp and Lys in
      rats fed legume proteins was lower than lactalbumin controls and for Val and Cys
      higher; in portal plasma, the concentration of free Met, Leu, Trp and Lys was
      lower, and the concentration of Cys was higher in rats fed legume proteins than
      in rats fed lactalbumin. The cumulative (total mM at 195 min after ingestion) and
      net absorption (% of ingested amounts) of Met, Leu, Trp and Lys were higher (p <
      0.01) for rats fed lactalbumin as compared to those fed legume protein isolates
      or casein. In the in vitro study (Caco-2 cell monolayers), after 2 h incubation
      the transport values of all the individual amino acids in CPI and LPI, except for
      Glu, Val and Ile, were lower (p < 0.01) than for casein or lactalbumin. The
      results indicate that amino acids from chickpea and lupin protein isolates are
      absorbed at slower rates than those from animal proteins, which might explain the
      lower nutritional utilisation of legume storage proteins as compared with
      lactalbumin or casein.

PMID- 26967801
TI  - Carotid Artery Stenosis: Anesthetic Considerations for Open and Endovascular
      Management.

PMID- 26967802
TI  - Anesthesia for the Endovascular Management of Aortic Disease.

PMID- 26967804
TI  - Open Abdominal Aortic Surgery: Principles and Anesthetic Considerations.

PMID- 26967803
TI  - Anesthetic Management of Open Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

PMID- 26967805
TI  - Phantom Limb Pain: A Review.

PMID- 26967807
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26967800
TI  - Preoperative Cardiac Evaluation and Management of the Patient Undergoing Major
      Vascular Surgery.

PMID- 26967808
TI  - Pressure-induced conformational switch of an interfacial protein.
AB  - A special class of proteins adopts an inactive conformation in aqueous solution
      and activates at an interface (such as the surface of lipid droplet) by switching
      their conformations. Lipase, an essential enzyme for breaking down lipids, serves
      as a model system for studying such interfacial proteins. The underlying
      conformational switch of lipase induced by solvent condition is achieved through
      changing the status of the gated substrate-access channel. Interestingly, a
      lipase was also reported to exhibit pressure activation, which indicates it is
      drastically active at high hydrostatic pressure. To unravel the molecular
      mechanism of this unusual phenomenon, we examined the structural changes induced
      by high hydrostatic pressures (up to 1500 MPa) using molecular dynamics
      simulations. By monitoring the width of the access channel, we found that the
      protein undergoes a conformational transition and opens the access channel at
      high pressures (>100 MPa). Particularly, a disordered amphiphilic alpha5 region
      of the protein becomes ordered at high pressure. This positive correlation
      between the channel opening and alpha5 ordering is consistent with the early
      findings of the gating motion in the presence of a water-oil interface.
      Statistical analysis of the ensemble of conformations also reveals the essential
      collective motions of the protein and how these motions contribute to gating.
      Arguments are presented as to why heightened sensitivity to high-pressure
      perturbation can be a general feature of switchable interfacial proteins. Further
      mutations are also suggested to validate our observations. Proteins 2016; 84:820
      827. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26967809
TI  - Reaching a consensus on scoring instruments for infantile hemangioma: are we
      there yet?

PMID- 26967811
TI  - Error in Byline.

PMID- 26967810
TI  - X-ray Crystallographic Structures of a Trimer, Dodecamer, and Annular Pore Formed
      by an Abeta17-36 beta-Hairpin.
AB  - High-resolution structures of oligomers formed by the beta-amyloid peptide Abeta
      are needed to understand the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease and develop
      therapies. This paper presents the X-ray crystallographic structures of oligomers
      formed by a 20-residue peptide segment derived from Abeta. The development of a
      peptide in which Abeta17-36 is stabilized as a beta-hairpin is described, and the
      X-ray crystallographic structures of oligomers it forms are reported. Two
      covalent constraints act in tandem to stabilize the Abeta17-36 peptide in a
      hairpin conformation: a delta-linked ornithine turn connecting positions 17 and
      36 to create a macrocycle and an intramolecular disulfide linkage between
      positions 24 and 29. An N-methyl group at position 33 blocks uncontrolled
      aggregation. The peptide readily crystallizes as a folded beta-hairpin, which
      assembles hierarchically in the crystal lattice. Three beta-hairpin monomers
      assemble to form a triangular trimer, four trimers assemble in a tetrahedral
      arrangement to form a dodecamer, and five dodecamers pack together to form an
      annular pore. This hierarchical assembly provides a model, in which full-length
      Abeta transitions from an unfolded monomer to a folded beta-hairpin, which
      assembles to form oligomers that further pack to form an annular pore. This model
      may provide a better understanding of the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease
      at atomic resolution. 

PMID- 26967813
TI  - Incidence and Diagnosis of Pertussis in South African Children Hospitalized With
      Lower Respiratory Tract Infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of pertussis in children in low- and middle-income
      countries is poorly described. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the
      incidence of pertussis in South African children hospitalized with lower
      respiratory tract infection (LRTI). METHODS: Children hospitalized with LRTI in
      Cape Town, South Africa were enrolled over 1 year. Clinical data were collected.
      A nasopharyngeal (NP) swab and induced sputum (IS) were taken, and polymerase
      chain reaction specific for Bordetella pertussis (IS481+/hIS1001-) and Bordetella
      parapertussis (IS1001+) was performed. RESULTS: A total of 460 children with
      median age 8 [interquartile range (IQR), 4-18] months were studied. B. pertussis
      was detected in 17 (3.7%) while total Bordetella spp. were identified on 23 (5.0
      %) of 460 NP. Adding IS testing increased the identification of B. pertussis to
      32 of 460 cases (7.0%; 95% confidence interval, 4.8%-9.7%); P = 0.028 and total
      Bordetella to 41 of 460 (8.9%; 95% confidence interval, 4-10%); P = 0.020.
      Shorter duration of symptoms [median 2 (IQR, 2-3) days versus 5 (IQR, 3-7) days;
      P = 0.0008] was associated with detection of B. pertussis on IS versus NP. B.
      pertussis was detected in 15.8% (n=3/19) of HIV-infected children, 10.9% (n =
      10/92) of HIV exposed uninfected and 5.4% (n = 19/349) of HIV-unexposed
      uninfected children. Risk of B. pertussis decreased with each additional dose of
      diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine [0 doses = 17.9%; 1 dose =
      7.0%; 2 doses = 6.9%; and >3 doses = 6.2%]. CONCLUSIONS: Pertussis is common in
      South African children hospitalized with LRTI particularly if HIV exposed or
      infected but decreases sequentially with vaccination doses. Polymerase chain
      reaction on IS specimen provides confirmation earlier than NP while increasing
      overall diagnostic yield.

PMID- 26967812
TI  - Learning and Memory in Children and Adolescents With Perinatal HIV Infection and
      Perinatal HIV Exposure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Learning and memory in youth with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) are
      poorly understood, despite their importance for academic, healthcare and daily
      functioning. METHODS: PHIV (n = 173) and perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected
      (PHEU, n = 85) participants (aged 9-19 years) in a substudy of the Pediatric
      HIV/AIDS Cohort Study completed age-standardized tests of verbal and visual
      learning and delayed memory. Linear regression models implemented via generalized
      estimating equations were used to compare memory measures in PHEU participants
      versus PHIV youth with and without Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
      class C diagnosis (PHIV-C, n = 45 and PHIV-non-C, n = 128, respectively),
      adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS: Participants (mean age =
      14.10 years) were 54% female, 75% Black and 18% Hispanic. Although unadjusted
      analyses showed significantly lower visual recognition memory and verbal delayed
      recall for PHIV-C compared with PHEU participants and lower verbal learning for
      PHIV-C and non-C groups compared with PHEU, differences persisted only for visual
      recognition memory after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. For PHIV
      youth, current CD4% <25 was associated with poorer verbal learning, and older age
      at peak viral load was associated with poorer verbal delayed recall and design
      memory. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with PHIV, particularly those with Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention class C diagnosis, showed poorer performance on some
      measures of learning and memory compared with PHEU. Although group differences in
      verbal memory were largely attributable to sociodemographic characteristics,
      associations of class C diagnosis with poorer visual recognition memory and of
      current CD4% with poorer verbal learning suggest subtle effects of HIV on
      learning and memory in youth with PHIV.

PMID- 26967814
TI  - Acute Scedosporium apiospermum Endobronchial Infection in Cystic Fibrosis.
AB  - Fungi are known pathogens in cystic fibrosis patients. A boy with cystic fibrosis
      boy presented with acute respiratory distress. Bronchoscopy showed airways
      obstruction by mucus plugs and bronchial casts. Scedosporium apiospermum was
      identified as the only pathogen. Bronchoalveolar lavage successfully resolved the
      acute obstruction. Plastic bronchitis is a new clinical picture of acute
      Scedosporium endobronchial colonization in cystic fibrosis patients.

PMID- 26967816
TI  - SIKD Is On the Road.

PMID- 26967815
TI  - Trends in Infectious Disease Hospitalizations in US Children, 2000 to 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although infectious diseases (IDs) remain a major public health
      problem in US children, there have been no recent efforts to examine
      comprehensively the change in epidemiology of ID hospitalizations. METHODS: A
      serial cross-sectional analysis using the Kids' Inpatient Database 2000, 2003,
      2006, 2009, and 2012. We identified children <=19 years of age with a primary
      diagnosis of IDs. Outcomes were national rate of ID hospitalizations, in-hospital
      mortality, length-of-stay and hospitalization-related direct costs. Negative
      binomial and multivariable logistic models were constructed to test the change in
      hospitalization rate and in-hospital mortality, respectively. RESULTS: We
      identified 3,691,672 weighted hospitalizations for IDs, accounting for 24.5% of
      all pediatric hospitalizations. From 2000 to 2012, the rate of overall ID
      hospitalizations decreased from 91.0 to 75.8 per 10,000 US children (P < 0.001).
      The most frequently listed ID subgroup was lower respiratory infections (42.8% of
      all ID hospitalizations in 2012). Although the hospitalization rate for most ID
      subgroups decreased, the hospitalization rate for skin infections significantly
      increased (67.6% increase; P < 0.001). The multivariable model demonstrated a
      significant decline in in-hospital mortality (odds ratio for comparison of 2012
      with 2000, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.79). From 2000 to 2012, there
      was no significant change in the median length-of-stay (2 days in 2000 to 2 days
      in 2012; Ptrend = 0.33). The median direct cost for ID hospitalization increased
      from $3452 in 2003 to $3784 in 2012 (P = 0.007), with the nationwide direct cost
      of $4.4 billion in 2012. CONCLUSIONS: We found a statistically significant
      decline in overall ID hospitalization rate among US children from 2000 to 2012,
      whereas skin infections statistically significantly increased. In addition, the
      median direct cost per ID hospitalization increased by 10% during the study
      period.

PMID- 26967817
TI  - Thiamine synthesis regulates the fermentation mechanisms in the fungus
      Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a critical cofactor and its biosynthesis is under
      the control of TPP availability. Here we disrupted a predicted thiA gene of the
      fungus Aspergillus nidulans and demonstrated that it is essential for
      synthesizing cellular thiamine. The thiamine riboswitch is a post-transcriptional
      mechanism for TPP to repress gene expression and it is located on A. nidulans
      thiA pre-messenger RNA. The thiA riboswitch was not fully derepressed under
      thiamine-limited conditions, and fully derepressed under environmental stressors.
      Upon exposure to hypoxic stress, the fungus accumulated more ThiA and NmtA
      proteins, and more thiamine than under aerobic conditions. The thiA gene was
      required for the fungus to upregulate hypoxic branched-chain amino acids and
      ethanol fermentation that involve enzymes containing TPP. These findings indicate
      that hypoxia modulates thiA expression through the thiamine riboswitch, and
      alters cellular fermentation mechanisms by regulating the activity of the TPP
      enzymes. 

PMID- 26967818
TI  - Occurrence and prognostic significance of cytogenetic evolution in patients with
      multiple myeloma.
AB  - Cytogenetic evaluation at the time of diagnosis is essential for risk
      stratification in multiple myeloma, however little is known about the occurrence
      and prognostic significance of cytogenetic evolution during follow-up. We studied
      989 patients with multiple myeloma, including 304 patients with at least two
      cytogenetic evaluations. Multivariable-adjusted regression models were used to
      assess the associations between the parameters of interest and cytogenetic
      evolution as well as overall survival. The prognostic significance of baseline
      cytogenetic abnormalities was most pronounced at the time of diagnosis and
      attenuated over time. In the patients with serial cytogenetic evaluations, the
      presence of t(11;14) at the time of diagnosis was associated with decreased odds
      of cytogenetic evolution during follow-up (odds ratio (OR)=0.22, 95% confidence
      interval (CI)=0.09-0.56, P=0.001), while the presence of at least one trisomy or
      tetrasomy was associated with increased odds (OR=2.96, 95% CI=1.37-6.42,
      P=0.006). The development of additional abnormalities during the 3 years
      following diagnosis was associated with increased subsequent mortality (hazard
      ratio=3.31, 95% CI=1.73-6.30, P<0.001). These findings emphasize the importance
      of the underlying clonal disease process for risk assessment and suggest that
      selected patients may benefit from repeated risk stratification. 

PMID- 26967820
TI  - Loss in MCL-1 function sensitizes non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines to the BCL-2
      selective inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199).

PMID- 26967819
TI  - Development of highly aggressive mantle cell lymphoma after sofosbuvir treatment
      of hepatitis C.

PMID- 26967822
TI  - Imetelstat therapy in refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts with or without
      thrombocytosis.

PMID- 26967821
TI  - Lenalidomide treatment and prognostic markers in relapsed or refractory chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia: data from the prospective, multicenter phase-II CLL-009
      trial.
AB  - Efficacy of lenalidomide was investigated in 103 patients with
      relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated on the
      prospective, multicenter randomized phase-II CLL-009 trial. Interphase
      cytogenetic and mutational analyses identified TP53 mutations, unmutated IGHV, or
      del(17p) in 36/96 (37.5%), 68/88 (77.3%) or 22/92 (23.9%) patients. The overall
      response rate (ORR) was 40.4% (42/104). ORRs were similar irrespective of TP53
      mutation (36.1% (13/36) vs 43.3% (26/60) for patients with vs without mutation)
      or IGHV mutation status (45.0% (9/20) vs 39.1% (27/68)); however, patients with
      del(17p) had lower ORRs than those without del(17p) (21.7% (5/22) vs 47.1%
      (33/70); P=0.049). No significant differences in progression-free survival and
      overall survival (OS) were observed when comparing subgroups defined by the
      presence or absence of high-risk genetic characteristics. In multivariate
      analyses, only multiple prior therapies (?3 lines) significantly impacted
      outcomes (median OS: 21.2 months vs not reached; P=0.019). This analysis
      indicates that lenalidomide is active in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL
      with unfavorable genetic profiles, including TP53 inactivation or unmutated IGHV.
      (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00963105). 

PMID- 26967823
TI  - Biopsy-Induced Duodenal Hematoma Is Not an Infrequent Complication Favored by
      Bone Marrow Transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Intraduodenal hematoma (IDH) is an uncommon complication of
      endoscopic duodenal biopsy that can cause severe obstruction of the digestive,
      biliary, or pancreatic tracts. We aimed to analyze the risk factors and outcomes
      of biopsy-induced IDH in our series. METHODS: Between 2010 and 2014, a
      retrospective chart review was conducted for all children younger than 18 years
      of age treated for IDH. We collected their data in our tertiary pediatric center
      and compared them to those of controls matched for age, sex, and pathology.
      RESULTS: Among 2705 upper nontherapeutic endoscopies and 1163 duodenal biopsies,
      7 IDH occurred in 6 children suspected of developing graft-versus-host disease
      (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and in 1 patient with Noonan
      syndrome. The IDH prevalence was significantly higher after BMT compared to
      children who did not undergo grafting (7% vs 0.1%; P = 7.9 * 10; odds ratio =
      82). After a median delay of 48 hours, patients developed intestinal obstruction
      with abdominal pain and vomiting. The diagnosis was confirmed by using
      ultrasonography or computed tomography scans. Acute pancreatitis was determined
      in 3 out of 7 patients. Conservative treatment allowed complete resolution in all
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: IDH is not an infrequent complication of endoscopic
      duodenal biopsy, especially in patients who undergo BMT. Endoscopists should be
      especially careful during the duodenal biopsy procedure in these patients. With
      no early perforation due to post-biopsy IDH reported, the prognosis is good and
      conservative management generally leads to resolution of the symptoms in 2 to 3
      weeks.

PMID- 26967824
TI  - Pediatric Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in a Specialized Liver Unit: Prevalence,
      Profile, Outcome, and Predictive Factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence, profile, outcome,
      and predictive factors of pediatric acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).
      METHODS: All children 3 months to 18 years satisfying the Asia Pacific
      Association for the Study of Liver Diseases definition of ACLF were included.
      Data were both extracted from records (January 2011 to December 2014) and
      prospectively collected (January to October 2015). Successful outcome was defined
      as survival with native liver at 90 days, whereas poor outcome included those who
      died or received liver transplantation. RESULTS: Of the 499 children with chronic
      liver disease (CLD), 56 (11.2%) presented as ACLF, with a mean age of 9.35 (+/
      4.39) years. Wilson disease and autoimmune hepatitis were the commonest
      underlying CLDs accounting for 24 (42.8%) and 18 (32.1%) cases, respectively. The
      most frequent events precipitating ACLF were a flare up of the underlying disease
      in 27 (48.2%) and acute viral hepatitis in 17 (30%). Poor outcome occurred in 22
      (39.3%) children: 17 (30.4%) died and 5 (8.9%) received liver transplantation.
      Poor outcome was associated with grades 3 to 4 hepatic encephalopathy, bilirubin
      >=17.5, international normalized ratio >=3.5, and presence of 2 or more organ
      failures. On multivariate analysis, a Chronic Liver Failure-Sequential Organ
      Failure Assessment score >=10 best predicted mortality (odds ratio 20.45, 95%
      confidence interval 3.9-106.7). CONCLUSIONS: ACLF is present in 11.2% of
      childhood CLD, with a 90-day native liver survival of 61%. A Chronic Liver
      Failure-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of >=10 best predicts mortality
      at day 90.

PMID- 26967825
TI  - Free Amino Acids in Human Milk and Associations With Maternal Anthropometry and
      Infant Growth.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Free glutamic acid has an appetite-regulating effect and studies with
      infant formula have suggested that free amino acids (FAA), especially glutamic
      acid, can downregulate intake. The content of glutamic acid and glutamine is high
      in breast milk but varies considerably between mothers. The aim was to
      investigate whether maternal anthropometry was associated with the content of the
      FAA glutamic acid or glutamine in breast milk and whether there was a negative
      association between these FAA and current size or early infant growth in fully
      breastfed infants. METHODS: From a subgroup of 78 mothers, of which 50 were fully
      breast feeding, from the Odense Child Cohort breast milk samples were collected 4
      months after birth and analyzed for FAA. Information regarding breastfeeding
      status and infant weight and length was also recorded. RESULTS: There was a large
      variation in the concentration of the FAAs between mothers. Glutamic acid was
      positively correlated with mother's prepregnancy weight and height (P <= 0.028),
      but not body mass index. There was no negative correlation between the 2 FAA and
      infant weight or body mass index. Infant length at 4 months was, however,
      positively associated with glutamine, (P = 0.013) but the correlation was
      attenuated when controlling for birth length (P = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS: The
      hypothesis that a high content of glutamic acid and glutamine in breast milk
      could downregulate milk intake to a degree affecting early growth could not be
      confirmed. Maternal factors associated with the level of these FAA in milk and
      the potential effect on the infant should be investigated further.

PMID- 26967826
TI  - Spatially and Temporally Resolved Analysis of Environmental Trade-Offs in
      Electricity Generation.
AB  - The US power sector is a leading contributor of emissions that affect air quality
      and climate. It also requires a lot of water for cooling thermoelectric power
      plants. Although these impacts affect ecosystems and human health unevenly in
      space and time, there has been very little quantification of these environmental
      trade-offs on decision-relevant scales. This work quantifies hourly water
      consumption, emissions (i.e., carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur
      oxides), and marginal heat rates for 252 electricity generating units (EGUs) in
      the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) region in 2011 using a unit
      commitment and dispatch model (UC&D). Annual, seasonal, and daily variations, as
      well as spatial variability are assessed. When normalized over the grid, hourly
      average emissions and water consumption intensities (i.e., output per MWh) are
      found to be highest when electricity demand is the lowest, as baseload EGUs tend
      to be the most water and emissions intensive. Results suggest that a large
      fraction of emissions and water consumption are caused by a small number of power
      plants, mainly baseload coal-fired generators. Replacing 8-10 existing power
      plants with modern natural gas combined cycle units would result in reductions of
      19-29%, 51-55%, 60-62%, and 13-27% in CO2 emissions, NOx emissions, SOx
      emissions, and water consumption, respectively, across the ERCOT region for two
      different conversion scenarios.

PMID- 26967827
TI  - Hypersensitivity of Arabidopsis TAXIMIN1 overexpression lines to light stress is
      correlated with decreased sinapoyl malate abundance and countered by the
      antibiotic cefotaxime.
AB  - Peptide signaling in plants is involved in regulating development, (1,2) ensuring
      cross pollination through initiation of self-incompatibility (4) and assisting
      with recognition of beneficial (nitrogen fixing bacteria (5)) or unfavorable
      organisms (pathogens (6) or herbivores (7)). Peptides function to help plants to
      respond to a changing environment and improve their chances of survival.
      Constitutive expression of the gene encoding a novel cysteine rich peptide
      TAXIMIN1 (TAX1) resulted in fusion of lateral organs and in abnormal fruit
      morphology. TAX1 signaling functions independently from transcription factors
      known to play a role in this process such as LATERAL ORGAN FUSION1 (LOF1). Here,
      we report that the TAX1 promoter is not induced by the LOF1 transcription factor
      and that the TAX1 peptide neither interferes with transcriptional activation by
      LOF1.1 or transcriptional repression by LOF1.2. Furthermore, we found that TAX1
      overexpressing lines were hypersensitive to continuous light, which may be
      reflected by a decreased accumulation of the UV-B protecting compound sinapoyl
      malate. Finally, adding the antibiotic cefotaxime to the medium surprisingly
      countered the light hypersensitivity phenotype of TAX1 overexpressing seedlings.

PMID- 26967828
TI  - Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate.
AB  - This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize
      monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the
      material with Au(III) ions. The synthesis method was derived from a sol-gel
      process used to produce micron-sized monosodium titanate (MST), with several key
      modifications, including altering reagent concentrations, omitting a particle
      seed step, and introducing a non-ionic surfactant to facilitate control of
      particle formation and growth. The resultant nMST material exhibits spherical
      shaped particle morphology with a monodisperse distribution of particle diameters
      in the range from 100 to 150 nm. The nMST material was found to have a Brunauer
      Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 285 m(2)g(-1), which is more than an order of
      magnitude higher than the micron-sized MST. The isoelectric point of the nMST
      measured 3.34 pH units, which is a pH unit lower than that measured for the
      micron-size MST. The nMST material was found to serve as an effective ion
      exchanger under weakly acidic conditions for the preparation of an Au(III)
      exchange nanotitanate. In addition, the formation of the corresponding
      peroxotitanate was demonstrated by reaction of the nMST with hydrogen peroxide. 

PMID- 26967829
TI  - Mean arterial pressure target in patients with septic shock.
AB  - In patients with septic shock, a mean arterial pressure higher than 65 mmHg is
      recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines. However, a precise mean
      arterial pressure target has not been delineated. The aim of this paper was to
      review the physiological rationale and clinical evidence for increasing mean
      arterial pressure in septic shock. A mean arterial pressure level lower than
      renal autoregulatory threshold may lead to renal dysfunction. However, adjusting
      macrocirculation objectives in particular after the early phase of septic shock
      may not correct established microcirculation impairments. Moreover, sympathetic
      over-stimulation due to high doses of vasopressor (needed to achieve high mean
      arterial pressure targets) may be associated with numerous harmful effects.
      Observational and small short term interventional studies did not provide a
      definitive answer to this question but suggested that a high mean arterial
      pressure (around 75-85 mmHg) may prevent acute kidney injury in some patients.
      The SEPSISPAM Trial, a large prospective, randomized, controlled study, compared
      the targets of High (i.e. 80 to 85 mm Hg) versus Low (i.e. 65 to 70 mm Hg) mean
      arterial pressure in patients with septic shock. The mortality was not different
      in the two groups. However in patients with chronic hypertension, there were
      significantly less renal failure in the high mean arterial pressure group than
      the low mean arterial pressure group.

PMID- 26967830
TI  - Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as prognostic biomarker in septic shock.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim was to ascertain the prognostic value of mid-regional pro
      adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), measured within 24 hours from the onset of septic
      shock (SS). METHODS: We performed a prospective, observational study on all
      patients admitted to our hospital's Intensive Care Unit with SS over a one year
      period from January to December 2011 to examine the outcomes in 100 consecutive
      SS cases. Demographic data and severity score (APACHEII and SOFA) were recorded.
      MR-proADM, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were measured within the first 24
      hours from SS onset. The outcome variable studied was 28-day mortality. Data were
      evaluated with non-parametric statistics bivariant and multivariate analyses for
      survival analysis. RESULTS: In patients who died within 28 days (36%), MR-proADM,
      Lactate, APACHE II as well as SOFA were significantly higher compared with
      survivors. MR-proADM showed the best association with 28-day mortality, as well
      as a prognostic value (logrank test: P=0.0012). Statistical significance was also
      seen in the Cox regression analysis (P=0.0004) for all patients with a Relative
      Risk of 1.26 times that of the baseline for each mmol/L of increase in MR-proADM.
      CONCLUSIONS: In our study MR-proADM levels measured on admission correlates with
      28-day mortality in patients with septic shock.

PMID- 26967831
TI  - A comparison of QTc intervals following laryngoscopic intubation and i-gel
      insertion during propofol-sevoflurane anesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laryngoscopic intubation and supraglottic airway device insertion can
      prolong the corrected QT (QTc) interval during anaesthetic induction even in
      healthy patients. No prior study has compared the effect of laryngoscopic
      intubation and supraglottic airway device, i-gel, insertion on the QTc interval
      change. METHODS: Patients were randomised to either the intubation group (N.=25)
      or the i-gel group (N.=25) before induction. The QT interval was sequentially
      measured in lead II following a standard anaesthetic technique for induction
      using propofol and sevoflurane. Four sequential QT values were applied to the
      Bazett's formula to correct for the effect of heart rate on the QT interval, and
      then averaged. The peak QTc interval, the duration of QTc prolongation >20 ms
      compared to the QTc value immediately before intubation or i-gel insertion and
      the incidence of the QTc intervals >500 ms were measured. RESULTS: The peak QTc
      interval was lower in i-gel group (458.4+/-24.3 ms) than in intubation group
      (488.6+/-32.6 ms) (P=0.001). The duration of QTc prolongation >20 ms compared to
      the QTc values at immediately before intubation or i-gel insertion was
      significantly longer in the intubation group (136.5+/-104.5 s) than that of the i
      gel group (56.9+/-56.5 s) (P=0.031). The number of patients with QTc interval
      >500 ms was significantly lower in the i-gel group (4%) than in the intubation
      group (48%). CONCLUSIONS: The insertion of the i-gel produces less QTc interval
      change than laryngoscopic intubation. The i-gel may be advantageous to patients
      who are at risk of QTc prolongation, high blood pressure and tachycardia.

PMID- 26967833
TI  - Blood brain barrier as a target for traumatic brain injury therapy.

PMID- 26967832
TI  - Chronic cervical radicular pain: time to tackle a new horizon.

PMID- 26967834
TI  - Novel mutations in the L visual pigment gene found in Japanese men with protan
      color-vision defect having a normal order L/M gene array.

PMID- 26967835
TI  - Isolation and Culture of Adult Zebrafish Brain-derived Neurospheres.
AB  - The zebrafish is a highly relevant model organism for understanding the cellular
      and molecular mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and brain regeneration in
      vertebrates. However, an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying
      zebrafish adult neurogenesis has been limited due to the lack of a reliable
      protocol for isolating and culturing neural adult stem/progenitor cells. Here we
      provide a reproducible method to examine adult neurogenesis using a neurosphere
      assay derived from zebrafish whole brain or from the telencephalon, tectum and
      cerebellum regions of the adult zebrafish brain. The protocol involves, first the
      microdissection of zebrafish adult brain, then single cell dissociation and
      isolation of self-renewing multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells. The entire
      procedure takes eight days. Additionally, we describe how to manipulate gene
      expression in zebrafish neurospheres, which will be particularly useful to test
      the role of specific signaling pathways during adult neural stem/progenitor cell
      proliferation and differentiation in zebrafish. 

PMID- 26967836
TI  - The cognitive and neural basis of developmental prosopagnosia.
AB  - Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a severe impairment of visual face
      recognition in the absence of any apparent brain damage. The factors responsible
      for DP have not yet been fully identified. This article provides a selective
      review of recent studies investigating cognitive and neural processes that may
      contribute to the face recognition deficits in DP, focusing primarily on event
      related brain potential (ERP) measures of face perception and recognition.
      Studies that measured the face-sensitive N170 component as a marker of perceptual
      face processing have shown that the perceptual discrimination between faces and
      non-face objects is intact in DP. Other N170 studies suggest that faces are not
      represented in the typical fashion in DP. Individuals with DP appear to have
      specific difficulties in processing spatial and contrast deviations from
      canonical upright visual-perceptual face templates. The rapid detection of
      emotional facial expressions appears to be unaffected in DP. ERP studies of the
      activation of visual memory for individual faces and of the explicit
      identification of particular individuals have revealed differences between DPs
      and controls in the timing of these processes and in the links between visual
      face memory and explicit face recognition. These observations suggest that the
      speed and efficiency of information propagation through the cortical face network
      is altered in DP. The nature of the perceptual impairments in DP suggests that
      atypical visual experience with the eye region of faces over development may be
      an important contributing factor to DP.

PMID- 26967837
TI  - Analysis of anticipation by 3D motion capturing - a new method presented in
      karate kumite.
AB  - Anticipation is an important performance factor in karate kumite. A new approach
      analysing anticipation in realistic combat situations by motion capturing with a
      high temporal resolution is presented. The advantage of this approach is that
      both karate athletes interacting sports specific can be recorded synchronously;
      thus, the presented method has the potential to analyse visual information pickup
      due to coordination pattern of interaction between real athletes. The aim is to
      demonstrate the usability of the current method for anticipation research and to
      investigate if the distance between two athletes and their attacking technique
      play a role in the reaction of the defending athlete. Furthermore, relevant cues
      lying within each attacking technique and little individual differences are
      shown. Four male karate athletes took part in this study. Logistic regression
      indicated that both factors (distance * attacking technique) play a significant
      role in reaction. However, a correlation between these factors shows that only
      the attacking technique is a good predictor for reaction. Results show that the
      attacking technique jabbing punch (jap. Kizami-Zuki) was easier to anticipate
      than the attacking techniques reverse punch (jap. Gyaku-Zuki) and the round kick
      (jap. Mawashi-Geri).

PMID- 26967838
TI  - Editorial introduction.

PMID- 26967839
TI  - Current state of abdominal wall transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Primary closure of the abdominal wall remains one of the early
      challenges of intestinal transplantation. Our aim is to review the role of
      abdominal wall transplantation in achieving tension-free closure of the abdomen.
      RECENT FINDINGS: In total, 38 full-thickness vascularized abdominal wall
      transplants, six partial-thickness vascularized and 17 partial-thickness
      nonvascularized rectus facia grafts have been reported worldwide. Different
      techniques have been described. The most popular choice seems to be the full
      thickness vascularized abdominal wall allograft, where the anastomosis is
      performed either in a micro- or macrovascular fashion. Temporary 'remote'
      revascularisation of the allograft has been performed in some cases onto the
      recipient's forearm vessels when there is a long anticipated cold ischaemia time
      (>5 h). Preliminary data suggest that the abdominal wall skin rejection might be
      an early predictor of intestinal rejection. Vascularized and nonvascularized
      rectus fascia may be effective when there is inadequate healthy muscle/fascia but
      sufficient skin cover. SUMMARY: Several centres have already proved the technical
      and immunologic feasibility of partial or full-thickness abdominal wall
      transplantation. It is an effective option to achieve primary abdominal closure
      following intestinal transplantation and in its full-thickness form, it may be
      useful for monitoring rejection in visceral organs.

PMID- 26967840
TI  - A chance to recognise caring for the carers.

PMID- 26967841
TI  - Leaked safe staffing guideline from NICE 'appears to be watered down'.

PMID- 26967842
TI  - Last chance to enter RCNi Nurse Awards 2016.

PMID- 26967844
TI  - Call for Ebola aid effort delayed.

PMID- 26967843
TI  - Staff should train in diabetes care to make up for specialist shortfall.

PMID- 26967845
TI  - RCN queries why word 'nursing' is axed from metric.

PMID- 26967847
TI  - Postgraduate courses 'will collapse' if bursaries end.

PMID- 26967846
TI  - 'Pishy pants' remark leads to apology.

PMID- 26967848
TI  - Stonewall honour for its 'star' trust.

PMID- 26967849
TI  - Pay threshold could price migrants out of UK nursing.

PMID- 26967851
TI  - Support from other services key to better discharge in dementia care.

PMID- 26967852
TI  - Soap fiction 'reveals truth' of perinatal care.

PMID- 26967853
TI  - A cap of 1% on pay means nurses will feel the squeeze even more.

PMID- 26967859
TI  - Continence.

PMID- 26967860
TI  - Ease the path from acute to community.
AB  - NICE offers guidelines on how to ensure patients have the social support they
      need to leave hospital in a timely way. Its new guidance acknowledges the
      patient's 'journey' often begins with emergency admission, and emphasises the
      dedicated role of the discharge co-ordinator. Despite pressures, nurses can lead
      improvements.

PMID- 26967861
TI  - A caring approach for people in crisis.
AB  - Jane Murphy is nurse lead for Operation Emblem, in which mental health nurses
      work with police to reduce arrests of people in crisis. The project has improved
      police understanding of mental health and access to care. Ms Murphy was runner-up
      in the 2015 Nursing Standard Nurse Awards mental health category.

PMID- 26967862
TI  - The many benefits of 'always events'.
AB  - Simple changes that make a huge difference to patients are being implemented
      through the Always Events programme. Staff at a Lancashire pilot site use Always
      Events to support patients' care transitions and communicate more clearly. The
      aim is to provide an exceptional patient experience.

PMID- 26967873
TI  - Born to Move NHS app.

PMID- 26967875
TI  - Would doctors display solidarity if nurses decided to strike?

PMID- 26967876
TI  - We must challenge any company that claims to tackle dementia.

PMID- 26967877
TI  - Nursing associates should not replace registered nurses.

PMID- 26967878
TI  - Pressure-relieving mattresses should be provided in a timely way.

PMID- 26967879
TI  - Looking to the past provides inspiration for the future.

PMID- 26967880
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26967884
TI  - How to monitor blood glucose.

PMID- 26967885
TI  - Standards to support learning and assessment in practice.
AB  - This is the first article in a series of 11 that will offer guidance to new and
      existing mentors and practice teachers to enable them to develop in their role
      and help them to gather a portfolio of evidence that meets the Nursing and
      Midwifery Council's Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice
      (SSLAP). This article provides background to the development of the standards and
      outlines the SSLAP, including the four main stages of the framework, the eight
      domains and outcomes, and the five principles required for the roles of mentor,
      sign-off mentor and practice teacher. The requirements for maintaining the mentor
      and practice teacher roles are explored. 

PMID- 26967886
TI  - Promoting effective education for children with eczema.
AB  - Patient and parent education for children with eczema should follow a consistent
      approach, guided by an established framework that combines aspects of nursing,
      education and cognitive psychology. Using the framework enables nurses to
      understand how to use and develop their skills when providing education about the
      management of eczema in children, and enables patients and parents to understand
      and develop the skills required to manage a chronic condition such as eczema.
      This framework is transferable to the adult context. 

PMID- 26967887
TI  - Rounding.

PMID- 26967888
TI  - Prepare to impress.

PMID- 26967889
TI  - Moving in the right direction.

PMID- 26967891
TI  - Cause for concern.

PMID- 26967892
TI  - Myritonines A-C, Alkaloids from Myrioneuron tonkinensis Based on a Novel
      Hexacyclic Skeleton.
AB  - Myritonines A-C (1-3), three new alkaloids bearing an unprecedented
      heterohexacyclic skeleton, were isolated from Myrioneuron tonkinensis. Their
      structures were determined by a combination of spectroscopic data and single
      crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 3 represents the first Myrioneuron
      alkaloid featuring a unique trans-decahydroquinoline motif and was also found to
      possess a rare cyano functionality. Compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibition against
      the hepatitis C virus in vitro. 

PMID- 26967893
TI  - Distinguishing Antimicrobial Models with Different Resistance Mechanisms via
      Population Pharmacodynamic Modeling.
AB  - Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling is increasingly
      used for antimicrobial drug development and optimization of dosage regimens, but
      systematic simulation-estimation studies to distinguish between competing PD
      models are lacking. This study compared the ability of static and dynamic in
      vitro infection models to distinguish between models with different resistance
      mechanisms and support accurate and precise parameter estimation. Monte Carlo
      simulations (MCS) were performed for models with one susceptible bacterial
      population without (M1) or with a resting stage (M2), a one population model with
      adaptive resistance (M5), models with pre-existing susceptible and resistant
      populations without (M3) or with (M4) inter-conversion, and a model with two pre
      existing populations with adaptive resistance (M6). For each model, 200 datasets
      of the total bacterial population were simulated over 24h using static antibiotic
      concentrations (256-fold concentration range) or over 48h under dynamic
      conditions (dosing every 12h; elimination half-life: 1h). Twelve-hundred random
      datasets (each containing 20 curves for static or four curves for dynamic
      conditions) were generated by bootstrapping. Each dataset was estimated by all
      six models via population PD modeling to compare bias and precision. For M1 and
      M3, most parameter estimates were unbiased (<10%) and had good imprecision
      (<30%). However, parameters for adaptive resistance and inter-conversion for M2,
      M4, M5 and M6 had poor bias and large imprecision under static and dynamic
      conditions. For datasets that only contained viable counts of the total
      population, common statistical criteria and diagnostic plots did not support
      sound identification of the true resistance mechanism. Therefore, it seems
      advisable to quantify resistant bacteria and characterize their MICs and
      resistance mechanisms to support extended simulations and translate from in vitro
      experiments to animal infection models and ultimately patients. 

PMID- 26967894
TI  - Correction: Premature Termination of MexR Leads to Overexpression of MexAB-OprM
      Efflux Pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in India.

PMID- 26967896
TI  - Minimum Effective Doses of Succinylcholine and Rocuronium During
      Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Prospective, Randomized, Crossover Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neuromuscular blockade is required to control excessive muscle
      contractions during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In a crossover, assessor
      blinded, prospective randomized study, we studied the minimum effective dose
      (MED) of succinylcholine and rocuronium for ECT. The MED was the lowest dose to
      provide a predefined qualitative measure of acceptable control of muscle strength
      during induced convulsions. METHODS: Succinylcholine (0.8 mg kg) or rocuronium
      (0.4 mg kg) was randomly administered in 227 ECT sessions to 45 patients. The
      dose was incrementally increased or decreased by 10% based on 2 psychiatrists'
      (blinded to treatment) assessment of "acceptable" or "not acceptable" control of
      evoked muscle contractions (sufficient versus insufficient or excessive
      paralysis). The neuromuscular transmission was monitored quantitatively until
      full recovery. RESULTS: In our study, the MEDs of succinylcholine and rocuronium
      to produce acceptable ECT conditions in 50% of patients (MED50ECT) were 0.85 mg
      kg (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-0.94) and 0.41 mg kg (95% CI, 0.36-0.46)
      and in 90% of patients (MED90ECT) were 1.06 mg kg (95% CI, 1.0-1.27) and 0.57 mg
      kg (95% CI, 0.5-0.6), respectively. Nadir twitch height for acceptable muscle
      activity was 0% (0-4) and 4% (0-30; P < 0.001), respectively, and the time to
      recovery of the neuromuscular transmission was 9.7 +/- 3.5 and 19.5 +/- 5.7
      minutes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A twitch suppression of >90% is needed for
      control of motor contractions during ECT. The initial ECT dose of succinylcholine
      should be selected based on each patient's preprocedural condition, ranging
      between 0.77 and 1.27 mg kg to produce acceptable muscle blockade in 50% to 90%
      of patients. Rocuronium-neostigmine combination is a safe alternative if
      appropriately dosed (0.36-0.6 mg kg) and monitored.

PMID- 26967895
TI  - MicroRNAs hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-330, hsa-miR-126 and hsa-miR-30c: Potential
      Diagnostic Biomarkers in Natural Killer (NK) Cells of Patients with Chronic
      Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS/ME) is a complex multisystem disease of
      unknown aetiology which causes debilitating symptoms in up to 1% of the global
      population. Although a large cohort of genes have been shown to exhibit altered
      expression in CFS/ME patients, it is currently unknown whether microRNA (miRNA)
      molecules which regulate gene translation contribute to disease pathogenesis. We
      hypothesized that changes in microRNA expression in patient leukocytes contribute
      to CFS/ME pathology, and may therefore represent useful diagnostic biomarkers
      that can be detected in the peripheral blood of CFS/ME patients. METHODS: miRNA
      expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CFS/ME patients and
      healthy controls was analysed using the Ambion Bioarray V1. miRNA demonstrating
      differential expression were validated by qRT-PCR and then replicated in
      fractionated blood leukocyte subsets from an independent patient cohort. The
      CFS/ME associated miRNA identified by these experiments were then transfected
      into primary NK cells and gene expression analyses conducted to identify their
      gene targets. RESULTS: Microarray analysis identified differential expression of
      34 miRNA, all of which were up-regulated. Four of the 34 miRNA had confirmed
      expression changes by qRT-PCR. Fractionating PBMC samples by cell type from an
      independent patient cohort identified changes in miRNA expression in NK-cells, B
      cells and monocytes with the most significant abnormalities occurring in NK
      cells. Transfecting primary NK cells with hsa-miR-99b or hsa-miR-330-3p, resulted
      in gene expression changes consistent with NK cell activation but diminished
      cytotoxicity, suggesting that defective NK cell function contributes to CFS/ME
      pathology. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates altered microRNA expression in the
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CFS/ME patients, which are potential
      diagnostic biomarkers. The greatest degree of miRNA deregulation was identified
      in NK cells with targets consistent with cellular activation and altered effector
      function.

PMID- 26967899
TI  - PepeSearch: Semantic Data for the Masses.
AB  - With the emergence of the Web of Data, there is a need of tools for searching and
      exploring the growing amount of semantic data. Unfortunately, such tools are
      scarce and typically require knowledge of SPARQL/RDF. We propose here PepeSearch,
      a portable tool for searching semantic datasets devised for mainstream users.
      PepeSearch offers a multi-class search form automatically constructed from a
      SPARQL endpoint. We have tested PepeSearch with 15 participants searching a
      Linked Open Data version of the Norwegian Register of Business Enterprises for
      non-trivial challenges. Retrieval performance was encouragingly high and
      usability ratings were also very positive, thus suggesting that PepeSearch is
      effective for searching semantic datasets by mainstream users. We also assessed
      its portability by configuring PepeSearch to query other SPARQL endpoints. 

PMID- 26967898
TI  - Liver Transcriptome Analysis of the Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
      during Fasting by Using RNA-Seq.
AB  - The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is an economically important fish
      species in Chinese mariculture industry. To understand the molecular basis
      underlying the response to fasting, Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 was used to analyze the
      liver transcriptome of fasting large yellow croakers. A total of 54,933,550 clean
      reads were obtained and assembled into 110,364 contigs. Annotation to the NCBI
      database identified a total of 38,728 unigenes, of which 19,654 were classified
      into Gene Ontology and 22,683 were found in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and
      Genomes (KEGG). Comparative analysis of the expression profiles between fasting
      fish and normal-feeding fish identified a total of 7,623 differentially expressed
      genes (P < 0.05), including 2,500 upregulated genes and 5,123 downregulated
      genes. Dramatic differences were observed in the genes involved in metabolic
      pathways such as fat digestion and absorption, citrate cycle, and
      glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the similar results were also found in the
      transcriptome of skeletal muscle. Further qPCR analysis confirmed that the genes
      encoding the factors involved in those pathways significantly changed in terms of
      expression levels. The results of the present study provide insights into the
      molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic response of the large yellow
      croaker to fasting as well as identified areas that require further
      investigation. 

PMID- 26967900
TI  - How Fast Is Your Body Motion? Determining a Sufficient Frame Rate for an Optical
      Motion Tracking System Using Passive Markers.
AB  - This paper addresses how to determine a sufficient frame (sampling) rate for an
      optical motion tracking system using passive reflective markers. When using
      passive markers for the optical motion tracking, avoiding identity confusion
      between the markers becomes a problem as the speed of motion increases,
      necessitating a higher frame rate to avoid a failure of the motion tracking
      caused by marker confusions and/or dropouts. Initially, one might believe that
      the Nyquist-Shannon sampling rate estimated from the assumed maximal temporal
      variation of a motion (i.e. a sampling rate at least twice that of the maximum
      motion frequency) could be the complete solution to the problem. However, this
      paper shows that also the spatial distance between the markers should be taken
      into account in determining the suitable frame rate of an optical motion tracking
      with passive markers. In this paper, a frame rate criterion for the optical
      tracking using passive markers is theoretically derived and also experimentally
      verified using a high-quality optical motion tracking system. Both the
      theoretical and the experimental results showed that the minimum frame rate is
      proportional to the ratio between the maximum speed of the motion and the minimum
      spacing between markers, and may also be predicted precisely if the proportional
      constant is known in advance. The inverse of the proportional constant is here
      defined as the tracking efficiency constant and it can be easily determined with
      some test measurements. Moreover, this newly defined constant can provide a new
      way of evaluating the tracking algorithm performance of an optical tracking
      system. 

PMID- 26967897
TI  - Metabolomic Characterizations of Liver Injury Caused by Acute Arsenic Toxicity in
      Zebrafish.
AB  - Arsenic is one of the most common metalloid contaminants in groundwater and it
      has both acute and chronic toxicity affecting multiple organs. Details of the
      mechanism of arsenic toxicity are still lacking and profile studies at metabolic
      level are very limited. Using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy
      (GC/MS), we first generated metabolomic profiles from the livers of arsenic
      treated zebrafish and identified 34 significantly altered metabolite peaks as
      potential markers, including four prominent ones: cholic acid, glycylglycine,
      glycine and hypotaurine. Combined results from GC/MS, histological examination
      and pathway analyses suggested a series of alterations, including apoptosis,
      glycogenolysis, changes in amino acid metabolism and fatty acid composition,
      accumulation of bile acids and fats, and disturbance in glycolysis related energy
      metabolism. The alterations in glycolysis partially resemble Warburg effect
      commonly observed in many cancer cells. However, cellular damages were not
      reflected in two conventional liver function tests performed, Bilirubin assay and
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT) assay, probably because the short arsenate
      exposure was insufficient to induce detectable damage. This study demonstrated
      that metabolic changes could reflect mild liver impairments induced by arsenic
      exposure, which underscored their potential in reporting early liver injury. 

PMID- 26967901
TI  - TIM3 Mediates T Cell Exhaustion during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.
AB  - While T cell immunity initially limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, why
      T cell immunity fails to sterilize the infection and allows recrudescence is not
      clear. One hypothesis is that T cell exhaustion impairs immunity and is
      detrimental to the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. Here we provide
      functional evidence for the development T cell exhaustion during chronic TB.
      Second, we evaluate the role of the inhibitory receptor T cell immunoglobulin and
      mucin domain-containing-3 (TIM3) during chronic M. tuberculosis infection. We
      find that TIM3 expressing T cells accumulate during chronic infection, co-express
      other inhibitory receptors including PD1, produce less IL-2 and TNF but more IL
      10, and are functionally exhausted. Finally, we show that TIM3 blockade restores
      T cell function and improves bacterial control, particularly in chronically
      infected susceptible mice. These data show that T cell immunity is suboptimal
      during chronic M. tuberculosis infection due to T cell exhaustion. Moreover, in
      chronically infected mice, treatment with anti-TIM3 mAb is an effective
      therapeutic strategy against tuberculosis. 

PMID- 26967903
TI  - A recurrent solitary fibrous tumor of the thigh with malignant transformation: A
      case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We describe an unusual case of a uniformly high-grade malignant
      solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the thigh with recurrence after wide resection in
      a 31-year-old man. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Our current case showed a long-term
      benign course before the operation, although the subcutaneous tumor was larger
      than 10cm at presentation. The SFT was diagnosed by needle biopsy, and wide
      resection was performed. Histological findings showed proliferation of
      capillaries surrounded by masses of spindle-shaped cells without any cytologic
      atypia, and the percentage of MIB-1-positive nuclei was 2.1%. However, a rapidly
      enlarging recurrent tumor was observed 11 months after the operation. A second
      wide resection for the recurrent tumor was performed. Histologically, the tumor
      cells uniformly displayed significant cytologic atypia and pleomorphism, and had
      40-50 mitoses per 10 high-power fields. The proportion of MIB-1-positive nuclei
      was 48%. Consequently, the tumor was diagnosed as a SFT with malignant
      transformation. DISCUSSION: The malignant transformation described in past
      studies showed high-grade areas within benign, low-grade, or intermediate-grade
      SFTs. Therefore, in contrast to our case, uniformly high-grade malignant
      histological findings at recurrence were not described. CONCLUSION: Even if a
      tumor is non-malignant during the clinical course, as confirmed by tissue biopsy,
      the possibility of tumor progression to high-grade sarcoma at recurrence should
      be considered, and the treatment strategy should be determined carefully.

PMID- 26967902
TI  - Treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia with obinutuzumab: safety and efficacy
      considerations.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Obinutuzumab is a novel glycoengineered type II anti-CD20
      monoclonal antibody (MoAb) with a higher affinity for CD20 epitope. It was
      approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2013
      for use in combination with chlorambucil for previously untreated chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). AREAS COVERED: This article evaluates the safety of
      obinutuzumab in CLL patients, also addressing pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics
      (PK/PD), clinical use and efficacy. Moreover, a comparison with other anti-CD20
      MoAb is performed. The principal available studies on obinutuzumab are reviewed,
      focusing on CLL. A PubMed literature search (August 2002 to September 2015) was
      conducted using the terms obinutuzumab, GA101, anti-CD20 antibody, and CLL.
      EXPERT OPINION: Obinutuzumab, a third-generation anti-CD20 MoAb, is a safe and
      effective treatment for elderly patients who are un-fit for fludarabine-based
      regimen. Its use, proven in the CLL11 study and the results of many ongoing
      trials evaluating other obinutuzumab-based regimen can lead obinutuzumab to be a
      candidate to replace rituximab as the first-line treatment option.

PMID- 26967904
TI  - A Laryngeal Lesion. Laryngeal actinomycosis.

PMID- 26967907
TI  - Correction: Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Africa: A Systematic Review of a
      Neglected Zoonosis and a Paradigm for 'One Health' in Africa.

PMID- 26967906
TI  - Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic
      Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR.
AB  - The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts
      for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR measurements of
      metabolic transformations. Hyperpolarization via dissolution DNP circumvents part
      of the sensitivity issues thanks to the large out-of-equilibrium nuclear
      magnetization stemming from the electron-to-nucleus spin polarization transfer.
      The high NMR signal obtained can be used to monitor chemical reactions in real
      time. The downside of hyperpolarized NMR resides in the limited time window
      available for signal acquisition, which is usually on the order of the nuclear
      spin longitudinal relaxation time constant, T1, or, in favorable cases, on the
      order of the relaxation time constant associated with the singlet-state of
      coupled nuclei, TLLS. Cellular uptake of endogenous molecules and metabolic rates
      can provide essential information on tumor development and drug response.
      Numerous previous hyperpolarized NMR studies have demonstrated the relevancy of
      pyruvate as a metabolic substrate for monitoring enzymatic activity in vivo. This
      work provides a detailed description of the experimental setup and methods
      required for the study of enzymatic reactions, in particular the pyruvate-to
      lactate conversion rate in presence of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), by
      hyperpolarized NMR. 

PMID- 26967905
TI  - Novel NEK8 Mutations Cause Severe Syndromic Renal Cystic Dysplasia through YAP
      Dysregulation.
AB  - Ciliopathies are a group of genetic multi-systemic disorders related to
      dysfunction of the primary cilium, a sensory organelle present at the cell
      surface that regulates key signaling pathways during development and tissue
      homeostasis. In order to identify novel genes whose mutations would cause severe
      developmental ciliopathies, >500 patients/fetuses were analyzed by a targeted
      high throughput sequencing approach allowing exome sequencing of >1200 ciliary
      genes. NEK8/NPHP9 mutations were identified in five cases with severe overlapping
      phenotypes including renal cystic dysplasia/hypodysplasia, situs inversus,
      cardiopathy with hypertrophic septum and bile duct paucity. These cases highlight
      a genotype-phenotype correlation, with missense and nonsense mutations associated
      with hypodysplasia and enlarged cystic organs, respectively. Functional analyses
      of NEK8 mutations in patient fibroblasts and mIMCD3 cells showed that these
      mutations differentially affect ciliogenesis, proliferation/apoptosis/DNA damage
      response, as well as epithelial morphogenesis. Notably, missense mutations
      exacerbated some of the defects due to NEK8 loss of function, highlighting their
      likely gain-of-function effect. We also showed that NEK8 missense and loss-of
      function mutations differentially affect the regulation of the main Hippo
      signaling effector, YAP, as well as the expression of its target genes in patient
      fibroblasts and renal cells. YAP imbalance was also observed in enlarged
      spheroids of Nek8-invalidated renal epithelial cells grown in 3D culture, as well
      as in cystic kidneys of Jck mice. Moreover, co-injection of nek8 MO with WT or
      mutated NEK8-GFP RNA in zebrafish embryos led to shortened dorsally curved body
      axis, similar to embryos injected with human YAP RNA. Finally, treatment with
      Verteporfin, an inhibitor of YAP transcriptional activity, partially rescued the
      3D spheroid defects of Nek8-invalidated cells and the abnormalities of NEK8
      overexpressing zebrafish embryos. Altogether, our study demonstrates that NEK8
      human mutations cause major organ developmental defects due to altered
      ciliogenesis and cell differentiation/proliferation through deregulation of the
      Hippo pathway. 

PMID- 26967908
TI  - Use of Malachite Green-Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of
      Plasmodium spp. Parasites.
AB  - Malaria elimination efforts are hampered by the lack of sensitive tools to detect
      infections with low-level parasitemia, usually below the threshold of standard
      diagnostic methods, microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. Isothermal nucleic
      acid amplification assays such as the loop-mediated isothermal amplification
      (LAMP), are well suited for field use as they do not require thermal cyclers to
      run the test. However, the use of specialized equipment, as described by many
      groups, reduces the versatility of the LAMP technique as a simple tool for use in
      endemic countries. In this study, the use of the malachite green (MG) dye, as a
      visual endpoint readout, together with a simple mini heat block was evaluated for
      the detection of malaria parasites. The assay was performed for 1 hour at 63
      degrees C and the results scored by 3 independent human readers. The limit of
      detection of the assay was determined using well-quantified Plasmodium spp.
      infected reference samples and its utility in testing clinical samples was
      determined using 190 pre-treatment specimens submitted for reference diagnosis of
      imported malaria in the United States. Use of a simplified boil and spin methods
      of DNA extraction from whole blood and filter paper was also investigated. We
      demonstrate the accurate and sensitive detection of malaria parasites using this
      assay with a detection limit ranging between 1-8 parasites/MUL, supporting its
      applicability for the detection of infections with low parasite burden. This
      assay is compatible with the use of a simple boil and spin sample preparation
      method from both whole blood and filter papers without a loss of sensitivity. The
      MG-LAMP assay described here has great potential to extend the reach of molecular
      tools to settings where they are needed. 

PMID- 26967909
TI  - Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants: An overview of the watch list
      of EU Decision 2015/495.
AB  - Although there are no legal discharge limits for micropollutants into the
      environment, some regulations have been published in the last few years.
      Recently, a watch list of substances for European Union-wide monitoring was
      reported in the Decision 2015/495/EU of 20 March 2015. Besides the substances
      previously recommended to be included by the Directive 39/2013/EU, namely two
      pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and the synthetic hormone 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol
      (EE2)) and a natural hormone (17-beta-estradiol (E2)), the first watch list of 10
      substances/groups of substances also refers three macrolide antibiotics
      (azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin), other natural hormone (estrone
      (E1)), some pesticides (methiocarb, oxadiazon, imidacloprid, thiacloprid,
      thiamethoxam, clothianidin, acetamiprid and triallate), a UV filter (2-ethylhexyl
      4-methoxycinnamate) and an antioxidant (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)
      commonly used as food additive. Since little is known about the removal of most
      of the substances included in the Decision 2015/495/EU, particularly regarding
      realistic concentrations in aqueous environmental samples, this review aims to:
      (i) overview the European policy in the water field; (ii) briefly describe the
      most commonly used conventional and advanced treatment processes to remove
      micropollutants; (iii) summarize the relevant data published in the last decade,
      regarding occurrence and removal in aqueous matrices of the 10 substances/groups
      of substances that were recently included in the first watch list for European
      Union monitoring (Decision 2015/495/EU); and (iv) highlight the lack of reports
      concerning some substances of the watch list, the study of un-spiked aquatic
      matrices and the assessment of transformation by-products. 

PMID- 26967910
TI  - Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcome after Doxapram for Apnea of Prematurity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Doxapram has been advocated as a treatment for persistent apnea of
      prematurity (AOP). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of doxapram on long-term
      neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants as its safety still needs to be
      established. METHODS: From a retrospective cohort of preterm infants with a
      gestational age (GA) <30 weeks and/or a birth weight <1,250 g, born between 2000
      and 2010, infants treated with doxapram (n = 142) and a nontreated control group
      were selected (n = 284). Patient characteristics and clinical and
      neurodevelopmental outcome data at 24 months' corrected age were collected.
      Neurodevelopmental delay (ND) was defined as having a Mental or Psychomotor
      Developmental Index (MDI/PDI) <-1 standard deviation (SD), cerebral palsy, or a
      hearing or visual impairment. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multiple
      logistic regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS:
      Infants treated with doxapram had a lower GA compared to controls. The number of
      infants with a MDI or PDI <-1 SD was not different between the groups. The risk
      of the combined outcome death or ND was significantly lower in the doxapram group
      after adjusting for confounding factors (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.78). Doxapram
      treated infants had a higher risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus
      arteriosus, but a lower risk of spontaneous intestinal perforation. All other
      morbidities were not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      suggests that doxapram is not associated with an increased risk of ND. These
      findings need to be confirmed or refuted by a large, well-designed, placebo
      controlled randomized trial.

PMID- 26967912
TI  - Primus-Eugen Mullis, November 1954 - January 2016.

PMID- 26967911
TI  - Psychometric validation of measures of alcohol expectancies, retrospective
      subjective response, and positive drinking consequences for use with adolescents.
AB  - The Anticipated Effects of Alcohol Scale (AEAS), the Subjective Effects of
      Alcohol Scale, and the Positive Drinking Consequences Questionnaire (PDCQ) are
      psychometrically sound measures of alcohol expectancies (expectancies),
      subjective response to alcohol, and positive drinking consequences, respectively,
      for use with adults. Prior research using these measures suggests that
      expectancies, subjective response, and positive drinking consequences are related
      yet distinct determinants of drinking. The current study presents psychometric
      evaluations of these measures for use with adolescents including confirmatory
      factor analyses (CFA) of the previously identified latent structures, internal
      consistency, and test-criterion relationships. Legally, alcohol cannot be
      administered to adolescents, so we assessed retrospective subjective response
      (during the first drinking episode ever [SEAS First] and the most recent drinking
      episode [SEAS Recent]). The sample comprised 248 Connecticut high school students
      (53.6% male; mean age 16.50 [1.19] years; 71.4% White) who completed an anonymous
      survey. CFA confirmed the latent factor structures for each measure. The AEAS,
      SEAS First, SEAS Recent and the PDCQ were internally consistent (mean alpha
      AEAS=0.83; SEAS First=0.88; SEAS Recent=0.89, PDCQ=0.87). AEAS subscales
      evidenced moderate overlap with corresponding SEAS First subscales (mean=0.36)
      and SEAS Recent subscales (mean=0.46) and modest overlap with the PDCQ
      (mean=0.17). Expectancies, subjective response, and positive drinking
      consequences also accounted for significant variance in monthly drinking,
      lifetime maximum number of drinks consumed, and alcohol-related problems. In sum,
      the AEAS, the retrospective SEAS, and the PDCQ are psychometrically sound
      measures for use with adolescents. 

PMID- 26967913
TI  - Effective seed-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles anchored nitrogen-doped
      graphene for electrochemical detection of glucose and dopamine.
AB  - A novel gold nanoparticle-anchored nitrogen-doped graphene (AuNP/NG) nanohybrid
      was synthesized through a seed-assisted growth method, as an effective
      electrocatalyst for glucose and dopamine detection. The AuNP/NG nanohybrids
      exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity toward glucose and dopamine sensing
      applications. The as-synthesized nanohybrids exhibited excellent catalytic
      activity toward glucose, with a linear response throughout the concentration
      range from 40MUM to 16.1mM, a detection limit of 12MUM, and a short response time
      (~ 10s). It also exhibited an excellent response toward DA, with a wide detection
      range from 30nM to 48MUM, a low detection limit of 10nM, and a short response
      time (~ 8s). Furthermore, it also showed long-term stability and high selectivity
      for the target analytes. These results imply that such nanohybrids show a great
      potential for electrochemical biosensing application. 

PMID- 26967914
TI  - Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1 gene): three months later, the story
      unfolds.

PMID- 26967915
TI  - Novel drug discovery for Chagas disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is a chronic infection associated with long-term
      morbidity. Increased funding and advocacy for drug discovery for neglected
      diseases have prompted the introduction of several important technological
      advances, and Chagas disease is among the neglected conditions that has mostly
      benefited from technological developments. A number of screening campaigns, and
      the development of new and improved in vitro and in vivo assays, has led to
      advances in the field of drug discovery. AREAS COVERED: This review highlights
      the major advances in Chagas disease drug screening, and how these are being used
      not only to discover novel chemical entities and drug candidates, but also
      increase our knowledge about the disease and the parasite. Different
      methodologies used for compound screening and prioritization are discussed, as
      well as novel techniques for the investigation of these targets. The molecular
      mechanism of action is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Technological advances
      have been executed with scientific rigour for the development of new in vitro
      cell-based assays and in vivo animal models, to bring about novel and better
      drugs for Chagas disease, as well as to increase our understanding of what are
      the necessary properties for a compound to be successful in the clinic. The
      gained knowledge, combined with new exciting approaches toward target
      deconvolution, will help identifying new targets for Chagas disease chemotherapy
      in the future.

PMID- 26967916
TI  - Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors as risks for suicidal behavior among Korean
      adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preventing suicide has become a major public health priority in
      Korea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associated factors of suicidal
      ideation (SI(1)) and attempt (SA(2)) among Korean adults. METHODS: The data were
      collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
      (KNHANES), a nationally representative sample recruited using a multi-stage
      clustered probability design. The association of putative risk factors focused on
      nutrition and health behaviors which were evaluated using multiple logistic
      regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors. Survey sample
      weights were used for all analysis. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of SI and SA
      in Korea was 15.0% and 0.85%, respectively. Female, previously married status,
      lower education and lower household income were associated with SI and SA. In
      particular, the effect of age on SI presented a reverse pattern based on gender;
      there was a positive association for men and a negative association for women.
      Additionally, drinking, smoking, physical activity above moderate intensity and
      eating fewer meals were associated with SA in women, whereas regular exercise was
      protective against SI in men. LIMITATIONS: The data were collected using a cross
      sectional survey, embedding possible bias. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prevalence of SI
      and SA among women was associated with smoking, drinking, avoiding regular
      exercise and insufficiency of food. Lower prevalence of SI was observed in men
      who engaged in physical activity while men with insufficient food showed a higher
      prevalence of SI and SA.

PMID- 26967917
TI  - Major depression in hospitalized Argentine general medical patients: Prevalence
      and risk factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Depression is not uncommon among medically hospitalized patients,
      though reported prevalence has varied widely, often in samples involving elderly
      patients with particular illnesses. Accordingly, we evaluated risk of major
      depression in three metropolitan general hospitals in Buenos Aires, in subjects
      with a range of medical disorders and ages, comparing several standard screening
      methods to expert clinical examinations. METHODS: Consecutively hospitalized
      general medical patients were evaluated over a six-months. Excluded were subjects
      under age 18 and those unable to participate in assessments because of illness,
      medication, sensory or speech impairment, or lack of language fluency, or scored
      <25 on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Consenting participants were
      examined for DSM-IV-TR major depression by psychiatrists guided by MINI
      examinations, compared with other standard screening methods. Risk factors were
      assessed by preliminary bivariate analyses followed by multivariate logistic
      regression modeling. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of major depression in 257
      subjects was 27% by psychiatric examination. The rate was most similar (25%) with
      the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS), and much higher with the Beck
      Depression Inventory-II (BDI, 44%) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ, 56%).
      Factors associated independently with depression by multivariate modeling
      included: prior psychotropic-drug treatment, female sex, more children, and heavy
      smoking. Depression was associated most with neoplastic, urological, and
      infectious disorders, least with pulmonary, neurological, and hematologic
      conditions. LIMITATIONS: Modest numbers limited power to test for associations of
      depression with specific medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Major depression was
      identified in over one-quarter of Argentine, general medical inpatients, with
      marked differences among screening methods. Several risk factors were identified.
      The findings encourage assertive identification of depression in hospitalized
      medical patients using valid, reliable, and cost-effective means of improving
      their care.

PMID- 26967920
TI  - Topical composition for treating diabetic cataracts: a patent evaluation
      (WO2015026380A1).
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a major threat to global public health that requires long
      term medical attention. In view of the potentially devastating effects of
      diabetes on ocular health, it highlights the urgent need of therapeutic drugs for
      the prevention and treatment of the diabetic complications. The patent described
      in this evaluation (WO2015026380A1) claimed a topical composition for treating
      diabetic cataracts both in animals and human beings. The composition containing a
      therapeutic amount of the 2R-methyl sorbinil, one of aldose reductase inhibitors,
      delivered to the dog's eye can exert a preventive, inhibitory, or prophylactic
      effect on diabetic cataracts in a statistically significant portion of the
      population being studied. Thus methods and strategies using new formulations of
      known inhibitors are promising for future use in the treatment of diabetic
      complications. 

PMID- 26967919
TI  - Heterotopic Renal Autotransplantation in a Porcine Model: A Step-by-Step
      Protocol.
AB  - Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from end
      stage renal disease. It offers better life expectancy and higher quality of life
      when compared to dialysis. Although the last few decades have seen major
      improvements in patient outcomes following kidney transplantation, the increasing
      shortage of available organs represents a severe problem worldwide. To expand the
      donor pool, marginal kidney grafts recovered from extended criteria donors (ECD)
      or donated after circulatory death (DCD) are now accepted for transplantation. To
      further improve the postoperative outcome of these marginal grafts, research must
      focus on new therapeutic approaches such as alternative preservation techniques,
      immunomodulation, gene transfer, and stem cell administration. Experimental
      studies in animal models are the final step before newly developed techniques can
      be translated into clinical practice. Porcine kidney transplantation is an
      excellent model of human transplantation and allows investigation of novel
      approaches. The major advantage of the porcine model is its anatomical and
      physiological similarity to the human body, which facilitates the rapid
      translation of new findings to clinical trials. This article offers a surgical
      step-by-step protocol for an autotransplantation model and highlights key factors
      to ensure experimental success. Adequate pre- and postoperative housing,
      attentive anesthesia, and consistent surgical techniques result in favorable
      postoperative outcomes. Resection of the contralateral native kidney provides the
      opportunity to assess post-transplant graft function. The placement of venous and
      urinary catheters and the use of metabolic cages allow further detailed
      evaluation. For long-term follow-up studies and investigation of alternative
      graft preservation techniques, autotransplantation models are superior to
      allotransplantation models, as they avoid the confounding bias posed by rejection
      and immunosuppressive medication. 

PMID- 26967918
TI  - Val66Met BDNF polymorphism as a vulnerability factor for inflammation-associated
      depressive symptoms in women with breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammation contributes to the development of depression in a subset
      of individuals, but risk factors that render certain individuals particularly
      vulnerable to inflammation-associated depression are undetermined. Drawing from
      animal studies showing that reduced neuroplasticity mediates effects of
      inflammation on depression, we hypothesized that individuals genetically
      predisposed to lower levels of neuroplasticity would be more susceptible to
      inflammation-associated depression. The current study examined whether the Met
      allele of the BDNF Val66met polymorphism, which predisposes individuals to
      reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein vital for
      neuroplasticity, moderates the association between inflammation and depressive
      symptoms. METHODS: Our sample was 112 women with early-stage breast cancer who
      had recently completed cancer treatment, which can activate inflammation.
      Participants provided blood for genotyping and assessment of circulating
      inflammatory markers, and completed a questionnaire assessing depressive
      symptoms, including somatic, affective, and cognitive dimensions. RESULTS: There
      was a significant interaction between C-reactive protein (CRP) and the BDNF
      Val66met polymorphism in predicting cognitive depressive symptoms (p=.004), such
      that higher CRP was related to more cognitive depressive symptoms among Met
      allele carriers, but not among Val/Val homozygotes. Post-hoc longitudinal
      analyses suggested that, for Met carriers, higher CRP at baseline predicted
      higher cognitive depressive symptoms across a one-year follow-up period (p<.001).
      CONCLUSION: The BDNF Met allele may be a risk factor for inflammation-associated
      cognitive depressive symptoms among breast cancer survivors. Women with breast
      cancer who carry this genotype may benefit from early identification and
      treatment. LIMITATION: BDNF genotype is an indirect measure of BDNF protein
      levels.

PMID- 26967922
TI  - Regular physical activity is associated with lower levels of ESSPRI and other
      favourable patient-reported outcomes in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 26967921
TI  - Local and Sustained Activity of Doxycycline Delivered with Layer-by-Layer
      Microcapsules.
AB  - Achieving localized delivery of small molecule drugs has the potential to
      increase efficacy and reduce off target and side effects associated with systemic
      distribution. Herein, we explore the potential use of layer-by-layer (LbL)
      assembled microcapsules for the delivery of doxycycline. Absorbance of
      doxycycline onto core dextran sulfate of preassembled microcapsules provides an
      efficient method to load both synthetic and biodegradable microcapsules with the
      drug. Application of an outer layer lipid coat enhances the sustained in vitro
      release of doxycycline from both microcapsule types. To monitor doxycycline
      delivery in a biological system, C2C12 mouse myoblasts are engineered to express
      EGFP under the control of the optimized components of the tetracycline regulated
      gene expression system. Microcapsules are not toxic to these cells, and upon
      delivery to the cells, EGFP is more efficiently induced in those cells that
      contain engulfed microcapsules and monitored EGFP expression clearly demonstrates
      that synthetic microcapsules with a DPPC coat are the most efficient for sustain
      intracellular delivery. Doxycycline released from microcapsules also displayed
      sustained activity in an antimicrobial growth inhibition assay compared with
      doxycycline solution. This study reveals the potential for LbL microcapsules in
      small molecule drug delivery and their feasible use for achieving prolonged
      doxycycline activity. 

PMID- 26967923
TI  - Phenolic Compounds from Fermented Berry Beverages Modulated Gene and Protein
      Expression To Increase Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic beta-Cells in Vitro.
AB  - Berries are a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds that are able to bind
      and inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), a current target for
      type-2 diabetes therapy. The objectives were to determine the role of berry
      phenolic compounds to modulate incretin-cleaving DPP-IV and its substrate
      glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells,
      and genes and proteins involved in the insulin secretion pathway using cell
      culture. Anthocyanins (ANC) from 50% blueberry-50% blackberry (Blu-Bla) and 100%
      blackberry (Bla) fermented beverages at 50 MUM cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents
      increased (p < 0.05) glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta
      cells (iNS-1E) both when applied directly and following simulated absorption
      through Caco-2 cells (by 233 and 100 MUIU insulin/mL, respectively). ANC 50%Blu
      Bla and ANC 100%Bla upregulated the gene for incretin hormone GLP-1 (fold-change
      3.0 +/- 1.4 and 2.0 +/- 0.3, respectively) and genes in the insulin secretory
      pathway including insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (iGF1R, 2.3 +/- 0.6 and
      1.6 +/- 0.3, respectively), and increased (p < 0.05) the protein expression of
      insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-II), insulin-like growth factor binding
      proteins (IGFBP-2 and 3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in iNS-1E
      cells. Taken together, anthocyanins, predominantly delphinidin-3-arabinoside,
      from fermented berry beverages have the potential to modulate DPP-IV and its
      substrate GLP-1, to increase insulin secretion, and to upregulate expression of
      mRNA of insulin-receptor associated genes and proteins in pancreatic beta-cells. 

PMID- 26967924
TI  - Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser
      through Output Polarization Measurements.
AB  - When a laser is mode-locked, it emits a train of ultra-short pulses at a
      repetition rate determined by the laser cavity length. This article outlines a
      new and inexpensive procedure to force mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear
      polarization rotation fiber laser. This procedure is based on the detection of a
      sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs. This
      change is used to command the alignment of the intra-cavity polarization
      controller in order to find mode-locking conditions. More specifically, the value
      of the first Stokes parameter varies when the angle of the polarization
      controller is swept and, moreover, it undergoes an abrupt variation when the
      laser enters the mode-locked state. Monitoring this abrupt variation provides a
      practical easy-to-detect signal that can be used to command the alignment of the
      polarization controller and drive the laser towards mode locking. This monitoring
      is achieved by feeding a small portion of the signal to a polarization analyzer
      measuring the first Stokes parameter. A sudden change in the read out of this
      parameter from the analyzer will occur when the laser enters the mode-locked
      state. At this moment, the required angle of the polarization controller is kept
      fixed. The alignment is completed. This procedure provides an alternate way to
      existing automating procedures that use equipment such as an optical spectrum
      analyzer, an RF spectrum analyzer, a photodiode connected to an electronic pulse
      counter or a nonlinear detecting scheme based on two-photon absorption or second
      harmonic generation. It is suitable for lasers mode locked by nonlinear
      polarization rotation. It is relatively easy to implement, it requires
      inexpensive means, especially at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and it lowers the
      production and operation costs incurred in comparison to the above-mentioned
      techniques. 

PMID- 26967925
TI  - [Vaccination in the elderly].

PMID- 26967926
TI  - [Immunosenescence: a review].
AB  - Immunosenescence is a progressive deterioration of the immune system with ageing.
      A multifactorial condition, including multimorbidities and environmental factors
      in the elderly, increases the frailty risks. Some infection and nutritional
      factors contribute to the onset of decline of response to infection. The
      epithelial barrier is the front line against infection. The renewal capacity of
      hematopoietic stem cells is reduced and provide in turn decrease of immune cells
      like lymphocytes, antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and phagocytes. The
      cellular immunity decreases considering the low cytotoxicity of natural killer.
      The impairment of dendritic cells alters both non-adaptive and humoral
      immunities. The reduction of antibody producing B-cells alters humoral production
      and the diversity of immunoglobulins and their affinity. Somme evidence suggests
      that retained function of both innate and acquired immunity in the elderly is
      correlated with health status. CMV might play a part in the process of
      immunosenescence. CMV status is included in the immune risk profile. Some factors
      like nutritional status and inflammatory biomarkers should be added to define a
      immune risk profile in the elderly. 

PMID- 26967927
TI  - [Zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: vaccine prevention is available].
AB  - Herpes zoster (HZ) infection is a common condition in the elderly.
      Immunosuppression involving cellular immunity favors its occurrence. The pain is
      the most frequent complications of HZ. It occurs in about 30% of people aged over
      70 years. The virological diagnosis of typical HZ is not useful, and the
      diagnosis is mainly based on clinical data. Skin care is essential to limit
      cutaneous damage. Antiviral drugs will reduce the risk of post-herpetic
      neuralgia, if they are early prescribed within 72 hours after the rash onset.
      Analgesia is essential and should be conducted in relation evolution. Vaccination
      is the most effective way to prevent the occurrence of HZ complications in the
      elderly, in particular post-herpetic neuralgia. 

PMID- 26967928
TI  - [Immunization schedule in the elderly].
AB  - Elderly people are more likely to develop severe infections diseases. Given the
      significant increase in the number of the elderly population, reducing the risk
      of infection by vaccination is a major preventive approach. The immunization
      schedule for 2014 in France yields, for the first time, vaccination
      recommendations for patients over 65 years. Tetanus-Diphtheria-Poliomyelitis
      vaccination is recommended to be given at the age of 65 years and then every 10
      years, together with the pertussis vaccine to protect infants less than 6 months.
      Recommendation for vaccinations against seasonal influenza in autumn is
      maintained by the High Council for Public Health, which estimates that the
      population benefit persists despite the lower individual effectiveness in the
      elderly. The pneumococcal vaccine is recommended only in high-risk populations,
      and only once after the age 65. Zoster vaccine is recommended between 65 and 74,
      and the first year of its availability, can be proposed to elderly patients
      between 75 and 79 years. Vaccination in the elderly must be enhanced, and
      information about its advantages should be disseminated. 

PMID- 26967929
TI  - Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen Cycling Processes and Functional Gene Abundance
      in Sediments of a Groundwater Flow-Through Lake.
AB  - The fate and transport of inorganic nitrogen (N) is a critically important issue
      for human and aquatic ecosystem health because discharging N-contaminated
      groundwater can foul drinking water and cause algal blooms. Factors controlling N
      processing were examined in sediments at three sites with contrasting hydrologic
      regimes at a lake on Cape Cod, MA. These factors included water chemistry,
      seepage rates and direction of groundwater flow, and the abundance and potential
      rates of activity of N-cycling microbial communities. Genes coding for
      denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and nitrification were
      identified at all sites regardless of flow direction or groundwater dissolved
      oxygen concentrations. Flow direction was, however, a controlling factor in the
      potential for N-attenuation via denitrification in the sediments. Potential rates
      of denitrification varied from 6 to 4500 pmol N/g/h from the inflow to the
      outflow side of the lake, owing to fundamental differences in the supply of
      labile organic matter. The results of laboratory incubations suggested that when
      anoxia and limiting labile organic matter prevailed, the potential existed for
      concomitant anammox and denitrification. Where oxic lake water was downwelling,
      potential rates of nitrification at shallow depths were substantial (1640 pmol
      N/g/h). Rates of anammox, denitrification, and nitrification may be linked to
      rates of organic N-mineralization, serving to increase N-mobility and transport
      downgradient. 

PMID- 26967932
TI  - 'Learning tool' launched to help staff check their emergency services.
AB  - Emergency care staff are being urged to adopt a 'learning tool' to support urgent
      care services launched by the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP). 

PMID- 26967933
TI  - Triage, assessment and In brief streaming defined in expert policy document.
AB  - Emergency care experts have published a position statement to clarify the merits
      of triage, initial assessment and streaming. 

PMID- 26967931
TI  - Research yields new stroke treatment.
AB  - Clinical researchers are developing a new drug that is expected to limit the
      effects of heart attack and stroke. 

PMID- 26967930
TI  - Review and comparison of methodologies for indirect comparison of clinical trial
      results: an illustration with ranibizumab and aflibercept.
AB  - AIM: To review and compare methods for indirect comparison of aflibercept and
      ranibizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema. METHODS: Post
      stratification, inverse probability weighting based on simulated data, weight
      optimization, and regression model techniques were used to compare pooled
      individual patient-level data from the RESTORE and RESPOND (ranibizumab 0.5 mg as
      needed after 3 initial monthly doses) studies with summary-level data from the
      VIVID and VISTA (aflibercept 2.0 mg every 8 weeks after 5 initial monthly doses,
      2q8) studies. The impact of adjusting for up to two baseline characteristics was
      assessed. RESULTS: All methods provided similar results. After adjustment for
      baseline best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness, no
      statistically significant difference in average gain in baseline best-corrected
      visual acuity from baseline at month 12 was found between ranibizumab 0.5 mg and
      aflibercept 2q8. CONCLUSIONS: Weight optimization and regression methods are
      useful options to adjust for more than one baseline characteristic.

PMID- 26967934
TI  - More children under 11 attending hospital after violent injuries.
AB  - The number of people treated in hospital after violent injuries fell in England
      and Wales last year, a study has revealed. 

PMID- 26967935
TI  - Defend the NHS.
AB  - As the new financial year starts, NHS staff will know that austerity measures
      have been put in place or are being planned while healthcare services undergo
      great change. 

PMID- 26967936
TI  - Hierarchical Porous Nickel Cobaltate Nanoneedle Arrays as Flexible Carbon
      Protected Cathodes for High-Performance Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.
AB  - Rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries are consequently considered to be
      an attractive energy storage technology because of the high theoretical energy
      densities. Here, an effective binder-free cathode with high capacity for Li-O2
      batteries, needle-like mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanowire arrays uniformly coated on the
      flexible carbon textile have been in situ fabricated via a facile hydrothermal
      process followed by low temperature calcination. Because of the material and
      structural features, the needle-like NiCo2O4 nanowire arrays (NCONWAs) served as
      a binder-free cathode exhibits high specific capacity (4221 mAh g(-1)), excellent
      rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability (200 cycles). This cathode
      based on nonprecious mesoporous metal oxides nanowire arrays has large open
      spaces and high surface area, providing numerous catalytically active sites and
      effective transmission pathways for lithium ion and oxygen, and promises the
      abundant Li2O2 storage. The fast electron transport by directly anchoring on the
      substrate ensures fast electrochemical reaction process involved with the every
      nanowire. Furthermore, a bendable Li-O2 battery assembled by using the flexible
      NCONWAs as the cathode, can be able to light an LED and shows good rate
      capability and cyclic stability. 

PMID- 26967938
TI  - Tissue Characterization after a New Disaggregation Method for Skin Micro-Grafts
      Generation.
AB  - Several new methods have been developed in the field of biotechnology to obtain
      autologous cellular suspensions during surgery, in order to provide one step
      treatments for acute and chronic skin lesions. Moreover, the management of
      chronic but also acute wounds resulting from trauma, diabetes, infections and
      other causes, remains challenging. In this study we describe a new method to
      create autologous micro-grafts from cutaneous tissue of a single patient and
      their clinical application. Moreover, in vitro biological characterization of
      cutaneous tissue derived from skin, de-epidermized dermis (Ded) and dermis of
      multi-organ and/or multi-tissue donors was also performed. All tissues were
      disaggregated by this new protocol, allowing us to obtain viable micro-grafts. In
      particular, we reported that this innovative protocol is able to create bio
      complexes composed by autologous micro-grafts and collagen sponges ready to be
      applied on skin lesions. The clinical application of autologous bio-complexes on
      a leg lesion was also reported, showing an improvement of both re-epitalization
      process and softness of the lesion. Additionally, our in vitro model showed that
      cell viability after mechanical disaggregation with this system is maintained
      over time for up to seven (7) days of culture. We also observed, by flow
      cytometry analysis, that the pool of cells obtained from disaggregation is
      composed of several cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, that exert a
      key role in the processes of tissue regeneration and repair, for their high
      regenerative potential. Finally, we demonstrated in vitro that this procedure
      maintains the sterility of micro-grafts when cultured in Agar dishes. In summary,
      we conclude that this new regenerative approach can be a promising tool for
      clinicians to obtain in one step viable, sterile and ready to use micro-grafts
      that can be applied alone or in combination with most common biological
      scaffolds. 

PMID- 26967937
TI  - Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation May Reduce Medication Costs in Early
      Stage Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is well-known to
      reduce medication burden in advanced stage Parkinson's disease (PD). Preliminary
      data from a prospective, single blind, controlled pilot trial demonstrated that
      early stage PD subjects treated with STN-DBS also required less medication than
      those treated with optimal drug therapy (ODT). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this
      study was to analyze medication cost and utilization from the pilot trial of DBS
      in early stage PD and to project 10 year medication costs. METHODS: Medication
      data collected at each visit were used to calculate medication costs. Medications
      were converted to levodopa equivalent daily dose, categorized by medication
      class, and compared. Medication costs were projected to advanced stage PD, the
      time when a typical patient may be offered DBS. RESULTS: Medication costs
      increased 72% in the ODT group and decreased 16% in the DBS+ODT group from
      baseline to 24 months. This cost difference translates into a cumulative savings
      for the DBS+ODT group of $7,150 over the study period. Projected medication cost
      savings over 10 years reach $64,590. Additionally, DBS+ODT subjects were 80% less
      likely to require polypharmacy compared with ODT subjects at 24 months (p < 
      0.05; OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.04-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: STN-DBS in early PD reduced
      medication cost over the two-year study period. DBS may offer substantial long
      term reduction in medication cost by maintaining a simplified, low dose
      medication regimen. Further study is needed to confirm these findings, and the
      FDA has approved a pivotal, multicenter clinical trial evaluating STN-DBS in
      early PD.

PMID- 26967942
TI  - Learning Warps Object Representations in the Ventral Temporal Cortex.
AB  - The human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) plays a critical role in object
      recognition. Although it is well established that visual experience shapes VTC
      object representations, the impact of semantic and contextual learning is
      unclear. In this study, we tracked changes in representations of novel visual
      objects that emerged after learning meaningful information about each object.
      Over multiple training sessions, participants learned to associate semantic
      features (e.g., "made of wood," "floats") and spatial contextual associations
      (e.g., "found in gardens") with novel objects. fMRI was used to examine VTC
      activity for objects before and after learning. Multivariate pattern similarity
      analyses revealed that, after learning, VTC activity patterns carried information
      about the learned contextual associations of the objects, such that objects with
      contextual associations exhibited higher pattern similarity after learning.
      Furthermore, these learning-induced increases in pattern information about
      contextual associations were correlated with reductions in pattern information
      about the object's visual features. In a second experiment, we validated that
      these contextual effects translated to real-life objects. Our findings
      demonstrate that visual object representations in VTC are shaped by the knowledge
      we have about objects and show that object representations can flexibly adapt as
      a consequence of learning with the changes related to the specific kind of newly
      acquired information. 

PMID- 26967943
TI  - Top-Down Activation of Spatiotopic Sensory Codes in Perceptual and Working Memory
      Search.
AB  - A critical requirement of an efficient cognitive system is the selection and
      prioritization of relevant information. This occurs when selecting specific items
      from our sensory inputs, which then receive preferential status at subsequent
      levels of processing. Many everyday tasks also require us to select internal
      representations, such as a relevant item from memory. We show that both of these
      types of search are underpinned by the spatiotopic activation of sensory codes,
      using both fMRI and MEG data. When individuals searched for perceived and
      remembered targets, the MEG data highlighted a sensor level electrophysiological
      effect that reflects the contralateral organization of the visual system-namely,
      the N2pc. The fMRI data were used to identify a network of frontoparietal areas
      common to both types of search, as well as the early visual areas activated by
      the search display. We then combined fMRI and MEG data to explore the temporal
      dynamics of functional connections between the frontoparietal network and the
      early visual areas. Searching for a target item resulted in significantly
      enhanced phase-phase coupling between the frontoparietal network and the visual
      areas contralateral to the perceived or remembered location of that target. This
      enhancement of spatially specific phase-phase coupling occurred before the N2pc
      effect and was significantly associated with it on a trial-by-trial basis. The
      combination of these two imaging modalities suggests that perceptual and working
      memory search are underpinned by the synchronization of a frontoparietal network
      and the relevant sensory cortices. 

PMID- 26967945
TI  - "How Did I Make It?": Uncertainty about Own Motor Performance after Inhibition of
      the Premotor Cortex.
AB  - Optimal motor performance requires the monitoring of sensorimotor input to ensure
      that the motor output matches current intentions. The brain is thought to be
      equipped with a "comparator" system, which monitors and detects the congruence
      between intended and actual movement; results of such a comparison can reach
      awareness. This study explored in healthy participants whether the cathodal
      transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the right premotor cortex (PM)
      and right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) can disrupt performance monitoring in a
      skilled motor task. Before and after tDCS, participants underwent a two-digit
      sequence motor task; in post-tDCS session, single-pulse TMS (sTMS) was applied to
      the right motor cortex, contralateral to the performing hand, with the aim of
      interfering with motor execution. Then, participants rated on a five-item
      questionnaire their performance at the motor task. Cathodal tDCS of PM (but not
      sham or PPC tDCS) impaired the participants' ability to evaluate their motor
      performance reliably, making them unconfident about their judgments. Congruently
      with the worsened motor performance induced by sTMS, participants reported to
      have committed more errors after sham and PPC tDCS; such a correlation was not
      significant after PM tDCS. In line with current computational and
      neuropsychological models of motor control and awareness, the present results
      show that a mechanism in the PM monitors and compares intended versus actual
      movements, evaluating their congruence. Cathodal tDCS of the PM impairs the
      activity of such a "comparator," disrupting self-confidence about own motor
      performance. 

PMID- 26967944
TI  - Addiction History Associates with the Propensity to Form Habits.
AB  - Learned habitual responses to environmental stimuli allow efficient interaction
      with the environment, freeing cognitive resources for more demanding tasks.
      However, when the outcome of such actions is no longer a desired goal,
      established stimulus-response (S-R) associations or habits must be overcome.
      Among people with substance use disorders (SUDs), difficulty in overcoming
      habitual responses to stimuli associated with their addiction in favor of new,
      goal-directed behaviors contributes to relapse. Animal models of habit learning
      demonstrate that chronic self-administration of drugs of abuse promotes habitual
      responding beyond the domain of compulsive drug seeking. However, whether a
      similar propensity toward domain-general habitual responding occurs in humans
      with SUDs has remained unclear. To address this question, we used a visuomotor S
      R learning and relearning task, the Hidden Association between Images Task, which
      employs abstract visual stimuli and manual responses. This task allows us to
      measure new S-R association learning and well-learned S-R association execution
      and includes a response contingency change manipulation to quantify the degree to
      which responding is habit-based, rather than goal-directed. We find that people
      with SUDs learn new S-R associations as well as healthy control participants do.
      Moreover, people with an SUD history slightly outperform controls in S-R
      execution. In contrast, people with SUDs are specifically impaired in overcoming
      well-learned S-R associations; those with SUDs make a significantly greater
      proportion of perseverative errors during well-learned S-R replacement,
      indicating the more habitual nature of their responses. Thus, with equivalent
      training and practice, people with SUDs appear to show enhanced domain-general
      habit formation. 

PMID- 26967946
TI  - Transient Distraction and Attentional Control during a Sustained Selective
      Attention Task.
AB  - Distracting stimuli in the environment can pull our attention away from our goal
      directed tasks. fMRI studies have implicated regions in right frontal cortex as
      being particularly important for processing distractors [e.g., de Fockert, J. W.,
      & Theeuwes, J. Role of frontal cortex in attentional capture by singleton
      distractors. Brain and Cognition, 80, 367-373, 2012; Demeter, E., Hernandez
      Garcia, L., Sarter, M., & Lustig, C. Challenges to attention: A continuous
      arterial spin labeling (ASL) study of the effects of distraction on sustained
      attention. Neuroimage, 54, 1518-1529, 2011]. Less is known, however, about the
      timing and sequence of how right frontal or other brain regions respond
      selectively to distractors and how distractors impinge upon the cascade of
      processes related to detecting and processing behaviorally relevant target
      stimuli. Here we used EEG and ERPs to investigate the neural consequences of a
      perceptually salient but task-irrelevant distractor on the detection of rare
      target stimuli embedded in a rapid, serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream. We
      found that distractors that occur during the presentation of a target interfere
      behaviorally with detection of those targets, reflected by reduced detection
      rates, and that these missed targets show a reduced amplitude of the long
      latency, detection-related P3 component. We also found that distractors elicited
      a right-lateralized frontal negativity beginning at 100 msec, whose amplitude
      negatively correlated across participants with their distraction-related
      behavioral impairment. Finally, we also quantified the instantaneous amplitude of
      the steady-state visual evoked potentials elicited by the RSVP stream and found
      that the occurrence of a distractor resulted in a transient amplitude decrement
      of the steady-state visual evoked potential, presumably reflecting the pull of
      attention away from the RSVP stream when distracting stimuli occur in the
      environment. 

PMID- 26967947
TI  - Cue-related Temporal Factors Modulate Movement-related Beta Oscillatory Activity
      in the Human Motor Circuit.
AB  - In humans, there is a strong beta (15-30 Hz) event-related desynchronization
      (ERD) that begins before movement, which has been tentatively linked to motor
      planning operations. The dynamics of this response are strongly modulated by
      whether a pending movement is cued and the inherent parameters of the cue.
      However, previous studies have focused on the information content of cues and not
      on parameters such as the timing of the cue relative to other events. Variations
      in such timing are critical, as they directly impact the amount of time that
      participants have to plan pending movements. In this study, participants
      performed finger-tapping sequences during magnetoencephalography, and we
      manipulated the amount of time (i.e., "long" vs. "short") between the
      presentation of the to-be-executed sequence and the cue to initiate the sequence.
      We found that the beta ERD was stronger immediately after the cue to move in the
      contralateral postcentral gyrus and bilateral parietal cortices during the short
      compared with long planning time condition. During movement execution, the beta
      ERD was stronger in the premotor cortex and the SMA in the short relative to long
      condition. Finally, peak latency in the SMA significantly correlated with RT,
      such that the closer the peak beta ERD was to the cue to move, the quicker the
      participant responded. The results of this study establish that peri-movement
      beta ERD activity across the cortical motor circuit is highly sensitive to cue
      related temporal factors, with a direct link to motor performance. 

PMID- 26967949
TI  - Protein Binding Bends the Gold Nanoparticle Capped DNA Sequence: Toward Novel
      Energy-Transfer-Based Photoelectrochemical Protein Detection.
AB  - In this work, we present a novel energy-transfer (ET)-based photoelectrochemical
      (PEC) probing of DNA-protein interactions, which associates intimately with many
      important intracellular processes in transcriptional regulatory networks.
      Specifically, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were confined onto the CdS quantum dots
      (QDs) functionalized PEC surface by the formation of duplex DNA, the subsequent
      binding of the TATA binding protein (TBP) and the resulting distortion of the Au
      NPs capped DNA sequence could adjust the interparticle distance and thereby
      modulate the PEC performance of CdS QDs through the ET process between the CdS
      QDs and Au NPs. Using the duplex DNA sequence as a rigid spacer, the relationship
      between the photocurrent quenching effect and the spacing distance was also
      studied and some experimental conditions were optimized, on the basis of which a
      novel ET-based PEC TBP biosensor was realized with high sensitivity and
      selectivity. 

PMID- 26967950
TI  - Chiral NHC Ligands Bearing a Pyridine Moiety in Copper-Catalyzed 1,2-Addition of
      Dialkylzinc Reagents to beta-Aryl-alpha,beta-unsaturated N-Tosylaldimines.
AB  - Asymmetric 1,2-addition of dialkylzinc reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated N
      tosylaldimines was catalyzed by copper salt in the presence of chiral imidazolium
      salts having a pyridine ring, which were derived from amino acid, to afford the
      corresponding chiral allylic amines with up to 91% ee in reasonably high yields.
      The chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand played an important role in
      controlling chemoselectivity. 

PMID- 26967948
TI  - Simulation Testing for Selection of Critical Care Medicine Trainees. A Pilot
      Feasibility Study.
AB  - RATIONALE: Selection of physicians into anesthesiology, intensive care, and
      emergency medicine training has traditionally relied on evaluation of curriculum
      vitae, letters of recommendation, and interviews, despite these methods being
      poor predictors of subsequent workplace performance. OBJECTIVES: In this study,
      we evaluated the feasibility and face validity of incorporating assessment of
      nontechnical skills in simulation and personality traits into an existing junior
      doctor selection framework. METHODS: Candidates short-listed for a critical care
      residency position were invited to participate in the study. On the interview
      day, consenting candidates participated in a simulation scenario and debriefing
      and completed a personality test (16 Personality Factor Questionnaire) and a
      survey. Timing of participants' progression through the stations and faculty
      staff numbers were evaluated. Nontechnical skills were evaluated and candidates
      ranked using the Ottawa Crisis Resource Management Global Rating Scale (Ottawa
      GRS). Nontechnical skills ranking and traditional selection method ranking were
      compared using the concordance correlation coefficient. Interrater reliability
      was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Thirteen of 20 eligible participants consented to study inclusion. All
      participants completed the necessary stations without significant time delays.
      Eighteen staff members were required to conduct interviews, simulation,
      debriefing, and personality testing. Participants rated the simulation station to
      be acceptable, fair, and relevant and as providing an opportunity to demonstrate
      abilities. Personality testing was rated less fair, less relevant, and less
      acceptable, and as giving less opportunity to demonstrate abilities. Participants
      reported that simulation was equally as stressful as the interview, whereas
      personality testing was rated less stressful. Assessors rated both personality
      testing and simulation as acceptable and able to provide additional information
      about candidates. The Ottawa GRS showed moderate interrater concordance. There
      was moderate concordance between rankings based on traditional selection methods
      and Ottawa GRS rankings (rho = 0.52; 95% confidence interval, -0.02 to 0.82; P =
      0.06). CONCLUSIONS: A multistation selection process involving interviews,
      simulation, and personality testing is feasible and has face validity. A
      potential barrier to adoption is the high number of faculty required to conduct
      the process.

PMID- 26967951
TI  - Deformation and rupture of Dunaliella salina at high shear rates without the use
      of thickeners.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-density cultures require operating below the critical threshold
      of shear stress, in order to avoid reducing the specific growth rate of the
      cells. When determining this threshold, direct inspection of the cells in flow
      provides insight into the conditions of shearing. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study
      was using a novel rheo-optical setup for the observation of cells in laminar
      shear flow and the determination of the critical shear stress required to damage
      them in their natural environment. METHODS: Dunaliella salina cells were sheared
      and observed in flow for shear stresses of up to 90 Pa, at ambient temperature,
      without adding thickeners. The critical shear stress was determined by fitting a
      hydrodynamics-based criterion to the experimental data on the percentage of
      deformed cells after shearing. RESULTS: Single cells, clusters and strings of
      cells were visible in shear flow. The strings formed at maximum shear stresses of
      10 Pa or higher. Cells lost motility for maximum shear stresses higher than 15
      Pa, and more than 80% of the cells were deformed at maximum shear stresses higher
      than 60 Pa. The estimated critical shear stress was 18 Pa. CONCLUSIONS: Shear
      stresses higher than 18 Pa should be avoided when cultivating D. salina.

PMID- 26967952
TI  - Effects of betaine, organic acids and inulin as single feed additives or in
      combination on bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned
      pigs.
AB  - A study was carried out to investigate whether blends of betaine, organic acids
      and inulin may improve their efficacy to modulate intestinal bacterial
      populations in weaned pigs compared with the single application of these
      additives. Moreover, potential postprandial diurnal variations in ileal bacterial
      numbers were determined in piglets fed the control diet. Twenty-four piglets in
      two consecutive experiments received a wheat-barley-soybean meal control diet
      (Con) or the Con diet supplemented with betaine (BET; 0.2%), an organic acid
      blend (AC; 0.4%) or inulin (IN; 0.2%) as single additives or in combination.
      Ileal bacterial numbers of total bacteria, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria (p <
      0.05) and enterobacteria (p < 0.10) showed a postprandial diurnal variation, thus
      spot sampling of ileal digesta for the determination of bacterial numbers may not
      be representative. There were only small effects of BET, AC and IN on ileal and
      faecal bacterial populations. BET + AC increased total ileal bacterial numbers
      compared to the Con and AC treatments. BET reduced lactobacilli numbers in
      faeces, whereas BET + IN increased ileal numbers of bifidobacteria compared to AC
      and IN. There is evidence that BET, AC, IN and their combinations may affect
      proliferation of beneficial bacterial populations, although this has to be
      confirmed in further studies.

PMID- 26967953
TI  - Development of equations for predicting metabolisable energy concentrations in
      compound feeds for pigs.
AB  - In 2006 in Germany new recommendations for the supply of energy and nutrients to
      pigs were published, including a modification of the energy evaluation on the
      basis of metabolisable energy for pigs (MES). It was the objective of this meta
      analysis to calculate equations that can be used for predicting MES in compound
      feeds for pigs on the basis of their nutrient concentrations. Data from
      digestibility studies with a total of 290 compound feeds were provided by
      different research institutions. Feeds for both piglets and growing-finishing
      pigs were contained in the data set. The MES concentration ranged from 10.4-16.6
      MJ/kg DM, with the majority of data ranging between 15 and 16 MJ/kg DM. The data
      were processed with a cross validation method and a multiple regression approach
      by using MES as the independent variable. A corrected Akaike-Information
      Criterion (AIC_ cor) was used for model evaluation. Various models were developed
      and validated independently. Calculations were made both for piglet and growing
      finishing pig feeds, separately and together, for all feeds. It was shown that
      the MES concentration in compound feeds can be predicted with good accuracy if
      the concentrations of crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, and starch are
      known. Prediction equations were presented. The lack of data for highly fibrous
      feeds as well as the analysis of different fibre fractions was identified as a
      challenge for further improvement of the prediction equations.

PMID- 26967954
TI  - Effect of dietary crude protein level on jejunal brush border enzyme activities
      in weaned pigs.
AB  - Forty weaned pigs (7.0 +/- 0.5 kg, mean +/- SD) were used to determine the
      effects of feeding a low crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diet to piglets
      on the activities of jejunal brush border enzymes. Pigs were randomly allotted to
      two diets: a 222 g crude protein (HCP) per kg diet, or a 173 g crude protein per
      kg diet supplemented with amino acids (LCP). Pigs fed the HCP diet had higher
      small intestine weight compared with those fed the LCP diet on day 7 after
      weaning. Diet had no effect on the specific activities of jejunal sucrase,
      lactase, leucine aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase A, aminopeptidase N and
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV. The activities of sucrase and lactase decreased (p <
      0.05) from day 3 after weaning to day 7, but the activities of leucine
      aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase N increased. The results showed that feeding a
      low protein diet supplemented with amino acids according to the ideal protein
      ratio to piglets had no negative effect on the development of jejunal brush
      border enzymes.

PMID- 26967955
TI  - Tryptophan metabolism and related B vitamins in the multiparous sow fed ad
      libitum after farrowing.
AB  - Although dietary content of tryptophan has been related to variations of feed
      intake in lactating sows, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Twenty
      multiparous crossbred Landrace * Large White sows were used to assess variations
      of tryptophan metabolism around farrowing. Sows were fed 3 kg/d of a standard
      gestation diet from insemination until farrowing. They were then fed ad libitum a
      standard lactation diet until weaning. Sows were catheterised on day 70 of
      gestation and blood samples were drawn on day 37 before parturition, daily during
      the week before and the week after farrowing, and on days 14 and 21 of lactation.
      Plasma concentrations of amino acids, kynurenine, niacin, haptoglobin, urea, and
      vitamin B6 concentration in red blood cells were determined. During the week
      following parturition, plasma tryptophan and niacin decreased while plasma
      kynurenine increased (p < 0.05). On the 2nd and 3rd weeks of lactation, plasma
      tryptophan and kynurenine returned to pre-farrowing concentrations, while niacin
      increased throughout lactation (p < 0.05). Vitamin B6 increased progressively
      during the week after farrowing (p < 0.05) and remained constant at a high
      concentration thereafter. The average feed intake of the sow during lactation was
      positively correlated with the mean concentrations of niacin (r(2) = 0.25; p <
      0.001) and kynurenine (r(2) = 0.31; p < 0.001) in plasma and with vitamin B6 in
      red blood cells (r(2) = 0.68; p < 0.001). This study suggests that tryptophan
      catabolism presumably through the kynurenine pathway is high during the 1st week
      after farrowing, and that dietary supply of niacin and vitamin B6 could be
      transiently suboptimal in early lactation.

PMID- 26967957
TI  - Accuracy of the use of energy conversion factors for compound fish diets.
AB  - Conversion factors of 23.6, 39.5 and 17.2 MJ/kg for protein, lipid and
      carbohydrate contents, respectively, are frequently used in fish studies to
      calculate the gross energy (GE) content of compound diets. Values predicted
      according to the above resulted in linear relationships of observed GE values
      with similar R (2) and mean prediction error (MPE) values when using either
      nitrogen-free extract (NFE) (R (2) = 0.5713, RMSE = 1.3134, MPE = 0.0741, n =
      129, 32 studies) or starch (R (2) = 0.5665, RMSE = 1.6768, MPE = 0.0839, n = 190,
      45 studies) as measurements of carbohydrate content. Apparent digestible
      carbohydrate content (either NFE or starch) was found to be linearly-related (R
      (2) values of 0.7531 and 0.7460, respectively) to its dietary content in compound
      fish diets. Predicted apparent digestible protein (ADP), lipid (DL) and
      carbohydrate contents, together with energy conversion factors, presented R (2)
      and MPE values of 0.6205 (RMSE = 1.2606) and 0.2051, respectively, between
      observed and predicted apparent digestible energy (ADE) content with NFE as
      measurement of carbohydrate content (n = 97, 17 studies, eight fish species).
      However, with carbohydrates quantified by starch content, an R (2) value of
      0.7017 (RMSE = 1.7556) and MPE of 0.1055 were obtained (n = 37, 10 studies, five
      fish species).

PMID- 26967956
TI  - Comparison of different methods for determination of the duodenal and ileal flows
      of endogenous nitrogen and amino acids in growing goats.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to compare the isotope dilution, the
      difference and the amino acid profile (AAP) methods for the quantification of
      duodenal and ileal flows of endogenous nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in
      growing goats. Nine growing goats were fed the same diet containing maize stover,
      ground corn and soybean meal. The duodenal flow of endogenous N determined by the
      isotope dilution method was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that determined
      by the difference and AAP methods, while there was no difference between the
      difference and the AAP methods. The duodenal flows of individual endogenous AA
      determined by the isotope dilution method exceed those determined by the
      difference and the AAP method by 10 to 106%. The endogenous flow at the ileum
      determined by the isotope dilution method was not significantly different to
      those determined by the water-soluble method, but tended to be lower for N and
      all amino acids. It is concluded that the difference method and AAP method
      underestimate the duodenal flow of endogenous N and AA compared to the isotope
      dilution method.

PMID- 26967958
TI  - Recognizing postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.
AB  - This article describes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential
      diagnosis, diagnosis, and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
      (POTS), a potentially debilitating autonomic disorder that can have many causes
      and presentations. POTS can be mistaken for panic disorder, inappropriate sinus
      tachycardia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinician suspicion for the syndrome
      is key to prompt patient diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 26967959
TI  - DENTEX: The emergence of dental therapists in the United States.
AB  - Dental therapists were introduced into Alaska in 2005 to meet the basic oral
      health needs of Alaska Native communities. Deployed in 54 countries, dental
      therapists are well distributed throughout their respective societies. In Alaska,
      they provide effective, quality, and safe care for children in an economical
      manner and are generally accepted both by the public and by the dental
      profession. Dental therapists are increasingly employed in other states.
      Historical parallels exist between the physician assistant movement and dental
      therapists in the United States. 

PMID- 26967960
TI  - Clinical and histological results in the treatment of atrophic and hypertrophic
      scars using a combined method of radiofrequency, ultrasound, and transepidermal
      drug delivery.
AB  - Scars are problematic for thousands of patients. Scarring is a natural part of
      the healing process after an injury. However, the appearance of a scar and its
      treatment depend on multiple factors and on the experience of the therapist and
      the options available. Despite a plethora of rapidly evolving treatment options
      and technical advances, the management of atrophic and hypertrophic scars remains
      difficult. Innovative technologies provide an attractive alternative to
      conventional methods in the treatment of scars. The purpose of this trial was to
      determine the clinical and histological results of a method of treatment that
      combines radiofrequency, ultrasound, and transepidermal drug delivery. This was a
      prospective study conducted on 14 patients with scars of different sizes, types,
      and characteristics. All patients underwent six treatment sessions with the
      Legato device. Atrophic scars were treated with retinoic acid and hypertrophic
      scars with triamcinolone. Photographs and biopsies were taken before treatment
      and at 6 months after the last treatment session. The scars improved
      significantly (P < 0.0001). The mean attenuation in the severity of scars was 67%
      (range: 50-75%), where 100% indicates complete disappearance of the scar.
      Clinical and histological images of scar tissue in six patients in whom
      attenuation in the range of 55-75% was achieved are shown. Biopsies show
      regenerative changes in the scar tissue, in both the epidermis and dermis. The
      method makes it possible to treat extensive, heterogeneous scars on different
      sites with good results that are similar and predictable. 

PMID- 26967962
TI  - Error in Table.

PMID- 26967963
TI  - MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS IN DISSEMINATED SPOROTRICHOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH HIV/AIDS.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this article, the authors describe multifocal choroiditis related to
      disseminated sporotrichosis in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective observational study of three patients infected with HIV who
      presented with disseminated sporotrichosis characterized by cutaneous lesions,
      multifocal choroiditis, and other manifestations, including osteomyelitis and
      involvement of the bone marrow, larynx, pharynx, and nasal and oral mucosa.
      RESULTS: Five eyes of three patients with HIV/AIDS showed multifocal choroiditis
      related to disseminated sporotrichosis. The CD4 counts ranged from 25 to 53 mm.
      All patients were asymptomatic visually. The ocular disease was bilateral in two
      patients. The lesion size ranged from 1/3 to 2 disc diameters. None of the
      patients had vitritis. Of the 12 lesions, 9 were localized in the posterior pole
      (Zone 1) and 3 were localized in the mild periphery (Zone 2). CONCLUSION:
      Multifocal choroiditis due to disseminated sporotrichosis can occur in profoundly
      immunosuppressed patients with HIV/AIDS.

PMID- 26967964
TI  - SUBRETINAL CANNULATION AS A COMPLICATION OF SUTURE TRABECULOTOMY SURGERY IN A
      PEDIATRIC PATIENT.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a case of inadvertent subretinal cannulation of ab externo
      suture trabeculotomy surgery associated with serous macular detachment. METHODS:
      Retrospective case report. Ophthalmic examination and portable spectral domain
      optical coherence tomography (Envisu C2300; Bioptogen, Morrisville, NC) were
      performed under general anesthesia. RESULTS: A 5-year-old girl with uveitis
      secondary to oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis underwent trabeculotomy
      surgery of the left eye for steroid-induced glaucoma refractory to medical
      management. The surgery was complicated by inadvertent subretinal cannulation
      with the prolene suture. Multiple, arcuate, hypopigmented subretinal tracks,
      originating from the ora serrata, were observed. Spectral domain optical
      coherence tomography images through the macula revealed subretinal fluid
      overlying funduscopically visible tracks, defects in photoreceptor outer segments
      overlying the tracks, and normal choroidal anatomy. The serous macular detachment
      resolved spontaneously after 4 months and visual acuity returned to baseline
      20/25 in the left eye, consistent with reversible localized damage to the outer
      retina and retinal pigment epithelium. CONCLUSION: We report a case of
      inadvertent subretinal cannulation during suture trabeculotomy surgery that
      resulted in serous macular detachment which resolved spontaneously. The
      inadvertent complication demonstrated a pathway for administration of
      therapeutics to the subretinal space.

PMID- 26967966
TI  - SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE OF A LARGE STAGE III MACULAR HOLE AFTER PANRETINAL
      PHOTOCOAGULATION IN A PATIENT WITH SEVERE PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report spontaneous closure of a tractional Stage III macular hole
      (MH) in a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) after panretinal
      photocoagulation (PRP). METHODS: Case report of a 43-year-old man with poorly
      controlled Type I diabetes and bilateral severe proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy. RESULTS: On presentation, visual acuity was 20/400 and fundus
      examination was significant for a Stage III tractional MH in the left eye. Vision
      in the right eye was light perception from neovascular glaucoma. Fluorescein
      angiography showed extremely severe macular and peripheral ischemia, disk
      neovascularization, and macular traction from fibroglial tissue. After 5
      panretinal photocoagulation sessions over 3 months, the MH spontaneously closed;
      however, vision remained 20/400. Fluorescein angiography showed regressed disk
      neovascularization and mild diffuse macular leakage. After a 13-month loss to
      follow-up, he presented with 20/300 vision, and, despite extensive macular
      traction from fibroglial tissue, the MH remained closed. Owing to progressive
      traction from the fibroglial tissue, macular retinal detachment occurred and
      vision decreased to hand motions. The patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy,
      scar tissue removal, silicone oil tamponade, and laser. Postoperatively, visual
      acuity decreased to no light perception because of neovascular glaucoma
      complications and lack of proper follow-up. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous closure of a
      Stage III MH may occur in patients with PDR after PRP; however, it may not result
      in long-term visual improvement.

PMID- 26967961
TI  - Ratiometric Array of Conjugated Polymers-Fluorescent Protein Provides a Robust
      Mammalian Cell Sensor.
AB  - Supramolecular complexes of a family of positively charged conjugated polymers
      (CPs) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) create a fluorescence resonance energy
      transfer (FRET)-based ratiometric biosensor array. Selective multivalent
      interactions of the CPs with mammalian cell surfaces caused differential change
      in FRET signals, providing a fingerprint signature for each cell type. The
      resulting fluorescence signatures allowed the identification of 16 different cell
      types and discrimination between healthy, cancerous, and metastatic cells, with
      the same genetic background. While the CP-GFP sensor array completely
      differentiated between the cell types, only partial classification was achieved
      for the CPs alone, validating the effectiveness of the ratiometric sensor. The
      utility of the biosensor was further demonstrated in the detection of blinded
      unknown samples, where 121 of 128 samples were correctly identified. Notably,
      this selectivity-based sensor stratified diverse cell types in minutes, using
      only 2000 cells, without requiring specific biomarkers or cell labeling. 

PMID- 26967965
TI  - TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS AND UVEITIS SYNDROME WITH A PRIMARY PRESENTATION OF
      ACUTE POSTERIOR MULTIFOCAL PLACOID PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a case of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome
      with a primary presentation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment
      epitheliopathy after use of lamotrigine. METHODS: Retrospective case report with
      ultra-widefield fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein
      angiography. RESULTS: A 19-year-old woman presented with decreased visual acuity
      and acute renal failure after starting lamotrigine. Her examination demonstrated
      1+ anterior chamber cell and numerous white deep retinal plaque-like lesions
      predominantly in the macula in both eyes. After extensive ophthalmic and systemic
      evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with tubulointerstitial nephritis and
      uveitis syndrome with a primary presentation of acute posterior multifocal
      placoid pigment epitheliopathy. She had excellent visual recovery with topical
      and systemic steroids. CONCLUSION: Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment
      epitheliopathy is a rare but important clinical presentation of
      tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. Oral corticosteroid treatment
      can be considered for tubulointerstitial nephritis but is generally not necessary
      for acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.

PMID- 26967967
TI  - tRNA-targeting ribonucleases: molecular mechanisms and insights into their
      physiological roles.
AB  - Most bacteria produce antibacterial proteins known as bacteriocins, which aid
      bacterial defence systems to provide a physiological advantage. To date, many
      kinds of bacteriocins have been characterized. Colicin has long been known as a
      plasmidborne bacteriocin that kills other Escherichia coli cells lacking the same
      plasmid. To defeat other cells, colicins exert specific activities such as ion
      channel, DNase, and RNase activity. Colicin E5 and colicin D impair protein
      synthesis in sensitive E. coli cells; however, their physiological targets have
      not long been identified. This review describes our finding that colicins E5 and
      D are novel RNases targeting specific E. coli tRNAs and elucidates their
      enzymatic properties based on biochemical analyses and X-ray crystal structures.
      Moreover, tRNA cleavage mediates bacteriostasis, which depends on trans
      translation. Based on these results and others, cell growth regulation depending
      on tRNA cleavage is also discussed. 

PMID- 26967969
TI  - Blebbishield emergency program: an apoptotic route to cellular transformation.

PMID- 26967970
TI  - Quantitative assessment of the association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp
      polymorphisms and risk of cutaneous melanoma.
AB  - Accumulating evidence has suggested that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln and Arg194Trp
      polymorphisms might be related to cutaneous melanoma susceptibility. However,
      epidemiologic findings have been inconsistent. We have assessed reported studies
      by meta-analysis to perform a more precise estimation of the association between
      the XRCC1 two polymorphisms (Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp) and risk of cutaneous
      melanoma. A total of seven eligible articles were selected for this meta
      analysis, including 3454 cases and 3811 controls for the XRCC1 Arg399Gln
      polymorphism and 1256 cases and 1575 controls for the XRCC1 Arg194Trp
      polymorphism. Overall, no significant associations were found in all genetic
      models when the studies were pooled into the meta-analysis for the Arg399Gln and
      Arg194Trp polymorphisms. When stratified by source of control, significant
      associations were found for the Arg399Gln polymorphism in the population-based
      subgroup under AA versus GG [odds ratio (OR)=1.43, 95% confidence interval
      (CI)=1.08-1.88]; the dominant model AA/GA versus GG (OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.04-1.51);
      and the recessive model AA versus GA/GG (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.01-1.68). No
      significant associations were found for the Arg194Trp polymorphism in the
      subgroup analysis. This meta-analysis suggested that the XRCC1 Arg399Gln
      polymorphism was a risk factor for cutaneous melanoma in population-based
      subgroup.

PMID- 26967971
TI  - Biodegradability and Molecular Composition of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Urban
      Stormwater Runoff and Outflow Water from a Stormwater Retention Pond.
AB  - Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) can be a significant part of the reactive N in
      aquatic ecosystems and can accelerate eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. A
      bioassay method was coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass
      spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) to determine the biodegradability and molecular
      composition of DON in the urban stormwater runoff and outflow water from an urban
      stormwater retention pond. The biodegradability of DON increased from 10% in the
      stormwater runoff to 40% in the pond outflow water and DON was less aromatic and
      had lower overall molecular weight in the pond outflow water than in the
      stormwater runoff. More than 1227 N-bearing organic formulas were identified with
      FT-ICR-MS in the stormwater runoff and pond outflow water, which were only 13%
      different in runoff and outflow water. These molecular formulas represented a
      wide range of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, amino sugars, lignins, and
      tannins in DON from runoff and pond outflow water. This work implies that the
      urban infrastructure (i.e., stormwater retention ponds) has the potential to
      influence biogeochemical processes in downstream water bodies because retention
      ponds are often a junction between the natural and the built environment. 

PMID- 26967968
TI  - Emerging roles for lipids in non-apoptotic cell death.
AB  - Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) is essential to maintain organismal
      homeostasis and may be aberrantly activated during certain pathological states.
      Lipids are emerging as key components of several non-apoptotic RCD pathways. For
      example, a direct interaction between membrane phospholipids and the pore-forming
      protein mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) is needed for the execution of
      necroptosis, while the oxidative destruction of membrane polyunsaturated fatty
      acids (PUFAs), following the inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), is
      a requisite gateway to ferroptosis. Here, we review the roles of lipids in the
      initiation and execution of these and other forms of non-apoptotic cell death. We
      also consider new technologies that are allowing for the roles of lipids and
      lipid metabolism in RCD to be probed in increasingly sophisticated ways. In
      certain cases, this new knowledge may enable the development of therapies that
      target lipids and lipid metabolic processes to enhance or suppress specific non
      apoptotic RCD pathways.

PMID- 26967972
TI  - Pitavastatin and carbohydrate metabolism: what is the evidence?
AB  - Statins are the cornerstone of hypolipidemic treatment but recently have been
      associated with increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. However, the risk
      of incident diabetes is not the same among statins. Pitavastatin lowers low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol and increases high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol but also seems to be neutral in terms of risk of incident diabetes.
      Clinical and experimental evidence shows that pitavastatin increases adiponectin
      levels and reduces oxidative stress, effects that seem to be implicated in the
      beneficial effect of the drug on carbohydrate metabolism variables. Pitavastatin
      is a useful hypolipidemic drug, which is promising for patients with increased
      diabetes risk or established diabetes. 

PMID- 26967973
TI  - Myrosin cells are differentiated directly from ground meristem cells and are
      developmentally independent of the vasculature in Arabidopsis leaves.
AB  - Myrosin cells accumulate myrosinases in their vacuoles to catalyze the production
      of toxic compounds when tissues are damaged by herbivores. Myrosin cells are
      positioned adjacent to the abaxial side of the vasculature but their origin is
      unclear. To determine whether the myrosin cells are differentiated from vascular
      precursor cells, we generated a transgenic Arabidopsis line that expressed a
      myrosin cell reporter together with one of 3 vascular precursor cell reporters.
      The myrosin-positive cells were discontinuously distributed while the vascular
      precursor-positive cells were continuously distributed. The fluorescent signals
      of the myosin and vascular reporters did not overlap. Furthermore, the shape of
      myrosin-positive cells was different from the shape of vascular precursor
      positive cells. These results indicate that myosin cells develop independently of
      the vasculature. 

PMID- 26967974
TI  - Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for
      the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects.
AB  - Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most
      adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to
      two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the
      hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called
      subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development
      of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those
      of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes
      in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current
      biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is
      presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that
      takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly
      specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current
      protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific
      transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo
      targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle
      lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then
      integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also
      encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis
      of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled
      cells and their progeny. 

PMID- 26967977
TI  - Office hysteroscopy: an update.

PMID- 26967975
TI  - A cationic liposome-DNA complexes adjuvant (JVRS-100) enhances the immunogenicity
      and cross-protective efficacy of pre-pandemic influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in
      ferrets.
AB  - Influenza A (H5N1) viruses continue to pose a public health threat. As
      inactivated H5N1 vaccines are poorly immunogenic, adjuvants are needed to improve
      the immunogenicity of H5N1 vaccine in humans. Here, we investigated the
      immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy in ferrets of a clade 2.2-derived
      vaccine with addition of JVRS-100, an adjuvant consisting of cationic liposome
      DNA complexes (CLDC). After the first vaccination, significantly higher levels of
      hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing antibody titers were detected
      in ferrets immunized with adjuvanted vaccine compared to unadjuvanted vaccine.
      Following a second dose of adjuvanted vaccine, HAI antibody titers of >= 40 were
      detected against viruses from multiple H5N1 clades. HAI antibodies against newly
      isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses were also augmented by JVRS-100. Ferrets were
      challenged with a heterologous H5N1 virus. All ferrets that received two doses of
      adjuvanted vaccine exhibited mild illness, significantly reduced nasal wash virus
      titers and protection from lethal challenge. In contrast, ferrets that received
      unadjuvanted vaccine showed greater weight loss, high viral titers and 3 of 6
      animals succumbed to the lethal challenge. Our results indicate that the addition
      of JVRS-100 to H5N1 vaccine enhanced immunogenicity and cross-protection against
      lethal H5N1 virus disease in ferrets. JVRS-100 warrants further investigation as
      a potential adjuvant for influenza vaccines.

PMID- 26967976
TI  - HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein localizes efficiently to the nucleus and nucleolus.
AB  - The HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) is an essential viral protein containing two highly
      conserved retroviral-type zinc finger (ZF) motifs, which functions in multiple
      stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. Although a number of functions for NC either in
      its mature form or as a domain of Gag have been revealed, little is known about
      the intracellular localization of NC and, moreover, its role in Gag protein
      trafficking. Here, we have investigated various forms of HIV-1 NC protein for its
      cellular localization and found that the NC has a strong nuclear and nucleolar
      localization activity. The linker region, composed of a stretch of basic amino
      acids between the two ZF motifs, was necessary and sufficient for the activity. 

PMID- 26967979
TI  - CTNNB1 mutation associated with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)
      phenotype.

PMID- 26967978
TI  - Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle Integrated Photo-responsive Liposomes and
      Measurement of Their Microbubble Cavitation upon Pulse Laser Excitation.
AB  - Photo-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) have received considerable attention because
      of their potential in providing spatial, temporal, and dosage control over the
      drug release. However, most of the relevant technologies are still in the
      development process and are unprocurable by clinics. Here, we describe a facile
      fabrication of these photo-responsive NPs with commercially available gold NPs
      and thermo-responsive liposomes. Calcein is used as a model drug to evaluate the
      encapsulation efficiency and the release kinetic profile upon heat/light
      stimulation. Finally, we show that this photo-triggered release is due to the
      membrane disruption caused by microbubble cavitation, which can be measured with
      hydrophone. 

PMID- 26967981
TI  - The Development and Validation of the Rational and Intuitive Decision Styles
      Scale.
AB  - Decision styles reflect the typical manner by which individuals make decisions.
      The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a decision style scale
      that addresses conceptual and psychometric problems with current measures. The
      resulting 10-item scale captures a broad range of the rational and intuitive
      styles construct domain. Results from 5 independent samples provide initial
      support for the dimensionality and reliability of the new scale, as demonstrated
      by a clear factor structure and high internal consistency. In addition, our
      results show evidence of convergent and discriminant validity through expected
      patterns of correlations across decision-making individual differences and the
      International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) Big Five traits. Research domains that
      would benefit from incorporating the concept of decision styles are discussed.

PMID- 26967980
TI  - Sclerotiamide: The First Non-Peptide-Based Natural Product Activator of Bacterial
      Caseinolytic Protease P.
AB  - Caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) maintains essential roles in bacterial
      homeostasis. As such, both the inhibition and activation of this enzyme result in
      bactericidal activity, making ClpP a promising target for antibacterial drug
      development. Herein, we report the results of a fluorescence-based screen of ~450
      structurally diverse fungal and bacterial secondary metabolites. Sclerotiamide
      (1), a paraherquamide-related indolinone, was identified as the first non-peptide
      based natural product activator of ClpP. Structure-activity relationships arising
      from the initial screen, preliminary biochemical evaluation of 1, and rationale
      for the exploitation of this chemotype to develop novel ClpP activators are
      presented.

PMID- 26967982
TI  - The relationship between blood pressure dipping status and carotid plaque in
      senior essential hypertensive individuals of different sexes: a cross-sectional
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of the blood pressure (BP) dipping
      status with carotid plaque in senior essential hypertensive patients of different
      sexes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 512 patients (275 men and 237 women)
      with essential hypertension who underwent ambulatory BP monitoring and carotid
      ultrasound assessment were recruited in our study. Binary logistic regression was
      used to analyze the associations of multiple risk factors with carotid plaque.
      RESULTS: Abnormal dipping [odds ratio (OR)=2.138, 95% confidence interval (CI)
      1.170-3.908, P<0.05] and circadian decline rate of systolic BP (SBP) (OR=0.925,
      95% CI 0.884-0.968, P<0.01) were found to be associated with carotid plaque in
      men. The level of night-time SBP (OR=1.022, 95% CI 1.003-1.042, P<0.05) and
      carotid plaque were associated with each other in women. In addition, as for all
      the patients in our study, abnormal dipping (OR=1.743, 95% CI 1.114-2.725,
      P<0.05), circadian decline rate of SBP (OR=0.950, 95% CI 0.922-0.980, P<0.01),
      the level of night-time SBP (OR=1.030, 95% CI 1.014-1.047, P<0.001), and the
      level of daytime diastolic BP (OR=0.971, 95% CI 0.946-0.998, P<0.05) were
      associated with carotid plaque, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested
      that the abnormal dipping status of BP and circadian decline rate of SBP might
      serve as independent risk factors for carotid plaque, respectively, in men, as
      does night-time SBP in women. Therefore, personalized BP management may be
      necessary for hypertensive patients.

PMID- 26967983
TI  - Elucidation of Genetic Interactions in the Yeast GATA-Factor Network Using
      Bayesian Model Selection.
AB  - Understanding the structure and function of complex gene regulatory networks
      using classical genetic assays is an error-prone procedure that frequently
      generates ambiguous outcomes. Even some of the best-characterized gene networks
      contain interactions whose validity is not conclusively proven. Founded on
      dynamic experimental data, mechanistic mathematical models are able to offer
      detailed insights that would otherwise require prohibitively large numbers of
      genetic experiments. Here we attempt mechanistic modeling of the transcriptional
      network formed by the four GATA-factor proteins, a well-studied system of central
      importance for nitrogen-source regulation of transcription in the yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To resolve ambiguities in the network organization, we
      encoded a set of five interactions hypothesized in the literature into a set of
      32 mathematical models, and employed Bayesian model selection to identify the
      most plausible set of interactions based on dynamic gene expression data. The top
      ranking model was validated on newly generated GFP reporter dynamic data and was
      subsequently used to gain a better understanding of how yeast cells organize
      their transcriptional response to dynamic changes of nitrogen sources. Our work
      constitutes a necessary and important step towards obtaining a holistic view of
      the yeast nitrogen regulation mechanisms; on the computational side, it provides
      a demonstration of how powerful Monte Carlo techniques can be creatively combined
      and used to address the great challenges of large-scale dynamical system
      inference. 

PMID- 26967985
TI  - Utility of a custom screw insertion guide and a full-scale, color-coded 3D
      plaster model for guiding safe surgical exposure and screw insertion during spine
      revision surgery.
AB  - Several articles have described the use of screw insertion guides during primary
      spine surgery; however, the use of such a guide during revision surgeries has not
      been described. The purpose of this study is to describe the utility of a custom
      screw insertion (CSI) guide assembled using a novel method and a full-scale,
      color-coded 3D plaster (FCTP) model for safe and accurate revision surgery. The
      authors applied the CSI guide and the FCTP model in 3 cases. In the first case, a
      patient with multiple failed cervical spine surgeries underwent
      occipitocervicothoracic fusion. After a successful result for this patient, the
      authors applied the CSI guide in 2 other patients who underwent revision lumbar
      fusion surgeries to confirm the accuracy and the efficacy of the CSI guides in
      such cases. The models and guides were fabricated using rapid prototyping
      technology. The effectiveness of these methods was examined. The FCTP model was
      designed using CT data. During model assembly, implants inserted during previous
      surgery were removed virtually, and for the cervical spine, vertebral arteries
      were colored red for planning. The CSI guide was designed with 5 or 6 arms to fit
      the bone surface precisely after removing artifacts. Surgery was performed by
      referring to the FCTP model. Because the actual structure of the bone surface was
      almost identical to that of the FCTP model, surgical exposure around the complex
      bone shape proceeded smoothly. The CSI guides were positioned accurately to aid
      the successful insertion of a pedicle screw into the C-2 vertebra in the case of
      cervical revision surgery, and 4 pedicle screws for lumbar vertebrae in the 2
      other patients. Postoperative CT scans showed that all screw positions closely
      matched those predicted during the preoperative planning. In conclusion, the FCTP
      models and the novel CSI guides were effective for safe and accurate revision
      surgery of the spine. 

PMID- 26967984
TI  - Distributional analysis of semantic interference in picture naming.
AB  - In picture-word interference experiments, participants name pictures (e.g., of a
      cat) while trying to ignore distractor words. Mean response time (RT) is
      typically longer with semantically related distractor words (e.g., dog) than with
      unrelated words (e.g., shoe), called semantic interference. Previous research has
      examined the RT distributional characteristics of distractor effects by
      performing ex-Gaussian analyses, which reveal whether effects are present in the
      normal part of the distribution (the MU parameter), its long right tail (the tau
      parameter), or both. One previous study linked the semantic interference effect
      selectively to the distribution tail. In the present study, we replicated the
      semantic interference effect in the mean picture naming RTs. Distributional
      analysis of the RTs and those of a previous study revealed that semantic
      interference was present in both MU and tau. These results provide evidence that
      the effect is not selectively linked to the tau parameter, and they warn against
      any simple one-to-one mapping between semantic interference and distributional
      parameters.

PMID- 26967986
TI  - A comparison of commercially available demineralized bone matrices with and
      without human mesenchymal stem cells in a rodent spinal fusion model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The efficacy of some demineralized bone matrix (DBM) substances has
      been demonstrated in the spinal fusion of rats; however, no previous comparative
      study has reported the efficacy of DBM with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).
      There is an added cost to the products with stem cells, which should be justified
      by improved osteogenic potential. The purpose of this study is to prospectively
      compare the fusion rates of 3 different commercially available DBM substances,
      both with and without hMSCs. METHODS Posterolateral fusion was performed in 32
      mature athymic nude rats. Three groups of 8 rats were implanted with 1 of 3 DBMs:
      Trinity Evolution (DBM with stem cells), Grafton (DBM without stem cells), or DBX
      (DBM without stem cells). A fourth group with no implanted material was used as a
      control group. Radiographs were obtained at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The rats were
      euthanized at 8 weeks. Overall fusion was determined by manual palpation and
      micro-CT. RESULTS The fusion rates at 8 weeks on the radiographs for Trinity
      Evolution, Grafton, and DBX were 8 of 8 rats, 3 of 8 rats, and 5 of 8 rats,
      respectively. A significant difference was found between Trinity Evolution and
      Grafton (p = 0.01). The overall fusion rates as determined by micro-CT and manual
      palpation for Trinity Evolution, Grafton, and DBX were 4 of 8 rats, 3 of 8 rats,
      and 3 of 8 rats, respectively. The Trinity Evolution substance had the highest
      overall fusion rate, however no significant difference was found between groups.
      CONCLUSIONS The efficacies of these DBM substances are demonstrated; however, the
      advantage of DBM with hMSCs could not be found in terms of posterolateral fusion.
      When evaluating spinal fusion using DBM substances, CT analysis is necessary in
      order to not overestimate fusion. 

PMID- 26967987
TI  - Transdiscal mid- and upper thoracic vertebroplasty: first description of 2
      exemplary cases.
AB  - Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty are established treatment methods to reinforce
      fractured vertebral bodies. In cases of previous pedicle screw instrumentation,
      vertebral body cannulation may be challenging. The authors describe, for the
      first time, an approach through the adjacent inferior vertebra and disc space in
      the thoracic spine for cement augmentation. A 78-year-old woman underwent
      posterior fusion with pedicle screws after vertebrectomy and reconstruction with
      cement and Steinmann pins for a pathological T-7 fracture. Two months later she
      developed a compression fracture of the vertebral body at the lower part of the
      construct, and a vertebroplasty was performed. Because a standard transpedicular
      route was not available, an inferior transdiscal trajectory was used for the
      cement injection. A 73-year-old man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis
      underwent cervicothoracic fusion posteriorly for subluxation. He developed pain
      in the upper thoracic area, and the authors performed a transdiscal
      vertebroplasty at T-2. The standard transpedicular route was not possible. The
      vertebral body was satisfactorily filled up with cement. Clinically both patients
      benefited significantly in terms of back pain and showed an uneventful follow-up
      of 3 months. Transdiscal vertebroplasty can achieve good results in the mid- and
      upper thoracic spine when a standard transpedicular trajectory is not possible,
      and can therefore be a good alternative in select cases. 

PMID- 26967988
TI  - Factors associated with improvement in sagittal spinal alignment after
      microendoscopic laminotomy in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Little is known about the relationship between sagittal spinal
      alignment in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) and objective
      findings such as spinopelvic parameters, lumbar back muscle degeneration, and
      clinical data. The purpose of this study was to identify the preoperative
      clinical and radiological factors that predict improvement in sagittal spinal
      alignment after decompressive surgery in patients with LSS. METHODS The records
      of 61 patients with LSS who underwent microendoscopic laminotomy and had pre- and
      postoperative clinical data collected were retrospectively reviewed. Spinopelvic
      parameters, including sagittal vertical axis (SVA), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral
      slope, pelvic tilt, and pelvic incidence (PI), were evaluated. On T2-weighted
      MRI, the cross-sectional area and the percentage of fat infiltration of the
      paravertebral muscles (PVMs) before surgery were calculated. For patients with
      preoperative SVA > 40 mm (n = 30), the correlation between SVA improvement and
      preoperative clinical and radiographic parameters was calculated. RESULTS SVA
      improvement correlated with preoperative LL (r = -0.39) and PI -LL (r = 0.54).
      Multiple regression analysis showed that preoperative PI -LL (beta = 0.62; p <
      0.01) and symptom duration (beta = -0.40; p < 0.05) were independently associated
      with SVA improvement. The percentage of fat infiltration of the PVM at L4-5 was
      significantly greater in patients with preoperative SVA >= 40 mm than in those
      patients with SVA < 40 mm. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative PI -LL and symptom duration
      were independently associated with SVA improvement in LSS patients with forward
      bending posture. PVM degeneration at the lower lumbar level was significantly
      greater among patients with preoperative SVA >= 40 mm than in patients with SVA <
      40 mm. 

PMID- 26967989
TI  - Letter to the Editor: Atlantoaxial instability.

PMID- 26967990
TI  - History of the current understanding and management of tethered spinal cord.
AB  - An understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome
      (TCS) and modern management strategies have only developed within the past few
      decades. Current understanding of this entity first began with the understanding
      and management of spina bifida; this later led to the gradual recognition of
      spina bifida occulta and the symptoms associated with tethering of the filum
      terminale. In the 17th century, Dutch anatomists provided the first descriptions
      and initiated surgical management efforts for spina bifida. In the 19th century,
      the term "spina bifida occulta" was coined and various presentations of spinal
      dysraphism were appreciated. The association of urinary, cutaneous, and skeletal
      abnormalities with spinal dysraphism was recognized in the 20th century. Early in
      the 20th century, some physicians began to suspect that traction on the conus
      medullaris caused myelodysplasia-related symptoms and that prophylactic surgical
      management could prevent the occurrence of clinical manifestations. It was not,
      however, until later in the 20th century that the term "tethered spinal cord" and
      the modern management of TCS were introduced. This gradual advancement in
      understanding at a time before the development of modern imaging modalities
      illustrates how, over the centuries, anatomists, pathologists, neurologists, and
      surgeons used clinical examination, a high level of suspicion, and interest in
      the subtle and overt clinical appearances of spinal dysraphism and TCS to advance
      understanding of pathophysiology, clinical appearance, and treatment of this
      entity. With the availability of modern imaging, spinal dysraphism can now be
      diagnosed and treated as early as the intrauterine stage. 

PMID- 26967991
TI  - Congenital scoliosis treated with posterior vertebral column resection in
      patients younger than 18 years: longer than 10-year follow-up.
AB  - OBJECTIVE There have been no reports on the long-term radiographic outcomes of
      posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) in patients with congenital
      scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes and
      complications after PVCR and its long-term effects on correcting this deformity
      in children with congenital scoliosis. METHODS The authors retrospectively
      analyzed the medical records of 45 patients with congenital scoliosis who were
      younger than 18 years at the time of surgery and who underwent PVCR and fusion
      with pedicle screw fixation (PSF). The mean age of the patients at the time of
      surgery was 11.3 years (range 2.4-18.0 years), and the mean length of follow-up
      was 12.8 years (range 10.1-18.2 years). RESULTS The mean Cobb angle of the main
      curve was 46.5 degrees  before PVCR, 13.7 degrees  immediately after PVCR, and
      17.6 degrees  at the last follow-up. For the compensatory cranial curve, PVCR
      corrected the preoperative Cobb angle of 21.2 degrees  to 9.1 degrees 
      postoperatively and maintained it at 10.9 degrees  at the last follow-up. For the
      compensatory caudal curve, the preoperative Cobb angle of 23.8 degrees  improved
      to 7.7 degrees  postoperatively and was 9.8 degrees  at the last follow-up. The
      authors noted 22 complications, and the overall incidence of complications was
      48.9%. CONCLUSIONS Posterior vertebral column resection is an effective procedure
      for managing congenital scoliosis in patients younger than 18 years. Use of PVCR
      and fusion with PSF for congenital scoliosis achieved rigid fixation and
      satisfactory deformity correction that was maintained over the long term.
      However, the authors note that PVCR is a technically demanding procedure and
      entails risks for major complications and excessive blood loss. 

PMID- 26967992
TI  - Risk of adjacent-segment disease requiring surgery after short lumbar fusion:
      results of the French Spine Surgery Society Series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Adjacent-segment disease (ASD) is an increasingly problematic
      complication following lumbar fusion surgery. The purpose of the current study
      was to determine the risk of ASD requiring surgical treatment after short lumbar
      or lumbosacral fusion. Primary spinal disease and surgical factors associated
      with an increased risk of revision were also investigated. METHODS This was a
      retrospective cohort study using the French Spine Surgery Society clinical data
      that included 3338 patients, with an average follow-up duration of 7 years (range
      4-10 years). Clinical ASD requiring surgery was the principal judgment criterion;
      the length of follow-up time and initial spinal disease were also recorded.
      Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. The correlation between primary
      spinal disease and surgery with an increased risk of revision was investigated.
      RESULTS During the follow-up period, 186 patients required revision surgery for
      ASD (5.6%). The predicted risk of ASD requiring revision surgery was 1.7% (95% CI
      1.3%-2.2%) at 2 years, 3.8% (95% CI 4.9%-6.7%) at 4 years, 5.7% (95% CI 4.9%
      6.7%) at 6 years, and 9% (95% CI 8.7%-10.6%) at 8 years. Initial spinal disease
      affected the risk of ASD requiring surgery (p = 0.0003). The highest risk was
      observed for degenerative spondylolisthesis. CONCLUSIONS ASD requiring revision
      surgery was predicted in 5.6% of patients 7 years after index short lumbar spinal
      fusion in the French Spine Surgery Society retrospective series. An increased
      risk of ASD requiring revision surgery associated with initial spinal disease
      showed the significance of the influence of natural degenerative history on
      adjacent-segment pathology. 

PMID- 26967993
TI  - Robot Guided 'Pen Skill' Training in Children with Motor Difficulties.
AB  - Motor deficits are linked to a range of negative physical, social and academic
      consequences. Haptic robotic interventions, based on the principles of
      sensorimotor learning, have been shown previously to help children with motor
      problems learn new movements. We therefore examined whether the training benefits
      of a robotic system would generalise to a standardised test of 'pen-skills',
      assessed using objective kinematic measures [via the Clinical Kinematic
      Assessment Tool, CKAT]. A counterbalanced, cross-over design was used in a group
      of 51 children (37 male, aged 5-11 years) with manual control difficulties.
      Improved performance on a novel task using the robotic device could be attributed
      to the intervention but there was no evidence of generalisation to any of the
      CKAT tasks. The robotic system appears to have the potential to support motor
      learning, with the technology affording numerous advantages. However, the
      training regime may need to target particular manual skills (e.g. letter
      formation) in order to obtain clinically significant improvements in specific
      skills such as handwriting. 

PMID- 26967996
TI  - Extracorporeal heart perfusion before heart transplantation: the heart in a box.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cold static storage is a time-tested and simple method of
      preserving hearts retrieved from optimal donors after brain death (DBD). The
      increasing gap between supply and demand for donor organs together with changing
      donor and recipient characteristics have led to renewed interest in the use of
      machine perfusion to increase both the quality and quantity of donor hearts for
      transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS: Two major approaches to machine perfusion of
      donor hearts have been investigated - hypothermic (HMP) and normothermic machine
      perfusion (NMP). Recent preclinical studies with HMP confirm that it provides
      superior donor heart preservation to cold static storage. HMP systems have been
      developed for human heart preservation but have yet to be tested clinically. In
      contrast, NMP has undergone extensive clinical evaluation in human heart
      transplantation, including optimal and higher risk DBD donors. In addition, NMP
      has enabled distant procurement and successful transplantation of hearts
      retrieved from human donation after circulatory death donors. SUMMARY: Initial
      clinical experience suggests that NMP of donor hearts retrieved from higher risk
      DBD and donation after circulatory death donors enables well tolerated ex-vivo
      reanimation, preservation, and assessment of these organs. In particular, this
      technology allows successful utilization of extended-criteria donor hearts that
      would otherwise be discarded.

PMID- 26967995
TI  - Microvascular injury after lung transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Airway microvessel injury following transplantation has been
      implicated in the development of chronic rejection. This review focuses on the
      most recent developments in the field describing preclinical and clinical
      findings that further implicate the loss of microvascular integrity as an
      important pathological event in the evolution of irreversible fibrotic
      remodeling. RECENT FINDINGS: When lungs are transplanted, the airways appear
      vulnerable from the perspective of perfusion. Two vascular systems are lost, the
      bronchial artery and the lymphatic circulations, and the remaining vasculature in
      the airways expresses donor antigens susceptible to alloimmune-mediated injury
      via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Preclinical studies indicate the
      importance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in mediating microvascular repair
      and that hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha can be upregulated to bolster endogenous
      repair. SUMMARY: Airway microvascular injury is a feature of lung transplantation
      that limits short-term and long-term organ health. Although some problems are
      attributable to a missing bronchial artery circulation, another significant issue
      involves alloimmune-mediated injury to transplant airway microvessels. For a
      variety of reasons, bronchial artery revascularization surgery at the time of
      transplantation has not been widely adopted, and the current best hope for this
      era may be new medical approaches that offer protection against immune-mediated
      vascular injury or that promote microvascular repair.

PMID- 26967994
TI  - Short Hairpin RNA Silencing of PHD-2 Improves Neovascularization and Functional
      Outcomes in Diabetic Wounds and Ischemic Limbs.
AB  - The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) is
      responsible for the downstream expression of over 60 genes that regulate cell
      survival and metabolism in hypoxic conditions as well as those that enhance
      angiogenesis to alleviate hypoxia. However, under normoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha
      is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase 2, and subsequently degraded, with a
      biological half-life of less than five minutes. Here we investigated the
      therapeutic potential of inhibiting HIF-1alpha degradation through short hairpin
      RNA silencing of PHD-2 in the setting of diabetic wounds and limb ischemia.
      Treatment of diabetic mouse fibroblasts with shPHD-2 in vitro resulted in
      decreased levels of PHD-2 transcript demonstrated by qRT-PCR, higher levels of
      HIF-1alpha as measured by western blot, and higher expression of the downstream
      angiogenic genes SDF-1 and VEGFalpha, as measured by qRT-PCR. In vivo, shPHD-2
      accelerated healing of full thickness excisional wounds in diabetic mice compared
      to shScr control, (14.33 +/- 0.45 days vs. 19 +/- 0.33 days) and was associated
      with an increased vascular density. Delivery of shPHD-2 also resulted in improved
      perfusion of ischemic hind limbs compared to shScr, prevention of distal digit
      tip necrosis, and increased survival of muscle tissue. Knockdown of PHD-2 through
      shRNA treatment has the potential to stimulate angiogenesis through
      overexpression of HIF-1alpha and upregulation of pro-angiogenic genes downstream
      of HIF-1alpha, and may represent a viable, non-viral approach to gene therapy for
      ischemia related applications. 

PMID- 26967997
TI  - Humoral responses after lung transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In recent years, there has been increasing awareness and
      appreciation for the role of humoral immune responses in lung allograft
      rejection. This review summarizes our current understanding of this role and the
      associated challenges. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have described a syndrome
      of acute antibody-mediated rejection with a generally poor response to therapy
      and a high mortality. In addition, there is significant evidence implicating
      donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies in the development of chronic
      lung allograft dysfunction. However, the optimal intervention to mitigate the
      risk of chronic lung allograft dysfunction after donor-specific human leukocyte
      antigen antibodies development remains unclear. SUMMARY: There is mounting
      evidence that humoral immune responses play an important role in lung allograft
      rejection. However, therapeutic implications of this increased awareness have
      been limited. Indeed, there is insufficient evidence to adequately guide therapy,
      and the optimal treatment is unknown.

PMID- 26967998
TI  - Lung xenotransplantation: a review.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews recent progress in the field of lung
      xenotransplantation, including mechanisms of xenograft injury, and the influence
      of mechanism-directed genetic modifications and other interventions that may soon
      enable therapeutic use of pig lungs in humans. RECENT FINDINGS: An extensive
      series of lung xenotransplantation experiments demonstrates that multiple genetic
      modifications targeting known xenogeneic lung injury mechanisms are associated
      with incremental improvements in lung survival or function. Addition of human
      complement (hCD46, hCD55), coagulation (hEPCR, hTBM, hTFPI, hCD39), or anti
      inflammatory pathway regulatory genes (HO-1, HLA-E), and GalT and Neu5Gc gene
      knockout has each demonstrated protective effects on lung survival or function.
      In addition, drug treatments targeting key inflammatory and clotting pathways
      have been shown to attenuate residual mechanisms of lung injury. Work with other
      pig organs in primate models show that regimens based on costimulatory pathway
      blocking antibodies prolong xenograft function for months to years, suggesting
      that once initial lung inflammation mechanisms are fully controlled, clinically
      useful application of pig lung xenografts may soon be feasible. SUMMARY: Genetic
      modification of pigs coupled with drugs targeting complement activation,
      coagulation, and inflammation have significantly increased duration of pig lung
      function in ex-vivo human blood perfusion models, and life-supporting lung
      xenograft survival in vivo.

PMID- 26967999
TI  - From GenBank to GBIF: Phylogeny-Based Predictive Niche Modeling Tests Accuracy of
      Taxonomic Identifications in Large Occurrence Data Repositories.
AB  - Accuracy of taxonomic identifications is crucial to data quality in online
      repositories of species occurrence data, such as the Global Biodiversity
      Information Facility (GBIF), which have accumulated several hundred million
      records over the past 15 years. These data serve as basis for large scale
      analyses of macroecological and biogeographic patterns and to document
      environmental changes over time. However, taxonomic identifications are often
      unreliable, especially for non-vascular plants and fungi including lichens, which
      may lack critical revisions of voucher specimens. Due to the scale of the
      problem, restudy of millions of collections is unrealistic and other strategies
      are needed. Here we propose to use verified, georeferenced occurrence data of a
      given species to apply predictive niche modeling that can then be used to
      evaluate unverified occurrences of that species. Selecting the charismatic lichen
      fungus, Usnea longissima, as a case study, we used georeferenced occurrence
      records based on sequenced specimens to model its predicted niche. Our results
      suggest that the target species is largely restricted to a narrow range of boreal
      and temperate forest in the Northern Hemisphere and that occurrence records in
      GBIF from tropical regions and the Southern Hemisphere do not represent this
      taxon, a prediction tested by comparison with taxonomic revisions of Usnea for
      these regions. As a novel approach, we employed Principal Component Analysis on
      the environmental grid data used for predictive modeling to visualize potential
      ecogeographical barriers for the target species; we found that tropical regions
      conform a strong barrier, explaining why potential niches in the Southern
      Hemisphere were not colonized by Usnea longissima and instead by morphologically
      similar species. This approach is an example of how data from two of the most
      important biodiversity repositories, GenBank and GBIF, can be effectively
      combined to remotely address the problem of inaccuracy of taxonomic
      identifications in occurrence data repositories and to provide a filtering
      mechanism which can considerably reduce the number of voucher specimens that need
      critical revision, in this case from 4,672 to about 100. 

PMID- 26968000
TI  - How Honey Bee Colonies Survive in the Wild: Testing the Importance of Small Nests
      and Frequent Swarming.
AB  - The ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, and the viruses that it transmits,
      kill the colonies of European honey bees (Apis mellifera) kept by beekeepers
      unless the bees are treated with miticides. Nevertheless, there exist populations
      of wild colonies of European honey bees that are persisting without being treated
      with miticides. We hypothesized that the persistence of these wild colonies is
      due in part to their habits of nesting in small cavities and swarming frequently.
      We tested this hypothesis by establishing two groups of colonies living either in
      small hives (42 L) without swarm-control treatments or in large hives (up to 168
      L) with swarm-control treatments. We followed the colonies for two years and
      compared the two groups with respect to swarming frequency, Varroa infesttion
      rate, disease incidence, and colony survival. Colonies in small hives swarmed
      more often, had lower Varroa infestation rates, had less disease, and had higher
      survival compared to colonies in large hives. These results indicate that the
      smaller nest cavities and more frequent swarming of wild colonies contribute to
      their persistence without mite treatments. 

PMID- 26968001
TI  - Sensorless adaptive optics implementation in widefield optical sectioning
      microscopy inside in vivo Drosophila brain.
AB  - We present an implementation of a sensorless adaptive optics loop in a widefield
      fluorescence microscope. This setup is designed to compensate for aberrations
      induced by the sample on both excitation and emission pathways. It allows fast
      optical sectioning inside a living Drosophila brain. We present a detailed
      characterization of the system performances. We prove that the gain brought to
      optical sectioning by realizing structured illumination microscopy with adaptive
      optics down to 50 MUm deep inside living Drosophila brain.

PMID- 26968003
TI  - A Functional Bacterium-to-Plant DNA Transfer Machinery of Rhizobium etli.
AB  - Different strains and species of the soil phytopathogen Agrobacterium possess the
      ability to transfer and integrate a segment of DNA (T-DNA) into the genome of
      their eukaryotic hosts, which is mainly mediated by a set of virulence (vir)
      genes located on the bacterial Ti-plasmid that also contains the T-DNA. To date,
      Agrobacterium is considered to be unique in its capacity to mediate genetic
      transformation of eukaryotes. However, close homologs of the vir genes are
      encoded by the p42a plasmid of Rhizobium etli; this microorganism is related to
      Agrobacterium, but known only as a symbiotic bacterium that forms nitrogen-fixing
      nodules in several species of beans. Here, we show that R. etli can mediate
      functional DNA transfer and stable genetic transformation of plant cells, when
      provided with a plasmid containing a T-DNA segment. Thus, R. etli represents
      another bacterial species, besides Agrobacterium, that encodes a protein
      machinery for DNA transfer to eukaryotic cells and their subsequent genetic
      modification. 

PMID- 26968005
TI  - A safety evaluation of ivacaftor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ivacaftor is indicated for treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF)
      mediated by 10 mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
      regulator (CFTR) gene that causes gating or partial function abnormalities. In
      placebo-controlled and open-label studies, ivacaftor-treated subjects showed
      improved pulmonary function, nutrition and quality of life measures. This article
      reviews ivacaftor safety. AREAS COVERED: Safety findings in ivacaftor clinical
      trials, and reported subsequently, were accessed by a PubMed search using key
      words "VX-770" or "ivacaftor". Additional information was accessed via Google
      Search. Transaminitis was noted in ivacaftor and combination lumacaftor-ivacaftor
      trials. Ivacaftor was associated with cataracts in juvenile rat pups in pre
      clinical studies; non-congenital cataracts have been found in children taking
      ivacaftor. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate; CYP3A inhibitors and inducers should
      be avoided during its administration. Ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite may inhibit
      CYP3A and P-gp; therefore, ivacaftor may increase systemic exposure to drugs
      which are substrates of CYP3A and/or P-gp, increasing the potential for adverse
      events. EXPERT OPINION: Ivacaftor therapy may be associated with ocular and
      hepatic side effects; specific recommendations for monitoring are available.
      Potential drug interactions should be evaluated in patients taking ivacaftor.
      High clinical efficacy suggests that the risk benefit ratio of ivacaftor favors
      therapy.

PMID- 26968002
TI  - Paternal B Vitamin Intake Is a Determinant of Growth, Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
      and Intestinal Tumor Volume in Female Apc1638N Mouse Offspring.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The importance of maternal nutrition to offspring health and risk of
      disease is well established. Emerging evidence suggests paternal diet may affect
      offspring health as well. OBJECTIVE: In the current study we sought to determine
      whether modulating pre-conception paternal B vitamin intake alters intestinal
      tumor formation in offspring. Additionally, we sought to identify potential
      mechanisms for the observed weight differential among offspring by profiling
      hepatic gene expression and lipid content. METHODS: Male Apc1638N mice (prone to
      intestinal tumor formation) were fed diets containing replete (control, CTRL),
      mildly deficient (DEF), or supplemental (SUPP) quantities of vitamins B2, B6,
      B12, and folate for 8 weeks before mating with control-fed wild type females.
      Wild type offspring were euthanized at weaning and hepatic gene expression
      profiled. Apc1638N offspring were fed a replete diet and euthanized at 28 weeks
      of age to assess tumor burden. RESULTS: No differences in intestinal tumor
      incidence or burden were found between male Apc1638N offspring of different
      paternal diet groups. Although in female Apc1638N offspring there were no
      differences in tumor incidence or multiplicity, a stepwise increase in tumor
      volume with increasing paternal B vitamin intake was observed. Interestingly,
      female offspring of SUPP and DEF fathers had a significantly lower body weight
      than those of CTRL fed fathers. Moreover, hepatic trigylcerides and cholesterol
      were elevated 3-fold in adult female offspring of SUPP fathers. Weanling
      offspring of the same fathers displayed altered expression of several key lipid
      metabolism genes. Hundreds of differentially methylated regions were identified
      in the paternal sperm in response to DEF and SUPP diets. Aside from a few genes
      including Igf2, there was a striking lack of overlap between these genes
      differentially methylated in sperm and differentially expressed in offspring.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model, modulation of paternal B vitamin intake prior
      to mating alters offspring weight gain, lipid metabolism and tumor growth in a
      sex-specific fashion. These results highlight the need to better define how
      paternal nutrition affects the health of offspring.

PMID- 26968004
TI  - Morphine-Induced Preconditioning: Involvement of Protein Kinase A and
      Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morphine induces myocardial preconditioning (M-PC) via activation of
      mitochondrial large conductance Ca2+-sensitive potassium (mKCa) channels. An
      upstream regulator of mKCa channels is protein kinase A (PKA). Furthermore, mKCa
      channel activation regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics and thereby prevents
      opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Here, we
      investigated in the rat heart in vivo whether 1) M-PC is mediated by activation
      of PKA, and 2) pharmacological opening of the mPTP abolishes the cardioprotective
      effect of M-PC and 3) M-PC is critically dependent on STAT3 activation, which is
      located upstream of mPTP within the signalling pathway. METHODS: Male Wistar rats
      were randomised to six groups (each n = 6). All animals underwent 25 minutes of
      regional myocardial ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Control animals
      (Con) were not further treated. Morphine preconditioning was initiated by
      intravenous administration of 0.3 mg/kg morphine (M-PC). The PKA blocker H-89 (10
      MUg/kg) was investigated with and without morphine (H-89+M-PC, H-89). We
      determined the effect of mPTP opening with atractyloside (5 mg/kg) with and
      without morphine (Atr+M-PC, Atr). Furthermore, the effect of morphine on PKA
      activity was tested in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. In further experiments
      in isolated hearts we tested the protective properties of morphine in the
      presence of STAT3 inhibition, and whether pharmacological prevention of the mPTP
      opening by cyclosporine A (CsA) is cardioprotective in the presence of STAT3
      inhibition. RESULTS: Morphine reduced infarct size from 64+/-5% to 39+/-9%
      (P<0.05 vs. Con). H-89 completely blocked preconditioning by morphine (64+/-9%;
      P<0.05 vs. M-PC), but H-89 itself had not effect on infarct size (61+/-10%;
      P>0.05 vs. Con). Also, atractyloside abolished infarct size reduction of morphine
      completely (65+/-9%; P<0.05 vs. M-PC) but had no influence on infarct size itself
      (64+/-5%; P>0.05 vs. Con). In isolated hearts STAT3 inhibitor Stattic completely
      abolished morphine-induced preconditioning. Administration of Stattic and mPTP
      inhibitor cyclosporine A reduced infarct size to 31+/-6% (Stat+CsA, P<0.05 vs.
      Con). Cyclosporine A alone reduced infarct size to 26+/-7% (CsA P<0.05 vs. Con).
      In cardiomyocytes, PKA activity was increased by morphine. CONCLUSION: Our data
      suggest that morphine-induced cardioprotection is mediated by STAT3-activation
      and inhibition of mPTP, with STA3 located upstream of mPTP. There is some
      evidence that protein kinase A is involved within the signalling pathway.

PMID- 26968006
TI  - Ethical Considerations When Counseling Patients With Thyroid Cancer About Surgery
      vs Observation.

PMID- 26968007
TI  - Numeracy moderates the influence of task-irrelevant affect on probability
      weighting.
AB  - Statistical numeracy, defined as the ability to understand and process
      statistical and probability information, plays a significant role in superior
      decision making. However, recent research has demonstrated that statistical
      numeracy goes beyond simple comprehension of numbers and mathematical operations.
      On the contrary to previous studies that were focused on emotions integral to
      risky prospects, we hypothesized that highly numerate individuals would exhibit
      more linear probability weighting because they would be less biased by incidental
      and decision-irrelevant affect. Participants were instructed to make a series of
      insurance decisions preceded by negative (i.e., fear-inducing) or neutral
      stimuli. We found that incidental negative affect increased the curvature of the
      probability weighting function (PWF). Interestingly, this effect was significant
      only for less numerate individuals, while probability weighting in more numerate
      people was not altered by decision-irrelevant affect. We propose two candidate
      mechanisms for the observed effect. 

PMID- 26968008
TI  - Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for
      Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing.
AB  - Minimization and management of membrane fouling is a formidable challenge in
      diverse industrial processes and other practices that utilize membrane
      technology. Understanding the fouling process could lead to optimization and
      higher efficiency of membrane based filtration. Here we show the design and
      fabrication of an automated three-dimensionally (3-D) printed microfluidic cross
      flow filtration system that can test up to 4 membranes in parallel. The
      microfluidic cells were printed using multi-material photopolymer 3-D printing
      technology, which used a transparent hard polymer for the microfluidic cell body
      and incorporated a thin rubber-like polymer layer, which prevents leakages during
      operation. The performance of ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF)
      membranes were tested and membrane fouling could be observed with a model foulant
      bovine serum albumin (BSA). Feed solutions containing BSA showed flux decline of
      the membrane. This protocol may be extended to measure fouling or biofouling with
      many other organic, inorganic or microbial containing solutions. The microfluidic
      design is especially advantageous for testing materials that are costly or only
      available in small quantities, for example polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids
      due to the small surface area of the membrane being tested. This modular system
      may also be easily expanded for high throughput testing of membranes. 

PMID- 26968010
TI  - Comparison of Therapeutic Response and Clinical Outcome between HCV Patients with
      Normal and Abnormal Alanine Transaminase Levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with chronic hepatitic C (HCV) infection and normal
      serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were considered to have mild disease. In
      Taiwan, these patients were not suggested for interferon (IFN) based therapies.
      The aim of study is to compare therapeutic outcomes between HCV patients with
      normal and elevated ALT levels. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on
      3241 HCV patients treated by IFN based therapies. Patients with normal ALT levels
      were classified as group A (n = 186) while those with elevated ALT levels were
      group B (n = 3055). RESULTS: At baseline, incidence of diabetes mellitus, low
      platelet counts and cirrhosis were significantly higher in group B patients. The
      sustained virologic response (SVR) rate was comparable between the 2 groups
      (65.3% vs. 65.3%, P = .993). But significantly higher incidence of HCC
      development after HCV treatment was observed in group B (7.4% vs. 3.2%, P =
      .032). No significant differences with respect to the outcome of liver
      decompensation, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and mortality were noted
      between 2 groups. Multivariate analysis showed younger age, female gender, non
      HCV genotype 1, lower viral load, higher platelet counts and non-cirrhosis were
      favorable factors for achieving SVR, rather than ALT levels. Further analysis
      revealed older age, cirrhosis, lower platelet levels and non- peg-interferon
      treatment are risk factors of HCC development. CONCLUSIONS: HCV patients with
      normal ALT levels had similar response to antiviral therapy and low rate of HCC
      development after therapy. Antiviral therapies begun at early course of HCV
      infection may be beneficial to prevent disease progression.

PMID- 26968012
TI  - Serial 1- and 2-Dimensional Cerebral MRI Measurements in Full-Term Infants after
      Perinatal Asphyxia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with
      neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE)
      following presumed perinatal asphyxia. The aim of this study is to relate 2
      dimensional measurements of the basal ganglia and thalami (BGT) and cerebellum in
      the first week after birth and after 3 months with neurodevelopmental outcome at
      18 months. METHODS: Retrospectively, 29 full-term infants with NE following
      presumed perinatal asphyxia who had a cranial MRI in the first week after birth
      were studied serially. One- and 2-dimensional measurements were obtained and
      related to different patterns of brain injury, and neurodevelopmental outcome at
      18 months. A Griffiths developmental quotient <85 or cerebral palsy was
      considered adverse. RESULTS: On the first MRI, the adverse outcome group showed
      increased basal ganglia width (42.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 40.3 +/- 0.3 mm, p < 0.001),
      thalamic width (40.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 39.3 +/- 1.0 mm, p < 0.001), and basal ganglia
      surface (1,230 +/- 21 vs. 1,199 +/- 36 mm2, p = 0.007) compared to the favorable
      outcome group. In the BGT lesions group, basal ganglia width and thalamic width
      were increased compared to the watershed infarction group (42.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 40.9
      +/- 0.8 mm, p < 0.001, and 40.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 39.9 +/- 0.5 mm, p = 0.01,
      respectively). On the second MRI, cerebellar width was larger in the favorable
      outcome group (p = 0.025). There was a greater increase in dimensions between
      both MRI time points for basal ganglia width (p = 0.014), basal ganglia surface
      (p = 0.028) and thalamic width (p = 0.012) in the favorable outcome group.
      CONCLUSIONS: One- and 2-dimensional measurements for basal ganglia surface, BGT
      width and cerebellar width are associated with neurodevelopmental outcome at 18
      months.

PMID- 26968011
TI  - Minimum Effective Dose of Cattle and Sheep BSE for Oral Sheep Infection.
AB  - The minimum dose required to cause infection of Romney and Suffolk sheep of the
      ARQ/ARQ or ARQ/ARR prion protein gene genotypes following oral inoculation with
      Romney or Suffolk a sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-derived or
      cattle BSE-derived agent was investigated using doses ranging from 0.0005g to 5g.
      ARQ/ARQ sheep which were methionine (M) / threonine (T) heterozygous or T/T
      homozygous at codon 112 of the Prnp gene, dosed ARQ/ARR sheep and undosed
      controls did not show any evidence of infection. Within groups of susceptible
      sheep, the minimum effective oral dose of BSE was found to be 0.05g, with higher
      attack rates following inoculation with the 5g dose. Surprisingly, this study
      found no effect of dose on survival time suggesting a possible lack of
      homogeneity within the inoculum. All clinical BSE cases showed PrPd accumulation
      in brain; however, following cattle BSE inoculation, LRS involvement within
      Romney recipients was found to be significantly lower than within the Suffolk
      sheep inoculated group which is in agreement with previous reports. 

PMID- 26968009
TI  - Meta-analysis Reveals Genome-Wide Significance at 15q13 for Nonsyndromic Clefting
      of Both the Lip and the Palate, and Functional Analyses Implicate GREM1 As a
      Plausible Causative Gene.
AB  - Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts are common birth defects with multifactorial
      etiology. The most common type is cleft lip, which occurs with or without cleft
      palate (nsCLP and nsCLO, respectively). Although genetic components play an
      important role in nsCLP, the genetic factors that predispose to palate
      involvement are largely unknown. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis on
      genetic and clinical data from three large cohorts and identified strong
      association between a region on chromosome 15q13 and nsCLP (P = 8.13 * 10(-14)
      for rs1258763; relative risk (RR): 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32
      1.61)) but not nsCLO (P = 0.27; RR: 1.09 (0.94-1.27)). The 5 kb region of
      strongest association maps downstream of Gremlin-1 (GREM1), which encodes a
      secreted antagonist of the BMP4 pathway. We show during mouse embryogenesis,
      Grem1 is expressed in the developing lip and soft palate but not in the hard
      palate. This is consistent with genotype-phenotype correlations between rs1258763
      and a specific nsCLP subphenotype, since a more than two-fold increase in risk
      was observed in patients displaying clefts of both the lip and soft palate but
      who had an intact hard palate (RR: 3.76, CI: 1.47-9.61, Pdiff<0.05). While we did
      not find lip or palate defects in Grem1-deficient mice, wild type embryonic
      palatal shelves developed divergent shapes when cultured in the presence of
      ectopic Grem1 protein (P = 0.0014). The present study identified a non-coding
      region at 15q13 as the second, genome-wide significant locus specific for nsCLP,
      after 13q31. Moreover, our data suggest that the closely located GREM1 gene
      contributes to a rare clinical nsCLP entity. This entity specifically involves
      abnormalities of the lip and soft palate, which develop at different time-points
      and in separate anatomical regions.

PMID- 26968013
TI  - Determination of GHB levels in breast milk and correlation with blood
      concentrations.
AB  - The sodium salt of GHB or sodium oxybate is approved and registered in some
      countries as a therapeutic substance (Xyrem((r))) for the treatment of narcolepsy
      associated cataplexy. This study was designed to measure the GHB endogenous
      levels in blood and breast milk of 20 breastfeeding women. In addition, blood and
      breast milk samples of a 32-year-old narcoleptic nursing mother, who was on
      sodium oxybate treatment, were simultaneously collected at 0.5, 1, 3, 4 and 5h
      following a 4.5g GHB dose and analyzed, in order to establish the safety interval
      of time to breastfeed. A GC-MS method for the detection and quantification of GHB
      in blood and breast milk was developed and fully validated. The geometric mean of
      endogenous GHB levels in blood and breast milk detected at time 0 were 0.57mg/L;
      95% Reference Interval (RI): 0.21-1.52mg/L and 0.36mg/L; 95% RI: 0.13-1.03mg/L,
      respectively. The geometric mean of the concentration of GHB in milk was 37% less
      (95% RI: from 14 to 53%) compared to that found in the blood. The analysis of
      blood and breast milk samples collected from the 32 years-old female showed the
      following results: GHB blood concentration 0.5h after medication intake was
      80.10mg/L, reaching the peak 1h after the drug administration (108.34mg/L) and it
      steadily decreased to reach a level of 1.75mg/L, 5h after the medication intake.
      The GHB concentration found in breast milk followed the same pattern as for the
      blood, with the highest concentration being 23.19mg/L, 1h after sodium oxybate
      administration and the lowest 0.99mg/L, 5h after the medication's intake. The
      comparison between blood and breast milk GHB levels in the 32-year-old woman,
      showed significant lower GHB levels in milk at 0.5, 1 and 3h, ranging from 71 to
      80% less. It is interesting to note that only at 4 and 5h the difference between
      blood and breast milk GHB levels fell within the 95% RI (14-53%) of endogenous
      levels. Taking into consideration the absence of reference values for endogenous
      GHB in milk, we suggest the following reference interval: 0.13-1.03mg/L. We would
      recommend, following these preliminary data, that nursing mothers under sodium
      oxybate treatment should breastfeed at least 5h after the last GHB
      administration. However, further studies are necessary in order to confirm these
      findings. 

PMID- 26968014
TI  - Medical therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: current evidence
      and new developments.
AB  - Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a common cardiovascular
      condition with a significant individual and societal burden. Although it was
      previously known as a palliative condition, medical drug therapies that were
      developed in the last four decades significantly reduced morbidity and mortality
      of the disease. The cornerstone of HFrEF therapy remains the blockade of the
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and the beta-adrenergic systems. This review aims
      to give an overview and update on established disease-modifying therapies in
      HFrEF, discuss advances and setbacks in the treatment of selected comorbidities
      and provide an outlook on upcoming therapies including the new concept of dual
      angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition.

PMID- 26968015
TI  - Outcome of chemotherapy in advanced synovial sarcoma patients: Review of 15
      clinical trials from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of
      Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group; setting a new landmark for studies in
      this entity.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Previous studies in metastatic soft tissue sarcomas (STS) showed
      that synovial sarcomas tend to have better survival rates and a higher
      chemosensitivity than other STS subtypes. However, data are derived from
      relatively small subgroups and statistical significance of these observations is
      lacking. Larger cohorts are necessary to define and confirm the specific
      characteristics of this subtype. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient data were
      retrieved from 15 European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
      advanced first-line STS trials. Patient characteristics, survival and treatment
      response of synovial sarcoma patients were compared to other STS patients.
      Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic
      factors. RESULTS: In total, 3330 advanced STS patients were retrieved, of whom
      313 had a synovial sarcoma. Synovial sarcoma patients were significantly younger
      (median 40 versus 52 years), more often had extremity primary tumours and had a
      better performance status (PS 0: 50.2 versus 43.4%) compared to other STS
      patients. Additionally, synovial sarcoma patients had a significantly better
      response to chemotherapy (responders: 27.8 versus 18.8%) and better survival
      rates (progression free survival [PFS]: 6.3 versus 3.7 months; Overall survival
      [OS]: 15.0 versus 11.7 months). Age, PS, and presence of metastatic disease were
      defined as prognostic factors for PFS and OS in the univariable analysis. The
      last two factors were confirmed in the multivariable analysis for OS. DISCUSSION:
      Advanced synovial sarcomas are a distinct subgroup of STS, with a better response
      to systemic chemotherapy and longer PFS and OS. These results should be taken
      into account in the design of future synovial sarcoma specific studies.

PMID- 26968016
TI  - Sensational biofilms: surface sensing in bacteria.
AB  - The first step in the development of a bacterial biofilm is contact with the
      surface on which the microbe will form this community. We review recent progress
      on 'surface sensing', and engage the question of 'how does a microbe know it is
      on a surface?' 

PMID- 26968018
TI  - Soil examination for a forensic trace evidence laboratory-Part 3: A proposed
      protocol for the effective triage and management of soil examinations.
AB  - In the past, forensic soil examination was a routine aspect of forensic trace
      evidence examinations. The apparent need for soil examinations then went through
      a period of decline and with it the capability of many forensic laboratories to
      carry out soil examinations. In more recent years, interest in soil examinations
      has been renewed due-at least in part-to soil examinations contributing to some
      high profile investigations. However, much of this renewed interest has been in
      organisations with a primary interest in soil and geology rather than forensic
      science. We argue the need to reinstate soil examinations as a trace evidence sub
      discipline within forensic science laboratories and present a pathway to support
      this aim. An examination procedure is proposed that includes: (i) appropriate
      sample collection and storage by qualified crime scene examiners; (ii)
      exclusionary soil examinations by trace evidence scientists within a forensic
      science laboratory; (iii) inclusionary soil examinations by trace evidence
      scientists within a forensic science laboratory; and (iv) higher-level
      examination of soils by specialist soil scientists and palynologists. Soil
      examinations conducted by trace evidence scientists will be facilitated if the
      examinations are conducted using the instrumentation routinely used by these
      examiners. Hence, the proposed examination protocol incorporates instrumentation
      in routine use in a forensic trace evidence laboratory. Finally, we report on an
      Australian soil scene variability study and a blind trial that demonstrate the
      utility of the proposed protocol for the effective triage and management of soil
      samples by forensic laboratories. 

PMID- 26968017
TI  - About 42% of 154 remains from the "Battle of Le Mans", France (1793) belong to
      women and children: Morphological and genetic evidence.
AB  - Mass graves were discovered in Le Mans and 154 skeletons were exhumed,
      representing a remarkable historical series of human remains from western France.
      We aimed to characterise the age-class and sex of these subjects, and to
      determine whether their profile fits with that of the Catholic and Royal Army of
      Vendee, who fought against the Republican Army during the Battle of Le Mans (12th
      13th December, 1793). This atypical army was composed of male soldiers, but also
      of civilian people who followed the troops, including the elderly, children and
      women. In total 154 skeletons from nine mass graves were exhumed from 2009 to
      2010. Two morphological methods were used to determine the sex of the subjects:
      the Probabilist Sexual Diagnosis (DSP) and Secondary Sexual Diagnosis (DSS)
      methods. Samples were handled cautiously to avoid any pre-laboratory
      contamination. Molecular genetic sex-typing using a recently developed assay was
      used to maximise sex-diagnosis of the ancient DNA samples, and 97 successful
      profiles including immatures were generated. Using morphological and genetic data
      combined, we successfully determined the sex of 93% of the subjects; 62% were
      male and 31% female. About 87% of subjects could be considered adults (>18 years
      old), 6% adolescents (15-19 years old) and 7% infants (<15 years old). Our
      results of an unexpected population profile for an armed conflict (42% were women
      and children), in addition to traumatological and historical elements, tend to
      confirm that these subjects were involved in the Battle of Le Mans, either
      actively (Republican Army, the Catholic and Royal Army) or passively (collateral
      victims from the civilian population of Le Mans). They represent 5-6% of the
      estimated 2500-3000 victims. 

PMID- 26968019
TI  - An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice.
AB  - Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to
      be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a
      commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple
      methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents)
      into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal
      instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics
      and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of
      intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of
      the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a
      proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of
      bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints
      were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large
      cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post
      procedure care. 

PMID- 26968020
TI  - PET/CT scan revealing active idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with normal serum
      sarcoplasmic enzymes levels.

PMID- 26968021
TI  - Role of MiR-126a-3p in Endothelial Injury in Endotoxic Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Sepsis poses a serious global health problem with an overall mortality
      rate of 30%, in which the vascular injury is a major contributor. The study is to
      determine the expression profile of micro-RNAs in endotoxic vascular walls and
      their potential roles in sepsis-related vascular injury. DESIGN: Prospective
      randomized study. SETTING: Laboratory investigation. SUBJECTS: Male C57BL/6 mice,
      average weight 26.5 +/- 1.8 g. INTERVENTIONS: Endotoxemia was induced in mice via
      lipopolysaccharide injection (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO).
      The control mice were injected with the same amount of saline (500 MUL,
      intraperitoneal). In a subgroup of mice, a high dose of lipopolysaccharide (30
      mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was applied to induce endotoxin-related death.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mi-RNA expression profiles in aortas from
      lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic mice were determined. The result
      demonstrated that some micro-RNAs were aberrantly expressed in endotoxic mouse
      arteries. Among them, the endothelial cell-enriched/endothelial cell-specific miR
      126a-3p was significantly down-regulated in endotoxic mouse arteries, septic
      human vessels, as well as vascular endothelial cells isolated from endotoxic mice
      or treated with lipopolysaccharide. The down-regulation of miR-126a-3p occurred
      at transcriptional level via the decreased expression of Kruppel-like factor 2,
      which could be inhibited by Kruppel-like factor 2 over-expression via adenovirus
      expressing Kruppel-like factor 2. The down-regulation of miR-126a-3p in
      endothelial cells resulted in the increased apoptosis, and decreased
      proliferation and migration, which were inhibited by miR-126a-3p mimics. In vivo,
      over-expression of miR-126a-3p via lentivirus attenuated endotoxemia-induced
      injuries on endothelial function and vascular permeability. We found that SPRED1
      and VCAM-1 were two direct target genes of miR-126a-3p related to miR-126a-3p
      mediated effects in endotoxemia. Finally, the survival rate of endotoxic mice was
      significantly increased by the over-expression of miR-126a-3p. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results suggest that vascular micro-RNAs such as miR-126a-3p may represent novel
      mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for endotoxemia-induced vascular injury
      and endotoxic mortality.

PMID- 26968022
TI  - A One-Nearest-Neighbor Approach to Identify the Original Time of Infection Using
      Censored Baboon Sepsis Data.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sepsis therapies have proven to be elusive because of the difficulty
      of translating biologically sound and effective interventions in animal models to
      humans. A part of this problem originates from the fact that septic patients
      present at various times after the onset of sepsis, whereas the exact time of
      infection is controlled in animal models. We sought to determine whether data
      mining longitudinal physiologic data in a nonhuman primate model of Escherichia
      coli-induced sepsis could help inform the time of onset of infection. DESIGN: A
      nearest-neighbor approach was used to back cast the time of onset of infection in
      animal models of sepsis. Animal data were censored to simulate prospective
      monitoring at any moment along the septic infection. This was compared against an
      uncensored database to find the most similar animal in order to estimate the
      infection onset time. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used for validation.
      Biomarker selection was performed based on the criteria of estimation accuracy
      and/or ease of measurement. SETTING: Computational experimental on existing
      experimental data. SUBJECTS: Retrospective data from 33 septic baboons (Papio
      ursinus) subjected to Escherichia coli infusion. Validation was performed using
      14 pigs that were subjected to surgically induced fecal peritonitis and 22 pigs
      that were subjected to lipopolysaccharide infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Longitudinal physiologic and serum markers, time of death. The presence
      of uniquely changing biomarkers during septic infection enabled the estimation of
      infection onset time in the datasets. Various combinations of temporal
      biomarkers, such as WBC, oxygen content, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate,
      yielded estimation accuracies of up to 97.8%. The use of temporal vital signs and
      a single measurement of serum biomarkers yielded highly accurate estimates
      without the need for invasive measurements. Validation in the pig data revealed
      similar results despite the heterogeneity of multiple experimental cohorts. This
      suggests that the method may be effective if sufficiently similar subjects are
      present in the database. CONCLUSIONS: One nearest-neighbor analysis showed
      promise in accurately identifying the onset of infection given a database of
      known infection times and of sufficient breadth. We suggest that this approach is
      ready for evaluation within the clinical setting using human data.

PMID- 26968024
TI  - A Binational Multicenter Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of Early
      Goal-Directed Mobilization in the ICU.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine if the early goal-directed mobilization intervention
      could be delivered to patients receiving mechanical ventilation with increased
      maximal levels of activity compared with standard care. DESIGN: A pilot
      randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Five ICUs in Australia and New Zealand.
      PARTICIPANTS: Fifty critically ill adults mechanically ventilated for greater
      than 24 hours. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to either early goal
      directed mobilization (intervention) or to standard care (control). Early goal
      directed mobilization comprised functional rehabilitation treatment conducted at
      the highest level of activity possible for that patient assessed by the ICU
      mobility scale while receiving mechanical ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The ICU mobility scale, strength, ventilation duration, ICU and hospital
      length of stay, and total inpatient (acute and rehabilitation) stay as well as 6
      month post-ICU discharge health-related quality of life, activities of daily
      living, and anxiety and depression were recorded. The mean age was 61 years and
      60% were men. The highest level of activity (ICU mobility scale) recorded during
      the ICU stay between the intervention and control groups was mean (95% CI) 7.3
      (6.3-8.3) versus 5.9 (4.9-6.9), p = 0.05. The proportion of patients who walked
      in ICU was almost doubled with early goal-directed mobilization (intervention n =
      19 [66%] vs control n = 8 [38%]; p = 0.05). There was no difference in total
      inpatient stay (d) between the intervention versus control groups (20 [15-35] vs
      34 [18-43]; p = 0.37). There were no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Key Practice
      Points: Delivery of early goal-directed mobilization within a randomized
      controlled trial was feasible, safe and resulted in increased duration and level
      of active exercises.

PMID- 26968023
TI  - Longitudinal Changes in ICU Admissions Among Elderly Patients in the United
      States.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Changes in population demographics and comorbid illness prevalence,
      improvements in medical care, and shifts in care delivery may be driving changes
      in the composition of patients admitted to the ICU. We sought to describe the
      changing demographics, diagnoses, and outcomes of patients admitted to critical
      care units in the U.S. hospitals. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING:
      U.S. hospitals. PATIENTS: There were 27.8 million elderly (age, > 64 yr) fee-for
      service Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with an intensive care or coronary
      care room and board charge from 1996 to 2010. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: We aggregated primary International Classification of Diseases,
      9th Revision, Clinical Modification discharge diagnosis codes into diagnoses and
      disease categories. We examined trends in demographics, primary diagnosis, and
      outcomes among patients with critical care stays. Between 1996 and 2010, we found
      significant declines in patients with a primary diagnosis of cardiovascular
      disease, including coronary artery disease (26.6 to 12.6% of admissions) and
      congestive heart failure (8.5 to 5.4% of admissions). Patients with infectious
      diseases increased from 8.8% to 17.2% of admissions, and explicitly labeled
      sepsis moved from the 11th-ranked diagnosis in 1996 to the top-ranked primary
      discharge diagnosis in 2010. Crude in-hospital mortality rose (11.3 to 12.0%),
      whereas discharge destinations among survivors shifted, with an increase in
      discharges to hospice and postacute care facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Primary
      diagnoses of patients admitted to critical care units have substantially changed
      over 15 years. Funding agencies, physician accreditation groups, and quality
      improvement initiatives should ensure that their efforts account for the shifting
      epidemiology of critical illness.

PMID- 26968025
TI  - Autonomic Impairment in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multimodal
      Neuromonitoring Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Autonomic impairment after acute traumatic brain injury has been
      associated independently with both increased morbidity and mortality. Links
      between autonomic impairment and increased intracranial pressure or impaired
      cerebral autoregulation have been described as well. However, relationships
      between autonomic impairment, intracranial pressure, impaired cerebral
      autoregulation, and outcome remain poorly explored. Using continuous measurements
      of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity we aimed to test whether
      autonomic markers are associated with functional outcome and mortality
      independently of intracranial variables. Further, we aimed to evaluate the
      relationships between autonomic functions, intracranial pressure, and cerebral
      autoregulation. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a prospective database.
      SETTING: Neurocritical care unit in a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Sedated
      patients with severe traumatic brain injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Waveforms of intracranial pressure and arterial blood pressure, baseline Glasgow
      Coma Scale and 6 months Glasgow Outcome Scale were recorded. Baroreflex
      sensitivity was assessed every 10 seconds using a modified cross-correlational
      method. Frequency domain analyses of heart rate variability were performed
      automatically every 10 seconds from a moving 300 seconds of the monitoring time
      window. Mean values of baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability,
      intracranial pressure, arterial blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and
      impaired cerebral autoregulation over the entire monitoring period were
      calculated for each patient. Two hundred and sixty-two patients with a median age
      of 36 years entered the analysis. The median admission Glasgow Coma Scale was 6,
      the median Glasgow Outcome Scale was 3, and the mortality at 6 months was 23%.
      Baroreflex sensitivity (adjusted odds ratio, 0.9; p = 0.02) and relative power of
      a high frequency band of heart rate variability (adjusted odds ratio, 1.05; p <
      0.001) were individually associated with mortality, independently of age,
      admission Glasgow Coma Scale, intracranial pressure, pressure reactivity index,
      or cerebral perfusion pressure. Baroreflex sensitivity showed no correlation with
      intracranial pressure or cerebral perfusion pressure; the correlation with
      pressure reactivity index was strong in older patients (age, > 60 yr). The
      relative power of high frequency correlated significantly with intracranial
      pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, but not with pressure reactivity index.
      The relative power of low frequency correlated significantly with pressure
      reactivity index. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic impairment, as measured by heart rate
      variability and baroreflex sensitivity, is significantly associated with
      increased mortality after traumatic brain injury. These effects, though partially
      interlinked, seem to be independent of age, trauma severity, intracranial
      pressure, or autoregulatory status, and thus represent a discrete phenomenon in
      the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Continuous measurements of heart
      rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in the neuromonitoring setting of
      severe traumatic brain injury may carry novel pathophysiological and predictive
      information.

PMID- 26968026
TI  - Intermittent severe hypoxia induces plasticity within serotonergic and
      catecholaminergic neurons in the neonatal rat ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - 5-HT neurons contribute to autoresuscitation and survival during intermittent
      severe hypoxia (IsH). In adults, catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral
      medulla (VLM) contribute to the autonomic response to hypoxia. We hypothesized
      that 1) catecholaminergic neurons in the neonatal VLM are activated following
      IsH, 2) this activation is compromised following an acute loss of brain stem 5
      HT, and 3) IsH induces cellular and/or transcriptomic plasticity within
      catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons that are within or project to the VLM,
      respectively. To test these hypotheses, we treated rat pups with 6
      fluorotryptophan, a tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor, and then exposed
      treated and vehicle controls to IsH or air. Along with immunohistochemistry to
      detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- or Fos-positive neurons, we used RNA sequencing
      to resolve the effects of IsH and 5-HT deficiency on the expression of
      serotonergic and catecholaminergic system genes in the VLM. 5-HT deficiency
      compromised autoresuscitation and survival. IsH significantly increased the
      number of identifiable TH-positive VLM neurons, an effect enhanced by 5-HT
      deficiency (P = 0.003). Contrary to our hypothesis, 5-HT-deficient pups had
      significantly more Fos-positive neurons following IsH (P = 0.008) and more
      activated TH-positive neurons following IsH or air (P = 0.04). In both groups the
      expression of the 5-HT transporter and TPH2 was increased following IsH. In 5-HT
      deficient pups, the expression of the inhibitory 5-HT1A receptor was decreased
      following IsH, while the expression of DOPA decarboxylase was increased. These
      data show that the serotonergic and catecholaminergic systems in the VLM of the
      neonatal rat are dynamically upregulated by IsH, potentially adapting
      cardiorespiratory responses to severe hypoxia. 

PMID- 26968028
TI  - Living altitude influences endurance exercise performance change over time at
      altitude.
AB  - For sea level based endurance athletes who compete at low and moderate altitudes,
      adequate time for acclimatization to altitude can mitigate performance declines.
      We asked whether it is better for the acclimatizing athlete to live at the
      specific altitude of competition or at a higher altitude, perhaps for an
      increased rate of physiological adaptation. After 4 wk of supervised sea level
      training and testing, 48 collegiate distance runners (32 men, 16 women) were
      randomly assigned to one of four living altitudes (1,780, 2,085, 2,454, or 2,800
      m) where they resided for 4 wk. Daily training for all subjects was completed at
      a common altitude from 1,250 to 3,000 m. Subjects completed 3,000-m performance
      trials on the track at sea level, 28 and 6 days before departure, and at 1,780 m
      on days 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the altitude camp. Groups living at 2,454 and 2,800
      m had a significantly larger slowing of performance vs. the 1,780-m group on day
      5 at altitude. The 1,780-m group showed no significant change in performance
      across the 26 days at altitude, while the groups living at 2,085, 2,454, and
      2,800 m showed improvements in performance from day 5 to day 19 at altitude but
      no further improvement at day 26 The data suggest that an endurance athlete
      competing acutely at 1,780 m should live at the altitude of the competition and
      not higher. Living ~300-1,000 m higher than the competition altitude, acute
      altitude performance may be significantly worse and may require up to 19 days of
      acclimatization to minimize performance decrements.

PMID- 26968029
TI  - The Lasting Influences of Early Food-Related Variety Experience: A Longitudinal
      Study of Vegetable Acceptance from 5 Months to 6 Years in Two Populations.
AB  - Children's vegetable consumption falls below current recommendations,
      highlighting the need to identify strategies that can successfully promote better
      acceptance of vegetables. Recently, experimental studies have reported promising
      interventions that increase acceptance of vegetables. The first, offering infants
      a high variety of vegetables at weaning, increased acceptance of new foods,
      including vegetables. The second, offering an initially disliked vegetable at 8
      subsequent meals markedly increased acceptance for that vegetable. So far, these
      effects have been shown to persist for at least several weeks. We now present
      follow-up data at 15 months, 3 and 6 years obtained through questionnaire (15 mo,
      3y) and experimental (6y) approaches. At 15 months, participants who had been
      breast-fed were reported as eating and liking more vegetables than those who had
      been formula-fed. The initially disliked vegetable that became accepted after
      repeated exposure was still liked and eaten by 79% of the children. At 3 years,
      the initially disliked vegetable was still liked and eaten by 73% of the
      children. At 6 years, observations in an experimental setting showed that
      children who had been breast-fed and children who had experienced high vegetable
      variety at the start of weaning ate more of new vegetables and liked them more.
      They were also more willing to taste vegetables than formula-fed children or the
      no or low variety groups. The initially disliked vegetable was still liked by 57%
      of children. This follow-up study suggests that experience with chemosensory
      variety in the context of breastfeeding or at the onset of complementary feeding
      can influence chemosensory preferences for vegetables into childhood. 

PMID- 26968027
TI  - Vitamin D3 intake modulates diaphragm but not peripheral muscle force in young
      mice.
AB  - Recent data support an important role for vitamin D in respiratory health. We
      tested the hypothesis that dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) intake modulates diaphragm
      (DIA) strength. Four-week-old female A/J mice (n = 10/group) were randomized to
      receive diets containing 100 IU VD3/kg (low), 1,000 IU VD3/kg (reference), or
      10,000 IU VD3/kg (pharmacologic). After 6 wk of dietary intervention, plasma 25
      hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D3) levels, DIA and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in vitro
      contractile properties, and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured.
      Myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition and Akt/Foxo3A growth signaling were studied
      in the DIA and tibialis anterior. Mice fed the low, reference, and pharmacologic
      diets had average 25D3 levels of 7, 21, and 59 ng/ml, respectively. Maximal DIA
      force, twitch force, and fiber CSA were reduced 26%, 28%, and 10% (P < 0.01),
      respectively, in mice receiving the low-VD3 diet compared with the reference and
      pharmacologic diets. EDL force parameters were unaltered by diet. Effects of VD3
      intake on DIA force were not observed in mice that began dietary intervention at
      12 wk of age. VD3 intake did not alter the MHC composition of the DIA, indicating
      that decreases in force and CSA in young mice were not due to a switch in fiber
      type. Paradoxically, low VD3 intake was associated with activation of anabolic
      signaling in muscle (hyperphosphorylation of Akt and Foxo3A and decreased
      expression of autophagy marker LC3). These studies identify a potential role of
      dietary VD3 in regulating DIA development and insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 26968031
TI  - Reconstructing the Mexican Tropical Dry Forests via an Autoecological Niche
      Approach: Reconsidering the Ecosystem Boundaries.
AB  - We used Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) of individual species of two taxonomic
      groups (plants and birds) in order to reconstruct the climatic distribution of
      Tropical Dry Forests (TDFs) in Mexico and to analyze their boundaries with other
      terrestrial ecosystems. The reconstruction for TDFs' distribution was analyzed
      considering the prediction and omission errors based upon the combination of
      species, obtained from the overlap of individual models (only plants, only birds,
      and all species combined). Two verifications were used: a primary vegetation map
      and 100 independent TDFs localities. We performed a Principal Component (PCA) and
      Discriminant Analysis (DA) to evaluate the variation in the environmental
      variables and ecological overlap among ecosystems. The modeling strategies showed
      differences in the ecological patterns and prediction areas, where the "all
      species combined" model (with a threshold of >=10 species) was the best strategy
      to use in the TDFs reconstruction. We observed a concordance of 78% with the
      primary vegetation map and a prediction of 98% of independent locality records.
      Although PCA and DA tests explained 75.78% and 97.9% of variance observed,
      respectively, we observed an important overlap among the TDFs with other adjacent
      ecosystems, confirming the existence of transition zones among them. We
      successfully modeled the distribution of Mexican TDFs using a number of
      bioclimatic variables and co-distributed species. This autoecological niche
      approach suggests the necessity of rethinking the delimitations of ecosystems
      based on the recognition of transition zones among them in order to understand
      the real nature of communities and association patterns of species. 

PMID- 26968030
TI  - The Combination of Marketed Antagonists of alpha1b-Adrenergic and 5-HT2A
      Receptors Inhibits Behavioral Sensitization and Preference to Alcohol in Mice: A
      Promising Approach for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence.
AB  - Alcohol-dependence is a chronic disease with a dramatic and expensive social
      impact. Previous studies have indicated that the blockade of two monoaminergic
      receptors, alpha1b-adrenergic and 5-HT2A, could inhibit the development of
      behavioral sensitization to drugs of abuse, a hallmark of drug-seeking and drug
      taking behaviors in rodents. Here, in order to develop a potential therapeutic
      treatment of alcohol dependence in humans, we have blocked these two
      monoaminergic receptors by a combination of antagonists already approved by
      Health Agencies. We show that the association of ifenprodil (1 mg/kg) and
      cyproheptadine (1 mg/kg) (alpha1-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists
      marketed as Vadilex (r) and Periactine (r) in France, respectively) blocks
      behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in C57Bl6 mice and to alcohol in DBA2
      mice. Moreover, this combination of antagonists inhibits alcohol intake in mice
      habituated to alcohol (10% v/v) and reverses their alcohol preference. Finally,
      in order to verify that the effect of ifenprodil was not due to its anti-NMDA
      receptors property, we have shown that a combination of prazosin (0.5 mg/kg, an
      alpha1b-adrenergic antagonist, Mini-Press (r) in France) and cyproheptadine (1
      mg/kg) could also reverse alcohol preference. Altogether these findings strongly
      suggest that combined prazosin and cyproheptadine could be efficient as a therapy
      to treat alcoholism in humans. Finally, because alpha1b-adrenergic and 5-HT2A
      receptors blockade also inhibits behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants,
      opioids and tobacco, it cannot be excluded that this combination will exhibit
      some efficacy in the treatment of addiction to other abused drugs. 

PMID- 26968032
TI  - Leading the Game, Losing the Competition: Identifying Leaders and Followers in a
      Repeated Game.
AB  - We explore a new method for identifying leaders and followers, LF, in repeated
      games by analyzing an experimental, repeated (50 rounds) game where Row player
      shifts the payoff between small and large values-a type of "investor" and Column
      player determines who gets the payoff-a type of "manager". We found that i) the
      Investor (Row) most often is a leading player and the manager (Column) a
      follower. The longer the Investor leads the game, the higher is both player's
      payoff. Surprisingly however, it is always the Manager that achieves the largest
      payoff. ii) The game has an efficient cooperative strategy where the players
      alternate in receiving a high payoff, but the players never identify, or accept,
      that strategy. iii) Under the assumption that the information used by the players
      is closely associated with the leader- follower sequence, and that information is
      available before the player's decisions are made, the players switched LF-
      strategy primarily as a function of information on the Investor's investment and
      moves and secondly as a function of the Manager's payoff. 

PMID- 26968033
TI  - Correction: Dimerization-Induced Allosteric Changes of the Oxyanion-Hole Loop
      Activate the Pseudorabies Virus Assemblin pUL26N, a Herpesvirus Serine Protease.

PMID- 26968035
TI  - Photochemical control of microphase structure in biocompatible polyester
      membranes generated by ultraviolet irradiation.
AB  - The morphologies of PEMA-RB/PHEMA semi-interpenetrating polymeric network (semi
      IPN) blended membranes prepared via ultraviolet (UV) promoted in situ
      photopolymerization were investigated using laser scanning confocal fluorescence
      microscopy (LSCFM). The results show that the semi-IPN morphology generated
      through UV light irradiation-induced microphase separation is considerably
      dependent on the relative rates of the photochemical reaction and microphase
      separation in the reactive precursor mixtures, which are determined by reactive
      dynamic factors. Changing the dynamic conditions, such as the UV light intensity,
      content of cross-linker and concentration of HEMA photopolymerization monomer
      resulted in a corresponding alteration of the morphological structure in the semi
      IPN membranes. The hierarchical morphology appearing in the PEMA-RB/PHEMA semi
      IPN should be related to the inhomogeneous photoreaction dynamics of the mixed
      system. Desired morphologies of the semi-IPN blend membranes can be obtained by
      controlling the corresponding dynamic conditions of both the photochemical
      reaction and microphase separation. 

PMID- 26968034
TI  - Ultrasensitive Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassay for Saikosaponin a in Chaihu
      (Bupleuri Radix).
AB  - The aim of this study is to establish a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA)
      system for quantitative analysis of saikosaponin a (SSa) in the crude drug of
      Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix). A 96-well microplate coated with rabbit anti-mouse IgG
      was incubated with the methanol extracts of Chaihu samples and a mouse anti-SSa
      monoclonal antibody, and a Eu3+-labeled SSa-human serum albumin conjugate was
      used as the tracer. The established competitive TRFIA showed a good fourth order
      polynomial fitting from 0.01 to 10.0 MUg/mL for standard SSa sample with a
      detection limit of 0.006 MUg/mL. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of
      variation of the assay were 7.3% and 8.9%, respectively, and the average SSa
      recovery was 119.2%. For samples of Chaihu extract, the results of this assay
      showed a good correlation with those by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      established previously. This TRFIA system is ultrasensitive for detecting SSa
      with a wide detection range and a good stability and represents the first attempt
      of using TRFIA for quality evaluation of the crude drug of Chaihu. 

PMID- 26968036
TI  - The Effect of Exercise on the Early Stages of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Induced
      Cartilage Repair in a Rat Osteochondral Defect Model.
AB  - The repair of articular cartilage is challenging owing to the restriction in the
      ability of articular cartilage to repair itself. Therefore, cell supplementation
      therapy is possible cartilage repair method. However, few studies have verified
      the efficacy and safety of cell supplementation therapy. The current study
      assessed the effect of exercise on early the phase of cartilage repair following
      cell supplementation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) intra-articular
      injection. An osteochondral defect was created on the femoral grooves bilaterally
      of Wistar rats. Mesenchymal stromal cells that were obtained from male Wistar
      rats were cultured in monolayer. After 4 weeks, MSCs were injected into the right
      knee joint and the rats were randomized into an exercise or no-exercise
      intervention group. The femurs were divided as follows: C group (no exercise
      without MSC injection); E group (exercise without MSC injection); M group (no
      exercise with MSC injection); and ME group (exercise with MSC injection). At 2,
      4, and 8 weeks after the injection, the femurs were sectioned and histologically
      graded using the Wakitani cartilage repair scoring system. At 2 weeks after the
      injection, the total histological scores of the M and ME groups improved
      significantly compared with those of the C group. Four weeks after the injection,
      the scores of both the M and ME groups improved significantly. Additionally, the
      scores in the ME group showed a significant improvement compared to those in the
      M group. The improvement in the scores of the E, M, and ME groups at 8 weeks were
      not significantly different. The findings indicate that exercise may enhance
      cartilage repair after an MSC intra-articular injection. This study highlights
      the importance of exercise following cell transplantation therapy. 

PMID- 26968037
TI  - High-Resolution Mapping of Homologous Recombination Events in rad3 Hyper
      Recombination Mutants in Yeast.
AB  - The Saccharomyces cerevisae RAD3 gene is the homolog of human XPD, an essential
      gene encoding a DNA helicase of the TFIIH complex involved in both nucleotide
      excision repair (NER) and transcription. Some mutant alleles of RAD3 (rad3-101
      and rad3-102) have partial defects in DNA repair and a strong hyper-recombination
      (hyper-Rec) phenotype. Previous studies showed that the hyper-Rec phenotype
      associated with rad3-101 and rad3-102 can be explained as a consequence of
      persistent single-stranded DNA gaps that are converted to recombinogenic double
      strand breaks (DSBs) by replication. The systems previously used to characterize
      the hyper-Rec phenotype of rad3 strains do not detect the reciprocal products of
      mitotic recombination. We have further characterized these events using a system
      in which the reciprocal products of mitotic recombination are recovered. Both
      rad3-101 and rad3-102 elevate the frequency of reciprocal crossovers about 100
      fold. Mapping of these events shows that three-quarters of these crossovers
      reflect DSBs formed at the same positions in both sister chromatids (double
      sister-chromatid breaks, DSCBs). The remainder reflects DSBs formed in single
      chromatids (single chromatid breaks, SCBs). The ratio of DSCBs to SCBs is similar
      to that observed for spontaneous recombination events in wild-type cells. We
      mapped 216 unselected genomic alterations throughout the genome including
      crossovers, gene conversions, deletions, and duplications. We found a significant
      association between the location of these recombination events and regions with
      elevated gamma-H2AX. In addition, there was a hotspot for deletions and
      duplications at the IMA2 and HXT11 genes near the left end of chromosome XV. A
      comparison of these data with our previous analysis of spontaneous mitotic
      recombination events suggests that a sub-set of spontaneous events in wild-type
      cells may be initiated by incomplete NER reactions, and that DSCBs, which cannot
      be repaired by sister-chromatid recombination, are a major source of mitotic
      recombination between homologous chromosomes. 

PMID- 26968038
TI  - Intima-Media Thickness Does Not Differ between Two Common Carotid Artery Segments
      in Children.
AB  - Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a surrogate marker of early
      atherosclerotic changes in children. cIMT-studies are hard to compare, due to
      variations in ultrasound protocols, especially regarding the common carotid
      artery (CCA) segment measured in relation to the bulb. This study's purpose was
      therefore to compare two distinct CCA segments in children, to see if cIMT values
      differ substantially according to the site of measurement. cIMT was assessed
      after power calculation in 30 children (15 girls) aged 8-17, using B-Mode
      ultrasound (5-13 MHz) at two CCA locations. The first measurement was performed
      over a distance of 1 cm immediately after the bulb (A), the second 1cm proximal
      the bulb (B) over the same distance of 1cm length. Means of end-diastolic far
      wall cIMT were compared between measurement A and B. cIMT in 30 participants was
      0.51+/-0.06 mm for measurement A and 0.51+/-0.05 mm for measurement B. Results
      did not differ significantly (p = .947) over a distance of 2 cm after the bulb.
      According to our results, studies measuring CCA IMT within the first 2 cm, either
      close to the bulb or further proximal, can be compared. This will improve
      interpretation of data and application of reference values. 

PMID- 26968039
TI  - Reproducibility of Heart Rate Variability Indices in Children with Cystic
      Fibrosis.
AB  - Fundamental to the potential utilisation of heart rate variability (HRV) indices
      as a prognostic tool is the reproducibility of these measures. The purpose of the
      present study was therefore to investigate the reproducibility of 24-hour derived
      HRV indices in a clinical paediatric population. Eighteen children (10 boys; 12.4
      +/- 2.8 years) with mild to moderate Cystic Fibrosis (CF; FVC: 83 +/- 12%
      predicted; FEV1: 80 +/- 9% predicted) and eighteen age- and sex-matched controls
      (10 boys; 12.5 +/- 2.7 years) wore a combined ECG and accelerometer for two
      consecutive days. Standard time and frequency domain indices of HRV were
      subsequently derived. Reproducibility was assessed by Bland-Altman plots, 95%
      limits of agreement and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). In both
      groups, there was no systematic difference between days, with the variables
      demonstrating a symmetrical, homoscedastic distribution around the zero line. The
      time domain parameters demonstrated a good to excellent reproducibility
      irrespective of the population considered (ICC: 0.56 to 0.86). In contrast,
      whilst the frequency domain parameters similarly showed excellent reproducibility
      in the healthy children (ICC: 0.70 to 0.96), the majority of the frequency domain
      parameters illustrated a poor to moderate reproducibility in those with CF (ICC:
      0.22 to 0.43). The exceptions to this trend were the normalised LF and HF
      components which were associated with a good to excellent reproducibility. These
      findings thereby support the utilisation of time and relative frequency domain
      HRV indices as a prognostic tool in children with CF. Furthermore, the present
      results highlight the excellent reproducibility of HRV in healthy children,
      indicating that this may be a useful tool to assess intervention effectiveness in
      this population. 

PMID- 26968040
TI  - Secretoneurin Serum Levels in Healthy Term Neonates and Neonates with Hypoxic
      Ischaemic Encephalopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy is a major cause of neurologic
      impairment and mortality in neonates. Early knowledge of brain injury is
      important to guide therapeutic decisions and reliably inform the parents.
      Increased secretoneurin levels have been detected in adult patients suffering
      from brain injury and it has also been shown to be a promising early serum
      biomarker of unfavourable neurological outcome. However, no data are available in
      neonates. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to obtain reference values for
      secretoneurin in healthy term neonates and then to assess the potential of this
      neuropeptide as a biomarker in the context of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in
      asphyxiated term neonates. METHODS: A total number of 139 term neonates, of which
      7 were asphyxiated and 132 were healthy, were prospectively enrolled.
      Secretoneurin serum concentrations were assessed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: In
      healthy controls, secretoneurin serum concentrations were influenced by the mode
      of delivery (highest in infants born per vacuum extraction and lowest in infants
      born per caesarean section) and abnormal cardiotocography. In asphyxiated term
      neonates, secretoneurin concentrations were higher in umbilical cord blood and
      significantly lower 48 h after birth in comparison to healthy controls.
      CONCLUSION: Secretoneurin levels are elevated in cord blood in infants suffering
      from hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia. The potential
      of secretoneurin as a marker of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury should be
      further evaluated in larger trials.

PMID- 26968041
TI  - Identifying candidate genes involved in osteoarthritis through bioinformatics
      analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify candidate genes and critical pathways
      involved in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Gene expression data of synovial
      membrane from OA patients and normal controls (NCs) were downloaded from
      database. Totally, 15 OA and 14 NC chips were available. Differentially expressed
      genes (DEGs) were identified through limma package (log2 fold change >0.585,
      false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network
      was constructed using STRING. Moreover, perturbation and pathway enrichment
      analyses were performed through PerturbationAnalyzer in Cytoscape (iterative
      criteria <1*e-10) and clusterProfiler package (FDR <0.05), respectively. RESULTS:
      Totally, 236 up-regulated and 290 down-regulated DEGs were identified. In PPI
      network, 10 hub genes were found, including VEGFA, IL6, JUN, IL1B, ICAM1, ATF3,
      IL8, EGR1, CDKN1A, and JUNB. After perturbation analysis, 32 DEGs were passively
      and significantly changed, like PISD, RARRES3, EIF4G1, and EPHA3. Furthermore,
      526 DEGs were enriched in 176 pathways, and pathway cross-talk network was
      constructed, involving 12 pathways and 66 cross-talks. CONCLUSIONS: Pathways like
      rheumatoid arthritis, osteoclast differentiation, and cytokine-cytokine receptor
      interaction might play critical roles in OA, and previously unreported genes
      VEGFA, JUN, JUNB, PISD, RARRES3, EIF4G1, and EPHA3 might participate in OA,
      providing novel directions for drug targeting.

PMID- 26968042
TI  - Patient and Caregiver Priorities for Outcomes in Hemodialysis: An International
      Nominal Group Technique Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the context of clinical research, investigators have historically
      selected the outcomes that they consider to be important, but these are often
      discordant with patients' priorities. Efforts to define and report patient
      centered outcomes are gaining momentum, though little work has been done in
      nephrology. We aimed to identify patient and caregiver priorities for outcomes in
      hemodialysis. STUDY DESIGN: Nominal group technique. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS:
      Patients on hemodialysis therapy and their caregivers were purposively sampled
      from 4 dialysis units in Australia (Sydney and Melbourne) and 7 dialysis units in
      Canada (Calgary). METHODOLOGY: Identification and ranking of outcomes. ANALYTICAL
      APPROACH: Mean rank score (of 10) for top 10 outcomes and thematic analysis.
      RESULTS: 82 participants (58 patients, 24 caregivers) aged 24 to 87 (mean, 58.4)
      years in 12 nominal groups identified 68 outcomes. The 10 top-ranked outcomes
      were fatigue/energy (mean rank score, 4.5), survival (defined by patients as
      resilience and coping; 3.7), ability to travel (3.6), dialysis-free time (3.3),
      impact on family (3.2), ability to work (2.5), sleep (2.3), anxiety/stress (2.1),
      decrease in blood pressure (2.0), and lack of appetite/taste (1.9). Mortality
      ranked only 14th and was not regarded as the complement of survival. Caregivers
      ranked mortality, anxiety, and depression higher than patients, whereas patients
      ranked ability to work higher. Four themes underpinned their rankings: living
      well, ability to control outcomes, tangible and experiential relevance, and
      severity and intrusiveness. LIMITATIONS: Only English-speaking participants were
      eligible. CONCLUSIONS: Although trials in hemodialysis have typically focused on
      outcomes such as death, adverse events, and biological markers, patients tend to
      prioritize outcomes that are more relevant to their daily living and well-being.
      Researchers need to consider interventions that are likely to improve these
      outcomes and measure and report patient-relevant outcomes in trials, and
      clinicians may become more patient-orientated by using these outcomes in their
      clinical encounters.

PMID- 26968043
TI  - The association of congenital tracheobronchial stenosis and cardiovascular
      anomalies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Congenital tracheobronchial stenosis (CTBS) is a rare disorder
      characterized by the presence of focal or diffuse complete tracheal or bronchial
      cartilage rings resulting in a fixed lumen narrowing. The aim of this study was
      to expose the association of various cardiovascular (CV) anomalies with various
      types of CTBS. METHODS: A retrospective review of 58 patients who had
      bronchoscopically proven CTBS between 1997 and 2011 was conducted. Totally, 48
      cases who had received echocardiography, computed tomography and other
      examinations including cardiac catheterization were enrolled. There were 33 boys
      and 15 girls, and the median age of diagnosis was 4 months (0-44 months). The
      image findings of associated CV anomalies were reviewed and analyzed, along with
      the clinical manifestations and patients' outcome. RESULTS: There were 14
      generalized hypoplasia (29.2%), 10 funnel type (20.8%), 15 segmental type
      (31.3%), and 9 isolated bronchial stenosis cases (18.7%). Among 48 cases of CTBS,
      32 patients (66.7%) had various CV anomalies including atrial septal defect
      (n=9), pulmonary artery sling (n=7), ventricular septal defect (n=7), patent
      ductus arteriosus (n=6), tetralogy of Fallot (n=3), peripheral pulmonary stenosis
      (n=3), etc. No significant difference existed in the incidence and types of
      comorbid CV anomalies among 4 types of CTBS, except that funnel type had
      significantly higher comorbidity of pulmonary artery sling (50%, p<0.01).
      CONCLUSION: Patients with CTBS had high incidence of various associated CV
      anomalies. Isolated bronchial stenosis had similar high comorbidity of CV
      anomalies as did the 3 classical categories of congenital tracheal stenosis. The
      higher comorbidity of pulmonary artery sling in patients with funnel CTBS might
      be related to its gradual caudal narrowing of the trachea.

PMID- 26968044
TI  - Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: Elaboration of a management
      algorithm from 25 years of experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare
      disease presenting with neonatal respiratory distress, often associated with
      other anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study reports the clinical and
      radiological characteristics of the patients managed in The Department of
      Pediatric Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery of La Timone Children's Hospital
      in Marseille between 1988 and 2014. Pyriform aperture (PA) widths were measured
      on CT-scans, obtained by using hand calipers at the largest portion of the PA in
      a plan parallel to the Francfort plan. RESULTS: 10 patients were included.
      Average PA width was 6.6mm, 5/10 patients presented with single central maxillary
      median incisor, 6/10 patients had associated abnormalities. 8 patients underwent
      a surgical intervention and 2 patients were medically managed. All the patients
      had satisfactory nasal airway permeability on late follow-up. A management
      algorithm was elaborated. CNPAS should be evoked when breathing difficulties are
      associated with impossibility of passing fiberscope or nasogastric tube at the
      nasal inlet. Craniofacial CT-scanning is necessary to make the diagnosis and look
      for associated abnormalities. Medical treatment associating nasal wash and
      decongestants should be performed. Surgical intervention is necessary when
      failure of the medical management. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results were
      close to those found in the literature in terms of clinical characteristics,
      associated abnormalities and PA width. However, no objective criterion to decide
      whether a surgical intervention is necessary or not, has been established so far.
      The algorithm we propose offers guidelines from diagnosis to treatment, but the
      management should be adapted based on clinical tolerance.

PMID- 26968045
TI  - DEFB1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to recurrent tonsillitis in Italian
      children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs fundamental for immune
      system response against pathogens within the oral cavity. Tonsillitis refers to
      inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsils that may include the adenoids and the
      lingual tonsils and that can be acute, recurrent, and chronic. Viral or bacterial
      infections, as well as immunologic factors are the main trigger to tonsillitis
      and disease's chronicity: the host immune responses, especially the innate one,
      could play an important role in susceptibility to the disease. OBJECTIVES: The
      current study aims at investigating the role of functional polymorphisms in the
      5'UTR (c.-52G>A, c.-44G>C and c.-20G>A) of DEFB1 gene, encoding for the
      antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 1, in the predisposition to recurrent
      tonsillitis in children from North Eastern Italy. RESULTS: No significant
      correlation was found between DEFB1 allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies
      and recurrent tonsillitis susceptibility with the exception of an increased risk
      to disease development in patients carrying DEFB1 rare haplotypes. CONCLUSION:
      Our results may suggest that DEFB1 polymorphisms alone may not influence
      pathology susceptibility, however they could possibly concur, together with other
      factors involved in the genetic control of innate immune system, in the
      predisposition towards recurrent tonsillitis.

PMID- 26968046
TI  - Language skills and phonological awareness in children with cochlear implants and
      normal hearing.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Early auditory experience plays a major role in language acquisition.
      Linguistic and metalinguistic abilities of children aged 5-5.5 years with
      cochlear implants (CIs) were compared to age-matched children with normal hearing
      (NH) to investigate the effect of hearing on development of these two skills.
      METHODS: Eighteen children with NH and 18 children with CIs took part in the
      study. The Test of Language Development-Primary, third edition, was used to
      assess language and metalinguistic skills by assessment of phonological awareness
      (PA). Language skills and PA were then compared between groups. Hierarchical
      linear regression was conducted to determine whether the language skills
      explained the unique variance in PA. RESULTS: There were significant differences
      between children with NH and those with CIs for language skills and PA
      (p<=0.001). All language skills (semantics, syntax, listening, spoken language,
      organizing, and speaking) were uniquely predictive of PA outcome in the CI
      children. Linear combinations of listening and semantics and listening,
      semantics, and syntax correlated significantly with PA. CONCLUSION: The results
      show that children with CIs may have trouble with language skills and PA.
      Listening, semantics, and syntax, among other skills, are significant indicators
      of the variance in PA for children with CIs.

PMID- 26968047
TI  - Uncommon situation and presentation of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis.
AB  - Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of the parotid gland is a very uncommon chronic
      inflammatory salivary gland disease. Clinically, it presents as a slow-growing
      painful. Histologically, it showed a chronic inflammation and fibrosis. This case
      report highlights the clinical, radiological and histological aspects of this
      disease. We report unusual case of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis of the parotid
      in a 12-year-old man. CT detected a mass of tissue density in the right parotid.
      The evolution was marked by spontaneous fistula allowing a surgical biopsy. The
      mass regressed after corticosteroids. The follow-up was normal. The location, age
      and presentation make our case very interesting. 

PMID- 26968048
TI  - Polysomnography results in pediatric patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea:
      Adenotonsillectomy vs. watchful waiting.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of consensus and a paucity of data regarding how to
      best treat pediatric patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea. The objective of
      our study was to compare outcomes following adenotonsillectomy vs. observation in
      children with mild obstructive sleep apnea based on polysomnography results.
      METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on children ages 9 months to
      9 years with 2 or more polysomnograms completed at a tertiary care academic
      center. Children diagnosed with mild obstructive sleep apnea (obstructive apnea
      hypopnea index 1-5) on polysomnography performed from 1999 to 2013 were included.
      Patients underwent adenotonsillectomy or watchful waiting for obstructive sleep
      apnea. The primary outcome was the change in apnea-hypopnea index. RESULTS: There
      were 62 patients who met inclusion criteria for the study; 19 of the 62 patients
      were obese, while 15 had a craniofacial syndrome or hypotonia. Eighteen patients
      underwent adenotonsillectomy for mild obstructive sleep apnea while 44 were
      observed. The mean apnea-hypopnea index of patients after adenotonsillectomy
      improved from 3.50 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 2.97-4.03) to 2.69 (95% CI 1.48
      3.90), while the mean apnea-hypopnea index of the observation group worsened from
      3.09 (95% CI 2.76-3.42) to 5.18 (95% CI 2.46-7.90). Between-group analysis showed
      significant improvement in the surgery group (p=0.03), with a persistent
      improvement on multivariate analysis adjusting for baseline apnea-hypopnea index
      (p=0.05). This difference was seen mostly in non-obese, non-syndromic children
      (p=0.04). There was no significant difference between groups amongst obese
      (p=0.25) and syndromic (p=0.36) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Adenotonsillectomy leads
      to a significant improvement in apnea-hypopnea index on follow-up polysomnography
      over an observational approach, especially in non-obese, non-syndromic children.
      A prospective, randomized trial is necessary to help determine appropriate
      treatment strategies for pediatric mild obstructive sleep apnea.

PMID- 26968049
TI  - Protective effects of the seaweed phlorotannin polyphenolic compound dieckol on
      gentamicin-induced damage in auditory hair cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Drug-induced ototoxicity from compounds such as aminoglycosides and
      platinum can damage the inner ear resulting in hearing loss, tinnitus or balance
      problems and may be caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
      Dieckol is a phlorotannin polyphenolic compound with strong antioxidant effects
      found in edible brown algae. This study investigated the protective effects of
      dieckol on drug-induced ototoxicity in cochlear cultures obtained from neonatal
      mice. METHODS: Cochlear explants were pretreated with dieckol and exposed to
      gentamicin for 48h. The explants were then fixed and stained with fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-phalloidin and the intact hair cells counted. The free radical
      scavenging activity of dieckol was assessed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
      assay. E. coli (Escherichia coli) cultures were used to evaluate the effect of
      dieckol on the antibiotic activity of gentamicin. RESULTS: Gentamicin treatment
      resulted in dose-dependent hair cell loss that was partially protected by
      dieckol. Moreover, at concentrations >67MUM dieckol had significant radical
      scavenging activity. Dieckol did not compromise the antibiotic effect of
      gentamicin. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dieckol can be used as a
      therapeutic agent that reduces the damage caused by drug-induced ototoxicity.

PMID- 26968050
TI  - Value of radiofrequency ablation in the management of retropharyngeal lymphatic
      malformation.
AB  - Lymphatic malformations are benign malformations frequently occurring in the head
      and neck. Retropharyngeal location is rare, can be life threating and its
      management is particularly challenging. Over a three-year period, three patients
      presented with symptomatic (dyspnea and/or dysphagia) retropharyngeal lymphatic
      malformation. All were treated using a radiofrequency ablation of lymphatic
      malformation through a trans-oral approach. No major complications occurred
      following the surgery. During the follow-up, no recurrence was noted and all
      patients were asymptomatic. Radiofrequency ablation in the management of
      retropharyngeal lymphatic malformations is a simple technique with very good
      results and allows a fast recovery with minimum morbidity and a short hospital
      stay. 

PMID- 26968051
TI  - Nasal fluid secretory immunoglobulin A levels in children with allergic rhinitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There is growing knowledge about the immunoregulatory and possibly
      preventative roles of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in allergic diseases. This study
      aimed to investigate secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in the nasal fluid
      of children who were either being treated for their allergic rhinitis (AR) with
      intranasal mometasone furoate or were not receiving treatment. METHODS: The study
      population contained 55 children with persistent AR. Group I included 27 newly
      diagnosed AR patients not taking any medication and group II included 28 patients
      treated with intranasal steroids for at least 6 months. 27 healthy control
      subjects were also enrolled in the study. Total symptom scores (TSS) were
      calculated for each patient. Nasal secretions were obtained using a new modified
      polyurethane sponge absorption method, and samples were analysed by ELISA.
      RESULTS: The median value for nasal fluid SIgA level in each group was
      127.2MUg/ml (interquartile range; 67.3-149.6) in group I, 133.9MUg/ml (102.1
      177.8) in group II and 299.8MUg/ml (144.5-414.0) in the control group. Groups I
      and II both had statistically significant reductions in nasal fluid SIgA levels
      compared to the control group (p<0.001). However, there was no statistically
      significant difference between groups I and II (p=0.35). A statistically
      significant and negative correlation also existed between TSS and nasal fluid
      SIgA levels in both groups I and II (p=0.006, rho=-0.512 and p=0.01, rho=-0.481,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: SIgA levels in the nasal fluid are significantly
      reduced in children with AR independent of treatment and are negatively
      correlated with the TSS.

PMID- 26968052
TI  - Sleep-disordered breathing in children with Down syndrome: Usefulness of home
      polysomnography.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the technical feasibility of unattended home
      polysomnography (HPSG) in children with Down syndrome. METHODS: Data from
      children with Down syndrome under 10 years of age referred to a diagnostic sleep
      study was analyzed. A full sleep-lab based polysomnography (PSG) or a HPSG with a
      portable device was performed. Uninterpretable HPSGs were defined as: recordings
      with (i) loss of >=2 of the following channels: nasal flow, or thoracoabdominal
      sensors, or (ii) HPSG with less than 4h of artifact-free recording time or (iii)
      less than 4h SpO2 (peripheral capillary oxygen saturation) signal. RESULTS: A
      total of 44 children (68% males) were included in the study, with a mean age of
      3.6 (0.1-10) years. PSG was performed in 8 cases and HPSG in 36 cases. Six HPSG
      recordings were classified as uninterpretable and had to be repeated. Age, gender
      and BMI were no significant predictors of uninterpretability of the HPSG.
      Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was present in 61% (n=27) of all subjects, and
      classified as mild, moderate, and severe in 43% (n=19), 11% (n=5), and 7% (n=3)
      of cases, respectively. Interpretable and technically acceptable HPSGs were
      obtained in 30 subjects (83%). Age, gender and BMI were no significant predictors
      for interpretability of the HPSG. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that a
      portable polysomnographic home device may be helpful for diagnosing OSA in
      children with Down syndrome. Considering the potential consequences of untreated
      OSA, this screening test may be helpful for early diagnosis of OSA in children
      with Down syndrome.

PMID- 26968053
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of intranasal infiltrated botulinum toxin-A on a model
      of allergic rhinitis in rabbits: An Experimental Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Allergic Rhinitis (AR) effects 20-40% of the global population and
      its prevalance increases. Medical treatment and immunotherapy could be used in AR
      management. But they are not definitive solution. Medical treatment must be used
      a long time and has side effects. Immunotherapy cannot be applied to every
      patient and it also takes a long time. The aim of this study is to evaluate
      symptomatic and histopathological effects of intranasal infiltrated Botulinum
      Toxin-A (Btx-A) on an animal model of AR. MATERIAL-METHOD: 15 rabbits were
      divided into 3 groups as control, disease and treatment. AR was formed in disease
      and treatment groups by intraperitoneal and intranasal ovalbumine. Allergic
      symptoms were observed and serum IgE levels were estimated to prove forming of
      AR. Btx-A was infiltrated in inferior turbinates of rabbits in treatment group.
      Rabbits were sacrified on 32nd day. Paranasal structures were disected and
      investigated histopathologically. RESULTS: Serous nasal discharge and sneezing
      were observed after ovalbumine applying in disease and treatment groups. Serum
      IgE levels on 21st day were higher than 1st day and this difference was
      significant statistically in disease and treatment groups. Serous discharge and
      sneezing decreased after Btx-A infiltration in treatment group. In
      histopathological examination, there were significant difference between disease
      and treatment group in terms of some histopathological findings. CONCLUSION:
      Considering the effect of Btx-A on AR in animal, it can be said that Btx-A can
      decrease symptoms and reorganize histopathological findings of AR.

PMID- 26968054
TI  - Treatment of severe tracheobronchomalacia: Ten-year experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Paediatric tracheobronchomalacia is a rare but potentially serious
      condition. Severe tracheobronchomalacia requires intervention or operation. This
      is an evaluation of a ten-year experience at an institution. METHODS: In this
      retrospective study all patients were included that required an intervention for
      severe tracheobronchomalacia from 2003 to 2012. Symptoms, aetiology,
      comorbidities, localisation of the malacia, age at diagnosis, therapeutic
      measures and associated complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-four
      patients with severe tracheobronchomalacia underwent intervention/operation. The
      predominant aetiology was vascular compression in 48%. The majority of patients
      had complex comorbidities, most importantly cardiac pathology in 66%. The median
      age at diagnosis was 3 months. A total of 17 aortopexies, 21 tracheostomies and
      25 stent placements were performed. The mean follow-up was 2.6 years. Severe
      complications occurred in 12 patients. The most common complications were stent
      obstruction/fracture and tracheostomy tube obstruction. CONCLUSION: The
      management of severe tracheobronchomalacia is complex and the population of
      patients is very heterogeneous. Therefore the treatment has to be adapted for
      each patient individually. The decision strategies are discussed in this article.
      The surgical techniques for placement and safe removal of expandable bare
      metallic stents employed in our institution are presented. A multidisciplinary
      team of ENT surgeons, Intensivists, Cardiologists and Cardiac surgeons is of
      great importance.

PMID- 26968055
TI  - Bedside tests to predict laryngoscopic difficulty in pediatric patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pediatric airway management is a priority during
      anesthesia, critical care and emergency medicine. The purpose of this study is to
      validate bedside tests that predict airway management difficulty in anesthetized
      children. METHODS: Children under 12 years of age were recruited in a cross
      sectional study to assess the value of some anthropometric measures as predictors
      of laryngoscopic difficulty. The patients were divided into three groups by age.
      Weight, height, neck circumference, BMI (body mass index), inter incisors
      distance thyromental distance, sternomental distance, frontal plane to chin
      distance (FPCD) and the Mallampati index were determined and were correlated with
      the CML (Cormack & Lehane classification). RESULTS: The incidence of difficult
      laryngoscopy (CML 3 or 4) was 3.58%. Factors that were significantly associated
      with laryngoscopic difficulty included short inter incisors distance, high FPCD,
      thyromental distance, sternomental distance and the Mallampati index. The
      FPCD/weight index exhibited a higher area under the ROC curve than any other
      variable considered. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the FPCD and the
      FPCD/weight ratio are the most consistent predictors of laryngoscopic difficulty
      in pediatric patients. For patients over 6 months of age, the IID also correlated
      with laryngoscopic difficulty. For children who were capable of obeying simple
      orders, the Mallampati test correlated better with laryngoscopic difficulty than
      did the Mallampati test with phonation. Our results strongly suggest that skilled
      professionals should perform airway management in children, especially in
      patients with a high FPCD or a high FPCD/weight ratio.

PMID- 26968056
TI  - Are the patients with anatomic variation of the sublingual/Wharton's duct system
      predisposed to ranula formation?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate ranula development according to anatomic variation of the
      ductal system of sublingual gland (SLG), especially the presence of Bartholin's
      duct. METHODS: The anatomic variation of SLG duct was prospectively investigated
      and compared between 55 consecutive patients with ranulas treated by SLG excision
      (group 1) and another 15 consecutive patients undergoing similar surgeries for
      other conditions (group 2). The ductal structures of SLGs and submandibular
      glands (SMG) were also compared between the pediatric patients and adult patients
      with ranulas. RESULTS: In 32 of 55 patients with ranulas (58.2%) and 1 of 15
      patients without ranulas (6.7%), the SLG showed an anatomic variation of the main
      duct called Bartholin's duct structure (P<0.01). Seventeen of 22 (77.3%)
      pediatric patients with ranulas had Bartholin's ducts and 15 of 33 (45.5%) adult
      patients with ranulas had Bartholin's ducts (0.01<P<0.05), but Bartholin's duct
      which opens near to the orifice of Wharton's duct was not found in this study
      population. Plunging ranulas that extravasate deep to the mylohyoid were observed
      in the 6 patients (4 children and 2 adults). There was no recurrence in all cases
      with ranulas. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital anatomic variation of the ductal system of
      the SLG might be a possible cause of ranulas in the patients with simple ranulas,
      especially in pediatric patients. Surgical resection of the SLG is a better
      treatment choice for ranulas than other conservative treatments.

PMID- 26968057
TI  - The inflatable thymus herniation of the normal mediastinal thymus: A case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Anterior neck masses in young children can be a diagnostic challenge for
      otolaryngologists and radiologists. We present a rare case of herniation of
      normal mediastinal thymus in a four-year-old girl. Additional medical features as
      an inguinal hernia and trochlear nerve paresis raised the question whether there
      is a causal relationship or an association. A connective tissue disorder could
      not be diagnosed as possible causal factor to the abnormal movement of the
      mediastinal thymus. Awareness and recognition of this benign phenomenon is
      important in order to avoid unnecessary biopsy or surgery. Diagnosis can be
      confirmed by ultrasonography. Magnetic Resonance Imaging might be valuable in
      order to obtain more information about the extension of the mass. 

PMID- 26968058
TI  - A systematic review of the evidence on spontaneous resolution of laryngomalacia
      and its symptoms.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Laryngomalacia (LM) is the most common cause of
      congenital stridor. Tradition holds that the majority of patients resolve
      spontaneously by 12-18 months of age. The objective of this study was to
      systematically review the literature on the spontaneous resolution of LM and/or
      its presenting symptoms, in otherwise healthy infants. METHODS: Data sources
      included Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Proquest, Cochrane database,
      Cochrane Methodology Register, Web of Science Conference Proceedings Citation
      Index, and ACP Journal Club. Study inclusion criteria included participants with
      an endoscopic diagnosis of LM, and symptoms of stridor, swallowing dysfunction,
      and/or snoring/sleep-disordered breathing, that documented subjective or
      objective resolution endpoints. Surgical series, case reports, and narrative
      reviews were excluded. Studies with insufficient follow-up (<3 months), and
      patients with comorbidities without subgroup analysis were excluded. Two
      independent reviewers extracted follow-up duration, rate of retention, time to
      resolution of LM, and method of documentation of resolution. RESULTS: Of the 1146
      articles identified, three met inclusion/exclusion criteria (n=411 patients). All
      were retrospective and used stridor resolution as the only endpoint. Resolution
      rate was 89%, with time to resolution ranging from 4 to 42 months. Level of
      evidence was low, and studies suffered from lack of follow-up, and no objective
      endpoints. Meta-analysis was not possible. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic evidence of
      the natural history of laryngomalacia and its resolution is lacking. Low level of
      evidence supports that stridor and respiratory distress resolve, but the range of
      the time to resolution and rate of resolution is wide. Other clinical
      manifestations have not been studied. Prospective longitudinal trials are
      required to better understand the natural history.

PMID- 26968060
TI  - Midline nasofrontal dermoids in children: A review of 29 cases managed at
      Mansoura University Hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nasal dermoids are congenital anomalies constituting 3.7-12.6% of
      dermoids in the head and neck. Most of lesions are superficial but there is
      always a risk that it may end blindly within the deep structures of the nose or
      extend intracranially. Complete excision, regardless of extension, is essential
      and must be balanced against cosmoses. This study reviews the clinical
      characteristics and imaging findings as well as the appropriate surgical approach
      adopted for 29 cases managed at Mansoura University Hospitals. METHODS: A
      retrospective analysis was performed in 29 patients admitted for management of
      nasal dermoid between Jan 2001 and Jan 2015 at the Otolaryngology department of
      our tertiary referral university hospital. Recorded data included patient's
      demographics, complaint, lesion's site, pre-operative radiological findings,
      surgical technique, intra-operative findings, and post-operative squeal. RESULTS:
      This series included 12 (41%) female and 17 (59%) male children, with a mean age
      of 2.5 years. Twenty seven children presented with a nasofrontal swelling of
      which 20 had an apparent sinus. Other presentations included a swelling in the
      inner canthum (1), nasal tip and columella (1). Nine (31%) patients had a history
      of infection and two patients gave a positive history of meningitis. Intracranial
      extradural extension was identified in 10 patients (34.5%) during preoperative
      imaging. Surgical modalities included local excision and direct closure (12),
      open rhinoplasty (7), bicoronal excision and craniotomy (10). In 9 cases, the
      tract was adherent to the dura but was carefully dissected and in one case
      resection required excision of a segment of dura and reconstruction. In a follow
      up period of 1-8 years, recurrence was detected in one case and the cosmetic
      results were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: Those lesions are rare and require early
      precise surgical planning to achieve complete en bloc excision. This study
      reports a low morbidity associated with management of nasal dermoids with
      intracranial extension.

PMID- 26968059
TI  - Injuries due to foreign body aspirations in Georgia: A prevention perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suffocation due to foreign bodies (FB) is a leading cause of death in
      children aged 0-3. No data from the former U.S.S.R. are available in the
      international scientific literature. METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted at
      the Iashvili Central Children Hospital in Tbilisi, Georgia from 1989 to 2011 were
      analyzed. Injuries in the upper airways due to foreign bodies' inhalation were
      collected and compared with the Susy Safe Registry and the pooled estimates of
      the meta-analysis. RESULTS: 2896 cases were collected. Distribution of injuries
      in children younger than 3 years was significantly higher than in the Susy Safe
      Registry and in the "High-Income" countries in the meta-analysis. Percentage of
      injuries due to organic objects (86%) was significantly higher than in published
      data. CONCLUSIONS: Since Georgia is not showing any substantial difference, both
      in epidemiology and treatment of foreign bodies injuries, as compared to the
      other case series, translation of public health initiatives from other most
      advanced prevention experiences is possible and it is likely to be effective.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, Epidemiological case series.

PMID- 26968061
TI  - Effectiveness of the human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine in
      the treatment of children with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) (types
      6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine influences the clinical course of juvenile-onset
      recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) when administered to a group of
      patients with this condition. METHODS: Uncontrolled intervention study of
      patients with juvenile-onset RRP examined at the Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
      Clinic, Federal University of Sao Paulo, where nine patients between the ages of
      nine and 17 received three doses of the prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine
      (Gardasil((r))) and were followed for one year. Disease staging, intervals
      between relapses, intervals between surgeries, and the number of surgeries during
      the year prior to vaccination and during the first year after vaccination were
      compared. RESULTS: Eight patients were infected with HPV-6 and one with HPV-11.
      There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical scores
      (p=0.083), anatomical scores (p=0.257), intervals between relapses (p=0.062),
      intervals between surgeries (p=0.357), or the numbers of surgeries (p=0.180) when
      the years before and after vaccination were compared. All patients had relapses
      following vaccination. CONCLUSION: Patients with juvenile-onset RRP experienced a
      similar clinical course in the year after versus the year before vaccination with
      Gardasil((r)).

PMID- 26968062
TI  - Production and evaluation of a Spanish version of the LittlEARS((r)) Auditory
      Questionnaire for the assessment of auditory development in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To adapt the LittlEARS((r)) Auditory Questionnaire (LEAQ)
      into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of
      the questionnaire. METHODS: The LEAQ was translated into Spanish by a back
      translation design. Following the Guidelines for Adapting Tests of the
      International Test Commission (ITC), for the first time with the LEAQ
      adaptations, two qualitative methods were used to evaluate the translated version
      of the LEAQ: an expert appraisal method followed by cognitive interviewing.
      Having improved the Spanish version of the LEAQ with these evaluations, a
      psychometric analysis was conducted. 215 parents of children with normal hearing
      aged between 1.7 and 24.0 months participated in the study. Corrected item-total
      correlations were calculated to analyze to what extent items distinguish levels
      of auditory development of assessed children. Cronbach's alpha coefficient - to
      evaluate internal consistency across items - was also calculated. To obtain
      validity evidence, correlations between item-total score and age were calculated.
      A non-linear regression model was also estimated to obtain normative data for
      expected and minimum value of total scores from the questionnaire according to
      age. RESULTS: Expert appraisal and cognitive interviewing pointed out some
      translation errors and difficulties parents had while responding to the Spanish
      LEAQ. Such errors and difficulties were fixed in the Spanish LEAQ version applied
      for psychometric analysis. Corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.15 to
      0.75. Cronbach's alpha coefficient value was 0.92, indicating that the
      measurements are highly reliable. The value of the correlation between total
      scores and age was 0.86 (p<001). The regression analysis conducted to obtain
      normative data shows that 79% of the variation in the total scores can be
      explained by age. CONCLUSIONS: The results of psychometric analyses provide
      evidence supporting the use of the Spanish version of the LEAQ as a valid and
      culturally appropriate tool to assess the development of auditory behaviour in
      Spanish children who are 24 months old or younger.

PMID- 26968063
TI  - Vestibular neuritis in children and adolescents: Clinical features and recovery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical presentation and recovery of vestibular neuritis
      in children and adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING:
      Pediatric tertiary care center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven patients diagnosed
      with vestibular neuritis were identified from a database of 301 patients
      evaluated at our pediatric vestibular clinic from January 2012 through January
      2015. Medical records were reviewed to determine clinical presentation,
      vestibular testing results, treatment, and recovery. Incomplete recovery was
      defined as residual dizziness or imbalance at most recent follow-up >30 days from
      symptom onset. RESULTS: Patients were 5-19 years old (mean 13.1+/-5.34) and
      included 6 boys and 5 girls. All presented with a sudden rotational vertigo,
      imbalance, and nausea for an average of 10 days without other associated
      symptoms. Testing included rotary chair (8 of 9 abnormal), caloric (2 of 2
      abnormal), video head impulse (5 of 8 abnormal), subjective visual vertical (4 of
      8 abnormal), and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (0 of 6 abnormal)
      tests. All patients with incomplete recovery (n=4; 36%) were >=15 years old at
      symptom onset. All patients with incomplete recovery that underwent vestibular
      rehabilitation (n=2) initiated it >=90 days from symptom onset, while 3 out of 4
      patients with complete recovery that underwent vestibular rehabilitation
      initiated it <=14 days from symptom onset. Two patients received oral steroids,
      neither of whom had incomplete recovery. CONCLUSION: Vestibular neuritis should
      be considered in pediatric patients with vertigo and may result in longstanding
      symptoms, particularly in adolescents. The treatment of pediatric vestibular
      neuritis with rehabilitation and steroids deserves further study.

PMID- 26968064
TI  - Is there a correlation between nasal septum deviation and maxillary transversal
      deficiency? A retrospective study on prepubertal subjects.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Deviated nasal septum may cause a reduction of the nasal airflow,
      thus, during the craniofacial development, a reduced nasal airflow could
      originate a chronic mouth-breathing pattern, related with moderate to severe
      maxillary constriction. The aim of this retrospective study is to analyze the
      correlation between maxillary transverse deficiency and nasal septum deviation.
      METHODS: Frontal cephalograms were performed on 66 posterior-anterior radiographs
      of subjects (34M, 32F; mean age 9.95+/-2.50 years) with maxillary transverse
      deficiency and on a control group of 31 posterior-anterior radiographs of
      subjects (13M, 18F; 9.29+/-2.08 years). Angular parameters of the nasal cavities
      were recorded and compared between the two groups using a Student's t-test.
      RESULTS: Generally all the parameters are very similar between the two groups
      except for the ASY angle that differs for about the 27%; anyway the Student's t
      test showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups
      (mostly p>0.20). CONCLUSIONS: This study failed to show an association between
      transverse maxillary deficiencies and nasal septum deviations. Moreover, no
      significant differences were found between the mean nasal cavities dimensions in
      subjects with transverse maxillary deficiency and the control group.

PMID- 26968065
TI  - Precision-scored parental report questions and HL-scaled tympanometry as
      informative measures of hearing in otitis media 1: Large-sample evidence on
      determinants and complementarity to pure-tone audiometry.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In otitis media with effusion (OME), hearing loss is a core
      sign/symptom and basis of concern, with absolute pure-tone threshold sensitivity
      (in dB HL) by air-conduction providing the default measure of hearing. However
      several fundamental problems limiting the value of HL measures in otitis media
      are insufficiently appreciated. To appraise the joint value and implications of
      multiple hearing measures towards more comprehensive hearing assessment in OM, we
      examine in two related articles the interrelations and common or diverging
      determinants of three measures, two of them objective: binaural HL, and ACET (the
      published quasi-continuous scaling of binaural tympanometry to HL). The third
      measure is partly subjective: parentally reported hearing difficulties (RHD-4);
      this is the precision-scored total of the 4 items selected for the OM8-30 general
      purpose questionnaire for parents in OM. METHODS: The Eurotitis-2 study (Total
      N=2886) internationally standardises OM8-30 and its OMQ-14 short form. The
      clinical and parent-response variables acquired cover many issues in diagnosis,
      symptomatology and impact of OM. Data acquisition was built upon routine clinic
      practice, enabling us also to document some properties of that practice, such as
      patterns of missing HL data. To address possible confounding or loss of
      representativeness from this, we investigated the implications of substituting
      tympanometry-based ACET for missing HL to give an HL/ACET hybrid. ACET is the
      mapping of categorical tympanometry to continuous HL. We simulated degrees of
      artificial missingness of HL up to 35% on the 1430 complete-data cases, using
      random deletion, with 1000-version bootstrapping. Correlations of this HL/ACET
      hybrid with pure (100%) HL then documented the degree of correlation retained
      under dilution of HL by an admixture of ACET; we also documented distribution
      shapes. For RHD-4, we then probed the determining influences on severity of score
      as an auditory disability measure, both background ones (from centre, age, sex,
      socio-economic status, length of history, diagnosis and season) and the two
      underlying objective hearing measures (HL, ACET). We ran these multiple
      regressions (GLMs), for representativeness and generality, both on 1430 complete
      data cases (i.e. all 3 hearing variables present) and also on supplemented
      samples according to data required only for particular analyses (N increased by
      +56% to +68%). A further method of sample supplementation (by up to +96%) used
      the HL/ACET hybrid. RESULTS: Sex made negligible difference in any analysis. The
      particular collaborating centre, age, season and diagnosis collectively
      influenced presence/absence of HL data very strongly. (Area under ROC 0.944).
      Socio-economic status did not influence HL presence; surprisingly, nor did RHD,
      ACET or length of history, after control for centre, age, diagnosis and season.
      Of the inter-correlations between hearing measures, only the one between ACET and
      RHD was influenced (slightly reduced) by the inclusion of cases without HL data.
      In the simulated substitutions, Pearson correlation of hybrid HL/ACET with true
      HL remained above 0.90 for substitution by ACET of up to 30% rate of artificially
      'missing' HL. Centre differences were adequately summarised by simple absolute
      additive differences in mean local case severity. In the determinant models for
      RHD on the 1430 complete-data cases, HL and the set of background determinants
      collectively explained broadly similar proportions of RHD's variability,
      totalling 36.8% explained. On the larger maximum case samples, slightly less
      absolute variability was explicable than on complete-case data, but relative
      magnitudes of contribution from individual determinants, both background and
      hearing measures, remained similar. The expected mean differences in RHD between
      diagnoses (RAOM, OME, and combined) were found, but the patterns of background
      and objective measure influences determining RHD did not differ significantly
      between the diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In the Eurotitis-2 database, descriptive
      differences in various background demographic and clinical measures between cases
      on whom HL data were obtained versus not, were only of material magnitude for
      length of history and reported hearing difficulties. Such descriptive differences
      are not necessarily bases of confounding, so using our framework of 6 background
      adjuster variables, (particular collaborating centre, age, season, diagnosis,
      socioeconomic status and length of history) we isolated the determinants of HL
      data presence. The first four listed strongly predicted HL data presence/absence
      so are sufficient to control analyses well for any bias or confounding by HL data
      presence. (2) Diagnoses as OME and combined (OME+RAOM) had higher probability of
      HL data being present relative to RAOM, indicating that HL acquisition is chiefly
      seen as confirming and quantifying hearing loss in (suspect) OME, not as ruling
      it out (e.g. in suspected RAOM). Given this, also using RHD and or ACET as pre
      triage to efficiently target capacity and/or reduce costs and opportunity costs
      of acquiring HL would be rational, but there was no evidence of such precise use
      of initial hearing-related information to decide on HL acquisition. (3) The full
      six background variables explained comparable variance in Reported Hearing
      Difficulties (RHD) to what was explained by ACET, but not quite as much as by HL.
      Achieving a high percentage explained (32-37% from good models) required both
      classes of determinant to be entered as predictors. The pattern of background
      determining influences for RHD was largely stable, with or without objective
      measures as additional predictors, and on maximum or complete-data cases. Length
      of history strongly determines RHD for a given concurrent HL. (4) Accepting ACET
      as substitute where HL was missing in OM cases gave a sample-size enhancement of
      17% in Eurotitis-2, with negligible difference in the pattern of determinants.
      This hybrid measure can be recommended as reasonable next-best when moderate
      percentages of HL data are missing. (5) The stable pattern of prediction of RHD
      suggests that our six background determinants provide a very promising low-cost
      yet comprehensive framework for determination. It hence offers pluripotent
      statistical adjustment against confounding, applicable to RAOM, OME and combined
      diagnoses in any analysis using this database. Claims that it thereby offers a
      sufficient framework for full European standardisation of all the scores from the
      OM8-30 questionnaire measures await parallel demonstrations for symptom areas
      other than RHD. As 25% of the variance in RHD severity can be explained by the
      six adjusters in our framework, none of the six variables should be omitted from
      acquisition and analytic use in future OM research.

PMID- 26968066
TI  - The role of polysomnography in tracheostomy decannulation of the paediatric
      patient.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tracheostomy decannulation in the paediatric patient is usually
      considered when there is resolution or significant improvement in the original
      indication for the tracheostomy. The child's cardiorespiratory function needs to
      be optimized and assessment of the readiness for decannulation is generally by
      endoscopic evaluation to confirm airway patency and vocal cord mobility.
      Functional airway assessment procedures include downsizing the tracheostomy,
      adding fenestration, speaking valves and capping the tracheostomy tube. Few
      objective measures have been demonstrated to accurately predict the likelihood of
      successful decannulation. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of
      polysomnography (PSG) with a capped tracheostomy tube, as an adjunct to airway
      endoscopy and traditional decannulation procedures, to predict decannulation
      outcome. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted for patients who underwent
      "capped" PSG prior to a trial of tracheostomy decannulation at the Sydney
      Children's Hospitals Network. The charts were reviewed for clinical data and PSG
      results. RESULTS: 30 children with a total of 40 PSG reports were included in
      this study. There was a statistically significant difference in mean oxygen
      saturation, minimum oxygen saturation, total apnoea/hypopnoea index,
      desaturations >3%, and desaturations >3% index between those that had successful
      decannulation compared to failed decannulation. The measures with the greatest
      significance, and therefore, the best predictors of decannulation outcome were
      total apnoea/hypopnoea index (3.35events/h vs. 18.5events/h, p=0.004) and
      desaturation events (20.33 events vs. 192 events, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PSG with
      a capped tracheostomy tube is a useful, objective tool to complement endoscopy
      and functional airway assessment in the consideration of decannulation in the
      paediatric population.

PMID- 26968068
TI  - Adaptation and validation of Common Object Token (COT) test into the Sinhalese
      language.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This manuscript presents a translation and adaptation of the Common
      Object Token (COT) test, which assesses speech perception, into the Sinhalese
      language and an attempt to validate it for use on children with normal hearing
      (NH) and children with a cochlear implant (CI). METHODS: Ninety-five children (70
      with NH, 25 with a CI) participated in the study. The COT test was translated,
      back-translated, and evaluated by a team of experts until the Sinhalese
      translation was deemed acceptable. Data of Sinhalese children with NH and values
      of children with a CI were analysed. Internal reliability and consistency of the
      COT total score were determined. Lastly, a quick version of the COT test was
      created. RESULTS: The total mean scores and subtest mean scores improved with age
      for children with NH. For children with a CI, a strong relationship between the
      COT total score and device experience, i.e. hearing age, was found. A Quick
      Sinhalese COT test version, suitable for children with a CI, could be created
      from Subtests 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSION: The Sinhalese COT test is valid for
      assessing the age-related development of speech perception and identification
      skills of children with NH. Results suggest that the COT is valid for use in
      children with a CI.

PMID- 26968067
TI  - Long-term functional and behavioral-emotional outcomes in children with early
      cochlear implants: Parental testimonies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess the long-term effects of cochlear implantation (CI) on
      speech perception and school life, and (2) to evaluate behavioral and emotional
      development, including social skills, post-implantation. METHODS: We telephoned
      caregivers and asked them a standardized questionnaire. We used the data to
      explore the daily lives (including school life) of children who had undergone CI
      before the age of 4 years and who had used the device for >10 years. We also
      evaluated behavioral/emotional development. RESULTS: Most children used CI
      devices for virtually all their waking moments and attended mainstream schools.
      Moreover, more than 75% of them could comprehend common phrases or conversations
      without lip-reading and carry out a telephone conversation with a person known to
      them. The mean T-scores for all scales of behavioral/emotional assessment,
      including those concerning social skills, were within the normal ranges, although
      scores on the competence scale were lower than those on other scales.
      CONCLUSIONS: This long-term study of early-CI children shows that CI improves not
      only speech perception, but also behavioral/emotional development, including
      social skills.

PMID- 26968069
TI  - Chronic suppurative otitis media, middle ear pathology and corresponding hearing
      loss in a cohort of Greenlandic children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Otitis media (OM) has been observed at elevated prevalence rates in
      Greenlandic children. OM associated hearing loss (HL) may compromise the
      children's linguistic skills, social development and educational achievements.
      OBJECTIVES: We investigated the prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media
      (CSOM), otitis media with effusion (OME) and tympanic membrane sequelae of OM,
      and compared the corresponding hearing thresholds. METHODS: In 2010 we examined a
      cohort of 223 Greenlandic children aged 4-10 years by video otoscopy,
      tympanometry and tested hearing thresholds for the low-frequencies: 500, 1000 and
      2000Hz and the high-frequencies: 4000 and 6000Hz. HL was categorized according to
      the worst hearing ear and was compared within the groups: CSOM, OME, tympanic
      membrane sequelae of OM and normal. RESULTS: Of 207 children, 5.8% had CSOM,
      13.9% had OME and 55.6% had tympanic membrane sequelae of OM. The median pure
      tone average in low-frequencies/high-frequencies were: CSOM: 34.2/31.3dB, OME:
      23.3/22.5dB, Sequelae of OM: 13.3/15dB and normal ears: 11.7/12.5dB. We found a
      significant difference (p<0.05) between the four groups. In 56.5% of all children
      a HL>15dB in any frequency was found, while 6.5% suffered from a bilateral low
      frequency HL>25dB. CONCLUSION: The severity of OM significantly corresponded to
      increased HL. The burden of CSOM and HL remains high in young Greenlandic
      children. Aggressive treatment with antibiotics, improved hearing rehabilitation,
      sound field amplification in classrooms and otosurgical capacity should be
      further promoted in Greenland.

PMID- 26968070
TI  - ACE grading-A proposed endoscopic grading system for adenoids and its clinical
      correlation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To propose a novel endoscopic adenoid grading system using a rigid
      nasal endoscope and to study its correlation with the clinical diagnosis.
      METHODOLOGY: Prerecorded video clips of rigid nasal endoscopy taken during
      endoscopic adenoidectomy were retrieved. Otolaryngology consultants blinded to
      the clinical diagnosis of the child were presented these videos and asked to
      grade the adenoid hypertrophy as per the proposed endoscopic ACE
      (Airway/Choana/Eustachian tube) grading system. The clinical diagnosis was
      correlated with the different aspects of the descriptive endoscopic grading
      system. RESULTS: 152 video clips were presented to the otolaryngology consultants
      for grading. The average age was 8.6 years (SD-3.48), while the male female ratio
      was 3:2. The A subcomponent of the ACE grading showed significant correlation
      with the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing and chronic adenotonsillitis, C
      subcomponent with sleep disordered breathing and the E subcomponent with the
      diagnosis of otitis media. CONCLUSION: The proposed endoscopic grading is easily
      applicable and at the same time clearly describes the relation of the adenoids to
      the nasopharynx, choana and Eustachian tube. Different aspects of the grading
      system correlated differently with the clinical diagnosis emphasizing that a
      descriptive scoring rather than a comprehensive scoring is a more relevant
      clinical tool.

PMID- 26968071
TI  - Auditory training program for Arabic-speaking children with auditory figure
      ground deficits.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Listening to speech in noise makes up a great challenge for school
      children with auditory processing disorders mainly those with deficit in auditory
      figure ground (AFG) ability. These children are candidates for auditory training
      programs targeting AFG such as noise-desensitization programs. This work aimed to
      develop a new training material in Arabic language targeting this ability.
      METHODS: A noise-desensitization semi-formal training program was developed and
      standardized on normal children in a pilot study preceding the main one.
      Seventeen school children with AFG deficit were submitted to the program for
      eight weeks then reevaluated. RESULTS: The paired sample t-test revealed
      significant improvement of all trained children after training period in their
      psychophysical and electrophysiological results. The electrophysiological
      threshold of signal to noise ratio decreased from -5.3dB to -11.3dB after
      training. CONCLUSION: The newly developed training material revealed efficacy in
      managing children with AFG deficit. The other affected auditory abilities
      improved also because of the multi-ability tapping character of the program.

PMID- 26968072
TI  - Embryotoxicity and hair cell toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish
      embryos.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate silver nanoparticles
      (AgNP)-induced embryotoxicity and hair cell toxicity during zebrafish
      development. METHODS: We exposed zebrafish embryos to various AgNP concentrations
      (30, 60, 120, and 240nM) and evaluated embryotoxicity at 72h and ototoxicity at
      120h. Embryotoxicity parameters including abnormal morphology, mortality,
      hatching rate, and heart rate were investigated. Hair cells within four
      neuromasts were evaluated. In the present study, the average number of hair cells
      of zebrafish exposed to AgNP was compared with that of an unexposed control
      group. RESULTS: The hatching rate was not significantly different between groups
      (control: 90%; AgNP 240nM: 89%). The control group showed 2% mortality and 0%
      teratogenicity, while the AgNP 240nM group showed increased mortality (11%) and
      teratogenicity (15%) at 72h (n=100). The heart rate of AgNP-exposed embryos
      tended to be lower than that of the control group (n=38). Furthermore, AgNP
      induced apoptotic hair cell damage in the neuromasts (control: 50.7+/-7.4 cells;
      240nM AgNP: 41.1+/-6.3 cells, n=23). TUNEL positive cell counts increased
      significantly as AgNP concentration increases (p<0.001, n=20 in each group).
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that AgNP exposure causes
      embryotoxicity and hair cell toxicity in zebrafish embryos.

PMID- 26968073
TI  - Chloral hydrate sedation for auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing in
      children: Safety and effectiveness.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is used to identify
      hearing loss and measure hearing thresholds of infants and children who cannot be
      tested using standard behavioral hearing testing methods. In order for the ABR to
      yield useful data, a child must be asleep throughout the duration of the test. In
      many centers, this is achieved through the use of a general anesthetic, with its
      inherent risks and costs. Since 2004, ABRs have been routinely conducted at BC
      Children's Hospital in an ambulatory care setting under oral chloral hydrate
      sedation, with monitoring by a specialist nurse. The aim of this retrospective
      study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of nurse-led sedation with
      chloral hydrate for ABR testing at our tertiary pediatric center. METHODS:
      Medical and audiology records were reviewed for children aged 6 months to 17
      years who underwent ABR testing from 2004 to 2012. We reviewed the dosage of drug
      used, condition of the child after chloral hydrate administration, adverse
      effects, audiological results, patients' vital signs, and the effectiveness of
      the sedative in keeping the child asleep throughout the duration of the test.
      Frequency distributions were derived for adverse outcomes. RESULTS: 725 ABR
      records encompassing 635 children (multiple ABR tests in some children) were
      reviewed. The average dose of chloral hydrate used was 52mg/kg. The majority of
      sedated ABR's (80.8%) were completed without any incident. Significant events
      [apnea and/or bradycardia], minor complications [vomiting, hypoxemia, prolonged
      sedation, and/or tachypnea] and restlessness were noted in 3.4%, 6.2%, and 5.0%
      of the cases, respectively. The majority of these issues resolved without medical
      intervention, such as the need to provide supplementary oxygen. In 95.9% of ABRs,
      chloral hydrate was successful in sedating the child adequately to answer the
      audiological question. CONCLUSIONS: This forms the largest study to date on oral
      sedation for ABR testing. Based on our results, the use of chloral hydrate in the
      presence of a sedation nurse was a safe and reliable method of performing ABR in
      infants and children. This may be of significant value to centres worldwide
      exploring alternatives to general anesthesia for ABR testing.

PMID- 26968074
TI  - Novel compound heterozygous mutations in MYO7A gene associated with autosomal
      recessive sensorineural hearing loss in a Chinese family.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Mutations in MYO7A gene have been reported to be associated with
      Usher Syndrome type 1B (USH1B) and nonsyndromic hearing loss (DFNB2, DFNA11).
      Most mutations in MYO7A gene caused USH1B, whereas only a few reported mutations
      led to DFNB2 and DFNA11. The current study was designed to investigate the
      mutations among a Chinese family with autosomal recessive hearing loss. METHODS:
      In this study, we present the clinical, genetic and molecular characteristics of
      a Chinese family. Targeted capture of 127 known deafness genes and next
      generation sequencing were employed to study the genetic causes of two siblings
      in the Chinese family. Sanger sequencing was employed to examine those variant
      mutations in the members of this family and other ethnicity-matched controls.
      RESULTS: We identified the novel compound heterozygous mutant alleles of MYO7A
      gene: a novel missense mutation c.3671C>A (p.A1224D) and a reported insert
      mutation c.390_391insC (p.P131PfsX9). Variants were further confirmed by Sanger
      sequencing. These two compound heterozygous variants were co-segregated with
      autosomal recessive hearing loss phenotype. The gene mutation analysis and
      protein sequence alignment further supported that the novel compound heterozygous
      mutations were pathogenic. CONCLUSION: The novel compound heterozygous mutations
      (c.3671C>A and c.390_391insC) in MYO7A gene identified in this study were
      responsible for the autosomal recessive sensorineural hearing loss of this
      Chinese family.

PMID- 26968075
TI  - Tracheobronchial stents in mucopolysaccharidosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of hereditary disorders
      pathologically characterized by tissue accumulation of glycosaminoglycans due to
      deficient lysosomal metabolism which often leads to progressive airway stenosis
      and respiratory insufficiency. Relentless and treatment-refractory narrowing of
      the lower airways with ensuing severe limitation of quality of life is a
      challenging problem in mucopolysaccharidoses. CASE REPORTS: We report 2 cases of
      MPS (Hunter's and Maroteaux-Lamy's syndrome resp.) in whom tracheal stents were
      placed to relieve severe tracheal obstruction. The first patient could be weaned
      from mechanical ventilation after stent placement but showed significant long
      term stent-related morbidity. The second patient suffered a severe procedure
      related complication due to positioning problems typical for MPS. CONCLUSIONS:
      Very good short-term success can be achieved with airway stent placement in
      patients with MPS and severe lower airway stenosis but a high risk of severe
      complications and important long-term morbidity have to be weighed against
      potential individual benefit.

PMID- 26968076
TI  - A multicentre clinical evaluation of paediatric cochlear implant users upgrading
      to the Nucleus((r)) 6 system.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate whether experienced
      paediatric cochlear implant users could show benefits to speech perception
      outcomes from the introduction of noise reduction and automated scene
      classification technologies as implemented in the Nucleus((r)) 6 sound processor.
      Previous research with adult cochlear implant users had shown significant
      improvements in speech intelligibility for listening in noisy conditions and good
      user acceptance for upgrading to the Nucleus 6 processor. In adults, these
      improvements for listening in noise were primarily attributed to the use of a
      range of new input processing technologies including noise reduction, as well as
      introduction of automatic scene classification technology. METHODS: Experienced
      paediatric cochlear implant users (n=25) were recruited from four clinics located
      in three countries. Research participants were evaluated on three occasions, an
      initial session using their Nucleus 5 sound processor; a second session in which
      participants used the Nucleus 6 processor programmed with the same technologies
      as were used in their Nucleus 5 sound processor; and a final session in which
      participants used the Nucleus 6 processor programmed with the default
      technologies including automatic scene classification (SCAN) which automatically
      selects the microphone directionality, noise reduction (SNR-NR), and wind noise
      reduction (WNR) technologies. Prior to both the second and third evaluations,
      research participants had approximately two weeks take-home experience with the
      new system. Speech perception performances on monosyllabic word tests presented
      in quiet and in noise, and a sentence test presented in noise, were compared
      across the three processor conditions. Acceptance of the Nucleus 6 default
      settings was assessed in a final session. RESULTS: No group mean difference in
      performance was found for monosyllabic words in quiet. A significant improvement
      in speech perception was found for both monosyllabic words and sentences in noise
      with the default Nucleus 6 program condition as compared with the Nucleus 5
      condition. No acceptance issues were noted for any of the children. CONCLUSIONS:
      Experienced paediatric cochlear implant users showed a significant improvement in
      speech perception in listening in noise when upgraded to the Nucleus 6 sound
      processor primarily due to the introduction of a noise reduction technology, and
      all children accepted the default program. These findings suggest that school
      aged children may benefit from upgrading to the Nucleus 6 sound processor using
      the default program.

PMID- 26968077
TI  - Serum cytokine biomarkers accurately predict presence of acute otitis media
      infection and recovery caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We sought to develop an optimal model using a combination of serum
      biomarker pro-inflammatory and dampening inflammatory cytokine proteins to
      predict the presence of acute otitis media (AOM) infection and recovery caused by
      Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). METHODS: 88 serum samples were studied
      from 34 children 6-36 months of age at healthy visits, at onset of AOM diagnosed
      by qualified pediatricians and confirmed by tympanocentesis to be caused by NTHi
      and follow up 3 weeks to 4 months later. Immunoassays were used to quantitate
      serum S100A12, IL-10 and sICAM-1 cytokine levels. Middle ear fluids permitted
      identification of otopathogens. Logistic regression was used to develop a
      predictive model for infection probability and recovery. RESULTS: A significant
      association between serum S100A12 and IL-10 cytokine levels as biomarkers of AOM
      infection was found for NTHi. Almost all NTHi positive AOMs could be predicted by
      calculations using serum S100A12 and IL-10 levels in a statistical model we
      derived. Including measurements of sICAM-1 did not improve predictability of NTHi
      AOM or recovery beyond that achieved using S100A12 and IL-10. The model showed
      clearly the ability of low biomarker scores to predict cure at follow-up once
      biomarker lag was correctly modeled. CONCLUSION: We developed a serum molecular
      biomarker risk score that can predict the presence and recovery from AOM caused
      by the common respiratory bacteria NTHi that causes the infection in the clinical
      context of possible AOM.

PMID- 26968078
TI  - Neurocognitive outcomes after pediatric adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep
      apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide an up-to-date systematic review and critical appraisal of
      prospectively performed studies evaluating neurocognitive function in children
      treated with adenotonsillectomy. DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of
      Science, and the Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS: Searches were performed from
      inception through September 2, 2015. RESULTS: Nineteen prospective studies (898
      adenotonsillectomy patients) met criteria and reported neurocognitive outcomes.
      The average age of children was 6.6+/-2.3 years (range 2.5-14 years) and 51.1%
      were male. Pre- and post-operative data utilizing the Neuropsychological
      Developmental Assessment score demonstrated an increase from a means+/-standard
      deviations of 101.5+/-14.7 [95% CI 100.0, 103.0] to 108.8+/-13.4 [95% CI 107.4,
      110.2], p-value <0.0001 (375 children, three studies). Pre- and post-operative
      data utilizing the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (IQ) demonstrated an
      increase in IQ scores from a means+/-standard deviations of 97.1+/-13.8 [95% CI
      91.6, 95.4] to 100.7+/-11.1 [95% CI 100.4, 103.4], p-value <0.0001 (254 children,
      three studies). The mean pre- and post-adenotonsillectomy apnea-hypopnea index
      (AHI) decreased from 8.0 to 1.8 (274 children, six studies). CONCLUSIONS: This
      meta-analysis found an improvement in neurocognitive function and IQ after
      pediatric adenotonsillectomy, especially in pre-school aged children. However,
      this must be interpreted with caution as only three studies were performed in pre
      school aged children. The decreased effectiveness in older children suggests
      possibly a threshold age when neurocognitive deficits become irreversible.

PMID- 26968079
TI  - Long-term follow-up of vocal fold movement impairment and feeding after neonatal
      cardiac surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term prognosis of children with vocal fold
      mobility impairment (VFMI) after cardiac surgery, with respect to time to normal
      feeding and incidence of admissions for pneumonia and feeding difficulties.
      METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all neonates who had
      otolaryngology exam after cardiac surgery at a tertiary children's hospital from
      May 2007 to May 2008. Charts were reviewed for demographics, type of cardiac
      surgery, vocal fold mobility, diet at time of discharge and at last follow-up,
      time to full oral feeding, and hospital admissions. RESULTS: There were a total
      of 94 patients included in the study, 17 of whom had VFMI. While significantly
      more patients with VFMI required modified diet at discharge, 48% compared to 19%
      of patients with normal vocal fold mobility; there was no statistically
      significant difference in time to regular diet on long-term follow-up, 0.8 years
      (VFMI) compared to 0.4 years (normal vocal fold mobility). Of the 25 patients
      with modified diet or gastrostomy tube at discharge, 52% returned to full feeds
      within a year. There was no difference in hospitalizations for pneumonia in
      patients with or without VFMI. However in patients with VFMI, 35% required
      readmission for feeding difficulty or poor weight gain compared to only 5% in the
      infants with normal vocal fold mobility. CONCLUSION: After neonatal cardiac
      surgery, there do not appear to be long-term effects of VFMI with regards to
      readmission for pneumonia. However, there is an increased risk for
      hospitalization with respect to feeding difficulties in those neonates with VFMI.
      The overall prognosis for time to oral feeding is good.

PMID- 26968080
TI  - Intraoperative hypotension associated with massive deep space neck abscesses in a
      9-month old: A case report.
AB  - The neck is divided into multiple compartments by cervical fasciae. The deep
      space compartments, which all have a potential for becoming infected, are
      interconnected, providing a mechanism for the spread of infections. Thus,
      infections of the deep spaces can lead to devastating consequences, especially
      when there is extension to the mediastinum. Here we report a case of
      intraoperative hypotension in a 9-month-old child with extensive bilateral
      parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal abscesses with mediastinal extension with a
      focus on when hemodynamic monitoring should be considered. 

PMID- 26968081
TI  - Intraoperative neuroprotective interventions prevent spinal cord ischemia and
      injury in thoracic endovascular aortic repair.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Transient and permanent paraparesis and paraplegia (spinal cord injury
      [SCI]) are reported in up to 13% of patients undergoing thoracic endovascular
      aortic repair (TEVAR) for descending thoracic aortic aneurysm, thoracoabdominal
      aortic aneurysm, and thoracic aortic dissection. We hypothesize that aggressive
      intraoperative and postoperative neuroprotective interventions prevent or
      significantly reduce all SCI in TEVAR. METHODS: Using a prospectively maintained,
      Institutional Review Board-approved database, we retrospectively reviewed all
      TEVARs performed in a university tertiary referral center from 2005 to 2014 to
      study the incidence of all transient and permanent lower extremity SCI. Only
      TEVARs for traumatic aortic tear were excluded. Arch debranching and carotid
      subclavian bypass were performed before TEVAR in patients with arch involvement.
      All patients had moderate systemic hypothermia (34 degrees C), mean arterial
      pressure >=90 mm Hg, and hemoglobin >=10 g/dL. Patients received mannitol (12.5
      g), methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg), and naloxone (1 MUg/kg/h). Patients in whom
      >12 cm of aortic coverage was planned had spinal fluid drained to a pressure of
      <8 mm Hg intraoperatively and postoperatively until normal leg strength was
      confirmed. The main outcome measure was transient or permanent SCI. RESULTS: One
      hundred fifty-five patients had TEVAR between 2005 and 2014. Mean age was 74
      years, and 56.1% were male. Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm was present in
      91.6%, thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm in 8.4%, and dissection in 28.8%.
      Presentation was acute in 42.5%. The procedure included carotid-subclavian bypass
      in 18.7% of patients. Seventy-two percent of patients had spinal fluid drainage.
      Mean aortic coverage was 25 cm. Eighty-one percent of patients had >12 cm aortic
      coverage, and 49% had complete coverage of the thoracic aorta (coverage from
      subclavian to celiac artery). In-hospital mortality was 1.94%. Stroke occurred in
      1.32% of patients. No patient had renal failure. SCI occurred in 0.65% (1 of 154)
      of patients. CONCLUSIONS: SCI in TEVAR can be significantly reduced by using
      proactive intraoperative and postoperative neuroprotective interventions that
      prolong spinal cord ischemic tolerance and increase spinal cord perfusion and
      oxygen delivery.

PMID- 26968082
TI  - Evidence for the role of cyclic electron flow in photoprotection for oxygen
      evolving complex.
AB  - Cyclic electron flow (CEF) alleviates PSII photo-inhibition under high light by
      at least two different mechanisms: one is liked to thermal energy dissipation
      (qE) and the other one is independent of qE. However, the latter mechanism is
      unclear. Because the photodamage to PSII primarily occurred at the oxygen
      evolving complex (OEC), and the stability of OEC is dependent on proton gradient
      across thylakoid membrane (DeltapH), we hypothesize that the CEF-dependent
      generation of DeltapH can alleviate photodamage to OEC. To test this hypothesis,
      we determined the effects of antimycin A (AA), methyl viologen (MV),
      chloramphenicol (CM), nigericin (Nig) on PSII activity and the stability of OEC
      for leaves of a light-demanding tropical tree species Erythrophleum guineense by
      the analysis of OKJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. After high light
      treatment, the stronger decrease in Fv/Fm in the AA-, CM-, MV-, and Nig-treated
      samples was accompanied with larger photo damage of OEC. The AA-treated samples
      significantly showed lower CEF activity than the H2O-treated samples. Although
      the AA-treated leaves significantly showed stronger PSII photo-inhibition and
      photo-damage of OEC compared to the H2O-treated leaves, the value of non
      photochemical quenching did not differ between them. Therefore, CEF activity was
      partly inhibited in the AA-treated samples, and the stronger PSII photo
      inhibition in the AA-treated leaves was independent of qE. Taking together, we
      propose a hypothesis that CEF-dependent generation of DeltapH under high light
      plays an important role in photoprotection for the OEC activity. 

PMID- 26968083
TI  - A possible link between life and death of a xeric tree in desert.
AB  - Understanding the interactions between drought and tree ontogeny or size remains
      an essential research priority because size-specific mortality patterns have
      large impacts on ecosystem structure and function, determine forest carbon
      storage capacity, and are sensitive to climatic change. Here we investigate a
      xerophytic tree species (Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A. Mey.)) with which the
      changes in biomass allocation with tree size may play an important role in size
      specific mortality patterns. Size-related changes in biomass allocation, root
      distribution, plant water status, gas exchange, hydraulic architecture and non
      structural carbohydrate reserves of this xerophytic tree species were
      investigated to assess their potential role in the observed U-shaped mortality
      pattern. We found that excessively negative water potentials (<-4.7MPa, beyond
      the P50leaf of -4.1MPa) during prolonged drought in young trees lead to hydraulic
      failure; while the imbalance of photoassimilate allocation between leaf and root
      system in larger trees, accompanied with declining C reserves (<2% dry matter
      across four tissues), might have led to carbon starvation. The drought-resistance
      strategy of this species is preferential biomass allocation to the roots to
      improve water capture. In young trees, the drought-resistance strategy is not
      well developed, and hydraulic failure appears to be the dominant driver of
      mortality during drought. With old trees, excess root growth at the expense of
      leaf area may lead to carbon starvation during prolonged drought. Our results
      suggest that the drought-resistance strategy of this xeric tree is closely linked
      to its life and death: well-developed drought-resistance strategy means life,
      while underdeveloped or overdeveloped drought-resistance strategy means death. 

PMID- 26968085
TI  - Big data, data science, and big contributions.

PMID- 26968084
TI  - Effect of caspofungin and micafungin in combination with farnesol against Candida
      parapsilosis biofilms.
AB  - The in vitro activities of caspofungin and micafungin were determined with and
      without farnesol against Candida parapsilosis biofilms. Drug interactions were
      examined using the XTT colorimetric assay-based broth microdilution chequerboard
      method. Drug-drug interactions were assessed utilising the FICI, Bliss
      independence models and time-kill experiments. Median sessile MICs of five C.
      parapsilosis clinical isolates ranged between 32-256 mg/L, 16-512 mg/L and >300
      MUM for caspofungin, micafungin and farnesol, respectively. Median MICs for
      caspofungin and micafungin in combination with farnesol showed 8-64- and 4-64
      fold decreases, respectively. Paradoxical growth noticed with both echinocandins
      was eliminated by farnesol. Based on FICIs for sessile clinical isolates,
      synergism was observed for caspofungin (range of median FICIs, 0.155-0.5) and
      micafungin (range of median FICIs, 0.093-0.5). Concordantly, MacSynergy analysis
      and global fitting of non-linear regression based on a Bliss independence models
      also showed synergism for caspofungin and micafungin. In line with FICI findings
      and the Bliss independence model, synergistic interactions were confirmed by time
      kill experiments. The metabolic activity of fungal cells was significantly
      inhibited by caspofungin+farnesol at all three tested combinations (4 mg/L+75
      MUM, 8 mg/L+75 MUM and 16 mg/L+75 MUM) between 3 and 24 h compared with the
      control (P<0.05-0.001). Significant inhibition was observed for
      micafungin+farnesol between 3 and 12h (P<0.001) but not at 24 h. Despite the
      favourable effect of farnesol in combination with echinocandins, further in vivo
      studies are needed to confirm its therapeutic advantage in catheter-associated
      infections caused by C. parapsilosis.

PMID- 26968086
TI  - Valuing primary care practice.

PMID- 26968087
TI  - A new method for sudden mechanical perturbation with axial load, to assess
      postural control in sitting and standing.
AB  - Sudden application of load along a sagittal or coronal axis has been used to
      study trunk stiffness, but not axial (vertical) load. This study introduces a new
      method for sudden-release axial load perturbation. Prima facie validity was
      supported by comparison with standard mechanical systems. We report the response
      of the human body to axial perturbation in sitting and standing and within-day
      repeatability of measures. Load of 20% of body weight was released from light
      contact onto the shoulders of 22 healthy participants (10 males). Force input was
      measured via force transducers at shoulders, output via a force plate below the
      participant, and kinematics via 3-D motion capture. System identification was
      used to fit data from the time of load release to time of peak load-displacement,
      fitting with a 2nd-order mass-spring-damper system with a delay term. At peak
      load-displacement, the mean (SD) effective stiffness measured with this device
      for participants in sitting was 12.0(3.4)N/mm, and in standing was 13.3(4.2)N/mm.
      Peak force output exceeded input by 44.8 (10.0)% in sitting and by 30.4(7.9)% in
      standing. Intra-class correlation coefficients for within-day repeatability of
      axial stiffness were 0.58 (CI: -0.03 to 0.83) in sitting and 0.82(0.57-0.93) in
      standing. Despite greater degrees of freedom in standing than sitting, standing
      involved lesser time, downward displacement, peak output force and was more
      repeatable in defending upright postural control against the same axial loads.
      This method provides a foundation for future studies of neuromuscular control
      with axial perturbation.

PMID- 26968088
TI  - Outcome of lower trapezius transfer to reconstruct massive irreparable posterior
      superior rotator cuff tear.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Management of massive irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff
      tear can be very challenging. This study reports the outcome of the lower
      trapezius transfer to reconstruct massive irreparable posterior-superior rotator
      cuff tear. METHODS: Included were 33 patients with an average age of 53 years
      (range, 31-66 years). All patients had symptomatic massive irreparable rotator
      cuff tear that failed conservative or prior surgical treatment and underwent
      reconstruction with lower trapezius transfer prolonged by Achilles tendon
      allograft. The tear was considered irreparable based on the magnetic resonance
      imaging finding of >=2 full-thickness rotator cuff tears associated with
      shortening and retraction of the tendon to the level of the glenoid and a high
      grade of fatty infiltration of the muscles. This was confirmed at the time of the
      surgery. RESULTS: At an average follow-up of 47 months, 32 patients had
      significant improvement in pain, subjective shoulder value, and Disabilities of
      the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score and shoulder range of motion, including flexion,
      120 degrees ; abduction, 90 degrees ; and external rotation 50 degrees . One
      patient, with a body mass index of 36 kg/m(2), required debridement for an
      infection and then later underwent shoulder fusion. Patients with >60 degrees  of
      preoperative flexion had more significant gains in their range of motion.
      Shoulder external rotation improved in all patients regardless of the extent of
      the preoperative loss of motion. CONCLUSIONS: Transfer of the lower trapezius
      prolonged with Achilles tendon allograft to reconstruct massive irreparable
      posterior-superior rotator cuff tear may lead to good outcome in most patients,
      specifically for those who have preoperative flexion of >60 degrees .

PMID- 26968090
TI  - Short-term outcomes after arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the short-term temporal outcomes of an
      arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder).
      Specifically, it is not known how immediate the improvements are and how quickly
      patients return to normal function after an arthroscopic release. METHODS: The
      study included 140 shoulders in 133 patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis
      who underwent a complete arthroscopic release of the shoulder capsule, performed
      by a single surgeon in a day surgery setting. Patient-reported pain and shoulder
      function were evaluated with the use of Likert scales, and an independent
      examiner assessed shoulder strength and range of motion preoperatively and at 1
      week, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: Arthroscopic
      capsular release resulted in immediate improvements in pain, functional outcomes,
      and range of motion (P < .0001). External rotation increased from 21 degrees  +/-
      17 degrees  (mean +/-  standard deviation) to 76 degrees  +/- 17 degrees  at 1
      week. Passive range of shoulder motion improved at 1 week, deteriorated slightly
      at 6 weeks, and then continued to improve at 12 and 24 weeks. Before surgery, 38%
      of patients reported that they "always" experienced extreme pain. This proportion
      reduced to 30% (P < .0001) at 1 week postoperatively and 2% (P < .0001) at 24
      weeks postoperatively. There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who
      underwent an arthroscopic capsular release for idiopathic adhesive capsulitis
      experienced significant reductions in pain, improvements in range of motion, and
      improvements in overall shoulder function in the first postoperative week. These
      immediate improvements in pain and function continue to improve at 6, 12, and 24
      weeks postoperatively.

PMID- 26968089
TI  - Arthroplasty for the surgical management of complex proximal humerus fractures in
      the elderly: a cost-utility analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty (HA) has been the standard treatment for
      complex proximal humerus fractures in the elderly requiring surgery but not
      amenable to fixation. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has also emerged
      as a costly albeit highly effective alternative. The purpose of this study was to
      compare the cost-effectiveness of nonoperative fracture care, HA, and RTSA for
      complex proximal humerus fractures from the perspective of both U.S. payors and
      hospitals. METHODS: A Markov model was constructed for the treatment
      alternatives. Costs were expressed in 2013 U.S. dollars and effectiveness in
      quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The principal outcome measure was
      incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sensitivity analyses were performed
      to evaluate model assumptions. RESULTS: In the base case, from the payor
      perspective, RTSA was associated with an ICER of $8100/QALY; HA was eliminated
      from payor analysis as a cost-ineffective strategy. From the hospital
      perspective, however, HA was not cost-ineffective and the ICER for HA was
      $36,700/QALY, with RTSA providing incremental effectiveness at $57,400/QALY. RTSA
      was the optimal strategy in 61% and 54% of payor and hospital probabilistic
      sensitivity analyses, respectively. The preferred strategy was dependent on
      associated QALY gains, primary RTSA cost, and failure rates for RTSA.
      CONCLUSIONS: RTSA can be a cost-effective intervention in the surgical treatment
      of complex proximal humerus fractures. HA can also be a cost-effective
      intervention, depending on the cost perspective (cost-ineffective for payor but
      cost-effective for the hospital). This analysis highlights the opportunities for
      increased cost-sharing strategies to alleviate the cost burden on hospitals.

PMID- 26968092
TI  - Exploring the relationship between criminogenic risk assessment and mental health
      court program completion.
AB  - The two primary goals of mental health courts are to engage individuals with
      severe mental illness in the criminal justice system with clinical mental health
      services and to prevent future involvement with the criminal justice system. An
      important factor in helping to achieve both goals is to identify participants'
      level of clinical needs and criminogenic risk/needs. This study seeks to better
      understand how criminogenic risk affects outcomes in a mental health court.
      Specifically, we explore if high criminogenic risk is associated with failure to
      complete mental health court. Our subjects are participants of a municipal mental
      health court (MHC) who completed the Level of Services Inventory-Revised (LSI-R)
      upon entry to the program (N=146). We used binary logistic regression to
      determine the association between termination from the program with the total LSI
      R. Our findings suggest that, net of prior criminal history, time in the program
      and clinical services received, high criminogenic risk/need is associated with
      failure to complete mental health court. In addition to providing clinical
      services, our findings suggest the need for MHCs to include criminogenic risk
      assessment to identify criminogenic risk. For participants to succeed in MHCs,
      both their clinical and criminogenic needs should be addressed. 

PMID- 26968091
TI  - Prevention of postoperative seromas with dead space obliteration: A case-control
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Excision of soft tissue masses in the subcutaneous space is a
      common surgical procedure. Postoperative seromas may occur and often result in
      additional visits, procedures, and impaired wound healing. METHODS: A
      retrospective chart review (2001-2011) identified patients who underwent
      resection of a soft tissue mass in the subcutaneous tissues. Patients undergoing
      breast surgery, head and neck surgery, and lymph node dissections were excluded.
      Patients (n = 100) with seromas were identified. These patients were matched to
      patients not having postoperative seroma (n = 100). RESULTS: We identified 100
      patients with seroma and 100 controls without seroma after soft tissue resection.
      Patients had no difference in wound characteristics. Patients with a dead space
      obliterating stitch were less likely to have a postoperative seroma (26% vs 74%,
      P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dead space closure was associated with a decreased rate
      of postoperative seroma in subcutaneous resections. Postoperative seroma was
      associated with increased cost and provider visits.

PMID- 26968093
TI  - Acupuncture for substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to estimate the effects of acupuncture
      for adults with substance use disorders (SUDs). METHODS: We searched 7 electronic
      databases and bibliographies of previous studies to identify eligible randomized
      trials. Two independent reviewers screened citations, extracted data, and
      assessed risks of bias. We performed random effects meta-analyses. We assessed
      quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: We included 41 studies
      with 5,227 participants. No significant differences were observed between
      acupuncture and comparators (passive controls, sham acupuncture, treatment as
      usual, and active interventions) at post-intervention for relapse (SMD -0.12;
      95%CI -0.46 to 0.22; 10 RCTs), frequency of substance use (SMD -0.27; -2.67 to
      2.13; 2 RCTs), quantity of substance use (SMD 0.01; -0.40 to 0.43; 3 RCTs), and
      treatment dropout (OR 0.82; 0.63 to 1.09; 22 RCTs). We identified a significant
      difference in favor of acupuncture versus comparators for withdrawal/craving at
      post-intervention (SMD -0.57, -0.93 to -0.20; 20 RCTs), but we identified
      evidence of publication bias. We also identified a significant difference in
      favor of acupuncture versus comparators for anxiety at post-intervention (SMD 
      0.74, -1.15 to -0.33; 6 RCTs). Results for withdrawal/craving and anxiety
      symptoms were not significant at longer follow-up. Safety data (12 RCTs) suggests
      little risk of serious adverse events, though participants may experience slight
      bleeding or pain at needle insertion sites. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence
      suggests no consistent differences between acupuncture and comparators for
      substance use. Results in favor of acupuncture for withdrawal/craving and anxiety
      symptoms are limited by low quality bodies of evidence.

PMID- 26968094
TI  - Spatial relationships between alcohol-related road crashes and retail alcohol
      availability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study examines spatial relationships between alcohol outlet
      density and the incidence of alcohol-related crashes. The few prior studies
      conducted in this area used relatively large spatial units; here we use highly
      resolved units from Melbourne, Australia (Statistical Area level 1 [SA1] units:
      mean land area=0.5 km(2); SD=2.2 km(2)), in order to assess different micro-scale
      spatial relationships for on- and off-premise outlets. METHODS: Bayesian
      conditional autoregressive Poisson models were used to assess cross-sectional
      relationships of three-year counts of alcohol-related crashes (2010-2012)
      attended by Ambulance Victoria paramedics to densities of bars, restaurants, and
      off-premise outlets controlling for other land use, demographic and roadway
      characteristics. RESULTS: Alcohol-related crashes were not related to bar density
      within local SA1 units, but were positively related to bar density in adjacent
      SA1 units. Alcohol-related crashes were negatively related to off-premise outlet
      density in local SA1 units. CONCLUSIONS: Examined in one metropolitan area using
      small spatial units, bar density is related to greater crash risk in surrounding
      areas. Observed negative relationships for off-premise outlets may be because the
      origins and destinations of alcohol-affected journeys are in distal locations
      relative to outlets.

PMID- 26968095
TI  - Determination of Sulfoxaflor in Animal Origin Foods Using Dispersive Solid-Phase
      Extraction and Multiplug Filtration Cleanup Method Based on Multiwalled Carbon
      Nanotubes by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - In the present study, a rapid analytical method was developed to determine the
      residue of sulfoxaflor in milk, pork, eggs, porcine liver, porcine kidney,
      porcine fat, and chicken. The dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) and
      multiplug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes
      (MWCNTs) were compared for sulfoxaflor in the above matrix and then detected by
      ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The
      analyte was eluted within 5 min using a Waters Acquity UHPLC HSS T3 column under
      ESI(+) conditions. The limits of detection were 1 MUg kg(-1) for all of the
      matrices. Good linearities of sulfoxaflor were obtained in the range of 1-100 MUg
      L(-1), and the correlation coefficients (R(2)) were higher than 0.9988 in all
      matrices. The average recoveries of the target compound were between 75.5% and
      114.9%, and the intraday and interday relative standard deviation values were
      <14%. Both methods have purification ability. While considering the cost of
      analysis and the applicability of the method, d-SPE was selected to purify the
      samples in the present study. The method was successfully used to analyze the
      residue of sulfoxaflor in foods of animal origin. 

PMID- 26968096
TI  - HDL functionality in reverse cholesterol transport--Challenges in translating
      data emerging from mouse models to human disease.
AB  - Whereas LDL-derived cholesterol accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions, HDL
      particles are thought to facilitate removal of cholesterol from the lesions back
      to the liver thereby promoting its fecal excretion from the body. Because
      generation of cholesterol-loaded macrophages is inherent to atherogenesis,
      studies on the mechanisms stimulating the release of cholesterol from these cells
      and its ultimate excretion into feces are crucial to learn how to prevent lesion
      development or even induce lesion regression. Modulation of this key anti
      atherogenic pathway, known as the macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol
      transport, has been extensively studied in several mouse models with the ultimate
      aim of applying the emerging knowledge to humans. The present review provides a
      detailed comparison and critical analysis of the various steps of reverse
      cholesterol transport in mouse and man. We attempt to translate this in vivo
      complex scenario into practical concepts, which could serve as valuable tools
      when developing novel HDL-targeted therapies. 

PMID- 26968097
TI  - Dietary DHA supplementation causes selective changes in phospholipids from
      different brain regions in both wild type mice and the Tg2576 mouse model of
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of major concern in ageing populations and we have
      used the Tg2576 mouse model to understand connections between brain lipids and
      amyloid pathology. Because dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been identified
      as beneficial, we compared mice fed with a DHA-supplemented diet to those on a
      nutritionally-sufficient diet. Major phospholipids from cortex, hippocampus and
      cerebellum were separated and analysed. Each phosphoglyceride had a
      characteristic fatty acid composition which was similar in cortex and hippocampus
      but different in the cerebellum. The biggest changes on DHA-supplementation were
      within ethanolamine phospholipids which, together with phosphatidylserine, had
      the highest proportions of DHA. Reciprocal alterations in DHA and arachidonate
      were found. The main diet-induced alterations were found in ethanolamine
      phospholipids, (and included their ether derivatives), as were the changes
      observed due to genotype. Tg mice appeared more sensitive to diet with generally
      lower DHA percentages when on the standard diet and higher relative proportions
      of DHA when the diet was supplemented. All four major phosphoglycerides analysed
      showed age-dependent decreases in polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. These data
      provide, for the first time, a detailed evaluation of phospholipids in different
      brain areas previously shown to be relevant to behaviour in the Tg2576 mouse
      model for AD. The lipid changes observed with genotype are consistent with the
      subtle alterations found in AD patients, especially for the ethanolamine
      phospholipid molecular species. They also emphasise the contrasting changes in
      fatty acid content induced by DHA supplementation within individual phospholipid
      classes. 

PMID- 26968098
TI  - Mutations in jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine-12-hydroxylases suppress multiple JA
      dependent wound responses in Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - Plants rapidly perceive tissue damage, such as that inflicted by insects, and
      activate several key defense responses. The importance of the fatty acid-derived
      hormone jasmonates (JA) in dictating these wound responses has been recognized
      for many years. However, important features pertaining to the regulation of the
      JA pathway are still not well understood. One key unknown is the inactivation
      mechanism of the JA pathway and its relationship with plant response to wounding.
      Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 enzymes in the CYP94 clade metabolize jasmonoyl-L
      isoleucine (JA-Ile), a major metabolite of JA responsible for many biological
      effects attributed to the JA signaling pathway; thus, CYP94s are expected to
      contribute to the attenuation of JA-Ile-dependent wound responses. To directly
      test this, we created the double and triple knock-out mutants of three CYP94
      genes, CYP94B1, CYP94B3, and CYP94C1. The mutations blocked the oxidation steps
      and caused JA-Ile to accumulate 3-4-fold the WT levels in the wounded leaves.
      Surprisingly, over accumulation of JA-Ile did not lead to a stronger wound
      response. On the contrary, the mutants displayed a series of symptoms reminiscent
      of JA-Ile deficiency, including resistance to wound-induced growth inhibition,
      decreased anthocyanin and trichomes, and increased susceptibility to insects. The
      mutants, however, responded normally to exogenous JA treatments, indicating that
      JA perception or signaling pathways were intact. Untargeted metabolite analyses
      revealed >40% reduction in wound-inducible metabolites in the mutants. These
      observations raise questions about the current JA signaling model and point
      toward a more complex model perhaps involving JA derivatives and/or feedback
      mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology
      edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.

PMID- 26968101
TI  - Development and validation of the Korean version of CKD-EPI equation to estimate
      glomerular filtration rate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI)
      equation was derived mostly from Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic
      populations, whereas Asian populations were excluded. The aim of this study was
      to develop and validate a Korean version of the CKD-EPI equation. METHODS: The
      study enrolled 960 individuals 18years old and older who underwent chromium-51
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      measurements. They were divided randomly into two groups: a development set
      (n=768, 80%) and a validation set (n=192, 20%). The Korean CKD-EPI equation was
      developed using a non-linear mixed-effect model. The performance of the equation
      was evaluated by calculating the bias (estimated GFR-measured GFR). The +/-10%
      (P10) and +/-30% (P30) accuracies and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of the
      original and Korean CKD-EPI equations were compared. RESULTS: The Korean CKD-EPI
      equation was as follows: male, serum creatinine (Scr) <=80MUmol/L,
      GFR=141*(Scr/0.9)(-0.642)*(0.993)(Age); male, Scr>80MUmol/L, GFR=141*(Scr/0.9)(
      1.128)*(0.993)(Age); female, Scr<=62MUmol/L, GFR=144*(Scr/0.7)(
      0.465)*(0.993)(Age); female, Scr>62MUmol/L, GFR=144*(Scr/0.7)(
      1.382)*(0.993)(Age). The mean bias (mL/min/1.73m(2)) of the original CKD-EPI
      equation was -3.0+/-13.5 and that of the Korean CKD-EPI equation -2.3+/-13.3. The
      P10 and P30 of the original CKD-EPI equation were 33.9% and 82.8%; for the Korean
      CKD-EPI equation, the corresponding values were 35.4% and 85.9%. The RMSEs of the
      original and Korean CKD-EPI equations were 13.7 and 13.5, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The overall analytical performance of the Korean CKD-EPI equation
      was equivalent to that of the original CKD-EPI equation. The original CKD-EPI
      equation is therefore also valid for the Korean population.

PMID- 26968100
TI  - Coenzyme world model of the origin of life.
AB  - The origin of life means the emergence of heritable and evolvable self
      reproduction. However the mechanisms of primordial heredity were different from
      those in contemporary cells. Here I argue that primordial life had no nucleic
      acids; instead heritable signs were represented by isolated catalytically active
      self-reproducing molecules, similar to extant coenzymes, which presumably
      colonized surfaces of oil droplets in water. The model further assumes that
      coenzyme-like molecules (CLMs) changed surface properties of oil droplets (e.g.,
      by oxidizing terminal carbons), and in this way created and sustained favorable
      conditions for their own self-reproduction. Such niche-dependent self
      reproduction is a necessary condition for cooperation between different kinds of
      CLMs because they have to coexist in the same oil droplets and either succeed or
      perish together. Additional kinds of hereditary molecules were acquired via
      coalescence of oil droplets carrying different kinds of CLMs or via modification
      of already existing CLMs. Eventually, polymerization of CLMs became controlled by
      other polymers used as templates; and this kind of template-based synthesis
      eventually resulted in the emergence of RNA-like replicons. Apparently, oil
      droplets transformed into the outer membrane of cells via engulfing water,
      stabilization of the surface, and osmoregulation. In result, the metabolism was
      internalized allowing cells to accumulate free-floating resources (e.g.,
      animoacids, ATP), which was a necessary condition for the development of protein
      synthesis. Thus, life originated from simple but already functional molecules,
      and its gradual evolution towards higher complexity was driven by cooperation and
      natural selection. 

PMID- 26968099
TI  - miRNA regulation of LDL-cholesterol metabolism.
AB  - In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of
      circulating levels of lipoproteins. Specifically, recent work has uncovered the
      role of miRNAs in controlling the levels of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein
      LDL (LDL)-cholesterol by post-transcriptionally regulating genes involved in very
      low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, cholesterol biosynthesis, and hepatic
      LDL receptor (LDLR) expression. Interestingly, several of these miRNAs are
      located in genomic loci associated with abnormal levels of circulating lipids in
      humans. These findings reinforce the interest of targeting this subset of non
      coding RNAs as potential therapeutic avenues for regulating plasma cholesterol
      and triglyceride (TAG) levels. In this review, we will discuss how these new
      miRNAs represent potential pre-disposition factors for cardiovascular disease
      (CVD), and putative therapeutic targets in patients with cardiometabolic
      disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and
      lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernandez-Hernando
      and Yajaira Suarez.

PMID- 26968102
TI  - Multiple approaches to assess fourteen non-invasive serum indexes for the
      diagnosis of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare fourteen non-invasive
      indexes/scores: AAR, APRI, Fibroindex, MODEL3, Forns index, FIB4, GUCI, FI, FCI,
      Pohl score, AP index, CDS, HGM-1 and HGM-2, in order to diagnose the hepatic
      fibrosis stage in a survey of patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS: 84
      patients with chronic hepatitis C were studied. Liver fibrosis was staged
      according to the Scheuer scoring system. The diagnostic accuracy of these
      indexes/scores was evaluated by AUROC, contingency tables and logistic regression
      analysis. RESULTS: The best AUROCs (>0.9) to discriminate cirrhosis (F=4), were
      observed for CDS, FI, AAR, MODEL3, FIB4, HGM-2 and FCI. To discriminate at least
      advance fibrosis (F>=3), the best AUROCs (>0.89) were for CDS, FI, FIB4, HGM2-2,
      MODEL3 and FCI. To discriminate at least significant fibrosis (F>=2), the best
      AUROCs (>0.8) were for FIB4, GUCI, APRI, FI, Forns index, HGM-2 and FCI.
      Contingency tables and logistic regression analysis supported the results
      obtained by AUROC. CONCLUSIONS: This study compares the diagnostic performance of
      fourteen indexes for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis stage in the same group of
      CHC patients. These results allow the selection of the best indexes for further
      studies in larger populations, in order to build diagnostic algorithms as an
      alternative to liver biopsy for fibrosis staging in patients with chronic HCV
      infection. These algorithms would allow to take therapeutical decisions and the
      continuous follow-up of hepatic fibrosis in these patients.

PMID- 26968103
TI  - Genetic polymorphisms in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway genes as predictors of
      tumor development and survival in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study aimed to determine whether
      genetic variation in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is associated with
      the development and/or progression of HCC and the survival of patients with
      hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC. DESIGN AND METHODS: We assessed seven
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the AXIN1, AXIN2, CTNNB1, and WNT2
      genes in 245 patients with HBV-associated HCC and 483 chronic HBV carriers
      without HCC. We analyzed the association of each SNP with HCC development or
      progression and overall survival. RESULTS: The CTNNB1 rs3864004 A allele was
      associated with a decreased risk of HCC development (P=0.049). Haplotype analysis
      revealed a significantly higher frequency of CTNNB1 G-A/G-A haplotype at
      rs3864004 and rs4135385 positions in patients with HCC than in chronic HBV
      carriers without HCC (P=0.042). The AXIN1 rs1805105 T>C SNP was associated with
      small tumor size and early tumor stage and the WNT2 rs39315 G allele was
      associated with advanced tumor stage in HCC. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, carriers
      of the AXIN1 rs214252 C allele showed longer survival than those with the TT
      genotype (P=0.020). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, absence of CTNNB1
      haplotype A-A at rs3864004 and rs4135385 positions and advanced tumor stage were
      independent poor predictors of patient survival in patients with HCC. CONCLUSION:
      These findings suggest that the genetic polymorphisms in CTNNB1 gene might affect
      tumor development and survival in patients with HBV-associated HCC.

PMID- 26968105
TI  - A novel FN1 variant associated with familial hematuria: TBMN?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN), an autosomal dominant
      inherited condition in general, is characterized clinically by persistent
      hematuria and pathologically by thinning of glomerular basement membrane. TBMN is
      occasionally accompanied with proteinuria, hypertension and renal impairment in
      some cases. The aim of this study is to explore the genetic defect in a Chinese
      pedigree with familial hematuria. DESIGN AND METHODS: A four-generation Chinese
      Han pedigree with familial hematuria was recruited. Exome sequencing was
      conducted in the proband diagnosed as TBMN, followed by verification in the
      proband and other family members with Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: A novel
      missense variant, c.4616C>G (p.S1539C), in the fibronectin 1 gene (FN1), was
      identified, and it co-segregated with the disease condition in the family. It was
      not observed in 100 normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: A missense variant in the FN1
      gene is possibly responsible for familial hematuria or TBMN in this family, which
      may broaden the phenotype and mutation spectrums of the FN1 gene. A male patient
      in this family progressed to end-stage renal disease requiring kidney
      transplantation, supporting that familial hematuria or TBMN may not always be as
      benign as generally thought. The findings may have new implications for clinical
      monitoring and genetic counseling of the family, and may also help understand the
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 26968106
TI  - Heterophile antibody interference in qualitative urine/serum hCG devices: Case
      report.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This case report investigates the origin of a false positive result
      on a serum qualitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) device. PATIENT AND
      METHODS: A 46-year-old woman diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia presented
      with nausea and vomiting. A qualitative serum hCG test was interpreted as
      positive; however, a quantitative serum hCG test was negative (<5IU/L). To
      further investigate this discrepancy, the sample was pretreated with heterophilic
      blocking reagent (HBR). Additionally, the sample was tested on other qualitative
      hCG devices composed of antibodies from different animal sources. Blocking
      reagent from an automated quantitative immunoassay was also tested for its
      ability to inhibit the heterophile antibody interference. RESULTS: The
      qualitative test result was negative after pretreatment with heterophilic
      blocking reagent. Other devices composed of antibodies from different animal
      sources also demonstrated mixed results with the patient's sample. Blocking
      reagent obtained from the automated quantitative assay inhibited the heterophile
      antibody interference in the patient's sample. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates
      that positive serum point-of-care hCG results should be interpreted with caution
      and confirmed with a quantitative serum hCG immunoassay when clinical suspicion
      is raised.

PMID- 26968104
TI  - Plasma miR-124-3p and miR-16 concentrations as prognostic markers in acute
      stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate plasma concentrations of miR-124-3p
      and miR-16 as prognostic markers in emergency department patients with acute
      stroke. DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma concentrations of miR-124-3p and miR-16 of 84
      stroke patients (presenting to the emergency department within 24h from onset of
      symptoms) were determined by RT-qPCR. The primary outcome measure was 3-month
      mortality and the secondary outcome measure was post-stroke modified Rankin Score
      (mRS). RESULTS: Twelve patients (14.3%) died within 3months of hospital admission
      and forty-one (48.8%) patients as achieved a 3-month mRS>2. Median plasma miR-124
      3p concentrations were elevated in patients who died compared to patients who
      survived (p=0.0052), and its levels were found to be higher in patients with a 3
      month mRS>2 compared with patients with mRS<=2 (p=0.0312). Higher plasma miR-16
      concentrations were observed in patients who survived than in patients who died
      (p=0.0394), while its concentrations were lower in patients achieving mRS>2 than
      in patients with mRS<=2 (p=0.0124). For a subgroup of cases presenting to the
      emergency department within 6h from time of symptom onset (n=36), plasma miR-124
      3p concentrations predicted 3-month mortality with an area under the ROC curve of
      0.87 (95%CI: 0.72-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma miR-124-3p and miR-16 are molecular
      markers which could be useful for the early prediction of mortality and mRS.

PMID- 26968107
TI  - B-type natriuretic peptide signal peptide (BNPsp) in patients presenting with
      chest pain.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We assessed the ability of B-type natriuretic peptide signal peptide
      (BNPsp) to assist with the identification of patients with myocardial infarction
      (MI) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP). DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 505
      patients who presented to hospital within 4h of onset of chest pain suspicious of
      ACS. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2 and 24h from presentation and assayed
      for BNPsp, NT-proBNP, TnI and high sensitivity TnT. The ability of BNPsp and
      other markers to diagnose acute myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina
      pectoris (UAP) and predict subsequent events within one year was assessed.
      Statistical analysis was made using ROC AUC in SPSS, v.22. RESULTS: Receiver
      operator area under the curve (AUC) data for the discrimination of MI was 0.69
      for BNPsp and 0.97 for troponin, with BNPsp failing to add to troponin. However,
      in non-MI patients, BNPsp had discriminative power for UAP (p<0.05), and when
      combined with presentation values of NT-proBNP, white cell count and potassium
      into a unique parameter (UARatio), generated an AUC of 0.76 for UAP in patients
      with normal ECG results (p<0.001). In non-MI patients, the UARatio was
      significantly predictive of subsequent stroke (AUC=0.70, p<0.05) and heart
      failure (AUC=0.82, p<0.01) within one year. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chest
      pain, BNPsp is predictive of MI but is not a useful adjunct to troponin. However,
      the ability of BNPsp, in conjunction with NT-proBNP and key analytes, to diagnose
      UAP and other ischemic syndromes merits further investigation.

PMID- 26968108
TI  - Serum activin B concentration as predictive biomarker for ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of activin B in discriminating tubal ectopic
      pregnancy (tEP) from intrauterine miscarriages (IUM), and normal viable
      intrauterine pregnancy (IUP). We included 28 women with tEP, 31 women with IUM,
      and 29 normal IUP, confirmed both by clinical examination and ultrasonography.
      Serum activin B concentration was measured at the time of admission using the
      ELISA kit. The median serum activin B concentration was found to be significantly
      decreased in both tEP (p=0.004) and IUM (p=0.022) compared to normal IUP. When
      compared between tEP and IUM, activin B concentrations did not differ
      significantly. ROC analysis of activin B and free beta-hCG demonstrated AUC of
      0.722 and 0.805, respectively to discriminate tEP from viable IUP. The model
      including both activin B and free beta-hCG improved the discriminating potential
      with greater AUC (0.824), and specificity (93%) than individual one. To
      discriminate tEP from IUM, activin B, free beta-hCG and combination of both
      performed poorly. We conclude that serum activin B concentration is lower in
      tubal ectopic pregnancy, and can discriminate it from normal pregnancy with
      moderate accuracy. It also shows improved diagnostic potential along with free
      beta-hCG, but cannot distinguish tEP from IUM reliably. 

PMID- 26968109
TI  - KIAA0101 mRNA expression in the peripheral blood of hepatocellular carcinoma
      patients: Association with some clinicopathological features.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is multi-factorial,
      multi-step and involving many genes. Recent studies have revealed the involvement
      of KIAA0101 in HCC development and progression. KIAA0101 is involved in the
      regulation of DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation. This
      study aims to elucidate the clinicopathological significance of KIAA0101 mRNA
      expression in the whole blood of HCC patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was
      conducted on 77 patients with proven HCC who presented to the outpatient clinic
      at the National Cancer Institute - Cairo University over a period of 8
      consecutive months. Thirty patients with cirrhosis and forty apparently healthy
      volunteers were included as control groups. Detection of KIAA0101 mRNA was done
      on whole blood collected on EDTA for all patients and control subjects using real
      time PCR. RESULTS: KIAA0101 mRNA was over-expressed in the HCC group compared to
      the control groups. Overexpression of KIAA0101 mRNA was significantly associated
      with distant metastasis, advanced stage, high serum alkaline phosphatase and low
      serum albumin levels. Both sensitivity and specificity of KIAA0101 mRNA were
      higher than those of AFP and CEA. CONCLUSION: Being associated with some of the
      prognostic factors of HCC which reflect tumor progression; as advanced stage,
      distant metastasis, hypoalbuminemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase,
      together with its relatively high diagnostic performance; KIAA0101 mRNA might be
      nominated to play a probable role in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of
      HCC. Further studies on a wider scale are recommended to confirm these results.

PMID- 26968110
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and antisynthetase syndrome. A three cases report.

PMID- 26968111
TI  - Trafficking of antigens from gut to sacroiliac joints and spine in reactive
      arthritis and spondyloarthropathies: Mainly through lymphatics?
AB  - Bacterial trafficking from gut to mesenteric lymph nodes is physiologic only for
      a few commensal species, like Alcaligenes which produces antimicrobial-substances
      inhibiting growth of pathogenic bacteria. In reactive arthritis, some living
      bacteria transiently manage to travel from gut to joints/enthesis within
      dendritic cells and/or macrophages. Migration of dead or dormant bacteria outside
      the gut in spondyloarthropathies, including those associated with Crohn's
      disease, can occur either through blood or lymphatics. Migration through
      lymphatics instead of blood depends on the host, but also on the subset of
      pathogen, as shown for Salmonella. Retrograde trafficking within lymphatics of
      immune cells infected by dormant or dead bacteria, from mesenteric lymph nodes or
      thoracic duct to sacroiliac joint and spine, might contribute to axial
      involvement in some spondyloarthropathies and related disorders, since: 1- large
      influxes of pathogens can overwhelm lymph nodes, and Yersinia can even replicate
      within lymph nodes; 2- Whipple cells have been shown to circulate in thoracic
      duct lymph; 3- expansion of lymphatics is a prominent feature of gastro
      intestinal inflammation, and obstruction of gut lymphatics a hallmark of Crohn's
      disease; 4- lymph reflux has been demonstrated in models of mesenteric lymph
      vessel obstruction; 5- reflux to sacroiliac has been observed in patients with
      chyluria undergoing lymphography; 6- lymphatics are present in the outer
      periosteum and paraspinal ligaments surrounding intervertebral discs and
      connected to thoracic duct. Accordingly, further studies on the trafficking of
      dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes from gut to joints and spine in
      animal models of reactive arthritis or spondyloarthropathies should also focus on
      lymphatic routes. 

PMID- 26968112
TI  - Van Buchem's Disease.

PMID- 26968113
TI  - Serotonin Is Involved in Autoimmune Arthritis through Th17 Immunity and Bone
      Resorption.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that results in a disabling and painful
      condition as it progresses to destruction of the articular cartilage and
      ankylosis of the joints. Although the cause of the disease is still unknown,
      evidence argues that autoimmunity plays an important part. There are increasing
      but contradictory views regarding serotonin being associated with activation of
      immunoinflammatory pathways and the onset of autoimmune reactions. We studied
      serotonin's involvement during collagen-induced arthritis in wild-type and Tph1(
      /-) mice, which have markedly reduced peripheral serotonin levels. In wild-type
      mice, induction of arthritis triggered a robust increase in serotonin content in
      the paws combined with less inflammation. In Tph1(-/-) mice with arthritis, a
      marked increase in the clinical and pathologic arthritis scores was noticed.
      Specifically, in Tph1(-/-) mice with arthritis, a significant increase in
      osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption was observed with an increase in
      IL-17 levels in the paws and in Th17 lymphocytes in the draining lymph nodes,
      whereas T-regulatory cells were dampened. Ex vivo serotonin and agonists of the 5
      HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors restored IL-17 secretion from splenocytes and Th17 cell
      differentiation in Tph1(-/-) mice. These findings indicate that serotonin plays a
      fundamental role in arthritis through the regulation of the Th17/T-regulatory
      cell balance and osteoclastogenesis.

PMID- 26968115
TI  - The influence of potato endophytes on Leptinotarsa decemlineata endosymbionts
      promotes mortality of the pest.
AB  - Plants are exposed to pervasive attack by diverse attackers, such as pathogens
      and pests. But plants have their own endophytic microflora as well as the
      attacking insects. These microbiomes contact face to face in the nature. It has
      been found that the endophytic strain Bacillus subtilis 26D increases mortality
      of Colorado potato beetles, disturbing the development of insect microsymbionts
      Enterobacter ssp. and Acinetobacter ssp.

PMID- 26968116
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26968114
TI  - Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase and Its Counter
      Regulation by Dietary Iron and Lipocalin 2 in Murine Model of Gut Inflammation.
AB  - Green tea-derived polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been
      extensively studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in
      models of inflammatory bowel disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanism is
      not completely understood. Herein, we demonstrate that EGCG can potently inhibit
      the proinflammatory enzyme myeloperoxidase in vitro in a dose-dependent manner
      over a range of physiologic temperatures and pH values. The ability of EGCG to
      mediate its inhibitory activity is counter-regulated by the presence of iron and
      lipocalin 2. Spectral analysis indicated that EGCG prevents the peroxidase
      catalyzed reaction by reverting the reactive peroxidase heme (compound I:oxoiron)
      back to its native inactive ferric state, possibly via the exchange of electrons.
      Further, administration of EGCG to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitic mice
      significantly reduced the colonic myeloperoxidase activity and alleviated
      proinflammatory mediators associated with gut inflammation. However, the efficacy
      of EGCG against gut inflammation is diminished when orally coadministered with
      iron. These findings indicate that the ability of EGCG to inhibit myeloperoxidase
      activity is one of the mechanisms by which it exerts mucoprotective effects and
      that counter-regulatory factors such as dietary iron and luminal lipocalin 2
      should be taken into consideration for optimizing clinical management strategies
      for inflammatory bowel disease with the use of EGCG treatment.

PMID- 26968117
TI  - The effect of bleaching gel and (940 nm and 980 nm) diode lasers photoactivation
      on intrapulpal temperature and teeth whitening efficiency.
AB  - This in vitro study aimed to investigate the whitening efficacy of 940 nm and 980
      nm diode laser photoactivation in tooth bleaching by analysing pulp chamber
      temperature, as well as the change in tooth colour. Root canals of thirty
      extracted human lower premolars were prepared. Laserwhite* 20 bleaching agent
      containing 38% of hydrogen peroxide was photoactivated with 7 W output power of
      940 nm and 980 nm diode lasers for 120 s. Bleaching gel reduced 27-29% of the
      temperature from reaching the pulp chamber. For shade assessment, only the groups
      photoactivated using diode lasers showed statistically significant differences
      from control group P < 0.001. Within the studied parameters, both 940 nm and 980
      nm diode lasers produced a safe pulp temperature increase. Diode laser
      photoactivation of bleaching gel resulted in more efficient teeth whitening.
      Photoactivation with 940 nm diode laser yielded the highest change in colour with
      only minor increase in pulp chamber temperature.

PMID- 26968118
TI  - Analytical method for 44 pesticide residues in spinach using multi-plug
      filtration cleanup based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes with liquid
      chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection.
AB  - Spinach is one of the most commonly planted vegetables worldwide. A high
      chlorophyll content makes spinach a complicated matrix in pesticide residue
      analysis. In this study, a rapid clean-up method was developed for the analysis
      of pesticide multi-residues in spinach followed by liquid chromatography with
      tandem mass spectrometry. A modified QuEChERS method with multiwalled carbon
      nanotubes and carbon material was adopted in the multi-Plug Filtration Cleanup
      procedure. This method was validated for 44 representative pesticides spiked at
      two concentration levels of 10 and 100 MUg/kg. The pesticides of different
      physicochemical properties were registered on spinach in China. The recoveries
      were between 76 and 114% for major pesticides with relative standard deviations
      of less than 15%, except for quizalofop-P-ethyl, pyrimethanil, and carbendazim.
      Matrix-matched calibration curves were performed with the coefficients of
      determination higher than 0.995 for the studied pesticides for concentration
      levels of 10-500 MUg/kg. The limits of quantitation ranged from 2 to 10 MUg/kg.
      The developed method was successfully applied to determine pesticide residues in
      Chinese market spinach samples. 

PMID- 26968119
TI  - Delayed awakening due to stroke.

PMID- 26968120
TI  - Botulinum toxin in the treatment of orofacial pain.

PMID- 26968121
TI  - Kinetic studies on degradation of Reactive Red 120 dye in immobilized packed bed
      reactor by Bacillus cohnii RAPT1.
AB  - The degradation of Reactive Red 120 using Bacillus cohnii RAPT1 immobilized on
      polyurethane was studied. Initial experiments indicated that the percentage
      removal of dye in immobilized batch was significantly higher than batch (without
      immobilization). The optimum process parameters such as effect of dye
      concentration, time of immobilization on Poly Urethane Foam, initial inoculum
      size, pH and temperature for removal of dye were investigated and was found as
      200ppm, 36h, 300*10(6) colony forming units/ml, 8.0 and 35 degrees C
      respectively. Under optimum conditions, 100% removal of dye was obtained within
      4h. The kinetics of biodegradation for the batch with free cells and immobilised
      packed batch was found to be IInd order with kinetic constant and initial rate of
      reaction as 0.0408, 0.084L/(mgday) and 1632, 3360 (mg/Lday) respectively. 

PMID- 26968122
TI  - Ferritin nanocages: A biological platform for drug delivery, imaging and
      theranostics in cancer.
AB  - Nowadays cancer represents a prominent challenge in clinics. Main achievements in
      cancer management would be the development of highly accurate and specific
      diagnostic tools for early detection of cancer onset, and the generation of smart
      drug delivery systems for targeted chemotherapy release in cancer cells. In this
      context, protein-based nanocages hold a tremendous potential as devices for
      theranostics purposes. In particular, ferritin has emerged as an excellent and
      promising protein-based nanocage thanks to its unique architecture, surface
      properties and high biocompatibility. By exploiting natural recognition of the
      Transferrin Receptor 1, which is overexpressed on tumor cells, ferritin nanocages
      may ensure a proper drug delivery and release. Moreover, researchers have applied
      surface functionalities on ferritin cages for further providing active tumor
      targeting. Encapsulation strategies of non metal-containing drugs within ferritin
      cages have been explored and successfully performed with encouraging results.
      Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that nanoformulation within
      ferritin nanocages significantly improved targeted therapy and accurate imaging
      of cancer cells. Aims of this review are to describe structure and functions of
      ferritin nanocages, and to provide an overview about the nanotechnological
      approaches implemented for applying them to cancer diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 26968123
TI  - Effects of transplanted circulating endothelial progenitor cells and platelet
      microparticles in atherosclerosis development.
AB  - BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, in which risk
      factors such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension affect the arterial endothelium,
      resulting in dysfunction, cell damage or both. The number of circulating
      endothelial progenitor cells and microparticles provides invaluable outcome
      prediction for atherosclerosis disease. However, evidence for the therapeutic
      potential of endothelial progenitor cells and microparticles in atherosclerosis
      development is limited. Our study was designed to investigate the possible
      protective role of a cell therapy-based approach, using endothelial progenitor
      cells and the dual behaviour of circulating platelet microparticles, on
      atherosclerosis development in hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic hamster model.
      Consequently, control hamsters received four intravenous inoculations of: (1)
      1*10(5) endothelial progenitor cells of healthy origins in one dose per month,
      during four months of diet-induced atherosclerosis, and after hypertensive
      hypercholesterolemic diet for further four months; (2) in a second set of
      experiments, 1*10(5) endothelial progenitor cells of healthy origins or/and
      1*10(5) platelet microparticles of atherosclerotic origins were inoculated every
      other month during hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic diet. RESULTS: Endothelial
      progenitor cell treatment had the following effects: (1) re-established plasmatic
      parameters: cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, blood pressure, heart
      rate, cytokine and chemokine profiles, platelet microparticle pro-thrombotic
      activity and endothelial progenitor cell paracrine activity reflected by
      cytokine/chemokine detection; (2) reduced lipid, macrophage and microparticle
      accumulation in liver; (3) reduced atherosclerosis development, revealed by
      decreased lipid, macrophage and microparticle content of arterial wall; (4)
      induced the recruitment and incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells into
      liver and arterial wall; (5) improved arterial dysfunction by increasing
      contraction and relaxation; (6) reduced the protein expression of specific pro
      inflammatory molecules in liver and arterial wall. Platelet microparticle
      transplantation aggravated the above-mentioned biomarkers and atherosclerosis
      process, which were partially reverted with co-inoculation of platelet
      microparticles and endothelial progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS: With this study, we
      demonstrate in a hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic hamster model, that the
      endothelial progenitor cell-based therapy suppresses the development of
      atherosclerosis and reduces hepatic lipid and macrophage accumulation with the
      consequent alleviation of dyslipidaemia and hypertension. SIGNIFICANCE: Our
      results support the notion that increasing the number of circulating endothelial
      progenitor cells by different ways could be a promising therapeutic tool for
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26968124
TI  - Desynchronization of Cartesian k-space sampling and periodic motion for improved
      retrospectively self-gated 3D lung MRI using quasi-random numbers.
AB  - PURPOSE: To demonstrate that desynchronization between Cartesian k-space sampling
      and periodic motion in free-breathing lung MRI improves the robustness and
      efficiency of retrospective respiratory self-gating. METHODS: Desynchronization
      was accomplished by reordering the phase (ky ) and partition (kz ) encoding of a
      three-dimensional FLASH sequence according to two-dimensional, quasi-random (QR)
      numbers. For retrospective respiratory self-gating, the k-space center signal (DC
      signal) was acquired separately after each encoded k-space line. QR sampling
      results in a uniform distribution of k-space lines after gating. Missing lines
      resulting from the gating process were reconstructed using iterative GRAPPA.
      Volunteer measurements were performed to compare quasi-random with conventional
      sampling. Patient measurements were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of
      QR sampling in a clinical setting. RESULTS: The uniformly sampled k-space after
      retrospective gating allows for a more stable iterative GRAPPA reconstruction and
      improved ghost artifact reduction compared with conventional sampling. It is
      shown that this stability can either be used to reduce the total scan time or to
      reconstruct artifact-free data sets in different respiratory phases, both
      resulting in an improved efficiency of retrospective respiratory self-gating.
      CONCLUSION: QR sampling leads to desynchronization between repeated data
      acquisition and periodic respiratory motion. This results in an improved motion
      artifact reduction in shorter scan time. Magn Reson Med 77:787-793, 2017. (c)
      2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26968126
TI  - Effects of macroporous hydroxyapatite carriers on the growth and function of
      human hepatoblasts derived from fetal hepatocytes.
AB  - Improvement of three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions, including substrates
      for cell growth, is needed for various cell-based applications. In this study, we
      developed hydroxyapatite (HAp) macroporous carriers having several pore size
      distributions and tried to obtain the findings about the effective pore sizes for
      the growth and function of hepatoblasts derived from human fetal hepatocytes.
      Cellular CYP3A4 activity was significantly enhanced when 20% HAp macroporous
      carrier was used, reaching 1.49+/-0.28 pmol/10(6) cells/min of benzyloxyresorufin
      O-dealkylation activity, which is comparable to that of primary human hepatocytes
      from livers of adult donors. Analysis of the pore size (the radius of curvature)
      distribution of each HAp carrier using a 3D-electron beam surface roughness
      analyzer revealed two peaks of pore size distribution at 30-40 MUm and 70-80 MUm,
      respectively. Thirty-five percent of the pores in the 20% carrier had a size
      distribution within 50-80 MUm. Especially, pores of 70-80 MUm were more abundant
      in the 20% HAp carrier than in the 10% and 30% HAp carriers. These results
      suggested that a HAp carrier with the pore size distribution of 50-80 MUm might
      be effective for cell growth and function in human hepatoblasts derived from
      fetal hepatocytes. 

PMID- 26968125
TI  - Optimization of RNA-based c-di-GMP fluorescent sensors through tuning their
      structural modules.
AB  - Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a second messenger of bacteria and its detection
      is an important issue in basic and applied microbiology. As c-di-GMP riboswitch
      ligand-binding domains (aptamer domains) capture c-di-GMP with high affinity and
      selectivity, they are promising platforms for the development of RNA-based c-di
      GMP sensors. We analyzed two previously reported c-di-GMP sensor RNAs derived
      from the Vc2 riboswitch. We also designed and tested their variants, some of
      which showed improved properties as RNA-based c-di-GMP sensors. 

PMID- 26968127
TI  - In vitro effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3-glycosides from Solbone A (Solanum
      glaucophyllum leaves extract; Herbonis AG) compared to synthetic 1alpha,25(OH)2D3
      on myogenesis.
AB  - The presence of glycoside derivatives of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 endows plants to
      gradual release of the free bioactive form of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 from its
      glycoconjugates by endogenous animal tissue glycosidases. This results in
      increased half-life of the hormone in blood when purified plant fractions are
      administered for therapeutic purposes. In this work, we evaluated the role
      1alpha,25(OH)2D3-glycosides enriched natural product (Solbone A) from Solanum
      glaucophyllum leaf extract compared with synthetic 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 on myogenic
      differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. For these, differentiation markers and
      myogenic parameters were studied in C2C12 myoblasts. Results showed that Solbone
      A, likewise the synthetic hormone, increased creatine kinase activity at day 2
      after differentiation induction (60%, p<0.05). Solbone A and synthetic
      1alpha,25(OH)2D3 increased vitamin D3 receptor protein expression at 10nM (50%
      and 30%, respectively) and the transcription factor myogenin (80%, p<0.05).
      However, tropomyosin expression was not affected by both compounds. In addition,
      myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression was increased 30% at day 2 of
      differentiation. Solbone A or synthetic 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 had no effects on
      myogenin nor MHC cell localization. Cellular mass increased with myogenesis
      progression, being Solbone A more effective than synthetic 1alpha,25(OH)2D3.
      Finally, Solbone A, as well as synthetic 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, augmented the index
      fusion of cultured muscle fibers. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that
      Solbone A exhibit at least equal or greater effects on early myoblast
      differentiation as synthetic hormone, suggesting that plant glycosides could be
      an effective, accessible and cheaper substitute for synthetic 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to
      promote muscle growth. 

PMID- 26968128
TI  - A highly stereoselective synthesis of C-24 and C-25 oxysterols from desmosterol.
AB  - A new highly stereoselective construction of the side chain of the C-24 and C-25
      oxysterols has been achieved by using desmosterol acetate as the starting
      material and an improved Sharpless catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation with 100%
      d.e. (diastereomeric excess) as the key step. The result is much better than the
      usual asymmetric dihydroxylation procedure. t-Butyl nitrite/2,2,6,6
      tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl radical/FeCl3 catalyst system was developed to
      activate molecular oxygen for the aerobic oxidation of 24-hydroxycholesterol and
      the 24-ketocholesterol was obtained in 86.2% yield. The oxidation system has
      never been reported before. The mechanism for the catalytic aerobic oxidation was
      also proposed. 

PMID- 26968129
TI  - Design and synthesis of polyhydroxy steroids as selective inhibitors against
      AKR1B10 and molecular docking.
AB  - AKR1B10 is a member of the human aldo-keto reductase superfamily which is highly
      expressed in several types of cancers, and has been regarded as a promising
      cancer therapeutic target. In this paper, a series of polyhydroxy steroids were
      designed and synthesized to selectively inhibit AKR1B10 activity. The most
      selective compound, novel compound 6, has an IC50 of 0.83+/-0.07MUM and a
      selectivity of more than 120-fold for AKR1B10/AKR1B1. Structure-activity relation
      analyses indicate that hydroxyl at C-19 can significantly improve the selective
      inhibition of AKR1B10. The binding mode of AKR1B10 and its inhibitors were
      studied.

PMID- 26968130
TI  - Synthesis, NMR and crystal characterization of dimeric terephthalates derived
      from epimeric 4,5-seco-cholest-3-yn-5-ols.
AB  - Two dimeric steroidal terephthalates derived from epimeric 4,5-seco-cholest-3-yn
      5-ols were prepared starting from cholesterol in a five-step synthetic sequence.
      X-ray crystallography shows that the obtained compounds display novel
      supramolecular networks in the solid state in which the facial hydrophobicity of
      the steroidal skeletons plays an important role. Unambiguous NMR characterization
      of the obtained dimers is also provided. 

PMID- 26968131
TI  - Histiocytosis with mixed cell populations.
AB  - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) are
      thought to originate from a common stem cell precursor, with divergent
      differentiation under different microenvironmental conditions. We describe an
      exceptional case of multiple cutaneous lesions in a 10-year-old boy, in which the
      coexistence of both LCH and JXG cell populations is found in every single lesion.
      The presence of Birbeck granules and CD207 (langerin) immunostaining in the LCH
      component would argue against the diagnosis of indeterminate cell histiocytosis
      (ICH). This unique case gives additional support to the hypothesis of a
      potentially common histogenesis for LCH and JXG. 

PMID- 26968132
TI  - Foliar phosphite application has minor phytotoxic impacts across a diverse range
      of conifers and woody angiosperms.
AB  - Phytophthora plant pathogens cause tremendous damage in planted and natural
      systems worldwide. Phosphite is one of the only effective chemicals to control
      broad-scale Phytophthora disease. Little work has been done on the phytotoxic
      effects of phosphite application on plant communities especially in combination
      with plant physiological impacts. Here, we tested the phytotoxic impact of
      phosphite applied as foliar spray at 0, 12, 24 and 48 kg a.i. ha(-1) . Eighteen
      month-old saplings of 13 conifer and angiosperm species native to New Zealand,
      and two exotic coniferous species were treated and the development of necrotic
      tissue and chlorophyll-a-fluorescence parameters (optimal quantum yield, Fv /Fm ;
      effective quantum yield of photosystem II, PhiPSII ) were assessed. In addition,
      stomatal conductance (gs ) was measured on a subset of six species. Significant
      necrosis assessed by digital image analysis occurred in only three species: in
      the lauraceous canopy tree Beilschmiedia tawa (8-14%) and the understory shrub
      Dodonaea viscosa (5-7%) across phosphite concentrations and solely at the highest
      concentration in the myrtaceous pioneer shrub Leptospermum scoparium (66%). In
      non-necrotic tissue, Fv /Fm , PhiPSII and gs remained unaffected by the phosphite
      treatment. Overall, our findings suggest minor phytotoxic effects resulting from
      foliar phosphite application across diverse taxa and regardless of concentration.
      This study supports the large-scale use of phosphite as a management tool to
      control plant diseases caused by Phytophthora pathogens in plantations and
      natural ecosystems. Long-term studies are required to ascertain potential
      ecological impacts of repeated phosphite applications. 

PMID- 26968133
TI  - Ethnicity and pre-hospital care for people with suspected cardiac pain: cross
      sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Few studies have investigated the quality of pre-hospital care by
      ethnicity. We aimed to investigate ethnic differences in pre-hospital ambulance
      care of patients with suspected cardiac pain. METHODS: We conducted a cross
      sectional analysis of retrospective electronic clinical data for patients with
      suspected cardiac pain over one year (August 2011 to July 2012) extracted from a
      single regional ambulance service. This included patient demographic data,
      clinical measurements, drugs administered and outcomes, such as transportation to
      hospital or referral to primary care. We used multivariate regression to
      investigate differences in care by ethnicity comparing non-White with White
      patients. RESULTS: There were 7046 patients with suspected cardiac pain, with
      4825 who had ethnicity recorded including 4661 (96.6%) White and 164 (3.4%) non
      White. After correcting for age, sex, socio-economic status and whether
      transported to hospital, non-White patients were significantly more likely to
      have temperature [odds ratio (OR) 2.96, P = 0.007], blood glucose (OR 3.95, P =
      0.003), respiratory rate (OR 4.94, P = 0.03) and oxygen saturation (OR 2.43, P =
      0.006) recorded. Non-White patients were significantly less likely to be
      transported to hospital (OR 0.43, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: There were significant
      differences in pre-hospital ambulance care for non-White compared with White
      patients with suspected cardiac pain. These differences could be due to
      differences in clinical condition or case-mix, language and cultural barriers,
      limited understanding of appropriate use of health care services, recording bias
      or true differences in provider management. Further analysis should involve
      larger and more complete data sets to explore ethnic differences in greater
      detail.

PMID- 26968135
TI  - Frequency-dependent alterations in regional homogeneity in major depression.
AB  - Previous studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      have found abnormal spontaneous neural activity in patients with major depressive
      disorder (MDD). Yet, the frequency-dependent neural activity in MDD is largely
      unknown. Here, we used resting-state fMRI and regional homogeneity (ReHo) methods
      to investigate spontaneous neural activity in specific frequency bands of 31 MDD
      patients and 31 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls. We examined
      spontaneous neural activity in three frequency bands: slow-4 (0.027-0.073Hz),
      slow-5 (0.010-0.027Hz), and the typical band (0.01-0.08Hz). Compared to controls,
      MDD patients showed increased ReHo in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and
      decreased ReHo in the fusiform and postcentral gyrus at the typical band.
      Importantly, MDD patients showed increased ReHo in the middle occipital gyrus
      (MOG) and decreased ReHo in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), inferior frontal
      gyrus (IFG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the bilateral thalamus in the slow
      4 band, while they showed increased ReHo in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)
      in the slow-5 band. Our results suggest that the abnormality of ReHo in MDD is
      associated with the frequency band and that future studies should take frequency
      band effect into account when examining spontaneous neural activity.

PMID- 26968136
TI  - Graphene Porous Foam Loaded with Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticulate
      Electrocatalyst for Effective Hydrogen Generation.
AB  - A facile method is developed for the synthesis of graphene porous foam (Gr PF)
      loaded with dispersed molybdenum carbide (Mo2 C) nanoparticles; the material
      exhibits effective catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
      Mo2 C/Gr PF is synthesized by the carbonization of glucose and the carbothermal
      reduction of hexaammonium molybdate in a confined space defined by the intervals
      between sodium chloride nanoparticles. The synthesis in the confined space
      results in thin Gr PF (~8 nm) loaded with aggregation-free small Mo2 C
      nanoparticles [(13+/-2) nm]. The overpotential required for a current density of
      20 mA cm(-2) in the electrochemical hydrogen generation is as small as 199 mV in
      acidic solution and 380 mV in basic solution. The performance is superior to that
      of a Mo2 C/C composite and compares favorably to those reported for Mo2 C
      nanostructures. The Mo2 C/Gr PF affords stable water electrolysis in both acidic
      and basic solution and exhibits nearly 100 % faradaic efficiency. The prominent
      performance, long-term stability, and high faradic efficiency make Mo2 C/Gr PF a
      promising HER catalyst for practical hydrogen generation from water electrolysis.

PMID- 26968134
TI  - P66SHC deletion improves fertility and progeric phenotype of late-generation TERC
      deficient mice but not their short lifespan.
AB  - Oxidative stress and telomere attrition are considered the driving factors of
      aging. As oxidative damage to telomeric DNA favors the erosion of chromosome ends
      and, in turn, telomere shortening increases the sensitivity to pro-oxidants,
      these two factors may trigger a detrimental vicious cycle. To check whether
      limiting oxidative stress slows down telomere shortening and related progeria, we
      have investigated the effect of p66SHC deletion, which has been shown to reduce
      oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis, on late-generation TERC (telomerase
      RNA component)-deficient mice having short telomeres and reduced lifespan. Double
      mutant (TERC(-/-) p66SHC(-/-) ) mice were generated, and their telomere length,
      fertility, and lifespan investigated in different generations. Results revealed
      that p66SHC deletion partially rescues sterility and weight loss, as well as
      organ atrophy, of TERC-deficient mice, but not their short lifespan and telomere
      erosion. Therefore, our data suggest that p66SHC-mediated oxidative stress and
      telomere shortening synergize in some tissues (including testes) to accelerate
      aging; however, early mortality of late-generation mice seems to be independent
      of any link between p66SHC-mediated oxidative stress and telomere attrition.

PMID- 26968137
TI  - Are premorbid abnormal personality traits associated with behavioural and
      psychological symptoms in dementia?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate associations between behavioural and
      psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and abnormal premorbid personality
      traits. METHODS: Data were obtained from 217 patients with a diagnosis of
      probable Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of late
      onset dementia were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Premorbid
      personality traits were assessed using the Standardised Assessment of
      Personality. Abnormal premorbid personality traits were categorised with
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition and
      International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
      10 diagnostic criteria for personality disorders. RESULTS: Abnormal premorbid
      personality traits were associated with increased behavioural and psychological
      symptoms in dementia. Cluster A (solitary/paranoid) premorbid personality traits
      were associated with anxiety, depression and hallucinations. Cluster C
      (anxious/dependent) traits were associated with a syndrome of depression.
      CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Clusters A (solitary/paranoid) and C
      (anxious/dependent) abnormal premorbid personality traits seems to affect the
      expression of certain behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia,
      depression in particular. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968138
TI  - The impact of psychological distance on integrative internal dialogs.
AB  - Negotiators more distanced from the negotiated goal more often exhibit
      integrative behavior, which maximizes both their individual and joint outcomes.
      Based on the assumption of an analogy between interpersonal negotiations and
      internal dialogs simulating social relationships, an experiment was carried out.
      It aimed to verify if psychological distance (proximal vs. distant perspective on
      the situation enacted in an internal dialog) affects the processes of integration
      and confrontation and, consequently, increases the frequency of integrative
      dialogs. Data from 115 participants (56 women) were analyzed. An increase in
      psychological distance was found to reduce the intensity of the confrontation
      process and to cause an increase in the number of integrative internal dialogs.

PMID- 26968139
TI  - Estimation of turbulent kinetic energy using 4D phase-contrast MRI: Effect of
      scan parameters and target vessel size.
AB  - Quantifying turbulence velocity fluctuation is important because it indicates the
      fluid energy dissipation of the blood flow, which is closely related to the
      pressure drop along the blood vessel. This study aims to evaluate the effects of
      scan parameters and the target vessel size of 4D phase-contrast (PC)-MRI on
      quantification of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Comprehensive 4D PC-MRI
      measurements with various velocity-encoding (VENC), echo time (TE), and voxel
      size values were carried out to estimate TKE distribution in stenotic flow. The
      total TKE (TKEsum), maximum TKE (TKEmax), and background noise level (TKEnoise)
      were compared for each scan parameter. The feasibility of TKE estimation in small
      vessels was also investigated. Results show that the optimum VENC for stenotic
      flow with a peak velocity of 125cm/s was 70cm/s. Higher VENC values overestimated
      the TKEsum by up to six-fold due to increased TKEnoise, whereas lower VENC values
      (30cm/s) underestimated it by 57.1%. TE and voxel size did not significantly
      influence the TKEsum and TKEnoise, although the TKEmax significantly increased as
      the voxel size increased. TKE quantification in small-sized vessels (3-5-mm
      diameter) was feasible unless high-velocity turbulence caused severe phase
      dispersion in the reference image.

PMID- 26968140
TI  - A visualization study on two-phase gravity drainage in porous media by using
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Gravity drainage characteristics are important to improve our understanding of
      gas-liquid or liquid-liquid two-phase flow in porous media. Stable or unstable
      displacement fronts that controlled by the capillary force, viscous force,
      gravitational force, etc., are relevant features of immiscible two-phase flow. In
      this paper, three dimensionless parameters, namely, the gravity number, the
      capillary number and the Bond number, were used to describe the effect of the
      above mentioned forces on two-phase drainage features, including the displacement
      front and final displacing-phase saturation. A series of experiments on the
      downward displacement of a viscous fluid by a less viscous fluid in a vertical
      vessel that is filled with quartz beads are performed by using magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI). The experimental results indicate that the wetting properties at
      both high and low capillary numbers exert remarkable control on the fluid
      displacement. When the contact angle is lower than 90 degrees , i.e., the
      displaced phase is the wetting phase, the average velocity Vf of the interface of
      the two phases (displacement front velocity) is observably lower than when the
      displaced phase is the non-wetting phase (contact angle higher than 90 degrees ).
      The results show that a fingering phenomenon occurs when the gravity number G is
      less than the critical gravity number G'=DeltaMU/MUg. Moreover, the higher Bond
      number results in higher final displacing-phase saturation, whereas the capillary
      number has an opposite effect.

PMID- 26968141
TI  - Quantification of breast tumor heterogeneity for ER status, HER2 status, and TN
      molecular subtype evaluation on DCE-MRI.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recognizing molecular markers is helpful for guiding treatment plans for
      breast cancer. This study correlated estrogen receptor (ER), human epidermal
      growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)
      statuses to the degree of heterogeneity on breast dynamic contrast-enhanced
      magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 102
      biopsy-proven cancers from 102 patients between October 2010 and December 2012
      were used in this study, including ER (59 positive, 43 negative), HER2 (47
      positive, 55 negative), and TNBC (22 TNBC, 80 non-TNBC). At first, the tumor
      region was segmented by using a region growing method. Then, the region-based
      features were extracted by the proposed regionalization method to quantify intra
      tumoral heterogeneity on breast DCE-MRI. The three-dimensional morphological
      features (texture features and shape feature) and the pharmacokinetic model were
      also extracted from the segmented tumor region. After feature extraction, a
      logistic regression was used to classify ER, HER2, and TNBC statuses
      respectively. The performances were evaluated by using receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The proposed region-based features
      achieved the accuracy of 73.53%, 82.35%, and 77.45% for ER, HER2, and TNBC
      classifications. The corresponding area under the ROC curves (Az) achieves
      0.7320, 0.8458, and 0.8328 that were better than those of texture features, shape
      features, and Tofts pharmacokinetic model. CONCLUSION: The intra-tumoral
      heterogeneity quantified by the region-based features can be used to reflect the
      vasculature complexity of different molecular markers and to provide prediction
      information of cell surface receptors on clinical examination.

PMID- 26968142
TI  - Accelerated cardiac cine MRI using locally low rank and finite difference
      constraints.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential value of combining multiple constraints for
      highly accelerated cardiac cine MRI. METHODS: A locally low rank (LLR) constraint
      and a temporal finite difference (FD) constraint were combined to reconstruct
      cardiac cine data from highly undersampled measurements. Retrospectively
      undersampled 2D Cartesian reconstructions were quantitatively evaluated against
      fully-sampled data using normalized root mean square error, structural similarity
      index (SSIM) and high frequency error norm (HFEN). This method was also applied
      to 2D golden-angle radial real-time imaging to facilitate single breath-hold
      whole-heart cine (12 short-axis slices, 9-13s single breath hold). Reconstruction
      was compared against state-of-the-art constrained reconstruction methods: LLR,
      FD, and k-t SLR. RESULTS: At 10 to 60 spokes/frame, LLR+FD better preserved fine
      structures and depicted myocardial motion with reduced spatio-temporal blurring
      in comparison to existing methods. LLR yielded higher SSIM ranking than FD; FD
      had higher HFEN ranking than LLR. LLR+FD combined the complimentary advantages of
      the two, and ranked the highest in all metrics for all retrospective undersampled
      cases. Single breath-hold multi-slice cardiac cine with prospective undersampling
      was enabled with in-plane spatio-temporal resolutions of 2*2mm(2) and 40ms.
      CONCLUSION: Highly accelerated cardiac cine is enabled by the combination of 2D
      undersampling and the synergistic use of LLR and FD constraints.

PMID- 26968143
TI  - Compressed sensing for rapid late gadolinium enhanced imaging of the left atrium:
      A preliminary study.
AB  - Current late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging of left atrial (LA) scar or
      fibrosis is relatively slow and requires 5-15min to acquire an undersampled
      (R=1.7) 3D navigated dataset. The GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel
      Acquisitions (GRAPPA) based parallel imaging method is the current clinical
      standard for accelerating 3D LGE imaging of the LA and permits an acceleration
      factor ~R=1.7. Two compressed sensing (CS) methods have been developed to achieve
      higher acceleration factors: a patch based collaborative filtering technique
      tested with acceleration factor R~3, and a technique that uses a 3D radial stack
      of-stars acquisition pattern (R~1.8) with a 3D total variation constraint. The
      long reconstruction time of these CS methods makes them unwieldy to use,
      especially the patch based collaborative filtering technique. In addition, the
      effect of CS techniques on the quantification of percentage of scar/fibrosis is
      not known. We sought to develop a practical compressed sensing method for imaging
      the LA at high acceleration factors. In order to develop a clinically viable
      method with short reconstruction time, a Split Bregman (SB) reconstruction method
      with 3D total variation (TV) constraints was developed and implemented. The
      method was tested on 8 atrial fibrillation patients (4 pre-ablation and 4 post
      ablation datasets). Blur metric, normalized mean squared error and peak signal to
      noise ratio were used as metrics to analyze the quality of the reconstructed
      images, Quantification of the extent of LGE was performed on the undersampled
      images and compared with the fully sampled images. Quantification of scar from
      post-ablation datasets and quantification of fibrosis from pre-ablation datasets
      showed that acceleration factors up to R~3.5 gave good 3D LGE images of the LA
      wall, using a 3D TV constraint and constrained SB methods. This corresponds to
      reducing the scan time by half, compared to currently used GRAPPA methods.
      Reconstruction of 3D LGE images using the SB method was over 20 times faster than
      standard gradient descent methods.

PMID- 26968144
TI  - Targeted brain activation using an MR-compatible wrist torque measurement device
      and isometric motor tasks during functional magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Dedicated pairs of isometric wrist flexion tasks, with and without visual
      feedback of the exerted torque, were designed to target activation of the CBL and
      BG in healthy subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
      Selective activation of the cerebellum (CBL) and basal ganglia (BG), often
      implicated in movement disorders such as tremor and dystonia, may help identify
      pathological changes and expedite diagnosis. A prototyped MR-compatible wrist
      torque measurement device, free of magnetic and conductive materials, allowed
      safe execution of tasks during fMRI without causing artifacts. A significant
      increase of activity in CBL and BG was found in healthy volunteers during a
      constant torque task with visual feedback compared to a constant torque task
      without visual feedback. This study shows that specific pairs of motor tasks
      using MR-compatible equipment at the wrist allow for targeted activation of CBL
      and BG, paving a new way for research into the pathophysiology of movement
      disorders.

PMID- 26968145
TI  - Mapping blood flow directionality in the human brain.
AB  - Diffusion properties of tissue are often expressed on the basis of directional
      variance, i.e., diffusion tensor imaging. In comparison, common perfusion
      weighted imaging such as arterial spin labeling yields perfusion in a scalar
      quantity. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of mapping
      cerebral blood flow directionality using alternate ascending/descending
      directional navigation (ALADDIN), a recently-developed arterial spin labeling
      technique with sensitivity to blood flow directions. ALADDIN was applied along 3
      orthogonal directions to assess directional blood flow in a vector form and also
      along 6 equally-spaced directions to extract blood flow tensor matrix (P) based
      on a blood flow ellipsoid model. Tensor elements (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, etc)
      were calculated to investigate characteristics of the blood flow tensor, in
      comparison with time-of-flight MR angiogram. While the directions of the main
      eigenvectors were heterogeneous throughout the brain, regional clusters of blood
      flow directionality were reproducible across subjects. The technique could show
      heterogeneous blood flow directionality within and around brain tumor, which was
      different from that of the contralateral normal side. The proposed method is
      deemed to provide information of blood flow directionality, which has not been
      demonstrated before. The results warrant further studies to assess changes in the
      directionality map as a function of scan parameters, to understand the signal
      sources, to investigate the possibility of mapping local blood perfusion
      directionality, and to evaluate its usefulness for clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 26968147
TI  - Transfrontal Transaqueductal, Transtrigonal, and Suboccipital Infratentorial
      Supracerebellar Endoscopic Fenestration of Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cysts: Three
      Surgical Cases.
AB  - Symptomatic intracranial arachnoid cysts are commonly treated using
      neuroendoscopy. Cysts located within the posterior fossa may present a greater
      surgical challenge to the neurosurgeon due to the numerous vital neurovascular
      structures located within this confined space. Adding neuronavigation during
      endoscopy helps a neurosurgeon to visualize and utilize both anterior and
      posterior corridors safely to access and manage these lesions. We present three
      symptomatic posterior fossa arachnoid cysts that were treated successfully using
      minimally invasive neuronavigation-guided endoscopic neurosurgery utilizing the
      anterior transfrontal transaqueductal, anterior transfrontal transtrigonal, and
      posterior suboccipital infratentorial supracerebellar approaches.

PMID- 26968146
TI  - Altered intraoperative cerebrovascular reactivity in brain areas of high-grade
      glioma recurrence.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Current MRI sequences are limited in identifying brain areas at
      risk for high grade glioma recurrence. We employed intraoperative 3-Tesla
      functional MRI to assess cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) after high-grade glioma
      resection and analyzed regional CVR responses in areas of tumor recurrence on
      clinical follow-up imaging. METHODS: Five subjects with high-grade glioma that
      underwent an intraoperative Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) MRI CVR
      examination and had a clinical follow-up of at least 18months were selected from
      a prospective database. For this study, location of tumor recurrence was
      spatially matched to the intraoperative imaging to assess CVR response in that
      particular area. CVR is defined as the percent BOLD signal change during repeated
      cycles of apnea. RESULTS: Of the 5 subjects (mean age 44, 2 females), 4 were
      diagnosed with a WHO grade III and 1 subject with a WHO grade IV glioma. Three
      subjects exhibited a tumor recurrence on clinical follow-up MRI (mean: 15months).
      BOLD CVR measured in the spatially matched area of tumor recurrence was on
      average 94% increased (range-32% to 183%) as compared to contralateral hemisphere
      CVR response, 1.50+/-0.81 versus 1.03+/-0.46 respectively (p=0.31). CONCLUSION:
      For this first analysis in a small cohort, we found altered intraoperative CVR in
      brain areas exhibiting high grade glioma recurrence on clinical follow-up
      imaging.

PMID- 26968148
TI  - The Relationship between Carotid Stump Pressure and Changes in Motor-Evoked
      Potentials in Carotid Endarterectomy Patients.
AB  - Background The threshold of ischemic tolerance has not been completely identified
      in human clinical studies. Distal carotid artery pressure can be easily measured
      through the internal shunt tube during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). To confirm
      the critical threshold of intracranial arterial pressure and its maximum
      duration, we investigated the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) pressure and
      motor-evoked potential (MEP) changes during ICA clamping. Material and Methods
      Between September 2012 and March 2014, 9 patients (10 sides) with carotid
      stenosis (70-99%) were surgically treated at our hospital. All CEAs were
      performed under general anesthesia, and we routinely used a carotid shunt with
      the intraoperative MEP monitors. When the MEP amplitude decreased to < 50% of the
      control during carotid clamping, the MEP amplitude was defined as significantly
      reduced. Results The MEP amplitude significantly decreased in 2 of the 10
      procedures (20%) during ICA clamping. The mean distal ICA pressure varied widely,
      ranging from 13 to 48 mm Hg. In seven cases with a mean distal ICA pressure > 20
      mm Hg, there were no significant changes in the MEP during ICA clamping. However,
      there were three cases with a mean distal ICA pressure < 20 mm Hg, and the MEP
      amplitude significantly decreased in two of those three patients from 4 to 5
      minutes after clamping. Conclusions The present study provides considerable
      information about a higher incidence of MEP amplitude deterioration in CEA
      patients with a mean distal ICA pressure < 20 mm Hg during ICA clamping. 

PMID- 26968149
TI  - The art of design.

PMID- 26968150
TI  - Genetic parameters for milk fatty acids, milk yield and quality traits of a
      Holstein cattle population reared under tropical conditions.
AB  - Information about genetic parameters is essential for selection decisions and
      genetic evaluation. These estimates are population specific; however, there are
      few studies with dairy cattle populations reared under tropical and sub-tropical
      conditions. Thus, the aim was to obtain estimates of heritability and genetic
      correlations for milk yield and quality traits using pedigree and genomic
      information from a Holstein population maintained in a tropical environment.
      Phenotypic records (n = 36 457) of 4203 cows as well as the genotypes for 57 368
      single nucleotide polymorphisms from 755 of these cows were used. Covariance
      components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method under a
      mixed animal model, considering a pedigree-based relationship matrix or a
      combined pedigree-genomic matrix. High heritabilities (around 0.30) were
      estimated for lactose and protein content in milk whereas moderate values
      (between 0.19 and 0.26) were obtained for percentages of fat, saturated fatty
      acids and palmitic acid in milk. Genetic correlations ranging from -0.38 to -0.13
      were determined between milk yield and composition traits. The smaller estimates
      compared to other similar studies can be due to poor environmental conditions,
      which may reduce genetic variability. These results highlight the importance in
      using genetic parameters estimated in the population under evaluation for
      selection decisions. 

PMID- 26968153
TI  - Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis by MC-PCR: evaluation of diagnostic
      sensitivity and specificity without gold standard.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A semi-automated magnetic capture probe-based DNA extraction and
      real-time PCR method (MC-PCR), allowing for a more efficient large-scale
      surveillance of Echinococcus multilocularis occurrence, has been developed. The
      test sensitivity has previously been evaluated using the sedimentation and
      counting technique (SCT) as a gold standard. However, as the sensitivity of the
      SCT is not 1, test characteristics of the MC-PCR was also evaluated using latent
      class analysis, a methodology not requiring a gold standard. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Test results, MC-PCR and SCT, from a previous evaluation of the MC-PCR
      using 177 foxes shot in the spring (n=108) and autumn 2012 (n=69) in high
      prevalence areas in Switzerland were used. Latent class analysis was used to
      estimate the test characteristics of the MC-PCR. Although it is not the primary
      aim of this study, estimates of the test characteristics of the SCT were also
      obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This study showed that the sensitivity of the
      MC-PCR was 0.88 [95% posterior credible interval (PCI) 0.80-0.93], which was not
      significantly different than the SCT, 0.83 (95% PCI 0.76-0.88), which is
      currently considered as the gold standard. The specificity of both tests was
      high, 0.98 (95% PCI 0.94-0.99) for the MC-PCR and 0.99 (95% PCI 0.99-1) for the
      SCT. In a previous study, using fox scats from a low prevalence area, the
      specificity of the MC-PCR was higher, 0.999% (95% PCI 0.997-1). One reason for
      the lower estimate of the specificity in this study could be that the MC-PCR
      detects DNA from infected but non-infectious rodents eaten by foxes. When using
      MC-PCR in low prevalence areas or areas free from the parasite, a positive result
      in the MC-PCR should be regarded as a true positive. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity
      of the MC-PCR (0.88) was comparable to the sensitivity of SCT (0.83).

PMID- 26968152
TI  - Self-Reported bruxism and associated factors in Israeli adolescents.
AB  - Little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of sleep and awake
      bruxism (SB and AB) in adolescents. The aims of the study were: to assess the
      prevalence rates of self-reported SB and AB in Israeli adolescents; to determine
      the associations between SB/AB and several demographical, exogenous and
      psychosocial factors in Israeli adolescents; and to investigate the possible
      concordance between SB and AB. The study made use of a questionnaire. The study
      population included 1000 students from different high schools in the centre of
      Israel. Prevalence of self-reported SB and AB in the Israeli adolescents studied
      was 9.2% and 19.2%, respectively. No gender difference was found regarding the
      prevalence of SB and AB. Multiple variable regression analysis revealed that the
      following predicting variables were related to SB: temporomandibular joint sounds
      (P = 0.002) and feeling stressed (P = 0.001). The following predicting variables
      were related to AB: age (P = 0.018), temporomandibular joint sounds (P = 0.002),
      oro-facial pain (P = 0.006), and feeling stressed (P = 0.002) or sad (P = 0.006).
      A significant association was found between SB and AB; that is, an individual
      reporting SB had a higher probability of reporting AB compared with an individual
      who did not report SB (odds ratio = 5.099). Chewing gum was the most common
      parafunction reported by adolescents. The results of this study demonstrate that
      self-reports of AB and SB are common in the Israeli adolescents population
      studied and are not related to gender. The significant correlation found between
      SB and AB may be a confounding bias that affects proper diagnosis of bruxism
      through self-reported questionnaires only. 

PMID- 26968151
TI  - An examination of the language construct in NIMH's research domain criteria: Time
      for reconceptualization!
AB  - The National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
      Initiative "calls for the development of new ways of classifying psychopathology
      based on dimensions of observable behavior." As a result of this ambitious
      initiative, language has been identified as an independent construct in the RDoC
      matrix. In this article, we frame language within an evolutionary and
      neuropsychological context and discuss some of the limitations to the current
      measurements of language. Findings from genomics and the neuroimaging of
      performance during language tasks are discussed in relation to serious mental
      illness and within the context of caveats regarding measuring language. Indeed,
      the data collection and analysis methods employed to assay language have been
      both aided and constrained by the available technologies, methodologies, and
      conceptual definitions. Consequently, different fields of language research show
      inconsistent definitions of language that have become increasingly broad over
      time. Individually, they have also shown significant improvements in conceptual
      resolution, as well as in experimental and analytic techniques. More recently,
      language research has embraced collaborations across disciplines, notably
      neuroscience, cognitive science, and computational linguistics and has ultimately
      re-defined classical ideas of language. As we move forward, the new models of
      language with their remarkably multifaceted constructs force a re-examination of
      the NIMH RDoC conceptualization of language and thus the neuroscience and
      genetics underlying this concept. (c) 2016 The Authors. American Journal of
      Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26968154
TI  - Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in rural and urban communities from Los Rios
      Region, Chile.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent protozoan infection with a complex
      lifecycle and wide profile of risk factors. The impact of congenital infection is
      well documented; however, there is increasing evidence of a much broader range of
      potential health outcomes and the need to improve our understanding of the
      transmission patterns and infection sources in the overall population. This study
      examined the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in distinct community types from a
      highly endemic area of Chile. METHODS: A cross-sectional serosurvey was carried
      out in households from urban slums, rural villages, and farms which included
      collection of blood samples, as well as data on sociodemographic, behavioral, and
      spatial variables. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of T. gondii
      specific IgG antibodies. Avidity index was obtained for IgG-positive samples.
      Mixed-effects regression modeling was used to identify associations with relevant
      risk factors. RESULTS: Crude seroprevalence was 55.9% (95% CI: 52.6-59.1%) with
      no difference by community type. Results are indicative of early exposure to the
      parasite, including 40% of 13- to 17-year olds who were already seropositive.
      Sociodemographic factors associated with seropositivity included age,
      occupations, and income. However, sex modified the effect of occupation as well
      as of income. Practices associated with increased seropositivity were consumption
      of sheep and locally produced vegetables as well as cleaning household barns or
      sheds. Boiling water for household use was a protective factor. Living on a
      sloped terrain without vegetation was a protective factor, while living in an
      area with high flow accumulation index was a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS:
      Seroprevalence of infection was high in both rural and urban slum communities
      with unique risk factor profiles for each community type. Findings highlight the
      role of the household and the community environment as influential factors in the
      epidemiology of the infection. Increasing awareness is needed at the health care
      and public health levels to establish disease burden and options for suitable
      control programs.

PMID- 26968155
TI  - Long-term trends of suicide by choice of method in Norway: a joinpoint regression
      analysis of data from 1969 to 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suicide mortality and the rates by specific methods in a population
      may change over time in response to concurrent changes in relevant factors in
      society. This study aimed to identify significant changing points in method
      specific suicide mortality from 1969 to 2012 in Norway. METHOD: Data on suicide
      mortality by specific methods and by sex and age were retrieved from the
      Norwegian Cause-of-Death Register. Long-term trends in age-standardized rates of
      suicide mortality were analyzed by using joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS:
      The most frequently used suicide method in the total population was hanging,
      followed by poisoning and firearms. Men chose suicide by firearms more often than
      women, whereas poisoning and drowning were more frequently used by women. The
      joinpoint analysis revealed that the overall trend of suicide mortality
      significantly changed twice along the period of 1969 to 2012 for both sexes. The
      male age-standardized suicide rate increased by 3.1% per year until 1989, and
      decreased by 1.2% per year between 1994 and 2012. Among females the long-term
      suicide rate increased by 4.0% per year until 1988, decreased by 5.5% through
      1995, and then stabilized. Both sexes experienced an upward trend for suicide by
      hanging during the 44-year observation period, with a particularly significant
      increase in 15-24 year old males. The most distinct change among men was seen for
      firearms after 1988 with a significant decrease through 2012 of around 5% per
      year. For women, significant reductions since 1985-88 were observed for suicide
      by drowning and poisoning. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates different
      time trends for different suicide methods with significant reductions in suicide
      by firearms, drowning and poisoning after the peak in the suicide rate in the
      late 1980s. Suicide by means of hanging continuously increased, but did not fully
      compensate for the reduced use of other methods. This lends some support for the
      effectiveness of method-specific suicide preventive measures, such as
      restrictions to the access to firearms, which had been implemented in Norway
      during the relevant time period.

PMID- 26968156
TI  - Lack of efficacy of imiquimod in patients with basal cell carcinoma previously
      treated with rituximab for B cell lymphoma: two case reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a heterogeneous group, which involve either
      B or T lymphocytes. The most used treatment is a chemotherapy regimen, which
      includes cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin and prednisone combined
      with rituximab - a monoclonal antibody specific for CD20 - an antigen expressed
      on B lymphocyte membrane. Nonmelanoma skin cancers are the most common forms in
      patients who have lymphomas. CASE PRESENTATION: We reported the cases of two
      Caucasian men affected by non-Hodgkin disease, treated with chemotherapy and
      rituximab. After treatment, they both presented superficial basal cell carcinoma
      and we prescribed imiquimod 5 % cream. Unfortunately, the drug was not effective
      in either patient and the tumors were excised. CONCLUSIONS: We speculated about
      the effect of rituximab on B lymphocytes, on a particular population of T cells
      and on antigen-presenting dendritic cells that may have determined a lower
      expression of some surface antigens involved in antigen presentation. These cells
      are the specific targets of imiquimod to promote skin cancer cells apoptosis. A
      lack of action by imiquimod on skin cancer after treatment with rituximab is
      likely due to its transitory inhibitory effects on lymphocytes and Langherans
      cells. Further studies could be useful to understand the mechanism behind the
      lack of response.

PMID- 26968158
TI  - De novo transcriptome assembly of the grapevine phylloxera allows identification
      of genes differentially expressed between leaf- and root-feeding forms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Grapevine phylloxera, an insect related to true aphids, is a major
      historic pest of viticulture only controlled through the selection of resistant
      rootstocks or through quarantine regulations where grapevine is cultivated own
      rooted. Transcriptomic data could help understand the bases of its original life
      traits, including a striking case of polyphenism, with forms feeding on roots and
      forms feeding in leaf-galls. Comparisons with true aphids (for which complete
      genomes have been sequenced) should also allow to link differences in life-traits
      of the two groups with changes in gene repertoires or shifts in patterns of
      expression. RESULTS: We sequenced transcriptomes of the grapevine phylloxera
      (Illumina technology), choosing three life-stages (adults on roots or on leaf
      galls, and eggs) to cover a large catalogue of transcripts, and performed a de
      novo assembly. This resulted in 105,697 contigs, which were annotated: most
      contigs had a best blastx hit to the pea aphid (phylogenetically closest complete
      genome), while very few bacterial hits were recorded (except for
      Probionibacterium acnes). Coding sequences were predicted from this data set
      (17,372 sequences), revealing an extremely high AT-bias (at the third codon
      position). Differential expression (DE) analysis among root-feeding and gall
      feeding showed that i) the root-feeding form displayed a much larger number of
      differentially expressed transcripts ii) root-feeding biased genes were enriched
      in some categories, for example cuticular proteins and genes associated with cell
      cell signaling iii) leaf-galling-biased genes were enriched in genes associated
      with the nucleus and DNA-replication, suggesting a metabolism more oriented
      towards fast and active multiplication. We also identified a gene family with a
      very high expression level (copies totaling nearly 10% of the reads) in the
      grapevine phylloxera (both in root and leaf galling forms), but usually expressed
      at very low levels in true aphids (except in sexual oviparous females). These
      transcripts thus appear to be associated with oviparity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      illustrated major intraspecific changes in transcriptome profiles, related with
      different life-styles (and the feeding on roots versus in leaf-galls). At a
      different scale, we could also illustrate one major shift in expression levels
      associated with changes in life-traits that occurred along evolution and that
      respectively characterize (strictly oviparous) grapevine phylloxera and (mostly
      viviparous) true aphids.

PMID- 26968159
TI  - Symptom severity of patients with advanced cancer in palliative care unit:
      longitudinal assessments of symptoms improvement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study assessed the symptom severity of patients with advanced
      cancer in a palliative care unit and explored the factors associated with symptom
      improvement. METHODS: This study was conducted in a palliative care unit in
      Taiwan between October 2004 and December 2009. Symptom intensity was measured by
      the "Symptom Reporting Form", and graded on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = none, and 4 =
      extreme). These measures were assessed on the 1(st), 3(rd), 5(th), and 7(th) Day
      in the palliative care unit. The study data comprised routine clinical records
      and patients' demographic data. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to
      assess the symptom improvement, and investigate the factors associated with the
      symptom reporting form scores. RESULTS: Among the 824 recruited patients with
      advanced cancer, pain (78.4%), anorexia (64.4%) and constipation (63.5%) were the
      most common and severe symptom. After controlling for other factors in the
      multivariate GEE model, the day of palliative care administration was a
      significant factor associated with all of the scales, except Days 7 on the
      dyspnoea and oedema scales and Day 5 on the anxiety scale. In addition, patients
      aged >= 65 years exhibited significantly lower scores on the pain, sleep
      disturbance, depression, and anxiety scales than did those aged < 65 years.
      Moreover, female patients exhibited higher scores on the vomiting, anorexia,
      oedema, depression, and anxiety scales than did male patients. Furthermore,
      patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer exhibited higher scores on the
      constipation, vomiting, anorexia, oedema, depression, and anxiety scales and
      lower scores on the dyspnoea scale than did those with lung cancer. Patients with
      breast cancer exhibited higher scores on the oedema scale and lower scores on the
      anxiety scale. Patients with genitourinary cancer exhibited higher scores on the
      vomiting and oedema scales and lower scores on the dyspnoea scale. Patients with
      head, neck, and oral cancer exhibited lower scores on the oedema scale alone.
      CONCLUSION: The symptom severity declined during the first week in the palliative
      care unit. In addition, differences in sex and primary cancer sites may
      contribute to varying degrees of symptom improvement.

PMID- 26968157
TI  - Scoping review of complexity theory in health services research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are calls for better application of theory in health services
      research. Research exploring knowledge translation and interprofessional
      collaboration are two examples, and in both areas, complexity theory has been
      identified as potentially useful. However, how best to conceptualize and
      operationalize complexity theory in health services research is uncertain. The
      purpose of this scoping review was to explore how complexity theory has been
      incorporated in health services research focused on allied health, medicine, and
      nursing in order to offer guidance for future application. Given the
      extensiveness of how complexity theory could be conceptualized and ultimately
      operationalized within health services research, a scoping review of complexity
      theory in health services research is warranted. METHODS: A scoping review of
      published research in English was conducted using CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline,
      Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. We searched terms synonymous with
      complexity theory. RESULTS: We included 44 studies in this review: 27 were
      qualitative, 14 were quantitative, and 3 were mixed methods. Case study was the
      most common method. Long-term care was the most studied setting. The majority of
      research was exploratory and focused on relationships between health care
      workers. Authors most commonly used complexity theory as a conceptual framework
      for their study. Authors described complexity theory in their research in a
      variety of ways. The most common attributes of complexity theory used in health
      services research included relationships, self-organization, and diversity. A
      common theme across descriptions of complexity theory is that authors incorporate
      aspects of the theory related to how diverse relationships and communication
      between individuals in a system can influence change. CONCLUSION: Complexity
      theory is incorporated in many ways across a variety of research designs to
      explore a multitude of phenomena.. Although complexity theory shows promise in
      health services research, particularly related to relationships and interactions,
      conceptual confusion and inconsistent application hinders the operationalization
      of this potentially important perspective. Generalizability from studies that
      incorporate complexity theory is, therefore, difficult. Heterogeneous
      conceptualization and operationalization of complexity theory in health services
      research suggests there is no universally agreed upon approach of how to use this
      theory in health services research. Future research should include clear
      definitions and descriptions of complexity and how it was used in studies. Clear
      reporting will aid in determining how best to use complexity theory in health
      services research.

PMID- 26968161
TI  - What helps or hinders the transformation from a major tertiary center to a major
      trauma center? Identifying barriers and enablers using the Theoretical Domains
      Framework.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Major Trauma Centers (MTCs), as part of a trauma system, improve
      survival and functional outcomes from injury. Developing such centers from
      current teaching hospitals is likely to generate diverse beliefs amongst staff.
      These may act as barriers or enablers. Prior identification of these may make the
      service development process more efficient. The importance of applying theory to
      systematically identify barriers and enablers to changing clinical practice in
      emergency medicine has been emphasized. This study systematically explored theory
      based barriers and enablers towards implementing the transformation of a tertiary
      hospital into a MTC. Our goal was to demonstrate the use of a replicable method
      to identify targets that could be addressed to achieve a successful
      transformation from an organization evolved to provide a particular type of
      clinical care into a clinical system with different demands, requirements and
      expectations. METHODS: The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) is a tool designed
      to elicit and analyze beliefs affecting behavior. Semi-structured interviews
      based around the TDF were conducted in a major tertiary hospital in Scotland due
      to become a MTC with a purposive sample of major stakeholders including
      clinicians and nurses from specialties involved in trauma care, clinical managers
      and administration. Belief statements were identified through qualitative
      analysis, and assessed for importance according to prevalence, discordance and
      evidence base. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 1728 utterances were recorded and coded
      into 91 belief statements. 58 were classified as important barriers/enablers.
      There were major concerns about resource demands, with optimism conditional on
      these being met. Distracting priorities abound within the Emergency Department.
      Better communication is needed. Staff motivation is high and they should be
      engaged in skills development and developing performance improvement processes.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a systematic and replicable method of
      identifying theory-based barriers and enablers towards complex service
      development. It identifies multiple barriers/enablers that may serve as a basis
      for developing an implementation intervention to enhance the development of MTCs.
      This method can be used to address similar challenges in developing specialist
      centers or implementing clinical practice change in emergency care across both
      developing and developed countries.

PMID- 26968160
TI  - Novel spotted fever group rickettsiae in Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks from
      Gansu, Northwest China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rickettsia spp. are obligate intracellular bacteria and well known as
      transmitted by arthropods. These pathogens have a broad geographic distribution
      and a high degree of biological and clinical diversity. This study was conducted
      to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of Rickettsia spp. in
      ticks collected from Gansu, where Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma
      phagocytophilum were previously reported in ticks and ruminants. METHODS: A total
      of 1,583 questing Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis ticks were collected and tested for
      the presence of Rickettsia spp. gltA gene by PCR. Samples positive for gltA were
      examined by specific primers targeted for the ompA gene of SFG rickettsiae. The
      infections were further validated by sequencing and positive samples were
      genetically characterized based on the gltA and ompA genes. RESULTS: In total,
      Rickettsia spp. infection was found in 179 (18.5 %) H. qinghaiensis tick pools by
      using PCR and primers specific for the gltA gene. Of those, 157 (16.3 %) tick
      pools were positive for SFG rickettsiae by PCR based on ompA gene. Amplification
      and molecular analysis of the nucleotide sequences of gltA and ompA genes
      indicated three potential novel spotted fever group rickettsiae in H.
      qinghaiensis ticks. These three potential novel spotted fever group rickettsiae
      were clustered together in a subgroup, which represents a sister taxon to and
      separates from other known four SFG rickettsiae subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study revealed a high infection rate of SFG rickettsiae in H. qinghaiensis ticks
      in northwest China. Three potential novel spotted fever group rickettsiae
      classified into a novel SFG rickettsiae subgroup were identified and named
      "Candidatus Rickettsia gannanii" related strains in recognition of the location
      where it was first detected.

PMID- 26968162
TI  - Acute cholangitis in an old patient with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II - a case
      report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Crigler-Najjar syndrome (CN) is a very rare genetic disorder
      characterized by an inability to conjugate bilirubin. Contrary to CN type I,
      patients with CN II exhibit residual capacity to conjugate bilirubin and may
      present a normal life expectancy. CASE PRESENTATION: We report an unusual late
      diagnosis of CN type II in an 80-year-old female admitted with severe acute
      cholangitis. While the patient present typical clinical and radiologic signs of
      bile duct obstruction and cholangitis, her blood analysis showed severe
      unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      confirmed the diagnosis and allowed therapeutic intervention. The
      anatomopathologic examination of her gallbladder following cholecystectomy showed
      signs of chronic cholecystitis. CONCLUSION: The risk of gallstone disease may be
      increased in patients with CN syndrome. While unusual, we alert to this curious
      and potential life-threatening presentation.

PMID- 26968166
TI  - Characteristics and Correlates of Word Use in Physician-Patient Communication.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have described and evaluated communication in
      healthcare contexts, but these studies have focused on broad content and complex
      units of behavior. Growing evidence reveals the predictive power and importance
      of precise linguistic characteristics of communication. PURPOSE: This study aims
      to document characteristics, predictors, and correlates of word use within
      specific linguistic categories by physicians and patients during a healthcare
      visit. METHODS: Conversations between patients (n = 145) and their physician (n =
      6) were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry Word
      Count software. Patients also completed questionnaires prior to and immediately
      following the visit and (for a subset of patients) at a follow-up visit, which
      assessed patients' demographics, how much they liked the physician, and self
      reported adherence. Physicians completed a questionnaire following the initial
      visit that assessed the patient's health status, the physician's optimism
      regarding the upcoming treatment, and satisfaction with the productivity of the
      visit. RESULTS: Patients and physicians differed in the extent of their word use
      in key linguistic categories, while also maintaining significant linguistic
      synchrony. Demographic characteristics and health status predicted variability in
      patients' and physicians' word use, and word use predicted key visit outcomes.
      Most notably, patients liked their physician more when physicians used fewer
      negative emotion words and were less adherent when physicians used more singular
      first-person pronouns. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal patterns in the way
      physicians speak to patients who vary in their demographic characteristics and
      health status and point to potentially fruitful targets for linguistic
      interventions with both physicians and patients.

PMID- 26968164
TI  - A de novo CTNNB1 nonsense mutation associated with syndromic atypical
      hyperekplexia, microcephaly and intellectual disability: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In addition to its role in cell adhesion and gene expression in the
      canonical Wingless/integrated Wnt signaling pathway, beta-catenin also regulates
      genes that underlie the transmission of nerve impulses. Mutations of CTNNB1 (beta
      catenin) have recently been described in patients with a wide range of
      neurodevelopmental disorders (intellectual disability, microcephaly and other
      syndromic features). We for the first time associate CTNNB1 mutation with
      hyperekplexia identifying it as an additional candidate for consideration in
      patients with startle syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe an 11 year old
      male Polish patient with a de novo nonsense mutation in CTNNB1 who in addition to
      the major features of CTNNB1-related syndrome including intellectual disability
      and microcephaly, exhibited hyperekplexia and apraxia of upward gaze. The patient
      became symptomatic at the age of 20 months exhibiting delayed speech and
      psychomotor development. Social and emotional development was normal but mild
      hyperactivity was noted. Episodic falls when startled by noise or touch were
      observed from the age of 8.5 years, progressively increasing but never with loss
      of consciousness. Targeted gene panel next generation sequencing (NGS) and
      patient-parents trio analysis revealed a heterozygous de novo nonsense mutation
      in exon 3 of CTNNB1 identifying a novel association of beta-catenin with
      hyperekplexia. CONCLUSION: We report for the first time a clear association of
      mutation in CTNNB1 with an atypical syndromic heperekplexia expanding the
      phenotype of CTNNB1-related syndrome. Consequently CTNNB1 should be added to the
      growing list of genes to be considered as a cause of startle disease or syndromic
      hyperekplexia.

PMID- 26968165
TI  - Vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants from Montreal, Canada: 25
      hydroxyvitamin D and bone health effects from a follow-up study at 3 years of
      age.
AB  - Whether infant vitamin D supplementation may have long-term bone benefits is
      unclear. In this study, breastfed infants who received vitamin dosages greater
      than 400 IU/day did not have higher bone mineralization at 3 years. This study
      provides important data to inform pediatric public health recommendations for
      vitamin D. INTRODUCTION: North American health agencies recommend breastfed
      infants should be supplemented with 400 IU of vitamin D/day to support bone
      health. Few studies examined the long-term benefits of early life vitamin D
      supplementation on bone mineralization. The objective of this study was to
      determine if a dose-response relationship exists between infant vitamin D
      supplementation, vitamin D status, and bone outcomes at 3 years of age. METHODS:
      This was a double-blind randomized trial of 132, 1-month-old healthy, breastfed
      infants from Montreal, Canada, between 2007 and 2010. In this longitudinal
      analysis, 87 infants (66 %) returned for follow-up at 3 years of age, between
      2010 and 2013. At 1 month of age, participants were randomly assigned to receive
      oral cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplements of 400, 800, 1200, or 1600 IU/day
      until 12 months of age. Lumbar spine vertebrae 1-4 (LS) bone mineral density
      (BMD), LS and whole body bone mineral content (BMC), and mineral accretion were
      measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 3 years. RESULTS: At follow-up,
      the treatment groups were similar in terms of diet, sun exposure, and
      demographics. There were no significant differences among the groups in LS or
      whole body BMC, BMD, or accretion. Although, 25(OH)D concentrations were not
      different among the groups, higher doses (1200 and 1600 IU/day) achieved higher
      25(OH)D area under the curve from 1 to 36 months vs. 400 IU/day. CONCLUSIONS:
      This is the first longitudinal follow-up of an infant vitamin D dose-response
      study which examines bone mineralization at 3 years of age. Dosages higher than
      400 IU/day do not appear to provide additional benefits to the bone at follow-up.
      Larger studies with more ethnically diverse groups are needed to confirm these
      results.

PMID- 26968167
TI  - "There is no free here, you have to pay": actual and perceived costs as barriers
      to intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy in Mali.
AB  - BACKGROUND: "There is no free here," the words of a Malian husband, illustrate
      how perceptions of cost can deter uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of
      malaria in pregnancy (IPTp). The Malian Ministry of Health (MOH) recommends a
      minimum of three doses of IPTp at monthly intervals. However, despite a national
      policy that IPTp be provided free of charge, only 35% of pregnant women receive
      at least one dose and less than 20% receive two or more doses. METHODS: This
      study explored perceptions and experiences of IPTp cost in Mali and their impact
      on uptake, using qualitative interviews and focus groups with pregnant women,
      husbands and mothers-in-law. Study team members also interviewed and observed
      health workers at four health centres, two in Sikasso Region and two in
      Koulikoro. RESULTS: Despite national-level policies, actual IPTp costs varied
      widely at study sites-between facilities, and visits. Pregnant women may pay for
      IPTp, receive it free, or both at different times. Health centres often charge a
      lump sum for antenatal care (ANC) visits that includes both free and fee-based
      drugs and services. This makes it difficult for women and families to distinguish
      between free services and those requiring payment. As a result, some forego free
      care that, because it is bundled with other fee-based services and medications,
      appears not to be free. Varying costs also complicate household budgeting for
      health care, particularly as women often rely on their husbands for money.
      Finally, while health facilities operating under the cost-recovery model strive
      to provide free IPTp, their own financial constraints often make this impossible.
      CONCLUSIONS: Both actual and perceived costs are currently barriers to IPTp
      uptake. Given the confusion around cost of services in the two study regions,
      more detailed national-level studies of both perceived and actual costs could
      help inform policy and programme decisions promoting IPTp. These studies should
      evaluate both quantitatively and qualitatively the cost information provided to
      and understood by pregnant women and their families. Meanwhile, unbundling free
      and fee-based services, making clear that IPTp is free, and ensuring that it is
      provided at no cost could help increase uptake. Free community-based distribution
      might be another route to increased uptake and adherence.

PMID- 26968168
TI  - Single-pollen genotyping to estimate mode of unreduced pollen formation in Citrus
      tamurana cv. Nishiuchi Konatsu.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: 2n pollen formed by FDR in citrus. The Japanese local citrus
      cultivar, Nishiuchi Konatsu (Citrus tamurana hort. ex Tanaka; NK hereafter), has
      the ability to produce unreduced 2n pollen grains, allowing generation of
      polyploid progenies via sexual polyploidization. In this study, we developed a
      method of single-pollen genotyping for citrus and applied it to the analysis of
      transmission of heterozygosity in NK 2n pollen grains. Heterozygosity
      transmission was expressed as the percentage inheritance of a set of heterozygous
      alleles from the parent to the 2n gamete. The pathway of 2n pollen development
      was investigated by applying the observed heterozygosity transmission and genetic
      distance to two different map functions, for first division restitution (FDR) and
      second division restitution (SDR). The fit of the values observed for both
      functions was calculated, while virtually moving the centromere position. We
      screened for six heterozygous SSR (codominant microsatellite marker loci) in NK,
      all of which were expected to lie within the same linkage group. Pollen
      germination prior to DNA extraction was essential for this work, and 6-h
      incubation proved to be optimal for subsequent PCR amplification. Single-pollen
      genotyping unreduced NK 2n pollen grains revealed that heterozygosity
      transmission exceeded 50 % in all six alleles, and fitness tests indicated that
      the FDR map function better fitted the heterozygosity transmission observed
      rather than the SDR function. Our data thus strongly indicate that 2n pollen in
      NK is a result of first division restitution.

PMID- 26968170
TI  - Severe catheter kinking and entrapment during transbrachial angiography:
      percutaneous retrieval with a slender approach.
AB  - A 74-year-old man previously treated with bilateral femoro-popliteal bypass was
      referred to our hospital for the treatment of a severely tangled 4-Fr diagnostic
      catheter in the right brachial artery. We inserted a 5-Fr sheath introducer from
      the proximal right femoral artery and advanced a 5-Fr JR catheter to the right
      brachial artery. A Sion coronary guidewire was then advanced for the tip of the
      tangled catheter, and a 4-mm gooseneck snare catheter was inserted through the
      guidewire. The tip of the catheter was caught and successfully removed after
      clockwise untwisting. The patient was discharged the next day without any
      complications.

PMID- 26968169
TI  - Reduction in incomplete stent apposition area caused by jailed struts after
      single stenting at left main bifurcation lesions: micro-CT analysis using a three
      dimensional elastic bifurcated coronary artery model.
AB  - Stent struts protruding into ostial side branch called "jailed strut" at
      bifurcation lesions is a likely cause of thrombus formation. We aimed to
      investigate the influences of multiple kissing balloon inflation (KBI) for stent
      expansion, and stent platform design, respectively, on the reduction of
      incomplete stent apposition area (ISA area) caused by jailed struts at a side
      branch ostium, using a three-dimensional elastic left main (LM) bifurcated
      coronary artery model. The referenced LM bifurcation angle data of 209 patients
      were stratified by tertiles focusing on the angle between the LM trunk (LMT) and
      left anterior descending artery (LAD). A bifurcation model was fabricated with
      angles of 129 degrees , 122.2 degrees , and 76.4 degrees  for LMT-LAD, LMT-left
      circumflex (LCx), and LAD-LCx, respectively, and with diameters of 5, 3.75, and
      3.5 mm for LMT, LAD, and LCx, respectively; these diameters fulfill Murray's law.
      A 75 % stenosis was included along the LMT. One-time and three-time KBIs were
      conducted using two-link Nobori and three-link Xience Xpedition (n = 6 each). The
      ISA area was quantified using micro-CT. Three-time KBI was effective in reducing
      the ISA area compared with one-time KBI for both the Nobori (p = 0.05) and Xience
      Xpedition (p = 0.07). The ISA area was smaller in the Nobori than in the Xience
      Xpedition, both in one-time and three-time KBI (one-time KBI: p = 0.003; three
      time KBI: p = 0.001). Our findings of this study on reducing the ISA area by
      focusing on an interventional technique and stent design may help to improve
      coronary bifurcation intervention for a possibly better long-term clinical
      outcome.

PMID- 26968171
TI  - Transradial retrieval of unintentionally extracted stent deployed 8 months prior
      during percutaneous coronary intervention to the stent-jailed side branch.
AB  - We experienced a case in which a previously deployed stent was extracted during a
      percutaneous coronary intervention to the stent-jailed side branch by the
      transradial approach. The stent was dislodged in the radial artery, was fully
      expanded, and partially deformed, making it difficult to retrieve via the radial
      sheath. Using a handmade flared guiding catheter, the expanded deformed stent was
      successfully retrieved via a 6-Fr radial sheath.

PMID- 26968173
TI  - Immunohistochemistry on IDH 1/2, ATRX, p53 and Ki-67 substitute molecular genetic
      testing and predict patient prognosis in grade III adult diffuse gliomas.
AB  - The molecular subgrouping of diffuse gliomas was recently found to stratify
      patients into prognostically distinct groups better than histological
      classification. Among several molecular parameters, the key molecules for the
      subtype diagnosis of diffuse gliomas are IDH mutation, 1p/19q co-deletion, and
      ATRX mutation; 1p/19q co-deletion is undetectable by immunohistochemistry, but is
      mutually exclusive with ATRX and p53 mutation in IDH mutant gliomas. Therefore,
      we applied ATRX and p53 immunohistochemistry instead of 1p/19q co-deletion
      analysis. The prognostic value of immunohistochemical diagnosis for Grade III
      gliomas was subsequently investigated. Then, the same immunohistochmical
      diagnostic approach was expanded for the evaluation of Grade II and IV diffuse
      glioma prognosis. The results indicate immunohistochemical analysis including
      IDH1/2, ATRX, p53, and Ki-67 index is valuable for the classification of diffuse
      gliomas, which is useful for the evaluation of prognosis, especially Grade III
      gliomas and lower-grade gliomas (i.e., Grade II and III). 

PMID- 26968174
TI  - Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System: A Review in Acute Postoperative Pain.
AB  - Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) [Ionsys((r))] is indicated for
      the management of acute postoperative pain in adults requiring opioid analgesia
      in the hospital setting. This article reviews the clinical use of fentanyl ITS
      for postoperative pain management, and summarizes the pharmacology of fentanyl
      and the characteristics of the two-component fentanyl ITS (Ionsys((r))) device.
      In well-designed, multicentre clinical trials, fentanyl ITS was an effective and
      generally well tolerated method for managing acute postoperative pain in
      inpatients who had undergone major abdominal, thoracic or orthopaedic surgery.
      Overall, fentanyl ITS provided equivalent analgesic efficacy to that with
      morphine patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), but was perceived to be
      more convenient/easier to use than morphine PCIA by patients, nurses and physical
      therapists. Patients receiving fentanyl ITS also had a greater ability to
      mobilize after surgery than patients receiving morphine PCIA. In addition,
      relative to morphine PCIA, fentanyl ITS offers advantages in terms of the
      noninvasive administrative route (i.e. transdermal needle-free administration),
      pre-programmed delivery (no risk of programming errors/incorrect dosing) and
      improved tolerability with regard to the overall incidence of opioid-related
      adverse events (ORAEs) and some individual ORAEs. Hence, fentanyl ITS is a useful
      option for the management of acute postoperative pain in adults requiring opioid
      analgesia in the hospital setting. 

PMID- 26968176
TI  - A case of brain calcifications in postsurgical hypoparathyroidism.

PMID- 26968172
TI  - MicroRNA and extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma: small but powerful.
AB  - To promote the tumor growth, angiogenesis, metabolism, and invasion, glioblastoma
      (GBM) cells subvert the surrounding microenvironment by influencing the
      endogenous activity of other brain cells including endothelial cells,
      macrophages, astrocytes, and microglia. Large number of studies indicates that
      the intra-cellular communication between the different cell types of the GBM
      microenvironment occurs through the functional transfer of oncogenic components
      such as proteins, non-coding RNAs, DNA and lipids via the release and uptake of
      extracellular vesicles (EVs). Unlike the communication through the secretion of
      chemokines and cytokines, the transfer and gene silencing activity of microRNAs
      through EVs is more complex as the biogenesis and proper packaging of microRNAs
      is crucial for their uptake by recipient cells. Although the specific mechanism
      of EV-derived microRNA uptake and processing in recipient cells is largely
      unknown, the screening, identifying and finally targeting of the EV-associated
      pro-tumorigenic microRNAs are emerging as new therapeutic strategy to combat the
      GBM. 

PMID- 26968177
TI  - Stimulant medication and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: a tale of two
      cases.
AB  - Stimulant medication may mimic the tachycardia of postural orthostatic
      tachycardia syndrome. Two case histories illustrate how missing the clinical
      distinction between a primary dysautonomia and a medication effect may have
      avoidable adverse consequences.

PMID- 26968178
TI  - Impaired orthostatic blood pressure recovery and cognitive performance at two
      year follow up in older adults: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prospective investigations of the association between impaired
      orthostatic blood pressure (BP) regulation and cognitive decline in older adults
      are limited, and findings to-date have been mixed. The aim of this study was to
      determine whether impaired recovery of orthostatic BP was associated with change
      in cognitive function over a 2-year period, in a population based sample of
      community dwelling older adults. METHODS: Data from the first two waves of the
      Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing were analysed. Orthostatic BP was measured
      during a lying to standing orthostatic stress protocol at wave 1 using beat-to
      beat digital plethysmography, and impaired recovery of BP at 40 s post stand was
      investigated. Cognitive function was assessed at wave 1 and wave 2 (2 years
      later) using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), verbal fluency and word recall
      tasks. RESULTS: After adjustment for measured, potential confounders, and
      multiple imputation for missing data, the change in the number of errors between
      waves on the MMSE was 10 % higher [IRR (95 % CI) = 1.10 (0.96, 1.26)] in those
      with impaired recovery at 40 s. However, this was not statistically significant
      (p = 0.17). Impaired BP recovery was not associated with change in performance on
      any of the other cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS: There was no clear evidence for
      an association between impaired recovery of orthostatic BP and change in
      cognition over a 2-year period in this nationally representative cohort of older
      adults. Longer follow-up and more detailed cognitive testing would be
      advantageous to further investigate the relationship between orthostatic BP and
      cognitive decline.

PMID- 26968179
TI  - Postoperative pain in patients undergoing a transcutaneous active bone conduction
      implant (Bonebridge).
AB  - The objective of the study was to evaluate postoperative pain following a
      transcutaneous active conductive hearing implant. 27 patients undergoing
      Bonebridge (BB) bone conduction implantation were evaluated with two pain-related
      questionnaires. The Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) was used to measure the degree
      of disability including none or little impact (<=49), mild (50-55), moderate (56
      59), and severe (>=60). The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was used to assess pain
      severity score and function interference (0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain);
      meaningful pain was considered to be >=3. The impact of surgical factors on
      postoperative pain was analyzed. Postoperative BB pain results were compared with
      11 Vibrant SoundbridgeTM (VSB) and 103 cochlear implant (CI) users. The mean pre-
      and postoperative HIT-6 scores for BB implantation were 42.6 and 41.8,
      respectively and the mean preoperative BPI pain severity score changed from 0.6
      to 0.9 postoperatively, whereas the preoperative interference score changed from
      0.1 to 0.3. None of the mean postoperative values revealed significant pain. The
      retrosigmoid approach, the need for dural or sinus compression, and the use of
      bone conduction implant lifts had no significant impact on pain scores. The mean
      postoperative HIT-6 pain scores for patients with BB, VSB, and CI were 41.8,
      46.4, and 42.8, respectively, with the differences not being significant. BB
      implantation causes no significant postoperative pain irrespective of sinus or
      dura compression. Pain scores were similar to those experienced by patients with
      other transcutaneous auditory implants such as middle ear or CIs.

PMID- 26968181
TI  - Organic pollution of the Buyuk Menderes River, Turkey and effects on aquaculture.
AB  - Water quality was measured at eight stations on the Buyuk Menderes River in
      Turkey (Adiguzel dam, Yenice regulator, Saraykoy bridge, Feslek regulator,
      Yenipazar bridge, Aydin bridge, Kocarli bridge, Soke regulator) between 2000 and
      2013 in February, April, June, August, October and December. The resulting data
      were evaluated in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen
      demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammoniac-nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrite-nitrogen
      (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and orthophosphate (o-PO4) aquaculture.
      According to the analysis, while river water pollution generally varied during
      each year, samples from certain measurement points demonstrated high pollution
      levels throughout the year. In this study, water parameters were classified
      according to the "Turkish water pollution control regulation." The studied
      parameters are also compared with TS 266 and WHO guidelines. While levels at
      Saraykoy station were generally higher than other stations, values at Adiguzel
      dam were the lowest, giving it the best water quality of the eight stations. The
      highest values on a yearly basis were obtained in 2007 due to the severe drought
      in the Menderes basin within which irrigation water levels fell to 4255 m(3)/ha.
      The BOD, COD levels are the lowest in 2009 and highest in 2007; the DO level is
      lowest in 2007 and highest in 2009; NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N parameters are the
      lowest in 2007 and highest in 2009; and the o-PO4 are at the lowest level in 2004
      and seen as the highest in 2007. Analysis of the data was performed by SPSS 21
      statistics program. One direction ANOVA was applied to the data, which were also
      subject to Tukey multiple comparison tests. Differences between groups were
      evaluated at p < 0.05. Box-plot graphs were used to demonstrate the data
      distribution. In the study, it was analyzed, the effect of fish species and
      pollution involved in the Buyuk Menderes River so far on fish species. 

PMID- 26968180
TI  - Iterative metal artifact reduction improves dose calculation accuracy : Phantom
      study with dental implants.
AB  - PURPOSE: Metallic dental implants cause severe streaking artifacts in computed
      tomography (CT) data, which affect the accuracy of dose calculations in radiation
      therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the benefit of the metal
      artifact reduction algorithm iterative metal artifact reduction (iMAR) in terms
      of correct representation of Hounsfield units (HU) and dose calculation accuracy.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heterogeneous phantoms consisting of different types of
      tissue equivalent material surrounding metallic dental implants were designed.
      Artifact-containing CT data of the phantoms were corrected using iMAR. Corrected
      and uncorrected CT data were compared to synthetic CT data to evaluate accuracy
      of HU reproduction. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric
      modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were calculated in Oncentra v4.3 on corrected
      and uncorrected CT data and compared to GafchromicTM EBT3 films to assess
      accuracy of dose calculation. RESULTS: The use of iMAR increased the accuracy of
      HU reproduction. The average deviation of HU decreased from 1006 HU to 408 HU in
      areas including metal and from 283 HU to 33 HU in tissue areas excluding metal.
      Dose calculation accuracy could be significantly improved for all phantoms and
      plans: The mean passing rate for gamma evaluation with 3 % dose tolerance and 3
      mm distance to agreement increased from 90.6 % to 96.2 % if artifacts were
      corrected by iMAR. CONCLUSION: The application of iMAR allows metal artifacts to
      be removed to a great extent which leads to a significant increase in dose
      calculation accuracy.

PMID- 26968182
TI  - Individual exposure of graduate students to PM2.5 and black carbon in Shanghai,
      China.
AB  - The personal exposure of 51 graduate students to PM2.5 and BC in Shanghai was
      evaluated using portable PM2.5 and BC samplers. Global positioning systems and
      activity diaries were used to evaluate the microenvironments/activities that
      contributed to the total daily exposure of the participants, as well as to
      accurately estimate the PM2.5 and BC doses received by each participant. The mean
      PM2.5 and BC exposure concentrations were 110.0 and 5.3 MUg m(-3), respectively.
      These exposure levels were considered extremely high and comparable to those
      measured in a busy urban street canyon for 24 h. High daily inhaled doses in
      terms of both PM2.5 and BC concentrations were measured, obtaining 1062.2 and
      45.9 MUg day(-1), respectively. Indoor activities significantly contributed to
      the students' daily dose. Eating contributed the least to PM2.5 and BC exposure,
      whereas outdoor activities contributed the most. PM2.5 dose intensity from indoor
      eating slightly exceeded BC dose intensity; conversely, transportation showed
      higher exposure for BC than PM2.5. 

PMID- 26968184
TI  - Solitary immunoglobulin G4-related inflammatory pseudotumor in the abdomen wall.

PMID- 26968183
TI  - Evidence for a Complex Relationship Among Weight Retention, Cortisol and
      Breastfeeding in Postpartum Women.
AB  - Objective To assess the relationship between cortisol slope, a biologic marker of
      stress, and postpartum weight retention. Methods We included 696 women in a
      secondary analysis from a multi-site study conducted using principles of
      community-based participatory research to study multi-level sources of stress on
      pregnancy outcomes. As a stress marker, we included salivary cortisol slope; the
      rate of cortisol decline across the day. Pre-pregnancy weight and demographic
      data were obtained from the medical records. At 6 months postpartum, patients
      were weighed and returned saliva samples. We built stepwise regression models to
      assess the effect of demographic variables, cortisol slope and cortisol
      covariates (wake time, tobacco use and breastfeeding) on postpartum weight
      retention. Results 45.5 % of participants were African American, 29.2 % White,
      and 25.3 % Hispanic. Of the Hispanic women 62.5 % were Spanish speaking and 37.5
      % were English speaking. In general, participants were young, multiparous, and
      overweight. Postpartum, almost half (47.6 %) of women studied retained >10 lbs.
      In multivariable analysis including age, pre-pregnancy BMI and public insurance,
      cortisol slope was significantly associated with weight retention (beta = -1.90,
      95 % CI = 0.22-3.58). However, when the model was adjusted for the cortisol
      covariates, breastfeeding (beta = -0.63, 95 % CI = -1.01 to -0.24) and public
      insurance (beta = 0.62, 95 % CI = 0.20-1.04) were the two strongest correlates of
      weight retention. Conclusions for Practice The association between cortisol slope
      and postpartum weight retention appears to be influenced breastfeeding status.

PMID- 26968185
TI  - Expressive aphasia as the manifestation of hyperglycemic crisis in type 2
      diabetes.

PMID- 26968187
TI  - Xanthoma striatum palmare.

PMID- 26968186
TI  - Occurrence of sarcoidosis after chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

PMID- 26968188
TI  - Clinicopathologic significance of tumor microenvironment CD11c, and FOXP3
      expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients receiving rituximab,
      cyclophosphamide, anthracycline, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) combination
      chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: CD11c is a dendritic cell marker in humans, which potentially
      induces a cytotoxic effect on lymphoma cells. Forkhead boxP3 (FOXP3) is a
      regulator of T lymphocyte in the microenvironment of the lymphoma. The principal
      objective of this study was to determine whether the tumors' microenvironment
      expressions of CD11c and FOXP3 are predictive of clinical outcomes in diffuse
      large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients receiving treatment with rituximab,
      cyclophosphamide, anthracycline, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) combination
      chemotherapy. METHODS: The study population consisted of 100 patients with DLBCL.
      The CD11c and FOXP3 expression in primary tumors' microenvironment were evaluated
      using an immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: CD11c and FOXP3 expression
      positivity in microenvironment were 25% and 35%, respectively. Each one counted
      for 1 point. In CD11c and FOXP3 stain, positive was counted as 0 and negative was
      1. The points were separated into low risk (0 to 1) and high risk (2) groups.
      Only the extranodal DLBCL patient group analysis conveyed significant differences
      of progression-free survival (p = 0.019) and overall survival (p = 0.039) between
      the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We can achieve possible clinical significance of
      lymphoma tumor microenvironments through CD11c and FOXP3 IHC stains in extranodal
      DLBCL patients receiving R-CHOP therapy.

PMID- 26968189
TI  - Intermediate risk of multidrug-resistant organisms in patients who admitted
      intensive care unit with healthcare-associated pneumonia.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) was proposed asa new
      pneumonia category in 2005, and treatment recommendations includebroad-spectrum
      antibiotics directed at multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.However, this concept
      continues to be controversial, and microbiological data arelacking for HCAP
      patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study was conductedto determine
      the rate and type of antibiotic-resistant organisms and theclinical outcomes in
      patients with HCAP in the ICU, compared to patients withcommunity-acquired
      pneumonia (CAP) or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective cohort analysis of patients with pneumonia(n = 195) who admitted to
      medical ICU in tertiary teaching hospital fromMarch 2011 to February 2013.
      Clinical characteristics, microbiological distributions,treatment outcomes, and
      prognosis of HCAP (n = 74) were compared tothose of CAP (n = 75) and HAP (n =
      46). RESULTS: MDR pathogens were significantly higher in HCAP patients (39.1%)
      thanin CAP (13.5%) and lower than in HAP (79.3%, p < 0.001). The initial use of
      inappropriateantibiotic treatment occurred more frequently in the HCAP (32.6%)
      andHAP (51.7%) groups than in the CAP group (11.8%, p = 0.006). There were no
      differencesin clinical outcomes. The significant prognostic factors were
      pneumoniaseverity and treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: MDR pathogens were
      isolated in HCAP patients requiring ICU admissionat intermediate rates between
      those of CAP and HAP.

PMID- 26968190
TI  - Safety and immunologic benefits of conversion to sirolimus in kidney transplant
      recipients with long-term exposure to calcineurin inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Sirolimus (SRL) is a promising immunosuppressant
      replacingcalcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). This study was performed to evaluate the
      safetyand immunologic benefits of conversion to SRL in stable kidney transplant
      (KT)recipients exposed to CNIs for long periods. METHODS: Fourteen CNI-treated KT
      recipients with stable renal function for morethan 10 years were included. Either
      2 or 3 mg per day of SRL was administeredwhile CNIs were reduced by half starting
      on day 1, and then stopped 2 weeks afterSRL introduction. The safety of SRL
      conversion was assessed considering thegraft function, acute rejection, and graft
      loss. Immunologic alterations were measuredvia serial changes of T cell and B
      cell subsets after SRL conversion. Adverseeffects of SRL conversion were also
      evaluated. RESULTS: Conversion to SRL was successful in nine patients (64.2%).
      Conversionto SRL preserved graft function as compared to the baseline value (p =
      0.115). Noacute rejection or allograft loss was observed during the follow-up
      period. Immunemonitoring of T and B cells revealed a regulatory T cells increase
      after SRL conversion (p = 0.028). Most adverse events developed within 6 weeks
      after SRLconversion, and oral mucositis was the main cause of SRL withdrawal.
      CONCLUSIONS: Conversion to SRL can be safe and has immunologic benefits in
      KTrecipients with long-term CNI exposure. Close monitoring of mucocutaneous
      adverseevents is, however, required in the early period after SRL conversion.

PMID- 26968191
TI  - Relapsing polychondritis presenting with inflammatory pseudotumor.

PMID- 26968192
TI  - Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state associated with invasive rhino-orbital
      aspergillosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 26968194
TI  - Perspectives of family members of people with an intellectual disability to a
      major reconfiguration of living arrangements for people with intellectual
      disability in Ireland.
AB  - AIM: To document the views of family members of people with an intellectual
      disability regarding implementation of a personalized model of social support in
      Ireland. METHOD: Forty family members participated in six focus groups. Data were
      thematically analysed. RESULTS: Family members' preference for particular types
      of living arrangements were highly reflective of their lived experience.
      Facilitators to community living included timely information on proposed moves,
      adequate staffing, suitable properties and locations and consideration of the
      characteristics of individuals who share a property. Barriers included high
      support needs, advanced age, a fear of relinquishing current supports, a fear of
      the sustainability of newer models of residential support and concerns about
      community opposition. CONCLUSION: The family perspective to reform is
      characterized by fear and suspicion of the motivation behind these reforms, with
      cost efficiencies being perceived as a main driver. Greater information is
      required to empower families to make informed decisions.

PMID- 26968193
TI  - Metronomic chemotherapy with capecitabine for metastatic colorectal cancer in
      very elderly patients.

PMID- 26968195
TI  - Long-Term Blockade of Cocaine Self-Administration and Locomotor Activation in
      Rats by an Adenoviral Vector-Delivered Cocaine Hydrolase.
AB  - A promising approach in treating cocaine abuse is to metabolize cocaine in the
      blood using a mutated butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) that functions as a cocaine
      hydrolase (CocH). In rats, a helper-dependent adenoviral (hdAD) vector-mediated
      delivery of CocH abolished ongoing cocaine use and cocaine-primed reinstatement
      of drug-seeking for several months. This enzyme also metabolizes ghrelin, an
      effect that may be beneficial in maintaining healthy weights. The effect of a
      single hdAD-CocH vector injection was examined in rats on measures of anxiety,
      body weight, cocaine self-administration, and cocaine-induced locomotor activity.
      To examine anxiety, periadolescent rats were tested in an elevated-plus maze.
      Weight gain was then examined under four rodent diets. Ten months after CocH
      injection, adult rats were trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously and,
      subsequently, cocaine-induced locomotion was tested. Viral gene transfer produced
      sustained plasma levels of CocH for over 13 months of testing. CocH-treated rats
      did not differ from controls in measures of anxiety, and only showed a transient
      reduction in weight gain during the first 3 weeks postinjection. However, CocH
      treated rats were insensitive to cocaine. At 10 months postinjection, none of the
      CocH-treated rats initiated cocaine self-administration, unlike 90% of the
      control rats. At 13 months postinjection, CocH-treated rats showed no cocaine
      induced locomotion, whereas control rats showed a dose-dependent enhancement of
      locomotion. CocH vector produced a long-term blockade of the rewarding and
      behavioral effects of cocaine in rats, emphasizing its role as a promising
      therapeutic intervention in cocaine abuse. 

PMID- 26968196
TI  - Sneddon's syndrome: it is all in the ectoderm.
AB  - A 51-year-old man gave a 2-year history of worsening mobility, cognitive decline
      and headaches. He had a history of thromboembolic stroke, recurrent transient
      ischaemic attacks and a spontaneous intraventricular haemorrhage. On examination,
      he had livedo reticularis and perniosis and a systolic murmur. Catheter cerebral
      angiography showed peripheral small-vessel and medium-vessel vasculopathy
      resulting in pruning of the distal cortical vessels and tortuous irregular distal
      collaterals. Skin biopsy showed subtle vasculopathy with ectasia of capillaries
      and postcapillary venules but no frank vasculitis or arterial thrombosis.
      Repeated serum antiphospholipid antibody titres were negative. The clinical
      features, skin biopsy and angiogram findings strongly supported a diagnosis of
      Sneddon's syndrome. Clinicians should consider Sneddon's syndrome in patients
      with livedo reticularis and stroke. There are treatment dilemmas in this
      situation when ischaemic and haemorrhagic cerebral events coexist. 

PMID- 26968198
TI  - Prognostic value of kidney biopsy in myeloma cast nephropathy: a retrospective
      study of 70 patients.

PMID- 26968197
TI  - Targeting the podocyte cytoskeleton: from pathogenesis to therapy in proteinuric
      kidney disease.
AB  - Glomerular injury often incites a progression to chronic kidney disease, which
      affects millions of patients worldwide. Despite our current understanding of this
      disease's pathogenesis, there is still a lack of therapy available to curtail its
      progression. However, exciting new data strongly suggest the podocyte-an actin
      rich, terminally differentiated epithelial cell that lines the outside of the
      glomerular filtration barrier-as a therapeutic target. The importance of
      podocytes in the pathogenesis of human nephrotic syndrome is best characterized
      by identification of genetic mutations, many of which regulate the actin
      cytoskeleton. The intricate regulation of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton is
      fundamental in preserving an intact glomerular filtration barrier, and this
      knowledge has inspired new research targeting actin-regulating proteins in these
      cells. This review will shed light on recent findings, which have furthered our
      understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating podocyte actin dynamics, as
      well as discoveries that have therapeutic implications in the treatment of
      proteinuric kidney disease.

PMID- 26968200
TI  - Association of objectively measured occupational walking and standing still with
      low back pain: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study investigated the association of
      objectively measured walking and standing still time at work with low back pain
      (LBP) intensity among blue-collar workers. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study.
      METHODS: 187 workers attached two accelerometers for diurnal standing still and
      walking measurements, which were categorised using tertiles. Workers' self
      reported LBP intensity (scale 0-9) was categorised into low (0-5) and high pain
      (6-9). RESULTS: Of the 187 workers, 17% reported a high level of LBP. Results of
      the multi-adjusted logistic regression analysis demonstrated a negative
      association between walking and high LBP intensity (OR 0.24 CL 95% 0.07 to 0.79).
      The results between standing still and high LBP intensity were mixed and non
      significant. CONCLUSION: Blue-collar workers who walk more at work tend to have
      low LBP. These results should be verified using objective measures in a
      prospective design. Practitioner Summary: Most studies on the association of
      occupational walking and standing still with LBP have used poor self-reported
      measures. This study investigated the association of objectively measured time
      spent walking and standing still at work with LBP among blue-collar workers. A
      significant negative association between walking and LBP was found. However,
      because of the cross-sectional design, these results should be further
      investigated in prospective studies.

PMID- 26968199
TI  - Most microRNAs in the single-cell alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are produced by
      Dicer-like 3-mediated cleavage of introns and untranslated regions of coding
      RNAs.
AB  - We describe here a forward genetic screen to investigate the biogenesis, mode of
      action, and biological function of miRNA-mediated RNA silencing in the model
      algal species,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Among the mutants from this screen, there
      were three at Dicer-like 3 that failed to produce both miRNAs and siRNAs and
      others affecting diverse post-biogenesis stages of miRNA-mediated silencing. The
      DCL3-dependent siRNAs fell into several classes including transposon- and repeat
      derived siRNAs as in higher plants. The DCL3-dependent miRNAs differ from those
      of higher plants, however, in that many of them are derived from mRNAs or from
      the introns of pre-mRNAs. Transcriptome analysis of the wild-type and dcl3 mutant
      strains revealed a further difference from higher plants in that the sRNAs are
      rarely negative switches of mRNA accumulation. The few transcripts that were more
      abundant in dcl3 mutant strains than in wild-type cells were not due to sRNA
      targeted RNA degradation but to direct DCL3 cleavage of miRNA and siRNA precursor
      structures embedded in the untranslated (and translated) regions of the mRNAs.
      Our analysis reveals that the miRNA-mediated RNA silencing in C. reinhardtii
      differs from that of higher plants and informs about the evolution and function
      of this pathway in eukaryotes.

PMID- 26968201
TI  - Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1 Expression and Output Declines with Prostate
      Cancer Progression.
AB  - PURPOSE: Castration therapy in advanced prostate cancer eventually fails and
      leads to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which
      has no cure. Characteristic features of CRPC can be increased androgen receptor
      (AR) expression and altered transcriptional output. We investigated the
      expression of nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) in human prostate and
      prostate cancer and the role of NCOR1 in response to antiandrogens. EXPERIMENTAL
      DESIGN: NCOR1 protein levels were compared between matched normal prostate and
      prostate cancer in 409 patient samples. NCOR1 knockdown was used to investigate
      its effect on bicalutamide response in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell
      lines and transcriptional changes associated with the loss of NCOR1. NCOR1
      transcriptional signature was also examined in prostate cancer gene expression
      datasets. RESULTS: NCOR1 protein was detected in cytoplasm and nuclei of
      secretory epithelial cells in normal prostate. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear NCOR1
      protein levels were lower in prostate cancer than in normal prostate. Prostate
      cancer metastases show significant decrease in NCOR1 transcriptional output.
      Inhibition of LNCaP cellular proliferation by bicalutamide requires NCOR1. NCOR1
      regulated genes suppress cellular proliferation and mediate bicalutamide
      resistance. In the mouse, NCOR1 is required for bicalutamide-dependent regulation
      of a subset of the AR target genes. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we demonstrated that
      NCOR1 function declines with prostate cancer progression. Reduction in NCOR1
      levels causes bicalutamide resistance in LNCaP cells and compromises response to
      bicalutamide in mouse prostate in vivo Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3937-49. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26968203
TI  - Hope in the Long Road Toward the Development of a Therapeutic Human
      Papillomavirus Vaccine.
AB  - A pool of long synthetic peptides derived from HPV16 proteins induce objective
      partial or complete histologic regression of lesions in more than 50% of patients
      with high-grade vulvar (VuVIN3) and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN3).
      The intensity of T-cell response induced by the vaccine was correlated with
      clinical response. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2317-9. (c)2016 AACRSee related
      article by van Poelgeest et al., p. 2342.

PMID- 26968202
TI  - Pilot and Feasibility Trial Evaluating Immuno-Gene Therapy of Malignant
      Mesothelioma Using Intrapleural Delivery of Adenovirus-IFNalpha Combined with
      Chemotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: "In situ vaccination" using immunogene therapy has the ability to induce
      polyclonal antitumor responses directed by the patient's immune system.
      EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patients with unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma
      (MPM) received two intrapleural doses of a replication-defective adenoviral
      vector containing the human IFNalpha2b gene (Ad.IFN) concomitant with a 14-day
      course of celecoxib followed by chemotherapy. Primary outcomes were safety,
      toxicity, and objective response rate; secondary outcomes included progression
      free and overall survival. Biocorrelates on blood and tumor were measured.
      RESULTS: Forty subjects were treated: 18 received first-line pemetrexed-based
      chemotherapy, 22 received second-line chemotherapy with pemetrexed (n = 7) or
      gemcitabine (n = 15). Treatment was generally well tolerated. The overall
      response rate was 25%, and the disease control rate was 88%. Median overall
      survival (MOS) for all patients with epithelial histology was 21 months versus 7
      months for patients with nonepithelial histology. MOS in the first-line cohort
      was 12.5 months, whereas MOS for the second-line cohort was 21.5 months, with 32%
      of patients alive at 2 years. No biologic parameters were found to correlate with
      response, including numbers of activated blood T cells or NK cells, regulatory T
      cells in blood, peak levels of IFNalpha in blood or pleural fluid, induction of
      antitumor antibodies, nor an immune-gene signature in pretreatment biopsies.
      CONCLUSIONS: The combination of intrapleural Ad.IFN, celecoxib, and chemotherapy
      proved safe in patients with MPM. OS rate was significantly higher than
      historical controls in the second-line group. Results of this study support
      proceeding with a multicenter randomized clinical trial of chemo-immunogene
      therapy versus standard chemotherapy alone. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3791-800.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26968204
TI  - Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders
      in adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment
      for anxiety disorders. Many people have difficulty accessing treatment, due to a
      variety of obstacles. Researchers have therefore explored the possibility of
      using the Internet to deliver CBT; it is important to ensure the decision to
      promote such treatment is grounded in high quality evidence. OBJECTIVES: To
      assess the effects of therapist-supported Internet CBT (ICBT) on remission of
      anxiety disorder diagnosis and reduction of anxiety symptoms in adults as
      compared to waiting list control, unguided CBT, or face-to-face CBT. Effects of
      treatment on quality of life and patient satisfaction with the intervention were
      also assessed. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and
      Neurosis Review Group Specialised Register (CCDANCTR) to 16 March 2015. The
      CCDANCTR includes relevant randomised controlled trials from MEDLINE, EMBASE,
      PsycINFO and CENTRAL. We also searched online clinical trial registries and
      reference lists of included studies. We contacted authors to locate additional
      trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Each identified study was independently assessed for
      inclusion by two authors. To be included, studies had to be randomised controlled
      trials of therapist-supported ICBT compared to a waiting list, attention,
      information, or online discussion group; unguided CBT (that is, self-help); or
      face-to-face CBT. We included studies that treated adults with an anxiety
      disorder (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, post-traumatic stress
      disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive
      compulsive disorder, and specific phobia) defined according to the Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III, III-R, IV, IV-TR or the International
      Classification of Disesases 9 or 10. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors
      independently assessed the risk of bias of included studies and judged overall
      study quality. We used data from intention-to-treat analyses wherever possible.
      We assessed treatment effect for the dichotomous outcome of clinically important
      improvement in anxiety using a risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
      For disorder-specific and general anxiety symptom measures and quality of life we
      assessed continuous scores using standardized mean differences (SMD). We examined
      statistical heterogeneity using the I(2) statistic. MAIN RESULTS: We screened
      1736 citations and selected 38 studies (3214 participants) for inclusion. The
      studies examined social phobia (11 trials), panic disorder with or without
      agoraphobia (8 trials), generalized anxiety disorder (5 trials), post-traumatic
      stress disorder (2 trials), obsessive compulsive disorder (2 trials), and
      specific phobia (2 trials). Eight remaining studies included a range of anxiety
      disorder diagnoses. Studies were conducted in Sweden (18 trials), Australia (14
      trials), Switzerland (3 trials), the Netherlands (2 trials), and the USA (1
      trial) and investigated a variety of ICBT protocols. Three primary comparisons
      were identified, therapist-supported ICBT versus waiting list control, therapist
      supported versus unguided ICBT, and therapist-supported ICBT versus face-to-face
      CBT.Low quality evidence from 11 studies (866 participants) contributed to a
      pooled risk ratio (RR) of 3.75 (95% CI 2.51 to 5.60; I(2) = 50%) for clinically
      important improvement in anxiety at post-treatment, favouring therapist-supported
      ICBT over a waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion group
      only. The SMD for disorder-specific symptoms at post-treatment (28 studies, 2147
      participants; SMD -1.06, 95% CI -1.29 to -0.82; I(2) = 83%) and general anxiety
      symptoms at post-treatment (19 studies, 1496 participants; SMD -0.75, 95% CI 
      0.98 to -0.52; I(2) = 78%) favoured therapist-supported ICBT; the quality of the
      evidence for both outcomes was low.One study compared unguided CBT to therapist
      supported ICBT for clinically important improvement in anxiety at post-treatment,
      showing no difference in outcome between treatments (54 participants; very low
      quality evidence). At post-treatment there were no clear differences between
      unguided CBT and therapist-supported ICBT for disorder-specific anxiety symptoms
      (5 studies, 312 participants; SMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.56 to 0.13; I(2) = 58%; very
      low quality evidence) or general anxiety symptoms (2 studies, 138 participants;
      SMD 0.28, 95% CI -2.21 to 2.78; I(2) = 0%; very low quality evidence).Compared to
      face-to-face CBT, therapist-supported ICBT showed no significant differences in
      clinically important improvement in anxiety at post-treatment (4 studies, 365
      participants; RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.34; I(2) = 0%; low quality evidence).
      There were also no clear differences between face-to-face and therapist supported
      ICBT for disorder-specific anxiety symptoms at post-treatment (7 studies, 450
      participants; SMD 0.06, 95% CI -0.25 to 0.37; I(2) = 60%; low quality evidence)
      or general anxiety symptoms at post-treatment (5 studies, 317 participants; SMD
      0.17, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.69; I(2) = 78%; low quality evidence).Overall, risk of
      bias in included studies was low or unclear for most domains. However, due to the
      nature of psychosocial intervention trials, blinding of participants and
      personnel, and outcome assessment tended to have a high risk of bias.
      Heterogeneity across a number of the meta-analyses was substantial, some was
      explained by type of anxiety disorder or may be meta-analytic measurement
      artefact due to combining many assessment measures. Adverse events were rarely
      reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Therapist-supported ICBT appears to be an
      efficacious treatment for anxiety in adults. The evidence comparing therapist
      supported ICBT to waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion
      group only control was low to moderate quality, the evidence comparing therapist
      supported ICBT to unguided ICBT was very low quality, and comparisons of
      therapist-supported ICBT to face-to-face CBT were low quality. Further research
      is needed to better define and measure any potential harms resulting from
      treatment. These findings suggest that therapist-supported ICBT is more
      efficacious than a waiting list, attention, information, or online discussion
      group only control, and that there may not be a significant difference in outcome
      between unguided CBT and therapist-supported ICBT; however, this latter finding
      must be interpreted with caution due to imprecision. The evidence suggests that
      therapist-supported ICBT may not be significantly different from face-to-face CBT
      in reducing anxiety. Future research should explore heterogeneity among studies
      which is reducing the quality of the evidence body, involve equivalence trials
      comparing ICBT and face-to-face CBT, examine the importance of the role of the
      therapist in ICBT, and include effectiveness trials of ICBT in real-world
      settings. A timely update to this review is needed given the fast pace of this
      area of research.

PMID- 26968205
TI  - TCR Sequencing Can Identify and Track Glioma-Infiltrating T Cells after DC
      Vaccination.
AB  - Although immunotherapeutic strategies are emerging as adjunctive treatments for
      cancer, sensitive methods of monitoring the immune response after treatment
      remain to be established. We used a novel next-generation sequencing approach to
      determine whether quantitative assessments of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)
      content and the degree of overlap of T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences in brain
      tumors and peripheral blood were predictors of immune response and overall
      survival in glioblastoma patients treated with autologous tumor lysate-pulsed
      dendritic cell immunotherapy. A statistically significant correlation was found
      between a higher estimated TIL content and increased time to progression and
      overall survival. In addition, we were able to assess the proportion of shared
      TCR sequences between tumor and peripheral blood at time points before and after
      therapy, and found the level of TCR overlap to correlate with survival outcomes.
      Higher degrees of overlap, or the development of an increased overlap following
      immunotherapy, was correlated with improved clinical outcome, and may provide
      insights into the successful, antigen-specific immune response. Cancer Immunol
      Res; 4(5); 412-8. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26968206
TI  - Intratumoral CD3 and CD8 T-cell Densities Associated with Relapse-Free Survival
      in HCC.
AB  - Immune cells that infiltrate a tumor may be a prognostic factor for patients who
      have had surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The density of
      intratumoral total (CD3(+)) and cytotoxic (CD8(+)) T lymphocytes was measured in
      the tumor interior and in the invasive margin of 65 stage I to IV HCC tissue
      specimens from a single cohort. Immune cell density in the interior and margin
      was converted to a binary score (0, low; 1, high), which was correlated with
      tumor recurrence and relapse-free survival (RFS). In addition, the expression of
      programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was correlated
      with the density of CD3(+) and CD8(+) cells and clinical outcome. High densities
      of both CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells in both the interior and margin, along with
      corresponding Immunoscores, were significantly associated with a low rate of
      recurrence (P = 0.007) and a prolonged RFS (P = 0.002). In multivariate logistic
      regression models adjusted for vascular invasion and cellular differentiation,
      both CD3(+) and CD8(+) cell densities predicted recurrence, with odds ratios of
      5.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-21.8] for CD3(+) and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1
      14.1) for CD8(+) Positive PD-L1 staining was correlated with high CD3 and CD8
      density (P = 0.024 and 0.005, respectively) and predicted a lower rate of
      recurrence (P = 0.034), as well as prolonged RFS (P = 0.029). Immunoscore and PD
      L1 expression, therefore, are useful prognostic markers in patients with HCC who
      have undergone primary tumor resection. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 419-30. (c)2016
      AACR. 

PMID- 26968207
TI  - General control nonderepressible 2 deletion predisposes to asparaginase
      associated pancreatitis in mice.
AB  - Treatment with the antileukemic agent asparaginase can induce acute pancreatitis,
      but the pathophysiology remains obscure. In the liver of mice, eukaryotic
      initiation factor 2 (eIF2) kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is
      essential for mitigating metabolic stress caused by asparaginase. We determined
      the consequences of asparaginase treatment on the pancreata of wild-type (WT,
      GCN2-intact) and GCN2-deleted (DeltaGcn2) mice. Mean pancreas weights in
      DeltaGcn2 mice treated with asparaginase for 8 days were increased (P < 0.05)
      above all other groups. Histological examination revealed acinar cell swelling
      and altered staining of zymogen granules in DeltaGcn2, but not WT, mice. Oil Red
      O staining and measurement of pancreas triglycerides excluded lipid accumulation
      as a contributor to acini appearance. Instead, transmission electron microscopy
      revealed dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and accumulation of
      autophagic vacuoles in the pancreas of DeltaGcn2 mice treated with asparaginase.
      Consistent with the idea that loss of GCN2 in a pancreas exposed to asparaginase
      induced ER stress, phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) and
      its substrate eIF2 was increased in the pancreas of asparaginase-treated
      DeltaGcn2 mice. In addition, mRNA expression of PERK target genes, activating
      transcription factors 4, 3, and 6 (Atf4, Atf3, and Atf6), fibroblast growth
      factor 21 (Fgf21), heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 (Hspa5), and spliced Xbp1 (sXbp1),
      as well as pancreas mass, was elevated in the pancreas of asparaginase-treated
      DeltaGcn2 mice. Furthermore, genetic markers of oxidative stress [sirtuin
      (Sirt1)], inflammation [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfalpha)], and pancreatic
      injury [pancreatitis-associated protein (Pap)] were elevated in asparaginase
      treated DeltaGcn2, but not WT, mice. These data indicate that loss of GCN2
      predisposes the exocrine pancreas to a maladaptive ER stress response and
      autophagy during asparaginase treatment and represent a genetic basis for
      development of asparaginase-associated pancreatitis.

PMID- 26968208
TI  - Postprandial lymphatic pump function after a high-fat meal: a characterization of
      contractility, flow, and viscosity.
AB  - Dietary lipids are transported from the intestine through contractile lymphatics.
      Chronic lipid loads can adversely affect lymphatic function. However, the acute
      lymphatic pump response in the mesentery to a postprandial lipid meal has gone
      unexplored. In this study, we used the rat mesenteric collecting vessel as an in
      vivo model to quantify the effect of lipoproteins on vessel function. Lipid load
      was continuously monitored by using the intensity of a fluorescent fatty-acid
      analog, which we infused along with a fat emulsion through a duodenal cannula.
      The vessel contractility was simultaneously quantified. We demonstrated for the
      first time that collecting lymphatic vessels respond to an acute lipid load by
      reducing pump function. High lipid levels decreased contraction frequency and
      amplitude. We also showed a strong tonic response through a reduction in the end
      diastolic and systolic diameters. We further characterized the changes in flow
      rate and viscosity and showed that both increase postprandially. In addition,
      shear-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells differed when
      cultured with lipoproteins. Together these results show that the in vivo response
      could be both shear and lipid mediated and provide the first evidence that high
      postprandial lipid has an immediate negative effect on lymphatic function even in
      the acute setting.

PMID- 26968209
TI  - Enhanced ethanol catabolism in orphan nuclear receptor SHP-null mice.
AB  - Deficiency of the orphan nuclear hormone receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP,
      NR0B2) protects mice from diet-induced hepatic steatosis, in part, via repression
      of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma2 (Pparg2) gene
      expression. Alcoholic fatty liver diseases (AFLD) share many common
      pathophysiological features with non-AFLD. To study the role of SHP and
      PPARgamma2 in AFLD, we used a strategy of chronic ethanol feeding plus a single
      binge ethanol feeding to challenge wild-type (WT) and SHP-null (SHP(-/-)) mice
      with ethanol. The ethanol feeding induced liver fat accumulation and mRNA
      expression of hepatic Pparg2 in WT mice, which suggests that a high level of
      PPARgamma2 is a common driving force for fat accumulation induced by ethanol or a
      high-fat diet. Interestingly, ethanol-fed SHP(-/-) mice displayed hepatic fat
      accumulation similar to that of ethanol-fed WT mice, even though their Pparg2
      expression level remained lower. Mortality of SHP(-/-) mice after ethanol binge
      feeding was significantly reduced and their acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh2)
      mRNA level was higher than that of their WT counterparts. After an intoxicating
      dose of ethanol, SHP(-/-) mice exhibited faster blood ethanol clearance and
      earlier wake-up time than WT mice. Higher blood acetate, the end product of
      ethanol metabolism, and lower acetaldehyde levels were evident in the ethanol
      challenged SHP(-/-) than WT mice. Ethanol-induced inflammatory responses and
      lipid peroxidation were also lower in SHP(-/-) mice. The current data show faster
      ethanol catabolism and extra fat storage through conversion of acetate to acetyl
      CoA before its release into the circulation in this ethanol-feeding model in SHP(
      /-) mice.

PMID- 26968210
TI  - Intestinal inflammation requires FOXO3 and prostaglandin E2-dependent lipogenesis
      and elevated lipid droplets.
AB  - Intestinal inflammation has been recently characterized by the dysregulation of
      lipids as metabolic and energy sources, revealing a novel feature of its
      pathophysiology. Because intracellular lipids, stored in dynamic lipid droplets
      (LDs), provide energy for cellular needs, we investigated whether they play a
      role in intestinal inflammation. In the inflamed intestine of mice, elevated LDs
      were found in colonic and infiltrating immune cells as shown by staining for the
      LD coat protein PLIN2 and for lipids with BODIPY. In colonic cells, TNF
      stimulated LD increases by receptor signaling rely on phosphatidylinositol 3
      kinase activation. Downstream, TNF triggered a negative regulatory loop between
      LDs and the transcription factor FOXO3. This was shown in the colon of Foxo3
      deficient mice, where elevation in PLIN2 and lipids were further facilitated by
      inflammation and were more prominent relative to wild-type, whereas, in colonic
      cells, inhibition of lipogenesis blocked the TNF-mediated loss of FOXO3.
      Furthermore, blockade of PGE2 synthesis abrogated TNF-stimulated increases in LDs
      and FOXO3 inactivation. We found in colonic tissue of Foxo3-deficient mice higher
      levels of cyclooxygenase-2, a mediator of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis,
      supporting involvement of PGE2 in the LD-FOXO3 regulatory loop. Ultimately, TNF
      stimulated lipogenesis leading to elevated LDs facilitated NF-kappaB-mediated
      increases in IL-8 protein, which is associated with the surface of LDs found in
      the lumina of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. This novel
      immunometabolic mechanism of colonic inflammation involving elevated LDs could
      provide opportunities for new treatment options.

PMID- 26968212
TI  - Ions and solvation at biointerfaces.

PMID- 26968211
TI  - Liver-specific loss of Perilipin 2 alleviates diet-induced hepatic steatosis,
      inflammation, and fibrosis.
AB  - Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis are key elements in the pathogenesis of
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive liver disease initiated by
      excess hepatic lipid accumulation. Lipid droplet protein Perilipin 2 (Plin2)
      alleviates dietary-induced hepatic steatosis when globally ablated; however, its
      role in the progression of NASH remains unknown. To investigate this further, we
      challenged Plin2 liver-specific knockout mice (designated L-KO) and their
      respective wild-type (WT) controls with a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet
      for 15 days to induce a NASH phenotype of increased hepatic triglyceride levels
      through impaired phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis and very-low-density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. Results on liver weights, body weights, fat tissue
      mass, and histology in WT and L-KO mice fed the MCD diet revealed signs of
      hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation; however, these effects were
      blunted in L-KO mice. In addition, levels of PC and VLDL were unchanged, and
      hepatic steatosis was reduced in L-KO mice fed the MCD diet, due in part to an
      increase in remodeling of PE to PC via the enzyme phosphatidylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase (PEMT). These mice also exhibited decreased hepatic expression
      of proinflammatory markers cyclooxygenase 2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and
      reduced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins C/EBP homologous
      protein and cleaved caspase-1. Taken together, these results suggest that Plin2
      liver-specific ablation alleviates diet-induced hepatic steatosis and
      inflammation via a PEMT-mediated mechanism that involves compensatory changes in
      proteins involved in phospholipid remodeling, inflammation, and ER stress that
      work to alleviate diet-induced NASH. Overall, these findings support a role for
      Plin2 as a target for NASH therapy.

PMID- 26968213
TI  - Differential surface activation of the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor.
AB  - The clotting protein von Willebrand factor (VWF) binds to platelet receptor
      glycoprotein Ibalpha (GPIbalpha) when VWF is activated by chemicals, high shear
      stress, or immobilization onto surfaces. Activation of VWF by surface
      immobilization is an important problem in the failure of cardiovascular implants,
      but is poorly understood. Here, the authors investigate whether some or all
      surfaces can activate VWF at least in part by affecting the orientation or
      conformation of the immobilized GPIbalpha-binding A1 domain of VWF. Platelets
      binding to A1 adsorbed onto polystyrene surfaces translocated rapidly at moderate
      and high flow, but detached at low flow, while platelets binding to A1 adsorbed
      onto glass or tissue-culture treated polystyrene surfaces translocated slowly,
      and detached only at high flow. Both x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
      conformation independent antibodies reported comparable A1 amounts on all
      surfaces. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and near-edge
      x-ray absorption fine structure spectra suggested differences in orientation on
      the three surfaces, but none that could explain the biological data. Instead, ToF
      SIMS data and binding of conformation-dependent antibodies were consistent with
      the stabilization of an alternative more activated conformation of A1 by tissue
      culture polystyrene and especially glass. These studies demonstrate that
      different material surfaces differentially affect the conformation of adsorbed A1
      domain and its biological activity. This is important when interpreting or
      designing in vitro experiments with surface-adsorbed A1 domain, and is also of
      likely relevance for blood-contacting biomaterials. 

PMID- 26968215
TI  - Trusting systematic reviews and meta-analyses: all that glitters is not gold!

PMID- 26968214
TI  - Uptake of early infant diagnosis in Thailand's national program for preventing
      mother-to-child HIV transmission and linkage to care, 2008-2011.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Early infant diagnosis (EID) has been a component of Thailand's
      prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programme since 2007. This
      study assessed the uptake, EID coverage, proportion of HIV-exposed infants
      receiving a definitive HIV diagnosis, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rates
      and linkage to HIV care and treatment. METHODS: Infant polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) testing data from the National AIDS Program database were analyzed. EID
      coverage was calculated as the percentage of number of HIV-exposed infants
      receiving >= 1 HIV PCR test divided by the number of HIV-exposed infants
      estimated from HIV prevalence and live-birth registry data. Definitive HIV
      diagnosis was defined as having two concordant PCR results. MTCT rates were
      calculated based on infants tested with PCR and applied as a best-case scenario,
      and a sensitivity analysis was used to adjust these rates in average and worst
      scenarios. We defined linkage to HIV care as infants with at least one PCR
      positive test who were registered with Thailand's National AIDS Program. Chi
      squared tests for linear trend were used to analyze changes in programme
      coverage. RESULTS: For 2008 to 2011, the average EID coverage rate increased from
      54 to 76% (p < 0.001), with 65% coverage (13,761/21,099) overall. The number of
      hospitals submitting EID samples increased from 458 to 645, and the percentage of
      community hospitals submitting samples increased from 75 to 78% (p = 0.044). A
      definitive HIV diagnosis was made for 10,854 (79%) infants during this period.
      The adjusted MTCT rates had significantly decreasing trends in all scenarios.
      Overall, an estimated 53% (429/804) of HIV-infected infants were identified
      through the EID programme, and 80% (341/429) of infants testing positive were
      linked to care. The overall rate of antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation
      within one year of age was 37% (157/429), with an increasing trend from 28 to 52%
      (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: EID coverage increased and MTCT rates decreased during
      2008 to 2011; however, about half of HIV-infected infants still did not receive
      EID. Most HIV-infected infants were linked to care but less than half initiated
      ART within one year of age. Active follow-up of HIV-exposed infants to increase
      early detection of HIV infection and early initiation of ART should be more
      widely implemented.

PMID- 26968216
TI  - Vancouver data supports a weak association between tendon pathology and serum
      lipid profiles.

PMID- 26968217
TI  - Review of the Local Organizing Committee (LOC) medical services during the 12th
      FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) in Doha, Qatar.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the primary roles of Federation Internationale de Natation
      (FINA) is to promote athlete health. The planning and delivery of major
      international event medical services is carried out in collaboration with the
      Local Organizing Committee Medical Commission (LOCMC). Aspetar Orthopaedic and
      Sports Medicine Hospital provided the medical services to the 12th FINA World
      Swimming Championships (25 m) creating a unique opportunity for collaboration
      with FINA. AIM: The purpose of this paper is to review the planning and delivery
      of medical services and athlete health promotion projects during the 12th FINA
      World Swimming Championships (25 m) to facilitate the planning of future sporting
      events of this size and scope. METHODS: The 12th FINA World Swimming
      Championships (25 m) hosted 974 athletes from 166 countries. The LOC medical team
      recorded all medical encounters-newly incurred (or acute exacerbations of
      chronic) injuries and illnesses as well as follow-up consultations. RESULTS: More
      than 90% of teams did not travel with a team physician and relied on the LOCMC
      for diagnosis and treatment of injuries and illnesses in athletes and accredited
      team officials. The LOC medical team had a total of 554 medical encounters: 385
      therapy, 34 athlete injury, 65 athlete illness and 70 non-athlete encounters.
      CONCLUSIONS: The LOCMC in collaboration with FINA delivered comprehensive medical
      services to athletes, officials and spectators attending the 12th FINA World
      Swimming Championships (25 m). This review paper provides information relevant to
      the planning and delivery of LOCMC medical services for future international
      swimming events contributing to the FINA objective of promoting athlete health.

PMID- 26968218
TI  - Incidence and aetiology of acute injuries during competitive road cycling.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the ever-increasing popularity of bicycle racing, the high
      perceived risk of acute injuries and the recent media attention, studies of acute
      injuries in road cyclists are rather scarce. The goal of this study is to
      evaluate the incidence, aetiology and patterns of acute injuries in non
      professional competitive road cyclists during cycling races in Flanders. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: All acute injuries that occurred during competition in Flanders in
      2002 and 2012, collected in the injury registry, were analysed. The incidence,
      injury rate, diagnosis, circumstances and level of performance were evaluated.
      RESULTS: A total of 777 documented reports of accidents (1230 injuries) were
      retrieved for the years 2002 and 2012. There was no significant difference
      between incidence and injury rate between 2002 and 2012. There was a strong
      significant difference in the incidence between the different levels of
      performance in both seasons. Severe injuries were seen in 29.5% in 2002 and in
      30.1% in 2012. The most common location of a severe injury was the hand.
      Collision with another rider was the most common cause of injury. CONCLUSIONS:
      Almost 1 out of 6 non-professional competitive road cyclists had an accident
      during cycling races in 2002 and 2012 in Flanders and collision with other riders
      was the most important cause of a crash. The most common lesion was abrasion, but
      almost one out of three riders had a severe injury.

PMID- 26968219
TI  - Sharing decision-making between patient and clinician: the next step in evidence
      based practice for patellofemoral pain?

PMID- 26968220
TI  - Improving physical performance tests: time to include a psychologist.

PMID- 26968222
TI  - [Retrobulbar optic neuropathy as presenting sign of recurrence of a large b-cell
      lymphoma considered to be in complete remission: A case report].

PMID- 26968221
TI  - Inhibiting microRNA-449 Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Injury in NRK-52E Cells
      Possibly via Regulating the SIRT1/P53/BAX Pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is quite common in the patients who
      frequently use the anticancer drug cisplatin. microRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful
      tools in modulating the expression of key factors in disease progression, but
      little is known about roles of miRNAs in AKI. This study explored the expression
      and function of miR-449 in cisplatin-induced AKI. MATERIAL/METHODS: Rat renal
      proximal tubular cell line NRK-52E was used for cisplatin treatment and miR-449
      sponge transfection. MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect cell
      viability and apoptosis in different cell groups. Protein expression of sirtuin 1
      (SIRT1), acetylated p53, and BCL-associated X protein (BAX) was detected to
      deduce the possible regulatory mechanism of miR-449. RESULTS: Results showed that
      cisplatin treatment in NRK-52E cells significantly up-regulated miR-449 levels
      (P<0.05), inhibited cell viability (P<0.05), accelerated cell apoptosis (P<0.05),
      and changed SIRT1, acetylated p53, and BAX protein levels (P<0.01). However,
      inhibiting miR-449 by its sponge transfection in cisplatin-treated cells
      significantly promoted cell viability (P<0.05), suppressed cell apoptosis
      (P<0.05), elevated SIRT1 expression (P<0.01), and inhibited acetylated p53 and
      BAX protein levels (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that inhibiting
      miR-449 allows the attenuation of cisplatin-induced injury in NRK-52E cells,
      suggesting that miR-449 is a potential target for treating AKI. miR-449 regulates
      the SIRT1/p53/BAX pathway, which may be its possible mechanism in modulating cell
      apoptosis of cisplatin-induced AKI. Further verification and a thorough
      understanding are necessary for targeting miR-449 in AKI treatment.

PMID- 26968224
TI  - Garlic decreases liver and kidney receptor for advanced glycation end products
      expression in experimental diabetes.
AB  - The up-regulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has
      been implicated as a major mediator in the development and progression of
      diabetic nephropathy and hepatic fibrogenesis. The present study was designed to
      investigate the potential of garlic (Allium sativum L.) to modulate the level of
      expression of RAGE in renal and hepatic tissues of diabetic rats. Three groups of
      rats were studied after 8 weeks following diabetes induction: normal,
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic (control diabetic), and garlic-treated diabetic
      rats. A polyclonal antibody of proven specificity to RAGE indicated in
      immunohistochemical assays that RAGE labeling was significantly increased in
      renal and hepatic tissues of control diabetic rats compared to the normal group.
      The increased RAGE labeling involved mesangial cells in glomeruli exhibiting
      signs of mesangial expansion, mesangial nodule formation and glomerulosclerosis.
      In the liver, a significant up-regulation of RAGE was observed in hepatocytes and
      bile ducts and vessels in portal tracts. In 2-dimensional Western blots, RAGE
      expression in both tissues was dominated by heterogeneous charge variants,
      represented by 46-50kDa isoforms with more basic pIs compared to their
      counterparts in normal rats. Compared to control diabetic rats, RAGE labeling in
      the garlic-treated diabetic group was significantly reduced throughout renal and
      hepatic regions and was marked by the expression of 43-50kDa acidic charge
      variants comparable to those observed in normal rats. The capacity of garlic to
      modulate diabetes-induced up-regulation of selective RAGE polymorphic variants
      may be implicated in attenuating the detrimental consequences of excessive RAGE
      signaling manifested by diabetes-associated disorders. 

PMID- 26968223
TI  - [Uveitis associated with spondylitis: It may be tuberculosis!].

PMID- 26968225
TI  - Perioperative nutrition in cancer patients.

PMID- 26968226
TI  - Systematic review of health-related quality of life in patients undergoing pelvic
      exenteration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pelvic exenteration is a radical operative treatment reserved for the
      management of a number of advanced primary and recurrent pelvic malignancies,
      including, rectal, gynaecological and urological. The advances in radiological
      staging, surgical techniques and greater use of chemotherapeutic agents haves
      translated clinically into improvements in the overall survival of this cohort of
      patients, irrespective of underlying disease pathology. Consequently, a greater
      proportion of the surviving population will present to healthcare professionals
      with a range of physical and psychological issues, therefore the profiling and
      understanding of the health-related quality of life (HrQoL) is integral to the
      long term management of this cohort of patients. The aim of this systematic
      review is to identify HrQoL themes from the current literature relevant to
      patients undergoing a pelvic exenteration. METHODS: Literature searches were
      performed in three databases: MEDLINE (1975-November 2015), EMBASE and CINAHL.
      Each study was evaluated with regards to its design and statistical methodology.
      Data quality was reviewed in accordance with the Newcastle-Ottowa score and
      Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Checklist (CAPS) for quantitative and
      qualitative data accordingly. A narrative synthesis of all identified HrQoL
      issues was undertaken using the principles of content analysis. RESULTS: A total
      of 24 studies were identified; 20 quantitative and 4 qualitative with 976
      patients assessed in total. HrQoL was assessed as the main primary endpoint in 15
      studies. The majority of studies were retrospective. Baseline data prior to the
      initiation of treatments were available in 6 studies alone. Nine themes were
      identified across the literature, which included body image, social impact,
      sexual function, treatment expectations, symptoms, communication, psychological
      impact, relationships and work and finance. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic exenteration has
      a wide ranging impact on patients HrQoL affecting a range of physical and
      psychological domains.

PMID- 26968227
TI  - Radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection of liver metastases from uveal
      melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The resection of liver metastasis from uveal melanoma (LMUM) remains
      controversial. In this study, we evaluated treatment with radiofrequency ablation
      (RFA) for liver metastases alone or in combination with surgical liver resection.
      METHODS: A total of 72 patients with LMUM were evaluated in this study. Of these,
      57 patients underwent surgical resection (S) while 15 patients had RFA +/- S.
      Clinicopathologic factors were evaluated in terms of recurrence and survival
      using Chi-square and log-rank tests, respectively. RESULTS: We studied 22
      metastases treated by RFA. There were no statistically significant differences
      between the groups in terms of median age of onset, synchronous nature of the
      metastases, time from primary tumour treatment to liver metastasis, diameter of
      the largest metastasis, presence of liver miliary disease, and the type of liver
      resection. There was a statistically lower number of liver metastases and more
      bilobar metastases in the RFA group than in the S group. The median overall
      survival after liver surgery was 27 months in group S and 28 months in the RFA
      group +/- S. The median disease-free survival was 10 months in group S and 7
      months in the RFA group +/- S. There were no statistically significant
      differences in the median overall survival and disease-free survival between
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this retrospective analysis show that RFA can
      be used to treat liver metastases to spare the hepatic parenchyma. RFA +/- liver
      surgery and liver surgery alone demonstrate similar survival times.

PMID- 26968229
TI  - Flow modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry using ~4 mL min(-1) gas flows.
AB  - The main objective of the herein described research was focused on performing
      satisfactory flow modulation (FM), in comprehensive two-dimensional gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC*GC-MS), using an MS-compatible second
      dimension gas flow of approx. 4 mL min(-1). The FM model used was based on that
      initially proposed by Seeley et al. [3]. The use of limited gas flows was enabled
      through fine tuning of the FM parameters, in particular the duration of the re
      injection (or flushing) process. Specifically, the application of a long re
      injection period (i.e., 700 ms) enabled efficient accumulation-loop flushing with
      gas flows of about 4 mL min(-1). It was possible to apply such extended re
      injection periods by using different restrictor lengths in the connections
      linking the modulator to the auxiliary pressure source. FM GC*GC-MS applications
      were performed on a mixture containing C9-10 alkanes, and on a sample of
      essential oil. GC*GC-MS sensitivity was compared with that attained by using
      conventional GC-MS analysis, in essential oil applications. It was observed that
      signal intensities were, in general, considerably higher in the FM GC*GC-MS
      experiments.

PMID- 26968228
TI  - Early results of multicenter phase II trial of perioperative oxaliplatin and
      capecitabine without radiotherapy for high-risk rectal cancer: CORONA I study.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: Perioperative introduction of developed chemotherapy into the
      treatment strategy for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) may be a promising
      option. However, the most prevalent treatment for high-risk LARC remains
      preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in Western countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      A phase II trial was undertaken to evaluate safety and efficacy of perioperative
      XELOX without radiotherapy (RT) for patients with high-risk LARC. Patients
      received 4 cycles of XELOX before and after surgery, respectively. Primary
      endpoint was disease-free survival. RESULTS: We enrolled 41 patients between June
      2012 and April 2014. The completion rate of the preoperative XELOX was 90.3%.
      Twenty-nine patients (70.7%) could start postoperative XELOX, 15 of these
      patients (51.7%) completed 4 cycles. Allergic reaction to oxaliplatin was
      experienced by 5 patients (17.2%) during postoperative XELOX. One patient
      received additional RT after preoperative XELOX. Consequently, the remaining 40
      patients underwent primary resection. Major complications occurred in 6 of 40
      patients (15.0%). Pathological complete response (pCR) rate was 12.2%, and good
      tumor regression was exhibited in 31.7%. N down-staging (cN+ to ypN0) and T down
      staging were detected in 56.7% and 52.5%, respectively. Clinical T4 tumor was a
      predictor of poor pathological response (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We could show
      the favorable pCR rate after preoperative XELOX alone. However, the T and N down
      staging rate was likely to be insufficient. When tumor regression is essential
      for curative resection, the use of preoperative CRT is likely to be recommended.
      For patients with massive LN metastasis, the additional Bev to NAC might be a
      promising option.

PMID- 26968230
TI  - A practical gas chromatography flame ionization detection method for the
      determination of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, and
      dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane in silicone emulsions.
AB  - A gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method for analysis
      of D4, D5, and D6 cyclic siloxanes in silicone emulsions is described. Sample
      preparation involves breaking the emulsion with methanol and hexanes, and then
      analyzing the hexanes phase after derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane
      (HMDS). Silylation is performed to reduce the potential for formation of cyclic
      siloxanes during the course of the GC analysis. The accuracy of the method was
      verified by performing analyses on samples spiked with known levels of D4, D5 and
      D6 and by comparison to a referee method using atmospheric pressure chemical
      ionization liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (APCI-LC-MS).
      Absolute differences of the results obtained between the two techniques were 0.03
      weight percent or less, and relative differences were 15% or less. The
      reproducibility and ruggedness of the method was demonstrated by performing a
      global round robin test at four different geographic sites on four different
      types of silicone emulsions. The %RSDs obtained were less than 10% for all
      analytes and all emulsions examined. 

PMID- 26968231
TI  - Re: Tumour progression or pseudoprogression? A review of posttreatment
      radiological appearances of glioblastoma. A reply.

PMID- 26968232
TI  - Fusion of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint: Precontoured or Straight Plate?
AB  - Precontoured, low-profile plates with fixed dorsiflexion angles are becoming
      increasingly popular for first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion. We have concerns
      that the routine use of a precontoured plate can lead to excessive clinical
      dorsiflexion. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between
      the first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion intramedullary angle and the
      angle formed at the dorsal cortices where the plate is applied. We hypothesized
      that the dorsal cortical angle was significantly less dorsiflexed than the
      intramedullary angle. We measured both angles on lateral weightbearing
      radiographs of 40 consecutive individuals presenting with forefoot symptoms. The
      results demonstrated that the mean dorsal cortical angle was significantly
      smaller (mean 0.2 degrees  plantarflexion) compared with the intramedullary angle
      (mean 10.6 degrees  dorsiflexion; p < .001). The interobserver and intraobserver
      reliability of both the intramedullary and the dorsal cortical measurements was
      very good. In conclusion, the dorsal cortical angle is, on average, 10.8 degrees 
      smaller than the intramedullary angle, with a mean angle of almost 0 degrees .
      This finding should be considered when selecting plates for first
      metatarsophalangeal joint fusion. 

PMID- 26968233
TI  - Value of Early Postoperative Computed Tomography Assessment in Ankle Fractures
      Defining Joint Congruity and Criticizing the Need for Early Revision Surgery.
AB  - Previous investigators have questioned the reliability of plain radiographs in
      assessing the accuracy of ankle fracture reduction when these were compared with
      the computed tomography (CT) evaluation in the preoperative setting, in
      particular, in fractures with syndesmosis injuries or trimalleolar fragments. The
      role of CT assessment, however, has not been investigated in the early
      postoperative setting. In the early postoperative setting, reduction still relies
      most commonly on fluoroscopy and plain radiographs alone. In the present study,
      we hypothesized that early postoperative CT assessment of ankle fractures with
      syndesmosic injuries and posterior malleolar fragments can add valuable
      information about the joint congruity compared with plain radiographs alone and
      that this information could affect the decisions regarding the need for early
      revision surgery. A total of 352 consecutive operated ankle fractures were
      reviewed. Of these, 68 (19%) underwent early postoperative CT assessment and were
      studied further to identify the causes that prompted revision surgery. Of the 68
      cases, despite acceptable reduction found on the plain radiographs, 20 (29%)
      underwent early (within 1 week) revision surgery after studying the CT scans,
      which revealed malreduction of the syndesmosis, malreduction of the posterior lip
      fragment, and intra-articular fragments. We concluded that in ankle fractures
      involving disruptions of the syndesmosis or posterior malleolar fragments, early
      postoperative CT assessment could be justified, because it will reveal
      malreduction and prompt early revision intervention for a substantial proportion
      of these patients. 

PMID- 26968234
TI  - The challenge of diagnosing a mixed asthma-COPD phenotype (ACOS) in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 26968237
TI  - Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Rectal Cancer After
      Preoperative Short-Course and Long-Course (Chemo) Radiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both preoperative short-course radiotherapy (SC-PRT) and preoperative
      long-course chemo radiotherapy (CRT) have shown to reduce local recurrence rates
      after total mesorectal excision (TME), but neither resulted in improved survival.
      This study compared the long-term health-related quality of life (HRQL) and
      symptoms between CRT and SC-PRT. METHODS: Patients who were preoperatively
      treated with a total dose of 50.0 to 50.4 Gy for locally advanced rectal cancers
      were identified from 2 hospital registries. Starting from 2011, all patients who
      were disease-free in the study population (n = 105) were sent a HRQL
      questionnaire composed of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of
      Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and questions on bowel and urinary function. Patients who
      underwent SC-PRT in the TME trial were used as a reference group. RESULTS: HRQL
      results from 85 patients receiving CRT (81.0%), with a median follow-up time of
      58 months, were compared with the results of patients who underwent SC-PRT (n =
      306). Apart from more nausea and vomiting reported by patients receiving CRT
      (mean score for CRT 5.9 vs. 1.3 for SC-PRT; P < .01; not clinically relevant) and
      less satisfaction with urinary function indicated by patients who received CRT
      (mean score for CRT 71.2 vs. 81.2 for SC-PRT; P < .01), no significant
      differences were found in HRQL and symptoms between patients who received CRT and
      SC-PRT. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of HRQL in patients who received CRT shows no
      clinically relevant differences in long-term HRQL and symptoms between patients
      who received CRT and SC-PRT, apart from less satisfaction with urinary function
      reported by patients who received CRT. These results indicate that both
      approaches have a comparable impact on long-term HRQL.

PMID- 26968239
TI  - Non-traumatic L4-L5 spondyloptosis.

PMID- 26968235
TI  - The role of octamer binding transcription factors in glioblastoma multiforme.
AB  - A group of transcription factors (TF) that are master developmental regulators of
      the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency during embryogenesis play
      additional roles to control tissue homeostasis and regeneration in adults. Among
      these TFs, members of the octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT) gene family
      are well documented as major regulators controlling the self-renewal and
      pluripotency of stem cells isolated from different adult organs including the
      brain. In the last few years a large number of studies show the aberrant
      expression and dysfunction of OCT in different types of cancers including
      glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is the most common malignant primary brain
      tumor, and contains a subpopulation of undifferentiated stem cells (GSCs), with
      self-renewal and tumorigenic potential that contribute to tumor initiation,
      invasion, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we have
      summarized the current knowledge about OCT family in GBM and their crucial role
      in the initiation, maintenance and drug resistance properties of GSCs. This
      article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Oct Transcription Factor Family,
      edited by Dr. Dean Tantin. 

PMID- 26968238
TI  - Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma in the lumbar epidural space: an uncommon malignant
      tumor mimicking a spinal schwannoma.

PMID- 26968236
TI  - Impact of Primary Tumor Site on Bevacizumab Efficacy in Metastatic Colorectal
      Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With an ever-increasing focus on personalized medicine, all factors
      known to affect treatment response need to be considered when defining optimal
      therapy for individual patients. While the prognostic impact of primary tumor
      site on colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes is established, emerging data suggest
      potential differences in response to biologic therapies. We studied the impact of
      tumor site on bevacizumab efficacy in patients with metastatic CRC. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: We analyzed data of patients in an Australian prospective multicenter
      metastatic CRC (mCRC) registry who received first-line chemotherapy. Tumor site
      was defined as right colon, cecum to transverse; left colon, splenic flexure to
      rectosigmoid; and rectum. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models were used for survival
      analyses. RESULTS: Of 926 patients, 297 had right colon, 354 left colon, and 275
      rectum primary disease. Median age was 68.6, 65.9, and 63.3 years, respectively
      (P = .001). Right colon disease was significantly associated with intraperitoneal
      spread (P < .0001), while left colon and rectum disease preferentially
      metastasized to the liver and lungs, respectively (P < .0001 in both settings). A
      total of 636 patients (68.7%) received bevacizumab. Progression-free survival was
      superior for bevacizumab-treated patients in all groups but appeared greatest in
      right colon disease (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.60; P <=
      .001). Overall survival was longest in patients with disease of the rectum,
      followed by left colon and right colon (median, 26.2, 23.6, and 18.2 months,
      respectively; P = .0004). CONCLUSION: Tumor site appears to be prognostic in
      mCRC, with rectum and right colon disease associated with the best and worst
      outcomes, respectively. Patients who received bevacizumab in addition to
      chemotherapy had superior outcomes, with the effect appearing greatest in
      patients with right colon disease.

PMID- 26968240
TI  - Barriers That Impede the Provision of Pain Care to Neonates by Nurses in Jordan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe perceived barriers to neonatal pain care and suggest
      strategies to overcome these barriers among NICU nurses in Jordan. DESIGN:
      Descriptive study. SETTING: Eighteen NICUs in Jordan. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred
      eighty-four neonatal nurses. METHODS: Nurses completed a questionnaire on
      perceived barriers to neonatal pain care. Descriptive statistics were used to
      analyze the data. RESULTS: One of the main issues that hindered the effective
      practice of neonatal pain care was the underuse of structured pain measurements,
      especially for painful procedures (72%). Furthermore, participants indicated
      minimal knowledge about pain medication for neonates (66%) and feared adverse
      effects (50%). The participants received inadequate training about neonatal pain
      care during their initial orientation (24%) and while in service (19%).
      Participants perceived low interprofessional appreciation of any input into pain
      care decisions (72%). Finally, only 39% of participants supported the involvement
      of parents in pain care for their neonates, and 82% were against it during
      painful procedures. CONCLUSION: Efforts to improve neonatal pain care should
      focus on improving nurses' knowledge about neonatal pain, increasing competencies
      and involvement in pain management options, and improving channels of
      professional communication about neonatal pain.

PMID- 26968241
TI  - Perceived Fertility Control and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Abused Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the degree of perceived fertility control and associated
      likelihood of unintended pregnancy and poor pregnancy outcomes among women who
      report intimate partner violence. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study design.
      SETTING: Five domestic violence shelters and one district attorney's office in a
      large urban metropolis in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 282 women
      who reported intimate partner violence and reached out for the first time to a
      shelter or district attorney's office for assistance. METHODS: This 7-year
      prospective longitudinal study began in 2011. Participants in the overarching
      study are being interviewed every 4 months. During the 32-month interview period,
      participants responded to a one-time, investigator-developed, fertility control
      questionnaire in addition to the ongoing repeated measures. RESULTS: Almost one
      third (29%) of the participants reported at least one unintended pregnancy
      attributed to their abusers' refusal to use birth control, and 14.3% of the
      participants reported at least one unintended pregnancy as a result of their
      abusers' refusal to allow them to use birth control. Participants were 28 times
      more likely to have abuse-induced miscarriages if their pregnancies resulted
      because their abusers did not use birth control (OR = 28.70, p < .05). Finally,
      participants were 8 times more likely to report premature births if they were
      abused because of their use of birth control (OR = 8.340, p < .05). CONCLUSION:
      Women in abusive relationships reported compromised fertility control associated
      with abuse and increased risk for unintended pregnancy as well as the adverse
      pregnancy outcomes of premature birth and miscarriage.

PMID- 26968242
TI  - A Call to Action to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Women.

PMID- 26968243
TI  - A Review of the Literature on Cardiac Symptoms in Older and Younger Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe acute and prodromal cardiac symptoms in older and younger
      women. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases were
      searched for articles published between January 2000 and January 2015. STUDY
      SELECTION: A combination of the MESH terms acute coronary syndrome, myocardial
      infarction, symptoms, prodromal symptoms, sex, gender, and age was used. The
      search was limited to studies on humans published in English and original
      articles related to symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in women with
      symptoms stratified by age or analyses adjusted for age and/or sex. DATA
      EXTRACTION: A total of 432 articles were identified, and 20 met the inclusion
      criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Key findings for differences in acute ACS symptoms for
      women based on age included the following: (a) typical chest pain and pain of any
      kind were less likely in older women (>=65 years); (b) women were more likely to
      have nonpain symptoms of nausea, dyspnea, and fatigue after adjustment for age;
      (c) most researchers did not adjust for menopausal status or hormone replacement
      therapy; and (d) findings were consistent across international cohorts. The most
      common prodromal symptoms in women after adjustment for age included unusual
      fatigue, discomfort in arms, sleep disturbance, anxiety, general chest
      discomfort, discomfort in jaws/teeth, and shortness of breath. Although chest
      symptoms were reported by some women, they were not reported by most women.
      CONCLUSION: Women older than 65 years with ACS experienced fewer symptoms, more
      ambiguous symptoms, less chest pain, and more dyspnea. Women older than 50 years
      were more likely to report prodromal symptoms that include sleep disturbance.
      Many symptom differences that were statistically significant by age, such as
      chest pain and shortness of breath, may not be clinically relevant.

PMID- 26968244
TI  - Impacts of incorporation of follicle stimulating hormone into an estrous
      synchronization protocol for timed artificial insemination of crossbred beef
      cattle.
AB  - One-hundred-eighty crossbred beef cows and 66 crossbred beef heifers across three
      locations were stratified by body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and
      age (within location) to evaluate administration of follicle stimulating hormone
      (FSH) on Day 2 using a modified 7-day CO-Synch plus CIDR((r)) protocol (Day
      0=CIDR insertion) with timed-artificial insemination (TAI) at 72 h (cows) or 54 h
      (heifers) following CIDR removal. Estrous response following CIDR removal was
      determined using an Estrotect patch and TAI and final pregnancy rates were
      determined by transrectal ultrasonography 42-45 days following TAI and >= 45 days
      following removal of clean-up bulls. Estrous response rate, TAI and final
      pregnancy rates for cows were not affected (P >= 0.65) by treatment. Cows that
      exhibited estrus had greater (P<0.01) TAI pregnancy rate (66%) than cows not
      exhibiting estrus (38%). There was an estrous response by postpartum length
      interaction (P=0.02) where cows exhibiting estrus and >= 55 days postpartum had
      greater TAI pregnancy rates (75%) compared to cows not exhibiting estrus and < 55
      days postpartum (39%) or >= 55 days postpartum (28%). For heifers, timed AI
      (P=0.46) and final pregnancy rates (P=0.45) were similar across treatments and
      estrous response had no effect (P=0.30) on TAI pregnancy rates. In conclusion,
      the addition of FSH to the CO-Synch plus CIDR estrous synchronization protocol
      did not increase TAI pregnancy rates in beef cows or heifers. However, a positive
      estrous response to the synchronization protocol was associated with increased
      TAI pregnancy rates in cows.

PMID- 26968245
TI  - Change of uterine histroph proteins during follicular and luteal phase in pigs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine protein expression patterns of uterine
      histroph (UH) during the follicular phase (FP) and luteal phase (LP) in pigs.
      Forty-nine common proteins were identified from FP and LP samples; five were
      significantly down-regulated (>1.5-fold), while 15 were significantly up
      regulated (>1.5-fold) in LPUH compared with FPUH (P<0.05). The 20 differentially
      expressed proteins are involved in cell proliferation, cell responses,
      translation, transport, and metabolism and their molecular functions include
      nucleic acid binding, oxygen activity, enzymatic activity, growth activity, iron
      binding, and redox binding. Protein expression of vascular endothelial growth
      factor D (VEGFD), coatomer subunit gamma-2 (G2COP), collagen alpha 4 chain
      (COL4), cysteine rich protein 2 (CRP2), myoglobin (MYG), and galactoside 3-L
      fucosyltransferase 4 (FUT4) was analyzed by Western blotting. These proteins were
      significantly higher in LPUH compared to FPUH (P<0.05). These data expand our
      understanding of changes in the intrauterine environment during the pre
      implantation period in pigs. 

PMID- 26968246
TI  - Effect of supplemental trace mineral level and form on peripubertal bulls.
AB  - Objectives were to determine if supplemental trace mineral levels and/or forms
      (sulfate and metal amino acid complexes) influence age at puberty, semen quality,
      endocrine status, and scrotal circumference in peripubertal bulls. Fifty
      peripubertal bulls were blocked by age and scrotal circumference and assigned to
      one of five treatments: (1) 1x sulfate form (1S); (2) 1x complexed form (1C); (3)
      1S+1C (2SC); (4) 1S + 2 * 1 C (3SCC); and (5) 3 * 1S (3S). Each 1x
      supplementation level contained 360 mg Zn, 125 mg Cu, 200mg Mn and 12.5mg Co.
      Liver biopsies were collected on d -21 and 100, and scrotal circumference, semen,
      and blood samples were collected on d -14, 14, 42, 70, and 98. All bulls were
      deficient in Cu yet adequate in Zn on d -21. Following 100 d on treatment, liver
      Zn concentrations decreased (P<0.01) and liver Cu concentrations increased
      (P<0.01) in bulls regardless of treatment. Day 100 liver Zn concentrations were
      similar (P=0.50) across treatments, but liver Cu concentrations were greater
      (P=0.07) in 3SCC and 3S bulls compared to 1C and 1S bulls, whereas 2SC bulls were
      intermediate. Bulls fed complexed minerals tended to reach puberty after fewer
      (P=0.11) days on treatment (43.9 +/- 5.7 d) than bulls fed only sulfate minerals
      (58.5 +/- 6.7 d). Supplementing complexed Cu and Zn to prepubertal bulls may
      lower the age at puberty, however, no differences (P >= 0.40) in semen
      characteristics or scrotal measurements (P >= 0.11) were observed.

PMID- 26968247
TI  - Combined inhibition of the mevalonate pathway with statins and zoledronic acid
      potentiates their anti-tumor effects in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Amino-bisphosphonates are antiresorptive drugs for the treatment of osteolytic
      bone metastases, which are frequently caused by breast and other solid tumors.
      Like statins, amino-bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway. Direct anti
      tumor effects of amino-bisphosphonates and statins have been proposed, although
      high concentrations are required to achieve these effects. Here, we demonstrate
      that the treatment of different human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA
      Bone, and MDA-Met) by combined inhibition of the mevalonate pathway using statins
      and zoledronic acid at the same time significantly reduces the concentrations
      required to achieve a meaningful anti-tumor effect over a single agent approach
      (50% reduction of cell vitality and 4-fold increase of apoptosis; p < 0.05). The
      effects were mediated by suppressed protein geranylation that caused an
      accumulation of GTP-bound RhoA and CDC42. Importantly, the knockdown of both
      proteins prior to mevalonate pathway inhibition reduced apoptosis by up to 65% (p
      < 0.01), indicating the accumulation of the GTP-bound GTPases as the mediator of
      apoptosis. Our results point to effective anti-tumor effects in breast cancer by
      the combination of statins and zoledronic acid and warrant further validation in
      preclinical settings. 

PMID- 26968248
TI  - Screening and identification of molecular targets for cancer therapy.
AB  - In recent decades, targeted therapeutics have significantly improved therapy
      results in patients with malignant tumors of different origins. However,
      malignant diseases characterized by aggressiveness and increased capacity for
      metastatic spread still require basic researchers and clinicians to direct
      enormous efforts toward the development of novel therapeutic targets. Potential
      targets should be selected with the clinical endpoint in view; targeted
      therapeutics can be developed: for use in combination with currently existing
      therapeutic approaches in order to improve their efficacy; to overcome the
      treatment resistance of tumor cells and thus protect the patient from recurrence;
      to repress molecular mechanisms related to immune escape of cancer cells; and to
      combat the metastatic dissemination of carcinoma cells. Taking into account the
      specific clinical aim that should be achieved, different strategies and
      techniques can be proposed to identify the most promising candidate molecules for
      further development as therapeutic targets. Since cellular membranes contain a
      large number of druggable molecules, evaluation of the membrane protein profiles
      of carcinoma cells having different properties can provide a basis for further
      development of therapeutic targets. This review considers how cellular membranes
      obtained from different pre-clinical and clinical samples can be used in
      screening and to identify targets for cancer therapy.

PMID- 26968250
TI  - Prevailing over T cell exhaustion: New developments in the immunotherapy of
      pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies and has been
      considered poorly immunogenic for decades. However, this characterization might
      be over-simplistic. A more sophisticated approach is needed in order to develop
      new treatment strategies. In this review, we will focus on T cell exhaustion as a
      phenomenon of immune failure that is a useful paradigm to characterize
      immunosuppressive effects. Cancer creates an environment of constant antigen
      exposure and inflammation. In this setting, T cells transform into a
      differentiation state that has been termed T cell exhaustion, which is
      characterized by upregulation of inhibitory receptors, resulting in loss of
      effector function. The discovery of receptor-mediated immune checkpoints, which
      prevent uncontrolled T cell reactions, led to the development of a new class of
      antibodies termed checkpoint inhibitors. Unprecedented results in patients with
      metastatic melanoma and lung cancer have renewed interest in the immunotherapy of
      other solid tumor entities, including pancreatic cancer. Data on the efficacy of
      checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer are still sparse and indicate limited
      efficacy as single agents. Combination of checkpoint inhibitors with other immune
      activating strategies or cytotoxic drugs might be a way to overcome therapy
      resistance in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26968249
TI  - C/EBPbeta regulates sensitivity to bortezomib in prostate cancer cells by
      inducing REDD1 and autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to ascertain the mechanisms by which advanced
      prostate cancer cells resist bortezomib therapy. Several independent studies have
      shown that cells are protected from proteasome inhibition by increased autophagic
      activity. We investigated whether C/EBPbeta, a transcription factor involved in
      the control of autophagic gene expression, regulates resistance to proteasome
      inhibition. In PC3 cells over-expressing C/EBPbeta, turnover of autophagic
      substrates and expression of core autophagy genes were increased. Conversely,
      C/EBPbeta knockdown suppressed autophagosome-lysosome fusion. We also found that
      C/EBPbeta knockdown suppressed REDD1 expression to delay early autophagy, an
      effect rescued by exogenous REDD1. Cells with suppressed C/EBPbeta levels showed
      delayed autophagy activation upon bortezomib treatment. Knockdown of C/EBPbeta
      sensitized PC3 cells to bortezomib, and blockade of autophagy by chloroquine did
      not further increase cell death in cells expressing shRNA targeting C/EBPbeta.
      Lastly, we observed a decreased growth of PC3 cells and xenografts with C/EBPbeta
      knockdown and such xenografts were sensitized to bortezomib treatment. Our
      results demonstrate that C/EBPbeta is a critical effector of autophagy via
      regulation of autolysosome formation and promotes resistance to proteasome
      inhibitor treatment by increasing autophagy. 

PMID- 26968252
TI  - Development of sheep primordial follicles encapsulated in alginate or in ovarian
      tissue in fresh and vitrified samples.
AB  - In vitro follicle growth is a promising strategy for female fertility
      preservation. This study was conducted to compare the development of ovine
      follicles either isolated or in the context of ovarian cortical pieces after
      short term (8 days) three-dimensional culture in fresh and vitrified samples.
      Four different experiments were conducted; I) culture of ovarian cortical pieces
      encapsulated in 0.5% and 1% alginate and without alginate encapsulation (CP-0.5%,
      CP-1% and CP, respectively), II) culture of isolated primordial and primary
      follicles encapsulated in 1% and 2% alginate (IF-1% and IF-2%, respectively),
      III) culture of fresh and vitrified-warmed cortical pieces (F-CP and Vit-CP,
      respectively), and IV) culture of fresh and vitrified-warmed encapsulated
      isolated follicles (F-IF and Vit-IF, respectively). The number of secondary
      follicles after culture was negatively influenced by encapsulation of ovarian
      cortical pieces (6.3 +/- 3.3 and 10.6 +/- 0.9 vs 21.5 +/- 2.3 in CP-0.5% and CP
      1% vs CP, respectively). The diameter of follicles in IF-2% was higher than IF-1%
      (54.06 +/- 2 vs 41.9 +/- 1.5) and no significant difference in follicular
      viability was observed between the two groups. The proportions of different
      follicular types and their viability after culture in vitrified-warmed cortical
      pieces were comparable with fresh ones. The viability of vitrified-warmed
      isolated follicles was lower than fresh counterparts. The growth rate of fresh
      follicles was higher than vitrified-warmed follicles after culture (47.9 +/- 1 vs
      44.6 +/- 1). In conclusion, while encapsulation of ovarian cortical pieces
      decreased the follicles' development, it could better support the growth of
      isolated follicles. Moreover, the viability and growth rate of isolated
      encapsulated follicles was decreased by vitrification. 

PMID- 26968253
TI  - Recent progress on third generation covalent EGFR inhibitors.
AB  - First generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (gefitinib and erlotinib) demonstrate excellent clinical efficacy for
      NSCLC patients carrying EGFR oncogenic mutations (L858R, del exon 19 deletions
      between amino acids 746 and 750). Invariable, drug resistance occurs with around
      60% of it driven by the EGFR-T790M gatekeeper mutation. To counter the T790M
      dependent resistance, third generation covalent EGFR inhibitors have been
      developed with high potency toward T790M containing mutants and selectivity over
      WT EGFR. This review provides an overview of the third generation drugs currently
      in clinical trials and also encompasses novel methodologies developed to discover
      third generation covalent EGFR drugs. 

PMID- 26968251
TI  - Using a public health station for screening of undiagnosed dysglycemia and
      hypertension.
AB  - AIM: Dysglycemia, diabetes and abnormal blood pressure screening can be conducted
      by trained volunteers and may identify unknown cases. The aim of the study was to
      examine the feasibility and effectiveness of operating a screening station in
      pubic setting supervised by diabetes unit. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of
      a program offering free screening services to non-hospitalized subjects. From
      1.1.2011 through 31.12.2013 trained volunteers measured height, weight, blood
      glucose and blood pressure at the main entrance of the hospital. Subjects were
      asked whether they had diabetes or hypertension. Dysglycemia was defined as blood
      glucose 141-199mg/dL and probable newly-identified diabetes as >=200mg/dL.
      RESULTS: 13,112 adults underwent screening. Among the screened individuals (age
      55.3+/-14.9 years) 2215 (16.9%) reported diabetes and 3037 (23.2%) hypertension.
      Among subjects without known hypertension, 9.6% had blood pressure >=140/90.
      Among the subjects without known diabetes, 5012 (46%) had glucose <=110mg/dL,
      2873 (26.4%) >=126mg/dL, 1553 (14.3%) >140mg/dL and 170 (1.6%) >=200mg/dL.
      Compared to subjects with blood glucose <=140mg/dL, those with dysglycemia or
      diabetes were older (58.9+/-13.4 vs. 52.7+/-15.2 years, P<0.001), had elevated
      BMI (27.5+/-4.6kg/m(2) vs. 26.6+/-4.6kg/m(2), P<0.001), higher systolic (137.5+/
      22.2mmHg vs. 132.2+/-21.3mmHg, P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (80.3+/
      15.6mmHg vs. 78.6+/-13.7mmHg, P<0.001). Compared to subjects with blood
      glucose<200mg/dL, those with probable newly-identified diabetes were older
      (58.6+/-10.9 vs. 53.5+/-15.2, P<0.001), had elevated BMI (28.4+/-4.8kg/m(2) vs.
      26.7+/-4.6kg/m(2), P<0.001), higher systolic (139.4+/-24.0mmHg vs. 132.8+/
      21.4mmHg, P<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (85.4+/-20.7mmHg vs. 78.8+/
      13.9mmHg, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Screening supervised by healthcare center can
      identify individuals at high-risk for dysglycemia and abnormal blood pressure,
      who are referred for further diagnosis and treatment and may serve as a
      complementary step in primary health care setting.

PMID- 26968254
TI  - Status of underrepresented minority and female faculty at medical schools located
      within Historically Black Colleges and in Puerto Rico.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of medical school location in
      Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) and Puerto Rico (PR) on the
      proportion of underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMM) and women hired in
      faculty and leadership positions at academic medical institutions. METHOD: AAMC
      2013 faculty roster data for allopathic medical schools were used to compare the
      racial/ethnic and gender composition of faculty and chair positions at medical
      schools located within HBCU and PR to that of other medical schools in the United
      States. Data were compared using independent sample t-tests. RESULTS: Women were
      more highly represented in HBCU faculty (mean HBCU 43.5% vs. non-HBCU 36.5%,
      p=0.024) and chair (mean HBCU 30.1% vs. non-HBCU 15.6%, p=0.005) positions and in
      PR chair positions (mean PR 38.23% vs. non-PR 15.38%, p=0.016) compared with
      other allopathic institutions. HBCU were associated with increased African
      American representation in faculty (mean HBCU 59.5% vs. non-HBCU 2.6%, p=0.011)
      and chair (mean HBCU 73.1% vs. non-HBCU 2.2%, p<=0.001) positions. PR designation
      was associated with increased faculty (mean PR 75.40% vs. non-PR 3.72%, p<=0.001)
      and chair (mean PR 75.00% vs. non-PR 3.54%, p<=0.001) positions filled by
      Latinos/Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: Women and African Americans are better
      represented in faculty and leadership positions at HBCU, and women and
      Latino/Hispanics at PR medical schools, than they are at allopathic peer
      institutions.

PMID- 26968255
TI  - [A prospective study to compare the efficiency of oocyte vitrification using
      closed or open devices].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Oocyte vitrification using an open device is thought to be a source
      of microbiological and chemical contaminations that can be avoided using a closed
      device. The principal purpose of this study was to compare the two vitrification
      protocols: closed and open system. The secondary aim was to study the effects of
      the storage in the vapor phase of nitrogen (VPN) on oocytes vitrified using an
      open system and to compare it to those of a storage in liquid nitrogen (LN).
      METHODS: Forty-four patients have been included in our study between November
      2014 and May 2015. Two hundred and fourteen oocytes have been vitrified at
      germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (0PB) and metaphase II (1PB) stages. We
      vitrified 96 oocytes (59 GV/37 0PB) using a closed vitrification device and 118
      oocytes (57 GV/31 0PB/30 1PB) using an open device. The vitrified oocytes were
      then stored either in LN or in VPN. The main outcome measures were the survival
      rate after warming (SR), meiosis resumption rate (MRR) and maturation rate (MR).
      RESULTS: The global post-thaw SR was significantly higher for oocytes vitrified
      using an open system (93.2%) compared to those vitrified using a closed one
      (64.5%; P<0.001). On the contrary, there was no significant difference in terms
      of global MRR and MR (82.1% vs. 87.5% and 60.7% vs. 61.2% using closed and open
      system respectively). The SR, MRR and the MR were not significantly different
      when vitrified oocytes were stored in VPN or LN (91.6, 83.8, 64.5% vs. 93.9,
      89.8, 59.1% respectively). CONCLUSION: Taking into account the limits of our
      protocol, the open vitrification system remains the more efficient system. The
      use of sterile liquid nitrogen for oocyte vitrification and the subsequent
      storage in vapor phase of nitrogen could minimize the hypothetical risks of
      biological and chemical contaminations.

PMID- 26968256
TI  - Is the main lacrimal gland indispensable? Contributions of the corneal and
      conjunctival epithelia.
AB  - The ocular surface system is responsible for ensuring that the precorneal tear
      film is sufficient in both quality and quantity to preserve optimal vision. Tear
      secretion is a complex, multifactorial process, and dysfunction of any component
      of the ocular surface system can result in tear film instability and
      hyperosmolarity with resultant dry eye disease. The tear film is primarily
      composed of lipids, aqueous, and mucins, with aqueous accounting for most of its
      thickness. The aqueous is produced by the main lacrimal gland, accessory lacrimal
      glands, and corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Although the main lacrimal gland
      has long been considered an indispensable source of the aqueous component of
      tears, there is evidence that adequate tear secretion can exist in the absence of
      the main lacrimal gland. We review and discuss the basics of tear secretion, the
      tear secretory capacity of the ocular surface, and emerging treatments for dry
      eye disease.

PMID- 26968257
TI  - Influence of Sorafenib and Bevacizumab on pancreatic volume - A monocentric CT
      based analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Angiogenesis plays a central role in tumor growth and
      metastasis and tyrosine kinases are crucial in the modulation of growth factor
      signaling. Several side effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been reported,
      including diarrhea due to pancreatic insufficiency. The suspected mechanism is
      the anti-angiogenetic effect of the inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) causing a disturbance of the microvasculation. The aim of the present
      study was to determine the volume of the pancreas before and after a therapy both
      with the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib and Bevacizumab, which is a
      humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody against VEGF. METHODS:
      Retrospective monocentric study including 42 patients who received either
      Sorafenib, Bevacizumab combined with Flourouracil and/or Irinotecan, or singly
      Flourouracil and Irinotecan for different non-pancreatic malignancies. The volume
      of the pancreas was measured before and after therapy by CT-scan based volumetry.
      RESULTS: The pancreatic volume was statistically significantly lower after
      treatment with Sorafenib (75.4 mL vs. 71.0 mL; p = 0.006) or Bevacizumab and
      Fluorouracil +/- Irinotecan (71.8 mL vs. 62.6 mL; p = 0.020). The pancreatic
      volume did not change statistically significantly after treatment with
      Fluorouracil +/- Irinotecan only (51.1 mL vs. 49.9 mL; p = 0.142). CONCLUSIONS:
      Pancreatic volume decreases statistically significantly under treatment with both
      the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib and the angiogenesis inhibitor
      Bevacizumab. This volume reduction is most likely due to a reduced
      microvasculation by inhibition of VEGF.

PMID- 26968258
TI  - Prevalence of Skin Cancer and Related Skin Tumors in High-Risk Kidney and Liver
      Transplant Recipients in Queensland, Australia.
AB  - The increased skin cancer incidence in organ transplant recipients is well-known,
      but the skin cancer burden at any one time is unknown. Our objective was to
      estimate the period prevalence of untreated skin malignancy and actinic keratoses
      in high-risk kidney and liver transplant recipients and to assess associated
      factors. Organ transplant recipients underwent full skin examinations by
      dermatologically trained physicians. The proportion of examined organ transplant
      recipients with histopathologically confirmed skin cancer in the 3-month baseline
      period was estimated. Prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals indicated
      significant associations. Of 495 high-risk organ transplant recipients (average
      age = 54 years, time immunosuppressed = 8.9 years), 135 (27%) had basal cell
      carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or Bowen's disease (intraepidermal carcinoma)
      present and confirmed in the baseline period, with respective prevalence
      proportions of 10%, 11%, and 18% in kidney transplant recipients and 10%, 9%, and
      13% in liver transplant recipients. Over 80% had actinic keratosis present, with
      approximately 30% having 5 or more actinic keratoses. Organ transplant recipients
      with the highest skin cancer burden were Australian born, were fair skinned
      (prevalence ratio = 1.61, 95% confidence interval = [1.07, 2.43]), reported past
      skin cancer (prevalence ratio =3.39, 95% confidence interval = [1.93, 5.95]), and
      were receiving the most frequent skin checks (prevalence ratio = 1.76, 95%
      confidence interval = [1.15, 2.70]). In conclusion, high-risk organ transplant
      recipients carry a substantial measurable skin cancer burden at any given time
      and require frequent review through easily accessible, specialized services.

PMID- 26968259
TI  - Whole Genome Linkage Analysis Followed by Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies
      Nicastrin (NCSTN) as a Causative Gene in a Multiplex Family with gamma-Secretase
      Spectrum of Autoinflammatory Skin Phenotypes.

PMID- 26968260
TI  - Regulation of Melanoma Progression through the TCF4/miR-125b/NEDD9 Cascade.
AB  - Melanoma progression from a primary lesion to a distant metastasis is a complex
      process associated with genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications, and
      phenotypic switches. Elucidation of these phenomena may indicate how to interfere
      with this fatal disease. The role of microRNAs as key negative regulators of gene
      expression, controlling all cellular processes including cell migration and
      invasion, is now being recognized. Here, we used in silico analysis of microRNA
      expression profiles of primary and metastatic melanomas and functional
      experiments to show that microRNA-125b (miR-125b) is a determinant candidate of
      melanoma progression: (i) miR-125b is more strongly expressed in aggressive
      metastatic than primary melanomas, (ii) there is an inverse correlation between
      the amount of miR-125b and overall patient survival, (iii) invasion/migration
      potentials in vitro are inversely correlated with the amount of miR-125b in a
      series of human melanoma cell lines, and (iv) inhibition of miR-125b reduces
      migratory and invasive potentials without affecting cell proliferation in vitro.
      Furthermore, we show that neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down
      regulated protein 9 (i.e., NEDD9) is a direct target of miR-125b and is involved
      in modulating melanoma cell migration and invasion. Also, transcription factor 4,
      associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion, induces the
      transcription of miR-125b-1. In conclusion, the transcription factor 4/miR
      125b/NEDD9 cascade promotes melanoma cell migration/invasion.

PMID- 26968261
TI  - Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Increases in Photodamaged Skin.
AB  - Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is a structural component of
      cartilage. Recent studies have described COMP as a pathogenic factor that
      promotes collagen deposition in fibrotic skin disorders such as scleroderma and
      keloid skin. Although collagen, a major dermis component, is thought to decrease
      in photoaged skin, recent reports have demonstrated the presence of tightly
      packed collagen fibrils with a structural resemblance to fibrosis in the
      papillary dermis of photoaged skin. Here we examined how photoaging damage
      relates to COMP expression and localization in photoaged skin. In situ
      hybridization revealed an increase in COMP-mRNA-positive cells with the progress
      of photoaging in preauricular skin (sun-exposed skin). The signal intensity of
      immunostaining for COMP increased with photoaging in not only the papillary
      dermis but also the reticular dermis affected by advancing solar elastosis.
      Immunoelectron microscopy detected the colocalization of COMP with both elastotic
      materials and collagen fibrils in photoaged skin. Ultraviolet light A irradiation
      of human dermal fibroblasts induced COMP expression at both the mRNA and protein
      levels. Ultraviolet light A-induced COMP expression was inhibited by an anti
      transforming growth factor-beta antibody or SB431542, an activin receptor-like
      kinase 5 inhibitor. These results suggest that the transforming growth factor
      beta-mediated upregulation of COMP expression may contribute to the modulation of
      dermal extracellular matrix in the photoaging process.

PMID- 26968262
TI  - Pseudouridylation meets next-generation sequencing.
AB  - The isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine (Psi), known as pseudouridylation,
      is the most abundant post-transcriptional modification of stable RNAs. Due to
      technical limitations in pseudouridine detection methods, studies on
      pseudouridylation have historically focused on ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and
      spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs, where Psis play a critical role in RNA
      biogenesis and function. Recently, however, a series of deep sequencing methods
      Pseudo-seq, Psi-seq, PSI-seq, and CeU-seq-has been published to map Psi positions
      across the entire transcriptome with single nucleotide resolution. These data
      have greatly expanded the catalogue of pseudouridylated transcripts, which
      include messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs. Furthermore, these methods have
      revealed conditionally-dependent sites of pseudouridylation that appear in
      response to cellular stress, suggesting that pseudouridylation may play a role in
      dynamically modulating RNA function. Collectively, these methods have opened the
      door to further study of the biological relevance of naturally occurring Psis.
      However, an in-depth comparison of these techniques and their results has not yet
      been undertaken despite all four methods relying on the same basic principle: Psi
      detection through selective chemical labeling by the carbodiimide known as CMC.
      In this article, we will outline the currently available high-throughput Psi
      detection methods and present a comparative analysis of their results. We will
      then discuss the merits and limitations of these approaches, including those
      inherent in CMC conjugation, and their potential to further elucidate the
      function of this ubiquitous and dynamic modification.

PMID- 26968263
TI  - [Updates on prevention and treatment of melanoma: Pharmacist involvements and
      challenges].
AB  - Melanoma is a skin cancer that represents an actual public health problem. Its
      incidence is increasing every year. Environmental risk factors have been clearly
      identified. Early diagnosis of a suspicious skin lesion should be possible by any
      health professionals because the prognosis is correlated with the evolution of
      the disease and the presence of metastases. The advent of new therapies in
      metastatic forms with the development of immunotherapies and kinases inhibitors
      has significantly changed the management of this disease. New therapies are
      available in retail pharmacies and involve health professionals out of the
      hospital. This article is intended for community and hospital pharmacists and
      summarizes recommendations for primary and secondary prevention. It updates on
      new targeted therapies. It wants to give advices to the community pharmacists
      about the effective use of those treatments for melanoma. 

PMID- 26968264
TI  - The redox-active drug metronidazole and thiol-depleting garlic compounds act
      synergistically in the protist parasite Spironucleus vortens.
AB  - Spironucleus vortens is a protozoan parasite associated with significant
      mortalities in the freshwater angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare. Control of this
      parasite is especially problematic due to restrictions on the use of the drug of
      choice, metronidazole (MTZ), on fish farms. Use of garlic (Allium sativum) is
      undergoing a renaissance following experimental validations of its antimicrobial
      efficiency. Ajoene ((E,Z)-4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide), is a stable
      transformation product of allicin, the primary biologically active component of
      garlic. In the current study, an ajoene oil crude extract had a minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40MUg/ml against S. vortens. GC-MS and NMR
      spectroscopy revealed this ajoene extract contained a mixture of the (E) and (Z)
      ajoene isomers along with diallyl disulphide (DADS) and diallyl trisulphide
      (DATS). The only component of the ajoene crude oil found to substantially inhibit
      S. vortens growth by optical density monitoring (Bioscreen C Reader) was (Z)
      ajoene (MIC 16MUg/ml). Ajoene oil acted in synergy with MTZ in vitro, reducing
      the individual MIC of this drug (4MUg/ml) by 16-fold, and that of ajoene oil by
      200-fold with a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of 0.263. This
      synergistic interaction was confirmed in vivo. S. vortens-infected Pterophyllum
      scalare angelfish dosed orally with 0.5% (v/w) MTZ combined with 0.05% (v/w)
      ajoene displayed a significant reduction in faecal trophozoite count, whilst
      those fed on 0.5% MTZ flakes (half the recommended oral dose) alone did not. This
      study demonstrates for the first time the synergistic interaction between the
      synthetic drug MTZ and natural ajoene oil both in vitro and in vivo. Future work
      should evaluate the potential synergy of ajoene and MTZ against MTZ-resistant
      bacteria and protists.

PMID- 26968266
TI  - Changes in oral health-related quality of life during implant treatment in
      partially edentulous patients: A prospective study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the changes in oral
      health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) during implant treatment for partially
      edentulous patients, and to evaluate the influence of the type of partially
      edentulous arch. METHODS: Twenty patients with a small number of lost teeth
      (fewer than 4 teeth) who underwent implant treatment were selected. Chronological
      QOL change during implant treatment was measured. The subjects completed the
      shortened Japanese version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-J14) before
      the surgery (T0), 1 week after the surgery (T1), 1 week after interim prosthesis
      placement (T2), and 1 week after definitive prosthesis placement (T3). Complete
      data of the twenty subjects were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
      RESULTS: The total OHIP-J14 score was significantly reduced only at T3 (P<0.05).
      "Physical pain" and "Physical disability" scores significantly decreased at T3,
      and "Psychological discomfort" scores also significantly dropped at T2. However,
      "Functional limitation" scores significantly increased at T1. "Psychological
      disability", "Social disability", and "Handicap" scores remained the same. On the
      other hand, in the comparison depending on the type of partially edentulous arch,
      the total OHIP-J14 score significantly decreased at T3 in the unilateral free-end
      edentulous space, whereas no significant difference was observed in the bounded
      edentulous space. CONCLUSION: Although there is a temporary functional limitation
      after implant placement in overall OHRQoL improvement was observed after the
      definitive prosthesis placement. Moreover, implant treatment was more effective
      in the unilateral free-end edentulous space.

PMID- 26968265
TI  - Alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay enforce neural specific
      gene expression.
AB  - Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is a fundamental regulatory process for most
      mammalian multi-exon genes to increase proteome diversity. Nonsense-mediated mRNA
      decay (NMD) is a conserved mRNA surveillance mechanism to mitigate deleterious
      effects caused by gene mutations or transcriptional errors. Coupling alternative
      splicing and NMD (AS-NMD), in which alternative splicing switches between
      translational and NMD isoforms, results in fine-tuning overall gene expression
      to, in turn, expand the functional activities of these two post-transcriptional
      regulatory processes. AS-NMD is known for maintaining homeostatic expression of
      many RNA-binding proteins. We further show that AS-NMD is a conserved mechanism
      among mammals to induce developmental expression of the synaptic scaffold protein
      PSD-95. Comparing gene sequences between human Psd-95 and its ancestral
      orthologues indicates that AS-NMD regulation of mammalian Psd-95 is a product of
      selective pressure and that it enforces neural-specific expression of PSD-95
      proteins in mammals. Invertebrate homolog of Psd-95 is not subjected to AS-NMD
      regulation and its protein product does not exhibit neural-specific expression.
      Given the prevalence of alternative splicing regulation in the mammalian nervous
      system, neural-specific expression of many other genes could be controlled by AS
      NMD in a similar manner. We discuss the implication of these discoveries, as well
      as the challenges in generalizing the regulation and functional activity of AS
      NMD.

PMID- 26968267
TI  - Motherhood; blessing or a curse! A nephrologists' view.

PMID- 26968268
TI  - Paroxetine: An update of response on intestinal motility.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To find out the possible effects of paroxetine on gastrointestinal
      smooth muscles in vitro as they can cause severe nausea and vomiting at the start
      of therapy which later settles down. METHODS: Power lab (USA) was used for
      recording the contractions of ileal smooth muscle of rabbits in response to
      acetylcholine, serotonin and paroxetine. RESULTS: The percent responses with
      acetylcholine, serotonin and paroxetine were 100, 158.7 and 6.45 percent
      respectively indicating that acetylcholine and serotonin causes an increase in
      contractility of isolated ileal smooth muscle in comparison to paroxetine which
      has a depressant effect on motility. CONCLUSIONS: Inability of paroxetine to
      enhance the serotonergic transmission in vitro causes a decrease in its
      qualitative response.

PMID- 26968269
TI  - Response to nebulized salbutamol versus combination with ipratropium bromide in
      children with acute severe asthma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of nebulised salbutamol alone and in
      combination with ipratropium bromide in acute severe asthma in children. METHODS:
      The randomised controlled trial was conducted at the National Institute of Child
      Health, Karachi, from October 2012 to March 2013, and comprised patients with
      acute severe asthma who were randomised into two equal groups. Group A patients
      received 3 doses of nebulised salbutamol alone (0.03 ml/kg/dose) at 15-minute
      intervals and Group B received 3 similar doses of salbutamol along with
      ipratropium (250 ug/dose). Acute severe asthma was categorised as serve
      exacerbation (clinical score >10) and moderate (5-10 score) based on Bentur
      Modification. Efficacy was measured after 5minutes of the last dose by change in
      severity score from severe exacerbation (baseline) to low score. SPSS 10 was used
      for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were two groups of 100(50%) patients
      each. The mean age in Group A was 9.1+/-3 years and 9.3+/-2.8 years in Group B.
      Male-Female ratio in Group A was 1.5:1 and in Group B it was 1.2:1. In Group B,
      93(93%) children showed improvement in clinical score (<10 score) while it was
      84(84%) in Group A. There was better response in clinical score in Group A than
      Group B, but it was not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of
      nebulised salbutamol along with ipratropium bromide in the treatment of acute
      asthma exacerbation was not superior to salbutamol alone.

PMID- 26968270
TI  - Surgical management of inflammatory bowel disease: A low prevalence, developing
      country perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of surgical management of inflammatory bowel
      disease. METHODS: The retrospective case series was conducted at Aga Khan
      University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised medical record of adult patients
      operated between January 1986 and December 2010 for inflammatory bowel disease.
      Outcomes consisted of complications till last follow-up and 30-day mortality
      (disease or procedure related). Functional status of patients with ileal pouch
      was determined via telephone. SPSS 16 was used to analyse data. RESULTS: Of the
      36 patients whose records were reviewed, 21(58%) were males, and body mass index
      was less than 23 in 34(91%). A total of 27(75%) patients underwent elective
      surgery for their condition. Ileal pouch was formed in 9(25%). Overall mortality
      was 14(38.8%). Overall incidence of complications was 26(72%), with wound
      infection being the most common early morbidity in 11(30.5%). Late morbidity
      included pouchitisin 4/9 (44.9%) and strictures 2/36 (5.5%).On telephonic follow
      up, 6 of the remaining 7patients (85%) with ileal pouch were satisfied with the
      functional results of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The retrospective case series
      represents results from a developing country with low prevalence of inflammatory
      bowel disease and hence limited experience.

PMID- 26968271
TI  - Home-based rehabilitation of severely malnourished children using indigenous high
      density diet.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of a
      'high-density diet made from indigenous ingredients. METHODS: The retrospective
      study was carried out from September 2009 to May 2010 in District Sanghar, Sindh,
      Pakistan. A field office was established and staff was recruited and trained. A
      baseline survey was done to screen for malnourished children aged 6-23 months
      using mid-upper arm circumference, for which a cut-off value of 115mm was
      adopted. The screened children with a weight-for-height z score <-3 were
      registered and were supplied the high-density diet and micronutrients. Their
      mothers were counselled on infant and young child feeding practices. RESULTS: The
      mean age of 123 children in the study was 15.5+/-8.5 months, and mean weight was
      5.91+/-1.18kg. Overall, 85(69%) children attained the target weight in a mean
      duration of 5.08+/-3.2 months. Besides, 29(23.5%) children were gaining weight,
      but had not achieved the target by the end of the study. The mean rate of weight
      gain of children who recovered was 3.30+/-3.59 g/kg/day. No significant adverse
      effects were noted. There was no documented refusal of the therapeutic
      supplement. The net cost of rehabilitating a child was $34.31. CONCLUSIONS: The
      high-density diet was reasonably efficacious in improving the nutritional status
      of severely malnourished children.

PMID- 26968272
TI  - Effects of bupivacaine infiltration on postoperative tramadol consumption in
      elective day care unilateral inguinal hernia repair.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the difference in analgesic requirement in terms of mean
      postoperative narcotic consumption and mean postoperative pain score in patients
      undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair with or without bupivacaine
      infiltration as day-care patients. METHODS: The randomised controlled trial was
      conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from June to December 2011,
      and comprised patients who were randomly divided into groups A and B. Tramadol
      1.5 mgkg-1 was used as intraoperative analgesia. At the time of closure of
      surgical incision, 20ml of bupivacaine 0.25% plain was infiltrated in the
      subcutaneous tissue sub-facially and in the deeper layers along the incision line
      in patients of group A. In group B, which was the control group, the surgical
      wound was closed without infiltrating bupivacaine. On arrival in post-anaesthesia
      care unit, the patient's pain scores was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale
      every 15 minutes for the first hour, every 30 minutes for next one hour, and
      hourly for the next two hours by a blinded observer. Postoperative narcotic
      consumption was also noted. RESULTS: There were 80 patients in the study; 40(50%)
      in each of the two groups. Mean postoperative narcotic consumption and mean pain
      scores were high in group B in all follow-ups (up to 4 hours) compared to group A
      patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Wound infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine
      diminished post-operative pain and decreased narcotic analgesic consumption for
      the first four hours after unilateral inguinal hernia repair.

PMID- 26968273
TI  - Ultrasonographic pattern of plasma leak in dengue haemorrhagic fever.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To note ultrasonographic findings used for diagnosing plasma leakage
      in dengue haemorrhagic fever patients. METHODS: The observational retrospective
      study was conducted at the Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi and comprised records
      of patients with confirmed dengue infection who were screened for dengue
      haemorrhagic fever according to Dengue Expert Advisory Group criteria from July 1
      to December 31, 2013. Each patient underwent ultrasonography for the detection of
      ascites, gall bladder wall thickness, pleural and/or pericardial effusion along
      with their quantification and localisation. RESULTS: Of the 240 patients,
      166(69.2%) were men. The overall mean age was 28.9+/-12.4 years. Of the total,
      215(89.5%) had ultrasonographic abnormalities, suggestive of plasma leakage.
      Quantification and localisation wise, mild abdominal ascites 68(47.2%), right
      pleural effusion 82(74.5%) and mild pleural effusion 98(89%) were commonly noted.
      None had pericardial effusion. CONCLUSIONS: Mild ascites and mild right pleural
      effusion were the commonest pattern of ultrasonographic leak in dengue
      haemorrhagic fever patients.

PMID- 26968274
TI  - Educational status and awareness among tuberculosis patients of Karachi.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyse patients' educational status and awareness
      regarding tuberculosis in the context of demographic distribution. METHODS: The
      survey-based study was conducted at Tuberculosis Diagnostic Centres in Karachi
      from March to October 2013. A predesigned questionnaire was used as the data
      collection tool. It was filled through face-to-face interviews. Data was anylsed
      using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 1260 respondents, 646(51.2%) were women and
      614(48.7%) were men. Women were more affected by extra pulmonary tuberculosis
      (65%; n=123) compared to men (35%; n=65), while the reverse was the case for
      pulmonary tuberculosis, with men accounting for 52% (n=557) and women 48%
      (n=514). Pulmonary tuberculosis was prevalent in all age groups of both genders,
      but was most notable in the 11-30 years age group. Educational status of
      tuberculosis patients indicated men as being more educated with 52% (n=91) and
      55% (n=258) for above and below secondary school certificate level or education
      respectively. The level of awareness and pursuance of precautionary measures was
      higher among literate males (58%; n=108 and 54%; n=347) compared to females at
      42% (n=77) and 46% (n=296) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings may prove
      helpful in convincing the educated tuberculosis patients to reform their
      lifestyles in order to improve their living environments to prevent the spread of
      the infectious disease, thereby improving the quality of life in the city.

PMID- 26968275
TI  - Comparison of tuberculin skin test and quantiferon-TB gold in tube test for
      diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in health care workers: A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic efficacy and agreement of the traditional
      tuberculin skin test with QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold In-Tube test for latent
      tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers. METHODS: The cross-sectional
      analytical study was conducted between March 1 and 31, 2008, at a specialist
      tuberculosis hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, and comprised healthcare workers who
      had been employed for at least one year at the hospital and volunteered to take
      part. Tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold In-Tube test were
      both performed simultaneously and their results were compared Using SPSS 12.
      RESULTS: Out of 34 subjects, 20(58.8%) had a positive tuberculin skin test, and
      7(20.6%) had a positive QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold In-Tube test. The two tests
      agreed in only 15(44.1%) cases and disagreed in 19(55.9%). In 16(47.1%) subjects,
      the QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold In-Tube test was negative and tuberculin skin
      testwas positive, while in 3(8.8%) participants QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold In
      Tube test was positive and tuberculin skin test was negative. Kappa test revealed
      discordance between the two tests (k=-0.13; p=0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Latent
      tuberculosis infection prevalence was higher based on tuberculin skin test than
      QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold In-Tube test. The results of the two tests were
      discordant.

PMID- 26968276
TI  - Intra-articular distal radius fractures: Postoperative roentgenographic and
      functional outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of volarlocking compression plate fixation for
      intra-articular distal radius fractures with respect to function of hand and
      roentgenographic parameters. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at
      the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised patients who underwent
      locking compression plate fixation for intra-articular distal radius fractures
      between June 2009 and July 2012. Case notes, radiographic assessment and
      functional outcomes were noted. Functional outcome was determined with the help
      of telephone-based quick-dash score questionnaire administered atleast 6 months
      post-surgery. Radiological assessment of radial inclination, radial height and
      volar tilt was measured on immediate postoperative radiographs and then again
      measured at last available follow-up which ranged from 4 to 116 weeks. RESULTS:
      The mean age of the 43 patients in the study was 47.31+/-14.24 years (range: 20
      95 years) at the time of injury. Mean Quick Dash score at 6-month follow-up was
      17.2+/-8.8 (range: 4-40). The outcome was very good in 1(2.2%), good in
      30(66.7%), satisfactory in 10(22.2%) and poor in 4(8.9%) patients. Mean immediate
      postoperative radial inclination, volar tilt and radial height were 17.26+/-3.23
      degrees , 7.6+/-3.87 degrees  and 10.2+/-1.95mm respectively. Corresponding
      values at the last follow-up were 17+/-3.89 degrees , 7.67+/-4.28 degrees  and
      9.8+/-1.8mm. CONCLUSIONS: Use of locking compression plate for intra-articular
      distal radius fracture showed good results comparable with global literature.

PMID- 26968277
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid on young athletic males.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on
      some inflammatory factors in young healthy males during exhaustive exercise.
      METHODS: The randomised double-blind controlled study was conducted at Ardabil
      University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from December 2012 to March2013, and
      comprised healthy male athletes 18-24 years of age. The subjects were randomly
      distributed into control and intervention groups. About 5.6 g/day conjugated
      linoleic acid supplement and oral paraffin (placebo) were given to intervention
      and control groups respectively daily for two weeks. Fasting blood samples were
      taken at baseline and at the end of the two weeks of intervention. The subjects
      underwent exhaustive exercise and then fasting blood samples were taken. Serum
      levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C
      reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 were measured. RESULTS: There
      were 23 subjects in the study, with 13(56.5%) in the supplemented group and
      10(43.4%) in the control group. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and
      tumour necrosis factor alpha were significantly decreased in the supplemented
      group (p<0.05). After exhaustive exercise, serum levels of matrix
      metalloproteinases-2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis
      factor alpha significantly decreased in the supplemented group compared to the
      control group(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Two-week administration of conjugated
      linoleic acid reduced the inflammatory factors following exhaustive exercise in
      young healthy males.

PMID- 26968278
TI  - Comparison of colony formation of human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) with and
      without collagen.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of collagen and growth factors on in vitro
      proliferation of human spermatogonial stem cells obtained from patients with non
      obstructive azoospermia. METHODS: The experimental cross-sectional study was
      conducted from February 2013 to April 2015 after obtaining approval from the
      ethics committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
      Testicular sperm extractions of non-obstructive azoospermic patients were
      obtained from the Clinical Urology and Embryology, In Vitro Fertilization
      Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Spermatogonial stem cells and Sertoli
      cells, obtained from human testis biopsies by a two-step enzymatic digestion
      method, were purified using fluorescence- activated cell-sorting and
      daturastramonium-lectin, and were cultured separately. To investigate a more
      direct influential factor on colony formation, one control and two experimental
      groups were formed. Group 1 acted as the control in which spermatogonial stem
      cells were co-cultured with Sertoli cells alone. In group 2 they were co-cultured
      with Sertoli cells and growth factors such as leukaemia inhibitory factor,
      epidermal growth factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and in group
      3 with Sertoli cells along with growth factors in the presence of collagen-coated
      dishes. Number and diameter of the colonies were evaluated after 7 weeks.
      RESULTS: Specimens obtained related to 21 patients. Number and diameter of the
      colonies in group 3 (18+/-2.6 and 276.6+/-45.5) were significantly more than both
      groups 1 (3.5+/-1 and D1:81.6+/-12) and group 2(11+/-2.2 and 165.2+/-32.5)
      (p<0.05 each). Also, the number and diameter of colony in group 2 were
      significantly better than the control group (p<0.05).Expression profile of the
      VASA, promyelocytic leukaemia zinc-finger (PLZF), Octamer-binding transcription
      factor 4 (OCT4) and integrin a6 (INTGa6) were detected in all groups. Based on
      cytochemical findings, OCT4 was expressed in the colonies of all three groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: According to positive effects of collagen and growth factors on the
      colonisation of spermatogonial stem cells, it seems that using the cells may lead
      to better colonisation of this type of stem cells.

PMID- 26968279
TI  - Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of touch imprint cytology and frozen section
      techniques in detecting breast malignancies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of touch imprint cytology and
      frozen section in the diagnosis of malignant breast lumps keeping
      histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard. METHODS: The cross-sectional
      validation study was conducted at Foundation University Medical College,
      Islamabad, from February 2011 to February 2012, and comprised patients undergoing
      mastectomy/lumpectomy. The specimens were collected from the operation theatre of
      Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. After tissue fixation, three
      representative sections were processed and the slides were stained with
      haematoxylin and eosin stain. The person analysing touch imprint cytology slides
      was blinded to the frozen section and histopathological slide results and vice
      versa. Data was analysed using SPSS 17. RESULTS: Out of 76 patients with a mean
      age of 49+/-15.14 years, 61(80%) were diagnosed with malignant breast diseases.
      The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive
      value and true positives of touch imprint cytology were 96.72%, 100%, 100%,
      88.24% and 96.72% respectively. The corresponding values of the frozen section
      were 100% each. The diagnostic accuracy calculated for touch imprints and frozen
      section was 97.37% and 100% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of
      frozen section was better than touch imprint cytology in rapid intra-operative
      diagnosis. However, touch imprints can safely be used as an alternative intra
      operative procedure to ensure satisfactory results.

PMID- 26968280
TI  - Islet transplantation restores the damage of glomerulus filtration membrane in a
      rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects on filtration membrane of glomerulus after
      islet transplantation in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic
      nephropathy. METHODS: The experimental case-control study was conducted at
      Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China from January to May 2015, and
      comprised male Sprague Dawley rats obtained from the Laboratory Animal Centre of
      Wenzhou Medical University. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with
      streptozotocin to induce diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic rats were divided into
      two groups; the islets group received islets transplantation under the kidney
      capsule; and the diabetic nephropathy (DN) group consisted of untreated diabetic
      nephropathy rats. The control group consisted of non-diabetic rats. Islets were
      surgically transplanted under the kidney capsule. Kidney function and blood
      glucose were measured and pathological changes in the kidney were observed by
      electron microscope, while the expressions of Wilms' tumour-1, caspase-3 and
      transforming growth factor-beta 1 were tested by immunohistochemical method and
      Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Each of the three groups had 6 rats each with
      body weights ranging from 180g to 220g. Reduced urinary protein excretion and
      alleviated damage of podocytes and glomerular basement membrane were seen in the
      islet-transplanted rats. The alleviation of podocyte damage was related to
      alteration in the synthesis of caspase-3, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and
      Wilms' tumour-1 protein in the glomerulus. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic nephropathy rats
      after islet transplantation can ameliorate the damage of podocytes and basement
      membrane by inhibiting the pathway of transforming growth factor-beta 1.

PMID- 26968281
TI  - Does folinic acid ameliorates retinoic acid induced teratogenicity in chick
      embryo?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of folinic acid on the hatching
      ability and developmental defects in a retinoic acid-induced teratogenic model of
      chick embryo. METHODS: The experimental study was conducted at the Department of
      Anatomy, Regional Centre of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan,
      Islamabad, from February 2009 to February 2010. Chicken eggs were divided into
      two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group was
      injected with retinoic acid to induce a defective model, while the second
      experimental group was concomitantly injected folinic acid to observe its
      protective effects on retinoic acid-induced defects in the development and
      hatching process. Both groups were compared with the age-matched control group.
      RESULTS: A total of 90 fertilised eggs were divided into three groups. The
      experimental groups had significantly more delayed and assisted hatchings
      compared to the control group (p<0.05) but the difference between the
      experimental groups regarding the mode and day of hatching was insignificant
      (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the presence of folinic acid, prenatal
      retinoic acid exposure significantly altered the hatchability characteristics in
      the experimental groups compared to the control.

PMID- 26968282
TI  - The role of NT-proBNP and Apelin in the assessment of right ventricular
      dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
      and apelin in the assessment of right ventricular dysfunction in acute pulmonary
      embolism. METHODS: The prospective case-control study was conducted at Ondokuz
      Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey, from January 2008 to June 2009, and comprised
      adult patients with acute pulmonary embolism. A smaller group of healthy adults
      served as the control. Blood N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and apelin
      levels were measured on admission to the Emergency Department. SPSS 15 was used
      for data analysis. RESULTS: There were 56 cases and 20 controls in the study.
      Blood N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels were higher in cases than
      the controls (p<0.05). Apelin levels were not different between the groups
      (p>0.05). Patients with right ventricular dysfunction had significantly higher
      peptide levels than those without the dysfunction (p<0.05). The cut-off value of
      peptide for the prediction of right ventricular dysfunction was 1000 pg/ml, with
      a sensitivity of 92.1% and specificity of 77.8%. CONCLUSIONS: There was no
      significant change in plasma apelin levels in acute pulmonary embolism. The blood
      N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide maybe a useful parameter in the
      assessment of right ventricular dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 26968283
TI  - Preputial bacterial colonisation in uncircumcised male children: Is it related to
      phimosis?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of uropathogens in the periurethral skin and
      the effect of phimosis on bacterial colonisation. METHODS: The observational
      cohort study was conducted in Samsun Research and Training Hospital, Samsun,
      Turkey from June to December, 2014, and comprised patients undergoing
      circumcision. Before circumcision, all children were examined in the operating
      room and the presence of phimosis was recorded. All patients had circumcision
      performed by the same surgical team under general anaesthesia. Before the
      procedure, samples were taken from preputial skin of all patients by swab before
      cleansing with polyvidone-iodine. The samples were inoculated on 5% sheep blood
      agar and eosin-methylene blue agar. RESULTS: The median age of the 117 children
      was 5 years (range: 1-12). Of the total, 19(16.2%) children had complete
      phimosis, and 72(61.5%) had partial phimosis. In all,91(77.7%) children had
      phimosis and 26(22.3%) had no phimosis. Of the 91 patients with different degrees
      of phimosis, 52(57.1%) had clinically significant uropathogenic bacterial
      colonisation >100,000 colony-forming units per millilitre [cfu/ml]). Of the 26
      patients without phimosis, 13(50%) had clinically significant colonisation. Thus,
      there was no effect of the presence of phimosis on bacteria colonisation
      (p=0.655). CONCLUSIONS: Important uropathogens colonise the preputium in
      uncircumcised male children. There was no effect of phimosis on colonisation.

PMID- 26968284
TI  - Tale of two cities: comparison of educational environment of two colleges (Jeddah
      and Rabigh) affiliated with one university.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate students' perception about the educational environment at
      two medical colleges. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at King
      Abdulaziz University, Rabigh and Jeddah campuses, in Saudi Arabia, during the
      first semester of the year 2014 using Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure
      inventory. Data was collected from undergraduate medical students and analysed
      using SPSS 16. RESULTS: Of the 279 subjects in the study, 141(50.5%) belonged to
      the Rabigh campus, and 138(49.5%) to the Jeddah campus. Overall mean Dundee Ready
      Education Environment Measure inventory score was 124.90+/-20.66. The score for
      Jeddah was 131.38+/-21.37 and for Rabigh it was 118.56+/-17.85 (p=0.0001). The
      difference was also statistically significant in all domains of the inventory
      (p<0.05 each). CONCLUSIONS: Students' perception of their educational environment
      was positive in both campuses, it was more positive in Jeddah compared to Rabigh.

PMID- 26968285
TI  - Efficacy of immediate postoperative intramasseteric dexamethasone injection on
      postoperative swelling after mandibular impacted third molar surgery: A
      preliminary split-mouth study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of immediate intramasseteric injection of
      dexamethasone on postoperative oedema. METHODS: The prospective study was
      conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ankara University,
      Ankara, Turkey, in July 2012, and comprised patients aged 15-32 years who
      presented for the removal of bilateral vertical impacted mandibular third molar
      teeth.The right and left impacted third molars of each patient were randomly
      allocated into study and control groups. The impacted teeth in the study group
      were extracted with surgical bone removal, and 2ml of 8mg/2ml dexamethasone was
      injected into the ipsilateral masseter muscle immediately after suturing.In the
      control group, dexamethasone was replaced with 2ml of sterile saline solution.
      Postoperative facial oedema was measured with a tape scale by calculating the
      distance between several facial landmarks on postoperative day 2. SPSS 15 was
      used for data analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of 20 patients was 21.35+/-4.18
      years, and there were 9(45%) patients between 15-20 years of age, while 11(55%)
      were 21-32 years. IN terms of gender, 9(45%) patients were male and 11(55%) were
      female. Postoperative oedema was significantly reduced in the study group
      compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Immediate intramasseteric
      injection of dexamethasone was effective in reducing postoperative oedema after
      mandibular impacted third molar surgery.

PMID- 26968286
TI  - Is laparoscopic pyeloplasty a comparable option to treat Ureteropelvic junction
      obstruction (UPJO)? A comparative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare laparoscopic with open pyeloplasty. METHODS: The
      retrospective study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and
      comprised records of patients who underwent surgical correction of ureteropelvic
      junction obstruction between during January 2008 and December 2012. Patients with
      laparoscopic pyeloplasty were placed in group 1 and those with open pyeloplasty
      in group 2.The groups were compared for operative time, hospital stay,
      perioperative complications, blood loss, duration of surgery, outcome and follow
      up. Data was analysed using SPSS 19. RESULTS: Of the 73 patients, 29(40%) were in
      group 1, and 44(60%) in group 2. A crossing vessel could be identified in
      25(86.2%) in group 1 and in 33(75 %) in group 2. Laparoscopic procedures were
      associated with a longer mean operating time (p=0.04), median estimated blood
      loss (p<0.001) and a shorter mean hospital stay (p<0.001). Follow-up
      mercaptoacetyltriglycinescan was done in 21(74.5%) patients in group 1 and
      23(52.2%) in group 2. Only 2(7%) patients in group 1 and 2(4.5%) in group 2 had
      poor response on mercaptoacetyltriglycine scan. Mean follow-up was 2.71+/-1.2
      months. Postoperative complications were 5(13%) in group 1 and 9(20%) in group
      2(p=0.141). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty was associated with shorter
      hospital stay, less pain and less blood loss. The efficacy in term of success
      rate and perioperative complications of laparoscopic pyeloplasty was comparable
      to that of open pyeloplasty.

PMID- 26968287
TI  - Regression in polio eradication in Pakistan: A national tragedy.
AB  - Polio is one out of 200 infections results to lasting paralysis, usually in the
      legs. The year 2014 has been the saddest year for the Pakistan when the World was
      about to eliminate Polio from all over the World. In year 1994 Pakistan took the
      initiative to eliminate Polio from the country. The efforts were going well until
      2005, when Pakistan was on the wedge to overcome the Disease. The hopes were high
      that soon Pakistan will become a polio-virus-free country, but the drone strikes
      in FATA and the rise of different militant groups as a reaction of the drone
      attacks in FATA made it difficult for the health workers to continue their
      vaccination campaigns in these areas. However various factors ruined the efforts
      made to eradicate Polio. In Pakistan, polio is widespread to three sections.
      These are Karachi, Quetta block (Quetta, Pishin and Killah Abdullah district) and
      FATA and Peshawar district. Numerous things are accountable for polio flourishing
      in these regions. These comprise near to the ground socioeconomic rank of the
      families, not having the knowledge concerning hazard caused by polio and
      disinformation by limited significant people concerning how polio vaccines
      fabricate damage. In 2014, only 3 countries in the world remain polio-endemic:
      Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. From year 2012-2014 the number of registered
      Polio cases is on rise contrary to rest of the other two Polio-endemic countries.
      In spite of the extensive work done by Polio workers the number of Polio cases
      has broken the 16 year record. The situation is getting worse because it can also
      be threatening to the rest of the World. 

PMID- 26968288
TI  - Maternal outcome of early intervention in women with prom at term (37 weeks or
      more).
AB  - Pre-labour rupture of membranes (PROM) is associated with complications as
      increase in the rate of induction of labour, foetal distress, foetal and maternal
      infection, and caesarean section. The objective of this case series was to
      determine the maternal outcome of early intervention with prostaglandin E2 in
      women with PROM at term in a Tertiary Care Hospital. The study period was six
      months from 2nd July 2014 to 1st January 2015. A total of 183 women with
      spontaneous PROM were selected. Detailed history was taken and clinical
      examination was performed. Prostaglandins 3mg tablet was kept in the posterior
      fornix of the vagina, which was repeated 6 hours later. The average age of the
      patients was 27.68+/-1.19 years. Chorioamniotis was observed in 2.19% (4/183)
      women and caesarean section in 8.2% (15/183) cases. It was concluded that Vaginal
      PGE2 tablet was very effective for labour induction in patients with PROM at
      term. 

PMID- 26968289
TI  - Sepsis management: An evidence-based approach.
AB  - The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines have outlined an early goal
      directed therapy (EGDT) which demonstrates a standardized approach to ensure
      prompt and effective management of sepsis. Having said that, there are barriers
      associated with the application of evidence-based practice, which often lead to
      an overall poorer adherence to guidelines. Considering the global burden of
      disease, data from low- to middle-income countries is scarce. Asia is the largest
      continent but most Asian countries do not have a well-developed healthcare system
      and compliance rates to resuscitation and management bundles are as low as 7.6%
      and 3.5%, respectively. Intensive care units are not adequately equipped and
      financial concerns limit implementation of expensive treatment strategies.
      Healthcare policy-makers should be notified in order to alleviate financial
      restrictions and ensure delivery of standard care to septic patients. 

PMID- 26968291
TI  - Adrenal myelolipoma in a young male - a rare case scenerio.
AB  - Adrenal myelolipomas are rare non functional benign tumours which are
      incidentally diagnosed in asymptomatic patients. Despite the fact that several
      theories have been discussed, the origin of myelolipoma remains unclear. Our
      patient, 19 years old male presented with history of abdominal pain for past 7
      years. Computed tomography scan of abdomen with oral and intravenous contrast
      revealed well defined round heterogenous enhancing mass seen in right supra renal
      area involving the adrenal gland. Patient underwent surgery by open access
      through thoracoabdominal approach. Histopathology of resected mass showed
      myelolipoma along with trilineage haematopoesis with mature adipose tissues. 

PMID- 26968290
TI  - A rare case: Congenital thoracic ectopic kidney with diaphragmatic eventration.
AB  - Thoracic ectopic kidney is a rare developmental anomaly that is the least
      frequent one among all forms of ectopic kidneys. The condition is generally
      asymptomatic. If a kidney image is missing on one side in renalor pelvic region
      in sonographic examination, the possibility of thoracic ectopic kidney should be
      taken into consideration. For final diagnosis, chest radiography and thorax
      computerised tomography should be obtained. We herein report a rare case of intra
      thoracic kidney accompanied by diaphragm eventration. 

PMID- 26968292
TI  - Reduction of isolated zygomatic arch fractures using dental instrument: Report of
      2 cases and review of the literature.
AB  - To assess the effectiveness of a dental instrument for reduction of isolated
      zygomatic arch fractures. Two patients were admitted to our clinic representing
      isolated unilateral zygomatic arch fracture. The common presenting complaints
      were pain, swelling and difficulty in mouth opening. Fractures were confirmed
      with plain radiography and computerized tomography. The fractures were reduced
      with upper buccal sulcus approach by dental instrument. Patients achieved
      satisfactory maximum mouth opening within 10 days. At follow up after 6 months,
      there was complete healing without any complication. This procedure is cost
      effective, time saving, safe and effective to manage isolated zygomatic arch
      fractures under local anaesthesia with satisfactory outcomes. 

PMID- 26968293
TI  - Haemoglobin sickle D disease: A presentation with ischaemic stroke.
AB  - Haemoglobin-D, Los Angeles or Haemoglobin D-Punjab is not a rare variant of
      haemoglobin worldwide especially in Punjab, North western India, and South Asian
      continent. It can be inherited rarely as homozygous causing no symptoms or
      heterozygous with Haemoglobin A, commonly not related to clinical symptomatology.
      However, these variants can co-exist rarely with other haemoglobinopathies such
      as thalassemia or haemoglobin-S. We describe the case of doubly heterozygous Hb
      SD Punjab in a 8 year old girl who presented with ischaemic stroke. Before this
      case, only one case has been reported but it was with reversible
      hyperbilirubinaemia in Hb-SD from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This case images the
      propensity for occurrence of rare phenotype within our population and underlines
      the importance of genotyping to avoid erroneous management and poor counseling
      hence preventing life altering complications which our case developed. 

PMID- 26968294
TI  - Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to Plasmodium vivax malaria.
AB  - Plasmodium Vivax malaria is generally considered as a benign self-limiting
      illness and is less often associated with more severe disease and complications.
      Amongst these, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a particularly rare
      complication. The few cases reported describe the onset of ARDS after initiation
      of anti-malarial therapy as a post inflammatory response. Here we report the case
      of a 45 year old male who was a victim of severe Plasmodium vivax malaria
      culminating into ARDS, prior to the initiation of anti-malarial therapy. He was
      treated with invasive ventilation and anti-malarial therapy and made a complete
      and uneventful recovery. 

PMID- 26968295
TI  - From syncope episode to the diagnosis of ovarian dermoid cyst associated with a
      cystadenoma.
AB  - Ovarian teratoma has various presentations. We present a 28-year female diagnosed
      with a tumour after a fainting episode. Medical history was non-contributory
      except for mild intermittent pelvic pain. Cardiologic and neurological evaluation
      found no cause of syncope. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a right ovarian tumour
      that was laparoscopically removed. The menses continued to be normal. The
      pathological exam showed an encapsulated tumour of 8 cm with hair and small bone
      parts (mature teratoma with a cystadenoma). Immunohistochemistry was positive for
      CK34beta E12 in stratified squamous epithelium of skin glands; positive CK7 in
      kidney tubular parts; positive actin in smooth muscle. The endocrine profile was
      normal and the patient remained asymptomatic. The challenging in the pathological
      report was to differentiate a cystic part of a solid tumour to a teratoma
      associated cystadenoma. No apparent cause of syncope was found so a possible
      tumour related local pain and inflammation mechanism might be involved. 

PMID- 26968296
TI  - Endocrine and metabolic effects of Glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists
      (GLP1RA).
AB  - This brief review describes the potential non-glycaemic effects and benefits of
      glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA). It lists various indications
      in which this class of drugs has been used, and explains the rationale behind
      this use. The potential uses of GLP1RA extend across the entire spectrum of
      endocrinology and metabolism, from hypothalamic obesity to non-alcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH) to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The article also
      discusses and addresses endocrine-related concerns related to the GLP1RAs. 

PMID- 26968297
TI  - A patient centred approach to basal insulin choice for the management of type 2
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Basal insulins are first line injectable therapy by all international guidelines.
      Basal insulins can be used alone, in combination with metformin, dual or triple
      oral therapy, glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists, or prandial insulin.
      However, all basal insulins are not similar. This article proposes objective
      parameters, and suggests a simple checklist, using history, physical examination,
      and investigations, to help choose the appropriate preparation, viz degludec,
      detemir, glargine or NPH insulin, for persons requiring basal insulin. 

PMID- 26968298
TI  - Are we prepared for next heat wave?

PMID- 26968299
TI  - Enteric cyst in the left posterior mediastinum mimicking a hydatid cyst on chest
      Computed Tomography scan.
AB  - Mediastinal enteric cysts are a rare occurrence among adults and are usually
      asymptomatic. In most cases they are an incidental finding in the right hemi
      mediastinum and are associated with vertebral anomalies. We report the unusual
      case of a 23 year old male who had a mediastinal mass on chest X-ray as an
      incidental finding. Chest Computed Tomography (CT) scan revealed no vertebral
      anomalies and a cystic mass in the left posterior mediastinum with features
      similar to those of a hydatid cyst.Posterolateral thoracotomy was done and the
      cyst was excised. Histopathology report revealed it to be an enteric cyst. 

PMID- 26968300
TI  - Nose and Nasal Planum Neoplasia, Reconstruction.
AB  - Most intranasal lesions are best treated with radiation therapy. Computed
      tomographic imaging with intravenous contrast is critical for treatment planning.
      Computed tomographic images of the nose will best assess the integrity of the
      cribriform plate for central nervous system invasion by a nasal tumor. Because of
      an owner's emotional response to an altered appearance of their dog's face,
      discussions need to include the entire family before proceeding with nasal
      planectomy or radical planectomy. With careful case selection, nasal planectomy
      and radical planectomy surgeries can be locally curative. 

PMID- 26968301
TI  - [Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Definition and classification].
AB  - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a group of diseases defined by the
      presence of arthritis of more than 6 weeks duration in patients aged less than 16
      years and with unknown etiology. The international classification based on
      clinical and biological criteria define each type of JIA: systemic,
      oligoarticular, polyarticular with and without rheumatoid factor, enthesitis
      related arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. However, some discussions persist
      concerning systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, whose clinical symptoms
      and pathogenic mechanisms are quite similar to those observed in autoinflammatory
      diseases, arthritis with antinuclear factors (poly- and oligoarticular) that
      could be considered as a homogenous group, and a family history of psoriasis that
      frequently led to unclassified arthritis. Better knowledge of the pathogenic
      mechanisms should improve the initial clinical classification with more
      homogeneous groups of patients and reduce the number of unclassified cases of
      arthritis.

PMID- 26968302
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].
AB  - The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is 1-4 % in school-aged
      children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common etiology of OSAS in
      children. Other causes are obesity; facial or skeletal malformations; and
      neuromuscular, respiratory, or metabolic diseases. OSAS has been associated with
      sleep quality disturbance (frequent arousals) and nocturnal gas exchange
      abnormalities (hypoxemia and sometimes hypercapnia), which can both result in
      negative health outcomes. The analysis of clinical symptoms and physical
      examination cannot always distinguish between children with primary snoring and
      children with OSAS. However, the association of at least one sign of nocturnal
      upper airway obstruction with other diurnal or nocturnal symptoms can be
      sufficient to establish OSAS diagnosis in a child more than 3 years of age with
      clear enlarged tonsils but who is otherwise healthy. In all other cases,
      polysomnography (the gold standard for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered
      breathing) must be performed either to declare the diagnosis when clinical
      assessment is not conclusive or when risk factors are present, or to follow up
      children with an associated health condition or initial severe OSAS. The
      equipment used to record sleep and the interpretation criteria are all pediatric
      specific. Other methods, such as respiratory polygraphy, are simpler to
      implement, but further studies are warranted to validate the interpretation
      criteria of these methods in children. However, in centers with experienced
      personnel, polygraphy can be used in place of polysomnography. In all cases, the
      analysis of sleep traces must be manual and performed by personnel under the
      supervision of medical staff trained to interpret pediatric sleep studies.

PMID- 26968303
TI  - [Parental separation in infant and childhood clinical practice].
AB  - Parental separation is a painful and unmanageable moment of rupture for children
      regardless of their age. This experience can be traumatic, but it can sometimes
      be only a transitional stage that the child can surpass by adjusting to this new
      reality. In recent years, we have increasingly encountered disorders originating
      in this familial context. A better understanding of this social reality should
      facilitate the early detection of mental disorders requiring specialized support,
      which should in turn promote their prevention. This article presents clinical
      illustrations of children of separated parents and reviews recent data from the
      international literature. 

PMID- 26968304
TI  - [Early origins of adult disease].

PMID- 26968305
TI  - [Isolated unilateral cranial nerve palsy during childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia treatment: What does it mean?].

PMID- 26968306
TI  - [Fever in children returning from travel].
AB  - Child travelers are numerous, exposed to the risk of diseases, both infectious
      and noninfectious, for which practitioners often lack experience. The assessment
      of febrile returning child travelers is becoming more frequent and challenging.
      The question of previous travel should be foremost in the checklist of the
      interview of any febrile child traveler, because this implies a possible tropical
      disease such as malaria that may be life-threatening. These need to be
      investigated and treated effectively and rapidly. There are highly contagious
      infections that could pose public health risks requiring implementation of
      hygienic and public health measures. A detailed immunization, medical, and travel
      history for exposure to infectious risks using geographic, seasonal,
      environmental, sociocultural, and epidemiological data are needed. Along with
      clinical examination and elementary first-line investigations, the history should
      guide second-line exams, which will provide the etiology and optimal treatment in
      approximately 75 % of cases. The majority of children will have a cosmopolitan
      infection that resolves spontaneously or is simple to treat. Malaria will need
      urgent and specific treatment. This article describes guidance on first-line
      evaluation and management of febrile child travelers as recommended in France.

PMID- 26968307
TI  - [Does consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis in adolescents and young
      adults with cancer affect the use of analgesics during hospitalizations?].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The specificities of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15-25
      years with cancer are now well recognized. Dedicated care was initiated in 2012
      in France under the leadership of the INCa (National Cancer Institute). Research
      on supportive care and particularly pain management are still rare. This study
      aimed to evaluate the consumption of toxic substances (tobacco, cannabis,
      alcohol) in AYAs with cancer as well as its progression during the month
      following the diagnosis and to analyze its influence on opioid analgesic
      prescriptions during treatment. METHODS: This is a prospective study including
      all new patients aged 15-25 years in two centers between January and June 2013.
      Data on consumption of psychoactive substances were obtained during an individual
      interview with a questionnaire. National surveys were used to compare this cohort
      with the general population. Data on opioid treatments were collected from the
      computerized prescription software and computerized patient record. RESULTS:
      Thirty-seven AYAs were eligible and 30 were included; 67% of them were male and
      the median age was 18.7 years. The questionnaire on tobacco, alcohol, and
      cannabis consumption at diagnosis was well accepted. Consumption profiles were
      comparable to the general population. Changes in behavior were observed during
      the 1st month after diagnosis, with a decrease or cessation of consumption,
      particularly among young people. This study showed differences in the use and
      requirements for opioid analgesics during hospitalization according to these
      consumption data. CONCLUSION: Prevention and support for AYAs who are regular
      consumers of toxic substances must be organized during initial care in oncology.

PMID- 26968308
TI  - Surgical Outcome of Pincer Femoroacetabular Impingement With and Without Labral
      Ossification.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the clinical findings associated with labral ossification
      (LO), report the outcomes of arthroscopic treatment, and compare this condition
      to a control group with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). METHODS: A
      retrospective review of hip arthroscopy patients from 2004 to 2013 was performed
      to identify patients with a diagnosis of pincer FAI with LO and at least 2 years
      of follow-up. Diagnosis was made by plain radiograph, computed tomography,
      magnetic resonance imaging, or intraoperatively. The LO cohort was compared to a
      chronologically matched control group of FAI patients with pincer FAI but no LO.
      Patients were prospectively assessed with modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS)
      preoperatively and then postoperatively at 3, 12, 24, 60, and 120 months.
      RESULTS: The LO group included 56 hips in 52 patients whereas the control group
      included 56 hips in 56 patients. Mean follow-up was 36 months for the LO group
      and 38 for the control group (P = .28). Patients in the LO group were older than
      those in the control group, with a mean age of 45 versus 30 years (P < .0001),
      and had more women: 58% female versus 32% male (P < .0001). The LO group patients
      were more likely to have pain while sitting (65% v 18%) and restricted activities
      of daily living (40% v 11%) than the control group (P < .0001), and more likely
      to have pain during a flexion, abduction, external rotation (FABER) test (67% v
      36%) (P = .002). Both groups experienced a similar magnitude of improvement in
      mHHS, but the LO group had a significantly lower preoperative mHHS (49 v 63, P <
      .001) and final postoperative mHHS (75 v 87, P < .0001) than the control group.
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LO represent a unique subset of pincer FAI and are
      more likely to be older, female, and have more severe symptoms. Hip arthroscopy
      can be used to treat LO with excision of the ossified fragments or rim, with a
      reasonable expectation of improvement of symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III,
      retrospective case-control.

PMID- 26968309
TI  - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Transphyseal Technique in
      Prepubescent Athletes: Midterm, Prospective Evaluation of Results.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, results, and complications of transphyseal
      technique of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in prepubertal
      patients and to assess a possible influence of children's growth on the outcome.
      METHODS: Between 2005 and 2009, 22 (16 boys and 6 girls) prepubescent patients,
      Tanner stage 1 and 2, underwent ACL reconstruction and the follow-up 6, 12, and
      24 months after surgery and after growth plate closure. The average age of the
      girls was 11.2 years, and of the boys, 12.3 years. The average follow-up period
      was 77.2 months. Clinical outcome was evaluated by Lysholm, Tegner, and
      International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) objective and subjective knee
      scores. Standard radiograms were performed for potential axial growing
      disturbance. RESULTS: The average follow-up period was 77.2 months (range, 54 to
      102 months), and IKDC subjective scores changed from 58 (range, 44 to 69) before
      surgery to 87 (range, 86 to 87; P = .00) at 6 months, 93 (range, 88 to 97; P =
      .00) at 12 months, and 95 (range, 92 to -98; P = .5) at final examination.
      Lysholm score increased from 58 (range, 53 to 64) before surgery to 89 (range, 85
      to 92; P = .00) at 6 months and 96 (range, 94 to 100; P = .00) at 12 months, 24
      months (P = .9), and final examination (P = .8). Before injury, all patients were
      graded 7 on the Tegner scale. Nineteen athletes reached at least grade 7 and
      returned to the level of activity a mean of 9 months after the surgery. No
      patient had deformity or growth disturbances observed clinically. CONCLUSIONS:
      Arthroscopic-assisted transphyseal ACL reconstruction in prepubescent patient is
      a promising technique, provided that all technical details are respected. It
      gives excellent subjective and objective knee scores and provides a very good
      function of the knee joint in the midterm period with no or only minor effect on
      the leg length. The rate of growth after surgery did not influence the results.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

PMID- 26968310
TI  - Outerbridge Grade IV Cartilage Lesions in the Hip Identified at Arthroscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine factors associated with grade IV cartilage defects in the
      hip in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy with joint pain. METHODS: Data from
      consecutive patients who underwent hip arthroscopy performed by a single surgeon
      over a period of 4 years were included in this study. The study group included
      1,097 patients (491 women and 606 men; mean age, 37 years) who underwent hip
      arthroscopy for pain, had no prior hip surgery, and were aged 18 years or older.
      Preoperative radiographs, patient demographic characteristics, and operative
      details were used to identify risk factors for cartilage defects. RESULTS: Grade
      IV chondral defects were present in 308 of 1,097 hips (28%). Isolated chondral
      lesions were more frequently observed on the acetabulum (76%) than on the femoral
      head (24%). Defects of the acetabulum were more commonly anterosuperior (94.7%)
      and less commonly posterolateral (5.3%). Patients with less than 2 mm of joint
      space on preoperative radiographs were 8 times more likely to have a grade IV
      lesion than those with more than 2 mm. Men were more likely than women to have
      grade IV lesions (35% v 19%, P = .0001); patients with grade IV lesions were
      older than those without (42 years v 34 years, P = .0001). Hips with grade IV
      lesions had significantly higher alpha angles than those without (74 degrees  v
      70 degrees , P = .0001). Patients with grade IV defects reported a longer
      duration of symptoms than those without (37 months v 27 months, P = .007).
      Independent risk factors for the presence of grade IV chondral defects were less
      than 2 mm of joint space, male gender, increasing age, larger alpha angle, and
      longer duration of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Grade IV chondral defects in patients
      undergoing hip arthroscopy were associated with decreased joint space, increased
      time from symptom onset to arthroscopy, male gender, and larger alpha angles
      associated with femoroacetabular impingement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV,
      prognostic case series.

PMID- 26968311
TI  - Spectrophotometric analysis of tooth discolouration induced by mineral trioxide
      aggregate after final irrigation with sodium hypochlorite: An in vitro study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate specific chromatic alterations induced by
      white mineral trioxide aggregate after final irrigation with sodium hypochlorite.
      Sixty specimens were prepared mechanically and filled with mineral trioxide
      aggregate after different final irrigation protocols: Group 1 - distilled water,
      Group 2 - sodium hypochlorite followed by distilled water, Group 3 - sodium
      hypochlorite, only. Colour changes were recorded with a spectrophotometer at
      baseline, and then after 1, 2 and 4 months. The Commision Internationale de
      l'eclairage colour system was used and the total colour changes DeltaE were
      calculated. In groups where sodium hypochlorite was used, parameter L* decreased
      significantly after the first month (Group 2 (P < 0.006), Group 3 (P < 0.009)).
      Group 3 demonstrated greater colour change DeltaE than Group 1, after the first
      month (P < 0.02). In conclusion, white mineral trioxide aggregate can lead to
      tooth discolouration by contact with sodium hypochlorite residues in dentinal
      tubules.

PMID- 26968313
TI  - Executive functioning - a key construct for understanding developmental
      psychopathology or a 'catch-all' term in need of some rethinking?
AB  - For the past few decades, the role of executive functions in developmental
      psychopathology has been the focus of considerable research and a feature of
      conceptual models for a range of conditions including, but not limited to, ADHD,
      autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, learning disorders, and
      aggression/conduct problems. Consistent with its prominence throughout the field,
      executive functioning plays a central role in approximately a third of the papers
      in this issue of JCPP, and notably, with foci largely on different conditions.
      These papers, all of which make valuable contributions to the field, propose or
      test the possibility of a causal role for executive functions in the emergence of
      psychopathology. 

PMID- 26968312
TI  - Non-invasive electromechanical activation imaging as a tool to study left
      ventricular dyssynchronous patients: Implication for CRT therapy.
AB  - AIMS: Electromechanical de-coupling is hypothesized to explain non-response of
      dyssynchrony patient to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). In this pilot
      study, we investigated regional electromechanical uncoupling in 10 patients
      referred for CRT using two non-invasive electrical and mechanical imaging
      techniques (CMR tissue tracking and ECGI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Reconstructed
      regional electrical and mechanical activation captured delayed LBBB propagation
      direction from septal to anterior/inferior and finally to lateral walls as well
      as from LV apical to basal. All 5 responders demonstrated significantly delayed
      mechanical and electrical activation on the lateral LV wall at baseline compared
      to the non-responders (P<.05). On follow-up ECGI, baseline electrical activation
      patterns were preserved in native rhythm and global LV activation time was
      reduced with biventricular pacing. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of novel imaging
      techniques of ECGI and CMR tissue tracking can be used to assess spatial
      concordance of LV electrical and mechanical activation to gain insight into
      electromechanical coupling.

PMID- 26968314
TI  - Editorial Perspective: How to optimise frequency band neurofeedback for ADHD.
AB  - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent
      paediatric neuropsychiatric disorders and is characterised by hyperactivity,
      inattention and increased impulsivity. Children with ADHD are often also
      characterised by deficits in a variety of cognitive domains, including problems
      in working memory, a generally slower and more variable style of information
      processing and deficits in temporal processing, inhibitory functions and delay
      processing. Overarching executive functions like information updating, response
      inhibition and mental set shifting are also impaired in many, but not all,
      children with ADHD, demonstrating the neuropsychological heterogeneity
      characterising this disorder. Deficits in executive functions can persist into
      adulthood and have a substantial negative impact on everyday life. A variety of
      approaches are commonly considered for the treatment of ADHD (including
      pharmacological interventions, patient-centred cognitive-behavioural therapy
      approaches and specific teacher/parent training programmes). More recently,
      adding to this multimodal treatment approach, neurofeedback has grown in
      popularity as an intervention option for patients with ADHD. This article
      considers this intervention approach and the opportunities for optimising
      treatment for executive control dysfunctions in ADHD using theta/beta
      neurofeedback. 

PMID- 26968315
TI  - Commentary: Conduct disorder and perceiving harm to others - a reflection on
      Michalska et al. (2016).
AB  - The study by Michalska et al. () reported in this issue of JCPP focused on how
      children with conduct disorder (CD) process harm to other people. Many children
      with CD lack empathy for their victims and this behavioural profile has
      encouraged the investigation of potential underpinnings of atypical empathy in
      this group. Michalska et al. () administered an fMRI task depicting harm to other
      people to a large sample of children with CD and typically developing peers. The
      authors found that CD symptom severity and degree of callousness were negatively
      associated with right posterior insula response to other people experiencing
      harm. Furthermore, CD and callousness ratings were negatively associated with
      anterior insula, anterior midcingulate cortex and posterior superior temporal
      sulcus response to intentional harm. Reactive aggression scores, in contrast,
      were associated with increased positive insula reactivity when processing harm to
      others. Finally, the authors reported a sex difference in the engagement of brain
      areas associated with computations of intentionality when children processed
      intentional harm. In females (but not males) with CD, higher CD symptomatology
      was associated with lower activity in pSTS and middle frontal gyrus (MFG). This
      study is novel in focusing on a preadolescent sample of children and testing for
      sex differences in the neural underpinnings of conduct disorder (CD)
      symptomatology. We look forward to further work in this area and are certain that
      the important study by Michalska et al. () will motivate a host of new
      investigations that help us uncover the neural underpinnings of CD. 

PMID- 26968316
TI  - Commentary: How can family-based quasi-experimental designs and national
      registers be used to address confounding in risk factor studies of
      psychopathology? A reflection on Obel et al. (2016).
AB  - Standard observational studies have reported a robust correlation between
      maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD in offspring. In the
      accompanying article, Obel et al. used sibling-comparisons to explore the extent
      to which unmeasured familial confounding explains this association. This
      commentary highlights three important implications of the study. At a general
      level, Obel et al. illustrates how (1) family-based quasi-experimental designs
      and (2) national registers can be used to address confounding in risk factor
      studies of psychopathology. At a more specific level, the study suggests that
      maternal smoking during pregnancy is probably not a causal risk factor for ADHD. 

PMID- 26968317
TI  - HAWAIIAN SKIRT regulates the quiescent center-independent meristem activity in
      Arabidopsis roots.
AB  - Root apical meristem (RAM) drives post-embryonic root growth by constantly
      supplying cells through mitosis. It is composed of stem cells and their
      derivatives, the transit-amplifying (TA) cells. Stem cell organization and its
      maintenance in the RAM are well characterized, however, their relationships with
      TA cells remain unclear. SHORTROOT (SHR) is critical for root development. It
      patterns cell types and promotes the post-embryonic root growth. Defective root
      growth in the shr has been ascribed to the lack of quiescent center (QC), which
      maintains the surrounding stem cells. However, our recent investigation indicated
      that SHR maintains TA cells independently of QC by modulating PHABULOSA (PHB)
      through miRNA165/6. PHB controls TA cell activity by modulating cytokinin levels
      and type B Arabidopsis Response Regulator activity, in a dosage-dependent manner.
      To further understand TA cell regulation, we conducted a shr suppressor screen.
      With an extensive mutagenesis screen followed by genome sequencing of a pooled F2
      population, we discovered two suppressor alleles with mutations in HAWAIIAN SKIRT
      (HWS). HWS, encoding an F-box protein with kelch domain, is expressed, partly
      depending on SHR, in the root cap and in the pericycle of the differentiation
      zone. Interestingly, root growth in the shr hws was more active than the wild
      type roots for the first 7 days after germination, without recovering QC.
      Contrary to shr phb, shr hws did not show a recovery of cytokinin signaling.
      These indicate that HWS affects QC-independent TA cell activities through a
      pathway distinctive from PHB. 

PMID- 26968318
TI  - Dual-Pathway sequences for MR thermometry: When and where to use them.
AB  - PURPOSE: Dual-pathway sequences have been proposed to help improve the
      temperature-to-noise ratio (TNR) in MR thermometry. The present work establishes
      how much of an improvement these so-called "PSIF-FISP" sequences may bring in
      various organs and tissues. METHODS: Simulations and TNR calculations were
      validated against analytical equations, phantom, abdomen, and brain scans.
      Relative TNRs for PSIF-FISP, as compared to a dual-FISP reference standard, were
      calculated for flip angle (FA) = 1 to 85 o and repetition time (TR) = 6 to 60 ms,
      for gray matter, white matter, cervix, endometrium, myometrium, prostate, kidney
      medulla and cortex, bone marrow, pancreas, spleen, muscle, and liver tissues.
      RESULTS: PSIF-FISP was TNR superior in the kidney, pelvis, spleen, or gray matter
      at most tested TR and FA settings, and benefits increased at shorter TRs. PSIF
      FISP was TNR superior in other tissues, e.g., liver, muscle, pancreas, for only
      short TR settings (20 ms or less). The TNR benefits of PSIF-FISP increased
      slightly with FA, and strongly with decreasing TR. Up to two- to three-fold
      reductions in TR with 20% TNR gains were achievable. In any given tissue, TNR
      performance is expected to further improve with heating, due to changes in
      relaxation rates. CONCLUSION: Dual-pathway PSIF-FISP can improve TNR and
      acquisition speed over standard gradient-recalled echo sequences, but optimal
      acquisition parameters are tissue dependent. Magn Reson Med 77:1193-1200, 2017.
      (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26968319
TI  - Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy with Double-Tract Reconstruction by
      Intracorporeal Anastomosis with Linear Staplers.

PMID- 26968320
TI  - A Skin-Sparing Approach to the Treatment of Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections:
      Thinking Reconstruction at Initial Debridement.

PMID- 26968322
TI  - Should Children with Suspected Nonaccidental Injury Be Admitted to a Surgical
      Service?
AB  - BACKGROUND: In many hospitals, children with suspected nonaccidental trauma
      (sNAT) are admitted to nonsurgical services (NSS). Although the surgical service
      (SS) initially admitted sNAT patients at our American College of Surgeons (ACS)
      verified level 1 pediatric trauma center (vPTC), a change in hospital policy
      allowed admission to NSS. The objective of this study was to determine if the
      rate of care-related indicators (CRIs) varies by admission to an SS vs an NSS in
      the sNAT patient population. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective review of
      patients admitted to an ACS vPTC with a final diagnosis of sNAT between January
      2009 and December 2013. The primary study outcome was the presence of a CRI.
      Surgical service and NSS admissions were compared on age, Injury Severity Score,
      and Abbreviated Injury Scale to account for population differences among
      admissions by service and type of CRIs, using chi-square or Fisher's exact and
      Mann-Whitney tests. Rates of CRIs over time were also evaluated. RESULTS: During
      the study period, 5,340 total patients were admitted-671 (13%) with sNAT.
      Nonsurgical services admitted 306 patients (46%) of these patients, but 71% (n =
      102) of the CRIs occurred in patients admitted to an NSS. The rate of CRIs per
      100 patients was 33 for NSS compared with 12 for SS (p < 0.001). The overall rate
      of CRIs for sNAT increased from 18 to 26 (p = 0.07) per 100 patients after the
      policy change. CONCLUSIONS: Nonaccidental trauma patients admitted to an NSS were
      shown to have more CRIs than those admitted to an SS. This study supports an ACS
      requirement of admission of sNAT to an SS.

PMID- 26968321
TI  - The Impact of the 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Duty
      Hour Reform on Quality and Safety in Trauma Care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2011, the ACGME limited duty hours for residents. Although studies
      evaluating the 2011 policy have not shown improvements in general measures of
      morbidity or mortality, these outcomes might not reflect changes in specialty
      specific practice patterns and secondary quality measures. STUDY DESIGN: All
      trauma admissions from July 2009 through June 2013 at an academic Level I trauma
      center were evaluated for 5 primary outcomes (eg, mortality and length of stay),
      and 10 secondary quality measures and practice patterns (eg, operating room [OR]
      visits). All variables were compared before and after the reform (July 1, 2011).
      Piecewise regression was used to study temporal trends in quality. RESULTS: There
      were 11,740 admissions studied. The reform was not strongly associated with
      changes in any primary outcomes except length of stay (7.98 to 7.36 days; p =
      0.01). However, many secondary quality metrics changed. The total number of OR
      and bedside procedures per admission (6.72 to 7.34; p < 0.001) and OR visits per
      admission (0.76 to 0.91; p < 0.001) were higher in the post-reform group,
      representing an additional 9,559 procedures and 1,584 OR visits. Use of minor
      bedside procedures, such as laboratory and imaging studies, increased most
      significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Although most major outcomes were unaffected, quality
      of care might have changed after the reform. Indeed, a consistent change in
      resource use patterns was manifested by substantial post-reform increases in
      measures such as bedside procedures and OR visits. No secondary quality measures
      exhibited improvements strongly associated with the reform. Several factors,
      including attending oversight, might have insulated major outcomes from change.
      Our findings show that some less-commonly studied quality metrics related to
      costs of care changed after the 2011 reform at our institution.

PMID- 26968323
TI  - Breast Cancer Genetics for the Surgeon: An Update on Causes and Testing Options.

PMID- 26968324
TI  - Integrating Geriatric Consults into Routine Care of Older Trauma Patients: One
      Year Experience of a Level I Trauma Center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although involvement of geriatricians in the care of older trauma
      patients is associated with changes in processes of care and improved outcomes,
      few geriatrician consultations were ordered on our service. STUDY DESIGN:
      Mandatory geriatric consults were initiated in September 2013 for all trauma
      patients 70 years and older admitted to our hospital. We prospectively collected
      data on patients admitted from October 2013 through September 2014
      (postintervention) and compared their data with those of patients admitted from
      June 2011 through June 2012 (preintervention). We collected data on processes of
      care (DNR and do not intubate status, delirium, and referral for cognitive
      evaluation) and patient outcomes (mortality, readmission, and length of stay).
      Descriptive statistics and post-hoc power analyses were performed. RESULTS: There
      were 215 and 191 patients included in the preintervention and postintervention
      cohorts, respectively. After the intervention, geriatric consults increased from
      3.26% to 100%. Patients with DNR and do not intubate status increased from 10.23%
      to 38.22% (p < 0.01). Referral for formal cognitive evaluation increased from
      2.33% to 14.21% (p < 0.01) and delirium documentation increased from 31.16% to
      38.22% (p = 0.14). In-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality in the pre- and
      postintervention periods were 9.30% vs 5.24% (p = 0.12) and 11.63% vs 6.81% (p =
      0.10), respectively. Intensive care unit readmission rate was 8.26%
      preintervention and 1.96% postintervention (p = 0.06). There were no changes in
      30-day hospital readmission and length of stay. Power analyses showed more
      patients were needed to show statistically significant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The
      initiation of mandatory geriatric consults on our trauma service was associated
      with improved advance care planning and increased multidisciplinary care.
      Ensuring involvement of geriatricians can aid in reducing adverse outcomes among
      geriatric trauma patients.

PMID- 26968327
TI  - Histopathological clues in the diagnosis of fungal infection by Scedosporium in a
      case of endophthalmitis starting as conjunctivitis.
AB  - Cutaneous fungal infections can result in disastrous episodes if improperly
      diagnosed and treated, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Although
      dermatopathologists are highly familiar with some filamentous fungi - such as
      Aspergillus and Zygomycetes - they are not so aware of other less common species.
      We report a case of ocular infection by Scedosporium apiospermum that started as
      conjunctivitis and resulted in Phthisis bulbi and subsequent exeresis of the left
      eye. We describe some of the main morphological features of the fungus as well as
      the important morphological clues for the differential diagnosis with some
      similar species, such as Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, Fusarium, Paecilomyces and
      Zygomycetes. 

PMID- 26968326
TI  - Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Korean Swine
      Farms, 2015.
AB  - This study applied molecular-based method to investigate the presence of porcine
      deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in 59 commercial pig farms in South Korea. The results
      of RT-PCR screening on a relatively large collection of faeces samples (n = 681)
      from January 2013 to March 2015 did not reveal the presence of PDCoV until the
      end of 2014. However, on March 2015, PDCoV-positive samples (SL2, SL5) were
      detected from SL swine farm in Gyeongbuk province. The phylogenetic trees based
      on the complete spike- and nucleocapsid protein-coding genes showed that SL2 and
      SL5 closely related to the US PDCoV strains rather than those in China. Thought
      Korean strains of PDCoV isolated in 2014 (KNU14.04) and in 2015 (SL2 and SL5)
      grouped within US PDCoV cluster, the reconstruction of ancestral amino acid
      changes suggested that they are different.

PMID- 26968325
TI  - Predictors of Safety and Efficacy of 2-Stage Hepatectomy for Bilateral Colorectal
      Liver Metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with bilateral colorectal liver metastases (CLM) not
      resectable in 1 operation, 2-stage hepatectomy is the standard surgical approach.
      The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with safety and
      efficacy of 2-stage hepatectomy. STUDY DESIGN: The study included all 109
      patients for whom 2-stage hepatectomy for CLM was planned during 2003 to 2014.
      The RAS mutation status and other clinicopathologic factors were evaluated for
      association with major complications and survival using multivariate analysis.
      RESULTS: Two-stage hepatectomy was completed in 89 of 109 patients (82%). Reasons
      for dropout after the first stage were disease progression (n = 12), insufficient
      liver growth (n = 5), and complications after first stage or portal vein
      embolization (n = 3). More than 6 cycles of preoperative chemotherapy were
      associated with failure to proceed to the second stage (p = 0.009). Rates of
      major complications (26% vs 6%; p < 0.001) and 90-day mortality (7% vs 0%; p =
      0.006) were higher after the second stage. The cumulative rate of major
      complications was 15% (n = 29). Factors independently associated with major
      complications were rectal primary tumor, metachronous CLM, and more than 1 lesion
      resected at first stage. At median follow-up of 29.5 months, 3-year (68% vs 6%; p
      < 0.001) and 5-year overall survival rates (49% vs 0%; p < 0.001) were better
      after 2-stage hepatectomy completion than noncompletion. Factors independently
      associated with poor overall survival were rectal primary tumor (p = 0.044), more
      than 5 CLMs (p = 0.043), need for chemotherapy after first stage (p = 0.046), and
      RAS mutation (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The RAS mutation independently predicts
      the oncologic efficacy of 2-stage hepatectomy and may help guide patient
      selection for this aggressive surgical strategy.

PMID- 26968328
TI  - Pulmonology Teaching in Medical Schools and the Future of the Specialty.

PMID- 26968329
TI  - Benefits in tasks related to everyday life competences after a working memory
      training in older adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The impact of working memory (WM) training on everyday life
      functioning has rarely been examined, and it is not clear whether WM training
      gains are transferred to reasoning abilities. The aim of this study was to assess
      the efficacy of a verbal WM training in older adults, in terms of specific gains
      and transfer effects to everyday life and reasoning abilities. METHOD: Thirty-six
      community dwelling older adults (from 65 to 75 years of age) were randomly
      assigned to a training or an active control group. The specific gains in a WM
      task similar to the one trained were assessed. Transfer effects to everyday life
      and reasoning abilities were also examined using (i) objective performance-based
      tasks (the Everyday Problem Test and the Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily
      Living Scale) and (ii) the Cattell test and Raven's Standard Progressive
      Matrices, respectively. RESULTS: Only the trained group showed specific benefits
      and transfer effects to one of the everyday abilities measures (the Everyday
      Problem Test) and in the two reasoning tasks. CONCLUSION: These results suggest
      that WM training can positively impact cognitive functioning and, more
      importantly, older adults' abilities in everyday living. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968330
TI  - Distinct metabolic changes between wheat embryo and endosperm during grain
      development revealed by 2D-DIGE-based integrative proteome analysis.
AB  - Two Chinese bread wheat cultivars, Jinghua 9 and Zhongmai 175, distinct in grain
      weight and dough quality, were used to study proteome changes in the embryo and
      endosperm during grain development using a two-dimensional difference gel
      electrophoresis (2D-DIGE)-based proteomics approach. In total, 138 and 127
      differentially expressed protein (DEP) spots representing 116 and 113 unique DEPs
      were identified in the embryo and endosperm, respectively. Among them, 54 (31%)
      DEPs were commonly present in both organs while 62 (35%) and 59 (34%) DEPs
      occurred only in the embryo and endosperm, respectively. Embryonic DEPs are
      primarily stress-related proteins and involved in carbohydrate and lipid
      metabolism, while those from the endosperm are related primarily to carbohydrate
      metabolism and storage. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the
      proteome differences in the endosperm caused by different cultivars were greater
      than those by development stages, while the differences in the embryo showed the
      opposite pattern. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed a complex
      network centered primarily on enzymes involved in carbohydrate and protein
      metabolism. The transcriptional levels of fourteen important DEPs encoding genes
      showed high similarity between organs and cultivars. In particular, some key DEPs
      of the endosperm, such as phosphoglucomutase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
      (AGPase), and sucrose synthase (SUS), showed significantly upregulated
      expression, indicating their key roles in starch biosynthesis and grain yield.
      Moreover, upregulated expression of some storage proteins in the endosperm could
      improve wheat bread-making quality.

PMID- 26968331
TI  - Dose site reactions and related findings after vaccine administration in safety
      studies.
AB  - Potential new human vaccines undergo toxicology testing to evaluate local
      reactogenicity and systemic toxicity. A review of 30 recently published and in
      house repeat dose toxicity studies with a variety of vaccines was performed.
      Species tested were generally rat or rabbit, usually by intramuscular (although
      occasionally subcutaneous) injection. Results showed no unexpected findings
      indicating vaccine toxicity, but classic signs of enhanced acute and/or chronic
      inflammation at the dose site compared with that seen in injected control
      animals, often accompanied by changes in draining lymph nodes and the spleen
      (lymphoid hyperplasia and/or increased weight). Other associated signs of a
      response to vaccine dosing were altered clinical pathology parameters (commonly
      raised blood neutrophil count and altered globulin level). No obvious difference
      in dose site or systemic reaction was seen across vaccine, species or the dose
      route used. A non-dose recovery period of 2 to 4 weeks was sufficient to show
      evidence of reversibility of dose site effects. Injection site, lymphoid tissue
      and clinical pathological changes can be interpreted as related to an expected
      reaction after vaccine dosing, with generation of an immune response largely as a
      result of the presence of adjuvant, although direct vaccine antigen involvement
      was also occasionally demonstrated by the presence of a slightly increased
      inflammatory response seen over adjuvant treatment only. Overall, the need for
      toxicity testing of vaccines is in line with current regulatory guideline
      requirements and has proven to be a valuable part of the safety evaluation
      process prior to human use. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968332
TI  - Trend of Incidence of Second Primary Malignancies following Breast Cancer in
      Taiwan: A 12-year Nationwide Cohort Study.

PMID- 26968333
TI  - Choosing the best image processing method for masticatory performance assessment
      when using two-coloured specimens.
AB  - Objective masticatory performance assessment using two-coloured specimens relies
      on image processing techniques; however, just a few approaches have been tested
      and no comparative studies are reported. The aim of this study was to present a
      selection procedure of the optimal image analysis method for masticatory
      performance assessment with a given two-coloured chewing gum. Dentate
      participants (n = 250; 25 +/- 6.3 years) chewed red-white chewing gums for 3, 6,
      9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 25 cycles (2000 samples). Digitalised images of retrieved
      specimens were analysed using 122 image processing methods (IPMs) based on
      feature extraction algorithms (pixel values and histogram analysis). All IPMs
      were tested following the criteria of: normality of measurements (Kolmogorov
      Smirnov), ability to detect differences among mixing states (anova corrected with
      post hoc Bonferroni) and moderate-to-high correlation with the number of cycles
      (Spearman's Rho). The optimal IPM was chosen using multiple criteria decision
      analysis (MCDA). Measurements provided by all IPMs proved to be normally
      distributed (P < 0.05), 116 proved sensible to mixing states (P < 0.05), and 35
      showed moderate-to-high correlation with the number of cycles (|rho| > 0.5; P <
      0.05). The variance of the histogram of the Hue showed the highest correlation
      with the number of cycles (rho = 0.792; P < 0.0001) and the highest MCDA score
      (optimal). The proposed procedure proved to be reliable and able to select the
      optimal approach among multiple IPMs. This experiment may be reproduced to
      identify the optimal approach for each case of locally available test foods. 

PMID- 26968335
TI  - Cryptococcal osteomyelitis: a report of 5 cases and a review of the recent
      literature.
AB  - Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen associated with advanced HIV disease
      and other disorders associated with immune dysfunction. The pulmonary and the
      central nervous system are the most common manifestations of the disease.
      Localised osteomyelitis as the sole manifestation of extrapulmonary disease is
      rare. Herein, we present five cases of Cryptococcus osteomyelitis as the only
      manifestation of extrapulmonary disease. We also identified 84 additional cases
      of isolated cryptococcal osteomyelitis in the literature. Using these data, we
      have made some general recommendations regarding an approach to treatment of this
      uncommon clinical entity. 

PMID- 26968334
TI  - 15q13.3 duplication in two patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia.
AB  - We report two cases of paternally inherited 15q13.3 duplications in carriers
      diagnosed with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), a rare neurodevelopmental
      disorder of proposed polygenic origin with onset in children before age 13. This
      study documents that the 15q13.3 deletion and duplication exhibit pathogenicity
      for COS, with both copy number variants (CNVs) sharing a disrupted CHRNA7 gene.
      CHRNA7 encodes the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR)
      and is a candidate gene that has been suggested as a pathophysiological process
      mediating adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS) and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
      These results support the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of this
      CNV and represent the first report of 15q13.3 duplication carriers exhibiting
      COS. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public
      domain in the USA. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric
      Genetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26968336
TI  - Autophagy as a target for therapeutic uses of multifunctional peptides.
AB  - The emergence of complex diseases is promoting a change from one-target to
      multitarget drugs and peptides are ideal molecules to fulfill this
      polypharmacologic role. Here we review current status in the design of
      polypharmacological peptides aimed to treat complex diseases, focusing on
      tuberculosis. In this sense, combining multiple activities in single molecules is
      a two-sided sword, as both positive and negative side effects might arise. These
      polypharmacologic compounds may be directed to regulate autophagy, a catabolic
      process that enables cells to eliminate intracellular microbes (xenophagy), such
      as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). Here we review some strategies to control
      MBT infection and propose that a peptide combining both antimicrobial and pro
      autophagic activities would have a greater potential to limit MBT infection. This
      endeavor may complement the knowledge gained in understanding the mechanism of
      action of antibiotics and may lead to the design of better polypharmacological
      peptides to treat complex diseases such as tuberculosis.

PMID- 26968337
TI  - Post-anaesthetic emergence delirium in adults: incidence, predictors and
      consequences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emergence delirium (ED) after general anaesthesia (GA) is a well
      known phenomenon, yet the risk factors are still unclear. The aims of this study
      were to determine the incidence and independent predictors of ED and secondly to
      determine to which degree ED has any relevant, clinical consequences to medical
      staff as well as to patients. METHOD: This prospective, observational cohort
      study assessed adult patients emerging from GA in the operating room, using the
      Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). Signs of ED, defined as RASS>=1 along
      with possible clinical consequences were noted. Patients with ED were re
      evaluated in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) and concomitant patient and
      anaesthesia related factors were noted. RESULTS: Among the 1970 patients
      enrolled, 73 (3.7%) showed signs of ED when emerging from anaesthesia. When
      reassessed in PACU, the number had declined to 25 patients (1.3%). Male sex,
      endotracheal tube (ETT) and volatile anaesthetics were found to be significantly
      related to developing ED after anaesthesia. In 20 cases, additional staff had to
      be called for and in one case, an i.v. access was accidentally removed. Neither
      patients nor staff were hurt. CONCLUSION: Male sex, volatile anaesthetics and ETT
      were factors significantly related to ED. Whether gender, choice of respiratory
      devices and anaesthetics are true predictors or derived factors of surgery
      procedures, duration of surgery and the patients' physical condition need further
      investigation. The most notable clinical consequence of ED was the need of
      additional staff in order to restrain the agitated patient.

PMID- 26968339
TI  - Understanding the Financial Implications of Immunization Reminder/Recall in a
      Multipractice Pediatric Group.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Immunization reminder/recall is widely recommended as an effective
      strategy for increasing vaccination rates. We examined the revenue generated from
      well-child visits scheduled as a result of reminder/recall activities implemented
      in a multipractice pediatric organization. METHODS: Patients aged 19 to 35 months
      who were due or overdue for vaccines were identified from participating practices
      and assigned to either standard or enhanced reminder/recall activities.
      Participants who received standard reminder/recall were observed for the 6-week
      study period, and the number of appointments in which vaccines were administered
      was tracked. Participants who received enhanced reminder/recall were contacted up
      to 3 times and received a letter followed by up to 2 phone calls. Financial
      information associated with appointments scheduled during the study period was
      obtained, and revenue was calculated for each dose of vaccine administered.
      Reminder/recall costs were calculated and overall revenue generated was
      calculated. RESULTS: We identified 3916 children who were potentially due or
      overdue for immunizations. After review and manual uploading of missing
      historical vaccines, a total of 1892 participants received the reminder/recall
      initiative; 942 received standard reminder/recall, and 950 received enhanced
      reminder/recall. One hundred eighty-two (19%) standard and 277 (29%) enhanced
      reminder/recall participants scheduled an appointment by the end of the study
      period (P < .001). After subtracting the cost of reminder/recall activities, an
      additional $20,066 and $20,235 were generated by standard and enhanced
      reminder/recall, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We show that conducting
      reminder/recall is at a minimum financially neutral, and might increase revenue
      generated by vaccine administration.

PMID- 26968338
TI  - End-of-life care decisions for haemodialysis patients - 'We only tend to have
      that discussion with them when they start deteriorating'.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Haemodialysis patients receive very little involvement in their end
      of-life care decisions. Issues relating to death and dying are commonly avoided
      until late in their illness. This study aimed to explore the experiences and
      perceptions of doctors and nurses in nephrology for involving haemodialysis
      patients in end-of-life care decisions. METHODS: A semi-structured qualitative
      interview study with 15 doctors and five nurses and thematic analysis of their
      accounts was conducted. The setting was a large teaching hospital in Wales, UK.
      RESULTS: Prognosis is not routinely discussed with patients, in part due to a
      difficulty in estimation and the belief that patients do not want or need this
      information. Advance care planning is rarely carried out, and end-of-life care
      discussions are seldom initiated prior to patient deterioration. There is
      variability in end-of-life practices amongst nephrologists; some patients are
      felt to be withdrawn from dialysis too late. Furthermore, the possibility and
      implications of withdrawal are not commonly discussed with well patients.
      Critical barriers hindering better end-of-life care involvement for these
      patients are outlined. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides insights into the
      complexity of end-of-life conversations and the barriers to achieving better end
      of-life communication practices. The results identify opportunities for improving
      the lives and deaths of haemodialysis patients.

PMID- 26968340
TI  - Trehalose 6,6-Dimycolate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces
      Hypercoagulation.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health concern. Trehalose 6'6-dimycolate (TDM)
      activates innate inflammation and likely also stimulates chronic inflammation
      observed during disease progression. Noninfectious models using purified TDM
      oil/water emulsions elicit pathologic findings observed in patients with TB. We
      introduce a new TDM model that promotes inflammatory lung pathologic findings and
      vascular occlusion and hemorrhage. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were injected with 10
      MUg of i.p. TDM in light mineral oil (TDM-IP). At day 7, another injection of 10
      MUg of i.v. TDM in oil/water emulsion was given (TDM-IV). The i.p./i.v. TDM (TDM
      IVIP) group was compared with mice injected once with i.v. or i.p. TDM. The
      responses to TDM-IP, TDM-IV, or TDM-IPIV were consistent between mouse strains.
      Mice that received TDM-IV and TDM-IPIV had inflammatory pathologic findings with
      increases in inflammatory and T-cell cytokines, and the TDM-IPIV group had
      further enhancement of IL-10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor. The TDM-IPIV group had increased CD4(+) T cells in lung tissue,
      significantly increased coagulation, decreased clot formation time, and increased
      maximum clot firmness. Masson's trichrome staining revealed increased deposition
      of collagen in the occluded vasculature. TDM-IPIV promotes a hypercoagulopathy
      state, independent of inflammation. This new model argues that TDM is sufficient
      to generate the hypercoagulopathy observed in patients with TB.

PMID- 26968341
TI  - Cardiac Tropism of Borrelia burgdorferi: An Autopsy Study of Sudden Cardiac Death
      Associated with Lyme Carditis.
AB  - Fatal Lyme carditis caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi rarely is
      identified. Here, we describe the pathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular
      findings of five case patients. These sudden cardiac deaths associated with Lyme
      carditis occurred from late summer to fall, ages ranged from young adult to late
      40s, and four patients were men. Autopsy tissue samples were evaluated by light
      microscopy, Warthin-Starry stain, immunohistochemistry, and PCR for B.
      burgdorferi, and immunohistochemistry for complement components C4d and C9, CD3,
      CD79a, and decorin. Post-mortem blood was tested by serology. Interstitial
      lymphocytic pancarditis in a relatively characteristic road map distribution was
      present in all cases. Cardiomyocyte necrosis was minimal, T cells outnumbered B
      cells, plasma cells were prominent, and mild fibrosis was present. Spirochetes in
      the cardiac interstitium associated with collagen fibers and co-localized with
      decorin. Rare spirochetes were seen in the leptomeninges of two cases by
      immunohistochemistry. Spirochetes were not seen in other organs examined, and
      joint tissue was not available for evaluation. Although rare, sudden cardiac
      death caused by Lyme disease might be an under-recognized entity and is
      characterized by pancarditis and marked tropism of spirochetes for cardiac
      tissues. 

PMID- 26968342
TI  - An Essential Role for SHARPIN in the Regulation of Caspase 1 Activity in Sepsis.
AB  - Sepsis is burdened by high mortality due to uncontrolled inflammatory response to
      pathogens. Increased caspase 1 activation causing maturation of IL1beta/18
      remains a therapeutic challenge in sepsis. SHARPIN (shank-associated regulator of
      G-protein signaling homology domain-interacting protein), a component of the
      LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain-assembly complex), regulates inflammation, with
      unknown effects on caspase 1 activation. Mice lacking Casp1, Casp11, or both in a
      Sharpin-deficient background were generated, exposed to lipopolysaccharide
      induced endotoxemia, and injected with caspase 1 inhibitor. We monitored
      survival, Il1beta/18, and caspase 1/11 levels in plasma and organs and deciphered
      mechanisms of SHARPIN-dependent caspase 1 inhibition. A correlation between LUBAC
      and active caspase 1 was found in blood mononuclear cells from septic patients.
      SHARPIN bound caspase 1 and disrupted p20/p10 dimer formation, the last step of
      caspase 1 processing, thereby inhibiting enzyme activation and maturation of
      IL1beta/18 in a LUBAC-independent manner. In septic patients, LUBAC-independent
      decline in SHARPIN correlated with enhancement of active caspase 1 in circulating
      mononuclear cells. Septic Sharpin-deficient mice displayed enrichment in mature
      Il1beta/18 and active caspase 1, and shortened survival. Inhibition of caspase 1
      reduced levels of Il1beta/18 and splenic cell death, and prolonged survival in
      septic Sharpin-deficient mice. Our findings identify SHARPIN as a potent in vivo
      caspase 1 inhibitor and propose the caspase 1-SHARPIN interaction as a target in
      sepsis.

PMID- 26968343
TI  - Glucocorticoid Receptor as a Potential Target to Decrease Aromatase Expression
      and Inhibit Leydig Tumor Growth.
AB  - Leydig cell tumors are the most frequent interstitial neoplasms of the testis
      with increased incidence in recent years. They are hormonally active and are
      considered one of the steroid-secreting tumors. Although usually benign, the
      malignant phenotype responds poorly to conventional chemotherapy or radiation,
      highlighting the need to identify new therapeutic targets for treatment. Here, we
      identified a novel glucocorticoid-mediated mechanism that controls cell growth in
      Leydig cell tumors. We found that a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist,
      dexamethasone, reduces cell proliferation in rat Leydig tumor cells by decreasing
      the expression and the enzymatic activity of the estrogen-producing enzyme
      aromatase. This inhibitory effect relies on the ability of activated
      glucocorticoid receptor to regulate the aromatase gene transcriptional activity
      through the recruitment of nuclear receptor corepressor protein and silencing
      mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors to a newly identified putative
      glucocorticoid responsive element within the aromatase promoter II. Our in vivo
      studies reveal a reduction of tumor growth, after dexamethasone treatment, in
      animal xenografts. Tumors from dexamethasone-treated mice exhibit a decrease in
      the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and the aromatase enzyme. Our
      data demonstrate that activated glucocorticoid receptor, decreasing aromatase
      expression, induces Leydig tumor regression both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting
      that glucocorticoid receptor might be a potential target for the therapy of
      Leydig cell tumors.

PMID- 26968344
TI  - Deficiency of IkappaB Kinase beta in Myeloid Cells Reduces Severity of
      Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
AB  - In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple
      sclerosis (MS), peripherally developed myelin-reactive T lymphocytes stimulate
      myeloid cells (ie, microglia and infiltrated macrophages) to trigger an
      inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system, resulting in demyelination
      and neurodegeneration. IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) is a kinase that modulates
      transcription of inflammatory genes. To investigate the pathogenic role of
      IKKbeta in MS, we developed strains in which IKKbeta was conditionally ablated in
      myeloid cells and established active or passive EAE in these animals. Deficiency
      of IKKbeta in myeloid cells ameliorated EAE symptoms and suppressed
      neuroinflammation, as shown by decreased infiltration of T lymphocytes and
      macrophages and reduced inflammatory gene transcription in the spinal cord at the
      peak or end stage of EAE. Myeloid deficiency of IKKbeta also reduced the
      transcription of Rorc or Il17 genes in T lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes,
      spleen, and spinal cord of EAE mice. Moreover, cultured splenocytes isolated from
      myeloid IKKbeta-deficient EAE mice released less IL-17, interferon-gamma, and
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after treatment with myelin
      peptide than splenocytes from IKKbeta wild-type EAE mice. Thus, deficiency of
      myeloid IKKbeta attenuates the severity of EAE by inhibiting both the
      neuroinflammatory activity and the activation of encephalitogenic T lymphocytes.
      These results suggest IKKbeta may be a potential target for MS patients,
      especially when neuroinflammation is the primary problem.

PMID- 26968345
TI  - Targeted Recycling of the Lateral Border Recycling Compartment Precedes Adherens
      Junction Dissociation during Transendothelial Migration.
AB  - Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) requires two major events: local
      dissociation of adherens junctions manifested as gaps in vascular endothelial
      (VE)-cadherin staining at the site of TEM and targeted trafficking of the lateral
      border recycling compartment (LBRC) to the site of TEM. However, the association
      between LBRC recycling and VE-cadherin gaps remains unknown. We found that when
      targeting of the LBRC is selectively inhibited using established methods, such as
      a function blocking anti-platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 antibody,
      depolymerizing microtubules, or microinjection of an antibody that inhibits
      kinesin, VE-cadherin gaps do not form around the blocked leukocyte. This is the
      first time that the LBRC has been implicated in this process. We obtained similar
      results for neutrophils and monocytes and in studies using live cell imaging
      microscopy conducted under fluid shear conditions. Depolymerizing microtubules
      did not affect the ability of leukocytes to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of VE
      cadherin. A VE-cadherin double mutant (Y658F, Y731F) expressed in endothelial
      cells acted as a dominant negative and inhibited VE-cadherin gap formation and
      TEM, yet targeting of the LBRC still occurred. These data suggest that targeting
      of the LBRC to the site of TEM precedes VE-cadherin clearance. Recruitment of the
      LBRC may play a role in clearing VE-cadherin from the site of TEM.

PMID- 26968347
TI  - Applicability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition to
      Japanese children: A study of the Age Band 2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) requires a
      precise assessment of motor skills via a standardized tool such as the Movement
      Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2). Although the MABC-2 has
      been widely used in English-speaking countries, to the best of our knowledge, no
      studies have examined its applicability to Japanese children. Thus, it has been
      difficult to diagnose DCD in Japan. AIMS: As a preliminary investigation
      preceding its formal standardization in Japan, we examined the applicability of
      the MABC-2. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants comprised 132 typically
      developing Japanese children who completed a test set of the MABC-2 for Age Band
      2. We analyzed both internal consistency and factorial validity for our Japanese
      sample. We also included a comparison between our sample of Japanese children and
      the normative sample of the MABC-2, as well as an examination of gender
      differences. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Our results indicated acceptable internal
      consistency and scale homogeneity. High factorial validity, which has not been
      examined in other populations, was also confirmed for the test set. Moreover, we
      found differences in component scores between the Japanese and normative children
      with respect to Manual Dexterity and Balance. We also found that girls obtained
      superior Manual Dexterity and Balance scores compared with boys. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS: The present findings represent the first step towards the
      standardization of the MABC-2 in a Japanese population.

PMID- 26968348
TI  - Reactive oxygen species mediate insulin signal transduction in mouse
      hypothalamus.
AB  - In the hypothalamus, several reports have implied that ROS mediate physiological
      effects of insulin. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of insulin
      induced ROS production and the effect of ROS on insulin signal transduction in
      mouse hypothalamic organotypic cultures. Insulin increased intracellular ROS,
      which were suppressed by NADPH oxidase inhibitor. H2O2 increased phospho-insulin
      receptor beta (p-IRbeta) and phospho-Akt (p-Akt) levels. Insulin-induced
      increases in p-IRbeta and p-Akt levels were attenuated by ROS scavenger or NADPH
      oxidase inhibitor. Our data suggest that insulin-induced phosphorylation of
      IRbeta and Akt is mediated via ROS which are predominantly produced by NADPH
      oxidase in mouse hypothalamus. 

PMID- 26968349
TI  - Health IT vendors and the academic community: The 2014 ACMI debate.
AB  - The American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) periodically hosts a debate at
      the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) fall symposium on a timely
      topic in biomedical informatics. In 2014 a panel of ACMI fellows debated the
      following proposition: "The lack of interaction and collaboration between health
      IT vendors and academic clinical informatics units is stifling innovation and
      will continue to have a detrimental effect on the evolution of commercial
      products." Debaters disagreed on the level of interaction and collaboration
      between the health IT sector and academia and disagreed on whether and by whom
      innovation was actually taking place. While collaboration between industry and
      academia was seen as desirable by all of the debaters, there was an
      acknowledgment that these groups have notably different roles and
      responsibilities. There was consensus that a path forward should be found, and
      that AMIA itself has an important role to play in effecting this. 

PMID- 26968346
TI  - The Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in Neurodegeneration: A TFEB Perspective.
AB  - The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is involved in the degradation of long
      lived proteins. Deficits in the ALP result in protein aggregation, the generation
      of toxic protein species, and accumulation of dysfunctional organelles, which are
      hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's
      disease (HD), and prion disease. Decades of research have therefore focused on
      enhancing the ALP in neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, transcription
      factor EB (TFEB), a major regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has
      emerged as a leading factor in addressing disease pathology. We review the
      regulation of the ALP and TFEB and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases. We
      also offer our perspective on the complex role of autophagy and TFEB in disease
      pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications through the examination of prion
      disease. 

PMID- 26968350
TI  - The association between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and metastatic
      course in neuroendocrine neoplasms.

PMID- 26968351
TI  - Pandora bullata (Entomophthoromycota: Entomophthorales) affecting calliphorid
      flies in central Brazil.
AB  - Fungi are where one finds them, and if one seeks fungal pathogens affecting
      flies, then a garbage dump may be an ideal place to find both persistent,
      abundant fly populations and their fungal pathogens. An obvious fungal epizootic
      affecting the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera:
      Calliphoridae), was observed over several days in mid-February 2015 at the local
      garbage dump adjacent to the city of Cavalcante, northern Goias. This site
      harbored large populations of both C. megacephala and a Musca sp. (Diptera:
      Muscidae) but only the population of oriental latrine fly was affected by any
      fungal pathogen and presented unusually dense populations of fresh cadavers. The
      fungus was identifiable as Pandora bullata (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)
      only after a very small number of characteristically decorated resting spores
      were found in these flies two months later; this represents the first Brazilian
      (and South American) record of this species. P. bullata is known previously from
      a small number of North American, European and Australian collections, all of
      which have included relatively abundant production of resting spores. We cannot
      dismiss the possibility that the extremely sparse formation of resting spores at
      this Brazilian site may be due to abiotic factors such as latitude (13 degrees
      46'40.53"S), day length, ambient temperatures, or even the precipitation patterns
      in this mid-tropical montaine site. Epizootic events affecting calliphorids in
      Brazil strengthen the interest in entomophthoran pathogens for biological control
      of flies. 

PMID- 26968352
TI  - A nurse-initiated pain protocol in the ED improves pain treatment in patients
      with acute musculoskeletal pain.
AB  - While acute musculoskeletal pain is a frequent complaint, its management is often
      neglected. An implementation of a nurse-initiated pain protocol based on the
      algorithm of a Dutch pain management guideline in the emergency department might
      improve this. A pre-post intervention study was performed as part of the
      prospective PROTACT follow-up study. During the pre- (15 months, n = 504) and
      post-period (6 months, n = 156) patients' self-reported pain intensity and pain
      treatment were registered. Analgesic provision in patients with moderate to
      severe pain (NRS >=4) improved from 46.8% to 68.0%. Over 10% of the patients
      refused analgesics, resulting into an actual analgesic administration increase
      from 36.3% to 46.1%. Median time to analgesic decreased from 10 to 7 min (P <
      0.05), whereas time to opioids decreased from 37 to 15 min (P < 0.01). Mean pain
      relief significantly increased to 1.56 NRS-points, in patients who received
      analgesic treatment even up to 2.02 points. The protocol appeared to lead to an
      increase in analgesic administration, shorter time to analgesics and a higher
      clinically relevant pain relief. Despite improvements, suffering moderate to
      severe pain at ED discharge was still common. Protocol adherence needs to be
      studied in order to optimize pain management. 

PMID- 26968353
TI  - Receptor tyrosine phosphatase CLR-1 acts in skin cells to promote sensory
      dendrite outgrowth.
AB  - Sensory dendrite morphogenesis is directed by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
      The extracellular environment plays instructive roles in patterning dendrite
      growth and branching. However, the molecular mechanism is not well understood. In
      Caenorhabditis elegans, the proprioceptive neuron PVD forms highly branched
      sensory dendrites adjacent to the hypodermis. We report that receptor tyrosine
      phosphatase CLR-1 functions in the hypodermis to pattern the PVD dendritic
      branches. Mutations in clr-1 lead to loss of quaternary branches, reduced
      secondary branches and increased ectopic branches. CLR-1 is necessary for the
      dendrite extension but not for the initial filopodia formation. Its role is
      dependent on the intracellular phosphatase domain but not the extracellular
      adhesion domain, indicating that it functions through dephosphorylating
      downstream factors but not through direct adhesion with neurons. Genetic analysis
      reveals that clr-1 also functions in parallel with SAX-7/DMA-1 pathway to control
      PVD primary dendrite development. We provide evidence of a new environmental
      factor for PVD dendrite morphogenesis. 

PMID- 26968355
TI  - Association of the Laminin, Alpha 5 (LAMA5) rs4925386 with height and longevity
      in an elderly population from Southern Italy.
AB  - Studies in animal models and humans suggest that reduced growth and adult stature
      are associated with lifespan extension. Moreover, epidemiological studies
      reported a positive association between adult height and risk of multiple
      cancers. Yet, it is unclear which factors mediate these relationships. Laminins
      are major components of the basement membranes and cooperate with growth factors
      and matrix-dependent receptors in cell proliferation and differentiation.
      Previously, we reported the association of rs659822-C/T in LAMA5, encoding the
      laminin-alpha5 chain, with weight and height in a cohort of healthy 64-107 aged
      Italian individuals. Notably, two independent meta-analyses of genome-wide
      association studies found the C-allele of LAMA5 rs4925386-C/T correlated with the
      risk of colorectal cancer. We tested additional SNPs within the LAMA5 gene for
      association with anthropometric traits and longevity in our cohort of elderly
      subjects (N=624). Under an additive model, the rs2427283-C allele (P=0.02) and
      the rs4925386-T allele (P=0.01) were associated with shorter stature. Age
      stratified analyses showed that the rs4925386-T allele was also positively
      associated with longevity (P=0.001). The association of LAMA5 rs4925386 alleles
      with both inter-individual differences in height and in longevity suggests that
      laminins may be among the factors linking stature and cancer susceptibility. 

PMID- 26968356
TI  - Novel trial designs for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 26968354
TI  - Dancing with the Stars: How Choreographed Bacterial Interactions Dictate
      Nososymbiocity and Give Rise to Keystone Pathogens, Accessory Pathogens, and
      Pathobionts.
AB  - Many diseases that originate on mucosal membranes ensue from the action of
      polymicrobial communities of indigenous organisms working in concert to disrupt
      homeostatic mechanisms. Multilevel physical and chemical communication systems
      among constituent organisms underlie polymicrobial synergy and dictate the
      community's pathogenic potential or nososymbiocity, that is, disease arising from
      living together with a susceptible host. Functional specialization of community
      participants, often originating from metabolic codependence, has given rise to
      several newly appreciated designations within the commensal-to-pathogen spectrum.
      Accessory pathogens, while inherently commensal in a particular microenvironment,
      nonetheless enhance the colonization or metabolic activity of pathogens. Keystone
      pathogens (bacterial drivers or alpha-bugs) exert their influence at low
      abundance by modulating both the composition and levels of community participants
      and by manipulating host responses. Pathobionts (or bacterial passengers) exploit
      disrupted host homeostasis to flourish and promote inflammatory disease. In this
      review we discuss how commensal or pathogenic properties of organisms are not
      intrinsic features, and have to be considered within the context of both the
      microbial community in which they reside and the host immune status.

PMID- 26968357
TI  - Rigosertib versus best supportive care for patients with high-risk
      myelodysplastic syndromes after failure of hypomethylating drugs (ONTIME): a
      randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypomethylating drugs are the standard treatment for patients with
      high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Survival is poor after failure of these
      drugs; there is no approved second-line therapy. We compared the overall survival
      of patients receiving rigosertib and best supportive care with that of patients
      receiving best supportive care only in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
      with excess blasts after failure of azacitidine or decitabine treatment. METHODS:
      We did this randomised controlled trial at 74 hospitals and university medical
      centres in the USA and Europe. We enrolled patients with diagnosis of refractory
      anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB)-1, RAEB-2, RAEB-t, or chronic myelomonocytic
      leukaemia based on local site assessment, and treatment failure with a
      hypomethylating drug in the past 2 years. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1)
      to receive rigosertib 1800 mg per 24 h via 72-h continuous intravenous infusion
      administered every other week or best supportive care with or without low-dose
      cytarabine. Randomisation was stratified by pretreatment bone marrow blast
      percentage. Neither patients nor investigators were masked to treatment
      assignment. The primary outcome was overall survival in the intention-to-treat
      population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01241500.
      FINDINGS: From Dec 13, 2010, to Aug 15, 2013, we enrolled 299 patients: 199
      assigned to rigosertib, 100 assigned to best supportive care. Median follow-up
      was 19.5 months (IQR 11.9-27.3). As of Feb 1, 2014, median overall survival was
      8.2 months (95% CI 6.1-10.1) in the rigosertib group and 5.9 months (4.1-9.3) in
      the best supportive care group (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.67-1.14; p=0.33). The
      most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were anaemia (34 [18%] of 184
      patients in the rigosertib group vs seven [8%] of 91 patients in the best
      supportive care group), thrombocytopenia (35 [19%] vs six [7%]), neutropenia (31
      [17%] vs seven [8%]), febrile neutropenia (22 [12%] vs ten [11%]), and pneumonia
      (22 [12%] vs ten [11%]). 41 (22%) of 184 patients in the rigosertib group and 30
      (33%) of 91 patients in the best supportive care group died due to adverse events
      and three deaths were attributed to rigosertib treatment. INTERPRETATION:
      Rigosertib did not significantly improve overall survival compared with best
      supportive care. A randomised phase 3 trial of rigosertib (NCT 02562443) is
      underway in specific subgroups of patients deemed to be at high risk, including
      patients with very high risk per the Revised International Prognostic Scoring
      System criteria. FUNDING: Onconova Therapeutics, Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.

PMID- 26968358
TI  - Hypofractionation for prostate cancer: a word of caution.

PMID- 26968359
TI  - Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients
      with prostate cancer (HYPRO): late toxicity results from a randomised, non
      inferiority, phase 3 trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported a low alpha to beta ratio for prostate
      cancer, suggesting that hypofractionation could enhance the biological tumour
      dose without increasing genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. We tested
      this theory in the phase 3 HYPRO trial for patients with intermediate-risk and
      high-risk prostate cancer. We have previously reported acute incidence of
      genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity; here we report data for late
      genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. METHODS: In this randomised non
      inferiority phase 3 trial, done in seven radiotherapy centres in the Netherlands,
      we enrolled intermediate-risk or high-risk patients aged between 44 and 85 years
      with histologically confirmed stage T1b-T4 NX-0MX-0 prostate cancer, a prostate
      specific antigen concentration of 60 ng/mL or lower, and WHO performance status
      of 0-2. A web-based application was used to randomly assign (1:1) patients to
      receive either standard fractionation with 39 fractions of 2 Gy in 8 weeks (five
      fractions per week) or hypofractionation with 19 fractions of 3.4 Gy in 6.5 weeks
      (three fractions per week). Randomisation was done with the minimisation
      procedure, stratified by treatment centre and risk group. The primary endpoint
      was to detect a 10% enhancement in 5-year relapse-free survival with
      hypofractionation. A key additional endpoint was non-inferiority of
      hypofractionation in cumulative incidence of grade 2 or worse acute and late
      genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. We planned to reject inferiority of
      hypofractionation for late genitourinary toxicity if the estimated hazard ratio
      (HR) was less than 1.11 and for gastrointestinal toxicity was less than 1.13. We
      scored toxicity with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and European
      Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (RTOG/EORTC) criteria from both
      physicians' records (clinical record form) and patients' self-assessment
      questionnaires. Analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. Patient
      recruitment for the HYPRO trial was completed in 2010. The trial was registered
      with www.controlled-trials.com, number ISRCTN85138529. FINDINGS: Between March
      19, 2007, and Dec 3, 2010, 820 patients (410 in both groups) were randomly
      assigned. Analyses for late toxicity included 387 assessable patients in the
      standard fractionation group and 395 in the hypofractionation group. The median
      follow-up was 60 months (IQR 51.2-67.3). The database for all analyses (both
      groups and both genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities) was locked on
      March 26, 2015. The incidence of grade 2 or worse genitourinary toxicity at 3
      years was 39.0% (95% CI 34.2-44.1) in the standard fractionation group and 41.3%
      (36.6-46.4) in the hypofractionation group. The estimated HR for the cumulative
      incidence of grade 2 or worse late genitourinary toxicity was 1.16 (90% CI 0.98
      1.38), suggesting that non-inferiority could not be shown. The incidence of grade
      2 or worse gastrointestinal toxicity at 3 years was 17.7% (14.1-21.9) in standard
      fractionation and 21.9% (18.1-26.4) hypofractionation. With an estimated HR of
      1.19 (90% CI 0.93-1.52) for the cumulative incidence of grade 2 or worse late
      gastrointestinal toxicity, we could not confirm non-inferiority of
      hypofractionation for cumulative late gastrointestinal toxicity. Cumulative grade
      3 or worse late genitourinary toxicity was significantly higher in the
      hypofractionation group than in the standard fractionation group (19.0% [95% CI
      15.2-23.2] vs 12.9% [9.7-16.7], respectively; p=0.021), but there was no
      significant difference between cumulative grade 3 or worse late gastrointestinal
      toxicity (2.6% [95% CI 1.2-4.7]) in the standard fractionation group and 3.3%
      [1.7-5.6] in the hypofractionation group; p=0.55). INTERPRETATION: Our data could
      not confirm that hypofractionation was non-inferior for cumulative late
      genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity compared with standard fractionation.
      Before final conclusions can be made about the utility of hypofractionation,
      efficacy outcomes need to be reported. FUNDING: The Dutch Cancer Society.

PMID- 26968360
TI  - Distinct Roles of Mic12 and Mic27 in the Mitochondrial Contact Site and Cristae
      Organizing System.
AB  - The mitochondrial inner membrane consists of two morphologically distinct
      domains, the inner boundary membrane and large invaginations termed cristae.
      Narrow membrane structures, the crista junctions, link these two domains.
      Maintenance of this elaborate architecture depends on the evolutionarily
      conserved mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), a
      multisubunit inner membrane protein complex. MICOS consists of two functional
      modules, a Mic60-Mic19 subcomplex that forms Mic60-mediated contact sites with
      the outer mitochondrial membrane and a Mic10-Mic12-Mic26-Mic27 membrane-sculpting
      subcomplex that contains large Mic10 oligomers. Deletion of MIC10 or MIC60
      results in the loss of most crista junctions. Distinct views have been discussed
      about how the MICOS modules cooperate with each other. We searched for components
      required for the structural organization of MICOS and identified Mic12 and Mic27
      as crucial factors with specific roles in MICOS complex formation. Mic27 promotes
      the stability of the Mic10 oligomers in the membrane-sculpting subcomplex,
      whereas Mic12 is required for the coupling of the two MICOS subcomplexes. We
      conclude that in addition to the MICOS core components Mic10 and Mic60, Mic12 and
      Mic27 play specific roles in the organization of the MICOS complex. 

PMID- 26968361
TI  - The phenomenological method in qualitative psychology and psychiatry.
AB  - This article will closely examine the phenomenological method as applied to
      qualitative inquiry in psychology and psychiatry. In a critical comparison
      between Amedeo Giorgi's and Larry Davidson's qualitatively methods, conclusions
      were drawn with regard to how different kinds of qualitative inquiry are possible
      while remaining faithful to Husserlian philosophical foundations. Utilizing
      Lester Embree's recent articulation of how Husserl's method of the epoche can be
      disclosed as specific to a discipline, varieties of these two qualitative methods
      were seen in their relation to the original scientific aim instigated by the
      developer. 

PMID- 26968362
TI  - Solution structure of an "open" E. coli Pol III clamp loader sliding clamp
      complex.
AB  - Sliding clamps are opened and loaded onto primer template junctions by clamp
      loaders, and once loaded on DNA, confer processivity to replicative polymerases.
      Previously determined crystal structures of eukaryotic and T4 clamp loader-clamp
      complexes have captured the sliding clamps in either closed or only partially
      open interface conformations. In these solution structure studies, we have
      captured for the first time the clamp loader-sliding clamp complex from
      Escherichia coli using size exclusion chromatography coupled to small angle X-ray
      scattering (SEC-SAXS). The data suggests the sliding clamp is in an open
      conformation which is wide enough to permit duplex DNA binding. The data also
      provides information about spatial arrangement of the sliding clamp with respect
      to the clamp loader subunits and is compared to complex crystal structures
      determined from other organisms.

PMID- 26968363
TI  - Structure of gamma-tubulin small complex based on a cryo-EM map, chemical cross
      links, and a remotely related structure.
AB  - Modeling protein complex structures based on distantly related homologues can be
      challenging due to poor sequence and structure conservation. Therefore, utilizing
      even low-resolution experimental data can significantly increase model precision
      and accuracy. Here, we present models of the two key functional states of the
      yeast gamma-tubulin small complex (gammaTuSC): one for the low-activity "open"
      state and another for the higher-activity "closed" state. Both models were
      computed based on remotely related template structures and cryo-EM density maps
      at 6.9A and 8.0A resolution, respectively. For each state, extensive sampling of
      alignments and conformations was guided by the fit to the corresponding cryo-EM
      density map. The resulting good-scoring models formed a tightly clustered
      ensemble of conformations in most regions. We found significant structural
      differences between the two states, primarily in the gamma-tubulin subunit
      regions where the microtubule binds. We also report a set of chemical cross-links
      that were found to be consistent with equilibrium between the open and closed
      states. The protocols developed here have been incorporated into our open-source
      Integrative Modeling Platform (IMP) software package
      (http://integrativemodeling.org), and can therefore be applied to many other
      systems.

PMID- 26968364
TI  - Analysis of the interface variability in NMR structure ensembles of protein
      protein complexes.
AB  - NMR structures consist in ensembles of conformers, all satisfying the
      experimental restraints, which exhibit a certain degree of structural
      variability. We analyzed here the interface in NMR ensembles of protein-protein
      heterodimeric complexes and found it to span a wide range of different
      conservations. The different exhibited conservations do not simply correlate with
      the size of the systems/interfaces, and are most probably the result of an
      interplay between different factors, including the quality of experimental data
      and the intrinsic complex flexibility. In any case, this information is not to be
      missed when NMR structures of protein-protein complexes are analyzed; especially
      considering that, as we also show here, the first NMR conformer is usually not
      the one which best reflects the overall interface. To quantify the interface
      conservation and to analyze it, we used an approach originally conceived for the
      analysis and ranking of ensembles of docking models, which has now been extended
      to directly deal with NMR ensembles. We propose this approach, based on the
      conservation of the inter-residue contacts at the interface, both for the
      analysis of the interface in whole ensembles of NMR complexes and for the
      possible selection of a single conformer as the best representative of the
      overall interface. In order to make the analyses automatic and fast, we made the
      protocol available as a web tool at:
      https://www.molnac.unisa.it/BioTools/consrank/consrank-nmr.html.

PMID- 26968365
TI  - Crystal structures of Apo and GMP bound hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase from Legionella pneumophila and the implications in
      gouty arthritis.
AB  - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) (EC 2.4.2.8) reversibly
      catalyzes the transfer of the 5-phophoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl-alpha-1
      pyrophosphate (PRPP) to hypoxanthine or guanine to form inosine monophosphate
      (IMP) or guanosine monophosphate (GMP) in the purine salvage pathway. To
      investigate the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme in the intracellular pathogen
      Legionella pneumophila, we determined the crystal structures of the L.
      pneumophila HGPRT (LpHGPRT) both in its apo-form and in complex with GMP. The
      structures reveal that LpHGPRT comprises a core domain and a hood domain which
      are packed together to create a cavity for GMP-binding and the enzymatic
      catalysis. The binding of GMP induces conformational changes of the stable loop
      II. This new binding site is closely related to the Gout arthritis-linked human
      HGPRT mutation site (Ser103Arg). Finally, these structures of LpHGPRT provide
      insights into the catalytic mechanism of HGPRT.

PMID- 26968366
TI  - Discoveries, metabolic roles and diseases of mitochondrial carriers: A review.
AB  - Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) are a superfamily of nuclear-encoded proteins that
      are mostly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and transport numerous
      metabolites, nucleotides, cofactors and inorganic anions. Their unique sequence
      features, i.e., a tripartite structure, six transmembrane alpha-helices and a
      three-fold repeated signature motif, allow MCs to be easily recognized. This
      review describes how the functions of MCs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo
      sapiens and Arabidopsis thaliana (listed in the first table) were discovered
      after the genome sequence of S. cerevisiae was determined in 1996. In the genomic
      era, more than 50 previously unknown MCs from these organisms have been
      identified and characterized biochemically using a method consisting of gene
      expression, purification of the recombinant proteins, their reconstitution into
      liposomes and transport assays (EPRA). Information derived from studies with
      intact mitochondria, genetic and metabolic evidence, sequence similarity,
      phylogenetic analysis and complementation of knockout phenotypes have guided the
      choice of substrates that were tested in the transport assays. In addition, the
      diseases associated to defects of human MCs have been briefly reviewed. This
      article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by
      Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.

PMID- 26968368
TI  - Embolization of a Large Rapidly Growing Aortic Pseudo-Aneurysm Not Amenable to
      Open or Endovascular Repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To report the case of a rapidly growing aortic false aneurysm because
      of Q fever infection that was managed by embolization. CASE REPORT: An 80-year
      old man was admitted to our unit for an aortic false aneurysm from a chronic Q
      fever infection. During his stay, the aneurysm showed rapid progression
      necessitating urgent treatment. The patient was unfit for surgical repair;
      moreover, the location of the aneurysm at the level of the superior mesenteric
      artery prohibited the use of an endovascular graft. He was managed by coiling of
      the aneurysmal cavity with multiple detachable coils after positioning of a bare
      aortic stent to lock the coils and prevent their migration into the aortic lumen.
      The false aneurysm was successfully thrombosed with no complications. The patient
      was then put on doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine to target Coxiella burnetii.
      CONCLUSIONS: Aortic false aneurysm coiling is feasible in cases where an
      endograft is not possible or an open repair is contraindicated. The use of a bare
      metal stent may help as a barrier to prevent the coils from migrating into the
      aneurysm and thus avoiding embolization into the systemic circulation.

PMID- 26968367
TI  - Molecular structure and pathophysiological roles of the Mitochondrial Calcium
      Uniporter.
AB  - Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake regulates a wide array of cell functions, from
      stimulation of aerobic metabolism and ATP production in physiological settings,
      to induction of cell death in pathological conditions. The molecular identity of
      the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter (MCU), the highly selective channel
      responsible for Ca(2+) entry through the IMM, has been described less than five
      years ago. Since then, research has been conducted to clarify the modulation of
      its activity, which relies on the dynamic interaction with regulatory proteins,
      and its contribution to the pathophysiology of organs and tissues. Particular
      attention has been placed on characterizing the role of MCU in cardiac and
      skeletal muscles. In this review we summarize the molecular structure and
      regulation of the MCU complex in addition to its pathophysiological role, with
      particular attention to striated muscle tissues. This article is part of a
      Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre
      Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.

PMID- 26968369
TI  - Treatment of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Infected by Coxiella Burnetii Using a
      Cryopreserved Allograft.
AB  - Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by an intracellular bacillus named
      Coxiella burnetii (CB) and is a rare cause of vascular infections. We report a
      case of abdominal aortic aneurysm infected by CB with bilateral paravertebral
      abscesses and contiguous spondylodiscitis treated by open repair using a
      cryopreserved allograft and long-term antibiotic therapy by oral doxycycline and
      oral hydroxychloroquine for a duration of 18 months. Twenty months after the
      operation, the patient had no infections signs and vascular complication. 

PMID- 26968370
TI  - Effect of Endovascular Interventions on General Surgery Trainee Operative
      Experience; a Comparison of Case Log Reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular surgery fellowship training has evolved with the widespread
      adoption of endovascular interventions. The purpose of this study is to examine
      how general surgery trainee exposure to vascular surgery has changed over time.
      METHODS: Review of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
      national case log reports for graduating Vascular Surgery Fellows (VF), and
      general surgery residents (GSR) from 2001 to 2012 was performed. RESULTS: The
      number of GSR increased from 1021 to 1098, and the number of VF increased from 96
      to 121 from 2001 to 2012. The total number of vascular cases done by VF increased
      by 1161 since 2001 (298-762), whereas the total number of vascular cases done by
      GSR has decreased by 40% during this time period (186-116). Vascular fellows
      increase was due primarily to an increase in endovascular experience; a finding
      not noted in general surgery residents. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular fellow case log
      changes are due primarily to an increase in endovascular experience that has not
      been mirrored by general surgery trainees. Open surgery experience has decreased
      overall for general surgery residents in all major categories, a change not seen
      in vascular surgery fellows.

PMID- 26968371
TI  - Hybrid Treatment of Acute Abdominal Aortic Thrombosis Presenting with Paraplegia.
AB  - Acute thrombotic or embolic occlusion of the abdominal aorta is a rare vascular
      emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Classically, the
      clinical presentation is a severe peripheral ischemia with bilateral leg pain as
      the predominant feature. Aortic occlusion presenting as an isolated acute onset
      of paraplegia due to spinal cord ischemia is very rare and requires improved
      awareness to prevent adverse outcomes associated with delayed diagnosis. We
      report the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with sudden paraplegia due to
      the thrombotic occlusion of the infrarenal aorta involving the first segment of
      the common iliac arteries on both sides; emergent transperitoneal aorto iliac
      thrombectomy combined with the endovascular iliac kissing-stent technique were
      performed achieving perioperative complete regression of the symptoms. 

PMID- 26968372
TI  - Modeling the transboundary risk of feed ingredients contaminated with porcine
      epidemic diarrhea virus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study describes a model developed to evaluate the transboundary
      risk of PEDV-contaminated swine feed ingredients and the effect of two mitigation
      strategies during a simulated transport event from China to the US. RESULTS:
      Ingredients imported to the USA from China, including organic & conventional
      soybeans and meal, lysine hydrochloride, D-L methionine, tryptophan, Vitamins A,
      D & E, choline, carriers (rice hulls, corn cobs) and feed grade tetracycline,
      were inoculated with PEDV. Control ingredients, and treatments (ingredients plus
      a liquid antimicrobial (SalCURB, Kemin Industries (LA) or a 2% custom medium
      chain fatty acid blend (MCFA)) were tested. The model ran for 37 days, simulating
      transport of cargo from Beijing, China to Des Moines, IA, US from December 23,
      2012 to January 28, 2013. To mimic conditions on land and sea, historical
      temperature and percent relative humidity (% RH) data were programmed into an
      environmental chamber which stored all containers. To evaluate PEDV viability
      over time, ingredients were organized into 1 of 4 batches of samples, each batch
      representing a specific segment of transport. Batch 1 (segment 1) simulated
      transport of contaminated ingredients from manufacturing plants in Beijing (day 1
      post-contamination (PC)). Batch 2 (segments 1 and 2) simulated manufacturing and
      delivery to Shanghai, including time in Anquing terminal awaiting shipment (days
      1-8 PC). Batch 3 (segments 1, 2 and 3) represented time in China, the crossing of
      the Pacific and entry to the US at the San Francisco, CA terminal (day 1-27 PC).
      Batch 4 (segments 1-4) represented the previous events, including transport to
      Des Moines, IA (days 1-37 PC). Across control (non-treated) ingredients, viable
      PEDV was detected in soybean meal (organic and conventional), Vitamin D, lysine
      hydrochloride and choline chloride. In contrast, viable PEDV was not detected in
      any samples treated with LA or MCFA. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the
      ability of PEDV to survive in a subset of feed ingredients using a model
      simulating shipment from China to the US. This is proof of concept suggesting
      that contaminated feed ingredients could serve as transboundary risk factors for
      PEDV, along with the identification of effective mitigation options.

PMID- 26968373
TI  - Associations between non-discrimination and training policies and physicians'
      attitudes and knowledge about sexual and gender minority patients: a comparison
      of physicians from two hospitals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some physicians lack knowledge and awareness about health issues
      specific to sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals. To help improve this,
      hospitals have implemented policies that mandate non-discrimination and training
      to promote sexual and gender minority health. There is limited evidence about how
      such policies relate to physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and gender and sexual
      minority affirmative practices. METHOD: A random sample of 1000 physicians was
      recruited from a complete list of physicians affiliated with one of two
      university Hospitals located in Tennessee and 180 physicians completed the survey
      concerning attitudes and knowledge about SGM individuals. Physicians were
      affiliated with either Hospital A that had not implemented policies for non
      discrimination and training, or Hospital B that did. RESULTS: Physicians held
      different attitudes about SGM patients than non-patients. Physicians affiliated
      with Hospital A held more negative attitudes about SGM individuals who were non
      patients than physicians affiliated with Hospital B. There were no differences
      between the two hospitals in physicians' attitudes and knowledge about SGM
      patients. CONCLUSION: Policies that mandate non-discrimination and training as
      they currently exist may not improve physicians' attitudes and knowledge about
      SGM individuals. Additional research is needed to understand how these policies
      and trainings relate to physicians' SGM affirmative practices.

PMID- 26968375
TI  - Influence of the cause of the revision on the outcome after revision knee
      arthroplasty with condylar constrained implant.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common procedure with
      varying results depending on the cause. Our objective was to compare the clinical
      and radiological outcomes in patients undergoing aseptic revision versus revision
      due to prosthetic infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 41 patients
      who underwent TKA revision with the same varus-valgus constrained implant. In all
      cases a clinical evaluation was performed including pain, range of motion (ROM),
      Knee Society Score (KSS), complications, as well as radiological study. A
      comparative analysis was performed on the pre- and postoperative results between
      septic and aseptic groups. The mean follow-up was 6 years. RESULTS: ROM had a
      mean increase of 17 degrees (p<.01). KSS and functional KSS improved
      significantly postoperatively. In the radiological study, joint interline and
      limb alignment were restored in all cases. Radiolucencies were found in 36.5% of
      cases; however they were unrelated to the appearance of loosening of the implant.
      There were complications in 29.2% of cases, mostly related to the surgical wound.
      Mobility, KSS, KSS functional and satisfaction at follow-up were better in the
      septic group. Implant survival was 95% at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Revision
      arthroplasty with constrained varus-valgus implant is safe, and has successful
      mid-term results despite the cause of the replacement procedure.

PMID- 26968374
TI  - Clinical evaluation of dengue and identification of risk factors for severe
      disease: protocol for a multicentre study in 8 countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The burden of dengue continues to increase globally, with an
      estimated 100 million clinically apparent infections occurring each year.
      Although most dengue infections are asymptomatic, patients can present with a
      wide spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from mild febrile illness through to
      severe manifestations of bleeding, organ impairment, and hypovolaemic shock due
      to a systemic vascular leak syndrome. Clinical diagnosis of dengue and
      identification of which patients are likely to develop severe disease remain
      challenging. This study aims to improve diagnosis and clinical management through
      approaches designed a) to differentiate between dengue and other common febrile
      illness within 72 h of fever onset, and b) among patients with dengue to identify
      markers that are predictive of the likelihood of evolving to a more severe
      disease course. METHOD/DESIGN: This is a prospective multi-centre observational
      study aiming to enrol 7-8000 participants aged >= 5 years presenting with a
      febrile illness consistent with dengue to outpatient health facilities in 8
      countries across Asia and Latin America. Patients presenting within 72 h of fever
      onset who do not exhibit signs of severe disease are eligible for the study. A
      broad range of clinical and laboratory parameters are assessed daily for up to 6
      days during the acute illness, and also at a follow up visit 1 week later.
      DISCUSSION: Data from this large cohort of patients, enrolled early with
      undifferentiated fever, will be used to develop a practical diagnostic algorithm
      and a robust clinical case definition for dengue. Additionally, among patients
      with confirmed dengue we aim to identify simple clinical and laboratory
      parameters associated with progression to a more severe disease course. We will
      also investigate early virological and serological correlates of severe disease,
      and examine genetic associations in this large heterogeneous cohort. In addition
      the results will be used to assess the new World Health Organization
      classification scheme for dengue in practice, and to update the guidelines for
      "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness" used in dengue-endemic countries.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01550016. Registration Date: March 7, 2012.

PMID- 26968376
TI  - Occurrence, molecular characterization and predominant genotypes of
      Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy cattle in Henan and Ningxia, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently diagnosed
      microsporidian species in humans and a wide range of animals. This study was
      conducted to assess the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi
      in dairy cattle in Henan Province of central China and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous
      Region of northwest China. FINDINGS: Of 879 fresh fecal specimens, 24.3 %
      (214/879) tested positive for E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) based on the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) gene. The highest infection
      rate, 46.8 % (51/109, P < 0.0001), was observed in a group of dairy cattle with
      diarrhea, located in Ningxia. The age groups with higher infection rates were pre
      weaned calves (29.3 %, 127/434, P < 0.0001) and post-weaned calves (23.9 %,
      63/264, P = 0.006). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed 20 E. bieneusi
      ITS genotypes (15 known and five new), including members of Group 1 and Group 2.
      Genotypes I and J were detected in 64.5 % (138/214) of the E. bieneusi positive
      specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Genotypes I and J were the dominant genotypes in dairy
      cattle in the present study. The detection of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi
      in dairy farms indicates that cattle may play an important role as a reservoir
      host for zoonotic infections.

PMID- 26968377
TI  - Detailed phenotyping identifies genes with pleiotropic effects on body
      composition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in both the composition and distribution of fat and
      muscle in the body is important to human health as well as the healthiness and
      value of meat from cattle and sheep. Here we use detailed phenotyping and a multi
      trait approach to identify genes explaining variation in body composition traits.
      RESULTS: A multi-trait genome wide association analysis of 56 carcass composition
      traits measured on 10,613 sheep with imputed and real genotypes on 510,174 SNPs
      was performed. We clustered 71 significant SNPs into five groups based on their
      pleiotropic effects across the 56 traits. Among these 71 significant SNPs, one
      group of 11 SNPs affected the fatty acid profile of the muscle and were close to
      8 genes involved in fatty acid or triglyceride synthesis. Another group of 23
      SNPs had an effect on mature size, based on their pattern of effects across
      traits, but the genes near this group of SNPs did not share any obvious function.
      Many of the likely candidate genes near SNPs with significant pleiotropic effects
      on the 56 traits are involved in intra-cellular signalling pathways. Among the
      significant SNPs were some with a convincing candidate gene due to the function
      of the gene (e.g. glycogen synthase affecting glycogen concentration) or because
      the same gene was associated with similar traits in other species. CONCLUSIONS:
      Using a multi-trait analysis increased the power to detect associations between
      SNP and body composition traits compared with the single trait analyses. Detailed
      phenotypic information helped to identify a convincing candidate in some cases as
      did information from other species.

PMID- 26968378
TI  - Beneficial effects of cocoa, coffee, green tea, and garcinia complex supplement
      on diet induced obesity in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cocoa, coffee, green tea and garcinia contain large amounts of
      polyphenols. Polyphenols are well-known phytochemicals and found in plants, and
      have modulated physiological and molecular pathways that are involved in energy
      metabolism, adiposity, and obesity. METHODS: To evaluate the obesity-lowering
      effect of a combined extract (comprising cocoa, coffee, green tea and garcinia;
      CCGG) in high-energy diet (HED)-induced obese rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (8
      weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 per group): normal diet
      with vehicle treatment (Control), and HED to receive vehicle or CCGG by oral
      gavage at 129, 258, or 517 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, designated the HED, 0.5X, 1X
      and 1X groups, respectively. RESULTS: HED induced macrovesicular fat in the liver
      and the formation of adipose tissues, and significantly increased the levels of
      serum free fatty acids (FFA), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and LDL-C/HDL-C, aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ketone bodies in
      serum, and hepatic TG and TC levels, and decreased the levels of high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum and lipase activity in fat tissues.
      Treatment with CCGG could significantly decrease the levels of FFA, TG, TC, LDL
      C, and LDL-C/HDL-C, AST, ALT, and ketone bodies in serum, and hepatic TG and TC
      contents, and increase the levels of HDL-C in serum and lipase activity in fat
      tissues compared to the HED group. Liver histopathology also showed that CCGG
      could significantly reduce the incidence of liver lesions. CONCLUSION: These
      results suggested that CCGG stimulated lipid metabolism in HED-induced obese
      rats, which is attributable to fat mobilization from adipose tissue.

PMID- 26968380
TI  - Moderate hyperoxic versus near-physiological oxygen targets during and after
      coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The safety of perioperative hyperoxia is currently unclear. Previous
      studies in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery suggest reduced
      myocardial damage when avoiding extreme perioperative hyperoxia (>400 mmHg). In
      this study we investigated whether an oxygenation strategy from moderate
      hyperoxia to a near-physiological oxygen tension reduces myocardial damage and
      improves haemodynamics, organ dysfunction and oxidative stress. METHODS: This was
      a single-blind, single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial in
      patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Fifty patients were
      randomised to a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) target of 200
      220 mmHg during cardiopulmonary bypass and 130-150 mmHg during intensive care
      unit (ICU) admission (control group) versus lower targets of 130-150 mmHg during
      cardiopulmonary bypass and 80-100 mmHg at the ICU (conservative group). Primary
      outcome was myocardial injury (CK-MB and Troponin-T) at ICU admission and 2, 6
      and 12 hours thereafter. RESULTS: Weighted PaO2 during cardiopulmonary bypass was
      220 mmHg (interquartile range (IQR) 211-233) vs. 157 (151-162) in the control and
      conservative group, respectively (P < 0.0001). During ICU admission, weighted
      PaO2 was 107 mmHg (86-141) vs. 90 (84-98) (P = 0.03), respectively. Area under
      the curve of CK-MB was median 23.5 MUg/L/h (IQR 18.4-28.1) vs. 21.5 (15.8-26.6)
      (P = 0.35) and 0.30 MUg/L/h (0.25-0.44) vs. 0.39 (0.24-0.43) (P = 0.81) for
      Troponin-T. Cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, creatinine,
      lactate and F2-isoprostane levels were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Compared to moderate hyperoxia, a near-physiological oxygen strategy does not
      reduce myocardial damage in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
      Conservative oxygen administration was not associated with increased lactate
      levels or hypoxic events. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Registry NTR4375,
      registered on 30 January 2014.

PMID- 26968381
TI  - Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with
      elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The people of Bangladesh are currently exposed to high concentrations
      of arsenic and manganese in drinking water, as well as elevated lead in many
      regions. The objective of this study was to investigate associations between
      environmental exposure to these contaminants and neurodevelopmental outcomes
      among Bangladeshi children. METHODS: We evaluated data from 524 children, members
      of an ongoing prospective birth cohort established to study the effects of
      prenatal and early childhood arsenic exposure in the Sirajdikhan and Pabna
      Districts of Bangladesh. Water was collected from the family's primary drinking
      source during the first trimester of pregnancy and at ages 1, 12 and 20-40
      months. At age 20-40 months, blood lead was measured and neurodevelopmental
      outcomes were assessed using a translated, culturally-adapted version of the
      Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III).
      RESULTS: Median blood lead concentrations were higher in Sirajdikhan than Pabna
      (7.6 vs. <LODMUg/dL, p <0.0001) and water arsenic concentrations were lower (1.5
      vs 25.7 MUg/L, p <0.0001). Increased blood lead was associated with decreased
      cognitive scores in Sirajdikhan (beta = -0.17, SE = 0.09, p = 0.05), whereas
      increased water arsenic was associated with decreased cognitive scores in Pabna
      (beta = -0.06, SE = 0.03, p = 0.05). Water manganese was associated with fine
      motor scores in an inverse-U relationship in Pabna. CONCLUSION: Where blood lead
      levels are high, lead is associated with decreased cognitive scores on the BSID
      III, and effects of other metals are not detected. In the setting of lower lead
      levels, the adverse effects of arsenic and manganese on neurodevelopment are
      observed.

PMID- 26968382
TI  - The effect of visceral obesity on clinicopathological features in patients with
      endometrial cancer: a retrospective analysis of 200 Chinese patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To assess the effect of visceral adiposity on clinical and
      pathological characteristics in patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS: A
      retrospective review of medical documentation was performed in surgically treated
      endometrial cancer patients from January to November 2015 in our institution. The
      visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were measured
      at the level of umbilicus on single-slice computerized tomography. Visceral
      adiposity (VAT%) was calculated as VAT/(VAT + SAT). RESULTS: A total of 200 cases
      were included in the study. Median age at diagnosis was 54 years old. Most
      patients presented with early-stage tumor (86.0% for I + II) and endometrioid
      histology (90.5%). Positive lymph node occurred in 11.0% (22/200) of the patients
      with the median number of retrieved nodes as 25 (range, 4-56). The entire
      population had a median body mass index (BMI) of 24.7 kg/m(2) and median VAT% of
      31.89%. BMI correlated with total adipose tissue (correlation coefficient =
      0.667, P < 0.001), but not with VAT% (P = 0.495). Viscerally obese patients
      tended to be old and post-menopausal (P < 0.001; P = 0.003). Nodal metastasis and
      extrauterine disease were more commonly reported in patients with high VAT% (6.0%
      vs. 16.0%, P = 0.024; 9.0% vs. 19.0%, P = 0.042, respectively). Univariate and
      multivariate logistic regressions were performed to discern the contribution of
      variable factors on the lymph node metastasis. Grade (HR = 15.41, 95% CI = 1.60
      148.76; P = 0.018), lympho-vascular invasion (HR = 449.61, 95% CI = 31.27
      6463.93; P < 0.001) and high VAT% (HR = 6.37, 95% CI = 1.42-28.69; P = 0.016)
      retained statistical significance for predicting lymph node metastasis.
      CONCLUSIONS: Viscerally obese patients were more likely to be old and have
      positive lymph node as well as extrauterine disease. Grade, lympho-vascular
      invasion presence and visceral adiposity were predictors of nodal disease.

PMID- 26968384
TI  - Quantifying phase function influence in subdiffusively backscattered light.
AB  - Light backscattering at short source-detector separations is considerably
      influenced by the scattering phase function of a turbid medium. We seek to more
      precisely relate a medium's subdiffusive backscattering to the angular scattering
      characteristics of its microstructure. First, we demonstrate the inability of the
      scattering asymmetry g1 = < cos theta > to predict phase function influence on
      backscattering and reveal ambiguities related to the established phase function
      parameter gamma. Through the use of high-order similarity relations, we introduce
      a new parameter that more accurately relates a scattering phase function to its
      subdiffusive backscattering intensity. Using extensive analytical forward
      calculations based on solutions to the radiative transfer equation in the spatial
      domain and spatial frequency domain, we demonstrate the superiority of our
      empirically derived quantifier sigma over the established parameter gamma.

PMID- 26968383
TI  - Hypoxic conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells promotes lymphangiogenesis
      by regulation of mitochondrial-related proteins.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, cell-based therapeutic lymphangiogenesis has emerged and
      provided hope for lymphatic regeneration. Previous studies have demonstrated that
      secretomes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) facilitate the regeneration of
      various damaged tissues. This study was conducted to evaluate the lymphangiogenic
      potential of hypoxic conditioned media (HCM) from MSCs. METHODS: To investigate
      the effects of MSC-secreted factors in starved human lymphatic endothelial cells
      (hLEC), hLECs were treated with endothelial basal medium (EBM)-2 (control),
      normoxic conditioned media (NCM), or HCM in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: MSCs
      expressed lymphangiogenic factors including EGF, FGF2, HGF, IGF-1, and VEGF-A and
      -C. hLECs were treated with each medium. hLEC proliferation, migration, and tube
      formation were improved under HCM compared with NCM. Moreover, expression of
      mitochondrial-related factors, MFN1and 2, were improved in HCM-treated hLECs.
      Lymphedema mice injected with HCM showed markedly decreased lymphedema via
      increased lymphatic vessel formation when compared with EBM-2- or NCM-treated
      mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that HCM from MSCs contain high levels of
      secreted lymphangiogenic factors and promote lymphangiogenesis by regulating
      mitochondrial-related factors. Thus, treatment with HCM may be a therapeutic
      strategy for lymphedema.

PMID- 26968386
TI  - Optical coherence tomography use in the diagnosis of enamel defects.
AB  - Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) affects the permanent incisors and molars,
      whose undermineralized matrix is evidenced by lesions ranging from white to
      yellow/brown opacities to crumbling enamel lesions incapable of withstanding
      normal occlusal forces and function. Diagnosing the condition involves clinical
      and radiographic examination of these teeth, with known limitations in
      determining the depth extent of the enamel defects in particular. Optical
      coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging hard and soft tissue imaging technique,
      which was investigated as a new potential diagnostic method in dentistry. A
      comparison between the diagnostic potential of the conventional methods and OCT
      was conducted. Compared to conventional imaging methods, OCT gave more
      information on the structure of the enamel defects as well as the depth extent of
      the defects into the enamel structure. Different types of enamel defects were
      compared, each type presenting a unique identifiable pattern when imaged using
      OCT. Additionally, advanced methods of OCT image analysis including backscattered
      light intensity profile analysis and enface reconstruction were performed. Both
      methods confirmed the potential of OCT in enamel defects diagnosis. In
      conclusion, OCT imaging enabled the identification of the type of enamel defect
      and the determination of the extent of the enamel defects in MIH with the
      advantage of being a radiation free diagnostic technique.

PMID- 26968385
TI  - Characterization and standardization of tissue-simulating protoporphyrin IX
      optical phantoms.
AB  - Optical devices for measuring protoporphryin IX (PpIX) fluorescence in tissue are
      routinely validated by measurements in optical phantoms. Yet there exists limited
      data to form a consensus on the recipe for phantoms that both mimic the optical
      properties found in tissue and yield a reliable and stable relationship between
      PpIX concentration and the fluorescence remission intensity. This study
      characterizes the influence of multiple phantom components on PpIX fluorescence
      emission intensity, using Intralipid as the scattering source, bovine whole blood
      as the background absorber, and Tween as a surfactant to prevent PpIX
      aggregation. Optical measurements showed a linear proportionality (r > 0.99)
      between fluorescence intensity and PpIX concentration (0.1 to 10 MUg/mL) over a
      range of Intralipid (1 to 2%) and whole blood (0.5 to 3%) for phantoms containing
      low surfactant (<= 0.1%), with fluorescence intensities and scattering and
      absorption properties stable for 5 h after mixing. The role of surfactant in PpIX
      phantoms was found to be complex, as aggregation was evident in aqueous nonturbid
      phantoms with no surfactant (0% Tween), and avoided in phantoms containing
      Intralipid as the scattering source with no additional or low amounts of added
      surfactant (<= 0.1% Tween). Conversely, phantoms containing higher surfactant
      content (>0.1% Tween) and whole blood showed interactions that distorted the
      fluorescence emissions.

PMID- 26968387
TI  - Intervolume analysis to achieve four-dimensional optical microangiography for
      observation of dynamic blood flow.
AB  - We demonstrate in vivo volumetric optical microangiography at ~ 200 volumes/s by
      the use of 1.6 MHz Fourier domain mode-locking swept source optical coherence
      tomography and an effective 36 kHz microelectromechanical system (MEMS) scanner.
      We propose an intervolume analysis strategy to contrast the dynamic blood flow
      signal from the static tissue background. The proposed system is demonstrated by
      imaging cerebral blood flow in mice in vivo. For the first time, imaging speed,
      sensitivity, and temporal resolution become possible for a direct four
      dimensional observation of microcirculations within live body parts.

PMID- 26968388
TI  - Teratogenic effect of cisplatin in rats and the protective role of sodium
      selenate.
AB  - Eighty pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. They were allotted
      to four equal groups. The first group served as a control without any treatment
      while the other groups were given cisplatin, sodium selenate, and
      cisplatin+sodium selenate, respectively. Cisplatin was injected intraperitoneally
      in a dose of 5mg/kgb wt. on the 12th day of gestation while sodium selenate was
      administered orally in a dose of 0.5mg/kgb wt throughout gestation. Animals were
      sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation for fetal examination. Cisplatin produced
      significant elevation in the percentages of late resorption sites and dead
      foetuses compared with the control group. The mean foetal and placental weights
      were significantly reduced. Dwarf foetuses and subcutaneous (s/c) haemorrhage
      were also recorded in cisplatin-treated group. Visceral abnormalities were
      revealed in the form of dilated nares, anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia,
      dilated brain ventricles, hypertrophy of the heart, hypoplasia of the lung,
      hepatomegaly and dilated renal pelvis. Skeletal examination showed wide open
      fontanel, incomplete ossification of parietal and interparietal bones, incomplete
      ossification of sternum, reduction in the number or even complete absence of
      phalanges, sacral and/or caudal vertebrae. Histopathological examination of
      placentas in cisplatin-treated group revealed severe pathological alterations.
      Administration of sodium selenate significantly alleviated the afore-mentioned
      adverse effects of cisplatin on the fetuses and their placentas so we conclude
      that sodium selenate as an antioxidant has an effective protective role in
      cisplatin teratogenic effects.

PMID- 26968389
TI  - Retardation of quality changes in camel meat sausages by phenolic compounds and
      phenolic extracts.
AB  - Impact of tannic acid (TA), date seed extract (DSE), catechin (CT) and green tea
      extract (GTE) on lipid oxidation, microbial load and textural properties of camel
      meat sausages during 12 days of refrigerated storage was investigated. TA and CT
      showed higher activities in all antioxidative assays compared to DSE and GTE.
      Lipid oxidation and microbial growth was higher for control sausages when
      compared to other samples. TA and CT at a level of 200 mg/kg were more effective
      in retarding lipid oxidation and lowering microbial count (P < 0.05). Sausages
      treated with TA and DSE were found to have higher hardness, gumminess and
      chewiness values compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Addition of different
      phenolic compounds or extract did not influence the sensory color of sausages.
      Furthermore, sensory quality was also found to be superior in TA and CT treated
      sausages. Therefore, pure phenolic compounds (TA and CT) proved to be more
      effective in retaining microbial and sensorial qualities of camel meat sausages
      compared to phenolic extracts (GTE and DSE) over 12 days of storage at 4 degrees
      C.

PMID- 26968390
TI  - Hospital Readmission of Patients With Congenital Heart Disease in Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Risk factors for hospital readmission in children or adults with
      congenital heart disease (CHD) are poorly understood. We assessed readmission
      rates among patients with CHD stratified by age, sex, and severity of CHD and
      identified risk factors associated with hospital readmission. METHODS: A
      retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients with CHD identified from
      the Discharge Abstract Database of the Canadian Institute for Health Information
      from fiscal years 2003-2013. Index hospitalizations were identified and patients
      followed to identify readmissions. Poisson regression was used to analyze
      readmission rates by age, sex, and severity of CHD. Logistic regression analysis
      was performed to identify risk factors associated with readmission within 1 month
      after discharge. RESULTS: There were 67,940 index hospitalizations. The
      readmission rate per 1000 patients with CHD was 48 within 2 weeks, 83 within 1
      month, 163 within 3 months, and 351 within 1 year. Patients aged >= 65 years had
      the highest readmission rate at 1 month (12.6%) followed by 40- to 64-year old
      adults (8.5%), and infants (8.3%). Readmission rates were 2.3-4.1 times higher in
      patients with complex CHD (P < 0.001) and 1.3-1.8 times higher in patients with
      moderate CHD (P < 0.001) than in simple patients with CHD. Risk factors for
      readmission were age >= 40 years, age < 1 year, male sex, longer index
      hospitalization stay, and complex CHD. Increasing Charlson comorbidity score was
      a risk factor for readmission among adults. CONCLUSIONS: Greater than one third
      of hospitalized patients with CHD were readmitted within 1 year. Age, sex, and
      CHD complexity influence readmission risk. Future studies should investigate the
      reasons for unplanned readmission.

PMID- 26968391
TI  - From Coronary Care Units to Cardiac Intensive Care Units: Recommendations for
      Organizational, Staffing, and Educational Transformation.
AB  - Medical care in Canadian cardiac units has changed considerably over the past 3
      decades in response to an increasingly complex and diverse patient population
      admitted with acute cardiac pathology. To maintain the highest level of care for
      these patients, there is a pressing need to evolve traditional coronary care
      units into contemporary cardiac intensive care units. In this article we aim to
      highlight the current variations in Canadian units, develop approaches to
      overcome logistical and infrastructural obstacles, and propose staffing and
      training recommendations that would allow for the establishment of contemporary
      cardiac intensive care units.

PMID- 26968392
TI  - Canadian Cardiovascular Society Quality Indicators for Heart Failure.
AB  - A working group was convened by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) in 2010
      to identify quality indicators (QIs) for heart failure (HF). Using the CCS "Best
      Practices for Developing Cardiovascular Quality Indicators" methodology, a total
      of 49 "long-list" QIs was identified and rated. Subsequent ranking and discussion
      led to the selection of an initial "short-list" of 6 QIs to evaluate quality
      care, including daily assessment of blood chemistry indicators, chest
      radiography, patient education, in-hospital use of angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, assessment of left ventricular
      function, and 30-day hospital readmission. The short-list QIs were selected as
      being important for quality assurance and because the patient information, for
      the most part, can be captured during the inpatient setting, which would allow
      these QIs to be adopted more easily. These 6 QIs were subjected to a feasibility
      test that found that even within the inpatient setting, there is a significant
      gap between the existing knowledge infrastructure and the necessary information
      tracking processes to measure QIs. Only 1 QI (30-day hospital readmission) can
      currently be measured comparatively across Canada, although the other 5 of 6
      short-list QIs can be measured using other data collected by jurisdictions.
      Standardization and enhancements to knowledge infrastructure are essential to
      provide the comprehensive patient data necessary to evaluate the quality of HF
      care across Canada.

PMID- 26968394
TI  - Do TASER Electrical Weapons Actually Electrocute?

PMID- 26968393
TI  - Vascular Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy.
AB  - Development of new anticancer drugs has resulted in improved mortality rates and
      5-year survival rates in patients with cancer. However, many of the modern
      chemotherapies are associated with cardiovascular toxicities that increase
      cardiovascular risk in cancer patients, including hypertension, thrombosis, heart
      failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. These limitations restrict treatment
      options and might negatively affect the management of cancer. The cardiotoxic
      effects of older chemotherapeutic drugs such as alkylating agents,
      antimetabolites, and anticancer antibiotics have been known for a while. The
      newer agents, such as the antiangiogenic drugs that inhibit vascular endothelial
      growth factor signalling are also associated with cardiovascular pathology,
      especially hypertension, thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and proteinuria.
      Exact mechanisms by which vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors cause
      these complications are unclear but impaired endothelial function, vascular and
      renal damage, oxidative stress, and thrombosis might be important. With
      increasing use of modern chemotherapies and prolonged survival of cancer
      patients, the incidence of cardiovascular disease in this patient population will
      continue to increase. Accordingly, careful assessment and management of
      cardiovascular risk factors in cancer patients by oncologists and cardiologists
      working together is essential for optimal care so that prolonged cancer survival
      is not at the expense of increased cardiovascular events.

PMID- 26968395
TI  - Prelinguistic foundations of verb learning: Infants discriminate and categorize
      dynamic human actions.
AB  - Action categorization is necessary for human cognition and is foundational to
      learning verbs, which label categories of actions and events. In two studies
      using a nonlinguistic preferential looking paradigm, 10- to 12-month-old English
      learning infants were tested on their ability to discriminate and categorize a
      dynamic human manner of motion (i.e., way in which a figure moves; e.g.,
      marching). Study 1 results reveal that infants can discriminate a change in path
      and actor across instances of the same manner of motion. Study 2 results suggest
      that infants categorize the manner of motion for dynamic human events even under
      conditions in which other components of the event change, including the actor's
      path and the actor. Together, these two studies extend prior research on infant
      action categorization of animated motion events by providing evidence that
      infants can categorize dynamic human actions, a skill foundational to the
      learning of motion verbs.

PMID- 26968396
TI  - Investigating racial disparities in use of NK1 receptor antagonists to prevent
      chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among women with breast cancer.
AB  - Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a major concern for cancer
      patients and, if uncontrolled, can seriously compromise quality of life (QOL) and
      other treatment outcomes. Because of the expense of antiemetic medications used
      to prevent CINV (particularly oral medications filled through Medicare Part D),
      disparities in their use may exist. We used 2006-2012 SEER-Medicare data to
      evaluate the use of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists (NK1s), a potent class of
      antiemetics, among black and white women initiating highly emetogenic
      chemotherapy for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer. We used modified
      Poisson regression to assess the relationship between race and (1) any NK1 use,
      (2) oral NK1 (aprepitant) use, and (3) intravenous NK1 (fosaprepitant) use. We
      report adjusted risk ratios (aRR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). The study
      included 1130 women. We observed racial disparities in use of any NK1 (aRR: 0.68,
      95 % CI 0.51-0.91) and in use of oral aprepitant specifically (aRR: 0.54, 95 % CI
      0.35-0.83). We did not observe disparities in intravenous fosaprepitant use.
      After controlling for variables related to socioeconomic status, disparities in
      NK1 and aprepitant use were reduced but not eliminated. We found racial
      disparities in women's use of oral NK1s for the prevention of CINV. These
      disparities may be partly explained by racial differences in socioeconomic
      status, which may translate into differential ability to afford the medication. 

PMID- 26968397
TI  - The clinical value of HER-2 overexpression and PIK3CA mutations in the older
      breast cancer population: a FOCUS study analysis.
AB  - Studies to confirm the effect of acknowledged prognostic markers in older breast
      cancer patients are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic
      value of HER-2 overexpression and PIK3CA mutations in older breast cancer
      patients. Female breast cancer patients aged 65 years or older, diagnosed between
      1997 and 2004 in a geographical region in The Netherlands, with an invasive, non
      metastatic tumour and tumour material available, were included in the study. The
      primary endpoint was relapse-free period and secondary endpoint was relative
      survival. Determinants were immunochemical HER-2 scores (0/1+, 2+ or 3+) and
      PIK3CA as a binary measure. Overall, 1698 patients were included, and 103 had a
      HER-2 score of 3+. HER-2 overexpression was associated with a higher recurrence
      risk (5 years recurrence risk 34 % vs. 12 %, adjusted p = 0.005), and a worse
      relative survival (10 years relative survival 48 % vs. 84 % for HER-2 negative; p
      = 0.004). PIK3CA mutations had no significant prognostic effect. We showed, in
      older breast cancer patients, that HER-2 overexpression was significantly
      associated with a worse outcome, but PIK3CA mutations had no prognostic effect.
      These results imply that older patients with HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer
      might benefit from additional targeted anti-HER-2 therapy. 

PMID- 26968400
TI  - AABB Committee Report: reducing transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus
      infections.
AB  - Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus (TT-CMV) is often asymptomatic, but
      certain patient populations, such as very low birth weight neonates, fetuses
      requiring intrauterine transfusion, pregnant women, patients with primary
      immunodeficiencies, transplant recipients, and patients receiving chemotherapy or
      transplantation for malignant disease, may be at risk of life-threatening CMV
      infection. It is unclear whether leukoreduction of cellular blood components is
      sufficient to reduce TT-CMV or whether CMV serological testing adds additional
      benefit to leukoreduction. The AABB CMV Prevention Work Group commissioned a
      systematic review to address these issues and subsequently develop clinical
      practice guidelines. However, the data were of poor quality, and no studies of
      significant size have been performed for over a decade. Rather than creating
      guidelines of questionable utility, the Work Group (with approval of the AABB
      Board of Directors) voted to prepare this Committee Report. There is wide
      variation in practices of using leukoreduced components alone or combining CMV
      serology and leukoreduction to prevent TT-CMV for at-risk patients. Other
      approaches may also be feasible to prevent TT-CMV, including plasma nucleic acid
      testing, pathogen inactivation, and patient blood management programs to reduce
      the frequency of inappropriate transfusions. It is unlikely that future large
      scale clinical trials will be performed to determine whether leukoreduction, CMV
      serology, or a combination of both is superior. Consequently, alternative
      strategies including pragmatic randomized controlled trials, registries, and
      collaborations for electronic data merging, nontraditional approaches to inform
      evidence, or development of a systematic approach to inform expert opinion may
      help to address the issue of CMV-safe blood components.

PMID- 26968399
TI  - Differential effects of IGF-1 deficiency during the life span on structural and
      biomechanical properties in the tibia of aged mice.
AB  - Advanced aging is associated with the loss of structural and biomechanical
      properties in bones, which increases the risk for bone fracture. Aging is also
      associated with reductions in circulating levels of the anabolic signaling
      hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. While the role of IGF-1 in bone
      development has been well characterized, the impact of the age-related loss of
      IGF-1 on bone aging remains controversial. Here, we describe the effects of
      reducing IGF-1 at multiple time points in the mouse life span--early in postnatal
      development, early adulthood, or late adulthood on tibia bone aging in both male
      and female igf (f/f) mice. Bone structure was analyzed at 27 months of age using
      microCT. We find that age-related reductions in cortical bone fraction, cortical
      thickness, and tissue mineral density were more pronounced when IGF-1 was reduced
      early in life and not in late adulthood. Three-point bone bending assays revealed
      that IGF-1 deficiency early in life resulted in reduced maximum force, maximum
      bending moment, and bone stiffness in aged males and females. The effects of IGF
      1 on bone aging are microenvironment specific, as early-life loss of IGF-1
      resulted in decreased cortical bone structure and strength along the diaphysis
      while significantly increasing trabecular bone fraction and trabecular number at
      the proximal metaphysis. The increases in trabecular bone were limited to males,
      as early-life loss of IGF-1 did not alter bone fraction or number in females.
      Together, our data suggest that the age-related loss of IGF-1 influences tibia
      bone aging in a sex-specific, microenvironment-specific, and time-dependent
      manner.

PMID- 26968398
TI  - Developmental signaling pathways regulating mammary stem cells and contributing
      to the etiology of triple-negative breast cancer.
AB  - Cancer has been considered as temporal and spatial aberrations of normal
      development in tissues. Similarities between mammary embryonic development and
      cell transformation suggest that the underlying processes required for mammary
      gland development are also those perturbed during various stages of mammary
      tumorigenesis and breast cancer (BC) development. The master regulators of
      embryonic development Cripto-1, Notch/CSL, and Wnt/beta-catenin play key roles in
      modulating mammary gland morphogenesis and cell fate specification in the embryo
      through fetal mammary stem cells (fMaSC) and in the adult organism particularly
      within the adult mammary stem cells (aMaSC), which determine mammary progenitor
      cell lineages that generate the basal/myoepithelial and luminal compartments of
      the adult mammary gland. Together with recognized transcription factors and
      embryonic stem cell markers, these embryonic regulatory molecules can be
      inappropriately augmented during tumorigenesis to support the tumor-initiating
      cell (TIC)/cancer stem cell (CSC) compartment, and the effects of their
      deregulation may contribute for the etiology of BC, in particular the most
      aggressive subtype of BC, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This in depth
      review will present evidence of the involvement of Cripto-1, Notch/CSL, and
      Wnt/beta-catenin in the normal mammary gland morphogenesis and tumorigenesis,
      from fMaSC/aMaSC regulation to TIC generation and maintenance in TNBC. Specific
      therapies for treating TNBC by targeting these embryonic pathways in TICs will be
      further discussed, providing new opportunities to destroy not only the bulk
      tumor, but also TICs that initiate and promote the metastatic spread and
      recurrence of this aggressive subtype of BC. 

PMID- 26968401
TI  - Dolichol: A Component of the Cellular Antioxidant Machinery.
AB  - Dolichol, an end product of the mevalonate pathway, has been proposed as a
      biomarker of aging, but its biological role, not to mention its catabolism, has
      not been fully understood. UV-B radiation was used to induce oxidative stress in
      isolated rat hepatocytes by the collagenase method. Effects on dolichol,
      phospholipid-bound polyunsaturated fatty acids (PL-PUFA) and known lipid soluble
      antioxidants [coenzyme Q (CoQ) and alpha-tocopherol] were studied. The increase
      in oxidative stress was detected by a probe sensitive to reactive oxygen species
      (ROS). Peroxidation of lipids was assessed by measuring the release of
      thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Dolichol, CoQ, and alpha
      tocopherol were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), PL-PUFA
      by gas-liquid chromatography (GC). UV-B radiation caused an immediate increase in
      ROS as well as lipid peroxidation and a simultaneous decrease in the levels of
      dolichol and lipid soluble antioxidants. Decrease in dolichol paralleled changes
      in CoQ levels and was smaller to that in alpha-tocopherol. The addition of
      mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA
      reductase (HMG-CoAR), magnified the loss of dolichol and was associated with an
      increase in TBARS production. Changes in PL-PUFA were minor. These findings
      highlight that oxidative stress has very early and similar effects on dolichol
      and lipid soluble antioxidants. Lower levels of dolichol are associated with
      enhanced peroxidation of lipids, which suggest that dolichol may have a
      protective role in the antioxidant machinery of cell membranes and perhaps be a
      key to understanding some adverse effects of statin therapy. 

PMID- 26968403
TI  - Causes, consequences, and cures for neuroinflammation mediated via the locus
      coeruleus: noradrenergic signaling system.
AB  - Aside from its roles in as a classical neurotransmitter involved in regulation of
      behavior, noradrenaline (NA) has other functions in the CNS. This includes
      restricting the development of neuroinflammatory activation, providing
      neurotrophic support to neurons, and providing neuroprotection against oxidative
      stress. In recent years, it has become evident that disruption of physiological
      NA levels or signaling is a contributing factor to a variety of neurological
      diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple
      Sclerosis. The basis for dysregulation in these diseases is, in many cases, due
      to damage occurring to noradrenergic neurons present in the locus coeruleus (LC),
      the major source of NA in the CNS. LC damage is present in AD, multiple
      sclerosis, and a large number of other diseases and conditions. Studies using
      animal models have shown that experimentally induced lesion of LC neurons
      exacerbates neuropathology while treatments to compensate for NA depletion, or to
      reduce LC neuronal damage, provide benefit. In this review, we will summarize the
      anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of NA, summarize examples of how LC
      damage worsens disease, and discuss several approaches taken to treat or prevent
      reductions in NA levels and LC neuronal damage. Further understanding of these
      events will be of value for the development of treatments for AD, multiple
      sclerosis, and other diseases and conditions having a neuroinflammatory
      component. The classical neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) has critical roles
      in modulating behaviors including those involved in sleep, anxiety, and
      depression. However, NA can also elicit anti-inflammatory responses in glial
      cells, can increase neuronal viability by inducing neurotrophic factor
      expression, and can reduce neuronal damage due to oxidative stress by scavenging
      free radicals. NA is primarily produced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing
      neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), a relatively small brainstem nucleus near
      the IVth ventricle which sends projections throughout the brain and spinal cord.
      It has been known for close to 50 years that LC neurons are lost during normal
      aging, and that loss is exacerbated in neurological diseases including
      Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. LC neuronal damage and glial
      activation has now been documented in a variety of other neurological conditions
      and diseases, however, the causes of LC damage and cell loss remain largely
      unknown. A number of approaches have been developed to address the loss of NA and
      increased inflammation associated with LC damage, and several methods are being
      explored to directly minimize the extent of LC neuronal cell loss or function. In
      this review, we will summarize some of the consequences of LC loss, consider
      several factors that likely contribute to that loss, and discuss various ways
      that have been used to increase NA or to reduce LC damage. This article is part
      of the 60th Anniversary special issue.

PMID- 26968405
TI  - Reply: Which is the Best Chemotherapeutic Agent for Transarterial
      Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

PMID- 26968402
TI  - Sources and Bioactive Properties of Conjugated Dietary Fatty Acids.
AB  - The group of conjugated fatty acids known as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
      isomers have been extensively studied with regard to their bioactive potential in
      treating some of the most prominent human health malignancies. However, CLA
      isomers are not the only group of potentially bioactive conjugated fatty acids
      currently undergoing study. In this regard, isomers of conjugated alpha-linolenic
      acid, conjugated nonadecadienoic acid and conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid, to
      name but a few, have undergone experimental assessment. These studies have
      indicated many of these conjugated fatty acid isomers commonly possess anti
      carcinogenic, anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating
      properties, a number of which will be discussed in this review. The mechanisms
      through which these bioactivities are mediated have not yet been fully
      elucidated. However, existing evidence indicates that these fatty acids may play
      a role in modulating the expression of several oncogenes, cell cycle regulators,
      and genes associated with energy metabolism. Despite such bioactive potential,
      interest in these conjugated fatty acids has remained low relative to the CLA
      isomers. This may be partly attributed to the relatively recent emergence of
      these fatty acids as bioactives, but also due to a lack of awareness regarding
      sources from which they can be produced. In this review, we will also highlight
      the common sources of these conjugated fatty acids, including plants, algae,
      microbes and chemosynthesis. 

PMID- 26968406
TI  - Diagnostic Ability of Percutaneous Needle Biopsy Immediately After Radiofrequency
      Ablation for Malignant Lung Tumors: An Initial Experience.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and diagnostic ability of percutaneous needle
      biopsy performed immediately after lung radiofrequency ablation (RFA). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: From May 2013 to April 2014, percutaneous needle biopsy was
      performed immediately after RFA for 3 patients (2 men and 1 woman, aged 57-76
      years) who had lung tumors measuring 1.3-2.6 cm in diameter. All patients had
      prior history of malignancy, and all tumors were radiologically diagnosed as
      malignant. Obtained specimens were pathologically classified using standard
      hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: We completed three planned sessions of
      RFA followed by percutaneous needle biopsy, all of which obtained tumor tissue
      that could be pathologically diagnosed. Two tumors were metastatic from renal
      clear cell carcinoma and rectal adenocarcinoma, respectively; one tumor was
      primary lung adenocarcinoma. There was no death or major complication related to
      the procedures. Although pneumothorax occurred in two patients, these resolved
      without the need for aspiration or chest tube placement. Tumor seeding was not
      observed, but 21 months after the procedure, one case developed local tumor
      progression that was treated by additional RFA. CONCLUSION: Pathologic diagnosis
      was possible by needle biopsy immediately after RFA for lung tumors. This
      technique may reduce the risks and efforts of performing biopsy and RFA on
      separate occasions.

PMID- 26968404
TI  - Targeting Retinoid Receptors to Treat Schizophrenia: Rationale and Progress to
      Date.
AB  - This review provides the rationale and reports on the progress to date regarding
      the targeting of retinoid receptors for the treatment of schizophrenia and
      schizoaffective disorder and the role of retinoic acid in functions of the normal
      brain, and in psychotic states. After a brief introduction, we describe the
      normal function of retinoic acid in the brain. We then examine the evidence
      regarding retinoid dysregulation in schizophrenia. Finally, findings from two add
      on clinical trials with a retinoid (bexarotene) are discussed. The authors of
      this review suggest that targeting retinoid receptors may be a novel approach to
      treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Further studies are warranted.

PMID- 26968407
TI  - Ultrasound findings in critical care patients: the "liver sign" and other
      abnormal abdominal air patterns.
AB  - In critical care patients, point of care abdominal ultrasound examination,
      although it has been practiced for over 30 years, is not as widespread as its
      cardiac or pulmonary counterparts. We report two cases in which detection of air
      during abdominal ultrasound allowed the early detection of life-threatening
      pathologies. In the first case, a patient with severe Clostridium difficile was
      found to have portal venous gas but its significance was confounded by a recent
      surgery. Serial ultrasonographic exams triggered a surgical intervention. In the
      second case, we report what we call the "liver sign" a finding in patients with
      pneumoperitoneum. These findings, all obtained prior to conventional abdominal
      imaging, had immediate clinical impact and avoided unnecessary delays and
      radiation. Detection of abdominal air should be part of the routine-focused
      ultrasonographic exam and for critically ill patients an algorithm is proposed. 

PMID- 26968409
TI  - Mammals consumed by bonobos (Pan paniscus): new data from the Iyondji forest,
      Tshuapa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
AB  - Findings of regional variations in the behavioral patterns of non-human primates
      have led to the vigorous study of animal traditions (or culture), which
      contribute to a biological understanding of diversity in human cultures. Although
      our knowledge of behavioral variations of the bonobo (Pan paniscus) is limited
      compared with its sister species, the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), variations in
      the prey of this species have been reported across study sites. This study
      describes evidence of mammals consumed by bonobos in the Iyondji site, which was
      established in 2010. We found evidence that Iyondji bonobos consumed duikers
      (Cephalophus dorsalis, C. monticola) and diurnal monkeys (Cercopithecus
      ascanius), which is notable because only anomalures (Anomalurus spp.) are
      consumed by bonobos in Wamba, a long-term study site established in 1973, located
      in an area adjacent to Iyondji. Moreover, bonobos do not transfer between the two
      populations due to the river between the sites. According to our census of
      duikers and diurnal monkeys, Iyondji bonobos appeared to encounter diurnal
      monkeys more frequently than did Wamba bonobos. Although humans have apparently
      had a more pronounced impact on the habitats in Wamba than on those in Iyondji,
      it remains unclear how such environmental conditions may have contributed to the
      differences in the prey consumed by bonobos in different sites. Our findings
      suggest that additional research at various sites could reveal the nature of the
      variations in the behavior of bonobos. 

PMID- 26968408
TI  - Social media to supplement point-of-care ultrasound courses: the "sandwich e
      learning" approach. A randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Point-of-care ultrasound (POC-US) is gaining importance in almost all
      specialties. E-learning has been used to teach theoretical knowledge and pattern
      recognition. As social media are universally available, they can be utilized for
      educational purposes. We wanted to evaluate the utility of the sandwich e
      learning approach defined as a pre-course e-learning and a post-course learning
      activity using Facebook after a one-day point-of-care ultrasound (POC-US) course
      and its effect on the retention of knowledge. METHODS: A total of 62 medial
      students were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to one of four
      groups. All groups received an identical hands-on training and performed several
      tests during the study period. The hands-on training was performed in groups of
      five students per instructor with the students scanning each other. Group 1 had
      access to pre-course e-learning, but not to post-course e-learning. Instead of a
      pre-course e-learning, group 2 listened to presentations at the day of the course
      (classroom teaching) and had access to the post-course learning activity using
      Facebook. Group 3 had access to both pre- and post-course e-learning (sandwich e
      learning) activities, while group 4 listened classroom presentations only
      (classroom teaching only). Therefore only groups 2 and 3 had access to post
      course learning via Facebook by joining a secured group. Posts containing
      ultrasound pictures and videos were published to this group. The students were
      asked to "like" the posts to monitor attendance. Knowledge retention was assessed
      6 weeks after the course. RESULTS: After 6 weeks, group 3 achieved comparable
      results when compared to group 2 (82.2 % + -8.2 vs. 84.3 + -8.02) (p = 0.3).
      Students who participated in the post-course activity were more satisfied with
      the overall course than students without post-course learning (5.5 vs. 5.3 on a
      range from 1 to 6). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the sandwich e-learning approach
      led to equal rates of knowledge retention compared to classroom lectures and post
      course learning. Students appreciate new media for learning experiences and are
      more satisfied with their learning activity. The sandwich e-learning can be used
      to maximize hands-on training during courses.

PMID- 26968410
TI  - Daily travel distances of zoo-housed chimpanzees and gorillas: implications for
      welfare assessments and space requirements.
AB  - The degree to which the relatively smaller area of artificial environments
      (compared with natural habitats) has measureable effects on the behavior and
      welfare of captive animals has been debated for many years. While there is little
      question that these spaces provide far less opportunity for natural ranging
      behavior and travel, less is known about the degree to which captive animals
      travel within their environments and what factors influence these travel
      patterns. We intensively studied the movement of zoo-housed chimpanzees and
      gorillas using a computer map interface and determined their mean daily travel
      and found they travelled similar distances each day when restricted to their
      indoor areas, but when provided additional outdoor space, chimpanzees tended to
      increase their travel to a greater extent than did gorillas. Both species
      travelled shorter distances than has been recorded for their wild counterparts,
      however, when given access to their full indoor-outdoor exhibit; those
      differences were not as substantive. These findings suggest that while large,
      complex naturalistic environments might not stimulate comparable species-typical
      travel patterns in captive apes, larger spaces that include outdoor areas may be
      better at replicating this behavioral pattern than smaller, indoor areas. 

PMID- 26968411
TI  - Effect of blue light-filtering intraocular lens on color vision in patients with
      macular diseases after vitrectomy.
AB  - To evaluate the color vision of patients with macular diseases after implanting a
      blue light-filtering intraocular lens (IOL) during vitrectomy. Twenty-seven
      patients had a blue light-filtering IOL implanted during vitrectomy for macular
      diseases (macular disease group), and 40 patients without macular disease had the
      same type of IOL implanted (non-macular disease group). The postoperative best
      corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was >= 16/20 in all patients. The Farnsworth
      Munsell 100-hue test was used to determine total error scores (TES) and mean
      error scores under photopic and mesopic conditions in both groups. The TES under
      mesopic conditions was significantly higher than that under photopic conditions
      in both groups (P < 0.05). However, the TES in the macular disease group was not
      significantly different from that of the non-macular disease group under both
      photopic and mesopic conditions. The mean error scores under photopic conditions
      for hues 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 20 (yellowish-red to yellow) were significantly
      higher in the macular disease group than in the non-macular disease group. The
      mean error scores for hues 7 and 85 (red) were significantly higher in the non
      macular disease group than in the macular disease group. Under mesopic
      conditions, the mean error scores for hues 30, 60, and 61 were significantly
      higher in the non-macular disease group than in the macular disease group (P <
      0.05). Our results indicate that blue light-filtering IOLs do not alter color
      discrimination in eyes with macular diseases, and these patients had good
      postoperative BCVA even under mesopic conditions.

PMID- 26968412
TI  - Efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for the treatment of persistent
      diffuse diabetic macular edema.
AB  - To investigate the efficiency and safety of a single injection of intravitreal
      dexamethasone implant in eyes with persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema
      (DME). In this retrospective study, 25 eyes of 20 patients, who underwent a
      single injection of intravitreal dexamethasone implant for the treatment of
      persistent diffuse DME, were reviewed. Main outcome measures included the changes
      in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) from
      baseline at scheduled visits following injection. The mean BCVA showed
      improvement from baseline (0.97 +/- 0.26 logMAR) at every visit; the difference
      was significant at day 7 (0.85 +/- 0.3 logMAR, p = 0.003), month 1 (0.77 +/- 0.32
      logMAR, p < 0.001), month 3 (0.77 +/- 0.34 logMAR, p = 0.001), and month 4 (0.85
      +/- 0.31 logMAR, p = 0.014). The mean CMT was significantly lower than baseline
      (616 +/- 132 MUm) at day 1 (518 +/- 144 MUm), day 7 (414 +/- 134 MUm), month 1
      (306 +/- 95 MUm), month 3 (339 +/- 88 MUm), month 4 (420 +/- 116 MUm), and month
      6 (494 +/- 128 MUm) following the injection (p < 0.001, for all). Thirteen eyes
      on the 4-month follow-up and ten eyes on the 6-month follow-up experienced
      recurrence of macular edema requiring retreatment. No serious ocular and systemic
      adverse events were observed. In patients with persistent DME, switching to
      intravitreal dexamethasone implant injection provides functional and anatomical
      improvement, and might be an effective therapeutic option for long-standing
      diffuse DME.

PMID- 26968414
TI  - Human vulnerability in medical contexts.

PMID- 26968413
TI  - Evolutionary history of the mammalian synaptonemal complex.
AB  - The synaptonemal complex (SC), a key structure of meiosis that assembles during
      prophase I, has been initially described 60 years ago. Since then, the structure
      has been described in many sexually reproducing organisms. However, the SC
      protein components were characterized in only few model organisms. Surprisingly,
      they lacked an apparent evolutionary relationship despite the conserved
      structural organization of the SC. For better understanding of this obvious
      discrepancy, the evolutionary history of the SC and its individual components has
      been investigated in Metazoa in detail. The results are consistent with the
      notion of a single origin of the metazoan SC and provide evidence for a dynamic
      evolutionary history of the SC components. In this mini review, we recapitulate
      and discuss new insights into metazoan SC evolution.

PMID- 26968416
TI  - Complications Following Radical Nephroureterectomy.
AB  - Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is the gold standard treatment strategy for
      bulky, high-grade, or muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).
      Many patients with UTUC who require RNU are elderly, comorbid, and at risk for
      perioperative complications. Recognition of likelihood and extent of such
      complications guides preoperative counseling, decision-making process for major
      surgery, and perioperative care. A critical review of such data is essential,
      given the inevitable impact of complications on hospital duration, need for
      readmission, resource utilization, and costs associated with management. 

PMID- 26968417
TI  - Neoadjuvant Treatment of High-Risk, Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Prior to
      Radical Prostatectomy.
AB  - Multimodal strategies combining local and systemic therapy offer the greatest
      chance of cure for many with men with high-risk prostate cancer who may harbor
      occult metastatic disease. However, no systemic therapy combined with radical
      prostatectomy has proven beneficial. This was in part due to a lack of effective
      systemic agents; however, there have been several advancements in the metastatic
      and castrate-resistant prostate cancer that might prove beneficial if given
      earlier in the natural history of the disease. For example, novel hormonal agents
      have recently been approved for castration-resistant prostate cancer with some
      early phase II neoadjuvant showing promise. Additionally, combination therapy
      with docetaxel-based chemohormonal has demonstrated a profound survival benefit
      in metastatic hormone-naive patients and might have a role in eliminating pre
      existing ADT-resistant tumor cells in the neoadjuvant setting. The Cancer and
      Leukemia Group B (CALGB)/Alliance 90203 trial has finished accrual and should
      answer the question as to whether neoadjuvant docetaxel-based chemohormonal
      therapy provides an advantage over prostatectomy alone. There are also several
      promising targeted agents and immunotherapies under investigation in phase I/II
      trials with the potential to provide benefit in the neoadjuvant setting. 

PMID- 26968418
TI  - Experience with Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Salvage
      Therapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Patients with high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) receive
      intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as the well-established
      standard-of-care. However, even with prompt induction of intravesical therapy,
      approximately 40 % of patients will recur within 2 years. For patients who fail
      BCG, options include radical cystectomy, repeat BCG therapy, or alternative
      intravesical salvage therapy. In this review, we will discuss the most recent
      published evidence on salvage intravesical therapy with an emphasis on a more in
      depth report of our therapeutic strategy with sequential gemcitabine and
      docetaxel intravesical therapy for this treatment-refractory population. In
      addition, we will provide practical advice on our approach to this challenging
      patient population including the use of operative staging to aid early
      identification of treatment failures.

PMID- 26968420
TI  - Selective Arterial Clamping Versus Hilar Clamping for Minimally Invasive Partial
      Nephrectomy.
AB  - Partial nephrectomy has become an accepted treatment of cT1 renal masses as it
      provides improved long-term renal function compared to radical nephrectomy
      (Campbell et al. J Urol. 182:1271-9, 2009). Hilar clamping is utilized to help
      reduce bleeding and improve visibility during tumor resection. However, concern
      over risk of kidney injury with hilar clamping has led to new techniques to
      reduce length of warm ischemia time (WIT) during partial nephrectomy. These
      techniques have progressed over the years starting with early hilar unclamping,
      controlled hypotension during tumor resection, selective arterial clamping,
      minimal margin techniques, and off-clamp procedures. Selective arterial clamping
      has progressed significantly over the years. The main question is what are the
      exact short- and long-term renal effects from increasing clamp time. Moreover,
      does it make sense to perform these more time-consuming or more complex
      procedures if there is no long-term preservation of kidney function? More recent
      studies have shown no difference in renal function 6 months from surgery when
      selective arterial clamping or even hilar clamping is employed, although there is
      short-term improved decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with
      selective clamping and off-clamp techniques (Komninos et al. BJU Int. 115:921-8,
      2015; Shah et al. 117:293-9, 2015; Kallingal et al. BJU Int. doi:
      10.1111/bju.13192, 2015). This paper reviews the progression of total hilar
      clamping to selective arterial clamping (SAC) and the possible difference its use
      makes on long-term renal function. SAC may be attempted based on surgeon's
      decision-making, but may be best used for more complex, larger, more central or
      hilar tumors and in patients who have renal insufficiency at baseline or a
      solitary kidney.

PMID- 26968419
TI  - Minimally Invasive Techniques for the Management of Adult UPJ Obstruction.
AB  - Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a common congenital abnormality that
      often presents in adulthood. Open dismembered pyeloplasty was considered the gold
      standard for the management of this condition; however, recent advancements in
      laparoscopic and robotic surgery have dramatically shifted the landscape to more
      minimally invasive techniques. A literature search of ureteropelvic junction
      obstruction, pyeloplasty, endopyelotomy, laparoscopic pyeloplasty, robotic
      pyeloplasty, and microlaparoscopic pyeloplasty was performed. A focus was placed
      on literature published since 2013. Minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic
      techniques have become the gold standard for the management of UPJO. With the
      rise of robotic pyeloplasty, open repairs are becoming less frequent, while
      endoscopic treatments have remained stable. Minimally invasive (robotic)
      techniques have become the gold standard for the management of UPJO. Newer, even
      less-invasive techniques are also showing promise, but technical challenges still
      exist. 

PMID- 26968421
TI  - Robotic Primary RPLND for Stage I Testicular Cancer: a Review of Indications and
      Outcomes.
AB  - Patients diagnosed with stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) face the
      task of selecting a management strategy. Whereas these options all offer
      excellent survival, unfortunately, each has drawbacks. Retroperitoneal lymph node
      dissection (RPLND) is a major operation with low, but significant risks of
      bleeding, chylous ascites, and retrograde ejaculation. Platinum-based
      chemotherapy is associated with a number of long-term side effects, not all of
      which are quantified, but include secondary malignancy and early cardiovascular
      disease. While surveillance minimizes the chances of exposure to unnecessary
      treatment, it is not infrequently salvaged with chemotherapy and requires a
      compliant patient willing to undergo serial imaging often with ionizing
      radiation. Although fewer than one-third of patients will relapse without
      intervention, the current guidelines propose treatment for stage I patients with
      high-risk features. New developments in minimally invasive techniques may
      mitigate the harms of RPLND and avoid the side effects of chemotherapy, making it
      an ideal option for this cohort of patients. Unlike laparoscopic RPLND, which was
      introduced as a staging procedure and heavily criticized for the advanced skill
      set required to achieve oncologic equivalence, robotic RPLND may offer the
      benefits of a minimally invasive technique without a steep learning curve and a
      true therapeutic operation in experienced hands. 

PMID- 26968423
TI  - Cutaneous metastasis of pleomorphic liposarcoma to the scalp: an elusive
      diagnosis.
AB  - Liposarcomas are one of the most common sarcomas arising in the extremities of
      the elderly. Various subtypes of liposarcomas include well-differentiated
      liposarcomas, dedifferentiated liposarcomas, myxoid liposarcomas and pleomorphic
      liposarcomas. Pleomorphic liposarcomas are the rarest subtype and have the
      highest malignant potential compared with the other subtypes of liposarcomas.
      Metastases to internal organs are common but cutaneous metastasis is very rare
      with only few cases in the literature. We present a patient with a known
      diagnosis of stage IV metastatic liposarcoma who presented to our clinic with a
      rapidly growing nodule on the scalp. A biopsy showed a high-grade poorly
      differentiated spindled cell neoplasm sparing the epidermis with scattered
      lipoblasts. Immunostaining for S100, SOX10, and MNF-116 were negative. To further
      characterize the neoplasm, immunostaining with MDM-2 was performed and was also
      found to be negative. The histologic appearance, immunohistochemical staining,
      and clinical history support a diagnosis of metastatic pleomorphic liposarcoma to
      the scalp. The diagnosis of pleomorphic liposarcoma is challenging. It is often
      difficult to differentiate from myxofibrosarcoma or other high-grade pleomorphic
      sarcomas based on histology alone. However, the presence of bizarre lipoblasts
      and negative MDM-2 staining can be helpful clues to differentiate this neoplasm
      from histologic mimics.

PMID- 26968422
TI  - Flexible proton 3D MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate with low-power
      adiabatic pulses for volume selection and spiral readout.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cartesian k-space sampling in three-dimensional magnetic resonance
      spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the prostate limits the selection of voxel size
      and acquisition time. Therefore, large prostates are often scanned at reduced
      spatial resolutions to stay within clinically acceptable measurement times. Here
      we present a semilocalized adiabatic selective refocusing (sLASER) sequence with
      gradient-modulated offset-independent adiabatic (GOIA) refocusing pulses and
      spiral k-space acquisition (GOIA-sLASER-Spiral) for fast prostate MRSI with
      enhanced resolution and extended matrix sizes. METHODS: MR was performed at 3
      tesla with an endorectal receive coil. GOIA-sLASER-Spiral at an echo time (TE) of
      90 ms was compared to a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) with
      weighted, elliptical phase encoding at an TE of 145 ms using simulations and
      measurements of phantoms and patients (n = 9). RESULTS: GOIA-sLASER-Spiral
      acquisition allows prostate MR spectra to be obtained in ~5 min with a quality
      comparable to those acquired with a common Cartesian PRESS protocol in ~9 min, or
      at an enhanced spatial resolution showing more precise tissue allocation of
      metabolites. Extended field of views (FOVs) and matrix sizes for large prostates
      are possible without compromising spatial resolution or measurement time.
      CONCLUSION: The flexibility of spiral sampling enables prostate MRSI with a wide
      range of resolutions and FOVs without undesirable increases in acquisition times,
      as in Cartesian encoding. This approach is suitable for routine clinical exams of
      prostate metabolites. Magn Reson Med 77:928-935, 2017. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26968424
TI  - In vitro assessment of 24 CYP2D6 allelic isoforms on the metabolism of methadone.
AB  - CYP2D6 is an important member of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme super
      family, with at least 100 CYP2D6 alleles being previously identified. Genetic
      polymorphisms of CYP2D6 significantly influence the efficacy and safety of some
      drugs, which might cause adverse effects and therapeutic failure. The aim of this
      study was to clarify the catalytic activities of 24 CYP2D6 alleles on the
      oxidative in vitro metabolism of methadone. Reactions were incubated with 50-2000
      uM methadone for 30 min at 37  degrees C and terminated by cooling to -80 
      degrees C immediately. Methadone and the major metabolite EDDP were analyzed by
      an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)
      system. Compared with wild-type CYP2D6*1, most variants showed significantly
      altered values in Vmax and intrinsic clearance (Vmax /Km ). Only three variants
      (CYP2D6*88, *91 and E215K) exhibited markedly increased intrinsic clearance
      values, and one variant CYP2D6*94 showed no significant difference. On the other
      hand, the kinetic parameters of two CYP2D6 variants (CYP2D6*92 and *96) could not
      be determined because they had no detectable enzyme activity, whereas 18 variants
      exhibited significantly decreased values. To sum up, this study demonstrated that
      more attention should be paid in clinical administration of methadone to
      individuals carrying these CYP2D6 alleles. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 26968425
TI  - Interleukin-27-Producing CD4(+) T Cells Regulate Protective Immunity during
      Malaria Parasite Infection.
AB  - Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a heterodimeric regulatory cytokine of the IL-12
      family, which is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells upon
      stimulation through innate immune receptors. Here, we described regulatory CD4(+)
      T cells that produce IL-27 in response to T cell receptor stimulation during
      malaria infection, inhibiting IL-2 production and clonal expansion of other T
      cells in an IL-27-dependent manner. IL-27-producing CD4(+) T cells were Foxp3(
      )CD11a(+)CD49d(+) malaria antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells and were distinct from
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing Th1 or IL-10 producing Tr1 cells. In mice
      lacking IL-27 in T cells, IL-2 production was restored and clonal expansion and
      IFN-gamma production by specific CD4(+) T cells were improved, culminating in
      reduced parasite burden. This study highlights a unique population of IL-27
      producing regulatory CD4(+) T cells and their critical role in the regulation of
      the protective immune response against malaria parasites.

PMID- 26968427
TI  - Anuran tadpoles learn to recognize injury cues from members of the same prey
      guild.
AB  - Recognition of predation risk from cues released from injured heterospecific
      could be beneficial when prey belongs to the same prey guild. Here, we performed
      three experiments. Experiment 1 showed that P. thaul tadpoles reduced their
      activity levels when exposed to conspecific injury cues, but not when exposed to
      amphipod injury cues. Experiment 2 tested whether P. thaul tadpoles can learn to
      recognize predation risk from chemical cues released from injured heterospecifics
      from the same prey guild (amphipod, Hyalella patagonica). A group of tadpoles
      were conditioned by exposing them to a specific concentration of amphipod injury
      cues paired with conspecific injury cues. Two days later, we evaluated changes in
      the activity of tadpoles when they were exposed to amphipod cues. As a control of
      learning, we used an unpaired group. Additionally, we used more control groups to
      fully investigate the learning mechanism. Our results showed that tadpoles can
      learn to recognize predation risk from injured amphipods and that the mechanism
      underlying the observed learned response could be associative. Experiment 3
      replicated Experiment 2 and also showed that a low concentration of amphipod cues
      did not sustain that learning.

PMID- 26968426
TI  - A Regulatory Feedback between Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Regulatory B Cells
      Is Aberrant in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - Signals controlling the generation of regulatory B (Breg) cells remain ill
      defined. Here we report an "auto"-regulatory feedback mechanism between
      plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and Breg cells. In healthy individuals, pDCs
      drive the differentiation of CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) (immature) B cells into IL
      10-producing CD24(+)CD38(hi) Breg cells and plasmablasts, via the release of IFN
      alpha and CD40 engagement. CD24(+)CD38(hi) Breg cells conversely restrained IFN
      alpha production by pDCs via IL-10 release. In systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE), this cross-talk was compromised; pDCs promoted plasmablast differentiation
      but failed to induce Breg cells. This defect was recapitulated in healthy B cells
      upon exposure to a high concentration of IFN-alpha. Defective pDC-mediated
      expansion of CD24(+)CD38(hi) Breg cell numbers in SLE was associated with altered
      STAT1 and STAT3 activation. Both altered pDC-CD24(+)CD38(hi) Breg cell
      interactions and STAT1-STAT3 activation were normalized in SLE patients
      responding to rituximab. We propose that alteration in pDC-CD24(+)CD38(hi) Breg
      cell interaction contributes to the pathogenesis of SLE.

PMID- 26968429
TI  - Comparison of service utilisation and costs of working age adults and older
      adults receiving treatment for psychosis and severe non-psychotic conditions in
      England: implications for commissioning.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Current plans in the English National Health Service are to replace
      block contracts for mental health providers with a single tariff for each
      'cluster' of conditions. A single tariff will not take into account the potential
      additional complexity and costs inherent in caring for older people. To examine
      the basis for a uniform tariff, differences in service utilisation and costs
      between working age adults and older adults in two populous clusters (non
      psychotic, psychotic) were investigated across five mental health healthcare
      providers in and around London. METHODS: Retrospective review of records over 3
      months assessing service utilisation and costs using the Client Services Receipt
      Inventory. RESULTS: Records of 362 patients were reviewed, 179 older adults (90
      non-psychotic, 89 psychotic) and 183 adults of working age (83 non-psychotic, 100
      psychotic). Older adults in both clusters had more tests, assessments and home
      visits. Overall costs of care of older adults were significantly higher in the
      non-psychotic cluster (L5634, vs L4405 psychotic, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: An
      appropriate age-related tariff is required for each cluster. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968428
TI  - Treatment of endometrioma for improving fertility.
AB  - Endometrioma is a frequent clinical manifestation of endometriosis. It is
      controversial how endometriomas may affect women's fertility. This review
      addresses: the impact of the endometrioma per se and of its surgical treatment on
      ovarian physiology, on the ovarian reserve, on spontaneous conception and
      pregnancy outcomes, and on IVF/ICSI outcomes. Based on current evidence, although
      there are plausible biological detrimental effects on the ovarian cortex
      surrounding the endometrioma and an impairment of the normal ovarian physiology,
      the clinical impact of the endometrioma per se is not significantly altered.
      There is a negligible detrimental effect on ovarian reserve with spontaneous
      ovulation not being impaired. Conversely, surgical excision of an endometrioma
      reduces ovarian reserve as measured by AMH levels. Studies investigating the
      impact of the endometrioma per se and of its surgical treatment in women
      requiring IVF/ICSI show similar implantation rates, clinical pregnancy rates and
      live birth rates between women with endometrioma and controls.

PMID- 26968430
TI  - The clinical experience for treating post-burn depigmentation with tiny epidermal
      particles graft.
AB  - The critical problem of post-burn depigmentation is the lacking normal
      melanocytes. Auto-skin grafting and autologous non-cultured epidermal cell
      suspension have been used to improve the appearance. However, a large amount of
      skin graft is required of donor sites in the former method, while the latter
      method is thought to be complicated and costly. This study is designed to
      generalise the experience of tiny epidermal particles graft (TEPG) for treating
      post-burn depigmentation. From 2012 to 2013, 30 consecutive patients with
      depigmentation caused by burn injuries were divided into I and II group. I group:
      15 cases (11 males and 4 females) were treated by the TEPG. II group: 15 patients
      (10 males and 5 females) were treated by suction blister epidermal skin graft
      (SBEG). Imagine-Pro Plus software was used to evaluate the size of repigmentation
      (RP) 12 months post-surgery. SPSS software 13.0 was used to evaluate the data.
      The optimum rate of RP was defined as more than 75% (RP > 75%) when excellent RP
      was defined as more than 90% (>90%). All patients were followed up for 12 months.
      The mean size of RP in two groups demonstrated that there were statistically
      significant differences in pigmentation between the two groups (P = 0.002), while
      there was no significant difference in the other factors (gender, site and age).
      No infection occurred in the recipient site. Pathological result showed that
      melanocytes existed at the basal layer of resurfacing skin. Optimum RP (RP > 75%)
      was seen in 12 patients in I group and 9 patients in II group. Excellent RP was
      achieved in 14 cases in I group and 10 patients in II group. Excellent RP can be
      obtained by the abovementioned two surgical techniques. In contrast to SBEG, TEPG
      is less traumatic, and definite effects can be guaranteed. It is a preferred
      treatment, especially for those patients who suffer from large depigmented
      lesions.

PMID- 26968431
TI  - Silver nanoparticles induce pro-inflammatory gene expression and inflammasome
      activation in human monocytes.
AB  - A complete cytotoxic profile of exposure to silver (AgNP) nanoparticles
      investigating their biological effects on the innate immune response of
      circulating white blood cells is required to form a complete understanding of the
      risk posed. This was explored by measuring AgNP-stimulated gene expression of the
      pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in THP-1 monocytes. A further study, on human
      monocytes extracted from a cohort of blood samples, was carried out to compare
      with the AgNP immune response in THP-1 cells along with the detection of pro-IL
      1beta which is a key mediator of the inflammasome complex. The aims of the study
      were to clearly demonstrate that AgNP can significantly up-regulate pro
      inflammatory cytokine gene expression of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in both THP-1
      cells and primary blood monocytes thus indicating a rapid response to AgNP in
      circulation. Furthermore, a role for the inflammasome in AgNP response was
      indicated by pro-IL-1beta cleavage and release. These results highlight the
      potential inflammatory effects of AgNP exposure and the responses evoked should
      be considered with respect to the potential harm that exposure may cause.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968432
TI  - Comparative data on the differentiation and growth of bone ornamentation in
      gnathostomes (Chordata: Vertebrata).
AB  - Bone ornamentation, in the form of rounded pits framed by a network of ridges, is
      a frequent feature among a great diversity of gnathostome taxa. However, the
      basic osteogenic processes controlling the differentiation and development of
      these reliefs remain controversial. The present study is a broad comparative
      survey of this question with the classical methods used in hard tissue histology
      and paleohistology. Distinct processes, unevenly distributed among taxa, are
      involved in the creation and growth of pits and ridges. The simplest one is mere
      differential growth between pit bottom (slow growth) and ridge top (faster
      growth). The involvement of several complex remodeling processes, with the local
      succession of resorption and reconstruction cycles, is frequent and occurs in all
      major gnathostome clades. Some broad, inclusive clades (e.g., Temnospondyli)
      display consistency in the mechanisms controlling ornamentation, whereas other
      clades (e.g., Actinopterygii) are characterized by the diversity of the
      mechanisms involved. If osteogenic mechanisms are taken into account, bone
      ornamentation should be considered as a character extremely prone to homoplasy.
      Maximum likelihood (ML) optimizations reveal that the plesiomorphic mechanism
      creating ornamentation is differential apposition rate over pits (slow growth)
      and ridges (faster growth). In some taxas e.g., temnospondyls vs lissamphibians
      or pseudosuchians, bone ornamentation is likely to be a homoplastic feature due
      to a convergence process driven by similar selective pressures. ML models of
      character evolution suggest that the presence of resorption in the development of
      ornamentation may be selectively advantageous, although support for this
      conclusion is only moderate.

PMID- 26968433
TI  - Number of four-hour waits almost doubles in a single year.
AB  - The number of people in England who have spent more than four hours waiting for
      emergency treatment has almost doubled in the past year, government figures show.

PMID- 26968434
TI  - Youth project launched to reduce gang-related violence in London.
AB  - The effect of a youth-violence prevention project involving people who present
      for emergency care is being analysed by researchers at Kingston University,
      Surrey. 

PMID- 26968435
TI  - Too many people with minor ailments use emergency departments.
AB  - Inappropriate use of emergency services is putting a strain on emergency
      departments (EDs), according to the Belfast Telegraph. 

PMID- 26968436
TI  - An end to violence.
AB  - While watching the English city riots unfold on television last month, I was
      struck by the perpetrators' lack of regard for the danger in which they placed
      innocent people. They clearly thought nothing of attacking emergency service
      staff trying to respond to the chaos. 

PMID- 26968438
TI  - Properties of nanofiller-loaded poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cement composites
      for orthopedic applications: a review.
AB  - There is a large body of literature on new generations of poly (methyl
      methacrylate) bone cements that address one or more of the material's
      shortcomings. Among these are cements in which one of the constituents is a
      nanofiller, such as nano-sized barium sulfate, multiwalled carbon nanotubes,
      natural nanoclay, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, or oleic acid-capped silver
      nanoparticles. This article is a review of the literature on the properties of
      these nanofiller-loaded bone cements (NFLBCs). Some key characteristics of the
      literature are that (1) in a number of studies, clinically relevant properties
      were determined, examples being maximum exotherm, setting time, fatigue life, and
      compressive modulus; (2) in some studies, properties were not determined in
      accordance with approved bone cement testing specifications, an example being
      fatigue life; and (3) there are a number of clinically relevant properties that
      were not determined in any of the studies, examples being fatigue crack
      propagation rate and dynamic compression creep life. These observations, as well
      as other considerations, suggest 12 areas for future study, such as determination
      of dynamic creep compliance (using nanoindentation), determination of compressive
      fatigue life for cements to be used in vertebral compression fracture
      augmentation, elucidation of toughening mechanism(s) in each type of NFLBC, and
      conducting well-designed clinical trials. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J
      Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1260-1284, 2017.

PMID- 26968437
TI  - Does ability to walk reflect general functionality in inflammatory neuropathies?
AB  - The "ability to walk" is considered a benchmark for good clinical recovery and
      prognosis, particularly in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and
      chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). However, it has
      never been determined whether being "able to walk" represents general
      functionality. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the ability to
      walk outside independently reflects general functional improvement in patients
      with GBS, CIDP, and gammopathy-related neuropathy (MGUSP). A total of 137
      patients with newly diagnosed (or relapsing) GBS (55), CIDP (59), and MGUSP (23)
      were serially examined (1-year). Predefined arbitrary cut-offs (so-called
      patients' Functional-Acceptable-Clinical-Thresholds [FACTs]) were taken at the
      50th, 75th, and 90th percentile of the Inflammatory-Rasch-built-Overall
      Disability-Scale (I-RODS((c)) ). We determined the proportion of patients able to
      walk outside independently that reached the postulated cut-offs. A mean total of
      85%, 39%, and 12% of all patients able to walk reached 50th, 75th, and 90th
      percentile thresholds, respectively. These findings were not neuropathy type
      related. Our findings show that assessing only one construct of functionality
      (e.g., walking ability) does not reflect the full scope of daily/social
      functional deficits perceived by patients. The ability to walk shows a patient is
      doing better, but not necessarily doing well. The I-RODS((c)) bypasses these
      limitations.

PMID- 26968439
TI  - Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 26968440
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26968441
TI  - SCAI position statement concerning coverage policies for percutaneous coronary
      interventions based on the appropriate use criteria.

PMID- 26968442
TI  - Preserved vagus nerve stimulator function after radiation therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epilepsy and breast cancer are both prevalent conditions. A subset of
      women with medically refractory epilepsy and vagus nerve stimulators (VNS) may
      later develop breast cancer and may require adjuvant radiation as part of their
      treatment regimen. However, to date, little data are available on the effects of
      radiation on VNS function. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a young woman with
      tuberous sclerosis, developmental delay, and medically refractory epilepsy who
      developed left-sided breast cancer. Her epilepsy became controlled with a recent
      addition of a VNS implanted in her left chest wall. She required adjuvant
      radiation therapy to her left breast, and this raised the novel question of the
      safety of radiation on the integrity and functioning of the device, which we
      explore in this article. CONCLUSION: This case is the first report of a patient
      with VNS for epilepsy and breast cancer who received radiation therapy proximal
      to the device. The device continued to function properly despite the exposure.

PMID- 26968443
TI  - Surface Coordination of Black Phosphorus for Robust Air and Water Stability.
AB  - A titanium sulfonate ligand is synthesized for surface coordination of black
      phosphorus (BP). In contrast to serious degradation observed from the bare BP,
      the BP after surface coordination exhibits excellent stability during dispersion
      in water and exposure to air for a long period of time, thereby significantly
      extending the lifetime and spurring broader application of BP. 

PMID- 26968446
TI  - Maximizing the Potential of Social Media and Social Networks in Neurosurgery.

PMID- 26968445
TI  - Anterior Spinal Reconstruction to the Clivus Using an Expandable Cage After C2
      Chordoma Resection Via a Labiomandibular Glossotomy Approach: A Technical Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: En bloc resection of high-cervical chordomas is a technically
      challenging procedure associated with significant morbidity. Two key components
      of this procedure include the approach and the method of spinal reconstruction. A
      limited number of reported cases of en bloc resection of high-cervical chordomas
      have been reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a novel case
      using an expandable cage to reconstruct the anterior spinal column above C2 with
      fixation to the clivus. We also report a novel anterior approach to the high
      cervical spine via a midline labiomandibular glossotomy. We detail the management
      of complications related to 2 instances of wound dehiscence and hardware exposure
      requiring two additional operations. The final surgical procedure involved
      explantation of the anterior cervical plate and use of a vascularized radial
      graft to close the posterior pharyngeal defect and protect the hardware. At 26
      month follow-up, the patient remained disease free without any neurologic
      deficit. DISCUSSION: We report the novel use of the midline labiomandibular
      glossotomy for surgical approach and reconstruction of the anterior column to the
      clivus with an expandable cage. The unique features of this operative strategy
      allowed the surgical team to tailor the construct intraoperatively, resulting in
      solid arthrodesis without significant neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS:
      Labiomandibular glossotomy for approach to high anterior cervical chordomas
      followed by craniospinal reconstruction to the clivus with an expandable cage
      represents a novel technique for managing high cervical chordomas.

PMID- 26968444
TI  - 1,2-Dichlorobenzene affects the formation of the phosphoenzyme stage during the
      catalytic cycle of the Ca(2+)-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) is a benzene-derived molecule with two
      Cl atoms that is commonly utilized in the synthesis of pesticides. 1,2-DCB can be
      absorbed by living creatures and its effects on naturally-occurring enzymatic
      systems, including the effects on Ca(2+)-ATPases, have been poorly studied.
      Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of 1,2-DCB on the Ca(2+)-ATPase from
      sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA), a critical regulator of intracellular Ca(2+)
      concentration. RESULTS: Concentrations of 0.05-0.2 mM of 1,2-DCB were able to
      stimulate the hydrolytic activity of SERCA in a medium-containing Ca(2+)
      ionophore. At higher concentrations (0.25-0.75 mM), 1,2-DCB inhibited the ATP
      hydrolysis to ~80 %. Moreover, ATP hydrolysis and Ca(2+) uptake in a medium
      supported by K-oxalate showed that starting at 0.05 mM,1,2-DCB was able to
      uncouple the ratio of hydrolysis/Ca(2+) transported. The effect of this compound
      on the integrity of the SR membrane loaded with Ca(2+) remained unaffected.
      Finally, the analysis of phosphorylation of SERCA by [gamma-(32)P]ATP, starting
      under different conditions at 0 degrees  or 25  degrees C showed a reduction in
      the phosphoenzyme levels by 1,2-DCB, mostly at 0  degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The
      temperature-dependent decreased levels of phosphoenzyme by 1,2-DCB could be due
      to the acceleration of the dephosphorylation mechanism - E2P . Ca2 state to E2
      and Pi, which explains the uncoupling of the ATP hydrolysis from the Ca(2+)
      transport.

PMID- 26968447
TI  - Feasibility of the Combined Application of Navigated Probabilistic Fiber Tracking
      and Navigated Ultrasonography in Brain Tumor Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical resection of intra-axial tumors is a challenging procedure
      because of indistinct tumor margins, infiltration, and displacement of white
      matter tracts surrounding the lesion. Hence, gross total tumor resection without
      causing new neurologic deficits is demanding, especially in tumor sites adjoining
      eloquent structures. Feasibility of the combination of navigated probabilistic
      fiber tracking to identify eloquent fiber pathways and navigated ultrasonography
      to control brain shift was tested. METHODS: Eleven patients with lesions adjacent
      to eloquent white matter structures (pyramidal tract, optic radiation and arcuate
      fascicle) were preoperatively subjected to magnetic resonance imaging including
      diffusion-weighted imaging on a 3-T magnetic resonance system (Trio [Siemens,
      Erlangen, Germany]). Probabilistic fiber tracking was performed using the tools
      of the FMRIB Software Library (FSL). Results of probabilistic fiber tracking and
      high-resolution anatomic images were integrated into the neuronavigation system
      Stealth Station (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) together with the
      navigated ultrasonography (SonoNav [Medtronic]). RESULTS: FSL-based probabilistic
      fiber tracking depicted the pyramidal tract, the optic radiation, and arcuate
      fascicle anatomically plausibly. Integration of the probabilistic fiber tracking
      into neuronavigation was technically feasible and allowed visualization of the
      reconstructed fiber pathways. Navigated ultrasonography controlled brain shift.
      CONCLUSIONS: Integration of probabilistic fiber tracking and navigated
      ultrasonography into intraoperative neuronavigation facilitated anatomic
      orientation during glioma resection. FSL-based probabilistic fiber tracking
      integrated sophisticated fiber tracking algorithms, including modeling of
      crossing fibers. Combination with navigated ultrasonography provided a three
      dimensional estimation of intraoperative brain shift and, therefore, improved the
      reliability of neuronavigation.

PMID- 26968448
TI  - Pathology-Based Approach to Seizure Outcome After Surgery for Pharmacoresistant
      Medial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common cause of drug-resistant
      medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Structural abnormalities such as HS,
      granule cell pathology (GCP), and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) have been
      classified histopathologically, possibly allowing a more accurate assessment of
      prognostic seizure and neuropsychologic outcomes. We correlated seizure outcome
      with comprehensive temporal lobe pathologic findings, identified according to the
      most recent classification systems of HS, GCP, and FCD. METHODS: All the 83
      patients who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) for drug-resistant MTLE
      and with a proven diagnosis of HS between April 2001 and May 2014 were collected.
      Patients were divided in 2 main groups: 1) isolated HS with/without GCP (HS +/-
      GCP); and 2) HS associated with FCD with/without GCP (HS+FCD +/- GCP). Patients
      were followed up at least 1 year, and seizure outcome was reported in accordance
      with Engel classification. RESULTS: Group I: HS +/- GCP: Statistical analysis
      confirmed a better outcome in HS + GCP patients than in HS-no GCP (P < 0.05).
      Moreover, a better outcome for the patients affected by GCP type I was observed
      (P < 0.05). Group II: HS+FCD +/- GCP: Patients with HS variant type I presented a
      better seizure outcome than the patients with HS type II (Engel class IA HS type
      I vs. type II: 69% vs. 40%). CONCLUSIONS: A pathology-based approach to epilepsy
      surgery might improve the interpretation of the results, could predict which
      cases will enjoy a better seizure outcome, and could help to the comprehension of
      the causes of failures.

PMID- 26968449
TI  - Spontaneous Regression of a Third Ventricle Colloid Cyst.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colloid cysts represent 0.5%-1% of intracranial tumors and most
      commonly occur in the third ventricle near the Monro foramen. Although benign, if
      the lesion obstructs the foramen abruptly, sudden death may ensue. Evolution of
      these cysts is poorly understood. Spontaneous regression has been reported in
      only 2 other cases. Management of such cysts depends on whether the cyst
      continues to grow, its location, and clinical presentation. Incidental
      asymptomatic colloid cysts are typically followed with neuroimaging surveillance.
      CASE DESCRIPTION: We present a case of an incidental third ventricle colloid cyst
      in a 46-year-old patient who was managed conservatively with neuroimaging
      surveillance. Thereafter, she started developing some working memory deficits and
      intermittent headaches, with the cyst volume increasing, leading to the decision
      to perform a resection. However, the cyst underwent spontaneous regression before
      the scheduled surgery date, 3 years after initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This
      case confirms that some colloid cysts could regress spontaneously. Disappearance
      of the cyst is not necessarily accompanied by clinical worsening, as was reported
      by other investigators who noted deteriorating neurologic deficits as a result of
      worsening hydrocephalus. Assuming the cysts rupture, some patients tolerate the
      contents of the cyst leaking into the ventricular system, whereas others may
      mount an inflammatory reaction, causing a disruption in cerebrospinal fluid flow.
      In addition, it is still unclear what factors increase the likelihood of cysts to
      suddenly rupture.

PMID- 26968450
TI  - Redefining the Prevalence of Dural Involvement in Rosai-Dorfman Disease of the
      Central Nervous System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, also known as Rosai
      Dorfman disease, is a rare condition, classically characterized by painless,
      massive cervical lymphadenopathy. Histologically, the pathognomonic findings
      include a dense, mixed inflammatory infiltrate with areas of emperipolesis.
      Albeit infrequent, when Rosai-Dorfman disease affects the central nervous system,
      it typically manifests as an isolated dural lesion, often mimicking a meningioma.
      A purely intraparenchymal manifestation of Rosai-Dorfman disease of the brain and
      spine with absent dural involvement is exceedingly rare. CASE DESCRIPTION: In
      this report, we describe a 59-year-old woman who underwent surgical excision of
      an intraparenchymal cerebellar lesion. Histologic analysis of the resected
      specimen diagnosed isolated Rosai-Dorfman disease with absent systemic
      involvement. We also provide an updated review of the literature of nondural
      based Rosai-Dorfman disease in the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: With the
      recent increase of such reported cases, it becomes imperative that Rosai-Dorfman
      be considered more than as a dural lesion that may mimic meningioma. Diagnostic
      and therapeutic challenges surrounding this disease entity are also discussed.

PMID- 26968451
TI  - Multimorbidity Combinations and Disability in Older Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity (multiple co-occurring chronic diseases) is associated
      with greater likelihood of disability and mortality, above and beyond the risk
      attributable to individual diseases. This study identifies prevalent
      multimorbidity patterns and evaluates their association with disability among
      U.S. older adults. METHODS: Prospective cohort study using longitudinal Health
      and Retirement Study data (2010-2012). We included 8,782 participants aged 65
      years and older and used negative binomial models to examine prospective
      disability, measured by the combined activities of daily living-instrumental
      activities of daily living index. Multimorbidity was defined as the co-occurring
      combination of at least two of the following chronic diseases: hypertension,
      cardiovascular disease, lung disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, stroke,
      cognitive impairment, or high depressive symptoms (CES-D score >= 4). RESULTS: We
      found 291 unique disease combinations with 1 to 1,167 older adults per disease
      combination. The three most prevalent combinations were: (a) hypertension and
      arthritis (n = 1,167); (b) hypertension, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease (n
      = 510); and (c) hypertension, arthritis, and diabetes (n = 430). Only one of the
      prevalent combinations included depressive symptoms (in combination with
      arthritis, hypertension; n = 129). This group showed the highest level of
      activities of daily living-instrumental activities of daily living disability
      compared to healthy participants or participants with a single disease (either
      included in the combination or different from diseases in the combination) even
      after adjusting for age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, and body mass index.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians stand to gain from a better understanding of which
      disease combinations are more and less disabling among older adults.
      Understanding how multimorbidity combinations relate to functional status is an
      important step towards reducing disability and sustaining independent living
      among older adults.

PMID- 26968454
TI  - The Influence of Acquisition Delay for Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown
      Spectroscopy.
AB  - Time-resolved spectra of neutral and ionized atomic emissions from slag sample
      are measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Various factors
      affecting the calibration-free CF-LIBS method are carefully analyzed, and
      subsequently these factors are either avoided or corrected. Plasma temperature
      and electron density are calculated by Saha-Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening
      of Ca, respectively. At the same time, self-absorption and local thermodynamic
      equilibrium have been carefully studied. An automatic spectral lines elimination
      algorithm is applied to calculate plasma temperature and element concentration.
      The calculated element concentrations show marked changes with acquisition time
      increasing. Due to the influence of continuous spectrum at early times and self
      absorption at late times, the large absolute errors sum is obtained in these two
      periods. The smallest absolute errors sum corresponds to the gate delay time 1.5
      MUs < td < 2 MUs for our experimental setup. 

PMID- 26968452
TI  - ASP2408 and ASP2409, novel CTLA4-Ig variants with CD86-selective ligand binding
      activity and improved immunosuppressive potency, created by directed evolution.
AB  - The CTLA4-Ig therapeutics abatacept and belatacept inhibit CD28-mediated T cell
      activation by binding CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) co-stimulatory ligands. Both
      compounds preferentially bind CD80, yet CD86 has been implicated as the dominant
      co-stimulatory ligand. Using directed evolution methods, novel CTLA4-Ig variants
      were created with selective CD86 binding affinity, a property that confers
      increased immunosuppressive potency and potentially improved efficacy and safety
      profiles. Relative to abatacept (wild-type CTLA4-Ig), ASP2408 and ASP2409 have 83
      fold and 220-fold enhanced binding affinity to CD86 while retaining 1.5-fold and
      5.6-fold enhanced binding affinity to CD80, respectively. Improvements in CD86
      binding affinity correlates with increased immunosuppressive potencyin vitroandin
      vivo Our results highlight the power of directed evolution methods to obtain non
      intuitive protein engineering solutions and represent the first examples of CD86
      selective CTLA4-Ig compounds that have entered clinical trials. 

PMID- 26968455
TI  - Effect of Shear Applied During a Pharmaceutical Process on Near Infrared Spectra.
AB  - This study describes changes observed in the near-infrared (NIR) diffuse
      reflectance (DR) spectra of pharmaceutical tablets after these tablets were
      subjected to different levels of strain (exposure to shear) during the mixing
      process. Powder shearing is important in the mixing of powders that are cohesive.
      Shear stress is created in a system by moving one surface over another causing
      displacements in the direction of the moving surface and is part of the mixing
      dynamics of particulates in many industries including the pharmaceutical
      industry. In continuous mixing, shear strain is developed within the process when
      powder particles are in constant movement and can affect the quality attributes
      of the final product such as dissolution. These changes in the NIR spectra could
      affect results obtained from NIR calibration models. The aim of the study was to
      understand changes in the NIR diffuse reflectance spectra that can be associated
      with different levels of strain developed during blend shearing of laboratory
      samples. Shear was applied using a Couette cell and tablets were produced using a
      tablet press emulator. Tablets with different shear levels were measured using
      NIR spectroscopy in the diffuse reflectance mode. The NIR spectra were baseline
      corrected to maintain the scattering effect associated with the physical
      properties of the tablet surface. Principal component analysis was used to
      establish the principal sources of variation within the samples. The angular
      dependence of elastic light scattering shows that the shear treatment reduces the
      size of particles and produces their uniform and highly isotropic distribution.
      Tablet compaction further reduces the diffuse component of scattering due to
      realignment of particles. 

PMID- 26968456
TI  - Double Jeopardy: Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Among Noise-Exposed Workers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of
      tinnitus and assess the relationship between tinnitus and hearing loss among
      firefighters and operating engineers, who are exposed to noise on-the-job. The
      study analyzed existing data from two different populations (154 firefighters and
      769 operating engineers) who completed a survey and audiometric tests as part of
      a hearing loss prevention intervention study. Approximately 40% of both groups
      reported tinnitus; 34% of firefighters and 59% of operating engineers showed
      hearing loss at noise-sensitive frequencies (4 kHz and 6 kHz). Firefighters with
      high frequency hearing loss (odds ratio [OR] = 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]
      = [1.05, 5.11]) and those with perceived impaired hearing status (OR = 3.53; 95%
      CI = [1.27, 9.80]) were significantly more likely to report tinnitus. Similarly,
      operating engineers who had hearing loss at both low (OR = 2.10; 95% CI = [1.40,
      3.15]) and high frequencies (OR = 2.00; 95% CI = [1.37, 2.90]), and perceived
      impaired hearing status (OR = 2.17; 95% CI = [1.55, 3.05]) were twice as likely
      to report tinnitus. This study demonstrated that tinnitus is a considerable
      problem for noise-exposed workers. Workers with hearing loss demonstrated
      significantly higher rates of tinnitus. Comprehensive workplace hearing
      conservation programs should include tinnitus management for noise-exposed
      workers, along with other key elements such as noise control and hearing
      protection. 

PMID- 26968457
TI  - Mindfulness-Based Approaches for Children and Youth.
AB  - Mindfulness meditation is a useful adjunct to behavioral and medical
      interventions to manage a range of symptoms, including psychological and physical
      responses to stress, anxiety, depression, and disruptive behavior. Mindfulness
      approaches can be taught to children, adolescents, and their parents to improve
      self-regulation, particularly in response to stress. Mindfulness may be
      particularly relevant for youth and families who have an increased risk for
      exposure to chronic stress and unique stressors associated with medical and/or
      social-contextual considerations. Moreover, mindfulness parenting techniques can
      augment traditional behavioral approaches to improve children's behavior through
      specific parent-child interactions. A growing body of empirical studies and
      clinical experience suggest that incorporating mindfulness practices will enable
      clinicians to more effectively treat youth and their families in coping optimally
      with a range of challenging symptoms. 

PMID- 26968458
TI  - Impact of a pilot team on patients' pain reduction and satisfaction in an
      emergency department: A before-and-after observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain management and patient satisfaction were targeted in the
      emergency department of a Paris university hospital. In 1999, 77.0% of patients
      complained of pain on arrival and more than half of patients did not experience
      pain relief at discharge. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcomes
      of the implementation of a team piloting pain management on pain reduction and
      pain care satisfaction. METHOD: Two cross-sectional surveys (04/10/1999 to
      19/10/1999 and 03/04/2007 to 18/04/2007) were conducted before and after a team
      piloting pain management was deployed in the emergency department. Consecutive
      patients age 18 years and older who visited the department suffering from pain
      were given structured questionnaires that validated scales scoring pain upon
      arrival and at discharge. Patients' files were analyzed using structured forms.
      The parameters associated with pain reduction and patient satisfaction were
      sought. RESULTS: In 2007, 65.0% of patients had their pain relieved vs. 35.1% in
      1999 (P<0.001); 60.2% were satisfied with the pain care received vs. 39.8%. Pain
      management (e.g. waiting time <= 20 min: 47.6% vs. 20.8%; interventions on pain
      before the physician's examination: 63.0% vs. 13.8%; and pain reassessment after
      intervention: 13.8% vs. 4.5%) improved. Both pain reduction and patient
      satisfaction were significantly associated with intervention before the
      physician's examination. Pain reduction was independently and positively
      associated with time of survey, triage level (depending on the severity of their
      condition), pain intensity on arrival, and negatively associated with discharge
      without hospitalization. Satisfaction was independently and positively associated
      with waiting time before examination (0-20 min) and the absence of procedural
      pain. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a team piloting pain management seemed to
      have had positive effects on pain management in the emergency department.
      However, respectively, 56.2% and 39.8% of patients remained without pain relief
      and dissatisfied with pain management at the end of their visit.

PMID- 26968459
TI  - Short O-GalNAc glycans: regulation and role in tumor development and clinical
      perspectives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While the underlying causes of cancer are genetic modifications,
      changes in cellular states mediate cancer development. Tumor cells display
      markedly changed glycosylation states, of which the O-GalNAc glycans called the
      Tn and TF antigens are particularly common. How these antigens get over-expressed
      is not clear. The expression levels of glycosylation enzymes fail to explain it.
      SCOPE OF REVIEW: We describe the regulation of O-GalNAc glycosylation initiation
      and extension with emphasis on the initiating enzymes ppGalNAcTs (GALNTs), and
      introduce the GALA pathway--a change in GALNTs compartmentation within the
      secretory pathway that regulates Tn levels. We discuss the roles of O-GalNAc
      glycans and GALNTs in tumorigenic processes and finally consider diagnostic and
      therapeutic perspectives. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to a common hypothesis,
      short O-glycans in tumors are not the result of an incomplete glycosylation
      process but rather reveal the activation of regulatory pathways. Surprisingly,
      high Tn levels reveal a major shift in the O-glycoproteome rather than a
      shortening of O-glycans. These changes are driven by membrane trafficking events.
      GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Many attempts to use O-glycans for biomarker, antibody and
      therapeutic vaccine development have been made, but suffer limitations including
      poor sensitivity and/or specificity that may in part derive from lack of a
      mechanistic understanding. Deciphering how short O-GalNAc glycans are regulated
      would open new perspectives to exploit this biology for therapeutic usage. This
      article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine"
      Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.

PMID- 26968460
TI  - Zebrafish Tg(hb9:MTS-Kaede): a new in vivo tool for studying the axonal movement
      of mitochondria.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Deregulation of axonal transport in neurons is emerging as the major
      cause of many neurodegenerative diseases in human, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth
      (CMT) neuropathy. However, little is known about how mitochondria move in vivo
      and whether cell culture systems truly represent what happens in living animals.
      Here we describe the generation of a new zebrafish transgenic line that
      specifically allows to study mitochondrial dynamics in motor neurons and its
      application to analyse mitochondrial movement in zebrafish models expressing
      CMT2A causing mutations. METHODS: The Tol2 transposon system was used to generate
      a transgenic zebrafish line expressing the photoconvertible fluorescent protein
      Kaede in mitochondria of motor neurons. Mitochondrial shape and movement were
      monitored by time-lapse confocal live imaging and measured by kymograph analysis.
      The effects of two well-known CMT causing mutations, L76P and R94Q substitutions
      in MFN2, were then investigated with the same methods. RESULTS: We generated the
      transgenic zebrafish Tg(hb9:MTS-Kaede) line with genetically labelled
      mitochondria in motor neurons. Kaede protein was correctly and stably targeted to
      mitochondrial matrix while retaining its photoconvertibility, thus qualifying
      this model for in vivo studies. Expression of the L76P and R94Q mutations reduced
      mitochondrial movement in axons and altered mitochondrial distribution in
      distinct ways. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: These findings confirm
      previously published data obtained in cell cultures and strengthen the hypothesis
      of different mechanism of action of the two MFN2 mutations. Considering the
      number of neurodegenerative diseases associated to mitochondrial dynamics, the
      Tg(hb9:MTS-Kaede) zebrafish line is a promising model to study in vivo
      alterations of mitochondrial transport underlying human diseases.

PMID- 26968461
TI  - Glycoblotting method allows for rapid and efficient glycome profiling of human
      Alzheimer's disease brain, serum and cerebrospinal fluid towards potential
      biomarker discovery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding of the significance of posttranslational glycosylation
      in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of growing importance for the investigation of the
      pathogenesis of AD as well as discovery research of the disease-specific serum
      biomarkers. METHODS: We designed a standard protocol for the glycoblotting
      combined with MALDI-TOFMS to perform rapid and quantitative profiling of the
      glycan parts of glycoproteins (N-glycans) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) using
      human AD's post-mortem samples such as brain tissues (dissected cerebral cortices
      such as frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal domains), serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: The structural profiles of the major N
      glycans released from glycoproteins and the total expression levels of the
      glycans were found to be mostly similar between the brain tissues of the AD
      patients and those of the normal control group. In contrast, the expression
      levels of the serum and CSF protein N-glycans such as bisect-type and multiply
      branched glycoforms were increased significantly in AD patient group. In
      addition, the levels of some gangliosides such as GM1, GM2 and GM3 appeared to
      alter in the AD patient brain and serum samples when compared with the normal
      control groups. CONCLUSION: Alteration of the expression levels of major N- and
      GSL-glycans in human brain tissues, serum and CSF of AD patients can be monitored
      quantitatively by means of the glycoblotting-based standard protocols. GENERAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: The changes in the expression levels of the glycans derived from
      the human post-mortem samples uncovered by the standardized glycoblotting method
      provides potential serum biomarkers in central nervous system disorders and can
      contribute to the insight into the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of
      neurodegenerative diseases and future drug discovery. Most importantly, the
      present preliminary trials using human post-mortem samples of AD patients suggest
      that large-scale serum glycomics cohort by means of various-types of human AD
      patients as well as the normal control sera can facilitate the discovery research
      of highly sensitive and reliable serum biomarkers for an early diagnosis of AD.
      This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised
      medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.

PMID- 26968462
TI  - Constitutive hyperactivity of histone deacetylases enhances radioresistance in
      Lepidopteran Sf9 insect cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lepidopteran insect cells withstand multifold higher radiation doses
      and suffer far less DNA damage despite carrying numerous structural/functional
      homologies with mammalian cells. Since DNA-histone interactions significantly
      influence radiation-induced DNA damage, we investigated the role of histones in
      insect cell radioresistance. METHODS: Modified comet assay was used to assess the
      gamma-radiation-induced DNA damage following serial histone depletion by varied
      salt concentrations. Acid-Urea-Triton (AUT) gel analysis combined with in silico
      predictions was used to compare mammalian and insect histones and acetylation
      status while HDAC activity was assessed/modified for studying the latter's role
      in radioresistance. Cell death was measured by morphological analysis and flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: High-salt extraction pattern from Sf9 nuclei suggested
      stronger DNA-histone affinity as the two core histones H2A/H2B could be extracted
      at much higher (2M) concentration as compared to 1.2M NaCl in mammalian (AA8)
      cells. Electrophoretic mobility of unirradiated Sf9 cells remained unaltered at
      all salt concentrations (0.14M-2M NaCl), and radiation-induced DNA damage
      increased only by 2M-NaCl pre-treatment. In silico analysis confirmed excellent
      conservation of Lepidopteran H2A/H2B sequence with human histones including
      comparable N-terminal lysine residues, yet these had ~60% lower acetylation.
      Importantly, insect cells showed ~70% higher histone deacetylase activity whose
      inhibition by Trichostatin-A reversed hypo-acetylation state and caused
      significant radiosensitization, thereby confirming the protective contribution of
      reduced acetylation. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that the hypo-acetylated state
      of well-conserved core histones, maintained by considerable HDAC activity,
      contributes significantly in Lepidopteran radioresistance. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE:
      This investigation shows constitutively high activity of HDACs as a potential
      radioprotective mechanism existing in insect cells.

PMID- 26968463
TI  - Characterization of insulin-degrading enzyme-mediated cleavage of Abeta in
      distinct aggregation states.
AB  - To enhance our understanding of the potential therapeutic utility of insulin
      degrading enzyme (IDE) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we studied in vitro IDE
      mediated degradation of different amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide aggregation
      states. Our findings show that IDE activity is driven by the dynamic equilibrium
      between Abeta monomers and higher ordered aggregates. We identify Met(35)-Val(36)
      as a novel IDE cleavage site in the Abeta sequence and show that Abeta fragments
      resulting from IDE cleavage form non-toxic amorphous aggregates. These findings
      need to be taken into account in therapeutic strategies designed to increase
      Abeta clearance in AD patients by modulating IDE activity.

PMID- 26968464
TI  - It's All in the Mix: Diagnosis and Management of Food Intolerance.

PMID- 26968465
TI  - Understanding Breath Tests for Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth.

PMID- 26968466
TI  - Evidence for Life Before Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PMID- 26968467
TI  - Agreement Between Results of Home Sleep Testing for Obstructive Sleep Apnea with
      and Without a Sleep Specialist.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed condition
      associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Home sleep testing offers
      an efficient means for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea but has been deployed
      primarily in clinical samples with a high pretest probability. The present study
      sought to assess whether obstructive sleep apnea can be diagnosed with home sleep
      testing in a nonreferred sample without involvement of a sleep medicine
      specialist. METHODS: A study of community-based adults with untreated obstructive
      sleep apnea was undertaken. Misclassification of disease severity according to
      home sleep testing with and without involvement of a sleep medicine specialist
      was assessed, and agreement was characterized using scatter plots, Pearson's
      correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analysis, and the kappa statistic. Analyses
      were also conducted to assess whether any observed differences varied as a
      function of pretest probability of obstructive sleep apnea or subjective
      sleepiness. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 191 subjects, with more than half
      (56.5%) having obstructive sleep apnea. Without involvement of a sleep medicine
      specialist, obstructive sleep apnea was not identified in only 5.8% of the
      sample. Analyses comparing the categorical assessment of disease severity with
      and without a sleep medicine specialist showed that in total, 32 subjects (16.8%)
      were misclassified. Agreement in the disease severity with and without a sleep
      medicine specialist was not influenced by the pretest probability or daytime
      sleep tendency. CONCLUSION: Obstructive sleep apnea can be reliably identified
      with home sleep testing in a nonreferred sample, irrespective of the pretest
      probability of the disease.

PMID- 26968468
TI  - Methylprednisolone-Induced Lymphocytosis in Patients with Immune-Mediated
      Inflammatory Disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transient acute reversible lymphopenia occurring within hours after
      glucocorticoid administration is a well-known phenomenon. The objective of this
      study was to establish the impact of chronic methylprednisolone (mPDN)
      administration on lymphocyte counts in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory
      disorders. METHODS: The charts of 44 women and 17 men (median age, 59 years) with
      several immune-mediated inflammatory disorders receiving oral mPDN for at least 4
      months were reviewed. Morning lymphocyte counts measured during treatment (LP)
      were compared with pretreatment values (LA). In addition, the acute effect of
      mPDN on lymphocyte counts was evaluated in 43 of these patients by quantifying
      lymphocyte subpopulations before and 8 hours after mPDN administration. Values
      are expressed as median with 25%-75% interquartile range. RESULTS: The initial
      daily oral mPDN dose was 28 mg (12-32 mg). An increase in morning lymphocyte
      counts was detected 13 days (8.5-16 days) after initiation of mPDN treatment (LP:
      2130/MUL vs LA: 1650/MUL; P = .0121) and persisted over time. Morning
      lymphocytosis (LP >=4000/MUL) was observed in 15 patients, including 7 with
      hyperlymphocytosis (LP >=5000/MUL). The increase in morning lymphocyte counts
      during treatment was most marked for CD4 T cells. In the subset of patients who
      agreed to a second blood test after mPDN absorption, a 49% decrease in the
      lymphocyte count (P <.0001) was transiently observed at the 8-hour time point.
      CONCLUSIONS: A significant increase of the morning lymphocyte count is frequently
      observed in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders chronically
      treated with oral mPDN. Heightened awareness that the timing of blood sampling in
      corticosteroid-treated patients affects lymphocyte counts, with possible
      hyperlymphocytosis before absorption, should help avoid unnecessary
      investigations and worry.

PMID- 26968469
TI  - A Tool to Assess Risk of De Novo Opioid Abuse or Dependence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Determining risk factors for opioid abuse or dependence will help
      clinicians practice informed prescribing and may help mitigate opioid abuse or
      dependence. The purpose of this study is to identify variables predicting opioid
      abuse or dependence. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using de-identified
      integrated pharmacy and medical claims was performed between October 2009 and
      September 2013. Patients with at least 1 opioid prescription claim during the
      index period (index claim) were identified. We ascertained risk factors using
      data from 12 months before the index claim (pre-period) and captured abuse or
      dependency diagnosis using data from 12 months after the index claim
      (postperiod). We included continuously eligible (pre- and postperiod)
      commercially insured patients aged 18 years or older. We excluded patients with
      cancer, residence in a long-term care facility, or a previous diagnosis of opioid
      abuse or dependence (identified by International Classification of Diseases 9th
      revision code or buprenorphine/naloxone claim in the pre-period). The outcome was
      a diagnosis of opioid abuse (International Classification of Diseases 9th
      revision code 304.0x) or dependence (305.5). RESULTS: The final sample consisted
      of 694,851 patients. Opioid abuse or dependence was observed in 2067 patients
      (0.3%). Several factors predicted opioid abuse or dependence: younger age (per
      decade [older] odds ratio [OR], 0.68); being a chronic opioid user (OR, 4.39);
      history of mental illness (OR, 3.45); nonopioid substance abuse (OR, 2.82);
      alcohol abuse (OR, 2.37); high morphine equivalent dose per day user (OR, 1.98);
      tobacco use (OR, 1.80); obtaining opioids from multiple prescribers (OR, 1.71);
      residing in the South (OR, 1.65), West (OR, 1.49), or Midwest (OR, 1.24); using
      multiple pharmacies (OR, 1.59); male gender (OR, 1.43); and increased 30-day
      adjusted opioid prescriptions (OR, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Readily available
      demographic, clinical, behavioral, pharmacy, and geographic information can be
      used to predict the likelihood of opioid abuse or dependence.

PMID- 26968470
TI  - Persistence Pays Off: Adult Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.

PMID- 26968472
TI  - Quantification of the External Validity of Randomized Controlled Trials
      Supporting Clinical Care Guidelines: The Case of Thromboprophylaxis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines are based on the results of several randomized
      controlled trials. However, due to the stringent exclusion criteria of these
      trials, their external validity may be low. We aimed to evaluate the external
      validity of the randomized controlled trials cited in the American College of
      Chest Physicians guidelines for the use of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in
      hospitalized medical patients. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, chart
      review study of a random sample of patients admitted between July 1, 2013 and
      June 30, 2014 to the Internal Medicine ward of a large Canadian teaching
      university hospital. We identified the proportion of our population presenting
      exclusion criteria used in the randomized controlled trials cited in support of
      clinical care guidelines on thromboprophylaxis in the medical setting. RESULTS:
      Nine trials were identified for a total of 28,793 included patients following 23
      distinct exclusion criteria. We included 429 patients. Median age was 65 years
      (interquartile ratio 51-77 years), and 236 (55%) were males. Of those not already
      anticoagulated at admission (n = 351), between 26% and 67% (weighted average,
      51%) of our population presented at least one exclusion criterion, making them
      ineligible to be enrolled in randomized controlled trials. When restricting our
      population to patients with an indication for thromboprophylaxis based on a Padua
      risk score at admission >=4, 21% to 76% (weighted average 55%) were ineligible to
      be enrolled in individual trials. CONCLUSIONS: Our cross-sectional study
      illustrates that the external validity of randomized controlled trials cited in
      the guidelines was low in our population, and lower when applying the risk
      stratification tool recommended by guidelines. This can bias the clinicians
      toward treating patients that were not represented in the supporting evidence.

PMID- 26968473
TI  - Postparacentesis Genital Edema.

PMID- 26968471
TI  - Restricting Symptoms Before and After Admission to Hospice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prior work has shown that symptoms leading to restrictions in daily
      activities are common at the end of life. Hospice is a Medicare benefit designed
      to alleviate distressing symptoms in the last 6 months of life. The effect of
      hospice on the burden of such symptoms is uncertain. METHODS: From an ongoing
      cohort study of 754 community-dwelling older persons, aged >=70 years, we
      evaluated 241 participants who were admitted to hospice from March 1998 to
      December 2013. A set of 15 physical and psychological symptoms leading to
      restricted activity (ie, cut down on usual activities or spend at least half the
      day in bed) were ascertained during monthly telephone interviews in the year
      before and 3 months after hospice admission. RESULTS: The prevalence and mean
      number of restricting symptoms increased progressively until about 2 months
      before hospice admission, before increasing precipitously to a peak around the
      time of hospice admission. After the start of hospice, both the prevalence and
      the mean number of restricting symptoms dropped markedly. For several symptoms
      deemed most amenable to hospice treatment, including depression and anxiety, the
      prevalence dropped to levels comparable to or lower than those observed 12 months
      before the start of hospice. The trends observed in symptom prevalence and mean
      number of symptoms before and after hospice did not differ appreciably according
      to hospice admission diagnosis or sex. The median duration of hospice (before
      death) was only 15 days. CONCLUSION: The burden of restricting symptoms increases
      progressively several months before the start of hospice, peaks around the time
      of hospice admission, and decreases substantially after the start of hospice.
      These results, coupled with the short duration of hospice, suggest that earlier
      referral to hospice may help to alleviate the burden of distressing symptoms at
      the end of life.

PMID- 26968474
TI  - Renal embolization.
AB  - Recent developments in endovascular radiological techniques and devices make
      embolization as a major therapeutic option in many renal vascular or neoplastic
      diseases, before surgery. These techniques show a very good efficacy with a low
      morbidity and a better renal tolerance. Indications of embolization in nephrology
      are post-biopsy arteriovenous fistulas, renal graft intolerance, functional
      exclusion and polycystic kidney disease before transplantation. Others are at the
      interface between nephrology and urology as angiomyolipomas (mostly in tuberous
      sclerosis context), arterial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. 

PMID- 26968475
TI  - [New aspects of HLA compatibility in organ transplantation].
AB  - In organ transplantation, HLA compatibility between a donor and a recipient is
      currently assessed through the comparison of their HLA antigens and the sole
      count of incompatible HLA antigens. Similarly, antibodies were originally
      described as antigenic-specific. With solid phase assays detection of anti-HLA
      antibodies and crystallographic studies, it is now recognized that anti-HLA
      antibodies are not specific for antigens, but for epitopes, i.e. short
      polymorphic sequences of amino acids that are more often in positions accessible
      to allo-antibodies. These epitopes, due to the distribution of HLA molecules
      polymorphism, may be shared by different HLA antigens. This explains why an
      immunization towards a given HLA antigen can lead to synthesis of antibodies
      reactive towards other antigens sharing one or more epitopes. Similarly,
      structural comparison of the HLA molecules of a recipient and his donor defines
      the epitope load, i.e. the number of incompatible epitopes. This epitope load is
      correlated with the risk of developing antibodies specific for the donor after
      transplantation. New tools, such as the HLAMatchmaker software, allow to
      determine the epitopic load and to analyze the epitopic specificity of
      alloantibodies. These tools will possibly lead to rethink the method of graft
      allocation, or at least to take differently into account HLA compatibility in
      allocation algorythms. 

PMID- 26968476
TI  - [Fibromuscular dysplasia of renal arteries].
AB  - Fibromuscular dysplasia is non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory disease of the
      medium caliber arteries causing segmental stenosis, and sometimes aneurysm and/or
      dissection. Renal involvement is either asymptomatic or revealed by hypertension,
      rarely acute complications (renal infarction/hemorrhage). Cross-sectional imaging
      or angiography differentiates multifocal fibromuscular dysplasia (pearl necklace
      appearance) and focal fibromuscular dysplasia (tubular stenosis). Several
      differential diagnoses are to be mentioned. Carotid and vertebral involvement are
      possible. Smoking cessation must be encouraged. Selected patients benefit from
      renal revascularization. The best indications are recent or resistant
      hypertension, and progressive renal atrophy. Angioplasty without stent
      revascularization is the technique of choice in purely stenotic forms. 

PMID- 26968477
TI  - [Role of cannabinoid receptors in renal diseases].
AB  - Chronic kidney disease remains a major challenge for public health systems and
      corresponds to the replacement of renal functional tissue by extracellular matrix
      proteins such as collagens and fibronectin. There is no efficient treatment to
      date for chronic kidney disease except nephroprotective strategies. The
      cannabinoid system and more specifically the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2
      (CB2) may represent a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease.
      Experimental data obtained in models of diabetes and obesity suggested that CB1
      blockade and CB2 stimulation may slow the development of diabetic nephropathy. In
      human kidneys, CB1 expression is increased in various chronic nephropathies and
      correlates with renal function. Moreover, endogenous CB1 and CB2 ligands are
      greatly increased during renal fibrogenesis. A microarray analysis performed in
      an experimental model of renal fibrosis found that the gene encoding for the CB1
      receptor was among the most upregulated genes. We also demonstrated that renal
      fibrogenesis could be reduced by CB1 inhibition and CB2 stimulation in an
      experimental model through a direct mechanism involving CB1 on myofibroblasts,
      which are the major effector cells during renal fibrosis. Therefore, CB1 blockers
      may represent a novel therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease and diabetes. 

PMID- 26968478
TI  - [Treatment of Fabry disease: Successes, failures, and expectations].
AB  - Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disease, results from alpha
      galactosidase A deficiency. Two different recombinant enzyme treatments
      (algalsidase alpha agalsidase beta) have been available since 2001 to treat a
      disease that affects not only men but also women. Enzyme replacement therapy
      promotes cell clearance of susbtrate, and improves some clinical parameters
      (heart, kidney damage, pain, quality of life). However, there is no proven
      efficacy to date on central nervous system lesions, on cardiac morbidity and
      mortality, nor on renal damage beyond a certain stage (proteinuria>1g/day and/or
      estimated glomerular filtration rate<60mL/min/1.73m(2)). In this review, we
      discuss the potential benefit of an early intervention, the vascular protective
      measures to be associated with enzyme therapy and their rationale, and some
      alternative treatments under development, such as chaperones and substrate
      molecules inhibitors. 

PMID- 26968479
TI  - In vivo microscopy.
AB  - This article summarizes the past, present, and future promise of multiphoton
      excitation fluorescence microscopy for intravital kidney imaging. During the past
      15years, several high-power visual research approaches have been developed using
      multiphoton imaging to study the normal functions of the healthy, intact, living
      kidney, and the various molecular and cellular mechanisms of the development of
      kidney diseases. In this review, the main focus will be on intravital multiphoton
      imaging of the glomerulus, the structure and function of the glomerular
      filtration barrier, especially the podocyte. Examples will be given for the
      combination of two powerful research tools, in vivo multiphoton imaging and mouse
      genetics using commercially available whole animal models for the detailed
      characterization of glomerular cell types, their function and fate, and for the
      better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of glomerular pathologies. One
      of the new modalities of multiphoton imaging, serial imaging of the same
      glomerulus in the same animal over several days will be emphasized for its
      potential for further advancing the field of nephrology research. 

PMID- 26968481
TI  - Childhood school performance, education and occupational complexity: a life
      course study of dementia in the Kungsholmen Project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve hypothesis predicts that intellectually demanding
      activities over the life course protect against dementia. We investigate if
      childhood school performance remains associated with dementia once education and
      occupational complexity are taken into account. METHODS: A cohort of 440
      individuals aged 75+ from the Kungsholmen Project was followed up for 9 years to
      detect dementia. To measure early-life contributors to reserve, we used grades at
      age 9-10 extracted from the school archives. Data on formal education and
      occupational complexity were collected at baseline and first follow-up. Dementia
      was ascertained through comprehensive clinical examination. Cox models estimated
      the relationship between life-course cognitive reserve measures and dementia.
      RESULTS: Dementia risk was elevated [hazard ratio (HR): 1.54, 95% confidence
      interval (CI): 1.03 to 2.29] in individuals with low early-life school grades
      after adjustment for formal educational attainment and occupational complexity.
      Secondary education was associated with a lower risk of dementia (HR: 0.72, 95%
      CI: 0.50 to 1.03), although the effects of post-secondary and university degrees
      were indistinguishable from baseline. Occupational complexity with data and
      things was not related to dementia. However, an association was found between
      high occupational complexity with people and dementia, albeit only in women (HR:
      0.39, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.99). The pattern of results remained unchanged after
      adjustment for genetic susceptibility, comorbidities and depressive symptoms.
      CONCLUSION: Low early-life school performance is associated with an elevated risk
      of dementia, independent of subsequent educational and occupational attainment.

PMID- 26968482
TI  - Comparing online and telephone survey results in the context of a skin cancer
      prevention campaign evaluation.
AB  - Background: A large proportion of health promotion campaign evaluation research
      has historically been conducted via telephone surveys. However, there are
      concerns about the continued viability of this form of surveying in providing
      relevant and representative data. Online surveys are an increasingly popular
      alternative, and as such there is a need to assess the comparability between data
      collected using the two different methods to determine the implications for
      longitudinal comparisons. The present study compared these survey modes in the
      context of health promotion evaluation research. Methods: Data were collected via
      computer-assisted telephone interviewing and an online panel. In total, 688 and
      606 respondents aged between 14 and 45 years completed the online and telephone
      surveys, respectively. Results: Online respondents demonstrated higher awareness
      of the advertisement, rated the advertisement as more personally relevant and had
      better behavioural outcomes compared with the telephone respondents. Conclusion:
      The results indicate significant differences between the telephone and online
      surveys on most measures used to assess the effectiveness of a health promotion
      advertising campaign. Health promotion practitioners could consider the
      combination of both methods to overcome the deterioration in telephone survey
      response rates and the likely differences in respondent outcomes.

PMID- 26968480
TI  - Data Resource Profile: Network for Analysing Longitudinal Population-based
      HIV/AIDS data on Africa (ALPHA Network).

PMID- 26968483
TI  - Syndromic surveillance for influenza in Tianjin, China: 2013-14.
AB  - Background: Diverse sources of syndromic surveillance including over-the-counter
      (OTC) drug sales, hospital and school-based influenza-like illness (ILI) and
      Baidu search queries estimate influenza activity in Tianjin, China. The purpose
      of this study was to determine which syndromic surveillance systems had the
      strongest correlation with laboratory-confirmed influenza activity. Methods: Data
      were obtained from sentinel hospitals and laboratories; sentinel hospitals also
      reported percentage of ILI. OTC sales and school-based ILI absentee data were
      provided by public pharmacies and schools. Baidu search queries for influenza
      surveillance were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis examined correlations
      of syndromic systems with laboratory-confirmed data. Results: Syndromic data for
      hospital ILI%, OTC sales and school-based ILI correlated well with laboratory
      data (r = 0.732, 0.490 and 0.693, respectively; P < 0.05). Baidu, the predominant
      Chinese Internet service, searches for 'influenza', 'cough' and 'fever'
      correlated best with laboratory-confirmed activity; queries for 'fever' were
      strongest (r = 0.924, P < 0.001). Correlations between school-based ILI and
      laboratory-confirmed influenza increased from 0.693 to 0.795 after a 1-week lag
      (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A Baidu query of 'fever' provided the strongest
      correlation to laboratory surveillance. School-based ILI absence reporting
      detected influenza virus activity 1 week earlier than laboratory confirmation.
      Use of diverse syndromic surveillance systems in conjunction with traditional
      surveillance systems can improve influenza surveillance.

PMID- 26968484
TI  - In vitro and in vivo study of hydralazine, a potential anti-angiogenic agent.
AB  - Hydralazine (HYD), an old routine clinical anti-hypertension drug, is rarely used
      in clinic nowadays. Since the strategy of repositioning old drugs was put
      forward, HYD has been reported to possess various biological activities,
      including antitumor efficacy and reducing intra-tumor microvessel. Here, we
      investigated that whether HYD had the ability of anti-angiogeneis and its
      underlying mechanism. Cells proliferation, wound-healing, Transwell migration and
      invasion, tube formation and rat aortic ring assays in vitro and chicken
      chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model in vivo were designed to investigated HYD's
      anti-angiogenic effect. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
      basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were assessed by enzyme-linked immune
      sorbent assay (ELISA). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mice model was used to
      evaluate HYD's effect on tumor growth and microvessel density. Our results showed
      that HYD not only inhibited human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC)
      proliferation, wound-healing, Transwell migration and invasion and tube
      formation, but also suppressed the microvessel outgrowth of rat aortic ring in
      vitro and the neovascularzation of CAM in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that
      HYD attenuated tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. In the co-culture system of
      Transwell migration, the secretion of VEGF and bFGF was reduced by HYD
      respectively. In sum, our data indicate that HYD has the pharmacological effect
      of ant-angiogenesis by interference with VEGF and bFGF signaling pathways in
      endothelial cells. These findings suggest that HYD might be a promising
      angiogenesis inhibitor and a potential effective therapeutic agent for cancer
      therapy. 

PMID- 26968485
TI  - Graft bending angle is correlated with femoral intraosseous graft signal
      intensity in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the outside-in
      technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study were as follows: 1) to determine the
      correlation between the bending angle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
      graft at the femoral tunnel and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal
      intensity of the ACL graft and 2) to analyze the difference in the MRI signal
      intensity of the reconstructed ACL graft in different areas of the graft after
      single-bundle hamstring autograft ACL (SB ACL) reconstruction using an outside-in
      (OI) technique with bone-sparing retro-reaming. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients
      who underwent SB ACL reconstruction with the hamstring tendon autograft using the
      OI technique were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using three
      dimensional computed tomography (CT) to evaluate femoral tunnel factors,
      including tunnel placement, tunnel length, tunnel diameter, and femoral tunnel
      bending angle. At a mean of 6.3+/-0.8months after surgery, 3.0-T MRI was used to
      evaluate the graft signal intensity using signal/noise quotient for high-signal
      intensity lesions. RESULTS: Among various femoral tunnel factors, only the
      femoral tunnel bending angle in the coronal plane was significantly (p=0.003)
      correlated with the signal/noise quotient of the femoral intraosseous graft. The
      femoral intraosseous graft had significantly (p=0.009) higher signal intensity
      than the other graft zone. Five cases (13.2%) showed high-signal-intensity zones
      around the femoral tunnel but not around the tibial tunnel. CONCLUSION: After ACL
      reconstruction using the OI technique, the graft bending angle was found to be
      significantly correlated with the femoral intraosseous graft signal intensity,
      indicating that increased signal intensity by acute graft bending might be
      related to the maturation of the graft. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This was a
      retrospective comparative study with Level III evidence.

PMID- 26968486
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta
      lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of
      infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
      Enterobacteriaceae. METHODS: A case-control study at a large university hospital
      in Japan, comparing patients who were infected or colonized with ESBL-producing
      Enterobacteriaceae (n = 212) and non-ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (n = 2089)
      in 2010-2013. Data were collected from medical charts, retrospectively.
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore risk factors of
      ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
      Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis) infection or colonization for each
      pathogen, respectively. RESULTS: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae [E. coli (n =
      113), K. oxytoca (n = 46), K. pneumoniae (n = 41), P. mirabilis (n = 12)] were
      taken from patients were identified in 1409 outpatient and 892 inpatients.
      Infection or colonization caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was
      considered to be hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated and community-acquired
      in 60.4%, 17.9% and 21.7% patients, respectively. Independent risk factors for
      ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection or colonization were male sex,
      cerebrovascular disease, intubation/tracheostomy, major surgery within 60 days (p
      < 0.001). Moreover, antimicrobial usage (more than 4 days) during preceding 60
      days, especially aminoglycoside, oxazolidinone, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone,
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and second- and fourth-generation cephalosporin
      were risk factors (p < 0.001). However, acquisition location of infection
      (hospital-acquired and community-onset) was not a risk factor (p > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The problem of ESBL production is no longer limited to hospital
      acquired infections. The presence of chronic illness, such as cerebrovascular
      disease, and recent antimicrobial use were independent risk factors for ESBL
      producing Enterobacteriaceae infection or colonization.

PMID- 26968487
TI  - The Role of Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Prostatectomy in Patients
      With Gleason 6 Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the benefit of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in
      patients with biopsy Gleason grade <= 6, cT <= 2b, and prostate-specific antigen
      (PSA) 10-20 ng/mL (main study cohort), as the indication for PLND during radical
      prostatectomy remains uncertain in patients with nonhigh-risk tumors. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The main study cohort included 1383 patients with low intermediate
      risk cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy with or without PLND between 1994
      and 2013. Positive lymph node (LN) rates were reported and compared to patients
      with higher (>=20 ng/mL; n = 314) and lower (<10 ng/mL; n = 6861) PSA.
      Oncological outcome was assessed by Cox regressions in patients with a minimum
      follow-up of 5years. RESULTS: In the main study cohort (PSA 10-20 ng/mL), PLND
      was performed in 867 (62.7%) patients with a median number of removed LNs of 11
      (interquartile range 16-6). Positive LNs were detected in 3.3% of these patients.
      Compared to the main study cohort, patients with preoperatively higher PSA >= 20
      ng/mL (or lower PSA < 10 ng/ml) underwent PLND in 83.8% (32.7%) of the cases,
      with 8.0% (1.8%) showing positive LNs. Median follow-up in the main study cohort
      was 84.5 months. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) occurred in 20.6% of these men. The
      5-year and 10-year BCR-free survival rates were 82.2% and 75.6% for those with
      PLND, and 83.4% and 75.8% for patients without PLND. PLND was not a significant
      factor influencing BCR-free, metastasis-free, or cancer-specific survival in the
      main study cohort. CONCLUSION: Positive LNs are rare in patients with Gleason
      grade <= 6, cT <= 2b, and PSA 10-20 ng/mL. Performing PLND had no statistical
      influence on oncologic outcome and therefore should be decided upon on an
      individual basis.

PMID- 26968488
TI  - Irreversible Renal Function Impairment Due to Silent Ureteral Stones.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if renal function loss and hydronephrosis due to a silent
      ureteral stone might be reversed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively
      selected patients with silent ureteral stones between January 2006 and January
      2014. A silent case was considered if there were no specific or subjective
      symptoms related to the ureteral stone. Patient, stone, and kidney
      characteristics were evaluated preoperatively, 3 and 12 months postoperatively.
      Renal function was accessed in the same intervals with serum creatinine (SCr),
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and (99m)Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid. Patients
      without complete pre- and postoperative evaluation were excluded. Primary end
      point was midterm progress of global and ipsilateral renal function. Secondary
      end points included the evaluation of renal and collecting system anatomy from
      diagnosis to 12 months after treatment. Analysis of variance with repeated
      measures and marginal homogeneity test were used to evaluate renal function and
      hydronephrosis progression. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients met our inclusion
      criteria. Mean preoperative SCr and GFR were 1.24 mg/dL and 72.5 mL/min,
      respectively. At initial scintigraphy, mean renal function was 33.4%. Laser
      ureterolithotripsy was performed in 84.6% of cases and all patients were rendered
      stone free. Two patients (8%) developed ureteral stenosis. There was no
      difference regarding SCr (P = .89), GFR (P = .48), and renal function at
      scintigraphy (P = .19) during follow-up. Hydronephrosis significantly improved
      from preoperatively to 3 months postoperatively (P < .0001), but not from 3 to 12
      months (P = .065). CONCLUSION: Patients with silent ureteral stones present with
      significant impairment of ipsilateral renal function and hydronephrosis at
      diagnosis. On midterm follow-up evaluation, renal function of the affected unit
      remains stable whereas hydronephrosis improves after treatment.

PMID- 26968490
TI  - Renal and Adrenal Minilaparoscopy: A Prospective Multicentric Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of contemporary minilaparoscopy (ML; 3 mm
      instruments and laparoscope) and to identify predictive factors for complications
      in a prospective multicenter series for renal and adrenal surgeries. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: From July 2013 to December 2014, 110 patients from 6 laparoscopic
      Spanish centers were enrolled. A common database was used and data were collected
      in a prospective manner. Standard approach was defined as 3 to 4 3-mm trocars
      with a 3-mm laparoscope and 3-mm instruments (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany).
      Descriptive variables were analyzed and statistical analysis was performed for
      predictive factors for complications. RESULTS: Patient mean age was 57.8 +/- 14.6
      years, with an average body mass index of 25.3 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2). Median American
      Society of Anesthesiologists score was II and 32% (n = 35) of the patients had a
      previous surgery. A total of 59 nephrectomies, 20 partial nephrectomies, 9
      nephroureterectomies, 13 pyeloplasties, 3 pyelolithotomies, and 6 adrenalectomies
      were performed. Overall operative time was 180 +/- 64 minutes. There were 12
      clampless partials and 8 with a mean warm ischemia time of 14 +/- 7 min. There
      were 5% of intraoperative and 8% of postoperative complications (Clavien II-IV).
      Mean hospital stay was 5 +/- 2.3 days, with optimal pain and cosmetic control.
      CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is one of the largest prospective series of ML
      for renal and adrenal surgeries. Despite a mean operative time possibly longer
      than in standard laparoscopy, clinical and safety outcomes are not compromised.
      Furthermore, ML results in excellent pain control and cosmetic outcomes.

PMID- 26968491
TI  - The Scientist as Illustrator.
AB  - Proficiency in art and illustration was once considered an essential skill for
      biologists, because text alone often could not suffice to describe observations
      of biological systems. With modern imaging technology, it is no longer necessary
      to illustrate what we can see by eye. However, in molecular and cellular biology,
      our understanding of biological processes is dependent on our ability to
      synthesize diverse data to generate a hypothesis. Creating visual models of these
      hypotheses is important for generating new ideas and for communicating to our
      peers and to the public. Here, I discuss the benefits of creating visual models
      in molecular and cellular biology and consider steps to enable researchers to
      become more effective visual communicators. 

PMID- 26968489
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Tranexamic Acid Infusion for Reducing Blood
      Transfusion During Open Radical Cystectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intraoperative tranexamic acid
      (TA), an antifibrinolytic, in reducing perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) for
      patients undergoing open radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We instituted a change in our institutional clinical practice
      starting in April 2013, whereby all patients undergoing open RC were administered
      intraoperative intravenous TA. Patients with a history of venous thromboembolism
      (VTE) or coronary stent insertion within the year prior to RC did not receive TA.
      Receipt of a PBT, defined as transfusion of red blood cells during RC or within
      the postoperative hospitalization, and VTE within 30 days of RC were recorded and
      compared with a matched cohort of patients treated with RC at our center prior to
      the initiation of TA utilization. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients received TA
      during open RC between April 2013 and July 2015. These patients were matched 1:2
      to historic controls. We found that TA infusion was associated with a
      significantly decreased rate of PBT, as 32 of 103 (31.1%) patients treated with
      TA received a PBT, versus 115 of 200 (57.7%) matched controls (P < .0001).
      Importantly, TA did not significantly increase the rate of perioperative VTE, as
      5 patients (4.9%) who received TA were diagnosed with a VTE within 30 days of RC,
      compared with 6 (3.0%) of the matched controls (P = .52). CONCLUSION: We noted
      that the use of intraoperative TA during open RC was associated with a
      significant reduction in PBT, and did not significantly increase perioperative
      VTE risk.

PMID- 26968492
TI  - What Can Vampires Teach Us about Immunology?
AB  - Speculative fiction examines the leading edge of science and can be used to
      introduce ideas into the classroom. For example, most students are already
      familiar with the fictional infectious diseases responsible for vampire and
      zombie outbreaks. The disease dynamics of these imaginary ailments follow the
      same rules we see for real diseases and can be used to remind students that they
      already understand the basic rules of disease ecology and immunology. By engaging
      writers of this sort of fiction in an effort to solve problems in immunology we
      may be able to perform a directed evolution experiment where we follow the
      evolution of plots rather than genetic traits. 

PMID- 26968493
TI  - The dual effect of ephaptic coupling on cardiac conduction with heterogeneous
      expression of connexin 43.
AB  - Decreased and heterogeneous expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) are common features
      in animal heart failure models. Ephpatic coupling, which relies on the presence
      of junctional cleft space between the ends of adjacent cells, has been suggested
      to play a more active role in mediating intercellular electrical communication
      when gap junctions are reduced. To better understand the interplay of Cx43
      expression and ephaptic coupling on cardiac conduction during heart failure, we
      performed numerical simulations on our model when Cx43 expression is reduced and
      heterogeneous. Under severely reduced Cx43 expression, we identified three new
      phenomena in the presence of ephaptic coupling: alternating conduction, in which
      ephaptic and gap junction-mediated mechanisms alternate; instability of planar
      fronts; and small amplitude action potential (SAP), which has a smaller potential
      amplitude than the normal action potential. In the presence of heterogeneous Cx43
      expression, ephaptic coupling can either prevent or promote conduction block (CB)
      depending on the Cx43 knockout (Cx43KO) content. When Cx43KO content is
      relatively high, ephaptic coupling reduces the probabilities of CB. However,
      ephaptic coupling promotes CB when Cx43KO and wild type cells are mixed in
      roughly equal proportion, which can be attributed to an increase in current-to
      load mismatch. 

PMID- 26968495
TI  - Success importance and urge magnitude as determinants of cardiovascular response
      to a behavioral restraint challenge.
AB  - Decades of research have investigated a conceptual analysis concerned with
      determinants and cardiovascular correlates of effort in people confronted with
      performance challenges, that is, opportunities to alter some course of events by
      acting. One suggestion is that effort and associated cardiovascular responses
      should be determined jointly by the difficulty of meeting a challenge and the
      importance of doing so. The present experiment tested this in a context involving
      behavioral restraint, that is, effortful resistance against a behavioral impulse
      or urge. Participants were presented a mildly evocative violent film clip
      (restraint difficulty low) or a strongly evocative violent film clip (restraint
      difficulty high) with instructions to refrain from showing any facial response.
      Success was made more or less important through coordinated manipulations of
      outcome expectancy, ego-involvement and social evaluation. As expected, SBP
      responses assessed during the work period were proportional to clip evocativeness
      - i.e., the difficulty of the restraint challenge - when importance was high, but
      low regardless of clip evocativeness when importance was low. Findings
      conceptually replicate previous cardiovascular results and support extension of
      the guiding analysis to the behavioral restraint realm.

PMID- 26968494
TI  - Immunity decreases, antioxidant system damages and tight junction changes in the
      intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during folic acid deficiency:
      Regulation of NF-kappaB, Nrf2 and MLCK mRNA levels.
AB  - This investigation used the same growth trial as the previous study, which showed
      that folic acid deficiency retarded growth in young grass carp (the percent
      weight gain of Groups 1-6 were 102.32 +/- 3.41%, 137.25 +/- 10.48%, 179.78 +/-
      3.95%, 164.33 +/- 3.21%, 143.35 +/- 8.12% and 115.28 +/- 2.66%) [1]. In the
      present study, we investigated the effects of dietary folic acid on the immune
      response, antioxidant status and tight junctions in the intestine of young grass
      carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 540 young grass carp were fed diets
      containing graded levels of folic acid at 0.10, 0.47, 1.03, 1.48, 1.88 and 3.12
      mg kg(-1) diet for 8 weeks. The results indicated that acid phosphatase and
      lysozyme activities, and the complement component 3 content in the proximal
      intestine (PI), mid intestine (MI) and distal intestine (DI) were decreased with
      folic acid deficiency (0.1 mg kg(-1)) (P < 0.05). Folic acid deficiency (0.1 mg
      kg(-1)) up-regulated interleukin 1beta, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor
      alpha, nuclear factor kappaB p65 (NF-kappaB p65), IkappaB kinase alpha (IKK
      alpha), IKK-beta and IKK-gamma gene expression, meanwhile down-regulated
      interleukin 10, transforming growth factor beta, IkappaB and target of rapamycin
      gene expression in the PI, MI and DI (P < 0.05). These data suggested that folic
      acid deficiency decreased fish intestinal innate immune function may be partly
      contributed to the regulation of NF-kappaB p65 pathway. Moreover, the activities
      and corresponding gene expression of glutathione content, Cu/Zn superoxide
      dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione s-transferases and
      glutathione reductase in fish intestine were depressed by deficient folic acid
      diet (0.1 mg kg(-1)) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, folic acid deficiency (0.1 mg kg(
      1)) down-regulated NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression, up-regulated
      Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1a (Keap1a) and Keap1b gene expression in fish
      intestine (P < 0.05). These data indicated that deficient folic acid diet damaged
      fish intestinal antioxidant capacity partly by regulating Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.
      Additionally, folic acid deficiency (0.1 mg kg(-1)) down-regulated claudin-b,
      claudin-c, claudin-3, occludin and zonula occludens 1 gene expression; whereas
      folic acid deficiency (0.1 mg kg(-1)) up-regulated claudin-12, claudin-15, myosin
      light chain kinase (MLCK) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)
      gene expression in the PI, MI and DI (P < 0.05), suggesting that folic acid
      deficiency may damage fish intestinal tight junctions associated with the
      mediation of MLCK and p38 MAPK gene expression. In conclusion, folic acid
      deficiency (0.1 mg kg(-1)) impaired fish intestinal immunity, antioxidant
      capacity and tight junctions. 

PMID- 26968496
TI  - The effect of auditory and visual training on the mismatch negativity in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an electrophysiological index of
      early auditory attention and has repeatedly been suggested to be associated with
      cognitive functioning. Despite the frequently reported finding of reduced MMN
      amplitude in schizophrenia, up to now, studies assessing the impact of perceptual
      discrimination training aiming to improve MMN measures in schizophrenia patients
      are scarce. METHOD: In the present study, the effect of auditory training (AUD,
      n=14) on the MMN was compared to that of visual-spatial training (VIS, n=14) and
      a treatment-as-usual (TAU, n=14) condition in schizophrenia patients. Training
      consisted of ten 50-min sessions over two weeks. Assessments took place before
      and after training and at a two-month follow-up. They comprised clinical measures
      and MMN recordings to frequency and duration deviant stimuli. RESULTS: There was
      a significant main effect for type of stimulus deviance with a more negative MMN
      to frequency than duration deviants. In contrast to our hypotheses, we did not
      find training specific effects on MMN amplitude or latency. CONCLUSION: The
      visual, as well as the auditory training program failed to result in treatment
      related MMN changes in schizophrenia patients when compared to treatment-as-usual
      as a control condition. In contrast to reports in healthy subjects, the induction
      of training related MMN changes in schizophrenia patients may constitute a
      specific challenge and require more extensive training protocols.

PMID- 26968497
TI  - Exposure to aflatoxin B1 in late gestation alters protein kinase C and apoptotic
      protein expression in murine placenta.
AB  - Mycotoxins are chemicals with diverse toxicities that are produced by fungi.
      Aflatoxin B1 is commonly found in plant food, and is generally regarded as one of
      the most toxic mycotoxins. In the present study, pregnant ICR mice were given
      p.o. daily doses of aflatoxin B1 at 0, 0.05, 0.5, 5mg/kg for 4days (from E13.5 to
      E16.5). Compared to the control group, time of delivery was shortened and low
      birth weight was induced in mice treated with 0.5 and 5mg aflatoxin B1/kg,
      respectively. Placental tissue isolated from pregnant mice at E17.5 showed that
      the mRNA expression of crh was increased in aflatoxin-treated groups. This
      upregulation might signify premature delivery. Further analysis indicated that
      Pkc proteins were activated and Bcl-2 was reduced in the placental tissue of the
      aflatoxin-treated groups. Reduction of the anti-apoptotic proteins, on the other
      hand, might affect the morphorgenesis and maintenance of the placenta.

PMID- 26968498
TI  - Comorbidity of personality disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
      in adults.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A high comorbidity has been observed among attention-deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and categorical personality disorders (PD). A study
      is conducted on the dimensional traits associated with ADHD and PD, in order to
      determine whether there are any differences. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study
      was conducted on 78 outpatients attending a Mental Health Clinic in Arganda
      (Madrid) from January 2013 to June 2015. ADHD diagnosis was evaluated with the
      CAARS, the CAADID, and the WURS scales, and the PD with the SCID-II-DSM-IV
      questionnaire. None of the patients were receiving any stimulant or atomoxetine
      before the study, and all patients signed the informed consent before the study.
      RESULTS: A high comorbidity was found with all PD clusters, especially with
      hyperactive and combined type ADHD. Depressive PD was associated with inattentive
      ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of using a questionnaire to evaluate PD, some
      differences can be observed between specific ADHD types and PD. More studies are
      needed to investigate dimensional personality traits in order to improve the
      diagnosis and therapeutics goals.

PMID- 26968499
TI  - Psychometric study of the Required Care Levels for People with Severe Mental
      Disorder Assessment Scale (ENAR-TMG).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: People with severe mental disorder have significant difficulties in
      everyday life that involve the need for continued support. These needs are not
      easily measurable with the currently available tools. Therefore, a
      multidimensional scale that assesses the different levels of need for care is
      proposed, including a study of its psychometric properties. METHOD: One-hundred
      and thirty-nine patients (58% men) with a severe mental disorder were assessed
      using the Required Care Levels for People with Severe Mental Disorder Assessment
      Scale (ENAR-TMG), the Camberwell Assessment of Need scale, and the Health of the
      Nation Outcome Scales. ENAR-TMG's psychometric features were examined by: a)
      evaluating 2 sources of validity evidence (evidence based on internal structure
      and evidence based on relations to other variables), and b) estimating the
      internal consistency, temporal stability, inter-rater reliability, and
      sensitivity to change of scores of the ENAR-TMG's subscales. RESULTS: Exploratory
      factor analyses revealed a one-factor structure for each of the theoretical
      dimensions of the scale, in which all but one showed a significant and positive
      correlation with the Camberwell Assessment of Need (range of r: 0.143-0.557) and
      Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (range of r: 0.241-0.474) scales. ENAR-TMG
      subscale scores showed acceptable internal consistency (range of ordinal alpha
      coefficients: 0.682-0.804), excellent test-retest (range of intraclass
      correlation coefficients: 0.889-0.999) and inter-rater reliabilities (range of
      intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.926-0.972), and satisfactory sensitivity
      to treatment-related changes (range of eta2: 0.003-0.103). CONCLUSIONS: The
      satisfactory psychometric behaviour of the ENAR-TMG makes the scale a promising
      tool to assess global functioning in people with a severe mental disorder.

PMID- 26968500
TI  - ASMBS position statement on alcohol use before and after bariatric surgery.

PMID- 26968502
TI  - Comment on: Rhabdomyolysis after bariatric surgery: a multicenter, prospective
      study on incidence, risk factors, and therapeutic strategy in a cohort from South
      Italy.

PMID- 26968501
TI  - Comparative physiogenomic analyses of weight loss in response to 2 modes of
      bariatric surgery: demonstration with candidate neuropsychiatric and
      cardiometabolic genes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical weight loss response is variable, with suboptimal outcomes
      in some patients. We hypothesized that genetic biomarkers may be related to
      weight change. METHODS: We tested 330 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in
      genes relevant to metabolic regulation in 161 patients whose decrease in body
      mass index (BMI), 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) or
      Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), was small (lowest quartile response) or large
      (highest quartile response). LAGB patients whose BMI decreased<=4.7 or>=10.2
      units comprised groups I (n = 43) and II (n = 40), respectively. RYGB patients
      whose BMI decreased<=13.6 or>=19.8 units comprised groups III (n = 39) and IV (n
      = 39), respectively. Within each surgery, SNPs with large differences in
      reference allele frequency (z score>2, corresponding to values displaced 2
      standard deviations [SD] from the mean for all SNPs) in low versus high
      quartiles, were identified. We compared reference allele frequencies, within
      surgical procedure, using the chi(2) test (using Bonferroni correction for
      multiple testing). RESULTS: The mean percent excess weight losses (+/-SD)
      corresponding to groups I, II, III, and IV were: 16 (+/-12), 64 (+/-30), 55 (+/
      16), and 75 (+/-17), respectively. SNPs with z score>2 were identified in genes
      involved in LAGB response, lipid metabolic regulation (APOE, rs439401; APOC4,
      rs2288911), neural processes (DRD3, rs167771; HTR3 B, rs3758987), and xeno- or
      endobiotic metabolism (CYP3 A4, rs12333983); and for RYGB response, in lipid
      transport (SCARB1, rs10846744), folate metabolism (MTHFR, rs2066470), regulation
      of glycolysis in immune cells (HIF1 A, rs1951795), vitamin K cycling (VKORC1,
      rs2359612), and xeno- or endobiotic metabolism (CYP3 A4, rs2242480). For LAGB
      response, APOE SNP frequencies were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: With
      further validation, information derived from patient DNA may be useful to predict
      surgical weight loss outcomes and guide selection of surgical approach.

PMID- 26968503
TI  - Effectiveness of intragastric balloon for obesity: A systematic review and meta
      analysis based on randomized control trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and many methods are
      currently used to reduce obesity. This systematic review shows the effectiveness
      of the intragastric balloon (IGB) method compared to the sham/diet (s/d) method.
      OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IGB method compared to the s/d
      method. SETTING: Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil,
      Public Hospital. METHODS: After searching MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs,
      Scopus, and CINAHL, only enrolled randomized control trials comparing IGB/diet
      with s/d were analyzed. For qualitative analysis, 12 studies were selected, and 9
      of these were acceptable for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The IGB/diet is more
      effective than s/d when comparing body mass index (BMI) loss with a mean
      difference of 1.1 kg/m(2) by the Student's t test and 1.41 kg/m(2) by the meta
      analysis, with significant differences in both. It is also more effective in
      weight loss (WL), with a mean difference of 2 kg by the Student's t test and 3.55
      kg by the meta-analysis. In the qualitative analysis of % excess WL (%EWL), the
      mean %EWL is 14.0% in favor of the IGB group compared to the s/d group by the
      Student's t test; however, no significant difference was found between these
      groups by quantitative analysis. CONCLUSION: Based on randomized control trial
      data alone, IGB>400 mL is more effective than sham/diet in achieving BMI loss,
      WL, and %EWL.

PMID- 26968505
TI  - Hypopharyngeal perforation with mediastinal dissection during orogastric tube
      placement: a rare complication of bariatric surgery.

PMID- 26968506
TI  - The association between serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and milk fatty acid profile
      with special emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid in postpartum Holstein cows.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ketogenesis is a secondary metabolic pathway to provide energy to
      dairy cows during early lactation; however when the production of ketone bodies
      (acetoacetate, acetone, beta- hydroxybutyrate) is above certain levels a
      subclinical disorder may appear. The aim of the present study was to investigate
      the association between serum concentrations of beta- hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and
      fatty acid (FA) profile of milk with emphasis in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
      in a population of early lactation Holstein cows. Fifty cows between parity 1 and
      5, ranging from 14 to 21 days in milk, were randomly selected from 3 farms of the
      central area of Chile for determination of serum BHBA concentrations, milk fat
      content, and milk FA profiles. RESULTS: Cows were divided in low (n = 26) and
      high (n = 24) BHBA groups considering the median value of the serum concentration
      of BHBA (0.7 mmol/L) (SEM = 0.094). Mean milk fat % was 3.45% and 3.60% for cows
      in the low and high BHBA groups, respectively (P = 0.15). Concentrations of
      several FA were significantly different between both groups. Specifically, mean
      CLA concentrations were 0.40% (4 +/- 0.03 g/kg) and 0.33% (3.3 +/- 0.03 g/kg) for
      the low and high BHBA groups, respectively (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is
      concluded that early postpartum cows with serum BHBA > 0.7 mmol/L tended to have
      higher milk fat % and had significantly lower concentrations of CLA than early
      postpartum cows with BHBA <= 0.7 mmol/L.

PMID- 26968507
TI  - A survey of the governance capacity of national public health associations to
      enhance population health.
AB  - BACKGROUND: National public health associations (PHAs) are key partners with
      governments and communities to improve, protect and promote the public's health.
      Governance and organizational capacity are among the key determinants of a PHA's
      effectiveness as an advocate for appropriate public health policies and practice.
      METHODS: During 2014, the World Federation of Public Health Associations (WFPHA)
      conducted an on-line survey of its 82 PHA members, to identify the state of
      organizational governance of national public health associations, as well as the
      factors that influence optimal organizational governance. The survey consisted of
      13 questions and focused on the main elements of organizational governance:
      cultivating accountability; engaging stakeholders; setting shared direction;
      stewarding resources; and, continuous governance enhancement. Four questions
      included a qualitative open-ended response for additional comments. The survey
      data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The qualitative data was analyzed using
      thematic content analysis RESULTS: Responses were received from 62 PHAs,
      constituting a 75.6 % response rate. The two most important factors that support
      governance effectiveness were a high degree of integrity and ethical behavior of
      the PHA's leaders (77 %) and the competence of people serving on the PHA's
      governing body (76 %). The lack of financial resources was considered as the most
      important factor that negatively affected organizational governance effectiveness
      (73 %). The lack of mentoring for future PHA leaders; ineffective or incompetent
      leadership; lack of understanding about good governance practices; and lack of
      accurate information for strategic planning were identified as factors
      influencing PHA governance effectiveness. Critical elements for PHA
      sustainability included diversity, gender-responsiveness and inclusive governance
      practices, and strategies to build the future generation of public health
      leaders. CONCLUSION: National PHA have a responsibility to put into place the
      practices and infrastructure that enhance organizational governance. This will
      enhance their ability to be effective advocates for policies and practices that
      enhance, protect and promote the public's health. The WFPHA has an important role
      to play in providing the technical assistance and financial resources to assist
      PHAs in attaining and sustaining a higher level of governance capacity.

PMID- 26968509
TI  - Thomas James Walker (1835-1916): Surgeon and general practitioner.
AB  - Thomas James Walker was a surgeon and general practitioner who worked in the city
      of Peterborough at a time when there were changes and innovations in the practice
      of medicine. After training in medicine and surgery at Edinburgh University, he
      qualified in London in 1857. He was a pioneer of laryngoscopy. He played an
      important role in introducing antiseptic surgery to the Peterborough Infirmary
      and was instrumental in the development of the operating theatre which opened in
      1894. He was a philanthropist and collector of Roman and Saxon artefacts. In
      1915, he was recognized as an outstanding member of the Peterborough community
      when he was offered the Freedom of the City.

PMID- 26968508
TI  - Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from non-tubercular
      mycobacteria by nested multiplex PCR targeting IS6110, MTP40 and 32kD alpha
      antigen encoding gene fragments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Control of the global burden of tuberculosis is obstructed due to
      lack of simple, rapid and cost effective diagnostic techniques that can be used
      in resource poor-settings. To facilitate the early diagnosis of TB directly from
      clinical specimens, we have standardized and validated the use of nested
      multiplex PCR, targeting gene fragments IS6110, MTP40 and 32kD alpha-antigen
      encoding genes specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tubercular
      mycobacteria (NTM), in comparison to smear microscopy, solid culture and single
      step multiplex PCR. The results were evaluated in comparison to a composite
      reference standard (CRS) comprising of microbiological results (smear and
      culture), clinical, radiological and cytopathological findings, clinical
      treatment and response to anti-tubercular therapy. METHODS: The nested multiplex
      PCR (nMPCR) assay was evaluated to test its utility in 600 (535 pulmonary and 65
      extra-pulmonary specimens) clinically suspected TB cases. All specimens were
      processed for smear, culture, single step multiplex PCR and nested multiplex PCR
      testing. RESULTS: Out of 535 screened pulmonary and 65 extra-pulmonary specimens,
      329 (61.5%) and 19 (29.2%) cases were culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Based
      on CRS, 450 patients had "clinical TB" (definitive-TB, probable-TB and possible
      TB). Remaining 150 were confirmed "non-TB" cases. For culture, the sensitivity
      was low, 79.3% for pulmonary and 54.3% for extra-pulmonary cases. The sensitivity
      and specificity results for nMPCR test were evaluated taken composite reference
      standard as a gold standard. The sensitivity of the nMPCR assay was 97.1% for
      pulmonary and 91.4% for extra-pulmonary TB cases with specificity of 100% and
      93.3% respectively. CONCLUSION: Nested multiplex PCR using three gene primers is
      a rapid, reliable and highly sensitive and specific diagnostic technique for the
      detection and differentiation of M. tuberculosis complex from NTM genome and will
      be useful in diagnosing paucibacillary samples. Nested multiplex PCR assay was
      found to be better than single step multiplex PCR for assessing the diagnosis of
      TB.

PMID- 26968510
TI  - Agostino Gemelli and the scientific study of courage in the First World War.
AB  - Agostino Gemelli (1878-1959) is known as the founder of the Catholic University
      in Italy. Franciscan monk and doctor he had a central role in promoting studies
      on human behavior, thanks to his solid scientific training as a student of
      Camillo Golgi at the University of Pavia. His research activities during the
      years of the First World War involved studying the motivation, courage and
      psychological adaptation of the soldiers, engaged in trench warfare, laying the
      foundations of modern studies of behavior and trauma.

PMID- 26968511
TI  - 'How well, not how much': The life and career of Maksymilian Rutkowski (1867
      1947).
AB  - Maksymilian Rutkowski (1867-1947) was a distinguished graduate of the
      Jagiellonian University and a pioneer in the early days of surgery in interwar
      Poland. He was a long-standing leader in both clinical and academic surgery. In
      addition, he played an important role in the founding of the School for Nurses
      and Healthcare Workers in Cracow supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Among
      his best known surgical techniques, one may list the novel procedure of bladder
      exstrophy, new techniques of gastroenterostomy and plastic restoration of the
      oesophagus. Although Rutkowski's reputation as a medical figure is well
      established within Polish medical history, his achievements are hardly recognized
      by international scholars. Thus, in the absence of adequate historical
      information on this eminent surgeon, we have researched the main facts about his
      life and seminal contribution to Polish and international surgery.

PMID- 26968512
TI  - Doreen Norton OBE, MSc, SRN, FRCN (1922-2007): Pioneer who revolutionised
      pressure sore management and geriatric nursing to international acclaim.
AB  - Doreen Norton was a delightful, widely respected nurse who devoted her life to
      improving the care of elderly people. She researched the neglected problem of
      pressure sores, revolutionised their nursing care, and thus achieved
      international fame. Her Pressure Sore Scale was established as a management tool
      and is still used today. She was a key member of the design team that produced
      the 'King's Fund Bed', researched equipment required on geriatric wards, assessed
      all geriatric long stay units in Scotland and established research as a valuable
      nursing tool within her profession and health authorities. She lectured
      extensively and her publications attracted worldwide acclamation. After her
      retirement, she was subsequently appointed to the world's first Chair of
      Gerontological Nursing in Cleveland, Ohio. 

PMID- 26968514
TI  - Bilateral sequential peripheral vestibulopathy.

PMID- 26968513
TI  - Systemic right-to-left shunts, ischemic brain lesions, and persistent migraine
      activity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess whether migraine in the general population is associated
      with increased risk of systemic right-to-left shunts (RLS) and whether RLS are
      associated with increased prevalence of brain infarcts and persistent recurrence
      of migraine attacks at older age. METHODS: Brain MRI and transcranial Doppler
      with air contrast in 166 unselected migraineurs (mean age +/- SD 56 +/- 7.7
      years; 70% women; n = 96 migraine with aura) and 69 controls (mean age +/- SD 55
      +/- 7.6 years; 65% women) from the general population. RESULTS: Participants with
      migraine with aura more frequently had Valsalva-induced RLS (60%), in particular
      large-sized, compared to controls (42%; odds ratio [OR] 2.1; 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 1.1-3.9; p = 0.02) and participants with migraine without aura
      (40%; OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.2-4.3; p = 0.01). They also more frequently had
      spontaneous RLS (35%) than participants with migraine without aura (17%; OR 2.6;
      95% CI 1.3-5.6; p = 0.01) but not compared to controls (26%; OR 1.6; 95% CI 0.8
      3.1; p = 0.2). Participants with migraine with aura and spontaneous RLS more
      frequently had persistent migraine activity (85%) than participants with migraine
      without spontaneous RLS (63%; OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2-10.1; p = 0.03). Nine percent of
      participants with RLS had silent posterior circulation infarcts compared to 3% of
      participants without RLS (OR 2.8; 95% CI 0.9-9.3; p = 0.08), independent of
      migraine status. RLS were not associated with white matter lesions. CONCLUSIONS:
      RLS are more prevalent in migraineurs with aura but do not explain the increased
      prevalence of silent posterior circulation infarcts or white matter lesions in
      migraineurs. Spontaneous RLS are associated with persistent migraine.

PMID- 26968516
TI  - Supernumerary phantom limbs in ICU patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating
      polyneuropathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the previously undescribed phenomenon of phantom limb
      generation in patients with severe acute inflammatory demyelinating
      polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP). METHODS: Between April 2011 and January 2014, we
      encountered 3 patients with AIDP in our intensive care unit who experienced
      features of self-limited supernumerary phantom limbs (SPLs) during their course.
      RESULTS: The following case series describes the phenomenon of SPLs in AIDP.
      CONCLUSIONS: This report aims to raise awareness of the possibility of SPLs in
      the course of AIDP. The pathophysiology and management strategies for this
      clinical phenomenon are unknown.

PMID- 26968517
TI  - Spatio-temporal genetic variation of the biting midge vector species Culicoides
      imicola (Ceratopogonidae) Kieffer in France.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Introduction of vector species into new areas represents a main
      driver for the emergence and worldwide spread of vector-borne diseases. This
      poses a substantial threat to livestock economies and public health. Culicoides
      imicola Kieffer, a major vector species of economically important animal viruses,
      is described with an apparent range expansion in Europe where it has been
      recorded in south-eastern continental France, its known northern distribution
      edge. This questioned on further C. imicola population extension and
      establishment into new territories. Studying the spatio-temporal genetic
      variation of expanding populations can provide valuable information for the
      design of reliable models of future spread. METHODS: Entomological surveys and
      population genetic approaches were used to assess the spatio-temporal population
      dynamics of C. imicola in France. Entomological surveys (2-3 consecutive years)
      were used to evaluate population abundances and local spread in continental
      France (28 sites in the Var department) and in Corsica (4 sites). We also
      genotyped at nine microsatellite loci insects from 3 locations in the Var
      department over 3 years (2008, 2010 and 2012) and from 6 locations in Corsica
      over 4 years (2002, 2008, 2010 and 2012). RESULTS: Entomological surveys
      confirmed the establishment of C. imicola populations in Var department, but
      indicated low abundances and no apparent expansion there within the studied
      period. Higher population abundances were recorded in Corsica. Our genetic data
      suggested the absence of spatio-temporal genetic changes within each region but a
      significant increase of the genetic differentiation between Corsican and Var
      populations through time. The lack of intra-region population structure may
      result from strong gene flow among populations. We discussed the observed
      temporal variation between Corsica and Var as being the result of genetic drift
      following introduction, and/or the genetic characteristics of populations at
      their range edge. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that local range expansion of
      C. imicola in continental France may be slowed by the low population abundances
      and unsuitable climatic and environmental conditions.

PMID- 26968519
TI  - A mixed methods approach to developing and evaluating oncology trainee education
      around minimization of adverse events and improved patient quality and safety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adverse events are a significant quality and safety issue in the
      hospital setting due to their direct impact on patients. Additionally, such
      events are often handled by junior doctors due to their direct involvement with
      patients. As such, it is important for health care organizations to prioritize
      education and training for junior doctors on identifying adverse events and
      handling them when they occur. The Cancer Cup Challenge is an educational program
      focuses on quality improvement and adverse event awareness targeting for junior
      oncology doctors across three international sites. METHODS: A mixed methodology
      was used to develop and evaluate the program. The Qstream spaced learning
      platform was used to disseminate information to participants, as it has been
      demonstrated to impact on both knowledge and behavior. Eight short case based
      scenarios with expert feedback were developed by a multidisciplinary advisory
      committee containing representatives from the international sites. At the
      conclusion of the course impact on participant knowledge was evaluated using
      analysis of the metrics collected by the Qstream platform. Additionally, an
      online survey and semi-structured interviews were used to evaluate engagement and
      perceived value by participants. RESULTS: A total of 35 junior doctors registered
      to undertake the Qstream program, with 31 (88.57 %) successfully completing it.
      Analysis of the Qstream metrics revealed 76.57 % of cases were answered correctly
      on first attempt. The post-program survey received 17 responses, with 76.47 %
      indicating cases for the course were interesting and 82.35 % feeling cases were
      relevant. Finally, 14 participants consented to participate in semi-structured
      interviews about the program, with feedback towards the course being generally
      very positive. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that an online game is well
      accepted by junior doctors as a method to increase their quality improvement
      awareness. Developing effective and sustainable training for doctors is important
      to ensure positive patient outcomes are maintained in the hospital setting. This
      is particularly important for junior doctors as they are working closely with
      patients and learning skills and behaviors, which will influence their practice
      throughout their careers.

PMID- 26968518
TI  - Genome-wide analysis of MATE transporters and expression patterns of a subgroup
      of MATE genes in response to aluminum toxicity in soybean.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family is an important
      group of the multidrug efflux transporters that extrude organic compounds,
      transporting a broad range of substrates such as organic acids, plant hormones
      and secondary metabolites. However, genome-wide analysis of MATE family in plant
      species is limited and no such studies have been reported in soybean. RESULTS: A
      total of 117 genes encoding MATE transporters were identified from the whole
      genome sequence of soybean (Glycine max), which were denominated as GmMATE1 -
      GmMATE117. These 117 GmMATE genes were unevenly localized on soybean chromosomes
      1 to 20, with both tandem and segmental duplication events detected, and most
      genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns. Soybean MATE family could be
      classified into four subfamilies comprising ten smaller subgroups, with diverse
      potential functions such as transport and accumulation of flavonoids or
      alkaloids, extrusion of plant-derived or xenobiotic compounds, regulation of
      disease resistance, and response to abiotic stresses. Eight soybean MATE
      transporters clustered together with the previously reported MATE proteins
      related to aluminum (Al) detoxification and iron translocation were further
      analyzed. Seven stress-responsive cis-elements such as ABRE, ARE, HSE, LTR, MBS,
      as well as a cis-element of ART1 (Al resistance transcription factor 1), GGNVS,
      were identified in the upstream region of these eight GmMATE genes. Differential
      gene expression analysis of these eight GmMATE genes in response to Al stress
      helps us identify GmMATE75 as the candidate gene for Al tolerance in soybean,
      whose relative transcript abundance increased at 6, 12 and 24 h after Al
      treatment, with more fold changes in Al-tolerant than Al-sensitive cultivar,
      which is consistent with previously reported Al-tolerance related MATE genes.
      CONCLUSIONS: A total of 117 MATE transporters were identified in soybean and
      their potential functions were proposed by phylogenetic analysis with known plant
      MATE transporters. The cis-elements and expression patterns of eight soybean MATE
      genes related to Al detoxification/iron translocation were analyzed, and GmMATE75
      was identified as a candidate gene for Al tolerance in soybean. This study
      provides a first insight on soybean MATE family and their potential roles in
      soybean response to abiotic stresses especially Al toxicity.

PMID- 26968520
TI  - Collaborative approach to Optimise MEdication use for Older people in Nursing
      homes (COME-ON): study protocol of a cluster controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ageing has become a worldwide reality and presents new challenges for
      the health-care system. Research has shown that potentially inappropriate
      prescribing, both potentially inappropriate medications and potentially
      prescribing omissions, is highly prevalent in older people, especially in the
      nursing home setting. The presence of potentially inappropriate
      medications/potentially prescribing omissions is associated with adverse drug
      events, hospitalisations, mortality and health-care costs. The Collaborative
      approach to Optimise MEdication use for Older people in Nursing homes (COME-ON)
      study aims to evaluate the effect of a complex, multifaceted intervention,
      including interdisciplinary case conferences, on the appropriateness of
      prescribing of medicines for older people in Belgian nursing homes.
      METHODS/DESIGN: A multicentre cluster-controlled trial is set up in 63 Belgian
      nursing homes (30 intervention; 33 control). In each of these nursing homes, 35
      residents (>=65 years) are selected for participation. The complex, multifaceted
      intervention comprises (i) health-care professional education and training, (ii)
      local concertation (discussion on the appropriate use of at least one medication
      class at the level of the nursing home) and (iii) repeated interdisciplinary case
      conferences between general practitioner, nurse and pharmacist to perform
      medication review for each included nursing home resident. The control group
      works as usual. The study period lasts 15 months. The primary outcome measures
      relate to the appropriateness of prescribing and are defined as (1) among
      residents who had at least one potentially inappropriate medication/potentially
      prescribing omission at baseline, the proportion of them for whom there is a
      decrease of at least one of these potentially inappropriate
      medications/potentially prescribing omissions at the end of study, and (2) among
      all residents, the proportion of them for whom at least one new potentially
      inappropriate medication/potentially prescribing omission is present at the end
      of the study, compared to baseline. The secondary outcome measures include
      individual components of appropriateness of prescribing, medication use, outcomes
      of the case conferences, clinical outcomes and costs. A process evaluation
      (focusing on implementation, causal mechanisms and contextual factors) will be
      conducted alongside the study. DISCUSSION: The COME-ON study will contribute to a
      growing body of knowledge concerning the effect of complex interventions on the
      use of medicines in the nursing home setting, and on factors influencing their
      effect. The results will inform policymakers on strategies to implement in the
      near future. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN66138978.

PMID- 26968515
TI  - Amyloid negativity in patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer disease and
      MCI.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical and biomarker characteristics of patients with
      amyloid-negative Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from
      the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a prospective cohort
      study. METHODS: We first investigated the reliability of florbetapir- PET in
      patients with AD and patients with MCI using CSF-Abeta1-42 as a comparison
      amyloid measurement. We then compared florbetapir- vs florbetapir+ patients with
      respect to several AD-specific biomarkers, baseline and longitudinal cognitive
      measurements, and demographic and clinician report data. RESULTS: Florbetapir and
      CSF-Abeta1-42 +/- status agreed for 98% of ADs (89% of MCIs), indicating that
      most florbetapir- scans were a reliable representation of amyloid status.
      Florbetapir- AD (n = 27/177; 15%) and MCI (n = 74/217, 34%) were more likely to
      be APOE4-negative (MCI 83%, AD 96%) than their florbetapir+ counterparts (MCI
      30%, AD 24%). Florbetapir- patients also had less AD-specific hypometabolism,
      lower CSF p-tau and t-tau, and better longitudinal cognitive performance, and
      were more likely to be taking medication for depression. In MCI only, florbetapir
      participants had less hippocampal atrophy and hypometabolism and lower
      functional activity questionnaire scores compared to florbetapir+ participants.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overall, image analysis problems do not appear to be a primary
      explanation of amyloid negativity. Florbetapir- ADNI patients have a variety of
      clinical and biomarker features that differ from their florbetapir+ counterparts,
      suggesting that one or more non-AD etiologies (which may include vascular disease
      and depression) account for their AD-like phenotype.

PMID- 26968521
TI  - Liver function predicts survival in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation following cardiovascular surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) represents a valuable and
      rapidly evolving therapeutic option in patients with severe heart or lung failure
      following cardiovascular surgery. However, despite significant advances in ECMO
      techniques and management, prognosis remains poor and accurate risk
      stratification challenging. We therefore evaluated the predictive value of liver
      function variables on all-cause mortality in patients undergoing venoarterial
      ECMO support after cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: We included into our single
      center registry a total of 240 patients undergoing venoarterial ECMO therapy
      following cardiovascular surgery at a university-affiliated tertiary care center.
      RESULTS: The median follow-up was 37 months (interquartile range 19-67 months),
      and a total of 156 patients (65%) died. Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin
      were the strongest predictors for 30-day mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios
      (HRs) per 1-standard deviation increase of 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI]
      1.10-1.68; P = 0.004) and 1.22 (95% CI 1.07-1.40; P = 0.004), respectively. The
      observed associations persisted for long-term mortality, with adjusted HRs of
      1.27 (95% CI 1.03-1.56; P = 0.023) for alkaline phosphatase and 1.22 (95% CI 1.07
      1.39; P = 0.003) for total bilirubin. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates
      that elevated values of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin are sensitive
      parameters for predicting the short-term and long-term outcomes of ECMO patients.

PMID- 26968523
TI  - Functional morphology of gill ventilation of the goosefish, Lophius americanus
      (Lophiiformes: Lophiidae).
AB  - The goosefish, Lophius americanus, is a dorso-ventrally compressed marine fish
      that spends most of its life sitting on the substrate waiting to ambush prey.
      Species in the genus Lophius have some of the slowest ventilatory cycles recorded
      in fishes, with a typical cycle lasting more than 90s. They have a large gill
      chamber, supported by long branchiostegal rays and ending in a siphon-like gill
      opening positioned underneath and behind the base of the pectoral fin. Our goals
      were to characterize the kinematics of gill ventilation in L. americanus relative
      to those of more typical ray-finned fishes, address previous assertions about
      ventilation in this genus, and describe the anatomy of the gill opening. We found
      that phase 1 of ventilation (during which both the buccal and gill chamber are
      expanding) is greatly increased in duration relative to that of typical ray
      finned fishes (ranging from 62 to 127s), and during this phase, the
      branchiostegal rays are slowly expanding. This slow expansion is almost visually
      imperceptible, especially from a dorsal view. Despite this unusually long phase
      1, the pattern of skeletal movements follows that of a typical actinopterygian,
      refuting previous assertions that Lophius does not use its jaws, suspensorium,
      and operculum during ventilation. When individuals were disturbed from the
      sediment, they tended to breathe more rapidly by decreasing the duration of phase
      1 (to 18-30s). Dissections of the gill opening revealed a previously undocumented
      dorsal extension of the adductor hyohyoideus muscle, which passes from between
      the branchiostegal rays, through the ventro-medial wall of the gill opening, and
      to the dorsal midline of the body. This morphology of the adductor hyohyoideus
      shares similarities with that of many Tetraodontiformes, and we suggest that it
      may be a synapomorphy for Lophiiformes+Tetraodontiformes. The specialized anatomy
      and function of the gill chamber of Lophius represents extreme modifications that
      provide insight into the potential limits of the actinopterygian gill ventilatory
      system.

PMID- 26968522
TI  - Biologic agents in juvenile spondyloarthropathies.
AB  - The juvenile spondyloarthropathies (JSpA) are a group of related rheumatic
      diseases characterized by involvement of peripheral large joints, axial joints,
      and entheses (enthesitis) that begin in the early years of life (prior to 16(th)
      birthday).The nomenclature and concept of spondyloarthropathies has changed
      during the last few decades. Although there is not any specific classification of
      JSpA, diseases under the spondyloarthropathy nomenclature umbrella in the younger
      patients include: the seronegative enthesitis and arthropathy (SEA) syndrome,
      juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, and inflammatory bowel
      disease-associated arthritis. Moreover, the ILAR criteria for Juvenile Idiopathic
      Arthritis includes two categories closely related to spondyloarthritis:
      Enthesitis-related arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.We review the
      pathophysiology and the use of biological agents in JSpA. JSpA are idiopathic
      inflammatory diseases driven by an altered balance in the proinflammatory
      cytokines. There is ample evidence on the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and
      interleukin-17 in the physiopathology of these entities. Several non-biologic and
      biologic agents have been used with conflicting results in the treatment of these
      complex diseases. The efficacy and safety of anti-TNF agents, such as etanercept,
      infliximab and adalimumab, have been analysed in controlled and uncontrolled
      trials, usually showing satisfactory outcomes. Other biologic agents, such as
      abatacept, tocilizumab and rituximab, have been insufficiently studied and their
      role in the therapy of SpA is uncertain. Interleukin-17-blocking agents are
      promising alternatives for the treatment of JSpA patients in the near future.
      Recommendations for the treatment of patients with JSpA have recently been
      proposed and are discussed in the present review. 

PMID- 26968524
TI  - Surgical treatment of renal-cell carcinoma in elderly people.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the oncological characteristics and evolution of patients
      65 years or older who underwent surgery for renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS:
      We reviewed our prospectively maintained database of patients with RCC treated
      surgically. Those >= 65 years old were selected. We analyzed clinical and
      pathological characteristics as well as oncological and functional outcomes.
      Overall survival (OS) was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate
      Cox-proportional hazards model was used to determine predictors of OS. RESULTS: A
      total of 156 elderly patients with mean age 72.0+/-5.5 years (range 65-92) and
      median follow-up of 33 months were included. Surgical approach was open radical
      nephrectomy in 114 (73.5%), laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 13 (8.4%), open
      partial nephrectomy in 23 (14.2%) and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in 6
      (3.9%). Pathological stage was: Stage I, 71 (45.5%); Stage II, 27 (17.3%); Stage
      III, 48 (30.8%); and Stage IV, 10 (6.4%). Lastly, 51 (32.6%) patients died, 22
      (43.1%) from cancer. The 5-year OS according to pathological stage was 77.6%,
      71.9%, 45.1% and 11.7% for stage I, II, III and IV, respectively (P<.001). On
      multivariate analysis, pathological stage independently predicted OS (HR 1.96,
      95% CI [1.36-2.84], P=.0003). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical management of RCC appears
      to be safe in properly selected patients 65 years or older. Pathological stage
      predicts survival in this population.

PMID- 26968526
TI  - Urgent surgery after emergency presentation for colorectal cancer has no impact
      on overall and disease-free survival: a propensity score analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It remains a matter of debate whether colorectal cancer resection in
      an emergency setting negatively impacts on survival. Our objective was therefore
      to assess the impact of urgent versus elective operation on overall and disease
      free survival in patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancer by using
      propensity score adjusted analysis. METHODS: In a single-center study patients
      operated for colorectal cancer between 1989 and 2013 were identified from a
      prospectively maintained database. Median follow-up was 44 months. Patients with
      neoadjuvant treatment were excluded. The impact of urgent operation on overall
      and disease-free survival was assessed using both Cox regression and propensity
      score analyses. RESULTS: Of 747 patients with colorectal cancer, 84 (11%) had
      urgent and 663 elective cancer resection. The propensity score revealed strongly
      biased patient characteristics (0.22 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.10 +/- 0.09; P < 0.001). In
      unadjusted analysis urgent operation was associated with a 35% increased risk of
      overall mortality (hazard ratio(HR) of death = 1.35, 95% confidence
      interval(CI):1.02-1.78, P = 0.045). In risk-adjusted Cox regression analysis
      urgent operation was not associated with poor overall (HR = 1.08, 95%CI:0.79
      1.48; P = 0.629) or disease-free survival (HR = 1.02, 95%CI:0.76-1.38; P =
      0.877). Similarly in propensity score analysis urgent operation did not influence
      overall (HR = 0.98, 95% CI:0.74-1.29), P = 0.872) and disease-free survival (HR =
      0.89, 95%CI:0.68 to 1.16, P = 0.387). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence
      that worse oncologic outcomes after urgent operation for colorectal cancer are
      caused by clinical circumstances and not due to the urgent operation itself.
      Urgent operation is not a risk factor for colorectal cancer resection.

PMID- 26968525
TI  - Can one size fit all? Approach to bacterial vaginosis in sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal disorder affecting women of
      reproductive age and is associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted
      infections such as human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-1). Sub-Saharan Africa
      has the highest BV and HIV-1 burden and yet very few studies have focused on
      understanding the aetiology of BV and its association with HIV in this region. It
      has been suggested that we need to accurately diagnose and treat BV to lower the
      risk of HIV infection globally. However, effective diagnosis requires knowledge
      of what constitutes a "healthy" cervicovaginal microbiome and current studies
      indicate that Lactobacillus crispatus might not be the only commensal protective
      against BV: healthy women from different countries and ethnicities harbour
      alternative commensals. Microbiotas associated with BV have also shown global
      variation, further complicating effective diagnosis via culture-based assays as
      some species are difficult to grow. Antibiotics and probiotics have been
      suggested to be key in controlling BV infection, but the efficacy of this
      treatment might rely on reconstituting endogenous commensals while targeting a
      specific species of BV-associated bacteria (BVAB). Alternatively, therapy could
      inhibit essential BV bacterial growth factors e.g. sialidases or provide anti
      microbial compounds e.g. lactic acid associated with a healthy cervicovaginal
      microbiome. But without global investigation into the mechanism of BV
      pathogenesis and its association with HIV, selection of such compounds could be
      limited to Caucasian women from certain regions. To confirm this suggestion and
      guide future therapy we require standardised diagnostic assays and research
      methodologies. This review will focus on research papers that describe the global
      variation of BV aetiology and how this influences the identification of
      determinants of BV pathogenesis and potential probiotic and antimicrobial
      therapy. 

PMID- 26968527
TI  - Identification of risk factors influencing Clostridium difficile prevalence in
      middle-size dairy farms.
AB  - Farm animals have been suggested to play an important role in the epidemiology of
      Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the community. The purpose of this study
      was to evaluate risk factors associated with C. difficile dissemination in family
      dairy farms, which are the most common farming model in the European Union.
      Environmental samples and fecal samples from cows and calves were collected
      repeatedly over a 1 year period on 20 mid-size family dairy farms. Clostridium
      difficile was detected in cattle feces on all farms using qPCR. The average
      prevalence between farms was 10% (0-44.4%) and 35.7% (3.7-66.7%) in cows and
      calves, respectively. Bacterial culture yielded 103 C. difficile isolates from
      cattle and 61 from the environment. Most C. difficile isolates were PCR-ribotype
      033. A univariate mixed effect model analysis of risk factors associated dietary
      changes with increasing C. difficile prevalence in cows (P = 0.0004); and dietary
      changes (P = 0.004), breeding Simmental cattle (P = 0.001), mastitis (P = 0.003)
      and antibiotic treatment (P = 0.003) in calves. Multivariate analysis of risk
      factors found that dietary changes in cows (P = 0.0001) and calves (P = 0.002)
      increase C. difficile prevalence; mastitis was identified as a risk factor in
      calves (P = 0.001). This study shows that C. difficile is common on dairy farms
      and that shedding is more influenced by farm management than environmental
      factors. Based on molecular typing of C. difficile isolates, it could also be
      concluded that family dairy farms are currently not contributing to increased CDI
      incidence.

PMID- 26968528
TI  - Mental health among younger and older caregivers of dementia patients.
AB  - AIM: Caregiver burden in dementia is an important issue, but few studies have
      examined the mental health of younger and older family caregivers by comparing
      them with age- and gender-matched community residents. We aimed to compare the
      mental health of dementia caregivers with that of community residents and to
      clarify factors related to mental health problems in younger and older
      caregivers. METHODS: We studied 104 dementia caregivers; 46 were younger (<65
      years) and 58 were older (>=65 years). A total of 104 community residents who
      were matched for age and gender were selected. We compared depression (Center for
      Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for younger participants; Geriatric
      Depression Scale for older participants), health-related quality of life (QOL)
      short-form health survey (SF-8), sleep problems, and suicidal ideation between
      the caregivers and community residents by age. Behavioural and psychological
      symptoms of dementia, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental ADL were
      assessed among patients with dementia using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory,
      Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, and Lawton Instrumental ADL Scale, respectively.
      RESULTS: According to SF-8 results, both younger and older caregivers had
      significantly worse mental QOL than community residents (younger caregivers: 46.3
      vs community residents: 49.7, P = 0.017; older caregivers: 48.2 vs community
      residents: 51.1, P = 0.024) but were not more depressive. Sleep problems were
      significantly more frequent in younger caregivers (39.1%) than in community
      residents (17.0%) (P = 0.017). Multiple regression analysis revealed that
      caregivers' deteriorated mental QOL was associated with patients' behavioural and
      psychological symptoms of dementia in younger caregivers and with dementia
      patients' instrumental ADL and female gender in older caregivers. CONCLUSIONS:
      Dementia caregivers had a lower mental QOL than community residents. To maintain
      caregivers' mental QOL, it is necessary to provide younger caregivers with skills
      or professional interventions for dealing with behavioural and psychological
      symptoms of dementia, and older caregivers must be offered adequate care support.

PMID- 26968529
TI  - Low-Income Children, Adolescents, and Caregivers Facing Respiratory Problems:
      Support Needs and Preferences.
AB  - Burdens of poverty are often compounded by respiratory problems. This study aimed
      to identify the support needs and intervention preferences for low-income
      families facing this challenge. DESIGN AND METHODS: Interviews were conducted in
      two Canadian provinces with low-income children/adolescents (n=32) diagnosed with
      respiratory health problems and their parents or family caregiver (n=37).
      RESULTS: These vulnerable children and parents described non-supportive
      interactions with some health service providers and inadequate information. They
      reported isolation and support deficits, exacerbated by limited resources and
      health restrictions. Children/adolescents felt isolated and excluded and wanted
      to connect with peers. Group or dyadic level support, delivered by peers and
      health professionals, was desired. The importance of logistics to enhance
      accessibility and appeal of group or dyadic support interventions was clearly
      identified. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study reveal that low-income
      children and their families encounter challenges to accessing support and to
      utilizing support resources. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Partnerships with low-income
      children/adolescents and family caregivers in provision of education and social
      support can combat isolation and ignorance. Reducing inequities for this high
      risk population could be achieved by providing support from experienced peers, in
      combination with health professional guidance, and knowledge about pulmonary
      health.

PMID- 26968530
TI  - Bartonella henselae transmission by blood transfusion in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bartonella spp. are neglected fastidious Gram-negative bacilli. We
      isolated Bartonella henselae from 1.2% of 500 studied blood donors and
      demonstrated that the bacteria remain viable in red blood cell units after 35
      days of experimental infection. Now, we aim to evaluate the possibility of B.
      henselae transmission by blood transfusion in a mouse model. STUDY DESIGN AND
      METHODS: Eight BALB/c mice were intraperitoneal inoculated with a 30 uL of
      suspension with 10(4) CFU/mL of B. henselae and a second group of eight mice were
      inoculated with saline solution and used as control. After 96 hours of
      inoculation, the animals were euthanized. We collected blood and tissue samples
      from skin, liver, and spleen. Thirty microliters of blood from four Bartonella
      inoculated animals were transfused into a new group (n = 4). Another group
      received blood from the control animals. B. henselae infection was investigated
      by conventional and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Blood
      samples from all 24 mice were negative by molecular tests though half of the
      tissue samples were positive by nested PCR in the intraperitoneal Bartonella
      investigated animals. Tissues from two of the four mice that received blood
      transfusions from Bartonella-inoculated animals were also nested PCR positives.
      CONCLUSIONS: Transmission of B. henselae by transfusion is possible in mice even
      when donor animals have undetectable bloodstream infection. The impact of human
      Bartonella sp. transmission through blood transfusion recipients must be
      evaluated.

PMID- 26968532
TI  - RNA-sequencing analysis of core binding factor AML identifies recurrent ZBTB7A
      mutations and defines RUNX1-CBFA2T3 fusion signature.

PMID- 26968531
TI  - Bioenergetics and redox adaptations of astrocytes to neuronal activity.
AB  - Neuronal activity is a high-energy demanding process recruiting all neural cells
      that adapt their metabolism to sustain the energy and redox balance of neurons.
      During neurotransmission, synaptic cleft glutamate activates its receptors in
      neurons and in astrocytes, before being taken up by astrocytes through energy
      costly transporters. In astrocytes, the energy requirement for glutamate influx
      is likely to be met by glycolysis. To enable this, astrocytes are constitutively
      glycolytic, robustly expressing 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6
      bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is negligibly present in neurons by
      continuous degradation because of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway via anaphase
      promoting complex/cyclosome (APC)-Cdh1. Additional factors contributing to the
      glycolytic frame of astrocytes may include 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), pyruvate kinase muscle isoform-2
      (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4), lactate dehydrogenase-B, or
      monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4). Neurotransmission-associated messengers,
      such as nitric oxide or ammonium, stimulate lactate release from astrocytes.
      Astrocyte-derived glycolytic lactate thus sustains the energy needs of neurons,
      which in contrast to astrocytes mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation.
      Neuronal activity unavoidably triggers reactive oxygen species, but the
      antioxidant defense of neurons is weak; hence, they use glucose for oxidation
      through the pentose-phosphate pathway to preserve the redox status. Furthermore,
      neural activity is coupled with erythroid-derived erythroid-derived 2-like 2
      (Nrf2) mediated transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes in astrocytes,
      which boost the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in neighbor neurons. Thus, the
      bioenergetics and redox programs of astrocytes are adapted to sustain neuronal
      activity and survival. Developing therapeutic strategies to interfere with these
      pathways may be useful to combat neurological diseases. Our current knowledge on
      brain's management of bioenergetics and redox requirements associated with neural
      activity is herein revisited. The astrocyte-neuronal lactate shuttle (ANLS)
      explains the energy needs of neurotransmission. Furthermore, neurotransmission
      unavoidably triggers increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in neurons.
      By coupling glutamatergic activity with transcriptional activation of antioxidant
      genes, astrocytes provide neurons with neuroprotective glutathione through an
      astrocyte-neuronal glutathione shuttle (ANGS). This article is part of the 60th
      Anniversary special issue.

PMID- 26968534
TI  - Phase 2 study of idelalisib and entospletinib: pneumonitis limits combination
      therapy in relapsed refractory CLL and NHL.
AB  - Although agents targeting B-cell receptor signaling have provided practice
      changing results in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma (NHL), they require prolonged administration and provide incomplete
      responses. Given synergistic preclinical activity with phosphatidylinositol 3
      kinase delta and spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition, this phase 2 study evaluated
      the safety and efficacy of the combination of idelalisib and entospletinib.
      Eligible patients with relapsed or refractory CLL or NHL underwent intrapatient
      dose escalation with each agent. With a median treatment exposure of 10 weeks,
      60% and 36% of patients with CLL or follicular lymphoma, respectively, achieved
      objective responses. However, the study was terminated early because of treatment
      emergent pneumonitis in 18% of patients (severe in 11 of 12 cases). Although most
      patients recovered with supportive measures and systemic steroids, 2 fatalities
      occurred and were attributed to treatment-emergent pneumonitis. Increases of
      interferon-gamma and interleukins 6, 7, and 8 occurred over time in patients who
      developed pneumonitis. Future studies of novel combinations should employ
      conservative designs that incorporate pharmacodynamics/biomarker monitoring.
      These investigations should also prospectively evaluate plasma cytokine/chemokine
      levels in an attempt to validate biomarkers predictive of response and toxicity.
      This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01796470.

PMID- 26968533
TI  - How I treat respiratory viral infections in the setting of intensive chemotherapy
      or hematopoietic cell transplantation.
AB  - The widespread use of multiplex molecular diagnostics has led to a significant
      increase in the detection of respiratory viruses in patients undergoing cytotoxic
      chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Respiratory viruses
      initially infect the upper respiratory tract and then progress to lower
      respiratory tract disease in a subset of patients. Lower respiratory tract
      disease can manifest itself as airflow obstruction or viral pneumonia, which can
      be fatal. Infection in HCT candidates may require delay of transplantation. The
      risk of progression differs between viruses and immunosuppressive regimens. Risk
      factors for progression and severity scores have been described, which may allow
      targeting treatment to high-risk patients. Ribavirin is the only antiviral
      treatment option for noninfluenza respiratory viruses; however, high-quality data
      demonstrating its efficacy and relative advantages of the aerosolized versus oral
      form are lacking. There are significant unmet needs, including data defining the
      virologic characteristics and clinical significance of human rhinoviruses, human
      coronaviruses, human metapneumovirus, and human bocavirus, as well as the need
      for new treatment and preventative options.

PMID- 26968535
TI  - Development and validation of a rapid, aldehyde dehydrogenase bright-based cord
      blood potency assay.
AB  - Banked, unrelated umbilical cord blood provides access to hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation for patients lacking matched bone marrow donors, yet 10% to 15%
      of patients experience graft failure or delayed engraftment. This may be due, at
      least in part, to inadequate potency of the selected cord blood unit (CBU). CBU
      potency is typically assessed before cryopreservation, neglecting changes in
      potency occurring during freezing and thawing. Colony-forming units (CFUs) have
      been previously shown to predict CBU potency, defined as the ability to engraft
      in patients by day 42 posttransplant. However, the CFU assay is difficult to
      standardize and requires 2 weeks to perform. Consequently, we developed a rapid
      multiparameter flow cytometric CBU potency assay that enumerates cells expressing
      high levels of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH bright [ALDH(br)]), along
      with viable CD45(+) or CD34(+) cell content. These measurements are made on a
      segment that was attached to a cryopreserved CBU. We validated the assay with
      prespecified criteria testing accuracy, specificity, repeatability, intermediate
      precision, and linearity. We then prospectively examined the correlations among
      ALDH(br), CD34(+), and CFU content of 3908 segments over a 5-year period.
      ALDH(br) (r = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-0.79), but not CD34(+) (r
      = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.22-0.28), was strongly correlated with CFU content as well as
      ALDH(br) content of the CBU. These results suggest that the ALDH(br) segment
      assay (based on unit characteristics measured before release) is a reliable
      assessment of potency that allows rapid selection and release of CBUs from the
      cord blood bank to the transplant center for transplantation.

PMID- 26968536
TI  - Elevated D-dimer levels in African Americans with sickle cell trait.

PMID- 26968537
TI  - Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus via farnesoid X receptor
      alpha.
AB  - Plants possess various natural antiviral properties. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
      (EGCG), a major component of green tea, inhibits a variety of viruses. However,
      the clinical application of EGCG is currently hindered by a scarcity of
      information on its molecular mechanism of action. In the present study, we
      examined the anti-HBV (hepatitis B virus) effects of catechins from green tea at
      the transcriptional and antigen-expression levels, as well as the associated
      molecular mechanisms, because HBV-associated liver diseases have become a key
      public health issue due to their serious impact on human physical and mental
      health. By using fluorescence quenching and affinity binding, we demonstrated
      that EGCG is an important transcriptional regulator of the HBV genome, which it
      achieves by interacting with farnesoid X receptor alpha (FXRalpha). Luciferase
      assay showed that EGCG effectively inhibited the transcription of the HBV
      promoter dose-dependently when expression plasmids of FXRalpha and retinoid X
      receptor alpha (RXRalpha) were co-transfected into HEK293 cells. These results
      indicate that the downregulation of the HBV antigen and the decrease in the
      transcriptional activation of the HBV EnhII/core promoter by FXRalpha/RXRalpha
      are mainly due to the interaction between EGCG and FXRalpha. Therefore, EGCG, an
      antagonist of FXRalpha in liver cells, has the potential to be employed as an
      effective anti-HBV agent. 

PMID- 26968539
TI  - When is pneumonia not pneumonia: a clinicopathologic study of the utility of lung
      tissue biopsies in determining the suitability of cadaveric tissue for donation.
AB  - Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) represents a major diagnostic challenge
      because of the relatively low sensitivity and specificity of clinical criteria,
      radiological findings, and microbiologic culture results. It is often difficult
      to distinguish between pneumonia, underlying pulmonary disease, or conditions
      with pulmonary complications; this is compounded by the often-subjective clinical
      diagnosis of pneumonia. We conducted this study to determine the utility of post
      mortem lung biopsies for diagnosing pneumonia in tissue donors diagnosed with
      pneumonia prior to death. Subjects were deceased patients who had been
      hospitalized at death and diagnosed with pneumonia. Post-mortem lung biopsies
      were obtained from the anatomic portion of the cadaveric lung corresponding to
      chest radiograph abnormalities. Specimens were fixed, stained with hematoxylin
      and eosin, and read by a single board-certified pathologist. Histological
      criteria for acute pneumonia included intense neutrophilic infiltration,
      fibrinous exudates, cellular debris, necrosis, or bacteria in the interstitium
      and intra-alveolar spaces. Of 143 subjects with a diagnosis of pneumonia at time
      of death, 14 (9.8 %) had histological evidence consistent with acute pneumonia.
      The most common histological diagnoses were emphysema (53 %), interstitial
      fibrosis (40 %), chronic atelectasis (36 %), acute and chronic passive congestion
      consistent with underlying cardiomyopathy (25 %), fibro-bullous disease (12 %),
      and acute bronchitis (11 %). HCAP represents a major diagnostic challenge because
      of the relatively low sensitivity and specificity of clinical criteria,
      radiological findings, and microbiologic testing. We found that attending
      physician-diagnosed pneumonia did not correlate with post-mortem pathological
      diagnosis. We conclude that histological examination of cadaveric lung tissue
      biopsies enables ascertainment or rule out of underlying pneumonia and prevents
      erroneous donor deferrals. 

PMID- 26968538
TI  - Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract from the uneaten
      pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma in healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar
      albino rats.
AB  - Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Hyperlipidemia
      increases the incidence of myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. This study
      evaluated the potential hypolipidemic and antioxidant action of the aqueous
      extract from the uneaten pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma ("CDNP
      extract"). In vivo studies were performed for 10 weeks on dietary hyperlipidemic
      and healthy Wistar albino rat models that received two dose levels of the CDNP
      extract (0.50 and 1.00 g/kg body weight). Serum lipid profiles were determined
      for the experimental animals. Dietary hyperlipidemic rats were characterized by
      an elevated lipid profile compared to the healthy control, i.e., increased levels
      of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),
      very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglycerides (TG),
      although the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was reduced. Levels of
      antioxidant enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase
      (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase
      (CAT), were significantly higher in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats than in the
      normal healthy ones, while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly
      lower. Force-feeding hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats with the CDNP extract at
      two doses decreased TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TG to normal levels. The risk ratio,
      which was as high as 870 % for the hyperlipidemic rats was decreased by the
      treatment to levels close to that calculated for the healthy control rats. Levels
      of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were very low in the
      hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats but increased significantly when CDNP extract
      was adminstered, attaining similar HDL-C levels to those of healthy control rats.
      Treatment with the CDNP extract also improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes
      (GR, GST, GPx, SOD, and CAT) in hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats. Thus, the CDNP
      extract improves the lipid metabolism of healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar albino
      rats and can be employed in the management of dietary hyperlipidemia. 

PMID- 26968541
TI  - Universal Correction for QT/RR Hysteresis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Clinical pharmacology QT/QTc studies can be smaller if they more
      efficiently use the data generated. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to use large sets of
      electrocardiograms (ECGs) deposited at the US Food and Drug Administration to
      investigate the implications of heart rate measurement on the accuracy of QTc
      data. METHODS: Using the data of 80 thorough QT studies, we investigated whether
      placing study subjects in supine positions during short-term time points
      stabilizes heart rate (part I, based on 73 studies with 747,912 measured ECGs in
      6786 healthy subjects) and whether heart rate measurements different from RR
      intervals captured simultaneously with QT intervals decrease QTc variability
      (part II, based on seven studies with 897,570 ECG measurements in 751 healthy
      subjects). RESULTS: In the part I data, when subjects were placed in supine
      undisturbed positions, heart rate instability (max-min of repeatedly measured
      heart rates within the same study time point) exceeding 5 beats per minute (bpm)
      was observed 40 % of the time and exceeded 10 bpm 10 % of the time. In the part
      II data, even when including QT measurements preceded by variable heart rates,
      correction of QT durations for RR interval values derived through a simple QT/RR
      hysteresis model with 95 % adaptation in 120 s led to mean intra-subject standard
      deviation of QTc (Fridericia formula) of only 7.14 +/- 1.98 and 6.38 +/- 1.50 ms
      in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION: The QT/RR hysteresis model with 95 %
      adaptation in 120 s is universally applicable to healthy subjects, providing
      small QTc variability. Supine positions do not generally stabilize heart rates in
      healthy subjects. Universally applicable QT/RR hysteresis correction allows
      clinical QT/QTc studies to include variable heart rate episodes in the time
      points.

PMID- 26968540
TI  - A right thoracotomy approach for mitral and tricuspid valve surgery in patients
      with previous standard sternotomy: comparison with a re-sternotomy approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare the outcomes of mitral and/or tricuspid valve surgery in
      patients with previous sternotomy between those who underwent a right thoracotomy
      and those who underwent re-sternotomy. METHODS: Between October 2009 and May
      2015, eighteen patients underwent a right thoracotomy (R group) and 28 underwent
      re-sternotomy (re-S group). The right thoracotomy was prioritized for previous
      coronary artery bypass grafting. Follow-up was 100 % complete with a mean follow
      up of 1.9 +/- 1.5 years for the R group and 2.5 +/- 1.4 years for the re-S group
      (p = 0.2137). RESULTS: Hypothermic ventricular fibrillation was applied in 33.3 %
      in the R group and in 7.1 % in the re-S group (p = 0.0424). Hospital mortality,
      the median intensive care unit stay, and the median postoperative hospital stay
      were 0 % versus 7.1 % (p = 0.5130), 3 days versus 2 days (p = 0.2370), and 28
      days versus 29.5 days (p = 0.8043) for the R group versus the re-S group,
      respectively. Although the rate of major complications was comparable (R group
      33.3 % versus re-S group 25.0 %, p = 0.5401), those contents were not equal. Deep
      sternum infection developed only in the re-S group (3.6 %) and reoperation for
      bleeding was required only in the R group (11.1 %). No significant difference was
      observed in the 2-year cardiac-related mortality-free rate (R group 93.3 +/- 6.4
      % versus re-S group 90.8 +/- 6.4 %, p = 0.7516). CONCLUSIONS: Given study
      limitations, the right thoracotomy approach after previous sternotomy provided
      favorable outcomes as well as re-sternotomy. When selecting a right thoracotomy
      for re-do mitral and/or tricuspid surgery, the surgical strategy needs to be
      thoroughly planned.

PMID- 26968542
TI  - Drug-Induced QT/QTc Interval Shortening: Lessons from Drug-Induced QT/QTc
      Prolongation.
AB  - The review discusses safety implications of drugs found to shorten the QT/QTc
      interval. It uses parallels with drug-induced QT/QTc prolongation. It summarizes
      the evidence that increases in repolarization heterogeneity are likely more
      important for arrhythmia induction and maintenance than the absolute changes in
      the QT/QTc duration. The review further compares the direct evidence of
      proarrhythmia caused by QT-prolonging and -shortening drugs. At present, there is
      little proof of QT-shortening drugs causing ventricular fibrillation in more than
      rare isolated instances. Comparisons of the incidence of the congenital syndromes
      show that short QT syndrome is much rarer than long QT syndrome, similar to the
      findings of short QT intervals compared with long QT intervals in the general
      population. Nevertheless, potential concerns come from experimental drugs
      developed to increase the current of potassium-rectifying channels. Some of these
      drugs were found to cause ventricular fibrillation in isolated hearts. Still,
      population exposure to drug-induced QT shortening is likely substantially lower
      compared with QT prolongation, especially if considering that most of the
      processes that decrease the so-called repolarization reserve are associated with
      QT prolongation. Finally, the review lists reasons why purely theoretical
      concepts of pharmaceutical risk cannot be used to develop regulatory guidance and
      concludes that at present, no additional tests and/or general acceptance
      restrictions are needed for the approval of QT-shortening drugs.

PMID- 26968543
TI  - Thrombospondin-4 knockout in hypertension protects small-artery endothelial
      function but induces aortic aneurysms.
AB  - Thrombospondin-4 (TSP-4) is a multidomain calcium-binding protein that has both
      intracellular and extracellular functions. As an extracellular matrix protein, it
      is involved in remodeling processes. Previous work showed that, in the
      cardiovascular system, TSP-4 expression is induced in the heart in response to
      experimental pressure overload and infarction injury. Intracellularly, it
      mediates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the heart. In this study,
      we explored the role of TSP-4 in hypertension. For this purpose, wild-type and
      TSP-4 knockout (Thbs4(-/-)) mice were treated with angiotensin II (ANG II).
      Hearts from ANG II-treated Thbs4(-/-) mice showed an exaggerated hypertrophic
      response. Interestingly, aortas from Thbs4(-/-) mice treated with ANG II showed a
      high incidence of aneurysms. In resistance arteries, ANG II-treated wild-type
      mice showed impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. This was not observed in
      ANG II-treated Thbs4(-/-) mice or in untreated controls. No differences were
      found in the passive pressure-diameter curves or stress-strain relationships,
      although ANG II-treated Thbs4(-/-) mice showed a tendency to be less stiff,
      associated with thicker diameters of the collagen fibers as revealed by electron
      microscopy. We conclude that TSP-4 plays a role in hypertension, affecting
      cardiac hypertrophy, aortic aneurysm formation, as well as endothelial-dependent
      relaxation in resistance arteries.

PMID- 26968544
TI  - Dilated cardiomyopathy mutations in delta-sarcoglycan exert a dominant-negative
      effect on cardiac myocyte mechanical stability.
AB  - Delta-sarcoglycan is a component of the sarcoglycan subcomplex within the
      dystrophin-glycoprotein complex located at the plasma membrane of muscle cells.
      While recessive mutations in delta-sarcoglycan cause limb girdle muscular
      dystrophy 2F, dominant mutations in delta-sarcoglycan have been linked to
      inherited dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The purpose of this study was to
      investigate functional cellular defects present in adult cardiac myocytes
      expressing mutant delta-sarcoglycans harboring the dominant inherited DCM
      mutations R71T or R97Q. This study demonstrates that DCM mutant delta
      sarcoglycans can be stably expressed in adult rat cardiac myocytes and traffic
      similarly to wild-type delta-sarcoglycan to the plasma membrane, without
      perturbing assembly of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. However, expression
      of DCM mutant delta-sarcoglycan in adult rat cardiac myocytes is sufficient to
      alter cardiac myocyte plasma membrane stability in the presence of mechanical
      strain. Upon cyclical cell stretching, cardiac myocytes expressing mutant delta
      sarcoglycan R97Q or R71T have increased cell-impermeant dye uptake and undergo
      contractures at greater frequencies than myocytes expressing normal delta
      sarcoglycan. Additionally, the R71T mutation creates an ectopic N-linked
      glycosylation site that results in aberrant glycosylation of the extracellular
      domain of delta-sarcoglycan. Therefore, appropriate glycosylation of delta
      sarcoglycan may also be necessary for proper delta-sarcoglycan function and
      overall dystrophin-glycoprotein complex function. These studies demonstrate that
      DCM mutations in delta-sarcoglycan can exert a dominant negative effect on
      dystrophin-glycoprotein complex function leading to myocardial mechanical
      instability that may underlie the pathogenesis of delta-sarcoglycan-associated
      DCM.

PMID- 26968545
TI  - Magnetic resonance-compatible model of isolated working heart from large animal
      for multimodal assessment of cardiac function, electrophysiology, and metabolism.
AB  - To provide a model close to the human heart, and to study intrinsic cardiac
      function at the same time as electromechanical coupling, we developed a magnetic
      resonance (MR)-compatible setup of isolated working perfused pig hearts. Hearts
      from pigs (40 kg, n = 20) and sheep (n = 1) were blood perfused ex vivo in the
      working mode with and without loaded right ventricle (RV), for 80 min. Cardiac
      function was assessed by measuring left intraventricular pressure and left
      ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), aortic and mitral valve dynamics, and
      native T1 mapping with MR imaging (1.5 Tesla). Potential myocardial alterations
      were assessed at the end of ex vivo perfusion from late-Gadolinium enhancement T1
      mapping. The ex vivo cardiac function was stable across the 80 min of perfusion.
      Aortic flow and LV-dP/dtmin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in hearts
      perfused with loaded RV, without differences for heart rate, maximal and minimal
      LV pressure, LV-dP/dtmax, LVEF, and kinetics of aortic and mitral valves. T1
      mapping analysis showed a spatially homogeneous distribution over the LV.
      Simultaneous recording of hemodynamics, LVEF, and local cardiac
      electrophysiological signals were then successfully performed at baseline and
      during electrical pacing protocols without inducing alteration of MR images.
      Finally, (31)P nuclear MR spectroscopy (9.4 T) was also performed in two pig
      hearts, showing phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratio in accordance with data previously
      reported in vivo. We demonstrate the feasibility to perfuse isolated pig hearts
      in the working mode, inside an MR environment, allowing simultaneous assessment
      of cardiac structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology, illustrating examples of
      potential applications.

PMID- 26968546
TI  - Bilateral common carotid artery stenosis in normotensive rats impairs endothelium
      dependent dilation of parenchymal arterioles.
AB  - Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Reduced
      blood flow through the common carotid arteries induced by bilateral carotid
      artery stenosis (BCAS) is a physiologically relevant model of chronic cerebral
      hypoperfusion. We hypothesized that BCAS in 20-wk-old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats
      would impair cognitive function and lead to reduced endothelium-dependent
      dilation and outward remodeling in the parenchymal arterioles (PAs). After 8 wk
      of BCAS, both short-term memory and spatial discrimination abilities were
      impaired. In vivo assessment of cerebrovascular reserve capacity showed a severe
      impairment after BCAS. PA endothelial function and structure were assessed by
      pressure myography. BCAS impaired endothelial function in PAs, as evidenced by
      reduced dilation to carbachol. Addition of nitric oxide synthase and
      cyclooxygenase inhibitors did not change carbachol-mediated dilation in either
      group. Inhibiting CYP epoxygenase, the enzyme that produces epoxyeicosatrienoic
      acid (EETs), a key determinant of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
      (EDHF)-mediated dilation, abolished dilation in PAs from Sham rats, but had no
      effect in PAs from BCAS rats. Expression of TRPV4 channels, a target for EETs,
      was decreased and maximal dilation to a TRPV4 agonist was attenuated after BCAS.
      Together these data suggest that EET-mediated dilation is impaired in PAs after
      BCAS. Thus impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in the PAs may be one of the
      contributing factors to the cognitive impairment observed after BCAS.

PMID- 26968547
TI  - The influence of acute unloading on left ventricular strain and strain rate by
      speckle tracking echocardiography in a porcine model.
AB  - Noninvasive measurements of myocardial strain and strain rate by speckle tracking
      echocardiography correlate to cardiac contractile state but also to load, which
      may weaken their value as indices of inotropy. In a porcine model, we
      investigated the influence of acute dynamic preload reductions on left
      ventricular strain and strain rate and their relation to the pressure-conductance
      catheter-derived preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) and peak positive first
      derivative of left ventricular pressure (LV-dP/dtmax). Speckle tracking strain
      and strain rate in the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial directions were
      measured during acute dynamic reductions of end-diastolic volume during three
      different myocardial inotropic states. Both strain and strain rate were sensitive
      to unloading of the left ventricle (P < 0.001), but the load dependency for
      strain rate was modest compared with strain. Changes in longitudinal and
      circumferential strain correlated more strongly to changes in end-diastolic
      volume (r = -0.86 and r = -0.72) than did radial strain (r = 0.35). Longitudinal,
      circumferential, and radial strain significantly correlated with LV-dP/dtmax (r =
      -0.53, r = -0.46, and r = 0.86), whereas only radial strain correlated with PRSW
      (r = 0.55). Strain rate in the longitudinal, circumferential and radial direction
      significantly correlated with both PRSW (r = -0.64, r = -0.58, and r = 0.74) and
      LV-dP/dtmax (r = -0.95, r = -0.70, and r = 0.85). In conclusion, the speckle
      tracking echocardiography-derived strain rate is more robust to dynamic
      ventricular unloading than strain. Longitudinal and circumferential strain could
      not predict load-independent contractility. Strain rates, and especially in the
      radial direction, are good predictors of preload-independent inotropic markers
      derived from conductance catheter.

PMID- 26968548
TI  - DNA methylation profiles in preeclampsia and healthy control placentas.
AB  - Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that affects 3-5% of all
      pregnancies. There is evidence to suggest that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA
      methylation, play a role in placental development and function. This study
      compared DNA methylation profiles of placentas from preeclampsia-affected
      pregnancies with placentas from healthy pregnancies to identify gene-specific
      changes in DNA methylation that may contribute to the development of
      preeclampsia. The methylation status of eight placental biopsies taken from
      preeclampsia-affected and 16 healthy pregnancies was analyzed using the Illumina
      Infinium Methylation 450 BeadChip array. Bisulfite pyrosequencing was used to
      confirm regions found to be differentially methylated between preeclampsia and
      healthy placentas. A total of 303 differentially methylated regions, 214
      hypermethylated and 89 hypomethylated, between preeclampsia cases and controls
      were identified, after adjusting for gestational age (adjusted P < 0.05).
      Functional annotation found cell adhesion, wingless type MMTV Integration Site
      family member 2 (Wnt) signaling pathway, and regulation of transcription were
      significantly enriched in these gene regions. Hypermethylation of WNT2, sperm
      equatorial segment protein (SPESP1), NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5), and activated
      leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) in preeclampsia placentas was confirmed
      with pyrosequencing. This study found differences in methylation in gene regions
      involved in cell signaling (WNT2), fertilization and implantation (SPESP1),
      reactive oxygen species signaling (NOX5), and cell adhesion (ALCAM). These
      results build on recently published studies that have reported significant
      differences in DNA methylation in preeclampsia placentas.

PMID- 26968549
TI  - Identification of a novel putative mitochondrial protein FAM210B associated with
      erythroid differentiation.
AB  - The transcription factor GATA-1 plays an essential role in erythroid
      differentiation. To identify novel GATA-1 target genes, we analyzed a merged ChIP
      seq and expression profiling dataset. We identified FAM210B as a putative novel
      GATA-1 target gene. Study results demonstrated that GATA-1 directly regulates
      FAM210B expression, presumably by binding to an intronic enhancer region. Both
      human and murine FAM210B are abundantly expressed in the later stages of
      erythroblast development. Moreover, the deduced amino acid sequence predicted
      that FAM210B is a membrane protein, and Western blot analysis demonstrated its
      mitochondrial localization. Loss-of-function analysis in erythroid cells
      suggested that FAM210B may be involved in erythroid differentiation. The
      identification and characterization of FAM210B provides new insights in the study
      of erythropoiesis and hereditary anemias. 

PMID- 26968550
TI  - Expression of activated molecules on CD5(+)B lymphocytes in autoimmune hemolytic
      anemia.
AB  - To investigate the expression of activation molecules on CD5(+)B lymphocytes in
      peripheral blood of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)/Evans patients. The
      expression of CD80, CD86, and CD69 on CD5(+)B lymphocytes was detected using flow
      cytometry in 30 AIHA/Evans patients, 18 normal controls (NC) and nine chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. CD80 on CD5(+)B lymphocytes in untreated
      patients was higher than that in remission patients (P < 0.05), NC (P < 0.01) and
      CLL patients (P < 0.01). CD80 on CD5(+)B lymphocytes was higher than that on CD5(
      )B lymphocytes in untreated patients (P > 0.05), but lower than those of CD5(-)B
      lymphocytes in remission patients and NC (P < 0.05). CD86 on CD5(+)B lymphocytes
      of untreated patients was higher than that of remission patients (P < 0.05), NC
      (P < 0.01). CD86 on CD5(+)B lymphocytes of CLL was higher than that of NC,
      remission (P < 0.05), and untreated patients (P > 0.05). CD80 and CD86 on CD5(+)B
      lymphocytes was negatively correlated with hemoglobin (HB), C3, C4 (P < 0.05) and
      positively correlated with reticulocyte (Ret) (P < 0.05). CD69 on CD5(+) and CD5(
      )B lymphocytes of CLL was higher than those of AIHA/Evans patients and NC (P <
      0.05). The active molecules on CD5(+)B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of
      AIHA/Evans patients differ from those on CD5(-) and clonal CD5(+)B lymphocytes.

PMID- 26968551
TI  - Cyclosporine restores hematopoietic function by compensating for decreased Tregs
      in patients with pure red cell aplasia and acquired aplastic anemia.
AB  - Most patients with acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and some with acquired
      aplastic anemia (AA) respond well to cyclosporine (CsA), but thereafter often
      show CsA dependency. The mechanism underlying this dependency remains unknown. We
      established a reliable method for measuring the regulatory T cell (Treg) count
      using FoxP3 and Helios expression as markers and determined the balance between
      Tregs and other helper T cell subsets in 16 PRCA and 29 AA patients. The ratios
      of interferon-gamma-producing CD4(+) (Th1) T cells to Tregs in untreated patients
      and CsA-dependent patients were significantly higher (PRCA 5.77 +/- 1.47 and 7.38
      +/- 2.58; AA 6.18 +/- 2.35 and 8.94 +/- 4.06) than in healthy volunteers (HVs;
      3.33 +/- 0.90) due to the profound decrease in the percentage of Tregs. In
      contrast, the ratios were comparable to HVs in convalescent CsA-treated AA
      patients (4.74 +/- 2.10) and AA patients in remission after the cessation of CsA
      treatment (4.24 +/- 1.67). Low-dose CsA (100 ng/ml) inhibited the proliferation
      of conventional T cells (Tconv) to a similar degree to the inhibition by Tregs in
      a co-culture with a 1:1 Treg/Tconv ratio. The data suggest that CsA may reverse
      the hematopoietic suppression in PRCA and AA patients by compensating for the
      inadequate immune regulatory function that occurs due to a profound decrease in
      the Treg count.

PMID- 26968552
TI  - Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia by detection of the cell-free
      fetal DNA in maternal circulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - The discovery of fetal DNA (f-DNA) opens the possibility of early non-invasive
      procedure for detection of paternally inherited mutation of beta-thalassemia.
      Since 2002, some studies have examined the sensitivity and specificity of this
      method for detection of paternally inherited mutation of thalassemia in pregnant
      women at risk of having affected babies. We conducted a systematic review of
      published articles that evaluated using this method for early detection of
      paternally inherited mutation in maternal plasma. A sensitive search of multiple
      databases was done in which nine studies met our inclusion criteria. The
      sensitivity and specificity was 99 and 99 %, respectively. The current study
      found that detection of paternally inherited mutation of thalassemia using
      analysis of cell-free fetal DNA is highly accurate. This method could replace
      conventional and invasive methods. 

PMID- 26968554
TI  - Erratum to: Elevated growth differentiation factor 15 expression predicts poor
      prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

PMID- 26968553
TI  - c-Met and ERbeta expression differences in basal-like and non-basal-like triple
      negative breast cancer.
AB  - Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are two
      entities of breast cancer that share similar poor prognosis. Even though both
      cancers have overlaps, there are still some differences between those two types.
      It has been reported that the c-Met high expression was associated with poor
      prognosis not only in breast cancer but also in many other cancers. The role of
      ERbeta in pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer has remained controversial.
      In this study, we firstly distinguished basal-like from nonbasal-like cancer
      patients in TNBC patients using CK5/6 and EGFR as markers and next determined the
      relationship of basal-like breast cancer with c-Met or ERbeta expression levels
      and prognosis in TNBC patients. One hundred twenty-seven patients who had been
      diagnosed with TNBC were enrolled. The clinical and pathological characteristics
      of the patients were recorded. The expression of EGFR, CK5/6, ERbeta, and c-Met
      were evaluated with immunohistochemical methods using paraffin blocks. The median
      age of patients was 50.7 years. CK5/6 immunopositivity was 31.5 % (40/127), and
      EGFR was 40.2 % (51/127). Of the TNBC cases, 55.1 % (71/127) were positive for
      either CK5/6 or EGFR and were thus classified as basal-like breast cancer. C-Met
      (P < 0.001) and ERbeta (P = 0.002) overexpression, small tumor sizes, a ductal
      subtype, and high-grade tumor were significantly correlated with BLBC. High c-Met
      expression was detected in 43.3 % patients. Metastatic lymph nodes and tumor size
      (>5 cm), which were both important prognostic predictors, were significantly
      associated with recurrence and mortality. BLBC typically demonstrates a unique
      profile. CK5/6 and EGFR expression combination indicates a higher basal-like
      phenotype possibility. The expression of c-Met and ERbeta were significantly
      related to the basal-like phenotype. The classical markers, lymph node
      metastasis, and tumor size were found to have important prognostic value.
      However, high c-Met expression and basal-like phenotypes did not show a direct
      correlation with poor prognosis. 

PMID- 26968555
TI  - Where to Now for One Health and Ecohealth?

PMID- 26968556
TI  - [Inflammatory Bowel Disease Competence Network].
AB  - The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Competence Network is a network of more than 500
      physicians and scientists from university clinics, hospitals and gastroenterology
      practices. The focus extends from the two major forms of inflammatory bowel
      diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, into other chronic inflammatory
      conditions affecting the intestine, including coeliac disease and microscopic
      colitis. The network translates basic science discoveries (in particular in the
      molecular epidemiology research) into innovative diagnostics and therapy. Through
      its strong networking structures it supports a continuous process to improve
      quality and standardisation in patient care that is implemented in close
      interaction with European networks addressing this disease group.Optimisation of
      patient care based on scientifically proven evidence is a main focus of the
      network. Therefore, it supports and coordinates translational research and
      infrastructure projects that investigate aetiology, improvement of diagnostic
      methods, and development of new or improved use of established therapies. Members
      participate in various training projects, thus ensuring the rapid transfer of
      research results into clinical practice.The competence network cooperates with
      the main patient organisations to engage patients in all levels of activities.
      The network and the patient organisations have interest in promoting public
      awareness about the disease entities, because their importance and burden is
      underestimated in non-specialised medical fields and among the general public. 

PMID- 26968557
TI  - Optimal experimental design for filter exchange imaging: Apparent exchange rate
      measurements in the healthy brain and in intracranial tumors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Filter exchange imaging (FEXI) is sensitive to the rate of diffusional
      water exchange, which depends, eg, on the cell membrane permeability. The aim was
      to optimize and analyze the ability of FEXI to infer differences in the apparent
      exchange rate (AXR) in the brain between two populations. METHODS: A FEXI
      protocol was optimized for minimal measurement variance in the AXR. The AXR
      variance was investigated by test-retest acquisitions in six brain regions in 18
      healthy volunteers. Preoperative FEXI data and postoperative microphotos were
      obtained in six meningiomas and five astrocytomas. RESULTS: Protocol optimization
      reduced the coefficient of variation of AXR by approximately 40%. Test-retest AXR
      values were heterogeneous across normal brain regions, from 0.3 +/- 0.2 s-1 in
      the corpus callosum to 1.8 +/- 0.3 s-1 in the frontal white matter. According to
      analysis of statistical power, in all brain regions except one, group differences
      of 0.3-0.5 s-1 in the AXR can be inferred using 5 to 10 subjects per group. An
      AXR difference of this magnitude was observed between meningiomas (0.6 +/- 0.1 s
      1 ) and astrocytomas (1.0 +/- 0.3 s-1 ). CONCLUSIONS: With the optimized
      protocol, FEXI has the ability to infer relevant differences in the AXR between
      two populations for small group sizes. Magn Reson Med 77:1104-1114, 2017. (c)
      2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This
      is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
      NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium,
      provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no
      modifications or adaptations are made.

PMID- 26968559
TI  - Cytokeratin 17 is highly sensitive in discriminating cutaneous lymphadenoma (a
      distinct trichoblastoma variant) from basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cutaneous lymphadenoma (CL) is rare neoplasm that clinically and
      histologically resembles basal cell carcinoma (BCC). CL, composed of dermal
      basaloid epithelial islands with prominent admixed lymphocytes,
      characteristically contains cytokeratin 20 (CK20)-positive Merkel cells (MCs).
      However, CK20 may be of limited use because of low MC density in small samples.
      CK17 is expressed diffusely throughout BCC. We investigated the discriminatory
      utility of CK17 and CK20 in CL and BCC. METHODS: A retrospective
      clinicopathological review of 11 cases of CL and 14 BCC was performed. CK20
      positive MCs within basaloid tumor lobules and CK17 immunohistochemical staining
      and pattern of expression were recorded. RESULTS: Intratumoral CK20-positive MCs
      were identified in 4/11 CL cases (36.4%) and 0/14 BCC cases (p = 0.012,
      sensitivity = 0.36). CK17 showed diffuse positive staining in all 14 BCC cases.
      CK17 showed a distinct patchy and peripheral rim staining in basaloid islands of
      10/11 CL cases (p < 0.001, sensitivity = 0.91); one case showed patchy staining
      throughout tumor lobules. CONCLUSIONS: In cases with a differential diagnosis of
      CL and BCC, CK20 staining of intratumoral MCs has a high positive predictive
      value for CL but is of low sensitivity. The pattern of CK17 expression is a
      highly sensitive marker for distinguishing CL from BCC in small samples.

PMID- 26968558
TI  - Calcitriol regulates angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin converting
      enzyme 2 in diabetic kidney disease.
AB  - To investigate the effects of calcitriol on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
      and ACE2 in diabetic nephropathy. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were
      treated with calcitriol for 16 weeks. ACE/ACE2 and mitogen activated protein
      kinase (MAPK) enzymes were measured in the kidneys of diabetic rats and rat renal
      tubular epithelial cells exposed to high glucose. Calcitriol reduced proteinuria
      in diabetic rats without affecting calcium-phosphorus metabolism. ACE and ACE2
      levels were significantly elevated in diabetic rats compared to those in control
      rats. The increase in ACE levels was greater than that of ACE2, leading to an
      elevated ACE/ACE2 ratio. Calcitriol reduced ACE levels and ACE/ACE2 ratio and
      increased ACE2 levels in diabetic rats. Similarly, high glucose up-regulated ACE
      expression in NRK-52E cells, which was blocked by the p38 MAPK inhibitor
      SB203580, but not the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor
      FR180204 or the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125. High glucose
      down-regulated ACE2 expression, which was blocked by FR180204, but not SB203580
      or SP600125. Incubation of cells with calcitriol significantly inhibited p38 MAPK
      and ERK phosphorylation, but not JNK phosphorylation, and effectively attenuated
      ACE up-regulation and ACE2 down-regulation in high glucose conditions. The
      renoprotective effects of calcitriol in diabetic nephropathy were related to the
      regulation of tubular levels of ACE and ACE2, possibly by p38 MAPK or ERK, but
      not JNK pathways.

PMID- 26968560
TI  - Cocaine and benzoylecgonine oral fluid on-site screening and confirmation.
AB  - Accurate on-site devices to screen for drug intake are critical for establishing
      whether an individual is driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); however, on
      site oral fluid (OF) cocaine device performance is variable. We evaluated the
      performance of a newly developed benzoylecgonine (BE) test-strip for the
      Draeger(r) DrugTest 5000 device (20 ug/L cut-off) with equivalent cross
      reactivity for cocaine and BE. Ten cocaine users provided OF, collected with the
      Draeger cassette and Oral-Eze(r) and StatSure Saliva Sampler(TM) devices, up to
      69 h following 25 mg intravenous cocaine administration. All screening results
      were confirmed by a validated two-dimensional-gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (2D-GC-MS) method for cocaine and/or BE. Cocaine test-strip median
      Tlast for screening only results was 6.5 h, and 6.5 h with Oral-Eze(r) and 4 h
      for StatSure OF confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at 1, 8, and 10 ug/L;
      sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 100% and 83.3 to
      100% for cocaine only confirmation at 8 and 10 ug/L. For the BE test-strip,
      median Tlast was 12.5 h for screening only and confirmation for cocaine and/or BE
      at all three cut-offs; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5
      to 97.5% and 78.4 to 97.4% with cocaine and/or BE confirmation at 8 and 10 ug/L
      cut-offs, respectively. The Draeger cocaine test-strip with cocaine only
      confirmation offers a useful option for monitoring the acute intoxication phase
      of DUID; additionally the BE test-strip with cocaine and/or BE confirmation
      increases the length of detection of cocaine intake for workplace drug testing,
      drug court, parole, pain management, drug treatment programs and both the acute
      cocaine intoxication and cocaine crash/fatigue phase of DUID. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968562
TI  - Influence of pesticide physicochemical properties on the association between
      plasma and hair concentration.
AB  - Although the relationship between chemical intake and resulting concentration in
      hair remains incompletely elucidated, the transfer from blood to hair bulb living
      cells is generally considered the main route of incorporation. The present work
      investigated the correlation between blood and hair concentration of 23
      pesticides/metabolites from different chemical classes in rats submitted to
      chronic controlled exposure. Long-Evans rats were administered pesticides by
      gavage three times per week over a 90-day period. After hair sample
      decontamination, pulverization, and extraction, compounds were analyzed by gas
      chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Blood was collected at
      sacrifice, immediately turned into plasma, and analyzed after extraction for the
      same compounds by GC-MS/MS. The data obtained for all the investigated compounds
      demonstrated significant association between plasma and hair concentrations (P
      value of 2.97E-45 and R(Pearson) of 0.875), with the exception of three outliers.
      For all the target compounds, water solubility, lipophilicity, molecular weight,
      and charge were therefore investigated in order to understand the role of these
      parameters in outliers' specific behavior. Although a possible change in the
      charge through the transfer from blood to hair might be suspected for two
      outliers, on the whole the physicochemical parameters investigated here did not
      seem to influence incorporation of chemicals into hair. Our results support that
      the concentration of chemicals in hair mainly depends on the respective
      concentration in plasma and suggest that for most compounds, the transfer from
      blood to hair would not represent a limiting step in the incorporation.

PMID- 26968561
TI  - Analysis of open and intracorporeal robotic assisted radical cystectomy shows no
      significant difference in recurrence patterns and oncological outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To report and compare early oncological outcomes and cancer
      recurrence sites among patients undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC) and
      robotic-assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion
      (iRARC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 184 patients underwent radical
      cystectomy for bladder cancer. ORC cases (n = 94) were performed between June
      2005 and July 2014 while iRARC cases (n = 90) were performed between June 2011
      and July 2014. Primary outcome was recurrence free survival (RFS). Secondary
      outcomes were sites of local and metastatic recurrence, cancer specific survival
      (CSS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Median follow-up for patients without
      recurrence was 33.8 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 20.5-45.4) for ORC; and
      16.1 months (IQR: 11.2-27.0) for iRARC. No significant difference in age, sex,
      precystectomy T stage, precystectomy grade, or lymph node yield between ORC and
      iRARC was observed. The ORC cohort included more patients with>=pT2 (64.8% ORC
      vs. 38.9% iRARC) but fewer pT0 status (8.5% ORC vs.vs. 22.2% iRARC) due to lower
      preoperative chemotherapy use (22.3% ORC vs. 34.4% iRARC). Positive surgical
      margin rate was significantly higher in the ORC cohort (19.3% vs. 8.2%; P =
      0.042). Kaplan-Meir analysis showed no significant difference in RFS (69.5% ORC
      vs. 78.8% iRARC), cancer specific survival (80.9% ORC vs. 84.4% iRARC), or OS
      (73.5% ORC vs.vs. iRARC 83.8%) at 24 months. Cox regression analysis showed RFS,
      cancer specific survival and OS were not influenced by cystectomy technique. No
      significant difference between local and metastatic RFS between ORC and iRARC was
      observed. CONCLUSION: This study has found no difference in recurrence patterns
      or oncological outcomes between ORC and iRARC. Recurrent metastatic sites vary,
      but are not related to surgical technique.

PMID- 26968563
TI  - LC-quadrupole/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry enables stable isotope
      resolved simultaneous quantification and 13C-isotopic labeling of acyl-coenzyme A
      thioesters.
AB  - Acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) thioesters are evolutionarily conserved,
      compartmentalized, and energetically activated substrates for biochemical
      reactions. The ubiquitous involvement of acyl-CoA thioesters in metabolism,
      including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid
      degradation, and cholesterol metabolism highlights the broad applicability of
      applied measurements of acyl-CoA thioesters. However, quantitation of acyl-CoA
      levels provides only one dimension of metabolic information and a more complete
      description of metabolism requires the relative contribution of different
      precursors to individual substrates and pathways. Using two distinct stable
      isotope labeling approaches, acyl-CoA thioesters can be labeled with either a
      fixed [(13)C3(15)N1] label derived from pantothenate into the CoA moiety or via
      variable [(13)C] labeling into the acyl chain from metabolic precursors. Liquid
      chromatography-hybrid quadrupole/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry using
      parallel reaction monitoring, but not single ion monitoring, allowed the
      simultaneous quantitation of acyl-CoA thioesters by stable isotope dilution using
      the [(13)C3(15)N1] label and measurement of the incorporation of labeled carbon
      atoms derived from [(13)C6]-glucose, [(13)C5(15)N2]-glutamine, and [(13)C3]
      propionate. As a proof of principle, we applied this method to human B cell
      lymphoma (WSU-DLCL2) cells in culture to precisely describe the relative pool
      size and enrichment of isotopic tracers into acetyl-, succinyl-, and propionyl
      CoA. This method will allow highly precise, multiplexed, and stable isotope
      resolved determination of metabolism to refine metabolic models, characterize
      novel metabolism, and test modulators of metabolic pathways involving acyl-CoA
      thioesters.

PMID- 26968565
TI  - High precision attachment of silver nanoparticles on AFM tips by
      dielectrophoresis.
AB  - AFM tips are modified with silver nanoparticles using an AC electrical field. The
      used technique works with sub-micron precision and also does not require chemical
      modification of the tip. Based on the electrical parameters applied in the
      process, particle density and particle position on the apex of the tip can be
      adjusted. The feasibility of the method is proven by subsequent tip-enhanced
      Raman spectroscopy (TERS) measurements using the fabricated tips as a measurement
      probe. Since this modification process itself does not require any lithographic
      processing, the technique can be easily adapted to modify AFM tips with a variety
      of nanostructures with pre-defined properties, while being parallelizable for a
      potential commercial application.

PMID- 26968564
TI  - Determination of fatty acid ethyl esters in dried blood spots by LC-MS/MS as
      markers for ethanol intake: application in a drinking study.
AB  - The forensic utility of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in dried blood spots
      (DBS) as short-term confirmatory markers for ethanol intake was examined. An LC
      MS/MS method for the determination of FAEEs in DBS was developed and validated to
      investigate FAEE formation and elimination in a drinking study, whereby eight
      subjects ingested 0.66-0.84 g/kg alcohol to reach blood alcohol concentrations
      (BAC) of 0.8 g/kg. Blood was taken every 1.5-2 h, BAC was determined, and dried
      blood spots were prepared, with 50 MUL of blood, for the determination of FAEEs.
      Lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) were between 15 and 37 ng/mL for the four
      major FAEEs. Validation data are presented in detail. In the drinking study,
      ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate proved to be the two most suitable markers for
      FAEE determination. Maximum FAEE concentrations were reached in samples taken 2
      or 4 h after the start of drinking. The following mean peak concentrations
      (c(max)) were reached: ethyl myristate 14 +/- 4 ng/mL, ethyl palmitate 144 +/- 35
      ng/mL, ethyl oleate 125 +/- 55 ng/mL, ethyl stearate 71 +/- 21 ng/mL, total FAEEs
      344 +/- 91 ng/mL. Detectability of FAEEs was found to be on the same time scale
      as BAC. In liquid blood samples containing ethanol, FAEE concentrations increase
      post-sampling. This study shows that the use of DBS fixation prevents additional
      FAEE formation in blood samples containing ethanol. Positive FAEE results
      obtained by DBS analysis can be used as evidence for the presence of ethanol in
      the original blood sample.

PMID- 26968566
TI  - Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in human blood as markers for ruptured silicone
      gel-filled breast implants.
AB  - The replacement of medical-grade silicone with industrial-grade silicone material
      in some silicone gel-filled breast implants (SBI) manufactured by Poly Implant
      Prothese and Rofil Medical Nederland B.V., reported in 2010, which resulted in a
      higher rupture tendency of these SBI, demonstrates the need for non-invasive,
      sensitive monitoring and screening methods. Therefore a sensitive method based on
      large volume injection-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LVI
      GC/MS) was developed to determine octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4),
      decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclo-hexasiloxane (D6) in
      blood samples from women with intact (n = 13) and ruptured SBI (n = 11). With
      dichloromethane extraction, sample cooling during preparation, and analysis
      extraction efficiencies up to 100 % and limits of detection of 0.03-0.05 ng D4
      D6/g blood were achieved. Blood samples from women with SBI were investigated. In
      contrast to women with intact SBI, in blood from women with ruptured SBI higher
      D4 and D6 concentrations up to 0.57 ng D4/g blood and 0.16 ng D6/g blood were
      detected. With concentrations above 0.18 D4 ng/blood and 0.10 ng D6/g blood as
      significant criteria for ruptured SBI, this developed analytical preoperative
      diagnostic method shows a significant increase of the recognition rate. Finally a
      higher precision (error rate 17%) than the commonly used clinical diagnostic
      method, mamma sonography (error rate 46%), was achieved.

PMID- 26968568
TI  - Determination of thiophenols with a novel fluorescence labelling reagent:
      analysis of industrial wastewater samples with SPE extraction coupled with HPLC.
AB  - A simple, sensitive, and selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      method using 9-(2-iodoethyl)acridone (IEA) as a novel fluorescence derivatizing
      agent for the simultaneous determination of six thiophenols has been developed.
      An efficient Pb(2+)-modified OASIS-MCX cartridge was used and could get good
      recoveries. IEA was successfully used to label thiophenols with high sensitivity
      and excellent selectivity. The effects of different solvents, pH, and surfactants
      on fluorescence properties of derivatives were investigated. To obtain the best
      labeling efficiency, derivatizing parameters including pH value, temperature, and
      concentration of IEA, as well as types of catalysts were also evaluated in
      detail. Under the optimal conditions, the separation could be achieved within 12
      min with limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.6-5.8 MUg L(-1) and
      relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 3.9%. This is the first time that IEA was
      applied to the analysis of thiophenols, and the established method has been
      successfully applied to the trace level detection of thiophenols in industrial
      wastewater samples.

PMID- 26968569
TI  - ATR-FT-IR spectral collection of conservation materials in the extended region of
      4000-80 cm-1.
AB  - In this paper, a spectral collection of over 150 ATR-FT-IR spectra of materials
      related to cultural heritage and conservation science has been presented that
      have been measured in the extended region of 4000-80 cm(-1) (mid-IR and far-IR
      region). The applicability of the spectra and, in particular, the extended
      spectral range, for investigation of art-related materials is demonstrated on a
      case study. This collection of ATRFT-IR reference spectra is freely available
      online (http://tera.chem.ut.ee/IR_spectra/) and is meant to be a useful tool for
      researchers in the field of conservation and materials science.

PMID- 26968567
TI  - Plasma eicosanoid profiles determined by high-performance liquid chromatography
      coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in stimulated peripheral blood from healthy
      individuals and sickle cell anemia patients in treatment.
AB  - Eicosanoids play an important role in homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of
      various human diseases. Pharmacological agents such as Ca(2+) ionophores and
      Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors, as well as natural agonists such as formylmethionine
      leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), can stimulate eicosanoid biosynthesis. The aims of
      this work were to develop a method to determine the eicosanoid profile of human
      plasma samples after whole blood stimulation and to assess differences between
      healthy and sick individuals. For this purpose, a liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was partially validated for the
      quantification of 22 eicosanoids using human plasma from healthy volunteers. In
      addition, we optimized a method for the stimulation of eicosanoids in human whole
      blood. LC-MS/MS analyses were performed by negative electrospray ionization and
      multiple reaction monitoring. An assumption of linearity resulted in a regression
      coefficient >=0.98 for all eicosanoids tested. The mean intra-assay and inter
      assay accuracy and precision values had relative standard deviations and relative
      errors of <=15%, except for the lower limit of quantification, where these values
      were <=20%. For whole blood stimulation, four stimuli (fMLP, ionomycin, A23187,
      and thapsigargin) were tested. Results of the statistical analysis showed that
      A23187 and thapsigargin were potent stimuli for the production or liberation of
      eicosanoids. We next compared the eicosanoid profiles of stimulated whole blood
      samples of healthy volunteers to those of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA)
      under treatment with hydroxyurea (HU) or after chronic red blood cell (RBC)
      transfusion. The results indicate that the method was sufficient to find a
      difference between lipid mediators released in whole blood of SCA patients and
      those of healthy subjects, mainly for 5-HETE, 12-HETE, LTB4, LTE4, TXB2, and
      PGE2. In conclusion, our analytical method can detect significant changes in
      eicosanoid profiles in stimulated whole blood, which will contribute to
      establishing the eicosanoid profiles associated with different inflammatory and
      infectious diseases.

PMID- 26968570
TI  - Simultaneous identification and quantification of new psychoactive substances in
      blood by GC-APCI-QTOFMS coupled to nitrogen chemiluminescence detection without
      authentic reference standards.
AB  - A novel platform is introduced for simultaneous identification and quantification
      of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in blood matrix, without the necessity of
      using authentic reference standards. The instrumentation consisted of gas
      chromatography (GC) coupled to nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (NCD) and
      atmospheric pressure chemical ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry (APCI-QTOFMS). In this concept, the GC flow is divided in
      appropriate proportions between NCD for single-calibrant quantification,
      utilizing the detector's equimolar response to nitrogen, and QTOFMS for accurate
      mass-based identification. The principle was proven by analyzing five NPS,
      bupropion, desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP), mephedrone, methylone, and naphyrone, in
      sheep blood. The samples were spiked with the analytes post-extraction to avoid
      recovery considerations at this point. All the NPS studies produced a protonated
      molecule in APCI resulting in predictable fragmentation with high mass accuracy.
      The N-equimolarity of quantification by NCD was investigated by using external
      calibration with the secondary standard caffeine at five concentration levels
      between 0.17 and 1.7 mg/L in blood matrix as five replicates. The equimolarity
      was on average 98.7%, and the range of individual equimolarity determinations was
      76.7-130.1%. The current analysis platform affords a promising approach to
      instant simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in the
      absence of authentic reference standards, not only in forensic and clinical
      toxicology but also in other bioanalytical applications.

PMID- 26968571
TI  - Site-specific quantification of lysine acetylation in the N-terminal tail of
      histone H4 using a double-labelling, targeted UHPLC MS/MS approach.
AB  - We developed a targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
      method for the site-specific quantification of lysine acetylation in the N
      terminal region of histone H4 by combining chemical derivatization at the protein
      and peptide levels with digestion using chymotrypsin and trypsin. Unmodified
      epsilon-amino groups were first modified with propionic acid anhydride and the
      derivatized protein digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The newly formed
      peptide N-termini were subjected to a second derivatization step with d6- (heavy)
      or d0- (light) acetic acid anhydride. Samples were mixed at different ratios and
      peptides monitored by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) LC-MS/MS. The method was
      validated in terms of linearity (R(2) >= 0.94), precision (RSD <= 10%), and
      accuracy (<=27%) and used to assess the effect of the histone deacetylase (HDAC)
      inhibitors SAHA and MS-275 in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7.
      SAHA and MS-275 showed site-specific effects on the acetylation levels of K5 and
      K8 with the K5(Ac)-K8 and K5-K8(Ac) peptides increasing 2.5-fold and 5-fold upon
      treatment with SAHA and MS-275, respectively. Assessing lysine acetylation in a
      site-specific manner is important for gaining a better understanding of the
      effects of HDAC inhibitors and for clarifying disease mechanisms where lysine
      acetylation plays a role.

PMID- 26968572
TI  - Will Life Be Worth Living in a World Without Work? Technological Unemployment and
      the Meaning of Life.
AB  - Suppose we are about to enter an era of increasing technological unemployment.
      What implications does this have for society? Two distinct ethical/social issues
      would seem to arise. The first is one of distributive justice: how will the
      (presumed) efficiency gains from automated labour be distributed through society?
      The second is one of personal fulfillment and meaning: if people no longer have
      to work, what will they do with their lives? In this article, I set aside the
      first issue and focus on the second. In doing so, I make three arguments. First,
      I argue that there are good reasons to embrace non-work and that these reasons
      become more compelling in an era of technological unemployment. Second, I argue
      that the technological advances that make widespread technological unemployment
      possible could still threaten or undermine human flourishing and meaning,
      especially if (as is to be expected) they do not remain confined to the economic
      sphere. And third, I argue that this threat could be contained if we adopt an
      integrative approach to our relationship with technology. In advancing these
      arguments, I draw on three distinct literatures: (1) the literature on
      technological unemployment and workplace automation; (2) the antiwork critique
      which I argue gives reasons to embrace technological unemployment; and (3) the
      philosophical debate about the conditions for meaning in life-which I argue gives
      reasons for concern.

PMID- 26968573
TI  - Upland habitat loss as a threat to Pantanal wetlands.

PMID- 26968574
TI  - Povidone-iodine ointment demonstrates in vitro efficacy against biofilm
      formation.
AB  - Anti-infectives used to treat chronic exuding wounds are diluted by wound
      exudates, absorbed into dressings, metabolised by proteases and destroyed by pH.
      In order to mimic such effects of exudates, the efficacy of six topical wound
      agents was assessed undiluted and at 10% concentrations, including povidone
      iodine ointment and a silver-impregnated wound dressing, to remove biofilms of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multi-species biofilms of Candida albicans and
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro in a Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reactor. Povidone-iodine was also diluted to
      3.3% and 33.3% of the commercial concentrations. Viable microorganisms in each
      preparation were quantified by colony count. No viable P. aeruginosa biofilm
      material was recovered after 4 and 24 hours of treatment with povidone-iodine
      ointment at the 100% and 10% concentrations. No C. albicans/MRSA biofilm material
      was recovered after 4 and 24 hours of treatment with povidone-iodine ointment at
      the 100% concentration. In general, following dilution, povidone-iodine ointment
      appeared to exhibit greater biofilm removal than the other agents tested. Further
      research involving different microorganisms in vitro and in vivo over a longer
      period of time will help elucidate the full potential of povidone-iodine ointment
      and liposomal hydrogel.

PMID- 26968575
TI  - Predictors of mortality in patients with isolated severe traumatic brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and
      disability worldwide. Many prognostic models predicting mortality in patients
      with TBI were developed, which also include patients with mild or moderate TBI
      and patients who suffered major extracranial injuries. METHODS: From a
      prospective database, we conducted a retrospective medical chart review covering
      the period between January 2000 and December 2012 of patients with isolated
      severe TBI (Abbreviated Injury Score for head, AISH >= 3) without extracranial
      injuries, who were intubated in the field using the rapid sequence intubation
      method and were of age 16 or more. Prehospital vital signs, Injury Severity Score
      (ISS) and laboratory tests were compared in two study groups: survivors (n = 25)
      and non-survivors (n = 27). Selected variables identified during univariate
      analysis (p < 0.1) were then subjected to multivariate analysis logistic
      regression model. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that in-hospital mortality
      was statistically significantly associated with male sex (p = 0.040), ISS (p =
      0.005) and mydriasis (p = 0.012). For predicting mortality, area under the curve
      (AUC) was calculated: for ISS 0.76 (95 % confidence interval, CI; 0.63-0.90; p <
      0.001) and for initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 0.64 (95 % CI, 0.49-0.80, p =
      0.079). In the multivariate analysis, ISS (odds ratio, OR; 1.19, 95 % CI, 1.06
      1.35; p = 0.004) and mydriasis (OR, 5.73; 95 % CI, 1.06-30.88; p = 0.042) were
      identified as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The AUC for the
      regression model was 0.83 (95 % CI, 0.71-0.94; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In
      prehospital intubated patients with isolated severe TBI only ISS and mydriasis
      were found to be independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.

PMID- 26968577
TI  - Rapid and prodium iodide-compatible optical clearing method for brain tissue
      based on sugar/sugar-alcohol.
AB  - The developed optical clearing methods show great potential for imaging of large
      volume tissues, but these methods present some nonnegligible limitations such as
      complexity of implementation and long incubation times. In this study, we tried
      to screen out rapid optical clearing agents by means of molecular dynamical
      simulation and experimental demonstration. According to the optical clearing
      potential of sugar and sugar-alcohol,we further evaluated the improvement in the
      optical clearing efficacy of mouse brain samples, imaging depth, fluorescence
      preservation, and linear deformation. The results showed that drops of sorbitol,
      sucrose, and fructose could quickly make the mouse brain sample transparent
      within 1 to 2 min, and induce about threefold enhancement in imaging depth. The
      former two could evidently enhance the fluorescence intensity of green
      fluorescent protein (GFP) and prodium iodide (PI) nuclear dye. Fructose could
      significantly increase the fluorescence intensity of PI, but slightly decrease
      the fluorescence intensity of GFP. Even though the three agents caused some
      shrinkage in samples, the contraction in horizontal and longitudinal directions
      are almost the same.

PMID- 26968576
TI  - PlGF knockdown inhibited tumor survival and migration in gastric cancer cell via
      PI3K/Akt and p38MAPK pathways.
AB  - The molecular signalling of placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the
      vascular endothelial growth factor family, was not uncovered in human
      adenocarcinoma gastric cell line (AGS). The purpose of this study was to examine
      the inhibitory effects of PlGF knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis and
      migration through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and PI3K
      pathways in human adenocarcinoma gastric cell line (AGS). To study PlGF knockdown
      effect, AGS cells were treated with 40 pmol of small interfering RNA (siRNA)
      related to PlGF gene and also a scrambled siRNA as control. Trypan Blue and
      Anexin V staining of AGS cells treated with PlGF-specific siRNA showed induction
      of apoptosis. Wound healing assay and zymography indicated that cellular
      migration and matrix metalloproteinases activities were reduced in response to
      PlGF knockdown. Phosphorylation of Akt and p38MAPK was reduced in AGS cells
      treated with PlGF-specific siRNA. PlGF knockdown decreased transcripts of PI3K,
      Akt, p38MAPK, PCNA, Caspase-3, OCT3/OCT4 and CD44, but elevated p53 and SOX2
      transcripts. Our results indicated that PlGF knockdown decreased migration and
      induced apoptosis through PI3K/Akt1 and p38MAPK signal transduction in AGS cells.

PMID- 26968579
TI  - Digital service offers rapid transfer of X-rays between hospitals.
AB  - Nurses and doctors across Wales will soon be able to transfer digital X-rays and
      scans quickly and easily between hospitals. 

PMID- 26968578
TI  - The comparative gastrointestinal morphology of Jaculus jaculus (Rodentia) and
      Paraechinus aethiopicus (Erinaceomorpha).
AB  - Jaculus jaculus (Lesser Egyptian jerboa) and Paraechinus aethiopicus (Desert
      hedgehog) are small mammals which thrive in desert conditions and are found,
      among others, in the Arabian Peninsula. Jaculus jaculus is omnivorous while P.
      aethiopicus is described as being insectivorous. The study aims to describe the
      gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology of these animals which differ in diet and
      phylogeny. The GITs of J. jaculus (n = 8) and P. aethiopicus (n = 7) were
      weighed, photographed, and the length, basal surface areas, and luminal surface
      areas of each of the anatomically distinct gastrointestinal segments were
      determined. The internal aspects of each area were examined and photographed
      while representative histological sections of each area were processed to wax and
      stained using haematoxylin and eosin. Both species had a simple unilocular
      stomach which was confirmed as wholly glandular on histology sections.
      Paraechinus aethiopicus had a relatively simple GIT which lacked a caecum. The
      caecum of J. jaculus was elongated, terminating in a narrow cecal appendix which
      contained lymphoid tissue on histological examination. The internal aspect of the
      proximal colon of J. jaculus revealed distinct V-shaped folds. Stomach content
      analysis of J. jaculus revealed mostly plant and seed material and some insects,
      whereas P. aethiopicus samples showed plant material in addition to insects,
      indicating omnivorous feeding tendencies in areas where insects may be scarce.

PMID- 26968580
TI  - Legislation on tackling abusive behaviour has shown good results.
AB  - The powers granted to NHS staff to help them deal with antisocial behaviour on
      hospital premises are proving effective, according to security agency NHS
      Protect. 

PMID- 26968581
TI  - Staff advised to avoid crowding by boarding patients in corridors.
AB  - Patients awaiting hospital admission should be moved to trolleys in ward
      corridors rather than being left in overcrowded emergency departments (EDs), new
      guidance states. 

PMID- 26968583
TI  - Nurses welcome legal change that frees up prescribing practice.
AB  - Changes to the law that allow nurses to prescribe controlled drugs in any
      circumstances should benefit emergency nurses working at scenes of accidents and
      in out-of-hours care. 

PMID- 26968582
TI  - Trauma network expected to save 600 lives a year.
AB  - A network of 22 centres specialising in the treatment of patients with major
      trauma has been formed across England with the aim of saving 600 lives a year. 

PMID- 26968584
TI  - After discharge, men need urgent care more than women.
AB  - Men are significantly more likely than women to need urgent hospital care,
      including readmission, within a month of being discharged, according to research.

PMID- 26968585
TI  - Setting an example.
AB  - In 1992, when I was a member of the first Emergency Nurse editorial board, I had
      recently been appointed as a charge nurse. I was probably the most junior nurse
      on the team and, although my contributions from the clinical shop floor were
      welcomed, I was keen to learn from the more seasoned board members. 

PMID- 26968586
TI  - PD-1/PD-L1 blockage in cancer treatment-from basic research to clinical
      application.

PMID- 26968587
TI  - Anti-PD-L1/PD-1 immune therapies in ovarian cancer: basic mechanism and future
      clinical application.
AB  - Tumor immune therapy, especially anti-programmed cell death ligand-1/programmed
      cell death-1 (PD-L1/PD-1) treatment, is currently the focus of substantial
      attention. Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality from gynecological
      malignancies, and novel treatment modalities, including immune therapy, are
      needed. However, a basic understanding of tumor immunity associated with the PD
      L1/PD-1 signal has only recently emerged. In this review, we first discuss the
      importance of local tumor immunity, which affects the clinical outcome of ovarian
      cancer. We subsequently provide an overview of the basic findings regarding how
      the PD-L1/PD-1 signal influences local tumor immunity in ovarian cancer. Finally,
      we discuss what is needed to apply immune therapy in future clinical medicine. 

PMID- 26968589
TI  - Fampridine-PR (prolonged released 4-aminopyridine) is not effective in patients
      with inflammatory demyelination of the peripheral nervous system.
AB  - Fampridine-PR is a voltage-gated potassium channel inhibitor potentially
      improving nerve conduction in demyelinated axons. Based on its established
      clinical efficacy in patients with demyelination in the central nervous system,
      we assessed if fampridine-PR is also effective in patients with inflammatory
      demyelination of the peripheral nerve. In this small open-label study, 10
      patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)
      were treated with fampridine-PR 10 mg BID for 28 days and assessed clinically as
      well as by nerve conduction studies. In this study, Fampridine-PR failed to
      improve CIDP based on clinical measures and nerve conduction studies. Our
      findings suggest that Fampridine-PR appears to be ineffective in demyelinating
      polyneuropathies. These observations may indicate a more complex mode of action
      beyond improving action potential conduction in demyelinated axons.

PMID- 26968588
TI  - Mothers' attitudes in Japan regarding cervical cancer screening correlates with
      intention to recommend cervical cancer screening for daughters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions caused by human
      papilloma virus (HPV) are steadily increasing in women in Japan. In comparison
      with women in other resource-rich countries, young women in Japan have a dismally
      low screening rate for cervical cancer. Our preliminary research has shown that
      20-year-old women in Japan usually ask their mothers for advice regarding their
      initial cervical cancer screening. The objective of our current research is to
      determine the social factors among mothers in Japan that are causing them to give
      advice to their daughters regarding the HPV vaccine and cervical cancer
      screening. METHODS: The survey's targets were mothers who had 20-year-old
      daughters. We recruited respondents from the roster of a commercial internet
      survey panel. We analyzed for correlations between a mother's knowledge
      concerning cervical cancer, her recent cancer screening history, and the advice
      she gave to her daughter regarding cervical cancer screening. RESULTS: We
      obtained 618 valid answers to the survey. Compared with mothers who did not get
      screening, mothers who had cervical cancer screening had significantly more
      knowledge about cervical cancer and its screening (p < 0.05). The daughters of
      mothers with recent screening had received HPV vaccination more often than those
      of mothers without recent screening (p = 0.018). Mothers with recent screening
      histories tended more often to encourage their daughters to have cervical cancer
      screening (p < 0.05). When mothers were properly educated concerning cervical
      cancer and its screening, they were significantly more likely than before to
      recommend that their daughters have it (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In young
      Japanese women, given the important role their mothers have in their lives, it is
      probable that we could improve their cervical cancer screening rate significantly
      by giving their mothers better medical information, and a chance to experience
      cervical cancer screening for themselves.

PMID- 26968590
TI  - Development and characterization of a xenograft material from New Zealand sourced
      bovine cancellous bone.
AB  - A xenograft (bovine hydroxyapatite [BHA]) was developed from New Zealand sourced
      bovine cancellous bone by a successful defatting and deproteinizing procedure.
      The BHA was chemically, compositionally and structurally characterized. Fourier
      transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the removal of organic matter from the
      bone matrix and the presence of carbonate ( CO32-), hydroxyl (OH- ), and
      phosphate ( PO43-) functional groups. X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that
      the processed bone corresponds characteristically to hydroxyapatite (HA). SEM
      analysis showed that the BHA has an interconnected porous architecture with a
      pore diameter ranging from 100 to 700 MUm while uCT analysis calculated the total
      porosity as 73.46% +/- 1.08. Furthermore, the BHA was stable up to 1000 degrees C
      and lost only 1.8% of its weight. The Ca/P molar ratio of the BHA was 1.58, which
      is comparable with commercially available natural HA-Endobon(r) . After 28 days
      of incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF), the pH value only fluctuated between
      7.1 and 7.5 and the BHA scaffold did not degrade significantly by weight
      indicating the scaffold had excellent chemical and structural stability. In vitro
      studies showed the BHA was cytocompatible and supported the proliferative growth
      of Saos-2 osteoblast cells. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res
      Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1054-1062, 2017.

PMID- 26968591
TI  - Nanostructured MoS2 Nanorose/Graphene Nanoplatelet Hybrids for Electrocatalysis.
AB  - Tailoring and enhancing electrocatalytic activity is of the utmost importance
      from the viewpoints of sustainable energy and sensing. MoS2 and graphene show
      great promise for the electrocatalysis of many reactions. Given that both
      graphene and MoS2 are highly anisotropic in nature, with edge planes that are
      several orders of magnitude more catalytically active than basal planes, a new
      hybrid material with maximized edge-plane density to provide efficient electron
      transfer, high catalytic activity, and conductive cores was engineered. The
      hybrid material consists of radial MoS2 nanosheets with a high density of edge
      planes and unsaturated active sulfur atoms as well as interspersed with
      conductive graphene nanoplatelets. This hybrid material exhibits excellent
      activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction and the detection of DNA
      nucleobases. Such a nanoengineered, nanostructured hybrid material may play a
      major role in future electrocatalytic devices. 

PMID- 26968593
TI  - The threat of litigation as a possible barrier to innovation.

PMID- 26968592
TI  - Effect of Ga3+ and Gd3+ ions substitution on the structural and optical
      properties of Ce3+ -doped yttrium aluminium garnet phosphor nanopowders.
AB  - The structural and optical properties of commercially obtained Y3 Al5 O12 :Ce3+
      phosphor were investigated by replacing Al3+ with Ga3+ and Y3+ with Gd3+ in the
      Y3 Al5 O12 :Ce3+ structure to form Y3 (Al,Ga)5 O12 :Ce3+ and (Y,Gd)3 Al5 O12
      :Ce3+ . X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results showed slight 2-theta peak shifts to
      lower angles when Ga3+ was used and to higher angles when Gd3+ was used, with
      respect to peaks from Y3 Al5 O12 :Ce3+ and JCPDS card no. 73-1370. This could be
      attributed to induced crystal-field effects due to the different ionic sizes of
      Ga3+ and Gd3+ compared with Al3+ and Y3+ . The photoluminescence (PL) spectra
      showed broad excitation from 350 to 550 nm with a maximum at 472 nm, and broad
      emission bands from 500 to 650 nm, centred at 578 nm for Y3 Al5 O12 :Ce3+ arising
      from the 5d -> 4f transition of Ce3+ . PL revealed a blue shift for Ga3+
      substitution and a red shift for Gd3+ substitution. UV-Vis showed two absorption
      peaks at 357 and 457 nm for Y3 Al5 O12 :Ce3+ , with peaks shifting to 432 nm for
      Ga3+ and 460 nm for Gd3+ substitutions. Changes in the trap levels or in the
      depth and number of traps due to Ce3+ were analysed using thermoluminescence (TL)
      spectroscopy. This revealed the existence of shallow and deep traps. It was
      observed that Ga3+ substitution contributes to the shallowest traps at 74 
      degrees C and fewer deep traps at 163  degrees C, followed by Gd3+ with shallow
      traps at 87  degrees C and deep traps at 146  degrees C. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968594
TI  - Editor's note.

PMID- 26968595
TI  - Characterisation and therapeutic manipulation of the gut microbiome in
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel diseases are thought to develop as a result of dysregulation
      of the relationship that exists between the gut microbiota, host genetics and the
      immune system. The advent of culture-independent techniques has revolutionised
      the ability to characterise the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease
      based on the microbiota's genetic make-up. Inflammatory bowel diseases are
      characterised by dysbiosis which is an imbalance between pro- and anti
      inflammatory bacteria and a reduction in bacterial diversity. Emerging data
      suggest that it is not only the presence of the gut microbiota but the functional
      activity of the microbiota that appears to play an important role in health and
      disease. Current strategies to manipulate therapeutically the gut microbiota
      using dietary modification, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics and faecal
      microbiota transplantation aim to restore the balance to a state of normobiosis.
      However, the ability of such strategies to correct dysbiosis and thereby achieve
      therapeutic benefit is yet to be fully characterised. 

PMID- 26968596
TI  - Substantial variation in post-engraftment infection prophylaxis and revaccination
      practice in autologous stem cell transplant patients.
AB  - There is a paucity of evidence supporting the necessity or duration of
      Pneumocystis jirovecii and antiviral prophylaxis as well as revaccination
      following autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). A survey aimed at evaluating
      these policies was distributed to 34 ASCT centres across Australasia. The 26
      survey respondents demonstrated significant heterogeneity in their infection
      prophylaxis and revaccination strategy post-transplant despite the availability
      of consensual guidelines. 

PMID- 26968597
TI  - Safety and efficacy of a novel short occlusive regimen of imiquimod for selected
      non-melanotic skin lesions in renal transplant patients.
AB  - Australian patients remain at very high risk of non-melanotic skin cancer after
      renal transplantation. Surgical excision offers a cure but destroys tissue and
      may jeopardise function and cosmesis. We report excellent safety and efficacy
      using topical imiquimod in a novel short intensive regimen in 10 renal transplant
      patients with superficial basal cell carcinomas, Bowen disease or actinic
      keratosis. Outcomes compare well to those reported with extended-use imiquimod
      protocols. 

PMID- 26968598
TI  - Acute adrenal insufficiency: an aide-memoire of the critical importance of its
      recognition and prevention.
AB  - Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening emergency that causes significant excess
      mortality in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Delayed recognition by medical
      staff of an impending adrenal crisis and failure to give timely hydrocortisone
      therapy within the emergency department continue to be commonly encountered, even
      in metropolitan teaching hospitals. Within the authors' institutions, several
      cases of poorly handled adrenal crises have occurred over the last 2 years.
      Anecdotal accounts from members of the Addison's support group suggest that these
      issues are common in Australia. This manuscript is a timely reminder for clinical
      staff on the critical importance of the recognition, treatment and prevention of
      adrenal crisis. The manuscript: (i) outlines a case and the clinical outcome of
      sub-optimally managed adrenal crisis, (ii) summarises the clinical features and
      acute management of adrenal crisis, (iii) provides recommendations on the
      prevention of adrenal crisis and (iv) provides guidance on the management of
      'sick days' in patients with adrenal insufficiency. 

PMID- 26968600
TI  - Cardiovascular risk reduction in hypertension: angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers. Where are we up to?
AB  - Previously, management of hypertension has concentrated on lowering elevated
      blood pressure. However, the target has shifted to reducing absolute
      cardiovascular (CV) risk. It is estimated that two in three Australian adults
      have three or more CV risk factors at the same time. Moderate reductions in
      several risk factors can, therefore, be more effective than major reductions in
      one. When managing hypertension, therapy should be focused on medications with
      the strongest evidence for CV event reduction, substituting alternatives only
      when a primary choice is not appropriate. Hypertension management guidelines
      categorise angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin
      receptor blockers (ARB) interchangeably as first-line treatments in uncomplicated
      hypertension. These medications have different mechanisms of action and quite
      different evidence bases. They are not interchangeable and their prescription
      should be based on clinical evidence. Despite this, currently ARB prescriptions
      are increasing at a higher rate than those for ACEI and other antihypertensive
      classes. Evidence that ACEI therapy prevents CV events and death, in patients
      with coronary artery disease or multiple CV risk factors, emerged from the
      European trial on reduction of cardiac events with perindopril in stable coronary
      artery disease (EUROPA) and Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trials
      respectively. The consistent benefit has been demonstrated in meta-analyses. The
      clinical trial data for ARB are less consistent, particularly regarding CV
      outcomes and mortality benefit. The evidence supports the use of ACEI (Class 1a)
      compared with ARB despite current prescribing trends. 

PMID- 26968599
TI  - Severe hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia following intravenous iron and
      denosumab: a novel drug interaction.
AB  - We present the case of a 59-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease who
      suffered severe hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia after receiving denosumab and
      intravenous iron. This potentially life-threatening adverse drug interaction has
      never been reported before. We propose a mechanism to explain it with reference
      to the physiological derangements caused by both agents on calcium and phosphate
      homeostasis. 

PMID- 26968601
TI  - Screening for coeliac disease in elderly inpatients with minimal trauma fracture
      is not indicated.

PMID- 26968602
TI  - Traumatic superior gluteal artery pseudoaneurysm following a bone marrow biopsy.

PMID- 26968603
TI  - Liquid biopsies: advancing cancer research through drops of blood.

PMID- 26968605
TI  - Errata.

PMID- 26968606
TI  - Errata.

PMID- 26968604
TI  - Conflict of interest: real and perceived--a more mature consideration is needed.

PMID- 26968607
TI  - Survey on testing for gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia.
AB  - We surveyed members of National Association of Diabetes Centres (NADC) assessing
      use of new Australasian Diabetes In Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) and Royal
      Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG)
      Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) diagnostic guidelines in Australia. We found
      piecemeal adoption of recommended changes, with cessation of the 50 g glucose
      challenge test (GCT) universal, early screening implementation common, but by
      varied methodologies, and new diagnostic criteria acceptance far from complete
      with significant workload increases almost universal. 

PMID- 26968608
TI  - Functional Magnetic Stimulation of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscles in Subjects
      With Tetraplegia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Respiratory complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality
      in persons with a spinal cord injury, partly because of respiratory muscle
      paralysis. Earlier investigation has demonstrated that functional magnetic
      stimulation (FMS) can be used as a noninvasive technology for activating
      expiratory muscles, thus producing useful expiratory functions (simulated cough)
      in subjects with spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of
      FMS for conditioning inspiratory and expiratory muscles in persons with
      tetraplegia. DESIGN: A prospective before and after trial. SETTING: FMS
      Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.
      PARTICIPANTS: Six persons with tetraplegia. METHOD: Each subject participated in
      a 6-week FMS protocol for conditioning the inspiratory and expiratory muscles. A
      magnetic stimulator was used with the center of a magnetic coil placed at the C7
      T1 and T9-T10 spinous processes, respectively. Pulmonary function tests were
      performed before, during, and after the protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:
      Respiratory variables included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), inspiratory
      reserve volume (IRV), peak inspiratory flow (PIF), maximal expiratory pressure
      (MEP), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). RESULTS:
      After 6 weeks of conditioning, the main outcome measurements (mean +/- standard
      error) were as follows: MIP, 89.6 +/- 7.3 cm H2O; IRV, 1.90 +/- 0.34 L; PIF,
      302.4 +/- 36.3 L/min; MEP, 67.4 +/- 11.1 cm H2O; ERV, 0.40 +/- 0.06 L; and PEF,
      372.4 +/- 31.9 L/min. These values corresponded to 117%, 107%, 136%, 109%, 130%,
      and 124% of pre-FMS conditioning values, respectively. Significant improvements
      were observed in MIP (P = .022), PIF (P = .0001), and PEF (P = .0006),
      respectively. When FMS was discontinued for 4 weeks, these values showed
      decreases from their values at the end of the conditioning protocol, which
      suggests that continual FMS may be necessary to maintain improved respiratory
      functions. CONCLUSION: FMS conditioning of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles
      improved voluntary inspiratory and expiratory functions. FMS may be a noninvasive
      technology for respiratory muscle training in persons with tetraplegia.

PMID- 26968609
TI  - Feasibility of Using Tetrax Biofeedback Video Games for Balance Training in
      Patients With Chronic Hemiplegic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Decreased weight bearing on the affected lower limb and poor weight
      shifting are common after a stroke occurs. The Tetrax biofeedback system is a
      center-of-pressure controlled video game system designed for patients with
      balance deficits. Although it is a commercial product, information about its
      clinical use for patients affected by stroke is limited. OBJECTIVE: To
      investigate the feasibility and potential efficacy of the Tetrax biofeedback
      system for balance training in patients with chronic stroke. DESIGN: Feasibility
      study. SETTING: Rehabilitation department of a medical center. PARTICIPANTS:
      Participants who had sustained a hemiplegic stroke at least 6 months prior to
      enrollment but were still able to stand independently for more than 5 minutes.
      METHODS: Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) or
      control group (CG). All participants received conventional rehabilitation
      training. The IG also received 20 minutes of exposure to Tetrax biofeedback games
      controlled by change in center of pressure 3 times a week for 6 weeks. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was feasibility, addressed by
      adherence, safety, and satisfaction. The secondary outcome was efficacy, which
      was evaluated by the subtests of physiological profile assessment, posturography,
      Timed Up and Go, and Forward Reach tests. We used percentage change (post
      training score - pretraining score/pretraining score) to quantify the
      intervention effects. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze differences in
      percentage of change between groups. RESULTS: A total of 14 participants were
      assigned to the IG, and 13 were assigned to the CG; 12 participants in the IG and
      11 in the CG completed the study. In the IG group, those who completed the 6-week
      intervention attended 89.5% of planned sessions. No major adverse events or falls
      occurred within the intervention sessions. With use of 5-point Likert scales,
      participants rated their enjoyment of Tetrax games as 4.33 +/- 0.78, their
      motivation as 4.17 +/- 1.03, and perceived helpfulness as 4.25 +/- 0.97. The IG
      demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in reaction time (P = .002),
      proprioception (P < .001), symmetric weight bearing (P = .027), Timed Up and Go
      (P < .001), and Forward Reach (P < .001) compared with the CG. CONCLUSIONS: Using
      Tetrax biofeedback video games for balance training is a feasible adjunctive
      program that may augment conventional therapy in persons affected by chronic
      hemiplegic stroke. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 26968610
TI  - Pelvic Pain Due to Ischial Tuberosity and Acetabular Melorheostosis-Multimodal
      Image Presentation.

PMID- 26968611
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Autologous Blood Products Compared With Corticosteroid
      Injections in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylitis: A Meta-Analysis of
      Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of autologous blood products (ABPs)
      and corticosteroid injections (CSIs) in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis.
      TYPE OF STUDY: Meta-analysis. LITERATURE SURVEY: We systematically searched
      EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to identify randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) that compared ABPs with CSIs for the treatment of
      lateral epicondylitis without language and publication date restriction through
      April 2015. METHODOLOGY: Two investigators independently included and assessed
      the quality of each eligible study according to the method recommended by the
      Cochrane Collaboration. Available data about the main outcomes were extracted
      from each study and heterogeneity was assessed using the Q statistic and the
      inconsistency index (I(2)). We also evaluated the publication bias and conducted
      a subgroup analysis. Review Manager 5.2 software was used for data syntheses and
      analyses, and the standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) was
      estimated by using random effects models with a 95% confidence interval (CI). To
      investigate the efficacy among different trial durations, the follow-up times
      were divided into short periods (2-4 weeks), intermediate periods (6-24 weeks)
      and long-term periods (>=24 weeks). SYNTHESIS: Ten RCTs (n = 509) were included
      in this meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed that CSIs were more effective
      than ABPs for pain relief in the short term (SMD = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.31-1.46%; P =
      .003). However, in the intermediate term, ABPs exhibited a better therapeutic
      effect for pain relief (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI = -0.70 to -0.07%; P = .02), function
      (SMD = -0.60; 95% CI = -1.13 to -0.08%; P = .03), disabilities of the arm,
      shoulder, and hand (MD = -11.04; 95% CI = -21.72 to -0.36%; P = .04), and Nirschl
      stage (MD = -0.81; 95% CI = -1.11 to -0.51%; P < .0001). In the long term, ABPs
      were superior to CSIs for pain relief (SMD = -0.94; 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.57%; P <
      .0001) and Nirschl stage (MD = -1.04; 95% CI = -1.66 to -0.42%; P = .001).
      Moreover, for grip strength recovery, no significant difference was found between
      the 2 therapies (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence supports the conclusion
      that CSIs are superior to ABPs for pain relief in the short term; however, this
      result was reversed in the intermediate and long term. ABPs seemed to be more
      effective at restoring function in the intermediate term. Because of the small
      sample size and the limited number of high-quality RCTs, more high-quality RCTs
      with large sample sizes are required to validate this result.

PMID- 26968613
TI  - Haloalkaline Bioconversions for Methane Production from Microalgae Grown on
      Sunlight.
AB  - Microalgal biomass can be converted to biofuels to replace nonsustainable fossil
      fuels, but the widespread use of microalgal biofuels remains hampered by the high
      energetic and monetary costs related to carbon dioxide supply and downstream
      processing. Growing microalgae in mixed culture biofilms reduces energy demands
      for mixing, maintaining axenic conditions, and biomass concentration.
      Furthermore, maintaining a high pH improves carbon dioxide absorption rates and
      inorganic carbon solubility, thus overcoming the carbon limitation and increasing
      the volumetric productivity of the microalgal biomass. Digesting the microalgal
      biomass anaerobically at high pH results in biogas that is enriched in methane,
      while the dissolved carbon dioxide is recycled to the phototrophic reactor. All
      of the required haloalkaline conversions are known in nature.

PMID- 26968612
TI  - Redefining Signaling Pathways with an Expanding Single-Cell Toolbox.
AB  - Genetically identical cells respond heterogeneously to uniform environmental
      stimuli. Consequently, investigating the signaling networks that control these
      cell responses using 'average' bulk cell measurements can obscure underlying
      mechanisms and misses information emerging from cell-to-cell variability. Here we
      review recent technological advances including live-cell fluorescence imaging
      based approaches and microfluidic devices that enable measurements of signaling
      networks, dynamics, and responses in single cells. We discuss how these single
      cell tools have uncovered novel mechanistic insights for canonical signaling
      pathways that control cell proliferation (ERK), DNA-damage responses (p53), and
      innate immune and stress responses (NF-kappaB). Future improvements in throughput
      and multiplexing, analytical pipelines, and in vivo applicability will all
      significantly expand the biological information gained from single-cell
      measurements of signaling pathways.

PMID- 26968614
TI  - GOexpress: an R/Bioconductor package for the identification and visualisation of
      robust gene ontology signatures through supervised learning of gene expression
      data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of gene expression profiles that differentiate
      experimental groups is critical for discovery and analysis of key molecular
      pathways and also for selection of robust diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.
      While integration of differential expression statistics has been used to refine
      gene set enrichment analyses, such approaches are typically limited to single
      gene lists resulting from simple two-group comparisons or time-series analyses.
      In contrast, functional class scoring and machine learning approaches provide
      powerful alternative methods to leverage molecular measurements for pathway
      analyses, and to compare continuous and multi-level categorical factors. RESULTS:
      We introduce GOexpress, a software package for scoring and summarising the
      capacity of gene ontology features to simultaneously classify samples from
      multiple experimental groups. GOexpress integrates normalised gene expression
      data (e.g., from microarray and RNA-seq experiments) and phenotypic information
      of individual samples with gene ontology annotations to derive a ranking of genes
      and gene ontology terms using a supervised learning approach. The default random
      forest algorithm allows interactions between all experimental factors, and
      competitive scoring of expressed genes to evaluate their relative importance in
      classifying predefined groups of samples. CONCLUSIONS: GOexpress enables rapid
      identification and visualisation of ontology-related gene panels that robustly
      classify groups of samples and supports both categorical (e.g., infection status,
      treatment) and continuous (e.g., time-series, drug concentrations) experimental
      factors. The use of standard Bioconductor extension packages and publicly
      available gene ontology annotations facilitates straightforward integration of
      GOexpress within existing computational biology pipelines.

PMID- 26968615
TI  - Modeling the spinal pudendo-vesical reflex for bladder control by pudendal
      afferent stimulation.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve (PN) is a promising approach to
      restore continence and micturition following bladder dysfunction resulting from
      neurological disease or injury. Although the pudendo-vesical reflex and its
      physiological properties are well established, there is limited understanding of
      the specific neural mechanisms that mediate this reflex. We sought to develop a
      computational model of the spinal neural network that governs the reflex bladder
      response to PN stimulation. We implemented and validated a neural network
      architecture based on previous neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies.
      Using synaptically-connected integrate and fire model neurons, we created a
      network model with realistic spiking behavior. The model produced expected sacral
      parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) neuron firing rates from prescribed neural inputs
      and predicted bladder activation and inhibition with different frequencies of
      pudendal afferent stimulation. In addition, the model matched experimental
      results from previous studies of temporal patterns of pudendal afferent
      stimulation and selective pharmacological blockade of inhibitory neurons. The
      frequency- and pattern-dependent effects of pudendal afferent stimulation were
      determined by changes in firing rate of spinal interneurons, suggesting that
      neural network interactions at the lumbosacral level can mediate the bladder
      response to different frequencies or temporal patterns of pudendal afferent
      stimulation. Further, the anatomical structure of excitatory and inhibitory
      interneurons in the network model was necessary and sufficient to reproduce the
      critical features of the pudendo-vesical reflex, and this model may prove useful
      to guide development of novel, more effective electrical stimulation techniques
      for bladder control.

PMID- 26968617
TI  - The UK National Neonatal Research Database: using neonatal data for research,
      quality improvement and more.

PMID- 26968618
TI  - [Comamonas testosteroni appendicitis].

PMID- 26968616
TI  - Optimizing operational efficiencies in early phase trials: The Pediatric Trials
      Network experience.
AB  - Performing drug trials in pediatrics is challenging. In support of the Best
      Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
      of Child Health and Human Development funded the formation of the Pediatric
      Trials Network (PTN) in 2010. Since its inception, the PTN has developed
      strategies to increase both efficiency and safety of pediatric drug trials.
      Through use of innovative techniques such as sparse and scavenged blood sampling
      as well as opportunistic study design, participation in trials has grown. The PTN
      has also strived to improve consistency of adverse event reporting in neonatal
      drug trials through the development of a standardized adverse event table. We
      review how the PTN is optimizing operational efficiencies in pediatric drug
      trials to increase the safety of drugs in children. 

PMID- 26968620
TI  - The early stress responses in fish larvae.
AB  - During the life cycle of fish the larval stages are the most interesting and
      variable. Teleost larvae undergo a daily increase in adaptability and many organs
      differentiate and become active. These processes are concerted and require an
      early neuro-immune-endocrine integration. In larvae communication among the
      nervous, endocrine and immune systems utilizes several known signal molecule
      families which could be different from those of the adult fish. The immune
      neuroendocrine system was studied in several fish species, among which in
      particular the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), that is a species of great
      commercial interest, very important in aquaculture and thus highly studied.
      Indeed the immune system of this species is the best known among marine teleosts.
      In this review the data on main signal molecules of stress carried out on larvae
      of fish are considered and discussed. For sea bass active roles in the early
      immunological responses of some well-known molecules involved in the stress, such
      as ACTH, nitric oxide, CRF, HSP-70 and cortisol have been proposed. These
      molecules and/or their receptors are biologically active mainly in the gut before
      complete differentiation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), probably
      acting in an autocrine/paracrine way. An intriguing idea emerges from all results
      of these researches; the molecules involved in stress responses, expressed in the
      adult cells of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, during the larval life of fish
      are present in several other localizations, where they perform probably the same
      role. It may be hypothesized that the functions performed by hypothalamic
      pituitary system are particularly important for the survival of the larva and
      therefore they comprises several other localizations of body. Indeed the larval
      stages of fish are very crucial phases that include many physiological changes
      and several possible stress both internal and environmental. 

PMID- 26968621
TI  - [The impact of adverse events on health primary care professionals and
      institutions].

PMID- 26968619
TI  - Necroptosis: an alternative cell death program defending against cancer.
AB  - One of the hallmarks of cancer is resistance to programmed cell death, which
      maintains the survival of cells en route to oncogenic transformation and
      underlies therapeutic resistance. Recent studies demonstrate that programmed cell
      death is not confined to caspase-dependent apoptosis, but includes necroptosis, a
      form of necrotic death governed by Receptor-Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1), RIP3,
      and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like (MLKL) protein. Necroptosis serves as a
      critical cell-killing mechanism in response to severe stress and blocked
      apoptosis, and can be induced by inflammatory cytokines or chemotherapeutic
      drugs. Genetic or epigenetic alterations of necroptosis regulators such as RIP3
      and cylindromatosis (CYLD), are frequently found in human tumors. Unlike
      apoptosis, necroptosis elicits a more robust immune response that may function as
      a defensive mechanism by eliminating tumor-causing mutations and viruses.
      Furthermore, several classes of anticancer agents currently under clinical
      development, such as SMAC and BH3 mimetics, can promote necroptosis in addition
      to apoptosis. A more complete understanding of the interplay among necroptosis,
      apoptosis, and other cell death modalities is critical for developing new
      therapeutic strategies to enhance killing of tumor cells. 

PMID- 26968622
TI  - Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life
      Survey (SN-5) into Brazilian Portuguese.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The concept of quality of life is subjective and variable
      definition, which depends on the individual's perception of their state of
      health. Quality of life questionnaires are instruments designed to measure
      quality of life, but most are developed in a language other than Portuguese.
      Questionnaires can identify the most important symptoms, focus on consultation,
      and assist in defining the goals of treatment. Some of these have been validated
      for the Portuguese language, but none in children. OBJECTIVE: To validate the
      translation with cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sinus and Nasal
      Quality of Life Survey (SN-5) into Portuguese. METHODS: Prospective study of
      children aged 2-12 years with sinonasal symptoms of over 30 days. The study
      comprised two stages: (I) translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SN-5
      into Portuguese (SN-5p); and (II) validation of the SN5-p. Statistical analysis
      was performed to assess internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and
      sensitivity, as well as construct and discriminant validity and standardization.
      RESULTS: The SN-5 was translated and adapted into Portuguese (SN-5p) and the
      author of the original version approved the process. Validation was carried out
      by administration of the SN-5p to 51 pediatric patients with sinonasal complaints
      (mean age, 5.8+/-2.5 years; range, 2-12 years). The questionnaire exhibited
      adequate construct validity (0.62, p<0.01), internal consistency (Cronbach's
      alpha=0.73), and discriminant validity (p<0.01), as well as good test-retest
      reproducibility (Goodman-Kruskal gamma=0.957, p<0.001), good correlation with a
      visual analog scale (r=0.62, p<0.01), and sensitivity to change. CONCLUSION: This
      study reports the successful translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SN
      5 instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. The translated version exhibited adequate
      psychometric properties for assessment of disease-specific quality of life in
      pediatric patients with sinonasal complaints.

PMID- 26968624
TI  - The exponential effect.

PMID- 26968623
TI  - Mometasone furoate in the treatment of mild, moderate, or severe persistent
      allergic rhinitis: a non-inferiority study (PUMA).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Allergic rhinitis is considered the most prevalent respiratory
      disease in Brazil and worldwide, with great impact on quality of life, affecting
      social life, sleep, and also performance at school and at work. OBJECTIVE: To
      compare the efficacy and safety of two formulations containing mometasone furoate
      in the treatment of mild, moderate, or severe persistent allergic rhinitis after
      four weeks of treatment. METHODS: Phase III, randomized, non-inferiority,
      national, open study comparing mometasone furoate in two presentations (control
      drug and investigational drug). The primary endpoint was the percentage of
      patients with reduction of at least 0.55 in nasal index score (NIS) after four
      weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes included total nasal index score score
      after four and 12 weeks of treatment; individual scores for symptoms of nasal
      obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal pruritus; as well as score for
      pruritus, lacrimation, and ocular redness after four and 12 weeks of treatment.
      The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with the reference number
      NCT01372865. RESULTS: The efficacy primary analysis demonstrated non-inferiority
      of the investigational drug in relation to the control drug, since the upper
      limit of the confidence interval (CI) of 95% for the difference between the
      success rates after four weeks of treatment (12.6%) was below the non-inferiority
      margin provided during the determination of the sample size (13.7%). Adverse
      events were infrequent and with mild intensity in most cases. CONCLUSION: The
      efficacy and safety of investigational drug in the treatment of persistent
      allergic rhinitis were similar to the reference product, demonstrating its non
      inferiority.

PMID- 26968625
TI  - The optimal gestation for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a prospective
      cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an increasing incidence of pertussis infection in infants
      too young to be adequately protected via vaccination. Maternal pertussis
      vaccination during the third trimester of pregnancy is a new strategy to provide
      protection to newborn infants. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the
      optimal gestational window for vaccination in the third trimester. STUDY DESIGN:
      This prospective study recruited 3 groups of women: an early vaccination group,
      vaccinated between 28-32 weeks' gestation; a late vaccination group, vaccinated
      between 33-36 weeks' gestation; and an unvaccinated control group. Maternal
      venous blood was taken prior to pertussis vaccination. At birth, infant cord
      blood was collected to determine antibody levels to pertussis toxin (PT),
      pertactin (PRN), and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). RESULTS: In all, 154 women
      were recruited from April through September 2014. There was no significant
      difference between maternal PRN and FHA antibody levels among the 3 groups,
      however, PT was higher in the early compared to late vaccination group (P = .05).
      Cord blood antibody levels to PT, PRN, and FHA were significantly higher in those
      born to vaccinated women compared with unvaccinated controls (P < .001, P = .001,
      and P < .001, respectively). Vaccination between 28-32 weeks' gestation resulted
      in significantly higher cord blood PT (4.18.0 vs 3.50 IU/mL, P = .009), PRN (5.83
      vs 5.31 IU/mL, P = .03), and FHA (5.56 vs 5.03 IU/mL, P = .03) antibody levels
      than vaccination between 33-36 weeks' gestation. When adjusted for maternal
      prevaccination antibody levels, PT levels in early vs late vaccination approached
      significance (P = .06). PRN levels were significantly higher in the early
      vaccination group (P = .003). There was no significant difference for FHA
      antibody levels between the 2 groups (P = .16). CONCLUSION: Maternal vaccination
      during the third trimester is effective in affording higher levels of pertussis
      antibody protection to the newborn infant. Vaccination early in the third
      trimester appears more effective than later in pregnancy.

PMID- 26968626
TI  - Use of the MS2 aptamer and coat protein for RNA localization in yeast: A response
      to "MS2 coat proteins bound to yeast mRNAs block 5' to 3' degradation and trap
      mRNA decay products: implications for the localization of mRNAs by MS2-MCP
      system".
AB  - The MS2 system has been extensively used to visualize single mRNA molecules in
      live cells and follow their localization and behavior. In their Letter to the
      Editor recently published, Garcia and Parker suggest that use of the MS2 system
      may yield erroneous mRNA localization results due to the accumulation of 3' decay
      products. Here we cite published works and provide new data which demonstrate
      that this is not a phenomenon general to endogenously expressed MS2-tagged
      transcripts, and that some of the results obtained in their study could have
      arisen from artifacts of gene expression. 

PMID- 26968629
TI  - From Mutational Mechanisms in Single Cells to Mutational Patterns in Cancer
      Genomes.
AB  - Analysis of mutations in thousands of cancer genomes has revealed many
      characteristic patterns of mutagenesis. The search for the molecular mechanisms
      underlying these mutational patterns has not only generated novel biological
      insight but also led to the development of new experimental strategies to study
      cell-to-cell variation and genome evolution. In this essay, we discuss recent
      progress in the study of mutational mechanisms with a particular emphasis on the
      analysis of mutagenesis at the single-cell level.

PMID- 26968628
TI  - Regulation of RORgammat in Inflammatory Lymphoid Cell Differentiation.
AB  - T-helper 17 (Th17) cells differentiate from naive CD4(+) T cells in response to
      signals from commensal microbiota and produce cytokines critical for the
      integrity of mucosal barriers. These cells also disseminate throughout the body,
      and are key participants in numerous inflammatory processes. A key challenge is
      to elucidate the mechanisms that govern Th17 cell beneficial versus pathogenic
      functions, characterized by different cytokine profiles. Mucosal Th17 cells
      require the nuclear hormone receptor RORgammat for their differentiation in
      draining lymph nodes. Cytokine expression is enabled in select tissues, to which
      these cells migrate, by external cues, such as the serum amyloid A proteins
      produced in response to commensal bacteria by epithelial cells in the small
      intestine. Additional cell-intrinsic cues contributing to production of Th17
      cytokines during both homeostasis and inflammation include the RORgammat
      associated DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5 and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Rmrp. The
      helicase activity of DDX5 is required for Rmrp-mediated assembly of the complex
      and colocalization with RORgammat throughout the genome to regulate key Th17
      genes. How these are regulated in diverse microenvironments may provide insights
      for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune disease.

PMID- 26968630
TI  - Abdominal Pain in a 17-Year-Old Girl With Pancreatic Insufficient Cystic
      Fibrosis.

PMID- 26968627
TI  - Prp8 retinitis pigmentosa mutants cause defects in the transition between the
      catalytic steps of splicing.
AB  - Pre-mRNA splicing must occur with high fidelity and efficiency for proper gene
      expression. The spliceosome uses DExD/H box helicases to promote on-pathway
      interactions while simultaneously minimizing errors. Prp8 and Snu114, an EF2-like
      GTPase, regulate the activity of the Brr2 helicase, promoting RNA unwinding by
      Brr2 at appropriate points in the splicing cycle and repressing it at others.
      Mutations linked to retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease that causes blindness in
      humans, map to the Brr2 regulatory region of Prp8. Previous in vitro studies of
      homologous mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiaes how that Prp8-RP mutants cause
      defects in spliceosome activation. Here we show that a subset of RP mutations in
      Prp8 also causes defects in the transition between the first and second catalytic
      steps of splicing. Though Prp8-RP mutants do not cause defects in splicing
      fidelity, they result in an overall decrease in splicing efficiency. Furthermore,
      genetic analyses link Snu114 GTP/GDP occupancy to Prp8-dependent regulation of
      Brr2. Our results implicate the transition between the first and second catalytic
      steps as a critical place in the splicing cycle where Prp8-RP mutants influence
      splicing efficiency. The location of the Prp8-RP mutants, at the "hinge" that
      links the Prp8 Jab1-MPN regulatory "tail" to the globular portion of the domain,
      suggests that these Prp8-RP mutants inhibit regulated movement of the Prp8
      Jab1/MPN domain into the Brr2 RNA binding channel to transiently inhibit Brr2.
      Therefore, in Prp8-linked RP, disease likely results not only from defects in
      spliceosome assembly and activation, but also because of defects in splicing
      catalysis.

PMID- 26968631
TI  - Brief Client-Centered Motivational and Behavioral Intervention to Promote HPV
      Vaccination in a Hard-to-Reach Population: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - Objective To evaluate the impact of a client-centered behavioral intervention
      (Brief Negotiated Interviewing) on mothers' human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine
      knowledge and vaccination initiation for their adolescent daughters. Methods We
      randomized mothers to intervention (n = 100) and control (n = 100) groups, and
      followed them over 12 months. Electronic medical records were reviewed to
      determine vaccination status. The primary outcome was receipt of the first
      vaccine. The secondary outcome was HPV vaccine knowledge among mothers. Results
      Brief Negotiated Interviewing intervention mothers demonstrated increased
      knowledge about HPV (pre/post mean score of 5 to 10 out of a possible 11; P <
      .001) and significantly higher mean knowledge scores (10 vs 6, P < .001) than
      control mothers. However, initiation and completion rates of the vaccine were not
      significantly different between groups. Conclusions Increasing HPV vaccine
      knowledge did not translate into increased vaccine uptake or completion of
      vaccination series. Future intervention must explore vaccine reminders to
      increase HPV vaccination rates. 

PMID- 26968632
TI  - Radiological properties of nanocomposite Fricke gel dosimeters for heavy ion
      beams.
AB  - The radiological properties of nanocomposite Fricke gel (NC-FG) dosimeters
      prepared with different concentrations of nano-clay, perchloric acid and ferrous
      ions in deaerated conditions were investigated under carbon and argon ion beam
      irradiation covering a linear-energy-transfer (LET) range of 10 to 3000 eV/nm. We
      found that NC-FG exhibits radiological properties distinct from those of
      conventional Fricke gel. The radiation sensitivity of NC-FG is independent of the
      LET and is nearly constant even at very high LET (3000 eV/nm) values in the Bragg
      peak region of the argon ion beam. In addition, whereas conventional Fricke gel
      dosimeters only operate under acidic conditions, NC-FG dosimeters function under
      both acidic and neutral conditions. The radiation sensitivity decreases with
      decreasing nano-clay concentration in NC-FG, which indicates that the nano-clay
      plays a vital role in the radiation-induced oxidation of Fe(2.) 

PMID- 26968633
TI  - Inflammasome-independent NLRP3 is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      in colon cancer cells.
AB  - Inflammasome NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the process of colitis and colitis-
      associated colon cancer. Even though much is known regarding the NLRP3
      inflammasome that regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine release in innate immune
      cells, the role of NLRP3 in non-immune cells is still unclear. In this study, we
      showed that NLRP3 was highly expressed in mesenchymal-like colon cancer cells
      (SW620), and was upregulated by tumor necrosis factors-alpha (TNF-alpha) and
      transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) respectively, during EMT in colon
      cancer epithelial cells HCT116 and HT29. Knockdown of NLRP3 retained epithelial
      spindle-like morphology of HCT116 and HT29 cells and reversed the mesenchymal
      characteristic of SW620 cells, indicated by the decreased expression of vimentin
      and MMP9 and increased expression of E-cadherin. In addition, knockdown of NLRP3
      in colorectal carcinoma cells displayed diminished cell migration and invasion.
      Interestingly, during the EMT process induced by TNF-alpha or TGF-beta1, the
      cleaved caspase-1 and ASC speck were not detected, indicating that NLRP3
      functions in an inflammasome-independent way. Further studies demonstrated that
      NLRP3 protein expression was regulated by NF-kappaB signaling in TNF-alpha or TGF
      beta1-induced EMT, as verified by the NF-kappaB inhibitor Bay 11-7082. Moreover,
      NLRP3 knockdown reduced the expression of Snail1, indicating that NLRP3 may
      promote EMT through regulating Snail1. In summary, our results showed that the
      NLRP3 expression, not the inflammasome activation, was required for EMT in
      colorectal cancer cells.

PMID- 26968634
TI  - Dual effect of LPS on murine myeloid leukemia cells: Pro-proliferation and anti
      proliferation.
AB  - Modification of the bone marrow microenvironment is considered as a promising
      strategy to control leukemic cell proliferation, diseases progression and relapse
      after treatment. However, due to the diversity and complexity of the cellular and
      molecular compartments in the leukemic microenvironment, it is extremely
      difficult to dissect the role of each individual molecule or cell type in vivo.
      Here we established an in vitro system to dissect the role of lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS), stromal cells and endothelial cells in the growth of mouse myeloid tumor
      cells and B-lymphoma cells. We found that either LPS or bone marrow stromal cells
      as a feeder layer in culture is required for the proliferation of myeloid tumor
      cells. Surprisingly, the growth of myeloid leukemic cells on stromal cells is
      strongly inhibited when coupled with LPS in culture. This opposing effect of LPS,
      a complete switch from pro-proliferation to antitumor growth is due, at least in
      part, to the rapidly increased production of interleukin 12, Fas ligand and
      tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 from stromal cells stimulated by LPS.
      These results demonstrate that LPS can either facilitate or attenuate tumor cell
      proliferation, thus changing the disease course of myeloid leukemias through its
      direct effect or modulation of the tumor microenvironment.

PMID- 26968636
TI  - Targeting the replisome with transduced monoclonal antibodies triggers lethal DNA
      replication stress in cancer cells.
AB  - Although chemical inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR) in cancer cells
      triggers cell death, it is not clear if the fork blockade achieved with
      inhibitors that neutralise proteins of the replisome is sufficient on its own to
      overcome the DDR. Monoclonal antibodies to PCNA, which block the DNA elongation
      process in vitro, have been developed. When these antibodies were transduced into
      cancer cells, they are able to inhibit the incorporation of nucleoside analogues.
      When co-delivered with anti-PCNA siRNA, the cells were flattened and the size of
      their nuclei increased by up to 3-fold, prior to cell death. Analysis of these
      nuclei by super-resolution microscopy revealed the presence of large numbers of
      phosphorylated histone H2AX foci. A senescence-like phenotype of the transduced
      cells was also observed upon delivery of the corresponding Fab molecules or
      following PCNA gene disruption or when the Fab fragment of an antibody that
      neutralises DNA polymerase alpha was used. Primary melanoma cells and leukaemia
      cells that are resistant to chemical inhibitors were similarly affected by these
      antibody treatments. These results demonstrate that transduced antibodies can
      trigger a lethal DNA replication stress, which kills cancer cells by abolishing
      the biological activity of several constituents of the replisome. 

PMID- 26968635
TI  - Allopurinol and oxypurinol promote osteoblast differentiation and increase bone
      formation.
AB  - Allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol are widely used in the
      treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. They inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO) an enzyme
      in the purine degradation pathway that converts xanthine to uric acid. This
      investigation examined the effect of allopurinol and oxypurinol on bone
      formation, cell number and viability, gene expression and enzyme activity in
      differentiating and mature, bone-forming osteoblasts. Although mRNA expression
      remained relatively constant, XO activity decreased over time with mature
      osteoblasts displaying reduced levels of uric acid (20% decrease). Treatment with
      allopurinol and oxypurinol (0.1-1 uM) reduced XO activity by up to 30%. At these
      concentrations, allopurinol and oxypurinol increased bone formation by
      osteoblasts ~4-fold and ~3-fold, respectively. Cell number and viability were
      unaffected. Both drugs increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP)
      activity up to 65%. Osteocalcin and TNAP mRNA expression was increased, 5-fold
      and 2-fold, respectively. Expression of NPP1, the enzyme responsible for
      generating the mineralisation inhibitor, pyrophosphate, was decreased 5-fold.
      Col1alpha1 mRNA expression and soluble collagen levels were unchanged. Osteoclast
      formation and resorptive activity were not affected by treatment with allopurinol
      or oxypurinol. Our data suggest that inhibition of XO activity promotes
      osteoblast differentiation, leading to increased bone formation in vitro.

PMID- 26968637
TI  - Diverse effects of G-protein-coupled free fatty acid receptors on the regulation
      of cellular functions in lung cancer cells.
AB  - Free fatty acids (FFAs) are dietary nutrients which mediate a variety of
      biological effects through binding to G-protein-coupled FFA receptors (FFARs). G
      protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) and GPR40 are identified as FFARs for long-
      and medium-chain fatty acids. Here we investigated whether GPR120 and GPR40 are
      involved in the acquisition of malignant properties in lung cancer cells. Three
      lung cancer RLCNR, LL/2 and A549 cells used in this study expressed GPR120 and
      GPR40 genes. The cell motile activities of all cells were significantly
      suppressed by a GPR40 antagonist GW1100. In addition, GPR40 knockdown inhibited
      the cell motile activity of A549 cells. In gelatin zymography, matrix
      metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity in GPR40 knockdown was significantly lower
      than that in control cells. Next, to evaluate effects of GPR120 and GPR40 on
      cellular functions induced by anti-cancer drug, the long-term cisplatin (CDDP)
      treated (A549-CDDP) cells were generated. The expression levels of GPR120 and
      GPR40 were significantly decreased in A549-CDDP cells. While A549-CDDP cells
      showed the high cell motile activity, GW1100 suppressed the cell motile activity
      of A549-CDDP cells. These results demonstrate that GPR120 negatively and GPR40
      positively regulate cellular functions during tumor progression in lung cancer
      cells.

PMID- 26968638
TI  - Disability Rises Gradually for a Cohort of Older Americans.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We study changes in average disability over nearly two decades for a
      large epidemiological cohort of older Americans. As some people exit by
      mortality, do average disability levels for the living cohort rise rapidly, rise
      gradually, stay steady, or decline? METHOD: Data are from the Study of Asset and
      Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) cohort for 1993-2010. Cohort members
      are aged 70+ in 1993 (mean = 77.5 years), and the survivors are aged 87+ in 2010
      (mean = 90.2 years). Personal care disability (activities of daily living),
      household management disability (instrumental activities of daily living), and
      physical limitations are studied. We study average disability for the living
      cohort over time and the disability histories for decedent and survivor groups.
      RESULTS: Average disability rises gradually over time for the living cohort.
      Earlier decedent groups have higher average disability than later ones. Near
      death, disability rises sharply for all decedent groups. Longer surviving groups
      have less average disability, and slower disability increases, than shorter
      surviving groups. All results are repeated for younger cohort members (baseline
      age = 70-79 years), older ones (baseline age = 80+ years), women, and men.
      DISCUSSION: As a cohort ages, average disability among living members increases
      gradually, signaling behavioral, psychological, and biological fitness in very
      old persons.

PMID- 26968639
TI  - Exportation and Validation of Latent Constructs for Dementia Case Finding in a
      Mexican American Population-based Cohort.
AB  - Background: The latent variable "delta" has been validated as a dementia
      phenotype. delta can be extracted from Spearman's general intelligence factor "g"
      in any data set that contains measures of cognition and instrumental activities
      of daily living (IADL). We used delta composites ("d-scores") to estimate the
      prevalence of dementia in the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiological
      Studies in the Elderly (H-EPESE). Method: delta was constructed from Mini-Mental
      State Examination, a clock-drawing task (CLOX), and IADL. delta's H-EPESE factor
      weights were validated in the well-characterized Texas Alzheimer's Research and
      Care Consortium (TARCC). Optimal thresholds for the discrimination between
      "Alzheimer's disease" (AD) versus normal controls (NCs) were determined by
      receiver operating characteristic curve. Those thresholds were used to estimate
      the prevalence of dementia in H-EPESE. Results: Each delta homolog fits its
      source's data well. d-scores were strongly associated with Clinical Dementia
      Rating scale Sum of Boxes (r = .74-.85, all p < .001], and accurately
      distinguished AD cases from NCs, in both Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic
      Whites (NHWs) [c = 0.94-0.96]. The TARCC MA threshold estimated the prevalence of
      dementia at 21.4% in H-EPESE. The NHW threshold estimated the prevalence of
      dementia at 21.0%. Conclusions: It is possible to export delta composites from
      populations to well-characterized cohorts for validation.

PMID- 26968640
TI  - Decision Support for Joint Replacement: Implications for Decisional Conflict and
      Willingness to Undergo Surgery.
AB  - Objectives: The present study investigates age differences in the types of
      decision support that total joint replacement (TJR) candidates desire and receive
      when making the decision to pursue surgery. We consider the social structural
      (relationship to the patient) and experiential factors (network members'
      experience with TJR) that influence individuals' support preferences and the
      interactions of these factors with age. We also examine whether a lack of support
      is linked with increased decisional conflict and reduced willingness to undergo
      surgery. Method: A telephone survey was conducted with 100 individuals (aged 40+)
      who were contemplating knee or hip replacement. Results: TJR candidates desired
      and received decision support from health care providers, family members, and
      individuals who had previously undergone TJR. They reported higher deficits in
      informational and emotional support than in instrumental support. Overall, a lack
      of instrumental support was associated with greater decisional conflict; a lack
      of instrumental support and a lack of informational support were associated with
      reduced willingness to undergo TJR. Discussion: Our findings point to the
      importance of involving both formal and informal network members in TJR
      discussions, and the need for informational guidance and practical assistance to
      reduce decisional conflict and uncertainty among individuals considering TJR.

PMID- 26968641
TI  - Characteristics of 10-year survivors of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) generally presents at an advanced
      stage with poor long-term (LT) survival. Here we describe clinical features found
      in women surviving HGSC for ten or more years. METHODS: A multi-center research
      consortium was established between five participating academic centers. Patient
      selection criteria included high-grade serous ovarian, fallopian tube, or
      peritoneal carcinoma with at least ten years of follow up. Non-serous, borderline
      tumors and low-grade serous subtypes were excluded. RESULTS: The 203 identified
      LT ten-year survivors with HGSC were diagnosed at a median age of 57years (range
      37-84years). The majority of patients had stage IIIC (72.4%) disease at
      presentation. Of those who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery, optimal
      cytoreduction was achieved in 143 (85.6%) patients. After a median follow up of
      144months, 88 (46.8%) patients did not develop recurrent disease after initial
      treatment. Unexpected findings from this survey of LT survivors includes 14% of
      patients having had suboptimal cytoreduction, 11% of patients having an initial
      platinum free interval of <12months, and nearly 53% of patients having recurrent
      disease, yet still surviving more than ten years after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: LT
      survivors of HGSC of the ovary generally have favorable clinical features
      including optimal surgical cytoreduction and primary platinum sensitive disease.
      The majority of patients will develop recurrent disease, however many remained
      disease free for more than 10years. Future work will compare the clinical
      features of this unusual cohort of LT survivors with the characteristics of HGSC
      patients having less favorable outcomes.

PMID- 26968642
TI  - The Role of Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Anthelmintic Deactivation and
      Resistance in Helminths.
AB  - Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) modulate the biological activity and
      behavior of many drugs, including anthelmintics. The effects of anthelmintics can
      often be abolished by XMEs when the drugs are metabolized to an inefficient
      compound. XMEs therefore play a significant role in anthelmintic efficacy.
      Moreover, differences in XMEs between helminths are reflected by differences in
      anthelmintic metabolism between target species. Taking advantage of the newly
      sequenced genomes of many helminth species, progress in this field has been
      remarkable. The present review collects up to date information regarding the most
      important XMEs (phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes; efflux
      transporters) in helminths. The participation of these XMEs in anthelmintic
      metabolism and their possible roles in drug resistance are evaluated.

PMID- 26968643
TI  - Parasitism as a Driver of Trophic Niche Specialisation.
AB  - The population trophic niche of free-living species can be subdivided into
      smaller niches comprising individuals specialising on specific food items. The
      roles of parasites in creating these specialised subgroups remain unclear.
      Intrapopulation differences in parasite infections can develop from specialist
      individuals within populations. Their differences in morphology and habitat can
      increase their exposure to intermediate hosts via infected prey, altering their
      parasite fauna. However, we also suggest that parasite infections can drive this
      niche specialisation. Through mechanisms including parasite manipulation, altered
      host phenotypes, and/ or parasite-mediated competition, parasites can alter the
      resource availability of their hosts, altering their trophic niches. Thus,
      trophic niche specialisations could result from parasitism via varying influences
      on host traits, raising questions for future research.

PMID- 26968644
TI  - A Phase II Study of the Efficacy and Safety of the Novel Oral SHIP1 Activator AQX
      1125 in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain
      Syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled,
      multicenter trial we assessed the effect of the novel SHIP1 (SH2-containing
      inositol-5'-phosphatase 1) activator AQX-1125 on bladder pain and urinary
      symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and a mean
      pain score of 5 or greater on an 11-point scale despite treatment were randomized
      to AQX-1125 or placebo orally once daily for 6 weeks. Average and maximum pain
      scores (daily) and urinary frequency (before visits) were recorded by e-diary and
      at clinic visits. The O'Leary-Sant ICSI (Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index) and
      ICPI (Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index), BPIC-SS (Bladder Pain Interstitial
      Cystitis Symptom Score) and SF-12v2(r) questionnaires were administered. Safety
      was monitored through 6 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of followup. RESULTS: A
      total of 37 patients received oral AQX-1125 and 32 received placebo. At 6 weeks
      average daily pain on an e-diary decreased by 2.4 points for AQX-1125 vs 1.4 for
      placebo (p = 0.061), while average pain at clinic decreased by 2.6 vs 1.1 (p =
      0.008), maximum daily pain on e-diary diary decreased by 2.6 vs 1.4 (p = 0.030)
      and maximum pain at clinic decreased by 2.8 vs 1.1 (p = 0.028). AQX-1125 reduced
      ICSI by 3.8 points vs 1.4 for placebo (p = 0.005), ICPI by 3.6 points vs 1.6 (p =
      0.014) and BPIC-SS by 8.8 points vs 4.0 (p = 0.011). Urinary frequency decreased
      on AQX-1125 by 3.6 voids per 24 hours vs 0.8 for placebo (p = 0.040). Adverse
      event rates were similar for AQX-1125 and placebo (51.4% and 78.1%,
      respectively). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Women with
      moderate to severe interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome who were treated
      with the oral SHIP1 activator AQX-1125 reported significantly reduced bladder
      pain and improved urinary symptoms at 6 weeks. AQX-1125 was well tolerated. AQX
      1125 may be a potential new treatment for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain
      syndrome. It warrants further investigation.

PMID- 26968645
TI  - Urethral Reconstruction with Rectal Mucosa Graft Onlay: A Novel, Minimally
      Invasive Technique.
AB  - PURPOSE: Alternative grafts are needed for patients who are not suitable
      candidates for oral mucosa graft harvest or who have a paucity of oral mucosa
      graft available for reconstruction. Circumferential colonic mucosal grafts have
      demonstrated feasibility for urethral reconstruction, although sigmoid resection
      has been required for graft retrieval. We report the feasibility and short-term
      outcomes of urethral reconstruction using a rectal mucosa graft harvested by a
      novel, minimally invasive, transanal endoscopic microsurgical technique.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients
      who underwent transanal endoscopic microsurgical rectal mucosa graft harvest and
      onlay urethroplasty since the technique was first implemented in 2013. Graft
      failure was defined as inability to pass a 16Fr cystoscope in the grafted
      urethra. RESULTS: All 4 strictures were bulbopendulous with a median length of
      13.5 cm (range 10 to 21). Median followup was 18 months (range 12 to 28).
      Stricture etiology was lichen sclerosus in 3 patients and failed hypospadias
      interventions in 1. Three patients had undergone at least 1 prior urethroplasty.
      In 1 patient stricture recurred in the graft 10 months following reconstruction.
      There were no colorectal complications. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the
      first study demonstrating urethral reconstruction using a rectal mucosa graft
      harvested by the transanal endoscopic microsurgical technique. Initial data
      revealed that this technique is feasible and safe, and minimizes graft harvest
      morbidity. Transanal endoscopic microsurgical harvest of a rectal mucosa graft
      may provide an alternative graft material for patients with long segment urethral
      strictures who are not candidates for oral mucosa graft harvest. Further
      experience and longer followup are needed to validate these findings.

PMID- 26968646
TI  - TiO2-NiO p-n nanocomposite with enhanced sonophotocatalytic activity under
      diffused sunlight.
AB  - TiO2-NiO composites with p-n junction were developed by assembling p-type NiO on
      n-type TiO2 using ultrasound assisted wet impregnation method. The
      sonophotocatalytic efficiencies of pure TiO2 and TiO2-NiO composites were
      evaluated under diffused sunlight using methyl orange (MO) as a model pollutant.
      The impregnation of NiO nanoparticles on TiO2 considerably enhanced the optical
      absorption in visible region (500-800nm) due to the formation of p-n junctions at
      the interface between TiO2 and NiO. The internal electric field induced by the p
      n junction led to effective separation of electron-hole pairs and thereby
      generating a large amount of reactive species for the degradation of MO. The
      individual effect of ultrasound and diffused sunlight for the degradation of MO
      was found to be 30% and 6%, respectively. A synergy of 4.8 fold was achieved when
      ultrasound was combined with photocatalytic degradation process in the presence
      of diffused sunlight. The sonophotocatalytic activity of TiO2-NiO photocatalysts
      with different NiO loading was also evaluated and 10wt% NiO loading was found to
      be optimal. Moreover, 66% of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal was achieved with
      the optimized TiO2-NiO composite in 140min. In addition, the TiO2-NiO composite
      exhibited an enhanced photocurrent response under visible light illumination.

PMID- 26968647
TI  - Design and synthesis of small molecule-sulfotyrosine mimetics that inhibit HIV-1
      entry.
AB  - In the absence of a cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS, small molecule inhibitors
      remain an attractive choice for antiviral therapeutics. Recent structural and
      functional studies of the HIV-1 surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 have revealed
      sites of vulnerability that can be targeted by small molecule and peptide
      inhibitors, thereby inhibiting HIV-1 infection. Here we describe a series of
      small molecule entry inhibitors that were designed to mimic the sulfated N
      terminal peptide of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5. From a panel of hydrazonothiazolyl
      pyrazolinones, we demonstrate that compounds containing naphthyl di- and tri
      sulfonic acids inhibit HIV-1 infection in single round infectivity assays with
      the disulfonic acids being the most potent. Molecular docking supports the
      observed structure activity relationship, and SPR confirmed binding to gp120. In
      infectivity assays treatment with a representative naphthyl disulfonate and a
      disulfated CCR5 N-terminus peptide results in competitive inhibition, with
      combination indices >2. In total this work shows that gp120 and HIV-1 infection
      can be inhibited by small molecules that mimic the function of, and are
      competitive with the natural sulfated CCR5 N-terminus. 

PMID- 26968648
TI  - Quinoxalinone (Part II). Discovery of (Z)-3-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)quinoxalinone
      derivates as potent VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitors.
AB  - Inhibition of VEGFR-2 kinase has been highlighted as one of the well-defined
      strategies to suppress tumor growth via blockade of angiogenesis. Guided by the
      principles of bioisosteric replacement and pharmacophoric fragment migration, a
      series of novel quinoxalinone derivates were designed, synthesized and evaluated
      for their VEGFR-2 inhibitory potencies. Among them, compounds 7c, 8b, 8c, 8e and
      10b displayed antiangiogenic abilities via the in vitro tube formation assay
      (cellular level) and ex vivo rat aortic ring assay (tissue level) at a low
      concentration (0.1 MUM). By means of in vivo zebrafish embryo model, two (Z)-3-(2
      (pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)quinoxalinone derivates 8c and 8e showed significant
      antiangiogenesis effects, suggesting they have potentials to be developed into
      antiangiogenesis agents via further structural optimization. Moreover, these two
      compounds also demonstrated potent inhibition toward VEGFR-2 and B-raf kinases in
      a low concentration (1 MUM). A possible interpretation of our evaluation result
      has been presented by a molecular docking study by docking representative
      compound 8c with VEGFR-2.

PMID- 26968650
TI  - Novel squaramides with in vitro liver stage antiplasmodial activity.
AB  - A structure-activity relationship study was performed with ten 8-aminoquinoline
      squaramides compounds active against liver stage malaria parasites, using human
      hepatoma cells (Huh7) infected by Plasmodium berghei parasites. In addition,
      their blood-schizontocidal activity was assessed against chloroquine-resistant W2
      strain Plasmodium falciparum. Compound 3 was 7.3-fold more potent than the
      positive control primaquine against liver-stage parasites, illustrating the
      importance of the squarate moiety to activity. 

PMID- 26968651
TI  - Molecular simulation of cyclohexanyl nucleic acid (CNA) duplexes with CNA, DNA
      and RNA and CNA triloop and tetraloop hairpin structures.
AB  - As part of a selection strategy for artificial nucleic acids (XNA) (to be
      considered as potential new information systems in vivo), we have carried out a
      modelling study on cyclohexanyl nucleic acids (CNA) duplexes and hairpins. CNA
      may form a duplex as well as hairpin structures, having the carbocyclic
      nucleosides in the (4)C1 conformation (with equatorial basis). The geometry of ds
      CNA is close to that of a HNA:RNA duplex. We demonstrated that CNA triphosphates
      function as a substrate for polymerases. Modelling experiments indicate that the
      monomers are probably presented to the polymerase in the (1)C4 conformation. 

PMID- 26968649
TI  - Donor substrate promiscuity of bacterial beta1-3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases
      and acceptor substrate flexibility of beta1-4-galactosyltransferases.
AB  - beta1-3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases (beta3GlcNAcTs) and beta1-4
      galactosyltransferases (beta4GalTs) have been broadly used in enzymatic synthesis
      of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc)-containing oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates
      including poly-LacNAc, and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) found in the milk of human
      and other mammals. In order to explore oligosaccharides and derivatives that can
      be synthesized by the combination of beta3GlcNAcTs and beta4GalTs, donor
      substrate specificity studies of two bacterial beta3GlcNAcTs from Helicobacter
      pylori (Hpbeta3GlcNAcT) and Neisseria meningitidis (NmLgtA), respectively, using
      a library of 39 sugar nucleotides were carried out. The two beta3GlcNAcTs have
      complementary donor substrate promiscuity and 13 different trisaccharides were
      produced. They were used to investigate the acceptor substrate specificities of
      three beta4GalTs from Neisseria meningitidis (NmLgtB), Helicobacter pylori
      (Hpbeta4GalT), and bovine (Bbeta4GalT), respectively. Ten of the 13
      trisaccharides were shown to be tolerable acceptors for at least one of these
      beta4GalTs. The application of NmLgtA in one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of
      two trisaccharides including GalNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcbetaProN3 and Galbeta1
      3Galbeta1-4Glc was demonstrated. The study provides important information for
      using these glycosyltransferases as powerful catalysts in enzymatic and
      chemoenzymatic syntheses of oligosaccharides and derivatives which can be useful
      probes and reagents. 

PMID- 26968652
TI  - C-3 benzoic acid derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and deoxybetulin as HIV-1
      maturation inhibitors.
AB  - A series of C-3 phenyl- and heterocycle-substituted derivatives of C-3
      deoxybetulinic acid and C-3 deoxybetulin was designed and synthesized as HIV-1
      maturation inhibitors (MIs) and evaluated for their antiviral activity and
      cytotoxicity in cell culture. A 4-subsituted benzoic acid moiety was identified
      as an advantageous replacement for the 3'3'-dimethylsuccinate moiety present in
      previously disclosed MIs that illuminates new aspects of the topography of the
      pharmacophore. The new analogs exhibit excellent in vitro antiviral activity
      against wild-type (wt) virus and a lower serum shift when compared with the
      prototypical HIV-1 MI bevirimat (1, BVM), the first MI to be evaluated in
      clinical studies. Compound 9a exhibits comparable cell culture potency toward wt
      virus as 1 (WT EC50=16 nM for 9a compared to 10nM for 1). However, the potency of
      9a is less affected by the presence of human serum, while the compound displays a
      similar pharmacokinetic profile in rats to 1. Hence 9a, the 4-benzoic acid
      derivative of deoxybetulinic acid, represents a new starting point from which to
      explore the design of a 2nd generation MI.

PMID- 26968653
TI  - Safety of indwelling pleural catheter use in patients undergoing chemotherapy: a
      five-year retrospective evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Indwelling pleural catheters (IPC) are increasingly becoming a first
      line treatment in the management of malignant pleural effusions. Ambulatory
      management using IPC are increasingly used in this patient group whilst they are
      receiving concurrent chemotherapy. There are currently no prospective trials
      examining IPC safety in chemotherapy. This study's objective is to determine if
      IPC insertion is safe in patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: We conducted
      a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent IPC insertion for
      malignant pleural effusion at our trust from September 2010 to December 2014.
      Data was collected on IPC insertion and removal, tumour type, systemic
      chemotherapy, pleural infection and other complications. RESULTS: One hundred
      four patients were identified, 43 in chemotherapy group and 61 in non
      chemotherapy group. The incidence of pleural infection in chemotherapy group vs
      non-chemotherapy group, 4 (9.3%) vs 3 (4.9%) respectively, was not statistically
      different (Fisher's exact p = 0.311). There was no significant difference in six
      month infection-free duration from the date of IPC insertion (log rank p =
      0.394). Overall six-month mortality in chemotherapy group was significantly lower
      than in non-chemotherapy group (log rank p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: This is the
      second largest retrospective case-control series that concludes systemic
      chemotherapy is safe in patients with IPC undergoing chemotherapy.

PMID- 26968655
TI  - Intrahippocampal infusion of spermidine improves memory persistence: Involvement
      of protein kinase A.
AB  - Spermidine (SPD) is an endogenous aliphatic amine that modulates GluN2B
      containing NMDA receptors and improves memory. Recent evidence suggests that
      systemic SPD improves the persistence of the long term memory of fear. However,
      the role of hippocampal polyamines and its binding sites in the persistence of
      fear memory is to be determined, as well as its putative underlying mechanisms.
      This study investigated whether the intrahippocampal (i.h.) infusion of
      spermidine or arcaine, modulators of polyamine binding site at GluN2B-containing
      NMDA receptors, alters the persistence of the memory of contextual fear
      conditioning task in rats. We also investigated whether protein synthesis and
      cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) play a role in SPD-induced improvement of the
      fear memory persistence. While 12h post-training infusion of spermidine
      facilitated, arcaine and the inhibitor of protein synthesis (anisomycin) impaired
      the memory of fear assessed 7days after training. The infusion of arcaine,
      anisomycin or a selective PKA inhibitor (H-89), at doses that have no effect on
      memory per se, prevented the SPD-induced improvement of memory persistence. H-89
      prevented the stimulatory effect of SPD on phospho-PKA/total-PKA ratio. These
      results suggests that the improvement of fear memory persistence induced by
      spermidine involves GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, PKA pathway and protein
      synthesis in rats.

PMID- 26968654
TI  - Does tuberculosis threaten our ageing populations?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The global population is ageing quickly and our understanding of age
      related changes in the immune system suggest that the elderly will have less
      immunological protection from active tuberculosis (TB). DISCUSSION: Ongoing
      global surveillance of TB notifications shows increasing age of patients with
      active TB. This effect of age is compounded by changes to clinical manifestations
      of disease, confounding of diagnostic tests and increased rates of adverse
      reactions to antimicrobial treatment of TB. Future epidemiological surveillance,
      development of diagnostic tests and trials of treatment shortening should all
      include a focus on ageing people. More detailed surveillance of TB notifications
      in elderly people should be undertaken and carefully evaluated. Risk
      stratification will help target care for those in greatest need, particularly
      those with comorbidities or on immunosuppressive therapies. Novel diagnostics and
      treatment regimes should be designed specifically to be used in this cohort.

PMID- 26968656
TI  - Exercise prevents high-fat diet-induced impairment of flexible memory expression
      in the water maze and modulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.
AB  - Obesity is currently one of the most serious threats to human health in the
      western civilization. A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity is
      associated with cognitive dysfunction. Physical exercise not only improves
      fitness but it has also been shown in human and animal studies to increase
      hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity
      and physical exercise both modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult
      neurogenesis has been demonstrated to play a role in hippocampus-dependent
      learning and memory, particularly flexible memory expression. Here, we
      investigated the effects of twelve weeks of HFD vs. control diet (CD) and
      voluntary physical activity (wheel running; -R) vs. inactivity (sedentary; -S) on
      hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning and flexible memory function in
      female C57Bl/6 mice assessed in the Morris water maze. HFD was initiated either
      in adolescent mice combined with long-term concurrent exercise (preventive
      approach) or in young adult mice with 14days of subsequent exercise (therapeutic
      approach). HFD resulted in impaired flexible memory expression only when
      initiated in adolescent (HFD-S) but not in young adult mice, which was
      successfully prevented by concurrent exercise (HFD-R). Histological analysis
      revealed a reduction of immature neurons in the hippocampus of the memory
      impaired HFD-S mice of the preventive approach. Long-term physical exercise also
      led to accelerated spatial learning during the acquisition period, which was
      accompanied by increased numbers of newborn mature neurons (HFD-R and CD-R).
      Short-term exercise of 14days in the therapeutic group was not effective in
      improving spatial learning or memory. We show that (1) alterations in learning
      and flexible memory expression are accompanied by changes in the number of
      neuronal cells at different maturation stages; (2) these neuronal cells are in
      turn differently affected by HFD; (3) adolescent mice are specifically
      susceptible to the negative effects of HFD. Thus, physical exercise, by
      modulating adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, might represent a potential
      preventive approach for treating cognitive impairments associated with adolescent
      obesity.

PMID- 26968658
TI  - Axonal activity-dependent myelination in development: Insights for myelin repair.
AB  - Recent advances in transgenic tools have allowed us to peek into the earliest
      stages of vertebrate development to study axon-glial communication in the control
      of peri-natal myelination. The emerging role of neuronal activity in regulating
      oligodendrocyte progenitor cell behavior during developmental myelination has
      opened up an exciting possibility-a role for neuronal activity in the early
      stages of remyelination. Recent work from our laboratory and others has also
      shown that contrary to previously established dogma in the field, complete
      remyelination up to pre-demyelination levels can be achieved in mouse models of
      MS by oligodendrogenic neural precursor cells that derive from the adult
      subventricular zone. These cells are electrically active and can be depolarized,
      suggesting that neuronal activity may have a modulatory role in their development
      and remyelination potential. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our
      understanding of the development of axon-glia communication and apply those same
      concepts to remyelination, with an emphasis on the particular roles of different
      sources of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.

PMID- 26968657
TI  - Laboratory investigations into the origin of Mycoplasma synoviae isolated from a
      lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of wild birds in the transmission and spread of mycoplasmas
      is not clear. Up to now different Mycoplasma species have been isolated from wild
      birds many of which are not considered pathogens sensu stricto for domestic
      flocks. This report describes the first isolation of Mycoplasma synoviae in a
      captive lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) held in a zoo in Italy and the
      laboratory investigations performed to elucidate its origin. Results showed that
      the strain was similar to the MS-H vaccine strain using the vlhA methods although
      no vaccination with this product was used in the zoo. CASE PRESENTATION: This
      paper describes investigations into a case in which 10 of 12 adult lesser
      flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) died after having recently been moved from the
      Netherlands to a new zoo in Northern Italy. While most of the birds appeared to
      have died from the stress of movement and poor adaptation to their new
      environment, Mycoplasma synoviae, an important poultry pathogen in the layer and
      meat industry, was isolated for the first time from the trachea of one animal
      presenting catarrhal tracheitis and fibrinous airsacculitis. Genetic analysis of
      the conserved region of the vlhA was not able to differentiate the flamingo
      strain from the MS-H vaccine strain. However differences in the sequences of the
      obg gene of the flamingo and vaccine strain were detected. A test for temperature
      sensitivity (ts) gave a ts (-) phenotype for the flamingo strain, in contrast to
      the ts (+) status of the MS-H strain. Based on this information and knowing that
      the flamingos were not vaccinated against M. synoviae, it is highly likely that
      the flamingo was infected with a genetically similar wild strain by contact with
      infected birds. CONCLUSIONS: This case provides evidence for the potential role
      of international trade of ornamental birds as a possible route of introduction of
      new mycoplasma strains between countries, and moreover highlight that vlhA gene
      sequencing was not sufficient to discriminate the wild strain isolated from the
      flamingo from the MS-H vaccine strain.

PMID- 26968659
TI  - De novo transcriptomic analysis of the female and male adults of the blood fluke
      Schistosoma turkestanicum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Schistosoma turkestanicum is a parasite of considerable veterinary
      importance as an agent of animal schistosomiasis in many countries, including
      China. The S. turkestanicum cercariae can also infect humans, causing cercarial
      dermatitis in many countries and regions of the world. In spite of its
      significance as a pathogen of animals and humans, there is little transcriptomic
      and genomic data in the public databases. METHODS: Herein, we performed the
      transcriptome Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of adult males and females of S.
      turkestanicum and de novo transcriptome assembly. RESULTS: Approximately 81.1
      (female) and 80.5 (male) million high-quality clean reads were obtained and then
      29,526 (female) and 41,346 (male) unigenes were assembled. A total of 34,624
      unigenes were produced from S. turkestanicum females and males, with an average
      length of 878 nucleotides (nt) and N50 of 1480 nt. Of these unigenes, 25,158
      (72.7 %) were annotated by blast searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein
      database. Among these, 21,995 (63.5 %), 22,189 (64.1 %) and 13,754 (39.7 %) of
      the unigenes had significant similarity in the NCBI non-redundant protein (NR),
      non-redundant nucleotide (NT) and Swiss-Prot databases, respectively. In
      addition, 3150 unigenes were identified to be expressed specifically in females
      and 1014 unigenes were identified to be expressed specifically in males.
      Interestingly, several pathways associated with gonadal development and sex
      maintenance were found, including the Wnt signaling pathway (103; 2 %) and
      progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation (77; 1.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: The present
      study characterized and compared the transcriptomes of adult female and male
      blood fluke, S. turkestanicum. These results will not only serve as valuable
      resources for future functional genomics studies to understand the molecular
      aspects of S. turkestanicum, but also will provide essential information for
      ongoing whole genome sequencing efforts on this pathogenic blood fluke.

PMID- 26968661
TI  - Identifying Barriers Among Childhood Cancer Survivors Transitioning to Adult
      Health Care.
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify and describe barriers of young adult
      childhood cancer survivors transitioning to adult health care within 5 years of
      leaving a pediatric oncology practice. Several barriers have been identified in
      the literature, but other obstacles as to why this vulnerable population may be
      avoiding health care are unknown. This is a descriptive pilot study of a
      convenience sample of childhood cancer survivors, currently 20 to 25 years of
      age, who were diagnosed at less than 21 years of age. The Transition to Adult
      Care Survey assessing survivor barriers is an online survey consisting of 15
      questions, with a drop-down menu for answers and 2 open-ended questions. The
      survey was accessible by smartphone or computer. Standard descriptive statistics
      were used to describe variables of interest. Our population consisted of 48
      childhood cancer survivors. Their mean age was 23.21 years. Only 74% reported
      following through with annual preventive screening, and 57% reported that they
      consider themselves at risk for further medical problems as a result of their
      cancer treatment. Lack of knowledge of the importance of health screening may be
      a potential barrier to consistent follow-up care.

PMID- 26968662
TI  - Risk Factors and Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is by far the most common sustained tachyarrhythmia,
      affecting 1% to 2% of the general population. AF prevalence and the total annual
      cost for treatment are alarming, emphasizing the need for an urgent attention to
      the problem. Thus, having up-to-date information on AF risk factors and
      appreciating how they promote maintenance of AF maintenance are essential. This
      article presents a simplified examination of AF risk factors, including emerging
      genetic risks. 

PMID- 26968660
TI  - ChlamyNET: a Chlamydomonas gene co-expression network reveals global properties
      of the transcriptome and the early setup of key co-expression patterns in the
      green lineage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the model organism that serves as a
      reference for studies in algal genomics and physiology. It is of special interest
      in the study of the evolution of regulatory pathways from algae to higher plants.
      Additionally, it has recently gained attention as a potential source for bio-fuel
      and bio-hydrogen production. The genome of Chlamydomonas is available,
      facilitating the analysis of its transcriptome by RNA-seq data. This has produced
      a massive amount of data that remains fragmented making necessary the application
      of integrative approaches based on molecular systems biology. RESULTS: We
      constructed a gene co-expression network based on RNA-seq data and developed a
      web-based tool, ChlamyNET, for the exploration of the Chlamydomonas
      transcriptome. ChlamyNET exhibits a scale-free and small world topology. Applying
      clustering techniques, we identified nine gene clusters that capture the
      structure of the transcriptome under the analyzed conditions. One of the most
      central clusters was shown to be involved in carbon/nitrogen metabolism and
      signalling, whereas one of the most peripheral clusters was involved in DNA
      replication and cell cycle regulation. The transcription factors and regulators
      in the Chlamydomonas genome have been identified in ChlamyNET. The biological
      processes potentially regulated by them as well as their putative transcription
      factor binding sites were determined. The putative light regulated transcription
      factors and regulators in the Chlamydomonas genome were analyzed in order to
      provide a case study on the use of ChlamyNET. Finally, we used an independent
      data set to cross-validate the predictive power of ChlamyNET. CONCLUSIONS: The
      topological properties of ChlamyNET suggest that the Chlamydomonas transcriptome
      posseses important characteristics related to error tolerance, vulnerability and
      information propagation. The central part of ChlamyNET constitutes the core of
      the transcriptome where most authoritative hub genes are located interconnecting
      key biological processes such as light response with carbon and nitrogen
      metabolism. Our study reveals that key elements in the regulation of carbon and
      nitrogen metabolism, light response and cell cycle identified in higher plants
      were already established in Chlamydomonas. These conserved elements are not only
      limited to transcription factors, regulators and their targets, but also include
      the cis-regulatory elements recognized by them.

PMID- 26968663
TI  - Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation: Rotors, Ionic Determinants, and Excitation
      Frequency.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia; however, therapy
      is suboptimal. We review recent data on dynamics of wave propagation during AF
      and its mechanistic link to the substrate. Data show that the dominant frequency
      (DF) increase during transition to persistent AF may be explained by rotor
      acceleration. We discuss how translation of experimentally derived understanding
      of the rotors may find its way into the clinic, focusing on studies analyzing
      spatial distribution of DF in the atria of patients with paroxysmal versus
      persistent AF, and how that knowledge might contribute to improve the outcome of
      AF ablation procedures. 

PMID- 26968664
TI  - Diagnostic Evaluation and Follow-Up of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - In this article, a review of the diagnostic evaluation and outpatient follow-up
      of patients with atrial fibrillation is presented. After exploring details of
      symptoms, past medical history, quality of life, and physical exam findings,
      diagnostic tools are then discussed. Furthermore, important considerations after
      the initial diagnosis and treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26968665
TI  - Rate Versus Rhythm Control for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Treatment of patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) with
      antiarrhythmic drug therapy in general improves their symptom scores and exercise
      tolerance; however, large randomized trials have failed to show a mortality
      benefit with a rhythm-control compared with a rate-control strategy. Catheter
      ablation in patients who have failed or not tolerated medical therapy has been
      shown to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. However, catheter
      ablation cannot undo the structural remodeling that contributed to the arrhythmia
      in the first place. Patients should be alerted to modifiable factors that may
      decrease the likelihood of unchecked structural remodeling and AF recurrence. 

PMID- 26968666
TI  - Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered arrhythmia.
      Prevalence increases with advancing age and so as its associated comorbidities,
      like heart failure. Choice of pharmacologic therapy depends on whether the goal
      of treatment is maintaining sinus rhythm or tolerating AF with adequate control
      of ventricular rates. Antiarrhythmic therapy and conversion of AF into sinus
      rhythm comes with the side effect profile, and we should select best
      antiarrhythmic therapy, individualized to the patient. New antiarrhythmic drugs
      are being tested in clinical trials. Drugs that target remodeling and
      inflammation are being tested for their use as prevention of AF or as upstream
      therapy. 

PMID- 26968667
TI  - Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Strategies and technology related to catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation
      (AF) continue to advance since its inception nearly 20 years ago. Broader
      selections of patients are now offered ablation with a similar level of
      procedural outcome and safety standards. It is hoped that improved understanding
      of the pathophysiologic processes of the initiation and maintenance of AF will
      refine target selection during ablation and improve long-term procedural
      efficacy, particularly in patients with persistent and long-standing persistent
      AF. 

PMID- 26968668
TI  - Surgery for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and its treatment
      options include drug therapy or catheter-based or surgical interventions. The
      surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation has undergone multiple evolutions over
      the last several decades. The Cox-Maze procedure went on to become the gold
      standard for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation and is currently in
      its fourth iteration (Cox-Maze IV). This article reviews the indications and
      preoperative planning for performing a Cox-Maze IV procedure. This article also
      reviews the literature describing the surgical results for both approaches
      including comparisons of the Cox-Maze IV to the previous cut-and-sew method. 

PMID- 26968669
TI  - Atrioventricular Junction Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation is an effective therapy in patients with
      symptomatic atrial fibrillation who are intolerant to or unsuccessfully managed
      with rhythm control or medical rate control strategies. A drawback is that the
      procedure mandates a pacing system. Overall, the safety and efficacy of AVJ
      ablation is high with a majority of the patients reporting significant
      improvement in symptoms and quality-of-life measures. Risk of sudden cardiac
      death after device implantation is low, especially with an appropriate
      postprocedure pacing rate. Mortality benefit with AVJ ablation has been shown in
      patients with heart failure and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices. 

PMID- 26968670
TI  - Antithrombotic and Anticoagulant Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - As atrial fibrillation (AF) substantially increases the risk of stroke and other
      thromboembolic events, most AF patients require appropriate antithrombotic
      prophylaxis. Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with either dose-adjusted vitamin K
      antagonists (VKAs) (eg, warfarin) or non-VKA oral anticoagulants (eg, dabigatran,
      apixaban, rivaroxaban) can be used for this purpose unless contraindicated.
      Therefore, risk assessment of stroke and bleeding is an obligatory part of AF
      management, and risk has to be weighed individually. Antiplatelet drugs (eg,
      aspirin and clopidogrel) are inferior to OAC, both alone and in combination, with
      a comparable risk of bleeding events. 

PMID- 26968671
TI  - Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion for Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure is being increasingly used as a
      treatment strategy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)
      who have contraindications to anticoagulants. Several approaches and devices have
      been developed in the last few years, each with their own unique set of
      advantages and disadvantages. In this article, the published studies on surgical
      and percutaneous approaches to LAA closure are reviewed, focusing on stroke
      mechanisms in AF, LAA structure and function relevant to stroke prevention,
      practical differences in procedural approach, and clinical considerations
      surrounding management. 

PMID- 26968672
TI  - Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation: Incidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical
      Correlates.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation is the most commonly encountered arrhythmia after cardiac
      surgery. Although usually self-limiting, it represents an important predictor of
      increased patient morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Numerous studies
      have attempted to determine the underlying mechanisms of postoperative atrial
      fibrillation (POAF) with varied success. A multifactorial pathophysiology is
      hypothesized, with inflammation and postoperative beta-adrenergic activation
      recognized as important contributing factors. The management of POAF is
      complicated by a paucity of data relating to the outcomes of different
      therapeutic interventions in this population. This article reviews the literature
      on epidemiology, mechanisms, and risk factors of POAF, with a subsequent focus on
      the therapeutic interventions and guidelines regarding management. 

PMID- 26968673
TI  - Novel Upstream Approaches to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation Perpetuation.
AB  - The mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation (AF) in humans are poorly
      understood. In particular, we simply do not understand how atrial AF becomes
      persistent or permanent. The objective of this brief review is to address the
      most important factors involved in the mechanism of AF perpetuation, including
      structural remodeling in the form of fibrosis and electrical remodeling secondary
      to ion channel expression changes. In addition, I discuss the possibility that
      both fibrosis and electrical remodeling might be preventable when intervening
      pharmacologically early enough before the remodeling process reaches a point of
      no return. 

PMID- 26968674
TI  - Estimation of myocardial extracellular volume fraction with cardiac CT in
      subjects without clinical coronary artery disease: A feasibility study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Use of CT for assessment of extracellular volume fraction (ECV) is a
      new approach toward the evaluation of diffuse and focal myocardial fibrosis. It
      has recently been demonstrated that a hybrid algorithm of half- and full-scan
      reconstruction can improve image quality of delayed-phase CT. OBJECTIVE: The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate reproducibility of CT measurement of ECV of
      the myocardium using pre-contrast and delayed-phase CT, and to investigate the
      association between ECV and location, age and gender in subjects without clinical
      coronary artery disease. METHODS: Thirty-eight subjects (ages 45-78, mean 65
      years, 14 females) without coronary artery stenosis, stress perfusion deficits or
      myocardial delayed enhancement on comprehensive cardiac CT comprise the study
      population. Delayed-phase CT was reconstructed with the hybrid algorithm. ECV was
      calculated as a ratio of the change in Hounsfield unit of the myocardium and the
      left ventricular (LV) blood before and after contrast administration, multiplied
      by (1-hematocrit). RESULTS: Good inter- and intra-observer agreement was observed
      in CT measurement of ECV (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.968 and 0.971,
      respectively). Mean ECV was 26.1 +/- 2.0% (range 22.6-30.0%), and was positively
      related to age (r = 0.46, p = 0.003). Mean ECV in males was lower compared with
      females (25.5 +/- 2.0% vs. 27.1 +/- 1.8%, p = 0.02). There was no statistically
      significant difference in ECV between anterior, septal, inferior, and lateral
      segments. CONCLUSIONS: CT measurement of myocardial ECV showed high inter- and
      intra-observer reproducibility, and age-related increase and gender-related
      difference of ECV were demonstrated. This might enable additional CT evaluation
      of diffuse and focal myocardial fibrosis in various pathological conditions as
      part of a comprehensive cardiac CT examination.

PMID- 26968676
TI  - Antimicrobial metabolites from marine microorganisms.
AB  - Marine ecological niches have recently been described as "particularly promising"
      sources for search of new antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant strains
      of pathogenic microorganisms. Marine organisms are excellent sources for many
      industrial products, but they are partly explored. Over 30 000 compounds have
      been isolated from marine sources. Bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria obtained
      from various marine sources secret several industrially useful bioactive
      compounds, possessing antibacterial, antifungal, and antimycobacterial
      activities. Sustainable cultivation methods for promising marine organisms and
      biotechnological processes for selected compounds can be developed, along with
      the establishment of biosensors for monitoring the target compounds. The
      semisynthetic modifications of marine-based bioactive compounds produce their new
      derivatives, structural analogs and mimetics that could serve as novel lead
      compounds against resistant pathogens. The present review focuses on promising
      antimicrobial compounds isolated from marine microbes from 1991-2013. 

PMID- 26968677
TI  - Comparative analysis of chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidant
      activities of ethylacetate extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum and its endophytic
      actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. A0916.
AB  - The present study investigated the chemical composition of ethylacetate extracts
      from an endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces sp. A0916 and its host Polygonum
      cuspidatum. A comparative analysis of the antimicrobial and antioxidant
      properties of the extracts was also conducted. 32 compounds of P. cuspidatum and
      23 compounds of Streptomyces sp. A0916 were isolated and identified by GC/MS.
      Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated using eight microbial
      strains (3 Gram-positive bacteria, 3 Gram-negative bacteria, and 2 fungi). The
      Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts showed a wide range of antimicrobial activities
      and presented greater antimicrobial effectiveness than the P. cuspidatum
      extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Streptomyces sp. A0916
      extracts against the ampicillin-resistant strain Enterococcus faecium SIIA843 was
      32 MUg.mL(-1). Furthermore, the extracts had greater antimicrobial effect against
      Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the antioxidant
      activity of the Streptomyces sp. A0916 extracts was equal to that of the P.
      cuspidatum extracts. In conclusion, our results suggest that the endophytic
      actinomycetes of the medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive
      substances.

PMID- 26968678
TI  - Ge-Gen Decoction attenuates oxytocin-induced uterine contraction and writhing
      response: potential application in primary dysmenorrhea therapy.
AB  - The uterine tetanic contraction and uterine artery blood flow reduction are
      possible reasons for primary dysmenorrhea (PD). In the present study, we aimed to
      evaluate the uterine relaxant effect and the influence on uterine artery blood
      velocity of Ge-Gen Decoction (GGD), a well-known Chinese herbal formula. In
      female ICR mice, uterine contraction was induced by oxytocin exposure following
      estradiol benzoate pretreatment, and the uterine artery blood velocity was
      detected by Doppler ultrasound. Histopathological examination of the uterine
      tissue samples were performed by H&E staining. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that
      oxytocin, posterior pituitary, or acetylcholine induced contractions in isolated
      mouse uterus. GGD inhibited both spontaneous and stimulated contractions. In vivo
      study demonstrated that GGD significantly reduced oxytocin-induced writhing
      responses with a maximal inhibition of 87%. Further study demonstrated that GGD
      normalized oxytocin-induced abnormalities of prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2alpha)
      and Ca(2+) in mice. In addition, injection of oxytocin induced a decrease in
      uterine artery blood flow velocity. Pretreatment with GGD reversed the oxytocin
      response on blood flow velocity. Histopathological examination showed
      pretreatment with GGD alleviated inflammation and edema in the uterus when
      compared with the model group. Both ex vivo and in vivo results indicated that
      GGD possessed a significant spasmolytic effect on uterine tetanic contraction as
      well as improvement on uterine artery blood velocity which may involve PGF2alpha
      and Ca(2+) signaling, suggesting that GGD may have a clinic potential in PD
      therapy.

PMID- 26968675
TI  - Bitter melon: a panacea for inflammation and cancer.
AB  - Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful
      for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly
      known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its
      biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. This plant is
      cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east
      Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. All
      parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with
      different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or
      beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. The plant is reported to
      possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti
      bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. The plant extract
      inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy
      and inhibiting cancer stem cells. The plant is rich in bioactive chemical
      constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic
      acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. Some of
      the isolated compounds (Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C,
      Momordicoside Q-U, Charantin, alpha-eleostearic acid) and proteins (alpha
      Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30) possess potent biological activity. In the present
      review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer
      activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important
      chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological
      activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active
      chemical constituents.

PMID- 26968680
TI  - Chemical profiling of Qixue Shuangbu Tincture by ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight high
      definition mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS).
AB  - The present study was designed to develop and validate a sensitive and reliable
      ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of
      flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method to separate and identify the
      chemical constituents of Qixue Shuangbu Tincture (QXSBT), a classic traditional
      Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription. Under the optimized UPLC and QTOF/MS
      conditions, 56 components in QXSBT, including chalcones, triterpenoids,
      protopanaxatriol, flavones and flavanones were identified and tentatively
      characterized within a running time of 42 min. The components were identified by
      comparing the retention times, accurate mass, and mass spectrometric
      fragmentation characteristic ions, and matching empirical molecular formula with
      that of the published compounds. In conclusion, the established UPLC-QTOF/MS
      method was reliable for a rapid identification of complicated components in the
      TCM prescriptions. 

PMID- 26968679
TI  - Comparative analysis of volatile oils in the stems and roots of Ephedra sinica
      via GC-MS-based plant metabolomics.
AB  - With a great difference in therapeutic effects of Mahuang (MH, the stems of
      Ephedra sinica) and Mahuanggen (MHG, the roots of Ephedra sinica), chemical
      differences between MH and MHG should be investigated. In the present study, gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based plant metabolomics was employed to
      compare volatile oil profiles of MH and MHG. The antioxidant activities of
      volatile oils from MH and MHG were also compared. 32 differential chemical
      markers were identified according to the variable importance in the projection
      (VIP) value of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA)
      and P value of Mann-Whitney test. Among them, chemical markers of
      tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and alpha-terpineol were quantified. Their contents
      were much higher in most MH samples compared with MHG. The antioxidant assay
      demonstrated that MH had significantly higher free radical-scavenging activity
      than MHG. Although MH and MHG derived from the same medicinal plant, there was
      much difference in their volatile oil profiles. MH samples had significantly
      higher content of two reported pharmacologically important chemical markers of
      TMP and alpha-terpineol, which may account for their different antioxidant
      activities.

PMID- 26968681
TI  - Rapid separation and identification of multiple constituents in Danhong Injection
      by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray
      ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - To characterize and identify multiple constituents in Danhong injection (DHI), a
      fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray
      ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS)
      method was established and validated in the present study. A total of 63
      compounds, including 33 phenolic acids, 2 C-glycosyl quinochalcones, 6 flavonoid
      O-glycosides, 4 iridoid glycosides, 6 organic acids, 5 amino acids, and 3
      nucleosides, were identified or tentatively characterized. In conclusion, the
      UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS method is useful and efficient for in-depth structural
      elucidation of chemical compounds in complex matrices of herbal medicines such as
      DHI.

PMID- 26968682
TI  - A longitudinal study of psychological stress among undergraduate dental students
      at the University of Jordan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify whether psychological
      stress increased as undergraduate dental students progressed through their
      studies from first to fifth year. Another objective was to determine if the
      perceived sources of stress have changed along the years. METHODS: To achieve
      these aims, a cohort of students at the University of Jordan were followed from
      first to fifth year of dental school. Fifth year students completed both the
      General Health Questionnaire 'GHQ-12' which was used to assess psychological
      stress and the Dental Environment Stress questionnaire 'DES' which was used to
      examine the perceived sources of stress. The same cohort of students had
      completed similar questionnaires during their first year of study. Chi-square
      analysis and independent t-test analysis were performed to compare GHQ-12 and DES
      scores between first and fifth year. RESULTS: Results showed that psychological
      stress increased from first to fifth year of study. Eighty- nine percent of fifth
      year students scored over the cut-off point of three in the GHQ-12 compared to 58
      % in the first year. The difference between the years was statistically
      significant at p = 0.05. Mean score for DES also increased between first and
      fifth year of study and the difference was statistically significant at p = 0.05.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrated that stress in dental students at
      the University of Jordan increased along the years. Fifth year students showed a
      high level of psychological stress and methods to reduce that stress should be
      further investigated and utilized.

PMID- 26968683
TI  - Observations on quality senior health business: success patterns and policy
      implications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Population ageing is a global issue that affects almost every country.
      Most ageing researches focused on demand side and studies related to supply side
      were relatively scarce. This study selected quality enterprises focus on ageing
      health and analysed their patterns on providing quality services successfully.
      DESIGN: Our study selected quality senior health enterprises and explored their
      success patterns through face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews with
      CEO of each enterprise in 2013. SETTING: Thirty-three quality senior health
      enterprises in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three CEO's of enterprises were
      interviewed individually. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Core values
      and vision, historical development, organization structure, services/products
      provided, delivering channels, customer relationships and further development
      strategies. RESULTS: Our results indicated success patterns for senior
      enterprises that there were meeting diversified lifestyles and substitutive needs
      for the elderly and their caregivers, providing a total solution for
      actual/virtual integration and flexible one-stop shopping services. We classified
      these enterprises by used degree of clicks-and-mortar of services and residing
      situation of the elderly. Industry characteristics and policy implications were
      summarized. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations will serve as a primary evidenced base
      for enterprises developing their senior market, and also for opening dialogue
      between customers and enterprises to facilitate valuable opportunities for co
      creation between the supply and demand sides.

PMID- 26968684
TI  - Added value of involving patients in the first step of multidisciplinary
      guideline development: a qualitative interview study among infertile patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient involvement in scoping the guideline is emphasized, but
      published initiatives actively involving patients are generally limited to the
      writing and reviewing phase. OBJECTIVE: To assess patients' added value to the
      scoping phase of a multidisciplinary guideline on infertility. DESIGN:
      Qualitative interview study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted interviews
      among 12 infertile couples and 17 professionals. INTERVENTION: We listed and
      compared the couples' and professionals' key clinical issues (=care aspects that
      need improvement) to be addressed in the guideline according to four domains:
      current guidelines, professionals, patients and organization of care. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Main key clinical issues suggested by more than three quarters
      of the infertile couples and/or at least two professionals were identified and
      compared. RESULTS: Overall, we identified 32 key clinical issues among infertile
      couples and 23 among professionals. Of the defined main key clinical issues,
      infertile couples mentioned eight issues that were not mentioned by the
      professionals. These main key clinical issues mainly concerned patient-centred
      (e.g. poor information provision and poor alignment of care) aspects of care on
      the professional and organizational domain. Both groups mentioned two main key
      clinical issues collectively that were interpreted differently: the lack of
      emotional support and respect for patients' values. CONCLUSIONS: Including
      patients from the first phase of the guideline development process leads to
      valuable additional main key clinical issues for the next step of a
      multidisciplinary guideline development process and broadens the scope of the
      guideline, particularly regarding patient-centredness and organizational issues
      from a patients' perspective.

PMID- 26968686
TI  - Are Irish therapists at heightened risk for low back pain?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Within the international literature, no studies have been identified
      that compare prevalence rates of low back pain (LBP) in chartered
      physiotherapists, physical and athletic therapists and those in the national
      working population, making it unclear whether such therapists are an occupational
      group at high risk of developing LBP. AIMS: To establish the prevalence of LBP
      among therapists (both employed and self-employed) in Ireland, to compare the
      employment status-, gender- and age-specific LBP prevalence rates between
      therapists and the national working population and to estimate the adjusted odds
      of developing LBP among therapists relative to the national working population.
      METHODS: An analysis of data from the Health In Hand Intensive Tasks and Safety
      (HITS) study and the third national Survey on Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition
      (SLAN). The HITS study was a cross-sectional study investigating work-related
      musculoskeletal disorders in practising therapists. The SLAN 2007 was a face-to
      face interview study of adults. RESULTS: LBP prevalence in therapists was 49%
      with no significant difference by employment status. Therapists had a much higher
      prevalence compared with the national working population across all demographic
      strata, with therapists nearly five times more likely to suffer from LBP than the
      national working population after careful adjustment for differences in
      sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Therapists in Ireland are an occupational
      group at high risk of developing LBP, warranting further research into their
      physical and psychosocial work-related risk factors.

PMID- 26968685
TI  - Influence of patient-assessed quality of chronic illness care and patient
      activation on health-related quality of life.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of the Patient Assessment of Chronic
      Illness Care (PACIC) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the
      modulating effect of patient activation on this association. DESIGN AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A population-based prospective cohort study of people with Type 2
      diabetes in Queensland, Australia, using data from self-report questionnaires,
      collected annually from 2008 (n = 3761) to 2010 (n = 3040). MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Predictors were the 20-item PACIC (dichotomized at the score of 3), and
      the 13-item Patient Activation Measure (PAM), dichotomized into activation Levels
      1 and 2 versus Levels 3 and 4. Analyses were restricted to participants whose
      PACIC and PAM categories did not change over 2 years of follow-up. Outcome
      variables were EQ-5D index and EQ VAS dichotomized at the uppermost quartile, and
      EQ-5D index also dichotomized at the median. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: An inverse
      probability weighted Poisson regression with a log-link function and a binary
      response variable for each outcome was used to obtain risk ratios (RRs), and the
      interaction between PACIC and PAM was statistically modelled, taking into
      consideration patient characteristics and the respective baseline outcome
      variable. RESULTS: The positive association between the PACIC and EQ VAS was seen
      only in participants with low activation (adjusted RR: 3.91; 95% CI: 1.40-10.95;
      P = 0.009), and not in those with high activation, indicating the non-synergistic
      interaction effect of the PACIC and PAM. This association was not found with EQ
      5D index. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic care received consistently over time can
      positively affect health status, and benefit patients with low activation.

PMID- 26968688
TI  - [Family-centered care: A model for approaching dementia care in the community].
AB  - Along with ageing population, there has been an increase in the prevalence and
      incidence of chronic and debilitating conditions, such as dementia which, in
      turn, has increased the demands for long term care in the community. This is
      challenging current health care systems that wish to provide an appropriate
      response whilst intensify its efforts to contain costs. This paper, through a
      critical reflection, argues for an integrative, positive, and systemic care
      approach, focused not only on the person with dementia but also on the entire
      family unit. For this purpose, it approaches the impact that dementia has for the
      family, and therefore for Primary Health Care professional. In addition care
      strategies aimed at strengthening the whole family system are suggested. 

PMID- 26968687
TI  - Personalized treatment planning with a model of radiation therapy outcomes for
      use in multiobjective optimization of IMRT plans for prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: To build a new treatment planning approach that extends beyond radiation
      transport and IMRT optimization by modeling the radiation therapy process and
      prognostic indicators for more outcome-focused decision making. METHODS: An in
      house treatment planning system was modified to include multiobjective inverse
      planning, a probabilistic outcome model, and a multi-attribute decision aid. A
      genetic algorithm generated a set of plans embodying trade-offs between the
      separate objectives. An influence diagram network modeled the radiation therapy
      process of prostate cancer using expert opinion, results of clinical trials, and
      published research. A Markov model calculated a quality adjusted life expectancy
      (QALE), which was the endpoint for ranking plans. RESULTS: The Multiobjective
      Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) was designed to produce an approximation of the
      Pareto Front representing optimal tradeoffs for IMRT plans. Prognostic
      information from the dosimetrics of the plans, and from patient-specific clinical
      variables were combined by the influence diagram. QALEs were calculated for each
      plan for each set of patient characteristics. Sensitivity analyses were conducted
      to explore changes in outcomes for variations in patient characteristics and
      dosimetric variables. The model calculated life expectancies that were in
      agreement with an independent clinical study. CONCLUSIONS: The radiation therapy
      model proposed has integrated a number of different physical, biological and
      clinical models into a more comprehensive model. It illustrates a number of the
      critical aspects of treatment planning that can be improved and represents a more
      detailed description of the therapy process. A Markov model was implemented to
      provide a stronger connection between dosimetric variables and clinical outcomes
      and could provide a practical, quantitative method for making difficult clinical
      decisions.

PMID- 26968689
TI  - The association between lactate, mean arterial pressure, central venous oxygen
      saturation and peripheral temperature and mortality in severe sepsis: a
      retrospective cohort analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During resuscitation in severe sepsis and septic shock, several goals
      are set. However, usually not all goals are equally met. The aim of this study is
      to determine the relative importance of the different goals, such as mean
      arterial pressure (MAP), lactate, central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and
      central to forefoot temperature (delta-T), and how they relate to intensive care
      unit (ICU) and hospital mortality. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study in a
      20-bed mixed medical and surgical ICU of a teaching hospital we studied
      consecutive critically ill patients who were admitted for confirmed infection and
      severe sepsis or septic shock between 2008 and 2014. All validated MAP, lactate
      levels, ScvO2 and delta-T for the first 24 hours of ICU treatment were extracted
      from a clinical database. Logistic regression analyses were performed on
      validated measurements in the first hour after admission and on mean values over
      24 hours. Patients were categorized by MAP (24-hour mean below or above 65 mmHg)
      and lactate (24-hour mean below or above 2 mmol/l) for Cox regression analysis.
      RESULTS: From 837 patients, 821 were eligible for analysis. All had MAP and
      lactate measurements. The delta-T was available in 812 (99%) and ScvO2 was
      available for 193 out of these patients (23.5%). Admission lactate (p < 0.001)
      and admission MAP (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of ICU and hospital
      mortality. The 24-hour mean values for lactate, MAP and delta-T were all
      independent predictors of ICU mortality. Hospital mortality was independently
      predicted by the 24-hour mean lactate (odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) 1.30-1.40, p = 0.001) mean MAP (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95-0.97, p =
      0.001) and mean delta-T (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.12, p = 0.001). Patients with a
      24-hour mean lactate below 2 mmol/l and a 24-hour mean MAP above 65 mmHg had the
      best survival, followed by patients with a low lactate and a low MAP.
      CONCLUSIONS: Admission MAP and lactate independently predicted ICU and hospital
      mortality. The 24-hour mean lactate, mean MAP and mean delta-T independently
      predicted hospital mortality. A Cox regression analysis showed that 24-hour mean
      lactate above 2 mmol/l is the strongest predictor for ICU mortality.

PMID- 26968691
TI  - Stimulus-induced pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal associated
      with the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ICC-DMP have been proposed to generate stimulus-dependent
      pacemaker activity, rhythmic transient depolarizations, that take part in
      orchestrating segmentation and clustered propulsive motor patterns in the small
      intestine. However, little is known about the fundamental properties of ICC-DMP.
      METHODS: This study was undertaken to increase our understanding of intrinsic
      properties of the ICC-DMP through calcium imaging and intracellular electrical
      recordings. KEY RESULTS: Without stimulation, most ICC-DMP were quiescent. In
      some preparations ICC-DMP generated rhythmic low-frequency calcium oscillations
      (<10 cpm) with or without high frequency activity superimposed (>35 cpm).
      Immunohistochemistry proved the existence of NK1R on the ICC-DMP and close
      contacts between ICC-DMP and substance P-positive nerves. Substance P (25 nM)
      induced low-frequency calcium oscillations that were synchronized across the ICC
      DMP network. Substance P also induced low frequency rhythmic transient
      depolarizations (<10cpm) in circular muscle cells close to the ICC-DMP. An
      intracellular recording from a positively identified ICC-DMP showed rhythmic
      transient depolarizations with superimposed high frequency activity. To
      investigate if quiescent ICC-DMP were chronically inhibited by nitrergic
      activity, nNOS was inhibited, but without effect. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES:
      Substance P changes non-synchronized high frequency flickering or quiescence in
      ICC-DMP into strong rhythmic calcium transients that are synchronized within the
      network; they are associated with rhythmic transient depolarizations within the
      same frequency range. We hypothesize that Substance P, released from nerves, can
      evoke rhythmicity in ICC-DMP, thereby providing it with potential pacemaker
      activity.

PMID- 26968692
TI  - Agreement Between Proximal Femoral Geometry and Component Design in Total Hip
      Arthroplasty: Implications for Implant Choice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to analyze the agreement between proximal
      femoral geometry of adult hips and femoral component design in total hip
      arthroplasty. METHODS: Anatomical femoral offset (FOAnat) and the anatomical neck
      shaft angle (NSAAnat) of 800 adult hips were measured by computed tomography
      scans, and anatomical femoral neck height (FHAnat) was calculated. Corresponding
      best-fit implants of the most common hip system (standard, high offset and varus
      variant) were identified for each hip. Finally, the precision of the best
      possible anatomic reconstruction was assessed. RESULTS: The mean FOAnat was 38.0
      mm (range: 19.8-57.9 mm, standard deviation [SD]: 6.4 mm), the mean NSAAnat was
      130.8 degrees  (range: 107.1 degrees -151.9 degrees ; SD: 6.5 degrees ), and the
      mean FHAnat was 32.6 mm (range: 14.4-52.0 mm; SD: 5.5 mm). In 450 (56.3%) hips,
      the standard variant was identified to be the best-fit implant, followed by the
      varus (n = 282, 35.3%) and the high offset (n = 68, 8.5%) variants. The mean
      minimal distance from the best-fit implant was 4.5 mm (range: 0.1-20.2 mm, SD:
      3.4 mm). Excellent agreement (distance: <2 mm) between hip anatomy and best-fit
      implant was found in 203 (25.4%) hips, combined excellent and acceptable
      agreement (distance: <6 mm) in 569 (71.1%) hips, whereas 213 (28.9%) hips were
      graded as poor (distance: >=6 mm). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed a
      mismatch between proximal femoral anatomy of a relevant proportion of adult hips
      and implant geometry of the most common femoral component in total hip
      arthroplasty.

PMID- 26968690
TI  - Does high level youth sports participation increase the risk of femoroacetabular
      impingement? A review of the current literature.
AB  - Sports participation can be an integral part of adolescent development with
      numerous positive short and long-term effects. Despite these potential benefits
      very high levels of physical activity, during skeletal maturation, have been
      proposed as a possible cause of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). The
      influence of physical activity on the developing physis has been previously
      described both in animal studies and epidemiological studies of adolescent
      athletes. It is therefore important to determine whether the development of FAI
      is secondary to excessive physical activity or a combination of a vulnerable
      physis and a set level of physical activity. A review of the current literature
      suggests that adolescent males participating in ice-hockey, basketball and
      soccer, training at least three times a week, are at greater risk than their non
      athletic counterparts of developing the femoral head-neck deformity associated
      with femoroacetabular impingement. 

PMID- 26968693
TI  - Feasibility and Safety of 2-Day Discharge After Fast-Track Total Hip
      Arthroplasty: A Chinese Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A fast-track program (FT) can shorten hospital stay after total hip
      arthroplasty. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to investigate the
      feasibility and safety of 2-day discharge after fast-track total hip arthroplasty
      in a Chinese population. METHODS: A total of 258 selected patients who underwent
      unilateral primary total hip arthroplasty were enrolled into the final cohort and
      were randomized into the FT (n = 126) and standard program group (n = 132). In
      the FT group, the patients received a multidisciplinary FT, whereas the patients
      in the standard program group only followed a standard care program. After
      setting restricted discharge criteria, we undertook follow-up evaluations to
      investigate the length of hospital stay, clinical performance, 30-day and 90-day
      complications, and 90-day admissions in both groups. A multivariate regression
      model was used to assess independent predictors of delayed discharge (>2 days).
      RESULTS: The mean length of stay was reduced from 5.8 to 2.1 days after
      implementation of our FT (P < .001). Most patients in the FT group (82.5%) were
      discharged within 2 days postoperatively. However, the complications and
      readmissions appeared no difference between the two groups. The multivariate
      regression analysis identified age (P = .041), operative time (P < .001),
      intraoperative blood loss (P = .026), and total blood loss (P < .001) as the
      predictive factors for delayed discharge. CONCLUSION: A 2-day discharge protocol
      after fast-track total hip arthroplasty can be safe and feasible in selected
      patients, without increasing the risk of complications and readmissions. Further
      efforts are needed to shorten operative time and reduce perioperative blood loss
      and eventually to shorten hospital stay.

PMID- 26968695
TI  - Utilization of Femoral Nerve Blocks for Total Knee Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little information exists on national trends in the utilization of
      femoral nerve blocks (FNBs) in total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). We sought to
      describe the variations in anesthetic practice for FNB using the National
      Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. METHODS: We used the National Anesthesia
      Clinical Outcomes Registry to obtain patient, procedural, and provider
      information from January 2010 to June 2015. Case characteristics and clinical
      outcomes were compared using chi-square or t tests. We used logistic regression
      to identify associations between patient and case characteristics with anesthetic
      technique. RESULTS: Overall, 219,327 cases met the inclusion criteria, in which
      72.7% and 27.3% did not or did receive a FNB, respectively. Patients less than 18
      years old and those with higher American Society of Anesthesiologists physical
      status class (>=III) were less likely to receive a FNB. Surgeries performed after
      5:00 PM also were less likely to receive the block. Cases with urban zip code had
      approximately 20% increased odds of receiving a FNB. General or neuraxial
      anesthesia types were not associated with utilization of FNB. FNB was associated
      with decreased percentage of extended recovery room stays and postoperative
      nausea and/or vomiting. CONCLUSION: There is considerable practice variation in
      the use of FNB for TKA, which is associated with various factors such as
      geographic location, time of day, and patient-specific comorbidities.
      Approximately one fourth of TKA cases include FNB. Overall, our study supports
      the clinical utility of FNB in TKA. As more data are compiled, it will be
      important to examine how national trends shift in the future.

PMID- 26968694
TI  - Severe Hand Osteoarthritis Strongly Correlates With Major Joint Involvement and
      Surgical Intervention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The presence of hand osteoarthritis (OA) increases the risk for
      developing OA in other major joints. Although genetic predisposition has been
      implicated in its causation, its exact role has yet to be established. The
      association of hand OA with symptomatic and asymptomatic major joints has not
      been previously studied. METHODS: Hundred consecutive patients had a hand photo
      taken for visual documentation of the hand joints. Radiographs of hand and all
      major symptomatic joints were analyzed and classified using the Kellgren-Lawrence
      scale by 2 independent observers including an orthopedic radiologist. RESULTS:
      Severe hand OA was present in 91% of the patients. Radiographic analysis showed
      that the hip was involved in 88% of the patients, of whom 85.2% (75) were
      symptomatic and 14.7% (13) were asymptomatic. Hip arthroplasty was required by
      62.5% (55) of symptomatic hip patients. Knee involvement was present in 37% of
      the patients; all were symptomatic and 81.1% (30) of these required knee
      arthroplasty. Bilateral surgery was performed in 33% (28) and "2 joint (hip and
      knee)" surgery was performed in 6% (5). Spine involvement was present in 72% of
      the patients. There was a significant correlation between hand radiographic
      findings of OA and hip (r = 0.68; P = .03), knee (r = 0.58; P = .042), and spine
      (r = .39; P = .05) involvement. CONCLUSION: There was a significant correlation
      between severe hand OA and hip, knee, and spine involvement. Severity of Hand OA
      can have a predictive value on multiple joint involvement and risk of surgical
      intervention. This study emphasizes the need to investigate the genetic
      predisposition in causation of OA.

PMID- 26968696
TI  - Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum
      state, Sudan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fresh vegetables are considered as vital nutrients of a healthy diet
      as they supply the body with essential supplements. The consumption of raw
      vegetables is the main way for transmission of intestinal parasitic organisms.
      This study was aimed at detecting the parasitic contamination in fresh vegetables
      sold in two central open-aired markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. METHODS: In this
      prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 260 fresh vegetable samples and 50
      water samples used to sprinkle vegetable(s) were collected from two central open
      aired markets (namely; Elshaabi and Central markets) during November 2011 to May
      2012. The samples were microscopically examined for detection of parasitic life
      forms using standardized parasitological techniques for protozoans and helminthes
      worms. RESULTS: Of the 260 fresh vegetable samples, 35 (13.5 %) were
      microscopically positive for intestinal parasites whereas 7/50 (14 %) of water
      samples used to sprinkle vegetable(s) were found positives. Remarkably, high
      level of contamination in fresh vegetable samples was recorded in lettuce
      (Lactuca sativa) 36.4 % (4/11) while cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum) and
      cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were not contaminated. The identified protozoans and
      helminthes were Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia,
      Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, T. trichiura and hookworms. The
      most predominant parasite encountered was E. histolytica/dispar (42.9 %) whereas
      both T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides (2.9 %) were the least detected parasites.
      None of the fresh vegetables had single parasitic contamination. The highest
      percentages found in water samples used to sprinkle vegetable(s) was for
      Strongyloides larvae 60 % (3/5). It is worth-mentioned that the rate of
      contamination in Elshaabi market was higher compared with Central market.
      However, there was no significant correlation between the type of vegetables and
      existence of parasites in both markets and a high significant relationship was
      observed between the type of parasite and total prevalence in fresh vegetables (p
      = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The study has identified a moderate rate of fresh
      vegetables contaminated with protozoan and helminthes. Contaminated fresh
      vegetables in central markets of Khartoum state may play a significant role in
      transmission of intestinal parasitic infections to humans, and the water used by
      greengrocers to sprinkle vegetable(s) can be implicated in vegetable
      contamination.

PMID- 26968697
TI  - Hemoglobin assessment: precision and practicability evaluated in the Netherlands
      the HAPPEN study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most donors do not like the invasive hemoglobin (Hb) measurement in
      fingerstick capillary samples. Alternative noninvasive devices have recently
      become available. In this study we assessed the precision and practicability of
      noninvasive devices and compared them with measurements in capillary and venous
      samples. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 2589 blood donors were included in
      the study. Hb levels were measured with the noninvasive devices NBM 200 or
      Haemospect and compared with values obtained with the invasive devices HemoCue
      201 and HemoCue 301 and with venous values. Precision was evaluated in terms of
      sensitivity and specificity for detection of Hb levels below the cutoff level for
      donation, taking venous values as "reference values." RESULTS: Hb levels measured
      with both invasive and noninvasive devices differed significantly from venous
      measurements. Measurements with invasive devices correlated stronger with venous
      values and were more precise. Sensitivity ranged from 30.1% (HemoCue 201) to 3.5%
      (Haemospect) in men and from 36.6% (HemoCue 201) to 10.8% (Haemospect) in women.
      Specificity ranged from 99.8% (HemoCue 201) to 95.5% (Haemospect) in men and from
      98.9% (HemoCue 201) to 94.6% (NBM 200) in women. Most donors preferred the
      noninvasive measurement. CONCLUSION: Measurements with invasive devices showed
      stronger correlation and better agreement with venous values than noninvasive
      devices. Sensitivity was low for all measurement devices, particularly the
      noninvasive ones. In terms of precision invasive measurement would be preferred
      for donor screening, although a majority of donors preferred the noninvasive
      measurement.

PMID- 26968698
TI  - Normalization of cardiac substrate utilization and left ventricular hypertrophy
      precede functional recovery in heart failure regression.
AB  - AIMS: Impaired cardiac substrate metabolism plays an important role in heart
      failure (HF) pathogenesis. Since many of these metabolic changes occur at the
      transcriptional level of metabolic enzymes, it is possible that this loss of
      metabolic flexibility is permanent and thus contributes to worsening cardiac
      function and/or prevents the full regression of HF upon treatment. However,
      despite the importance of cardiac energetics in HF, it remains unclear whether
      these metabolic changes can be normalized. In the current study, we investigated
      whether a reversal of an elevated aortic afterload in mice with severe HF would
      result in the recovery of cardiac function, substrate metabolism, and
      transcriptional reprogramming as well as determined the temporal relationship of
      these changes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to either
      Sham or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery to induce HF. After HF
      development, mice with severe HF (% ejection fraction < 30) underwent a second
      surgery to remove the aortic constriction (debanding, DB). Three weeks following
      DB, there was a near complete recovery of systolic and diastolic function, and
      gene expression of several markers for hypertrophy/HF were returned to values
      observed in healthy controls. Interestingly, pressure-overload-induced left
      ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiac substrate metabolism were restored at 1
      week post-DB, which preceded functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The regression of
      severe HF is associated with early and dramatic improvements in cardiac energy
      metabolism and LVH normalization that precede restored cardiac function,
      suggesting that metabolic and structural improvements may be critical
      determinants for functional recovery.

PMID- 26968699
TI  - Evaluating a management strategy for malrotation in heterotaxy patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is disagreement over the management of malrotation in children
      with heterotaxy and congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to evaluate the
      outcomes of management with a Ladd procedure compared to observation in this
      cohort of patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of CHD children
      with heterotaxy and malrotation identified on radiographs treated from 8/2002
      until 4/2014. Primary outcomes evaluated were readmission for small bowel
      obstruction (SBO) or volvulus. RESULTS: We identified 88 patients with cardiac
      heterotaxy and malrotation. Sixty-eight (77%) had a Ladd procedure. Eighteen
      (26%) of the 68 had abdominal symptoms, but only one had an underlying volvulus
      without ischemia. Twenty (23%) patients died of cardiopulmonary complications, 8
      before and 12 after the Ladd procedure. Sixty-eight patients survived to the
      review date (median: 5years): 56 in the Ladd cohort and 12 observed. Six of the
      56 (11%) surviving Ladd patients were readmitted to hospital with an SBO, and 2
      required surgical intervention. None of the 12 surviving nonoperative patients
      developed a volvulus. CONCLUSION: Eleven percent of patients developed SBO after
      their Ladd procedure. Conversely, no observed patients developed a volvulus. This
      suggests that complications from a Ladd procedure occur with higher frequency
      than complications from observing heterotaxy patients with malrotation.

PMID- 26968701
TI  - Physical activity in advanced cancer patients: a systematic review protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Progressive, incurable cancer is associated with increased fatigue,
      increased muscle weakness, and reduced physical functioning, all of which
      negatively impact quality of life. Physical activity has demonstrated benefits on
      cancer-related fatigue and physical functioning in early-stage cancer patients;
      however, its impact on these outcomes in end-stage cancer has not been
      established. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the potential
      benefits, harms, and effects of physical activity interventions on quality of
      life outcomes in advanced cancer patients. METHODS/DESIGN: A systematic review of
      peer-reviewed literature on physical activity in advanced cancer patients will be
      undertaken. Empirical quantitative studies will be considered for inclusion if
      they present interventional or observational data on physical activity in
      advanced cancer patients. Searches will be conducted in the following electronic
      databases: CINAHL; CIRRIE Database of International Rehabilitation Research;
      Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR); Database of Abstracts of Reviews
      of Effects (DARE); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL);
      EMBASE; MEDLINE; PEDro: the Physiotherapy Evidence Database; PQDT; PsycInfo;
      PubMed; REHABDATA; Scopus; SPORTDiscus; and Web of Science, to identify relevant
      studies of interest. Additional strategies to identify relevant studies will
      include citation searches and evaluation of reference lists of included articles.
      Titles, abstracts, and keywords of identified studies from the search strategies
      will be screened for inclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers will conduct
      quality appraisal using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality
      Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (EPHPP) and the Cochrane risk of bias
      tool. A descriptive summary of included studies will describe the study designs,
      participant and activity characteristics, and objective and patient-reported
      outcomes. DISCUSSION: This systematic review will summarize the current evidence
      base on physical activity interventions in advanced cancer patients. The findings
      from this systematic review will identify gaps to be explored by future research
      studies and inform future practice guideline development of physical activity
      interventions in advanced cancer patients. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
      PROSPERO CRD42015026281.

PMID- 26968700
TI  - Bioenergetics and metabolism: a bench to bedside perspective.
AB  - 'Metabolism' refers to the vast collection of chemical processes that occur
      within a living organism. Within this broad designation, one can identify
      metabolism events that relate specifically to energy homeostasis, whether they
      occur at the subcellular, cellular, organ, or whole organism level. This review
      operationally refers to this type of metabolism as 'energy metabolism' or
      'bioenergetics.' Changes in energy metabolism/bioenergetics have been linked to
      brain aging and a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and research suggests
      mitochondria may uniquely contribute to this. Interventions that manipulate
      energy metabolism/bioenergetic function and mitochondria may have therapeutic
      potential and efforts intended to accomplish this are playing out at basic,
      translational, and clinical levels. This review follows evolving views of energy
      metabolism's role in neurodegenerative diseases but especially Alzheimer's
      disease, with an emphasis on the bench-to-bedside process whose ultimate goal is
      to develop therapeutic interventions. It further considers challenges encountered
      during this process, which include linking basic concepts to a medical question
      at the initial research stage, adapting conceptual knowledge gained to a disease
      associated application in the translational stage, extending what has been
      learned to the clinical arena, and maintaining support for the research at each
      of these fundamentally linked but functionally distinct stages. A bench-to
      bedside biomedical research process is discussed that moves through conceptual,
      basic, translational, and clinical levels. For example, herein a case was made
      that bioenergetics is a valid Alzheimer's disease therapeutic target. Following
      this, a fundamental strategy for manipulating bioenergetics was defined,
      potential implications studied, and the approach extended to the clinical arena.
      This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.

PMID- 26968703
TI  - Survival after kidney transplant from non-matching live donor is good.

PMID- 26968702
TI  - Association between alcohol intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a dose
      response meta-analysis of cohort studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies examining the association between alcohol intake and the risk
      of pancreatic cancer have given inconsistent results. The purpose of this study
      was to summarize and examine the evidence regarding the association between
      alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk based on results from prospective
      cohort studies. METHODS: We searched electronic databases consisting of PubMed,
      Ovid, Embase, and the Cochrane Library identifying studies published up to Aug
      2015. Only prospective studies that reported effect estimates with 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs) for the risk of pancreatic cancer, examining different alcohol
      intake categories compared with a low alcohol intake category were included.
      Results of individual studies were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS:
      We included 19 prospective studies (21 cohorts) reporting data from 4,211,129
      individuals. Low-to-moderate alcohol intake had little or no effect on the risk
      of pancreatic cancer. High alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk
      of pancreatic cancer (risk ratio [RR], 1.15; 95% CI: 1.06-1.25). Pooled analysis
      also showed that high liquor intake was associated with an increased risk of
      pancreatic cancer (RR, 1.43; 95% CI: 1.17-1.74). Subgroup analyses suggested that
      high alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in
      North America, when the duration of follow-up was greater than 10 years, in
      studies scored as high quality, and in studies with adjustments for smoking
      status, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and energy intake.. CONCLUSIONS: Low
      to-moderate alcohol intake was not significantly associated with the risk of
      pancreatic cancer, whereas high alcohol intake was associated with an increased
      risk of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, liquor intake in particular was
      associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26968705
TI  - Economic Evaluation of Childhood Obesity Interventions: Reflections and
      Suggestions.
AB  - Rising levels of childhood obesity present a serious global public health problem
      amounting to 7 % of GDP in developed countries and affecting 14 % of children. As
      such, many countries are investing increasingly large quantities of resource
      towards treatment and prevention. Whilst it is important to demonstrate the
      clinical effectiveness of any intervention, it is equally as important to
      demonstrate cost effectiveness as policy makers strive to get the best value for
      money from increasingly limited public resources. Economic evaluation assists
      with making these investment decisions and whilst it can offer considerable
      support in many healthcare contexts, applying it to a childhood obesity context
      is not straightforward. Childhood obesity is a complex disease with interventions
      being multi-component in nature. Furthermore, the interventions are implemented
      in a variety of settings such as schools, the community, and the home, and have
      costs and benefits that fall outside the health sector. This paper provides a
      reflection from a UK perspective on the application of the conventional approach
      to economic evaluation to childhood obesity. It offers suggestions for how
      evaluations should be designed to fit better within this context, and to meet the
      needs of local decision makers. An excellent example is the need to report costs
      using a micro-costing format and for benefit measurement to go beyond a health
      focus. This is critical as the organisation and commissioning of childhood
      obesity services is done from a Local Authority setting and this presents further
      challenges for what is the most appropriate economic evaluation approach to use.
      Given that adult obesity is now of epidemic proportions, the accurate assessment
      of childhood obesity interventions to support public health decision making is
      critical.

PMID- 26968704
TI  - Microtubule-stabilizing properties of the avocado-derived toxins (+)-(R)-persin
      and (+)-(R)-tetrahydropersin in cancer cells and activity of related synthetic
      analogs.
AB  - The avocado toxin (+)-R-persin (persin) is active at low micromolar
      concentrations against breast cancer cells and synergizes with the estrogen
      receptor modulator 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Previous studies in the estrogen receptor
      positive breast cancer cell line MCF-7 indicate that persin acts as a microtubule
      stabilizing agent. In the present study, we further characterize the properties
      of persin and several new synthetic analogues in human ovarian cancer cells.
      Persin and tetrahydropersin cause G2M cell cycle arrest and increase
      intracellular microtubule polymerization. One analog (4-nitrophenyl)
      deshydroxypersin prevents cell proliferation and blocks cells in G1 of the cell
      cycle rather than G2M, suggesting an additional mode of action of these compounds
      independent of microtubules. Persin can synergize with other microtubule
      stabilizing agents, and is active against cancer cells that overexpress the P
      glycoprotein drug efflux pump. Evidence from Flutax-1 competition experiments
      suggests that while the persin binding site on beta-tubulin overlaps the
      classical taxoid site where paclitaxel and epothilone bind, persin retains
      activity in cell lines with single amino acid mutations that affect these other
      taxoid site ligands. This implies the existence of a unique binding location for
      persin at the taxoid site.

PMID- 26968708
TI  - Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the immunotherapy of patients with
      EGFR-expressing advanced relapsed/refractory non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - The successes achieved by chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells in
      hematological malignancies raised the possibility of their use in non-small lung
      cancer (NSCLC). In this phase I clinical study (NCT01869166), patients with
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive (>50% expression),
      relapsed/refractory NSCLC received escalating doses of EGFR-targeted CAR-T cell
      infusions. The EGFR-targeted CAR-T cells were generated from peripheral blood
      after a 10 to 13-day in vitro expansion. Serum cytokines in peripheral blood and
      copy numbers of CAR-EGFR transgene in peripheral blood and in tissue biopsy were
      monitored periodically. Clinical responses were evaluated with RECIST1.1 and
      immune- related response criteria, and adverse events were graded with CTCAE 4.0.
      The EGFR-targeted CAR-T cell infusions were well-tolerated without severe
      toxicity. Of 11 evaluable patients, two patients obtained partial response and
      five had stable disease for two to eight months. The median dose of transfused
      CAR(+) T cells was 0.97*10(7) cells kg(-1) (interquartile range (IQR), 0.45 to
      1.09*10(7) cells kg(-1)). Pathological eradication of EGFR positive tumor cells
      after EGFR-targeted CAR-T cell treatment can be observed in tumor biopsies, along
      with the CAR-EGFR gene detected in tumor-infiltrating T cells in all four
      biopsied patients. The EGFR-targeted CAR-T cell therapy is safe and feasible for
      EGFR-positive advanced relapsed/refractory NSCLC. 

PMID- 26968706
TI  - Dual role of ribosome-associated chaperones in prion formation and propagation.
AB  - Chaperones of the diverse ubiquitous Hsp70 family are involved in the regulation
      of ordered self-perpetuating protein aggregates (amyloids and prions), implicated
      in both devastating diseases and protein-based inheritance. Yeast ribosome
      associated chaperone complex (RAC), composed of the Hsp40 protein Zuo1 and non
      canonical Hsp70 protein Ssz1, mediates association of the Hsp70 chaperone Ssb
      with translating ribosomes. Ssb participates in co-translational protein folding,
      regulation of premature translation termination, and ribosome biogenesis. The
      loss of Ssb or disruption of RAC results in the increased formation of [PSI +], a
      prion form of the translation termination factor Sup35 (eRF3). This implicates co
      translational protein misfolding in de novo prion formation. However, RAC
      disruption also destabilizes pre-existing [PSI +] prions, as Ssb, released from
      ribosomes to the cytosol in the absence of RAC, antagonizes the function of the
      major cytosolic chaperone, Ssa, in prion propagation. The mechanism of the
      Ssa/Ssb antagonism is currently under investigation and may include a competition
      for substrates and/or co-chaperones. Notably, yeast cells with wild-type RAC also
      release Ssb to the cytosol in certain unfavorable growth conditions, and Ssb
      contributes to increased prion loss in these conditions. This indicates that the
      circulation of Ssb between the ribosome and cytosol may serve as a physiological
      regulator of the formation and propagation of self-perpetuating protein
      aggregates. Indeed, RAC and Ssb modulate toxicity of some aggregating proteins in
      yeast. Mammalian cells lack the Ssb ortholog but contain a RAC counterpart,
      apparently recruiting other Hsp70 protein(s). Thus, amyloid modulation by
      ribosome-associated chaperones could be applicable beyond yeast.

PMID- 26968707
TI  - Orthocaspase and toxin-antitoxin loci rubbing shoulders in the genome of
      Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806.
AB  - Programmed cell death in multicellular organisms is a coordinated and precisely
      regulated process. On the other hand, in bacteria we have little clue about the
      network of interacting molecules that result in the death of a single cell within
      a population or the death of almost complete population, such as often observed
      in cyanobacterial blooms. With the recent discovery that orthocaspase MaOC1 of
      the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is an active proteolytic enzyme, we
      have gained a possible hint about at least one step in the process, but the
      picture is far from complete. Interestingly, the genomic context of MaOC1
      revealed the presence of multiple copies of genes that belong to toxin-antitoxin
      modules. It has been speculated that these also play a role in bacterial
      programmed cell death. The discovery of two components linked to cell death
      within the same genomic region could open new ways to deciphering the underlying
      mechanisms of cyanobacterial cell death.

PMID- 26968709
TI  - Treatment of solid tumors with chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells:
      current status and future prospects.
AB  - Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are artificial recombinant receptors that
      generally combine the antigen-recognition domain of a monoclonal antibody with T
      cell activation domains. Recent years have seen great success in clinical trials
      employing CD19-specific CAR-T cell therapy for B cell leukemia. Nevertheless,
      solid tumors remain a major challenge for CAR-T cell therapy. This review
      summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies on the treatment of solid tumors
      with CAR-T cells. The major hurdles for the success of CAR-T and the novel
      strategies to address these hurdles have also been described and discussed. 

PMID- 26968710
TI  - Robust diffusion tensor imaging by spatiotemporal encoding: Principles and in
      vivo demonstrations.
AB  - PURPOSE: Evaluate the usefulness of single-shot and of interleaved
      spatiotemporally encoded (SPEN) methods to perform diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
      under various preclinical and clinical settings. METHODS: A formalism for
      analyzing SPEN DTI data is presented, tailored to account for the spatially
      dependent b-matrix weightings introduced by the sequence's use of swept pulses
      acting while in the presence of field gradients. Using these b-matrix
      calculations, SPEN's ability to deliver DTI measurements was tested on phantoms
      as well as ex vivo and in vivo. In the latter case, DTI involved scans on mice
      brains and on human lactating breasts. RESULTS: For both ex vivo and in vivo
      investigations, SPEN data proved less sensitive to distortions arising from Bo
      field inhomogeneities and from eddy currents, than conventional single-shot
      alternatives. Further resolution enhancement could be achieved using
      referenceless methods for interleaved SPEN data acquisitions. CONCLUSION: The
      robustness of SPEN-based sequences vis-a-vis field instabilities and
      heterogeneities, enables the implementation of DTI experiments with good
      sensitivity and resolution even in challenging environments in both preclinical
      and clinical settings. Magn Reson Med 77:1124-1133, 2017. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26968713
TI  - Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Gene Polymorphism -33T -> C Predicts Improved
      Disease-Free Survival in Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is an anticoagulant with
      antimetastatic properties. The homozygous CC polymorphism of TFPI (-33T -> C) is
      associated with higher TFPI levels and lower venous thromboembolism risk. This
      study was the first to evaluate the impact of this polymorphism on disease-free
      survival (DFS) in cancer patients after curative resection. METHODS: A
      prospectively maintained tumor bank with clinical data was used to identify
      patients who underwent curative surgery for colorectal cancer between 1994 and
      2006. Germline DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal
      colonic mucosa. Single nucleotide polymorphisms for TFPI (-33T -> C), factor V
      Leiden (G1691A), and prothrombin (G20210A) were determined by polymerase chain
      reaction. Survival analysis was described using the Kaplan-Meier method.
      Multivariable regression analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard
      model. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients identified, the CC genotype was found in 11
      %. Venous thromboembolism incidence was 18 % in the TT/TC (wild
      type/heterozygous) genotypes and 7 % in the CC genotype (p = 0.46). The CC
      genotype was associated with superior DFS (hazard ratio 0.34, 95 % confidence
      interval 0.14-0.84; p = 0.02) with 5-year DFS of 63 vs. 24 % for CC vs. TT/TC,
      respectively. In multivariate analysis, CC polymorphism (hazard ratio 0.28, p =
      0.008) was independently associated with improved DFS. The prevalence of factor V
      Leiden (0.8 %) and prothrombin (1.6 %) polymorphisms was too low to detect
      interaction with TFPI polymorphism or DFS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate
      that the inherited anticoagulant homozygous -33T -> C TFPI polymorphism may
      protect against colon cancer recurrence and suggests a mediating role for the
      coagulation system in cancer outcomes.

PMID- 26968712
TI  - Interpreting potential markers of storage and rehearsal: Implications for studies
      of verbal short-term memory and neuropsychological cases.
AB  - Neuropsychological studies of verbal short-term memory have often focused on two
      signature effects - phonological similarity and word length - the absence of
      which has been taken to indicate problems in phonological storage and rehearsal
      respectively. In the present study we present a possible alternative reading of
      such data, namely that the absence of these effects can follow as a consequence
      of an individual's poor level of recall. Data from a large normative sample of
      251 adult participants were re-analyzed under the assumption that the size of
      phonological similarity and word length effects are proportional to an
      individual's overall level of recall. For both manipulations, when
      proportionalized effects were plotted against memory span, the same function fit
      the data in both auditory and visual presentation conditions. Furthermore, two
      additional sets of single-case data were broadly comparable to those that would
      be expected for an individual's level of verbal short-term memory performance
      albeit with some variation across tasks. These findings indicate that the
      absolute magnitude of phonological similarity and word length effects depends on
      overall levels of recall, and that these effects are necessarily eliminated at
      low levels of verbal short-term memory performance. This has implications for how
      one interprets any variation in the size of these effects, and raises serious
      questions about the causal direction of any relationship between impaired verbal
      short-term memory and the absence of phonological similarity or word length
      effects.

PMID- 26968711
TI  - A fresh pair of eyes on prospective memory monitoring.
AB  - Remembering to complete one's future intentions is termed prospective memory. We
      employed a new eyetracking paradigm to concretely observe the impact of
      environmental cues on strategic monitoring within a visual prospective memory
      task. Participants worked on a continuous living-count task comprising images,
      while simultaneously being asked to respond to a prospective memory target when
      it appeared. Importantly, the prospective memory target appeared in a different
      area of the participant's visual field than did the continuous task, which is
      consistent with prospective memory in many real-world situations, and further
      allows for a clear index of strategic monitoring processes. Subtle cues in the
      form of semantically related images were embedded in the continuous task to
      prompt monitoring for the prospective memory target. Overt strategic monitoring
      was operationalized as the number of times participants fixated on the designated
      target area, and cue-driven monitoring was defined by the number of fixations on
      the prospective memory target region directly after fixating on a related cue.
      Overt strategic monitoring for the prospective memory target was directly
      observed for participants in the prospective memory condition, and cue-driven
      monitoring was also observed in these participants, since they were more likely
      to initiate monitoring immediately after fixating on a semantically related cue,
      relative to an unrelated cue. This psychophysiological approach afforded precise
      measurement of the strategic monitoring process and revealed how contextual cues
      in the environment interact with the cognitive mechanisms supporting prospective
      memory.

PMID- 26968714
TI  - Incidental finding of cutaneous meningeal heterotopia in aplasia cutis congenita.
AB  - Aplasia cutis congenita and cutaneous meningeal heterotopia are both rare
      congenital conditions that most commonly occur on the scalp and may appear
      clinically and histologically similar. A subtype of aplasia cutis congenita,
      membranous aplasia cutis congenita, and cutaneous meningeal heterotopia are both
      proposed to result from neural tube closure errors. However, neither non
      membranous nor membranous aplasia cutis congenita are known to occur together
      with cutaneous meningeal heterotopia in the same lesion. We report the incidental
      finding of cutaneous meningeal heterotopia within a lesion of aplasia cutis
      congenita.

PMID- 26968715
TI  - Cross-sectional observation of the relationship of depressive symptoms with
      lifestyles and parents' status among Japanese junior high school students.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Students' depressive symptoms might be related to their own risk
      factors and to their parents' status. The objective of this cross-sectional study
      was to examine the relationship of depressive symptoms with lifestyle variables
      and parents' psychological and socio-demographic status among Japanese junior
      high school students. METHODS: Of 477 students and their parents, 409 (85.7 %)
      students and 314 (65.8 %) parents participated in the study. Students answered
      self-reported questionnaire on depressive symptoms, their heights and weights,
      subjective stress, body dissatisfaction, lifestyles including sleep duration and
      extracurricular physical activity in school and other physical activity outside
      the school, and nutritional intake. Parents responded to questionnaire on
      depressive symptoms and socio-demographic status. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      depressive symptoms was 24.9 %. Students with depressive symptoms were more
      likely to have stress. Students in shorter and longer sleep duration groups were
      more likely to have depressive symptoms. The students with depressive symptoms
      had smaller amount of energy intake than did those without depressive symptoms.
      Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant relationships between
      students' depressive symptoms and some independent variables. Sex, subjective
      stress, "almost-never"-categorized extracurricular physical activity in school
      and other physical activity outside the school, and having a parent with
      depressive symptoms were significantly associated with students' depressive
      symptoms. CONCLUSION: Reducing mental stress and taking care of lifestyles,
      especially, "almost-everyday"-categorized extracurricular physical activity in
      school and other physical activity outside the school, may have benefits for
      students' mental health, and having a parent with depressive symptoms may be
      associated with students' depressive symptoms.

PMID- 26968716
TI  - Predictors of survival for patients with cancer after cryptogenic stroke.
AB  - Patients with active cancer experience ischemic stroke via cryptogenic
      mechanisms, with cancer-associated hypercoagulability being considered a major
      contributor to such strokes. Despite the remarkably shortened survival of these
      patients, the clinical predictors of survival are poorly understood. We
      determined the clinical factors including D-dimer levels serving as the
      predictors of overall survival in these patients. Retrospective study was
      conducted on cancer patients who visited our hospital for acute ischemic stroke
      with cryptogenic mechanisms from April 2012 through November 2014. Demographics,
      clinical characteristics, imaging and laboratory results including coagulation
      markers were collected, and overall survival was calculated from the patient
      medical records and a governmental national database. A high D-dimer level was
      defined as a D-dimer level exceeding the median value from the study population
      (>5.50 MUg/ml). A total of 93 patients were identified, with a median survival of
      62 days (interquartile range 32-223 days). A high D-dimer level (p = 0.004;
      hazard ratio [HR] 2.01, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.26-3.21), systemic
      metastases (p = 0.02; HR 2.08, 95 % CI 1.11-3.90), and diabetes mellitus (p =
      0.03; HR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.03-3.10) were identified as independent predictors of
      poor overall survival using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. Most
      of the patients (87 %) were primarily treated with low-molecular-weight heparin
      (dalteparin, n = 49; enoxaparin, n = 32). The type of low-molecular-weight
      heparin had no association with survival. A high D-dimer level, systemic
      metastases, and diabetes are independent predictors of poor survival in cancer
      patients with cryptogenic stroke.

PMID- 26968717
TI  - Long-term outcomes of myopic choroidal neovascularisation treated with combined
      ranibizumab and dexamethasone characterised by multi-modal imaging.
AB  - AIM: To characterise the long-term outcomes of myopic choroidal
      neovascularisation (mCNV) treated with combined ranibizumab and dexamethasone,
      with the use of multi-modal imaging. METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 eyes
      with mCNV treated with intra-vitreal ranibizumab and dexamethasone on a treat-as
      needed basis were followed up for a mean period of 47 months (range 19-81
      months). RESULTS: The mean age was 55 +/- 16 years, with mean refractive error of
      -9.0 diopters. Subfoveal mCNV was seen in 11 eyes (52 %) and the others were
      juxtafoveal. At the final visit, 13 patients (65 %) had improvement, while four
      patients (20 %) had worsening in vision. The average number of ranibizumab and
      dexamethasone injections required was 3 +/- 1.7. There was a significant
      improvement in the mean visual acuity, reduction of the central retinal
      thickness, and an enlargement of the area of chorioretinal atrophy. The mean rate
      of increase in chorioretinal atrophy area was 0.05 +/- 0.09 mm2/month. Disruption
      of the photoreceptor layer, fragmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium, and
      breaks in the Bruch's membrane with a hyper-reflective lesion causing separation
      of the outer retinal layers were changes associated with active mCNV seen on
      optical coherence tomography (OCT). CONCLUSION: Visual outcomes of mCNV treated
      with ranibizumab and dexamethasone on a treat-as-needed basis have favourable
      visual acuity outcomes. Using multi-modal imaging to monitor treatment response,
      chorioretinal atrophy, which may be related to visual function, should be used as
      an additional outcome measure to study the effect of combination treatment versus
      monotherapy.

PMID- 26968718
TI  - Comparison of four surgical techniques for management of pseudophakic and aphakic
      retinal detachment: a multicenter clinical trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the visual and anatomical outcomes of four surgical
      techniques to manage pseudophakic and aphakic retinal detachment (PARD). METHODS:
      In a multicenter randomized clinical trial, 211 eyes of 211 patients with PARD
      and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) grade B or less were randomly assigned
      to one of the four treatment groups: (1) scleral buckling (SB), 50 eyes, (2)
      vitrectomy without band, 51 eyes, (3) vitrectomy with encircling band (EB), 58
      eyes, and (4) triamcinolone acetonide (TA) assisted vitrectomy, 52 eyes. Patients
      were followed for 12 months after the surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity
      (BCVA) and retinal reattachment rate at each follow-up time point were considered
      as the primary outcome measures. PVR, macular pucker, and cystoid macular edema
      were considered as the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Visual improvement was
      achieved in all treatment groups relative to the baseline at all time points (all
      Ps < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups
      with regard to BCVA changes. However, there was a significant difference in the
      slope of visual improvement curve: the SB group had a more rapid visual
      improvement compared to the vitrectomy with buckle group at month 12 (P = 0.032).
      The retinal reattachment rates at month 12 were 75, 64.7, 68.5, and 66.7 % in SB,
      vitrectomy without buckle, vitrectomy with EB, and TA-assisted vitrectomy groups
      respectively (P > 0.99). There were no statistically significant differences
      among the groups in terms of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: SB, TA-assisted
      vitrectomy, and vitrectomy with and without buckle had comparable outcomes in the
      management of PARD.

PMID- 26968719
TI  - Prevalence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma in patients with chronic ocular
      graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma in
      patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective chart review of 218 patients diagnosed with chronic
      ocular GVHD. Ocular hypertension was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) >= 24
      mmHg in either eye without any glaucomatous optic disc changes. Glaucoma suspect
      was defined as optic disc changes with a cup-to-disc ratio >= 0.7 in either eye
      or asymmetry of >= 0.3 between the two eyes. Glaucoma was defined by glaucomatous
      optic disc changes plus glaucomatous visual field defects in two consecutive
      reliable visual field tests. The number of cases of ocular hypertension,
      glaucoma, and glaucoma suspects was evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (15
      %) were diagnosed with OHT, eight patients (3.6 %) with suspicion of glaucoma,
      and one patient (0.4 %) with glaucoma. OHT occurred within 6 months of developing
      ocular GVHD in 60 % of the cases and within the first year in 76 %. High IOP
      normalized in 67 % of patients when the dosage of topical or systemic
      corticosteroids was lowered, and 27 % of patients required anti-glaucoma therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Ocular hypertension is a common complication in patients with ocular
      GVHD, with a prevalence of 15 %. The rise in intraocular pressure is often
      transient and resolves with management of corticosteroids in most cases. However,
      clinicians should be aware that nearly one-third of the patients with OHT might
      require anti-glaucoma treatment. The prevalences of glaucoma and suspicion of
      glaucoma were not higher than in the general population.

PMID- 26968720
TI  - Factors influencing the pupillary light reflex in healthy individuals.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the ocular anatomical factors influencing the pupillary
      light reactions to different wavelengths of light, measured with chromatic
      pupillometry. METHODS: Community-based, cross-sectional study including subjects
      with normal ocular health (ages 50-79 years). Direct pupillary responses to
      continuously increasing irradiances (6.8 to 13.8 log photons cm(-2) s(-1)) of red
      (631 nm) and blue (469 nm) light were measured, using a dedicated infrared
      pupillometer. All subjects underwent swept source optical coherence tomography
      (SS-OCT, CASIA SS-1000, Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan) and noncontact partial
      coherence laser interferometry (Lenstar LS900, Haag-Streit AG, Switzerland).
      Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the
      anatomical features influencing pupillographic parameters. RESULTS: Among the 177
      included subjects, 167 (94.4 %) were Chinese and 116 (65.5 %) female. The average
      baseline pupil diameter in darkness (beta = -0.080, p < 0.001) and the amplitude
      of the relative pupillary constriction (beta = -0.233, p = 0.006) to blue light
      decreased with age. The amplitude of pupillary constriction was significantly
      larger in patients with a thinner iris, in response to stimulation with blue
      (beta = -0.321, p < 0.001) and red light (beta = -0.336, p < 0.001). Other ocular
      parameters (i.e., lens vault, anterior chamber depth width, iris volume, iris
      curvature, and lens thickness) were not significantly associated with
      pupillometric outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The amplitude of the pupillary light
      constriction to chromatic photic stimuli is reduced with increasing age and iris
      thickness in subjects with normal ocular health, a finding which needs to be
      integrated into future pupillometric studies.

PMID- 26968722
TI  - Dynamic torsional misalignment of eyes during laser in-situ keratomileusis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the amount and characteristics of dynamic torsional
      misalignment of eyes during excimer ablation in laser in-situ keratomileusis
      (LASIK). METHODS: Retrospective trial for evaluation of dynamic intraoperative
      torsional misalignment of 179 eyes that underwent LASIK for correction of myopia
      and/or astigmatism. Patients were treated with the Keracor 217z excimer laser
      implementing 25 Hz dynamic eye tracker ACE 100 (both Technolas Perfect Vision,
      Munich, Germany). From dynamic torsional misalignments, temporal power spectra
      were obtained by Fourier analysis up to a frequency of 12.5 Hz and an amplitude
      of +/-15 degrees  from initial torsional status (limited by the tracking system).
      The f90, f95, and f99 criteria were defined as the frequency below which 90 %, 95
      %, and 99 % of misalignments occur. A Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to
      detect differences of f90, f95, and f99 in groups' gender, age, and eye (if both
      eyes underwent surgery at same day). Multiple regression analysis (MRA) was
      performed to evaluate possible preoperative predictors of f90, f95, and f99.
      RESULTS: Fourier analysis showed a dominance of high-frequency, low-power dynamic
      torsional misalignment. Mean f95 threshold of rotational movements was 4.89+/
      2.12 Hz (median 4.54, ranging from 0.44 to 9.23 Hz). Wilcoxon rank sum test
      showed no differences in f90, f95, and f99 between groups' gender, age, and eye.
      MRA revealed age, gender, and optical zone as preoperative predictors on
      intraoperative f90, f95, and f99. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic intraoperative torsional
      misalignments of eyes undergoing LASIK are dominated by low-frequency (slow),
      high-power (large) movements, with 95 % being slower than 4.89Hz regarding the
      spectrum analyzed (0-12.5Hz, +/-15 degrees ). Movements can be predicted
      preoperatively by eye treated, patients' gender, and age in pre-LASIK
      diagnostics.

PMID- 26968723
TI  - Your Best Life: Tolstoy's Three Questions for Life.

PMID- 26968721
TI  - Intraocular cytokines imbalance in congenital cataract and its impact on
      posterior capsule opacification.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital cataract is of particular interest because of the
      variability of etiologies and the inflammatory reaction that are often observed.
      The aim of the study was to describe intraocular levels of various inflammation
      related cytokines of patients with congenital cataract and to study their
      correlations with clinical determinants. METHODS: We followed a cohort of 18
      patients (18 eyes) with congenital cataract from a University hospital and
      measured levels of various inflammation-related cytokines in the aqueous humor of
      patients with congenital cataract, and compared these levels to those observed in
      a control group (patients with senile cataract) using multiplex immunoassay.
      Correlation analysis was used to study the possible correlation between
      intraocular levels of cytokines and clinical determinants. RESULTS: Compared with
      the control group, the group with congenital cataract showed clear and
      significantly elevated concentrations of inflammatory markers (IL-1beta, IL-15,
      IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-6, IL-5, IL-9, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1 and IP-10). Postoperative
      intraocular inflammation and opacification of the posterior capsule seemed to be
      correlated with preoperative IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS: An
      inflammatory condition may occur in eyes with congenital cataract. The cytokine
      profiles are really different than those observed in senile cataract. Moreover,
      cytokines levels may be of interest to predict posterior capsule opacification
      and to complete the etiological workup.

PMID- 26968724
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Does Teriparatide Improve Femoral Neck Fracture Healing:
      Results From A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.

PMID- 26968725
TI  - Editor's Spotlight/Take 5: Universal Health Insurance Coverage in Massachusetts
      Did Not Change the Trajectory of Arthroplasty Use or Costs.

PMID- 26968726
TI  - Fouling control in a lab-scale MBR system: Comparison of several commercially
      applied coagulants.
AB  - The Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) integrate the biological degradation of
      pollutants with membrane filtration-separation during wastewater treatment.
      Membrane fouling, which is considered as the main process drawback, stems from
      the interaction between the membrane material and the (organic or inorganic)
      foulants, leading to membrane's efficiency deterioration. It is widely recognized
      that the mixed liquor colloidal and Soluble Microbial Products (SMP) are in
      principal responsible for this undesirable situation. As a result, the
      appropriate pretreatment of wastewater feed is often considered as necessary
      procedure and the coagulation/flocculation (C/F) process is regarded as a
      relevant viable option for wastewater treatment by MBRs in order to improve the
      effective removal of suspended solids (SS), of colloidal particles, of natural
      organic matter (NOM), as well as of other soluble materials. The objective of
      this study is the application of coagulation/flocculation for fouling control of
      MBR systems by using several commercially available chemical coagulant/flocculant
      agents. For this purpose, an appropriate lab-scale continuous-flow, fully
      automatic MBR system has been assembled and various (inorganic) coagulants (i.e.
      FeCl3?6H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.5H2O, FeClSO4, PFS0.3, PAC A9-M, PAC-A16, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O,
      FO4350SSH, NaAlO2) have been examined. Filterability tests and SMP concentration
      measurements were also conducted in order to investigate the reversible, as well
      as the irreversible fouling, respectively. Based upon the obtained results and
      after selecting the most efficient coagulants (FeCl3.6H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.5H2O,
      FeClSO4, PAC-A9, PAC-A16), an attempt was subsequently performed to correlate the
      major fouling indices (i.e. TMP, TTF, SMP concentration) in order to improve the
      overall process operability by this fouling control method.

PMID- 26968727
TI  - Early administration of nifedipine protects against angiotensin II-induced
      cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through regulating CaMKII-SERCA2a pathway and apoptosis
      in rat cardiomyocytes.
AB  - The calcium channel blocker (CCB), nifedipine, is a more effective treatment for
      early- than late-stage cardiac hypertrophy. We investigated the effects of early-
      and late-stage nifedipine administration on calcium homeostasis, CaMKII (Ca(2+)
      /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) activity and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes
      under hypertrophic stimulation with angiotensin II (AngII). Primary rat
      cardiomyocytes were divided into five treatment groups: AK, AngII plus the CaMKII
      inhibitor, KN-93; AN-1 (early-stage), AngII plus nifedipine * 48 h; AN-2 (late
      stage), AngII * 48 h, then AngII plus nifedipine * 48 h; C, untreated; and A,
      AngII * 48 h. The t1/2beta [time required for intracellular Ca(2+) concentration
      ([Ca(2+) ]i) to decline to one half of the peak value] decreased; however, CaMKII
      and SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase 2a) activities increased in
      the AN-1 group compared with the AK group. In the AN-2 group compared with the AN
      1 group, CaMKII activity, t1/2alpha [time required for [Ca(2+) ]i to increase
      from the bottom to one half of peak value], t1/2beta, and apoptosis increased.
      These results indicate that the timing of CCB administration affects the calcium
      concentration and apoptosis of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes through the CaMKII
      SERCA2a signalling pathway, thereby influencing the drug's protective activity
      against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

PMID- 26968728
TI  - Identification of three cannabimimetic indazole and pyrazole derivatives, APINACA
      2H-indazole analogue, AMPPPCA, and 5F-AMPPPCA.
AB  - This paper reports analytical properties of three cannabimimetic indazole and
      pyrazole derivatives seized from a clandestine laboratory. These three new
      synthetic cannabinoids include N-(1-adamantyl)-2-pentyl-2H-indazole-3-carboxamide
      (APINACA 2H-indazole analogue, 1), N-(1-adamantyl)-4-methyl-1-pentyl-5-phenyl-1H
      pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AMPPPCA, 2), and N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-4
      methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (5F-AMPPPCA, 3). These compounds were
      identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry
      (LC-QTOF-MS), gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS),
      and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. No analytical properties and
      pharmacological activities about compounds 1-3 have appeared until now, making
      this the first report on these compounds. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 26968729
TI  - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting as acute cerebellar ataxia and
      brain stem hyperintensities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a devastating
      neurodegenerative disease with a characteristic clinical course. Atypical
      presentations may be seen in 10% of the cases. AIMS: To describe the atypical
      clinical and radiological features of SSPE in a child form endemic country.
      METHODS: A 5-year-old boy presented with acute-onset cerebellar ataxia without
      associated encephalopathy, focal motor deficits, seizures or cognitive decline.
      He had varicella-like illness with vesicular, itchy truncal rash erupting one
      month prior to the onset of these symptoms. He underwent detailed neurological
      assessment, relevant laboratory and radiological investigations. RESULTS:
      Neuroimaging revealed peculiar brain stem lesions involving the pons and
      cerebellum suggestive of demyelination. With a presumptive diagnosis of
      clinically isolated syndrome of demyelination, he was administered pulse
      methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg/day for 5 days). Four weeks later he developed
      myoclonic jerks. Electroencephalogram showed characteristic periodic complexes
      time-locked with myoclonus. CSF and serum anti-measles antibody titres were
      elevated (1:625). CONCLUSION: Our report highlights that subacute sclerosing
      panencephalitis can present atypically as isolated acute cerebellar ataxia and
      peculiar involvement of longitudinal and sparing of transverse pontine fibres.
      The predominant brainstem abnormalities in the clinical setting may mimick acute
      demyelinating syndrome. Hence, it is important to recognize these features of
      subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in children, especially in the endemic
      countries.

PMID- 26968730
TI  - What should be the antibiotic prescription protocol for burn patients admitted in
      the department of burns, plastic and reconstructive surgery.
AB  - This is a prospective study with the aim to determine specific patterns of burn
      wound bacterial colonisation and antimicrobial resistance profiles. There is a
      high incidence of infections and septicaemia in post-burn patients, which, in
      turn, are associated with high morbidity and mortality, a fact that compelled us
      to undertake this study. The study was conducted over a period 11 months, from 1
      August 2014 to 30 June 2015, in 50 burn patients admitted in our burn unit. Wound
      cultures were taken after 72 hours of admission from all the patients, and then,
      empirical systemic antibiotics were administered. For wound cultures; 1 cubic cm
      tissue was taken and placed in aerobic and anaerobic culture vials and
      transported to the microbiology lab under all aseptic precautions as soon as
      possible. At the time of fever any time after 72 hours of admission, 16 ml of
      blood was drawn under all aseptic precautions. Both aerobic and anaerobic blood
      culture vials were filled with 8 ml of blood each and transported to the
      microbiology lab. The results of culture and sensitivity reports of 50 patients
      were recorded. The data obtained was analysed using appropriate statistical
      analytical tests. The most common organism responsible for bacteraemia is
      Pseudomonas (43%). Most of the strains of organisms isolated were resistant to
      commonly used antibiotics in the hospital; Pseudomonas was found 100% resistant
      to a combination of ampicillin + sulbactum, ceftriaxone and was most often
      sensitive to imipenem, amikacin and vancomycin. Methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was also found resistant to commonly used
      antibiotics like ceftriaxone, ampicillin + sulbactum and ceftazidime + calvulanic
      acid. Linzolid and vancomycin were effective in 83% and 100% cases, respectively.
      We conclude that similar institution-specific studies should be conducted, and
      such studies will be helpful in providing useful guidelines for choosing
      effective empirical therapy that will have a great impact on the prevention of
      infection and its complications in burn patients because of bacteraemia.

PMID- 26968731
TI  - Evaluation of long-term side effects after shock-wave lithotripsy for renal
      calculi using a third generation electromagnetic lithotripter.
AB  - To assess the incidence of long-term side effects after shock-wave lithotripsy
      treatment performed with an electromagnetic Dornier Lithotripter S device. A
      specific follow-up was undertaken on a cohort of 100 selected patients that
      underwent SWL for a single renal stone in our center from 2002 to 2004. Previous
      and current data were compared using the Student t test. Factors associated with
      the incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were determined. Ten years
      after treatment, mean serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate
      remained similar to previous values (serum creatinine level: 0.96 +/- 0.22 vs.
      0.92 +/- 0.19 mg/dL; glomerular filtration rate: 92.8 +/- 17.8 vs. 88.1 +/- 21.7
      mL/min). There were marked increases in blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and
      blood glucose levels, while smoking decreased. Age, glomerular filtration rate,
      body mass index, blood glucose and blood pressure at the time of treatment were
      significantly associated with the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus
      at follow-up; blood cholesterol was associated with diabetes mellitus
      development. After 10 years, overall renal function appeared to have been
      unaffected by shock-wave lithotripsy treatment. The increased rate of
      hypertension and diabetes mellitus were consistent with the incidence in the
      global population. This is the first report on the long-term safety of a third
      generation electromagnetic lithotripter, and indicates that there are no long
      term sequelae. 

PMID- 26968733
TI  - Corneal Biomechanical Response Following Collagen Cross-Linking With Rose Bengal
      Green Light and Riboflavin-UVA.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the biomechanical corneal response of two different corneal
      cross-linking (CXL) treatments, rose bengal-green light (RGX) and riboflavin-UVA
      (UVX), using noninvasive imaging. METHODS: A total of 12 enucleated rabbit eyes
      were treated with RGX and 12 with UVX. Corneal dynamic deformation to an air puff
      was measured by high speed Scheimpflug imaging (Corvis ST) before and after
      treatment. The spatial and temporal deformation profiles were evaluated at
      constant intraocular pressure of 15 mm Hg, and several deformation parameters
      were estimated. The deformation profiles were modeled numerically using finite
      element analysis, and the hyperelastic corneal material parameters were obtained
      by inverse modeling technique. RESULTS: The corneal deformation amplitude
      decreased significantly after both CXL methods. The material parameters obtained
      from inverse modeling were consistent with corneal stiffening after both RGX and
      UVX. Within the treated corneal volume, we found that the elasticity decreased by
      a factor of 11 after RGX and by a factor of 6.25 after UVX. CONCLUSIONS: The
      deformation of UVX-treated corneas was smaller than the RGX-treated corneas.
      However, the reconstructed corneal mechanical parameters reveal that RGX produced
      in fact larger stiffening of the treated region (100-MUm depth) than UVX (137-MUm
      depth). Rose bengal-green light stiffens the cornea effectively, with shorter
      treatment times and shallower treated areas. Dynamic air puff deformation imaging
      coupled with mechanical simulations is a useful tool to characterize corneal
      biomechanical properties, assess different treatments, and possibly help optimize
      the treatment protocols.

PMID- 26968734
TI  - A New Alternative to Riboflavin/Ultraviolet-A: Collagen Cross-Linking With Rose
      Bengal/Green Light.

PMID- 26968732
TI  - A Homozygous RAB3GAP1:c.743delC Mutation in Rottweilers with Neuronal Vacuolation
      and Spinocerebellar Degeneration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A variety of presumed hereditary, neurologic diseases have been
      reported in young Rottweilers. Overlapping ages of onset and clinical signs have
      made antemortem diagnosis difficult. One of these diseases, neuronal vacuolation
      and spinocerebellar degeneration (NVSD) shares clinical and histological features
      with polyneuropathy with ocular abnormalities and neuronal vacuolation (POANV), a
      recently described hereditary disease in Black Russian Terriers (BRTs). Dogs with
      POANV harbor mutations in RAB3GAP1 which codes for a protein involved in membrane
      trafficking. HYPOTHESIS: Rottweilers with NVSD will be homozygous for the
      RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele associated with POANV in BRTs. ANIMALS: Eight
      Rottweilers with NVSD confirmed at necropsy, 128 Rottweilers without early onset
      neurologic signs, and 468 randomly selected dogs from 169 other breeds. METHODS:
      Retrospective case-control study. Dogs were genotyped for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC
      allele with an allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS: All 8 NVSD-affected dogs
      were homozygous for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele while the 128 NVSD-free
      Rottweilers were either homozygous for the reference allele (n = 105) or
      heterozygous (n = 23) and the 468 genotyped dogs from other breeds were all
      homozygous for the reference allele. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The
      RAB3GAP1:c.743delC mutation is associated with a similar phenotype in Rottweilers
      and BRTs. Identification of the mutation permits a DNA test that can aid in the
      diagnosis of NVSD and identify carriers of the trait so that breeders can avoid
      producing affected dogs. Disruption of membrane trafficking could explain the
      neuronal vacuolation seen in NVSD and other spongiform encephalopathies.

PMID- 26968735
TI  - Nonsyndromic Retinal Dystrophy due to Bi-Allelic Mutations in the Ciliary
      Transport Gene IFT140.
AB  - PURPOSE: Mutations in the ciliary transporter gene IFT140, usually associated
      with a severe syndromic ciliopathy, may also cause isolated retinal dystrophy. A
      series of patients with nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP) due to IFT140 was
      investigated in this study. METHODS: Five probands and available affected family
      members underwent detailed phenotyping including retinal imaging and
      electrophysiology. Whole exome sequencing was performed on two probands, a
      targeted sequencing panel of 176 retinal genes on a further two, and whole genome
      sequencing on the fifth. Missense mutations of IFT140 were further investigated
      in vitro using transient plasmid transfection of hTERT-RPE1 cells. RESULTS: Eight
      affected patients from five families had preserved visual acuity until at least
      the second decade; all had normal development without skeletal manifestations or
      renal failure at age 13 to 67 years (mean, 42 years; median, 44.5 years). Bi
      allelic mutations in IFT140 were identified in all families including two novel
      mutations: c.2815T > C (p.Ser939Pro) and c.1422_23insAA (p.Arg475Asnfs*14).
      Expression studies demonstrated a significantly reduced number of cells showing
      localization of mutant IFT140 with the basal body for two nonsyndromic mutations
      and two syndromic mutations compared with the wild type and a polymorphism.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the phenotype of nonsyndromic RP due to
      mutations in IFT140 with milder retinal dystrophy than that associated with the
      syndromic disease.

PMID- 26968736
TI  - Heterochromatic Flicker Photometry for Objective Lens Density Quantification.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although several methods have been proposed to evaluate lens
      transmittance, to date there is no consensual in vivo approach in clinical
      practice. The aim of this study was to compare ocular lens density and
      transmittance measurements obtained by an improved psychophysical scotopic
      heterochromatic flicker photometry (sHFP) technique to the results obtained by
      three other measures: a psychophysical threshold technique, a Scheimpflug imaging
      technique, and a clinical assessment using a validated subjective scale. METHODS:
      Forty-three subjects (18 young, 9 middle aged, and 16 older) were included in the
      study. Individual lens densities were measured and transmittance curves were
      derived from sHFP indexes. Ocular lens densities were compared across methods by
      using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The four approaches showed a quadratic
      increase in lens opacification with age. The sHFP technique revealed that
      transmittance decreased with age over the entire visual spectrum. This decrease
      was particularly pronounced between young and older participants in the short
      (53.03% decrease in the 400-500 nm range) wavelength regions of the light
      spectrum. Lens density derived from sHFP highly correlated with the values
      obtained with the other approaches. Compared to other objective measures, sHFP
      also showed the lowest variability and the best fit with a quadratic trend (r2 =
      0.71) of lens density increase as a function of age. CONCLUSIONS: The sHFP
      technique offers a practical, reliable, and accurate method to measure lens
      density in vivo and predict lens transmittance over the visible spectrum. An
      accurate quantification of lens transmittance should be obtained in clinical
      practice, but also in research in visual and nonvisual photoreception.

PMID- 26968738
TI  - Diagnostic Efficacy of Normalization of Corneal Deformation Variables by the
      Intraocular Pressure in Glaucomatous Eyes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the diagnostic efficacy of normalization of corneal
      deformation variables by the IOP in healthy, primary-angle closure (PACG), and
      primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. METHODS: Fifty-nine healthy, 83
      POAG, and 57 PACG eyes, matched for age and pachymetry, were included in a
      prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Goldmann applanation tonometry
      (GAT-IOP), Corvis-ST IOP, IOPg (Goldmann correlated), and IOPcc (cornea
      compensated) from the ocular response analyzer were acquired. Corneal hysteresis
      (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) from the ORA, and deformation amplitude
      (DA) from Corvis-ST were analyzed. Further, ratios of CH, CRF, and DA to IOP were
      assessed among the groups and defined as new variables (e.g., ratio [CH, IOPcc]
      was the ratio of CH to IOPcc). RESULTS: Goldmann applanation tonometry-IOP,
      IOPcc, and IOPg of PACG and POAG eyes were significantly higher than normal (P <
      0.05). Corvis-ST IOP of healthy eyes was similar to POAG (P > 0.05) but lower
      than PACG (P = 0.02). Corneal hysteresis and CRF of PACG and POAG were
      significantly lower than normal (P < 0.0001). The ratio (CH, IOPcc), ratio (CRF,
      IOPcc), and ratio (DA, IOPcc) of healthy eyes were significantly higher than
      those of PACG and POAG eyes (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of
      ratio (CRF, IOPcc) and ratio (DA, IOPcc) was significantly better than CRF and DA
      alone in PACG eyes (P < 0.001). However in POAG, only the sensitivity and
      specificity of ratio (DA, IOPcc) was significantly better than DA alone (P <
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of glaucoma may be indicated better by ratio
      variables than by CH, CRF, or DA alone.

PMID- 26968737
TI  - AP-2beta Is a Downstream Effector of PITX2 Required to Specify Endothelium and
      Establish Angiogenic Privilege During Corneal Development.
AB  - PURPOSE: The homeodomain transcription factor, PITX2, is at the apex of a genetic
      pathway required for corneal development, but the critical effector genes
      regulated by the PITX2 remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to discover
      and validate PITX2-dependent mechanisms required for specifying cell lineages and
      establishing angiogenic privilege within the developing cornea. METHODS:
      Microarrays were used to compare gene expression in corneas isolated from
      temporal Pitx2 knockout embryos and control littermates. Quantitative RT-PCR and
      immunohistochemistry was used to further validate Tfap2b expression differences
      in Pitx2 knockout versus control corneas. In situ hybridization and protein
      immunohistochemistry were used to assay eyes of a Tfap2b allelic series of
      embryos to identify differentiated cellular lineages in the cornea, blood vessel
      endothelium, or lymphatic vessel endothelium. RESULTS: We show that PITX2 is
      required for the expression of Tfap2b, encoding the AP-2beta transcription
      factor, in the neural crest during corneal development. Markers of differentiated
      corneal epithelium and stroma are expressed in the absence of AP-2beta. In
      contrast, markers of differentiated corneal endothelium are not expressed in the
      absence of AP-2beta. Endomucin+ blood vessels are present throughout the
      developing corneal stroma in the absence of AP-2beta, whereas LYVE1+ lymphatic
      vessels are not found. CONCLUSIONS: The AP-2beta transcription factor is an
      important effector of PITX2 function during corneal development, required for
      differentiation of corneal endothelium and establishment of angiogenic privilege.
      Unlike PITX2, AP-2beta is not required for the early expression of available
      lineage specific markers for the corneal epithelium and stroma during
      embryogenesis, nor establishment of lymphangiogenic privilege. Therefore,
      additional PITX2-dependent factors likely regulate these latter processes during
      embryonic development. These results extend our understanding of the genetic
      mechanisms regulating cornea development.

PMID- 26968740
TI  - Revisiting Ciliary Muscle Tendons and Their Connections With the Trabecular
      Meshwork by Two Photon Excitation Microscopic Imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE: To elucidate the anatomy of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and its
      connection to ciliary muscle (CM) tendons with two photon excitation microscopic
      (TPEM) imaging. METHODS: The human aqueous outflow pathway was imaged in an
      unfixed and nonembeded state by using an inverted TPEM. Laser (Ti:Sapphire) was
      tuned at 850 nm for emission. Backscatter signals of second harmonic generation
      (SHG) and autofluorescence (AF) were collected through 425/30-nm and 525/45
      emission filters, respectively. Multiple, consecutive, and overlapping image
      stacks (z-stacks) were acquired to generate three-dimensional data sets. RESULTS:
      Collagen and elastin structures of the TM were successfully visualized with TPEM.
      The TM and CM tendons were found to contain both collagen and elastin fibers.
      What appears to be juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) was identified by its honeycomb
      like appearance in AF images. Tracing CM tendons from their origins and to their
      insertions revealed that elastin fibers of CM tendons were connected to the
      elastin network within the trabecular lamellae. The CM tendons converged or
      diverged along their course, forming intricate networks with the TM. The CM
      tendon fiber density varied depending on its location within the aqueous outflow
      pathway with tendons near the JCT found to be the most dense, and in a fine-tooth
      comb arrangement. CONCLUSIONS: By using TPEM imaging, new details of the human
      aqueous outflow pathway were elucidated. This high-resolution imaging technique
      revealed the intricate interconnections between the TM and CM tendons.

PMID- 26968739
TI  - Influence of Target Parameters on Fixation Stability in Normal and Strabismic
      Monkeys.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of fixation target
      parameters on fixation instability in strabismic monkeys. METHODS: One normal and
      three exotropic monkeys were presented with four differently shaped fixation
      targets, with three diameters, during monocular or binocular viewing. Fixation
      targets were white on a black background or vice versa. Binocular eye movements
      were recorded using the magnetic search coil technique and fixation stability
      quantified by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). RESULTS:
      Fixation instability was greater in all the strabismic monkeys compared with the
      normal monkey. During monocular viewing, strabismic monkeys showed significantly
      greater instability in the covered eye compared to the fixating eye.
      Multifactorial ANOVA suggested statistically significant target parameter
      influences, although effect sizes were small. Thus, a disk-shaped target resulted
      in greater instability than other target shapes in the viewing eyes of the normal
      monkey and two of three strabismic monkeys. A similar target-shape effect was
      also observed in the covered eye. Least instability was elicited with a 0.5
      degrees  target in the normal monkey and a 1.0 degrees  target in the strabismic
      monkeys, both in the viewing and the covered eye. Target/background polarity
      effects were idiosyncratic. In strabismic monkeys, stability of the fixating eye
      during binocular viewing was not different from the stability of the same eye
      during monocular viewing. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal drifts and nystagmus contribute
      to increased fixation instability in strabismic monkeys. Target parameters (shape
      and size) that influence fixation stability in a normal animal also affected
      fixation stability in our sample of strabismic monkeys.

PMID- 26968741
TI  - Changes in Extraocular Muscle Volume During Ocular Duction.
AB  - PURPOSE: It has been tacitly assumed that overall extraocular muscle (EOM) volume
      is conserved during contraction and relaxation, yet this assumption has been
      untested up to now. We used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to
      determine if total EOM volume changes during relaxation and contraction. METHODS:
      Surface coil MRI in quasi-coronal planes was obtained in target-controlled,
      maximal secondary gaze positions in 30 orbits of 15 normal subjects at 312-MUm
      resolution. Ductions were quantified by changes in globe-optic nerve positions.
      Cross-sections of EOM were manually outlined in contiguous image planes so that
      volumes could be calculated by multiplying summed cross sections by the 2-mm
      slice thickness. Three-dimensional reconstruction allowed measurement of the
      lengths of terminal, unresolvable EOM segments, providing estimates of terminal
      EOM volumes to be summed with measured midorbital volumes to obtain total EOM
      volumes. RESULTS: Duction range averaged 44.3 +/- 4.8 degrees  from relaxation to
      contraction. There was a significant increase in total volume in each rectus EOM
      from relaxation to contraction: superior rectus (SR) 92 +/- 36 mm3 (+18%, P < 10
      11); inferior rectus (IR) 51 +/- 18 mm3 (+9%, P < 10-11); medial rectus (MR) 78
      +/- 36 mm3 (+11%, P < 10-5); and lateral rectus (LR) 47 +/- 45 mm3 (+7%, P =
      0.005). Because volume changes for SR and MR exceed IR and LR, total rectus EOM
      volume increases in supraduction 41 +/- 42 mm3 (+3.7%) and adduction 32 +/- 63
      mm3 (+2.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Total EOM volume is not conserved but instead increases
      with contraction and decreased with relaxation. Contractile volume increases may
      be secondary to increased actin-myosin lattice spacing, so that density
      decreases. This effect is opposite that of possible hemodynamic changes.

PMID- 26968742
TI  - Characterization of the reproductive mode and life cycle of the whitish truffle
      T. borchii.
AB  - Truffles are the fruiting structures of ascomycetes in the genus Tuber. Because
      of their economic importance, truffles have been cultivated for many years using
      artificially inoculated host plants. Nevertheless, the life cycle and
      reproductive mode of Tuber spp. are still poorly understood. In filamentous
      ascomycetes, sexual reproduction is genetically controlled by the mating-type
      (MAT) locus. Among Tuber spp., the MAT locus has been recently characterized in
      the black truffles Tuber melanosporum and Tuber indicum. Here, by using sequence
      information derived from these species and from a Tuber borchii expressed
      sequence tag (EST) showing similarity to the mat1 gene of Alternaria
      brassicicola, we embarked on a chromosome-walking procedure to sequence the
      complete MAT region of T. borchii. This fungus produces highly commercialized
      whitish truffles and represents a model species for addressing basic questions
      concerning the life cycle of Tuber spp. We show that T. borchii is heterothallic,
      as its MAT locus is organized into two idiomorphs, each harbored by different
      mycelial strains. The alignment of the MAT locus from black truffles and T.
      borchii reveals that extensive sequence rearrangements and inversions occurred
      between these species. Moreover, by coupling mating-type analyses to karyological
      observation, we show that mycelia isolated from ascocarps and mycorrhizae are
      formed by homokaryotic hyphae. 

PMID- 26968743
TI  - Revisiting phylogenetic diversity and cryptic species of Cenococcum geophilum
      sensu lato.
AB  - The fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr. (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) is one of the
      most common ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal to temperate regions. A series of
      molecular studies has demonstrated that C. geophilum is monophyletic but a
      heterogeneous species or a species complex. Here, we revisit the phylogenetic
      diversity of C. geophilum sensu lato from a regional to intercontinental scale by
      using new data from Florida (USA) along with existing data in GenBank from Japan,
      Europe, and North America. The combination of internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
      ribosomal DNA and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene
      resolved six well-supported lineages (87-100 % bootstrap values) that are closely
      related to each other and a seventh lineage that is phylogenetically distinct. A
      multi-locus analysis (small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), translational
      elongation factor (TEF), and the largest and second-largest subunits of RNA
      polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2)) revealed that the divergent lineage is the sister
      group to all other known Cenococcum isolates. Isolates of the divergent lineage
      grow fast on nutrient media and do not form ectomycorrhizas on seedlings of
      several pine and oak species. Our results indicate that C. geophilum sensu lato
      includes more phylogenetically distinct cryptic species than have previously been
      reported. Furthermore, the divergent lineage appears to be a non-mycorrhizal
      sister group. We discuss the phylogenetic diversity of C. geophilum sensu lato
      and argue in favor of species recognition based on phylogenetic and ecological
      information in addition to morphological characteristics. A new genus and species
      (Pseudocenococcum floridanum gen. et sp. nov.) is proposed to accommodate a
      divergent and putatively non-mycorrhizal lineage. 

PMID- 26968745
TI  - Reproductive system of females of the Magdalena river endemic stingray
      Potamotrygon magdalenae: Anatomical and functional aspects.
AB  - We studied anatomical and functional aspects of the reproductive system of
      females of the Magdalena river stingray Potamotrygon magdalenae using microscopic
      and macroscopic analysis of each organ. Although the reproductive tract was fully
      functional on both side, the left organs possibly have a greater contribution to
      reproductive success, because left ovary and uterus were more developed and had
      higher number of oocytes and embryos, respectively, than the right ones. This
      species has histotrophic viviparity given by the presence of uterine trophonemata
      and by glandular character in pregnant and postpartum females. We suggest that
      the epigonal organ is involved in the degradation of components of atretic
      follicles and the embryos begin to develop surrounded by a gelatinous tertiary
      envelope produced by the oviducal gland. This latter organ is composed by three
      zones in mature females, club, papillary, and baffle zone, as described for other
      elasmobranchs. From the anatomical observations, a maturity scale comprising six
      sexual maturity stages (Immature I, Immature II, early mature, pregnant, post
      partum, and regenerating) was established for female P. magdalenae, and it can be
      useful as basis for reproductive studies of other potamotrygonid species.
      Finally, we propose a continuous reproductive cycle for P. magdalenae.

PMID- 26968744
TI  - Arbutoid mycorrhizas of the genus Cortinarius from Costa Rica.
AB  - Arbutoid mycorrhizas of Comarostaphylis arbutoides (Arbutoidea, Ericaceae) from
      neotropical montane forests are rarely described. To date, only mycorrhizal
      associations with the fungal species Leccinum monticola, Leotia lubrica and
      Sebacina sp. are known from literature. The genus Cortinarius is one of the most
      species-rich ectomycorrhizal taxa with over 2000 assumed species. In this study,
      two sites in the Cordillera de Talamanca of Costa Rica were sampled, where Com.
      arbutoides is endemic and grows together with Quercus costaricensis. Using a
      combined method of rDNA sequence analysis and morphotyping, 33 sampled
      mycorrhizal systems of Cortinarius were assigned to the subgenera Dermocybe,
      Phlegmacium and Telamonia. Specific plant primers were used to identify the host
      plant. Here, we present the phylogenetic data of all found Cortinarii and
      describe four of the arbutoid mycorrhizal systems morphologically and
      anatomically. 

PMID- 26968746
TI  - Assessment scales for the diagnosis of polyneuropathy.
AB  - Epidemiological studies that investigate the occurrence and determinants of
      chronic length-dependent polyneuropathy are scarce. Population-based studies on
      polyneuropathy require a valid and reliable screening protocol with both good
      sensitivity and specificity. Several questionnaires and scoring scales have been
      developed for the detection of polyneuropathy, grading the severity of the
      disease, or evaluating the clinical course during follow-up. This review
      summarizes the aims and content of existing diagnostic polyneuropathy screening
      tools in order to help future studies decide which scale to use for screening in
      specific situations. We searched the PubMed database and identified 27 scales, 13
      are based on symptoms alone, 8 on neurological signs alone, and 6 on a
      combination of symptoms and signs. Scales that combine questions concerning
      symptoms and a neurological examination with a focus on sensory alterations seem
      to have the best discriminatory power. However, all scoring scales were developed
      for and investigated in prespecified patient populations. Therefore, the
      generalizability of specific findings to the general population may be limited.
      We also discuss other limitations of existing scales. Future studies are required
      to determine which clinimetrically well-developed scales are preferred for use in
      population-based studies.

PMID- 26968747
TI  - Toward a skin-material interface with vacuum-integrated capped macroporous
      scaffolds.
AB  - Avulsion, epidermal marsupialization, and infection cause failure at the skin
      material interface. A robust interface would permit implantable robotics,
      prosthetics, and other medical devices; reconstruction of surgical defects, and
      long-term access to blood vessels and body cavities. Torus-shaped cap-scaffold
      structures were designed to work in conjunction with negative pressure to address
      the three causes of failure. Six wounds were made on the backs of each of four 3
      month old pigs. Four unmodified (no caps) scaffolds were implanted along with 20
      cap-scaffolds. Collagen type 4 was attached to 21 implants. Negative pressure
      then was applied. Structures were explanted and assessed histologically at day 7
      and day 28. At day 28, there was close tissue apposition to scaffolds, without
      detectable reactions from defensive or interfering cells. Three cap-scaffolds
      explanted at day 28 showed likely attachment of epidermis to the cap or cap
      scaffold junction, without deeper marsupialization. The combination of toric
      shaped cap-scaffolds with negative pressure appears to be an intrinsically
      biocompatible system, enabling a robust skin-material interface. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1307-1318,
      2017.

PMID- 26968749
TI  - Transition-metal-catalyzed Chelation-assisted C-H Functionalization of Aromatic
      Substrates.
AB  - In the past decade, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activations have been very
      popular in the research field of organometallic chemistry, and have been
      considered as efficient and convenient strategies to afford complex natural
      products, functional advanced materials, fluorescent compounds, and
      pharmaceutical compounds. In this account, we begin with a brief introduction to
      the development of transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation, especially the
      development of transition-metal-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H activation.
      Then, a more detailed discussion is directed towards our recent studies on the
      transition-metal-catalyzed chelation-assisted oxidative C-H/C-H functionalization
      of aromatic substrates bearing directing functional groups. 

PMID- 26968748
TI  - Asymmetric Palladium-Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions for the Synthesis
      of Cyclic Sulfamides.
AB  - The synthesis of cyclic sulfamides by enantioselective Pd-catalyzed alkene
      carboamination reactions between N-allylsulfamides and aryl or alkenyl bromides
      is described. High levels of asymmetric induction (up to 95:5 e.r.) are achieved
      using a catalyst composed of [Pd2 (dba)3 ] and (S)-Siphos-PE. Deuterium-labelling
      studies indicate the reactions proceed through syn-aminopalladation of the alkene
      and suggest that the control of syn- versus anti-aminopalladation pathways is
      important for asymmetric induction. 

PMID- 26968750
TI  - A randomised crossover trial of minimising medical terminology in secondary care
      correspondence in patients with chronic health conditions: impact on
      understanding and patient reported outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is little existing research on the role that secondary care
      letters have in ensuring patient understanding of chronic health conditions. AIM:
      To determine whether minimising the use of medical terminology in medical
      correspondence improved patient understanding and anxiety/depression scores.
      METHODS: A single-centre, non-blinded, randomised crossover design assessed
      health literacy, EQ-5D scores and the impact of the 'translated' letter on the
      doctor's professionalism, the patient's relationship with their general
      practitioner (GP) and their perceived impact on chronic disease management.
      Patients were crossed over between their 'translated' and original letter.
      RESULTS: Sixty patients were recruited. Use of a 'translated' letter reduced mean
      terms not understood from 7.78 to 1.76 (t(58) = 4.706, P < 0.001). Most patients
      (78.0%) preferred the 'translated' letter, with 69.5% patients perceiving an
      enhancement in their doctor's professionalism (z = 2.864, P = 0.004), 69.0%
      reporting a positive influence on relationship with their GP (z = 2.943, P =
      0.003) and 79.7% reporting an increase in perceived ability to manage their
      chronic health condition with the 'translated' letter (z = 4.601, P < 0.001).
      There was no effect on EQ-5D depression/anxiety scores. CONCLUSION: Minimising
      the use of medical terminology in medical correspondence significantly improved
      patient understanding and perception of their ability to manage their chronic
      health condition. Although there was no impact on EQ-5D depression/anxiety
      scores, overwhelming patient preference for the 'translated' letter indicates a
      need for minimisation of medical terminology in medical correspondence for
      patients with chronic health conditions.

PMID- 26968751
TI  - The role of visual and spatial working memory in forming mental models derived
      from survey and route descriptions.
AB  - This study examines the involvement of spatial and visual working memory (WM) in
      the construction of flexible spatial models derived from survey and route
      descriptions. Sixty young adults listened to environment descriptions, 30 from a
      survey perspective and the other 30 from a route perspective, while they
      performed spatial (spatial tapping [ST]) and visual (dynamic visual noise [DVN])
      secondary tasks - believed to overload the spatial and visual working memory (WM)
      components, respectively - or no secondary task (control, C). Their mental
      representations of the environment were tested by free recall and a verification
      test with both route and survey statements. Results showed that, for both recall
      tasks, accuracy was worse in the ST than in the C or DVN conditions. In the
      verification test, the effect of both ST and DVN was a decreasing accuracy for
      sentences testing spatial relations from the opposite perspective to the one
      learnt than if the perspective was the same; only ST had a stronger interference
      effect than the C condition for sentences from the opposite perspective from the
      one learnt. Overall, these findings indicate that both visual and spatial WM, and
      especially the latter, are involved in the construction of perspective-flexible
      spatial models.

PMID- 26968753
TI  - EuroSurg-1 study: an opportunity to encourage student-driven surgical research in
      Italy.

PMID- 26968752
TI  - Epidemiology of fractures in the United Kingdom 1988-2012: Variation with age,
      sex, geography, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.
AB  - Rates of fracture worldwide are changing. Using the Clinical Practice Research
      Datalink (CPRD), age, and gender, geographical, ethnic and socioeconomic trends
      in fracture rates across the United Kingdom were studied over a 24-year period
      1988-2012. Previously observed patterns in fracture incidence by age and fracture
      site were evident. New data on the influence of geographic location, ethnic group
      and socioeconomic status were obtained. INTRODUCTION: With secular changes in age
      and sex-specific fracture incidence observed in many populations, and global
      shifts towards an elderly demography, it is vital for health care planners to
      have an accurate understanding of fracture incidence nationally. We aimed to
      present up to date fracture incidence data in the UK, stratified by age, sex,
      geographic location, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. METHODS: The Clinical
      Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) contains anonymised electronic health records
      for approximately 6.9% of the UK population. Information comes from General
      Practitioners, and covers 11.3 million people from 674 practices across the UK,
      demonstrated to be representative of the national population. The study
      population consisted of all permanently registered individuals aged >=18years.
      Validated data on fracture incidence were obtained from their medical records, as
      was information on socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity and geographic location.
      Age- and sex-specific fracture incidence rates were calculated. RESULTS: Fracture
      incidence rates by age and sex were comparable to those documented in previous
      studies and demonstrated a bimodal distribution. Substantial geographic
      heterogeneity in age- and sex adjusted fracture incidence was observed, with
      rates in Scotland almost 50% greater than those in London and South East England.
      Lowest rates of fracture were observed in black individuals of both sexes; rates
      of fragility fracture in white women were 4.7 times greater than in black women.
      Strong associations between deprivation and fracture risk were observed in hip
      fracture in men, with a relative risk of 1.3 (95% CI 1.21-1.41) in Index of
      Multiple Deprivation category 5 (representing the most deprived) compared to
      category 1. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents robust estimates of fracture
      incidence across the UK, which will aid decisions regarding allocation of
      healthcare provision to populations of greatest need. It will also assist the
      implementation and design of strategies to reduce fracture incidence and its
      personal and financial impact on individuals and health services.

PMID- 26968754
TI  - Individual tumor volume responses to short-course oxaliplatin-containing
      induction chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer - Targeting the tumor
      for radiation sensitivity?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC)
      involves chemoradiotherapy (CRT), which may cause significant toxicity, and the
      potential role and sequential placement of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)
      relative to CRT is under debate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a non-randomized study
      of 72 LARC patients, short-course oxaliplatin-containing NACT was administered
      prior to CRT. Tumor volumes were calculated from magnetic resonance images before
      and after NACT, and four weeks after CRT, and associations between tumor volume
      responses and outcome were analyzed. Additionally, the impact of oxaliplatin
      exposure on radiosensitivity was examined in colorectal carcinoma cell lines.
      RESULTS: All tumors except one responded to NACT, with better responses in T3
      than T4 cases, and 69/72 patients obtained additional tumor volume reduction
      after subsequent CRT. However, no associations were found between tumor volume
      reduction and long-term outcome. Of note, oxaliplatin-resistant cells were
      significantly more radiosensitive than the oxaliplatin-sensitive counterparts.
      CONCLUSIONS: Oxaliplatin-containing NACT led to substantial tumor volume
      reduction with particularly good responses in T3 cases. NACT did not impede
      subsequent CRT response, and experimental results rather suggested enhanced
      radiosensitivity in oxaliplatin-exposed cells, encouraging studies to explore the
      administration of NACT prior to CRT. Data are still lacking to support omitting
      radiation in LARC management.

PMID- 26968755
TI  - Incidence of Interstitial Pregnancy After In Vitro Fertilization/Embryo Transfer
      and the Outcome of a Consecutive Series of 38 Cases Managed by Laparoscopic
      Cornuostomy or Cornual Repair.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of interstitial pregnancy after in
      vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (ET) treatment and report on our experience
      of laparoscopic cornuostomy or cornual repair for interstitial pregnancy. DESIGN:
      Single-center, retrospective review (Canadian Task Force classification II-3).
      SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Thirty-eight women diagnosed with
      interstitial pregnancy, which developed after 10,143 ET cycles, managed in our
      center between April 2011 and April 2014. INTERVENTIONS: All 38 cases of
      interstitial pregnancy were managed by laparoscopic cornuostomy or cornual
      repair. No patient was converted to laparotomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of
      43 cases of interstitial pregnancy, 38 were managed in our department. The
      overall incidence of interstitial pregnancy was .4% per ET cycle (43/10 143), or
      .8% per pregnancy (43/5297), but comprising 35.5% of all ectopic pregnancy cases.
      The risk factors for interstitial pregnancy included tubal infertility, cleavage
      ET, and frozen ET. Twenty-seven subjects (71.1%) had undergone bilateral
      salpingectomy. Among the 38 cases, 27 were intact, with no persistent ectopic
      pregnancy after surgery, but there were 3 cases (28.3%) of persistent pregnancy
      in the 11 ruptured cases. Among the 38 subjects, 15 conceived again with 14 live
      births and 1 ongoing pregnancy, without uterine rupture. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic
      cornuostomy or cornual repair appears to be an effective treatment in intact
      cases, although it sometimes needs to be combined with methotrexate therapy in
      ruptured cases complicated by persistent disease.

PMID- 26968756
TI  - Illumina error profiles: resolving fine-scale variation in metagenomic sequencing
      data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Illumina's sequencing platforms are currently the most utilised
      sequencing systems worldwide. The technology has rapidly evolved over recent
      years and provides high throughput at low costs with increasing read-lengths and
      true paired-end reads. However, data from any sequencing technology contains
      noise and our understanding of the peculiarities and sequencing errors
      encountered in Illumina data has lagged behind this rapid development. RESULTS:
      We conducted a systematic investigation of errors and biases in Illumina data
      based on the largest collection of in vitro metagenomic data sets to date. We
      evaluated the Genome Analyzer II, HiSeq and MiSeq and tested state-of-the-art low
      input library preparation methods. Analysing in vitro metagenomic sequencing data
      allowed us to determine biases directly associated with the actual sequencing
      process. The position- and nucleotide-specific analysis revealed a substantial
      bias related to motifs (3mers preceding errors) ending in "GG". On average the
      top three motifs were linked to 16 % of all substitution errors. Furthermore, a
      preferential incorporation of ddGTPs was recorded. We hypothesise that all of
      these biases are related to the engineered polymerase and ddNTPs which are
      intrinsic to any sequencing-by-synthesis method. We show that quality-score-based
      error removal strategies can on average remove 69 % of the substitution errors -
      however, the motif-bias remains. CONCLUSION: Single-nucleotide polymorphism
      changes in bacterial genomes can cause significant changes in phenotype,
      including antibiotic resistance and virulence, detecting them within metagenomes
      is therefore vital. Current error removal techniques are not designed to target
      the peculiarities encountered in Illumina sequencing data and other sequencing-by
      synthesis methods, causing biases to persist and potentially affect any
      conclusions drawn from the data. In order to develop effective diagnostic and
      therapeutic approaches we need to be able to identify systematic sequencing
      errors and distinguish these errors from true genetic variation.

PMID- 26968757
TI  - A preliminary study for novel use of two Mg alloys (WE43 and Mg3Gd).
AB  - In this study, two types of magnesium alloys (WE43 and Mg3Gd) were compared with
      Heal-All membrane (a biodegradable membrane used in guided bone regeneration) in
      vitro to determine whether the alloys could be used as biodegradable membranes.
      Degradation behavior was assessed using immersion testing with simulated body
      fluid (SBF). Microstructural characteristics before and after immersion were
      evaluated through scanning electron microscopy, and degradation products were
      analyzed with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). To evaluate the
      biocompatibility of the three types of materials, we performed cytotoxicity,
      adhesion, and mineralization tests using human osteoblast-like MG63 cells.
      Immersion testing results showed no significant difference in degradation rate
      between WE43 and Mg3Gd alloys. However, both Mg alloys corroded faster than the
      Heal-All membrane, with pitting corrosion as the main corrosion mode for the
      alloys. Degradation products mainly included P- and Ca-containing apatites on the
      surface of WE43 and Mg3Gd, whereas these apatites were rarely detected on the
      surface of the Heal-All membrane. All three type of materials exhibited good
      biocompatibility. In the mineralization experiment, the alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP) activity of 10 % Mg3Gd extract was significantly higher than the extracts
      of the two other materials and the negative control. This study highlighted the
      potential of these Mg-REE alloys for uses in bone regeneration and further
      studies and refinements are obviously required.

PMID- 26968758
TI  - Simvastatin-doped pre-mixed calcium phosphate cement inhibits osteoclast
      differentiation and resorption.
AB  - Simvastatin, a cholesterol lowering drug, has been shown to have positive effects
      on fracture healing and bone regeneration based on its dual effect; bone anabolic
      and anti-resorptive. In this study the focus has been on the anti-resorptive
      effect of the drug and its impact on the degradation of acidic calcium phosphate
      cement. The drug was added to the pre-mixed acidic cement in three different
      doses (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/g cement) and the release was measured. Furthermore
      the effect of the loaded cements on osteoclast differentiation and resorption was
      evaluated by TRAP activity, number of multinucleated cells, gene expression and
      calcium ion concentration in vitro using murine bone marrow macrophages. The
      simvastatin did not affect the cell proliferation while it clearly inhibited
      osteoclastic differentiation at all three doses as shown by TRAP staining, TRAP
      activity and gene expression. Consistent with these results, simvastatin also
      impaired resorption of cements by osteoclasts as indicated by reduced calcium ion
      concentrations. In conclusion, our findings suggest that simvastatin-doped pre
      mixed acidic calcium phosphate cement inhibits the osteoclastic mediated
      resorption of the cement thus slowing down the degradation rate. In addition with
      simvastatin's bone anabolic effect it makes the cement-drug combination a
      promising bone graft material, especially useful for sites with compromised bone
      formation.

PMID- 26968760
TI  - Natural product derived immune-regulatory agents.
AB  - We can now declare that the clinical goal of immune intervention as a therapeutic
      strategy for neoplastic, infectious, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, has
      been achieved and in many instances obtained regulatory approval. Although,
      interest in and optimism for this approach has fluctuated, in the last 20years,
      immunotherapy has progressed from trials with crude microbial mixtures and
      extracts to the sophisticated use of pure cultured bacterial, synthetized active
      moieties identified from crude extracts, analogues therefrom and agonists and
      antagonists identified during screening resulting in reproducible
      pharmacologically active compounds with multiple mechanisms of action. Our
      current understanding of the mechanism of action for immunoregulatory agents
      contributes to the future discovery of improved strategies to use these and
      future immunotherapies. In this review we have identified and discussed, those
      drugs that have been approved and or are in clinical development as
      immunoregulatory agents, emphasizing those derived from or associated with
      natural product. 

PMID- 26968759
TI  - 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether-cross-linked hyaluronan inhibits fibrosis in rat
      primary tenocytes by down-regulating autophagy modulation.
AB  - Epidural fibrosis, an inevitable part of the postoperative healing process, is
      one of the important causes of failed back surgery syndrome after spinal surgery.
      The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory effect of a novel material
      1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether-cross-linked hyaluronan (cHA) on fibrosis in
      primary tenocytes. cHA inhibited migration, cell proliferation, and suppressed
      the expression of fibronectin, but not transforming growth factor-beta, in
      primary tenocytes. cHA significantly increased matrix metalloproteinase-3 but
      decreased collagen-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II
      expression in a dose-dependent manner compared with control groups. We therefore
      concluded that suppressing autophagy activity may be involved in the anti
      fibrotic effect of cHA in primary tenocytes. Further, cHA may have the potential
      for preventing epidural fibrosis and subsequent failed back syndrome in patients
      with laminectomy in the future. 

PMID- 26968762
TI  - Mean platelet volume is decreased in adults with active lupus disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Only a few biomarkers are available for assessing disease activity in
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mean platelet volume (MPV) has been recently
      studied as an inflammatory biomarker. It is currently unclear whether MPV may
      also play a role as a biomarker of disease activity in adult patients with SLE.
      OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between MPV and disease activity in
      adult patients with SLE. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we compared two
      groups of adult patients divided according to disease activity (36 per group).
      Subjects were age- and gender-matched. RESULTS: MPV was significantly decreased
      with respect to those of inactive patients (7.16+/-1.39 vs. 8.16+/-1.50,
      p=0.005). At a cutoff level of 8.32 fL, MPV has a sensitivity of 86% and a
      specificity of 41% for the detection of disease activity. A modest positive
      correlation was found between MPV and albumin (r=0.407, p=0.001), which in turn
      is inversely associated with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, MPV is
      decreased in adult patients with active lupus disease, and positively correlated
      with albumin, another biomarker of disease activity. Prospective studies are
      needed to evaluate the prognostic value of this biomarker.

PMID- 26968761
TI  - Optimal timing of surgery for active infective endocarditis with cerebral
      complications: a Japanese multicentre study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the timing of
      valve surgery on the clinical outcomes of patients with active infective
      endocarditis (IE) accompanied by cerebral complications. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analysed a cohort of 568 patients, comprising 118 with non
      haemorrhagic cerebral infarction (CI), 54 with intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) and
      396 without cerebral events (C; control), who underwent surgery for left-sided
      active IE in 15 Japanese institutes from 2000 to 2011. The mean age was 58.4 +/-
      16.9 years in the CI group; 54.5 +/- 17.4 years in the ICH group and 56.9 +/-
      16.0 years in the C group. Clinical outcomes were analysed according to the
      timing of surgery after the diagnosis of CI or ICH was made. RESULTS: In the CI
      group, there were 9 (7.6%) hospital deaths, 13 (11%) new cerebral events and 1
      (0.8%) redo valve surgery. In the ICH group, there were 3 (5.6%) hospital deaths,
      8 (14.8%) new cerebral events and 2 (3.7%) redo valve surgeries. In the C group,
      there were 36 (9.1%) hospital deaths, 23 (5.8%) new cerebral events and 9 (2.3%)
      redo valve surgeries. Risk factors for hospital death were prosthetic valve
      endocarditis (P = 0.045), high C-reactive protein (CRP; P < 0.001) and the
      elderly (P < 0.001) in the CI group. Delayed surgery (2 weeks after CI) seemed
      result in a higher incidence of hospital death in the CI group. Patients who had
      surgery between 15 and 28 days or after 29 days from the onset of CI had higher
      incidences of hospital death [odds ratio 5.90 (P = 0.107) and 4.92 (P = 0.137),
      respectively] compared with those who had surgery within 7 days. In the ICH
      group, risk factors for hospital death were high CRP (P = 0.002) and elderly (P <
      0.001). Contrary to CI patients, patients who had surgery between 8 and 21 days
      or after 22 days after the onset of ICH had lower incidences of hospital death
      [odds ratio 0.79 (P = 0.843) and 0.12 (P = 0.200), respectively] compared with
      those who had surgery within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically
      insignificant, early surgery in active IE patients with CI is safe, but very
      early surgery (within 7 days) should be avoided in patients with ICH.

PMID- 26968764
TI  - Differences in the central-nervous processing of olfactory stimuli according to
      their hedonic and arousal characteristics.
AB  - Given the strong relationship between human olfaction and emotion, it is not
      surprising that numerous studies have investigated human response to hedonic and
      arousing qualities of odors. However, neuropsychological research addressed
      rather the pleasant-unpleasant, and not the arousing-calming dimension of
      emotional states generated by odorants. The purpose of the presented fMRI study
      was to evaluate the differences in cerebral processing of olfactory stimuli,
      focusing on both of these dimensions of emotional experiences, i.e., pleasantness
      and arousal. We investigated the patterns of activation generated by odors
      differing in hedonic tone and generated arousal while controlling the stimuli
      intensity. This design allowed for a new insight to the emotional odor processing
      with imaging techniques. The pleasantness was related to activation in the
      cingulate gyrus, the insula, the hippocampal area, the amygdala, and the superior
      temporal gyrus, whereas arousal affected activation in the thalamic relay. The
      present study showed also that the emotional states generated by arousing
      qualities of odorants are an important determinant of magnitude of cerebral
      activation. 

PMID- 26968763
TI  - Ablation of fast-spiking interneurons in the dorsal striatum, recapitulating
      abnormalities seen post-mortem in Tourette syndrome, produces anxiety and
      elevated grooming.
AB  - Tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome (TS), are thought to involve pathology
      of cortico-basal ganglia loops, but their pathology is not well understood. Post
      mortem studies have shown a reduced number of several populations of striatal
      interneurons, including the parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons
      (FSIs), in individuals with severe, refractory TS. We tested the causal role of
      this interneuronal deficit by recapitulating it in an otherwise normal adult
      mouse using a combination transgenic-viral cell ablation approach. FSIs were
      reduced bilaterally by ~40%, paralleling the deficit found post-mortem. This did
      not produce spontaneous stereotypies or tic-like movements, but there was
      increased stereotypic grooming after acute stress in two validated paradigms.
      Stereotypy after amphetamine, in contrast, was not elevated. FSI ablation also
      led to increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, but not to
      alterations in motor learning on the rotorod or to alterations in prepulse
      inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating. These findings indicate that a
      striatal FSI deficit can produce stress-triggered repetitive movements and
      anxiety. These repetitive movements may recapitulate aspects of the
      pathophysiology of tic disorders. 

PMID- 26968765
TI  - Hippocampal neuronal subtypes develop abnormal dendritic arbors in the presence
      of Fragile X astrocytes.
AB  - Astrocytes are now recognized as key players in the neurobiology of
      neurodevelopmental disorders such as Fragile X syndrome. However, the nature of
      Fragile X astrocyte-mediated control of dendrite development in subtypes of
      hippocampal neurons is not yet known. We used a co-culture procedure in which
      wildtype primary hippocampal neurons were cultured with astrocytes from either a
      wildtype or Fragile X mouse, for either 7, 14 or 21 days. The neurons were
      processed for immunocytochemistry with the dendritic marker MAP2, classified by
      morphological criteria into one of five neuronal subtypes, and subjected to Sholl
      analyses. Both linear and semi-log methods of Sholl analyses were applied to the
      neurons in order to provide an in depth analysis of the dendritic arborizations.
      We found that Fragile X astrocytes affect the development of dendritic
      arborization of all subtypes of wildtype hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, we
      show that hippocampal neurons with spiny stellate neuron morphology exhibit the
      most pervasive developmental delays, with significant dendritic arbor alterations
      persisting at 21 days in culture. The results further dictate the critical role
      astrocytes play in governing neuronal morphology including altered dendrite
      development in Fragile X.

PMID- 26968766
TI  - Striatal mRNA expression patterns underlying peak dose L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia
      in the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rat.
AB  - L-DOPA is the primary pharmacological treatment for relief of the motor symptoms
      of Parkinson's disease (PD). With prolonged treatment (?5 years) the majority of
      patients will develop abnormal involuntary movements as a result of L-DOPA
      treatment, known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Understanding the underlying
      mechanisms of dyskinesia is a crucial step toward developing treatments for this
      debilitating side effect. We used the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD
      treated with a three-week dosing regimen of L-DOPA plus the dopa decarboxylase
      inhibitor benserazide (4 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kgs.c., respectively) to induce
      dyskinesia in 50% of individuals. We then used RNA-seq to investigate the
      differences in mRNA expression in the striatum of dyskinetic animals, non
      dyskinetic animals, and untreated parkinsonian controls at the peak of dyskinesia
      expression, 60 min after L-DOPA administration. Overall, 255 genes were
      differentially expressed; with significant differences in mRNA expression
      observed between all three groups. In dyskinetic animals 129 genes were more
      highly expressed and 14 less highly expressed when compared with non-dyskinetic
      and untreated parkinsonian controls. In L-DOPA treated animals 42 genes were more
      highly expressed and 95 less highly expressed when compared with untreated
      parkinsonian controls. Gene set cluster analysis revealed an increase in
      expression of genes associated with the cytoskeleton and phosphoproteins in
      dyskinetic animals compared with non-dyskinetic animals, which is consistent with
      recent studies documenting an increase in synapses in dyskinetic animals. These
      genes may be potential targets for drugs to ameliorate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia
      or as an adjunct treatment to prevent their occurrence.

PMID- 26968767
TI  - Reduced mucociliary clearance in old mice is associated with a decrease in Muc5b
      mucin.
AB  - Respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the
      elderly. Previous reports have suggested that mucociliary clearance (MCC) is
      impaired in older individuals, but the cause is unclear. To unravel the
      mechanisms responsible for the age-associated decline in MCC, we investigated the
      MCC system in young (3 mo) and old (2 yr) C57BL/6 mice. We found that old mice
      had significantly reduced MCC function in both the upper and lower airways
      compared with young mice. Measurement of bioelectric properties of isolated
      tracheal and bronchial tissue revealed a significant decrease in Cl(-) secretion,
      suggesting that the older mice may have a reduced ability to maintain a
      sufficiently hydrated airway surface for efficient MCC. Ciliary beat frequency
      was also observed to be reduced in the older animals; however, this reduction was
      small relative to the reduction in MCC. Interestingly, the level of the major
      secreted mucin, Muc5b, was found to be reduced in both bronchioalveolar lavage
      and isolated tracheal tissue. Our previous studies of Muc5b(-/-) mice have
      demonstrated that Muc5b is essential for normal MCC in the mouse. Furthermore,
      examination of Muc5b(+/-) and wild-type animals revealed that heterozygous
      animals, which secrete ~50% of the wild-type level of Muc5b, also demonstrate a
      markedly reduced level of MCC, confirming the importance of Muc5b levels to MCC.
      These results demonstrate that aged mice exhibit a decrease in MCC and suggest
      that a reduced level of secretion of both Cl(-) and Muc5b may be responsible.

PMID- 26968769
TI  - Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 modulates infection-induced diaphragm
      dysfunction.
AB  - Calpain activation contributes to the development of infection-induced diaphragm
      weakness, but the mechanisms by which infections activate calpain are poorly
      understood. We postulated that skeletal muscle calcium-dependent phospholipase A2
      (cPLA2) is activated by cytokines and has downstream effects that induce calpain
      activation and muscle weakness. We determined whether cPLA2 activation mediates
      cytokine-induced calpain activation in isolated skeletal muscle (C2C12) cells and
      infection-induced diaphragm weakness in mice. C2C12 cells were treated with the
      following: 1) vehicle; 2) cytomix (TNF-alpha 20 ng/ml, IL-1beta 50 U/ml, IFN
      gamma 100 U/ml, LPS 10 MUg/ml); 3) cytomix + AACOCF3, a cPLA2 inhibitor (10 MUM);
      or 4) AACOCF3 alone. At 24 h, we assessed cell cPLA2 activity, mitochondrial
      superoxide generation, calpain activity, and calpastatin activity. We also
      determined if SS31 (10 MUg/ml), a mitochondrial superoxide scavenger, reduced
      cytomix-mediated calpain activation. Finally, we determined if CDIBA (10 MUM), a
      cPLA2 inhibitor, reduced diaphragm dysfunction due to cecal ligation puncture in
      mice. Cytomix increased C2C12 cell cPLA2 activity (P < 0.001) and superoxide
      generation; AACOCF3 and SS31 blocked increases in superoxide generation (P <
      0.001). Cytomix also activated calpain (P < 0.001) and inactivated calpastatin (P
      < 0.01); both AACOCF3 and SS31 prevented these changes. Cecal ligation puncture
      reduced diaphragm force in mice, and CDIBA prevented this reduction (P < 0.001).
      cPLA2 modulates cytokine-induced calpain activation in cells and infection
      induced diaphragm weakness in animals. We speculate that therapies that inhibit
      cPLA2 may prevent diaphragm weakness in infected, critically ill patients.

PMID- 26968768
TI  - Pathogenic role of calcium-sensing receptors in the development and progression
      of pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - An increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) in pulmonary
      arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a major trigger for pulmonary
      vasoconstriction and a critical stimulation for PASMC proliferation and
      migration. Previously, we demonstrated that expression and function of calcium
      sensing receptors (CaSR) in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary
      arterial hypertension (IPAH) and animals with experimental pulmonary hypertension
      (PH) were greater than in PASMC from normal subjects and control animals.
      However, the mechanisms by which CaSR triggers Ca(2+) influx in PASMC and the
      implication of CaSR in the development of PH remain elusive. Here, we report that
      CaSR functionally interacts with TRPC6 to regulate [Ca(2+)]cyt in PASMC.
      Downregulation of CaSR or TRPC6 with siRNA inhibited Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt
      increase in IPAH-PASMC (in which CaSR is upregulated), whereas overexpression of
      CaSR or TRPC6 enhanced Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in normal PASMC (in
      which CaSR expression level is low). The upregulated CaSR in IPAH-PASMC was also
      associated with enhanced Akt phosphorylation, whereas blockade of CaSR in IPAH
      PASMC attenuated cell proliferation. In in vivo experiments, deletion of the CaSR
      gene in mice (casr(-/-)) significantly inhibited the development and progression
      of experimental PH and markedly attenuated acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary
      vasoconstriction. These data indicate that functional interaction of upregulated
      CaSR and upregulated TRPC6 in PASMC from IPAH patients and animals with
      experimental PH may play an important role in the development and progression of
      sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Blockade
      or downregulation of CaSR and/or TRPC6 with siRNA or miRNA may be a novel
      therapeutic strategy to develop new drugs for patients with pulmonary arterial
      hypertension.

PMID- 26968773
TI  - Transfer RNA: From pioneering crystallographic studies to contemporary tRNA
      biology.
AB  - Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play a key role in protein synthesis as adaptor molecules
      between messenger RNA and protein sequences on the ribosome. Their discovery in
      the early sixties provoked a worldwide infatuation with the study of their
      architecture and their function in the decoding of genetic information. tRNAs are
      also emblematic molecules in crystallography: the determination of the first tRNA
      crystal structures represented a milestone in structural biology and tRNAs were
      for a long period the sole source of information on RNA folding, architecture,
      and post-transcriptional modifications. Crystallographic data on tRNAs in complex
      with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) also provided the first insight into
      protein:RNA interactions. Beyond the translation process and the history of
      structural investigations on tRNA, this review also illustrates the renewal of
      tRNA biology with the discovery of a growing number of tRNA partners in the cell,
      the involvement of tRNAs in a variety of regulatory and metabolic pathways, and
      emerging applications in biotechnology and synthetic biology. 

PMID- 26968770
TI  - Combination therapy with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
      modulators augment the airway functional microanatomy.
AB  - Recently approved therapies that modulate CFTR function have shown significant
      clinical benefit, but recent investigations regarding their molecular mechanism
      when used in combination have not been consistent with clinical results. We
      employed micro-optical coherence tomography as a novel means to assess the
      mechanism of action of CFTR modulators, focusing on the effects on mucociliary
      clearance. Primary human airway monolayers from patients with a G551D mutation
      responded to ivacaftor treatment with increased ion transport, airway surface
      liquid depth, ciliary beat frequency, and mucociliary transport rate, in addition
      to decreased effective viscosity of the mucus layer, a unique mechanism
      established by our findings. These endpoints are consistent with the benefit
      observed in G551D patients treated with ivacaftor, and identify a novel mechanism
      involving mucus viscosity. In monolayers derived from F508del patients, the
      situation is more complicated, compounded by disparate effects on CFTR expression
      and function. However, by combining ion transport measurements with functional
      imaging, we establish a crucial link between in vitro data and clinical benefit,
      a finding not explained by ion transport studies alone. We establish that F508del
      cells exhibit increased mucociliary transport and decreased mucus effective
      viscosity, but only when ivacaftor is added to the regimen. We further show that
      improvement in the functional microanatomy in vitro corresponds with lung
      function benefit observed in the clinical trials, whereas ion transport in vitro
      corresponds to changes in sweat chloride. Functional imaging reveals insights
      into clinical efficacy and CFTR biology that significantly impact our
      understanding of novel therapies.

PMID- 26968771
TI  - A three-dimensional human model of the fibroblast activation that accompanies
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia identifies Notch-mediated pathophysiology.
AB  - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a leading complication of premature birth and
      occurs primarily in infants delivered during the saccular stage of lung
      development. Histopathology shows decreased alveolarization and a pattern of
      fibroblast proliferation and differentiation to the myofibroblast phenotype.
      Little is known about the molecular pathways and cellular mechanisms that define
      BPD pathophysiology and progression. We have developed a novel three-dimensional
      human model of the fibroblast activation associated with BPD, and using this
      model we have identified the Notch pathway as a key driver of fibroblast
      activation and proliferation in response to changes in oxygen. Fetal lung
      fibroblasts were cultured on sodium alginate beads to generate lung organoids.
      After exposure to alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia, the organoids developed a
      phenotypic response characterized by increased alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha
      SMA) expression and other genes known to be upregulated in BPD and also
      demonstrated increased expression of downstream effectors of the Notch pathway.
      Inhibition of Notch with a gamma-secretase inhibitor prevented the development of
      the pattern of cellular proliferation and alpha-SMA expression in our model.
      Analysis of human autopsy tissue from the lungs of infants who expired with BPD
      demonstrated evidence of Notch activation within fibrotic areas of the alveolar
      septae, suggesting that Notch may be a key driver of BPD pathophysiology.

PMID- 26968774
TI  - Metabolic syndrome and its association with obesity and lifestyle factors in
      Sudanese population.
AB  - Although modern life style factors affecting health is a crucial problem
      globally, little information about metabolic syndrome (MetS) is available for the
      Sudanese population. With this consideration the study was planned to assess the
      prevalence of MetS among young people of Sudan and their association with obesity
      and lifestyle factors. Serum lipid profile, blood glucose and clinically
      established parameters for obesity were assessed in 179 young adult male and 201
      females at National Ribat University, Sudan. Relevant statistical test were
      applied using SPSS software. Based on anthropometric measurements, 137 students
      were obese. Amongst the 243 non-obese students 5 were under weight, 135 normal
      weight and 103 were over weight. In the study population, 317 students were
      normal (83.4%) and 63 students had MetS (16.6%) as defined by ATP III definition
      of MetS classification. MetS was found only in obese individuals (45.98%) and no
      case was detected in underweight, normal and overweight individual. The mean of
      cholesterol level in subjects with MetS was 159 as compared to those without it
      (149.93). Life style modification as healthy diet, regular exercise and
      preventive strategies may help reduce MetS, thus improving general health
      conditions in young individuals of Sudan. 

PMID- 26968775
TI  - Trypanosoma evansi contains two auxiliary enzymes of glycolytic metabolism:
      Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase.
AB  - Trypanosoma evansi is a monomorphic protist that can infect horses and other
      animal species of economic importance for man. Like the bloodstream form of the
      closely related species Trypanosoma brucei, T. evansi depends exclusively on
      glycolysis for its free-energy generation. In T. evansi as in other kinetoplastid
      organisms, the enzymes of the major part of the glycolytic pathway are present
      within organelles called glycosomes, which are authentic but specialized
      peroxisomes. Since T. evansi does not undergo stage-dependent differentiations,
      it occurs only as bloodstream forms, it has been assumed that the metabolic
      pattern of this parasite is identical to that of the bloodstream form of T.
      brucei. However, we report here the presence of two additional enzymes,
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and PPi-dependent pyruvate phosphate dikinase
      in T. evansi glycosomes. Their colocalization with glycolytic enzymes within the
      glycosomes of this parasite has not been reported before. Both enzymes can make
      use of PEP for contributing to the production of ATP within the organelles. The
      activity of these enzymes in T. evansi glycosomes drastically changes the model
      assumed for the oxidation of glucose by this parasite. 

PMID- 26968772
TI  - (-)-Epicatechin improves insulin sensitivity in high fat diet-fed mice.
AB  - Obesity constitutes a major public health concern, being frequently associated
      with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Evidence from studies in humans and experimental
      animals suggest that consumption of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) and of
      EC-rich foods may improve insulin sensitivity. To further understand the
      potential benefits of dietary EC consumption on insulin resistance, this study
      investigated the capacity of EC supplementation to prevent high fat diet (HFD)
      induced insulin resistance in mice. To assess the underlying mechanisms, the
      effects of HFD and EC consumption on the activation of the insulin cascade and of
      its negative modulators were evaluated. HFD consumption for 15 w caused obesity
      and insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice as evidenced by high fasted and fed
      plasma glucose and insulin levels, and impaired ITT and GTT tests. This was
      associated with alterations in the activation of components of the insulin
      triggered signaling cascade (insulin receptor, IRS1, ERK1/2, Akt) in adipose and
      liver tissues. EC supplementation prevented/ameliorated all these parameters. EC
      acted improving insulin sensitivity in the HFD-fed mice in part through a
      downregulation of the inhibitory molecules JNK, IKK, PKC and protein tyrosine
      phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Thus, the above results suggest that consumption of EC
      rich foods could constitute a dietary strategy to mitigate obesity-associated
      insulin resistance.

PMID- 26968776
TI  - Real-time PCR for Leishmania species identification: Evaluation and comparison
      with classical techniques.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease caused by various
      Leishmania species. Several studies have shown that real time quantitative PCR
      (qPCR) can be used for Leishmania spp. identification by analyzing the melting
      temperature (Tm). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of
      qPCR for differentiating eight closely related Leishmania species that cause the
      same clinical form of the disease and to compare the results with classical
      techniques. METHODS: qPCR assays for standardizing the Tm using reference strains
      were performed. After the CL diagnosis on blood samples of domestic animals,
      positive samples were analyzed by their Tm and qPCR products were purified and
      sequenced. Ten human samples previously characterized by Multilocus Enzyme
      Electrophoresis (MLEE) were also analyzed by Tm. A Restriction Fragment Length
      Polymorphism (RFLP) assay, a reference test, was also standardized, by using the
      reference strains. RESULTS: Through standardization of Tm for Leishmania spp.,
      two Tm ranges were created for analysis: 1 (Tm = 78-79.99  degrees C) included
      Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Leishmania (V.) panamensis, Leishmania (V.)
      lainsoni, Leishmania (V.) guyanensis and Leishmania (V.) shawi; and 2 (Tm = 80
      82.2  degrees C) included Leishmania (V.) naiffi, Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and
      Leishmania (L.) mexicana. A total of 223 positive blood samples were analyzed,
      with 58 included in range 1 and 165 in range 2. L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.)
      panamensis and L. (V.) guyanensis were identified by sequencing, while L. (V.)
      braziliensis, L. (L.) mexicana and L. (V.) panamensis were identified by RFLP
      analysis. Ten human samples previously characterized by Multilocus Enzyme
      Electrophoresis (MLEE) were also analyzed by qPCR Tm analysis; five were
      classified in range 1 and five in range 2. A concordance of 80% was calculated
      between qPCR and the gold-standard (MLEE) with no significant difference between
      the methods (p = 0.6499); a similar result was observed for sequencing and qPCR
      (p = 0.2566). In contrast, a highly significant difference was observed for qPCR
      and RFLP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrated the potential
      use of qPCR as a tool for Leishmania species identification using two Tm ranges.

PMID- 26968777
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens in an area with human toxoplasmic
      retinochoroiditis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to detect, isolate and genetically characterize
      Toxoplasma gondii from tissues obtained from free range chickens which were breed
      in farms from patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in Misiones, Argentina.
      Thirty three samples of head (refrigerated = 18 and frozen = 15) from free range
      chickens were processed. Refrigerated (n = 18) chicken central nervous systems
      (CNS) were bioassay in mice. DNA was obtained from all samples (n = 33) and PCR
      was performed using TOX5-TOX8 T. gondii specific primers. Positive PCR samples
      were characterized by nested-PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism
      using the markers SAG2, BTUB, GRA6, SAG3, PK1, L358, C22-8, C29-2 and Apico. T.
      gondii DNA was amplified in 30.3% (10/33) of CNS samples. Isolates were obtained
      in 27.7% (5/18) of inoculated CNS samples (TgCk11-9Arg, TgCk13-5Arg, TgCk14-5Arg,
      TgCk14-6Arg and TgCk14-7Arg). Seven samples showed a restriction pattern to all
      markers and were identified as atypical with several alleles type III. Genotyping
      of T. gondii from samples of patients with retinochoroiditis in the same area
      could improve the understanding of the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in the
      region. 

PMID- 26968779
TI  - Devil in disguise: Does drinking lead to a disability pension?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine whether alcohol consumption in adulthood is related to the
      incidence of receiving a disability pension later in life. METHODS: Twin data for
      Finnish men and women born before 1958 were matched to register-based individual
      information on disability pensions. Twin differences were used to eliminate both
      shared environmental and genetic factors. The quantity of alcohol consumption was
      measured as the weekly average consumption using self-reported data from three
      surveys (1975, 1981 and 1990). The disability pension data were evaluated from
      1990-2004. RESULTS: The models that account for shared environmental and genetic
      factors reveal that heavy drinkers are significantly more likely to receive a
      disability pension than moderate drinkers or constant abstainers. Heavy drinking
      that leads to passing out is also positively related to receiving a disability
      pension. The results were robust to the use of potential confounders that twins
      do not share, such as education years, the number of chronic diseases, physical
      activity at work and leisure, and stressful life events. CONCLUSION: Drinking
      profiles in early adulthood are an important predictor of receiving a disability
      pension later in life.

PMID- 26968778
TI  - Pyschosocial factors associated with children's cycling for transport: A cross
      sectional moderation study.
AB  - Promoting children's cycling for transport is a useful strategy to increase their
      physical activity levels. No studies have examined to which extent children's
      psychosocial characteristics play a role in their transportation cycling.
      Furthermore, insights into the association between children's independent
      mobility (IM) and transportation cycling is lacking in Europe. This study
      examined (1) the association of children's psychosocial characteristics with
      transportation cycling and its moderating effect of child's gender, parents'
      educational attainment and IM, and (2) the association between children's IM and
      transportation cycling. Children (n=1232, aged 10-12yrs) completed an online
      questionnaire at school assessing their psychosocial characteristics related with
      transportation cycling. Parents reported child's usual transportation cycling and
      the distance their child is allowed to cycle unsupervised (IM). Hurdle models
      were used to estimate associations between independent variables and odds of
      being a cyclist and with minutes of transportation cycling among those cycling.
      Data were collected during November-December 2014 across Flanders, Belgium.
      Children's perceived parental modeling, parental norm, peers' co-participation,
      self-efficacy and IM were positively related to the odds of being a cyclist,
      perceived benefits were negatively associated. Parental modeling, siblings'
      modeling, self-efficacy and parental norm were more strongly related to the odds
      of being a cyclist among children with a low IM. Friends' modeling was
      significantly related with odds of being a cyclist among boys. IM and parental
      norm (only among boys) were positively related to the time spent cycling.
      Targeting children, their friends and parents seems therefore most appropriate
      when aiming to increase children's transportation cycling. 

PMID- 26968780
TI  - A scoping study to explore the application and impact of grading practice in pre
      registration midwifery programmes across the United Kingdom.
AB  - Grading of practice is a mandatory element of programmes leading to registration
      as a midwife in the United Kingdom, required by the Nursing and Midwifery
      Council. This validates the importance of practice by placing it on an equal
      level with academic work, contributing to degree classification. This paper
      discusses a scoping project undertaken by the Lead Midwives for Education group
      across the 55 Higher Education Institutions in the United Kingdom which deliver
      pre-registration midwifery programmes. A questionnaire was circulated and
      practice tools shared, enabling exploration of the application of the standards
      and collation of the views of the Lead Midwives. Timing and individuals involved
      in practice assessment varied as did the components and the credit weighting
      applied to practice modules. Sign-off mentor confidence in awarding a range of
      grades had increased over time, and mentors seemed positive about the value given
      to practice and their role as professional gatekeepers. Grading was generally
      felt to be more robust and meaningful than pass/refer. It also appeared that
      practice grading may contribute to an enhanced student academic profile. A set of
      guiding principles is being developed with the purpose of enhancing consistency
      of the application of the professional standards across the United Kingdom.

PMID- 26968781
TI  - MicroRNA-30c promotes natural killer cell cytotoxicity via up-regulating the
      expression level of NKG2D.
AB  - AIMS: Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in antitumor immunity. Our
      previous study showed that over-expression of miR-30c-1* enhanced NKL cell
      cytotoxicity through up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha via directly
      targeting transcription factor homeobox containing 1. MiR-30c, the complimentary
      microRNA of miR-30c-1*, has been found to exert regulatory effect on T cell
      function. However, the effect of miR-30c on NK cells is unknown. Therefore, this
      study aimed to investigate whether miR-30c could play a role to enhance NK cell
      activation and cytotoxicity. MAIN METHODS: Chemosynthesis exogenous miR-30c
      mimics and miR-30c inhibitor were transfected into NKL cells and isolated human
      peripheral blood NK cells, respectively. The expression levels of NK group 2,
      member D (NKG2D), CD107a and FasL on cell surface and cytotoxic ability of miRNAs
      transfected NKL cells against SMMC-7721 cells were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: MiR
      30c could increase the expression of NKG2D and CD107a on NKL cells, and enhance
      cytotoxic ability of NKL cells to kill SMMC-7721 cells. Moreover, miR-30c could
      up-regulate the expression of FasL on both NKL cells and human peripheral blood
      NK cells. However, the peripheral blood NK cells from only four in ten healthy
      donors appeared high expression levels of NKG2D and CD107a after miR-30c
      transfection. SIGNIFICANCE: MiR-30c could promote the cytotoxicity of NKL cells
      in vitro by up-regulating the expression levels of NKG2D, CD107a and FasL.
      However, the effect of miR-30c on ex vivo NK cells from different human
      individuals is diverse, indicating that miR-30c may play complicate and fine
      adjustment in immune system.

PMID- 26968782
TI  - dl-3-n-butylphthalide suppresses PDGF-BB-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells
      proliferation via induction of autophagy.
AB  - AIMS: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) played an important role in vascular
      remodeling. dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) was extracted as a pure component from
      seeds of Apium graveolens Linn (Chinese celery) for protecting neurons activity,
      but the role of NBP on VSMCs was not clearly clarified. MAIN METHODS: Cell
      proliferation was measured by MTS and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis and
      transmission electron microscopy were performed to analyze the relative protein
      expression and autophagosome. Moreover, the autophagic inhibitor and beta-catenin
      inhibitor were used to evaluate the effects of NBP on autophagy and the function
      of beta-catenin on cell proliferation respectively. KEY FINDINGS: NBP
      significantly suppressed platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-stimulated
      VSMC proliferation, and the inhibitory effects of NBP on proliferation were
      caused by inducing autophagy. In addition, the inhibitory effects of NBP on
      proliferation were associated with the beta-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover,
      beta-catenin overexpression reversed the induction effect of NBP on autophagy and
      the beta-catenin inhibitor JW74 enhanced these effects. SIGNIFICANCE: Our
      findings demonstrated that NBP protected VSMC from PDGF-BB-stimulated
      proliferation by inducing autophagy through suppression of the beta-catenin
      signaling pathway, confirming the induction of autophagy might be a therapeutic
      strategy for use in the proliferative cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 26968783
TI  - Noradrenaline microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter causes
      anxiolytic-like effects in rats tested in the elevated T-maze.
AB  - AIMS: The dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) is involved in the integration
      of behavioral and cardiovascular responses caused by fear and anxiety situations.
      Some studies suggest an involvement of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the
      dPAG in anxiety modulation, however, there is no evidence about its role in panic
      attacks. The goal of this work was to study the effect of NA microinjection in
      dPAG in rats submitted to the elevated T-maze (ETM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male
      Wistar had a cannula implanted in the PAG where it was injected NA in the doses
      of 1, 3, 15, 45nmol/50nl or artificial cerebrospinal fluid previous the ETM test.
      KEY FINDINGS: NA intra-dPAG decreased inhibitory avoidance behavior in the ETM
      without changing escape, indicating only an anxiolytic-like effect. Furthermore,
      the microinjection of NA did not change the general exploratory activity of the
      animals submitted to the open field test, suggesting that the anxiolytic-like
      effect is not due to an increase in exploratory activity. SIGNIFICANCE: The
      results indicate an involvement of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the dPAG in
      defensive reactions associated with generalized anxiety, but not as main
      mechanisms for the panic, in rats submitted to the elevated T-maze providing
      support for other research aimed at improving the treatment of generalized
      anxiety.

PMID- 26968784
TI  - Finite element analysis of the lumbar destabilization following pedicle
      subtraction osteotomy.
AB  - This study aims to analyze the destabilization produced following a pedicle
      subtraction osteotomy (PSO), with a calibrated numerical model. A 30 degrees 
      resection was created on L3 and L4. Range of Motion (ROM) and the force acting on
      the vertebral body were calculated. Osteotomies consistently increased the ROMs.
      In the intact model, 87% of the compressive load was acting on the vertebral
      bodies whereas in the destabilized models all the load was on the fractured
      surface. Osteotomies at both levels induced a marked instability but the PSO at
      L4 seemed to have a greater influence on the ROM. Despite the significant
      deformity corrections which could be achieved with PSO, this technique needs
      further analyses. 

PMID- 26968785
TI  - Does Gene Tree Discordance Explain the Mismatch between Macroevolutionary Models
      and Empirical Patterns of Tree Shape and Branching Times?
AB  - Classic null models for speciation and extinction give rise to phylogenies that
      differ in distribution from empirical phylogenies. In particular, empirical
      phylogenies are less balanced and have branching times closer to the root
      compared to phylogenies predicted by common null models. This difference might be
      due to null models of the speciation and extinction process being too simplistic,
      or due to the empirical datasets not being representative of random phylogenies.
      A third possibility arises because phylogenetic reconstruction methods often
      infer gene trees rather than species trees, producing an incongruity between
      models that predict species tree patterns and empirical analyses that consider
      gene trees. We investigate the extent to which the difference between gene trees
      and species trees under a combined birth-death and multispecies coalescent model
      can explain the difference in empirical trees and birth-death species trees. We
      simulate gene trees embedded in simulated species trees and investigate their
      difference with respect to tree balance and branching times. We observe that the
      gene trees are less balanced and typically have branching times closer to the
      root than the species trees. Empirical trees from TreeBase are also less balanced
      than our simulated species trees, and model gene trees can explain an imbalance
      increase of up to 8% compared to species trees. However, we see a much larger
      imbalance increase in empirical trees, about 100%, meaning that additional
      features must also be causing imbalance in empirical trees. This simulation study
      highlights the necessity of revisiting the assumptions made in phylogenetic
      analyses, as these assumptions, such as equating the gene tree with the species
      tree, might lead to a biased conclusion.

PMID- 26968786
TI  - Epidemiological typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and detection of markers
      associated with antimicrobial resistance directly from urine samples using next
      generation sequencing.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential for next generation sequencing (NGS) to
      be used directly on clinical specimens that have tested positive for Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), to generate information
      on epidemiological genotyping and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers.
      METHODS: DNA was extracted from 13 N. gonorrhoeae NAAT-positive urine specimens,
      enriched for microbial DNA and sequenced using the Ion Torrent PGM workflow.
      Sequences that aligned to the human genome were filtered out and the remaining
      sequences were de novo assembled. The resulting contigs were searched for regions
      of interest using Ridom SeqSphere. MLST and NG-MAST alleles were assigned
      according to the schemes at PubMLST.org and NG-MAST.net, respectively. RESULTS:
      In total, 11 of the 13 samples tested generated a sufficient number of N.
      gonorrhoeae sequence reads to provide full coverage of the genome at a depth of 6
      130*. Complete MLST and NG-MAST sequence types could be generated for each of
      these samples. The presence of 10 different AMR markers was investigated, and
      both previously reported and novel mutations were identified in genes associated
      with reduced susceptibility to several antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS: We found that
      sequencing the entire genome of N. gonorrhoeae directly from clinical samples is
      possible using NGS, and that multiple levels of N. gonorrhoeae typing information
      can be generated. As NAAT only testing becomes more common, this method could be
      used to detect both known and novel mutations associated with AMR and to generate
      genotyping information, supporting AMR and epidemiological surveillance in the
      absence of culturing.

PMID- 26968787
TI  - New and emerging technologies for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease: A horizon scanning review.
AB  - There is a need for straightforward, novel diagnostic and monitoring technologies
      to enable the early diagnosis of COPD and its differentiation from other
      respiratory diseases, to establish the cause of acute exacerbations and to
      monitor disease progression. We sought to establish whether technologies already
      in development could potentially address these needs. A systematic horizon
      scanning review was undertaken to identify technologies in development from a
      wide range of commercial and non-commercial sources. Technologies were restricted
      to those likely to be available within 18 months, and then evaluated for degree
      of innovation, potential for impact, acceptability to users and likelihood of
      adoption by clinicians and patients with COPD. Eighty technologies were
      identified, of which 25 were considered particularly promising. Biomarker tests,
      particularly those using sputum or saliva samples and/or available at the point
      of care, were positively evaluated, with many offering novel approaches to early
      diagnosis and to determining the cause for acute exacerbations. Several wrist
      worn devices and smartphone-based spirometers offering the facility for self
      monitoring and early detection of exacerbations were also considered promising.
      The most promising identified technologies have the potential to improve COPD
      care and patient outcomes. Further research and evaluation activities should be
      focused on these technologies.

PMID- 26968788
TI  - An unusual presentation of recurring metastatic melanoma.
AB  - A 53-year-old non-distressed Caucasian female complains of dyspnea and
      palpitations for 5 days. Past medical history includes Stage IV melanoma with
      adequate resection 23 years prior. The patient suddenly became increasingly
      tachycardic in mild respiratory distress while maintaining hemodynamic stability.
      TTE depicted 10.5 * 7.5 * 9.5 cm(3) mass within her left ventricle and a large
      volume of pericardial effusion, which progressed to cardiac tamponade.
      Pericardial window was performed. Metastatic involvement should be ruled out for
      all symptomatic patients with a history of melanoma. 

PMID- 26968789
TI  - Survival after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Patients with Dyskeratosis
      Congenita: Systematic Review of the Literature.
AB  - Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a multisystem disorder, with a disruption in
      telomere biology leading to very short telomeres underpinning its
      pathophysiology. Bone marrow failure is a key feature in DC and is the leading
      cause of mortality. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only
      curative option for bone marrow failure in DC; however, small case reports and
      series have suggested a poor outcome after HSCT. We undertook a systematic review
      of all reported patients with DC who underwent HSCT to better characterize
      outcome and to identify factors associated with improved survival. The outcome of
      109 patients found in the literature was poor, with 5- and 10-year survival
      estimates of only 57% and 23%, respectively. Patients transplanted after 2000 had
      improved early survival, with 5-year survival estimates of 70%; however, longer
      term survival was similar (28%). Pulmonary disease, infection, and graft failure
      were the leading causes of death. Prognosis after development of pulmonary
      disease post-HSCT was poor, with only 4 of 15 patients surviving at last follow
      up. Multivariate analysis identified age >20 years at HSCT, HSCT before 2000, and
      alternate donor source to be poor prognostic markers. Reduced-intensity
      conditioning was not significantly found to be associated with improved survival.
      This review shows the poor outcome after HSCT in patients with DC and highlights
      the need for future collaborative clinical trials and extended follow-up of this
      rare patient population to define whether changes in therapy will lead to
      improved survival.

PMID- 26968790
TI  - Association of Cumulative Steroid Dose with Risk of Infection after Treatment for
      Severe Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease.
AB  - This study aimed to characterize the incidence and risk factors of invasive
      fungal disease, cytomegalovirus infection, other viral diseases, and gram
      negative rod infection after glucocorticoid treatment for severe acute graft
      versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
      and to elucidate the associations of cumulative steroid dose with the risks of
      individual infections. The study cohort included 91 consecutive patients who
      developed maximum grades III and IV acute GVHD at our center. The mean cumulative
      prednisolone-equivalent dose was 41 mg/kg during the first 4 weeks. The
      cumulative incidence rates of fungal disease, cytomegalovirus disease, other
      viral diseases, and gram-negative rod infection at 6 months after glucocorticoid
      treatment were remarkably high, at 14%, 21%, 28%, and 20%, respectively. GVHD
      within 26 days after transplantation and low lymphocyte count at GVHD treatment
      were associated with increased risks of several infections. Cumulative
      prednisolone-equivalent steroid doses >= 55 mg/kg during the first 4 weeks were
      associated with an increased risk of fungal disease (hazard ratio, 3.65; P = .03)
      and cumulative doses >= 23 mg/kg were associated with an increased risk of non
      cytomegalovirus viral diseases (hazard ratio, 4.14; P = .02). Strategies to
      reduce the risk of infectious complications are needed, particularly for patients
      who have risk factors and those who receive high cumulative steroid doses.

PMID- 26968792
TI  - Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Palifermin in Children and Adolescents
      with Acute Leukemias Undergoing Myeloablative Therapy and Allogeneic
      Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant
      Consortium Trial.
AB  - Currently, effective pharmacologic treatment to reduce severe oral mucositis (OM)
      resulting from high-dose myeloablative cytotoxic therapy in the pediatric
      population is not available. Palifermin has been proven to decrease the incidence
      and duration of severe OM in adults with hematologic malignancies undergoing
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the pediatric population,
      however, data on palifermin treatment are limited. A phase I dose-escalation
      study of palifermin in pediatric patients with acute leukemias undergoing
      myeloablative HSCT with total body irradiation, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide
      was performed to determine a safe and tolerable dose and to characterize the
      pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and efficacy of palifermin. Twenty-seven patients in
      3 age groups (1 to 2, 3 to 11, and 12 to 16 years) and 3 dose levels (40, 60, and
      80 MUg/kg/day) were studied. There were no deaths, dose-limiting toxicities, or
      treatment-related serious adverse events. Long-term safety outcomes did not
      differ from what would be expected in this population. PK data showed no
      differences between the 3 age groups. Exposure did not increase with increase in
      dose. The maximum severity of OM (WHO grade 4) occurred in 6 patients (22%), none
      of whom was in the 80-MUg/kg/day dosing group. This study showed that all doses
      were well tolerated and a good safety profile in all 3 pediatric age groups was
      seen.

PMID- 26968791
TI  - Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Cardiomyopathy Risk among Hematopoietic Cell
      Transplantation Survivors.
AB  - Cardiomyopathy has been recognized as a complication after hematopoietic cell
      transplantation (HCT). Using a nested case-cohort design, we examined the
      relationships between demographic, therapeutic, and selected cardiovascular
      disease risk factors among >=1-year HCT survivors who developed cardiomyopathy
      before (n = 43) or after (n = 89) 1 year from HCT as compared to a randomly
      selected subcohort of survivors without cardiomyopathy (n = 444). Genomic data
      were available for 79 cases and 267 noncases. Clinical and genetic covariates
      were examined for association with the risk of early or late cardiomyopathy.
      Clinical risk factors associated with both early- and late-onset cardiomyopathy
      included anthracycline exposure >=250 mg/m(2) and pre-existing hypertension.
      Among late-onset cardiomyopathy cases, the development of diabetes and ischemic
      heart disease further increased risk. We replicated several previously reported
      genetic associations among early-onset cardiomyopathy cases, including rs1786814
      in CELF4, rs2232228 in HAS3, and rs17863783 in UGT1A6. None of these markers were
      associated with risk of late-onset cardiomyopathy. A combination of demographic,
      treatment, and clinical covariates predicted early-onset cardiomyopathy with
      reasonable accuracy (area under the curve [AUC], .76; 95% confidence interval
      [CI], .68 to .83), but prediction of late cardiomyopathy was poor (AUC, .59; 95%
      CI .53 to .67). The addition of genetic polymorphisms with marginal associations
      (odds ratios >=1.3) did not enhance prediction for either early- or late-onset
      cardiomyopathy. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors influence the risk of
      both early- and late-onset cardiomyopathy in HCT survivors. Although certain
      genetic markers may influence the risk of early-onset disease, further work is
      required to validate previously reported findings and to determine how genetic
      information should be incorporated into clinically useful risk prediction models.

PMID- 26968793
TI  - Redox proteomic profiling of neuroketal-adducted proteins in human brain:
      Regional vulnerability at middle age increases in the elderly.
AB  - Protein lipoxidation was assessed in the parietal cortex (PC), frontal cortex
      (FC), and cingulate gyrus (CG) in middle-aged and old-aged individuals with no
      clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment, in order to increase
      understanding of regional brain vulnerability to oxidative damage during aging.
      Twenty-five lipoxidized proteins were identified in all the three regions
      although with regional specificities, by using redox proteomics to detect target
      proteins of neuroketals (NKT) adduction. The number of cases with NKT-adducted
      proteins was higher in old-aged individuals but most oxidized proteins were
      already present in middle-aged individuals. Differences in vulnerability to
      oxidation were dependent on the sub-cellular localization, secondary structure,
      and external exposition of certain amino acids. Lipoxidized proteins included
      those involved in energy metabolism, cytoskeleton, proteostasis,
      neurotransmission and O2/CO2, and heme metabolism. Total NKT and soluble oligomer
      levels were estimated employing slot-blot, and these were compared between age
      groups. Oligomers increased with age in PC and FC; NKT significantly increased
      with age in FC, whereas total NKT and oligomer levels were not modified in CG,
      thus highlighting differences in brain regional vulnerability with age. Oligomers
      significantly correlated with NKT levels in the three cortical regions,
      suggesting that protein NKT adduction parallels soluble oligomer formation.

PMID- 26968794
TI  - Glucagon-like peptide-1 improves beta-cell antioxidant capacity via extracellular
      regulated kinases pathway and Nrf2 translocation.
AB  - Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of beta-cell
      dysfunction and insulin resistance, two major pathophysiological abnormalities of
      type 2 diabetes. Expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in beta cells are very
      low, rendering them more susceptible to damage caused by reactive oxygen species
      (ROS). Although the antioxidant effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and
      its analogs have been previously reported, the exact mechanisms involved are
      still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that GLP-1 was able to effectively
      inhibit oxidative stress and cell death of INS-1E beta cells induced by the pro
      oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tert-BOOH). Incubation with GLP-1 enhanced
      cellular levels of glutathione and the activity of its related enzymes,
      glutathione-peroxidase (GPx) and -reductase (GR) in beta cells. However,
      inhibition of ERK, but not of the PI3K/AKT pathway abolished, at least in part,
      the antioxidant effect of GLP-1. Moreover, ERK activation seems to be protein
      kinase A (PKA)-dependent because inhibition of PKA with H-89 was sufficient to
      block the GLP-1-derived protective effect on beta cells. GLP-1 likewise increased
      the synthesis of GR and favored the translocation of the nuclear transcription
      factor erythroid 2p45-related factor (Nrf2), a transcription factor implicated in
      the expression of several antioxidant/detoxificant enzymes. Glucose-stimulated
      insulin secretion was also preserved in beta-cells challenged with tert-BOOH but
      pre-treated with GLP-1, probably through the down-regulation of the mitochondrial
      uncoupling-protein2 (UCP2). Thus, our results provide additional mechanisms of
      action of GLP-1 to prevent oxidative damage in beta cells through the modulation
      of signaling pathways involved in antioxidant enzyme regulation.

PMID- 26968795
TI  - Heme oxygenase-1-derived bilirubin counteracts HIV protease inhibitor-mediated
      endothelial cell dysfunction.
AB  - The use of HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) has extended the duration and quality of
      life for HIV-positive individuals. However there is increasing concern that this
      antiviral therapy may promote premature cardiovascular disease by impairing
      endothelial cell (EC) function. In the present study, we investigated the effect
      of HIV PIs on EC function and determined if the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO-1)
      influences the biological action of these drugs. We found that three distinct
      PIs, including ritonavir, atazanavir, and lopinavir, stimulated the expression of
      HO-1 protein and mRNA. The induction of HO-1 was associated with an increase in
      NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS). PIs
      also stimulated HO-1 promoter activity and this was prevented by mutating the
      antioxidant responsive element or by overexpressing dominant-negative Nrf2. In
      addition, the PI-mediated induction of HO-1 was abolished by N-acetyl-l-cysteine
      and rotenone. Furthermore, PIs blocked EC proliferation and migration and
      stimulated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and the adhesion
      of monocytes on ECs. Inhibition of HO-1 activity or expression potentiated the
      anti-proliferative and inflammatory actions of PIs which was reversed by
      bilirubin but not carbon monoxide. Alternatively, adenovirus-mediated
      overexpression of HO-1 attenuated the growth-inhibitory and inflammatory effect
      of PIs. In contrast, blocking HO-1 activity failed to modify the anti-migratory
      effect of the PIs. Thus, induction of HO-1 via the ROS-Nrf2 pathway in human ECs
      counteracts the anti-proliferative and inflammatory actions of PIs by generating
      bilirubin. Therapeutic approaches targeting HO-1 may provide a novel approach in
      preventing EC dysfunction and vascular disease in HIV-infected patients
      undergoing antiretroviral therapy.

PMID- 26968797
TI  - Characterisation of a household norovirus outbreak occurred in Valencia (Spain).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the main cause of non-bacterial
      gastroenteritis worldwide. Several studies have linked human susceptibility to
      NoVs with the expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). In January 2012,
      a NoV gastroenteritis outbreak affected a household in Valencia, Spain, and the
      personal susceptibility to NoV was investigated. METHODS: To reach this aim 8
      members of the affected household were recruited for this study and their
      secretor status, ABO and Lewis antigens were determined. NoV-specific saliva IgA
      and serum IgG antibody titers were analyzed. Their capacity to block viral
      binding to saliva receptors was analyzed, using virus-like particles (VLPs) of
      the NoV GII.4 genotype, 2006b variant, and saliva from a secretor O blood type
      donor. RESULTS: The most relevant finding was that an asymptomatic non-secretor
      individual shed NoVs in his stools. Interestingly, anti-NoV IgA antibody titers
      in saliva from secretor and non-secretor individuals showed no differences. On
      the contrary, high titers of NoV-specific IgG antibody were found in both
      convalescent sera and in sera collected 1 year post-infection, but only from
      secretor individuals. NoV GII.4-2006b VLP binding to receptors present in the
      saliva was efficiently blocked only by sera from secretor positive individuals.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small number of individuals involved in this outbreak,
      this study reinforces the idea that susceptibility to human NoV is both dependent
      on the HBGA profile of the individuals as well as on the viral genotype and
      variant. We also show that the immunity to NoV lasts for at least 1 year after
      infection, demonstrating that symptomatic infections strongly stimulate immune
      responses.

PMID- 26968798
TI  - Challenges in horizontal model integration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systems Biology has motivated dynamic models of important
      intracellular processes at the pathway level, for example, in signal transduction
      and cell cycle control. To answer important biomedical questions, however, one
      has to go beyond the study of isolated pathways towards the joint study of
      interacting signaling pathways or the joint study of signal transduction and cell
      cycle control. Thereby the reuse of established models is preferable, as it will
      generally reduce the modeling effort and increase the acceptance of the combined
      model in the field. RESULTS: Obtaining a combined model can be challenging,
      especially if the submodels are large and/or come from different working groups
      (as is generally the case, when models stored in established repositories are
      used). To support this task, we describe a semi-automatic workflow based on
      established software tools. In particular, two frequent challenges are described:
      identification of the overlap and subsequent (re)parameterization of the
      integrated model. CONCLUSIONS: The reparameterization step is crucial, if the
      goal is to obtain a model that can reproduce the data explained by the individual
      models. For demonstration purposes we apply our workflow to integrate two
      signaling pathways (EGF and NGF) from the BioModels Database.

PMID- 26968796
TI  - Shoulder proprioception - lessons we learned from idiopathic frozen shoulder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Of all the most frequent soft tissue disorders of the shoulder,
      idiopathic frozen shoulder (IFS) offers the greatest potential for studying
      proprioception. Studies concerning the presence of proprioception dysfunctions
      have failed to determine the potential for spontaneous healing of passive
      shoulder stabilizers (anterior and posterior capsule, middle and inferior gleno
      humeral ligaments), its relationship with passive (PJPS) and active (AJPS)
      shoulder proprioception for internal and external rotation (IR, ER), as well as
      the isokinetic muscle performance of the internal and external rotators. This
      study investigates these dependencies in the case of arthroscopic release of IFS.
      METHODS: The study group comprised 23 patients (average aged 54.2) who underwent
      arthroscopic release due to IFS and 20 healthy volunteers. The average follow-up
      time was 29.2 months. The Biodex system was used for proprioception measurement
      in a modified neutral arm position and isokinetic evaluation. The results were
      analysed using the T-test, Wilcoxon and interclass correlation coefficient. P
      values lower than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Statistically
      significant differences were found between involved (I) and uninvolved (U)
      shoulders only in the cases of PJPS and AJPS, peak torque, time to peak torque
      and acceleration time for ER (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference
      was noted between PJPS IR and PJPS ER or between AJPS IR and AJPS ER (p > 0.05)
      for the U shoulders. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical structure of anterior (capsule,
      middle and anterior band of inferior gleno-humeral ligament) and posterior
      (capsule and posterior band of inferior gleno-humeral ligament) passive shoulder
      restraints has no impact on the difference in PJPS values between ER and IR in a
      modified neutral shoulder position. The potential for spontaneous healing of the
      anterior and posterior passive shoulder restraints influences PJPS recovery after
      arthroscopic release of IFS. ER peak torque deficits negatively affect AJPS
      values. PJPS and AJPS of ER and IR can be measured with a high level of
      reproducibility using an isokinetic dynamometer with the arm in a modified
      neutral shoulder position. Differences greater than 15 % for PJPS and >24 % for
      AJPS for ER and IR can be helpful for future studies as baseline data for
      identification of particular passive and active shoulder stabilizers at risk.

PMID- 26968799
TI  - Hyaluronic acid-coated liposomes for targeted delivery of paclitaxel, in-vitro
      characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
AB  - Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Chemotherapy is
      regarded as the most essential strategy in inhibiting the proliferation of tumor
      cells. Paclitaxel is a widely used taxane; however, the side effects of available
      Cremophor-based formulations and also the limitations of passive targeting
      uncovered an essential need to develop tumor-specific targeted nanocarriers. A
      hyaluronic acid targeted liposomal formulation of paclitaxel was prepared in
      which, hyaluronic acid was electrostatistically attracted to the surface of
      liposomes. Liposomes, had a particle size of 106.4+/-3.2nm, a weakly negative
      zeta potential of -9.7+/-0.8mV and an acceptable encapsulation efficiency of
      92.1+/-1.7%. The release profile of liposomes in buffer showed that 95% of PTX
      was released during 40h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry
      analysis showed the greater cellular internalization of coumarin-loaded liposomes
      compared to free coumarin. MTT assay on 4T1 and T47D cells demonstrated the
      stronger cytotoxic activity of liposomes in comparison to free paclitaxel. Cell
      cycle analysis showed that cells were mainly blocked at G2/M phases after 48h
      treatment with liposomes. In vivo real time imaging on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice
      revealed that the liposomal formulation mainly accumulated in the tumor area.
      Liposomes also had better antitumor efficacy against Cremophor-based formulation.
      In conclusion, hyaluronic acid targeted paclitaxel liposome can serve as a
      promising targeted formulation of paclitaxel for future cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 26968801
TI  - Regarding "Significantly Decreased Recurrence Rates in Keratocystic Odontogenic
      Tumor With Simple Enucleation and Curettage Using Carnoy's Versus Modified
      Carnoy's Solution".

PMID- 26968803
TI  - Re: "Significantly Decreased Recurrence Rates in Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor
      With Simple Enucleation and Curettage Using Carnoy's Versus Modified Carnoy's
      Solution".

PMID- 26968802
TI  - Anesthesia Complications of Diazepam Use for Adolescents Receiving Extraction of
      Third Molars.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of midazolam and diazepam for adolescents during
      third molar extraction and whether any differences in perioperative complications
      exist when using the 2 benzodiazepines alone or in combination. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A prospective study was performed in adolescents (<21 yr old) who
      underwent at least 1 third molar extraction by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon
      in the ambulatory setting from January 2001 through December 2010 using the Oral
      and Maxillofacial Surgery Outcomes System. The primary predictor variable was
      type of benzodiazepine used, divided into the total number of patients who
      received diazepam with or without midazolam. The outcome of interest was adverse
      complications resulting from anesthesia. Multivariable logistic regression was
      applied to measure the association between benzodiazepine type and adverse
      complications. RESULTS: Patients in the diazepam group (n = 4,213) and in the
      combination group (n = 426) had a complication rate of 1.4%, whereas those in the
      midazolam group (n = 13,451) had a complication rate of 1.0% (P = .027). Multiple
      logistic regression analysis showed a 50% increased odds of adverse complications
      in patients receiving diazepam (adjusted odds ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.05 to 2.16; P = .027). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent patients who received
      intravenous diazepam during third molar procedures had an increased odds of
      anesthesia-related complications compared with those given midazolam.

PMID- 26968800
TI  - The interleukin-20 receptor axis in early rheumatoid arthritis: novel links
      between disease-associated autoantibodies and radiographic progression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is often characterized by the presence of
      rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, and bone erosions.
      Current therapies can compromise immunity, leading to risk of infection. The
      interleukin-20 receptor (IL-20R) axis comprising IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24 and
      their shared receptors activates tissue homeostasis processes but not the immune
      system. Consequently, modulation of the IL-20R axis may not lead to
      immunosuppression, making it an interesting drug target. We evaluated the role of
      the IL-20R axis in RA and associations between plasma cytokine levels and
      clinical disease. METHODS: Plasma IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24 levels were measured in
      early RA patients during a treat-to-target strategy by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays. The IL-20R1 and IL-22R1 levels in paired peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells and synovial fluid mononuclear cells from a different cohort of
      RA patients were evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.
      Monocytes/macrophages were stimulated with heat-aggregated human immunoglobulin
      immune complexes and immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen, and
      osteoclasts were incubated with IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24. RESULTS: The plasma
      concentrations of IL-20 and IL-24 (but not IL-19) were increased in early RA
      patients compared with healthy controls (both P < 0.002) and decreased after 6
      months of treatment (both P < 0.0001). The expression of IL-22R1 (but not IL
      20R1) was increased on monocytes from RA synovial fluid compared with monocytes
      from both RA and healthy control peripheral blood. The plasma concentrations of
      IL-20 and IL-24 were increased in rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated
      protein antibody positive compared with negative early RA patients (all P <
      0.0001). Immune complexes stimulated the production of the IL-20R cytokines by
      monocytes/macrophages. Increased baseline plasma concentrations of IL-20 and IL
      24 were associated with Sharp-van der Heijde score progression after 24 months
      (Spearman's rho = 0.19 and 0.26, both P < 0.05) in the early RA patients. The IL
      22R1 was expressed by osteoclast precursors and in multinucleated osteoclasts. IL
      20 and IL-24 increased the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by
      these cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that IL-20 and IL-24 link RA
      associated autoantibodies with radiographic progression via the IL-22R1.
      Modulation of this axis holds promise as feasible anti-erosive treatment
      modalities in seropositive RA.

PMID- 26968804
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26968805
TI  - Programming Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor and Dystonia: The Toronto Western
      Hospital Algorithms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for essential
      tremor (ET) and dystonia. After surgery, a number of extensive programming
      sessions are performed, mainly relying on neurologist's personal experience as no
      programming guidelines have been provided so far, with the exception of
      recommendations provided by groups of experts. Finally, fewer information is
      available for the management of DBS in ET and dystonia compared with Parkinson's
      disease. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Our aim is to review the literature on initial and
      follow-up DBS programming procedures for ET and dystonia and integrate the
      results with our current practice at Toronto Western Hospital (TWH) to develop
      standardized DBS programming protocols. METHODS: We conducted a literature search
      of PubMed from inception to July 2014 with the keywords "balance",
      "bradykinesia", "deep brain stimulation", "dysarthria", "dystonia", "gait
      disturbances", "initial programming", "loss of benefit", "micrographia",
      "speech", "speech difficulties" and "tremor". Seventy-six papers were considered
      for this review. RESULTS: Based on the literature review and our experience at
      TWH, we refined three algorithms for management of ET, including: (1) initial
      programming, (2) management of balance and speech issues and (3) loss of
      stimulation benefit. We also depicted algorithms for the management of dystonia,
      including: (1) initial programming and (2) management of stimulation-induced
      hypokinesia (shuffling gait, micrographia and speech impairment). CONCLUSIONS: We
      propose five algorithms tailored to an individualized approach to managing ET and
      dystonia patients with DBS. We encourage the application of these algorithms to
      supplement current standards of care in established as well as new DBS centers to
      test the clinical usefulness of these algorithms in supplementing the current
      standards of care.

PMID- 26968806
TI  - Programming Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: The Toronto Western
      Hospital Algorithms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established and effective
      treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). After surgery, a number of extensive
      programming sessions are performed to define the most optimal stimulation
      parameters. Programming sessions mainly rely only on neurologist's experience. As
      a result, patients often undergo inconsistent and inefficient stimulation
      changes, as well as unnecessary visits. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: We reviewed the
      literature on initial and follow-up DBS programming procedures and integrated our
      current practice at Toronto Western Hospital (TWH) to develop standardized DBS
      programming protocols. We propose four algorithms including the initial
      programming and specific algorithms tailored to symptoms experienced by patients
      following DBS: speech disturbances, stimulation-induced dyskinesia and gait
      impairment. METHODS: We conducted a literature search of PubMed from inception to
      July 2014 with the keywords "deep brain stimulation", "festination", "freezing",
      "initial programming", "Parkinson's disease", "postural instability", "speech
      disturbances", and "stimulation induced dyskinesia". Seventy papers were
      considered for this review. RESULTS: Based on the literature review and our
      experience at TWH, we refined four algorithms for: (1) the initial programming
      stage, and management of symptoms following DBS, particularly addressing (2)
      speech disturbances, (3) stimulation-induced dyskinesia, and (4) gait impairment.
      CONCLUSIONS: We propose four algorithms tailored to an individualized approach to
      managing symptoms associated with DBS and disease progression in patients with
      PD. We encourage established as well as new DBS centers to test the clinical
      usefulness of these algorithms in supplementing the current standards of care.

PMID- 26968807
TI  - Reduced Affective Biasing of Instrumental Action With tDCS Over the Prefrontal
      Cortex.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Instrumental action is well known to be vulnerable to affective
      value. Excessive transfer of affective value to instrumental action is thought to
      contribute to psychiatric disorders. The brain region most commonly implicated in
      overriding such affective biasing of instrumental action is the prefrontal
      cortex. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to reduce affective biasing
      of instrumental action using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in
      young healthy human volunteers. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized between
      group design, 120 participants received anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS while at
      the same time (online) performing a task that assessed affective biasing of
      instrumental action. We placed tDCS electrodes over the anterior part of the
      prefrontal cortex based on evidence from brain stimulation work demonstrating the
      role of this brain region in controlling affective biasing of instrumental
      action. RESULTS: We showed that prefrontal tDCS reduced affective biasing of
      instrumental action. Specifically, prefrontal tDCS reduced the degree to which
      aversive (versus appetitive) cues potentiated instrumental avoidance and
      suppressed instrumental approach. Contrary to our hypothesis, this effect was
      seen for cathodal tDCS rather than anodal tDCS. CONCLUSION: The results
      demonstrate the potential utility of prefrontal tDCS as a tool for reducing
      affective biasing of instrumental behavior, thus opening avenues for
      interventional research on psychiatric disorders that implicate excessive
      transfer of affective value.

PMID- 26968809
TI  - A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Schema-Based Instruction on Proportional
      Problem-Solving for Students With Mathematics Problem-Solving Difficulties.
AB  - This article reports results from a study investigating the efficacy of a
      proportional problem-solving intervention, schema-based instruction (SBI), in
      seventh grade. Participants included 806 students with mathematical difficulties
      in problem solving (MD-PS) from an initial pool of 1,999 seventh grade students
      in a larger study. Teachers and their students in the larger study were randomly
      assigned to an SBI or control condition and teachers in both conditions then
      provided instruction on the topics of ratio, proportion, and percent. We found
      that students with MD-PS in SBI classrooms scored on average higher than their
      counterparts in control classrooms on a posttest and delayed posttest
      administered 9 weeks later. Given students' difficulties with proportional
      problem-solving and the consequences of these difficulties, an important
      contribution of this research is the finding that when provided with appropriate
      instruction, students with MD-PS are capable of enhanced proportional problem
      solving performance.

PMID- 26968808
TI  - Long genes and genes with multiple splice variants are enriched in pathways
      linked to cancer and other multigenic diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of random mutations and genetic errors in defining the
      etiology of cancer and other multigenic diseases has recently received much
      attention. With the view that complex genes should be particularly vulnerable to
      such events, here we explore the link between the simple properties of the human
      genes, such as transcript length, number of splice variants, exon/intron
      composition, and their involvement in the pathways linked to cancer and other
      multigenic diseases. RESULTS: We reveal a substantial enrichment of cancer
      pathways with long genes and genes that have multiple splice variants. Although
      the latter two factors are interdependent, we show that the overall gene length
      and splicing complexity increase in cancer pathways in a partially decoupled
      manner. Our systematic survey for the pathways enriched with top lengthy genes
      and with genes that have multiple splice variants reveal, along with cancer
      pathways, the pathways involved in various neuronal processes, cardiomyopathies
      and type II diabetes. We outline a correlation between the gene length and the
      number of somatic mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Our work is a step forward in the
      assessment of the role of simple gene characteristics in cancer and a wider range
      of multigenic diseases. We demonstrate a significant accumulation of long genes
      and genes with multiple splice variants in pathways of multigenic diseases that
      have already been associated with de novo mutations. Unlike the cancer pathways,
      we note that the pathways of neuronal processes, cardiomyopathies and type II
      diabetes contain genes long enough for topoisomerase-dependent gene expression to
      also be a potential contributing factor in the emergence of pathologies, should
      topoisomerases become impaired.

PMID- 26968810
TI  - MicroRNA-543 suppresses colorectal cancer growth and metastasis by targeting
      KRAS, MTA1 and HMGA2.
AB  - miR-543 has been implicated as having a critical role in the development of
      breast cancer, endometrial cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the
      exact clinical significance and biological functions of miR-543 in colorectal
      cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we found that miR-543 expression significantly
      downregulated in tumors from patients with CRC, APCMin mice and a mouse model of
      colitis-associated colon cancer. miR-543 level was inversely correlated with the
      metastatic status of patients with CRC and the metastatic potential of CRC cell
      lines. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-543 inhibited the proliferation and
      metastasis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo by targeting KRAS, MTA1 and HMGA2.
      Conversely, miR-543 knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion
      of CRC cells in vitro and augmented tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
      Furthermore, we found that miR-543 expression was negatively correlated with the
      levels of KRAS, MTA1 and HMGA2 in clinical samples. Collectively, these data show
      that miR-543 inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells by targeting
      KRAS, MTA1 and HMGA2. Our study highlights a pivotal role for miR-543 as a
      suppressor in the regulation of CRC growth and metastasis and suggests that miR
      543 may serve as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for CRC metastasis. 

PMID- 26968811
TI  - Increased amyloid beta-peptide uptake in skeletal muscle is induced by
      hyposialylation and may account for apoptosis in GNE myopathy.
AB  - GNE myopathy is an autosomal recessive muscular disorder of young adults
      characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. It is caused
      by a mutation in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine
      kinase (GNE) gene, which encodes a key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis. The
      mutated hypofunctional GNE is associated with intracellular accumulation of
      amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in patient muscles through as yet unknown
      mechanisms. We found here for the first time that an experimental reduction in
      sialic acid favors Abeta1-42 endocytosis in C2C12 myotubes, which is dependent on
      clathrin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Accordingly, Abeta1-42 internalization
      in myoblasts from a GNE myopathy patient was enhanced. Next, we investigated
      signal changes triggered by Abeta1-42 that may underlie toxicity. We observed
      that p-Akt levels are reduced in step with an increase in apoptotic markers in
      GNE myopathy myoblasts compared to control myoblasts. The same results were
      experimentally obtained when Abeta1-42 was overexpressed in myotubes. Hence, we
      propose a novel disease mechanism whereby hyposialylation favors Abeta1-42
      internalization and the subsequent apoptosis in myotubes and in skeletal muscle
      from GNE myopathy patients. 

PMID- 26968812
TI  - Is internal target volume accurate for dose evaluation in lung cancer
      stereotactic body radiotherapy?
AB  - PURPOSE: 4DCT delineated internal target volume (ITV) was applied to determine
      the tumor motion and used as planning target in treatment planning in lung cancer
      stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). This work is to study the accuracy of
      using ITV to predict the real target dose in lung cancer SBRT. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Both for phantom and patient cases, the ITV and gross tumor volumes
      (GTVs) were contoured on the maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT and ten CT
      phases, respectively. A SBRT plan was designed using ITV as the planning target
      on average projection (AVG) CT. This plan was copied to each CT phase and the
      dose distribution was recalculated. The GTV_4D dose was acquired through
      accumulating the GTV doses over all ten phases and regarded as the real target
      dose. To analyze the ITV dose error, the ITV dose was compared to the real target
      dose by endpoints of D99, D95, D1 (doses received by the 99%, 95% and 1% of the
      target volume), and dose coverage endpoint of V100(relative volume receiving at
      least the prescription dose). RESULTS: The phantom study shows that the ITV
      underestimates the real target dose by 9.47%~19.8% in D99, 4.43%~15.99% in D95,
      and underestimates the dose coverage by 5% in V100. The patient cases show that
      the ITV underestimates the real target dose and dose coverage by 3.8%~10.7% in
      D99, 4.7%~7.2% in D95, and 3.96%~6.59% in V100 in motion target cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: Cautions should be taken that ITV is not accurate enough to predict
      the real target dose in lung cancer SBRT with large tumor motions. Restricting
      the target motion or reducing the target dose heterogeneity could reduce the ITV
      dose underestimation effect in lung SBRT.

PMID- 26968813
TI  - In vitro and in vivo effects of a recombinant anti-PSMA immunotoxin in
      combination with docetaxel against prostate cancer.
AB  - Docetaxel (DOC) is used for the first-line treatment of castration resistant
      prostate cancer (CPRC). However, the therapeutic effects are limited, only about
      one half of patients respond to the therapy and severe side effects possibly lead
      to discontinuation of treatment. Therefore, actual research is focused on the
      development of new DOC-based combination treatments. In this study we
      investigated the antitumor effects of a recombinant immunotoxin targeting the
      prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in combination with DOC in vitro and in
      vivo. The immunotoxin consists of an anti-PSMA single chain antibody fragment
      (scFv) as binding and a truncated form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A
      (PE40) as toxin domain. The immunotoxin induced apoptosis and specifically
      reduced the viability of androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-independent C4-2
      prostate cancer cells. A synergistic cytotoxic activity was observed in
      combination with DOC with IC50 values in the low picomolar or even femtomolar
      range. Moreover, combination treatment resulted in an enhanced antitumor activity
      in a C4-2 SCID mouse xenograft model. This highlights the immunotoxin as a
      promising therapeutic agent for a future DOC-based combination therapy of CPRC. 

PMID- 26968814
TI  - Determination of somatic oncogenic mutations linked to target-based therapies
      using MassARRAY technology.
AB  - Somatic mutation analysis represents a useful tool in selecting personalized
      therapy. The aim of our study was to determine the presence of common genetic
      events affecting actionable oncogenes using a MassARRAY technology in patients
      with advanced solid tumors who were potential candidates for target-based
      therapies. The analysis of 238 mutations across 19 oncogenes was performed in 197
      formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of different tumors using the OncoCarta
      Panel v1.0 (Sequenom Hamburg, Germany). Of the 197 specimens, 97 (49.2%)
      presented at least one mutation. Forty-nine different oncogenic mutations in 16
      genes were detected. Mutations in KRAS and PIK3CA were detected in 40/97 (41.2%)
      and 30/97 (30.9%) patients respectively. Thirty-one patients (32.0%) had
      mutations in two genes, 20 of them (64.5%) initially diagnosed with colorectal
      cancer. The co-occurrence of mutation involved mainly KRAS, PIK3CA, KIT and RET.
      Mutation profiles were validated using a customized panel and the Junior Next
      Generation Sequencing technology (GS-Junior 454, Roche). Twenty-eight patients
      participated in early clinical trials or received specific treatments according
      to the molecular characterization (28.0%). MassARRAY technology is a rapid and
      effective method for identifying key cancer-driving mutations across a large
      number of samples, which allows for a more appropriate selection for personalized
      therapies. 

PMID- 26968817
TI  - l-Lysine supplementation does not affect the bioavailability of copper or iron in
      rats.
AB  - l-lysine (Lys) is an essential amino acid that is added to foods and dietary
      supplements. Lys may interact with mineral nutrients and affect their metabolism.
      This study examined the effect of dietary Lys supplementation on the
      bioavailability of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats
      were fed one of five diets (20% casein) for 4 weeks containing normal Cu and Fe
      (control) or low Cu or Fe without (LCu, LFe) or with (LCu+Lys, LFe+Lys) addition
      of 1.5% Lys. Final body weights, body weight gains and food consumption of the
      rats did not differ (P>=0.05) among diet groups. Rats fed the low Cu or Fe diets
      showed changes in nutritional biomarkers compared to control rats, demonstrating
      reduced Cu and Fe status, respectively. Hematological parameters, serum
      ceruloplasmin activity and Cu and Fe concentrations in serum, liver, kidney and
      intestinal mucosa were unaffected (P>=0.05) by Lys supplementation. These results
      indicate that in the context of an adequate protein diet, Lys supplementation at
      a relatively high level does not affect Cu or Fe bioavailability in rats.

PMID- 26968815
TI  - Heparanase 2 expression inversely correlates with bladder carcinoma grade and
      stage.
AB  - While the pro-tumorigenic function of heparanase is well taken, the role of its
      close homolog, heparanase 2 (Hpa2) in cancer is by far less investigated.
      Utilizing immunohistochemical analysis we found that Hpa2 is expressed by normal
      bladder transitional epithelium and its levels are decreased substantially in
      bladder cancer. Notably, tumors that retain high levels of Hpa2 were diagnosed as
      low grade (p=0.001) and low stage (p=0.002), suggesting that Hpa2 is required to
      preserve cell differentiation and halt cell motility. Indeed, migration of 5637
      bladder carcinoma cells was attenuated significantly by exogenous addition of
      purified Hpa2, and over expression of Hpa2 in 5637 cells resulted in smaller
      tumors that were diagnosed as low grade. We also noted that tumors produced by
      Hpa2 over expressing cells are abundantly decorated with stromal cells and
      collagen deposition evident by Masson's/Trichrome staining, correlating with a
      marked increase in lysyl oxidase (LOX) staining. The association between Hpa2 and
      LOX was further confirmed clinically, because of the 16 cases that exhibited
      strong staining of Hpa2, 14 (87.5%) were also stained strongly for LOX (p=0.05).
      Collectively, our results suggest that Hpa2 functions as a tumor suppressor in
      bladder cancer, maintaining cellular differentiation and decreasing cell motility
      in a manner that appears to be independent of regulating heparanase activity. 

PMID- 26968816
TI  - Perceptions of preparedness for the first medical clerkship: a systematic review
      and synthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The transition from university-based to clerkship-based education can
      be challenging. Medical schools have introduced strategies to ease the
      transition, but there has been no systematic review synthesizing the evidence on
      the perceptions of preparedness of medical students for their first clerkship to
      support these interventions. This study therefore aimed to (1) identify and
      synthesize the published evidence on medical students' perceptions of
      preparedness for their first clerkship, and (2) identify factors that may impact
      on preparedness for clerkship, to better inform interventions aimed at easing
      this transition. METHODS: Electronic databases (Medline, Journals@Ovid, CINAHL,
      ERIC, Web of Science, Embase) were searched without restriction and secondary
      searching of reference lists of included studies was also conducted. Included
      studies used quantitative or qualitative methodologies, involved medical students
      and addressed student/supervisor perceptions of preparedness for first clerkship.
      The first clerkship was defined as the first truly immersive educational
      experience during which the majority of learning was vocational and self
      directed, as per the MeSH term 'clinical clerkship' and associated definition.
      Using an inductive thematic synthesis approach, 2 researchers independently
      extracted data, coded text (from results and discussion sections), and identified
      themes related to preparedness. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion and
      findings were then narratively synthesized. RESULTS: The initial search
      identified 1214 papers. After removing duplicates and assessing abstracts and
      full articles against the inclusion criteria, 8 articles were included in the
      review. In general, the body of evidence was of sound methodological quality. Ten
      themes relating to perceptions of preparedness of medical students for their
      first clerkship were identified; competence, disconnection, links to the future,
      uncertainty, part of the team, time/workload, adjustment, curriculum, prior life
      experiences and learning. CONCLUSIONS: Eight of the ten themes related to
      perceptions of preparedness are potentially amenable to curricula strategies to
      improve the transition experience. The evidence supports clinical skills
      refreshers, clarification of roles and expectations, demystification of
      healthcare hierarchy and assessment processes and student-student handovers.
      Evidence also supports preclinical educational strategies such as enhancing
      content contextualization, further opportunities for the application of knowledge
      and skills, and constructive alignment of assessment tasks and pedagogical aims.

PMID- 26968819
TI  - Spontaneous recanalisation of a chronic internal carotid artery occlusion.

PMID- 26968820
TI  - Cognitive profile of a child with SOS1 mutation in Noonan syndrome.

PMID- 26968818
TI  - Mutational spectrum of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in Spain: Study of 284 cases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive
      neuromuscular disease that affects one in 3500 live-born males. The total absence
      of dystrophin observed in DMD patients is generally caused by mutations that
      disrupt the reading frame of the DMD gene, and about 80% of cases harbour
      deletions or duplications of one or more exons. METHODS: We reviewed 284 cases of
      males with a genetic diagnosis of DMD between 2007 and 2014. These patients were
      selected from 8 Spanish reference hospitals representing most areas of Spain.
      Multiplex PCR, MLPA, and sequencing were performed to identify mutations.
      RESULTS: Most of these DMD patients present large deletions (46.1%) or large
      duplications (19.7%) in the dystrophin gene. The remaining 34.2% correspond to
      point mutations, and half of these correspond to nonsense mutations. In this
      study we identified 23 new mutations in DMD: 7 large deletions and 16 point
      mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The algorithm for genetic diagnosis applied by the
      participating centres is the most appropriate for genotyping patients with DMD.
      The genetic specificity of different therapies currently being developed
      emphasises the importance of identifying the mutation appearing in each patient;
      38.7% of the cases in this series are eligible to participate in current clinical
      trials.

PMID- 26968822
TI  - Extrapyramidal syndrome with generalized chorea as an atypical presentation of
      progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

PMID- 26968823
TI  - Hospital stroke registers: Similarities and differences.

PMID- 26968821
TI  - Microsurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in patients older than 70 years:
      An efficacy and safety study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The increasing incidence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) with age
      together with population ageing call for reexamination of surgical treatment
      options for refractory TN in elderly patients. METHODS: Retrospective review of a
      consecutive series of patients older than 70 who underwent microvascular
      decompression (MVD) for refractory TN between 1997 and 2015. Outcomes based on
      the Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity score (BNI score) and surgical
      complications were compared to those of patients younger than 70 undergoing MVD
      in the same period. RESULTS: Forty patients older than 70 (mean = 74.8 years)
      underwent interventions. At a mean follow-up time of 34 months, 73% of the
      patients presented complete absence of pain without medication (BNI I) and 85%
      had good pain control with or without medication (BNI I-III). A comparison of
      these patients with the 85 patients younger than 70 treated surgically during the
      same period did not find a significant association between age and achievement of
      pain control (BNI I-II). However, there was a significant association between age
      older than 70 and complete pain relief (BNI I; P=.03). The mean hospital stay in
      patients over 70 was also significantly longer (P=.04), although the postsurgical
      complication rate was similar to that in younger patients. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly
      patients with refractory TN may benefit from treatment with MVD and the
      probability of success and surgical risk are comparable to those in younger
      patients.

PMID- 26968824
TI  - Parkinsonism hyperpyrexia syndrome.

PMID- 26968825
TI  - Decreased spasticity in primary lateral sclerosis after botulinum toxin
      injection: A case report.

PMID- 26968826
TI  - Auditory hallucinations in cognitive neurology.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Different types and localisations of neurological lesions can
      produce tinnitus and verbal or musical hallucinations (VMH). METHOD: These
      symptoms were screened for in 1,000 outpatients at a cognitive neurology clinic,
      and epidemiological and neuroimaging data were recorded. RESULTS: Tinnitus was
      present in 6.9% of the total and VMH in 0.9%. The paracusia group was
      predominantly female but the difference was not statistically significant.
      Patients with tinnitus were younger and those with VMH were older than the rest
      of the sample (mean ages). Hearing loss was more prevalent in the paracusia group
      (difference was significant in VMH subgroup). There were no intergroup
      differences in the prevalence of psychotic and obsessive-compulsive disorders, or
      of leukoaraiosis. Treatment with acetylsalicylic acid was more frequent in the
      VMH group, whereas other non-opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines were more
      commonly prescribed to patients with tinnitus. The suspected cause of VMH was
      dementia with Lewy bodies (n=2, one with vascular disease), Alzheimer disease
      (n=2, one with vascular disease), isolated cerebrovascular disease (n=3),
      traumatic brain injury (n=1), and surgical brainstem lesion (n=1). All VMH cases
      displayed an underlying factor that might prompt this symptom, eg, hearing loss
      (n=6), a predisposing drug (n=9), and polypharmacy (n=9). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment
      with benzodiazepines and non-opioid analgesics was more frequent in the tinnitus
      group, whereas the VMH group showed a higher prevalence of hearing loss and
      treatment with acetylsalicylic acid. The causes of VMH were dementia with Lewy
      bodies, Alzheimer disease, and focal lesions in the mesencephalon, pons, left
      temporal lobe, or left claustrum.

PMID- 26968828
TI  - Synchronized functional anal sphincter assessment: maximizing the potential of
      anal vector manometry and 3-D anal endosonography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding the association between structure and function is vital
      before considering surgery involving anal sphincter division. By correlating
      three-dimensional anal endosonography (AES) and three-dimensional anal canal
      vector volume manometry (VVM), this study details a method to produce
      measurements of both sphincter length and pressure leading to identification of
      the functionally important areas of the anal canal. The aim of this study was to
      provide combined detailed information on anal canal anatomy and physiology.
      METHODS: Twelve males and 12 nulliparous females with no bowel symptoms underwent
      VVM (using a water-perfused, eight-channel radially arranged catheter) and AES.
      KEY RESULTS: The synchronization of AES and VVM identified that the majority of
      rest and squeeze anal pressure is present in the portion of the anal canal
      covered by both anal sphincters. Nearly, 20% of overall resting anal pressure is
      produced distal to the caudal termination of the internal anal sphincter.
      Puborectalis accounts for a significantly greater percentage volume of pressure
      in females both at rest and when squeezing, though the total volume of pressure
      is not significantly greater. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: The majority of resting
      and squeezing pressure and the least asymmetry, in both sexes, is in the portion
      of the anal canal covered by external anal sphincter. In females, the external
      anal sphincter is shorter and a proportionately longer puborectalis accounts for
      a greater percentage of pressure. Sphincter targeted fistula surgery in females
      must be performed with special caution. A protective role for puborectalis
      following obstetric anal sphincter injury is suggested.

PMID- 26968827
TI  - Short-course PET based simultaneous integrated boost for locally advanced
      cervical cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with large, locally advanced cervical cancers (LACC) are
      challenging to treat. The purpose of this work is to use 18F-FDG PET as planning
      basis for a short-course simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) in external beam
      radiotherapy of LACC in order to increase tumour shrinkage and likelihood of
      local control. METHODS: Ten previously treated patients with LACC were included,
      all with pre-treatment FDG PET/CT images available. The FDG avid tumour volume,
      MTV50, was dose escalated in silico by intensity modulated radiotherapy from the
      standard 1.8 Gy to 2.8 Gy per fraction for the 10 first fractions; a short-course
      SIB. For the 18 remaining external fractions, standard pelvic treatment followed
      to total PTV and MTV50 doses of 50.4 Gy and 60.4 Gy, respectively. Photon and
      proton treatment were considered using volumetric modulated arc treatment (VMAT)
      and intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT), respectively. All treatment plans
      were generated using the Eclipse Treatment Planning System (TPS). The impact of
      tumour shrinkage on doses to organs at risk (OARs) was simulated in the TPS for
      the SIB plans. RESULTS: Dose escalation could be implemented using both VMAT and
      IMPT, with a D98 >= 95 % for MTV50 being achieved in all cases. The sum of the 10
      fraction short-course SIB and subsequent 18 standard fractions was compared to
      the standard non-SIB approach by dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis. Only
      marginal increase of dose to OARs was found for both modalities and a small
      further increase estimated from tumour shrinkage. Most DVH parameters showed a
      mean difference below 2 %. IMPT had, compared to VMAT, reduced OAR doses in the
      low to intermediate dose range, but showed no additional advantage in dose
      escalation. CONCLUSIONS: Planning of dose escalation based on a FDG avid boost
      volume was here demonstrated feasible. The concept may allow time for enhanced
      tumour shrinkage before brachytherapy. Thus, this strategy may prove clinically
      valuable, in particular for patients with large tumours.

PMID- 26968829
TI  - New Insights Into the Treatment of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia.
AB  - Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare inherited autosomal recessive bleeding
      disorder of platelet function caused by a quantitative or qualitative defect of
      platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (integrin alphaIIbbeta3), a fibrinogen
      receptor required for platelet aggregation. Bleeds in GT are variable and may be
      severe and unpredictable. Bleeding not responsive to local and adjunctive
      measures, as well as surgical procedures, is treated with platelets, recombinant
      activated factor VII (rFVIIa), or antifibrinolytics, alone or in combination.
      Although platelets are the standard treatment for GT, their use is associated
      with the risk of blood-borne infection transmission and may also cause the
      development of platelet antibodies (to human leukocyte antigens and/or
      alphaIIbbeta3), potentially resulting in platelet refractoriness. Currently,
      where rFVIIa is approved for use in GT, this is mostly for patients with platelet
      antibodies and/or a history of platelet refractoriness. However, data from the
      prospective Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia Registry (829 bleeds and 206 procedures in
      218 GT patients) show that rFVIIa was frequently used in nonsurgical and surgical
      bleeds, with high efficacy rates, irrespective of platelet
      antibodies/refractoriness status. The mechanisms underpinning rFVIIa
      effectiveness in GT have been studied. At therapeutic concentrations, rFVIIa
      binds to activated platelets and directly activates FX to FXa, resulting in a
      burst of thrombin generation. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and also
      enhances GT platelet adhesion and aggregation mediated by the newly converted
      (polymeric) fibrin, leading to primary hemostasis at the wound site. In addition,
      thrombin improves the final clot structure and activates thrombin-activatable
      fibrinolysis inhibitor to decrease clot lysis. 

PMID- 26968830
TI  - Sequence analysis of two variable cytomegalovirus genes for distinction between
      transfusion- and breast milk-transmitted infections in a very-low-birthweight
      infant.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in very-low-birthweight infants can
      lead to serious clinical consequences. When CMV-related symptoms occur after
      transfusion, CMV transmission is often attributed to the transfusion products
      rather than to breast milk. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish
      between transfusion-transmitted and breast milk-transmitted CMV infections.
      PATIENT AND METHODS: A patient was born at 27 gestational weeks with a weight of
      689 g. He was transfused with leukoreduced red blood cells (LR-RBCs), which were
      later found to be CMV seropositive and CMV DNA positive. He was also fed with CMV
      DNA-positive breast milk. Thereafter, he developed CMV disease with
      thrombocytopenia and jaundice. To determine the route of transmission, we
      analyzed the sequences of two variable CMV genes, UL139 and UL146, by direct
      sequence analysis. We also performed deep sequence analysis to determine whether
      there were polyclonal CMV strains in the LR-RBCs transfused. RESULTS: CMV DNA
      sequence-matching rates for the LR-RBCs and the patient's blood were 64.6% for
      the UL139 gene and 68.6% for the UL146 gene. In contrast, the sequences of these
      genes in the patient's blood were 100% matched with those in the breast milk.
      Furthermore, by deep sequence analysis, the CMV strain found in the patient's
      blood was not detected in the LR-RBCs transfused. CONCLUSION: The results
      indicate that the pathogenic CMV strain was transmitted through breast milk,
      which is consistent with the claims that transfusion-transmitted CMV infection
      due to leukoreduced blood products is uncommon.

PMID- 26968832
TI  - Footloose: Spinal Myoclonus after Myelomeningocele Repair.

PMID- 26968831
TI  - Selective isolation and characterization of primary cells from normal breast and
      tumors reveal plasticity of adipose derived stem cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a need to establish more cell lines from breast tumors in
      contrast to immortalized cell lines from metastatic effusions in order to
      represent the primary tumor and not principally metastatic biology of breast
      cancer. This investigation describes the simultaneous isolation,
      characterization, growth and function of primary mammary epithelial cells (MEC),
      mesenchymal cells (MES) and adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) from four normal
      breasts, one inflammatory and one triple-negative ductal breast tumors. METHODS:
      A total of 17 cell lines were established and gene expression was analyzed for
      MEC and MES (n = 42) and ADSC (n = 48) and MUC1, pan-KRT, CD90 and GATA-3 by
      immunofluorescence. DNA fingerprinting to track cell line identity was performed
      between original primary tissues and isolates. Functional studies included ADSC
      differentiation, tumor MES and MEC invasion co-cultured with ADSC-conditioned
      media (CM) and MES adhesion and growth on 3D-printed scaffolds. RESULTS:
      Comparative analysis showed higher gene expression of EPCAM, CD49f, CDH1 and KRTs
      for normal MEC lines; MES lines e.g. Vimentin, CD10, ACTA2 and MMP9; and ADSC
      lines e.g. CD105, CD90, CDH2 and CDH11. Compared to the mean of all four normal
      breast cell lines, both breast tumor cell lines demonstrated significantly lower
      ADSC marker gene expression, but higher expression of mesenchymal and invasion
      gene markers like SNAI1 and MMP2. When compared with four normal ADSC
      differentiated lineages, both tumor ADSC showed impaired osteogenic and
      chondrogenic but enhanced adipogenic differentiation and endothelial-like
      structures, possibly due to high PDGFRB and CD34. Addressing a functional role
      for overproduction of adipocytes, we initiated 3D-invasion studies including
      different cell types from the same patient. CM from ADSC differentiating into
      adipocytes induced tumor MEC 3D-invasion via EMT and amoeboid phenotypes. Normal
      MES breast cells adhered and proliferated on 3D-printed scaffolds containing 20
      fibers, but not on 2.5D-printed scaffolds with single fiber layers, important for
      tissue engineering. CONCLUSION: Expression analyses confirmed successful
      simultaneous cell isolations of three different phenotypes from normal and tumor
      primary breast tissues. Our cell culture studies support that breast-tumor
      environment differentially regulates tumor ADSC plasticity as well as cell
      invasion and demonstrates applications for regenerative medicine.

PMID- 26968833
TI  - Multimodal Outcome at 7 Years of Age after Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the epileptic, academic, and developmental status at age
      7 years in a large population of term-born children who sustained neonatal
      arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS), and to assess the co-occurrence of these
      outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A cohort study including 100 term newborns with NAIS was
      designed. Two infants died during the neonatal period, 13 families were lost to
      follow-up, and 5 families declined to participate in this evaluation. Thus, 80
      families completed the 7-year clinical assessment. Epileptic status, schooling,
      motor abilities, global intellectual functioning, spoken language, and parental
      opinions were recorded. Principal component analysis was applied. RESULTS: Rates
      of impaired language, cerebral palsy, low academic skills, active epilepsy, and
      global intellectual deficiency were 49%, 32%, 28%, 11%, and 8%, respectively. All
      were highly correlated. Eventually, 59% of children were affected by at least 1
      of the aforementioned conditions. In 30% of cases, the viewpoints of health
      practitioners and parents did not match. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of severe
      disabilities at 7 years after NAIS is low, but most children exhibit some
      impairment in developmental profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov
      (NCT02511249), Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Regional (0308052),
      Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Interregional (1008026), and EudraCT
      (2010-A00329-30).

PMID- 26968834
TI  - Risk and Protective Factors for Late Talking: An Epidemiologic Investigation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify risk and protective factors for late talking in toddlers
      between 24 and 30 months of age in a large community-based cohort. STUDY DESIGN:
      A prospective, longitudinal pregnancy cohort of 1023 mother-infant pairs in
      metropolitan Calgary, Canada, were followed across 5 time points: before 25 weeks
      gestation, between 34-36 weeks gestation, and at 4, 12, and 24 months postpartum.
      Toddlers who scored <=10th percentile on The MacArthur-Bates Communicative
      Development Inventories: Words and Sentences between 24 and 30 months of age were
      identified as late talkers. Thirty-four candidate characteristics theoretically
      and/or empirically linked to language development and/or language impairment were
      collected using survey methodology. RESULTS: The prevalence of late talking was
      12.6%. Risk factors for late talking in the multivariable model included: male
      sex (P = .017) and a family history of late talking and/or diagnosed speech or
      language delay (P = .002). Toddlers were significantly less likely to be late
      talkers if they engaged in informal play opportunities (P = .013), were read to
      or shown picture books daily (P < .001), or cared for primarily in child care
      centers (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Both biological and environmental factors were
      associated with the development of late talking. Biological factors placed
      toddlers at risk for late talking, and facets of the environment played a
      protective role. Enveloping infants and toddlers in language-rich milieus that
      promote opportunities for playing, reading, and sharing books daily may decrease
      risk for delayed early vocabulary.

PMID- 26968835
TI  - The next step in translational research: lessons learned from the first
      preclinical randomized controlled trial.
AB  - For years, low reproducibility of preclinical trials and poor translation of
      promising preclinical therapies to the clinic have posed major challenges to
      translational research in most biomedical fields. To overcome the limitations
      that stand between experimental and clinical research, international consortia
      have attempted to establish standardized guidelines for study design and for
      reporting the resulting data. In addition, multicenter preclinical randomized
      controlled trials (pRCTs) have been proposed as a suitable tool for 'bridging the
      gap' between experimental research and clinical trials. We recently reported the
      design and results of the first such pRCT in which we confirmed the feasibility
      of using a coordinated approach with standardized protocols in collaboration with
      independent multinational research centers. However, despite its successes, this
      first pRCT also had several difficulties, particularly with respect to following
      the protocols established in the study design and analyzing the data. Here, we
      review our experiences performing the study, and we analyze and discuss the
      lessons learned from performing the first pRCT. Moreover, we provide suggestions
      regarding how obstacles can be overcome to improve the performance and outcome of
      future pRCT studies. Translational research is hampered by low reproducibility of
      preclinical studies and countless failed clinical trials. International consortia
      have proposed preclinical multicenter trials as an intermediate step to overcome
      this 'translational roadblock'. We have recently performed the first such
      preclinical randomized controlled trial (pRCT) by adopting key elements of
      clinical study design to preclinical research. In this review, we discuss the
      lessons learned from this trial and provide suggestions how to optimize future
      pRCTs. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.

PMID- 26968837
TI  - SNPs in FNDC5 (irisin) are associated with obesity and modulation of glucose and
      lipid metabolism in Saudi subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Irisin is a recently identified myokine that plays an important role
      in preventing obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated whether the common
      FNDC5 (irisin precursor) gene variants influence susceptibility to obesity and
      type 2 diabetes (T2D) and verified the impact of FNDC5 gene variants on serum
      irisin levels, glucose and lipid metabolism in a Saudi population. METHODS:
      Genomic DNA from 814 (394 T2DM and 414 controls) subjects were genotyped for the
      five common SNPs (rs3480A/G, rs1746661G/T, rs1298190A/G, rs726344A/G and
      rs1570569G/T) of the FNDC5 gene using the TaqMan genotyping assay. Biochemical
      parameters and hematic concentrations of irisin and insulin as well as
      anthropometric indices were collected. RESULTS: Serum irisin levels were higher
      in T2DM patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Analyses of FNDC5 SNPs showed
      that: 1) The rs3480 GG associates with decreased risk of obesity (p = 0.005; odds
      ratio: 0.48) and lower body mass index (BMI) values (p = 0.03). In addition,
      GGAAG was identified as the protective haplotype against risk of obesity (p =
      0.001; odds ratio: 0.23). 2) The rs1746661 G allele associates with higher
      triglyceride (TG) levels (p = 0.019). 3) The rs157069 TT genotype associates with
      higher fasting insulin (p = 0.029) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.002) as well as with lower
      circulating irisin levels (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: SNPs in FNDC5 gene correlates
      with obesity and glucose-lipid metabolism possibly because they modulate the
      serum levels of irisin.

PMID- 26968838
TI  - Restart the heart.
AB  - Early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and rapid defibrillation are the
      most important factors for favourable outcomes after out of hospital cardiac
      arrest (OHCA)-as the new American Heart Association/European Resuscitation
      Council (AHA/ERC) guidelines emphasise. The patient in our case was a healthy
      young man who had a witnessed cardiac arrest due to a chest collision with the
      goalkeeper during a football match. Basic life support was immediately provided
      by his teammates until an automated external defibrillator was brought to the
      scene. Blunt cardiac injury (BCI) may result in injured myocardium or
      arrhythmias. Ventricular fibrillation due to BCI in absence of structural cardiac
      disease is one of the main causes of OHCA in young healthy athletes with high
      mortality rates. We demonstrate important aspects of the recently released
      guidelines on cardiac arrest and the chain of survival by the leading societies. 

PMID- 26968836
TI  - Treatment with TO901317, a synthetic liver X receptor agonist, reduces brain
      damage and attenuates neuroinflammation in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a series of inflammatory
      processes that contribute to neuronal damage and neurological deterioration.
      Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that negatively regulate
      transcriptional processes involved in inflammatory responses, but their role in
      the pathology following ICH remains unclear. The present study investigated the
      neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions of TO901317, a synthetic
      LXR agonist, in a model of collagenase-induced ICH and in microglial cultures.
      METHODS: Mice subjected to collagenase-induced ICH injury were injected with
      either TO901317 (30 mg/kg) or vehicle 10 min after ICH and subsequently daily for
      2 days. Behavioral studies, histology analysis, and assessments of hematoma
      volumes, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were
      performed. The protein expression of LXR-alpha, LXR-beta, ATP binding cassette
      transporter-1 (ABCA-1), and inflammatory molecules was analyzed. The anti
      inflammatory mechanism of TO901317 was investigated in cultured microglia that
      were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or thrombin. RESULTS: ICH
      induced an increase in LXR-alpha protein levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere at
      6 h whereas LXR-beta expression remained unaffected. Both LXR-alpha and LXR-beta
      were expressed in neurons and microglia in the peri-ICH region and but rarely in
      astrocytes. TO901317 significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain
      damage up to 28 days post-ICH. TO901317 also reduced neuronal death, BBB
      disruption, and brain edema at day 4 post-ICH. These changes were associated with
      marked reductions in microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, and
      expression levels of inflammatory mediators at 4 and 7 days. However, TO901317
      had no effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. In BV2 microglial cultures,
      TO901317 attenuated LPS- and thrombin-stimulated nitric oxide production and
      reduced LPS-induced p38, JNK, MAPK, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB)
      signaling. Moreover, delaying administration of TO901317 to 3 h post-ICH reduced
      brain tissue damage and neuronal death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that
      enhancing LXR activation may provide a potential therapy for ICH by modulating
      the cytotoxic functions of microglia.

PMID- 26968840
TI  - The design of empirical studies: towards a unified view.
AB  - A broad review is given of the general principles underlying study design with
      emphasis on applications in medical and epidemiological contexts. The main theme
      of the paper is that, while the distinction between interventionist studies, that
      is experiments, and purely observational ones is important, there are many common
      threads. A wide range of specific applications are used in outline to illustrate
      the discussion. 

PMID- 26968839
TI  - An update on the clinical diagnostic value of beta-hCG and alphaFP for
      intracranial germ cell tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pathological examination combined with tumor markers has become a
      standard for the diagnosis of intracranial germ cell tumors (ICGCTs), but the
      current concept of 'secreting germ cell tumors' and three empirically highly
      specific diagnostic criteria (beta-hCG >= 50 IU/L or alphaFP >= 10 ng/mL; beta
      hCG >= 100 IU/L or alphaFP >= 50 ng/mL; beta-hCG > 50 IU/L or alphaFP > 25 ng/mL)
      are not based upon pathology examination or CSF cytology. Further investigation
      is needed to re-evaluate their value. METHODS: A multidisciplinary diagnostic
      team was created. Valid beta-hCG/alphaFP data were collected from cases of ICGCTs
      confirmed by pathology and CSF cytology (n = 58) between 1991 and 2012, and from
      suspected ICGCTs cases (n = 17) between 2011 and 2012 as controls [Langerhans
      cell histiocytosis (LCH), n = 12; and other intracranial tumor (ICT), n = 5]. The
      cut-off points for beta-hCG and alphaFP were calculated using receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: This study clarifies the relative
      rationality of one criteria (beta-hCG > 50 IU/L and alphaFP > 25 ng/mL); confirms
      new beta-hCG diagnostic cut-off points: CSF beta-hCG >= 8.2 IU/L and serum beta
      hCG >= 2.5 IU/L (sensitivity of 47 and 34%, respectively, specificity of 100%,
      both; P < 0.05); and empirically adjusts the criteria for alphaFP to >= 3.8 ng/mL
      in CSF and to >= 25 ng/mL in serum. The total diagnostic sensitivity for ICGCTs
      finally increased from 34.6 to 65.4% (P < 0.05, diagnostic value of CSF beta-hCG
      exceeds 90%). Subtype diagnosis improved with alphaFP in 16.7% of non
      geminomatous germ cell tumor cases. CONCLUSION: New evidence-based criteria of
      beta-hCG and alphaFP can help improving early and formal diagnosis of ICGCTs, and
      is of great clinical significance.

PMID- 26968842
TI  - Teenage pregnancy rate falls to record low.

PMID- 26968841
TI  - Physical activity and risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in a prospective
      cohort study.
AB  - Previous case-control studies have suggested a possible increased risk of
      Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) with physical activity (PA), but this
      association has never been studied in prospective cohort studies. We therefore
      assessed the association between PA and risk of death from ALS in the European
      Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. A total of 472,100
      individuals were included in the analysis, yielding 219 ALS deaths. At
      recruitment, information on PA was collected thorough standardised
      questionnaires. Total PA was expressed by the Cambridge Physical Activity Index
      (CPAI) and analysed in relation to ALS mortality, using Cox hazard models.
      Interactions with age, sex, and anthropometric measures were assessed. Total PA
      was weakly inversely associated with ALS mortality with a borderline
      statistically significant trend across categories (p = 0.042), with those
      physically active being 33% less likely to die from ALS compared to those
      inactive: HR = 0.67 (95% CI 0.42-1.06). Anthropometric measures, sex, and age did
      not modify the association with CPAI. The present study shows a slightly
      decreased-not increased like in case-control studies-risk of dying from ALS in
      those with high levels of total PA at enrolment. This association does not appear
      confounded by age, gender, anthropometry, smoking, and education. Ours was the
      first prospective cohort study on ALS and physical activity.

PMID- 26968843
TI  - Mutational status of synchronous and metachronous tumor samples in patients with
      metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: Despite reported discordance between the mutational status of
      primary lung cancers and their metastases, metastatic sites are rarely biopsied
      and targeted therapy is guided by genetic biomarkers detected in the primary
      tumor. This situation is mostly explained by the apparent stability of EGFR
      activating mutations. Given the dramatic increase in the range of candidate drugs
      and high rates of drug resistance, rebiopsy or liquid biopsy may become
      widespread. The purpose of this study was to test genetic biomarkers used in
      clinical practice (EGFR, ALK) and candidate biomarkers identified by the French
      National Cancer Institute (KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, HER2) in patients with metastatic
      non-small-cell lung cancer for whom two tumor samples were available. METHODS: A
      retrospective study identified 88 tumor samples collected synchronously or
      metachronously, from the same or two different sites, in 44 patients. Mutation
      analysis used SNaPshot (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF missense mutations), pyrosequencing
      (EGFR and PIK3CA missense mutations), sizing assays (EGFR and HER2 indels) and
      IHC and/or FISH (ALK rearrangements). RESULTS: About half the patients (52%)
      harbored at least one mutation. Five patients had an activating mutation of EGFR
      in both the primary tumor and the metastasis. The T790M resistance mutation was
      detected in metastases in 3 patients with acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine
      kinase inhibitors. FISH showed discordance in ALK status between a small biopsy
      sample and the surgical specimen. KRAS mutations were observed in 36% of samples,
      six patients (14%) having discordant genotypes; all discordances concerned
      sampling from different sites. Two patients (5%) showed PI3KCA mutations. One
      metastasis harbored both PI3KCA and KRAS mutations, while the synchronously
      sampled primary tumor was mutation free. No mutations were detected in BRAF and
      HER2. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted noteworthy intra-individual discordance
      in KRAS mutational status, whereas EGFR status was stable. Intratumoral
      heterogeneity for ALK rearrangement suggests a limitation of single-biopsy
      analysis for therapeutic strategy with crizotinib.

PMID- 26968844
TI  - Assessment of clinical efficacy and safety in a randomized double-blind study of
      etanercept and sulfasalazine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis from
      Eastern/Central Europe, Latin America, and Asia.
AB  - Despite the demonstrated efficacy of etanercept for the treatment of ankylosing
      spondylitis (AS), sulfasalazine is often prescribed, especially in countries with
      limited access to biologic agents. The objective of this subset analysis of the
      ASCEND trial was to compare the efficacy of etanercept and sulfasalazine in
      treating patients with AS from Asia, Eastern/Central Europe, and Latin America. A
      total of 287 patients, 190 receiving etanercept 50 mg once weekly and 97
      receiving sulfasalazine 3 g daily, from eight countries were included in this
      subset analysis. Differences in disease activity and patient-reported outcomes
      assessing health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) parameters in response to
      treatment were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for categorical
      efficacy endpoints and analysis of covariance model for continuous variables. At
      week 16, a significantly greater proportion of patients receiving etanercept
      achieved ASAS20 (79.0 %) compared with patients receiving sulfasalazine (61.9 %;
      p = 0.002). At week 16, treatment with etanercept also resulted in significantly
      better responses than sulfasalazine for ASAS40 (64.7 vs. 35.1 %; p < 0.001),
      ASAS5/6 (48.1 vs. 26.3 %; p < 0.001), proportion of patients achieving 50 %
      response in Bath AS Disease Activity Index (65.8 vs. 42.3 %; p < 0.001), partial
      remission (35.3 vs. 17.5 %; p = 0.002), and all HRQoL parameters. Both treatments
      were well tolerated. Etanercept was significantly more effective than
      sulfasalazine in the treatment of patients with AS from Asia, Central/Eastern
      Europe, and Latin America.

PMID- 26968845
TI  - Diagnostic value of progranulin in patients with lupus nephritis and its
      correlation with disease activity.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore whether progranulin (PGRN) can be a useful
      marker not only for accurate diagnosis of patients with active lupus nephritis
      (LN), but also for prediction of the disease activity in this population. A total
      of 154 LN patients were enrolled in this study, 76 of which were diagnosed as
      having active LN and 78 as having stable LN. Additionally, 71 age-matched non-LN
      patients were enrolled as controls. The serum and urine PGRN levels of each study
      population were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The
      diagnostic performance of both indicators and their correlation with the disease
      activity of LN were systematically investigated using receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis and correlation analysis. The active LN population
      had significantly higher serum and urine PGRN levels than the other two
      populations. ROC analysis further demonstrated that these two indicators,
      particularly in combination, appear to have a strong performance in
      discriminating active LN patients from the rest of the LN population. In the
      active LN population, serum and urine PGRN levels were not only significantly
      correlated with SLEDAI score, rSLEDAI score, and activity index, but also had a
      considerable association with several key markers reflecting the disease activity
      of LN, including serum levels of complement component 3 and ds-DNA. Nevertheless,
      neither of the two indicators were correlated with the pathological
      classification of LN, chronicity index, serum creatinine level, and 24-h urine
      protein levels. Our findings demonstrate that PGRN may have great potential as a
      diagnostic factor for active LN and as a predictor for its disease activity. 

PMID- 26968846
TI  - Efficient parallel reconstruction for high resolution multishot spiral diffusion
      data with low rank constraint.
AB  - PURPOSE: To propose a novel reconstruction method using parallel imaging with low
      rank constraint to accelerate high resolution multishot spiral diffusion imaging.
      THEORY AND METHODS: The undersampled high resolution diffusion data were
      reconstructed based on a low rank (LR) constraint using similarities between the
      data of different interleaves from a multishot spiral acquisition. The self
      navigated phase compensation using the low resolution phase data in the center of
      k-space was applied to correct shot-to-shot phase variations induced by motion
      artifacts. The low rank reconstruction was combined with sensitivity encoding
      (SENSE) for further acceleration. The efficiency of the proposed joint
      reconstruction framework, dubbed LR-SENSE, was evaluated through error
      quantifications and compared with l1 regularized compressed sensing method and
      conventional iterative SENSE method using the same datasets. RESULTS: It was
      shown that with a same acceleration factor, the proposed LR-SENSE method had the
      smallest normalized sum-of-squares errors among all the compared methods in all
      diffusion weighted images and DTI-derived index maps, when evaluated with
      different acceleration factors (R = 2, 3, 4) and for all the acquired diffusion
      directions. CONCLUSION: Robust high resolution diffusion weighted image can be
      efficiently reconstructed from highly undersampled multishot spiral data with the
      proposed LR-SENSE method. Magn Reson Med 77:1359-1366, 2017. (c) 2016
      International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26968848
TI  - The 22nd Scientific Conference of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology.

PMID- 26968847
TI  - The self-reported use of immunostains and cytogenetic testing in the diagnosis of
      melanoma by practicing U.S. pathologists of 10 selected states.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: The diagnosis of melanoma can be challenging, especially in lesions
      for which the histopathologic criteria bridge two or more taxonomic categories.
      Newer genomic analytical methods of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and
      comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have been introduced as ancillary
      techniques to differentiate benign and malignant melanocytic proliferations.
      METHODS: We evaluated how pathologists perceive and are incorporating these new
      cytogenetic testing technologies into their practices. We conducted a study of
      207 U.S. pathologists who interpret melanocytic lesions in clinical practice in
      10 SEER states. Pathologists were surveyed regarding perceptions and utilization
      of FISH and/or CGH in their clinical practices. RESULTS: Results showed that 38%
      of pathologists use FISH and/or CGH in interpreting melanocytic lesions.
      Pathologists reporting FISH and/or CGH use were significantly younger (p < 0.05),
      were fellowship trained or board certified in dermatopathology (p < 0.001) and
      were affiliated with an academic institute (p < 0.001). Pathologists reporting
      that their colleagues consider them an expert in the assessment of melanocytic
      lesions were more likely to employ FISH and/or CGH in their practices than non
      experts. CONCLUSIONS: Early users of cytogenetic testing technologies in
      cutaneous pathology are more likely to be younger, affiliated with an academic
      institution and fellowship trained or board certified in dermatopathology.

PMID- 26968851
TI  - "Chronic Pain and the Brain" Impairment: Introducing a Translational Neuroscience
      Based Metric.

PMID- 26968849
TI  - Chemokine CCL2 enhances NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current in
      rat hippocampal slices-a potential mechanism for HIV-1-associated neuropathy?
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected mononuclear phagocytes
      (brain macrophages and microglial cells) release proinflammatory cytokines and
      chemokines. Elevated levels of chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2, known
      previously as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) have been detected in serum and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV-1-infected individuals and the raised CCL2 in
      the CSF correlates with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. To understand
      how elevated CCL2 induces HIV-1-associated neuropathy, we studied effects of CCL2
      on excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSCs) in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal
      brain slices using whole-cell patch recording techniques. The AMPA receptor
      (AMPAR)-mediated EPSC (EPSCAMPAR) and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
      (NMDAR)-mediated EPSCs (EPSCNMDAR) were isolated pharmacologically. Bath
      application of CCL2 produced a significant enhancement of the amplitudes of
      EPSCs, EPSCAMPAR and EPSCNMDAR. Further studies revealed that CCL2 potentiated
      NMDAR subtype NR2A-mediated EPSC (EPSCNR2AR) and NR2B-mediated EPSC (EPSCNR2BR).
      To determine the site of action, we recorded spontaneous mini EPSCs (mEPSC)
      before and during bath application of CCL2. Our results showed that CCL2
      decreased inter event interval (IEI) and increased the frequency of mEPSCs
      without change on the amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic site of CCL2 action.
      CCL2 was also found to injure primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures and
      neuronal dendrites in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices. The CCL2-associated
      neuronal and dendritic injuries were blocked by a specific NMDAR antagonist or by
      a CCR2 receptor antagonist, indicating that CCL2-associated neural injury was
      mediated via NMDARs and/or CCR2 receptors. Taken together, these results suggest
      a potential role CCL2 may play in HIV-1-associated neuropathology.

PMID- 26968852
TI  - The Particular Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Painful Ankle in an
      Athetoid Patient.

PMID- 26968853
TI  - A simple introduction to Markov Chain Monte-Carlo sampling.
AB  - Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) is an increasingly popular method for obtaining
      information about distributions, especially for estimating posterior
      distributions in Bayesian inference. This article provides a very basic
      introduction to MCMC sampling. It describes what MCMC is, and what it can be used
      for, with simple illustrative examples. Highlighted are some of the benefits and
      limitations of MCMC sampling, as well as different approaches to circumventing
      the limitations most likely to trouble cognitive scientists.

PMID- 26968850
TI  - Mindfulness Meditation and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention Reduces Pain
      Severity and Sensitivity in Opioid-Treated Chronic Low Back Pain: Pilot Findings
      from a Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess benefits of mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral
      therapy (CBT)-based intervention for opioid-treated chronic low back pain (CLBP).
      DESIGN: 26-week parallel-arm pilot randomized controlled trial (Intervention and
      Usual Care versus Usual Care alone). SETTING: Outpatient. SUBJECTS: Adults with
      CLBP, prescribed >=30 mg/day of morphine-equivalent dose (MED) for at least 3
      months. METHODS: The intervention comprised eight weekly group sessions
      (meditation and CLBP-specific CBT components) and 30 minutes/day, 6 days/week of
      at-home practice. Outcome measures were collected at baseline, 8, and 26 weeks:
      primary-pain severity (Brief Pain Inventory) and function/disability (Oswestry
      Disability Index); secondary-pain acceptance, opioid dose, pain sensitivity to
      thermal stimuli, and serum pain-sensitive biomarkers (Interferon-gamma; Tumor
      Necrosis Factor-alpha; Interleukins 1beta and 6; C-reactive Protein). RESULTS:
      Thirty-five (21 experimental, 14 control) participants were enrolled and
      completed the study. They were 51.8 +/- 9.7 years old, 80% female, with severe
      CLBP-related disability (66.7 +/- 11.4), moderate pain severity (5.8 +/- 1.4),
      and taking 148.3 +/- 129.2 mg/day of MED. Results of the intention-to-treat
      analysis showed that, compared with controls, the meditation-CBT group reduced
      pain severity ratings during the study (P = 0.045), with between-group difference
      in score change reaching 1 point at 26 weeks (95% Confidence Interval: 0.2,1.9;
      Cohen's d = 0.86), and decreased pain sensitivity to thermal stimuli (P < 0.05),
      without adverse events. Exploratory analyses suggested a relationship between the
      extent of meditation practice and the magnitude of intervention benefits.
      CONCLUSIONS: Meditation-CBT intervention reduced pain severity and sensitivity to
      experimental thermal pain stimuli in patients with opioid-treated CLBP.

PMID- 26968854
TI  - Is cognitive control automatic? New insights from transcranial magnetic
      stimulation.
AB  - Cognitive control has been classically considered as a flexible process engaged
      to pursue intentional behaviors, as distinct from automatic processes, which are
      unintentional, inflexible, and triggered by unconscious mechanisms. Our study
      challenged this view, showing that such a distinction may not be so clear-cut. We
      analyzed motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic
      stimulation to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms occurring in a conflict
      task during trials that either required or did not require a response. We
      observed a Simon effect on MEPs and sequential modulations of such effects on
      both kinds of trials. Sequential modulations are usually explained as resulting
      from the engagement of intentional control mechanisms. Our findings rule against
      this idea, suggesting that these effects are the result of a mechanism that
      detects and resolves conflict even when there is no intention to select any
      response. Accordingly, cognitive control also seems to operate without intention,
      acting in an automatic fashion.

PMID- 26968855
TI  - A Computational Framework for Personalized Blood Flow Analysis in the Human Left
      Atrium.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common human arrhythmia, is a marker of an
      increased risk of embolic stroke. However, recent studies suggest that AF may not
      be mechanistically responsible for the stroke events. An alternative explanation
      for the mechanism of intracardiac thrombosis and stroke in patients with AF is
      structural remodeling of the left atrium (LA). Nevertheless, a mechanistic link
      between LA structural remodeling and intracardiac thrombosis is unclear, because
      there is no clinically feasible methodology to evaluate the complex relationship
      between these two phenomena in individual patients. Computational fluid dynamics
      (CFD) is a powerful tool that could potentially link LA structural remodeling and
      intracardiac thrombosis in individual patients by evaluating the patient-specific
      LA blood flow characteristics. However, the lack of knowledge of the material and
      mechanical properties of the heart wall in specific patients makes it challenging
      to solve the complexity of fluid-structure interaction. In this study, our aim
      was to develop a clinically feasible methodology to perform personalized blood
      flow analysis within the heart. We propose an alternative computational approach
      to perform personalized blood flow analysis by providing the three-dimensional LA
      endocardial surface motion estimated from patient-specific cardiac CT images. In
      two patients (case 1 and 2), a four-dimensional displacement vector field was
      estimated using nonrigid registration. The LA blood outflow across the mitral
      valve (MV) was calculated from the LV volume, and the flow field within the LA
      was derived from the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. The CFD results
      successfully captured characteristic features of LA blood flow observed
      clinically by transesophageal echocardiogram. The LA global flow characteristics
      and vortex structures also agreed well with previous reports. The time course of
      LAA emptying was similar in both cases, despite the substantial difference in the
      LA structure and function. We conclude that our CT-based, personalized LA blood
      flow analysis is a clinically feasible methodology that can be used to improve
      our understanding of the mechanism of intracardiac thrombosis and stroke in
      individual patients with LA structural remodeling.

PMID- 26968856
TI  - Diving accidents: a cohort study from the Netherlands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diving is, besides professional reasons, an increasingly popular
      leisure activity. Whilst statistically compared to other sports safe, diving
      accidents can result in serious complications. In order to treat this specific
      patient category adequately, early diagnosis is important. In this study, we
      explore various medical aspects of diving accidents. By sharing our experiences,
      we intend to create awareness and enhance urgent medical care for this specific
      category of patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using
      anonymized patient records from the emergency department (ED) of the Admiraal De
      Ruyter Hospital (ADRZ) and affiliated Medical Centre Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
      (MCHZ1) both in Goes, Netherlands. We evaluated all patients that presented to
      our ED as a diving accident from 1 November 2011 to 30 August 2015. RESULTS: In
      the selected period, 43 patients presented to our ED with complaints after
      diving; 84 % were male and 49 % older than 40 years, and they came by ambulance
      or referred by a general practitioner or other medical centres in the area; 70 %
      presented the same date as their dive, 21 % 1 to 3 days and 9 % later than 3 days
      after having dived. Pain was the most frequently reported symptom (44 %),
      followed by constitutional symptoms (42 %). Numbness or paraesthesia was reported
      in 33 %. Respiratory symptoms, dizziness, a change in mental status (e.g. apathy,
      confused or restlessness) and problems with coordination were present in 10-21 %
      of the cases. Symptoms that were apparent in less than 10 % of the cases were
      cutis marmorata, visual or auditory complaints, muscle weakness, cardiovascular
      symptoms or a malfunction of the anal sphincter or urinary bladder. Most of our
      patients exhibited more than one symptom; 70 % of all patients received
      hyperbaric oxygen recompression therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The limited number of
      patients presenting with complaints after a diving incident, the difficulty of
      recognition and the (potential) huge impact if not recognized and treated
      adequately make us believe that every diving accident should be discussed with a
      centre of expertise.

PMID- 26968857
TI  - [Catheter-based mitral valve repair by MitraClip implantation : Development,
      studies, and use in clinical practice].
AB  - The percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with MitraClip(r) is evolving
      as a potential alternative to conventional surgery in high-risk patients with
      significant mitral regurgitation (MR). The randomized controlled EVEREST II-trial
      which compared percutaneous repair versus surgery in operable patients with
      symptomatic severe MR demonstrated superior safety of MitraClip(r) implantation
      but better MR reduction after surgery at 12 months. However, large registries on
      MitraClip(r) therapy showed that real-world MitraClip(r) patients differ
      significantly from the EVEREST II-cohort: they are older, in more advanced stages
      of heart failure, present predominantly with secondary MR, and exhibit a higher
      burden of comorbidities. For these patients, registry data confirm a low
      incidence of peri-interventional complications and a significant improvement of
      heart failure symptoms and quality of life measures after MitraClip(r)
      implantation. The ongoing RESHAPE trial with randomization of MitraClip(r)
      implantation against optimal medical therapy investigates a possible survival
      benefit after MitraClip(r) in patients with secondary MR. 

PMID- 26968858
TI  - Investigating posttraumatic stress disorder as a psychological maintaining factor
      of eating disorders.

PMID- 26968859
TI  - Research program for a search of the origin of Darwinian evolution : Research
      program for a vesicle-based model of the origin of Darwinian evolution on
      prebiotic early Earth.
AB  - The search for origin of 'life' is made even more complicated by differing
      definitions of the subject matter, although a general consensus is that an
      appropriate definition should center on Darwinian evolution (Cleland and Chyba
      2002). Within a physical approach which has been defined as a level-4 evolution
      (Tessera and Hoelzer 2013), one mechanism could be described showing that only
      three conditions are required to allow natural selection to apply to populations
      of different system lineages. This approach leads to a vesicle- based model with
      the necessary properties. Of course such a model has to be tested. Thus, after a
      brief presentation of the model an experimental program is proposed that
      implements the different steps able to show whether this new direction of the
      research in the field is valid and workable.

PMID- 26968860
TI  - Evaluation of brain tissue responses because of the underwash overpressure of
      helmet and faceshield under blast loading.
AB  - Head protective tools such as helmets and faceshields can induce a localized high
      pressure region on the skull because of the underwash of the blast waves. Whether
      this underwash overpressure can affect the brain tissue response is still
      unknown. Accordingly, a computational approach was taken to confirm the incidence
      of underwash with regards to blast direction, as well as examine the influence of
      this effect on the mechanical responses of the brain. The variation of
      intracranial pressure (ICP) as one of the major injury predictors, as well as the
      maximum shear stress were mainly addressed in this study. Using a nonlinear
      finite element (FE) approach, generation and interaction of blast waves with the
      unprotected, helmeted, and fully protected (helmet and faceshield protected) FE
      head models were modeled using a multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian
      (ALE) method and a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) coupling algorithm. The
      underwash incidence overpressure was found to greatly change with the blast
      direction. Moreover, while underwash induced ICP (U-ICP) did not exceed the peak
      ICP of the unprotected head, it was comparable and even more than the peak ICP
      imposed on the protected heads by the primary shockwaves (Coup-ICP). It was
      concluded that while both helmet and faceshield protected the head against blast
      waves, the underwash overpressure affected the brain tissue response and altered
      the dynamic load experienced by the brain as it led to increased ICP levels at
      the countercoup site, imparted elevated skull flexure, and induced high negative
      pressure regions. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26968861
TI  - [Accuracy and reliability between glucose meters: A study under normal clinical
      practice conditions].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The glucose meters usually show a high accuracy, and in clinical
      practice, capillary and plasma glucose (PG) are used interchangeably. However,
      many variables can affect the validity of these devices. The aim of this study
      was to determine the accuracy and reliability of 3 glucose meters that are
      currently used in a primary care centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of venous
      blood and a drop of capillary blood were obtained from 59 participants. The drop
      was analysed in 3 glucose meters: 2 FreeStyle(r) Optium (OP1 and OP2), and one
      Accu-Chek(r) Aviva. The PG acted as the reference value, and the haematocrit and
      plasma levels of urea, bilirubin, uric acid and triglycerides were also analysed.
      We used the Passing-Bablok regression for accuracy and the intraclass correlation
      coefficient and the Bland-Altman method for reliability. The current American
      Diabetes Association standard of a total error of+/-5% was applied. RESULTS:
      Differences in mean+/-standard deviation (mg/dL) and the systematic error were
      5.8+/-7 and 5.8% (OP1); 6.2+/-8 and 5.9% (OP2); 8.3+/-8 and 6.3% (Accu-Chek(r)).
      The OP1/OP2 pair showed the highest level of reliability, with an intraclass
      correlation coefficient=0.97, bias=-0.4mg/dL, and a width of the 95% limits of
      agreement of 28.6mg/dL. The highest levels of accuracy and reliability were
      observed in high glucose ranges (PG>=126mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Despite their
      clinically acceptable mean difference compared to the PG, the 3 glucose meters
      did not fulfill the current American Diabetes Association standard. The regular
      performance of quality control tests of these devices is recommended.

PMID- 26968862
TI  - [A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control].

PMID- 26968864
TI  - Reduction of paediatric inguinal hernias.

PMID- 26968863
TI  - Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for intraoperative assessment of
      gastrointestinal anastomotic perfusion: a systematic review of clinical trials.
AB  - PURPOSE: Anastomotic leakage following gastrointestinal surgery remains a
      frequent and serious complication associated with a high morbidity and mortality.
      Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICG-FA) is a newly developed
      technique to measure perfusion intraoperatively. The aim of this paper was to
      systematically review the literature concerning ICG-FA to assess perfusion during
      the construction of a primary gastrointestinal anastomosis in order to predict
      anastomotic leakage. METHODS: The following four databases PubMed, Scopus,
      Embase, and Cochrane were independently searched by two authors. Studies were
      included in the review if they assessed anastomotic perfusion intraoperatively
      with ICG-FA in order to predict anastomotic leakage in humans. RESULTS: Of 790
      screened papers 14 studies were included in this review. Ten studies (n = 916)
      involved patients with colorectal anastomoses and four studies (n = 214) patients
      with esophageal anastomoses. All the included studies were cohort studies.
      Intraoperative ICG-FA assessment of colorectal anastomoses was associated with a
      reduced risk of anastomotic leakage (n = 23/693; 3.3 % (95 % CI 1.97-4.63 %)
      compared with no ICG-FA assessment (n = 19/223; 8.5 %; 95 % CI 4.8-12.2 %). The
      anastomotic leakage rate in patients with esophageal anastomoses and
      intraoperative ICG-FA assessment was 14 % (n = 30/214). None of the studies
      involving esophageal anastomoses had a control group without ICG-FA assessment.
      CONCLUSION: No randomized controlled trials have been published. ICG-FA seems
      like a promising method to assess perfusion at the site intended for anastomosis.
      However, we do not have the sufficient evidence to determine that the method can
      reduce the leak rate.

PMID- 26968865
TI  - Comparison of Serum Spec fPL(TM) and 1,2-o-Dilauryl-Rac-Glycero-3-Glutaric Acid
      (6'-Methylresorufin) Ester Assay in 60 Cats Using Standardized Assessment of
      Pancreatic Histology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Feline pancreas-specific lipase (Spec fPL) is considered a useful
      test for the antemortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats. A recent study found
      good agreement between the results of the Spec fPL and catalytic 1,2-o-dilauryl
      rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6'-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay.
      Prospective studies evaluating their sensitivity and specificity are lacking.
      OBJECTIVES: To compare the results of the Spec fPL and the DGGR assays with a
      standardized histologic assessment of the pancreas. ANIMALS: Sixty client-owned
      cats presented for necropsy. METHODS:  PROSPECTIVE STUDY: Spec fPL concentrations
      and serum DGGR lipase activity were measured from the same blood sample. The
      pancreas was removed within 3 hours after euthanasia; serial transverse sections
      were made every 0.5 cm throughout the entire pancreas and reviewed using a
      histologic grading scheme. Sensitivity and specificity for the Spec fPL and DGGR
      assay results were determined. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity for the
      Spec fPL assay (cutoff value >=5.4 MUg/L) was 42.1 [95% confidence interval (95%
      CI), 29.4-55.9%] and 100% (95% CI, 31.0-100.0%). The sensitivity and specificity
      for the DGGR assay (cutoff value >26 U/L) was 36.8 (95% CI, 24.7-50.7%) and 100%
      (95% CI, 31.0-100.0%). When lymphocytic inflammation up to 10% of a section was
      considered normal, the sensitivity and specificity for Spec fPL assay (cutoff
      value >=5.4 MUg/L) was 61.1 (95% CI, 36.1-81.7%) and 69.0% (95% CI, 52.8-81.9%)
      and the sensitivity and specificity for the DGGR assay (cutoff value >26 U/L) was
      66.7 (95% CI, 41.2-85.6%) and 78.6% (95% CI, 62.8-89.2%). CONCLUSIONS AND
      CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Both lipase assays performed similarly well, but their
      agreement with histologic pancreatic inflammation was limited.

PMID- 26968866
TI  - Testing models of peripheral encoding using metamerism in an oddity paradigm.
AB  - Most of the visual field is peripheral, and the periphery encodes visual input
      with less fidelity compared to the fovea. What information is encoded, and what
      is lost in the visual periphery? A systematic way to answer this question is to
      determine how sensitive the visual system is to different kinds of lossy image
      changes compared to the unmodified natural scene. If modified images are
      indiscriminable from the original scene, then the information discarded by the
      modification is not important for perception under the experimental conditions
      used. We measured the detectability of modifications of natural image structure
      using a temporal three-alternative oddity task, in which observers compared
      modified images to original natural scenes. We consider two lossy image
      transformations, Gaussian blur and Portilla and Simoncelli texture synthesis.
      Although our paradigm demonstrates metamerism (physically different images that
      appear the same) under some conditions, in general we find that humans can be
      capable of impressive sensitivity to deviations from natural appearance. The
      representations we examine here do not preserve all the information necessary to
      match the appearance of natural scenes in the periphery. 

PMID- 26968867
TI  - To reuse or not to reuse - that is the question.
AB  - Aims and intended learning outcomes The aim of this article is to develop or
      update nurses' knowledge of the legal, professional and ethical issues relating
      to the reuse of products that are designed and designated for single use. Nurses
      are becoming increasingly responsible for risk management and an awareness of the
      implications for nursing practice of reusing single use products is paramount.
      The potential benefits and disadvantages of reuse are discussed to help nurses
      make informed, objective decisions that focus on ensuring that practice is safe,
      as well as cost effective. After reading this article you should be able to: ?
      Explain what is meant by reuse and how it relates to nursing practice. ? Suggest
      examples from nursing practice of potentially hazardous reuse. ? Discuss the
      potential benefits and disadvantages of reuse. ? Outline the legal, professional
      and ethical considerations relating to reuse. ? Critically examine your own
      practice and identify potential risks relating to reuse. 

PMID- 26968868
TI  - Synthesis of isotopically labeled daclatasvir for use in human clinical studies.
AB  - Daclatasvir is a novel hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor developed by Bristol
      Myers Squibb and marketed as Daklinza(r). The need to support the development of
      daclatasvir required the synthesis of carbon-14 labeled material for use in human
      absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies. A total of 7.53 mCi
      of [(14) C]-daclatasvir was synthesized in eight steps from commercially
      available [(14) C]-copper cyanide. The radiochemical purity was 99.6%, and
      specific activity was 3.86 MUCi/mg. To support a human absolute bioavailability
      study, 5.56 g of [(13) C2 , (15) N4 ]-daclatasvir was synthesized in four steps. 

PMID- 26968869
TI  - Two Distinct Stimulus Frequencies Delivered Simultaneously at Low Intensity
      Generate Robust Locomotor Patterns.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Explore the primary characteristics of afferent noisy stimuli, which
      optimally activate locomotor patterns at low intensity. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological traces were derived from
      single motoneurons and from ventral roots, respectively. From these recordings,
      we obtained noisy stimulating protocols, delivered to a dorsal root (DR) of an
      isolated neonatal rat spinal cord, while recording fictive locomotion (FL) from
      ventral roots. RESULTS: We decreased complexity of efficient noisy stimulating
      protocols down to single cell spikes. Then, we identified four main components
      within the power spectrum of these signals and used them to construct a basic
      multifrequency protocol of rectangular impulses, able to induce FL. Further
      disassembling generated the minimum stimulation paradigm that activated FL, which
      consisted of a pair of 35 and 172 Hz frequency pulse trains, strongly effective
      at low intensity when delivered either jointly to one lumbosacral DR or as single
      simultaneous trains to two distinct DRs. This simplified pulse schedule always
      activated a locomotor rhythm, even when delivered for a very short time (500 ms).
      One prerequisite for the two-frequency protocol to activate FL at low intensity
      when applied to sacrocaudal afferents was the ability to induce ascending volleys
      of greater amplitude. CONCLUSION: Multifrequency protocols can support future
      studies in defining the most effective characteristics for electrical stimulation
      to reactivate stepping following motor injury.

PMID- 26968870
TI  - Ethics and social acceptability of a proposed clinical trial using maternal gene
      therapy to treat severe early-onset fetal growth restriction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ethical and social acceptability of a proposed
      clinical trial using maternal uterine artery vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) gene therapy to treat severe early-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) in
      pregnant women. METHODS: We conducted a literature review on the ethics and
      legality of experimental treatments in pregnant women, in particular advanced
      therapeutics. Issues that were identified from the literature helped develop
      interview guides for semistructured, qualitative interviews, carried out in four
      European countries, with 34 key stakeholders (disability groups, professional
      bodies and patient support groups) and 24 women/couples who had experienced a
      pregnancy affected by severe early-onset FGR. RESULTS: The literature review
      identified two main questions: 'is it ethical to give a pregnant woman a
      potentially risky treatment from which she does not benefit directly?' and 'is it
      ethical to treat a condition of the unborn child, who may then be born with a
      serious disability when, without treatment, they would have died?'. The review
      concluded that there were no ethical or legal objections to the intervention, or
      to a trial of this intervention. Overall, respondents viewed the proposed trial
      in positive terms. Women were generally interested in participating in clinical
      trials that conferred a potential benefit to their unborn child. The risk of
      disability of the premature child was a concern, but not considered a major
      stumbling block for maternal VEGF gene therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not
      identify any fundamental or insurmountable objections to a trial of maternal gene
      therapy for severe early-onset FGR. Copyright (c) 2016 ISUOG. Published by John
      Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 26968872
TI  - A case of a large splenic epithelial cyst.

PMID- 26968871
TI  - Production of CCL20 from lung cancer cells induces the cell migration and
      proliferation through PI3K pathway.
AB  - Tumour inflammatory microenvironment is considered to play a role in the
      sensitivity of tumour cells to therapies and prognosis of patients with lung
      cancer. The expression of CCL20, one of the critical chemoattractants responsible
      for inflammation cells recruitment, has been shown overexpressed in variety of
      tumours. This study aimed at investigating potential mechanisms of CCL20 function
      and production in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Expression of CCL20
      gene and protein in lung tissues of patients with NSCLC and NSCLC cells (A549)
      were determined. The interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced signal pathways in A549 and
      the effect of CCL20-induced A549 cell migration and proliferation were determined
      using migration assays and cell-alive monitoring system. Mechanisms of signal
      pathways involved in the migration of CCL20 were also studied. We initially found
      that NSCLC tumour tissues markedly overexpressed CCL20 in comparison with normal
      lung samples. In addition, IL-1beta could directly promote CCL20 production in
      lung cancer cells, which was inhibited by extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      (ERK)1/2 inhibitor, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MARP) inhibitor or
      PI3K inhibitors. CCL20 promoted lung cancer cells migration and proliferation in
      an autocrine manner via activation of ERK1/2-MAPK and PI3K pathways. Our data
      indicated that IL-1beta could stimulate CCL20 production from lung cancer cells
      through the activation of MAPKs and PI3K signal pathways, and the auto-secretion
      of CCL20 could promote lung cancer cell migration and proliferation through the
      activation of ERK and PI3K signal pathways. Our results may provide a novel
      evidence that CCL20 could be a new therapeutic target for lung cancer. 

PMID- 26968874
TI  - Experimental validation of a patient-specific model of orthotic action in
      adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Personalized modeling of brace action has potential in improving brace
      efficacy in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Model validation and
      simulation uncertainty are rarely addressed, limiting the clinical implementation
      of personalized models. We hypothesized that a thorough validation of a
      personalized finite element model (FEM) of brace action would highlight potential
      means of improving the model. METHODS: Forty-two AIS patients were included
      retrospectively and prospectively. Personalized FEMs of pelvis, spine and ribcage
      were built from stereoradiographies. Brace action was simulated through soft
      cylindrical pads acting on the ribcage and through displacements applied to key
      vertebrae. Simulation root mean squared errors (RMSEs) were calculated by
      comparison with the actual brace action (quantified through clinical indices,
      vertebral positions and orientations) observed in in-brace stereoradiographies.
      RESULTS: Simulation RMSEs of Cobb angle and vertebral apical axial rotation was
      lower than measurement uncertainty in 79 % of the patients. Pooling all patients
      and clinical indices, 87 % of the indices had lower RMSEs than the measurement
      uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: In-depth analysis suggests that personalization of
      spinal functional units mechanical properties could improve the simulation's
      accuracy, but the model gave good results, thus justifying further research on
      its clinical application.

PMID- 26968873
TI  - The role of preoperative vascular embolization in surgery for metastatic spinal
      tumours.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the effect of preoperative embolization on intraoperative
      blood loss in surgery for metastatic spinal tumours stratified by tumour type,
      type of surgical approach and extent of surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively
      analysed 218 patients undergoing open surgery for metastatic spine tumours in our
      institution between 2005 and 2014. The cohort was divided to those who underwent
      preoperative embolization and those who did not. The patients were further
      stratified into different subgroups by tumour types, types of surgical procedure,
      levels of instrumentation and levels of decompression. Estimated blood loss,
      duration of surgery and length of hospital stay were compared between embolized
      and non-embolized cases in each subgroup. The impact of embolization extent, the
      time gap between embolization and index surgery on blood loss were also studied.
      RESULTS: Preoperative embolization was performed in 45 out of 218 patients. Non
      embolized cases had insignificantly lesser blood loss and shorter duration of
      surgery compared to embolized cases in all subgroups. Embolization, however,
      conferred reduction in length of hospital stay in some of the subgroups, yet the
      differences were not significant. The patients who achieved total embolization
      bled less than those who achieved subtotal or partial embolization. The
      effectiveness of the embolization procedure in reducing intraoperative blood loss
      was found to be profound when the gap between embolization and surgery was within
      24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that success of embolization in
      reducing blood loss depends on the extent of embolization and time interval
      between embolization and index surgery.

PMID- 26968875
TI  - Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal fusion compared with motion
      preservation procedures: a meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of motion-preservation
      procedures to prevent the adjacent segment degeneration (ASDeg) or adjacent
      segment disease (ASDis) compared with fusion in lumbar spine. METHODS: PubMed,
      Embase and the Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched and a meta-analysis
      was performed of all randomized controlled trials and well designed prospective
      or retrospective comparative cohort studies assessing the lumbar fusion and
      motion-preservation procedures. We compared the ASDeg and ASDis rate, reoperation
      rate, operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, visual analogue scale
      (VAS) and oswestry disability index (ODI) improvement of the two procedures.
      RESULTS: A total of 15 studies consisting of 1474 patients were included in this
      study. The meta-analysis indicated that the prevalence of ASDeg, ASDis and
      reoperation rate on the adjacent level were lower in motion-preservation
      procedures group than in the fusion group (P = 0.001; P = 0.0004; P < 0.0001).
      Moreover, shorter length of hospital stay was found in motion-preservation
      procedures group (P < 0.0001). No difference was found in terms of operation time
      (P = 0.57), blood loss (P = 0.27), VAS (P = 0.76) and ODI improvement (P = 0.71)
      between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present evidences indicated that the
      motion-preservation procedures had an advantage on reducing the prevalence of
      ASDeg, ASDis and the reoperation rate due to the adjacent segment degeneration
      compared with the lumbar fusion. And the clinical outcomes of the two procedures
      are similar.

PMID- 26968876
TI  - Comparison of a zero-profile anchored spacer (ROI-C) and the polyetheretherketone
      (PEEK) cages with an anterior plate in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
      for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the clinical and radiographic efficacy of a new zero
      profile anchored spacer called the ROI-C in anterior discectomy and fusion (ACDF)
      for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (MCSM). METHOD: We retrospectively
      reviewed the clinical, radiological outcomes and complications of multilevel ACDF
      with the ROI-C or with the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages with an anterior
      plate. From April 2011 to April 2014, 60 patients with MCSM were operated on
      using ACDF, with the ROI-C in 28 patients and PEEK cages with an anterior plate
      in 32 patients. The operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and clinical and
      radiological results were compared between the ROI-C group and the cage-plate
      group. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 23.8 +/- 6.6 months, ranging from 12
      to 36 months. At the first month and the last follow-up, the neck disability
      index (NDI) scores were decreased, and the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA)
      scores were significantly increased, compared with the presurgical measurements
      in both groups. There were no significant differences in NDI scores or JOA scores
      between the two groups (P > 0.05), but there were significant differences in the
      operation time, blood loss and the presence of dysphagia (P < 0.05). In addition,
      the cervical Cobb angle and disk height showed significant corrections, compared
      to those measured before the operation. There was no adjacent disc degeneration
      observed in the ROI-C group, and one patient with skip levels showed disc
      degeneration of the normal level between the skip levels in the cage-plate group.
      The degeneration rate of the cage-plate group was 3.1 %. CONCLUSIONS: The primary
      clinical and radiographic efficacies of both ROI-C and cages with plates in ACDF
      for MCSM were satisfactory; both approaches could improve and maintain cervical
      lordosis and disk height. However, the ROI-C was associated with a simpler
      operation, a shorter operation time, less blood loss, and a lower risk of
      postoperative dysphagia compared to the PEEK cage with an anterior plate.

PMID- 26968877
TI  - The prevalence of neuromuscular disease in the paediatric population in
      Yorkshire, UK; variation by ethnicity and deprivation status.
AB  - AIM: Previous studies suggest a higher prevalence of neurological disease within
      certain ethnic communities, but have not specifically considered neuromuscular
      diseases (NMDs). The aim of this study was to calculate the prevalence and
      relationship of NMDs to ethnicity and deprivation status. METHOD: We undertook a
      retrospective case-note review of those younger than 16 years with a confirmed
      diagnosis of NMD in a single centre in Yorkshire in 2010. RESULTS: Two-hundred
      and sixty-one cases were included. The population (0-16y) in Yorkshire was 707
      961. The overall prevalence was 36.9 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval [CI]
      34.6-39.1). Dystrophin-related muscle disease was the most common condition, with
      a prevalence of 16.9 per 100 000 males (95% CI 14.7-19.1). There was a
      significant difference between ethnic groups, with a total NMD prevalence of 91.2
      per 100 000 (95% CI 81.6-100.7) in the South Asian ethnic group compared with
      28.7 per 100 000 (95% CI 26.4-30.9) in the White group. Prevalence of non
      dystrophin-related NMDs was four times higher in South Asian than in White
      children. There was a linear relation between increased prevalence and increased
      deprivation. INTERPRETATION: This study confirms higher levels of NMD,
      particularly recessively inherited NMDs within the South Asian population, as
      well as a link with higher deprivation. This has implications for service
      provision and resource allocation.

PMID- 26968878
TI  - Synthesis and Applications of pi-Extended Naphthalene Diimides.
AB  - Naphthalene diimides have received much attention due to their high electron
      affinities, high electron mobility, and good thermal and oxidative stability,
      therefore making them promising candidates for a variety of organic electronic
      applications. However, pi-extended naphthalene diimides with lower HOMO-LUMO gaps
      and higher stability have only been developed recently because of the synthetic
      difficulties. This account describes recent developments in the structures,
      synthesis, properties, and applications of pi-extended naphthalene diimides,
      including pure-carbon and heterocyclic acene diimides, from our research group. 

PMID- 26968881
TI  - Metronidazole in conjunction with penicillin neither prevents recurrence nor
      enhances recovery from peritonsillar abscess when compared with penicillin alone:
      a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of
      metronidazole in conjunction with penicillin in preventing the recurrence of
      peritonsillar abscess (PTA) and to learn whether metronidazole enhances the
      recovery from PTA when compared with penicillin alone. METHODS: In this
      prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 200 adult
      outpatients with PTA at our ear, nose and throat emergency department received
      either penicillin (1 000 000IU) * 3 and metronidazole (400 mg) * 3 for 10 and 7
      days orally (combination group, N = 100) or penicillin and placebo (penicillin
      group, N = 100) after incision and drainage of the PTA. Afterwards they received
      a symptom questionnaire via e-mail daily for 2 weeks, then weekly for 6 weeks.
      The primary outcome was efficacy of metronidazole in conjunction with penicillin
      in preventing PTA recurrence in 56 days; the secondary outcome was ability of
      metronidazole plus penicillin to enhance recovery from PTA in 28 days. All
      healthcare contacts were registered during follow-up. Registered on
      www.clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT01255670. RESULTS: Of the 200
      patients, 20 returned to hospital with recurrent symptoms, 10 in each group (P =
      1.00). In the combination group, the mean (SD) duration of throat-related
      symptoms was 5.6 (5.0) days and in the penicillin group it was 5.3 (2.7) days,
      values for fever were 1.5 (0.9) and 1.6 (1.0) days, respectively, and those for
      poor overall physical condition were 4.0 (3.9) and 4.5 (4.9) days; there were no
      significant differences between groups. The adverse effects nausea and diarrhoea
      lasted longer in the combination group (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: For healthy adult
      PTA patients treated with incision and drainage, metronidazole neither prevents
      recurrence nor enhances recovery when combined with penicillin compared with
      penicillin alone, but instead leads to increased adverse effects.

PMID- 26968879
TI  - Web-Based Interventions Targeting Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Middle-Aged and
      Older People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Web-based interventions can improve single cardiovascular risk
      factors in adult populations. In view of global aging and the associated
      increasing burden of cardiovascular disease, older people form an important
      target population as well. OBJECTIVE: In this systematic review and meta
      analysis, we evaluated whether Web-based interventions for cardiovascular risk
      factor management reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in older people.
      METHODS: Embase, Medline, Cochrane and CINAHL were systematically searched from
      January 1995 to November 2014. Search terms included cardiovascular risk factors
      and diseases (specified), Web-based interventions (and synonyms) and randomized
      controlled trial. Two authors independently performed study selection, data
      extraction and risk of bias assessment. In a meta-analysis, outcomes regarding
      treatment effects on cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, glycated
      hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, smoking
      status, weight and physical inactivity) and incident cardiovascular disease were
      pooled with random effects models. RESULTS: A total of 57 studies (N=19,862)
      fulfilled eligibility criteria and 47 studies contributed to the meta-analysis. A
      significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (mean difference -2.66 mmHg, 95%
      CI -3.81 to -1.52), diastolic blood pressure (mean difference -1.26 mmHg, 95% CI 
      1.92 to -0.60), HbA1c level (mean difference -0.13%, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.05), LDL
      cholesterol level (mean difference -2.18 mg/dL, 95% CI -3.96 to -0.41), weight
      (mean difference -1.34 kg, 95% CI -1.91 to -0.77), and an increase of physical
      activity (standardized mean difference 0.25, 95% CI 0.10-0.39) in the Web-based
      intervention group was found. The observed effects were more pronounced in
      studies with short (<12 months) follow-up and studies that combined the Internet
      application with human support (blended care). No difference in incident
      cardiovascular disease was found between groups (6 studies). CONCLUSIONS: Web
      based interventions have the potential to improve the cardiovascular risk profile
      of older people, but the effects are modest and decline with time. Currently,
      there is insufficient evidence for an effect on incident cardiovascular disease.
      A focus on long-term effects, clinical endpoints, and strategies to increase
      sustainability of treatment effects is recommended for future studies.

PMID- 26968880
TI  - Trough concentration of voriconazole and its relationship with efficacy and
      safety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The optimum trough concentration of voriconazole for clinical
      response and safety is controversial. The objective of this review was to
      determine the optimum trough concentration of voriconazole and evaluate its
      relationship with efficacy and safety. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE,
      ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane Library and three Chinese literature databases
      were searched. Observational studies that compared clinical outcomes below and
      above the trough concentration cut-off value were included. We set the trough
      concentration cut-off value for efficacy as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L and
      for safety as 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0 mg/L. The efficacy outcomes were
      invasive fungal infection-related mortality, all-cause mortality, rate of
      successful treatment and rate of prophylaxis failure. The safety outcomes
      included incidents of hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and visual disorders.
      RESULTS: A total of 21 studies involving 1158 patients were included. Compared
      with voriconazole trough concentrations of >0.5 mg/L, levels of <0.5 mg/L
      significantly decreased the rate of treatment success (risk ratio = 0.46, 95% CI
      0.29-0.74). The incidence of hepatotoxicity was significantly increased with
      trough concentrations >3.0, >4.0, >5.5 and >6.0 mg/L. The incidence of
      neurotoxicity was significantly increased with trough concentrations >4.0 and
      >5.5 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: A voriconazole level of 0.5 mg/L should be considered the
      lower threshold associated with efficacy. A trough concentration >3.0 mg/L is
      associated with increased hepatotoxicity, particularly for the Asian population,
      and >4.0 mg/L is associated with increased neurotoxicity.

PMID- 26968882
TI  - Prospective evaluation of the OXA-48 K-SeT assay, an immunochromatographic test
      for the rapid detection of OXA-48-type carbapenemases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There is an urgent need for accurate and fast diagnostic tests to
      identify MDR bacteria. Here, we evaluated an immunochromatographic assay (the OXA
      48 K-SeT assay) to detect OXA-48-like carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
      from culture colonies. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-one collection isolates
      with characterized beta-lactamase content and 185 non-duplicate consecutive
      clinical isolates referred to the Associated French National Reference Center
      between 15 February and 15 March 2015 were used to evaluate the OXA-48 K-SeT
      assay. Among these 346 isolates, 100 were OXA-48-like carbapenemase producers, 3
      were OXA-48-like producers lacking carbapenemase activity and 243 were ESBL,
      AmpC, oxacillinase and/or non-OXA-48 carbapenemase producers. RESULTS: All 100
      OXA-48-like carbapenemase producers were correctly detected by the OXA-48 K-SeT
      assay, including OXA-48 (n = 73), OXA-181 (n = 18), OXA-162 (n = 1), OXA-204 (n =
      4), OXA-232 (n = 2) and OXA-244 (n = 2) variants. The three OXA-48 variants
      lacking carbapenemase activity, OXA-163 (n = 2) and OXA-405 (n = 1), were not
      detected. All non-OXA-48 producers gave a negative result with the OXA-48 K-SeT
      assay. No cross-reaction was evidenced with the carbapenemases (VIM, IMP, NDM and
      KPC), ESBLs (TEM, SHV and CTX-M), AmpCs (CMY-2, DHA-2 and ACC-1) and
      oxacillinases (OXA-1, -2, -9 and -10). Overall, the sensitivity and specificity
      of the assay were 100% for OXA-48-like carbapenemase detection. CONCLUSIONS: The
      OXA-48 K-SeT assay was efficient, rapid and easy to implement in the routine
      workflow of a clinical microbiology laboratory for the confirmation of OXA-48
      like carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. It could complete the existing
      panel of tests available for the confirmation of OXA-48-like carbapenemases,
      especially in countries with high OXA-48 prevalence.

PMID- 26968884
TI  - Whole-genome typing and characterization of blaVIM19-harbouring ST383 Klebsiella
      pneumoniae by PFGE, whole-genome mapping and WGS.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We utilized whole-genome mapping (WGM) and WGS to characterize 12
      clinical carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (TGH1-TGH12).
      METHODS: All strains were screened for carbapenemase genes by PCR, and typed by
      MLST, PFGE (XbaI) and WGM (AflII) (OpGen, USA). WGS (Illumina) was performed on
      TGH8 and TGH10. Reads were de novo assembled and annotated [SPAdes, Rapid
      Annotation Subsystem Technology (RAST)]. Contigs were aligned directly, and after
      in silico AflII restriction, with corresponding WGMs (MapSolver, OpGen;
      BioNumerics, Applied Maths). RESULTS: All 12 strains were ST383. Of the 12
      strains, 11 were carbapenem resistant, 7 harboured blaKPC-2 and 11 harboured
      blaVIM-19. Varying the parameters for assigning WGM clusters showed that these
      were comparable to STs and to the eight PFGE types or subtypes (difference of
      three or more bands). A 95% similarity coefficient assigned all 12 WGMs to a
      single cluster, whereas a 99% similarity coefficient (or >=10 unmatched-fragment
      difference) assigned the 12 WGMs to eight (sub)clusters. Based on a difference of
      three or more bands between PFGE profiles, the Simpson's diversity indices (SDIs)
      of WGM (0.94, Jackknife pseudo-values CI: 0.883-0.996) and PFGE (0.93, Jackknife
      pseudo-values CI: 0.828-1.000) were similar (P = 0.649). However, the
      discriminatory power of WGM was significantly higher (SDI: 0.94, Jackknife pseudo
      values CI: 0.883-0.996) than that of PFGE profiles typed on a difference of seven
      or more bands (SDI: 0.53, Jackknife pseudo-values CI: 0.212-0.849) (P = 0.007).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the application of WGM to understanding the
      epidemiology of hospital-associated K. pneumoniae. Utilizing a combination of WGM
      and WGS, we also present here the first longitudinal genomic characterization of
      the highly dynamic carbapenem-resistant ST383 K. pneumoniae clone that is rapidly
      gaining importance in Europe.

PMID- 26968883
TI  - Emergence of a small colony variant of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus
      aureus in a patient with septic arthritis during long-term treatment with
      daptomycin.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Small colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus are associated
      with persistent and drug-resistant infections. We demonstrated for the first time
      the emergence of SCVs in a patient with vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)
      infection during long-term treatment with daptomycin. METHODS: A 73-year-old man
      with septic arthritis was infected with VISA. The patient was treated with
      daptomycin; however, the patient remained infected with VISA, with continuous
      isolation of VISA from his blood during long-term treatment. Five VISA isolates
      were characterized by: PFGE; genotyping including staphylococcal cassette
      chromosome mec (SCCmec), spa and MLST; antimicrobial susceptibility testing; and
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy. WGS and fatty acid analysis were
      also performed. RESULTS: The five VISA isolates were from a single clone of
      ST239/spa3(t037) and, of these, the first three were SCCmecIII positive and
      daptomycin susceptible, whereas the last two were SCCmecIII negative and
      daptomycin resistant and exhibited the characteristics of SCVs. The first and
      last isolates showed 13 remarkable genetic differences in SCCmec and the mprF,
      cls2, clpX and fabF genes. Of these, mutation of fabF (encoding the fatty acid
      synthase) seemed to be partially responsible for the slow growth and
      ultrastructural features, including an abnormal intercellular substance, and for
      the daptomycin resistance of SCVs. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we identified
      SCVs of VISA in a patient with septic arthritis during long-term treatment with
      daptomycin. Daptomycin-resistant SCVs of VISA were evolved in a stepwise manner
      and the mutation of fabF is likely responsible for the physical and
      ultrastructural characteristics and daptomycin resistance.

PMID- 26968885
TI  - Exhaled Breath Analysis for Monitoring Response to Treatment in Advanced Lung
      Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) serve as
      the accepted standard to monitor treatment efficacy in lung cancer. However, the
      time intervals between consecutive computerized tomography scans might be too
      long to allow early identification of treatment failure. This study examines the
      use of breath sampling to monitor responses to anticancer treatments in patients
      with advanced lung cancer. METHODS: A total of 143 breath samples were collected
      from 39 patients with advanced lung cancer. The exhaled breath signature,
      determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and a nanomaterial-based array
      of sensors, was correlated with the response to therapy assessed by RECIST:
      complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease.
      RESULTS: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis identified three volatile
      organic compounds as significantly indicating disease control (PR/stable
      disease), with one of them also significantly discriminating PR/stable disease
      from progressive disease. The nanoarray had the ability to monitor changes in
      tumor response across therapy, also indicating any lack of further response to
      therapy. When one-sensor analysis was used, 59% of the follow-up samples were
      identified correctly. There was 85% success in monitoring disease control (stable
      disease/partial response). CONCLUSION: Breath analysis, using mainly the
      nanoarray, may serve as a surrogate marker for the response to systemic therapy
      in lung cancer. As a monitoring tool, it can provide the oncologist with a quick
      bedside method of identifying a lack of response to an anticancer treatment. This
      may allow quicker recognition than does the current RECIST analysis. Early
      recognition of treatment failure could improve patient care.

PMID- 26968887
TI  - Bioaccumulation and analytics of pharmaceutical residues in the environment: A
      review.
AB  - The presence of pharmaceutical residues in various environmental compartments is
      an issue of increasing concern. The widespread occurrence of these compounds in
      water and soil samples has been demonstrated in a number of analytical studies.
      However, the data about their concentrations in biota samples is scarce.
      Moreover, the trophic transfer of pharmaceuticals remains largely unexplored,
      despite increasing evidence of the potential bioaccumulation of those compounds.
      Therefore, the main aim of this review is to present an overview of the current
      state of data about the bioaccumulation and analytical methodologies used for the
      determination of pharmaceutical residues in biota samples. This work focuses on
      the most commonly found pharmaceuticals in the environment: antibiotics,
      analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, steroid hormones, antihypertensives and
      antidepressants. We do hope that the collected data will allow a better
      understanding of pharmaceutical pollution and the exposure of non-target
      organisms. However, although impressive progress has undoubtedly been made, in
      order to fully understand the behavior of these chemicals in the environment,
      there are still numerous gaps to be filled in our overall knowledge in this
      field. 

PMID- 26968888
TI  - Quantitative structure-retention relationship of selected imidazoline derivatives
      on alpha1-acid glycoprotein column.
AB  - The retention behaviour of 22 selected imidazoline drugs and derivatives was
      investigated on alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) column using Sorensen phosphate
      buffer (pH 7.0) and 2-propanol as organic modifier. Quantitative Structure
      Retention Relationships (QSRR) models were built using extrapolated logkw values
      as well as isocratic retention factors (logk5, logk8, logk10, logk12, logk15
      obtained for 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 15%, of 2-propanol in mobile phase,
      respectively) as dependant variables and calculated physicochemical parameters as
      independant variables. The established QSRR models were built by stepwise
      multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares regression (PLS). The
      performance of the stepwise and PLS models was tested by cross-validation and the
      external test set prediction. The validated QSRR models were compared and the
      optimal PLS-QSRR model for logkw and each isocratic retention factors (PLS
      QSRR(logk5), PLS-QSRR(logk8), PLS-QSRR(logk10), MLR-QSRR(logk12), MLR
      QSRR(logk15)) were selected. The QSRR results were further confirmed by Linear
      Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER). LSER analysis indicated on hydrogen bond
      basicity, McGowan volume and excess molar refraction as the most significant
      parameters for all AGP chromatographic retention factors and logkw values of 22
      selected imidazoline drugs and derivatives. 

PMID- 26968886
TI  - Rare renal ciliopathies in non-consanguineous families that were identified by
      targeted resequencing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies (NPHP-RC) are a frequent cause
      of renal failure for children and adolescents. Although diagnosing these diseases
      clinically is difficult, a comprehensive genetic screening approach of targeted
      resequencing can uncover the genetic background in this complicated family of
      diseases. METHODS: We studied three Japanese female patients with renal
      insufficiency from non-consanguineous parents. A renal biopsy for clinical
      reasons was not performed. Therefore, we did not know the diagnosis of these
      patients from a clinical aspect. We performed comprehensive genetic analysis
      using the TruSight One Sequencing Panel next generation sequencing technique.
      RESULTS: We identified three different rare NPHP-RC variants in the following
      genes: SDCCAG8, MKKS, and WDR35. Patient 1 with SDCCAG8 homozygous deletions
      showed no ciliopathy-specific extrarenal manifestations, such as retinitis
      pigmentosa or polydactyly prior to genetic analysis. Patient 2 with a MKKS splice
      site homozygous mutation and a subsequent 39-amino acid deletion in the substrate
      binding apical domain, had clinical symptoms of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. She and
      her deceased elder brother had severe renal insufficiency soon after birth.
      Patient 3 with a compound heterozygous WDR35 mutation had ocular coloboma and
      intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a comprehensive
      genetic screening system using target resequencing is useful and non-invasive for
      the diagnosis of patients with an unknown cause of pediatric end-stage renal
      disease.

PMID- 26968890
TI  - Study of pathway cross-talk interactions with NF-kappaB leading to its activation
      via ubiquitination or phosphorylation: A brief review.
AB  - NFkappaB has been known to be a necessary transcription factor for the
      functioning of nearly all cells in a living organism. For its proper functioning,
      it talks to several other molecular cofactors and interacts with their
      functionalities resulting in a convoluted cross talking mesh of signalling
      networks. To completely understand the working of nuclear factor-kappa B protein,
      one needs to understand the interactions that occur during its lifecycle, with
      cofactors from various biological processes. This study attempts to elaborate and
      bridge the gaps on the cross-talk interactions that NFkB is a part of, during its
      activation pathway. For this Cytoscape and its various plugins (Cytocopter,
      Allegro, AgilentLitSearch and Styles) are employed. Other related pathways were
      also collated and analysed for cross-talk between NfkappaB and interacting
      molecules. NFkappaB was found to mainly interact with E3 ubiquitin ligase, NIK,
      RIP, TCR, IRAK-1, TLR, TRAF-6, NLR and IL-1, details of which are discussed as a
      part of this study.

PMID- 26968889
TI  - Identification of NUCKS1 as a putative oncogene and immunodiagnostic marker of
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Although the molecular mechanisms underpinning hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are
      unknown, gene copy number and associated mRNA expression changes are frequently
      reported. Comparative genomic hybridization arrays spotted with 4041 bacterial
      artificial chromosome clones were used to assess copy number changes in 45 HCC
      tissues. Seventy more HCC tissues were used to validate candidate genes by using
      western blots and immunohistochemistry. A total of 259 clones were associated
      with copy number changes that significantly differed between normal liver and HCC
      samples. The chromosomal region 1q32.1 containing the nuclear casein kinase and
      cyclin-dependent kinase substrate 1 (NUCKS1) gene was associated with tumor
      vascular invasion. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NUCKS1 was up
      regulated in 37 of 70 (52.8%) HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor
      tissues, and over-expressed in a vast majority of HCCs (44/52, 84.6%) as
      determined by immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, immunostaining of both
      NUCKS1 and glypican-3 improved the diagnostic prediction of HCC. Knock-down of
      NUCKS1 by siRNA implied the decrease in cell viability of the Hep3B cell line and
      reduced tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. NUCKS1 was identified as a
      potential oncogene at chromosomal 1q32.1 in patients with HCC, and it might be a
      valuable immunodiagnostic marker for HCC. 

PMID- 26968891
TI  - Comprehensive selection of reference genes for expression studies in meniscus
      injury using quantitative real-time PCR.
AB  - The meniscus plays critical roles in the knee function. Meniscal tears can lead
      to knee osteoarthritis. Gene expression analysis may be a useful tool for
      understanding meniscus tears, and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become an effective method for such studies.
      However, this technique requires the use of suitable reference genes for data
      normalization. We evaluated the suitability of six reference genes (18S, ACTB,
      B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1 and TBP) using meniscus samples of (1) 19 patients with
      isolated meniscal tears, (2) 20 patients with meniscal tears and combined
      anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL), and (3) 11 controls without meniscal
      tears. The stability of the candidate reference genes was determined using the
      NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper DataAssist and RefFinder software packages and
      comparative DeltaCt method. Overall, HPRT1 was the best single reference gene.
      However, GenEx software demonstrated that two or more reference genes should be
      used for gene expression normalization, which was confirmed when we evaluated
      TGFbetaR1 expression using several reference gene combinations. HPRT1+TBP was the
      most frequently identified pair from the analysis of samples of (1) meniscal tear
      samples of patients with a concomitant ACL tears, (2) all meniscal tears, and (3)
      all samples. HPRT1+GAPDH was the most frequently identified pair from the
      analysis of samples of isolated meniscal tear samples and controls. In the
      analysis involving only controls, GAPDH+18S was the most frequently identified
      pair. In the analysis of only isolated meniscal tear samples and in the analysis
      of meniscal tear samples of patients with concomitant ACL tears and controls,
      both HPRT1+TBP and HPRT1+GAPDH were identified as suitable pairs. If the gene
      expression study aims to compare non-injured meniscus, isolated meniscal tears
      and meniscal tears of patients with ACL tears as three independent groups, the
      trio of HPRT1+TBP+GAPDH is the most suitable combination of reference genes.

PMID- 26968892
TI  - Genetic variability in E6, E7, and L1 genes of human papillomavirus genotype 52
      from Southwest China.
AB  - Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major causative agent of cervical cancer, which
      accounts for the second highest cancer burden in women worldwide. HPV-52, the
      prevalent subtype in Asia, especially in southwest China, was analyzed in this
      study. To analyze polymorphisms, intratypic variants, and genetic variability in
      the E6-E7 (n=26) and L1 (n=53) genes of HPV-52, these genes were sequenced and
      the sequences were submitted to GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were constructed
      using the neighbor-joining and Kimura 2-parameters methods, followed by analysis
      of the diversity of secondary structure. Finally, we estimated the selection
      pressures acting on the E6-E7 and L1 genes. Fifty-one novel variants of HPV-52
      L1, and two novel variants of HPV-52 E6-E7 were identified in this study. Thirty
      single nucleotide changes were observed in HPV-52 E6-E7 sequences with 19/30 non
      synonymous mutations and 11/30 synonymous mutations (five in the alpha helix and
      five in the beta sheet). Fifty-five single nucleotide changes were observed in
      HPV-52 L1 sequences with 17/55 non-synonymous mutations (seven in the alpha helix
      and fourteen in the beta sheet) and 38/55 synonymous mutations. Selective
      pressure analysis predicted that most of these mutations reflect positive
      selection. Identifying new variants in HPV-52 may inform the rational design of
      new vaccines specifically for women in southwest China. Knowledge of genetic
      variation in HPV may be useful as an epidemiologic correlate of cervical cancer
      risk, or may even provide critical information for developing diagnostic probes. 

PMID- 26968893
TI  - From the desktop to the grid: scalable bioinformatics via workflow conversion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reproducibility is one of the tenets of the scientific method.
      Scientific experiments often comprise complex data flows, selection of adequate
      parameters, and analysis and visualization of intermediate and end results.
      Breaking down the complexity of such experiments into the joint collaboration of
      small, repeatable, well defined tasks, each with well defined inputs, parameters,
      and outputs, offers the immediate benefit of identifying bottlenecks, pinpoint
      sections which could benefit from parallelization, among others. Workflows rest
      upon the notion of splitting complex work into the joint effort of several
      manageable tasks. There are several engines that give users the ability to design
      and execute workflows. Each engine was created to address certain problems of a
      specific community, therefore each one has its advantages and shortcomings.
      Furthermore, not all features of all workflow engines are royalty-free -an aspect
      that could potentially drive away members of the scientific community. RESULTS:
      We have developed a set of tools that enables the scientific community to benefit
      from workflow interoperability. We developed a platform-free structured
      representation of parameters, inputs, outputs of command-line tools in so-called
      Common Tool Descriptor documents. We have also overcome the shortcomings and
      combined the features of two royalty-free workflow engines with a substantial
      user community: the Konstanz Information Miner, an engine which we see as a
      formidable workflow editor, and the Grid and User Support Environment, a web
      based framework able to interact with several high-performance computing
      resources. We have thus created a free and highly accessible way to design
      workflows on a desktop computer and execute them on high-performance computing
      resources. CONCLUSIONS: Our work will not only reduce time spent on designing
      scientific workflows, but also make executing workflows on remote high
      performance computing resources more accessible to technically inexperienced
      users. We strongly believe that our efforts not only decrease the turnaround time
      to obtain scientific results but also have a positive impact on reproducibility,
      thus elevating the quality of obtained scientific results.

PMID- 26968894
TI  - Insights into furanose solution conformations: beyond the two-state model.
AB  - A two-state model is commonly used for interpreting ring conformations of
      furanoses based on NMR scalar (3) J-coupling constants, with the ring populating
      relatively narrow distributions in the North and the South of the pseudorotation
      itinerary. The validity of this simple approach has been questioned, and is
      examined here in detail employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a new
      GLYCAM force field parameter set for furanoses. Theoretical (3) J-coupling
      constants derived from unrestrained MD simulations with the new furanose-specific
      parameters agreed with the experimental coupling constants to within 1 Hz on
      average. The results confirm that a two state model is a reasonable description
      for the ring conformation in the majority of methyl furanosides. However, in the
      case of methyl alpha-D-arabinofuranoside the ring populates a continuum of states
      from North to South via the eastern side of the pseudorotational itinerary. Two
      key properties are responsible for these differences. Firstly, East and West
      regions in beta- and alpha-anomers, respectively, are destabilized by the absence
      of the anomeric effect. And, secondly, East or West conformations can be further
      destabilized by repulsive interactions among vicinal hydroxyl groups and ring
      oxygen atoms when the vicinal hydroxyl groups are in syn-configurations (such as
      in ribose and lyxose) more so than when in anti (arabinose, xylose).

PMID- 26968896
TI  - On the structural possibility of pore-forming mitochondrial FoF1 ATP synthase.
AB  - The mitochondrial permeability transition is an inner mitochondrial membrane
      event involving the opening of the permeability transition pore concomitant with
      a sudden efflux of matrix solutes and breakdown of membrane potential. The
      mitochondrial F(o)F(1) ATP synthase has been proposed as the molecular identity
      of the permeability transition pore. The likeliness of potential pore-forming
      sites in the mitochondrial F(o)F(1) ATP synthase is discussed and a new model,
      the death finger model, is described. In this model, movement of a p-side density
      that connects the lipid-plug of the c-ring with the distal membrane bending Fo
      domain allows reversible opening of the c-ring and structural cross-talk with
      OSCP and the catalytic (alphabeta)(3) hexamer. This article is part of a Special
      Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del
      Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.

PMID- 26968895
TI  - Resveratrol inhibits lipogenesis of 3T3-L1 and SGBS cells by inhibition of
      insulin signaling and mitochondrial mass increase.
AB  - Resveratrol is attracting much interest because of its potential to decrease body
      weight and increase life span, influencing liver and muscle function by
      increasing mitochondrial mass and energy expenditure. Even though resveratrol was
      already shown to reduce the adipose tissue mass in animal models, its effects on
      mitochondrial mass and network structure in adipocytes have not yet been studied.
      For this purpose, we investigated the effect of resveratrol on mitochondrial mass
      increase and remodeling during adipogenic differentiation of two in vitro models
      of adipocyte biology, the murine 3T3-L1 cell line and the human SGBS cell strain.
      We confirm that resveratrol inhibits lipogenesis in differentiating adipocytes,
      both mouse and human. We further show that this is linked to inhibition of the
      normally observed mitochondrial mass increase and mitochondrial remodeling. At
      the molecular level, the anti-lipogenic effect of resveratrol seems to be
      mediated by a blunted expression increase and an inhibition of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase (ACC). This is one of the consequences of an inhibited insulin
      induced signaling via Akt, and maintained signaling via AMP-activated protein
      kinase. The anti-lipogenic effect of resveratrol is further modulated by
      expression levels of mitochondrial ATAD3, consistent with the emerging role of
      this protein as an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and
      lipogenesis. Our data suggest that resveratrol acts on differentiating
      preadipocytes by inhibiting insulin signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and
      lipogenesis, and that resveratrol-induced reduction of mitochondrial biogenesis
      and lipid storage contribute to adipose tissue weight loss in animals and humans.

PMID- 26968898
TI  - Cooperative action of bioactive components in milk fat with PPARs may explain its
      anti-diabetogenic properties.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes and its comorbidity insulin resistance is a major public health
      problem in developed countries and those with the disorder have up to a fourfold
      increased risk of cardiovascular disease relative to those without the disease.
      The cardiovascular complications are believed to be due largely to multiple
      mechanisms relating to hyperglycemia that defines the disease. Overweight and
      obesity are the predominant risk factors and lifestyle changes aimed at reducing
      weight and increasing physical activity are the basis for prevention and
      treatment of type 2 diabetes. The role of diet in type 2 diabetes has been
      investigated widely, but the results have been inconclusive. Recently two large
      meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies found that dairy product consumption
      was inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Numerous observational
      studies including large prospective studies found that a high intake of dairy fat
      or markers of dairy fat were inversely associated with the risk of type 2
      diabetes. These observations suggest that dairy fat could contain components with
      anti-diabetogenic properties. Candidates for the antidiabetic affect are rumenic
      and vaccenic acids, phytanic and pristanic acids vitamin A and beta-carotene and
      butyric acid. The role of these compounds in glucose homeostasis and energy
      balance is discussed. A common feature is that all are agonists for one or more
      of the three PPAR isoforms that are expressed in metabolically active tissue,
      such as the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue where they play a critical
      role in regulating energy balance and the metabolism of fatty acids and glucose,
      the main energy sources. Because PPARs have a larger ligand binding pocket than
      other nuclear receptors they can be activated by a wide range of agonists.
      Whereas individual components may not be present in sufficient concentration to
      produce a physiological effect such an effect may be obtained by several
      components acting in concert, and forms the basis of the hypothesis. PPAR
      agonists such as anthocyanidins and resveratrol present in nondairy items may
      also contribute to outcome. In addition, PPAR-alpha, -beta and -gamma are
      abundant in brown adipose tissue where agonists and cold exposure induce
      uncoupling protein-1 expression in the mitochondria where it acts to generate
      heat at the expense of storing energy. Animal studies demonstrated that most milk
      fat bioactive compounds induced uncoupling protein-1 expression in brown adipose
      tissue, which was associated with suppression of diet-induced obesity and
      improvement in insulin sensitivity. 

PMID- 26968899
TI  - Insulin resistance is a two-sided mechanism acting under opposite catabolic and
      anabolic conditions.
AB  - The survival of multi-cellular organisms depends on the organism ability to
      maintain glucose homeostasis for time of low/high nutrient availability or high
      energy needs, and the ability to fight infections or stress. These effects are
      realized through the insulin controlled transport of blood glucose into the
      insulin-responsive cells such as muscle, fat and liver cells. Reduction in the
      ability of these cells to take glucose from the blood in response to normal
      circulating levels of insulin is known as insulin resistance (IR). Chronic IR is
      a key pathological feature of obesity, type 2 diabetes, sepsis and cancer
      cachexia, however temporal IR are widely met in fasting/ hibernation, pregnancy,
      anti-bacterial immunity, exercise and stress. Paradoxically, a certain part of
      the IR-cases is associated with catabolic metabolism, whereas the other is
      related to anabolic pathways. How can this paradoxical IR-response be explained?
      What is the metabolic basis of this IR variability and its physiological and
      pathological impacts? An answer to these questions might be achieved through the
      hypothesis in which IR is considered as a two-sided mechanism acting under
      opposite metabolic conditions (catabolism and anabolism) but with the common aim
      to sustain glucose homeostasis in a wide metabolic range. To test this
      hypothesis, I examined the main metabolic distinctions between the varied IR
      cases and their dependence on the blood glucose concentration, level of the IR
      threshold, and catabolic/anabolic activation. On the basis of the established
      interrelations, a simple model of IR-distribution has been developed. The model
      revealed the "U-type distribution" form with separation into two main IR-groups,
      each determined in the catabolic or anabolic conditions with one exception - type
      2 diabetes and its paradoxical catabolic activation in anabolic conditions. The
      dual opposing (or complementary) role for the IR opens a new possibility for
      better understanding the cause and consequences of transition from adaptive IR
      responses to its pathological forms. 

PMID- 26968897
TI  - New genes and pathomechanisms in mitochondrial disorders unraveled by NGS
      technologies.
AB  - Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are revolutionizing the diagnostic
      screening for rare disease entities, including primary mitochondrial disorders,
      particularly those caused by nuclear gene defects. NGS approaches are able to
      identify the causative gene defects in small families and even single
      individuals, unsuitable for investigation by traditional linkage analysis. These
      technologies are contributing to fill the gap between mitochondrial disease cases
      defined on the basis of clinical, neuroimaging and biochemical readouts, which
      still outnumber by approximately 50% the cases for which a molecular-genetic
      diagnosis is attained. We have been using a combined, two-step strategy, based on
      targeted genes panel as a first NGS screening, followed by whole exome sequencing
      (WES) in still unsolved cases, to analyze a large cohort of subjects, that failed
      to show mutations in mtDNA and in ad hoc sets of specific nuclear genes,
      sequenced by the Sanger's method. Not only this approach has allowed us to reach
      molecular diagnosis in a significant fraction (20%) of these difficult cases, but
      it has also revealed unexpected and conceptually new findings. These include the
      possibility of marked variable penetrance of recessive mutations, the
      identification of large-scale DNA rearrangements, which explain spuriously
      heterozygous cases, and the association of mutations in known genes with unusual,
      previously unreported clinical phenotypes. Importantly, WES on selected cases has
      unraveled the presence of pathogenic mutations in genes encoding non
      mitochondrial proteins (e.g. the transcription factor E4F1), an observation that
      further expands the intricate genetics of mitochondrial disease and suggests a
      new area of investigation in mitochondrial medicine. This article is part of a
      Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva
      del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi. 

PMID- 26968900
TI  - Diagnosis of cancer multidrug resistance by bacterium-mediated imaging.
AB  - Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a phenomenon expressed by many tumors affecting the
      chemotherapy efficacy, treatment decision, and the disease prognosis. Considering
      its great implication, non-invasive approaches are needed to identify this
      phenomenon in early stages of the disease. This article discusses the potential
      of the emerging non-invasive bacterium-mediated imaging of cancer in diagnosis of
      MDR. This potential is derived from the effect of cancer MDR on the
      pharmacokinetics of certain antibiotics, which are substrates of the MDR
      proteins. Since MDR proteins actively pump their substrates outside the resistant
      cancer cells, the elimination of the employed reporter bacteria, proliferating
      within MDR cancer cells, would require a larger dose of these antibiotics
      compared to those inside non-MDR cancer cells. These bacteria bear reporter genes
      that produce specific signals such as bioluminescent, fluorescent, magnetic, or
      radioactive signals that can be detected by non-invasive imaging modalities.
      Therefore, the presence, degree, and mechanism of MDR can be estimated by
      comparing the concentration of the employed antibiotic, required to cease these
      signals (reflecting the elimination of the bacteria), to a pre-determined
      reference. The real time imaging of MDR cancer and the early diagnosis of MDR,
      offered by this approach, would provide a better tool for preclinical studies of
      MDR, and allow a prompt choice of the most appropriate therapy. 

PMID- 26968901
TI  - Well begun is half done: Rubella virus perturbs autophagy signaling, thereby
      facilitating the construction of viral replication compartments.
AB  - The rubella virus is the causative agent of postnatal German measles and the
      congenital rubella syndrome. The majority of the rubella virus replication
      complexes originate from the endomembrane system. The rubella virus perturbs the
      signaling pathways regulating the formation of autophagic membranes in the
      infected cells, including the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. It is widely
      accepted that these pathways inhibit autophagy. In contrast, the class III PI3K
      enzymes are essential for autophagy initiation. By manipulating the
      Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, class I PI3K/Akt and class III PI3K axes of signal transduction,
      the rubella virus may differentially regulate the autophagic cascade, with
      consequent stimulation of the initiation and strong suppression of the later
      phases. Dysregulation of autophagy by this virus can have a significant impact on
      the construction of replication compartments by regulating membrane trafficking.
      We hypothesize that the rubella virus perturbs the autophagic process in order to
      prevent the degradation of the virus progeny, and to ensure its replication by
      hijacking omegasomes for the construction of the replication complexes. The virus
      is therefore able to utilize an antiviral mechanism to its own advantage.
      Therapeutic modalities targeting the autophagic process may help to ameliorate
      the serious consequences of the congenital rubella syndrome. 

PMID- 26968902
TI  - Is postoperative encephalopathy with choreoathetosis an acquired form of
      neuroacanthocytosis?
AB  - Postoperative encephalopathy with choreoathetosis ("postpump chorea") is a rare
      complication of open-heart surgery and, in particular, the employment of a
      cardiopulmonary bypass pump. It almost exclusively occurs in young children.
      While risk factors and the underlying histopathology have been identified, the
      pathogenesis of postpump chorea, crucially, remains largely unknown. Transient
      cerebral hypoperfusion associated with cardiopulmonary bypass is considered a
      likely candidate mechanism, but the evidence is insufficient and inconclusive. It
      is hypothesized in this article, that postpump chorea may be caused by mechanical
      trauma to red blood cells and resulting acanthocytosis. These dysfunctional
      erythrocytes could then lead to damage to the globus pallidus and disease
      development akin to that presumed in neuroacanthocytosis. In patients with
      neuroacanthocytosis an association between acanthocytosis and basal ganglia
      pathology has been suggested. To test the mechanism hypothesized here, the
      effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on erythrocyte morphology and function could be
      systematically tested in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Ideally, the extent
      of erythrocyte damage could be correlated with the risk of developing postpump
      chorea. Finally, if the proposed hypothesis is supported by empirical findings,
      efforts to reduce blood cell damage during extracorporeal circulation in children
      might prevent this devastating complication. 

PMID- 26968903
TI  - Fibroblasts induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition of tumor cells and their
      extra circulation traveling behavior.
AB  - It is believed that tumor cells can detach from primary tumor site and
      disseminate in the circulation and tissues. These disseminated tumor cells can
      reside in the tissues for a long period that do not form the tumor mass, however,
      the potential of metastasis still remains. It is pivotal to tumor diagnosis and
      therapy to explore how these tumor cells behave after departing from the primary
      site. Once detached from the maternal site, the tumor cells firstly enter into
      the circulation and then into the tissues surrounded by the stromal cells, which
      may influence the tumor behaviors. In our previous study, we found that the
      normal fibroblasts were capable of inducting the epithelial into mesenchymal
      cells of the gastric tumor cells by the down regulation of the E-cadherin. The
      transformed gastric cancer cells exhibited impaired tumor colonization but
      increased metastasis, providing the preliminary cues for the fact that the
      transformed tumor cells exist in not only the circulation, but the tissue as
      well. Emerging studies have been focused on the biological behaviors of tumor
      cells in the circulation, while it is still not clear about of those cells out of
      circulation, especially in the early stage of cancer. In this article, we propose
      a hypothesis of the "traveling tumor cells" to include these tumor cells in the
      tissues based on our previous findings, which describe the tumor cells that
      migrate through the tissue with no evidence of tumor metastasis. Furthermore, we
      discuss the generation and underlying mechanisms of the "traveling tumor cells",
      which we believe that they would be of great value to refresh our understanding
      of tumor metastasis. 

PMID- 26968904
TI  - Alzheimer's disease via enhanced calcium signaling caused by the decrease of
      endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial distance.
AB  - It has long been recognized that Ca(2+) dysregulation is relevant to the
      initiation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and most recent works have suggested that
      increased cross-talk between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria plays an
      important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the detailed
      mechanism involved has not been fully elucidated. Owing to its importance in the
      regulation of Ca(2+) signaling, ER-mitochondrial distance in the neurons is
      tightly controlled in the physiological conditions. When the distance is
      decreased, Ca(2+) overload occurs both in the cytosol and mitochondria. The
      cytosolic Ca(2+) overload can (1) hyperactivate Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes, which
      in turn regulate activities of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, causing
      mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and thereby resulting in the
      release of cytochrome c to activate caspase-3; (2) indirectly activate caspase-3
      through the activation of caspase-12; and (3) promote the production and
      aggregation of beta-amyloid. The three pathways eventually trigger neuronal
      apoptotic cell death. The mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload can lead to increased
      generation of reactive oxygen species, inducing the opening of the mitochondrial
      permeability transition pore and ultimately causing neuronal apoptotic and
      necrotic cell death. The resultant death of neurons which are responsible for
      memory and cognition would contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, we
      propose that the reduction in the distance between ER and mitochondria may be
      implicated in AD pathology by enhanced Ca(2+) signaling, which provides a more
      complete picture of the Ca(2+) hypothesis of AD. 

PMID- 26968905
TI  - Dehydroascorbic acid for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
AB  - In animal models of acute ischemic stroke, intravenous dehydroascorbic acid
      (DHAA), unlike ascorbic acid (AA), readily enters brain and is converted in both
      normal and ischemic brain into protective ascorbic acid. When given parenterally
      DHAA minimizes infarct volume and facilitates functional recovery. I hypothesize
      the same effect will occur in humans with acute ischemic stroke. Efficacy in
      reducing infarct volume is demonstrable in mice and rats even when DHAA is
      infused three hours after the experimental infarct. Moreover, there is fivefold
      mechanistic rational for DHA beside excellent pharmacokinetics and rapid
      penetration of brain and conversion to protective AA: (1) in ischemic brain,
      there is a precipitous decline in AA which can be reversed by intravenous DHAA;
      (2) after reduction of DHAA to AA in both normal and ischemic brain, AA can
      reduce oxidized vitamin E and glutathione, other protectors of brain against
      damaging reactive oxygen species which build up in ischemic brain; (3) AA itself
      can protect brain against damaging reactive oxygen species; (4) AA is an
      essential cofactor for several enzymes in brain including ten-eleven translocase
      2 which upregulates production of protective molecules like brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor; and (5) DHAA after conversion to AA prevents both lipid
      oxidation and presumably oxidation of other labile substances (e.g., dopamine) in
      ischemic brain. In terms of safety, based on all available animal information,
      DHAA is safe in the proposed dosing regimen. For human clinical trials, the
      methodology for conducting the proposed animal safety, clinical pharmacology and
      phase II efficacy studies is straightforward. Finally, if DHAA preserved brain
      substance and function in humans, it could be employed in pre-hospital stroke
      patients. 

PMID- 26968906
TI  - Therapeutic iron restriction in sepsis.
AB  - Sepsis represents the systemic immune response to an infection. Mortality of
      sepsis slightly decreased over the past years, but due to the growing incidence,
      the absolute number of deaths still increases and belongs to the three most
      frequent causes of death worldwide. To date, there is no specific treatment for
      sepsis available yet. Iron is essential to both human beings and microbes and of
      great significance in many physiological and biochemical processes. Since iron is
      involved in the bacterial proliferation and immune dysregulation, we hypothesize
      that restricting host iron levels by application of iron chelators attenuates
      bacterial growth and improves the detrimental dysregulation of the systemic
      immune response in sepsis. 

PMID- 26968907
TI  - Is violence in part a lithium deficiency state?
AB  - Violence, particularly firearm violence, leading to suicide and homicide is a
      significant problem worldwide. A majority of suicidal and homicidal violence
      involves males; homicidal violence is prevalent among young men and suicide is
      the leading cause of violence worldwide. Lithium, in pharmacological doses, has
      been used successfully for decades in treating bipolar disorders, and has been
      shown to decrease violent crime in this situation. Interestingly, lithium, in
      trace amounts, as occurs in some drinking water, has been inversely related to
      aggression, and suicidal and homicidal violence. Lithium is naturally found in
      vegetables, grains and drinking water, and dietary intake varies from nearly zero
      to 3mg daily. Elemental lithium, in trace doses, has been shown to improve mood
      in weeks. Moreover, lithium, in trace amounts, has no toxicity. In order to
      ensure adequate dietary intakes of elemental lithium daily for the purpose of
      decreasing aggression and violence, we propose considering the fortification of
      cereal grain products with lithium and also the addition of lithium to vitamin
      preparations for adults. Importantly, randomized trials in various populations
      are needed to test this hypothesis. 

PMID- 26968909
TI  - Subsistence-patterns, gender roles, effective temperature, and the evolutionary
      timing of a post reproductive life span.
AB  - Evolutionary anthropologists explain menopause and the start of a post
      reproductive lifespan (PRLS), as beneficiary for older women who can now help
      contribute to their children/grandchildren's wellbeing. This paper presents a new
      model with the aim to elucidate when, where, and for whom, such benefits may have
      arisen. In foraging societies, women contribute nutrients to their social
      groups/family units to a greater degree as overall effective temperatures (ETs)
      rise. Where the ET is favorable for women's contributions (ETs between 15 and
      20), selection does lengthen the PRLS of women because women contribute
      sufficiently to enhance their own inclusive fitness. Paleo-environment records
      suggest that the climate necessary to encourage an increase PRLS occurred shortly
      after the younger dryad in emerging subtropical settings. Subsistence patterns
      and gender roles may have played a role in the evolution of PRLS in human
      females. 

PMID- 26968908
TI  - Autonomic denervation: A new aetiological framework for clinical obstetrics and
      gynaecology.
AB  - The hypothesis is that many clinical conditions in obstetrics and gynaecology
      result from the diverse and varying consequences of injuries to pelvic autonomic
      nerves. These injuries result from difficult first labours, persistent physical
      efforts during defaecation, and, medical and surgical techniques for evacuation
      of the uterus. The neuro-immunohistochemical "signatures" of these injuries are
      variations of the Dixon-Robertson-Brosens (DRB) lesion in preeclampsia, where
      there is hyperplasia of the tunica intima and media of arterioles with narrowing
      of the lumen of the vessel. In stage IV, nulliparous "endometriosis" (and other
      gynaecological conditions) there are circumferential layers of abnormal nerves
      around a narrowed arteriole, whereas in early-onset preeclampsia (and other
      obstetric conditions) there are similar histological findings in uterine
      arterioles but there is no sign of injured nerves. During pregnancy there is
      elongation of blood vessels but no elongation of injured nerves leading to
      relative denervation of the myometrium. These lesions are detectable in most of
      the "great" obstetric syndromes, and, across the spectrum of gynaecological
      syndromes. They provide a coherent explanation of the natural history and
      clinical presentations of many of these syndromes. Clinical features vary with
      the site, nature and extent of the injury; a minor injury may enable pregnancy
      though it is complicated by late-onset pre-eclampsia whereas a more extensive
      injury may prevent pregnancy and present with chronic pelvic pain with, or
      without, endometriosis. 

PMID- 26968910
TI  - Salt and miscarriage: Is there a link?
AB  - Salt is a major mineral element that plays fundamental roles in health and
      disease. Excessive salt intake is a major cause of hypertension, cardiovascular
      disease and stroke. Miscarriage and preeclampsia are the most common pregnancy
      complications with multiple etiological factors, including inflammatory and
      autoimmune conditions. More recently, different studies indicated that excessive
      salt intake is involved in the development of inflammatory processes through
      induction of T helper-17 pathway and their inflammatory cytokines. On the other
      hand, several studies indicated the pivotal role of inflammation in the etiology
      of miscarriage, preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcome. Here, it is
      hypothesized that excessive salt intake around the time of conception or during
      pregnancy can trigger inflammatory processes, which consequently associated with
      increased risk of miscarriage, preeclampsia or adverse pregnancy outcome. Thus,
      this hypothesis suggests that low salt intake around the time of conception or
      during pregnancy can decrease the risk of miscarriage or adverse pregnancy
      outcome. This hypothesis also offers new insights about the role of salt in the
      etiology of miscarriage and preeclampsia. 

PMID- 26968911
TI  - A hybrid fever therapy for increased tumor selectivity.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mediator of the Coley and Shwartzman fever therapies,
      is a potent endotoxin capable of inducing sepsis at moderate intravenous doses,
      which currently limits its experimental and clinical use. By exploiting elevated
      G-CSF concentrations and neutrophil numbers within tumors, it may be possible to
      selectively trigger a sepsis-like syndrome in malignant tissues using only
      moderate hyperthermia and low-dose LPS, leaving normal organs unaffected.
      Analogous to the organ failure that can result from severe sepsis, repeated
      application of the proposed procedure could lead to tumor necrosis and
      regression. Biomarkers including heat shock proteins and circulating endothelial
      cells, and intravital microscopy of intravascular NETs, microthrombi, and
      bleeding in tumors can be used to test predicted consequences of this therapy.
      The two components of this hybrid approach, hyperthermia and acute but mild
      endotoxemia, could provide a tumor-specific therapeutic modality with relatively
      mild side effects, and therefore permit repeated application over an extended
      treatment period. 

PMID- 26968912
TI  - Melanoma can control development of metastasis--Fact or myth?
AB  - The malignant melanoma spreading process cannot explain occurrence of metastases
      several years following local surgical therapy of primary malignancy. But, this
      complex process of delayed metastases is still challenging and not completely
      understood. We hypotheses that melanoma metastases occur early in disease,
      probably at the same time with the occurrence of the primary melanoma. We suggest
      that dissemination of metastatic "seed cells" occur at an early stage of the
      disease together with the development of primary melanoma and cannot be detected
      by standard diagnostic methods. These cells are masked between healthy cells and
      have the potential to proceed in true metastasis following the activation
      triggered by signal from primary tumor or other source. Other possibility
      includes the existence of two different genes, one responsible for development of
      primary melanoma, and the other with a roll in development of metastases. We
      believe that future investigation should be directed toward better understanding
      of mechanisms involved in metastases development keeping in mind that melanoma
      behavior is irrational and defies logical thinking. 

PMID- 26968913
TI  - Wernicke's encephalopathy in crack-cocaine addiction.
AB  - HYPOTHESIS: Crack-cocaine addiction is associated with a variety of conditions
      that increase risk of thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy.
      EVIDENCE: We report a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a crack-cocaine addict
      who did not habitually consume alcohol. We list some conditions associated with
      crack-cocaine addiction that may contribute to thiamine deficiency. IMPLICATIONS:
      Clinicians should bear in mind that crack-cocaine addiction may be associated
      with Wernicke's encephalopathy, mainly due to malnutrition. We suggest that
      routine Wernicke's encephalopathy prophylaxis with parenteral thiamine be
      provided to patients with chronic crack-cocaine addiction, as is already
      established practice in chronic alcoholics, so as to prevent cognitive damage in
      this population.

PMID- 26968914
TI  - Autologous tumor immunizing devascularization in cancer therapy.
AB  - Tumor vaccination depending on specific antigens, autologous tumor vaccination
      involving wide range of antigens, immunomodulating cytokines and bacterial agents
      have been studied extensively with the purpose of stimulating the antitumor
      immune response. Unfortunately these therapies showed disappointing results
      mainly due to undesirable mechanisms tending to dampen the antitumor immune
      response. We will discuss a novel approach of autologous tumor immunization using
      a surgical technique: autologous tumor immunizing devascularization (ATID). This
      approach involves complete surgical devascularization of a tumor which is then
      left isolated in situ in the body. The stressing pathophysiological condition of
      the completely isolated tumor provokes a generalized immune response which, as
      shown from clinical cases, leads to the elimination of the devascularized tumor
      and distant metastases without causing sepsis. Until now no clinical study was
      properly executed. The possible significance of this method which resides in its
      curative potential has thus escaped attention in the field of cancer therapy.
      This article will hypothesize optimal physiological criteria and necessary
      clinical conditions for ATID to be performed effectively. The main criteria are
      (1) complete isolation of the tumor from the vascular system, (2) sufficient
      devascularized tumor load to trigger a sustained generalized immune response to
      cancer antigens until elimination of all cancer loci, (3) tumor cell killing rate
      corresponding to the elicited immune response is higher than the tumor cell
      growth rate, and (4) patients with an uncompromised immune system. Future studies
      have to be performed under the indicated conditions in order to confirm the
      efficacy and safety of ATID as a novel approach in the treatment of cancer. 

PMID- 26968915
TI  - Promising link between selenium and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
      gamma in the treatment protocols of obesity as well as depression.
AB  - Considerable interest has been given to the significance of peroxisome
      proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) in macronutrient metabolism, however,
      there is not sufficient data concerning the interactions between PPARs and
      micronutrients. Investigations performed on PPARgamma and one of the essential
      micronutrients selenium (Se) have shown that both parameters may lead to
      alterations in obesity-related or mood disorders. Therefore, it is plausible to
      consider PPARgamma and Se together as a powerful combination during the treatment
      of two associated diseases; obesity and depression. PPARgamma has been shown to
      be involved in the antidepressant-like activity. It is also an important
      parameter to be considered in obesity as the master regulator of adipogenesis.
      The mechanism of action of PPARgamma is initiated by ligand binding which induces
      a conformational change in the receptor. Se is capable of alleviating
      inflammatory signaling pathways. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade
      inflammation. Depression is also defined as an inflammatory disorder.
      Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) participate
      in the progression of depression. They are also obesity-associated parameters.
      Due to TNFalpha induced depressive-like behaviors and the positive association
      between this proinflammatory cytokine and obesity, TNFalpha-activated signaling
      pathways and those inhibiting them have recently gained importance as potential
      targets and therapeutic tools, respectively. More studies are necessary to
      develop compounds with therapeutic nature against depressive disorders and
      obesity. PPARgamma is an important signaling pathway that occurs at the
      crossroads of depression and obesity. Se, aside from its anti-inflammatory,
      anticarcinogenic and antioxidative nature, affects also the way of PPARgamma
      action. Se supplementation or fortification as well as the development of the
      partial agonists of PPARgamma in which lipophilic Se compounds are used as ligand
      followed by experimental trials and human studies using the newly developed
      compounds will be promising approaches for future hope during the treatment of
      these diseases. 

PMID- 26968916
TI  - Altered isotope charge distribution of acetylcholine neurotransmitter and
      Myasthenia Gravis.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) is a central neurotransmitter that is used for signal
      transmission among neurons. For signal transmission in neurons, a
      neurotransmitter must bind to its receptor in order to produce an action
      potential. It is known that in Myasthenia Gravis (MG) cases, autoantibodies could
      block this binding. In the future, the treatment of MG could be achieved via
      modulation of molecular interaction between ACh and acetylcholine receptor
      (AChR). This study suggests that if an atom on a ligand (i.e. a neurotransmitter)
      is replaced with its isotope, it may cause charge redistribution such as that the
      binding between ligand and its receptor may be improved. Hence suggesting that
      with replacement of atoms with their isotopes in any biologically important
      ligand could alter its affinity towards its corresponding receptor, which would
      have a wide array of applications in medicine. 

PMID- 26968917
TI  - A new concentric double prosthesis for sutureless, magnetic-assisted aortic arch
      inclusion.
AB  - Acute dissection of the ascending aorta is a life-threatening condition in which
      the aortic wall develops one or more tears of the intima associated with
      intramural rupture of the media layer with subsequent formation of a two lumina
      vessel. The remaining outer layer is just the adventitia, with high risk of
      complete rupture. Vital organs may be under-perfused. Mortality rate in this
      acute event is about 50% if an emergent surgical procedure is not performed as
      soon as possible to replace the tract affected by the primary rupture.
      Nevertheless, the emergent surgical procedure is affected by high risk of
      mortality or severe neurologic sequelae, due to the need for deep hypothermia and
      cardiocirculatory arrest and different methods of cerebral protection. If the
      patient survives the acute event, a frequent outcome is the establishment of a
      chronic aortic dissection in the remaining aorta and late chronic dissecting
      aneurysm, usually starting from the surgical suture itself. Traumatism of
      surgical stitches and of direct blood flow pressure on weak aortic wall can be
      important contributing factors of the chronic disease. In conclusions, the
      majority of these patients undergoes a high risk operation without a complete
      solution of the disease. We hypothesize that excluding the aortic layers from the
      blood direct flow and using an anastomotic technique which does not include
      surgical stitches could help to significantly reduce the recurrence of aortic
      dissection after the acute event and shorten hypothermic arrest duration. We
      devised a double tubular prosthesis consisting of two concentric artificial tubes
      between which the aortic wall is confined and excluded from direct blood flow. We
      also devised a magnetic assisted sutureless anastomotic technique that seals the
      aortic tissue between the two prostheses and avoids the perforation of the
      fragile aortic wall with surgical stitches. We are presenting here this new
      prototype and draw a few different models. Both acute and chronic diseases of the
      aorta could benefit from the proposed technique, although acute dissection is the
      ideal scenario for its use. 

PMID- 26968918
TI  - Re: DPP-4 inhibition improves a sexual condition?

PMID- 26968920
TI  - Understanding a role of folliculotropic viral infections in the pathogenesis of
      psoriasis.

PMID- 26968919
TI  - Salivary proteomics: A new adjuvant approach to the early diagnosis of familial
      juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystemic disease
      characterized by autoimmune inflammatory disturbance. Pleomorphic manifestations
      are present and a potentially progressive and debilitating course can be
      detected. SLE rarely manifests before age 5, and its onset peaks is around
      puberty. Although clinical manifestations, immunological alterations and
      treatment do not differ between juvenile and adult SLE, children tend to present
      with a more aggressive disease course than adults. Hence, autoimmune rheumatic
      diseases are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric
      populations. Blood serum analysis plays an especially important role in the
      detection and monitoring of autoantibodies in SLE. However, since blood sampling
      is an uncomfortable procedure, especially in children, novel less invasive
      techniques and approaches are of utmost importance to evaluate pediatric
      subjects. In this regard, saliva samples have several advantages, such as: easy
      access, fast collection, painless and riskless procedure. Saliva has
      antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as
      several other relevant features. The whole saliva is a complex mixture of major
      and minor salivary gland secretion, gingival crevicular fluid, transudates plasma
      protein, keratinocyte products and oral microbiota. This biological fluid
      reflects the physiological state of the body, including the emotional condition,
      and endocrine, nutritional and metabolic changes. Therefore, salivary proteomics
      is becoming increasingly used for the early diagnosis of several diseases such as
      breast cancer, oral cancer, Sjogren's syndrome, diffuse systemic sclerosis,
      rheumatoid arthritis, among others. Considering the detection of some potential
      markers related to SLE in serum and urine, this study aims to conduct an initial
      evaluation of the possible presence of such biomarkers in saliva. Furthermore, it
      is expected to track down new salivary proteins that could be correlated with the
      disease. As such, it is important to evaluate whether the analysis of the
      salivary proteome of children whose mothers have SLE may help identify biomarkers
      for the early detection and monitoring of the condition. 

PMID- 26968921
TI  - Carry-over fluency induced by extreme prolongations: A new behavioral paradigm.
AB  - Extreme prolongations, which can be generated via extreme delayed auditory
      feedback (DAF) (e.g., 250-500 ms) or mediated cognitively with timing
      applications (e.g., analog stopwatch) at 2 s per syllable, have long been
      behavioral techniques used to inhibit stuttering. Some therapies have used this
      rate solely to establish initial fluency, while others use extremely slowed
      speech to establish fluency and add other strategic techniques such as easy
      onsets and diaphragmatic breathing. Extreme prolongations generate effective,
      efficient, and immediate forward flowing fluent speech, removing the signature
      behaviors of discrete stuttering (i.e., syllable repetitions and audible and
      inaudible postural fixations). Prolonged use of extreme prolongations establishes
      carry-over fluency, which is spontaneous, effortless speech absent of most, if
      not all, overt and covert manifestations of stuttering. The creation of this
      immediate fluency and the immense potential of extreme prolongations to generate
      long periods of carry-over fluency have been overlooked by researchers and
      clinicians alike. Clinicians depart from these longer prolongation durations as
      they attempt to achieve the same fluent results at a near normal rate of speech.
      Clinicians assume they are re-teaching fluency and slow rates will give rise to
      more normal rates with less control, but without carry-over fluency, controls and
      cognitive mediation are always needed for the inherently unstable speech systems
      of persons who stutter to experience fluent speech. The assumption being that the
      speech system is untenable without some level of cognitive and motoric monitoring
      that is always necessary. The goal is omnipresent "near normal rate sounding
      fluency" with continuous mediation via cognitive and motoric processes. This
      pursuit of "normal sounding fluency" continues despite ever-present relapse.
      Relapse has become so common that acceptance of stuttering is the new therapy
      modality because relapse has come to be understood as somewhat inevitable.
      Researchers and clinicians fail to recognize that immediate amelioration of
      stuttering and its attendant carry-over fluency are signs of a different pathway
      to fluency. In this path, clinicians focus on extreme prolongations and the
      extent of their carry-over. While fluency is automatically generated under these
      extreme prolongations, the realization is that communication at this rate in
      routine speaking tasks is not feasible. The perceived solution is a systematic
      reduction in the duration of these prolongations, which attempts to approximate
      "normal speech." Typically, the reintroduction of speech at a normalized rate
      precipitates a laborious style that is undesirable to the person who stutters
      (PWS) and is discontinued, once departed from the comforts of the clinical
      setting. The inevitable typically occurs; the well-intentioned therapist
      instructs the PWS to focus on the techniques while speaking at a rate that is
      nearest normal speech, but the overlooked extreme prolongations are unlikely to
      ever be revisited. The foundation of this hypothesis is that the departure from
      fluency generators (e.g. extreme prolongations) is the cause of regression to the
      stuttering set point. In turn, we postulate that the continued use of extreme
      prolongations, as a solitary practice method, will establish and nurture
      different neural pathways that will create a modality of fluent speech, able to
      be experienced without cognitive or motoric mediation. This would therefore
      result in fewer occurrences of stuttering due to a phenomenon called carry-over
      fluency. Thus, we hypothesize that the use of extreme prolongations fosters
      neural pathways for fluent speech, which will result in carry-over fluency that
      does not require mediation by the speaker.

PMID- 26968922
TI  - Accounting for disagreements on average cone loss rates in retinitis pigmentosa
      with a new kinetic model: Its relevance for clinical trials.
AB  - Since 1985, at least nine studies of the average rate of cone loss in retinitis
      pigmentosa (RP) populations have yielded conflicting average rate constant values
      (-k), differing by 90-160%. This is surprising, since, except for the first two
      investigations, the Harvard or Johns Hopkins' protocols used in these studies
      were identical with respect to: use of the same exponential decline model,
      calculation of average -k from individual patient k values, monitoring patients
      over similarly large time frames, and excluding data exhibiting floor and ceiling
      effects. A detailed analysis of Harvard's and Hopkins' protocols and data
      revealed two subtle differences: (i) Hopkins' use of half-life t0.5 (or t(1/e))
      for expressing patient cone-loss rates rather than k as used by Harvard; (ii)
      Harvard obtaining substantially more +k from improving fields due to dormant-cone
      recovery effects and "small -k" values than Hopkins' ("small -k" is defined as
      less than -0.040 year(-1)), e.g., 16% +k, 31% small -k, vs. Hopkins' 3% and 6%
      respectively. Since t0.5=0.693/k, it follows that when k=0, or is very small,
      t0.5 (or t(1/e)) is respectively infinity or a very large number. This
      unfortunate mathematical property (which also prevents t0.5 (t(1/e)) histogram
      construction corresponding to -k to +k) caused Hopkins' to delete all "small -k"
      and all +k due to "strong leverage". Naturally this contributed to Hopkins'
      larger average -k. Difference (ii) led us to re-evaluate the Harvard/Hopkins'
      exponential unchanging -k model. In its place we propose a model of increasing
      biochemical stresses from dying rods on cones during RP progression: increasing
      oxidative stresses and trophic factor deficiencies (e.g., RdCVF), and RPE
      malfunction. Our kinetic analysis showed rod loss to follow exponential kinetics
      with unchanging -k due to constant genetic stresses, thereby providing a
      theoretical basis for Clarke et al.'s empirical observation of such kinetics with
      eleven animal models of RP. In contrast to this, we show that cone loss occurs in
      patients with increasing -k values during RP progression. And as the Hopkins'
      protocol selects more advanced RP cases than Harvard's to assure avoidance of
      ceiling effects (Harvard does this by kinetic monitoring), we show increasing -k
      kinetics to be the reason Harvard obtains more +k and small -k values. Thus the
      combined effects of (i) and (ii) produce Harvard's smaller average -k value. The
      relevance of the increasing biochemical stress model for optimizing clinical
      trials is discussed.

PMID- 26968923
TI  - Preparation and characterization of aminoethyl hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
      modified with nisin.
AB  - Nisin grafted aminoethyl hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (AEHPMC) was prepared by
      an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the presence of microbial transglutaminase
      (MTGase). AEHPMC was synthesized with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride (CEH)
      which was as an intermediate reactant. The parameters, which influenced the NH2%
      and the degree of substitution (DS), including reaction time, reaction
      temperature and the mass ratio of the reactants were investigated. Antioxidant
      activities of AEHPMC-nisin were evaluated by the scavenging activity of hydroxyl
      and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. With the DS and concentration
      increasing of AEHPMC-nisin, the radical scavenging activity increased. The
      Methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay indicated that AEHPMC-nisin had low
      toxicity to L929 cells. Therefore, the derivative of HPMC may show a promising
      potential application in biomedical, food and pharmaceutical fields. 

PMID- 26968924
TI  - Different effects of lipoteichoic acid from C. butyricum and S. aureus on
      inflammatory responses of HT-29 cells.
AB  - Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important cell wall component of Gram-positive
      bacteria and represents one of the most critical microbe-associated molecular
      pattern (MAMP) molecules. In this study, we isolated and purified LTA from
      Clostridium butyricum (bLTA) and compared its effects on the inflammatory
      responses of HT-29 cells with those of LTA from Staphylococcus aureus (aLTA). We
      also compared the effects of bLTA and aLTA on cell growth, proliferation, and
      apoptosis. The results showed that the length and saturation degree of the acyl
      chains in the two LTA molecules were obviously different. aLTA stimulated the
      phosphorylation of p65 and activated the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, inducing
      the expression and secretion of cytokines. Moreover, aLTA also inhibited the
      growth and proliferation of HT-29 cells and induced cell apoptosis. However, bLTA
      had no significant effects on the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in HT-29 cells and
      did not stimulate cellular inflammatory responses or induce apoptosis. These
      differences in activity may result from the different lengths and saturation
      degrees of the acyl fatty acid chains of the two LTA molecules. These differences
      may also account for the distinct effects elicited by probiotic bacteria and
      pathogenic bacteria on host cells. 

PMID- 26968925
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of hydrolysed starch-g-poly(methacrylic acid)
      composite.
AB  - A novel method for the synthesis of starch-g-poly(methacrylic acid) composite was
      adopted by graft polymerization of hydrolysed starch (HS) and methacrylic acid
      (MAA) in aqueous medium using an efficient sodium perborate (SPB)-thiourea (TU)
      redox initiation system. The parameters influencing the redox system efficiency
      and thence the polymerization method were considered. These parameters
      comprehended the concentrations of MAA, SPB, TU and SPB/TU molar ratio as well as
      the polymerization temperature. The polymerization reaction was scrutinized
      through calculation of the MAA total conversion percent (TC%). The resultant
      poly(MAA-HS) composite was assessed by evaluating the polymer criteria (the graft
      yield, GY%; the grafting efficiency, GE%; the homopolymer, HP%; and the total
      conversion). The comportment of the apparent viscosity of the cooked poly(MAA)
      starch composite paste, obtained under diverse polymerization conditions, was
      examined. Tentative mechanisms, which depict all occasions that happen amid the
      entire course of the polymerization reaction, have been proffered. 

PMID- 26968926
TI  - Shape and size engineered cellulosic nanomaterials as broad spectrum anti
      microbial compounds.
AB  - Oxidized celluloses have been used for decades as antimicrobial wound gauzes and
      surgical cotton. We now report the successful synthesis of a next generation
      narrow size range (25-35nm) spherical shaped nanoparticles of 2,3,6
      tricarboxycellulose based on cellulose I structural features, for applications as
      new antimicrobial materials. This study adds to our previous study of 6
      carboxycellulose. A wide range of bacteria such as Escherichia coli,
      Staphloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (non
      pathogenic as well as pathogenic strains) were affected by these polymers in in
      vitro studies. Activity against Mycobacteria were noted at high concentrations
      (MIC99 values 250-1000MUg/ml, as compared to anti-TB drug Isoniazid 0.3MUg/ml).
      However, the broad spectrum activity of oxidized celluloses and their
      nanoparticles against a wide range of bacteria, including Mycobacteria, show that
      these materials are promising new biocompatible and biodegradable drug delivery
      vehicles wherein they can play the dual role of being a drug encapsulant as well
      as a broad spectrum anti-microbial and anti-TB drug. 

PMID- 26968927
TI  - Transmyometrial versus very difficult transcervical embryo transfer: efficacy and
      safety.
AB  - A difficult and traumatic embryo transfer can negatively impact on embryo
      implantation. This study retrospectively compared the outcomes of "very difficult
      transcervical embryo transfer" (vdTCET) versus transmyometrial embryo transfer
      (TMET) in a single centre over 10 years, reporting on 128 patients with vdTCET
      and 46 patients with TMET. The definition of vdTCET was a procedure rated by an
      experienced practitioner (with more than 100 transfers per year for >2 years) as
      very difficult and required two or more of the following: use of tenaculum,
      change of embryo transfer catheter and use of a stylet, reloading of the embryos
      or cancelling the procedure and freezing the embryo to transfer after cervical
      dilatation. The clinical pregnancy rates for TMET and vdTCET were 32.6% and 25%,
      respectively and the live birth rates were 26.1% and 16.4%, respectively. There
      was only one case of minor bleeding in the TMET group (2.2%). This study showed
      that TMET is a good alternative option in cases of vdTCET where it is impossible
      to achieve transcervical embryo transfer and may benefit cases with repeated
      failed cycles after vdTCET. Its superiority over vdTCET however could not be
      demonstrated. 

PMID- 26968928
TI  - Assisted reproductive outcomes in women with different polycystic ovary syndrome
      phenotypes: the predictive value of anti-Mullerian hormone.
AB  - This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection
      (ICSI) outcomes in different polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes (A, B, C
      and D) compared with a control group and the predictive values of serum anti
      Mullerian hormone (AMH) in PCOS phenotypes for main outcomes. This study
      evaluated 386 PCOS women and 350 patients with male factor infertility. Women
      with phenotypes A and C had significantly higher concentrations of AMH than those
      with phenotype B (P < 0.001). Clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) in the phenotype D
      group (53.3%) was higher than other groups (32.5%, 26.4% and 36.8%, respectively,
      in phenotypes A, B and C), but not to a significant level. Multivariable
      regression analysis, after adjusting for women's age and body mass index,
      revealed that PCOS phenotypes A and B were associated with a decreased CPR
      compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR]: 0.46, confidence interval [CI]:
      0.26-0.8, P = 0.007 and OR: 0.34, CI: 0.18-0.62, P = 0.001, respectively). It
      seems a combination of hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation is associated
      with a negative impact on the CPR in these patients. These results demonstrated
      that AMH concentration is related to PCO morphology but not predictive for CPR
      and live birth rate. 

PMID- 26968929
TI  - Inverse problem studies of biochemical systems with structure identification of S
      systems by embedding training functions in a genetic algorithm.
AB  - An efficient inverse problem approach for parameter estimation, state and
      structure identification from dynamic data by embedding training functions in a
      genetic algorithm methodology (ETFGA) is proposed for nonlinear dynamical
      biosystems using S-system canonical models. Use of multiple shooting and
      decomposition approach as training functions has been shown for handling of noisy
      datasets and computational efficiency in studying the inverse problem. The
      advantages of the methodology are brought out systematically by studying it for
      three biochemical model systems of interest. By studying a small-scale gene
      regulatory system described by a S-system model, the first example demonstrates
      the use of ETFGA for the multifold aims of the inverse problem. The estimation of
      a large number of parameters with simultaneous state and network identification
      is shown by training a generalized S-system canonical model with noisy datasets.
      The results of this study bring out the superior performance of ETFGA on
      comparison with other metaheuristic approaches. The second example studies the
      regulation of cAMP oscillations in Dictyostelium cells now assuming limited
      availability of noisy data. Here, flexibility of the approach to incorporate
      partial system information in the identification process is shown and its effect
      on accuracy and predictive ability of the estimated model are studied. The third
      example studies the phenomenological toy model of the regulation of circadian
      oscillations in Drosophila that follows rate laws different from S-system power
      law. For the limited noisy data, using a priori information about properties of
      the system, we could estimate an alternate S-system model that showed robust
      oscillatory behavior with predictive abilities. 

PMID- 26968930
TI  - Formulating spread of species with habitat dependent growth and dispersal in
      heterogeneous landscapes.
AB  - Habitat heterogeneity can have profound effects on the spreading dynamics of
      invasive species. Using integro-difference equations, we investigate the
      spreading dynamics in a one-dimensional heterogeneous landscape comprising
      alternating favourable and unfavourable habitat patches or randomly generated
      habitat patches with given spatial autocorrelation. We assume that population
      growth and dispersal (including emigration probability and dispersal distance)
      are dependent on habitat quality. We derived an approximation of the rate of
      spread in such heterogeneous landscapes, suggesting the sensitivity of spread to
      the periodic length of the alternating favourable and unfavourable patches, as
      well as their spatial autocorrelation. A dispersal-limited population tends to
      spread faster in landscapes with shorter periodic length. The spreading dynamics
      in a heterogeneous landscape was found to be not only dependent on the
      availability of favourable habitats, but also the dispersal strategy. Estimates
      of time lag before detection and the condition for boom-and-bust spreading
      dynamics were explained. Furthermore, rates of spread in heterogeneous landscapes
      and corresponding homogeneous landscapes were compared, using weighted sums of
      vital rates. 

PMID- 26968931
TI  - Disease dynamics of honeybees with Varroa destructor as parasite and virus
      vector.
AB  - The worldwide decline in honeybee colonies during the past 50 years has often
      been linked to the spread of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and its
      interaction with certain honeybee viruses carried by Varroa mites. In this paper,
      we propose a honeybee-mite-virus model that incorporates (1) parasitic
      interactions between honeybees and the Varroa mites; (2) five virus transmission
      terms between honeybees and mites at different stages of Varroa mites: from
      honeybees to honeybees, from adult honeybees to the phoretic mites, from brood to
      the reproductive mites, from the reproductive mites to brood, and from adult
      honeybees to the phoretic mites; and (3) Allee effects in the honeybee population
      generated by its internal organization such as division of labor. We provide
      completed local and global analysis for the full system and its subsystems. Our
      analytical and numerical results allow us have a better understanding of the
      synergistic effects of parasitism and virus infections on honeybee population
      dynamics and its persistence. Interesting findings from our work include: (a) due
      to Allee effects experienced by the honeybee population, initial conditions are
      essential for the survival of the colony. (b) Low adult honeybees to brood ratios
      have destabilizing effects on the system which generate fluctuating dynamics that
      lead to a catastrophic event where both honeybees and mites suddenly become
      extinct. This catastrophic event could be potentially linked to Colony Collapse
      Disorder (CCD) of honeybee colonies. (c) Virus infections may have stabilizing
      effects on the system, and parasitic mites could make disease more persistent.
      Our model illustrates how the synergy between the parasitic mites and virus
      infections consequently generates rich dynamics including multiple attractors
      where all species can coexist or go extinct depending on initial conditions. Our
      findings may provide important insights on honeybee viruses and parasites and how
      to best control them. 

PMID- 26968932
TI  - A Cellular Potts Model of single cell migration in presence of durotaxis.
AB  - Cell migration is a fundamental biological phenomenon during which cells sense
      their surroundings and respond to different types of signals. In presence of
      durotaxis, cells preferentially crawl from soft to stiff substrates by
      reorganizing their cytoskeleton from an isotropic to an anisotropic distribution
      of actin filaments. In the present paper, we propose a Cellular Potts Model to
      simulate single cell migration over flat substrates with variable stiffness. We
      have tested five configurations: (i) a substrate including a soft and a stiff
      region, (ii) a soft substrate including two parallel stiff stripes, (iii) a
      substrate made of successive stripes with increasing stiffness to create a
      gradient and (iv) a stiff substrate with four embedded soft squares. For each
      simulation, we have evaluated the morphology of the cell, the distance covered,
      the spreading area and the migration speed. We have then compared the numerical
      results to specific experimental observations showing a consistent agreement. 

PMID- 26968933
TI  - Crescentic flap for the reconstruction of the nose after skin cancer resection.
AB  - PURPOSE: Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most frequent skin tumours; in 25.5%
      of cases, they are reported to affect the nasal area. For an excellent surgical
      outcome, first of all the radical excision of the lesion is important, with
      appropriate margins of healthy skin in order to avoid recurrences. Moreover is
      important to achieve a good aesthetical result, avoiding distortion of the
      aesthetic units and preserving their functions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have
      applied the modified crescentic flap, described by Smadja in 2007, to 24 nasal
      skin defects left by oncologic surgery. It consists of the crescent-shaped
      resection of Burow's triangle all around the alar groove that allows the
      advancement of the flap to the tip of the nose, hiding the scar in the alar
      groove. RESULTS: The outcome and the long-term follow-up were completely
      satisfactory both for patients and for surgeons. CONCLUSION: For skin defects
      localized in the midline or paramedian line of the dorsum of the nose, the
      crescentic flap seems to be a good solution to obtain the better aesthetic result
      with respect to both anatomy and function of the nasal area, sparing the patient
      a second intervention or an overly invasive procedure.

PMID- 26968935
TI  - Weighted cumulative exposure models helped identify an association between early
      knee-pain consultations and future knee OA diagnosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish the association between prior knee-pain consultations and
      early diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (OA) by weighted cumulative exposure (WCE)
      models. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Data were from an electronic health care record
      (EHR) database (Consultations in Primary Care Archive). WCE functions for
      modeling the cumulative effect of time-varying knee-pain consultations weighted
      by recency were derived as a predictive tool in a population-based case-control
      sample and validated in a prospective cohort sample. Two WCE functions ([i]
      weighting of the importance of past consultations determined a priori; [ii]
      flexible spline-based estimation) were comprehensively compared with two simpler
      models ([iii] time since most recent consultation; total number of past
      consultations) on model goodness of fit, discrimination, and calibration both in
      derivation and validation phases. RESULTS: People with the most recent and most
      frequent knee-pain consultations were more likely to have high WCE scores that
      were associated with increased risk of knee OA diagnosis both in derivation and
      validation phases. Better model goodness of fit, discrimination, and calibration
      were observed for flexible spline-based WCE models. CONCLUSION: WCE functions can
      be used to model prediagnostic symptoms within routine EHR data and provide novel
      low-cost predictive tools contributing to early diagnosis.

PMID- 26968936
TI  - Selection bias was reduced by recontacting nonparticipants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: One of the main goals of health examination surveys is to provide
      unbiased estimates of health indicators at the population level. We demonstrate
      how multiple imputation methods may help to reduce the selection bias if partial
      data on some nonparticipants are collected. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: In the
      FINRISK 2007 study, a population-based health study conducted in Finland, a
      random sample of 10,000 men and women aged 25-74 years were invited to
      participate. The study included a questionnaire data collection and a health
      examination. A total of 6,255 individuals participated in the study. Out of 3,745
      nonparticipants, 473 returned a simplified questionnaire after a recontact. Both
      the participants and the nonparticipants were followed up for death and
      hospitalizations. The follow-up data allowed to check the assumptions on the
      missing data mechanism, and tailored multiple imputation methods were used to
      handle the missing data. RESULTS: Nonparticipation is a strong predictor for
      mortality in the five-year follow-up. However, the recontact response does not
      predict mortality or morbidity among the nonparticipants when adjusted for age
      and sex. The result suggests that the recontact respondents can be used as proxy
      for all nonparticipants. A comparison of raw estimates and estimates adjusted for
      selection bias reveals clear differences in the estimated population prevalences
      of smoking and heavy alcohol usage. CONCLUSION: All efforts to collect data on
      nonparticipants are likely to be useful even if the response rate for the
      recontact remains low. Statistical analysis of the recontact respondents provides
      an indication of the extent of the selection bias, even in studies where follow
      up data are not available to check the assumptions.

PMID- 26968934
TI  - Development, function and fate of fetal Leydig cells.
AB  - During fetal testis development, fetal Leydig cells (FLCs) are found to be
      originated from multiple progenitor cells. FLC specification and function are
      under tight regulation of specific genes and signaling proteins. Furthermore,
      Sertoli cells play a crucial role to regulate FLC differentiation during fetal
      testis development. FLC progenitor- and FLC-produced biomolecules are also
      involved in the differentiation and activity of rodent FLCs. The main function of
      FLCs is to produce androgens to masculinize XY embryos. However, FLCs are capable
      of producing androstenedione but not testosterone due to the lack of 17beta-HSD
      (17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), but fetal Sertoli cells express 17beta-HSD
      which thus transforms androstenedione to testosterone in the fetal testis. On the
      other hand, FLCs produce activin A to regulate Sertoli cell proliferation, and
      Sertoli cells in turn modulate testis cord expansion. It is now generally
      accepted that adult Leydig cells (ALCs) gradually replace FLCs during postnatal
      development to produce testosterone to support spermatogenesis as FLCs undergo
      degeneration in neonatal and pre-pubertal testes. However, based on studies using
      genetic tracing mouse models, FLCs are found to persist in adult testes, making
      up ~20% of total Leydig cells. In this review, we evaluate the latest findings
      regarding the development, function and fate of FLCs during fetal and adult
      testis development.

PMID- 26968937
TI  - A 40-Year History of End-of-Life Offerings in US Medical Schools: 1975-2015.
AB  - The purpose of this longitudinal study of US medical schools over a 40-year
      period was to ascertain their offerings on end-of-life (EOL) issues. At 5-year
      intervals, beginning in 1975, US medical schools were surveyed via a
      questionnaire to determine their EOL offerings. Data were reported with frequency
      distributions. The Institute of Medicine has encouraged more emphasis on EOL
      issues over the past 2 decades. Findings revealed that undergraduate medical
      students in the United States are now exposed to death and dying, palliative
      care, and geriatric medicine. The inclusion of EOL topics has definitely expanded
      over the 40-year period as findings reveal that US undergraduate medical students
      are currently exposed in over 90% of programs to death and dying, palliative
      care, and geriatric medicine, with the emphasis on these topics varying with the
      medical programs. Such inclusion should produce future favorable outcomes for
      undergraduate medical students, patients, and their families.

PMID- 26968938
TI  - Efficient quantitative assessment of facial paralysis using iris segmentation and
      active contour-based key points detection with hybrid classifier.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Facial palsy or paralysis (FP) is a symptom that loses voluntary
      muscles movement in one side of the human face, which could be very devastating
      in the part of the patients. Traditional methods are solely dependent to
      clinician's judgment and therefore time consuming and subjective in nature.
      Hence, a quantitative assessment system becomes apparently invaluable for
      physicians to begin the rehabilitation process; and to produce a reliable and
      robust method is challenging and still underway. METHODS: We introduce a novel
      approach for a quantitative assessment of facial paralysis that tackles
      classification problem for FP type and degree of severity. Specifically, a novel
      method of quantitative assessment is presented: an algorithm that extracts the
      human iris and detects facial landmarks; and a hybrid approach combining the rule
      based and machine learning algorithm to analyze and prognosticate facial
      paralysis using the captured images. A method combining the optimized Daugman's
      algorithm and Localized Active Contour (LAC) model is proposed to efficiently
      extract the iris and facial landmark or key points. To improve the performance of
      LAC, appropriate parameters of initial evolving curve for facial features'
      segmentation are automatically selected. The symmetry score is measured by the
      ratio between features extracted from the two sides of the face. Hybrid
      classifiers (i.e. rule-based with regularized logistic regression) were employed
      for discriminating healthy and unhealthy subjects, FP type classification, and
      for facial paralysis grading based on House-Brackmann (H-B) scale. RESULTS:
      Quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed
      approach. Experiments show that the proposed method demonstrates its efficiency.
      CONCLUSIONS: Facial movement feature extraction on facial images based on iris
      segmentation and LAC-based key point detection along with a hybrid classifier
      provides a more efficient way of addressing classification problem on facial
      palsy type and degree of severity. Combining iris segmentation and key point
      based method has several merits that are essential for our real application.
      Aside from the facial key points, iris segmentation provides significant
      contribution as it describes the changes of the iris exposure while performing
      some facial expressions. It reveals the significant difference between the
      healthy side and the severe palsy side when raising eyebrows with both eyes
      directed upward, and can model the typical changes in the iris region.

PMID- 26968939
TI  - Use of an embedded, micro-randomised trial to investigate non-compliance in
      telehealth interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Many types of telehealth interventions rely on activity from the
      patient in order to have a beneficial effect on their outcome. Remote monitoring
      systems require the patient to record regular measurements at home, for example,
      blood pressure, so clinicians can see whether the patient's health changes over
      time and intervene if necessary. A big problem in this type of intervention is
      non-compliance. Most telehealth trials report compliance rates, but they rarely
      compare compliance among various options of telehealth delivery, of which there
      may be many. Optimising telehealth delivery is vital for improving compliance
      and, therefore, clinical outcomes. We propose a trial design which investigates
      ways of improving compliance. For efficiency, this trial is embedded in a larger
      trial for evaluating clinical effectiveness. It employs a technique called micro
      randomisation, where individual patients are randomised multiple times throughout
      the study. The aims of this article are (1) to verify whether the presence of an
      embedded secondary trial still allows valid analysis of the primary research and
      (2) to demonstrate the usefulness of the micro-randomisation technique for
      comparing compliance interventions. METHODS: Simulation studies were used to
      simulate a large number of clinical trials, in which no embedded trial was used,
      a micro-randomised embedded trial was used, and a factorial embedded trial was
      used. Each simulation recorded the operating characteristics of the primary and
      secondary trials. RESULTS: We show that the type I error rate of the primary
      analysis was not affected by the presence of an embedded secondary trial.
      Furthermore, we show that micro-randomisation is superior to a factorial design
      as it reduces the variation caused by within-patient correlation. It therefore
      requires smaller sample sizes - our simulations showed a requirement of 128
      patients for a micro-randomised trial versus 760 patients for a factorial design,
      in the presence of within-patient correlation. CONCLUSION: We believe that an
      embedded, micro-randomised trial is a feasible technique that can potentially be
      highly useful in telehealth trials.

PMID- 26968940
TI  - The bicipital groove as a landmark for reconstruction of complex proximal humeral
      fractures with hybrid double plate osteosynthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complex proximal humerus fractures with metaphyseal comminution
      remain challenging regarding reduction and stability. In most fracture patterns
      the hard bone of the bicipital groove remains intact. In this case series, we
      describe a novel technique of hybrid double plate osteosynthesis of complex
      proximal humerus fractures with metaphyseal comminution. METHODS: In randomly
      chosen shoulder specimens and synthetic bones, pilot studies for evaluation of
      the feasibility of the technique were performed. Between 4/2010 and 1/2012 10
      patients underwent hybrid double plate osteosynthesis. Seven patients (4 male, 3
      female, mean age was 50 years (range 27-73)) were available for retrospective
      analysis. Based on plain radiographs (anterior-posterior and axial view), the
      fractures were classified according to the Orthopaedic Trauma Association
      classification (OTA) and by descriptive means (head-split variant (HS),
      diaphyseal extension or comminution (DE)). RESULTS: Follow-up radiographs
      demonstrated complete fracture healing in six patients and one incomplete
      avascular necrosis. None of the patients sustained loss of reduction. Three
      patients where reoperated. The medium, not adapted, Constant score was 80 Points
      (58-94). Patients subjective satisfaction was graded mean 3 (range: 0-6) in the
      visual analog scoring system (VAS). CONCLUSION: The technique of hybrid double
      plate osteosynthesis using the bicipital groove as anatomic landmark may re
      establish shoulder function after complex proximal humerus fractures in two
      dimensions. Firstly the anatomy is restored due to a proper reduction based on
      intraoperative landmarks. Secondly additional support by the second plate may
      provide a higher stability in complex fractures with metaphyseal comminution.

PMID- 26968941
TI  - Multi-objective optimization framework to obtain model-based guidelines for
      tuning biological synthetic devices: an adaptive network case.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Model based design plays a fundamental role in synthetic biology.
      Exploiting modularity, i.e. using biological parts and interconnecting them to
      build new and more complex biological circuits is one of the key issues. In this
      context, mathematical models have been used to generate predictions of the
      behavior of the designed device. Designers not only want the ability to predict
      the circuit behavior once all its components have been determined, but also to
      help on the design and selection of its biological parts, i.e. to provide
      guidelines for the experimental implementation. This is tantamount to obtaining
      proper values of the model parameters, for the circuit behavior results from the
      interplay between model structure and parameters tuning. However, determining
      crisp values for parameters of the involved parts is not a realistic approach.
      Uncertainty is ubiquitous to biology, and the characterization of biological
      parts is not exempt from it. Moreover, the desired dynamical behavior for the
      designed circuit usually results from a trade-off among several goals to be
      optimized. RESULTS: We propose the use of a multi-objective optimization tuning
      framework to get a model-based set of guidelines for the selection of the kinetic
      parameters required to build a biological device with desired behavior. The
      design criteria are encoded in the formulation of the objectives and optimization
      problem itself. As a result, on the one hand the designer obtains qualitative
      regions/intervals of values of the circuit parameters giving rise to the
      predefined circuit behavior; on the other hand, he obtains useful information for
      its guidance in the implementation process. These parameters are chosen so that
      they can effectively be tuned at the wet-lab, i.e. they are effective biological
      tuning knobs. To show the proposed approach, the methodology is applied to the
      design of a well known biological circuit: a genetic incoherent feed-forward
      circuit showing adaptive behavior. CONCLUSION: The proposed multi-objective
      optimization design framework is able to provide effective guidelines to tune
      biological parameters so as to achieve a desired circuit behavior. Moreover, it
      is easy to analyze the impact of the context on the synthetic device to be
      designed. That is, one can analyze how the presence of a downstream load
      influences the performance of the designed circuit, and take it into account.

PMID- 26968942
TI  - The Natural History of Human Polyomaviruses and Herpesviruses in Early Life--The
      Rhea Birth Cohort in Greece.
AB  - Sparse data exist on the patterns and determinants of acquisition of
      polyomaviruses and herpesviruses in childhood. We measured immunoglobulin G
      seroreactivity against 10 polyomaviruses (BKPyV, JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV,
      HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10) and 5 herpesviruses (Epstein Barr virus
      (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, human
      herpesvirus 8) using multiplex serology on blood samples collected at birth (cord
      blood, n = 626) and at follow-up at 3 years (n = 81) and 4 years (n = 690) of age
      among the Rhea birth cohort recruited in Greece from pregnant women in 2007-2008.
      We used Poisson regression with robust variance to identify determinants of
      seropositivity at age 4. Seroprevalence of polyomaviruses ranged from 38.5% to
      99.8% in cord blood and from 20.9% to 82.3% at age 4. Seroprevalence of EBV, CMV,
      herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and human herpesvirus 8 was 99.4%, 74.9%,
      26.2%, 8.0%, and 1.6% in cord blood and 52.5%, 25.8%, 3.6%, 1.4%, and 0% at age
      4, respectively. Determinants of seropositivity at age 4 were cord seropositivity
      (JCPyV, HPyV7, HPyV10, CMV), vaginal delivery (HPyV10), breastfeeding (CMV),
      younger age at day-care entry (BKPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, TSPyV, HPyV10, HPyV9, EBV,
      CMV), and swimming pool attendance (BKPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, HPyV10). Television
      viewing, parental stress, and hygiene practices were inversely associated with
      the seroprevalence of polyomaviruses and herpesviruses. 

PMID- 26968943
TI  - Straight Metalworking Fluids and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Analyzed
      by Using G-Estimation of an Accelerated Failure Time Model With Quantitative
      Exposure: Methods and Interpretations.
AB  - Straight metalworking fluids have been linked to cardiovascular mortality in
      analyses using binary exposure metrics, accounting for healthy worker survivor
      bias by using g-estimation of accelerated failure time models. A cohort of 38,666
      Michigan autoworkers was followed (1941-1994) for mortality from all causes and
      ischemic heart disease. The structural model chosen here, using continuous
      exposure, assumes that increasing exposure from 0 to 1 mg/m(3) in any single year
      would decrease survival time by a fixed amount. Under that assumption, banning
      the fluids would have saved an estimated total of 8,468 (slope-based 95%
      confidence interval: 2,262, 28,563) person-years of life in this cohort. On
      average, 3.04 (slope-based 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 25.98) years of life
      could have been saved for each exposed worker who died from ischemic heart
      disease. Estimates were sensitive to both model specification for predicting
      exposure (multinomial or logistic regression) and characterization of exposure as
      binary or continuous in the structural model. Our results provide evidence
      supporting the hypothesis of a detrimental relationship between straight
      metalworking fluids and mortality, particularly from ischemic heart disease, as
      well as an instructive example of the challenges in obtaining and interpreting
      results from accelerated failure time models using a continuous exposure in the
      presence of competing risks. 

PMID- 26968944
TI  - Severe Human Parechovirus Infections in Infants and the Role of Older Siblings.
AB  - Human parechovirus (HPeV) is a cause of severe morbidity among infants and young
      children. To evaluate the associations between early environmental risk factors
      and HPeV infections, we carried out a nationwide cohort study linking registry
      data on birth and sibship characteristics with a laboratory surveillance
      database, covering all HPeV infections detected in Denmark during 2009-2012 among
      children <5 years of age. Incidence rate ratios were calculated in log-linear
      Poisson regression analyses. Overall, 133 HPeV infections, 85 caused by human
      parechovirus type 3 (HPeV-3) and 48 by human parechovirus other than type 3 (non
      HPeV-3), were detected among 132 children. Neither birth weight, mode of
      delivery, Apgar score, nor gestational age was associated with the risk of HPeV
      infections. Compared with firstborn children, secondborn children were at a 9
      fold increased risk (incidence rate ratio = 8.68, 95% confidence interval: 3.85,
      19.53) of contracting HPeV-3 infections, but at no increased risk of contracting
      non-HPeV-3 infections. However, the shorter the age gap to the nearest older
      sibling, the higher the risk of HPeV-3 as well as non-HPeV-3 infections, although
      the trend was strongest for HPeV-3 infections. Our study is the first to suggest
      that having a slightly older sibling increases the risk for severe neonatal HPeV
      infections. This new knowledge might lead to new preventive measures. 

PMID- 26968947
TI  - Extra-tympanic electrocochleography in a normal population. A descriptive study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Extra-tympanic electrocochleography is an
      electrophysiological register obtained after stimulating the cochlea with an
      audible stimulus. This stimulus is applied using an earphone over the external
      auditory canal, while the electrical activity is registered by surface
      electrodes. There are few studies that analyse normal electrocochleography in our
      environment. Thus, the main objective of our study was to regularize the values
      obtained with electrocochleography in ears without any otoneurological diseases.
      We explain in detail the process of obtaining the register. METHODS: Sixty
      healthy ears were studied by extratympanic electrocochleography. Statistical
      results were analysed. While 30 ears were studied with a stimulus at 90dB,
      another 30 ears were studied with a stimulus at 80dB. RESULTS: Summating
      potential and action potential latencies and amplitudes were measured. Summating
      potential/action potential ratios were calculated. Wave I and wave II latencies
      were also determined. These results were analysed in function of stimulus
      intensity, patient gender, patient age group and ear side studied. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study collected extra-tympanic electrocochleography data in a normal
      population and the results were in the range of other international studies
      obtained in other countries. These data can be used as a reference to evaluate
      illnesses that affect cochlear structure or functions.

PMID- 26968945
TI  - Dexamethasone attenuates echinococcosis-induced allergic reactions via regulatory
      T cells in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by infection with Echinococcus
      granulosus larvae, is a potentially life-threatening disease in humans.
      Anaphylactic shock caused by CE is very dangerous, and is highly prevalent during
      surgery. Dexamethasone (DEX) is used clinically before operations to prevent
      allergic reactions; Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are believed to be associated
      with negative immune response, which play an important role in alleviating
      allergic reactions. However, the association of Treg cells with DEX remains
      unknown. METHODS: In this study, C57BL/6 mice were divided into uninfected group,
      untreated group and DEX group which were inoculated with protoscoleces from E.
      granulosus and sensitized using a cyst fluid suspension to induce anaphylactic
      shock. In addition, the mice in DEX group were treated with 10 mg/kg DEX by
      intraperitoneal injection 30 min before being sensitized. RESULTS: It was found
      that 93.75 % of all sensitized mice experienced allergic symptoms. The levels of
      IgE, IgE/IgG, and IgE/IgG1 were significantly higher in both untreated group and
      DEX group. The proportion of CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg cells relative to CD4+
      Treg cells, and the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor growth factor-beta
      (TGF-beta1) were significantly higher in DEX group. The level of IL-13 was
      significantly higher in the sensitized mice than in the other groups. These cells
      may play a key role in alleviating the immune response in CE-induced anaphylactic
      shock. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of DEX may be due to Treg cell
      upregulating IL-10 and TGF-beta1 levels, and inhibiting helper T cell 2
      cytokines.

PMID- 26968946
TI  - HLA-G and classical HLA class I expression in primary colorectal cancer and
      associated liver metastases.
AB  - De novo expression of HLA-G has been demonstrated in colorectal cancer. HLA-G,
      amongst others, inhibits natural killer cell function, contributing to host
      immune defense evasion. Another mechanism to escape anti-tumor immunity is loss
      of HLA class I. Therefore, we determined HLA-G and HLA class I expression on
      primary colorectal tumors and associated liver metastases, in order to get
      insight in the metastasizing process regarding escaping anti-tumor immunity. HLA
      G expression was evaluated using three mAbs; 4H84, MEM-G/1 and MEM-G/2. In total
      81 colorectal cancer patients were evaluated. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
      tissue sections of primary tumors and associated liver metastases, were
      immunohistochemically stained. A concordance between expression or
      loss/downregulation in the primary tumor and associated liver metastasis
      regarding HLA class I expression was observed in 80% of the cases. In contrast
      with the hypothesis of escaping NK cell-killing, we demonstrated for each HLA-G
      detecting mAbs used in this study, that the majority of the primary tumors that
      positively stained for HLA-G did not express HLA-G in the associated liver
      metastasis. Furthermore, we revealed the existence of non-specific binding and in
      addition we found that the different epitopes of HLA-G detected by 4H84, MEM-G/1
      and MEM-G/2 mAbs were expressed differentially in colorectal tumor tissues. 

PMID- 26968948
TI  - Outbreak definition by change point analysis: a tool for public health decision?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most studies of epidemic detection focus on their start and rarely on
      the whole signal or the end of the epidemic. In some cases, it may be necessary
      to retrospectively identify outbreak signals from surveillance data. Our study
      aims at evaluating the ability of change point analysis (CPA) methods to locate
      the whole disease outbreak signal. We will compare our approach with the results
      coming from experts' signal inspections, considered as the gold standard method.
      METHODS: We simulated 840 time series, each of which includes an epidemic-free
      baseline (7 options) and a type of epidemic (4 options). We tested the ability of
      4 CPA methods (Max-likelihood, Kruskall-Wallis, Kernel, Bayesian) methods and
      expert inspection to identify the simulated outbreaks. We evaluated the
      performances using metrics including delay, accuracy, bias, sensitivity,
      specificity and Bayesian probability of correct classification (PCC). RESULTS: A
      minimum of 15 h was required for experts for analyzing the 840 curves and a
      maximum of 25 min for a CPA algorithm. The Kernel algorithm was the most
      effective overall in terms of accuracy, bias and global decision (PCC = 0.904),
      compared to PCC of 0.848 for human expert review. CONCLUSIONS: For the aim of
      retrospectively identifying the start and end of a disease outbreak, in the
      absence of human resources available to do this work, we recommend using the
      Kernel change point model. And in case of experts' availability, we also suggest
      to supplement the Human expertise with a CPA, especially when the signal noise
      difference is below 0.

PMID- 26968949
TI  - miR-101 targeting ZFX suppresses tumor proliferation and metastasis by regulating
      the MAPK/Erk and Smad pathways in gallbladder carcinoma.
AB  - Gallbladder cancer (GBC), the most common malignancy of the bile duct, is highly
      aggressive and has an extremely poor prognosis, which is a result of early
      metastasis. As it is regulated being at multiple levels, the metastatic cascade
      in GBC is complex. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved
      in cancer metastasis and are promising therapeutic targets. In this study, miR
      101 was significantly downregulated in tumor tissues, particularly in metastatic
      tissues. In GBC patients, low miR-101 expression was correlated with tumor size,
      tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and poor survival. Moreover,
      miR-101 was an independent prognostic marker for GBC. Additionally, miR-101
      inhibited GBC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and TGF-beta-induced
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically,
      the gene encoding the zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) was identified as a
      direct target of miR-101. More importantly, miR-101 significantly reduced
      activation of the MAPK/Erk and Smad signaling pathways, resulting in inhibition
      of TGF-beta-mediated induction of EMT. Altogether, our findings demonstrate a
      novel mechanism by which miR-101 attenuates the EMT and metastasis in GBC cells
      and suggest that miR-101 can serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic
      target for GBC management. 

PMID- 26968950
TI  - Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging of the dynamics of sanguinarine induced
      apoptosis via activation of reactive oxygen species.
AB  - Most chemotherapeutic drugs exert their anti-tumor effects primarily by
      triggering a final pathway leading to apoptosis. Noninvasive imaging of apoptotic
      events in preclinical models would greatly facilitate the development of
      apoptosis-inducing compounds and evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy. Here
      we employed a cyclic firefly luciferase (cFluc) reporter to screen potential pro
      apoptotic compounds from a number of natural agents. We demonstrated that
      sanguinarine (SANG) could induce apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner
      in UM-SCC-22B head and neck cancer cells. Moreover, SANG-induced apoptosis was
      associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of
      c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signal
      pathways. After intravenous administration with SANG in 22B-cFluc xenograft
      models, a dramatic increase of luminescence signal can be detected as early as 48
      h post-treatment, as revealed by longitudinal bioluminescence imaging in vivo.
      Remarkable apoptotic cells reflected from ex vivo TUNEL staining confirmed the
      imaging results. Importantly, SANG treatment caused distinct tumor growth
      retardation in mice compared with the vehicle-treated group. Taken together, our
      results showed that SANG is a candidate anti-tumor drug and noninvasive imaging
      of apoptosis using cFluc reporter could provide a valuable tool for drug
      development and therapeutic efficacy evaluation. 

PMID- 26968951
TI  - Serum Helicobacter pylori FliD antibody and the risk of gastric cancer.
AB  - FliD and CagA are important virulence factors of H. pylori. We aimed to evaluate
      the screening values of FliD and CagA for gastric cancer (GC). Serum samples were
      obtained from 232 cases and 266 controls in a case-control study. Unconditional
      multivariate logistic regression with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs) was used to analyze the relationships between FliD, CagA and GC.
      The sensitivities, specificities and receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      curves were calculated. Finally, the combined screening values of FliD, FlaA,
      NapA and CagA were assessed based on discriminant analysis. In all subjects, the
      associations of FliD and CagA with GC were evident with ORs (95% CIs) of 7.6 (4.7
      12.3) and 2.5 (1.6-3.8), respectively (*p<0.001). The areas under ROC curves
      (AUCs) for FliD and CagA were 0.800 and 0.653, respectively. The AUC for the
      combination of FliD, FlaA and NapA was 0.915, which represented an increase of
      0.115 over that of FliD alone (*p<0.001). These findings indicate that the FliD
      antibody is associated with GC and could exhibit high validity as a biomarker in
      screening for GC patients. The combination of FliD, FlaA and NapA improved the
      screening validity. 

PMID- 26968952
TI  - In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of CoQ0 against melanoma cells:
      inhibition of metastasis and induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis through
      modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways.
AB  - Coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a novel quinone
      derivative, has been shown to modulate cellular redox balance. However, effect of
      this compound on melanoma remains unclear. This study examined the in vitro or in
      vivo anti-tumor, apoptosis, and anti-metastasis activities of CoQ0 (0-20 MUM)
      through inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. CoQ0 exhibits a
      significant cytotoxic effect on melanoma cell lines (B16F10, B16F1, and A2058),
      while causing little toxicity toward normal (HaCaT) cells. The suppression of
      beta-catenin was seen with CoQ0 administration accompanied by a decrease in the
      expression of Wnt/beta-catenin transcriptional target c-myc, cyclin D1, and
      survivin through GSK3beta-independent pathway. We found that CoQ0 treatment
      caused G1 cell-cycle arrest by reducing the levels of cyclin E and CDK4.
      Furthermore, CoQ0 treatment induced apoptosis through caspase-9/-3 activation,
      PARP degradation, Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation, and p53 expression. Notably, non- or
      sub-cytotoxic concentrations of CoQ0 markedly inhibited migration and invasion,
      accompanied by the down-regulation of MMP-2 and -9, and up-regulation of TIMP-1
      and -2 expressions in highly metastatic B16F10 cells. Furthermore, the in vivo
      study results revealed that CoQ0 treatment inhibited the tumor growth in B16F10
      xenografted nude mice. Histological analysis and western blotting confirmed that
      CoQ0 significantly decreased the xenografted tumor progression as demonstrated by
      induction of apoptosis, suppression of beta-catenin, and inhibition of cell cycle
      , apoptotic-, and metastatic-regulatory proteins. The data suggest that CoQ0
      unveils a novel mechanism by down-regulating Wnt/beta-catenin pathways and could
      be used as a potential lead compound for melanoma chemotherapy. 

PMID- 26968953
TI  - Short- and long-term outcomes in onco-hematological patients admitted to the
      intensive care unit with classic factors of poor prognosis.
AB  - Although the overall mortality of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU)
      with hematological malignancy has decreased over the years, some groups of
      patients still have low survival rates. We performed a monocentric retrospective
      study including all patients with hematological malignancy in a ten-year period,
      to identify factors related to the outcome for the whole cohort and for patients
      with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), neutropenia, or
      those requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). A total of 418 patients
      with acute leukemia (n=239; 57%), myeloma (n=69; 17%), and lymphoma (n=53; 13%)
      were studied. Day-28 and 1-year mortality were 49% and 72%, respectively. The
      type of disease was not associated with outcome. The disease status was
      independentlty associated with 1-year mortality only. Independent predictors of
      day-28 mortality were IMV, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and performance
      status. For allogeneic HSCT recipients (n=116), neutropenic patients (n=124) and
      patients requiring IMV (n=196), day-28 and 1-year mortality were 52%, 54%, 74%
      and 81%, 78%, 87%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that IMV and RRT
      for allogeneic HSCT recipients, performance status and IMV for neutropenic
      patients, and RRT for patients requiring IMV were independently associated with
      short-term mortality (p<0.05).These results suggest that IMV is the strongest
      predictor of mortality in hematological patients admitted to ICUs, whereas
      allogeneic HSCT and neutropenia do not worsen their short-term outcome. 

PMID- 26968954
TI  - ChIP-on-chip analysis of thyroid hormone-regulated genes and their physiological
      significance.
AB  - Triiodothyronine (T3) and its receptor (TR) modulate several physiological
      processes, including cell development, proliferation, differentiation and
      metabolism. The regulatory mechanism of T3/TR involves binding to the thyroid
      hormone response element (TRE) within the target gene promoter. However, the
      number of target genes directly regulated by TRalpha1 and the specific pathways
      of TR-regulated target genes remain largely unknown. Here, we expressed TRalpha1
      in a HepG2 cell line and used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with
      microarray to determine the genes that are directly regulated by TRalpha1 and
      also involved in cell metabolism and proliferation. Our analysis identified E74
      like factor 2 (ELF2), a transcription factor associated with tumor growth, as a
      direct target downregulated by T3/TR. Overexpression of ELF2 enhanced tumor cell
      proliferation, and conversely, its knockdown suppressed tumor growth.
      Additionally, ELF2 restored the proliferative ability of hepatoma cells inhibited
      by T3/TR. Our findings collectively support a potential role of T3/TR in tumor
      growth inhibition through regulation of ELF2. 

PMID- 26968955
TI  - Distribution of prostate nodes: a PET/CT-derived anatomic atlas of prostate
      cancer patients before and after surgical treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In order to define adequate radiation portals in nodal positive
      prostate cancer a detailed knowledge of the anatomic lymph-node distribution is
      mandatory. We therefore systematically analyzed the localization of Choline
      PET/CT positive lymph nodes and compared it to the RTOG recommendation of pelvic
      CTV, as well as to previous work, the SPECT sentinel lymph node atlas. METHODS:
      Thirty-two patients being mostly high risk patients with a PSA of 12.5 ng/ml
      (median) received PET/CT before any treatment. Eighty-seven patients received
      PET/CT for staging due to biochemical failure with a median PSA of 3.12 ng/ml.
      Each single PET-positive lymph node was manually contoured in a "virtual" patient
      dataset to achieve a 3-D visualization, resulting in an atlas of the cumulative
      PET positive lymph node distribution. Further the PET-positive lymph node
      location in each patient was assessed with regard to the existence of a potential
      geographic miss (i.e. PET-positive lymph nodes that would not have been treated
      adequately by the RTOG consensus on CTV definition of pelvic lymph nodes).
      RESULTS: Seventy-eight and 209 PET positive lymph nodes were detected in patients
      with no prior treatment and in postoperative patients, respectively. The most
      common sites of PET positive lymph nodes in patients with no prior treatment were
      external iliac (32.1 %), followed by common iliac (23.1 %) and para-aortic (19.2
      %). In postoperative patients the most common sites of PET positive lymph nodes
      were common iliac (24.9 %), followed by external iliac (23.0 %) and para-aortic
      (20.1 %). In patients with no prior treatment there were 34 (43.6 %) and in
      postoperative patients there were 77 (36.8 %) of all detected lymph nodes that
      would not have been treated adequately using the RTOG CTV. We compared the
      distribution of lymph nodes gained by Choline PET/CT to the preexisting SPECT
      sentinel lymph node atlas and saw an overall good congruence. CONCLUSIONS:
      Choline PET/CT and SPECT sentinel lymph node atlas are comparable to each other.
      More than one-third of the PET positive lymph nodes in patients with no prior
      treatment and in postoperative patients would not have been treated adequately
      using the RTOG CTV. To reduce geographical miss, image based definition of an
      individual target volume is necessary.

PMID- 26968956
TI  - Clinical characteristics and genetic subtypes of Fanconi anemia in Saudi
      patients.
AB  - We reviewed our institutional experience from 2011 to 2015 on new cases of
      Fanconi anemia (FA). Ten unrelated cases were diagnosed during this period. Four
      patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) had c.2392C > T (p.Arg798*)
      BRIP1/FANCJ mutation. Another child with SAA had novel c.1475T > C (p.Leu492Pro)
      FANCC mutation. One individual with SAA and acute myeloid leukemia had
      c.637_643del (p.Tyr213Lysfs*6) FANCG mutation. Three patients presented with
      early onset of cancer, two had BRCA2 mutation c.7007G > A (p.Arg2336His) and one
      had a novel c.3425del (p.Leu1142Tyrfs*21) PALB2 mutation. Another infant with
      c.3425del PALB2 mutation had clonal aberration with partial trisomy of the long
      arm of chromosome 17. Mutations in FA downstream pathway genes are more frequent
      in our series than expected. Our preliminary observation will be confirmed in a
      large multi-institutional study.

PMID- 26968958
TI  - The Natural History of Food Allergy.
AB  - On a population level, it is well recognized that some IgE-mediated childhood
      food allergies, such as milk and egg allergies, are more likely to resolve than
      others, such as peanut and tree nuts allergies. Unfortunately, some studies
      suggest that resolution rates may have slowed compared with impressions from past
      decades. The clinician can apply the knowledge of the epidemiology of these
      allergies to describe likely patient outcomes, and direct management in a general
      manner. However, the ability to evaluate and predict the natural course of
      specific food allergies for individual patients is essential to inform
      personalized patient care. Data are accumulating to assist in identifying whether
      a child's allergy has likely resolved, informing the timing of oral food
      challenges or subsequent testing. Exciting recent studies are increasingly
      identifying early prognostic markers as well. Emerging food allergy therapies
      carry risks and costs. Identifying which egg-allergic patient has likely
      persistent allergy, and which patient with peanut allergy may experience natural
      resolution, is becoming an important goal to identify the best candidates for
      these therapies. Although more work needs to be done to identify reliable
      predictive markers and validate them, there is already much known about the
      natural course of food allergies that can be applied by the clinician to improve
      patient care. 

PMID- 26968957
TI  - Community and District Empowerment for Scale-up (CODES): a complex district-level
      management intervention to improve child survival in Uganda: study protocol for a
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Innovative and sustainable strategies to strengthen districts and
      other sub-national health systems and management are urgently required to reduce
      child mortality. Although highly effective evidence-based and affordable child
      survival interventions are well-known, at the district level, lack of data,
      motivation, analytic and planning capacity often impedes prioritization and
      management weaknesses impede implementation. The Community and District
      Empowerment for Scale-up (CODES) project is a complex management intervention
      designed to test whether districts when empowered with data and management tools
      can prioritize and implement evidence-based child survival interventions
      equitably. METHODS: The CODES strategy combines management, diagnostic, and
      evaluation tools to identify and analyze the causes of bottlenecks to
      implementation, build capacity of district management teams to implement context
      specific solutions, and to foster community monitoring and social accountability
      to increase demand for services. CODES combines UNICEF tools designed to
      systematize priority setting, allocation of resources and problem solving with
      Community dialogues based on Citizen Report Cards and U-Reports used to engage
      and empower communities in monitoring health service provision and to demand for
      quality services. Implementation and all data collection will be by the districts
      teams or local Community-based Organizations who will be supported by two local
      implementing partners. The study will be evaluated as a cluster randomized trial
      with eight intervention and eight comparison districts over a period of 3 years.
      Evaluation will focus on differences in uptake of child survival interventions
      and will follow an intention-to-treat analysis. We will also document and analyze
      experiences in implementation including changes in management practices.
      DISCUSSION: By increasing the District Health Management Teams' capacity to
      prioritize and implement context-specific solutions, and empowering communities
      to become active partners in service delivery, coverage of child survival
      interventions will increase. Lessons learned on strengthening district-level
      managerial capacities and mechanisms for community monitoring may have
      implications, not only in Uganda but also in other similar settings, especially
      with regard to accelerating effective coverage of key child survival
      interventions using locally available resources. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      ISRCTN15705788 , Date of registration; 24 July 2015.

PMID- 26968959
TI  - Clinical Management of Psychosocial Concerns Related to Food Allergy.
AB  - Current estimates indicate that 4% to 8% of children in the United States are
      diagnosed with food allergy, and more than 40% of US children with food allergy
      experience severe allergic reactions. Families trying to avoid foods that may
      trigger an allergic reaction and ensure adequate treatment of allergic reactions
      that do occur face numerous challenges. The rise in the number of children
      diagnosed with food allergies underscores the importance of food allergy-related
      interventions to address elevated psychosocial concerns, such as parenting
      stress, anxiety, and worries about bullying. This review provides an overview of
      common psychosocial concerns among children with food allergy and their families
      across the developmental spectrum, and offers guidance to medical providers
      regarding the identification and treatment of food allergy-related psychosocial
      challenges. 

PMID- 26968961
TI  - Elimination Diets in Eczema--A Cautionary Tale.

PMID- 26968960
TI  - The Complexities of Early Peanut Introduction for the Practicing Allergist.
AB  - Recommendations for the timing of introducing major food allergens, such as
      peanut, into the diet of at-risk infants have undergone major changes in the past
      decade. The most substantial modification has been a shift toward advice that
      delaying beyond 4 to 6 months does not prevent and might actually increase the
      risk of food allergy. The Learning Early About Peanut (LEAP) study published last
      year provided strong evidence that early peanut introduction with regular
      ingestion has a potentially dramatic benefit. Although there is little current
      doubt of the effectiveness of early peanut introduction, many unanswered
      questions remain. Previous guidelines defined infants at risk as those with a
      first-degree relative with allergic disease, whereas the LEAP study defined high
      risk as severe eczema or egg allergy. The LEAP study chose to screen infants but
      did not have a comparison group randomized without screening. In the following
      case-based discussion, we explore the complexities of LEAP implementation for the
      practicing allergist. These include nonuniformity in the literature for defining
      at-risk infants, difficulties in assessing eczema severity objectively, variable
      adherence to current guidelines, proposed peanut screening methods contrasting
      with existing food allergy guidelines to not routinely screen before ingestion,
      unclear interpretation of positive test results if screened, risks of screening
      extending to foods not studied in the LEAP study, and uncertainties about the
      optimal dose and duration of peanut once introduced. 

PMID- 26968962
TI  - A Tale of 2 Tails: The Interpretation of Changes in Allergen-Specific IgE
      Following Incidental Allergen Exposure.

PMID- 26968963
TI  - Monitoring Allergic Patients on Omalizumab with Free and Total Serum IgE
      Measurements.

PMID- 26968964
TI  - Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases.

PMID- 26968965
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26968966
TI  - Inhaled Corticosteroids for Asthma Therapy in Young Children: Does Aerosol
      Particle Size Matter?

PMID- 26968968
TI  - Imatinib mesylate for unmutated hypereosinophilic syndromes: Does it work?

PMID- 26968969
TI  - The pulmonary endothelium in acute respiratory distress syndrome: insights and
      therapeutic opportunities.
AB  - The pulmonary endothelium is a dynamic, metabolically active layer of squamous
      endothelial cells ideally placed to mediate key processes involved in lung
      homoeostasis. Many of these are disrupted in acute respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS), a syndrome with appreciable mortality and no effective pharmacotherapy.
      In this review, we consider the role of the pulmonary endothelium as a key
      modulator and orchestrator of ARDS, highlighting advances in our understanding of
      endothelial pathobiology and their implications for the development of
      endothelial-targeted therapeutics including cell-based therapies. We also discuss
      mechanisms to facilitate the translation of preclinical data into effective
      therapies including the application of biomarkers to phenotype patients with ARDS
      with a predominance of endothelial injury and emerging biotechnologies that could
      enhance delivery, discovery and testing of lung endothelial-specific
      therapeutics. 

PMID- 26968971
TI  - Reduced physical activity in lymphangioleiomyomatosis compared with COPD and
      healthy controls: disease-specific impact and clinical correlates.
AB  - RATIONALE: Sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is an orphan lung disease for
      which daily physical activity has not been studied so far and it is unclear
      whether a disease-specific impact beyond airflow limitation exists. Clinical
      correlates indicating reduced physical activity in addition to established
      parameters like airflow limitation and hypoxaemia are largely undetermined.
      METHOD: We measured physical activity (steps per day, SPD; physical activity
      level, PAL; minutes of moderate activity, MMA) in 34 women with LAM, 32 FEV1
      matched female patients with COPD and 15 age-matched healthy women for 1 week
      using an accelerometer. In addition, we assessed lung function measurements,
      questionnaires for generic and respiratory health status (12-Item Short Form
      Survey, SF-12; St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ), dyspnoea (modified
      Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale, mMRC) and fatigue (Multidimensional
      Fatigue Inventory, MFI-20). RESULTS: Patients with LAM (mean age 52.7 years, mean
      FEV1 62.7% predicted) showed reduced SPD, PAL and MMA (p<0.01) compared with
      healthy controls and reduced MMA (p=0.032) compared with female patients with
      COPD (mean age 65.2 years, mean FEV1 62.6% predicted). In multivariate regression
      analyses, adjusting for FEV1 and long-term oxygen therapy, either generic health
      status (SF-12 physical health) or fatigue (MFI-20) were the strongest independent
      predictors for SPD in patients with LAM (p=0.006 and p=0.004, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity in daily life is substatially reduced in LAM, when
      compared with healthy controls and COPD - indicating a disease specific impact.
      The regular assessment of fatigue and generic health status may improve disease
      management in LAM by taking daily physical activity of patients with LAM more
      adequately into account.

PMID- 26968970
TI  - Effect of continued treatment with pirfenidone following clinically meaningful
      declines in forced vital capacity: analysis of data from three phase 3 trials in
      patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The assessment of treatment response in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
      (IPF) is complicated by the variable clinical course. We examined the variability
      in the rate of disease progression and evaluated the effect of continued
      treatment with pirfenidone in patients who experienced meaningful progression
      during treatment. METHODS: The source population included patients enrolled in
      the ASCEND and CAPACITY trials (N=1247). Pearson's correlation coefficients were
      used to characterise the relationship between changes in FVC during consecutive 6
      month intervals in the placebo population. Outcomes following a >=10% decline in
      FVC were evaluated by comparing the proportion of patients in the pirfenidone and
      placebo groups who experienced a >=10% decline in FVC or death during the
      subsequent 6 months. RESULTS: A weak negative correlation was observed between
      FVC changes during consecutive intervals in the placebo population (coefficient, 
      0.146, p<0.001), indicating substantial variability. Thirty-four (5.5%) and 68
      (10.9%) patients in the pirfenidone and placebo groups, respectively, experienced
      a >=10% decline in FVC by month 6. During the subsequent 6 months, fewer patients
      in the pirfenidone group compared with placebo experienced a >=10% decline in FVC
      or death (5.9% vs 27.9%; relative difference, 78.9%). There was one (2.9%) death
      in the pirfenidone group and 14 (20.6%) deaths in the placebo group (relative
      difference, 85.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal FVC data from patients with IPF
      showed substantial intrasubject variability, underscoring the inability to
      reliably assess therapeutic response using serial FVC trends. In patients who
      progressed during treatment, continued treatment with pirfenidone resulted in a
      lower risk of subsequent FVC decline or death. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS:
      NCT01366209, NCT00287729, NCT00287716.

PMID- 26968967
TI  - Fish consumption in mid-childhood and its relationship to neuropsychological
      outcomes measured in 7-9 year old children using a NUTRIMENTHE neuropsychological
      battery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), particularly n-3
      LCPUFA, play a central role in neuronal growth and the development of the human
      brain. Fish is the main dietary source of n-3 LCPUFA. To assess the relation
      between fish consumption, estimated dietary n-3 LCPUFA intake and cognition and
      behaviour in childhood in a multi-centre European sample. METHODS: Children from
      2 European studies, CHOP and NUHEAL, were assessed at 8 and 7.5 years of age,
      respectively. Different outcomes of neuropsychological development (assessed with
      the standardized NUTRIMENTHE Neuropsychological Battery (NNB) consisting of 15
      subtests) were related with outcomes from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
      focussing on the consumption of fish. RESULTS: A total of 584 children completed
      the FFQ and the neuropsychological tests. We found no associations with
      calculated DHA or EPA intakes for any of the neuropsychological domains. Children
      who consumed 2 fish meals per week including one of fatty fish, showed no
      substantive differences in the cognitive domains from the children who did not.
      However negative associations with fatty fish consumption were found for social
      problems (p = 0.019), attention problems (p = 0.012), rule-breaking problems (p =
      0.019) and aggressive behaviour problems (p = 0.032). No association was observed
      with internalizing problems. Higher levels of externalizing problems (p = 0.018)
      and total problems (p = 0.018) were associated with eating less fatty fish.
      CONCLUSIONS: Children who consumed 2 fish meals per week including one of fatty
      fish were less likely to show emotional and behavioural problems than those who
      did not.

PMID- 26968972
TI  - Breaking the link between provocation and aggression: The role of mitigating
      information.
AB  - In two experimental studies, we examine the extent to which strong or weak
      mitigating information after a provocation alters aggressive responding. In Study
      1, we randomly assigned 215 (108 female) college-aged participants to a strong or
      weak provocation by having a research assistant talk to the participant about
      failing a task in a harsh or confused tone. This was followed by a second
      research assistant giving a strong or weak excuse to the participant regarding
      the first research assistant's behavior. Then, aggressive behavior was assessed
      using a researcher rating task. In Study 2, 63 (25 female) college-aged
      participants interacted with a confederate on the CRT. All participants were
      strongly provoked by receiving strong noise blasts. After five CRT trials, the
      confederate delivered weak or strong mitigating information to the participant
      regarding the noises blasts. The results indicated that: (i) strong provocations
      are more likely to increase aggression than weak provocations; (ii) strong
      mitigating information is more likely to decrease aggression than weak mitigating
      information; and (iii) the varying strength of mitigating information is
      important in situations involving weak, but not strong provocations: strong
      mitigating information is more likely than weak mitigating information reduce
      aggression when provocation is strong, but not when provocation is weak. We
      discuss the importance of mitigating information in decreasing aggressive
      behavior and the conditions in which mitigating information is especially likely
      to be effective. Aggr. Behav. 42:555-562, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26968973
TI  - Assessment of enlarged perivascular spaces and their relation to target organ
      damage and mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) have been recently
      considered a feature of cerebral small vessel disease. They have been related to
      aging, hypertension and dementia but their relationship with hypertension related
      variables (i.e. target organ damage, treatment compliance) and mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI) is not fully elucidated. Our aims were to investigate the
      relation between basal ganglia (BG) and centrum semiovale (CSO) EPVS with
      vascular risk factors, hypertension related variables and MCI. METHODS: In all,
      733 hypertensive individuals free of stroke and dementia from the Investigating
      Silent Strokes in Hypertensives, a magnetic resonance imaging Study (ISSYS)
      underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive testing to diagnose MCI
      or normal cognitive aging. RESULTS: The numbers of participants presenting high
      grade (>10) EPVS at the BG and CSO were 23.3% and 40.0%, respectively. After
      controlling for vascular risk factors, high grade BG EPVS were associated with
      age (odds ratio 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.37, 2.06), poor antihypertensive
      compliance (1.49; 1.03, 2.14) and the presence of microalbuminuria (1.95; 1.16,
      3.28), whereas in the CSO only age (1.38; 1.18, 1.63) and male sex were
      associated with EPVS (1.73; 1. 24, 2.42). MCI was diagnosed in 9.3% of the
      participants and it was predicted by EPVS in the BG (1.87; 1.03, 3.39) but not in
      the CSO. This last association was greatly attenuated after correction for
      lacunes and white matter hyperintensities. CONCLUSIONS: Basal ganglia EPVS are
      associated with the presence of microalbuminuria and poor adherence to
      antihypertensive drugs. The BG EPVS relation with MCI is not independent of the
      presence of other cerebral small vessel disease markers.

PMID- 26968974
TI  - Effects of Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ethers on the Intestinal Transport and
      Absorption of Rhodamine 123: A P-glycoprotein Substrate by In Vitro and In Vivo
      Studies.
AB  - We examined the effects of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers (Brijs) on the intestinal
      transport and absorption of rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, by
      in vitro and in vivo studies. Brijs increased the absorptive transport of
      rhodamine 123 and decreased its secretory transport in the in vitro diffusion
      chamber method. However, Brijs did not change the transport of 5(6)
      carboxyfluorescein, a non-P-gp substrate, indicating that the effect of Brijs on
      the transport of drugs was P-gp substrate-specific. The effects of Brijs on
      rhodamine 123 transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers were also examined.
      Secretory transport of rhodamine 123 was enhanced and its absorptive transport
      was significantly reduced in the presence of Brijs. Furthermore, in the in vivo
      studies, Brijs also enhanced the intestinal absorption of rhodamine 123 in rats.
      The intestinal membrane damage produced by Brijs was also evaluated by measuring
      the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the release of protein. We found almost
      no intestinal damage in the presence of various Brijs. These findings suggest
      that Brijs might inhibit the function of intestinal P-gp, thereby increasing the
      intestinal transport and absorption of P-gp substrates without serious intestinal
      membrane damage. 

PMID- 26968976
TI  - Predictors of Triptan Response in Pediatric Migraine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Migraine is common in children and adolescents and can be disabling.
      Being able to predict which patients will respond to triptans based on their
      clinical phenotype would be helpful. Adult data suggest cranial autonomic
      symptoms and aura predict triptan response. This study examined clinical
      predictors of triptan response in pediatric migraineurs. METHODS: This chart
      review study included all patients less than 18 years old with migraine who were
      seen at the University of California, San Francisco Headache Center in 2014.
      Univariate chi(2) analyses were performed, followed by multivariate logistic
      regression modeling. RESULTS: Of 127 pediatric migraineurs, 70 (55%) had chronic
      migraine and 24 (19%) had aura. The majority (55%) had at least one cranial
      autonomic symptom. Of 65 with triptan outcome data, 47 (73%) benefitted from a
      triptan. In univariate analyses, triptan benefit was seen in 65% with chronic
      migraine versus 88% with episodic migraine (P = 0.048), 67% with aura versus 74%
      without (P = 0.66), and 70% with cranial autonomic symptom versus 74% without (P
      = 0.76). In a multivariate logistic regression model, chronic migraine, aura, and
      cranial autonomic symptom were not statistically significant predictors of
      triptan benefit: chronic migraine: 0.25 (0.06-1.04); aura: 0.65 (0.09-4.45);
      cranial autonomic symptom: 0.75 (0.22-2.52). CONCLUSIONS: In univariate analysis,
      individuals with chronic migraine were less likely to benefit from triptans. In
      contrast to what has been documented in adults, cranial autonomic symptoms and
      aura did not predict triptan response, although our small sample size limited the
      study's power. Larger pediatric studies are needed, and future pediatric triptan
      trials should provide response rates stratified by clinical variables such as
      aura.

PMID- 26968975
TI  - Systemic pro-inflammatory response facilitates the development of cerebral edema
      during short hypoxia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is the severe type of acute
      mountain sickness (AMS) and life threatening. A subclinical inflammation has been
      speculated, but the exact mechanisms underlying the HACE are not fully
      understood. METHODS: Human volunteers ascended to high altitude (3860 m, 2 days),
      and rats were exposed to hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber (5000 m, 2 days). Human
      acute mountain sickness was evaluated by the Lake Louise Score (LLS), and plasma
      corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL
      6 were measured in rats and humans. Subsequently, rats were pre-treated with
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS, intraperitoneal (ip) 4 mg/kg, 11 h) to induce
      inflammation prior to 1 h hypoxia (7000 m elevation). TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6,
      nitric oxide (NO), CRH, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and their gene expression, Evans
      blue, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, p65 translocation, and cell swelling were
      measured in brain by ELISA, Western blotting, Q-PCR, RT-PCR,
      immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron micrography. MAPKs, NF-kappaB
      pathway, and water permeability of primary astrocytes were demonstrated. All
      measurements were performed with or without LPS challenge. The release of NO, TNF
      alpha, and IL-6 in cultured primary microglia by CRH stimulation with or without
      PDTC (NF-kappaB inhibitor) or CP154,526 (CRHR1 antagonist) were measured.
      RESULTS: Hypobaric hypoxia enhanced plasma TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 and CRH
      levels in human and rats, which positively correlated with AMS. A single LPS
      injection (ip, 4 mg/kg, 12 h) into rats increased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels
      in the serum and cortex, and AQP4 and AQP4 mRNA expression in cortex and
      astrocytes, and astrocyte water permeability but did not cause brain edema.
      However, LPS treatment 11 h prior to 1 h hypoxia (elevation, 7000 m) challenge
      caused cerebral edema, which was associated with activation of NF-kappaB and
      MAPKs, hypoxia-reduced Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      disruption. Both LPS and CRH stimulated TNF-alpha, IL-6, and NO release in
      cultured rat microglia via NF-kappaB and cAMP/PKA. CONCLUSIONS: Preexisting
      systemic inflammation plus a short severe hypoxia elicits cerebral edema through
      upregulated AQP4 and water permeability by TLR4 and CRH/CRHR1 signaling. This
      study revealed that both infection and hypoxia can cause inflammatory response in
      the brain. Systemic inflammation can facilitate onset of hypoxic cerebral edema
      through interaction of astrocyte and microglia by activation of TLR4 and
      CRH/CRHR1 signaling. Anti-inflammatory agents and CRHR1 antagonist may be useful
      for prevention and treatment of AMS and HACE.

PMID- 26968977
TI  - Eligibility for PCSK9 treatment in 734 Hypercholesterolemic patients referred to
      a regional cholesterol treatment center with LDL cholesterol >= 70 mg/dl despite
      maximal tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: LDL cholesterol (LDLC) lowering has been revolutionized by PCSK9
      inhibitors, Alirocumab (Praluent) and Evolocumab (Repatha), approved as adjuncts
      to maximally tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy in heterozygous (HeFH) or
      homozygous (HoFH) familial hypercholesterolemia, and/or clinical atherosclerotic
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) where LDLC lowering is insufficient. METHODS: We
      applied FDA and insurance eligibility criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor use in 734
      hypercholesterolemic patients serially referred over 3 years who then received >=
      2 months maximally tolerated LDLC lowering therapy with follow up LDLC >= 70
      mg/dl, and in 50 patients approved by insurance for PCSK9 inhibitors. We
      documented the percentage of patients with HeFH and/or CVD who met FDA and
      insurance criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy using LDLC goal-based guidelines.
      RESULTS: Of 734 patients with LDLC >= 70 mg/dl after >= 2 months maximally
      tolerated LDLC lowering therapy, 220 (30%) had HeFH and/or CVD with LDLC > 100
      mg/dl, meeting FDA-insurance criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy. Another 66
      (9%) patients were statin intolerant, without HeFH or CVD. Of the 50 patients
      whose PCSK9 inhibitor therapy was approved for insurance coverage, 45 (90%) had
      LDLC > 100 mg/dl after >= 2 months on maximally tolerated LDLC lowering therapy.
      Seventeen of these 50 patients (34%) had HeFH without CVD (LDLC on treatment 180
      +/- 50 mg/dl), 15 (30%) had CVD without HeFH (LDLC on treatment 124 +/- 26
      mg/dl), 14 (28%) had both HeFH and CVD (LDLC on treatment 190 +/- 53 mg/dl), and
      4 (8%) had neither HeFH nor CVD (LCLC 142 +/- 11 mg/dl). CONCLUSION: Of 734
      patients referred for LDLC reduction, with LDLC >= 70 mg/dl after >= 2 months on
      maximally tolerated therapy, 220 (30%) had HeFH and/or CVD with LDLC > 100 mg/dl,
      meeting FDA-insurance criteria for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy as an adjunct to diet
      maximally tolerated cholesterol lowering therapy in HeFH or CVD. If 30% of
      patients with high LDLC and HeFH-CVD are eligible for PCSK9 inhibitors, then
      specialty pharmaceutical pricing models (~$14,300/year) will collide with tens of
      millions of HeFH-CVD patients. We speculate that if there was a 50 % reduction in
      CVD, then there would be savings of $245 billion, in the middle of the range of
      estimated PCSK9 inhibitor costs of $185-342 billion. Whether the health care
      savings arising from the anticipated reduction of CVD events by PCSK9 inhibitors
      justify their extraordinary costs in broad population use remains to be
      determined.

PMID- 26968978
TI  - Exogenous hydrogen sulphide ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats by
      reversing disordered calcium-handling system in sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) has been found to be involved in
      cardiovascular diseases, but the exact mechanism has not been clarified. The
      purpose of this study was to investigate whether sodium hydrogen sulphide (NaHS),
      the donor of H2 S, can improve diabetic cardiomyopathy by reversing disordered
      calcium-handling system in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). METHODS: Sprague Dawley
      rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.) to build diabetic
      model. Treatment groups included: aminoguanidine group (AG, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and
      NaHS group (5 mg/kg per day, s.c.). KEY FINDINGS: Cardiac dysfunction and
      myocardial hypertrophy were found in diabetic model (DM) group, along with
      increased ROS levels and upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of NADPH
      p22(phox) , endothelin A receptor (ETA ) and protein kinase Cepsilon
      (PKCepsilon). Expressions of calcium-handling proteins in SR including FK506
      binding proteins (FKBP12.6), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA2a) and
      calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) were downregulated in DM group, accompanied by elevated
      concentration of diastolic free calcium in high glucose-incubated cardiomyocytes,
      indicating of calcium leak. After treated by NaHS, these abnormalities were
      attenuated significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Exogenous H2 S played a protective role in
      diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting abnormal calcium-handling system in SR and
      ET-NADPH oxidase-PKCepsilon pathway.

PMID- 26968979
TI  - Fatal chilli bite.
AB  - A healthy 2-year-old girl bit a green chilli accidentally following which she had
      many bouts of vomiting. She became unconscious and was immediately admitted to
      hospital. In spite of all medical intervention, she died after one day. The
      autopsy confirmed that the death was caused by respiratory failure due to acute
      respiratory distress syndrome following aspiration of gastric contents into
      tracheobronchial tree. Aspiration of gastric contents resulting in acute
      respiratory distress syndrome and death is not uncommon; however, death following
      the accidental bite of a chilli is rarely reported in medical-legal literature. 

PMID- 26968980
TI  - Ligature mark on the face - forensic implications.
AB  - In deaths due to hanging and strangulation, the position, course and direction of
      the ligature mark, the kind of knot used and injuries to the neck structures help
      in deducing the cause and manner of death. Two cases of suicidal hanging are
      reported where the unusual positioning of ligature and presence of the ligature
      mark on the face raise doubts concerning the circumstances of death. The presence
      of a ligature mark on the face is an unusual and rarely reported phenomenon that
      can have serious medico-legal implications. 

PMID- 26968982
TI  - DNA binding to SMC ATPases-trapped for release.
AB  - The SMC/Rad50/RecN proteins are universal DNA-associated ABC-type ATPases with
      crucial functions in genome maintenance. New insights into Rad50-DNA complex
      structure and cohesin regulation inspire a speculative look at the entire
      superfamily. Identification of a continuous DNA binding site across the Rad50
      dimer interface (Liu et al, 2016; Seifert et al, 2016) suggests a similar site in
      cohesin. The localization of this site hints a DNA-activated mechanism for
      cohesin removal from chromosomes.

PMID- 26968981
TI  - Schizophrenia and reelin: a model based on prenatal stress to study epigenetics,
      brain development and behavior.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that results in a significant
      disability for the patient. The disorder is characterized by impairment of the
      adaptive orchestration of actions, a cognitive function that is mainly dependent
      on the prefrontal cortex. This behavioral deficit, together with cellular and
      neurophysiological alterations in the prefrontal cortex, as well as reduced
      density of GABAergic cells and aberrant oscillatory activity, all indicate
      structural and functional deficits of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
      Among the several risk factors for the development of schizophrenia, stress
      during the prenatal period has been identified as crucial. Thus, it is proposed
      that prenatal stress induces neurodevelopmental alterations in the prefrontal
      cortex that are expressed as cognitive impairment observed in schizophrenia.
      However, the precise mechanisms that link prenatal stress with the impairment of
      prefrontal cortex function is largely unknown. Reelin is an extracellular matrix
      protein involved in the development of cortical neural connectivity at embryonic
      stages, and in synaptic plasticity at postnatal stages. Interestingly, down
      regulation of reelin expression has been associated with epigenetic changes in
      the reelin gene of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. We recently
      showed that, similar to schizophrenic patients, prenatal stress induces down
      expression of reelin associated with the methylation of its promoter in the
      rodent prefrontal cortex. These alterations were paralleled with altered
      prefrontal cortex functional connectivity and impairment in prefrontal cortex
      dependent behavioral tasks. Therefore, considering molecular, cellular,
      physiological and behavioral evidence, we propose a unifying framework that links
      prenatal stress and prefrontal malfunction through epigenetic alterations of the
      reelin gene. 

PMID- 26968984
TI  - When Myc's asleep, embryonic stem cells are dormant.

PMID- 26968983
TI  - Tyrosination of alpha-tubulin controls the initiation of processive dynein
      dynactin motility.
AB  - Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of alpha/beta-tubulin are believed to
      regulate interactions with microtubule-binding proteins. A well-characterized PTM
      involves in the removal and re-ligation of the C-terminal tyrosine on alpha
      tubulin, but the purpose of this tyrosination-detyrosination cycle remains
      elusive. Here, we examined the processive motility of mammalian dynein complexed
      with dynactin and BicD2 (DDB) on tyrosinated versus detyrosinated microtubules.
      Motility was decreased ~fourfold on detyrosinated microtubules, constituting the
      largest effect of a tubulin PTM on motor function observed to date. This
      preference is mediated by dynactin's microtubule-binding p150 subunit rather than
      dynein itself. Interestingly, on a bipartite microtubule consisting of
      tyrosinated and detyrosinated segments, DDB molecules that initiated movement on
      tyrosinated tubulin continued moving into the segment composed of detyrosinated
      tubulin. This result indicates that the alpha-tubulin tyrosine facilitates
      initial motor-tubulin encounters, but is not needed for subsequent motility. Our
      results reveal a strong effect of the C-terminal alpha-tubulin tyrosine on dynein
      dynactin motility and suggest that the tubulin tyrosination cycle could modulate
      the initiation of dynein-driven motility in cells.

PMID- 26968985
TI  - ER strikes again: Proteostasis Dysfunction In ALS.

PMID- 26968987
TI  - Cutaneous metastasis of breast adenoid cystic carcinoma to the scalp.
AB  - Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a tumor that can be of primary cutaneous origin
      or secondary to metastatic disease, most commonly salivary origin. Aside from
      primary cutaneous and salivary types, ACC of the breast is a rare, more indolent
      variant. Cutaneous metastases secondary to breast ACC is exceedingly uncommon and
      not previously reported to our knowledge. We present the case of a 67-year-old
      woman who developed cutaneous metastasis from primary breast ACC. 

PMID- 26968986
TI  - Distinct modes of recruitment of the CCR4-NOT complex by Drosophila and
      vertebrate Nanos.
AB  - Nanos proteins repress the expression of target mRNAs by recruiting effector
      complexes through non-conserved N-terminal regions. In vertebrates, Nanos
      proteins interact with the NOT1 subunit of the CCR4-NOT effector complex through
      a NOT1 interacting motif (NIM), which is absent in Nanos orthologs from several
      invertebrate species. Therefore, it has remained unclear whether the Nanos
      repressive mechanism is conserved and whether it also involves direct
      interactions with the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex in invertebrates. Here, we
      identify an effector domain (NED) that is necessary for the Drosophila
      melanogaster (Dm) Nanos to repress mRNA targets. The NED recruits the CCR4-NOT
      complex through multiple and redundant binding sites, including a central region
      that interacts with the NOT module, which comprises the C-terminal domains of
      NOT1-3. The crystal structure of the NED central region bound to the NOT module
      reveals an unanticipated bipartite binding interface that contacts NOT1 and NOT3
      and is distinct from the NIM of vertebrate Nanos. Thus, despite the absence of
      sequence conservation, the N-terminal regions of Nanos proteins recruit CCR4-NOT
      to assemble analogous repressive complexes.

PMID- 26968988
TI  - The roles of HOXB7 in promoting migration, invasion, and anti-apoptosis in
      gastric cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to compare HOXB7 expression level
      between gastric cancer and non-cancerous gastric tissues. Additionally, the
      functional effects of HOXB7, including its pro-migration or invasion and anti
      apoptosis roles, were evaluated in gastric cancer cells. METHODS: Both gene and
      protein expression levels of HOXB7 were examined in gastric cancer cell lines,
      and HOXB7 expression was compared between primary or metastatic gastric cancer
      tissues and chronic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia tissues. Functional
      studies included a wound healing assay, a Matrigel invasion assay, and an Annexin
      V assay were performed, and Akt/PTEN activity was measured by western blotting.
      RESULTS: Both gene and protein expression levels of HOXB7 could be clearly
      detected in various gastric cancer cell lines except MKN-28 cell. HOXB7
      expression was significantly higher in primary or metastatic gastric cancer
      tissues than in chronic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia tissues. HOXB7
      knockdown led to inhibition of cell invasion and migration, had an apoptotic
      effect, downregulated phosphor-Akt, and upregulated PTEN in AGS and SNU-638
      cells. Reinforced expression of HOXB7 caused the opposite effects in MKN-28 and
      MKN-45 cells. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that HOXB7 has an oncogenic role in
      gastric cancer, which might be related to the modulation of Akt/PTEN activity to
      induce cell migration/invasion and anti-apoptotic effects.

PMID- 26968989
TI  - The moral concerns of biobank donors: the effect of non-welfare interests on
      willingness to donate.
AB  - Donors to biobanks are typically asked to give blanket consent, allowing their
      donation to be used in any research authorized by the biobank. This type of
      consent ignores the evidence that some donors have moral, religious, or cultural
      concerns about the future uses of their donations - concerns we call "non-welfare
      interests". The nature of non-welfare interests and their effect on willingness
      to donate to a biobank is not well understood.In order to better undersand the
      influence of non-welfare interests, we surveyed a national sample of the US
      population (in June 2014) using a probability-based internet panel. Logistic
      regression models assessed the demographic and attitudinal characteristics
      associated with participants' willingness to give consent for unspecified future
      uses of their donation when presented with 7 research scenarios that raised
      possible non-welfare interest concerns. Most people had non-welfare interests
      that significantly affect their willingness to donate to a biobank using blanket
      consent. Some non-welfare interests are associated with subgroups but others are
      not. A positive attitude toward biomedical research in general was associated
      with increased willingness to donate, while concerns about privacy and being
      African American were associated with decreased willingness.Non-welfare interests
      matter and can diminish willingness to donate to a biobank. Our data suggest that
      trust in research promotes willingness to donate. Ignoring non-welfare interests
      could erode this trust. Donors' non-welfare interests could be accommodated
      through greater transparency and easier access to information about the uses of
      donations.

PMID- 26968991
TI  - Propaganda or the cost of innovation? Challenging the high price of new drugs.

PMID- 26968990
TI  - A genetic variant of the NTCP gene is associated with HBV infection status in a
      Chinese population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate whether genetic variants of the HBV receptor gene NTCP
      are associated with HBV infection in the Han Chinese population. METHODS: We
      sequenced the entire 23 kb NTCP gene from 111 HBeAg-positive HBsAg carriers (PSE
      group), 110 HBeAg-negative HBsAg carriers (PS group), and 110 control subjects.
      Then, we performed association analyses of suggestively significant SNPs with HBV
      infection in 1075 controls, 1936 PSs and 639 PSEs. RESULTS: In total, 109 rare
      variants (74 novel) and 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, one novel) were
      screened. Of the seven non-synonymous rare variants, six were singletons and one
      was a double hit. All three damaging rare singletons presented exclusively in the
      PSE group. Of the five SNPs validated in all 3650 subjects, the T allele of
      rs4646287 was significantly decreased (p = 0.002) in the PS group (10.1%) and PSE
      group (8.1%) compared to the controls (10.9%) and was decreased to 7.4% in the
      PSE hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subgroup. Additionally, rs4646287-T was
      associated with a 0.68-fold (95% CI = 0.51-0.89, p = 0.006) decreased risk of PSE
      compared with the controls. The NTCP mRNA level was lower in HCC tissues in "CT +
      TT" carriers than in "CC" carriers. CONCLUSIONS: We found a genetic variant
      (rs4646287) located in intron 1 of NTCP that may be associated with increased
      risk of HBV infection in Han Chinese.

PMID- 26968992
TI  - Impact of left ventricular systolic dysfunction on the outcomes of percutaneous
      edge-to-edge mitral valve repair using MitraClip.
AB  - Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVD) is associated with poor outcomes
      after mitral regurgitation (MR) surgery. MitraClip (MC) is a novel treatment
      option for MR patients with a high surgical risk. However, outcomes of LVD
      patients underwent MC remain unclear. In total of 194 patients after MC
      implantation, 75 patients (39 %) had severe LVD (LV ejection fraction <=30 %).
      Patients with severe LVD were primarily male and also younger. Logistic
      euroSCOREs were comparable between the two groups. Functional MR was more common
      in patients with severe LVD, while New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was
      similar between the two groups. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT
      proBNP) was significantly higher in patients with LVD. In addition to similar
      improvements in MR severity, NYHA class, and NT-proBNP levels, the survival rates
      were not different between patients with and without severe LVD. Among patients
      with severe LVD, the long-term survival rates were significantly lower in
      patients aged >=75 years, those with NT-proBNP >5000 pg/mL, and those with atrial
      fibrillation (AF). In conclusion, severe LVD was not associated with the
      mortality after MC implantation. MC might be feasible and effective even in the
      patients with severe MR and low LVEF. However, we need to carefully observe
      severe LVD patients who are elderly, have a high NT-proBNP level, and have AF, as
      these might be considered high-risk subjects.

PMID- 26968996
TI  - Degradation of thiamethoxam by the synergetic effect between anodic oxidation and
      Fenton reactions.
AB  - In this work, a comparative study using anodic oxidation, Fenton and electro
      Fenton treatments was performed in order to determine the synergic effect for the
      removal of thiamethoxan. The results determined that electro-Fenton process
      showed high efficiency in comparison with Fenton or anodic oxidation. After that,
      this hybrid process was optimized and the influence of iron catalyst
      concentration and applied current intensity on the degradation and mineralization
      were evaluated. Degradation profiles were monitored by high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) being satisfactorily described by pseudo-first order
      kinetic model. At the optimal experimental conditions (300mA and 0.2mM Fe(+2)),
      the complete degradation of thiamethoxam was achieved after 10min. On the other
      hand, mineralization of thiamethoxam was monitored by total organic carbon (TOC)
      decay reaching more than 92% of TOC removal after 8h. Furthermore, a plausible
      mineralization pathway for the thiamethoxam degradation was proposed based on the
      identification of by-products such as aromatic intermediates, carboxylic acids
      and inorganic ions released throughout electro-Fenton process. 

PMID- 26968993
TI  - Insight into specific pro-arrhythmic triggers in Brugada and early repolarization
      syndromes: results of long-term follow-up.
AB  - The pro-arrhythmic triggers in Brugada and early repolarization syndromes (BrS,
      ERS) have not been analyzed systematically except for case reports. We clinically
      investigated the circumstances which precede/predispose to arrhythmic events in
      these syndromes during long-term follow-up. A detailed history from the
      patients/witnesses was taken to investigate the antecedent events in the last few
      hours that preceded syncope/ventricular fibrillation (VF); medical records, ECG
      and blood test from the emergency room (ER) were reviewed. 19 patients that
      fulfilled the investigation criteria were followed up for 71 +/- 49 months (34
      190 months). Prior to the event (syncope/VF), the patients were partaking
      different activities in the following decreasing order; drinking alcoholic
      beverage, having meal, and getting up from sleep, exercise. 3 patients reported
      mental/physical stress prior to the event and 2 patients developed VF several
      days after starting oral steroid for treatment of bronchial asthma. In the ER,
      elevated J-wave amplitude (0.27 +/- 0.15 mV) was found with 58 % of the patients
      having hypokalemia. After electrolyte correction and cessation of steroids, the
      following day plasma K+ (4.2 +/- 0.3 mEq/L, P < 0.001) was significantly
      increased and J-wave amplitude (0.13 +/- 0.1 mV, P < 0.001) was remarkably
      reduced. Three patients were kept on oral spironolactone/potassium supplements.
      During follow-up for 71 +/- 49 (34-190) months, among 4 patients with VF
      recurrence, one patient developed VF after taking oral steroid. In ERS and BrS,
      hypokalemia and corticosteroid therapy add substantial pro-arrhythmic effects,
      but potentially treatable. Stopping steroid therapy and avoiding hypokalemia had
      excellent long-term outcome.

PMID- 26968994
TI  - Moderate vasomotor response to acetylcholine provocation test as an indicator of
      long-term prognosis.
AB  - The acetylcholine (ACh) provocation test (ACh-test) is used for the diagnosis of
      vasospastic angina (VSA). However, subjects often show a moderate spasm (MS)
      response for which diagnosis of VSA is not definitive, and the clinical
      significance of this response is unknown. We assessed moderate coronary vasomotor
      response to the ACh test as an indicator of long-term prognosis. A total of 298
      consecutive patients who underwent the ACh test for suspected VSA were
      retrospectively investigated. Coronary spasm severity after intracoronary
      administration of isosorbide dinitrate was evaluated by measuring epicardial
      coronary artery diameter reduction after ACh injection. Patients were divided
      into three groups according to the diameter reduction during the ACh test: severe
      spasm (SS) showing >=75 % diameter reduction, MS showing >=50 % diameter
      reduction, and others (N). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the major adverse cardiac
      event (MACE) rates with a median follow-up of 4.6 years were significantly worse
      in SS (11.1 %) and MS (8.5 %) than N (1.9 %), (SS vs N; P = 0.009, MS vs N; P =
      0.029). Significant difference in MACE rates was not observed between SS and MS
      (P = 0.534). Cox regression analysis revealed that MS remained an independent
      predictor of MACE after adjustment for other confounders (HR: 7.18, 95 % CI 1.42
      36.4, P = 0.017). Patients with MS by ACh test had a cardiac event rate
      comparable with that of patients with SS and significantly worse than that of
      patients with normal vasomotor responses.

PMID- 26968997
TI  - Preparation of IrO2-Ta2O5|Ti electrodes by immersion, painting and
      electrophoretic deposition for the electrochemical removal of hydrocarbons from
      water.
AB  - After intense years of great development, the electrochemical technologies have
      become very suitable alternatives in niche markets like industrial wastewater
      reclamation and soil remediation. A key role to achieve a high efficiency in such
      treatments is played by the characteristics of the coating of the electrodes
      employed. This paper compares three techniques, namely immersion, painting and
      electrophoresis, for the preparation of IrO2-Ta2O5|Ti, so-called dimensionally
      stable anodes (DSA((r))). The quality of the coatings has been investigated by
      means of surface and electrochemical analysis. Their ability to generate hydroxyl
      radicals and degrade aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons like phenanthrene,
      naphthalene and fluoranthene has been thoroughly assessed. Among the synthesis
      techniques, electrophoretic deposition yielded the best results, with DSA((r))
      electrodes exhibiting a homogeneous surface coverage that led to a good
      distribution of active sites, thus producing hydroxyl radicals that were able to
      accelerate the degradation of hydrocarbons. 

PMID- 26968995
TI  - Rapid atrial pacing induces myocardial fibrosis by down-regulating Smad7 via
      microRNA-21 in rabbit.
AB  - Tachycardia-induced atrial fibrosis is a hallmark of the structural remodeling of
      atrial fibrillation (AF). The mechanisms underlying tachycardia-induced atrial
      fibrosis remain unclear. In our previous study, we found that Smad7
      downregulation promoted the development of atrial fibrosis in AF. Fibroblasts are
      enriched in microRNA-21 (miR-21), which contributes to the development of
      fibrosis and heart failure in the cardiovascular system. Our study was designed
      to test the hypothesis that miR-21 reinforces the TGF-beta1/Smad signaling
      pathway in AF-induced atrial fibrosis by down-regulating Smad7. Rapid atrial
      pacing (RAP, 1000 ppm) was applied to the left atrium of the rabbit heart to
      induce atrial fibrillation and fibrosis. qRT-PCR and northern blot analysis
      revealed that RAP caused a marked increase in the expression of miR-21.
      Transfection with a miR-21 inhibitor significantly increased the expression of
      Smad7, while the expression of collagen I/III significantly decreased. These
      changes were implicated in the AF-induced release of miR-21 and down-regulation
      of Smad7. Adult rat cardiac fibroblasts treated with TGF-beta1 showed increased
      miR-21 expression and decreased Smad7 expression. Pretreatment with a TGF-beta1
      inhibitor reduced the TGF-beta1-induced up-regulation of miR-21. Pretreatment
      with pre-miR-21 and a miR-21 inhibitor significantly decreased and increased
      Smad7 expression, respectively. This result was negatively correlated with the
      expression of collagen I/III in fibroblasts. Moreover, the results of a
      luciferase activity assay suggest that Smad7 is a validated miR-21 target in CFs.
      Our results provide compelling evidence that the miR-21 specific degradation of
      Smad7 may decrease the inhibitory feedback regulation of TGF-beta1/Smad signaling
      and serves as a new insight of the mechanism of atrial fibrosis in atrial
      fibrillation. 

PMID- 26968998
TI  - Impairment due to eating disorder pathology: Identifying the cut-off score on the
      Clinical Impairment Assessment in a clinical and community sample.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) is a self-report measure of
      impairment secondary to eating disorder (ED) features. The purpose of this study
      was to identify the global CIA cut-off score that maximized sensitivity and
      specificity to discriminate impairment due to eating disorder pathology in a
      community versus clinical ED sample using receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      analyses. METHOD: Participants were 1,468 female community participants and 552
      eating disorder patients. RESULTS: Mean global CIA scores were 5.17 (SD 7.61) and
      32.50 (SD 10.20). The ROC analysis demonstrated excellent accuracy of the global
      CIA score (AUC = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.98). A cut-off score of 16.0 yielded a
      sensitivity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.93) and a specificity of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89
      0.93). DISCUSSION: This study is the first to replicate findings from the
      original development study of the CIA and lends support to initial
      recommendations. Data provide strong evidence of the discriminant validity of the
      CIA and suggest the utility of assessing eating-disorder related impairment for
      classification purposes. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016;
      49:635-638).

PMID- 26968999
TI  - The imaging features of protruding esophageal lesions.
AB  - Except for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, lesions that protrude into
      the esophagus are rare, and include benign and malignant tumors. The imaging
      findings of these lesions on esophagography, computed tomography (CT), and
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are often non-specific. However, some of them
      reveal characteristic imaging findings. In addition, esophagography, CT, and MRI
      are useful to evaluate location, extent, invasion, vascularity, lymphadenopathy,
      and metastasis. Knowledge of the imaging features of protruding esophageal
      lesions helps to narrow the differential diagnosis. We describe the main features
      of esophageal protruding lesions. 

PMID- 26969000
TI  - HLA-B*40:326, a novel variant of HLA-B*40, discovered in a Taiwanese blood donor.
AB  - One nucleotide substitution at residue 476 of HLA-B*40:01:01 results in a new
      allele, HLA-B*40:326. 

PMID- 26969001
TI  - Reasons People Give for Using (or Not Using) Condoms.
AB  - Study participants (N = 348) were asked about 46 reasons that have been suggested
      for why people use or do not use condoms. Participants were asked which of these
      reasons motivated them when they were deciding whether to use condoms in 503
      sexual relationships. Participants were classified into one of three roles based
      on their HIV status and the status of each sexual partner: HIV+ people with HIV-
      partners; HIV- people with HIV+ partners; and HIV- people with HIV- partners.
      Motivations were looked at in the context of each of these roles. Of the 46
      reasons, only 15 were selected by at least 1/3 of the participants, and only
      seven were selected by at least half. Frequently reported reasons primarily
      concern protecting self and partner from STDs including HIV. Less frequently
      reported reasons involved social norms, effects of condoms on sex, and concern
      for the relationship. These findings have implications for clinical
      interventions.

PMID- 26969002
TI  - A new method to quantify tau pathologies with (11)C-PBB3 PET using reference
      tissue voxels extracted from brain cortical gray matter.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Quantitative in vivo imaging of tau pathologies potentially improves
      diagnostic accuracy of neurodegenerative tauopathies and would facilitate
      evaluation of disease-modifying drugs targeting tau lesions in these diseases.
      Tau pathology can be quantified by reference tissue models without arterial blood
      sampling when reference tissue devoid of target binding sites is available. The
      cerebellar cortex has been used as a reference region in analyses of tau positron
      emission tomography (PET) data in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, in a
      significant subset of tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy and
      corticobasal degeneration, tau accumulation may occur in diverse brain regions
      including the cerebellar cortex. This hampers selection of a distinctive
      reference region lacking binding sites for a tau PET ligand. The purpose of this
      study was to develop a new method to quantify specific binding of a PET
      radioligand, (11)C-PBB3, to tau deposits using reference voxels extracted from
      cortical gray matter, which have a low likelihood of containing tau
      accumulations. METHODS: We reanalyzed (11)C-PBB3 PET data of seven mild AD
      patients (ADs) and seven elderly healthy control subjects (HCs) acquired in a
      previous study. As a standard method, parametric images of binding potential
      ([Formula: see text]) were initially generated using reference tissue manually
      defined on the cerebellar cortex. We then constructed a frequency histogram of
      [Formula: see text] values in these parametric images and selected cortical gray
      matter voxels contained in a certain range of the histogram with a low likelihood
      of having (11)C-PBB3 binding sites. Finally, these reference voxels were used for
      generating new [Formula: see text] parametric images. RESULTS: Reference tissue
      voxels defined by the histogram analysis spread throughout the cortical gray
      matter of AD and HC brains. The [Formula: see text] values determined by our new
      method correlated very well with those estimated by the standard method (r (2) =
      0.94), although the binding estimates by the current method were slightly higher
      by ~0.14 than those by the standard method. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and
      validated a new method enabling quantification of tau lesions that can accumulate
      in the cerebellum and other extensive brain areas. This method may be applicable
      to all tauopathy subtypes and various tau PET ligands besides (11)C-PBB3. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: The number is UMIN000009052.

PMID- 26969004
TI  - The nature of the redshift and directly observed quasar statistics.
AB  - The nature of the cosmic redshift is one of the most fundamental questions in
      modern science. Hubble's discovery of the apparent Expansion of the Universe is
      derived from observations on a small number of galaxies at very low redshifts.
      Today, quasar redshifts have a range more than 1000 times greater than those in
      Hubble's sample, and represent more than 100 times as many objects. A recent
      comprehensive compilation of published measurements provides the basis for a
      study indicating that quasar observations are not in good agreement with the
      original predictions of the Expanding Universe theory, but are well fit by the
      predictions of an alternative theory having fewer adjustable parameters. 

PMID- 26969003
TI  - miR2118-triggered phased siRNAs are differentially expressed during the panicle
      development of wild and domesticated African rice species.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rice exhibits a wide range of panicle structures. To explain these
      variations, much emphasis has been placed on changes in transcriptional
      regulation, but no large-scale study has yet reported on changes in small RNA
      regulation in the various rice species. To evaluate this aspect, we performed
      deep sequencing and expression profiling of small RNAs from two closely related
      species with contrasting panicle development: the cultivated African rice Oryza
      glaberrima and its wild relative Oryza barthii. RESULTS: Our RNA-seq analysis
      revealed a dramatic difference between the two species in the 21 nucleotide small
      RNA population, corresponding mainly to miR2118-triggered phased siRNAs. A
      detailed expression profiling during the panicle development of O. glaberrima and
      O. barthii using qRT-PCRs and in situ hybridization, confirmed a delayed
      expression of the phased siRNAs as well as their lncRNA precursors and regulators
      (miR2118 and MEL1 gene) in O. glaberrima compared to O. barthii. We provide
      evidence that the 21-nt phasiRNA pathway in rice is associated with male
      gametogenesis but is initiated in spikelet meristems. CONCLUSION: Differential
      expression of the miR2118-triggered 21-nt phasiRNA pathway between the two
      African rice species reflects differential rates of determinate fate acquisition
      of panicle meristems between the two species.

PMID- 26969005
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - The long storage time of charged particles in a well-controlled environment by
      ion traps provides ideal conditions for precision spectroscopy. After an
      introduction to the properties of traps we present examples in mass spectroscopy,
      and measurements of microwave and optical transition frequencies. The application
      to novel frequency standards will be discussed and we sketch briefly some
      fundamental aspects of light-atom interactions. 

PMID- 26969006
TI  - A chemical structure for humic substances.

PMID- 26969007
TI  - De novo biosynthesis of Delta(3)-Isoxazolin-5-one and 3-Nitropropanoic acid
      derivatives inChrysomela tremulae.

PMID- 26969009
TI  - Chemical defence and genetic bariation : Interpopulational Study ofOreina
      gloriosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

PMID- 26969008
TI  - 5,11-Dimethylheptadecane and 2,5-Dimethyl-heptadecane: Sex pheromone components
      of the geometrid moth,Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaiia.

PMID- 26969010
TI  - Response to humidity change of deutocerebral interneurons of the honeybee,Apis
      mellifera L.

PMID- 26969011
TI  - Functioning of normal and ectopic electroreceptors.

PMID- 26969012
TI  - How do bees shiver?

PMID- 26969013
TI  - Spontaneous speciation through an overwintering change in a sawfly.

PMID- 26969014
TI  - Retardation of homing pigeons' ephemerides?

PMID- 26969015
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26969017
TI  - Effects of 0.5% Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Solution on Heart Rate and Selected
      Echocardiographic Indices in Apparently Healthy Cats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function is challenging in
      cats, partially because of transmitral flow pattern fusion associated with high
      heart rates. With heart rate (HR) reduction, transmitral flow waveforms separate,
      allowing identification of diastolic dysfunction. Timolol, an ophthalmic,
      nonselective beta-blocker used in glaucoma is safe and transiently decreases HR
      in clinical trials. HYPOTHESIS: Administration of timolol ophthalmic solution
      decreases HR and facilitates echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function
      in cats without inducing clinically relevant adverse effects. ANIMALS: Twenty
      five apparently healthy cats. METHODS: Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms
      including transmitral flow patterns were evaluated before and 20 minutes after
      ocular administration of 1 drop of timolol 0.5% solution. Twenty cats underwent
      treatment with timolol, and 5 different cats served as untreated controls to
      evaluate the effects of acclimation to the hospital environment on HR. RESULTS:
      Acclimation to the hospital had no effect on HR in control cats. After timolol
      administration, a significant median HR reduction of 25 bpm was observed (P <
      .0001). Timolol had no effect on E/A ratio in cats without E/A fusion (7/20, P =
      .44). Of the 13 cats with E and A waves that were fused before timolol
      application, separation of these waves was identified in 8 cats (62%) after
      timolol treatment. No bradyarrhythmias were noted after timolol administration,
      but 2 cats had first-degree atrioventricular block. Timolol resulted in
      resolution of dynamic outflow tract obstruction in 6 of 6 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND
      CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Ocular administration of timolol safely decreases HR in cats
      and could facilitate assessment of diastolic function.

PMID- 26969018
TI  - The Role of Lexical Frequency in the Acceptability of Syntactic Variants:
      Evidence From that-Clauses in Polish.
AB  - A number of studies report that frequency is a poor predictor of acceptability,
      in particular at the lower end of the frequency spectrum. Because acceptability
      judgments provide a substantial part of the empirical foundation of dominant
      linguistic traditions, understanding how acceptability relates to frequency, one
      of the most robust predictors of human performance, is crucial. The relation
      between low frequency and acceptability is investigated using corpus- and
      behavioral data on the distribution of infinitival and finite that-complements in
      Polish. Polish verbs exhibit substantial subordination variation and for the
      majority of verbs taking an infinitival complement, the that-complement occurs
      with low frequency (<0.66 ipm). These low-frequency that-clauses, in turn,
      exhibit large differences in how acceptable they are to native speakers. It is
      argued that acceptability judgments are based on configurations of internally
      structured exemplars, the acceptability of which cannot reliably be assessed
      until sufficient evidence about the core component has accumulated.

PMID- 26969016
TI  - The proteome and phosphoproteome of maize pollen uncovers fertility candidate
      proteins.
AB  - Maize is unique since it is both monoecious and diclinous (separate male and
      female flowers on the same plant). We investigated the proteome and
      phosphoproteome of maize pollen containing modified proteins and here we provide
      a comprehensive pollen proteome and phosphoproteome which contain 100,990
      peptides from 6750 proteins and 5292 phosphorylated sites corresponding to 2257
      maize phosphoproteins, respectively. Interestingly, among the total 27
      overrepresented phosphosite motifs we identified here, 11 were novel motifs,
      which suggested different modification mechanisms in plants compared to those of
      animals. Enrichment analysis of pollen phosphoproteins showed that pathways
      including DNA synthesis/chromatin structure, regulation of RNA transcription,
      protein modification, cell organization, signal transduction, cell cycle, vesicle
      transport, transport of ions and metabolisms, which were involved in pollen
      development, the following germination and pollen tube growth, were regulated by
      phosphorylation. In this study, we also found 430 kinases and 105 phosphatases in
      the maize pollen phosphoproteome, among which calcium dependent protein kinases
      (CDPKs), leucine rich repeat kinase, SNF1 related protein kinases and MAPK family
      proteins were heavily enriched and further analyzed. From our research, we also
      uncovered hundreds of male sterility-associated proteins and phosphoproteins that
      might influence maize productivity and serve as targets for hybrid maize seed
      production. At last, a putative complex signaling pathway involving CDPKs, MAPKs,
      ubiquitin ligases and multiple fertility proteins was constructed. Overall, our
      data provides new insight for further investigation of protein phosphorylation
      status in mature maize pollen and construction of maize male sterile mutants in
      the future. 

PMID- 26969019
TI  - Granular swollen epithelial cells in the kidney allograft: A clinicopathological
      study with special emphasis on possible marker for kidney allograft aging.
AB  - AIM: To elucidate the clinicopathological significance of granular swollen
      epithelial cells (GSECs), which provides histological evidence in the diagnosis
      of mitochondrial nephropathy, but incidentally observed in renal allografts, we
      evaluated GSECs as a surrogate histological marker for kidney allograft aging, as
      previously reported for p16, p21, and beta-galactosidase. METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed 426 kidney allograft biopsy specimens diagnosed at our
      university from January 2009 to April 2015. The prevalence and density of GSECs
      were compared with an age-matched control group of 508 native kidney biopsies.
      GSECs were defined as swollen (>2 times larger than normal renal tubular cells)
      epithelial cells best observed using Masson trichrome staining. Morphometric
      analyses were performed using digital microscopy software. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of GSECs was 7.7% in allograft kidneys and 8.1% in native kidneys.
      GSECs in kidney allografts were predominantly detected in medullary renal
      tubules, but not in the Bowman's capsular epithelium or podocytes. GSECs were
      observed in the following cases; no remarkable changes, n = 11; interstitial
      fibrosis and tubular atrophy, n = 7; chronic calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, n =
      5; antibody-mediated rejection, n = 3; T cell-mediated rejection grade IA, n = 1;
      and others, n = 6. Compared with control specimens, medullary density of GSECs in
      kidney allografts was significantly increased. The prevalence of GSECs slightly
      increased with post-transplant duration; however, this trend was not
      statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The present study does not provide
      pathological significance of GSEC in kidney allografts in terms of allograft
      aging, and warrant the further research with molecular approach.

PMID- 26969020
TI  - Chemotherapeutic outcomes for metastatic colorectal cancer in elderly patients
      aged >=75 years: A single-institutional retrospective analysis.

PMID- 26969023
TI  - Modelling the vasculature of the stem of Cyperus involucratus Rottb.: evidence
      for three patterns of vascular bundles.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: Three independent patterns of vein formation in Cyperus
      involucratus Rottb. were identified based on rare spontaneous interruptions of
      scape vein development. A number of developmental anomalies of vascular bundles
      in Cyperus involucratus Rottb. were identified and they include "turnabout",
      "absent", "twins", "doublet", amphivasal and various stages of "arrested". These
      were used to develop a computer program to explain the three vasculature patterns
      of the scape of (a) ordered deployment of vascular bundles, (b) arrangement of
      tissues within vascular bundles and (c) orientation of vascular bundles with
      respect to stem edge. The computer model is a cell-by-cell determination of cell
      types and facet states.

PMID- 26969021
TI  - Membrane proteins involved in transport, vesicle traffic and Ca(2+) signaling
      increase in beetroots grown in saline soils.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: By separating plasma membrane proteins according to their
      hydropathy from beetroots grown in saline soils, several proteins probably
      involved in salt tolerance were identified by mass spectrometry. Beetroots, as a
      salt-tolerant crop, have developed mechanisms to cope with stresses associated
      with saline soils. To observe which plasma membrane (PM) proteins were more
      abundant in beet roots grown in saline soils, beet root plants were irrigated
      with water or 0.2 M NaCl. PM-enriched membrane preparations were obtained from
      these plants, and their proteins were separated according to their hydropathy by
      serial phase partitioning with Triton X-114. Some proteins whose abundance
      increased visibly in membranes from salt-grown beetroots were identified by mass
      spectrometry. Among them, there was a V-type H(+)-ATPase (probably from
      contaminating vacuolar membranes), which increased with salt at all stages of
      beetroots' development. Proteins involved in solute transport (an H(+)
      transporting PPase and annexins), vesicle traffic (clathrin and synaptotagmins),
      signal perception and transduction (protein kinases and phospholipases, mostly
      involved in calcium signaling) and metabolism, appeared to increase in salt-grown
      beetroot PM-enriched membranes. These results suggest that PM and vacuolar
      proteins involved in transport, metabolism and signal transduction increase in
      beet roots adapted to saline soils. In addition, these results show that serial
      phase partitioning with Triton X-114 is a useful method to separate membrane
      proteins for their identification by mass spectrometry.

PMID- 26969024
TI  - MicroRNA-30a promotes extracellular matrix degradation in articular cartilage via
      downregulation of Sox9.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sox9 has recently been reported to be a key mediator during cartilage
      degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). Our aim was to clarify the role of microRNA
      30a (miR-30a) and its target gene Sox9 in regulation of extracellular matrix
      (ECM) degradation in OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression of miR-30a in
      cartilage tissues and in primary chondrocytes from healthy and OA donors, was
      determined by real-time PCR, and levels of Sox9 mRNA and protein were analyzed by
      real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Subsequently, the target of miR
      30a was predicted by bioinformatics and confirmed using a luciferase assay.
      Expression of ECM-related genes was determined by tissue-specific staining,
      immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and western blotting. The role of miR-30a in
      OA was examined in vivo using a collagenase-induced OA rat model. RESULTS: miR
      30a was significantly upregulated and Sox9 was downregulated in primary
      chondrocytes from cartilage taken from OA donors compared to healthy controls. We
      showed that miR-30a specifically bound to the 3' UTR of Sox9, and overexpression
      of miR-30a downregulated expression levels of Sox9, proteoglycan aggrecan, and
      Col II compared to those induced by small interfering RNA transfection to
      knockdown Sox9. miR-30a inhibition reversed the effects of ECM degradation in
      vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: miR-30a acts as a virulence MRA in OA, promoting
      ECM degradation by targeting Sox9 and by modulating activity of its downstream
      effectors Col II and proteoglycan aggrecan.

PMID- 26969022
TI  - Towards development of new ornamental plants: status and progress in wide
      hybridization.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: The present review provides insights into the key findings of
      the hybridization process, crucial factors affecting the adaptation of new
      technologies within wide hybridization of ornamental plants and presents
      perspectives of further development of this strategy. Wide hybridization is one
      of the oldest breeding techniques that contributed enormously to the development
      of modern plant cultivars. Within ornamental breeding, it represents the main
      source of genetic variation. During the long history of wide hybridization, a
      number of methods were implemented allowing the evolution from a conventional
      breeding tool into a modern methodology. Nowadays, the research on model plants
      and crop species increases our understanding of reproductive isolation among
      distant species and partly explains the background of the traditional approaches
      previously used for overcoming hybridization barriers. Characterization of
      parental plants and hybrids is performed using molecular and cytological
      techniques that strongly facilitate breeding processes. Molecular markers and
      sequencing technologies are used for the assessment of genetic relationships
      among plants, as the genetic distance is typically depicted as one of the most
      important factors influencing cross-compatibility in hybridization processes.
      Furthermore, molecular marker systems are frequently applied for verification of
      hybrid state of the progeny. The flow cytometry and genomic in situ hybridization
      are used in the assessment of hybridization partners and characterization of
      hybrid progeny in relation to genome stabilization as well as genome
      recombination and introgression. In the future, new research and technologies are
      likely to provide more detailed information about genes and pathways responsible
      for interspecific reproductive isolation. Ultimately, this knowledge will enable
      development of strategies for obtaining compatible lines for hybrid production.
      Recent development in sequencing technologies and availability of sequence data
      will also facilitate creation of new molecular markers that will advance marker
      assisted selection in hybridization process.

PMID- 26969026
TI  - Characterisation of the clinical and activated T cell response to repeat delayed
      type hypersensitivity skin challenges in human subjects, with KLH and PPD, as a
      potential model to test T cell-targeted therapies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To characterise the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reaction
      to repeated challenges of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and tuberculin purified
      protein derivative (PPD) in healthy volunteers, as a potential model to test T
      cell-targeted investigational agents. SUBJECTS, TREATMENT AND METHODS: Forty-nine
      subjects received either KLH, PPD, or PBS repeat skin challenges, and clinical
      assessments including induration, erythema and Laser Doppler Imaging. Skin
      biopsies or suction blisters were taken after challenge to investigate the
      cellular infiltrate of the challenge site, the T cell activation status, as
      determined by LAG-3 expression, and, specifically for the blister, the
      concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. Point estimates, estimates of variation
      and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were constructed for each type of
      challenge and timepoint. RESULTS: The DTH response could be measured at 48 and
      120 h post-KLH and PPD challenge with induration, erythema and Laser Doppler
      Imaging, with 48 h post-challenge demonstrating the peak of the response. PPD was
      well tolerated in subjects after multiple challenges, however, a significant
      number of KLH-treated subjects demonstrated an injection site reaction 6-7 days
      following the SC injection. PPD demonstrated a boost effect on the second
      challenge as measured by increased induration, where as this was not noted
      consistently for KLH. Compared to unchallenged and PBS control-injected skin,
      increased T cell numbers were detected in the challenge site by both the skin
      suction blister and biopsy technique, at either time point following KLH or PPD
      challenge. Use of the T cell activation marker LAG-3 demonstrated the activated
      phenotype of these cells. In skin blisters, higher numbers of LAG-3+ T cells were
      detected at 48 h post-challenge, whereas in the biopsies, similar numbers of LAG
      3+ cells were observed at both 48 and 120 h. Analysis of blister T cell
      subpopulations revealed some differences in phenotypes between the time points
      and between the CD4 and CD8 T cells. Blister cytokine analysis revealed a pro
      inflammatory dominated signature in PPD-challenged skin. CONCLUSIONS: In summary,
      our data support the use of a repeat KLH and PPD DTH challenge in clinical trials
      and that the clinical measures of induration and to a lesser extent erythema are
      appropriate to monitor the clinical DTH response. Both the blister and biopsy can
      be utilised to assess and quantify activated T cells and at the dose used, PPD
      was better tolerated than KLH and hence may be optimal for future studies.

PMID- 26969028
TI  - Divided by more than a common language.

PMID- 26969027
TI  - Knockdown of cullin 4A inhibits growth and increases chemosensitivity in lung
      cancer cells.
AB  - Cullin 4A (Cul4A) has been observed to be overexpressed in various cancers. In
      this study, the role of Cul4A in the growth and chemosensitivity in lung cancer
      cells were studied. We showed that Cul4A is overexpressed in lung cancer cells
      and tissues. Knockdown of the Cul4A expression by shRNA in lung cancer cells
      resulted in decreased cellular proliferation and growth in lung cancer cells.
      Increased sensitivity to gemcitabine, a chemotherapy drug, was also noted in
      those Cul4A knockdown lung cancer cells. Moreover, increased expression of p21,
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta inducible early gene-1 (TIEG1) and TGF beta
      induced (TGFBI) was observed in lung cancer cells after Cul4A knockdown, which
      may be partially related to increased chemosensitivity to gemcitabine. G0/G1 cell
      cycle arrest was also noted after Cul4A knockdown. Notably, decreased tumour
      growth and increased chemosensitivity to gemcitabine were also noted after Cul4A
      knockdown in lung cancer xenograft nude mice models. In summary, our study showed
      that targeting Cul4A with RNAi or other techniques may provide a possible insight
      to the development of lung cancer therapy in the future.

PMID- 26969025
TI  - Critical Link Between Epigenetics and Transcription Factors in the Induction of
      Autoimmunity: a Comprehensive Review.
AB  - Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses tolerance to self
      antigens, inducing inflammation and tissue damage. The pathogenesis of autoimmune
      diseases has not been elucidated. A growing mountain of evidence suggests the
      involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of these
      disorders. Genetic mapping has identified several candidate variants in
      autoimmune conditions. However, autoimmune diseases cannot be explained by
      genetic susceptibility alone. The fact that there is only 20 % of concordance for
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in homozygotic twins is an indication that
      epigenetics and environment may also play significant roles. Epigenetics refer to
      inheritable and potentially reversible changes in DNA and chromatin that regulate
      gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. The primary mechanisms of
      epigenetic regulation include DNA methylation, histone modification, and non
      coding RNA-mediated regulation. The regulation on gene expression by epigenetics
      is similar to that by transcription factors (TFs), and the normal execution of
      biological event is controlled by a combination of epigenetic modifications and
      TFs. These two mechanisms share similar regulatory logistics and cooperate in
      part by influencing activity of the binding sites of target genes. In addition,
      the promoters of TFs have been found themselves to be modified by epigenetic
      regulators and TFs can also induce epigenetic changes. There is a two-way street
      in which interplay between epigenetic regulation and TFs plays a role in the
      pathogenesis of SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, systemic sclerosis,
      and multiple sclerosis. Understanding of pathogenesis of these autoimmune
      diseases will help define potential targets for therapeutic strategies. 

PMID- 26969029
TI  - Be better with public health campaigns (and taxpayers' money).

PMID- 26969030
TI  - To PSA or not to PSA? Still a question for men with a family history of prostate
      cancer.

PMID- 26969031
TI  - Some like it safe.

PMID- 26969032
TI  - New possibilities for urinary molecular diagnostics.

PMID- 26969033
TI  - Urethral atrophy is fiction! Time to focus on the capsule?

PMID- 26969034
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26969035
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26969036
TI  - Event-related potential study of intentional and incidental retrieval of item and
      source memory during early childhood.
AB  - The event related potential (ERP) technique is a useful methodology for studying
      neural changes underlying memory development during childhood. However,
      systematic comparisons of differences in memory tasks and retrieval demands are
      lacking. To address this gap, the present study explored the effects of memory
      task (i.e., item versus source) and retrieval paradigm (i.e., intentional versus
      incidental) on 4- to 5-year-old children's memory performance and associated
      electrophysiological responses. Children were familiarized with items in a play
      like setting and then asked to retrieve item or source memory details while their
      brain activity was recorded (intentional retrieval) or while they passively
      viewed images of the items with no explicit task (incidental retrieval). Memory
      assessments for the incidental groups followed ERP recording. Analyses of the ERP
      data suggested that the brain's response during intentional retrieval of source
      information differed from the other three conditions. These results are discussed
      within a two-component framework of memory development (e.g., Shing et al.,
      2010), and implications for future methodological decisions are presented. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 556-567, 2016.

PMID- 26969037
TI  - Pilot-scale cultivation of wall-deficient transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
      strains expressing recombinant proteins in the chloroplast.
AB  - Microalgae have emerged as potentially powerful platforms for the production of
      recombinant proteins and high-value products. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a
      potentially important host species due to the range of genetic tools that have
      been developed for this unicellular green alga. Transformation of the chloroplast
      genome offers important advantages over nuclear transformation, and a wide range
      of recombinant proteins have now been expressed in the chloroplasts of C.
      reinhardtii strains. This is often done in cell wall-deficient mutants that are
      easier to transform. However, only a single study has reported growth data for C.
      reinhardtii grown at pilot scale, and the growth of cell wall-deficient strains
      has not been reported at all. Here, we report the first pilot-scale growth study
      for transgenic, cell wall-deficient C. reinhardtii strains. Strains expressing a
      cytochrome P450 (CYP79A1) or bifunctional diterpene synthase (cis-abienol
      synthase, TPS4) were grown for 7 days under mixotrophic conditions in a Tris
      acetate-phosphate medium. The strains reached dry cell weights of 0.3 g/L within
      3-4 days with stable expression levels of the recombinant proteins during the
      whole upscaling process. The strains proved to be generally robust, despite the
      cell wall-deficient phenotype, but grew poorly under phototrophic conditions. The
      data indicate that cell wall-deficient strains may be highly amenable for
      transformation and suitable for commercial-scale operations under mixotrophic
      growth regimes. 

PMID- 26969038
TI  - NAD(+)-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (EC.1.4.1.2) in Streptomyces coelicolor;
      in vivo characterization and the implication for nutrient-dependent secondary
      metabolism.
AB  - While glutamate and glutamate-rich compounds are widely used for culturing
      Streptomyces sp., little is known regarding glutamate catabolism at molecular
      level. Noting the presence of two distinct putative glutamate dehydrogenases
      (GDH), we constructed knockout mutants of each gene with Streptomyces coelicolor
      M145 and examined the functionality related to antibiotic production. Out of the
      two, the sco2999 knockout (DeltagdhB, NAD(+)-specific) showed outstanding
      effects; it decreased the growth sevenfold but initiated the undecylprodigiosin
      (RED) production in complex Difco nutrient media which otherwise does not support
      the production from M145. With glucose supplementation, the growth difference by
      DeltagdhB disappeared but we could obtain significantly increased actinorhodin
      (ACT) and RED biosynthesis with the mutant by limiting the glucose content
      (0.5~1.0 %, w/v). Complementing the gene to the knockout mutant inhibited the
      production, confirming its gene specificity. Along with the extended impacts on
      overall nitrogen metabolism based on the intracellular metabolite analysis and
      enzyme assays, GdhB and glutamate utilization were shown to interfere with N
      acetylglucosamine metabolism and the activity of its associated global
      transcriptional regulator (DasR). Taken together, GdhB-subjected to the
      nutritional context-dependent regulation-is proposed as a key member of central
      nitrogen metabolism to control the secondary metabolism initiation in exploiting
      the organic nitrogen sources. 

PMID- 26969039
TI  - Display of fungal hydrophobin on the Pichia pastoris cell surface and its
      influence on Candida antarctica lipase B.
AB  - To modify the Pichia pastoris cell surface, two classes of hydrophobins, SC3 from
      Schizophyllum commune and HFBI from Trichoderma reesei, were separately displayed
      on the cell wall. There was an observable increase in the hydrophobicity of
      recombinant strains. Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was then co-displayed on
      the modified cells, generating strains GS115/SC3-61/CALB-51 and GS115/HFBI
      61/CALB-51. Interestingly, the hydrolytic and synthetic activities of strain
      GS115/HFBI-61/CALB-51 increased by 37 and 109 %, respectively, but decreased by
      26 and 43 %, respectively, in strain GS115/SC3-61/CALB-51 compared with the
      hydrophobin-minus recombinant strain GS115/CALB-GCW51. The amount of glycerol by
      product from the transesterification reaction adsorbed on the cell surface was
      significantly decreased following hydrophobin modification, removing the glycerol
      barrier and allowing substrates to access the active sites of lipases. Electron
      micrographs indicated that the cell wall structures of both recombinant strains
      appeared altered, including changes to the inner glucan layer and outer mannan
      layer. These results suggest that the display of hydrophobins can change the
      surface structure and hydrophobic properties of P. pastoris and affect the
      catalytic activities of CALB displayed on the surface of P. pastoris cells. 

PMID- 26969040
TI  - Application of locked nucleic acid-based probes in fluorescence in situ
      hybridization.
AB  - Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) employing nucleic acid mimics as probes
      is becoming an emerging molecular tool in the microbiology area for the detection
      and visualization of microorganisms. However, the impact that locked nucleic acid
      (LNA) and 2'-O-methyl (2'-OMe) RNA modifications have on the probe that is
      targeting microorganisms is unknown. In this study, the melting and hybridization
      efficiency properties of 18 different probes in regards to their use in FISH for
      the detection of the 16S rRNA of Helicobacter pylori were compared. For the same
      sequence and target, probe length and the type of nucleic acid mimics used as
      mixmers in LNA-based probes strongly influence the efficiency of detection. LNA
      probes with 10 to 15 mers showed the highest efficiency. Additionally, the
      combination of 2'-OMe RNA with LNA allowed an increase on the fluorescence
      intensities of the probes. Overall, these results have significant implications
      for the design and applications of LNA probes for the detection of
      microorganisms. 

PMID- 26969041
TI  - Regulative roles of glutathione reductase and four glutaredoxins in glutathione
      redox, antioxidant activity, and iron homeostasis of Beauveria bassiana.
AB  - Multiple glutaredoxins (Grx) and glutathione reductase (Glr) are vital for the
      thiol-disulfide redox system in budding yeast but generally unexplored in
      filamentous fungi. Here we characterized the Beauveria bassiana redox system
      comprising dithiol Grx1, monothiol Grx2-4, Grx-like Grx5, and Glr orthologue.
      Each grx or glr deletion was compensated by increased transcripts of some other
      grx genes in normal cultures. Particularly, grx3 compensated the absence of grx1,
      grx2, grx5, or glr under oxidative stress while its absence was compensated only
      by undeletable grx4 under normal conditions but by most of other undeleted grx
      and glr genes in response to menadione. Consequently, the redox state was
      disturbed in Deltaglr more than in Deltagrx3 but not in Deltagrx1/2/5. Superoxide
      dismutases were more active in normal Deltagrx1-3 cultures but less in Deltagrx5
      or Deltaglr response to menadione. Total catalase activity increased
      differentially in all the mutant cultures stressed with or without H2O2 while
      total peroxidase activity decreased more in the normal or H2O2-stressed culture
      of Deltaglr than of Deltagrx3. Among the mutants, Deltagrx3 showed slightly
      increased sensitivity to menadione or H2O2; Deltaglr exhibited greater
      sensitivity to thiol-oxidizing diamide than thiol-reducing 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene as well as increased sensitivity to the two oxidants.
      Intriguingly, all the mutants grew slower in a Fe(3+)-inclusive medium perhaps
      due to elevated transcripts of two Fe(3+) transporter genes. More or fewer
      phenotypes linked with biocontrol potential were altered in four deletion mutants
      excluding Deltagrx5. All the changes were restored by targeted gene
      complementation. Overall, Grx3 played more critical role than other Grx
      homologues in the Glr-dependent redox system of the fungal entomopathogen. 

PMID- 26969042
TI  - Synthesis of Organofluoro Compounds Using Methyl Perfluoroalk-2-ynoates as
      Building Blocks.
AB  - This review provides an overview of several synthetic applications of methyl
      perfluoroalk-2-ynoates, leading to convenient preparation of many
      perfluoroalkylated compounds. The use of these important substrates in the
      synthesis of various five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocycles,
      cyclopentadienes, and biphenyls is described, alongside a discussion of the
      mechanistic aspects of these reactions. 

PMID- 26969043
TI  - Acceptability of Mental Health Apps for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
      Australians: A Qualitative Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians experience high
      rates of mental illness and psychological distress compared to their non
      Indigenous counterparts. E-mental health tools offer an opportunity for
      accessible, effective, and acceptable treatment. The AIMhi Stay Strong app and
      the ibobbly suicide prevention app are treatment tools designed to combat the
      disproportionately high levels of mental illness and stress experienced within
      the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed
      to explore Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community members' experiences
      of using two culturally responsive e-mental health apps and identify factors that
      influence the acceptability of these approaches. METHODS: Using qualitative
      methods aligned with a phenomenological approach, we explored the acceptability
      of two culturally responsive e-mental health apps through a series of three 3
      hour focus groups with nine Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community
      members. Thematic analysis was conducted and coresearcher and member checking
      were used to verify findings. RESULTS: Findings suggest strong support for the
      concept of e-mental health apps and optimism for their potential. Factors that
      influenced acceptability related to three key themes: personal factors (eg,
      motivation, severity and awareness of illness, technological competence, and
      literacy and language differences), environmental factors (eg, community
      awareness, stigma, and availability of support), and app characteristics (eg,
      ease of use, content, graphics, access, and security and information sharing).
      Specific adaptations, such as local production, culturally relevant content and
      graphics, a purposeful journey, clear navigation, meaningful language, options to
      assist people with language differences, offline use, and password protection may
      aid uptake. CONCLUSIONS: When designed to meet the needs of Aboriginal and Torres
      Strait Islander Australians, e-mental health tools add an important element to
      public health approaches for improving the well-being of Aboriginal and Torres
      Strait Islander people.

PMID- 26969044
TI  - Benefits and risks associated with consumption of Great Lakes fish containing
      omega-3 fatty acids and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

PMID- 26969045
TI  - Distribution and contamination of metals and biogenic elements in sediments from
      Zhifu Bay of the Yellow Sea, China.
AB  - Metals and biogenic elements were analyzed from surface sediments of sixteen
      stations and a 32cm core collected from Zhifu Bay in July 2009. High
      concentrations of biogenic silica (BSi) reflected the high diatom productivity in
      the Bay. Meanwhile, total organic carbon (TOC) in Zhifu Bay was mainly from
      terrestrial sources. All metals were lower than the marine sediment quality
      guidelines. Based on the vertical profiles of biogenic elements, there was a
      clear increase of TOC, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphate (TP) between 1985
      and 2000. TN concentrations decreased after the start of the operation of the
      sewage treatment plant in 1998; however TOC and BSi remained at high levels.
      Metal concentrations showed a general increase from the bottom to the top of the
      core. Most anthropogenic metals reached a maximum during 1996 and 2000, and
      decreased after the startup of the sewage plant; however, they have increased
      again recently. The results from correlation analysis and principal component
      analysis show that industrial pollution is the main source of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb
      and Zn contamination in Zhifu Bay, and Yantai Port and ship transportation also
      contribute a lot to Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb pollution. 

PMID- 26969046
TI  - Enhancement of Fenton oxidation for removing organic matter from hypersaline
      solution by accelerating ferric system with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and
      benzoquinone.
AB  - Fenton oxidation is generally inhibited in the presence of a high concentration
      of chloride ions. This study investigated the feasibility of using benzoquinone
      (BQ) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HA) as Fenton enhancers for the removal of
      glycerin from saline water under ambient temperature by accelerating the ferric
      system. It was found that organics removal was not obviously affected by chloride
      ions of low concentration (less than 0.1mol/L), while the mineralization rate was
      strongly inhibited in the presence of a large amount of chloride ions. In
      addition, ferric hydrolysis-precipitation was significantly alleviated in the
      presence of HA and BQ, and HA was more effective in reducing ferric ions into
      ferrous ions than HA, while the H2O2 decomposition rate was higher in the BQ
      Fenton system. Electron spin resonance analysis revealed that OH production was
      reduced in high salinity conditions, while it was enhanced after the addition of
      HA and BQ (especially HA). This study provided a possible solution to control and
      alleviate the inhibitory effect of chloride ions on the Fenton process for
      organics removal. 

PMID- 26969047
TI  - The relationship between the black carbon and bisphenol A in sea and river
      sediments (Southern Baltic).
AB  - This study was derived from field investigations to assess bisphenol A (BPA)
      concentrations in the sea and river sediments of the Gulf of Gdansk. Black carbon
      (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) were identified as influencing factors on the
      accumulation. As a result of the transportation of BC with organic matter via
      rivers into the Gulf of Gdansk, the highest mean concentrations
      (11.26ngBPA/(gdryweight (dw))), were determined in the sediments of river
      estuaries. Sediments in coastal stations were characterized by the lowest mean
      concentrations (5.73ngBPA/(gdw)). TOC content below 0.1% determined the sorption
      of BPA on BC particles in sediments, and statistically significant correlation
      between the concentration of BPA and the BC/TOC ratio was found in these cases.
      In addition, dependency between the concentration of BPA and the content of BC
      was discovered in sediments where the BC/TOC ratio was >0.33. 

PMID- 26969048
TI  - Ammonium sulfide-assisted hydrothermal activation of palygorskite for enhanced
      adsorption of methyl violet.
AB  - Herein, palygorskite (PAL) was activated via a simple hydrothermal process in the
      presence of ammonium sulfide, and the effects of activation on the
      microstructure, physico-chemical feature and adsorption behaviors of PAL were
      intensively investigated. The hydrothermal process evidently improved the
      dispersion of PAL crystal bundles, increased surface negative charges and built
      more active -Si-O(-) groups served as the new "adsorption sites". The adsorption
      property of the activated PAL for Methyl Violet (MV) was systematically
      investigated by optimizing the adsorption variables, including pH, ionic
      strength, contact time and initial MV concentration. The activated PAL exhibited
      a superior adsorption capability to the raw PAL for the removal of MV (from
      156.05 to 218.11mg/g). The kinetics for MV adsorption followed pseudo second
      order kinetic models, while the isotherm and thermodynamics results showed that
      the adsorption pattern well followed the Langmuir model. The structure analysis
      of PAL before and after adsorption demonstrated that electrostatic interaction
      and chemical association of -X-O(-) are the prominent driving forces for the
      adsorption process. 

PMID- 26969049
TI  - Development of natural treatment system consisting of black soil and Kentucky
      bluegrass for the post-treatment of anaerobically digested strong wastewater.
AB  - To develop a sound post-treatment process for anaerobically-digested strong
      wastewater, a novel natural treatment system comprising two units is put forward.
      The first unit, a trickling filter, provides for further reduction of biochemical
      oxygen demand and adjustable nitrification. The subsequent soil-plant unit aims
      at removing and recovering the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and
      potassium (K). As a lab-scale feasibility study, a soil column test was
      conducted, in which black soil and valuable Kentucky bluegrass were integrated to
      treat artificial nutrient-enriched wastewater. After a long-term operation, the
      nitrification function was well established in the top layers, despite the need
      for an improved denitrification process prior to discharge. P and K were retained
      by the soil through distinct mechanisms. Since they either partially or totally
      remained in plant-available forms in the soil, indirect nutrient reuse could be
      achieved. As for Kentucky bluegrass, it displayed better growth status when
      receiving wastewater, with direct recovery of 8%, 6% and 14% of input N, P and K,
      respectively. Furthermore, the indispensable role of Kentucky bluegrass for
      better treatment performance was proved, as it enhanced the cell-specific
      nitrification potential of the soil nitrifying microorganisms inhabiting the
      rhizosphere. After further upgrade, the proposed system is expected to become a
      new solution for strong wastewater pollution. 

PMID- 26969050
TI  - Numerical evaluation of the effectiveness of NO2 and N2O5 generation during the
      NO ozonation process.
AB  - Wet scrubbing combined with ozone oxidation has become a promising technology for
      simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx in exhaust gas. In this paper, a new 20
      species, 76-step detailed kinetic mechanism was proposed between O3 and NOx. The
      concentration of N2O5 was measured using an in-situ IR spectrometer. The
      numerical evaluation results kept good pace with both the public experiment
      results and our experiment results. Key reaction parameters for the generation of
      NO2 and N2O5 during the NO ozonation process were investigated by a numerical
      simulation method. The effect of temperature on producing NO2 was found to be
      negligible. To produce NO2, the optimal residence time was 1.25sec and the molar
      ratio of O3/NO about 1. For the generation of N2O5, the residence time should be
      about 8sec while the temperature of the exhaust gas should be strictly controlled
      and the molar ratio of O3/NO about 1.75. This study provided detailed
      investigations on the reaction parameters of ozonation of NOx by a numerical
      simulation method, and the results obtained should be helpful for the design and
      optimization of ozone oxidation combined with the wet flue gas desulfurization
      methods (WFGD) method for the removal of NOx. 

PMID- 26969051
TI  - Application of high silica zeolite ZSM-5 in a hybrid treatment process based on
      sequential adsorption and ozonation for VOCs elimination.
AB  - In this study, a hydrophobic synthetic zeolite, namely ZSM-5 is chosen as an
      adsorbent/catalyst for toluene removal. Experimental results showed that toluene
      adsorption onto ZSM-5 was favourable, following a Langmuir adsorption isotherm
      model. ZSM-5 zeolite was regenerated using gaseous ozone at low temperature.
      Adsorbed toluene was oxidised, releasing mainly CO2 and H2O. Traces of oxidation
      by-products such as acetic acid and acetaldehyde were formed and remained
      adsorbed after the oxidativate regeneration with ozone. After four successive
      cycles of adsorption/ozonation, the adsorption efficiency was not affected (92%
      99%). These results showed that volatile organic compound (VOC) removal by
      adsorption onto ZSM-5 zeolite followed by ozone regeneration could be used as a
      promising hybrid process for the control of VOC emissions in terms of efficiency.

PMID- 26969052
TI  - A case study of development and application of a streamlined control and response
      modeling system for PM2.5 attainment assessment in China.
AB  - This article describes the development and application of a streamlined air
      control and response modeling system with a novel response surface modeling
      linear coupled fitting method and a new module to provide streamlined model data
      for PM2.5 attainment assessment in China. This method is capable of significantly
      reducing the dimensions required to establish a response surface model, as well
      as capturing more realistic response of PM2.5 to emission changes with a limited
      number of model simulations. The newly developed module establishes a data link
      between the system and the Software for Model Attainment Test-Community Edition
      (SMAT-CE), and has the ability to rapidly provide model responses to emission
      control scenarios for SMAT-CE using a simple interface. The performance of this
      streamlined system is demonstrated through a case study of the Yangtze River
      Delta (YRD) in China. Our results show that this system is capable of reproducing
      the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulation results with
      maximum mean normalized error<3.5%. It is also demonstrated that primary
      emissions make a major contribution to ambient levels of PM2.5 in January and
      August (e.g., more than 50% contributed by primary emissions in Shanghai), and
      Shanghai needs to have regional emission control both locally and in its
      neighboring provinces to meet China's annual PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality
      Standard. The streamlined system provides a real-time control/response assessment
      to identify the contributions of major emission sources to ambient PM2.5 (and
      potentially O3 as well) and streamline air quality data for SMAT-CE to perform
      attainment assessments. 

PMID- 26969053
TI  - Fungal diversity in major oil-shale mines in China.
AB  - As an insufficiently utilized energy resource, oil shale is conducive to the
      formation of characteristic microbial communities due to its special geological
      origins. However, little is known about fungal diversity in oil shale. Polymerase
      chain reaction cloning was used to construct the fungal ribosomal
      deoxyribonucleic acid internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS) clone libraries of
      Huadian Mine in Jilin Province, Maoming Mine in Guangdong Province, and Fushun
      Mine in Liaoning Province. Pure culture and molecular identification were applied
      for the isolation of cultivable fungi in fresh oil shale of each mine. Results of
      clone libraries indicated that each mine had over 50% Ascomycota (58.4%-98.9%)
      and 1.1%-13.5% unidentified fungi. Fushun Mine and Huadian Mine had 5.9% and
      28.1% Basidiomycota, respectively. Huadian Mine showed the highest fungal
      diversity, followed by Fushun Mine and Maoming Mine. Jaccard indexes showed that
      the similarities between any two of three fungal communities at the genus level
      were very low, indicating that fungi in each mine developed independently during
      the long geological adaptation and formed a community composition fitting the
      environment. In the fresh oil-shale samples of the three mines, cultivable fungal
      phyla were consistent with the results of clone libraries. Fifteen genera and
      several unidentified fungi were identified as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota using
      pure culture. Penicillium was the only genus found in all three mines. These
      findings contributed to gaining a clear understanding of current fungal resources
      in major oil-shale mines in China and provided useful information for relevant
      studies on isolation of indigenous fungi carrying functional genes from oil
      shale. 

PMID- 26969054
TI  - Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from
      Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide.
AB  - Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were
      collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013, and the organochlorine
      pesticide (OCP) concentrations in the samples were determined.
      Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products (collectively called
      DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were the
      dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples. The mean DDTs, HCHs and
      HCB concentrations were 33, 22 and 18ng/sample in the PUF samples, and 428, 74,
      and 43ng/(g lipid weight (lw)) in the tree bark, respectively. The OCP
      concentrations in the air, calculated using PUF-air and tree-bark-air
      partitioning models, were of the same order of magnitude. Both sample types
      showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have
      occurred in western China. Meanwhile, PUF passive samplers were compared with the
      use of tree bark samples as passive samplers. The OCP compositions in the PUF and
      tree bark samples were different. Only the relatively stable OCPs (such as HCB,
      beta-HCH and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene (DDE)) were consistent in the
      PUF and tree bark samples. 

PMID- 26969055
TI  - CO2 sequestration utilizing basic-oxygen furnace slag: Controlling factors,
      reaction mechanisms and V-Cr concerns.
AB  - Basic-oxygen furnace slag (BOF-slag) contains >35% CaO, a potential component for
      CO2 sequestration. In this study, slag-water-CO2 reaction experiments were
      conducted with the longest reaction duration extending to 96hr under high CO2
      pressures of 100-300kg/cm(2) to optimize BOF-slag carbonation conditions, to
      address carbonation mechanisms, and to evaluate the extents of V and Cr release
      from slag carbonation. The slag carbonation degree generally reached the maximum
      values after 24hr slag-water-CO2 reaction and was controlled by slag particle
      size and reaction temperature. The maximum carbonation degree of 71% was produced
      from the experiment using fine slag of <=0.5mm under 100 degrees C and a CO2
      pressure of 250kg/cm(2) with a water/slag ratio of 5. Vanadium release from the
      slag to water was significantly enhanced (generally >2 orders) by slag
      carbonation. In contrast, slag carbonation did not promote chromium release until
      the reaction duration exceeded 24hr. However, the water chromium content was
      generally at least an order lower than the vanadium concentration, which
      decreased when the reaction duration exceeded 24hr. Therefore, long reaction
      durations of 48-96hr are proposed to reduce environmental impacts while keeping
      high carbonation degrees. Mineral textures and water compositions indicated that
      Mg-wustite, in addition to CaO-containing minerals, can also be carbonated.
      Consequently, the conventional expression that only considered carbonation of the
      CaO-containing minerals undervalued the CO2 sequestration capability of the BOF
      slag by ~20%. Therefore, the BOF-slag is a better CO2 storage medium than that
      previously recognized. 

PMID- 26969056
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of silver loaded MnO2 nanomaterials with different crystal
      phases against Escherichia coli.
AB  - Silver-loaded MnO2 nanomaterials (Ag/MnO2), including Ag/alpha-MnO2, Ag/beta
      MnO2, Ag/gamma-MnO2 and Ag/delta-MnO2 nanorods, were prepared with hydrothermal
      and impregnation methods. The bactericidal activities of four types of Ag/MnO2
      nanomaterials against Escherichia coli were investigated and an inactivation
      mechanism involving Ag(+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also proposed.
      The bactericidal activities of Ag/MnO2 depended on the MnO2 crystal phase. Among
      these nanomaterials, Ag/beta-MnO2 showed the highest bactericidal activity. There
      was a 6-log decrease in E. coli survival number after treatment with Ag/beta-MnO2
      for 120min. The results of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide spin-trapping
      measurements by electron spin resonance indicate OH and O2? formation with
      addition of Ag/beta-MnO2, Ag/gamma-MnO2 or Ag/delta-MnO2. The strongest peak of
      OH appeared for Ag/beta-MnO2, while no OH or O2? signal was found over Ag/alpha
      MnO2. Through analysis of electron spin resonance (ESR) and Ag(+) elution
      results, it could be deduced that the toxicity of Ag(+) eluted from Ag/MnO2
      nanomaterials and ROS played the main roles during the bactericidal process.
      Silver showed the highest dispersion on the surface of beta-MnO2, which promoted
      ROS formation and the increase of bactericidal activity. Experimental results
      also indicated that Ag/MnO2 induced the production of intracellular ROS and
      disruption of the cell wall and cell membrane. 

PMID- 26969057
TI  - Biodegradation of pendimethalin by Bacillus subtilis Y3.
AB  - A bacterium strain Y3, capable of efficiently degrading pendimethalin, was
      isolated from activated sludge and identified as Bacillus subtilis according to
      its phenotypic features and 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. This strain could
      grow on pendimethalin as a sole carbon source and degrade 99.5% of 100mg/L
      pendimethalin within 2.5days in batch liquid culture, demonstrating a greater
      efficiency than any other reported strains. Three metabolic products, 6
      aminopendimethalin, 5-amino-2-methyl-3-nitroso-4-(pentan-3-ylamino) benzoic acid,
      and 8-amino-2-ethyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-dihydroquinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid,
      were identified by HPLC-MS/MS, and a new microbial degradation pathway was
      proposed. A nitroreductase catalyzing nitroreduction of pendimethalin to 6
      aminopendimethalin was detected in the cell lysate of strain Y3. The cofactor was
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or more preferably
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The optimal temperature and pH for the
      nitroreductase were 30 degrees C and 7.5, respectively. Hg(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+),
      Co(2+), Mn(2+) Cu(2+), Ag(+), and EDTA severely inhibited the nitroreductase
      activity, whereas Fe(2+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) enhanced it. This study provides an
      efficient pendimethalin-degrading microorganism and broadens the knowledge of the
      microbial degradation pathway of pendimethalin. 

PMID- 26969058
TI  - Seasonal comparison of moss bag technique against vertical snow samples for
      monitoring atmospheric pollution.
AB  - This is the first study seasonally applying Sphagnum papillosum moss bags and
      vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric pollution. Moss bags, exposed in
      January, were collected together with snow samples by early March 2012 near the
      Harjavalta Industrial Park in southwest Finland. Magnetic, chemical, scanning
      electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), K-means
      clustering, and Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) data showed parallel spatial
      trends of pollution dispersal for both materials. Results strengthen previous
      findings that concentrate and slag handling activities were important (dust)
      emission sources while the impact from Cu-Ni smelter's pipe remained secondary at
      closer distances. Statistically significant correlations existed between the
      variables of snow and moss bags. As a summary, both methods work well for
      sampling and are efficient pollutant accumulators. Moss bags can be used also in
      winter conditions and they provide more homogeneous and better controlled
      sampling method than snow samples. 

PMID- 26969059
TI  - In vitro evaluation of inorganic and methyl mercury mediated cytotoxic effect on
      neural cells derived from different animal species.
AB  - To extend the current understanding of the mercury-mediated cytotoxic effect,
      five neural cell lines established from different animal species were
      comparatively analyzed using three different endpoint bioassays: thiazolyl blue
      tetrazolium bromide, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium
      bromide assay (MTT), neutral red uptake assay (NRU), and Coomassie blue assay
      (CB). Following a 24-hr exposure to selected concentrations of mercury chloride
      (HgCl2) and methylmercury (II) chloride (MeHgCl), the cytotoxic effect on test
      cells was characterized by comparing their 50% inhibition concentration (IC50)
      values. Experimental results indicated that both these forms of mercury were
      toxic to all the neural cells, but at very different degrees. The IC50 values of
      MeHgCl among these cell lines ranged from 1.15+/-0.22 to 10.31+/-0.70MUmol/L
      while the IC50 values for HgCl2 were much higher, ranging from 6.44+/-0.36 to
      160.97+/-19.63MUmol/L, indicating the more toxic nature of MeHgCl. The IC50 ratio
      between HgCl2 and MeHgCl ranged from 1.75 to 96.0, which confirms that organic
      mercury is much more toxic to these neural cells than inorganic mercury. Among
      these cell lines, HGST-BR and TriG44 derived from marine sea turtles showed a
      significantly high tolerance to HgCl2 as compared to the three mammalian neural
      cells. Among these neural cells, SK-N-SH represented the most sensitive cells to
      both chemical forms of mercury. 

PMID- 26969060
TI  - UV light tolerance and reactivation potential of tetracycline-resistant bacteria
      from secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant.
AB  - Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) are of concern as emerging microbial
      contaminants in reclaimed water. To understand the effects of UV disinfection on
      TRB, both inactivation and reactivation profiles of TRB, as well as 16
      tetracycline-resistant isolates from secondary effluent, were characterized in
      this study. The inactivation ratio of TRB was significantly lower (3.0-log) than
      that of heterotrophic bacteria (>4.0-log) in the secondary effluent.
      Additionally, the proportion of TRB significantly increased from 1.65% to 15.51%
      under 20mJ/cm(2) ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The inactivation rates of
      tetracycline-resistant isolates ranged from 0.57/s to 1.04/s, of which
      tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1 was the most tolerant to UV light. The
      reactivation of TRB, tetracycline-resistant isolated strains, as well as
      heterotrophic bacteria commonly occurred in the secondary effluent even after
      20mJ/cm(2) UV exposure. The colony forming ability of TRB and heterotrophic
      bacteria reached 3.2-log and 3.0-log under 20mJ/cm(2) UV exposure after 22hr
      incubation. The final inactivation ratio of tetracycline-resistant Enterobacter-1
      was 1.18-log under 20mJ/cm(2) UV exposure after 22hr incubation, which is similar
      to those of TRB (1.18-log) and heterotrophic bacteria (1.19-log). The increased
      proportion of TRB and the reactivation of tetracycline-resistant enterobacteria
      in reclaimed water could induce a microbial health risk during wastewater reuse. 

PMID- 26969061
TI  - Estimating the combined toxicity of flufenacet and imazaquin to sorghum with pore
      water herbicide concentration.
AB  - Combined toxicity of herbicides to non-target crops is usually resulted from
      their successive application. The present study was conducted to assess the
      combined toxicity of flufenacet (FLU) and imazaquin (IMA) to sorghum with their
      concentration in soil pore water. The concentrations that inhibited growth by 50%
      (IC50) of FLU and IMA individually and their combination estimated from the
      herbicide concentrations in soil pore water notably differed from those based on
      the amended concentrations, due to the decline in bioavailability resulting from
      adsorption of the herbicides onto soil. According to the amended concentrations,
      the combined effect of FLU and IMA in soil on sorghum growth was identified as
      additive action. Based on the concentration in soil pore water, however, it was
      determined to be antagonism, which was identical to that observed in a test using
      culture solution. The results revealed that pore water herbicide concentration
      might be an effective tool to assess the combined toxicity of herbicides in soil
      to rotational crops. 

PMID- 26969062
TI  - Bioaccumulation characterization of uranium by a novel Streptomyces
      sporoverrucosus dwc-3.
AB  - The biosorption mechanisms of uranium on an aerobic bacterial strain Streptomyces
      sporoverrucosus dwc-3, isolated from a potential disposal site for (ultra-)low
      uraniferous radioactive waste in Southwest China, were evaluated by using
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis,
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
      (XPS), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and enhanced proton backscattering
      spectrometry (EPBS). Approximately 60% of total uranium at an initial
      concentration of 10mg/L uranium nitrate solution could be absorbed on 100mg S.
      sporoverrucosus dwc-3 with an adsorption capacity of more than 3.0mg/g (wet
      weight) after 12hr at room temperature at pH3.0. The dynamic biosorption process
      of S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 for uranyl ions was well described by a pseudo second
      order model. S. sporoverrucosus dwc-3 could accumulate uranium on cell walls and
      within the cell, as revealed by SEM and TEM analysis as well as EDX spectra. XPS
      and FT-IR analysis further suggested that the absorbed uranium was bound to
      amino, phosphate and carboxyl groups of the cells. Additionally, PIXE and EPBS
      results confirmed that ion exchange also contributed to the adsorption process of
      uranium. 

PMID- 26969063
TI  - Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites
      australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site.
AB  - Liberty State Park in New Jersey, USA, is a "brownfield" site containing various
      levels of contaminants. To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants
      on the brownfield site, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected
      in Liberty State Park during the growing season (May-September) in 2011 at two
      sites with the high and low metal loads, respectively. The objective of this
      study was to understand the metal (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn) concentration and
      spatial distributions in P. australis and T. latifolia root systems with micro
      meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence (MUXRF) and
      synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (MUCMT) techniques. The root structure
      measurement by synchrotron MUCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance
      appeared in the epidermis. Synchrotron MUXRF measurement showed that metal
      concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and
      vascular tissue were statistically different. Significant correlations were found
      between metals (Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) and Fe in the epidermis, implying that metals
      were scavenged by Fe oxides. The results from this study suggest that the
      expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be
      element specific. The information derived from this study can improve our current
      knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation. 

PMID- 26969064
TI  - Comparison of surface water chemistry and weathering effects of two lake basins
      in the Changtang Nature Reserve, China.
AB  - The geochemistry of natural waters in the Changtang Nature Reserve, northern
      Tibet, can help us understand the geology of catchments, and provide additional
      insight in surface processes that influence water chemistry such as rock
      weathering on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, severe natural conditions are
      responsible for a lack of scientific data for this area. This study represents
      the first investigation of the chemical composition of surface waters and
      weathering effects in two lake basins in the reserve (Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco
      and Lake Longwei Co). The results indicate that total dissolved solids (TDS) in
      the two lakes are significantly higher than in other gauged lakes on the Qinghai
      Tibet Plateau, reaching 20-40g/L, and that TDS of the tectonic lake (Lake
      Dogaicoring Qiangco) is significantly higher than that of the barrier lake (Lake
      Longwei Co). Na(+) and Cl(-) are the dominant ions in the lake waters as well as
      in the glacier-fed lake inflows, with chemical compositions mainly affected by
      halite weathering. In contrast, ion contents of inflowing rivers fed by nearby
      runoff are lower and concentrations of dominant ions are not significant.
      Evaporite, silicate, and carbonate weathering has relatively equal effects on
      these rivers. Due to their limited scope, small streams near the lakes are less
      affected by carbonate than by silicate weathering. 

PMID- 26969065
TI  - Microcystin-degrading bacteria affect mcyD expression and microcystin synthesis
      in Microcystis spp.
AB  - Cyanobacterial blooms occur increasingly often and cause ecological, economic and
      human health problems worldwide. Microcystins (MCs) are the dominant toxins
      produced by cyanobacteria and are implicated in epidemic disease and
      environmental problems. Extensive research has been reported on the various
      regulating factors, e.g., light, temperature, nutrients such as nitrogen and
      phosphorus, pH, iron, xenobiotics, and predators, that influence microcystin (MC)
      synthesis, but little is known about the effects of cyanobacteria-associated
      bacteria on MC synthesis. A considerable number of studies have focused on
      interactions between Microcystis species and their associated bacteria. In this
      study, we evaluated the effects of MC-degrading bacteria (MCDB) on MC synthesis
      gene mcyD expression and MC synthesis in axenic strain PCC7806, non-axenic strain
      FACHB905, and colony strain FACHB1325 of Microcystis by quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). We demonstrate for the first time that MCDB can induce and up-regulate
      the MC production and transcriptional response of the mcyD gene of toxic
      Microcystis. On day 4 of the culturing experiment, the intracellular MC
      concentration and transcriptional response of mcyD of FACHB1325 were up-regulated
      1.9 and 5.3-fold over that of the control, and for FACHB905 were up-regulated 1.8
      and 4.2-fold over that of the control, respectively. On day 10, the
      transcriptional response of mcyD was up-regulated 21.3-fold in PCC7806. These
      results indicate that there are interactions between toxic Microcystis and MCDB,
      and MCDB may play a role in regulating mcyD expression in toxic Microcystis. 

PMID- 26969066
TI  - Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving
      combined with washing process.
AB  - Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated
      soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation
      technology that combines sieving with soil washing. Leaching of the arsenic and
      heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in
      the order: <0.1, 2-0.1, and >2mm. With increased contact time, the concentration
      of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,
      probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component. For the different
      particle sizes, the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were 75%-87%, and 61%-77%
      for Zn and Cu, although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at
      <45%. The highest efficiency by washing for Pb, Cd, Zn, and As was from the soil
      particles >2mm, although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in
      the small particle size fractions. Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation
      analysis, the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be
      closely related to Fe, Mn, and Ca contents of the soil fractions. The remediation
      of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven
      to be efficient, and practical remediation parameters were also recommended. 

PMID- 26969067
TI  - Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of silver nanoparticles in water using
      ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.
AB  - Using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as
      the extractant and methanol as the dispersion solvent, a dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction method was developed to extract silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from
      environmental water samples. Parameters that influenced the extraction efficiency
      such as IL concentration, pH and extraction time were optimized. Under the
      optimized conditions, the highest extraction efficiency for AgNPs was above 90%
      with an enrichment factor of >90. The extracted AgNPs in the IL phase were
      identified by transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible
      spectroscopy, and quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
      after microwave digestion, with a detection limit of 0.01MUg/L. The spiked
      recovery of AgNPs was 84.4% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.8%
      (n=6) at a spiked level of 5MUg/L, and 89.7% with a RSD of 2.2% (n=6) at a spiked
      level of 300MUg/L, respectively. Commonly existed environmental ions had a very
      limited influence on the extraction efficiency. The developed method was
      successfully applied to the analysis of AgNPs in river water, lake water, and the
      influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, with recoveries in the
      range of 71.0%-90.9% at spiking levels of 0.11-4.7MUg/L. 

PMID- 26969069
TI  - Removal of C.I. Reactive Red 2 by low pressure UV/chlorine advanced oxidation.
AB  - Azo dyes are commonly found as pollutants in wastewater from the textile
      industry, and can cause environmental problems because of their color and
      toxicity. The removal of a typical azo dye named C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) during
      low pressure ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine oxidation was investigated in this study.
      UV irradiation at 254nm and addition of free chlorine provided much higher
      removal rates of RR2 and color than UV irradiation or chlorination alone.
      Increasing the free chlorine dose enhanced the removal efficiency of RR2 and
      color by UV/chlorine oxidation. Experiments performed with nitrobenzene (NB) or
      benzoic acid (BA) as scavengers showed that radicals (especially OH) formed
      during UV/chlorine oxidation are important in the RR2 removal. Addition of HCO3(
      ) and Cl(-) to the RR2 solution did not inhibit the removal of RR2 during
      UV/chlorine oxidation. 

PMID- 26969068
TI  - Carbonyl compounds in dining areas, kitchens and exhaust streams in restaurants
      with varying cooking methods in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
AB  - Eighteen carbonyl species in C1-C10 were measured in the dining areas, kitchens
      and exhaust streams of six different restaurant types in Kaohsiung, southern
      Taiwan. Measured results in the dining areas show that Japanese barbecue
      (45.06ppb) had the highest total carbonyl concentrations (sum of 18 compounds),
      followed by Chinese hotpot (38.21ppb), Chinese stir-frying (8.99ppb), Western
      fast-food (8.22ppb), Chinese-Western mixed style (7.38ppb), and Chinese buffet
      (3.08ppb), due to their different arrangements for dining and cooking spaces and
      different cooking methods. On average, low carbon-containing species (C1-C4),
      e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and butyraldehyde were dominant and
      contributed 55.01%-94.52% of total carbonyls in the dining areas of all
      restaurants. Meanwhile, Chinese-Western mixed restaurants (45.48ppb) had high
      total carbonyl concentrations in kitchens mainly because of its small kitchen and
      poor ventilation. However, high carbon-containing species (C5-C10) such as
      hexaldehyde, heptaldehyde and nonanaldehyde (16.62%-77.00% of total carbonyls)
      contributed comparatively with low carbon-containing compounds (23.01%-83.39% of
      total carbonyls) in kitchens. Furthermore, Chinese stir-frying (132.10ppb),
      Japanese barbecue (125.62ppb), Western fast-food (122.67ppb), and Chinese buffet
      (119.96ppb) were the four restaurant types with the highest total carbonyl
      concentrations in exhaust streams, indicating that stir-frying and grilling are
      inclined to produce polluted gases. Health risk assessments indicate that Chinese
      hotpot and Japanese barbecue exceeded the limits of cancer risk (10(-6)) and
      hazard index (=1), mainly due to high concentrations of formaldehyde. The other
      four restaurants were below both limits. 

PMID- 26969070
TI  - Insights into properties of activated carbons prepared from different raw
      precursors by pyrophosphoric acid activation.
AB  - Low-cost activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from four kinds of solid wastes:
      petroleum coke, Enteromorpha prolifera, lignin from papermaking black liquid and
      hair, by pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) activation. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of
      the pyrolysis of H4P2O7-precursor mixtures implied that H4P2O7 had different
      influences on the pyrolysis behavior of the four raw materials. N2
      adsorption/desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform
      infrared spectroscopy and adsorption capacities for dyes were used to
      characterize the prepared activated carbons. AC derived from E. prolifera
      exhibited the highest surface area (1094m(2)/g) and maximum monolayer adsorption
      capacity for malachite green (1250mg/g). Kinetic studies showed that the
      experimental data were in agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. The
      adsorption isotherms were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model,
      indicating the adsorption of dye onto the ACs proceeded by monolayers. 

PMID- 26969071
TI  - Optimizing the crystallinity and acidity of H-SAPO-34 by fluoride for
      synthesizing Cu/SAPO-34 NH3-SCR catalyst.
AB  - A series of H-SAPO-34 zeolites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method in
      fluoride media. The as-synthesized H-SAPO-34 zeolites were characterized by X-ray
      diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption,
      temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3-TPD) and nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) measurements. The results showed that a certain concentration of F(-)
      anions promoted the nucleation and crystallization of H-SAPO-34. The H-SAPO-34
      synthesized in the fluoride media showed high crystallinity, uniform particle
      size distribution, large specific surface area and pore volume, and enhanced
      acidity. Therefore, Cu/SAPO-34 based on the fluoride-assisted zeolite showed a
      broadened temperature window for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3
      (NH3-SCR) reaction due to the enhanced acidity of the zeolite and the improved
      dispersion of copper species. 

PMID- 26969072
TI  - Lambda-cyhalothrin disrupts the up-regulation effect of 17beta-estradiol on post
      synaptic density 95 protein expression via estrogen receptor alpha-dependent Akt
      pathway.
AB  - Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), one of the type II pyrethroids, has been widely used
      throughout the world. The estrogenic effect of LCT to increase cell proliferation
      has been well established. However, whether the estrogenic effect of LCT will
      influence neurodevelopment has not been investigated. In addition, 17beta
      Estradiol (E2) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment and induces an increase
      in synaptic proteins. The post-synaptic density 95 (PSD95) protein, which is
      involved in the development of the structure and function of new spines and
      localized with estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) at the post-synaptic density
      (PSD), was detected in our study by using hippocampal neuron cell line HT22. We
      found that LCT up-regulated PSD95 and ERalpha expression, estrogen receptor (ER)
      antagonist ICI182,780 and phosphatidylinositol-4; 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)
      inhibitor LY294,002 blocked this effect. In addition, LCT disrupted the promotion
      effect of E2 on PSD95. To investigate whether the observed changes are caused by
      ERalpha-dependent signaling activation, we next detected the effects of LCT on
      the ERalpha-mediated PI3K-Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)-eukaryotic initiation factor
      (eIF) 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) pathway. There existed an activation of Akt
      and the downstream factor 4E-BP1 after LCT treatment. In addition, LCT could
      disrupt the activation effect of E2 on the Akt pathway. However, no changes in
      cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation and PSD95 messenger
      ribonucleic acid (mRNA) were observed. Our findings demonstrated that LCT could
      increase the PSD95 protein level via the ERalpha-dependent Akt pathway, and LCT
      might disrupt the up-regulation effect of E2 on PSD95 protein expression via this
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26969073
TI  - Historical records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon deposition in a shallow
      eutrophic lake: Impacts of sources and sedimentological conditions.
AB  - Sediment core samples collected from Lake Chaohu were analyzed for 15 priority
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to assess the spatial and temporal
      distributions of the PAHs during lacustrine sedimentary processes and regional
      economic development. Assessing the PAH sedimentary records over an approximately
      100-year time span, we identified two stages in the PAH inputs and sources
      (before the 1970s and after the 1970s) in the eastern lake region near a village,
      whereas three stages (before the 1950s, 1950s-1990s and after the 1990s) were
      identified in the western lake region near urban and industrial areas. Rapid
      increases in the PAH depositional fluxes occurred during the second stage due to
      increased human activities in the Lake Chaohu basin. The composition and isomeric
      ratios of the PAHs revealed that pyrolysis is the main source of PAHs in this
      lake. Strong positive relationships between PAH concentration and the total
      organic carbon concentration, sediment grain size (<4MUm), as well as the local
      population and Gross Domestic Product indicated that the sedimentary conditions
      impact the depositional characteristics of the PAHs; simultaneously,
      socioeconomic activities, such as energy consumption and the levels of urban
      industrialization and civilization, affect both the composition and abundance of
      the PAHs. 

PMID- 26969075
TI  - Younger age predicts greater effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation for chronic
      pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an accepted surgical treatment for
      neuropathic pain in failed back syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome.
      However, even in the best selected surgical cases the predictors of adequate pain
      control are not well defined. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of
      outcome in patients who underwent SCS in our center. METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective analysis of our neurosurgical database for patients who underwent
      SCS over the last 8 years in an attempt to identify factors predictive of
      outcome. RESULTS: Forty-one patients underwent implantation of epidural
      electrodes, 34 patients had a successful stimulation trial and received permanent
      devices. Nine patients experienced a late failure at a median time of 7.8 months
      (range, 4.5-19 months) after implantation. Age was significantly associated with
      outcome. Younger patients had a significantly lower rate of treatment failure,
      and none of the patients above 65 years had a successful long-term outcome.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that younger age is associated with greater long
      term effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation and therefore age may influence the
      success of SCS therapy with older patients having a greater tendency to failure.
      Earlier intervention may be beneficial in these chronic pain patients.

PMID- 26969074
TI  - Polychlorinated biphenyls and omega-3 fatty acid exposure from fish consumption,
      and thyroid cancer among New York anglers.
AB  - Fish from the Great Lakes contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which have
      been shown to disrupt endocrine function and mimic thyroid hormones, but they
      also contain beneficial omega-3 fatty acids that may offer protection against
      endocrine cancers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Lake
      Ontario fish consumption and the estimated consumption of PCBs and omega-3 fatty
      acids on the risk of thyroid cancer in a group of sport fishermen. Anglers from
      the New York State Angler Cohort Study were followed for cancer incidence from
      1991-2008. Twenty-seven cases of incident thyroid cancer and 108 controls were
      included in the analyses. Total estimated fish consumption, estimated omega-3
      fatty acid consumption, and estimated PCB consumption from Lake Ontario fish were
      examined for an association with the incidence of thyroid cancer, while matching
      on sex, and controlling for age and smoking status. Results from logistic
      regression indicate no significant associations between fish consumption, short
      term estimated omega-3 fatty acids, or estimated PCB consumption from Great Lakes
      fish and the development of thyroid cancer, but it was suggested that long-term
      omega-3 fatty acid from Great Lakes fish may be protective of the development of
      thyroid cancer. In conclusion, fish consumption, with the possible concomitant
      PCBs, from the Great Lakes does not appear to increase the risk of thyroid cancer
      in New York anglers. Further research is needed in order to separate the
      individual health effects of PCBs from omega-3 fatty acids contained within the
      fish. 

PMID- 26969078
TI  - The pivotal role of a pre-admission electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of
      Takotsubo syndrome in the ED.

PMID- 26969076
TI  - Expression of forkhead box transcription factor genes Foxp1 and Foxp2 during jaw
      development.
AB  - Development of the face is regulated by a large number of genes that are
      expressed in temporally and spatially specific patterns. While significant
      progress has been made on characterizing the genes that operate in the oral
      region of the face, those regulating development of the aboral (lateral) region
      remain largely unknown. Recently, we discovered that transcription factors LIM
      homeobox (LHX) 6 and LHX8, which are key regulators of oral development,
      repressed the expression of the genes encoding forkhead box transcription
      factors, Foxp1 and Foxp2, in the oral region. To gain insights into the potential
      role of the Foxp genes in region-specific development of the face, we examined
      their expression patterns in the first pharyngeal arch (primordium for the jaw)
      of mouse embryos at a high spatial and temporal resolution. Foxp1 and Foxp2 were
      preferentially expressed in the aboral and posterior parts of the first
      pharyngeal arch, including the developing temporomandibular joint. Through double
      immunofluorescence and double fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization, we found
      that Foxp1 was expressed in the progenitor cells for the muscle, bone, and
      connective tissue. Foxp2 was expressed in subsets of bone and connective tissue
      progenitors but not in the myoblasts. Neither gene was expressed in the dental
      mesenchyme nor in the oral half of the palatal shelf undergoing extensive growth
      and morphogenesis. Together, we demonstrated for the first time that Foxp1 and
      Foxp2 are expressed during craniofacial development. Our data suggest that the
      Foxp genes may regulate development of the aboral and posterior regions of the
      jaw.

PMID- 26969077
TI  - Adrenocortical carcinoma: Retrospective analysis of the last 22 years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with a poor
      prognosis. The clinical experience acquired, even from a small number of cases,
      has improved understanding of this condition. The purpose of this study is to
      characterize patients with ACC followed up at a Portuguese reference center over
      the past 22 years. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of
      patients with histopathological diagnosis of ACC followed up from 1992 to 2014.
      RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 22 patients, 20 of them female. Eleven
      patients were in stage II, four in stage III, and five in stage IV; 13 patients
      had functioning lesions. Adrenalectomy was performed in 20 patients, with
      complete tumor resection in 90% of the cases. During follow-up, eight patients
      experienced recurrence of local disease, and 12 distant metastases. Fourteen
      patients received mitotane, 35.7% (n=5) as adjuvant therapy and 64.3% (n=9) after
      recurrence; therapeutic plasma mitotane levels were achieved in 70% of patients.
      Stage III patients who received adjuvant therapy had longer survival time (13.5
      vs. 2.5 months). Two patients were given chemotherapy associated to mitotane.
      Median survival was 11 months (0-257 months); it was slightly longer in younger
      patients or patients with non-functioning tumors. Six patients are still alive,
      four of them with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSION: Despite the overall poor
      prognosis, some patients with ACC may have a long survival time. Although
      complete tumor removal remains the only potentially curative treatment, diagnosis
      at a younger age, presence of non-functioning tumors, and mitotane treatment also
      seemed to be associated to longer survival in our patients.

PMID- 26969079
TI  - Seventy-two-hour antibiotic retrieval from the ED: a randomized controlled trial
      of discharge instructional modality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Limited health literacy is a risk factor for poor outcomes in
      numerous health care settings. Little is known about the impact of instructional
      modality and health literacy on adherence to emergency department (ED) discharge
      instructions. PURPOSE: To examine the impact of instructional modality on 72-hour
      antibiotic retrieval among ED patients prescribed outpatient antibiotics for
      infections. METHODS: English-speaking ED patients diagnosed as having acute
      infections and prescribed outpatient antibiotics were randomized to standard
      discharge instructions, standard instructions plus text-messaged instructions, or
      standard instructions plus voicemailed instructions targeting ED prescriptions.
      Health literacy was determined by validated instrument. Seventy-two-hour
      antibiotic retrieval, 30-day report of prescription completion, and discharge
      instructional modality preference were assessed. RESULTS: Nearly one-quarter of
      the 2521 participants demonstrated low health literacy. Low health literacy
      predicted decreased 72-hour antibiotic retrieval (chi(2) = 9.56, P=.008). No
      significant association with antibiotic retrieval was noted across the 3
      treatment groups (chi(2) = 5.112, P=.078). However, patients randomized to the
      text message group retrieved antibiotic prescriptions within 72 hours more
      frequently than did those randomized to the voicemail treatment group (chi(2) =
      4.345, P=.037), and patients with low health literacy randomized to voicemailed
      instructions retrieved their antibiotic prescriptions less frequently than did
      those randomized to standard of care instructions (chi(2) = 5.526, P=.019).
      Reported instructional modality preferences were inconsistent with the primary
      findings of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Discharge instructional modality impacts
      antibiotic retrieval in patients with low health literacy. Preference for
      discharge instructional modality varies by degree of health literacy, but does
      not predict which modality will optimize 72-hour antibiotic retrieval.

PMID- 26969080
TI  - Magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles in hyperthermia against colon cancer.
AB  - A reproducible double emulsion/solvent evaporation procedure is developed to
      formulate magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles (average size~180 nm) made of iron
      oxide cores embedded within a glyceryl trimyristate solid matrix. The
      physicochemical characterization of the nanocomposites ascertained the efficacy
      of the preparation conditions in their production, i.e. surface properties
      (electrokinetic and thermodynamic data) were almost indistinguishable from those
      of the solid lipid nanomatrix, while electron microscopy characterizations and X
      ray diffraction patterns confirmed the satisfactory coverage of the magnetite
      nuclei. Hemocompatibility of the particles was established in vitro. Hysteresis
      cycle determinations defined the appropriate magnetic responsiveness of the
      nanocomposites, and their heating characteristics were investigated in a high
      frequency alternating gradient of magnetic field: a constant maximum temperature
      of 46  degrees C was obtained within 40 min. Finally, in vitro tests performed on
      human HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells demonstrated a promising decrease in cell
      viability after treatment with the nanocomposites and exposure to that
      alternating electromagnetic field. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
      first time that such type of nanoformulation with very promising hyperthermia
      characteristics has been developed for therapeutic aims.

PMID- 26969081
TI  - Expanding transplant options to patients over 50 years. Improved outcome after
      reduced intensity conditioning mismatched-unrelated donor transplantation for
      patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Acute Leukemia Working
      Party of the EBMT.
AB  - The outcome of patients undergoing HLA-matched unrelated donor allogeneic
      hematopoietic cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning or
      myeloablative regimens is reported to be equivalent; however, it is not known if
      the intensity of the conditioning impacts outcomes after mismatched unrelated
      donor transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Eight hundred and eighty three
      patients receiving reduced-intensity conditioning were compared with 1041
      myeloablative conditioning regimen recipients in the setting of mismatched
      unrelated donor transplantation. The donor graft was HLA-matched at 9/10 in 872
      (83.8%) and at 8/10 in 169 (16.2%) myeloablative conditioning recipients, while
      in the reduced-intensity conditioning cohort, 754 (85.4%) and 129 (14.6%) were
      matched at 9/10 and 8/10 loci, respectively. Myeloablative conditioning regimen
      recipients were younger, 70% being <50 years of age compared to only 30% in the
      reduced-intensity conditioning group (P=0.0001). Significantly, more patients had
      secondary acute myeloid leukemia (P=0.04) and Karnofsky Performance Status score
      <90% (P=0.02) in the reduced-intensity conditioning group. Patients <50 and >=50
      years were analyzed separately. On multivariate analysis and after adjusting for
      differences between the two groups, reduced-intensity conditioning in patients
      age >=50 years was associated with higher overall survival (HR 0.78; P=0.01),
      leukemia-free survival (HR 0.82; P=0.05), and decreased non-relapse mortality (HR
      0.73; P=0.03). Relapse incidence (HR 0.91; P=0.51) and chronic graft-versus-host
      disease (HR 1.31; P=0.11) were, however, not significantly different. In patients
      <50 years old, there were no statistically significant differences in overall
      survival, leukemia-free survival, relapse incidence, non-relapse mortality, and
      chronic graft-versus-host-disease between the groups. Our study shows no
      significant outcome differences in patients younger than 50 years receiving
      reduced-intensity vs myeloablative conditioning regimens after mismatched
      unrelated donor transplantation. Furthermore, the data support the superiority of
      reduced-intensity conditioning regimens in older adults receiving transplants
      from mismatched unrelated donors.

PMID- 26969083
TI  - Bio-engineered and native red blood cells from cord blood exhibit the same
      metabolomic profile.

PMID- 26969082
TI  - Late thyroid complications in survivors of childhood acute leukemia. An L.E.A.
      study.
AB  - Thyroid complications are known side effects of irradiation. However, the risk of
      such complications in childhood acute leukemia survivors who received either
      central nervous system irradiation or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is
      less described. We prospectively evaluated the incidence and risk factors for
      thyroid dysfunction and tumors in survivors of childhood acute myeloid or
      lymphoid leukemia. A total of 588 patients were evaluated for thyroid function,
      and 502 individuals were assessed for thyroid tumors (median follow-up duration:
      12.6 and 12.5 years, respectively). The cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism
      was 17.3% (95% CI: 14.1-21.1) and 24.6% (95% CI: 20.4-29.6) at 10 and 20 years
      from leukemia diagnosis, respectively. Patients who received total body
      irradiation (with or without prior central nervous system irradiation) were at
      higher risk of hypothyroidism (adjusted HR: 2.87; P=0.04 and 2.79, P=0.01,
      respectively) as compared with transplanted patients who never received any
      irradiation. Patients transplanted without total body irradiation who received
      central nervous system irradiation were also at higher risk (adjusted HR: 3.39;
      P=0.02). Patients irradiated or transplanted at older than 10 years of age had a
      lower risk (adjusted HR: 0.61; P=0.02). Thyroid malignancy was found in 26
      patients (5.2%). Among them, two patients had never received any type of
      irradiation: alkylating agents could also promote thyroid cancer. The cumulative
      incidence of thyroid malignancy was 9.6% (95% CI: 6.0-15.0) at 20 years. Women
      were at higher risk than men (adjusted HR: 4.74; P=0.002). In conclusion, thyroid
      complications are frequent among patients who undergo transplantation after total
      body irradiation and those who received prior central nervous system irradiation.
      Close monitoring is thus warranted for these patients. Clinicaltrials.gov
      identifier: NCT 01756599.

PMID- 26969084
TI  - LIN28B is over-expressed in specific subtypes of pediatric leukemia and regulates
      lncRNA H19.

PMID- 26969085
TI  - Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene disruption in primary erythroid progenitor
      cells.

PMID- 26969086
TI  - A distinct plasmablast and naive B-cell phenotype in primary immune
      thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Primary immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disorder in which platelet
      destruction is a consequence of both B- and T-cell dysregulation. Flow cytometry
      was used to further characterize the B- and T-cell compartments in a cross
      sectional cohort of 26 immune thrombocytopenia patients including antiplatelet
      antibody positive (n=14) and negative (n=12) patients exposed to a range of
      therapies, and a cohort of matched healthy volunteers. Markers for B-cell
      activating factor and its receptors, relevant B-cell activation markers (CD95 and
      CD21) and markers for CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including circulating T-follicular
      helper-like cells, were included. Our results indicate that an expanded
      population of CD95(+) naive B cells correlated with disease activity in immune
      thrombocytopenia patients regardless of treatment status. A population of CD21
      naive B cells was specifically expanded in autoantibody-positive immune
      thrombocytopenia patients. Furthermore, the B-cell maturation antigen, a receptor
      for B-cell activating factor, was consistently and strongly up-regulated on
      plasmablasts from immune thrombocytopenia patients. These observations have
      parallels in other autoantibody-mediated diseases and suggest that loss of
      peripheral tolerance in naive B cells may be an important component of immune
      thrombocytopenia pathogenesis. Moreover, the B-cell maturation antigen represents
      a potential target for plasma cell directed therapies in immune thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 26969087
TI  - Computational studies of plasma lipoprotein lipids.
AB  - Plasma lipoproteins are macromolecular assemblies of proteins and lipids found in
      the blood. The lipid components of lipoproteins are amphipathic lipids such as
      phospholipids (PLs), and unesterified cholesterols (UCs) and hydrophobic lipids
      such as cholesteryl esters (CEs) and triglycerides (TGs). Since lipoproteins are
      soft matter supramolecular assemblies easily deformable by thermal fluctuations
      and they also exist in varying densities and protein/lipid components, a detailed
      understanding of their structure/function is experimentally difficult. Molecular
      dynamics (MD) simulation has emerged as a particularly promising way to explore
      the structure and dynamics of lipoproteins. The purpose of this review is to
      survey the current status of computational studies of the lipid components of the
      lipoproteins. Computational studies aim to explore three levels of complexity for
      the 3-dimensional structural dynamics of lipoproteins at various metabolic
      stages: (i) lipoprotein particles consist of protein with minimal lipid; (ii)
      lipoprotein particles consist of PL-rich discoidal bilayer-like lipid particles;
      (iii) mature circulating lipoprotein particles consist of CE-rich or TG-rich
      spheroidal lipid-droplet-like particles. Due to energy barriers involved in
      conversion between these species, other biomolecules also participate in
      lipoprotein biological assembly. For example: (i) lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I
      (apoA-I) interacts with ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) to produce
      nascent discoidal high density lipoprotein (dHDL) particles; (ii) lecithin
      cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mediates the conversion of UC to CE in dHDL,
      driving spheroidal HDL (sHDL) formation; (iii) transfer proteins, cholesterol
      ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), transfer
      both CE and TG and PL, respectively, between lipoprotein particles. Computational
      studies have the potential to explore different lipoprotein particles at each
      metabolic stage in atomistic detail. This review discusses the current status of
      computational methods including all-atom MD (AAMD), coarse-grain MD (CGMD), and
      MD-simulated annealing (MDSA) and their applications in lipoprotein structural
      dynamics and biological assemblies. Results from MD simulations are discussed and
      compared across studies in order to identify key findings, controversies, issues
      and future directions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:
      Biosimulations edited by Ilpo Vattulainen and Tomasz Rog.

PMID- 26969088
TI  - Membrane bending by protein crowding is affected by protein lateral confinement.
AB  - Crowding of asymmetrically-distributed membrane proteins has been recently
      recognized as an important factor in remodeling of biological membranes, for
      example during transport vesicle formation. In this paper, we theoretically
      analyze the effect of protein crowding on membrane bending and examine its
      dependence on protein size, shape, transmembrane asymmetry and lateral
      confinement. We consider three scenarios of protein lateral organization, which
      are highly relevant for cellular membranes in general: freely diffusing membrane
      proteins without lateral confinement, the presence of a diffusion barrier and
      interactions with a vesicular coat. We show that protein crowding affects vesicle
      formation even if the proteins are distributed symmetrically across the membrane
      and that this effect depends significantly on lateral confinement. The largest
      crowding effect is predicted for the proteins that are confined to the forming
      vesicle by a diffusion barrier. We calculate the bending properties of a crowded
      membrane and find that its spontaneous curvature depends primarily on the degree
      of transmembrane asymmetry, and its effective bending modulus on the type of
      lateral confinement. Using the example of COPII vesicle formation from the
      endoplasmic reticulum, we analyze the energetic cost of vesicle formation. The
      results provide a novel insight into the effects of lateral and transmembrane
      organization of membrane proteins, and can guide data interpretation and future
      experimental approaches. 

PMID- 26969089
TI  - Gut bacteria dysbiosis and necrotising enterocolitis in very low birthweight
      infants: a prospective case-control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gut bacteria might predispose to or protect from necrotising
      enterocolitis, a severe illness linked to prematurity. In this observational
      prospective study we aimed to assess whether one or more bacterial taxa in the
      gut differ between infants who subsequently develop necrotising enterocolitis
      (cases) and those who do not (controls). METHODS: We enrolled very low
      birthweight (1500 g and lower) infants in the primary cohort (St Louis Children's
      Hospital) between July 7, 2009, and Sept 16, 2013, and in the secondary cohorts
      (Kosair Children's Hospital and Children's Hospital at Oklahoma University)
      between Sept 12, 2011 and May 25, 2013. We prospectively collected and then froze
      stool samples for all infants. Cases were defined as infants whose clinical
      courses were consistent with necrotising enterocolitis and whose radiographs
      fulfilled criteria for Bell's stage 2 or 3 necrotising enterocolitis. Control
      infants (one to four per case; not fixed ratios) with similar gestational ages,
      birthweight, and birth dates were selected from the population after cases were
      identified. Using primers specific for bacterial 16S rRNA genes, we amplified and
      then pyrosequenced faecal DNA from stool samples. With use of Dirichlet
      multinomial analysis and mixed models to account for repeated measures, we
      identified host factors, including development of necrotising enterocolitis,
      associated with gut bacterial populations. FINDINGS: We studied 2492 stool
      samples from 122 infants in the primary cohort, of whom 28 developed necrotising
      enterocolitis; 94 infants were used as controls. The microbial community
      structure in case stools differed significantly from those in control stools.
      These differences emerged only after the first month of age. In mixed models, the
      time-by-necrotising-enterocolitis interaction was positively associated with
      Gammaproteobacteria (p=0.0010) and negatively associated with strictly anaerobic
      bacteria, especially Negativicutes (p=0.0019). We studied 1094 stool samples from
      44 infants in the secondary cohorts. 18 infants developed necrotising
      enterocolitis (cases) and 26 were controls. After combining data from all cohorts
      (166 infants, 3586 stools, 46 cases of necrotising enterocolitis), there were
      increased proportions of Gammaproteobacteria (p=0.0011) and lower proportions of
      both Negativicutes (p=0.0013) and the combined Clostridia-Negativicutes class
      (p=0.0051) in infants who went on to develop necrotising enterocolitis compared
      with controls. These associations were strongest in both the primary cohort and
      the overall cohort for infants born at less than 27 weeks' gestation.
      INTERPRETATION: A relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria (ie, Gram-negative
      facultative bacilli) and relative paucity of strict anaerobic bacteria
      (especially Negativicutes) precede necrotising enterocolitis in very low
      birthweight infants. These data offer candidate targets for interventions to
      prevent necrotising enterocolitis, at least among infants born at less than 27
      weeks' gestation. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health (NIH), Foundation for
      the NIH, the Children's Discovery Institute.

PMID- 26969091
TI  - Adjuvant therapy for renal-cell carcinoma: settled for now.

PMID- 26969092
TI  - Gut microbiome and necrotising enterocolitis: time for intervention?

PMID- 26969093
TI  - Is waiting bad for subjective health?
AB  - The present study examined the possibility that waiting is bad for one's
      subjective health. Specifically, we examined longitudinal trends in the self
      reported health, self-reported sleep disruption, distress, and emotion regulation
      strategies of law school graduates waiting for their bar exam results. Multilevel
      analyses suggest that waiting was particularly detrimental to participants' self
      reported health and sleep disruption at the beginning and end of the waiting
      period. Moreover, distress and most emotion regulation efforts were associated
      with poorer subjective health on average, and personal increases in distress and
      emotion regulation were largely associated with personal increases in poor self
      reported health and sleep disruption. Our results suggest that waiting periods
      can take a toll on subjective health and that individual and temporal variations
      in distress and emotion regulation efforts are associated with these health
      trajectories.

PMID- 26969094
TI  - Blood pressure outcomes of medication adherence interventions: systematic review
      and meta-analysis.
AB  - This systematic review applied meta-analytic procedures to integrate primary
      research that examined blood pressure outcomes of medication adherence
      interventions. Random-effects model analysis calculated standardized mean
      difference effect sizes. Exploratory dichotomous and continuous moderator
      analyses using meta-analytic analogues of ANOVA and regression were performed.
      Codable data were extracted from 156 reports with 60,876 participants. The
      overall weighted mean difference systolic effect size was 0.235 across 161
      treatment versus control comparisons. The diastolic effect size was 0.189 from
      181 comparisons. Effect sizes were significantly heterogeneous. Common risks of
      bias included lack of allocation concealment, unmasked data collectors, and
      absent intention-to-treat analyses. Exploratory moderator analyses suggested that
      habit-based interventions may be most effective. The largest effect sizes were
      for interventions delivered by pharmacists. The modest magnitude effect sizes
      suggest future research should explore novel higher dose interventions that might
      address multiple levels of influence on adherence behavior.

PMID- 26969095
TI  - RNA-seq reveals a diminished acclimation response to the combined effects of
      ocean acidification and elevated seawater temperature in Pagothenia
      borchgrevinki.
AB  - PURPOSE: The IPCC has reasserted the strong influence of anthropogenic CO2
      contributions on global climate change and highlighted the polar-regions as
      highly vulnerable. With these predictions the cold adapted fauna endemic to the
      Southern Ocean, which is dominated by fishes of the sub-order Notothenioidei,
      will face considerable challenges in the near future. Recent physiological
      studies have demonstrated that the synergistic stressors of elevated temperature
      and ocean acidification have a considerable, although variable, impact on
      notothenioid fishes. The present study explored the transcriptomic response of
      Pagothenia borchgrevinki to increased temperatures and pCO2 after 7, 28 and
      56days of acclimation. We compared this response to short term studies assessing
      heat stress alone and foretell the potential impacts of these stressors on P.
      borchgrevinki's ability to survive a changing Southern Ocean. RESULTS: P.
      borchgrevinki did demonstrate a coordinated stress response to the dual-stressor
      condition, and even indicated that some level of inducible heat shock response
      may be conserved in this notothenioid species. However, the stress response of P.
      borchgrevinki was considerably less robust than that observed previously in the
      closely related notothenioid, Trematomus bernacchii, and varied considerably when
      compared across different acclimation time-points. Furthermore, the molecular
      response of these fish under multiple stressors displayed distinct differences
      compared to their response to short term heat stress alone. CONCLUSIONS: When
      exposed to increased sea surface temperatures, combined with ocean acidification,
      P. borchgrevinki demonstrated a coordinated stress response that has already
      peaked by 7days of acclimation and quickly diminished over time. However, this
      response is less dramatic than other closely related notothenioids under
      identical conditions, supporting previous research suggesting that this
      notothenioid species is less sensitive to environmental variation.

PMID- 26969096
TI  - Fistula formation after EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy.

PMID- 26969090
TI  - Adjuvant sunitinib or sorafenib for high-risk, non-metastatic renal-cell
      carcinoma (ECOG-ACRIN E2805): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised,
      phase 3 trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal-cell carcinoma is highly vascular, and proliferates primarily
      through dysregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway.
      We tested sunitinib and sorafenib, two oral anti-angiogenic agents that are
      effective in advanced renal-cell carcinoma, in patients with resected local
      disease at high risk for recurrence. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo
      controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial, we enrolled patients at 226 study centres
      in the USA and Canada. Eligible patients had pathological stage high-grade T1b or
      greater with completely resected non-metastatic renal-cell carcinoma and adequate
      cardiac, renal, and hepatic function. Patients were stratified by recurrence
      risk, histology, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status,
      and surgical approach, and computerised double-blind randomisation was done
      centrally with permuted blocks. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to
      receive 54 weeks of sunitinib 50 mg per day orally throughout the first 4 weeks
      of each 6 week cycle, sorafenib 400 mg twice per day orally throughout each
      cycle, or placebo. Placebo could be sunitinib placebo given continuously for 4
      weeks of every 6 week cycle or sorafenib placebo given twice per day throughout
      the study. The primary objective was to compare disease-free survival between
      each experimental group and placebo in the intention-to-treat population. All
      treated patients with at least one follow-up assessment were included in the
      safety analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number
      NCT00326898. FINDINGS: Between April 24, 2006, and Sept 1, 2010, 1943 patients
      from the National Clinical Trials Network were randomly assigned to sunitinib
      (n=647), sorafenib (n=649), or placebo (n=647). Following high rates of toxicity
      related discontinuation after 1323 patients had enrolled (treatment discontinued
      by 193 [44%] of 438 patients on sunitinib, 199 [45%] of 441 patients on
      sorafenib), the starting dose of each drug was reduced and then individually
      titrated up to the original full doses. On Oct 16, 2014, because of low
      conditional power for the primary endpoint, the ECOG-ACRIN Data Safety Monitoring
      Committee recommended that blinded follow-up cease and the results be released.
      The primary analysis showed no significant differences in disease-free survival.
      Median disease-free survival was 5.8 years (IQR 1.6-8.2) for sunitinib (hazard
      ratio [HR] 1.02, 97.5% CI 0.85-1.23, p=0.8038), 6.1 years (IQR 1.7-not estimable
      [NE]) for sorafenib (HR 0.97, 97.5% CI 0.80-1.17, p=0.7184), and 6.6 years (IQR
      1.5-NE) for placebo. The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were
      hypertension (105 [17%] patients on sunitinib and 102 [16%] patients on
      sorafenib), hand-foot syndrome (94 [15%] patients on sunitinib and 208 [33%]
      patients on sorafenib), rash (15 [2%] patients on sunitinib and 95 [15%] patients
      on sorafenib), and fatigue 110 [18%] patients on sunitinib [corrected]. There
      were five deaths related to treatment or occurring within 30 days of the end of
      treatment; one patient receiving sorafenib died from infectious colitis while on
      treatment and four patients receiving sunitinib died, with one death due to each
      of neurological sequelae, sequelae of gastric perforation, pulmonary embolus, and
      disease progression. Revised dosing still resulted in high toxicity.
      INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant treatment with the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors sorafenib or sunitinib showed no survival benefit relative to placebo
      in a definitive phase 3 study. Furthermore, substantial treatment discontinuation
      occurred because of excessive toxicity, despite dose reductions. These results
      provide a strong rationale against the use of these drugs for high-risk kidney
      cancer in the adjuvant setting and suggest that the biology of cancer recurrence
      might be independent of angiogenesis. FUNDING: US National Cancer Institute and
      ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, Pfizer, and Bayer.

PMID- 26969097
TI  - Retrieval and reuse of a dislodged lumen-apposing metal stent during endoscopic
      necrosectomy for pancreatic necrosis.

PMID- 26969098
TI  - Endoscopic necrosectomy of an infected lymph node.

PMID- 26969099
TI  - Cryotherapy for refractory malignant rectal bleeding: a novel solution.

PMID- 26969100
TI  - Temperament and arousal systems: A new synthesis of differential psychology and
      functional neurochemistry.
AB  - This paper critically reviews the unidimensional construct of General Arousal as
      utilised by models of temperament in differential psychology for example, to
      underlie 'Extraversion'. Evidence suggests that specialization within monoamine
      neurotransmitter systems contrasts with the attribution of a "general arousal" of
      the Ascending Reticular Activating System. Experimental findings show specialized
      roles of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin systems in hypothetically
      mediating three complementary forms of arousal that are similar to three
      functional blocks described in classical models of behaviour within kinesiology,
      clinical neuropsychology, psychophysiology and temperament research. In spite of
      functional diversity of monoamine receptors, we suggest that their functionality
      can be classified using three universal aspects of actions related to expansion,
      to selection-integration and to maintenance of chosen behavioural alternatives.
      Monoamine systems also differentially regulate analytic vs. routine aspects of
      activities at cortical and striatal neural levels. A convergence between main
      temperament models in terms of traits related to described functional aspects of
      behavioural arousal also supports the idea of differentiation between these
      aspects analysed here in a functional perspective. 

PMID- 26969101
TI  - Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease crosstalk.
AB  - Despite intensive research efforts over the past few decades, the mechanisms
      underlying the etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unknown. This
      fact is of major concern because the number of patients affected by this medical
      condition is increasing exponentially and the existing treatments are only
      palliative in nature and offer no disease modifying affects. Interestingly,
      recent epidemiological studies indicate that diabetes significantly increases the
      risk of developing AD, suggesting that diabetes may play a causative role in the
      development of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, elucidating the molecular interactions
      between diabetes and AD is of critical significance because it might offer a
      novel approach to identifying mechanisms that may modulate the onset and
      progression of sporadic AD cases. This review highlights the involvement of
      several novels pathological molecular mechanisms induced by diabetes that
      increase AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss novel findings in animal model
      and clinical studies involving the use of anti-diabetic compounds as promising
      therapeutics for AD. 

PMID- 26969102
TI  - Molecular genetic analysis of the Jk(a-b-) phenotype in Chinese: A novel silent
      recessive JK allele.
AB  - The Jk(a-b-) phenotype, referred to as Jknull, is rare in most populations. This
      blood type is characterized by the absence of Kidd glycoprotein on the surface of
      red blood cells (RBCs) and moderately reduced ability to concentrate urine. The
      molecular basis for Jknull phenotype includes splice-site mutations, missense
      mutations, and a partial gene deletion in the JK(SLC14A1) gene that encodes the
      human urea transporter protein. In this study, we have analyzed 10 Chinese Jknull
      samples to determine their molecular bases. In addition to the well known
      Polynesian Jknull allele, three Jknull alleles were detected including one novel
      Jknull allele: JKA (130A, 220G). 

PMID- 26969103
TI  - Treatment of acute graft versus host disease with mesancyhmal stem cells:
      Questions and answers.

PMID- 26969104
TI  - Dynamic nailfold videocapillaroscopy may be used for early detection of
      microvascular dysfunction in obesity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: It has been hypothesized that obesity is the primary cause of
      microvascular dysfunction (MD), which could be a pathway to increase blood
      pressure and decrease insulin sensitivity. Due to the high prevalence of this
      metabolic disorder in the world today, the aim of this study was to investigate
      which is the most appropriate videocapillaroscopic method, between nailfold and
      dorsal finger, to assess microvascular function in obese patients since both
      techniques are non-invasive and could be used for early detection as well as for
      follow-up. METHODS: Eighteen lean [27.8+/-6.2years, body mass index (BMI) 21.8+/
      1.8kg/m(2)] and nineteen obese (30.8+/-4.6years; BMI 32.3+/-1.5kg/m(2)) women
      participated in the study. Dynamic nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessed
      morphological (capillary diameters) and functional [functional capillary density
      (FCD); red blood cell velocity (RBCV) at baseline and peak and time (TRBCVmax)
      taken to reach it during the post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) response,
      after 1-min ischemia] parameters; while dorsal finger videocapillaroscopy
      assessed FCD at rest and capillary recruitment during PORH and post-venous
      occlusion. RESULTS: RBCV (0.32+/-0.01 vs. 0.30+/-0.01mm/s; p<0.0001) and RBCVmax
      (0.32+/-0.01 vs. 0.30+/-0.015mm/s; p=0.0020) were significantly higher in control
      subjects compared to the obese group. Moreover, TRBCVmax was prolonged in the
      obese group compared to control one (3.5+/-1.4 vs. 5.5+/-1.3s; p=0.0001).
      Multiple regression analysis showed that these variables were influenced by some
      others, especially those related to adiposity and metabolic disease. On the other
      hand, dorsal finger videocapillaroscopy did not show any significant differences
      between groups. CONCLUSION: Our results strongly suggest that microvascular
      dysfunction consequent to obesity could be better detected by dynamic nailfold
      videocapillaroscopy than by dorsal finger videocapillaroscopy.

PMID- 26969106
TI  - Recovery of cell-free layer and wall shear stress profile symmetry downstream of
      an arteriolar bifurcation.
AB  - Unequal RBC partitioning at arteriolar bifurcations contributes to dissimilar
      flow developments between daughter vessels in a bifurcation. Due to the
      importance of the cell-free layer (CFL) and the wall shear stress (WSS) to
      physiological processes such as vasoregulation and gas diffusion, we investigated
      the effects of a bifurcation disturbance on the development of the CFL width and
      WSS in bifurcation daughter branches. The analysis was performed on a two
      dimensional (2-D) computational model of a transverse arteriole at three
      different flow rates corresponding to parent branch (PB) pseudoshear rates of 60,
      170 and 470s(-1), while maintaining a 2-D hematocrit of about 55% in the PB. Flow
      symmetry was defined using the statistical similarity of the CFL and WSS
      distributions between the two walls of the vessel branch. In terms of the flow
      symmetry recovery, higher flow rates caused larger reductions in the flow
      symmetry indices in the MB and subsequently required longer vessel lengths for
      complete recovery. Lower tube hematocrits in the SB led to complete symmetry
      recovery for all flow rates despite the higher initial asymmetry in the SB than
      in the MB. Arteriolar bifurcations produce unavoidable local CFL asymmetry and
      the persistence of the asymmetry downstream may increase effective blood
      viscosity which is especially significant at higher physiological flow rates.

PMID- 26969105
TI  - Vasopressin V1A receptors mediate the stabilization of intestinal mucosal
      oxygenation during hypercapnia in septic rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Microvascular oxygen saturation (MUHBO2) plays an essential role in
      the development and outcome of sepsis. Hypercapnia (HC) improves the
      microvascular oxygenation of the mucosa in both healthy and septic animals.
      Vasopressin V1A receptor blockade prevents this positive effect under otherwise
      physiological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects
      and mechanisms of the vasopressin system during hypercapnia under septic
      conditions. METHODS: 80 rats were randomized into 8 groups (N=10). Colon
      ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) or sham surgery was performed on 40 animals
      each to establish a moderate polymicrobial sepsis or sham control, respectively.
      24h after sepsis induction the animals were subjected to 120min of volume
      controlled and pressure-limited ventilation with either normocapnic (pCO2 35
      45mmHg) or moderate hypercapnic (pCO2 of 65-75mmHg) ventilation targets. Animals
      received either vasopressin V1A receptor blockade (SR 49059, 1mgkg(-1) i.v.) or
      vehicle solution (dimethyl sulfoxide, 1%). Blood pressure, heart rate, pO2 and
      pCO2 were measured and microcirculatory oxygenation (MUHBO2) and microcirculatory
      flow (MUflow) were recorded using tissue reflectance spectrophotometry. Oxygen
      supply (MUDO2) and consumption (MUVO2) were calculated from intermittent blood
      gas analysis. RESULTS: In septic animals, MUHBO2 declined during normocapnia (
      11+/-10.3) but remained unchanged during hypercapnia. MUHBO2 declined with
      vasopressin V1A receptor blockade both during normocapnia (-7.4+/-10.6) and
      hypercapnia (-9.2+/-9.8). Microcirculatory oxygen consumption was significantly
      reduced by hypercapnia in septic animals (-2.4.10(5) [AU]+/-2.4.10(5) [AU]). In
      sham animals, MUHBO2 and MUVO2 did not change. CONCLUSION: Vasopressin V1A
      receptors mediate the beneficial effects of hypercapnia on microcirculatory
      oxygenation during sepsis. The effects of vasopressin on MUHBO2 might be related
      to decreased oxygen consumption during hypercapnia.

PMID- 26969108
TI  - Two novel soluble trehalase genes cloned from Harmonia axyridis and regulation of
      the enzyme in a rapid changing temperature.
AB  - In previous studies, we have cloned two soluble trehalase genes (HaTreh1-1 and
      HaTreh1-2) from the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. Here, we obtained the
      other two novel genes (HaTreh1-3 and HaTreh1-4) by transcriptome sequencing and
      rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Generally, anabolism enhancement and catabolism
      inhibition together contribute to accumulation of trehalose, and trehalase is the
      key enzyme to start the catabolism of trehalose. To characterize the metabolism
      of trehalose in H. axyridis and how these trehalase genes are regulated under
      cold stress conditions, a comparison of trehalose content and trehalase levels in
      two different rapidly changing temperature environments was carried out to
      explore the regulation of these genes. We found that an accumulation of trehalose
      could be observed at 5 degrees C, 0 degrees C and -5 degrees C and trehalase was
      suppressed in these temperature points during a gradually cooling environment.
      Then, in a gradually warming environment, trehalose levels increased slightly
      from -5 degrees C to 15 degrees C and then decreased at 25 degrees C; however, no
      significant negative association was observed between trehalase and trehalose.
      Additionally, we found that glycogen could be converted into trehalose to help
      the individual resist the low temperature. Analysis of the expression of soluble
      trehalase showed that HaTreh1-1, HaTreh1-2, HaTreh1-3 and HaTreh1-4 were involved
      in trehalose metabolism; but the gene HaTreh1-4 plays the most important role in
      the cooling process, and HaTreh1-2 and HaTreh1-4 play the most important role in
      the warming process. Finally, we found that 5 degrees C might be a temperature
      signal for H. axyridis; prior to this temperature, individuals must make enough
      physical preparations to resist cold stress during the winter. 

PMID- 26969107
TI  - Correlation between PD-L1 expression and outcome of NSCLC patients treated with
      anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents: A meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A meta analysis of the correlation between PD-L1 levels and outcomes
      of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in advanced non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been
      performed. METHODS: Eligible studies included those evaluating PD-1/PD-L1
      inhibitors in advanced NSCLC and correlating the outcomes to PD-L1 levels.
      RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 250 potentially relevant citations from
      searched databases. After preclusion of ineligible studies, 12 studies were
      included. Comparing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors to docetaxel in second line treatment,
      the pooled hazard ratio (HR) for progression free survival (PFS) and overall
      survival (OS) was 0.75 (95% CI 0.62-0.90; p=0.002) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.50-75;
      p=0.00001) respectively; while the pooled odds ratio (OR) for objective response
      rate (ORR) was 1.98 (95% CI 1.28-3.07; p=0.002) in the PD-L1>1% population.
      Moreover, for PD-L1>1% patients versus PD-L1<1% patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1
      targeted agents, the OR of ORR was 2.18 (95% CI 1.45-3.29; p=0.0002); while for
      PD-L1>5% patients versus PD-L1<5% patients, it was 2.66 (95% CI 1.74-4.07;
      p<0.00001); and for PD-L1>10% versus PD-L1<10% patients, it was 3.38 (95% CI 2.23
      5.13; p<0.00001); and for PD-L1>50% versus PD-L1<50% patients, it was 3.99 (95%
      CI 2.81-5.66; p<0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: The current analysis of data indicates
      that the benefit from PD-1 inhibitors versus docetaxel in second line treatment
      of NSCLC is limited to the PD-L1>1% subpopulation. Moreover, a possible dose
      effect relationship between the intensity of PD-L1 staining and the potential
      benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 targeted agents does exist with higher intensity
      associated with higher ORR.

PMID- 26969109
TI  - Identification and expression characterization of three Wnt signaling genes in
      pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata).
AB  - The Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in animal development and in
      the biomineralization process. At present, although the biomineralization
      mechanism in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) has been extensively studied, there
      is little research on the Wnt signaling pathway in pearl oyster. To understand
      the potential role of the Wnt signaling pathway in pearl oyster, we cloned and
      sequenced three genes from the Wnt signaling pathway in pearl oyster that encode
      the following proteins: beta-catenin, Dishevelled (Dvl) and T-cell factor (TCF).
      Genomic structure analysis revealed that Pf-beta-catenin genomic DNA contained 15
      exons, Pf-Dvl genomic DNA contained 16 exons, and Pf-TCF genomic DNA contained 7
      exons. Their deduced amino acid sequences all showed the highest identity with
      homologs in Crassostrea gigas. Yeast two-hybrid analysis verified that Pf-beta
      catenin interacted with Pf-TCF. These three genes were ubiquitously expressed in
      seven pearl oyster tissues analyzed with the highest expression in the gill and a
      certain amount of expression in the mantle, a tissue related to shell formation.
      After shell notching, the dynamic changes in expression of these three genes
      showed that they reached a maximum at 4days, indicating their response to shell
      regeneration. All three genes were constitutively expressed during five
      developmental stages of the pearl oyster, with high levels at the early embryonic
      development stage. Taken together, these results suggested that Pf-beta-catenin,
      Pf-Dvl and Pf-TCF might participate in shell formation and early embryonic and
      larval development in the pearl oyster. 

PMID- 26969110
TI  - Bioavailability enhancement of atovaquone using hot melt extrusion technology.
AB  - Emerging parasite resistance and poor oral bioavailability of anti-malarials are
      the two cardinal issues which hinder the clinical success of malaria
      chemotherapy. Atovaquone-Proguanil is a WHO approved fixed dose combination used
      to tackle the problem of emerging resistance. However, Atovaquone is a highly
      lipophilic drug having poor aqueous solubility (less than 0.2 MUg/ml) thus
      reducing its oral bioavailability. The aim of the present investigation was to
      explore hot melt extrusion (HME) as a solvent-free technique to enhance
      solubility and oral bioavailability of Atovaquone and to develop an oral dosage
      form for Atovaquone-Proguanil combination. Solid dispersion of Atovaquone was
      successfully developed using HME. The solid dispersion was characterized for DSC,
      FTIR, XRD, SEM, and flow properties. It was filled in size 2 hard gelatin
      capsules. The formulation showed better release as compared to Malarone(r)
      tablets, and 3.2-fold and 4.6-fold higher bioavailability as compared to
      Malarone(r) tablets and Atovaquone respectively. The enhanced bioavailability
      also resulted in 100% anti-malarial activity in murine infection model at 1/8(th)
      therapeutic dose. Thus the developed methodology shows promising potential to
      solve the problems associated with Atovaquone therapy, namely its high cost and
      poor oral bioavailability, resulting in increased therapeutic efficacy of
      Atovaquone.

PMID- 26969111
TI  - PINK1 and FLNA mutations association: A role for atypical parkinsonism?

PMID- 26969112
TI  - Cognitive tasks and cerebral blood flow through anterior cerebral arteries: a
      study via functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound recordings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Functional transcanial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is a convenient
      approach to examine cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in major cerebral
      arteries. METHODS: In this study, the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) was
      insonated on both sides, that is, right ACA (R-ACA) and left ACA (L-ACA). The
      envelope signals (the maximum velocity) and the raw signals were analyzed during
      cognitive processes, i.e. word-generation tasks, geometric tasks and resting
      state periods separating each task. Data which were collected from 20 healthy
      participants were used to investigate the changes and the hemispheric functioning
      while performing cognitive tasks. Signal characteristics were analyzed in time
      domain, frequency domain and time-frequency domain. RESULTS: Significant results
      have been obtained through the use of both classic/modern methods (i.e.
      envelope/raw, time and frequency/information-theoretic and time-frequency
      domains). The frequency features extracted from the raw signals highlighted sex
      effects on cerebral blood flow which revealed distinct brain response during each
      process and during resting periods. In the time-frequency analysis, the
      distribution of wavelet energies on the envelope signals moved around the low
      frequencies during mental processes and did not experience any lateralization
      during cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Even if no lateralization effects were
      noticed during resting-state, verbal and geometric tasks, understanding CBFV in
      ACA during cognitive tasks could complement information extracted from cerebral
      blood flow in middle cerebral arteries during similar cognitive tasks (i.e. sex
      effects).

PMID- 26969113
TI  - Emerging aspects of nanotoxicology in health and disease: From agriculture and
      food sector to cancer therapeutics.
AB  - Nanotechnology is an evolving scientific field that has allowed the manufacturing
      of materials with novel physicochemical and biological properties, offering a
      wide spectrum of potential applications. Properties of nanoparticles that
      contribute to their usefulness include their markedly increased surface area in
      relation to mass, surface reactivity and insolubility, ability to agglomerate or
      change size in different media and enhanced endurance over conventional-scale
      substance. Here, we review nanoparticle classification and their emerging
      applications in several fields; from active food packaging to drug delivery and
      cancer research. Nanotechnology has exciting therapeutic applications, including
      novel drug delivery for the treatment of cancer. Additionally, we discuss that
      exposure to nanostructures incorporated to polymer composites, may result in
      potential human health risks. Therefore, the knowledge of processes, including
      absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, as well as careful
      toxicological assessment is critical in order to determine the effects of
      nanomaterials in humans and other biological systems. Expanding the knowledge of
      nanoparticle toxicity will facilitate designing of safer nanocomposites and their
      application in a beneficial manner. 

PMID- 26969114
TI  - Scalpels Versus Balloons in Failing Hearts: Case Closed?

PMID- 26969115
TI  - Development of phytase-expressing chlamydomonas reinhardtii for monogastric
      animal nutrition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In plant-derived animal feedstuffs, nearly 80 % of the total
      phosphorus content is stored as phytate. However, phytate is poorly digested by
      monogastric animals such as poultry, swine and fish, as they lack the hydrolytic
      enzyme phytase; hence it is regarded as a nutritionally inactive compound from a
      phosphate bioavailability point of view. In addition, it also chelates important
      dietary minerals and essential amino acids. Therefore, dietary supplementation
      with bioavailable phosphate and exogenous phytases are required to achieve
      optimal animal growth. In order to simplify the obtaining and application
      processes, we developed a phytase expressing cell-wall deficient Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii strain. RESULTS: In this work, we developed a transgenic microalgae
      expressing a fungal phytase to be used as a food supplement for monogastric
      animals. A codon optimized Aspergillus niger PhyA E228K phytase (mE228K) with
      improved performance at pH 3.5 was transformed into the plastid genome of
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in order to achieve optimal expression. We engineered a
      plastid-specific construction harboring the mE228K gene, which allowed us to
      obtain high expression level lines with measurable in vitro phytase activity.
      Both wild-type and cell-wall deficient strains were selected, as the latter is a
      suitable model for animal digestion. The enzymatic activity of the mE228K
      expressing lines were approximately 5 phytase units per gram of dry biomass at pH
      3.5 and 37  degrees C, similar to physiological conditions and economically
      competitive for use in commercial activities. CONCLUSIONS: A reference basis for
      the future biotechnological application of microalgae is provided in this work. A
      cell-wall deficient transgenic microalgae with phytase activity at
      gastrointestinal pH and temperature and suitable for pellet formation was
      developed. Moreover, the associated microalgae biomass costs of this strain would
      be between US$5 and US$60 per ton of feedstuff, similar to the US$2 per ton of
      feedstuffs of commercially available phytases. Our data provide evidence of
      phytate-hydrolyzing microalgae biomass for use as a food additive without the
      need for protein purification.

PMID- 26969116
TI  - Atraumatic splenic rupture: an atypical presentation in a previously healthy
      patient.
AB  - Atraumatic splenic rupture represents a life-threatening abdominal event that
      requires immediate diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment to ensure the survival
      of the patient. Atraumatic rupture is relatively uncommon and can occur either in
      pathological spleens or, more rarely, in normal ones. It has a high morbidity,
      frequently with few and non specific signs suggesting its presence, can be
      associated to other pathologies incidentally discovered by imaging. We present a
      case, successfully treated, of a 51-year-old man, previously healthy, that
      referred to our hospital for arterial hypertension and abdominal pain; the
      patient, for an idiopathic splenic rupture with haemoperitoneum, underwent an
      open splenectomy whose histology examination showed a normal spleen. KEY WORDS:
      Atraumatic splenic rupture, Normal spleen, Spontaneos haemoperitoneum - Full text
      is available at: www.annaliitalianidichirurgia.it.

PMID- 26969118
TI  - Added value of MRI for the prenatal diagnosis of isolated orofacial clefts and
      comparison with ultrasound.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the added value of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      in diagnosing and assessing isolated orofacial clefts and compare MRI with second
      line diagnostic ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a two-year prospective
      bicenter study, fetuses with isolated orofacial clefts were reassessed using
      second-line diagnostic ultrasound and MRI. The results of second line ultrasound
      and those MRI were compared to each other. The gestational age at the time of
      ultrasound and MRI, and the final diagnosis for each of the imaging modalities
      were recorded. Finally, the results of second line ultrasound and those of MRI
      were compared to the results of neonatal clinical examination after delivery that
      served as standard of reference. RESULTS: Twenty-two women were included after
      informed consent was obtained. On average, diagnostic ultrasound was performed at
      25.5weeks of gestation (range: 24-34weeks) and MRI at 29.5weeks of gestation
      (range: 27-34weeks). The results of ultrasound and those of MRI findings were
      strictly consistent in 20 women (20/22; 91%) but differed in 2 women (2/22; 9%).
      For all fetuses, the final radiological diagnosis was confirmed by clinical
      examination after delivery. CONCLUSION: If ultrasound examination proves
      technically challenging, fetal MRI can be used to obtain the same diagnostic
      information in 91% of cases and can help surgeons and interdisciplinary teams
      provide appropriate antenatal counseling.

PMID- 26969119
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot: Preoperative assessment with MR and CT imaging.
AB  - Tetralogy of Fallot has a broad anatomical spectrum. In mild forms of the
      condition the obstruction is only located in the right ventricular infundibulum,
      whereas in severe forms the pulmonary valve is atretic, the pulmonary arteries
      are absent and the lung is supplied by aorto-pulmonary collateral arteries.
      Surgical management differs from conventional surgery in the former situation,
      whereas in the latter it is complex and requires reconstruction of the pulmonary
      arteries (unifocalization) carried out in more than one stage and with a high
      morbidity rate. The key factors to establish before corrective surgery are the
      levels and degree of obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, the
      development of the pulmonary arteries and the presence of collateral arteries.
      The main role of magnetic resonance imaging along with that of computed
      tomography angiography are discussed and illustrated. 

PMID- 26969117
TI  - Systems biology of the structural proteome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The success of genome-scale models (GEMs) can be attributed to the
      high-quality, bottom-up reconstructions of metabolic, protein synthesis, and
      transcriptional regulatory networks on an organism-specific basis. Such
      reconstructions are biochemically, genetically, and genomically structured
      knowledge bases that can be converted into a mathematical format to enable a
      myriad of computational biological studies. In recent years, genome-scale
      reconstructions have been extended to include protein structural information,
      which has opened up new vistas in systems biology research and empowered
      applications in structural systems biology and systems pharmacology. RESULTS:
      Here, we present the generation, application, and dissemination of genome-scale
      models with protein structures (GEM-PRO) for Escherichia coli and Thermotoga
      maritima. We show the utility of integrating molecular scale analyses with
      systems biology approaches by discussing several comparative analyses on the
      temperature dependence of growth, the distribution of protein fold families,
      substrate specificity, and characteristic features of whole cell proteomes.
      Finally, to aid in the grand challenge of big data to knowledge, we provide
      several explicit tutorials of how protein-related information can be linked to
      genome-scale models in a public GitHub repository (
      https://github.com/SBRG/GEMPro/tree/master/GEMPro_recon/). CONCLUSIONS:
      Translating genome-scale, protein-related information to structured data in the
      format of a GEM provides a direct mapping of gene to gene-product to protein
      structure to biochemical reaction to network states to phenotypic function.
      Integration of molecular-level details of individual proteins, such as their
      physical, chemical, and structural properties, further expands the description of
      biochemical network-level properties, and can ultimately influence how to model
      and predict whole cell phenotypes as well as perform comparative systems biology
      approaches to study differences between organisms. GEM-PRO offers insight into
      the physical embodiment of an organism's genotype, and its use in this
      comparative framework enables exploration of adaptive strategies for these
      organisms, opening the door to many new lines of research. With these provided
      tools, tutorials, and background, the reader will be in a position to run GEM-PRO
      for their own purposes.

PMID- 26969120
TI  - Cardiac CT or MRI in pediatric practice: Which one to choose?
AB  - The different factors involved in the choice of the best cardiovascular imaging
      examination for pediatric patients are justification, radiation protection,
      sedation, resolutions (spatial and contrast), morphology or function,
      intervention and contrast enhancement. Computed tomography is preferable for all
      coronary artery conditions, any arterial or venous abnormalities in newborns and
      infants and in the preoperative assessment for tetralogy of Fallot. Magnetic
      resonance imaging is used for any tumoral or functional assessment,
      cardiomyopathy or arrhythmia or if the child's participation and/or size of the
      structures being examined allows using this technique. 

PMID- 26969121
TI  - A phase II study of capecitabine and oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy in
      patients with inoperable adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder or biliary tract.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advanced biliary tract carcinomas are associated with a poor
      prognosis, and palliative chemotherapy has only modest benefit. This multi-centre
      phase II study was conducted to determine the efficacy of capecitabine in
      combination with oxaliplatin in patients with inoperable gall bladder or biliary
      tract cancer. METHODS: This was a Phase II, non-randomised, two-stage Simon
      design, multi-centre study. Ethics approval was sought and obtained by the North
      West MREC, and then locally by the West Glasgow Hospitals Research Ethics
      Committee. Eligible patients with inoperable locally advanced or metastatic
      adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder or biliary tract and with adequate performance
      status, haematologic, renal, and hepatic function were treated with capecitabine
      (1000 mg/m(2) po, twice daily, days 1-14) and oxaliplatin (130 mg/m(2) i.v., day
      1) every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. The primary objective of the study was to
      determine the objective tumour response rates (complete and partial). The
      secondary objectives included assessment of toxicity, progression-free survival,
      and overall survival. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were recruited between July
      2003 and December 2005. The regimen was well tolerated with no grade 3/4
      neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Grade 3/4 sensory neuropathy was observed in six
      patients. Two-thirds of patients received their chemotherapy without any dose
      delays. Overall response rate was 23.8% (95% CI 12.05-39.5%). Stable disease was
      observed in a further 13 patients (31%) and progressive disease observed in 12
      (28.6%) of patients. The median progression-free survival was 4.6 months (95% CI
      2.8-6.4 months; Fig. 1) and the median overall survival 7.9 months (95% CI 5.3
      10.4 months; Fig. 2). Fig. 1 Progression-free survival Fig. 2 Overall survival
      CONCLUSION: Capecitabine combined with oxaliplatin has a lower disease control
      and shorter overall survival than the combination of cisplatin with gemcitabine
      which has subsequently become the standard of care in this disease. However,
      capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin does have modest activity in this
      disease, and can be considered as an alternative treatment option for patients in
      whom cisplatin and/or gemcitabine are contra-indicated.

PMID- 26969123
TI  - Return to Play After Periacetabular Osteotomy for Treatment of Acetabular
      Dysplasia in Adolescent and Young Adult Athletes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is an effective surgical
      treatment option for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Little evidence exists
      regarding the results of PAO and rates of return to play (RTP) in an athletic
      population. HYPOTHESIS: The majority of athletes will demonstrate improvements in
      functional outcome measures, such as the modified Harris Hip Score and Hip
      Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and will be able to return to sports
      after PAO. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A
      comprehensive surgical hip database at an academic referral center was used to
      identify a subpopulation of athletes on whom PAO was performed. Data analyzed
      included preceding surgeries, reoperations, and RTP timing and features. Standard
      pre- and postoperative radiologic parameters and validated functional outcome
      measures were assessed, and a regression model assessed risk factors for
      prolonged time to RTP. RESULTS: Of 245 PAOs performed over the 5-year study
      period, 46 were performed in 41 patients who met inclusion criteria for being an
      athlete (mean age, 26.2 years; range, 13-41 years; 36 females; 19% of all PAOs),
      representing a variety of sports. Prior surgery had been performed on 9 hips
      (20%). Only 1 post-PAO procedure (2%), excision of heterotopic ossification, was
      performed during the study period. At final follow-up (median, 3.1 years; range,
      1.2-4.4 years), significant mean improvements were observed in modified Harris
      Hip Score (from 71 to 90; P < .001) and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome
      Score (from 64 to 89; P < .001). The University of California-Los Angeles
      Activity Scale scores were maintained at a high level (range, 8.0-8.2; P = .28).
      RTP was reported in 80% of patients (37 of 46) at a median of 9 months
      postoperatively, with increased postoperative pain as the only independent
      predictor of longer time to RTP. Of these 37 athletes, 27 (73%) returned to the
      same level, although this was significantly less common (P = .06) in competitive
      athletes (11 of 19; 58%) than in recreational athletes (16 of 18; 89%). Among
      those who did return at the same level, 23 of 27 (85%) were able to maintain this
      level over time, but this was not significantly different between competitive (8
      of 11; 73%) and recreational (15 of 16; 94%) athletes (P = .27). CONCLUSION: Most
      athletic patients undergoing PAO are female patients and show postoperative
      improvements in function and return to athletic play. However, although there was
      no decline in overall activity level at a mean of 3 years, self-assessed athletic
      performance was attained and maintained in approximately one-half of the study
      population.

PMID- 26969122
TI  - Relation between tetR and tetA expression in tetracycline resistant Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tetracyclines are among the most used antibiotics in livestock
      worldwide. Resistance is widely disseminated in Escherichia coli, where it is
      generally mediated by tetracycline efflux pumps, such as TetA. Expression of
      tetracycline efflux pumps is tightly controlled by the repressor TetR, which has
      been shown to be tetracycline-responsive at sub-MIC tetracycline concentrations.
      The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing
      tetracycline concentrations on the growth of TetA-producing E. coli, and to
      determine how expression of tetA and tetR related to each other in different
      growth phases in the presence of tetracycline. RESULTS: A tetracycline resistant
      E. coli strain containing tetA and tetR on the chromosome was constructed and
      cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of tetracycline. Expression
      of tetR and tetA was measured at four time points in different growth phases by
      quantitative real-time PCR. The TetA-producing E. coli exhibited prolonged lag
      phase with increasing concentrations of tetracycline, while expression of tetA
      and tetR increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing tetracycline
      concentration. The levels of tetA and tetR mRNA varied depending on growth phase,
      resulting in a gradual decrease of the tetA/tetR ratio from approximately 4 in
      the lag phase to approximately 2 in the stationary phase. CONCLUSION: This study
      shows that the expression of tetR and tetA is tetracycline concentration- and
      growth phase-dependent, contributing to improved understanding of the
      relationships between E. coli growth, tetracycline exposure and expression of
      tetracycline resistance.

PMID- 26969125
TI  - Adolescent inhalant use prevention, assessment, and treatment: A literature
      synthesis.
AB  - Inhalant use refers to the use of substances such as gases, glues, and aerosols
      in order to achieve intoxication, while inhalant use disorder (IUD) encompasses
      both DSM-IV-TR criteria for inhalant abuse and dependence. Inhalant use among
      adolescents is an international public health concern considering the severe
      medical and cognitive consequences and biopsychosocial correlates. In this paper,
      we summarize the current state of the literature on inhalant use among
      adolescents focusing on social context, prevention, assessment, and treatment
      strategies. Psychoeducation, skills training, and environmental supply reduction
      are helpful strategies for preventing adolescent inhalant use, while parent and
      adolescent self-report as well as physician report of medical signs and symptoms
      can aid in assessment and diagnosis. Although research has only begun to explore
      the treatment of inhalant use, preliminary findings suggest that a multimodal
      approach involving individual counselling (i.e., CBT brief intervention), family
      therapy, and activity and engagement programs is the first-line treatment, with
      residential treatment programs indicated for more severe presentations. The
      limited nature of treatments developed specifically for inhalant use combined
      with high prevalence rates and potential for significant impairment within the
      adolescent population indicate the need for further research. Research should
      focus on understanding the social context of use, establishing the efficacy of
      current adolescent substance use treatments adapted for inhalant use, and
      exploring long-term outcomes.

PMID- 26969124
TI  - Utility of linking primary care electronic medical records with Canadian census
      data to study the determinants of chronic disease: an example based on
      socioeconomic status and obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Electronic medical records (EMRs) used in primary care contain a
      breadth of data that can be used in public health research. Patient data from
      EMRs could be linked with other data sources, such as a postal code linkage with
      Census data, to obtain additional information on environmental determinants of
      health. While promising, successful linkages between primary care EMRs with
      geographic measures is limited due to ethics review board concerns. This study
      tested the feasibility of extracting full postal code from primary care EMRs and
      linking this with area-level measures of the environment to demonstrate how such
      a linkage could be used to examine the determinants of disease. The association
      between obesity and area-level deprivation was used as an example to illustrate
      inequalities of obesity in adults. METHODS: The analysis included EMRs of 7153
      patients aged 20 years and older who visited a single, primary care site in 2011.
      Extracted patient information included demographics (date of birth, sex, postal
      code) and weight status (height, weight). Information extraction and management
      procedures were designed to mitigate the risk of individual re-identification
      when extracting full postal code from source EMRs. Based on patients' postal
      codes, area-based deprivation indexes were created using the smallest area unit
      used in Canadian censuses. Descriptive statistics and socioeconomic disparity
      summary measures of linked census and adult patients were calculated. RESULTS:
      The data extraction of full postal code met technological requirements for
      rendering health information extracted from local EMRs into anonymized data. The
      prevalence of obesity was 31.6 %. There was variation of obesity between
      deprivation quintiles; adults in the most deprived areas were 35 % more likely to
      be obese compared with adults in the least deprived areas (Chi-Square = 20.24(1),
      p < 0.0001). Maps depicting spatial representation of regional deprivation and
      obesity were created to highlight high risk areas. CONCLUSIONS: An area based
      socio-economic measure was linked with EMR-derived objective measures of height
      and weight to show a positive association between area-level deprivation and
      obesity. The linked dataset demonstrates a promising model for assessing health
      disparities and ecological factors associated with the development of chronic
      diseases with far reaching implications for informing public health and primary
      health care interventions and services.

PMID- 26969126
TI  - Anti-platelet therapy in small animal medicine.
AB  - Thromboembolism is a significant complication in many commonly encountered
      diseases, and can be a devastating sequel to otherwise treatable conditions.
      Platelets play an essential role in the hemostatic process and, consequently, are
      associated with thrombus formation. Platelets adhere to denuded vascular
      subendothelium, recruit additional platelets and cells, aggregate, and provide
      the catalytic surface for thrombin production and fibrin formation. Therapy to
      prevent unwanted thrombus formation and thromboembolic crises is essential in the
      management of hypercoagulable patients. Unfortunately, many of the medications
      used in veterinary medicine that inhibit or modulate coagulation factors, such as
      the heparins, are cost prohibitive, only effective when administered by injection
      or require frequent drug monitoring, and are therefore poor choices for long term
      at home therapy. While the role of the platelet in pathologic thrombus formation
      is not fully understood, veterinarians often resort to anti-platelet therapy in
      the management of patients at risk for thromboembolic complications, because many
      anti-platelet medications are inexpensive, require minimal drug monitoring, and
      can be given orally. The aim of this review is to discuss the anti-platelet
      therapies that are currently being used or being considered for use to inhibit
      platelet function and reduce thromboembolic complications in hypercoagulable dogs
      and cats. 

PMID- 26969127
TI  - Is deltoid muscle biopsy useful in isolated camptocormia? A prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Camptocormia is a marked anterior curvature of the
      thoracolumbar spine that may be caused by parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis (MG) and muscle disease. The interest of a
      systematic muscle biopsy has not been evaluated until now. In our study, the aim
      was to prospectively evaluate the proportion of patients with isolated
      camptocormia without ALS, MG and parkinsonism who have an underlying myopathy.
      METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients (75% female, mean age 70 years) with
      isolated camptocormia were enrolled in a single centre in this 5-year prospective
      study. ALS, MG and parkinsonism had been excluded in all cases. A left deltoid
      muscle biopsy was performed in all patients and processed with standard
      techniques for histology and immunohistochemistry. Additional biochemical and
      genetic studies were performed when pathological analysis was consistent with
      myopathy. RESULTS: A myopathy was identified in seven patients (35%). Three
      patients presented with mitochondrial myopathy, including two patients harbouring
      a heterozygous POLG gene pathogenic variant and one patient with a heterozygous
      RRM2B gene pathogenic variant. Two patients presented with an inflammatory
      myopathy, including one with anti-PM/Scl antibodies. One patient presented with
      facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and one patient with an MYH7 gene-related
      myofibrillar myopathy. No obvious myopathy was found in the 13 remaining cases.
      DISCUSSION: In this prospective study, an underlying myopathy was found in 35% of
      patients with isolated camptocormia. These results suggest that a muscle biopsy
      should be systematically performed in patients with isolated camptocormia when
      ALS, MG and parkinsonism have been excluded.

PMID- 26969128
TI  - The efficacy of a new translational treatment for persecutory delusions: study
      protocol for a randomised controlled trial (The Feeling Safe Study).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Persecutory delusions (strong unfounded fears that others intend harm
      to the person) occur in more than 70 % of the patients diagnosed with
      schizophrenia. This major psychotic experience is a key clinical target, for
      which substantial improvement in treatment is needed. Our aim is to use advances
      in theoretical understanding to develop a much more efficacious treatment that
      leads to recovery in at least 50 % of people with persistent persecutory
      delusions. Our cognitive conceptualisation is that persecutory delusions are
      threat beliefs, developed in the context of genetic and environmental risk,
      maintained by a number of psychological processes including excessive worry, low
      self-confidence, intolerance of anxious affect and other internal anomalous
      experiences, reasoning biases, and safety-seeking strategies. The clinical
      implication is that safety has to be relearned, by entering the feared situations
      after reduction of the influence of the maintenance factors. We have been
      individually evaluating modules targeting causal factors. These will now be
      tested together as a full treatment, called The Feeling Safe Programme. The
      treatment is modular, personalised, and includes patient preference. We will test
      whether the new treatment leads to greater recovery in persistent persecutory
      delusions, psychological well-being, and activity levels compared to befriending
      (that is, controlling for therapist attention). METHODS/DESIGN: The Feeling Safe
      Study is a parallel group randomised controlled trial for 150 patients who have
      persecutory delusions despite previous treatment in mental health services.
      Patients will be randomised (1:1 ratio) to The Feeling Safe Programme or
      befriending (both provided in 20 sessions over 6 months). Standard care will
      continue as usual. Online randomisation will use a permuted blocks algorithm,
      with randomly varying block size, stratified by therapist. Assessments, by a
      rater blind to allocation, will be conducted at 0, 6 (post treatment), and 12
      months. The primary outcome is the level of delusional conviction at 6 months.
      Secondary outcomes include levels of psychological well-being, suicidal ideation,
      and activity. All main analyses will be intention-to-treat. The trial is funded
      by the NHS National Institute for Health Research. DISCUSSION: The Feeling Safe
      study will provide a Phase II evaluation of a new targeted translational
      psychological treatment for persecutory delusions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current
      Controlled Trials ISRCTN18705064 (registered 11 November 2015).

PMID- 26969130
TI  - When in doubt ... ask the patient: Patient-reported measures and prognosis in
      esophageal cancer.

PMID- 26969131
TI  - A model of early transient pressure overload simulating repair of aortic
      coarctation in childhood.

PMID- 26969129
TI  - Enlarged dendritic spines and pronounced neophobia in mice lacking the PSD
      protein RICH2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of neurons within the central nervous system receive
      their excitatory inputs via small, actin-rich protrusions called dendritic
      spines. Spines can undergo rapid morphological alterations according to synaptic
      activity. This mechanism is implicated in learning and memory formation as it is
      ultimately altering the number and distribution of receptors and proteins at the
      post-synaptic membrane, thereby regulating synaptic input. The Rho-family GTPases
      play an important role in regulating this spine plasticity by the interaction
      with cytoskeletal components and several signaling pathways within the spine
      compartment. Rho-GAP interacting CIP4 homologue2/RICH2 is a Rho-GAP protein
      regulating small GTPases and was identified as an interaction partner of the
      scaffolding protein SHANK3 at post-synaptic densities. RESULTS: Here, we
      characterize the loss of RICH2 in a novel mouse model. Our results show that
      RICH2 KO animals display a selective and highly significant fear of novel objects
      and increased stereotypic behavior as well as impairment of motor learning. We
      found an increase in multiple spine synapses in the hippocampus and cerebellum
      along with alterations in receptor composition and actin polymerization.
      Furthermore, we observed that the loss of RICH2 leads to a disinhibition of
      synaptic RAC1 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The results are in line with the reported
      role of RAC1 activity being essential for activity-dependent spine enlargement.
      Since SHANK3 mutations are known to be causative for neuropsychiatric diseases of
      the Autism Spectrum (ASD), a disintegrated SHANK3/RICH2 complex at synaptic sites
      might at least in part be responsible for abnormal spine formation and plasticity
      in ASDs.

PMID- 26969132
TI  - Thymectomy using the subxiphoid approach.

PMID- 26969133
TI  - Does size matter?

PMID- 26969134
TI  - One-stop hybrid coronary revascularization versus off-pump coronary artery bypass
      in patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare in-hospital and midterm outcomes after one-stop hybrid
      coronary revascularization (HCR) and off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) in
      patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: The series included 120 patients
      with DM who underwent one-stop HCR at Fuwai Hospital between June 2007 and
      September 2014. These patients were 1:2 matched with 240 patients who underwent
      OPCAB using propensity score matching. The primary endpoint was a major adverse
      cardiac or cerebrovascular event (MACCE) over midterm follow-up, and secondary
      endpoints were in-hospital outcomes. Accounting for matched-pairs design, the
      survival analysis was evaluated with a marginal Cox model, and the continuous and
      dichotomous variables of in-hospital outcomes were compared with the Wilcoxon
      signed-rank test and a logistic regression model using generalized estimating
      equations, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with OPCAB, one-stop HCR was
      associated with less chest tube drainage (median, 748 mL [interquartile range
      (IQR), 540-1080 mL] vs 990 mL [IQR, 730-1250 mL]; P < .001), a lower packed red
      blood cell transfusion rate (18.3% vs 29.6%; P = .032), shorter mechanical
      ventilation time (median, 13.7 hours [IQR, 10.3-16.9 hours] vs 16.8 hours [IQR,
      13.0-19.6 hours]; P < .001), and shorter stay in intensive care unit (median 21.7
      hours [IQR, 19.0-44.3 hours] vs 46.7 hours [IQR, 24.3-72.7 hours]; P < .001).
      Over 30 months of follow-up, one-stop HCR and OPCAB had a similar rate of MACCE
      (7.4% vs 8.0% at 3 years; hazard ratio, 0.807; 95% confidence limit, 0.352-1.849;
      P = .612), but one-stop HCR had a lower stroke rate (0% vs 3.6% at 3 years; P =
      .046). CONCLUSIONS: For selected patients with DM, one-stop HCR provided safe and
      reproducible revascularization, with less perioperative invasiveness and similar
      and favorable midterm outcomes compared with OPCAB.

PMID- 26969135
TI  - Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst.

PMID- 26969136
TI  - Ventricular ectopic burden in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac
      arrest treated with targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C and 36
      degrees C.
AB  - PURPOSE: Life threatening arrhythmias are increasingly frequent with lower body
      temperature. While targeted temperature management (TTM) with mild hypothermia
      following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is generally considered safe and
      has been suggested as a potential antiarrhythmic add-on therapy, it is unknown
      whether the level of TTM affects the burden of ventricular ectopic activity. We
      sought to assess the ventricular ectopic burden between patients treated with TTM
      at 33 degrees C or 36 degrees C for 24h. METHODS: Continuous 12-lead digital
      Holter electrocardiograms performed during the intervention were analyzed blinded
      to treatment allocation in 115 comatose OHCA-survivors from a single center of
      the TTM-trial. The main study showed no difference with regards to mortality.
      RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were randomized to 33 degrees C and 57 to 36
      degrees C. Cardiac arrest characteristics were similar between the groups. The
      number of isolated ventricular ectopic beats (VEB) per hour was similar at the
      beginning of the maintenance phase of TTM and decreased over time in both groups
      (both ptime<0.001). The reduction in VEB per hour was significantly affected by
      target temperature (pinteraction<0.0001), with fewer VEB in the 36 degrees C
      group. The total number of isolated, couplets and number of runs of VEB per hour
      showed similar results, with less ventricular ectopic activity in the 36 degrees
      C-group (pinteraction<0.0001). Increasing numbers of pre-hospital defibrillations
      (log2) were associated with a 46% increase in ventricular ectopic activity
      (p<0.01), adjusted for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular ectopic
      activity was reduced in comatose OHCA-survivors treated with TTM at 36 degrees C
      compared to 33 degrees C. Higher numbers of pre-hospital defibrillations were
      associated with higher incidence of ventricular ectopic activity.

PMID- 26969137
TI  - Quantification of Right Ventricular Volume and Function Using Single-Beat Three
      Dimensional Echocardiography: A Validation Study with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because of the unique geometry of the right ventricle, assessment of
      right ventricular (RV) volume and function is clinically challenging. The aim of
      this study was to investigate the feasibility of single-beat three-dimensional
      echocardiography (sb3DE) for RV volume and functional assessment in patients with
      dilated right ventricles. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with severe tricuspid
      regurgitation or atrial septal defects were enrolled. Fifty patients underwent
      sb3DE and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) within 24 hours under a euvolemic
      state, and the results of sb3DE were compared with those of CMR, the reference
      method. Fifteen normal subjects were also recruited for a broader validation of
      sb3DE. RESULTS: Of the 67 individuals, data from 59 study participants (44
      patients and 15 normal subjects) with adequate image quality were analyzed (mean
      age, 46.9 +/- 19.3 years; 58% women). The correlation was excellent between sb3DE
      and CMR for measuring RV volumes and RV ejection fraction (RVEF) (r = 0.96, r =
      0.93, and r = 0.93 [P < .001 for all] for RV end-diastolic volume, RV end
      systolic volume, and RVEF, respectively). Bland-Altman analysis revealed that RV
      volumes, but not RVEF, tended to be slightly underestimated by sb3DE (-5.8 +/-
      9.6%, -3.8 +/- 14.1%, and -1.2 +/- 9.4% for RV end-diastolic volume, RV end
      systolic volume, and RVEF, respectively). Intra- and interobserver variability
      was acceptable for all indices (4.9% and 6.1% for RV end-diastolic volume, 4.2%
      and 7.9% for RV end-systolic volume, and 5.7% and 2.8% for RVEF, respectively).
      Among patients with RV dilation, the difference in RVEF between sb3DE and CMR was
      more pronounced in patients with atrial fibrillation than those in sinus rhythm (
      5.9% vs 0.9%, P = .041). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with dilated right ventricles
      and in normal subjects, assessment of RV volume and systolic function by sb3DE is
      feasible in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. RV analysis using sb3DE can be
      performed in patients with atrial fibrillation, with the possibility of RVEF
      underestimation.

PMID- 26969138
TI  - Prediction of Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy by Layer
      Specific Strain Echocardiography: A Proof of Concept.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has been established as a
      powerful tool for predicting mortality. However, its application is limited by
      availability and various contraindications. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      the predictive value of layer-specific myocardial deformation analysis as
      assessed by strain echocardiography for cardiac events in patients with chronic
      ischemic left ventricular dysfunction in comparison with CMR. METHODS: Three
      hundred ninety patients (mean age, 63 +/- 4 years; 69% men; mean left ventricular
      ejection fraction [LVEF], 41 +/- 7%) with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy were
      prospectively enrolled and underwent strain echocardiography and CMR within 3 +/-
      1 days. LVEF, wall motion score index, and circumferential strain (CS),
      longitudinal strain, and radial strain for total wall thickness and for three
      myocardial layers (endocardial, midmyocardial, and epicardial) were determined by
      echocardiography. The extent of total myocardial scar (TMS) was determined by
      CMR. Follow-up was obtained for a mean of 4.9 +/- 2.2 years. Cardiac events were
      defined as readmission for worsening of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias,
      or death of any cause. The incremental value of LVEF, strain parameters, and TMS
      to relevant clinical variables was determined in nested Cox models. RESULTS:
      There were 133 cardiac events (34%). Baseline clinical data associated with
      outcomes were age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; P = .04), diabetes mellitus (HR,
      1.52; P = .001), and renal insufficiency (HR, 1.77; P = .001) by multivariate
      analysis. The addition of LVEF, global and endocardial strain parameters, and TMS
      increased the predictive power, but endocardial CS (HR, 1.52; P < .01) caused the
      greatest increment in model power (chi(2) = 39.2, P < .001). Endocardial CS < 
      20% was found to be the optimal predictor of prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Endocardial
      CS is a powerful predictor of cardiac events and appears to be a better parameter
      than LVEF, TMS by CMR, and other strain variables by echocardiography.

PMID- 26969139
TI  - Fact or Artifact in Two-Dimensional Echocardiography: Avoiding Misdiagnosis and
      Missed Diagnosis.
AB  - Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is the most widely used
      noninvasive imaging modality for the evaluation and diagnosis of cardiac
      pathology. However, because of the physical properties of ultrasound waves and
      specifics in ultrasound image reconstruction, cardiologists are often confronted
      with ultrasound image artifacts. It is particularly important to recognize such
      artifacts in order to avoid misdiagnosis of conditions ranging from aortic
      dissection to thrombosis and endocarditis. This overview article summarizes the
      most common image artifacts encountered in routine clinical practice, along with
      explanations of their physical mechanisms and guidance in avoiding their
      misinterpretation.

PMID- 26969140
TI  - Tannic acid activates the Kv7.4 and Kv7.3/7.5 K(+) channels expressed in HEK293
      cells and reduces tension in the rat mesenteric arteries.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effect of tannic acid (TA), a plant
      derived hydrolyzable polyphenol, on Kv7.4 and Kv7.5 K(+) channels and rat
      mesenteric artery. METHODS: Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were used to
      record the Kv7.4 and Kv7.3/7.5 K(+) currents expressed in HEK293 cells; and the
      tension changes of mesenteric arteries isolated from rats were recorded using
      small vessel myography apparatus. KEY FINDINGS: Tannic acid increases the Kv7.4
      and Kv7.3/7.5 K(+) currents in a concentration-dependent manner (median effective
      concentration (EC50 ) = 27.3 +/- 3.6 MUm and EC50 = 23.1 +/- 3.9 MUm,
      respectively). In addition, 30 MUm TA shifts the G-V curve of Kv7.4 and Kv7.3/7.5
      K(+) currents to the left by 14.18 and 25.24 mV, respectively, and prolongs the
      deactivation time constants by 184.44 and 154.77 ms, respectively. Moreover, TA
      relaxes the vascular tension of rat mesenteric arteries in a concentration
      dependent manner (half inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) = 148.7 +/- 13.4 MUm).
      CONCLUSION: These results confirms the vasodilatory effects of TA on rat
      mesenteric artery and the activating effects on the Kv7.4 and Kv7.3/7.5 K(+)
      channels, which may be a mechanism to explain the vasodilatory effect and this
      mechanism can be used in the research of antihypertension.

PMID- 26969141
TI  - Psychological Reactions Associated With Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Youth.
AB  - Glucose monitoring is prerequisite to all other diabetes self-care behaviors and
      helps patients to reduce their risk for diabetes-related complications due to
      elevated glycemia. Because of the amount of information available and the ability
      to deliver glucose results in real-time, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has
      the ability to improve on self-monitoring blood glucose. However, epidemiologic
      data demonstrate slow uptake of CGM by patients, especially among youth. Several
      new diabetes therapies rely on CGM for feedback on patients' glucose levels to
      optimize treatment (eg, the low-glucose suspend insulin pump) and there are new
      technologies currently in development that will also need this information to
      work (eg, the artificial pancreas). To help patients to realize the potential
      benefits of these new treatments, it is essential to explore patients'
      psychological and behavioral reactions to CGM and then target device enhancements
      and/or the development of behavioral therapies to minimize negative reactions and
      to improve patients' CGM adoption rates. Limited research is available examining
      the psychological and behavioral reactions of CGM use in youth exclusively, but
      there are more studies examining these reactions in mixed samples of youth,
      parents, and adults. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available
      literature examining psychological and behavioral reactions to CGM use in young
      people with diabetes and to highlight how the results of past and future studies
      can inform device updates and/or behavioral intervention development to minimize
      barriers.

PMID- 26969142
TI  - Is Psychological Stress a Factor for Incorporation Into Future Closed-Loop
      Systems?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relationship between daily psychological stress and BG
      fluctuations in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is unclear. More research is needed to
      determine if stress-related BG changes should be considered in glucose control
      algorithms. This study in the usual free-living environment examined
      relationships among routine daily stressors and BG profile measures generated
      from CGM readings. METHODS: A total of 33 participants with T1DM on insulin pumps
      wore a CGM device for 1 week and recorded daily ratings of psychological stress,
      carbohydrates, and insulin boluses. RESULTS: Within-subjects ANCOVAs found a
      significant relationship between daily stress and indices of BG
      variability/instability (r = .172 to .185, P = .011 to .018, r(2) = 2.97% to
      3.43%), increased % time in hypoglycemia (r = .153, P = .036, r(2) = 2.33%) and
      decreased carbohydrate consumption (r = -.157, P = .031, r(2) = 2.47%). Models
      accounted for more variance for individuals reporting the highest daily stress.
      There was no relationship between stress and mean daily glucose or low/high
      glucose risk indices. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest that
      naturally occurring daily stressors can be associated with increased glucose
      instability and hypoglycemia, as well as decreased food consumption. In addition,
      findings support the hypothesis that some individuals are more metabolically
      reactive to stress. More rigorous studies using CGM technology are needed to
      understand whether the impact of daily stress on BG is clinically meaningful and
      if it is a behavioral factor that should be considered in glucose control systems
      for some individuals.

PMID- 26969143
TI  - Understanding the challenges of addressing intimate partner violence in the
      Dominican Republic.

PMID- 26969144
TI  - Efficacy of early induced medical abortion with mifepristone when beginning
      progestin-only contraception on the same day.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether starting progestin-only contraception
      immediately after mifepristone reduced the efficacy of early medical abortion
      with a mifepristone-misoprostol regimen. METHODS: A review of patient records
      from October 1, 2012 to March 31, 2013 from four Marie Stopes Mexico clinics in
      Mexico City was conducted. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had
      undergone a medical abortion with mifepristone-misoprostol at no later than
      63days of pregnancy, had a recorded outcome, and had either started progestin
      only contraception immediately after mifepristone administration or had not
      started contraception. The primary outcome-successful induced abortion-was
      defined as the complete evacuation of uterine contents without the need for
      further intervention. A secondary outcome was the number of induced abortions
      completed without the need for manual vacuum aspiration. RESULTS: Records from
      2204 patients were included; 448 (20.3%) patients had started progestin-only
      contraception, and 1756 (79.7%) had not. Patients not taking progestin-only
      contraception were significantly more likely to be primigravidas and nulliparous.
      Medical abortion success did not vary between the two groups; 1890 (85.8%) were
      successful and 2085 (94.6%) were completed without the need for manual vacuum
      aspiration. Different methods of progestin-only contraception did not affect
      medical abortion outcomes. CONCLUSION: Beginning progestin-only contraception
      immediately following mifepristone for early medical abortion was not associated
      with reduced medical abortion effectiveness.

PMID- 26969145
TI  - Ambulance referral for emergency obstetric care in remote settings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the functionality of an ambulance service dedicated to
      emergency obstetric care (EmOC) that referred pregnant women to health centers
      for delivery assistance or to a hospital for the management of obstetric
      complications. METHODS: A retrospective study investigated an ambulance referral
      system for EmOC in a rural area of Ethiopia between July 1 and December 31, 2013.
      The service was available 24h a day and was free of charge. Women requesting
      referral were transported to nearby health centers. Assistance was provided
      locally for uncomplicated deliveries. Women with obstetric complications were
      referred from health centers to a hospital. RESULTS: A total of 528 ambulance
      referrals were recorded. The majority of patients (314 [59.5%]) were transported
      from villages to health centers. The remaining individuals were brought to a
      hospital, having been referred from health centers (179 [33.9%]) or were referred
      directly from villages owing to hospital proximity (35 [6.6%]). Of the 179
      patients referred to the hospital from health centers, 84 (46.9%) were diagnosed
      with major direct obstetric complications. No maternal deaths were recorded among
      patients using the ambulance service. The cost of the ambulance service was US$
      18.47 per referred patient. CONCLUSIONS: An ambulance service dedicated to EmOC
      that interconnected health centers and a hospital facilitated referrals and
      better utilized local resources.

PMID- 26969147
TI  - Ultrasonography estimates of fetal growth in fetuses affected by trisomy 21.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves specific for fetuses with trisomy 21 (T21)
      and to compare them with the reference-based standard. METHODS: A retrospective
      cohort study was conducted of ultrasonography examinations from women with
      singleton pregnancies with a confirmed diagnosis of T21 who sought care at an
      academic tertiary-care center in the USA between January 1, 2003, and December
      31, 2013. Growth curves were constructed using linear regression and compared
      with the Hadlock standard. RESULTS: The study included 425 ultrasonography
      examinations from 235 women. The head circumference and femur length were smaller
      than the reference standards at all gestational ages (head circumference:
      P=0.017; femur length: P<0.001). The abdominal circumference was larger than the
      reference standard from 29weeks onward (P<0.001). The biparietal diameter was
      smaller in the second trimester and in the late third trimester (P<0.001). The
      overall estimated fetal weight was not different from the reference standard.
      CONCLUSION: The T21-specific growth curves indicate anthropometric differences
      between T21 fetuses and the general population. Once validated, such individual
      growth curves could allow for more accurate prenatal assessment and management of
      fetuses affected by T21.

PMID- 26969146
TI  - Advanced breast cancer following alternative medicine.

PMID- 26969148
TI  - Population-based evaluation of the effectiveness of two regimens for emergency
      contraception.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare the effectiveness of the levonorgestrel and
      Yuzpe regimens for hormonal emergency contraception in routine clinical practice.
      METHODS: A retrospective population-based study included women who accessed
      emergency contraceptives for immediate use prescribed by community pharmacists in
      British Columbia, Canada, between December 2000 and December 2002. Linked
      administrative healthcare data were used to discern the timings of menses,
      unprotected intercourse, and any pregnancy-related health services. A panel of
      experts evaluated the compatibility of observed pregnancies with the timing of
      events. The two regimens were compared with statistical adjustments for potential
      confounding. RESULTS: Among 7493 women in the cohort, 4470 (59.7%) received
      levonorgestrel and 3023 (40.3%) the Yuzpe regimen. There were 99 (2.2%)
      compatible pregnancies in the levonorgestrel group and 94 (3.1%) in the Yuzpe
      group (P=0.017). The estimated odds ratio for levonorgestrel compared with the
      Yuzpe regimen after adjusting for potential confounders was 0.64 (95% confidence
      interval 0.47-0.87). Against an expected pregnancy rate of approximately 5%, the
      relative and absolute risk reductions were 56.0% and 2.8%, respectively, for
      levonorgestrel and 36.7% and 1.8% for the Yuzpe regimen. CONCLUSION: The
      levonorgestrel regimen is more effective than the Yuzpe regimen in routine use.
      The data suggest that both regimens are less effective than has been observed in
      randomized trials.

PMID- 26969151
TI  - Radiological-pathological correlation study of hepatocellular carcinoma
      undergoing local chemoradiotherapy and surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Optimal response criteria and assessment timing were
      investigated through radiologic-pathologic correlation in hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) treated with localized chemoradiotherapy (CRT). METHODS: We
      reviewed 19 consecutive HCC patients who underwent surgical resection after
      radiotherapy and concurrent hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Patients who
      received transarterial chemoembolization before RT or surgery were excluded from
      evaluation. Tumor diameters and total and enhancing tumor volumes were measured
      from CT images obtained 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after CRT. Percent changes
      calculated using size (RECIST and WHO) and enhancement criteria (mRECIST and
      EASL) were correlated with percent changes in total and enhancing tumor volumes,
      and with percent viable tumor in surgical specimens. RESULTS: Median time between
      CRT and resection was 4.1 months (range, 1.5-15.4 months). CR and PR rates were 0
      and 68% by RECIST, 0 and 63% by WHO, 53% and 37% by mRECIST, and 53% and 42% by
      EASL. Pathologic CR (pCR) rate was 52.6%. Radiologic criteria showed strong
      correlation with tumor volumes at 1 and 3 months after CRT; at 6 months, however,
      size and enhancement criteria showed strong correlation only with total and
      enhancing tumor volumes, respectively. Enhancement criteria were better
      predictors of pathologic response at all times including preoperative evaluation
      (RECIST: R(2)  = 0.303, P = 0.015 and WHO: R(2)  = 0.366, P = 0.006 vs. mRECIST:
      R(2)  = 0.760, P < 0.0001 and EASL: R(2)  = 0.768, P < 0.0001). Time interval >6
      months before resection showed significant correlation with pCR (P = 0.013).
      CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using enhancement criteria in assessing tumor
      viability, especially if the tumor was to be resected <6 months after CRT.

PMID- 26969149
TI  - Reflectance confocal microscopy features of mycosis fungoides and Sezary
      syndrome: correlation with histopathologic and T-cell receptor rearrangement
      studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome (MF/SS) often requires multiple
      skin biopsies for definitive diagnosis. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy
      (RCM) visualizes high-resolution cellular detail of the skin. The objective of
      this study is to evaluate the morphologic features of MF/SS using RCM and to
      correlate RCM features with histopathology and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene
      rearrangement studies. METHODS: A cohort of patients with active/recurrent or
      suspicious MF/SS disease was prospectively recruited for RCM imaging and
      histopathologic/RCM images were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed to
      identify unique RCM features and to correlate RCM features with histopathologic
      findings and TCR rearrangement studies. RESULTS: Eighty-three lesions were
      evaluated. Correlation between RCM and histopathology was moderate for all
      relatable features (kappa = 0.41, p<0.001), almost perfect for intraepidermal
      atypical lymphocytes [prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) = 0.90], and
      fair for Pautrier collections (kappa = 0.32, p = 0.03). Lesions with Pautrier
      collections identified by RCM were significantly more likely to show TCR
      clonality (p = 0.04) and diagnostic features of MF/SS on histopathology (p =
      0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study captures morphologic RCM criteria for a variety of
      skin lesions. Pautrier collections visualized by RCM are associated with improved
      histopathologic diagnosis and detection of TCR gene clonality. Although further
      studies are needed to validate the diagnostic implications of RCM for MF/SS, our
      study highlights the potential utility of RCM.

PMID- 26969150
TI  - TLR8 regulation of LILRA3 in monocytes is abrogated in human immunodeficiency
      virus infection and correlates to CD4 counts and virus loads.
AB  - BACKGROUND: LILRA3 is an immunostimulatory molecule which can conditionally
      induce the proliferation of cytotoxic cells. LILRA3 has a deletion genotype which
      is associated with multiple immune disorders. In this study, we wanted to analyze
      the regulation of LILRA3 and its significance in the context of HIV infection.
      RESULTS: We analyzed a panel of TLR agonists and found that ssRNA40, a TLR8
      agonist, is a potent inducer of LILRA3 in healthy individuals. However, this
      regulation is much diminished in HIV. Comparison of TLR8 to TLR4 induction of
      LILRA3 indicated that LPS induces less LILRA3 than ssRNA40 among healthy
      controls, but not HIV patients. Levels of LILRA3 induction correlated to virus
      load and CD4 counts in untreated patients. Recombinant LILRA3 can induce a host
      of proinflammatory genes which include IL-6 and IL-1alpha, as well as alter the
      expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules in monocytes and B-cells.
      CONCLUSION: Our experiments point towards a beneficial role for LILRA3 in virus
      infections, especially in ssRNA viruses, like HIV, that engage TLR8. However, the
      potentially beneficial role of LILRA3 is abrogated during a HIV infection. We
      believe that more work has to be done to study the role of LILRA3 in infectious
      diseases and that there is a potential for exploring the use of LILRA3 in the
      treatment of virus infections.

PMID- 26969152
TI  - Noninvasive targeting delivery and in vivo magnetic resonance tracking method for
      live apoptotic cells in cerebral ischemia with functional Fe2O3 magnetic
      nanoparticles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apoptotic neuronal death is known as programmed cell death.
      Inhibition of this progression might contribute to a new treatment strategy.
      However, methods for in vivo detection of live apoptotic cells are in need to be
      developed and established. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to
      develop a new method for in vivo brain imaging for live apoptotic lesions using
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We focused on the specific accumulation of our
      recently developed functional magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) into apoptotic cells
      using a rat cerebral ischemia model. Sulphorhodamine B, fluorescent dye was
      linked to valylalanylaspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone as a pan-caspase inhibitor
      to form SR-FLIVO. SR-FLIVO was bound with FMNPs to develop SR-FLIVO-FMNP probe.
      Ischemic rat brains were scanned by 7T MRI before and after intravenous injection
      of SR-FLIVO-FMNP and the distribution was evaluated by subtraction images of T2*
      colored mapping. SR-FLIVO, intracellular FMNPs, and T2* reduction area were
      histologically analyzed. The distribution of SR-FLIVO-FMNP was evaluated by
      subtracting the T2* signal images and was significantly correlated with the
      histological findings by TUNEL staining. RESULTS: Our experimental results
      revealed several findings where our newly developed probe SR-FLIVO-FMNP was
      intravenously administered into ischemic rats and FLIVO expression was tracked
      and found in apoptotic cells in rat brains after cerebral ischemia. A remarkable
      T2* reduction within the ischemic lesion was recorded using MRI based SR-FLIVO
      FMNP probe as a contrasting agent due to the specific probe accumulation in
      apoptotic cells whereas, no observation of T2* reduction within the non-ischemic
      lesion due to no probe accumulation in non-apoptotic cells. Histological analysis
      based on the correlation between FLIVO and TUNEL staining showed that almost all
      FLIVO-positive cells were positive for TUNEL staining. These findings suggest the
      possibility for establishment of in vivo targeting delivery methods to live
      apoptotic cells based on conjugation of magnetic and fluorescent dual functional
      probes. CONCLUSION: A newly developed probe SR-FLIVO-FMNP might be considered as
      a useful probe for in vivo apoptotic detection, and FMNPs might be a strong
      platform for noninvasive imaging and targeting delivery.

PMID- 26969153
TI  - Shenhua Tablet inhibits mesangial cell proliferation in rats with chronic anti
      Thy-1 nephritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In China, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) is one
      of the most common kidney diseases. In this study, we treated a rat model of
      chronic anti-Thy-1 MsPGN with Shenhua Tablet and evaluated whether the tablet was
      able to protect the kidney function. Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided
      into six groups: (1) Sham surgery (Sham); (2) anti-Thy-1 nephritis model (Thy-1);
      (3) anti-Thy-1 nephritis model + irbesartan-treated (Irb); (4) anti-Thy-1
      nephritis model + low-dose of Shenhua Tablet (SHL); (5) anti-Thy-1 nephritis
      model + medium-dose of Shenhua Tablet (SHM); (6) anti-Thy-1 nephritis model +
      high-dose of Shenhua Tablet (SHH). RESULTS: Thirteen weeks after drug treatment,
      urinary proteins were quantified and renal pathological changes were thoroughly
      examined at the time point of 24 h. Meanwhile, the expression levels of p-Erk1/2,
      cyclin D1 and p21 at the renal cortex were also tested. The levels of urinary
      proteins and total cholesterol in the blood were significantly reduced in rats
      treated with any drug tested in this study. The level of triglyceride was
      significantly reduced in all three Shenhua Tablet-treated groups. Renal
      pathomorphological scores were significantly improved in groups of Irb, SHM and
      SHH. Mesangial cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in any drug-treated
      group. p-Erk1/2 and cyclin D1 were downregulated whereas p21 was upregulated in
      the renal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that Shenhua Tablet is able to
      inhibit the abnormal proliferation of mesangial cells and to prevent kidney
      damage, which is likely associated with downregulation of p-Erk1/2 and reduced
      activity of its downstream target-cyclin D1.

PMID- 26969154
TI  - Valorization of a treated soil via amendments: fractionation and oral
      bioaccessibility of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.
AB  - The present study aims to transform a treated soil (TS) into a more desirable
      resource by modifying physico-chemical properties via amendments while reducing
      toxic metals' mobility and oral bioaccessibility. A hydrocarbon-contaminated soil
      submitted to treatment (TS) but still containing elevated concentrations of Cu,
      Ni, Pb, and Zn has been amended with compost, sand, and Al2(SO4)3 to render it
      usable for horticulture. Characterization and sequential extraction were
      performed for TS and four amended mixtures (AM1-4). P and K availability and
      metal bioaccessibility were investigated in TS and AM2. Amendment improved soil
      properties for all mixtures and yielded a usable product (AM2 20 % TS, 49 %
      compost, 30 % sand, 1 % Al2(SO4)3) satisfying regulatory requirements except for
      Pb content. In particular, AM2 had improved organic matter (OM) and cation
      exchange capacity (CEC), highly increased P and K availability, and reduced total
      metal concentrations. Furthermore, amendment decreased metal mobile fraction
      likely to be plant-available (in mg kg(-1), assumed as soluble/exchangeable +
      carbonates fractions). For AM2, estimated Pb bioavailability decreased from 1.50
      * 10(3) mg kg(-1) (TS) to 238 mg kg(-1) (52.4 % (TS) to 34.2 %). Bioaccessible
      concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn (mg kg(-1)) were lower in AM2 than in TS, but
      there was no significant decrease for Pb. The results suggest that amendment
      improved soil by modifying its chemistry, resulting in lower metal mobile
      fraction (in %, for Cu and Zn) and bioaccessibility (in %, for Cu only). Amending
      soils having residual metal contamination can be an efficient valorization
      method, indicating potential for reducing treatment cost and environmental burden
      by rendering disposal/additional treatment unnecessary. Further studies including
      plant bioavailability are recommended to confirm results. 

PMID- 26969156
TI  - Variation of phytoplankton assemblages of Kongsfjorden in early autumn 2012: a
      microscopic and pigment ratio-based assessment.
AB  - Phytoplankton species distribution and composition were determined by using
      microscopy and pigment ratios in the Kongsfjorden during early autumn 2012.
      Variation in sea surface temperature (SST) was minimal and matched well with
      satellite-derived SST. Nutrients were generally limited. Surface phytoplankton
      abundance ranged from 0.21 * 10(3) to 10.28 * 10(3) cells L(-1). Phytoplankton
      abundance decreased with depth and did not show any significant correlation with
      chlorophyll a (chl a). Column-integrated phytoplankton cell counts (PCC) ranged
      from 94.3 * 10(6) cells m(-2) (Kf4) to 13.7 * 10(6) cells m(-2) (Kf5), while chl
      a was lowest at inner part of the fjord (6.3 mg m(-2)) and highest towards the
      mouth (24.83 mg m(-2)). Biomass from prymnesiophytes and raphidophytes dominated
      at surface and 10 m, respectively. The contribution of Bacillariophyceae to
      biomass was low. Generally, heterotrophic dinoflagellates were great in abundance
      (12.82 %) and ubiquitous in nature and were major contributors to biomass.
      Various chl pigments (chl b, chl c, phaeopigments (phaeo)) were measured to
      obtain pigment/chl a ratios to ascertain phytoplankton composition. Phaeo were
      observed only in inner fjord. Chl b:a ratios and microscopic observations
      indicated dominance of Chlorophyceae at greater depths than surface. Furthermore,
      microscopic observations confirmed dominance of chl c containing algae throughout
      the fjord. The study indicates that pigment ratios can be used as a tool for
      preliminary identification of major phytoplankton groups. However, under the
      presence of a large number of heterotrophic dinoflagellates such as Gymnodinium
      sp. and Gyrodinium sp., pigment signatures need to be supplemented by microscopic
      observations. 

PMID- 26969155
TI  - Preparation of functionalized graphene oxide and its application as a
      nanoadsorbent for Hg(2+) removal from aqueous solution.
AB  - A poly(allyl acetoacetate)-grafted graphene oxide (GO-GAA) was successfully
      synthesized using Hummer's method by divinyl sulfone modification and allyl
      acetoacetate polymerizaton. This novel functionalized graphene oxide was
      characterized thoroughly by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and TG-DT analyses. GO-GAA
      was then employed as an adsorbent for Hg(2+) removal from aqueous solutions. It
      exhibited higher adsorption capacity with regard to the pristine graphene oxide
      because of its effective functionalities, especially the dicarbonyl groups which
      are significant chelating agents. The effects of pH, temperature, and contact
      time on Hg(2+) adsorption were also investigated. The optimum Hg(2+) adsorption
      was obtained at pH 4 and T = 20-30  degrees C. The adsorption isotherm and
      kinetics were found to follow the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models,
      respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for both. The calculated
      maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was 282.7 mg Hg(2+) per unit mass of
      GO-GAA, which is much more than 56 mg/g of that obtained for GO. The results
      showed that adsorption reaches up to 95 % of its maximum in less than 2 min. The
      synthesized GO-GAA as a novel and efficient adsorbent has been regenerated by
      HNO3 and reused. It retained its performance for Hg(2+) removal for several times
      and a less than 5 % decrease in removal efficiency was observed after four cycles
      of adsorption-desorption. 

PMID- 26969157
TI  - Soil loss estimation and prioritization of sub-watersheds of Kali River basin,
      Karnataka, India, using RUSLE and GIS.
AB  - Most of the mountainous regions in tropical humid climatic zone experience severe
      soil loss due to natural factors. In the absence of measured data, modeling
      techniques play a crucial role for quantitative estimation of soil loss in such
      regions. The objective of this research work is to estimate soil loss and
      prioritize the sub-watersheds of Kali River basin using Revised Universal Soil
      Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. Various thematic layers of RUSLE factors such as
      rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topographic factor (LS), crop
      management factor (C), and support practice factor (P) have been prepared by
      using multiple spatial and non-spatial data sets. These layers are integrated in
      geographic information system (GIS) environment and estimated the soil loss. The
      results show that ~42 % of the study area falls under low erosion risk and only
      6.97 % area suffer from very high erosion risk. Based on the rate of soil loss,
      165 sub-watersheds have been prioritized into four categories-very high, high,
      moderate, and low erosion risk. Anthropogenic activities such as deforestation,
      construction of dams, and rapid urbanization are the main reasons for high rate
      of soil loss in the study area. The soil erosion rate and prioritization maps
      help in implementation of a proper watershed management plan for the river basin.

PMID- 26969158
TI  - Play interventions to reduce anxiety and negative emotions in hospitalized
      children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospitalization is a stressful and threatening experience, which can
      be emotionally devastating to children. Hospital play interventions have been
      widely used to prepare children for invasive medical procedures and
      hospitalization. Nevertheless, there is an imperative need for rigorous empirical
      scrutiny of the effectiveness of hospital play interventions, in particular,
      using play activities to ease the psychological burden of hospitalized children.
      This study tested the effectiveness of play interventions to reduce anxiety and
      negative emotions in hospitalized children. METHODS: A non-equivalent control
      group pre-test and post-test, between subjects design was conducted in the two
      largest acute-care public hospitals in Hong Kong. A total of 304 Chinese children
      (ages 3-12) admitted for treatments in these two hospitals were invited to
      participate in the study. Of the 304 paediatric patients, 154 received hospital
      play interventions and 150 received usual care. RESULTS: Children who received
      the hospital play interventions exhibited fewer negative emotions and experienced
      lower levels of anxiety than those children who received usual care. CONCLUSION:
      This study addressed a gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence to
      support the effectiveness of play interventions in reducing anxiety and negative
      emotions in hospitalized children. Findings from this study emphasize the
      significance of incorporating hospital play interventions to provide holistic and
      quality care to ease the psychological burden of hospitalized children. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02665403 . Registered 22 January 2016.

PMID- 26969159
TI  - Factors that Influence Autism Knowledge in Hispanic Cultures: a Pilot Study.
AB  - Although the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rising, Hispanic
      children are diagnosed at a disproportionately lower rate compared to other
      ethnic and racial groups. Lack of ASD knowledge in the Hispanic community may
      contribute to this disparity. The study objective was to determine whether
      sociocultural and environmental factors linked to ASD diagnostic disparities were
      related to Hispanic parents' ASD knowledge. A 60-item survey assessing
      demographic information, acculturation, religiosity, social support, and ASD
      knowledge was administered to 64 Hispanic patients (84 % female; 76 % uninsured;
      82 % Catholic) visiting a southwest clinic. Socioeconomic status (SES), social
      support, language of questionnaire, spiritual attribution of child diagnosis, and
      religious importance predicted ASD knowledge, accounting for 43 % of variance.
      Results contribute to understanding how sociocultural and environmental factors
      influence ASD knowledge within at-risk Hispanic individuals, which can be used to
      improve information dissemination and ultimately reduce disparity in ASD
      services.

PMID- 26969160
TI  - Persistent Disparities in Hispanics with Cervical Cancer in a Major City.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Despite an overall improvement in cervical cancer screening,
      incidence, and mortality rates for minorities in the USA, regional differences in
      screening and stage at presentation have been observed. This study evaluated
      cervical cancer disparities in a predominately Hispanic population treated in a
      major treatment center in San Antonio, Texas. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data on 446
      patients with cervical cancer treated between 2000 and 2011 at the Cancer Therapy
      and Research Center in San Antonio, Texas, were reviewed. Sufficient information
      was obtained on 319 patients and was compared with the Surveillance,
      Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. RESULTS: Of 319 patients treated for
      cervical cancer between 2000 and 2011, 209 were Hispanics and 110 were Whites
      (82), Blacks (20), Asians (7), and others (1). The median and mean ages at
      diagnosis were 47 and 49, respectively. Only 36 % were known to have screening
      Pap tests prior to diagnosis, of which only 24 had yearly Pap tests. Forty-two
      patients (20 %) of those with no known screening Pap tests presented with stage
      IV disease at diagnosis (vs. 3 % of those with known Pap tests). Among the
      Hispanics, 68 % presented with regional disease (vs. 37 % SEER) and 46 % were
      stage III or higher disease, with stage IIIB accounting for 30 % of total.
      Although the overall age-adjusted death rates were higher in Hispanics due to a
      higher percentage of more advanced disease, survival rates appear similar, stage
      for stage, to the SEER data. CONCLUSION: Even in a major city, Hispanics often
      present with more advanced cervical cancer than the general population. In order
      to minimize the cervical cancer disparities, efforts and strategies are needed to
      study the cultural and locale effects and to implement preventive measures and
      adaptive health education.

PMID- 26969161
TI  - Inhibition of PRL-2.CNNM3 Protein Complex Formation Decreases Breast Cancer
      Proliferation and Tumor Growth.
AB  - The oncogenic phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL-2) has been shown to
      regulate intracellular magnesium levels by forming a complex through an extended
      amino acid loop present in the Bateman module of the CNNM3 magnesium transporter.
      Here we identified highly conserved residues located on this amino acid loop
      critical for the binding with PRL-2. A single point mutation (D426A) of one of
      those critical amino acids was found to completely disrupt PRL-2.human Cyclin M 3
      (CNNM3) complex formation. Whole-cell voltage clamping revealed that expression
      of CNNM3 influenced the surface current, whereas overexpression of the binding
      mutant had no effect, indicating that the binding of PRL-2 to CNNM3 is important
      for the activity of the complex. Interestingly, overexpression of the CNNM3 D426A
      binding mutant in cancer cells decreased their ability to proliferate under
      magnesium-deprived situations and under anchorage-independent growth conditions,
      demonstrating a PRL-2.CNNM3 complex-dependent oncogenic advantage in a more
      stringent environment. We further confirmed the importance of this complex in
      vivo using an orthotopic xenograft breast cancer model. Finally, because
      molecular modeling showed that the Asp-426 side chain in CNNM3 buries into the
      catalytic cavity of PRL-2, we showed that a PRL inhibitor could abrogate complex
      formation, resulting in a decrease in proliferation of human breast cancer cells.
      In summary, we provide evidence that this fundamental regulatory aspect of PRL-2
      in cancer cells could potentially lead to broadly applicable and innovative
      therapeutic avenues. 

PMID- 26969162
TI  - Rab13 Traffics on Vesicles Independent of Prenylation.
AB  - Rab GTPases are critical regulators of membrane trafficking. The canonical view
      is that Rabs are soluble in their inactive GDP-bound form, and only upon
      activation and conversion to their GTP-bound state are they anchored to membranes
      through membrane insertion of a C-terminal prenyl group. Here we demonstrate that
      C-terminal prenylation is not required for Rab13 to associate with and traffic on
      vesicles. Instead, inactive Rab13 appears to associate with vesicles via protein
      protein interactions. Only following activation does Rab13 associate with the
      plasma membrane, presumably with insertion of the C-terminal prenyl group into
      the membrane. 

PMID- 26969163
TI  - The N-terminal Part of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch Synthase 4 Determines the
      Localization and Activity of the Enzyme.
AB  - Starch synthase 4 (SS4) plays a specific role in starch synthesis because it
      controls the number of starch granules synthesized in the chloroplast and is
      involved in the initiation of the starch granule. We showed previously that SS4
      interacts with fibrillins 1 and is associated with plastoglobules, suborganelle
      compartments physically attached to the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts. Both
      SS4 localization and its interaction with fibrillins 1 were mediated by the N
      terminal part of SS4. Here we show that the coiled-coil region within the N
      terminal portion of SS4 is involved in both processes. Elimination of this region
      prevents SS4 from binding to fibrillins 1 and alters SS4 localization in the
      chloroplast. We also show that SS4 forms dimers, which depends on a region
      located between the coiled-coil region and the glycosyltransferase domain of SS4.
      This region is highly conserved between all SS4 enzymes sequenced to date. We
      show that the dimerization seems to be necessary for the activity of the enzyme.
      Both dimerization and the functionality of the coiled-coil region are conserved
      among SS4 proteins from phylogenetically distant species, such as Arabidopsis and
      Brachypodium This finding suggests that the mechanism of action of SS4 is
      conserved among different plant species. 

PMID- 26969164
TI  - GUN4-Protoporphyrin IX Is a Singlet Oxygen Generator with Consequences for
      Plastid Retrograde Signaling.
AB  - The genomes uncoupled 4 (GUN4) protein is a nuclear-encoded, chloroplast
      localized, porphyrin-binding protein implicated in retrograde signaling between
      the chloroplast and nucleus, although its exact role in this process is still
      unclear. Functionally, it enhances Mg-chelatase activity in the chlorophyll
      biosynthesis pathway. Because GUN4 is present only in organisms that carry out
      oxygenic photosynthesis and because it binds protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and Mg
      PPIX, it has been suggested that it prevents production of light- and PPIX- or Mg
      PPIX-dependent reactive oxygen species. A chld-1/GUN4 mutant with elevated PPIX
      has a light-dependent up-regulation of GUN4, implicating this protein in light
      dependent sensing of PPIX, with the suggestion that GUN4 reduces PPIX-generated
      singlet oxygen, O2(a(1)Deltag), and subsequent oxidative damage (Brzezowski, P.,
      Schlicke, H., Richter, A., Dent, R. M., Niyogi, K. K., and Grimm, B. (2014) Plant
      J. 79, 285-298). In direct contrast, our results show that purified GUN4 and
      oxidatively damaged ChlH increase the rate of PPIX-generated singlet oxygen
      production in the light, by a factor of 5 and 10, respectively, when compared
      with PPIX alone. Additionally, the functional GUN4-PPIX-ChlH complex and ChlH
      PPIX complexes generate O2(a(1)Deltag) at a reduced rate when compared with GUN4
      PPIX. As O2(a(1)Deltag) is a potential plastid-to-nucleus signal, possibly
      through second messengers, light-dependent O2(a(1)Deltag) generation by GUN4-PPIX
      is proposed to be part of a signal transduction pathway from the chloroplast to
      the nucleus. GUN4 thus senses the availability and flux of PPIX through the
      chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and also modulates Mg-chelatase activity. The
      light-dependent O2(a(1)Deltag) generation from GUN4-PPIX is thus proposed as the
      first step in retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to the nucleus. 

PMID- 26969165
TI  - Regulation of CNGA1 Channel Gating by Interactions with the Membrane.
AB  - Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are expressed in rod photoreceptors and
      open in response to direct binding of cyclic nucleotides. We have previously
      shown that potentiation of CNGA1 channels by transition metals requires a
      histidine in the A' helix following the S6 transmembrane segment. Here, we used
      transition metal ion FRET and patch clamp fluorometry with a fluorescent,
      noncanonical amino acid (3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropanoic acid
      (Anap)) to show that the potentiating transition metal Co(2+) binds in or near
      the A' helix. Adding high-affinity metal-binding sites to the membrane (stearoyl
      nitrilotriacetic acid (C18-NTA)) increased potentiation for low Co(2+)
      concentrations, indicating that the membrane can coordinate metal ions with the
      A' helix. These results suggest that restraining the A' helix to the plasma
      membrane potentiates CNGA1 channel opening. Similar interactions between the A'
      helix and the plasma membrane may underlie regulation of structurally related
      hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and voltage-gated
      potassium subfamily H (KCNH) channels by plasma membrane components. 

PMID- 26969167
TI  - Giant Malignant Insulinoma.
AB  - The role of debulking resections in giant malignant insulinoma is still
      controversial. Here, we report the case of a 49-year-old patient woman with a
      giant malignant symptomatic insulinoma, who underwent debulking surgery,
      realizing a total pancreatectomy, splenectomy, partial gastrectomy and
      cholecystectomy.

PMID- 26969166
TI  - Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1alpha)
      Protects against Experimental Murine Colitis.
AB  - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1alpha)
      is the primary regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and was recently found to be
      highly expressed within the intestinal epithelium. PGC1alpha is decreased in the
      intestinal epithelium of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, but its role
      in pathogenesis is uncertain. We now hypothesize that PGC1alpha protects against
      the development of colitis and helps to maintain the integrity of the intestinal
      barrier. We selectively deleted PGC1alpha from the intestinal epithelium of mice
      by breeding a PGC1alpha(loxP/loxP) mouse with a villin-cre mouse. Their progeny
      (PGC1alpha(DeltaIEC) mice) were subjected to 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)
      colitis for 7 days. The SIRT1 agonist SRT1720 was used to enhance PGC1alpha
      activation in wild-type mice during DSS exposure. Mice lacking PGC1alpha within
      the intestinal epithelium were more susceptible to DSS colitis than their wild
      type littermates. Pharmacologic activation of PGC1alpha successfully ameliorated
      disease and restored mitochondrial integrity. These findings suggest that a
      depletion of PGC1alpha in the intestinal epithelium contributes to inflammatory
      changes through a failure of mitochondrial structure and function as well as a
      breakdown of the intestinal barrier, which leads to increased bacterial
      translocation. PGC1alpha induction helps to maintain mitochondrial integrity,
      enhance intestinal barrier function, and decrease inflammation. 

PMID- 26969169
TI  - Top 10 (+1) tips to get started with in situ simulation in emergency and critical
      care departments.
AB  - Simulation is increasingly valued as a teaching and learning tool in emergency
      medicine. Bringing simulation into the workplace to train in situ offers a unique
      and effective training opportunity for the emergency department (ED)
      multiprofessional workforce. Integrating simulation in a busy department is
      difficult but can be done. In this article, we outline 10 tips to help make it
      happen. 

PMID- 26969168
TI  - Neuromuscular electrical stimulation acutely mobilizes endothelial progenitor
      cells in critically ill patients with sepsis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been suggested to constitute
      a restoration index of the disturbed endothelium in ICU patients. Neuromuscular
      electric stimulation (NMES) is increasingly employed in ICU to prevent
      comorbidities such as ICU-acquired weakness, which is related to endothelial
      dysfunction. The role of NMES to mobilize EPCs has not been investigated yet. The
      purpose of this study was to explore the NMES-induced effects on mobilization of
      EPCs in septic ICU patients. METHODS: Thirty-two septic mechanically ventilated
      patients (mean +/- SD, age 58 +/- 14 years) were randomized to one of the two 30
      min NMES protocols of different characteristics: a high-frequency (75 Hz, 6 s on
      21 s off) or a medium-frequency (45 Hz, 5 s on-12 s off) protocol both applied at
      maximally tolerated intensity. Blood was sampled before and immediately after the
      NMES sessions. Different EPCs subpopulations were quantified by cytometry markers
      CD34(+)/CD133(+)/CD45(-), CD34(+)/CD133(+)/CD45(-)/VEGFR2 (+) and CD34(+)/CD45(
      )/VEGFR2 (+). RESULTS: Overall, CD34(+)/CD133(+)/CD45(-) EPCs increased from 13.5
      +/- 10.2 to 20.8 +/- 16.9 and CD34(+)/CD133(+)/CD45(-)/VEGFR2 (+) EPCs from 3.8
      +/- 5.2 to 6.4 +/- 8.5 cells/10(6) enucleated cells (mean +/- SD, p < 0.05).
      CD34(+)/CD45(-)/VEGFR2 (+) EPCs also increased from 16.5 +/- 14.5 to 23.8 +/-
      19.2 cells/10(6) enucleated cells (mean +/- SD, p < 0.05). EPCs mobilization was
      not affected by NMES protocol and sepsis severity (p > 0.05), while it was
      related to corticosteroids administration (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NMES acutely
      mobilized endothelial progenitor cells, measures of the endothelial restoration
      potential, in septic ICU patients.

PMID- 26969170
TI  - Never, always and maybe. Addressing attitudes of patients towards emergency
      medicine research.

PMID- 26969171
TI  - Developing antitobacco mass media campaign messages in a low-resource setting:
      experience from the Kingdom of Tonga.
AB  - Tobacco use has become the leading cause of preventable death in Tonga, a small
      island nation in the South Pacific. One pragmatic and economical strategy to
      address this worrying trend is to adapt effective antitobacco mass media
      materials developed in high-income countries for local audiences. Using Tonga as
      an example, this paper shares the practical steps involved in adapting
      antitobacco campaign materials for local audiences with minimal resources, a
      limited budget and without the need for an external production team. The Tongan
      experience underscores the importance of an adaptation process that draws from
      evidence-based best-practice models and engages local and regional stakeholders
      to ensure that campaign materials are tailored to the local context and are
      embedded within a mix of antitobacco strategies.

PMID- 26969172
TI  - Tobacco outlet density and converted versus native non-daily cigarette use in a
      national US sample.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Investigate whether non-daily smokers' (NDS) cigarette price and
      purchase preferences, recent cessation attempts, and current intentions to quit
      are associated with the density of the retail cigarette product landscape
      surrounding their residential address. PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional assessment
      of N=904 converted NDS (CNDS). who previously smoked every day, and N=297 native
      NDS (NNDS) who only smoked non-daily, drawn from a national panel. OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Kernel density estimation was used to generate a nationwide probability
      surface of tobacco outlets linked to participants' residential ZIP code.
      Hierarchically nested log-linear models were compared to evaluate associations
      between outlet density, non-daily use patterns, price sensitivity and quit
      intentions. RESULTS: Overall, NDS in ZIP codes with greater outlet density were
      less likely than NDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density to hold 6-month quit
      intentions when they also reported that price affected use patterns (G2=66.1,
      p<0.001) and purchase locations (G2=85.2, p<0.001). CNDS were more likely than
      NNDS to reside in ZIP codes with higher outlet density (G2=322.0, p<0.001).
      Compared with CNDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density, CNDS in high-density
      ZIP codes were more likely to report that price influenced the amount they smoke
      (G2=43.9, p<0.001), and were more likely to look for better prices (G2=59.3,
      p<0.001). NDS residing in high-density ZIP codes were not more likely to report
      that price affected their cigarette brand choice compared with those in ZIP codes
      with lower density. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides initial evidence that the
      point-of-sale cigarette environment may be differentially associated with the
      maintenance of CNDS versus NNDS patterns. Future research should investigate how
      tobacco control efforts can be optimised to both promote cessation and curb the
      rising tide of non-daily smoking in the USA.

PMID- 26969173
TI  - Adaptation and Fidelity: a Recipe Analogy for Achieving Both in Population Scale
      Implementation.
AB  - Balancing adherence to fidelity of evidence-based programs and adaptation to
      local context is one of the key debates in the adoption and implementation of
      effective programs. Concern about maintaining fidelity to achieve outcomes can
      result in replication of research-based models that can be a poor fit with the
      real world. Equally, unplanned adaptation can result in program drift away from
      the core elements needed to achieve outcomes. To support implementation of the
      Maternal Early Childhood Sustained Home-visiting (MECSH) program in multiple
      sites in three countries, an analogy was developed to identify how both fidelity
      and adaptation can be managed and successfully achieved. This article presents
      the Commonsense Cookery Book Basic Plain Cake with Variations recipe analogy to
      articulate the dual requirements of both fidelity and adaptation to achieve
      quality implementation of the MECSH program. Components classified by the analogy
      include identification of core ingredients, methods, and equipment that
      contribute to fundamental outcomes and fidelity to the evidence-based program,
      and a planned, collaborative approach to identification of needed variations to
      suit locally sourced capacity, needs, and tastes. Quality is achieved by
      identifying and measuring the core ingredients and the variations. Sourcing local
      ingredients and honoring of context support sustainability of quality practice.
      Using this analogy has assisted adopters of the MECSH program to understand that
      effective implementation requires uncompromised commitment to expectations of
      fidelity to the core components and methods; planned, proactive adaptation;
      systematic monitoring of both core program and agreed variations; and local
      ownership and sustainability.

PMID- 26969176
TI  - Fetal segmental spinal dysgenesis and unusual segmental agenesis of the anterior
      spinal artery.
AB  - Segmental spinal dysgenesis (SSD) is a rare congenital spinal abnormality
      characterized by segmental dysgenesis or agenesis of the thoracolumbar or lumbar
      spine, congenital kyphosis, and abnormal configuration of the underlying spinal
      cord. A unique feature of SSD is that the vertebrae are present above and below
      the defect, and there is often a lower cord segment in the caudal spinal canal.
      We report a fetal MRI case of SSD with postmortem and neuropathological
      correlations. Our report confirms already published findings including the
      presence of a neurenteric cyst but is the first to document anterior spinal
      artery segmental agenesis in SSD. 

PMID- 26969174
TI  - Urodynamic outcomes of detethering in children: experience with 46 pediatric
      patients.
AB  - AIM: Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) manifests with neurological and urological
      complaints. Surgical detethering is the main treatment for TCS. Children with
      urological symptoms are required objective pre- and postoperative evaluations in
      order to predict urological outcome. The aims of this study are to investigate
      the effects of detethering procedure on the urodynamic tests and to determine the
      relationship between the changes of urodynamic tests and the patients' age and
      gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of urodynamic tests in 46 pediatric
      patients, who underwent surgery for TCS, were retrospectively evaluated. Bladder
      capacity, post-voiding residual urine volume, maximum intravesical pressure, and
      bladder compliance of each patient were measured in preoperative period and at
      the third month after surgery. These parameters were statistically compared, and
      the correlations of these parameters with age, gender, and etiology of the TCS
      were also investigated. RESULTS: Bladder capacity and post-voiding residual urine
      volume were decreased and maximum intravesical pressure and bladder compliance
      were increased after surgery for TCS. The decrease in bladder capacity was
      significant in patients older than 10 years (p < 0.05). The increase in maximum
      intravesical pressure was also positively correlated with age (p < 0.05). But the
      increase in bladder compliance was negatively correlated with age (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Bladder capacity, post-voiding residual urine volume, and bladder
      compliance are mainly affected by surgery in patients with TCS. From the
      urological viewpoint, children older than 10 years are most likely to benefit
      from surgery for TCS.

PMID- 26969177
TI  - A Stress Management Program for Higher Risk Medical Students: Preliminary
      Findings.
AB  - Approximately 10 % of first year medical students have clinically relevant
      anxiety or depression which may affect academic success and quality of life. This
      study tested the effects of a stress management intervention on indicators of
      anxiety, depression and self-efficacy in self-selected first year medical
      students. Forty two medical students volunteered to participate and provided
      informed consent. An eight session intervention was offered and focused on
      building relaxation skills, adaptive coping, and basic nutrition. Anxiety,
      depression, and self-efficacy were assessed pre and post intervention. This group
      of students had significantly higher baseline values of depression and anxiety
      but lower self-efficacy compared to a previous study of medical students at the
      same institution (p < 0.03). After the intervention, statistically significant
      improvements were observed in anxiety (p < 0.05), and self-efficacy (p < 0.05),
      but not in depression. The entering levels of anxiety and depression in this
      group suggested that these students were at risk for later clinical syndromes.
      Intervention directed to decreasing the effects of stress was associated with
      improvement in indicators of distress and may modify the longer term risk.

PMID- 26969175
TI  - Ectopic recurrence of pediatric craniopharyngiomas after gross total resection: a
      report of two cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ectopic recurrent craniopharyngioma is rare. We reported two
      pediatric cases and reviewed the related literature. METHOD: We retrospectively
      studied 177 craniopharyngioma cases treated by the senior author (Yuan X) between
      years 2003 and 2013. Two ectopic recurrent craniopharyngiomas were identified.
      One was discovered under the right frontal lobe and the other was found in the
      fourth ventricle. Both patients underwent a second radical resection without
      complications. Then we conducted an extensive review of peer-reviewed, English
      language literatures in the US National Library of Medicine, focusing on the
      treatment modalities, recurrent sites, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty
      ectopic recurrent tumors have been reported so far (including this study). Thirty
      three tumors were located in the previous surgical corridors and 27 were
      disseminated along the cerebrospinal fluid pathway. All recurrent tumors were
      surgically removed. The gross total resection (GTR) rates were 87 and 63 %,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: The natural course of recurrent ectopic
      craniopharyngiomas is progressive. GTR is the treatment of choice. Regular follow
      ups are strongly recommended to detect any further recurrence.

PMID- 26969178
TI  - Description of new types of sphaeractinomyxon actinospores (Myxozoa: Myxosporea)
      from marine tubificid oligochaetes, with a discussion on the validity of the
      tetraspora and the endocapsa as actinospore collective group names.
AB  - Ten new types of sphaeractinomyxon actinospores are morphologically and
      molecularly described from the coelomic cavity of two marine oligochaete hosts,
      Limnodriloides agnes (Hrabe, 1967) and Tubificoides pseudogaster (Dahl, 1960),
      from Aveiro estuary, Portugal. The smallest sphaeractinomyxon type measured 17
      MUm (length) * 19 MUm (width) * 19 MUm (apical diameter), whereas the largest
      type measured 61 MUm * 76 MUm * 80 MUm. While considering the 10 types of
      sphaeractinomyxon, it was found that the number of spores developing inside
      pansporocysts varied between 1, 2, 4, and 8. The total prevalence of infection
      was of 19 % for the two host species, with a maximum recorded for spring and
      summer (25-26 %). While considering each type of sphaeractinomyxon individually,
      it was found that the prevalence values ranged between 0.3 and 1.7 %. All
      described sphaeractinomyxons were most similar to Myxobolus species. The validity
      of the tetraspora and endocapsa collective group names is discussed. 

PMID- 26969180
TI  - US drug costs are rising faster than overall health spending, officials report.

PMID- 26969179
TI  - Can community-based integrated vector control hasten the process of LF
      elimination?
AB  - Community-based integrated vector control (IVC) using polystyrene beads (EPS) and
      pyrethroid impregnated curtains (PIC) as an adjunct to mass drug administration
      (MDA) was implemented for lymphatic filariasis elimination, in the filaria
      endemic villages of Tirukoilur, south India. In all the villages, MDA was carried
      out by the state health machinery, as part of the national filariasis elimination
      programme. Thirty-six difficult-to-control villages were grouped as, viz, MDA
      alone, MDA + EPS and MDA + EPS + PIC arms. Implementation and monitoring of IVC
      was carried out by the community. After 3 years of IVC, higher reductions in
      filariometric indices were observed in both the community and vector population.
      Decline in antigenaemia prevalence was higher in MDA + IVC as compared to MDA
      alone arm. Vector density dropped significantly (P < 0.05) in both the IVC arms,
      and nil transmission was observed during post-IVC period. Almost 53.8 and 75.8 %
      of the cesspits in MDA + EPS and MDA + EPS + PIC arms were closed by the
      householders, due to the enhanced awareness on vector breeding. The paper
      presents the key elements of IVC implementation through social mobilization in a
      LF prevalent area. Thus, community-based IVC strategy can hasten LF elimination,
      as it reduced the transmission and filariometric indices significantly. Indices
      were maintained at low level with nil transmission, by the community through IVC
      tools. 

PMID- 26969181
TI  - Changes in Binding of [(123)I]CLINDE, a High-Affinity Translocator Protein 18 kDa
      (TSPO) Selective Radioligand in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - After traumatic brain injury (TBI), secondary injuries develop, including
      neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to long-lasting impairments. These
      secondary injuries represent potential targets for treatment and diagnostics. The
      translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is expressed in activated microglia cells and
      upregulated in response to brain injury and therefore a potential biomarker of
      the neuroinflammatory processes. Second-generation radioligands of TSPO, such as
      [(123)I]CLINDE, have a higher signal-to-noise ratio as the prototype ligand
      PK11195. [(123)I]CLINDE has been employed in human studies using single-photon
      emission computed tomography to image the neuroinflammatory response after
      stroke. In this study, we used the same tracer in a rat model of TBI to determine
      changes in TSPO expression. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate
      controlled cortical impact injury and sacrificed at 6, 24, 72 h and 28 days post
      surgery. TSPO expression was assessed in brain sections employing [(123)I]CLINDE
      in vitro autoradiography. From 24 h to 28 days post surgery, injured animals
      exhibited a marked and time-dependent increase in [(123)I]CLINDE binding in the
      ipsilateral motor, somatosensory and parietal cortex, as well as in the
      hippocampus and thalamus. Interestingly, binding was also significantly elevated
      in the contralateral M1 motor cortex following TBI. Craniotomy without TBI caused
      a less marked increase in [(123)I]CLINDE binding, restricted to the ipsilateral
      hemisphere. Radioligand binding was consistent with an increase in TSPO mRNA
      expression and CD11b immunoreactivity at the contusion site. This study
      demonstrates the applicability of [(123)I]CLINDE for detailed regional and
      quantitative assessment of glial activity in experimental models of TBI. 

PMID- 26969182
TI  - [Pancreatitis: An update].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute and chronic pancreatitis are becoming increasingly more severe
      diseases in the western world with far-reaching consequences for the individual
      patient as well as the socioeconomic situation. This article gives an overview of
      the contribution of radiological imaging to the diagnostics and therapy of both
      forms of the disease. RESULTS: Acute pancreatitis can be subdivided into severe
      (20%) and mild manifestations. The diagnostics should be performed with computed
      tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing necrosis or
      potential infections only in severe forms of pancreatitis. In chronic
      pancreatitis transabdominal ultrasound should initially be adequate for
      assessment of the pancreas. For the differential diagnosis between pancreatic
      carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis, MRI with magnetic resonance
      cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) followed by an endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine
      needle aspiration is the method of choice. CONCLUSION: For the primary diagnosis
      for acute and chronic pancreatitis ultrasound examination is the modality of
      first choice followed by radiological CT and MRI with MRCP examinations.

PMID- 26969183
TI  - Genetic Targeting in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells: an Update.
AB  - Since the last review paper published in Cerebellum in 2002 [1], there has been a
      substantial increase in the number of experiments utilizing transgenic
      manipulations in murine cerebellar Purkinje cells. Most of these approaches were
      made possible with the use of the Cre/loxP methodology and pcp2/L7 based Cre
      recombinase expressing transgenic mouse strains. This review aims to summarize
      all studies which used Purkinje cell specific transgenesis since the first use of
      mouse strain with Purkinje cell specific Cre expression in 2002.

PMID- 26969184
TI  - Impaired Tilt Suppression of Post-Rotatory Nystagmus and Cross-Coupled Head
      Shaking Nystagmus in Cerebellar Lesions: Image Mapping Study.
AB  - We sought to determine the cerebellar structures responsible for tilt suppression
      of post-rotatory nystagmus. We investigated ocular motor findings and MRI lesions
      in 73 patients with isolated cerebellar lesions who underwent recording of the
      vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) using rotatory chair tests. Tilt suppression of
      post-rotatory nystagmus was diminished in 27 patients (27/73, 37.0 %). The gains
      of the VOR and the TCs of per- and post-rotatory nystagmus did not differ between
      the patients with diminished and with normal tilt suppression. The patients with
      impaired tilt suppression showed perverted ("cross-coupled") head-shaking
      nystagmus (pHSN) and central positional nystagmus (CPN) more frequently than
      those with normal responses. Tilt suppression was impaired in five (71.4 %) of
      the seven patients with isolated nodulus and uvular infarction. Probabilistic
      lesion-mapping analysis showed that the nodulus and uvula are responsible for
      tilt suppression. Impaired tilt suppression may be ascribed to disruption of
      cerebellar contribution to the vestibular velocity-storage mechanism, which
      integrates information from the semicircular canals and otolith organs to help
      derive the brain's estimate of the head orientation relative to the pull of
      gravity.

PMID- 26969185
TI  - Field testing primary stabbing headache criteria according to the 3rd beta
      edition of International Classification of Headache Disorders: a clinic-based
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The diagnostic criteria for primary stabbing headache (PSH) in the
      3rd beta edition of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICDH-3
      beta) were recently revised. In the ICDH-3 beta, PSH is defined as short-lasting
      head pain spontaneous occurring as a single stab or series of stabs without
      autonomic symptoms and involving all head areas (i.e., not limited to the
      ophthalmic branch region of the trigeminal nerve). The aim of this study was to
      investigate the validity of the ICHD-3 beta criteria for PSH in a clinic-based
      setting. METHODS: We prospectively collected data from patients with complaint of
      headache with stabbing pain without apparent cause at an initial visit to a
      secondary-care hospital from March 2009 to March 2014. Patients were followed up
      for 2 weeks to assess changes in clinical characteristics and secondary causes of
      pain. RESULTS: Data from 280 patients with headache with stabbing pain without
      apparent cause were collected, and 245 patients were followed up for 2 weeks.
      Secondary causes for stabbing headache were observed in 9 patients (herpes zoster
      in 7 patients and Bell's palsy in 2 patients) after 2 weeks. The remaining 236
      patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PSH according to ICHD-3 beta. Only
      22 patients met the diagnostic criteria for PSH according to ICHD-2. CONCLUSIONS:
      All patients with headache with stabbing pain without cranial autonomic symptoms
      fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PSH according to ICHD-3 beta at the initial
      visit. Secondary causes for headache with stabbing pain were revealed in a small
      proportion (3.7 %) of patients after 2 weeks of follow-up.

PMID- 26969186
TI  - Erratum to: Right fronto-insular white matter tracts link cognitive reserve and
      pain in migraine patients.

PMID- 26969187
TI  - Chronic cluster headache and the pituitary gland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cluster headache is classified as a primary headache by definition
      not caused by an underlying pathology. However, symptomatic cases of otherwise
      typical cluster headache have been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old
      male suffered from primary chronic cluster headache (CCH, ICHD-3 beta criteria
      fulfilled) since the age of 35 years. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of
      the brain in 2006 came back normal. He tried several prophylactic treatments but
      was never longer than 1 month without attacks. He was under chronic treatment
      with verapamil with only a limited effect on the attack frequency. Subcutaneous
      sumatriptan 6 mg injections were very effective in aborting attacks. By February
      2014 the patient developed a continuous interictal pain ipsilateral to the right
      sided cluster headache attacks. An indomethacin test (up to 225 mg/day orally)
      was negative. Because of the change in headache pattern we performed a new brain
      MRI, which showed a cystic structure in the pituitary gland. The differential
      diagnosis was between a Rathke cleft cyst and a cystic adenoma. Pituitary
      function tests showed an elevated serum prolactin level. A dopamine agonist
      (cabergoline) was started and the headache subsided completely. Potential
      pathophysiological mechanisms of pituitary tumor-associated headache are
      discussed. CONCLUSION: Neuroimaging should be considered in all patients with
      CCH, especially those with an atypical presentation or evolution. Response to
      acute treatment does not exclude a secondary form of cluster headache. There may
      be shared pathophysiological mechanisms of primary and secondary cluster
      headache.

PMID- 26969188
TI  - Structured education can improve primary-care management of headache: the first
      empirical evidence, from a controlled interventional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Headache disorders are under-recognized and under-diagnosed. A
      principal factor in their suboptimal management is lack of headache-related
      training among health-care providers, especially in primary care. In Estonia,
      general practitioners (GPs) refer many headache patients to neurological
      specialist services, mostly unnecessarily. GPs request "diagnostic"
      investigations, which are usually unhelpful and therefore wasteful. GP-made
      headache diagnoses are often arcane and non-specific, and treatments based on
      these are inappropriate. The aim of this study was to develop, implement and test
      an educational model intended to improve headache-related primary health care in
      Estonia. METHODS: This was a controlled study consisting of baseline observation,
      intervention and follow-up observation using the same measures of effect. It
      involved six GPs in Polva and the surrounding region in Southern Estonia,
      together with their future patients presenting consecutively with headache as
      their main complaint, all with their consent. The primary outcome measure was
      referral rate (RR) to neurological specialist services. Secondary measures
      included number of GP-requested investigations, GP-made headache diagnoses and
      how these conformed to standard terminology (ICD-10), and GP-recommended or
      initiated treatments. RESULTS: RR at baseline (n = 490) was 39.5 %, falling to
      34.7 % in the post-intervention group (n = 295) (overall reduction 4.8 %; p =
      0.21). In the large subgroup of patients (88 %) for whom GPs made clearly
      headache-related ICD-10 diagnoses, RR fell by one fifth (from 40 to 32 %; p =
      0.08), but the only diagnosis-related RR that showed a statistically significant
      reduction was (pericranial) myalgia (19 to 3 %; p = 0.03). There was a
      significant increase towards use of more specific diagnoses. Use of
      investigations in diagnosing headache reduced from 26 to 4 % (p < 0.0001).
      Initiation of treatment by GPs increased from 58 to 81 % (p < 0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: These were modest changes in GPs' entrenched behaviour. Nevertheless
      they were empirical evidence that GPs' practice in the field of headache could be
      improved by structured education. Furthermore, the changes were likely to be cost
      saving. To our knowledge this study is the first to produce such evidence.

PMID- 26969189
TI  - The importance of loss of control while eating in adolescents with purging
      disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although many individuals with purging disorder (PD) report loss of
      control (LOC) eating, it is unclear whether they differ from those who do not, or
      from other eating disorders involving purging and/or LOC. METHOD: We compared PD
      with LOC (PD-LOC), PD without LOC (PD-noLOC), bulimia nervosa (BN), and anorexia
      nervosa-binge/purge subtype (AN-B/P) on measures of eating-related and general
      psychopathology in treatment-seeking adolescents. RESULTS: PD-LOC comprised ~30%
      of PD diagnoses. PD-LOC and PD-noLOC did not differ from one another, or from BN
      and AN-B/P, on most measures of psychopathology, with some exceptions. PD-noLOC
      was similar to AN-B/P (p = 0.99) and significantly different from BN on eating
      concerns (p < 0.001), while PD-LOC was similar to BN, AN-B/P, and PD-noLOC on
      this measure (ps >= 0.06). PD-LOC reported higher self-esteem than BN, AN-B/P,
      and PD-noLOC (ps < 0.001). DISCUSSION: PD was largely similar to other eating
      disorders characterized by purging, regardless of whether LOC eating was present.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:801-804).

PMID- 26969190
TI  - Sensing of redox status by TRP channels.
AB  - Cellular redox status is maintained by the balance between series of antioxidant
      systems and production of reactive oxygen/nitrogenous species. Cells utilize this
      redox balance to mediate diverse physiological functions. Transient receptor
      potential (TRP) channels are non-selective cation channels that act as biosensors
      for environmental and noxious stimuli, such as capsaicin and allicin, as well as
      changes in temperature and conditions inside the cell. TRP channels also have an
      emerging role as essential players in detecting cellular redox status to regulate
      cellular signals mediating physiological phenomena. Reactive species activate TRP
      channels either directly through oxidative amino acid modifications or indirectly
      through second messengers. For instance, TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPC5 channels are
      directly activated by oxidizing agents through cysteine modification; whereas,
      TRPM2 channel is indirectly activated by production of ADP-ribose. One intriguing
      property of several TRP channels is susceptibility to both oxidizing and reducing
      stimuli, suggesting TRP channels could potentially act as a bidirectional sensor
      for detecting deviations in redox status. In this review, we discuss the unique
      chemical physiologies of redox sensitive TRP channels and their physiological
      significance in Ca(2+) signaling.

PMID- 26969191
TI  - Male infertility in mice lacking the store-operated Ca(2+) channel Orai1.
AB  - Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is an important Ca(2+) influx pathway in
      somatic cells. In addition to maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+)
      stores, Ca(2+) entry through store-operated channels regulates essential
      signaling pathways in numerous cell types. Patients with mutations in the store
      operated channel subunit ORAI1 exhibit defects in store-operated Ca(2+) influx,
      along with severe immunodeficiency, congenital myopathy and ectodermal dysplasia.
      However, little is known about the functional role of ORAI1 in germ cells and
      reproductive function in mice, or in men, since men with loss-of-function or null
      mutations in ORAI1 rarely survive to reproductive age. In this study, we
      investigated the role of ORAI1 in male reproductive function. We reveal that
      Orai1(-/-) male mice are sterile and have severe defects in spermatogenesis, with
      prominent deficiencies in mid- to late-stage elongating spermatid development.
      These studies establish an essential in vivo role for store-operated ORAI1
      channels in male reproductive function and identify these channels as potential
      non-steroidal regulators of male fertility.

PMID- 26969192
TI  - HIF-1alpha-mediated upregulation of SERCA2b: The endogenous mechanism for
      alleviating the ischemia-induced intracellular Ca(2+) store dysfunction in CA1
      and CA3 hippocampal neurons.
AB  - Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus possess differential susceptibility to the
      ischemia-induced damage with the highest vulnerability of CA1 and the lower
      sensitivity of CA3 neurons. This damage is triggered by Ca(2+)-dependent
      excitotoxicity and can result in a delayed cell death that might be potentially
      suspended through activation of endogenous neuroprotection with the hypoxia
      inducible transcription factors (HIF). However, the molecular mechanisms of this
      neuroprotection remain poorly understood. Here we show that prolonged (30min)
      oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in situ impairs intracellular Ca(2+)
      regulation in CA1 rather than in CA3 neurons with the differently altered
      expression of genes coding Ca(2+)-ATPases: the mRNA level of plasmalemmal Ca(2+)
      ATPases (PMCA1 and PMCA2 subtypes) was downregulated in CA1 neurons, whereas the
      mRNA level of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases (SERCA2b subtype) was
      increased in CA3 neurons at 4h of re-oxygenation after prolonged OGD. These
      demonstrate distinct susceptibility of CA1 and CA3 neurons to the ischemic
      impairments in intracellular Ca(2+) regulation and Ca(2+)-ATPase expression.
      Stabilization of HIF-1alpha by inhibiting HIF-1alpha hydroxylation prevented the
      ischemic decrease in both PMCA1 and PMCA2 mRNAs in CA1 neurons, upregulated the
      SERCA2b mRNA level and eliminated the OGD-induced Ca(2+) store dysfunction in
      these neurons. Cumulatively, these findings reveal the previously unknown HIF
      1alpha-driven upregulation of Ca(2+)-ATPases as a mechanism opposing the ischemic
      impairments in intracellular Ca(2+) regulation in hippocampal neurons. The
      ability of HIF-1alpha to modulate expression of genes coding Ca(2+)-ATPases
      suggests SERCA2b as a novel target for HIF-1 and may provide potential
      implications for HIF-1alpha-stabilizing strategy in activating endogenous
      neuroprotection.

PMID- 26969193
TI  - Healing at implants installed concurrently to maxillary sinus floor elevation
      with Bio-Oss(r) or autologous bone grafts. A histo-morphometric study in rabbits.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the healing at elevated sinus floors augmented either with
      deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) or autologous bone grafts and followed
      by immediate implant installation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve albino New
      Zealand rabbits were used. Incisions were performed along the midline of the
      nasal dorsum. The nasal bone was exposed. A circular bony widow with a diameter
      of 3 mm was prepared bilaterally, and the sinus mucosa was detached. Autologous
      bone (AB) grafts were collected from the tibia. Similar amounts of AB or DBBM
      granules were placed below the sinus mucosa. An implant with a moderately rough
      surface was installed into the elevated sinus bilaterally. The animals were
      sacrificed after 7 (n = 6) or 40 days (n = 6). RESULTS: The dimensions of the
      elevated sinus space at the DBBM sites were maintained, while at the AB sites, a
      loss of 2/3 was observed between 7 and 40 days of healing. The implants showed
      similar degrees of osseointegration after 7 (7.1 +/- 1.7%; 9.9 +/- 4.5%) and 40
      days (37.8 +/- 15%; 36.0 +/- 11.4%) at the DBBM and AB sites, respectively.
      Similar amounts of newly formed mineralized bone were found in the elevated space
      after 7 days at the DBBM (7.8 +/- 6.6%) and AB (7.2 +/- 6.0%) sites while, after
      40 days, a higher percentage of bone was found at AB (56.7 +/- 8.8%) compared to
      DBBM (40.3 +/- 7.5%) sites. CONCLUSIONS: Both Bio-Oss(r) granules and autologous
      bone grafts contributed to the healing at implants installed immediately in
      elevated sinus sites in rabbits. Bio-Oss(r) maintained the dimensions, while
      autologous bone sites lost 2/3 of the volume between the two periods of
      observation.

PMID- 26969194
TI  - Cerebral aneurysm debuting as rupture during diagnostic CT angiography: An
      unexpected worst-case scenario.
AB  - Previously-asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm rupture during cerebral angiography
      is an extremely rare phenomenon. There is a small risk of rupture of these
      aneurysms during digital subtraction angiography (DSA), but no case of
      spontaneous rupture during computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has been
      reported. A concise case of a 40-year-old woman referred for workup of an
      asymptomatic intracranial aneurysm who experienced acute rupture at the time of
      identification of a second aneurysm is described. This case highlights the
      potential for rupture at the time of scan acquisition and the importance of
      maintaining a high level of suspicion in the setting of neurological
      deterioration, as well as the potential need by all medical imaging professionals
      to identify an emergency and activate an urgent response. 

PMID- 26969195
TI  - The role of 4D CT angiography for preoperative screening in patients with
      intracranial tumors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Four-dimensional computed tomography angiography (4D CTA) is now
      becoming an often used diagnostic imaging modality for the assessment of patients
      with intracranial tumors. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the
      utility of 4D CTA for preoperative screening in patients with intracranial tumors
      as well as to examine the correlation between perfusion data and grading of
      gliomas. METHODS: We performed preoperative screening using 320-row detector CT
      scanner in 186 patients with intracranial tumors, and 115 patients were finally
      included in the study. Time-resolved subtracted maximum intensity projection
      images and volume-rendered images were reconstructed to evaluate vascular
      structures, tumor staining and incidental lesions. We also evaluated the
      perfusion functional map for gliomas to find correlations between their
      vascularity and tumor grading. RESULTS: We evaluated gliomas in 70 patients,
      meningiomas in 29, and other tumors in 16. Patients with gliomas of a
      pathologically higher grade showed high cerebral blood volume (p < 0.05). Tumor
      staining was observed on MIP images for 12 meningiomas, 4 gliomas, and 3 other
      tumors. Fifty patients showed a mass effect on vascular structures, seven had
      cerebral venous sinus obstruction, and two had aneurysms. No iatrogenic accidents
      with the CT procedure were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The 4D CTA technique is
      effective and safe for depicting vascular structures such as arteries, veins,
      tumor-related vessels, and direct and indirect anatomical complications such as
      vascular obstruction or vascular compression. This information is useful for
      preoperative screening. Although 4D CTA also provides perfusion data correlating
      with the tumor vascularity and grading of gliomas, its clinical value remains
      limited.

PMID- 26969196
TI  - Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage from intracranial hemangiopericytoma:
      An uncommon cause of intracranial hemorrhage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage from an intracranial tumor is well known but uncommon. In
      cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneurysm rupture is a main cause. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: A 64-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset motor aphasia.
      Computed tomography revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral
      hemorrhage in the left temporal lobe. From the findings of pre-enhancement
      computed tomography, hemorrhage from a left middle cerebral artery aneurysm was
      initially suspected. Further radiological examinations demonstrated an enhanced
      mass with dural attachment in the left temporal region, but no vascular
      abnormality. Emergency craniotomy was performed, and the tumor and intracerebral
      hematoma were removed. The hemorrhage from fragile tumor vessels may destroy the
      tumor tissue and spread into the temporal lobe and subarachnoid space.
      Pathological examination of the tumor yielded findings consistent with
      hemangiopericytoma. Post-operatively, the patient was treated to prevent
      vasospasm. CONCLUSION: Although an intracranial tumor including
      hemangiopericytoma uncommonly causes subarachnoid hemorrhage, it should be taken
      into consideration as a source of intracranial hemorrhage.

PMID- 26969197
TI  - Melanotic schwannoma of the L5 root.
AB  - Melanotic neoplasm of the central nervous system is rare and the majority of them
      are metastatic. Melanotic schwannoma (MS) is an unusual variant of nerve sheath
      neoplasm accounting for less than 1% of primary nerve sheath tumors. A case
      involving a 36-year-old man with MS at the L5 root is presented. Surgery,
      differential diagnosis, radiology, histology, and treatment of this rare entity
      are discussed. 

PMID- 26969198
TI  - An economic analysis of immediate delivery and expectant monitoring in women with
      hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation
      (HYPITAT-II).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the economic consequences of immediate delivery compared
      with expectant monitoring in women with preterm non-severe hypertensive disorders
      of pregnancy. DESIGN: A cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a randomised
      controlled trial (HYPITAT-II). SETTING: Obstetric departments of seven academic
      hospitals and 44 non-academic hospitals in the Netherlands. POPULATION: Women
      diagnosed with non-severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 340/7 and
      370/7  weeks of gestation, randomly allocated to either immediate delivery or
      expectant monitoring. METHODS: A trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis was
      performed from a healthcare perspective until final maternal and neonatal
      discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Health outcomes were expressed as the
      prevalence of respiratory distress syndrome, defined as the need for supplemental
      oxygen for >24 hours combined with radiographic findings typical for respiratory
      distress syndrome. Costs were estimated from a healthcare perspective until
      maternal and neonatal discharge. RESULTS: The average costs of immediate delivery
      (n = 352) were ?10 245 versus ?9563 for expectant monitoring (n = 351), with an
      average difference of ?682 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI -?618 to ?2126). This
      7% difference predominantly originated from the neonatal admissions, which were
      ?5672 in the immediate delivery arm and ?3929 in the expectant monitoring arm.
      CONCLUSION: In women with mild hypertensive disorders between 340/7 and 370/7 
      weeks of gestation, immediate delivery is more costly than expectant monitoring
      as a result of differences in neonatal admissions. These findings support
      expectant monitoring, as the clinical outcomes of the trial demonstrated that
      expectant monitoring reduced respiratory distress syndrome for a slightly
      increased risk of maternal complications. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Expectant
      management in preterm hypertensive disorders is less costly compared with
      immediate delivery.

PMID- 26969199
TI  - Social Media for e-Government in the Public Health Sector: Protocol for a
      Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Public sector organizations worldwide are engaging with social media
      as part of a growing e-government agenda. These include government departments of
      health, public health agencies, and state-funded health care and research
      organizations. Although examples of social media in health have been described in
      the literature, little is known about their overall scope or how they are
      achieving the objectives of e-government. A systematic literature review is
      underway to capture and synthesize existing evidence on the adoption, use, and
      impacts of social media in the public health sector. A series of parallel scoping
      exercises has taken place to examine (1) relevant existing systematic reviews, to
      assess their focus, breadth, and fit with our review topic, (2) existing concepts
      related to e-government, public health, and the public health sector, to assess
      how semantic complexity might influence the review process, and (3) the results
      of pilot searches, to examine the fit of social media within the e-government and
      health literatures. The methods and observations of the scoping exercises are
      reported in this protocol, alongside the methods and interim results for the
      systematic review itself. OBJECTIVE: The systematic review has three main
      objectives: To capture the corpus of published studies on the uses of social
      media by public health organizations; to classify the objectives for which social
      media have been deployed in these contexts and the methods used; and to analyze
      and synthesize evidence of the uptake, use, and impacts of social media on
      various outcomes. METHODS: A set of scoping exercises were undertaken, to inform
      the search strategy and analytic framework. Searches have been carried out in
      MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and the Scopus international
      electronic databases, and appropriate gray literature sources. Articles published
      between January 1, 2004, and July 12, 2015, were included. There was no
      restriction by language. One reviewer (AT) has independently screened citations
      generated by the search terms and is extracting data from the selected articles.
      A second author (CP) is cross-checking the outputs to ensure the fit of selected
      articles with the inclusion criteria and appropriate data extraction. A PRISMA
      flow diagram will be created, to track the study selection process and ensure
      transparency and replicability of the review. RESULTS: Scoping work revealed that
      the literature on social media for e-government in the public health sector is
      complicated by heterogeneous terminologies and concepts, although studies at the
      intersection of these three topics exist. Not all types of e-government are
      evident in the health care literature. Interim results suggest that most relevant
      articles focus on usage alone. CONCLUSIONS: Public health organizations may be
      taking it for granted that social media deliver benefits, rather than attempting
      to evaluate their adoption or impacts. Published taxonomies of e-government hold
      promise for organizing and interpreting the review results. The systematic review
      is underway and completion is expected in the beginning of 2016. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews:
      CRD42015024731;
      http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015024731 (Archived
      by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6dV1Cin91).

PMID- 26969203
TI  - The Paddington rail disaster On Tuesday, October 5, 1999, two passenger trains
      collided near Ladbroke Grove Station. Kathy Horsfall and Aidan Slowie relate how
      their hospital responded to a major incident.
AB  - On Tuesday, October 5, 1999, two passenger trains collided near Ladbroke Grove
      Station. Kathy Horsfall and Aidan Slowie relate how their hospital responded to a
      major incident. 

PMID- 26969202
TI  - Conflicting HLA assignment by three different typing methods due to the apparent
      loss of heterozygosity in the MHC region.
AB  - Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been reported to cause false human leukocyte
      antigen (HLA) homozygous typing results in pre-transplant patients suffering from
      haematological malignancies, who in fact are HLA heterozygous. This poses a
      challenge for histocompatibility testing, as a stem cell graft from a genuinely
      HLA homozygous donor to a mistyped patient may lead to acute life-threatening
      graft-vs-host disease. LOH in the HLA region on chromosome 6 is known to be quite
      common in solid tumours, helping malignant cells to escape T-cell surveillance,
      but the incidence in haematological malignancies is less well known and the
      estimates vary. Here we report LOH in the HLA region of five patients with
      haematological malignancy. We found considerable differences in sensitivity
      between the three different HLA typing methods used in our laboratory: SSP was
      clearly the most sensitive method for detecting the lost haplotype, followed by
      rSSO, while SBT was the least sensitive technique. A subsequent, retrospective
      genotyping of 65 HLA homozygous haematological patients by SSP method showed no
      mistyped LOH cases in our laboratory in the past 10 years. The frequency of HLA
      homozygosity was found to be similar between haematological patients and control
      groups. It is important for an HLA laboratory to be aware of the differences in
      various HLA typing techniques' sensitivity for detecting an under-represented
      haplotype between HLA typing techniques when genotyping patients with
      haematological diseases. It is advisable for HLA laboratories to have at least
      two different methods with different sensitivities in their repertoire to be able
      to retype samples when a false homozygous result is suspected. 

PMID- 26969204
TI  - Emergency contraception.
AB  - Emergency contraception is often misunderstood by the general public and nurses
      alike. This article outlines information about methods of post-coital
      contraception that all nurses need to provide appropriate health advice to women
      in any nursing setting. This article first appeared in Nursing Standard. 14, 7,
      38-43. Readers who successfully completed a written 'practice profile assessment'
      on that occasion may not do so again. 

PMID- 26969200
TI  - Plantar talar head contusions and osteochondral fractures: associated findings on
      ankle MRI and proposed mechanism of injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of plantar talar head injury (PTHI) in
      predicting osseous and soft tissue injuries on ankle MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The IRB approved this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study. The study group
      consisted of 41 ankle MRIs with PTHI that occurred at our institution over a 5
      1/2 year period. Eighty MRIs with bone injuries in other locations matched for
      age, time interval since injury, and gender formed a control group. Injuries to
      the following structures were recorded: medial malleolus, lateral
      malleolus/distal fibula, posterior malleolus, talus, calcaneus, navicular,
      cuboid, lateral, medial and syndesmotic ligaments, spring ligament complex, and
      extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle. Twenty separate logistic regressions
      determined which injuries PTHI predicted, using the Holm procedure to control for
      family-wise alpha at 0.05. RESULTS: PTHI strongly predicted the occurrence of
      injuries involving the anterior process of the calcaneus [24 % of cases, odds
      ratio (OR) 12.66], plantar components of the spring ligament (27 %, OR 9.43),
      calcaneal origin of the EDB and attachment of the dorsolateral calcaneocuboid
      ligament (22 %, OR 7.22), cuboid (51 %, OR 6.58), EDB (27 %, OR 5.49),
      anteromedial talus (66 %, OR 4.78), and posteromedial talus (49 %, OR 4.48). PTHI
      strongly predicted lack of occurrence of syndesmotic ligament injury (OR 19.6).
      The PTHI group had a high incidence of lateral ligamentous injury (78 %), but not
      significantly different from the control group (53 %). CONCLUSIONS: PTHI is
      strongly associated with injury involving the transverse tarsal joint complex. We
      hypothesize it results from talo-cuboid and/or talo-calcaneal impaction from a
      supination injury of the foot and ankle.

PMID- 26969205
TI  - Is determination of the hip rotation center during computer-assisted surgery
      influenced by the pinless femoral sensor attachment method? An in vitro
      preliminary study comparing osseous pin fixation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Computer-assisted surgery improves the positioning of hip
      prostheses but requires use of transosseous pins requiring a complementary
      approach exposing the patient to rare but at times serious complications. The use
      of sensor arrays attached to the skin could advantageously replace pins provided
      that comparable results are obtained, but their validity has not yet been
      assessed. We conducted a prospective in vitro study to: measure the possible
      error of a cutaneous versus transosseous fixation to determine the hip rotation
      center (HRC) position and determine the inter- and intraobserver reproducibility
      of the cutaneous versus the transosseous fixation. HYPOTHESIS: Use of cutaneous
      sensor arrays while recording the HRC is sufficiently reliable for its
      calculation algorithm to provide measurement accuracy within 5mm. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A rigid array attached with either a silicone strap or an adhesive were
      compared to a transosseous array. Four series of 96 HRC measurements were
      collected by four operators on two cadavers, half with an array attached with a
      strap and half with an adhesive. The results were compared to those obtained by a
      sensor attached with transosseous pins. RESULTS: On condition that the hip-knee
      is mobilized in extension, a sensor array attached with an adhesive gives results
      with comparable accuracy (standard deviation [SD]: 2.89mm [1.9-4.8]) to the
      results obtained with a transosseous fixation (SD: 1.2mm [0.9-1.6]), with no
      significant inter- or intraobserver variation (0.97<ICC<0.99). If the knee was
      flexed, accuracy was within more than 1cm, or twice the predetermined limit. Only
      the adhesive array gave measurements systematically within the limits established
      with the data spread (8.7%) close to that obtained with a pin (6%). DISCUSSION:
      An adhesive array seems to be a reliable alternative to transosseous pins to
      evaluate HRC and provides a three-dimensional landmark, indispensable to total
      hip arthroplasty navigation. These preliminary results confirm our hypothesis but
      should be validated in vivo. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, comparative
      prospective in vitro study.

PMID- 26969206
TI  - Piriformis ganglion: An uncommon cause of sciatica.
AB  - Sciatica can occur due to a spinal lesion, intrapelvic tumor, diabetic
      neuropathy, and rarely piriformis syndrome. The causes of piriformis syndrome
      vary by a space-occupying lesion. A ganglionic cyst can occur in various lesions
      in the body but seldom around the hip joint. In addition, sciatica due to a
      ganglionic cyst around the hip joint has been reported in one patient in Korea
      who underwent surgical treatment. We experienced two cases of sciatica from a
      piriformis ganglionic cyst and we report the clinical characterics and progress
      after non-operative treatment by ultrasonography-guided aspiration. The two cases
      were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and were treated by ultrasonography
      guided aspiration. We followed the patients for more than 6months. The symptoms
      of piriformis syndrome from the ganglion improved following aspiration and this
      conservative treatment is a treatment method that can be used without extensive
      incision or cyst excision. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV historical case.

PMID- 26969208
TI  - Revisions of total shoulder arthroplasty: Clinical results and complications of
      various modalities.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The number of primary total shoulder arthroplasties has increased
      exponentially in recent years, with a corresponding increase in the number of
      revision procedures. OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical results and complications in a
      series of shoulder implant replacement, of whatever etiology. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Thirty-seven patients, with a mean age of 68.3+/-11.8 years at time of
      implant replacement, were included in a retrospective study. Mean interval
      between primary arthroplasty and revision was 78.4+/-59.7 months (range, 1-200
      months). The main assessment criterion was changed in Constant score between
      preoperative value and follow-up. Secondary criteria were: onset of intra- and
      postoperative complications, and reoperation related to a complication. RESULTS:
      Mean follow-up was 41.5+/-32.0 months (range, 12-105 months). Absolute Constant
      score increased by a mean 17.5+/-15.1 points (P<0.001) and weighted Constant
      score by 26.3+/-23.6 points (P<0.001). Intraoperative complications occurred in
      24.3% of patients (9/37) and postoperative complications in 29.7% (11/37). Among
      the patients, 21.6% (8/37) required reoperation for postoperative complications.
      Overall, 54% of patients (20/37) suffered from intra- or postoperative
      complications. CONCLUSION: Shoulder implant replacement improved function in the
      present series, but with a high rate of complications and reoperations. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective case-control study without control group.

PMID- 26969207
TI  - Results of the Sugioka transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy for osteonecrosis:
      Frequency and role of a defect of the quadratus femoris muscle in osteonecrosis
      progression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy (RO), it is important
      to preserve the posterior column artery (PCA), which is generally located in the
      adipose tissue underneath the quadratus femoris muscle (QF). If there is a defect
      in the QF, the risk of injuring the PCA, subsequently resulting in total necrosis
      of the femoral head, may increase. Therefore, we investigated: (1) the frequency
      of defects of the QF at the time of RO, and (2) clinical outcome of RO based upon
      a defect of the QF. HYPOTHESIS: The presence of defects of the QF at the time of
      RO could be detected pre-operatively by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: RO
      was performed in 124 hips between 2001 and 2010. In all, 95 of the hips were in
      male patients and 29 in female patients. The mean age was 45.4 years (range: 11
      61 years) at the time of surgery and MRI was performed before RO in all cases. We
      retrospectively evaluated the progression of a collapse through 3 years after RO.
      RESULTS: MRI showed a defect in the QF in four hips (3.2%) (2 males, 2 females),
      all of which were confirmed intra-operatively. Among the four patients, one (25%)
      underwent total hip arthroplasty because of varus deformity of the osteotomy site
      due to total necrosis of the femoral head 1 year after RO. The 120 hips with a
      normal QF showed no evidence of total necrosis or progression of necrosis of the
      femoral head, indicating that the presence of defects of the QF may increase the
      risk of poor survivorship of this procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Defects of the QF have
      been reported to occur in 1-2% of all patients, whereas in our study the
      incidence in ON was approximately 3%. In ON patients with QF defects, pre
      operative MRI evaluation of the QF appears to be important when planning RO,
      followed by a carefully performed surgical procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV;
      retrospective case series without control group.

PMID- 26969209
TI  - Intermediate term evaluation of the Eclypse distal radio-ulnar prosthesis for
      rheumatoid arthritis. A report of five cases.
AB  - HYPOTHESIS: Early medical management of rheumatoid arthritis with biotherapy has
      changed the traditional musculoskeletal damage from this disease. When the distal
      radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) is involved, classic procedures may be inappropriate. We
      chose a hemi-arthroplasty of the DRUJ joint (EclypseTM) in patients with
      persistent synovitis and chondrolysis with a stable joint. The aim of this study
      was to assess the intermediate term results of this approach in these specific
      cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report a retrospective study of 5 Eclypse
      arthropasties implanted between March 2005 and March 2011. There were 4 women and
      1 man, mean age: 58.4years old (54-62) with RA that had been present for
      21.6years (15-33). This hemi-arthroplasty replaced the ulnar head with a
      pyrocarbon component. Patients were evaluated by an independent observer for pain
      by VAS, range of motion, grip strength in the neutral position by Jamar
      dynamometer, pronation and supination strengths with a pronosupinator, DASH score
      and wrist X-rays. RESULTS: One patient was lost to follow-up and the 4 others
      underwent a follow-up evaluation at 64 months (43-90). There were no intra
      operative or postoperative complications. The pain score at the final follow-up
      was 1.5/10 (0-4), pronation was 70 degrees  (60-80) and supination was 80 degrees
      (80-80). Grip strength was 148% compared to the contralateral side (73-200%).
      Pronation and supination strengths were 1.7kg (1.5-2) and 2.1kg (2-2.5)
      respectively. The DASH score was 55.9 points (42.6 to 79.3). X-rays did not show
      any changes in the ulnar notch. CONCLUSION: This distal radio-ulnar arthroplasty
      is less invasive and preserves the bone and ligaments. Clinical results are
      rapid, remain stable over time and are well tolerated. This arthroplasty, which
      was initially developed for osteoarthritis and traumatic lesions of the DRUJ, is
      promising for specific cases of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 26969210
TI  - Limited distal clavicle excision of acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Resection of the distal aspect of clavicle has a well-documented
      treatment modality in case of acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis resistant to
      conservative treatment. HYPOTHESIS: Limited (mean ~0.5cm distal end of clavicle
      resection) distal clavicle excision of A-C joint arthritis in cases resistant to
      conservative treatment may reduce the pain and improve the shoulder function.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the results of
      limited distal clavicle excision of acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis
      resistant to conservative treatment. All patients were evaluated by using the
      Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and UCLA shoulder rating scale (University of
      California Los Angeles), either before surgery or final follow-up period for pain
      and functional results, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 110 patients (48 male,
      62 female) with AC joint arthritis, treated between the years of 2008-2012, were
      retrospectively analyzed. A total of 30 patients (12 male, 18 female) who failed
      to show improvement with conservative treatment underwent limited surgical open
      excision of distal clavicle. The mean age of the study population was 52.5+/-1.2
      years. The mean follow-up period was 27+/-1.3 months. The mean preoperative VAS
      score was 83.6+/-5.58 (range, 70-90) while mean VAS was 26.6+/-9.3 (range, 10-50)
      at the final follow-up. There was a statistically significant difference between
      pre- and postoperative VAS scores in patients who had treated by surgical
      approach (P<0.001). The mean UCLA score of the patients increased postoperatively
      from 11.5 (range, 9-14) to 29.2 (range, 27-32) at the final follow-up. There was
      a statistically significant difference between the two time periods with respect
      to UCLA scores (P<0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In patients with AC
      osteoarthritis resistant to conservative therapy, the hypothesized limited
      clavicle excision (mean ~0.5cm distal end of clavicle resection with preserving
      coracoclavicular ligaments and inferior capsule) reduced the pain and improved
      the shoulder function. CONCLUSION: Our midterm follow-up (mean 27 months) results
      showed that limited distal clavicle excision of patients with AC joint
      osteoarthritis resistant to conservative treatment (0.5cm distal end of clavicle
      resection with preserving inferior capsule, and coracoclavicular ligaments)
      reduced the pain and improved the shoulder function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV
      (Retrospective study).

PMID- 26969212
TI  - Transitivity, Space, and Hand: The Spatial Grounding of Syntax.
AB  - Previous research has linked the concept of number and other ordinal series to
      space via a spatially oriented mental number line. In addition, it has been shown
      that in visual scene recognition and production, speakers of a language with a
      left-to-right orthography respond faster to and tend to draw images in which the
      agent of an action is located to the left of the patient. In this study, we aim
      to bridge these two lines of research by employing a novel method that measures
      the spatial bias produced by transitive sentences that use a wide variety of
      abstract and concrete verbs. Across four experiments, participants read sentences
      and then responded to probe words appearing on either the left or right sides of
      the screen. Probe words consisted of agents, patients, other words in the
      sentence, or newly encountered words. We found consistent lateral biases to
      responding to agents and patients, which appears to be independent of order of
      mention in the sentence but which does reflect a correspondence between position
      in the sentence and role in the causal sequence of the action. Our results also
      show that this spatial bias is driven by the use of the hands in two different
      ways: The left hand shows a greater sensitivity to the spatial effect than the
      right hand, and vocal responses produce no spatial effect.

PMID- 26969211
TI  - Biological aspects and candidate biomarkers for psychotic bipolar disorder: A
      systematic review.
AB  - AIM: We carried out a systematic review of the available literature about
      potential biomarkers of psychotic bipolar disorder (BD-P), a specific subset
      presenting worse outcome and greater risk of relapse than non-psychotic bipolar
      disorder (BD-NP). METHODS: We searched the main psychiatric databases (PubMed,
      ISI Web of Knowledge, PsychInfo). Only original articles with the main topic of
      BD-P compared to schizophrenia/BD-NP/healthy controls (HC) written in English
      from 1994 to 2015 were included. RESULTS: BD-P patients presented higher
      kynurenic acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, elevated anti- S accharomyces
      cerevisiae antibodies levels, and lower serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone
      sulfate and progesterone than BD-NP/HC. Event-related potentials abnormalities
      have been identified in BD-P with respect to BD-NP. BD-P patients also presented
      bigger ventricles but similar hippocampal volumes compared to BD-NP/HC. Although
      the results are contrasting, some cognitive deficits seemed to be related to the
      psychotic dimension of bipolar affective disorder, such as impairment in
      verbal/logical memory, working memory, verbal and semantic fluency and executive
      functioning. Finally, polymorphisms of genes, such as NRG1, 5HTTLPR (s), COMT,
      DAOA and some chromosome regions (16p12 and 13q), were positively associated with
      BD-P. CONCLUSION: Data about the identification of specific biomarkers for BD-P
      are promising, but most of them have not yet been replicated. They could lead the
      clinicians to an early diagnosis and proper treatment, thus ameliorating outcome
      of BD-P and reducing the biological changes associated with a long duration of
      illness. Further studies with bigger samples are needed to detect more specific
      biological markers of the psychotic dimension of bipolar affective disorder.

PMID- 26969213
TI  - Applications of Chiral Squaramides: From Asymmetric Organocatalysis to
      Biologically Active Compounds.
AB  - This review seeks to provide coverage on the recent advances in chiral squaramide
      catalyzed asymmetric transformations and their applications in the synthesis of a
      variety of chiral biologically active compounds. It aims to give an overview
      highlighting the new reaction types and enantioenriched medicinal scaffolds
      developed in the last few years. 

PMID- 26969215
TI  - Phytomedicine polypharmacology: Cancer therapy through modulating the tumor
      microenvironment and oxylipin dynamics.
AB  - Integrative approaches in cancer therapy have recently been extended beyond the
      induction of cytotoxicity to controlling the tumor microenvironment and
      modulating inflammatory cascades and pathways such as lipid mediator biosynthesis
      and their dynamics. Profiling of important lipid messengers, such as oxylipins,
      produced as part of the physiological response to pharmacological stimuli,
      provides a unique opportunity to explore drug pharmacology and the possibilities
      for molecular management of cancer physiopathology. Whereas single targeted
      chemotherapeutic drugs commonly lack efficacy and invoke drug resistance and/or
      adverse effects in cancer patients, traditional herbal medicines are seen as
      bright prospects for treating complex diseases, such as cancers, in a systematic
      and holistic manner. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of traditional
      medicine and its bioactive chemical constituents may aid the modernization of
      herbal remedies and the discovery of novel phytoagents for cancer management. In
      this review, systems-based polypharmacology and studies to develop multi-target
      drugs or leads from phytomedicines and their derived natural products that may
      overcome the problems of current anti-cancer drugs, are proposed and summarized.

PMID- 26969214
TI  - Aspirin induces Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activation of haem oxygenase-1 in
      protection of human melanocytes from H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress.
AB  - The removal of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) by antioxidants has been proven to be
      beneficial to patients with vitiligo. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) has
      antioxidant activity and has great preventive and therapeutical effect in many
      oxidative stress-relevant diseases. Whether ASA can protect human melanocytes
      against oxidative stress needs to be further studied. Here, we investigated the
      potential protective effect and mechanisms of ASA against H2 O2 -induced
      oxidative injury in human melanocytes. Human melanocytes were pre-treated with
      different concentrations of ASA, followed by exposure to 1.0 mM H2 O2 . Cell
      apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by
      flow cytometry, and cell viability was determined by an Cell Counting Kit-8
      assay. Total and phosphorylated NRF2 expression, NRF2 nuclear translocation and
      antioxidant response element (ARE) transcriptional activity were assayed with or
      without Nrf2-siRNA transfection to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms.
      Concomitant with an increase in viability, pre-treatment of 10-90 MUmol/l ASA
      resulted in decreased rate of apoptotic cells, lactate dehydrogenase release and
      intracellular ROS levels in primary human melanocytes. Furthermore, we found ASA
      dramatically induced NRF2 nuclear translocation, enhanced ARE-luciferase
      activity, increased both p- NRF2 and total NRF2 levels, and induced the
      expression of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human melanocytes. In addition,
      knockdown of Nrf2 expression or pharmacological inhibition of HO-1 abrogated the
      protective action of ASA on melanocytes against H2 O2 -induced cytotoxicity and
      apoptosis. These results suggest that ASA protects human melanocytes against H2
      O2 -induced oxidative stress via Nrf2-driven transcriptional activation of HO-1.

PMID- 26969216
TI  - Prostate-specific antigen kinetics following hypofractionated stereotactic body
      radiotherapy boost and whole pelvic radiotherapy for intermediate- and high-risk
      prostate cancer.
AB  - AIM: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as an effective treatment
      for localized prostate cancer. However, prostate specific antigen (PSA) kinetics
      after SBRT has not been well characterized. The objective of the current study is
      to analyze the rate of PSA decline and PSA nadir following SBRT boost after whole
      pelvis radiotherapy (WPRT) in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer.
      METHODS: From March 2008 to July 2014, 42 patients newly diagnosed, intermediate-
      and high-risk (NCCN definition) localized prostate cancer were treated with SBRT
      boost using Cyberknife after WPRT. The whole pelvis dose was 45 Gy (25 fractions
      of 1.8 Gy) and the SBRT boost dose was 21 Gy (3 fractions of 7 Gy). No one
      received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) before biochemical relapse. PSA nadir
      and rate of change in PSA (slope) were calculated and compared. RESULTS: With a
      median follow-up of 53.6 months (range, 14-74), the median rates of decline of
      PSA were -0.605, -0.229 and -0.166 ng/mL/month, respectively, for durations of 1,
      2 and 3 years postradiotherapy, respectively. The median PSA nadir was 0.32 ng/mL
      after a median 36 months. 4-year biochemical failure (BCF) free survival was 100
      percent for intermediate-risk and 71.4 percent for high-risk patients (P =
      0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this report of intermediate- and high-risk prostate
      cancer, continuously greater rates of decline PSA for duration 1, 2 and 3 year
      following SBRT boost after WPRT resulted in lower PSA nadir. Also, SBRT boost
      after WBPT leads to favorable BCF-free survival.

PMID- 26969217
TI  - Safety and Long-Term Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Using
      Magnetic Navigation versus Manual Conventional Ablation: A Propensity-Score
      Analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Whether or not the potential advantages of using a magnetic
      navigation system (MNS) translate into improved outcomes in patients undergoing
      atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is a question that remains unanswered. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: In this observational registry study, we used propensity-score
      matching to compare the outcomes of patients with symptomatic drug-refractory AF
      who underwent catheter ablation using MNS with the outcomes of those who
      underwent catheter ablation using conventional manual navigation. Among 1,035
      eligible patients, 287 patients in each group had similar propensity scores and
      were included in the analysis. The primary efficacy outcome was the rate of AF
      relapse after a 3-month blanking period. At a mean follow-up of 2.6 +/- 1.5
      years, AF ablation with MNS was associated with a similar risk of AF relapse as
      compared with manual navigation (18.4% per year and 22.3% per year, respectively;
      hazard ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.63-1.05; P = 0.108). Major complications occurred in
      two patients (0.7%) using MNS, and in six patients (2.1%) undergoing manually
      navigated ablation (P = 0.286). Fluoroscopy times were 21 +/- 10 minutes in the
      manual navigation group, and 12 +/- 9 minutes in the MNS group (P < 0.001),
      whereas total procedure times were 152 +/- 52 minutes and 213 +/- 58 minutes,
      respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this propensity-score matched
      comparison, magnetic navigation and conventional manual AF ablations seem to have
      similar relapse rates and a similar risk of complications. AF ablations with
      magnetic navigation take longer to perform but expose patients to significantly
      shorter fluoroscopy times.

PMID- 26969218
TI  - Vdrive Evaluation of Remote Steering and Testing in Lasso Electrophysiology
      Procedures Study: The VERSATILE Study in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Circular mapping catheters (CMC) are an essential tool in most
      atrial fibrillation ablation procedures. The VdriveTM with V-LoopTM system
      enables a physician to remotely manipulate a CMC during electrophysiology
      studies. Our aim was to compare the clinical performance of the system to
      conventional CMC navigation according to efficiency and safety endpoints. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: A total of 120 patients scheduled to undergo a CMC study followed by
      pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) were included. Treatment allocation was randomized
      2:1, remote navigation:manual navigation. The primary effectiveness endpoint was
      assessed based on both successful navigation to the targeted pulmonary vein (PV)
      and successful recording of PV electrograms. All PVs were treated independently
      within and between patients. The primary safety endpoint was assessed based on
      the occurrence of major adverse events (MAEs) through seven days after the study
      procedure. Primary effectiveness endpoints were achieved in 295/302 PVs in the
      Vdrive arm (97.7%) and 167/167 PVs in the manual arm (100%). Effectiveness
      analysis indicates Vdrive non-inferiority (pnon-inferiority = 0.0405; delta = 
      0.05) per the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test adjusted for PV correlation. Five MAEs
      related to the ablation procedure occurred (three in the Vdrive arm-3.9%; two in
      the manual arm-2.33%). No device-related MAEs were observed; safety analysis
      indicates Vdrive non-inferiority (pnon-inferiority = 0.0441; delta = 0.07) per
      the normal Z test. CONCLUSION: Remote navigation of a CMC is equivalent to manual
      in PVI in terms of safety and effectiveness. This allows for single-operator
      procedures in conjunction with a magnetically guided ablation catheter.

PMID- 26969219
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using Remote Magnetic
      Navigation: Experience from 1,006 Procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the procedural outcomes of
      catheter ablation guided by remote magnetic navigation (RMN) in a large cohort of
      patients with paroxysmal trial fibrillation (PAF) and persistent AF (PerAF).
      METHODS: A total of 726 patients (547 male, age: 58.5 +/- 10.3 years) with
      symptomatic AF (61% PAF) were analyzed from a prospective ablation registry.
      Procedural parameters including pulmonary venous (PV) anatomy, left atrial (LA)
      volume, procedural time, ablation time, fluoroscopy time, total X-ray dose, and
      complications were assessed. RESULTS: One thousand and six ablation procedures
      were analyzed. One-third of the patients (240/726) were ablated on more than one
      occasion, resulting in a mean of 1.3 +/- 0.6 times for the entire group. When
      analyzing all procedures, the mean procedural time and ablation time was 134 +/-
      35 minutes and 2,130 +/- 1,025 seconds, respectively. The mean fluoroscopy time
      was 5.4 +/- 3.7 minutes. Compared to PAF patients, procedural time and ablation
      time were significantly increased in patients with PerAF by 10% (P < 0.001) and
      19% (P < 0.001), respectively. However, fluoroscopy time was not increased (5.3
      +/- 3.5 minutes, PAF vs. 5.6 +/- 4.0 minutes, PerAF, P = 0.17). The overall
      complication rate was 0.6%. One PAF patient experienced cardiac tamponade. AF
      repeat ablations by RMN significantly reduced the procedural and ablation times
      when compared with their first ablation times. CONCLUSIONS: AF ablation guided by
      RMN is safe as evidenced by a low complication rate. Fluoroscopy time was
      relatively short for both PAF and PerAF ablation.

PMID- 26969221
TI  - Catheter Ablation of Complex Tachyarrhythmias Using Remote Magnetic Catheter
      Navigation System.

PMID- 26969220
TI  - Catheter Ablation of Ischemic Ventricular Tachycardia With Remote Magnetic
      Navigation: STOP-VT Multicenter Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Catheter ablation is an effective treatment of scar-related
      ventricular tachycardia (VT), but the overall complexity of the procedure has
      precluded its widespread use. Remote magnetic navigation (RMN) has been shown to
      facilitate cardiac mapping and ablation of VT in a retrospective series. STOP-VT
      is the first multicenter, prospective, single-arm and single-procedure study
      evaluating RMN-based mapping and ablation of post-infarction VT. METHODS:
      Patients with documented VT and prior MI, in whom an ICD was implanted either for
      primary or secondary prevention, were recruited from four EU and US centers.
      Either a transseptal (48 patients) or transaortic (5 patients) approach was
      employed to gain access for ventricular endocardial mapping/ablation during VT
      (entrainment mapping, activation mapping) and/or substrate mapping in sinus
      rhythm (elimination of fractionated/late potentials, variable extent of substrate
      modification) with RMN and irrigated RF ablation. The primary endpoints were as
      follows: (i) non-inducibility of the target VT or any other sustained VT; (ii)
      elimination of sustained VT/VF during ICD follow-up of up to 12 months. RESULTS:
      The cohort included 53 consecutive patients (median age 67 years, 49 men, median
      LVEF 31%). One hemodynamically unstable patient was excluded at the onset of
      mapping. Inducibility of sustained VT was achieved an average of 2.2 times per
      patient (1-8), with mean tachycardia cycle length (TCL) 374 milliseconds (179
      510). Mean total procedure and fluoroscopy times were 223 minutes and 8.7
      minutes, respectively; mean cumulative fluoroscopy time during mapping and
      ablation was 0.95 minutes; maximum power averaged 42.3 W with nominal saline 30
      cc/min irrigation; mean cumulative RF time was 38 minutes. Non-inducibility of
      the target VT was achieved in 49/52 patients (94.2%) and non-inducibility of any
      VT was achieved in 38/52 patients (73.1%). A combination of RMN and manual
      ablation was performed in two patients, rendering one non-inducible. During the
      12-month ICD follow-up period, freedom from any sustained VT/VF was observed in
      30 patients (62%), of which 19 (63%) were off antiarrhythmic medications. Five
      patients expired during follow-up: one presented with a VT storm, but for the
      others, death was not related to VT/VF (MI-cardiogenic shock, pulmonary embolism,
      bronchogenic carcinoma, end stage heart failure). No procedural complications
      were reported. CONCLUSIONS: This first prospective, single-procedure, multicenter
      study indicates that remote magnetic navigation is a safe and effective method
      for catheter ablation of post-infarction VT.

PMID- 26969222
TI  - Remote Magnetic Navigation: A Focus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular
      Arrhythmias.
AB  - VT ablation is based on percutaneous catheter insertion under fluoroscopic
      guidance to selectively destroy (i.e., ablate) myocardial tissue regions
      responsible for the initiation or propagation of ventricular arrhythmias.
      Although the last decade has witnessed a rapid evolution of ablation equipment
      and techniques, the control over catheter movement during manual ablation has
      remained largely unchanged. Moreover, the procedures are long, and require
      ergonomically unfavorable positions, which can lead to operator fatigue. In an
      attempt to overcome these constraints, several technical advancements, including
      remote magnetic navigation (RMN), have been developed. RMN utilizes a magnetic
      field to remotely manipulate specially designed soft-tip ablation catheters
      anywhere in the x, y, or z plane inside the patient's chest. RMN also facilitates
      titration of the contact force between the catheter and the myocardial tissue,
      which may reduce the risk of complications while ensuring adequate lesion
      formation. There are several non-randomized studies showing that RMN has similar
      efficacy to manual ablation, while complication rates and total radiation
      exposure appears to be lower. Although these data are promising, larger
      randomized studies are needed to prove that RMN is superior to manual ablation of
      VT. 

PMID- 26969223
TI  - Remote Magnetic Navigation for Catheter Ablation in Patients With Congenital
      Heart Disease: A Review.
AB  - In patients with congenital heart disease, challenges to catheter-based
      arrhythmia interventions are unique and numerous given the complexity of the
      underlying defects, anatomic and surgical intervention variants including
      baffles, conduits, patches, and/or shunts. Remote magnetic navigation offers
      significant advantages in these cases that may present with limited vascular
      access or difficult access to the target cardiac chambers implicated by the
      previous surgical interventions. We reviewed the data available on the safety,
      feasibility, and effectiveness of magnetic navigation for the treatment of
      arrhythmia in congenital heart disease and discussed the specific challenges
      related to various congenital defects and repair with the potential advantages
      offered by magnetic navigation in these circumstances. 

PMID- 26969224
TI  - A Comparison of Remote Magnetic Irrigated Tip Ablation versus Manual Catheter
      Irrigated Tip Catheter Ablation With and Without Force Sensing Feedback.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Remote magnetic navigation (RMN) and contact force (CF) sensing
      technologies have been utilized in an effort to improve safety and efficacy of
      catheter ablation. A comparative analysis of the relative short- and long-term
      outcomes of AF patients has not been performed. As such, we comparatively
      evaluated the safety and efficacy of these technologies. METHODS: A total of 627
      patients who underwent catheter ablation with either a manual irrigated tip
      catheter: (312, 49.8%) or by RMN: (315, 50.2%) were included in this single
      center cohort study. Patients treated with CF (59) were analyzed separately as
      well. One- and 3-year endpoints included death, HF hospitalization, stroke, TIA,
      and atrial flutter or AF recurrence. RESULTS: Age averaged 65.1 +/- 10.7 years
      and 64.1% male. One- and 3-year endpoints of death, HF hospitalization, stroke,
      TIA, and atrial flutter or AF recurrence were statistically similar between
      manual and RMN treated groups. Fluoroscopy times were significantly lower in the
      RMN group compared to the manual ablation group (8.47 +/- 0.45 vs. 9.63 +/- 4.06
      minutes, P < 0.0001). CF guided patients had 1-year recurrence rate of AF/atrial
      flutter statistically identical to patients treated with RMN (36.8% vs. 38.6%; P
      = 1.00). CONCLUSION: RMN results in outcomes similar to manual navigation. The
      addition of CF sensing catheters did not improve relative procedural outcome or
      safety profile in comparison to RMN guided ablation in this large observational
      study of AF ablation.

PMID- 26969226
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26969225
TI  - The Ess/Type VII secretion system of Staphylococcus aureus shows unexpected
      genetic diversity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type VII protein secretion (T7SS) is a specialised system for
      excreting extracellular proteins across bacterial cell membranes and has been
      associated with virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. The genetic diversity of the
      ess locus, which encodes the T7SS, and the functions of proteins encoded within
      it are poorly understood. RESULTS: We used whole genome sequence data from 153
      isolates representative of the diversity of the species to investigate the
      genetic variability of T7SS across S. aureus. The ess loci were found to comprise
      of four distinct modules based on gene content and relative conservation. Modules
      1 and 4, comprising of the 5' and 3' modules of the ess locus, contained the most
      conserved clusters of genes across the species. Module 1 contained genes encoding
      the secreted protein EsxA, and the EsaAB and EssAB components of the T7SS
      machinery, and Module 4 contained two functionally uncharacterized conserved
      membrane proteins. Across the species four variants of Module 2 were identified
      containing the essC gene, each of which was associated with a specific group of
      downstream genes. The most diverse module of the ess locus was Module 3
      comprising a highly variable arrangement of hypothetical proteins. RNA-Seq was
      performed on representatives of the four Module 2 variants and demonstrated
      strain-specific differences in the levels of transcription in the conserved
      Module 1 components and transcriptional linkage Module 2, and provided evidence
      of the expression of genes the variable regions of the ess loci. CONCLUSIONS: The
      ess locus of S. aureus exhibits modularity and organisational variation across
      the species and transcriptional variation. In silico analysis of ess loci encoded
      hypothetical proteins identified potential novel secreted substrates for the
      T7SS. The considerable variety in operon arrangement between otherwise closely
      related isolates provides strong evidence for recombination at this locus.
      Comparison of these recombination regions with each other, and with the genomes
      of other Staphylococcal species, failed to identify evidence of intra- and inter
      species recombination, however the analysis identified a novel T7SS in another
      pathogenic staphylococci, Staphylococcus lugdunensis.

PMID- 26969227
TI  - Cloaca--Historical aspects and terminology.
AB  - This is a summary of the milestones in the history of the treatment of cloacal
      malformations. It is based in a comprehensive literature review of the subject,
      from the early times, followed by a description of the evolution of the surgical
      maneuvers that were created, to be able to deal with the different anatomical
      variants of this complex congenital malformation. 

PMID- 26969228
TI  - Pathology of cloaca anomalies with case correlation.
AB  - During the fourth week of human embryo development, a transient common channel
      known as a cloaca is formed from which three cavities with three external
      orifices arises. Cloaca anomalies occur when there is failure of separation of
      the rectum, vagina, and urethra channel resulting in a single drain into the
      perineum. In our previous institutional studies, Runck et al. compared human and
      mouse cloaca development and found early mis-patterning of the embryonic cloaca
      deranged hedgehog and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling. Also, our
      group reported the embryological correlation of the epithelial and stromal
      histology found in step sections of the common channel in 14 cloaca malformations
      in humans. In this review, we present the pathology of a 4-year-old female with a
      cloaca and VACTERL complex, and summarize our current knowledge of cloaca
      pathology. Furthermore, we suggest that careful pathological examination of
      cloaca specimens in conjunction with surgical orientation may result in a better
      understanding of the etiology of this condition.

PMID- 26969229
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cloacal malformation.
AB  - Persistent cloaca malformation is the most severe type of anorectal and
      urogenital malformation. Decisions concerning the surgical treatment for this
      condition are taken during the first hours of life and may determine the quality
      of life of these patients. Thus, prenatal diagnosis becomes important for a
      prompt and efficient management of the fetus and newborn, and accurate counseling
      of the parents regarding its consequences and the future of the baby. Careful
      evaluation by ultrasonography, and further in-depth analysis with MRI, allow
      prenatal detection of characteristic findings, which can lead to diagnose or at
      least suspect this condition. We reviewed our experience and the literature in
      order to highlight the most important clues that can guide the physician in the
      differential diagnosis. 

PMID- 26969230
TI  - Radiologic diagnosis of a newborn with cloaca.
AB  - When a female is born and has only a single perineal orifice on the newborn
      clinical examination, a diagnosis of cloaca type of anorectal malformation is
      made. Along with associated malformations which may initiate the ordering of
      radiologic imaging, there are a finite number of radiologic tests that are
      performed to help in the immediate management of the patient with cloaca. The
      following discussion will outline the most important radiologic tests and
      demonstrate examples of images from newborn females with cloaca. 

PMID- 26969231
TI  - Early urologic considerations in patients with persistent cloaca.
AB  - Cloacal malformations represent one of the most complex conditions among
      anorectal malformations. Urologic conditions occur with an increased frequency in
      cloaca patients compared to patients with other types of ARM. The morbidity of
      the upper and lower urinary tract dysfunction/malformations at times can be
      severe; manifested by urinary tract infection, lower urinary tract symptoms,
      urinary incontinence, chronic kidney disease, and even end stage renal disease.
      Long-term follow-up of patients with cloaca has described significant chronic
      kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Whether this rate of chronic kidney
      disease is a function of intrinsic renal dysplasia or acquired renal injury from
      neurogenic bladder is currently unknown. However, it is well known that severe
      lower urinary tract dysfunction, no matter the etiology, poses significant risk
      to the upper tracts when untreated. Neonatal assessment of the urinary tract
      accompanied by early identification of abnormal structure and function is
      therefore fundamental to minimize the impact of any urologic condition on the
      child's overall health. Adequate management of any associated bladder dysfunction
      is essential to preserving renal function, minimizing risk of urinary tract
      infection, and potentially avoiding need for future reconstructive surgery. This
      article summarizes our institution's approach to the ongoing early urologic
      management in patients with cloaca. 

PMID- 26969233
TI  - Use of rotational fluoroscopy and 3-D reconstruction for pre-operative imaging of
      complex cloacal malformations.
AB  - Complex cloacal malformations are associated with a wide spectrum of anatomic
      defects involving the gastrointestinal, urinary, and gynecologic tracts; the
      variety and complexity of these defects complicate surgical planning and repair.
      Rotational fluoroscopy with 3-D reconstruction provides precise anatomic detail,
      particularly regarding length of the common channel, appearance/location of the
      vagina(s) and bladder, which facilitates surgical planning and determination of
      prognosis. 

PMID- 26969232
TI  - Gynecologic concerns in patients with cloacal anomaly.
AB  - Children with anorectal malformations (ARM) constitute a significant group within
      a pediatric surgery practice. It is important with female cases of anorectal
      malformations to consider the association of gynecologic anomalies, especially at
      the time of the definitive repair. However, it is critical to consider the
      association of such gynecologic anomalies when caring for patients with a cloacal
      anomaly. If not recognized, an opportunity to diagnose and treat such anomalies
      may be missed with the possibility of negative implications for future
      reproductive capacity. With the knowledge of the associated anomalies and long
      term sequelae, surgeons can provide better care for girls and important
      counseling for parents. Knowledge of reproductive related issues in females with
      cloaca allows the pediatric surgeon an opportunity both, to provide optimal
      surgical management in infancy, childhood, and into young adulthood and to
      collaborate medically and surgically with an experienced gynecologist in patients
      with more complex anatomic variations. Appropriate counseling for patients and
      families about potential reproductive concerns that may develop many years after
      the definitive surgical repair allows preparation and planning to preserve future
      fertility. 

PMID- 26969234
TI  - The surgical treatment of cloaca.
AB  - Similar to other anorectal malformations, cloaca also represents a spectrum of
      defects that goes from "benign" cloaca with a good functional prognosis that can
      be repaired with a relatively simple surgical technique, to very complex
      malformations with many anatomic variations that require different surgical
      maneuvers to be able to successfully reconstruct those patients. The group of
      patients born with a "benign" type of cloaca will have bowel and urinary control,
      will become sexually active and may get pregnant and deliver by cesarean section.
      All this is possible, provided the malformation is repaired with a meticulous and
      delicate technique. Fortunately this represents more than 50% of all cloacas. Our
      belief is that the surgical technique to repair this group of defects is
      reproducible and can be taught to pediatric surgical trainees. On the other hand,
      complex cloaca with a common channel longer than 3 cm should be repaired by
      surgeons fully dedicated to repair these malformations. The experience reported
      in this paper is based on 570 patients with cloaca operated by Dr. Alberto Pena
      and the author in the last 8 years.

PMID- 26969235
TI  - Long-term urological outcomes in cloacal anomalies.
AB  - Cloacal anomalies are the most complex and severe form of congenital anorectal
      malformations (ARM) and urogenital malformations, and it has been well documented
      that increased severity of ARM leads to worse outcomes. While short-term data on
      persistent cloaca are available, a paucity of data on long-term outcomes exists,
      largely because of a lack of uniform terminology, inclusion with other ARM and
      evolution of the operative technique. On comprehensive review of the published
      literature on long-term urological outcomes in patients with cloacal anomalies,
      we found a significant risk of chronic kidney disease and incontinence, however,
      with improvements in surgical technique, outcomes have improved. Continence often
      requires intermittent catheterization and in some cases, bladder augmentation.
      The complexity of cloacal malformations and associated anomalies make long-term
      multidisciplinary follow-up imperative. 

PMID- 26969236
TI  - Congenital cloaca: Long-term follow-up results with emphasis on outcomes beyond
      childhood.
AB  - Persistent cloaca remains a challenge for pediatric surgeons and urologists.
      Reconstructive surgery of cloacal malformations aims to repair the anorectum,
      urinary tract, and genital organs, and achieve fecal and urinary continence as
      well as functional genital tract capable for sexual activity and pregnancy.
      Unfortunately, even in most experienced hands these goals are not always
      accomplished. The endpoint of the functional development of bowel, urinary, and
      genital functions is the completion of patient's growth and sexual maturity. It
      is unlikely that there will be any significant functional improvement beyond
      these time points. About half of the patients with cloaca attain fecal and
      urinary continence after their growth period. The remaining half stay clean or
      dry by adjunctive measures such as bowel management by enemas or ACE channel, and
      continent urinary diversion or intermittent catheterization. Problems related to
      genital organs such as obstructed menstruations, amenorrhea, and introitus
      stenosis are common and often require secondary surgery. Encouragingly, most
      adolescent and adult patients are capable of sexual life despite often complex
      vaginal primary and secondary reconstructions. Also, cloacal malformation does
      not preclude pregnancies, although they still are quite rare. Pregnant patients
      with cloaca require special care and follow-up to guarantee uncomplicated
      pregnancy and preservation of anorectal and urinary functions. Cesarean section
      is recommended for cloaca patients. The self-reported quality of life of cloaca
      patients appears to be comparable to that of female patients with less complex
      anorectal malformations. 

PMID- 26969237
TI  - Guidelines for Urgent Management of Stroke in Children.
AB  - Stroke in children carries lasting morbidity. Once recognized, it is important to
      evaluate and treat children with acute stroke efficiently and accurately. All
      children should receive neuroprotective measures. It is reasonable to consider
      treatment with advanced thrombolytic and endovascular agents. Delivery of such
      care requires purposeful institutional planning and organization in pediatric
      acute care centers. Primary stroke centers established for adults provide an
      example of the multidisciplinary approach that can be applied to the evaluation
      and treatment of children who present with acute stroke. The organizational
      infrastructure of these centers can be employed and adapted for treatment of
      children with acute stroke. It is likely that care for children with acute stroke
      can best be delivered by regional pediatric primary stroke centers dedicated to
      the care of children with pediatric stroke. 

PMID- 26969238
TI  - Preparing for a "Pediatric Stroke Alert".
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood arterial ischemic stroke is an important cause of morbidity
      and mortality in children. Hyperacute treatment strategies remain controversial
      and challenging, especially in the setting of increasingly proven medical and
      endovascular options in adults. Although national and international pediatric
      guidelines have given initial direction about acute therapy and management,
      pediatric centers have traditionally lacked the infrastructure to triage,
      diagnose, and treat childhood arterial ischemic stroke quickly. METHODS: In the
      past 10 years, researchers in the International Pediatric Stroke Study and
      Thrombolysis in Pediatric Stroke study have initiated early strategies for
      establishing pediatric specific stroke alerts. RESULTS: We review the rationale,
      process and components necessary for establishing a pediatric stroke alert.
      CONCLUSION: Development of pediatric stroke protocols and pathways, with evidence
      based acute management strategies and supportive care where possible, facilitates
      the evaluation, management, and treatment of an acute pediatric stroke.

PMID- 26969239
TI  - Hand Sensorimotor Function in Older Children With Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Routine sensory assessments in neonatal brachial plexus palsy are
      infrequently performed because it is generally assumed that sensory recovery
      exceeds motor recovery. However, studies examining sensory function in neonatal
      brachial plexus palsy have produced equivocal findings. The purpose of this study
      was to examine hand sensorimotor function in older children with neonatal
      brachial plexus palsy using standard clinical and research-based measures of
      tactile sensibility. METHODS: Seventeen children with neonatal brachial plexus
      palsy (mean age: 11.6 years) and 19 age-matched controls participated in the
      study. Functional assessments included grip force, monofilament testing, and hand
      dexterity (Nine-Hole Peg, Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function). Tactile spatial
      perception involving the discrimination of pin patterns and movement-enhanced
      object recognition (stereognosis) were also assessed. RESULTS: In the neonatal
      brachial plexus palsy group, significant deficits in the affected hand motor
      function were observed compared with the unaffected hand. Median monofilament
      scores were considered normal for both hands. In contrast, tactile spatial
      perception was impaired in the neonatal brachial plexus palsy group. This
      impairment was seen as deficits in both pin pattern and object recognition
      accuracy as well as the amount of time required to identify patterns and objects.
      Tactile pattern discrimination time significantly correlated with performance on
      both functional assessment tests (P < 0.01). DISCUSSION: This study provides
      evidence that tactile perception deficits may accompany motor deficits in
      neonatal brachial plexus palsy even when measures of tactile registration (i.e.,
      monofilament testing) are normal. These results may reflect impaired processing
      of somatosensory feedback associated with reductions in goal-directed upper limb
      use and illustrate the importance of including a broader range of sensory
      assessments in neonatal brachial plexus palsy.

PMID- 26969240
TI  - Signalling mechanism for somatostatin receptor 5-mediated suppression of AMPA
      responses in rat retinal ganglion cells.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) is involved in a variety of physiological functions via the
      activation of five subtypes of specific receptors (sst1-5). Here, we investigated
      the effects of SRIF on AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated currents (AMPA currents) in
      isolated rat retinal ganglion cells (GCs) using patch-clamp techniques.
      Immunofluorescence double labelling demonstrated the expression of sst5 in rat
      GCs. Consistent to this, whole cell AMPA currents of GCs were dose-dependently
      suppressed by SRIF, and the effect was reversed by the sst5 antagonist BIM-23056.
      Intracellular dialysis of GDP-beta-S or pre-incubation with the Gi/o inhibitor
      pertussis toxin (PTX) abolished the SRIF effect. The SRIF effect was mimicked by
      the administration of either 8-Br-cAMP or forskolin, but was eliminated by the
      protein kinase A (PKA) antagonists H-89/KT5720/Rp-cAMP. Moreover, SRIF increased
      intracellular Ca(2+) levels and did not suppress the AMPA currents when GCs were
      infused with an intracellular Ca(2+)-free solution or in the presence of
      ryanodine receptor modulators caffeine/ryanodine. Furthermore, the SRIF effect
      was eliminated when the activity of calmodulin (CaM), calcineurin and protein
      phosphatase 1 (PP1) was blocked with W-7, FK-506 and okadaic acid, respectively.
      SRIF persisted to suppress the AMPA currents when cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) and
      phosphatidylinositol (PI)-/phosphatidylcholine (PC)-phospholipase C (PLC)
      signalling pathways were blocked. In rat flat-mount retinas, SRIF suppressed
      AMPAR-mediated light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (L-EPSCs) in GCs. We
      conclude that a distinct Gi/o/cAMP-PKA/ryanodine/Ca(2+)/CaM/calcineurin/PP1
      signalling pathway comes into play due to the activation of sst5 to mediate the
      SRIF effect on GCs.

PMID- 26969241
TI  - Comparative molecular epidemiology of two closely related coronaviruses, bovine
      coronavirus (BCoV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), reveals a different
      evolutionary pattern.
AB  - Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are widespread around the world and cause enteric or
      respiratory infections among cattle. The current study includes 13 samples from
      BCoVs collected in Normandy during an 11-year period (from 2003 to 2014), 16
      French HCoV-OC43s, and 113 BCoVs or BCoVs-like sequence data derived from partial
      or complete genome sequences available on GenBank. According to a genotyping
      method developed previously for HCoV-OC43, BCoVs and BCoVs-like are distributed
      on three main sub-clusters named C1, C2, and C3. Sub-cluster C1 includes BCoVs
      and BCoVs-like from America and Asia. Sub-cluster C2 includes BCoVs from Europe.
      Sub-cluster C3 includes prototype, vaccine, or attenuated BCoV strains. The
      phylogenetic analyses revealed the monophyletic status of the BCoVs from France
      reported here for the first time. Moreover, BCoV exhibits a relative genetic
      stability when compared to HCoV-OC43 we previously described from the same
      region. The numerous recombination detected between HCoV-OC43 were much less
      frequent for BCoV. The analysis points thus to the influence of different
      evolutive constraints in these two close groups.

PMID- 26969242
TI  - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Driving Force for Urological Complications.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing epidemic associated with many
      adverse complications. Urological complications of diabetes mellitus in men are
      gaining recognition. Previously unknown associations between T2DM and risk for
      prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cell carcinomas, urinary tract infections,
      nephrolithiasis, penile lesions, androgen deficiency, and erectile dysfunction
      have been discovered. Significantly, metformin could play a role in the
      management of urological malignancies, and therapies used for management of these
      cancers could in return lead to increased risk for diabetes. In this review, we
      aim to bridge the gap between T2DM and urological complications by discussing the
      latest findings in these fields, with the ultimate goal being improved patient
      care on both fronts.

PMID- 26969243
TI  - Marine ornamental species culture: From the past to "Finding Dory".
AB  - The present article revises the major topics related to fish and coral
      reproduction. In particular after a short review of the ornamental trade and the
      destructive fishing methods that are still used in some areas, the present review
      revises the principal modes of fish and coral reproduction introducing the main
      critical bottlenecks in their captive propagation. Regarding fish these include
      sexing the fish, pair forming, the embryo development, the hatching process and
      of course the transition from an endogenous to an exogenous feeding by the
      larvae. As concerns corals, great attention is given to the main modes of
      reproduction as well as to nutrition and lightening.

PMID- 26969244
TI  - [Observance and results of concurrent chemoradiotherapy after induction
      chemotherapy by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluoro-uracil for locally advanced
      head and neck cancers].
AB  - PURPOSE: Retrospectively evaluate the safety, feasibility and efficacy of
      concomitant chemoradiotherapy after induction chemotherapy by docetaxel,
      cisplatin and 5-fluoro-uracil for locally advanced head and neck cancers.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients' data from three radiotherapy centres in South of
      France, with locally advanced head and neck cancers, and treated between December
      2007 and July 2013 by concomitant chemoradiotherapy, after induction chemotherapy
      by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluoro-uracil, were analysed. Adverse effects were
      graduated according to CTCAE v3.0 criteria. Overall survival and disease-free
      survival were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: One hundred
      and sixty-eight patients, mostly oropharynx (38%) T4 (46%) N2 (54%) tumors,
      received, after induction chemotherapy by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluoro
      uracil, a concomitant chemoradiotherapy with platin or cetuximab, which delivered
      66 to 70Gy. Grade 3-4 adverse effects were less frequent in the group of patients
      who received cisplatin (with or withour 5-fluoro-uracil) at 100mg/m(2) each 21
      days compared to cetuximab (radiomucositis: 32.5% vs 61%, P=0.018;
      radioepithelitis: 13% vs 61 %, P<0.0001). Chemopotentiation was incomplete for
      21% of patients without impacting survival. Two years overall survival and
      disease-free survival were respectively of 81% and 64%. Lymph nodes status and
      WHO status significantly influenced these survivals (overall survival 84% if N<3
      vs 56% if N3, P=0.017 and 85 % if WHO status <= 1 vs 50% if WHO status>1,
      P=0.006; disease-free survival 66% if N<3 vs 47% if N3, P=0.046). CONCLUSION: The
      association of induction chemotherapy by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluoro-uracil
      and concomitant chemoradiotherapy shows satisfying results with an acceptable
      toxicity. The terms of the chemopotentiation and its superiority to a single
      concomitant chemoradiotherapy treatment still remain to be clarified.

PMID- 26969245
TI  - [Combined radiation therapy and androgen deprivation in the management of
      prostate cancer: Where do we stand?].
AB  - Radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy play a major role in the management
      of prostate cancer. Indeed, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are combined in a
      neoadjuvant and concomitant setting for intermediate risk cancers but also in an
      adjuvant setting in high risk or locally advanced prostate cancer. The benefice
      of this association was suggested by preclinical studies and demonstrated later
      by several randomized trials. However, as these trials were conducted before the
      era of dose escalation the role of androgen deprivation therapy in this case is
      less clear. Moreover, as hormonal therapy can lead to a significant morbidity and
      a decrement in quality of life its indications must be carefully weighed
      especially in case of intermediate risk cancer witch represent a heterogeneous
      group with distinct prognostic subgroups. 

PMID- 26969246
TI  - [Oral cavity cancers among young people: Clinical results and prognostic
      analysis].
AB  - PURPOSE: Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity occurring in young people
      represent a specific entity. Its management and prognosis are controversial. We
      performed a retrospective chart review of all patients aged less than 40 years
      old and treated at Gustave-Roussy Cancer Centre for a squamous cell carcinomas of
      the oral cavity between 1999 and 2011. METHODS: Patients and tumour
      characteristics, type of treatment and follow-up data were collected. Survival
      data were analysed according to the methods of Kaplan-Meier and both univariate
      and multivariate analyses were performed to look for prognostic factors regarding
      overall survival and progression-free survival. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients
      were identified. Median follow-up was 64 months. Most of the tumours were
      initially located in the mobile tongue (n=54, 85.7%). Overall 17 patients had
      died, including 15 from the treated cancer. Overall and progression-free survival
      rates at 5 years were respectively 79.6% and 68.6%. The corresponding 5 years
      local, regional and metastatic relapse free survival rates were 80%, 91% and 89%
      respectively. In the multivariate analysis only the absence of initial surgery
      (hazard ratio [HR]: 13.5 [2.0; 90.5]; P=0.007) was prognostic for overall
      survival, while alcohol abuse (HR: 0.37 [0.15; 0.9]; P=0.03) and the absence of
      surgery (HR: 13.6 [2.5; 74.2]; P=0.002) were associated with a decreased
      progression-free survival. A younger age (less than 30 year old) was not
      associated with the risk of recurrence or death. CONCLUSION: Survival rates and
      tumour control probabilities are relatively high among young patients suffering
      from squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity treated at a tertiary centre.
      The early identification of patients at risk of relapse is currently difficult.
      The balance between recurrence and treatment toxicity warrants further studies,
      both on the clinical level and for the development of prognostic biomarkers.

PMID- 26969247
TI  - [Bacterial etiology of acute otitis media in Spain in the post-pneumococcal
      conjugate vaccine era].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Acute otitis media (AOM) is common in children aged <3 years. A
      pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) (PCV7; Prevenar, Pfizer/Wyeth, USA) has been
      available in Spain since 2001, which has a coverage rate of 50-60% in children
      aged <5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children aged >=3 to 36 months with AOM
      confirmed by an ear-nose-throat specialist were enrolled at seven centers in
      Spain (February 2009-May 2012) (GSK study identifier: 111425). Middle-ear-fluid
      samples were collected by tympanocentesis or spontaneous otorrhea and cultured
      for bacterial identification. Culture-negative samples were further analyzed
      using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Of 125 confirmed AOM episodes in
      124 children, 117 were analyzed (median age: 17 months (range: 3-35); eight AOM
      episodes were excluded from analyses. Overall, 69% (81/117) episodes were
      combined culture- and PCR-positive for >=1 bacterial pathogen; 44% (52/117) and
      39% (46/117) were positive for Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) and Streptococcus
      pneumoniae (Spn), respectively. 77 of 117 episodes were cultured for >=1
      bacteria, of which 63 were culture-positive; most commonly Spn (24/77; 31%) and
      Hi (32/77; 42%). PCR on culture-negative episodes identified 48% Hi- and 55% Spn
      positive episodes. The most common Spn serotype was 19F (4/24; 17%) followed by
      19A (3/24; 13%); all Hi-positive episodes were non-typeable (NTHi). 81/117 AOM
      episodes (69%) occurred in children who had received >=1 pneumococcal vaccine
      dose. CONCLUSIONS: NTHi and Spn were the main etiological agents for AOM in
      Spain. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on AOM requires further evaluation in
      Spain, after higher vaccination coverage rate is reached.

PMID- 26969248
TI  - [Food allergies in paediatrics: Current concepts].
AB  - The concept of allergic reaction currently includes all those where an
      immunological reaction depends on a reaction mediated by IgE, as well as those
      that involve other immune mechanisms, such as T-cell regulators. There are many
      different clinical situations, like the classic immediate reactions (IgE
      mediated) such as urticaria, angioedema, immediate vomiting, abdominal pain, both
      upper respiratory (aphonia or rhinitis) and lower (wheezing or dyspnoea) symptom,
      and cardiovascular symptoms. The reactions that involve more than one organ, such
      as anaphylaxis, which could be an anaphylactic shock if there is cardiovascular
      involvement. The clinical signs and symptoms produced by non-IgE mediated
      reactions are usually more insidious in how they start, such as vomiting hours
      after the ingestion of food in enterocolitis, diarrhoea after days or weeks from
      starting food, dermatitis sometime after starting food. In these cases it is more
      difficult to associate these clinical symptoms directly with food. In this
      article, we attempt to clarify some concepts such as sensitisation/allergy,
      allergen/allergenic source, or the relationship of different clinical situations
      with food allergy, in order to help the paediatrician on the one hand, to
      prescribe strict diets in case of a suspicion based on the cause/effect
      relationship with the food, and on the other hand not to introduce unnecessary
      diets that very often have to last an excessively long time, and could lead to
      nutritional deficiencies in the children. 

PMID- 26969249
TI  - Enhanced salinomycin production by adjusting the supply of polyketide extender
      units in Streptomyces albus.
AB  - The anticoccidial salinomycin is a polyketide produced by Streptomyces albus and
      requires malonyl-CoAs, methylmalonyl-CoAs, and ethylmalonyl-CoAs for the backbone
      assembly. Genome sequencing of S. albus DSM 41398 revealed a high percentage of
      genes involved in lipid metabolism, supporting the high salinomycin yield in oil
      rich media. Seven PKS/PKS-NRPS gene clusters in the genome were found to be
      actively transcribed and had been individually deleted, which resulted in
      significantly improved salinomycin production. However, a combined deletion of
      PKS-NRPS-2 and PKS-6 showed no further improvement. Whereas the concentrations of
      malonyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA were increased, the concentration of
      ethylmalonyl-CoA remained low in the mutants. An endogenous crotonyl-CoA
      reductase gene (ccr) was overexpressed in the DeltaPKS-NRPS-2/DeltaPKS-6 mutant,
      resulting in improved production. Combination of cluster deletions and over
      expression of ccr gene led to an overall titer improvement of salinomycin from
      0.60 to 6.60g/L. This engineering strategy can be implemented for various natural
      polyketides production. 

PMID- 26969250
TI  - Engineering cofactor and transport mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for
      enhanced acetyl-CoA and polyketide biosynthesis.
AB  - Synthesis of polyketides at high titer and yield is important for producing
      pharmaceuticals and biorenewable chemical precursors. In this work, we engineered
      cofactor and transport pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase acetyl
      CoA, an important polyketide building block. The highly regulated yeast pyruvate
      dehydrogenase bypass pathway was supplemented by overexpressing a modified
      Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHm) that accepts NADP(+) for
      acetyl-CoA production. After 24h of cultivation, a 3.7-fold increase in
      NADPH/NADP(+) ratio was observed relative to the base strain, and a 2.2-fold
      increase relative to introduction of the native E. coli PDH. Both E. coli
      pathways increased acetyl-CoA levels approximately 2-fold relative to the yeast
      base strain. Combining PDHm with a ZWF1 deletion to block the major yeast NADPH
      biosynthesis pathway resulted in a 12-fold NADPH boost and a 2.2-fold increase in
      acetyl-CoA. At 48h, only this coupled approach showed increased acetyl-CoA
      levels, 3.0-fold higher than that of the base strain. The impact on polyketide
      synthesis was evaluated in a S. cerevisiae strain expressing the Gerbera hybrida
      2-pyrone synthase (2-PS) for the production of the polyketide triacetic acid
      lactone (TAL). Titers of TAL relative to the base strain improved only 30% with
      the native E. coli PDH, but 3.0-fold with PDHm and 4.4-fold with PDHm in the
      Deltazwf1 strain. Carbon was further routed toward TAL production by reducing
      mitochondrial transport of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA; deletions in genes POR2,
      MPC2, PDA1, or YAT2 each increased titer 2-3-fold over the base strain (up to
      0.8g/L), and in combination to 1.4g/L. Combining the two approaches (NADPH
      generating acetyl-CoA pathway plus reduced metabolite flux into the mitochondria)
      resulted in a final TAL titer of 1.6g/L, a 6.4-fold increase over the non
      engineered yeast strain, and 35% of theoretical yield (0.16g/g glucose), the
      highest reported to date. These biological driving forces present new avenues for
      improving high-yield production of acetyl-CoA derived compounds.

PMID- 26969251
TI  - Efficient production of the Nylon 12 monomer omega-aminododecanoic acid methyl
      ester from renewable dodecanoic acid methyl ester with engineered Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The expansion of microbial substrate and product scopes will be an important
      brick promoting future bioeconomy. In this study, an orthogonal pathway running
      in parallel to native metabolism and converting renewable dodecanoic acid methyl
      ester (DAME) via terminal alcohol and aldehyde to 12-aminododecanoic acid methyl
      ester (ADAME), a building block for the high-performance polymer Nylon 12, was
      engineered in Escherichia coli and optimized regarding substrate uptake,
      substrate requirements, host strain choice, flux, and product yield. Efficient
      DAME uptake was achieved by means of the hydrophobic outer membrane porin AlkL
      increasing maximum oxygenation and transamination activities 8.3 and 7.6-fold,
      respectively. An optimized coupling to the pyruvate node via a heterologous
      alanine dehydrogenase enabled efficient intracellular L-alanine supply, a
      prerequisite for self-sufficient whole-cell transaminase catalysis. Finally, the
      introduction of a respiratory chain-linked alcohol dehydrogenase enabled an
      increase in pathway flux, the minimization of undesired overoxidation to the
      respective carboxylic acid, and thus the efficient formation of ADAME as main
      product. The completely synthetic orthogonal pathway presented in this study sets
      the stage for Nylon 12 production from renewables. Its effective operation
      achieved via fine tuning the connectivity to native cell functionalities
      emphasizes the potential of this concept to expand microbial substrate and
      product scopes.

PMID- 26969253
TI  - Pathway construction and metabolic engineering for fermentative production of
      ectoine in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Ectoine is a protective agent and stabilizer whose synthesis pathway exclusively
      exists in select moderate halophiles. A novel established process called
      "bacterial milking" efficiently synthesized ectoine in moderate halophiles,
      however, this method places high demands on equipment and is cost prohibitive. In
      this study, we constructed an ectoine producing strain by introducing the ectoine
      synthesis pathway into Escherichia coli and improved its production capacity.
      Firstly, the ectABC gene cluster from Halomonas elongata was introduced into E.
      coli W3110 and the resultant strain synthesized 4.9g/L ectoine without high
      osmolarity. Subsequently, thrA encoding the bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine
      dehydrogenase was deleted to weaken the competitive l-threonine branch, resulting
      in an increase of ectoine titer by 109%. Furthermore, a feedback resistant lysC
      from Corynebacterium glutamicum encoding the aspartate kinase was introduced to
      complement the enzymatic activity deficiency caused by thrA deletion and a 9%
      increase of ectoine titer was obtained. Finally, the promoter of ppc that encodes
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was replaced by a trc promoter, and iclR, a
      glyoxylate shunt transcriptional repressor gene, was deleted. The oxaloacetate
      pool, was thus reinforced and ectoine titer increased by 21%. The final
      engineered strain ECT05 (pTrcECT, pSTVLysC-CG) produced 25.1g/L ectoine by fed
      batch fermentation in low salt concentration with glucose as a carbon source. The
      specific ectoine production and productivity was 0.8g/g DCW and 0.84gL(-)(1)h(
      )(1) respectively. The overall ectoine yield was 0.11g/g of glucose.

PMID- 26969252
TI  - Employing bacterial microcompartment technology to engineer a shell-free enzyme
      aggregate for enhanced 1,2-propanediol production in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) enhance the breakdown of metabolites such as
      1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) to propionic acid. The encapsulation of proteins within
      the BMC is mediated by the presence of targeting sequences. In an attempt to
      redesign the Pdu BMC into a 1,2-PD synthesising factory using glycerol as the
      starting material we added N-terminal targeting peptides to glycerol
      dehydrogenase, dihydroxyacetone kinase, methylglyoxal synthase and 1,2
      propanediol oxidoreductase to allow their inclusion into an empty BMC. 1,2-PD
      producing strains containing the fused enzymes exhibit a 245% increase in product
      formation in comparison to un-tagged enzymes, irrespective of the presence of
      BMCs. Tagging of enzymes with targeting peptides results in the formation of
      dense protein aggregates within the cell that are shown by immuno-labelling to
      contain the vast majority of tagged proteins. It can therefore be concluded that
      these protein inclusions are metabolically active and facilitate the significant
      increase in product formation.

PMID- 26969254
TI  - Combining metabolic engineering and biocompatible chemistry for high-yield
      production of homo-diacetyl and homo-(S,S)-2,3-butanediol.
AB  - Biocompatible chemistry is gaining increasing attention because of its potential
      within biotechnology for expanding the repertoire of biological transformations
      carried out by enzymes. Here we demonstrate how biocompatible chemistry can be
      used for synthesizing valuable compounds as well as for linking metabolic
      pathways to achieve redox balance and rescued growth. By comprehensive rerouting
      of metabolism, activation of respiration, and finally metal ion catalysis, we
      successfully managed to convert the homolactic bacterium Lactococcus lactis into
      a homo-diacetyl producer with high titer (95mM or 8.2g/L) and high yield (87% of
      the theoretical maximum). Subsequently, the pathway was extended to (S,S)-2,3
      butanediol (S-BDO) through efficiently linking two metabolic pathways via
      chemical catalysis. This resulted in efficient homo-S-BDO production with a titer
      of 74mM (6.7g/L) S-BDO and a yield of 82%. The diacetyl and S-BDO production
      rates and yields obtained are the highest ever reported, demonstrating the
      promising combination of metabolic engineering and biocompatible chemistry as
      well as the great potential of L. lactis as a new production platform.

PMID- 26969255
TI  - Chemical tags for site-specific fluorescent labeling of biomolecules.
AB  - This review focuses on the various approaches to covalently attach a chromophore
      to a biomolecule of interest in site-specific manner. Novel methods like inverse
      electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, Pictet-Spengler ligation and enzyme tags
      like SNAP and Halo-tags are critically discussed and compared to established
      techniques like copper-free click reaction and native chemical ligation. Selected
      examples in which the tags have been exploited for in vitro or in vivo imaging
      are reviewed and evaluated.

PMID- 26969256
TI  - Homocysteinemia control by cysteine in cerebral vascular patients after
      methionine loading test: evidences in physiological and pathological conditions
      in cerebro-vascular and multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - The toxicity risk of hyperhomocysteinemia is prevented through thiol drug
      administration which reduces plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by
      activating thiol exchange reactions. Assuming that cysteine (Cys) is a
      homocysteinemia regulator, the hypothesis was verified in healthy and
      pathological individuals after the methionine loading test (MLT). The plasma
      variations of redox species of Cys, Hcy, cysteinylglycine, glutathione and
      albumin (reduced, HS-ALB, and at mixed disulfide, XSS-ALB) were compared in
      patients with cerebral small vessels disease (CSVD) (n = 11), multiple sclerosis
      (MS) (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 11) at 2-4-6 h after MLT. In MLT-treated
      subjects, the activation of thiol exchange reactions provoked significant changes
      over time in redox species concentrations of Cys, Hcy, and albumin. Significant
      differences between controls and pathological groups were also observed. In non
      methionine-treated subjects, total Cys concentrations, tHcy and thiol-protein
      mixed disulfides (CSS-ALB, HSS-ALB) of CSVD patients were higher than controls.
      After MLT, all groups displayed significant cystine (CSSC) increases and CSS-ALB
      decreases, that in pathological groups were significantly higher than controls.
      These data would confirm the Cys regulatory role on the homocysteinemia; they
      also explain that the Cys-Hcy mixed disulfide excretion is an important point of
      hyperhomocysteinemia control. Moreover, in all groups after MLT, significant
      increases in albumin concentrations, named total albumin (tALB) and measured as
      sum of HS-ALB (spectrophometric), and XSS-ALB (assayed at HPLC) were observed.
      tALB increases, more pronounced in healthy than in the pathological subjects,
      could indicate alterations of albumin equilibria between plasma and other
      extracellular spaces, whose toxicological consequences deserve further studies.

PMID- 26969257
TI  - Isavuconazole: an azole active against mucormycosis.

PMID- 26969259
TI  - Impulse noise injury prediction based on the cochlear energy.
AB  - The current impulse noise criteria for the protection against impulse noise
      injury do not incorporate an objective measure of hearing protection. A new
      biomechanically-based model has been developed based on improvement of the
      Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for the Human (AHAAH) using the integrated
      cochlear energy (ICE) as the damage risk correlate (DRC). The model parameters
      have been corrected using the latest literature data. The anomalous dose-response
      inversion behavior of the AHAAH model was eliminated. The modeling results show
      that the annular ligament (AL) parameters are the dominant cause of the non
      monotonic dose-response behavior of AHAAH. Based on parametric optimization
      analysis, a 40% reduction of the AL compliance from the AHAAH default value
      removed the dose-response inversion problem, and this value was found to be
      within the physiological range when compared with experimental data. The transfer
      functions from the new model are in good agreement with those of the human ear. A
      dose-response curve based on ICE was developed using the human walk-up temporary
      threshold shift (TTS) data. Furthermore, the ICE values calculated for the German
      rifle noise tests show excellent comparison with the injury outcomes, hence
      providing a significant independent validation of the improved model. The ICE was
      found to be the best DRC to both large weapons and small arms noise injury data,
      covering both protected and unprotected exposures, respectively. The new AHAAH
      model with ICE as the dose metric is adequate for use as a medical standard
      against impulse noise injury.

PMID- 26969258
TI  - Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: a single-arm open-label trial and case
      control analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mucormycosis is an uncommon invasive fungal disease with high
      mortality and few treatment options. Isavuconazole is a triazole active in vitro
      and in animal models against moulds of the order Mucorales. We assessed the
      efficacy and safety of isavuconazole for treatment of mucormycosis and compared
      its efficacy with amphotericin B in a matched case-control analysis. METHODS: In
      a single-arm open-label trial (VITAL study), adult patients (>=18 years) with
      invasive fungal disease caused by rare fungi, including mucormycosis, were
      recruited from 34 centres worldwide. Patients were given isavuconazole 200 mg (as
      its intravenous or oral water-soluble prodrug, isavuconazonium sulfate) three
      times daily for six doses, followed by 200 mg/day until invasive fungal disease
      resolution, failure, or for 180 days or more. The primary endpoint was
      independent data review committee-determined overall response-ie, complete or
      partial response (treatment success) or stable or progressive disease (treatment
      failure)-according to prespecified criteria. Mucormycosis cases treated with
      isavuconazole as primary treatment were matched with controls from the FungiScope
      Registry, recruited from 17 centres worldwide, who received primary amphotericin
      B-based treatment, and were analysed for day-42 all-cause mortality. VITAL is
      registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00634049. FungiScope is registered
      with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01731353. FINDINGS: Within the VITAL study,
      from April 22, 2008, to June 21, 2013, 37 patients with mucormycosis received
      isavuconazole for a median of 84 days (IQR 19-179, range 2-882). By day 42, four
      patients (11%) had a partial response, 16 (43%) had stable invasive fungal
      disease, one (3%) had invasive fungal disease progression, three (8%) had missing
      assessments, and 13 (35%) had died. 35 patients (95%) had adverse events (28
      [76%] serious). Day-42 crude all-cause mortality in seven (33%) of 21 primary
      treatment isavuconazole cases was similar to 13 (39%) of 33 amphotericin B
      treated matched controls (weighted all-cause mortality: 33% vs 41%; p=0.595).
      INTERPRETATION: Isavuconazole showed activity against mucormycosis with efficacy
      similar to amphotericin B. Isavuconazole can be used for treatment of
      mucormycosis and is well tolerated. FUNDING: Astellas Pharma Global Development,
      Basilea Pharmaceutica International.

PMID- 26969260
TI  - Disrupted functional brain connectome in unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing
      loss.
AB  - Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is generally defined as sensorineural
      hearing loss of 30 dB or greater over at least three contiguous audiometric
      frequencies and within a three-day period. This hearing loss is usually
      unilateral and can be associated with tinnitus and vertigo. The pathogenesis of
      unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss is still unknown, and the
      alterations in the functional connectivity are suspected to involve one possible
      pathogenesis. Despite scarce findings with respect to alterations in brain
      functional networks in unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss, the
      alterations of the whole brain functional connectome and whether these
      alterations were already in existence in the acute period remains unknown. The
      aim of this study was to investigate the alterations of brain functional
      connectome in two large samples of unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss
      patients and to investigate the correlation between unilateral sudden
      sensorineural hearing loss characteristics and changes in the functional network
      properties. Pure tone audiometry was performed to assess hearing ability.
      Abnormal changes in the peripheral auditory system were examined using
      conventional magnetic resonance imaging. The graph theoretical network analysis
      method was used to detect brain connectome alterations in unilateral sudden
      sensorineural hearing loss. Compared with the control groups, both groups of
      unilateral SSNHL patients exhibited a significantly increased clustering
      coefficient, global efficiency, and local efficiency but a significantly
      decreased characteristic path length. In addition, the primary increased nodal
      strength (e.g., nodal betweenness, hubs) was observed in several regions
      primarily, including the limbic and paralimbic systems, and in the auditory
      network brain areas. These findings suggest that the alteration of network
      organization already exists in unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss
      patients within the acute period and that the functional connectome of unilateral
      SSNHL patients is characterized by a shift toward small-worldization.
      Additionally, we hope that these findings will help to elucidate unilateral SSNHL
      through a new research perspective and provide insight for the potential
      pathophysiology of unilateral SSNHL.

PMID- 26969261
TI  - Evaluating and optimizing oral formulations of live bacterial vaccines using a
      gastro-small intestine model.
AB  - Gastrointestinal (GI) models that mimic physiological conditions in vitro are
      important tools for developing and optimizing biopharmaceutical formulations.
      Oral administration of live attenuated bacterial vaccines (LBV) can safely and
      effectively promote mucosal immunity but new formulations are required that
      provide controlled release of optimal numbers of viable bacterial cells, which
      must survive gastrointestinal transit overcoming various antimicrobial barriers.
      Here, we use a gastro-small intestine gut model of human GI conditions to study
      the survival and release kinetics of two oral LBV formulations: the licensed
      typhoid fever vaccine Vivotif comprising enteric coated capsules; and an
      experimental formulation of the model vaccine Salmonella Typhimurium SL3261 dried
      directly onto cast enteric polymer films and laminated to form a polymer film
      laminate (PFL). Neither formulation released significant numbers of viable cells
      when tested in the complete gastro-small intestine model. The poor performance in
      delivering viable cells could be attributed to a combination of acid and bile
      toxicity plus incomplete release of cells for Vivotif capsules, and to bile
      toxicity alone for PFL. To achieve effective protection from intestinal bile in
      addition to effective acid resistance, bile adsorbent resins were incorporated
      into the PFL to produce a new formulation, termed BR-PFL. Efficient and complete
      release of 4.4*10(7) live cells per dose was achieved from BR-PFL at distal
      intestinal pH, with release kinetics controlled by the composition of the enteric
      polymer film, and no loss in viability observed in any stage of the GI model. Use
      of this in vitro GI model thereby allowed rational design of an oral LBV
      formulation to maximize viable cell release. 

PMID- 26969262
TI  - Hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays: Potential for use in minimally-invasive
      lithium monitoring.
AB  - We describe, for the first time, hydrogel-forming microneedle (s) (MN) arrays for
      minimally-invasive extraction and quantification of lithium in vitro and in vivo.
      MN arrays, prepared from aqueous blends of hydrolysed poly(methyl-vinylether-co
      maleic anhydride) and crosslinked by poly(ethyleneglycol), imbibed interstitial
      fluid (ISF) upon skin insertion. Such MN were always removed intact. In vitro,
      mean detected lithium concentrations showed no significant difference following
      30min MN application to excised neonatal porcine skin for lithium citrate
      concentrations of 0.9 and 2mmol/l. However, after 1h application, the mean
      lithium concentrations extracted were significantly different, being
      appropriately concentration-dependent. In vivo, rats were orally dosed with
      lithium citrate equivalent to 15mg/kg and 30mg/kg lithium carbonate,
      respectively. MN arrays were applied 1h after dosing and removed 1h later. The
      two groups, having received different doses, showed no significant difference
      between lithium concentrations in serum or MN. However, the higher dosed rats
      demonstrated a lithium concentration extracted from MN arrays equivalent to a
      mean increase of 22.5% compared to rats which received the lower dose. Hydrogel
      forming MN clearly have potential as a minimally-invasive tool for lithium
      monitoring in outpatient settings. We will now focus on correlation between serum
      and MN lithium concentrations. 

PMID- 26969263
TI  - A heuristic model to quantify the impact of excess cyclodextrin on oral drug
      absorption from aqueous solution.
AB  - The intestinal drug solubilising capacity (Dtot(SC)) of a drug formulated as an
      aqueous cyclodextrin solution is a recently proposed quantity to predict the
      cyclodextrin concentration needed to fully solubilise the drug in the intestinal
      lumen. According to this concept, the cyclodextrin concentration in the drug
      product must be higher than the amount needed to solubilise the compound, due to
      the displacement of the drug from the cyclodextrin cavity by bile salts in the
      intestinal lumen. On the other hand, dosing cyclodextrin at >Dtot(SC) is expected
      to result in decreased free intestinal drug concentrations and thus potentially a
      lower fraction absorbed. In this study, data from three previous in vivo studies
      in rats with fixed concentrations of three compounds (danazol, cinnarizine and
      benzo[A]pyrene) and various cyclodextrin concentrations >Dtot(SC) were analysed.
      The model was developed for danazol and applied to the two other compounds.
      Absorption, as quantified from the area under the plasma concentration-time
      profile, was predicted by the model to decrease at elevated concentrations of co
      administered cyclodextrin in accordance with the in vivo data. In addition, at
      high cyclodextrin concentrations a delay in Tmax and a decrease in Cmax were
      predicted, again in accordance with the experimental observations. These
      observations were rationalised in terms of the free intestinal drug concentration
      by a chemical equilibrium model for Dtot(SC). This model depends on the quantity
      termed the dimensionless dose concentration, Dtot(*)=Do/Pn, given as the fraction
      of the permeation number (Pn) and dose number (Do). The model provides the
      formulation scientist with a critical quality attribute for assessing the
      implication of having excess cyclodextrin in an oral solution. 

PMID- 26969264
TI  - An investigation of how fungal infection influences drug penetration through
      onychomycosis patient's nail plates.
AB  - The treatment of onychomycosis remains problematic even though there are several
      potent antifungal agents available for patient use. The aim of this investigation
      was to understand whether the structural modifications that arise when a
      patient's nail become infected plates influences the permeation of drugs into the
      nail following topical application. It was hoped that through improving
      understanding of the nail barrier in the diseased state, the development of more
      effective topical treatments for onychomycosis could be facilitated. The
      permeation of three compounds with differing hydrophobicities, caffeine,
      terbinafine and amorolfine (clogD at pH 7.4 of -0.55, 3.72 and 4.49
      respectively), was assessed across both healthy and onychomycosis infected, full
      thickness, human nail plate sections. Transonychial water loss (TOWL)
      measurements performed on the healthy and diseased nails supported previous
      observations that the nail behaves like a porous barrier given the lack of
      correlation between TOWL values with the thicker, diseased nails. The flux of the
      more hydrophilic caffeine was twofold greater across diseased in comparison with
      the healthy nails, whilst the hydrophobic molecules terbinafine and amorolfine
      showed no statistically significant change in their nail penetration rates.
      Caffeine flux across the nail was found to correlate with the TOWL measurements,
      though no correlation existed for the more hydrophobic drugs. These data
      supported the notion that the nail pores, opened up by the infection, facilitated
      the passage of hydrophilic molecules, whilst the keratin binding of hydrophobic
      molecules meant that their transport through the nail plate was unchanged.
      Therefore, in order to exploit the structural changes induced by nail fungal
      infection it would be beneficial to develop a small molecular weight, hydrophilic
      antifungal agent, which exhibits low levels of keratin binding. 

PMID- 26969265
TI  - Examinations of maternal uniparental disomy and epimutations for chromosomes 6,
      14, 16 and 20 in Silver-Russell syndrome-like phenotypes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a growth retardation disorder with a
      very broad molecular and clinical spectrum. Whereas the association of SRS with
      imprinting disturbances of chromosomes 11p15.5 and 7 is generally accepted, there
      are controversial discussions on the involvement of other molecular changes. The
      recent reports on the occurrence of maternal uniparental disomies of chromosomes
      6, 16 and 20 (upd(6, 16, 20)mat), as well as 14q32 imprint alterations in
      patients with SRS phenotypes raise the question on the involvement of these
      mutations in the etiology of SRS. METHODS: A cohort of 54 growth retarded
      patients with SRS features was screened for aberrant methylation patterns of
      chromsomes 6, 14, 16 and 20. RESULTS: One carrier of a 14q32 epimutation was
      identified whereas epimutations and maternal UPD for chromosomes 6, 16 and 20
      were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Our data and those from the literature confirm that
      14q32 disturbances significantly contribute to the mutation spectrum in this
      cohort. Furthermore, maternal uniparental disomy of chromosomes 6, 16 and 20 can
      be observed, but are rare. In case they occur they can be regarded as causative
      for clinical features.

PMID- 26969267
TI  - Are Antibiotics Useful for Chronic Rhinosinusitis?

PMID- 26969266
TI  - Evolutionary genetics of maternal effects.
AB  - Maternal genetic effects (MGEs), where genes expressed by mothers affect the
      phenotype of their offspring, are important sources of phenotypic diversity in a
      myriad of organisms. We use a single-locus model to examine how MGEs contribute
      patterns of heritable and nonheritable variation and influence evolutionary
      dynamics in randomly mating and inbreeding populations. We elucidate the
      influence of MGEs by examining the offspring genotype-phenotype relationship,
      which determines how MGEs affect evolutionary dynamics in response to selection
      on offspring phenotypes. This approach reveals important results that are not
      apparent from classic quantitative genetic treatments of MGEs. We show that
      additive and dominance MGEs make different contributions to evolutionary dynamics
      and patterns of variation, which are differentially affected by inbreeding.
      Dominance MGEs make the offspring genotype-phenotype relationship frequency
      dependent, resulting in the appearance of negative frequency-dependent selection,
      while additive MGEs contribute a component of parent-of-origin dependent
      variation. Inbreeding amplifies the contribution of MGEs to the additive genetic
      variance and, therefore enhances their evolutionary response. Considering
      evolutionary dynamics of allele frequency change on an adaptive landscape, we
      show that this landscape differs from the mean fitness surface, and therefore,
      under some condition, fitness peaks can exist but not be "available" to the
      evolving population. 

PMID- 26969268
TI  - Psychometric Field Study of Hereditary Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire
      for Adults: HAE-QoL.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) may
      affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A specific HRQoL questionnaire for
      adult patients with C1-INH-HAE, the HAE-QoL, has recently been developed in
      Spain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform a cross-cultural
      validation and psychometric study of the HAE-QoL in an international setting.
      METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation of the Spanish HAE-QoL draft version and an
      international rating phase with experts were performed. The resultant version of
      the HAE-QoL, a clinical questionnaire, and Short Form 36-item Health Survey
      Version 2.0 (SF-36v2) were pilot tested internationally. Item reduction was based
      on both descriptive and exploratory factor analysis. Psychometric properties were
      assessed. RESULTS: Cross-cultural adaptation of the HAE-QoL was performed in 18
      countries. The draft version of the HAE-QoL was pilot tested in 332 patients, and
      accurate data were obtained from 290 patients from 11 countries. The reduction
      process resulted in a new version with 25 items and 7 dimensions (treatment
      difficulties, physical functioning and health, disease-related stigma, emotional
      role and social functioning, concern about offspring, perceived control over
      illness, and mental health). Strong psychometric properties were observed
      (Cronbach's alpha 0.92; test-retest reliability 0.87). Convergent validity showed
      mild to moderate correlations with SF-36v2 physical and mental component
      summaries (0.45 and 0.64, respectively) and with SF-36v2 dimensions (P < .004).
      HAE-QoL scores discriminated significantly among severity groups (median:
      asymptomatic 133.5 vs severe 84.0; P < .001); between patients with and without
      long-term prophylaxis (median: 101 vs 90; P = .001); and between patients with
      and without psychiatric and/or psychological care (median: 74 vs 103; P <= .001).
      CONCLUSIONS: The HAE-QoL, currently available in 18 languages, showed good
      reliability and validity evidence.

PMID- 26969269
TI  - Revisiting Desensitization and Allergen Immunotherapy Concepts for the
      International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11.
AB  - Allergy and hypersensitivity intervention management procedures, such as
      desensitization and/or tolerance induction and immunotherapy, have not been
      pondered up to now in the content of International Classification of Diseases
      (ICD) context because the focus has been on prioritizing the condition
      implementations. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to implementing allergic
      and hypersensitivity conditions in the forthcoming ICD-11. However, we consider
      that it is crucial now to have nomenclature and classification universally
      accepted for these procedures to be able to provide scientifically consistent
      proposals into the new ICD-11 platform for the best practice parameters of our
      specialty. With the aim of promoting a harmonized comprehension and aligning it
      with the ICD-11 revision, we have reviewed the definitions and concepts currently
      used for desensitization and/or tolerance induction and immunotherapy. We
      strongly believe that this review is a key instrument to support the allergy
      specialty identity into the ICD-11 framework and serves as a platform to perform
      positive quality improvement in clinical practice.

PMID- 26969270
TI  - Awareness of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and associated practice patterns of
      primary care physicians and specialists.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome is nonalcoholic fatty
      liver disease. Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the progressive form
      of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, have increased risk of fibrosis, cirrhosis
      and end-stage liver disease. Estimates of prevalence in the United States range
      from 20-30% for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 2-5% for nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis; however, physician awareness of these diseases is limited. The
      purpose of this study was to determine the current level of physician awareness
      and practices in the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis within the United States. METHODS: Physicians
      were asked to participate in an online, 35-question survey about their awareness
      of various liver conditions and current practices. RESULTS: Of the 302 responding
      physicians, 152 were primary care physicians, and 150 were specialists (comprised
      of gastroenterologists and hepatologists). More specialists than primary care
      physicians reported that they were aware of the differences between nonalcoholic
      fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (p < 0.001) and that they
      routinely screened for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (p < 0.001) and
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (p < 0.001). Almost half of the responding primary
      care physicians reported being unfamiliar with the nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis differences even though they were aware
      of both, yet 58% of those primary care physicians were treating patients with
      nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In
      addition, those primary care physicians who reported being unfamiliar with
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were treating an average of 3.7 patients and
      reported being as likely as familiar primary care physicians to treat new
      patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. More than half of the specialists
      used noninvasive diagnostic test to confirm nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and 10%
      of the specialists reported treating patients with drugs not recommended by the
      current guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Despite reporting they were not familiar with
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, primary care physicians reported they would likely
      continue to diagnose and manage patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis;
      therefore, more physician education on the recent practice guideline for
      nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is needed.

PMID- 26969271
TI  - Effect of Sibling Birth on BMI Trajectory in the First 6 Years of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study examined the longitudinal association
      between birth of a sibling and changes in body mass index z-score (BMIz)
      trajectory during the first 6 years of life. METHODS: Children (n = 697) were
      recruited across 10 sites in the United States at the time of birth. Sibship
      composition was assessed every 3 months. Anthropometry was completed when the
      child was age 15 months, 24 months, 36 months, 54 months, and in first grade.
      Children were classified based on the timing of their sibling's birth. A
      piecewise quadratic regression model adjusted for potential confounders examined
      the association of the birth of a sibling with subsequent BMIz trajectory.
      RESULTS: Children whose sibling was born when they were 24 to 36 months or 36 to
      54 months old, compared with children who did not experience the birth of a
      sibling by first grade, had a lower subsequent BMIz trajectory and a
      significantly lower BMIz at first grade (0.27 vs 0.51, P value = 0.04 and 0.26 vs
      0.51, P value = 0.03, respectively). Children who did not experience the birth of
      a sibling by the time they were in first grade had 2.94 greater odds of obesity
      (P value = 0.046) at first grade compared with children who experienced the birth
      of a sibling when they were between 36 to 54 months old. CONCLUSIONS: A birth of
      a sibling when the child is 24 to 54 months old is associated with a healthier
      BMIz trajectory. Identifying the underlying mechanism of association can help
      inform intervention programs.

PMID- 26969273
TI  - Antimicrobial Resistance and Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux
      (RIVUR) trial found that recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) with resistant
      organisms were more common in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis (TSP)
      arm. We describe factors associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
      resistance of rUTIs in RIVUR. METHODS: Children aged 2 to 71 months with first or
      second UTI (index UTI) and grade I to IV vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were
      randomized to TSP or placebo and followed for 2 years. Factors associated with
      TMP-SMX-resistant rUTI were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 571 included children, 48%
      were <12 months old, 43% had grade II VUR, and 38% had grade III VUR. Recurrent
      UTI occurred in 34 of 278 children receiving TSP versus 67 of 293 children
      receiving placebo. Among those with rUTI, 76% (26/34) of subjects receiving TSP
      had TMP-SMX-resistant organisms versus 28% (19/67) of subjects receiving placebo
      (P < .001). The proportion of TMP-SMX-resistant rUTI decreased over time: in the
      TSP arm, 96% were resistant during the initial 6 months versus 38% resistant
      during the final 6 months; corresponding proportions for the placebo arm were 32%
      and 11%. Among children receiving TSP, 7 (13%) of 55 with TMP-SMX-resistant index
      UTI had rUTI, whereas 27 (12%) of 223 with TMP-SMX-susceptible index UTI had rUTI
      (adjusted hazard ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval 0.54-3.56). Corresponding
      proportions in placebo arm were 17 (26%) of 65 and 50 (22%) of 228 (adjusted
      hazard ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 0.74-2.38). CONCLUSIONS: Although TMP
      SMX resistance is more common among children treated with TSP versus placebo,
      resistance decreased over time. Among children treated with TSP, there was no
      significant difference in UTI recurrence between those with TMP-SMX-resistant
      index UTI versus TMP-SMX-susceptible UTI.

PMID- 26969274
TI  - MAPK13 is preferentially expressed in gynecological cancer stem cells and has a
      role in the tumor-initiation.
AB  - Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are defined as small
      subpopulation of cancer cells that are endowed with higher tumor-initiating
      ability. CSCs/CICs are resistant to standard cancer therapies including
      chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and they are thus thought to be responsible for
      cancer recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, elucidation of molecular mechanisms
      of CSCs/CICs is essential to cure cancer. In this study, we analyzed the gene
      expression profiles of gynecological CSCs/CICs isolated as aldehyde dehydrogenase
      high (ALDH(high)) cells, and found that MAPK13, PTTG1IP, CAPN1 and UBQLN2 were
      preferentially expressed in CSCs/CICs. MAPK13 is expressed in uterine, ovary,
      stomach, colon, liver and kidney cancer tissues at higher levels compared with
      adjacent normal tissues. MAPK13 gene knockdown using siRNA reduced the ALDH(high)
      population and abrogated the tumor-initiating ability. These results indicate
      that MAPK13 is expressed in gynecological CSCs/CICs and has roles in the
      maintenance of CSCs/CICs and tumor-initiating ability, and MAPK13 might be a
      novel molecular target for treatment-resistant CSCs/CICs. 

PMID- 26969272
TI  - Leukocyte Telomere Length in Newborns: Implications for the Role of Telomeres in
      Human Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In adults, leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is variable,
      familial, and longer in women and in offspring conceived by older fathers.
      Although short LTL is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,
      long LTL is associated with major cancers. The prevailing notion is that LTL is a
      "telomeric clock," whose movement (expressed in LTL attrition) reflects the pace
      of aging. Accordingly, individuals with short LTL are considered to be
      biologically older than their peers. Recent studies suggest that LTL is largely
      determined before adulthood. We examined whether factors that largely
      characterize LTL in adults also influence LTL in newborns. METHODS: LTL was
      measured in blood samples from 490 newborns and their parents. RESULTS: LTL (mean
      +/- SD) was longer (9.50 +/- 0.70 kb) in newborns than in their mothers (7.92 +/-
      0.67 kb) and fathers (7.70 +/- 0.71 kb) (both P < .0001); there was no difference
      in the variance of LTL among the 3 groups. Newborn LTL correlated more strongly
      with age-adjusted LTL in mothers (r = 0.47; P < .01) than in fathers (r = 0.36; P
      < .01) (P for interaction = .02). Newborn LTL was longer by 0.144 kb in girls
      than in boys (P = .02), and LTL was longer by 0.175 kb in mothers than in fathers
      (P < .0001). For each 1-year increase in father's age, newborn LTL increased by
      0.016 kb (95% confidence interval: 0.04 to 0.28) (P = .0086). CONCLUSIONS: The
      large LTL variation across newborns challenges the telomeric clock model. Having
      inherently short or long LTL may be largely determined at birth, anteceding by
      decades disease manifestation in adults.

PMID- 26969275
TI  - Hippocampal Src kinase is required for novelty-induced enhancement of contextual
      fear extinction.
AB  - Exposure to a novel environment enhances the extinction of contextual fear
      through the "tagging-and-capture" process. However, the underlying molecular
      mechanisms of novelty-induced enhancement of fear extinction are still unclear.
      NMDA receptor activity was recently revealed to be required for the enhancement
      of fear extinction caused by exposure to novelty. Src family kinases (SFKs) act
      as a molecular hub for regulation of NMDA receptors. We hypothesized that SFKs
      might be involved in novelty-induced enhancement of fear extinction. We found
      that the enhancement of fear extinction induced by novelty exposure is
      accompanied by Src kinase phosphorylation and activation in a restricted time
      window. Furthermore, intrahippocampal infusion of SFKs inhibitor PP2 inhibits Src
      kinase phosphorylation and activation, attenuates the activation of NR2B
      containing NMDA receptors, and thereby reverses the enhancement of fear
      extinction induced by novelty exposure. These results suggested that Src kinase
      may serve as a behavioral tag in the procedural enhancement of fear extinction by
      novelty exposure. 

PMID- 26969276
TI  - Inhibition of deubiquitinating activity of USP14 decreases tyrosine hydroxylase
      phosphorylated at Ser19 in PC12D cells.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine
      biosynthesis, and its stability is a fundamental factor to maintain the level of
      the catecholamines in cells. However, the intracellular stability determined by
      the degradation pathway remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the
      mechanism by which phosphorylation of TH affected the proteasome pathway. The
      inhibition of proteasomes by MG-132 increased the percentage of TH molecules
      phosphorylated at their Ser19, Ser31 and/or Ser40 among the total TH proteins to
      about 70% in PC12D cells over a 24-hr period; although the percentage of
      phosphorylated TH molecules was about 20% under basal conditions. Moreover, the
      inhibition of proteasomes by epoxomicin with high specificity increased primarily
      the quantity of TH molecules phosphorylated at their Ser19. The phosphorylation
      of Ser19 potentiated Ser40 phosphorylation in cells by a process known as
      hierarchical phosphorylation. Therefore, the proteasome inhibition might result
      in an increase in the levels of all 3 phosphorylated TH forms, thus complicating
      interpretation of data. Conversely, activation of proteasome degradation by IU-1,
      which is an inhibitor for the deubiquitinating activity of USP14, decreased only
      the quantity of TH molecules phosphorylated at their Ser19, although it did not
      decrease that of TH phosphorylated at its Ser31 and Ser40 or that of TH
      molecules. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of Ser19 in the N
      terminal portion of TH is critical as a trigger for the degradation of this
      enzyme by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. 

PMID- 26969277
TI  - A Woman With a Purpuric Rash and Weakness.

PMID- 26969278
TI  - Recognizing Cyanosis.

PMID- 26969279
TI  - Wilkie's syndrome An uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction in a young
      patient.
AB  - Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also named as Wilkie's syndrome, is a
      rare, potentially life-threatening gastro- vascular disorder and an uncommon
      cause of proximal bowel obstruction characterized by a compression of the third
      and final portion of the duodenum by the abdominal aorta and the overlying
      superior mesenteric artery. There isn't a consensus regarding to the optimal
      treatment of this condition. We describe a case of Wilkie's syndrome in a young
      female with characteristic symptoms of upper intestinal obstruction, whose
      diagnosis was delayed for 2 years. KEY WORDS: Superior mesenteric artery, Upper
      intestinal occlusion, Young female.

PMID- 26969280
TI  - Decreasing translation error rate in Escherichia coli increases protein function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over-expressed native or recombinant proteins are commonly used for
      industrial and pharmaceutical purposes, as well as for research. Proteins of
      interest need to be purified in sufficient quantity, quality and specific
      activity to justify their commercial price and eventual medical use. Proteome
      quality was previously positively correlated with ribosomal fidelity, but not on
      a single protein level. Here, we show that decreasing translational error rate
      increases the activity of single proteins. In order to decrease the amount of
      enzyme needed for catalysis, we propose an expression system bearing rpsL141
      mutation, which confers high ribosomal fidelity. Using alpha-glucosidase (exo
      alpha-1,4-glucosidase) and beta-glucanase (beta-D-glucanase) as examples, we show
      that proteins purified from Escherichia coli bearing rpsL141 mutation have
      superior activity compared to those purified from wild type E. coli, as well as
      some commercially available industrial enzymes. RESULTS: Our results indicate
      that both alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucanase isolated from E. coli bearing
      rpsL141 mutation have increased activity compared to those isolated from wild
      type E. coli. Alpha-glucosidase from rpsL141 background has a higher activity
      than the purchased enzymes, while beta-glucanase from the same background has a
      higher activity compared to the beta-glucanase purchased from Sigma, but not
      compared to the one purchased from Megazyme. CONCLUSION: Reduction of the error
      rate in protein biosynthesis via ribosomal rpsL141 mutation results in superior
      functionality of single proteins. We conclude that this is a viable system for
      expressing proteins with higher activity and that it can be easily scaled up and
      combined with other expression systems to meet the industrial needs.

PMID- 26969281
TI  - Lipoprotein binding to anionic biopolyelectrolytes and the effect of glucose on
      nanoplaque formation in arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Arteriosclerosis with its clinical sequelae (cardiac infarction, stroke,
      peripheral arterial occlusive disease) and vascular/Alzheimer dementia not only
      result in far more than half of all deaths but also represent dramatic economic
      problems. The reason is, among others, that diabetes mellitus is an independent
      risk factor for both disorders, and the number of diabetics strongly increases
      worldwide. More than one-half of infants in the first 6months of life have
      already small collections of macrophages and macrophages filled with lipid
      droplets in susceptible segments of the coronary arteries. On the other hand, the
      authors of the Bogalusa Heart Study found a strong increase in the prevalence of
      obesity in childhood that is paralleled by an increase in blood pressure, blood
      lipid concentration, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, there is a clear linkage
      between arteriosclerosis/Alzheimer's disease on the one hand and diabetes
      mellitus on the other hand. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that distinct
      apoE isoforms on the blood lipids further both arteriosclerotic and Alzheimer
      nanoplaque formation and therefore impair flow-mediated vascular reactivity as
      well. Nanoplaque build-up seems to be the starting point for arteriosclerosis and
      Alzheimer's disease in their later full clinical manifestation. In earlier work,
      we could portray the anionic biopolyelectrolytes syndecan/perlecan as blood flow
      sensors and lipoprotein receptors in cell membrane and vascular matrix. We
      described extensively molecular composition, conformation, form and function of
      the macromolecule heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HS-PG). In two supplementary
      experimental settings (ellipsometry, myography), we utilized isolated HS-PG for
      in vitro nanoplaque investigations and isolated human coronary artery segments
      for in vivo tension measurements. With the ellipsometry-based approach, we were
      successful in establishing a direct connection on a molecular level between
      diabetes mellitus on the one side and arteriosclerosis/Alzheimer's disease on the
      other side. Application of glucose at a concentration representative for
      diabetics and leading to glycation of proteins and lipids, entailed a significant
      increase in arteriosclerotic and Alzheimer nanoplaque formation. IDLapoE4/E4 was
      by far superior to IDLapoE3/E3 in plaque build-up, both in diabetic and non
      diabetic patients. Recording vascular tension of flow-dependent reactivity in
      blood substitute solution and under application of different IDLapoE isoforms
      showed an impaired vasorelaxation for pooled IDL and IDLapoE4/E4, thus confirming
      the ellipsometric investigations. Incubation in IDLapoE0/E0 (apoE "knockout
      man"), however, resulted in a massive flow-mediated contraction, also
      complemented by strongly aggregated nanoplaques. In contrast, HDL was shown to
      present a powerful protection against nanoplaque formation on principle, both in
      the in vitro model and the in vivo scenario on the endothelial cell membrane. The
      competitive interplay with LDL is highlighted through the flow experiment, where
      flow-mediated, HDL-induced vasodilatation remains untouched by additional
      incubation with LDL. This is due to the four times higher affinity for the
      proteoglycan receptor of HDL as compared to LDL. Taken together, the studies
      demonstrate that while simplistic, the ellipsometry approach and the endothelial
      mimicking proteoglycan-modified surfaces provide information on the initial steps
      of lipoprotein-related plaque formation, which correlates with findings on
      endothelial cells and blood vessels, and afford insight into the role of
      lipoprotein deposition and exchange phenomena at the onset of these
      pathophysiologies.

PMID- 26969282
TI  - Surfactant adsorption to soil components and soils.
AB  - Soils are complex and widely varying mixtures of organic matter and inorganic
      materials; adsorption of surfactants to soils is therefore related to the soil
      composition. We first discuss the properties of surfactants, including the
      critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surfactant adsorption on water/air
      interfaces, the latter gives an impression of surfactant adsorption to a
      hydrophobic surface and illustrates the importance of the CMC for the adsorption
      process. Then attention is paid to the most important types of soil particles:
      humic and fulvic acids, silica, metal oxides and layered aluminosilicates.
      Information is provided on their structure, surface properties and primary
      (proton) charge characteristics, which are all important for surfactant binding.
      Subsequently, the adsorption of different types of surfactants on these
      individual soil components is discussed in detail, based on mainly experimental
      results and considering the specific (chemical) and electrostatic interactions,
      with hydrophobic attraction as an important component of the specific
      interactions. Adsorption models that can describe the features semi
      quantitatively are briefly discussed. In the last part of the paper some trends
      of surfactant adsorption on soils are briefly discussed together with some
      complications that may occur and finally the consequences of surfactant
      adsorption for soil colloidal stability and permeability are considered. When we
      seek to understand the fate of surfactants in soil and aqueous environments, the
      hydrophobicity and charge density of the soil or soil particles, must be
      considered together with the structure, hydrophobicity and charge of the
      surfactants, because these factors affect the adsorption. The pH and ionic
      strength are important parameters with respect to the charge density of the
      particles. As surfactant adsorption influences soil structure and permeability,
      insight in surfactant adsorption to soil particles is useful for good soil
      management.

PMID- 26969284
TI  - Quantification of chemical contaminants in the paper and board fractions of
      municipal solid waste.
AB  - Chemicals are used in materials as additives in order to improve the performance
      of the material or the production process itself. The presence of these chemicals
      in recyclable waste materials may potentially affect the recyclability of the
      materials. The addition of chemicals may vary depending on the production
      technology or the potential end-use of the material. Paper has been previously
      shown to potentially contain a large variety of chemicals. Quantitative data on
      the presence of chemicals in paper are necessary for appropriate waste paper
      management, including the recycling and re-processing of paper. However, a lack
      of quantitative data on the presence of chemicals in paper is evident in the
      literature. The aim of the present work is to quantify the presence of selected
      chemicals in waste paper derived from households. Samples of paper and board were
      collected from Danish households, including both residual and source-segregated
      materials, which were disposed of (e.g., through incineration) and recycled,
      respectively. The concentration of selected chemicals was quantified for all of
      the samples. The quantified chemicals included mineral oil hydrocarbons,
      phthalates, phenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, and selected toxic metals (Cd,
      Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb). The results suggest large variations in the
      concentration of chemicals depending on the waste paper fraction analysed.
      Research on the fate of chemicals in waste recycling and potential problem
      mitigation measures should be focused on in further studies. 

PMID- 26969286
TI  - A system dynamics-based environmental performance simulation of construction
      waste reduction management in China.
AB  - A huge amount of construction waste has been generated from increasingly higher
      number of construction activities than in the past, which has significant
      negative impacts on the environment if they are not properly managed. Therefore,
      effective construction waste management is of primary importance for future
      sustainable development. Based on the theory of planned behaviors, this paper
      develops a system dynamic model of construction waste reduction management at the
      construction phase to simulate the environmental benefits of construction waste
      reduction management. The application of the proposed model is shown using a case
      study in Shenzhen, China. Vensim is applied to simulate and analyze the model.
      The simulation results indicate that source reduction is an effective waste
      reduction measure which can reduce 27.05% of the total waste generation. Sorting
      behaviors are a premise for improving the construction waste recycling and reuse
      rates which account for 15.49% of the total waste generated. The environmental
      benefits of source reduction outweigh those of sorting behaviors. Therefore, to
      achieve better environmental performance of the construction waste reduction
      management, attention should be paid to source reduction such as low waste
      technologies and on-site management performance. In the meantime, sorting
      behaviors encouragement such as improving stakeholders' waste awareness, refining
      regulations, strengthening government supervision and controlling illegal dumping
      should be emphasized. 

PMID- 26969285
TI  - The challenges of municipal solid waste management systems provided by public
      private partnerships in mature tourist destinations: The case of Mallorca.
AB  - This article analyzes the influence of tourism on the municipal solid waste
      management (MSWM) system taking as reference the case study of Mallorca, an
      internationally renowned destination. The characteristics of tourism such as
      seasonality and land scarcity, set interesting challenges to public-private
      partnerships related to MSWM system. The analysis of Mallorca's experience shows
      that land endowment strongly influences the choice of treatment technologies in
      tourism destinations. Furthermore, tourism seasonality significantly affects
      management costs which should be considered on PPP contracts. Finally, the tariff
      system in this kind of environmental PPPs in tourist destinations still need to
      improve to promote waste minimization and recycling. 

PMID- 26969283
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and clinical malaria among school children
      living in a high transmission setting in western Kenya.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria among school children is increasingly receiving attention,
      yet the burden of malaria in this age group is poorly defined. This study
      presents data on malaria morbidity among school children in Bungoma county,
      western Kenya. METHOD: This study investigated the burden and risk factors of
      Plasmodium falciparum infection, clinical malaria, and anaemia among 2346 school
      children aged 5-15 years, who were enrolled in an individually randomized trial
      evaluating the effect of anthelmintic treatment on the risks of malaria. At
      baseline, children were assessed for anaemia and nutritional status and
      information on household characteristics was collected. Children were followed-up
      for 13 months to assess the incidence of clinical malaria by active detection,
      and P. falciparum infection and density evaluated using repeated cross-sectional
      surveys over 15 months. RESULTS: On average prevalence of P. falciparum infection
      was 42% and ranged between 32 and 48% during the five cross-sectional surveys.
      Plasmodium falciparum prevalence was significantly higher among boys than girls.
      The overall incidence of clinical malaria was 0.26 episodes per person year (95%
      confidence interval, 0.24-0.29) and was significantly higher among girls (0.23
      versus 0.31, episodes per person years). Both infection prevalence and clinical
      disease varied by season. In multivariable analysis, P. falciparum infection was
      associated with being male, lower socioeconomic status and stunting. The risk of
      clinical malaria was associated with being female. CONCLUSION: These findings
      show that the burden of P. falciparum parasitaemia, clinical malaria and anaemia
      among school children is not insignificant, and suggest that malaria control
      programmes should be expanded to include this age group.

PMID- 26969288
TI  - A study on synthesis of energy fuel from waste plastic and assessment of its
      potential as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.
AB  - The demand for plastic is ever increasing and has produced a huge amount of
      plastic waste. The management and disposal of plastic waste have become a major
      concern, especially in developing cities. The idea of waste to energy recovery is
      one of the promising techniques used for managing the waste plastic. This paper
      assesses the potential of using Waste Plastic Oil (WPO), synthesized using
      pyrolysis of waste plastic, as an alternative for diesel fuel. In this research
      work, the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel
      engine fuelled with WPO and its blends with diesel are studied. In addition to
      neat plastic oil, three blends (PO25, PO50 and PO75) were prepared on a
      volumetric basis and the engine was able to run on neat plastic oil. Brake
      thermal efficiency of blends was lower compared to diesel, but PO25 showed
      similar performance to that of diesel. The emissions were reduced considerably
      while using blends when compared to neat plastic oil. The smoke and NOX were
      reduced by 22% and 17.8% respectively for PO25 than that of plastic oil. 

PMID- 26969287
TI  - Investigation on an innovative technology for wet separation of plastic wastes.
AB  - This paper presents an original device for the separation of plastic polymers
      from mixtures. Due to the combination of a characteristic flow pattern developing
      within the apparatus and density, shape and size differences among two or more
      polymers, this device allows their separation into two products, one collected
      within the instrument and the other one expelled through its outlet ducts.
      Experimental tests have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the
      apparatus, using two geometric arrangements, nine hydraulic configurations and
      three selections of polymers at three stages of a material life cycle. Tests with
      samples composed of a single typology of polymer have been used to understand the
      interaction between the particles and the carrying fluid within the apparatus in
      different hydraulic configurations and geometric arrangements. Multi-material
      tests are essential to simulate the real conditions in an industrial recycling
      plant. The separation results have been evaluated in terms of grade and recovery
      of a useful material. Under the proper hydraulic configurations, the
      experimentation showed that it is possible to produce an almost pure concentrate
      of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) from a mixture of 85% PET and 15%
      Polycarbonate (PC) (concentrate grade and recovery equal to 99.5% and 95.1%) and
      a mixture of 85% PET and 15% Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) (concentrate grade and
      recovery equal to 97.9% and 100.0%). It is further demonstrated that almost pure
      concentrates of PVC and PC can be produced from a mixture of 85% PVC and 15% PC
      (PVC grade and recovery equal to 99.9% and 99.7%) and a mixture of 85% PC and 15%
      PVC (PC grade and recovery equal to 99.0% and 99.5%). 

PMID- 26969289
TI  - Copper leaching from electronic waste for the improvement of gold recycling.
AB  - Gold recovery from electronic waste material with high copper content was
      investigated at ambient conditions. A chemical preliminary treatment was found
      necessary to remove the large quantities of copper before the precious metal can
      be extracted. For this purpose inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) and two
      organic substances EDTA and citrate, were tested. The effect of auxiliary
      oxidants such as air, ozone and peroxide hydroxide was studied. In pretreatments
      with peroxide and HCl or citrate, copper extractions greater than 90% were
      achieved. In the second leaching stage for gold recovery, the solid residue of
      the copper extraction was contacted with thiourea solutions, resulting in greater
      than 90% gold removal after only one hour of reaction.

PMID- 26969291
TI  - Re: Atrophy of the anterior digastric muscle: response to a prospective clinical
      study.

PMID- 26969292
TI  - Blood lead concentrations as a result of retained lead pellets in the
      craniomaxillofacial region in Benin City, Nigeria.
AB  - Patients who survive gunshot wounds often retain pellets in their bodies, which
      cause delayed morbidity from lead poisoning, and even death. Our aim was to find
      out whether there is a high concentration of lead in the blood of patients who
      have asymptomatic retention of lead pellets in the craniomaxillofacial region. We
      prospectively studied 28 patients who were admitted to our hospital with gunshot
      injuries to the region, and 28 control subjects. Each was originally recruited
      three days after injury. The control subjects were chosen from people who lived
      in the same household or worked in the same place as the patients. Any previous
      exposure to lead was excluded. Blood samples were collected three days and three
      months after injury and analysed for the presence of lead by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. The mean (SD) age for both patients and control subjects was
      33 (12) years. The mean (SD) and range of concentrations of lead in patients
      three days after injury was 0.11 (0.07), range 0.01-0.32MUmol/L, while those of
      the control subjects were 0.03 (0.02) and 0-0.06, respectively. Three months
      after injury, the mean (SD) and range of concentrations of the patients were 0.30
      (0.11) and 0.12-0.59MUmol/L, while those of the control subjects were 0-1.25 and
      0.12 (0.006) MUmol/L, respectively (p= 0.000). The study showed a higher mean
      blood lead concentration in patients with gunshot injuries than in control
      subjects, but lower than the threshold values published by the Centers for
      Disease Control/Occupational Health and Safety Administration in the United
      States. 

PMID- 26969293
TI  - The role of primary care providers in patient activation and engagement in self
      management: a cross-sectional analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The increasing burden of chronic illness highlights the importance of
      self-care and shifts from hierarchical and patriarchal models to partnerships.
      Primary care providers (PCPs) play an important role in supporting patients in
      self-management, enabling activation and supporting chronic care. We explored the
      extent to which PCPs' beliefs about the importance of the patients' role relate
      to the frequency in which they report engaging in collaborative and partnership
      building behaviors with patients. METHODS: PCPs' beliefs were measured using the
      Clinician Support for Patient Activation Measure (CS-PAM). We also assessed
      whether PCPs' CS-PAM scores were positively associated with changes in their
      patients' Patient Activation Measure (PAM) scores. Participants included 181 PCPs
      from a single accountable care organization in Minnesota who completed an online
      survey. We conducted bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models to
      examine relationships between CS-PAM and PCP self-management support behaviors
      and changes in level of patient activation. RESULTS: PCPs with high CS-PAM scores
      were much more likely to engage in supportive self-management and patient
      behavior change approaches, such as involving the patient in agenda-setting,
      problem-solving, and collaboratively setting behavioral goals, than were PCPs
      with low CS-PAM scores. More positive PCPs' belief in the patients' role in self
      management was positively correlated with improvements in their patients' level
      of patient activation. CONCLUSIONS: More positive PCP beliefs about the patients'
      role in self-management was strongly related to PCP behaviors geared towards
      increasing patient activation.

PMID- 26969295
TI  - Response to Kottek and Kilpatrick, 'Estimating Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
      in Australia'.

PMID- 26969296
TI  - Behavioral flexibility predicts increased ability to resist excessive
      methamphetamine self-administration.
AB  - Drug addiction is often associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral
      inflexibility that may contribute to the development and maintenance of addictive
      behaviors by reducing addicts' ability to control their behavior toward the drug.
      In this study, we investigated the relationships between pre-drug levels of
      behavioral flexibility and the risk to develop uncontrolled methamphetamine
      (METH) self-administration. First, we measured individual performance in an inter
      dimensional set-shifting procedure in which animals have to switch between an
      external visual rule and an internal side rule in order to obtain food pellets.
      Then we allowed rats to self-administer METH for twenty long 14-hour sessions,
      and we investigated the relationships between behavioral flexibility and measures
      of control over drug intake. Rats rapidly acquired to self-administer high levels
      of METH which resulted in moderate weight loss. After several sessions of self
      administration, whereas some rats progressively increased their METH intake,
      other rats showed very long voluntary pauses between drug injections and showed
      no escalation in METH self-administration. Interestingly, we found that
      behavioral flexibility is correlated with METH self-administration and that more
      flexible rats take less METH and do not escalate drug taking. These results
      suggest that traits of behavioral flexibility may protect against the development
      of excessive and dysregulated drug taking. Conversely, the inability to adapt
      behavioral responses as a function of the environmental contingencies may
      contribute to the risks to develop addiction to METH.

PMID- 26969294
TI  - High genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus strains colonising the
      nasopharynx of Gambian villagers before widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate
      vaccines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the global efforts of reducing pneumococcal disease through
      widespread introduction of pneumococcal vaccines, concerns have emerged on the
      potential increase of morbidity and mortality from S. aureus disease. Little is
      known however, of the carriage rates of S. aureus or of its' relationship with
      carriage of S. pneumoniae in rural Africa, and West Africa in particular where
      very high rates of carriage of S. pneumoniae have been reported. This study aims
      to evaluate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and genotypes of
      S. aureus isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy individuals in rural Gambia
      before the introduction of routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the
      country. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of S. aureus nasopharyngeal carriage was
      25.2%. All S. aureus isolates tested were susceptible to methicillin. Resistant
      was observed for sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (15%) and tetracycline (34.3%).
      We found 59 different sequence types (ST), 35 of which were novel. The most
      prevalent sequence types were ST 15 (28%) and ST 5 (4%). Eighty two percent
      (494/600) of study individuals were S. pneumoniae carriers with S. pneumoniae
      carriage rates decreasing with increasing age groups. S. aureus carriage among
      pneumococcal carriers was slightly lower than among non-pneumococcal carriers
      (24.3 versus 29.3%; p = 0.324). There were no associations of carriage between
      these two bacteria across the 4 age groups. However, analysis of pooled data
      children < 2 years and children 2 to < 5 years of age showed a statistically
      significant inverse association (24.1 and 50.0% for S. aureus carriage among S.
      pneumoniae carriers and non-carriers respectively; p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: We
      report that nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus in rural Gambia is high in all
      age groups, with approximately 1 out of 4 individuals being carriers in the pre
      pneumococcal vaccination era. There are indications that nasopharyngeal carriage
      of S.aureus could be inversely related to carriage of S. pneumoniae amongst
      younger children in The Gambian and that S. aureus clones in The Gambia show
      significant genetic diversity suggesting worldwide dissemination. Findings from
      this study provide a useful background for impact studies evaluating the
      introduction of pneumococcal vaccines or other interventions targeting the
      control of S. aureus infections and disease.

PMID- 26969297
TI  - The reference phantoms: voxel vs polygon.
AB  - The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference male and
      female adult phantoms, described in Publication 110, are voxel phantoms based on
      whole-body computed tomography scans of a male and a female patient,
      respectively. The voxel in-plane resolution and the slice thickness, of the order
      of a few millimetres, are insufficient for proper segmentation of smaller tissues
      such as the lens of the eye, the skin, and the walls of some organs. The
      calculated doses for these tissues therefore present some limitations,
      particularly for weakly penetrating radiation. Similarly, the Publication 110
      phantoms cannot represent 8-40-um-thick target regions in respiratory or
      alimentary tract organs. Separate stylised models have been used to represent
      these tissues for calculation of the ICRP reference dose coefficients (DCs). ICRP
      Committee 2 recently initiated a research project, the ultimate goal of which is
      to convert the Publication 110 phantoms to a high-quality polygon-mesh (PM)
      format, including all source and target regions, even those of the 8-40-um-thick
      alimentary and respiratory tract organs. It is expected that the converted
      phantoms would lead to the same or very similar DCs as the Publication 110
      reference phantoms for penetrating radiation and, at the same time, provide more
      accurate DCs for weakly penetrating radiation and small tissues. Additionally,
      the reference phantoms in the PM format would be easily deformable and, as such,
      could serve as a starting point to create phantoms of various postures for use,
      for example, in accidental dose calculations. This paper will discuss the current
      progress of the phantom conversion project and its significance for ICRP DC
      calculations. 

PMID- 26969298
TI  - Measures for environmental conservation in enclosed coastal seas.
AB  - With putting a focus on the balance among the nutrient salts such as nitrogen and
      phosphorus, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) developed the Action Plan for
      Healthy Material Circulation in Ocean (just called the Healthy Plan). The plan
      aims to facilitate the healthy and smooth circulation of the nutrients with an
      integrated management over land and sea as a package in respective sea areas. The
      Healthy Plan is now in a pilot phase and is to be implemented for some selected
      model regions. Meanwhile, devastating tsunamis caused by the Great East Japan
      Earthquake on March 11th, 2011 severely damaged the natural environments in the
      affected regions. In the affected bays, seaweed beds and spawning grounds
      disappeared in a blink. MOE has launched on the recovery activities of Zostera
      (eelgrass) beds, using the concepts and the methods used in the "Sato-umi
      Creation" activity which is a purposeful environmental recovery project. 

PMID- 26969299
TI  - Cognitive remediation versus active computer control in bipolar disorder with
      psychosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is a major feature of bipolar disorder with
      psychosis and is strongly associated with functional outcomes. Computer-based
      cognitive remediation has shown promise in improving cognition in patients with
      schizophrenia. However, despite similar neurocognitive deficits between patients
      with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, few studies have extended neuroscience
      based cognitive remediation programs to this population. METHODS/DESIGN: The
      Treatment to Enhance Cognition in Bipolar Disorder study is an investigator
      initiated, parallel group, randomized, blinded clinical trial of an Internet
      based cognitive remediation protocol for patients with bipolar disorder I with
      psychosis (n = 100). We also describe the development of our dose-matched active
      control paradigm. Both conditions involve 70 sessions of computer-based
      activities over 24 weeks. The control intervention was developed to mirror the
      treatment condition in dose and format but without the neuroplasticity-based task
      design and structure. All participants undergo neuropsychological and clinical
      assessment at baseline, after approximately 25 hours of study activities, post
      treatment, and after 6 months of no study contact to assess durability.
      Neuroimaging at baseline and post treatment are offered in an "opt-in" format.
      The primary outcomes are scores on the MATRICS battery; secondary and exploratory
      outcomes include measures of clinical symptoms, community functioning, and
      neuroimaging changes. Associations between change in cognitive measures and
      change in community functioning will be assessed. Baseline predictors of
      treatment response will be examined. DISCUSSION: The present study is the first
      we are aware of to implement an Internet-based cognitive remediation program in
      patients with bipolar disorder with psychosis and to develop a comparable web
      based control paradigm. The mixed online and study-site format allows accessible
      treatment while providing weekly staff contact and bridging. Based on user
      provided feedback, participant blinding is feasible. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01470781 ; 11 July 2011.

PMID- 26969300
TI  - Inhibition of SOX2 induces cell apoptosis and G1/S arrest in Ewing's sarcoma
      through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ewing's sarcoma is an aggressive bone and soft tissue tumor with a
      high incidence in children and adolescents. Due to its high malignancy and poor
      prognosis, identification of novel biomarkers for intervention therapies is
      necessary to improve outcome. The EWS/FLI1 fusion gene is a characteristic of
      Ewing's sarcoma in most cases. Sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a primary
      target of EWS/FLI1. It has been identified as an oncogene and linked to apoptotic
      resistance in several types of cancer. However, its role and regulatory
      mechanisms in Ewing's sarcoma are largely unknown. METHODS: We systematically
      investigated the role of SOX2 in Ewing's sarcoma cell lines, human tissue samples
      and xenograft models. The expression of SOX2 was detected in Ewing's sarcoma
      samples by WB and IHC. siRNAs were used to knockdown EWS/FLI1 and SOX2 in A673
      and RD-ES cell lines with the efficiencies tested by qRT-PCR and WB. The effect
      of SOX2 on cell cycle and apoptosis was determined by Flow cytometric and TUNEL
      assays. Akt overexpression was performed with plasmid. The protein expression of
      the corresponding factors was examined by WB analysis. Inhibition of SOX2 in vivo
      was performed by siRNA against SOX2 in xenograft models, and the protein
      expression of the regulators testified in vitro was examined in xenograft tumors
      by IHC and WB. RESULTS: The results confirmed that SOX2 was highly expressed in
      Ewing's sarcoma and was the target of EWS/FLI1. SOX2 advanced Ewing's sarcoma
      cell survival and proliferation by regulating p21, p27 and cyclin-E to facilitate
      G1/S phase transition and mediating caspase-3, PARP via both extrinsic (Fas and
      caspase-8) and intrinsic (caspase-9, Bad, Bcl-2 and XIAP) apoptotic pathways to
      restrain cell apoptosis. Additionally, SOX2 regulated the cell-cycle progression
      and apoptosis via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The mechanisms
      were proved both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that
      SOX2 played a central role in promoting Ewing's sarcoma cell proliferation in
      vitro and in vivo with the underlying mechanisms expounded. These findings
      suggest that SOX2 may serve as a potential biomarker for targeted intervention in
      Ewing's sarcoma.

PMID- 26969301
TI  - Association of serum electrolytes and smoking with salivary gland stone
      formation.
AB  - To further define potential factors that may contribute to stone formation in
      salivary glands (sialolithiasis), a retrospective chart review was performed of
      patients diagnosed with sialolithiasis between March 1, 1998 and February 29,
      2012. Information on salivary gland stone number, location and size, medical
      history, medications, and serum electrolyte levels were collected. Associations
      between electrolyte levels and stone characteristics (such as stone number and
      size) were examined. Fifty-nine patients were identified; their median age was 58
      years (range 25-89 years) and most were male (95%). Salivary stones were most
      commonly located in the submandibular glands (83%). Thirty-five patients (59%)
      had a smoking history, with 16 (27%) reported as current smokers. There was a
      significant association between current smoker status and stone size (mean
      largest stone size 12.4+/-8.8mm vs. 7.5+/-4.8mm in current smokers vs. non
      smokers; P=0.03). Serum sodium levels (r=0.32, P=0.014) and serum potassium
      levels (r=0.31, P=0.017) showed significant positive correlations with stone
      size. While the aetiology of sialolithiasis remains unclear, smoking (which can
      contribute to reduced saliva flow) and higher serum sodium levels (which can
      reflect volume depletion) are associated with larger salivary stones. 

PMID- 26969304
TI  - Optical models of the human eye.
AB  - Optical models of the human eye have been used in visual science for purposes
      such as providing a framework for explaining optical phenomena in vision, for
      predicting how refraction and aberrations are affected by change in ocular
      biometry and as computational tools for exploring the limitations imposed on
      vision by the optical system of the eye. We address the issue of what is
      understood by optical model eyes, discussing the 'encyclopaedia' and 'toy train'
      approaches to modelling. An extensive list of purposes of models is provided. We
      discuss many of the theoretical types of optical models (also schematic eyes) of
      varying anatomical accuracy, including single, three and four refracting surface
      variants. We cover the models with lens structure in the form of nested shells
      and gradient index. Many optical eye models give accurate predictions only for
      small angles and small fields of view. If aberrations and image quality are
      important to consider, such 'paraxial' model eyes must be replaced by 'finite
      model' eyes incorporating features such as aspheric surfaces, tilts and
      decentrations, wavelength-dependent media and curved retinas. Many optical model
      eyes are population averages and must become adaptable to account for age,
      gender, ethnicity, refractive error and accommodation. They can also be
      customised for the individual when extensive ocular biometry and optical
      performance data are available. We consider which optical model should be used
      for a particular purpose, adhering to the principle that the best model is the
      simplest fit for the task. We provide a glimpse into the future of optical models
      of the human eye. This review is interwoven with historical developments,
      highlighting the important people who have contributed so richly to our
      understanding of visual optics. 

PMID- 26969303
TI  - Incidence of atypical nevi in Olmsted County: an epidemiological study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association of atypical nevi with melanoma and other forms of
      skin cancer has not been clearly defined. METHODS: We studied 631 patients with
      first lifetime diagnosis of mild, moderate or severely atypical nevus from 2000
      through 2005, identified through a population-based approach. RESULTS: Age at
      first diagnosis differed significantly between men and women (p<.001). Incidence
      rates peaked in the second through fourth decades in women and in the third,
      sixth and seventh decades in men. From 2000 through 2005, the overall age- and
      sex-adjusted incidence rate of all degrees of atypical nevi was 76.0 per 100,000
      person-years. There were no statistically significant associations identified
      between the degree of atypia and the future development of basal cell carcinoma,
      squamous cell carcinoma or MM (p = 0.51, p = 0.28 and p = 0.19, respectively).
      CONCLUSION: There is no association between atypical nevi and the subsequent
      development of non-melanoma skin cancer and MM. Incidence rates of atypical nevi
      are higher among younger women and older men. The association between degree of
      atypia and malignant melanoma warrants further study.

PMID- 26969305
TI  - Abortion experiences among Zanzibari women: a chain-referral sampling study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Zanzibar, a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania, induced abortion
      is illegal but common, and fewer than 12% of married reproductive-aged women use
      modern contraception. As part of a multi-method study about contraception and
      consequences of unwanted pregnancies, the objective of this study was to
      understand the experiences of Zanzibari women who terminated pregnancies.
      METHODS: The cross-sectional study was set in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Participants
      were a community-based sample of women who had terminated pregnancies. We carried
      out semi-structured interviews with 45 women recruited via chain-referral
      sampling. We report the characteristics of women who have had abortions, the
      reasons they had abortions, and the methods used to terminate their pregnancies.
      RESULTS: Women in Zanzibar terminate pregnancies that are unwanted for a range of
      reasons, at various points in their reproductive lives, and using multiple
      methods. While clinical methods were most effective, nearly half of our
      participants successfully terminated a pregnancy using non-clinical methods and
      very few had complications requiring post abortion care (PAC). CONCLUSIONS: Even
      in settings where abortion is illegal, some women experience illegal abortions
      without adverse health consequences, what we might call 'safer' unsafe abortions;
      these kinds of abortion experiences can be missed in studies about abortion
      conducted among women seeking PAC in hospitals.

PMID- 26969302
TI  - Presynaptic BK channels control transmitter release: physiological relevance and
      potential therapeutic implications.
AB  - BK channels are large conductance potassium channels characterized by four pore
      forming alpha subunits, often co-assembled with auxiliary beta and gamma subunits
      to regulate Ca(2+) sensitivity, voltage dependence and gating properties.
      Abundantly expressed in the CNS, they have the peculiar characteristic of being
      activated by both voltage and intracellular calcium rise. The increase in
      intracellular calcium via voltage-dependent calcium channels (Cav ) during
      spiking triggers conformational changes and BK channel opening. This narrows the
      action potential and induces a fast after-hyperpolarization that shuts calcium
      channels. The tight coupling between BK and Cav channels at presynaptic active
      zones makes them particularly suitable for regulating calcium entry and
      neurotransmitter release. While in most synapses, BK channels exert a negative
      control on transmitter release under basal conditions, in others they do so only
      under pathological conditions, serving as an emergency brake to protect against
      hyperactivity. In particular cases, by interacting with other channels (i.e.
      limiting the activation of the delayed rectifier and the inactivation of Na(+)
      channels), BK channels induce spike shortening, increase in firing rate and
      transmitter release. Changes in transmitter release following BK channel
      dysfunction have been implicated in several neurological disorders including
      epilepsy, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome, mental retardation and autism. In
      particular, two mutations, one in the alpha and one in the beta3 subunit,
      resulting in a gain of function have been associated with epilepsy. Hence, these
      discoveries have allowed identification of BK channels as new drug targets for
      therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 26969306
TI  - Health-related quality of life and its association with medication adherence in
      active pulmonary tuberculosis- a systematic review of global literature with
      focus on South Africa.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
      South Africa. Clinical parameters are important objective outcomes in TB; however
      they often are not directly correlated with subjective well-being of the patient,
      but can be assessed using patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. Health-related
      quality of life (HRQOL) is a specific PRO generally multi-dimensional in nature
      and includes physical, mental and social health domains. The inclusion of HRQOL
      PROs in trials and clinical practice can provide additional information
      beyondclinical and microbiological parameters. Furthermore, HRQOL may be
      associated with medication adherence. This review focuses on patient-reported
      HRQOL and its association with medication adherence in TB patients in South
      Africa. METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy was developed focusing on the
      impact of TB on patient-reported HRQOL,the existence of a conceptual framework of
      TB-specific HRQOL, determinants of medication adherence and the association of
      HRQOL with medication adherence. Data were extracted from all identified articles
      and additionaldata extraction was performed by two independent reviewers with
      special focus on longitudinal studies in order to understand changes of HRQOL and
      adherence over time. Research gaps were identified with regard to patient
      reported HRQOL and medication adherence. RESULTS: A total of 66 articles met the
      eligibility criteria. Ten HRQOL studies and one adherence study used a
      longitudinal design, none of these in South Africa. A variety of different
      generic and disease-specific HRQOL measures were identified in the articles. In
      South Africa four HRQOL and five adherence studies (non-longitudinal) were
      published. Similar factors (socio-demographic, socio-economic, disease-related,
      therapy-related and psycho-social aspects) affect HRQOL and adherence. Although
      standard TB treatment improved all health domains, psychological well-being and
      social functioning remained impaired in microbiologically cured patients after
      treatment. CONCLUSION: While evidence of TB impact on HRQOL and medication
      adherence and their association exists, it is verylimited for the South African
      situation. No valid and reliable TB-specific HRQOL measures were identified in
      this systematicreview. An assessment of HRQOL in TB patients in South Africa is
      required as this may assist with improving current disease management programmes,
      medication adherence and national treatment guidelines.

PMID- 26969307
TI  - Antitumor and anti-angiogenic potentials of isolated crude saponins and various
      fractions of Rumex hastatus D. Don.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer, being the foremost challenge of the modern era and the focus
      of world-class investigators, gargantuan research is in progress worldwide to
      explore novel therapeutic for its management. The exploitation of natural sources
      has been proven to be an excellent approach to treat or minify the excessive
      angiogenesis and proliferation of cells. Similarly, based the ethnomedicinal uses
      and literature survey, the current study is designed to explore the anti-tumor
      and anti-angiogenic potentials of Rumex hastatus. Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic
      activities were carried out using potato-disc model and chorioallantoic membrane
      (CAM) assay respectively. Moreover, R. hastatus was also assessed for
      antibacterial activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens (tumor causing bacterial
      strain). The positive controls used in anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and
      antibacterial activities were vincristine sulphate, dexamethasone and cefotaxime
      respectively. RESULTS: The crude saponins (Rh.Sp), methanolic extract (Rh.Cr) and
      other solvent extracts like n-hexane (Rh.Hex), chloroform (Rh.Chf), ethylacetate
      (Rh.EtAc) and aqueous fraction (Rh.Aq) exhibited notable anti-tumor and anti
      angiogenic activities. In potato tumor assay, the chloroform and saponin
      fractions were observed to be the most effective showing 86.7 and 93.3 % tumor
      inhibition at 1000 ug/ml with IC50 values 31.6 and 18.1 ug/ml respectively.
      Similarly, these two samples i.e., chloroform and saponins also excelled among
      the entire test samples in anti-angiogenic evaluation exhibiting 81.6 % (IC50 =
      17.9 ug/ml) and 78.9 % (IC50 = 64.9 ug/ml) at 1000 ug/ml respectively. In
      contrast, the antibacterial investigations revealed a negligible potential
      against A. tumefaciens. CONCLUSION: Based on our results we can claim that R.
      hastatus possesses both anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials. In all of the
      solvent fractions, Rh.Chf and Rh.Sp were most effective against tumor and
      angiogenesis while having negligible activity against A. tumefaciens. It can be
      concluded that Rh.Chf and Rh.Sp might be potential targets in the isolation of
      natural product having anti-neoplastic action.

PMID- 26969308
TI  - Patient and genetic counselor perceptions of in-person versus telephone genetic
      counseling for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer.
AB  - Telephone genetic counseling (TC) for high-risk women interested in BRCA1/2
      testing has been shown to yield positive outcomes comparable to usual care (UC;
      in-person) genetic counseling. However, little is known about how genetic
      counselors perceive the delivery of these alternate forms of genetic counseling.
      As part of a randomized trial of TC versus UC, genetic counselors completed a 5
      item genetic counselor process questionnaire (GCQ) assessing key elements of pre
      test sessions (information delivery, emotional support, addressing questions and
      concerns, tailoring of session, and facilitation of decision-making) with the 479
      female participants (TC, N = 236; UC, N = 243). The GCQ scores did not differ for
      TC vs. UC sessions (t (477) = 0.11, p = 0.910). However, multivariate analysis
      showed that participant race/ethnicity significantly predicted genetic counselor
      perceptions (beta = 0.172, p < 0.001) in that the GCQ scores were lower for
      minorities in TC and UC. Exploratory analyses suggested that GCQ scores may be
      associated with patient preference for UC versus TC (t (79) = 2.21, p = 0.030).
      Additionally, we found that genetic counselor ratings of session effectiveness
      were generally concordant with patient perceptions of the session. These data
      indicate that genetic counselors perceive that key components of TC can be
      delivered as effectively as UC, and that these elements may contribute to
      specific aspects of patient satisfaction. However, undefined process differences
      may be present which account for lower counselor perceptions about the
      effectiveness of their sessions with minority women (i.e., those other than non
      Hispanic Whites). We discuss other potential clinical and research implications
      of our findings.

PMID- 26969309
TI  - Genetic counseling and cascade genetic testing in Lynch syndrome.
AB  - Lynch syndrome is the most common cause of inherited colorectal and endometrial
      cancers. Individuals with Lynch syndrome have a 10-80 % lifetime risk for
      colorectal cancer and a 15-60 % lifetime risk for endometrial cancer. Both
      cancers are preventable through chemoprevention, intensive cancer surveillance,
      and risk-reducing surgery options. Efforts to identify as many individuals with
      Lynch syndrome as possible will prevent cancers and save lives. This includes the
      traditional cancer genetic counseling model whereby individuals with and without
      cancer are evaluated for a possible Lynch syndrome diagnosis based on their
      personal and family history of colon polyps and cancers. It also includes
      universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome whereby all individuals with
      colorectal or endometrial cancer are screened for tumor features of Lynch
      syndrome at the time of diagnosis. Those with tumors suspicious for Lynch
      syndrome are referred for cancer genetic counseling regardless of their family
      history of cancer. This two approaches must be maximized to attain high patient
      reach. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, cascade testing among the at-risk
      relatives of those diagnosed with Lynch syndrome is critically important to
      maximize the diagnosis of individuals with Lynch syndrome. In fact, the cost
      effectiveness of universal tumor screening for Lynch syndrome relies entirely on
      counseling and testing as many at-risk individuals as possible since young
      unaffected individuals stand to benefit the most from an early diagnosis of Lynch
      syndrome. This approach must be optimized to achieve high family reach. It will
      take a concerted effort from patients, clinicians and public health officials to
      improve current approaches to the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome and the prevention
      and treatment of Lynch syndrome-associated cancer but these lessons can be
      applied to other conditions as the ultimate example of personalized medicine.

PMID- 26969310
TI  - Developmental brain trajectories in children with ADHD and controls: a
      longitudinal neuroimaging study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The symptom profile and neuropsychological functioning of individuals
      with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), change as they enter
      adolescence. It is unclear whether variation in brain structure and function
      parallels these changes, and also whether deviations from typical brain
      development trajectories are associated with differential outcomes. This paper
      describes the Neuroimaging of the Children's Attention Project (NICAP), a
      comprehensive longitudinal multimodal neuroimaging study. Primary aims are to
      determine how brain structure and function change with age in ADHD, and whether
      different trajectories of brain development are associated with variations in
      outcomes including diagnostic persistence, and academic, cognitive, social and
      mental health outcomes. METHODS/DESIGN: NICAP is a multimodal neuroimaging study
      in a community-based cohort of children with and without ADHD. Approximately 100
      children with ADHD and 100 typically developing controls will be scanned at a
      mean age of 10 years (range; 9-11years) and will be re-scanned at two 18-month
      intervals (ages 11.5 and 13 years respectively). Assessments include a structured
      diagnostic interview, parent and teacher questionnaires, direct child
      cognitive/executive functioning assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
      MRI acquisition techniques, collected at a single site, have been selected to
      provide optimized information concerning structural and functional brain
      development. DISCUSSION: This study will allow us to address the primary aims by
      describing the neurobiological development of ADHD and elucidating brain features
      associated with differential clinical/behavioral outcomes. NICAP data will also
      be explored to assess the impact of sex, ADHD presentation, ADHD severity,
      comorbidities and medication use on brain development trajectories. Establishing
      which brain regions are associated with differential clinical outcomes, may allow
      us to improve predictions about the course of ADHD.

PMID- 26969311
TI  - "Deterioration to Door Time": An Exploratory Analysis of Delays in Escalation of
      Care for Hospitalized Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Timely escalation of care for patients experiencing clinical
      deterioration in the inpatient setting is challenging. Deterioration on a general
      floor has been associated with an increased risk of death, and the early period
      of deterioration may represent a time during which admission to the intensive
      care unit (ICU) improves survival. Previous studies examining the association
      between delay from onset of clinical deterioration to ICU transfer and mortality
      are few in number and were conducted more than 10 years ago. OBJECTIVE: We aimed
      to evaluate the impact of delays in the escalation of care among clinically
      deteriorating patients in the current era of inpatient medicine. DESIGN AND
      PARTICIPANTS: This was a retrospective cohort study that analyzed data from 793
      patients transferred from non-intensive care unit (ICU) inpatient floors to the
      medical intensive care unit (MICU), from 2011 to 2013 at an urban, tertiary,
      academic medical center. MAIN MEASURES: "Deterioration to door time (DTDT)" was
      defined as the time between onset of clinical deterioration (as evidenced by the
      presence of one or more vital sign indicators including respiratory rate,
      systolic blood pressure, and heart rate) and arrival in the MICU. KEY RESULTS: In
      our sample, 64.6 % had delays in care escalation, defined as greater than 4 h
      based on previous studies. Mortality was significantly increased beginning at a
      DTDT of 12.1 h after adjusting for age, gender, and severity of illness.
      CONCLUSIONS: Delays in the escalation of care for clinically deteriorating
      hospitalized patients remain frequent in the current era of inpatient medicine,
      and are associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Development of
      performance measures for the care of clinically deteriorating inpatients remains
      essential, and timeliness of care escalation deserves further consideration.

PMID- 26969312
TI  - Trends in Costs of Depression in Adults with Diabetes in the United States:
      Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2004-2011.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in healthcare cost trends over 8 years in
      adults with diabetes and one of four categories of comorbid depression: no
      depression, unrecognized depression, asymptomatic depression, or symptomatic
      depression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the 2004-2011 Medical
      Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) was used to create nationally representative
      estimates. The dependent variable was total healthcare expenditures for the
      calendar year, including office-based, hospital outpatient, emergency room,
      inpatient hospital, prescription, dental, and home health care expenditures. The
      2004-2011 direct medical costs were adjusted to a common 2014 dollar value. The
      primary independent variable was four mutually exclusive depression categories
      created from ICD-9-CM codes and the PHQ-2 depression screening tool. Healthcare
      expenditures were estimated using a two-part model and were adjusted for age,
      sex, race, marital status, education, health insurance, metropolitan statistical
      area status, region, income level, and comorbidities. RESULTS: Based on a
      national sample of adults with diabetes (unweighted sample of 15,548, weighted
      sample of 17,465,579), 10.2 % had unrecognized depression, 13.6 % had
      asymptomatic depression, and 8.9 % had symptomatic depression. In the pooled
      sample, after adjusting for covariates, the incremental cost of unrecognized
      depression was $2872 (95 % CI 1660-4084), asymptomatic depression increased by
      $3347 (95 % CI 2568-4386), and symptomatic depression increased by $5170 (CI 95 %
      3610-6731) compared to patients with no depression. CONCLUSIONS: Adjusted
      analyses showed that expenditures were $2000-3000 higher for unrecognized and
      asymptomatic depression than no depression, and $5000 higher for symptomatic
      depression. Higher medical expenditures persisted over time, with only
      symptomatic depression showing a sustained decrease over time.

PMID- 26969313
TI  - Total Synthesis of Dimeric HPI Alkaloids.
AB  - In this paper, we report a full account of the synthesis of dimeric
      hexahydropyrroloindole alkaloids and its analogues. The key feature of our new
      strategy is the novel catalytic copper (10 %) mediated intramolecular arylations
      of o-haloanilides followed by intermolecular oxidative dimerization of the
      resulting oxindoles in one pot. This sequential reaction leads to the key
      intermediates for the synthesis of (+)-chimonanthine, (+)-folicanthine, (-)
      calycanthine and (-)-ditryptophenaline. In the presence of catalytic amount of
      cuprous iodide (10 %), an intramolecular arylation of o-haloanilides followed by
      an intermolecular oxidative dimerization of the resulting oxindoles leads to a
      common intermediate for the synthesis of (+)-chimonanthine, (+)-folicanthine and
      (-)-calycanthine. Based on this cascade sequence, we also developed a flexible
      strategy towards the asymmetric syntheses of dimeric HPI alkaloids (-)
      ditryptophenaline and its analogues. 

PMID- 26969314
TI  - Improved milk production performance of smallholder farms in West Java
      (Indonesia).
AB  - In Indonesia, because of the rapidly growing demand for dairy products, the
      development of milk production in rural communities can play a strong role in
      reducing poverty. However, the development of smallholder dairy production
      requires adequate support from the government, development organizations, and
      private firms. To assess the needs and situations of poor dairy farmers, we
      conducted a study in Ciater sub-district in West Java Province to compare the
      current situation with the situation that prevailed 4 years ago, i.e., before the
      implementation of a dairy development project. Data were collected from 61 farms
      in June 2014. The average number of cows on the farms surveyed was three to four,
      and each relied on cultivating an average of 0.4 ha of forage. Results showed
      that thanks to the project activities, milk productivity per cow and net income
      from milk production increased by 25% between 2010 and 2014. These results
      underline the importance of providing training and technical support for the
      development of the livelihoods of dairy smallholders.

PMID- 26969315
TI  - Fixed-time induction of ovulation in camels superovulated by different eCG
      modalities during the transition period in Egypt : Superovulation in camels
      during the transition period.
AB  - The current investigation aimed to establish a fixed-time induction of ovulation/
      insemination protocol in camels superovulated by different equine chorionic
      gonadotropin (eCG) regimens during the transition period in Egypt (mid-October to
      mid-November). Seventeen pluriparous camels, Camelus dromedarius, were used. All
      females retained controlled intra-vaginal drug releasers (CIDRs) for 13
      consecutive days, and at CIDR withdrawal, the camels were randomly divided into
      three groups. The control group (n = 5) received 1 ml saline intra-muscularly
      (i.m.), whereas remaining camels were superovulated by 2500 IU eCG either in a
      single shot (SS, n = 6) or in serial decreasing doses over 3 days (DD, n = 6).
      Ovarian dynamics were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography at 2-day
      intervals, and ovulation was induced by 5000 IU hCG i.m. The changes in
      reproductive hormones throughout the period of the study were determined. The
      results showed that mean values of total no. of follicles and size of dominant
      follicles remained low (P < 0.05) in all groups until day of CIDR removal.
      Thereafter, total follicle no. increased (P < 0.05) in both superovulated groups
      compared to the control, where the dominant follicles attained the highest (P <
      0.05) diameter 12 days after the eCG treatment. Double-ovulation rate was higher
      (P < 0.05) in SS (50%) and DD (66.6%) groups compared to that of control (0.0%).
      However, 33.3% of the SS group developed large anovulatory follicles (o > 25 mm),
      which did not respond to induction to ovulation. These results elucidate that eCG
      administration in serial decreasing doses generates a reliable superovulatory
      response in camels, and ovulation can be blindly induced 12 days after the
      gonadotropin treatment. This fixed-time hormonal protocol represents a sufficient
      alternative to conventional day-to-day ultrasonography and would have profound
      implication for enhanced fertility in dromedary camels by facilitating infield
      application of embryo transfer technique.

PMID- 26969316
TI  - Net requirements of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulphur for growth of non
      descript breed hair lambs of different sex classes in the Brazilian semiarid
      conditions.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the net requirements of calcium (Ca),
      phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and sulphur (S) for weight gain of non-descript
      breed hair lambs (NDBL) of different sex classes reared under Brazilian semiarid
      conditions. Sixty NDBL (20 intact males, 20 castrated males, and 20 females),
      with an average initial body weight of 18.1 +/- 0.4 kg and average age of 5
      months were used. The macromineral requirements were determined by the
      differences in body composition through comparative slaughter direct method. The
      animals were confined for 58 days, and the average fasting body weight (FBW) and
      average daily gain (ADG) of lambs fed ad libitum were 29.2 +/- 0.6 and 0.19 +/-
      0.01 kg, respectively. The net requirements of macrominerals for gain of NDBL did
      not differ between sex classes (P > 0.05), and ranged from 1.83 to 1.46 g/day of
      Ca, 1.21 to 1.01 g/day of P, 37 to 30 mg/day of Mg, and 0.31 to 0.28 g/day of S,
      for lambs with an ADG of 0.200 kg and 15 or 30 kg of FBW, respectively (P <
      0.05). The N to S net ratio reduced and increased, respectively, as the body
      weight and ADG increase. The net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, and S for gain of
      NDBL slaughtered young and at the same age did not differ between sex classes and
      decreased as the body weight increased. The net requirements for gain of Ca and P
      were similar to those recommended by NRC (2007).

PMID- 26969317
TI  - Presentation and management of pulmonary sequestration with total visceral inflow
      and outflow.
AB  - Two of the most common types of congenital thoracic malformations are congenital
      pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs) and bronchopulmonary sequestrations (BPS).
      Here we present the first known case of a hybrid lesion, with coexisting features
      of an extralobar sequestration (ELS) and CPAM type 2, with arterial inflow from
      the celiac trunk and venous outflow to the portal vein. The clinical
      presentation, investigative imaging and timing of surgery are discussed. 

PMID- 26969318
TI  - Use of an Ecological Model to Study Sexual Satisfaction in a Heterosexual Spanish
      Sample.
AB  - Sexual satisfaction is a key factor in sexual health and has been associated with
      quality of life. However, few studies have focused on the factors related to
      sexual satisfaction in the population in Spain. The main goal of this research
      was to analyze the predictive capacity of an ecological model for the study of
      sexual satisfaction in a Spanish sample of 723 men and 851 women, with mean age
      equal to 36.28 (SD = 12.59) and who were in a heterosexual relationship. We
      analyzed, using structural equation modeling, the degree to which sexual
      satisfaction was related to different variables. These variables were the
      following: personal variables (depression and sexual attitudes); interpersonal
      variables (relationship satisfaction, sexual function, and sexual assertiveness);
      social variables (social support, parenthood, and annual income); and cultural
      variables (political ideology, religion, and religious practice). In men, sexual
      satisfaction was directly predicted by relationship satisfaction and sexual
      function. Furthermore, political ideology, religious practice, social support,
      annual income, initiation sexual assertiveness, and sexual attitudes were
      indirectly associated with sexual satisfaction. In women, sexual satisfaction was
      directly predicted by relationship satisfaction, sexual function, sexual
      assertiveness, and sexual attitudes. In addition, political ideology, religious
      practice, and social support were indirectly associated with sexual satisfaction.
      Implications for research and therapy are also discussed.

PMID- 26969320
TI  - Sexual Arousal and Sexual Activity Frequency: Implications for Understanding
      Hypersexuality.

PMID- 26969319
TI  - Geosocial Networking App Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Serious Romantic
      Relationships.
AB  - Geosocial networking (GSN) mobile phone applications ("apps") are used frequently
      among men who have sex with men (MSM) to socialize and meet sexual partners.
      Though GSN apps are used by some MSM in partnered relationships, little is known
      about how the use of GSN apps among MSM in serious romantic relationships can
      influence couples' sexual and relationship health. MSM in serious relationships
      (N = 323; M age = 40 years) were recruited through a popular GSN app for MSM.
      Participants completed open-ended items regarding the costs and benefits of app
      use to their relationships, discussions of app use with their partners, and
      preferences for relationship education related to app use. Reported benefits of
      app use included improving sex and communication with one's primary partner and
      fulfilling unmet sexual needs. Although approximately half had not discussed app
      use with their partners, citing app use as a "non-issue," many cited various
      drawbacks to app use, including jealousy and being a distraction from the
      relationship. Few described sexual health concerns as a drawback to meeting
      partners through apps. Regarding relationship education preferences, most wanted
      help with general communication skills and how to express one's sexual needs to a
      partner. Although GSN app use can enhance relationships and sex among partnered
      MSM, unclear communication about app use may contribute to negative relationship
      outcomes and could prevent partners from having sexual needs met. Relationship
      and sexual health education programs for male couples should consider addressing
      social media and technology use in their curricula.

PMID- 26969321
TI  - On the Relationship Between Domain-Specific Creative Achievement and Sexual
      Orientation in Swedish Twins.
AB  - Despite the commonly held belief that homosexual males and females are more
      creative compared to heterosexuals, empirical studies on homosexuality and its
      relationship to creativity have been sparse, often with questionable methodology
      and very small sample sizes, reporting mixed findings. No study till date has
      explored the associations described above in a large population-based and
      genetically informative sample. Here, we examined such potential associations
      between sexual orientation and creative achievement in several different domains
      (music, writing, dance, visual arts, science, invention, and theater) using a
      large cohort of 4494 Swedish twins (of which 7.5 % were not exclusively
      heterosexual). Data were analyzed for the sexes separately as well as pooled.
      Results showed significant associations between sexual orientation and two of the
      creative domains-theater and writing-with non-heterosexuals being more creative
      in these domains. In all other domains, no significant differences were found
      between the non-heterosexual and heterosexual groups. Findings from co-twin
      control analyses suggested that the significant associations may not be causal in
      nature (i.e., homosexual orientation leads to higher creativity) but due to
      shared liability. However, we lacked power to differentiate between shared
      genetic and shared environmental influences. Results and potential implications
      are discussed critically.

PMID- 26969323
TI  - A New Surface Plasmon Resonance Assay for In Vitro Screening of Mannose-Binding
      Lectin Inhibitors.
AB  - Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a circulating protein that acts as a soluble
      pattern recognition molecule of the innate immunity. It binds to carbohydrate
      patterns on the surface of pathogens or of altered self-cells, with activation of
      the lectin pathway of the complement system. Recent evidence indicates that MBL
      contributes to the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury and other
      conditions. Thus, MBL inhibitors offer promising therapeutic strategies, since
      they prevent the interaction of MBL with its target sugar arrays. We developed
      and characterized a novel assay based on surface plasmon resonance for in vitro
      screening of these compounds, which may be useful before the more expensive and
      time-consuming in vivo studies. The assay measures the inhibitor's ability to
      interfere with the binding of murine MBL-A or MBL-C, or of human recombinant MBL,
      to mannose residues immobilized on the sensor chip surface. We have applied the
      assay to measure the IC50 of synthetic glycodendrimers, two of them with
      neuroprotective properties in animal models of MBL-mediated injuries. 

PMID- 26969322
TI  - Integration of Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry and Functional Cell-Based
      Assays to Rapidly Triage Druggable Target Space within the NF-kappaB Pathway.
AB  - The primary objective of early drug discovery is to associate druggable target
      space with a desired phenotype. The inability to efficiently associate these
      often leads to failure early in the drug discovery process. In this proof-of
      concept study, the most tractable starting points for drug discovery within the
      NF-kappaB pathway model system were identified by integrating affinity selection
      mass spectrometry (AS-MS) with functional cellular assays. The AS-MS platform
      Automated Ligand Identification System (ALIS) was used to rapidly screen 15 NF
      kappaB proteins in parallel against large-compound libraries. ALIS identified 382
      target-selective compounds binding to 14 of the 15 proteins. Without any chemical
      optimization, 22 of the 382 target-selective compounds exhibited a cellular
      phenotype consistent with the respective target associated in ALIS. Further
      studies on structurally related compounds distinguished two chemical series that
      exhibited a preliminary structure-activity relationship and confirmed target
      driven cellular activity to NF-kappaB1/p105 and TRAF5, respectively. These two
      series represent new drug discovery opportunities for chemical optimization. The
      results described herein demonstrate the power of combining ALIS with cell
      functional assays in a high-throughput, target-based approach to determine the
      most tractable drug discovery opportunities within a pathway. 

PMID- 26969324
TI  - [Epidemiology of caprine and ovine brucellosis in Formosa province, Argentina].
AB  - An epidemiological study of brucellosis was carried out in 516 goats and mixed
      flocks (goat/sheep) from the three agro-ecological regions of Formosa province,
      Argentina. Serum samples from a total of 25401 goats and 2453 sheeps were
      analyzed using buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT) and complement fixation
      test (CFT). Bacteriological and PCR analyses on milk samples from goats in three
      flocks with a history of brucellosis and recent abortions were also performed.
      Brucellosis was detected in four of the nine departments of the province with an
      overall prevalence of 2% and an intra-flock prevalence ranging between 1% and
      40%. The proportion of infected flocks was 3.6%, 12% and 36% for the eastern,
      central and western regions, respectively. Brucella melitensis bv. 1 was isolated
      efrom goats for the first time in the province. The expected fragments of 827bp
      from the omp2ab gene (Brucella spp.) and 731bp from the insert IS711 (B.
      melitensis) were amplified by PCR. Detection of antibodies by BPAT and FCT in
      sheep cohabiting with goats suggests that infections could have been caused by B.
      melitensis, posing an additional risk to public health. Control and eradication
      programs for brucellosis should consider mixed flocks as a single epidemiological
      unit. The results indicate that brucellosis by B. melitensis bv1 is highly
      endemic in the central and western regions of Formosa province. 

PMID- 26969325
TI  - No correlation between NF1 mutation position and risk of optic pathway glioma in
      77 unrelated NF1 patients.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common monogenic disorder whereby affected
      individuals are predisposed to developing CNS tumors, including optic pathway
      gliomas (OPGs, occurring in ~15 to 20 % of cases). So far, no definite genotype
      phenotype correlation determining NF1 patients at risk for tumor formation has
      been described, although enrichment for mutations in the 5' region of the NF1
      gene in OPG patients has been suggested. We used whole exome sequencing, targeted
      sequencing, and copy number analysis to screen 77 unrelated NF1 patients with (n
      = 41) or without (n = 36; age >=10 years) optic pathway glioma for germline NF1
      alterations. We identified germline NF1 mutations in 69 of 77 patients (90 %),
      but no genotype-phenotype correlation was observed. Our data using a larger
      patient cohort did not confirm the previously reported clustering of mutations in
      the 5' region of the NF1 gene in patients with OPG. Thus, NF1 mutation location
      should not currently be used as a clinical criterion to assess the risk of
      developing OPGs. 

PMID- 26969326
TI  - Comprehensive genetic testing in the clinical evaluation of 1119 patients with
      hearing loss.
AB  - Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans, affecting 1 in 500
      newborns. Due to its genetic heterogeneity, comprehensive diagnostic testing has
      not previously been completed in a large multiethnic cohort. To determine the
      aggregate contribution inheritance makes to non-syndromic hearing loss, we
      performed comprehensive clinical genetic testing with targeted genomic enrichment
      and massively parallel sequencing on 1119 sequentially accrued patients. No
      patient was excluded based on phenotype, inheritance or previous testing. Testing
      resulted in identification of the underlying genetic cause for hearing loss in
      440 patients (39%). Pathogenic variants were found in 49 genes and included
      missense variants (49%), large copy number changes (18%), small insertions and
      deletions (18%), nonsense variants (8%), splice-site alterations (6%), and
      promoter variants (<1%). The diagnostic rate varied considerably based on
      phenotype and was highest for patients with a positive family history of hearing
      loss or when the loss was congenital and symmetric. The spectrum of implicated
      genes showed wide ethnic variability. These findings support the more efficient
      utilization of medical resources through the development of evidence-based
      algorithms for the diagnosis of hearing loss.

PMID- 26969327
TI  - MYBPH acts as modifier of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      (HCM) patients.
AB  - Left ventricular hypertrophy is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and
      mortality. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is considered a model disease to
      study causal molecular factors underlying isolated cardiac hypertrophy. However,
      HCM manifests with various clinical symptoms, even in families bearing the same
      genetic defects, suggesting that additional factors contribute to hypertrophy.
      The gene encoding the cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMYBPC) is one of the
      most frequently implicated genes in HCM. Recently another myosin binding protein,
      myosin binding protein H (MYBPH) was shown to function in concert with cMYBPC in
      regulating cardiomyocyte contraction. Given the similarity in sequence, structure
      and the critical role MYBPH plays in sarcomere contraction, we proposed that
      MYBPH may be involved in HCM pathogenesis. Family-based genetic association
      analysis was employed to investigate the contribution of MYBPH in modifying
      hypertrophy. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in MYBPH were
      investigated for hypertrophy modifying effects in 388 individuals (27 families),
      in which three unique South African HCM-causing founder mutations (p.R403W and
      pA797T in beta-myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7) and p.R92W in the cardiac troponin
      T gene (TNNT2)) segregate. We observed a significant association between
      rs2250509 and hypertrophy traits in the p.A797T MYH7 mutation group.
      Additionally, haplotype GGTACTT significantly affected hypertrophy within the
      same mutation group. MYBPH was for the first time assessed as a candidate
      hypertrophy modifying gene. We identified a novel association between MYBPH and
      hypertrophy traits in HCM patients carrying the p.A797T MYH7 mutation, suggesting
      that variation in MYBPH can modulate the severity of hypertrophy in HCM. 

PMID- 26969329
TI  - Poor leadership is blamed for failure to reshape Scotland's health service.

PMID- 26969330
TI  - [Decision aids for patients are widely accepted by German urologists : A survey
      among members of the German Society of Urology (DGU) and the Federation of German
      Urologists (BDU)].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment decision making remains a complex task for localized
      prostate cancer. Decision aids for patients can support the medical consultation.
      However, it is not known if German urologists accept decision aids for patients.
      Comparative data exist from a current survey among american urologists and radio
      oncologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October through November 2014 we
      conducted an online survey consisting of 11 multiple-choice questions and an
      optional free text commentary among the members of DGU and BDU. All data was
      processed anonymously. We received 464 complete responses for a 6.6 % return
      rate. For group comparison we applied the Chi2-test. RESULTS: Respondents' median
      age was 50 (range 26-87) years and 15 % were female. 7 % were residents, 31 %
      employed at a clinic, and 57 % in private practice. Due to the low response rate
      of younger colleagues the results were not representative for the basic
      population. Regardless of age (p = 0.2) and professional environment (p = 1)
      shared decision making was preferred by 89 %. When counseling their patients with
      localized prostate cancer 20 % relied exclusively on conversation. To support
      their conversation 63 % used print media, 49 % decision aids, 33 % contact offers
      to support groups, 24 % Internet resources and 13 % video material. From using
      decision aids 86 % expected positive effects for patients and 78 % for physicians
      (p = 0.017). 15 % expected a change of the treatment decision. 77 % would
      motivate their patients to use a decision aid. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to the
      opinion of american urologists and radio oncologists the acceptance of decision
      aids for patients among German urologists is significantly higher.

PMID- 26969331
TI  - Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies to Predict Flavonoid
      Binding on the Surface of DENV2 E Protein.
AB  - Dengue infections are currently estimated to be 390 million cases annually. Yet,
      there is no vaccine or specific therapy available. Envelope glycoprotein E (E
      protein) of DENV mediates viral attachment and entry into the host cells. Several
      flavonoids have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus entry during
      the virus-host membrane fusion. In this work, molecular docking method was
      employed to predict the binding of nine flavonoids (baicalin, baicalein, EGCG,
      fisetin, glabranine, hyperoside, ladanein, quercetin and flavone) to the soluble
      ectodomain of DENV type 2 (DENV2) E protein. Interestingly, eight flavonoids were
      found to dock into the same binding pocket located between the domain I and
      domain II of different subunits of E protein. Consistent docking results were
      observed not only for the E protein structures of the DENV2-Thai and DENV2
      Malaysia (a homology model) but also for the E protein structures of tick-borne
      encephalitis virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. In addition, molecular
      dynamics simulations were performed to further evaluate the interaction profile
      of the docked E protein-flavonoid complexes. Ile4, Gly5, Asp98, Gly100 and Val151
      residues of the DENV2-My E protein that aligned to the same residues in the DENV2
      Thai E protein form consistent hydrogen bond interactions with baicalein,
      quercetin and EGCG during the simulations. This study demonstrates flavonoids
      potentially form interactions with the E protein of DENV2.

PMID- 26969333
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26969332
TI  - Treatment cost and life expectancy of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): a
      discrete event simulation model on a UK population-based observational cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the commonest non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma. Previous studies examining the cost of treating DLBCL have generally
      focused on a specific first-line therapy alone; meaning that their findings can
      neither be extrapolated to the general patient population nor to other points
      along the treatment pathway. Based on empirical data from a representative
      population-based patient cohort, the objective of this study was to develop a
      simulation model that could predict costs and life expectancy of treating DLBCL.
      METHODS: All patients newly diagnosed with DLBCL in the UK's population-based
      Haematological Malignancy Research Network ( www.hmrn.org ) in 2007 were followed
      until 2013 (n = 271). Mapped treatment pathways, alongside cost information
      derived from the National Tariff 2013/14, were incorporated into a patient-level
      simulation model in order to reflect the heterogeneities of patient
      characteristics and treatment options. The NHS and social services perspective
      was adopted, and all outcomes were discounted at 3.5 % per annum. RESULTS:
      Overall, the expected total medical costs were L22,122 for those treated with
      curative intent, and L2930 for those managed palliatively. For curative
      chemotherapy, the predicted medical costs were L14,966, L23,449 and L7376 for
      first-, second- and third-line treatments, respectively. The estimated annual
      cost for treating DLBCL across the UK was around L88-92 million. CONCLUSIONS:
      This is the first cost modelling study using empirical data to provide 'real
      world' evidence throughout the DLBCL treatment pathway. Future application of the
      model could include evaluation of new technologies/treatments to support
      healthcare decision makers, especially in the era of personalised medicine.

PMID- 26969334
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Nonacog Alfa in Previously Treated
      Patients with Moderately Severe to Severe Hemophilia B.
AB  - PURPOSE: Nonacog alfa, a recombinant factor IX (FIX) product, is used for FIX
      replacement in the treatment and prevention of bleeding events in patients with
      hemophilia B. This study aimed to provide supplemental pharmacokinetic (PK),
      efficacy, and safety data for nonacog alfa when administered as part of usual
      hemophilia care, including on-demand treatment, routine prophylaxis, and surgical
      prophylaxis. METHODS: Men with previously treated severe or moderately severe
      hemophilia B (FIX activity <=2%) were enrolled in this prospective, open-label,
      nonrandomized, multicenter study. An initial 72-hour PK assessment was performed
      wherein patients received a single dose of nonacog alfa (75 IU/kg) as an infusion
      over 10 minutes. A final 72-hour PK assessment was performed at the patient's
      last visit, after a minimum washout period of 4 days. Correlations between Cmax
      after the first dose and body weight and body mass index (BMI) were assessed post
      hoc using Spearman test after evaluating normality. FINDINGS: In total, 23
      patients (age, 12-59 years; weight, 44-173 kg; and BMI, 16.3-45.1) with previous
      exposure to FIX products (median, 460 days; range, 150-2400 days) were enrolled;
      21 were evaluable for efficacy. The median number of exposure days per efficacy
      evaluable patient in this study was 48 (range, 31-103). The FIX activity profiles
      showed multiphasic disposition characteristics, with initial mean (SD) PK
      profiles as follows: Cmax, 61.4 (12.5) IU/dL; AUCinfinity, 1055 (227) IU.h/dL;
      t1/2, 23.7 (5.6) hours; and recovery, 0.818 (0.167) IU/dL. Mean plasma FIX
      activity versus time profiles were essentially identical upon initial exposure
      and after repeated use (n = 17), and bioequivalence was confirmed. No apparent
      relationship was observed between Cmax and either body weight (P > 0.1732) or BMI
      (P > 0.1235). IMPLICATIONS: The FIX activity profile after administration of
      nonacog alfa is predictable and is not altered after repeated exposure during
      usual hemophilia care. PK parameters are consistent with nonacog alfa use for FIX
      replacement in on-demand treatment, routine prophylaxis, and surgical prophylaxis
      in patients with hemophilia B.

PMID- 26969335
TI  - A Trait-Based Approach to Advance Coral Reef Science.
AB  - Coral reefs are biologically diverse and ecologically complex ecosystems
      constructed by stony corals. Despite decades of research, basic coral population
      biology and community ecology questions remain. Quantifying trait variation among
      species can help resolve these questions, but progress has been hampered by a
      paucity of trait data for the many, often rare, species and by a reliance on
      nonquantitative approaches. Therefore, we propose filling data gaps by
      prioritizing traits that are easy to measure, estimating key traits for species
      with missing data, and identifying 'supertraits' that capture a large amount of
      variation for a range of biological and ecological processes. Such an approach
      can accelerate our understanding of coral ecology and our ability to protect
      critically threatened global ecosystems.

PMID- 26969336
TI  - Gestational hypertension and donor eggs: elusive yet dangerous.

PMID- 26969337
TI  - Transgenic mouse lines help decipher the roles of EGFR ligands in the skin.

PMID- 26969328
TI  - Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development.
AB  - Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal
      development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule
      plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse
      regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the
      growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of
      microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity,
      membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and
      neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with
      misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and
      regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders. 

PMID- 26969340
TI  - Inclusion of Ethnic Minorities in Telehealth Trials for Type 2 Diabetes: Protocol
      for a Systematic Review Examining Prevalence and Language Issues.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is common, on the rise, and disproportionately
      affects ethnic minority groups. Telehealth interventions may mitigate diabetes
      related complications, but might under-recruit or even exclude ethnic minorities,
      in part because of English language requirements. The under-representation of
      minority patients in trials could threaten the generalizability of the findings,
      whereby the patients who might stand to benefit most from such interventions are
      not being included in their evaluation. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this systematic
      review are twofold: (1) to assess the reporting and prevalence of ethnic
      minorities in published telehealth trials for type 2 diabetes, including
      identifying trial features associated with successful patient recruitment; and
      (2) to determine the proportion of such trials that report English language
      proficiency as an inclusion/exclusion criterion, including how and why they do
      so. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with type 2 diabetes
      in Western, English-speaking countries that included telehealth interventions
      targeting diabetes as a primary condition, and those that did not specifically
      recruit minority groups will be included. Search strategies were devised for
      indexed and keyword terms capturing type 2 diabetes, telehealth/health
      technology, and RCTs in English language publications from 2000 to July 2015 in
      MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, and CENTRAL. Reference lists of included
      studies will also be searched. Two reviewers will independently screen abstracts
      and full-text articles against inclusion criteria, mediated by a third reviewer
      if consensus cannot be reached. Data extracted from included studies will be
      checked by a second reviewer and will be summarized using narrative synthesis.
      RESULTS: This research is in progress, with findings expected by Spring 2016.
      CONCLUSIONS: This review will address research reporting and recruitment
      practices of ethnic minorities in telehealth RCTs for type 2 diabetes. Prevalence
      estimates will elucidate generalizability of existing research, with implications
      for researchers, health professionals, and policy makers. Identifying trial or
      intervention features that appear to facilitate ethnic minority recruitment, as
      well as language barriers that impede it might suggest ways to improve
      recruitment in future trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International
      Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews: CRD42015024899;
      http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42015024899 (Archived
      by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6fUMqbJ0f).

PMID- 26969341
TI  - Three-year trend survey of psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, and
      problem drinking among residents in the evacuation zone after the Fukushima
      Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident [The Fukushima Health Management Survey].
AB  - AIM: Prolonged periods of instability in terms of living environment can lead to
      a serious increase in mental health issues among disaster-affected individuals.
      The aim of this study was to assess long-term trends in mental health among adult
      residents in a nuclear-disaster-affected area. METHODS: Mail-based, self
      administered questionnaire surveys were conducted three times (T1-T3), targeting
      all residents registered with the municipalities in the evacuation zone in
      Fukushima prefecture at the time of the disaster. Age-adjusted prevalences of the
      following were analyzed by sex: risk of psychological distress by the Kessler 6
      item Scale, post-traumatic stress by the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
      Checklist, and problem drinking by CAGE. RESULTS: The numbers of respondents and
      response rates were: 73 568, 40.7% (T1); 55 076, 29.9% (T2); and 46 386, 25.0%
      (T3). Compared with normal Japanese levels in non-disaster settings (4.7%), the
      prevalence of general psychological distress by Kessler 6-item Scale >= 13 was
      still high 3 years after the event in both men (11.4%) and women (15.8%).
      Although the age-adjusted prevalence of psychological distress and post-traumatic
      stress (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist >= 44) had decreased over time
      (from 19.0% [T1] to 17.8% [T3] for men, and from 25.3% [T1] to 23.3% [T3] for
      women), the age-adjusted prevalence of problem drinking (CAGE >= 2) remained
      steady in both men (20.7% [T2] and 20.4% [T3]; P = 0.18) and women (10.5% [T2]
      and 10.5% [T3]; P = 0.91). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that long-term
      interventions focused on post-traumatic stress as well as other mental health
      problems are strongly needed for disaster-affected individuals.

PMID- 26969342
TI  - Identification of a novel HLA-DRB1*14 allele, HLA-DRB1*14:150, in a Chinese
      individual.
AB  - HLA-DRB1*14:150 shows one nucleotide difference when compared with DRB1*14:54:01
      at codon 49 (A > P). 

PMID- 26969343
TI  - Muscle strengthening for hemiparesis after stroke: A meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Muscle weakness is a common consequence of stroke and can result in
      a decrease in physical activity. Changes in gait performance can be observed,
      especially a reduction in gait speed, and increased gait asymmetry, and energy
      cost is also reported. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine whether strengthening
      of the lower limbs can improve strength, balance and walking abilities in
      patients with chronic stroke. METHOD: Five databases (Pubmed, Cinhal, Cochrane,
      Web of Science, Embase) were searched to identify eligible studies. Randomized
      controlled trials were included and the risk of bias was evaluated for each
      study. Pooled standardized mean differences were calculated using a random
      effects model. The PRISMA statement was followed to increase clarity of
      reporting. RESULTS: Ten studies, including 355 patients, reporting on the subject
      of progressive resistance training, specific task training, functional electrical
      stimulation and aerobic cycling at high-intensity were analysed. These
      interventions showed a statistically significant effect on strength and the Timed
      Up-and-Go test, and a non-significant effect on walking and the Berg Balance
      Scale. CONCLUSION: Progressive resistance training seemed to be the most
      effective treatment to improve strength. When it is appropriately targeted, it
      significantly improves strength.

PMID- 26969345
TI  - The Blood-Brain Barrier: Regulatory Roles in Wakefulness and Sleep.
AB  - Sleep and its disorders are known to affect the functions of essential organs and
      systems in the body. However, very little is known about how the blood-brain
      barrier (BBB) is regulated. A few years ago, we launched a project to determine
      the impact of sleep fragmentation and chronic sleep restriction on BBB functions,
      including permeability to fluorescent tracers, tight junction protein expression
      and distribution, glucose and other solute transporter activities, and mediation
      of cellular mechanisms. Recent publications and relevant literature allow us to
      summarize here the sleep-BBB interactions in five sections: (1) the structural
      basis enabling the BBB to serve as a huge regulatory interface; (2) BBB transport
      and permeation of substances participating in sleep-wake regulation; (3) the
      circadian rhythm of BBB function; (4) the effect of experimental sleep disruption
      maneuvers on BBB activities, including regional heterogeneity, possible threshold
      effect, and reversibility; and (5) implications of sleep disruption-induced BBB
      dysfunction in neurodegeneration and CNS autoimmune diseases. After reading the
      review, the general audience should be convinced that the BBB is an important
      mediating interface for sleep-wake regulation and a crucial relay station of mind
      body crosstalk. The pharmaceutical industry should take into consideration that
      sleep disruption alters the pharmacokinetics of BBB permeation and CNS drug
      delivery, being attentive to the chrono timing and activation of co-transporters
      in subjects with sleep disorders.

PMID- 26969344
TI  - Long sleep duration and afternoon napping are associated with higher risk of
      incident diabetes in middle-aged and older Chinese: the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the independent and combined effects
      of sleep duration and afternoon napping on the risk of incident diabetes among a
      cohort of middle-aged and older Chinese adults. METHODS: Information of sleep and
      napping was obtained by questionnaires during face-to-face interviews. We
      categorized sleep duration into <7 h, 7~<8 h (reference), 8~<9 h, 9~<10 h, and >=
      10 h. Afternoon napping was divided into no napping (0 min) (reference), 1-30
      min, 31-60 min, 61-90 min, and > 90 min. Cox proportional hazard regression
      models were used. RESULTS: Compared with referential sleeping group, subjects
      sleeping >=10 h had a 42% higher risk of developing diabetes. The HR was 1.28 for
      napping > 90 min when compared with no napping. These associations were more
      pronounced in individuals without hypertension. Combined effects of long sleep
      duration and afternoon napping were further identified. Individuals with both
      sleep duration >= 10 h and napping > 60 min had a 72% higher risk of incident
      diabetes than those with sleeping 7~<8 h and napping 0 min (all above p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Both long sleep duration and afternoon napping were independently
      and jointly associated with higher risk of incident diabetes. Key messages Sleep
      duration was associated with diabetes, but whether it is a real cause of incident
      diabetes especially in Chinese still remains to be elucidated. The association of
      afternoon napping and diabetes was not consistent and definite, we clarified this
      association in a large prospective study. Long sleep duration and afternoon
      napping were independently and jointly associated with higher risk of incident
      diabetes.

PMID- 26969346
TI  - Uphill and Downhill in a Flat World: The Conceptual Topography of the Yupno
      House.
AB  - Speakers of many languages around the world rely on body-based contrasts (e.g.,
      left/right) for spatial communication and cognition. Speakers of Yupno, a
      language of Papua New Guinea's mountainous interior, rely instead on an
      environment-based uphill/downhill contrast. Body-based contrasts are as easy to
      use indoors as outdoors, but environment-based contrasts may not be. Do Yupno
      speakers still use uphill/downhill contrasts indoors and, if so, how? We report
      three studies on spatial communication within the Yupno house. Even in this flat
      world, uphill/downhill contrasts are pervasive. However, the terms are not used
      according to the slopes beyond the house's walls, as reported in other groups.
      Instead, the house is treated as a microworld, with a "conceptual topography"
      that is strikingly reminiscent of the physical topography of the Yupno valley.
      The phenomenon illustrates some of the distinctive properties of environment
      based reference systems, as well as the universal power and plasticity of spatial
      contrasts.

PMID- 26969347
TI  - (18)F-FDG PET/MRI evaluation of retroperitoneal fibrosis: a simultaneous
      multiparametric approach for diagnosing active disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate integrated (18)F-FDG PET/MRI as a
      one-stop diagnostic procedure in the assessment of (active) idiopathic
      retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) METHODS: A total of 22 examinations comprising a
      PET/CT scan followed by a PET/MRI scan in 17 patients (13 men, 4 women, age 58 +/
      11 years) with histopathologically confirmed RPF at diagnosis or during follow
      up under steroid therapy were analysed in correlation with laboratory
      inflammation markers (ESR, CRP). The patient cohort was subdivided into two
      groups: 6 examinations in untreated and 16 in treated patients. Tissue formations
      in typically periaortic localization suggestive of RPF were visually and
      quantitatively evaluated. The PET analysis included the assessment of SUVmax and
      a qualitative score for FDG uptake in RPF tissue in relation to the uptake in the
      liver. MRI analysis included evaluation of the T2-weighted image signal
      intensity, contrast enhancement and diffusion restriction (ADC values). Mean
      values were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. ADC, SUVmax and ESR values
      were correlated using Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: MRI analysis revealed
      restricted diffusion in 100 % and 56 %, hyperintense T2 signal in 100 % and 31 %,
      and contrast enhancement in the periaortic tissue formation suggestive of RPF in
      100 % and 62.5 % in the untreated and treated patients, respectively. In the
      qualitative and quantitative PET analysis, statistically significant differences
      were found for mean FDG uptake scores (2.5 +/- 0.8 in untreated patients and 1.1
      +/- 0.9 in treated patients) and mean SUVmax (7.8 +/- 3.5 and 4.1 +/- 2.2,
      respectively). A strong correlation was found between the ADC values and SUVmax
      (Pearson r   -0.65, P = 0.0019), and between ESR and CRP values and SUVmax (both
      r = 0.45, P = 0.061). CONCLUSION: Integrated (18)F-FDG PET/MRI shows high
      diagnostic potential as a one-stop diagnostic procedure for the assessment of
      (active) RPF providing multiparametric supportive information.

PMID- 26969349
TI  - Synthetic Reactions Using Low-valent Titanium Reagents Derived from Ti(OR)4 or
      CpTiX3 (X = O-i-Pr or Cl) in the Presence of Me3SiCl and Mg.
AB  - In the presence of Me3SiCl, Ti(OR)4 or CpTiX3 (X = O-i-Pr or Cl) is reduced by Mg
      powder in THF to gradually generate a specific low-valent titanium (LVT) species
      that mediates several synthetic reactions. The LVT-catalyzed C-O bond-cleaving
      reactions of allyl and propargyl ethers and esters generate parent alcohols and
      carboxylic acids, respectively. O-allyl and propargyl carbamates are also readily
      deprotected by the LVT to afford parent amines. In addition, the respective
      reductive N-S or O-S bond cleavage of sulfonamides or sulfonyl esters mediated by
      the LVT was developed as a novel facile deprotection method. The reagent
      catalyzes intra- and intermolecular alkyne or alkyne/nitrile cycloaddition to
      produce substituted benzenes and pyridines, while epoxides and oxetanes are
      reduced to alcohols via an LVT-mediated homolytic ring opening. The McMurry
      coupling of aryl aldehydes and ketones proceeds with the LVT under homogeneous
      and mild reaction conditions and is effective for the polymerization of aromatic
      dialdehydes, generating conjugated polymers. Finally, imino-pinacol coupling of
      imines is mediated by the LVT to provide 1,2-diamines.

PMID- 26969348
TI  - Uncontrolled risk factors and worsening perfusion pattern on SPECT myocardial
      perfusion imaging in medically treated patients with stable chronic ischaemic
      heart disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Few data exist on the correlation between the effectiveness of risk
      factor control and the evolution of myocardial perfusion over time in patients
      with stable ischaemic heart disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
      changes in stress-rest myocardial perfusion in medically treated patients with
      stable chronic ischaemic heart disease and the relationship with risk factor
      control. METHODS: The study cohort included 174 consecutive patients (age 60 +/-
      9 years, 68 % men) undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
      (study 1), who also underwent repeat evaluation (study 2) and who were clinically
      stable on medical therapy. Summed stress, rest and difference scores were
      calculated. According to the evolution of perfusion pattern from study 1 to study
      2, patients were classified as improved, stable or worsened. RESULTS: Study 2 was
      performed on average 2.7 years after study 1. Of the 174 patients, 47 (26.9 %),
      53 (30.8 %) and 74 (42.5 %) were classified as stable, improved and worsened,
      respectively. A significant trend was observed between the number of risk factors
      at the time of study 1 and worsening of myocardial perfusion (24 % of patients
      with zero or one risk factor showed worsening, 31 % with two, and 59 % with three
      or more; p = 0.03). Moreover, patients with worsened perfusion had a higher
      number of poorly controlled risk factors. CONCLUSION: Despite medical therapy and
      clinical stability, myocardial perfusion worsened in 42.5 % of patients. The risk
      profile was reclassified in half of the patients. Worsening occurred more
      frequently in patients with three or more risk factors at the time of study 1 and
      in those with poorly controlled risk factors at the time of study 2; in this
      subset of patients, even if clinically stable, reassessment after 2 years could
      be considered.

PMID- 26969351
TI  - Preparation of a graphene oxide/silica composite modified with nitro-substituted
      tris(indolyl)methane as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the extraction of
      organic acids.
AB  - This paper describes the use of graphene oxide/silica modified with nitro
      substituted tris(indolyl)methane as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the
      determination of organic acids. The resultant graphene oxide/silica modified with
      nitro-substituted tris(indolyl)methane was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and
      adsorption experiments. Solid-phase extraction parameters such as sorbent type,
      sample solution pH, sample loading rate, eluent salt concentration, eluent
      methanol concentration, elution rate, sample loading, and elution volume were
      optimized. The method showed good precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and linear
      response for organic acids analysis over a concentration range of 1-100 MUg/L for
      benzoic acid, p-methoxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid and 5-100 MUg/L for the
      remaining organic acids (cinnamic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, and p-bromobenzoic
      acid) with coefficients of determination (r(2) ) of higher than 0.9957. Limits of
      detection from 0.50 to 1.0 MUg/L for six organic acids were achieved. The
      developed method was successfully applied to determine organic acids in real
      samples. 

PMID- 26969350
TI  - Reduced expression of granule proteins during extended survival of eosinophils in
      splenocyte culture with GM-CSF.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a multifaceted
      hematopoietic cytokine and the culture of mouse bone marrow with GM-CSF produces
      a variety of myeloid cells including granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic
      cells. In the present study, we cultured mouse splenocytes with GM-CSF and
      examined the changes in hematopoietic cell populations over a week. Most of the
      splenic hematopoietic cells disappeared significantly from culture within 6days
      with or without the presence of GM-CSF. Among the splenic granulocyte
      populations, only eosinophils fully survived throughout the culture with GM-CSF
      for more than a week. During 10days of culture with GM-CSF, splenic eosinophils
      maintained their morphology as well as most of their surface molecules at high
      levels, including CCR3 and Siglec F. Meanwhile, the expression of mRNAs encoding
      major basic protein-1 (MBP-1) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), two major
      eosinophil-derived granule proteins, was diminished significantly from the
      cultured eosinophils. EPO assays also revealed that eosinophils in culture for
      more than 5days retained 30% or less EPO activity compared to those in uncultured
      splenocytes. In contrast, culture of splenocytes with GM-CSF did not change the
      capacity of eosinophils to migrate in response to eotaxin-1. Our results indicate
      that mouse splenic eosinophils are effectively cultured for lengthy periods while
      their expression of eosinophil-derived granule proteins is specifically
      suppressed. The relevance of these findings to eosinophilic inflammatory response
      is discussed.

PMID- 26969352
TI  - Psychosis secondary to tuberculosis meningitis.
AB  - We report a case of a 19-year-old immunocompetent Malay woman who presented with
      a worsening psychotic disorder of 1-year duration. She initially presented with
      social isolation with subsequent mutism and stupor. Physical examination revealed
      a stuporous, emaciated, dehydrated woman with Glasgow Coma Scale of 11/15
      (E4V2M5). She had a blank stare, mutism and akinesia. Motor examination revealed
      upper motor neuron findings. Neck stiffness was present, however, Kernig's and
      Brudzinski's signs were negative. There were no other findings on other systems.
      Brain imaging and EEG were normal. Cerebrospinal fluid investigations revealed
      positive cerebrospinal fluid Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR (MTB PCR). The
      patient was treated with empirical antituberculosis drugs and steroids. On follow
      up visit 1 month later, her psychotic symptoms had fully resolved. She was able
      to ambulate and care for herself; she was unable to recall the symptoms she had
      experienced before and during admission.

PMID- 26969353
TI  - Anterior humeral circumflex artery avulsion with brachial plexus injury following
      an isolated traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation.
AB  - A 70-year-old man presented to accident and emergency with an isolated anteriorly
      dislocated shoulder, in the absence of a concomitant fracture. There was no
      neurovascular deficit at presentation, and the shoulder was reduced under
      sedation, using the Kocher's technique. Following this, the patient developed
      signs of hypovolaemic shock. Clinical examination revealed an expanding fullness
      in the deltopectoral area, with compromise of the limb neurovascular status. CT
      imaging confirmed an expanding haematoma from the axillary vessels, restricting
      left lung expansion. Once resuscitated, the patient was transferred to theatre
      for exploration of the bleeding vessels. Intraoperative findings included an
      avulsed anterior circumflex humeral artery that was subsequently ligated.
      Postoperatively, the patient developed axillary, radial, median and ulnar nerve
      neuropraxia, which improved clinically prior to discharge. The patient was
      ultimately discharged home after a lengthy inpatient stay. 

PMID- 26969354
TI  - Case of tracheal cartilage necrosis as a complication of chemoradiotherapy for
      oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 26969355
TI  - Intrauterine lower extremity gangrene in a newborn with Tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 26969356
TI  - Eight-year-old boy presenting with abdominal distention after blunt trauma in
      Liberia.

PMID- 26969357
TI  - Congenital methemoglobinaemia due to Hb F-M-Fort Ripley in a preterm newborn.
AB  - Methemoglobinaemia is a rare cause of cyanosis in newborns. Congenital
      methemoglobinaemias due to M haemoglobin or deficiency of cytochrome b5 reductase
      are even rarer. We present a case of congenital methemoglobinaemia presenting at
      birth in a preterm infant. A baby boy born at 29 weeks and 3 days of gestation
      had persistent central cyanosis immediately after delivery, not attributable to a
      respiratory or cardiac pathology. Laboratory methemoglobin levels were not
      diagnostic. Cytochrome b5 reductase levels were normal and a newborn screen was
      unable to pick up any abnormal variants of fetal haemoglobin. Genetic testing
      showed a gamma globin gene mutation resulting in the M haemoglobin, called Hb F-M
      Fort Ripley. The baby had no apparent cyanosis at a corrected gestational age of
      42 weeks. Although rare, congenital methaemoglobin aemia should be considered in
      the differential in a preterm with central cyanosis and investigated with genetic
      testing for gamma globin chain mutations if other laboratory tests are non
      conclusive.

PMID- 26969359
TI  - Exertional heat stroke and acute liver failure: a late dysfunction.
AB  - Heat stroke (HS) is defined as a severe elevation of core body temperature along
      with central nervous system dysfunction. Exertional heat stroke (EHS) with acute
      liver failure (ALF) is a rare condition. The authors report the case of a 25-year
      old man with a history of cognitive enhancers' intake who developed hyperthermia
      and neurological impairment while running an outdoor marathon. The patient was
      cooled and returned to normal body temperature after 6 h. He subsequently
      developed ALF and was transferred to the intensive care unit. Over-the-counter
      drug intake may have been related to heat intolerance and contributed to the
      event. The patient was successfully treated with conservative measures. In the
      presence of EHS, it is crucial to act promptly with aggressive total body
      cooling, in order to prevent progression of the clinical syndrome. Liver function
      must also be monitored, since it can be a late organ dysfunction.

PMID- 26969358
TI  - Arterioureteral fistula: an unusual clinical case.
AB  - Arterioureteral fistulas (AUFs) are abnormal communications between a major
      artery and the mid to distal ureter. It is a rare but potentially life
      threatening condition that is seldom recognised. We present a case of a 66-year
      old man who was admitted to the surgical ward owing to infection of an aortic
      bifemoral bypass graft. During admission, the patient developed persistent
      haematuria with considerable loss of haemoglobin. He was submitted to urgent
      surgical exploration of the graft. An ascending pyelography performed at the
      beginning of the surgery clearly shows a communication between the left ureter
      and the vascular graft. Open surgical exploration was undertaken, the fistulised
      section of the ureter resected and an end-to-end ureteroplasty was performed. The
      vascular graft was removed and the patient later submitted to left supracondylar
      amputation. Urinary drainage remained intact. 

PMID- 26969360
TI  - Rare case of radiation-induced trigeminal schwannoma occurring in a long-term
      glioblastoma multiforme survivor.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain tumour with a notably
      poor prognosis. Research demonstrates a median survival of just over 1 year
      following aggressive treatment. Long-term survival is notably rare. Cranial
      radiotherapy and postexcisional prophylactic treatment is associated with the
      development of second, histologically distinct tumours in rare cases. Radiation
      induced intracranial schwannomas are uncommon, with only a small number of
      cranial nerve schwannoma cases reported in recent decades. To our knowledge, this
      is the first reported case of a radiation-induced benign trigeminal schwannoma
      occurring following long-term survival from glioblastoma. Here we present (1) a
      rare case of 14-year survival following treatment of a right parietal
      glioblastoma and the development of a radiation-induced benign trigeminal
      schwannoma in a 35-year-old man, and (2) a review of radiation-induced schwannoma
      cases reported in the existing literature.

PMID- 26969361
TI  - Cardiac tamponade, an unusual complication of acute pancreatitis.
AB  - A 41-year-old Hispanic man was admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of
      acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia. During his stay, he developed
      sudden haemodynamic instability and clinical presentation suggestive of cardiac
      tamponade. A transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis.
      Echocardiography-guided pericardiocentesis was performed with immediate
      haemodynamic improvement. The patient's condition underwent favourable evolution.
      The pancreatitis was resolved and a control transthoracic echocardiography was
      performed showing no pericardial effusion. The pathophysiology of this rare
      entity is unknown. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. Although
      pericardiocentesis is the treatment of choice, there have been a few reports of
      medical treatment with encouraging results. Although the association of acute
      pancreatitis and tamponade are anecdotal in literature, medics should be aware of
      this association in order to perform prompt diagnosis. 

PMID- 26969363
TI  - Clivus erosions following Gradenigo's syndrome-mastoiditis causing VI nerve
      palsy.

PMID- 26969362
TI  - Minimally invasive esophagectomy in a patient with end-stage renal disease.
AB  - Renal failure has been identified as a major predictor of surgical complications
      and esophagectomy carries high morbidity for patients. We discuss the
      preoperative and postoperative considerations for performing a minimally invasive
      Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for a benign long-segment stricture in a patient with
      end-stage renal failure. 

PMID- 26969364
TI  - Laryngeal schwannoma as an acute airway presentation.
AB  - A schwannoma is a neurogenic tumour arising from nerve sheaths. Between 25% and
      45% of schwannomas occur in the head and neck region. Schwannomas of the larynx
      are extremely rare. They usually occur in women during the fourth and fifth
      decades of life. We present a case of a laryngeal schwannoma in a 76-year-old
      patient with acute stridor, hoarseness and dysphagia. Laryngeal conservation
      surgery was performed without the need for a tracheostomy. One year later, the
      patient remains symptom-free with no evidence of recurrence. Clinical
      presentation, diagnosis and management are discussed and the literature is
      reviewed. 

PMID- 26969365
TI  - Bilateral renal angiomyolipoma presenting as tuberous sclerosis syndrome.

PMID- 26969366
TI  - Primary neuroendocrine tumour of the right ventricle presenting with heart
      failure and cyanosis.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman presented to the emergency department owing to exertional
      dyspnoea and bilateral leg oedema for 3 weeks. Her vital signs included the
      following: heart rate of 95 bpm, respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min, oxygen
      saturation of 73% on room air and a blood pressure of 184/108 mm Hg. Physical
      examination revealed tachypnoea with clear lungs to auscultation, elevated
      jugular veins, cyanosis and bilateral pitting oedema. A chest X-ray demonstrated
      cardiomegaly without obvious pulmonary oedema. A CT of the chest was negative for
      pulmonary embolus; however, the scan did reveal a large right ventricular (RV)
      mass. An echocardiogram with bubble study confirmed a patent foramen ovale with
      significant right-to-left shunting and a large RV mass that significantly
      obstructed the pulmonary outflow tract. A cardiac biopsy revealed a low-grade
      neuroendocrine tumour. The patient underwent successful debridement and adjuvant
      chemotherapy. She improved greatly and was asymptomatic at a 9-month follow-up
      visit.

PMID- 26969367
TI  - Blinding, brunescent traumatic cataract: overcoming barriers to care for a
      refugee from Myanmar.

PMID- 26969368
TI  - Carbamazepine induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

PMID- 26969369
TI  - In Vitro L6 Irritation Assay Predicts Clinical Injection Site Reactions for Small
      Molecules.
AB  - Injection site reactions (ISRs) are commonly encountered in the development of
      parenteral drugs, and severe ISRs can lead to preclinical and clinical dose
      limiting toxicities. Tools to assess the risk of clinical ISRs during drug
      development are not well established. We developed an in vitro ISR screen using
      L6 rat myotubes to assess compounds for irritation risk. Reference compounds that
      were either known to induce ISRs or were non-irritating in the clinical setting
      were used to validate this method. We evaluated three compounds, two with known
      clinical ISRs (mitoxantrone and doxorubicin) and one without clinical ISR
      (metoprolol), using a preclinical in vivo rat model and the L6 in vitro model at
      clinically relevant concentrations, and showed that the L6 assay is a better
      prognostic indicator for clinical ISR risk. We then utilized this assay during
      early preclinical development to guide optimization of structure activity
      relationship (SAR), selection of dose concentrations for pre-clinical in vivo
      experiments, and prioritization of alternative formulations to minimize ISR risk.
      Our studies indicate that the L6 assay is a better measure of clinical ISR risk
      than current in vivo preclinical models, and that it can help guide not only
      compound selection, but also selection of dose concentration and formulation.

PMID- 26969370
TI  - Using ToxCast to Explore Chemical Activities and Hazard Traits: A Case Study With
      Ortho-Phthalates.
AB  - US EPA's Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCastTM) is a tool with potential use in
      evaluating safer consumer products, conducting chemical alternatives analyses,
      prioritizing chemicals for exposure monitoring, and ultimately performing
      screening-level risk assessments. As a case study exploring a potential use of
      ToxCast, we evaluated ToxCast results for ortho-phthalates focused on the well
      established toxicological endpoints of some members of this class. We compared
      molecular perturbations measured in ToxCast assays with the known apical toxicity
      endpoints of o-phthalates reported in the open literature to broadly reflect on
      the predictive capability of the high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. We
      grouped the ToxCast assays into defined sets to examine o-phthalate activity and
      potency. This study revealed several links between key molecular events assayed
      in vitro and chemical-specific hazard traits. In general, parent o-phthalates are
      more active than their monoester metabolites. The medium-chain length o-phthalate
      group is also more active than other o-phthalate groups, as supported by
      Toxicological Priority Index ranking and statistical methods. Some HTS assay
      results correlated with in vivo findings, but others did not. For example, there
      was a notable lack of assay activity to explain the known male reproductive
      toxicity of these compounds. Ultimately, HTS data resources such as ToxCast may
      inform us of sensitive upstream toxicity endpoints and may assist in the rapid
      identification of environmental chemical hazards for screening and
      prioritization. However, this case study shows that the absence of positive
      results in ToxCast in vitro assays cannot be interpreted as absence of related in
      vivo toxicity, and limited biological coverage by the assays remains a concern.

PMID- 26969371
TI  - Proposed Mode of Action for Acrolein Respiratory Toxicity Associated with Inhaled
      Tobacco Smoke.
AB  - This article presents a mode of action (MOA) analysis that identifies key
      mechanisms in the respiratory toxicity of inhaled acrolein and proposes key
      acrolein-related toxic events resulting from the inhalation of tobacco smoke.
      Smoking causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and acrolein has
      been previously linked to the majority of smoking-induced noncancer respiratory
      toxicity. In contrast to previous MOA analyses for acrolein, this MOA focuses on
      the toxicity of acrolein in the lower respiratory system, reflecting the exposure
      that smokers experience upon tobacco smoke inhalation. The key mechanisms of
      acrolein toxicity identified in this proposed MOA include (1) acrolein chemical
      reactivity with proteins and other macromolecules of cells lining the respiratory
      tract, (2) cellular oxidative stress, including compromise of the important anti
      oxidant glutathione, (3) chronic inflammation, (4) necrotic cell death leading to
      a feedback loop where necrosis-induced inflammation leads to more necrosis and
      oxidative damage and vice versa, (5) tissue remodeling and destruction, and (6)
      loss of lung elasticity and enlarged lung airspaces. From these mechanisms, the
      proposed MOA analysis identifies the key cellular processes in acrolein
      respiratory toxicity that consistently occur with the development of COPD:
      inflammation and necrosis in the middle and lower regions of the respiratory
      tract. Moreover, the acrolein exposures that occur as a result of smoking are
      well above exposures that induce both inflammation and necrosis in laboratory
      animals, highlighting the importance of the role of acrolein in smoking-related
      respiratory disease.

PMID- 26969373
TI  - Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation during transcatheter aortic valve
      replacement.
AB  - Cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) is a non-invasive monitor used to monitor
      cerebral oxygen balance and perfusion. Decreases in rSO2 >20 % from baseline have
      been associated with cerebral ischemia and increased perioperative morbidity.
      During transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), hemodynamic manipulation
      with ventricular pacing up to 180 beats per minute is necessary for valve
      deployment. The magnitude and duration of rSO2 change during this manipulation is
      unclear. In this small case series, changes in rSO2 in patients undergoing TAVR
      are investigated. Ten ASA IV patients undergoing TAVR with general anesthesia at
      a university hospital were prospectively observed. Cerebral oximetry values were
      analyzed at four points: pre-procedure (baseline), after tracheal intubation,
      during valve deployment, and at procedure end. Baseline rSO2 values were 54.5 +/-
      6.9 %. After induction of general anesthesia, rSO2 increased to a mean of 66.0 +/
      6.7 %. During valve deployment, the mean rSO2 decreased <20 % below baseline to
      48.5 +/- 13.4 %. In two patients, rSO2 decreased >20 % of baseline. Cerebral
      oxygenation returned to post-induction values in all patients 13 +/- 10 min after
      valve deployment. At procedure end, the mean rSO2 was 67.6 +/- 8.1 %. As
      expected, rapid ventricular pacing resulting in the desired decrease in cardiac
      output during valve deployment was associated with a significant decrease in rSO2
      compared to post-induction values. However, despite increased post-induction
      values in all patients, whether related to increased inspired oxygen fraction or
      reduced cerebral oxygen consumption under anesthesia, two patients experienced a
      significant decrease in rSO2 compared to baseline. Recovery to baseline was not
      immediate, and took up to 20 min in three patients. Furthermore, baseline rSO2 in
      this population was at the lower limit of the published normal range. Significant
      cerebral desaturation during valve deployment may potentially be limited by
      maximizing rSO2 after anesthetic induction. Future studies should attempt to
      correlate recovery in rSO2 with recovery of hemodynamics and cardiac function,
      provide detailed neurological assessments pre and post procedure, determine the
      most effective method of maximizing rSO2 prior to hemodynamic manipulation, and
      provide the most rapid method of recovery of rSO2 following valve deployment. 

PMID- 26969375
TI  - From intention to perception: The case of anosognosia for hemiplegia.
AB  - Brain-damaged patients with anosognosia for hemiplegia deny their motor deficit
      and believe they can still move the paralyzed limb. Previous studies suggest that
      anosognosia can arise from intact motor intentionality and planning for the
      plegic hand. However, few studies focused on the relationship between this spared
      intentionality and perception. To further investigate this topic, we used an
      apparent motion paradigm, where a stimulus generated an ambiguous motion and
      participants were simply asked to judge its direction (right or left). We
      confirmed that, when healthy participants are asked to press a key either with
      their right or left hand, triggering the apparent motion, they show a perceptual
      bias toward the direction of the moving hand. Both bimanual and unimanual
      modalities (i.e. key pressing with-both-hands or with-one-hand, respectively) of
      the same apparent motion paradigm were administered to two groups of healthy
      participants. Interestingly, only in the bimanual modality, participants showed a
      significant perceptual bias. Hemiplegic patients with and without anosognosia,
      were requested to perform the bimanual task. Patients without anosognosia, fully
      aware of their left motor deficit, only programed right hand movements, behaving
      similarly to healthy controls performing the unimanual task. On the contrary, in
      patients with anosognosia, an effective motor intentionality for the left
      (plegic) hand influenced visual perception, giving rise to similar perceptual
      bias as that found in healthy controls actually performing bimanual movements.
      These findings suggest that having a specific motor representation can lead to
      different outcomes in the perception of the outside world.

PMID- 26969376
TI  - Editorial: Family Research and the Practice of Family Therapy.

PMID- 26969372
TI  - Integrating RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data to characterize long non-coding RNAs in
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent advances in sequencing technology have opened a new era in RNA
      studies. Novel types of RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been
      discovered by transcriptomic sequencing and some lncRNAs have been found to play
      essential roles in biological processes. However, only limited information is
      available for lncRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster, an important model organism.
      Therefore, the characterization of lncRNAs and identification of new lncRNAs in
      D. melanogaster is an important area of research. Moreover, there is an
      increasing interest in the use of ChIP-seq data (H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and Pol II) to
      detect signatures of active transcription for reported lncRNAs. RESULTS: We have
      developed a computational approach to identify new lncRNAs from two tissue
      specific RNA-seq datasets using the poly(A)-enriched and the ribo-zero method,
      respectively. In our results, we identified 462 novel lncRNA transcripts, which
      we combined with 4137 previously published lncRNA transcripts into a curated
      dataset. We then utilized 61 RNA-seq and 32 ChIP-seq datasets to improve the
      annotation of the curated lncRNAs with regards to transcriptional direction, exon
      regions, classification, expression in the brain, possession of a poly(A) tail,
      and presence of conventional chromatin signatures. Furthermore, we used 30 time
      course RNA-seq datasets and 32 ChIP-seq datasets to investigate whether the
      lncRNAs reported by RNA-seq have active transcription signatures. The results
      showed that more than half of the reported lncRNAs did not have chromatin
      signatures related to active transcription. To clarify this issue, we conducted
      RT-qPCR experiments and found that ~95.24% of the selected lncRNAs were truly
      transcribed, regardless of whether they were associated with active chromatin
      signatures or not. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we discovered a large number of
      novel lncRNAs, which suggests that many remain to be identified in D.
      melanogaster. For the lncRNAs that are known, we improved their characterization
      by integrating a large number of sequencing datasets (93 sets in total) from
      multiple sources (lncRNAs, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq). The RT-qPCR experiments
      demonstrated that RNA-seq is a reliable platform to discover lncRNAs. This set of
      curated lncRNAs with improved annotations can serve as an important resource for
      investigating the function of lncRNAs in D. melanogaster.

PMID- 26969374
TI  - Avoidant coping and self-efficacy mediate relationships between perceived social
      constraints and symptoms among long-term breast cancer survivors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Many breast cancer survivors feel constrained in discussing their
      cancer experience with others. Limited evidence suggests that social constraints
      (e.g., avoidance and criticism) from loved ones may negatively impact breast
      cancer survivors' global health, but research has yet to examine relationships
      between social constraints and common physical symptoms. Informed by social
      cognitive processing theory, this study examined whether perceived social
      constraints from partners and healthcare providers (HCPs) were associated with
      fatigue, sleep disturbance, and attentional functioning among long-term breast
      cancer survivors (N = 1052). In addition, avoidant coping and self-efficacy for
      symptom management were examined as potential mediators of these relationships.
      METHODS: Long-term breast cancer survivors (mean years since diagnosis = 6)
      completed questionnaires assessing social constraints from partners and HCPs,
      avoidant coping, self-efficacy for symptom management, and symptoms (i.e.,
      fatigue, sleep disturbance, and attentional functioning). Structural equation
      modeling was used to evaluate the hypothesized relationships among variables in
      two models: one focused on social constraints from partners and one focused on
      social constraints from HCPs. RESULTS: Both models demonstrated good fit.
      Consistent with theory and prior research, greater social constraints from both
      partners and HCPs were associated with greater symptom burden (i.e., greater
      fatigue and sleep disturbance, poorer attentional functioning). In addition, all
      relationships were mediated by avoidant coping and self-efficacy for symptom
      management. CONCLUSIONS: Findings are consistent with social cognitive processing
      theory and suggest that symptom management interventions may be enhanced by
      addressing the impact of social constraints from survivors' partners and HCPs on
      their coping and self-efficacy. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969377
TI  - Resveratrol improves the anticancer effects of doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo
      models: A mechanistic insight.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resveratrol (RSVL), a well known dietary compound and in combination
      with doxorubicin (DOX) has gained a global importance for cancer prevention.
      However, mechanism of action by this combination is not well understood till
      date. HYPOTHESIS: The synergistic combination of RSVL and DOX might be more
      effective in anti-cancer activity by modulating the diverse cancer signaling
      pathways as compared to their alone treatments. METHODS: The cytotoxicity of
      alone and combination doses of RSVL and DOX were analyzed by colorimetric MTT(3
      (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) cell proliferation
      assay. The migration and colony forming abilities were evaluated by wound healing
      and clonogenic assays. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI and DAPI stainings.
      The cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were
      measured by flow cytometry. The differential expression of genes and proteins
      were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses. Finally, in-vivo studies
      were performed in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC) mouse model. RESULTS: The
      synergistic combination of DOX (IC20) and RSVL (IC30) was selected based on the
      combination index values in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. This combination
      showed potent growth inhibition with ~2.5 fold of dose advantage and also
      significantly decreased the wound healing and clonogenic potential of breast
      cancer cells. The combination treatment was also found to inhibit the
      inflammatory response (NF-kB, COX-2), autophagic flux (LC3, Beclin-1), redox
      regulation (Nrf2) and induces apoptosis (BAX: BCL-2 ratio and Caspase-9) in
      breast cancer cells. Further, combined dosages of DOX (5 mg/kg b.wt) and RSVL (10
      mg/kg b.wt) inhibited tumor volume with increased life span (139%, p value<0.05)
      in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC) cells bearing mice. CONCLUSION: In brief, our
      results suggested that resveratrol chemosensitizes doxorubicin in combination,
      through inhibiting breast cancer cells proliferation and invasion, and inducing
      apoptosis via suppression of chronic inflammation and autophagy.

PMID- 26969378
TI  - Diosgenin induces ROS-dependent autophagy and cytotoxicity via mTOR signaling
      pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin isolated from legumes and yams, has
      been confirmed to possess potent anticancer effect on multifarious tumors
      including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). PURPOSE: We aimed to further determine
      the anti-cancer activity of diosgenin and its mechanisms in CML cells. METHODS:
      The cell vitality was detected by MTT assay. Autophagic flux and reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) production were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope.
      Apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry. All proteins expression was examined by
      western blotting. RESULTS: Autophagy induction was demonstrated by examination of
      autophagic flux including autophagosomes accumulation, autophagosome-lysosome
      fusion and degradation of autophagosomes. Moreover, blocking autophagy with
      inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA), enhanced diosgenin-induced
      apoptosis, indicating the protective effect of autophagy in diosgenin-treated CML
      cells. Further study suggested that diosgenin-induced autophagy and cytotoxicity
      were accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mammalian target
      of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway inhibition. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)
      administration, a scavenger agent of ROS, could down-regulate diosgenin-induced
      autophagy via reversion of mTOR pathway inhibition. CONCLUSION: These results
      indicate that diosgenin obviously generates ROS and this oxidative pressure not
      only produces cytotoxic effect on CML cells but also induces autophagy. What's
      more, autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism to overcome cytotoxicity
      of diosgenin in tumor cells and inhibition of autophagy can enhance the anti-CML
      activity of diosgenin.

PMID- 26969379
TI  - Comparative cytotoxicity of chelidonine and homochelidonine, the dimethoxy
      analogues isolated from Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae), against human
      leukemic and lung carcinoma cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The search for new anticancer compounds is a crucial element of
      natural products research. PURPOSE: In this study the effects of naturally
      occurring homochelidonine in comparison to chelidonine on cell cycle progression
      and cell death in leukemic T-cells with different p53 status are described.
      METHODS: The mechanism of cytotoxic, antiproliferative, apoptosis-inducing
      effects and the effect on expressions of cell cycle regulatory proteins was
      investigated using XTT assay, Trypan blue exclusion assay, flow cytometry,
      Western blot analysis, xCELLigence, epi-fluorescence and 3D super resolution
      microscopy. A549 cells were used for xCELLigence, clonogenic assay and for
      monitoring microtubule stability. RESULTS: We found that homochelidonine and
      chelidonine displayed significant cytotoxicity in examined blood cancer cells
      with the exception of HEL 92.1.7 and U-937 exposed to homochelidonine.
      Unexpectedly, homochelidonine and chelidonine-induced cytotoxicity was more
      pronounced in Jurkat cells contrary to MOLT-4 cells. Homochelidonine showed an
      antiproliferative effect on A549 cells but it was less effective compared to
      chelidonine. Biphasic dose-depended G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest along with the
      population of sub-G1 was found after treatment with homochelidonine in MOLT-4
      cells. In variance thereto, an increase in G2/M cells was detected after
      treatment with homochelidonine in Jurkat cells. Treatment with chelidonine
      induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M cell cycle in both MOLT-4 and Jurkat cells.
      MOLT-4 and Jurkat cells treated with homochelidonine and chelidonine showed
      features of apoptosis such as phosphatidylserine exposure, a loss of
      mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the caspases -3/7, -8 and -9.
      Western blots indicate that homochelidonine and chelidonine exposure activates
      Chk1 and Chk2. Studies conducted with fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that
      chelidonine and homochelidonine inhibit tubulin polymerization in A549 cells.
      CONCLUSION: Collectively, the data indicate that chelidonine and homochelidonine
      are potent inducers of cell death in cancer cell lines, highlighting their
      potential relevance in leukemic cells.

PMID- 26969380
TI  - Sinapine reverses multi-drug resistance in MCF-7/dox cancer cells by
      downregulating FGFR4/FRS2alpha-ERK1/2 pathway-mediated NF-kappaB activation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sinapine, an alkaloid derived from seeds of the cruciferous species,
      shows favorable biological properties, such as antioxidant and radio-protective
      activities. The inhibitory effect of sinapine on acquired chemoresistance in
      tumor cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. AIM: We
      examined the effect of sinapine on reversal of chemoresistance in Michigan Cancer
      Foundation 7 (MCF-7)/dox breast cancer cells. RESULTS: Combination treatment with
      sinapine and doxorubicin synergistically increased the cytotoxicity of
      doxorubicin in MCF-7/dox cells, as shown using a cell apoptosis assay. An
      accumulation assay demonstrated that sinapine increased the intracellular
      concentration of doxorubicin in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting and real
      time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that sinapine
      downregulated multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1) expression. A significant
      correlation was observed between the expression of MDR1, phospho-factor receptor
      substrate (FRS), phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and
      nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay
      indicated that sinapine inhibited binding of the transcription factor NF-kappaB
      to the MDR1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that sinapine played an
      important role in the downregulation of MDR1 expression through suppression of
      fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)4/FRS2alpha-ERK1/2 mediated NF-kappaB
      activation in MCF-7/dox cancer cells.

PMID- 26969381
TI  - Potent effects of dioscin against gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We previously reported the effect of dioscin on human gastric
      carcinoma SGC-7901 cells, but its effects on other gastric cancers are still
      unknown. PURPOSE: The present paper aimed to demonstrate the activity of dioscin
      against human gastric carcinoma MGC-803 and MKN-45. STUDY DESIGN: In our study,
      MGC-803 and MKN-45 cells were used to examine the effects of dioscin on human
      gastric carcinoma in vitro. The effects of dioscin against human gastric
      carcinoma in vivo were accomplished by the xenografts of MGC-803 cells in BALB/c
      nude mice. METHODS: AO/EB and DAPI staining, TEM, single cell gel electrophoresis
      and flow cytometry assays were used in cell experiments. Then, an iTRAQ-based
      proteomics approach, DNA and siRNA transfection experiments were carried out for
      mechanism investigation. RESULTS: In MGC-803 cells, dioscin caused DNA damage and
      mitochondrial change, induced ROS generation, Ca(2+) release and cell apoptosis,
      and blocked cell cycle at S phase. In vivo results showed that dioscin
      significantly suppressed the tumor growth of MGC-803 cell xenografts in nude
      mice. In addition, dioscin markedly inhibited cell migration, caused Cytochrome c
      release and adjusted mitochondrial signal pathway. Then, an iTRAQ-based
      proteomics approach was carried out and 121 differentially expressed proteins
      were found, in which five biomarkers associated with cell cycle, apoptosis and
      migration were evaluated. Dioscin significantly up-regulated the levels of GALR-2
      and RBM-3, and down-regulated CAP-1, Tribbles-2 and CliC-3. Furthermore,
      overexpressed DNA transfection of CAP-1 enhanced cell migration and invasion,
      which was decreased by dioscin. SiRNA to Tribbles-2 affected the protein levels
      of Bcl-2, Bax and MAPKs, suggesting that dioscin decreased Tribbles-2 level
      leading to cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Our works confirmed the activity of
      dioscin against gastric cancer. In addition, this work also provided that dioscin
      is a new potent candidate for treating gastric cancer in the future.

PMID- 26969382
TI  - Anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism of kaurane diterpenoids from Wedelia
      chinensis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wedelia chinensis is a traditional medicinal herb used in Asia and it
      has been reported to possess various bioactivities including anti-inflammatory
      and anticancer effects. However, its anti-angiogenic activity has never been
      reported. PURPOSE: To determine the most potent anti-angiogenic component in W.
      chinensis and its molecular mechanism of action. STUDY DESIGN: Initially, the
      active fraction of the plant was studied. Then, we determined the active
      components of the fraction and explored the mechanism of the most active
      compound. METHODS: The ethanol extract of W. chinensis and its four fractions
      with different polarities were evaluated for their anti-angiogenic activity in
      the Zebrafish model using quantitative endogenous alkaline phosphatase (EAP)
      assay. The molecular mechanism of the most active compound from the active
      fraction was studied using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on
      Zebrafish embryos. The inhibitory effect of the most active compound on the
      proliferation, invasion and tube formation steps of angiogenesis was evaluated
      using the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells (HUVECs) model, and the influences of the active compound on
      tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF receptor (VEGFR-2) and its downstream signal
      pathway were evaluated by western blotting assay. Moreover, its anti-angiogenic
      effect was further evaluated by the VEGF-induced sprouts formation on aortic ring
      assay and the VEGF-induced vessel formation of mice on matrigel plug assay,
      respectively. RESULTS: Petroleum ether (PE) fraction of the plant displayed
      potent anti-angiogenic activity. Twelve kaurane diterpenoids (1-12) isolated from
      this fraction showed quite different effects. Compounds 9-12 could dose
      dependently inhibit vessel formation in the Zebrafish embryos while the others
      showed little inhibitory effect. Among the active diterpenoids, compound 10,
      3alpha-cinnamoyloxy-9beta-hydroxy-ent-kaura-16-en-19-oic acid (CHKA), possessed
      the strongest effect, and it affected multiple molecular targets related to
      angiogenesis including VEGF and angiopoietin in Zerbrafish. Moreover, CHKA
      significantly inhibited a series of VEGF-induced angiogenesis processes including
      proliferation, invasion, and tube formation of endothelial cells. Besides, it
      directly inhibited VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase activity and its downstream signaling
      pathways in HUVECs. CHKA also obviously inhibited sprouts formation of aortic
      ring, and block vessel formation in mice. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate
      that kaurane diterpenoids is one of anti-angiogenic components in W. chinensis,
      and CHKA may become a promising candidate for the development of anti-angiogenic
      agent.

PMID- 26969383
TI  - Evaluating ancient Egyptian prescriptions today: Anti-inflammatory activity of
      Ziziphus spina-christi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. (Christ's Thorn Jujube) is a wild
      tree today found in Jordan, Israel, Egypt, and some parts of Africa, which was
      already in use as a medicinal plant in Ancient Egypt. In ancient Egyptian
      prescriptions, it was used in remedies against swellings, pain, and heat, and
      thus should have anti-inflammatory effects. Nowadays, Z. spina-christi, is used
      in Egypt (by Bedouins, and Nubians), the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, Iraq, and
      Morocco against a wide range of illnesses, most of them associated with
      inflammation. Pharmacological research undertaken to date suggests that it
      possesses anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypotensive and anti-microbial
      effects. The transcription factor NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain
      enhancer of activated B cells) is critical in inflammation, proliferation and
      involved in various types of cancer. Identification of new anti-inflammatory
      compounds might be an effective strategy to target inflammatory disorders and
      cancer. Therefore, extracts from Z. spina-christi are investigated in terms of
      their anti-inflammatory effects. Our intention is to evaluate the effects of Z.
      spina-christi described in ancient Egyptian papyri, and to show whether the
      effects can be proven with modern pharmacological methods. Furthermore, we
      determine the active ingredients in crude extracts for their inhibitory activity
      toward NF-kappaB pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the active
      ingredients of Z. spina-christi, we fractionated the extracts for bioassays and
      identified the active compounds. Epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, spinosin, 6'''
      feruloylspinosin and 6''' sinapoylspinosin and crude extracts of seed, leaf, root
      or stem were analyzed for their effect on NF-kappaB DNA binding by
      electromobility shift assay (EMSA) and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB-p65 by
      Western blot analysis. The binding mode of the compounds to NF-kappaB pathway
      proteins was compared with the known inhibitor, MG-132, by in silico molecular
      docking calculations. Log10IC50 values of gallocatechin and epigallocatechin as
      two main compounds of the plant were correlated to the microarray-based mRNA
      expression of 79 inflammation-related genes in cell lines of the National Cancer
      Institute (NCI, USA) as determined. The expression of 17 genes significantly
      correlated to the log10IC50 values for gallocatechin or epigallocatechin.
      RESULTS: Nuclear p65 protein level decreased upon treatment with each extract and
      compound. Root and seed extracts inhibited NF-kappaB-DNA binding as shown by
      EMSA. The compounds showed comparable binding energies and similar docking poses
      as MG-132 on the target proteins. CONCLUSION: Z. spina-christi might possess anti
      inflammatory activity as assumed by ancient Egyptian prescriptions. Five
      compounds contributed to this bioactivity, i.e. epigallocatechin, gallocatechin,
      spinosin, 6''' feruloylspinosin and 6''' sinapoylspinosin as shown in vitro and
      in silico.

PMID- 26969384
TI  - A Myrtus communis extract enriched in myrtucummulones and ursolic acid reduces
      resistance of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms to antibiotics used in acne
      vulgaris.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent works present evidence of Propionibacterium acnes growing as a
      biofilm in cutaneous follicles. This formation of clusters is now considered as
      an explanation for the in vivo resistance of P. acnes to the main antimicrobials
      prescribed in acne vulgaris. PURPOSE: Our objective was to explore this
      hypothesis and propose a new therapeutic approach focusing on anti-biofilm
      activity of Myrtacine((r)) New Generation (Mediterranean Myrtle extract-Botanical
      Expertise P. Fabre) alone or combined with antibiotics. METHODS/RESULTS: Using in
      vitro models able to promote the growth of adhered bacteria, the loss of
      sensitivity of P. acnes biofilms (48 h) towards erythromycin and clindamycin was
      checked considering either sensitive or resistant strains. In the same time, the
      activity of Myrtacine((r)) New Generation against biofilm formation and mature
      biofilm (48 h) was evaluated. Using a dynamic model of biofilm formation, we
      noted an inhibition of biofilm formation (addition of Myrtacine((r)) New
      Generation at T 0) and a significant effect on mature biofilm (48 h) for 5 min of
      contact. This effect was also checked using the static model of biofilm formation
      for Myrtacine((r)) New Generation concentrations ranging from 0.03% to 0.0001%. A
      significant, dose-dependent anti-biofilm effect was observed and notable even at
      a concentration lower than the active concentration on planktonic cells, i.e.
      0.001%. Finally, the interest of the combination of Myrtacine((r)) New Generation
      with antibiotics was explored. An enhanced efficacy was noted when erythromycin
      (1000 mg/l) or clindamycin (500 mg/l) was added to 0.001% Myrtacine((r)), leading
      to significant differences in comparison to each compound used alone. CONCLUSION:
      The efficiency of Myrtacine((r)) New Generation on P. acnes biofilm alone or
      combined with antibiotics was demonstrated and can lead to consider it as a
      potent adjunctive product efficient during the antibiotic course for acne
      vulgaris treatment.

PMID- 26969386
TI  - Methyl syringate, a TRPA1 agonist represses hypoxia-induced cyclooxygenase-2 in
      lung cancer cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have previously found that methyl syringate is a specific and
      selective agonist of the human transient receptor potential channel ankyrin 1
      (TRPA1) and suppresses food intake and gastric emptying in imprinting control
      region mice. Because TRPA1 has been implicated in inflammatory responses, and
      inflammation and tumorigenesis are stimulated by the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX
      2)/prostaglandin E2 pathway in hypoxic cancer cells. PURPOSE: This study examined
      the effects of methyl syringate on hypoxia-induced COX-2 in human distal lung
      epithelial A549 cells. STUDY DESIGN: The effect of the methyl syringate on
      suppression of hypoxia-induced COX-2 in A549 cells were determined by Western
      blot and/or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The anti-invasive
      effect of methyl syringate was evaluated on A549 cells using matrigel invasion
      assay. RESULTS: Methyl syringate suppressed hypoxia-induced COX-2 protein and
      mRNA expression and promoter activity and reduced hypoxia-induced cell migration
      and invasion and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. These effects
      were antagonized by a TRPA1 antagonist, implying their mediation by the TRPA1
      pathway. CONCLUSION: Together, these results indicate that methyl syringate
      inhibits the hypoxic induction of COX-2 expression and cell invasion through
      TRPA1 activation. These findings suggest that methyl syringate could be effective
      to suppress hypoxia-induced inflammation and indicate an additional functional
      effect of methyl syringate.

PMID- 26969385
TI  - beta-carotene reverses multidrug resistant cancer cells by selectively modulating
      human P-glycoprotein function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The issue of multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer is one of the major
      barriers to successful chemotherapy treatment. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC)
      efflux transporters play an important role in the chemotherapeutic failure.
      Several generations of ABC efflux transporter inhibitors have been developed,
      however, none of them could provide better clinical outcome due to systemic
      toxicities and significant drug-drug interactions. Therefore, the present study
      focused on identifying the effect of the natural carotenoid on ABC transporters
      and may provide a safer choice to defeat MDR cancer. PURPOSE: The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate the inhibitory potency of beta-carotene on the ABC
      efflux transporters, as well as the reversal effect of beta-carotene toward MDR
      cancers. The underlying molecular mechanisms and inhibitory kinetics of beta
      carotene on the major ABC efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein, were further
      investigated. METHODS: The human P-gp (ABCB1/Flp-In(TM)-293), MRP1 (ABCC1/Flp
      In(TM)-293) and BCRP (ABCG2/Flp-In(TM)-293) stable expression cells were
      established by using the Flp-In(TM) system. The cytotoxicity of beta-carotene was
      evaluated by MTT assay in the established cell lines, sensitive cancer cell lines
      (HeLaS3 and NCI-H460) and resistant cancer cell lines (KB-vin and NCI-H460/MX20).
      Surface protein detection assay and eFluxx-ID Green Dye assay were applied for
      confirmation of surface expression and function of the transporters. The
      transporter inhibition potency of beta-carotene was evaluated by calcein-AM
      uptake assay and mitoxantrone accumulation assay. Further interaction kinetics
      between beta-carotene and P-gp were analyzed by rhodamine123 and doxorubicin
      efflux assay. The influence of beta-carotene on ATPase activity was evaluated by
      Pgp-Glo(TM) Assay System. RESULTS: Among the tested ABC efflux transporters, beta
      carotene significantly inhibited human P-gp efflux function without altering
      ABCB1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, beta-carotene stimulated both P-gp basal
      ATPase activity and the verapamil-stimulated P-gp ATPase activity. In addition,
      beta-carotene exerted partially inhibitory effect on BCRP efflux function. The
      combination of beta-carotene and chemotherapeutic agents significantly
      potentiated their cytotoxicity in both cell stably expressed human P-gp
      (ABCB1/Flp-In(TM)-293) and MDR cancer cells (KB-vin and NCI-H460/MX20).
      CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that beta-carotene may be considered as a
      chemo-sensitizer and regarded as an adjuvant therapy in MDR cancer treatment.

PMID- 26969387
TI  - A new cell line for high throughput HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cell-to-cell virus transmission studies.
AB  - Several lines of evidence indicate that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
      (Wren et al., 2013) is important in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Namely,
      ADCC is induced during natural HIV-1 infection or in HIV-1 vaccine studies, the
      latter demonstrated by the RV144 vaccine trial. To expedite the assessment of
      ADCC in studies of HIV, we have developed a high throughput assay. We have
      optimized the rapid fluorometric antibody-mediated cytotoxicity assay (RFADCC) by
      transfecting the EGFP-CEM-NKr cell line to constitutively express SNAP-tagged
      CCR5. This cell line can then serve as a source of HIV-specific targets when
      coated with monomeric gp120, spinoculated with inactivated intact virions,
      infected by cell-free viral diffusion or infected by cell-to-cell transmission of
      virus. The optimized strategy has two significant advantages over the original
      RFADCC method: First, the preparation of detectable target cells is less labor
      intensive and faster as it does not rely on multiple staining and washing steps
      for target cells. Second, because the target cell markers GFP and SNAP are
      constitutively expressed, the assay provides highly reproducible data. These
      strengths make the optimized RFADCC assay suitable not only for studies of HIV-1
      specific cytotoxicity but also for studies of cell-cell transmission of virus. In
      conclusion, this assay provides a new generation T cell line that can expedite
      large clinical studies as well as research studies in humans or non-human
      primates.

PMID- 26969389
TI  - Do anti-smooth muscle antibodies predict development of autoimmune hepatitis in
      patients with normal liver function? - A retrospective cohort review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The presence of anti-smooth muscle autoantibody (SMA) in Autoimmune
      Hepatitis (AIH) is well established. However, there are no data demonstrating the
      clinical significance in patients with normal liver function and few showing
      positive predictive value for AIH when alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is raised.
      METHODS: We retrospectively established outcomes in a cohort of 251 consecutive
      patients with positive tubular or glomerular SMA. Patient records were checked
      for 12years after the positive SMA result to identify development of AIH.
      RESULTS: Of 202 patients with SMA and ALT <55IU/L, one (0.5%) had a subsequent
      diagnosis of AIH and this patient probably had abnormal ALT at the time of SMA
      detection. 22% of 45 patients with raised ALT (>55IU/L) and 23% of 43 patients
      with persistently raised ALT (>3months duration), had a diagnosis of AIH on
      follow up. Of 10 patients with AIH, 80% were diagnosed within three months of the
      positive SMA. CONCLUSIONS: Progression to AIH in patients with normal liver
      function and positive SMA-T/G is rare but patients with positive SMA and raised
      ALT (>55IU/L) should be referred to secondary care for investigation. Positive
      predictive value of SMA with raised ALT for AIH was 22%.

PMID- 26969390
TI  - [A strange facial mutilation].

PMID- 26969391
TI  - Aluminum, the genetic apparatus of the human CNS and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
AB  - The genomes of eukaryotes orchestrate their expression to ensure an effective,
      homeostatic and functional gene signaling program, and this includes
      fundamentally altered patterns of transcription during aging, development,
      differentiation and disease. These actions constitute an extremely complex and
      intricate process as genetic operations such as transcription involve the very
      rapid translocation and polymerization of ribonucleotides using RNA polymerases,
      accessory transcription protein complexes and other interrelated chromatin
      proteins and genetic factors. As both free ribonucleotides and polymerized single
      stranded RNA chains, ribonucleotides are highly charged with phosphate, and this
      genetic system is extremely vulnerable to disruption by a large number of
      electrostatic forces, and primarily by cationic metals such as aluminum. Aluminum
      has been shown by independent researchers to be particularly genotoxic to the
      genetic apparatus, and it has become reasonably clear that aluminum disturbs
      genetic signaling programs in the CNS that bear a surprising resemblance to those
      observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. This paper will focus on a discussion
      of two molecular-genetic aspects of aluminum genotoxicity: (1) the observation
      that micro-RNA (miRNA)-mediated global gene expression patterns in aluminum
      treated transgenic animal models of AD (Tg-AD) strongly resemble those found in
      AD; and (2) the concept of "human biochemical individuality" and the hypothesis
      that individuals with certain gene expression patterns may be especially
      sensitive and perhaps predisposed to aluminum genotoxicity. 

PMID- 26969392
TI  - Bone resorptive activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after fusion
      with polyethylene glycol.
AB  - The bone remodeling process occurs through bone formation by osteoblasts and bone
      resorption by osteoclasts, a process involving the contribution of endocrine and
      nervous systems. The mechanisms associated to differentiation and proliferation
      of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are considered a potential therapeutic target for
      treating some erosive bone diseases. The aim of the present study is to explore
      the feasibility of generating active osteoclast-like cells from peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced fusion. PEG
      fused PBMCs showed TRAP+-multinucleated cells and bone resorption activity, and
      were also positive for osteoclast markers such as carbonic anhydrase II,
      calcitonin receptor, vacuolar ATPase, and cathepsin K, when examined by reverse
      transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunochemistry and Western blotting.
      TRAP expression and bone resorptive activity were higher in whole PEG-fused PBMCs
      than in separated T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes or monocytes. Both TRAP expression
      and bone resorptive activity were also higher in osteogenesis imperfecta patients
      compared to PEG-fused PBMCs from healthy individuals. PEG-induced fusion was more
      efficient in inducing TRAP and bone resorptive activities than macrophage colony
      stimulating factor or dexamethasone treatment. Bone resorptive activity of PEG
      fused PMBCs was inhibited by bisphosphonates. Evidence is provided that the use
      of PEG-based cell fusion is a straightforward and amenable method for studying
      human osteoclast differentiation and testing new therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 26969393
TI  - Predicting bone mineral acquisition during puberty: data from a 3-year follow-up
      study in Hamamatsu, Japan.
AB  - Although most adult bone mass is acquired before adolescence, only a few studies
      have assessed bone turnover markers in children. Thus, the utility of bone
      markers to evaluate and predict bone mineral accrual in children is unclear. The
      present study assessed the association between serum bone markers at 11 years of
      age and subsequent changes in bone gain. Information on bone minerals and bone
      markers at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up were obtained from 121 children
      who registered as fifth-grade students in 2010, in Hamamatsu, Japan. Whole-body
      bone mineral content (WBBMC) and whole-body bone mineral density (WBBMD) were
      measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Boys showed significant (P <
      0.05) positive relationships between intact osteocalcin at baseline and WBBMC at
      follow-up (beta = 0.24), between tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b
      (TRAP5b) and WBBMC (beta = 0.34), and between TRAP5b and WBBMD (beta = 0.34),
      after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In girls, adjusted means of 3
      year gain in both WBBMC and WBBMD significantly increased from the lowest to
      highest quartiles of type 1 collagen cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide. In
      boys, adjusted means of 3-year gain in both WBBMC and WBBMD significantly
      increased from the lowest to highest quartiles of TRAP5b. Children with a high
      concentration of bone turnover markers tended to exhibit substantial accrual of
      bone minerals. These results suggest that serum levels of circulating biomarkers
      at age 11 predict subsequent bone mineral accrual.

PMID- 26969394
TI  - The current progress in understanding the molecular functions and mechanisms of
      visfatin in osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis, (OA), also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint
      disease, is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people
      worldwide. It is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of the
      joints and occurs when the protective cartilage (articular cartilage) on the ends
      of bones such as the knees, hips and fingers abrades over time. It mainly affects
      the whole joint structure, including the articular cartilage, subchondral bone
      and synovial tissue. Extensive work has been done in the past decades to
      investigate the cellular mechanism of this disease. However, to date, it is still
      poorly understood, and there is no effective treatment. Recently, both in vitro
      and in vivo studies have confirmed adipokines play critical roles during OA
      development. Among these, leptin and adiponectin have been well investigated,
      whereas the effect of the novel adipokine, visfatin, on OA still needs to be
      revealed. Therefore, in this short review, we will focus on visfatin and
      summarize the current progress in the research on its role in OA development. 

PMID- 26969395
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry plus antiresorptive
      treatment in Australian women with breast cancer who receive aromatase
      inhibitors.
AB  - Postmenopausal women with breast cancer on aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment are
      at increased risk of bone mineral density loss, which may lead to minimal trauma
      fractures. We examined the cost-effectiveness of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
      (DXA) with antiresorptive (AR) therapy compared with fracture risk assessment,
      lifestyle advice, and vitamin supplementation. We used a hypothetical Markov
      cohort model of lifetime duration for 60-year-old women with early stage breast
      cancer receiving AIs. The data to inform the model came from medical literature,
      epidemiological reports, and costing data sets. Two eligibility scenarios for AR
      therapy were considered: (A) osteoporosis and (B) osteopenia or osteoporosis. The
      main outcomes were incremental cost per quality-adjusted life years gained and
      cumulative fractures per 1000 women, calculated relative to the comparator. Key
      aspects of the model were explored in sensitivity analyses. Due to relatively low
      effectiveness gains, the outcomes were primarily driven by the costs. The
      incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was A$47,556 and A$253,000
      for scenarios A and B, respectively. The numbers of fractures avoided were 56 and
      77 per 1000 women, respectively. The results were most sensitive to the initial
      probability of osteoporosis, baseline risk of fracture, and cohort starting age.
      Compared with risk assessment and lifestyle advice only, a DXA scan followed by
      an AR treatment is potentially cost-effective for women aged 60 and over
      undergoing AI therapy for early breast cancer. However, the number of fractures
      averted through this intervention is small.

PMID- 26969396
TI  - Variability in Rheumatology day care hospitals in Spain: VALORA study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the variability of the day care hospital units (DCHUs) of
      Rheumatology in Spain, in terms of structural resources and operating processes.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multicenter descriptive study with data from a self
      completed questionnaire of DCHUs self-assessment based on DCHUs quality standards
      of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology. Structural resources and operating
      processes were analyzed and stratified by hospital complexity (regional, general,
      major and complex). Variability was determined using the coefficient of variation
      (CV) of the variable with clinical relevance that presented statistically
      significant differences when was compared by centers. RESULTS: A total of 89
      hospitals (16 autonomous regions and Melilla) were included in the analysis.
      11.2% of hospitals are regional, 22,5% general, 27%, major and 39,3% complex. A
      total of 92% of DCHUs were polyvalent. The number of treatments applied, the
      coordination between DCHUs and hospital pharmacy and the post graduate training
      process were the variables that showed statistically significant differences
      depending on the complexity of hospital. The highest rate of rheumatologic
      treatments was found in complex hospitals (2.97 per 1,000 population), and the
      lowest in general hospitals (2.01 per 1,000 population). The CV was 0.88 in major
      hospitals; 0.86 in regional; 0.76 in general, and 0.72 in the complex.
      CONCLUSIONS: there was variability in the number of treatments delivered in
      DCHUs, being greater in major hospitals and then in regional centers.
      Nonetheless, the variability in terms of structure and function does not seem due
      to differences in center complexity.

PMID- 26969398
TI  - Regulation of vitamin D receptor expression by retinoic acid receptor alpha in
      acute myeloid leukemia cells.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the predominant acute leukemia among adults,
      characterized by an accumulation of malignant immature myeloid precursors. A very
      promising way to treat AML is differentiation therapy using either all-trans
      retinoic acid (ATRA) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), or the use of both
      these differentiation-inducing agents. However, the effect of combination
      treatment varies in different AML cell lines, and this is due to ATRA either down
      or up-regulating transcription of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the cells
      examined. The mechanism of transcriptional regulation of VDR in response to ATRA
      has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that the retinoic acid receptor
      alpha (RARalpha) is responsible for regulating VDR transcription in AML cells. We
      have shown that a VDR transcriptional variant, originating in exon 1a, is
      regulated by RARalpha agonists in AML cells. Moreover, in cells with a high basal
      level of RARalpha protein, the VDR gene is transcriptionally repressed as long as
      RARalpha agonist is absent. In these cells down-regulation of the level of
      RARalpha leads to increased expression of VDR. We consider that our findings
      provide a mechanistic background to explain the different outcomes from treating
      AML cell lines with a combination of ATRA and 1,25D. 

PMID- 26969399
TI  - Uterine fibroid: from pathogenesis to clinical management.

PMID- 26969397
TI  - Age, APOE and sex: Triad of risk of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Age, apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOE) and chromosomal sex are well-established
      risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD; AD). Over 60% of persons
      with AD harbor at least one APOE-epsilon4 allele. The sex-based prevalence of AD
      is well documented with over 60% of persons with AD being female. Evidence
      indicates that the APOE-epsilon4 risk for AD is greater in women than men, which
      is particularly evident in heterozygous women carrying one APOE-epsilon4 allele.
      Paradoxically, men homozygous for APOE-epsilon4 are reported to be at greater
      risk for mild cognitive impairment and AD. Herein, we discuss the complex
      interplay between the three greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, age,
      APOE-epsilon4 genotype and chromosomal sex. We propose that the convergence of
      these three risk factors, and specifically the bioenergetic aging perimenopause
      to menopause transition unique to the female, creates a risk profile for AD
      unique to the female. Further, we discuss the specific risk of the APOE-epsilon4
      positive male which appears to emerge early in the aging process. Evidence for
      impact of the triad of AD risk factors is most evident in the temporal trajectory
      of AD progression and burden of pathology in relation to APOE genotype, age and
      sex. Collectively, the data indicate complex interactions between age, APOE
      genotype and gender that belies a one size fits all approach and argues for a
      precision medicine approach that integrates across the three main risk factors
      for Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 26969400
TI  - Varicella zoster virus related deaths and hospitalizations before the
      introduction of universal vaccination with the tetraviral vaccine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To characterize varicella zoster virus-related deaths and
      hospitalizations in Brazil before universal vaccination with the tetravalent
      (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella) vaccine, attempting to collect baseline
      data on varicella morbidity and mortality in order to evaluate the impact of the
      varicella vaccination program. METHODS: Varicella-associated mortality data were
      evaluated between 1996 and 2011 and varicella zoster virus-associated
      hospitalizations between 1998 and 2013. Data were gathered from the Informatics
      Department of the Unified Health System, considering the International
      Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, code B01. All age groups were
      assessed. Varicella-specific mortality rates were calculated and seasonality of
      varicella-zoster virus-associated hospitalizations was described. RESULTS: There
      were 2334 varicella deaths between 1996 and 2011, 19.3% in infants aged less than
      1 year and 36% in children from 1 to 4 years. In infants under 1 year, varicella
      mortality rates reached 3.2/100,000/year. In children aged 1-4 years, varicella
      mortality rates reach 1.64/100,000/year. Average annual mortality rates for
      varicella in Brazil are 0.88/100,000 in infants under 1 year and 0.40/100,000 in
      children aged 1-4 years. The total number of hospitalizations associated with
      varicella zoster virus was 62,246 from 2008 to 2013. Varicella-associated
      hospitalizations have a seasonal distribution in children, peaking in November.
      In the elderly, monthly averages of herpes zoster-associated hospitalizations
      present no significant seasonal variation. CONCLUSIONS: Varicella is associated,
      in the pre-vaccine period, to significant morbidity and mortality in Brazil. The
      universal vaccination program is expected to decrease the disease burden from
      varicella.

PMID- 26969401
TI  - Reply: Vertical segmental tetrapolar bioimpedance for excess body fat assessment
      in adolescents.

PMID- 26969402
TI  - Ethnobotanical study on the medicinal plants in the Mainarde Mountains (central
      southern Apennine, Italy).
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: New documentation of the uses of plants in the
      popular medicine of the Mainarde Mountain, a protected area of the central
      southern Apennine characterised by a high floristic richness, is here reported.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Field data were collected through semi-structured and open
      interviews with native People between 2011 and 2014. The plants were identified
      and vouchers specimens were scanned to create a Virtual Herbarium. The
      Ethnobotanicity Index (EI), the Relative Importance Index (RI) and the Fidelity
      Level Index (FL) were calculated. The plant uses surveyed in the study area were
      compared with those described in medical and ethnobotanical literature. RESULTS:
      Seventy-one interviews were conducted, the age range of the informants was
      between 21 and 98 years. The inventory included 106 taxa belonging to 45
      families; among these, 87 were wild species and 20 were cultivated species. The
      uses recorded were 429, among these, 69.1% of the uses concerned internal
      applications to treat digestive system disorders, infections and respiratory
      system disorders mainly, while 31.9% concerned external applications, especially
      to treat skin/subcutaneous cellular tissue disorders and injuries. In particular,
      17 new uses and 16 unusual and rarely mentioned plants are documented.
      CONCLUSION: The data collected support evidence on traditional uses for plant in
      the Apennine. Findings from medical flora and from new or rare medical uses
      reinforce the usefulness of such research efforts.

PMID- 26969404
TI  - Decreased risk of stroke in patients receiving traditional Chinese medicine for
      vertigo: A population-based cohort study.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Patients with vertigo are reported to exhibit a
      higher risk of subsequent stroke. However, it remains unclear if Traditional
      Chinese Medicine (TCM), the most common form of complementary and alternative
      medicine, can help lower the risk of stroke for these patients. So the aim of the
      study was to investigate the effects of TCM on stroke risk among patients with
      vertigo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study used the Taiwanese
      National Health Insurance Research Database to identify 112,458 newly diagnosed
      vertigo patients aged >=20 years who received treatment between 1998 and 2007.
      Among these patients, 53,203 (47.31%) received TCM after vertigo onset (TCM
      users), and the remaining 59,201 patients were designated as a control group (non
      TCM users). All enrollees received follow-up until the end of 2012 to measure
      stroke incidence. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute the
      hazard ratio (HR) of stroke in recipients of TCM services. RESULTS: During 15
      year follow-up, 5532 TCM users and 12,295 non-TCM users developed stroke,
      representing an incidence rate of 13.10% and 25.71% per 1000 person-years. TCM
      users had a significantly reduced risk of stroke compared to non-TCM users
      (adjusted HR=0.64; 95% confidence interval CI=0.59-0.74). The predominant effect
      was observed for those receiving TCM for more than 180 days (adjusted HR=0.52;
      95% CI=0.49-0.56). Commonly used TCM formulae, including Ban-Xia-Bai-Zhu-Tian-Ma
      Tang, Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan-Tang, Bai Zhi (Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f.
      ex Franch. & Sav., root), Ge Gen (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, root) and Hai
      Piao Xiao (Endoconcha Sepiae, Cuttlefish Bone) were significantly associated with
      lower risk of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this population-based study support
      the effects of TCM on reducing stroke risk, and may provide a reference for
      stroke prevention strategies. The study results may also help to integrate TCM
      into clinical intervention programs that provide a favorable prognosis for
      vertigo patients.

PMID- 26969403
TI  - Effects of the roots of Liriope Platyphylla Wang Et tang on gastrointestinal
      motility function.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang continues to be
      used in Korea as a traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal
      (GI) disorders related to constipation and abnormal GI motility. AIM OF THE
      STUDY: Because GI disorders, especially GI motility dysfunctions, are major
      lifelong problems, the authors investigated the effects of a water extract of the
      roots of L. platyphylla Wang et Tang (LPE) on the pacemaker potentials (PPTs) of
      interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and on GI motility in male ICR mice. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Enzymatic digestions were used to dissociate ICCs from small
      intestines, and the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record PPTs
      generated by cultured ICCs in vitro. In vivo effects of LPE on GI motility were
      investigated by measuring intestinal transit rates (ITRs) of Evans blue in normal
      mice and in acetic acid (AA) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse
      models of GI motility dysfunction. RESULTS: LPE dose-dependently depolarized PPTs
      in ICCs. Pretreatment with methoctramine (a muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist)
      did not block LPE-induced PPT depolarization. However, pretreatment with 4-DAMP
      (a muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist) blocked LPE-induced PPT depolarization. In
      addition, treatment with LY294002 (a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor)
      also blocked LPE-induced PPT depolarization. Intracellular GDPbetaS inhibited LPE
      induced PPT depolarization, and LPE-induced PPT depolarization was found to occur
      in a phospholipase C (PLC)- and a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent manner.
      Pretreatment with Ca(2+)free solution or thapsigargin (a Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor
      in endoplasmic reticulum) abolished PPTs, and under these conditions, LPE did not
      depolarize ICC PPTs. In normal mice, ITRs were significantly and dose-dependently
      increased by LPE (0.01-1g/kg administered intragastrically (i.g.)). In addition,
      LPE (i.g.) significantly recovered GI motility dysfunctions in both animal
      models. CONCLUSION: LPE dose-dependently depolarizes ICC PPTs through M3
      receptors via external and internal Ca(2+)regulation and via G protein-, PI3K-,
      PLC- and PKC- dependent pathways in vitro. Also, in vivo, LPE increased ITRs in
      treatment naive mice and our two mouse models of GI dysfunction. Therefore, this
      study shows that LPE offers a basis for the development of a prokinetic agent
      that prevents or alleviates GI motility dysfunctions.

PMID- 26969405
TI  - Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and chemical characterisation of Erythrina
      stricta Roxb. (Fabaceae).
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The bark of Erythrina stricta Roxb. (Fabaceae)
      has been used in Indian indigenous systems as a remedy for rheumatism, stomach
      ache, asthma, dysentery, contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections. However,
      there have been limited phytochemical or biological studies on the bark of E.
      stricta and there are no studies that align with its traditional medicinal uses.
      AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial and
      antioxidant activity of the stem bark of E. stricta to support its topical use in
      the treatment of contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections and to isolate
      and identify any bioactive compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTT microdilution
      and disc diffusion assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of
      n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of the bark
      of E. stricta. Column and preparative thin layer chromatography were used for the
      purification of the dichloromethane extract. The structures of the compounds
      isolated were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and
      comparison with published data. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were
      determined by DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP assays and the antioxidant
      activity of the pure compounds by dot-blot and DPPH staining methods. RESULTS:
      The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts showed the most
      significant activity with MIC values of 7.8ug/mL, 125ug/mL, and 125ug/mL against
      a sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The dichloromethane and ethyl
      acetate extracts also showed significant activity against Candida albicans with
      MIC values of 125ug/mL and 1mg/mL respectively. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane
      extract showed the presence of the antibacterial and antifungal compounds beta
      caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, alpha-selinene, beta-selinene, selin-11-en-4
      alpha-ol, alpha-copaene and delta-cadenine. Phytochemical studies of the
      dichloromethane extract led to the isolation of the novel compound erynone (1),
      together with six known compounds; wighteone (2), alpinum isoflavone (3), luteone
      (4), obovatin (5), erythrinassinate B (6) and isovanillin (7). Luteone (4)
      exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory
      quantity (MIQ) values of 1.88ug, 1.88ug and 3.75ug, respectively, against
      sensitive (MSSA) and resistant strains (MRSA and MDRSA) of S. aureus using a TLC
      bioautography assay. Erynone (1) exhibited the greatest DPPH free radical
      scavenging activity. CONCLUSIONS: Seven compounds, including a new chromanone,
      were isolated from the antimicrobial dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of
      E. stricta. Six of the seven compounds showed antibacterial and/or antioxidant
      activities. These findings provide support for the customary (traditional and
      contemporary) use of E. stricta bark for the treatment of skin and wound
      infections.

PMID- 26969406
TI  - Taking forward the World TB Day 2016 theme 'Unite to End Tuberculosis' for the
      WHO Africa Region.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global emergency, with an estimated 9.6 million new
      TB cases worldwide reported in 2014. Twenty-eight percent of these cases were in
      the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Region, where the annual case
      detection rate was 281 per 100000 population-more than double the global average
      of 133 per 100000. Of the 9.6 million people who developed TB, an estimated 1.2
      million (12%) were HIV-positive, and the Africa Region accounted for 74% of these
      cases. Three million people with TB remain undiagnosed and untreated. Globally,
      an estimated 480000 had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Whilst of the African
      countries, only South Africa has reported a high prevalence of MDR-TB, it is
      likely that all of Sub-Saharan Africa has an unreported high load of drug
      resistant TB. Tragically, in 2014, only 48% of individuals diagnosed with MDR-TB
      had successful treatment and an estimated 190000 people died of MDR-TB. Of the
      global TB funding gap of US$ 0.8 billion, the largest funding gap was in the
      Africa Region, amounting to US$ 0.4 billion in 2015. The MDR-TB pandemic in
      particular now threatens to devastate entire regions and may fundamentally alter
      the life-expectancy and demographic profile of many countries in Sub-Saharan
      Africa. The theme designated for this year's World TB Day, March 24, 2016, is
      'Unite to End TB'. From the Africa Region, there is an urgent need to seriously
      address the political, economic, and social factors that influence host
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis interactions and result in disease. Recent political
      and funder initiatives that provide renewed hope for the alleviation of Africa's
      TB and TB/HIV problems are discussed. 

PMID- 26969409
TI  - Autophagy for the quality control of adult hippocampal neural stem cells.
AB  - Autophagy plays an important role in neurodegeneration, as well as in normal
      brain development and function. Recent studies have also implicated autophagy in
      the regulation of stemness and neurogenesis in neural stem cells (NSCs). However,
      little is known regarding the roles of autophagy in NSC biology. It has been
      shown that in addition to cytoprotective roles of autophagy, pro-death autophagy,
      or 'autophagic cell death (ACD),' regulates the quantity of adult NSCs. A tight
      regulation of survival and death of NSCs residing in the neurogenic niches
      through programmed cell death (PCD) is critical for maintenance of adult
      neurogenesis. ACD plays a primary role in the death of adult hippocampal neural
      stem (HCN) cells following insulin withdrawal. Despite the normal apoptotic
      capability of HCN cells, they are committed to death by autophagy following
      insulin withdrawal, suggesting the existence of a unique regulatory program that
      controls the mode of cell death. We propose that dual roles of autophagy for
      maintenance of NSC pluripotency, as well as for elimination of defective NSCs,
      may serve as a combined NSC quality control mechanism. This article is part of a
      Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.

PMID- 26969407
TI  - Polymorphisms at the F12 and KLKB1 loci have significant trait association with
      activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plasma coagulation Factor XIIa (Hageman factor; encoded by F12) and
      kallikrein (KAL or Fletcher factor; encoded by KLKB1) are proteases of the
      kallikerin-kinin system involved in converting the inactive circulating prorenin
      to renin. Renin is a key enzyme in the formation of angiotensin II, which
      regulates blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance and is a biomarker for
      cardiovascular, metabolic and renal function. The renin-angiotensin system is
      implicated in extinction learning in posttraumatic stress disorder. METHODS &
      RESULTS: Active plasma renin was measured from two independent cohorts- civilian
      twins and siblings, as well as U.S. Marines, for a total of 1,180 subjects.
      Genotyping these subjects revealed that the carriers of the minor alleles at the
      two loci- F12 and KLKB1 had a significant association with reduced levels of
      active plasma renin. Meta-analyses confirmed the association across cohorts. In
      vitro studies verified digestion of human recombinant pro-renin by kallikrein
      (KAL) to generate active renin. Subsequently, the active renin was able to digest
      the synthetic substrate angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I. Examination of mouse
      juxtaglomerular cell line and mouse kidney sections showed co-localization of KAL
      with renin. Expression of either REN or KLKB1 was regulated in cell line and
      rodent models of hypertension in response to oxidative stress, interleukin or
      arterial blood pressure changes. CONCLUSIONS: The functional variants of KLKB1
      (rs3733402) and F12 (rs1801020) disrupted the cascade of enzymatic events,
      resulting in diminished formation of active renin. Using genetic, cellular and
      molecular approaches we found that conversion of zymogen prorenin to renin was
      influenced by these polymorphisms. The study suggests that the variant version of
      protease factor XIIa due to the amino acid substitution had reduced ability to
      activate prekallikrein to KAL. As a result KAL has reduced efficacy in converting
      prorenin to renin and this step of the pathway leading to activation of renin
      affords a potential therapeutic target.

PMID- 26969410
TI  - Maturation of nitrogenase cofactor-the role of a class E radical SAM
      methyltransferase NifB.
AB  - Nitrogenase catalyzes the important reactions of N2-reduction, CO-reduction and
      CO2-reduction at its active cofactor site. Designated the M-cluster, this complex
      metallocofactor is assembled through the generation of a characteristic 8Fe-core
      before the insertion of Mo and homocitrate that completes the stoichiometry of
      the M-cluster. NifB catalyzes the crucial step of radical SAM-dependent carbide
      insertion that occurs concomitant with the insertion a '9th' sulfur and the
      rearrangement/coupling of two 4Fe-clusters into a complete 8Fe-core of the M
      cluster. Further categorization of a family of NifB proteins as a new class of
      radical SAM methyltransferases suggests a general function of these proteins in
      complex metallocofactor assembly and provides a new platform for unveiling
      unprecedented chemical reactions catalyzed by biological systems.

PMID- 26969408
TI  - Locus coeruleus: From global projection system to adaptive regulation of
      behavior.
AB  - The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is a major source of norepinephrine
      (NE) projections throughout the CNS. This important property was masked in very
      early studies by the inability to visualize endogenous monoamines. The
      development of monoamine histofluorescence methods by Swedish scientists led to a
      plethora of studies, including a paper published in Brain Research by Loizou in
      1969. That paper was highly cited (making it a focal point for the 50th
      anniversary issue of this journal), and helped to spark a large and continuing
      set of investigations to further refine our understating of the LC-NE system and
      its contribution to brain function and behavior. This paper very briefly reviews
      the ensuing advances in anatomical, physiological and behavioral aspects of the
      LC-NE system. Although its projections are ubiquitously present throughout the
      CNS, recent studies find surprising specificity within the organizational and
      operational domains of LC neurons. These and other findings lead us to expect
      that future work will unmask additional features of the LC-NE system and its
      roles in normative and pathological brain and behavioral processes. This article
      is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:50th Anniversary Issue.

PMID- 26969411
TI  - HiView: an integrative genome browser to leverage Hi-C results for the
      interpretation of GWAS variants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of
      genetic variants associated with complex traits and diseases. However, most of
      them are located in the non-protein coding regions, and therefore it is
      challenging to hypothesize the functions of these non-coding GWAS variants.
      Recent large efforts such as the ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics projects have
      predicted a large number of regulatory elements. However, the target genes of
      these regulatory elements remain largely unknown. Chromatin conformation capture
      based technologies such as Hi-C can directly measure the chromatin interactions
      and have generated an increasingly comprehensive catalog of the interactome
      between the distal regulatory elements and their potential target genes.
      Leveraging such information revealed by Hi-C holds the promise of elucidating the
      functions of genetic variants in human diseases. RESULTS: In this work, we
      present HiView, the first integrative genome browser to leverage Hi-C results for
      the interpretation of GWAS variants. HiView is able to display Hi-C data and
      statistical evidence for chromatin interactions in genomic regions surrounding
      any given GWAS variant, enabling straightforward visualization and
      interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that as the first GWAS variants-centered
      Hi-C genome browser, HiView is a useful tool guiding post-GWAS functional
      genomics studies. HiView is freely accessible at:
      http://www.unc.edu/~yunmli/HiView .

PMID- 26969412
TI  - Predictors of physicians' satisfaction with their management of uncertainty
      during a decision-making encounter with a simulated advanced stage cancer
      patient.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To optimize their training, predictors of physicians' satisfaction
      with their management of uncertainty should be examined. This study investigated
      these predictors by using a simulated advanced stage cancer patient. METHODS:
      Physicians (n=85) rated their satisfaction with their management of uncertainty
      (Visual Analog Scale-100mm) after a decision-making encounter. Communication
      predictors were examined with the: Observing Patient Involvement scale (OPTION),
      Multidimensional analysis of Patient Outcome Predictions (MD.POP) and
      Communication Content Analysis Software (LaComm). Psychological predictors were
      assessed with the: Intolerance of Uncertainty Inventory (IUI), Physicians'
      Reactions to Uncertainty scale (PRU), Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), and
      Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE). RESULTS: Physicians' satisfaction
      (mean=67mm; standard deviation=17mm) was not predicted by their communication,
      but by their anxiety due to uncertainty (PRU) (beta=-.42; p=<.001) and their
      perceived empathy (JSPE) (beta=.26; p=.009). These variables accounted for 25% of
      variance in physicians' satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' satisfaction with
      their management of uncertainty was not affected by their communication
      performance, but by their psychological characteristics. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:
      Training programs should increase physicians' awareness regarding the
      communication performance required in decision-making encounters under conditions
      of uncertainty.

PMID- 26969413
TI  - Astrocytes as new targets to improve cognitive functions.
AB  - Astrocytes are now viewed as key elements of brain wiring as well as neuronal
      communication. Indeed, they not only bridge the gap between metabolic supplies by
      blood vessels and neurons, but also allow fine control of neurotransmission by
      providing appropriate signaling molecules and insulation through a tight
      enwrapping of synapses. Recognition that astroglia is essential to neuronal
      communication is nevertheless fairly recent and the large body of evidence
      dissecting such role has focused on the synaptic level by identifying neuro- and
      gliotransmitters uptaken and released at synaptic or extrasynaptic sites. Yet,
      more integrated research deciphering the impact of astroglial functions on
      neuronal network activity have led to the reasonable assumption that the role of
      astrocytes in supervising synaptic activity translates in influencing neuronal
      processing and cognitive functions. Several investigations using recent genetic
      tools now support this notion by showing that inactivating or boosting astroglial
      function directly affects cognitive abilities. Accordingly, brain diseases
      resulting in impaired cognitive functions have seen their physiopathological
      mechanisms revisited in light of this primary protagonist of brain processing. We
      here provide a review of the current knowledge on the role of astrocytes in
      cognition and in several brain diseases including neurodegenerative disorders,
      psychiatric illnesses, as well as other conditions such as epilepsy. Potential
      astroglial therapeutic targets are also discussed.

PMID- 26969415
TI  - CORRECTION.

PMID- 26969416
TI  - A VOYAGER Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Statin Therapy on Low-Density
      Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in Patients With
      Hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - Elevated triglyceride (TG) levels are associated with increased cardiovascular
      disease risk. In patients with mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia, defined by
      the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel as a TG level of 177 to 885
      mg/dl (2.0 to 10.0 mmol/L), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction
      remains the primary treatment goal. Using data from the indiVidual patient meta
      analysis Of statin therapY in At risk Groups: Effects of Rosuvastatin,
      atorvastatin and simvastatin (VOYAGER) meta-analysis, we analyzed LDL-C and TG
      reductions in patients with baseline TG >=177 mg/dl (>=2.0 mmol/L). Least squares
      mean percentage change from baseline in LDL-C and TG was compared using 15,800
      patient exposures to rosuvastatin 5 to 40 mg, atorvastatin 10 to 80 mg, and
      simvastatin 10 to 80 mg in patients with baseline TG >=177 mg/dl (>=2.0 mmol/L).
      Comparisons were made using mixed-effects models with data only from studies
      directly comparing treatments by randomized design. Mean LDL-C reductions ranged
      from -26.9% to -55.5%. Rosuvastatin 10 to 40 mg resulted in significantly greater
      LDL-C reductions than equal or double doses of atorvastatin and simvastatin (p
      <0.05). Mean TG reductions ranged from -15.1% to -31.3%. Rosuvastatin 10 mg
      resulted in significantly greater TG reductions than atorvastatin 10 mg (p
      <0.05). Rosuvastatin 20 and 40 mg resulted in TG reductions similar to those with
      equal doses of atorvastatin. Rosuvastatin 10 to 40 mg resulted in significantly
      greater TG reductions than equal or double doses of simvastatin (p <0.05). In
      conclusion, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia, LDL-C reduction was
      substantial and dependent on the choice and dose of statin. TG reduction was
      numerically less than for LDL-C, and additional TG-lowering therapy may be
      considered to further reduce residual cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 26969417
TI  - Single-Dose Interaction Study of the Arginine Vasopressin Type 1B Receptor
      Antagonist ABT-436 and Alcohol in Moderate Alcohol Drinkers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ABT-436, a potent and selective arginine vasopressin (AVP) type 1B
      receptor (V1B ) antagonist, has previously demonstrated basal hypothalamic
      pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis attenuation in man. A V1B antagonist is hypothesized
      as an alcohol-dependent treatment based on the role of the V1B receptor in stress
      regulation and the finding that stress is a trigger for relapse in alcoholics. A
      V1B antagonist has shown favorable effects in rat models of alcohol dependence. A
      single-dose clinical study was conducted to assess the potential for
      pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between ABT-436 and alcohol.
      METHODS: Twenty moderate alcohol drinkers each received the 4 possible
      combinations of a single 1,000 mg ABT-436 dose (or matching placebo) and a single
      0.5 g/kg alcohol dose (or placebo for alcohol) in a double-blind, randomized, 4
      period crossover study. Plasma ABT-436 and blood alcohol levels were measured to
      assess pharmacokinetic interactions. A computerized cognitive test battery (CDR
      System), Bond-Lader Visual Analog Scales scales, and a postural stability test
      were used to measure the effects of alcohol and the potential interaction with
      ABT-436. The pharmacologic effect of ABT-436 was assessed by measuring serum
      cortisol. RESULTS: Neither ABT-436 nor alcohol affected the blood levels of the
      other. Alcohol reduced performance on 2 of 5 CDR System composite variables
      (power of attention, p = 0.002; quality of secondary episodic memory, p < 0.001),
      and decreased postural stability (p = 0.043). ABT-436 did not exacerbate those
      deleterious effects. ABT-436 reduced serum cortisol (p < 0.001), and alcohol did
      not significantly diminish this expected effect on the HPA axis. CONCLUSIONS: No
      pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between ABT-436 and alcohol was
      observed.

PMID- 26969418
TI  - Aberrant interhemispheric functional and structural connectivity in heroin
      dependent individuals.
AB  - Models of heroin addiction emphasize the role of disrupted frontostriatal
      circuitry supporting cognitive control processes. However, heroin addiction
      related alterations in functional and structural interactions among brain
      regions, especially between the cerebral hemispheres, are rarely examined
      directly. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approaches,
      which reveal patterns of coherent spontaneous fluctuations in the fMRI signal,
      offer a means to quantify directly functional interactions between the
      hemispheres. The corpus callosum (CC), which connects homologous regions of the
      cortex, is the major conduit for information transfer between the cerebral
      hemispheres and represents a structural connectivity index between hemispheres.
      We compared interhemispheric voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and CC
      volume between 45 heroin dependent-individuals (HDIs) and 35 non-addict
      individuals. We observed significant reduction of VMHC in a number of regions,
      particularly the striatum/limbic system regions, and significant decrease in
      splenium and genu sub-regions of CC in HDI. Importantly, within HDI, VMHC in the
      dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) correlated with genu CC volume, VMHC in
      the putamen, VMHC in the DLPFC and genu CC volume and splenium CC volume were
      negatively correlated with heroin duration and impulsivity traits. Further
      analyses demonstrated that impairment of VMHC of bilateral DLPFC partially
      mediated the association between genu CC volumes decreased and increased
      impulsivity in HDI. Our results reveal a substantial impairment of
      interhemispheric coordination in the HDI. Further, interhemispheric connectivity
      correlated with the duration of heroin abuse and higher impulsivity behavior in
      HDI. Our findings provide insight into a heroin addicts' related pathophysiology
      and reinforce an integrative view of the interhemispheric cerebral functional and
      structural organization.

PMID- 26969419
TI  - RCTs are here to stay.

PMID- 26969420
TI  - Reply to Dr H. Madsen's Letter.

PMID- 26969422
TI  - Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional (two-piece) versus
      metal injection moulding brackets on hair nickel and chromium levels: a double
      blind randomized clinical trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although nickel and chromium are known as allergen and cytotoxic
      orthodontic metals, very few and controversial studies have assessed the effect
      of orthodontic treatment on their systemic levels especially those reflected by
      their best biomarker of exposure, hair. Additionally, metal injection moulding
      (MIM) brackets are not studied, and there is no study on systemic ion changes
      following their usage. METHODS: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial,
      scalp hair samples of 24 female and 22 male fixed orthodontic patients [as two
      groups of conventional (two-piece) versus MIM brackets, n = 23*2] were collected
      before treatment and 6 months later. Randomization was carried out using a
      computer-generated random number table. The patients, laboratory expert, and
      author responsible for analyses were blinded of the bracket allocations. Hair
      nickel and chromium levels were measured using atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry. The effects of treatment, bracket types, gender, and age on
      hair ions were analysed statistically (alpha = 0.05, beta <= 0.02). RESULTS: In
      both groups combined (n = 46), nickel increased from 0.1600+/-0.0890 ug/g dry
      hair mass (pre-treatment) to 0.3199+/-0.1706 (6th month). Chromium increased from
      0.1657+/-0.0884 to 0.3066+/-0.1362 ug/g. Both of these increases were significant
      (paired t-test, P = 0.0000). Bracket types, age, and gender had no significant
      influence on ion levels (P > 0.05). ANCOVA indicated different patterns of
      chromium increases in different genders (P = 0.033) and ages (P = 0.056).
      LIMITATIONS: Sample size determination should have accounted for the grouping as
      well. CONCLUSION: Hair nickel and chromium levels might increase about 185-200%
      after 6 months. They might not be affected by bracket types. Gender and age might
      not influence the baseline or 6th-month levels of both metals. Gender might
      however interact with orthodontic treatment, only in the case of chromium.
      REGISTRATION: The research is registered offline (thesis) and online
      (IR.AJUMS.REC.1394.516). PROTOCOL: The protocol was pre-determined before any
      experiments begin. FUNDING: The study was self-funded by the authors.

PMID- 26969421
TI  - A comparative assessment of enamel mineral content and Streptococcus mutans
      population between conventional composites and composites containing nano
      amorphous calcium phosphate in fixed orthodontic patients: a split-mouth
      randomized clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this 'split-mouth design' trial was to evaluate the effect
      of the nano amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) containing composite on enamel
      mineral contents and streptococcus mutans population in fixed orthodontic
      patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION: Randomized,
      prospective, single-center controlled trial. Twenty-four patients between the
      ages of 13-18 years participated in this study. The control and test sides were
      randomly selected by a coin toss (1:1 ratio). On the control side orthodontic
      brackets were bonded on the buccal surfaces of upper premolars and laterals using
      an orthodontic composite (Transbond XT), and on the study side NACP-containing
      composite was used. Outcome measures were the mineral content around the brackets
      and S.mutans count. The later were calculated in the plaque around the brackets
      by real-time PCR at 3 months, and 6 months after the initiation of treatment. All
      stages of the study were blind using coding system. Paired t-test and repeated
      measurements were used for data analysis. RESULTS: In the third and sixth month,
      the bacterial population was significantly lower in the study side than the
      control side (P = 0.01 and 0.000).The mineral content of the study side was
      significantly higher than the controls, 6 months after brocket bonding (P =
      0.004). There were no significant differences between the premolars and lateral
      teeth for all measurements. LIMITATIONS: This research was performed in a single
      center by one experienced clinician. CONCLUSION: NACP-containing composites have
      the potential to inhibit mineral content loss and S.mutans colonization around
      orthodontic brackets during fixed orthodontic treatments. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      This trial was not registered. PROTOCOL: The protocol was not published before
      trial commencement.

PMID- 26969423
TI  - A survey of general dentists regarding orthodontic retention procedures.
AB  - AIM: To explore 1. how Swiss general dentists deal with complications associated
      with fixed orthodontic retainers, 2. collaboration between general dentists and
      orthodontists with regards to the organization and responsibility for long-term
      follow-up of orthodontic retainers, and 3. the need for standardized clinical
      guidelines regarding orthodontic retention. METHODS: A structured questionnaire
      was sent to 201 randomly selected dentists. They were asked about their
      experience with retainers, opinions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of
      different types of retainers, responsibility for patients wearing bonded
      retention and the communication between orthodontists and general dentists.
      Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software. RESULTS: The response
      rate was 61 per cent. About 55 per cent of the respondents had had experience
      with bonding fixed retainers and even more were familiar with their follow-up and
      repair. In case of complications, dentists usually contacted orthodontists
      according to the following rule: the more severe the complication, the more
      intense the communication. Most dentists hesitated to remove retainers when
      requested to do so by the patient and attempted to convince them to continue
      wearing them. Retainers bonded to all six anterior teeth were considered more
      efficient than those bonded to canines only; however, possible side effects (e.g.
      unwanted changes of the torque) were not well known. 66.4 per cent respondents
      were willing to take responsibility for patients in retention as early as 6
      months after retainer placement. 93.2 per cent respondents would welcome the
      establishment of standardized guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Swiss general dentists
      have good knowledge of orthodontic retention and follow-up procedures.
      Nevertheless, introduction of clinical guidelines including information on the
      possible side-effects of bonded retention is justified.

PMID- 26969414
TI  - Epigenetics: A primer for clinicians.
AB  - With recent advances in cellular biology, we now appreciate that modifications to
      DNA and histones can have a profound impact on transcription and function, even
      in the absence of changes to DNA sequence. These modifications, now commonly
      referred to as "epigenetic" alterations, have changed how we understand cell
      behavior, reprogramming and differentiation and have provided significant insight
      into the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis. Epigenetic alterations, to this
      point, are largely identified by changes in DNA methylation and
      hydroxymethylation as well as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation of
      histone tails. These modifications enable significant flexibility in gene
      expression, rather than just turning genes "ON" or "OFF." Herein we describe the
      epigenetic landscape in the regulation of gene expression with a particular focus
      on interrogating DNA methylation in myeloid malignancy.

PMID- 26969424
TI  - [CEA and early detection of relapse in breast cancer subtypes: Comparison with CA
      15-3].
AB  - This retrospective study evaluates the interest of CEA measurement for early
      detection of breast cancer recurrences. Among 804 patients with invasive breast
      cancer, we selected 97 patients without recurrence (WR) for 5 years or more, 32
      with a local recurrence (LR) and 131 with at least one distant metastasis (DM).
      Elevated CEA and CA 15-3 levels (>3.1 MUg/L and >26 kU/L respectively) were found
      in 6 % and 22 % of patients with RL respectively and in 49 % and 69 % of patients
      with DM. Both CEA and CA 15-3 retained a significant value in predicting DM by
      univariate and multivariate analysis. Higher sensitivity of CEA and CA 15-3 were
      found in tumors with positive hormonal receptor status. CEA and CA 15-3 levels at
      DM were raised respectively in 23 and 65 % of the triple negative group, 58 and
      75 % of the luminal, 56 and 78 % of the luminal-HER2 and 50 and 30 % of HER2
      enriched group (P=0.0094 and 0.0252 respectively). The combination of CEA and CA
      15-3 increased CA 15-3 sensitivity in especially luminal and HER2-enriched
      groups. In conclusion, elevated CA 15-3 and CEA levels at initial diagnosis of
      recurrence were found to be associated with hormonal receptor status and breast
      cancer subtypes. The combination of CEA and CA 15-3 appeared useful especially
      luminal and HER2-enriched groups. 

PMID- 26969425
TI  - [Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and pregnancy: A risk to the fetus?].
AB  - The association of cancer and pregnancy is increasingly frequent. This is
      related, partially, to the increasingly belated age of pregnancy. The management
      of cancer in pregnancy is a complicated issue. The use of tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKIs) during pregnancy remains rare and only few data are available
      concerning their transplacental passage. The aim of this work is to review the
      data described in the literature, in order to highlight the risks incurred by the
      fetus, associated with these TKIs' treatment. Up to 189 pregnancies of women
      treated with TKIs during part or throughout their pregnancy have been described.
      Clinical data are reassuring and would be in favor of taking the treatment in
      terms of the balance maternal profit versus fetal risk. These data must,
      nevertheless, be interpreted with caution. 

PMID- 26969426
TI  - [Fitness and quality of life in kidney transplant recipients: case-control
      study].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the levels of fitness, muscle structure
      and quality of life of adults after kidney transplant and healthy adults.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 16 kidney transplant patients and 21 healthy
      controls performed several fitness test, isokinetic evaluation of knee flexion
      and extension and ultrasonography muscle thickness assessment. They also
      completed the quality of life questionnaire SF-36. RESULTS: Physical fitness,
      muscle structure and quality of life of the kidney transplant recipients were
      significantly poorer than the controls. The transplant patients performed less
      well in the "get up and go" and "sit to stand" test (p<.001) as well as in
      assessments of muscle structure, strength and power. The patients had a poorer
      score in their quality of life assessments, differing from the controls in
      domains of physical function, physical role, general health and social function
      (p<.001). DISCUSSION: Fitness, strength and muscle mass are diminished in kidney
      transplant patients, resulting in a poorer quality of life which might entail an
      increased risk to their health.

PMID- 26969427
TI  - [Brain damage after general anesthesia].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: S100B protein is a serum marker of cerebral damage. The
      objective was to evaluate the brain damage caused by general anaesthesia, by
      determining the concentration of serum S100B protein before and after of general
      anaesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Patients with chronic adenotonsillar
      hypertrophy and indications for tonsillectomy were included. A venous blood
      sample was taken from the patients before general anaesthesia (basal sample). The
      patients were anaesthetised using the following intravenous anaesthetic drugs:
      midazolam, fentanyl and propofol; and inhaled sevoflurane. A second venous blood
      sample (postoperative sample) was taken from patients after the surgery, in the
      operating room. The concentration of serum S100B protein was determined in the
      basal sample (S100Bb) and postoperative sample (S100Bp) by immunoassay electro
      chemiluminescence in MODULAR E-170 (Roche Diagnostics). RESULTS: Seventy-six
      patients were included, 46 males and 30 females, aged between 3 to 14 (median 5
      years). In all the patients, serum S100B protein levels increased after general
      anaesthesia. The values of S100Bp (median 164.0 ng/L) were significantly higher
      than the values of S100Bb (median 94.5 ng/L). The median of the difference
      between S100Bp and S100Bb was 58.0 ng/L. There were statistically significant
      differences between S100Bb and S100Bp using the Wilcoxon test (P<.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: The concentration of serum S100B protein increased significantly
      after general anaesthesia. This indicates that general anaesthesia may cause
      brain damage.

PMID- 26969429
TI  - Achieving behaviour change for detection of Lynch syndrome using the Theoretical
      Domains Framework Implementation (TDFI) approach: a study protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lynch syndrome is an inherited disorder associated with a range of
      cancers, and found in 2-5 % of colorectal cancers. Lynch syndrome is diagnosed
      through a combination of significant family and clinical history and pathology.
      The definitive diagnostic germline test requires formal patient consent after
      genetic counselling. If diagnosed early, carriers of Lynch syndrome can undergo
      increased surveillance for cancers, which in turn can prevent late stage cancers,
      optimise treatment and decrease mortality for themselves and their relatives.
      However, over the past decade, international studies have reported that only a
      small proportion of individuals with suspected Lynch syndrome were referred for
      genetic consultation and possible genetic testing. The aim of this project is to
      use behaviour change theory and implementation science approaches to increase the
      number and speed of healthcare professional referrals of colorectal cancer
      patients with a high-likelihood risk of Lynch syndrome to appropriate genetic
      counselling services. METHODS: The six-step Theoretical Domains Framework
      Implementation (TDFI) approach will be used at two large, metropolitan hospitals
      treating colorectal cancer patients. Steps are: 1) form local multidisciplinary
      teams to map current referral processes; 2) identify target behaviours that may
      lead to increased referrals using discussion supported by a retrospective audit;
      3) identify barriers to those behaviours using the validated Influences on
      Patient Safety Behaviours Questionnaire and TDFI guided focus groups; 4) co
      design interventions to address barriers using focus groups; 5) co-implement
      interventions; and 6) evaluate intervention impact. Chi square analysis will be
      used to test the difference in the proportion of high-likelihood risk Lynch
      syndrome patients being referred for genetic testing before and after
      intervention implementation. A paired t-test will be used to assess the mean time
      from the pathology test results to referral for high-likelihood Lynch syndrome
      patients pre-post intervention. Run charts will be used to continuously monitor
      change in referrals over time, based on scheduled monthly audits. DISCUSSION:
      This project is based on a tested and refined implementation strategy (TDFI
      approach). Enhancing the process of identifying and referring people at high
      likelihood risk of Lynch syndrome for genetic counselling will improve outcomes
      for patients and their relatives, and potentially save public money.

PMID- 26969428
TI  - Purification and genetic characterization of gassericin E, a novel co-culture
      inducible bacteriocin from Lactobacillus gasseri EV1461 isolated from the vagina
      of a healthy woman.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lactobacillus gasseri is one of the dominant Lactobacillus species in
      the vaginal ecosystem. Some strains of this species have a high potential for
      being used as probiotics in order to maintain vaginal homeostasis, since they may
      confer colonization resistance against pathogens in the vagina by direct
      inhibition through production of antimicrobial compounds, as bacteriocins. In
      this work we have studied bacteriocin production of gassericin E (GasE), a novel
      bacteriocin produced by L. gasseri EV1461, a strain isolated from the vagina of a
      healthy woman, and whose production was shown to be promoted by the presence of
      certain specific bacteria in co-culture. Biochemical and genetic characterization
      of this novel bacteriocin are addressed. RESULTS: We found that the inhibitory
      spectrum of L. gasseri EV1461 was broad, being directed to species both related
      and non-related to the producing strain. Interestingly, L. gasseri EV1461
      inhibited the grown of pathogens usually associated with bacterial vaginosis
      (BV). The antimicrobial activity was due to the production of a novel
      bacteriocin, gassericin E (GasE). Production of this bacteriocin in broth medium
      only was achieved at high cell densities. At low cell densities, bacteriocin
      production ceased and only was restored after the addition of a supernatant from
      a previous bacteriocin-producing EV1461 culture (autoinduction), or through co
      cultivation with several other Gram-positive strains (inducing bacteria). DNA
      sequence of the GasE locus revealed the presence of two putative operons which
      could be involved in biosynthesis and immunity of this bacteriocin (gaeAXI), and
      in regulation, transport and processing (gaePKRTC). The gaePKR encodes a putative
      three-component regulatory system, involving an autoinducer peptide (GaeP), a
      histidine protein kinase (GaeK) and a response regulator (GaeR), while the gaeTC
      encodes for an ABC transporter (GaeT) and their accessory protein (GaeC),
      involved in transport and processing of the bacteriocin. The gaeAXI, encodes for
      the bacteriocin gassericin E (GasE), a putative peptide bacteriocin (GaeX), and
      their immunity protein (GaeI). CONCLUSIONS: The origin of the strain (vagina of
      healthy woman) and its ability to produce bacteriocins with inhibitory activity
      against vaginal pathogens may be an advantage for using L. gasseri EV1461 as a
      probiotic strain to fight and/or prevent bacterial infections as bacterial
      vaginosis (BV), since it could be better adapted to live and compete into the
      vaginal environment.

PMID- 26969430
TI  - Frequent blood feeding enables insecticide-treated nets to reduce transmission by
      mosquitoes that bite predominately outdoors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of vector control on malaria transmission by long
      lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) depends on
      the vectors entering houses to blood feed and rest when people are inside houses.
      In the Solomon Islands, significant reductions in malaria have been achieved in
      the past 20 years with insecticide-treated bed nets, IRS, improved diagnosis and
      treatment with artemisinin combination therapies; despite the preference of the
      primary vector, Anopheles farauti, to feed outdoors and early in the evening and
      thereby avoid potential exposure to insecticides. Rational development of tools
      to complement LLINs and IRS by attacking vectors outdoor requires detailed
      knowledge of the biology and behaviours of the target species. METHODS: Malaria
      transmission in Central Province, Solomon Islands was estimated by measuring the
      components comprising the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) as well as the
      vectorial capacity of An. farauti. In addition, the daily and seasonal biting
      behaviour of An. farauti, was examined and the duration of the feeding cycle was
      estimated with a mark-release-recapture experiment. RESULTS: Anopheles farauti
      was highly exophagic with 72% captured by human landing catches (HLC) outside of
      houses. Three-quarters (76%) of blood feeding on humans was estimated to occur
      before 21.00 h. When the hourly location of humans was considered, the proportion
      of exposure to mosquito bites on humans occurring indoors (pii) was only 0.130 +/
      0.129. Peak densities of host seeking An. farauti occurred between October and
      January. The annual EIR was estimated to be 2.5 for 2012 and 33.2 for 2013. The
      length of the feeding cycle was 2.1 days. CONCLUSIONS: The short duration of the
      feeding cycle by this species offers an explanation for the substantial control
      of malaria that has been achieved in the Solomon Islands by LLINs and IRS.
      Anopheles farauti is primarily exophagic and early biting, with 13% of mosquitoes
      entering houses to feed late at night during each feeding cycle. The two-day
      feeding cycle of An. farauti requires females to take 5-6 blood meals before the
      extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is completed; and this could translate into
      substantial population-level mortality by LLINs or IRS before females would be
      infectious to humans with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Although
      An. farauti is primarily exophagic, the indoor vector control tools recommended
      by the World Health Organization (LLINs and IRS) can still provide an important
      level of control. Nonetheless, elimination will likely require vector control
      tools that target other bionomic vulnerabilities to suppress transmission
      outdoors and that complement the control provided by LLINs and IRS.

PMID- 26969431
TI  - No difference in the competitive ability of introduced and native Trifolium
      provenances when grown with soil biota from their introduced and native ranges.
AB  - The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis could explain
      why some introduced plant species perform better outside their native ranges. The
      EICA hypothesis proposes that introduced plants escape specialist pathogens or
      herbivores leading to selection for resources to be reallocated away from defence
      and towards greater competitive ability. We tested the hypothesis that escape
      from soil-borne enemies has led to increased competitive ability in three non
      agriculturalTrifolium(Fabaceae) species native to Europe that were introduced to
      New Zealand in the 19th century.Trifoliumperformance is intimately tied to
      rhizosphere biota. Thus, we grew plants from one introduced (New Zealand) and two
      native (Spain and the UK) provenances for each of three species in pots
      inoculated with soil microbiota collected from the rhizosphere beneath
      conspecifics in the introduced and native ranges. Plants were grown singly and in
      competition with conspecifics from a different provenance in order to compare
      competitive ability in the presence of different microbial communities. In
      contrast to the predictions of the EICA hypothesis, we found no difference in the
      competitive ability of introduced and native provenances when grown with soil
      microbiota from either the native or introduced range. Although plants from
      introduced provenances of two species grew more slowly than native provenances in
      native-range soils, as predicted by the EICA hypothesis, plants from the
      introduced provenance were no less competitive than native conspecifics. Overall,
      the growth rate of plants grown singly was a poor predictor of their competitive
      ability, highlighting the importance of directly quantifying plant performance in
      competitive scenarios, rather than relying on surrogate measures such as growth
      rate. 

PMID- 26969432
TI  - Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 are interacting partners to Rnd proteins which
      influence the long-term positioning and dendritic maturation of cerebral cortical
      neurons.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The development of neural circuits within the embryonic cerebral
      cortex relies on the timely production of neurons, their positioning within the
      embryonic cerebral cortex as well as their terminal differentiation and dendritic
      spine connectivity. The RhoA GTPases Rnd2 and Rnd3 are important for neurogenesis
      and cell migration within the embryonic cortex (Nat Commun 4:1635, 2013), and we
      recently identified the BTB/POZ domain-containing Adaptor for Cul3-mediated RhoA
      Degradation family member Bacurd2 (also known as Tnfaip1) as an interacting
      partner to Rnd2 for the migration of embryonic mouse cortical neurons (Neural Dev
      10:9, 2015). FINDINGS: We have extended this work and report that Bacurd1/Kctd13
      and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 are interacting partners to Rnd2 and Rnd3 in vitro. Given
      that these genes are expressed during cortical development, we performed a series
      of in utero electroporation studies in mice and found that disruptions to
      Bacurd1/Kctd13 or Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 expression impair the long-term positioning of
      E14.5-born cortical neurons within the postnatal (P17) mouse cerebral cortex. We
      also find that forced expression of Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 alters the
      branching and dendritic spine properties of layer II/III projection neurons.
      CONCLUSIONS: We identify Bacurd1/Kctd13 and Bacurd2/Tnfaip1 as interacting
      partners to Rnd proteins which influence the development of cortical neurons.
      Their neurodevelopmental functions are likely to be relevant to human brain
      development and disease.

PMID- 26969433
TI  - Molecular characterization, fitness and mycotoxin production of Fusarium
      graminearum laboratory strains resistant to benzimidazoles.
AB  - Six benzimidazole (BMZ)-resistant Fusarium graminearum strains were obtained
      after UV mutagenesis and selection on carbendazim (MBC)-amended medium. In vitro
      bioassays resulted in the identification of two resistant phenotypes that were
      highly HR (Rf: 40-170, based on EC50) and moderately MR (Rf: 10-20) resistant to
      carbendazim. Cross resistance studies with other fungicides showed that all
      mutant strains tested were also resistant to other BMZs, such as benomyl and
      thiabendazole, but retained their parental sensitivity to fungicides belonging to
      other chemical groups. A point mutation at codon 6 (His6Asn) was found in the
      beta2-tubulin gene of MR isolates while another mutation at codon 200 (Phe200Tyr)
      was present in one MR and one HR isolates. Interestingly, low temperatures
      suppressed MBC-resistance in all isolates bearing the H6N mutation. The three
      dimensional homology model of the wild-type and mutants of beta-tubulins were
      constructed, and the possible carbendazim binding site was analyzed. Studies on
      fitness parameters showed that the mutation(s) for resistance to BMZs did not
      affect the mycelial growth rate whereas adverse effects were found in sporulation
      and conidial germination in most of the resistant mutants. Pathogenicity tests on
      corn cobs revealed that mutants were less or equally aggressive to the wild-type
      strain but expressed their BMZ-resistance after inoculation on maize cobs treated
      with MBC. Analysis of mycotoxin production by high performance liquid
      chromatography revealed that only two HR strains produced zearalenone (ZEA) at
      concentrations similar to that of the wild-type strain, while no ZEA levels were
      detected in the rest of the mutants.

PMID- 26969434
TI  - Target-site basis for resistance to imazethapyr in redroot amaranth (Amaranthus
      retroflexus L.).
AB  - Experiments were conducted to confirm imazethapyr resistance in redroot amaranth
      (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and study the target-site based mechanism for the
      resistance. Whole-plant response experiments revealed that the resistant (R)
      population exhibited 19.16 fold resistance to imazethapyr compared with the
      susceptible (S) population. In vitro ALS activity assay demonstrated that the
      imazethapyr I50 value of the R population was 21.33 times greater than that of
      the S population. However, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that there is no difference
      in ALS gene expression between the R and S populations. Sequence analysis
      revealed an Asp-376-Glu substitution in ALS in the R population. In order to
      verify that the imazethapyr resistance was conferred by Asp-376-Glu mutation, the
      ALS-R and ALS-S genes were fused to the CaMV 35S promoter and introduced into
      Arabidopsis respectively. The expression of ALS-R in transgenic Arabidopsis
      plants exhibited 13.79 fold resistance to imazethapyr compared to ALS-S
      transgenic Arabidopsis. 

PMID- 26969435
TI  - Effects of fungicides on the yeast-like symbiotes and their host, Nilaparvata
      lugens Stal (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
AB  - Yeast-like symbiotes (YLS) are endosymbionts that are closely related to the
      growth, development and reproduction of their host, the brown planthopper (BPH),
      Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). In order to understand the
      relationship between the population of YLS in BPH cells and the survival rate of
      BPH, eight different fungicides were applied to rice plants infested by BPH, and
      the number of YLS and mortality of BPH were determined. Three of the fungicides,
      27% toyocamycin & tetramycin P & tetrin B & tetramycin A, 0.01% trichodermin, and
      75% trifloxystrobin & tebuconazole WG, were found to significantly reduce the
      number of YLS in BPH, subsequently causing a high mortality of BPH. The three
      fungicides were each mixed with a commonly used insecticide-imidacloprid, and the
      fungicide/insecticide mixtures could cause a marked reduction in YLS number in
      BPH, resulting in a significantly higher mortality of BPH than did the
      imidacloprid alone. The mixture of 27% toyocamycin & tetramycin P & tetrin B &
      tetramycin A with imidacloprid showed the best inhibitory effect on BPH
      population. Our study demonstrated a high dependence of the BPH survival rate on
      the number of YLS harbored in BPH fat-body cells. It implies that using specific
      fungicides as an additive to imidacloprid for controlling BPH could be a novel
      way to enhance the efficacy of insecticide, minimizing the use of imidacloprid in
      paddy fields. 

PMID- 26969436
TI  - Survival, growth, detoxifying and antioxidative responses of earthworms (Eisenia
      fetida) exposed to soils with industrial DDT contamination.
AB  - The survival, growth, activity of the biotransformation system phase II enzyme
      glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the oxidative defense enzyme catalase (CAT)
      of earthworms exposed to the contaminated soils from a former DDT plant and
      reference soils were investigated, and compared with the corresponding indicators
      in simulated soil-earthworm system, unpolluted natural soils with spiked-in DDT
      series, to identify the toxic effects of DDT on earthworms and their cellular
      defense system in complex soil system. The results indicated that DDT level in
      the contaminated soils was significantly higher than that in the reference soils
      with similar level of other pollutants and soil characters. The mortality, growth
      inhibition rates, GST and CST activities of earthworms exposed to the
      contaminated soils were significantly higher than that in reference soils. The
      contribution of historical DDT in contaminated soils to earthworms was confirmed
      by the DDT spiked tests. DDT spiked in soils at rates of higher than 200 mg.kg(
      1) was significantly toxic to both the survival and the growth of earthworms. DDT
      significantly stimulated GST and CAT activity in earthworms after 14 days. The
      CAT and GST activities were also stimulated by DDT exposure at rates of 100
      mg.kg(-1) after chronic exposure (42 days). The results provide implications for
      validating the extrapolation from laboratory simulated soils criteria to
      contaminated soils and for making site risk assessments.

PMID- 26969437
TI  - Effects of juvenile hormone (JH) analog insecticides on larval development and JH
      esterase activity in two spodopterans.
AB  - Juvenile hormone analog (JHA) insecticides are biological and structural mimics
      of JH, a key insect developmental hormone. Toxic and anti-developmental effects
      of the JHA insecticides methoprene, fenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen were
      investigated on the larval and pupal stages of Spodoptera littoralis and
      Spodoptera frugiperda. Bioassays showed that fenoxycarb has the highest toxicity
      and fastest speed of kill in 2nd instar S. littoralis. All three JHAs affected
      the development of 6th instar (i.e., final instar) and pupal S. frugiperda. JH
      esterase (JHE) is a critical enzyme that helps to regulate JH levels during
      insect development. JHE activity in the last instar S. littoralis and S.
      frugiperda was 11 and 23 nmol min(-1) ml(-1) hemolymph, respectively. Methoprene
      and pyriproxyfen showed poor inhibition of JHE activity from these insects,
      whereas fenoxycarb showed stronger inhibition. The inhibitory activity of
      fenoxycarb, however, was more than 1000-fold lower than that of OTFP, a highly
      potent inhibitor of JHEs. Surprisingly, topical application of methoprene,
      fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen on 6th instars of S. littoralis and S. frugiperda
      prevented the dramatic reduction in JHE activity that was found in control
      insects. Our findings suggest that JHAs may function as JH agonists that play a
      disruptive role or a hormonal replacement role in S. littoralis and S.
      frugiperda.

PMID- 26969438
TI  - Staurosporine shows insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata Walker
      (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) potentially via induction of apoptosis.
AB  - Staurosporine (STS), a wide-spectrum kinase inhibitor, is widely used in studies
      of apoptosis in mammalian cells. However, its physiological and mechanistic
      effects have never been clearly defined in insect cells, and other applications
      of STS have rarely been reported. The present study reveals the insecticidal
      activity of STS on larvae of Mythimna separata Walker, and the apoptotic
      mechanism induced by STS on lepidopteran Sf9 cell lines. We demonstrate that the
      viability of Sf9 cells is inhibited by STS in a time- and concentration-dependent
      manner. Intracellular biochemical assays show that STS-induced apoptosis of Sf9
      cells coincides with a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, the
      release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, a significant increase of the Bax/Bcl-2
      ratio, and a marked activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. These results indicate
      that a mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic pathway contributes to STS induced
      caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in Sf9 cells which is homologous to the
      mechanisms in mammalian cells. This study contributes to our understanding of the
      mechanism of insect cell apoptosis and suggests a possible new application of STS
      as a potential insecticide against Lepidopteran insect pests in agriculture. 

PMID- 26969439
TI  - Evaluating the combined effects of pretilachlor and UV-B on two Azolla species.
AB  - The present study assessed the comparative responses of two agronomic species of
      Azolla (A.microphylla and A. pinnata) exposed to man-made and natural stressors
      by evaluating biomass accumulation, pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid
      contents), photosynthetic activity and nitrogen metabolism. The study was carried
      out in field where two species of Azolla were cultured and treated with various
      concentrations (5, 10 and 20 MUg ml(-1)) of herbicide; pretilachlor [2-chloro-2,6
      diethyl-N-(2-propoxyethyl) acetanilide] and enhanced levels (UV-B1: ambient +2.2
      kJ m(-2) day(-1) and UV-B2: ambient +4.4 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) of UV-B, alone as well
      as in combination. Biomass accumulation, photosynthetic pigments; chlorophyll a,
      b and carotenoids, photosynthetic oxygen yield and photosynthetic electron
      transport activities i.e. photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I) in both
      the species declined with the increasing doses of pretilachlor and UV-B
      radiation, which further declined when applied in combination. The lower doses (5
      and 10 MUg ml(-1)) of pretilachlor and UV-B (UV-B1 and UV-B2) alone, damaged
      mainly the oxidation side of PS II, whereas higher dose (20 MUg ml(-1)) of
      pretilachlor alone and in combination with UV-B1 and UV-B2 caused damage to PS II
      reaction centre and beyond this towards the reduction side. A significant
      enhancement in respiration was also noticed in fronds of both the Azolla species
      following pretilachlor and UV-B treatment, hence indicating strong damaging
      effect. The nitrate assimilating enzymes - nitrate reductase and nitrite
      reductase and ammonium assimilating enzymes - glutamine synthetase and glutamate
      synthase were also severely affected when treated either with pretilachlor and/or
      UV-B while glutamate dehydrogenase exhibited a stimulatory response. The study
      suggests that both the species of Azolla showed considerable damage under
      pretilachlor and UV-B treatments alone, however, in combination the effect was
      more intense. Further, in comparison to A. pinnata, A. microphylla exhibited
      greater resistance against tested doses of both the stresses, either alone or in
      combination.

PMID- 26969440
TI  - Reduction of chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in human lymphocytes by selected
      phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
AB  - One of the most famous and commonly used compounds from organophosphate (OP)
      family is chlorpyrifos (CP) which is widespreadly used as a powerful insecticide.
      Previous studies have shown that OPs induce oxidative stress, inflammation and
      apoptosis by generating the free radicals. The protective effects of three
      members of phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI) family, including rolipram (RLP),
      milrinon (MLR) and pentoxifylline (PTX) were evaluated in the human lymphocytes
      against CP's toxicity. In this case, the level of oxidative stress biomarkers,
      the viability of the cells and the rate of apoptosis by flow cytometry were
      investigated. The results of this study revealed that CP makes a significant
      increase in the level of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers such as
      meyloperoxidase (MPO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol molecules (TTM) and
      total antioxidant potential (TAP), and also makes an enhancement in the rate of
      apoptosis process. On the other hand, PDEIs and specifically the combination of
      them restored the negative effects of CP and significantly prevented the
      apoptosis and oxidative stress imbalance. It is concluded that these PDEIs have
      positive effects in attenuation, recovery, and protection of CP-induced toxicity
      in the human lymphocytes. 

PMID- 26969442
TI  - Prochloraz and coumaphos induce different gene expression patterns in three
      developmental stages of the Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica
      Pollmann).
AB  - The Carniolan honey bee, Apis mellifera carnica, is a Slovenian autochthonous
      subspecies of honey bee. In recent years, the country has recorded an annual loss
      of bee colonies through mortality of up to 35%. One possible reason for such high
      mortality could be the exposure of honey bees to xenobiotic residues that have
      been found in honey bee and beehive products. Acaricides are applied by
      beekeepers to control varroosis, while the most abundant common agricultural
      chemicals found in honey bee and beehive products are fungicides, which may enter
      the system when applied to nearby flowering crops and fruit plants. Acaricides
      and fungicides are not intrinsically highly toxic to bees but their action in
      combination might lead to higher honey bee sensitivity or mortality. In the
      present study we investigated the molecular immune response of honey bee workers
      at different developmental stages (prepupa, white-eyed pupa, adult) exposed to
      the acaricide coumaphos and the fungicide prochloraz individually and in
      combination. Expression of 17 immune-related genes was examined by quantitative
      RT-PCR. In treated prepupae downregulation of most immune-related genes was
      observed in all treatments, while in adults upregulation of most of the genes was
      recorded. Our study shows for the first time that negative impacts of prochloraz
      and a combination of coumaphos and prochloraz differ among the different
      developmental stages of honey bees. The main effect of the xenobiotic combination
      was found to be upregulation of the antimicrobial peptide genes abaecin and
      defensin-1 in adult honey bees. Changes in immune-related gene expression could
      result in depressed immunity of honey bees and their increased susceptibility to
      various pathogens.

PMID- 26969441
TI  - The in vitro effect of cypermethrin on quality and oxidative stress indices of
      rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss spermatozoa.
AB  - There is limited information on the scientific literature about the effect of in
      vitro exposure of fish sperm to pesticides. In vitro effect of cypermethrin on
      sperm quality and oxidative stress has not yet been fully investigated.
      Therefore, the effects of cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, on
      quality and oxidative stress of spermatozoa were examined in vitro. To explore
      the potential in vitro toxicity of cypermethrin, fish spermatozoa were incubated
      with different concentrations of cypermethrin (1.025, 2.05 and 4.1 MUg/l) for 2
      h. The motility rate and duration of sperm were determined after exposure to
      cypermethrin. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),
      catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in spermatozoa were analyzed for
      determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance. Our results indicated that
      spermatozoa motility and duration significantly decreased with exposure to
      cypermethrin. Additionally, activity of GSH-Px (P<0.05) and MDA and GSH levels
      increased in a concentration-dependent manner while CAT activity decreased
      (P<0.05). Consequently, the oxidant and antioxidant status and sperm quality were
      affected by quantitative changes and different concentrations of cypermethrin.

PMID- 26969443
TI  - Silencing of ACO decreases reproduction and energy metabolism in triazophos
      treated female brown plant hoppers, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera:
      Delphacidae).
AB  - The brown plant hopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Hemiptera: Delphacidae),
      is a major pest affecting rice in Asia, and outbreaks of this pest are closely
      linked to pesticide-induced stimulation of reproduction. Therefore, the BPH is a
      classic example of a resurgent pest. However, the effects of different genes on
      the regulation of pesticide-induced reproductive stimulation in the BPH are
      unclear. In this study, the regulatory effects of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACO)
      on the reproduction and biochemistry of the BPH were investigated with gene
      silencing. The number of eggs laid per female by triazophos (TZP)+dsACO BPH
      females was significantly lower than those of TZP-treated (without ACO silencing)
      or TZP+GFP females (negative control), with the number of eggs decreasing by
      30.8% (from 529.5 to 366.3) and 32.0% (from 540.5 to 366.3), respectively. The
      preoviposition period, oviposition period, and longevity of the TZP-treated
      females were also influenced by dsACO treatment. Additionally, the amounts of
      crude fat, protein, and some fatty acids (oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic
      acid, stearic acid, and myristoleic acid) in TZP+dsACO females were significantly
      lower than in TZP-treated females. Thus, ACO is one of the key genes regulating
      the TZP-induced stimulation of reproduction in BPH females. 

PMID- 26969444
TI  - A urinary metabonomics analysis of long-term effect of acetochlor exposure on
      rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - The study was to assess the long-term toxic effects of acetochlor on rats. Two
      different doses (42.96 and 107.4 mg/kg body weight/day) of acetochlor were
      administered to Wistar rats through their food for over 24 weeks. Rat urine
      samples were collected at two time-points for the measurements of the
      metabonomics profiles with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS). The results of clinical chemistry and histopathology
      suggested that long-term use of acetochlor in rats caused liver and kidney
      damage, and dysfunction of antioxidant system. The urinary metabonomics analysis
      indicated that the high and low-dose exposure of acetochlor could cause
      alterations of these metabonomics in urine in the rat. Significant changes of the
      levels of hippuric acid (0.403-fold decrease), citric acid (0.430-fold decrease),
      pantothenic acid (0.486-fold decrease), uracil (0.419-fold decrease), beta
      Alanine (0.325-fold decrease), nonanedioic acid (0.445-fold decrease), L-tyrosine
      (0.410-fold decrease), D-glucuronic acid (8.389-fold increase) and 2-ethyl-6
      methyl-N-methyl-2-chloro-acetanilide in urine were observed. In addition, it may
      interfere with the fatty acid synthesis, the pyrimidine degradation and
      pantothenate biosynthesis. The level of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-N-methyl-2-chloro
      acetanilide is detected in all treated groups which is not found in the control
      groups, indicating which can be used as an early, sensitive marker of acetochlor
      exposure in rat. This study illustrates the important utility of metabonomics
      approaches to understand the toxicity of long-term exposure of acetochlor.

PMID- 26969446
TI  - Diabetic eye care: need and opportunity for systematic change to improve access.

PMID- 26969447
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnoea: patients' experiences of oral appliance treatment.
AB  - Over the past few decades, there has been a pronounced increase in the number of
      patients being treated by general dental practitioners for obstructive sleep
      apnoea (OSA). The purpose of this study was to survey the care and patient
      experiences and the self-reported effectiveness of OSA treatment with an oral
      appliance (OA) incorporating mandibular advancement. The design was a
      retrospective, cross-sectional study, with follow-up between 6 months to 1 year
      after commencement of treatment. A survey form was posted to 1150 subjects,
      identified in the regional register over a 1-year period as having been treated
      with an OA for OSA. The questionnaire comprised 70 questions and assertions in
      various domains, such as general health/lifestyle, changes in symptoms/quality of
      life and sleep-related experiences, daytime sleepiness, changes in life
      situation, evaluation of treatment and the value of treatment. The overall
      response rate was 64% (n = 738). Treatment with OA gave relief of symptoms in 83%
      of the respondents. Quality of life, somatic and cognitive symptoms improved
      significantly in patients who used the appliance frequently (P < 0.001). Daytime
      sleepiness decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Treatment satisfaction and
      willingness to recommend the similar treatment to a friend were high (>85%). OA
      treatment of OSA by general dental practitioners is a safe procedure. Most of the
      survey respondents experienced relief of symptoms. Those who used their appliance
      frequently reported improvement in quality of life, somatic and cognitive
      symptoms. Excessive daytime sleepiness was reduced in the majority of the
      patients under treatment. 

PMID- 26969445
TI  - The effect of FSH and activin A on Akt and MAPK1/3 phosphorylation in cultured
      bovine ovarian cortical strips.
AB  - BACKGROUND: rhFSH and rhActA have been used in mammalian ovarian follicle culture
      systems for activation of follicular growth in vitro and suggested to be
      responsible for primordial follicle survival through MAPK and Akt pathways. The
      aim of our study was to determine the effects of rhFSH and rhActA on Akt, pAkt,
      MAPK1/3 and pMAPK1/3 protein levels in bovine ovarian cortical strips cultured in
      vitro. METHODS: Ovarian cortical strips from heifers were cultured in the
      presence of rhFSH (50 ng/mL), rhActA (100 ng/mL) or combination of these factors
      for 6 days. The strips were embedded in paraffin for histological observations
      and homogenized for western blot to determine Akt, pAkt, MAPK1/3 and pMAPK1/3
      protein levels after the culture. Determination of primordial, primary and
      secondary follicle proportions at the end of culture as well as comparison of
      healthy follicle for each developmental stage after the culture was performed to
      quantify follicle survival and activation. RESULTS: pAkt protein levels were
      significantly lower in rhFSH + rhActA group among the other groups, whereas
      pMAPK1/3 levels were not significantly changed. Follicular activation and
      survival was measured to be significantly lower in rhFSH + rhActA group.
      Percentage of healthy primordial follicles was higher in control group whereas
      healthy secondary follicle proportion was higher in both rhActA and rhFSH groups.
      rhActA alone had a better impact on follicular activation, since the percentage
      of the secondary follicles was significantly higher than other treatment groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: The use of rhActA and rhFSH alone or in the combined form results in
      differential levels of Akt and MAPK proteins. Both rhActA and rhFSH alone has a
      remarkable contribution in survival and activation of the follicles in accordance
      with higher levels of these proteins. Thus, the manipulation of Akt and MAPK
      pathways with appropriate activators might contribute to proper activation and
      development of ovarian follicles in vitro.

PMID- 26969448
TI  - Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) as potential agents in promoting male
      involvement in maternity preparedness: insights from a rural community in Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and
      Development, male involvement in reproductive health issues has been advocated as
      a means to improve maternal and child health outcomes, but to date, health
      providers have failed to achieve successful male involvement in pregnancy care
      especially in rural and remote areas where majority of the underserved
      populations live. In an effort to enhance community participation in maternity
      care, TBAs were trained and equipped to ensure better care and quick referral. In
      1997, after the advent of the World Health Organization's Safe Motherhood
      initiative, the enthusiasm turned away from traditional birth attendants (TBAs).
      However, in many developing countries, and especially in rural areas, TBAs
      continue to play a significant role. This study explored the interaction between
      men and TBAs in shaping maternal healthcare in a rural Ugandan context. METHODS:
      This study employed ethnographic methods including participant observation, which
      took place in the process of everyday life activities of the respondents within
      the community; 12 focus group discussions, and 12 in-depth interviews with
      community members and key informants. Participants in this study were purposively
      selected to include TBAs, men, opinion leaders like village chairmen, and other
      key informants who had knowledge about the configuration of maternity services in
      the community. Data analysis was done inductively through an iterative process in
      which transcribed data was read to identify themes and codes were assigned to
      those themes. RESULTS: Contrary to the thinking that TBA services are utilized by
      women only, we found that men actively seek the services of TBAs and utilize them
      for their wives' healthcare within the community. TBAs in turn sensitize men
      using both cultural and biomedical health knowledge, and become allies with women
      in influencing men to provide resources needed for maternity care. CONCLUSION: In
      this study area, men trust and have confidence in TBAs; closer collaboration with
      TBAs may provide a suitable platform through which communities can be sensitized
      and men actively brought on board in promoting maternal health services for women
      in rural communities.

PMID- 26969449
TI  - Intervals between response choices on a single-item measure of quality of life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A single overall rating of quality of life (QoL) is a sensitive
      method that is often used in population surveys. However, the exact meaning of
      response choices is unclear. In particular, uneven spacing may affect the way QoL
      ratings should be analyzed and interpreted. This study aimed to determine the
      intervals between response choices to a single-item QoL assessment. METHODS: A
      secondary analysis was conducted on data from the Lc65+ cohort study and two
      additional, population-based, stratified random samples of older people (N =
      5,300). Overall QoL was rated as excellent, very good, good, fair or poor. A QoL
      score (range 0-100) was derived from participants' answers to a 28-item QoL
      assessment tool. A transformed QoL score ranging from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)
      was calculated. The same procedure was repeated to compute seven domain-specific
      QoL subscores (Feeling of safety; Health and mobility; Autonomy; Close entourage;
      Material resources; Esteem and recognition; Social and cultural life). RESULTS:
      Mean (95 % confidence intervals) QoL scores were 96.23 (95.81-96.65) for
      excellent, 93.09 (92.74-93.45) for very good, 81.45 (80.63-82.27) for good, 65.44
      (62.67-68.20) for fair and 54.52 (45.31-63.73) for poor overall QoL,
      corresponding to transformed QoL scores of respectively 5.00, 4.70, 3.58, 2.05,
      and 1.00. Ordinality of the categories excellent to poor was preserved in all
      seven QoL subscores. CONCLUSIONS: The excellent-to-poor rating scale provides an
      ordinal measure of overall QoL. The intervals between response choices are
      unequal, but an interval scale can be obtained after adequate recoding of
      excellent, very good, good, fair and poor.

PMID- 26969450
TI  - Therapeutic intervention for internalized stigma of severe mental illness: A
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Internalized stigma can lead to pervasive negative effects among
      people with severe mental illness (SMI). Although prevalence of internalized
      stigma is high, there is a dearth of interventions and meanwhile a lack of
      evidence as to their effectiveness. This study aims at unraveling the existence
      of different therapeutic interventions and the effectiveness internalized stigma
      reduction in people with SMI via a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS:
      Five electronic databases were searched. Studies were included if they (1)
      involved community or hospital based interventions on internalized stigma, (2)
      included participants who were given a diagnosis of SMI>50%, and (3) were
      empirical and quantitative in nature. RESULTS: Fourteen articles were selected
      for extensive review and five for meta-analysis. Nine studies showed significant
      decrease in internalized stigma and two showed sustainable effects. Meta-analysis
      showed that there was a small to moderate significant effect in therapeutic
      interventions (SMD=-0.43; p=0.003). Among the intervention elements, four studies
      suggested a favorable effect of psychoeducation. Meta-analysis showed that there
      was small to moderate significant effect (SMD=-0.40; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Most
      internalized stigma reduction programs appear to be effective. This systematic
      review cannot make any recommendation on which intervention is more effective
      although psychoeducation seems most promising. More Randomized Controlled Trials
      (RCT) on particular intervention components using standard outcome measures are
      recommended in future studies.

PMID- 26969451
TI  - Risk of psychosis and internal migration: Results from the Bologna First Episode
      Psychosis study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incidence of psychotic disorders is higher in many migrant groups;
      however little is known about internal migrants (IM). This study aims to describe
      the IR in natives (NA), IM and external migrants (EM). METHOD: All patients aged
      18-64years, with First Episode Psychosis (FEP), who made contact with the Bologna
      West psychiatric services, between 2002 and 2010, were included. RESULTS: 187
      cases were included. Age and sex adjusted IR of psychosis per 100,000per year
      were: 12.6 for NA, 25.3 for IM and 21.4 for EM. The IRR was 1.93 (1.19-3.13,
      P=0.007) for IM and 1.79 (1.06-3.02, P=0.03) for EM compared to NA. CONCLUSION:
      Rates of psychosis were significantly elevated in IM as well as in EM. This
      result adds evidence as to the role of migration itself (versus ethnicity) on the
      risk of psychosis.

PMID- 26969453
TI  - Long-term Voice Outcomes of Early Thyroplasty for Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
      Following Aortic Arch Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe this institution's experience with and the long-term
      outcomes of early type 1 thyroplasty for unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP)
      following surgery on the aortic arch. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review
      with telephone questionnaire. SETTING: Academic tertiary care center. SUBJECTS
      AND METHODS: Three hundred forty-eight patients with UVFP following surgery on
      the aortic arch since 1999 were identified; 40 were available for follow-up. The
      number of revision procedures following initial thyroplasty was ascertained, and
      the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) was administered by telephone. The hypothesis that
      early thyroplasty produced voice outcomes and revision rates comparable to
      injection laryngoplasty was established prior to the initiation of data
      collection. RESULTS: Six out of the 40 patients (15%) required revision
      thyroplasty following their initial procedure. Mean VHI of all patients was 36.0
      (SD, 27.2). Mean VHI was significantly different in the 18 to 39 age group (13.1)
      when compared to the 40 to 59 (51.8) and 60+ (37.7) age groups (P = .013). Mean
      follow-up since initial thyroplasty was 46.5 months (SD, 42.2). CONCLUSIONS: In
      the setting of aortic arch surgery with injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve,
      early thyroplasty produces voice outcomes comparable to those achieved in the
      literature with repeated injection and delayed thyroplasty and can be considered
      in select populations.

PMID- 26969454
TI  - Compound Motor Action Potential Quantifies Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Innervation
      in a Canine Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The compound motor action potential (CMAP) is the summated action
      potential from multiple muscle fibers activated by a single nerve impulse. The
      utility of laryngeal muscle CMAP for quantifying innervation following recurrent
      laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury was investigated. METHOD: In a series of 21 canine
      hemi-laryngeal preparations, RLNs were exposed and a stimulating electrode
      placed. Maximum CMAP amplitudes and area under the curve from the thyroarytenoid
      (TA) muscles were obtained at baseline and at 6 months following injury to the
      RLN. Injury mechanisms included crush, stretch, cautery, and complete transection
      with microsuture repair. RESULTS: Prior to injury, baseline CMAP amplitudes and
      area under the curve were 15.81 mV and 15.49mVms, respectively. Six months
      following injury, CMAP amplitude and area under curve were 105.1% and 102.1% of
      baseline for stretch, 98.7% and 112.7% for crush, 93.3% and 114.3% for cautery.
      The CMAP amplitude and area under the curve in the transection/repair group had a
      54.3% and 69.4% recovery, respectively, which were significantly different than
      baseline (P < .01, P < .05). These values were correlated with vocal fold motion.
      CONCLUSION: The CMAP is a measure of vocal fold innervation. The technique could
      be further developed for clinical and experimental applications.

PMID- 26969455
TI  - Sir William Wilde: an enlightened editor.
AB  - This paper examines Sir William Wilde's peculiar genius as editor, his
      contribution to the Irish Journal of Medical Science in ensuring its endurance
      and making it a treasure-house of the history of medicine in Ireland. 

PMID- 26969452
TI  - Framing the grid: effect of boundaries on grid cells and navigation.
AB  - Cells in the mammalian hippocampal formation subserve neuronal representations of
      environmental location and support navigation in familiar environments. Grid
      cells constitute one of the main cell types in the hippocampal formation and are
      widely believed to represent a universal metric of space independent of external
      stimuli. Recent evidence showing that grid symmetry is distorted in non
      symmetrical environments suggests that a re-examination of this hypothesis is
      warranted. In this review we will discuss behavioural and physiological evidence
      for how environmental shape and in particular enclosure boundaries influence grid
      cell firing properties. We propose that grid cells encode the geometric layout of
      enclosures.

PMID- 26969456
TI  - Screening for asymptomatic urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection at a large
      Dublin maternity hospital: results of a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are currently no Irish guidelines on screening for Chlamydia
      trachomatis infection in pregnancy. Prevalence rates in the antenatal population
      are not known which has prevented the development of screening recommendations
      for this group. AIMS: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence
      of asymptomatic urogenital C. trachomatis infection in young women attending for
      care at a large maternity hospital. METHODS: All patients aged 25 years and under
      attending the Hospital between December 2011 and December 2013 were offered
      screening for urogenital C. trachomatis infection. Nucleic acid amplification
      testing of the C. trachomatis cryptic plasmid was performed on either
      endocervical swabs or first void urine samples. RESULTS: There were 2687 women
      tested for C. trachomatis infection, 83.4 % (2241/2687) through the antenatal
      clinics, 7.1 % (193/2687) through the gynaecology clinic, and 9.4 % (253/2687)
      through the emergency department. The rate of a positive test result was 5.6 %
      (151/2687) overall. The rates in women ages 16-18, 19-21 and 22-25 years were 9.1
      % (31/340), 6.5 % (50/774) and 4.4 % (69/1561), respectively. A positive test
      result was more likely in those who were unemployed (p = 0.04), those who were
      Irish (p = 0.03) and those who were unmarried (p < 0.01). There were no cases of
      neonatal C. trachomatis infection in babies born to mothers who were screened in
      early pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of detected C. trachomatis
      infection was 5.6 % in the study population. Screening of antenatal patients may
      have a role in preventing vertical transmission of infection to the neonate.

PMID- 26969457
TI  - William Wilde: Historian.
AB  - This essay attempts to assess William Wilde as a social historian. It examines
      some of his contributions to the discipline of history and looks particularly at
      'The food of the Irish', which was published in the Dublin University Magazine in
      February 1854. 

PMID- 26969459
TI  - Concomitant cervical fractures without neurological symptoms: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-contiguous spinal fractures are rare and most frequently occur in
      a fall from a height, or high energy trauma such as a road traffic accident
      (Reid, J Trauma 27:980-986, 1987). Cervical spine fractures tend to occur at two
      levels, one-third of injuries occur at the level of C2, and one-half of injuries
      occur at the level of C6 or at C7 (Wittenberg, Spine 27:254-257, 2002). The most
      devastating and fatal cervical spine injuries occur in upper cervical levels,
      either at craniocervical junction C1 or C2. CASE REPORT: The case we present is
      of a young man involved in a road traffic accident in Ireland who had a
      concomitant non-displaced C2 vertebral body fracture and a C6-C7 fracture
      dislocation. The patient had no neurological symptoms. CONCLUSION: Following
      concurrent ACDF at C6/7 and peg screw fixation of C2 through the same incision
      the patient made a full recovery.

PMID- 26969458
TI  - Use of a web-based dietary assessment tool in early pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal diet is critical to fetal development and lifelong health
      outcomes. In this context, dietary quality indices in pregnancy should be
      explicitly underpinned by data correlating food intake patterns with nutrient
      intakes known to be important for gestation. AIMS: Our aim was to assess the
      correlation between dietary quality scores derived from a novel online dietary
      assessment tool (DAT) and nutrient intake data derived from the previously
      validated Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire (WFFQ). METHODS: 524 women
      completed the validated semi-quantitive WFFQ and online DAT questionnaire in
      their first trimester. Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to
      test associations between energy-adjusted and energy-unadjusted nutrient intakes
      derived from the WFFQ, and diet and nutrition scores obtained from the DAT.
      RESULTS: Positive correlations were observed between respondents' diet and
      nutrition scores derived from the online DAT, and their folate, vitamin B12,
      iron, calcium, zinc and iodine intakes/MJ of energy consumed derived from the
      WFFQ (all P < 0.001). Negative correlations were observed between participants'
      diet and nutrition scores and their total energy intake (P = 0.02), and their
      percentage energy from fat, saturated fat, and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES)
      (all P <= 0.001). Median dietary fibre, beta carotene, folate, vitamin C and
      vitamin D intakes derived from the WFFQ, generally increased across quartiles of
      diet and nutrition score (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Scores generated by this
      web-based DAT correlate with important nutrient intakes in pregnancy, supporting
      its use in estimating overall dietary quality among obstetric populations.

PMID- 26969460
TI  - Quantification of sialic acids in red meat by UPLC-FLD using indoxylsialosides as
      internal standards.
AB  - Herein we describe a UPLC-FLD-based method for the quantification of the sialic
      acid content of red meat, using a synthetic neuraminic acid derivative as an
      internal standard. X-Gal-alpha-2,6-N-propionylneuraminic acid was synthesized via
      a chemoenzymatic pathway and its hydrolytic stability was characterized. Known
      quantities of this compound were incubated with samples of red meat under sialic
      acid-releasing conditions. The released sialic acids were derivatized, analyzed
      by UPLC-FLD, and the Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc content of the meat sample was determined by
      comparison with the internal standard. A number of red meats were analyzed by
      this method with the following results (Neu5Ac MUg/g tissue, Neu5Gc MUg/g tissue
      +/- s.d.): pork (68 +/- 3, 15.2 +/- 0.7), beef (69 +/- 8, 36 +/- 5), lamb (46 +/-
      2, 33 +/- 1), rabbit (59 +/- 2, 0.4 +/- 0.4), and hare (50 +/- 4, 1 +/- 1). We
      envisage that this methodology will find application in investigating the health
      effects of dietary Neu5Gc. Graphical abstract ?. 

PMID- 26969461
TI  - A possible connection between tumor necrosis factor alpha and adropin levels in
      polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - CONTEXT: Adropin is a peptide hormone implicated in the regulation of insulin
      sensitivity and energy homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a
      metabolic and reproductive disease associated with insulin resistance. It has
      been demonstrated that various inflammatory markers increased in PCOS including
      TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha regulates the secretion of certain peptides which play a
      crucial role in glucose and lipid homeostasis. There is also some evidence of a
      link between TNF-alpha and adropin. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether there is an
      association between circulating adropin levels and TNF-alpha in PCOS. PATIENTS
      AND DESIGN: 152 women with PCOS and 152 age- and body mass index-matched controls
      without PCOS were recruited for this cross-sectional study. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Adropin and TNF-alpha levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS:
      Adropin levels were lower in the PCOS group compared with the control group (7.43
      +/- 0.79 vs. 9.42 +/- 0.76 ng/ml, P < 0.001), whereas TNF-alpha levels were
      higher (49.93 +/- 3.39 vs. 35.83 +/- 2.47 pg/ml, P < 0.001). A strongly negative
      correlation was found between circulating adropin levels and TNF-alpha levels in
      women with PCOS (r = -0.407, P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis
      revealed that decreased adropin levels were significantly associated with high
      odds of having PCOS, although, after adjustment for TNF-alpha, this link
      vanished. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR
      and TFN-alpha independently predicted adropin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Serum adropin
      levels are significantly decreased in PCOS and are inversely associated with TNF
      alpha. Further dissection of the nature of this association can open new
      therapeutic options for metabolic diseases.

PMID- 26969463
TI  - Actual sexual risk and perceived risk of HIV acquisition among HIV-negative men
      who have sex with men in Toronto, Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Theory suggests that perceived human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      risk and actual HIV risk behaviour are cyclical whereby engaging in high risk
      behaviour can increase perceived risk, which initiates precautionary behaviour
      that reduces actual risk, and with time reduces perceived risk. While current
      perceived risk may impact future actual risk, it is less clear how previous
      actual risk shapes current perceived risk. If individuals do not base their
      current perceived risk on past behaviour, they lose the protective effect of
      perceived risk motivating precautionary behaviour. Our goal was to determine the
      impact of actual risk on perceived risk. METHODS: Sexually active men who have
      sex with men (MSM) were recruited at the Maple Leaf Medical Clinic in downtown
      Toronto from September 2010 to June 2012. Participants completed a socio
      behavioural questionnaire using an Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interview
      (ACASI). Actual HIV risk (primary predictor) was constructed by applying
      principal component analysis (PCA) to eight sexual risk survey questions and
      comprised three components which reflected sex with casual partners, sex with HIV
      positive regular partners and sex with HIV unknown status regular partners.
      Perceived HIV risk (outcome) was measured by asking participants what the chances
      were that they would ever get HIV. Multivariable logistic regression was used to
      measure the association between actual and perceived HIV risk. RESULTS: One
      hundred and fifty HIV-negative MSM were recruited (median age 44.5 years [IQR 37
      50 years]). Twenty percent of MSM perceived their HIV risk to be high. The odds
      of having a high perceived risk was significantly higher in those with high
      actual HIV risk indicated by low condom use with an HIV-positive regular partner
      compared to those with low actual HIV risk indicated by high condom use with an
      HIV-positive regular partner (Odds Ratio (OR) 18.33, 95% confidence interval (CI)
      1.65-203.45). Older age was associated with lower perceived risk but only age 40
      49 compared to less than 30 was statistically significant (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.016
      0.86). The odds of having high perceived risk was significantly associated with
      men who used poppers in the previous 6 months compared to those who did not use
      poppers (OR 5.64, 95% CI 1.20-26.48). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived HIV risk increased
      significantly as condom use with an HIV-positive regular partner decreased.
      However, perceived HIV risk was not associated with condom use with casual
      partners or HIV unknown status regular partners, even though these behaviours
      could be considered risky. The relationship between perceived and actual risk in
      HIV studies is complex and has implications on how health care workers address
      the issue of risky sexual behaviour and perceived risk.

PMID- 26969464
TI  - Clinical tests and magnetic resonance imaging have limited diagnostic value for
      triangular fibrocartilaginous complex lesions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The diagnostic value of clinical tests and magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging for the investigation of triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC)
      lesions is not clear due to a lack of clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed 908 patients who underwent clinical tests and
      arthroscopy for suspected TFCC lesions at our institution. Further, MR imaging
      findings concerning the TFCC were gathered. We correlated clinical tests and MR
      imaging findings with those obtained during arthroscopy, and we calculated
      sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values.
      RESULTS: In the whole cohort, the positive predictive values of all clinical
      tests were low, ranging from 0.53 to 0.55. The ulna grinding test had the highest
      sensitivity, but lowest specificity. Sensitivity and specificity of the ulnar
      fovea sign and magnetic resonance imaging were similar, ranging from 0.73 to
      0.76, and from 0.41 to 0.44, respectively. To some degree, the diagnostic value
      seemed to depend on the Palmer class of TFCC lesion. CONCLUSIONS: According to
      this study, clinical tests and MR imaging findings are of very limited diagnostic
      value for the diagnosis of TFCC lesions.

PMID- 26969465
TI  - The role of vulnerability factors in individuals with an at-risk mental state of
      psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several indicators of heightened vulnerability to psychosis and
      relevant stressors have been identified. However, it has rarely been studied
      prospectively to what extent these vulnerability factors are in fact more
      frequently present in individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis.
      Moreover, it remains unknown whether any of these contribute to the prediction of
      psychosis onset in at-risk mental state individuals. METHODS: There were 28
      healthy controls, 86 first-episode psychosis patients and 127 at-risk mental
      state individuals recruited within the Basel "Fruherkennung von Psychosen"
      project. Relative frequencies of selected vulnerability factors for psychosis
      were compared between healthy controls, psychosis patients, those at-risk mental
      state individuals with subsequent psychosis onset (n = 31) and those without
      subsequent psychosis onset (n = 55). Survival analyses were applied to determine
      associations between time to transition to psychosis and vulnerability factors in
      all 127 at-risk mental state individuals. RESULTS: The vulnerability
      factors/indicators such as "difficulties during school education or vocational
      training", "difficulties during employment", "being single", "difficulties with
      intimate relationships" and "being burdened with specific stressful situations"
      were more commonly found in the at-risk mental state and first-episode psychosis
      group than in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: At-risk mental state and first
      episode psychosis individuals more frequently present with vulnerability factors.
      Individual vulnerability factors appear, however, not to be predictive for an
      onset of psychosis.

PMID- 26969467
TI  - Erratum to: Predicting technique and patient survival over 12 months in
      peritoneal dialysis: the role of anxiety and depression.

PMID- 26969466
TI  - Hsp70 suppresses apoptosis of BRL cells by regulating the expression of Bcl-2,
      cytochrome C, and caspase 8/3.
AB  - During cold stress, liver cells undergo apoptotic injury as a result of oxidative
      stress. Heat shock 70 kDa protein (Hsp70) is a protein involved in modulating a
      variety of physiological processes, including stress responses, proliferation,
      and apoptosis. In addition, Hsp70 regulates apoptotic signaling pathways in
      different manners, promoting or suppressing apoptosis. In this study, we
      investigated the effects of Hsp70 overexpression on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
      induced apoptosis of Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells and the underlying mechanisms
      of these effects. Our results show that in comparison with the control group,
      Hsp70 overexpression displayed increased protein levels of Bcl-2, and decreased
      cytochrome c (Cyt c), cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 8, but no apparent
      differences were found in levels of Bax. Furthermore, Hsp70 overexpression
      significantly suppresses the amount of apoptotic cells. Such findings indicate
      that overexpression of Hsp70 inhibits H2O2-mediated activation of caspase 8 and
      caspase 3, upregulates the expression of Bcl-2 which is a known anti-apoptotic
      protein, and decreases the release of Cyt c from the mitochondria into the
      cytoplasm, collectively decreasing cell apoptosis. 

PMID- 26969462
TI  - Italian association of clinical endocrinologists (AME) position statement: drug
      therapy of osteoporosis.
AB  - Treatment of osteoporosis is aimed to prevent fragility fractures and to
      stabilize or increase bone mineral density. Several drugs with different efficacy
      and safety profiles are available. The long-term therapeutic strategy should be
      planned, and the initial treatment should be selected according to the individual
      site-specific fracture risk and the need to give the maximal protection when the
      fracture risk is highest (i.e. in the late life). The present consensus focused
      on the strategies for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis taking into
      consideration all the drugs available for this purpose. A short revision of the
      literature about treatment of secondary osteoporosis due both to androgen
      deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and to aromatase inhibitors for breast
      cancer was also performed. Also premenopausal females and males with osteoporosis
      are frequently seen in endocrine settings. Finally particular attention was paid
      to the tailoring of treatment as well as to its duration. 

PMID- 26969468
TI  - Direct brain infusion can be enhanced with focused ultrasound and microbubbles.
AB  - The delivery of most therapeutic agents is rendered ineffective for the treatment
      of brain diseases due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The goal
      of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-infusion focused ultrasound
      (FUS) and microbubbles on the distribution of direct brain infusion in vivo. A
      single-element FUS transducer was used in all sonications, which were carried out
      immediately prior to direct infusion procedures. Mice received direct infusion of
      either Gadolinium-labeled albumin (Gd-albumin, 74 kDa) or adeno-associated virus
      (AAV, ~4 MDa). The volumes of Gd-albumin at 30 min were deemed comparable ( P =
      0.334) between the direct infusion (DI)-only group and the FUS + DI group. At 120
      min, the FUS + DI group showed significantly higher contrast-enhanced volume
      (9.76 +/- 0.74 mm3) than the DI-only group (7.14 +/- 0.34 mm3). For mice infused
      with AAV, the total volume of transduction was estimated as GFP-positive regions
      and FUS + DI group demonstrated significantly higher ( P = 0.017) transduction
      efficiency in vivo. In conclusion, enhanced bio-distribution of directly infused
      agents was observed when the targeted region was pre-conditioned with FUS and
      microbubbles. Focused ultrasound has the potential, as an adjuvant technique, to
      significantly enhance direct brain infusion and achieve the desired therapeutic
      outcomes.

PMID- 26969469
TI  - Expression Profile and Tissue-Specific Distribution of the Receptor-Interacting
      Protein 3 in BALB/c Mice.
AB  - RIP3, a member of receptor-interacting protein family, is serine/threonine kinase
      that contributes to necrosis and promotes systematic inflammation. However,
      detailed information of the expression pattern and tissue distribution in BALB/c
      mice, a commonly used laboratory animal model, is still unavailable. Here, we
      provided the basic data of expression profile and histologic distribution of RIP3
      in tissues of BALB/c mice. Rip3 mRNA expression levels and tissue distribution
      were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical detection,
      respectively. Rip3 mRNA expression showed the highest level in the spleen and
      duodenum, while with the lowest level in brain. Immunohistochemical detection
      revealed this protein located in different type cells in different tissues.
      What's more, the obvious positive staining in nuclear was detected in liver cells
      and neurons in cerebral cortex of the brain, while cells in other organs,
      including heart, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, duodenum and trachea, showed
      strong positive mainly in cytoplasm. The results will help us to further
      understand the site-specific functions of RIP3 in necrosis and inflammatory
      responses. 

PMID- 26969470
TI  - Inter-annual and inter-individual variations in survival exhibit strong
      seasonality in a hibernating rodent.
AB  - Most research on the demography of wild animal populations has focused on
      characterizing the variation in the mortality of organisms as a function of
      intrinsic and environmental characteristics. However, such variation in mortality
      is difficult to relate to functional life history components (e.g. reproduction,
      dispersal, hibernation) due to the difficulty in monitoring biological processes
      at a sufficiently fine timescale. In this study, we used a 10-year individual
      based data set with an infra-annual timescale to investigate both intra- and
      inter-annual survival patterns according to intrinsic and environmental
      covariates in an introduced population of a small hibernating rodent, the
      Siberian chipmunk. We compared three distinct periods related to particular life
      history events: spring reproduction, summer reproduction and hibernation. Our
      results revealed strong interactions between intrinsic and temporal effects.
      First, survival of male chipmunks strongly decreases during the reproduction
      periods, while survival is high and equal between sexes during hibernation.
      Second, the season of birth affects the survival of juveniles during their first
      hibernation, which does not have long-lasting consequences at the adult stage.
      Third, at an inter-annual scale, we found that high food resource availability
      before hibernation and low chipmunk densities specifically favour subsequent
      winter survival. Overall, our results confirm that the well-known patterns of
      yearly and inter-individual variation of mortality observed in animals are
      themselves strongly variable within a given year, suggesting that they are
      associated with various functional components of the animals' life history.

PMID- 26969472
TI  - Opioids: an unexplored option for treatment of dyspnea in IPF.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common among the
      idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and has the worst prognosis, with a median
      survival of 3-5 years. The most common symptom in IPF is dyspnea, impacting on
      the patient's quality of life and life expectancy. Morphine in the treatment of
      dyspnea has been investigated but with conflicting results. This review aims to
      clarify the role of opioids in the treatment of dyspnea in patients with IPF.
      METHODS: A literature search was performed using the MeSH and PubMed databases.
      As only very few studies included patients with IPF, studies conducted primarily
      with patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were also included. In
      total, 14 articles were found. RESULTS: Seven studies reported use of systemic
      morphine and seven studies of inhaled morphine. Five of the seven studies
      investigating systemic administration detected an improvement in either dyspnea
      or exercise capacity, whereas no beneficial effect on dyspnea was detected in any
      study using inhaled morphine. No severe adverse effects such as respiratory
      depression were reported in any study, although constipation was reported as a
      notable adverse effect. CONCLUSIONS: Results were inconsistent, but in some
      studies systemic morphine administration showed a significant improvement in the
      dyspnea score on a visual analog scale without observation of severe side
      effects. Nebulized morphine had no effect on dyspnea.

PMID- 26969474
TI  - Absent Ring Finger Flexor Digitorum Profundus Presenting as a Jersey Finger.
AB  - We report the case of a patient who presented with an apparent acute avulsion of
      the ring finger flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), or jersey finger. At surgery,
      the FDP to the ring finger was found to be absent; also absent were the lumbrical
      to the ring finger and the A5 pulley. Absence of the FDP was confirmed with
      postoperative imaging. Although absent profundus tendons have been previously
      reported, none have involved the FDP to the ring finger. However, various reports
      have described abnormal connections between the ring and little finger flexor
      tendons. 

PMID- 26969473
TI  - Different rate-limiting activities of intracellular pH regulators for HCO3-
      secretion stimulated by forskolin and carbachol in rat parotid intralobular
      ducts.
AB  - Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation fundamentally participates in maintaining HCO3-
      release from HCO3--secreting epithelia. We used parotid intralobular ducts loaded
      with BCECF to investigate the contributions of a carbonic anhydrase (CA), anion
      channels and a Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE) to pHi regulation for HCO3- secretion by
      cAMP and Ca2+ signals. Resting pHi was dispersed between 7.4 and 7.9. Forskolin
      consistently decreased pHi showing the dominance of pHi-lowering activities, but
      carbachol gathered pHi around 7.6. CA inhibition suppressed the forskolin-induced
      decrease in pHi, while it allowed carbachol to consistently increase pHi by
      revealing that carbachol prominently activated NHE via Ca2+-calmodulin. Under NHE
      inhibition, forskolin and carbachol induced the remarkable decreases in pHi,
      which were slowed predominantly by CA inhibition and by CA or anion channel
      inhibition, respectively. Our results suggest that forskolin and carbachol
      primarily activate the pHi-lowering CA and pHi-raising NHE, respectively, to
      regulate pHi for HCO3- secretion.

PMID- 26969475
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26969471
TI  - Liquid Biopsy and its Potential for Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: We summarized the recent findings of liquid biopsy in cancer field and
      discussed its potential utility in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Literature
      published in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Direct electronic databases was
      searched and reviewed. RESULTS: Liquid biopsy specially referred to the detection
      of nucleic acids (circulating cell-free DNA, cfDNA) and circulating tumor cells
      (CTCs) in the blood of cancer patients. Compared to conventional single-site
      sampling or biopsy method, liquid biopsy had the advantages such as non
      invasiveness, dynamic monitoring, and the most important of all, overcoming the
      limit of spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The genomic information of cancer
      could be profiled by genotyping cfDNA/CTC and subsequently applied to make
      molecular classification, targeted therapy guidance, and unveil drug resistance
      mechanisms. The serial sampling feature of liquid biopsy made it possible to
      monitor treatment response in a real-time manner and predict tumor
      metastasis/recurrence in advance. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid biopsy is a non-invasive,
      dynamic, and informative sampling method with important clinical translational
      significance in cancer research and practice. Much work needs to be done before
      it is used in the management of HCC.

PMID- 26969476
TI  - [Teledermatology: The French model?].

PMID- 26969478
TI  - [Atypical scleromyxedema with a granulomatous histological pattern and delayed
      sclerosis].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Papular mucinosis is characterised by primary mucin deposition in the
      dermis. The classification distinguishes between the localised form and the
      systemic form, which alone can result in complications, but this classification
      occasionally proves to be inadequate. Herein we report the progression of papular
      mucinosis, initially atypical due to the absence of cutaneous sclerosis and of
      misleading granulomatous histological features, which subsequently developed into
      characteristic scleromyxedema. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 55-year-old male developed
      a rash comprising countless acral papules. Several biopsies were necessary before
      a diagnosis of papular mucinosis was made, due to the initial granulomatous
      appearance at histology. Tests showed monoclonal immunoglobulin of indeterminate
      significance, but, due to the absence of cutaneous sclerosis, we were able to
      conclude on typical localised papular mucinosis. Two years later, extensive
      sclerotic induration of the skin appeared and the diagnosis was modified to one
      of scleromyxedema. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins was given and
      proved efficacious, but relapse occurred on discontinuation of the therapy.
      DISCUSSION: Papular mucinosis is a rare disease of unknown physiopathology. The
      disease classification distinguishes between the localised and systemic forms,
      but it occasionally proves to be inadequate. Our case suggests a continuum
      between the localised and systemic forms of the disease. Further, the initial
      biopsies of acral papules in our patient had a misleading granulomatous
      appearance, as has been reported numerous times for the systemic forms. This
      granulomatous histological variant thus appears to constitute a diagnostic
      criterion for scleromyxedema.

PMID- 26969477
TI  - [Severe crusted scabies: A "historic" case involving the death of a 52-year-old
      patient].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Crusted scabies, also known as Norwegian scabies, is a rare and
      extremely debilitating form of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis infestation that
      generally occurs in immunosuppressed patients. Herein, we report a "historic" and
      fatal case. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 52-year-old woman was admitted to the
      emergency department presenting crusted dermatitis together with extreme
      deterioration of her general condition. Her general practitioner had initiated
      dermo-corticosteroid therapy for suspected atopic dermatitis two months earlier,
      and she had been confined to bed for the previous 10 days. Her son presented
      pruritus that became worse at night. On examination the patient was moaning,
      dehydrated and confused and her entire skin was hyperkeratotic, with very thick,
      yellowish, cracked crusts covering 40 % of her body. Tests indicated severe water
      and electrolytic disorders as well as Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. A tape
      test established the diagnosis of crusted scabies. The severity was grade III on
      the Davis clinical grading scale. The patient showed signs of multi-organ failure
      and was transferred to intensive care, but she died during the night. DISCUSSION:
      This case is remarkable for its historic severity. In France, scabies infestation
      is a re-emerging disease and has been a public health priority since 2012. The
      rare hyperkeratotic form is not fully understood and frequently diagnosed late,
      in some cases with a fatal outcome.

PMID- 26969479
TI  - [Impact of sex and age on the clinical and epidemiological aspects of childhood
      psoriasis: Data from a French cross-sectional multicentre study].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of childhood psoriasis is estimated at between 0.4%
      and 0.7%. Clinical aspects of the diseases depend on age. The aim of this study
      was to investigate the clinical aspects of psoriasis according to age and sex.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicentre study of children with
      psoriasis was performed by investigators belonging to the Research Group of the
      French Society of Paediatric Dermatology. The study was conducted from April 2012
      to March 2013. Inclusion criteria were age less than 18 years and clinical
      diagnosis of psoriasis. The children were classified into 3 groups by age:
      infants: <2 years; children: >=2 years and <13 years; adolescents>=13 years. The
      information collected included demographic data, clinical, epidemiological, and
      therapeutic aspects of the psoriasis, as well as analysis of comorbidities.
      RESULTS: Three hundred and thirteen children were included: 27 (8.6%) infants,
      207 (66.1%) children, and 79 (25.2%) adolescents. Plaque psoriasis was the most
      frequent clinical type of psoriasis seen in children and adolescents (>41%), but
      it accounted for only 25.9% of psoriasis of infants (P<0.0001). Napkin psoriasis
      (37.0%) and inverse psoriasis (22.2%) were the most common forms of psoriasis
      seen in infants and were described significantly more frequently in this group
      than in the two other groups (P<0.003). Nail involvement was more common in
      adolescents (37.2%, P=0.03) and children (32.9%) than in infants (14.8%) and
      affected boys more than girls (43.6% vs 22.0%, P<0.0001). Girls presented scalp
      psoriasis more frequently (17.7% vs 8.7%, P=0.02). Local vitamin-D treatment and
      systemic therapies were used more frequently in children and adolescents than in
      infants. There was no significant difference for treatment use, including for
      acitretin, according to gender. DISCUSSION: Plaque psoriasis was the most common
      clinical type of psoriasis in children but affected less than 50% of the
      children. Age had a significant impact on extra-cutaneous skin disorders and on
      treatment used, while sex had little incidence. The frequency of comorbidities
      was not affected by age. CONCLUSION: Childhood psoriasis thus presents specific
      characteristics dependent on the age of the child. The results of studies
      exclusively dealing with adults cannot be extrapolated to children.

PMID- 26969480
TI  - Metabolic comorbidities and hypertension in psoriasis patients in France.
      Comparisons with French national databases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several studies have shown a high prevalence of cardiovascular and
      metabolic comorbidities in psoriasis. Our study aimed to evaluate the association
      of psoriasis with key comorbidities such as smoking, obesity, hypertension,
      dyslipidaemia and diabetes comparatively with French national data. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: This multicentre noninterventional observational study of adults with
      psoriasis was conducted in 29 dermatology centres in France. A total of 2210
      patients were included. The prevalence of comorbidities in psoriatic patients was
      compared to data from the French national databanks "ObEpi 2012" (obesity,
      hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes) and "Barometre Sante 2010" (smoking).
      RESULTS: We reported a higher prevalence of all metabolic comorbidities and high
      blood pressure in psoriatic patients. Smoking: 32.5% were active smokers; the age
      of onset and the prevalence of familial psoriasis were significantly lower in the
      smoking group but the severity of psoriasis was significantly higher. The
      frequency of smoking was higher than in the general population, particularly
      among young female patients. Obesity: 24% of patients with psoriasis were obese.
      Multivariate analysis showed obesity to be significantly associated with other
      comorbidities, severity of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The incidence of
      obesity was higher than in general population, occurring chiefly in subjects aged
      over 45 years. HYPERTENSION: 26% of patients with psoriasis had hypertension. The
      age of onset of psoriasis and the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis were
      significantly higher in the hypertension group, although there was less familial
      psoriasis. The incidence of hypertension was higher than in general population.
      Dyslipidaemia: 27.5% of patients with psoriasis had dyslipidaemia. The age of
      onset in the dyslipidaemia group was higher although there was less familial
      psoriasis. The incidence of dyslipidaemia was higher than in general population.
      Diabetes: 11.0% of patients with psoriasis had diabetes. The age of onset of
      psoriasis was significantly higher in the diabetes group although there was less
      familial psoriasis. The incidence of diabetes was higher than in general
      population particularly after the age of 35 years. CONCLUSION: These results
      confirmed that psoriasis is associated with significant metabolic comorbidities
      and hypertension compared to the general population in France, with certain
      epidemiological differences for each.

PMID- 26969481
TI  - New endoscopic classification of the cardiac orifice in esophageal achalasia:
      Champagne glass sign.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopy, barium esophagram and manometry are used in the
      diagnosis of achalasia. In the case of early achalasia, characteristic endoscopic
      findings are difficult to recognize. As a result, the diagnosis of achalasia is
      often made several years after symptom onset. Therefore, we examined the
      endoscopic findings of the cardiac orifice in achalasia and propose a new
      classification. METHODS: A total of 400 patients with spastic esophageal motility
      disorders who underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) at our hospital between
      March 2014 and August 2015 were screened for this study. Champagne glass sign
      (CG) was defined as when the distal end of the lower esophageal sphincter
      relaxation failure (LESRF) was proximal to the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) and
      the SCJ was dilated in the retroflex view. Specifically, CG-1 was defined as a
      distance from the SCJ to the lower end of LESRF of <1 cm, and CG-2 was defined as
      a distance >=1 cm. RESULTS: CG-0 was seen in 73 patients (28.0%), whereas the CG
      sign was seen in 186 patients (71.3%), of whom 170 (65.1%) were CG-1 and 16
      (6.1%) were CG-2. CONCLUSIONS: The CG sign is often observed in esophageal
      achalasia patients. CG-0 (equal to Maki-tsuki) was observed in 28.0% of achalasia
      patients only. Its absence with dilated SCJ cannot be used to rule out achalasia.
      Barium esophagram and manometry should be done if esophageal achalasia is
      strongly suspected.

PMID- 26969482
TI  - Risk factors and newborn outcomes associated with maternal deaths in the UK from
      2009 to 2013: a national case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify the risk factors for and adverse newborn outcomes
      associated with maternal deaths from direct and indirect causes in the UK.
      DESIGN: Unmatched case-control analysis. SETTING: All hospitals caring for
      pregnant women in the UK. POPULATION: Comprised 383 women who died (cases) from
      direct or indirect causes from 2009 to 2013 (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal
      Deaths in the UK) and 1516 women who did not have any life-threatening
      complications during pregnancy and childbirth (controls) obtained from UK
      Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS). METHODS: Multivariable regression analyses
      were undertaken to examine potential risk factors, their incremental effects, and
      adverse newborn outcomes associated with maternal deaths. OUTCOMES: Odds ratios
      associated for risk factors for maternal death and newborn outcomes (stillbirth,
      admission to neonatal intensive care unit [NICU], early neonatal death) and
      incremental risk. RESULTS: Seven factors, of 13 examined, were independently
      associated with increased odds of maternal death: pre-existing medical
      comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.65; 95% CI 6.29-11.90), anaemia during
      pregnancy (aOR 3.58; 95% CI 1.14-11.21), previous pregnancy problems (aOR 1.85;
      95% CI 1.33-2.57), inadequate use of antenatal care (aOR 46.85; 95% CI 19.61
      111.94), substance misuse (aOR 12.21; 95% CI 2.33-63.98), unemployment (aOR 1.81;
      95% CI 1.08-3.04) and maternal age (aOR 1.06; 95% CI 1.04-1.09). There was a four
      fold increase in the odds of death per unit increase in the number of risk
      factors. Odds of stillbirth, admission to NICU and early neonatal death were
      higher among women who died. CONCLUSION: This study reiterates the need for
      optimal care for women with medical comorbidities and older age, and the
      importance of adequate antenatal care. It demonstrates the existence of socio
      economic inequalities in maternal death in the UK. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Medical
      comorbidities and socio-economic inequalities are important risk factors for
      maternal death in the UK.

PMID- 26969483
TI  - Use of the frozen section 'jelly-roll' technique to aid in the diagnosis of
      bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis).
AB  - Frozen section is a valuable tool that is often underutilized in the setting of
      in-patient dermatology. Traditionally, frozen section has been used in
      dermatology to diagnose toxic epidermal necrolysis, with some additional utility
      in staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in the new born period. We report a
      newborn female with ruptured bullae on the face, chest, back and extremities with
      a clinical differential diagnosis that included staphylococcal scalded skin,
      bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma/epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and
      epidermolysis bullosa. A thin detached skin sample ('jelly-roll') taken from a
      ruptured bulla on the abdomen was prepared for frozen section analysis.
      Characteristic findings of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis were seen which included
      hyperkeratosis with granular layer degeneration, vacuolization and eosinophilic
      globules. The 'jelly-roll' technique can be used for quick diagnosis with minimal
      trauma to the patient. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis was subsequently confirmed by
      a biopsy fixed in formalin and by genetic testing. A novel missense mutation in
      KRT1 (I479N) was identified. Herein, we discuss the use of the frozen section
      'jelly roll' technique for rapid diagnosis in a case of bullous congenital
      ichthyosis erythroderma/epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. 

PMID- 26969484
TI  - The purinergic receptor P2X7 role in control of Dengue virus-2 infection and
      cytokine/chemokine production in infected human monocytes.
AB  - Purinergic signaling has a crucial role in intracellular pathogen elimination.
      The P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2X7R), once activated by ATP, leads to pro
      inflammatory responses including reactive oxygen species production. ATP can be
      released by injured cells, as endogenous danger signals. Dengue fever may evolve
      to a severe disease, leading to hypovolemic shock and coagulation dysfunctions as
      a result of a cytokine storm. Our aim was to evaluate the role of P2X7R
      activation during Dengue virus (DENV) infection. Extracellular ATP inhibited
      viral load in pretreated monocytes, as measured by NS1 secretion and by decrease
      in DENV(+) P2X7(+) cell frequencies, suggesting that P2X7R is involved in the
      antiviral response. Nitric oxide (NO) has anti-DENV properties and is decreased
      after DENV infection. NO production after ATP stimulation is abrogated by KN62
      treatment, a specific P2X7R inhibitor, indicating that P2X7R likely is acting in
      the virus containment process. Additionally, TNF, CXCL8, CCL2 and CXCL10 factors
      that are associated with dengue severity were modulated by the P2X7R activation.
      We conclude that P2X7R is directly involved in the modulation of the antiviral
      and inflammatory process that occurs during DENV infection in vitro, and may have
      an important role in patient recovery in a first moment.

PMID- 26969485
TI  - Eosinophilic airway inflammation is common in subacute cough following acute
      upper respiratory tract infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients presenting with refractory postinfectious
      cough may respond to glucocorticosteroids but it is unclear whether airway
      eosinophilic inflammation exists in those patients. We aimed to determine the
      airway inflammation and causes of subacute cough following acute upper
      respiratory tract infection (AURTI). METHODS: One hundred and sixteen patients
      with persistent cough lasting 3-8 weeks after upper respiratory tract infection
      were evaluated with differential cell count in induced sputum, spirometry and
      methacholine bronchial challenge testing. RESULTS: In patients with subacute
      cough, sputum eosinophilia (median 8.5%,3.0-73.0%) was identified in 35 (33.6%)
      patients, 22 (18.5%) without bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) were diagnosed
      as non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB), 13 (14.3%) of whom with BHR were
      diagnosed as cough variant asthma (CVA). Cough in patients with sputum
      eosinophilia improved after treatment with corticosteroids. Compared with
      postinfectious cough (PIC) and NAEB, CVA had significantly higher median
      eosinophil count in induced sputum (0.5% vs 7.5% vs 20.0%, P < 0.01). MMEF in CVA
      was significantly lower than PIC and NAEB (P < 0.05). The common causes of
      subacute cough following acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURTI) were PIC
      (37.8%), NAEB (18.5%), CVA (14.3%) and upper airway cough syndrome (UACS)
      (10.1%). Atopic cough (AC) (5.2%) and gastroesophageal reflux-related cough
      (GERC) (3.4%) were less common in subacute cough following AURTI, while 9 (7.8%)
      patients had unexplained cough. CONCLUSION: Subacute cough following AURTI can be
      attributed to different entities, eosinophilic airway inflammation is common.
      Induced sputum should be considered when evaluating patients with subacute cough
      following acute upper respiratory tract infection.

PMID- 26969486
TI  - The role of leptin in diabetes: metabolic effects.
AB  - While it is well established that the adiposity hormone leptin plays a key role
      in the regulation of energy homeostasis, growing evidence suggests that leptin is
      also critical for glycaemic control. In this review we examine the role of the
      brain in the glucose-lowering actions of leptin and the potential mediators
      responsible for driving hyperglycaemia in states of uncontrolled insulin
      deficient diabetes (uDM). These considerations highlight the possibility of
      targeting leptin-sensitive pathways as a therapeutic option for the treatment of
      diabetes. This review summarises a presentation given at the 'Is leptin coming
      back?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two
      other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Christoffer Clemmensen and
      colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3906-7 , and by Gerald Shulman and
      colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3909-4 ) and an overview by the Session
      Chair, Ulf Smith (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3894-7 ). 

PMID- 26969488
TI  - Identification of a novel allele, HLA-A*24:02:50, by sequence-based typing.
AB  - HLA-A*24:02:50 has one synonymous nucleotide change from HLA-A*24:02:01:01 at
      nucleotide 429 (codon 119 aspartic acid). 

PMID- 26969487
TI  - Elevated circulating stearic acid leads to a major lipotoxic effect on mouse
      pancreatic beta cells in hyperlipidaemia via a miR-34a-5p-mediated PERK/p53
      dependent pathway.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Serum stearic acid (C18:0) is elevated in individuals with
      hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. However, the lipotoxicity induced by
      increased stearic acid in beta cells has not been well described. This study
      aimed to examine the adverse effects of stearic acid on beta cells and the
      potential mechanisms through which these are mediated. METHODS: Three groups of
      C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet or a high-stearic-acid/high-palmitic-acid
      diet for 24 weeks, respectively. The microRNA (miR) profiles of islets were
      determined by microarray screening. Islet injury was detected with co-staining
      using the TUNEL assay and insulin labelling. A lentiviral vector expressing anti
      miRNA-34a-5p oligonucleotide (AMO-34a-5p) was injected into mice via an
      intraductal pancreatic route. RESULTS: In both mouse islets and cultured rat
      insulinoma INS-1 cells, stearic acid exhibited a stronger lipotoxic role than
      other fatty acids, owing to repression of B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and BCL-2
      like 2 (BCL-W) by stearic acid stimulation of miR-34a-5p. The stearic-acid
      induced lipotoxicity and reduction in insulin secretion were alleviated by AMO
      34a-5p. Further investigations in INS-1 cells revealed that p53 was involved in
      stearic-acid-induced elevation of miR-34a-5p, owing in part to activation of
      protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). Conversely, silencing
      PERK alleviated stearic-acid-induced p53, miR-34a-5p and lipotoxicity.
      CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These findings provide new insight for understanding
      the molecular mechanisms underlying not only the deleterious impact of stearic
      acid-induced lipotoxicity but also apoptosis in beta cells and progression to
      type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26969489
TI  - Molecular detection of Theileria, Babesia, and Hepatozoon spp. in ixodid ticks
      from Palestine.
AB  - Ixodid ticks transmit various infectious agents that cause disease in humans and
      livestock worldwide. A cross-sectional survey on the presence of protozoan
      pathogens in ticks was carried out to assess the impact of tick-borne protozoa on
      domestic animals in Palestine. Ticks were collected from herds with sheep, goats
      and dogs in different geographic districts and their species were determined
      using morphological keys. The presence of piroplasms and Hepatozoon spp. was
      determined by PCR amplification of a 460-540bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene
      followed by RFLP or DNA sequencing. A PCR-RFLP method based on the 18S rRNA was
      used in order to detect and to identify Hepatozoon, Babesia and Theileria spp. A
      total of 516 ticks were collected from animals in six Palestinian localities.
      Five tick species were found: Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Rhipicephalus
      turanicus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Haemaphysalis parva and Haemaphysalis adleri. PCR
      based analyses of the ticks revealed Theileria ovis (5.4%), Hepatozoon canis
      (4.3%), Babesia ovis (0.6%), and Babesia vogeli (0.4%). Theileria ovis was
      significantly associated with ticks from sheep and with R. turanicus ticks
      (p<0.01). H. canis was detected only in R. sanguineus s.l. and was significantly
      associated with ticks from dogs (p<0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first
      report describing the presence of these pathogens in ticks collected from
      Palestine. Communicating these findings with health and veterinary professionals
      will increase their awareness, and contribute to improved diagnosis and treatment
      of tick-borne diseases.

PMID- 26969491
TI  - Pension funds: tobacco investment up in smoke.

PMID- 26969490
TI  - Development of a serodiagnostic multi-species ELISA against tick-borne
      encephalitis virus using subviral particles.
AB  - Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic agent causing severe
      encephalitis in humans. A wide range of animal species could be infected with
      TBEV in endemic areas. A serological survey of wild animals is effective in
      identifying TBEV-endemic areas. Safe, simple, and reliable TBEV serodiagnostic
      tools are needed to test animals. In this study, ELISA was developed to detect
      anti-TBEV specific antibodies in multi-species of animals, using recombinant
      subviral particles (SPs) with an affinity tag and protein A/G. A Strep-tag was
      fused at the N terminus of the E protein of the plasmid coding TBEV prME. The E
      proteins with Strep-tag were secreted as SPs, of which Strep-tag was exposed on
      the surface. The tagged E proteins were associated with prM. The SPs with Strep
      tag were applied as the antigen of ELISA, and TBEV-specific antibodies were
      detected by the protein A/G. Compared to neutralization test results, the ELISA
      showed 96.8% sensitivity and 97.7% specificity in rodents and 95.1% sensitivity
      and 96.0% specificity in humans, without cross-reactivity with antibodies to
      Japanese encephalitis virus. These results indicate that our ELISA would be
      useful to detect TBE-specific antibodies in a wide range of animal species.

PMID- 26969492
TI  - Heartbeat: Inflammatory biomarkers in atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 26969494
TI  - CT urography in evaluation of urothelial tumors of the kidney.

PMID- 26969493
TI  - Administration of bone marrow stromal cells in sepsis attenuates sepsis-related
      coagulopathy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Coagulopathy plays an important role in sepsis. The aim of this
      study was to determine whether bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) administration
      could attenuate coagulopathy in sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro:
      endothelial cells were cultured with/without BMSCs for 6 h following LPS
      stimulation and were collected for thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C
      receptor (EPCR) measurements. In vivo: Thirty-six mice were randomized into sham,
      sepsis, and sepsis + BMSC groups (n = 12 each group). Sepsis was induced through
      cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BMSC infusion was started at 6 h after CLP.
      Lung tissues and plasma samples were collected at 24 h after CLP for enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western blot,
      and immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS: In vitro: BMSCs attenuated the
      decrease in TM and EPCR mRNA and protein expression levels in LPS-stimulated
      endothelial cells. In vivo: BMSC treatment decreased lung injury and mesenteric
      perfusion impairment, and ameliorated coagulopathy, as suggested by the reduction
      in elevated TF, vWF, and TAT circulation levels. BMSC infusion decreased TF mRNA
      transcription and protein expression levels in lung tissues, and increased TM and
      EPCR mRNA transcription and expression levels. DISCUSSION: BMSC administration
      attenuated coagulopathy, and decreased lung injury and mesenteric perfusion
      impairment in sepsis. Key messages BMSCs increased the expression of TM and EPCR
      from endothelium cells exposed to LPS in vitro. BMSC treatment attenuated lung
      injury and coagulopathy in the mice cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. BMSC
      administration-attenuated coagulopathy is related to the reduced expression of TF
      and increased expression of TM and EPCR.

PMID- 26969495
TI  - Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluation of thermal ablation
      zone.
AB  - PURPOSE: Thermal ablation has emerged as a mainstay therapy for primary and
      metastatic liver malignancy. Percutaneous thermal ablation is usually performed
      under CT and/or ultrasound guidance. CT guidance frequently utilizes iodinated
      contrast for tumor targeting, with additional radiation and contrast required at
      the end of the procedure to ensure satisfactory ablation margins. Contrast
      enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an imaging technique utilizing microbubble contrast
      agents to demonstrate blood flow and tissue perfusion. In this study, we
      performed a retrospective review to assess the utility of CEUS in the immediate
      post ablation detection of residual tumor. METHODS: Sixty-four ablations were
      retrospectively reviewed. 6/64 ablations (9.4%) had residual tumor on the first
      follow-up imaging after thermal ablation. There were two groups of patients.
      Group 1 underwent standard protocol thermal ablation with CT and/or ultrasound
      guidance. Group 2 not only had thermal ablation with a protocol identical to
      group 1, but also had CEUS assessment at the conclusion of the procedure to
      ensure satisfactory ablation zone. RESULTS: The residual tumor rate in group 1
      was 16.7% and the residual tumor rate in group 2 was 0%. The difference between
      the groups was statistically significant with a p value of 0.023. The results
      suggest that using CEUS assessment immediately after the ablation procedure
      reduces the rate of residual tumor after thermal ablation. CONCLUSION: CEUS
      evaluation at the end of an ablation procedure is a powerful technique providing
      critical information to the treating interventional radiologist, without
      additional nephrotoxic contrast or ionizing radiation.

PMID- 26969496
TI  - Increase in post-therapy tumor calcification on CT scan is not an indicator of
      response to therapy in low-grade serous ovarian cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine if increasing post-therapy
      calcification in peritoneal metastases in recurrent low-grade serous ovarian
      carcinomas indicated response to therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective
      analysis of patients with histologically confirmed, recurrent low-grade serous
      ovarian carcinoma who received treatment at our institution between 2000 and 2014
      was performed. Only patients who had calcified tumor implants and showed either
      interval increase or decrease in tumor calcification following therapy were
      included in the study. Pre- and post-therapy CT scans of these patients were
      reviewed by 2 radiologists independently. Changes in the tumor calcification
      status and tumor deposits size were correlated with serum CA-125 levels. Fisher's
      exact test was used to assess the association between peritoneal deposit and
      calcification status with serum CA-125 status. RESULTS: 35 Patients were included
      in the study. Based on serial serum CA 125 levels, 22 patients (63%) had
      progressive disease, 12 (34%) had partial response and 1 (3%) had stable disease.
      Using RECIST 1.1, 16 had progressive disease, 3 had partial response and 16 had
      stable disease. In the patients with progressive disease, post-therapy tumor
      calcification increased in 77% and decreased in 23%. Fischer's exact test showed
      that serum CA 125 change was significantly associated with change in size of
      peritoneal deposits and calcification change. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study
      shows that post-therapy increase in peritoneal implant calcification in low-grade
      serous ovarian carcinomas is not an indicator of response to therapy.

PMID- 26969497
TI  - The Convergence of a Virus, Mosquitoes, and Human Travel in Globalizing the Zika
      Epidemic.
AB  - The Zika virus was first identified in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda. It was
      discovered in a rhesus monkey that had been placed in a cage on a sentinel
      platform in the forest by the Virus Research Institute. When this writer visited
      the institute and the Zika Forest in 1961, work was underway to identify mosquito
      species at various levels of the tree canopy. This was done through the placement
      of traps at various levels of a 120-foot-high steel tower which this writer
      climbed. At that time, researchers isolated 12 strains of Zika virus from traps
      on the tower. Over the next six decades, the virus spread slowly to other parts
      of Africa, and eventually appeared in Southeast Asia, transmitted by Aedes
      aegypti and other Aedes mosquito species. By 1981, only 14 cases of illness had
      been reported as due to the Zika virus. Since most infections with this virus are
      either mild or asymptomatic, its true geographic spread was not fully
      appreciated. The current globalization of the Zika epidemic began on the Pacific
      island of Yap in the Federated States of Polynesia in 2007. This was the first
      known presence of the Zika virus outside of Africa and Southeast Asia. It was
      estimated that 73 % of the island's population had been infected. In 2013, the
      virus spread to French Polynesia where an estimated 28,000 cases occurred in a
      population of 270,000. During that year and afterwards, microcephaly and other
      congenital abnormalities were observed in the infants of women who were pregnant
      when they contracted the virus. It is currently not known if cases of
      microcephaly have resulted from infection of pregnant women or from infection
      plus some other co-factor. The epidemic rapidly spread to the Cook Islands and
      Easter Island. In 2015, Zika virus infection was diagnosed in Brazil where it was
      associated with microcephaly in the infants of some women who were pregnant when
      they contracted the disease. Cases of the Guillain-Barre syndrome were also found
      to be associated with Zika virus infection. How the disease entered Brazil is a
      matter of conjecture. However, the strain responsible for the epidemic in Brazil
      and elsewhere in South and Central America is phylogenetically identical to that
      which caused the epidemic in French Polynesia. The wide distribution of Aedes
      aegypti, a principal vector of the virus, and other Aedes species has greatly
      facilitated the spread of the disease. Aedes aegypti is an invasive species of
      mosquito in the Western Hemisphere that has adapted well to densely-populated
      urban environments. In addition, male-to-female human sexual transmission has
      increasingly been demonstrated in the US and elsewhere. In February 2016, the
      World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current Zika outbreak a Public
      Health Emergency of international concern. On the recommendation of its Emergency
      Committee on Zika Virus and Observed Increase in Neurological Disorders and
      Neonatal Malformations, WHO issued a group of recommendations to contain the
      epidemic. The globalization of the Zika virus was made possible by the widespread
      presence in various parts of the world of Aedes vectors and increased human
      travel that facilitated geographic spread. This globalization of Zika follows
      upon that of West Nile, Ebola, Dengue, and Chikungunya. Its ultimate spread is
      difficult to predict, but will hopefully be restricted through vigorous
      preventive measures.

PMID- 26969501
TI  - Transition Metal-Catalyzed Carbonylative C-H Bond Functionalization of Arenes and
      C(sp(3))-H Bond of Alkanes.
AB  - In this article, we present the progress made in the area of carbonylative C-H
      functionalization, with special emphasis on arenes and alkanes. The importance of
      directing group assistance and C-H functionalization using CO surrogates is also
      included. The budding development in the area of transition metal-catalyzed
      C(sp(3))-H activation makes us feel it necessary to file a summary on the past,
      as well as current, contributions and a prospective outlook on the transition
      metal-catalyzed carbonylative transformation of C-H bonds, which is the focus of
      this review.

PMID- 26969500
TI  - The effect of different collagen modifications for titanium and titanium nitrite
      surfaces on functions of gingival fibroblasts.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Targeted modifications of the bulk implant surfaces using bioactive
      agents provide a promising tool for improvement of the long-term bony and soft
      tissue integration of dental implants. In this study, we assessed the cellular
      responses of primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) to different surface
      modifications of titanium (Ti) and titanium nitride (TiN) alloys with type I
      collagen or cyclic-RGDfK-peptide in order to define a modification improving long
      term implants in dental medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Employing Ti and TiN
      implants, we compared the performance of simple dip coating and anodic
      immobilization of type I collagen that provided collagen layers of two different
      thicknesses. HGF were seeded on the different coated implants, and adhesion,
      proliferation, and gene expression were analyzed. RESULTS: Although there were no
      strong differences in initial cell adhesion between the groups at 2 and 4 hours,
      we found that all surface modifications induced higher proliferation rates as
      compared to the unmodified controls. Consistently, gene expression levels of cell
      adhesion markers (focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrin beta1, and vinculin),
      cell differentiation markers (FGFR1, TGFb-R1), extracellular protein markers
      (type I collagen, vimentin), and cytoskeletal protein marker aktinin-1 were
      consistently higher in all surface modification groups at two different time
      points of investigation as compared to the unmodified controls. CONCLUSION: Our
      results indicate that simple dip coating of Ti and TiN with collagen is
      sufficient to induce in vitro cellular responses that are comparable to those of
      more reliable coating methods like anodic adsorption, chemical cross-linking, or
      RGD coating. TiN alloys do not possess any positive or adverse effects on HGF.
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results demonstrate a simple, yet effective, method for
      collagen coating on titanium implants to improve the long term integration and
      stability of dental implants.

PMID- 26969498
TI  - Photoreceptor proliferation and dysregulation of cell cycle genes in early onset
      inherited retinal degenerations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mitotic terminally differentiated photoreceptors (PRs) are observed
      in early retinal degeneration (erd), an inherited canine retinal disease driven
      by mutations in the NDR kinase STK38L (NDR2). RESULTS: We demonstrate that a
      similar proliferative response, but of lower magnitude, occurs in two other early
      onset disease models, X-linked progressive retinal atrophy 2 (xlpra2) and rod
      cone dysplasia 1 (rcd1). Proliferating cells are rod PRs, and not microglia or
      Muller cells. Expression of the cell cycle related genes RB1 and E2F1 as well as
      CDK2,4,6 was up-regulated, but changes were mutation-specific. Changes in cyclin
      expression differed across all genes, diseases and time points analyzed, although
      CCNA1 and CCNE1 expression increased with age in the three models suggesting that
      there is a dysregulation of cell cycle gene expression in all three diseases.
      Unique to erd, however, are mutation-specific changes in the expression of NDR
      kinases and Hippo signaling members with increased expression of MOB1 and LATS1
      in the newly generated hybrid rod/S-cones. CONCLUSIONS: Our data raise the
      intriguing possibility that terminally differentiated normal PRs are kept from
      dividing by NDR2-MOB1 interaction. Furthermore, they provide the framework for
      the selection of candidate genes for further investigation as potential targets
      of therapy.

PMID- 26969499
TI  - Influence of proximal box elevation on bond strength of composite inlays.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of
      proximal box elevation on microtensile bond strength (mTBS) of composite inlays
      to the proximal box floor, using either a total-etch or a self-adhesive resin
      cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five human molars were selected, and a
      class II OM (inlay) cavity preparation was performed in each tooth. Cavities were
      randomly assigned into four experimental groups, according to the location of the
      proximal cervical margin (located 1 mm below cementoenamel junction (CEJ), or
      with proximal box elevation with composite resin) and the resin cement used for
      luting (a total-etch resin cement RelyX ARC or a self-adhesive resin cement G
      Cem). After 1-week water storage, samples were subjected to mTBS test. Results
      were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS:
      Kruskal-Wallis revealed statistically significant differences among experimental
      groups (p = 0.007). Both resin cements showed similar bond strength values when
      cervical margin was located below CEJ. The proximal box elevation improved the
      bond strength of composite inlays for both resin cements. However, only for G-Cem
      was this improvement statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The proximal box
      elevation improved the bond strength attained by G-Cem resin cement. For RelyX
      ARC, the position of the cervical margin did not affect composite inlays bond
      strength. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proximal box elevation does not decline bond
      strength of composite inlays to the proximal floor when a total-etch or a self
      adhesive resin cement is used.

PMID- 26969502
TI  - Corrigendum: Swanson MA, Coughlin CR Jr, Scharer GH, et al: Biochemical and
      molecular predictors for prognosis in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Ann Neurol
      2015;78:606-618.

PMID- 26969503
TI  - The p.Phe174Ser mutation is associated with mild forms of Smith Lemli Opitz
      Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Smith Lemli Opitz syndrome (SLOS; OMIM #270400) is an autosomal
      recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene. SLOS is
      characterized by a plethora of abnormalities involving mainly the brain and the
      genitalia but also the cardiac, skeletal and gastroenteric system, typical
      dysmorphic facial features, and variable degrees of developmental delay and
      intellectual disability (ID). SLOS has a broad phenotypic spectrum, ranging from
      multiple congenital malformation syndrome, to mild developmental delay and minor
      malformations. A large number of mutations have been described in the DHCR7 gene,
      with few common mutations accounting for the majority of mutated alleles found in
      patients and a large number of very rare or even private variants. Due to the
      wide variety of clinical presentations, diagnosis can be difficult, especially in
      the milder forms of the disorder. Furthermore, establishing a molecular diagnosis
      can be complicated by finding variants of unknown clinical significance in such
      cases. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of SLOS at the mild end of the
      clinical spectrum, presenting with bilateral pelvis ectasia, mild dysmorphic
      features and mild intellectual disability. The case is compound heterozygous for
      a known pathogenic mutation (c.724C > T, p.Arg242Cys) and a mutation that has
      only been reported once in a Portuguese patient (c.521 T > C, p.Phe174Ser) whose
      pathogenicity has not been yet assessed. We compared the two patients carrying
      the p.Phe174Ser variant and concluded that this variant is associated with mild
      forms of SLOS. CONCLUSION: We report a patient with a mild case of SLOS,
      highlighting the importance of recognizing subtle anomalies of the genitourinary
      system, associated with mild dysmorphic features and mild intellectual disability
      in establishing the diagnosis of mild forms of SLOS. With this report, we confirm
      the pathogenicity of the p.Phe174Ser variant and we also provide evidence of its
      association with mild forms of SLOS. This finding further facilitates the
      establishment of a genotype-phenotype correlation for SLOS. This helps in
      counselling for this disorder and in predicting therapeutic responses.

PMID- 26969504
TI  - Validated multi-drug determination using liquid chromatography with tandem mass
      spectrometry for the evaluation of a commercial drug disposal product.
AB  - Currently, there are limited effective means of drug disposal for consumers, and
      this creates a gateway to illicit use and environmental contamination. Here, we
      evaluated the efficacy of a new drug disposal product, composed from a slurry of
      activated carbon, which claims to sequester up to 100% of a drug's active
      ingredient when the loading capacity is not exceeded, making it safe to dispose
      in landfill. High-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
      was applied to quantify as many as 24 drugs (opiates, barbiturates, statins,
      amphetamine, and benzodiazepine drugs) in the residual solvent solution from the
      product. Calibration curves were established in the concentration ranges of 0.25
      7.0 MUg/mL and showed good linearity. The limits of detection varied from 0.001
      to 0.02 MUg/mL, depending on the drug. Accuracy ranged from 80 to 111% for
      quality control samples, with a few minor exceptions. Precision overall varied
      between 0.2 to 12.7%. In sample bottles tested, where active ingredient of the
      loaded drug was below the maximum sorption capacity stated on the label, 98 to
      >99.9% of the active ingredient was sequestered. Percent active ingredient
      adsorbed was slightly lower in bottles loaded in excess of label specifications. 

PMID- 26969506
TI  - Erratum to: Structuprint: a scalable and extensible tool for two-dimensional
      representation of protein surfaces.

PMID- 26969505
TI  - Lessons learned from respondent-driven sampling recruitment in Nairobi:
      experiences from the field.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is used in a variety of settings to
      study hard-to-reach populations at risk for HIV and sexually transmitted
      infections. However, practices leading to successful recruitment among diverse
      populations in low-resource settings are seldom reported. We implemented the
      first, integrated, bio-behavioural surveillance survey among men who have sex
      with men, female sex workers and people who injected drugs in Nairobi, Kenya.
      METHODS: The survey period was June 2010 to March 2011, with a target sample size
      of 600 participants per key populations. Formative research was initially
      conducted to assess feasibility of the survey. Weekly monitoring reports of
      respondent characteristics and recruitment chain graphs from NetDraw illustrated
      patterns and helped to fill recruitment gaps. RESULTS: RDS worked well with men
      who have sex with men and female sex workers with recruitment initiating at a
      desirable pace that was maintained throughout the survey. Networks of people who
      injected drugs were well-integrated, but recruitment was slower than the men who
      have sex with men and female sex workers surveys. CONCLUSION: By closely
      monitoring RDS implementation and conducting formative research, RDS studies can
      effectively develop and adapt strategies to improve recruitment and improve
      adherence to the underlying RDS theory and assumptions.

PMID- 26969507
TI  - Confidence intervals construction for difference of two means with incomplete
      correlated data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incomplete data often arise in various clinical trials such as
      crossover trials, equivalence trials, and pre and post-test comparative studies.
      Various methods have been developed to construct confidence interval (CI) of risk
      difference or risk ratio for incomplete paired binary data. But, there is little
      works done on incomplete continuous correlated data. To this end, this manuscript
      aims to develop several approaches to construct CI of the difference of two means
      for incomplete continuous correlated data. METHODS: Large sample method, hybrid
      method, simple Bootstrap-resampling method based on the maximum likelihood
      estimates (B 1) and Ekbohm's unbiased estimator (B 2), and percentile Bootstrap
      resampling method based on the maximum likelihood estimates (B 3) and Ekbohm's
      unbiased estimator (B 4) are presented to construct CI of the difference of two
      means for incomplete continuous correlated data. Simulation studies are conducted
      to evaluate the performance of the proposed CIs in terms of empirical coverage
      probability, expected interval width, and mesial and distal non-coverage
      probabilities. RESULTS: Empirical results show that the Bootstrap-resampling
      based CIs B 1, B 2, B 4 behave satisfactorily for small to moderate sample sizes
      in the sense that their coverage probabilities could be well controlled around
      the pre-specified nominal confidence level and the ratio of their mesial non
      coverage probabilities to the non-coverage probabilities could be well controlled
      in the interval [0.4, 0.6]. CONCLUSIONS: If one would like a CI with the shortest
      interval width, the Bootstrap-resampling-based CIs B 1 is the optimal choice.

PMID- 26969508
TI  - Psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in
      primary care: course and determinants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The course of psychological distress in informal caregivers of
      patients with dementia has been investigated in longitudinal studies with
      conflicting outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the course and determinants of
      psychological distress in informal caregivers of patients with dementia in
      primary care. METHODS: In this prospective observational cohort study, data were
      collected at baseline, after 9 and 18 months. We assessed cognition and
      neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) of the patient (Mini-Mental State Examination and
      Neuropsychiatric Inventory) and psychological distress (Sense of Competence
      Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale and General
      Health Questionnaire 12-tem version) of the informal caregivers. Determinants for
      the course of psychological distress were caregivers' age, gender and
      relationship with the patient, patients' cognition and NPS, participation in a
      care program and admission to long-term care facilities (LTCF). With linear mixed
      models, the course over time for psychological distress and its determinants were
      explored. RESULTS: We included 117 informal caregivers, of whom 23.1% had a high
      risk for depression and 41.0% were identified to be likely to have mental
      problems at baseline. We found a stable pattern of psychological distress over
      time. Higher frequency of NPS, informal caregivers' age between 50 and 70 years
      and being female or spouse were associated with higher psychological distress.
      For patients who were admitted to a LTCF during the study psychological distress
      of the informal caregivers improved. CONCLUSIONS: GPs should focus on NPS in
      patients with dementia and on caregivers' psychological distress and be aware of
      their risk for depression and mental problems, specifically to those who are
      spouse, female or between 50 and 70 years of age.

PMID- 26969510
TI  - A method to preserve low parasitaemia Plasmodium-infected avian blood for host
      and vector infectivity assays.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Avian malaria vector competence studies are needed to understand more
      succinctly complex avian parasite-vector-relations. The lack of vector competence
      trials may be attributed to the difficulty of obtaining gametocytes for the
      majority of Plasmodium species and lineages. To conduct avian malaria infectivity
      assays for those Plasmodium spp. and lineages that are refractory to in vitro
      cultivation, it is necessary to obtain and preserve for short periods sufficient
      viable merozoites to infect naive donor birds to be used as gametocyte donors to
      infect mosquitoes. Currently, there is only one described method for long-term
      storage of Plasmodium spp.-infected wild avian blood and it is reliable at a
      parasitaemia of at least 1%. However, most naturally infected wild-caught birds
      have a parasitaemia of much less that 1%. To address this problem, a method for
      short-term storage of infected wild avian blood with low parasitaemia (even <=
      0.0005%) has been explored and validated. METHODS: To obtain viable infective
      merozoites, blood was collected from wild birds using a syringe containing the
      anticoagulant and the red blood cell preservative citrate phosphate dextrose
      adenine solution (CPDA). Each blood sample was stored at 4  degrees C for up to
      48 h providing sufficient time to determine the species and parasitaemia of
      Plasmodium spp. in the blood by morphological examination before injecting into
      donor canaries. Plasmodium spp.--infected blood was inoculated intravenously into
      canaries and once infection was established, Culex stigmatosoma, Cx. pipiens and
      Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were then allowed to feed on the infected
      canaries to validate the efficacy of this method for mosquito vector competence
      assays. RESULTS: Storage of Plasmodium spp.--infected donor blood at 4  degrees C
      yielded viable parasites for 48 h. All five experimentally-infected canaries
      developed clinical signs and were infectious. Pathologic examination of three
      canaries that later died revealed splenic lesions typical of avian malaria
      infection. Mosquito infectivity assays demonstrated that Cx. stigmatosoma and Cx.
      pipiens were competent vectors for Plasmodium cathemerium. CONCLUSIONS: A simple
      method of collecting and preserving avian whole blood with malaria parasites of
      low parasitaemia (<= 0.0005%) was developed that remained viable for further
      experimental bird and mosquito infectivity assays. This method allows researchers
      interested in conducting infectivity assays on target Plasmodium spp. to collect
      these parasites directly from nature with minimal impact on wild birds.

PMID- 26969509
TI  - Assessing cancer patients' quality of life and supportive care needs: Translation
      revalidation of the CARES in Flemish and exhaustive evaluation of concurrent
      validity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cancer increases every year, leading to a growing
      population of patients and survivors in need for care. To achieve good quality
      care, a patient-centered approach is essential. Correct and timely detection of
      needs throughout the different stages of the care trajectory is crucial and can
      be supported by the use of screening and assessment in a stepped-care approach.
      The Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System (CARES) is a valuable and
      comprehensive quality of life and needs assessment instrument. For use in Flemish
      research and clinical practice, the CARES tool was translated for the Dutch
      speaking part of Belgium (Flanders) from its original English format. This
      protocol paper describes the translation and revalidation of this Flemish CARES
      version. METHODS: After forward-backward translation of the CARES into Flemish we
      aim to recruit 150 adult cancer patients with a primary cancer diagnosis (stage
      I, II or III) for validation. In this study with a combination of qualitative and
      a quantitative approach, qualitative data will be collected through focus groups
      and supplemented by two phases of quantitative data collection: i) an initial
      patient survey containing questions on socio-demographic and medical data, the
      CARES and seven concurrent instruments; and ii) a second survey administered
      after 1 week containing the CARES and supplementary questions to explore their
      impressions on the content and the feasibility of the CARES. DISCUSSION: With
      this extensive data collection process, psychometric validity of the Flemish
      CARES can be tested thoroughly using classical test theory. Internal consistency
      of summary scales, test-retest reliability, content validity, construct validity,
      concurrent validity and feasibility of the instrument will be examined. If the
      Flemish CARES version is found reliable, valid and feasible, it will be used in
      future research and clinical practice. Comprehensive assessment with the CARES in
      a stepped-care approach can facilitate timely identification of cancer patients'
      psychosocial concerns and care needs so it can contribute to efficient provision
      of patient-centered quality care. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov:
      NCT02282696 (July 16, 2014).

PMID- 26969512
TI  - Barriers in the implementation of the Resuscitation Guidelines: European survey
      of defibrillation techniques.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) Guidelines recommend
      providing chest compressions during defibrillator charging and using adhesive
      pads for defibrillation to increase the effectiveness of resuscitation. However,
      the most common defibrillation technique in each European country is unknown, as
      are the potential barriers in implementation of the guidelines. The aim of this
      study was to assess the techniques of defibrillation procedures performed by
      professional European healthcare providers and to estimate how frequently
      adhesive pads are used. METHODS: We sent an online questionnaire to the ERC
      National Representatives that contained 12 questions regarding the techniques of
      defibrillation and monitoring heart rhythm during cardiac arrest. We also
      evaluated the frequency and indications of manual paddles use. RESULTS: We
      collected questionnaires from 27 out of 33 invited ERC member countries. The
      response rate was 82%. Seventeen (17/27; 63%) declared the use of adhesive pads.
      The leading cause for not using adhesive pads was economic reason (9/17; 53%).
      Some respondents declared resistance to using adhesive pads by healthcare
      providers or tradition connected with manual paddles use. We found three leading
      techniques of defibrillation with manual paddles: Charging paddles keeping them
      on the defibrillator during chest compressions being delivered (9/21; 43%),
      Charging paddles keeping them on the patient chest during chest compressions
      being delivered (6/21; 29 %), Charging paddles on the patient chest without chest
      compressions (5/21; 24%). Respondents from 11 countries declared the use of gel
      or electrode pastes during defibrillation with manual paddles. DISCUSSION: This
      study collected preliminary data showing how defibrillation is performed in
      Europe. It revealed the recommeded techniques underuse and identyfied barriers in
      the Resuscitation Guidelines implementation. The survey should be open to a wider
      group of respondents. in each country in future. CONCLUSIONS: There are
      limitations and barriers in the implementation of the defibrillation technique
      guidelines. There are still countries where the use of adhesive pads is low due
      to economic and traditional reasons. There is a need for further efforts focused
      on guidelines implementation.

PMID- 26969511
TI  - Study of Leishmania pathogenesis in mice: experimental considerations.
AB  - Although leishmaniases are endemic in 98 countries, they are still considered
      neglected tropical diseases. Leishmaniases are characterized by the emergence of
      new virulent and asymptomatic strains of Leishmania spp. and, as a consequence,
      by a very diverse clinical spectrum. To fight more efficiently these parasites,
      the mechanisms of host defense and of parasite virulence need to be thoroughly
      investigated. To this aim, animal models are widely used. However, the results
      obtained with these models are influenced by several experimental parameters,
      such as the mouse genetic background, parasite genotype, inoculation
      route/infection site, parasite dose and phlebotome saliva. In this review, we
      propose an update on their influence in the two main clinical forms of the
      disease: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases.

PMID- 26969513
TI  - Item response theory analysis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
      Health-Related Quality of Life (CDC HRQOL) items in adults with arthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Examine the feasibility of performing an item response theory (IRT)
      analysis on two of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention health-related
      quality of life (CDC HRQOL) modules - the 4-item Healthy Days Core Module (HDCM)
      and the 5-item Healthy days Symptoms Module (HDSM). Previous principal components
      analyses confirm that the two scales both assess a mix of mental (CDC-MH) and
      physical health (CDC-PH). The purpose is to conduct item response theory (IRT)
      analysis on the CDC-MH and CDC-PH scales separately. METHODS: 2182 patients with
      self-reported or physician-diagnosed arthritis completed a cross-sectional survey
      including HDCM and HDSM items. Besides global health, the other 8 items ask the
      number of days that some statement was true; we chose to recode the data into 8
      categories based on observed clustering. The IRT assumptions were assessed using
      confirmatory factor analysis and the data could be modeled using an
      unidimensional IRT model. The graded response model was used for IRT analyses and
      CDC-MH and CDC-PH scales were analyzed separately in flexMIRT. RESULTS: The IRT
      parameter estimates for the five-item CDC-PH all appeared reasonable. The three
      item CDC-MH did not have reasonable parameter estimates. CONCLUSIONS: The CDC-PH
      scale is amenable to IRT analysis but the existing The CDC-MH scale is not. We
      suggest either using the 4-item Healthy Days Core Module (HDCM) and the 5-item
      Healthy days Symptoms Module (HDSM) as they currently stand or the CDC-PH scale
      alone if the primary goal is to measure physical health related HRQOL.

PMID- 26969514
TI  - Delivering triple prevention: a health system responsibility.

PMID- 26969516
TI  - Non-insulin drugs to treat hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Insulin treatment of individuals with type 1 diabetes has shortcomings and many
      patients do not achieve glycaemic and metabolic targets. Consequently, the focus
      is on novel non-insulin therapeutic approaches that reduce hyperglycaemia and
      improve metabolic variables without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia or other
      adverse events. Several therapies given in conjunction with insulin have been
      investigated in clinical trials, including pramlintide, glucagon-like peptide-1
      receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose co
      transporter inhibitors, metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. These
      drugs have pleiotropic effects on glucose metabolism and different actions
      complementary to those of insulin-this Review reports the effects of these drugs
      on glycaemic control, glucose variability, hypoglycaemia, insulin requirements,
      and bodyweight. Existing studies are of short duration with few participants;
      evidence for the efficacy of concomitant treatments is scarce and largely
      clinically insignificant. A subgroup of patients with type 1 diabetes for whom
      non-insulin antidiabetic drugs could significantly benefit glycaemic control
      cannot yet be defined, but we suggest that obese patients prone to hypoglycaemia
      and patients with residual beta-cell function are populations of interest for
      future trials.

PMID- 26969518
TI  - Measures of sleep and cardiac functioning during sleep using a multi-sensory
      commercially-available wristband in adolescents.
AB  - To validate measures of sleep and heart rate (HR) during sleep generated by a
      commercially-available activity tracker against those derived from
      polysomnography (PSG) in healthy adolescents. Sleep data were concurrently
      recorded using FitbitChargeHRTM and PSG, including electrocardiography (ECG),
      during an overnight laboratory sleep recording in 32 healthy adolescents (15
      females; age, mean+/-SD: 17.3+/-2.5years). Sleep and HR measures were compared
      between FitbitChargeHRTM and PSG using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman plots.
      Epoch-by-epoch analysis showed that FitbitChargeHRTM had high overall accuracy
      (91%), high sensitivity (97%) in detecting sleep, and poor specificity (42%) in
      detecting wake on a min-to-min basis. On average, FitbitChargeHRTM significantly
      but negligibly overestimated total sleep time by 8min and sleep efficiency by
      1.8%, and underestimated wake after sleep onset by 5.6min (p<0.05). Within
      FitbitChargeHRTM epochs of sleep, the average HR was 59.3+/-7.5bpm, which was
      significantly but negligibly lower than that calculated from ECG (60.2+/-7.6bpm,
      p<0.001), with no change in mean discrepancies throughout the night.
      FitbitChargeHRTM showed good agreement with PSG and ECG in measuring sleep and HR
      during sleep, supporting its use in assessing sleep and cardiac function in
      healthy adolescents. Further validation is needed to assess its reliability over
      prolonged periods of time in ecological settings and in clinical populations. 

PMID- 26969519
TI  - Analysis of cardiorespiratory phase coupling and cardiovascular autonomic
      responses during food ingestion.
AB  - The present study analyzed whether the phase coherency (lambda) of respiratory
      sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is altered by food ingestion in healthy young subjects.
      After 5min of resting control, 13 healthy volunteers were asked to eat a solid
      meal with access to water at their own pace, followed by 5min of the postprandial
      state. The R-R interval (RRI), beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP), and respiratory
      activity were recorded using electrocardiography, a Finapres device, and
      inductance plethysmography, respectively. The stroke volume was calculated by the
      pulse-contour method from continuous BP measurement, and the cardiac output (CO)
      was obtained by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate. From the
      oscillatory signals of RSA and respiration, lambda was computed; additionally,
      frequency domain indexes of the heart rate variability (HRV) were calculated
      using a short-time Fourier transform. A steady-state 3-min resting period (R),
      food ingestion period (FOOD), and the first 2-min and the last 3-min of the post
      prandial period were analyzed separately. We also compared the responses to gum
      chewing (GUM) and water intake (WATER) using the same protocol on separate days.
      A shortening of RRI and increases in BP and CO were observed in FOOD compared to
      R, suggesting a shift of sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic activation.
      Similar responses but smaller magnitudes were observed in the GUM condition,
      whereas only transient shortening of RRI was observed in the WATER condition. The
      HRV indexes did not show any significant changes in response to GUM and WATER but
      sympathovagal balance was shifted in favor of sympathetic dominance in FOOD.
      lambda decreased during all of the conditions. There was a significant negative
      correlation between lambda and the indirect measure of sympathovagal balance.
      These results suggest that ingestion of food induces enhanced cardiac sympathetic
      activity and that a phase coherence of RSA could provide a sensitive measure for
      evaluating the cardiac autonomic profile. 

PMID- 26969520
TI  - Protective effect of allyl methyl disulfide on acetaminophen-induced
      hepatotoxicity in mice.
AB  - Multiple sulfur compounds of garlic have shown versatile medicinal activities in
      the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS)
      was identified as one of the bioactive components in fresh garlic paste in our
      previous study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective
      effect of AMDS against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver damage in mice.
      Results reveal that AMDS significantly alleviates APAP-induced elevation of
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in mice. Furthermore, AMDS significantly (p < 0.05)
      reduced the maleic dialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissues and restored the
      activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-PX and GSH towards normal levels. IL-6
      and TNF-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in the serum and liver were clearly increased by
      acetaminophen-damage (p < 0.05) and AMDS intake significantly suppressed
      acetaminophen-induced increase of the two cytokines (p < 0.05). The
      immunohistochemical and pathological analyses showed that AMDS could ameliorate
      the liver injury through the strong attenuation of the CD45 expression and HNE
      formation. All the results indicate that AMDS had the ability to protect
      hepatocytes from APAP-induced liver damage.

PMID- 26969517
TI  - Pericytes: A newly recognized player in wound healing.
AB  - Pericytes have generally been considered in the context of stabilizing vessels,
      ensuring the blood barriers, and regulating the flow through capillaries.
      However, new reports suggest that pericytes may function at critical times to
      either drive healing with minimal scarring or, perversely, contribute to fibrosis
      and ongoing scar formation. Beneficially, pericytes probably drive much of the
      vascular involution that occurs during the transition from the regenerative to
      the resolution phases of healing. Pathologically, pericytes can assume a fibrotic
      phenotype and promote scarring. This perspective will discuss pericyte
      involvement in wound repair and the relationship pericytes form with the
      parenchymal cells of the skin. We will further evaluate the role pericytes may
      have in disease progression in relation to chronic wounds and fibrosis.

PMID- 26969521
TI  - Murine breast carcinoma 4T1 cells are more sensitive to atranorin than normal
      epithelial NMuMG cells in vitro: Anticancer and hepatoprotective effects of
      atranorin in vivo.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of atranorin (ATR) on
      murine 4T1 breast carcinoma cells and compare its sensitivity with normal mammary
      epithelial NMuMG cells in vitro. Anti-tumor and hepatoprotective activity of ATR
      therapy was examined on mouse model of 4T1-induced cancer disease. ATR
      significantly reduced clonogenic ability of carcinoma 4T1 cells at the
      concentration of 75 MUM, but clonogenicity of normal NMuMG cells was not affected
      by any of ATR concentrations tested. Moreover, flow cytometric and BrdU
      incorporation analysis did not confirm the inhibited entry into S-phase of the
      cell cyle after ATR incubation, and on the contrary, it induced apoptosis
      associated with the activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage in 4T1 cells.
      Although ATR did not cause any significant changes in Bcl-xL protein expression
      in NMuMG cells, an apparent depletion of Bcl-xL protein in 4T1 cells after 48 h
      ATR therapy was confirmed. Based on this result as well as the result of the
      total cell number decline, we can conclude that 4T1 cells are more sensitive to
      ATR therapy than NMuMG cells. ATR administration resulted in significantly longer
      survival time of BALB/c mice inoculated with 4T1 cells, what was associated with
      reduced tumor size and the higher numbers of apoptotic 4T1 cells. No differences
      were recorded in the number of BrdU-positive tumor cells between ATR-treated
      group and controls. Results indicate that ATR has rather proapoptotic than
      antiproliferative effect on 4T1 cells in vitro and in vivo and normal NMuMG cells
      are less sensitive to ATR. Furthermore, our studies revealed protective effect of
      ATR against oxidative stress in the livers of the tumor-bearing mice.

PMID- 26969522
TI  - Development of an in-process UV-crosslinked, electrospun PCL/aPLA-co-TMC
      composite polymer for tubular tissue engineering applications.
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases remain the largest cause of death worldwide, and half of
      these deaths are the result of failure of the vascular system. Tissue engineering
      promises to provide new, and potentially more effective therapeutic strategies to
      replace damaged or degenerated vessels with functional vessels. However, these
      engineered vessels have substantial performance criteria, including vessel-like
      tubular shape, structure and mechanical property slate. Further, whether
      implanted without or with prior in vitro culture, such tubular scaffolds must
      provide a suitable environment for cell adhesion and growth and be of sufficient
      porosity to permit cell colonization. This study investigates the fabrication of
      slowly degradable, composite tubular polymer scaffolds made from polycaprolactone
      (PCL) and acrylated l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate (aPLA-co-TMC). The
      addition of acrylate groups permits the 'in-process' formation of crosslinks
      between aPLA-co-TMC chains during electrospinning of the composite system,
      exemplifying a novel process to produce multicomponent, elastomeric electrospun
      polymer scaffolds. Although PCL and aPLA-co-TMC were miscible in a co-solvent, a
      criteria for electrospinning, due to thermodynamic incompatibility of the two
      polymers as melts, solvent evaporation during electrospinning drove phase
      separation of these two systems, producing 'core-shell' fibres, with the core
      being composed of PCL, and the shell of crosslinked elastomeric aPLA-co-TMC. The
      resulting elastic fibrous scaffolds displayed burst pressures and suture
      retention strengths comparable with human arteries. Cytocompatibility testing
      with human mesenchymal stem cells confirmed adhesion to, and proliferation on the
      three-dimensional fibrous network, as well as alignment with highly-organized
      fibres. This new processing methodology and resulting mechanically-robust
      composite scaffolds hold significant promise for tubular tissue engineering
      applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Autologous small diameter blood vessel
      grafts are unsuitable solutions for vessel repair. Engineered solutions such as
      tubular biomaterial scaffolds however have substantial performance criteria to
      meet, including vessel-like tubular shape, structure and mechanical property
      slate. We detail herein an innovative methodology to co-electrospin and 'in
      process' crosslink composite mixtures of Poly(caprolactone) and a newly
      synthesised acrylated-Poly(lactide-co-trimethylene-carbonate) to create
      elastomeric, core-shell nanofibrous porous scaffolds in a one-step process. This
      novel composite system can be used to make aligned scaffolds that encourage stem
      cell adhesion, growth and morphological control, and produce robust tubular
      scaffolds of tunable internal diameter and wall thickness that possess mechanical
      properties approaching those of native vessels, ideal for future applications in
      the field of vessel tissue engineering.

PMID- 26969523
TI  - Influencing chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells in
      scaffolds displaying a structural gradient in pore size.
AB  - Articular cartilage lesions have a limited ability to heal by themselves. Yet,
      golden standard treatments for cartilage repair such as drilling, microfracture
      and mosaicplasty provide further damage and an unstable solution that degenerates
      into fibrocartilage in time. Articular cartilage presents a number of gradients
      in cell number and size along with structural gradients in extra cellular matrix
      (ECM) composition. Therefore, creating scaffolds that display a structural
      gradient can be an appealing strategy for cartilage tissue regeneration
      treatments. In the present study, a scaffold with an in-built discrete gradient
      in pore size was produced by additive manufacturing. Human mesenchymal stromal
      cells (hMSCs) were seeded within the gradient scaffolds and their proliferation,
      differentiation and ECM deposition was evaluated with respect to 2 non-gradient
      scaffolds. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition was significantly higher in
      gradient scaffolds and non-gradient scaffolds with the smallest pore size
      compared to non-gradient scaffolds with the largest pore size. A gradual increase
      of chondrogenic markers was observed within the gradient structures with
      decreasing pore size, which was also accompanied by an increasingly compact ECM
      formation. Therefore, scaffolds displaying a structural gradient in pore size
      seem to be a promising strategy to aid in the process of hMSC chondrogenic
      differentiation and could be considered for improved cartilage tissue
      regeneration applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present the development
      of a novel hierarchical scaffold obtained by additive manufacturing. Structural
      hierarchy is obtained by changing pore size within the pore network
      characterizing the fabricated scaffolds and proves to be a functional element in
      the scaffold to influence adult stem cell differentiation in the chondrogenic
      lineage. Specifically, in regions of the scaffolds presenting smaller pores an
      increasing differentiation of stem cells toward the chondrogenic differentiation
      is displayed. Taking inspiration from the zonal organization of articular
      cartilage tissue, pore size gradients could, therefore, be considered as a new
      and important element in designing 3D scaffolds for regenerative medicine
      applications, in particular for all those tissues where gradient physical
      properties are present.

PMID- 26969524
TI  - Investigation of ethanol infiltration into demineralized dentin collagen fibrils
      using molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction of neat ethanol with
      bound and non-bound water in completely demineralized dentin that is fully
      hydrated, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. The key to creating
      ideal resin-dentin bonds is the removal of residual free water layers and its
      replacement by ethanol solvent in which resin monomers are soluble, using the
      ethanol wet-bonding technique. The test null hypotheses were that ethanol cannot
      remove any collagen-bound water, and that ethanol cannot infiltrate into the
      spacing between collagen triple helix due to narrow interlayer spacing. Collagen
      fibrillar structures of overlap and gap regions were constructed by aligning the
      collagen triple helix of infinite length in hexagonal packing. Three layers of
      the water molecules were specified as the layers of 0.15-0.22nm, 0.22-0.43nm and
      0.43-0.63nm from collagen atoms by investigating the water distribution
      surrounding collagen molecules. Our simulation results show that ethanol
      molecules infiltrated into the intermolecular spacing in the gap region, which
      increased due to the lateral shrinkage of the collagen structures in contact with
      ethanol solution, while there was no ethanol infiltration observed in the overlap
      region. Infiltrated ethanol molecules in the gap region removed residual water
      molecules via modifying mostly the third water layer (50% decrease), which would
      be considered as a loosely-bound water layer. The first and second hydration
      layers, which would be considered as tightly bound water layers, were not removed
      by the ethanol molecules, thus maintaining the helical structures of the collagen
      molecules.

PMID- 26969525
TI  - Significantly reduced adsorption and activation of blood components in a membrane
      oxygenator system coated with crosslinkable zwitterionic copolymer.
AB  - A crosslinkable zwitterionic copolymer PMBT was coated onto the surfaces of
      polypropylene hollow fiber membrane (PP-HFM) oxygenator and its connecting tubes.
      The PMBT copolymer coating on the oxygenator circuit formed a cell outer membrane
      mimetic surface with excellent stability. The hemocompatibility of the PMBT
      copolymer coated PP-HFM oxygenator circuit was evaluated by animal extracorporeal
      circulation. The concentrations of clotting components fibrinogen and platelet in
      the blood were almost unchanged during the circulation through the PMBT copolymer
      coated oxygenator circuits. By contrast, the concentrations of fibrinogen and
      platelet were significantly reduced to 52% and 56% respectively in the uncoated
      oxygenator group due to adsorption and thrombogenesis of the blood during 2h
      circulation. Moreover, concentration of activation marker beta-thromboglobulin
      for platelet in the blood was remarkably lower in the PMBT group than the
      uncoated control group (p<0.01). All the results strongly supported that the
      hemocompatibility of the PP-HFM oxygenator circuit could be improved
      significantly by coating a stable and densely assembled zwitterionic polymer
      film. This simple, stable and highly effective cell membrane mimetic coating
      strategy may be applicable in developing advanced oxygenator systems and other
      artificial organs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although a number of studies have
      reported the fabrication of zwitterionic phosphorylcholine coated oxygenators to
      resist the adsorption and activation of blood components and eliminate heparin
      induced thrombocytopenia, none of them have fabricated stable and densely
      assembled film, especially with crosslinkable amphiphilic random copolymer
      described in our manuscript. The novel features of our work include.

PMID- 26969527
TI  - Longitudinal determinants of client treatment satisfaction in an intensive first
      episode psychosis treatment programme.
AB  - AIM: Previous evidence demonstrates that higher treatment satisfaction is
      strongly associated with improved clinical outcomes and functioning. The aim of
      the current study is to explore potential associations between clinical and
      demographic attributes, as well as changes in role, social and cognitive
      functioning occurring over the course of treatment, on self-reported treatment
      satisfaction within the context of an intensive first-episode psychosis
      intervention programme. METHODS: Forty-four young adults attending a first
      episode psychosis treatment programme completed a battery of clinical and
      neuropsychological measures at intake to the programme and again after 6 months
      of treatment. A modified version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire was
      administered at 6 months. Baseline, 6-month and change scores across the clinical
      and demographic measures were examined relative to the satisfaction questionnaire
      to evaluate determinants of treatment satisfaction. RESULTS: Better premorbid
      adjustment during childhood and early adolescence was associated with higher
      treatment satisfaction, as did positive changes in clients' cognitive performance
      and their use of humour as a coping strategy. Clients' use of emotional support
      as a coping strategy at 6 months was also positively associated with treatment
      satisfaction. Although clients' social and role functioning improved
      significantly during the 6-month treatment window, changes in functional outcomes
      were not significantly associated with treatment satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The
      current study highlights the role of premorbid adjustment and changes in coping
      and neurocognition as factors influencing treatment satisfaction. Future research
      designs might be able to more specifically ascertain causal relationships between
      patient characteristics, treatment components, client satisfaction and clinical
      effects.

PMID- 26969526
TI  - Quantitative evaluation for spasticity of calf muscle after botulinum toxin
      injection in patients with cerebral palsy: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common pediatric disease to cause
      motor disability. Two common symptoms in CP are spasticity and contracture. If
      this occurred in the ankle plantar flexors of children with CP, it will impair
      their gait and active daily living profoundly. Most children with CP receive
      botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection to reduce muscle tone, but a knowledge
      gap exists in the understanding of changes of neural and non-neural components of
      spasticity after injection. The purpose of this study was to determine if our
      device for quantitative modified Tardieu approach (QMTA) is a valid method to
      assess spasticity of calf muscles after botulinum toxin injection. METHODS: In
      this study, we intended to develop a device for quantitative measurement of
      spasticity in calf muscles based on the modified Tardieu scale (MTS) and
      techniques of biomedical engineering. Our QMTA measures the angular displacement
      and resistance of stretched joint with a device that is light, portable and can
      be operated similar to conventional approaches for MTS. The static (R2), dynamic
      (R1) and R2-R1 angles derived from the reactive signals collected by the
      miniature sensors are used to represent the non-neural and neural components of
      stretched spastic muscles. Four children with CP were recruited to assess the
      change in spasticity in their gastrocnemius muscles before and 4 weeks after BoNT
      A injection. RESULTS: A simulated ankle model validated the performance of our
      device in measuring joint displacement and estimating the angle of catch. Data
      from our participants with CP showed that R2 and R2-R1 improved significantly
      after BoNT-A administration. It indicates both neural and non-neural components
      of the spastic gastrocnemius muscles improved at four weeks after BoNT-A
      injection in children with CP. CONCLUSION: Our device for QMTA can objectively
      measure the changes in spasticity of the gastrocnemius muscle in children with
      cerebral palsy after BoNT-A injection.

PMID- 26969528
TI  - Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with effortful
      swallowing on post-stroke oropharyngeal dysphagia: a randomised controlled trial.
AB  - Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used as a therapeutic
      intervention for dysphagia. However, the therapeutic effects of NMES lack
      supporting evidence. In recent years, NMES combined with traditional swallowing
      therapy has been used to improve functional recovery in patients with post-stroke
      dysphagia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of effortful swallowing
      combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on hyoid bone movement and
      swallowing function in stroke patients. Fifty stroke patients with mild dysphagia
      who were able to swallow against the resistance applied by using NMES and
      cooperate actively in training were included. This study was designed as a 6-week
      single-blind, randomised, controlled study. In the experimental group, two pairs
      of electrodes were placed horizontally in the infrahyoid region to depress the
      hyoid bone. The NMES intensity was increased gradually until the participants
      felt a grabbing sensation in their neck and performed an effortful swallow during
      the stimulation. In the placebo group, the same procedure was followed except for
      the intensity, which was increased gradually until the participants felt an
      electrical sensation. All participants underwent this intervention for 30 min per
      session, 5 sessions per week, for 6 weeks. Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies
      (VFSS) were carried out before and after the intervention and kinematics of the
      hyoid bone and swallowing function were analysed based on the VFSS. The
      experimental group revealed a significant increase in anterior and superior hyoid
      bone movement and the pharyngeal phase of the swallowing function. This
      intervention can be used as a novel remedial approach in dysphagic stroke
      patients. 

PMID- 26969529
TI  - Effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide and electron-beam irradiation treatment for
      removal and inactivation of viruses in equine-derived xenografts.
AB  - Bone grafting is a common procedure for bone reconstruction in dentistry,
      orthopedics, and neurosurgery. A wide range of grafts are currently used, and
      xenografts are regarded as an interesting alternative to autogenous bone because
      all mammals share the same bone mineral component composition and morphology.
      Antigens must be eliminated from bone grafts derived from animal tissues in order
      to make them biocompatible. Moreover, the processing method must also safely
      inactivate and/or remove viruses or other potential infectious agents. This study
      assessed the efficacy of two steps applied in manufacturing some equine-derived
      xenografts: hydrogen-peroxide and e-beam sterilization treatments for
      inactivation and removal of viruses in equine bone granules (cortical and
      cancellous) and collagen and pericardium membranes. Viruses belonging to three
      different human viral species (Herpes simplex virus type 1, Coxsackievirus B1,
      and Influenzavirus type A H1N1) were selected and used to spike semi-processed
      biomaterials. For each viral species, the tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)
      on cell lines and the number of genome copies through qPCR were assessed. Both
      treatments were found to be effective at virus inactivation. Considering the
      model viruses studied, the application of hydrogen peroxide and e-beam
      irradiation could also be considered effective for processing bone tissue of
      human origin. 

PMID- 26969531
TI  - A novel multi-modal platform to image molecular and elemental alterations in
      ischemic stroke.
AB  - Stroke is a major global health problem, with the prevalence and economic burden
      predicted to increase due to aging populations in western society. Following
      stroke, numerous biochemical alterations occur and damage can spread to nearby
      tissue. This zone of "at risk" tissue is termed the peri-infarct zone (PIZ). As
      the PIZ contains tissue not initially damaged by the stroke, it is considered by
      many as salvageable tissue. For this reason, much research effort has been
      undertaken to improve the identification of the PIZ and to elucidate the
      biochemical mechanisms that drive tissue damage in the PIZ in the hope of
      identify new therapeutic targets. Despite this effort, few therapies have
      evolved, attributed in part, to an incomplete understanding of the biochemical
      mechanisms driving tissue damage in the PIZ. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has
      long been the gold standard to study alterations in gross brain structure, and is
      frequently used to study the PIZ following stroke. Unfortunately, MRI does not
      have sufficient spatial resolution to study individual cells within the brain,
      and reveals little information on the biochemical mechanisms driving tissue
      damage. MRI results may be complemented with histology or immuno-histochemistry
      to provide information at the cellular or sub-cellular level, but are limited to
      studying biochemical markers that can be successfully "tagged" with a stain or
      antigen. However, many important biochemical markers cannot be studied with
      traditional MRI or histology/histochemical methods. Therefore, we have developed
      and applied a multi-modal imaging platform to reveal elemental and molecular
      alterations that could not previously be imaged by other traditional methods. Our
      imaging platform incorporates a suite of spectroscopic imaging techniques;
      Fourier transform infrared imaging, Raman spectroscopic imaging, Coherent anti
      stoke Raman spectroscopic imaging and X-ray fluorescence imaging. This approach
      does not preclude the use of traditional imaging techniques, and rather it should
      be use to complement traditional methods such as MRI or histology and
      immunohistochemistry, to gain a greater insight into disease mechanisms. We
      demonstrate the potential of this approach by characterizing biochemical
      alterations within the PIZ 24h after the induction of photothrombotic stroke in
      mice. Substantial molecular and elemental alterations were identified in the PIZ
      24h after stroke that are consistent with tissue swelling and edema, but not
      oxidative stress. This reveals important mechanistic information, that could not
      previously be obtained, which should be considered in future studies aimed at
      developing therapeutic intervention from this model.

PMID- 26969530
TI  - Anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies and associated neurobehavioral pathology in
      mice are dependent on age of first exposure to Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen implicated in psychiatric disorders.
      As elevated antibodies to T. gondii are also present in non-symptomatic
      individuals, we hypothesized that the age during first exposure to the pathogen
      may affect symptom manifestation. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating
      neurobehavioral abnormalities and the immune response in mice following
      adolescent or adult T. gondii infection. METHODS: Mice were infected with T.
      gondii at postnatal day 33 (adolescent/juvenile) or 61 (adult). At 8weeks post
      infection (wpi), pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (PPI) in mice
      administered MK-801 (0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) and amphetamine (5 and 10mg/kg) was
      assessed. Peripheral (anti-T. gondii, C1q-associated IgG and anti-GLUN2
      antibodies) and central (C1q and Iba1) markers of the immune response were also
      evaluated. In addition, regional brain expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate
      receptor (NMDAR) subunits (GLUN1 and GLUN2A), glutamatergic (vGLUT1, PSD95) and
      GABAergic (GAD67) markers, and monoamines (DA, NE, 5-HT) and their metabolites
      were measured. RESULTS: Juvenile and adult infected mice exhibited opposite
      effects of MK-801 on PPI, with decreased PPI in juveniles and increased PPI in
      adults. There was a significantly greater elevation of GLUN2 autoantibodies in
      juvenile-compared to adult-infected mice. In addition, age-dependent differences
      were found in regional expression of NMDAR subunits and markers of glutamatergic,
      GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems. Activated microglia and C1q elevations were
      found in both juvenile- and adult-T. gondii infected mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      demonstrates that the age at first exposure to T. gondii is an important factor
      in shaping distinct behavioral and neurobiological abnormalities. Elevation in
      GLUN2 autoantibodies or complement protein C1q may be a potential underlying
      mechanism. A better understanding of these age-related differences may lead to
      more efficient treatments of behavioral disorders associated with T. gondii
      infection.

PMID- 26969533
TI  - Recognizing the Spectrum of Cognitive Impairment to Advance Drug Discovery.

PMID- 26969532
TI  - Nuclear translocation of histone deacetylase 4 induces neuronal death in stroke.
AB  - Mounting evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications play critical roles in
      the survival/death of stressed neurons. Chief among these modifications is the
      deacetylation of histones within the chromatin by histone deacetylases (HDACs).
      HDAC4 is highly expressed in neurons and is usually trapped in cytosol. However,
      tightly regulated signal-dependent shuttling of this molecule between cytosol and
      nucleus occurs. Here, we studied the intracellular trafficking of HDAC4 and
      regulatory mechanisms during stroke. HDAC4 translocated from the cytosol into the
      nucleus of neurons in response to stroke induced by middle cerebral artery
      occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Similar translocation was seen after oxygen-glucose
      deprivation (OGD) in cultured mouse neurons. Expression of nuclear-restricted
      HDAC4 increased neuronal death after OGD and worsened infarcts and functional
      deficits in mice following MCAO; however, expression of cytosolic-restricted
      HDAC4 did not affect outcome after ischemia. In contrast, HDAC4 knockdown with
      siRNA improved neuronal survival after OGD. Furthermore, expression of nuclear
      restricted HDAC4 reduced the acetylation of histones 3 and 4 as well as the
      levels of pro-survival downstream molecules after OGD. Finally, genetic deletion
      of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) increased the nuclear
      accumulation of HDAC4 in MCAO model, while overexpression of CaMKIV reduced the
      levels of nuclear HDAC4 following OGD. When HDAC4 was inhibited, the
      neuroprotection provided by CaMKIV overexpression was absent during OGD. Our data
      demonstrate a detrimental role of the nuclear accumulation of HDAC4 following
      stroke and identify CaMKIV as a key regulator of neuronal intracellular HDAC4
      trafficking during stroke.

PMID- 26969536
TI  - Letter to the Editor on the Maastricht Sarcopenia Study.

PMID- 26969535
TI  - Lack of Energy and Negative Health-Related Outcomes in Nursing Home Residents:
      Results From the INCUR Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: "Lack of energy" or anergia is a common complaint associated with
      adverse outcomes in older people. There is a lack of knowledge on this symptom in
      the nursing home (NH) setting. The aim of this study was to investigate whether
      lack of energy was associated with hospitalization and mortality in NH residents.
      DESIGN: Longitudinal observational cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A
      total of 575 NH residents (72% women) in 13 French NHs from the Incidence of
      pNeumonia and related ConseqUences in nursing home Residents (INCUR) study
      cohort. MEASUREMENTS: Lack of energy was measured at the baseline visit as part
      of the 10-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox
      proportional hazard regression models were performed to test the association of
      lack of energy with hospitalization events and mortality over 12 months of follow
      up. RESULTS: The mean age of the study sample was 86.3 (SD = 7.5) years. At the
      baseline, 250 (43.5%) residents complained about lack of energy. Overall, 192
      (33.4%) individuals experienced at least 1 hospitalization event and 98 (17.0%)
      died during the 12-month follow-up. Lack of energy was significantly associated
      with a higher risk of hospitalization (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.02-1.80; P = .03), even
      after adjustment for potential confounders (HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.04-1.91; P = .02).
      No statistically significant association was found between lack of energy and 12
      month mortality. CONCLUSION: Lack of energy is a predictor of hospitalization in
      older people living in NHs. It may be considered a relevant clinical feature for
      identifying individuals at risk of adverse health outcomes, thus potentially
      serving as a screening tool for subsequently conducting a comprehensive geriatric
      assessment in this highly vulnerable and complex population.

PMID- 26969534
TI  - Nursing Home Provider Perceptions of Telemedicine for Reducing Potentially
      Avoidable Hospitalizations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Potentially avoidable hospitalizations (PAHs) of nursing home (NH)
      residents are common, costly, and can have significant economic consequences.
      Telemedicine has been shown to reduce emergency department and hospitalization of
      NH residents, yet adoption has been limited and little is known about provider's
      perceptions and desired functionality for a telemedicine program. The goal of
      this study was to survey a nationally representative sample of NH physicians and
      advanced practice providers to quantify provider perceptions and desired
      functionality of telemedicine in NHs to reduce PAHs.
      DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/MEASUREMENT: We surveyed physicians and advanced
      practice providers who attended the 2015 AMDA-The Society for Post-Acute and Long
      Term Care Medicine Annual Conference about their perceptions of telemedicine and
      desired attributes of a telemedicine program for managing acute changes of
      condition associated with PAHs. RESULTS: We received surveys from 435 of the 947
      conference attendees for a 45.9% response rate. Providers indicated strong
      agreement with the potential for telemedicine to improve timeliness of care and
      fill existing service gaps, while disagreeing most with the ideas that
      telemedicine would reduce care effectiveness and jeopardize resident privacy.
      Responses indicated clear preferences for the technical requirements of such a
      program, such as high-quality audio and video and inclusion of an electronic
      stethoscope, but with varying opinions about who should be performing the
      consults. CONCLUSION: Among NH providers, there is a high degree of confidence in
      the potential for a telemedicine solution to PAHs in NHs, as well as concrete
      views about features of such a solution. Such consensus could be used to drive an
      approach to telemedicine for PAHs in NHs that retains the theoretical strengths
      of telemedicine and reflects the needs of facilities, providers, and patients.
      Further research is needed to objectively study the impact of successful
      telemedicine implementations on patient, provider, and economic outcomes.

PMID- 26969538
TI  - Sources, chemistry, impacts and regulations of complex air pollution: Preface.

PMID- 26969537
TI  - Retinoblastoma: An update.
AB  - Retinoblastoma is the most common ocular malignancy in children, and is initiated
      by mutation of the RB1 gene. The tumor may be unilateral or bilateral and can be
      inherited. Overall survival, eye salvage, and preservation of vision are largely
      dependent on the stage of disease at presentation. Despite a recently enhanced
      understanding of the etiology of retinoblastoma, the mortality associated with it
      remains high worldwide. This may relate to a continuing lack of awareness of the
      lesion by laypersons, and unavailability of modern treatment facilities. Adverse
      outcomes are also caused by the occurrence of secondary malignancies after
      treatment of retinoblastoma in childhood. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary
      treatment, and genetic counseling are all priorities in the management of this
      tumor. 

PMID- 26969539
TI  - Kinetic and products study of the gas-phase reaction of Lewisite with ozone under
      atmospheric conditions.
AB  - The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of O3 and Lewisite was studied in
      air using the smog chamber technique. The experiments were carried out under
      pseudo-first-order reaction conditions with [O3]?[Lewisite]. The observed rate
      constant of O3 with Lewisite was (7.83 +/- 0.38) * 10(-19)cm(3)/(molecule.sec) at
      298 +/- 2K. Lewisite was discussed in terms of reactivity with O3 and its
      relationship with the ionization potential. Our results show that the rate
      constant for the gas-phase reaction of O3 with Lewisite is in line with the trend
      of the rate constants of O3 with haloalkenes.

PMID- 26969540
TI  - Changes in visibility with PM2.5 composition and relative humidity at a
      background site in the Pearl River Delta region.
AB  - In fall-winter, 2007-2013, visibility and light scattering coefficients (bsp)
      were measured along with PM2.5 mass concentrations and chemical compositions at a
      background site in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The daily average
      visibility increased significantly (p<0.01) at a rate of 1.1 km/year, yet its
      median stabilized at ~13 km. No haze days occurred when the 24-hr mean PM2.5 mass
      concentration was below 75 MUg/m(3). By multiple linear regression on the
      chemical budget of particle scattering coefficient (bsp), we obtained site
      specific mass scattering efficiency (MSE) values of 6.5 +/- 0.2, 2.6 +/- 0.3, 2.4
      +/- 0.7 and 7.3 +/- 1.2m(2)/g, respectively, for organic matter (OM), ammonium
      sulfate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN) and sea salt (SS). The reconstructed light
      extinction coefficient (bext) based on the Interagency Monitoring of Protected
      Visual Environments (IMPROVE) algorithm with our site-specific MSE revealed that
      OM, AS, AN, SS and light-absorbing carbon (LAC) on average contributed 45.9% +/-
      1.6%, 25.6% +/- 1.2%, 12.0% +/- 0.7%, 11.2% +/- 0.9% and 5.4% +/- 0.3% to light
      extinction, respectively. Averaged bext displayed a significant reduction rate of
      14.1/Mm.year (p<0.05); this rate would be 82% higher if it were not counteracted
      by increasing relative humidity (RH) and hygroscopic growth factor (f(RH)) at
      rates of 2.5% and 0.16/year(-1) (p<0.01), respectively, during the fall-winter,
      2007-2013. This growth of RH and f(RH) partly offsets the positive effects of
      lowered AS in improving visibility, and aggravated the negative effects of
      increasing AN to impair visibility.

PMID- 26969541
TI  - Impact of dicyandiamide on emissions of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and ammonia
      from agricultural field in the North China Plain.
AB  - Nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from an
      agricultural field in the North China Plain were compared for three treatments
      during a whole maize growing period from 26 June to 11 October, 2012. Compared
      with the control treatment (without fertilization, designated as CK), remarkable
      pulse emissions of N2O, NO and NH3 were observed from the normal fertilization
      treatment (designated as NP) just after fertilization, whereas only N2O and NH3
      pulse emissions were evident from the nitrification inhibitor treatment
      (designated as ND). The reduction proportions of N2O and NO emissions from the ND
      treatment compared to those from the NP treatment during the whole maize growing
      period were 31% and 100%, respectively. A measurable increase of NH3 emission
      from the ND treatment was found with a cumulative NH3 emission of 3.8 +/- 1.2 kg
      N/ha, which was 1.4 times greater than that from the NP treatment (2.7 +/- 0.7 kg
      N/ha).

PMID- 26969542
TI  - Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted
      from industrial grade biomass boilers.
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are
      important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade
      biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate
      bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler (BB1) and one
      specially designed (BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected
      for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from
      boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total emission factors (EFs) of PAHs ranged from
      0.0064 to 0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler
      emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8
      times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic
      ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar. The ratio of indeno(1,2,3
      cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene+benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass
      boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices,
      which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass
      boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The
      toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that
      from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential
      stove exhausts.

PMID- 26969543
TI  - An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in
      Nanjing, China.
AB  - The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were
      investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November
      2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average
      scattering and absorption coefficients (Bsca and Babs) were 375.7 +/- 209.5 and
      41.6 +/- 18.7 Mm(-1), respectively. Higher Angstrom absorption and scattering
      exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller
      particles. Relative humidity (RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction.
      High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being
      independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was
      1.8 +/- 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%. Light absorption was enhanced by organic
      carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and EC coatings, with contributions of 26%,
      44% and 75% (532 nm), respectively. The Bsca and Babs increased with increasing
      N100 (number concentration of PM2.5 with diameter above 100 nm), PM1 surface
      concentration and PM2.5 mass concentration with good correlation.

PMID- 26969544
TI  - Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous hydrogen peroxide on mineral dust.
AB  - The heterogeneous uptake processes of hydrogen peroxide on Arizona test dust and
      two types of authentic Chinese mineral dusts, i.e., Inner Mongolia desert dust
      and Xinjiang calciferous dust, were investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor
      coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The uptake coefficients were
      measured as a function of the initial concentration of H2O2 from 2.6 * 10(11) to
      1.2 * 10(12)molecules/cm(3), and the temperature dependence of the uptake
      coefficients was investigated over a range from 253 to 313K. The concentration of
      H2O2 showed little effect on the uptake coefficients of these heterogeneous
      processes. As a function of temperature, the initial uptake coefficients decrease
      with increasing temperature, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of
      Arizona test dust and Inner Mongolia desert dust increase with increasing
      temperature. Implications for the understanding of the uptake processes onto
      mineral dust samples were also discussed.

PMID- 26969545
TI  - Infrared spectroscopic probing of dimethylamine clusters in an Ar matrix.
AB  - Amines have many atmospheric sources and their clusters play an important role in
      aerosol nucleation processes. Clusters of a typical amine, dimethylamine (DMA),
      of different sizes were measured with matrix isolation IR (infrared) and NIR
      (near infrared) spectroscopy. The NIR vibrations are more separated and therefore
      it is easier to distinguish different sizes of clusters in this region. The DMA
      clusters, up to DMA tetramer, have been optimized using density functional
      methods, and the geometries, binding energies and thermodynamic properties of DMA
      clusters were obtained. The computed frequencies and intensities of NH-stretching
      vibrations in the DMA clusters were used to interpret the experimental spectra.
      We have identified the fundamental transitions of the bonded NH-stretching
      vibration and the first overtone transitions of the bonded and free NH-stretching
      vibration in the DMA clusters. Based on the changes in vibrational intensities
      during the annealing processes, the growth of clusters was clearly observed. The
      results of annealing processes indicate that DMA molecules tend to form larger
      clusters with lower energies under matrix temperatures, which is also supported
      by the calculated reaction energies of cluster formation. 

PMID- 26969546
TI  - A quantum cascade laser infrared spectrometer for CO2 stable isotope analysis:
      Field implementation at a hydrocarbon contaminated site under bio-remediation.
AB  - Real-time methods to monitor stable isotope ratios of CO2 are needed to identify
      biogeochemical origins of CO2 emissions from the soil-air interface. An isotope
      ratio infra-red spectrometer (IRIS) has been developed to measure CO2 mixing
      ratio with delta(13)C isotopic signature, in addition to mixing ratios of other
      greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O). The original aspects of the instrument as well as
      its precision and accuracy for the determination of the isotopic signature
      delta(13)C of CO2 are discussed. A first application to biodegradation of
      hydrocarbons is presented, tested on a hydrocarbon contaminated site under
      aerobic bio-treatment. CO2 flux measurements using closed chamber method is
      combined with the determination of the isotopic signature delta(13)C of the CO2
      emission to propose a non-intrusive method to monitor in situ biodegradation of
      hydrocarbons. In the contaminated area, high CO2 emissions have been measured
      with an isotopic signature delta(13)C suggesting that CO2 comes from petroleum
      hydrocarbon biodegradation. This first field implementation shows that rapid and
      accurate measurement of isotopic signature of CO2 emissions is particularly
      useful in assessing the contribution of contaminant degradation to the measured
      CO2 efflux and is promising as a monitoring tool for aerobic bio-treatment. 

PMID- 26969548
TI  - Seasonal, diurnal and nocturnal variations of carbonyl compounds in the semi
      urban environment of Orleans, France.
AB  - Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a semi-urban site in Orleans, France, from
      October 2010 to July 2011. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were found to
      be the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 3.1, 1.0, 2.0 ppb,
      respectively in summer, 2.3, 0.7, 2.2 ppb, respectively in autumn, 2.2, 1.0, 2.1
      ppb, respectively in spring, and 1.5, 0.7, 1.1 ppb, respectively in winter. Photo
      oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was found to make a remarkable
      contribution to atmospheric carbonyls in the semi-urban site based on the
      distinct seasonal and diurnal variations of the carbonyls, as well as the
      significantly positive correlations between the carbonyls and ozone. The
      significantly negative correlations between NOx and O3 as well as the carbonyls
      and the positive correlations between wind speed and O3 as well as the carbonyls
      implied that the carbonyls and O3 at the semi-urban site were probably formed
      during air mass transport from neighboring cities.

PMID- 26969547
TI  - Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different
      functional areas of Lanzhou, China.
AB  - To elucidate the air pollution characteristics of northern China, airborne PM10
      (atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter <= 10 MUm) and PM2.5 (atmospheric
      dynamic equivalent diameter <= 2.5 MUm) were sampled in three different
      functional areas (Yuzhong County, Xigu District and Chengguan District) of
      Lanzhou, and their chemical composition (elements, ions, carbonaceous species)
      was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the highest seasonal mean
      concentrations of PM10 (369.48 MUg/m(3)) and PM2.5 (295.42 MUg/m(3)) were
      detected in Xigu District in the winter, the lowest concentration of PM2.5 (53.15
      MUg/m(3)) was observed in Yuzhong District in the fall and PM10 (89.60 MUg/m(3))
      in Xigu District in the fall. The overall average OC/EC (organic carbon/elemental
      carbon) value was close to the representative OC/EC ratio for coal consumption,
      implying that the pollution of Lanzhou could be attributed to the burning of
      coal. The content of SNA (the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, SNA) in PM2.5 in
      Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons. The
      content of SNA in PM2.5 and PM10 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that
      at other sites in all seasons (0.24-0.38), indicating that the conversion ratios
      from precursors to secondary aerosols in the low concentration area was slower
      than in the area with high and intense pollutants. Six primary particulate matter
      sources were chosen based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, and
      emissions from dust, secondary aerosols, and coal burning were identified to be
      the primary sources responsible for the particle pollution in Lanzhou.

PMID- 26969549
TI  - Organic aerosol molecular composition and gas-particle partitioning coefficients
      at a Mediterranean site (Corsica).
AB  - Molecular speciation of atmospheric organic matter was investigated during a
      short summer field campaign performed in a citrus fruit field in northern Corsica
      (June 2011). Aimed at assessing the performance on the field of newly developed
      analytical protocols, this work focuses on the molecular composition of both gas
      and particulate phases and provides an insight into partitioning behavior of the
      semi-volatile oxygenated fraction. Limonene ozonolysis tracers were specifically
      searched for, according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data
      previously recorded for smog chamber experiments. A screening of other oxygenated
      species present in the field atmosphere was also performed. About sixty polar
      molecules were positively or tentatively identified in gas and/or particle
      phases. These molecules comprise a wide range of branched and linear, mono and di
      carbonyls (C3-C7), mono and di-carboxylic acids (C3-C18), and compounds bearing
      up to three functionalities. Among these compounds, some can be specifically
      attributed to limonene oxidation and others can be related to alpha- or beta
      pinene oxidation. This provides an original snapshot of the organic matter
      composition at a Mediterranean site in summer. Furthermore, for compounds
      identified and quantified in both gaseous and particulate phases, an experimental
      gas/particle partitioning coefficient was determined. Several volatile products,
      which are not expected in the particulate phase assuming thermodynamic
      equilibrium, were nonetheless present in significant concentrations. Hypotheses
      are proposed to explain these observations, such as the possible aerosol
      viscosity that could hinder the theoretical equilibrium to be rapidly reached.

PMID- 26969550
TI  - NitroMAC: An instrument for the measurement of HONO and intercomparison with a
      long-path absorption photometer.
AB  - NitroMAC (French acronym for continuous atmospheric measurements of nitrogenous
      compounds) is an instrument which has been developed for the semi-continuous
      measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO). This instrument relies on wet
      chemical sampling and detection using high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC)-visible absorption at 540 nm. Sampling proceeds by dissolution of gaseous
      HONO in a phosphate buffer solution followed by derivatization with
      sulfanilamide/N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The performance of this instrument
      was found to be as follows: a detection limit of around 3 ppt with measurement
      uncertainty of 10% over an analysis time of 10 min. Intercomparison was made
      between the instrument and a long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) during two
      experiments in different environments. First, air was sampled in a smog chamber
      with concentrations up to 18 ppb of nitrous acid. NitroMAC and LOPAP measurements
      showed very good agreement. Then, in a second experiment, ambient air with HONO
      concentrations below 250 ppt was sampled. While NitroMAC showed its capability of
      measuring HONO in moderate and highly polluted environments, the intercomparison
      results in ambient air highlighted that corrections must be made for minor
      interferences when low concentrations are measured.

PMID- 26969551
TI  - PM2.5 source apportionment in a French urban coastal site under steelworks
      emission influences using constrained non-negative matrix factorization receptor
      model.
AB  - The constrained weighted-non-negative matrix factorization (CW-NMF) hybrid
      receptor model was applied to study the influence of steelmaking activities on
      PM2.5 (particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 MUm)
      composition in Dunkerque, Northern France. Semi-diurnal PM2.5 samples were
      collected using a high volume sampler in winter 2010 and spring 2011 and were
      analyzed for trace metals, water-soluble ions, and total carbon using inductively
      coupled plasma--atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), ICP--mass spectrometry
      (ICP-MS), ionic chromatography and micro elemental carbon analyzer. The elemental
      composition shows that NO3(-), SO4(2-), NH4(+) and total carbon are the main
      PM2.5 constituents. Trace metals data were interpreted using concentration roses
      and both influences of integrated steelworks and electric steel plant were
      evidenced. The distinction between the two sources is made possible by the use
      Zn/Fe and Zn/Mn diagnostic ratios. Moreover Rb/Cr, Pb/Cr and Cu/Cd combination
      ratio are proposed to distinguish the ISW-sintering stack from the ISW-fugitive
      emissions. The a priori knowledge on the influencing source was introduced in the
      CW-NMF to guide the calculation. Eleven source profiles with various
      contributions were identified: 8 are characteristics of coastal urban background
      site profiles and 3 are related to the steelmaking activities. Between them,
      secondary nitrates, secondary sulfates and combustion profiles give the highest
      contributions and account for 93% of the PM2.5 concentration. The steelwork
      facilities contribute in about 2% of the total PM2.5 concentration and appear to
      be the main source of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn.

PMID- 26969552
TI  - Analysis of the origin of peak aerosol optical depth in springtime over the Gulf
      of Tonkin.
AB  - By aggregating MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) AOD (aerosol
      optical depth) and OMI (ozone monitoring instrument) UVAI (ultra violet aerosol
      index) datasets over 2010-2014, it was found that peak aerosol loading in
      seasonal variation occurred annually in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin (17-23 
      degrees N, 105-110  degrees E). The vertical structure of the aerosol extinction
      coefficient retrieved from the spaceborne lidar CALIOP (cloud-aerosol lidar with
      orthogonal polarization) showed that the springtime peak AOD could be attributed
      to an abrupt increase in aerosol loading between altitudes of 2 and 5 km. In
      contrast, aerosol loading in the low atmosphere (below 1 km) was only half of
      that in winter. Wind fields in the low and high atmosphere exhibited opposite
      transportation patterns in spring over the Gulf of Tonkin, implying different
      sources for each level. By comparing the emission inventory of anthropogenic
      sources with biomass burning, and analyzing the seasonal variation of the
      vertical structure of aerosols over the Northern Indo-China Peninsula (NIC), it
      was concluded that biomass burning emissions contributed to high aerosol loading
      in spring. The relatively high topography and the high surface temperature in
      spring made planetary boundary layer height greater than 3 km over NIC. In
      addition, small-scale cumulus convection frequently occurred, facilitating
      pollutant rising to over 3 km, which was a height favoring long-range transport.
      Thus, pollutants emitted from biomass burning over NIC in spring were raised to
      the high atmosphere, then experienced long-range transport, leading to the
      increase in aerosol loading at high altitudes over the Gulf of Tonkin during
      spring.

PMID- 26969553
TI  - Process analysis of characteristics of the boundary layer during a heavy haze
      pollution episode in an inland megacity, China.
AB  - Ground observation data from 8 meteorological stations in Xi'an, air mass
      concentration data from 13 environmental quality monitoring sites in Xi'an, as
      well as radiosonde observation and wind profile radar data, were used in this
      study. Thereby, the process, causes and boundary layer meteorological
      characteristics of a heavy haze episode occurring from 16 to 25 December 2013 in
      Xi'an were analyzed. Principal component analysis showed that this haze pollution
      was mainly caused by the high-intensity emission and formation of gaseous
      pollutants (NO2, CO and SO2) and atmospheric particles (PM2.5 (fine particles)
      and PM10 (respirable suspended particle). The second cause was the relative
      humidity and continuous low temperature. The third cause was the allocation of
      the surface pressure field. The presence of a near-surface temperature inversion
      at the boundary layer formed favorable stratification conditions for the
      formation and maintenance of heavy haze pollution. The persistent thick haze
      layer weakened the solar radiation. Meanwhile, a warming effect in the urban
      canopy layer and in the transition zone from the urban friction sublayer to the
      urban canopy was indicated. All these conditions facilitated the maintenance and
      reinforcement of temperature inversion. The stable atmospheric stratification
      finally acted on the wind field in the boundary layer, and further weakened the
      exchange capacity of vertical turbulence. The superposition of a wind field with
      the horizontal gentle wind induced the typical air stagnation and finally caused
      the deterioration of air quality during this haze event. 

PMID- 26969554
TI  - Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical
      urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014.
AB  - To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially
      during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS)
      was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during
      October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive
      and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the
      adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of
      particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC,
      29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na
      K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic
      nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing
      particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean
      period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM2.5
      and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian
      integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K
      were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution
      periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean
      period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of
      particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon
      containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods. 

PMID- 26969555
TI  - Gravimetric analysis for PM2.5 mass concentration based on year-round monitoring
      at an urban site in Beijing.
AB  - Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of below 2.5 MUm)
      mass concentrations were measured by gravimetric analysis in Chinese Research
      Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), in the northern part of the Beijing
      urban area, from December 2013 to April 2015. Two pairs of Teflon (T1/T2) and
      Quartz (Q1/Q2) samples were obtained, for a total number of 1352 valid filters.
      Results showed elevated pollution in Beijing, with an annual mean PM2.5 mass
      concentration of 102 MUg/m(3). According to the calculated PM2.5 mass
      concentration, 50% of our sampling days were acceptable (PM2.5<75 MUg/m(3)), 30%
      had slight/medium pollution (75-150 MUg/m(3)), and 7% had severe pollution (> 250
      MUg/m(3)). Sampling interruption occurred frequently for the Teflon filter group
      (75%) in severe pollution periods, resulting in important data being missing.
      Further analysis showed that high PM2.5 combined with high relative humidity (RH)
      gave rise to the interruptions. The seasonal variation of PM2.5 was presented,
      with higher monthly average mass concentrations in winter (peak value in
      February, 422 MUg/m(3)), and lower in summer (7 MUg/m(3) in June). From May to
      August, the typical summer period, least severe pollution events were observed,
      with high precipitation levels accelerating the process of wet deposition to
      remove PM2.5. The case of February presented the most serious pollution, with
      monthly averaged PM2.5 of 181 MUg/m(3) and 32% of days with severe pollution. The
      abundance of PM2.5 in winter could be related to increased coal consumption for
      heating needs.

PMID- 26969557
TI  - Important considerations in chest wall reconstruction.
AB  - Chest wall reconstruction represents one of the most challenging tasks in plastic
      surgery. Over the past several decades, a more profound understanding of surgical
      anatomy and physiology along with tremendous advances in surgical technique have
      resulted in substantial improvements in postoperative outcomes. Conceptually, the
      reconstructive goals include dead space obliteration, restoration of skeletal
      stability with protection of intrathoracic structures, and stable soft tissue
      coverage. Ideally, these goals are achieved with minimal aesthetic deformity. J.
      Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:913-922. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 26969556
TI  - Size and elemental composition of dry-deposited particles during a severe dust
      storm at a coastal site of Eastern China.
AB  - Dry-deposited particles were collected during the passage of an extremely strong
      dust storm in March, 2010 at a coastal site in Qingdao (36.15  degrees N, 120.49 
      degrees E), a city located in Eastern China. The size, morphology, and elemental
      composition of the particles were quantified with a scanning electron microscope
      equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray instrument (SEM-EDX). The particles
      appeared in various shapes, and their size mainly varied from 0.4 to 10 MUm, with
      the mean diameters of 0.5, 1.5, and 1.0 MUm before, during, and after the dust
      storm, respectively. The critical size of the mineral particles settling on the
      surface in the current case was about 0.3-0.4 MUm before the dust storm and about
      0.5-0.7 MUm during the dust storm. Particles that appeared in high concentration
      but were smaller than the critical size deposited onto the surface at a small
      number flux. The elements Al, Si and Mg were frequently detected in all samples,
      indicating the dominance of mineral particles. The frequency of Al in particles
      collected before the dust storm was significantly lower than for those collected
      during and after the dust storm. The frequencies of Cl and Fe did not show
      obvious changes, while those of S, K and Ca decreased after the dust arrival.
      These results indicate that the dust particles deposited onto the surface were
      less influenced by anthropogenic pollutants in terms of particle number.

PMID- 26969559
TI  - Challenges to clinical pharmacy practice in Nigerian hospitals: a qualitative
      exploration of stakeholders' views.
AB  - RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: In Nigeria, a shift from the traditional
      pharmacists' role of dispensing and compounding of medications began in the 1980s
      with the introduction of drug information services and unit dose-dispensing
      systems in some hospitals. More than three decades after this, clinical pharmacy
      practice is still underdeveloped. This study was conducted to explore
      stakeholders' views on the barriers to the development of clinical pharmacy
      practice in Nigerian hospitals. METHODS: Qualitative, semi-structured interviews
      were conducted with 44 purposefully sampled Nigerian stakeholders including
      pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, doctors, policymakers and patient group
      representatives. Transcribed interviews were entered into the QSR (Burlington,
      MA, USA) NVivo 10 software and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Three major themes
      emerged from the study: pharmacists' professional identity, the structure of
      pharmacy practice and external barriers. The results revealed an ongoing struggle
      by Nigerian hospital pharmacists to establish their clinical identities as many
      non-pharmacy stakeholders viewed pharmacists' roles to be mainly supply based.
      Barriers to the development of clinical pharmacy practice identified included
      pharmacists' lack of confidence, shortage of pharmacy staff, underutilisation of
      pharmacy technicians, lack of specialisation and clinical career structure,
      medical dominance and opposition and lack of policies that support clinical
      pharmacy practice. CONCLUSION: Several years after its introduction, clinical
      pharmacy practice is yet to be fully developed in Nigerian hospitals. The
      barriers identified in this study need to be addressed in order for clinical
      pharmacy practice to flourish.

PMID- 26969558
TI  - Neighborhood Context and Binge Drinking by Race and Ethnicity in New York City.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neighborhood context is associated with binge drinking and has
      significant health, societal, and economic costs. Both binge drinking and
      neighborhood context vary by race and ethnicity. We examined the relations
      between neighborhood characteristics--neighborhood norms that are accepting of
      drunkenness, collective efficacy, and physical disorder--and binge drinking, with
      a focus on examining race and ethnic-specific relationships. METHODS: Respondent
      data were collected through 2005 random digit-dial-telephone survey for a
      representative sample of New York City residents; neighborhood data were based on
      the 2005 New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey. Participants were 1,415 past
      year drinkers; Whites (n = 877), Blacks (n = 292), and Hispanics (n = 246).
      Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate population average models.
      RESULTS: For the overall sample, neighborhood norms that were more accepting of
      drunkenness were associated with greater binge drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22;
      95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.37); collective efficacy and physical
      disorder were not significant. However, when examining this by race/ethnicity,
      greater collective efficacy (OR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.91) and greater physical
      disorder (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.93) were associated with less binge
      drinking for Whites only. Neighborhood norms that were more accepting of
      drunkenness were associated with binge drinking among Whites (OR = 1.20; 95% CI =
      1.05, 1.38) and, while not significant (perhaps due to power), the associations
      were similar for Hispanics (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.83, 1.68) and slightly lower
      for Blacks (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.67, 1.84). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results
      suggest that neighborhood characteristics and binge drinking are shaped, in part,
      by factors that vary across race/ethnicity. Thus, disaggregating data by
      race/ethnicity is important in understanding binge drinking behaviors.

PMID- 26969560
TI  - A novel approach to the measurement of surfactant parameters in arthropod
      digestive juices.
AB  - In arthropods, the determination of two important parameters of digestive juices,
      i.e. the total surfactant concentration and the critical micelle concentration
      (CMC), is challenging due to small sample volumes and low surfactant
      concentrations. In this work, we report a successful implementation of
      potentiometric titrations using the surfactant ion-selective electrode (SISE) and
      the pyrene fluorescence method (PFM) for the determination of the total
      surfactant concentration and CMC in the digestive juice of terrestrial isopod
      crustaceans Porcellio scaber. Pooled digestive juice extracts of four (SISE) or
      two (PFM) animals were used per measurement run. In both cases, digestive juice
      extracts in 100 MUL of deionized water were sufficient for one measurement run.
      The total surfactant concentration of P. scaber digestive juice was determined to
      be 9.2 +/- 3.5mM and the CMC was approximately 90 MUM. Our work presents an
      important improvement towards easy CMC determination in small volume samples in
      comparison with the commonly used stalagmometric technique, where much larger
      sample volumes are usually needed. To date, the total surfactant concentration
      was not measured in the digestive juices of arthropods other than Homarus
      vulgaris, Astacus leptodactylus and Cancer pagurus, for which complex separation
      and analytical techniques were required. Our results obtained by SISE and PFM
      therefore present the first successful quantification of surfactants and their
      CMC in small volumes of arthropod digestive juice without prior separation or
      purification techniques.

PMID- 26969561
TI  - Is hypertension a risk factor of hemifacial spasm?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The published data on the relation between arterial hypertension (AH)
      and hemifacial spasm (HFS) are controversial. The aim of the study was to
      determine the prevalence of AH in HFS patients and the relation of AH and
      compression of the brainstem at the region of vasomotor center. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The study included 60 of primary HFS patients and 60 healthy controls
      matched by age. AH was defined according to WHO criteria. The vessel compression
      of the brainstem was measure on MRI scans in selected region of vasomotor center
      located in the ventro-lateral medulla (VLM), between the pontomedullary junction,
      retro-olivary sulcus and the root entry zone (REZ) of the IX and X nerves.
      Modeling and compression severity of the VLM was graded in the 0-3 scale.
      RESULTS: The prevalence of AH in HFS patients did not differ significantly from
      the control group (61.6% vs 45.0%, p=ns). VML compression by vessel was
      frequently found in HFS patients with AH than without AH (97.2% vs 60.9%,
      chi(2)=11.0, p=0.0009). A similar relation was also found in the control group.
      The higher rate of VML vascular compression was related to the presence of AH in
      both, HFS patients and control group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of AH in HFS
      patients does not differ from controls. The VLM compression in HFS patients and
      controls is related to AH diagnosis. The association between AH and VLM
      compression is stronger in patients with higher degree of VLM compression.

PMID- 26969562
TI  - Epidermoid cysts of the cerebellopontine angle: Clinical features and treatment
      outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes and risk of
      recurrence in patients with surgically treated cerebellopontine angle
      epidermoids. METHODS: In 1994-2013, we operated 17 patients, including 7 with
      tumor limited to the cerebellopontine angle, 7 with cerebellopontine angle tumor
      penetrating supratentorially, and 3 with cerebellopontine angle tumor extending
      along skull base to contralateral cerebellopontine angle. All patients were
      followed-up for the mean duration of 126 months. RESULTS: On admission cranial
      nerve symptoms predominated. Total tumor removal was achieved in 5 patients, and
      incomplete removal (with small tumor remnants left on vessels, nerves, or
      brainstem) in 12 patients. Postoperatively, preoperative deficits worsened in 2
      and new postoperative deficits occurred in 10 patients. The extent of tumor
      expansion had no effect on postoperative morbidity and risk of recurrence. During
      long-term follow-up, improvement or resolution of preoperative deficits was seen
      in 11 of 17 patients, and new postoperative deficits in 8 of 10 patients.
      Symptomatic recurrences after an average of more than 9 years were noted in 5
      patients, 3 of whom were reoperated. Recurrences occurred in some younger
      patients and always in area of primary tumor. No effect of extent of tumor
      removal on risk of recurrence was found. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of tumor removal
      had no effect on the risk of recurrence, and thus it may be acceptable to leave
      tumor capsule fragments adhering closely to nerves, vessels, or brainstem. During
      long-term follow-up, resolution or improvement of present preoperatively and new
      postoperative neurological deficits may be expected in most patients.

PMID- 26969563
TI  - Surgery for sporadic vestibular schwannoma. Part I: General outcome and risk of
      tumor recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vestibular schwannomas are slow growing, benign tumors. There are
      three possible management options: surgery, radiation treatment or active
      surveillance. The aim of this study was to assess the general outcome and risk of
      tumor recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 220 consecutive
      patients (134 women, 86 men; the age ranged from 18 to 74) operated with the
      retrosigmoid transmeatal approach. The largest extrameatal diameter of the tumor
      ranged from 8 to 72mm (mean 30mm). According to the Samii grading scale, the
      tumors were classified as follows: T2-12 (6%), T3-51 (23%) and T4-157 (71%).
      Gross total resection was performed in 217 patients and neartotal in 3. RESULTS:
      Two hundred and eighteen (99.1%) patients were discharged home in a satisfactory
      neurological condition (GR or MD in GOS). One (0.5%) patient died due to
      brainstem infarction. One (0.5%) patient had unchanged severe cerebellar syndrome
      in comparison to the preoperative period (SD in GOS). In long-term follow-up, one
      patient went blind within a few months after surgery. Including the results of
      further neurosurgical procedures for CSF leak, shunt implantation, tumor regrowth
      and facial nerve reanimation, 98.6% of the patients were fully independent but
      with different neurological deficits. Tumor recurrence was observed in 5 (2.3%)
      patients during the follow-up period (mean term: 6.4 years). The average time to
      recurrence diagnosis was 8.8 years. All those patients were operated on again
      without any adjuvant therapy and there was no further re-growth at mean follow-up
      of 5.2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Complete removal of VS is usually curative and poses
      very low risks of severe disability (if audio-facial sequels are not included),
      mortality and long-term recurrence. For recurrent tumors, carefully tailored
      revision surgery without irradiation offers a high efficacy with low risk of
      complications.

PMID- 26969564
TI  - Surgery for sporadic vestibular schwannoma. Part II. Complications (not related
      to facial and auditory nerves).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and consequences
      of postoperative complications (PC) after surgery for sporadic vestibular
      schwannoma and to find factors that increase the risk of PC occurrence. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The study included 220 consecutive patients (134 women, 86 men; age
      ranged from 18 to 74) operated on with the retrosigmoid (217) or
      translabyrinthine (3) approach. Complicated postoperative period was defined as
      an occurrence of at least one of: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, hematoma in
      the tumor bed, intracerebellar hematoma, cerebellar swelling, brainstem stroke,
      hydrocephalus (HCP), healing problems, meningitis and cranial nerves (excluding
      VII-VIII) palsies or cerebellar symptoms. Correlation studies and multivariate
      regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: PC occurred in 55 patients (25%). PC
      included lower cranial nerve (LCN) palsy (8.2%), cerebellar symptoms (7.3%), CSF
      leakage (5.9%), HCP (5%), CNVI palsy (3.1%), meningitis (1.8%), cerebellar
      swelling (1.4%), CNV dysfunction (0.9%), intracerebellar hematoma (0.5%) and
      lethal brainstem stroke (0.5%). In long term follow-up, LCN deficit was present
      in 2 patients (0.9%), cerebellar syndrome in 4(1.8%) and facial hypoesthesia in
      2(0.9%). One patient (0.5%) developed bilateral blindness, secondary to
      preoperative optic nerve atrophy. As a result of PC, 10 patients (4.5%) required
      11 additional surgical procedures. In statistical analysis, PC were independently
      related to preoperative cerebellar syndrome (p=0.002) and tumor size (>30 mm
      vs.<30 mm, p<0.05). The risk of PC diminished significantly with the increased
      number of performed procedures from 40% at the beginning to 16.4% in the last 55
      cases. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size, cerebellar syndrome at presentation and
      experience of the team were the three most important risk factors for PC
      occurrence. Permanent deficit secondary to PC remained in only 4% of the
      patients.

PMID- 26969565
TI  - Executive functioning pattern as a prognostic indicator for shunt implantation
      surgery in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus - A preliminary report.
AB  - The problem of executive functions in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus
      (NPH) was investigated in the study. Executive function parameters were assumed
      to be among factors that may differentiate the clinical pattern in NPH. Two major
      indicators of executive functioning, i.e. flexibility and productivity of
      thinking, were assessed in neuropsychological examination using the Trail Making
      Test (TMT), Verbal Fluency Test (COWAT), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
      (WCST). Participants in the study were 18 patients with NPH divided using a set
      of diagnostic criteria into two subgroups: with idiopathic active hydrocephalus
      (ACT) or with arrested hydrocephalus (ARR). Executive functioning patterns were
      found to differentiate between the two NPH subgroups. Namely, patients diagnosed
      with active hydrocephalus (who qualify for shunt implantation surgery) tended to
      present lower levels of verbal fluency in all semantic categories, which suggests
      a decreased productivity of thinking. Besides, ACT patients' performance on the
      WCST was significantly inferior on two measures: (1) they committed more non
      perseverative errors (which indicates their chaotic way of working on the test
      and the occurrence of random responses) and (2) displayed lower ability of
      "learning to learn" (which suggests their impaired flexibility of thinking).
      These aspects of executive function, with productivity and flexibility of
      thinking first and foremost, seem promising as additional prognostic indicators
      to consider in patient selection for shunt implantation. 

PMID- 26969566
TI  - Treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Clinical practice
      guidelines endorsed by The Polish Society of Spinal Surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Herniated lumbar disc (HLD) is arguably the most common spinal
      disorder requiring surgical intervention. Although the term is fairly
      straightforward, the exact pathology and thus the clinical picture and natural
      history may vary. Therefore, it is immensely difficult to formulate universal
      guidelines for surgical treatment. AIM: The aim of this paper is to organize the
      terminology and clear the inconsistencies in phraseology, review treatment
      options and gather available published evidence to address the clinical questions
      to create a set of clinical guidelines in relevant to the topic. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Twelve queries, addressing optimal surgical treatment of the HLD have
      been formulated. The results, based on the literature review are described in the
      present work. The final product of the analysis was a set of guidelines for the
      surgical treatment of symptomatic HLD. Categorized into four tiers based on the
      level of evidence (I-III and X), they have been designed to assist in the
      selection of optimal, effective treatment leading to the successful outcome.
      CONCLUSIONS: The evidence based medicine (EBM) is becoming ever more popular
      among spinal surgeons. Unfortunately this is not always feasible. Lack of uniform
      guidelines and numerous conflicts of interest introduce flaws in the decision
      making process. The key role of experts and professional societies is to provide
      high value recommendation based on the most current literature. Present work
      contains a set of guidelines for the surgical treatment of HLD officially
      endorsed by the Polish Spine Surgery Society.

PMID- 26969567
TI  - Treatment of degenerative cervical spondylosis with radiculopathy. Clinical
      practice guidelines endorsed by The Polish Society of Spinal Surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Degenerative cervical spondylosis (DCS) with radiculopathy is the
      most common indication for cervical spine surgery despite favorable natural
      history. Advances in spinal surgery in conjunction with difficulties in measuring
      the outcomes caused the paucity of uniform guidelines for the surgical management
      of DCS. AIMS: The aim of this paper is to develop guidelines for surgical
      treatment of DCS. For this purpose the available up-to-date literature relevant
      on the topic was critically reviewed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six questions
      regarding most important clinical questions encountered in the daily practice
      were formulated. They were answered based upon the systematic literature review,
      thus creating a set of guidelines. The guidelines were categorized into four
      tiers based on the level of evidence (I-III and X). They were designed to assist
      in the selection of optimal and effective treatment leading to the most
      successful outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence based medicine (EBM) is
      increasingly popular among spinal surgeons. It allows making unbiased, optimal
      clinical decisions, eliminating the detrimental effect of numerous conflicts of
      interest. The key role of opinion leaders as well as professional societies is to
      provide guidelines for practice based on available clinical evidence. The present
      work contains a set of guidelines for surgical treatment of DCS officially
      endorsed by the Polish Spine Surgery Society.

PMID- 26969568
TI  - Deep brain stimulation for intractable tardive dystonia: Literature overview.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tardive dystonia (TD) represents a side effect of prolonged intake of
      dopamine receptor blocking compounds. TD can be a disabling movement disorder
      persisting despite available medical treatment. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has
      been reported successful in this condition although the number of treated
      patients with TD is still limited to small clinical studies or case reports. The
      aim of this study was to present the systematical overview of the existing
      literature regarding DBS for intractable TD. METHODS AND RESULTS: A literature
      search was carried out in PudMed. Clinical case series or case reports describing
      the patients with TD after DBS treatment were included in the present overview.
      Literature search revealed 19 articles reporting 59 individuals operated for TD.
      GPi was the target in 55 patients, while subthalamic nucleus (STN) was the target
      in the remaining 4. In most studies the motor part of Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia
      Rating Scale (BFMDRS) was improved by more than 80% when compared to preoperative
      BFMDRS scores. CONCLUSIONS: The performed literature analysis indicates that
      bilateral GPi DBS is an effective treatment for disabling TD. The response of TD
      to bilateral GPi DBS may be very rapid and occurs within days/weeks after the
      procedure. The efficacy of bilateral GPi DBS in TD patients is comparable to
      results achieved in patients with primary generalized dystonia.

PMID- 26969569
TI  - What you cannot get from routine MRI of MS patient and why - The growing need for
      atrophy assessment and seeing beyond the plaque.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis is a disease that still has not been fully understood and
      calls for better diagnostic procedures for the improvement of everyday patient
      care and drug development. Routine magnetic resonance examinations reveal
      demyelinating focal lesions, but they do not correlate sufficiently with the
      patients' disability and cognitive impairment. For more than 100 years it has
      been known that demyelination affects not only white but also grey matter of the
      brain. Recent research has confirmed the serious consequences of grey matter
      pathology. Over the last several years, atrophy of the brain and especially of
      its grey matter has become a most promising marker of the patients' clinical
      status. The paper discusses the concept and importance of atrophy assessment in
      relation to the standard magnetic resonance results. 

PMID- 26969570
TI  - Spinal tuberculosis with severe neurological symptoms as a complication of
      intravesical BCG therapy for carcinoma of the bladder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Non-invasive bladder cancer is effectively treated with
      intravesical BCG therapy. The administration of the BCG vaccine is to destroy the
      neoplastic lesion or prevent further recurrences. The activity of the vaccine
      involves boosting the immune system through the stimulation of the inflammation
      in the bladder. Adverse reactions after this immunotherapy are rare. The aim of
      the study was to present complications in the form of spinal tuberculosis and
      serious neurological symptoms that occurred during intravesical BCG immunotherapy
      for carcinoma of the bladder. The manuscript also describes a method for
      neurosurgical spinal cord decompression of the thoracic spine. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: In the first patient, aged 66, after intravesical BCG therapy for
      bladder carcinoma, back pain and spastic paralysis of the lower limbs were
      observed. The MRI and CT revealed destruction of the intervertebral disc and
      vertebral endplates Th11-Th12. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacilli were
      cultured from the material obtained by puncture aspiration. In the second
      patient, aged 35 years, during intravesical BCG immunotherapy for carcinoma of
      the bladder, girdle thoracic spine pain was observed. The MRI and CT of the spine
      showed visible lesions characteristic of tuberculosis. Immobilization in a
      plaster corset and implementation of antituberculous treatment resulted in quick
      relief of the pain and healing of the tuberculosis focus in the spine.
      CONCLUSION: The cases described in the work are the first documented reports in
      the Polish literature of spinal tuberculosis which occurred as a complication of
      intravesical administration of bacilli Calmette-Guerin. The diagnosis was based
      on the finding of BCG vaccine bacillus with molecular methods or PCR. Full
      antimycobacterial treatment was implemented.

PMID- 26969571
TI  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurring after bee sting.

PMID- 26969572
TI  - On antithrombotic mechanisms of statins: Are they relevant in intracerebral or
      subarachnoid bleedings?

PMID- 26969573
TI  - Teacher candidates' mastery of phoneme-grapheme correspondence: massed versus
      distributed practice in teacher education.
AB  - Matching phonemes (speech sounds) to graphemes (letters and letter combinations)
      is an important aspect of decoding (translating print to speech) and encoding
      (translating speech to print). Yet, many teacher candidates do not receive
      explicit training in phoneme-grapheme correspondence. Difficulty with accurate
      phoneme production and/or lack of understanding of sound-symbol correspondence
      can make it challenging for teachers to (a) identify student errors on common
      assessments and (b) serve as a model for students when teaching beginning reading
      or providing remedial reading instruction. For students with dyslexia, lack of
      teacher proficiency in this area is particularly problematic. This study examined
      differences between two learning conditions (massed and distributed practice) on
      teacher candidates' development of phoneme-grapheme correspondence knowledge and
      skills. An experimental, pretest-posttest-delayed test design was employed with
      teacher candidates (n = 52) to compare a massed practice condition (one, 60-min
      session) to a distributed practice condition (four, 15-min sessions distributed
      over 4 weeks) for learning phonemes associated with letters and letter
      combinations. Participants in the distributed practice condition significantly
      outperformed participants in the massed practice condition on their ability to
      correctly produce phonemes associated with different letters and letter
      combinations. Implications for teacher preparation are discussed.

PMID- 26969574
TI  - Risk of recurrence of idiopathic calcium kidney stones: analysis of data from the
      literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nephrolithiasis is a frequent condition. While it is generally
      accepted that such condition carries a risk of recurrence over time, the exact
      risk and its predictors have been rarely quantitated. We aimed to estimate
      recurrence of kidney stones, overall and in specific subgroups, from randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) of calcium stone formers. METHODS: Systematic review of
      RCTs of adult patients with idiopathic calcium kidney stones. Recurrence rates
      analyzed in subgroups based on type of intervention and other characteristics,
      using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The analysis included 21 RCTs with 2168
      participants over a median follow-up of 3.2 years (range 0.5-9.7). The median
      recurrence of kidney stones was 15 per 100 person-years (range 0-110). Recurrence
      was higher in those with two or more previous stone episodes compared to those
      with a single episode at enrolment (16 vs. 6 per 100 person-years, p < 0.001) and
      in those untreated or treated with dietary changes compared to those treated with
      drugs (26 vs. 23 vs. 9 per 100 person-years, p < 0.001). The effect of drugs on
      recurrence seemed to be beneficial only among those with two or more previous
      stone episodes. CONCLUSIONS: The overall recurrence rate of stones depends on
      factors such as previous stone history and type of treatment. Dietary approaches
      seem to be more effective among single stone formers, whereas drugs seem to be
      more effective among recurrent stone formers.

PMID- 26969575
TI  - "I am Your Mother and Your Father!" In Vitro Derived Gametes and the Ethics of
      Solo Reproduction.
AB  - In this paper, we will discuss the prospect of human reproduction achieved with
      gametes originating from only one person. According to statements by a minority
      of scientists working on the generation of gametes in vitro, it may become
      possible to create eggs from men's non-reproductive cells and sperm from women's.
      This would enable, at least in principle, the creation of an embryo from cells
      obtained from only one individual: 'solo reproduction'. We will consider what
      might motivate people to reproduce in this way, and the implications that solo
      reproduction might have for ethics and policy. We suggest that such an innovation
      is unlikely to revolutionise reproduction and parenting. Indeed, in some respects
      it is less revolutionary than in vitro fertilisation as a whole. Furthermore, we
      show that solo reproduction with in vitro created gametes is not necessarily any
      more ethically problematic than gamete donation-and probably less so. Where
      appropriate, we draw parallels with the debate surrounding reproductive cloning.
      We note that solo reproduction may serve to perpetuate reductive geneticised
      accounts of reproduction, and that this may indeed be ethically questionable.
      However, in this it is not unique among other technologies of assisted
      reproduction, many of which focus on genetic transmission. It is for this reason
      that a ban on solo reproduction might be inconsistent with continuing to permit
      other kinds of reproduction that also bear the potential to strengthen attachment
      to a geneticised account of reproduction. Our claim is that there are at least as
      good reasons to pursue research towards enabling solo reproduction, and
      eventually to introduce solo reproduction as an option for fertility treatment,
      as there are to do so for other infertility related purposes.

PMID- 26969576
TI  - Locoregional cancer therapy using polymer-based drug depots.
AB  - Locoregional delivery of anticancer drugs is an attractive approach to minimize
      adverse effects associated with intravenous chemotherapy. Polymer-based drug
      depots injected or implanted intratumorally or adjacent to the tumor can provide
      long-term local drug exposure. This review highlights studies in which drug
      eluting depots have been applied locally in the treatment of cancer. In many
      cases such drug depots are used for prevention of tumor recurrence after surgery
      to eradicate remaining tumor cells. Clinical success has been reported for the
      treatment of brain cancer and liver cancer, and preclinical studies showed proof
      of-concept for inhaled drug depots in lung cancer and intraperitoneally injected
      depots for the treatment of abdominal cancer. 

PMID- 26969577
TI  - Carotid atherosclerosis progression and cerebrovascular events in patients with
      diabetes.
AB  - AIM: Carotid atherosclerosis progression is associated with a higher risk of
      cerebrovascular events but there is no specific data for diabetes. We assessed in
      a cohort of patients with diabetes the rate of atherosclerosis progression by
      Doppler ultrasonography and the association with cerebrovascular events. METHODS:
      We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 342 patients with a mean duration of
      diabetes of 13.6 +/- 10.6 years. The mean delay between the first and last
      Doppler ultrasonography was 6.4 +/- 4.6 years, with a mean of 3.4 examinations
      per person. Cerebrovascular events were noted. RESULTS: A progression of carotid
      atherosclerosis was observed in 20.1% of cases. No factor was significantly
      associated with progression. A prophylactic carotid endarterectomy was performed
      on 6 of the 27 patients with a stenosis >=50%. A cerebrovascular event occurred
      in 1.2% of patients; none of them had carotid atherosclerosis progression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Carotid atherosclerosis progression in patients with diabetes is
      frequent but surgical treatment and cerebrovascular events are low. The benefit
      of a systematic follow-up of carotid atherosclerosis seems limited.

PMID- 26969579
TI  - Enzymes in therapy of biofilm-related oral diseases.
AB  - Biofilm-related infections of the oral cavity, including dental caries and
      periodontitis, represent the most prevalent health problems. For years, the
      treatment thereof was largely based on antibacterial chemical agents. Recently,
      however, there has been growing interest in the application of more preventive
      and minimally invasive biotechnological methods. This review focuses on the
      potential applications of enzymes in the treatment and prevention of oral
      diseases. Dental plaque is a microbial community that develops on the tooth
      surface, embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances of bacterial
      and host origin. Both cariogenic microorganisms and the key components of oral
      biofilm matrix may be the targets of the enzymes. Oxidative salivary enzymes
      inhibit or limit the growth of oral pathogens, thereby supporting the natural
      host defense system; polysaccharide hydrolases (mutanases and dextranases)
      degrade important carbohydrate components of the biofilm matrix, whereas
      proteases disrupt bacterial adhesion to oral surfaces or affect cell-cell
      interactions. The efficiency of the enzymes in in vitro and in vivo studies,
      advantages and limitations, as well as future perspectives for improving the
      enzymatic strategy are discussed.

PMID- 26969578
TI  - Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Postsurgical Complications
      Occurring in U.S. Hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of patient, hospital, and community
      characteristics on racial and ethnic disparities in in-hospital postsurgical
      complications. DATA SOURCES: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, 2011 State
      Inpatient Databases; American Hospital Association Annual Survey of Hospitals;
      Area Health Resources Files; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Hospital
      Compare database. METHODS: Nonlinear hierarchical modeling was conducted to
      examine the odds of patients experiencing any in-hospital postsurgical
      complication, as defined by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient
      Safety Indicators. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 5,474,067 inpatient surgical
      discharges were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Clinical risk,
      payer coverage, and community-level characteristics (especially income)
      completely attenuated the effect of race on the odds of postsurgical
      complications. Patients without private insurance were 30 to 50 percent more
      likely to have a complication; patients from low-income communities were nearly
      12 percent more likely to experience a complication. Private, not-for-profit
      hospitals in small metropolitan or micropolitan areas and higher nurse-to-patient
      ratios led to fewer postsurgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: Race does not appear
      to be an important determinant of in-hospital postsurgical complications, but
      insurance and community characteristics have an effect. A population-based
      approach that includes improving the socioeconomic context may help reduce
      disparities in these outcomes.

PMID- 26969580
TI  - Interleukin-33: increasing role in dermatological conditions.
AB  - Interleukin-33 is a novel and an unconventional member of IL-1 family. It is an
      inflammation-induced factor with dual function exercising its role as an
      intracellular regulator of gene expression, as well as, an extracellular alarm
      mediator. It is a ligand for ST2, a heterodimeric membrane-bound receptor of the
      orphan IL-1 family receptor. Interleukin-33/ST2 signaling has been studied in a
      wide range of inflammatory skin conditions for its crucial role in immune
      responses and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we report the current knowledge
      regarding the complex biology of interleukin-33 and its function in the skin and
      in clinical settings. 

PMID- 26969581
TI  - Attention training to pleasant stimuli in anxiety.
AB  - Attentional bias for threatening stimuli in anxiety is a common finding in the
      literature. The present study addressed whether attention training toward
      pleasant stimuli can reduce anxiety symptoms and induce a processing bias in
      favor of pleasant information in nonpatients who were selected to score similarly
      to individuals with generalized anxiety or panic disorder on a measure of worry
      or physiological arousal, respectively. Participants were randomly assigned to
      attention training to pleasant (ATP) stimuli or to a placebo control (PC)
      condition. All participants completed baseline and post-test dot-probe measures
      of attentional bias while event-related brain potentials were recorded. As
      expected, worry symptoms decreased in the ATP and not PC condition. ATP was also
      associated with early evidence (P100 amplitude) of greater attentional
      prioritization of probes replacing neutral stimuli within threat-neutral word
      pairs from pre-to-post intervention and later RT evidence of facilitated
      processing of probes replacing pleasant stimuli within pleasant-threat word pairs
      at post compared to PC. PC was associated with later evidence (P300 latency) of
      less efficient evaluation of probes following pleasant stimuli within pleasant
      threat word pairs from pre-to-post and later RT evidence of facilitated
      processing of probes following threat stimuli within pleasant-threat word pairs
      at post compared to ATP. Results highlight early and later mechanisms of
      attention processing changes and underscore the potential of pleasant stimuli in
      optimizing attention-training interventions for anxiety.

PMID- 26969582
TI  - Topical Retinoids: Therapeutic Mechanisms in the Treatment of Photodamaged Skin.
AB  - Retinoids are a group of substances comprising vitamin A and its natural and
      synthetic derivatives. Retinoids were first used in dermatology in 1943 by
      Straumfjord for acne vulgaris. Since that time, retinoids have been utilized in
      the management and treatment of various skin conditions, including photoaging.
      Photodamage of the skin occurs as a consequence of cumulative exposure to solar
      ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is characterized by deep wrinkles, easy bruising,
      inelasticity, mottled pigmentation, roughness, and telangiectasias. The mechanism
      of UVR-induced photodamage is multifactorial. Retinoids have demonstrated
      efficacy in the treatment of photoaged skin. Indeed, understanding the
      pathophysiology of photoaging and the molecular mechanism of retinoids can not
      only provide insight into the effects retinoids can exert in treating photoaging
      but also provide the rationale for their use in the treatment of other
      dermatologic diseases. 

PMID- 26969583
TI  - Screening for autism.

PMID- 26969584
TI  - Night-to-night variation of pulse oximetry in children with sleep-disordered
      breathing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep-disordered breathing is a common and serious feature of many
      paediatric conditions and is particularly a problem in children with Down
      syndrome. Overnight pulse oximetry is recommended as an initial screening test,
      but it is unclear how overnight oximetry results should be interpreted and how
      many nights should be recorded. METHODS: This retrospective observational study
      evaluated night-to-night variation using statistical measures of repeatability
      for 214 children referred to a paediatric respiratory clinic, who required
      overnight oximetry measurements. This included 30 children with Down syndrome. We
      measured length of adequate trace, basal SpO2, number of desaturations (>4% SpO2
      drop for >10 s) per hour ('adjusted index') and time with SpO2<90%. We classified
      oximetry traces into normal or abnormal based on physiology. RESULTS: 132 out of
      214 (62%) children had three technically adequate nights' oximetry, including 13
      out of 30 (43%) children with Down syndrome. Intraclass correlation coefficient
      for adjusted index was 0.54 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.81) among children with Down
      syndrome and 0.88 (95% CI 0.84 to 0.91) for children with other diagnoses.
      Negative predictor value of a negative first night predicting two subsequent
      negative nights was 0.2 in children with Down syndrome and 0.55 in children with
      other diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial night-to-night variation in
      overnight oximetry readings among children in all clinical groups undergoing
      overnight oximetry. This is a more pronounced problem in children with Down
      syndrome. Increasing the number of attempted nights' recording from one to three
      provides useful additional clinical information.

PMID- 26969585
TI  - Development and evaluation of the efficacy of a web-based 'social norms'
      intervention for the prevention and reduction of substance use in a cluster
      controlled trial conducted at eight German universities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests that perceptions of peer substance use are
      associated with personal use. Specifically, overestimating use in the peer group
      is predictive of higher rates of personal substance use. 'Social norms'
      interventions are based on the premise that changing these misperceived social
      norms regarding substance use by providing feedback on actual norms is associated
      with a reduction in personal substance use. Studies conducted in the U.S.A.
      suggest that 'social norms'-feedback is an effective strategy for reducing
      substance use among university students. It is unknown whether the effects of a
      'social norms'-feedback on substance use can be replicated in a sample of German
      university students. The objective of this article is to describe the study
      design and aims of the 'INternet-based Social norms-Intervention for the
      prevention of substance use among Students' (INSIST)-study, a cluster-controlled
      trial examining the effects of a web-based 'social norms'- intervention in
      students enrolled at four intervention universities with those enrolled at four
      delayed intervention control universities. The INSIST-study is funded by the
      German Federal Ministry of Health. METHODS/DESIGN: Eight universities in four
      regions in Germany will take part in the study, four serving as intervention and
      four as delayed intervention control universities (randomly selected within a
      geographic region). Six hundred students will be recruited at each university and
      will be asked to complete a web-based survey assessing personal and perceived
      substance use/attitudes towards substance use at baseline. These data will be
      used to develop the web-based 'social norms'-feedback tailored to gender and
      university. Three months after the baseline survey, students at intervention
      universities will receive the intervention. Two months after the launch of the
      intervention, students of all eight universities will be asked to complete the
      follow-up questionnaires to assess changes in perceptions of/attitudes toward
      peer substance use and rates of personal substance use. DISCUSSION: This study is
      the first German cluster-controlled trial investigating the influence of a web
      based 'social norms'-intervention on perceptions of/attitudes towards substance
      use and substance use behavior in a large university student sample. This study
      will provide new information on the efficacy of this intervention strategy in the
      German university context. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00007635 at the 'German
      Clinical Trials Register' (17.12.2014).

PMID- 26969586
TI  - A safety assessment of Coriolus versicolor biomass as a food supplement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a common mushroom with antitumor, anti
      inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory
      properties. The existence of these properties has been extensively proven mainly
      using CV extract; research on the biomass form is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      this study was to investigate the safety of the CV biomass form, as it is
      commonly used as a food supplement. DESIGN: CV biomass powder was dissolved in
      distilled water and administered daily (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg live weight) in
      single doses by gavage to both female and male Charles River albino rats.
      RESULTS: No adverse or lethal effects were observed as a consequence of the daily
      administration of CV biomass. In addition, compared with the control group, no
      abnormal findings were observed at necropsy and histopathological examination.
      CONCLUSIONS: A safe profile of CV biomass for human consumption can be inferred
      from the absence of any remarkable adverse effects in rats.

PMID- 26969587
TI  - Identification of key research needs for topical therapy treatment of psoriasis -
      a consensus paper by the International Psoriasis Council.
AB  - In this age of expanding choices of therapy for psoriasis, topical therapies
      still play an important part in the management of patients. There are many
      knowledge gaps in topical therapy for psoriasis with regard to efficacy and
      safety as well as various combinations including topical therapy with
      phototherapy or with systemic agents. Councillors of the International Psoriasis
      Council comprised a topical therapy working group to describe these gaps in order
      to help direct future research endeavours. Herein, we present the results of this
      analysis, discuss topical agents in clinical development and the attributes of
      the ideal topical treatment for psoriasis. 

PMID- 26969588
TI  - Role of extracellular cysteine residues in the adenosine A2A receptor.
AB  - The G protein-coupled A2A adenosine receptor represents an important drug target.
      Crystal structures and modeling studies indicated that three disulfide bonds are
      formed between ECL1 and ECL2 (I, Cys71(2.69)-Cys159(45.43); II, Cys74(3.22)
      Cys146(45.30), and III, Cys77(3.25)-Cys166(45.50)). However, the A2BAR subtype
      appears to require only disulfide bond III for proper function. In this study,
      each of the three disulfide bonds in the A2AAR was disrupted by mutation of one
      of the cysteine residues to serine. The mutant receptors were stably expressed in
      Chinese hamster ovary cells and analyzed in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
      accumulation and radioligand binding studies using structurally diverse agonists:
      adenosine, NECA, CGS21680, and PSB-15826. Results were rationalized by molecular
      modeling. The observed effects were dependent on the investigated agonist. Loss
      of disulfide bond I led to a widening of the orthosteric binding pocket resulting
      in a strong reduction in the potency of adenosine, but not of NECA or 2
      substituted nucleosides. Disruption of disulfide bond II led to a significant
      reduction in the agonists' efficacy indicating its importance for receptor
      activation. Disulfide bond III disruption reduced potency and affinity of the
      small adenosine agonists and NECA, but not of the larger 2-substituted agonists.
      While all the three disulfide bonds were essential for high potency or efficacy
      of adenosine, structural modification of the nucleoside could rescue affinity or
      efficacy at the mutant receptors. At present, it cannot be excluded that
      formation of the extracellular disulfide bonds in the A2AAR is dynamic. This
      might add another level of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulation, in
      particular for the cysteine-rich A2A and A2BARs.

PMID- 26969589
TI  - Optimization of aeration for biodiesel production by Scenedesmus obliquus grown
      in municipal wastewater.
AB  - Despite the significant breakthroughs in research on microalgae as a feedstock
      for biodiesel, its production cost is still much higher than that of fossil
      diesel. One possible solution to overcome this problem is to optimize algal
      growth and lipid production in wastewater. The present study examines the
      optimization of pretreatment of municipal wastewater and aeration conditions in
      order to enhance the lipid productivity of Scenedesmus obliquus. Results showed
      that no significant differences were recorded in lipid productivity of S.
      obliquus grown in primary settled or sterilized municipal wastewater; however,
      ultrasound pretreatment of wastewater significantly decreased the lipid
      production. Whereas, aeration rates of 0.2 vvm significantly increased lipid
      content by 51 %, with respect to the non-aerated culture, which resulted in
      maximum lipid productivity (32.5 mg L(-1) day(-1)). Furthermore, aeration
      enrichment by 2 % CO2 resulted in increase of lipid productivity by 46 % over the
      CO2 non-enriched aerated culture. Fatty acid profile showed that optimized
      aeration significantly enhanced monounsaturated fatty acid production, composed
      mainly of C18:1, by 1.8 times over the non-aerated S. obliquus culture with
      insignificant changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion; suggesting better
      biodiesel characteristics for the optimized culture. 

PMID- 26969592
TI  - Influence of Silica Nanoparticles on Antioxidant Potential of Bacillus subtilis
      IMV B-7023.
AB  - It was found that if introduced into a nutrient medium of 0.05-1 g/L nano-SiO2,
      the oxidant activity (OA) of the culture medium (CM) of bacilli increased by 43.2
      60.1 % and the antioxidant activity (AA) decreased by 4.5-11.8 %. SiO2
      nanoparticles had different effects on antiradical activity (ARA) of the CM of
      Bacillus subtilis IMV B-7023. In particular, nano-SiO2 had no significant effect
      on the ability of the CM of bacilli to inactivate the 2.2-diphenyl-1
      picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) free radical. However, for the content of the nanomaterial
      of 0.01-1 g/L decreased hydroxyl radical scavenging in the CM of B. subtilis IMV
      B-7023 on 7.2-17.6 % compared with a control. Low doses of silica nanoparticles
      stimulated the reducing power of the CM of bacteria and then highly suppressed
      it. 

PMID- 26969591
TI  - CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dot-Labeled Lateral Flow Strips for Rapid and Quantitative
      Detection of Gastric Cancer Carbohydrate Antigen 72-4.
AB  - Carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) is an important biomarker associated closely
      with diagnosis and prognosis of early gastric cancer. How to realize quick,
      sensitive, specific, and quantitative detection of CA72-4 in clinical specimens
      has become a great requirement. Herein, we reported a CdSe/ZnS quantum dot
      labeled lateral flow test strip combined with a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based
      reader was developed for rapid, sensitive, and quantitative detection of CA72-4.
      Two mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CA72-4 were employed. One of them
      was coated as a test line, while another mAb was labeled with quantum dots and
      coated onto conjugate pad. The goat anti-mouse IgG was immobilized as a control
      line. After sample was added, a sandwich structure was formed with CA72-4 and
      these two mAbs. The fluorescent signal from quantum dots (QD)-labeled mAb in
      sandwich structure was related to the amount of detected CA72-4. A CCD-based
      reader was used to realize quantitative detection of CA72-4. Results showed that
      developed QD-labeled lateral flow strips to detect CA72-4 biomarker with the
      sensitivity of 2 IU/mL and 10 min detection time. One hundred sera samples from
      clinical patients with gastric cancer and healthy people were used to confirm
      specificity of this strip method; results showed that established strip method
      own 100 % reproducibility and 100 % specificity compared with Roche
      electrochemiluminescence assay results. In conclusion, CdSe/ZnS quantum dot
      labeled lateral flow strips for detection of CA72-4 could realize rapid,
      sensitive, and specific detection of clinical samples and could own great
      potential in clinical translation in near future. 

PMID- 26969593
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Properties of Sulfur- and Carbon
      Codoped TiO2 Nanoparticles.
AB  - One-step TiO2 nanoparticle synthesis based on the interaction between thiourea
      and metatitanic acid is applied for sulfur and carbon anatase codoping. The
      synthesis of the doped TiO2 has been monitored by means of differential thermal
      analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TG), which allows determining the
      optimal thermal conditions for the process. Electron microscopy showed micrometer
      sized (5-15 MUm) randomly distributed crystal aggregates, consisting of many 15
      40-nm TiO2 nanoparticles. The obtained phase composition and chemical states of
      the doping elements are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies, and
      electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). XRD displays in both samples (doped and
      pristine) the existence of only one crystalline phase-the tetragonal modification
      of TiO2-anatase. Further data assessment by means of Rietveld refinement allowed
      detection of a slight c lattice parameter and volume increase related to
      incorporation of the doping elements. XPS demonstrated the presence of carbon and
      sulfur as doping elements in the material. It was confirmed that carbon is in
      elemental form and also present in oxygen-containing compounds, which are
      adsorbed on the particle surface. The binding energy for sulfur electron core
      shell corresponds to the established data for sulfate compounds, where sulfur is
      in 6+ oxidation state. The synthesized S- and C-codoped TiO2 showed excellent
      photocatalytic performance during the degradation of organic dyes (rhodamine B,
      methylene blue), gas-phase oxidation of ethanol under visible light, and
      photocatalytic hydrogen generation from ethanol under ultraviolet light. 

PMID- 26969594
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization, and Microwave Absorption Properties of Reduced
      Graphene Oxide/Strontium Ferrite/Polyaniline Nanocomposites.
AB  - Strontium ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by a coprecipitation method, and
      reduced graphene oxide/strontium ferrite/polyaniline (R-GO/SF/PANI) ternary
      nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization method. The morphology,
      structure, and magnetic properties of the ternary nanocomposites were
      investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FT-IR), TEM, Raman, and VSM. The microwave-absorbing properties of
      the composites were measured by a vector network analyzer. The XRD patterns show
      the single phase of strontium hexaferrite without other intermediate phases. TEM
      photographs reveal that strontium ferrite nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed
      on the surfaces of R-GO sheets. The R-GO/SF/PANI nanocomposite exhibited the best
      absorption property with the optimum matching thickness of 1.5 mm in the
      frequency of 2-18 GHz. The value of the maximum RL was -45.00 dB at 16.08 GHz
      with the 5.48-GHz bandwidth. The excellent absorption properties of R-GO/SF/PANI
      nanocomposites indicated their great potential as microwave-absorbing materials. 

PMID- 26969590
TI  - The Metabolism, Analysis, and Targeting of Steroid Hormones in Breast and
      Prostate Cancer.
AB  - Breast and prostate cancers are malignancies in which steroid hormones drive
      cellular proliferation. Over the past century, this understanding has led to
      successful treatment strategies aimed to inhibit hormone-mediated tumor growth.
      Nonetheless, disease relapse and progression still pose significant clinical
      problems, with recurrent and metastatic tumors often exhibiting resistance to
      current drug therapies. The central role of androgens and estrogens in prostate
      and breast cancer etiology explains not only why endocrine therapies are often
      initially successful but also why many tumors ultimately become resistant. It is
      hypothesized that reducing the concentration of active hormones in the systemic
      circulation may be insufficient to block cancer progression, as this action
      selects for tumor cells that can generate active steroids from circulating
      precursors. This review aims to highlight the currently known differences of
      steroid biosynthesis in normal physiology versus hormone-dependent cancers,
      modern approaches to the assessment and targeting of these pathways, and
      priorities for future research.

PMID- 26969595
TI  - Versatile, Reusable, and Inexpensive Ultrasound Phantom Procedural Trainers.
AB  - We have constructed simple and inexpensive models for ultrasound-guided
      procedural training using synthetic ballistic gelatin. These models are durable,
      leak resistant, and able to be shaped to fit a variety of simulation scenarios to
      teach procedures. They provide realistic tactile and sonographic training for our
      learners in a safe, idealized setting. 

PMID- 26969597
TI  - Predictors of Malignancy in Hyperechoic Breast Lesions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hyperechogenicity has been strongly associated with benign breast
      lesions. Although it is correct in most cases, hyperechogenicity must not always
      be considered synonymous with benignancy, as hyperechoic breast cancers do occur.
      The purpose of this study was to review clinical and imaging characteristics of
      hyperechoic breast lesions, looking for features associated with malignancy.
      METHODS: Institutional Review Board approval was granted for this research. A
      total of 19,417 sonographic examinations were performed between January 2009 and
      June 2013. Among these, hyperechoic lesions with histologic diagnoses, stability
      on long-term followup, or characteristic imaging appearances were included in the
      study. The patients' clinical charts, mammograms, and sonograms were reviewed.
      The clinical and imaging features were recorded, and the data was analyzed by the
      chi(2) test, Fisher exact test, and independent-samples t test, looking for
      statistically significant predictors of malignancy. RESULTS: Among the 19,417
      scans, 42 patients (0.2%) with 44 hyperechoic lesions were identified. Twenty-six
      lesions fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study: 5
      malignancies (3 invasive ductal carcinomas, 1 invasive lobular carcinoma, and 1
      invasive mucinous cancer) and 21 benign lesions. An irregular shape, a
      nonparallel orientation, and noncircumscribed margins were significantly
      associated with the risk of malignancy (P = .002, .02, and .01, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: A hyperechoic breast lesion must not always be assumed to be benign.
      Instead, a full sonographic assessment according to the American College of
      Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System descriptors is needed for
      correct characterization and avoidance of misdiagnosis.

PMID- 26969596
TI  - Quantitative Evaluation for Differentiating Malignant and Benign Thyroid Nodules
      Using Histogram Analysis of Grayscale Sonograms.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic value of histogram analysis using
      grayscale sonograms for differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid nodules.
      METHODS: From July 2013 through October 2013, 579 nodules in 563 patients who had
      undergone ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were included. For the
      grayscale histogram analysis, pixel echogenicity values in regions of interest
      were measured as 0 to 255 (0, black; 255, white) with in-house software. Five
      parameters (mean, skewness, kurtosis, standard deviation, and entropy) were
      obtained for each thyroid nodule. With principal component analysis, an index was
      derived. Diagnostic performance rates for the 5 histogram parameters and the
      principal component analysis index were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 563
      patients were included in the study (mean age +/- SD, 50.3 +/- 12.3 years;range,
      15-79 years). Of the 579 nodules, 431 were benign, and 148 were malignant. Among
      the 5 parameters and the principal component analysis index, the standard
      deviation (75.546 +/- 14.153 versus 62.761 +/- 16.01; P < .001), kurtosis (3.898
      +/- 2.652 versus 6.251 +/- 9.102; P < .001), entropy (0.16 +/- 0.135 versus 0.239
      +/- 0.185; P < .001), and principal component analysis index (-0.386+/-0.774
      versus 0.134 +/- 0.889; P < .001) were significantly different between the
      malignant and benign nodules. With the calculated cutoff values, the areas under
      the curve were 0.681 (95% confidence interval, 0.643-0.721) for standard
      deviation, 0.661 (0.620-0.703) for principal component analysis index, 0.651
      (0.607-0.691) for kurtosis, 0.638 (0.596-0.681) for entropy, and 0.606 (0.563
      0.647) for skewness. The subjective analysis of grayscale sonograms by
      radiologists alone showed an area under the curve of 0.861 (0.833-0.888).
      CONCLUSIONS: Grayscale histogram analysis was feasible for differentiating
      malignant and benign thyroid nodules but did not show better diagnostic
      performance than subjective analysis performed by radiologists. Further technical
      advances will be needed to objectify interpretations of thyroid grayscale
      sonograms.

PMID- 26969598
TI  - Color Doppler Sonographic and Cadaveric Study of the Arterial Vascularity of the
      Lateral Upper Arm Flap.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the importance of adequate preoperative assessment with
      color Doppler sonography to assist in the successful transfer of lateral upper
      arm flaps by studying the lateral upper arm flap with color Doppler sonography
      and analyzing the anatomic features of the radial collateral artery. METHODS: A
      clinical case-control study was performed. The radial collateral artery was
      studied with color Doppler sonography in 15 healthy volunteers. The origins,
      courses, variations, and locations of the perforators of the radial collateral
      artery were recorded. The results and data from the color Doppler sonographic
      investigation were compared with an anatomic study that was performed on 22 adult
      cadaveric upper limb specimens. RESULTS: The volunteer group (14 of 15
      volunteers) and the cadaveric group (19 of 22 upper arm specimens) clearly showed
      that the branch pattern of the arterial supply was as follows: brachial artery ->
      deep brachial artery -> radial collateral artery -> posterior radial collateral
      artery -> myocutaneous perforator. Variations in the origin of the radial
      collateral artery were identified in 1 volunteer bilaterally and in 3 upper arm
      specimens. The diameters of the artery and vein measured at the distal insertion
      of the deltoid and the origin of the deep brachial artery were not significantly
      different between the volunteer and cadaver groups (P > .05). Due to the
      difference in measuring methods, the length of the vascular pedicles was
      significantly different between the groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Color Doppler
      sonography can facilitate the preoperative assessment of the origin, course,
      variations, and locations of the radial collateral artery and therefore may
      increase the success rate of lateral upper arm flap transfer.

PMID- 26969599
TI  - Fetal Cardiac Screening: What Are We (and Our Guidelines) Doing Wrong?

PMID- 26969600
TI  - A IHE-Like Approach Method for Quantitative Analysis of PACS Usage.
AB  - Today, many hospitals have a running enterprise picture archiving and
      communication system (PACS) and their administrators should have the tools to
      measure the system activity and, in particular, how much it is used. The
      information would be valuable for decision-makers to address asset management and
      the development of policies for its correct utilization and eventually start
      training initiatives to get the best in resource utilization and operators'
      satisfaction. On the economic side, a quantitative method to measure the usage of
      the workstations would be desirable to better redistribute existing resources and
      plan the purchase of new ones. The paper exploits in an unconventional way the
      potential of the IHE Audit Trail and Node Authentication (ATNA) profile: it uses
      the data generated in order to safeguard the security of patient data and to
      retrieve information about the workload of each PACS workstation. The method uses
      the traces recorded, according to the profile, for each access to image data and
      to calculate how much each station is used. The results, constituted by measures
      of the frequency of PACS station usage suitably classified and presented
      according to a convenient format for decision-makers, are encouraging. In the
      time of the spending review, the careful management of available resources is the
      top priority for a healthcare organization. Thanks to our work, a common medium
      such as the ATNA profile appears a very useful resource for purposes other than
      those for which it was born. This avoids additional investments in management
      tools and allows optimization of resources at no cost.

PMID- 26969602
TI  - RETRACTED ARTICLE: MiR-124 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor via Targeting hCLOCK1
      in Glioblastoma.

PMID- 26969603
TI  - Investigating the role of aspirin resistance in obstetrics may optimise
      prevention of pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 26969601
TI  - A Point Mutation in SCN1A 5' Genomic Region Decreases the Promoter Activity and
      Is Associated with Mild Epilepsy and Seizure Aggravation Induced by Antiepileptic
      Drug.
AB  - The SCN1A gene with 1274 point mutations in the coding regions or genomic
      rearrangements is the most clinically relevant epilepsy gene. Recent studies have
      demonstrated that variations in the noncoding regions are potentially associated
      with epilepsies, but no distinct mutation has been reported. We sequenced the 5'
      upstream region of SCN1A in 166 patients with epilepsy and febrile seizures who
      were negative for point mutations in the coding regions or genomic
      rearrangements. A heterozygous mutation h1u-1962 T > G was identified in a
      patient with partial epilepsy and febrile seizures, which was aggravated by
      oxcarbazepine. This mutation was transmitted from the patient's asymptomatic
      mother and not found in the 110 normal controls. h1u-1962 T > G was located
      upstream the most frequently used noncoding exon and within the promoter
      sequences. Further experiments showed that this mutation decreased the promoter
      activity by 42.1 % compared with that of the paired haplotype (P < 0.001). In
      contrast to the null expression that results in haploinsufficiency and severe
      phenotype, this mutation caused relatively less impairment, explaining the mild
      epilepsy with incomplete penetrance. The antiepileptic drug-induced seizure
      aggravation in this patient suggests clinical attention for mutations or
      variations in noncoding regions that may affect SCN1A expression.

PMID- 26969604
TI  - Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method for the determination of
      minimum inhibitory concentration of biosurfactants.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a microdilution method for measuring the
      minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of biosurfactants. RESULTS: A standardized
      microdilution method including resazurin dye has been developed for measuring the
      MIC of biosurfactants and its validity was established through the replication of
      tetracycline and gentamicin MIC determination with standard bacterial strains.
      CONCLUSION: This new method allows the generation of accurate MIC measurements,
      whilst overcoming critical issues related to colour and solubility which may
      interfere with growth measurements for many types of biosurfactant extracts.

PMID- 26969605
TI  - Cutaneous presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis as a solitary peri-anal
      ulcer. Case report and discussion.
AB  - Disseminated histoplasmosis has a diverse and non-specific range of clinical
      signs and symptoms. In a significant minority of patients, cutaneous lesions are
      apparent at the time of initial presentation, affording an opportunity to
      establish the diagnosis from a skin biopsy. The most frequently reported clinical
      scenario in immunocompromised patients with cutaneous involvement is that of
      multiple papulo-nodular lesions on the face, trunk or extremities. The following
      report features an immunocompetent patient who presented with a solitary
      ulcerated plaque on the buttocks close to the anal verge. This case presentation
      underscores the broad spectrum of clinical presentations as well as the potential
      for diagnostic confusion with protozoa such as Leishmania or Trypanosoma species
      during histopathologic examination if special stains for fungal organisms are not
      performed. 

PMID- 26969606
TI  - Bleeding Risk Profile in Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the bleeding risk profile using the HAS-BLED score in patients
      with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS: A post hoc analysis
      was performed using data from a series of 115 consecutive patients (mean age
      72.4+/-11.4 years; 68 men) with symptomatic PAD undergoing endovascular
      revascularization. The endpoint of the study was to assess bleeding risk using
      the 9-point HAS-BLED score, which was previously validated in cohorts of patients
      with and without atrial fibrillation. For the purpose of this study, the low (0
      1), intermediate (2), and high-risk (>=3) scores were stratified as
      low/intermediate risk (HAS-BLED <3) vs high risk (HAS-BLED >=3). RESULTS: The
      mean HAS-BLED score was 2.76+/-1.16; 64 (56%) patients had a HAS-BLED score
      >=3.0. Patients with PAD Rutherford category 5/6 ischemia had an even higher mean
      HAS-BLED score (3.20+/-1.12). Logistic regression analysis revealed aortoiliac or
      femoropopliteal segment involvement, chronic kidney disease, as well as
      Rutherford category 5/6, to be independent risk factors associated with a HAS
      BLED score >=3. CONCLUSION: Patients with PAD, especially those presenting with
      Rutherford category 5/6 ischemic symptoms, have high HAS-BLED scores, suggesting
      increased risk for major bleeding. Prospective clinical validation of the HAS
      BLED score in patients with PAD may help with the risk-benefit assessment when
      prescribing antithrombotic therapy.

PMID- 26969608
TI  - Detection of HLA-DRB1*04:207, a novel HLA-DRB1*04 variant, in a Taiwanese
      hematopoietic stem cell donor.
AB  - Recombination may result in the formation of HLA-DRB1*04:207. 

PMID- 26969607
TI  - Increased oxidative stress in patients with severe disability: Association with
      nutrition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have described a role of oxidative stress in the
      pathogenesis of various pediatric disorders, but investigation into oxidative
      stress status in patients with severe disability remains limited. The aim of the
      present study was therefore to clarify the oxidative stress status in patients
      with severe disability, focusing specifically on intake of three major nutrients
      and micronutrients with antioxidant activities. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with
      severe disability (mean age, 14.1 +/- 7.8 years) were enrolled. Three in vivo
      biomarkers, plasma biological antioxidant potential (BAP), plasma reactive oxygen
      metabolite-derived compounds (d-ROM), and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8
      OHdG), were determined for evaluating oxidative status. The dietary intake of
      three major nutrients and various micronutrients was estimated from dietary
      records over a 3 day period. RESULTS: In patients with severe disability, BAP was
      significantly lower and d-ROM and 8-OHdG significantly higher than in historical
      controls. Among these markers, a significant positive correlation was found in
      BAP versus d-ROM and d-ROM versus 8-OHdG. On multiple regression analysis, a
      significant inverse association between 8-OHdG and carotenoid intake was seen.
      CONCLUSION: The oxidative/antioxidative balance shifts towards oxidative status
      dominance in patients with severe disability. More research is needed on
      nutritional intake of antioxidative nutrients to determine whether they can be
      used to reduce oxidative stress.

PMID- 26969609
TI  - Use of cadA-Specific Primers and DNA Probes as Tools to Select Cadmium
      Biosorbents with Potential in Remediation Strategies.
AB  - Biosorption, using cadmium-resistant bacterial isolates, is often regarded as a
      relatively inexpensive and efficient way of cleaning up wastes, sediments, or
      soils polluted with cadmium. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to the
      isolation of cadmium-resistant isolates for the efficient management of cadmium
      remediation processes. However, isolation, identification and in situ screening
      of efficient cadmium-resistant isolates are primary challenges. To overcome these
      challanges, in this study, cadA, cadmium resistance coding gene, specific primers
      and DNA probes were used to identify and screen cadmium-resistant bacteria in the
      cadmium-polluted river waters through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and
      fluorescein in situ hybridization (FISH). PCR amplification of the cadA amplicon
      coupled with 16S rRNA sequencing revealed various gram-positive and -negative
      bacterial isolates harboring cadA. Accordingly, a cadA-mediated DNA probe was
      prepared and used for in situ screening of cadmium-resistant isolates from water
      samples collected from cadmium-polluted river waters. The FISH analyses of cadA
      probe showed highly specific and efficient hybridization with cadA harboring
      isolates. The use of primers and DNA probes specific for cadA gene seems to be
      very helpful tools for the selection and screening of cadmium biosorbents with
      potential to be used in the remediation of cadmium-polluted sites. 

PMID- 26969610
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of membrane interaction at implantation.
AB  - Successful pregnancy is dependent upon the implantation of a competent embryo
      into a receptive endometrium. Despite major advancement in our understanding of
      reproductive medicine over the last few decades, implantation failure still
      occurs in both normal pregnancies and those created artificially by assisted
      reproductive technology (ART). Consequently, there is significant interest in
      elucidating the etiology of implantation failure. The complex multistep process
      of implantation begins when the developing embryo first makes contact with the
      plasma membrane of epithelial cells within the uterine environment. However,
      although this biological interaction marks the beginning of a fundamental
      developmental process, our knowledge of the intricate physiological and molecular
      processes involved remains sparse. In this synopsis, we aim to provide an
      overview of our current understanding of the morphological changes which occur to
      the plasma membrane of the uterine endothelium, and the molecular mechanisms that
      control communication between the early embryo and the endometrium during
      implantation. A multitude of molecular factors have been implicated in this
      complex process, including endometrial integrins, extracellular matrix molecules,
      adhesion molecules, growth factors, and ion channels. We also explore the
      development of in vitro models for embryo implantation to help researchers
      investigate mechanisms which may underlie implantation failure. Understanding the
      precise molecular pathways associated with implantation failure could help us to
      generate new prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers, and may identify novel therapeutic
      targets.

PMID- 26969611
TI  - Real-time free-breathing cardiac imaging with self-calibrated through-time radial
      GRAPPA.
AB  - PURPOSE: Real-time free-breathing cardiac imaging with highly undersampled radial
      trajectories has previously been successfully demonstrated using calibrated
      radial generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (rGRAPPA). A
      self-calibrated approach for rGRAPPA is proposed that removes the need for the
      calibration prescan. METHODS: To investigate the effect of various parameters on
      image quality, a comprehensive imaging study on one normal swine was performed.
      Root mean squared errors (RMSEs) were computed with respect to gold standard
      acquisitions, and several acquisition/reconstruction strategies were compared.
      Additionally, the method was tested on 13 human subjects, and RMSEs relative to
      standard through-time radial GRAPPA were computed. RESULTS: Real-time images with
      high spatiotemporal resolution were obtained. Image quality was comparable to
      calibrated through-time rGRAPPA with endocardial and epicardial borders clearly
      delineated. In the swine, the average RMSE between self-calibrated and gold
      standard calibrated images was 5.18 +/- 0.84%. In normal human subjects, the
      average RMSE between self-calibrated and calibrated through-time rGRAPPA was 3.79
      +/- 0.64%. For lower accelerations rates (R = 6-8) image quality was similar to
      comparable calibrated scans though RMSE increased for higher degrees of
      undersampling (R = 12-16). CONCLUSION: Highly accelerated real-time imaging with
      undersampled radial trajectories without additional calibration data is feasible.
      Image quality was acceptable for real-time cardiac MRI applications demanding
      high speed. Magn Reson Med 77:250-264, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969613
TI  - Natural killer cells, ageing and cancer.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of innate immunity and substantially
      contribute to anti-tumor immune responses. The role of NK cells in immune
      surveillance is linked to many aspects of NK cell biology, but the age of the
      animal being studied or the human under treatment is rarely taken into account.
      The solicited reviews constituting a collection of papers presented here as a
      "Symposium-in-Writing" on the topic of NK cells, ageing and cancer were inspired
      by the increasing knowledge of NK cell biology and genetics, and emerging data on
      their impact in the clinic (disease associations and therapies), together with
      the realization that older individuals also differ from younger ones regarding
      innate as well as adaptive immunity. 

PMID- 26969612
TI  - The tumor antigen N-glycolyl-GM3 is a human CD1d ligand capable of mediating B
      cell and natural killer T cell interaction.
AB  - The expression of N-glycolyl-monosialodihexosyl-ganglioside (NGcGM3) in humans is
      restricted to cancer cells; therefore, it is a tumor antigen. There are
      measurable quantities of circulating anti-NGcGM3 antibodies (aNGcGM3 Abs) in
      human serum. Interestingly, some people have circulating Ag-specific
      immunoglobulins G (IgGs) that are capable of complement mediated cytotoxicity
      against NGcGM3 positive cells, which is relevant for tumor surveillance. In light
      of the chemical nature of Ag, we postulated it as a candidate ligand for CD1d.
      Furthermore, we hypothesize that the immune mechanism involved in the generation
      of these Abs entails cross talk between B lymphocytes (Bc) and invariant natural
      killer T cells (iNKT). Combining cellular techniques, such as flow cytometry and
      biochemical assays, we demonstrated that CD1d binds to NGcGM3 and that human Bc
      present NGcGM3 in a CD1d context according to two alternative strategies. We also
      showed that paraformaldehyde treatment of cells expressing CD1d affects the
      presentation. Finally, by co-culturing primary human Bc with iNKT and measuring
      Ki-67 expression, we detected a reproducible increment in the proliferation of
      the iNKT population when Ag was on the medium. Our findings identify a novel,
      endogenous, human CD1d ligand, which is sufficiently competent to stimulate iNKT.
      We postulate that CD1d-restricted Bc presentation of NGcGM3 drives effective iNKT
      activation, an immunological mechanism that has not been previously described for
      humans, which may contribute to understanding aNGcGM3 occurrence. 

PMID- 26969614
TI  - Dietary Profiles of First-Generation South Asian Indian Adolescents in the United
      States.
AB  - This study aimed to describe the dietary profile and health characteristics of
      first-generation South Asian Indian (SAI) adolescents in the United States
      because SAIs have a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and
      dietary risk factors for those diseases begin in youth. A descriptive cross
      sectional design was used to examine age, gender, usual dietary intake, body
      composition, blood pressure, blood glucose, and length of residency among 56
      first-generation, urban SAI adolescents. Intake of saturated fat exceeded
      recommendations for all participants, and potassium, magnesium, calcium, vitamin
      D, and fiber intakes were insufficient in nearly all. Sodium intake exceeded
      recommendations for most males. Cholesterol intake and sweets consumption was
      lower among those who lived in the U.S. longer. There were no associations of
      dietary patterns with health characteristics. Dietary patterns that may increase
      future disease risk included high saturated fats and low potassium, magnesium,
      calcium, vitamin D, and fiber.

PMID- 26969615
TI  - Modeling the Influence of Early Skin-to-Skin Contact on Exclusive Breastfeeding
      in a Sample of Hispanic Immigrant Women.
AB  - Using data from a longitudinal study of breastfeeding in Hispanics, this study
      evaluated the influence of early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) on initiation and
      sustained exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at 1 month postpartum. Two-thirds of the
      women in the sample participated in early SSC. At discharge, over half of the
      women were EBF; this proportion decreased to one-third at 1 month postpartum.
      Controlling for demographic and clinical variables in the model, participation in
      early SSC was associated with a greater than sevenfold increase in the odds of
      EBF at discharge (p = .005) but was not predictive of EBF at 1 month post
      discharge (p = .7). Younger maternal age and increased prenatal infant feeding
      intention were associated with an increased likelihood of EBF across both
      timepoints. Promoting early SSC may help with initiation of EBF, while further
      breastfeeding support may be needed to maintain EBF following discharge for this
      vulnerable population.

PMID- 26969616
TI  - Total monitoring of the constituents of Danshen tablet using micellar
      electrokinetic chromatography fingerprinting for antioxidant activity profiling.
AB  - A micellar electrokinetic chromatography fingerprint coupled with quantification
      was developed for assessing the quality consistency of Danshen tablets, a
      traditional Chinese medicine, with pharmacological activities of activating blood
      to remove blood stasis and regulating the flow of vital energy to alleviate pain.
      Square optimization method was proposed to select the suitable background
      electrolyte. Subsequently, the index of chromatographic fingerprints F was
      simultaneously employed as an objective function to evaluate capillary
      electrophoresis conditions. After that, the method was proved to meet the
      fingerprint analysis criteria by evaluating stability, linearity, limit of
      detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, and repeatability.
      Moreover, systematic quantified fingerprint method was used to evaluate
      chromatographic fingerprints of 30 batches of samples in terms of both quality
      and quantitation. The result indicated that the chemical compositions of samples
      were basically similar while their contents showed marked variation. In addition,
      the fingerprint-efficacy relationship was established using partial least squares
      model, which can serve as anti-oxidant activity evaluation of Danshen tablets as
      well as a reference for the selection of active constituents. The proposed method
      can be applied for the holistic quality control of Danshen tablets. 

PMID- 26969618
TI  - Psychological treatments for depression in pre-adolescent children (12 years and
      younger): systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of psychological
      treatments for depression in pre-adolescent children, a disorder affecting 1-2 %
      of children in this age range. A systematic review of studies of psychological
      interventions to treat depressive disorder in pre-adolescent children (aged up to
      12-years-old) was carried out. The primary outcome was level of depressive
      symptoms. Studies were found using Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Web of Knowledge
      databases and selected on several criteria. Only randomised controlled trials
      were included. Where individual studies covered a broader age range (usually
      including adolescents up to age 18 years), authors of those studies were
      contacted and requested to provide individual patient level data for those aged
      12 years and younger. 2822 abstracts were reviewed, and from these 124 full text
      articles were reviewed, yielding 7 studies for which we were able to access
      appropriate data for this review. 5 of these studies evaluated cognitive
      behaviour therapy (CBT). Combined results from these studies suggest that there
      is a lack of evidence that CBT is better than no treatment [standard mean
      difference -0.342 (95 % confidence interval -0.961, 0.278)], although the number
      of participants included in the trials was relatively small. The evidence for
      efficacy of family therapy and psychodynamic therapy is even more limited. The
      very limited number of participants in randomised controlled trials means that
      there is inconclusive evidence for the psychological treatment of depression in
      children aged 12 years and below. Given the prevalence and significant impact of
      this disorder, there is an urgent need to establish the effectiveness or
      otherwise of psychological intervention. 

PMID- 26969617
TI  - Parent-of-origin effects on genome-wide DNA methylation in the Cape honey bee
      (Apis mellifera capensis) may be confounded by allele-specific methylation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intersexual genomic conflict sometimes leads to unequal expression of
      paternal and maternal alleles in offspring, resulting in parent-of-origin
      effects. In honey bees reciprocal crosses can show strong parent-of-origin
      effects, supporting theoretical predictions that genomic imprinting occurs in
      this species. Mechanisms behind imprinting in honey bees are unclear but
      differential DNA methylation in eggs and sperm suggests that DNA methylation
      could be involved. Nonetheless, because DNA methylation is multifunctional, it is
      difficult to separate imprinting from other roles of methylation. Here we use a
      novel approach to investigate parent-of-origin DNA methylation in honey bees. In
      the subspecies Apis mellifera capensis, reproduction of females occurs either
      sexually by fertilization of eggs with sperm, or via thelytokous parthenogenesis,
      producing female embryos derived from two maternal genomes. RESULTS: We compared
      genome-wide methylation patterns of sexually-produced, diploid embryos laid by a
      queen, with parthenogenetically-produced diploid embryos laid by her daughters.
      Thelytokous embryos inheriting two maternal genomes had fewer hypermethylated
      genes compared to fertilized embryos, supporting the prediction that fertilized
      embryos have increased methylation due to inheritance of a paternal genome.
      However, bisulfite PCR and sequencing of a differentially methylated gene, Stan
      (GB18207) showed strong allele-specific methylation that was maintained in both
      fertilized and thelytokous embryos. For this gene, methylation was associated
      with haplotype, not parent of origin. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study are
      consistent with predictions from the kin theory of genomic imprinting. However,
      our demonstration of allele-specific methylation based on sequence shows that
      genome-wide differential methylation studies can potentially confound imprinting
      and allele-specific methylation. It further suggests that methylation patterns
      are heritable or that specific sequence motifs are targets for methylation in
      some genes.

PMID- 26969619
TI  - "I have to live like I'm old." Young adults' perspectives on managing
      hypertension: a multi-center qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the U.S., young adults (18-39 year-olds) have the lowest
      hypertension control rates among hypertensive adults. Understanding young adults'
      unique perceptions about hypertension and perceived barriers to hypertension
      control is critical to develop effective interventions for this population. This
      multi-center study explored young adults': 1) emotions and reactions after a
      hypertension diagnosis, 2) attitudes about managing hypertension (lifestyle
      changes, follow-up visits, antihypertensive medication use), 3) opinions about
      their healthcare system's hypertension education materials, and 4) opinions about
      using social media to manage hypertension. METHODS: Young adults (18-39 year
      olds) with a diagnosis of hypertension and regular primary care access were
      recruited by the Wisconsin Research and Education Network (WREN). Two focus
      groups (one per age range: 18-29 years, 30-39 years) were conducted in three
      Midwestern Family Medicine Clinics (academic, rural, and urban). Conventional
      content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight young adults (mean: 26.7
      [9.6] years old, 34% male, 45% Black, 42% with >=1 year of college) identified
      barriers to managing hypertension. Emergent themes overlapped across age groups
      and geographic regions. Most respondents were surprised and angry about a
      hypertension diagnosis; they expected to develop hypertension, but at a much
      older age. A hypertension diagnosis negatively altered their "young" self
      identity; suggested behavior changes and antihypertensive medications made them
      feel "older" than their peers. Young adults missed blood pressure follow-up
      visits due to co-payments, transportation barriers, and longer than desired wait
      times for brief visits. Contrary to our hypothesis, most young adults disliked
      social media or text messaging to support self-management; they were most
      concerned that their peers would see the hypertension communication. Current
      hypertension education materials were described as not addressing young adults'
      health questions and are often discarded before leaving the clinic. CONCLUSIONS:
      Targeting interventions to young adults' unique needs is necessary to improve
      hypertension control and cardiovascular preventive healthcare delivery.

PMID- 26969621
TI  - Intracerebroventricular administration of chondroitinase ABC reduces acute edema
      after traumatic brain injury in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brain edema is a significant challenge facing clinicians managing
      severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the acute period. If edema reaches a
      critical point, it leads to runaway intracranial hypertension that, in turn,
      leads to severe morbidity or death if left untreated. Clinical data on the
      efficacy of standard interventions is mixed. The goal of this study was to
      validate a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing post-traumatic brain edema in
      a mouse model. Prior in vitro work reported that the brain swells due to coupled
      electrostatic and osmotic forces generated by large, negatively charged, immobile
      molecules in the matrix that comprises brain tissue. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC)
      digests chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, a molecule that contributes to this
      negative charge. Therefore, we administered ChABC by intracerebroventricular
      (ICV) injection after controlled cortical impact TBI in the mouse and measured
      associated changes in edema. RESULTS: Almost half of the edema induced by injury
      was eliminated by ChABC treatment. CONCLUSIONS: ICV administration of ChABC may
      be a novel and effective method of treating post-traumatic brain edema in the
      acute period.

PMID- 26969620
TI  - Pretreatment oral hygiene habits and survival of head and neck squamous cell
      carcinoma (HNSCC) patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The survival time of patients with head and neck squamous cell
      carcinoma (HNSCC) is related to health behavior, such as tobacco smoking and
      alcohol consumption. Poor oral health (OH), dental care (DC) and the frequent use
      of mouthwash have been shown to represent independent risk factors for head and
      neck cancerogenesis, but their impact on the survival of HNSCC patients has not
      been systematically investigated. METHODS: Two hundred seventy-six incident HNSCC
      cases recruited for the ARCAGE study were followed through a period of 6-10
      years. Interview-based information on wearing of dentures, gum bleeding, teeth
      brushing, use of floss and dentist visits were grouped into weighted composite
      scores, i.e. oral health (OH) and dental care (DH). Use of mouthwash was assessed
      as frequency per day. Also obtained were other types of health behavior, such as
      smoking, alcohol drinking and diet, appreciated as both confounding and study
      variables. Endpoints were progression-free survival, overall survival and tumor
      specific survival. Prognostic values were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis
      and Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A good dental care
      score, summarizing annual dental visits, daily teeth cleaning and use of floss
      was associated with longer overall survival time (p = .001). The results of the
      Cox regression models similarly suggested a higher risk of tumor progression and
      shortened overall survival in patients with poor dental care, but the results
      lost their statistical significance after other types of health behavior had been
      controlled for. Frequent use of mouthwash (>= 2 times/day) significantly
      increased the risk of tumor-specific death (HR = 2.26; CI = 1.19-4.32). Alcohol
      consumption and tobacco smoking were dose-dependently associated with tumor
      progression and shorter overall survival. CONCLUSION: Frequent mouthwash use of
      >= 2 times/day seems to elevate the risk of tumor-specific death in HNSCC
      patients. Good dental care scores are associated with longer overall survival.

PMID- 26969622
TI  - Patient information and emotional needs across the hip osteoarthritis continuum:
      a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis worldwide,
      affecting a growing number of people in the ageing populations. Currently, it
      affects about 50 % of all people over 65 years of age. There are no disease
      modifying treatments for OA; hence preference-sensitive treatment options include
      symptom reduction, self-management and surgical joint replacement for suitable
      individuals. People have both ethical and legal rights to be informed about
      treatment choices and to actively participate in decision-making. Individuals
      have different needs; they differ in their ability to understand and make use of
      the provided information and to sustain behaviour change-dependent treatments
      over time. METHODS: As a part of a larger research project that aims to develop
      and test a web-based support tool for patients with hip OA, this paper is a
      qualitative in-depth study to investigate patients' need for information and
      their personal emotional needs. We invited 13 patients to participate in
      individual interviews, which were audiotaped. The audio-tapes were transcribed
      verbatim and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: The
      thematic analysis revealed a pattern of patients' information and emotional
      needs, captured in several key questions relevant to the different stages of the
      disease experience. Based on these results and research literature, we developed
      a model illustrating the patients' disease experience and treatment continuum.
      Six phases with accompanying key questions were identified, displaying how
      patients information and emotional needs arise and change in line with the
      progression of the disease experience, the clinical encounters and the decision
      making process. We also identified and included in the model an alternative route
      that bypasses the surgical treatment option. CONCLUSION: Patients with hip OA are
      in great need of information both at the time of diagnosis and further throughout
      the disease development and care continuum. Lack of information may result in
      unnecessary and dysfunctional misconceptions, underuse of potentially helpful
      treatment options and uninformed decisions. Patients need continuous support from
      health professionals and their families in order to find and consider effective
      treatment strategies.

PMID- 26969623
TI  - Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from concurrent malaria and
      arbovirus co-infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections are common and represent
      an important public health concern in regions where both diseases are endemic.
      The present study investigates the genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium
      falciparum infection in concurrent malaria-arbovirus infections in Kedougou
      region, southeastern Senegal. METHODS: Parasite DNA was extracted from 60 to 27
      sera samples collected from P. falciparum isolates of malaria and concurrent
      malaria-arbovirus infected patients, respectively, and followed by PCR-genotyping
      targeting the msp-1 (block2) and msp-2 (block3) allelic families. RESULTS: The
      mean number of genotype per allelic family was comparable between the two groups.
      K1 was the predominant msp-1 allelic type both in malaria (94.91%) and arbovirus
      malaria (92.59%) groups, whereas IC/3D7 was the most prevalent msp-2 allelic type
      in malaria (94.91%) and arbovirus-malaria (96.29%) groups. Frequencies of msp-1
      and msp-2 allelic types were statistically comparable between the two groups
      (Fisher exact test, P > 0.05) and were not associated with age. FC27 was
      strikingly the least prevalent in both groups and was absent in children under 5
      years of age. The proportions of P. falciparum isolates from malaria-infected
      patients carrying the three msp-1 allelic types (67.44%) or the two msp-2 allelic
      types (76.47%) were significantly higher than those from arbovirus-malaria co
      infected patients (Exact binomial test, P < 0.05). The multiplicities of
      infection (MOI) were low and comparable for msp-1 (1.19 vs 1.22) and msp-2 (1.11
      vs 1.10), respectively between malaria and arbovirus-malaria groups. CONCLUSION:
      The study showed no difference in the genetic diversity between P. falciparum
      isolates from malaria and concurrent malaria-arbovirus infected patients in
      Kedougou. The MOI was low despite intense malaria transmission in Kedougou. The
      overall results suggest a limited or no influence of arbovirus infections on P.
      falciparum diversity and complexity of malaria infection.

PMID- 26969624
TI  - Genetic diversity and population genetics of the warble flies Hypoderma bovis and
      H. sinense in Qinghai Province, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypoderma bovis and H. sinense (Diptera: Oestridae) mainly parasitise
      cattle and yaks. The two parasites are pathogenic and cause economic losses that
      result from reduced amounts of livestock products, including milk, meat, and
      skin. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of H. bovis and H.
      sinense have not been evaluated, but could be used to inform appropriate
      strategies to control these parasites. METHODS: We cloned and sequenced part of
      the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 60 H. bovis
      isolates and 52 H. sinense isolates from five locations in Qinghai Province,
      China, to identify polymorphisms, and infer their phylogenetic relationships,
      historical population expansions, and divergence time. RESULTS: We identified 17
      COI haplotypes from the H. bovis samples, and 23 COI haplotypes from the H.
      sinense samples. The haplotype and nucleotide diversities were 0.738 and 0.00202
      for H. bovis, and 0.867 and 0.00300 for H. sinense, respectively, which indicates
      rich genetic diversity in H. bovis and H. sinense populations. Bayesian
      phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two species are monophyletic, and
      geographical structuring of haplotypes was significantly different in H. sinense
      (P < 0.05), but not H. bovis. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution
      statistical analysis revealed that populations of the two species have undergone
      demographic expansions. The divergence three Hypoderma spp. (H. bovis, H.
      lineatum, and H. sinense) was estimated to have occurred approximately 4.5
      million years ago (Mya), which indicates that the rapid uplift of the Qinghai
      Tibetan Plateau during the late Miocene-Pliocene was associated with divergence
      of Hypoderma species. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study revealed that
      both H. bovis and H. sinense displayed high genetic diversity and widespread
      population genetic differentiation within and among populations; these data,
      along with the molecular phylogeny, demographic history, and divergence time
      estimation, provide new insight into evolutionary history of these species. These
      findings will help elucidate speciation in Hypoderma and provide theoretical
      basis for epidemiological surveillance and control of these species on the
      Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

PMID- 26969625
TI  - Prognostic value of microRNA-21 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been reported to be associated
      with prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The present studies
      aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of miR-21 for PDAC with meta-analysis.
      METHODS: A systematic search in the PubMed and other databases was conducted to
      identify eligible studies. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence
      interval (CI) were calculated. The meta-analysis was conducted using the STATA
      12.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 12 articles (13 studies) which included 963
      cases were selected for the meta-analysis. Elevated miR-21 expression was
      significantly predictive of poor overall survival (HR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.71-2.46, P
      < 0.001). In the subgroup analyses, similar results were observed in Asian (HR =
      2.09, 95% CI 1.62-2.71, P < 0.001) and Caucasian (HR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.53-3.65, P
      < 0.001); in tissue sample (HR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.73-2.65, P < 0.001) and serum
      sample (HR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.30-2.60, P = 0.001); with quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction assay method (HR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.86-2.86, P < 0.001);
      and in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (HR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.88-3.00, P <
      0.001). The association between miR-21 expression level and lymph node metastasis
      was statistically significant (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.02-2.06, P = 0.038). However,
      no significant relationship between miR-21 expression level and sex or vascular
      invasion or neural infiltration was observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta
      analysis indicated that elevated miR-21 expression level can predict poor
      prognosis in patients with PDAC.

PMID- 26969626
TI  - Language Evolution: Constraints and Opportunities From Modern Genetics.
AB  - Our understanding of language, its origins and subsequent evolution (including
      language change), is shaped not only by data and theories from the language
      sciences, but also fundamentally by the biological sciences. Recent developments
      in genetics and evolutionary theory offer both very strong constraints on what
      scenarios of language evolution are possible and probable, but also offer
      exciting opportunities for understanding otherwise puzzling phenomena. Due to the
      intrinsic breathtaking rate of advancement in these fields, and the complexity,
      subtlety, and sometimes apparent non-intuitiveness of the phenomena discovered,
      some of these recent developments have either being completely missed by language
      scientists or misperceived and misrepresented. In this short paper, we offer an
      update on some of these findings and theoretical developments through a selection
      of illustrative examples and discussions that cast new light on current debates
      in the language sciences. The main message of our paper is that life is much more
      complex and nuanced than anybody could have predicted even a few decades ago, and
      that we need to be flexible in our theorizing instead of embracing a priori
      dogmas and trying to patch paradigms that are no longer satisfactory.

PMID- 26969627
TI  - Fibrinogen levels in trauma patients during the first seven days after fibrinogen
      concentrate therapy: a retrospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibrinogen concentrate (FC) is increasingly used as first line
      therapy in bleeding trauma patients. It remains unproven whether FC application
      increases post-traumatic plasma fibrinogen concentration (FIB) in injured
      patients, possibly constituting a prothrombotic risk. Thus, we investigated the
      evolution of FIB following trauma in patients with or without FC therapy.
      METHODS: At the AUVA Trauma Centre, Salzburg, we performed a retrospective study
      of patients admitted to the emergency room and whose FIB levels were documented
      thereafter up to day 7 post-trauma. Patients were categorized into those with
      (treatment group) or without (control group) FC therapy during the first 24 h
      after hospital admission. A subgroup analysis was carried out to investigate the
      influence of the amount of FC given. RESULTS: The study enrolled 435 patients:
      treatment group, n = 242 (56 %); control group, n = 193 (44%), with median Injury
      Severity Score of 34 vs. 22 (P < 0.001) and massive transfusion rate of 18.4% vs.
      0.2% (P < 0.001). In the treatment group (median FC dose 6 g), FIB was lower on
      admission and up to day 2 compared with the control group. In patients receiving
      high (>=10 g) doses of FC, FIB was lower up to day 5 as compared to controls. At
      other timepoints, FIB did not differ significantly between the groups. In the
      treatment vs. the control group, other coagulation parameters such as prothrombin
      time index and platelet count were consistently lower, while activated partial
      thromboplastin time was consistently prolonged at most timepoints. Inflammatory
      parameters such as C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and procalcitonin were
      generally lower in controls. DISCUSSION: The rise of FIB levels from day 2
      onwards in our study can be attributed to an upregulated fibrinogen synthesis in
      the liver, occurring in both study groups as part of the acute phase response
      after tissue injury. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of severe trauma patients with FC
      during bleeding management in the first 24 h after hospital admission does not
      lead to higher FIB levels post-trauma beyond that occurring naturally due to the
      acute phase response.

PMID- 26969629
TI  - Sex and Genotype Differences in Odor Detection in the 3*Tg-AD and 5XFAD Mouse
      Models of Alzheimer's Disease at 6 Months of Age.
AB  - Deficits in odor identification and detection are early symptoms of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). Two transgenic mouse models of AD, the 5XFAD and the 3*Tg-AD mice
      and their wildtype controls, were assessed for olfactory detection with
      decreasing concentrations of ethyl acetate in a go no-go operant olfactometer
      task at 6 months of age. For both the 5XFAD and their B6SJLF1 wildtype
      littermates, females made fewer errors in detecting the ethyl acetate than males
      on all but the lowest odor concentrations. Female 5XFAD mice performed slightly
      better than their female wildtype littermates on the higher odor concentrations,
      though not at the lowest concentration. The 3*Tg-AD females showed decreased
      olfactory detection compared with their wildtype B6129S1 controls, whereas there
      was no difference in the males. Therefore, although the 5XFAD mice showed no
      olfactory detection deficits, female 3*Tg-AD mice had impaired olfactory
      detection at low odor concentrations but males did not. This difference in odor
      detection should be considered in studies of olfactory learning and memory, as
      differences in performance may be due to sensory rather than cognitive factors,
      though detection seems unimpaired at high odor concentrations.

PMID- 26969628
TI  - A systematic review of the characteristics and validity of monitoring
      technologies to assess Parkinson's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in having objective assessment of health
      related outcomes using technology-based devices that provide unbiased
      measurements which can be used in clinical practice and scientific research. Many
      studies have investigated the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease
      using such devices. However, clinimetric properties and clinical validation vary
      among the different devices. METHODS: Given such heterogeneity, we sought to
      perform a systematic review in order to (i) list, (ii) compare and (iii) classify
      technological-based devices used to measure motor function in individuals with
      Parkinson's disease into three groups, namely wearable, non-wearable and hybrid
      devices. A systematic literature search of the PubMed database resulted in the
      inclusion of 168 studies. These studies were grouped based on the type of device
      used. For each device we reviewed availability, use, reliability, validity, and
      sensitivity to change. The devices were then classified as (i) 'recommended',
      (ii) 'suggested' or (iii) 'listed' based on the following criteria: (1) used in
      the assessment of Parkinson's disease (yes/no), (2) used in published studies by
      people other than the developers (yes/no), and (3) successful clinimetric testing
      (yes/no). RESULTS: Seventy-three devices were identified, 22 were wearable, 38
      were non-wearable, and 13 were hybrid devices. In accordance with our
      classification method, 9 devices were 'recommended', 34 devices were 'suggested',
      and 30 devices were classified as 'listed'. Within the wearable devices group,
      the Mobility Lab sensors from Ambulatory Parkinson's Disease Monitoring (APDM),
      Physilog(r), StepWatch 3, TriTrac RT3 Triaxial accelerometer, McRoberts DynaPort,
      and Axivity (AX3) were classified as 'recommended'. Within the non-wearable
      devices group, the Nintendo Wii Balance Board and GAITRite(r) gait analysis
      system were classified as 'recommended'. Within the hybrid devices group only the
      Kinesia(r) system was classified as 'recommended'.

PMID- 26969630
TI  - Olfactory Responses of Southern House Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, to Human
      Odorants.
AB  - Mosquito control is essential to protect humans from mosquito-borne diseases. The
      host recognition between mosquitoes and humans is achieved by the mosquito
      olfactory system. Antennal sensilla, which house olfactory receptor neurons, are
      responsible for detecting chemical cues from hosts. To deepen our understanding
      of the mechanisms involved in the host seeking behavior of mosquitoes, we
      conducted an electrophysiological study to investigate the response profile of
      each type of antennal sensilla to human odorants using single sensillum
      recording. In this study, more than 100 human odorants have been applied as
      stimuli to 5 morphological types of sensilla, long sharp trichoid (LST), short
      sharp trichoid (SST), short blunt trichoid I (SBTI), short blunt trichoid II
      (SBTII), and grooved peg (GP). Different types of sensilla present distinctive
      response profiles to the human odorants tested. In particular, SST, SBTI, and
      SBTII sensilla responded to more than 1 category of human odorants, while GP and
      LST were narrowly tuned to amines and methyl nonanoate, respectively. The dose
      dependent patterns and odorant-specific/chemical structure-specific temporal
      dynamics of SBTI and SBTII antennal sensilla to human odorants had been further
      detected. Taken together, our study provides the new information on the olfactory
      physiology of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to human odorants,
      leading to a better understanding of mosquito-host recognition and being
      important for future development of new reagents in the mosquito control.

PMID- 26969632
TI  - The promise of electronic health records in economic analyses: a peek inside the
      black box.

PMID- 26969631
TI  - Effects of a transitional palliative care model on patients with end-stage heart
      failure: a randomised controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of home-based transitional palliative care for
      patients with end-stage heart failure (ESHF) after hospital discharge. METHODS:
      This was a randomised controlled trial conducted in three hospitals in Hong Kong.
      The recruited subjects were patients with ESHF who had been discharged home from
      hospitals and referred for palliative service, and who met the specified
      inclusion criteria. The interventions consisted of weekly home visits/telephone
      calls in the first 4 weeks then monthly follow-up, provided by a nurse case
      manager supported by a multidisciplinary team. The primary outcome measures were
      any readmission and count of readmissions within 4 and 12 weeks after index
      discharge, compared using chi(2) tests and Poisson regression, respectively.
      Secondarily, change in symptoms over time between control and intervention groups
      were evaluated using generalised estimating equation analyses of data collected
      using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS). RESULTS: The intervention
      group (n=43) had a significantly lower readmission rate than the control group
      (n=41) at 12 weeks (intervention 33.6% vs control 61.0% chi(2)=6.8, p=0.009). The
      mean number (SE) of readmissions for the intervention and control groups was,
      respectively, 0.42 (0.10) and 1.10 (0.16) and the difference was significant
      (p=0.001). The relative risk (CI) for 12-week readmissions for the intervention
      group was 0.55 (0.35 to 0.88). There was no significant difference in
      readmissions between groups at 4 weeks. However, when compared with the control
      group, the intervention group experienced significantly higher clinical
      improvement in depression (45.9% vs 16.1%, p<0.05), dyspnoea (62.2% vs 29.0%,
      p<0.05) and total ESAS score (73.0% vs 41.4%, p<0.05) at 4 weeks. There were
      significant differences between groups in changes over time in quality of life
      (QOL) measured by McGill QOL (p<0.05) and chronic HF (p<0.01) questionnaires.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of a postdischarge
      transitional care palliative programme in reducing readmissions and improving
      symptom control among patients with ESHF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: HKCTR-1562;
      Results.

PMID- 26969633
TI  - Significance of apical cavity obliteration in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterised by apical
      systolic obliteration and is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke,
      heart failure (HF), and mortality. We investigated whether apical obliteration of
      the left ventricular (LV) cavity could have an unfavourable impact on the
      clinical course of apical HCM. METHODS: 188 patients with apical HCM (114 males,
      median age 67 years) were identified retrospectively from January 2008 to
      December 2010. The rate of apical obliteration was defined as the net
      obliteration to end-diastolic apical cap thickness, and the ratio of obliteration
      to cavity was defined as the end-systolic obliteration to cavity height. Events
      were defined as a composite of new onset of AF, stroke, HF, and cardiovascular
      (CV) death. RESULTS: There were 43 clinical events (19 AFs, 11 HFs, 9 strokes,
      and 4 deaths) during a follow-up of median 4.4 years. The events patients were
      older, had larger left atrial volume index (LAVI), lower late diastolic mitral
      annular tissue Doppler velocity (a'), and higher LV end-diastolic pressure
      (E/e'). They had greater apical thickness and obliteration, smaller systolic
      cavity height, higher rate of obliteration, and higher ratio of obliteration to
      cavity; events were significantly higher (54%) in the upper tertiles of the ratio
      of obliteration to cavity. Age, E/e', a', LAVI, apical thickness, rate of
      obliteration, and ratio of obliteration to cavity were associated with events. On
      multivariable analysis, the ratio of obliteration to cavity remained a
      significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of obliteration to cavity could
      provide useful information to predict the occurrence of adverse events in apical
      HCM.

PMID- 26969634
TI  - The Association Between Built Environment Attributes and Physical Activity in
      East Asian Adolescents: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Asian adolescents living in Australia and England were found to be less active
      than their Western peers. We aimed to systematically examine evidence of the
      associations between attributes of the built environment and physical activity in
      adolescents dwelling in East Asian countries. A total of 10 electronic databases
      for relevant observational studies without time limit were searched. Five studies
      met the eligibility criteria, which involved a total of 43 817 schoolchildren
      aged 11 to 17 years. The majority of the built environment attributes measured
      was significantly associated with reported physical activity. Difficult access to
      public facilities was associated with physical inactivity. Inconsistent finding
      of the association between residential density and physical activity was found.
      Further studies comparing participants from different Asian countries using a
      longitudinal design with an appropriate period of follow-up and both objective
      and reported measures of built environment attributes and physical activity are
      needed. 

PMID- 26969635
TI  - Gender Issues and Public Health.

PMID- 26969636
TI  - Estimating Suicide Rates in Developing Nations: A Low-Cost Newspaper Capture
      Recapture Approach in Cambodia.
AB  - This study tested a low-cost method for estimating suicide rates in developing
      nations that lack adequate statistics. Data comprised reported suicides from
      Cambodia's 2 largest newspapers. Capture-recapture modeling estimated a suicide
      rate of 3.8/100 000 (95% CI = 2.5-6.7) for 2012. That compares to World Health
      Organization estimates of 1.3 to 9.4/100 000 and a Cambodian government estimate
      of 3.5/100 000. Suicide rates of males were twice that of females, and rates of
      those <40 years were twice that of those >=40 years. Capture-recapture modeling
      with newspaper reports proved a reasonable method for estimating suicide rates
      for countries with inadequate official data. These methods are low-cost and can
      be applied to regions with at least 2 newspapers with overlapping reports. Means
      to further improve this approach are discussed. These methods are applicable to
      both recent and historical data, which can benefit epidemiological work, and may
      also be applicable to homicides and other statistics. 

PMID- 26969637
TI  - The Effects of Social Reforms on Mental Disability in China: Population-Based
      Study.
AB  - Few studies have explored how mental disabilities have changed with the waves of
      Chinese social reforms that occurred between 1912 and 2006. The present study
      evaluated population-based data from the Second China National Sample Survey on
      Disability to investigate these trends and their effects on mental disabilities.
      The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between
      social reforms and mental disabilities. The confounding variables considered were
      as follows: survey age, gender, residence in 2006, ethnicity, and living
      arrangements in 2006. The highest risks of mental disabilities were observed in
      subjects born during the Mao Zedong era. Subjects who experienced social
      turbulence during their early development may have increased risks of mental
      disabilities in adulthood. The results and discussion herein contribute to our
      understanding of mental disabilities in China within the context of changing
      political, socioeconomic, and health system conditions and a developing mental
      health system. 

PMID- 26969638
TI  - "Back to Basics" Approach for Improving Maternal Health Care Services Utilization
      in Lao PDR.
AB  - Earlier studies claim inadequate knowledge and understanding of maternal health
      care service among women and families account for low demand and utilization of
      these services. This study explores maternal service utilization in Lao PDR by
      interviewing women, families, health service providers, and community members in
      Xiengkhuang province. In general, women's attitude and acceptance of maternal
      health care were positive, with many expressing appreciation and need for
      maternal health services. Nevertheless, utilization of maternal health services
      remained poor largely due to dissatisfaction with services: inaccessibility,
      irregular services, fund shortage, poor facilities, and problems dealing with
      male health service providers. It appears that utilization of maternal health
      care services in Lao PDR is as much a health system concern as it is a user
      preference issue. This article advocates a "back to basics" approach for
      reviewing maternal health care infrastructure systems in developing countries to
      improve community health services and utilization. 

PMID- 26969639
TI  - Wave Upon Wave: Fiji's Experiments in Decentralizing Its Health Care System.
AB  - Decentralization in the health sector has been widely implemented since the 1970s
      as a reform mechanism with mixed results. This study describes Fiji's 2 attempts
      at decentralizing its health sector and examines the implications they have had
      for the functions of planning, financing, and delivery of health services. The
      first wave attempted a major restructure by devolving Fiji's health system.
      Political instability, along with a lack of acceptance, stalled its
      implementation resulting in a delegated system. While the functions of planning
      and financing remained centralized, the function of delivery was delegated to
      geographic regions. The second wave was a more focused effort that targeted the
      deconcentration of outpatient services in one division. This attempt also
      decentralized the delivery function while keeping the other 2 functions
      centralized. Fiji's incremental approach to decentralization could provide
      lessons for Asia-Pacific countries that have had failed attempts in large scale
      decentralization efforts. 

PMID- 26969640
TI  - Quantification of perflutren microsphere contrast destruction during transit
      through an ex vivo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Echocardiography is a key investigation in the management of patients
      on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, echocardiographic images
      are often non-diagnostic in this patient population. Contrast-enhanced
      echocardiography may overcome many of these limitations but contrast microspheres
      are hydrodynamically labile structures prone to destruction from shear forces and
      turbulent flow, which may exist within an ECMO circuit. This study sought to
      evaluate microsphere destruction (utilising signal intensity as a marker of
      contrast concentration) during transit through an ECMO circuit. METHODS:
      Activated Definity(r) contrast was diluted to 50 ml with normal saline and
      infused into a crystalloid primed ex vivo ECMO with a Quadrox oxygenator at 150
      ml/h. Imaging was performed on pre- and post-pump head/oxygenator sections of the
      circuit using a Philips iE33 scanner and S5-1 transducer. Five-millimetre regions
      of interest were placed in the centre of the ultrasound field. Average signal
      intensity (decibels) was calculated at speeds of 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm
      and then repeated with an infusion rate of 300 ml/h. The oxygenator was then
      spliced out of the circuit and the measures repeated. RESULTS: There was a
      significant reduction in contrast concentration during passage through the ECMO
      circuit at all speeds (with higher pump head speeds resulting in greater
      microsphere destruction). In a circuit with an oxygenator, relative decrease in
      signal intensity was 21.4 versus 5.2 % without an oxygenator. There was
      significant destruction of contrast microspheres during passage through the ECMO
      circuit at all pump head speeds. An oxygenator contributed to microsphere
      destruction at a significantly greater level than the pump head alone. There was
      no significant difference in mean signal intensity reduction in the circuit
      between an infusion of 150 or 300 ml/h (3.5 +/- 3.2 versus 3.6 +/- 2.5 dB,
      respectively, p = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Flow of contrast through an ECMO circuit
      results in significant destruction of microspheres. Circuits with an oxygenator
      result in significantly greater levels of contrast destruction than by the pump
      head alone. Clinicians should be cognisant of the relationship between ECMO
      circuit configurations, pump head speed and contrast destruction when performing
      a contrast-enhanced echocardiogram in patients supported with ECMO.

PMID- 26969641
TI  - The effects of shifting tasks from pharmacy to non-pharmacy personnel for
      providing antiretroviral therapy to people living with HIV: a systematic review
      protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Shifting selected antiretroviral therapy (ART) tasks from
      specialised healthcare workers to those with shorter or less formal training has
      been implemented in resource-limited settings to alleviate critical shortages of
      human resources for health. However, the specifics of shifting ART dispensing
      from pharmacy to non-pharmacy personnel have not been addressed in a systematic
      review, although this can potentially increase access to ART. We will assess the
      effects of shifting dispensing and distribution of ART and adherence assessment
      from pharmacy to non-pharmacy personnel in low and middle-income countries.
      METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will search PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, WHO Global Health
      Library and relevant grey literature for eligible controlled trials. Two authors
      will screen the search output, select eligible studies, assess risk of bias and
      extract data from included studies, resolving discrepancies by discussion and
      consensus. We will perform meta-analysis using both fixed and random effects
      models, investigate clinical and statistical heterogeneity, and assess our
      confidence in the overall evidence using standard Cochrane methods, including
      GRADE. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Only secondary data will be included in this
      review and ethics approval is not required. We will disseminate the review
      findings in various scientific fora, including peer-reviewed journals. The
      findings may help to inform policy makers in defining the scope of work of
      healthcare workers, and global recommendations for shifting the dispensing and
      distribution of ART from pharmacy to non-pharmacy personnel. TRIAL REGISTRATION
      NUMBER: CRD42015017034.

PMID- 26969642
TI  - Role of students' context in predicting academic performance at a medical school:
      a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study examines associations between medical students' background
      characteristics (postcode-based measures of disadvantage, high school attended,
      sociodemographic characteristics), and academic achievement at a Russell Group
      University. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING: Applicants accepted
      at the University of Liverpool medical school between 2004 and 2006, finalising
      their studies between 2010 and 2011. PARTICIPANTS: 571 students (with an English
      home postcode) registered on the full-time Medicine and Surgery programme, who
      successfully completed their medical degree. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final average
      at year 4 of the medical programme (represented as a percentage). RESULTS: Entry
      grades were positively associated with final attainment (p<0.001). Students from
      high-performing schools entered university with higher qualifications than
      students from low-performing schools (p<0.001), though these differences did not
      persist at university. Comprehensive school students entered university with
      higher grades than independent school students (p<0.01), and attained higher
      averages at university, though differences were not significant after controlling
      for multiple effects. Associations between school type and achievement differed
      between sexes. Females attained higher averages than males at university.
      Significant academic differences were observed between ethnic groups at entry
      level and university. Neither of the postcode-based measures of disadvantage
      predicted significant differences in attainment at school or university.
      CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that educational attainment at
      school is a good, albeit imperfect, predictor of academic attainment at medical
      school. Most attainment differences observed between students either decreased or
      disappeared during university. Unlike previous studies, independent school
      students did not enter university with the highest grades, but achieved the
      lowest attainment at university. Such variations depict how patterns may differ
      between subjects and higher-education institutions. Findings advocate for further
      evidence to help guide the implementation of changes in admissions processes and
      widen participation at medical schools fairly.

PMID- 26969646
TI  - Is it too early for a major change? A critical objection to the freeze all
      policy.

PMID- 26969644
TI  - Associations of cigarette smoking, betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption
      with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in early radiographic knee
      osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is possibly related to
      osteoarthritis (OA) progression and a variety of OA-related symptoms. This study
      aimed to examine associations between cigarette smoking, betel quid chewing and
      alcohol consumption and hsCRP in early radiographic knee OA. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional health examination survey. SETTING: This primary study was conducted in
      a health examination centre in China. PARTICIPANTS: 936 (656 men and 280 women)
      patients with early radiographic knee OA were included in this cross-sectional
      study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Smoking status was classified into
      four levels based on daily smoking habit: 0/day, 1-10/day, 11-20/day and >20/day.
      Betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption status was divided into 'Yes' or 'No'.
      Early radiographic knee OA was defined as Kellgren Lawrence (K-L) grade 1 or 2 in
      at least one leg, and elevated hsCRP was assessed as >= 3.0 mg/L. RESULTS: After
      adjustment for a number of potential confounding factors, a significant positive
      association between cigarette smoking and hsCRP was observed in the multivariable
      model. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of elevated hsCRP (>= 3.0 mg/L) in
      the second (1-10/day, n=133), third (11-20/day, n=59) and highest (>20/day,
      n=104) cigarette smoking categories were 1.54 (95% CI 0.91 to 2.61), 1.27 (95% CI
      0.57 to 2.79) and 2.09 (95% CI 1.20 to 3.64), respectively, compared with the non
      smoker category (n=640). In addition, there was a positive dose-response
      relationship between cigarette smoking and elevated hsCRP (p for trend=0.01). No
      significant associations between betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption and
      hsCRP were observed in the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated
      that cigarette smoking was positively associated with serum hsCRP level in
      patients with early radiographic knee OA. However, in view of the nature of cross
      sectional designs, the results need to be confirmed by further prospective
      studies.

PMID- 26969645
TI  - Is the peripapillary retinal perfusion related to myopia in healthy eyes? A
      prospective comparative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the peripapillary and
      parafoveal perfusion of young, healthy myopic subjects with spectral domain
      optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. DESIGN: A prospective comparative
      study was conducted from December 2014 to January 2015. SETTING: Participants
      recruited from a population-based study performed by the Eye, Ear, Nose and
      Throat Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 78
      Chinese normal subjects (78 eyes) with different refraction were included. Myopia
      was divided into 4 groups on the basis of the refractive status: 20 eyes with
      emmetropia (mean spherical equivalent (MSE) 0.50D to -0.50D), 20 eyes with mild
      myopia (MSE -0.75D to -2.75D), 20 eyes with moderate myopia (MSE -3.00D to 
      5.75D), and 18 eyes with high myopia (MSE<=-6.00D). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Peripapillary and parafoveal retinal and choroidal perfusion parameters and their
      relationships with axial length (AL) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL)
      thickness were analysed. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for the
      retinal flow index and vessel density in the peripapillary area among the 4
      groups, but not in the parafoveal area. The high myopia group had the lowest
      peripapillary retinal flow index and vessel density. In addition, there was a
      negative correlation (beta=-0.002, p=0.047) between the AL and peripapillary
      retinal flow index and a positive correlation between RNFL thickness and the
      peripapillary retinal perfusion parameters (flow index: beta=0.001, p=0.006;
      vessel density: beta=0.350, p=0.002) even after adjustment for other variables.
      CONCLUSIONS: Highly myopic eyes have a decreased peripapillary retinal perfusion
      compared with emmetropic eyes. Such vascular features might increase the
      susceptibility to vascular-related eye diseases.

PMID- 26969647
TI  - Correlation of fetal scalp blood sampling pH with neonatal outcome umbilical
      artery pH value.
AB  - PURPOSE: Fetal scalp blood sampling is considered as a complimentary tool in
      addition to cardiotocography to assess fetal well-being. This blood sampling is
      important as the obstetrician has to judge and make decisions regarding the
      further management of the delivery based on this pH result. The aim of this study
      was to analyze the correlation between fetal scalp blood pH and the umbilical
      artery pH after birth. Furthermore, it was investigated whether tocolysis, a
      performed episiotomy or cord encirclement have an influence on the umbilical
      artery pH. METHODS: This retrospective study over a period of 11 years included
      all singleton pregnancies without fetal anomalies, which were monitored by fetal
      scalp blood sampling during labor. RESULTS: 844 out of 1502 deliveries were
      included for analysis. The analysis demonstrates a good correlation between fetal
      scalp pH value and outcome pH value. Subgroup analysis with fetal scalp blood pH
      <7.20 showed a difference in 40 of 82 cases, with an outcome pH value >=7.20, but
      this difference was statistically insignificant. Neither did tocolysis,
      episiotomy or the presence of cord encirclement show an overall effect, nor did
      they have an impact on the subgroup. CONCLUSION: Obstetricians must consider that
      the values of fetal scalp blood are not always reliable and can be false.
      However, on the basis of CTG and fetal scalp blood pH, decisions are made
      regarding delivery interventions. Therefore, we would encourage the consideration
      of taking two samples routinely at every attempt of fetal blood sampling.

PMID- 26969648
TI  - Pregnancy outcomes of blastocysts cultured overnight after thawing.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare embryo quality and outcomes of blastocysts thawed and
      transferred the same day with those thawed and cultured overnight before
      transfer. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients with infertility who
      underwent thawed embryo transfer (TET) the same day as thawing (0TET group) and
      those that received TET after embryos were thawed and cultured overnight before
      transfer (1TET group) were enrolled. Univariable and multivariable logistic
      regression were performed to detect the factors associated with the clinical
      pregnancy rate (CPR), implantation rate, miscarriage rate, and multiple pregnancy
      rate. RESULTS: A total of 489 patients (489 cycles) were included with 234 in the
      0TET group and 255 in the 1TET group. There were no significant differences
      between the two groups with respect to age, body mass index (BMI), basal FSH and
      estradiol (E2) level, and causes of infertility (all, p > 0.05). There were no
      significant differences in the CPR, implantation rate, miscarriage rate, or
      multiple pregnancy rate between the two groups (all, p > 0.05), and this finding
      was irrespective of the endometrial preparation method. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy
      outcomes are the same for blastocysts thawed and cultured overnight 1 day before
      transfer and those thawed and transferred on the same day.

PMID- 26969649
TI  - Bakri balloon vs. B-Lynch suture as hemostatic procedures for atonic bleeding:
      clarification and concerns.

PMID- 26969650
TI  - Robotic assisted vs laparoscopic and/or open myomectomy: systematic review and
      meta-analysis of the clinical evidence.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Uterine myomas are relative frequent in premenopausal women. The
      development of advanced minimally invasive surgical techniques proposed robotic
      assisted myomectomy as an equally safe and effective treatment option. METHODS:
      PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases were systematically searched and 15 studies
      met the inclusion criteria for our meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eight studies compared
      robotic technique to laparoscopic, while nine studies to open/abdominal
      technique. In total, 2,027 patients were included. In studies referring to the
      comparison between the robotic myomectomy and the open one, the robotic technique
      showed a significant inferiority in operative time [84.85 min per operation (95 %
      confidence intervals (CI) 60.41-109.29)], but superiority in estimated blood loss
      [92.78 ml/operation (95 % CI 47.26-138.29)], the need for transfusion [981
      patients; odd ratio (OR) 0.20; 95 % CI 0.09-0.43], total complications (1101
      patients; OR 0.31; 95 % CI 0.11-0.87) and in the length of hospital stay [1.84
      days/patient (95 % CI 1.40-2.29)] over the open myomectomy. CONCLUSION: Regarding
      the comparison between robotic assisted and laparoscopic technique, no
      significant difference was found between the two in comparison groups. Minimally
      invasive techniques have the advantage of less blood loss, less need for blood
      transfusion and less hospital stay. Additionally, long-term outcomes still need
      to be clarified including pain control, fertility and pregnancy rates
      postoperatively, as well as possible recurrence rates.

PMID- 26969651
TI  - Gender-based workplace assessment in gynecology and obstetrics in Germany:
      results from the iCEPT Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: In the field of gynecology and obstetrics, studies exploring the
      workplace situation are important. We conducted this study with the overall aim
      to assess the subjective perception of working conditions of OB/GYNs in German
      hospitals. Since gender ratios are changing among German physicians in general
      and among OB/GYNs in particular, a special focus was put on gender-based
      differences. METHODS: This study uses data from the iCEPT Study (n = 7090). From
      this database, data from physicians working in the field of gynecology and
      obstetrics (n = 381) were analyzed. The iCEPT questionnaire was based upon
      established questionnaires. RESULTS: 92.1 % (95 % CI 89.2-95.3) of respondents
      stated to be often under time pressure and 89.8 % (95 % CI 87.6-93.3) stated
      frequent disturbances during work time. Women felt significantly more often under
      time pressure than men (OR = 2.73; 95 % CI 1.25-5.92; p = 0.009). Moreover, only
      about every third respondent stated to be in control of his or her work. Feedback
      about their work was received by 27.6 % (95 % CI 23.4-32.1) of respondents.
      However, male physicians got significantly more often feedback with an odds ratio
      of OR = 2.03 (95 % CI 1.21-3.41; p = 0.007). In regard to job satisfaction, about
      one in two (55.1 %; 95 % CI 50.4-60.2) stated to be satisfied with his or her
      job. However, men seemed more often satisfied than women with an OR = 1.98 (95 %
      CI 1.18-3.32; p = 0.009). No significant gender difference was seen in the
      analysis of the social climate and the social support. CONCLUSIONS: It is
      important to be aware of the documented gender differences regarding perception
      of working conditions. In order to sustain the gender diversity in the specialty
      of OB/GYNs these differences should be resolved. Special attention should be
      drawn to the improvement of job demands and control of employees.

PMID- 26969652
TI  - Development and validation of an objective structured assessment of technical
      skill tool for the practice of breech presentation delivery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop and test the validity of an Objective Structured Assessment
      of Technical Skills (OSATS) tool for breech presentation delivery. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Monocentric prospective study conducted in the Department of Gynecology,
      Obstetrics, Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Medicine at the University Hospital
      of Nice. The study consisted of two parts, the development of the OSATS scoring
      system and its objective validation. Several experts in obstetrics from
      university hospital centers and private French hospitals were invited to
      participate in the development phase of the scoring system. For the validation
      phase, we formed a group of 20 novices and a group of 20 experts, who had to
      perform a breech presentation delivery on a simulator, according to a
      standardized scenario. Each participant was filmed and two experts would then
      evaluate their performance by viewing anonymized videos and using the OSATS
      score. RESULTS: The scores obtained by the expert group were significantly higher
      than those of the novice group, with a total score of 21.73/25 versus 6.95/25 (p
      < 0.0001), a task-specific score of 87.2/110 versus 44.3/110 (p < 0.0001) and an
      overall score of 108.93/135 versus 51.25/135 (p < 0.0001), respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The OSATS score developed in this study for breech presentation
      delivery is a reliable model to assess the competence level in procedural skills
      using a simulator.

PMID- 26969643
TI  - Measurement of Exercise Tolerance before Surgery (METS) study: a protocol for an
      international multicentre prospective cohort study of cardiopulmonary exercise
      testing prior to major non-cardiac surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Preoperative functional capacity is considered an important risk
      factor for cardiovascular and other complications of major non-cardiac surgery.
      Nonetheless, the usual approach for estimating preoperative functional capacity,
      namely doctors' subjective assessment, may not accurately predict postoperative
      morbidity or mortality. 3 possible alternatives are cardiopulmonary exercise
      testing; the Duke Activity Status Index, a standardised questionnaire for
      estimating functional capacity; and the serum concentration of N-terminal pro-B
      type natriuretic peptide (NT pro-BNP), a biomarker for heart failure and cardiac
      ischaemia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Measurement of Exercise Tolerance before
      Surgery (METS) Study is a multicentre prospective cohort study of patients
      undergoing major elective non-cardiac surgery at 25 participating study sites in
      Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK. We aim to recruit 1723 participants.
      Prior to surgery, participants undergo symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise
      testing on a cycle ergometer, complete the Duke Activity Status Index
      questionnaire, undergo blood sampling to measure serum NT pro-BNP concentration
      and have their functional capacity subjectively assessed by their responsible
      doctors. Participants are followed for 1 year after surgery to assess vital
      status, postoperative complications and general health utilities. The primary
      outcome is all-cause death or non-fatal myocardial infarction within 30 days
      after surgery, and the secondary outcome is all-cause death within 1 year after
      surgery. Both receiver-operating-characteristic curve methods and risk
      reclassification table methods will be used to compare the prognostic accuracy of
      preoperative subjective assessment, peak oxygen consumption during
      cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Duke Activity Status Index scores and serum NT
      pro-BNP concentration. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The METS Study has received
      research ethics board approval at all sites. Participant recruitment began in
      March 2013, and 1-year follow-up is expected to finish in 2016. Publication of
      the results of the METS Study is anticipated to occur in 2017.

PMID- 26969653
TI  - Cost Implications for Subsequent Perinatal Outcomes After IVF Stratified by
      Number of Embryos Transferred: A Five Year Analysis of Vermont Data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In states in the USA without in vitro fertilzation coverage (IVF)
      insurance coverage, more embryos are transferred per cycle leading to higher
      risks of multi-fetal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine frequency and cost of selected adverse perinatal complications based on
      number of embryos transferred during IVF, and calculate incremental cost per IVF
      live birth. METHODS: Medical records of patients who conceived with IVF (n = 116)
      and delivered at >20 weeks gestational age between 2007 and 2011 were evaluated.
      Gestational age at delivery, low birth weight (LBW) term births, and delivery
      mode were tabulated. Healthcare costs per cohort, extrapolated costs assuming 100
      patients per cohort, and incremental costs per infant delivered were calculated.
      RESULTS: The highest prematurity and cesarean section rates were recorded after
      double embryo transfers (DET), while the lowest rates were found in single embryo
      transfers (SET). Premature singleton deliveries increased directly with number of
      transferred embryos [6.3 % (SET), 9.1 % (DET) and 10.0 % for >=3 embryos
      transferred]. This trend was also noted for rate of cesarean delivery [26.7 %
      (SET), 36.6 % (DET), and 47.1 % for >=3 embryos transferred]. The proportion of
      LBW infants among deliveries after DET and for >=3 embryos transferred was 3.9
      and 9.1 %, respectively. Extrapolated costs per cohort were US$718,616,
      US$1,713,470 and US$1,227,396 for SET, DET, and >=3 embryos transferred,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Attempting to improve IVF pregnancy rates by permitting
      multiple embryo transfers results in sharply increased rates of multiple
      gestation and preterm delivery. This practice yields a greater frequency of
      adverse perinatal outcomes and substantially increased healthcare spending.
      Better efforts to encourage SET are necessary to normalize healthcare
      expenditures considering the frequency of very high cost sequela associated with
      IVF where multiple embryo transfers occur.

PMID- 26969654
TI  - First nationwide web-based surveillance system for influenza-like illness in
      pregnant women: participation and representativeness of the French G-GrippeNet
      cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe influenza resulting in
      increased risks of hospitalisation and death in mothers and their new-borns. Our
      objective was to assess the representativeness and participation of French women
      to a new web-based collaborative tool for data collection and monitoring of
      Influenza Like Illness (ILI) during pregnancy. METHODS: During the 2014/2015
      influenza season, pregnant women living in metropolitan France were enrolled
      through a web platform ( https://www.grippenet.fr/). Then throughout the season,
      participants were asked to report, on a weekly basis, if they had experienced
      symptoms of ILI. Representativeness was assessed by comparing the characteristics
      of participants to those of the French National Perinatal Survey. For each
      participant, the participation rate was the number of weekly questionnaires
      completed, divided by the length of follow-up (in weeks). Predictors of active
      participation (participation rate >15%) were assessed by multivariate logistic
      regression. RESULTS: A total of 153 women were enrolled. Participants were older
      (mean age 34 years vs. 29 years) and more highly educated (high school level 89%
      versus 52%) than the general population of pregnant women in France, but the
      sample did not differ on pregnancy-related characteristics (parity, history of
      hospitalisation during a previous pregnancy). The median rate of participation
      was high (78%, interquartile range: 34-96). Higher educational level and
      participation to a previous GrippeNet.fr season were associated with active
      participation. CONCLUSION: Despite small sample size and lack of
      representativeness, the retention rate was high, suggesting that pregnant women
      are prone to adhere to a longitudinal follow-up of their health status via the
      Internet.

PMID- 26969656
TI  - Identification of metabolic pathways using pathfinding approaches: a systematic
      review.
AB  - Metabolic pathways have become increasingly available for various microorganisms.
      Such pathways have spurred the development of a wide array of computational
      tools, in particular, mathematical pathfinding approaches. This article can
      facilitate the understanding of computational analysis of metabolic pathways in
      genomics. Moreover, stoichiometric and pathfinding approaches in metabolic
      pathway analysis are discussed. Three major types of studies are elaborated:
      stoichiometric identification models, pathway-based graph analysis and
      pathfinding approaches in cellular metabolism. Furthermore, evaluation of the
      outcomes of the pathways with mathematical benchmarking metrics is provided. This
      review would lead to better comprehension of metabolism behaviors in living
      cells, in terms of computed pathfinding approaches.

PMID- 26969657
TI  - REM-related sleep-disordered breathing is associated with depressive symptoms in
      men but not in women.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purposes of the present study are to determine the prevalence and
      demographic features of rapid eye movement (REM)-related sleep-disordered
      breathing (SDB) in Korean adults with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea
      (OSA) and determine if REM-related SDB is associated with depressive symptoms and
      health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in OSA patients. METHODS: In this cross
      sectional study, we evaluated 1281 OSA adults who were consecutively recruited.
      REM-related SDB was defined as an overall apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >=5, an
      AHINREM <15, and AHIREM to AHINREM ratio of >2. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
      (ESS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form
      Health survey (SF-36) were used to evaluate all patients. Multiple regression
      analyses were performed to determine the associations between REM-related SDB and
      clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The prevalence of REM-related SDB was 18 % in this
      study. REM-related SDB was more commonly observed in patients with mild or
      moderate OSA (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.001). The linear regression analysis
      showed that the presence of REM-related SDB was significantly associated with
      higher BDI scores, but only in men. AHIREM was positively associated with the BDI
      scores, but only in men with REM-related SDB. There were no differences in ESS
      and SF-36 scores between patients with and without REM-related SDB. CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients with REM-related SDB account for 18 % of Korean OSA adults. REM-related
      SDB was associated with depressive symptoms, but only in men. AHIREM is
      positively related to the degree of depressive symptoms in men with REM-related
      SDB.

PMID- 26969658
TI  - Comparison of American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) versus Center for
      Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) polysomnography (PSG) scoring rules on AHI
      and eligibility for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an important clinical condition.
      Eligibility for treatment usually depends on disease severity, measured as the
      apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), equal to the sum of apneas plus hypopneas per hour of
      sleep. There is divergence on scoring rules for hypopneas between the
      recommendations of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and the Center
      for Medicare Services (CMS), the latter being more restrictive. Thus, patients
      could be eligible for treatment under AASM rules, but not under CMS rules.
      METHODS: Sleep laboratory records of 112 consecutive patients were reviewed (85 <
      65, 27 >= 65 years old). AHI was calculated both by AASM and by CMS criteria.
      Information on demographics, and important comorbidities, was also reviewed.
      RESULTS: AHI was lower in younger patients using CMS criteria. However,
      differences in AHI using the two sets of criteria were not significantly
      different in the older patients. Incorporating all criteria for eligibility
      (severity, presence of certain comorbid conditions) for treatment, we found that
      fewer younger patients would be eligible using CMS criteria, but among the older
      patients, eligibility for treatment was the same whether AASM or CMS criteria
      were used. CONCLUSIONS: Use of CMS criteria for scoring hypopneas results in
      lower estimates of OSA severity, with fewer younger patients eligible for
      treatment. However, among Medicare age patients, the rate of treatment
      eligibility was the same whether AASM or CMS scoring rules were used.

PMID- 26969659
TI  - Glove port, how do we do it? A low-cost alternative to the single-port approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The need for cosmetic results in our society and the necessity of an
      early recovery have promoted the development of minimally invasive techniques,
      including single-port approach. Some studies have tried to demonstrate the
      advantages of this access compared with conventional laparoscopic approach. This
      type of approach requires a high-cost multi-port device, so that some surgeons
      have tried to create a low-cost homemade device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With this
      video we intend to show how to build a glove port, a low-cost alternative for the
      approach by a single port. CONCLUSIONS: A glove port is a cost effective approach
      that could be use instead of multi-port device.

PMID- 26969660
TI  - Prospective, randomized and controlled trial on magnesium sulfate administration
      during laparoscopic gastrectomy: effects on surgical space conditions and
      recovery profiles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The degree of neuromuscular blockade is one of the important factors
      that determine the condition of surgical space during laparoscopic surgery.
      Magnesium sulfate potentiates the actions of neuromuscular blocking agent, and we
      hypothesized that intraoperative magnesium sulfate infusion may improve surgical
      space condition during laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Eighty-four patients
      undergoing elective laparoscopic gastrectomy were randomized to receive isotonic
      saline (group C) or magnesium sulfate (group M, loading dose with 50 mg/kg over
      10 min and then 15 mg/kg/h by continuous infusion) to maintain the moderate
      neuromuscular blockade using rocuronium. Two experienced surgeons scored the
      quality of surgical space condition using a 5-point surgical rating scale (SRS).
      The secondary outcomes included recovery profiles, postoperative pain and adverse
      events. RESULTS: The SRS in group M was higher than that of group C. The
      proportion of patients with a SRS of 5 (optimal) was 2.7 % in the group C and
      40.5 % in the group M (P < 0.0001) although a lower amount of rocuronium was
      required in group M than group C [24.2 (6.5) mg/h for group M vs. 27.5 (6) mg/h
      for group C; P = 0.017]. Pain after operation site was less severe in group M
      than in group C at postoperative 24 h (P = 0.009). Recovery profiles and adverse
      events were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative
      administration of magnesium sulfate improved the quality of surgical space
      conditions and decreased neuromuscular blocking agent requirement and
      postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy.

PMID- 26969661
TI  - EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy for malignant distal biliary obstruction using
      a lumen-apposing fully covered metal stent after failed ERCP.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A novel lumen-apposing, self-expanding metal stent to perform EUS
      guided drainage procedures has been recently developed. The aim of this study was
      to analyze the safety, technical and clinical effectiveness of this device for
      EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CD) with palliative intent. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients with unresectable malignant
      distal bile duct obstruction who, between March 2012 and September 2014,
      underwent EUS-CD using the study devices (AXIOSTM and Hot AXIOSTM, Xlumena Inc.,
      Mountain View, CA, USA) after unsuccessful ERCP in seven European centers was
      carried out. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients (M/F 31/26; median age 73) underwent
      EUS-CD using the AXIOSTM stent or the Hot AXIOSTM delivery system. ERCP failure
      was due to duodenal obstruction in 41 patients (71.9 %) and to inability to
      cannulate the papilla in the remaining 16 patients (28.1 %). The procedure was
      technically successful in 56/57 patients (98.2 %), with a mean procedural time of
      22.4 min (range 11-65). Clinical success was achieved in 54 of these 56 patients
      (96.4 %; 94.7 % of the entire cohort). Overall major procedural complication rate
      was 7 % (two duodenal perforations, one bleeding and one transient cholangitis).
      During follow-up, 5 out of 54 (9.3 %) patients with clinica success required re
      intervention for stent migration in one case and a sump syndrome with transient
      increase in serum bilirubin concentrations with sludge in the distal duct
      reservoir in the remaining four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that EUS
      CD using the AXIOSTM and the Hot AXIOSTM devices is a safe procedure, with high
      technical and clinical success rates.

PMID- 26969662
TI  - Outcomes of bariatric surgery in the young: a single-institution experience
      caring for patients under 21 years old.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical weight loss options are rarely successful long term in young
      patients. Bariatric surgery has been shown to be safe and effective in this
      population. METHODS: Patients <=21 years old who had bariatric surgery at our
      institution between January 2009 and December 2013 were evaluated to determine
      the safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery in this population. The primary end
      point was excess weight loss (EWL). Secondary end points included surgical
      morbidity, improvement in obesity-related metabolic parameters, and subjective
      obesity-related symptoms at 1 year. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were identified
      who had a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LGBP) or laparoscopic sleeve
      gastrectomy (LSG). Fourteen patients were male (25.9 %), and 40 patients were
      female (74.1 %). Thirty-seven patients (68.5 %) underwent LGBP, and 17 patients
      (31.5 %) underwent LSG. Median follow-up was 13.3 months. The baseline BMI was
      51.7 kg/m2 for the LGBP group and 51.0 kg/m2 for the LSG group. EWL was 35.2,
      47.6, 62.4, 58.1, and 61.8 % for the LGBP group; 29.7, 44.7, 57.4, 60.3, and 59.0
      % for the LSG group at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Our
      complications included 1 anastomotic bleed, 1 postoperative stricture, and 1
      patient who developed vitamin deficiency that manifested as a peripheral
      neuropathy in the LGBP group. LGBP was more successful than LSG in improving
      lipid panel parameters and HbA1c at 1 year, and it also seemed to offer better
      subjective improvement in obesity-related symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: LGBP and LSG
      seem to confer comparable weight loss benefit in patients <=21 years old with
      acceptable surgical morbidity.

PMID- 26969663
TI  - Congenital anomaly rectified at birth: one-stage single-incision laparoscopic
      assisted anorectoplasty for newborns with anorectal malformations and recto
      urethral fistula.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Currently, staged procedures involving stoma formation and closure are
      the widely accepted treatment for newborns suffering from anorectal malformations
      (ARM) with recto-urethral fistula. This study aims to evaluate the safety and
      efficacy of one-stage single-incision laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty
      (SILAARP) as an alternative to the conventional approach. METHODS: Newborns with
      ARMs and recto-urethral fistula who underwent one-stage SILAARP between June 2013
      and December 2014 were reviewed. The procedure involved decompression of the
      meconium via a small temporary incision of the proximal sigmoid colon followed by
      a laparoscopic-assisted pull-through. RESULTS: Sixteen ARM newborns [recto
      prostatic fistula (6), recto-bulbar fistula (10)] successfully underwent a one
      stage SILAARP. The mean age of the neonates at operation was 42.1 h. The average
      operative time was 2.4 h. The actual pull-through took 1.7 h, which did not
      differ significantly from 1.9 h in the pull-through procedure of our three-stage
      SILAARP control group. The median follow-up period was 16 months (8-26 months).
      No complications were encountered. Postoperative pelvic magnetic resonance
      imaging verified the centrally placed rectum within the muscle complex. Most
      patients started having bowel movements on postoperative day 1. Two constipated
      patients periodically required an enema for 1-3 months. CONCLUSIONS: One-stage
      SILAARP is safe and effective. It provides complete rectification of ARM with
      recto-urethral fistula immediately after birth with good cosmesis.

PMID- 26969664
TI  - Off-site training of laparoscopic skills, a scoping review using a thematic
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The focus of research in simulation-based laparoscopic training has
      changed from examining whether simulation training works to examining how best to
      implement it. In laparoscopic skills training, portable and affordable box
      trainers allow for off-site training. Training outside simulation centers and
      hospitals can increase access to training, but also poses new challenges to
      implementation. This review aims to guide implementation of off-site training of
      laparoscopic skills by critically reviewing the existing literature. METHODS: An
      iterative systematic search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, Scopus, and
      PsychINFO, following a scoping review methodology. The included literature was
      analyzed iteratively using a thematic analysis approach. The study was reported
      in accordance with the STructured apprOach to the Reporting In healthcare
      education of Evidence Synthesis statement. RESULTS: From the search, 22 records
      were identified and included for analysis. A thematic analysis revealed the
      themes: access to training, protected training time, distribution of training,
      goal setting and testing, task design, and unsupervised training. The identified
      themes were based on learning theories including proficiency-based learning,
      deliberate practice, and self-regulated learning. CONCLUSIONS: Methods of
      instructional design vary widely in off-site training of laparoscopic skills.
      Implementation can be facilitated by organizing courses and training curricula
      following sound education theories such as proficiency-based learning and
      deliberate practice. Directed self-regulated learning has the potential to
      improve off-site laparoscopic skills training; however, further studies are
      needed to demonstrate the effect of this type of instructional design.

PMID- 26969665
TI  - Long-term quality of life and functionality after ventral hernia mesh repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The absence of recurrence and pain are important for good quality of
      life (QoL) after ventral hernia mesh repair. We wanted to study long-term outcome
      after laparoscopic (LVHR) and open ventral hernia mesh repair (OVHR) using
      validated scales to measure QoL and functional outcome. METHODS: We conducted a
      single-center follow-up study of 194 consecutive patients after LVHR and OVHR
      between March 2000 and June 2010. Of these, 27 patients (13.9 %) died and 14 (7.2
      %) failed to attend their follow-up appointment. Of 153 (78.9 %) patients who
      attended, 81 (52.9 %) patients had LVHR and 72 (47.1 %) patients had OVHR,
      including 11 conversions (surgery group). One hundred and twelve patients with
      non-recurrent ventral hernia were also enrolled consecutively as controls (non
      surgery group). Quality of life was measured by the SF-36 short form
      questionnaire and functional outcome by the Activities Assessment Scale (AAS)
      with the revised Life Orientation Test to measure the influence of dispositional
      optimism on pain and functionality. Assessment of pain was done using a 100-mm
      visual analogue scale ruler anchored by word descriptors. RESULTS: Median time
      from hernia mesh repair to follow-up was 48 and 52 months after LVHR and OVHR,
      respectively. There were no long-term differences between LVHR and OVHR measured
      by SF-36 and AAS. Physical dimensions in SF-36: physical function, restrictions
      in physical function and bodily pain, were significantly better in the surgery
      group compared to the non-surgery group, but only for incisional hernia.
      Recurrence was associated with a significant reduction in QoL in all dimensions
      of SF-36 in both hernia repair cohorts. Chronic pain and impairment were closely
      related. Optimistic patients had less impairment than pessimistic patients.
      CONCLUSION: LVHR and OVHR reduce chronic pain and physical impairment and improve
      long-term QoL. Hernia recurrence and persistent pain reduce the beneficial effect
      of hernia surgery. Dispositional optimism can modulate QoL reporting and improve
      functionality.

PMID- 26969666
TI  - Outcomes associated with preoperative weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y
      gastric bypass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is an effective
      treatment for achieving and maintaining weight loss and for improving obesity
      related comorbidities. As part of the approval process for bariatric surgery,
      many insurance companies require patients to have documented recent participation
      in a supervised weight loss program. The goal of this study was to evaluate the
      relationship of preoperative weight changes with outcomes following LRYGB.
      METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of adult patients undergoing LRYGB
      between 2008 and 2012 at a single institution. Patients were stratified into
      quartiles based on % excess weight gain (0-4.99 % and >=5 % EWG) and % excess
      weight loss (0-4.99 % and >=5 % EWL). Generalized linear models were used to
      examine differences in postoperative weight outcomes at 6, 12, and 24 months.
      Covariates included in the final adjusted models were determined using backwards
      stepwise selection. RESULTS: Of the 300 patients included in the study, there
      were no significant demographic differences among the quartiles. However, there
      was an increased time to operation for patients who gained or lost >=5 % excess
      body weight (p < 0.001). Although there was no statistical significance in
      postoperative complications, there was a higher rate of complications in patients
      with >=5 % EWG compared to those with >=5 % EWL (12.5 vs. 4.8 %, respectively; p
      = 0.29). Unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear models showed no
      statistically significant association between preoperative % excess weight change
      and weight loss outcomes at 24 months. CONCLUSION: Patients with the greatest %
      preoperative excess weight change had the longest intervals from initial visit to
      operation. No significant differences were seen in perioperative and
      postoperative outcomes. This study suggests preoperative weight loss requirements
      may delay the time to operation without improving postoperative outcomes or
      weight loss.

PMID- 26969668
TI  - Decision-tree analysis of clinical data to aid diagnostic reasoning for equine
      laminitis: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of
      selected clinical signs in laminitis cases and non-laminitic but lame controls to
      evaluate their capability to discriminate laminitis from other causes of
      lameness. Participating veterinary practitioners completed a checklist of
      laminitis-associated clinical signs identified by literature review. Cases were
      defined as horses/ponies with veterinary-diagnosed, clinically apparent
      laminitis; controls were horses/ponies with any lameness other than laminitis.
      Associations were tested by logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (ORs)
      and 95% confidence intervals, with veterinary practice as an a priori fixed
      effect. Multivariable analysis using graphical classification tree-based
      statistical models linked laminitis prevalence with specific combinations of
      clinical signs. Data were collected for 588 cases and 201 controls. Five clinical
      signs had a difference in prevalence of greater than +50 per cent: 'reluctance to
      walk' (OR 4.4), 'short, stilted gait at walk' (OR 9.4), 'difficulty turning' (OR
      16.9), 'shifting weight' (OR 17.7) and 'increased digital pulse' (OR 13.2) (all
      P<0.001). 'Bilateral forelimb lameness' was the best discriminator; 92 per cent
      of animals with this clinical sign had laminitis (OR 40.5, P<0.001). If, in
      addition, horses/ponies had an 'increased digital pulse', 99 per cent were
      identified as laminitis. 'Presence of a flat/convex sole' also significantly
      enhanced clinical diagnosis discrimination (OR 15.5, P<0.001). This is the first
      epidemiological laminitis study to use decision-tree analysis, providing the
      first evidence base for evaluating clinical signs to differentially diagnose
      laminitis from other causes of lameness. Improved evaluation of the clinical
      signs displayed by laminitic animals examined by first-opinion practitioners will
      lead to equine welfare improvements. 

PMID- 26969669
TI  - Effects of Dopamine and Serotonin Systems on Modulating Neural Oscillations in
      Hippocampus-Prefrontal Cortex Pathway in Rats.
AB  - Theta and gamma oscillations are believed to play an important role in cognition
      and memory, and their phase coupling facilitates the information transmission in
      hippocampal-cortex network. In a rat model of chronic stress, the phase coupling
      of both theta and gamma oscillations between ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) and
      medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was found to be disrupted, which was associated
      with the impaired synaptic plasticity in the pathway. However, little was known
      about the mechanisms underlying the process. In order to address this issue, both
      dopamine and serotonin as monoaminergic neurotransmitters were involved in this
      study, since they were crucial factors in pathological basis of depressive
      disorder. Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded simultaneously at both vCA1
      and mPFC regions under anesthesia, before and after the injection of dopamine D1
      receptor antagonist and 5-HT1A receptor agonist, respectively. The results showed
      that the blockage of D1 receptor could lead to depression-like decrement on theta
      phase coupling. In addition, the activation of 5-HT1A receptor enhanced vCA1-mPFC
      coupling on gamma oscillations, and attenuated CA1 theta-fast gamma cross
      frequency coupling. These data suggest that the theta phase coupling between vCA1
      and mPFC may be modulated by dopamine system that is an underlying mechanism of
      the cognitive dysfunction in depression. Besides, the serotonergic system is
      probably involved in the regulation of gamma oscillations coupling in vCA1-mPFC
      network.

PMID- 26969667
TI  - Comprehensive profiling of EBV gene expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      through paired-end transcriptome sequencing.
AB  - The latent expression pattern of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) genes in nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma (NPC) has been extensively investigated, and the expression of several
      lytic genes in NPC has been reported. However, comprehensive information through
      EBV transcriptome analysis in NPC is limited. We performed paired-end RNA-seq to
      systematically and comprehensively characterize the expression of EBV genes in
      NPC tissue and C666-1 NPC cell line, which consistently carries EBV. In addition
      to the transcripts restricted to type II latency infection, the type III latency
      EBNA3s genes and a substantial number of lytic genes, such as BZLF1, BRLF1, and
      BMRF1, were detected through RNA-seq and were further verified in C666-1 cells
      and NPC tissue through realtime PCR.We also performed clustering analysis to
      classify NPC patient groups in terms of EBV gene expression, which presented two
      subtypes of NPC samples. Results revealed interesting patterns of EBV gene
      expression in NPC patients. This clustering was correlated with many signaling
      pathways, such as those related to heterotrimeric G-protein signaling,
      inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling, ribosomes, protein
      metabolism, influenza infection, and ECM-receptor interaction. Our combined
      findings suggested that the expression of EBV genes in NPC is restricted not only
      to type II latency genes but also to type III latency and lytic genes. This study
      provided further insights into the potential role of EBV in the development of
      NPC. 

PMID- 26969670
TI  - ARDS in the brain-injured patient: what's different?

PMID- 26969672
TI  - What's new about circulating biomarkers in pediatric acute lung disease.

PMID- 26969671
TI  - Use of high-flow nasal cannula oxygenation in ICU adults: a narrative review.
AB  - Oxygen therapy can be delivered using low-flow, intermediate-flow (air
      entrainment mask), or high-flow devices. Low/intermediate-flow oxygen devices
      have several drawbacks that cause critically ill patients discomfort and
      translate into suboptimal clinical results. These include limitation of the FiO2
      (due to the high inspiratory flow often observed in patients with respiratory
      failure), and insufficient humidification and warming of the inspired gas. High
      flow nasal cannula oxygenation (HFNCO) delivers oxygen flow rates of up to 60
      L/min and over the last decade its effect on clinical outcomes has widely been
      evaluated, such as in the improvement of respiratory distress, the need for
      intubation, and mortality. Mechanisms of action of HFNCO are complex and not
      limited to the increased oxygen flow rate. The main aim of this review is to
      guide clinicians towards evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. It
      summarizes current knowledge about HFNCO use in ICU patients and the potential
      areas of uncertainties. For instance, it has been recently suggested that HFNCO
      could improve the outcome of patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure.
      In other settings, research is ongoing and additional evidence is needed. For
      instance, if intubation is required, studies suggest that HFNCO may help to
      improve preoxygenation and can be used after extubation. Likewise, HFNCO might be
      used in obese patients, or to prevent respiratory deterioration in hypoxemic
      patients requiring bronchoscopy, or for the delivery of aerosol therapy. However,
      areas for which conclusive data exist are limited and interventions using
      standardized HFNCO protocols, comparators, and relevant clinical outcomes are
      warranted. 

PMID- 26969674
TI  - Sequential tests for non-proportional hazards data.
AB  - In clinical trials survival endpoints are usually compared using the log-rank
      test. Sequential methods for the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards
      model are largely reported in the statistical literature. When the proportional
      hazards assumption is violated the hazard ratio is ill-defined and the power of
      the log-rank test depends on the distribution of the censoring times. The average
      hazard ratio was proposed as an alternative effect measure, which has a
      meaningful interpretation in the case of non-proportional hazards, and is equal
      to the hazard ratio, if the hazards are indeed proportional. In the present work
      we prove that the average hazard ratio based sequential test statistics are
      asymptotically multivariate normal with the independent increments property. This
      allows for the calculation of group-sequential boundaries using standard methods
      and existing software. The finite sample characteristics of the new method are
      examined in a simulation study in a proportional and a non-proportional hazards
      setting.

PMID- 26969673
TI  - Usefulness of Preoperative Plasma Fibrinogen Versus Other Prognostic Markers for
      Predicting Gastric Cancer Recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypercoagulation is associated with tumor progression and metastasis
      in various types of malignancy. We compared the prognostic value of preoperative
      plasma fibrinogen level with those of other prognostic markers in patients with
      gastric cancer and assessed whether fibrinogen level was an independent
      prognostic indicator. METHODS: We collected preoperative data from 609
      consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy. A
      receiver operating curve (ROC) was used to compare the sensitivity and
      specificity of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19
      9), C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet count, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR),
      neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and fibrinogen level in predicting
      recurrence. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were
      compared between the normal and high fibrinogen groups. RESULTS: In the ROC
      analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.534 for CEA, 0.552 for CA19-9,
      0.587 for CRP, 0.565 for platelet count, 0.567 for PLR, 0.522 for NLR, and 0.692
      for fibrinogen. Plasma fibrinogen level increased with tumor stage. The high
      fibrinogen (>=350 mg/dl) group had significantly worse RFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p
      < 0.001) than the normal fibrinogen (<350 mg/dl) group. Cox multivariate analysis
      of RFS revealed that fibrinogen level was an independent prognostic factor (p <
      0.001) in addition to sex, pT stage, and pN stage. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative
      plasma fibrinogen level had the highest predictive value for recurrence among
      seven known prognostic markers. Since fibrinogen level is an independent factor
      for RFS, it would be useful for predicting prognosis after gastric cancer
      surgery.

PMID- 26969675
TI  - Reconstruction of gene regulatory modules from RNA silencing of IFN-alpha
      modulators: experimental set-up and inference method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inference of gene regulation from expression data may help to unravel
      regulatory mechanisms involved in complex diseases or in the action of specific
      drugs. A challenging task for many researchers working in the field of systems
      biology is to build up an experiment with a limited budget and produce a dataset
      suitable to reconstruct putative regulatory modules worth of biological
      validation. RESULTS: Here, we focus on small-scale gene expression screens and we
      introduce a novel experimental set-up and a customized method of analysis to make
      inference on regulatory modules starting from genetic perturbation data, e.g.
      knockdown and overexpression data. To illustrate the utility of our strategy, it
      was applied to produce and analyze a dataset of quantitative real-time RT-PCR
      data, in which interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) transcriptional response in
      endothelial cells is investigated by RNA silencing of two candidate IFN-alpha
      modulators, STAT1 and IFIH1. A putative regulatory module was reconstructed by
      our method, revealing an intriguing feed-forward loop, in which STAT1 regulates
      IFIH1 and they both negatively regulate IFNAR1. STAT1 regulation on IFNAR1 was
      object of experimental validation at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed
      description of the experimental set-up and of the analysis procedure is reported,
      with the intent to be of inspiration for other scientists who want to realize
      similar experiments to reconstruct gene regulatory modules starting from
      perturbations of possible regulators. Application of our approach to the study of
      IFN-alpha transcriptional response modulators in endothelial cells has led to
      many interesting novel findings and new biological hypotheses worth of
      validation.

PMID- 26969676
TI  - N-H bond cleavage of ammonia on graphene-like B36 borophene: DFT studies.
AB  - Ammonia N-H bond cleavage at metal-free substrates has attracted great attention
      because of its industrial importance. Here, we investigate the dissociative
      adsorption of ammonia onto the surface of a B36 borophene sheet by means of
      density functional theory calculations. We show that the N-H bond may be broken
      at the edges of B36 even at room temperature, regarding the small energy barrier
      of 14.1-19.3 kcal mol(-1) at different levels of theory, and more negative Gibbs
      free energy change. Unlike basis set size, the kind of exchange correlation
      functional significantly affects the electronic properties of the studied
      systems. Also, by increasing the percentage of Hartree Fock (HF) exchange of
      density functionals, the activation and adsorption energies are lowered. A linear
      relationship between the highest occupied molecular orbital or lowest unoccupied
      molecular orbital of B36 borophene and the %HF exchange of functionals is
      predicted. Our work reveals that pure whole boron nanosheets may be promising
      metal-free materials in N-H bond cleavage, which would raise the potential
      application of these sheets. 

PMID- 26969677
TI  - Modeling of babesipain-1 and identification of natural and synthetic leads for
      bovine babesiosis drug development.
AB  - Babesiosis is a tick-borne, zoonotic disease caused by species of the
      intraerythrocytic protozoan Babesia. It is distributed all around the world and
      affects various domestic and wild animals, mainly cattle. Recently, the cysteine
      protease enzyme, babesipain-1 from Babesia bigemina has been identified as a
      potential target for designing new anti-babesiosis drugs. In the present study, a
      three-dimensional structural model of babesipain-1 was developed. An active site
      with three pockets (S1, S2, and S3), which is congruent with its homolog,
      falcipain-3, was also identified. Moreover, the conservation of active site
      residues was consistent with the cysteine protease family. In order to identify
      potential inhibitors, a virtual screening workflow was employed with a chemical
      library containing natural and synthetic compounds. Potential inhibitors
      interacting with all the three subsites were identified. Further, molecular
      dynamic simulations were carried out to assess the interactions and stability of
      the inhibitors. The informatics approach, and the findings presented in this
      study will assist researchers in further development of potential anti-babesiosis
      molecules. 

PMID- 26969678
TI  - PDP-CON: prediction of domain/linker residues in protein sequences using a
      consensus approach.
AB  - The prediction of domain/linker residues in protein sequences is a crucial task
      in the functional classification of proteins, homology-based protein structure
      prediction, and high-throughput structural genomics. In this work, a novel
      consensus-based machine-learning technique was applied for residue-level
      prediction of the domain/linker annotations in protein sequences using
      ordered/disordered regions along protein chains and a set of physicochemical
      properties. Six different classifiers-decision tree, Gaussian naive Bayes, linear
      discriminant analysis, support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer
      perceptron-were exhaustively explored for the residue-level prediction of
      domain/linker regions. The protein sequences from the curated CATH database were
      used for training and cross-validation experiments. Test results obtained by
      applying the developed PDP-CON tool to the mutually exclusive, independent
      proteins of the CASP-8, CASP-9, and CASP-10 databases are reported. An n-star
      quality consensus approach was used to combine the results yielded by different
      classifiers. The average PDP-CON accuracy and F-measure values for the CASP
      targets were found to be 0.86 and 0.91, respectively. The dataset, source code,
      and all supplementary materials for this work are available at
      https://cmaterju.org/cmaterbioinfo/ for noncommercial use. 

PMID- 26969679
TI  - The impact of position and number of methoxy group(s) to tune the nonlinear
      optical properties of chalcone derivatives: a dual substitution strategy.
AB  - Using the state-of-art computational techniques, we limelight a structure
      property relationship for the position and number of methoxy group(s) to tune the
      optical and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties (first hyperpolarizability) of
      chalcone derivatives. Based on our previously synthesized chalcones [system 1
      ((E)-1-(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one and system
      4 (E)-1-(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one)],
      we systematically design several novel derivatives with tuned optical and NLO
      properties. For instance, the rotation of methoxy group substitutions at three
      different possible ortho, meta, and para positions on phenyl ring show
      significant changes in NLO properties of these chalcones derivatives. The system
      3 has shown beta tot amplitude of 1776 a.u. with terminal 4-methoxyphenyl group
      (para-methoxy substitution), which is ~2.2 and 2.4 times larger than that of
      ortho- and meta-methoxyphenyl systems 1 and 2, respectively. Additionally,
      systems 3a and 4a, which are cyano derivatives of the systems 3 and 4 show
      significantly large beta tot amplitudes of 3280 and 4388 a.u., respectively,
      which are about 3 and 4 times larger than that of para-nitro aniline (PNA)
      molecule (a typical donor-acceptor molecule) at the same LC-wPBE/6-311G** level
      of theory. The origin of larger beta tot amplitudes has been traced in lower
      transition energies and higher oscillator strengths for crucial transitions of
      designed derives. Thus, our investigation reveals that the chalcones derivatives
      with para-methoxyphenyl groups possess reasonably large amplitudes of their first
      hyperpolarizability and good optical transparency (3.0-4.7 eV), which can make
      them attractive candidates for nonlinear optical applications.

PMID- 26969680
TI  - Free energy calculation provides insight into the action mechanism of selective
      PARP-1 inhibitor.
AB  - Selective poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 inhibitor represents promising
      therapy against cancers with a good balance between efficacy and safety. Owing to
      the conserved structure between PARP-1 and PARP-2, most of the clinical and
      experimental drugs show equivalent inhibition against both targets. Most
      recently, it's disclosed a highly selective PARP-1 inhibitor (NMS-P118) with
      promising pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we combined molecular simulation
      with free energy calculation to gain insights into the selective mechanism of NMS
      P118. Our results suggest the reduction of binding affinity for PARP-2 is
      attributed to the unfavorable conformational change of protein, which is
      accompanied by a significant energy penalty. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis study
      further reveals the important role for a tyrosine residue of donor loop
      (Tyr889(PARP-1) and Tyr455(PARP-2)) in contributing to the ligand selectivity.
      Retrospective structural analysis indicates the ligand-induced movement of
      Tyr455(PARP-2) disrupts the intra-molecule hydrogen bonding network, which
      partially accounts for the "high-energy" protein conformation in the presence of
      NMS-P118. Interestingly, such effect isn't observed in other non-selective PARP
      inhibitors including BMN673 and A861695, which validates the computational
      prediction. Our work provides energetic insight into the subtle variations in the
      crystal structures and could facilitate rational design of new selective PARP
      inhibitor. 

PMID- 26969681
TI  - Dimension reduction techniques for the integrative analysis of multi-omics data.
AB  - State-of-the-art next-generation sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics and
      other high-throughput 'omics' technologies enable the efficient generation of
      large experimental data sets. These data may yield unprecedented knowledge about
      molecular pathways in cells and their role in disease. Dimension reduction
      approaches have been widely used in exploratory analysis of single omics data
      sets. This review will focus on dimension reduction approaches for simultaneous
      exploratory analyses of multiple data sets. These methods extract the linear
      relationships that best explain the correlated structure across data sets, the
      variability both within and between variables (or observations) and may highlight
      data issues such as batch effects or outliers. We explore dimension reduction
      techniques as one of the emerging approaches for data integration, and how these
      can be applied to increase our understanding of biological systems in normal
      physiological function and disease.

PMID- 26969683
TI  - Simultaneous Quantification of 13 Compounds in Guanxin Shutong Capsule by HPLC
      Method.
AB  - Guanxin Shutong (GXST) capsule, which is frequently used in clinical therapy, has
      a certain and positive therapeutic effect against coronary heart disease.
      However, the existing quality standard of GXST capsule is inadequate to control
      the quality of GXST capsule. In this paper, a new high-performance liquid
      chromatographic (HPLC) method for simultaneous determination of 13 compounds
      (gallic acid, danshensu, protocatechuic acid, procatechuic aldehyde, ellagic
      acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B, eugenol,
      dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA) in GXST
      capsule was developed and validated. The analytes were successfully separated and
      quantified with an Agilent TC-C18 column (250 * 4.6 mm, 5 um) by gradient elution
      using 0.05% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1
      mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. All the compounds showed
      good linearity (r > 0.9991) in a relatively wide concentration range. The intra
      and the inter-day variability were in the range of 0.85-2.68 and 1.47-2.86%,
      respectively. The recoveries of the selected compounds were in the range of 95.24
      104.75%. This method was successfully applied to quantify the 13 components in
      GXST capsule and was conducive to controlling the quality of GXST capsule. 

PMID- 26969682
TI  - Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Protocatechuic Aldehyde
      and Its Major Active Metabolite Protocatechuic Acid in Rat Plasma by Liquid
      Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - A very simple and selective high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray
      ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for
      simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of protocatechuic aldehyde
      (PAL) and its active metabolite protocatechuic acid (PCA). The method involves a
      simple liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The separation was performed
      on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 * 150 mm, 3.0 um; particle, Thermo, USA) with
      isocratic elution using a mobile phase consisted of methanol and water
      (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The detection of
      target compounds was done by using low-energy collision dissociation tandem mass
      spectrometry (CID-MS-MS) using the selective reaction monitoring scan mode. The
      method was linear for all analytes over the investigated range for all
      correlation coefficients greater than 0.9950. The lower limits of quantification
      were 2.0 ng/mL for PAL and PCA. The intra- and interday precisions (relative
      standard deviation, RSD %) were <6.84 and 5.54%, and the accuracy (relative
      error, RE %) was between -2.85 and 0.74% (n = 6). The developed method was
      applied to study the pharmacokinetics of PAL and its major active metabolite PCA
      in rat plasma after oral and intravenous administration of PAL.

PMID- 26969684
TI  - Is Huntington's disease a tauopathy?
AB  - Tauopathies are a subclass of neurodegenerative diseases typified by the
      deposition of abnormal microtubule-associated tau protein within the cerebral
      tissue. Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, chronic traumatic
      encephalopathy and some fronto-temporal dementias are examples of the extended
      family of tauopathies. In the last decades, intermittent reports of cerebral tau
      pathology in individuals afflicted with Huntington's disease-an autosomal
      dominant neurodegenerative disorder that manifests by severe motor, cognitive and
      psychiatric problems in adulthood-have also begun to surface. These observations
      remained anecdotal until recently when a series of publications brought forward
      compelling evidence that this monogenic disorder may, too, be a tauopathy.
      Collectively, these studies reported that: (i) patients with Huntington's disease
      present aggregated tau inclusions within various structures of the brain; (ii)
      tau haplotype influences the cognitive function of Huntington's disease patients;
      and (iii) that the genetic product of the disease, the mutant huntingtin protein,
      could alter tau splicing, phosphorylation, oligomerization and subcellular
      localization. Here, we review the past and current evidence in favour of the
      postulate that Huntington's disease is a new member of the family of tauopathies.

PMID- 26969686
TI  - Increased expression of alphav integrin as a regulator of fibrosis in Dupuytren's
      nodules.
AB  - : Although Dupuytren's contracture is characterized by increased transforming
      growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and fibrosis in the palmar fascia, the
      relationship between TGF-beta1 and integrins, which are considered to be related
      to fibrosis, remains unclear. We investigated the involvement of TGF-beta1 and
      integrins in the pathological palmar fascia of Dupuytren's contracture. Seven
      patients underwent partial fasciectomy for treatment of this disease. The nodule
      and cord were isolated from the fascial tissues of the patients. Control fasciae
      were obtained from seven patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
      Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect the fibrosis marker alpha
      smooth muscle actin and integrins in the fascial tissues. The expression of TGF
      beta1 and integrins was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The
      results suggest that nodules may be areas involved in activation of fibrosis in
      the fascia, associated with increased expression of TGF-beta1 and alphav
      integrin. Thus, alphav integrin may contribute to fibrosis in Dupuytren's
      contracture by activating TGF-beta1. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

PMID- 26969687
TI  - Cross-Cultural Validation of the Modified Practice Attitudes Scale: Initial
      Factor Analysis and a New Factor Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to create the Korean version of the
      Modified Practice Attitudes Scale (K-MPAS) to measure clinicians' attitudes
      toward evidence-based treatments (EBTs) in the Korean mental health system.
      METHOD: Using 189 U.S. therapists and 283 members from the Korean mental health
      system, we examined the reliability and validity of the MPAS scores. We also
      conducted the first exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis on the MPAS and
      compared EBT attitudes across U.S. and Korean therapists. RESULTS: Results
      revealed that the inclusion of both "reversed-worded" and "non-reversed-worded"
      items introduced significant method effects that compromised the integrity of the
      one-factor MPAS model. Problems with the one-factor structure were resolved by
      eliminating the "non-reversed-worded" items. Reliability and validity were
      adequate among both Korean and U.S. therapists. Korean therapists also reported
      significantly more negative attitudes toward EBTs on the MPAS than U.S.
      therapists. CONCLUSIONS: The K-MPAS is the first questionnaire designed to
      measure Korean service providers' attitudes toward EBTs to help advance the
      dissemination of EBTs in Korea. The current study also demonstrated the negative
      impacts that can be introduced by incorporating oppositely worded items into a
      scale, particularly with respect to factor structure and detecting significant
      group differences.

PMID- 26969685
TI  - Glial and axonal changes in systemic lupus erythematosus measured with diffusion
      of intracellular metabolites.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus is an inflammatory autoimmune disease with multi
      organ involvement. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus
      erythematosus is common and results in several neurological and psychiatric
      symptoms that are poorly linked to standard magnetic resonance imaging outcome.
      Magnetic resonance imaging methods sensitive to tissue microstructural changes,
      such as diffusion tensor imaging and magnetization transfer imaging, show some
      correlation with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) symptoms.
      Histological examination of NPSLE brains reveals presence of cerebral oedema,
      loss of neurons and myelinated axons, microglial proliferation and reactive
      astrocytosis, microinfacrts and diffuse ischaemic changes, all of which can
      affect both diffusion tensor imaging and magnetization transfer imaging in a non
      specific manner. Here we investigated the underlying cell-type specific
      microstructural alterations in the brain of patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus with and without a history of central nervous system involvement.
      We did so combining diffusion tensor imaging with diffusion-weighted magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy, a powerful tool capable of characterizing cell-specific
      cytomorphological changes based on diffusion of intracellular metabolites. We
      used a 7 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner to acquire T1-weighted images,
      diffusion tensor imaging datasets, and single volume diffusion-weighted magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy data from the anterior body of the corpus callosum of 13
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with past NPSLE, 16 patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus without past NPSLE, and 19 healthy control subjects.
      Group comparisons were made between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
      with/without past NPSLE and healthy controls on diffusion tensor imaging metrics
      and on diffusion coefficients of three brain metabolites: the exclusively
      neuronal/axonal N-acetylaspartate, and the predominantly glial creatine +
      phosphocreatine and choline compounds. In patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus with past NPSLE, significantly higher diffusion tensor imaging mean
      and radial diffusivities were accompanied by a significantly higher intracellular
      diffusion of total creatine (0.202 +/- 0.032 MUm(2)/ms, P = 0.018) and total
      choline (0.142 +/- 0.031 MUm(2)/ms, P = 0.044) compared to healthy controls
      (0.171 +/- 0.024 MUm(2)/ms, 0.124 +/- 0.018 MUm(2)/ms, respectively). Total N
      acetylaspartate, total creatine and total choline diffusion values from all
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus correlated positively with systemic
      lupus erythematosus disease activity index score (P = 0.033, P = 0.040, P =
      0.008, respectively). Our results indicate that intracellular alterations, and in
      particular changes in glia, as evidenced by increase in the average diffusivities
      of total choline and total creatine, correlate with systemic lupus erythematosus
      activity. The higher diffusivity of total creatine and total choline in patients
      with NPSLE, as well as the positive correlation of these diffusivities with the
      systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index are in line with
      cytomorphological changes in reactive glia, suggesting that the diffusivities of
      choline compounds and of total creatine are potentially unique markers for glial
      reactivity in response to inflammation.

PMID- 26969688
TI  - Evaluating the Construct Validity of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale
      in China.
AB  - The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) scale is an efficient measure of
      psychopathy with promising psychometric properties. However, the cross-cultural
      utility of the LSRP has not been well documented, and no study has explored
      measurement invariance of the LSRP across East Asian and North American samples.
      We translated the LSRP into Chinese (Study 1) and investigated the validity and
      reliability of the Chinese LSRP using a sample of 226 university students in
      China (Study 2). Confirmatory factor analyses supported Brinkley, Diamond,
      Magaletta, and Heigel's (2008) three-factor model (Egocentricity, Callousness,
      and Antisocial). Evidence for configural and partial metric (but not scalar)
      invariance of the factor structure was observed when comparing Chinese and U.S.
      university samples. However, response thresholds were significantly different
      between the two samples. The Chinese LSRP scores also demonstrated encouraging
      convergent and discriminate validity in terms of their associations with external
      criteria. We discuss the implications for cross-cultural assessment of
      psychopathy.

PMID- 26969689
TI  - Clinical Applications of Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA as
      Liquid Biopsy.
AB  - "Liquid biopsy" focusing on the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and
      circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the blood of patients with cancer has
      received enormous attention because of its obvious clinical implications for
      personalized medicine. Analyses of CTCs and ctDNA have paved new diagnostic
      avenues and are, to date, the cornerstones of liquid biopsy diagnostics. The
      present review focuses on key areas of clinical applications of CTCs and ctDNA,
      including detection of cancer, prediction of prognosis in patients with curable
      disease, monitoring systemic therapies, and stratification of patients based on
      the detection of therapeutic targets or resistance mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE: The
      application of CTCs and ctDNA for the early detection of cancer is of high public
      interest, but it faces serious challenges regarding specificity and sensitivity
      of the current assays. Prediction of prognosis in patients with curable disease
      can already be achieved in several tumor entities, particularly in breast cancer.
      Monitoring the success or failure of systemic therapies (i.e., chemotherapy,
      hormonal therapy, or other targeted therapies) by sequential measurements of CTCs
      or ctDNA is also feasible. Interventional studies on treatment stratification
      based on the analysis of CTCs and ctDNA are needed to implement liquid biopsy
      into personalized medicine. Cancer Discov; 6(5); 479-91. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26969690
TI  - Mid-Treatment Reduction in Trauma-Related Guilt Predicts PTSD and Functioning
      Following Cognitive Trauma Therapy for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence.
AB  - Intimate partner violence (IPV) results in severe and chronic posttraumatic
      psychological symptoms, maladaptive trauma-related guilt (TRG) and functional
      impairment for many women. Cognitive Trauma Therapy (CTT) was developed to
      specifically address empirically identified contributors of distress and
      functioning difficulties specific to IPV and has been found to be efficacious in
      treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and reducing TRG. The primary aim
      of this study was to investigate to what extent reductions in TRG contribute to
      improvements in PTSD and functioning, given evidence of the important role that
      TRG plays in posttraumatic distress in IPV survivors and the emphasis placed on
      TRG in CTT. Twenty women with IPV-related chronic and functionally impairing
      posttraumatic distress were recruited from the community and completed CTT as
      part of a larger neurobiological study of PTSD. Women experienced statistically
      and clinically significant improvements in functioning as well as expected
      reductions in PTSD and TRG with large effect sizes at post-treatment, and
      improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up, with no participant meeting
      full PTSD criteria. Pre- to mid-treatment reductions in TRG predicted post
      treatment PTSD and functioning outcomes. These findings support the efficacy of
      CTT and provide preliminary evidence for the importance of addressing TRG.
      Dismantling research is indicated to identify the active ingredient(s) of this
      multi-module treatment.

PMID- 26969691
TI  - Refined Analysis of Brain Energy Metabolism Using In Vivo Dynamic Enrichment of
      13C Multiplets.
AB  - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with the
      infusion of (13)C-labeled precursors is a unique approach to study in vivo brain
      energy metabolism. Incorporating the maximum information available from in vivo
      localized (13)C spectra is of importance to get broader knowledge on cerebral
      metabolic pathways. Metabolic rates can be quantitatively determined from the
      rate of (13)C incorporation into amino acid neurotransmitters such as glutamate
      and glutamine using suitable mathematical models. The time course of multiplets
      arising from (13)C-(13)C coupling between adjacent carbon atoms was expected to
      provide additional information for metabolic modeling leading to potential
      improvements in the estimation of metabolic parameters.The aim of the present
      study was to extend two-compartment neuronal/glial modeling to include dynamics
      of (13)C isotopomers available from fine structure multiplets in (13)C spectra of
      glutamate and glutamine measured in vivo in rats brain at 14.1 T, termed bonded
      cumomer approach. Incorporating the labeling time courses of (13)C multiplets of
      glutamate and glutamine resulted in elevated precision of the estimated fluxes in
      rat brain as well as reduced correlations between them.

PMID- 26969692
TI  - Isolation of Endohyphal Bacteria from Foliar Ascomycota and In Vitro
      Establishment of Their Symbiotic Associations.
AB  - Endohyphal bacteria (EHB) can influence fungal phenotypes and shape the outcomes
      of plant-fungal interactions. Previous work has suggested that EHB form
      facultative associations with many foliar fungi in the Ascomycota. These bacteria
      can be isolated in culture, and fungi can be cured of EHB using antibiotics.
      Here, we present methods for successfully introducing EHB into axenic mycelia of
      strains representing two classes of Ascomycota. We first establish in vitro
      conditions favoring reintroduction of two strains of EHB (Luteibacter sp.) into
      axenic cultures of their original fungal hosts, focusing on fungi isolated from
      healthy plant tissue as endophytes: Microdiplodia sp. (Dothideomycetes) and
      Pestalotiopsis sp. (Sordariomycetes). We then demonstrate that these EHB can be
      introduced into a novel fungal host under the same conditions, successfully
      transferring EHB between fungi representing different classes. Finally, we
      manipulate conditions to optimize reintroduction in a focal EHB-fungal
      association. We show that EHB infections were initiated and maintained more often
      under low-nutrient culture conditions and when EHB and fungal hyphae were washed
      with MgCl2 prior to reassociation. Our study provides new methods for
      experimental assessment of the effects of EHB on fungal phenotypes and shows how
      the identity of the fungal host and growth conditions can define the
      establishment of these widespread and important symbioses.

PMID- 26969693
TI  - Comparative Single-Cell Genomics of Chloroflexi from the Okinawa Trough Deep
      Subsurface Biosphere.
AB  - Chloroflexi small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences are frequently recovered from
      subseafloor environments, but the metabolic potential of the phylum is poorly
      understood. The phylum Chloroflexi is represented by isolates with diverse
      metabolic strategies, including anoxic phototrophy, fermentation, and reductive
      dehalogenation; therefore, function cannot be attributed to these organisms based
      solely on phylogeny. Single-cell genomics can provide metabolic insights into
      uncultured organisms, like the deep-subsurface Chloroflexi Nine SSU rRNA gene
      sequences were identified from single-cell sorts of whole-round core material
      collected from the Okinawa Trough at Iheya North hydrothermal field as part of
      Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expedition 331 (Deep Hot Biosphere).
      Previous studies of subsurface Chloroflexi single amplified genomes (SAGs)
      suggested heterotrophic or lithotrophic metabolisms and provided no evidence for
      growth by reductive dehalogenation. Our nine Chloroflexi SAGs (seven of which are
      from the order Anaerolineales) indicate that, in addition to genes for the Wood
      Ljungdahl pathway, exogenous carbon sources can be actively transported into
      cells. At least one subunit for pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase was found in
      four of the Chloroflexi SAGs. This protein can provide a link between the Wood
      Ljungdahl pathway and other carbon anabolic pathways. Finally, one of the seven
      Anaerolineales SAGs contains a distinct reductive dehalogenase homologous (rdhA)
      gene. IMPORTANCE: Through the use of single amplified genomes (SAGs), we have
      extended the metabolic potential of an understudied group of subsurface microbes,
      the Chloroflexi These microbes are frequently detected in the subsurface
      biosphere, though their metabolic capabilities have remained elusive. In contrast
      to previously examined Chloroflexi SAGs, our genomes (several are from the order
      Anaerolineales) were recovered from a hydrothermally driven system and therefore
      provide a unique window into the metabolic potential of this type of habitat. In
      addition, a reductive dehalogenase gene (rdhA) has been directly linked to marine
      subsurface Chloroflexi, suggesting that reductive dehalogenation is not limited
      to the class Dehalococcoidia This discovery expands the nutrient-cycling and
      metabolic potential present within the deep subsurface and provides functional
      gene information relating to this enigmatic group.

PMID- 26969694
TI  - Detection and Diversity of Fungal Nitric Oxide Reductase Genes (p450nor) in
      Agricultural Soils.
AB  - Members of the Fungi convert nitrate (NO3 (-)) and nitrite (NO2 (-)) to gaseous
      nitrous oxide (N2O) (denitrification), but the fungal contributions to N loss
      from soil remain uncertain. Cultivation-based methodologies that include
      antibiotics to selectively assess fungal activities have limitations, and
      complementary molecular approaches to assign denitrification potential to fungi
      are desirable. Microcosms established with soils from two representative U.S.
      Midwest agricultural regions produced N2O from added NO3 (-) or NO2 (-) in the
      presence of antibiotics to inhibit bacteria. Cultivation efforts yielded 214
      fungal isolates belonging to at least 15 distinct morphological groups, 151 of
      which produced N2O from NO2 (-) Novel PCR primers targeting the p450nor gene,
      which encodes the nitric oxide (NO) reductase responsible for N2O production in
      fungi, yielded 26 novel p450nor amplicons from DNA of 37 isolates and 23
      amplicons from environmental DNA obtained from two agricultural soils. The
      sequences shared 54 to 98% amino acid identity with reference P450nor sequences
      within the phylum Ascomycota and expand the known fungal P450nor sequence
      diversity. p450nor was detected in all fungal isolates that produced N2O from NO2
      (-), whereas nirK (encoding the NO-forming NO2 (-) reductase) was amplified in
      only 13 to 74% of the N2O-forming isolates using two separate nirK primer sets.
      Collectively, our findings demonstrate the value of p450nor-targeted PCR to
      complement existing approaches to assess the fungal contributions to
      denitrification and N2O formation. IMPORTANCE: A comprehensive understanding of
      the microbiota controlling soil N loss and greenhouse gas (N2O) emissions is
      crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and addressing climate change
      concerns. We report the design and application of a novel PCR primer set
      targeting fungal p450nor, a biomarker for fungal N2O production, and demonstrate
      the utility of the new approach to assess fungal denitrification potential in
      fungal isolates and agricultural soils. These new PCR primers may find
      application in a variety of biomes to assess the fungal contributions to N loss
      and N2O emissions.

PMID- 26969695
TI  - Complementation of Arginine Auxotrophy for Genetic Transformation of Coxiella
      burnetii by Use of a Defined Axenic Medium.
AB  - Host cell-free (axenic) culture of Coxiella burnetii in acidified citrate
      cysteine medium-2 (ACCM-2) has provided important opportunities for investigating
      the biology of this naturally obligate intracellular pathogen and enabled the
      development of tools for genetic manipulation. However, ACCM-2 has complex
      nutrient sources that preclude a detailed study of nutritional factors required
      for C. burnetii growth. Metabolic reconstruction of C. burnetii predicts that the
      bacterium cannot synthesize all amino acids and therefore must sequester some
      from the host. To examine C. burnetii amino acid auxotrophies, we developed a
      nutritionally defined medium with known amino acid concentrations, termed ACCM-D.
      Compared to ACCM-2, ACCM-D supported longer logarithmic growth, a more gradual
      transition to stationary phase, and approximately 5- to 10-fold greater overall
      replication. Small-cell-variant morphological forms generated in ACCM-D also
      showed increased viability relative to that generated in ACCM-2. Lack of growth
      in amino acid-deficient formulations of ACCM-D revealed C. burnetii auxotrophy
      for 11 amino acids, including arginine. Heterologous expression of Legionella
      pneumophila argGH in C. burnetii permitted growth in ACCM-D missing arginine and
      supplemented with citrulline, thereby providing a nonantibiotic means of
      selection of C. burnetii genetic transformants. Consistent with bioinformatic
      predictions, the elimination of glucose did not impair C. burnetii replication.
      Together, these results highlight the advantages of a nutritionally defined
      medium in investigations of C. burnetii metabolism and the development of genetic
      tools. IMPORTANCE: Host cell-free growth and genetic manipulation of Coxiella
      burnetii have revolutionized research of this intracellular bacterial pathogen.
      Nonetheless, undefined components of growth medium have made studies of C.
      burnetii physiology difficult and have precluded the development of selectable
      markers for genetic transformation based on nutritional deficiencies. Here, we
      describe a medium, containing only amino acids as the sole source of carbon and
      energy, which supports robust growth and improved viability of C. burnetii Growth
      studies confirmed that C. burnetii cannot replicate in medium lacking arginine.
      However, genetic transformation of the bacterium with constructs containing the
      last two genes in the L. pneumophila arginine biosynthesis pathway (argGH)
      allowed growth on defined medium missing arginine but supplemented with the
      arginine precursor citrulline. Our results advance the field by facilitating
      studies of C. burnetii metabolism and allowing non-antibiotic-based selection of
      C. burnetii genetic transformants, an important achievement considering that
      selectable makers based on antibiotic resistance are limited.

PMID- 26969696
TI  - Control of Legionella Contamination and Risk of Corrosion in Hospital Water
      Networks following Various Disinfection Procedures.
AB  - Physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed with the aim of
      controlling Legionella water contamination. To date, the most effective
      procedures for reducing bacterial contamination have not yet been defined. The
      aim of this study was to assess the long-term effectiveness of various
      disinfection procedures in order to reduce both culturable and nonculturable (NC)
      legionellae in different hospital water networks treated with heat, chlorine
      dioxide, monochloramine, and hydrogen peroxide. The temperature levels and
      biocide concentrations that proved to give reliable results were analyzed. In
      order to study the possible effects on the water pipes, we verified the extent of
      corrosion on experimental coupons after applying each method for 6 months. The
      percentage of positive points was at its lowest after treatment with
      monochloramine, followed by chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and
      hyperthermia. Different selections of Legionella spp. were observed, as networks
      treated with chlorine-based disinfectants were contaminated mainly by Legionella
      pneumophila serogroup 1, hyperthermia was associated with serogroups 2 to 14, and
      hydrogen peroxide treatment was associated mainly with non-pneumophila species.
      NC cells were detected only in heat-treated waters, and also when the temperature
      was approximately 60 degrees C. The corrosion rates of the coupons were within a
      satisfactory limit for water networks, but the morphologies differed. We confirm
      here that chemical disinfection controls Legionella colonization more effectively
      than hyperthermia does. Monochloramine was the most effective treatment, while
      hydrogen peroxide may be a promising alternative to chlorine-based disinfectants
      due to its ability to select for other, less virulent or nonpathogenic species.

PMID- 26969697
TI  - Development of a Real-Time PCR for a Sensitive One-Step Coprodiagnosis Allowing
      both the Identification of Carnivore Feces and the Detection of Toxocara spp. and
      Echinococcus multilocularis.
AB  - Studying the environmental occurrence of parasites of concern for humans and
      animals based on coprosamples is an expanding field of work in epidemiology and
      the ecology of health. Detecting and quantifying Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus
      multilocularis, two predominant zoonotic helminths circulating in European
      carnivores, in feces may help to better target measures for prevention. A rapid,
      sensitive, and one-step quantitative PCR (qPCR) allowing detection of E.
      multilocularis and Toxocara spp. was developed in the present study, combined
      with a host fecal test based on the identification of three carnivores (red fox,
      dog, and cat) involved in the life cycles of these parasites. A total of 68
      coprosamples were collected from identified specimens from Vulpes vulpes, Canis
      lupus familiaris, Canis lupus, Felis silvestris catus, Meles meles, Martes foina,
      and Martes martes With DNA coprosamples, real-time PCR was performed in duplex
      with a qPCR inhibitor control specifically designed for this study. All the
      coprosample host identifications were confirmed by qPCR combined with sequencing,
      and parasites were detected and confirmed (E. multilocularis in red foxes and
      Toxocara cati in cats; 16% of samples presented inhibition). By combining
      parasite detection and quantification, the host fecal test, and a new qPCR
      inhibitor control, we created a technique with a high sensitivity that may
      considerably improve environmental studies of pathogens.

PMID- 26969698
TI  - Cellar-Associated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Population Structure Revealed High
      Level Diversity and Perennial Persistence at Sauternes Wine Estates.
AB  - Three wine estates (designated A, B, and C) were sampled in Sauternes, a typical
      appellation of the Bordeaux wine area producing sweet white wine. From those wine
      estates, 551 yeast strains were collected between 2012 and 2014, added to 102
      older strains from 1992 to 2011 from wine estate C. All the strains were analyzed
      through 15 microsatellite markers, resulting in 503 unique Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae genotypes, revealing high genetic diversity and a low presence of
      commercial yeast starters. Population analysis performed using Fst genetic
      distance or ancestry profiles revealed that the two closest wine estates, B and
      C, which have juxtaposed vineyard plots and common seasonal staff, share more
      related isolates with each other than with wine estate A, indicating exchange
      between estates. The characterization of isolates collected 23 years ago at wine
      estate C in relation to recent isolates obtained at wine estate B revealed the
      long-term persistence of isolates. Last, during the 2014 harvest period, a
      temporal succession of ancestral subpopulations related to the different batches
      associated with the selective picking of noble rotted grapes was highlighted.
      IMPORTANCE: High genetic diversity of S. cerevisiae isolates from spontaneous
      fermentation on wine estates in the Sauternes appellation of Bordeaux was
      revealed. Only 7% of all Sauternes strains were considered genetically related to
      specific commercial strains. The long-term persistence (over 20 years) of S.
      cerevisiae profiles on a given wine estate is highlighted.

PMID- 26969699
TI  - Recognition of Histo-Blood Group Antigen-Like Carbohydrates in Lettuce by Human
      GII.4 Norovirus.
AB  - Human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) strains account for about
      80% of the gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States. Contaminated food is a
      major transmission vehicle for this virus. In humans, pigs, and oysters, histo
      blood group antigens (HBGAs) act as attachment factors for HuNoVs. In lettuce,
      although the virus-like particles (VLPs) of a GII.4 HuNoV were found to bind to
      cell wall carbohydrates, the exact binding site has not been investigated. Here,
      we show the presence of HBGA-like carbohydrates in the cell wall of lettuce. The
      digestion of lettuce leaves with cell wall-degrading enzymes exposed more binding
      sites and significantly increased the level of binding of GII.4 HuNoV VLPs.
      Competition assays showed that both the HBGA monoclonal antibody, recognizing the
      H type, and plant lectins, recognizing alpha-l-fucose in the H type, effectively
      inhibited VLP binding to lettuce tissues. Lettuce cell wall components were
      isolated and their NoV VLP binding characteristics were tested by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays. The binding was inhibited by pretreatment of the lettuce
      cell wall materials with alpha-1,2-fucosidase. Collectively, our results indicate
      that H-type HBGA-like carbohydrates exist in lettuce tissues and that GII.4 HuNoV
      VLPs can bind the exposed fucose moiety, possibly in the hemicellulose component
      of the cell wall. IMPORTANCE: Salad crops and fruits are increasingly recognized
      as vehicles for human norovirus (HuNoV) transmission. A recent study showed that
      HuNoVs specifically bind to the carbohydrates of the lettuce cell wall. Histo
      blood group antigens (HBGAs) are carbohydrates and are known as the attachment
      factors for HuNoV infection in humans. In this study, we show the presence of
      HBGA-like carbohydrates in lettuce, to which HuNoVs specifically bind. These
      results suggest that specifically bound HuNoVs cannot be removed by simple
      washing, which may allow viral transmission to consumers. Our findings provide
      new information needed for developing potential inhibitors to block binding and
      prevent contamination.

PMID- 26969700
TI  - Transcriptional Profile during Deoxycholate-Induced Sporulation in a Clostridium
      perfringens Isolate Causing Foodborne Illness.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens type A is a common source of foodborne illness (FBI) in
      humans. Vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and produce the
      major pathogenic factor C. perfringens enterotoxin. Although sporulation plays a
      critical role in the pathogenesis of FBI, the mechanisms inducing sporulation
      remain unclear. Bile salts were shown previously to induce sporulation, and we
      confirmed deoxycholate (DCA)-induced sporulation in C. perfringens strain
      NCTC8239 cocultured with human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. In the present
      study, we performed transcriptome analyses of strain NCTC8239 in order to
      elucidate the mechanism underlying DCA-induced sporulation. Of the 2,761 genes
      analyzed, 333 were up- or downregulated during DCA-induced sporulation and
      included genes for cell division, nutrient metabolism, signal transduction, and
      defense mechanisms. In contrast, the virulence-associated transcriptional
      regulators (the VirR/VirS system, the agr system, codY, and abrB) were not
      activated by DCA. DCA markedly increased the expression of signaling molecules
      controlled by Spo0A, the master regulator of the sporulation process, whereas the
      expression of spo0A itself was not altered in the presence or absence of DCA. The
      phosphorylation of Spo0A was enhanced in the presence of DCA. Collectively, these
      results demonstrated that DCA induced sporulation, at least partially, by
      facilitating the phosphorylation of Spo0A and activating Spo0A-regulated genes in
      strain NCTC8239 while altering the expression of various genes. IMPORTANCE:
      Disease caused by Clostridium perfringens type A consistently ranks among the
      most common bacterial foodborne illnesses in humans in developed countries. The
      sporulation of C. perfringens in the small intestinal tract is a key event for
      its pathogenesis, but the factors and underlying mechanisms by which C.
      perfringens sporulates in vivo currently remain unclear. Bile salts, major
      components of bile, which is secreted from the liver for the emulsification of
      lipids, were shown to induce sporulation. However, the mechanisms underlying bile
      salt-induced sporulation have not yet been clarified. In the present study, we
      demonstrate that deoxycholate (one of the bile salts) induces sporulation by
      facilitating the phosphorylation of Spo0A and activating Spo0A-regulated genes
      using a transcriptome analysis. Thus, this study enhances our understanding of
      the mechanisms underlying sporulation, particularly that of bile salt-induced
      sporulation, in C. perfringens.

PMID- 26969702
TI  - Biological Low-pH Mn(II) Oxidation in a Manganese Deposit Influenced by Metal
      Rich Groundwater.
AB  - The mechanisms, key organisms, and geochemical significance of biological low-pH
      Mn(II) oxidation are largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the structure of
      indigenous Mn(II)-oxidizing microbial communities in a secondary subsurface Mn
      oxide deposit influenced by acidic (pH 4.8) metal-rich groundwater in a former
      uranium mining area. Microbial diversity was highest in the Mn deposit compared
      to the adjacent soil layers and included the majority of known Mn(II)-oxidizing
      bacteria (MOB) and two genera of known Mn(II)-oxidizing fungi (MOF). Electron X
      ray microanalysis showed that romanechite [(Ba,H2O)2(Mn(4+),Mn(3+))5O10] was
      conspicuously enriched in the deposit. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed
      that certain fungal, bacterial, and archaeal groups were firmly associated with
      the autochthonous Mn oxides. Eight MOB within the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria,
      and Bacteroidetes and one MOF strain belonging to Ascomycota were isolated at pH
      5.5 or 7.2 from the acidic Mn deposit. Soil-groundwater microcosms demonstrated
      2.5-fold-faster Mn(II) depletion in the Mn deposit than adjacent soil layers. No
      depletion was observed in the abiotic controls, suggesting that biological
      contribution is the main driver for Mn(II) oxidation at low pH. The composition
      and species specificity of the native low-pH Mn(II) oxidizers were highly adapted
      to in situ conditions, and these organisms may play a central role in the
      fundamental biogeochemical processes (e.g., metal natural attenuation) occurring
      in the acidic, oligotrophic, and metalliferous subsoil ecosystems. IMPORTANCE:
      This study provides multiple lines of evidence to show that microbes are the main
      drivers of Mn(II) oxidation even at acidic pH, offering new insights into Mn
      biogeochemical cycling. A distinct, highly adapted microbial community inhabits
      acidic, oligotrophic Mn deposits and mediates biological Mn oxidation. These data
      highlight the importance of biological processes for Mn biogeochemical cycling
      and show the potential for new bioremediation strategies aimed at enhancing
      biological Mn oxidation in low-pH environments for contaminant mitigation.

PMID- 26969701
TI  - Biofilms on Hospital Shower Hoses: Characterization and Implications for
      Nosocomial Infections.
AB  - Although the source of drinking water (DW) used in hospitals is commonly
      disinfected, biofilms forming on water pipelines are a refuge for bacteria,
      including possible pathogens that survive different disinfection strategies.
      These biofilm communities are only beginning to be explored by culture
      independent techniques that circumvent the limitations of conventional monitoring
      efforts. Hence, theories regarding the frequency of opportunistic pathogens in DW
      biofilms and how biofilm members withstand high doses of disinfectants and/or
      chlorine residuals in the water supply remain speculative. The aim of this study
      was to characterize the composition of microbial communities growing on five
      hospital shower hoses using both 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial isolates
      and whole-genome shotgun metagenome sequencing. The resulting data revealed a
      Mycobacterium-like population, closely related to Mycobacterium rhodesiae and
      Mycobacterium tusciae, to be the predominant taxon in all five samples, and its
      nearly complete draft genome sequence was recovered. In contrast, the fraction
      recovered by culture was mostly affiliated with Proteobacteria, including members
      of the genera Sphingomonas, Blastomonas, and Porphyrobacter.The biofilm community
      harbored genes related to disinfectant tolerance (2.34% of the total annotated
      proteins) and a lower abundance of virulence determinants related to colonization
      and evasion of the host immune system. Additionally, genes potentially conferring
      resistance to beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, amphenicol, and quinolone antibiotics
      were detected. Collectively, our results underscore the need to understand the
      microbiome of DW biofilms using metagenomic approaches. This information might
      lead to more robust management practices that minimize the risks associated with
      exposure to opportunistic pathogens in hospitals.

PMID- 26969703
TI  - Nanomechanical Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Atomic Force
      Microscopy.
AB  - The study of structures and properties of bacterial spores is important to
      understanding spore formation and biological responses to environmental stresses.
      While significant progress has been made over the years in elucidating the
      multilayer architecture of spores, the mechanical properties of the spore
      interior are not known. Here, we present a thermal atomic force microscopy (AFM)
      study of the nanomechanical properties of internal structures of Bacillus
      anthracis spores. We developed a nanosurgical sectioning method in which a stiff
      diamond AFM tip was used to cut an individual spore, exposing its internal
      structure, and a soft AFM tip was used to image and characterize the spore
      interior on the nanometer scale. We observed that the elastic modulus and
      adhesion force, including their thermal responses at elevated temperatures,
      varied significantly in different regions of the spore section. Our AFM images
      indicated that the peptidoglycan (PG) cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores
      consisted of rod-like nanometer-sized structures that are oriented in the
      direction perpendicular to the spore surface. Our findings may shed light on the
      spore architecture and properties. IMPORTANCE: A nanosurgical AFM method was
      developed that can be used to probe the structure and properties of the spore
      interior. The previously unknown ultrastructure of the PG cortex of Bacillus
      anthracis spores was observed to consist of nanometer-sized rod-like structures
      that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. The
      variations in the nanomechanical properties of the spore section were largely
      correlated with its chemical composition. Different components of the spore
      materials showed different thermal responses at elevated temperatures.

PMID- 26969705
TI  - Application of a Euryarchaeota-Specific Helicase from Thermococcus kodakarensis
      for Noise Reduction in PCR.
AB  - DNA/RNA helicases, which are enzymes for eliminating hydrogen bonds between bases
      of DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA, and RNA/RNA using the energy of ATP hydrolysis, contribute
      to various biological activities. In the present study, the Euryarchaeota
      specific helicase EshA (TK0566) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus
      kodakarensis (Tk-EshA) was obtained as a recombinant form, and its enzymatic
      properties were examined. Tk-EshA exhibited maximal ATPase activity in the
      presence of RNA at 80 degrees C. Unwinding activity was evaluated with various
      double-stranded DNAs (forked, 5' overhung, 3' overhung, and blunt end) at 50
      degrees C. Tk-EshA unwound forked and 3' overhung DNAs. These activities were
      expected to unwind the structured template and to peel off misannealed primers
      when Tk-EshA was added to a PCR mixture. To examine the effect of Tk-EshA on PCR,
      various target DNAs were selected, and DNA synthesis was investigated. When 16S
      rRNA genes were used as a template, several misamplified products (noise DNAs)
      were detected in the absence of Tk-EshA. In contrast, noise DNAs were eliminated
      in the presence of Tk-EshA. Noise reduction by Tk-EshA was also confirmed when
      Taq DNA polymerase (a family A DNA polymerase, PolI type) and KOD DNA polymerase
      (a family B DNA polymerase, alpha type) were used for PCR. Misamplified bands
      were also eliminated during toxA gene amplification from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      DNA, which possesses a high GC content (69%). Tk-EshA addition was more effective
      than increasing the annealing temperature to reduce misamplified DNAs during toxA
      amplification. Tk-EshA is a useful tool to reduce noise DNAs for accurate PCR.
      IMPORTANCE: PCR is a technique that is useful for genetic diagnosis, genetic
      engineering, and detection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, troubles with
      nonspecific DNA amplification often occur from primer misannealing. In order to
      achieve a specific DNA amplification by eliminating noise DNAs derived from
      primer misannealing, a thermostable Euryarchaeota-specific helicase (Tk-EshA) was
      included in the PCR mixture. The addition of Tk-EshA has reduced noise DNAs in
      PCR.

PMID- 26969704
TI  - Isolation and Complete Genome Sequence of Algibacter alginolytica sp. nov., a
      Novel Seaweed-Degrading Bacteroidetes Bacterium with Diverse Putative
      Polysaccharide Utilization Loci.
AB  - The members of the phylum Bacteroidetes are recognized as some of the most
      important specialists for the degradation of polysaccharides. However, in
      contrast to research on Bacteroidetes in the human gut, research on
      polysaccharide degradation by marine Bacteroidetes is still rare. The genus
      Algibacter belongs to the Flavobacteriaceae family of the Bacteroidetes, and most
      species in this genus are isolated from or near the habitat of algae, indicating
      a preference for the complex polysaccharides of algae. In this work, a novel
      brown-seaweed-degrading strain designated HZ22 was isolated from the surface of a
      brown seaweed (Laminaria japonica). On the basis of its physiological,
      chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain HZ22
      represents a novel species in the genus Algibacter with the proposed name
      Algibacter alginolytica sp. nov. The genome of strain HZ22, the type strain of
      this species, harbors 3,371 coding sequences (CDSs) and 255 carbohydrate-active
      enzymes (CAZymes), including 104 glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and 18 polysaccharide
      lyases (PLs); this appears to be the highest proportion of CAZymes (~7.5%) among
      the reported strains in the class Flavobacteria Seventeen polysaccharide
      utilization loci (PUL) are predicted to be specific for marine polysaccharides,
      especially algal polysaccharides from red, green, and brown seaweeds. In
      particular, PUL N is predicted to be specific for alginate. Taking these findings
      together with the results of assays of crude alginate lyases, we prove that
      strain HZ22(T) can completely degrade alginate. This work reveals that strain
      HZ22(T) has good potential for the degradation of algal polysaccharides and that
      the structure and related mechanism of PUL in strain HZ22(T) are worth further
      research.

PMID- 26969706
TI  - The apt/6-Methylpurine Counterselection System and Its Applications in Genetic
      Studies of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus.
AB  - Sulfolobus islandicus serves as a model for studying archaeal biology as well as
      linking novel biology to evolutionary ecology using functional population
      genomics. In the present study, we developed a new counterselectable genetic
      marker in S. islandicus to expand the genetic toolbox for this species. We show
      that resistance to the purine analog 6-methylpurine (6-MP) in S. islandicus
      M.16.4 is due to the inactivation of a putative adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
      encoded by M164_0158 (apt). The application of the apt gene as a novel
      counterselectable marker was first illustrated by constructing an unmarked alpha
      amylase deletion mutant. Furthermore, the 6-MP counterselection feature was
      employed in a forward (loss-of-function) mutation assay to reveal the profile of
      spontaneous mutations in S. islandicus M.16.4 at the apt locus. Moreover, the
      general conservation of apt genes in the crenarchaea suggests that the same
      strategy can be broadly applied to other crenarchaeal model organisms. These
      results demonstrate that the apt locus represents a new tool for genetic
      manipulation and sequence analysis of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon S.
      islandicus IMPORTANCE: Currently, the pyrEF/5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA)
      counterselection system remains the sole counterselection marker in crenarchaeal
      genetics. Since most Sulfolobus mutants constructed by the research community
      were derived from genetic hosts lacking the pyrEF genes, the pyrEF/5-FOA system
      is no longer available for use in forward mutation assays. Demonstration of the
      apt/6-MP counterselection system for the Sulfolobus model renders it possible to
      again study the mutation profiles in mutants that have already been constructed
      by the use of strains with a pyrEF-deficient background. Furthermore, additional
      counterselectable markers will allow us to conduct more sophisticated genetic
      studies, i.e., investigate mechanisms of chromosomal DNA transfer and quantify
      recombination frequencies among S. islandicus strains.

PMID- 26969707
TI  - Kinetics of Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger Spores and
      Staphylococcus albus on Paper by Chlorine Dioxide Gas in an Enclosed Space.
AB  - Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spore and Staphylococcus albus are typical
      biological indicators for the inactivation of airborne pathogens. The present
      study characterized and compared the behaviors of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores
      and S. albus in regard to inactivation by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas under
      different gas concentrations and relative humidity (RH) conditions. The
      inactivation kinetics under different ClO2 gas concentrations (1 to 5 mg/liter)
      were determined by first-order and Weibull models. A new model (the Weibull-H
      model) was established to reveal the inactivation tendency and kinetics for ClO2
      gas under different RH conditions (30 to 90%). The results showed that both the
      gas concentration and RH were significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated
      with the inactivation of the two chosen indicators. There was a rapid improvement
      in the inactivation efficiency under high RH (>70%). Compared with the first
      order model, the Weibull and Weibull-H models demonstrated a better fit for the
      experimental data, indicating nonlinear inactivation behaviors of the vegetative
      bacteria and spores following exposure to ClO2 gas. The times to achieve a six
      log reduction of B. subtilis subsp. niger spore and S. albus were calculated
      based on the established models. Clarifying the kinetics of inactivation of B.
      subtilis subsp. niger spores and S. albus by ClO2 gas will allow the development
      of ClO2 gas treatments that provide an effective disinfection method. IMPORTANCE:
      Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a novel and effective fumigation agent with strong
      oxidization ability and a broad biocidal spectrum. The antimicrobial efficacy of
      ClO2 gas has been evaluated in many previous studies. However, there are
      presently no published models that can be used to describe the kinetics of
      inactivation of airborne pathogens by ClO2 gas under different gas concentrations
      and RH conditions. The first-order and Weibull (Weibull-H) models established in
      this study can characterize and compare the behaviors of Bacillus subtilis subsp.
      niger spores and Staphylococcus albus in regard to inactivation by ClO2 gas,
      determine the kinetics of inactivation of two chosen strains under different
      conditions of gas concentration and RH, and provide the calculated time to
      achieve a six-log reduction. These results will be useful to determine effective
      conditions for ClO2 gas to inactivate airborne pathogens in contaminated air and
      other environments and thus prevent outbreaks of airborne illness.

PMID- 26969708
TI  - Soybean Ferritin Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Modulates Iron
      Accumulation and Resistance to Elevated Iron Concentrations.
AB  - Fungi, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lack ferritin and use
      vacuoles as iron storage organelles. This work explored how plant ferritin
      expression influenced baker's yeast iron metabolism. Soybean seed ferritin H1
      (SFerH1) and SFerH2 genes were cloned and expressed in yeast cells. Both soybean
      ferritins assembled as multimeric complexes, which bound yeast intracellular iron
      in vivo and, consequently, induced the activation of the genes expressed during
      iron scarcity. Soybean ferritin protected yeast cells that lacked the Ccc1
      vacuolar iron detoxification transporter from toxic iron levels by reducing
      cellular oxidation, thus allowing growth at high iron concentrations.
      Interestingly, when simultaneously expressed in ccc1Delta cells, SFerH1 and
      SFerH2 assembled as heteropolymers, which further increased iron resistance and
      reduced the oxidative stress produced by excess iron compared to ferritin
      homopolymer complexes. Finally, soybean ferritin expression led to increased iron
      accumulation in both wild-type and ccc1Delta yeast cells at certain environmental
      iron concentrations. IMPORTANCE: Iron deficiency is a worldwide nutritional
      disorder to which women and children are especially vulnerable. A common strategy
      to combat iron deficiency consists of dietary supplementation with inorganic iron
      salts, whose bioavailability is very low. Iron-enriched yeasts and cereals are
      alternative strategies to diminish iron deficiency. Animals and plants possess
      large ferritin complexes that accumulate, detoxify, or buffer excess cellular
      iron. However, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacks ferritin and uses
      vacuoles as iron storage organelles. Here, we explored how soybean ferritin
      expression influenced yeast iron metabolism, confirming that yeasts that express
      soybean seed ferritin could be explored as a novel strategy to increase dietary
      iron absorption.

PMID- 26969710
TI  - Enlargement of the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles causes intorsion
      in Graves' eye disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To review the prevalence of preoperative and postoperative intorsion in
      patients with strabismus and Graves' eye disease (GED), and to correlate the
      intorsion with coexisting superior rectus (SR) and superior oblique (SO) muscle
      enlargement as a possible mechanism causing intorsion in these patients. METHODS:
      Charts of consecutive patients with GED who underwent strabismus surgery between
      1 January 2010 and 1 April 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Of these, patients
      with orbital CT or MRI scan were identified for further analysis. Clinical
      characteristics documented included age, gender, horizontal and vertical
      deviation, subjective torsional deviation, specific extraocular muscles (EOMs)
      operated upon, EOM enlargement on CT/MRI scans and width and thickness of SO, SR
      group and inferior rectus (IR). RESULTS: Charts of 45 patients (14 males and 31
      females) were reviewed. Mean age was 56.8+/-12.5 years. Of these, seven (15.6%)
      patients demonstrated intorsion, and 38 (84.4%) patients demonstrated extorsion
      preoperatively. But after strabismus surgery, 15 (39.5%) of the 38 patients with
      preoperative extorsion demonstrated postoperative intorsion and 23 (60.5%)
      patients continued to show postoperative extorsion. On analysis of CT/MRI scans
      in these patients, only an increase in the thickness of SR group and the
      thickness/width of SO muscle were significantly associated with preoperative and
      postoperative intorsion; while age, gender, preoperative horizontal or vertical
      deviation and IR recession were unrelated to preoperative or postoperative
      intorsion. Postoperative intorsion was also associated with smaller degrees of
      preoperative extorsion (<3.5 degrees ). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative SR and/or SO
      muscle enlargement appear to be a primary contributing factor relating to
      preoperative and postoperative intorsion in patients with GED-associated
      strabismus. Patients with only small amounts of preoperative extorsion (<3.5
      degrees ) in the presence of tight IRs should be carefully evaluated for possible
      SR and/or SO involvement by CT or MRI scan to predict those at risk for and plan
      for prevention/treatment of postoperative intorsion.

PMID- 26969709
TI  - Overproduction of Magnetosomes by Genomic Amplification of Biosynthesis-Related
      Gene Clusters in a Magnetotactic Bacterium.
AB  - Magnetotactic bacteria biosynthesize specific organelles, the magnetosomes, which
      are membrane-enclosed crystals of a magnetic iron mineral that are aligned in a
      linear chain. The number and size of magnetosome particles have to be critically
      controlled to build a sensor sufficiently strong to ensure the efficient
      alignment of cells within Earth's weak magnetic field while at the same time
      minimizing the metabolic costs imposed by excessive magnetosome biosynthesis.
      Apart from their biological function, bacterial magnetosomes have gained
      considerable interest since they provide a highly useful model for prokaryotic
      organelle formation and represent biogenic magnetic nanoparticles with
      exceptional properties. However, potential applications have been hampered by the
      difficult cultivation of these fastidious bacteria and their poor yields of
      magnetosomes. In this study, we found that the size and number of magnetosomes
      within the cell are controlled by many different Mam and Mms proteins. We present
      a strategy for the overexpression of magnetosome biosynthesis genes in the
      alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense by chromosomal
      multiplication of individual and multiple magnetosome gene clusters via
      transposition. While stepwise amplification of the mms6 operon resulted in the
      formation of increasingly larger crystals (increase of ~35%), the duplication of
      all major magnetosome operons (mamGFDC, mamAB, mms6, and mamXY, comprising 29
      genes in total) yielded an overproducing strain in which magnetosome numbers were
      2.2-fold increased. We demonstrate that the tuned expression of the mam and mms
      clusters provides a powerful strategy for the control of magnetosome size and
      number, thereby setting the stage for high-yield production of tailored magnetic
      nanoparticles by synthetic biology approaches. IMPORTANCE: Before our study, it
      had remained unknown how the upper sizes and numbers of magnetosomes are
      genetically regulated, and overproduction of magnetosome biosynthesis had not
      been achieved, owing to the difficulties of large-scale genome engineering in the
      recalcitrant magnetotactic bacteria. In this study, we established and
      systematically explored a strategy for the overexpression of magnetosome
      biosynthesis genes by genomic amplification of single and multiple magnetosome
      gene clusters via sequential chromosomal insertion by transposition. Our findings
      also indicate that the expression levels of magnetosome proteins together limit
      the upper size and number of magnetosomes within the cell. We demonstrate that
      tuned overexpression of magnetosome gene clusters provides a powerful strategy
      for the precise control of magnetosome size and number.

PMID- 26969711
TI  - Five years of treatment for retinopathy of prematurity in Sweden: results from
      SWEDROP, a national quality register.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a sight-threatening disease,
      requiring efficient screening and treatment. The present study aims to describe
      various aspects on treatment for ROP in Sweden. METHODS: Data on treatment for
      ROP in infants born in 2008-2012 were extracted from Swedish national register
      for retinopathy of prematurity, a web-based national register. RESULTS: During
      2008-2012, 3488 infants with a gestational age (GA) at birth of <31 weeks had
      been screened for ROP in Sweden. Altogether, 30.3% (1057/3488) of the infants
      developed ROP and 5.2% (181/3488) were treated. Type 1 ROP was found in at least
      one eye in 83.2% (149/179) of the treated infants. One third of the eyes (32.2%
      right, 29.9% left eyes) were treated more than once. Laser was the only treatment
      in 90% of the eyes. Mean number of laser spots at first laser session was 1177
      and 1386 in right and left eyes, respectively. Number of laser spots correlated
      negatively with GA at birth (p=0.01). There was no change in frequency of
      treatment or number of laser spots during the 5-year period. Anti-vascular
      endothelial growth factor injections were performed in 28 eyes, encircling band
      was used in five eyes and vitrectomies were performed in seven eyes. Twenty-six
      retinal surgeons performed 9.4 (range 1-37) treatment sessions in the 181
      infants. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals similar incidences of ROP and
      frequencies of treatment during the 5-year study period. Many surgeons were
      involved in treatment of a rather limited number of infants. The results call for
      national discussions on organisation of ROP treatment.

PMID- 26969712
TI  - Glaucoma laser and surgical procedure rates in Australia.
AB  - AIM: To determine trends in the number of glaucoma laser and surgical procedures
      performed in Australia between 1994 and 2014. METHODS: Medicare claims were
      analysed to determine the number of glaucoma-related procedures reimbursed in
      Australia between 1994 and 2014. Glaucoma procedures were identified by Medicare
      Benefits Schedule item number and analysed by age range, gender, state, month and
      year. RESULTS: Laser trabeculoplasty rates declined 60% between 1994 and 2003
      before increasing a dramatic 353% between 2003 and 2014. Laser iridotomies
      increased 281% over the study period while cyclodestructive procedures increased
      207%. The number of primary filtering operations for glaucoma fell 68% from a
      peak in 1996 to a low in 2006 and then remained stable. However, the number of
      filtering operations in eyes where a previous filtering operation had been
      performed increased 27%. There was a marked increase in glaucoma drainage device
      insertion, increasing 234% over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a
      substantial increase in laser trabeculoplasty procedures in Australia, following
      a decline between 1994 and 2003. Primary filtering operations for glaucoma have
      declined in number while glaucoma drainage devices are playing an increasingly
      prominent role in the surgical management of glaucoma.

PMID- 26969714
TI  - Climate stories: Why do climate scientists and sceptical voices participate in
      the climate debate?
AB  - Public perceptions of the climate debate predominantly frame the key actors as
      climate scientists versus sceptical voices; however, it is unclear why climate
      scientists and sceptical voices choose to participate in this antagonistic and
      polarised public battle. A narrative interview approach is used to better
      understand the underlying rationales behind 22 climate scientists' and sceptical
      voices' engagement in the climate debate, potential commonalities, as well as
      each actor's ability to be critically self-reflexive. Several overlapping
      rationales are identified including a sense of duty to publicly engage, agreement
      that complete certainty about the complex assemblage of climate change is
      unattainable and that political factors are central to the climate debate. We
      argue that a focus on potential overlaps in perceptions and rationales as well as
      the ability to be critically self-reflexive may encourage constructive discussion
      among actors previously engaged in purposefully antagonistic exchange on climate
      change.

PMID- 26969713
TI  - FLNC myofibrillar myopathy results from impaired autophagy and protein
      insufficiency.
AB  - Myofibrillar myopathy is a progressive muscle disease characterized by the
      disintegration of muscle fibers and formation of protein aggregates. Causative
      mutations have been identified in nine genes encoding Z-disk proteins, including
      the actin binding protein filamin C (FLNC). To investigate the mechanism of
      disease in FLNCW2710X myopathy we overexpressed fluorescently tagged FLNC or
      FLNCW2710X in zebrafish. Expression of FLNCW2710X causes formation of protein
      aggregates but surprisingly, our studies reveal that the mutant protein localizes
      correctly to the Z-disk and is capable of rescuing the fiber disintegration
      phenotype that results from FLNC knockdown. This demonstrates that the functions
      necessary for muscle integrity are not impaired, and suggests that it is the
      formation of protein aggregates and subsequent sequestration of FLNC away from
      the Z-disk that results in myofibrillar disintegration. Similar to those found in
      patients, the aggregates in FLNCW2710X expressing fish contain the co-chaperone
      BAG3. FLNC is a target of the BAG3-mediated chaperone assisted selective
      autophagy (CASA) pathway and therefore we investigated its role, and the role of
      autophagy in general, in clearing protein aggregates. We reveal that despite BAG3
      recruitment to the aggregates they are not degraded via CASA. Additionally,
      recruitment of BAG3 is sufficient to block alternative autophagy pathways which
      would otherwise clear the aggregates. This blockage can be relieved by reducing
      BAG3 levels or by stimulating autophagy. This study therefore identifies both
      BAG3 reduction and autophagy promotion as potential therapies for FLNCW2710X
      myofibrillar myopathy, and identifies protein insufficiency due to sequestration,
      compounded by impaired autophagy, as the cause.

PMID- 26969717
TI  - The Daring John Cooper Forster (1823-1886): The First Case of "Esophagus Blockage
      Gastrostomy" With Ligatures in England.

PMID- 26969716
TI  - Quantitative Proteomics Reveals beta2 Integrin-mediated Cytoskeletal
      Rearrangement in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-induced Retinal
      Vascular Hyperpermeability.
AB  - Retinal vascular hyperpermeability causes macular edema, leading to visual
      deterioration in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal
      vascular occlusion. Dysregulation of junction integrity between endothelial cells
      by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was shown to cause retinal vascular
      hyperpermeability. Accordingly, anti-VEGF agents have been used to treat retinal
      vascular hyperpermeability. However, they can confer potential toxicity through
      their deleterious effects on maintenance and survival of neuronal and endothelial
      cells in the retina. Thus, it is important to identify novel therapeutic targets
      for retinal vascular hyperpermeability other than VEGF. Here, we prepared murine
      retinas showing VEGF-induced vascular leakage from superficial retinal vascular
      plexus and prevention of VEGF-induced leakage by anti-VEGF antibody treatment. We
      then performed comprehensive proteome profiling of these samples and identified
      retinal proteins for which abundances were differentially expressed by VEGF, but
      such alterations were inhibited by anti-VEGF antibody. Functional enrichment and
      network analyses of these proteins revealed the beta2 integrin pathway, which can
      prevent dysregulation of junction integrity between endothelial cells through
      cytoskeletal rearrangement, as a potential therapeutic target for retinal
      vascular hyperpermeability. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated that
      inhibition of the beta2 integrin pathway salvaged VEGF-induced retinal vascular
      hyperpermeability, supporting its validity as an alternative therapeutic target
      to anti-VEGF agents.

PMID- 26969718
TI  - A Novel Ultrasound-Based Registration for Image-Guided Laparoscopic Liver
      Ablation.
AB  - Background Patient-to-image registration is a core process of image-guided
      surgery (IGS) systems. We present a novel registration approach for application
      in laparoscopic liver surgery, which reconstructs in real time an intraoperative
      volume of the underlying intrahepatic vessels through an ultrasound (US) sweep
      process. Methods An existing IGS system for an open liver procedure was adapted,
      with suitable instrument tracking for laparoscopic equipment. Registration
      accuracy was evaluated on a realistic phantom by computing the target
      registration error (TRE) for 5 intrahepatic tumors. The registration work flow
      was evaluated by computing the time required for performing the registration.
      Additionally, a scheme for intraoperative accuracy assessment by visual overlay
      of the US image with preoperative image data was evaluated. Results The proposed
      registration method achieved an average TRE of 7.2 mm in the left lobe and 9.7 mm
      in the right lobe. The average time required for performing the registration was
      12 minutes. A positive correlation was found between the intraoperative accuracy
      assessment and the obtained TREs. Conclusions The registration accuracy of the
      proposed method is adequate for laparoscopic intrahepatic tumor targeting. The
      presented approach is feasible and fast and may, therefore, not be disruptive to
      the current surgical work flow. 

PMID- 26969719
TI  - Aretaeus of Cappadocia (Circa First Century bc or Fourth Century ad), Operating
      Hepatic Abscesses in Ancient Greece: A Reintroduction.

PMID- 26969720
TI  - Critical Roles of Vacuolar Invertase in Floral Organ Development and Male and
      Female Fertilities Are Revealed through Characterization of GhVIN1-RNAi Cotton
      Plants.
AB  - Seed number and quality are key traits determining plant fitness and crop yield
      and rely on combined competence in male and female fertilities. Sucrose
      metabolism is central to reproductive success. It remains elusive, though, how
      individual sucrose metabolic enzymes may regulate the complex reproductive
      processes. Here, by silencing vacuolar invertase (VIN) genes in cotton (Gossypium
      hirsutum) reproductive organs, we revealed diverse roles that VIN plays in
      multiple reproductive processes. A set of phenotypic and genetic studies showed
      significant reductions of viable seeds in GhVIN1-RNAi plants, attributed to
      pollination failure and impaired male and female fertilities. The former was
      largely owing to the spatial mismatch between style and stamen and delayed pollen
      release from the anthers, whereas male defects came from poor pollen viability.
      The transgenic stamen exhibited altered expression of the genes responsible for
      starch metabolism and auxin and jasmonic acid signaling. Further analyses
      identified the reduction of GhVIN expression in the seed coat as the major cause
      for the reduced female fertility, which appeared to disrupt the expression of
      some key genes involved in trehalose and auxin metabolism and signaling, leading
      to programmed cell death or growth repression in the filial tissues. Together,
      the data provide an unprecedented example of how VIN is required to synchronize
      style and stamen development and the formation of male and female fertilities for
      seed development in a crop species, cotton.

PMID- 26969721
TI  - TOPOISOMERASE1alpha Acts through Two Distinct Mechanisms to Regulate Stele and
      Columella Stem Cell Maintenance.
AB  - TOPOISOMERASE1 (TOP1), which releases DNA torsional stress generated during
      replication through its DNA relaxation activity, plays vital roles in animal and
      plant development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), TOP1 is encoded by two
      paralogous genes (TOP1alpha and TOP1beta), of which TOP1alpha displays specific
      developmental functions that are critical for the maintenance of shoot and floral
      stem cells. Here, we show that maintenance of two different populations of root
      stem cells is also dependent on TOP1alpha-specific developmental functions, which
      are exerted through two distinct novel mechanisms. In the proximal root meristem,
      the DNA relaxation activity of TOP1alpha is critical to ensure genome integrity
      and survival of stele stem cells (SSCs). Loss of TOP1alpha function triggers DNA
      double-strand breaks in S-phase SSCs and results in their death, which can be
      partially reversed by the replenishment of SSCs mediated by ETHYLENE RESPONSE
      FACTOR115 In the quiescent center and root cap meristem, TOP1alpha is epistatic
      to RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) in the maintenance of undifferentiated state and
      the number of columella stem cells (CSCs). Loss of TOP1alpha function in either
      wild-type or RBR RNAi plants leads to differentiation of CSCs, whereas
      overexpression of TOP1alpha mimics and further enhances the effect of RBR
      reduction that increases the number of CSCs Taken together, these findings
      provide important mechanistic insights into understanding stem cell maintenance
      in plants.

PMID- 26969723
TI  - Navigating moral distress using the moral distress map.
AB  - The plethora of literature on moral distress has substantiated and refined the
      concept, provided data about clinicians' (especially nurses') experiences, and
      offered advice for coping. Fewer scholars have explored what makes moral distress
      moral If we acknowledge that patient care can be distressing in the best of
      ethical circumstances, then differentiating distress and moral distress may
      refine the array of actions that are likely to ameliorate it. This article builds
      upon scholarship exploring the normative and conceptual dimensions of moral
      distress and introduces a new tool to map moral distress from emotional source to
      corrective actions. The Moral Distress Map has proven useful in clinical teaching
      and ethics-related debriefings.

PMID- 26969724
TI  - Daniel Halliday, 'The Ethics of a Smoking License'.

PMID- 26969722
TI  - Anisotropic Cell Expansion Is Affected through the Bidirectional Mobility of
      Cellulose Synthase Complexes and Phosphorylation at Two Critical Residues on
      CESA3.
AB  - Here we report that phosphorylation status of S211 and T212 of the CESA3
      component of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cellulose synthase impacts the
      regulation of anisotropic cell expansion as well as cellulose synthesis and
      deposition and microtubule-dependent bidirectional mobility of CESA complexes.
      Mutation of S211 to Ala caused a significant decrease in the length of etiolated
      hypocotyls and primary roots, while root hairs were not significantly affected.
      By contrast, the S211E mutation stunted the growth of root hairs, but primary
      roots were not significantly affected. Similarly, T212E caused a decrease in the
      length of root hairs but not root length. However, T212E stunted the growth of
      etiolated hypocotyls. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently labeled CESA showed that
      the rate of movement of CESA particles was directionally asymmetric in etiolated
      hypocotyls of S211A and T212E mutants, while similar bidirectional velocities
      were observed with the wild-type control and S211E and T212A mutant lines.
      Analysis of cell wall composition and the innermost layer of cell wall suggests a
      role for phosphorylation of CESA3 S211 and T212 in cellulose aggregation into
      fibrillar bundles. These results suggest that microtubule-guided bidirectional
      mobility of CESA complexes is fine-tuned by phosphorylation of CESA3 S211 and
      T212, which may, in turn, modulate cellulose synthesis and organization,
      resulting in or contributing to the observed defects of anisotropic cell
      expansion.

PMID- 26969725
TI  - Sp5 and Sp8 recruit beta-catenin and Tcf1-Lef1 to select enhancers to activate
      Wnt target gene transcription.
AB  - The ancient, highly conserved, Wnt signaling pathway regulates cell fate in all
      metazoans. We have previously shown that combined null mutations of the
      specificity protein (Sp) 1/Klf-like zinc-finger transcription factors Sp5 and Sp8
      (i.e., Sp5/8) result in an embryonic phenotype identical to that observed when
      core components of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway are mutated; however, their role
      in Wnt signal transduction is unknown. Here, we show in mouse embryos and
      differentiating embryonic stem cells that Sp5/8 are gene-specific transcriptional
      coactivators in the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Sp5/8 bind directly to GC boxes in
      Wnt target gene enhancers and to adjacent, or distally positioned, chromatin
      bound T-cell factor (Tcf) 1/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef) 1 to facilitate
      recruitment of beta-catenin to target gene enhancers. Because Sp5 is itself
      directly activated by Wnt signals, we propose that Sp5 is a Wnt/beta-catenin
      pathway-specific transcript on factor that functions in a feed-forward loop to
      robustly activate select Wnt target genes.

PMID- 26969726
TI  - Hierarchy and extremes in selections from pools of randomized proteins.
AB  - Variation and selection are the core principles of Darwinian evolution, but
      quantitatively relating the diversity of a population to its capacity to respond
      to selection is challenging. Here, we examine this problem at a molecular level
      in the context of populations of partially randomized proteins selected for
      binding to well-defined targets. We built several minimal protein libraries,
      screened them in vitro by phage display, and analyzed their response to selection
      by high-throughput sequencing. A statistical analysis of the results reveals two
      main findings. First, libraries with the same sequence diversity but built around
      different "frameworks" typically have vastly different responses; second, the
      distribution of responses of the best binders in a library follows a simple
      scaling law. We show how an elementary probabilistic model based on extreme value
      theory rationalizes the latter finding. Our results have implications for
      designing synthetic protein libraries, estimating the density of functional
      biomolecules in sequence space, characterizing diversity in natural populations,
      and experimentally investigating evolvability (i.e., the potential for future
      evolution). 

PMID- 26969727
TI  - Kinesin-12 motors cooperate to suppress microtubule catastrophes and drive the
      formation of parallel microtubule bundles.
AB  - Human Kinesin-12 (hKif15) plays a crucial role in assembly and maintenance of the
      mitotic spindle. These functions of hKif15 are partially redundant with Kinesin-5
      (Eg5), which can cross-link and drive the extensile sliding of antiparallel
      microtubules. Although both motors are known to be tetramers, the functional
      properties of hKif15 are less well understood. Here we reveal how single or
      multiple Kif15 motors can cross-link, transport, and focus the plus-ends of
      intersecting microtubules. During transport, Kif15 motors step simultaneously
      along both microtubules with relative microtubule transport driven by a velocity
      differential between motor domain pairs. Remarkably, this differential is
      affected by the underlying intersection geometry: the differential is low on
      parallel and extreme on antiparallel microtubules where one motor domain pair
      becomes immobile. As a result, when intersecting microtubules are antiparallel,
      canonical transport of one microtubule along the other is allowed because one
      motor is firmly attached to one microtubule while it is stepping on the other.
      When intersecting microtubules are parallel, however, Kif15 motors can drive
      (biased) parallel sliding because the motor simultaneously steps on both
      microtubules that it cross-links. These microtubule rearrangements will focus
      microtubule plus-ends and finally lead to the formation of parallel bundles. At
      the same time, Kif15 motors cooperate to suppress catastrophe events at
      polymerizing microtubule plus-ends, raising the possibility that Kif15 motors may
      synchronize the dynamics of bundles that they have assembled. Thus, Kif15 is
      adapted to operate on parallel microtubule substrates, a property that clearly
      distinguishes it from the other tetrameric spindle motor, Eg5. 

PMID- 26969728
TI  - Programmed chloroplast destruction during leaf senescence involves 13
      lipoxygenase (13-LOX).
AB  - Leaf senescence is the terminal stage in the development of perennial plants.
      Massive physiological changes occur that lead to the shut down of photosynthesis
      and a cessation of growth. Leaf senescence involves the selective destruction of
      the chloroplast as the site of photosynthesis. Here, we show that 13-lipoxygenase
      (13-LOX) accomplishes a key role in the destruction of chloroplasts in senescing
      plants and propose a critical role of its NH2-terminal chloroplast transit
      peptide. The 13-LOX enzyme identified here accumulated in the plastid envelope
      and catalyzed the dioxygenation of unsaturated membrane fatty acids, leading to a
      selective destruction of the chloroplast and the release of stromal constituents.
      Because 13-LOX pathway products comprise compounds involved in insect deterrence
      and pathogen defense (volatile aldehydes and oxylipins), a mechanism of
      unmolested nitrogen and carbon relocation is suggested that occurs from leaves to
      seeds and roots during fall. 

PMID- 26969730
TI  - Left ventricular assist device: a bridge to transplant or destination therapy?
AB  - Heart failure is a major problem worldwide; it is the leading cause of
      hospitalisation and is posing a huge financial burden. Advances in healthcare
      have contributed to increased life expectancy, with a resultant increase in the
      number of patients with chronic heart failure. For many patients who are still
      severely symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy and cardiac
      resynchronisation therapy, cardiac transplantation would be the preferred
      treatment option. However, hopes are cut short with a limited donor pool of
      hearts for the increasing number of patients requiring cardiac transplantation.
      One uprising method to fill this treatment void for patients with advanced end
      stage heart failure (ESHF) is the Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD). Although
      traditionally used as a bridge to transplantation, owing to limitation of
      suitable donors, evidence suggests increasing potential for the use of LVAD as
      destination therapy (DT), that is, lifelong permanent support. Exploration of DT
      is a promising avenue to many patients suffering with ESHF who may never be
      fortunate enough to receive a heart transplant, but not without reservations of
      its efficacy, safety, effects on quality-adjusted life years and cost
      effectiveness, especially in comparison to heart transplantation. 

PMID- 26969729
TI  - Integrative analyses reveal signaling pathways underlying familial breast cancer
      susceptibility.
AB  - The signaling events that drive familial breast cancer (FBC) risk remain poorly
      understood. While the majority of genomic studies have focused on genetic risk
      variants, known risk variants account for at most 30% of FBC cases. Considering
      that multiple genes may influence FBC risk, we hypothesized that a pathway-based
      strategy examining different data types from multiple tissues could elucidate the
      biological basis for FBC. In this study, we performed integrated analyses of gene
      expression and exome-sequencing data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and
      showed that cell adhesion pathways are significantly and consistently
      dysregulated in women who develop FBC. The dysregulation of cell adhesion
      pathways in high-risk women was also identified by pathway-based profiling
      applied to normal breast tissue data from two independent cohorts. The results of
      our genomic analyses were validated in normal primary mammary epithelial cells
      from high-risk and control women, using cell-based functional assays, drug
      response assays, fluorescence microscopy, and Western blotting assays. Both
      genomic and cell-based experiments indicate that cell-cell and cell-extracellular
      matrix adhesion processes seem to be disrupted in non-malignant cells of women at
      high risk for FBC and suggest a potential role for these processes in FBC
      development. 

PMID- 26969732
TI  - Substrate requirements for let-7 function in the developing zebrafish embryo.

PMID- 26969731
TI  - Structural characterization of the virulence factor Sda1 nuclease from
      Streptococcus pyogenes.
AB  - Infection by Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is a leading cause of severe
      invasive disease in humans, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and
      necrotizing fasciitis. GAS infections lead to nearly 163,000 annual deaths
      worldwide. Hypervirulent strains of S. pyogenes have evolved a plethora of
      virulence factors that aid in disease-by promoting bacterial adhesion to host
      cells, subsequent invasion of deeper tissues and blocking the immune system's
      attempts to eradicate the infection. Expression and secretion of the
      extracellular nuclease Sda1 is advantageous for promoting bacterial dissemination
      throughout the host organism, and evasion of the host's innate immune response.
      Here we present two crystal structures of Sda1, as well as biochemical studies to
      address key structural features and surface residues involved in DNA binding and
      catalysis. In the active site, Asn211 is observed to directly chelate a hydrated
      divalent metal ion and Arg124, on the putative substrate binding loop, likely
      stabilizes the transition state during phosphodiester bond cleavage. These
      structures provide a foundation for rational drug design of small molecule
      inhibitors to be used in prevention of invasive streptococcal disease.

PMID- 26969733
TI  - Opportunities in the design and application of RNA for gene expression control.
AB  - The past decade of synthetic biology research has witnessed numerous advances in
      the development of tools and frameworks for the design and characterization of
      biological systems. Researchers have focused on the use of RNA for gene
      expression control due to its versatility in sensing molecular ligands and the
      relative ease by which RNA can be modeled and designed compared to proteins. We
      review the recent progress in the field with respect to RNA-based genetic devices
      that are controlled through small molecule and protein interactions. We discuss
      new approaches for generating and characterizing these devices and their
      underlying components. We also highlight immediate challenges, future directions
      and recent applications of synthetic RNA devices in engineered biological
      systems. 

PMID- 26969734
TI  - Selection of DNA nanoparticles with preferential binding to aggregated protein
      target.
AB  - High affinity and specificity are considered essential for affinity reagents and
      molecularly-targeted therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies. However, life's
      own molecular and cellular machinery consists of lower affinity, highly
      multivalent interactions that are metastable, but easily reversible or
      displaceable. With this inspiration, we have developed a DNA-based reagent
      platform that uses massive avidity to achieve stable, but reversible specific
      recognition of polyvalent targets. We have previously selected these DNA
      reagents, termed DeNAno, against various cells and now we demonstrate that DeNAno
      specific for protein targets can also be selected. DeNAno were selected against
      streptavidin-, rituximab- and bevacizumab-coated beads. Binding was stable for
      weeks and unaffected by the presence of soluble target proteins, yet readily
      competed by natural or synthetic ligands of the target proteins. Thus DeNAno
      particles are a novel biomolecular recognition agent whose orthogonal use of
      avidity over affinity results in uniquely stable yet reversible binding
      interactions.

PMID- 26969735
TI  - Repurposing the CRISPR-Cas9 system for targeted DNA methylation.
AB  - Epigenetic studies relied so far on correlations between epigenetic marks and
      gene expression pattern. Technologies developed for epigenome editing now enable
      direct study of functional relevance of precise epigenetic modifications and gene
      regulation. The reversible nature of epigenetic modifications, including DNA
      methylation, has been already exploited in cancer therapy for remodeling the
      aberrant epigenetic landscape. However, this was achieved non-selectively using
      epigenetic inhibitors. Epigenetic editing at specific loci represents a novel
      approach that might selectively and heritably alter gene expression. Here, we
      developed a CRISPR-Cas9-based tool for specific DNA methylation consisting of
      deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) nuclease and catalytic domain of the DNA
      methyltransferase DNMT3A targeted by co-expression of a guide RNA to any 20 bp
      DNA sequence followed by the NGG trinucleotide. We demonstrated targeted CpG
      methylation in a ~35 bp wide region by the fusion protein. We also showed that
      multiple guide RNAs could target the dCas9-DNMT3A construct to multiple adjacent
      sites, which enabled methylation of a larger part of the promoter. DNA
      methylation activity was specific for the targeted region and heritable across
      mitotic divisions. Finally, we demonstrated that directed DNA methylation of a
      wider promoter region of the target loci IL6ST and BACH2 decreased their
      expression.

PMID- 26969737
TI  - Cell cycle-dependent changes in localization and phosphorylation of the plasma
      membrane Kv2.1 K+ channel impact endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites in
      COS-1 cells.

PMID- 26969736
TI  - Noncanonical registers and base pairs in human 5' splice-site selection.
AB  - Accurate recognition of splice sites is essential for pre-messenger RNA splicing.
      Mammalian 5' splice sites are mainly recognized by canonical base-pairing to the
      5' end of U1 small nuclear RNA, yet we described multiple noncanonical base
      pairing registers by shifting base-pair positions or allowing one-nucleotide
      bulges. By systematic mutational and suppressor U1 analyses, we prove three
      registers involving asymmetric loops and show that two-nucleotide bulges but not
      longer can form in this context. Importantly, we established that a noncanonical
      uridine-pseudouridine interaction in the 5' splice site/U1 helix contributes to
      the recognition of certain 5' splice sites. Thermal melting experiments support
      the formation of noncanonical registers and uridine-pseudouridine interactions.
      Overall, we experimentally validated or discarded the majority of predicted
      noncanonical registers, to derive a list of 5' splice sites using such
      alternative mechanisms that is much different from the original. This study
      allows not only the mechanistic understanding of the recognition of a wide
      diversity of mammalian 5' splice sites, but also the future development of better
      splice-site scoring methods that reliably predict the effects of disease-causing
      mutations at these sequences.

PMID- 26969738
TI  - Longevity and admission to nursing home according to age after isolated coronary
      artery bypass surgery: a nationwide cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Data on nursing home admission in patient's >=80 years after isolated
      coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are scarce. The purpose of this study was
      to evaluate longevity and subsequent admission to a nursing home stratified by
      age in a nationwide CABG cohort. METHODS: All patients who underwent isolated
      CABG from 1996 to 2012 in Denmark were identified through nationwide registers.
      The cumulative incidence of admission to a nursing home after CABG was estimated.
      A Cox regression model was constructed to identify predictors for living in a
      nursing home 1 year after CABG. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for survival
      analysis. Subanalysis on home care usage was performed in the period 2008-2012.
      RESULTS: A total of 38 487 patients were included. The median age was 65.4 +/-
      9.5 years (1455 > 80 years) and 80% were males. The 30-day mortality rate was
      2.8%, increasing with age (1.2% in patients <60 years and 7.8% in patients >=80
      years). The mortality rate at 1 year was 2.2% among patients aged <60 and 14.1%
      among patients >=80 years. At the 1-year follow-up, 4.2% of patients <60 years,
      7.9% of patients 60-70 years, 14.4% of patients 70-74 years, 18.5% of patients 75
      79 years and 29.1% of patients >=80 years had received home care. The proportion
      of patients admitted to a nursing home at 1, 5 and 10 years after CABG was 0.1,
      0.4 and 1.0% (<60 years), and 1.4, 7.5 and 16.8% (>=80 years), respectively. Main
      predictors for living in a nursing home 1 year postoperatively were: age >=80
      years [hazard ratio (HR) 17.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.4-42.8], female sex
      (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6), previous heart failure (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.4),
      previous myocardial infarction (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2) and previous stroke (HR
      3.3, 95% CI 2.1-4.9). Neither urgent nor emergency surgeries were significant
      predictors for living in a nursing home 1 year postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The
      majority of all patients selected for CABG surgery in Denmark between 1996-2012,
      including the elderly, were able to live independently at home without the need
      of home care for many years after CABG. The risk of nursing home admission was
      small and dependent on the patient's age, sex and preoperative comorbidities.

PMID- 26969739
TI  - Tissue-engineered artificial oesophagus patch using three-dimensionally printed
      polycaprolactone with mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary report.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There has been a recent focus on 3D printing with regard to tissue
      engineering. We evaluated the efficacy of a 3D-printed (3DP) scaffold coated with
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in fibrin for the repair of partial
      oesophageal defects. METHODS: MSCs from rabbit bone marrow were cultured, and a
      3DP polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold was coated with the MSCs seeded in fibrin.
      The fibrin/MSC-coated 3DP PCL scaffold was implanted on a 5 * 10 mm artificial
      oesophageal defect in three rabbits (3DP/MSC group) and 3DP PCL-only scaffolds
      were implanted in three rabbits (3DP-only group). Three weeks post-procedure, the
      implanted sites were evaluated radiologically and histologically. RESULTS: None
      of the rabbits showed any infection, stenosis or granulation on computed
      tomography. In the 3DP/MSC group, the replaced scaffolds were completely covered
      with regenerating mucosal epithelium and smooth muscle cells as determined by
      haematoxylin and eosin and Desmin staining. However, mucosal epithelium and
      smooth muscle cell regeneration was not evident in the 3DP-only group.
      CONCLUSIONS: Use of the 3DP scaffold coated with MSCs seeded in fibrin resulted
      in successful restoration of the shape and histology of the cervical oesophagus
      without any graft rejection; thus, this is a promising material for use as an
      artificial oesophagus.

PMID- 26969742
TI  - Protein phosphorylation in chloroplasts - a survey of phosphorylation targets.
AB  - The development of new software tools, improved mass spectrometry equipment, a
      suite of optimized scan types, and better-quality phosphopeptide affinity capture
      have paved the way for an explosion of mass spectrometry data on phosphopeptides.
      Because phosphoproteomics achieves good sensitivity, most studies use complete
      cell extracts for phosphopeptide enrichment and identification without prior
      enrichment of proteins or subcellular compartments. As a consequence, the
      phosphoproteome of cell organelles often comes as a by-product from large-scale
      studies and is commonly assembled from these in meta-analyses. This review aims
      at providing some guidance on the limitations of meta-analyses that combine data
      from analyses with different scopes, reports on the current status of knowledge
      on chloroplast phosphorylation targets, provides initial insights into
      phosphorylation site conservation in different plant species, and highlights
      emerging information on the integration of gene expression with metabolism and
      photosynthesis by means of protein phosphorylation.

PMID- 26969741
TI  - Can cyanobacteria serve as a model of plant photorespiration? - a comparative
      meta-analysis of metabolite profiles.
AB  - Photorespiration is a process that is crucial for the survival of oxygenic
      phototrophs in environments that favour the oxygenation reaction of Rubisco.
      While photorespiration is conserved among cyanobacteria, algae, and embryophytes,
      it evolved to different levels of complexity in these phyla. The highest
      complexity is found in embryophytes, where the pathway involves four cellular
      compartments and respective transport processes. The complexity of
      photorespiration in embryophytes raises the question whether a simpler system,
      such as cyanobacteria, may serve as a model to facilitate our understanding of
      the common key aspects of photorespiration. In this study, we conducted a meta
      analysis of publicly available metabolite profiles from the embryophyte
      Arabidopsis thaliana and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 grown
      under conditions that either activate or suppress photorespiration. The
      comparative meta-analysis evaluated the similarity of metabolite profiles, the
      variability of metabolite pools, and the patterns of metabolite ratios. Our
      results show that the metabolic signature of photorespiration is in part
      conserved between the compared model organisms under conditions that favour the
      oxygenation reaction. Therefore, our findings support the claim that
      cyanobacteria can serve as prokaryotic models of photorespiration in
      embryophytes.

PMID- 26969740
TI  - The expression of arginase-1, keratin (K) 8 and K18 in combined hepatocellular
      cholangiocarcinoma, subtypes with stem-cell features, intermediate-cell type.
AB  - AIMS: The WHO classification describes that combined hepatocellular
      cholangiocarcinoma, subtypes with stem-cell features, intermediate-cell subtype
      (CHC-INT) is composed of tumour cells with features intermediate between
      hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. However, we previously reported that CHC-INT
      showed a high positive rate of biliary markers, but the expression of hepatocyte
      paraffin (HepPar)-1 was low. In this study, we examined the expression of other
      hepatocyte markers, such as arginase-1 (Arg-1), keratin (K) 8 and K18 in CHC-INT
      in order to examine the utility of pathological diagnosis in CHC-INT. METHODS: We
      performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) of Arg-1, K8 and K18 using 32 previously
      diagnosed as CHC-INT. Immunoreactivity was evaluated with grading from 0 to 4
      according to the distribution area of positive cells. The obtained findings of
      Arg-1, K8 and K18 were compared with those of K7, K19 and HepPar-1. RESULTS: Out
      of the 32 cases, 22 (68.8%) cases were positive for Arg-1. Twenty-five (78.1%)
      were positive for K8. The IHC scores of Arg-1 and K8 were significantly higher
      than those of HepPar-1, but significantly lower than those of K7 and K19. The K18
      expression was widely observed in all cases (100%). The IHC score of Arg-1 and K8
      in CHC-INT was intermediate between hepatocellular carcinoma and
      cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Arg-1 and K8 were good markers to identify
      intermediate cells between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. These can be useful
      markers for pathological diagnosis of CHC-INT, which usually has wide
      histological diversities, in combination with other hepatocytic and/or
      cholangiocytic markers.

PMID- 26969743
TI  - Overexpression of the rice AKT1 potassium channel affects potassium nutrition and
      rice drought tolerance.
AB  - Potassium (K(+)) is the most important cationic nutrient for all living organisms
      and has roles in most aspects of plant physiology. To assess the impact of one of
      the main K(+) uptake components, the K(+) inward rectifying channel AKT1, we
      characterized both loss of function and overexpression of OsAKT1 in rice. In many
      conditions, AKT1 expression correlated with K(+) uptake and tissue K(+) levels.
      No salinity-related growth phenotype was observed for either loss or gain of
      function mutants. However, a correlation between AKT1 expression and root Na(+)
      when the external Na/K ratio was high suggests that there may be a role for AKT1
      in Na(+) uptake in such conditions. In contrast to findings with Arabidopsis
      thaliana, we did not detect any change in growth of AKT1 loss of function mutants
      in the presence of NH4 (+) Nevertheless, NH4 (+)-dependent inhibition was
      detected during K(+) uptake assays in loss of function and wild type plants,
      depending on pre-growth conditions. The most prominent result of OsAKT1
      overexpression was a reduction in sensitivity to osmotic/drought stress in
      transgenic plants: the data suggest that AKT1 overexpression improved rice
      osmotic and drought stress tolerance by increasing tissue levels of K(+),
      especially in the root.

PMID- 26969744
TI  - Temperature response of bundle-sheath conductance in maize leaves.
AB  - A small bundle-sheath conductance (g bs) is essential for the C4 CO2
      concentrating mechanism to suppress photorespiration effectively. To predict the
      productivity of C4 crops accurately under global warming, it is necessary to
      examine whether and how g bs responds to temperature. We investigated the
      temperature response of g bs in maize by fitting a C4 photosynthesis model to
      combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements of irradiance and
      CO2 response curves at 21% and 2% O2 within the range of 13.5-39  degrees C. The
      analysis was based on reported kinetic constants of C4 Rubisco and
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and temperature responses of C3 mesophyll
      conductance (g m). The estimates of g bs varied greatly with leaf temperature.
      The temperature response of g bs was well described by the peaked Arrhenius
      equation, with the optimum temperature being ~34  degrees C. The assumed
      temperature responses of g m had only a slight impact on the temperature response
      of g bs In contrast, using extreme values of some enzyme kinetic constants
      changed the shape of the response, from the peaked optimum response to the non
      peaked Arrhenius pattern. Further studies are needed to confirm such an Arrhenius
      response pattern from independent measurement techniques and to assess whether it
      is common across C4 species.

PMID- 26969745
TI  - The regulatory interplay between photorespiration and photosynthesis.
AB  - The Calvin-Benson cycle and the photorespiratory pathway form the photosynthetic
      photorespiratory supercycle that is responsible for nearly all biological CO2
      fixation on Earth. In essence, supplementation with the photorespiratory pathway
      is necessary because the CO2-fixing enzyme of the Calvin-Benson cycle, ribulose
      1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), catalyses several side reactions
      including the oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, which produces the
      noxious metabolite phosphoglycolate. The photorespiratory pathway recycles the
      phosphoglycolate to 3-phosphoglycerate and in this way allows the Calvin-Benson
      cycle to operate in the presence of molecular oxygen generated by oxygenic
      photosynthesis. While the carbon flow through the individual and combined
      subprocesses is well known, information on their regulatory interaction is very
      limited. Regulatory feedback from the photorespiratory pathway to the Calvin
      Benson cycle can be presumed from numerous inhibitor experiments and was
      demonstrated in recent studies with transgenic plants. This complexity
      illustrates that we are not yet ready to rationally engineer photosynthesis by
      altering photorespiration since despite massive understanding of the core
      photorespiratory pathway our understanding of its interaction with other pathways
      and processes remains fragmentary.

PMID- 26969747
TI  - PHOTO QUIZ. A 19-Year-Old Woman With Fever, Cough, and a Rash.

PMID- 26969749
TI  - Bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in predialysis
      patients with chronic kidney disease.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of serum bone turnover
      markers (BTM) and bone mineral density (BMD) determined by dual-energy X-ray
      absorptiometry (DEXA) in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
      We enrolled 83 patients with CKD, 41 (49.4%) males, 42 (50.6%) females, with mean
      estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 23.90 +/- 12 (range = 6.0-56.0). BMD
      of the lumbar spine (LS) (anteroposterior, L2 through L4), femoral neck (FN) and
      femoral trochanter (FT) were measured by DEXA. Biochemical BTM, including calcium
      (Ca), phosphorus (P), intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum specific alkaline
      phosphatase (serum AP), bone-specific AP (BSAP), plasma bicarbonate and 25
      hydroxy-vitamin D (25hD) were used for the prediction of BMD loss. T score
      results of LS and FN were worse than FT. BMD levels were lower in females than in
      males (all p < 0.05). According to different BMD T score levels, patients with
      age >= 65 years and patients in menopause were significantly more osteopenic (p =
      0.026) and there was no relation between different BMD T scores and presence of
      diabetes (p = 0.654). A positive correlation was identified between the BMD of FN
      T-Z scores (r = 0.270, p = 0.029, r = 0.306, p = 0.012), FT T-Z scores (r =
      0.220, p = 0.076, r:0.250, p = 0.043) and serum HCO3, while the correlation with
      serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and BSAP was considered to be negative. No
      statistically significant association was found between BMD of all the measured
      skeletal sites and eGFR. Loss of BMD was identified mostly in females over >= 65
      years of age and after menopause. Higher serum levels of BSAP and AP can be
      determined in the advanced stages of renal failure and they reflect fracture risk
      of the femur, but not spine. Measurements of BMD by DEXA are useful to
      demonstrate bone loss, but not technical enough to distinguish the quantity of
      bone loss between different stages of CKD.

PMID- 26969746
TI  - Transfer of the cytochrome P450-dependent dhurrin pathway from Sorghum bicolor
      into Nicotiana tabacum chloroplasts for light-driven synthesis.
AB  - Plant chloroplasts are light-driven cell factories that have great potential to
      act as a chassis for metabolic engineering applications. Using plant
      chloroplasts, we demonstrate how photosynthetic reducing power can drive a
      metabolic pathway to synthesise a bio-active natural product. For this purpose,
      we stably engineered the dhurrin pathway from Sorghum bicolor into the
      chloroplasts of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glucoside
      and its synthesis from the amino acid tyrosine is catalysed by two membrane-bound
      cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP79A1 and CYP71E1) and a soluble glucosyltransferase
      (UGT85B1), and is dependent on electron transfer from a P450 oxidoreductase. The
      entire pathway was introduced into the chloroplast by integrating CYP79A1,
      CYP71E1, and UGT85B1 into a neutral site of the N. tabacum chloroplast genome.
      The two P450s and the UGT85B1 were functional when expressed in the chloroplasts
      and converted endogenous tyrosine into dhurrin using electrons derived directly
      from the photosynthetic electron transport chain, without the need for the
      presence of an NADPH-dependent P450 oxidoreductase. The dhurrin produced in the
      engineered plants amounted to 0.1-0.2% of leaf dry weight compared to 6% in
      sorghum. The results obtained pave the way for plant P450s involved in the
      synthesis of economically important compounds to be engineered into the thylakoid
      membrane of chloroplasts, and demonstrate that their full catalytic cycle can be
      driven directly by photosynthesis-derived electrons.

PMID- 26969750
TI  - Adipose tissue hypoxia and insulin resistance.
AB  - Despite the well-established association of obesity with insulin resistance and
      inflammation, the underlying mechanisms and sequence of events leading to
      inflammation and insulin resistance remain unknown. Adipose tissue hypoxia has
      been proposed as one of the possible key events during the process of fat
      expansion that leads to adipose tissue dysfunction. The focus of this paper is
      reviewing the evidence on adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its relation to
      insulin resistance. 

PMID- 26969751
TI  - International Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium Identifies Novel Loci
      Associated With Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our aim was to identify genetic variants associated with blood
      pressure (BP) in childhood and adolescence. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genome-wide
      association study data from participating European ancestry cohorts of the Early
      Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium was meta-analyzed across
      3 epochs; prepuberty (4-7 years), puberty (8-12 years), and postpuberty (13-20
      years). Two novel loci were identified as having genome-wide associations with
      systolic BP across specific age epochs: rs1563894 (ITGA11, located in active
      H3K27Ac mark and transcription factor chromatin immunoprecipitation and 5'-C
      phosphate-G-3' methylation site) during prepuberty (P=2.86*10(-8)) and rs872256
      during puberty (P=8.67*10(-9)). Several single-nucleotide polymorphism clusters
      were also associated with childhood BP at P<5*10(-3). Using a P value threshold
      of <5*10(-3), we found some overlap in variants across the different age epochs
      within our study and between several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in any of
      the 3 epochs and adult BP-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results suggest that genetic determinants of BP act from childhood, develop
      over the lifecourse, and show some evidence of age-specific effects.

PMID- 26969752
TI  - Spectrum and Prevalence of CALM1-, CALM2-, and CALM3-Encoded Calmodulin Variants
      in Long QT Syndrome and Functional Characterization of a Novel Long QT Syndrome
      Associated Calmodulin Missense Variant, E141G.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Calmodulin (CaM) is encoded by 3 genes, CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3, all
      of which harbor pathogenic variants linked to long QT syndrome (LQTS) with early
      and severe expressivity. These LQTS-causative variants reduce CaM affinity to
      Ca(2+) and alter the properties of the cardiac L-type calcium channel (CaV1.2).
      CaM also modulates NaV1.5 and the ryanodine receptor, RyR2. All these
      interactions may play a role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we determine the
      spectrum and prevalence of pathogenic CaM variants in a cohort of genetically
      elusive LQTS, and functionally characterize the novel variants. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Thirty-eight genetically elusive LQTS cases underwent whole-exome
      sequencing to identify CaM variants. Nonsynonymous CaM variants were over
      represented significantly in this heretofore LQTS cohort (13.2%) compared with
      exome aggregation consortium (0.04%; P<0.0001). When the clinical sequelae of
      these 5 CaM-positive cases were compared with the 33 CaM-negative cases, CaM
      positive cases had a more severe phenotype with an average age of onset of 10
      months, an average corrected QT interval of 676 ms, and a high prevalence of
      cardiac arrest. Functional characterization of 1 novel variant, E141G-CaM,
      revealed an 11-fold reduction in Ca(2+)-binding affinity and a functionally
      dominant loss of inactivation in CaV1.2, mild accentuation in NaV1.5 late
      current, but no effect on intracellular RyR2-mediated calcium release.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 13% of our genetically elusive LQTS cohort harbored
      nonsynonymous variants in CaM. Genetic testing of CALM1-3 should be pursued for
      individuals with LQTS, especially those with early childhood cardiac arrest,
      extreme QT prolongation, and a negative family history.

PMID- 26969753
TI  - Combinatorial Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Strategy Protects against Hypervirulent
      CovR/S Mutant Streptococci.
AB  - Cluster of virulence responder/sensor (CovR/S) mutant group A streptococci (GAS)
      are serious human pathogens of multiple M protein strains that upregulate
      expression of virulence factors, including the IL-8 proteaseStreptococcus
      pyogenescell envelope proteinase (SpyCEP), thus blunting neutrophil-mediated
      killing and enabling ingress of bacteria from a superficial wound to deep tissue.
      We previously showed that a combination vaccine incorporating J8-DT (conserved
      peptide vaccine from the M protein) and a recombinant SpyCEP fragment protects
      against CovR/S mutants. To enhance the vaccine's safety profile, we identified a
      minimal epitope (S2) that was the target for anti-SpyCEP Abs that could protect
      IL-8 from SpyCEP-mediated proteolysis. Abs from healthy humans and from mice
      experimentally infected with GAS also recognized S2, albeit at low titers. Native
      SpyCEP may be poorly immunogenic (cryptic or subdominant), and it would be to the
      organism's advantage if the host did not induce a strong Ab response against it.
      However, S2 conjugated to diphtheria toxoid is highly immunogenic and induces Abs
      that recognize and neutralize SpyCEP. Hence, we describe a two-component peptide
      vaccine that induces Abs (anti-S2) that protect IL-8 from proteolysis and other
      Abs (anti-J8) that cause strain-independent killing in the presence of
      neutrophils. We show that either component alone is ineffectual in preventing
      skin infection and bacteremia due to CovR/S mutants but that the combination
      induces complete protection. This protection correlated with a significant influx
      of neutrophils to the infection site. The data strongly suggest that the lack of
      natural immunity to hypervirulent GAS strains in humans could be rectified by
      this combination vaccine.

PMID- 26969754
TI  - Propranolol Attenuates Surgical Stress-Induced Elevation of the Regulatory T Cell
      Response in Patients Undergoing Radical Mastectomy.
AB  - Surgical stress and inflammatory response induce the release of catecholamines
      and PGs, which may be key factors in facilitating cancer recurrence through
      immunosuppression. Animal studies have suggested the efficacy of perioperative
      blockades of catecholamines and PGs in reducing immunosuppression. In this study,
      to our knowledge, we present the first report of the effects of perioperative
      propranolol and/or parecoxib on peripheral regulatory T cells (Tregs) in breast
      cancer patients. Patients were randomly assigned to control, propranolol,
      parecoxib, and propranolol plus parecoxib groups. We demonstrated that levels of
      circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, and PGE2increased in response to
      surgery. Meanwhile, peripheral FOXP3 mRNA level and Treg frequencies were
      elevated on postoperative day 7. Propranolol administration, rather than
      parecoxib, attenuated such elevation of Tregs, indicating the critical roles for
      catecholamines in surgery-induced promotion of Tregs. Besides, propranolol plus
      parecoxib treatment demonstrated no additive or synergistic effects. Furthermore,
      a study of Treg activity on CD4(+)T cell responses to specific tumor Ags was
      performed in the control and propranolol groups. Propranolol abrogated the
      increased Treg activity and accompanying suppression of CD4(+)T cell responses
      after surgery. Finally, we conducted ex vivo experiments on the effects of
      varying concentrations of epinephrine and/or propranolol on Treg proliferation
      over PBMCs from breast cancer patients, to provide further direct evidence
      strengthening our clinical observations. Epinephrine markedly promoted Treg
      proliferation, whereas propranolol prevented such enhancement effect. In
      conclusion, our study highlights beneficial roles for propranolol in inhibiting
      Treg responses in vivo and in vitro, and demonstrates that propranolol could
      alleviate surgical stress-induced elevation of Tregs in breast cancer patients.

PMID- 26969756
TI  - Resolvin D1 Polarizes Primary Human Macrophages toward a Proresolution Phenotype
      through GPR32.
AB  - Resolvin D1 (RvD1) was shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory and proresolution
      lipid mediator in several animal models of inflammation, but its mechanism of
      action in humans is not clear. We show that the RvD1 receptor GPR32 is present on
      resting, proinflammatory M(LPS) and alternatively activated primary human M(IL-4)
      macrophages, whereas TGF-beta and IL-6 reduce its membrane expression.
      Accordingly, stimulation of resting primary human macrophages with 10 nM RvD1 for
      48 h maximally reduced the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta
      and IL-8; abolished chemotaxis to several chemoattractants like chemerin, fMLF,
      and MCP-1; and doubled the phagocytic activity of these macrophages toward
      microbial particles. In contrast, these functional changes were not accompanied
      by surface expression of markers specific for alternatively activated M(IL-4)
      macrophages. Similar proresolution effects of RvD1 were observed when
      proinflammatory M(LPS) macrophages were treated with RvD1. In addition, we show
      that these RvD1-mediated effects are GPR32 dependent because reduction of GPR32
      expression by small interfering RNA, TGF-beta, and IL-6 treatment ablated these
      proresolution effects in primary human macrophages. Taken together, our results
      indicate that in humans RvD1 triggers GPR32 to polarize and repolarize
      macrophages toward a proresolution phenotype, supporting the role of this
      mediator in the resolution of inflammation in humans.

PMID- 26969755
TI  - Bacterial DNA Protects Monocytic Cells against HIV-Vpr-Induced Mitochondrial
      Membrane Depolarization.
AB  - Monocytes and macrophages are important HIV reservoirs, as they exhibit marked
      resistance to apoptosis upon infection. However, the mechanism underlying
      resistance to apoptosis in these cells is poorly understood. Using HIV-viral
      protein R-52-96 aa peptide (Vpr), we show that primary monocytes and THP-1 cells
      treated with Vpr are highly susceptible to mitochondrial depolarization, but
      develop resistance following stimulation with bacterial DNA or CpG
      oligodeoxynucleotide. We have shown that Vpr-induced mitochondrial depolarization
      is mediated by TNFR-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1) and TRAF-2 degradation and
      subsequent activation of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax. To provide the mechanism
      governing such resistance to mitochondrial depolarization, our results show that
      prior stimulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or Escherichia coli DNA
      prevented: 1) TRAF-1/2 downregulation; 2) activation of caspase-8, Bid, and Bax;
      and 3) subsequent mitochondrial depolarization and release of apoptosis-inducing
      factor and cytochrome c Furthermore, this protection was mediated by upregulation
      of antiapoptotic protein (c-IAP-2) through calmodulin-dependent kinase-II
      activation. Thus, c-IAP-2 may prevent Vpr-mediated mitochondrial depolarization
      through stabilizing TRAF-1/2 expression and sequential inhibition of caspase-8,
      Bid, and Bax.

PMID- 26969757
TI  - Drug-Eluting Stents in the Superficial Femoral Artery: The Long and Winding Road.

PMID- 26969759
TI  - Changes in Arterial Access Site and Association With Mortality in the United
      Kingdom: Observations From a National Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
      Database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The transradial access (TRA) site has become the default access site
      for percutaneous coronary intervention in the United Kingdom, with randomized
      trials and national registry data showing reductions in mortality associated with
      TRA use. This study evaluates regional changes in access site practice in England
      and Wales over time, examines whether changes in access site practice have been
      uniform nationally and across different patient subgroups, and provides national
      estimates for the potential number of lives saved or lost associated with
      regional differences in access site practice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the
      British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database, we investigated outcomes
      for growth of TRA in different regions in England and Wales in 448 853 patients
      who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention from 2005 to 2012. Multiple
      logistic regression was used to quantify the effect of TRA on 30-day mortality
      and quantify lives saved and lost by differences in TRA adoption. TRA use
      increased from 14.0% to 58.6% in 417 038 PCI patients with large variations in
      different parts of the country. TRA was independently associated with a decreased
      risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio=0.70; 95% confidence interval=0.66-0.74),
      with significant but small differences observed across different regions. The
      number of estimated lives saved was 450 (95% confidence interval=275-650), and we
      estimate that an additional 264 (95% confidence interval=153-399) lives would
      have been saved if TRA adoption were uniform nationally. CONCLUSIONS: TRA has
      become the dominant percutaneous coronary intervention approach in the United
      Kingdom, with a wide variation in different parts of the country. Changes in
      practice have contributed to mortality reductions, and inequalities have resulted
      in missed opportunities for further improvements.

PMID- 26969758
TI  - Durable Clinical Effectiveness With Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents in the
      Femoropopliteal Artery: 5-Year Results of the Zilver PTX Randomized Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This randomized controlled trial evaluated clinical durability of
      Zilver PTX, a paclitaxel-coated drug-eluting stent (DES), for femoropopliteal
      artery lesions. Outcomes compare primary DES versus percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty (PTA), overall DES (primary and provisional) versus standard care
      (PTA and provisional Zilver bare metal stent [BMS]), and provisional DES versus
      provisional BMS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with symptomatic femoropopliteal
      artery disease were randomly assigned to DES (n=236) or PTA (n=238).
      Approximately 91% had claudication; 9% had critical limb ischemia. Patients
      experiencing acute PTA failure underwent secondary randomization to provisional
      BMS (n=59) or DES (n=61). The 1-year primary end points of event-free survival
      and patency showed superiority of primary DES in comparison with PTA; these
      results were sustained through 5 years. Clinical benefit (freedom from persistent
      or worsening symptoms of ischemia; 79.8% versus 59.3%, P<0.01), patency (66.4%
      versus 43.4%, P<0.01), and freedom from reintervention (target lesion
      revascularization, 83.1% versus 67.6%, P<0.01) for the overall DES group were
      superior to standard care in nonrandomized comparisons. Similarly, clinical
      benefit (81.8% versus 63.8%, P=0.02), patency (72.4% versus 53.0%, P=0.03), and
      freedom from target lesion revascularization (84.9% versus 71.6%, P=0.06) with
      provisional DES were improved over provisional BMS. These results represent >40%
      relative risk reduction for restenosis and target lesion revascularization
      through 5 years for the overall DES in comparison with standard care and for
      provisional DES in comparison with provisional BMS. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year
      results from this large study provide long-term information previously
      unavailable regarding endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal artery disease.
      The Zilver PTX DES provided sustained safety and clinical durability in
      comparison with standard endovascular treatments. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00120406.

PMID- 26969760
TI  - Nonlinear Mathematics of Death and Vascular Access.

PMID- 26969761
TI  - Use of Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial
      Fibrillation Who Have a History of Intracranial Hemorrhage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The risk of further intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and the benefit of
      stroke risk reduction with the use of oral anticoagulants for patients who have
      atrial fibrillation with a history of ICH remain unclear. We aimed to investigate
      the risks and benefits in patients who have atrial fibrillation with a previous
      ICH treated with warfarin or antiplatelet drugs in comparison with no
      antithrombotic therapies. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study used the National
      Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Among 307 640 patients who have
      atrial fibrillation with a CHA2DS2-VASc score ?2, 12 917 patients with a history
      of ICH were identified and were assigned to 1 of 3 groups, that is, no treatment,
      antiplatelet therapy, and warfarin. Among patients with previous ICH, the rate of
      ICH and ischemic stroke in untreated patients was 4.2 and 5.8 per 100 person
      years, respectively. The annual ICH and ischemic stroke rates in warfarin users
      were 5.9% and 3.4%, respectively. Among users of antiplatelet agents, the rates
      were 5.3% per year and 5.2% per year, respectively. The number needed to treat
      for preventing 1 ischemic stroke was lower than the number needed to harm for
      producing 1 ICH with warfarin use for patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score ?6 (37
      versus 56). The number needed to treat was higher than the number needed to harm
      for patients with a CHA2DS2-VASc score <6 (63 versus 53). CONCLUSIONS: Warfarin
      use may be beneficial for patients who have atrial fibrillation with a previous
      ICH having a CHA2DS2-VASc score ?6. Whether the use of non-vitamin K antagonist
      oral anticoagulants could lower the threshold for treatment deserves further
      study.

PMID- 26969762
TI  - Correlation between subjective and objective assessment of magnetic resonance
      (MR) images.
AB  - Medical Image Quality Assessment (IQA) plays an important role in assisting and
      evaluating the development of any new hardware, imaging sequences, pre-processing
      or post-processing algorithms. We have performed a quantitative analysis of the
      correlation between subjective and objective Full Reference - IQA (FR-IQA) on
      Magnetic Resonance (MR) images of the human brain, spine, knee and abdomen. We
      have created a MR image database that consists of 25 original reference images
      and 750 distorted images. The reference images were distorted with six types of
      distortions: Rician Noise, Gaussian White Noise, Gaussian Blur, DCT compression,
      JPEG compression and JPEG2000 compression, at various levels of distortion.
      Twenty eight subjects were chosen to evaluate the images resulting in a total of
      21,700 human evaluations. The raw scores were then converted to Difference Mean
      Opinion Score (DMOS). Thirteen objective FR-IQA metrics were used to determine
      the validity of the subjective DMOS. The results indicate a high correlation
      between the subjective and objective assessment of the MR images. The Noise
      Quality Measurement (NQM) has the highest correlation with DMOS, where the mean
      Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient (PLCC) and Spearman Rank Order Correlation
      Coefficient (SROCC) are 0.936 and 0.938 respectively. The Universal Quality Index
      (UQI) has the lowest correlation with DMOS, where the mean PLCC and SROCC are
      0.807 and 0.815 respectively. Student's T-test was used to find the difference in
      performance of FR-IQA across different types of distortion. The superior IQAs
      tested statistically are UQI for Rician noise images, Visual Information Fidelity
      (VIF) for Gaussian blur images, NQM for both DCT and JPEG compressed images, Peak
      Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) for JPEG2000 compressed images.

PMID- 26969763
TI  - Protection of donor lung inflation in the setting of cold ischemia against
      ischemia-reperfusion injury with carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or both in rats.
AB  - AIMS: Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may be attenuated through carbon
      monoxide (CO)'s anti-inflammatory effect or hydrogen (H2)'s anti-oxidant effect.
      In this study, the effects of lung inflation with CO, H2, or both during the cold
      ischemia phase on graft function were observed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat donor
      lungs, inflated with 40% oxygen (control group), 500ppm CO (CO group), 3% H2 (H2
      group) or 500ppm CO+3% H2 (COH group), were kept at 4 degrees C for 180min. After
      transplantation, the recipients' artery blood gas and pressure-volume (P-V)
      curves were analyzed. The inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis
      in the recipients were assessed at 180min after reperfusion. KEY FINDINGS:
      Oxygenation in the CO and H2 groups were improved compared with the control
      group. The CO and H2 groups also exhibited significantly improved P-V curves,
      reduced lung injury, and decreased inflammatory response, malonaldehyde content,
      and cell apoptosis in the grafts. Furthermore, the COH group experienced enhanced
      improvements in oxygenation, P-V curves, inflammatory response, lipid
      peroxidation, and graft apoptosis compared to the CO and H2 groups. SIGNIFICANCE:
      Lung inflation with CO or H2 protected against IRI via anti-inflammatory, anti
      oxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in a model of lung transplantation in rats,
      which was enhanced by combined treatment with CO and H2.

PMID- 26969764
TI  - Miltirone induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS-dependent apoptosis in colon
      cancer cells.
AB  - AIMS: To study the characteristics of miltirone-induced anti-colon cancer
      effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability was detected using MTT assay. LDH
      (lactate dehydrogenase) leakage was detected using CytoTox96(r) non-radioactive
      cytotoxicity kit. Apoptosis was detected by FCM (flow cytometry). Caspase
      activation was determined by chemiluminescence or western blotting. AIF
      (apoptosis-inducing factor) expression in the cell fraction was determined by
      western blotting. ROS (reactive oxygen species), MMP (mitochondrial membrane
      potential) and mitochondrial mass were determined by confocal microscope.
      Intracellular calcium was detected by both FCM and confocal microscope. To
      determine the roles of ROS and Ca(2+) in the pro-apoptotic activity of miltirone,
      colon cancer cells were pretreated with kinds of antioxidants, dicoumarol,
      calpeptin or BAPTA-AM in some cases. KEY FINDINGS: Miltirone exhibited potent
      cytotoxicity on colon cancer cells with a better selectivity than that of
      dihydrotanshinone. The pro-apoptotic activity of miltirone was p53- and ROS
      dependent. In detail, miltirone induced direct mitochondrial damage, including
      significant decrease of mitochondrial ROS, MMP, mass and increase of
      intracellular ROS and Ca(2+). NQO1 (quinone oxidoreductase1) was supposed to be a
      defender for the cytotoxicity induced by miltirone in colon cancer cells.
      Furthermore, miltirone induced time- and concentration-dependent translocation of
      AIF and activation of caspases. SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, ROS- and p53
      dependent apoptosis induced by miltirone on colon cancer cells was firstly
      revealed. Strong positive feedback between mitochondrial dysfunction and
      accumulation of intracellular Ca(2+) was suggested to be the characteristic of
      the anti-colon cancer activity of miltirone.

PMID- 26969765
TI  - Protective role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and vascular effects of chronic
      administration of FAAH inhibitor URB597 in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
AB  - AIMS: This study examined whether the fall in blood pressure (BP) induced by the
      chronic inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by URB597 in
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA-salt) hypertensive rats correlates with
      endocannabinoid-mediated vascular changes. MAIN METHODS: Functional studies were
      performed in isolated endothelium-intact aortas and small mesenteric arteries
      (sMAs) using organ bath technique and wire myography, respectively. KEY FINDINGS:
      In the DOCA-salt rats, methanandamide-stimulated relaxation was enhanced in sMAs
      or diminished in aortas. Its vasorelaxant effect in sMAs was sensitive to the
      antagonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1),
      capsazepine, in normo- and hypertensive animals and to the antagonist of the
      cannabinoid CB1 receptors, AM6545, only in DOCA-salt rats. Cannabinoid CB1
      receptors were up-regulated merely in DOCA-salt sMAs. URB597 decreased elevated
      BP in DOCA-salt rats, medial hypertrophy in DOCA-salt aortas. In sMAs it reduced
      FAAH expression and restored the augmented phenylephrine-induced contraction in
      the DOCA-salt rats to the level obtained in normotensive controls. In
      normotensive rats it diminished endothelium-dependent relaxation and increased
      phenylephrine-induced contraction. SIGNIFICANCE: The study showed the protective
      role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in DOCA-salt sMAs. Reduction in BP after
      chronic administration of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 in DOCA-salt hypertensive
      rats only partially correlates with structural and functional changes in
      conductance and resistance vessels, respectively. Caution should be taken in
      studying cannabinoids and FAAH inhibitors as potential therapeutics, because of
      their vessel- and model-specific activities, and side effects connected with off
      target response and activation of alternative pathways of anandamide metabolism.

PMID- 26969766
TI  - Acute and chronic glue sniffing effects and consequences of withdrawal on
      aggressive behavior.
AB  - Drug abuse act on brain mechanisms that cause a high-risk individual to engage in
      aggressive and violent behavior. While a drug-violence relationship exists, the
      nature of this relationship is often complex, with intoxication, neurotoxic, and
      withdrawal effects often being confused and/or confounded. Glue sniffing is often
      a springboard to the abuse of more addictive drugs. Despite its high prevalence
      and serious consequences, we know relatively little about the aggressive
      behavioral effects of volatile inhalants abuse, especially glue. The aim of the
      present study was to investigate the link between the duration of glue exposure,
      a common substance abuse problem in Morocco, and the level of aggressive behavior
      during withdrawal. For this we used the isolation-induced aggression model
      "residents" in three groups of mice. The first group served as control resident
      animals (n=10, without exposure); the second group as experimental resident mice
      (n=10) tested before and after acute (first day) and chronic exposure to the
      glue, and at 1 and 2weeks of withdrawal; and the third group of 10 intruder
      animals. The results showed that the number of attacks decreased (halved) and the
      latency of the first attack increased (doubled) following acute glue sniffing.
      However, the effects of chronic exposure and of 1week of withdrawal led to an
      increase in the intensity of agonistic encounters. After 2weeks of withdrawal,
      the intensity of aggressive behavior decreased again. These results indicated
      that chronic glue exposure and the first week of withdrawal are associated with
      increased aggression in mice. 

PMID- 26969767
TI  - Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii: DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded autopsy tissues from AIDS patients who died by severe disseminated
      toxoplasmosis.
AB  - This study investigated the genetic features of Toxoplasma gondii isolated
      directly in autopsies of HIV-infected patients who died with severe disseminated
      toxoplasmosis. This retrospective analysis was conducted in a cohort of 15 HIV
      infected patients with clinical and laboratory data. They had previous cerebral
      toxoplasmosis at least 6 months before the disseminated toxoplasmosis episode.
      The hypothesis was that they were infected with highly virulent parasites due to
      the condition in which they died. T. gondii genotyping was done directly in DNA
      extracted from 30 autopsy brain and lung samples (2 per patient) and mutilocus
      PCR-RFLP genotyping was done using 12 molecular markers. The 30 clinical samples
      were genotyped successfully in 8 or more loci and six suggestive genotypes were
      identified. One of them was Toxo DB #11, previously identified in different
      domestic animals and virulent in experimental animals. The other five suggestive
      genotypes identified in 14 patients were not described. TgHuDis1 was the most
      frequent and was determined in 8 patients. TgHuDis3 and TgHuDis5 were identified
      in two patients each. TgHuDis2 and TgHuDis4 have been identified in one patient
      each. These suggestive genotypes could be considered as virulent, since they
      caused severe tissue damage and had similar characteristics as Toxo # DB 11. 

PMID- 26969768
TI  - Determination of an unrelated donor pool size for human leukocyte antigen-matched
      platelets in Brazil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Successful transfusion of platelet refractory patients is a
      challenge. Many potential donors are needed to sustain human leukocyte antigen
      matched-platelet transfusion programs because of the different types of antigens
      and the constant needs of these patients. For a highly mixed population such as
      the Brazilian population, the pool size required to provide adequate platelet
      support is unknown. METHODS: A mathematical model was created to estimate the
      appropriate size of an unrelated donor pool to provide human leukocyte antigen
      compatible platelet support for a Brazilian population. A group of 154
      hematologic human leukocyte antigen-typed patients was used as the potential
      patient population and a database of 65,500 human leukocyte antigen-typed bone
      marrow registered donors was used as the donor population. Platelet compatibility
      was based on the grading system of Duquesnoy. RESULTS: Using the mathematical
      model, a pool containing 31,940, 1710 and 321 donors would be necessary to match
      more than 80% of the patients with at least five completely compatible (no cross
      reactive group), partial compatible (one cross-reactive group) or less compatible
      (two cross-reactive group) donors, respectively. CONCLUSION: The phenotypic
      diversity of the Brazilian population has probably made it more difficulty to
      find completely compatible donors. However, this heterogeneity seems to have
      facilitated finding donors when cross-reactive groups are accepted as proposed by
      the grading system of Duquesnoy. The results of this study may help to establish
      unrelated human leukocyte antigen-compatible platelet transfusions, a procedure
      not routinely performed in most Brazilian transfusion services.

PMID- 26969770
TI  - Erythropoietin reduces storage lesions and decreases apoptosis indices in blood
      bank red blood cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent evidence shows a selective destruction of the youngest
      circulating red blood cells (neocytolysis) trigged by a drop in erythropoietin
      levels. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of
      recombinant human erythropoietin beta on the red blood cell storage lesion and
      apoptosis indices under blood bank conditions. METHODS: Each one of ten red blood
      cell units preserved in additive solution 5 was divided in two volumes of 100mL
      and assigned to one of two groups: erythropoietin (addition of 665IU of
      recombinant human erythropoietin) and control (isotonic buffer solution was
      added). The pharmacokinetic parameters of erythropoietin were estimated and the
      following parameters were measured weekly, for six weeks: Immunoreactive
      erythropoietin, hemolysis, percentage of non-discocytes, adenosine triphosphate,
      glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, and annexin-V/esterase activity. The t
      test or Wilcoxon's test was used for statistical analysis with significance being
      set for a p-value <0.05. RESULTS: Erythropoietin, when added to red blood cell
      units, has a half-life >6 weeks under blood bank conditions, with persistent
      supernatant concentrations of erythropoietin during the entire storage period.
      Adenosine triphosphate was higher in the Erythropoietin Group in Week 6 (4.19+/
      0.05MUmol/L vs. 3.53+/-0.02MUmol/L; p-value=0.009). The number of viable cells in
      the Erythropoietin Group was higher than in the Control Group (77%+/-3.8% vs.
      71%+/-2.3%; p-value <0.05), while the number of apoptotic cells was lower (9.4%+/
      0.3% vs. 22%+/-0.8%; p-value <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Under standard blood bank
      conditions, an important proportion of red blood cells satisfy the criteria of
      apoptosis. Recombinant human erythropoietin beta seems to improve storage lesion
      parameters and mitigate apoptosis.

PMID- 26969769
TI  - Nutritional assessment as predictor of complications after hematopoietic stem
      cell transplantation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nutritional support is pivotal in patients submitted to
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nutritional status has been associated
      with time of engraftment and infection rates. In order to evaluate the
      association between nutritional parameters and clinical outcomes after
      transplantation a cohort of transplant patients was retrospectively evaluated.
      METHODS: All 50 patients transplanted between 2011 and 2014 were included. The
      nutritional status before transplantation, ten days after transplantation and
      before discharge was assessed including anthropometry, body mass index, albumin,
      prealbumin and total urinary nitrogen. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 41
      months and the median age of patients was 41 years. Thirty-two underwent
      allogeneic and 18 autologous transplants. Diagnoses included acute leukemias
      (n=27), lymphoma (n=7), multiple myeloma (n=13), and aplastic anemia (n=3).
      Thirty-seven patients developed mucositis (three Grade 1, 15 Grade 2, 18 Grade 3
      and one Grade 4), and twenty-two allogeneic, and five autologous transplant
      patients required total parenteral nutrition. Albumin and total urinary nitrogen
      were associated with length of hospital stay and platelet and neutrophil
      engraftment. None of the nutritional parameters evaluated were associated with
      overall survival. Non-relapse mortality was 14% and overall survival was 79% at
      41 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: After hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation, high catabolism was associated with longer length of hospital
      stay, the need of total parenteral nutrition and platelet and neutrophil
      engraftment times. Nutritional parameters were not associated with overall
      survival.

PMID- 26969771
TI  - Relationship between pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities in sickle cell disease:
      implications for the management of patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between clinical, pulmonary, and
      cardiovascular findings in patients with sickle cell disease and, secondarily, to
      compare these findings between sickle cell anemia patients and those with other
      sickle cell diseases. METHODS: Fifty-nine adults were included in this cross
      sectional study; 47 had sickle cell anemia, and 12 had other sickle cell
      diseases. All patients underwent pulmonary function tests, chest computed
      tomography, and echocardiography. RESULTS: Abnormalities on computed tomography,
      echocardiography, and pulmonary function tests were observed in 93.5%, 75.0%; and
      70.2% of patients, respectively. A higher frequency of restrictive abnormalities
      was observed in patients with a history of acute chest syndrome (85% vs. 21.6%; p
      value<0.0001) and among patients with increased left ventricle size (48.2% vs.
      22.2%; p-value=0.036), and a higher frequency of reduced respiratory muscle
      strength was observed in patients with a ground-glass pattern (33.3% vs. 4.3%; p
      value=0.016). Moreover, a higher frequency of mosaic attenuation was observed in
      patients with elevated tricuspid regurgitation velocity (61.1% vs. 24%; p
      value=0.014). Compared to patients with other sickle cell diseases, sickle cell
      anemia patients had suffered increased frequencies of acute pain episodes, and
      acute chest syndrome, and exhibited mosaic attenuation on computed tomography,
      and abnormalities on echocardiography. CONCLUSION: A significant interrelation
      between abnormalities of the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems was observed in
      sickle cell disease patients. Furthermore, the severity of the cardiopulmonary
      parameters among patients with sickle cell anemia was greater than that of
      patients with other sickle cell diseases.

PMID- 26969772
TI  - Hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization for autologous transplantation - a
      literature review.
AB  - The use of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous support of hematopoietic
      progenitor cells is an effective strategy to treat various hematologic neoplasms,
      such as non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma. Mobilized peripheral blood
      progenitor cells are the main source of support for autologous transplants, and
      collection of an adequate number of hematopoietic progenitor cells is a critical
      step in the autologous transplant procedure. Traditional strategies, based on the
      use of growth factors with or without chemotherapy, have limitations even when
      remobilizations are performed. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is the most
      widely used agent for progenitor cell mobilization. The association of
      plerixafor, a C-X-C Chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) inhibitor, to granulocyte
      colony stimulating factor generates rapid mobilization of hematopoietic
      progenitor cells. A literature review was performed of randomized studies
      comparing different mobilization schemes in the treatment of multiple myeloma and
      lymphomas to analyze their limitations and effectiveness in hematopoietic
      progenitor cell mobilization for autologous transplant. This analysis showed that
      the addition of plerixafor to granulocyte colony stimulating factor is well
      tolerated and results in a greater proportion of patients with non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas or multiple myeloma reaching optimal CD34(+) cell collections with a
      smaller number of apheresis compared the use of granulocyte colony stimulating
      factor alone. 

PMID- 26969775
TI  - Hemolytic vascular inflammation: an update.

PMID- 26969773
TI  - Serum free light chain assays not total light chain assays are the standard of
      care to assess Monoclonal Gammopathies.
AB  - The diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma is a challenge to the physician due to the non
      specific symptoms (anemia, bone pain and recurrent infections) that are
      commonplace in the elderly population. However, early diagnosis is associated
      with less severe disease, including fewer patients presenting with acute renal
      injury, pathological fractures and severe anemia. Since 2006, the serum free
      light chain test Freelite((r)) has been included alongside standard laboratory
      tests (serum and urine protein electrophoresis, and serum and urine
      immunofixation) as an aid in the identification of monoclonal proteins, which are
      a cornerstone for the diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma. The serum free light chain
      assay recognizes the light chain component of the immunoglobulin in its free form
      with high sensitivity. Other assays that measure light chains in the free and
      intact immunoglobulin forms are sensitive, but unfortunately, due to the
      nomenclature used, these assays (total light chains) are sometimes used in place
      of the free light chain assay. This paper reviews the available literature
      comparing the two assays and tries to clarify hypothetical limitations of the
      total assay to detect Multiple Myeloma. Furthermore, we elaborate on our study
      comparing the two assays used in 11 Light Chain Multiple Myeloma patients at
      presentation and 103 patients taken through the course of their disease. The aim
      of this article is to provide a clear discrimination between the two assays and
      to provide information to physicians and laboratory technicians so that they can
      utilize the International Myeloma Working Group guidelines. 

PMID- 26969774
TI  - Modern techniques of magnetic resonance in the evaluation of primary central
      nervous system lymphoma: contributions to the diagnosis and differential
      diagnosis.
AB  - In addition to findings from conventional magnetic resonance imaging, modern
      magnetic resonance imaging techniques have provided important information about
      tumor metabolism, in vivo metabolite formation, water molecule diffusion,
      microvascular density, and blood-brain barrier permeability, all of which have
      improved the in vivo diagnostic accuracy of this method in the evaluation of
      primary central nervous system lymphoma. These nonconventional magnetic resonance
      techniques are useful in the clinical practice because they enhance conventional
      magnetic resonance imaging by reinforcing the possibility of a diagnosis and by
      allowing the early detection of disease recurrence. This report is a review of
      the most relevant contributions of nonconventional magnetic resonance techniques
      to the imaging diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma, the
      differential diagnosis of this disease, and the prognosis of patients. This paper
      aims to describe a wide range of presentations of primary central nervous system
      lymphoma, their appearance in imaging, and the differential diagnoses of this
      disease. 

PMID- 26969777
TI  - Hematological manifestations of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection: a
      possible association with autoimmune myelofibrosis.

PMID- 26969776
TI  - Guidelines on the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: Associacao Brasileira de
      Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular: Project guidelines: Associacao Medica
      Brasileira - 2015.

PMID- 26969778
TI  - RHD*weak D type 38: a family study.

PMID- 26969780
TI  - Systemic fungal infection by Histoplasma capsulatum: intracellular fungus in
      peripheral leukocytes.

PMID- 26969781
TI  - What is the adequate mononuclear cell content for selecting umbilical cord blood
      units for cryopreservation?

PMID- 26969779
TI  - A difficult case of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma to diagnose.

PMID- 26969782
TI  - Zika virus and its implication in transfusion safety.

PMID- 26969783
TI  - Cardiac sympathetic denervation for intractable ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autonomic modulation is a valuable therapeutic option for the
      management of ventricular arrhythmias. Bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation
      (BCSD) has shown promising results in the acute, intermediate, and long-term
      management of polymorphic and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in
      patients with structural heart disease. Cardiomyopathy (CM) due to Chagas disease
      (CD), and associated VT, is thought to be in part due to autonomic neuronal
      destruction and dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess
      whether BCSD is a safe and effective treatment modality in patients with CD and
      VT storm or refractory VT. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data from
      patients with chagasic CM who underwent BCSD between 2009 and 2015 at 2
      international centers was performed. RESULTS: Of 75 patients who underwent BCSD
      for VT storm or refractory VT in the setting of CM, 7 (9.3%) patients had CD as
      the etiology of CM. All patients had monomorphic VT. Median follow-up was 7
      months (range 1-46 months). All patients either underwent previous unsuccessful
      catheter ablation or were not candidates for ablation. The median number of
      implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks 1 month before BCSD was 4
      (range 2-30) and decreased to 0 (range 0-2) during available follow-up after
      BCSD. When antitachycardia pacing therapies were included in the analysis, the
      median number of ICD therapies (shocks + antitachycardia pacing) still decreased
      to 1 (range 0-3). CONCLUSION: In patients with chagasic CM presenting with
      refractory monomorphic VT, early evidence suggests that BCSD reduces appropriate
      ICD therapy and may represent a valuable treatment option.

PMID- 26969784
TI  - The role of the C-terminal region on the oligomeric state and enzymatic activity
      of Trypanosoma cruzi hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase.
AB  - Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcHPRT) is a
      critical enzyme for the survival of the parasite. This work demonstrates that the
      full-length form in solution adopts a stable and enzymatically active tetrameric
      form, exhibiting large inter-subunit surfaces. Although this protein irreversibly
      aggregates during unfolding, oligomerization is reversible and can be modulated
      by low concentrations of urea. When the C-terminal region, which is predicted as
      a disordered stretch, is excised by proteolysis, TcHPRT adopts a dimeric state,
      suggesting that the C-terminal region acts as a main guide for the quaternary
      arrangement. These results are in agreement with X-ray crystallographic data
      presented in this work. On the other hand, the C-terminal region exhibits a
      modulatory role on the enzyme, as attested by the enhanced activity observed for
      the dimeric form. Bisphosphonates act as substrate-mimetics, uncovering long
      range communications among the active sites. All in all, this work contributes to
      establish new ways applicable to the design of novel inhibitors that could
      eventually result in new drugs against parasitic diseases. 

PMID- 26969785
TI  - Dual mechanism of action of the atypical tetracycline chelocardin.
AB  - Classical tetracyclines targeting the protein biosynthesis machinery are commonly
      applied in human and veterinary medicine. The development and spread of
      resistance seriously compromise the successful treatment of bacterial infections.
      The atypical tetracycline chelocardin holds promise as it retains activity
      against tetracycline-resistant strains. It has been suggested that chelocardin
      targets the bacterial membrane, thus differing in mode of action from that of
      classical tetracyclines. We investigated the mechanism of action of chelocardin
      using global proteome analysis. The proteome profiles after sublethal chelocardin
      stress were compared to a reference compendium containing antibiotic response
      profiles of Bacillus subtilis. This approach revealed a concentration-dependent
      dual mechanism of action. At low concentrations, like classical tetracyclines,
      chelocardin induces the proteomic signature for peptidyl transferase inhibition
      demonstrating that protein biosynthesis inhibition is the dominant physiological
      challenge. At higher concentrations B. subtilis mainly responds to membrane
      stress indicating that at clinically relevant concentrations the membrane is the
      main antibiotic target of chelocardin. Studying the effects on the membrane in
      more detail, we found that chelocardin causes membrane depolarization but does
      not lead to formation of large pores. We conclude that at growth inhibiting doses
      chelocardin not only targets protein biosynthesis but also corrupts the integrity
      of the bacterial membrane. This dual mechanism of action might prove beneficial
      in slowing the development of new resistance mechanisms against this atypical
      tetracycline. 

PMID- 26969786
TI  - The importance of the benzoic acid carboxylate moiety for substrate recognition
      by CYP199A4 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP199A4 can efficiently demethylate 4
      methoxybenzoic acid. The substrate is positioned in the enzyme active site with
      the methoxy group ideally positioned for demethylation. This occurs through
      interactions of hydrophobic benzene ring with aromatic phenylalanine residues and
      the charged carboxylate group with polar and basic amino acids. METHODS: In vitro
      substrate binding and kinetic turnover assays coupled with HPLC and GC-MS
      analysis and whole-cell oxidation turnovers. RESULTS: Modification of the
      carboxylate group to an amide or aldehyde resulted in substrate binding, as
      judged by the almost total shift of the spin state to the high-spin form, but
      binding was three orders of magnitude weaker. Changing the carboxylate to phenol
      alcohol, ketone, ester and nitro groups and boronic, sulfinic and sulfonic acids
      resulted in a dramatic reduction in the binding affinity. Even phenylacetic acids
      were mediocre substrates for CYP199A4, despite maintaining a carboxylate group.
      The weaker binding of all of these substrates results in lower levels of turnover
      activity and product formation compared to 4-methoxybenzoic acid. CONCLUSION:
      Substrate binding to CYP199A4 is tightly regulated by interactions between the 4
      methoxybenzoic acid and the amino acids in the active site. The benzoic acid
      carboxylate moiety is critical for optimal substrate binding and turnover
      activity with CYP199A4. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: An understanding of how the
      CYP199A4 enzyme has evolved to be highly selective for para-substituted benzoic
      acids. This provides valuable insight into how other, as yet structurally
      uncharacterised, monooxygenase enzymes may bind benzoic acid substrates.

PMID- 26969787
TI  - Diterpenoids from the branch and leaf of Abies fargesii.
AB  - Five new abietane diterpenoids, named abifadines A-E (1-5), and nine known ones
      (6-14), together with two known podocarpenes (15 and 16), were isolated from the
      branch and leaf of Abies fargesii. Their structures including the relative
      configurations were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses.
      The absolute configuration of 1 was determined through single-crystal X-ray
      diffraction analysis with Cu Kalpha irradiation. All the isolates were evaluated
      for their in vitro cytotoxicities. Only compounds 5 and 12 exhibited weak anti
      proliferative effects against three cancer cell lines (B16, MCF7, and HepG2) with
      IC50 values range from 14.8 to 42.8 MUM. The antimicrobial activities against
      Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Monilia albicans of all compounds
      were also tested, but none of them showed significant activities.

PMID- 26969790
TI  - Design, synthesis, and characterization of new cyclic d,l-alpha-alternate amino
      acid peptides by capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - The self-assembly of peptide nanotubes (PNTs) depends on the structure and
      chemistry of cyclic peptide (CP) monomers, having an impact on their properties,
      making the choice of their monomers and their characterization a great challenge.
      We synthesized for the first time a new set of eight original CP sequences of 8,
      10, and 12 d,l-alpha-alternate amino acids with a controlled internal diameter
      from 7 to 13 A. They present various properties (e.g., diameter, global surface
      charge, hydrophobicity) that can open the way to new applications. Their
      structure and purity were determined thanks to a capillary electrophoresis
      coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) methodology
      developed for the first time for this purpose. The CPs were successfully
      separated in a basic hydro-organic background electrolyte (BGE, pH 8.0, H2O/EtOH
      50:50, v/v) and analyzed in MS positive mode. The effect of CP structure on
      electrophoretic mobility was studied, and the mass spectra were deeply analyzed.
      This methodology allowed verifying their purity and the absence of linear peptide
      precursors as well as their stability when stored over several months. Therefore,
      we have developed a new CE-ESI-MS methodology for the structure and purity
      control of interesting potential precursors for PNTs that could be employed as
      nanoplatforms in diagnostics or as pseudo sieving tools for separative purposes.

PMID- 26969788
TI  - New cycloartane saponin and monoterpenoid glucoindole alkaloids from Mussaenda
      luteola.
AB  - A new cycloartane-type saponin with unusual hydroxylation at C-17 and a unique
      side chain, 9 (R), 19, 22 (S), 24 (R) bicyclolanost-3beta, 12alpha, 16beta,
      17alpha tetrol-25-one 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1)
      and two new monoterpenoid glucoindole alkaloids, 10-methoxy pumiloside (2) and
      the previously chemically synthesized, 10-methoxy strictosidine (3) along with
      other five known compounds, 7alpha-morroniside (4), 7-epi-loganin (5), (7beta)-7
      O-methylmorroniside (6), 5(S)-5-carboxystrictisidine (7) and apigenin-7-O
      neohesperidoside (8) were isolated from the aerial parts of Mussaenda luteola
      (Rubiaceae). The structural elucidation of the isolates was accomplished by
      extensive (1D and 2D NMR) spectroscopic data analysis and HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 4
      8 were reported for the first time from the genus Mussaenda. Interestingly, this
      is the first report for the occurrence of the monoterpenoid glucoindole-type
      alkaloids in the genus which might be useful for the chemotaxonomic evaluation of
      the genus Mussaenda. All isolates were evaluated for their antiprotozoal
      activities. Compound 7 showed good antitrypanosomal activity with IC50 and IC90
      values of 13.7 and 16.6 MUM compared to IC50 and IC90 values of 13.06 and 28.99
      MUM for the positive control DFMO, difluoromethylornithine.

PMID- 26969789
TI  - Comparison of RNA isolation and associated methods for extracellular RNA
      detection by high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that function in RNA
      silencing and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs in
      biofluids are being used for clinical diagnosis as well as disease prediction.
      Efficient and reproducible isolation methods are crucial for extracellular RNA
      detection. To determine the best methodologies for miRNA detection from plasma,
      the performance of four RNA extraction kits, including an in-house kit, were
      determined with miScript miRNA assay technology; all were measured using a high
      throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) platform (BioMark
      System) with 90 human miRNA assays. In addition, the performances of
      complementary DNA (cDNA) and preamplification kits for TaqMan miRNA assays and
      miScript miRNA assays were compared using the same 90 miRNAs on the BioMark
      System. There were significant quantification cycle (Cq) value differences for
      the detection of miRNA targets between isolation kits. cDNA, preamplification,
      and qPCR performances were also varied. In summary, this study demonstrates
      differences among RNA isolation methods as measured by reverse transcription (RT)
      qPCR. Importantly, differences were also noted in cDNA and preamplification
      performance using TaqMan and miScript. The in-house kit performed better than the
      other three kits. These findings demonstrate significant variability between
      isolation and detection methods for low-abundant miRNA detection from biofluids.

PMID- 26969791
TI  - NADPH oxidase activation is required for pentylenetetrazole kindling-induced
      hippocampal autophagy.
AB  - Growing evidence indicates that alterations in autophagy are present in a variety
      of neurological disorders, ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to acute
      neurological insults. Only recently has the role of autophagy in epilepsy started
      to be recognized. In this study, we used pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling, which
      provides a model of chronic epilepsy, to investigate the involvement of autophagy
      in the hippocampus and the possible mechanisms involved. Our western blot results
      showed that autophagy-related proteins were significantly increased after the
      mice were fully kindled. In addition, immunofluorescence studies revealed a
      significant increase in the punctate accumulation of LC3 in the hippocampal CA1
      region of fully PTZ-kindled mice. Consistent with the upregulation of ATG
      proteins and punctate accumulation of LC3 in the hippocampal CA1 region,
      autophagosomal vacuole formation was observed by an ultrastructural analysis,
      verifying the presence of a hippocampal autophagic response in PTZ-kindled mice.
      Increased oxidative stress has been postulated to play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of a number of neurological diseases, including epilepsy. In this
      study, we demonstrate that PTZ kindling induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      production and lipid peroxidation, which were accompanied by mitochondrial
      ultrastructural damage due to the activation of NADPH oxidase. Pharmacological
      inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin significantly suppressed the oxidative
      stress and ameliorated the hippocampal autophagy in PTZ-kindled mice.
      Interestingly, pharmacological induction of autophagy suppressed PTZ-kindling
      progress and reduced PTZ-kindling-induced oxidative stress while inhibition of
      autophagy accelerated PTZ kindling progress and increased PTZ-kindling-induced
      oxidative stress. These results suggest that the oxidative stress induced by
      NADPH oxidase activation may play a pivotal role in PTZ-kindling process as well
      as in PTZ kindling-induced hippocampal CA1 autophagy.

PMID- 26969792
TI  - Fibrin self-assembly is adapted to oxidation.
AB  - Fibrinogen is extremely susceptible to attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
      Having been suffered an oxidative modification, the fibrinogen molecules, now
      with altered spatial structure and function of fibrin network, affect hemostasis
      differently. However, the potential effects of the oxidative stress on the early
      stages of the fibrin self-assembly process remain unexplored. To clarify the
      damaging influence of ROS on the knob 'A': hole 'a' and the D:D interactions, the
      both are operating on the early stages of the fibrin polymerization, we have used
      a novel approach based on exploration of FXIIIa-mediated self-assembly of the
      cross-linked fibrin oligomers dissolved in the moderately concentrated urea
      solutions. The oligomers were composed of monomeric desA fibrin molecules created
      by cleaving the fibrinopeptides A off the fibrinogen molecules with a thrombin
      like enzyme, reptilase. According to the UV-absorbance and fluorescence
      measurements data, the employed low ozone/fibrinogen ratios have induced only a
      slight fibrinogen oxidative modification that was accompanied by modest chemical
      transformations of the aromatic amino acid residues of the protein. Else, a
      slight consumption of the accessible tyrosine residues has been observed due to
      intermolecular dityrosine cross-links formation. The set of experimental data
      gathered with the aid of electrophoresis, elastic light scattering and analytical
      centrifugation has clearly witnessed that the oxidation can serve as an effective
      promoter for the observed enhanced self-assembly of the covalently cross-linked
      oligomers. At urea concentration of 1.20M, the pristine and oxidized fibrin
      oligomers were found to comprise a heterogeneous set of the double-stranded
      protofibrils that are cross-linked only by gamma-gamma dimers and the fibers
      consisting on average of four strands that are additionally linked by alpha
      polymers. The amounts of the oxidized protofibrils and the fibers accumulated in
      the system were higher than those of the non-oxidized counterparts. Moreover, the
      gamma and alpha polypeptide chains of the oxidized molecules were more readily
      crosslinked by the FXIIIa. Upon increasing the urea solution concentration to
      4.20M, the cross-linked double-stranded desA fibrin protofibrils have dissociated
      into the single-stranded fibrin oligomers, whereas the fibers dissociated into
      both the double-stranded desA fibrin oligomers, the structural integrity of the
      latter being maintained by means of the intermolecular alpha polymers, and the
      single-stranded fibrin oligomers cross-linked only by gamma-gamma dimers. The
      data we have obtained in this study indicate that the FXIIIa-mediated process of
      assembling the cross-linked protofibrils and the fibers constructed from the
      oxidized monomeric fibrin molecules was facilitated due to the strengthening of
      D:D interactions. The findings infer that the enhanced longitudinal D:D
      interactions become more essential in the assembly of soluble protofibrils when
      the interactions knobs 'A': holes 'a' are injured by oxidation. The new
      experimental findings presented here could be of help for elucidating the
      essential adaptive molecular mechanisms capable of mitigating the detrimental
      action of ROS in the oxidatively damaged fibrin self-assemblage processes.

PMID- 26969794
TI  - Transient Loss of Ventricular Pacing Capture Caused by Vagal Induced Ventricular
      Refractoriness: A Novel Mechanism for Pacemaker Failure in Vasovagal Syncope.

PMID- 26969793
TI  - Berberine ameliorates chronic relapsing dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in
      C57BL/6 mice by suppressing Th17 responses.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an increasingly common condition particularly in
      developed countries. The lack of satisfactory treatment has fueled the search for
      alternative therapeutic strategies. In recent studies, berberine, a plant
      alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in Chinese medicine, has shown
      beneficial effects against animal models of acute UC. However, UC usually
      presents as a chronic condition with frequent relapse in patients. How berberine
      will act on chronic UC remains unclear. In the present study, we adopted dextran
      sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic relapsing colitis model to assess the
      ameliorating activity of berberine. Colitis was induced by two cycles of 2.0% DSS
      for five days followed by 14days of drinking water plus a third cycle consisting
      of DSS only for five days. The colitis mice were orally administered 20mg/kg
      berberine from day 13 onward for 30days and monitored daily. The body weight,
      stool consistency, and stool bleeding were recorded for determination of the
      disease activity index (DAI). At the end of treatment, animals were sacrificed
      and samples were collected and subjected to histological, RT-qPCR, Western blot,
      and LC-MS analyses. Lymphocytes were isolated from spleens and mesenteric lymph
      nodes (MLN) and cultured for flow cytometry analysis of IL-17 secretion from
      CD4(+) cells and the Th17 cell differentiation. Results showed that berberine
      significantly ameliorated the DAI, colon shortening, colon tissue injury, and
      reduction of colonic expression of tight junction (TJ) protein ZO-1 and occludin
      of colitis mice. Notably, berberine treatment pronouncedly reduced DSS
      upregulated Th17-related cytokine (IL-17 and ROR-gammat) mRNAs in the colon.
      Furthermore, the mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-23, and the phosphorylation of
      STAT3 in colon tissues from DSS-treated mice were pronouncedly inhibited by
      berberine. Moreover, the up-regulation of IL-17 secretion from CD4(+) cells of
      spleens and MLNs caused by DSS were significantly reversed by berberine
      treatment. Furthermore, Th17 cell differentiation from naive CD4(+) cells
      isolated from above DSS colitis mice were suppressed by berberine in a
      concentration-dependent manner. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time
      that berberine reduced the severity of chronic relapsing DSS-induced colitis by
      suppressing Th17 responses. The demonstration of activity in this mouse model
      supports the possibility of clinical efficacy of berberine in treating chronic
      UC.

PMID- 26969796
TI  - Metalloproteinase production from macrophages - a perfect storm leading to
      atherosclerotic plaque rupture and myocardial infarction.
AB  - What is the topic of this review? The review discusses how in atherosclerotic
      plaques, a combination of inflammatory mediators together with loss of anti
      inflammatory factors is most likely to be responsible for the excess of MMP over
      TIMP expression that causes plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. What
      advances does it highlight? Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and
      tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) is divergent between human and mouse
      macrophages. There is prostaglandin E2 -dependent and -independent regulation.
      Inflammatory cytokines act through distinct (albeit overlapping) signalling
      pathways to elicit different patterns of MMP and TIMP expression. Transcriptional
      and epigenetic regulation occurs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced from
      macrophages contribute to plaque rupture, atherothrombosis and myocardial
      infarction. New treatments could emerge from defining the mediators and
      underlying mechanisms. In human monocytes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) stimulates
      MMP production, and inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor alpha,
      interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor ligands can act either through or
      independently of PGE2 . Differentiation of human monocytes to non-foamy
      macrophages increases constitutive expression of MMP-7, -8, -9, -14 and -19 and
      tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 to -3 through unknown, PGE2 -independent
      mechanisms. Human macrophages express more MMP-1, -7 and -9 and TIMP-3 and less
      MMP-12 and -13 than mouse macrophages. Inflammatory mediators working through
      activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor pathways
      upregulate MMP-1, -3, -10, -12 and -14 in human macrophages (MMP-9, -12 and -13
      in mice), and studies with plaque tissue sections and isolated foam cells confirm
      this conclusion in vivo. Classical activation with granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor upregulates MMP-12, whereas interferon-gamma upregulates MMP
      12, -14 and -25 and downregulates TIMP-3 in human but not mouse macrophages.
      Alternative activation with interleukin-4 markedly stimulates the expression of
      only MMP-12 in humans and MMP-19 in mice. The anti-inflammatory cytokines
      interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta decrease production of several
      MMPs. Epigenetic upregulation of MMP-14 during foam cell formation or by
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor occurs by decreasing miRNA-24. A
      'perfect storm' caused by a combination of these mechanisms is most likely to
      promote MMP-mediated macrophage invasion, tissue destruction and atherosclerotic
      plaque rupture.

PMID- 26969798
TI  - Use of high sensitivity cardiac troponin assays as an adjunct to cardiac stress
      testing.

PMID- 26969797
TI  - Percentage of colorectal cancer diagnosed in adults aged younger than 50 years.

PMID- 26969799
TI  - Atypical profiles and modulations of heme-enzymes catalyzed outcomes by low
      amounts of diverse additives suggest diffusible radicals' obligatory involvement
      in such redox reactions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peroxidations mediated by heme-enzymes have been traditionally
      studied under a single-site (heme distal pocket), non-sequential (ping-pong), two
      substrates binding scheme of Michaelis-Menten paradigm. We had reported unusual
      modulations of peroxidase and P450 reaction outcomes and explained it invoking
      diffusible reactive species [Manoj, 2006; Manoj et al., 2010; Andrew et al.,
      2011, Parashar et al., 2014 & Venkatachalam et al., 2016]. METHODS: A systematic
      investigation of specific product formation rates was undertaken to probe the
      hypothesis that involvement of diffusible reactive species could explain
      undefined substrate specificities and maverick modulations (sponsored by
      additives) of heme-enzymes. RESULTS: When the rate of specific product formation
      was studied as a function of reactants' concentration or environmental
      conditions, we noted marked deviations from normal profiles. We report that heme
      enzyme mediated peroxidations of various substrates are inhibited (or activated)
      by sub-equivalent concentrations of diverse redox-active additives and this is
      owing to multiple redox equilibriums in the milieu. At low enzyme and peroxide
      concentrations, the enzyme is seen to recycle via a one-electron (oxidase) cycle,
      which does not require the substrate to access the heme centre. Schemes are
      provided that explain the complex mechanistic cycle, kinetics & stoichiometry.
      CONCLUSION: It is not obligatory for an inhibitor or substrate to interact with
      the heme centre for influencing overall catalysis. Roles of diffusible reactive
      species explain catalytic outcomes at low enzyme and reactant concentrations.
      SIGNIFICANCE: The current work highlights the scope/importance of redox enzyme
      reactions that could occur "out of the active site" in biological or in situ
      systems.

PMID- 26969795
TI  - The birth of new neurons in the maternal brain: Hormonal regulation and
      functional implications.
AB  - The maternal brain is remarkably plastic and exhibits multifaceted neural
      modifications. Neurogenesis has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which the
      maternal brain exhibits plasticity. This review highlights what is currently
      known about peripartum-associated changes in adult neurogenesis and the
      underlying hormonal mechanisms. We also consider the functional consequences of
      neurogenesis in the peripartum brain and extent to which this process may play a
      role in maternal care, cognitive function and postpartum mood. Finally, while
      most work investigating the effects of parenting on adult neurogenesis has
      focused on mothers, a few studies have examined fathers and these results are
      also discussed.

PMID- 26969800
TI  - Molecular pathogenesis of human amyloidosis: Lessons from beta2 -microglobulin
      related amyloidosis.
AB  - Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases with amyloid fibrils deposited in
      various organs and is classified into more than 30 diseases in humans based on
      the kind of amyloid protein. In order to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of
      human amyloidosis, we studied the molecular mechanism of amyloid fibril formation
      in vitro. We first developed a novel fluorometric method to determine amyloid
      fibrils in vitro based on the unique characteristics of thioflavin T. We next
      proposed a nucleation-dependent polymerization model to explain the general
      mechanism of amyloid fibril formation in vitro. Based on this model, we
      characterized the biological molecular interactions that promote or inhibit
      amyloid fibril formation in vitro and developed models of pathological molecular
      environment for inducing human beta2-microglobulin-related amyloidosis in long
      term hemodialysis patients. We also proposed a novel and attractive cytotoxic
      mechanism of beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils, that is, the disruption of
      endosomal/lysosomal membranes by endocytosed amyloid fibrils. These findings may
      be useful to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of other kinds of human
      amyloidosis.

PMID- 26969801
TI  - Evaluation of a fibrate, specific stimulant of PPARalpha, as a therapeutic
      alternative to the treatment of clinical ovine pregnancy toxaemia.
AB  - Ovine pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder affecting sheep in their last 6
      weeks of pregnancy as a result of their inability to maintain adequate energy
      homoeostasis. Different alternative treatments are available with variable
      results. The aim of this research was to evaluate a peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) stimulant as an alternative to treat
      clinical pregnancy toxaemia. Thirty-three adult sheep, with known gestation date
      and carrying a single foetus, were fasted from day 130 of gestation until animals
      showed clinical disease. From that moment onwards, sheep were treated during 6
      days with three different therapeutic alternatives: 10 mg/kg of 2-methyl-2
      phenoxy-propionic acid; 10 mg/kg of 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid + 100 mL of
      propylene glycol oral; or 100 mL of propylene glycol oral. Glycaemia and serum
      beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHOB) were determined daily. Liver biopsies were taken at
      day 130 of gestation, at the beginning and end of treatments and at 5 days
      postpartum, evaluating the extent and degree of the steatosis lesion. Even though
      in sheep treated with 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid, serum concentrations of
      glucose and BHOB recovered more slowly, we conclude that 2-methyl-2-phenoxy
      propionic acid alone or combined with propylene glycol can be used as an
      alternative to effectively treat fatty liver, and therefore pregnancy toxaemia. 

PMID- 26969802
TI  - Comparative multidimensional assessment of laryngeal function and quality of life
      after radiotherapy and laser surgery for early glottic cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was designed to comparatively assess laryngeal function
      and quality of life (QOL) of patients after laser surgery (LS) or radiotherapy
      (RT) for early glottic cancer. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with T1 glottic
      cancer treated with RT or type II cordectomy underwent both subjective and
      objective vocal assessments. The LS group was divided into the following: (1)
      vaporization with defocused mode (laser surgery [LS]-Vap); and (2) excision with
      focused mode using lower power (LS-Ex). RESULTS: Auditory-perceptual evaluation
      and videostroboscopic images in the LS-Ex group worsened shortly after treatment
      and time-dependent recovery was quicker than in the LS-Vap group. The LS-Ex group
      showed equivalent posttherapeutic vocal function with the RT group by acoustics,
      aerodynamics, and self-assessment questionnaire analysis, whereas the LS-Vap
      group showed statistically significant worse function. CONCLUSION: The
      multidimensional assessment showed that early glottic cancer could be
      successfully treated by either RT or LS-Ex with equivalent posttherapeutic
      laryngeal function and QOL. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1085
      1090, 2016.

PMID- 26969803
TI  - Simulation study of electric-guided delivery of 0.4um monodisperse and
      polydisperse aerosols to the ostiomeatal complex.
AB  - Despite the high prevalence of rhinosinusitis, current inhalation therapy shows
      limited efficacy due to extremely low drug delivery efficiency to the paranasal
      sinuses. Novel intranasal delivery systems are needed to enhance targeted
      delivery to the sinus with therapeutic dosages. An optimization framework for
      intranasal drug delivery was developed to target polydisperse charged aerosols to
      the ostiomeatal complex (OMC) with electric guidance. The delivery efficiency of
      a group of charged aerosols recently reported in the literature was numerically
      assessed and optimized in an anatomically accurate nose-sinus model. Key design
      variables included particle charge number, particle size and distribution,
      electrode strength, and inhalation velocity. Both monodisperse and polydisperse
      aerosol profiles were considered. Results showed that the OMC delivery efficiency
      was highly sensitive to the applied electric field and electrostatic charges
      carried by the particles. Through the synthesis of electric-guidance and point
      drug release, focused deposition with significantly enhanced dosage in the OMC
      can be achieved. For 0.4 um charged aerosols, an OMC delivery efficiency of 51.6%
      was predicted for monodisperse aerosols and 34.4% for polydisperse aerosols. This
      difference suggested that the aerosol profile exerted a notable effect on
      intranasal deliveries. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the OMC deposition
      fraction was highly sensitive to the charge and size of particles and was less
      sensitive to the inhalation velocity considered in this study. Experimental
      studies are needed to validate the numerically optimized designs. Further studies
      are warranted to investigate the targeted OMC delivery with both electric and
      acoustics controls, the latter of which has the potential to further deliver the
      drug particles into the sinus cavity.

PMID- 26969804
TI  - Some of the most interesting things we know, and don't know, about the
      biochemistry and physiology of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays).
AB  - The urea-retaining strategy of elasmobranchs has shaped their biochemistry and
      physiology; from their metabolic organization to the structure of their
      membranes. It has also affected their capacity to live in freshwater. Although
      much new information has been uncovered in the past 30years, many unanswered
      questions remain. These include: a) why was urea selected as the major organic
      osmolyte, b) why is glutamine used as a nitrogen donor, c) why was plasma albumin
      lost in marine elasmobranchs, d) what membranes are involved in urea retention in
      the gills, e) how do urea and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) affect membranes, and
      f) why retain urea in freshwater. Hypotheses are presented for future
      investigations but some questions may require a time machine to answer. 

PMID- 26969806
TI  - Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains
      from a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study describes the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of
      78 genetically different Escherichia coli recovered from air and exudate samples
      of a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings in Spain, in order to gain insight
      into the flow of antimicrobial resistance through the environment and food
      supply. RESULTS: Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 21.8% of the 78 E. coli
      isolates analyzed (resistance for at least one of the 14 agents tested). The
      highest resistance rates were recorded for ampicillin, nalidixic acid,
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. The resistance genes detected
      were as follows (antibiotic (number of resistant strains), gene (number of
      strains)): ampicillin (9), blaTEM-1 (6); tetracycline (15), tet(A) (7), tet(B)
      (4), tet(A) + tet(B) (1); chloramphenicol (5), cmlA (2), floR (2);
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10), sul2 (4), sul1 (3), sul3 (2), sul1 + sul2
      (1); gentamicin-tobramycin (1), ant(2") (1). About 14% of strains showed a
      multidrug-resistant phenotype and, of them, seven strains carried class 1
      integrons containing predominantly the dfrA1-aadA1 array. One multidrug-resistant
      strain was found in both inside and outside air, suggesting that the airborne
      spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the animal housing facilities to the
      surroundings is feasible. CONCLUSIONS: This study gives a genetic background of
      the antimicrobial resistance problem in a dairy cattle farm and shows that air
      can act as a source for dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. (c)
      2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 26969805
TI  - Effect of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation in induced and non-induced
      primary myoblasts from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
AB  - A study was conducted to test whether an anthocyanidin mixture (peonidin,
      cyanidin and pelargonidin chloride) modulates myogenesis in both induced and non
      induced myogenic cells from juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We
      evaluated three different anthocyanidin concentrations (1*, 2.5* and 10*) at two
      sampling times (24 and 36h). To test for treatment effects, we analyzed the
      expression of myoD and pax7 as well as two target genes of the Notch signaling
      pathway, hey2 and her6. In induced myogenic cells, the lowest and middle
      anthocyanidin doses caused significantly greater expression of myoD after 24h of
      treatment compared to control. A significantly higher expression of pax7 in cells
      exposed to either anthocyanidin treatment during 36h compared was observed.
      Similarly, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to the
      lowest anthocyanidin doses during 24h compared to control. No significant effect
      of anthocyanidin treatments on the expression of hey2 and her6 at either sampling
      point was detected. In non-induced cells, we observed no effect of anthocyanidins
      on myoD expression and significant down-regulation on pax7 expression in cells
      exposed to either anthocyanidin mixture concentrations after 24 and 36h of
      treatment compared to control. Further, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly
      lower in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin doses at both sampling time. In
      non-induced cells, the highest anthocyanidin dose provoked significantly greater
      expression of hey2 after 24h of treatment compared to control. We detected no
      such effect in non-induced cells exposed to the lowest and middle anthocyanidin
      doses during 24h of treatment. The expression of her6 was unaffected by
      anthocyanidin treatments at either sampling time or doses compared to control.
      Collectively, these findings provide evidence that anthocyanidins modulate
      specific components of the myogenic programming in fish, thereby potentially
      affecting somatic growth in fish fed plant-derived extracts rich in this type of
      polyphenols. Moreover, in early differentiating myogenic cells, the anthocyanidin
      effect on myogenic programming appears to differ based upon the exposure time and
      the differentiation stage of the myogenic cells by boosting myogenic
      differentiation signaling after 24h treatment while pausing differentiation,
      potentially favoring cell survival after 36h treatment. Further research to
      determine whether plant-derived secondary metabolites including alkaloids,
      terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and
      essential oils can modulate myogenic programming in myogenic cells isolated from
      finfish species is warranted. 

PMID- 26969807
TI  - Number of positive nodes is superior to the lymph node ratio and American Joint
      Committee on Cancer N staging for the prognosis of surgically treated head and
      neck squamous cell carcinomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent changes in head and neck cancer epidemiology have created a
      need for improved lymph node prognostics. This article compares the prognostic
      value of the number of positive nodes (pN) with the value of the lymph node ratio
      (LNR) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) N staging in surgical
      patients. METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was
      used to identify cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from 2004 to
      2012. The sample was grouped by the AJCC N stage, LNR, and pN and was analyzed
      with Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. The sample
      was also analyzed by the site of the primary tumor. RESULTS: This study
      identified 12,437 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed superior
      prognostic ability for LNR and pN staging in comparison with AJCC staging.
      Patients with a pN value > 5 had the worst overall survival (5-year survival
      rate, 16%). Patients with oropharyngeal tumors had better outcomes for all
      groupings, and a pN value > 5 for oropharyngeal cancers was associated with
      decreased survival. Multivariate regressions demonstrated larger hazard ratios
      (HRs) and a lower Akaike information criterion for the pN model versus the AJCC
      stage and LNR models. The HRs were 1.78 (95% confidence interval, 1.62-1.95) for
      a pN value of 1, 2.53 (95% confidence interval, 2.32-2.75) for a pN value of 2 to
      5, and 4.64 (95% confidence interval, 4.18-5.14) for a pN value > 5. CONCLUSIONS:
      The pN models demonstrated superior prognostic value in comparison with the LNR
      and AJCC N staging. Future modifications of the nodal staging system should be
      based on the pN with a separate system for oropharyngeal cancers. Future trials
      should consider examining adjuvant treatment escalation in patients with >5 lymph
      nodes. Cancer 2016;122:1388-1397. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26969808
TI  - Air pollution exposure, cause-specific deaths and hospitalizations in a highly
      polluted Italian region.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Lombardy region in northern Italy ranks among the most air
      polluted areas of Europe. Previous studies showed air pollution short-term
      effects on all-cause mortality. We examine here the effects of particulate matter
      with aerodynamic diameter <=10um (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure on
      deaths and hospitalizations from specific causes, including cardiac,
      cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. METHODS: We considered air pollution,
      mortality and hospitalization data for a non-opportunistic sample of 18 highly
      polluted and most densely populated areas of the region in the years 2003-2006.
      We obtained area-specific effect estimates for PM10 and NO2 from a Poisson
      regression model on the daily number of total deaths or cause-specific
      hospitalizations and then combined them in a Bayesian random-effects meta
      analysis. For cause-specific mortality, we applied a case-crossover analysis. Age
      and season-specific analyses were also performed. Effect estimates were
      expressed as percent variation in mortality or hospitalizations associated with a
      10ug/m(3) increase in PM10 or NO2 concentration. RESULTS: Natural mortality was
      positively associated with both pollutants (0.30%, 90% Credibility Interval
      [CrI]: -0.31; 0.78 for PM10; 0.70%, 90%CrI: 0.10; 1.27 for NO2). Cardiovascular
      deaths showed a higher percent variation in association with NO2 (1.12%, 90%
      Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.14; 2.11), while the percent variation for
      respiratory mortality was highest in association with PM10 (1.64%, 90%CI: 0.35;
      2.93). The effect of both pollutants was more evident in the summer season. Air
      pollution was also associated to hospitalizations, the highest variations being
      0.77% (90%CrI: 0.22; 1.43) for PM10 and respiratory diseases, and 1.70% (90%CrI:
      0.39; 2.84) for NO2 and cerebrovascular diseases. The effect of PM10 on
      respiratory hospital admissions appeared to increase with age. For both
      pollutants, effects on cerebrovascular hospitalizations were more evident in
      subjects aged less than 75 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided a sound
      characterization of air pollution exposure and its potential effects on human
      health in the most polluted, and also most populated and productive, Italian
      region, further documenting the need for effective public health policies.

PMID- 26969809
TI  - Characterization of fungi isolated from the equipment used in the International
      Space Station or Space Shuttle.
AB  - As a part of a series of studies regarding the microbial biota in manned space
      environments, fungi were isolated from six pieces of equipment recovered from the
      Japanese Experimental Module "KIBO" of the International Space Station and from a
      space shuttle. Thirty-seven strains of fungi were isolated, identified and
      investigated with regard to morphological phenotypes and antifungal
      susceptibilities. The variety of fungi isolated in this study was similar to that
      of several previous reports. The dominant species belonged to the genera
      Penicillium, Aspergillus and Cladosporium, which are potential causative agents
      of allergy and opportunistic infections. The morphological phenotypes and
      antifungal susceptibilities of the strains isolated from space environments were
      not significantly different from those of reference strains on Earth. 

PMID- 26969810
TI  - Risk-taking propensity and sensitivity to punishment in adolescents with
      attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms and/or reading disability.
AB  - Many studies reported that adolescents with ADHD/RD more frequently engage in
      risk-taking behaviors. Very few have examined their risk taking patterns and the
      impact of their comorbidity. The present study compared the risk-taking
      propensity, sensitivity to punishment and delinquency outcome in Chinese
      adolescents with ADHD symptoms (AS) and/or RD using a simulated risk task, the
      Balloon Analogous Risk Task (BART). Adolescents with AS (n=37), RD (n=35), AS+RD
      (n=35), and control (n=36) were recruited from local secondary schools. Results
      showed that adolescents with ADHD, despite their great risk-taking propensity,
      were sensitive to immediate punishment whereas adolescents with RD were found to
      display normal risk-taking propensity, yet showed a tendency of being less
      sensitive to punishment. The comorbidity ADHD+RD group had the highest
      delinquency score, and exhibited greatest risk taking and least sensitivity to
      punishment, which provided further support that comorbid condition might have
      stronger impact on risk taking or even delinquency than the pure groups. The
      present findings provides a useful picture of the risk taking pattern associated
      with different groups, allowing for effective matching for future prevention and
      intervention program. 

PMID- 26969811
TI  - Survival outcomes with concurrent chemoradiation for elderly patients with
      locally advanced head and neck cancer according to the National Cancer Data Base.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The overall survival (OS) benefit of concurrent chemoradiotherapy
      (CRT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients older than 70 years is
      debated. This study examines the outcomes of elderly patients receiving CRT
      versus radiotherapy (RT) alone. METHODS: The National Cancer Data Base was
      queried for patients older than 70 years with nonmetastatic oropharyngeal,
      laryngeal, or hypopharyngeal cancer (T3-4 or N(+)). CRT was defined as
      chemotherapy started within 14 days of the initiation of RT. Univariate analysis,
      multivariate analysis (MVA), propensity score matching (PSM), and recursive
      partitioning analysis (RPA) were performed. RESULTS: The study included 4042
      patients: 2538 (63%) received CRT. The median follow-up was 19 months. The
      unadjusted median OS was longer with the addition of CRT (P < .001). OS was
      superior with CRT in the MVA (hazard ratio [HR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval
      [CI], 0.58-0.68; P < .001) and PSM analyses (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66-0.80; P <
      .001) in comparison with RT alone. According to RPA, CRT was associated with
      longer OS for patients 81 years or younger with low comorbidity scores and either
      T1-2/N2-3 disease or T3-4/N0-3 disease. The survival benefit with CRT disappeared
      for 2 subgroups in the 71- to 81-year age range: those with T1-2, N1, and
      Charlson-Deyo 0-1 (CD0-1) disease and those with T3-4, N1+, and CD1+ disease.
      Patients who were older than 81 years did not have increased survival with CRT.
      The receipt of CRT was associated with a longer duration of RT (odds ratio, 1.74;
      95% CI, 1.50-2.01; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients older than 70 years should
      not be denied concurrent chemotherapy solely on the basis of age; additional
      factors, including the performance status and the tumor stage, should be taken
      into account. Cancer 2016;122:1533-43. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26969812
TI  - Relationship between weight change and glycaemic control in patients with type 2
      diabetes receiving once-weekly dulaglutide treatment.
AB  - AIM: To assess the relationship between weight change and glycated haemoglobin
      (HbA1c) change in dulaglutide-treated patients by analysing data from six head-to
      head phase III AWARD clinical trials. METHODS: At 26 weeks, the relationship
      between weight and HbA1c was analysed in each trial rather than by pooling data
      because of differences in design and background therapy. The effect of baseline
      characteristics was also evaluated with regard to weight and HbA1c response.
      RESULTS: Across the studies, 87-97% and 83-95% of patients treated with
      dulaglutide 1.5 and 0.75 mg, respectively, had reductions in HbA1c levels, while
      57-88% and 43-84% of patients treated with dulaglutide 1.5 and 0.75 mg,
      respectively, experienced weight loss. The majority (55-83%) of patients
      receiving dulaglutide 1.5 mg experienced weight loss and HbA1c reductions, while
      41-79% of patients in the dulaglutide 0.75 mg arm lost weight and had reductions
      in HbA1c level. A weak and inconsistent correlation was observed between the
      changes in weight and HbA1c (range from -0.223 to 0.267) in patients treated with
      dulaglutide. The baseline characteristics of gender, age, duration of diabetes,
      HbA1c, body weight and BMI were not related to different combinations of weight
      and HbA1c responses. CONCLUSIONS: Dulaglutide is an effective treatment option
      across the type 2 diabetes treatment spectrum. Dulaglutide showed dose-dependent
      effects on both weight loss and HbA1c reduction. These effects had a weak
      correlation and appeared to be independent.

PMID- 26969813
TI  - Case of paraneoplastic pemphigus with immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies to
      various antigens.
AB  - A 63-year-old Japanese man with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma presented with
      erythematous skin lesions on his entire body, with oral, ocular and anal mucosal
      lesions. The patient was diagnosed with paraneoplastic pemphigus.
      Immunofluorescence showed both immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies to
      keratinocyte cell surfaces. Various immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays showed both IgG and IgA antibodies to various autoantigens, including
      desmogleins, desmocollins, envoplakin, periplakin and bullous pemphigoid
      antigens. This was a unique case with a very rare autoantibody profile in
      paraneoplastic pemphigus. 

PMID- 26969814
TI  - Screening CEST contrast agents using ultrafast CEST imaging.
AB  - A chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiment can be performed in an
      ultrafast fashion if a gradient field is applied simultaneously with the
      saturation pulse. This approach has been demonstrated for studying dia- and para
      magnetic CEST agents, hyperpolarized Xe gas and in vivo spectroscopy. In this
      study we present a simple method for the simultaneous screening of multiple
      samples. Furthermore, by interleaving a number of saturation and readout periods
      within the TR, a series of images with different saturation times can be
      acquired, allowing for the quantification of exchange rates using the variable
      saturation time (QUEST) approach in a much accelerated fashion, thus enabling
      high throughput screening of CEST contrast agents. 

PMID- 26969815
TI  - Exposure-response estimate for lung cancer and asbestosis in a predominantly
      chrysotile-exposed Chinese factory cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cumulative fiber exposures, predominantly chrysotile, were estimated
      in a Chinese asbestos worker cohort and exposure-response relationships with lung
      cancer mortality and cumulative incidence of asbestosis were determined. METHODS:
      Individual time-dependent cumulative exposures were estimated for 577 asbestos
      workers, followed prospectively for 37 years. Occupational history and smoking
      data were obtained from company records and personal interviews; vital status and
      causes of death were ascertained from death registries and hospital records.
      Hazard ratios were generated for disease outcomes, with adjustments for smoking
      and age. RESULTS: Median cumulative fiber exposure for the cohort was 132.6 fiber
      years/ml (IQR 89.3-548.4). Exposure-response relationships were demonstrated for
      both disease outcomes, with nearly sixfold and threefold increased risks seen at
      the highest exposure level for lung cancer deaths and asbestosis, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Evidence using quantitative exposure estimates was provided for
      increased risks of lung cancer mortality and development of asbestosis in a
      predominantly chrysotile-exposed cohort.

PMID- 26969816
TI  - Resolution of Rac-Bambuterol via Diastereoisomeric Salt Formation with o
      Chloromandelic Acid and Differences in the Enantiomers' Pharmacodynamical Effects
      in Guinea Pigs and Beagles.
AB  - In this study an enantioseparation method for rac-bambuterol (5-(2-(tert
      butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-phenylene bis(dimethylcarbamate)) via
      diastereoisomeric salt formation with o-chloromandelic acid was developed. The
      enantiomeric excess (ee) values and chemical purities of the desired products
      were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using chiral
      stationary phase and reverse-phase HPLC analyses, respectively. The ee values and
      the chemical purities both exceeded 99%. Animal experiments showed that (R)
      bambuterol was a potent inhibitor for histamine-induced asthma reactions. (S)
      bambuterol was ineffective in relaxing the airways. Both enantiomers increased
      heart rates in beagles. Therefore, replacing rac-bambuterol with (R)-bambuterol
      could be beneficial for asthma patients.

PMID- 26969817
TI  - Liver biopsy for diagnosis of presumed benign hepatocellular lesions lacking
      magnetic resonance imaging diagnostic features of focal nodular hyperplasia.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: The contribution of liver biopsy for the diagnosis of presumed
      benign hepatocellular lesions lacking the diagnostic features of focal nodular
      hyperplasia (FNH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unknown. We evaluated
      liver biopsy and MRI performances in this setting. METHODS: Magnetic resonance
      imaging and slides of liver biopsies performed for a presumed benign
      hepatocellular lesion (2006-2013) without the typical features of FNH on MRI were
      blindly reviewed (n = 45). Eighteen lesions were surgically removed and also
      analyzed. The final diagnosis was the diagnosis established after surgery or on
      the biopsy in the absence of surgery. RESULTS: The final diagnosis was FNH (n =
      19), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA, n = 15), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3) and
      indefinite (n = 4). Four lesions corresponded to non hepatocellular lesions. FNH,
      HNF1A mutated and inflammatory HCA were diagnosed accurately on the biopsy in
      95%, 67% and 100% of the cases respectively. Diagnostic performance of liver
      biopsy for HNF1A mutated HCA was lower because of the lack of non-tumoral tissue.
      Diagnosis based on morphological analysis was certain and correct in 27 cases.
      Immunostaining allowed a definite diagnosis in 12 additionnal cases. Radiological
      diagnosis was in agreement with the histological diagnosis in 75.6% of the cases,
      with a very high sensitivity (97%) and specificity (100%) for the diagnosis of
      HNF1A mutated HCA. CONCLUSIONS: Liver biopsy has a good diagnostic performance
      particularly for FNH and inflammatory HCA, and sampling of non-lesional tissue is
      highly recommended. A biopsy does not seem necessary if H-HCA is diagnosed on
      MRI.

PMID- 26969819
TI  - 'Depression is not an illness. It's up to you to make yourself happy':
      Perceptions of Chinese health professionals and community workers about older
      Chinese immigrants' experiences of depression and anxiety.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of depression and
      anxiety among older immigrant Chinese Australians. METHODS: The study was based
      on the National Ageing Research Institute's Cultural Exchange Model, an iterative
      process of exchange between researchers and stakeholders. The project involved a
      range of components including consultations with health professionals and
      community workers about perceptions of depression and anxiety within the Chinese
      community. This paper reports on these consultation findings. RESULTS: Thematic
      analysis generated five main categories to explain participants' perceptions of
      depression and anxiety within the Chinese community. Themes included: lack of
      knowledge; personal weakness rather than illness; stigma; somatisation; and
      experience of migration in later life. Responses to questions about education and
      information dissemination were collated separately and reported. CONCLUSION:
      Views of depression and anxiety among older Chinese people suggest that educating
      the community may be an important way to improve mental health literacy and help
      seeking behaviour.

PMID- 26969818
TI  - Estimating the Risks and Benefits of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
      Generator Replacement: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Every 4-7 years an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) pulse
      generator must be replaced surgically. This procedure is not without risk. In
      some cases, the risk versus benefit ratio may be against replacement. We aimed to
      synthesize the evidence on risks, benefits, and costs related to ICD replacement.
      METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using electronic databases from 2000
      onward. Literature screening, quality appraisal, and data extraction were
      independently conducted by two reviewers. Outcomes included major and minor
      complications, ICD therapies, and costs, which were synthesized descriptively.
      RESULTS: Of 1,483 citations, 17 nonrandomized studies met criteria. Median rate
      of major complications was 4.05% (range 0.55-7.37%) and minor complications was
      3.50% (range 0.36-7.37%). Without non-ICD control groups, the true risk reduction
      provided by the ICD following replacement is unknown. Following ICD replacement,
      annualized rate of appropriate ICD therapy was 10.52% (range 2.42-75.00%). Of
      these, patients without therapies during their first generator life and those no
      longer meeting ICD criteria received appropriate therapies at nontrivial rates.
      CONCLUSION: Rates of complications associated with ICD replacement are
      substantial. No study had nonreplacement groups, hence the true risk reduction
      provided by the ICD following replacement is unknown. Our analysis did not
      identify a subgroup at low risk of therapies following replacement. Shared
      discussions should occur with patients about the evidence, healthcare goals, risk
      tolerances, and feelings about life and death trade-offs to enable high-quality
      decisions about ICD replacement.

PMID- 26969820
TI  - Epigenetic and lncRNA regulation of cardiac pathophysiology.
AB  - Our developmental studies provide an insight into the pathogenesis of heart
      failure in adults. These studies reveal a mechanistic link between fetal
      cardiomyocytes and pathologically stressed adult cardiomyocytes at the level of
      chromatin regulation. In embryos, chromatin-regulating factors within the
      cardiomyocytes respond to developmental signals to program cardiac gene
      expression to promote cell proliferation and inhibit premature cell
      differentiation. In the neonatal period, the activity of these developmental
      chromatin regulators is quickly turned off in cardiomyocytes, coinciding with the
      cessation of cell proliferation and advance in cell differentiation toward adult
      maturity. When the mature hearts are pathologically stressed, those chromatin
      regulators essential for cardiomyocyte development in embryos are reactivated,
      triggering gene reprogramming to a fetal-like state and pathological cardiac
      hypertrophy. Furthermore, in the study of chromatin regulation and cardiac gene
      expression, we identified a long noncoding RNA that interacts with chromatin
      remodeling factor to regulate the cardiac response to environmental changes. This
      article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration
      of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and
      Hughes Abriel. 

PMID- 26969821
TI  - Adenosine and Preexcitation Variants: Reappraisal of Electrocardiographic
      Changes.
AB  - Intravenous adenosine is a short-acting blocker of the atrioventricular node that
      has been used to unmask subtle or latent preexcitation, and also to enable
      catheter ablation in selected patients with absent or intermittent preexcitation.
      Depending on the accessory pathway characteristics, intravenous adenosine may
      produce specific electrocardiographic changes highly suggestive of the
      preexcitation variant. Herein, we view different ECG responses to this
      pharmacological test in various preexcitation patterns that were confirmed by
      electrophysiological studies. Careful analysis of electrocardiographic changes
      during adenosine test, with emphasis on P-delta interval, preexcitation degree,
      and atrioventricular block, can be helpful to diagnose the preexcitation
      variant/pattern. 

PMID- 26969822
TI  - Training bottlenose dolphins to overcome avoidance of environmental enrichment
      objects in order to stimulate play activities.
AB  - Enrichment programs may contribute to the quality of life and stress reduction in
      bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) kept in zoos and aquaria. The results of
      these programs are generally positive in terms of welfare, but the magnitude of
      their effects may vary greatly between individuals of the same species,
      especially when the enrichment plans are based on the introduction of
      manipulative objects. Some animals will interact spontaneously with novel
      objects, even without food rewards and in the absence of the trainers, while
      others show no interest or even aversion toward the objects. To determine if
      formal training can improve these conditions, we measured the effects of an
      operant conditioning program in the manipulation of objects by dolphins that
      initially avoided them. This program took place between April and October 2013 at
      Zoomarine Portugal. Subjects were two female and two male bottlenose dolphins
      (adults with ages from 17 to 35 years) that after a preliminary analysis showed
      avoidance or low interest in the manipulation of various toys. The level of
      interaction with introduced enrichment objects was observed before and after
      formal training to explore the toys (sixteen 20-min observation sessions per
      animal "before" and "after training"). In all subjects, an index of interest in
      object manipulation, in the absence of trainers, increased significantly after
      the application of the training techniques. The results show that an initial
      reinforcement program focused on the manipulation of toys may overcome
      resistance, improving the effects of environmental enrichment plans, and it is a
      potentially useful strategy to increase the welfare of some captive animals. Zoo
      Biol. 35:210-215, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 26969823
TI  - Identification and characterization of an atypical 2-cys peroxiredoxin from the
      silkworm, Bombyx mori.
AB  - Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) play an important role in the protection of insects against
      the toxicity of reactive oxygen species. Here, we identified and characterized a
      novel, atypical 2-cysteine (Cys) peroxiredoxin (BmPrx3) from an expressed
      sequence tag database in a lepidopteran insect, Bombyx mori. The BmPrx3 cDNA
      contained an open reading frame of 684 bp that encodes a 228-amino-acid protein
      with a calculated molecular mass of 25 kDa. Sequence comparison revealed that
      BmPrx3 belongs to the atypical 2-Cys Prxs. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed
      that BmPrx3 can be detected in all tissues and developmental stages. Recombinant
      BmPrx3 purified from Escherichia coli exhibited antioxidant activity that removed
      hydrogen peroxide and protected DNA from oxidative damage. Disc diffusion and
      viability assays revealed that recombinant BmPrx3 increased bacterial survival
      under H2 O2 -mediated oxidative stress. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR
      analysis indicated that BmPrx3 transcription levels were significantly increased
      in response to various oxidative stresses. Furthermore, BmPrx3 transcription
      levels in the midgut were regulated by bacterial infection. Taken together, these
      results suggest that BmPrx3 acts as an antioxidant enzyme to protect the silkworm
      from various oxidative stresses.

PMID- 26969824
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26969825
TI  - Pemphigus vulgaris-associated interstitial lung disease.
AB  - Autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs)-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) is
      extremely rare. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an intraepidermal autoimmune
      blistering disease caused by circulating autoantibodies against desmoglein. To
      date, PV-associated ILD has rarely been reported in English literature. We report
      a rare association of PV and ILD. A 53-year-old Chinese female with PV for 8
      months developed ILD after a relapse of PV for 2 months due to discontinuation of
      oral prednisone by herself. She was successfully treated by systemic
      methylprednisolone. Taken previously reported bullous pemphigoid-associated ILD
      and linear IgA/IgG bullous dermatosis-associated ILD together, in general, AIBDs
      associated ILD occurs when AIBDs relapse or are not controlled, responds well to
      systemic corticosteroids, and has a relatively better prognosis when compared
      with rheumatoid arthritis- or dermatomyositis-associated ILD. 

PMID- 26969827
TI  - Cardiac Vein Accessibility According to Heart Diseases and Sex: Implications for
      Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important therapy in
      patients with heart failure (HF) and dyssynchrony. We performed the present study
      to elucidate clinical factors associated with cardiac vein accessibility.
      METHODS: In 255 consecutive patients (age, 48.7 +/- 19.4 years; male, 126),
      cardiac venography was performed during CRT implantation or an
      electrophysiological study. We measured the diameters and the proximal branching
      angles of the lateral cardiac and posterior ventricular veins. Easy accessibility
      of the cardiac vein was defined as a lumen diameter >=1.6 mm with an angle of
      >=90 degrees . We compared baseline characteristics between patients with and
      without easily accessible cardiac veins. We compared cardiac vein accessibility
      between patients with and without HF, including ischemic and nonischemic HF, and
      between males and females. RESULTS: In 189 (74.1%) patients, the cardiac veins
      were easily accessible. The cardiac veins were more easily accessible in patients
      with HF (n = 75) compared with patients without HF (n = 180; 89.3% and 67.8%,
      respectively; P < 0.001). The cardiac veins were more easily accessible in
      patients with nonischemic HF (n = 56) compared with patients with ischemic HF (n
      = 19; 96.4% and 68.4%, respectively; P = 0.003). The cardiac veins were more
      easily accessible in females compared with males (79.8% and 68.3%, respectively;
      P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Accessing the cardiac veins for CRT implantation was
      difficult in ~10% of patients with HF. Cardiac vein accessibility was high in
      patients with nonischemic HF and in females.

PMID- 26969826
TI  - Substitution of general practitioners by nurse practitioners in out-of-hours
      primary care: a quasi-experimental study.
AB  - AIM: To provide insight into the impact of substituting general practitioners
      with nurse practitioners in out-of-hours services on: (1) the number of patients;
      and (2) general practitioners' caseload (patient characteristics, urgency levels,
      types of complaints). BACKGROUND: General practitioners' workload during out-of
      hours care is high, and the number of hours they work out-of-hours has increased,
      which raises concerns about maintaining quality of care. One response to these
      challenges is shifting care to nurse practitioners. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental
      study comparing differences between and within out-of-hours teams: experimental,
      one nurse practitioner and four general practitioners; control, five general
      practitioners. METHODS: Data of 12,092 patients from one general practitioners
      cooperative were extracted from medical records between April 2011 and July 2012.
      RESULTS: The number of patients was similar in the two study arms. In the
      experimental arm, the nurse practitioner saw on average 16.3% of the patients and
      each general practitioner on average 20.9% of the patients. General practitioners
      treated more older patients; higher urgency levels; and digestive, cardiovascular
      and neurological complaints. Nurse practitioners treated more patients with skin
      and respiratory complaints. Substitution did not lead to a meaningful increase of
      general practitioners' caseload. CONCLUSION: The results show that nurse
      practitioners can make a valuable contribution to patient care during out-of
      hours. The patients managed and care provided by them is roughly the same as
      general practitioners. In areas with a shortage of general practitioners,
      administrators could consider employing nurses who are competent to independently
      treat patients with a broad range of complaints to offer timely care to patients
      with acute problems.

PMID- 26969829
TI  - Role of 5-HT1A receptor in insular cortex mediating stress - induced visceral
      sensory dysfunction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 5-HT1A receptors (HTR1As) in the insular cortex are thought to be
      related with the generation of stress-induced functional gastrointestinal
      disorders (FGIDs), but its mechanism is not clear. Visceral hypersensitivity is
      one important pathophysiological mechanism of FGIDs. This study aimed to explore
      the role of HTR1As in mediating stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity and its
      mechanism in the insular cortex. METHODS: Visceral hypersensitivity rat model was
      established by water avoidance stress (WAS) and the visceral sensitivity was
      measured by electromyogram. The activities of HTR1As were regulated by
      microinjecting the HTR1A agonist and antagonist into the insular cortex. The
      expression levels of 5-HT, HTR1A, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor subtype 2B
      (NR2B) and c-fos were observed by RT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemical
      staining. KEY RESULTS: In WAS rats, the expression levels of 5-HT and HTR1As in
      the insular cortex were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that in sham WAS and
      normal rats, but the levels of c-fos and NR2B were significantly higher (p <
      0.05). After microinjecting HTR1As agonist into the insular cortex of WAS rats,
      the visceral sensitivity and the expression levels of NR2B and c-fos in insular
      cortex significantly decreased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The HTR1As
      NR2B signal pathway of insular cortex plays an important role in regulating
      stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.

PMID- 26969830
TI  - Non-medical needs of older patients in the emergency department.
AB  - AIM: To determine the non-medical needs of older patients in the emergency
      department (ED). METHODS: We undertook a cross-sectional survey of three age
      groups (50-64, 65-79, 80+ years) using a self-administered questionnaire with
      five response options (strongly agree-strongly disagree) for 31 items. RESULTS:
      There were 548 patients enrolled. Significantly fewer older patients knew how to
      call for assistance (P < 0.01), knew how the ED works (P < 0.01), felt frightened
      by their illness (P < 0.01) or felt that the ED lights were too bright (P <
      0.03). A substantial proportion of all patients did not agree that their illness
      and/or treatment had been well explained. CONCLUSION: Older patients appear
      resilient but need to be told to call for assistance when needed, to know how to
      call for this assistance and how the ED works. Clear information regarding their
      illness and treatment should be provided, particularly to younger patients who
      may be anxious.

PMID- 26969828
TI  - Down-regulation of TRPS1 stimulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and
      metastasis through repression of FOXA1.
AB  - The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome 1 gene (TRPS1), which was initially found to
      be associated with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, is critical for the
      development and differentiation of bone, hair follicles and kidney. However, its
      role in cancer progression is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated
      that down-regulation of TRPS1 correlated with distant metastasis, tumour
      recurrence and poor survival rate in cancer patients. TRPS1 was frequently down
      regulated in high-metastatic cancer cell lines from the breast, colon and
      nasopharynx. Silencing of TRPS1 stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT), migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo, while TRPS1 over
      expression exhibited the opposite effects. Using quantitative proteomics, FOXA1,
      a negative regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), was shown to be
      down-regulated by TRPS1 knockdown. Ectopic expression of FOXA1 blocked the
      enhancement of EMT, migration and invasion induced by TRPS1 silencing.
      Mechanistically, TRPS1, acting as a transcription activator, directly induced
      FOXA1 transcription by binding to the FOXA1 promoter. We further showed that down
      regulation of TRPS1 was induced by miR-373 binding to the 3' UTR of TRPS1. Over
      expression of TRPS1, but not TRPS1 3' UTR, blocked the enhancement of migration
      and invasion induced by miR-373. Taken together, we consider that down-regulation
      of TRPS1 by miR-373, acting as a transcriptional activator, promotes EMT and
      metastasis by repressing FOXA1 transcription, expanding upon its previously
      reported role as a transcription repressor. Copyright (c) 2016 Pathological
      Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969831
TI  - Photosensitizer-Free Visible-Light-Mediated Gold-Catalyzed 1,2
      Difunctionalization of Alkynes.
AB  - Under visible-light irradiation, the gold-catalyzed intermolecular
      difunctionalization of alkynes with aryl diazonium salts in methanol affords a
      variety of alpha-aryl ketones in moderate to good yields. In contrast to previous
      reports on gold-catalyzed reactions that involve redox cycles, no external
      oxidants or photosensitizers are required. The reaction proceeds smoothly under
      mild reaction conditions and shows broad functional-group tolerance. Further
      applications of this method demonstrate the general applicability of the
      arylation of a vinyl gold intermediate instead of the commonly used
      protodemetalation step. This step provides facile access to functionalized
      products in one-pot processes. With a P,N-bidentate ligand, a stable aryl
      gold(III) species was obtained, which constitutes the first direct experimental
      evidence for the commonly postulated direct oxidative addition of an aryl
      diazonium salt to a pyridine phosphine gold(I) complex. 

PMID- 26969832
TI  - Broadband Black-Phosphorus Photodetectors with High Responsivity.
AB  - An array of black-phosphorus photodetectors with channel lengths down to 100 nm
      is fabricated, and temperature-dependent photodetection measurements from 300 K
      down to 20 K are carried out. The devices show high photoresponse in a broadband
      spectral range with a record-high photoresponsivity of 4.3 * 10(6) A W(-1) at 300
      K for the 100 nm device.

PMID- 26969833
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy type 1 presenting with asymmetric winged scapulae.

PMID- 26969834
TI  - Demodex mites in acne rosacea: reflectance confocal microscopic study.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Demodex mite density is emphasised in the
      aetiopathogenesis of acne rosacea. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) has been
      shown to be a good method for determining demodex mite density. The objective was
      to determine demodex mite density using RCM in acne rosacea patients and compare
      them with controls. METHODS: In all, 30 papulopustular rosacea (PPR) and 30
      erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR) totally 60 acne rosacea patients and 40
      controls, were enrolled in the study. The right cheek was selected for imaging
      and RCM was used for scanning. Ten images of 1000 * 1000 MUm (total 10 mm2 ) area
      were scanned from adjacent areas. The numbers of follicles, infested follicles
      and mites were counted. The mean numbers of mites per follicle and infested
      follicles were calculated and compared in the patients and control groups.
      RESULTS: The mean number of mites was 44.30 +/- 23.22 in PPR, 14.57 +/- 15.86 in
      ETR and 3.55 +/- 6.48 in the control group (P < 0.001). The mean number of mites
      per follicle was 1.77 +/- 0.90 in PPR, 0.57 +/- 0.63 in ETR and 0.13 +/- 0.23 in
      the control group (P < 0.001). The cut-off for the mean number of mites for
      determining mite infestation was 0.17 and above. CONCLUSIONS: Demodex mite
      density was markedly increased in both ETR and PPR patients. It is believed that
      the presence of demodex mites plays an important role in rosacea
      aetiopathogenesis. Demodex mite treatment may reduce the severity of the disease
      and slow its progressive nature.

PMID- 26969835
TI  - Sexual selection on skeletal shape in Carnivora.
AB  - Lifetime reproductive success of males is often dependent upon the ability to
      physically compete for mates. However, species variation in social structure
      leads to differences in the relative importance of intraspecific aggression.
      Here, we present a large comparative dataset on sexual dimorphism in skeletal
      shape in Carnivora to test the hypotheses that carnivorans exhibit sexual
      dimorphism in skeletal anatomy that is reflective of greater specialization for
      physical aggression in males relative to females and that this dimorphism is
      associated with the intensity of sexual selection. We tested these hypotheses
      using a set of functional indices predicted to improve aggressive performance.
      Our results indicate that skeletal shape dimorphism is widespread within our
      sample. Functional traits thought to enhance aggressive performance are more
      pronounced in males. Phylogenetic model selection suggests that the evolution of
      this dimorphism is driven by sexual selection, with the best-fitting model
      indicating greater dimorphism in polygynous versus nonpolygynous species.
      Skeletal shape dimorphism is correlated with body size dimorphism, a common
      indicator of the intensity of male-male competition, but not with mean body size.
      These results represent the first evidence of sexual dimorphism in the primary
      locomotor system of a large sample of mammals. 

PMID- 26969836
TI  - Stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO-metabolism by repeated lettuce juice
      consumption decreases gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients: a
      randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - AIM: This prospective, parallel group, two-armed, double-blind, placebo
      controlled randomized trial evaluated the impact of dietary nitrate consumption
      on gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Forty-four (23 test/21 placebo) periodontal recall patients with chronic
      gingivitis were enrolled. At baseline, gingival index (GI), plaque control record
      (PCR) and salivary nitrate level (SNL) were recorded, followed by sub- and
      supragingival debridement. Subsequently, participants were randomly provided with
      100 ml bottles of a lettuce juice beverage to be consumed 3* daily over 14 days,
      containing either a standardized amount of nitrate resulting in an intake of
      approximately 200 mg nitrate per day (test) or being devoid of nitrate (placebo).
      RESULTS: At baseline, mean GI, PCR and SNL did not differ significantly between
      the groups. At day 14, mean GI of the test group was significantly reduced
      compared to baseline and significantly lower (p = 0.002) than in the placebo
      group (GI 0.3 versus 0.5). Also, mean SNL in the test group was significantly
      higher than in the placebo group (54.0 MUg/ml versus 27.8 MUg/ml; p < 0.035).
      Mean PCR did not change significantly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary
      nitrate consumption may be a useful adjunct in the control of chronic gingivitis.

PMID- 26969837
TI  - Behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: Fundamental clinical issues
      associated with prediction of pathological bases.
AB  - Behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a clinical syndrome
      characterized mainly by behavioral symptoms due to frontal dysfunction. Major
      neurodegenerative bases of bvFTD include Pick's disease, frontotemporal lobar
      degeneration with trans-activation response DNA protein 43-positive inclusions,
      corticobasal degeneration, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Early
      disinhibition characterized by socially inappropriate behaviors, loss of manners,
      and impulsive, rash and careless actions is the most important clinical feature
      of bvFTD. On the other hand, it was reported that clinical presentations of some
      Alzheimer's disease cases and patients with psychiatric disorders (e.g.,
      addictive disorders, gambling disorder and kleptomania) often resemble that of
      bvFTD. Although clinical differentiation of 'true' bvFTD cases with
      frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) pathology from mimicking cases without
      it is not always easy, evaluation of the following features, which were noted in
      autopsy-confirmed FTLD cases and/or clinical bvFTD cases with circumscribed lobar
      atrophy, may often provide clues for the diagnosis. (i) The initial symptoms
      frequently develop at 65 years or younger, and (ii) 'socially inappropriate
      behaviors' can be frequently interpreted as contextually inappropriate behaviors
      prompted by environmental visual and auditory stimuli. Taking a detailed history
      usually reveals various kinds of such behaviors in various situations in everyday
      life rather than the repetition of a single kind of behavior (e.g., repeated
      shoplifting). (iii) A correlation between the distribution of cerebral atrophy
      and neurological and behavioral symptoms is usually observed, and the proportion
      of FTLD cases with right side-predominant cerebral atrophy may be higher in a
      psychiatric setting than a neurological setting. Finally, (iv) whether the
      previous course and the combination of symptoms observed at the first medical
      visit can be explained by major evolution patterns of clinical syndromes in
      pathologically confirmed FTLD cases should be considered. These views may provide
      clues to differentiate FTLD from Alzheimer's disease and to predict a subsequent
      clinical course and therapeutic interventions needed in the future. 

PMID- 26969838
TI  - Shotgun proteomic analysis of soybean embryonic axes during germination under
      salt stress.
AB  - Seed imbibition and radicle emergence are generally less affected by salinity in
      soybean than in other crop plants. In order to unveil the mechanisms underlying
      this remarkable salt tolerance of soybean at seed germination, a comparative
      label-free shotgun proteomic analysis of embryonic axes exposed to salinity
      during germination sensu stricto (GSS) was conducted. The results revealed that
      the application of 100 and 200 mmol/L NaCl stress was accompanied by significant
      changes (>2-fold, P<0.05) of 97 and 75 proteins, respectively. Most of these salt
      responsive proteins (70%) were classified into three major functional categories:
      disease/defense response, protein destination and storage and primary metabolism.
      The involvement of these proteins in salt tolerance of soybean was discussed, and
      some of them were suggested to be potential salt-tolerant proteins. Furthermore,
      our results suggest that the cross-protection against aldehydes, oxidative as
      well as osmotic stress, is the major adaptive response to salinity in soybean.

PMID- 26969840
TI  - Risk of relapse of endometrial hyperplasia is high and long-term treatment and
      follow up are recommended.

PMID- 26969839
TI  - Zonal variation in primary cilia elongation correlates with localized
      biomechanical degradation in stress deprived tendon.
AB  - Tenocytes express primary cilia, which elongate when tendon is maintained in the
      absence of biomechanical load. Previous work indicates differences in the
      morphology and metabolism of the tenocytes in the tendon fascicular matrix (FM)
      and the inter-fascicular matrix (IFM). This study tests the hypothesis that
      primary cilia in these two regions respond differently to stress deprivation and
      that this is associated with differences in the biomechanical degradation of the
      extracellular matrix. Rat tail tendon fascicles were examined over a 7-day period
      of either stress deprivation or static load. Seven days of stress deprivation
      induced cilia elongation in both regions. However, elongation was greater in the
      IFM compared to the FM. Stress deprivation also induced a loss of biomechanical
      integrity, primarily in the IFM. Static loading reduced both the biomechanical
      degradation and cilia elongation. The different responses to stress deprivation
      in the two tendon regions are likely to be important for the aetiology of
      tendinopathy. Furthermore, these data suggest that primary cilia elongate in
      response to biomechanical degradation rather than simply the removal of load.
      This response to degradation is likely to have important consequences for cilia
      signalling in tendon and as well as in other connective tissues. (c) 2016 The
      Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on
      behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 34:2146-2153, 2016.

PMID- 26969841
TI  - Systematic procedure for the classification of proven and potential teratogens
      for use in research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although there is strong evidence that some medications are
      teratogenic, the current lists of teratogens to be used in research are outdated.
      The objective of this study was to develop an updatable and systematic procedure
      to the classification of medications proven and potentially teratogenic in the
      first trimester of pregnancy, for use in research. METHODS: We developed a two
      step procedure for teratogen classification. Step 1 includes classifying the
      medications from Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: a Reference Guide to Fetal and
      Neonatal Risk (9th ed.) into two provisional lists: (1) teratogenic medications,
      and (2) potentially teratogenic medications. We also searched other references to
      add other medications. In Step 2, the Teratology Information System (TERIS)
      database was searched, and the medication was classified as teratogenic or
      potentially teratogenic according to a newly developed scheme. Expert consensus
      was used if a medication was not recorded in TERIS. RESULTS: A total of 114
      medications were identified in Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: a Reference
      Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, with 57 medications in each provisional list.
      Seventy-eight medications were identified in other sources. A total of 135
      medications were included in Step 2; the TERIS scheme classified 23 medications,
      and 112 medications required expert opinion. The two experts agreed on 78.6% of
      the medications (kappa = 0.63). We identified 91 teratogenic and 81 potentially
      teratogenic medications. CONCLUSION: Using reliable references, we established a
      systematic procedure to the classification of medications with evidence of or
      potential teratogenic risk. These exhaustive lists will be useful in teratology
      research and related fields.

PMID- 26969843
TI  - Drone based measurement system for radiofrequency exposure assessment.
AB  - For the first time, a method to assess radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field
      (EMF) exposure of the general public in real environments with a true free-space
      antenna system is presented. Using lightweight electronics and multiple antennas
      placed on a drone, it is possible to perform exposure measurements. This
      technique will enable researchers to measure three-dimensional RF-EMF exposure
      patterns accurately in the future and at locations currently difficult to access.
      A measurement procedure and appropriate measurement settings have been developed.
      As an application, outdoor measurements are performed as a function of height up
      to 60 m for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 900 MHz base station
      exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:195-199, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969842
TI  - RASA1 somatic mutation and variable expressivity in capillary
      malformation/arteriovenous malformation (CM/AVM) syndrome.
AB  - Germline mutations in RASA1 are associated with capillary malformation
      arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome. CM-AVM syndrome is characterized by
      multi-focal capillary malformations and arteriovenous malformations. Lymphatic
      anomalies have been proposed as part of the phenotype. Intrafamilial variability
      has been reported, suggesting modifiers and somatic events. The objective of the
      study was to identify somatic RASA1 "second hits" from vascular malformations
      associated with CM-AVM syndrome, and describe phenotypic variability.
      Participants were examined and phenotyped. Genomic DNA was extracted from
      peripheral blood on all participants. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the
      proband. Using Sanger sequencing, RASA1 exon 8 was PCR-amplified to track the
      c.1248T>G, p.Tyr416X germline variant through the family. A skin biopsy of a
      capillary malformation from the proband's mother was also obtained, and next
      generation sequencing was performed on DNA from the affected tissue. A familial
      germline heterozygous novel pathogenic RASA1 variant, c.1248T>G (p.Tyr416X), was
      identified in the proband and her mother. The proband had capillary
      malformations, chylothorax, lymphedema, and overgrowth, while her affected mother
      had only isolated capillary malformations. Sequence analysis of DNA extracted
      from a skin biopsy of a capillary malformation of the affected mother showed a
      second RASA1 somatic mutation (c.2245C>T, p.Arg749X). These results and the
      extreme variable expressivity support the hypothesis that somatic "second hits"
      are required for the development of vascular anomalies associated with CM-AVM
      syndrome. In addition, the phenotypes of the affected individuals further clarify
      that lymphatic manifestations are also part of the phenotypic spectrum of RASA1
      related disorders. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969844
TI  - Synthesis of Amaryllidaceae Constituents and Unnatural Derivatives.
AB  - This update covers the syntheses of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids since the
      publication of the last major review in 2008. A short summary of past syntheses
      and their step count is provided for the major constituents; pancratistatin, 7
      deoxypancratistatin, narciclasine, lycoricidine, lycorine, and for other natural
      constituents, as well as for unnatural derivatives. Discussion of biological
      activities is provided for unnatural derivatives. Future prospects and further
      developments in this area are covered at the end of the review. The literature is
      covered to the end of August 2015.

PMID- 26969845
TI  - Removal of foreign bodies in children's airways using flexible bronchoscopic CO2
      cryotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present retrospective study investigated the safety and efficacy
      of removing foreign bodies from children's airways using flexible bronchoscopic
      CO2 cryotherapy instead of traditional foreign body aspiration. METHODS: Between
      October 2012 and June 2014 in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center, we
      performed flexible bronchoscopic CO2 cryotherapy to remove foreign bodies from
      the airways of 12 children who ranged in age from 10 to 40 months and analyzed
      outcomes and complications. RESULTS: Using cryotherapy, we successfully and
      without complications removed the foreign bodies in eight of 12 children. In two
      cases, the foreign bodies were removed successfully, but cryotherapy partially
      damaged the airway mucosa, which caused partial airway obstruction because of the
      newly developed granulation tissue. We incompletely removed the foreign body in
      one case and failed to remove the foreign body in another case. No serious
      adverse reactions or complications were observed after the treatments.
      CONCLUSION: Removal of foreign bodies from children's airways using flexible
      bronchoscopic CO2 cryotherapy may be a safe, easy, and effective method. Pediatr
      Pulmonol. 2016; 51:943-949. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969847
TI  - What Proportion of Incident Radiographic Vertebral Fractures in Older Men Is
      Clinically Diagnosed and Vice Versa: A Prospective Study.
AB  - To determine the proportion of incident radiographic vertebral fractures (vfx)
      also diagnosed as incident clinical vfx in older men and vice-versa, we used data
      from 4398 community-dwelling men age >=65 years enrolled in the Osteoporotic
      Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Incident radiographic vfx were identified by
      comparing baseline and follow-up lateral thoracic and lumbar spine study films
      (average 4.6 years between films) using a semiquantitative (SQ) method and
      defined as a change in SQ reading of >=1 at a given vertebral level from baseline
      to follow-up study radiograph. Participants were contacted triannually to
      ascertain incident clinical vfx; community spinal imaging studies were obtained
      and clinical vfx were confirmed when the study radiologist determined that the
      community imaging study showed a new deformity of higher grade than was present
      in the same vertebra on the baseline study radiograph. A total of 237 incident
      radiographic vfx were identified in 197 men, whereas 31 men experienced 37
      confirmed incident clinical vfx. Of incident radiographic vfx, 13.5% were also
      clinically diagnosed as incident fractures, with clinical diagnoses made for
      16.3% of the radiographic vfx with SQ grade change >=2. Of incident clinical vfx,
      86.5% were identified as incident radiographic vfx, most of them with SQ grade
      change >=2. In summary, less than 15% of incident radiographic vfx were also
      clinically diagnosed, whereas the majority of incident clinical vfx were
      identified as severe radiographic vfx. These results in men supplement those
      previously published for women and suggest a complex relationship between
      clinical and radiographic vfx in older adults. Published 2016.(?) American
      Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 26969848
TI  - Treatment of in vitro enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection using phage
      and probiotics.
AB  - AIMS: To assay the combination of phage and probiotics against EHEC in vitro on
      infected Hep-2 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Phage and probiotics treatments on
      EHEC O157:H7-infected Hep-2 cells were assayed individually or combined. The
      effect of freeze-drying on phage and probiotic antimicrobial activity was also
      studied. While treatment with phage alone increased cell detachment caused by
      EHEC infection, the treatments with MM alone or in combination with phage proved
      to effectively diminish cell damage caused by EHEC infection. Combined treatment
      showed a decrease in apoptotic cell count of 57.3% and a reduction in EHEC
      adhesion to cell monolayer of 1.2 log CFU. The simultaneous use of phage and
      probiotics showed no antagonistic effect, and freeze-drying did not affect their
      antipathogenic activity. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of phage and probiotics has
      great potential for reducing the number of pathogens adhered to epithelial cells
      during EHEC O157:H7 infection and attenuating the cytotoxic effect derived from
      it. Further in vivo assays are needed for assessing the actual effectiveness of
      the treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study presents a freeze
      dried formulation of phage and probiotics capable of controlling EHEC infections
      and reducing epithelial cell damage in vitro.

PMID- 26969849
TI  - Feral Swine Leptospira Seroprevalence Survey in Hawaii, USA, 2007-2009.
AB  - Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread of zoonotic diseases. It was a
      notifiable disease in the United States until 1995 and was reinstated to the list
      of nationally notifiable diseases in 2014. During the time of national
      surveillance, Hawaii consistently led the nation in reported annual incidence
      rates. Leptospirosis has remained a reportable disease in Hawaii. Significant
      changes have been documented since the early 1970s in the predominant serogroup
      infecting humans in Hawaii: infections due to Icterohaemorrhagiae have declined
      while infections due to Australis have increased. A recent study from Hawaii
      demonstrated that Australis was an uncommon infecting serogroup for small mammal
      hosts. Swine have not been previously studied in Hawaii but are well-recognized
      maintenance hosts for leptospires belonging to the Australis serogroup. This
      study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of Leptospira antibody in feral
      swine in Hawaii. From January 2007 through December 2009, blood samples were
      collected opportunistically from feral swine. Using the microscopic agglutination
      test, we found antibody titres >=1 : 100 to leptospires in 272 (33.8%) of 804
      feral swine. The most frequently reacting serovars to the swine sera were
      Icterohaemorrhagiae (Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup) (41.5%) and Bratislava
      (Australis serogroup) (33.8%). The high seroprevalence and presumptively
      infecting serovars suggest a link between swine and human infection.

PMID- 26969846
TI  - Molecular genetics of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - Molecular genetic abnormalities are ubiquitous in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but
      genetic changes are not yet used to define specific lymphoma subtypes. Certain
      recurrent molecular genetic abnormalities in NHL underlie molecular pathogenesis
      and/or are associated with prognosis or represent potential therapeutic targets.
      Most molecular genetic studies of B- and T-NHL have been performed on adult
      patient samples, and the relevance of many of these findings for childhood,
      adolescent and young adult NHL remains to be demonstrated. In this review, we
      focus on NHL subtypes that are most common in young patients and emphasize
      features actually studied in younger NHL patients. This approach highlights what
      is known about NHL genetics in young patients but also points to gaps that
      remain, which will require cooperative efforts to collect and share biological
      specimens for genomic and genetic analyses in order to help predict outcomes and
      guide therapy in the future.

PMID- 26969850
TI  - Tracking changes in chromosomal arrangements and their genetic content during
      adaptation.
AB  - There is considerable evidence for an adaptive role of inversions, but how their
      genetic content evolves and affects the subsequent evolution of chromosomal
      polymorphism remains controversial. Here, we track how life-history traits,
      chromosomal arrangements and 22 microsatellites, within and outside inversions,
      change in three replicated populations of Drosophila subobscura for 30
      generations of laboratory evolution since founding from the wild. The dynamics of
      fitness-related traits indicated adaptation to the new environment concomitant
      with directional evolution of chromosomal polymorphism. Evidence of selective
      changes in frequency of inversions was obtained for seven of 23 chromosomal
      arrangements, corroborating a role for inversions in adaptation. The evolution of
      linkage disequilibrium between some microsatellites and chromosomes suggested
      that adaptive changes in arrangements involved changes in their genetic content.
      Several microsatellite alleles increased in frequency more than expected by drift
      in targeted inversions in all replicate populations. In particular, there were
      signs of selection in the O3+4 arrangement favouring a combination of alleles in
      two loci linked to the inversion and changing along with it, although the lack of
      linkage disequilibrium between these loci precludes epistatic selection. Seven
      other alleles increased in frequency within inversions more than expected by
      drift, but were not in linkage disequilibrium with them. Possibly these alleles
      were hitchhiking along with alleles under selection that were not specific to
      those inversions. Overall, the selection detected on the genetic content of
      inversions, despite limited coverage of the genome, suggests that genetic changes
      within inversions play an important role in adaptation.

PMID- 26969852
TI  - Quiet diffusion-weighted head scanning: Initial clinical evaluation in ischemic
      stroke patients at 1.5T.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the quality and diagnostic value of routine single-shot, echo
      planar imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (ss-EPI-DWI) to those of quiet readout
      segmented EPI-DWI (q-DWI) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of acute stroke.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with acute stroke underwent a 1.5T MRI
      including diffusion-weighted ss-EPI and q-DWI. The two sequences were protocolled
      to have identical spatial resolution and spatial coverage. q-DWI was tested with
      (regular q-DWI) and without (fast q-DWI) averaging in 13 patients each. The
      acoustic noise generated by each sequence was measured. Quantitative and
      qualitative assessments regarding signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise
      ratio (CNR), lesion conspicuity, level of artifacts, overall image quality as
      well as diagnostic content were performed. RESULTS: SNR and CNR values of the q
      DWI scans were considerably higher than those of ss-EPI DWI (P <= 0.0078). No
      statistical difference was found for lesion conspicuity (P >= 0.125). Statistical
      differences were found for level of artifacts (P >= 0.0078) and overall image
      quality (P >= 0.002). Both were evaluated better in the ss-EPI DWI than in the
      regular and fast q-DWI. Apart from one fast q-DWI patient, radiologists voted the
      images to have the same diagnostic content, with upper 90% confidence limits of
      0.238 for regular q-DWI and 0.429 for fast q-DWI. CONCLUSION: If the acoustic
      burden is critical to the patient, q-DWI is an equivalent quiet alternative to ss
      EPI DWI for use in stroke patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1238-1243.

PMID- 26969853
TI  - The design of a history of pharmacy course in the bachelor of pharmacy curriculum
      in the UAE experience.

PMID- 26969851
TI  - Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint
      reduction in bat wings.
AB  - Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits.
      These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape,
      thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a
      speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints.
      Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles.
      While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and
      presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been
      interpreted in phylogenetic, functional or ecological contexts. To provide this
      context, the number of joints and the presence/absence of muscles are quantified
      for 44 bat species, and are mapped phylogenetically. It is shown that, relative
      to the ancestral state, joints and muscles were lost multiple times from
      different digits and in many lineages. It is also shown that joints lacking
      flexors undergo cyclical flexion and extension, in a manner similar to that
      observed in joints with both flexors and extensors. Comparison of species with
      contrasting feeding ecologies demonstrates that species that feed primarily on
      non-mobile food (e.g. fruit) have fewer fully active joints than species that
      catch mobile prey (e.g. insects). It is hypothesized that there is a functional
      trade-off between energetic savings and maneuverability. Having fewer joints and
      muscles reduces the mass of the wing, thereby reducing the energetic requirements
      of flapping flight, and having more joints increases the assortment of possible
      3D wing shapes, thereby enhancing the range and fine control of aerodynamic force
      production and thus maneuverability.

PMID- 26969854
TI  - Diarylheptanoids Rich Fraction of Alnus nepalensis Attenuates Malaria
      Pathogenesis: In-vitro and In-vivo Study.
AB  - Diarylheptanoids from Alnus nepalensis leaves have been reported for promising
      activity against filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, and this has prompted us
      to investigate its anti-malarial and safety profile using in-vitro and in-vivo
      bioassays. A. nepalensis leaf extracts were tested in-vitro against chloroquine
      sensitive Plasmodium falciparum NF54 by measuring the parasite specific lactate
      dehydrogenase activity. Among all, the chloroform extract (ANC) has shown
      promising anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 8.06 +/- 0.26 ug/mL). HPLC analysis of
      ANC showed the presence of diarylheptanoids. Efficacy and safety of ANC were
      further validated in in-vivo system using Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria
      model and acute oral toxicity in mice. Malaria was induced by intra-peritoneal
      injection of P. berghei infected red blood cells to the female Balb/c mice. ANC
      was administered orally at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg/day following Peter's 4 day
      suppression test. Oral administration of ANC showed significant reduction of
      parasitaemia and increase in mean survival time. It also attributed to inhibition
      of the parasite induced pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as afford to
      significant increase in the blood glucose and haemoglobin level when compared
      with vehicle-treated infected mice. In-vivo safety evaluation study revealed that
      ANC is non-toxic at higher concentration. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd. 

PMID- 26969856
TI  - Counting the cost of dementia-related hospital admissions: A regional
      investigation.
AB  - AIM: At a time of increasing dementia prevalence, this research explores the cost
      of treatment and length of stay associated with the syndrome in a large regional
      hospital. METHODS: Database analysis of 4332 recorded admissions to a large
      regional Australian hospital among adults aged 55 years and older during winter
      2013 and 2014. RESULTS: Costs of hospital treatment and length of stay for people
      with a diagnosis of dementia who presented to a regional hospital were
      significantly greater than people with no diagnosis over two years. Costs were
      unrelated to age or likelihood of death in hospital. Prevalence of dementia
      admissions was low, but treated conditions indicate that the syndrome may be an
      underlying, and potentially unrecognised, factor in many admissions. CONCLUSION:
      Dementia imposes a large cost and resource burden on a regional hospital.
      Improved identification of the syndrome on admission and implementation of best
      evidence management of dementia in regional hospitals may improve care
      efficiency.

PMID- 26969857
TI  - On the Emergence of Syntactic Structures: Quantifying and Modeling Duality of
      Patterning.
AB  - The complex organization of syntax in hierarchical structures is one of the core
      design features of human language. Duality of patterning refers, for instance, to
      the organization of the meaningful elements in a language at two distinct levels:
      a combinatorial level, where meaningless forms are combined into meaningful
      forms; and a compositional level, where meaningful forms are composed into larger
      lexical units. The question remains wide open regarding how such structures could
      have emerged. The aim of this paper is to address these two aspects in a self
      consistent way. First, we introduce suitable measures to quantify the level of
      combinatoriality and compositionality in a language, and we present a framework
      to estimate these observables in human natural languages. Second, we show that a
      recently introduced multi-agent modeling scheme, namely the Blending Game,
      provides a mathematical framework to address the problem of how a population of
      individuals can bootstrap combinatoriality and compositionality. Theoretical
      predictions based on this model turn out to be in good agreement with empirical
      data. It is remarkable that the two sides of duality of patterning emerge
      simultaneously as a consequence of a pure cultural dynamics in a simulated
      environment that contains meaningful relations, provided a simple constraint on
      message transmission fidelity is also considered.

PMID- 26969855
TI  - Longitudinal study of maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and
      offspring asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sparse data are available on the relationship between prenatal
      exposures and asthma during later childhood. In a longitudinal study of
      adolescents and their mothers, we examined the association of (i) maternal
      prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and (ii) gestational weight gain (GWG), with
      incidence of allergic and nonallergic asthma in offspring. METHODS: Analyses were
      conducted using data from 12 963 children aged 9-14 years at enrolment in the
      Growing Up Today Study, and their mothers, who are participants in the Nurses'
      Health Study II. Physician-diagnosed asthma and allergies were assessed by
      questionnaires sent regularly to participants and their mothers. Logistic
      regression was used to evaluate associations of maternal BMI and GWG with
      offspring asthma, overall and by subtype. RESULTS: Physician-diagnosed asthma
      during childhood or adolescence was reported by 2694 children (21%). Maternal
      prepregnancy overweight (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03-1.38) and obesity (1.34, 1.08
      1.68) were associated with offspring asthma. In asthma subtype analyses, the
      association was seen only for asthma onset before age 12 years. Moreover, the
      association of maternal obesity with nonallergic asthma was observed in boys
      (2.39, 1.40-4.09) and not in girls (0.96, 0.50-1.85; Pinteraction = 0.03); the
      opposite pattern was suggested for allergic asthma. With regard to GWG, an
      association was suggested between gains of <15 lb and higher risk of offspring
      asthma (1.28, 0.98-1.66), without clear allergy- or sex-related patterns.
      CONCLUSION: The relation of several prenatal factors to risk of childhood asthma
      supports the early origins hypothesis for asthma. The observed allergy- and sex
      specific patterns suggest multiple etiologic pathways.

PMID- 26969858
TI  - PALM-COEIN Nomenclature for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding.
AB  - Approximately 30% of women will experience abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) during
      their life time. Previous terms defining AUB have been confusing and imprecisely
      applied. As a consequence, both clinical management and research on this common
      problem have been negatively impacted. In 2011, the International Federation of
      Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Menstrual Disorders Group (FMDG) published PALM
      COEIN, a new classification system for abnormal bleeding in the reproductive
      years. Terms such as menorrhagia, menometrorrhagia, metrorrhagia, dysfunctional
      uterine bleeding, polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and uterine hemorrhage are no
      longer recommended. The PALM-COEIN system was developed to standardize
      nomenclature to describe the etiology and severity of AUB. A brief description of
      the PALM-COEIN nomenclature is presented as well as treatment options for each
      etiology. Clinicians will frequently encounter women with AUB and should report
      findings utilizing the PALM-COEIN system. 

PMID- 26969859
TI  - Assessing Risk in Graphically Presented Financial Series.
AB  - It has been argued that traders use their natural sensitivity to the fractal
      properties of price graphs to assess risk and that they are better able to do
      this when given price change as well as price level information. This approach
      implies that risk assessments should be higher when the Hurst exponents are
      lower, that this relationship should be stronger in the presence of price change
      information and that risk assessment should depend more strongly on the Hurst
      exponent than on the standard deviation of the series. Participants in Experiment
      1 decided which of two assets was riskier by inspecting graphs of their price
      series. Graphs with lower Hurst exponents were selected only by those who were
      less emotionally stable and hence more sensitive to risk. However, when both
      price series and price change series were presented, the assets with lower Hurst
      exponents were selected by all participants. In a second experiment, participants
      were given both price level and price change series for a number of assets and
      rated the risk of trading in each one. Ratings depended more strongly on Hurst
      exponents than on other measures of volatility. They also depended on indicators
      of potential loss. Human risk assessment deviates from the way that risk is
      measured in modern finance theory: it requires integration of information
      relevant to both uncertainty and loss aversion, thereby imposing high attentional
      demands on traders. These demands may impair risk assessment but they can be
      eased by adding displays of price change information.

PMID- 26969860
TI  - Ultralight Interconnected Metal Oxide Nanotube Networks.
AB  - Record-breaking ultralow density aluminum oxide structures are prepared using a
      novel templating technique. The alumina structures are unique in that they are
      comprised by highly aligned and interconnected nanotubes yielding anisotropic
      behavior. Large-scale network structures with complex form-factors can easily be
      made using this technique. The application of the low density networks as
      humidity sensing materials as well as thermal insulation is demonstrated.

PMID- 26969861
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26969862
TI  - Binary sensitivity of theta activity for gain and loss when monitoring parametric
      prediction errors.
AB  - Several theories have been proposed to account for the medial frontal activity
      that is elicited during the evaluation of outcomes. Respectively, these theories
      claim that the medial frontal response reflects (i) the absolute deviation
      between the value of an outcome and its expected value (i.e. an absolute
      prediction error); (ii) the deviation between actual and expected outcomes, with
      a specific sensitivity to outcomes that are worse than expected (i.e. a negative
      prediction error); (iii) a binary evaluation in terms of good and bad outcomes.
      In the current electroencephalography study, participants were presented with
      cues that induced specific predictions for the values of trial outcomes (a gain
      or loss of points). The actual outcomes occasionally deviated from the predicted
      values, producing prediction errors with parametrically varying size. Analysis of
      the medial frontal theta activity in response to the outcomes demonstrated a
      specific sensitivity to the occurrence of a loss of points when a gain had been
      predicted. However, the absolute deviation with respect to the predicted value
      did not modulate the theta response. This finding is consistent with the idea
      that outcome monitoring activity measured over medial frontal cortex is sensitive
      to the binary distinction between good and bad outcomes.

PMID- 26969863
TI  - Neural correlates of individual differences in anxiety sensitivity: an fMRI study
      using semantic priming.
AB  - Individuals with high anxiety sensitivity (AS) have an increased risk of
      developing anxiety disorders and are more biased in how they process fear-related
      stimuli. This study investigates the neural correlates of fear-related words and
      word associations in high- and low-AS individuals. We used a semantic priming
      paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging in which three types of
      target words (fear symptoms, e.g. 'dizziness'; neutral, e.g. 'drink'; and
      pseudowords, e.g. 'salkom') were preceded by two types of prime words (fear
      triggers, e.g. 'elevator'; and neutral, e.g. 'bottle'). Subjects with high AS
      rated fear-symptom words (vs neutral words) as more unpleasant than low-AS
      individuals; they also related these words more strongly to fear-triggers and
      showed prolonged reaction times. During the processing of fear-symptom words,
      greater activation in the left anterior insula was observed in high-AS subjects
      than in low-AS subjects. Lower activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus,
      angular gyrus, fusiform gyrus and bilateral amygdalae was found in high-AS
      subjects when fear-symptom words were preceded by fear-trigger words. The
      findings suggest that cognitive biases and the anterior insula play a crucial
      role in high-AS individuals. Furthermore, semantic processes may contribute to
      high AS and the risk of developing anxiety disorders.

PMID- 26969866
TI  - Shared neural basis of social and non-social reward deficits in chronic cocaine
      users.
AB  - Changed reward functions have been proposed as a core feature of stimulant
      addiction, typically observed as reduced neural responses to non-drug-related
      rewards. However, it was unclear yet how specific this deficit is for different
      types of non-drug rewards arising from social and non-social reinforcements. We
      used functional neuroimaging in cocaine users to investigate explicit social
      reward as modeled by agreement of music preferences with music experts. In
      addition, we investigated non-social reward as modeled by winning desired music
      pieces. The study included 17 chronic cocaine users and 17 matched stimulant
      naive healthy controls. Cocaine users, compared with controls, showed blunted
      neural responses to both social and non-social reward. Activation differences
      were located in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex overlapping for both reward
      types and, thus, suggesting a non-specific deficit in the processing of non-drug
      rewards. Interestingly, in the posterior lateral orbitofrontal cortex, social
      reward responses of cocaine users decreased with the degree to which they were
      influenced by social feedback from the experts, a response pattern that was
      opposite to that observed in healthy controls. The present results suggest that
      cocaine users likely suffer from a generalized impairment in value representation
      as well as from an aberrant processing of social feedback.

PMID- 26969865
TI  - Theory of mind for processing unexpected events across contexts.
AB  - Theory of mind, or mental state reasoning, may be particularly useful for making
      sense of unexpected events. Here, we investigated unexpected behavior across both
      social and non-social contexts in order to characterize the precise role of
      theory of mind in processing unexpected events. We used functional magnetic
      resonance imaging to examine how people respond to unexpected outcomes when
      initial expectations were based on (i) an object's prior behavior, (ii) an
      agent's prior behavior and (iii) an agent's mental states. Consistent with prior
      work, brain regions for theory of mind were preferentially recruited when people
      first formed expectations about social agents vs non-social objects. Critically,
      unexpected vs expected outcomes elicited greater activity in dorsomedial
      prefrontal cortex, which also discriminated in its spatial pattern of activity
      between unexpected and expected outcomes for social events. In contrast, social
      vs non-social events elicited greater activity in precuneus across both expected
      and unexpected outcomes. Finally, given prior information about an agent's
      behavior, unexpected vs expected outcomes elicited an especially robust response
      in right temporoparietal junction, and the magnitude of this difference across
      participants correlated negatively with autistic-like traits. Together, these
      findings illuminate the distinct contributions of brain regions for theory of
      mind for processing unexpected events across contexts.

PMID- 26969867
TI  - Realistic aortic phantom to study hemodynamics using MRI and cardiac
      catheterization in normal and aortic coarctation conditions.
AB  - PURPOSE: To design and characterize a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible
      aortic phantom simulating normal and aortic coarctation (AoCo) conditions and to
      compare its hemodynamics with healthy volunteers and AoCo patients. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The phantom is composed of an MRI-compatible pump, control unit, aortic
      model, compliance chamber, nonreturn, and shutoff valves. The phantom without and
      with AoCo (13, 11, and 9 mm) was studied using 2D and 3D phase-contrast data and
      with a catheterization unit to measure pressures. The phantom data were compared
      with the mean values of 10 healthy volunteers and two AoCo patients. RESULTS:
      Hemodynamic parameters in the normal phantom and healthy volunteers were: heart
      rate: 68/61 bpm, cardiac output: 3.5/4.5 L/min, peak flow and peak velocity
      (Vpeak) in the ascending aorta (AAo): 270/357 mL/s (significantly, P < 0.05) and
      97/107 cm/s (not significantly, P = 0.16), and pressure in the AAo of the normal
      phantom of 131/58 mmHg. Hemodynamic parameters in the 13, 11, and 9 mm
      coarctation phantoms and Patients 1 and 2 were: heart rate: 75/75/75/97/78 bpm,
      cardiac output: 3.3/3.0/2.9/4.0/5.8 L/min, peak flow in the AAo:
      245/265/215/244/376 mL/s, Vpeak in the AAo: 96/95/81/196/187 cm/s, Vpeak after
      the AoCo: 123/187/282/247/165 cm/s, pressure in the AAo: 124/56, 127/51, 133/50,
      120/51 and 87/39 mmHg, and a trans-coarctation systolic pressure gradient: 7, 10,
      30, 20, and 11 mmHg. CONCLUSION: We propose and characterize a normal and an AoCo
      phantom, whose hemodynamics, including velocity, flow, and pressure data are
      within the range of healthy volunteers and patients with AoCo. J. Magn. Reson.
      Imaging 2016;44:683-697.

PMID- 26969864
TI  - Opposing effects of negative emotion on amygdalar and hippocampal memory for
      items and associations.
AB  - Although negative emotion can strengthen memory of an event it can also result in
      memory disturbances, as in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We examined the
      effects of negative item content on amygdalar and hippocampal function in memory
      for the items themselves and for the associations between them. During fMRI, we
      examined encoding and retrieval of paired associates made up of all four
      combinations of neutral and negative images. At test, participants were cued with
      an image and, if recognised, had to retrieve the associated (target) image. The
      presence of negative images increased item memory but reduced associative memory.
      At encoding, subsequent item recognition correlated with amygdala activity, while
      subsequent associative memory correlated with hippocampal activity. Hippocampal
      activity was reduced by the presence of negative images, during encoding and
      correct associative retrieval. In contrast, amygdala activity increased for
      correctly retrieved negative images, even when cued by a neutral image. Our
      findings support a dual representation account, whereby negative emotion up
      regulates the amygdala to strengthen item memory but down-regulates the
      hippocampus to weaken associative representations. These results have
      implications for the development and treatment of clinical disorders in which
      diminished associations between emotional stimuli and their context contribute to
      negative symptoms, as in PTSD.

PMID- 26969868
TI  - Transfusion in children: epidemiology and 10-year survival of transfusion
      recipients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of blood transfusion in children:
      including the incidence of transfusion, the diagnoses leading to transfusion,
      donor exposure (DE) and post-transfusion survival. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The
      Epidemiology and Survival of Transfusion Recipients (EASTR) Study was a multi
      centre epidemiological study with prospective survival monitoring. Cross
      sectional sampling of adult and paediatric transfusion recipients in 29 hospitals
      was used to select three separate cohorts of red cell (RBC), platelet (PLT) and
      fresh frozen plasma (FFP) recipients between October 2001 and September 2002.
      This paper presents the analysis of results for children <16 years. RESULTS:
      Children <16 years comprised 449 (5%) of the RBC, 362 (9%) of the FFP and 452
      (13%) of the PLT recipients. In children 54% of RBC, 63% FFP and 45% PLT
      recipients were under 1 year of age and 57% RBC, 60% FFP and 52% PLT were male.
      Median (IQR) DEduring the study year was 3(2-8); 5(2-13) and 11(6-21) in the RBC,
      FFP and PLT cohorts, respectively. A total of 20% of RBC, 31% of FFP and 54% of
      PLT recipients had been exposed to >10 donors. Perinatal conditions were the
      commonest indication for transfusion in the RBC (36%) and FFP (44%) cohorts and
      comprised 31% of the PLT cohort. Medical conditions (48%), predominantly
      malignancy (33%), were the most frequent indication in the PLT cohort. The 10
      year (95% CI) survival rates were 81% (77-85%), 72% (67-76%) and 71% (66-75%)for
      RBC, FFP and PLT cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Around half of paediatric
      transfusion recipients are under 1 year of age. Exposure to components from
      multiple donors is common. At least 70% of paediatric recipients are long
      survivors and are at risk for late complications of transfusion.

PMID- 26969869
TI  - Salvage transoral laser microsurgery for recurrent glottic carcinoma after
      primary laser-assisted treatment: Analysis of prognostic factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment for local glottic cancer recurrences after primary
      transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) has not been standardized. METHODS: In 33
      consecutive cases of salvage TLM after laser surgery for early glottic carcinoma
      failed, we retrospectively considered the potential clinicopathological
      prognostic factors in univariate statistical setting. RESULTS: Patient age <65
      years and pathological involvement of the deep margins were associated with a
      higher second recurrence rate and shorter disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: The
      age of the patient and the pathological status of surgical margins after salvage
      TLM could be useful for planning a closer endoscopic/radiological follow-up in
      selected patients at high risk of recurrence. Other appropriately designed
      studies are needed to see if an open surgical approach should be considered for
      younger patients (<65 years old) with recurrent glottic carcinoma after primary
      TLM. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1043-1049, 2016.

PMID- 26969871
TI  - Two fluoroquinolones and their combinations with hyaluronan: comparison of
      effects on canine chondrocyte culture.
AB  - Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are frequently used for septic arthritis. Increased
      antibacterial activity has been associated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity that
      may increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis. This study compared the
      direct effects of two different FQs, enrofloxacin (Enro) and marbofloxacin (Mar),
      on normal primary canine chondrocytes and inflammatory-stimulated chondrocytes,
      in addition to their administration in combination with hyaluronan (HA). Cell
      viability, cell apoptosis, s-GAG production, and expression patterns of
      inflammatory, extracellular matrix (ECM) component and protease genes were
      measured. Enro co-culturing with HA could modify s-GAG synthesis compared with
      the negative control group. Co-treatment with both FQs and HA significantly
      decreased cell viability and induced more total apoptotic cell death compared
      with the negative control and pre-IL-1beta-stimulated group. Enro regulated IL
      1beta-stimulated cells to overexpress IL-1beta, TNF, and MMP3, whereas Mar
      induced upregulation of PTGS2 and NFKB1 and enhanced the expression of ECM
      component genes HAS1, COL2A1, and ACAN as well as TIMP1 and MMP9. Simultaneous
      use of HA with Enro can effectively reduce the expression of IL-1beta, TNF, and
      MMP3 in pre-IL-1beta-stimulated chondrocytes. These results suggest the
      beneficial effects of HA in reducing the adverse effects of Enro treatment at the
      transcriptional level. 

PMID- 26969870
TI  - Idiopathic histaminergic angioedema without wheals: a case series of 31 patients.
AB  - Idiopathic histaminergic acquired angioedema (IH-AAE) is a common cause of
      recurrent angioedema without wheals. It is a mast cell-mediated disease thought
      to belong to the same clinical entity as chronic urticaria (CU). The objective of
      this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of IH
      AAE patients. From 2014 to 2015, 534 patients were seen at our national reference
      centre for angioedema and/or urticaria. Among them, we identified 31 patients
      with idiopathic histaminergic acquired angioedema without wheals (IH-AAE). Thirty
      one patients (15 men and 16 women) with a mean age of 50 years met the criteria
      for IH-AAE. The average delay in diagnosis was 6.3 years. A history of allergy
      was found in 12 patients (38.7%), nine suffering from allergic rhinitis. The mean
      duration of attacks was 28.1 h. The AE attack was located in the upper
      respiratory tract in 54.8% of cases (17 patients). A lingual location was found
      in 29% of patients. Men were more likely than women to have an upper airway
      involvement. No intubations or admissions to intensive care units were reported.
      The dosage of anti-histamines to control the symptoms was onefold the recommended
      dose in 51.6% of patients (16 patients), twofold in 32% (10 patients) and three
      fourfold in 16.1% (five patients). IH-AAE is characterized by an important delay
      in diagnosis, a frequent involvement of the upper airway and a benign course
      during attacks. As in CU, a trial of up to fourfold dose of H1-anti-histamines
      may be necessary to control symptoms. 

PMID- 26969872
TI  - Mother's smoking and complex lung function of offspring in middle age: A cohort
      study from childhood.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Existing evidence that supports maternal smoking to be
      a potential risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for
      adult offspring has barely been mentioned in major guideline documents,
      suggesting a need for more robust and consistent data. We aimed to examine
      whether such early life exposure can predispose to COPD in middle age, possibly
      through its interaction with personal smoking. METHODS: The fifth-decade follow
      up of the Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study cohort, which was first studied in
      1968 (n = 8583), included a 2004 postal survey (n = 5729 responses) and
      subsequent laboratory attendance (n = 1389) for comprehensive lung function
      testing between 2006 and 2008. Multivariable linear and logistic regression
      models included sampling weights. RESULTS: Post-bronchodilator airflow
      obstruction (less than fifth percentile) was detected for 9.3% (n = 123) of
      middle-aged offspring. Its association with heavy maternal smoking (>20
      cigarettes/day) during childhood was 2.7-fold higher than for those without
      exposure (95% confidence interval [1.3, 5.7] P = 0.009). Maternal smoking per se
      approximately doubled the adverse effect of personal smoking on gas transfer
      factor (z-score -0.46 [-0.6 to -0.3] vs -0.25 [-0.4 to -0.1], P[interaction] =
      0.048) and was paradoxically associated with reduced residual volumes for non
      smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy maternal smoking during childhood appears to
      predispose to spirometrically defined COPD. The interplay between maternal and
      personal smoking on gas transfer factor suggests that early life exposure
      increases an individual's susceptibility to adult smoking exposure. These
      findings provide further evidence to suggest that maternal smoking might be a
      risk factor for COPD and reinforce the public health message advocating smoking
      abstinence.

PMID- 26969874
TI  - Counties eliminating racial disparities in colorectal cancer mortality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates are declining,
      racial-ethnic disparities in CRC mortality nationally are widening. Herein, the
      authors attempted to identify county-level variations in this pattern, and to
      characterize counties with improving disparity trends. METHODS: The authors
      examined 20-year trends in US county-level black-white disparities in CRC age
      adjusted mortality rates during the study period between 1989 and 2010. Using a
      mixed linear model, counties were grouped into mutually exclusive patterns of
      black-white racial disparity trends in age-adjusted CRC mortality across 20 three
      year rolling average data points. County-level characteristics from census data
      and from the Area Health Resources File were normalized and entered into a
      principal component analysis. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to
      test the relation between these factors (clusters of related contextual
      variables) and the disparity trend pattern group for each county. RESULTS:
      Counties were grouped into 4 disparity trend pattern groups: 1) persistent
      disparity (parallel black and white trend lines); 2) diverging (widening
      disparity); 3) sustained equality; and 4) converging (moving from disparate
      outcomes toward equality). The initial principal component analysis clustered the
      82 independent variables into a smaller number of components, 6 of which
      explained 47% of the county-level variation in disparity trend patterns.
      CONCLUSIONS: County-level variation in social determinants, health care
      workforce, and health systems all were found to contribute to variations in
      cancer mortality disparity trend patterns from 1990 through 2010. Counties
      sustaining equality over time or moving from disparities to equality in cancer
      mortality suggest that disparities are not inevitable, and provide hope that more
      communities can achieve optimal and equitable cancer outcomes for all. Cancer
      2016;122:1735-48. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26969873
TI  - Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Asthma Model Occurs Independently of Secretion of
      beta1 Integrins in Airway Wall and Focal Adhesions Proteins Down Regulation.
AB  - The extracellular domains of some membrane proteins can be shed from the cell. A
      similar phenomenon occurs with beta1 integrins (alpha1beta1 and alpha2beta1) in
      guinea pig. The putative role of beta1 integrin subunit alterations due to
      shedding in airway smooth muscle (ASM) in an allergic asthma model was evaluated.
      Guinea pigs were sensitized and challenged with antigen. Antigenic challenges
      induced bronchoobstruction and hyperresponsiveness at the third antigenic
      challenge. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectronmicroscopy studies showed that
      the cytosolic and extracellular domains of the beta1 integrin subunit shared the
      same distribution in airway structures in both groups. Various polypeptides with
      similar molecular weights were detected with both the cytosolic and extracellular
      beta1 integrin subunit antibodies in isolated airway myocytes and the connective
      tissue that surrounds the ASM bundle. Flow cytometry and Western blot studies
      showed that the expression of cytosolic and extracellular beta1 integrin subunit
      domains in ASM was similar between groups. An increment of ITGB1 mRNA in ASM was
      observed in the asthma model group. RACE-PCR of ITGB1 in ASM did not show
      splicing variants. The expression levels of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and
      paxillin diminished in the asthma model, but not talin. The levels of
      phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) at Thr(696)
      increased in asthma model. Our work suggests that beta1 integrin is secreted in
      guinea pig airway wall. This secretion is not altered in asthma model;
      nevertheless, beta1 integrin cytodomain assembly proteins in focal cell adhesions
      in which ILK and paxillin are involved are altered in asthma model. J. Cell.
      Biochem. 117: 2385-2396, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969875
TI  - Rheological properties and bread quality of frozen yeast-dough with added wheat
      fiber.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rheological characteristics of frozen dough are of great
      importance in bread-making quality. The effect of addition of commercial wheat
      aleurone and bran on rheological properties and final bread quality of frozen
      dough was studied. Wheat aleurone (A) and bran (B) containing 240 g kg-1 and 200
      g kg-1 arabinoxylan (AX), respectively, were incorporated into refined wheat
      flour at 150 g kg-1 substitution level (composite A and B, respectively). Dough
      samples of composite A and B in addition to two reference dough samples, refined
      flour (ref A) and whole wheat flour (ref B) were stored at -18 degrees C for 9
      weeks. RESULT: Frozen stored composite dough samples contained higher amounts of
      bound water, less freezable water and exhibited fewer modifications in gluten
      network during frozen storage based on data from differential scanning
      calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bread made from
      composite frozen dough had higher loaf volume compared to ref A or ref B
      throughout the storage period. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of wheat fiber into
      refined wheat flour produced dough with minimum alterations in its rheological
      properties during 9 weeks of frozen storage compared to refined and 100% wheat
      flour dough samples. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 26969876
TI  - Prognostic effects of TERT promoter mutations are enhanced by coexistence with
      BRAF or RAS mutations and strengthen the risk prediction by the ATA or TNM
      staging system in differentiated thyroid cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that mutations in the promoter of the gene
      encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) affect thyroid cancer outcomes.
      METHODS: In all, 551 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) enrolled
      in this study. The median follow-up duration was 4.8 years (interquartile range,
      3.4-10.6 years). RESULTS: TERT promoter mutations were detected in 25 DTCs
      (4.5%): 2.8% in neither BRAF-mutated nor RAS-mutated tumors, 4.8% in BRAF-mutated
      tumors, and 11.3% in RAS-mutated tumors. Moreover, they were frequently observed
      in American Thyroid Association (ATA) high-risk and TNM stage III/IV groups (9.1%
      and 12.9%, respectively). The coexistence of BRAF or RAS with TERT promoter
      mutations increased aggressive clinicopathologic features, recurrence (hazard
      ratio [HR] for BRAF, 4.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-15.18; HR for RAS,
      5.36; 95% CI, 1.20-24.02), and mortality (HR for BRAF, 15.13; 95% CI, 1.55
      148.23; HR for RAS, 14.75; 95% CI, 1.30-167.00), even after adjustments for the
      age at diagnosis and sex, although the significance was lost after additional
      adjustments for pathologic characteristics. Furthermore, TERT promoter mutations
      significantly increased the risk of both recurrence and mortality in the ATA high
      risk (HR for recurrence, 5.79; 95% CI, 2.07-16.18; HR for mortality, 16.16; 95%
      CI, 2.10-124.15) and TNM stage III/IV groups (HR for recurrence, 3.60; 95% CI,
      1.19-10.85; HR for mortality, 9.06; 95% CI, 2.09-39.26). CONCLUSIONS: The
      coexistence of BRAF or RAS mutations enhanced the prognostic effects of TERT
      promoter mutations. Furthermore, TERT promoter mutations strengthened the
      predictions of mortality and recurrence by the ATA and TNM staging systems,
      particularly for high-risk patients with DTC. Cancer 2016;122:1370-1379. (c) 2016
      American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26969877
TI  - Occupational fatalities among young workers in the United States: 2001-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While adolescent workers in the United States (US) are protected by
      child labor laws, they continue to suffer fatal occupational injuries. This study
      was designed to provide a comprehensive profile of occupational fatalities among
      this sub-population of US workers. METHODS: Using Census of Fatal Occupational
      Injuries data between 2001 and 2012, we calculated descriptive statistics and
      rates to examine the magnitude and nature of fatalities among workers under age
      18. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 406 fatalities among young
      workers which translated into 24,790 years of potential life lost; 12,241 of
      which were in agriculture alone. Rates declined since 2001 yet Hispanics, foreign
      born workers, males, and those working in agriculture continued to suffer a
      disproportionate fatality burden. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to reduce young worker
      fatalities should focus on male Hispanics, particularly those who are foreign
      born, as well as agricultural workers as these groups have the greatest fatality
      risks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:445-452, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969878
TI  - Hypoglycemia associated with refeeding syndrome in a cat.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and biochemical abnormalities
      occurring during the successful treatment of refeeding syndrome in a cat. CASE
      SUMMARY: A 2-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented after having
      been missing for 12 weeks. The cat had clinical signs of severe starvation.
      Common complications developed during refeeding (eg, hypophosphatemia,
      hypokalemia, and hemolytic anemia). The cat also developed hypoglycemia, a
      complication common in people but not previously reported in a cat. Hypoglycemia
      and electrolyte deficiencies were managed with intravenous supplementation. The
      cat was successfully treated and was discharged alive 7 days after presentation.
      NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Hypoglycemia has not been reported previously
      as a complication of refeeding in a cat. Frequent monitoring of electrolyte,
      mineral, and blood glucose concentrations is essential to successful management
      of refeeding syndrome. The ideal refeeding strategy is unknown at this time.
      Evidence suggests that a diet low in carbohydrate decreases the likelihood of
      metabolic derangements commonly associated with refeeding.

PMID- 26969879
TI  - Intractable leg ulcers in Blau syndrome.

PMID- 26969880
TI  - Perineal stapled prolapse resection for full-thickness external rectal prolapse:
      a multicentre prospective study.
AB  - AIM: Many different surgical techniques have been reported for the surgical
      treatment of full-thickness external rectal prolapse. Perianal stapled prolapse
      resection (PSP) is a relatively newly reported technique for full thickness
      external rectal prolapse. The aim of this prospective multicentre study was to
      evaluate the results of this procedure. METHOD: Consecutive patients who
      underwent a PSP resection for full-thickness external rectal prolapse at five
      centres were recruited to the study. Median operating time, hospital stay,
      complications, recurrence and functional results according to the Wexner
      Incontinence Scale and obstructive defaecation syndrome score were recorded.
      RESULTS: There were 27 patients treated by PSP. The median Wexner incontinence
      score improved from 10 presurgery to 5 after surgery (P < 0.001); the median
      obstructed defaecation syndrome score improved from 12 presurgery to 5 (range 4
      10) after surgery (P < 0.001). A laparoscopically assisted procedure was
      performed in three patients (11.1%). The median number of cartridges used was six
      (range four to nine). The median operating time was 48 min. Early complications
      occurred in six patients (22.2%) and late complications in two (7.4%). The median
      length of hospital stay was 5 days. The recurrence rate at a median follow-up of
      30.3 months was 14.8%. CONCLUSION: PSP appears to be an easy, fast and safe
      procedure. Early functional results are good. The recurrence rate compares
      favourably with other perineal procedures like the Delorme or the Altemeier
      operations. Long-term functional results need to be investigated further.

PMID- 26969881
TI  - Factors affecting optimal nutrition and hydration for people living in
      specialised dementia care units: A qualitative study of staff caregivers'
      perceptions.
AB  - AIM: To explore the perceptions of staff caregivers regarding factors affecting
      optimal nutrition and hydration for individuals living in Specialised Dementia
      Care Units in New Zealand. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive study using a semi
      structured interview approach with 11 staff caregivers at two Specialised
      Dementia Care Units. Data were analysed using a general inductive approach.
      RESULTS: Two main themes were identified. The first theme 'It's about the
      individual' encompassed individual factors such as appetite, food appeal, and
      cognitive and functional abilities. The second theme 'It's about the environment'
      encompassed factors relating to the dining environment, the social aspects to
      dining and the provision of support with mealtime activities. CONCLUSIONS:
      Factors affecting nutrition and hydration in people living with dementia are
      complex and inter-related. Organisations providing specialised dementia care,
      their staff and foodservice providers should focus on both the individual and
      environment to ensure optimal nutrition and hydration for the people in their
      care.

PMID- 26969882
TI  - Aldo-keto reductase 1B10 protects human colon cells from DNA damage induced by
      electrophilic carbonyl compounds.
AB  - Electrophilic carbonyl compounds are highly cytotoxic and genotoxic. Aldo-keto
      reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10) is an enzyme catalyzing reduction of carbonyl compounds
      to less toxic alcoholic forms. This study presents novel evidence that AKR1B10
      protects colon cells from DNA damage induced by electrophilic carbonyl compounds.
      AKR1B10 is specifically expressed in epithelial cells of the human colon, but
      this study found that AKR1B10 expression was lost or markedly diminished in
      colorectal cancer, precancerous tissues, and a notable portion of normal adjacent
      tissues (NAT). SiRNA-mediated silencing of AKR1B10 in colon cancer cells HCT-8
      enhanced cytotoxicity of acrolein and HNE, whereas ectopic expression of AKR1B10
      in colon cancer cells RKO prevented the host cells against carbonyl cytotoxicity.
      Furthermore, siRNA-mediated AKR1B10 silencing led to DNA breaks and activation of
      gamma-H2AX protein, a marker of DNA double strand breaks, particularly in the
      exposure of HNE (10 MUM). In the AKR1B10 silenced HCT-8 cells, hypoxanthine
      guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutant frequency increased by 26.8
      times at basal level and by 33.5 times in the presence of 10 MUM HNE when
      compared to vector control cells. In these cells, the cyclic acrolein
      deoxyguanosine adducts levels were increased by over 10 times. These findings
      were confirmed by pharmacological inhibition of AKR1B10 activity by Epalrestat.
      Taken together, these data suggest that AKR1B10 is a critical protein that
      protects host cells from DNA damage induced by electrophilic carbonyl compounds.
      AKR1B10 deficiency in the colon may be an important pathogenic factor in disease
      progression and carcinogenesis. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969883
TI  - Necrotizing myopathy: An uncommon initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency
      virus.

PMID- 26969884
TI  - Lessons learned about the dissemination of motivational interviewing.

PMID- 26969885
TI  - Conditional Release Placements of Insanity Acquittees in Oregon: 2012-2014.
AB  - Between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2014, there was a large population (N =
      200) of insanity acquittees placed on conditional release (CR) in the state of
      Oregon. This article looks at the demographic and system characteristics of this
      large group of individuals. The authors then focus on the initial housing
      placement and what happens to individuals after their release in relation to
      their housing placement. In Oregon, insanity acquittees are either conditionally
      released directly by the court or placed in the hospital prior to potential CR by
      a supervising board. In general, once CR occurs, individuals tend to stay in
      their initial placement without moving to less structured levels of care, raising
      concerns about transinstitutionalization. This is especially true for individuals
      released to the most structured living arrangement (secure residential treatment
      facility). Those individuals who are conditionally released to less structured
      settings have a higher rate of revocation back to the hospital. Those individuals
      who do move to less structured levels of care usually have longer hospital stays
      and start off in more structured levels of care to start their CR. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 26969886
TI  - Ingenol mebutate gel for the treatment of Bowen's disease: a case report of three
      patients.
AB  - We report three Bowen's disease (BD) cases treated with ingenol mebutate (IM), a
      novel topical chemotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of actinic
      keratosis (AK) that is available in two doses: 0.015% and 0.05%. Three women
      diagnosed with BD exhibited a positive response after 2 or 3 day period of IM
      treatment, depending on lesion location. In the three cases, clinical resolution
      was observed 4 or 9 weeks posttreatment, and was confirmed with histopathology.
      Local skin reactions were common the first week after treatment but they resolved
      spontaneously. In our opinion these cases, along with another case reported in
      Germany, support the concept of commencing of clinical trials using IM on
      patients with BD. 

PMID- 26969888
TI  - Plant biotic Interactions.

PMID- 26969887
TI  - Effectiveness and safety of silodosin in the treatment of lower urinary tract
      symptoms in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: A European phase IV
      clinical study (SiRE study).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefit-risk balance of silodosin in a real-life
      setting of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients with lower urinary tract
      symptoms. METHODS: A phase IV trial including men aged >=60 years with a clinical
      diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia with an International Prostate Symptom
      Score >=12 was carried out. Patients received silodosin 8 mg for 24 weeks. The
      primary end-point was a decrease >=25% in the total International Prostate
      Symptom Score. Secondary end-points were: changes in total, storage and voiding,
      and quality of life International Prostate Symptom Scores; changes in the
      International Continence Society-male questionnaire; changes in the
      frequency/volume chart; and satisfaction according to the Patient Perception of
      Study Medication questionnaire. Treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded.
      RESULTS: Overall, 1036 patients were enrolled. Of these, 766 patients (77.1%) had
      a decrease >=25% in the total International Prostate Symptom Score. The mean
      total International Prostate Symptom Score, and storage and voiding symptoms
      subscores decreased from 18.9, 8.1 and 10.8 to 10.6, 4.9 and 5.7. Nocturia
      decreased from 85.7% to 52.4%. The mean International Prostate Symptom Score
      quality of life score decreased from 4.0 to 2.2. Half of the patients reported an
      improvement in the frequency and bothersomeness of the most frequent symptoms
      reported at baseline (all P < 0.001). A reduction in the number of voids was
      documented by the frequency/volume chart data. The most common treatment-emergent
      adverse event was ejaculation failure (185 patients; 17.9%), which led to study
      discontinuation in 2.4% of patients. Overall, 74.2% of patients were satisfied
      with the medication. CONCLUSIONS: Silodosin improved lower urinary tract symptoms
      in three out of four patients, including diurnal voiding and storage symptoms,
      nocturia, and quality of life. This treatment showed a favorable safety profile
      in this setting.

PMID- 26969889
TI  - How often and when Fisher syndrome is overlapped by Guillain-Barre syndrome or
      Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fisher syndrome (FS) may overlap with Guillain-Barre
      syndrome (GBS), in particular the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant form (PCB
      GBS), or Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE). Our aim was to elucidate the
      frequency of this overlap and the patterns of clinical progression in patients
      with FS. METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients with FS were studied. FS/PCB-GBS was
      diagnosed when the patients developed pharyngeal, cervical and/or brachial
      weakness. Patients with flaccid tetraparesis were diagnosed as having
      FS/conventional GBS. FS/BBE was defined as the development of consciousness
      disturbances. RESULTS: All 60 patients initially developed the FS clinical triad
      alone (pure FS). Of these, 30 (50%) patients had pure FS throughout their course,
      whereas the remaining 50% of patients showed an overlap: PCB-GBS in 14 (23%)
      patients, conventional GBS in nine (15%) patients and BBE in seven (12%)
      patients. The median (range) durations from FS onset to progression to FS/PCB
      GBS, FS/GBS or FS/BBE were 5 (1-7), 3 (1-4) and 3 (1-5) days, respectively.
      Patients with overlap syndromes more frequently received immune-modulating
      treatment, and the outcomes were generally favourable. The frequencies of
      positivity for anti-GQ1b, GT1a, GD1a, GD1b, GalNAc-GD1a and GM1 antibodies were
      not significantly different amongst the four groups. CONCLUSIONS: Of the patients
      with pure FS, 50% later developed an overlap with PCB-GBS, conventional GBS or
      BBE. The overlap occurred within 7 days of FS onset; thus, physicians should pay
      attention to the possible development of this overlap during the first week after
      FS onset.

PMID- 26969890
TI  - Introducing the Hospitalist Morale Index: A new tool that may be relevant for
      improving provider retention.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a valid instrument to assess morale and explore the
      relationship between morale and intent to leave employment due to unhappiness.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: An expert panel identified 46 drivers of hospitalist
      morale. In May 2009, responders of our single-site pilot survey rated each driver
      in terms of current contentment and importance to their morale. With exploratory
      factor analysis, a 28-item/7-factor instrument emerged. In May 2011, the refined
      scale was distributed to 108 hospitalists from 2 academic and 3 community
      hospitals. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for internal validation
      and refinement of the Hospitalist Morale Index. Importance ratings and
      contentment assessments were used to generate item scores, which were then
      combined to generate factor scores and personal morale scores. Results were used
      to validate the instrument and evaluate the relationship between hospitalist
      morale and intent to leave due to unhappiness. RESULTS: The 2011 response rate
      was 86%. The final CFA resulted in a 5-factor and 5-stand-alone-item model.
      Personal morale scores were normally distributed (mean = 2.79, standard deviation
      = 0.58). For every categorical increase on a global question that assessed
      overall morale, personal morale scores rose 0.23 points (P < 0.001). Each 1-point
      increase in personal morale score was associated with an 85% decrease (odds
      ratio: 0.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.41, P < 0.001) in the odds of
      intending to leave because of unhappiness. CONCLUSION: The Hospitalist Morale
      Index is a validated instrument that evaluates hospitalist morale across multiple
      dimensions of morale. The Hospitalist Morale Index may help program leaders
      monitor morale and develop customized and effective retention strategies. Journal
      of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:425-431. (c) 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 26969891
TI  - Visible-Light-Induced Photoredox Catalysis of Dye-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide:
      Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Sulfides.
AB  - TiO2 photoredox catalysis has recently attracted much interest for use in
      performing challenging organic transformations under mild reaction conditions.
      However, the reaction scheme is hampered by the fact that TiO2 can only be
      excited by UV light of wavelengths lambda shorter than 385 nm. One promising
      strategy to overcome this issue is to anchor an organic, preferably metal-free
      dye onto the surface of TiO2. Importantly, we observed that the introduction of a
      catalytic amount of the redox mediator TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1
      yl)oxyl] ensured the stability of the anchored dye, alizarin red S, thereby
      resulting in the selective oxidation of organic sulfides with O2. This result
      affirms the essential role of the redox mediator in enabling the organic
      transformations by visible-light photoredox catalysis.

PMID- 26969894
TI  - Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in the Presence of an Old
      Endocavitary Thrombus Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with
      structural heart disease (SHD) is effective in prevention of arrhythmia
      recurrences. However, endocardial ablation may be challenging in the presence of
      organized left ventricular (LV) endocavitary thrombus. Our goal was to analyze
      the results of VT ablation in patients with identified old thrombus. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We reviewed clinical and procedural data of 344 consecutive patients who
      underwent VT ablation for SHD. Old endocavitary thrombus was identified in four
      patients by preprocedural transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and in four more
      patients by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE). All together, the case series of
      eight patients with detectable thrombus is reported. All patients (one woman,
      age: 67 +/- 7 years) had postinfarction aneurysm (20 +/- 8 years after the index
      myocardial infarction) and the thrombus was well organized without mobile
      structures. Arrhythmogenic substrate could not be obviously targeted beneath the
      base of thrombus; however, catheter ablation was successfully performed in the
      close vicinity. A total of 2.4 +/- 1.2 procedures were necessary to abolish VT
      recurrences. Epicardial ablation was performed in three of eight (38%) patients
      as a second elective procedure. No procedural or periprocedural complications
      were observed. During the follow-up of 14 +/- 15 months, two patients (25%) had
      sporadic VT recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: ICE seems to be more sensitive for the
      detection of LV thrombi compared to TTE and is helpful in real-time navigation of
      mapping/ablation catheter. Besides potential thromboembolic risk, large thrombus
      may prevent accessibility to the "critical" portion of arrhythmia circuit and
      epicardial ablation is required in selected cases.

PMID- 26969893
TI  - Overexpression of MYB drives proliferation of CYLD-defective cylindroma cells.
AB  - Cutaneous cylindroma is an adnexal tumour with apocrine differentiation. A
      predisposition to multiple cylindromas is seen in patients with Brooke-Spiegler
      syndrome, who carry germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CYLD.
      Previous studies of inherited cylindromas have highlighted the frequent presence
      of bi-allelic truncating CYLD mutations as a recurrent driver mutation. We have
      previously shown that sporadic cylindromas express either MYB-NFIB fusion
      transcripts or show evidence of MYB activation in the absence of such fusions.
      Here, we investigated inherited cylindromas from several families with germline
      CYLD mutations for the presence of MYB activation. Strikingly, none of the
      inherited CYLD-defective (n = 23) tumours expressed MYB-NFIB fusion transcripts.
      However, MYB expression was increased in the majority of tumours (69%) and global
      gene expression analysis revealed that well-established MYB target genes were up
      regulated in CYLD-defective tumours. Moreover, knock-down of MYB expression
      caused a significant reduction in cylindroma cell proliferation, suggesting that
      MYB is also a key player and oncogenic driver in inherited cylindromas. Taken
      together, our findings suggest molecular heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of
      sporadic and inherited cutaneous cylindromas, with convergence on MYB activation.
      (c) 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
      on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

PMID- 26969892
TI  - Deregulated methionine adenosyltransferase alpha1, c-Myc, and Maf proteins
      together promote cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice and humans(?).
AB  - c-Myc induction drives cholestatic liver injury and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in
      mice, and induction of Maf proteins (MafG and c-Maf) contributes to cholestatic
      liver injury, whereas S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) administration is protective.
      Here, we determined whether there is interplay between c-Myc, Maf proteins, and
      methionine adenosyltransferase alpha1 (MATalpha1), which is responsible for SAMe
      biosynthesis in the liver. We used bile duct ligation (BDL) and lithocholic acid
      (LCA) treatment in mice as chronic cholestasis models, a murine CCA model, human
      CCA cell lines KMCH and Huh-28, human liver cancer HepG2, and human CCA specimens
      to study gene and protein expression, protein-protein interactions, molecular
      mechanisms, and functional outcomes. We found that c-Myc, MATalpha1 (encoded by
      MAT1A), MafG, and c-Maf interact with one another directly. MAT1A expression fell
      in hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells during chronic cholestasis and in
      murine and human CCA. The opposite occurred with c-Myc, MafG, and c-Maf
      expression. MATalpha1 interacts mainly with Mnt in normal liver, but this
      switches to c-Maf, MafG, and c-Myc in cholestatic livers and CCA. Promoter
      regions of these genes have E-boxes that are bound by MATalpha1 and Mnt in normal
      liver and benign bile duct epithelial cells that switched to c-Myc, c-Maf, and
      MafG in cholestasis and CCA cells. E-box positively regulates c-Myc, MafG, and c
      Maf, but it negatively regulates MAT1A. MATalpha1 represses, whereas c-Myc, MafG,
      and c-Maf enhance, E-box-driven promoter activity. Knocking down MAT1A or
      overexpressing MafG or c-Maf enhanced CCA growth and invasion in vivo.
      CONCLUSION: There is a novel interplay between MATalpha1, c-Myc, and Maf
      proteins, and their deregulation during chronic cholestasis may facilitate CCA
      oncogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:439-455).

PMID- 26969896
TI  - Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of congenital erythropoietic
      porphyria.
AB  - Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) is a rare genetic disease resulting
      from the remarkable deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase, the
      fourth enzyme of the haem biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme defect results in
      overproduction of the non-physiological and pathogenic porphyrin isomers,
      uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I. The predominant clinical characteristics of
      CEP include bullous cutaneous photosensitivity to visible light from early
      infancy, progressive photomutilation and chronic haemolytic anaemia. The severity
      of clinical manifestations is markedly heterogeneous among patients; and
      interdependence between disease severity and porphyrin amount in the tissues has
      been pointed out. A more pronounced endogenous production of porphyrins
      concomitant to activation of ALAS2, the first and rate-limiting of the haem
      synthesis enzymes in erythroid cells, has also been reported. CEP is inherited as
      autosomal recessive or X-linked trait due to mutations in UROS or GATA1 genes;
      however an involvement of other causative or modifier genes cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 26969895
TI  - A metastable structure for the compact 30-nm chromatin fibre.
AB  - The structure of compact 30-nm chromatin fibres is still debated. We present here
      a novel unified model that reconciles all experimental observations into a single
      framework. We propose that compact fibres are formed by the interdigitation of
      the two nucleosome stacks in a 2-start crossed-linker structure to form a single
      stack. This process requires that the dyad orientation of successive nucleosomes
      relative to the helical axis alternates. The model predicts that, as observed
      experimentally, the fibre-packing density should increase in a stepwise manner
      with increasing linker length. This model structure can also incorporate linker
      DNA of varying lengths. 

PMID- 26969898
TI  - Diastereodivergent Reverse Prenylation of Indole and Tryptophan Derivatives:
      Total Synthesis of Amauromine, Novoamauromine, and epi-Amauromine.
AB  - A regio- and stereoselective reverse prenylation of indole and tryptophan
      derivatives is presented. All four possible stereoisomers are accessible through
      this iridium-catalyzed reaction. The stereoselectivity is controlled by a chiral
      phosphoramidite ligand in combination with an achiral borane additive and can be
      switched by changing the nature of the borane. One enantiomer of the ligand is
      thus sufficient to prepare all possible isomers. The synthetic potential of this
      method was demonstrated by a short total synthesis of amauromine and its two
      natural diastereomers. 

PMID- 26969897
TI  - Compound heterozygosity of a paternal submicroscopic deletion and a maternal
      missense mutation in POR gene: Antley-bixler syndrome phenotype in three sibling
      fetuses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is an exceptionally rare
      craniosynostosis syndrome that can be accompanied by disordered steroidogenesis,
      and is mainly caused by mutations in the POR gene, inherited in an autosomal
      recessive manner. Here we report the prenatal and postmortem findings of three
      sibling fetuses with ABS as a result of compound heterozygosity of a paternal
      submicroscopic deletion and a maternal missense mutation in the POR gene.
      METHODS: Prenatal ultrasound and postmortem examination were performed in three
      sibling fetuses with termination of pregnancy at 22, 23, and 17 weeks of
      gestation, respectively. Molecular analysis of fetus 2 and 3 included (a)
      bidirectional sequencing of exon 8 of the POR gene after amplification of the
      specific locus by polymerase chain reaction, to detect single nucleotide variants
      (SNVs) and (b) high resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) positive
      single nucleotide polymorphism array CGH (aCGH) analysis to detect copy number
      variants (CNVs), copy neutral areas of loss of heterozygosity and uniparental
      disomy. RESULTS: The diagnosis of ABS was suggested by the postmortem examination
      findings. The combination of the POR gene molecular analysis and aCGH revealed a
      compound heterozygous genotype of a maternal SNV (p.A287P) and a paternal CNV
      (NC_000007.13:g.(?_75608488)_(75615534_?)del). CONCLUSION: To the best of our
      knowledge, these sibling fetuses add to the few reported cases of ABS, caused by
      a combination of a SNV and a CNV in the POR gene. The detailed description of the
      pathologic and radiographic findings of second trimester fetuses affected with
      ABS adds novel knowledge concerning the early ABS phenotype, in lack of previous
      relevant reports. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:536-541, 2016. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969899
TI  - Histological assessment of hard and soft tissues surrounding a novel ceramic
      implant: a pilot study in the minipig.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate clinical and soft/hard
      tissues histomorphological outcomes of a ceramic implant comparatively to a
      titanium implant in a minipig model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen soft tissue
      level implants (9 Ceramic with ZLA((r)) surface as test, and 9 titanium
      SLActive((r)) as control, Institut Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) were randomly
      placed into the mandible of 6 minipigs (n = 6). Two months later, animals were
      sacrificed and block biopsies were obtained to assess histomorphological
      outcomes. Unadjusted paired comparisons, of both groups were performed using the
      Wilcoxon signed rank test. The Dunnett-Hsu test was used to adjust for multiple
      comparisons. RESULTS: All implants showed excellent integration into bone and
      soft tissue. The fBIC (distance implant shoulder to most coronal implant contact)
      and BIC% (percentage bone-to-implant contact) were for both groups; test: 3.95 mm
      and 85.4%; control 3.97 mm and 84.3% respectively. No difference in peri-implant
      mucosa height was found, however, the sulcular epithelium was significantly
      shorter for the ZrO2 (mean: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.46-1.06) than for the Ti (mean: 1.40,
      95%CI: 1.10-1.70) (p = 0.0090). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this pilot
      study, no difference was found between the ceramic implant with ZLA((r)) surface
      and a titanium implant in terms of bone tissue integration. Furthermore, the
      epithelial attachment favoured this ceramic implant over titanium.

PMID- 26969900
TI  - Serum translationally controlled tumor protein is involved in rat liver
      regeneration after hepatectomy.
AB  - AIM: The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) has been reported to
      promote progression of many physiological processes. However, whether TCTP is
      involved in liver regeneration has been rarely studied. This study aimed to
      investigate the potential role of serum TCTP in liver regeneration after two
      thirds partial hepatectomy. METHODS: The synthesis rate and accumulated
      expression of TCTP was assessed by phosphor imaging and Western blot analysis,
      respectively. The mRNA expression of tctp was analyzed by quantitative real-time
      PCR. The effect of serum TCTP on hepatocyte proliferation was investigated by
      bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, liver/body weight ratio, albumin concentration,
      and histological examination of liver following treatment of rat with anti-TCTP
      antibody or prokaryotic TCTP protein before hepatectomy. The MTT assay was used
      to examine effect of TCTP on hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. RESULTS: The
      results showed that the expression of intracellular and serum TCTP protein was
      significantly increased in rats after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. In vivo
      bromodeoxyuridine labeling assay suggested that treatment with anti-TCTP antibody
      before hepatectomy significantly decreased hepatocyte proliferation and
      liver/body weight ratio. The prokaryotic TCTP had a potential promoting effect on
      hepatocyte proliferation both in vivo and in vitro, although prokaryotic TCTP
      given to rats prior to hepatectomy did not increase the proliferation ratio or
      liver/body weight ratio. Furthermore, anti-TCTP antibody pretreatment decreased
      the expression of cyclin E, cdk2, and interleukin-6 in rat liver. CONCLUSION:
      These findings suggest serum TCTP is involved in rat liver regeneration through
      promoting hepatocyte proliferation.

PMID- 26969901
TI  - Comparisons of ultrasound-estimated intramuscular fat with fitness and health
      indicators.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We examined ultrasound-estimated intramuscular fat of 4 muscles:
      rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial
      gastrocnemius (MG), and compared the results with other health measures. METHODS:
      Forty-two participants were tested. Muscle echo intensity was quantified into
      percent intramuscular fat using previously published equations. RESULTS: Strong
      correlations were found in percent intramuscular fat in the 4 muscles (r >= 0.8).
      Weak to moderate correlations were found between intramuscular fat and body mass
      index (r >= 0.2), waist/hip ratio (r >= 0.2), muscle thickness (r = -0.5 in RF, r
      = -0.4 in TA, r = -0.7 in MG), and muscle strength (leg extension: r = 0.4; leg
      flexion: r = -0.5). A relationship between intramuscular fat in RF and MG and
      physical activity was also observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-estimated
      intramuscular fat was associated with other health measures and may provide
      physiological insight into the health consequences of obesity. Muscle Nerve 54:
      743-749, 2016.

PMID- 26969902
TI  - Impact of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Safety-Related Announcements on
      the Use of Bisphosphonates After Hip Fracture.
AB  - The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued several announcements related
      to potential risk of bisphosphonates including osteonecrosis of the jaw (2005),
      atrial fibrillation (2007), and atypical femur fracture (2010). We aimed to
      evaluate the impact of three FDA drug safety announcements on the use of
      bisphosphonates in patients with hip fracture using claims data from a U.S.
      commercial health plan (2004-2013). We calculated the proportion of patients in
      each quarter who received a bisphosphonate or other osteoporosis medication in
      the 6 months following hospitalization for hip fracture. Segmented logistic
      regression models examined the time trends. Among 22,598 patients with hip
      fracture, use of bisphosphonate decreased from 15% in 2004 to 3% in the last
      quarter of 2013. Prior to the 2007 announcement, there was a 4% increase in the
      odds of bisphosphonate use every quarter (OR 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.07). After
      the 2007 announcement, there was a 4% decrease in the odds of bisphosphonate use
      (OR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93 to 0.99) every quarter. The announcement in 2007 was
      associated with a significant decline in the rate of change of bisphosphonate
      uses over time (p < 0.001), but no impact on other osteoporosis medication use (p
      = 0.2). After the 2010 announcement, the odds of bisphosphonate use continued to
      decrease by 4% (OR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98) each quarter and the odds of other
      osteoporosis medication use remained stable over time (OR 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96 to
      1.02). The FDA safety announcement related to atrial fibrillation in 2007 was
      significantly associated with a decrease in bisphosphonate use among patients
      with hip fracture. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 26969904
TI  - Mouthparts in Leptotrombidium larvae (Acariformes: Trombiculidae).
AB  - Mouthparts of Leptotrombidium larvae (Acariformes: Trombiculidae), potential
      vectors of tsutsugamushi disease agents, were studied in detail using light
      microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.
      The mouthparts incorporated within the pseudotagma gnathosoma are composed of the
      infracapitulum ventrally and the chelicerae dorsally. The ventral wall of the
      infracapitulum is formed by a wide mentum posteriorly and a narrowed malapophysis
      anteriorly. The malapophysis firmly envelops the distal cheliceral portions by
      its lateral walls. The lateral lips of the malapophysis are flexible structures
      hiding the cheliceral blades in inactive condition and turning back forming a
      type of temporary sucker closely applied to the host skin during feeding. The
      roof of the infracapitulum is formed by a weakly sclerotized labrum anteriorly
      and a cervix with the capitular apodemes extending posteriorly. The labral
      muscles are lacking. The capitular apodemes serve as origin for pharyngeal
      dilators running to the dorsal wall of the pharynx fused with the bottom of the
      infracapitulum. The basal cheliceral segments are separated from each other
      besides the very posterior portions where they are movably joined by the inner
      walls. The sigmoid pieces serve for insertion of the cheliceral elevators
      originating at the posterior portions of the basal segments. The movable digits
      reveal the solid basal sclerite and the cheliceral blade curved upward with a
      tricuspid cap on its tip. Dendrites of nerve cells run along the digits to their
      tips. The ganglia are placed within the basal segments just behind the movable
      digits. The chelicerae also reveal well developed flexible fixed digits
      overhanging the basal portions of the blades. The gnathosoma possesses several
      sets of extrinsic muscles originating at the scutum and at the soft cuticle
      behind it. Laterally, the gnathosoma bears five-segmented palps with a trifurcate
      palpal claw.

PMID- 26969903
TI  - Time to bring fetal growth assessment into the 21st century.

PMID- 26969905
TI  - Public Health Nurses in Israel: A Case Study on a Quality Improvement Project of
      Nurse's Work Life.
AB  - Public health nurses (PHNs) working in Well Baby Clinic in Israel's Haifa
      district were voicing great distress to inspectors-the impossibility of meeting
      their workload, feeling overwhelmed, poor physical, and technological conditions.
      They were feeling tired and frustrated and burn-out was rising. The district's
      nursing management took the decision, together with Tel Aviv University's nursing
      research unit, to conduct a quality improvement project based on issues that
      arose from meetings with focus groups on the nurses' difficulties. This paper is
      a case study of a quality improvement project targeting nurses daily working
      life. One of its chief contributions is as a study of meeting PHNs' frustration
      by integrating focus groups and round-table brainstorming (involving nurses,
      clinic managers and nursing inspectors) in order to identify targets for
      practical intervention. This strategy has been very successful. It has provided
      the district's nursing management a battery of forcefully argued and
      realistically grounded proposals for making the work of Well Baby clinics more
      relevant to their communities and giving nurses (a) the conditions to meet their
      assignments and (b) greater professional self-respect.

PMID- 26969906
TI  - Strength and stress: Positive and negative impacts on caregivers for older adults
      in Thailand.
AB  - AIM: To understand the experiences of caregivers with older people living in
      Thailand, particularly as related to quality of life and stress management.
      METHOD: In-depth interviews with 17 family caregivers were conducted and then
      data were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Carers experience not only negative
      impacts but also positive impacts from caregiving. Negative impacts include
      emotional stress, financial struggles and worry due to lack of knowledge.
      Positive impacts include affection from care recipients, good relationships with
      caregivers before needing care themselves and encouragement from the wider
      community. Opportunities to show gratitude, build karma (from good deeds) and
      ideas shaped largely by Buddhist teachings result in positive experiences.
      Negotiating between the extremes of bliss and suffering and understanding
      suffering as a part of life may help carers manage their stress. CONCLUSIONS:
      Temples and centres for older people could be engaged to develop caregiving
      programs.

PMID- 26969907
TI  - Disturbed sleep in individuals with idiopathic environmental intolerance
      attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF): Melatonin assessment as a
      biological marker.
AB  - Individuals who suffer from idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to
      electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) complain of a variety of adverse health effects.
      Troubled sleep remains a recurrent and common symptom in IEI-EMF individuals.
      Melatonin, a circadian hormone, plays a major role in the sleep process. In this
      study, we compared levels of melatonin between a sensitive group (IEI-EMF, n =
      30) and a non-sensitive control group (non IEI-EMF, n = 25) without exposure to
      electromagnetic sources. Three questionnaires were used to evaluate the
      subjective quality and sleep quantity: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the
      Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Spiegel Sleep Inventory. Melatonin was
      quantified in saliva and its major metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) in
      urine. Melatonin levels were compared by a two-way analysis of variance at
      various times between the control and IEI-EMF group. Despite significantly
      different sleep scores between the two groups, with a lower score in the IEI-EMF
      group (P < 0.001), no statistical difference was found between the two groups for
      saliva melatonin (P > 0.05) and urine aMT6s (P > 0.05). Bioelectromagnetics.
      37:175-182, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969908
TI  - Clinical utility of serum ferritin thresholds for guiding iron chelation therapy
      when magnetic resonance imaging is unavailable in patients with non-transfusion
      dependent thalassaemias - response to Ang et al.

PMID- 26969909
TI  - Comment on "Chemical and Toxicological Investigations of a Previously Unknown
      Poisonous European Mushroom Tricholoma terreum".
AB  - Recent findings casting doubts over the edibility of the European mushroom
      Tricholoma terreum are questioned on the basis of mycological and
      mycotoxicological considerations. Accordingly, T. terreum should remain listed
      among edible mushroom species. 

PMID- 26969910
TI  - The role of ORMDL proteins, guardians of cellular sphingolipids, in asthma.
AB  - A family of widely expressed ORM-like (ORMDL) proteins has been recently linked
      to asthma in genomewide association studies in humans and extensively explored in
      in vivo studies in mice. ORMDL proteins are key regulators of serine
      palmitoyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the initial step of sphingolipid
      biosynthesis. Sphingolipids play prominent roles in cell signaling and response
      to stress, and they affect the mechanistic properties of cellular membranes.
      Deregulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis and their recycling has been proven to
      support and even cause several diseases including allergy, inflammation, and
      asthma. ORMDL3, the most extensively studied member of the ORMDL family, has been
      shown to be important for endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by regulating the
      unfolded protein response and calcium response. In immune cells, ORMDL3 is
      involved in migration and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
      Furthermore, changes in the expression level of ORMDL3 are important in allergen
      induced asthma pathologies. This review focuses on functional aspects of the
      ORMDL family proteins, which may serve as new therapeutic targets for the
      treatment of asthma and some other life-threatening diseases.

PMID- 26969911
TI  - Is the hook of muroid rodent's sperm related to sperm train formation?
AB  - Competition between spermatozoa of rival males to gain fertilizations has led to
      a wide array of modifications in sperm structure and function. Sperm cells of
      most muroid rodents have hook-shaped extensions in the apical-ventral tip of the
      head, but the function of this structure is largely unknown. These 'hooks' may
      facilitate aggregation of spermatozoa in so-called 'trains', as an adaptation to
      sperm competition, because sperm in trains may swim faster than free-swimming
      cells. However, there is controversy regarding the role of the hook in train
      formation, and in relation to whether it is selected by sperm competition. We
      examined spermatozoa from muroid rodents with varying levels of sperm competition
      to assess whether (i) sperm aggregates are common in these taxa, (ii) presence of
      a hook relates to the formation of sperm aggregations, and (iii) formation of
      sperm aggregations is explained by sperm competition. Our analyses in 25 muroid
      species revealed that > 92% of spermatozoa swim individually in all species, with
      the exception of the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, which has ~50% spermatozoa
      swimming freely. Species with hooked spermatozoa had higher sperm competition
      levels and longer sperm than species whose sperm lack a hook. Neither the
      presence of hook nor sperm competition levels were related to the percentage of
      sperm in aggregations. Thus, (i) sperm aggregates in muroid rodents are an
      exceptional trait found only in a few species, (ii) evolution of the sperm hook
      is associated to sperm competition levels, but (iii) the hook is unlikely to be
      related to the formation of sperm aggregates. The evolutionary significance of
      the sperm head hook thus remains elusive, and future studies should examine
      potential roles of this pervasive structure in sperm's hydrodynamic efficiency
      and sperm-female tract interactions.

PMID- 26969912
TI  - Flow Synthesis of Silver Nanowires for Semitransparent Solar Cell Electrodes: A
      Life Cycle Perspective.
AB  - Silver nanowires (AgNWs) were prepared on a 5 g scale using either the well-known
      batch synthesis following the polyol method or a new flow synthesis method. The
      AgNWs were employed as semitransparent electrode materials in organic
      photovoltaics and compared to traditional printed silver electrodes based on
      micron sized silver flakes using life cycle analysis and environmental impact
      analysis methods. The life cycle analysis of AgNWs confirms that they provide an
      avenue to low-impact semitransparent electrodes. We find that the benefit of
      AgNWs in terms of embodied energy is less pronounced than generally assumed but
      that the toxicological and environmental benefits are significant.

PMID- 26969913
TI  - Association of BNP, NTproBNP, and early postnatal pulmonary hypertension in very
      preterm infants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been shown to correlate with
      pulmonary hypertension (PH) in term neonates with persistent pulmonary
      hypertension of the newborn or congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and in very
      preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This study investigated the
      potential association of BNP and N-terminal-pro-BNP (NTproBNP) and PH within the
      first 72 hr of life in very preterm infants. METHODS: Preterm infants <32 weeks
      gestational age who received an echocardiogram within the first 72 hr of life
      were eligible. BNP and NTproBNP were sampled at the time of the echocardiogram.
      Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was calculated as a surrogate marker
      of PH. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine
      associations and potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Sixty-one infants were
      included with a median (IQR) birth weight of 983 g (826-1,167) and a median (IQR)
      gestational age of 27(2) weeks (26(2) -28(6) ). There was no difference between
      BNP or NTproBNP levels for infants with or without measurable RVSP. There was no
      significant correlation of BNP and RVSP in multiple linear regression analysis
      (regression coefficient -0.0035 (95%CI: -0.020 to 0.013), P = 0.67). Also,
      NTproBNP and RVSP were not significantly correlated in multiple linear regression
      analysis (regression coefficient 0.0071 (95%CI: -0.019 to 0.033), P = 0.58).
      CONCLUSION: B-type natriuretic peptides did not correlate with RVSP in the early
      postnatal period of very preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:820-824. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26969914
TI  - Bending of Responsive Hydrogel Sheets Guided by Field-Assembled Microparticle
      Endoskeleton Structures.
AB  - Hydrogel composites that respond to stimuli can form the basis of new classes of
      biomimetic actuators and soft robotic components. Common latex microspheres can
      be assembled and patterned by AC electric fields within a soft thermoresponsive
      hydrogel. The field-oriented particle chains act as endoskeletal structures,
      which guide the macroscopic bending pattern of the actuators.

PMID- 26969915
TI  - Costs of Health Damage from Atmospheric Emissions of Toxic Metals: Part 1-Methods
      and Results.
AB  - Significant quantities of toxic metals are emitted to the air by the incineration
      of waste, as well as by the combustion of coal and oil. To optimize the
      regulations for their emissions one needs to know the cost of their damage. That
      requires an impact pathway analysis, with realistic dispersion models, exposure
      response functions, and monetary values. In this article we explain the method
      and assumptions and present results for arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead, the
      most important toxic metals in terms of damage cost. We also estimate their
      contribution to the damage cost of waste incineration and electric power from
      coal for typical situations in Europe. The damage costs of As, Cd, and Pb are
      much higher than previous estimates because of a large number of new
      epidemiological studies, implying more and more serious health effects than what
      had been known before. New cost-benefit studies for the abatement of toxic metal
      emissions are advisable. The discussion of the epidemiological studies and the
      derivation of exposure-response functions are presented in two companion
      articles, one for As and Cd, the other for Hg and Pb.

PMID- 26969916
TI  - Role of spermatogonial stem cells extract in transdifferentiation of 5-Aza-2'
      deoxycytidine-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into germ-like cells.
AB  - As one of the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) methods, spermatogonial stem
      cells (SSCS ) extract is considered as new approach in stem cell therapy of
      infertility. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) inhibits methyltransferase enzyme,
      and induces gene reprogramming; herein, the effects of SSCS extract incubation in
      5-aza-dC-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) has been surveyed.
      BMMSCs were isolated from femurs of three to four weeks old male NMRI mice, and
      the cells at passage three were treated with 2 uM 5-aza-dC for 72 hours. SSCs
      were isolated, cultured, and harvested at passage three to collect SSCS extract;
      BMMSCs were then incubated with SSCS extract in the three time periods: 72 hours,
      one week and two weeks. There were five groups: control, sham, extract, 5-aza-dC
      and extract-5-aza-dC. After one week of incubation, flow cytometry and real-time
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) exhibited high levels of expression for beta1-
      and alpha6-integrins and promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) in extract
      and extract-5-aza-dC groups (P < 0.05 vs. control and 5-aza-dC), and cells in
      these two groups had two forms of morphology, round and fusiform, similar to germ
      like cells. 5-aza-dC had no significant effects during the three time periods of
      evaluation. These data disclose the effectiveness of SSCs extract incubation in
      transdifferentiation of BMMSCs into germ-like cells; this strategy could
      introduce a new approach for treatment of male infertility in clinic.

PMID- 26969917
TI  - Variety, sex and ontogenetic differences in the pelvic limb muscle architectural
      properties of leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and their links with
      locomotor performance.
AB  - Leghorn (layer) chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) differ in locomotor
      morphology and performance due to artificial selection for standard (large) and
      bantam (small) varieties, sexual dimorphisms and ontogenetic stage. Here, the
      hind limb skeletal muscle architectural properties of mature and juvenile
      standard breeds and mature bantams are compared and linked to measures of
      locomotor performance. Mature males possessed greater relative muscle
      physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) than their conspecific females,
      indicative of greater force-generating capacity, and in line with their greater
      maximum sustainable speeds compared with females. Furthermore, some of the
      relative fascicle lengths of the pennate muscles were greater in mature males
      than in mature females, which may permit greater muscle contractibility. Immature
      standard leghorns, however, did not share the same dimorphisms as their mature
      forms. The differences in architectural properties between immature and mature
      standard males indicate that with the onset of male sexual maturity, concomitant
      with increasing muscle mass in males, the relative fascicle lengths of pennate
      muscles and the relative PCSAs of the parallel-fibred muscles also increase. The
      age-related differences in standard breed male muscle architecture are linked to
      the presence and absence of sex differences in maximum aerobic speeds. Males of
      bantam and standard varieties shared similar muscle proportions (% body mass),
      but exhibited intrinsic muscle differences with a tendency for greater force
      generating capabilities in bantams and greater contractile capabilities in
      standards. The metabolic costs associated with the longer fascicle lengths,
      together with more crouched limbs in standard than in bantam males may explain
      the lack of allometry in the minimum metabolic cost of transport between these
      birds of different size.

PMID- 26969918
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26969919
TI  - How Evolution May Work Through Curiosity-Driven Developmental Process.
AB  - Infants' own activities create and actively select their learning experiences.
      Here we review recent models of embodied information seeking and curiosity-driven
      learning and show that these mechanisms have deep implications for development
      and evolution. We discuss how these mechanisms yield self-organized epigenesis
      with emergent ordered behavioral and cognitive developmental stages. We describe
      a robotic experiment that explored the hypothesis that progress in learning, in
      and for itself, generates intrinsic rewards: The robot learners probabilistically
      selected experiences according to their potential for reducing uncertainty. In
      these experiments, curiosity-driven learning led the robot learner to
      successively discover object affordances and vocal interaction with its peers. We
      explain how a learning curriculum adapted to the current constraints of the
      learning system automatically formed, constraining learning and shaping the
      developmental trajectory. The observed trajectories in the robot experiment share
      many properties with those in infant development, including a mixture of
      regularities and diversities in the developmental patterns. Finally, we argue
      that such emergent developmental structures can guide and constrain evolution, in
      particular with regard to the origins of language.

PMID- 26969920
TI  - Product ion isotopologue pattern: A tool to improve the reliability of elemental
      composition elucidations of unknown compounds in complex matrices.
AB  - RATIONALE: Elucidation of the elemental compositions of unknown compounds (e.g.,
      in metabolomics) generally relies on the availability of accurate masses and
      isotopic ratios. This study focuses on the information provided by the abundance
      ratio within a product ion pair (monoisotopic versus the first isotopic peak)
      when isolating and fragmenting the first isotopic ion (first isotopic mass
      spectrum) of the precursor. METHODS: This process relies on the capability of the
      quadrupole within the Q Orbitrap instrument to isolate a very narrow mass window.
      Selecting only the first isotopic peak (first isotopic mass spectrum) leads to
      the observation of a unique product ion pair. The lighter ion within such an
      isotopologue pair is monoisotopic, while the heavier ion contains a single carbon
      isotope. The observed abundance ratio is governed by the percentage of carbon
      atoms lost during the fragmentation and can be described by a hypergeometric
      distribution. RESULTS: The observed carbon isotopologue abundance ratio (product
      ion isotopologue pattern) gives reliable information regarding the percentage of
      carbon atoms lost in the fragmentation process. It therefore facilitates the
      elucidation of the involved precursor and product ions. Unlike conventional
      isotopic abundances, the product ion isotopologue pattern is hardly affected by
      isobaric interferences. Furthermore, the appearance of these pairs greatly aids
      in cleaning up a 'matrix-contaminated' product ion spectrum. CONCLUSIONS: The
      product ion isotopologue pattern is a valuable tool for structural elucidation.
      It increases confidence in results and permits structural elucidations for
      heavier ions. This tool is also very useful in elucidating the elemental
      composition of product ions. Such information is highly valued in the field of
      multi-residue analysis, where the accurate mass of product ions is required for
      the confirmation process. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969921
TI  - Single analyzer precursor scans using an ion trap.
AB  - RATIONALE: Precursor ion and neutral loss scans are general survey methods of
      tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) used for detecting structurally related
      compounds. Until now they have been performed in multiple analyzer instruments,
      e.g. triple quadrupoles and hybrid MS/MS instruments. Implementation of precursor
      ion scans in single mass analyzers would be advantageous in reducing instrument
      complexity. METHODS: Adoption of secular frequency scanning as a method of mass
      selective excitation is shown to enable precursor scans in a single ion trap in a
      miniature mass spectrometer. A small supplementary alternating current (ac)
      signal is swept in frequency so as to cause mass-selective excitation of trapped
      ions. Simultaneously, a higher fixed amplitude ac signal is applied at the fixed
      secular frequency of a product ion, ejecting the mass-selected product ion and
      providing temporal data corresponding to a precursor ion spectrum. RESULTS:
      Precursor scanning in a single ion trap is demonstrated using a mixture of three
      illicit drugs: cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Acquisition of the spectra as a function of
      the frequency of the product ejection waveform demonstrates that the signals
      acquired represent precursor ion scans. CONCLUSIONS: Secular frequency scanning
      is a nonconventional method of mass scanning that in combination with product ion
      ejection enables precursor scans in single ion traps. This phenomenon is
      demonstrated here for a miniature linear ion trap, but the concepts described
      also apply to quadrupole mass filters. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969922
TI  - Structural characterization of product ions of regulated veterinary drugs by
      electrospray ionization and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Part 3:
      Anthelmintics and thyreostats.
AB  - RATIONALE: Previously, we have reported a liquid chromatography/tandem mass
      spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of regulated
      veterinary drugs in food animals. The method uses three selected transition ions
      per analyte but structural characterization is also needed. This work is a
      continuation of two previous publications in which we propose structures of the
      selected transition ions of 130 veterinary drugs altogether. METHODS: In this
      work, 24 additional veterinary drugs were analyzed by infusion into a high
      resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray
      ionization (ESI) in positive or negative mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to
      achieve low error mass accuracy in the MS and MS/MS modes. Also, the MS(2) and
      MS(3) spectra were obtained by using a Q-Trap mass spectrometer to further
      determine the possible pathways of ion formation. RESULTS: The low error mass
      spectrometry analysis allowed the elucidation of the ion formulae of selected
      transition ions for qualitative identification. The rational interpretation of
      data including a review of the published literature led to the proposed
      structures of the MS/MS product ions of 24 compounds covering two classes of
      regulated veterinary drugs (anthelmintics and thyreostats). In addition, the use
      of MS(2) and MS(3) experiments led to the establishment of fragmentation
      patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The identification and quantification of veterinary drug
      residues is helpful information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of
      regulatory enforcement actions. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S.
      Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

PMID- 26969923
TI  - Analysis of small molecule antibody-drug conjugate catabolites in rat liver and
      tumor tissue by liquid extraction surface analysis micro-capillary liquid
      chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are some of the most promising
      antibody-related therapeutics. The fate of the cytotoxic moiety of ADCs in vivo
      after proteolytic degradation of the antibody needs to be well understood in
      order to mitigate toxicity risks and design proper first in patient studies.
      METHODS: The feasibility of liquid extraction surface analysis micro-capillary
      liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LESA-MULC/MS/MS) was tested for
      direct surface sampling of two possible ADC catabolites composed of synthetically
      modified maytansinoid (DM1) and 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carbonyl (MCC)
      from rat liver and tumor tissue. Moreover, the iMatrixSpray was incorporated to
      prepare calibration standards (Cs) and quality control (QC) samples by spraying
      analyte solution at different concentrations directly on blank tissue. RESULTS:
      Lys-MCC-DM1 sprayed on blank liver tissue was homogeneously distributed (12.3%
      variability). The assay was selective (inference <=20%) and linear from 50.0 to
      1000 ng/mL without any carry-over. Inter-run accuracy and precision were <=2.3%
      and <=25.9% meeting acceptance. Lys-MCC-DM1 was the only catabolite detected in
      liver and tumor tissue and was most likely responsible for the total
      radioactivity signal in liver tissue 72 h post-dose measured by quantitative
      whole body autoradiography (QWBA). CONCLUSIONS: Both analytical assays (LESA
      MULC/MS/MS and QWBA) are complementary to each other and provide useful
      quantitative and qualitative information in spatial tissue distribution of ADCs
      and their related catabolites. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969924
TI  - Investigation of the selective androgen receptor modulators S1, S4 and S22 and
      their metabolites in equine plasma using high-resolution mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are prohibited in
      sports due to their performance enhancing ability. It is important to investigate
      the metabolism to determine appropriate targets for doping control. This is the
      first study where the equine metabolites of SARMs S1, S4 (Andarine) and S22
      (Ostarine) have been studied in plasma. METHODS: Each SARM was administered to
      three horses as an intravenous bolus dose and plasma samples were collected. The
      samples were pretreated with protein precipitation using cold acetonitrile before
      separation by liquid chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis was
      performed using negative electrospray, quadrupole time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry operated in MS(E) mode and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry
      operated in selected reaction monitoring mode. For the quantification of SARM S1,
      a deuterated analogue was used as internal standard. RESULTS: The numbers of
      observed metabolites were eight, nine and four for the SARMs S1, S4 and S22,
      respectively. The major metabolite was formed by the same metabolic reactions for
      all three SARMs, namely amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation and sulfonation. The
      values of the determined maximum plasma concentrations were in the range of 97
      170 ng/mL for SARM S1, 95-115 ng/mL for SARM S4 and 92-147 ng/mL for SARM S22 and
      the compounds could be detected for 96 h, 12 h and 18 h, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The maximum plasma concentration of SARMs S1, S4 and S22 was
      measured in the first sample (5 min) after administration and they were
      eliminated fast from plasma. The proposed targets to be used in equine doping
      control are the parent compounds for all three SARMs, but with the metabolite
      yielding the highest response as a complementary target. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969925
TI  - Measurement of compound-specific carbon isotope ratios (delta(13) C values) via
      direct injection of whole crude oil samples.
AB  - RATIONALE: Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in understanding the
      generation, history and correlation of hydrocarbons. Compound-specific delta(13)
      C measurements of oils allow detailed comparison of individual compound
      groupings; however, most studies of these sample materials separate and isolate
      individual fractions based on the chemistries of particular compound groups,
      potentially losing considerable valuable isotopic data. Even if all fractions are
      analyzed, this represents a large increase in the data-processing burden,
      effectively multiplying data evaluation time and effort by the number of
      fractions produced. Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS)
      of untreated, whole crude oils allows the immediate collection of a larger suite
      of valuable isotopic data for these studies. METHODS: Untreated ('neat',
      undiluted), whole crude oils were directly injected and measured on a GC/IRMS
      system, using split (40:1) injections and a 50 m HP-PONA column. The GC method,
      97 min in duration, was designed to maximize baseline separation of target
      analyte peaks, while an additional oxygen flow was admitted into the combustion
      reactor to maximize the lifetime of the combustion chemicals. RESULTS: The method
      and setup utilized allow the measurement of a much greater range of the n-alkanes
      (n-C4 to n-C25+ ) than traditional methods, while also retaining important
      cycloalkane, aromatic and isoprenoid peaks within the same analysis. Carbon
      isotope (delta(13) C) evaluation of these additional compound classes reveals
      trends in maturity and origins which are not identifiable when exclusively
      assessing the traditional n-alkane package (>n-C12 ). CONCLUSIONS: The described
      setup and method open up new possibilities for assessing the origins and
      histories of crude oil samples. The data generated for the whole oil n-alkanes by
      this method is equivalent to that reported for isolated n-alkane studies, while
      also providing valuable additional data on many other important compounds. The
      end result of this method is a more complete assessment of the carbon isotopic
      composition of crude oils. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969926
TI  - Development of a surrogate matrix for cerebral spinal fluid for liquid
      chromatography/mass spectrometry based analytical methods.
AB  - RATIONALE: In recent years, several liquid chromatography/tandem mass
      spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods have been reported for the quantitative
      determination of drugs and metabolites in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Artificial
      CSF (aCSF) is often used as a surrogate for preparing calibration curves and
      quality control samples in these methods. However, aCSF does not accurately
      represent the composition of real CSF because it is missing all of the proteins
      and lipids, which may alter the electrospray ionization (ESI) response when
      performing LC/MS/MS analyses. In the current study we compared the mass spectral
      response of several compounds with a range of physiochemical properties in aCSF
      (essentially a mixture of salts and buffers), diluted plasma (ranging from 1:5 to
      1:200) and real CSF to find the best surrogate for CSF in LC/MS/MS methods.
      METHODS: A number of analytes from polar to non-polar, high protein binding to
      low protein binding, employing different sample preparation methods, were
      prepared in diluted plasma, actual CSF or aCSF and tested using LC/MS/MS. The
      analytes included cotinine and its metabolites, quetiapine, norquetiapine,
      chlorpromazine, efavirenz and lamivudine. The similarity of MS responses from
      these compounds in aCSF and diluted plasma to CSF was assessed by comparing the
      slopes of the calibration curves generated from using linear regression modeling.
      RESULTS: For all compounds, the lowest percent difference in response ratio (0 to
      17%) was observed from 1:200 diluted plasma. Our results indicated that,
      irrespective of the inherent physiochemical properties of the analytes or the
      method of sample preparation, 1:200 diluted plasma performed as the best
      surrogate for CSF in LC/MS/MS methods. CONCLUSIONS: The percent difference in
      response ratio has been established to demonstrate how different compounds behave
      between CSF, aCSF and dilute plasma. Although among the compounds tested some of
      them showed a very similar MS response in actual and aCSF, there were analytes
      that demonstrated significant differences in ESI-MS signal when sprayed from
      these two matrices. However, even in such cases, 1:200 diluted plasma generated
      results with no significant difference from CSF. Therefore, we recommend that in
      order to develop robust and dependable bioanalytical LC/MS methods from CSF
      samples, it is more appropriate to prepare calibration curves and quality control
      samples in diluted plasma instead of aCSF. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 26969928
TI  - Measuring (210) Pb by accelerator mass spectrometry: a study of isobaric
      interferences of (204,205,208) Pb and (210) Pb.
AB  - RATIONALE: The measurement of (210) Pb provides an assessment of the risk an
      individual faces of developing lung cancer as a result of their exposure to radon
      and radon decay products. Existing radiometric techniques are not sensitive
      enough to detect (210) Pb in many exposures. This report describes the further
      development of a method of measuring (210) Pb using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
      (AMS). METHODS: (204,205,208,) (210) Pb measurements were performed by AMS.
      Samples were prepared from stock solutions of (204) Pb, (205) Pb, (208) Pb and
      (210) Pb and measured by making PbF3 (-) ions at the IsoTrace AMS facility using
      a SIMS-type Cs(+) sputter source. Potential interferences in Pb(3) (+) isotope
      measurement and the overall efficiency of Pb beam production were determined
      experimentally. RESULTS: (204) Pb and (205) Pb suffer from molecular and atomic
      isobaric interferences that cannot be removed without sacrificing the efficiency
      of (210) Pb measurements whereas (208) Pb suffers from no interferences. The
      abundance sensitivity of (210) Pb/(208) Pb was 1.3 * 10(-12) . Keeping the (210)
      Pb/(208) Pb spike below this level resulted in a detection limit of 4.4 mBq of
      (210) Pb using the IsoTrace AMS facility. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified key
      interferences in the measurement of PbF3 (-) -> Pb(3) (+) ions and demonstrated a
      new AMS method to measure (210) Pb. This new AMS technique is about five times
      more sensitive than gamma and beta spectroscopy measurements of (210) Pb and the
      measurement time is much shorter. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969927
TI  - A new organic reference material, l-glutamic acid, USGS41a, for delta(13) C and
      delta(15) N measurements - a replacement for USGS41.
AB  - RATIONALE: The widely used l-glutamic acid isotopic reference material USGS41,
      enriched in both (13) C and (15) N, is nearly exhausted. A new material, USGS41a,
      has been prepared as a replacement for USGS41. METHODS: USGS41a was prepared by
      dissolving analytical grade l-glutamic acid enriched in (13) C and (15) N
      together with l-glutamic acid of normal isotopic composition. The delta(13) C and
      delta(15) N values of USGS41a were directly or indirectly normalized with the
      international reference materials NBS 19 calcium carbonate (delta(13) CVPDB =
      +1.95 mUr, where milliurey = 0.001 = 1 0/00), LSVEC lithium carbonate (delta(13)
      CVPDB = -46.6 mUr), and IAEA-N-1 ammonium sulfate (delta(15) NAir = +0.43 mUr)
      and USGS32 potassium nitrate (delta(15) N = +180 mUr exactly) by on-line
      combustion, continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and off-line dual
      inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS: USGS41a is isotopically
      homogeneous; the reproducibility of delta(13) C and delta(15) N is better than
      0.07 mUr and 0.09 mUr, respectively, in 200-MUg amounts. It has a delta(13) C
      value of +36.55 mUr relative to VPDB and a delta(15) N value of +47.55 mUr
      relative to N2 in air. USGS41 was found to be hydroscopic, probably due to the
      presence of pyroglutamic acid. Experimental results indicate that the chemical
      purity of USGS41a is substantially better than that of USGS41. CONCLUSIONS: The
      new isotopic reference material USGS41a can be used with USGS40 (having a
      delta(13) CVPDB value of -26.39 mUr and a delta(15) NAir value of -4.52 mUr) for
      (i) analyzing local laboratory isotopic reference materials, and (ii) quantifying
      drift with time, mass-dependent isotopic fractionation, and isotope-ratio-scale
      contraction for isotopic analysis of biological and organic materials. Published
      in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in
      the USA.

PMID- 26969929
TI  - Applicability of gas chromatography/quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry in
      support of pharmaceutical research and development.
AB  - RATIONALE: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a fundamental tool
      used to identify impurities throughout the active pharmaceutical ingredients
      development process. The coupling of Orbitrap mass spectrometry with GC marks an
      exciting advance in capability for GC/MS, offering a significant step change in
      resolving power, mass accuracy, sensitivity and linear range. METHODS: A range of
      pharmaceutically relevant samples representing typical starting materials has
      been investigated with particular reference to impurity identification. The mass
      accuracy in Electron Ionisation (EI) and Chemical Ionisation (CI) was
      investigated for impurity identification. The linearity and mass accuracy over a
      wide dynamic range were evaluated. The number of scans obtained across
      chromatographic peaks was assessed at various resolution settings from 15,000 to
      120,000 (full width at half maximum (FWHM) at m/z 200). RESULTS: All the accurate
      mass measurements for impurities were within <1 ppm of the theoretical m/z value.
      The scan speed at the highest resolution produced 11 scans across the peak, and
      the mass accuracy for all scans was consistently <1 ppm - sufficient for impurity
      investigations and quantitative analysis. Linearity was demonstrated for N,N,N'
      trimethylethylenediamine over a concentration range of 0.0001 to 0.1250 MUg/mL
      (w/v) with a correlation coefficient R(2) = 0.9996 and mass accuracy across all
      concentrations at <1.1 ppm. CONCLUSIONS: GC/Orbitrap MS has been evaluated for
      both qualitative and quantitative analysis of typical pharmaceutical precursors
      and impurities. Accurate mass measurement across a wide dynamic range, linearity
      and the ability to identify impurities in EI and CI illustrate that this
      instrument is a powerful tool of great benefit to pharmaceutical analysis.

PMID- 26969930
TI  - Is lipid correction necessary in the stable isotope analysis of fish tissues?
AB  - RATIONALE: Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is a powerful tool for examining diet
      and food-web dynamics. SIA assumes "you are what you eat" relative to carbon (C)
      and nitrogen (N). However, fractionation of carbon during lipid synthesis
      violates this assumption; high-lipid tissues do not reflect delta(13) C values of
      diet and therefore have the potential to skew mixing model results and diet
      interpretations, making corrections necessary. METHODS: Brook Trout (Salvelinus
      fontinalis) white muscle and liver samples from several fish species representing
      the temperate North American cold- and warm-water fish community were corrected
      for lipids via chemical lipid extraction and mathematical lipid normalization. To
      assess the accuracy of model-predicted lipid-free delta(13) C values calculated
      from four normalization models, we compared model-predicted values with those
      measured after lipid extraction. RESULTS: We found that chemical lipid extraction
      is unnecessary for Brook Trout white muscle tissue with low initial lipid
      content. However, in tissues with C:N ratios greater than 3.5, lipid extraction
      increased delta(13) C values in fish liver by more than 1.0 0/00, indicating that
      liver lipid content is sufficient to bias delta(13) C values. We also found that
      lipids were accurately accounted for with mathematical normalization and
      recommend that tissues with C:N ratios greater than 3.5 be corrected
      mathematically. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that mathematical
      normalization is sufficient to account for bias in delta(13) C values associated
      with lipid content in fish tissues when C:N ratios are above 3.5. C:N ratios
      below 3.5 indicate that tissues have insufficient levels of lipid to bias the
      delta(13) C values. Generally, these findings support the use of more timely and
      cost-effective processing and analysis methods in future aquatic food-web studies
      utilizing SIA. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969931
TI  - Flame-induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: Charged species such as formylium (CHO(+) ), hydronium (H3 O(+) ), and
      water clusters [H3 O(+) (H2 O)n ] are commonly found in flames. These highly
      reactive species can react with analytes via ion-molecule reactions (IMRs) to
      form analyte ions. A new mass spectrometric technique, named flame-induced
      atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FAPCI-MS), was
      developed to characterize organic compounds via these mechanisms. METHODS: A
      commercial corona-discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)
      source was modified by replacing the corona needle with a flame to make a FAPCI
      source. Liquid samples were vaporized in a heated tube and delivered to the IMRs
      region by nitrogen to react with the charged species generated by a flame.
      Analytes on surfaces were directly desorbed and ionized by a flame using the
      technique called desorption-FAPCI-MS (DFAPCI-MS). RESULTS: Intact molecular ions
      of various chemical and biological compounds were successfully characterized by
      FAPCI-MS. The FAPCI mass spectra are nearly identical to those obtained by
      traditional APCI-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) of reserpine by FAPCI-MS was 50
      MUg L(-1) with a linear calibration curve (R(2) = 0.9947) from 100 MUg L(-1) to
      10 mg L(-1) . The LOD for ketamine by DFAPCI-MS was estimated to be less than 0.1
      ng. CONCLUSIONS: In FAPCI, analytes are not incinerated but vaporized and
      introduced into the ion source to react with the reactive charged species
      generated by a flame. The features of the FAPCI source include: configuration is
      very simple, operation is easy, high voltage or inert gas is unnecessary, and the
      source is maintenance free. Various combustible gases, solvents and solids are
      useful flame fuels for FAPCI. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969932
TI  - Improved analysis of micro- and nanomole-scale sulfur multi-isotope compositions
      by gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: Multiple sulfur isotope compositions are usually measured on
      relatively large samples (in the range of micromoles); however, sometimes only
      small amounts are available and thus it is necessary to analyze small (sub
      micromole) samples. We report an improved method to measure multiple sulfur
      isotope compositions: delta(33) S, delta(34) S and delta(36) S values on the SF6
      molecule (m/z 127, 128, 129, 131) for quantities down to 0.1 micromole, and
      delta(33) S and delta(34) S values for quantities down to 20 nanomoles. METHODS:
      Multiple sulfur isotope analyses including fluorination and purification of two
      international Ag2 S standards, IAEA-S1 and IAEA-S3, were carried out at various
      low concentrations on a dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometer using a
      microvolume and modified resistor capacities. RESULTS: The analyses yielded a
      narrow range of delta(34) S values vs CDT (the international standard), with an
      overall standard deviation of +/-0.2 0/00, which was within the range of
      certified values. This demonstrates the feasibility of determining both Delta(33)
      S and Delta(36) S values on the sub-micromole scale, and Delta(33) S values on
      the nanomole scale with similar accuracy to conventional dual-inlet analyses.
      CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the three S-isotope ratios on the SF6 molecule using
      the so-called conventional fluorination method and dual-inlet ion ratio mass
      spectrometry is reliable for sample sizes down to ~20 nanomoles. Despite being
      close to the theoretical limits for maintaining the viscous flow regime of gas in
      the capillary, errors were not limited by counting statistics, but probably
      relate to sample gas purification. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969933
TI  - Rapid identification of seized controlled substances and related compounds by
      tandem mass spectrometry without chromatography.
AB  - RATIONALE: This study demonstrates the capability of using tandem mass
      spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification of substances of abuse and related
      compounds without the need for chromatography. The elimination of chromatography
      is not only cost-effective because of reduced sample work-up and consumables, but
      also reduces the environmental impact of solvents. METHODS: Two chromatography
      free techniques were used to screen for a large suite of compounds using a rapid,
      inexpensive technique: a thermal desorber coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer
      operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. First, questioned materials
      in solution were introduced via an autosampler; and secondly, the materials were
      introduced directly by means of disposable toothpicks. The results were compared
      with those obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). RESULTS:
      MS/MS was shown to be capable of the identification of the same drugs within the
      samples as the conventional method of GC/MS, but with better sensitivity and
      shorter analysis times. Presented herein is an automated screening method based
      on an algorithm containing more than 60 precursor ion/product ion 'transitions'
      (i.e. 30+ compounds simultaneously; two precursor/product ion transitions per
      analyte), requiring less than 2 min for identification using an autosampler or
      instantaneously by means of manual sample introduction. Therefore, by eliminating
      chromatography, a higher laboratory throughput is achievable with simplified
      sample preparation. CONCLUSIONS: An inexpensive, rapid and reliable method was
      successfully developed for the identification of controlled substances within
      unknown matrices using MS/MS without any chromatographic separation. This
      technique could be further validated with reference to an increasing database of
      MS/MS spectra to help to identify an expanding suite of compounds. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969934
TI  - Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of S- and N-linked glutathione conjugates of
      pulegone and menthofuran and identification of P450 enzymes mediating their
      formation.
AB  - RATIONALE: Menthofuran is a hepatotoxin and a major metabolite of pulegone, a
      monoterpene found in the essential oils of many mint species. It is bioactivated
      by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to reactive metabolites, which may further react
      with glutathione to form S-linked and N-linked conjugates. The tandem mass
      spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation pathways of rarely observed N-linked
      conjugates, and the differences to fragmentation of S-linked conjugates, have not
      been reported in the literature previously, although this information is
      essential to enable comprehensive MS/MS-based screening methods covering the both
      types of conjugates. METHODS: (R)-(+)-Pulegone, (S)-(-)-pulegone, and menthofuran
      were incubated with a human liver S9 fraction with glutathione (GSH) as the
      trapping agent. Conjugates were searched with ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography (UPLC)/orbitrap MS and their MS/MS spectra were measured both in
      the negative and positive ionization polarities. Menthofuran was also incubated
      with recombinant human CYP enzymes and GSH to elucidate the CYPs responsible for
      the formation of the reactive metabolites. RESULTS: Four GSH conjugates of
      menthofuran were detected and identified as S- and N-linked conjugates based on
      MS/MS spectra. N-linked conjugates lacked the characteristic fragments of S
      linked conjugates and commonly produced fragments that retained parts of glutamic
      acid. CYP1A2, 2B6 and 3A4 were observed to produce more GSH conjugates than other
      CYP isoforms. CONLUSIONS: Furans can form reactive aldehydes that react in Schiff
      base fashion with the free glutamyl-amine of GSH to form N-linked conjugates that
      have distinct MS/MS spectra from S-linked adducts. This should be taken into
      account when setting up LC/MS/MS-based detection of glutathione conjugates to
      screen for reactive metabolites, at least for compounds with a furan moiety.
      Neutral loss scanning of 178.0412 Da and 290.0573 Da in the positive ionization
      mode, or neutral loss scanning of 256.0695 Da and 290.0573 Da and precursor ion
      scanning of m/z 143.0462 in the negative ionization mode, is recommended.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969935
TI  - Quantitative metrics for assessment of chemical image quality and spatial
      resolution.
AB  - RATIONALE: Currently objective/quantitative descriptions of the quality and
      spatial resolution of mass spectrometry derived chemical images are not
      standardized. Development of these standardized metrics is required to
      objectively describe the chemical imaging capabilities of existing and/or new
      mass spectrometry imaging technologies. Such metrics would allow unbiased
      judgment of intra-laboratory advancement and/or inter-laboratory comparison for
      these technologies if used together with standardized surfaces. METHODS: Two
      image metrics, viz., "chemical image contrast" (ChemIC) based on signal-to-noise
      related statistical measures on chemical image pixels and "corrected resolving
      power factor" (cRPF) constructed from statistical analysis of mass-to-charge
      chronograms across features of interest in an image, were developed. These
      metrics, quantifying chemical image quality and spatial resolution, respectively,
      were used to evaluate chemical images of a model photoresist patterned surface
      collected using a laser ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging
      system under different instrument operational parameters. RESULTS: The calculated
      ChemIC and cRPF metrics determined in an unbiased fashion the relative ranking of
      chemical image quality obtained with the laser ablation/liquid vortex capture
      mass spectrometry imaging system. These rankings were used to show that both
      chemical image contrast and spatial resolution deteriorated with increasing
      surface scan speed, increased lane spacing and decreasing size of surface
      features. CONCLUSIONS: ChemIC and cRPF, respectively, were developed and
      successfully applied for the objective description of chemical image quality and
      spatial resolution of chemical images collected from model surfaces using a laser
      ablation/liquid vortex capture mass spectrometry imaging system. Published in
      2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the
      USA.

PMID- 26969936
TI  - Mechanistic investigation of charge-remote and charge-driven fragmentation
      processes in 2,5-diphenyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene diamidines.
AB  - RATIONALE: Diphenylfuran diamidines represent an important class of DNA minor
      groove binders of high therapeutic interest as antitumor and antibacterial
      agents. This study aimed to investigate fragmentation patterns in mass spectra of
      four diamidine derivatives with significant antitumor activity, in order to gain
      more insight into the structures and stability of their putative biological
      metabolites. METHODS: Compounds were investigated by electrospray ionization
      tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) using low-energy collision-induced
      dissociation (CID). Density functional theory calculations were performed to
      confirm the main fragmentation paths. RESULTS: The most abundant ion present in
      mass spectra is the doubly protonated molecule, whereas singly protonated
      molecules are present to a lesser extent. In the simplest compound, 2,5-bis(4
      amidinophenyl)-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, the main fragmentation path was loss
      of ammonia, followed by loss of HCN where possible. The fragmentation of the N
      alkyl derivatives (N-isopropyl-, N-isobutyl-, N-cyclopentyl-) includes
      competition between loss of alkene and the corresponding amine, followed by loss
      of another alkene and formation of fragment ions present in the pathway of the
      parent compound. CONCLUSIONS: The primary sites of fragmentations of investigated
      compounds are amidine groups, while breaking the core 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
      ring system does not take place. Fragmentation of the singly protonated molecule
      [M + H](+) occurs primarily on the charged side of the molecule, but a charge
      remote process is energetically viable. The fragmentation mechanism of the alkyl
      derivatives revealed that singly and doubly protonated molecules cleave to the
      singly and doubly protonated molecules of the parent compound. Once formed, they
      are gradually transformed into nitrile. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 26969938
TI  - Characterization of aromatic organosulfur model compounds relevant to fossil
      fuels by using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization with CS2 and high
      resolution tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: The chemistry of desulfurization involved in processing crude oil is
      greatly dependent on the forms of sulfur in the oil. Sulfur exists in different
      chemical bonding environments in fossil fuels, including those in thiophenes and
      benzothiophenes, thiols, sulfides, and disulfides. In this study, the
      fragmentation behavior of the molecular ions of 17 aromatic organosulfur
      compounds with various functionalities was systematically investigated by using
      high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS: Multiple-stage tandem mass
      spectrometric experiments were carried out using a linear quadrupole ion trap
      (LQIT) equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source.
      (+)APCI/CS2 was used to generate stable dominant molecular ions for all the
      compounds studied except for three sulfides that also showed abundant fragment
      ions. The LQIT coupled with an orbitrap mass spectrometer was used for elemental
      composition analysis, which facilitated the identification of the neutral
      molecules lost during fragmentation. RESULTS: The characteristic fragment ions
      generated in MS(2) and MS(3) experiments provide clues for the chemical bonding
      environment of sulfur atoms in the examined compounds. Upon collision-induced
      dissociation (CID), the molecular ions can lose the sulfur atom in a variety of
      ways, including as S (32 Da), HS(*) (33 Da), H2 S (34 Da), CS (44 Da), (*) CHS
      (45 Da) and CH2 S (46 Da). These neutral fragments are not only indicative of the
      presence of sulfur, but also of the type of sulfur present in the compound.
      Generally, losses of HS(*) and H2 S were found to be associated with compounds
      containing saturated sulfur functionalities, while losses of S, CS and (*) CHS
      were more common for heteroaromatic sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS: High
      resolution tandem mass spectrometry with APCI/CS2 ionization is a viable approach
      to determining the types of organosulfur compounds. It can potentially be applied
      to analysis of complex mixtures, which is beneficial to improving the
      desulfurization process of fossil fuels. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 26969937
TI  - A novel high-temperature combustion interface for compound-specific stable
      isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen via high-performance liquid
      chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: In aqueous samples compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA)
      plays an important role. No direct method (without sample preparation) for stable
      nitrogen isotope analysis (delta(15) N SIA) of non-volatile compounds is known
      yet. The development of a novel HPLC/IRMS interface based on high-temperature
      combustion (HTC) for both delta(13) C and delta(15) N CSIA and its proof of
      principle are described in this study. METHODS: To hyphenate high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) a
      modified high-temperature combustion total organic carbon analyzer (HTC TOC) was
      used. A system to handle a continuously large amount of water (three-step drying
      system), favorable carrier and reaction gas mix and flow, an efficient high
      temperature-based oxidation and subsequent reduction system and a collimated beam
      transfer system were the main requirements to achieve the necessary performance.
      RESULTS: The proof of principle with caffeine solutions of the system succeeded.
      In this initial testing, both delta(13) C and delta(15) N values of tested
      compounds were determined with precision and trueness of <=0.5 0/00. Further
      tests resulted in lower working limit values of 3.5 MUgC for delta(13) C SIA and
      20 MUgN for delta(15) N SIA, considering an accuracy of +/-0.5 0/00 as
      acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The development of a novel HPLC/IRMS interface resulted
      in the first system reported to be suitable for both delta(13) C and delta(15) N
      direct CSIA of non-volatile compounds. This highly efficient system will probably
      open up new possibilities in SIA-based research fields. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969939
TI  - Quantification of ecosystem C dynamics in a long-term FACE study on permanent
      grassland.
AB  - RATIONALE: Because of the wide-ranging appearance and high soil organic carbon
      (C) content of grasslands, their ecosystems play an important role in the global
      C cycle. Thus, even small changes in input or output rates lead to significant
      changes in the soil C content, thereby affecting atmospheric [CO2 ]. Our aim was
      to examine if a higher C supply provided under elevated CO2 will increase the
      soil C pool. Special attention was given to respirational processes, where CO2
      emission rates and its sources (plant vs. soil) were considered. METHODS: The
      Giessen-FACE experiment started in 1998 with a moderate CO2 enrichment of +20%
      and +30% above ambient on an extensively managed grassland. The experiment
      consists of three control plots where no CO2 is applied, three plots where [CO2 ]
      is enriched by +20% and one plot receiving [CO2 ] +30%. To exclude initial CO2
      step increase effects, a detailed examination of respirational processes over 30
      months was carried out after 6 years of CO2 enrichment starting in June 2004. At
      that time, the delta(13) C signature of the enrichment-CO2 was switched from -25
      0/00 to -48 0/00 without a concomitant change in CO2 concentration. RESULTS:
      After 9 years, the fraction of new C under [CO2 ] +20% was 37 +/- 5.4% in the top
      7.5 cm but this decreased with depth. No CO2 effect on soil carbon content was
      detected. Between June 2004 and December 2006, elevated [CO2 ] +20% increased the
      ecosystem respiration by 13%. The contribution of root respiration to soil
      respiration was 37 +/- 13% (5 cm) and 43 +/- 14% (10 cm) for [CO2 ] +20% and 35
      +/- 13% and 40 +/- 13% for [CO2 ] +30%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      of an increased C turnover without a net soil C sequestration suggest that the
      sink strength of grassland ecosystems might decrease in the future, because the
      additional C may quickly be released as CO2 to the atmosphere. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969940
TI  - MALDI SpiralTOF high-resolution mass spectrometry and Kendrick mass defect
      analysis applied to the characterization of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
      copolymers.
AB  - RATIONALE: Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymers - usually referred to as
      EVA - are first class industrial polymers used for applications ranging from
      padding to photovoltaics as encapsulant for the silicon solar cells. Various
      techniques have been used for their characterization but the analysis of intact
      EVA chains using mass spectrometry (MS) has not been reported so far. METHODS:
      Three copolymers containing 18, 25 and 40 wt% vinyl acetate (VA) have been
      characterized using an off-line coupling of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)
      and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spiral-time-of-flight
      (TOF) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The representativeness of those
      results for the entire samples has been checked using (13) C NMR spectroscopy.
      Lastly, Kendrick mass defect analysis has been proposed as an alternative and
      user-friendly data treatment method. RESULTS: The shortest chains isolated by SEC
      fractionation and mass-analyzed by HRMS have been thoroughly described in terms
      of end-groups (found to be hydrogens) and co-monomeric composition. The VA
      content was successfully derived from the peak assignments in MS spectra for the
      EVA 40 wt% and 25 wt% while it tended to be overestimated for the latest EVA 18
      wt% (increasing poly(ethylene) character). Similar results have been found using
      a faster data treatment method relying on the Kendrick mass defect analysis of
      the MS data. CONCLUSIONS: EVA low molecular weight intact oligomers have been
      extensively characterized by MS for the first time and the structural features
      confidently extended to the full sample according to NMR data. The Kendrick mass
      analysis finally constituted an efficient method for a fast evaluation of their
      VA content with no need for manual assignment. (c) 2016 The Authors. Rapid
      Communications in Mass Spectrometry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 26969941
TI  - Nickel in equine sports drug testing - pilot study results on urinary nickel
      concentrations.
AB  - RATIONALE: The issue of illicit performance enhancement spans human and animal
      sport in presumably equal measure, with prohibited substances and methods of
      doping conveying both ways. Due to the proven capability of unbound ionic cobalt
      (Co(2) (+) ) to stimulate erythropoiesis in humans, both human and equine anti
      doping regulations have listed cobalt as a banned substance, and in particular in
      horse drug testing, thresholds for cobalt concentrations applying to plasma and
      urine have been suggested or established. Recent reports about the finding of
      substantial amounts of undeclared nickel in arguably licit performance- and
      recovery-supporting products raised the question whether the ionic species of
      this transition metal (Ni(2) (+) ), which exhibits similar prolyl hydroxylase
      inhibiting properties to Co(2) (+) , has been considered as a substitute for
      cobalt in doping regimens. METHODS: Therefore, a pilot study with 200 routine
      post-competition doping control horse urine samples collected from animals
      participating in equestrian, gallop, and trotting in Europe was conducted to
      provide a first dataset on equine urinary Ni(2) (+) concentrations. All specimens
      were analyzed by conventional inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP
      MS) to yield quantitative data for soluble nickel. RESULTS: Concentrations
      ranging from below the assay's limit of quantification (LOQ, 0.5 ng/mL) up to
      33.4 ng/mL with a mean value (+/- standard deviation) of 6.1 (+/-5.1) ng/mL were
      determined for the total nickel content. CONCLUSIONS: In horses, nickel is
      considered a micronutrient and feed supplements containing nickel are available;
      hence, follow-up studies are deemed warranted to consolidate potential future
      threshold levels concerning urine and blood nickel concentrations in horses using
      larger sets of samples for both matrices and to provide in-depth insights by
      conducting elimination studies with soluble Ni(2) (+) -salt species. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969942
TI  - Identification of a neutral loss from precursor ions with nearly Gaussian-shaped
      isotopic patterns via inverted isotopic patterns of product ions.
AB  - RATIONALE: Direct atomic composition determination of ions with very broad
      Gaussian-shaped isotopic patterns is challenging because no monoisotopic peak is
      available for high accurate mass determination and no characteristic shapes in
      isotopic patterns are visible. METHODS: Isolation and fragmentation of the ions
      corresponding to one peak (one nominal mass) in the center of the broad Gaussian
      shaped isotopic pattern lead to a mass spectrum with the product ion signal
      showing the inverted full isotopic profile of the neutral fragment. RESULTS: We
      have introduced a convenient method for the fast and straightforward
      identification of a neutral loss for molecular ions with broad isotopic patterns.
      The theoretical considerations underlying this method are explained and its
      practical limitations are considered. The benefits of this method are exemplified
      by guiding a reader through the analysis of a complex mixture of bridged
      carborate clusters, compounds with very broad isotopic patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The
      presented method can be efficiently used for the determination of atomic
      compositions of compounds with broad isotopic patterns by their fragmentation
      using mass spectrometry. This method should significantly facilitate the mass
      spectrometric analysis of compounds containing several atoms with broad isotopic
      distributions, such as Ge, Sn, Mo, Ru and Hg, and, thus, can considerably broaden
      the use of mass spectrometry as an analytical method in inorganic and
      organometallic chemistry. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969943
TI  - Identification of hydroxy- and keto-dicarboxylic acids in remote marine aerosols
      using gas chromatography/quadruple and time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: The identification of hydroxy- and keto-dicarboxylic acids (diacids)
      in remote marine aerosol samples is important for a better understanding of the
      composition of organic particulate matter, as this chemical composition is
      essential for predicting the effects on climate, air quality, and human health.
      Molecular characterization of these compounds provides insights into sources and
      formation pathways of organic aerosols. METHODS: The method of chemical
      derivatization followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC
      FID), gas chromatography/quadruple mass spectrometry (GC/QMS) and gas
      chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) was used to identify
      hydroxy- and keto-diacids in remote marine aerosols. Atmospheric samples were
      collected at Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific and the diacids and
      related compounds were extracted with organic-free ultrapure water. A two-step
      derivatization technique was employed, using 14% BF3 /n-butanol for the
      butylation of carboxyl groups and acidic ketones followed by N,O
      bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) for the trimethylsilylation of
      hydroxyl groups. RESULTS: Several new peaks were detected in the gas chromatogram
      after trimethylsilylation of the dibutyl ester fraction. Based on mass spectral
      interpretation with authentic standards, we successfully identified and
      quantified a homologous series of hydroxydiacids, including tartaric and
      oxaloacetic acids. In addition, transformation of oxaloacetic acid into its enol
      form was elucidated. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing GC-FID, GC/QMS and GC/TOFMS, hydroxy-
      and keto-diacids were identified in the remote marine aerosols. A complete
      structural characterization was achieved with extensive mass spectral analysis.
      Molecular distributions of hydroxydiacids generally showed the predominance of
      malic acid followed by tartronic acid. We consider that these hydroxydiacids are
      important intermediates in the atmospheric oxidation of organic aerosols to
      result in smaller diacids. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969944
TI  - Identification of metabolites of the novel anti-tumor drug candidate MDH-7 in rat
      urine by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole linear ion trap
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: Our previous preliminary pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the
      novel double pyrimidine tricyclic nucleoside MDH-7 in rats had a very short half
      life (<30 min) after oral administration. As a result, the in vivo metabolic
      profile of MDH-7 should be investigated during early stages of drug development
      to better select drug candidates. METHODS: In this study, a rapid method was
      developed to identify the metabolites of MDH-7 in rat urine by means of ultra
      performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization
      mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using a triple quadrupole linear ion trap instrument.
      MDH-7 and its metabolites were detected and characterized by the combined use of
      the multiple reaction monitoring-information-dependent acquisition-enhanced
      product ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) mode and the precursor scan information-dependent
      acquisition-enhanced product ion (PREC-IDA-EPI) mode. RESULTS: Ten novel
      metabolites of MDH-7 were identified and characterized in rat urine by LC/ESI-MS
      and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) analyses.
      M1 was identified as 5-fluoro-N(4) -[(pentyloxy)carbonyl]cytosine; M2 and M3 were
      formed by hydroxylation products of M1. Metabolites M4-M10 were formed by a
      series of degradation reactions such as: deacetylation, hydroxylation, loss of
      the defluorocytosine base, oxidative-deamination, loss of the defluorouracil
      base, N-dealkylation and amide hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the profiles of
      the metabolites, possible metabolic pathways of MDH-7 in rats were proposed for
      the first time. This study provides new and available information on the
      metabolism of MDH-7 which is very useful to further understand its in vivo
      metabolic fate. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26969945
TI  - Mid-term results of total knee replacement with single-radius versus multi-radius
      posterior-stabilized implants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Single-radius femoral total knee endoprosthesis designs were
      introduced with the promise of better clinical and functional results by means of
      superior biomechanical characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare the
      mid-term clinical, functional, radiologic, and survivorship outcomes of 2 types
      of posterior-stabilized knee replacement systems: the single-radius Scorpio(r)
      (Stryker(r), Mahwah, NJ, USA) and the multi-radius NexGen(r) (Zimmer(r), Warsaw,
      IN, USA). METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 139 patients
      (164 knees) that underwent total knee replacement (TKR) between October 2004 and
      December 2010: 94 knees (75 patients) with Scorpio(r) and 70 knees (64 patients)
      with NexGen(r). The 2 patient groups were similar in terms of age, gender ratio,
      diagnosis, disease stage, and knee joint alignment. Mean follow-up times were 35
      (range: 12-112) months and 32 (range: 13-75) months, respectively. Evaluation was
      based on the Knee Society scores (KSS) and the Knee Society Total Knee
      Arthroplasty Roentgenographic Evaluation and Scoring System, with survival data
      compiled using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Clinical and functional
      improvements were recorded in all cases, with no statistically significant
      differences between the 2 patient groups. Survivorship was 95.8% (95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 91.8-99.8%) for the multi-radius implant at 60 months and 92.7%
      (95% CI: 87.7-97.7%) for the single-radius implant at 84 months, with no
      significant difference (p=0.31). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that both
      single-radius and multi-radius posterior-stabilized knee endoprostheses can
      significantly reduce pain and improve knee joint function in patients if used
      with a proper technique, with the additional benefit of good mid-term
      survivorship.

PMID- 26969946
TI  - Fixation of extra-articular distal humeral fractures with a lateral approach and
      a locked plate: an alternative method.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lateral
      approach and anterolateral anatomical locked plate fixation on clinical and
      radiological healing of extra-articular distal humeral fractures. METHODS: Twenty
      three (17 male, 6 female) consecutive patients who underwent surgical management
      for closed extra-articular comminuted distal humeral fractures between 2006 and
      2013 were included in this study. Anterolateral fixation with an anatomical
      locked plate using a lateral approach was preferred. Mean age was 34 years
      (range: 17-56 years). AO Foundation/American Orthopaedic Trauma Association
      (AO/OTA) classification was used; all patients had AO/OTA 12-B1.3 type fractures.
      Inclusion criteria were patients with polytrauma, late-onset radial nerve injury,
      and unsatisfactory closed reduction. Patients were followed up at postoperative
      weeks 6, 12, and 24, and in 3-month intervals thereafter. Mean follow-up period
      was 16 months (range: 14-18 months). Functional results were evaluated using the
      Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score, visual analog scale
      (VAS) score, and Mayo elbow performance score. RESULTS: Mean flexion was 135
      degrees  (range: 128-140 degrees ) at 24 weeks postoperatively; there was no loss
      of pronation and supination of the forearm. All fractures healed uneventfully in
      an average of 19.3 weeks (range: 16-24 weeks). Mean Mayo elbow performance score
      and DASH score at 24 weeks improved from 66.6 (range: 50-85) to 100 and from 53.6
      (range: 25.75-80.75) to 12.7 (range: 5-26.5), respectively. VAS score at 24 weeks
      improved from 4 (range: 3-5) to 0.5 (range: 0-1). Postoperative radial nerve
      paralysis and infection were not observed. CONCLUSION: We recommend anterolateral
      anatomical locked plate fixation using a lateral approach as an alternative
      method in the management of distal humeral extra-articular fractures. This
      enables rigid fixation of the distal fragment without interfering and impinging
      on the olecranon fossa, allows early active range of elbow motion, and avoids
      iatrogenic triceps muscle injury and radial nerve exposure, which prevents
      surgical radial nerve injury.

PMID- 26969947
TI  - Treatment of infected nonunion of the juxta-articular region of the distal tibia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to summarize our clinical results with
      distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of infected tibial nonunion around the
      ankle joint. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2009, 13 patients with a mean age of 50
      years (range: 27-79 years) underwent tibial reconstruction for the treatment of
      infected nonunion of the distal tibia, with a mean bone loss of 4.8 cm (range: 1
      7 cm). Lengthening over an intramedullary nail as a second procedure was used in
      2 patients, bifocal compression and distraction technique in 5 cases, compression
      with Ilizarov external fixator in 5 cases, and Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF, Smith
      Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA) in 1 case. At final follow-up, functional and
      radiographic results were evaluated according to Paley's bone and functional
      healing criteria. RESULTS: Mean duration of follow-up was 36 months. Mean
      external fixation time was 198 days, and mean external fixation index was 29
      days/cm. According to Paley's bone healing criteria, there were 10 excellent, 2
      good, and 1 poor result(s); additionally, according to Paley's functional healing
      criteria, there were 5 excellent, 6 good, and 2 fair results. There were 11
      problems, 5 obstacles, and 1 sequel according to Paley's classification of
      complications. There was 1 persisting nonunion, which underwent revision with a
      retrograde intramedullary nail. CONCLUSION: External fixator and/or combined
      treatment are effective and reliable methods to treat infected nonunion of the
      distal tibia. Every patient should be evaluated according to their infection
      level and bony defects for reconstruction.

PMID- 26969949
TI  - An emerging etiological factor for hand injuries in the pediatric population:
      public exercise equipment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the role of public exercise
      equipment in pediatric hand traumas as a preventable etiological factor. METHODS:
      Pediatric patients with hand injuries referred from the emergency department were
      evaluated retrospectively. Age and gender of the patients, timing, etiology,
      mechanism of hand trauma, localization of the injury, diagnoses of the patients,
      and hospitalization rates were reviewed. RESULTS: Amongst the 310 pediatric
      patients evaluated, 31 patients (10%) experienced injury related to public
      exercise equipment. Within this group of patients, most were between 5 to 9 years
      of age, and all injuries were blunt and crush type. Lacerations and fractures
      were the main diagnoses. Complex injuries that required inpatient care were
      reported in 19.3% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Public exercise equipment-related
      injuries are increasingly prevalent in pediatric hand traumas. Preventive actions
      such as shielding the moving parts should be taken to reduce these rates.

PMID- 26969948
TI  - A new complication in volar locking plating of the distal radius: longitudinal
      fractures of the near cortex.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to document a new complication in volar
      locking plating of the distal radius. METHODS: Between January 2007 and January
      2014, 223 patients were identified from the department's surgical database with
      retrospective chart and radiographic review. Sixty-eight patients were over 60
      years of age. All fractures were operated with Acu-Loc(r) (Acumed, Hillsboro, OR,
      USA) wrist volar locking plating systems. Longitudinal fracture lines (LFL)
      beneath volar plate-extending proximal shafts were documented. Correlations
      between age groups and LFLs were investigated. Radiographs with LFLs were
      assessed at final follow-up for the following parameters: volar tilt, radial
      inclination and radial length. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 68 patients over age of
      60 years had LFLs. Correlation was significant for age groups (p<0.05). The
      effect of these fracture lines on radiographic parameters was not significant
      (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Surgeons should be aware of the complications that may
      occur with volar locking plates. Understanding of potential complications and
      their results are important. As a result of aging, thinning, and weakening, the
      near cortex may become more brittle. When the plate is reduced on the bone with a
      nonlocking screw, the conical head of diaphyseal locking screws can extend over
      plate thickness and penetrate the near cortex, acting as a screwing wedge.
      Additional divergent configuration may promote this effect and crack the cortex.

PMID- 26969950
TI  - Prognostic factors in sensory recovery after digital nerve repair.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The prognostic factors that affect sensory nerve recovery after
      digital nerve repair are variable because of nonhomogeneous data, subjective
      tests, and different assessment/scoring methods. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the success of sensory nerve recovery after digital nerve repair and to
      investigate the prognostic factors in sensorial healing. METHODS: Ninety-six
      digital nerve repairs of 63 patients were retrospectively evaluated. All nerves
      were repaired with end-to-end neurorraphy. The static two-point discrimination
      (s2PD) and Semmes Weinstein monofilament (SWM) tests were performed to evaluate
      sensory recovery. The association between prognostic factors such as gender, age,
      involved digit, time from injury to repair, length of follow-up, smoking,
      concomitant injuries, type of injury, and sensory recovery results were assessed.
      RESULTS: The s2PD test demonstrated excellent results in 26 nerves (27%), good
      results in 61 nerves (64%), and poor results in 9 nerves (9%). The results of the
      SWM test according to Imai classification showed that 31 nerves (32%) were
      normal, light touch was diminished in 38 nerves (40%), protective sensation was
      diminished in 17 nerves (18%), loss of protective sensation occurred in 5 nerves
      (5%), and 5 nerves (5%) were anesthetic. There was a negative relationship
      between age, smoking, concomitant injuries, and sensory recovery. CONCLUSION: Our
      results demonstrate that concomitant tendon, bone and vascular injuries, older
      age, and smoking were associated with worse sensory nerve recovery results.
      However, all digital nerve injuries should be repaired, regardless of these
      prognostic factors.

PMID- 26969951
TI  - Practice of tourniquet use in Turkey: a pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present pilot study was to evaluate patterns in the
      current practice of tourniquet use in Turkey. The results of this study can
      provide detailed information regarding tourniquet use and evaluate the need for
      guidelines on tourniquet use in Turkey. METHODS: The questionnaire was sent to
      orthopedic residents and surgeons by either giving printed questionnaires
      directly or by establishing preliminary communication with surgeons and then
      sending questionnaires by e-mail. Participating staff consisted of 3 groups:
      Group 1: orthopedic surgeons; Group 2: orthopedic residents; and Group 3:
      orthopedic academic staff. Statistical differences in tourniquet use were
      analyzed among the groups. RESULTS: Use of mechanical tourniquet was
      significantly higher in Group 1. Plain cuffs were used in orthopedic surgical
      practice more frequently. Assistant and orthopedic theatre personnel were
      commonly reported by participants as the tourniquet applicant. Periodic
      educational practice was not routine. The number of reported complications was
      higher in Group 3. Cuff padding was generally routine practice. Scientifically
      valid options at lowest inflation pressure were not observed among the results at
      the expected rates. CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study indicate that
      there is wide variation in some aspects of tourniquet practice in Turkey. The
      differences are not acceptable because of the potential for significant
      complications with some practices. There is a need to provide and ensure adequate
      education to provide the best patient care. Furthermore, protocols should be
      developed for acceptable standards of tourniquet use.

PMID- 26969952
TI  - Clinical utilization of arterial occlusion pressure estimation method in lower
      limb surgery: effectiveness of tourniquet pressures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of the arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) estimation
      method to set tourniquet inflation pressures was assessed in patients undergoing
      lower limb surgery. METHODS: One hundred ninety-eight operations were performed
      in 224 lower extremities of 193 patients. Tourniquet inflation pressures were set
      using the AOP estimation formula and adding 20 mmHg of safety margin to AOP
      value. Primary outcome measures were the amount of tourniquet pressure and its
      effectiveness. The quality of the surgical field and complications were assessed
      by the surgical team in a blinded fashion. Secondary measures included the time
      required to set the tourniquet pressure and complications. RESULTS: The initial
      and maximal tourniquet pressures used were 168.4+/-14.5 and 173.3+/-15.6 mmHg,
      respectively. The performance of the tourniquets was assessed as "excellent" and
      "good" in all stages of the procedure in 97.76% of cases. The time required to
      measure AOP and set the tourniquet cuff pressure was 19.0+/-2.6 sec. No
      complications occurred during or after surgery until discharge. CONCLUSION:
      Clinical utilization of the AOP estimation formula is a practical and effective
      way of setting tourniquet pressures for lower limb surgery. Its usage allows
      achievement of a bloodless field with inflation pressures lower than those
      previously recommended in the literature for lower limb tourniquets.

PMID- 26969953
TI  - Reconstruction of advanced periacetabular metastatic lesions with modified
      Harrington procedure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of patients who
      had been treated by a modified Harrington procedure for advanced periacetabular
      metastases. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2013, 16 patients with a mean age of 57
      years (range: 28-73 years) were treated using a modified Harrington technique.
      Extensive (class II/III) periacetabular defects were due to metastatic carcinoma
      or multiple myeloma. Surgical procedure included total hip replacement and
      acetabular reconstruction using threaded pins, cemented acetabular reinforcement
      ring, and/or polyethylene cup. RESULTS: All patients improved in regard to pain
      and walking ability. Mean preoperative and postoperative Musculoskeletal Tumour
      Society (MSTS) functional scores were 52.8% (range: 33.3-73.3%) and 72% (range:
      56.6-90%), respectively (p<0.05). There were 5 (31%) early or late complications
      requiring additional surgery. Implant survival was 75% and 37.5% at 12 and 18
      months, respectively. Mean survival of the patients was 21 months (range: <1-6
      years). Six remained alive, with a mean survival of 27 months (range: 18 months
      to 5 years). CONCLUSION: This modified Harrington procedure can be used for
      reconstruction of advanced periacetabular metastatic lesions.

PMID- 26969954
TI  - Effects of anti-osteoporosis treatment in the elderly with anterior cervical
      discectomy and fusion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anti-osteoporosis
      treatment on radiological and functional results following anterior cervical
      discectomy and fusion (ACDF). METHODS: Medical records of 59 patients (Mean age
      68.1 years, 36 males and 23 females) who had ACDF surgery between January 2010
      and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Antiosteoporotic treatment group
      consisted of 31 patients and non-antiosteoporotic treatment group consisted of 28
      patients. The height of intervertebral space (HIS), cervical alignment (CA),
      segmental angle (SA), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were compared between the
      groups, preoperatively, postoperatively, and at final follow-up. RESULTS: There
      were significant differences at final follow-up between the 2 groups in SA
      (p=0.03), HIS (p=0.03), and VAS (p=0.03) for upper limb pain, in favor of
      antiosteoporotic treatment. CONCLUSION: Anti-osteoporotic treatment appear to
      improve the radiological and functional results following following anterior
      cervical discectomy and fusion.

PMID- 26969955
TI  - The effect of platelet-rich plasma on arthroscopic double-row rotator cuff
      repair: a clinical study with 12-month follow-up.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of platelet-rich plasma
      on arthroscopic double-row rotator cuff repair. METHODS: The study included 60
      patients with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Thirthy patients (mean age:
      57.2+/-7.4; 16 males and 14 females) underwent arthroscopic double-row repair
      alone (Group 1), another 30 (mean age: 56.9+/-6.0; 15 males and 15 females) had
      an injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (Group 2). The groups were compared
      with DASH as a primary outcome score and Constant-Murley score, visual analog
      scale, measurement of active forward flexion, and external and internal rotation
      as secondary outcome measures. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the
      integrity of the repair at 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Primary and
      secondary outcome measures statistically improved in both groups postoperatively
      (p<0.05). Overall mean primary and secondary postoperative outcome measures were
      not significantly different between the 2 groups. A retear was seen in 9 subjects
      (30%) in Group 1 and 4 subjects (14%) in Group 2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The local
      injection of PRP into a primary arthroscopic double-row cuff repair resulted in
      lower recurrence rates than repairs without the novel biological augmentation
      material.

PMID- 26969956
TI  - Oxford Knee Score: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish
      version in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Oxford Knee Score (OKS) is a valid, short, self-administered, and
      site- specific outcome measure specifically developed for patients with knee
      arthroplasty. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate the OKS to
      be used in Turkish-speaking patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. METHODS:
      The OKS was translated and culturally adapted according to the guidelines in the
      literature. Ninety-one patients (mean age: 55.89+/-7.85 years) with knee
      osteoarthritis participated in the study. Patients completed the Turkish version
      of the Oxford Knee Score (OKS-TR), Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), and
      Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) questionnaires. Internal
      consistency was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Patients completed the
      OKS-TR questionnaire twice in 7 days to determine the reproducibility.
      Correlation between the total results of both tests was determined by Spearman's
      correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Validity
      was assessed by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficient between the OKS,
      WOMAC, and SF-36 scores. Floor and ceiling effects were analyzed. RESULTS:
      Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha: 0.90). The reproducibility
      tested by 2 different methods showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The
      construct validity analyses showed a significant correlation between the OKS and
      the other scores (p<0.05). There was no floor or ceiling effect in total OKS
      score. CONCLUSION: The OKS-TR is a reliable and valid measure for the self
      assessment of pain and function in Turkish-speaking patients with osteoarthritis
      of the knee.

PMID- 26969957
TI  - Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Manchester-Oxford Foot
      Questionnaire for hallux valgus deformity evaluation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of
      the Turkish version of the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) in
      patients affected by hallux valgus in order to assess the accuracy of this cross
      cultural adaption. METHODS: Thirty female volunteers aged between 18 and 55 years
      were included in the study. Subjects with hallux valgus were asked to complete
      the MOXFQ and the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). After receiving permission
      from the author, the MOXFQ was translated into Turkish twice and then back
      translated to English, after which its compatibility was evaluated. The Turkish
      version of the MOXFO was applied twice, 1-3 days apart, to the study subjects.
      Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed using Cronbach's
      alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Construct
      validity was assessed with the use of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient,
      using a priori hypothesized correlations with SF-36 domains. RESULTS: Subjects
      achieved similar scores at the first and second administration of the
      questionnaire (<0.001). The internal consistency reliability was acceptable for
      all MOXFQ domains (pain, walking/standing, social interaction), with Cronbach's
      alpha coefficients ranging from 0.775 to 0.779. The assessment of test-retest
      reliability revealed satisfactory values, with ICCs ranging from 0.91 to 0.96.
      Construct validity was supported by the presence of all the hypothesized
      correlations, with SF-36 within its physical parameters. CONCLUSION: The Turkish
      version of the MOXFQ is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating foot pain and
      functional status in patients affected by hallux valgus.

PMID- 26969958
TI  - Three-dimensionally-navigated cross-cannulated screw fixation for traumatic pubic
      symphysis diastasis: an anatomical study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to design and optimize the secure corridor
      of cross-cannulated screw implantation in pubic symphysis through Orbic 3D
      (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) computerized navigation and to
      provide an anatomic basis through the study of regional anatomy. METHODS: Fifteen
      embalmed adult cadavers (8 males, 7 females) were used in this study. All pelvic
      specimens were placed in the supine position on a radiolucent carbon fiber table.
      The ideal angle of screw placement, appropriate screw diameter, and perfect
      attachment point were determined by the computerized navigation system. According
      to the above data, cross-cannulated screws 6.5 mm in diameter were implanted by
      the guide pins. Based on detailed local dissection, the entry-exit points of
      double screws were exposed in the pelvis. The distances were measured between the
      entry-exit points and the major structures. Radiographs and computed tomography
      (CT) scans of the pelvis were performed to reassess the position of screws.
      RESULTS: The trajectory of the first screw originated from the trailing edge of
      the pubic tubercula to the anterior-lower corner of the contralateral pubic
      tubercula. The second screw was directed from the base of the pubic tubercula to
      the junctional zone between the pubic tubercula and inferior ramus of the pubis
      of the opposite side of the body. Both screws maintained a safe distance from the
      surrounding major structures. All screw corridors were found intact without any
      damage under X-ray and CT images. CONCLUSION: The Orbic 3D computer navigation
      system is a reliable and new method of achieving a secure corridor for screw
      implantation in the pubic symphysis.

PMID- 26969959
TI  - Anatomic compatibility of femoral intramedullary implants: a cadaveric study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the morphology of the
      proximal and diaphysis of femur, distribution of neck version, neck-shaft angles,
      and radius of anterior curvature in a Turkish population to compare with that of
      femoral intramedullary implants. METHODS: Using 84 cadaveric femora, three
      dimensional (3D) modeling was performed with a light scanner, data were
      transferred to Solidworks 2013 software (Solidworks, Waltham, MA, USA) to
      determine the variability in the femoral length (FL), neck version, neck-shaft
      angle (NSA), and anterior bow. Three independent observers' measurements were
      tested with a reliability analysis and then evaluated using Cronbach's alpha
      value, after which they were compared with the neck-shaft angles, and the radii
      of curvature (RAC) of intramedullary femoral nails, as stated on the official
      manufacturer websites. RESULTS: Mean FL, femoral neck anteversion (FNA), and NSA
      had ranges of 346.1-454.1 mm, -11.3-40.4 degrees , and 105.9-149.0 degrees ,
      respectively, and RAC was between 1.0 and 1.2 m. The correlation coefficient and
      95% confidence intervals (CI) were 0.89 (CI 0.849-0.928), 0.86 (CI 0.799-0.904),
      and 0.85 (95% CI 0.785-0.898) for FL, FNA, and NSA, respectively. FNA was <10
      degrees  in 32 femora (37.6%) and >14 degrees  38 (44.7%). NSA was between 130
      degrees  and 135 degrees  in 40 femora (47.1%), and RAC ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 m
      in 76 femora (91.6%), <1 m in 38 (45.8%), and >1.5 m in 7 (8.4%). CONCLUSION: FNA
      and NSA show a wide distribution, mostly out of the range of intramedullary
      implants. There is a need for implants that are compatible with a range of NSAs
      and versions, so that they are suitable for use with a variety of morphologies.

PMID- 26969960
TI  - Role of anti-adhesive barriers following rotator cuff repair surgery: an
      experimental study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This experimental study investigates the effectiveness of expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene (Dualmesh(r), Gore Medical, Flagstaff, AZ, USA), sodium
      hyaluronate-carboxymethyl cellulose (Seprafilm(r), Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, USA),
      and polysiloxane (silicone) as anti-adhesive barriers for inhibition of fibrosis
      in the subacromial area following rotator cuff repair. METHODS: Rabbit rotator
      cuff tenotomy and repair was conducted on 24 rabbits in 4 groups: control (Group
      A), Dualmesh(r) (Group B), Seprafilm(r) (Group C), and silicone (Group D). Anti
      adhesive barrier materials were sutured over the repaired rotator cuff.
      Macroscopic and histological evaluations were made at the end of the sixth
      postoperative week. RESULTS: Macroscopic evaluation revealed that minimal
      adhesion occurred in the control and silicone groups, while the Seprafilm(r) and
      Dualmesh(r) groups showed evidence of fibrosis. Microscopic evaluation revealed
      diffuse fibrosis and collagen accumulation in the Dualmesh(r) and Seprafilm(r)
      groups, whereas minimal collagen deposition and inflammatory cell reaction was
      found among the silicone and control groups. Significant differences were found
      between the silicone and Dualmesh(r) (p=0.001) and silicone and Seprafilm(r)
      groups (p=0.002), as well as between the control and Dualmesh(r) (p=0.002) and
      control and Seprafilm(r) groups (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE/Dualmesh(r)) and sodium hyaluronate carboxymethyl
      cellulose (SH-CMC/Seprafilm(r)) did not prevent or attenuate postoperative
      subacromial fibrosis following cuff tear repair. Nor did silicone prevent or
      attenuate fibrosis. More detailed research is needed for development of an
      effective anti-adhesive barrier for use after rotator cuff tear surgery.

PMID- 26969961
TI  - Effect of bleeding on nerve regeneration and epineural scar formation in rat
      sciatic nerves: an experimental study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Epineural scar formation is one of the most significant negative
      factors affecting surgical repair after peripheral nerve injury. The scar tissue
      mechanically hinders axonal regeneration and causes adhesions between nerves and
      surrounding tissues. A hemostatic agent Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS; Immun Gida
      Ilac Kozmetik San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti., Istanbul, Turkey) has not been previously
      used. Decreasing the postoperative bleeding and adhesions between nerve and
      surrounding tissues will prevent the formation of scar tissue, as well as
      corresponding compressive neuropathy and/or deceleration of axonal regeneration.
      The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of bleeding
      on nerve healing and scar tissue after repair of peripheral nerve injuries.
      METHODS: The right sciatic nerve of 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats (weighing 260-330
      g) was cut 1.5 cm proximal to the trifurcation and repaired primarily with 8/0
      sutures using epineural technique. The rats were then divided into 3 groups.
      Saline was applied in Group 1 (n=10), ABS in Group 2 (n=10), and heparin in Group
      3 (n=10) for 5 minutes to the repair site and surrounding tissues. In each group,
      electrophysiological measurements were performed with electromyography (EMG) at
      postoperative week 12. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging was used at
      week 12. Macroscopical and histopathological evaluations were conducted after
      sacrificing the rats at week 24 with total excision of the repaired sciatic
      nerves and surrounding tissues. RESULTS: The ABS and saline groups showed better
      healing than the heparin group. The ABS and saline groups were better in the
      histopathologic evaluations, but there was no statistically significant
      difference between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant
      differences were not found between the 3 groups. Significant results may be
      obtained with larger studies.

PMID- 26969962
TI  - Glomus tumor located in deltoid muscle.
AB  - Glomus tumors are benign soft tissue neoplasms arising from the glomus body,
      which are primarily found under the nail bed of the fingers. They are rarely
      located in other parts of the body. Only 8 cases of glomus tumors around the
      shoulder have been published in the literature. The purpose of this study was to
      present a glomus tumor located in the deltoid muscle in a 68-year-old male
      patient that was surgically treated by marginal excision. The patient remained
      asymptomatic, and no recurrence was detected at 2-year follow up. 

PMID- 26969963
TI  - Migration of a toothpick along the flexor tendon sheath in a lower extremity.
AB  - The most common foreign bodies seen in the foot are sewing needles, toothpicks,
      glass, and materials such as sand or silica. Foreign bodies in the foot are
      usually embedded, and surgical exploration and removal is usually necessary.
      Penetrating foreign bodies in the foot-particularly of organic origin, like wood
      can cause cellulitis, osteomyelitis, abscess formation, and pseudotumor
      formation. Identification of foreign bodies in the foot can be challenging
      because they are often not radiopaque. However, foreign bodies in the foot do not
      migrate, in contrast to upper extremities, where foreign bodies are known to
      migrate. We report a case of a toothpick penetrating a child's foot and moving
      proximally along the tendon sheath. 

PMID- 26969964
TI  - A novel biological reconstruction of tibial bone defects arising after resection
      of tumors.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe a biologic reconstruction strategy for
      defects after resection of malignant tibia tumors. Limb-sparing surgery was used
      for 4 patients with malignant tibia tumors. All patients were male, with an
      average age of 39.5 years (range: 34-46 years). Mean length of the resected tibia
      segment was 135 mm (range: 120-150 mm). The defects were primarily reconstructed
      with bone cement and locked plate until completion of the medical treatment of
      the tumor. The bone transport was made through locked plate, and the docking site
      was grafted at the final stage. Mean follow-up period was 49.75 months (range: 71
      22 months). Mean distraction index was 1148 mm/days (range: 1130-1175 mm/days),
      and mean external fixation time was 167 days (range: 152-187 days). According to
      Paley, functional results were excellent in 2 cases and good in the other 2
      cases. Radiological results were excellent in all cases. Two major and 2 minor
      complications were observed. In this method, stable internal fixation and active
      usage of extremities are provided until biological reconstruction, and possible
      wound problems can be completely eliminated during the duration of medical
      treatment of the tumor. 

PMID- 26969965
TI  - In vivo detection of hyperacute neuronal compaction and recovery by MRI following
      electric trauma in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To verify the following phenomenon in vivo using quantitative magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). Neuronal compression may occur following brain injuries
      in the cortex and hippocampus. As well being characterized by previous
      histological studies in rats, the majority of these neurons undergo hyperacute
      recovery rather than apoptotic death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male Wistar
      rats were assigned into injured or sham-injured groups (n = 10). The injured
      group underwent an electric trauma model to provoke compacted neuron formation. A
      T1 map was acquired prior to the injury and 10 T1 maps were acquired
      consecutively over a period of 2.5 hours after the injury, using a 3.0T scanner.
      Voxelwise statistical analyses were performed between timepoints. To enable
      comparison with the histological appearance of the compacted neurons, silver
      staining was performed on a sham-injured rat and five injured rats, 10, 40, 90,
      150, and 300 minutes after the injury. RESULTS: A significant (corrected P <
      0.05) increase in average T1 from the preinjury (895.24 msec) to the first
      postinjury timepoint (T1  = 951.37 msec) was followed by a significant (corrected
      P < 0.05) decrease (return) up to the last postinjury timepoint (T1  = 913.16
      msec) in the voxels of the cortex and hippocampus. No significant (corrected P <
      0.05) change in T1 was found in the sham-injured group. CONCLUSION: The spatial
      and temporal linkages between the MRI T1 changes and the histological findings
      suggest that neuronal compaction and recovery is associated with T1 alterations.
      MRI therefore offers the possibility of in vivo investigations of neuronal
      compaction and recovery. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:814-822.

PMID- 26969966
TI  - ISUOG Interim Guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy:
      information for healthcare professionals.

PMID- 26969968
TI  - Serum activin-A as a predictive and prognostic marker in critically ill patients
      with sepsis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are limited data regarding serum activin-A as a
      biomarker for sepsis. We examined whether serum activin-A concentration could
      predict sepsis severity and prognosis in the management of critically ill
      patients with sepsis. METHODS: The subjects were adult patients suspected of
      having sepsis and admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) from January 2013 to
      March 2014. Serum activin-A concentration was measured in blood sampled within 48
      h after ICU admission. The primary and secondary outcomes were the diagnostic
      value of serum activin-A concentration as a biomarker of sepsis and the
      prognostic value for predicting the clinical outcomes of sepsis, respectively.
      RESULTS: One hundred and thirty patients who had clinically suspected sepsis were
      included. Most (66.2%) were male; their median age was 65 years, and their Acute
      Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 22.3. Serum activin-A
      concentration tended to increase with sepsis severity and differed significantly
      between those with non-sepsis and severe sepsis and between those with severe
      sepsis and septic shock. The risks of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were
      significantly higher in patients with a serum activin-A concentration of 251, 319
      and 432 pg/mL or greater, respectively. Serum activin-A concentration was
      significantly associated with the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
      II score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Charlson comorbidity index
      and ICU mortality. CONCLUSION: Serum activin-A was a predictor of sepsis severity
      and a prognostic marker in critically ill patients with sepsis. Serum activin-A
      concentration in the early phase of sepsis was associated with prognostic indexes
      on ICU admission and with ICU mortality.

PMID- 26969967
TI  - 17beta-Oestradiol enhances the expansion and activation of myeloid-derived
      suppressor cells via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3
      signalling in human pregnancy.
AB  - During a successful pregnancy, the maternal immune system plays a critical role
      in maintaining immunotolerance towards semi-allogeneic fetal antigens. Recent
      studies have indicated that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are active
      players in establishing fetal-maternal tolerance; however, the underlying
      mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we observed a significant
      expansion of monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) in the peripheral blood of pregnant women,
      which suppressed T cell responses in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner
      and required cell-cell contact. The number of M-MDSCs correlated positively with
      serum oestrogen and progesterone levels. Administration of 17beta-oestradiol, but
      not progesterone, enhanced both the expansion and suppressive activity of M-MDSCs
      through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3. Pretreatment
      with STAT-3 inhibitor JSI-124 almost completely abrogated the effects of 17beta
      oestradiol on MDSCs. Collectively, these results demonstrate that 17beta
      oestradiol-induced STAT-3 signalling plays an important role in both the
      expansion and activation of MDSCs during human pregnancy, which may benefit the
      development of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention of immune-related
      miscarriage.

PMID- 26969970
TI  - Sea Urchin Morphogenesis.
AB  - In the sea urchin morphogenesis follows extensive molecular specification. The
      specification controls the many morphogenetic events and these, in turn, precede
      patterning steps that establish the larval body plan. To understand how the
      embryo is built it was necessary to understand those series of molecular steps.
      Here an example of the historical sequence of those discoveries is presented as
      it unfolded over the last 50 years, the years during which major progress in
      understanding development of many animals and plants was documented by CTDB. In
      sea urchin development a rich series of experimental studies first established
      many of the phenomenological components of skeletal morphogenesis and patterning
      without knowledge of the molecular components. The many discoveries of
      transcription factors, signals, and structural proteins that contribute to the
      shape of the endoskeleton of the sea urchin larva then followed as molecular
      tools became available. A number of transcription factors and signals were
      discovered that were necessary for specification, morphogenesis, and patterning.
      Perturbation of the transcription factors and signals provided the means for
      assembling models of the gene regulatory networks used for specification and
      controlled the subsequent morphogenetic events. The earlier experimental
      information informed perturbation experiments that asked how patterning worked.
      As a consequence it was learned that ectoderm provides a series of patterning
      signals to the skeletogenic cells and as a consequence the skeletogenic cells
      secrete a highly patterned skeleton based on their ability to genotypically
      decode the localized reception of several signals. We still do not understand the
      complexity of the signals received by the skeletogenic cells, nor do we
      understand in detail how the genotypic information shapes the secreted skeletal
      biomineral, but the current knowledge at least outlines the sequence of events
      and provides a useful template for future discoveries. 

PMID- 26969969
TI  - Epigenetic Regulation by ATP-Dependent Chromatin-Remodeling Enzymes: SNF-ing Out
      Crosstalk.
AB  - Cells utilize precise mechanisms to access genomic DNA with spatiotemporal
      accuracy. ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzymes (also known simply as
      "remodelers") comprise a specialized class of enzymes that is intimately involved
      in genomic organization and accessibility. Remodelers selectively position
      nucleosomes to either alleviate chromatin compaction or achieve genomic
      condensation locally, based on a multitude of cellular signals. By dictating
      nucleosome position, remodelers control local euchromatic and heterochromatic
      states. These activities govern the accessibility of regulatory regions like
      promoters and enhancers to transcription factors, RNA polymerases, and
      coactivators or -repressors. As studies unravel the complexities of epigenetic
      topography, evidence points to a chromatin-based interactome where regulators
      interact competitively, cooperatively, and/or codependently through physical and
      functional means. These types of interactions, or crosstalk, between remodelers
      raise important questions for tissue development. Here, we briefly review the
      evidence for remodeler interactions and argue for additional studies examining
      crosstalk. 

PMID- 26969972
TI  - Applied Developmental Biology: Making Human Pancreatic Beta Cells for Diabetics.
AB  - Understanding the genes and signaling pathways that determine the differentiation
      and fate of a cell is a central goal of developmental biology. Using that
      information to gain mastery over the fates of cells presents new approaches to
      cell transplantation and drug discovery for human diseases including diabetes. 

PMID- 26969971
TI  - Development of the Mammalian Kidney.
AB  - The basic unit of kidney function is the nephron. In the mouse, around 14,000
      nephrons form in a 10-day period extending into early neonatal life, while the
      human fetus forms the adult complement of nephrons in a 32-week period completed
      prior to birth. This review discusses our current understanding of mammalian
      nephrogenesis: the contributing cell types and the regulatory processes at play.
      A conceptual developmental framework has emerged for the mouse kidney. This
      framework is now guiding studies of human kidney development enabled in part by
      in vitro systems of pluripotent stem cell-seeded nephrogenesis. A near future
      goal will be to translate our developmental knowledge-base to the productive
      engineering of new kidney structures for regenerative medicine. 

PMID- 26969974
TI  - When Family History Matters: The Importance of Lineage Analyses and Fate Maps for
      Explaining Animal Development.
AB  - Initial interest in understanding how the fertilized egg becomes a multicellular
      animal suggested two possible answers: either the embryo came from preformed
      components or it arose through epigenetic processes. Extensive research during
      the past few decades has identified aspects of development that depend on
      preformed elements, such as cytoplasmic components and a cell's lineage; it also
      has identified aspects that depend on epigenetic processes, such as cell
      interactions and morphogen gradients. These advances have depended on
      understanding embryonic cell lineage and cell fate. This essay explains how
      lineage analysis and fate mapping have contributed to our current understanding
      of embryonic development. 

PMID- 26969973
TI  - The Dishevelled Protein Family: Still Rather a Mystery After Over 20 Years of
      Molecular Studies.
AB  - Dishevelled (Dsh) is a key component of Wnt-signaling pathways and possibly also
      has other functional requirements. Dsh appears to be a key factor to interpret
      Wnt signals coming via the Wnt-receptor family, the Frizzled proteins, from the
      plasma membrane and route them into the correct intracellular pathways. However,
      how Dsh is regulated to relay signal flow to specific and distinct cellular
      responses upon interaction with the same Wnt-receptor family remains very poorly
      understood. 

PMID- 26969976
TI  - The Developmental Genetics of Vertebrate Color Pattern Formation: Lessons from
      Zebrafish.
AB  - Color patterns are prominent features of many animals; they are highly variable
      and evolve rapidly leading to large diversities even within a single genus. As
      targets for natural as well as sexual selection, they are of high evolutionary
      significance. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become an important model organism
      for developmental biology and biomedical research in general, and it is the model
      organism to study color pattern formation in vertebrates. The fish display a
      conspicuous pattern of alternating blue and golden stripes on the body and on the
      anal and tail fins. This pattern is produced by three different types of pigment
      cells (chromatophores) arranged in precise layers in the hypodermis of the fish.
      In this essay, we will summarize the recent advances in understanding the
      developmental and genetic basis for stripe formation in the zebrafish. We will
      describe the cellular events leading to the formation of stripes during
      metamorphosis based on long-term lineage imaging. Mutant analysis has revealed
      that a number of signaling pathways are involved in the establishment and
      maintenance of the individual pigment cells. However, the striped pattern itself
      is generated by self-organizing mechanisms requiring interactions between all
      three pigment cell types. The involvement of integral membrane proteins,
      including connexins and potassium channels, suggests that direct physical
      contacts between chromatophores are involved, and that the directed transport of
      small molecules or bioelectrical coupling is important for these interactions.
      This mode of patterning by transmitting spatial information between adjacent
      tissues within three superimposed cell layers is unprecedented in other
      developmental systems. We propose that variations in the patterns among Danio
      species are caused by allelic differences in the genes responsible for these
      interactions. 

PMID- 26969977
TI  - Defining "Development".
AB  - Is it possible, and in the first place is it even desirable, to define what
      "development" means and to determine the scope of the field called "developmental
      biology"? Though these questions appeared crucial for the founders of
      "developmental biology" in the 1950s, there seems to be no consensus today about
      the need to address them. Here, in a combined biological, philosophical, and
      historical approach, we ask whether it is possible and useful to define
      biological development, and, if such a definition is indeed possible and useful,
      which definition(s) can be considered as the most satisfactory. 

PMID- 26969978
TI  - Concepts of Cell Lineage in Mammalian Embryos.
AB  - Cell lineage is the framework for understanding cellular diversity, stability of
      differentiation, and its relationship to pluripotency. The special condition of
      in utero development in mammals has presented challenges to developmental
      biologists in tracing cell lineages but modern imaging and cell marking
      techniques have allowed the gradual elucidation of lineage relationships. Early
      experimental embryology approaches had limited resolution and relied of
      suboptimal cell markers and considerable disturbance to the embryos. Transgenic
      technology introduced genetic markers, particularly fluorescent proteins that,
      combined with sophisticated imaging modalities, greatly increase resolution and
      allow clonal analysis within lineages. The concept of cell lineage has also
      undergone evolution as it became possible to trace the lineage of cells based not
      only on their physical location or attributes but also on their gene expression
      pattern, thus opening up mechanistic lines of investigation into the determinants
      of cell lineage. 

PMID- 26969975
TI  - Frizzled Receptors in Development and Disease.
AB  - Frizzled proteins are the principal receptors for the Wnt family of ligands. They
      mediate canonical Wnt signaling together with Lrp5 and Lrp6 coreceptors. In
      conjunction with Celsr, Vangl, and a small number of additional membrane and
      membrane-associated proteins, they also play a central role in tissue
      polarity/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Targeted mutations in 9 of the 10
      mammalian Frizzled genes have revealed their roles in an extraordinarily diverse
      set of developmental and homeostatic processes, including morphogenetic movements
      responsible for palate, ventricular septum, ocular furrow, and neural tube
      closure; survival of thalamic neurons; bone formation; central nervous system
      (CNS) angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance; and a wide
      variety of processes that orient subcellular, cellular, and multicellular
      structures relative to the body axes. The last group likely reflects the
      mammalian equivalent of tissue polarity/PCP signaling, as defined in Drosophila,
      and it includes CNS axon guidance, hair follicle and tongue papilla orientation,
      and inner ear sensory hair bundle orientation. Frizzled receptors are ubiquitous
      among multicellular animals and, with other signaling molecules, they very likely
      evolved to permit the development of the complex tissue architectures that
      provide multicellular animals with their enormous selective advantage. 

PMID- 26969980
TI  - Toward a Systems Understanding of Signaling Pathway Function.
AB  - A small number of developmental signaling pathways are used repeatedly throughout
      development in many different contexts. How these pathways interact with each
      other and the specific cell context to generate a wide range of appropriate
      responses remains an important question. The application of genomic and proteomic
      approaches and imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution are providing answers to
      this question and revealing new levels of complexity. Here, we discuss pathways
      as complex networks and examples of how signaling outcomes can be influenced by
      the temporal nature of the signal, its spatial regulation, and the cell context. 

PMID- 26969979
TI  - Small Peptides as Newcomers in the Control of Drosophila Development.
AB  - Throughout the last century, studies using the fruit fly have contributed to the
      discovery of many key genetic elements that control animal development. Recent
      work has shed light on an unexpectedly large number of RNAs that lack the
      classical hallmarks of protein-coding genes and are thus referred to as noncoding
      RNAs. However, there is mounting evidence that both mRNA and noncoding RNAs often
      contain small open reading frames (sORFs/smORFs), which can be translated into
      peptides. While genome-wide profiling supports a pervasive translation of these
      noncanonical sORF/smORF/SEP peptides, their functions remain poorly understood.
      Here, we review recent data obtained in Drosophila demonstrating the overlooked
      role of smORF peptides in the control of development and adult life. Focusing on
      a few smORF peptides whose functions have been elucidated recently, we discuss
      the importance of these newly identified regulatory molecules and how they act to
      regulate the building and function of the whole organism. 

PMID- 26969981
TI  - Implications of Developmental Gene Regulatory Networks Inside and Outside
      Developmental Biology.
AB  - The insight that the genomic control of developmental process is encoded in the
      form of gene regulatory networks has profound impacts on many areas of modern
      bioscience. Most importantly, it affects developmental biology itself, as it
      means that a causal understanding of development requires knowledge of the
      architecture of regulatory network interactions. Furthermore, it follows that
      functional changes in developmental gene regulatory networks have to be
      considered as a primary mechanism for evolutionary process. We here discuss some
      of the recent advances in gene regulatory network biology and how they have
      affected our current understanding of development, evolution, and regulatory
      genomics. 

PMID- 26969982
TI  - Evo-Devo: Discovery of Diverse Mechanisms Regulating Development.
AB  - Evo-devo is a relatively new field focusing on how mechanisms controlling
      development have changed during evolution. To date, studies of highly conserved
      members of an animal genetic toolkit have predominated in this field. These
      toolkit genes were originally identified in a small number of model organisms
      that do not represent the extant diversity of metazoans. We describe how this
      research paradigm came to be and what we have learned from it, and then argue
      that studies of other types of animals and of lineage-specific genes, in both
      model and nonmodel systems, are needed to expand our understanding of development
      and evolution. 

PMID- 26969983
TI  - Making the Mouse Blastocyst: Past, Present, and Future.
AB  - The study of the preimplantation mouse embryo has progressed over the past 50
      years from descriptive biology through experimental embryology to molecular
      biology and genetics. Along the way, the molecular pathways that lead to the
      establishment of the three cell lineages of the blastocyst have become more
      clearly understood but the fundamental questions of lineage commitment remain the
      same as those laid out in early studies. With new tools of genome manipulation,
      in vivo imaging and single-cell analysis, the mouse blastocyst is an excellent
      model system to understand how organized cell fate decisions are made in a self
      organizing developmental context. 

PMID- 26969984
TI  - Two Decades of Ascidian Developmental Biology: A Personal Research Story.
AB  - Ascidians are the closest relatives of vertebrates. Their utility in experimental
      embryology has been well recognized because of their simple mode of embryogenesis
      to form tadpole larvae with a basal chordate body plan. Approximately two decades
      of research, including decoding of the Ciona genome, have promoted ascidians as
      one of the best systems for exploring genome-wide mechanisms of developmental
      transcriptional control and chordate evolution. 

PMID- 26969985
TI  - Lineage Segregation in the Totipotent Embryo.
AB  - After a spermatozoon enters an oocyte, maternal factors accumulated in the oocyte
      reprogram the genomes of the terminally differentiated oocyte and spermatozoon
      epigenetically and turn the zygote into a totipotent cell, with the capacity to
      differentiate into all types of somatic cells in a highly organized manner and
      generate the entire organism, a feature referred to as totipotency.
      Differentiation of the first lineage begins after three cleavages, when the early
      embryo compacts and becomes polarized, followed by segregation of the first
      lineages--the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE). To date, a full
      understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the establishment of
      totipotency and the ICM/TE lineage segregation remains unclear. In this review,
      we discuss recent findings in the mechanism of transcriptional regulation
      networks and signaling pathways in the first lineage separation in the totipotent
      mouse embryo.

PMID- 26969986
TI  - The Complexities and Unexpected Insights of Developmental Genetic Analysis.
AB  - The study of development involves many important techniques. Here I am trying to
      reflect on the strength of genetic analysis and its ability to uncover unexpected
      relationships and regulatory inputs from seemingly unrelated pathways. 

PMID- 26969987
TI  - Homeodomains, Hedgehogs, and Happiness.
AB  - Developmental biologists have had a spectacular quarter century of discoveries,
      building on many decades of work earlier, discovering molecular, cellular, and
      genetic mechanisms that underlie the magical process by which an egg becomes a
      plant or animal. Among the discoveries were homeodomains, DNA-binding domains
      that allow transcription factors to recognize their target genes, and the
      Hedgehog signaling pathway, which is used in many organs and tissues for
      communication among cells. The experience of unveiling the mechanisms and
      molecules connected to both of these findings has been remarkable, joyful,
      difficult, and a time of great teamwork and collaboration within and between
      laboratory groups. More than ever it is possible to discern the evolutionary
      processes, and their mechanisms, that led to the diversity of life on earth. A
      huge amount of work remains to be done to obtain a broad understanding of what
      happened and how development works. 

PMID- 26969988
TI  - Turning One Cell Type into Another.
AB  - The nature of cells in early embryos may be respecified simply by exposure to
      inducing factors. In later stage embryos, determined cell populations do not
      respond to inducing factors but may be respecified by other stimuli, especially
      the introduction of specific transcription factors. Fully differentiated cell
      types are hard to respecify by any method, but some degree of success can be
      achieved using selected combinations of transcription factors, and this may have
      clinical significance in the future. 

PMID- 26969989
TI  - Mechanotransduction During Vertebrate Neurulation.
AB  - Vertebrate neural tube formation is a complex morphogenetic process, which
      involves hundreds of genes dynamically coordinating various behaviors in
      different cell populations of neural tissue. The challenge remains to determine
      the relative contributions of physical forces and biochemical signaling events to
      neural tube closure and accompanying cell fate specification. Planar cell
      polarity (PCP) molecules are prime candidate factors for the production of
      actomyosin-dependent mechanical signals necessary for morphogenesis. Conversely,
      physical forces may contribute to the polarized distribution of PCP proteins.
      Understanding mechanosensory and mechanotransducing properties of diverse
      molecules should help define the direction and amplitude of physical stresses
      that are critical for neurulation. 

PMID- 26969990
TI  - Preformation Versus Epigenesis in Early Mammalian Development.
AB  - Whether or not early mammalian development results from preformation or
      epigenesis remains an unresolved issue. Evidence for or against either is weak,
      inconclusive, and often misinterpreted. Yet, one can parsimoniously conceptualize
      formation of the mouse blastocyst as a series of random, stochastic events
      stemming from initial and sequential small asymmetries in egg, zygote, and
      cleavage stages. Differential compartmentalized gene expression does not lead but
      follows the morphogenesis and cell fate allocation in the mammalian blastocyst. 

PMID- 26969991
TI  - A Thousand and One Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Wherein the Specificity?
AB  - Over 20 years ago, a series of seminal studies in PC12 neurons provided a
      framework for how receptor tyrosine kinases generate many different outcomes
      despite activating a set of shared intracellular pathways. In this essay, we
      revisit the question of receptor tyrosine kinase specificity. We first examine
      the relationship between receptor phosphorylation and intracellular pathway
      activation. We then consider the mechanisms through which signaling dynamics
      encode distinct cellular outcomes and finally discuss how two different receptors
      drive divergent transcriptional responses within the same developmental context.
      Establishing the key parameters that dictate the response to growth factor
      stimulation is critical for determining how receptor tyrosine kinases orchestrate
      development, an essential prerequisite for understanding the pathological
      consequences when such signaling processes go awry. 

PMID- 26969992
TI  - The Carnegie Department of Embryology at 100: Looking Forward.
AB  - Biological research has a realistic chance within the next 50 years of
      discovering the basic mechanisms by which metazoan genomes encode the complex
      morphological structures and capabilities that characterize life as we know it.
      However, achieving those goals is now threatened by researchers who advocate an
      end to basic research on nonmammalian organisms. For the sake of society,
      medicine, and the science of biology, the focus of biomedical research should
      place more emphasis on basic studies guided by the underlying evolutionary
      commonality of all major animals, as manifested in their genes, pathways, cells,
      and organs. 

PMID- 26969993
TI  - Organ Function as a Modulator of Organ Formation: Lessons from Zebrafish.
AB  - Organogenesis requires an intricate balance between cell differentiation and
      tissue growth to generate a complex and fully functional organ. However,
      organogenesis is not solely driven by genetic inputs, as the development of
      several organ systems requires their own functionality. This theme is
      particularly evident in the developing heart as progression of cardiac
      development is accompanied by increased and altered hemodynamic forces. In the
      absence or disruption of these forces, heart development is abnormal, suggesting
      that the heart must sense these changes and respond appropriately. Here, we
      discuss concepts of how embryonic heart function contributes to heart development
      using lessons learned mostly from studies in zebrafish. 

PMID- 26969994
TI  - Organizers in Development.
AB  - An "organizer" is formally defined as a region, or group of cells in an embryo
      that can both induce (change the fate) and pattern (generate an organized set of
      structures) adjacent embryonic cells. To date, about four such regions have been
      demonstrated: the primary or Spemann organizer (Hensen's node in amniotes), the
      notochord, the zone of polarizing activity of the limb bud, and the mid-hindbrain
      boundary. Here we review the evidence for these and compare them with a few other
      regions which have been proposed to represent other organizers and we speculate
      on why so few such regions have been discovered. 

PMID- 26969995
TI  - The Soft Touch: Low-Affinity Transcription Factor Binding Sites in Development
      and Evolution.
AB  - Transcription factor proteins regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA
      regions. Most studies of transcription factor binding sites have focused on the
      highest affinity sites for each factor. There is abundant evidence, however, that
      binding sites with a range of affinities, including very low affinities, are
      critical to gene regulation. Here, we present the theoretical and experimental
      evidence for the importance of low-affinity sites in gene regulation and
      development. We also discuss the implications of the widespread use of low
      affinity sites in eukaryotic genomes for robustness, precision, specificity, and
      evolution of gene regulation. 

PMID- 26969996
TI  - Developmental Competence for Primordial Germ Cell Fate.
AB  - During mammalian embryonic development, the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm
      give rise to extraembryonic tissues, while the epiblast differentiates into all
      somatic lineages and the germline. Remarkably, only a few classes of signaling
      pathways induce the differentiation of these progenitor cells into diverse
      lineages. Accordingly, the functional outcome of a particular signal depends on
      the developmental competence of the target cells. Thus, developmental competence
      can be defined as the ability of a cell to integrate intrinsic and extrinsic cues
      to execute a specific developmental program toward a specific cell fate.
      Downstream of signaling, there is the combinatorial activity of transcription
      factors and their cofactors, which is modulated by the chromatin state of the
      target cells. Here, we discuss the concept of developmental competence, and the
      factors that regulate this state with reference to the specification of mammalian
      primordial germ cells. 

PMID- 26969997
TI  - Formation of the Embryonic Head in the Mouse: Attributes of a Gene Regulatory
      Network.
AB  - The embryonic head is the first major body part to be constructed during
      embryogenesis. The allocation and the assembly of the progenitor tissues, which
      start at gastrulation, are accompanied by the spatiotemporal activity of
      transcription factors and signaling pathways that drives lineage specification,
      germ layer formation, and cell/tissue movement. The morphogenesis,
      regionalization, and patterning of the brain and craniofacial structures rely on
      the function of LIM-domain, homeodomain, and basic helix-loop-helix transcription
      factors. These factors constitute the central nodes of a gene regulatory network
      (GRN) which encompasses and intersects with signaling pathways involved with head
      formation. It is predicted that the functional output of this "head GRN" impacts
      on cellular function and cell-cell interactions that are essential for lineage
      differentiation and tissue modeling, which are key processes underpinning the
      formation of the head. 

PMID- 26969998
TI  - Developmental Biology: We Are All Walking Mutants.
AB  - What is Developmental Biology? Developmental Biology is a discipline that evolved
      from the collective fields of embryology, morphology, and anatomy, which firmly
      established that structure underpins function. In its simplest terms,
      Developmental Biology has come to describe how a single cell becomes a completely
      formed organism. However, this definition of Developmental Biology is too narrow.
      Developmental Biology describes the properties of individual cells; their
      organization into tissues, organs, and organisms; their homeostasis,
      regeneration, aging, and ultimately death. Developmental Biology provides a
      context for cellular reprogramming, stem cell biology, regeneration, tissue
      engineering, evolutionary development and ecology, and involves the reiterated
      use of the same cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways throughout the
      lifespan of an organism. Using neural crest cells as an example, this review
      explores the contribution of Developmental Biology to our understanding of
      development, evolution, and disease. 

PMID- 26969999
TI  - A Bespoke Coat for Eggs: Getting Ready for Fertilization.
AB  - All eggs have an extracellular coat (EC) that plays unique roles during
      reproduction and development. ECs are designed to protect eggs and support their
      growth, regulate fertilization of eggs, and protect early embryos. ECs of
      mammalian and nonmammalian eggs consist of only a few proteins that are closely
      related to one another. All these proteins possess regulatory elements and a
      structural domain responsible for processing and assembly of the proteins into
      ECs. They also possess regions responsible for their functional roles during and
      after fertilization. Our essay addresses these and other aspects of EC biology. 

PMID- 26970001
TI  - Positional Information and Cell Fate Determination in the Early Drosophila
      Embryo.
AB  - During early development in Drosophila, the spatial information of maternal
      gradients is translated into discrete transcriptional states determining cell
      fate. Information transfer depends on reproducibility of the gradients
      themselves, as well as the ability of cells to accurately measure and utilize
      morphogen concentrations in biologically meaning ways. In the following essay,
      these issues are discussed in context of the Bicoid gradient. 

PMID- 26970000
TI  - Germ Line Mechanics--And Unfinished Business.
AB  - Primordial germ cells are usually made early in the development of an organism.
      These are the mother of all stem cells that are necessary for propagation of the
      species, yet use highly diverse mechanisms between organisms. How they are
      specified, and when and where they form, are central to developmental biology.
      Using diverse organisms to study this development is illuminating for
      understanding the mechanics these cells use in this essential function and for
      identifying the breadth of evolutionary changes that have occurred between
      species. This essay emphasizes how echinoderms may contribute to the patchwork
      quilt of our understanding of germ line formation during embryogenesis. 

PMID- 26970002
TI  - Segment Identity and Cell Segregation in the Vertebrate Hindbrain.
AB  - The subdivision of tissues into sharply demarcated regions with distinct and
      homogenous identity is an essential aspect of embryonic development. Along the
      anteroposterior axis of the vertebrate nervous system, this involves signaling
      which induces spatially restricted expression of transcription factors that
      specify regional identity. The spatial expression of such transcription factors
      is initially imprecise, with overlapping expression of genes that specify
      distinct identities, and a ragged border at the interface of adjacent regions.
      This pattern becomes sharpened by establishment of mutually exclusive expression
      of transcription factors, and by cell segregation that underlies formation of a
      straight border. In this review, we discuss studies of the vertebrate hindbrain
      which have revealed how discrete regional identity is established, the roles of
      Eph-ephrin signaling in cell segregation and border sharpening, and how cell
      identity and cell segregation are coupled. 

PMID- 26970003
TI  - Positional Information and Pattern Formation.
AB  - The concept of positional information proposes that cells acquire positional
      values as in a coordinate system, which they interpret by developing in
      particular ways to give rise to spatial patterns. Some of the best evidence for
      positional information comes from regeneration experiments, and the patterning of
      the leg and antenna in Drosophila, and the vertebrate limb. Central problems are
      how positional information is set up, how it is recorded, and then how it is
      interpreted by the cells. A number of models have been proposed for the setting
      up of positional gradients, and most are based on diffusion of a morphogen and
      its interactions with extracellular molecules; however, diffusion may not be
      reliable mechanism. There are also mechanisms based on timing. There is no good
      evidence for the quantitative aspects of any of the proposed gradients and
      details how they are set up. The way in which a signaling gradient regulates
      differential gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner also raises
      several technical and quite difficult issues. A key feature of positional
      information being the basis for pattern formation is that there is no prepattern
      in the embryo. 

PMID- 26970004
TI  - The Birth of Animal Development: Multicellularity and the Germline.
AB  - The evolution of multicellular animals has been attributed to many kinds of
      selective advantage; here I suggest that the evolution of somatic cells to feed
      and protect the germline was central to the appearance of animals. This would
      have been driven by selection for extreme anisogamy--the evolution of sperm and
      egg. Evidence is adduced from the germline stem cells of simple animals (defining
      germline as any cell that normally produces the next generation via the sexual
      process) and from the control circuitry ubiquitous in animal germlines. With the
      soma and its elaboration came animal development, as we understand it.

PMID- 26970005
TI  - Pli Selon Pli: Mechanochemical Feedback and the Morphogenetic Role of
      Contractility at Cadherin Cell-Cell Junctions.
AB  - Cellular contractility, driven by actomyosin networks coupled to cadherin cell
      cell adhesion junctions, is a major determinant of cellular rearrangement during
      morphogenesis. It now emerges that contractility arises as the emergent property
      of a mechanochemical feedback system that encompasses the signals that regulate
      contractility and the elements of the actomyosin network itself. 

PMID- 26970006
TI  - From Endoderm to Liver Bud: Paradigms of Cell Type Specification and Tissue
      Morphogenesis.
AB  - The early specification, rapid growth and morphogenesis, and conserved functions
      of the embryonic liver across diverse model organisms have made the system an
      experimentally facile paradigm for understanding basic regulatory mechanisms that
      govern cell differentiation and organogenesis. This essay highlights concepts
      that have emerged from studies of the discrete steps of foregut endoderm
      development into the liver bud, as well as from modeling the steps via embryonic
      stem cell differentiation. Such concepts include understanding the chromatin
      basis for the competence of progenitor cells to develop into specific lineages;
      the importance of combinatorial signaling from different sources to induce cell
      fates; the impact of inductive signaling on preexisting chromatin states; the
      ability of separately specified domains of cells to merge into a common tissue;
      and the marked cell biological dynamics, including interactions with the
      developing vasculature, which establish the initial morphogenesis and patterning
      of a tissue. The principles gleaned from these studies, focusing on the 2 days it
      takes for the endoderm to develop into a liver bud, should be instructive for
      many other organogenic systems and for manipulating tissues in regenerative
      contexts for biomedical purposes. 

PMID- 26970007
TI  - The Acquisition of Cell Fate in Mouse Development: How Do Cells First Become
      Heterogeneous?
AB  - Specification of cell fate in the early mouse embryo involves the generation of
      heterogeneities between cells in polarity, position, gene expression, and protein
      activity. Identifying when and how these differences first become established
      represents an important challenge for understanding the roles of stochastic and
      cell history-dependent mechanisms in mammalian development. 

PMID- 26970008
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26970009
TI  - FGF-2 deficiency causes dysregulation of Arhgef6 and downstream targets in the
      cerebral cortex accompanied by altered neurite outgrowth and dendritic spine
      morphology.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is an abundant growth factor in the brain and
      exerts multiple functions on neural cells ranging from cell division, cell fate
      determination to differentiation. However, many details of the molecular
      mechanisms underlying the diverse functions of FGF-2 are poorly understood. In a
      comparative microarray analysis of motor sensory cortex (MSC) tissue of adult
      knockout (FGF-2(-/-)) and control (FGF-2(+/+)) mice, we found a substantial
      number of regulated genes, which are implicated in cytoskeletal machinery
      dynamics. Specifically, we found a prominent downregulation of Arhgef6. Arhgef6
      mRNA was significantly reduced in the FGF-2(-/-) cortex, and Arhgef6 protein
      virtually absent, while RhoA protein levels were massively increased and Cdc42
      protein levels were reduced. Since Arhgef6 is localized to dendritic spines, we
      next analyzed dendritic spines of adult FGF2(-/-) and control mouse cortices.
      Spine densities were significantly increased, whereas mean length of spines on
      dendrites of layer V of MSC neurons in adult FGF-2(-/-) mice was significantly
      decreased as compared to respective controls. Furthermore, neurite length in
      dissociated cortical cultures from E18 FGF-2(-/-) mice was significantly reduced
      at DIV7 as compared to wildtype neurons. Despite the fact that altered neuronal
      morphology and alterations in dendritic spines were observed, FGF-2(-/-) mice
      behave relatively unsuspicious in several behavioral tasks. However, FGF-2(-/-)
      mice exhibited decreased thermal pain sensitivity in the hotplate-test. 

PMID- 26970011
TI  - Impact of EUS-FNA for preoperative para-aortic lymph node staging in patients
      with pancreatobiliary cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In patients with pancreatobiliary cancer, para-aortic lymph
      node (PALN) metastasis is considered to be the involvement beyond the regional
      lymph nodes, namely, distant metastasis. Effective methods for preoperative PALN
      staging, however, are not established. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic
      capability for PALN metastasis between EUS-FNA and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose
      positron emission tomography with CT (PET/CT). METHODS: We performed a
      prospective, nonrandomized, single-center trial. Between December 2010 and March
      2014, 208 patients with pancreatobiliary cancer without apparent distant
      metastasis except for PALNs were assessed for study eligibility before surgery.
      Among them, 52 consecutive patients with PALN enlargement were enrolled in the
      study. (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and EUS-FNA were performed sequentially as
      a single combined procedure to evaluate PALN metastases. The primary outcome was
      to compare the diagnostic capability of EUS-FNA and PET/CT for PALN metastasis.
      RESULTS: Of 71 enlarged PALNs in the 52 patients, 30 (42.3%) were finally
      diagnosed as metastases in 21 patients (40.4%). Of the 21 patients with PALN
      metastases, preoperative EUS-FNA or PET/CT made a correct diagnosis in 20 (95.2%)
      or 12 (57.1%), respectively. EUS-FNA had higher sensitivity and specificity for
      the diagnosis of PALN metastasis (sensitivity, 96.7% [29/30]; 95% confidence
      interval, 82.2%-99.9%; specificity, 100% [39/39]; 95% confidence interval, 91.0%
      100%) than PET/CT. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-FNA is superior to PET/CT for preoperative
      PALN staging in patients with pancreatobiliary cancer. Because of the clinical
      benefit of EUS-FNA to reduce unnecessary surgery, it should be part of the
      standard preoperative examination for patients with pancreatobiliary cancer.
      (UMIN clinical trials registry number: 000006408.).

PMID- 26970013
TI  - Salient body image concerns of patients with cancer undergoing head and neck
      reconstruction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer undergoing head and neck reconstruction can
      experience significant distress from alterations in appearance and bodily
      functioning. We sought to delineate salient dimensions of body image concerns in
      this patient population preparing for reconstructive surgery. METHODS:
      Participants completed self-report questionnaires evaluating numerous aspects of
      body image. We used Bayesian factor analysis modeling methods to identify latent
      factors emerging from the data. RESULTS: We identified 2 latent factors:
      appearance distress and functional difficulties. The highest level of
      preoperative body image concerns were related to distress about appearance
      changes and its perceived social consequences. Appearance distress items
      displayed greater variability compared with functional difficulties. CONCLUSION:
      Appearance and functional changes to body image are important areas of concern
      for patients with head and neck cancer as they prepare for reconstructive
      surgery. Knowledge regarding specific body image issues can be used to guide
      psychosocial assessments and intervention to enhance patient care. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1035-1042, 2016.

PMID- 26970012
TI  - Evaluation of the short- and long-term effectiveness and safety of fully covered
      self-expandable metal stents for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections:
      results of a Spanish nationwide registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Initial reports suggest that fully covered self-expandable
      metal stents (FCSEMSs) may be better suited for drainage of dense pancreatic
      fluid collections (PFCs), such as walled-off pancreatic necrosis. The primary aim
      was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of FCSEMSs for drainage of different
      types of PFCs in a large cohort. The secondary aim was to investigate which type
      of FCSEMS is superior. METHODS: This was a retrospective, noncomparative review
      of a nationwide database involving all hospitals in Spain performing EUS-guided
      PFC drainage. From April 2008 to August 2013, all patients undergoing PFC
      drainage with an FCSEMS were included in a database. The main outcome
      measurements were technical success, short-term (2 weeks) and long-term (6
      months) effectiveness, adverse events, and need for surgery. RESULTS: The study
      included 211 patients (pseudocyst/walled-off pancreatic necrosis, 53%/47%). The
      FCSEMSs used were straight biliary (66%) or lumen-apposing (34%). Technical
      success was achieved in 97% of patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 93%-99%).
      Short-term- and long-term clinical success was obtained in 94% (95% CI, 89%-97%)
      and 85% (95% CI, 79%-89%) of patients, respectively. Adverse events occurred in
      21% of patients (95% CI, 16%-27%): infection (11%), bleeding (7%), and stent
      migration and/or perforation (3%). By multivariate analysis, patient age (>58
      years) and previous failed drainage were the most important factors associated
      with negative outcome. CONCLUSIONS: An FCSEMS is effective and safe for PFC
      drainage. Older patients with a history of unsuccessful drainage are more likely
      to fail EUS-guided drainage. The type of FCSEMS does not seem to influence
      patient outcome.

PMID- 26970010
TI  - Intra-axonal protein synthesis in development and beyond.
AB  - Proteins can be locally produced in the periphery of a cell, allowing a rapid and
      spatially precise response to the changes in its environment. This process is
      especially relevant in highly polarized and morphologically complex cells such as
      neurons. The study of local translation in axons has evolved from being primarily
      focused on developing axons, to the notion that also mature axons can produce
      proteins. Axonal translation has been implied in several physiological and
      pathological conditions, and in all cases it shares common molecular actors and
      pathways as well as regulatory mechanisms. Here, we review the main findings in
      these fields, and attempt to highlight shared principles.

PMID- 26970015
TI  - Kynurenine pathway metabolites and enzymes involved in redox reactions.
AB  - Oxido-reduction reactions are a fundamental part of the life due to support many
      vital biological processes as cellular respiration and glucose oxidation. In the
      redox reactions, one substance transfers one or more electrons to another
      substance. An important electron carrier is the coenzyme NAD+, which is involved
      in many metabolic pathways. De novo biosynthesis of NAD+ is through the
      kynurenine pathway, the major route of tryptophan catabolism, which is sensitive
      to redox environment and produces metabolites with redox capacity, able to alter
      biological functions that are controlled by redox-responsive signaling pathways.
      Kynurenine pathway metabolites have been implicated in the physiology process and
      in the physiopathology of many diseases; processes that also share others factors
      as dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative
      stress, inflammation and cell death, which impact the redox environment. This
      review examines in detail the available evidence in which kynurenine pathway
      metabolites participate in redox reactions and their effect on cellular redox
      homeostasis, since the knowledge of the main factors and mechanisms that lead to
      cell death in many neurodegenative disorders and other pathologies, such as
      mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and kynurenines imbalance, will allow
      to develop therapies using them as targets. This article is part of the Special
      Issue entitled 'The Kynurenine Pathway in Health and Disease'.

PMID- 26970014
TI  - Treatment with an activator of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, DMOG provides
      neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality
      and it affects more than 1.7 million people in the USA. A couple of regenerative
      pathways including activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 alpha
      (HIF-1alpha) are initiated to reduce cellular damage following TBI; however
      endogenous activation of these pathways is not enough to provide neuroprotection
      after TBI. Thus we aimed to see whether sustained activation of HIF-1alpha can
      provide neuroprotection and neurorepair following TBI. We found that chronic
      treatment with dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) markedly increases the expression
      level of HIF-1alpha and mRNA levels of its downstream proteins such as Vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 and 4
      (PDK1, PDK4) and Erythropoietin (EPO). Treatment of DMOG activates a major cell
      survival protein kinase Akt and reduces both cell death and lesion volume
      following TBI. Moreover, administration of DMOG augments cluster of
      differentiation 31 (CD31) staining in pericontusional cortex after TBI, which
      suggests that DMOG stimulates angiogenesis after TBI. Treatment with DMOG also
      improves both memory and motor functions after TBI. Taken together our results
      suggest that sustained activation of HIF-1alpha provides significant
      neuroprotection following TBI.

PMID- 26970018
TI  - SGIP1 alters internalization and modulates signaling of activated cannabinoid
      receptor 1 in a biased manner.
AB  - Many diseases of the nervous system are accompanied by alterations in synaptic
      functions. Synaptic plasticity mediated by the endogenous cannabinoid system
      involves the activation of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R). The principles of
      CB1R signaling must be understood in detail for its therapeutic exploration. We
      detected the Src homology 3-domain growth factor receptor-bound 2-like
      (endophilin) interacting protein 1 (SGIP1) as a novel CB1R partner. SGIP1 is
      functionally linked to clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its overexpression in
      animals leads to an energy regulation imbalance resulting in obesity. We report
      that SGIP1 prevents the endocytosis of activated CB1R and that it alters
      signaling via the CB1R in a biased manner. CB1R mediated G-protein activation is
      selectively influenced by SGIP1, beta-arrestin associated signaling is changed
      profoundly, most likely as a consequence of the prevention of the receptor's
      internalization elicited by SGIP1.

PMID- 26970017
TI  - Pharmacological characterization of EN-9, a novel chimeric peptide of endomorphin
      2 and neuropeptide FF that produces potent antinociceptive activity and limited
      tolerance.
AB  - Mounting evidences indicate the functional interactions between neuropeptide FF
      (NPFF) and opioids, including the endogenous opioids. In the present work, EN-9,
      a chimeric peptide containing the functional domains of the endogenous opioid
      endomorphin-2 (EM-2) and NPFF, was synthesized and pharmacologically
      characterized. In vitro cAMP assay demonstrated that EN-9 was a multifunctional
      agonist of kappa-opioid, NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors. In the mouse tail-flick test,
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administration of EN-9 produced significant
      antinociception with an ED50 value of 13.44 nmol, which lasted longer than that
      of EM-2. In addition, EN-9 induced potent antinociception after both intravenous
      (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Furthermore, the experiments using the
      antagonists of opioid and NPFF receptors indicated that the central
      antinociception of EN-9 was mainly mediated by kappa-opioid receptor,
      independently on NPFF receptors. Notably, the central antinociception of EN-9 was
      not reduced over a period of 6 days repeated i.c.v. injection. Repeated i.c.v.
      administration of EN-9 with the NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptors antagonist RF9 resulted
      in a progressive loss of analgesic potency, consistent with the development of
      tolerance. Moreover, central administration of EN-9 induced the place
      conditioning aversion only at a high dose of 60 nmol, but not at low doses. At
      supraspinal level, only high dose of EN-9 (60 nmol, i.c.v.) inhibited
      gastrointestinal transit via NPFF receptors. Similarly, systemic administration
      of EN-9 also inhibited gastrointestinal transit at high doses (10 and 30 mg/kg,
      i.v.). Taken together, the multifunctional agonist of kappa-opioid and NPFF
      receptors EN-9 produced a potent, non-tolerance forming antinociception with
      limited side effects.

PMID- 26970016
TI  - The HDAC inhibitor SAHA improves depressive-like behavior of CRTC1-deficient
      mice: Possible relevance for treatment-resistant depression.
AB  - Major depression is a highly complex disabling psychiatric disorder affecting
      millions of people worldwide. Despite the availability of several classes of
      antidepressants, a substantial percentage of patients are unresponsive to these
      medications. A better understanding of the neurobiology of depression and the
      mechanisms underlying antidepressant response is thus critically needed. We
      previously reported that mice lacking CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1
      (CRTC1) exhibit a depressive-like phenotype and a blunted antidepressant response
      to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. In this study, we
      similarly show that Crtc1(-/-) mice are resistant to the antidepressant effect of
      chronic desipramine in a behavioral despair paradigm. Supporting the blunted
      response to this tricyclic antidepressant, we found that desipramine does not
      significantly increase the expression of Bdnf and Nr4a1-3 in the hippocampus and
      prefrontal cortex of Crtc1(-/-) mice. Epigenetic regulation of neuroplasticity
      gene expression has been associated with depression and antidepressant response,
      and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to have antidepressant
      like properties. Here, we show that unlike conventional antidepressants, chronic
      systemic administration of the HDAC inhibitor SAHA partially rescues the
      depressive-like behavior of Crtc1(-/-) mice. This behavioral effect is
      accompanied by an increased expression of Bdnf, but not Nr4a1-3, in the
      prefrontal cortex of these mice, suggesting that this epigenetic intervention
      restores the expression of a subset of genes by acting downstream of CRTC1. These
      findings suggest that CRTC1 alterations may be associated with treatment
      resistant depression, and support the interesting possibility that targeting
      HDACs may be a useful therapeutic strategy in antidepressant development.

PMID- 26970019
TI  - Interplay between ABA and GA Modulates the Timing of Asymmetric Cell Divisions in
      the Arabidopsis Root Ground Tissue.
AB  - In multicellular organisms, controlling the timing and extent of asymmetric cell
      divisions (ACDs) is crucial for correct patterning. During post-embryonic root
      development in Arabidopsis thaliana, ground tissue (GT) maturation involves an
      additional ACD of the endodermis, which generates two different tissues: the
      endodermis (inner) and the middle cortex (outer). It has been reported that the
      abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) pathways are involved in middle cortex
      (MC) formation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction
      between ABA and GA during GT maturation remain largely unknown. Through
      transcriptome analyses, we identified a previously uncharacterized C2H2-type zinc
      finger gene, whose expression is regulated by GA and ABA, thus named GAZ (GA- AND
      ABA-RESPONSIVE ZINC FINGER). Seedlings ectopically overexpressing GAZ (GAZ-OX)
      were sensitive to ABA and GA during MC formation, whereas GAZ-SRDX and RNAi
      seedlings displayed opposite phenotypes. In addition, our results indicated that
      GAZ was involved in the transcriptional regulation of ABA and GA homeostasis. In
      agreement with previous studies that ABA and GA coordinate to control the timing
      of MC formation, we also confirmed the unique interplay between ABA and GA and
      identified factors and regulatory networks bridging the two hormone pathways
      during GT maturation of the Arabidopsis root.

PMID- 26970020
TI  - Trends and patterns of antidepressant use in children and adolescents from five
      western countries, 2005-2012.
AB  - Following the FDA black box warning in 2004, substantial reductions in
      antidepressant (ATD) use were observed within 2 years in children and adolescents
      in several countries. However, whether these reductions were sustained is not
      known. The objective of this study was to assess more recent trends in ATD use in
      youth (0-19 years) for the calendar years 2005/6-2012 using data extracted from
      regional or national databases of Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United
      Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US). In a repeated cross-sectional design,
      the annual prevalence of ATD use was calculated and stratified by age, sex, and
      according to subclass and specific drug. Across the years, the prevalence of ATD
      use increased from 1.3% to 1.6% in the US data (+26.1%); 0.7% to 1.1% in the UK
      data (+54.4%); 0.6% to 1.0% in Denmark data (+60.5%); 0.5% to 0.6% in the
      Netherlands data (+17.6%); and 0.3% to 0.5% in Germany data (+49.2%). The
      relative growth was greatest for 15-19 year olds in Denmark, Germany and UK
      cohorts, and for 10-14 year olds in Netherlands and US cohorts. While SSRIs were
      the most commonly used ATDs, particularly in Denmark (81.8% of all ATDs), Germany
      and the UK still displayed notable proportions of tricyclic antidepressant use
      (23.0% and 19.5%, respectively). Despite the sudden decline in ATD use in the
      wake of government warnings, this trend did not persist, and by contrast, in
      recent years, ATD use in children and adolescents has increased substantially in
      youth cohorts from five Western countries. 

PMID- 26970021
TI  - Glycosidases Interact Selectively With Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptors of Bull
      Spermatozoa.
AB  - Glycosidases may play a role in sperm maturation during epididymal transit. In
      this work, we describe the interaction of these enzymes with bull spermatozoa. We
      found that beta-galactosidase associated to spermatozoa can be released under low
      ionic strength conditions, whereas the interaction of N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase with spermatozoa appeared to be stronger.
      On the other hand, alpha-mannosidase and alpha-fucosidase cannot be removed from
      the gametes. In addition, part of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, beta
      galactosidase, and beta-glucuronidase can also be released by mannose-6
      phosphate. Taking into account these data, we explored the presence of cation
      independent- and cation-dependent-mannose-6-phosphate receptors in the
      spermatozoa and found that cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor is
      highly expressed in bull spermatozoa and cation-dependent-mannose-6-phosphate
      receptor is expressed at a lesser extent. In addition, by immunofluorescence, we
      observed that cation-independent-mannose-6-phosphate receptor is mostly located
      at the acrosomal zone, whereas cation-dependent-mannose-6-phosphate receptor
      presents a different distribution pattern on spermatozoa during the epididymal
      transit. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase isolated from
      epididymal fluid interacted mostly with cation-independent-mannose-6-phosphate
      receptor, while beta-galactosidase was recognized by both receptors. We concluded
      that glycosidases might play different roles in bull spermatozoa and that mannos
      6-phosphate receptors may act as recruiters of some enzymes. J. Cell. Biochem.
      117: 2464-2472, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970022
TI  - National trends and determinants of proton therapy use for prostate cancer: A
      National Cancer Data Base study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the current study, the authors sought to both characterize the
      national trends in proton therapy use for prostate cancer and determine the
      factors associated with receipt of this limited resource, using what to the best
      of their knowledge is the largest nationwide cancer registry. METHODS: The
      National Cancer Data Base was used to identify 187,730 patients diagnosed with
      nonmetastatic prostate cancer from 2004 through 2012 who received external beam
      radiotherapy as their initial form of definitive therapy. Multivariable logistic
      regression analysis adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical factors was used
      to identify independent determinants of proton therapy use. RESULTS: The rate of
      proton therapy use increased significantly from 2.3% in 2004 to 5.2% in 2011 and
      4.8% in 2012 (P value for trend <.0001). Proton therapy for prostate cancer was
      much more likely to be delivered at an academic compared with nonacademic center
      and to patients who were white, younger, healthier, from metropolitan areas, from
      zip codes with higher median household incomes, and who did not have an advanced
      stage of or high-grade disease (all P<.0001). Compared with white patients, those
      who were black and Hispanic were found to be significantly less likely to receive
      proton therapy even after robust multivariable adjustments (adjusted odds ratio,
      0.20 [95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.22; P<.0001] and adjusted odds ratio, 0.57
      [95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.66; P<.0001], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The
      use of proton therapy to treat patients with prostate cancer more than doubled
      from 2004 to 2012, with striking racial disparities in its use noted despite
      robust multivariable adjustments. Long-term follow-up is needed to determine
      whether the increased use of proton therapy for prostate cancer is justified, and
      ongoing efforts should be made to ensure equal access to resource-limited
      oncologic therapies. Cancer 2016;122:1505-12. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970023
TI  - Unified principle of reinforcement in a neural-network model: Reply to N. T.
      Calvin and J. J. McDowell.
AB  - An article published in Behavioural Processes (Calvin and McDowell, 2015)
      contemplated that the approach to neural networks developed by the present
      authors cannot simulate certain behavioral findings, notably the Kamin blocking
      effect and successive conditioning. Here we demonstrate that these concerns are
      unwarranted as an overall characterization of the approach. In addition, several
      other more general issues identified in the target article are addressed as well.
      These include the determination of network architectures, the assignment-of
      credit problem, the potential for catastrophic interference, and the
      falsifiability of the model. 

PMID- 26970024
TI  - Cellular and molecular mechanistic insight into the DNA-damaging potential of few
      layer graphene in human primary endothelial cells.
AB  - Despite graphene being proposed for a multitude of biomedical applications, there
      is a dearth in the fundamental cellular and molecular level understanding of how
      few-layer graphene (FLG) interacts with human primary cells. Herein, using human
      primary umbilical vein endothelial cells as model of vascular transport, we
      investigated the basic mechanism underlying the biological behavior of graphene.
      Mechanistic toxicity studies using a battery of cell based assays revealed an
      organized oxidative stress paradigm involving cytosolic reactive oxygen stress,
      mitochondrial superoxide generation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation,
      mitochondrial membrane depolarization, enhanced calcium efflux, all leading to
      cell death by apoptosis/necrosis. We further investigated the effect of graphene
      interactions using cDNA microarray analysis and identified potential adverse
      effects by down regulating key genes involved in DNA damage response and repair
      mechanisms. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay/Comet assay confirmed the DNA
      damaging potential of graphene towards human primary cells.

PMID- 26970025
TI  - Antibacterial effects of electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibrous
      membranes loaded with chlorhexidine and silver.
AB  - To prevent percutaneous device associated infections (PDAIs), we prepared
      electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibrous membrane containing
      silver nanoparticles as an implantable delivery vehicle for the dual release of
      chlorhexidine and silver ions. We observed that the silver nanoparticles were
      distributed homogeneously throughout the fibers, and a fast release of
      chlorhexidine in 2days and a sustained release of silver ions for up to 28days.
      The antibacterial efficacy of the membranes against Staphylococcus aureus showed
      that the membranes exhibited an obvious inhibition zone upon loading with either
      chlorhexidine (20MUg or more per membrane) or AgNO3 (1 and 5wt% to polymer).
      Furthermore, long-term antibacterial effect up to 4days was verified using
      membranes containing 5wt% AgNO3. The results suggest that the membranes have
      strong potential to act as an active antibacterial dressing for local delivery of
      antibacterial agents to prevent PDAIs.

PMID- 26970026
TI  - Potential application of silver nanoparticles to control the infectivity of Rift
      Valley fever virus in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - In this work we have tested the potential antiviral activity of silver
      nanoparticles formulated as ArgovitTM against Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). The
      antiviral activity of Argovit was tested on Vero cell cultures and in type-I
      interferon receptor deficient mice (IFNAR (-/-) mice) by two different
      approaches: (i) different dilutions of Argovit were added to previously infected
      cells or administrated to animals infected with a lethal dose of virus; (ii)
      virus was pre-incubated with different dilutions of Argovit before inoculation in
      mice or cells. Though the ability of silver nanoparticles to control an ongoing
      RVFV infection in the conditions tested was limited, the incubation of virus with
      Argovit before the infection led to a reduction of the infectivity titers both in
      vitro and in vivo. These results reveal the potential application of silver
      nanoparticles to control the infectivity of RVFV, which is an important zoonotic
      pathogen.

PMID- 26970027
TI  - In vitro and in vivo evaluation of functionalized chitosan-Pluronic micelles
      loaded with myricetin on glioblastoma cancer.
AB  - This study aimed to develop a novel polymeric carrier based on chitosan
      functionalized Pluronic P123/F68 micelles loaded with myricetin (MYR) to improve
      the therapeutic index of chemotherapy for glioblastoma cancer. Following
      characterization and assessment of the cellular uptake and antitumor effects of
      MYR-loaded micelles (MYR-MCs) in vitro, the acute toxicity, blood-brain barrier
      (BBB) translocation, brain uptake and biodistribution in vivo were assessed. The
      results demonstrated that MYR-MCs exhibited improved cellular uptake and
      antitumor activity compared to free MYR in vitro, with a significantly enhanced
      anticancer effect in vivo following efficient transport across the BBB. However,
      MYR-MCs did not affect the brain endothelial, barrier function, the liver, heart
      or kidneys. Furthermore, MYR-MCs altered the expression of apoptotic proteins,
      such as Bcl-2, BAD and BAX, in mice. In conclusion, MYR-MCs may be considered an
      effective and promising drug delivery system for glioblastoma treatment.

PMID- 26970028
TI  - Intracellular trafficking and exocytosis of a multi-component siRNA nanocomplex.
AB  - Despite the importance of siRNA delivery systems, understanding of their
      intracellular fate remains elusive. We recently developed a multi-component siRNA
      nanocomplex to deliver siRNA to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The objective of
      this study is to study post-internalization trafficking of this siRNA nanocomplex
      and its multiple components like siRNA, protamine, and streptavidin, in HSCs.
      After internalization, the nanocomplex entrapped in early endosomes undergoes
      three possible routes including endosomal escape, exocytosis, and entrapment in
      lysosomes. Significant amount of siRNA dissociates from the nanocomplex to exert
      silencing activity. After escaping from endosomes, protamine dissociates from the
      nanocomplex and stays inside the cytoplasm. Golgi complex plays an important role
      in exocytosis of the nanocomplex. We also demonstrate that exocytosis is one of
      the major reasons accounting for the transient silencing activity of nonviral
      siRNA delivery. Incorporation of exocytosis inhibitors in nonviral siRNA delivery
      systems may extend the silencing activity of siRNA.

PMID- 26970029
TI  - The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles against Vibrio cholerae:
      Variation in response depends on biotype.
AB  - The potency of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs), with a core size of ~7-10nm, to
      inhibit cholera disease was investigated by demonstrating the effect on two
      biotypes (classical and El Tor) of O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae-El Tor was
      more susceptible both in planktonic and in biofilm forms. Interaction with ZnO NP
      results in deformed cellular architecture. Increased fluidity and depolarization
      of membrane, and protein leakage further confirmed the damages inflicted on
      Vibrio by NP. NP was shown to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce
      DNA damage. These results suggest that the antibacterial mechanism of ZnO action
      is most likely due to generation of ROS and disruption of bacterial membrane. The
      antimicrobial efficacy of NP has been validated in animal model. The synergistic
      action of NP and antibiotic suggests an alternative for the treatment of cholera.

PMID- 26970030
TI  - Quantitative pupillometry and transcranial Doppler measurements in patients
      treated with hypothermia after cardiac arrest.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Predicting outcome after cardiac arrest (CA) is particularly
      difficult when therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is used. We investigated the
      performance of quantitative pupillometry and transcranial Doppler (TCD) in this
      context. METHODS: This prospective observational study included 82 post-CA
      patients. Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex (PLR) and TCD
      measurements of the two middle cerebral arteries were performed at admission (day
      1) and after 24h (day 2) during TH (33-35 degrees C) and sedation. Neurological
      outcome was assessed at 3 months using cerebral performance category (CPC)
      scores; patients were classified as having good (CPC 1-2) or poor (CPC 3-5)
      outcome. Prognostic performance was analyzed using area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). RESULTS: Patients with good outcome
      (n=27) had higher PLR amplitude than patients with poor outcome (n=55) both at
      day 1, 13% (10-18) (median, 25th-75th percentile) vs. 8% (2-11) (P<0.001), and at
      day 2, 17% (13-20) vs. 8% (5-13) (P<0.001), respectively. The AUC-ROC curves at
      days 1 and 2 were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.86) and 0.82 (95% CI
      0.73-0.92), respectively. The best cut-off values of PLR amplitude to predict a 3
      month poor outcome were <9% and <11%, respectively. A PLR amplitude of <7% at day
      2 predicted a 3-month poor outcome with a specificity of 100% (95% CI 86-100) and
      a sensitivity of 42% (95% CI 28-58). No differences in TCD measurements were
      found between the two patient groups. CONCLUSION: PLR measurements might be
      informative in the prediction of outcome of post-CA patients even under sedation
      and hypothermia.

PMID- 26970031
TI  - Associations between gender and cardiac arrest outcomes in Pan-Asian out-of
      hospital cardiac arrest patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in women is
      thought to be lower than that of men, with better outcomes in some Western
      studies. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of gender on OHCA
      outcomes in the Pan-Asian population. METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective,
      secondary analysis of the Pan Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS) data
      between 2009 and 2012. We included OHCA cases which were presumed cardiac
      etiology, aged 18 years and above and resuscitation attempted by emergency
      medical services (EMS) systems. We used multi-level mixed-effects logistic
      regression models to account for the clustering effect of individuals within the
      country. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. RESULTS: We included
      a total of 40,159 OHCA cases, 40% of which were women. We found that women were
      more likely to be older and have an initial non-shockable arrest rhythm; they
      were more likely to receive bystander cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The
      univariate analysis showed that women were significantly less likely to have
      return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at scene or in the emergency department
      (ED), and had lower rates of survival-to-admission and discharge, and poorer
      overall and cerebral performance outcomes. There was however, no significant
      gender difference on outcomes after adjustment of other confounders. Women in the
      reproductive age group (age 18-44 years) were significantly more likely to have
      ROSC at scene or in the ED, higher rates of survival-to-admission and discharge,
      and have better overall and cerebral performance outcomes after adjustment for
      differences in baseline and pre-hospital factors. Menopausal women (age 55 years
      and above) were less likely to survive to admission after adjusting for other pre
      hospital characteristics but not after age adjustment. CONCLUSION: Differences in
      survival outcomes between reproductive and menopausal women highlight a need for
      further investigations into the plausible social, pathologic or hormonal basis.

PMID- 26970032
TI  - Chromate removal by surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron: Effect of
      different surface coatings and water chemistry.
AB  - This study investigated the correlation between the colloidal stability and
      reactivity of surface-modified nano zero-valent iron (SM-nZVI) as affected by the
      surface coating (i.e., polyacrylic acid [PAA] and starch) under various
      geochemical conditions. Generally, the colloidal stability of nZVI was enhanced
      with increasing loading of surface coating, while there is an optimum loading for
      the most efficient Cr(VI) removal by SM-nZVI. At lower loadings than the optimum
      loading, the surface coating could enhance the particle stabilization,
      facilitating the Cr(VI) reduction by providing more available surface sites.
      However, the over-loaded surface coating on the surface of nZVI particles
      decreased the Cr(VI) reduction due to the occupation of the reactive sites and
      the inhibition of the mass transfer of Cr(VI) ions from water to the particle
      surface by providing the electrostatic or steric repulsion. The effects of Ca(2+)
      ions or humic acid (HA) on the colloidal stability and reactivity of PAA-modified
      nZVI (P-nZVI) and starch-modified nZVI (S-nZVI) were examined. Differing
      stability behavior and reactivity were observed for different SM-nZVI. It was
      found that the presence of Ca(2+) or HA altered surface chemistry of SM-nZVI, the
      particle-particle interaction and the particle-contaminant interaction, and hence
      influencing the stability behavior and reactivity of the particles. 

PMID- 26970033
TI  - Diffusiophoresis of a charged toroidal polyelectrolyte.
AB  - Considering recent application of concentration driven motion of charged
      nanoparticles in sensing technology, we model the diffusiophoresis of an isolated
      toroidal polyelectrolyte (PE) for the first time. Choosing an aqueous KCl
      solution for illustration, its behavior under various conditions is simulated by
      varying the double layer thickness, the size of toroid, and its softness and
      fixed charge density. We show that the behavior of the present PE can be
      different both quantitatively and qualitatively from that of the corresponding
      spherical PE. This arises from the competition of the hydrodynamic force and the
      electric force acting on a PE. The geometry and the nature of a PE can also
      influence appreciably its behavior, yielding complicated and interesting results.

PMID- 26970034
TI  - Elucidation of the binding sites of two novel Ru(II) complexes on bovine serum
      albumin.
AB  - Hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have attained an important position
      in analysis of covalent and non-covalent interactions of metal complexes with
      peptides and proteins. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively and
      quantitatively determine ruthenium binding sites on a protein using tandem mass
      spectrometry and allied techniques, i.e. liquid chromatography (LC) and
      inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). For that
      purpose, two newly synthesized Ru(II) complexes of a meridional geometry, namely
      mer-[Ru(4' Cl-tpy)(en)Cl](+) (1) and mer-[Ru(4' Cl-tpy)(dach)Cl](+) (2) (where 4'
      Cl-tpy=4'-chloro-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine, en=1,2-diaminoethane and dach=1,2
      diaminocyclohexane), and bovine serum albumin were used. The binding of the
      complexes to the protein was investigated by means of size exclusion- and
      reversed phase-LC, ICP OES, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MS and
      MS/MS. Ruthenated peptide sequence and a binding target amino acid were revealed
      through accurate elucidation of MS/MS spectra. The results obtained in this study
      suggest a high binding capacity of the protein towards both complexes, with up to
      5.77+/-0.14 and 6.95+/-0.43mol of 1 and 2 bound per mol of protein, respectively.
      The proposed binding mechanism for the selected complexes includes the release of
      Cl ligand, its replacement with water molecule and further coordination to
      electron donor histidine residue.

PMID- 26970035
TI  - Sleep Telemedicine: An Emerging Field's Latest Frontier.
AB  - There is a widening gap between sleep provider access and patient demand for it.
      An American Academy of Sleep Medicine position paper recently recognized sleep
      telemedicine as one tool to narrow that divide. We define the term sleep
      telemedicine as the use of sleep-related medical information exchanged from one
      site to another via electronic communications to improve a patient's health.
      Applicable data transfer methods include telephone, video, smartphone
      applications, and the Internet. Their usefulness for the treatment of insomnia
      and sleep-disordered breathing is highlighted. Sleep telemedicine programs range
      in complexity from telephone-based patient feedback systems to comprehensive
      treatment pathways incorporating real-time video, telephone, and the Internet.
      While large, randomized trials are lacking, smaller studies comparing
      telemedicine with in-person care suggest noninferiority in terms of patient
      satisfaction, adherence to treatment, and symptomatic improvement. Sleep
      telemedicine is feasible from a technological and quality-driven perspective, but
      cost uncertainties, complex reimbursement structures, and variable licensing
      rules remain significant challenges to its feasibility on a larger scale. As
      legislative reform pends, larger randomized trials are needed to elucidate impact
      on patient outcomes, cost, and health-care system accessibility.

PMID- 26970036
TI  - Socioeconomic differences in overweight and weight-related behaviors across
      adolescence and young adulthood: 10-year longitudinal findings from Project EAT.
AB  - Reducing socioeconomic disparities in weight-related health is a public health
      priority. The purpose of this paper was to examine 10-year longitudinal patterns
      in overweight and weight-related behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood as
      a function of family-level socioeconomic status (SES) and educational attainment.
      Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) followed a diverse
      sample of 2287 adolescents from 1999 to 2009. Mixed-effects regression tested
      longitudinal trends in overweight, fast food, breakfast skipping, physical
      inactivity, and screen use by family-level SES. The influence of subsequent
      educational attainment in young adulthood was examined. Results revealed that the
      prevalence of overweight increased significantly from adolescence to young
      adulthood with the greatest change seen in those from low SES (mean change=30.7%,
      95% CI=25.6%-35.9%) as compared to high SES families (mean change=21.7%, 95%
      CI=18.2%-25.1%). Behavioral changes from adolescence to young adulthood also
      differed by SES background; the prevalence of frequent fast food intake
      (>=3times/week) increased most dramatically in those from low SES (mean
      change=6%, 95% CI=0.5%-11%) as compared to high SES families (mean change=-1.2%,
      95% CI=-5.2%-2.9%). Overall trends suggest that a higher educational attainment
      mitigates the negative impacts of a low SES background. These findings suggest
      that continued effort is needed to ensure that public health strategies
      addressing obesity and related behaviors reach adolescents and young adults from
      low SES backgrounds and do not contribute to widening socioeconomic gaps in
      weight-related health.

PMID- 26970037
TI  - Cigarette package inserts can promote efficacy beliefs and sustained smoking
      cessation attempts: A longitudinal assessment of an innovative policy in Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In June 2012, Canada implemented new pictorial warnings on cigarette
      packages, along with package inserts with messages to promote response efficacy
      (i.e., perceived quitting benefits) and self-efficacy (i.e., confidence to quit).
      This study assessed smokers' attention toward warnings and inserts and its
      relationship with efficacy beliefs, risk perceptions and cessation at follow-up.
      METHODS: Data were analyzed in 2015 from a prospective online consumer panel of
      adult Canadian smokers surveyed every four months between September 2012 and
      September 2014. Generalized Estimating Equation models were estimated to assess
      associations between reading inserts, reading warnings and efficacy beliefs (self
      efficacy, response efficacy), risk perceptions, quit attempts of any length, and
      sustained quit attempts (i.e., 30days or more) at follow-up. Models adjusted for
      socio-demographics, smoking-related variables, and time-in-sample effects.
      RESULTS: Over the study period, reading warnings significantly decreased
      (p<0.0001) while reading inserts increased (p=0.004). More frequent reading of
      warnings was associated independently with stronger response efficacy
      (Boften/very often vs never=0.28, 95% CI: 0.11-0.46) and risk perceptions at
      follow-up (Boften/very often vs never=0.31, 95% CI: 0.06-0.56). More frequent
      reading of inserts was associated independently with stronger self-efficacy to
      quit at follow-up (Btwice or more vs none=0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.47), quit attempts
      (ORtwice or more vs none=1.68, 95% CI: 1.28-2.19), and sustained quit attempts
      (ORtwice or more vs none=1.48, 95% CI: 1.01-2.17). CONCLUSIONS: More frequent
      reading of inserts was associated with self-efficacy to quit, quit attempts, and
      sustained quitting at follow-up, suggesting that inserts complement pictorial
      HWLs.

PMID- 26970038
TI  - Perceptions of opportunities for physical activity in 28 European countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study examined the relationship between perceptions of
      opportunities for physical activity in the local area and physical activity
      levels in European adults. METHODS: Data for 20,673 adults aged 18-64 were taken
      from the representative Eurobarometer survey (wave 80.2, 2013) of 28 European
      Union (EU) countries. Achieving recommended levels of physical activity and
      Metabolic Equivalent of Task-minutes (MET-mins) per week was constructed from
      self-reports of frequency and duration of walking, moderate and vigorous physical
      activity. Relationships between these outcomes and perceptions of opportunities
      for physical activity in the local area were assessed using logistic and linear
      regressions as appropriate; trends in these perceptions were measured between
      2002 and 2013. RESULTS: Respondents stating that their local area offers
      opportunities for physical activity were more likely to meet recommended levels
      of physical activity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=1.56). Across all EU countries
      the percentage of people reporting that their local area offers these
      opportunities increased slightly between 2005 (71.4%) and 2013 (79.3%, p<0.001).
      Reporting that the local area offers opportunities for physical activity was
      associated with more moderate (17min/week) and vigorous (15min/week) physical
      activity and with 23 more minutes of walking per week. CONCLUSION: Perceptions of
      opportunities for physical activity in the local area were associated with
      increased levels of all types of physical activity. Despite small improvements in
      perceptions of opportunities in the local area over the past decade, a variety of
      further interventions will be required to reduce the disease burden resulting
      from low physical activity levels.

PMID- 26970040
TI  - Structure-function studies of the magnetite-biomineralizing magnetosome
      associated protein MamC.
AB  - Magnetotactic bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria that navigate along geomagnetic
      fields using the magnetosome, an organelle that consists of a membrane-enveloped
      magnetic nanoparticle. Magnetite formation and its properties are controlled by a
      specific set of proteins. MamC is a small magnetosome-membrane protein that is
      known to be active in iron biomineralization but its mechanism has yet to be
      clarified. Here, we studied the relationship between the MamC magnetite
      interaction loop (MIL) structure and its magnetite interaction using an inert
      biomineralization protein-MamC chimera. Our determined structure shows an alpha
      helical fold for MamC-MIL with highly charged surfaces. Additionally, the MamC
      MIL induces the formation of larger magnetite crystals compared to protein-free
      and inert biomineralization protein control experiments. We suggest that the
      connection between the MamC-MIL structure and the protein's charged surfaces is
      crucial for magnetite binding and thus for the size control of the magnetite
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 26970041
TI  - Stereoselective analysis of novel chiral fungicide pyrisoxazole in cucumber,
      tomato and soil under different application methods with supercritical fluid
      chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - Various new chiral pesticides have been registered and used in crop yields.
      However, few studies have focused on the environmental behavior of such new
      registered chiral compounds on the stereoisomer level. In this study, an
      effective and sensitive chiral analytical method was first developed to detect
      pyrisoxazole stereoisomers and then further applied to investigate the
      stereoselective dissipation in vegetables and soil using supercritical fluid
      chromatography/tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Optimal separation
      condition was achieved with IA column using CO2/MeOH (75:25) as mobile phase at
      2.0 mL/min in 5 min, 35  degrees C and 2400 psi. The average recoveries in all of
      the matrices at four spiking levels ranged from 84.0% to 105.6%. Significant
      stereoselective dissipation was observed in cucumber and tomato under both
      application modes. (-) Pyrisoxazole A and (-) pyrisoxazole B were preferentially
      degraded in cucumber under foliar spraying mode. In contrast, (+) pyrisoxazole A
      and (-) pyrisoxazole B were preferentially degraded in cucumber under soil
      irrigation mode. (-) Pyrisoxazole A and (-) pyrisoxazole B were degraded faster
      than their antipodes in tomato under both application modes. However, no
      significant stereoselectivity was observed in soil. The results of this study
      could help facilitate more accurate risk assessments of pyrisoxazole.

PMID- 26970042
TI  - Effect of oxalic acid treatment on sediment arsenic concentrations and lability
      under reducing conditions.
AB  - Oxalic acid enhances arsenic (As) mobilization by dissolving As host minerals and
      competing for sorption sites. Oxalic acid amendments thus could potentially
      improve the efficiency of widely used pump-and-treat (P&T) remediation. This
      study investigates the effectiveness of oxalic acid on As mobilization from
      contaminated sediments with different As input sources and redox conditions, and
      examines whether residual sediment As after oxalic acid treatment can still be
      reductively mobilized. Batch extraction, column, and microcosm experiments were
      performed in the laboratory using sediments from the Dover Municipal Landfill and
      the Vineland Chemical Company Superfund sites. Oxalic acid mobilized As from both
      Dover and Vineland sediments, although the efficiency rates were different. The
      residual As in both Dover and Vineland sediments after oxalic acid treatment was
      less vulnerable to microbial reduction than before the treatment. Oxalic acid
      could thus improve the efficiency of P&T. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis
      indicated that the Vineland sediment samples still contained reactive Fe(III)
      minerals after oxalic acid treatment, and thus released more As into solution
      under reducing conditions than the treated Dover samples. Therefore, the efficacy
      of enhanced P&T must consider sediment Fe mineralogy when evaluating its overall
      potential for remediating groundwater As. 

PMID- 26970043
TI  - Cadmium (II) removal mechanisms in microbial electrolysis cells.
AB  - Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal, causing serious environmental and human health
      problems. Conventional methods for removing cadmium from wastewater are expensive
      and inefficient for low concentrations. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) can
      simultaneously treat wastewater, produce hydrogen gas, and remove heavy metals
      with low energy requirements. Lab-scale MECs were operated to remove cadmium
      under various electric conditions: applied voltages of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 V;
      and a fixed cathode potential of -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Regardless of the electric
      condition, rapid removal of cadmium was demonstrated (50-67% in 24 h); however,
      cadmium concentration in solution increased after the electric current dropped
      with depleted organic substrate under applied voltage conditions. For the fixed
      cathode potential, the electric current was maintained even after substrate
      depletion and thus cadmium concentration did not increase. These results can be
      explained by three different removal mechanisms: cathodic reduction; Cd(OH)2
      precipitation; and CdCO3 precipitation. When the current decreased with depleted
      substrates, local pH at the cathode was no longer high due to slowed hydrogen
      evolution reaction (2H(+)+2e(-)->H2); thus, the precipitated Cd(OH)2 and CdCO3
      started dissolving. To prevent their dissolution, sufficient organic substrates
      should be provided when MECs are used for cadmium removal.

PMID- 26970039
TI  - Validity of PROMIS physical function measured in diverse clinical samples.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement
      Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function measures using longitudinal data
      collected in six chronic health conditions. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Individuals
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), major depressive disorder (MDD), back pain,
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic heart failure (CHF), and
      cancer completed the PROMIS Physical Function computerized adaptive test or fixed
      length short form at baseline and at the end of clinically relevant follow-up
      intervals. Anchor items were also administered to assess change in physical
      function and general health. Linear mixed-effects models and standardized
      response means were estimated at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: A total of
      1,415 individuals participated (COPD n = 121; CHF n = 57; back pain n = 218; MDD
      n = 196; RA n = 521; cancer n = 302). The PROMIS Physical Function scores
      improved significantly for treatment of CHF and back pain patients but not for
      patients with MDD or COPD. Most of the patient subsamples that reported
      improvement or worsening on the anchors showed a corresponding positive or
      negative change in PROMIS Physical Function. CONCLUSION: This study provides
      evidence that the PROMIS Physical Function measures are sensitive to change in
      intervention studies where physical function is expected to change and able to
      distinguish among different clinical samples. The results inform the estimation
      of meaningful change, enabling comparative effectiveness research.

PMID- 26970044
TI  - Low temperature H2S removal with 3-D structural mesoporous molecular sieves
      supported ZnO from gas stream.
AB  - A series of 3-dimensional (3-D) structural mesoporous silica materials, SBA-16,
      MCM-48 and KIT-6, was synthesized and supported with different ZnO loadings (10,
      20, 30, and 40 wt%) by the incipient wetness method to evaluate the performances
      on H2S removal at room temperature. These materials were characterized by N2
      adsorption, XRD, and TEM to investigate their textural properties. All the ZnO
      loaded adsorbents exhibited the H2S removal capacity of bellow 0.1 ppmv. With the
      best ZnO loading percentage of 30 wt% on MCM-48 and KIT-6, 20 wt% on SBA-16
      according to the results of breakthrough test, further increasing ZnO loading
      caused the decrease of the adsorption capacity due to the agglomeration of ZnO.
      Besides, the H2S adsorption capacities of the supports materials varied in the
      order of KIT-6>MCM-48>SBA-16, which was influenced primarily by their pore volume
      and pore size. With the largest pores in these 3-D arrangement materials, KIT-6
      showed the best performance of supported material for ZnO, due to its retained
      superior physical properties as well as large pore diameter to allow faster gas
      solid interaction and huge pore volume to disperse ZnO on the surface of it.

PMID- 26970045
TI  - Oral administration of SR-110, a peroxynitrite decomposing catalyst, enhances
      glucose homeostasis, insulin signaling, and islet architecture in B6D2F1 mice fed
      a high fat diet.
AB  - Peroxynitrite has been implicated in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications.
      As a follow-up study to our previous work on SR-135 (Arch Biochem Biophys 577
      578: 49-59, 2015), we provide evidence that this series of compounds are
      effective when administered orally, and their mechanisms of actions extend to the
      peripheral tissues. A more soluble analogue of SR-135, SR-110 (from a new class
      of Mn(III) bis(hydroxyphenyl)-dipyrromethene complexes) was orally administered
      for 2 weeks to B6D2F1 mice fed a high fat-diet (HFD). Mice fed a HFD for 4 months
      gained significantly higher body weights compared to lean diet-fed mice (52 +/-
      1.5 g vs 34 +/- 1.3 g). SR-110 (10 mg/kg daily) treatment significantly reduced
      fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and enhanced glucose tolerance as
      compared to HFD control or vehicle (peanut butter) group. SR-110 treatment
      enhanced insulin signaling in the peripheral organs, liver, heart, and skeletal
      muscle, and reduced lipid accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, SR-110
      increased insulin content, restored islet architecture, decreased islet size, and
      reduced tyrosine nitration. These results suggest that a peroxynitrite
      decomposing catalyst is effective in improving glucose homeostasis and restoring
      islet morphology and beta-cell insulin content under nutrient overload.

PMID- 26970046
TI  - Prospective study of pathogens in asymptomatic travellers and those with
      diarrhoea: aetiological agents revisited.
AB  - Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) remains the most frequent health problem encountered
      by visitors to the (sub)tropics. Traditional stool culture identifies the
      pathogen in only 15% of cases. Exploiting PCR-based methods, we investigated TD
      pathogens with a focus on asymptomatic travellers and severity of symptoms. Pre-
      and post-travel stools of 382 travellers with no history of antibiotic use during
      travel were analysed with a multiplex quantitative PCR for Salmonella, Yersinia,
      Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae and five diarrhoeagenic Escherichia
      coli: enteroaggregative (EAEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC),
      enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteroinvasive (EIEC). The participants were
      categorized by presence/absence of TD during travel and on return, and by
      severity of symptoms. A pathogen was indentified in 61% of the asymptomatic
      travellers, 83% of those with resolved TD, and 83% of those with ongoing TD; 25%,
      43% and 53% had multiple pathogens, respectively. EPEC, EAEC, ETEC and
      Campylobacter associated especially with ongoing TD symptoms. EAEC and EPEC
      proved more common than ETEC. To conclude, modern methodology challenges our
      perception of stool pathogens: all pathogens were common both in asymptomatic and
      symptomatic travellers. TD has a multibacterial nature, but diarrhoeal symptoms
      mostly associate with EAEC, EPEC, ETEC and Campylobacter. 

PMID- 26970047
TI  - Is initial serum (1,3)-beta-d-glucan truly associated with mortality in patients
      with candidaemia? Authors' response.

PMID- 26970048
TI  - Three-year retrospective analysis of the incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection
      in pregnant women living in the Greater Romagna Area (northeastern Italy).
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection
      in a population of pregnant women living in the Romagna area of the Emilia
      Romagna region. From 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2014, 36 876 pregnant women
      were tested to evaluate the IgG- and IgM-specific anti-T. gondii response. The
      average incidence was 0.192%, underlining the need for an appropriate and active
      screening for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. 

PMID- 26970049
TI  - Functional and Photochemical Characterization of a Light-Driven Proton Pump from
      the Gammaproteobacterium Pantoea vagans.
AB  - Photoactive retinal proteins are widely distributed throughout the domains of the
      microbial world (i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya). Here we describe three
      retinal proteins belonging to a phylogenetic clade with a unique DTG motif. Light
      induced decrease in the environmental pH and its inhibition by carbonyl cyanide m
      chlorophenylhydrazone revealed that these retinal proteins function as light
      driven outward electrogenic proton pumps. We further characterized one of these
      proteins, Pantoea vagans rhodopsin (PvR), spectroscopically. Visible spectroscopy
      and high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that PvR has an absorption
      maximum at 538 nm with the retinal chromophore predominantly in the all-trans
      form (>90%) under both dark and light conditions. We estimated the pKa values of
      the protonated Schiff base of the retinal chromophore and its counterion as
      approximately 13.5 and 2.1, respectively, by using pH titration experiments, and
      the photochemical reaction cycle of PvR was measured by time-resolved flash
      photolysis in the millisecond timeframe. We observed a blue-shifted and a red
      shifted intermediate, which we assigned as M-like and O-like intermediates,
      respectively. Decay of the M-like intermediate was highly sensitive to
      environmental pH, suggesting that proton uptake is coupled to decay of the M-like
      intermediate. From these results, we propose a putative model for the
      photoreaction of PvR.

PMID- 26970050
TI  - Increase in primary surgical treatment of T1 and T2 oropharyngeal squamous cell
      carcinoma and rates of adverse pathologic features: National Cancer Data Base.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been increasing interest in the primary surgical treatment
      of patients with early T classification (T1-T2) oropharyngeal squamous cell
      carcinoma (OPSCC), with the stated goal of de-escalating or avoiding adjuvant
      treatment. Herein, the authors sought to determine the degree to which this
      interest has translated into changes in practice patterns, and the rates of
      adverse postoperative pathologic features. METHODS: Patients with T1 to T2 OPSCC
      in the National Cancer Data Base who were treated from 2004 through 2013 were
      categorized as receiving primary surgical or primary radiation-based treatment.
      Trends in treatment selection and factors related to the selection of primary
      surgery were examined. The rates of adverse pathologic features including
      positive surgical margins, extracapsular spread (ECS), and advanced T and N
      classifications after surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 8768 patients with T1 to
      T2 OPSCC, 68% underwent primary surgical treatment, increasing from 56% in 2004
      to 82% in 2013 (P<.0001). The highest versus lowest volume hospitals treated 78%
      versus 59% of patients with primary surgery (odds ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.55-3.22 [P<.0001]). Higher lymph node classification was found to be
      predictive of lower rates of primary surgery, but the majority of patients with
      clinical N2/N3 disease underwent primary surgery. Among patients treated with
      surgery, positive surgical margins were present in 24% and ECS in 25% of
      patients. The rate of positive surgical margins decreased over time (P<.0001) and
      was observed less often at high-volume centers (P<.0001). Among candidates for
      single-modality therapy (those with clinical T1-T2/N0-N1 disease), 33% had
      positive surgical margins and/or ECS and 47% had at least 1 adverse feature (T3
      T4 disease, N2-N3 disease, positive surgical margins, and/or ECS). CONCLUSIONS:
      Primary surgical treatment among patients with early T classification OPSCC has
      become more widespread. Cancer 2016;122:1523-32. (c) 2016 American Cancer
      Society.

PMID- 26970052
TI  - Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum to utilize methyl acetate, a potential
      feedstock derived by carbonylation of methanol with CO.
AB  - The possibilities to utilize one-carbon substrates (C1) like CO, methane and
      methanol have been explored as a cheap alternative feedstock in the
      biotechnology. For the first time, methyl acetate (MeOAc), which can be formed
      from carbonylation of methanol with CO, was demonstrated to be an alternative
      carbon source for the cell growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model
      microbial cell factory. To do so, a carboxyl esterase activity was necessary to
      hydrolyze MeOAc to methanol and acetate. Although the wild-type has an unknown
      esterase activity to MeOAc, the activity was not high enough to grow from 270mM
      MeOAc as sole carbon source, reaching OD600 of 5.28+/-0.2 in 32h. Based on the
      literatures studied for the esterase, we chose three esterases (MekB of
      Pseudomonas veronii MEK700, AcmB of Gordonia sp. Strain TY-5, and Est of
      Pyrobaculum calidifontis VA1) and cloned into the wild-type. As a result, the
      recombinant C. glutamicum expressing the highly active MekB esterase (28.6+/
      0.77U/mg protein) showed complete degradation of MeOAc and utilization of
      acetate, resulting in OD600 of 16.5+/-0.02at 24h. In addition, the recombinant
      strain exhibited the rapid degradation of MeOAc to methanol and acetate in 2h
      under anaerobic condition. Therefore, MeOAc can be used as another C1-derived
      carbon source in the biotechnology. 

PMID- 26970051
TI  - Employer reasons for failing to report eligible workers' compensation claims in
      the BLS survey of occupational injuries and illnesses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little research has been done to identify reasons employers fail to
      report some injuries and illnesses in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of
      Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). METHODS: We interviewed the 2012
      Washington SOII respondents from establishments that had failed to report one or
      more eligible workers' compensation claims in the SOII about their reasons for
      not reporting specific claims. Qualitative content analysis methods were used to
      identify themes and patterns in the responses. RESULTS: Non-compliance with OSHA
      recordkeeping or SOII reporting instructions and data entry errors led to
      unreported claims. Some employers refused to include claims because they did not
      consider the injury to be work-related, despite workers' compensation
      eligibility. Participant responses brought the SOII eligibility of some claims
      into question. CONCLUSION: Systematic and non-systematic errors lead to SOII
      underreporting. Insufficient recordkeeping systems and limited knowledge of
      reporting requirements are barriers to accurate workplace injury records.

PMID- 26970053
TI  - Complete genome sequence of Pseudoalteromonas rubra SCSIO 6842, harboring a
      putative conjugative plasmid pMBL6842.
AB  - Pseudoalteromonas is a genus of Gram-negative and is ubiquitously distributed in
      the ocean. Many Pseudoalteromonas species are capable of producing pigments,
      which can serve as an alternative source to replace synthetic pigments used in
      the food industry. Prodigiosins belong to a family of secondary metabolite
      characterized by a common pyrrolyl pyrromethane skeleton, and have been
      successfully applied to yogurt, milk and carbonated drinks as substitutes for
      synthetic additives. The strain Pseudoalteromonas rubra SCSIO 6842 can produce
      cycloprodigiosin and harbors a conjugative plasmid. Here we report the complete
      genome of P. rubra SCSIO 6842 for a better understanding of the molecular basis
      of cycloprodigiosin production and regulation. 

PMID- 26970054
TI  - Genome-scale reconstruction of the Streptococcus pyogenes M49 metabolic network
      reveals growth requirements and indicates potential drug targets.
AB  - Genome-scale metabolic models comprise stoichiometric relations between
      metabolites, as well as associations between genes and metabolic reactions and
      facilitate the analysis of metabolism. We computationally reconstructed the
      metabolic network of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes M49.
      Initially, we based the reconstruction on genome annotations and already existing
      and curated metabolic networks of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,
      Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis. This initial draft was manually
      curated with the final reconstruction accounting for 480 genes associated with
      576 reactions and 558 metabolites. In order to constrain the model further, we
      performed growth experiments of wild type and arcA deletion strains of S.
      pyogenes M49 in a chemically defined medium and calculated nutrient uptake and
      production fluxes. We additionally performed amino acid auxotrophy experiments to
      test the consistency of the model. The established genome-scale model can be used
      to understand the growth requirements of the human pathogen S. pyogenes and
      define optimal and suboptimal conditions, but also to describe differences and
      similarities between S. pyogenes and related lactic acid bacteria such as L.
      lactis in order to find strategies to reduce the growth of the pathogen and
      propose drug targets. 

PMID- 26970055
TI  - Evaluation of a virtual pet visit system with live video streaming of patient
      images over the Internet in a companion animal intensive care unit in the
      Netherlands.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a virtual pet visit system ("TelePet"
      System, TPS) on owners and staff of a companion animal ICU. DESIGN: Longitudinal
      interventional study (2010-2013). SETTING: Companion animal ICU at a university
      veterinary medical teaching hospital. STUDY POPULATIONS: Pet owners, ICU
      technicians. INTERVENTIONS: The introduction of the TPS, with live video
      streaming of patient images over the Internet, in a companion animal ICU.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Pet owners experienced TPS as a valuable extra
      service. Most TPS users (72.4%) experienced less anxiety and felt less need
      (40.4% of TPS users) to visit their hospitalized pet in person. Most users
      (83.5%) shared TPS access with their family. The introduction of the TPS did not
      improve overall owner satisfaction, except for the score on "quality of medical
      treatment." Seven of 26 indicators of owner satisfaction were awarded higher
      scores by TPS users than by TPS nonusers in the survey after the introduction of
      the system. However, the lack of randomization of owners might have influenced
      findings. The enthusiasm of the ICU technicians for the system was tempered by
      the negative feedback from a small number of owners. Nevertheless they recognized
      the value of the system for owners. The system was user friendly and ICU staff
      and TPS users experienced few technical problems. CONCLUSIONS: As veterinary
      healthcare is moving toward a more client-centered approach, a virtual pet visit
      system, such as TPS, is a relatively simple application that may improve the well
      being of most owners during the hospitalization of their pet.

PMID- 26970056
TI  - Thyroid endocrine disruption of azocyclotin to Xenopus laevis during
      metamorphosis.
AB  - Organotin compounds are ubiquitous contaminants that are frequently detected in
      the environment and in biota, which raises concern about their risk to wildlife
      and human health. In the present study, Nieuwkoop & Faber stage 51 Xenopus laevis
      tadpoles were exposed to different concentrations of azocyclotin (0, 0.02, 0.1
      and 0.5MUg/L) for 21 days, during which time the tadpoles underwent morphological
      development. Exposure to azocyclotin caused an inhibitory effect on the pre
      metamorphic development of X. laevis (e.g., a shortened hind limb length).
      Azocyclotin induced an alteration of the triiodothyronine (T3) content, which
      indicated thyroid endocrine disruption. Real-time PCR was performed to examine
      the expression levels of the genes involved in the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling
      pathway. Significant down-regulation of the type 2 deiodinase gene was observed,
      which may be partially responsible for the decreased T3 concentrations.
      Furthermore, the expression of T3 responsive genes, including thyroid hormone
      receptor, basic transcription element binding protein, 2tromelysins-3 and matrix
      metalloproteinase 2, were down-regulated in tadpoles, suggesting that azocyclotin
      induced a decrease in the T3 contents and, in turn, affected the mRNA expression
      of downstream genes involved in multiple physiological responses. Chemical
      analysis showed that azocyclotin could accumulate in X. laevis after 21 days of
      exposure. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that azocyclotin
      could alter the mRNA expression of genes involved in TH signaling as well as the
      thyroid hormone concentrations in X. laevis tadpoles, leading to endocrine
      disruption of thyroid system, and that azocyclotin had obvious inhibitory effects
      on X. laevis metamorphosis. 

PMID- 26970057
TI  - Influence of MRP1 G1666A and GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic variants on the urinary and
      blood arsenic levels of Turkish smelter workers.
AB  - To understand the cellular mechanisms responsible for arsenic metabolism and
      transport pathways plays a fundamental role in order to prevent the arsenic
      induced toxicity. The effect of MRP1 G1666A and GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphisms on
      blood and urinary arsenic levels were determined in 95 Turkish smelter workers.
      Blood and urinary arsenic concentrations were measured by GF-AAS with Zeeman
      correction and gene polymorphisms were investigated by PCR-RFLP method. The mean
      blood and urinary arsenic levels were 21.60+/-12.28MUg/L and 5.58+/-4.37MUg/L,
      respectively. A significant association between MRP1 1666A allele and urinary
      arsenic levels was found (p=0.001). GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was detected not
      to be associated with either blood or urinary arsenic levels (p=0.384, p=0.440,
      respectively). Significant association was also detected between MRP1A(
      )/GSTP1Val(-) genotypes and urinary arsenic levels (p=0.001). This study
      suggested that MRP1 G1666A alone and, also, combined with GSTP1 Ile105Val were
      associated with inter-individual variations in urinary arsenic levels, but not
      with blood arsenic levels. 

PMID- 26970058
TI  - Levels of dialkylphosphate metabolites in urine among general U.S. population.
AB  - Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for years 2003-2008
      were used to study the factors that affect urinary levels of dialkylphosphate
      (DAP) metabolites in urine. Separate regression models were fitted for children
      aged 6-11 years, adolescents aged 12-19 years, and adults aged >=20 years.
      Specifically, DAP metabolites that were analyzed were: dimethylphosphate (DMP),
      diethylphosphate (DEP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), and diethylthiophosphate
      (DETP). Males had statistically significantly lower adjusted levels than females
      for DMP for adolescents, for DEP for adults, for DMTP for both adolescents and
      adults, and for DETP for both children and adults. Nonsmokers had statistically
      significantly higher adjusted levels than smokers for DMTP for adolescents and
      for DMP and DMTP for adults. Exposure to second hand smoke at home was associated
      with relatively higher levels of DMP among children (p=0.01) but the reverse was
      found to be true for DMTP (p<0.01) among adolescents as well as adults (p=0.02).
      Children had higher levels of DMTP than both adolescents and adults (p<0.01) and
      higher levels of DETP than adolescents (p=0.02). Age was found to be negatively
      associated with the levels of DMTP (p=0.01) among children and positively
      associated (p<0.01) with the levels of all four metabolites among adults. 

PMID- 26970059
TI  - Depletion of mitochondrial enzyme system in liver, lung, brain, stomach and
      kidney induced by benzo(a)pyrene.
AB  - Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently received considerable attention as it
      plays an important role in adult human pathology caused by various drugs,
      endogenous agents and environmental agents. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), is a ubiquitous
      environmental contaminant mainly derived from anthropogenic activity during
      incomplete combustion of organic materials from various sources. The present
      study aimed to evaluate the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on mitochondrial
      enzymes in the multiple organs including liver, lung, brain, stomach and kidney.
      ICR mice were exposed to different doses of BaP (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg body weight)
      through oral gavage and intraperitoneal injection treatment for 13 weeks
      consecutively. The induced mitochondrial damage in the examined organs was
      assayed in terms of significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and
      prominent decrease in antioxidant enzymes. Non enzymatic antioxidants and Krebs
      cycle's enzymes were also significantly decreased in mitochondria. Additionally,
      BaP induced the body growth retardation and decrease in relative liver weight,
      increase in relative lung, stomach, kidney and brain weights, and this was
      further certified through histopathological lesions. Liver and lungs were more
      prominently damaged by BaP. The mitochondrial depletion increased in BaP dose
      dependent manner. 

PMID- 26970061
TI  - Does percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation improve global pelvic function in
      women with faecal incontinence?
AB  - AIM: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) is a minimally invasive
      treatment for faecal incontinence. Many patients with faecal incontinence have
      coexisting pelvic floor disorders such as urinary incontinence and vaginal
      symptoms. We utilized a pelvic floor assessment tool to analyse any effect of
      PTNS on global pelvic floor function. METHODS: Patients with faecal incontinence
      attending our institution who had failed to respond sufficiently to biofeedback
      were offered a course of PTNS. Patients underwent pre- and post-stimulation
      assessment with a validated electronic Personal Assessment Questionnaire - Pelvic
      Floor (ePAQ-PF) for pelvic floor disorders. Scores were compared to assess the
      effect of treatment on global pelvic floor function. RESULTS: During the study
      period pre- and post-stimulation ePAQ-PF data were available for 60 patients (55%
      of all patients starting PTNS). In this cohort there was a significant
      improvement in bowel continence, bowel related quality of life, irritable bowel
      syndrome and bowel evacuation with a large effect size for continence and bowel
      related quality of life. There was also a significant improvement in non-bowel
      related symptoms, including urinary pain and stress incontinence, urinary related
      quality of life and bowel related sexual function. Sixty-five per cent of those
      who answered the question reported improvement in global health after
      stimulation. CONCLUSION: For patients presenting with faecal incontinence, PTNS
      appears to have a positive effect on bowel related function in approximately two
      thirds of patients. However, for treatment responders, improvement appears to
      relate mainly to improvement in bowel related function rather than a global
      pelvic floor effect.

PMID- 26970060
TI  - Ulcerations on abdominal wound scar associated with aflibercept therapy.

PMID- 26970062
TI  - Prevalence of the geriatric syndromes and frailty in older men living in the
      community: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project.
AB  - AIM: To describe the age at which the geriatric syndromes and frailty become
      common in community-dwelling men. METHODS: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men
      Project involves a population-based sample of 1705 community-dwelling men aged 70
      and over from a defined geographic region in Sydney. Data were obtained by
      physical performance tests, clinical examinations, and questionnaire to determine
      the prevalence of the following conditions by five-year age group. RESULTS: Poor
      mobility, recurrent falls, urinary incontinence, dementia and frailty phenotype
      were all uncommon (less than 10%) in men in their 70s, but the prevalence of each
      of these conditions exceeded 10% in men aged 85-89. The prevalence of Frailty
      Index-defined frailty, multimorbidity, polypharmacy and instrumental activities
      of daily living dependence was constantly high in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      The different health-care needs of the 'old old' aged 85 years and older should
      be accounted for in health service planning.

PMID- 26970063
TI  - Pre-contamination of new gypsum wallboard with potentially harmful fungal
      species.
AB  - Gypsum wallboard is a popular building material, but is also very frequently
      overgrown by Stachybotrys chartarum after severe and/or undetected water damage.
      The purpose of this study was to determine whether Stachybotrys and other fungi
      frequently isolated from wet gypsum wallboard are already present in the panels
      directly from the factory. Surface-disinfected gypsum disks were wetted with
      sterile water, sealed, and incubated for 70 days. The results showed that
      Neosartorya hiratsukae (= Aspergillus hiratsukae) was the most dominant fungus on
      the gypsum wallboard followed by Chaetomium globosum and Stachybotrys chartarum.
      Our results suggest that these three fungal species are already embedded in the
      materials, presumably in the paper/carton layer surrounding the gypsum core,
      before the panels reach the retailers/building site.

PMID- 26970066
TI  - Mn2FeWO6: A New Ni3TeO6 -Type Polar and Magnetic Oxide.

PMID- 26970071
TI  - The role of religion in alcohol consumption and demand reduction in Muslim
      majority countries (MMC).

PMID- 26970072
TI  - Neuropathy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: An electrophysiological and
      histological study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is identified as a risk factor for development of
      polyneuropathy. In this study we examined nerve conduction and morphological
      alteration of peripheral nerves in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
      METHODS: Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in the sciatic-tibial nerve and
      sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) in the sural nerve were measured.
      Pathological investigations included spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, and
      hindlimb nerves in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) aged 4-64 weeks. RESULTS:
      Blood pressure was significantly higher in SHR than WKY animals at 4 weeks and
      elevated further with aging. MNCV and SNCV were significantly slower in SHR
      compared with WKY after age 24 weeks. Prominent morphological changes in SHR
      nerves included axonal atrophy and myelin splitting. SHR also had endoneurial
      microangiopathy with reduplication of basement membrane. CONCLUSIONS: SHR showed
      slowed nerve conduction velocity and pathological abnormalities of hindlimb
      nerves. Sustained severe hypertension may cause axonal atrophy and endoneurial
      microangiopathy. Muscle Nerve 54: 756-762, 2016.

PMID- 26970073
TI  - Genome-wide identification and characterization of odorant-binding protein (OBP)
      genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae).
AB  - Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector. Insect odorant-binding proteins
      (OBPs) may function in the reception of odorants in the olfactory system. The
      classification and characterization of the An. sinensis OBP genes have not been
      systematically studied. In this study, 64 putative OBP genes were identified at
      the whole-genome level of An. sinensis based on the comparison between OBP
      conserved motifs, PBP_GOBP, and phylogenetic analysis with An. gambiae OBPs. The
      characterization of An. sinensis OBPs, including the motif's conservation, gene
      structure, genomic organization and classification, were investigated. A new
      gene, AsOBP73, belonging to the Plus-C subfamily, was identified with the support
      of transcript and conservative motifs. These An. sinensis OBP genes were
      classified into three subfamilies with 37, 15 and 12 genes in the subfamily
      Classic, Atypical and Plus-C, respectively. The genomic organization of An.
      sinensis OBPs suggests a clustered distribution across nine different scaffolds.
      Eight genes (OBP23-28, OBP63-64) might originate from a single gene through a
      series of historic duplication events at least before divergence of Anopheles,
      Culex and Aedes. The microsynteny analyses indicate a very high synteny between
      An. sinensis and An. gambiae OBPs. OBP70 and OBP71 earlier classified under Plus
      C in An. gambiae are recognized as belonging to the group Obp59a of the Classic
      subfamily, and OBP69 earlier classified under Plus-C has been moved to the
      Atypical subfamily in this study. The study established a basic information frame
      for further study of the OBP genes in insects as well as in An. sinensis. 

PMID- 26970075
TI  - Predictors of patient satisfaction with inpatient hospital pain management across
      the United States: A national study.
AB  - Satisfactory pain management of hospitalized patients remains a national unmet
      need for the United States. Although prior research indicates that inpatient pain
      management may be improving nationally, not all populations of patients rate pain
      management as equally satisfactory. County-level predictors, such as demographics
      and population density, and hospital-level predictors (eg, hospital-bed number),
      are understudied determinants of pain management patient satisfaction. We created
      a multivariate regression model of pain management patient satisfaction scores as
      indicated by Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
      (HCAHPS) survey results based on county and hospital level predictors. Number of
      hospital beds (beta = -0.16), percent foreign-born (beta = -0.16), and population
      density (beta = -0.08) most strongly predicted unfavorable ratings, whereas
      African American (beta = 0.23), white (beta= 0.23), and younger population (beta
      = 0.08) most strongly predicted favorable ratings. Greater attention should be
      placed on pain management in larger hospitals that serve foreign-born patients in
      population-dense areas. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:498-501. (c) 2016
      Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 26970076
TI  - Pomegranate-Inspired Design of Highly Active and Durable Bifunctional
      Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries.
AB  - Rational design of highly active and durable electrocatalysts for oxygen
      reactions is critical for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Herein, we report the
      design and development of composite electrocatalysts based on transition metal
      oxide nanocrystals embedded in a nitrogen-doped, partially graphitized carbon
      framework. Benefiting from the unique pomegranate-like architecture, the
      composite catalysts possess abundant active sites, strong synergetic coupling,
      enhanced electron transfer, and high efficiencies in the oxygen reduction
      reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co3O4-based composite
      electrocatalyst exhibited a high half-wave potential of 0.842 V for ORR, and a
      low overpotential of only 450 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm(-2) for OER.
      A single-cell zinc-air battery was also fabricated with superior durability,
      holding great promise in the practical implementation of rechargeable metal-air
      batteries.

PMID- 26970074
TI  - Evidence for climate-driven synchrony of marine and terrestrial ecosystems in
      northwest Australia.
AB  - The effects of climate change are difficult to predict for many marine species
      because little is known of their response to climate variations in the past.
      However, long-term chronologies of growth, a variable that integrates multiple
      physical and biological factors, are now available for several marine taxa. These
      allow us to search for climate-driven synchrony in growth across multiple taxa
      and ecosystems, identifying the key processes driving biological responses at
      very large spatial scales. We hypothesized that in northwest (NW) Australia, a
      region that is predicted to be strongly influenced by climate change, the El Nino
      Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon would be an important factor influencing
      the growth patterns of organisms in both marine and terrestrial environments. To
      test this idea, we analyzed existing growth chronologies of the marine fish
      Lutjanus argentimaculatus, the coral Porites spp. and the tree Callitris
      columellaris and developed a new chronology for another marine fish, Lethrinus
      nebulosus. Principal components analysis and linear model selection showed
      evidence of ENSO-driven synchrony in growth among all four taxa at interannual
      time scales, the first such result for the Southern Hemisphere. Rainfall, sea
      surface temperatures, and sea surface salinities, which are linked to the ENSO
      system, influenced the annual growth of fishes, trees, and corals. All four taxa
      had negative relationships with the Nino-4 index (a measure of ENSO status), with
      positive growth patterns occurring during strong La Nina years. This finding
      implies that future changes in the strength and frequency of ENSO events are
      likely to have major consequences for both marine and terrestrial taxa. Strong
      similarities in the growth patterns of fish and trees offer the possibility of
      using tree-ring chronologies, which span longer time periods than those of fish,
      to aid understanding of both historical and future responses of fish populations
      to climate variation.

PMID- 26970077
TI  - Mixed vitiligo of Blaschko lines: a newly discovered presentation of vitiligo
      responsive to combination treatment.
AB  - Vitiligo, depigmenting disorder of the skin and mucous membranes, affects up to
      1% of the population worldwide. It is classified into four major types:
      segmental, non-segmental, mixed, and unclassified type. Non-segmental vitiligo
      refers to non-dermatomal distribution of lesions, while dermatomal distribution
      of lesions is present in patients with segmental vitiligo. Segmental vitiligo can
      also follow Blaschko lines - pathways of epidermal cell migration and
      proliferation during the development of the fetus. Here, we present patient with
      segmental and non-segmental vitiligo following Blaschko lines with excellent
      therapeutic response to combined therapy. Prior to our report, a case of
      segmental and non-segmental vitiligo followed by Blaschko lines was never
      described, therefore we suggest the term "mixed vitiligo of Blaschko lines" to
      describe this entity. This is also a rare case in which 90% repigmentation was
      achieved in patient with segmental and nonsegmental vitiligo following Blaschko
      lines in only 2 months of combined therapy. 

PMID- 26970078
TI  - Contribution of micro-motion to backside wear in a fixed bearing total knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - This study seeks to identify important factors related to backside wear of tibial
      inserts in vivo and determine an appropriate wear model for backside wear. An IRB
      approved database was queried for tibial inserts of a single design from one
      manufacturer that exhibited evidence of rotatory motion on the backside of the
      polyethylene. These devices were measured for volumetric wear using a previously
      established protocol. Features including the change in locking lip width and
      measurement of micro-motion marks were used to describe the motion pattern.
      Volumetric wear and implant characteristics were compared using linear
      regressions by modeling wear theories suggested by Archard and Wang to determine
      the most appropriate model for backside wear. The Wang model showed that
      duration, adjusted sliding distance, and cross-shear index accounted for
      approximately 58% of the volumetric wear variation while adjusted sliding
      distance and duration in vivo accounted for approximately 35% of the volumetric
      wear variation in the Archard model. Patient weight (p = 0.750), patient BMI (p =
      0.680), and backside area (p = 0.784) of the tibial insert were all found to be
      non-significant in the Wang model. Similarly, patient weight (p = 0.233), patient
      BMI (p = 0.162), and backside area (p = 0.796) were found to be non-significant
      in the Archard model. Multidirectional micro-motion appears to contribute
      significantly to the wear of these components, supporting the Wang theory of
      cross-shear for polyethylene wear. Cross-shear of polymers on an unpolished
      titanium tray can lead to an increase in wear debris in the body. Care should be
      taken when designing locking mechanisms and tray designs. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic
      Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1933-1940,
      2016.

PMID- 26970079
TI  - Hedgehog regulates yes-associated protein 1 in regenerating mouse liver.
AB  - Adult liver regeneration requires induction and suppression of proliferative
      activity in multiple types of liver cells. The mechanisms that orchestrate the
      global changes in gene expression that are required for proliferative activity to
      change within individual liver cells, and that coordinate proliferative activity
      among different types of liver cells, are not well understood. Morphogenic
      signaling pathways that are active during fetal development, including Hedgehog
      and Hippo/Yes-associated protein 1 (Yap1), regulate liver regeneration in
      adulthood. Cirrhosis and liver cancer result when these pathways become
      dysregulated, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms that coordinate
      and control morphogenic signaling during effective liver regeneration. We
      evaluated the hypothesis that the Hedgehog pathway controls Yap1 activation
      during liver regeneration by studying intact mice and cultured liver cells. In
      cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), disrupting Hedgehog signaling blocked
      activation of Yap1, and knocking down Yap1 inhibited induction of both Yap1- and
      Hedgehog-regulated genes that enable HSC to become myofibroblasts (MFs). In mice,
      disrupting Hedgehog signaling in MFs inhibited liver regeneration after partial
      hepactectomy (PH). Reduced proliferative activity in the liver epithelial
      compartment resulted from loss of stroma-derived paracrine signals that activate
      Yap1 and the Hedgehog pathway in hepatocytes. This prevented hepatocytes from up
      regulating Yap1- and Hedgehog-regulated transcription factors that normally
      promote their proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Morphogenic signaling in HSCs is
      necessary to reprogram hepatocytes to regenerate the liver epithelial compartment
      post-PH. This discovery identifies novel molecules that might be targeted to
      correct defective repair during cirrhosis and liver cancer. (Hepatology
      2016;64:232-244).

PMID- 26970082
TI  - Temperature homeostasis in mice lacking the p43 mitochondrial T3 receptor.
AB  - Thyroid hormones and Thra gene play a key role in energy expenditure regulation,
      temperature homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. To decipher the function of
      the mitochondrial TRalpha receptor in these phenomena, we used mice lacking
      specifically the p43 mitochondrial T3 receptor. We found that these animals were
      hypermetabolic, hyperphagic, and displayed a down setting of the core body
      temperature. However, p43-/- animals do not present cold intolerance or defect of
      facultative thermogenesis. In addition, the mitochondrial function of BAT is
      slightly affected in the absence of p43. Our study, therefore, suggests a
      complementarity of action between the mitochondrial receptor and other proteins
      encoded by the Thra gene in the control of basal metabolism, facultative
      thermogenesis, and determination of the set point of temperature regulation. 

PMID- 26970081
TI  - Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections due to Propionibacterium
      Species.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Propionibacterium species are part of the normal skin flora and
      often considered contaminants when identified in cultures. However, they can
      cause life-threatening infections, including prosthetic cardiovascular device
      infections. Clinical presentation and management of cardiovascular implantable
      electronic device (CIED) infection due to Propionibacterium species has not been
      well described. METHODS: Retrospective review of all cases of CIED infection due
      to Propionibacterium species admitted to Mayo Clinic between January 1, 1990 and
      December 31, 2014. Patient charts were reviewed for clinical, microbiological,
      and imaging data. Descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: We identified 14
      patients with CIED infection due to Propionibacterium species, accounting for
      2.3% of all CIED infections. Patients were predominantly male (n = 12, 86%). The
      median age at admission was 58.5 years (range 22-83). Twelve patients had
      implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and two had permanent pacemaker
      systems. Twelve patients had generator pocket infection (86%). Two patients met
      clinical criteria for CIED-related infective endocarditis. Median time between
      last device manipulation and infection was 9 months (range 1-98). All patients
      were treated with complete device removal and antibiotic therapy. Six-month
      follow-up data were available for 10 patients (71%), with no relapses documented.
      CONCLUSION: CIED infections due to Propionibacterium species accounted for 2.3%
      of all device infections over a 25-year period. The most common infectious
      syndrome was generator pocket infection with delayed onset. There was an
      unanticipated predominance of ICDs in this cohort. Cure was achieved in all cases
      with complete device removal and antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 26970083
TI  - A high rate of telomeric sister chromatid exchange occurs in chronic lymphocytic
      leukaemia B-cells.
AB  - Cancer cells protect their telomere ends from erosion through reactivation of
      telomerase or by using the Alternative Lengthening of Telomere (ALT) mechanism
      that depends on homologous recombination. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B
      cells are characterized by almost no telomerase activity, shelterin deregulation
      and telomere fusions. To characterize telomeric maintenance mechanisms in B-CLL
      patients, we measured their telomere length, telomerase expression and the main
      hallmarks of the ALT activity i.e. C-circle concentration, an extra-chromosomal
      telomere repeat (ECTR), and the level of telomeric sister chromatid exchange (T
      SCE) rate. Patients showed relative homogenous telomere length although almost no
      TERT transcript and nearly no C-circle were evidenced. Nevertheless, compared
      with normal B cells, B-CLL cells showed an increase in T-SCE rate that was
      correlated with a strong down-regulation of the topoisomerase III alpha (TOP3A)
      expression, involved in the dissolution of Holliday Junctions (HJ), together with
      an increased expression of SLX1A, SLX4, MUS81 and GEN1, involved in the
      resolution of HJ. Altogether, our results suggest that the telomere maintenance
      mechanism of B-CLL cells do not preferentially use telomerase or ALT. Rather, the
      rupture of the dissolvasome/resolvasome balance may increase telomere shuffling
      that could homogenize telomere length, slowing telomere erosion in this disease.

PMID- 26970080
TI  - Does modulation of the endocannabinoid system have potential therapeutic utility
      in cerebellar ataxia?
AB  - Cerebellar ataxias represent a spectrum of disorders which are, however, linked
      by common symptoms of motor incoordination and typically associated with
      deficiency in Purkinje cell firing activity and, often, degeneration. Cerebellar
      ataxias currently lack a curative agent. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system
      includes eCB compounds and their associated metabolic enzymes, together with
      cannabinoid receptors, predominantly the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1 R) in the
      cerebellum; activation of this system in the cerebellar cortex is associated with
      deficits in motor coordination characteristic of ataxia, effects which can be
      prevented by CB1 R antagonists. Of further interest are various findings that CB1
      R deficits may also induce a progressive ataxic phenotype. Together these studies
      suggest that motor coordination is reliant on maintaining the correct balance in
      eCB system signalling. Recent work also demonstrates deficient cannabinoid
      signalling in the mouse 'ducky(2J) ' model of ataxia. In light of these points,
      the potential mechanisms whereby cannabinoids may modulate the eCB system to
      ameliorate dysfunction associated with cerebellar ataxias are considered.

PMID- 26970084
TI  - In Situ Observation of Thiol Michael Addition to a Reversible Covalent Drug in a
      Crystalline Sponge.
AB  - A reversible Michael addition reaction between thiol nucleophiles and cyanoenones
      has been previously postulated to be the mechanism-of-action of a new family of
      reversible covalent drugs. However, the hypothetical Michael adducts in this
      mechanism have only been detected by spectroscopic methods in solution. Herein,
      the crystallographic observation of reversible Michael addition with a potent
      cyanoenone drug candidate by means of the crystalline-sponge method is reported.
      After inclusion of the cyanoenone substrate, the sponge crystal was treated with
      a thiol solution. Subsequent crystallographic analysis confirmed the single
      crystal-to-single-crystal transformation of the substrate into the impermanent
      Michael adduct. 

PMID- 26970085
TI  - Mechanism of pancreatic and liver malformations in human fetuses with short-rib
      polydactyly syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The short-rib polydactyly (SRP) syndromes are rare skeletal
      dysplasias caused by abnormalities in primary cilia, sometimes associated with
      visceral malformations. METHODS: The pathogenesis of ductal plate malformation
      (DPM) varies in different syndromes and has not been investigated in SRP. We have
      studied liver development in five SRP fetuses and pancreatic development in one
      SRP fetus, with genetically confirmed mutations in cilia related genes, with and
      without DPMs, using the immunoperoxidase technique, and compared these to other
      syndromes with DPM. RESULTS: Acetylated tubulin expression was abnormal in DPM in
      SRP, Meckel syndrome, and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD),
      confirming ciliary anomalies. SDF-1 was abnormally expressed in SRP and two of
      three cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) but not ARPKD
      or Meckel. Increased density of quiescent hepatic stellate cells was seen in SRP,
      Meckel, one of three cases of ARPKD, and two of three cases of ADPKD with
      aberrant hepatocyte expression of keratin 19 in SRP and ADPKD. Immunophenotypic
      abnormalities were present even in fetal liver without fully developed DPMs. The
      SRP case with DPM and pancreatic malformations showed abnormalities in the
      pancreatic head (influenced by mesenchyme from the septum transversum, similar to
      liver) but not pancreatic body (influenced by mesenchyme adjacent to the
      notochord). CONCLUSION: In SRP, there are differentiation defects of hepatocytes,
      cholangiocytes, and liver mesenchyme and, in rare cases, pancreatic mesenchymal
      anomalies. The morphological changes were subtle in early gestation but
      immunophenotypic abnormalities were present. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions
      may contribute to the malformations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:549-562,
      2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970086
TI  - Effect of obesity on periodontal attachment loss progression: a 5-year population
      based prospective study.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of overweight and obesity on
      periodontal attachment loss (PAL) progression in an urban population from south
      Brazil. METHODS: In 2001, a population-based oral health survey entitled
      "Epidemiology of periodontal diseases: the Porto Alegre Study" was conducted by
      drawing a probabilistic sample of 1586 individuals. After 5 years, 755
      (participation rate: 47.6%) individuals were re-examined. For this analysis, self
      reported diabetics, underweight individuals, and individuals with <6 teeth were
      excluded. Poisson regressions were used to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95%
      confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for sex, age, skin colour, education, socio
      economic status, smoking and dental care. RESULTS: Five hundred and eighty-two
      individuals (333 males/249 females, 36.02 +/- 14.97 years) were included.
      Overall, obese individuals had significantly higher risk of experiencing PAL
      progression than individuals with normal weight after adjusting for important co
      factors (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.04-1.78). In a stratified analysis, no
      statistically significant associations were observed between PAL progression and
      obesity for males (RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.75-1.69), whereas obese females were at
      statistically significant higher risk than normal weight females (RR = 1.64, 95%
      CI = 1.11-2.43). CONCLUSION: Obesity appears to be a risk factor for PAL
      progression for females but not males in this developing country population.

PMID- 26970087
TI  - Development of algorithms based on serum markers and transient elastography for
      detecting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B patients:
      Significant reduction in liver biopsy.
AB  - AIM: To develop algorithms for detecting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in
      chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with the aim of reducing unwarranted liver
      biopsy. METHODS: For 307 CHB patients, the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet
      ratio index (APRI), the fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4), and the
      result of transient elastography with FibroScan (FS) were obtained when a liver
      biopsy was carried out. All patients were classified based on APRI or FIB-4 score
      and further assessed by FS results. Patients who remained unclassified after two
      steps of evaluation were considered to need liver biopsy. RESULTS: Algorithm
      implementation found that APRI + FS significantly lowered the requirement for
      liver biopsy for the detection of significant fibrosis compared to either
      individual APRI or FS screening (65.1% vs 75.9% or 78.5%, P = 0.003 or <0.001,
      respectively). The combination of FIB-4 + FS significantly reduced the need for
      liver biopsy compared to single FIB-4 or FS (58.3% vs 67.4% or 78.5%, P = 0.019
      or <0.001, respectively). The FIB-4 + FS algorithm also reduced the need for
      liver biopsy for detection of significant fibrosis in patients >=50 years old
      compared to APRI + FS (22.6% vs 56.5%, P < 0.001), with a relatively lower
      accuracy (83.9% vs 98.4%, P = 0.004). Only 3.6% or 1.3% of patients needed liver
      biopsy for diagnosis of cirrhosis after screening with APRI + FS or FIB-4 + FS,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: The APRI + FS and FIB-4 + FS algorithms could
      significantly reduce the need for liver biopsy with high accuracy, sensitivity,
      and positive predictive value for diagnosis of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis
      in CHB patients.

PMID- 26970089
TI  - Effects of age and insulin-like growth factor-1 on rat neurotrophin receptor
      expression after nerve injury.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Neurotrophin receptors, such as p75(NTR) , direct neuronal response
      to injury. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mediates the increase
      in p75(NTR) during aging. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of
      aging and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) treatment on recovery after
      peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Young and aged rats underwent tibial nerve
      transection with either local saline or IGF-1 treatment. Neurotrophin receptor
      mRNA and protein expression were quantified. RESULTS: Aged rats expressed
      elevated baseline IGF-1R (34% higher, P = 0.01) and p75(NTR) (68% higher, P <
      0.01) compared with young rats. Post-injury, aged animals expressed significantly
      higher p75(NTR) levels (68.5% above baseline at 4 weeks). IGF-1 treatment
      suppressed p75(NTR) gene expression at 4 weeks (17.2% above baseline, P = 0.002)
      post-injury. CONCLUSIONS: Local IGF-1 treatment reverses age-related declines in
      recovery after peripheral nerve injuries by suppressing p75(NTR) upregulation and
      pro-apoptotic complexes. IGF-1 may be considered a viable adjuvant therapy to
      current treatment modalities. Muscle Nerve 54: 769-775, 2016.

PMID- 26970088
TI  - Rare EN1 Variants and Pediatric Bone Mass.
AB  - A recent whole-genome sequencing study in search of variation associated with
      adult areal bone mineral density (aBMD) identified rare variants near EN1, with
      markedly large effect sizes, and a common variant near SOX6. To understand the
      developmental effects of these loci, we sought to determine if they were
      associated with pediatric dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived aBMD and bone
      mineral content (BMC) and if the associations were modified by sex. Our sample
      comprised 733 females and 685 males of European ancestry enrolled in the
      longitudinal Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (up to 7 annual study
      visits). Sex- and age-specific Z-scores, adjusted for height, were calculated for
      the total hip, femoral neck, spine, and distal radius. Total body less head
      (TBLH) BMC Z-scores were also calculated. The previously reported single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near EN1 and SOX6 were derived from our imputed
      data set. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test associations between each
      SNP and bone Z-scores, plus interactions with sex were explored. The rare T
      allele of lead EN1 SNP rs11692564 was associated with higher aBMD Z-score for
      total hip (beta = 0.62, p = 9.0 * 10(-4) ) and femoral neck (beta = 0.53, p =
      0.010). In sex-stratified analyses, this variant was associated with higher bone
      Z-scores in females only, with the associations being strongest for total hip
      (sex interaction p = 1.9 * 10(-4) ; beta females = 0.86, p = 6.6 * 10(-6) ) and
      femoral neck (sex interaction p = 0.016; beta females = 0.73, p = 0.001). The
      common G allele of SOX6 SNP rs11024028 was associated with higher aBMD Z-score
      for total hip (beta = 0.12, p = 0.009), femoral neck (beta = 0.13, p = 0.003),
      and TBLH-BMC (beta = 0.09, p = 0.007); furthermore, this association strengthened
      in males in the sex-stratified analyses. Our findings reveal that rare genetic
      variation near EN1 and common variation near SOX6 operates in childhood and has
      implications for the lifelong risk of osteoporosis and fracture. The sex
      differences observed need to be independently replicated. (c) 2016 American
      Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 26970091
TI  - Physical Activity, Exercise Motivations, Depression, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
      in Youth.
AB  - This study explored the relationship between physical activity, depression, and
      nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in 167 high school and undergraduate students
      (mean age = 17.37, range 14-25). Results indicated that NSSI frequency had a
      significant negative relationship with physical activity, and physical activity
      moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and self-harm.
      Specifically, high levels of depressive symptoms and low levels of physical
      activity had the greatest frequency of NSSI. Lastly, appearance-based exercise
      motivations were significantly related to increased frequencies of NSSI. Overall,
      physical activity may possess a protective nature against NSSI, especially in
      individuals with depressive symptoms.

PMID- 26970090
TI  - Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation reverses vascular dysfunction and
      oxidative stress with aging in mice.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that supplementation of nicotinamide mononucleotide
      (NMN), a key NAD(+) intermediate, increases arterial SIRT1 activity and reverses
      age-associated arterial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Old control mice (OC)
      had impaired carotid artery endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) (60 +/- 5% vs.
      84 +/- 2%), a measure of endothelial function, and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated EDD
      (37 +/- 4% vs. 66 +/- 6%), compared with young mice (YC). This age-associated
      impairment in EDD was restored in OC by the superoxide (O2-) scavenger TEMPOL (82
      +/- 7%). OC also had increased aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV, 464 +/- 31 cm s(
      1) vs. 337 +/- 3 cm s(-1) ) and elastic modulus (EM, 6407 +/- 876 kPa vs. 3119 +/
      471 kPa), measures of large elastic artery stiffness, compared with YC. OC had
      greater aortic O2- production (2.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1 AU), nitrotyrosine
      abundance (a marker of oxidative stress), and collagen-I, and reduced elastin and
      vascular SIRT1 activity, measured by the acetylation status of the p65 subunit of
      NFkappaB, compared with YC. Supplementation with NMN in old mice restored EDD (86
      +/- 2%) and NO-mediated EDD (61 +/- 5%), reduced aPWV (359 +/- 14 cm s(-1) ) and
      EM (3694 +/- 315 kPa), normalized O2- production (0.9 +/- 0.1 AU), decreased
      nitrotyrosine, reversed collagen-I, increased elastin, and restored vascular
      SIRT1 activity. Acute NMN incubation in isolated aortas increased NAD(+)
      threefold and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) by 50%. NMN supplementation
      may represent a novel therapy to restore SIRT1 activity and reverse age-related
      arterial dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress.

PMID- 26970092
TI  - Better way to measure ageing in East Asia that takes life expectancy into
      account.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study was to improve the measurement of ageing taking into
      account characteristics of populations and in particular changes in life
      expectancy. METHOD: Using projected life tables, we calculated prospective old
      age dependency ratios (POADRs) to 2060, placing the boundary to old age at a
      moving point with a fixed remaining life expectancy (RLE) for all countries of
      East Asia. RESULTS: POADRs grow less rapidly than old age dependency ratios
      (OADRs). For example, in the Republic of Korea, the OADR is forecast to increase
      from around 0.1 in 1980 to around 0.8 in 2060, while the POADR is forecast to
      increase from around 0.1 to 0.4 over the same period. CONCLUSION: Policy makers
      may wish to take into account the fact that the increases in measures of ageing
      will be slower when those measures are adjusted for changes in life expectancy.

PMID- 26970093
TI  - Estimating absolute-phase maps using ESPIRiT and virtual conjugate coils.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop an ESPIRiT-based method to estimate coil sensitivities with
      image phase as a building block for efficient and robust image reconstruction
      with phase constraints. THEORY AND METHODS: ESPIRiT is a new framework for
      calibration of the coil sensitivities and reconstruction in parallel magnetic
      resonance imaging. Applying ESPIRiT to a combined set of physical and virtual
      conjugate coils (VCC-ESPIRiT) implicitly exploits conjugate symmetry in k-space
      similar to VCC-GRAPPA. Based on this method, a new post-processing step is
      proposed for the explicit computation of coil sensitivities that include the
      absolute phase of the image. The accuracy of the computed maps is directly
      validated using a test based on projection onto fully sampled coil images and
      also indirectly in phase-constrained parallel-imaging reconstructions. RESULTS:
      The proposed method can estimate accurate sensitivities which include low
      resolution image phase. In case of high-frequency phase variations VCC-ESPIRiT
      yields an additional set of maps that indicates the existence of a high-frequency
      phase component. Taking this additional set of maps into account can improve the
      robustness of phase-constrained parallel imaging. CONCLUSION: The extended VCC
      ESPIRiT is a useful tool for phase-constrained imaging. Magn Reson Med 77:1201
      1207, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26970095
TI  - Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Spiro-9-silabifluorenes by Dehydrogenative
      Silylation: Mechanistic Insights into the Construction of Tetraorganosilicon
      Stereocenters.
AB  - Mechanistic insight into the construction of quaternary silicon chiral centers by
      rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of spiro-9-silabifluorenes through dehydrogenative
      silylation is reported. The C2 -symmetric bisphosphine ligand, BINAP, was
      effective in controlling enantioselectivity, and axially chiral spiro-9
      silabifluorenes were obtained in excellent yields with high enantiomeric excess.
      Monitoring of the reaction revealed the presence of a monohydrosilane
      intermediate as a mixture of two constitutional isomers. The reaction proceeded
      through two consecutive dehydrogenative silylations, and the absolute
      configuration was determined in the first silylative cyclization. Competitive
      reactions with electron-rich and electron-deficient dihydrosilanes indicated that
      the rate of silylative cyclization increased with decreasing electron density on
      the silicon atom of the starting dihydrosilane. Further investigation disclosed a
      rare interconversion between the two constitutional isomers of the
      monohydrosilane intermediate with retention of the absolute configuration. 

PMID- 26970094
TI  - Neuropathy target esterase in mouse whole blood as a biomarker of exposure to
      neuropathic organophosphorus compounds.
AB  - The adult hen is the standard animal model for testing organophosphorus (OP)
      compounds for organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN).
      Recently, we developed a mouse model for biochemical assessment of the
      neuropathic potential of OP compounds based on brain neuropathy target esterase
      (NTE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. We carried out the present work
      to further develop the mouse model by testing the hypothesis that whole blood NTE
      inhibition could be used as a biochemical marker for exposure to neuropathic OP
      compounds. Because brain NTE and AChE inhibition are biomarkers of OPIDN and
      acute cholinergic toxicity, respectively, we compared NTE and AChE 20-min IC50
      values as well as ED50 values 1 h after single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections
      of increasing doses of two neuropathic OP compounds that differed in acute
      toxicity potency. We found good agreement between the brain and blood for in
      vitro sensitivity of each enzyme as well for the ratios IC50 (AChE)/IC50 (NTE).
      Both OP compounds inhibited AChE and NTE in the mouse brain and blood dose
      dependently, and brain and blood inhibitions in vivo were well correlated for
      each enzyme. For both OP compounds, the ratio ED50 (AChE)/ED50 (NTE) in blood
      corresponded to that in the brain despite the somewhat higher sensitivity of
      blood enzymes. Thus, our results indicate that mouse blood NTE could serve as a
      biomarker of exposure to neuropathic OP compounds. Moreover, the data suggest
      that relative inhibition of blood NTE and AChE provide a way to assess the
      likelihood that OP compound exposure in a susceptible species would produce
      cholinergic and/or delayed neuropathic effects. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26970096
TI  - von Willebrand disease type1/type 2N compound heterozygotes: diagnostic and
      management challenges.

PMID- 26970097
TI  - T follicular helper (Tfh ) cells in normal immune responses and in allergic
      disorders.
AB  - Follicular helper T cells (Tfh ) are located within germinal centers of lymph
      nodes. Cognate interaction between Tfh , B cells, and IL-21 drives B cells to
      proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells thereby leading to antibody
      production. Tfh cells and IL-21 are involved in infectious and autoimmune
      diseases, immunodeficiencies, vaccination, and cancer. Human peripheral blood
      CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells comprise different subsets of Tfh -like cells. Despite
      the importance of the IgE response in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders,
      little is known about the role of follicular and blood Tfh cells and IL-21 in
      human and experimental allergic disease. Here, we review recent advances
      regarding the phenotypic and functional characteristics of both follicular and
      blood Tfh cells and of the IL-21/IL-21R system in the context of allergic
      disorders.

PMID- 26970098
TI  - Carbon Nanofiber/3D Nanoporous Silicon Hybrids as High Capacity Lithium Storage
      Materials.
AB  - Carbon nanofiber (CNF)/3D nanoporous (3DNP) Si hybrid materials were prepared by
      chemical etching of melt-spun Si/Al-Cu-Fe alloy nanocomposites, followed by
      carbonization using a pitch. CNFs were successfully grown on the surface of 3DNP
      Si particles using residual Fe impurities after acidic etching, which acted as a
      catalyst for the growth of CNFs. The resulting CNF/3DNP Si hybrid materials
      showed an enhanced cycle performance up to 100 cycles compared to that of the
      pristine Si/Al-Cu-Fe alloy nanocomposite as well as that of bare 3DNP Si
      particles. These results indicate that CNFs and the carbon coating layer have a
      beneficial effect on the capacity retention characteristics of 3DNP Si particles
      by providing continuous electron-conduction pathways in the electrode during
      cycling. The approach presented here provides another way to improve the
      electrochemical performances of porous Si-based high capacity anode materials for
      lithium-ion batteries.

PMID- 26970101
TI  - Automated assessment of intranasal trigeminal function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The intranasal trigeminal system is a key player in the perception of
      intranasal airflow. Why it has not been studied very well may be due to the lack
      of techniques that allow for fast, reliable and inexpensive routine investigation
      of the system. The basis of the current study is the notion that--within limits-
      the intranasal trigeminal system detects the overall mass of a stimulus and not
      just its concentration. Thus, changing the duration of the stimulus at a given
      concentration has a similar effect as changing its concentration. METHODOLOGY:
      Ninety-nine normosmic subjects participated [48 women and 51 men; mean (range)
      age = 45 years (20-88 years)]. In addition, 50 patients with olfactory loss were
      investigated once (28 women, 22 men; mean age 58 years, SD = 14 years; age range
      24-88 years; causes of olfactory loss: viral infections n = 22, head trauma n =
      8, chronic sinunasal disease n = 3, idiopathic n = 17). CO2-stimuli with various
      durations (multiples of 50 ms) were presented through a standard bilateral nasal
      cannula at an interval of 10 s; stimulus duration was increased by 50 ms from one
      stimulus presentation to the next, until the subject pushed a button indicating a
      painful sensation. This was the basis for automated assessment of CO2-pain
      responsiveness. RESULTS: This current study had four main findings: (1) Using the
      new, automated device CO2 pain responsiveness can be measured reliably, (2) CO2
      pain responsiveness correlates with olfactory function, (3) as with olfaction,
      women are more sensitive to CO2 , and CO2-pain responsiveness also correlates
      with aging, (4) CO2-pain responsiveness is lower in patients with olfactory loss
      compared to normosmic, healthy controls, even when controlling for age.
      CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that the current approach is a reliable and
      valid measure of intranasal trigeminal function.

PMID- 26970100
TI  - The Role of Insight in Moderating the Association Between Depressive Symptoms in
      People With Schizophrenia and Stigma Among Their Nearest Relatives: A Pilot
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is evidence of a positive association between insight and
      depression among patients with schizophrenia. Self-stigma was shown to play a
      mediating role in this association. We attempted to broaden this concept by
      investigating insight as a potential moderator of the association between
      depressive symptoms amongst people with schizophrenia and stigmatizing views
      towards people with mental disorders in their close social environment. METHOD:
      In the initial sample of 120 pairs, data were gathered from 96 patients with a
      diagnosis of "paranoid schizophrenia" and 96 of their nearest relatives (80%
      response rate). In this cross-sectional study data were collected by clinical
      interview using the following questionnaires: "The Scale to Assess Unawareness of
      Mental Disorder," "Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia," and "Brief
      Psychiatric Rating Scale." The stigmatizing views of patients' nearest relatives
      towards people with mental disorders were assessed with the "Mental Health in
      Public Conscience" scale. RESULTS: Among patients with schizophrenia depressive
      symptom severity was positively associated with the intensity of nearest
      relatives' stigmatizing beliefs ("Nonbiological vision of mental illness," tau =
      0.24; P < .001). The association was moderated by the level of patients'
      awareness of presence of mental disorder while controlling for age, sex, duration
      of illness and psychopathological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the
      hypothesis that the positive association between patients' depression and their
      nearest relatives' stigmatizing views is moderated by patients' insight.
      Directions for further research and practical implications are discussed.

PMID- 26970102
TI  - Negative relationships between population density and metabolic rates are not
      general.
AB  - Population density has recently been suggested to be an important factor
      influencing metabolic rates and to represent an important 'third axis' explaining
      variation beyond that explained by body mass and temperature. In situations where
      population density influences food consumption, the immediate effect on
      metabolism acting through specific dynamic action (SDA), and downregulation due
      to fasting over longer periods, is well understood. However, according to a
      recent review, previous studies suggest a more general effect of population
      density per se, even in the absence of such effects. It has been hypothesized
      that this results from animals performing anticipatory responses (i.e. reduced
      activity) to expected declines in food availability. Here, we test the generality
      of this finding by measuring density effects on metabolic rates in 10 clones from
      two different species of the zooplankton Daphnia (Daphnia pulex Leydig and D.
      magna Straus). Using fluorescence-based respirometry, we obtain high-precision
      measures of metabolism. We also identify additional studies on this topic that
      were not included in the previous review, compare the results and evaluate the
      potential for measurement bias in all previous studies. We demonstrate
      significant variation in mass-specific metabolism among clones within both
      species. However, we find no evidence for a negative relationship between
      population density and mass-specific metabolism. The previously reported pattern
      also disappeared when we extended the set of studies analysed. We discuss
      potential reasons for the discrepancy among studies, including two main sources
      of potential bias (microbial respiration and declining oxygen consumption due to
      reduced oxygen availability). Only one of the previous studies gives sufficient
      information to conclude the absence of such biases, and consistent with our
      results, no effect of density on metabolism was found. We conclude that
      population density per se does not have a general effect on mass-specific
      metabolic rate.

PMID- 26970099
TI  - The molecular complexity of fertilization: Introducing the concept of a
      fertilization synapse.
AB  - The details of sperm-egg interactions remain a relative mystery despite many
      decades of research. As new molecular complexities are being discovered, we need
      to revise the framework in which we think about fertilization. As such, we
      propose that fertilization involves the formation of a synapse between the sperm
      and egg. A cellular synapse is a structure that mediates cell adhesion,
      signaling, and secretion through specialized zones of interaction and polarity.
      In this review, we draw parallels between the immune synapse and fertilization,
      and argue that we should consider sperm-egg recognition, binding, and fusion in
      the context of a "fertilization synapse." Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 376-386, 2016.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970103
TI  - Oximetric angiosome imaging in diabetic feet.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a noncontrast oximetric angiosome imaging approach to assess
      skeletal muscle oxygenation in diabetic feet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In four
      healthy and five subjects with diabetes, the feasibility of foot oximetry was
      examined using a 3T clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The
      subjects' feet were scanned at rest and during a toe-flexion isometric exercise.
      The oxygen extraction fraction of skeletal muscle was measured using a
      susceptibility-based MRI method. Our newly developed MR foot oximetric angiosome
      model was compared with the traditional angiosome model in the assessment of the
      distribution of oxygen extraction fraction. RESULTS: Using the traditional
      angiosome during the toe-flexion exercise, the oxygen extraction fraction in the
      medial foot of healthy subjects increased (4.9 +/- 3%) and decreased (-2.7 +/-
      4.4%) in subjects with diabetes (difference = 7.6%; 95% confidence interval = 
      13.7 +/- 1.4; P = 0.02). Using the oximetric angiosome, the percent difference in
      the areas of oxygen extraction fraction within the 0.7-1.0 range (expected oxygen
      extraction fraction during exercise) between rest and exercise was higher in
      healthy subjects (8 +/- 4%) than in subjects with diabetes (4 +/- 4%; P = 0.02).
      CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring skeletal muscle
      oxygen extraction fraction in the foot muscle during a toe-flexion isometric
      exercise. Instead of assessing oxygen extraction fraction in a foot muscle region
      linked to a supplying artery (traditional angiosome), the foot oximetric
      angiosome model assesses oxygen extraction fraction by its different levels in
      all foot muscle regions and thus may be more appropriate for assessing local
      ischemia in ulcerated diabetic feet. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016. J. MAGN.
      RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:940-946.

PMID- 26970104
TI  - Ontogeny constrains phenology: opportunities for activity and reproduction
      interact to dictate potential phenologies in a changing climate.
AB  - As global warming has lengthened the active seasons of many species, we need a
      framework for predicting how advances in phenology shape the life history and the
      resulting fitness of organisms. Using an individual-based model, we show how
      warming differently affects annual cycles of development, growth, reproduction
      and activity in a group of North American lizards. Populations in cold regions
      can grow and reproduce more when warming lengthens their active season. However,
      future warming of currently warm regions advances the reproductive season but
      reduces the survival of embryos and juveniles. Hence, stressful temperatures
      during summer can offset predicted gains from extended growth seasons and select
      for lizards that reproduce after the warm summer months. Understanding these
      cascading effects of climate change may be crucial to predict shifts in the life
      history and demography of species. 

PMID- 26970106
TI  - Steatosis after liver transplantation: Is it really benign?

PMID- 26970105
TI  - Whirling agitated single drop microextraction technique for the simultaneous
      analysis of Paraquat and Maneb in tissue samples of treated mice.
AB  - A new microextraction technique, whirling agitated single drop microextraction,
      has been proposed for the simultaneous analysis of Paraquat and Maneb in tissue
      samples before liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. This
      technique is based on the idea that the escalatory motion of the sample solution
      along with the extraction solvent increases the movement of molecules into the
      extraction solvent. In this technique, a simple handheld rotator was utilized to
      rapidly agitate the biphasic extraction system for the instantaneous extraction
      of targeted analytes. After extraction, the extracted phase was directly
      solidified by cooling in crushed ice and easily collected using a micro-spatula.
      The method showed good performance by achieving sensitive detection limits at
      4.81 ng g(-1) (Paraquat) and 9.12 ng g(-1) (Maneb). Mean recoveries and
      enrichment factors were obtained >91.21% and up to 114 that ensured the
      preconcentration capacity of the method. The method precision was verified by
      evaluating intraday variation (n = 10) <=4.57 (Paraquat) and <=4.68 (Maneb) in
      terms of percent relative standard deviation. Additionally, method efficacy was
      assured by obtaining very little matrix interferences (<=3.11%). Moreover, the
      method suitability was also checked with its application on tissue samples of
      intraperitoneally treated mice with Paraquat and Maneb. 

PMID- 26970107
TI  - Empirical extensions of the lasso penalty to reduce the false discovery rate in
      high-dimensional Cox regression models.
AB  - Correct selection of prognostic biomarkers among multiple candidates is becoming
      increasingly challenging as the dimensionality of biological data becomes higher.
      Therefore, minimizing the false discovery rate (FDR) is of primary importance,
      while a low false negative rate (FNR) is a complementary measure. The lasso is a
      popular selection method in Cox regression, but its results depend heavily on the
      penalty parameter lambda. Usually, lambda is chosen using maximum cross-validated
      log-likelihood (max-cvl). However, this method has often a very high FDR. We
      review methods for a more conservative choice of lambda. We propose an empirical
      extension of the cvl by adding a penalization term, which trades off between the
      goodness-of-fit and the parsimony of the model, leading to the selection of fewer
      biomarkers and, as we show, to the reduction of the FDR without large increase in
      FNR. We conducted a simulation study considering null and moderately sparse
      alternative scenarios and compared our approach with the standard lasso and 10
      other competitors: Akaike information criterion (AIC), corrected AIC, Bayesian
      information criterion (BIC), extended BIC, Hannan and Quinn information criterion
      (HQIC), risk information criterion (RIC), one-standard-error rule, adaptive
      lasso, stability selection, and percentile lasso. Our extension achieved the best
      compromise across all the scenarios between a reduction of the FDR and a limited
      raise of the FNR, followed by the AIC, the RIC, and the adaptive lasso, which
      performed well in some settings. We illustrate the methods using gene expression
      data of 523 breast cancer patients. In conclusion, we propose to apply our
      extension to the lasso whenever a stringent FDR with a limited FNR is targeted.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26970109
TI  - Study on clear stereo image pair acquisition method for small objects with big
      vertical size in SLM vision system.
AB  - Microscopic vision system with stereo light microscope (SLM) has been applied to
      surface profile measurement. If the vertical size of a small object exceeds the
      range of depth, its images will contain clear and fuzzy image regions. Hence, in
      order to obtain clear stereo images, we propose a microscopic sequence image
      fusion method which is suitable for SLM vision system. First, a solution to
      capture and align image sequence is designed, which outputs an aligning stereo
      images. Second, we decompose stereo image sequence by wavelet analysis theory,
      and obtain a series of high and low frequency coefficients with different
      resolutions. Then fused stereo images are output based on the high and low
      frequency coefficient fusion rules proposed in this article. The results show
      that Deltaw1 (Deltaw2 ) and DeltaZ of stereo images in a sequence have linear
      relationship. Hence, a procedure for image alignment is necessary before image
      fusion. In contrast with other image fusion methods, our method can output clear
      fused stereo images with better performance, which is suitable for SLM vision
      system, and very helpful for avoiding image fuzzy caused by big vertical size of
      small objects.

PMID- 26970111
TI  - Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention on Sports-Anxiety, Pessimism, and Flow in
      Competitive Cyclists.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether mindfulness training increases
      athletes' mindfulness and flow experience and decreases sport-specific anxiety
      and sport-specific pessimism. METHODS: Cyclists were assigned to an eight-week
      mindfulness intervention, which incorporated a mindful spin-bike training
      component, or a wait-list control condition. Participants completed baseline and
      post-test measures of mindfulness, flow, sport-anxiety, and sport-related
      pessimistic attributions. RESULTS: Analyses of covariance showed significant
      positive effects on mindfulness, flow, and pessimism for the 27 cyclists in the
      mindfulness intervention condition compared with the 20 cyclists in the control
      condition. Changes in mindfulness experienced by the intervention participants
      were positively associated with changes in flow. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest
      that mindfulness-based interventions tailored to specific athletic pursuits can
      be effective in facilitating flow experiences.

PMID- 26970108
TI  - Therapy with proton-pump inhibitors for gastroesophageal reflux disease does not
      reduce the risk for severe exacerbations in COPD.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms are
      associated with a higher risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      exacerbation. We hypothesize that treatment with proton pump inhibitors reduces
      the risk of exacerbation in patients with stable COPD. METHODS: A total of 638
      patients with stable COPD for >=6 weeks, >=10 pack-years of smoking and Global
      Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease II-IV seeking care in tertiary
      hospitals in eight European countries in the Predicting Outcome using Systemic
      Markers in Severe Exacerbations-COPD cohort was prospectively evaluated by us.
      Comorbidities including associated medical treatment were assessed at baseline,
      at exacerbation and at biannual visits. Median observation time was 24 months.
      The primary study outcomes were exacerbation and/or death. RESULTS: A total of 85
      (13.3%) of COPD patients were on anti-GERD therapy. These patients had higher
      annual and higher severe exacerbation rates (P = 0.009 and P = 0.002), decreased
      quality of life (SF-36: activity score P = 0.004, St. George's Respiratory
      Questionnaire: physical functioning P = 0.013 and social functioning P = 0.007),
      higher body mass airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index (P =
      0.033) and Modified Medical Research Council scores (P = 0.002), shorter 6-min
      walking distance (P = 0.0004) and a higher adjusted Charlson score (P < 0.0001).
      Anti-GERD therapy was associated with a shorter time to severe exacerbation (HR
      2.05 95% CI 1.37-3.08). Using three multivariable Cox-regression models, this
      association was independent of the following: (i) adjusted Charlson score and
      FEV1% predicted (HR 1.91 95% CI 1.26-2.90); (ii) adjusted Charlson score, body
      mass, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index and Modified
      Medical Research Council (HR 1.62 95% CI 1.04-2.54); and (iii) adjusted Charlson
      score, FEV1% predicted and nine classes of medication for comorbidities (HR 1.63
      95% CI 1.04-2.53). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that patients with stable
      COPD receiving acid-suppressive therapy with proton pump inhibitors remain at
      high risk of frequent and severe exacerbations.

PMID- 26970112
TI  - Oops I Did it Again: Examining Self-Licensing Effects in a Subsequent Self
      Regulation Dilemma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have mainly examined the immediate effects of self
      licensing on self-regulation failure. The present vignette studies examined what
      happens when a second self-regulation dilemma is encountered. METHODS: In Studies
      1 (N = 52) and 2 (N = 166), participants read a vignette in which the protagonist
      chooses to buy a treat while being on a diet, which was preceded by a license
      (License condition) or not (Control condition). The self-reported likelihood of
      indulging again when a second dilemma was presented in the same situation served
      as the dependent variable. Study 2 included measures of self-regulatory ability
      (motivation and self-efficacy) and also presented the dilemma in a new situation.
      RESULTS: Study 1 showed that participants were more likely to indulge again after
      an initial indulgent choice with a license. This was replicated in Study 2, which
      also showed that self-licensing had no effect on goal re-engagement in a new
      situation. A marginally significant positive effect of self-licensing was found
      for self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that self-licensing
      negatively affects goal re-engagement in the same situation, but not in a new
      situation. Whether self-licensing maintains or increases feelings of self
      efficacy needs to be validated in future studies.

PMID- 26970110
TI  - Specific mosaic KRAS mutations affecting codon 146 cause oculoectodermal syndrome
      and encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis.
AB  - Oculoectodermal syndrome (OES) and encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL)
      are rare disorders that share many common features, such as epibulbar dermoids,
      aplasia cutis congenita, pigmentary changes following Blaschko lines, bony tumor
      like lesions, and others. About 20 cases with OES and more than 50 patients with
      ECCL have been reported. Both diseases were proposed to represent mosaic
      disorders, but only very recently whole-genome sequencing has led to the
      identification of somatic KRAS mutations, p.Leu19Phe and p.Gly13Asp, in affected
      tissue from two individuals with OES. Here we report the results of molecular
      genetic studies in three patients with OES and one with ECCL. In all four cases,
      Sanger sequencing of the KRAS gene in DNA from lesional tissue detected mutations
      affecting codon 146 (p.Ala146Val, p.Ala146Thr) at variable levels of mosaicism.
      Our findings thus corroborate the evidence of OES being a mosaic RASopathy and
      confirm the common etiology of OES and ECCL. KRAS codon 146 mutations, as well as
      the previously reported OES-associated alterations, are known oncogenic KRAS
      mutations with distinct functional consequences. Considering the phenotype and
      genotype spectrum of mosaic RASopathies, these findings suggest that the wide
      phenotypic variability does not only depend on the tissue distribution but also
      on the specific genotype.

PMID- 26970113
TI  - Predicting Physical Activity-Related Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Adults: A
      Health Action Process Approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We tested the adequacy of a model based on the Health Action Process
      Approach (HAPA) in predicting changes in psychological, body composition, and
      cardiovascular risk outcomes with respect to physical activity participation in
      overweight and obese adults. METHODS: Measures of HAPA constructs (action and
      maintenance self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, action planning, risk
      perceptions, intentions, behaviour), psychological outcomes (quality of life,
      depression, anxiety, stress symptoms), body composition variables (body weight,
      body fat mass), cardiovascular risk measures (total cholesterol, low density
      lipoprotein), and self-reported physical activity behaviour were administered to
      participants (N = 74) at baseline, and 6 and 12 weeks later. RESULTS: Data were
      analysed using variance-based structural equation modelling with residualised
      change scores for HAPA variables. The model revealed effects of action self
      efficacy and outcome expectancies on physical activity intentions, action self
      efficacy on maintenance self-efficacy, and maintenance self-efficacy and
      intentions on action planning. Intention predicted psychological and body
      composition outcomes indirectly through physical activity behaviour. Action
      planning was a direct predictor of psychological, cardiovascular, and body
      composition outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Data supported HAPA hypotheses in relation to
      intentions and behaviour, but not the role of action planning as a mediator of
      the intention-behaviour relationship. Action planning predicted outcomes
      independent of intentions and behaviour.

PMID- 26970114
TI  - Prospective first-trimester screening for trisomies by cell-free DNA testing of
      maternal blood in twin pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: First, to examine in twin pregnancies the performance of first
      trimester screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by cell-free (cf) DNA
      testing of maternal blood and, second, to compare twin and singleton pregnancies
      regarding the distribution of fetal fraction of cfDNA and rate of failure to
      obtain a result. METHODS: This was a prospective study in 438 twin and 10 698
      singleton pregnancies undergoing screening for fetal trisomies by cfDNA testing
      at 10 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Chromosome-selective sequencing of cfDNA
      was used and, in twin pregnancies, an algorithm was applied that relies on the
      lower fetal fraction contributed by the two fetuses. Multivariate regression
      analysis was used to determine significant predictors of fetal fraction and a
      failed result. RESULTS: In twin pregnancies, the median fetal fraction was lower
      (8.0% (interquartile range (IQR), 6.0-10.4%) vs 11.0% (IQR, 8.3-14.4%); P <
      0.0001) and failure rate after first sampling was higher (9.4% vs 2.9%; P <
      0.0001) compared to in singletons. Multivariate logistic regression analysis
      demonstrated that the risk of test failure increased with increasing maternal age
      and body mass index and decreased with fetal crown-rump length. The risk was
      increased in women of South Asian racial origin and in pregnancies conceived by
      in-vitro fertilization (IVF). The main contributor to the higher rate of failure
      in twins was conception by IVF which was observed in 9.5% of singletons and 56.2%
      of twins. In the 417 twin pregnancies with a cfDNA result after first or second
      sampling, the detection rate was 100% (8/8) for trisomy 21 and 60% (3/5) for
      trisomies 18 or 13, at a false-positive rate (FPR) of 0.25% (1/404). In the 10
      530 singleton pregnancies with a cfDNA result after first or second sampling, the
      detection rate was 98.7% (156/158) for trisomy 21 and 80.3% (49/61) for trisomies
      18 or 13, at a FPR of 0.22% (23/10 311). CONCLUSIONS: In twin pregnancies
      undergoing first-trimester screening for trisomies by cfDNA testing, the fetal
      fraction is lower and failure rate higher compared to in singletons. The number
      of trisomic twin pregnancies examined was too small for an accurate assessment of
      performance of screening, but it may be similar to that in singleton pregnancies.
      Copyright (c) 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 26970116
TI  - Moving a pioneer journal into the future.

PMID- 26970115
TI  - The transcription factor VpCRZ1 is required for fruiting body formation and
      pathogenicity in Valsa pyri.
AB  - Valsa pyri is a fatal pathogenic fungus that causes pear and apple canker
      disease. To date, its cellular development and pathogenicity have been poorly
      understood. In this study, a V. pyri Ca(2+)/calcineurin-dependent transcription
      factor CRZ1 (VpCRZ1) is identified and functionally characterized. The ?VpCRZ1
      mutant exhibits impaired pathogenicity and is no longer able to form fruiting
      body. Interestingly, this mutant also exhibits enhanced pigment deposition and
      increased resistance to cell wall perturbing agents including SDS, Congo red and
      calcofluor white (CFW). The expression levels of Congo red resistance genes
      (VpRCR1 and VpRCR2) and chitin synthetase genes (VpCHS2 and VpCHS6) are
      upregulated in the ?VpCRZ1 mutant compared to the wild type. Furthermore, We show
      that a VpCRZ1: eGFP fusion protein localizes to the nucleus in a Ca(2+)-dependent
      manner similar to its homologs in other fungi, and that the VpFKS1, VpPMC1,
      VpPMC2, VpPMR1, and VpPMA1 genes are regulated by VpCRZ1 in response to Ca(2+)
      levels. Together, these results suggest that VpCRZ1 is a Ca(2+)-dependent
      transcription factor and required for regulating mycelial morphology, fruiting
      body formation, and virulence of this important pear and apple pathogen. 

PMID- 26970117
TI  - Looking to the future in an unprecedented time for cancer drug development.
AB  - Basic research in cancer biology, genetics and immunology has resulted in
      improved insights into mechanisms that drive tumor initiation and growth. This
      improved biologic understanding of the diseases we treat has led to unprecedented
      therapeutic breakthroughs across multiple tumor types. In this article, we
      discuss opportunities and challenges in contemporary cancer drug development,
      highlighting efficacy endpoints, clinical trial design and the thoughtful
      inclusion of the patient perspective. As the field re-examines old practices and
      explores new opportunities, we must continue to efficiently utilize the human and
      scientific resources at our disposal to foster the development and delivery of
      safe and effective therapies to cancer patients. 

PMID- 26970118
TI  - A call to oncologists to right the wrongs of the Affordable Care Act.

PMID- 26970119
TI  - Precision oncology: a strategy we were not ready to deploy.

PMID- 26970120
TI  - The Bayesian basket design for genomic variant-driven phase II trials.
AB  - Basket clinical trials are a new category of early clinical trials in which a
      treatment is evaluated in a population of patients with tumors of various
      histologic types and primary sites selected for containing specific genomic
      abnormalities. The objective of such studies is generally to discover histologic
      types in which the treatment is active. Basket trials are early discovery trials
      whose results should be confirmed in expanded histology specific cohorts. In this
      report, we develop a design for planning, monitoring, and analyzing basket
      trials. A website for using the new design is available at
      https://brbnci.shinyapps.io/BasketTrials/ and the software is available at GitHub
      in the "Basket Trials" repository of account brbnci. 

PMID- 26970121
TI  - Introduction: Cancer chemoprevention and its context.

PMID- 26970123
TI  - The promise of omics-based approaches to cancer prevention.
AB  - Cancer is a complex category of diseases caused in large part by genetic or
      genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic or epigenomic alterations in affected
      cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Carcinogenesis reflects the clonal
      expansion of cells that progressively acquire these genetic and epigenetic
      alterations-changes that, in turn, lead to modifications at the RNA level.
      Gradually advancing technology and most recently, the advent of next-generation
      sequencing (NGS), combined with bioinformatics analytic tools, have
      revolutionized our ability to interrogate cancer cells. The ultimate goal is to
      apply these high-throughput technologies to the various aspects of clinical
      cancer care: cancer-risk assessment, diagnosis, as well as target identification
      for treatment and prevention. In this article, we emphasize how the knowledge
      gained through large-scale omics-oriented approaches, with a focus on variations
      at the level of nucleic acids, can inform the field of chemoprevention. 

PMID- 26970126
TI  - Mechanisms of esophageal adenocarcinoma formation and approaches to
      chemopreventive intervention.
AB  - The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a debilitating and highly
      lethal malignancy, has risen dramatically over the past 40 years in the United
      States and other Western countries. To reverse this trend, EAC prevention and
      early detection efforts by clinicians, academic researchers and endoscope
      manufacturers have targeted Barrett's esophagus (BE), the widely accepted EAC
      precursor lesion. Data from surgical, endoscopic and pre-clinical investigations
      strongly support the malignant potential of BE. For patients with BE, the risk of
      developing EAC has been estimated at 11- to 125-fold greater than that of the
      individual at average risk. Nevertheless, screening for BE in symptomatic
      patients (ie, with symptoms of reflux) and surveillance in patients diagnosed
      with BE have not had a substantial impact on the incidence, morbidity or
      mortality of EAC; the overwhelming majority of EAC patients are diagnosed without
      a pre-operative diagnosis of BE. This article will discuss the current state of
      the science of esophageal adenocarcinoma prevention, including ideas about
      carcinogenesis and its underlying genomic and molecular level mechanisms, and
      suggest strategies for a systems approach to targeted preventive management. 

PMID- 26970125
TI  - Mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention.
AB  - Various clinical and epidemiologic studies show that nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and cyclooxygenase inhibitors
      (COXIBs) help prevent cancer. Since eicosanoid metabolism is the main inhibitory
      targets of these drugs the resulting molecular and biological impact is generally
      accepted. As our knowledge base and technology progress we are learning that
      additional targets may be involved. This review attempts to summarize these new
      developments in the field. 

PMID- 26970122
TI  - The hallmarks of premalignant conditions: a molecular basis for cancer
      prevention.
AB  - The hallmarks of premalignant lesions were first described in the 1970s, a time
      when relatively little was known about the molecular underpinnings of cancer. Yet
      it was clear there must be opportunities to intervene early in carcinogenesis. A
      vast array of molecular information has since been uncovered, with much of this
      stemming from studies of existing cancer or cancer models. Here, examples of how
      an understanding of cancer biology has informed cancer prevention studies are
      highlighted and emerging areas that may have implications for the field of cancer
      prevention research are described. A note of caution accompanies these examples,
      in that while there are similarities, there are also fundamental differences
      between the biology of premalignant lesions or premalignant conditions and
      invasive cancer. These differences must be kept in mind, and indeed leveraged,
      when exploring potential cancer prevention measures. 

PMID- 26970124
TI  - Retinoids and rexinoids in cancer prevention: from laboratory to clinic.
AB  - Early in the age of modern medicine the consequences of vitamin A deficiency drew
      attention to the fundamental link between retinoid-dependent homeostatic
      regulation and malignant hyperproliferative diseases. The term "retinoid"
      includes a handful of endogenous and a large group of synthetic derivatives of
      vitamin A. These multifunctional lipid-soluble compounds directly regulate target
      genes of specific biological functions and critical signaling pathways to
      orchestrate complex functions from vision to development, metabolism, and
      inflammation. Many of the retinoid activities on the cellular level have been
      well characterized and translated to the regulation of processes like
      differentiation and cell death, which play critical roles in the outcome of
      malignant transformation of tissues. In fact, retinoid-based differentiation
      therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia was one of the first successful examples
      of molecularly targeted treatment strategies. The selectivity, high receptor
      binding affinity and the ability of retinoids to directly modulate gene
      expression programs present a distinct pharmacological opportunity for cancer
      treatment and prevention. However, to fully exploit their potential, the adverse
      effects of retinoids must be averted. In this review we provide an overview of
      the biology of retinoid (activated by nuclear retinoic acid receptors [RARs]) and
      rexinoid (engaged by nuclear retinoid X receptors [RXRs]) action concluded from a
      long line of preclinical studies, in relation to normal and transformed states of
      cells. We will also discuss the past and current uses of retinoids in the
      treatment of malignancies, the potential of rexinoids in the cancer prevention
      setting, both as single agents and in combinations. 

PMID- 26970129
TI  - Novel routes for administering chemoprevention: local transdermal therapy to the
      breasts.
AB  - Breast cancer prevention with pharmacologic agents requires that the breast be
      exposed to an effective drug; systemic exposure is unnecessary, and its harms
      lead many eligible women to decline preventive therapy. Local transdermal therapy
      (LTT) to the breast involves the application of active drugs to the breast skin,
      resulting in high concentrations in the breast but low systemic exposure. It is
      non-invasive, self-delivered, and not dependent on hepatic metabolism. Existing
      data on LTT include investigations demonstrating relief of mastalgia with topical
      4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT, an active tamoxifen metabolite). Two presurgical
      window trials in women with invasive breast cancer, and ductal carcinoma in situ
      (DCIS) demonstrate that LTT decreases proliferation of invasive and non-invasive
      cancer cells to a similar degree as oral tamoxifen, with low systemic levels, and
      no effect on coagulation proteins. These data are promising regarding the use of
      LTT for the primary prevention of breast cancer, and for therapy of DCIS, since
      systemic exposure is not required for either of these purposes. They also suggest
      that an LTT approach could be developed for any small, lipophilic molecule with
      good dermal permeation, thus greatly expanding the menu of drugs that could be
      tested for breast cancer prevention. 

PMID- 26970130
TI  - Alternate dosing schedules for cancer chemopreventive agents.
AB  - Pharmacologic interventions for cancer risk reduction involve the chronic
      administration of synthetic or natural agents to reduce or delay the occurrence
      of malignancy. Despite the strong evidence for a favorable risk-benefit ratio for
      a number of agents in several common malignancies such as breast and prostate
      cancer, the public's attitude toward cancer chemoprevention remains ambivalent,
      with the issue of toxicity associated with drugs being perceived as the main
      barrier to widespread use of preventive therapy by high-risk subjects. Among the
      strategies to overcome such obstacles to preventive therapies, two novel and
      potentially safer modes of administering agents are discussed in this paper. The
      first strategy is to lower the dose of drugs that are in common use in the
      adjuvant setting based on the notion that prevention of cancer cells from
      developing should require a lower dose than eradicating established tumor cells.
      A second approach is to adopt an intermittent administration similar to what is
      used in the chemotherapy setting in an attempt to minimize risks while retaining
      benefits. This article provides a detailed discussion of the principles and
      future development of these two approaches in the direction of a precision
      preventive medicine. 

PMID- 26970128
TI  - The microbiome and its potential as a cancer preventive intervention.
AB  - It is becoming increasingly clear that microbiota inhabiting our bodies influence
      cancer predisposition and etiology. In addition to pathogens with oncogenic
      properties, commensal and symbiotic microbiota have tumor-suppressive properties.
      Diet and other environmental factors can modulate the abundance of certain
      members of microbial communities within the gastrointestinal tract and at other
      anatomical sites. Furthermore, some dietary factors are metabolized by
      commensal/symbiotic gut microbiota into bioactive food components believed to
      prevent cancer. For example, dietary fiber undergoes bacterial fermentation in
      the colon to yield butyrate, which is a short-chain fatty acid and histone
      deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that suppresses the viability and growth of
      colorectal cancer cell lines. A recent study using gnotobiotic mouse models
      demonstrates that fiber can protect against colorectal tumorigenesis in a
      microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner that involves the Warburg effect. This
      and other examples suggest that some of the inter-individual variation observed
      in epidemiology and intervention studies that have investigated associations
      between diet and cancer risk might be explained by differences in microbiota
      among the participants. Data from basic research studies also support the idea
      that probiotics and prebiotics could be plausible chemoprevention strategies that
      may be utilized to a greater extent in the future. 

PMID- 26970127
TI  - Microbiome and potential targets for chemoprevention of esophageal
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Esophageal cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a dismal prognosis. It is
      increasingly recognized that esophageal cancer is a heterogeneous disease. It can
      be subdivided into two distinct groups: squamous cell carcinoma and
      adenocarcinoma, based on histological appearance. In the Western world, the
      incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was considerably higher than esophageal
      adenocarcinoma (EA) until the 1990s when, due to a dramatic increase, the
      incidence of EA surpassed that of squamous cell carcinoma. EA typically follows a
      well-established stepwise evolution from chronic inflammation due to reflux
      esophagitis (RE) that progresses to metaplasia (Barrett's esophagus [BE]) to
      dysplasia, which often culminates in EA. The pathophysiology of EA is complex and
      involves diverse factors, including gastroesophageal reflux, gastric acid
      secretion, dysfunction of the antireflux barrier, gastric emptying disturbances,
      and abnormalities in esophageal defense mechanisms. The current understanding of
      the etiology of EA is mainly derived from epidemiological studies of risk factors
      such as cigarette smoking, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disorders (GERD), and
      low fruit and vegetable consumption. Numerous studies have been done, but the
      factors that drive the dynamic increase in the incidence of EA remain elusive.
      The advent of widespread antibiotic use occurred in the 1950s, preceding the
      surge of EA. Based on this temporal sequence, it has been hypothesized that
      antibiotics alter the microbiome to which the esophagus is exposed in patients
      who have GERD and that chronic exposure to this abnormal microbiome (ie, changes
      in species diversity or abundance) accounts for the increase in EA. If changes in
      the proposed factors alter the stepwise progression (RE-BE-dysplasia-EA), they
      may represent potential targets for chemoprevention. New discoveries will help
      improve our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of these cancers, and
      aid in finding novel therapeutic targets. 

PMID- 26970131
TI  - Repurposing old drugs to chemoprevention: the case of metformin.
AB  - Multiple epidemiologic studies have documented an association between the anti
      diabetic agent metformin and reduced cancer incidence and mortality. However,
      this effect has not been consistently demonstrated in animal models or more
      recent epidemiological studies. The purpose of this paper is to examine
      metformin's chemopreventive potential by reviewing relevant mechanisms of action,
      preclinical evidence of efficacy, updated epidemiologic evidence after correction
      for potential biases and confounders, and recently completed and ongoing clinical
      trials. Although repurposing drugs with well described mechanisms of action and
      safety profiles is an appealing strategy for cancer prevention, there is no
      substitute for well executed late phase clinical trials to define efficacy and
      populations that are most likely to benefit from an intervention. 

PMID- 26970132
TI  - Hereditary cancer syndromes as model systems for chemopreventive agent
      development.
AB  - Research in chemoprevention has undergone a shift in emphasis for pragmatic
      reasons from large, phase III randomized studies to earlier phase studies focused
      on safety, mechanisms, and utilization of surrogate endpoints such as biomarkers
      instead of cancer incidence. This transition permits trials to be conducted in
      smaller populations and at substantially reduced costs while still yielding
      valuable information. This article will summarize some of the current
      chemoprevention challenges and the justification for the use of animal models to
      facilitate identification and testing of chemopreventive agents as illustrated
      though four inherited cancer syndromes. Preclinical models of inherited cancer
      syndromes serve as prototypical systems in which chemopreventive agents can be
      developed for ultimate application to both the sporadic and inherited cancer
      settings. 

PMID- 26970133
TI  - Frugal chemoprevention: targeting Nrf2 with foods rich in sulforaphane.
AB  - With the properties of efficacy, safety, tolerability, practicability and low
      cost, foods containing bioactive phytochemicals are gaining significant attention
      as elements of chemoprevention strategies against cancer. Sulforaphane [1
      isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane], a naturally occurring isothiocyanate
      produced by cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, is found to be a highly
      promising chemoprevention agent against not only a variety of cancers such as
      breast, prostate, colon, skin, lung, stomach or bladder, but also cardiovascular
      disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. For reasons of experimental
      exigency, preclinical studies have focused principally on sulforaphane itself,
      while clinical studies have relied on broccoli sprout preparations rich in either
      sulforaphane or its biogenic precursor, glucoraphanin. Substantive subsequent
      evaluation of sulforaphane pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has been
      undertaken using either pure compound or food matrices. Sulforaphane affects
      multiple targets in cells. One key molecular mechanism of action for sulforaphane
      entails activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway although other actions
      contribute to the broad spectrum of efficacy in different animal models. This
      review summarizes the current status of pre-clinical chemoprevention studies with
      sulforaphane and highlights the progress and challenges for the application of
      foods rich in sulforaphane and/or glucoraphanin in the arena of clinical
      chemoprevention. 

PMID- 26970135
TI  - Immunologic approaches to cancer prevention-current status, challenges, and
      future perspectives.
AB  - The potential of the immune system to recognize and reject tumors has been
      investigated for more than a century. However, only recently impressive
      breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have been seen with the use of checkpoint
      inhibitors. The experience with various immune-based strategies in the treatment
      of late cancer highlighted the importance of negative impact advanced disease has
      on immunity. Consequently, use of immune modulation for cancer prevention rather
      than therapy has gained considerable attention, with many promising results seen
      already in preclinical and early clinical studies. Although not without
      challenges, these results provide much excitement and optimism that successful
      cancer immunoprevention could be within our reach. In this review we will discuss
      the current state of predominantly primary and secondary cancer immunoprevention,
      relevant research, potential barriers, and future directions. 

PMID- 26970134
TI  - Targeting obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction to prevent cancer
      development and progression.
AB  - The incidence of obesity, a leading modifiable risk factor for common solid
      tumors, is increasing. Effective interventions are needed to minimize the public
      health implications of obesity. Although the mechanisms linking increased
      adiposity to malignancy are incompletely understood, growing evidence points to
      complex interactions among multiple systemic and tissue-specific pathways
      including inflamed white adipose tissue. The metabolic and inflammatory
      consequences of white adipose tissue dysfunction collectively provide a plausible
      explanation for the link between overweight/obesity and carcinogenesis. Gaining a
      better understanding of these underlying molecular pathways and developing risk
      assessment tools that identify at-risk populations will be critical in
      implementing effective and novel cancer prevention and management strategies. 

PMID- 26970139
TI  - Tracheal exposure: Anticipatory management of the difficult airway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: When a patient cannot be intubated or ventilated, cricothyrotomy is
      indicated. Risks associated with emergent cricothyrotomy are significant, and
      this procedure typically requires revision. Additional options for establishing
      an emergent airway are limited. Thus, elective tracheotomy to ensure a safe
      airway after procedures involving the upper aerodigestive tract is common.
      Although safe and effective overall, this procedure is not without additional
      risks, added resources, complex cares, and extended hospitalizations. METHODS: We
      present a case in which exposure of the anterior trachea was performed without
      tracheotomy in a patient with a high-risk airway undergoing an open partial
      laryngectomy. RESULTS: The patient did not develop respiratory distress
      postoperatively and was able to avoid a tracheostomy and its associated cares.
      CONCLUSION: Pretracheotomy with tracheal exposure simplifies emergent surgical
      access to the airway. We believe tracheal exposure in the appropriately selected
      patient is a safe and cost-effective alternative to elective tracheotomy. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2446-E2448, 2016.

PMID- 26970137
TI  - The National Cancer Institute's PREVENT Cancer Preclinical Drug Development
      Program: overview, current projects, animal models, agent development strategies,
      and molecular targets.
AB  - The PREVENT Cancer Preclinical Drug Development Program (PREVENT) is a National
      Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention (NCI, DCP)-supported program
      whose primary goal is to bring new cancer preventive interventions (small
      molecules and vaccines) and biomarkers through preclinical development towards
      clinical trials by creating partnerships between the public sector (eg, academia,
      industry) and DCP. PREVENT has a formalized structure for moving interventions
      forward in the prevention pipeline using a stage-gate process with go/no go
      decision points along the critical path for development. This review describes
      the structure of the program, its focus areas, and provides examples of projects
      currently in the pipeline. 

PMID- 26970138
TI  - Comparative phenotypical analysis of B cells in fresh and cryopreserved
      mononuclear cells from blood and tissue of rhesus macaques.
AB  - Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is common for
      large clinical trials for which phenotypical characterization of lymphocytes is
      retrospectively performed in specialized core laboratories. It is therefore
      essential to assess the comparability between fresh and frozen samples. No side
      by-side comparison of B and plasma cells of rhesus macaques (RM), which serve as
      useful models for several human diseases has been conducted until now. Hence, we
      performed an extensive comparative analysis between fresh and thawed mononuclear
      cells (MNCs) from blood and various tissues of healthy RM to analyze for the
      possible effects of cryopreservation on phenotype and functionality. Our data
      demonstrate that -80 degrees C cryopreservation induces profound changes compared
      to fresh ex vivo-derived material. Percentages of B cells were stable in PBMCs,
      but were increased in all organs analyzed. The expression of CD27, a marker for
      differentiation between naive and memory B cells, was massively reduced in PBMCs
      and MNC from organs with the most severe changes observed in cells from bone
      marrow (BM). Additionally, similar low percentages of CD27(+) memory B cells were
      detected in PBMCs and BM samples stored in liquid nitrogen. Therefore,
      cryopreservation is not suitable for the phenotypical and functional
      characterization of B cells. Further optimization of cryoconservation protocols
      monitoring the surface expression of CD27, which was identified as a marker for
      the quality of cryopreserved material of RM, will be essential.

PMID- 26970140
TI  - Is that me in the mirror? Depersonalisation modulates tactile mirroring
      mechanisms.
AB  - Our sense of self is thought to develop through sensory-motor contingencies
      provided, not only by observing one's own body, but also by mirroring
      interactions with others. This suggests that there is a strong link between
      mirroring mechanisms and the bodily self. The present study tested whether this
      link is expressed at early, implicit stages of the mirroring process or at later,
      more cognitive stages. We also provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first
      demonstration of how inter-individual differences in our sense of bodily self may
      affect mirroring mechanisms. We used somatosensory event-related potentials
      (SEPs) to investigate the temporal dynamics of mirroring highly self-related
      information (viewed touch on one's own face) compared to other-related
      information (viewed touch on a stranger's face), in individuals with low and high
      levels of depersonalisation, a mental condition characterised by feeling detached
      or estranged from one's self and body. For the low-depersonalisation group,
      mirroring for self-related events (P45) preceded mirroring for other-related
      events (N80). At later stages (P200), mirroring was stronger for other-related
      than self-related events. This shows that early, implicit and later, more
      cognitive processes play different relative roles in mirroring self- and other
      related bodily events. Critically, mirroring differed in the high
      depersonalisation group, specifically for self-related events. An absence of
      early, implicit mirroring for self-related events over P45 suggests that the
      associated processes may be the neural correlates of the disembodiment
      experienced in depersonalisation. A lack of differential mirroring for self- and
      other-related events over P200 may reflect compensatory mechanisms that redress
      deficiencies in mirroring at earlier stages, which may break down to give rise to
      symptoms of depersonalisation. Alternatively, or in addition, they may represent
      an attenuation of processes related to self-other distinction. Our study thus
      shows that mirroring, especially for events on one's own face, can be strongly
      affected by how connected the observer feels to their own bodily self.

PMID- 26970141
TI  - Visual attention in posterior stroke and relations to alexia.
AB  - Impaired visual attention is common following strokes in the territory of the
      middle cerebral artery, particularly in the right hemisphere, while attentional
      effects of more posterior lesions are less clear. Commonly, such deficits are
      investigated in relation to specific syndromes like visual agnosia or pure
      alexia. The aim of this study was to characterize visual processing speed and
      apprehension span following posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. In addition,
      the relationship between these attentional parameters and single word reading is
      investigated, as previous studies have suggested that reduced visual speed and
      span may explain pure alexia. Eight patients with unilateral PCA strokes (four
      left hemisphere, four right hemisphere) were selected on the basis of lesion
      location, rather than the presence of any visual symptoms. Visual attention was
      characterized by a whole report paradigm allowing for hemifield-specific
      measurements of processing speed and apprehension span. All patients showed
      reductions in visual span contralateral to the lesion site, and four patients
      showed bilateral reductions in visual span despite unilateral lesions (2L; 2R).
      Six patients showed selective deficits in visual span, though processing speed
      was unaffected in the same field (ipsi- or contralesionally). Only patients with
      right hemifield reductions in visual span were impaired in reading, and this
      could follow either right or left lateralized stroke and was irrespective of
      visual field impairments. In conclusion, visual span may be affected bilaterally
      by unilateral PCA-lesions. Reductions in visual span may also be confined to one
      hemifield, and may be affected in spite of preserved visual processing speed.
      Furthermore, reduced span in the right visual field seems to be related to
      reading impairment in this group, regardless of lesion lateralization.

PMID- 26970136
TI  - Cancer prevention in HIV-infected populations.
AB  - People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are living longer since the
      advent of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). While cART
      substantially decreases the risk of developing some cancers, HIV-infected
      individuals remain at high risk for Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma, and several solid
      tumors. Currently HIV-infected patients represent an aging group, and
      malignancies have become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Tailored
      cancer-prevention strategies are needed for this population. In this review we
      describe the etiologic agents and pathogenesis of common malignancies in the
      setting of HIV, as well as current evidence for cancer prevention strategies and
      screening programs. 

PMID- 26970143
TI  - Patterns of alpha asymmetry in those with elevated worry, trait anxiety, and
      obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A test of the worry and avoidance models of alpha
      asymmetry.
AB  - Some authors have argued that worry cues lateralization of frontal brain activity
      leftward, whereas other varieties of avoidance motivation cue lateralization of
      frontal brain activity rightward. By comparison, more right-than-left parietal
      activity correlates with anxious arousal. The purpose of the present report was
      to test two models of brain lateralization and anxiety: one model that proposed
      that worry correlates with more left-frontal activity and another model that
      proposed that avoidance motivation (including worry) correlates with more right
      frontal activity. Undergraduate students were selected for worry, obsessive
      compulsive symptoms, and trait anxiety using self-report questionnaires. A subset
      of participants also met DSM-IV criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
      or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Alpha asymmetry and also a global-power
      adjusted metric of alpha power were calculated from each participant's resting
      state EEG. It was expected that participants with elevated worry and participants
      meeting criteria for GAD would show more left-than-right frontal activity. In
      contrast, participants with elevated trait anxiety, obsessive-compulsive
      symptoms, and those with an OCD diagnosis were expected to exhibit more right
      than-left frontal activity. Participants with elevated worry, participants with a
      GAD diagnosis, and participants with elevated obsessive-compulsive symptoms, had
      more left frontal activity than low symptom individuals. Those with high scores
      on trait anxiety, but low worry, had greater right frontal and parietal activity
      compared to controls. The present results suggest that brain lateralization is
      not solely related to avoidance motivation, and suggest that facets of anxiety
      may cut across dimensions not well-represented by DSM-based categories.

PMID- 26970142
TI  - Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves memory
      monitoring.
AB  - The ability to accurately monitor one's own memory is an important feature of
      normal memory function. Converging evidence from neuroimaging and lesion studies
      have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in memory monitoring.
      Here we used high definition transcranial direct stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non
      invasive form of brain stimulation, to test whether the DLPFC has a causal role
      in memory monitoring, and the nature of that role. We used a metamemory
      monitoring task, in which participants first attempted to recall the answer to a
      general knowledge question, then gave a feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgment,
      followed by a forced choice recognition task. When participants received DLPFC
      stimulation, their feeling-of-knowing judgments were better predictors of memory
      performance, i.e., they had better memory monitoring accuracy, compared to
      stimulation of a control site, the anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Effects of DLPFC
      stimulation were specific to monitoring accuracy, as there was no significant
      increase in memory performance, and if anything, there was poorer memory
      performance with DLPFC stimulation. Thus we have demonstrated a causal role for
      the DLPFC in memory monitoring, and showed that electrically stimulating the left
      DLPFC led people to more accurately monitor and judge their own memory.

PMID- 26970144
TI  - Factors Determining Outcome After Trigeminal Nerve Surgery for Neuropathic Pain.
AB  - PURPOSE: Most patients who seek relief from trigeminal neuropathic pain by
      trigeminal microneurosurgery techniques do not show permanent pain relief after
      surgery. However, a small number of patients have permanent relief after surgery.
      The objective of this study was to determine factors that might be associated
      with the resolution, decrease, or recurrence of neuropathic pain after trigeminal
      nerve surgery in those patients who present with neuropathic pain before surgery.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: An ambispective study design was used to assess patients
      who underwent trigeminal nerve repair of the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve
      who had documented neuropathic pain before surgery from 2006 through 2014. The
      primary endpoint was the difference in pain intensity at 3, 6, and 12 months
      after surgery compared with presurgical intensity levels. Explanatory variables,
      including age at surgery, gender, site of nerve injury, etiology of nerve injury,
      classification of nerve injury, duration from injury to repair, health
      comorbidities, and type of repair performed, were evaluated as potential factors
      in the outcomes. Wilcoxon signed rank analysis was used to compare demographic
      and injury characteristics of patients who had pain relief, partial pain relief,
      and no pain relief after surgery. Two-way analysis of variance and logistic
      regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between neuropathic
      pain and the explanatory variables. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients met the
      inclusion criteria. Three cohorts of patients were identified and analyzed. The
      no-recurrence cohort included 7 patients who had neuropathic pain before surgery
      that was resolved with surgery. The complete-recurrence (CR) cohort included 10
      patients who had neuropathic pain before surgery and complete recurrence of pain
      intensity after surgery. The incomplete-recurrence (ICR) cohort included 11
      patients who had neuropathic pain before surgery and partial recurrence of pain
      intensity after surgery. There was no statistical difference in preoperative pain
      intensity levels among the 3 cohorts (P = .16), but there were statistical
      differences at 3 months (P = .007), 6 months (P < .0001), and 12 months (P <
      .0001). There were no statistical differences between the CR and ICR cohorts at 3
      months (P = .502), 6 months (P = .1), and 12 months (P = .2). There was no effect
      by age, gender, injury type, Sunderland classification, injury etiology, duration
      from injury to repair, health comorbidity, or repair type on the outcome.
      CONCLUSIONS: The recurrence of neuropathic pain after trigeminal nerve repair for
      neuropathic pain is likely multifactorial and might not depend on factors that
      normally affect sensory recovery in patients who have no neuropathic pain (ie,
      age, duration of injury, type of injury, or repair type) and undergo trigeminal
      nerve surgery. These differences indicate that the understanding of trigeminal
      neuropathic pain is incomplete. Predictive outcomes of treatment will probably
      improve when the etiology is better defined to allow target- and site-specific
      treatment. In the meantime, trigeminal nerve surgery is a treatment option that
      offers a chance of decreasing or resolving pain intensity.

PMID- 26970145
TI  - Spontaneous Regeneration of the Mandible: An Institutional Audit of Regenerated
      Bone and Osteocompetent Periosteum.
AB  - PURPOSE: Childhood mandibular lesions are frequently benign; this allows for a
      conservative surgical approach to their management. Two of the most common
      approaches for reconstruction of acquired mandibular defects in adolescents are
      vascularized and nonvascularized osseous flaps or grafts. A third, less commonly
      used treatment option often used in developing parts of the world that some
      Western centers are considering as part of their treatment algorithm is
      spontaneous bone regeneration. This study reports on the authors' experiences
      with spontaneous bone formation of the resected young mandible. It also attempts
      to quantify any relation between spontaneous bone regeneration and an aging
      osteocompetent periosteum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study
      based on consecutive data collated from records of the oral and maxillofacial
      surgery departments from 2 tertiary institutions. Eligible patients were no older
      than 18 years and had benign mandibular neoplasms. The surgical procedure was
      mandibulectomy with subperiosteal dissection and intermaxillary fixation.
      Regenerated bone evaluation was by clinical examination and periodic panoramic
      radiographs. RESULTS: Sixteen consecutive cases with mandibular lesions were seen
      at the 2 institutions, 8 of which met the inclusion criteria. The average age was
      10.75 years. The predominant pathology was unicystic ameloblastoma. All cases
      exhibited spontaneous bone regeneration, with 2 cases exhibiting "incomplete"
      bone regeneration. CONCLUSION: Immediate reconstruction can be delayed to allow
      for spontaneous bone regeneration of defects in young patients. In the absence of
      regeneration, secondary reconstruction can be considered. Although the literature
      reports more young patients with bone regeneration than adults, increasing age
      during childhood and adolescence might not necessarily indicate a decrease in
      periosteal bone-regenerating potential.

PMID- 26970146
TI  - Costs for TB and MDR-TB: time to convene a WHO Emergency Committee on TB?

PMID- 26970147
TI  - TB-related mortality: a re-emerging problem in high-income countries?

PMID- 26970148
TI  - Integrated clinical management tools for respiratory diseases: lessons from PAL
      in sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 26970149
TI  - Re-inventing adherence: toward a patient-centered model of care for drug
      resistant tuberculosis and HIV.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite renewed focus on molecular tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics and
      new antimycobacterial agents, treatment outcomes for patients co-infected with
      drug-resistant TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain dismal, in part
      due to lack of focus on medication adherence as part of a patient-centered
      continuum of care. OBJECTIVE: To review current barriers to drug-resistant TB-HIV
      treatment and propose an alternative model to conventional approaches to
      treatment support. DISCUSSION: Current national TB control programs rely heavily
      on directly observed therapy (DOT) as the centerpiece of treatment delivery and
      adherence support. Medication adherence and care for drug-resistant TB-HIV could
      be improved by fully implementing team-based patient-centered care, empowering
      patients through counseling and support, maintaining a rights-based approach
      while acknowledging the responsibility of health care systems in providing
      comprehensive care, and prioritizing critical research gaps. CONCLUSION: It is
      time to re-invent our understanding of adherence in drug-resistant TB and HIV by
      focusing attention on the complex clinical, behavioral, social, and structural
      needs of affected patients and communities.

PMID- 26970150
TI  - Characteristics and costs of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in-patient care in
      the United States, 2005-2007.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A population-based study of 135 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR
      TB) patients reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
      during 2005-2007 found 73% were hospitalized. We analyzed factors associated with
      hospitalization. METHODS: We assessed statistically significant multivariable
      associations with US in-patient TB diagnosis, frequency of hospitalization,
      length of hospital stay, and in-patient direct costs to the health care system.
      RESULTS: Of 98 hospitalized patients, 83 (85%) were foreign-born. Blacks,
      diabetics, or smokers were more likely, and patients with disseminated disease
      less likely, to receive their TB diagnosis while hospitalized. Patients aged ?65
      years, those with the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS), or with private
      insurance, were hospitalized more frequently. Excluding deaths, length of stay
      was greater for patients aged ?65 years, those with extensively drug-resistant TB
      (XDR-TB), those residing in Texas, those with AIDS, those who were unemployed, or
      those who had TB resistant to all first-line medications vs. others. Average
      hospitalization cost per XDR-TB patient (US$285 000) was 3.5 times that per MDR
      TB patient (US$81 000), in 2010 dollars. Hospitalization episode costs for MDR-TB
      rank third highest and those for XDR-TB highest among the principal diagnoses.
      CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization was common and remains a critical care component for
      patients who were older, had comorbidities, or required complex management due to
      XDR-TB. MDR-TB in-patient costs are among the highest for any disease.

PMID- 26970151
TI  - Discordance between patient and clinician reports of adverse reactions to MDR-TB
      treatment.
AB  - SETTING: An urban out-patient clinic in Durban, South Africa, providing community
      based treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVE: To describe
      concordance between patient report and clinician documentation of adverse drug
      reactions (ADRs) to treatment for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). DESIGN: ADRs
      were documented by interview using an 18-item symptom checklist and medical
      record data abstraction during a cross-sectional parent study with 121 MDR-TB
      patients, 75% of whom were co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
      Concordance was analyzed using Cohen's kappa statistic, Gwet's agreement
      coefficient (AC) 1, and McNemar's test. RESULTS: ADRs were reported much more
      frequently in patient interviews (MU = 8.6) than in medical records (MU = 1.4).
      Insomnia was most common (67% vs. 2%), followed by peripheral neuropathy (65% vs.
      18%), and confusion (61 vs. 4%). kappa scores were very low, with the highest
      degree of concordance found in hearing loss (kappa = 0.23), which was the only
      ADR not found to be significantly different between the two data sources (P =
      0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a lack of concordance between patient report
      and clinician documentation of ADRs. These findings indicate the need for
      improved documentation of ADRs to better reflect patients' experiences during MDR
      TB treatment. These data have important implications for country-level
      pharmacovigilance programs that rely on clinician documentation of ADRs for MDR
      TB policy formation.

PMID- 26970152
TI  - Use of Xpert((r)) MTB/RIF assay in the first national anti-tuberculosis drug
      resistance survey in Pakistan.
AB  - SETTING: The first national anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey in Pakistan,
      a high tuberculosis (TB) and low human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden
      country. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients with multidrug
      resistant TB (MDR-TB) and to compare the performance of Xpert((r)) MTB/RIF with
      conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST). METHODS: Sputum
      samples were collected from 1972 consecutively enrolled pulmonary TB patients
      from 40 clusters. Phenotypic DST was performed in parallel with Xpert. RESULTS:
      The proportion of MDR-TB patients was 3.7% (95%CI 2.5-5.0) among new and 18.1%
      (95%CI 13.0-23.4) among previously treated cases. A valid rifampicin (RMP)
      testing result was available from substantially more cases with Xpert (n = 1809)
      than with phenotypic DST (n = 1592). Among strains with discordant results, rpoB
      sequencing revealed only one false-resistant result (new TB case) with Xpert and
      7.7% (8/104) of RMP-resistant cases missed with Xpert against 3.8% (4/14) by
      phenotypic DST. This difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: This survey
      provides the first representative data for Pakistan on its MDR-TB burden. The
      Xpert assay had nearly 100% specificity, even in a low MDR-TB prevalence setting.
      The use of this assay greatly simplifies survey logistics, making it a feasible
      option for survey implementation, especially in resource-constrained settings.

PMID- 26970153
TI  - Modified cytospin slide microscopy method for rapid diagnosis of smear-negative
      pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a modified method of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain and determine
      whether it improves the detection rate of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens. DESIGN: Bronchoscopy of patients
      with suspected smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients was conducted
      to collect BALF to assess the efficacy and accuracy of the modified method for
      PTB diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 106 BALF specimens was collected from 74 PTB
      patients on the basis of BALF samples that were culture-positive for
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When analysed by patient, the sensitivity and
      specificity of our modified method were respectively 87.8% and 99.6%, while the
      positive predictive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were respectively
      98.5% and 96.8%. Conversely, the sensitivity of direct smears and concentrated
      smears was respectively 16.2% and 37.8%, with 100% specificity. On analysing 106
      samples, the culture positivity rate of the direct smear and the concentrated
      smear methods was respectively 76.4%, 13.2% and 34%, while it was 91.5% for the
      modified method. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of our modified method was
      significantly higher than that of direct or concentrated smears. Overall, the
      modified method improved the detection rate of AFB in BALF specimens, and
      provided an efficient and accurate diagnosis of PTB in patients with suspected
      smear-negative PTB.

PMID- 26970154
TI  - Rapid colorimetric pyrazinamide susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.
AB  - SETTING: Colorimetric methods for detecting drug resistance in Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis are very attractive, as they are cheap, easy to use and require no
      costly apparatus. Although the current colorimetric methods have been used for
      other drugs, such as rifampicin and isoniazid, few of the colorimetric methods
      have been reported to have been used in performing drug susceptibility testing
      (DST) against pyrazinamide (PZA). OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid and reliable
      colorimetric method for PZA DST using a monotetrazolium redox dye, 5-cyano-2,3
      ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), as indicator of viability. DESIGN: A total of
      50 clinical isolates and three standard strains were tested using this
      colorimetric method and the BACTECTM MGITTM 960 system. RESULTS: Initial test
      results showed that the PZA DST results were available in 4-6 days; the overall
      sensitivity and specificity of the CTC colorimetric method were respectively
      97.1% and 81.3% in comparison with the MGIT 960 results. CONCLUSION: These
      results suggest that the CTC colorimetric method is most rapid among the current
      PZA DST methods based on culture, and could be used for determining
      susceptibility to PZA of M. tuberculosis isolates.

PMID- 26970155
TI  - Evaluation of the direct nitrate reductase assay for rapid detection of
      extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.
AB  - SETTING: Jiangxi, China. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the direct
      nitrate reductase assay (D-NRA) for rapid, low-cost detection of multidrug
      resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in high
      burden, resource-limited settings. METHODS: A total of 225 smear-positive sputum
      samples were collected from consecutive drug-resistant TB subjects. Samples were
      processed at the Province TB Reference Laboratory and tested for susceptibility
      to rifampicin (RMP), isoniazid (INH), ofloxacin (OFX), kanamycin (KM) and
      capreomycin (CPM) by D-NRA, using the indirect Lowenstein-Jensen proportion
      method (LJ-PM) as reference. RESULTS: Of the 225 smear-positive sputum samples,
      214 isolates were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and analysed for
      further comparison. The sensitivity of the D-NRA in the detection of resistance
      to RMP, INH, OFX, KM and CPM was respectively 95.1% (97/102), 93.1% (135/145),
      97.4% (76/78), 88.9% (40/45) and 90.6% (29/32); specificity was respectively 100%
      (112/112), 97.1% (67/69), 100% (136/136), 98.8% (167/169) and 96.7% (176/182).
      The median time to culture positivity was significantly shorter for NRA than for
      the indirect LJ-PM (14 days vs. 70 days, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: D-NRA showed
      high sensitivity and specificity in the rapid diagnosis of MDR- and XDR-TB in a
      high-burden, resource-limited setting.

PMID- 26970156
TI  - Treating children for drug-resistant tuberculosis in Tajikistan with Group 5
      medications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and
      pre-XDR-TB is challenging, as effective drugs are lacking. Group 5 anti
      tuberculosis drugs have an unclear role in the treatment of drug-resistant TB,
      and in children the efficacy, safety and effects of long-term use are not well
      described. We present clinical outcomes and adverse effects of a cohort of
      children with XDR-TB or pre-XDR-TB treated with Group 5 drugs in Tajikistan.
      METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of eight children treated with one
      or more of the Group 5 drugs available under the Tajikistan National TB Programme
      linezolid, amoxicillin-clavulanate, clofazimine and clarithromycin-given in
      combination with first- and second-line drugs. Time to sputum culture conversion,
      clinical outcomes and adverse effects were evaluated. RESULTS: Two children were
      cured, one completed treatment, four achieved favourable interim outcomes and one
      died. Adverse effects attributable to linezolid that required drug cessation
      occurred in one child; adverse effects of the other Group 5 drugs were
      insignificant or absent, requiring no regimen changes. CONCLUSION: Group 5 drugs
      can contribute to effective regimens in children with XDR and pre-XDR-TB. With
      proper monitoring and aggressive management of adverse effects, their safety
      profile might be acceptable, even in long-term use.

PMID- 26970157
TI  - Non-completion of latent tuberculous infection treatment among children in Rio de
      Janeiro State, Brazil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children with latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) are particularly
      vulnerable to progression to active tuberculosis (TB), and are thus a priority
      target for isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). However, adherence to IPT is poor.
      We hypothesised that children from poorer families, with reduced access to health
      care and lack of understanding about the disease are more likely to default from
      IPT. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to close child contacts or their
      parents at the time of prescribing IPT in three cities in Rio de Janeiro State.
      The children were followed prospectively. Treatment adherence was defined as
      taking 80% of prescribed doses. RESULTS: Among 1078 children screened for LTBI,
      97 (8.9%) did not return for tuberculin skin test (TST) reading; 332 (30.8%) were
      TST-positive; 115/332 (34.6%) were prescribed IPT, 6 of whom did not initiate
      treatment and 11 did not adhere during the first 2 months; 25 additional children
      did not complete IPT. Overall non-completion was four times more frequent among
      those with lower income. Health care access and knowledge did not improve
      treatment completion. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial losses to follow-up occurred
      before IPT prescription; this should be further investigated. Among the children
      who started isoniazid, low income, but not difficult access or poor knowledge,
      increased the risk of treatment non-completion.

PMID- 26970158
TI  - Using the TBAg/PHA ratio in the T-SPOT((r)).TB assay to distinguish TB disease
      from LTBI in an endemic area.
AB  - SETTING: An important limitation of the T-SPOT((r)).TB assay is its inability to
      distinguish active tuberculosis (TB) from latent tuberculous infection (LTBI).
      OBJECTIVE: We proposed a new calculation method for the T-SPOT assay and assessed
      its effect on distinguishing active TB from LTBI. DESIGN: A total of 162 active
      TB patients and 97 LTBI individuals were diagnosed according to conventional
      tests and the T-SPOT assay. RESULTS: The results of early secreted antigenic
      target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) in T-SPOT cannot be
      recommended for distinguishing TB from LTBI. The number of phytohaemagglutinin
      (PHA) spot-forming cells (sfc) in the T-SPOT assay was reduced in active TB
      patients. The ESAT-6/PHA or CFP-10/PHA ratios in active TB patients were
      significantly higher than in individuals with LTBI. Using 0.295 as the threshold
      ratio of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen (TBAg) sfc to PHA sfc
      (TBAg/PHA ratio, the larger of ESAT-6/PHA and CFP-10/PHA), the sensitivity and
      specificity were 82.1% and 90.7% in distinguishing active TB from LTBI. The
      TBAg/PHA ratio might also be used to monitor the effect of anti-tuberculosis
      treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Calculating the TBAg/PHA ratio might have the potential
      to diagnose active TB and distinguish TB disease from LTBI.

PMID- 26970159
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of interferon-gamma release assays for tuberculous
      meningitis: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of interferon-gamma release assays
      (IGRAs) for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis (TBM). DESIGN: The EMBASE and
      PubMed databases were systematically searched to identify studies published by 2
      May 2015 investigating the diagnostic accuracy of IGRA for TBM. The quality of
      the included studies was assessed using the revised Quality Assessment for
      Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy (QUADAS-2) method. The overall diagnostic
      accuracies of an IGRA for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood were pooled using a
      bivariate model. RESULTS: Eight studies using blood IGRA and 6 studies using CSF
      IGRA were included. The overall sensitivities for blood and CSF IGRA were
      respectively 0.78 and 0.77, and the specificities were 0.61 and 0.88. The areas
      under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were respectively 0.76
      and 0.83 for blood and CSF IGRA. The major design weaknesses of the studies
      included were patient selection bias and exclusion of uninterpretable results.
      CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of blood and CSF IGRA in case of TBM is
      moderate.

PMID- 26970160
TI  - Safety and efficacy of tuberculin skin testing with microneedle MicronJet600TM in
      healthy adults.
AB  - SETTING: Intradermal injection using a syringe and needle is generally accepted
      as the most accurate method for the tuberculin skin test (TST). However, the
      Mantoux technique using a conventional needle is often difficult to perform
      reliably, affecting testing results and safety. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the
      efficacy and safety of a novel intradermal injection device, the MicronJet600(TM)
      microneedle, compared with conventional injection in terms of skin reactivity to
      the TST. DESIGN: A prospective, open-label clinical study was conducted. The TST
      was administered by both methods in the same subject. For pain assessment,
      participants filled in a visual analogue scale (VAS) after each TST. Any side
      effects due to TST or injections were observed. RESULTS: TST reaction rates (cut
      off ?5 mm) from microneedles and needles were respectively 44.0% and 47.2%, with
      no significant difference between the two. Furthermore, agreement of positivity
      between the two methods was excellent with both 5 mm and 10 mm cut-off values.
      However, the level of pain experienced when microneedles were used for TST was
      significantly lower than with conventional needles. No adverse effects were
      attributed to the MicronJet device. CONCLUSION: The novel microneedle device used
      for TST in this study was effective, safe and less painful in healthy adult
      volunteers.

PMID- 26970161
TI  - Clinical and molecular epidemiological features of tuberculosis after the 2011
      Japan earthquake and tsunami.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical characteristics and prognosis in tuberculosis
      (TB) patients and the transmission dynamics of TB after the 2011 Japan earthquake
      and tsunami. METHOD: This was a retrospective observational cohort study. Data
      were analyzed among 93 pulmonary TB patients (tsunami-affected areas 25, non
      tsunami areas 68) hospitalized during March 2011-March 2012 with 1-year follow-up
      since treatment commencement. Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) typing was
      conducted for 38 TB strains (tsunami-affected areas 21, non-tsunami areas 17).
      RESULTS: Patients from tsunami-affected areas were significantly more likely to
      be refugees (OR 12.8, 95%CI 2.45-67.20), receive oxygenation (OR 5.0, 95%CI 1.68
      14.85), and have a unique VNTR (OR 4.6, 95%CI 1.14-18.41). Patients who died
      within 1 year were significantly more likely to be older (OR 9.8, 95%CI 1.85
      180.26), partially dependent or dependent (OR 11.9, 95%CI 4.28-37.62), and to
      require oxygenation (OR 4.3, 95%CI 1.47-12.89), and had lower serum albumin
      levels (OR 11.1, 95%CI 2.97-72.32). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for prognosis of TB
      after the earthquake were associated with advanced age, low serum albumin level,
      functional status at admission, and oxygen requirement. The VNTR results suggest
      that most of the cases with pulmonary TB experienced reactivation of latent
      tuberculous infection, likely due to the impact of the earthquake and tsunami.

PMID- 26970162
TI  - Mortality among tuberculosis cases in Victoria, 2002-2013: case fatality and
      factors associated with death.
AB  - SETTING: The state of Victoria, Australia, is an industrialised setting with low
      tuberculosis (TB) incidence, universal health care and high levels of migration.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess case fatality rates (CFRs) and factors associated with death
      in a cohort of TB cases notified between 2002 and 2013. DESIGN: Retrospective
      cohort study. Cases who died untreated or during treatment were reviewed to
      determine whether TB was a primary cause of, contributed to or was unrelated to
      death. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used to compare demographic,
      clinical and pathological characteristics. RESULTS: Of 3956 cases, 198 (5.0%)
      died of any cause. TB was the primary cause of death in 99 cases (50.3%) and
      contributed to death in a further 34 cases, giving a TB-related CFR of 3.4%. In
      multivariate analysis, TB-related mortality reduced over time, and was positively
      associated with male sex, older age, history of substance use and disseminated or
      meningeal TB. Factors associated with survival included having a history of past
      travel to or residence in a high TB risk country, lymph node TB or extra
      pulmonary TB manifestations, excluding meningeal, genitourinary, pleural and
      lymphnode TB. CONCLUSIONS: TB CFRs in this setting are among the lowest reported
      globally. TB mortality steadily decreased from 2002 to 2013.

PMID- 26970163
TI  - Mortality and predictors in pulmonary tuberculosis with respiratory failure
      requiring mechanical ventilation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyse the predictors and mortality rate among patients receiving
      mechanical ventilation (MV) for respiratory failure due to pulmonary tuberculosis
      (TB). DESIGN: We retrospectively compared patients who required MV for TB with
      patients who required MV for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). RESULTS: In
      hospital mortality was significantly different between the two groups: 95.1% in
      TB vs. 62.7% in CAP (P < 0.001 using the chi(2) test). TB patients had a higher
      30-day mortality (P = 0.040 using log-rank test), although the median sequential
      organ failure assessment (SOFA) (7.0 vs. 6.0, P = 0.842) and mean Acute
      Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores (20.0 +/- 6.7 vs.
      21.2 +/- 6.7, P = 0.379) for TB and CAP patients were not different. TB patients
      were more likely to have increased lung lesion intrusions (OR 1.307, 95%CI 1.042
      1.641, P = 0.021), and reduced albumin (OR 0.073, 95%CI 0.016-0.335, P = 0.001),
      C-reactive protein (OR 0.324, 95%CI 0.146-0.716, P = 0.005) and CURB-65 score
      (confusion, uraemia, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age ?65 years) (OR
      0.916, 95%CI 0.844-0.995, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: TB patients showed identical
      SOFA and APACHE II scores, but higher mortality than CAP patients. The higher
      mortality was not related to severity, but suggested an association with the
      extent of destructive lung lesions.

PMID- 26970165
TI  - Treatment as diagnosis and diagnosis as treatment: empirical management of
      presumptive tuberculosis in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mismanagement of TB is a concern in the Indian private sector, and
      empirical management might be a key contributor. OBJECTIVE: To understand factors
      associated with empirical diagnosis and treatment of presumed TB in India's
      private sector and examine their effects on TB care. DESIGN: In this ethnographic
      study, 110 private practitioners of varying qualification who interacted with TB
      patients (90 in Mumbai and 20 in Patna) were interviewed, and a subset was
      observed while providing clinical care. Interviews and observations were analysed
      for indicators of empirical diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS: All non-specialist
      practitioners began antibiotic treatment, especially quinolones, for persistent
      cough before prescribing a test. Several factors contribute to empirical
      management. These include a common practice use of medications as diagnostic
      tools, a desire to provide rapid symptom relief to patients, a desire to manage
      illness costs effectively, uncertainty about the presentation of TB, the effects
      of broad spectrum antibiotics on TB symptomology, and uncertainty about the
      accuracy of available TB tests. CONCLUSION: Empiricism in general and in TB care
      is widespread in the urban private sector in India. Ethnography might offer
      useful insights for addressing this in public-private mix models.

PMID- 26970164
TI  - Tuberculosis and immigration in an area of southwest Madrid.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe differences between Spanish and immigrant tuberculosis
      (TB) cases. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study of Spanish and immigrant TB
      patients diagnosed in a Madrid hospital from 2004 to 2013. RESULTS: A total of
      322 patients were analysed, 183 Spanish-born and 139 immigrants (sub-Saharan
      Africa 32.4%, Morocco 28.8%, Latin America 20.1% and Eastern Europe 17.3%).
      Immigrants were younger and had a higher rate of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) infection (P < 0.05). Spanish TB patients were often smokers and
      immunosuppressed (not HIV) (P < 0.001). No differences in symptoms and site of
      disease were detected. A higher proportion with isoniazid (INH) resistance was
      observed among immigrants (14.6% vs. 3.8%, P < 0.05), regardless of country of
      origin. Being an immigrant was an independent risk factor for INH resistance (OR
      4.8, 95%CI 1.3-17.9). CONCLUSION: There is currently no consensus on whether or
      not it would be appropriate to treat Spanish and immigrant patients with
      different regimens. Being an immigrant is a clear risk factor for INH resistance.
      According to our results, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of changing
      treatment protocols in Madrid, Spain. It is also important to introduce specific
      strategies for the management of TB among immigrants.

PMID- 26970166
TI  - How do patients access the private sector in Chennai, India? An evaluation of
      delays in tuberculosis diagnosis.
AB  - SETTING: The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in India are
      characterized by heavy private-sector involvement. Delays in treatment remain
      poorly characterized among patients seeking care in the Indian private sector.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess delays in TB diagnosis and treatment initiation among
      patients diagnosed in the private sector, and pathways to care in an urban
      setting. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of 289 consecutive patients diagnosed
      with TB in the private sector and referred for anti-tuberculosis treatment
      through a public-private mix program in Chennai from January 2014 to February
      2015. RESULTS: Among 212 patients with pulmonary TB, 90% first contacted a formal
      private provider, and 78% were diagnosed by the first or second provider seen
      after a median of three visits per provider. Median total delay was 51 days (mean
      68). Consulting an informal (rather than formally trained) provider first was
      associated with significant increases in total delay (absolute increase 22.8
      days, 95%CI 6.2-39.5) and in the risk of prolonged delay >90 days (aRR 2.4, 95%CI
      1.3-4.4). CONCLUSION: Even among patients seeking care in the formal (vs.
      informal) private sector in Chennai, diagnostic delays are substantial. Novel
      strategies are required to engage private providers, who often serve as the first
      point of contact.

PMID- 26970167
TI  - The 'Practical Approach to Lung Health' in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic
      review.
AB  - SETTING: There is a high burden of respiratory disease in sub-Saharan Africa. To
      address this problem, the World Health Organization launched the 'Practical
      approach to Lung Health' (PAL), i.e., locally applicable integrated syndromic
      algorithms, to improve primary care management of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To
      examine the evidence for the impact of PAL on the diagnosis and management of
      tuberculosis (TB) and other common respiratory problems in sub-Saharan Africa.
      DESIGN: A systematic review of MEDLINE (1998-2015), EMBASE (1998-2015) and CINAHL
      (1998-2015) was conducted to find trials evaluating PAL implementation in sub
      Saharan Africa. RESULTS: Five studies were found, evaluating three PAL
      variations: PAL in South Africa (PALSA), PALSA with integrated human
      immunodeficiency virus treatment (PALSA PLUS) and PAL in Malawi using lay health
      workers (PALM/LHW). PALSA increased TB diagnosis (OR 1.72, 95%CI 1.04-2.85), as
      did PALSA PLUS (OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.01-1.55). Cure or completion rates in
      retreatment cases in PALSA and PALSA PLUS were significantly improved (OR 1.78,
      95%CI 1.13-2.76). PALM/LHW, which examined TB treatment success, found no
      significant improvement (P = 0.578). CONCLUSION: The limited research performed
      shows that PAL can be effective in TB diagnosis and partial treatment success;
      however, more evidence is needed to assess its effects on other respiratory
      diseases, especially in wider sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 26970168
TI  - Lung cancer awareness and anticipated delay before seeking medical help in the
      middle-belt population of Nigeria.
AB  - SETTING: Ilorin metropolis in the middle-belt region of Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: To
      determine the awareness about warning signs and risk factors for lung cancer and
      the anticipated delay before seeking medical care in the middle-belt population
      of Nigeria. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study performed among 1125 adults.
      Lung cancer awareness measure (Lung CAM) was administered face to face by trained
      interviewers. RESULTS: The respondents' Lung CAM score was low for warning signs
      and risk factors for lung cancer. Apart from tobacco smoking (69.9%) and air
      pollution (56.4%), other risk factors were poorly recognised by respondents.
      Higher education and income and having a relative or friends who had previously
      had lung cancer were significantly associated with awareness about warning signs
      and risk factors. The majority (66.8%) would seek help before 2 weeks if they
      noticed a warning sign. Anticipated delay was associated with non-recognition of
      any warning sign (OR 3.09, 95%CI 2.26-4.22), lower education (OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.40
      2.57), lower income (OR 1.86, 95%CI 1.26-2.75) and males (OR 1.50, 95%CI 1.15
      1.97). CONCLUSION: The awareness of lung cancer warning signs and risk factors
      are not satisfactory in Nigeria. There is a need to increase awareness about the
      condition to prevent delays in seeking medical help.

PMID- 26970170
TI  - In reply.

PMID- 26970169
TI  - Read the new microscopy handbook: even the Ziehl-Neelsen technique has changed.

PMID- 26970171
TI  - Down-regulation of EZH2 expression in myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - EZH2 genetic mutations are common in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), which
      implies that this gene has a pathophysiological role in the disease. To further
      characterize molecular alterations of EZH2, and their potential prognostic impact
      in MDS, we assessed EZH2 RNA expression in primary bone marrow CD34+ cells from
      78 patients. We found that 47% of patients have reduced EZH2 expression compared
      to normal controls. Further analyses revealed that EZH2 is significantly
      underexpressed in patients bearing chromosome 7 or 7q deletions (7-alt) when
      compared to controls, diploid patients, and patients with other cytogenetic
      alterations (p<0.05). In survival analysis, we found a non-significant trend
      toward overall survival (OS) being better among patients with EZH2
      underexpression (median OS 55 vs. 36 months; p=0.71). Importantly, this trend
      became significant when the analysis was restricted to the subset of cases
      without alterations in chromosome 7 (62 vs. 36 months; p=0.033). Furthermore, our
      previous work has identified a spectrum of innate immune genes in MDS CD34+ cells
      that are deregulated via abnormal promoter histone methylation. Because EZH2 is a
      key regulator of histone methylation, we assessed the relationship between
      deregulation of these genes and EZH2 underexpression. We observed that the mRNA
      levels of 11 immune genes were higher in the EZH2 underexpression group and that
      immune gene expression was significantly higher in patients with concomitant EZH2
      underexpression and KDM6B (also known as JMJD3, an H3K27 demethylase)
      overexpression. Taken together, these data indicate that EZH2 underexpression may
      have unique impact on the molecular pathogenesis and prognosis in MDS and be an
      important marker for patients without chromosome 7 alteration. 

PMID- 26970172
TI  - SF3B1-mutated myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts harbors more severe
      iron overload and corresponding over-erythropoiesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clarify the possible biological differences and implication of the
      SF3B1 gene for patients with MDS-RS (myelodysplastic syndromes with ring
      sideroblasts). METHODS: Sanger sequencing was performed on mutation hotspots of
      the SF3B1 gene in MDS-RS patients. The differences between the SF3B1 mutated and
      wild-type subsets, including the ultrastructure of erythroid precursors, iron
      profile parameters, erythropoiesis-related measurements, as well as clinical
      features, were analyzed. RESULTS: SF3B1 mutations were detected in 33 out of
      fifty-two MDS-RS patients (63%). The vast majority of patients with mutations
      (94%) were categorized in the lower risk group according to the IPSS
      (International Prognostic Scoring System), in contrast to only fifty-eight
      percent of the wild-type cases. In addition to the notably higher percentages of
      erythroblasts and ring sideroblasts in patients with mutations, abundant electron
      dense granules in the mitochondria of the erythroid precursors were clearly
      observed. Moreover, patients with mutations presented both improper iron uptake
      and distribution (lower serum hepcidin-25 concentration, P=0.028) and enhanced
      erythropoietic activity (higher soluble transferrin receptor level, P=0.132;
      higher growth differentiation factor 15 concentration, P<0.001). Finally, MDS-RS
      patients carrying SF3B1 mutations had a better overall survival (median 38 vs. 18
      months, P=0.001) compared to those without mutations. By multivariable analysis,
      the prognostic significance of the SF3B1 mutation was primarily accounted for by
      IPSS risk categorization. CONCLUSION: MDS-RS patients carrying SF3B1 mutations
      harbored a more severe iron overload and corresponding over-erythropoiesis. The
      better overall survival of SF3B1-mutated MDS-RS patients may be mainly due to the
      clustering of patients with lower risk disease in this group.

PMID- 26970173
TI  - Expression of Antioxidant Molecules and Heat Shock Protein 27 in Thyroid Tumors.
AB  - Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage is a known causing factor for many types of
      tumors, but information on the role of oxidants and antioxidants in thyroid
      tumors is limited. The aim of this study was to determine antioxidant levels in
      thyroid tumors. In this study, tumor and its matched non-tumor thyroid tissue
      samples were obtained from 53 patients with thyroid tumors. The levels of
      manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD2),
      glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), catalase (CAT), and 27 kd heat
      shock protein (hsp27) were determined in both thyroid tissue samples and cultured
      thyroid cells by immunohistochemical staining and western blot. Hydrogen peroxide
      (H2 O2 ) was used to generate oxidant stress in the cell culture experiments. We
      found that the levels of MnSOD, TXNRD2, GSH, Gpx, and Hsp27 were increased in
      both malignant and benign tumors, while the level of CAT was decreased. To verify
      the results of the tissue study, we treated cultured thyroid cells with H2 O2 and
      found the same pattern of antioxidant changes. Hsp27 was also increased after H2
      O2 treatment. The expression of hsp27 was upregulated by 8.24-, 6.96-, and 3.09
      fold in thyroid cancer, follicular adenoma, multinodular goiter, respectively.
      Collectively, our study demonstrated that the levels of hsp27 together with
      MnSOD, TXNRD2, GSH, and Gpx were significantly upregulated by H2 O2 in thyroid
      tumors. The increase of these antioxidants is observed in both malignant and
      benign tumors, particularly in the former. The upregulation of antioxidants is
      likely a protective mechanism of tumor cells to maintain their survival and
      growth. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2473-2481, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970174
TI  - The clinical outcome of pazopanib treatment in Japanese patients with relapsed
      soft tissue sarcoma: A Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group (JMOG) study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because the efficacy and safety of pazopanib in Japanese patients
      with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) had not been evaluated previously in a large-scale
      cohort, the authors investigated the efficacy and safety of pazopanib in 156
      Japanese patients with relapsed STS. This was a retrospective study based on the
      collection of real-life, postmarketing surveillance data. METHODS: Patients
      received pazopanib with the objective of treating local recurrence (n = 20),
      metastasis (n = 104), and both (n = 32). The patient median age was 53.8 years.
      The primary objective of this study was to clarify the efficacy of pazopanib for
      patients with STS. RESULTS: The median treatment duration was 28.7 weeks, and the
      average dose intensity of pazopanib was 609 mg. Adverse events occurred in 127
      patients (81.4%). In addition to the main common toxicities, such as hypertension
      and liver disorder, pneumothorax (n = 11) and thrombocytopenia (n = 16) also were
      observed. The median progression-free survival for all patients was 15.4 weeks.
      The median progression-free survival for patients with leiomyosarcoma, synovial
      sarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and liposarcoma was 18.6 weeks,
      16.4 weeks, 15.3 weeks, and 8 weeks, respectively. The median survival for all
      patients was 11.2 months. The median survival for patients with leiomyosarcoma,
      synovial sarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and liposarcoma was 20.1
      months, 10.6 months, 9.5 months, and 7.3 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There
      were apparent differences in the efficacy of pazopanib treatment among histologic
      types of STS. Pazopanib treatment is a new treatment option; however, adverse
      events like pneumothorax and thrombocytopenia, which did not occur frequently in
      the PALETTE study (pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma), should be taken
      into consideration. Cancer 2016;122:1408-16. (c) 2016 The Authors. Cancer
      published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970175
TI  - Analysis of ANKKI (rs1800497) and DRD2 (rs1079597, rs1800498) variants in five
      ethnic groups from Punjab, North-West India.
AB  - Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is one of the essential neurotransmitters in the
      brain studied extensively in the field of psychiatric disorders, alcoholic
      behaviors and Pharmacology. It is also a promising gene for studying the
      evolutionary and genetic variation among populations. The present study was an
      attempt to understand the extent of genetic variation among five different ethnic
      groups (Bania, Brahmin, Jat Sikh, Khatri and Scheduled caste) of Punjab (North
      West India). A total of 1012 individuals belonging to the above mentioned groups
      were analyzed for three TaqI Polymorphic loci of DRD2 and ankyrin repeat and
      kinase domain containing 1 (ANKKI) using the allele frequencies and haplotype
      frequency distribution pattern. All the three loci were found to be polymorphic
      among the studied populations. The average heterozygosity for all loci in these
      ethnic groups was fairly substantial ranging from 0.3936 to 0.4986. The genetic
      differentiation among the population was observed to be in order of 0.0053.Among
      of the eight studied haplotypes, only six were shared by all the ethnic groups.
      TaqID and TaqIB loci were reported to be in significantly higher linkage
      disequilibrium (LD) in Scheduled Caste only, whereas TaqIA and TaqID showed
      modest LD in Brahmin, Jat Sikh and Khatri. Multidimensional scaling analysis
      revealed that the studied ethnic groups formed a close cluster, suggesting
      similar genetic structure of these populations which are in close proximity with
      other Indo European speaking North Indian and western Indian population groups.
      Overall this study highlights the genomic uniformity among the ethnic groups of
      Punjab (North-West India) owing to their common ancestral history and
      geographical closeness. 

PMID- 26970177
TI  - Comparison of the risk prediction systems POSSUM and P-POSSUM with the Surgical
      Risk Scale: A prospective cohort study of 721 patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The outcomes of surgery are subject to variability and difficult to
      be accurately predicted. Different score systems have been developed to
      estimating the risk of undergoing a surgical procedure. The aim of this study was
      to assess the predictive ability of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems, compared
      to the Surgical Risk Scale (SRS), in Spanish patients undergoing general surgery.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 721 consecutive
      patients needing a surgical procedure were included. Observed morbidity and
      mortality after surgery were compared to the expected ones obtained by applying
      POSSUM, P-POSSUM and SRS. RESULTS: Mean age was 59.2 years (standard deviation
      (SD): 17.4 years), 43.5% were women. 616 (85.5%) patients underwent elective
      general surgery and 105 (14.5%) emergency surgery. The 30-day morbidity was
      15.4%. The reintervention rate was 2.1% and mortality was 2.1%. The
      discrimination ability was excellent in predicting mortality. The Area Under the
      Curve (AUC) values were: POSSUM: AUC = 0.97, C.I.95%: 0.948-0.992, p < 0.0001; P
      POSSUM: AUC = 0.966, C.I.95%: 0.941-0.991, p < 0.0001; SRS: AUC = 0.91,
      C.I.95%:0.853-0.967, p < 0.0001. POSSUM was also discriminative in the prediction
      of morbidity (AUC = 0.772, C.I.95%: 0.719-0.826, p < 0.0001). POSSUM predicted
      morbidity and mortality were higher than the observed ones (p = 0.01 and p =
      0.04). Predicted and observed mortality were very similar for P-POSSUM (p = 0.93)
      and SRS (p = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Expected morbidity and mortality determined by
      POSSUM score showed values significantly above the observed ones. P-POSSUM and
      SRS systems were effective in predicting mortality. The SRS application is simple
      and may contribute to appropriate medical decision making.

PMID- 26970178
TI  - Physico-chemical properties of corn starch modified with cyclodextrin
      glycosyltransferase.
AB  - Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) has been used to produce cyclodextrins
      (CDs) from starches, but their ability to modify starches has been barely
      explored. The effect of CGTase on corn starch at sub-gelatinization temperature
      (50 degrees C) and at different pH conditions, pH 4.0 and pH 6.0, was evaluated.
      Biochemical features, thermal and structural analysis, oligosaccharides and CDs
      content were studied. Microscopic analysis of the granules confirmed the
      enzymatic modification of the starches obtaining structures with irregular
      surface and small pinholes. The extent of the starch modification was largely
      dependent on the pHs, being higher at pH 6.0. This was also confirmed by the low
      viscosity of the resulting pastes during a heating and cooling cycle. Thermal
      parameters were not affected due to enzymatic treatment. Modified starches were
      less susceptible to undergo alpha-amylase hydrolysis. CDs released were higher
      for samples treated at pH 4.0. Therefore, CGTase modification of corn starches at
      sub-gelatinization temperature offers an attractive alternative for obtaining
      porous starches with different properties depending on the pH conditions. 

PMID- 26970176
TI  - Calponin isoforms CNN1, CNN2 and CNN3: Regulators for actin cytoskeleton
      functions in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells.
AB  - Calponin is an actin filament-associated regulatory protein expressed in smooth
      muscle and many types of non-muscle cells. Three homologous genes, CNN1, CNN2 and
      CNN3, encoding calponin isoforms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are present in
      vertebrate species. All three calponin isoforms are actin-binding proteins with
      functions in inhibiting actin-activated myosin ATPase and stabilizing the actin
      cytoskeleton, while each isoform executes different physiological roles based on
      their cell type-specific expressions. Calponin 1 is specifically expressed in
      smooth muscle cells and plays a role in fine-tuning smooth muscle contractility.
      Calponin 2 is expressed in both smooth muscle and non-muscle cells and regulates
      multiple actin cytoskeleton-based functions. Calponin 3 participates in actin
      cytoskeleton-based activities in embryonic development and myogenesis.
      Phosphorylation has been extensively studied for the regulation of calponin
      functions. Cytoskeleton tension regulates the transcription of CNN2 gene and the
      degradation of calponin 2 protein. This review summarizes our knowledge learned
      from studies over the past three decades, focusing on the evolutionary lineage of
      calponin isoform genes, their tissue- and cell type-specific expressions,
      structure-function relationships, and mechanoregulation. 

PMID- 26970179
TI  - Cdx-2 polymorphism in Vitamin D Receptor gene was associated with serum 25
      hydroxyvitamin D levels, bone mineral density and fracture in middle-aged and
      elderly Chinese women.
AB  - The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between Cdx-2
      polymorphism in the promoter region of the VDR gene and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
      (25(OH)D) levels, bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture in Chinese population.
      This was a cross-sectional study, which included 738 individuals (428 women and
      310 men) aged 45 years or older. In women, the association of Cdx-2 polymorphism
      with serum 25(OH)D levels was significant adjusting for age, BMI, estimated
      glomerular filtration rate, menopausal status and season of blood collection (P =
      0.002). Cdx-2 polymorphism was associated with lumbar spine BMD adjusted for age,
      BMI, menopausal status and serum 25(OH)D in women (P = 0.005). But it was not
      associated with femoral neck BMD or total hip BMD in women. In women, Cdx-2
      polymorphism was also associated with fracture adjusted for age, BMI, menopausal
      status, serum 25(OH)D and total hip BMD (P = 0.03). Carriers of AA and AG
      genotypes was associated with a higher odds of fracture compared with the
      carriers of GG genotype (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.04-4.42 and OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.03
      3.51). In men, Cdx-2 polymorphism was not associated with serum 25(OH)D levels,
      BMD or fracture. Our results indicate that the association of Cdx-2 polymorphism
      in the VDR gene with serum 25(OH)D levels, BMD and fracture may have sex
      differences. Cdx-2 polymorphism in the VDR gene may affect the serum 25(OH)D
      concentrations and the risk of osteoporosis and fracture in middle-aged and
      elderly Chinese women. 

PMID- 26970180
TI  - KCNQ1 gene variants in the risk for type 2 diabetes and impaired renal function
      in the Spanish Renastur cohort.
AB  - Several common KCNQ1 gene polymorphisms have been associated with the risk of
      type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy. This effect is explained by the
      role of the kcnq1 protein as a potassium channel that in the pancreatic beta
      cells drives an electrical signal that facilitates glucose-stimulated insulin
      secretion. The KCNQ1 gene is also expressed in the kidney, and could thus be
      implicated in the risk of developing impaired renal function. To test this
      hypothesis, we genotyped six common KCNQ1 gene variants (three single nucleotide
      polymorphisms, rs2237892, rs2237895, and rs231362, and three intronic indels) in
      681 healthy elderly individuals (>65 years old) from the Spanish Renastur cohort.
      None of the six variants was associated with T2DM (180 diabetics vs. 581 non
      diabetics). The intron 12 insertion allele was associated with a reduced
      estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR<60, n = 90 vs. eGFR>=60, n = 591; II
      vs ID + DD genotypes, p = 0.031, OR = 2.06, 95%CI = 1.12-4.14). We also performed
      a next generation sequencing search of variants in the coding regions of the
      KCNQ1 gene in 100 individuals with the extreme eGFR values. We found two rare
      amino acid changes (p.K393N and p.P408A) and the 393 Asn variant was found only
      among diabetics (n = 4; p = 0.05). The two rare alleles were present in the two
      eGFR groups. Our results suggest that a common KCNQ1 intron 12 indel polymorphism
      is a risk factor for impaired renal function independent of T2DM. If this
      association is confirmed by others, further research to determine the mechanism
      that drives this association would be warranted.

PMID- 26970182
TI  - Role of the dysfunctional ryanodine receptor - Na(+)-Ca(2+)exchanger axis in
      progression of cardiovascular diseases: What we can learn from pharmacological
      studies?
AB  - Abnormal Ca(2+)homeostasis is often associated with chronic cardiovascular
      diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure or cardiac arrhythmias, and
      typically contributes to the basic ethiology of the disease. Pharmacological
      targeting of cardiac Ca(2+)handling has great therapeutic potential offering
      invaluable options for the prevention, slowing down the progression or
      suppression of the harmful outcomes like life threatening cardiac arrhythmias. In
      this review we outline the existing knowledge on the involvement of malfunction
      of the ryanodine receptor and the Na(+)-Ca(2+)exchanger in disturbances of
      Ca(2+)homeostasis and discuss important proof of concept pharmacological studies
      targeting these mechanisms in context of hypertension, heart failure, atrial
      fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. We emphasize the promising results of
      preclinical studies underpinning the potential benefits of the therapeutic
      strategies based on ryanodine receptor or Na(+)-Ca(2+)exchanger inhibition. 

PMID- 26970183
TI  - Topical skin treatment with Fab fragments of an allergen-specific IgG1 monoclonal
      antibody suppresses allergen-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice.
AB  - Fab fragments (Fabs), which lack effector functions due to the absence of the Fc
      portion, maintain the ability to bind to specific allergens. In the present
      study, we examined whether Fabs of an allergen-specific IgG1 monoclonal antibody
      (mAb) were able to regulate allergen-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions
      in mice. BALB/c mice passively sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE mAb
      were repeatedly challenged with OVA applied to the skin after sodium dodecyl
      sulfate treatment. Fabs prepared by the digestion of anti-OVA IgG1 mAb (O1-10)
      with papain were applied to the skin 30min before the OVA challenges followed by
      measurement of clinical symptoms including erythema/hemorrhage, edema,
      scarring/dryness, and excoriation/erosion of the skin. Treatment with O1-10 Fabs,
      but not intact O1-10, showed inhibition of clinical symptoms (P<0.01) induced by
      the repeated OVA challenges in the sensitized mice; O1-10 Fabs suppressed
      histological changes such as epidermal hyperplasia (P<0.01) and the accumulation
      of mast cells (P<0.01) and neutrophils (P<0.01). Furthermore, treatment with O1
      10 Fabs inhibited the increase in levels of IL-13 (P<0.01) and IL-17A production
      (P<0.05) in the lymph nodes of the sensitized mice. Additionally, the increased
      level of OVA in serum following the repeated OVA challenges in the sensitized
      mice was reduced by the treatment (P<0.05). These results suggest that topical
      application of pathogenic allergen-specific IgG1 mAb Fabs to the skin of mice is
      effective in suppressing allergen-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions,
      suggesting that allergen-specific mAb Fabs could be used as a tool to regulate
      allergen-induced atopic dermatitis. 

PMID- 26970181
TI  - A randomized phase II dose-response exercise trial among colon cancer survivors:
      Purpose, study design, methods, and recruitment results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Observational studies indicate that higher volumes of physical
      activity are associated with improved disease outcomes among colon cancer
      survivors. The aim of this report is to describe the purpose, study design,
      methods, and recruitment results of the courage trial, a National Cancer
      Institute (NCI) sponsored, phase II, randomized, dose-response exercise trial
      among colon cancer survivors. METHODS/RESULTS: The primary objective of the
      courage trial is to quantify the feasibility, safety, and physiologic effects of
      low-dose (150 min.week(-1)) and high-dose (300 min.week(-1)) moderate-intensity
      aerobic exercise compared to usual-care control group over six months. The
      exercise groups are provided with in-home treadmills and heart rate monitors.
      Between January and July 2015, 1433 letters were mailed using a population-based
      state cancer registry; 126 colon cancer survivors inquired about participation,
      and 39 were randomized onto the study protocol. Age was associated with inquiry
      about study participation (P<0.001) and randomization onto the study protocol
      (P<0.001). No other demographic, clinical, or geographic characteristics were
      associated with study inquiry or randomization. The final trial participant was
      randomized in August 2015. Six month endpoint data collection was completed in
      February 2016. DISCUSSION: The recruitment of colon cancer survivors into an
      exercise trial is feasible. The findings from this trial will inform key design
      aspects for future phase 2 and phase 3 randomized controlled trials to examine
      the efficacy of exercise to improve clinical outcomes among colon cancer
      survivors.

PMID- 26970184
TI  - Antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects of Ethyl (S)-2-(1-cyclohexylsulfamide
      carbamoyloxy) propanoate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats.
AB  - In this study, we examined the antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects of a
      novel synthesized molecule, the Ethyl (S)-2-(1-cyclohexylsulfamide carbamoyloxy)
      propanoate (ESP1b), in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats.
      Experimental diabetes mellitus was produced by a single intraperitoneal injection
      of STZ (55mg/kg b.w.). Seven day post-injection, animals have received ESP1b
      orally at the doses of 5, 10 and 20mg/kg b.w. daily for 28 days. This resulted in
      a clear decline, in a dose dependent manner, of blood glucose levels during the
      oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the four weeks of treatment period. ESP1b
      at 20mg/kg b.w. has alleviated body weight loss, improved plasma insulin
      concentration and at the same time markedly decreased the values of glycosylated
      hemoglobin, lipoproteins and atherogenic ratios. Additionally, ESP1b notably
      restored renal as well as hepatic functions tests. Histopathological examinations
      of pancreatic tissue also confirmed the previous biochemical findings.
      Considering the obtained results, it may be concluded that ESP1b possess a potent
      antihyperglycemic activity in STZ-diabetic rats possibly related to an insulin
      secretagogue effect, which may be responsible for the moderate decrease in blood
      glucose concentration observed in normal rats administrated with this tested
      compound. 

PMID- 26970185
TI  - Therapeutic effects of antigen affinity-purified polyclonal anti-receptor of
      advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) antibodies on cholestasis-induced liver
      injury in rats.
AB  - Cholestasis leads to acute hepatic injury, fibrosis/cirrhosis, inflammation, and
      duct proliferation. We investigated whether blocking receptor of advanced
      glycation end-products (RAGE) with polyclonal anti-RAGE antibodies (anti-RAGE)
      could regulate acute liver injury and fibrosis in a rat bile duct ligation (BDL)
      model. Male Wister rats received 0.5mg/kg rabbit anti-RAGE or an equal amount of
      rabbit IgG by subcutaneous injection twice a week after BDL. Samples of liver
      tissue and peripheral blood were collected at 14 days after BDL. Serum
      biochemistry and histology were used to analyze the degree of liver injury.
      Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining were used to
      further analyze liver injury. Anti-RAGE improved the gross appearance of the
      liver and the rat survival rate. Liver tissue histology and relevant serum
      biochemistry indicated that anti-RAGE attenuated liver necrosis, inflammation,
      liver fibrosis, and duct proliferation in the BDL model. qPCR and western
      blotting showed significant reductions in interleukin-1beta expression levels in
      the liver by treatment with anti-RAGE. Anti-RAGE also significantly reduced the
      mRNA levels of alpha1(1) collagen (Col1alpha1) and cholesterol 7alpha
      hydroxylase, and the ratio of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 to
      matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the liver. In addition, anti-RAGE regulated
      the transcriptional level of Col1alpha1 and MMP-9 in transforming growth factor
      beta-induced activated LX-2 cells in vitro. Anti-RAGE was found to inhibit
      hepatic stellate cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, anti-RAGE
      can protect the liver from injury induced by BDL in rats. 

PMID- 26970187
TI  - Neural activity during sentence processing as reflected in theta, alpha, beta,
      and gamma oscillations.
AB  - We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to explore the spatiotemporal dynamics of
      neural oscillations associated with sentence processing in 102 participants. We
      quantified changes in oscillatory power as the sentence unfolded, and in response
      to individual words in the sentence. For words early in a sentence compared to
      those late in the same sentence, we observed differences in left temporal and
      frontal areas, and bilateral frontal and right parietal regions for the theta,
      alpha, and beta frequency bands. The neural response to words in a sentence
      differed from the response to words in scrambled sentences in left-lateralized
      theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. The theta band effects suggest that a sentential
      context facilitates lexical retrieval, and that this facilitation is stronger for
      words late in the sentence. Effects in the alpha and beta bands may reflect the
      unification of semantic and syntactic information, and are suggestive of easier
      unification late in a sentence. The gamma oscillations are indicative of
      predicting the upcoming word during sentence processing. In conclusion, changes
      in oscillatory neuronal activity capture aspects of sentence processing. Our
      results support earlier claims that language (sentence) processing recruits areas
      distributed across both hemispheres, and extends beyond the classical language
      regions.

PMID- 26970188
TI  - Flood Catastrophe Model for Designing Optimal Flood Insurance Program: Estimating
      Location-Specific Premiums in the Netherlands.
AB  - As flood risks grow worldwide, a well-designed insurance program engaging various
      stakeholders becomes a vital instrument in flood risk management. The main
      challenge concerns the applicability of standard approaches for calculating
      insurance premiums of rare catastrophic losses. This article focuses on the
      design of a flood-loss-sharing program involving private insurance based on
      location-specific exposures. The analysis is guided by a developed integrated
      catastrophe risk management (ICRM) model consisting of a GIS-based flood model
      and a stochastic optimization procedure with respect to location-specific risk
      exposures. To achieve the stability and robustness of the program towards floods
      with various recurrences, the ICRM uses stochastic optimization procedure, which
      relies on quantile-related risk functions of a systemic insolvency involving
      overpayments and underpayments of the stakeholders. Two alternative ways of
      calculating insurance premiums are compared: the robust derived with the ICRM and
      the traditional average annual loss approach. The applicability of the proposed
      model is illustrated in a case study of a Rotterdam area outside the main flood
      protection system in the Netherlands. Our numerical experiments demonstrate
      essential advantages of the robust premiums, namely, that they: (1) guarantee the
      program's solvency under all relevant flood scenarios rather than one average
      event; (2) establish a tradeoff between the security of the program and the
      welfare of locations; and (3) decrease the need for other risk transfer and risk
      reduction measures.

PMID- 26970189
TI  - Probing the Translation Dynamics of Ribosomes Using Zero-Mode Waveguides.
AB  - In order to coordinate the complex biochemical and structural feat of converting
      triple-nucleotide codons into their corresponding amino acids, the ribosome must
      physically manipulate numerous macromolecules including the mRNA, tRNAs, and
      numerous translation factors. The ribosome choreographs binding, dissociation,
      physical movements, and structural rearrangements so that they synergistically
      harness the energy from biochemical processes, including numerous GTP hydrolysis
      steps and peptide bond formation. Due to the dynamic and complex nature of
      translation, the large cast of ligands involved, and the large number of possible
      configurations, tracking the global time evolution or dynamics of the ribosome
      complex in translation has proven to be challenging for bulk methods.
      Conventional single-molecule fluorescence experiments on the other hand require
      low concentrations of fluorescent ligands to reduce background noise. The
      significantly reduced bimolecular association rates under those conditions limit
      the number of steps that can be observed within the time window available to a
      fluorophore. The advent of zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) technology has allowed the
      study of translation at near-physiological concentrations of labeled ligands,
      moving single-molecule fluorescence microscopy beyond focused model systems into
      studying the global dynamics of translation in realistic setups. This chapter
      reviews the recent works using the ZMW technology to dissect the mechanism of
      translation initiation and elongation in prokaryotes, including complex processes
      such as translational stalling and frameshifting. Given the success of the
      technology, similarly complex biological processes could be studied in near
      physiological conditions with the controllability of conventional in vitro
      experiments. 

PMID- 26970190
TI  - -1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting as a Force-Dependent Process.
AB  - -1 Programmed ribosomal frameshifting is a translational recoding event in which
      ribosomes slip backward along messenger RNA presumably due to increased tension
      disrupting the codon-anticodon interaction at the ribosome's coding site. Single
      molecule physical methods and recent experiments characterizing the physical
      properties of mRNA's slippery sequence as well as the mechanical stability of
      downstream mRNA structure motifs that give rise to frameshifting are discussed.
      Progress in technology, experimental assays, and data analysis methods hold
      promise for accurate physical modeling and quantitative understanding of -1
      programmed ribosomal frameshifting. 

PMID- 26970186
TI  - Common pathways regulate Type III TGFbeta receptor-dependent cell invasion in
      epicardial and endocardial cells.
AB  - Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) and the subsequent invasion of
      epicardial and endocardial cells during cardiac development is critical to the
      development of the coronary vessels and heart valves. The transformed cells give
      rise to cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells or valvular
      interstitial cells, respectively. The Type III Transforming Growth Factor beta
      (TGFbetaR3) receptor regulates EMT and cell invasion in both cell types, but the
      signaling mechanisms downstream of TGFbetaR3 are not well understood. Here we use
      epicardial and endocardial cells in in vitro cell invasion assays to identify
      common mechanisms downstream of TGFbetaR3 that regulate cell invasion. Inhibition
      of NF-kappaB activity blocked cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells.
      NF-kappaB signaling was found to be dysregulated in Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells
      which also show impaired cell invasion in response to ligand. TGFbetaR3-dependent
      cell invasion is also dependent upon Activin Receptor-Like Kinase (ALK) 2, ALK3,
      and ALK5 activity. A TGFbetaR3 mutant that contains a threonine to alanine
      substitution at residue 841 (TGFbetaR3-T841A) induces ligand-independent cell
      invasion in both epicardial and endocardial cells in vitro. These findings reveal
      a role for NF-kappaB signaling in the regulation of epicardial and endocardial
      cell invasion and identify a mutation in TGFbetaR3 which stimulates ligand
      independent signaling.

PMID- 26970192
TI  - Photocontrolled Intracellular RNA Delivery Using Nanoparticles or Carrier
      Photosensitizer Conjugates.
AB  - Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) may potentially treat
      a wide variety of diseases through RNA interference-mediated silencing of
      specific genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous regulatory RNA molecules that
      also modulate gene expression, and thus potential therapeutic approaches using
      miRNAs have attracted attention. For clinical application of these small RNAs,
      efficient and safe RNA delivery to target tissues and cells is necessary. Current
      challenges to RNA delivery are the penetration of negatively charged RNAs through
      the cell membrane and specific delivery of RNA into target cells. Photocontrolled
      intracellular RNA delivery is a promising strategy with high target specificity.
      This strategy includes photodependent endosomal escape of RNA or photodependent
      release of RNAs from carrier particles. In this chapter, photocontrolled
      intracellular RNA delivery methods employing gold or silver nanoparticles,
      upconversion nanoparticles, proteins, or polymers are discussed. 

PMID- 26970191
TI  - Studies of RNA Sequence and Structure Using Nanopores.
AB  - Nanopores are powerful single-molecule sensors with nanometer scale dimensions
      suitable for detection, quantification, and characterization of nucleic acids and
      proteins. Beyond sequencing applications, both biological and solid-state
      nanopores hold great promise as tools for studying the biophysical properties of
      RNA. In this review, we highlight selected landmark nanopore studies with regards
      to RNA sequencing, microRNA detection, RNA/ligand interactions, and RNA
      structural/conformational analysis. 

PMID- 26970193
TI  - RNA Study Using DNA Nanotechnology.
AB  - Transcription is one of the fundamental steps of gene expression, where RNA
      polymerases (RNAPs) bind to their template genes and make RNAs. In addition to
      RNAP and the template gene, many molecules such as transcription factors are
      involved. The interaction and the effect of these factors depend on the geometry.
      Molecular layout of these factors, RNAP and gene is thus important. DNA
      nanotechnology is a promising technology that allows controlling of the molecular
      layout in the range of nanometer to micrometer scale with nanometer resolution;
      thus, it is expected to expand the RNA study beyond the current limit. 

PMID- 26970194
TI  - RNA and RNP as Building Blocks for Nanotechnology and Synthetic Biology.
AB  - Recent technologies that aimed to elucidate cellular function have revealed
      essential roles for RNA molecules in living systems. Our knowledge concerning
      functional and structural information of naturally occurring RNA and RNA-protein
      (RNP) complexes is increasing rapidly. RNA and RNP interaction motifs are
      structural units that function as building blocks to constitute variety of
      complex structures. RNA-central synthetic biology and nanotechnology are
      constructive approaches that employ the accumulated information and build
      synthetic RNA (RNP)-based circuits and nanostructures. Here, we describe how to
      design and construct synthetic RNA (RNP)-based devices and structures at the
      nanometer-scale for biological and future therapeutic applications. RNA/RNP
      nanostructures can also be utilized as the molecular scaffold to control the
      localization or interactions of target molecule(s). Moreover, RNA motifs
      recognized by RNA-binding proteins can be applied to make protein-responsive
      translational "switches" that can turn gene expression "on" or "off" depending on
      the intracellular environment. This "synthetic RNA and RNP world" will expand
      tools for nanotechnology and synthetic biology. In addition, these reconstructive
      approaches would lead to a greater understanding of building principle in
      naturally occurring RNA/RNP molecules and systems. 

PMID- 26970195
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26970196
TI  - Patient-reported outcomes and quality of life assessment: New targets for new
      targeted therapy?

PMID- 26970197
TI  - Aspirin and loxoprofen relieve refractory pruritus in patients with prurigo
      nodularis.

PMID- 26970199
TI  - Transboundary transport of anthropogenic sulfur in PM2.5 at a coastal site in the
      Sea of Japan as studied by sulfur isotopic ratio measurement.
AB  - Sulfur isotopic ratios (delta(34)S) in size separated aerosol particles (PM2.5
      and coarse particles) were measured at Niigata-Maki facing the Sea of Japan. Non
      sea salt delta(34)S (delta(34)Snss) in PM2.5 showed seasonal variations with
      relatively high values in winter (1.0-3.90/00 in spring, 2.8-4.50/00 in summer,
      1.3-4.50/00 in autumn, 3.7-5.70/00 in winter). Taking into consideration air mass
      transport routes, delta(34)Snss in the air masses which originated in the Asian
      continent and were transported over the Sea of Japan to the monitoring sites were
      higher than those values for air masses which were transported over the Japanese
      islands after leaving the Asian continent for each season. Considering that the
      delta(34)Snss in sulfuric acid derived from domestic emissions in Japan are lower
      than those of delta(34)Snss in coal, the lower delta(34)Snss for the air mass
      transported over the Japanese islands suggest that sulfuric acid in PM2.5
      modified the delta(34)Snss due to aerosol mixing with sulfuric acid in Japan.
      Material balance calculations suggested that the relative contribution of
      transboundary transport in winter was also higher than for other seasons (40-75%
      in spring, 51-63% in summer, 45-73% in autumn, and 53-81% in winter). In
      particular, the contribution to the air masses which were transported directly
      from the Asian continent was relatively large (75% in spring, 59% in autumn, 78%
      in winter) in comparison with that for the air masses which were transported over
      Japan.

PMID- 26970198
TI  - Combined impacts of precipitation and temperature on diffuse phosphorus pollution
      loading and critical source area identification in a freeze-thaw area.
AB  - The loss of diffuse phosphorus (P) presented different characteristics in the
      freeze-thaw area due to the combined impacts of precipitation and temperature,
      which caused spatiotemporal variations of the critical source area of diffuse P
      (CSAP). The temperature and precipitation classification (TPC) method was
      proposed to identify the spatiotemporal characteristics of the CSAP in the cold
      area, and each year was divided into a freeze-thaw season and a growing season
      according to the average monthly temperature. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool
      (SWAT) provided the spatiotemporal patterns of the diffuse P loads. The years
      were also reclassified into dry, normal and wet years according to the annual
      precipitation levels. The CSAP with the 1st cumulative load level shared 9.68% of
      the same area between the two seasons, which had dry land as the dominant land
      use with direct P fertilization. The spatial distributions of the potential areas
      and the CSAP with the 2nd cumulative load level were more sensitive to the
      variation in temperature, which had 30.8%-46.1% of unvaried area between seasons.
      The cumulative load level analysis indicated that 14 subbasins in the freeze-thaw
      season and 7 subbasins in the growing season, which covered 61.2% and 48.6% of
      the total basin area, respectively, changed with the traditional CSAP
      identification among dry, normal and wet years. The fluctuation level analysis
      was carried out to compare the distributional difference of the CSAP and the
      potential areas between the TPC method and the traditional method, which
      highlighted the advantages of the TPC method. The results would be useful in
      identifying the distribution of the CSAP in cold areas, which improved the
      efficiency of diffuse pollution control. 

PMID- 26970200
TI  - Valence state alternation of copper species doped in HY zeolite as revealed by
      paramagnetic relaxation enhancement NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) solid-state NMR (ssNMR) was used to
      monitor the valence state alternation of copper species doped in HY zeolite
      during catalytic reaction processes. The combination of PRE ssNMR and in-situ NMR
      spectroscopy facilitates the detection of copper species as well as the
      monitoring of evolution from reactants, intermediates to products in
      heterogeneously catalyzed processes, which is of great importance for elucidating
      the detailed catalytic reaction mechanism. 

PMID- 26970201
TI  - Early postnatal testosterone predicts sex-related differences in early expressive
      vocabulary.
AB  - During the first few years of life, girls typically have a larger expressive
      vocabulary than boys. This sex difference is important since a small vocabulary
      may predict subsequent language difficulties, which are more prevalent in boys
      than girls. The masculinizing effects of early androgen exposure on
      neurobehavioral development are well-documented in nonhuman mammals. The present
      study conducted the first test of whether early postnatal testosterone
      concentrations influence sex differences in expressive vocabulary in toddlers. It
      was found that testosterone measured in saliva samples collected at 1-3 months of
      age, i.e., during the period called mini-puberty, negatively predicted parent
      report expressive vocabulary size at 18-30 months of age in boys and in girls.
      Testosterone concentrations during mini-puberty also accounted for additional
      variance in expressive vocabulary after other predictors such as sex, child's age
      at vocabulary assessment, and paternal education, were taken into account.
      Furthermore, testosterone concentrations during mini-puberty mediated the sex
      difference in expressive vocabulary. These results suggest that testosterone
      during the early postnatal period contributes to early language development and
      neurobehavioral sexual differentiation in humans.

PMID- 26970202
TI  - Assessment of energy density usage during 180W lithium triborate laser
      photoselective vaporization of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Is
      there an optimum amount of kilo-Joules per gram of prostate?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of energy density (kJ/mL) applied on adenoma
      during photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) treatment for benign
      prostate hyperplasia (BPH) on functional outcomes, prostate-specific antigen
      (PSA) reduction and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After exclusions, a
      total of 440 patients who underwent GreenLight (tm) laser XPS-180W lithium
      triborate PVP for the treatment of BPH were retrospectively reviewed. Data were
      collected from seven different international centres (Canada, USA, UK and
      France). Patients were stratified into four energy density groups (kJ/mL)
      according to intra-operative energy delivered and prostate volume as determined
      by preoperative transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS): group 1: <3 kJ/mL; group 2: 3
      5 kJ/mL; group 3: 5-7 kJ/mL; and group 4: >=7 kJ/mL. Energy density groups were
      chosen arbitrarily. PSA reduction and functional outcomes (International Prostate
      Symptom Score, quality of life, post-void residual urine volume, maximum urinary
      flow rate) were compared at 6, 12 and 24 months. Peri-operative complications and
      retreatment rates were also compared among the groups. RESULTS: The PSA reduction
      rates at 24 months after the procedure were 51, 61, 79 and 83% for the energy
      density groups <3, 3-5, 5-7 and >=7 kJ/mL, respectively (P <= 0.01). This held
      true after accounting for baseline confounders. Energy density was not associated
      with higher complication rates, including haematuria, stricture formation,
      incontinence, refractory urinary retention, urinary tract infection and
      conversion to transurethral resection of the prostate. Functional outcomes at 2
      years of follow-up were equivalent among the groups (P > 0.05 for all) and
      similar retreatment rates were observed (P = 0.36). CONCLUSION: Higher energy
      usage per cc of prostate was associated with a more significant reduction in PSA
      level (>50%) at 6, 12 and 24 months, suggesting increased vaporization of adenoma
      tissue; however, this did not translate into differences in functional outcomes
      at 2-year follow-up.

PMID- 26970203
TI  - Roles of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications in differentiation
      and maintenance of regulatory T cells.
AB  - Regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential cell subset for the maintenance of
      immune homeostasis. Treg cells are characterized by a distinct pattern of gene
      expression, including the upregulation of immune-suppressive genes and the
      silencing of inflammatory genes. The molecular mechanisms involved in the
      development and maintenance of Tregs have been extensively investigated. We have
      identified essential transcription factors NR4a and Smad2/3 in the development of
      thymic Tregs and induced Tregs, respectively. This article reviews the roles of
      transcription factors in the differentiation, maintenance, and function of Treg
      cells. 

PMID- 26970205
TI  - Doxorubicin/gold-loaded core/shell nanoparticles for combination therapy to treat
      cancer through the enhanced tumor targeting.
AB  - A combination therapy consisting of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is performed
      using the core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) containing gold NPs and doxorubicin
      (DOX). Gold NPs in the core/shell NPs were utilized as a radiosensitizer. To
      examine the morphology and size distribution of the core/shell NPs, transmittance
      electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used. The in vitro release
      behavior, cellular uptake and toxicity were also observed to verify the
      functionality of the core/shell NPs as a nanocarrier. To demonstrate the
      advantage of the core/shell NPs over traditional gold NPs reported in the
      combination therapy, we evaluated the accumulation behavior of the core/shell NPs
      at the tumor site using the biodistribution. Antitumor efficacy was observed with
      and without radiation to evaluate the role of gold NPs as a radiosensitizer. 

PMID- 26970204
TI  - Immunogenic properties of trivalent recombinant protein composed of B-subunits of
      LT, STX-2, and CT toxins.
AB  - Infectious diarrhoea remains an emerging problem in the world health program.
      Among diarrheagenic agents, Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic and
      enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli are critical enteropathogens. AB5 toxin
      produced by these bacteria, heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), cholera enterotoxin
      (CT), and shiga-like cytotoxin (STX) can target the immune system and are subunit
      vaccine candidates. A chemically-synthesized chimeric construct composed of the
      binding subunits of these toxins (LTB, STXB, and CTXB) was developed based on
      bioinformatics studies. The whole chimeric protein (rLSC) and each of the
      segments (rLTB, rSTXB, and rCTXB) were expressed in a prokaryotic expression
      system (E. coli), purified, and analysed for their immunogenic properties. The
      results indicate that these recombinant proteins were effectively able to present
      appropriate epitopes to an animal model of the immune system which could result
      in and increase IgG in serum and immune responses that protect against the
      binding activity of these toxins. The immunological assays revealed that the sera
      of immunized mice prevented toxins from binding to their specific receptors and
      neutralized their toxic effects. The proposed construct should be considered as a
      potent immunogen to prevent toxicity and diarrhoea.

PMID- 26970206
TI  - Bone regeneration in critical-sized bone defect enhanced by introducing
      osteoinductivity to biphasic calcium phosphate granules.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) is frequently used as bone
      substitute and often needs to be combined with autologous bone to gain an
      osteoinductive property for guided bone regeneration in implant dentistry. Given
      the limitations of using autologous bone, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2)
      coprecipitated, layer-by-layer assembled biomimetic calcium phosphate particles
      (BMP2-cop.BioCaP) have been developed as a potential osteoinducer. In this study,
      we hypothesized that BMP2-cop.BioCaP could introduce osteoinductivity to BCP and
      so could function as effectively as autologous bone for the repair of a critical
      sized bone defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prepared BMP2-cop.BioCaP and
      monitored the loading and release kinetics of BMP2 from it in vitro. Seven groups
      (n = 6 animals/group) were established: (i) Empty defect; (ii) BCP; (iii) BCP
      mixed with biomimetic calcium phosphate particles (BioCaP); (iv) BCP mixed with
      BMP2-cop.BioCaP; (v) BioCaP; (vi) BMP2-cop.BioCaP; (vii) BCP mixed with
      autologous bone. They were implanted into 8-mm-diameter rat cranial critical
      sized bone defects for an in vivo evaluation. Autologous bone served as a
      positive control. The osteoinductive efficacy and degradability of materials were
      evaluated using micro-CT, histology and histomorphometry. RESULTS: The combined
      application of BCP and BMP2-cop.BioCaP resulted in significantly more new bone
      formation than BCP alone. The osteoinductive efficacy of BMP2-cop.BioCaP was
      comparable to the golden standard use of autologous bone. Compared with BCP
      alone, significantly more BCP degradation was found when mixed with BMP2
      cop.BioCaP. CONCLUSION: The combination of BCP and BMP2-cop.BioCaP showed a
      promising potential for guided bone regeneration clinically in the future.

PMID- 26970207
TI  - Ultrarobust Thin-Film Devices from Self-Assembled Metal-Terpyridine Oligomers.
AB  - Ultrathin molecular layers of Fe(II) -terpyridine oligomers allow the fabrication
      of large-area crossbar junctions by conventional electrode vapor deposition. The
      junctions are electrically stable for over 2.5 years and operate over a wide
      range of temperatures (150-360 K) and voltages (+/-3 V) due to the high cohesive
      energy and packing density of the oligomer layer. Electrical measurements reveal
      ideal Richardson-Shottky emission in surprising agreement with electrochemical,
      optical, and photoemission data.

PMID- 26970208
TI  - Cardiorespiratory interactions: Noncontact assessment using laser Doppler
      vibrometry.
AB  - The application of a noncontact physiological recording technique, based on the
      method of laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), is described. The effectiveness of the
      LDV method as a physiological recording modality lies in the ability to detect
      very small movements of the skin, associated with internal mechanophysiological
      activities. The method is validated for a range of cardiovascular variables,
      extracted from the contour of the carotid pulse waveform as a function of phase
      of the respiration cycle. Data were obtained from 32 young healthy participants,
      while resting and breathing spontaneously. Individual beats were assigned to four
      segments, corresponding with inspiration and expiration peaks and transitional
      periods. Measures relating to cardiac and vascular dynamics are shown to agree
      with the pattern of effects seen in the substantial body of literature based on
      human and animal experiments, and with selected signals recorded simultaneously
      with conventional sensors. These effects include changes in heart rate, systolic
      time intervals, and stroke volume. There was also some evidence for vascular
      adjustments over the respiration cycle. The effectiveness of custom algorithmic
      approaches for extracting the key signal features was confirmed. The advantages
      of the LDV method are discussed in terms of the metrological properties and
      utility in psychophysiological research. Although used here within a suite of
      conventional sensors and electrodes, the LDV method can be used on a stand-alone,
      noncontact basis, with no requirement for skin preparation, and can be used in
      harsh environments including the MR scanner.

PMID- 26970210
TI  - From NGS assembly challenges to instability of fungal mitochondrial genomes: A
      case study in genome complexity.
AB  - The presence of repetitive or non-unique DNA persisting over sizable regions of a
      eukaryotic genome can hinder the genome's successful de novo assembly from short
      reads: ambiguities in assigning genome locations to the non-unique subsequences
      can result in premature termination of contigs and thus overfragmented
      assemblies. Fungal mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes are compact (typically less than
      100 kb), yet often contain short non-unique sequences that can be shown to impede
      their successful de novo assembly in silico. Such repeats can also confuse
      processes in the cell in vivo. A well-studied example is ectopic (out-of
      register, illegitimate) recombination associated with repeat pairs, which can
      lead to deletion of functionally important genes that are located between the
      repeats. Repeats that remain conserved over micro- or macroevolutionary
      timescales despite such risks may indicate functionally or structurally (e.g.,
      for replication) important regions. This principle could form the basis of a
      mining strategy for accelerating discovery of function in genome sequences. We
      present here our screening of a sample of 11 fully sequenced fungal mitochondrial
      genomes by observing where exact k-mer repeats occurred several times; initial
      analyses motivated us to focus on 17-mers occurring more than three times. Based
      on the diverse repeats we observe, we propose that such screening may serve as an
      efficient expedient for gaining a rapid but representative first insight into the
      repeat landscapes of sparsely characterized mitochondrial chromosomes. Our
      matching of the flagged repeats to previously reported regions of interest
      supports the idea that systems of persisting, non-trivial repeats in genomes can
      often highlight features meriting further attention.

PMID- 26970209
TI  - Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older hospital in-patients:
      Prevalence, contribution to hospital admission and documentation of rationale for
      continuation.
AB  - AIM: To establish prevalence, sequelae and documentation of potentially
      inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older hospital in-patients. METHODS: Notes
      of all patients >=65 years old, admitted to our tertiary teaching hospital
      (January 2013), were retrospectively reviewed, and the Screening Tool of Older
      Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions applied. RESULTS: Amongst 534
      patients, 54.8% (284) were on >=1 PIM at admission, 26.8% on multiple; 60.8% were
      discharged on a PIM. Six percent of all admissions were potentially attributable
      to a PIM; falls associated with risk therapies were commonest (23/30), and often
      (65.2%) associated with serious injury. Pre-specified subgroup analysis (n = 100)
      identified 101 PIMs-at-discharge amongst 47 patients. In 82.2%, a clinical
      rationale for continued prescription was documented, with this communicated to
      the GP by letter in 71.1%. CONCLUSION: PIMs were common, and contributed to
      admission and injury. Hospitalisation provides an opportunity for medication
      rationalisation, and documentation of rationale for any PIM use.

PMID- 26970211
TI  - Two highly similar LAEDDTNAQKT and LTDKIGTEI epitopes in G glycoprotein may be
      useful for effective epitope based vaccine design against pathogenic Henipavirus.
AB  - Nipah virus and Hendra virus, two members of the genus Henipavirus, are newly
      emerging zoonotic pathogens which cause acute respiratory illness and severe
      encephalitis in human. Lack of the effective antiviral therapy endorses the
      urgency for the development of vaccine against these deadly viruses. In this
      study, we employed various computational approaches to identify epitopes which
      has the potential for vaccine development. By analyzing the immune parameters of
      the conserved sequences of G glycoprotein using various databases and
      bioinformatics tools, we identified two potential epitopes which may be used as
      peptide vaccines. Using different B cell epitope prediction servers, four highly
      similar B cell epitopes were identified. Immunoinformatics analyses revealed that
      LAEDDTNAQKT is a highly flexible and accessible B-cell epitope to antibody.
      Highly similar putative CTL epitopes were analyzed for their binding with the HLA
      C 12*03 molecule. Docking simulation assay revealed that LTDKIGTEI has
      significantly lower binding energy, which bolstered its potential as epitope
      based vaccine design. Finally, cytotoxicity analysis has also justified their
      potential as promising epitope-based vaccine candidate. In sum, our computational
      analysis indicates that either LAEDDTNAQKT or LTDKIGTEI epitope holds a promise
      for the development of universal vaccine against all kinds of pathogenic
      Henipavirus. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are necessary to validate the
      obtained findings. 

PMID- 26970212
TI  - Targeting nuclear transporters in cancer: Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic
      potential.
AB  - The Karyopherin superfamily is a major class of soluble transport receptors
      consisting of both import and export proteins. The trafficking of proteins
      involved in transcription, cell signalling and cell cycle regulation among other
      functions across the nuclear membrane is essential for normal cellular
      functioning. However, in cancer cells, the altered expression or localization of
      nuclear transporters as well as the disruption of endogenous nuclear transport
      inhibitors are some ways in which the Karyopherin proteins are dysregulated. The
      value of nuclear transporters in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer
      is currently being elucidated with recent studies highlighting their potential as
      biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

PMID- 26970213
TI  - Physiology of intracellular potassium channels: A unifying role as mediators of
      counterion fluxes?
AB  - Plasma membrane potassium channels importantly contribute to maintain ion
      homeostasis across the cell membrane. The view is emerging that also those
      residing in intracellular membranes play pivotal roles for the coordination of
      correct cell function. In this review we critically discuss our current
      understanding of the nature and physiological tasks of potassium channels in
      organelle membranes in both animal and plant cells, with a special emphasis on
      their function in the regulation of photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration.
      In addition, the emerging role of potassium channels in the nuclear membranes in
      regulating transcription will be discussed. The possible functions of endoplasmic
      reticulum-, lysosome- and plant vacuolar membrane-located channels are also
      referred to. Altogether, experimental evidence obtained with distinct channels in
      different membrane systems points to a possible unifying function of most
      intracellular potassium channels in counterbalancing the movement of other ions
      including protons and calcium and modulating membrane potential, thereby fine
      tuning crucial cellular processes. This article is part of a Special Issue
      entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda,
      Italy, July 2-7, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi. 

PMID- 26970214
TI  - Coenzyme Q biosynthesis and its role in the respiratory chain structure.
AB  - Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a unique electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory
      chain, which is synthesized on-site by a nuclear encoded multiprotein complex.
      CoQ receives electrons from different redox pathways, mainly NADH and FADH2 from
      tricarboxylic acid pathway, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, electron transfer
      flavoprotein dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that support
      key aspects of the metabolism. Here we explore some lines of evidence supporting
      the idea of the interaction of CoQ with the respiratory chain complexes,
      contributing to their superassembly, including respirasome, and its role in
      reactive oxygen species production in the mitochondrial inner membrane. We also
      review the current knowledge about the involvement of mitochondrial genome
      defects and electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase mutations in the
      induction of secondary CoQ deficiency. This mechanism would imply specific
      interactions coupling CoQ itself or the CoQ-biosynthetic apparatus with the
      respiratory chain components. These interactions would regulate mitochondrial CoQ
      steady-state levels and function. This article is part of a Special Issue
      entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda,
      Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi. 

PMID- 26970215
TI  - Which cost of alcohol? What should we compare it against?
AB  - This paper explores and develops issues raised by recent debates about the cost
      of alcohol to England and Wales. It advances two arguments. First, that the
      commonly used estimates for alcohol harm in England and Wales are outdated, not
      fully reliable and in need of revisiting. These estimates rely on data that are
      between 4 and 12 years out of date and sensitive to questionable assumptions and
      methodological judgements. Secondly, it argues that policymakers, academics and
      non-governmental organizations should be more careful in their use of these
      numbers. In particular, it is imperative that the numbers quoted fit the argument
      advanced. To help guide such appropriate usage, the different types of cost of
      alcohol are surveyed, alongside some thoughts on the questions they help us to
      answer and what they imply for policy. For example, comprehensive estimates of
      the total social cost of alcohol provide an indication of the scale of the
      problem, but have limited policy relevance. External cost estimates represent a
      'lowest common denominator' approach acceptable to most, but require additional
      assumptions to guide action. Narrower perspectives, such as fiscal, economic or
      health costs, may be relevant in specific contexts. However, optimal policy
      should take a holistic view of all the relevant costs and benefits. Similarly,
      focusing solely on tangible costs may be less controversial, but will result in
      an under-estimate of the relevant costs of alcohol.

PMID- 26970216
TI  - Zinc finger protein rotund deficiency affects development of the thoracic leg in
      Bombyx mori.
AB  - The insect limb develops from the imaginal disc or larval leg during
      metamorphosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the development from the
      larval to the adult leg are poorly understood. Herein, we cloned the full length
      of a zinc finger gene rotund from Bombyx mori (Bmrn), which contained a 1419 bp
      open reading frame, and encoded a 473 amino acid protein. Reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses demonstrated that Bmrn was
      expressed at higher levels in the epidermis than in other tissues tested, and it
      showed a very high expression level during metamorphosis. Knock-down of Bmrn
      produced defects in the tarsus and pretarsus, including the fusion and reduction
      of tarsomeres, and the developmental arrest of pretarsus. Our data showed that
      Bmrn is involved in the formation of the tarsus and pretarsus, whereas its
      homologous gene in Drosophila has been shown to affect three tarsal segments (t2
      t4), suggesting that the remodeling of the leg has involved changes in the
      patterning of gene regulation during evolution.

PMID- 26970217
TI  - Pilot study aiming to support sleep quality and duration during hospitalizations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep is a vital part to healing and recovery, hence poor sleep
      during hospitalizations is highly undesirable. Few studies have assessed
      interventions to optimize sleep among hospitalized patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess
      the effect of sleep-promoting interventions on sleep quality and duration among
      hospitalized patients. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental prospective study. SETTING:
      Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients on the general medicine
      ward. INTERVENTION: Nurse-delivered sleep-promoting interventions augmented by
      sleep hygiene education and environmental control to minimize sleep disruption.
      MEASUREMENTS: Objective and subjective measurement of sleep parameters using
      validated sleep questionnaires, daily sleep diary, and actigraphy monitor.
      RESULTS: Of the 112 patients studied, the mean age was 58 years, 55% were female,
      the mean body mass index was 32, and 43% were in the intervention group. Linear
      mixed models tested mean differences in 7 sleep measures and group differences in
      slopes representing nightly changes in sleep outcomes over the course of
      hospitalization between intervention and control groups. Only total sleep time,
      computed from sleep diaries, demonstrated significant overall mean difference of
      49.6 minutes (standard error [SE] = 21.1, P < 0.05). However, significant
      differences in average slopes of subjective ratings of sleep quality (0.46, SE =
      0.18, P < 0.05), refreshing sleep (0.54, SE = 0.19, P < 0.05), and sleep
      interruptions (-1.6, SE = 0.6, P < 0.05) indicated improvements during
      hospitalization within intervention patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION:
      This study demonstrated that there is an opportunity to identify patients not
      sleeping well in the hospital. Sleep-promoting initiatives, both at the unit
      level as well as individualized offerings, may improve sleep during
      hospitalizations, particularly over the course of the hospitalization. Journal of
      Hospital Medicine 2016;11:467-472. (c) 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 26970218
TI  - Manifestation of tranexamic acid toxicity in chronic kidney disease and kidney
      transplant patients: A report of four cases and review of literature.
AB  - AIM: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a synthetic anti-fibrinolytic agent commonly used
      for the prevention and treatment of bleeding disorders. The aim of this study is
      to describe the clinical manifestation of TXA toxicity in chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) patients. METHODS: From 2005 to 2014, we encountered four CKD patients who
      experienced severe complications related to TXA. Clinical manifestations and
      outcome of these patients were recorded. We then performed a qualitative
      literature review of published cases of TXA toxicity in CKD patients in the
      PubMed database from 1 January 1972 to 31 December 2015. RESULTS: In our centre,
      two peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients developed neurotoxicity after intravenous
      TXA use for surgical bleeding and one PD patient developed neurotoxicity after
      oral TXA use for post-polypectomy colonic bleeding. One kidney transplant
      recipient developed acute obstructive uropathy due to retention of blood clot at
      the pelvi-ureteric junction of graft kidney after taking oral TXA for
      menorrhagia. Dosage of TXA was not adjusted according to renal function in all
      cases. All of them recovered without permanent disability after TXA was stopped.
      From our literature search, we identified two cases of neurotoxicity (one PD, one
      stage 4 CKD patient), one case of retinal toxicity in a haemolysis (HD) patient,
      one case of ligneous conjunctivitis in a CKD patient, and one case of toxic
      epidermal necrolysis in a CKD patient. CONCLUSION: Neurotoxicity is a very common
      clinical manifestation of TXA toxicity in CKD patients. Thrombotic complication
      is rare. Dosage adjustment of TXA is essential in CKD patients.

PMID- 26970219
TI  - Motor unit number index in the nasalis muscle in healthy subjects and patients
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Motor unit number index (MUNIX) is a quick and feasible
      electrophysiological technique that estimates the number of motor neurons in limb
      muscles in healthy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) subjects. In this
      study we explored the feasibility, reliability, and differences of MUNIX in
      nasalis muscles in healthy subjects and ALS patients. METHODS: MUNIX of the
      nasalis muscle of 50 healthy and 20 ALS subjects with bulbar involvement was
      compared. Functional impairment was evaluated by the ALS Functional Rating Scale
      Revised and its bulbar subscore. RESULTS: MUNIX was well tolerated and quickly
      performed. Bulbar ALS patients showed non-significant lower nasalis MUNIX values
      and a lower functional bulbar subscore. Intra- and interrater reliability showed
      high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) in healthy subjects (0.87) and
      ALS patients (0.92). CONCLUSION: MUNIX of the nasalis muscle is a reproducible
      method, but it showed no significant difference between healthy and bulbar ALS
      subjects and seems not to be a useful marker of disease progression in ALS.
      Muscle Nerve 54: 733-737, 2016.

PMID- 26970221
TI  - Glutarimidedioxime: A Complexing and Reducing Reagent for Plutonium Recovery from
      Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing.
AB  - Efficient separation processes for recovering uranium and plutonium from spent
      nuclear fuel are essential to the development of advanced nuclear fuel cycles.
      The performance characteristics of a new salt-free complexing and reducing
      reagent, glutarimidedioxime (H2A), are reported for recovering plutonium in a
      PUREX process. With a phase ratio of organic to aqueous of up to 10:1, plutonium
      can be effectively stripped from 30% tributyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene into 1
      M HNO3 with H2A. The complexation-reduction mechanism is illustrated with the
      combination of UV/Vis absorption spectra and the crystal structure of a Pu(IV)
      complex with the reagent. The fast stripping rate and the high efficiency for
      stripping Pu(IV), through the complexation-reduction mechanism, is suitable for
      use in centrifugal contactors with very short contact/resident times, thereby
      offering significant advantages over conventional processes.

PMID- 26970220
TI  - CD14 is associated with biliary stricture formation.
AB  - The pathogenesis of intrahepatic biliary stricture formation in patients with
      primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or after liver transplantation (LTx) remains
      elusive. CD14 receptor signaling is a key mediator of the innate immune system;
      its common genetic variant is associated with alcoholic liver disease. PSC and
      LTx cohort patients and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) control patients were
      genotyped for the CD14 -260C>T (rs2569190) polymorphism, and genotypes were
      correlated with long-term clinical outcome. Biliary tissue, bile, and whole blood
      of PSC patients and healthy controls were screened for markers of the innate
      immune system and bacterial infection. In 121 PSC patients, the CD14 -260C>T
      genotype was associated with development of dominant bile duct strictures (P =
      0.02). In 365 LTx patients, TT carriers (4.1%) were protected against the
      formation of nonanastomotic biliary strictures versus CC/CT patients (12.6%; P =
      0.01). Chemokine ligand 8 (P = 0.04) and chemokine receptor 6 (P = 0.004) were up
      regulated in biliary tissue of PSC patients with the TT versus the CC/CT
      genotype. Lipopolysaccharide whole-blood stimulation resulted in a significant
      change in interleukin (IL)-8 (P = 0.05) and IL-12p40 levels (P = 0.04) in healthy
      control subjects carrying the TT genotype. TT PSC patients were protected against
      Gram-negative bacterial biliary infection (TT: 0% vs. CC/CT: 22.5%; P = 0.02).
      Serum-soluble CD14 levels correlated with the CD14 -260C>T genotype (P = 0.02),
      representing an independent risk indicator of survival in PSC patients (hazard
      ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.86; P =0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The
      function of the innate immune response by CD14 is crucial during biliary
      infection and stricture formation. The benefits of CD14 signaling modification
      should be addressed in future studies. (Hepatology 2016;64:843-852).

PMID- 26970223
TI  - ECG Challenge: Single or Double Tachycardia?

PMID- 26970224
TI  - Barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-management with elderly Korean
      American immigrants.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to explore barriers to and facilitators of
      diabetes self-management among first-generation Korean-American elderly
      immigrants with type 2 diabetes in the United States Midwest. BACKGROUND: The
      number of Korean-American elderly immigrants with type 2 diabetes in the United
      States is expected to increase because they are at risk of adopting a Western
      lifestyle. METHODS: Three focus groups (N = 18) and five individual interviews
      were conducted with Korean-American elderly immigrants with type 2 diabetes.
      Demographic characteristics and diabetes-related medical history information were
      obtained with a questionnaire. All data were digitally recorded, transcribed
      verbatim and translated from Korean into English. Transcripts were analysed using
      standard content-based analysis. RESULTS: Five perceived barriers were
      identified: the high cost of type 2 diabetes care, language issues, loss of self
      control, memory loss and limited access to healthcare resources. Three perceived
      facilitators were time, seeking information, and family and peer supports.
      LIMITATIONS: The convenience samples and small sample size may limit the study.
      CONCLUSIONS: The barriers to and facilitators of diabetes self-management
      identified in this study can be used in the development of more age- and
      culturally sensitive diabetes interventions and resources. IMPLICATION FOR
      NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Nurses and healthcare providers can use this study's
      findings to develop patient-centred, age-appropriate and culturally appropriate
      diabetes interventions. There are urgent needs to train bilingual healthcare
      providers and staff and to provide translation services for Korean-American
      elderly immigrants. Finally, communities and social supports within public health
      policy are urgently needed for this ethnic minority group.

PMID- 26970225
TI  - Human parvovirus B19-induced transient red cell aplasia in a patient with vitamin
      B12 deficiency.

PMID- 26970222
TI  - Programming of maternal and offspring disease: impact of growth restriction,
      fetal sex and transmission across generations.
AB  - Babies born small are at an increased risk of developing myriad adult diseases.
      While growth restriction increases disease risk in all individuals, often a
      second hit is required to unmask 'programmed' impairments in physiology.
      Programmed disease outcomes are demonstrated more commonly in male offspring
      compared with females, with these sex-specific outcomes partly attributed to
      different placenta-regulated growth strategies of the male and female fetus.
      Pregnancy is known to be a major risk factor for unmasking a number of conditions
      and can be considered a 'second hit' for women who were born small. As such,
      female offspring often develop impairments of physiology for the first time
      during pregnancy that present as pregnancy complications. Numerous maternal
      stressors can further increase the risk of developing a maternal complication
      during pregnancy. Importantly, these maternal complications can have long-term
      consequences for both the mother after pregnancy and the developing fetus.
      Conditions such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and hypertension as well as
      thyroid, liver and kidney diseases are all conditions that can complicate
      pregnancy and have long-term consequences for maternal and offspring health.
      Babies born to mothers who develop these conditions are often at a greater risk
      of developing disease in adulthood. This has implications as a mechanism for
      transmission of disease across generations. In this review, we discuss the
      evidence surrounding long-term intergenerational implications of being born small
      and/or experiencing stress during pregnancy on programming outcomes.

PMID- 26970226
TI  - The efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease.

PMID- 26970228
TI  - Identifying Reactive Sites and Transport Limitations of Oxygen Reactions in
      Aprotic Lithium-O2 Batteries at the Stage of Sudden Death.
AB  - Discharging of the aprotic Li-O2 battery relies on the O2 reduction reaction
      (ORR) forming solid Li2 O2 in the positive electrode, which is often
      characterized by a sharp voltage drop (that is, sudden death) at the end of
      discharge, delivering a capacity far below its theoretical promise. Toward
      unlocking the energy capabilities of Li-O2 batteries, it is crucial to have a
      fundamental understanding of the origin of sudden death in terms of reactive
      sites and transport limitations. Herein, a mechanistic study is presented on a
      model system of Au|Li2 O2 |Li(+) electrolyte, in which the Au electrode was
      passivated with a thin Li2 O2 film by discharging to the state of sudden death.
      Direct conductivity measurement of the Li2 O2 film and in situ spectroscopic
      study of ORR using (18) O2 for passivation and (16) O2 for further discharging
      provide compelling evidence that ORR (and O2 evolution reaction as well) occurs
      at the buried interface of Au|Li2 O2 and is limited by electron instead of Li(+)
      and O2 transport. 

PMID- 26970229
TI  - Educating Family Caregivers for Older Adults About Delirium: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delirium in older adults is considered a medical emergency; it
      contributes to a cascade of functional decline and to increased mortality. Early
      recognition of delirium symptoms is critical to prevent these negative
      consequences. Family caregivers who are educated about delirium could partner
      with nurses and other healthcare professionals in early recognition of delirium
      symptoms. Before implementing such partnership models, it is important to examine
      the effectiveness of educating family caregivers about delirium. AIMS: To examine
      whether providing education on delirium to family caregivers improved their
      knowledge, emotional state, or response in reducing the incidence of delirium in
      older adults. METHODS: For this systematic review, we conducted literature
      searches in CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Social
      Sciences in ProQuest, Dissertations and Theses, and the Virginia Henderson Global
      Nursing eRepository for studies published in the English language between January
      2000 and June 2015. Criteria for inclusion were: (a) primary focus on educating
      family caregivers for older adults about delirium; (b) use of experimental, quasi
      experimental, or comparative design; (c) measured family caregiver outcomes of
      delirium knowledge, emotional state, or response in reducing delirium incidence
      in older adults; and (d) published in the English language. Articles were
      appraised using Melnyk's rapid critical appraisal guides. RESULTS: Seven studies
      met the review criteria. Four studies found that family caregivers' delirium
      knowledge increased; two noted that delirium incidence in older adults declined;
      and one study reported less distress following receipt of education. LINKING
      EVIDENCE TO ACTION: Providing family caregivers with information about delirium
      can be beneficial for both family caregivers and older adults. However, rigorous
      evaluation of education programs for family caregivers about delirium is needed.

PMID- 26970227
TI  - Effect of simvastatin on rat supraspinatus tendon mechanical and histological
      properties in a diet-induced hypercholesterolemia model.
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia is a common condition and is a risk factor for tendon
      rupture, specifically in the supraspinatus tendon. In the clinic, statins are
      commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol, but little information is available
      examining the effect of statin treatment on the musculoskeletal system.
      Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the biomechanical and
      histological effects of statin treatment in a diet-induced hypercholesterolemia
      model. We hypothesized that hypercholesterolemic rats treated with statins would
      have improved tendon biomechanical and histological properties compared to
      hypercholesterolemic rats not receiving daily statin treatment. Thirty adult male
      Sprague-Dawley rats ate either high-cholesterol (HC) diet (n = 20) or normal chow
      (CTL, n = 10). After 6 months, a subset of HC rats began daily oral simvastatin
      dosing (HC+S) at 20 mg/kg. All rats were sacrificed after a total of 9 months (3
      months of statin treatment) and evaluated for histology and mechanics. For
      mechanics, at the insertion region, HC+S group had increased tendon cross
      sectional area decreased and modulus. No differences were noted in mechanical
      properties at the midsubstance. For histology, no differences were noted in the
      insertion region. In the midsubstance region, HC+S group had more spindle shaped
      cells. Our results suggest that 3 months of simvastatin treatment in a diet
      induced hypercholesterolemia rat model alters some tendon mechanical and
      histological properties, although a strong conclusion in support of improved
      parameters cannot be drawn. Therefore, we conclude that simvastatin treatment
      does not negatively affect tendon properties. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research
      Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2009-2015, 2016.

PMID- 26970230
TI  - Clinical efficacy of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical
      periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - FOCUSED QUESTION: What is the clinical influence of probiotics as an adjunctive
      therapy of scaling and root planing (SRP) when compared with SRP alone or in
      combination with placebo in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS:
      Electronic databases were searched up to July 2015. Randomized controlled trials
      (RCTs) comparing SRP + probiotic versusSRP were included. PPD reduction and CAL
      gain were selected as primary outcome variables. RESULTS: Independent screening
      resulted in four eligible publications for the systematic review and three were
      included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant
      CAL gain (-0.42 mm, p = 0.002) and bleeding on probing (BOP) reduction (-14.66, p
      = 0.003) for SRP + probiotic treatment versusSRP at short-term. Only a tendency
      (p = 0.06) has been observed in terms of overall PPD reduction, whereas results
      were significant when stratified for moderate (-0.18, p = 0.001) and deep pockets
      (-0.67, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the
      findings of this meta-analysis seem to support the adjunctive use of L. reuteri
      to SRP in CP treatment at short-term, especially in deep pockets. Heterogeneity
      and limited available data may reduce the impact of these conclusions. Future
      long-term RCTs evaluating the clinical efficacy of adjunctive probiotics to SRP
      are needed.

PMID- 26970231
TI  - Report of the 19th follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan.
AB  - The 19th Nationwide Follow-up Survey of Primary Liver Cancer in Japan comprised
      20 850 primary liver cancer patients newly registered at 482 medical institutions
      over a period of 2 years (from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007). Of these,
      94.7% had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 4.4% had intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). In addition, follow-up data were obtained regarding 34
      752 patients who were registered in the previous survey. Epidemiological and
      clinicopathological factors, diagnosis, and treatment were examined in newly
      registered patients. Compared with the 18th follow-up survey, the present follow
      up survey suggested an increase in the number of elderly and female patients, a
      reduction in the number of hepatitis B surface antigen- and anti-hepatitis C
      virus antibody-positive patients, and a reduction in tumor size at the time of
      clinical diagnosis. In terms of local ablation therapy, the number of patients
      receiving radiofrequency ablation therapy increased. The cumulative survival
      rates for newly registered patients between 1996 and 2007 were calculated for
      each histological type (HCC, ICC, and combined HCC and ICC) and stratified
      according to background factors and treatments. The cumulative survival rates of
      newly registered patients between 1978 and 2007 were calculated after dividing
      individuals into groups according to registration date (1978-1987, 1988-1997, and
      1998-2007). The data obtained from this follow-up survey will contribute to the
      medical management of primary liver cancer and facilitate future research. 

PMID- 26970232
TI  - Tension-referenced measures of gastrocnemius slack length and stiffness in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is not known how passive muscle length and stiffness contribute to
      rigidity in Parkinson's disease. The objective of this study was to compare
      passive gastrocnemius muscle-tendon slack length and stiffness at known tension
      in Parkinson's disease subjects with ankle rigidity and in able-bodied people.
      METHODS: Passive ankle torque-angle curves were obtained from 15 Parkinson's
      disease subjects with rigidity and 15 control subjects. Torque-angle data were
      used to derive passive gastrocnemius length-tension data and calculate slack
      length and stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle. Between-group comparisons were
      made with linear models. RESULTS: Gastrocnemius muscle-tendon slack lengths
      (adjusted between-group difference, 0.01 m; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.04 m; P = 0.37)
      and stiffness (adjusted between-group difference, 15.7 m-1 ; 95% CI, -8.5 to 39.9
      m-1 ; P = 0.19) were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Parkinson's disease subjects with ankle rigidity did not have significantly
      shorter or stiffer gastrocnemius muscles compared with control subjects. (c) 2016
      International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

PMID- 26970233
TI  - One-step preparation and application of mussel-inspired poly(norepinephrine)
      coated polydimethylsiloxane microchip for separation of chiral compounds.
AB  - In this paper, using the self-polymerization of norepinephrine (NE) and its
      favorable film-forming property, a simple and green preparation approach was
      developed to modify a PDMS channel for enantioseparation of chiral compounds.
      After the PDMS microchip was filled with NE solution, poly(norepinephrine) (PNE)
      film was gradually formed and deposited on the inner wall of microchannel as
      permanent coating via the oxidation of NE by the oxygen dissolved in the
      solution. Due to possessing plentiful catechol and amine functional groups, the
      PNE-coated PDMS microchip exhibited much better wettability, more stable and
      suppressed EOF, and less nonspecific adsorption. The water contact angle and EOF
      of PNE-coated PDMS substrate were measured to be 13 degrees  and 1.68 * 10(-4)
      cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) , compared to those of 108 degrees  and 2.24 * 10(-4) cm(2) V(
      1) s(-1) from the untreated one, respectively. Different kinds of chiral
      compounds, such as amino acid enantiomer, drug enantiomer, and peptide enantiomer
      were efficiently separated utilizing a separation length of 37 mm coupled with in
      column amperometric detection on the PNE-coated PDMS microchips. This facile
      mussel-inspired PNE-based microchip system exhibited strong recognition ability,
      high-performance, admirable reproducibility, and stability, which may have
      potential use in the complex biological analysis.

PMID- 26970235
TI  - Multimodal study of default-mode network integrity in disorders of consciousness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Understanding residual brain function in disorders of consciousness
      poses extraordinary challenges, and imaging examinations are needed to complement
      clinical assessment. The default-mode network (DMN) is known to be dysfunctional,
      although correlation with level of consciousness remains controversial. We
      investigated DMN activity with resting-state functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (rs-fMRI), alongside its structural and metabolic integrity, aiming to
      elucidate the corresponding associations with clinical assessment. METHODS: We
      enrolled 119 consecutive patients: 72 in a vegetative state/unresponsive
      wakefulness state (VS/UWS), 36 in a minimally conscious state (MCS), and 11 with
      severe disability. All underwent structural MRI and rs-fMRI, and a subset also
      underwent 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Data
      were analyzed with manual and automatic approaches, in relation to diagnosis and
      clinical score. RESULTS: Excluding the quartile with largest head movement, DMN
      activity was decreased in VS/UWS compared to MCS, and correlated with clinical
      score. Independent-component and seed-based analyses provided similar results,
      although the latter and their combination were most informative. Structural MRI
      and FDG-PET were less sensitive to head movement and had better diagnostic
      accuracy than rs-fMRI only when all cases were included. rs-fMRI indicated
      relatively preserved DMN activity in a small subset of VS/UWS patients, 2 of whom
      evolved to MCS. The integrity of the left hemisphere appears to be predictive of
      a better clinical status. INTERPRETATION: rs-fMRI of the DMN is sensitive to
      clinical severity. The effect is consistent across data analysis approaches, but
      heavily dependent on head movement. rs-fMRI could be informative in detecting
      residual DMN activity for those patients who remain relatively still during
      scanning and whose diagnosis is uncertain. Ann Neurol 2016;79:841-853.

PMID- 26970236
TI  - Nurturing spiritual well-being among older people in Australia: Drawing on
      Indigenous and non-Indigenous way of knowing.
AB  - AIM: The meaning of spiritual well-being as a health dimension is often contested
      and neglected in policy and practice. This paper explores spiritual well-being
      from both an Indigenous and a non-Indigenous perspective. METHOD: We drew on
      Indigenous and non-Indigenous methodologies to explore the existing knowledge
      around spiritual well-being and its relationship with health. RESULTS: The
      Indigenous perspective proposed that spiritual well-being is founded in The
      Dreaming, informs everyday relationships and can impact on health. The non
      Indigenous perspective suggested that spiritual well-being is shaped by culture
      and religion, is of increased importance as one ages, and can improve coping and
      resilience stressors. CONCLUSIONS: Situating these perspectives side by side
      allows us to learn from both, and understand the importance of spirituality in
      people's lives. Further research is required to better address the spiritual well
      being/health connection in policy and practice.

PMID- 26970237
TI  - Jacobian weighted temporal total variation for motion compensated compressed
      sensing reconstruction of dynamic MRI.
AB  - PURPOSE: To eliminate the need of spatial intraframe regularization in a recently
      reported dynamic MRI compressed-sensing-based reconstruction method with motion
      compensation and to increase its performance. THEORY AND METHODS: We propose a
      new regularization metric based on the introduction of a spatial weighting
      measure given by the Jacobian of the estimated deformations. It shows convenient
      discretization properties and, as a byproduct, it also provides a theoretical
      support to a result reported by others based on an intuitive design. The method
      has been applied to the reconstruction of both short and long axis views of the
      heart of four healthy volunteers. Quantitative image quality metrics as well as
      straightforward visual assessment are reported. RESULTS: Short and long axis
      reconstructions of cardiac cine MRI sequences have shown superior results than
      previously reported methods both in terms of quantitative metrics and of visual
      assessment. Fine details are better preserved due to the lack of additional
      intraframe regularization, with no significant image artifacts even for an
      acceleration factor of 12. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed Jacobian Weighted temporal
      Total Variation results in better reconstructions of highly undersampled cardiac
      cine MRI than previously proposed methods and sets a theoretical ground for
      forward and backward predictors used elsewhere. Magn Reson Med 77:1208-1215,
      2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26970234
TI  - Developing criteria for evaluation of geroprotectors as a key stage toward
      translation to the clinic.
AB  - In the coming decades, a massive shift in the aging segment of the population
      will have major social and economic consequences around the world. One way to
      offset this increase is to expedite the development of geroprotectors, substances
      that slow aging, repair age-associated damage and extend healthy lifespan, or
      healthspan. While over 200 geroprotectors are now reported in model organisms and
      some are in human use for specific disease indications, the path toward
      determining whether they affect aging in humans remains obscure. Translation to
      the clinic is hampered by multiple issues including absence of a common set of
      criteria to define, select, and classify these substances, given the complexity
      of the aging process and their enormous diversity in mechanism of action.
      Translational research efforts would benefit from the formation of a scientific
      consensus on the following: the definition of 'geroprotector', the selection
      criteria for geroprotectors, a comprehensive classification system, and an
      analytical model. Here, we review current approaches to selection and put forth
      our own suggested selection criteria. Standardizing selection of geroprotectors
      will streamline discovery and analysis of new candidates, saving time and cost
      involved in translation to clinic.

PMID- 26970238
TI  - Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in placental separation in the bovine:
      A review.
AB  - Retention of fetal membranes (RFM), where the fetal placenta is not expelled
      within 8-12 hr after calving, lowers bovine productivity and fertility, resulting
      in significant economic loss to the dairy industry. Several risk factors that
      predispose an individual to RFM are known, but a unifying pathogenesis remains
      elusive due to its multifactorial etiology. Fetal membrane separation and
      expulsion after parturition involves structural and immunological changes of the
      bovine placentome that are governed predominantly by steroid hormones and the
      prostaglandin milieu of late pregnancy and parturition. Maturation of the
      placentome, a gradual and concerted event of late gestation, is likely initiated
      by the up-regulation of fetal major histocompatibility complex class I in the
      interplacentomal region-which increases the apoptosis of binucleate and other
      trophoblastic cells, the degradation of collagen in the extracellular matrix by
      matrix metalloproteinases, and an influx of phagocytic leukocytes. Shear force
      further distorts the crypt architecture of the mature placentomes when they are
      forced against the fetus during the second stage of labor. Cotyledon dehiscence
      from the caruncular crypts is completed following fetal expulsion as a result of
      acute shrinkage of the cotelydonary villi as well as reduced perfusion to the
      caruncle; the secundinae is expelled by uterine contractions. A better
      understanding of placentomal maturation, intra-partum, and immediate postpartum
      changes of the placentome should help develop strategies for the treatment and
      prevention of RFM. The present review proposes a model of placentome maturation
      and separation of fetal membranes in the dairy cow.

PMID- 26970239
TI  - One-Pot Fabrication of Hierarchical Nanosheet-Based TiO2 -Carbon Hollow
      Microspheres for Anode Materials of High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries.
AB  - Hierarchical and hollow nanostructures have recently attracted considerable
      attention because of their fantastic architectures and tunable property for
      facile lithium ion insertion and good cycling stability. In this study, a one-pot
      and unusual carving protocol is demonstrated for engineering hollow structures
      with a porous shell. Hierarchical TiO2 hollow spheres with nanosheet-assembled
      shells (TiO2 NHS) were synthesized by the sequestration between the titanium
      source and 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid, and kinetically controlled
      etching in trifluoroacetic acid medium. In addition, annealing such porous
      nanostructures presents the advantage of imparting carbon-doped functional
      performance to its counterpart under different atmospheres. Such highly porous
      structures endow very large specifics surface area of 404 m(2)  g(-1) and 336
      m(2)  g(-1) for the as-prepared and calcination under nitrogen gas. C/TiO2 NHS
      has high capacity of 204 mA h g(-1) at 1 C and a reversible capacity of 105 mA h
      g(-1) at a high rate of 20 C, and exhibits good cycling stability and superior
      rate capability as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

PMID- 26970240
TI  - Nucleus accumbens core and shell are differentially involved in general and
      outcome-specific forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer with alcohol and
      sucrose rewards.
AB  - Alcohol-associated stimuli contribute to relapse risk. Therefore, understanding
      the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying the ability of such stimuli to
      promote alcohol-seeking is important for developing effective treatments for
      alcohol-use disorders. The Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm can be
      used to study the influence of Pavlovian cues on independently-trained
      instrumental responses earning reward. The effects can be either general,
      increasing the vigour of reward-related behaviours, or specific to responses that
      earn a common outcome. These different forms of PIT are mediated by distinct
      neural circuits involving the nucleus accumbens (NAC) core and shell,
      respectively. Here we examined the effects of pharmacological inactivation of
      either the NAC core or shell on PIT generated by alcohol-predictive and sucrose
      predictive stimuli in rats. We found that presentations of a stimulus predicting
      sucrose enhanced responding for sucrose but not alcohol, suggesting an outcome
      specific effect. In contrast, presentations of an alcohol-predictive stimulus
      enhanced responding for both alcohol and sucrose, suggesting a generally arousing
      effect. Inactivation of the NAC core reduced PIT and, in particular, the effect
      of the alcohol stimulus. Inactivation of the NAC shell reduced the specificity of
      the stimulus effects but left the ability of the stimuli to non-specifically
      invigorate responding intact, consistent with a role in mediating the specificity
      of PIT. Together, these results suggest that the NAC core plays a particularly
      important role in mediating the influence of alcohol-predictive cues on reward
      seeking behaviours.

PMID- 26970241
TI  - Loss of genetic diversity in farmed populations of Colossoma macropomum estimated
      by microsatellites.
AB  - The genetic variability of four Colossoma macropomum broodstocks, three from fish
      farms in different regions and one from the natural environment in Brazil, was
      analyzed using microsatellite markers. The wild progeny (n = 30) were caught in
      the Solimoes-Amazonas River, at the varzea lakes; this location is used to mature
      the fish from larvae to juveniles. The three fish farms were selected according
      to the age of their lineages and broodstock availability: DNOCS (n = 21) is
      located in the Ceara State, representing the oldest lineage of cultivated
      tambaqui in Brazil; Balbina (n = 30) is located in the Amazonas State,
      representing the youngest stocks of tambaqui farmed in Brazil (approximately 15
      years); and UFRPE (n = 30) is located in the Pernambuco State and is considered
      to be a mixed stock formed from the DNOCS and Balbina lineages. The analysis of
      13 microsatellite loci indicated the occurrence of a variability reduction in the
      farmed populations; the UFRPE stock was the population with the highest diversity
      level. Low values of molecular coancestry were found in these populations.
      Additionally, significant differences in the RST values among the populations
      were detected, as was the occurrence of genetic structure. The genetic loss found
      in these populations may have been influenced by the founder effect. Because no
      breeding programs were during the entire production period and no pedigree
      records were kept for these broodstocks, we suggest that a wild population might
      be used as an important genetic resource to increase the genetic diversity of
      renewal stock lineages. 

PMID- 26970242
TI  - A new eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)-like disease without tissue eosinophilia
      found in EoE families.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a rapidly emerging, chronic
      inflammatory, genetically impacted disease of the esophagus, defined clinically
      by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and, pathologically, by an eosinophil
      predominant tissue infiltration. However, in four EoE families, we have
      identified patients presenting with EoE-typical and corticosteroid-responsive
      symptoms, but without tissue eosinophilia. The aim of this study was to
      clinically and immunologically characterize these patients with EoE-like disease.
      METHODS: Five patients suffering from an EoE-like disease were evaluated with
      endoscopic, histologic, functional, and quantitative immunohistological
      examinations, and mRNA expression determination. RESULTS: The frequency of first
      generation offspring of patients affected by EoE or EoE-like disease was 40%.
      Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed an almost complete absence of eosinophils
      in the esophageal tissues of patients with EoE-like disease, but revealed a
      considerable T-cell infiltration, comparable to EoE. In contrast to EoE, eotaxin
      3 mRNA and protein were markedly reduced in EoE-like disease (P < 0.05). The mRNA
      expression levels of three selected EoE genes (eotaxin-3, MUC4, and CDH26)
      allowed to discriminate between EoE-like disease, EoE, and normal epithelium.
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients suffering from 'EoE without eosinophilia' do not fulfill
      formally the diagnostic criteria for EoE. However, their clinical manifestation,
      immunohistology, and gene expression pattern, plus the fact that they bequeath
      EoE to their offspring, suggest a uniform underlying pathogenesis. Conventional
      EoE, with its prominent eosinophilia, therefore appears to be only one phenotype
      of a broader 'inflammatory dysphagia syndrome' spectrum. In this light, the role
      of the eosinophils, the definition of EoE, and its diagnostic criteria must
      likely be reconsidered.

PMID- 26970244
TI  - Time consumed by microscopic and nonmicroscopic tasks in image-assisted
      gynecologic screening: Implications for workload assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gynecologic screening cytology is a complex task that includes
      microscopic activities and nonmicroscopic activities. The authors sought to
      determine the amount and percentage of time that cytotechnologists spend on those
      activities using the ThinPrep imaging system. METHODS: In arm 1, a total of 550
      consecutive unselected slides were reviewed by 11 cytotechnologists, and the time
      used for individual subtasks of the screening process was recorded. In arm 2, a
      total of 20 unselected slides were each screened by 10 different
      cytotechnologists (200 slides in total) and total screening times and full manual
      review (FMR) times were recorded. RESULTS: In arm 1, cases with and without FMR
      required an average of 5.6 minutes and 3.0 minutes, respectively, to screen.
      Overall, review of fields of view (FOVs) took 95 seconds. FMR took an average of
      2.6 minutes. The average screening times for FOV-only cases was significantly
      longer than the US Food and Drug Administration/Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
      Services (FDA/CMS) workload limit of 2.4 minutes (P = .005). However, in arm 2,
      the time needed to screen a case increased by an average of 1 minute compared
      with arm 1, including 1.1 minute for FOV-only cases and >2 minutes for FMR plus
      FOV cases. Approximately 100% of cases screened as FOV only exceeded the FDA/CMS
      workload limit of 2.4 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The FDA/CMS workload limits for FOV
      only cases appears to significantly underestimate the time needed to screen those
      cases, but seems to be appropriate for the majority of FMR plus FOV cases.
      Approximately 60% and 30% of the time designated to screening slides was spent on
      nonmicroscopic activities for FOV-only cases and FMR cases, respectively. Cancer
      Cytopathol 2016;124:501-7. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970245
TI  - Intravenous (IV) bortezomib infusion after non-response to subcutaneous
      bortezomib administration can induce transitory responses in multiple myeloma
      patients: are some patients more sensitive to IV bortezomib?

PMID- 26970243
TI  - Embolization of portosystemic shunts for treatment of medically refractory
      hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Treatment options for refractory hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are limited.
      Patients who fail medical management may harbor large portosystemic shunts (PSSs)
      which are possible therapeutic targets. This study aims to describe patient
      selection, effectiveness, and safety of percutaneous PSS embolization in those
      with medically refractory HE. A retrospective evaluation of consecutive adult
      patients with medically refractory HE referred for PSS embolization at a tertiary
      center was performed (2003-2015). Patient data collected included the type of HE,
      medications, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, shunt type,
      embolization approach, and materials used. Outcomes of interest were immediate (7
      days), intermediate (1-4 months), and longer-term (6-12 months) effectiveness and
      periprocedural safety. Effectiveness was determined based on changes in
      hospitalization frequency, HE medications, and symptoms. Twenty-five patients
      with large PSS were evaluated for shunt embolization. Five were excluded due to
      high MELD scores (n = 1), comorbid conditions (n = 1), or technical
      considerations (n = 3). Of 20 patients who underwent embolization, 13 had
      persistent and 7 had recurrent HE; 100% (20/20) achieved immediate improvement.
      Durable benefit was achieved in 100% (18/18) and 92% (11/12) at 1-4 and 6-12
      months, respectively. The majority (67%; 8/12) were free from HE-related
      hospitalizations over 1 year; 10% developed procedural complications, and all
      resolved. Six developed new or worsening ascites. In conclusion, PSS embolization
      is a safe and effective treatment strategy that should be considered for select
      patients with medically refractory HE. Liver Transplantation 22 723-731 2016
      AASLD.

PMID- 26970246
TI  - The population ecology of male gametophytes: the link between pollination and
      seed production.
AB  - The fate of male gametophytes after pollen reaches stigmas links pollination to
      ovule fertilisation, governing subsequent siring success and seed production.
      Although male gametophyte performance primarily involves cellular processes, an
      ecological analogy may expose insights into the nature and implications of male
      gametophyte success. We elaborate this analogy theoretically and present
      empirical examples that illustrate associated insights. Specifically, we consider
      pollen loads on stigmas as localised populations subject to density-independent
      mortality and density-dependent processes as they traverse complex stylar
      environments. Different combinations of the timing of pollen-tube access to
      limiting stylar resources (simultaneous or sequential), the tube distribution
      among resources (repulsed or random) and the timing of density-independent
      mortality relative to competition (before or after) create signature relations of
      mean pollen-tube success and its variation among pistils to pollen receipt. Using
      novel nonlinear regression analyses (two-moment regression), we illustrate
      contrasting relations for two species, demonstrating that variety in these
      relations is a feature of reproductive diversity among angiosperms, rather than
      merely a theoretical curiosity. Thus, the details of male gametophyte ecology
      should shape sporophyte reproductive success and hence the dynamics and structure
      of angiosperm populations. 

PMID- 26970247
TI  - Role of corticosteroids in Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery--a systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of our study is to systematically review the existing
      evidence on the role of corticosteroids in patients undergoing functional
      endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODOLOGY: Systematic search of MEDLINE (1950-
      2014), EMBASE (1980-2014), metaRegister, Cochrane Library and ISI conference
      proceedings was carried out. RESULTS: Eighteen randomised controlled trials with
      1309 patients were included. Use of local and/or systemic corticosteroids with
      FESS was reported in four categories; operative, anaesthesia related, post
      operative outcomes and risk of recurrence. Meta-analysis for operative outcomes
      demonstrated that, mean operative time (MD -10.70 minutes; 95% CI -15.86, -5.55;
      P <0.0001) and mean estimated blood loss (MD -28.32 mls; 95% CI -40.93, -15.72; P
      <0.0001) was significantly lower; and surgical field quality (MD -0.81; 95% CI 
      1.32, -0.30; P = 0.002) was significantly better in corticosteroid group. Meta
      analysis showed that post-operative endoscopic scores (SMD -0.39; 95% CI -0.60, 
      0.17; P = 0.0004) were significantly better in corticosteroid group compared to
      no corticosteroid group. There was no increase in risk of sinusitis (RR 0.64; 95%
      CI 0.32, 1.30; P = 0.22) between use of corticosteroids and no corticosteroids;
      There was no significant difference in recurrence risk of chronic rhinosinusitis
      (CRS) in mixed population studies (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.35, 1.70; P = 0.52) between
      the two groups but analysis of studies reporting on chronic rhinosinusitis with
      nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (RR 0.64;95% CI 0.45,0.91;P=0.01) showed significant
      difference in favour of the corticosteroid group. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative use
      of local and/or systemic corticosteroids in FESS, results in significantly
      reduced blood loss, shorter operative time and improved surgical field quality.
      Studies are limited on the intra-operative use of corticosteroids to reduce
      postoperative pain. Postoperative corticosteroids improve postoperative
      endoscopic scores in CRS and recurrence rates in cases of CRSwNP.

PMID- 26970248
TI  - MR spectroscopy for in vivo assessment of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate
      and its effects on cellular metabolism in human brain gliomas at 9.4T.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine in vivo metabolic alterations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase
      (IDH) mutated gliomas using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at magnetic
      field 9.4T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spectra were acquired with a 9.4T whole-body
      scanner with the use of a custom-built head coil (16 channel transmit and 31
      channel receive). A modified stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence
      was used for localization. Eighteen patients with brain tumors of probable glial
      origin participated in this study. The study was performed in accordance with the
      guidelines of the local Ethics Committee. RESULTS: The increased spectral
      resolution allowed us to directly address metabolic alterations caused by the
      specific pathophysiology of IDH mutations including the presence of the
      oncometabolite 2-hydroxglutarate (2HG) and a significant decrease of the pooled
      glutamate and glutamine (20%, P = 0.024), which probably reflects an attempt to
      replenish alpha-ketoglutarate lost by conversion to 2HG. We also observed
      significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (39%, P = 0.019), which could be
      similarly caused by depletion of dihydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate (NADPH) during this conversion in IDH mutant gliomas. CONCLUSION: We
      demonstrate that MRS at 9.4T provides a noninvasive measure of 2HG in vivo, which
      may be used for therapy planning and prognostication, and may provide insights
      into related pathophysiologic metabolic alterations associated with IDH
      mutations. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:823-833.

PMID- 26970249
TI  - Limitations of empirical calibration of p-values using observational data.
AB  - Controversy over non-reproducible published research reporting a statistically
      significant result has produced substantial discussion in the literature. p-value
      calibration is a recently proposed procedure for adjusting p-values to account
      for both random and systematic errors that address one aspect of this problem.
      The method's validity rests on the key assumption that bias in an effect estimate
      is drawn from a normal distribution whose mean and variance can be correctly
      estimated. We investigated the method's control of type I and type II error rates
      using simulated and real-world data. Under mild violations of underlying
      assumptions, control of the type I error rate can be conservative, while under
      more extreme departures, it can be anti-conservative. The extent to which the
      assumption is violated in real-world data analyses is unknown. Barriers to
      testing the plausibility of the assumption using historical data are discussed.
      Our studies of the type II error rate using simulated and real-world electronic
      health care data demonstrated that calibrating p-values can substantially
      increase the type II error rate. The use of calibrated p-values may reduce the
      number of false-positive results, but there will be a commensurate drop in the
      ability to detect a true safety or efficacy signal. While p-value calibration can
      sometimes offer advantages in controlling the type I error rate, its adoption for
      routine use in studies of real-world health care datasets is premature. Separate
      characterizations of random and systematic errors provide a richer context for
      evaluating uncertainty surrounding effect estimates. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26970250
TI  - Post-ovulatory aging of mouse oocytes in vivo and in vitro: Effects of caffeine
      on exocytosis and translocation of cortical granules.
AB  - The developmental potential of post-ovulatory oocytes decreases with aging in
      vivo and in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of a potent
      antioxidant caffeine on cortical granules (CGs) distribution in mouse oocytes
      aging in vivo and in vitro. We found that in vivo administration of 150 mg/kg
      caffeine caused ovulation of some morphologically abnormal oocytes showing
      premature exocytosis or congregation of CGs, but significantly decreased abnormal
      distribution of CGs in oocytes aging for 6 h, 12 h and 18 h in vivo compared to
      those without caffeine treatment. Unexpectedly, supplementation of oocyte culture
      medium with 10 mmol/L caffeine accelerated CGs release of oocytes and the normal
      CG distribution rate dramatically decreased from 6 h in oocytes aging in vitro.
      It appeared that oocytes showed a high degree of abnormal CG distribution by
      aging for 18 h, and caffeine might delay oocyte CG exocytosis in vivo, but
      accelerates CG exocytosis in vitro. Our findings may have implications for
      improving assisted reproduction technologies.

PMID- 26970251
TI  - Effective extraction and simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes from tomato
      sauce and chili-containing foods using magnetite/reduced graphene oxide
      nanoparticles coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple, effective, and robust magnetic solid-phase extraction method was
      developed using magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles as the adsorbent
      for the simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes (I, II, III, and IV) in
      foodstuffs. The magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles were characterized
      by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample
      magnetometry. The extraction parameters including extraction time, elution
      solution, and elution time and volume were investigated in detail. Such
      magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles based magnetic solid-phase
      extraction in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography and
      variable wavelength detection gave the detection limits of 3-6 MUg/kg for Sudan I
      IV in chili sauce, tomato sauce, chili powder, and chili flake samples. The
      recoveries were 79.6-108% at three spiked levels with the intra- and inter-day
      relative standard deviations of 1.2-8.6 and 4.5-9.6%, respectively. The
      feasibility was further performed by a comparison with commercial alumina-N. This
      method is suitable for the routine analysis of Sudan dyes due to its sensitivity,
      simplicity, and low cost. 

PMID- 26970252
TI  - L-Leucine as an excipient against moisture on in vitro aerosolization
      performances of highly hygroscopic spray-dried powders.
AB  - L-Leucine (LL) has been widely used to enhance the dispersion performance of
      powders for inhalation. LL can also protect powders against moisture, but this
      effect is much less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LL
      could prevent moisture-induced deterioration in in vitro aerosolization
      performances of highly hygroscopic spray-dried powders. Disodium cromoglycate
      (DSCG) was chosen as a model drug and different amounts of LL (2-40% w/w) were
      added to the formulation, with the aim to explore the relationship between powder
      dispersion, moisture protection and physicochemical properties of the powders.
      The powder formulations were prepared by spray drying of aqueous solutions
      containing known concentrations of DSCG and LL. The particle sizes were measured
      by laser diffraction. The physicochemical properties of fine particles were
      characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential scanning
      calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic vapor sorption
      (DVS). The surface morphology and chemistry of fine particles were analyzed by
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and
      time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). In vitro
      aerosolization performances were evaluated by a next generation impactor (NGI)
      after the powders were stored at 60% or 75% relative humidity (RH), and 25
      degrees C for 24h. Spray-dried (SD) DSCG powders were amorphous and absorbed 30
      45% (w/w) water at 70-80% RH, resulting in deterioration in the aerosolization
      performance of the powders. LL did not decrease the water uptake of DSCG powders,
      but it could significantly reduce the effect of moisture on aerosolization
      performances. This is due to enrichment of crystalline LL on the surface of the
      composite particles. The effect was directly related to the percentage of LL
      coverage on the surface of particles. Formulations having 61-73% (molar percent)
      of LL on the particle surface (which correspond to 10-20% (w/w) of LL in the bulk
      powders) could minimize moisture-induced deterioration in the aerosol
      performance. In conclusion, particle surface coverage of LL can offer short-term
      protection against moisture on dispersion of hygroscopic powders.

PMID- 26970253
TI  - Defining post-sternotomy mediastinitis for clinical evidence-based studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Considerable advances have already been made in the treatment of deep
      thoracic wound infections following a median sternotomy for cardiac surgery.
      Further improvement in diagnosis, treatment, and outcome will require a targeted
      approach by multidisciplinary teams. Clear communication and synergy between the
      various clinical and supportive disciplines would assist in removing the last
      barriers to standardized evidence-based studies and the development of improved
      evidence-based guidelines. METHODS: An extensive literature search without
      language restrictions was carried out on PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, and Web of
      Science, covering the period 1988 to week 16, 2014, and a manual search of the
      reference lists was performed regarding all possible definitions and
      classifications of post-sternotomy mediastinitis. Two hundred and eighteen papers
      describing post-sternotomy infections in a multitude of terms were identified,
      and the strengths and weaknesses of the most popular definitions and terms
      relating specifically to post-sternotomy infections were examined. RESULTS: This
      study revealed that clinicians use a multitude of terms to describe post
      sternotomy infections without defining the condition under treatment.
      Occasionally, older epidemiological (surveillance) definitions were used. It also
      shows that supportive disciplines have their own definitions, or interpretations
      of existing definitions, to describe these infections. CONCLUSION: The outcome of
      this study is that clinicians have adopted no single definition, which is
      essential for further improvement for evidence-based studies. We suggest that it
      is possible to adopt a single term for thoracic infection after a sternotomy (and
      only sternotomy), and propose a clinical definition for this purpose.

PMID- 26970255
TI  - Cortical chemoarchitecture shapes macroscale effective functional connectivity
      patterns in macaque cerebral cortex.
AB  - The mammalian cortex is a complex system of-at the microscale level
      interconnected neurons and-at the macroscale level-interconnected areas, forming
      the infrastructure for local and global neural processing and information
      integration. While the effects of regional chemoarchitecture on local cortical
      activity are well known, the effect of local neurotransmitter receptor
      organization on the emergence of large scale region-to-region functional
      interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we examined reports of effective
      functional connectivity-as measured by the action of strychnine administration
      acting on the chemical balance of cortical areas-in relation to underlying
      regional variation in microscale neurotransmitter receptor density levels in the
      macaque cortex. Linking cortical variation in microscale receptor density levels
      to collated information on macroscale functional connectivity of the macaque
      cortex, we show macroscale patterns of effective corticocortical functional
      interactions-and in particular, the strength of connectivity of efferent
      macroscale pathways-to be related to the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory
      neurotransmitter receptor densities of cortical areas. Our findings provide
      evidence for the microscale chemoarchitecture of cortical areas to have a direct
      stimulating influence on the emergence of macroscale functional connectivity
      patterns in the mammalian brain. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1856-1865, 2016. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 26970254
TI  - Expanding the genotypic spectrum of Perrault syndrome.
AB  - Perrault syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by
      sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in both sexes and primary ovarian insufficiency
      in 46, XX karyotype females. Biallelic variants in five genes are reported to be
      causative: HSD17B4, HARS2, LARS2, CLPP and C10orf2. Here we present eight
      families affected by Perrault syndrome. In five families we identified novel or
      previously reported variants in HSD17B4, LARS2, CLPP and C10orf2. The proband
      from each family was whole exome sequenced and variants confirmed by Sanger
      sequencing. A female was compound heterozygous for a known, p.(Gly16Ser) and
      novel, p.(Val82Phe) variant in D-bifunctional protein (HSD17B4). A family was
      homozygous for mitochondrial leucyl aminocyl tRNA synthetase (mtLeuRS) (LARS2)
      p.(Thr522Asn), previously associated with Perrault syndrome. A further family was
      compound heterozygous for mtLeuRS, p.(Thr522Asn) and a novel variant,
      p.(Met117Ile). Affected individuals with LARS2 variants had low frequency SNHL, a
      feature previously described in Perrault syndrome. A female with significant
      neurological disability was compound heterozygous for p.(Arg323Gln) and
      p.(Asn399Ser) variants in Twinkle (C10orf2). A male was homozygous for a novel
      variant in CLPP, p.(Cys144Arg). In three families there were no putative
      pathogenic variants in these genes confirming additional disease-causing genes
      remain unidentified. We have expanded the spectrum of disease-causing variants
      associated with Perrault syndrome.

PMID- 26970256
TI  - Apigenin Reduces Survival of Choriocarcinoma Cells by Inducing Apoptosis via the
      PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK Pathways.
AB  - Apigenin is a flavonoid found in parsley, onions, oranges, tea, chamomile, wheat,
      and sprouts. It has a variety of biological properties including anti-oxidant,
      anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and
      anti-spasmodic effects. Based on epidemiological and case-control studies,
      apigenin is regarded as a novel chemotherapeutic agent against various cancer
      types. However, little is known about the effects of apigenin on choriocarcinoma
      cells. Therefore, we investigated the anti-cancer effects of apigenin on
      choriocarcinoma cells (JAR and JEG3) in the present study. Apigenin reduced
      viability and migratory properties, increased apoptosis, and suppressed
      mitochondrial membrane potential in both the JAR and JEG3 cells. In addition,
      apigenin predominantly decreased phosphorylation of AKT, P70RSK, and S6 whereas
      the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and P90RSK was increased by apigenin treatment of
      JAR and JEG3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of JAR and
      JEG3 cells with both apigenin and pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K/AKT
      (LY294002) and ERK1/2 (U0126) revealed synergistic anti-proliferative effects.
      Collectively, these results indicated that the apigenin is an invaluable
      chemopreventive agent that inhibits progression and metastasis of choriocarcinoma
      cells through regulation of PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK signal transduction
      mechanism. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2690-2699, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 26970257
TI  - Subtle Structural Differences Trigger Inhibitory Activity of Propafenone
      Analogues at the Two Polyspecific ABC Transporters: P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) and
      Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP).
AB  - The transmembrane ABC transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer
      resistance protein (BCRP) are widely recognized for their role in cancer
      multidrug resistance and absorption and distribution of compounds. Furthermore,
      they are linked to drug-drug interactions and toxicity. Nevertheless, due to
      their polyspecificity, a molecular understanding of the ligand-transporter
      interaction, which allows designing of both selective and dual inhibitors, is
      still in its infancy. This study comprises a combined approach of synthesis, in
      silico prediction, and in vitro testing to identify molecular features triggering
      transporter selectivity. Synthesis and testing of a series of 15 propafenone
      analogues with varied rigidity and basicity of substituents provide first trends
      for selective and dual inhibitors. Results indicate that both the flexibility of
      the substituent at the nitrogen atom, as well as the basicity of the nitrogen
      atom, trigger transporter selectivity. Furthermore, inhibitory activity of
      compounds at P-gp seems to be much more influenced by logP than those at BCRP.
      Exploiting these differences further should thus allow designing specific
      inhibitors for these two polyspecific ABC-transporters.

PMID- 26970258
TI  - Systematic review and meta-analysis of persistent left superior vena cava on
      prenatal ultrasound: associated anomalies, diagnostic accuracy and postnatal
      outcome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To quantify the prevalence of chromosomal anomalies in fetuses with
      persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), assess the strength of the
      association between PLSVC and coarctation of the aorta and ascertain the
      diagnostic accuracy of antenatal ultrasound in correctly identifying isolated
      cases of PLSVC. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and the Cochrane databases were
      searched from the year 2000 onwards using combinations of keywords 'left superior
      vena cava' and 'outcome'. Two authors reviewed all abstracts independently.
      Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle
      Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. The rates of the following outcomes were
      analyzed: chromosomal abnormalities; associated intracardiac anomalies (ICAs) and
      extracardiac anomalies (ECAs) diagnosed prenatally; additional ICAs and ECAs
      detected only at postnatal imaging or clinical evaluation but missed at prenatal
      imaging; and association of PLSVC and coarctation of the aorta. Meta-analyses of
      proportions were used to combine data. RESULTS: In total, 2708 articles were
      identified and 13 (n = 501) were included in the systematic review. Associated
      ICAs and ECAs were detected at the prenatal ultrasound examination or at a follow
      up assessment in 60.7% (95% CI, 44.2-75.9%) and 37.8% (95% CI, 31.0-44.8%) of
      cases, respectively. Chromosomal anomalies occurred in 12.5% (95% CI, 9.0-16.4%)
      of cases in the overall population of fetuses with PLSVC and in 7.0% (95% CI, 2.7
      13.0%) of isolated cases. Additional ICAs and ECAs were detected only after birth
      and missed at ultrasound in 2.4% (95% CI, 0.5-5.8%) and 6.7% (95% CI, 2.2-13.2%)
      of cases, respectively. Coarctation of the aorta was associated with isolated
      PLSVC in 21.3% (95% CI, 13.6-30.3%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS: PLSVC is commonly
      associated with ICAs, ECAs and chromosomal anomalies. Fetuses with isolated PLSVC
      should be followed up throughout pregnancy in order to rule out coarctation of
      the aorta. As most of the data in this review were derived from high-risk
      pregnancies, the rate of associated abnormalities is likely to be higher than
      that in the general population of fetuses with PLSVC, for which more data are
      needed. Revision sistematica y metaanalisis de la persistencia de la vena cava
      superior izquierda en la ecografia prenatal: anomalias asociadas, precision del
      diagnostico y resultado postnatal RESUMEN OBJETIVOS: Cuantificar la prevalencia
      de anomalias cromosomicas en fetos con vena cava superior izquierda persistente
      (VCSIP), evaluar la solidez de la asociacion entre la VCSIP y la coartacion
      aortica, y determinar la precision del diagnostico de la ecografia prenatal como
      metodo para identificar correctamente casos aislados de VCSIP. METODOS: Se busco
      en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL y Cochrane articulos publicados
      desde el ano 2000 en adelante, usando combinaciones de las palabras clave "vena
      cava superior izquierda" y "resultado". Dos de los autores revisaron de forma
      independiente todos los resumenes encontrados. La evaluacion de calidad de los
      estudios incluidos se realizo mediante la escala Newcastle-Ottawa para estudios
      de cohortes. Se analizaron las tasas de los siguientes resultados: anomalias
      cromosomicas; anomalias intracardiacas (AIC) y anomalias extracardiacas (AEC)
      asociadas diagnosticadas prenatalmente; AIC y AEC adicionales detectadas solo en
      ecografias postnatales o mediante evaluacion clinica, pero no observadas en
      ecografias prenatales; y la asociacion entre la VCSIP y la coartacion aortica. Se
      utilizo un meta-analisis de proporciones para combinar los datos. RESULTADOS: En
      total, se identificaron 2708 articulos y se incluyeron 13 (n = 501) en la
      revision sistematica. En la ecografia prenatal o en una revision de seguimiento
      se detectaron AIC y AEC asociadas en el 60,7% (IC 95%, 44,2-75,9%) y el 37,8% (IC
      95%, 31,0-44,8%) de los casos, respectivamente. Se produjeron anomalias
      cromosomicas en el 12,5% (IC 95%, 9,0-16,4%) de los casos en la poblacion general
      de fetos con VCSIP y en el 7,0% (IC 95%, 2,7-13,0%) de casos aislados. Las AIC y
      AEC adicionales solo se detectaron despues del nacimiento y en el 6,7% (IC 95%,
      2,2-13,2%) de los casos, respectivamente. La coartacion aortica se encontro
      asociada con la VCSIP aislada en un 21,3% (IC 95%, 13,6-30,3%) de los casos.
      CONCLUSIONES: La VCSIP esta comunmente asociada a AIC, AEC y anomalias
      cromosomicas. Los fetos con VCSIP aislada deben ser objeto de seguimiento durante
      todo el embarazo, con el fin de descartar la coartacion aortica. Como la mayoria
      de los datos de esta revision proceden de embarazos de alto riesgo, es probable
      que la tasa de anomalias asociadas sea mas alta que la de la poblacion general de
      fetos con VCSIP, por lo que se necesitan mas datos.

PMID- 26970259
TI  - LINE-1 gene hypomethylation and p16 gene hypermethylation in HepG2 cells induced
      by low-dose and long-term triclosan exposure: The role of hydroxyl group.
AB  - Triclosan (TCS), a frequently used antimicrobial agent in pharmaceuticals and
      personal care products, exerts liver tumor promoter activities in mice. Previous
      work showed high-dose TCS (1.25-10MUM) induced global DNA hypomethylation in
      HepG2 cells. However, whether or how tumor suppressor gene methylation changed in
      HepG2 cells after low-dose and long-term TCS exposure is still unknown. We
      investigate here the effects and mechanisms of DNA methylation of global
      DNA(GDM), repetitive genes, and liver tumor suppressor gene (p16) after exposing
      HepG2 cells to low-dose TCS (0.625-5nM)for two weeks using HPLC-MS/MS,
      Methylight, Q-MSP, Pyrosequencing, and Massarray methods. We found that low-dose
      TCS exposure decreased repetitive elements LINE-1 methylation levels, but not
      global DNA methylation, through down-regulating DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1)
      and MeCP2 (methylated DNA binding domain) expression, and up-regulating 8-hydroxy
      2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Interestingly, low-dose TCS elevated p16 gene
      methylation and inhibited p16 expression, which were not observed in high-dose
      (10MUM) group. Meanwhile, methyl-triclosan could not induce these two types of
      DNA methylation changes, suggesting the involvement of hydroxyl in TCS-mediated
      DNA methylation changes. Collectively, our results suggested low concentrations
      of TCS adversely affected HepG2 cells through DNA methylation dysregulation, and
      hydroxyl group in TCS played an important role in the effects. This study
      provided a better understanding on hepatotoxicity of TCS at environmentally
      relevant concentrations through epigenetic pathway. 

PMID- 26970260
TI  - Hygienic food to reduce pathogen risk to bumblebees.
AB  - Bumblebees are ecologically and economically important pollinators, and the value
      of bumblebees for crop pollination has led to the commercial production and
      exportation/importation of colonies on a global scale. Commercially produced
      bumblebee colonies can carry with them infectious parasites, which can both
      reduce the health of the colonies and spillover to wild bees, with potentially
      serious consequences. The presence of parasites in commercially produced
      bumblebee colonies is in part because colonies are reared on pollen collected
      from honey bees, which often contains a diversity of microbial parasites. In
      response to this threat, part of the industry has started to irradiate pollen
      used for bumblebee rearing. However, to date there is limited data published on
      the efficacy of this treatment. Here we examine the effect of gamma irradiation
      and an experimental ozone treatment on the presence and viability of parasites in
      honey bee pollen. While untreated pollen contained numerous viable parasites, we
      find that gamma irradiation reduced the viability of parasites in pollen, but did
      not eliminate parasites entirely. Ozone treatment appeared to be less effective
      than gamma irradiation, while an artificial pollen substitute was, as expected,
      entirely free of parasites. The results suggest that the irradiation of pollen
      before using it to rear bumblebee colonies is a sensible method which will help
      reduce the incidence of parasite infections in commercially produced bumblebee
      colonies, but that further optimisation, or the use of a nutritionally equivalent
      artificial pollen substitute, may be needed to fully eliminate this route of
      disease entry into factories.

PMID- 26970261
TI  - Distribution of the myrmecoparasitic fungus Rickia wasmannii (Ascomycota:
      Laboulbeniales) across colonies, individuals, and body parts of Myrmica
      scabrinodis.
AB  - The ant species Myrmica scabrinodis plays a markedly important ecological role
      through much of the humid grasslands of Eurasia. It hosts a species-rich
      community of pathogens and parasites, including Rickia wasmannii, an enigmatic
      member of entomoparasitic laboulbenialean fungi. This study provides a
      descriptive ecology of R. wasmannii by characterizing its prevalence and
      distribution across several hierarchical levels: colonies, individuals, and
      anatomic body parts. Infections were restricted to a single ant species, M.
      scabrinodis, and infected colonies occurred predominantly in wet habitats.
      Infections tended to be highly prevalent within infected colonies, often reaching
      100% sample prevalence among workers. Individual infections exhibited an
      aggregated distribution typical to host-parasite systems. Workers from the
      aboveground part of nests (presumably older ones acting as foragers) were more
      infected than those from the belowground part. Fungal thalli could be found all
      over the body of the hosts, the head and the abdomen being the most infected
      parts of the body. The fungi's distribution among host body parts statistically
      differed between low versus high-intensity infections: the initial dominance of
      the head decreased with advancing infection. These findings may provide baseline
      data for future comparative or monitoring studies.

PMID- 26970262
TI  - Transoral laser microsurgery as primary treatment for selected T3 glottic and
      supraglottic cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: T3 laryngeal cancer encompasses heterogeneous lesions whose treatment
      is still debated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate transoral laser
      microsurgery (TLM) in management of selected T3 glottic and supraglottic cancers.
      METHODS: Fifty-six patients with selected T3 glottic and supraglottic squamous
      cell carcinomas (SCCs) treated by TLM +/- selective neck dissection +/- adjuvant
      therapy were evaluated in terms of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival
      (DFS), and organ preservation rates. RESULTS: For the entire cohort, 5-year OS
      and DFS were 63.3% and 72.4%, whereas they were 65.2% and 72.9% for glottic and
      59.3% and 76.3% for supraglottic SCC, respectively. No patient required permanent
      tracheostomy and 1 patient was gastrostomy tube-dependent at last follow-up.
      CONCLUSION: TLM +/- selective neck dissection +/- adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy
      for selected T3 glottic and supraglottic SCC represents an effective alternative
      treatment to open partial laryngectomies and nonsurgical organ preservation
      protocols, particularly in elderly and frail patients. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1107-1112, 2016.

PMID- 26970264
TI  - Toward a simple risk assessment screening tool for HCV infection in Egypt.
AB  - Asymptomatic patients with HCV infection identified through screening program
      could benefit not only from treatment but also from other interventions such as
      counseling to maintain health and avoid risk behaviors. This might prevent the
      spread of infection and result in significant public health benefits. However,
      mass screening would quickly deplete resources. This work aims to develop a brief
      HCV risk assessment questionnaire that inquires initially about a wide range of
      risk factors found to be potentially associated with HCV infection in order to
      identify the few most significant questions that could be quickly used to
      facilitate cost-effective HCV case-finding in the general population in Egypt. An
      exhaustive literature search was done to include all reported HCV risk factors
      that were pooled in a 65 item questionnaire. After an initial pilot study, a case
      control study was performed that included 1,024 cases and 1,046 controls. In a
      multivariable model, a list of independent risk factors were found to be
      significant predictors for being HCV seropositive among two age strata (<45 and
      >45 years) for each gender. A simplified model that assigned values of the odds
      ratio as a weight for each factor present predicted HCV infection with high
      diagnostic accuracy. Attaining the defined cut-off value of the total risk score
      enhances the effectiveness of screening. HCV risk factors in the Egyptian
      population vary by age and gender. An accurate prediction screening tool can be
      used to identify those at high risk who may benefit most from HCV serologic
      testing. These results are to be further validated in a large scale cross
      sectional study to assess the wider use of this tool. J. Med. Virol. 88:1767
      1775, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970263
TI  - Anti-tubercular therapy for intraocular tuberculosis: A systematic review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - Intraocular tuberculosis remains a diagnostic and management conundrum for both
      ophthalmologists and pulmonologists. We analyze the efficacy and safety of anti
      tubercular therapy (ATT) in patients with intraocular tuberculosis and factors
      associated with favorable outcome. Twenty-eight studies are included in this
      review, with a total of 1,917 patients. Nonrecurrence of inflammation was
      observed in pooled estimate of 84% of ATT-treated patients (95% CI 79-89). There
      was minimal difference in the outcome between patients treated with ATT alone
      (85% successful outcome; 95% CI 25-100) and those with concomitant systemic
      corticosteroid (82%; 95% CI 73-90). The use of ATT may be of benefit to patients
      with suspected intraocular tuberculosis; however, this conclusion is limited by
      the lack of control group analysis and standardized recruitment and treatment
      protocols. We propose further prospective studies to better establish the
      efficacy of ATT and ascertain the factors associated with favorable treatment
      outcomes.

PMID- 26970265
TI  - Prevalence of ADHD symptoms across clinical stages of major depressive disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Depression and ADHD often co-occur in clinical samples. Depression
      severity may be linked to ADHD symptomatology. We therefore assessed ADHD
      symptoms across clinical stages of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: We
      used 4-year follow-up data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety
      (September 2008 until April 2011), including healthy controls, groups with
      remitted and current MDD (N=2053; age range 21-69 years; 66.8% females). Probable
      ADHD was defined as having current ADHD symptoms on the Conners Adult ADHD Rating
      Scale and a positive score on childhood or early-adolescent ADHD indicators. We
      examined ADHD symptom rates across (i) those with and without lifetime MDD, (ii)
      clinical characteristics of MDD including severity, course and outcomes, (iii)
      clinical stages of MDD. RESULTS: (i) The prevalence of ADHD symptoms was 0.4% in
      healthy controls, 5.7% in remitted MDD and 22.1% in current MDD (OR=4.5; 95% CI
      3.1-6.5). (ii) ADHD symptom rates and odds were significantly increased among
      those with more severe depression (29.4%; OR=6.8; 95% CI 2.9-16.1), chronic
      depression (21.8%; OR=3.8; 95% CI 2.5-5.7), earlier age of onset of depressive
      symptoms (9.9%; OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.3), and comorbid anxiety disorders (29.0%;
      OR=3.4; 95% CI 2.0-5.7). (iii) ADHD symptom rates increased across clinical
      stages of MDD, up to 22.5% in chronic MDD. LIMITATIONS: We used self-reports on
      ADHD symptoms. Also, clinical staging models have not yet been validated for
      mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD symptoms are very common among MDD patients,
      especially among those in recurrent and chronic stages of MDD. Considering ADHD
      may be an important step forward in improving the treatment of depression.

PMID- 26970266
TI  - Long-term safety and efficacy of armodafinil in bipolar depression: A 6-month
      open-label extension study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Safe/well-tolerated treatments for bipolar I depression remain
      limited. We assessed safety/tolerability of adjunctive open-label armodafinil, a
      wakefulness-promoting agent evaluated in 3 acute, controlled efficacy studies
      with variable efficacy results. METHODS: Completers of three 8-week, double
      blind, placebo-controlled adjunctive armodafinil studies (150-200 mg/day added to
      ongoing stable maintenance doses of 1 or 2 protocol-defined mood stabilizers) in
      bipolar I depression could enter this 6-month, open-label extension study.
      Objectives included evaluation of safety/tolerability (primary) and efficacy
      (secondary). RESULTS: 867 patients enrolled; 863 received >=1 dose of armodafinil
      and 506 (58%) completed the 6-month study. Headache, insomnia, and anxiety were
      the most common adverse events (AEs) reported, whereas akathisia, nausea,
      sedation/somnolence, and weight increase were uncommon. Mean measures assessing
      emergence of mania, anxiety, insomnia, or suicidality showed no worsening.
      Discontinuations due to AEs occurred in 57 (7%) patients. Serious AEs occurred in
      27 (3%) patients and were considered treatment-related in 8 (1%) patients.
      Depressive symptoms improved over the 6 months, as did patient functioning.
      LIMITATIONS: Lack of placebo control. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive armodafinil was
      generally safe and well tolerated over 6 months of open-label treatment at 150
      200 mg/day when taken with protocol-defined mood stabilizers for bipolar I
      depression. This 6-month open-label study suggested that armodafinil augmentation
      of bipolar maintenance therapies may have a favorable risk profile and may
      improve depressive symptoms in some patients with bipolar I depression.

PMID- 26970267
TI  - Nature and determinants of suicidal ideation among U.S. veterans: Results from
      the national health and resilience in veterans study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among U.S. military veterans are a
      major public health concern. To date, however, scarce data are available
      regarding the nature and correlates of suicidal ideation (SI) among U.S.
      veterans. This study evaluated the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation
      in a contemporary, nationally representative, 2-year prospective cohort study.
      METHOD: Data were analysed from a total of 2157 U.S. veterans who participated in
      the National Health and Resilience Veterans Study (NHRVS; Wave 1 conducted in
      2011; Wave 2 in 2013). Veterans completed measures assessing SI, sociodemographic
      characteristics, and potential risk and protective correlates. RESULTS: The
      majority of veterans (86.3%) denied SI at either time point, 5.0% had SI onset
      (no SI at Wave 1, SI at Wave 2), 4.9% chronic SI (SI at Waves 1 and 2), and 3.8%
      had remitted SI (SI at Wave 1, no SI Wave 2). Greater Wave 1 psychiatric distress
      was associated with increased likelihood of chronic SI (relative risk ratio
      [RRR]=3.72), remitted SI (RRR=3.38), SI onset (RRR=1.48); greater Wave 1 physical
      health difficulties were additionally associated with chronic SI (RRR=1.64) and
      SI onset (RRR=1.47); and Wave 1 substance abuse history was associated with
      chronic SI (RRR 1.57). Greater protective psychosocial characteristics (e.g.,
      resilience, gratitude) at Wave 1 were negatively related to SI onset (RRR=0.57);
      and greater social connectedness at Wave 1, specifically perceived social support
      and secure attachment style, was negatively associated with SI onset (RRR=0.75)
      and remitted SI (RRR=0.44), respectively. LIMITATIONS: Suicidal ideation was
      assessed using a past two-week timeframe, and the limited duration of follow-up
      precludes conclusions regarding more dynamic changes in SI over time.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that a significant minority (13.7%) of U.S.
      veterans has chronic, onset, or remitted SI. Prevention and treatment efforts
      designed to mitigate psychiatric and physical health difficulties, and bolster
      social connectedness and protective psychosocial characteristics may help
      mitigate risk for SI.

PMID- 26970268
TI  - Gray matter brain volumes in childhood-maltreated patients with bipolar disorder
      type I: A voxel-based morphometric study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment (CM) may be related to clinical expression and
      outcome of bipolar disorder (BD). Several neuroimaging studies have detected
      brain morphological changes in specific neural networks of adults who suffered
      maltreatment in their childhood. We investigated alterations in gray matter
      volume (GMV) to determine a possible neuroanatomical basis of vulnerability in
      patients with CM having type I BD (BD-I). METHODS: We assessed 39 euthymic DSM-IV
      BD-I patients with (n=20) and without (n=19) a history of CM and 20 healthy
      controls without maltreatment as defined by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
      (CTQ). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to compare GMV differences between
      patients and controls and perform linear correlations in overall BD group between
      GMV and CTQ scores. RESULTS: BD-I patients had significant negative correlations
      between CTQ total score and GMV in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)
      and the right thalamus; between physical abuse and GMV in the right dorsolateral
      PFC; between physical neglect and GMV in the thalamus bilaterally; and between
      emotional neglect and GMV in the right thalamus. LIMITATIONS: Pharmacological
      treatment could have altered GMV findings. Results emerged only when using SVC
      approach. CTQ, a retrospective self-report, has the risk of potential recall
      bias. The cross-sectional design limits longitudinal and neurodevelopmental
      inferences. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of self-reported CM in BD-I patients is
      associated with morphological changes in GMV of specific neural networks relevant
      to responses to stress and to modulate emotional behavior.

PMID- 26970270
TI  - Pazopanib for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas in a real-life setting.

PMID- 26970269
TI  - Mechanisms underlying the enhancement of toxicity caused by the coincubation of
      zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles in a fish hepatoma cell line.
AB  - Ecosystems are exposed to a wide variety of individual substances, including at
      the nano-scale; and the potential adverse effects of their interactions are an
      increasing concern. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether
      zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at a no-observed-effect concentration modulate
      the cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in the fish hepatoma cell line
      PLHC-1 after 48 h of exposure and the contribution of the released ions to these
      effects. Cells were exposed to 50-nm CuNPs (0.39-25.0 ug/mL), alone or in
      combination with ZnONPs (25 nm or 100 nm), at 6.25 ug/mL. Cells were exposed to
      suspensions of NPs or to their supernatants, as well as to their combinations.
      The effects on cell viability were assessed through cytotoxicity assays. Changes
      in cell morphology and metal internalization were also evaluated. The
      cytotoxicity exerted by CuNPs was enhanced in the presence of nontoxic
      concentrations of ZnONPs. On the contrary, Zn ions protected the cell line from
      the CuNP toxicity, this effect being related to an increase in the intracellular
      levels of Zn. This increase of metal was not observed in cells exposed to both
      ZnONPs and CuNPs, even when they were visualized inside the cell. The results
      indicated that the internalization of ZnONPs, but not the Zn ions, was
      responsible for the enhanced toxicity of the CuNPs. Environ Toxicol Chem
      2016;35:2562-2570. (c) 2016 SETAC.

PMID- 26970271
TI  - Dual mechanisms of action of the RNA-binding protein human antigen R explains its
      regulatory effect on melanoma cell migration.
AB  - Overexpression of wingless-type MMTV integration site family 5A (WNT5A) plays a
      significant role in melanoma cancer progression; however, the mechanism(s)
      involved remains unknown. In breast cancer, the human antigen R (HuR) has been
      implicated in the regulation of WNT5A expression. Here, we demonstrate that
      endogenous expression of WNT5A correlates with levels of active HuR in HTB63 and
      WM852 melanoma cells and that HuR binds to WNT5A messenger RNA in both cell
      lines. Although the HuR inhibitor MS-444 significantly impaired migration in both
      melanoma cell lines, it reduced WNT5A expression only in HTB63 cells, as did
      small interfering RNA knockdown of HuR. Consistent with this finding, MS-444
      induced inhibition of HTB63 cell migration was restored by the addition of
      recombinant WNT5A, whereas MS-444-induced inhibition of WM852 cell migration was
      restored by the addition of recombinant matrix metalloproteinase-9, another HuR
      regulated protein. Clearly, HuR positively regulates melanoma cell migration via
      at least 2 distinct mechanisms making HuR an attractive therapeutic target for
      halting melanoma dissemination.

PMID- 26970272
TI  - Function of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols during oxidative stress in plants.
AB  - Isoprenoid quinones and chromanols in plants fulfill both signaling and
      antioxidant functions under oxidative stress. The redox state of the plastoquinol
      pool (PQ-pool), which is modulated by interaction with reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) during oxidative stress, has a major regulatory function in both short- and
      long-term acclimatory responses. By contrast, the scavenging of ROS by
      prenyllipids affects signaling pathways where ROS play a role as signaling
      molecules. As the primary antioxidants, isoprenoid quinones and chromanols are
      synthesized under high-light stress in response to any increased production of
      ROS. During photo-oxidative stress, these prenyllipids are continuously
      synthesized and oxidized to other compounds. In turn, their oxidation products
      (hydroxy-plastochromanol, plastoquinol-C, plastoquinone-B) can still have an
      antioxidant function. The oxidation products of isoprenoid quinones and
      chromanols formed specifically in the face of singlet oxygen, can be indicators
      of singlet oxygen stress. 

PMID- 26970273
TI  - Sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosine kinases in health and disease: Recent
      advances.
AB  - Sphingosine kinases (isoforms SK1 and SK2) catalyse the formation of a bioactive
      lipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a well-established ligand of a
      family of five S1P-specific G protein coupled receptors but also has
      intracellular signalling roles. There is substantial evidence to support a role
      for sphingosine kinases and S1P in health and disease. This review summarises
      recent advances in the area in relation to receptor-mediated signalling by S1P
      and novel intracellular targets of this lipid. New evidence for a role of each
      sphingosine kinase isoform in cancer, the cardiovascular system, central nervous
      system, inflammation and diabetes is discussed. There is continued research to
      develop isoform selective SK inhibitors, summarised here. Analysis of the crystal
      structure of SK1 with the SK1-selective inhibitor, PF-543, is used to identify
      residues that could be exploited to improve selectivity in SK inhibitor
      development for future therapeutic application.

PMID- 26970274
TI  - Prolactin inhibits a major tumor-suppressive function of wild type BRCA1.
AB  - Even though mutations in the tumor suppressor, BRCA1, markedly increase the risk
      of breast and ovarian cancer, most breast and ovarian cancers express wild type
      BRCA1. An important question is therefore how the tumor-suppressive function of
      normal BRCA1 is overcome during development of most cancers. Because prolactin
      promotes these and other cancers, we investigated the hypothesis that prolactin
      interferes with the ability of BRCA1 to inhibit the cell cycle. Examining six
      different cancer cell lines with wild type BRCA1, and making use of both
      prolactin and the growth-inhibiting selective prolactin receptor modulator, S179D
      PRL, we demonstrate that prolactin activation of Stat5 results in the formation
      of a complex between phospho-Stat5 and BRCA1. Formation of this complex does not
      interfere with nuclear translocation or binding of BRCA1 to the p21 promoter, but
      does interfere with the ability of BRCA1 to transactivate the p21 promoter.
      Overexpression of a dominant-negative Stat5 in prolactin-stimulated cells
      resulted in increased p21 expression. We conclude that prolactin inhibits a major
      tumor-suppressive function of BRCA1 by interfering with BRCA1's upregulation of
      expression of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21.

PMID- 26970276
TI  - Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy remains the only treatment option for
      pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with the chance of long-term survival. If
      a radical tumor resection is possible, 5-year survival rates of 20-25% can be
      achieved. Pancreatic surgery has significantly changed during the past years and
      resection approaches have been extended beyond standard procedures, including
      vascular and multivisceral resections. Consequently, borderline resectable
      pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BR-PDAC), which has recently been defined by
      the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS), has become a
      controversial issue with regard to its management in terms of upfront resection
      vs. neoadjuvant treatment and sequential resection. Preoperative diagnostic
      accuracy to define resectability of PDAC is a keypoint in this context as well as
      the surgical and interdisciplinary expertise to perform advanced pancreatic
      surgery and manage complications. The present mini-review summarizes the current
      state of definition, management and outcome of BR-PDAC. Furthermore, the topic of
      ongoing and future studies on neoadjuvant treatment which is closely related to
      borderline resectability in PDAC is discussed.

PMID- 26970275
TI  - The impact of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) on breast cancer metastasis in
      a mouse xenograft model.
AB  - Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and
      differentiation. In breast cancer cells, BMP4 has been shown to reduce
      proliferation in vitro and interestingly, in some cases, also to induce migration
      and invasion. Here we investigated whether BMP4 influences breast cancer
      metastasis formation by using a xenograft mouse model. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer
      cells were injected intracardially into mice and metastasis formation was
      monitored using bioluminescence imaging. Mice treated with BMP4 developed
      metastases slightly earlier as compared to control animals but the overall number
      of metastases was similar in both groups (13 in the BMP4 group vs. 12 in
      controls). In BMP4-treated mice, bone metastases were more common (10 vs. 7) but
      adrenal gland metastases were less frequent (1 vs. 5) than in controls.
      Immunostaining revealed no differences in signaling activation, proliferation
      rate, blood vessel formation, EMT markers or the number of cancer-associated
      fibroblasts between the treatment groups. In conclusion, BMP4 caused a trend
      towards accelerated metastasis formation, especially in bone. More work is needed
      to uncover the long-term effects of BMP4 and the clinical relevance of these
      findings.

PMID- 26970277
TI  - Multiple splicing pathways of group II trans-splicing introns in wheat
      mitochondria.
AB  - Trans-splicing of discontinuous introns in plant mitochondria requires the
      assembly of independently-transcribed precursor RNAs into splicing-competent
      structures, and they are expected to be excised as Y-branched molecules ("broken
      lariats") because these introns belong to the group II ribozyme family. We now
      demonstrate that this is just one of several trans-splicing pathways for wheat
      mitochondrial nad1 intron 4 and nad5 intron 2; they also use a hydrolytic pathway
      and the liberated 5'-half-intron linear molecules are unexpectedly abundant in
      the RNA population. We also observe a third productive splicing pathway for nad5
      intron 2 that yields full-length excised introns in which the termini are joined
      in vivo and possess non-encoded nucleotides. In the case of trans-splicing nad1
      intron 1, which has a weakly-structured and poorly-conserved core sequence,
      excision appears to be solely through a hydrolytic pathway. When wheat embryos
      are germinated in the cold rather than at room temperature, an increased
      complexity in trans-splicing products is seen for nad1 intron 4, suggesting that
      there can be environmental effects on the RNA folding of bipartite introns. Our
      observations provide insights into intron evolution and the complexity of RNA
      processing events in plant mitochondria.

PMID- 26970278
TI  - Cholecalciterol cholesterol emulsion ameliorates experimental colitis via down
      regulating the pyroptosis signaling pathway.
AB  - The therapeutic effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and its analog (paricalcitol) on
      experimental colitis in animals has been heavily demonstrated. However, the
      response to Cholecalciterol Cholesterol Emulsion (CCE), a precursor of 1,25(OH)2
      vitamin D3, has not yet been reported. Whether pyroptosis is involved in colitic
      deterioration also remains unclear. Therefore, we adopted molecular biology and
      histology approaches to examine mechanisms by which CCE was able to regulate
      experimental colitis in the animal model induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic
      acid (TNBS). Our data revealed that mice displayed a remarkable reduction in
      colonic histological scores, colonic inflammation and colonic histological
      damage. In addition, there was an overall improvement in general status (change
      in body weight, food and water intake, mental status, activity) and a 30%
      increase in survival rate due to the downregulation of pyroptosis following
      treatment with CCE. In conclusion, our data have provided evidence that CCE can
      attenuate the damage of experimental colitis by suppressing pyroptosis signaling.

PMID- 26970279
TI  - Protocadherin 10 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via regulation
      of DEP domain containing 1 in endometrial endometrioid carcinoma.
AB  - Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy and about 80% of
      these cancers are endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC). Previously, we have
      demonstrated that protocadherin 10 (PCDH10) is a tumor suppressor gene in EEC,
      and in this study we further explored the molecular mechanisms of PCDH10 in EEC.
      We first detect the PCDH10 expression in EEC tissues and then investigate the
      mechanism in two EEC cell lines. The mRNA and protein expression levels were
      measured by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively;
      Cell growth was determined by MTS, CCK-8 and colony formation assays; Cell cycle
      was determined by flow cytometry, and cell apoptosis was examined by flow
      cytometry and TUNEL assay. The downstream mediator of PCHD10 was confirmed by
      Topflash luciferase reporter assay. QRT-PCR and western blot results showed that
      PCDH10 was down-regulated in EEC clinical tissues. Restoration of PCDH10
      suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis in EEC cells. Dishevelled, EGL-10
      and Pleckstrin domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) was a potential downstream mediator
      of PCDH10 as revealed by RNA-sequencing, and mechanistic studies suggested that
      DEPDC1 is a downstream mediator and promotes cell growth and induces apoptosis in
      EEC cells. Western blot further showed that PCDH10 restoration activate apoptotic
      signaling pathway via caspase signaling in both EEC cell lines and EEC clinical
      tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that PCDH10-DEPDC1-caspase signaling
      may be a novel regulatory axis in EEC development and it will be of great
      interest to explore the clinical significance of PCDH10 and DEPDC1 in the future.

PMID- 26970280
TI  - Subgroup differences in 'brain-type' transferrin and alpha-synuclein in
      Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy.
AB  - Two transferrin (Tf) glycan-isoforms were previously found in cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF); one appears to be derived from serum (Tf-2) and the other from choroid
      plexus, a CSF-producing tissue (Tf-1). To analyse metabolic differences
      associated with the two isoforms, their ratio (Tf-2/Tf-1) was defined as the Tf
      index. Here we report that Tf indices of patients with tauopathies including
      Alzheimer's disease (2.29 + 0.64) were similar to those of neurological controls
      (2.07 + 0.87) (P = 0.147). In contrast, Tf indices with Parkinson's disease (PD,
      3.38 +/- 1.87) and multiple system atrophy (MSA, 3.15 +/- 1.72) were higher than
      those of the controls (2.07 +/- 0.87), the P-values being < 0.001 and 0.024,
      respectively. Tf indices of PD and MSA did not appear to be normally distributed.
      Indeed, detrended normal Quantile-Quantile plot analysis revealed the presence of
      an independent subgroup showing higher Tf indices in PD and MSA. The subgroup of
      PD showed higher levels of CSF alpha-synuclein (38.3 +/- 17.8 ng/ml) than the
      rest (25.3 +/- 11.3 ng/ml, P = 0.012). These results suggest that PD (and MSA)
      includes two subgroups, which show different metabolism of CSF transferrin and
      alpha-synuclein. 

PMID- 26970281
TI  - The diet-microbiota-metabolite axis regulates the host physiology.
AB  - The intestinal microbiota has been implicated in a wide range of diseases,
      including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and cancer. Food ingredients are
      considered a major determinant of gut microbial composition, as exemplified by
      high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis that can affect host physiology. Accumulating
      studies show that microbial metabolites are key regulators of the intestinal
      epithelial barrier and gut immunity. In particular, short-chain fatty acids
      produced by bacterial fermentation of indigestible polysaccharides have profound
      impacts on host physiology beyond the gut. In this review, we describe the
      influences of the diet-microbiota-metabolite axis on host physiology, and
      especially on the immune and metabolic systems. 

PMID- 26970282
TI  - Global kinetic analysis of seeded BSA aggregation.
AB  - Accelerated aggregation studies were conducted around the melting temperature
      (Tm) to elucidate the kinetics of seeded BSA aggregation. Aggregation was tracked
      by SEC-HPLC and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy. Time evolution of monomer,
      dimer and soluble aggregate concentrations were globally analysed to reliably
      deduce mechanistic details pertinent to the process. Results showed that BSA
      aggregated irreversibly through both sequential monomer addition and aggregate
      aggregate interactions. Sequential monomer addition proceeded only via non-native
      monomers, starting to occur only by 1-2 degrees C below the Tm. Aggregate
      aggregate interactions were the dominant mechanism below the Tm due to an initial
      presence of small aggregates that acted as seeds. Aggregate-aggregate
      interactions were significant also above the Tm, particularly at later stages of
      aggregation when sequential monomer addition seemed to cease, leading in some
      cases to insoluble aggregate formation. The adherence (or non-thereof) of the
      mechanisms to Arrhenius kinetics were discussed alongside possible implications
      of seeding for biopharmaceutical shelf-life and spectroscopic data
      interpretation, the latter of which was found to often be overlooked in BSA
      aggregation studies. 

PMID- 26970283
TI  - Development of a nanosuspension for iv administration: From miniscale screening
      to a freeze dried formulation.
AB  - The aim was to develop a nanosuspension of the poorly soluble BI XX. The
      nanosuspension is intended for intravenous (iv) administration in preclinical
      studies and should not cause any unwanted side effects. Thus, only stabilizers
      that are accepted for iv application should be used and isotonicity, euhydria and
      the absence of living microorganisms were targeted. Suspensions were prepared in
      a ball-mill (mixing mill MM 400 from Retsch). There were various vials used as
      containers; HPLC-vials were used for the small scale screening of stabilizers and
      injection vials for preparation of larger quantities of the nanosuspensions.
      Particle size distribution was analyzed by laser diffraction measurement
      (Mastersizer 2000). Lyophilization was used for processing of the suspensions
      (Christ freeze dryer). Stable nanosuspensions (d90 remained <1MUm up to 7days)
      were prepared with several FDA-accepted stabilizers. Freeze drying was evaluated
      for one formulation containing 2% of the API, 0.5% of arginine and 4% of
      mannitol. The particle size distribution before freeze drying and after re
      dispersion was comparable. After milling for 2h, no living microorganisms were
      detected in the nanosuspension. Various FDA accepted excipients were identified
      which resulted in stable nanosuspensions of BI XX. The most stable formulation
      was successfully freeze dried. It was proven that milling in the ball-mill
      decreases the presence of living microorganisms. 

PMID- 26970284
TI  - Gender Roles and the Expression of Driving Anger Among Ukrainian Drivers.
AB  - The current study investigated the validity of the revised (25-item) version of
      the driving anger expression inventory (DAX) on a novel sample of 385 drivers
      from Ukraine. The roles of sex and gender in relation to self-reported aggressive
      tendencies were also examined. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four
      factor structure of the DAX (adaptive/constructive expression; use of the vehicle
      to express anger; verbal aggressive expression; and personal physical aggressive
      expression), and the three aggressive factors were found to have positive
      relationships with trait anger and driving anger, while adaptive/constructive
      expression was negatively related to trait and driving anger. Drivers who
      reported recent near-misses or loss of concentration scored higher on verbal
      aggressive expression. Those who had recently received a traffic ticket also
      reported higher levels of all three types of aggressive anger expression.
      Further, the presence of feminine traits, but not sex, predicted more
      adaptive/constructive behaviors and lower scores for verbal aggressive
      expression, personal physical aggressive expression, and total aggressive
      expression. However, masculine traits did not predict any of these factors. This
      research concludes that the revised DAX is a valid tool to measure the expression
      of driving anger and that the endorsement of feminine traits is related to less
      aggressive expression of driving anger.

PMID- 26970286
TI  - Sensitization of TRPV1 by protein kinase C in rats with mono-iodoacetate-induced
      joint pain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the functional changes of Transient receptor potential
      vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor and to clarify its mechanism in a rat mono
      iodoacetate (MIA)-induced joint pain model (MIA rats), which has joint
      degeneration with cartilage loss similar to osteoarthritis. METHODS:
      Sensitization of TRPV1 in MIA rats was assessed by transient spontaneous pain
      behavior induced by capsaicin injection in knee joints and electrophysiological
      changes of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating knee joints in response
      to capsaicin. Mechanisms of TRPV1 sensitization were analyzed by a newly
      developed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects phosphorylated
      TRPV1, followed by functional and expression analyses of protein kinase C (PKC)
      in vivo and in vitro, which involves TRPV1 phosphorylation. RESULTS: Pain-related
      behavior induced by intra-articular injection of capsaicin was significantly
      increased in MIA rats compared with sham rats. In addition, capsaicin
      sensitivity, evaluated by capsaicin-induced inward currents, was significantly
      increased in DRG neurons of MIA rats. Protein levels of TRPV1 remained unchanged,
      but phosphorylated TRPV1 at Ser800 increased in DRG neurons of MIA rats.
      Phosphorylated-PKCE (p-PKCE) increased and co-localized with TRPV1 in DRG neurons
      of MIA rats. Capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior in MIA rats was inhibited by
      intra-articular pretreatment of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. In
      addition, intra-articular injection of the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate increased capsaicin-induced pain-related behavior in normal rats.
      CONCLUSION: TRPV1 was sensitized at the knee joint and at DRG neurons of MIA rats
      through PKC activation. Thus, TRPV1 sensitization might be involved in chronic
      pain caused by osteoarthritis.

PMID- 26970285
TI  - Longitudinal analysis of cartilage T2 relaxation times and joint degeneration in
      African American and Caucasian American women over an observation period of 6
      years - data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the change in cartilage T2 values and structural
      degeneration in knee joints over 72 months in women of African American (AA) vs
      Caucasian American (CA) ethnicity. METHODS: Knee 3T magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRIs) from baseline, 24, 48 and 72 months visits of 100 AA and 100 CA women from
      the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) were assessed for cartilage T2 values and
      whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging (WORMS) score. Subjects were pair-matched
      by age, body mass index (BMI), Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score, clinical site and
      subcohort within the OAI. We compared the rate of change in whole knee cartilage
      T2 values and WORMS cartilage, bone marrow edema pattern (BMEP) and meniscus
      scores between the two ethnic groups using mixed random effects models. RESULTS:
      At 24 and 48 months 60 subjects and at 72 months 45 subjects per group were
      available for analysis resulting in 38 complete pairs with data of all time
      points. Compared to CA, cartilage T2 values in AA increased at a significantly
      faster rate at baseline (AA: 0.45 ms/y, CA: 0.35 ms/y, P = 0.029) and averaged
      over 6 years (AA: 0.36 ms/y, CA: 0.27 ms/y, P = 0.039) with changes in both
      groups reaching a plateau by 48 months. Cartilage, meniscus and BMEP scores
      tended to increase in both groups during follow up, but rates of change did not
      differ by ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Cartilage T2 values increased faster over 72
      months in AA than CA, however changes in WORMS cartilage, meniscus and BMEP
      scores did not differ. T2 values may be able to distinguish ethnicity-related
      differences of cartilage degeneration at an early stage before differences in
      structural joint degeneration appear.

PMID- 26970287
TI  - Higher Blood Pressure Partially Links Greater Adiposity to Reduced Brain White
      Matter Integrity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adiposity and elevated blood pressure (BP) are associated with brain
      structure abnormalities, but whether these effects are independent is unknown. We
      tested whether associations between adiposity and white matter integrity were
      explained by elevated BP. METHODS: A sample of 209 middle-aged adults underwent
      diffusion tensor imaging to quantify indirect metrics of white matter structural
      integrity. These included putative markers of global white matter integrity
      (fractional anisotropy (FA)), axonal integrity (axial diffusivity), and myelin
      integrity (radial diffusivity). Participants were either normotensive or
      prehypertensive. RESULTS: After adjusting for age and sex, regression analyses
      showed that waist circumference was associated with FA (beta = -0.15, P < 0.05)
      and axial diffusivity (beta = -0.24, P < 0.001), and mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      was associated with FA (beta = -0.21, P < 0.05). Direct and indirect effect
      analyses showed that waist circumference was indirectly associated with whole
      brain FA through MAP (beta = -0.06), and directly related to whole brain axial
      diffusivity, independent of MAP (beta = -0.24). Examination of specific white
      matter tracts yielded similar results; waist circumference was indirectly related
      to FA through MAP and radial diffusivity, and directly related to axial
      diffusivity, independent of MAP. Supplemental analyses using body mass index,
      systolic BP, and diastolic BP also yielded similar results. CONCLUSION: These
      findings suggest at least 2 mechanisms explain the adiposity and white matter
      association: one pathway through elevated BP impacting global white matter
      integrity and reducing integrity of the myelin sheath, and at least one other
      adiposity-specific pathway decreasing axonal integrity.

PMID- 26970289
TI  - Sonographic features of steatocystoma simplex on the abdomen.

PMID- 26970288
TI  - Disease-related costs of care and survival among Medicare-enrolled patients with
      myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although newer treatments for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS),
      particularly hypomethylating agents (HMAs), are expensive, it is unclear whether
      MDS-related costs of care are associated with overall survival. This study
      evaluated the relation between MDS-related costs and survival among Medicare
      beneficiaries with MDS. METHODS: Eligible patients were identified from the
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database with codes for MDS
      from International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 3rd edition. The
      patients were diagnosed between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2011, were 66
      years old or older, and were followed through death or the end of study (December
      31, 2012). Medicare payments were used to estimate costs. Cumulative costs in a
      propensity score-matched group of cancer-free Medicare beneficiaries were
      subtracted from costs in the MDS cohort in each registry to estimate MDS-related
      costs. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from
      multivariate Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for patient and disease
      characteristics. RESULTS: There were 8580 eligible patients, and 1,267 (14.7%)
      received HMAs. The overall 2-year survival rate was 48.7%, and the 2-year
      registry-specific MDS-related cost per patient ranged from $40,793 to $78,156
      across 16 registries. The 2-year MDS-related cost was not associated with
      survival in the overall study population (first tertile, reference; second
      tertile, HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.04; P = .29; third tertile, HR, 0.98; 95% CI,
      0.91-1.06; P = .64) or in subgroups of patients who did or did not receive HMAs.
      CONCLUSIONS: Medicare expenditures for elderly patients with MDS varied across
      registries but were not associated with survival. A lack of an association
      between costs and outcomes warrants additional research because it may help to
      identify potential areas for cost-saving interventions without compromising
      patient outcomes. Cancer 2016;122:1598-607. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970290
TI  - Functional or constructive attitudes: Which type drives consumers' evaluation of
      meat products?
AB  - Consumer attitudes towards meat can be divided up into two types: Functional
      attitudes which are stable and exist over long periods of time, and constructive
      attitudes which are ephemeral and usually constructed at the point of sale. This
      research investigated the temporal and situational stability of meat consumers'
      attitudes by using the same established functional, multidimensional attitude
      instrument to generate attitude profiles for the four meat types:
      chicken/beef/lamb/poultry both as an abstracted construct and as a cue on a range
      of meat and meat-based products. The results showed that strong attitude profile
      was generated by the meat types as abstracted constructs, but that this profile
      broke down completely when the food products carrying the same meat types were
      evaluated. This result indicates that consumer attitudes may not be temporally or
      situationally stable, which in turn suggests that consumers' evaluation and
      choice of meat products may be driven to a greater or lesser extent by
      constructive rather than functional attitudes. 

PMID- 26970291
TI  - Characterization of the fatty acid composition of lamb commercially available in
      northern Spain: Emphasis on the trans-18:1 and CLA content and profile.
AB  - A survey of commercially available lamb meat was performed in northern Spain in
      order to evaluate their fatty acid (FA) composition with emphasis on trans fatty
      acid (TFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. Samples were collected in
      spring (n=24) and winter (n=24) of 2013, and were obtained in about equal numbers
      from grocery stores and butcher-shops. Subcutaneous fat, known to be a sensitive
      indicator of TFA content in ruminants, was analyzed by GC-FID. In general, very
      few differences were observed between collection periods and type of stores
      because of the high variability within the groups that was believed to be
      associated with differences in genetics and feeding strategies. However, the
      10t/11t ratio of all samples showed two clearly identifiable groups irrespective
      of the source: 1) when 10t/11t was >1, 10t-shifted samples; 2) when 10t/11t was
      <=1, non-shifted samples where 11t-18:1 was the predominant isomer. These two
      groups were clearly identified and associated with distinct FAs using principal
      component analysis. 

PMID- 26970292
TI  - The evolution of fishes and corals on reefs: form, function and interdependence.
AB  - Coral reefs are renowned for their spectacular biodiversity and the close links
      between fishes and corals. Despite extensive fossil records and common
      biogeographic histories, the evolution of these two key groups has rarely been
      considered together. We therefore examine recent advances in molecular
      phylogenetics and palaeoecology, and place the evolution of fishes and corals in
      a functional context. In critically reviewing the available fossil and
      phylogenetic evidence, we reveal a marked congruence in the evolution of the two
      groups. Despite one group consisting of swimming vertebrates and the other
      colonial symbiotic invertebrates, fishes and corals have remarkably similar
      evolutionary histories. In the Paleocene and Eocene [66-34 million years ago
      (Ma)] most modern fish and coral families were present, and both were represented
      by a wide range of functional morphotypes. However, there is little evidence of
      diversification at this time. By contrast, in the Oligocene and Miocene (34-5.3
      Ma), both groups exhibited rapid lineage diversification. There is also evidence
      of increasing reef area, occupation of new habitats, increasing coral cover, and
      potentially, increasing fish abundance. Functionally, the Oligocene-Miocene is
      marked by the appearance of new fish and coral taxa associated with high-turnover
      fast-growth ecosystems and the colonization of reef flats. It is in this period
      that the functional characteristics of modern coral reefs were established. Most
      species, however, only arose in the last 5.3 million years (Myr; Plio
      Pleistocene), with the average age of fish species being 5.3 Myr, and corals just
      1.9 Myr. While these species are genetically distinct, phenotypic differences are
      often limited to variation in colour or minor morphological features. This
      suggests that the rapid increase in biodiversity during the last 5.3 Myr was not
      matched by changes in ecosystem function. For reef fishes, colour appears to be
      central to recent diversification. However, the presence of pigment patterns in
      the Eocene suggests that colour may not have driven recent diversification.
      Furthermore, the lack of functional changes in fishes or corals over the last 5
      Myr raises questions over the role and importance of biodiversity in shaping the
      future of coral reefs.

PMID- 26970293
TI  - Consumers' responses to front-of-pack labels that vary by interpretive content.
AB  - Previous research has shown that front-of-pack labels (FoPLs) can assist people
      to make healthier food choices if they are easy to understand and people are
      motivated to use them. There is some evidence that FoPLs providing an assessment
      of a food's health value (evaluative FoPLs) are easier to use than those
      providing only numerical information on nutrients (reductive FoPLs). Recently, a
      new evaluative FoPL (the Health Star Rating (HSR)) has been introduced to
      Australia and New Zealand. The HSR features a summary indicator, differentiating
      it from many other FoPLs being used around the world. The aim of this study was
      to understand how consumers of all ages use and make sense of reductive FoPLs and
      evaluative FoPLs including evaluative FoPLs with and without summary indicators.
      Ten focus groups were conducted in Perth, Western Australia with adults (n = 50)
      and children aged 10-17 years (n = 35) to explore reactions to one reductive FoPL
      (the Daily Intake Guide), an existing evaluative FoPL (multiple traffic lights),
      and a new evaluative FoPL (the HSR). Participants preferred the evaluative FoPLs
      over the reductive FoPL, with the strongest preference being for the FoPL with
      the summary indicator (HSR). Discussions revealed the cognitive strategies used
      when interpreting each FoPL (e.g., using cut offs, heuristics, and the process of
      elimination), which differed according to FoPL format. Most participants reported
      being motivated to use the evaluative FoPLs (particularly the HSR) to make
      choices about foods consumed as part of regular daily meals, but not for
      discretionary foods consumed as snacks or deserts. The findings provide further
      evidence of the potential utility of evaluative FoPLs in supporting healthy food
      choices and can assist policy makers in selecting between alternative FoPL
      formats.

PMID- 26970294
TI  - Food-related behavior and intake of adult main meal preparers of 9-10 year-old
      children participating in iCook 4-H: A five-state childhood obesity prevention
      pilot study.
AB  - It is important to understand adult outcomes in childhood obesity prevention
      programs as parents and caregivers have a significant influence on the eating and
      physical activity habits of youth. Grounded in the social cognitive theory, the
      iCook 4-H study was centered on a dyad model (9-10 year-olds and their primary
      meal preparers) to teach healthy cooking skills, shopping and meal habits, and
      being active as a family. The program took place in five states and dyads (n =
      54) were recruited through flyers, e-mails, and in-person contact. The focus of
      this article is to provide findings from adult program participants. Demographics
      and self-reported food intake, procurement, preparation and safety practices,
      feeding relationships, mealtime routines, and height and weight were collected
      through surveys at baseline and program completion, which spanned 3 months.
      Descriptive statistics including two-related samples tests and paired samples t
      tests were used to assess pre- and post-program survey data responses at p < 0.05
      significance level. Most had a bachelor's degree (31%) or some college (29%),
      about half were white, 66% were married, about 30% of households participated in
      assistance programs, and 82% were female. At program conclusion, participants
      significantly improved meal planning, prioritizing healthy meal choices, shopping
      with a grocery list, and reading Nutrition Facts Labels. There were also
      significant, positive differences noted in cooking skill confidence (p = 0.015),
      desire to cook more meals at home, and fewer fast food meals. Adult-youth feeding
      interactions also significantly improved. There were also significant increases
      in fruit juice (100%), vegetable soup, and whole grain consumption. Based on
      results, adults reported improvements in meal planning, cooking, and purchasing
      skills that were taught in classes.

PMID- 26970295
TI  - First report of Trypanosoma vegrandis in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus).
AB  - The present study describes the first report of Trypanosoma vegrandis in koalas
      using morphology and sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. The prevalence of T.
      vegrandis in koalas was 13.6% (6/44). It is likely that the small size of T.
      vegrandis (<10MUm in length), coupled with the difficulties in amplifying DNA of
      this parasite in mixed infections using trypanosome generic primers, are the
      reason why this organism has not been identified in koalas until now. This study
      highlights the importance of further research comprising a larger sample size to
      determine the prevalence of T. vegrandis in koalas as well as its potential
      impacts upon this marsupial species' health. 

PMID- 26970296
TI  - Comparison of patient-centered outcomes after routine implant placement, teeth
      extraction, and periodontal surgical procedures.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare patient-centered outcome assessments (POAs) over a 2-week
      period after five categories of dento-alveolar surgical procedures. METHODS: A
      total of 339 patients in need of dento-alveolar surgical procedures such as
      simple tooth extraction (SE), transalveolar extraction (TE), straightforward
      implant placement (I), implant placement with guided bone regeneration (IGBR),
      and periodontal surgery (P) in Hong Kong (51.3%) and Nanjing dental clinic were
      consecutively recruited (2013-2015). POAs in terms of bleeding, swelling, pain,
      and bruising were obtained using 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) on each day of
      the first week and the 14th day postsurgery. Clinical examinations were recorded
      on the 7th day postoperation. RESULTS: For the first 3 days of healing, area
      under-the-curve (AUC) analyses showed that transalveolar extraction (TE) resulted
      in significantly higher overall bleeding and pain (AUC: Bleeding Mean = 5.6, Pain
      Mean = 7.5). However, implant placement with GBR (IGBR) resulted in significant
      higher level of swelling (AUC: Mean = 9.1) and bruising (Mean = 4.2) for the same
      period with also the highest use of painkillers. Healing outcomes of
      straightforward implant placement (I) were comparable to that of a simple
      extraction (SE). Two-week overall experience showed the symptoms quickly subsided
      for all groups. Prevalence for complications 1 week postoperatively was IGBR
      (20%), P (15.6%), I (12.7%), SE (4.8%), TE (1.5%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The
      highest extent of swelling and bruising was observed in patients who got implant
      placement with GBR (IGBR), while healing events of straightforward implants were
      similar to these of simple extraction. The VAS scores for all POAs parameters
      were generally low and decreased to nearly zero over the study period following
      all five surgical procedures. Low prevalence of postsurgical complications was
      reported.

PMID- 26970297
TI  - Pulsed Lasers Employing Solution-Processed Plasmonic Cu3- x P Colloidal
      Nanocrystals.
AB  - A new approach to synthesize self-doped colloidal Cu3-x P NCs with controlled
      size and localized surface plasmon resonance absorption is reported. These Cu3-x
      P NCs show ultrafast exciton dynamics and huge optical nonlinearities due to
      plasmonic resonances, which afford the first demonstration of plasmonic Cu3-x P
      NCs as simple, effective, and solution-processed nonlinear absorbers for high
      energy Q-switched fiber laser.

PMID- 26970298
TI  - Diversity Conceptual Model for aged care: Person-centred and difference-oriented
      and connective with a focus on benefit, disadvantage and equity.
AB  - AIM: This project aimed to develop a Diversity Conceptual Model to support the
      aged care sector to identify diversity characteristics and associated benefits
      and disadvantages in order to consider greater equity in policy and practice.
      METHODS: A multi-method approach was used to develop the Diversity Conceptual
      Model using a literature review, organisation-wide consultation using a
      questionnaire, focus groups and interviews with key stakeholders. RESULTS: A
      Diversity Conceptual Model was developed as a visual 'tool', made up of numerous
      components, with a focus on diversity characteristics that may be creating
      benefits and disadvantages for a consumer to participate in their health care.
      Continuous quality improvements and equity are presented as essential overarching
      components of the Model. CONCLUSION: The Diversity Conceptual Model has many
      potential applications for aged care. The author proposes that its wider adoption
      would increase confidence, skills and knowledge, enabling the aged care sector to
      influence greater equity in policy and care practice.

PMID- 26970299
TI  - Does cyclic stress and accelerated ageing influence the wear behavior of highly
      crosslinked polyethylene?
AB  - First-generation (irradiated and remelted or annealed) and second-generation
      (irradiated and vitamin E blended or doped) highly crosslinked polyethylenes were
      introduced in the last decade to solve the problems of wear and osteolysis. In
      this study, the influence of the Vitamin-E addition on crosslinked polyethylene
      (XLPE_VE) was evaluated by comparing the in vitro wear behavior of crosslinked
      polyethylene (XLPE) versus Vitamin-E blended polyethylene XLPE and conventional
      ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (STD_PE) acetabular cups, after
      accelerated ageing according to ASTM F2003-02 (70.0+/-0.1 degrees C, pure oxygen
      at 5bar for 14 days). The test was performed using a hip joint simulator run for
      two millions cycles, under bovine calf serum as lubricant. Mass loss was found to
      decrease along the series XLPE_VE>STD_PE>XLPE, although no statistically
      significant differences were found between the mass losses of the three sets of
      cups. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate at a molecular level the
      morphology changes induced by wear. The spectroscopic analyses showed that the
      accelerated ageing determined different wear mechanisms and molecular
      rearrangements during testing with regards to the changes in both the chain
      orientation and the distribution of the all-trans sequences within the
      orthorhombic, amorphous and third phases. The results of the present study showed
      that the addition of vitamin E was not effective to improve the gravimetric wear
      of PE after accelerated ageing. However, from a molecular point of view, the
      XLPE_VE acetabular cups tested after accelerated ageing appeared definitely less
      damaged than the STD_PE ones and comparable to XLPE samples.

PMID- 26970300
TI  - Renal Fibromuscular Dysplasia: A Not So Common Entity of Secondary Hypertension.
AB  - Fibromuscular dysplasia is a rare noninflammatory vascular disease characterized
      by nonatheroslerotic stenosis predominantly seen in young women, whereas the
      majority of cases involve the renal arteries causing secondary hypertension. Most
      noninvasive screening tests are not quite sensitive or reproducible to rule out
      renal artery stenosis, but renal angiography usually confirms the diagnosis.
      Percutaneous renal artery angioplasty is the treatment of choice; however, it may
      not result in normalization of blood pressure if diagnosis is delayed. Continued
      follow-up is necessary since stenosis reoccurs. 

PMID- 26970301
TI  - Pterosin B has multiple targets in gluconeogenic programs, including coenzyme Q
      in RORalpha-SRC2 signaling.
AB  - Hepatic gluconeogenic programs are regulated by a variety of signaling cascades.
      Glucagon-cAMP signaling is the main initiator of the gluconeogenic programs,
      including glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6pc) gene expression.
      Pterosin B, an ingredient in Pteridium aquilinum, inhibits salt-inducible kinase
      3 signaling that represses cAMP-response element-binding protein regulated
      transcription coactivator 2, an inducer of gluconeogenic programs. As the
      results, pterosin B promotes G6pc expression even in the absence of cAMP. In this
      work, however, we noticed that once cAMP signaling was initiated, pterosin B
      became a strong repressor of G6pc expression. The search for associated
      transcription factors for pterosin B actions revealed that retinoic acid receptor
      related orphan receptor alpha-steroid receptor coactivator 2 (RORalpha-SRC2)
      complex on the G6pc promoter was the target. Meanwhile, pterosin B impaired the
      oxidation-reduction cycle of coenzyme Q in mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation (OXPHOS); and antimycin A, an inhibitor of coenzyme Q: cytochrome
      c-oxidoreductase (termed mitochondrial complex III), also mimicked pterosin B
      actions on RORalpha-SRC2 signaling. Although other respiratory toxins (rotenone
      and oligomycin) also suppressed G6pc expression accompanied by lowered ATP levels
      following the activation of AMP-activated kinase, minimal or no effect of these
      other toxins on RORalpha-SRC2 activity was observed. These results suggested that
      individual components in OXPHOS differentially linked to different
      transcriptional machineries for hepatic gluconeogenic programs, and the RORalpha
      SRC2 complex acted as a sensor for oxidation-reduction cycle of coenzyme Q and
      regulated G6Pc expression. This was a site disrupted by pterosin B in
      gluconeogenic programs. 

PMID- 26970302
TI  - MicroRNA-198 inhibited tumorous behaviors of human osteosarcoma through directly
      targeting ROCK1.
AB  - Osteosarcoma is an aggressive primary sarcoma of bone and occurs mainly in
      adolescents and young adults. The prognosis of OS remains poor, and most of them
      will die due to local relapse or metastases. The discovery of microRNAs provides
      a new possibility for the early diagnosis and treatment of OS. Thus, the aim of
      this study was to explore the expression and functions of microRNA-198 (miR-198)
      in osteosarcoma. The expression levels of miR-198 were determined by qRT-PCR in
      osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Cell proliferation assays, migration and
      invasion assays were adopted to investigate the effects of miR-198 on tumorous
      behaviors of osteosarcoma cells. The results showed that miR-198 expression
      levels were lower in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. In addition, low miR
      198 expression levels were correlated with TNM stage and distant metastasis.
      After miR-198 mimics transfection, cell proliferation, migration and invasion
      were significantly suppressed in the osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, ROCK1 was
      identified as a novel direct target of miR-198 in osteosarcoma. These findings
      suggested that miR-198 may act not only as a novel prognostic marker, but also as
      a potential target for molecular therapy of osteosarcoma. 

PMID- 26970303
TI  - Phyhd1, an XPhyH-like homologue, is induced in mouse T cells upon T cell
      stimulation.
AB  - We previously identified XPhyH-like as a gene whose expression is enhanced in
      Xenopus blood cells during the refractory period, in which Xenopus tadpoles
      transiently lose their tail regenerative ability. Although we hypothesized that
      some autoreactive immune cells attack tail blastemal cells during the refractory
      period and XPhyH-like expressing immune cells were involved in the process, the
      nature of cells expressing XPhyH-like remain unknown, partly due to the lack of
      leukocyte markers available in Xenopus. In the present study, we used mice to
      analyze the expression pattern of XPhyH-like homologues. When we used
      quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT--PCR) to analyze
      the expression of mouse Phyhd1, an XPhyH-like orthologue, and Phyh, a Phyhd1
      paralogue, both Phyhd1 and Phyh showed similar tissue-specific expression
      patterns. The expression pattern in leukocytes, however, differed between Phyhd1
      and Phyh; Phyhd1 was considerably expressed in T cells and B cells. Moreover, the
      expression of Phyhd1 in T cells was up-regulated for approximately 3- to 7-times
      by T cell stimulation 3-4 days after the stimulation, unlike Phyh. Our findings
      suggest that Phyhd1 and Phyh have distinct roles in mouse leukocytes and Phyhd1
      is related to T cell differentiation and/or function of effector T cells. 

PMID- 26970304
TI  - Calycosin ameliorates diabetes-induced cognitive impairments in rats by reducing
      oxidative stress via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway.
AB  - Diabetic encephalopathy is one of the most prevalent chronic complications of
      diabetes mellitus (DM), but there is currently no effective method of prevention
      nor proven therapeutic regimen for it. In this study, we investigated the effects
      of calycosin on cognitive behavior and the potential mechanism involved in
      streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. The effects of diabetes and calycosin
      treatment on spatial learning and memory were evaluated using the Morris Water
      Maze, passive avoidance and motor coordination tests. Histological analysis of
      the hippocampus cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region was conducted in rats. The decreased
      expression of the synapsin (SYN) and postsynatptic density protein (PSD-95), as
      well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in diabetic rats was measured by
      quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Treatment with calycosin promoted a
      reduction in the expression of SYN, PSD-95 and BDNF. In addition, diabetic rats
      showed increased MDA levels, and decreased SOD levels and GSH-Px activities in
      the hippocampus, as well as increased AChE activity in the cerebral cortex; these
      changes were reversed by calycosin supplementation. Thus, the impairment of
      learning and memory in STZ-induced diabetic rats was alleviated by calycosin, and
      that the degree of alleviation was associated with oxidative stress. We also
      found that calycosin treatment significantly stimulated Akt phosphorylation and
      decreased GSK-3beta and tau phosphorylation, and that these changes could be
      restored by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. In conclusion, calycosin had a
      beneficial effect on the amelioration, prevention and treatment of diabetes
      associated cognitive deficits, through its involvement in oxidative stress,
      synaptic function and the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3beta pathway. 

PMID- 26970305
TI  - Demethyleneberberine attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with activation
      of AMPK and inhibition of oxidative stress.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached an epidemic level globally,
      which is recognized to form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by the "two-hit"
      model, including oxidative stress and inflammation. AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK) has long been regarded as a key regulator of energy metabolism, which is
      recognized as a critical target for NAFLD treatment. Here we introduce a natural
      product, demethyleneberberine (DMB), which potentially ameliorated NAFLD by
      activating AMPK pathways. Our study showed that the intraperitoneal injection of
      DMB (20 or 40 mg/kg body weight) decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in
      methionine and choline deficient (MCD) high-fat diet feeding mice and db/db mice.
      The further investigation demonstrated that DMB activated AMPK by increasing its
      phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Accompanied with AMPK activation, the
      expression of lipogenic genes were significantly reduced while genes responsible
      for the fatty acid beta-oxidation were restored in DMB-treated NAFLD mice. In
      addition, the remarkable oxidative damage and inflammation induced by NAFLD were
      both attenuated by DMB treatment, which is reflected by decreased lipid oxidative
      product, malonaldehyde (MDA) and inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta). Based on all above, DMB could
      serve as a novel AMPK activator for treating NAFLD and preventing the pathologic
      progression from NAFLD to NASH by inhibiting the oxidative stress and
      inflammation. 

PMID- 26970306
TI  - Klotho inhibits angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through
      suppression of the AT1R/beta catenin pathway.
AB  - Myocardial hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for cardiac morbidity and
      mortality. The antiaging protein klotho reportedly possesses a protective role in
      cardiac diseases. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective
      effects of klotho remain unknown. This study was aimed to determine the effects
      of klotho on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat
      cardiomyocytes and the possible mechanism of actions. We found that klotho
      significantly inhibited Ang II-induced hypertrophic growth of neonatal
      cardiomyocytes, as evidenced by decreased [(3)H]-Leucine incorporation,
      cardiomyocyte surface area and beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) mRNA
      expression. Meanwhile, klotho inhibited Ang II-stimulated activation of the
      Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in cardiomyocytes, as evidenced by decreased protein
      expression of active beta-catenin, downregulated protein and mRNA expression of
      the beta-catenin target genes c-myc and cyclin D1, and increased beta-catenin
      phosphorylation. Inhibition of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway by the specific
      inhibitor XAV939 markedly attenuated Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
      The further study revealed that klotho treatment significantly downregulated
      protein expression of Ang II receptor type I (AT1R) but not type II (AT2R). The
      AT1R antagonist losartan inhibited Ang II-stimulated activation of the Wnt/beta
      catenin pathway and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our findings suggest that klotho
      inhibits Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through suppression of the
      AT1R/beta-catenin signaling pathway, which may provide new insights into the
      mechanism underlying the protective effects of klotho in heart diseases, and
      raise the possibility that klotho may act as an endogenous antihypertrophic
      factor by inhibiting the Ang II signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26970307
TI  - Pre-clinical assessment of A-674563 as an anti-melanoma agent.
AB  - The present study aims to investigate the anti-melanoma activity by an Akt1
      specific inhibitor A-674563. We showed that A-674563 was anti-proliferative and
      cytotoxic when added to human melanoma cells (A375, WM-115 and SK-Mel-2 lines). A
      674563 induced caspase-dependent apoptotic death of human melanoma cells, and its
      cytotoxicity was inhibited with pre-treatment of caspase inhibitors. Further, A
      674563 treatment blocked Akt and its downstream S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1) activation in
      A375 melanoma cells. Significantly, restoring Akt-S6K1 activation via
      introduction of constitutively-active Akt1 (ca-Akt1) only partially attenuated A
      674563's cytotoxicity against A375 cells. Further, A-674563 induced pro-apoptotic
      ceramide production in A375 cells. Significantly, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)
      inhibited A-674563-induced ceramide production and subsequent A375 cell
      apoptosis. On the other hand, co-treatment with the glucosylceramide synthase
      (GCS) inhibitor PDMP or the cell permeable short-chain ceramide (C6) potentiated
      A-674563's cytotoxicity against A375 cells. In vivo, A-674563 oral gavage
      inhibited A375 xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice.
      Akt inactivation, caspase-3 activation and ceramide production were also observed
      in A-674563-treated A375 xenografts. Together, these results suggest that A
      674563 exerts potent anti-melanoma activity, involving Akt-dependent and Akt
      independent mechanisms.

PMID- 26970309
TI  - The origins of stem cells as tools for regenerative medicine.

PMID- 26970308
TI  - The oxindole Syk inhibitor OXSI-2 blocks nigericin-induced inflammasome signaling
      and pyroptosis independent of potassium efflux.
AB  - The inflammasome is a caspase-1-activating complex that is implicated in a
      growing number of acute and chronic pathologies. Interest has increased in
      identifying small molecular inhibitors of inflammasome signaling because of its
      role in clinically relevant diseases. It was recently reported that the protein
      tyrosine kinase, Syk, regulates pathogen-induced inflammasome signaling by
      phosphorylating a molecular switch on the adapter protein ASC. However, several
      aspects of the role of Syk in inflammasome signaling and the effects of its
      inhibition remain unclear. The aim of the present study is to explore in detail
      the effects of the oxindole Syk inhibitor OXSI-2 on various aspects of nigericin
      induced inflammasome signaling. Our results indicate that OXSI-2 inhibits
      inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 activation, IL-1beta processing and release,
      mitochondrial ROS generation, and pyroptotic cell death. Using a novel live cell
      potassium sensor we show that Syk inhibition with OXSI-2 has no effect on
      potassium efflux kinetics and that blockade of potassium efflux with
      extracellular potassium alters Syk phosphorylation. The effects of OXSI-2
      identified in this study provide context for the role of Syk in inflammasome
      signaling and demonstrate its importance in oxidative signaling upstream of
      inflammasome activation and downstream of ion flux. 

PMID- 26970310
TI  - Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) signaling in rheumatoid synovium:
      Regulation of inflammatory response and cytokine-mediated production of
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
AB  - Abnormal perpetual inflammatory response and sequential cytokine-induced
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play important roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA). The underlying regulatory mechanism, however, remain largely
      unknown. Here, we discovered that expression level of Metastasis associated
      protein 1 (MTA1), an important chromatin modifier that plays a critical role in
      transcriptional regulation by modifying DNA accessibility for cofactors, was
      upregulated in human rheumatoid synovial tissues. Furthermore, a knockdown of
      MTA1 by siRNA in the human fibroblast-like synovial cell line MH7A was found to
      impair the 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced transcriptional expression levels of
      certain proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6.
      Moreover, endogenous MTA1 was required for the cytokines-induced PGE2 synthesis
      by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Collectively, the coordinated existence of MTA1
      inside distinct cascade loops points to its indispensable role in the modulation
      of the integrated cytokine network along the pathogenesis of RA. Further
      exploration of the functional details of this master transcriptional regulator
      should be an attractive strategy to identify novel therapeutic target for RA and
      warrants execution. 

PMID- 26970311
TI  - The impact of volunteering on the volunteer: findings from a peer support
      programme for family carers of people with dementia.
AB  - With an ageing population, there are increasing numbers of experienced family
      carers (FCs) who could provide peer support to newer carers in a similar care
      situation. The aims of this paper are to: (i) use a cross-sectional study design
      to compare characteristics of volunteers and recipients of a peer support
      programme for FCs of people with dementia, in terms of demographic background,
      social networks and psychological well-being; and (ii) use a longitudinal study
      design to explore the overall impact of the programme on the volunteers in terms
      of psychological well-being. Data were collected from programmes run in Norfolk,
      Northamptonshire, Berkshire and four London boroughs between October 2009 and
      March 2013. The volunteer role entailed empathic listening and encouragement over
      a 10-month period. Both carer support volunteers (N = 87) and recipient FCs (N =
      109) provided baseline demographic information. Data on social networks, personal
      growth, self-efficacy, service use and well-being (SF-12; EuroQol Visual Analogue
      Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Control, Autonomy, Self
      Realisation, Pleasure-19) were collected prior to the start of the intervention
      (N = 43) and at either 3- to 5 month or 10 month follow-up (N = 21). Volunteers
      were more likely than recipients of support to be female and to have cared for a
      parent/grandparent rather than spouse. Volunteers were also more psychologically
      well than support recipients in terms of personal growth, depression and
      perceived well-being. The longitudinal analysis identified small but significant
      declines in personal growth and autonomy and a positive correlation between the
      volunteers' duration of involvement and perceived well-being. These findings
      suggest that carers who volunteer for emotional support roles are resilient and
      are at little psychological risk from volunteering.

PMID- 26970312
TI  - Validation of the delirium observation screening scale in a hospitalized older
      population.
AB  - Delirium is challenging to diagnose in older populations. It is often reversible,
      and when detected, treatment can improve patient outcomes. Delirium detection
      currently relies on trained staff to conduct neurocognitive interviews. The
      Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOS) is a screen designed to allow faster,
      easier identification of delirium. In this validation study, conducted at an
      academic tertiary care center, we attempted to determine the accuracy of the DOS
      as a delirium screening tool in hospitalized patients over 64 years old. We
      compared DOS results to a validated delirium diagnostic tool, the Delirium Rating
      Scale-Revised-98. We also assess the user-friendliness of the DOS by nurses via
      electronic survey. In 101 assessments of 54 patients, the DOS had sensitivity of
      90% and specificity of 91% for delirium. The DOS is an accurate and easy way to
      screen for delirium in older inpatients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:494
      497. (c) 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 26970315
TI  - Heavy menstrual bleeding on Rivaroxaban - Comparison with Apixaban.

PMID- 26970313
TI  - Interstitial fibrosis is the critical determinant of impaired renal function in
      transplant glomerulopathy.
AB  - AIM: Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a feature of chronic antibody-mediated
      injury in the glomerular capillaries in renal transplant recipients. TG is
      generally associated with proteinuria; however, renal function at the diagnosis
      of TG varies. This study aimed to determine which morphological abnormalities are
      associated with renal function and proteinuria at the diagnosis of TG. METHODS: A
      total of 871 renal transplantations were performed at Tokyo Women's Medical
      University between 2005 and 2013. TG was diagnosed in 127 biopsies from 58 (6.7%)
      recipients. Renal function was evaluated by the estimated glomerular filtration
      rate (eGFR). Proteinuria was assessed by a dipstick test: positive for +1 and
      over. RESULTS: At diagnosis, of 127 biopsies, 72, 37, and 18 had mild, moderate,
      and severe TG (Banff cg). The severity of TG was not associated with decreased
      eGFR at the time of biopsy (cg1: 36.1 +/- 14.8, cg2-3: 38.8 +/- 14.5 mL/min per
      1.73 m(2) , P = 0.25), whereas the severity of interstitial fibrosis (IF) (Banff
      ci) was significantly associated with decreased eGFR (ci0-1: 42.75 +/- 13.32, ci2
      3: 27.69 +/- 11.94 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) , P < 0.0001). The multivariate analysis
      revealed that IF was the only independent risk factors for decreased eGFR (OR =
      4.38, P = 0.0006). Meanwhile, TG was identified as the only independent risk
      factor for the incidence of proteinuria (OR = 2.67, P = 0.014). CONCLUSION:
      Interstitial fibrosis was a critical determinant of impaired renal function at
      the diagnosis of TG. The severity of TG was significantly associated with
      proteinuria, but did not contribute to renal dysfunction.

PMID- 26970314
TI  - Effect of finger motion on transverse median nerve movement in the carpal tunnel.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We used ultrasonography (US) to investigate the effects of finger
      motion on movement of the median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome
      (CTS) and the correlation between these US parameters and CTS severity. METHODS:
      Ultrasonographic measures were performed in 23 control wrists and 22 CTS wrists
      in women. During first through third finger flexion and grip motion, median nerve
      movements were obtained using US and a tracing program. RESULTS: Nerve movements
      during third finger flexion in the dorsopalmar axis and grip motion in both axes,
      and during second finger flexion in the radioulnar axis, differed significantly
      between the control and CTS groups. US parameters correlated negatively with
      cross-sectional area. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that transverse median nerve
      movements decreased during grip using US and correlated negatively with CTS
      severity. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 54: -, 2016 Muscle Nerve 54: 738-742,
      2016.

PMID- 26970316
TI  - Measurement of wounds - the simplest diagnostic?

PMID- 26970318
TI  - Characterisation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates harbouring mecA or
      Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes from four tertiary care hospitals in Indonesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles
      and clonal distribution of either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      (MRSA) or Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive S. aureus obtained from
      clinical cultures in Indonesian hospitals. METHODS: S. aureus isolates from
      clinical cultures of patients in four tertiary care hospitals in Denpasar,
      Malang, Padang and Semarang were included. We assessed the antimicrobial
      susceptibility profiles using the Vitek2((r)) system, determined the presence of
      the mecA gene and genes encoding PVL using PCR and analysed the clonal
      relatedness with Raman spectroscopy. SCCmec typing was performed for all MRSA
      isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for a subset of
      isolates. RESULTS: In total, 259 S. aureus strains were collected. Of these,
      17/259 (6.6%) and 48/259 (18.5%) were MRSA and PVL-positive methicillin
      susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively. The prevalence of MRSA and PVL
      positive MSSA ranged between 2.5-8.9% and 9.5-29.1%, respectively and depended on
      geographic origin. PVL-positive MRSA were not detected. Raman spectroscopy of the
      strains revealed multiple Raman types with two predominant clusters. We also
      showed possible transmission of a ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III strain and a ST121
      PVL-positive MSSA in one of the hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that MRSA and
      PVL-positive MSSA are of clinical importance in Indonesian hospitals. A national
      surveillance system should be set-up to further monitor this. To reduce the
      prevalence of MRSA in Indonesian hospitals, a bundle of intervention measures is
      highly recommended.

PMID- 26970320
TI  - Baseline HCV-RNA levels in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients: The role of
      different cut-off points.

PMID- 26970319
TI  - A cross-sectional view of the current state of treatment of youth with type 2
      diabetes in the USA: enrollment data from the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium Type
      2 Diabetes Registry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment approaches,
      clinical outcomes, and co-morbidities of youth with type 2 diabetes (T2D)
      enrolled in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) T2D Registry. METHODS: PDC
      enrolled 598 youth <21 yr of age with T2D from February 2012 to July 2015 at
      eight centers. Data were collected from medical records and interviews with
      participants and/or parents and included glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes
      treatments, prevalence of diabetes comorbidities (hypertension (HTN),
      dyslipidemia (DL), microalbuminuria (MA), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      (NAFLD). RESULTS: Insulin use was observed in 45% of those with T2D duration <1
      yr, 44% for 1-<2 yr, 55% for 2-3 yr and 60% for >=4 yr. Median HbA1c was 6.7% (50
      mmol/mol), 8.5% (69 mmol/mol), 9.6% (81 mmol/mol), and 9.7% (82 mmol/mol) in
      those with disease duration <1, 1-<2, 2-3 and >=4 yr, respectively. Only 33 and
      11% of those with HTN and DL respectively, were being treated. MA and NAFLD were
      observed in 5-6% of the participants. Prevalence of HTN was associated with
      higher BMI (p < 0.001), DL with higher HbA1c (p < 0.001), and MA with longer
      diabetes duration (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of insulin therapy in youth
      with T2D was associated with increased disease duration and those with longer
      duration rarely achieve target HbA1c level. This highlights the aggressive course
      of T2D in youth and adolescents. Additionally, co-morbidities are not being
      adequately treated. Follow up data from the PDC will provide additional important
      information about the natural history of T2D and patterns of gaps in treatment.

PMID- 26970321
TI  - One- or Two-Electron Transfer? The Ambiguous Nature of the Discharge Products in
      Sodium-Oxygen Batteries.
AB  - Rechargeable lithium-oxygen and sodium-oxygen cells have been considered as
      challenging concepts for next-generation batteries, both scientifically and
      technologically. Whereas in the case of non-aqueous Li/O2 batteries, the
      occurring cell reaction has been unequivocally determined (Li2O2 formation), the
      situation is much less clear in the case of non-aqueous Na/O2 cells. Two
      discharge products, with almost equal free enthalpies of formation but different
      numbers of transferred electrons and completely different kinetics, appear to
      compete, namely NaO2 and Na2O2. Cells forming either the superoxide or the
      peroxide have been reported, but it is unclear how the cell reaction can be
      influenced for selective one- or two-electron transfer to occur. In this
      Minireview, we summarize available data, discuss important control parameters,
      and offer perspectives for further research. Water and proton sources appear to
      play major roles.

PMID- 26970322
TI  - Autonomic Ablation and Neuromodulation: Novel Concepts in Search of Novel
      Technology.

PMID- 26970323
TI  - The effect of supplementation with three commercial inactive dry yeasts on the
      colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and astringency of a model wine
      solution and red wine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nowadays supplementing red wines with commercial inactive dry yeasts
      is a widespread practice in winemaking because it leads to better balanced wines
      through increased mouthfeel and smooth astringency. The aim of this article is to
      study, in a red wine and in a model wine solution, how supplementation with three
      commercial inactive dry yeasts affects chemical composition and astringency. This
      will give us a better understanding of the action mechanism involved. RESULTS:
      The results suggest that this action mechanism is related to two different
      phenomena. The first is that inactive yeasts release polysaccharides and
      oligosaccharides which can increase mouthfeel and inhibit interactions between
      salivary protein and tannins. The second is that they have a direct effect on the
      precipitation or absorption of proanthocyanidins, especially the larger polymers,
      which have been described as the most astringent. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded
      that supplementation with inactive yeasts is indeed a useful tool for smoothing
      the astringency of red wines. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 26970324
TI  - High strains near femoral insertion site of the superficial medial collateral
      ligament of the Knee can explain the clinical failure pattern.
AB  - The three dimensional (3D) deformation of the superficial medial collateral
      ligament (sMCL) of the knee might play an important role in the understanding of
      the biomechanics of sMCL lesions. Therefore, the strain and deformation pattern
      of the sMCL during the range of motion were recorded in five cadaveric knees with
      digital image correlation. During knee flexion, the sMCL was found to deform in
      the three planes. In the sagittal plane, a rotation of the proximal part of the
      sMCL relative to the distal part occurred with the center of this rotation being
      the proximal tibial insertion site of the sMCL. This deformation generated high
      strains near the femoral insertion site of the sMCL. These strains were
      significantly higher than in the other parts and were maximal at 90 degrees  with
      on average +3.7% of strain and can explain why most lesions in clinical practice
      are seen in this proximal region. The deformation also has important implications
      for sMCL reconstruction techniques. Only a perfect anatomic restoration of the
      insertion sites of the sMCL on both the proximal and distal tibial insertion
      sites will be able to reproduce the isometry of the sMCL and thus provide the
      adequate stability throughout the range of motion. The fact that knee motion
      between 15 degrees  and 90 degrees  caused minimal strain in the sMCL might
      suggest that early passive range of motion in physical therapy postoperatively
      should have little risk of stretching a graft out in the case of an anatomical
      reconstruction. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2016-2024, 2016.

PMID- 26970325
TI  - Asymmetric Enzymatic Synthesis of Allylic Amines: A Sigmatropic Rearrangement
      Strategy.
AB  - Sigmatropic rearrangements, while rare in biology, offer opportunities for the
      efficient and selective synthesis of complex chemical motifs. A "P411" serine
      ligated variant of cytochrome P450(BM3) has been engineered to initiate a
      sulfimidation/[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement sequence in whole E. coli cells, a
      non-natural function for any enzyme, providing access to enantioenriched,
      protected allylic amines. Five mutations in the enzyme substantially enhance its
      activity toward this new function, demonstrating the evolvability of the catalyst
      toward challenging nitrene transfer reactions. The evolved catalyst additionally
      performs the highly enantioselective imidation of non-allylic sulfides.

PMID- 26970326
TI  - Extending the Spectrum of Radiological Findings in Patients With Severe
      Osteopetrosis and Different Genetic Backgrounds.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate radiological findings in a cohort of 22 patients with
      infantile malignant osteopetrosis in order to establish the correlation between
      radiological findings and different genetic backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Clinical files, genetic analysis results, and radiological examinations of
      children treated for osteopetrosis with bone marrow transplantation in a referral
      center in the last 5 years were retrospectively evaluated. The study received
      institutional review board (IRB) approval. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were
      included in the study: 18 males, four females, ages 1 month-9 years 10 months,
      and the median age was 11 months (mean 23 months). There were 12 patients with
      different mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, five with mutations in the SNX10 gene,
      four children harbored RANK mutations, and one patient had a CLCN7 mutation. We
      noted more severe radiological findings in patients with TCIRG1 and RANK
      mutations, including fractures, osteopetrorickets, hydrocephalus, and
      hepatomegaly. Varus deformity of the femoral neck was seen exclusively in
      patients with a TCIRG1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The variable genetic spectrum of
      osteopetrosis is associated with a variable radiological presentation. These
      correlations may be helpful for priorities in genetic analysis.

PMID- 26970327
TI  - CC chemokine receptor 5 Delta32 polymorphism: association analysis and allele
      distribution among cutaneous leishmaniasis patients from Pakistan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/leishmaniasis coinfection is a
      matter of deep concern worldwide. CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) functions as a
      co-receptor for HIV entry into host immune cells with an elevated expression
      observed during leishmaniasis, promoting parasite persistence. A 32 bp deletion
      (Delta32) in the CCR5 gene provides protection against HIV infection and
      increased resistance to Leishmania infection. METHODS: In this study, CCR5
      Delta32 distribution within Pakistani population with cutaneous leishmaniasis was
      investigated to evaluate genetic susceptibility to HIV infection. CCR5-Delta32
      polymorphism was analyzed in 276 leishmaniasis patients and 119 uninfected
      healthy controls. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were evaluated and tested for
      Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). RESULTS: The overall Delta32 allele frequency
      was 6.58% of the population (n = 395). There was a significant difference (p <
      0.05) in the geographical distribution of Delta32 allele which was higher in the
      northern region of the country when compared with the south. Five individuals
      were identified to be homozygous for the Delta32 allele which has not been
      reported before from Pakistan. However, no significant association was observed
      between CCR5-Delta32 and cutaneous leishmaniasis. CONCLUSION: The higher
      frequency of CCR5 wild-type allele among leishmaniasis patients may suggest an
      increased risk of HIV infection and also support its facilitative role in
      Leishmania infection.

PMID- 26970328
TI  - Midwives in India: a delayed cord clamping intervention using simulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency is a prevalent health problem in India affecting
      women and newborns. Delayed umbilical cord clamping at birth is a safe and
      effective means for increasing serum iron levels in newborns up to 6 months of
      age. AIM: The study aim was to increase the utilization of delayed cord clamping
      in a group of midwives working in Hyderabad, India. METHODS: A single group pre-
      and post-test design was used to evaluate knowledge, beliefs and practice before
      and after a delayed cord clamping intervention including follow-up at 10 months
      after the original intervention. The intervention included lectures and
      simulation. RESULTS: Results show significant increases in knowledge and positive
      beliefs about the practice of delayed cord clamping. Simulation was effective for
      eliciting important feedback related to learning. LIMITATIONS: Results represent
      a small group of midwives working with a non-profit foundation in Southern India.
      Language discordancy and cultural norms in this group of midwives may have
      influenced results. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge, beliefs and practice related to
      delayed cord clamping were all significantly improved after the intervention. The
      Knowledge to Action framework using simulation is an effective cross-cultural
      method for implementing education about evidence-based practice. Midwives are
      invested in learning practices that promote public health. IMPLICATIONS FOR
      NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Changing institutional policy may have limitations
      without first considering normative practice. Using simulation combined with
      institutional health policy appears to result in significant uptake of practice
      change. Qualitative studies exploring the interconnections between cultural norms
      and decision making may be informative about promoting practice change
      particularly in this setting. Upscaling midwifery has been recommended to improve
      maternal and child health in India.

PMID- 26970329
TI  - Measurement of transepidermal water loss in localized scleroderma.
AB  - Localized scleroderma (LS) is a disease characterized by fibrotic changes in the
      dermis. Connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor beta2 are
      the main mediators of fibrogenesis; this, along with excessive connective tissue
      production, affects epidermal keratinocytes, and thereby contributes to the
      changed quality of skin barrier. The objective of this article was to study the
      objective measurement of the skin barrier quality in LS with transepidermal water
      loss (TEWL) meter. The measurements of TEWL were performed on LS plaques in all
      three stages of various body locations. Control measurements were made on the
      contralateral side of healthy skin. The difference between TEWL in LS area and
      the contralateral side of the healthy skin was evaluated. A higher average TEWL
      7.86 g/m(2) /h (SD 5.29) was observed on LS plaques compared with the control
      measurements on healthy skin 6.39 g/m(2) /h (SD 2.77). TEWL average values
      decreased from the inflammatory stage, through the sclerotic and to the atrophic
      stage. The mean difference 1.301 g/m(2) /h (SD 5.16) was found between TEWL on LS
      plaques and on the contralateral healthy skin in 82 measurements, i.e., a higher
      TEWL was observed in LS. The difference was statistically significant with p =
      0.0250. Although fibrogenesis in scleroderma is localized in dermis, the skin
      barrier changes can be detected. 

PMID- 26970330
TI  - Interferon-beta may ameliorate synucleinopathy.

PMID- 26970331
TI  - Exploring the glycosaminoglycan-protein interaction network by glycan-mediated
      pull-down proteomics.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear, highly sulfated polysaccharides expressed
      by almost all animal cells. They occur as soluble molecules, or form
      proteoglycans by being O-linked to different core proteins on the cell surface
      and in the extracellular matrix. Due to their ability to interact with diverse
      proteins and to modulate their biologic functions, GAGs are main drivers of
      mammalian biology. However, to the present day, the human GAG binding proteome
      has only been insufficiently explored. The aim of this study was therefore to
      investigate the human GAG binding proteome of different sources by using the
      major GAG classes as ligands, and to explore the GAG-binding selectivity of the
      human plasma proteome. For this purpose, proteins were pulled down from
      immobilized low molecular weight heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate
      under different conditions and were identified by nano-LC/MS2. Four hundred and
      fifty eight human GAG binding proteins have been identified, whereas plasma
      proteins showed clear differences in their GAG-binding specificity/selectivity
      and affinity. We were able to differentiate between proteins that bound to all
      three glycan ligands and proteins that showed selective binding to one or two
      glycan ligands. Moreover, step-gradient salt elution revealed different binding
      affinities toward different GAG ligands. On top of proteins with well-known GAG
      binding properties we have identified formerly unknown GAG binders. Functional
      annotation of the identified GAG-binding proteins showed clusters of proteins
      that are involved in a variety of biological processes. The method described here
      is well suited for identifying GAG-binding proteins and for comparing human
      subproteomes with respect to binding to different GAG classes.

PMID- 26970332
TI  - Acute and delayed response to resistance exercise leading or not leading to
      muscle failure.
AB  - This study compared the time course of recovery following two resistance exercise
      protocols differing in the number of repetitions per set with regard to the
      maximum possible (to failure) number. Ten men performed three sets of 6 versus 12
      repetitions with their 70% 1RM (3 * 6 [12] versus 3 * 12 [12]) in the bench press
      (BP) and squat (SQ) exercises. Mechanical [CMJ height, velocity against the 1 m s
      1 load (V1 -load)], biochemical [testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone,
      prolactin, insulin-like growth factor-1, creatine kinase (CK)] and heart rate
      variability (HRV) and complexity (HRC) were assessed pre-, postexercise (Post)
      and at 6, 24 and 48 h-Post. Compared with 3 * 6 [12], the 3 * 12 [12] protocol
      resulted in significantly: higher repetition velocity loss within each set (BP:
      65% versus 26%; SQ: 44% versus 20%); reduced V1 -load until 24 h-Post (BP) and 6
      h-Post (SQ); decreased CMJ height up to 48 h-Post; greater increases in cortisol
      (Post), prolactin (Post, 48 h-Post) and CK (48 h-Post); and reductions in HRV and
      HRC at Post. This study shows that the mechanical, neuroendocrine and autonomic
      cardiovascular response is markedly different when manipulating the number of
      repetitions per set. Halving the number of repetitions in relation to the maximum
      number that can be completed serves to minimize fatigue and speed up recovery
      following resistance training.

PMID- 26970333
TI  - Biochemical effects of the flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract on the melanin
      biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species.
AB  - An ingredient of fruit polyphenol, resveratrol, is known to have an inhibitory
      effect on melanogenesis. In order to examine the functional differences between
      resveratrol and other fruit polyphenols, we compared biochemical effects of a
      resveratrol-free polyphenol, flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract (FRLFE), with
      other phenolic compounds including resveratrol. FRLFE as well as hydroquinone and
      resveratrol suppressed growth of B16F1 melanoma cells more significantly than
      rhododendrol or arbutin. Resveratrol suppressed mushroom tyrosinase at the lowest
      concentration (23.0 MUmol/L) among the compounds tested. FRLFE and hydroquinone
      suppressed tyrosinase at almost the same concentration (half maximal inhibitory
      concentration [IC50 ], 83.5 and 94.6 MUmol/L, respectively), which was higher
      than rhododendrol, ascorbic acid and arbutin (IC50 , 245, 345 and 421 MUmol/L,
      respectively). Western blot analysis revealed that although resveratrol decreased
      expressions of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1, FRLFE did not affect
      their expressions. Both FRLFE and resveratrol suppressed antimycin A-mediated
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in melanocytic cells. Resveratrol
      mediated ROS suppression was inhibited by nicotinamide, a SIRT1 inhibitor.
      However, FRLFE-mediated suppression was not affected by nicotinamide. Moreover,
      FRLFE directly decreased superoxide in vitro, as detected by superoxide dismutase
      like scavenging activity assay. These results suggest that FRLFE can protect
      melanocytes from cytotoxicity caused by an excess amount of melanin and ROS in a
      different manner from resveratrol.

PMID- 26970334
TI  - Aged care managers' perceptions of staff preparedness for caring for older
      survivors of genocide and mass trauma in Australia: How prepared are aged care
      workers?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate aged care managers' perceptions of staff preparedness
      for working with older people who experienced genocide or mass trauma earlier in
      their lives (referred to in this paper as 'older survivors'). METHODS: A survey
      of 60 aged care service managers was conducted (50% response rate). Trauma
      knowledge and skills scales with Cronbach's alpha scores of 0.74 and 0.90
      respectively, were used. Scores across groups were compared using Student's t
      tests. RESULTS: Three-quarters of the respondents reported that their agency had
      provided aged care services for older survivors. The majority of these managers
      perceived their staff to be moderately informed about trauma-related issues and
      half rated staff trauma-related skills positively. These ratings were positively
      associated with trauma-related staff training, service type and service location.
      CONCLUSION: Results suggest that, overall, managers perceive a need to improve
      aged care staff's preparedness for providing care for older survivors.

PMID- 26970335
TI  - High levels of omega-3 fatty acids in milk from omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented
      mothers are related to less immunoglobulin E-associated disease in infancy.
AB  - AIM: We previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega-3 fatty acid
      supplements on the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated disease in
      infancy. This study assessed omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
      (LCPUFA) in maternal milk in relation to omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation and the
      development of allergic disease in their infants. METHODS: This study randomised
      95 pregnant women at risk of having an allergic infant, to daily supplements of
      2.6 g omega-3 LCPUFA or a placebo of 2.7 g soya bean oil from gestational week 25
      until 3 months of lactation. Breast milk samples were collected as colostrum, at
      one and 3 months. Milk fatty acids were related to allergic outcome in the
      infants at 24 months. RESULTS: Omega-3 milk fatty acids were higher in women who
      received omega-3 supplements than the placebo group (p < 0.01). Higher
      proportions of milk eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and a lower
      arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio were associated with an absence of IgE
      associated disease in the infants. None of the children developed IgE-associated
      atopic eczema above a level of 0.83 mol% eicosapentaenoic acid in colostrum.
      [Correction added on 7 July 2016, after online publication: In the preceding
      sentence, the correct word should be "above" instead of "below" and this has been
      amended in this current version.] CONCLUSION: High omega-3 LCPUFA milk levels in
      mothers who received omega-3 LCPUFA supplements were related to fewer allergies
      in their children.

PMID- 26970337
TI  - Formation and High Reactivity of the anti-Dioxo Form of High-Spin MU
      Oxodioxodiiron(IV) as the Active Species That Cleaves Strong C-H Bonds.
AB  - Recently, it was shown that MU-oxo-MU-peroxodiiron(III) is converted to high-spin
      MU-oxodioxodiiron(IV) through O-O bond scission. Herein, the formation and high
      reactivity of the anti-dioxo form of high-spin MU-oxodioxodiiron(IV) as the
      active oxidant are demonstrated on the basis of resonance Raman and electronic
      absorption spectral changes, detailed kinetic studies, DFT calculations,
      activation parameters, kinetic isotope effects (KIE), and catalytic oxidation of
      alkanes. Decay of MU-oxodioxodiiron(IV) was greatly accelerated on addition of
      substrate. The reactivity order of substrates is
      toluene<ethylbenzene~cumene<trans-beta-methylstyrene. The rate constants
      increased proportionally to the substrate concentration at low substrate
      concentration. At high substrate concentration, however, the rate constants
      converge to the same value regardless of the kind of substrate. This is explained
      by a two-step mechanism in which anti-MU-oxodioxodiiron(IV) is formed by syn-to
      anti transformation of the syn-dioxo form and reacts with substrates as the
      oxidant. The anti-dioxo form is 620 times more reactive in the C-H bond cleavage
      of ethylbenzene than the most reactive diiron system reported so far. The KIE for
      the reaction with toluene/[D8 ]toluene is 95 at -30  degrees C, which the largest
      in diiron systems reported so far. The present diiron complex efficiently
      catalyzes the oxidation of various alkanes with H2 O2 . 

PMID- 26970336
TI  - Sperm conjugation in mammal reproductive function: Different names for the same
      phenomenon?
AB  - In many mammalian and non-mammalian species, mature sperm interact within the
      female reproductive tract or inside the epididymal lumen using cohesive forces.
      This phenomenon, known as "sperm conjugation," is sometimes confused with sperm
      agglutination, which is the result of the interaction of epididymal or ejaculate
      spermatozoa upon release into culture medium. In addition to "agglutination," the
      terms "association," "rouleaux," or "rosettes" are employed interchangeably to
      describe the conjugation phenomenon, which inevitably causes confusion due to the
      non-unifying nomenclature. This variety of descriptions is likely due to a poor
      understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in such conspicuous cell-cell
      interaction as well as the different morphologies that result from such
      interactions among species. Here, we summarize the published data regarding
      mammalian sperm conjugation, considering the organisms in which sperm interaction
      was observed; the particular terminology employed; findings regarding the
      components that enable sperm to adhere; sperm behavior when deposited in the
      female reproductive tract; and hypotheses formulated to clarify the biological
      function and, when known, the mechanisms for sperm interaction. We also propose a
      new classification system for this phenomenon that might clearly unify the
      criteria used to describe this behavior. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 884-896, 2016 (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970339
TI  - Analysis of genes that influence sheep follicular development by different
      nutrition levels during the luteal phase using expression profiling.
AB  - Nutrition is an important factor that regulates reproductive performance of sheep
      and affects follicle development. However, the correlation between nutrition and
      follicle development is poorly understood at the molecular level. To study its
      possible molecular mechanisms, we performed expression profiling of granulosa
      cells isolated from sheep that were fed different levels of nutrition levels
      during the luteal phase. To do this, ewes received a maintenance diet (M), and
      their estrus was synchronized by intravaginal progestogen sponges for 12 days.
      Ewes were randomly divided into the short-term dietary-restricted group (R; 0.5 *
      M) and the nutrient-supplemented group (S; 1.5 * M). RNA samples were extracted
      from granulosa cells. Transcriptome libraries from each group were constructed by
      Illumina sequencing. Among 18 468 detected genes, 170 genes were significantly
      differentially expressed, of which 140 genes were upregulated and 30 genes were
      downregulated in group S relative to group R. These genes could be candidates
      regulating follicular development in sheep. Gene Ontology, KEGG and clustering
      analyses were performed. Genes related to oocyte meiosis, such as ADCY7, were
      upregulated. We identified two important groups of related genes that were
      upregulated with improved nutrition: one group comprising the genes PTGS2, UCP2
      and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the other group comprising
      interleukin-1A and interleukin-1B. The genes within each group showed similar
      expression patterns. Additionally, all five genes are involved in the
      reproduction process. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to validate the
      results of expression profiling. These data in our study are an abundant genomic
      resource to expand the understanding of the molecular and cellular events
      underlying follicle development. 

PMID- 26970338
TI  - Stress and Depression: a Crucial Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor.
AB  - Cortisol and corticosterone act on the appraisal process, which comprises the
      selection of an appropriate coping style and the encoding of the experience for
      storage in the memory. This action exerted by the stress hormones is mediated by
      mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), which are expressed abundantly in the limbic
      circuitry, particularly in the hippocampus. Limbic MR is down-regulated by
      chronic stress and during depression but induced by antidepressants. Increased MR
      activity inhibits hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, promotes slow
      wave sleep, reduces anxiety and switches circuit connectivity to support coping.
      Cortisol and emotion-cognition are affected by MR gene haplotypes based on rs5522
      and rs2070951. Haplotype 1 (GA) moderates the effects of (early) life stressors,
      reproductive cycle and oral contraceptives. MR haplotype 2 (CA) is a gain of
      function variant that protects females against depression by association with an
      optimistic, resilient phenotype. Activation of MR therefore may offer a target
      for alleviating depression and cognitive dysfunction. Accordingly, the MR agonist
      fludrocortisone was found to enhance the efficacy of antidepressants and to
      improve memory and executive functions in young depressed patients. In
      conclusion, CORT coordinates via MR the networks underlying how an individual
      copes with stress, and this action is complemented by the widely distributed
      lower affinity glucocorticoid receptor (GR) involved in the subsequent management
      of stress adaptation. In this MR:GR regulation, the MR is an important target for
      promoting resilience.

PMID- 26970341
TI  - An early look at the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network explant
      pathology form data.
AB  - In April 2012, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)
      implemented an online explant pathology form for recipients of liver
      transplantation who received additional wait-list priority for their diagnosis of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of the form was to standardize the
      data being reported to the OPTN, which had been required since 2002 but were
      submitted to the OPTN in a variety of formats via facsimile. From April 2012 to
      December 2014, over 4500 explant forms were submitted, allowing for detailed
      analysis of the characteristics of the explanted livers. Data from the explant
      pathology forms were used to assess agreement with pretransplant imaging. Explant
      data were also used to assess the risk of recurrence. Of those with T2 priority,
      55.7% were found to be stage T2 on explant. Extrahepatic spread (odds ratio [OR]
      = 6.8; P < 0.01), poor tumor differentiation (OR = 2.8; P < 0.01), microvascular
      invasion (OR = 2.6; P < 0.01), macrovascular invasion (OR = 3.2; P < 0.01), and
      whether the Milan stage based on the number and size of tumors on the explant
      form was T4 (OR = 2.4; P < 0.01) were the strongest predictors of recurrence. In
      conclusion, this analysis confirms earlier findings that showed an incomplete
      agreement between pretransplant imaging and posttransplant pathology in terms of
      HCC staging, though the number of patients with both no pretransplant treatment
      and no tumor in the explant was reduced from 20% to <1%. In addition, several
      factors were identified (eg, tumor burden, age, sex, region, ablative therapy,
      alpha-fetoprotein, Milan stage, vascular invasion, satellite lesions, etc.) that
      were predictive of HCC recurrence, allowing for more targeted surveillance of
      high-risk recipients. Continued evaluation of these data will help shape future
      guidelines or policy recommendations. Liver Transplantation 22 757-764 2016
      AASLD.

PMID- 26970342
TI  - Histologic and clinical follow-up of thyroid fine-needle aspirates in pediatric
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has an important role in
      evaluating thyroid nodules in adults, there is little published information
      regarding its utility in the pediatric population. METHODS: A retrospective
      analysis of thyroid FNAs for patients who were 18 years old or younger at 2
      institutions was conducted. Aspirates were retrospectively categorized with the
      Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. These diagnoses were then
      correlated with either final histopathology or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: A
      total of 186 thyroid FNA samples from 154 patients (122 females and 32 males),
      who ranged in age from 9 months to 18 years (median, 16 years; mean, 14 years),
      were identified. FNA was performed to evaluate 1 to 3 nodules for each patient.
      Aspirates were classified as follows: nondiagnostic (n = 27), benign (n = 114),
      atypia of undetermined significance (AUS; n = 21), follicular neoplasm (FN; n =
      8), suspicious for malignancy (n = 3), and malignant (n = 13). Sixty-one samples
      had a histologic correlation, 68 were followed clinically for >=2 years, and 57
      either had no follow-up or were followed for <2 years. For statistical purposes,
      FNA diagnoses of suspicious and malignant were considered positive, and benign
      lesions were considered negative. The accuracy was 99%, and the sensitivity and
      specificity were 94% and 100%, respectively. The risk of malignancy, not
      including papillary microcarcinoma, was 2% for benign aspirates, 21% for AUS, 57%
      for FN, and 100% for suspicious or malignant aspirates. CONCLUSIONS: This
      analysis demonstrates that FNA is a sensitive and highly specific modality for
      evaluating thyroid nodules in pediatric patients. Each diagnostic category can
      facilitate communication and guide appropriate management. Cancer Cytopathol
      2016;124:467-71. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970344
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Dehalobacter sp. strain UNSWDHB capable of
      chloroform and chlorinated ethane respiration.
AB  - Dehalobacter sp. strain UNSWDHB can dechlorinate up to 4 mM trichloromethane at a
      rate of 0.1 mM per day to dichloromethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1 mM, 0.1 mM
      per day) with the unprecedented product profile of 1,2-dichloroethane and vinyl
      chloride. 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane were slowly utilized by
      strain UNSWDHB and were not completely removed, with minimum threshold
      concentrations of 0.12 mM and 0.07 mM respectively under growth conditions.
      Enzyme kinetic experiments confirmed strong substrate affinity for
      trichloromethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (Km  = 30 and 62 uM respectively) and
      poor substrate affinity for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethane (Km  =
      238 and 837 uM respectively). Comparison of enzyme kinetic and growth data with
      other trichloromethane respiring organisms (Dehalobacter sp. strain CF and
      Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PR) suggests an adaptation of strain UNSWDHB to
      trichloromethane. The trichloromethane RDase (TmrA) expressed by strain UNSWDHB
      was identified by BN-PAGE and functionally characterized. Amino acid comparison
      of homologous RDases from all three organisms revealed only six significant amino
      acid substitutions/deletions, which are likely to be crucial for substrate
      specificity. Furthermore, strain UNSWDHB was shown to grow without exogenous
      supply of cobalamin confirming genomic-based predictions of a fully functional
      cobalamin synthetic pathway.

PMID- 26970345
TI  - Sinus surgery: optimal surgery, optimal outcome?

PMID- 26970343
TI  - Bevacizumab combined with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine, followed by
      maintenance with capecitabine and bevacizumab, as first-line treatment of
      patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric cancer: A multicenter phase 2 study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current study was a multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 study
      performed to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of bevacizumab combined
      with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine (B-DOC) in patients with advanced
      human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, previously untreated,
      gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Tumor HER2 status was
      determined centrally. Patients received 6 cycles of bevacizumab at a dose of 7.5
      mg/kg, docetaxel at a dose of 50 mg/m(2) , and oxaliplatin at a dose of 100
      mg/m(2) (all on day 1) combined with capecitabine at a dose of 850 mg/m(2) twice
      daily (days 1-14) every 3 weeks followed by maintenance with capecitabine and
      bevacizumab in patients with disease control. The primary objective was to
      demonstrate a progression-free survival (PFS) of >6.5 months, according to the
      95% confidence interval (95% CI). Secondary endpoints included safety, objective
      response rate, overall survival (OS), analyses of circulating tumor cells (CTCs),
      and pharmacogenetic analyses. RESULTS: Sixty eligible patients were enrolled. The
      median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI, 7.2-10.9 months). The objective response rate
      was 70% (95% CI, 55%-83%) and the disease control rate was 96% (95% CI, 85%-99%).
      The median OS was 12.0 months (95% CI, 10.2-16.1 months). According to CTC-AE
      v4.0, the most common treatment-related grade >=3 adverse events were neutropenia
      (20%), leukocytopenia (18%), diarrhea (15%), and nausea/vomiting (15%). The
      presence of CTCs at baseline was strongly predictive of PFS (hazard ratio [HR],
      3.8; P =.007) and OS (HR, 3.4; P =.014). The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
      (MTHFR) 677C>T genotype was strongly associated with PFS (HR, 4.7 for TT vs CC or
      CT; P =.0007) and OS (HR, 5.9; P =.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The B-DOC regimen plus
      maintenance was feasible and active. CTCs were found to be prognostic in patients
      treated with B-DOC. Docetaxel-based triplet chemotherapy as a backbone for
      targeted therapies is feasible and deserves further study. Cancer 2016;122:1434
      1443. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970347
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method for the
      simultaneous determination of seven selected phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and
      serotonin reuptake inhibitors used as male sexual enhancers.
AB  - This work presents a simple, sensitive and generic high-performance liquid
      chromatography with diode array detection method for the simultaneous
      determination of seven drugs prescribed for the treatment of erectile dysfunction
      and premature ejaculation. Investigated drugs include the phosphodiesterase-5
      inhibitors: sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil, in addition to the selective
      serotonin reuptake inhibitors: dapoxetine, duloxetine, fluoxetine, and
      paroxetine. The drugs were separated using a Waters C8 column (4.6 * 250 mm, 5
      MUm) with the mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer pH 3, acetonitrile and
      methanol in the ratio 60:33:7. The flow rate was 1.2 mL/min, and quantification
      was based on measuring peak areas at 225 nm. Peaks were perfectly resolved with
      retention times 3.3, 3.9, 6.4, 7.5, 9.5, 10.7, and 13.4 min for vardenafil,
      sildenafil, paroxetine, duloxetine, dapoxetine, fluoxetine, and tadalafil,
      respectively. The developed method was validated with respect to system
      suitability, linearity, ranges, accuracy, precision, robustness, and limits of
      detection and quantification. The proposed method showed good linearity in the
      ranges 5-500, 2-200, 2-200, 3-300, 1.5-150, 2-200, and 2-200 MUg/mL for
      sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, dapoxetine, duloxetine fluoxetine, and
      paroxetine, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.18-0.38 MUg/mL for the
      analyzed compounds. The applicability of the proposed method to real life
      situations was assessed through the analysis of commercial tablets, and
      satisfactory results were obtained. 

PMID- 26970346
TI  - Anticipation of thermal pain in diverticular disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relative importance of peripheral nerve injury or central pain
      processing in painful diverticular disease (DD) is unclear. Functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (fMRI) has demonstrated that dysfunctional central pain
      processing predominates in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study aims to
      identify anticipatory changes in symptomatic DD (SDD) compared to asymptomatic DD
      (ADD) and IBS patients. METHODS: Gastrointestinal symptoms and somatization were
      evaluated via the Patient Health Question-12 Somatic Symptom and the SDD group
      divided into low (<=6 [LSDD]) and high (>=7 [HSDD]) somatization. Cued painful
      cutaneous thermal stimuli were delivered to the left hand and foot during fMRI.
      Fixed effect group analysis of the 'cued' anticipatory phase was performed. KEY
      RESULTS: Within the right posterior insula, greater deactivation was found in the
      ADD compared to other groups. In emotion processing centers, anterior and middle
      insula, greater activation was identified in all patient compared to the ADD
      group, and in LSDD compared to IBS and HSDD groups. In comparison, amygdala
      deactivation was greater in ADD than the IBS and HSDD groups, and in LSDD vs HSDD
      groups. Descending nociceptive control centers, such as the superior medial
      frontal and orbitofrontal cortex, also showed greater deactivation in the ADD and
      LSDD compared to the HSDD and IBS groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The HSDD
      group have altered anticipatory responses to thermal pain, similar to IBS group.
      The LSDD are similar to ADD group. This suggests underlying differences in pain
      pathophysiology, and the need for individualized treatment strategies to target
      the cause of their chronic pain.

PMID- 26970348
TI  - Utility of noncontrast-enhanced time-resolved four-dimensional MR angiography
      with a vessel-selective technique for intracranial arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of a vessel-selective four-dimensional (4D)
      magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) technique for the evaluation of intracranial
      arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve AVM patients
      were evaluated retrospectively. Time-of-flight (TOF) MRA, nonvessel-selective 4D
      MRA (NS-4D-MRA), and vessel-selective 4D-MRA (VS-4D-MRA) were performed using a
      3T MR unit in all patients, and used to identify feeding arteries and draining
      veins and measure nidus size. The diagnostic accuracy of the three techniques was
      compared using digital subtraction angiography (DSA). If a multifeeder was
      observed, the percentage of blood flow of each feeding artery to the entire nidus
      was evaluated and compared to the DSA findings using the "error value," defined
      as the degree of overestimation of the blood flow. All imaging findings were
      assessed by two neuroradiologists. RESULTS: In both raters, the detectability of
      feeding arteries by VS-4D-MRA (12 and 11 patients) was significantly higher than
      those of TOF-MRA (7 and 6 patients) and NS-4D-MRA (8 and 7 patients) (P < 0.016).
      The detectability of drainer veins by TOF-MRA (10 and 10 patients) was
      significantly higher than that of VS-4D-MRA (7 and 6 patients). In the percentage
      of the blood flow of each feed artery to the entire nidus, the DSA findings
      (error value; 27.1 +/- 5.7) indicated overestimations of the blood flow compared
      to the VS-4D-MRA (error value; 7.1 +/- 3.9) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: VS-4D-MRA
      was shown to be a useful technique for the evaluation of intracranial AVMs,
      especially for detecting feed arteries and estimating details of the nidus
      structure. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:834-845.

PMID- 26970340
TI  - Paving the way of systems biology and precision medicine in allergic diseases:
      the MeDALL success story: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy; EU FP7-CP-IP;
      Project No: 261357; 2010-2015.
AB  - MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy; EU FP7-CP-IP; Project No:
      261357; 2010-2015) has proposed an innovative approach to develop early
      indicators for the prediction, diagnosis, prevention and targets for therapy.
      MeDALL has linked epidemiological, clinical and basic research using a stepwise,
      large-scale and integrative approach: MeDALL data of precisely phenotyped
      children followed in 14 birth cohorts spread across Europe were combined with
      systems biology (omics, IgE measurement using microarrays) and environmental
      data. Multimorbidity in the same child is more common than expected by chance
      alone, suggesting that these diseases share causal mechanisms irrespective of IgE
      sensitization. IgE sensitization should be considered differently in
      monosensitized and polysensitized individuals. Allergic multimorbidities and IgE
      polysensitization are often associated with the persistence or severity of
      allergic diseases. Environmental exposures are relevant for the development of
      allergy-related diseases. To complement the population-based studies in children,
      MeDALL included mechanistic experimental animal studies and in vitro studies in
      humans. The integration of multimorbidities and polysensitization has resulted in
      a new classification framework of allergic diseases that could help to improve
      the understanding of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of allergy as well as to
      better manage allergic diseases. Ethics and gender were considered. MeDALL has
      deployed translational activities within the EU agenda.

PMID- 26970350
TI  - Use of Social Desirability Scales in Clinical Psychology: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is still an open debate about the utility of social desirability
      indicators. This report systematically reviewed the use of social desirability
      scales in studies addressing social desirability in clinical psychology. METHOD:
      A systematic review (January 2010-March 2015) was conducted, including 35 studies
      meeting the inclusion criteria of being published in peer-reviewed journals and
      describing quantitative findings about an association of social desirability with
      clinical psychology variables using a cross-sectional or longitudinal design.
      RESULTS: Social desirability was associated with self-reports of various clinical
      psychological dimensions. Most of the included studies treated social
      desirability as a 1-dimensional variable and only 10 of 35 disentangled the
      impression management and self-deception components. Although theoretical
      literature does not consider social desirability a mere response bias, only 4 of
      the reviewed articles controlled for the possible suppressor effect of
      personality variables on social desirability, while the majority focused upon the
      stylistic (response bias) rather than the substantive (personality) nature of
      this construct. CONCLUSION: The present review highlighted some limitations in
      the use of social desirability scales in recent clinical psychology research and
      tried to offer a few suggestions for handling this issue.

PMID- 26970349
TI  - Cardiomyocytes display low mitochondrial priming and are highly resistant toward
      cytotoxic T-cell killing.
AB  - Following heart transplantation, alloimmune responses can cause graft rejection
      by damaging donor vascular and parenchymal cells. However, it remains unclear
      whether cardiomyocytes are also directly killed by immune cells. Here, we used
      two-photon microscopy to investigate how graft-specific effector CD8(+) T cells
      interact with cardiomyocytes in a mouse heart transplantation model.
      Surprisingly, we observed that CD8(+) T cells are completely impaired in killing
      cardiomyocytes. Even after virus-mediated preactivation, antigen-specific CD8(+)
      T cells largely fail to lyse these cells although both cell types engage in
      dynamic interactions. Furthermore, we established a two-photon microscopy-based
      assay using intact myocardium to determine the susceptibility of cardiomyocytes
      to undergo apoptosis. This feature, also known as mitochondrial priming reveals
      an unexpected weak predisposition of cardiomyocytes to undergo apoptosis in situ.
      These observations together with the early exhaustion phenotype of graft
      infiltrating specific T cells provide an explanation why cardiomyocytes are
      largely protected from direct CD8(+) T-cell-mediated killing.

PMID- 26970351
TI  - Differential involvement of brainstem noradrenergic and midbrain dopaminergic
      nuclei in cognitive control.
AB  - Several lines of evidence suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the
      dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the parietal cortex, and the thalamus
      are central cortical nodes in a network underlying cognitive control. However,
      the role of catecholamine producing midbrain and brainstem structures has rarely
      been addressed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We hypothesized
      differential activation patterns in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)/substantia
      nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) with respect to the degree of cognitive
      control during a Stroop task in healthy subjects. Forty-five healthy subjects
      were investigated by the manual version of the Stroop task in an event-related
      fMRI design. We observed significant BOLD activation of both the SN/VTA and LC
      during the Stroop interference condition (incongruent vs. congruent condition).
      LC, but not SN/VTA activation significantly correlated with the Stroop
      interference. Interestingly, a significant linear decrease in BOLD activation
      during the incongruent condition during the experiment was mainly observed in the
      fronto-cingulo-striatal network, but not in SN/VTA and LC. Using
      psychophysiological (PPI) analyses, a significant functional connectivity during
      cognitive control was observed between SN/VTA and the nigrostriatal/mesolimbic
      dopaminergic system. For the LC, distinct functional connectivity pattern was
      observed mainly to the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC. Both regions revealed
      significant functional connectivity to the dACC, parietal and occipital regions.
      Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that functional activation patterns in
      the SN/VTA and the LC are modulated by different demands of cognitive control. In
      addition, these nuclei exhibit distinguishable functional connectivity patterns
      to cortical brain networks. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2305-2318, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970352
TI  - Recent Development of Benzimidazole-Containing Antibacterial Agents.
AB  - Clinically significant antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest challenges of
      the twenty-first century. However, new antibacterial agents are currently being
      developed at a much slower pace than our growing need for such drugs. Given their
      diverse biological activities and clinical applications, many bioactive
      heterocyclic compounds containing a benzimidazole nucleus have been the focus of
      interest for many researchers. The benzimidazole nucleus is a structural isostere
      of naturally occurring nucleotides. This advantage allows benzimidazoles to
      readily interact with the various biopolymers found in living systems. In view of
      this situation, much attention has been given to the exploration of benzimidazole
      based antibacterial agents, leading to the discovery of many new chemical
      entities with intriguing profiles. In this minireview we summarize novel
      benzimidazole derivatives active against various bacterial strains. In
      particular, we outline the relationship between the structures of variously
      modified benzimidazoles and their antibacterial activity. 

PMID- 26970353
TI  - Cardiac output assessment in pregnancy: comparison of two automated monitors with
      echocardiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare non-invasive hemodynamic measurements obtained in pregnant
      and postpartum women using two automated cardiac output monitors against those
      obtained by two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). METHODS:
      This was a cross-comparison study into which we recruited 114 healthy women,
      either with normal singleton pregnancy (across all three trimesters) or within 72
      hours following delivery. Cardiac output estimations were obtained non-invasively
      using two different monitors, Ultrasound Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM(r), which
      uses continuous-wave Doppler analysis of transaortic blood flow) and Non-Invasive
      Cardiac Output Monitor (NICOM(r), which uses thoracic bioreactance), and 2D-TTE.
      The performance of each monitor was assessed relative to that of TTE by
      calculating bias, precision, 95% limits of agreement and mean percentage
      difference (MPD). Intraobserver repeatability was assessed for both monitors and
      interobserver reproducibility was assessed for USCOM, NICOM being operator
      independent. RESULTS: Following exclusions due to poor-quality results of a
      monitor or TTE, or for medical reasons, our analysis included 98 women (29 in the
      first trimester, 25 in the second and 21 in the third, and 23 postpartum). For
      cardiac output estimation, when compared with TTE, USCOM had a bias ranging from
      0.4 to 0.9 L/min. The MPD of USCOM was 29% in the third-trimester cohort. NICOM
      had a bias ranging from -1.0 to 0.6 L/min, with a MPD of 32% in the third
      trimester group. There was limited agreement between the cardiac output monitors
      and TTE in the first and second trimesters, with a MPD of 38% for USCOM in both
      first and second trimesters, and 71% and 61% for NICOM in first and second
      trimesters, respectively. For cardiac output estimation using USCOM, we found
      excellent intraobserver repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC),
      0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98) and interobserver reproducibility (ICC, 0.90; 95% CI,
      0.81-0.94), and the repeatability for NICOM was comparable (ICC, 0.95; 95% CI,
      0.93-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: We found good agreement of both USCOM and NICOM when
      compared with 2D-TTE, specifically in the third trimester of pregnancy. Both
      devices had good intraobserver repeatability and either had good interobserver
      reproducibility or were operator-independent. Future studies should take into
      account the significant differences in the precise maternal hemodynamic values
      obtained by these devices, and consider developing device-specific reference
      ranges in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Copyright (c) 2016 ISUOG.
      Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 26970354
TI  - Associations of low grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with
      depression - The Maastricht Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of depression may involve low-grade inflammation and
      endothelial dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate the independent associations of
      inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with depressive symptoms and depressive
      disorder, and the role of lifestyle factors in this association. METHODS: In The
      Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study (n=852, 55% men, m=59.8+/
      8.5years), depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health
      Questionnaire-9 and (major and minor) depressive disorder with the Mini
      International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Plasma biomarkers of inflammation
      (hsCRP, SAA, sICAM-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha) and endothelial dysfunction (sVCAM
      1, sICAM-1, sE-selectin, vWF) were measured with sandwich immunoassays and
      combined into two standardized sum scores. RESULTS: Biomarkers of inflammation
      (hsCRP, TNF-alpha, SAA, sICAM-1) and endothelial dysfunction (sICAM-1, sE
      Selectin) were univariately associated with depressive symptoms and depressive
      disorder. The sum scores of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were
      associated with depressive disorder after adjustment for age, sex, type 2
      diabetes, kidney function and prior cardiovascular disease (OR 1.54, p=0.001 and
      1.40, p=0.006). Both sum scores remained significantly associated with depressive
      disorder after additional adjustment for lifestyle factors smoking, alcohol
      consumption and body mass index. The sum score of inflammation was also
      independently associated with depressive symptoms, while the sum score of
      endothelial dysfunction was not. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation and endothelial
      dysfunction are both associated with depressive disorder, independent of
      lifestyle factors. Our results might suggest that inflammation and endothelial
      dysfunction are involved in depression.

PMID- 26970356
TI  - Cell Cycle Phase-Specific Drug Resistance as an Escape Mechanism of Melanoma
      Cells.
AB  - The tumor microenvironment is characterized by cancer cell subpopulations with
      heterogeneous cell cycle profiles. For example, hypoxic tumor zones contain
      clusters of cancer cells that arrest in G1 phase. It is conceivable that
      neoplastic cells exhibit differential drug sensitivity based on their residence
      in specific cell cycle phases. In this study, we used two-dimensional and
      organotypic melanoma culture models in combination with fluorescent cell cycle
      indicators to investigate the effects of cell cycle phases on clinically used
      drugs. We demonstrate that G1-arrested melanoma cells, irrespective of the
      underlying cause mediating G1 arrest, are resistant to apoptosis induced by the
      proteasome inhibitor bortezomib or the alkylating agent temozolomide. In
      contrast, G1-arrested cells were more sensitive to mitogen-activated protein
      kinase pathway inhibitor-induced cell death. Of clinical relevance, pretreatment
      of melanoma cells with a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor,
      which induced G1 arrest, resulted in resistance to temozolomide or bortezomib. On
      the other hand, pretreatment with temozolomide, which induced G2 arrest, did not
      result in resistance to mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitors. In
      summary, we established a model to study the effects of the cell cycle on drug
      sensitivity. Cell cycle phase-specific drug resistance is an escape mechanism of
      melanoma cells that has implications on the choice and timing of drug combination
      therapies.

PMID- 26970360
TI  - Linear Ablation Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Atrial
      Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Previous studies have given conflicting data regarding the long-term adjunctive
      efficacy of linear lesions (LLs) on top of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) as an
      ablation strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this meta
      analysis was to provide a detailed analysis of the available randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the efficacy of LL following PVI in AF
      patients. Current databases were searched until October 2015. The primary outcome
      end point of the meta-analysis was recurrence of any symptomatic or documented
      episode of AF or atrial tachycardia after a single ablation procedure with or
      without the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Ten RCTs with a total of 1,446 patients
      were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis of five trials concerning
      persistent AF (PeAF) patients (400 in PVI plus LL group and 182 in PVI alone
      group) suggested that the addition of LL following PVI does not lead to a
      significant reduction in recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias compared with PVI
      alone (relative ratio [RR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-1.21, P =
      0.22). Similarly, there was no incremental benefit of additional LL in long-term
      outcomes in paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.68-1.05, P =
      0.13). Pooling the results of all eligible trials suggested that PVI plus LL
      compared with PVI alone significantly increased radiofrequency time (P = 0.0002),
      fluoroscopy time (P < 0.00001), and procedure time (P < 0.0001). This meta
      analysis suggests that LL following PVI does not provide additional benefit to
      sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with PeAF and PAF.

PMID- 26970355
TI  - Spinal activity of interleukin 6 mediates myelin basic protein-induced allodynia.
AB  - Mechanosensory fibers are enveloped by myelin, a unique multilamellar membrane
      permitting saltatory neuronal conduction. Damage to myelin is thought to
      contribute to severe pain evoked by innocuous tactile stimulation (i.e.,
      mechanical allodynia). Our earlier (Liu et al., 2012) and present data
      demonstrate that a single injection of a myelin basic protein-derived peptide
      (MBP84-104) into an intact sciatic nerve produces a robust and long-lasting
      (>30days) mechanical allodynia in female rats. The MBP84-104 peptide represents
      the immunodominant epitope and requires T cells to maintain allodynia.
      Surprisingly, only systemic gabapentin (a ligand of voltage-gated calcium channel
      alpha2delta1), but not ketorolac (COX inhibitor), lidocaine (sodium channel
      blocker) or MK801 (NMDA antagonist) reverse allodynia induced by the intrasciatic
      MBP84-104. The genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the sciatic nerve
      followed by the bioinformatics analyses of the expression changes identified
      interleukin (IL)-6 as the major cytokine induced by MBP84-104 in both the control
      and athymic T cell-deficient nude rats. The intrasciatic MBP84-104 injection
      resulted in both unilateral allodynia and unilateral IL-6 increase the segmental
      spinal cord (neurons and astrocytes). An intrathecal delivery of a function
      blocking IL-6 antibody reduced the allodynia in part by the transcriptional
      effects in large-diameter primary afferents in DRG. Our data suggest that MBP
      regulates IL-6 expression in the nervous system and that the spinal IL-6 activity
      mediates nociceptive processing stimulated by the MBP epitopes released after
      damage or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. 

PMID- 26970361
TI  - Marijuana and Madness: Associations Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis.

PMID- 26970359
TI  - 4-(E)-{(p-tolylimino)-methylbenzene-1,2-diol}, 1 a novel resveratrol analog,
      differentially regulates estrogen receptors alpha and beta in breast cancer
      cells.
AB  - Breast cancer is a public health concern worldwide. Prolonged exposure to
      estrogens has been implicated in the development of breast neoplasms.
      Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggest a chemopreventive role of
      phytoestrogens in breast cancers. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring
      phytoestrogen, has been shown to have potent anti-cancer properties. However,
      poor efficacy and bioavailability have prevented the use of resveratrol in
      clinics. In order to address these problems, we have synthesized a combinatorial
      library of azaresveratrol analogs and tested them for their ability to inhibit
      the proliferation of breast cancer cells. We have recently shown that 4-(E)-{(p
      tolylimino)-methylbenzene-1,2-diol} (TIMBD), has better anti-cancer properties
      than resveratrol and any other resveratrol analog we have synthesized so far. The
      objective of this study was to investigate the regulation of estrogen receptors
      (ERs) alpha and beta by TIMBD in breast cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that
      TIMBD significantly induces the mRNA and protein expression levels of ERbeta and
      inhibits that of ERalpha. TIMBD inhibits mRNA and protein expression levels of
      oncogene c-Myc, and cell cycle protein cyclin D1, which are important regulators
      of cellular proliferation. TIMBD significantly induces protein expression levels
      of tumor suppressor genes p53 and p21 in MCF-7 cells. TIMBD inhibits c-Myc in an
      ERbeta-dependent fashion in MCF-10A and ERbeta1-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells,
      suggesting regulation of ERs as an important upstream mechanism of this analog.
      ERbeta plays a partial role in inhibition of proliferation by TIMBD while ERalpha
      overexpression does not significantly affect TIMBD's inhibition.

PMID- 26970362
TI  - Cannabis and Psychosis: What Degree of Proof Do We Require?

PMID- 26970364
TI  - Synthetic Cannabinoids-Further Evidence Supporting the Relationship Between
      Cannabinoids and Psychosis.
AB  - Consumption of synthetic mind-altering compounds, also known as "new psychoactive
      substances," is increasing globally at an alarming rate. Synthetic cannabinoids
      (SCs) are among the most commonly used new psychoactive substances. They are
      usually purchased as marijuana-like drugs, marketed as herbal blends and
      perceived as risk-free by inexperienced users. Yet, contrary to Delta(9)
      tetrahydrocannabinol, SCs may lead to severe health consequences, including
      anxiety, tachycardia, hallucinations, violent behavior, and psychosis. This
      review focuses on the latest (2010-2015) evidence of psychotic symptoms induced
      by ingestion of products containing SCs. Reports suggesting that SCs may either
      exacerbate previously stable psychotic symptoms (in vulnerable individuals) or
      trigger new-onset psychosis (in individuals with no previous history of
      psychosis) are reviewed. Pharmacology and toxicology of these compounds are
      discussed, with particular reference to their psychoactive effects. 

PMID- 26970365
TI  - Chemical avoidance responses of fishes.
AB  - The hydrosphere is a repository for all of our waste and mistakes, be they
      sewage, garbage, process-affected waters, runoff, and gases. For fish living in
      environments receiving undesirable inputs, moving away seems an obvious way to
      avoid harm. While this should occur, there are numerous examples where it will
      not. The inability to avoid harmful environments may lead to sensory impairments
      that in turn limit the ability to avoid other dangers or locate benefits. For
      avoidance to occur, the danger must first be perceived, which may not happen if
      the fish is 'blinded' in some capacity. Second, the danger must be recognized for
      what it is, which may also not happen if the fish is cognitively confused or
      impaired. Third, it is possible that the fish may not be able to leave the area,
      or worse, learns to prefer a toxic environment. Concerning generating regulations
      around avoidance, there are two possibilities: that an avoidance threshold be
      used to set guidelines for effluent release with the intention of driving fishes
      away; the second is to set a contaminant concentration that would not affect the
      avoidance or attraction responses to other cues. With the complexities of the
      modern world in which we release diverse pollutants, from light to municipal
      effluents full of 1000s of chemicals, to the diversity present in ecosystems, it
      is impossible to have avoidance data on every stimulus-species combination.
      Nevertheless, we may be able to use existing avoidance response data to predict
      the likelihood of avoidance of untested stimuli. Where we cannot, this review
      includes a framework that can be used to direct new research. This review is
      intended to collate existing avoidance response data, provide a framework for
      making decisions in the absence of data, and suggest studies that would
      facilitate the prediction of risk to fish health in environments receiving
      intentional and unintentional human-based chemical inputs. 

PMID- 26970363
TI  - Human Laboratory Studies on Cannabinoids and Psychosis.
AB  - Some of the most compelling evidence supporting an association between
      cannabinoid agonists and psychosis comes from controlled laboratory studies in
      humans. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover laboratory
      studies demonstrate that cannabinoid agonists, including phytocannabinoids and
      synthetic cannabinoids, produce a wide range of positive, negative, and cognitive
      symptoms and psychophysiologic deficits in healthy human subjects that resemble
      the phenomenology of schizophrenia. These effects are time locked to drug
      administration, are dose related, and are transient and rarely necessitate
      intervention. The magnitude of effects is similar to the effects of ketamine but
      qualitatively distinct from other psychotomimetic drugs, including ketamine,
      amphetamine, and salvinorin A. Cannabinoid agonists have also been shown to
      transiently exacerbate symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia in laboratory
      studies. Patients with schizophrenia are more vulnerable than healthy control
      subjects to the acute behavioral and cognitive effects of cannabinoid agonists
      and experience transient exacerbation of symptoms despite treatment with
      antipsychotic medications. Furthermore, laboratory studies have failed to
      demonstrate any "beneficial" effects of cannabinoid agonists in individuals with
      schizophrenia-challenging the cannabis self-medication hypothesis. Emerging
      evidence suggests that polymorphisms of several genes related to dopamine
      metabolism (e.g., COMT, DAT1, and AKT1) may moderate the effects of cannabinoid
      agonists in laboratory studies. Cannabinoid agonists induce dopamine release,
      although the magnitude of release does not appear to be commensurate to the
      magnitude and spectrum of their acute psychotomimetic effects. Interactions
      between the endocannabinoid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate systems and
      their individual and interactive effects on neural oscillations provide a
      plausible mechanism underlying the psychotomimetic effects of cannabinoids. 

PMID- 26970367
TI  - Physiological and cellular responses of oysters (Crassostrea hongkongensis) in a
      multimetal-contaminated estuary.
AB  - The Pearl River estuary, southern China, suffers from multiple sources of metal
      contamination as a result of the rapid industrial development in the region; but
      the biological impacts of contamination remain unknown. In the present study, a
      euryhaline oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis, was collected from different sites
      of the Pearl River estuary; and various physiological (heart rate, alkaline
      phosphatase as homeostatic regulation, and glycogen as energy reserve) and
      cytological (lysosomal membrane stability) biomarkers were quantified to assess
      this species as a potential bioindicator of metal pollution in contaminated
      areas. Large variations of metal accumulation levels in the oysters were
      documented, especially for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium, and
      nickel (Ni). Among these metals, the authors demonstrated significant
      correlations between the digestive gland metal accumulation of Cu, Zn, and Ni and
      the cellular homeostasis (alkaline phosphatase) and glycogen reserves. Heart rate
      was positively correlated with Cd but negatively correlated with Cu and Zn
      concentrations in the gills. Lysosomal membrane stability was significantly
      inhibited at the most contaminated sites but had no relationship with the
      accumulated metal concentrations. These measurements indicate that multimetal
      contamination in the Pearl River estuary impacts the physiological and
      cytological performance of oysters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2577-2586. (c)
      2016 SETAC.

PMID- 26970366
TI  - Personalized symptom goals and response in patients with advanced cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improving symptoms is a major goal of cancer medicine; however,
      symptom response is often based on group differences and not individualized. In
      the current study, the authors examined the personalized symptom goal (PSG) for
      10 common symptoms in patients with advanced cancer, and identified the factors
      associated with PSG response. METHODS: In this prospective, longitudinal,
      multicenter study, patients from 5 tertiary care hospitals rated the intensity of
      10 symptoms using a numeric rating scale of 0 to 10 at the time of their first
      clinic visit and then at a second visit 14 to 34 days later. The PSG was
      determined for each symptom by asking patients: "At what level would you feel
      comfortable with this symptom?" using the same scale of 0 to 10 for symptom
      intensity. PSG response was defined as symptom intensity at the time of the
      second visit that was less than or equal to the PSG. RESULTS: Among 728 patients,
      the median PSG was 1 for nausea; 2 for depression, anxiety, drowsiness, well
      being, dyspnea, and sleep; and 3 for pain, fatigue, and appetite. A greater
      percentage of patients achieved a PSG response at their second visit compared
      with their first visit (P<.05 except for drowsiness). Symptom response was
      associated with lower baseline symptom intensity based on PSG criterion but
      higher baseline symptom intensity based on the traditional minimal clinically
      important difference definition (P<.001 for all symptoms). In multivariable
      analysis, higher PSG and nationality were associated with greater PSG response.
      CONCLUSIONS: The PSG was <=3 for a majority of patients. PSG response allows
      clinicians to tailor treatment goals while adjusting for individual differences
      in scale interpretation and factors associated with symptom response. Cancer
      2016;122:1774-81. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970368
TI  - Acceptability of oral solid medicines in older adults with and without dysphagia:
      A nested pilot validation questionnaire based observational study.
AB  - Older patients (aged 65years and over) are the major consumers of medicines and
      many barriers affect their ability in taking medicines orally, especially
      swallowing difficulties. Moreover, the characteristics of differing medicine
      formulations might have an impact on their acceptability in older patients. The
      aims of this study were to validate a Medicines Acceptability Questionnaire (MAQ)
      and to assess acceptability of oral solid medicines in older ambulatory patients
      with and without dysphagia. One hundred and fifty six older patients attending
      community pharmacies were recruited and attended face to face interviews. Two
      questionnaires were administered during the interviews, the validated Sydney
      Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ) assessing oral and pharyngeal swallowing function and
      the newly developed MAQ evaluating patient acceptability of oral solid medicines.
      Seventeen (11%) participants displayed symptoms compatible with swallowing
      difficulties identified by the SSQ. Participants with swallowing difficulties
      were considered themselves more likely to have problems in swallowing tablets and
      capsules of large sizes (11mm and 13mm tablets and size #00 capsules) compared to
      participants without dysphagia. Dispersible/effervescent tablets and orally
      disintegrating tablets were considered to be the most acceptable in this cohort,
      followed by mini-tablets. Chewable tablets and granules were the least favoured.
      Consistently higher acceptability scores were seen in the dysphagic population
      than in the non-dysphagic population for all of the dosage forms that were easier
      to swallow than tablets and capsules. The development of these formulations will
      assist in medication taking in older patients with dysphagia and potentially
      their adherence to drug treatments.

PMID- 26970369
TI  - How Often Are Parents Counseled About Family Planning During Pediatric Visits?
      Results of a Nationally Representative Sample.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Maternal family planning plays an important role in child, maternal,
      and family health; children's health care providers are in a unique position to
      counsel adult caregivers regarding contraception and appropriate birth spacing.
      We sought to determine the prevalence of caregiver family planning counseling by
      children's health care providers during preventive care visits for infants and
      young children. METHODS: Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
      from 2009 to 2012 as well as National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
      from 2009 to 2011 were analyzed to determine the weighted frequency of family
      planning/contraception counseling provided during preventive, primary care visits
      for children younger than the age of 2 years. RESULTS: Family
      planning/contraception counseling or education was documented in only 16 of 4261
      preventive care visits in primary care settings for children younger than the age
      of 2 years, corresponding to 0.30% (95% confidence interval, -0.08% to 0.68%) of
      visits nationally. Similar frequencies were calculated for preventive visits with
      children younger than 1 year and with infants younger than 60 days of age.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite Bright Futures' recommendations for children's health care
      providers to address caregiver family planning during well infant visits,
      documented counseling is rare. The results indicate that there are missed
      opportunities to promote family health in the pediatric setting.

PMID- 26970370
TI  - Modulation of Decidual Macrophage Polarization by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating
      Factor Derived from First-Trimester Decidual Cells: Implication in Preeclampsia.
AB  - During human pregnancy, immune tolerance of the fetal semiallograft occurs in the
      presence of abundant maternal leukocytes. At the implantation site, macrophages
      comprise approximately 20% of the leukocyte population and act as primary
      mediators of tissue remodeling. Decidual macrophages display a balance between
      anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory phenotypes. However, a shift to an M1
      subtype is reported in preeclampsia. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are major
      differentiating factors that mediate M1 and M2 polarization, respectively.
      Previously, we observed the following: i) the preeclamptic decidua contains an
      excess of both macrophages and GM-CSF, ii) the preeclampsia-associated
      proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, markedly
      enhance GM-CSF and M-CSF expression in cultured leukocyte-free first-trimester
      decidual cells (FTDCs), iii) FTDC-secreted GM-CSF polarizes macrophages toward an
      M1 subtype. The microenvironment is a key determinant of macrophage phenotype.
      Thus, we examined proinflammatory stimulation of FTDC-secreted M-CSF and its role
      in macrophage development. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated elevated M
      CSF-positive decidual cell numbers in preeclamptic decidua. In FTDCs, IL-1beta
      and tumor necrosis factor-alpha signal through the NF-kappaB pathway to induce M
      CSF production, which does the following: i) enhances differentiation of and
      elevates CD163 expression in macrophages, ii) increases macrophage phagocytic
      capacity, and iii) inhibits signal-regulatory protein alpha expression by
      macrophages. These findings suggest that FTDC-secreted M-CSF modulates the
      decidual immune balance by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and phagocytic
      capacity in response to proinflammatory stimuli.

PMID- 26970371
TI  - A web-based survey of horse owners' perceptions and network analysis of horse
      movements relating to African horse sickness distribution in Namibia and South
      Africa.
AB  - Africa horse sickness (AHS) is the most lethal infectious non-contagious horse
      disease and has accordingly been declared notifiable by the World Organisation
      for Animal Health. AHS is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and causes considerable
      losses to the equestrian industry. The effect of diseases in livestock on socio
      economic factors is well researched, but the effect of anthropogenic factors on
      the distribution of a disease is poorly understood. The purpose of the study was
      to assess Namibian and South African horse owners' perceptions and the effect of
      horse movement on AHS distribution. A cross-sectional study was conducted to
      collect information from horse owners in Namibia and South Africa. To that end
      'Fluid survey' was used for survey development. The survey was launched on
      Facebook and the link shared to horse related focus groups in Namibia and South
      Africa. A total of 508 responses were collected during the survey period. Of the
      417 completed questionnaires received, 22% were from Namibia and 78% from South
      Africa. The participants comprised of 71% social and 29% professional riders. The
      most popular precautionary measures used, in addition to vaccination, were
      chemical repellents (64%) and stabling of horses during dusk and dawn (59%). A
      network analysis was performed in Gephi 0.8.2.B to illustrate the movement of
      horses between countries and districts/provinces. Network analysis results
      indicate that areas with the highest movement of horses corresponded to the areas
      with a high occurrence of AHS. Although 93% of the participants were aware that
      AHS is a notifiable and controlled disease, the process and efficiency of
      reporting is mostly unknown. With this snapshot of horse owners' perceptions and
      the effect of horse movement on the distribution of AHS, it is clear that a more
      holistic approach is needed. To that end, all environmental and social factors
      must be taken into account in effective management strategies.

PMID- 26970372
TI  - Fasciola gigantica enolase is a major component of worm tegumental fraction
      protective against sheep fasciolosis.
AB  - Infection of cattle and sheep with the parasite Fasciola gigantica is a cause of
      important economic losses throughout Asia and Africa. Many of the available
      anthelmintics have undesirable side effects, and the parasite may acquire drug
      resistance as a result of mass and repeated treatments of livestock. Accordingly,
      the need for developing a vaccine is evident. Triton-soluble surface membrane and
      tegumental proteins (TSMTP) of 60, 32, and 28 kDa previously shown to elicit
      protective immunity in mice against challenge F. gigantica infection were found
      to be strongly immunogenic in sheep eliciting vigorous specific antibody
      responses to a titer>1:16,000 as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      Furthermore, the 60 kDa fraction induced production of antibodies able to bind to
      the surface membrane of newly excysted juvenile flukes and mediate their
      attrition in antibody-dependent complement- and cell-mediated cytotoxicity
      assays, and significant (P<0.05) 40% protection of sheep against F. gigantica
      challenge infection. Amino acid micro sequencing of the 60 kDa-derived tryptic
      peptides revealed the fraction predominantly consists of F. gigantica enolase.
      The cDNA nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences of F. gigantica enolase
      showed homology of 92% and 95%, respectively to Fasciola hepatica enolase,
      suggesting that a fasciolosis vaccine might be effective against both tropical
      and temperate liver flukes.

PMID- 26970373
TI  - Spatial association between malaria vector species richness and malaria in
      Colombia.
AB  - Malaria transmission in Colombia is highly variable in space and time. Using a
      species distribution model, we mapped potential distribution of five vector
      species including Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles calderoni, Anopheles darlingi,
      Anopheles neivai, and Anopheles nuneztovari in five Departments of Colombia where
      malaria transmission remains problematic. We overlaid the range maps of the five
      species to reveal areas of sympatry and related per-pixel species richness to
      mean annual parasite index (API) for 2011-2014 mapped by municipality (n = 287).
      The relationship between mean number of vector species per municipality and API
      was evaluated using a Poisson regression, which revealed a highly significant
      relationship between species richness and API (p = 0 for Wald Chi-Square
      statistic). The results suggest that areas of relatively high transmission in
      Colombia typically contain higher number of vector species than areas with
      unstable transmission and that future elimination strategies should account for
      vector species richness. 

PMID- 26970374
TI  - Periodic acid-Schiff granules in the brain of aged mice: From amyloid aggregates
      to degenerative structures containing neo-epitopes.
AB  - Brain ageing in mice leads to the progressive appearance and expansion of
      degenerative granular structures frequently referred as "PAS granules" because of
      their positive staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). PAS granules are present
      mainly in the hippocampus, although they have also been described in other brain
      areas such as piriform and entorhinal cortices, and have been observed in other
      mammals than mice, like rats and monkeys. PAS granules have been identified as a
      wide range of brain deposits related to numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such
      as amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary tangles, Lafora bodies, corpora amylacea and
      polyglucosan bodies, and these identifications have generated controversy and
      particular theories about them. We have recently reported the presence of a neo
      epitope in mice hippocampal PAS granules and the existence of natural IgM auto
      antibodies directed against the neo-epitope in the plasma of the animals. The
      significance of the neo-epitope and the autoantibodies is discussed in this
      review. Moreover, we observed that the IgM anti-neo-epitope is frequently present
      as a contaminant in numerous commercial antibodies and is responsible of a
      considerable amount of false positive immunostainings, which may produce
      misinterpretations in the identification of the granules. Now that this point has
      been clarified, this article reviews and reconsiders the nature and
      physiopathological significance of these degenerative granules. Moreover, we
      suggest that neo-epitopes may turn into a useful brain-ageing biomarker and that
      autoimmunity could become a new focus in the study of age-related degenerative
      processes. 

PMID- 26970375
TI  - Immunodetection of the "brown" spider (Loxosceles intermedia) dermonecrotoxin
      with an scFv-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein.
AB  - Bites by spiders from Loxosceles genus often lead to a wide variance in
      envenomation profile of patients and diagnosis is difficult due to the number of
      diseases that mimic loxoscelism. In such a context, it is of interest to consider
      the design of standardized recombinant colorimetric antibodies for diagnosis and
      specific detection of individual circulating toxins in biological fluids of
      envenomed patients. We have previously prepared a monoclonal murine IgG (LiMab7)
      that reacts with Loxosceles intermedia venom components of 32-35kDa and
      neutralizes the dermonecrotic activity of the venom. Here, we re-engineered
      LiMab7 into a colorimetric bifunctional protein consisting in the corresponding
      single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) fused to alkaline phosphatase (AP) of
      Escherichia coli. The immune tracer was tested in two different types of
      immunoassays and it proved to be efficient in both. Thus, this recombinant fusion
      protein (scFv-LiMab7/AP) can be used for rapid and specific immunotitration of L.
      intermedia venom with a linear range of 39-20000ng/mL and a detection limit of
      39ng/mL without any cross-reaction.

PMID- 26970376
TI  - Identification of neutrophil surface marker changes in health and inflammation
      using high-throughput screening flow cytometry.
AB  - Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell and are an essential component
      of the innate immune system. A complete cataloguing of cell surface markers has
      not been undertaken for neutrophils isolated from circulation as well as healthy
      and inflamed tissues. To identify cell-surface markers specific to human
      neutrophils, we used high-throughput flow cytometry to screen neutrophil
      populations isolated from blood and oral rinses from healthy and chronic
      periodontitis patients against a panel of 374 known cluster of differentiation
      (CD) antibodies. This screen identified CD11b, CD16, and CD66b as markers that
      are consistently expressed on neutrophils independent of the cell location, level
      of activation and disease state. Cell sorting against CD11b, CD16 and CD66b
      allowed for the enrichment of mature neutrophils, yielding neutrophil populations
      with up to 99% purity. These findings suggest an ideal surface marker set for
      isolating mature neutrophils from humans. The screen also demonstrated that
      tissue neutrophils from chronically inflamed tissue display a unique surface
      marker set compared to tissue neutrophils present in healthy, non-inflamed
      tissues. 

PMID- 26970377
TI  - Antimanic-like effects of (R)-(-)-carvone and (S)-(+)-carvone in mice.
AB  - Carvone is a monoterpene that is present in spearmint (Mentha spicata) and
      caraway (Carum carvi) essential oils and has been shown to have anticonvulsant
      effects, likely through the blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels, and
      anxiolytic-like effects. Considering that some anticonvulsants that blocked
      voltage-gated sodium channels (e.g., sodium valproate and carbamazepine) exert
      clinical antimanic effects, the aim of the present study was to evaluate (R)-(-)
      carvone and (S)-(+)-carvone in animal models of mania (i.e., hyperlocomotion
      induced by methylphenidate and sleep deprivation). Mice that were treated with
      methylphenidate (5mg/kg) or sleep-deprived for 24h using a multiple-platform
      protocol exhibited an increase in locomotor activity in an automated activity
      box. This effect was blocked by pretreatment with acute (R)-(-)-carvone (50
      100mg/kg), (S)-(+)-carvone (50-100mg/kg), and lithium (100mg/kg, positive
      control). These doses did not alter spontaneous locomotor activity in the
      methylphenidate-induced experiments while (S)-(+)-carvone decreased spontaneous
      locomotor activity in sleep deprivation experiment, indicating a sedative effect.
      Chronic 21-day treatment with (R)-(-)-carvone (100mg/kg), (S)-(+)-carvone
      (100mg/kg), and lithium also prevented methylphenidate-induced hyperactivity. The
      present results suggest that carvone may have an antimanic-like effect. 

PMID- 26970378
TI  - An Adaptive Simulation Framework for the Exploration of Extreme and Unexpected
      Events in Dynamic Engineered Systems.
AB  - The end states reached by an engineered system during an accident scenario depend
      not only on the sequences of the events composing the scenario, but also on their
      timing and magnitudes. Including these additional features within an overarching
      framework can render the analysis infeasible in practical cases, due to the high
      dimension of the system state-space and the computational effort correspondingly
      needed to explore the possible system evolutions in search of the interesting
      (and very rare) ones of failure. To tackle this hurdle, in this article we
      introduce a framework for efficiently probing the space of event sequences of a
      dynamic system by means of a guided Monte Carlo simulation. Such framework is
      semi-automatic and allows embedding the analyst's prior knowledge about the
      system and his/her objectives of analysis. Specifically, the framework allows
      adaptively and intelligently allocating the simulation efforts preferably on
      those sequences leading to outcomes of interest for the objectives of the
      analysis, e.g., typically those that are more safety-critical (and/or rare). The
      emerging diversification in the filling of the state-space by the preference
      guided exploration allows also the retrieval of critical system features, which
      can be useful to analysts and designers for taking appropriate means of
      prevention and mitigation of dangerous and/or unexpected consequences. A dynamic
      system for gas transmission is considered as a case study to demonstrate the
      application of the method.

PMID- 26970379
TI  - Wilms Tumor 1 Expression and Pre-emptive Immunotherapy in Patients with Acute
      Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing an Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.
AB  - Minimal residual disease (MRD) was monitored by Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression in
      207 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after an allogeneic hemopoietic
      stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as a trigger to initiate pre-emptive
      immunotherapy (IT) with cyclosporin discontinuation and/or donor lymphocyte
      infusion. The trigger for IT was WT1 >= 180 copies/10(4) Abelson cells in marrow
      cells in the first group of 122 patients (WT1-180) and >= 100 copies in a
      subsequent group of 85 patients (WT1-100). Forty patients received IT. The
      cumulative incidence (CI) of relapse was 76% in WT1-180 (n = 17) versus 29% in
      WT1-100 patients (n = 23) receiving IT (P = .006); the leukemia-free survival
      from MRD positivity was 23% versus 74%, respectively (P = .003). We then looked
      at the entire AML patient population (n = 207). WT1-180 and WT1-100 patients were
      comparable for disease phase and age. The overall 4-year CI of transplantation
      related mortality was 13% in both groups; the CI of leukemia relapse was 38% in
      the WT1-180 and 28% in the WT1-100 patients (P = .05) and leukemia-free survival
      was 56% versus 48%, respectively (P = .07). In conclusion, we suggests that WT1
      based pre-emptive immunotherapy is feasible in patients with undergoing an
      allogeneic HSCT. The protective effect on relapse is greater when IT is triggered
      at lower levels of WT1.

PMID- 26970380
TI  - Outcome after Transplantation According to Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimen
      in Patients Undergoing Transplantation for Myelofibrosis.
AB  - Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the sole curative
      option for myelofibrosis. Many transplantation recipients receive a reduced
      intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen owing to age or comorbidities; however,
      there is little published evidence to guide the choice of RIC regimen. In this
      study, we compared outcomes in patients who received 1 of 2 frequently used RIC
      regimens for patients with myelofibrosis: fludarabine-busulfan (FB) and
      fludarabine-melphalan (FM). A total of 160 patients underwent a RIC allograft
      procedure (FB group, n = 105; FM group, n = 55). We have developed a complex
      statistical model involving weighting and adjustment to permit comparison between
      these 2 groups. After weighting, the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease
      (GVHD) was 62% in the FM group and 31% in the FB group (P = .001), and the
      corresponding incidence of chronic GVHD was 49% and 53%, respectively. The 7-year
      progression-free survival was were 52% in the FM group versus 33% in the FB
      group, and the 7-year overall survival rate 52% in the FM group versus 59% in the
      FB group. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 43% in the FM group and 31% in the FB
      group. Multivariable analyses revealed no significant differences in PFS between
      the 2 groups; however, the relapse rate was significantly lower in the FM group
      (hazard ratio, 9.21; P = .008), whereas a trend toward reduced NRM was seen in
      the FB group (hazard ratio, 0.51; P = .068). In conclusion, both regimens appear
      to be efficient in mediating disease control and can be used to successfully
      condition patients with myelofibrosis. The FM regimen appears to induce more NRM
      than the FB regimen, but with augmented control of disease, leading to comparable
      overall survival rates for both regimens.

PMID- 26970381
TI  - Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis in Unrelated Peripheral Blood Stem Cell
      Transplantation with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide, Tacrolimus, and
      Mycophenolate Mofetil.
AB  - Clinical efficacy of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis has been demonstrated in haploidentical and HLA
      matched bone marrow but not in unrelated peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC)
      transplantations. Also, no direct comparisons have been published with current
      standard of care, combination of antithymocyte globulin (ATG), calcineurin
      inhibitors, and either methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Eighty-six
      adult patients (median age 34 years; range, 18 to 59) with acute myeloblastic and
      lymphoblastic leukemia underwent unrelated PBSC transplantation with PTCy,
      tacrolimus, and MMF as GVHD prophylaxis in the single-center trial
      (clinicaltrial.govNCT02294552). The control group comprised 125 consecutive
      historical control patients who received ATG, tacrolimus, and methotrexate or
      MMF. Cumulative incidences of grades II to IV acute (19% versus 45%, P = .0003),
      grades III to IV acute (4% versus 27%, P < .0001), and chronic GVHD (16% versus
      65%, P < .0001) were significantly lower in the PTCy compared with the ATG group.
      PTCy-based prophylaxis was associated with reduced incidence of nonrelapse
      mortality (16% versus 36%, P = .005; HR, .55; 95% CI, .34 to .89) and improved
      overall survival (69% versus 40%, P = .0007; HR, .43; 95% CI, .26 to .70), event
      free survival (65% versus 38%, P = .0006; HR, .49; 95% CI, .31 to .78), and GVHD
      relapse-free survival (52% versus 12%, P < .0001). PTCy-based prophylaxis also
      had a better safety profile compared with ATG with reduced incidence of veno
      occlusive disease, cytomegalovirus reactivation, invasive mycosis, and reduced
      severity of mucositis. In this study we demonstrated that PTCy in combination
      with tacrolimus and MMF is a safe and effective GVHD prophylaxis for unrelated
      PBSC transplantation. Although there are several limitations of the historical
      control approach, this study suggests the superiority of a PTCy-based approach
      over an ATG-based prophylaxis. 

PMID- 26970382
TI  - Early Detection is Key: Is Handheld Spirometry the Answer?

PMID- 26970383
TI  - Steroids Versus Steroids Plus Additional Agent in Frontline Treatment of Acute
      Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized
      Trials.
AB  - Despite extensive research in the last few decades, progress in treatment of
      acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), a common complication of allogeneic
      hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), has been limited and steroids continue
      to be the standard frontline treatment. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have
      failed to find a beneficial effect of escalating immunosuppression using
      additional agents. Considering the small number of RCTs, limited sample sizes,
      and frequent early termination because of anticipated futility, we conducted a
      systematic review and an aggregate data meta-analysis to explore whether a true
      efficacy signal has been missed because of the limitations of individual RCTs.
      Seven reports met our inclusion criteria. The control arm in all studies was 2
      mg/kg/day prednisone (or equivalent). The additional agent(s) used in the
      experimental arm(s) were higher-dose steroids, antithymocyte globulin,
      infliximab, anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody (daclizumab and BT563), CD5
      specific immunotoxin, and mycophenolate mofetil. Random effects meta-analysis
      revealed no efficacy signal in pooled response rates at various times points.
      Overall survival at 100 days was significantly worse in the experimental arm
      (relative risk [RR], .83; 95% confidence interval [CI], .74 to .94; P = .004,
      data from 3 studies) and showed a similar trend (albeit not statistically
      significantly) at 1 year as well (RR, .86; 95% CI, .68 to 1.09; P = .21, data
      from 5 studies). In conclusion, these results argue against the value of
      augmented generic immunosuppression beyond steroids for frontline treatment of
      aGVHD and emphasize the importance of developing alternative strategies. Novel
      forms of immunomodulation and targeted therapies against non-immune-related
      pathways may enhance the efficacy of steroids in this setting, and early
      predictive and prognostic biomarkers can help identify the subgroup of patients
      who would likely need treatments other than (or in addition to) generic
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 26970384
TI  - MAVIN: An Open-Source Tool for Interactive Analysis and Visualization of EMG
      Data.

PMID- 26970385
TI  - Patient preferences regarding incidental genomic findings discovered during tumor
      profiling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the process of tumor profiling, there is the potential to
      detect germline variants. To the authors' knowledge, there currently is no
      accepted standard of care for how to deal with these incidental findings. The
      goal of the current study was to assess disclosure preferences among patients
      with cancer regarding incidental genomic variants that may be discovered during
      tumor profiling. METHODS: A 45-item questionnaire was administered to 413
      patients in ambulatory oncology clinics. The survey captured demographic and
      disease variables and personal and family history, and presented case scenarios
      for different types of incidental germline variants that could theoretically be
      detected during genomic analysis of a patient's tumor. RESULTS: The possibility
      of discovering non-cancer-related, germline variants did not deter patients from
      tumor profiling: 77% wanted to be informed concerning variants that could
      increase their risk of a serious but preventable illness, 56% wanted to know
      about variants that cause a serious but unpreventable illness, and 49% wanted to
      know about variants of uncertain significance. The majority of patients (75%)
      indicated they would share hereditary information regarding predisposition to
      preventable diseases with family and 62% would share information concerning
      unpreventable diseases. The most frequent concerns about incidental findings were
      ability to obtain health (48%) or life (41%) insurance. Only 21% of patients were
      concerned about privacy of information. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cancer appear
      to prefer to receive information regarding incidental germline variants, but
      there is substantial variability with regard to what information patients wish to
      learn. The authors recommend that personal preferences for the disclosure of
      different types of incidental findings be clarified before a tumor profiling test
      is ordered. Cancer 2016;122:1588-97. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 26970386
TI  - Localized heat urticaria: Positive reaction of preheated autologous serum skin
      test.

PMID- 26970387
TI  - Prophylactic Antibiotics for Severe Burns: Are They Safe?

PMID- 26970388
TI  - Cell cycle control of DNA joint molecule resolution.
AB  - The establishment of stable interactions between chromosomes underpins vital
      cellular processes such as recombinational DNA repair and bipolar chromosome
      segregation. On the other hand, timely disengagement of persistent connections is
      necessary to assure efficient partitioning of the replicated genome prior to cell
      division. Whereas great progress has been made in defining how cohesin-mediated
      chromosomal interactions are disengaged as cells prepare to undergo chromosome
      segregation, little is known about the metabolism of DNA joint molecules (JMs),
      generated during the repair of chromosomal lesions. Recent work on Mus81 and
      Yen1/GEN1, two conserved structure-selective endonucleases, revealed unforeseen
      links between JM-processing and cell cycle progression. Cell cycle kinases and
      phosphatases control Mus81 and Yen1/GEN1 to restrain deleterious JM-processing
      during S-phase, while safeguarding chromosome segregation during mitosis.

PMID- 26970391
TI  - Realist evaluation caricatured: a reply to Porter.

PMID- 26970389
TI  - Changes and their possible causes in delta13C of dark-respired CO2 and its
      putative bulk and soluble sources during maize ontogeny.
AB  - The issues of whether, where, and to what extent carbon isotopic fractionations
      occur during respiration affect interpretations of plant functions that are
      important to many disciplines across the natural sciences. Studies of carbon
      isotopic fractionation during dark respiration in C3 plants have repeatedly shown
      respired CO2 to be (13)C enriched relative to its bulk leaf sources and (13)C
      depleted relative to its bulk root sources. Furthermore, two studies showed
      respired CO2 to become progressively (13)C enriched during leaf ontogeny and
      (13)C depleted during root ontogeny in C3 legumes. As such data on C4 plants are
      scarce and contradictory, we investigated apparent respiratory fractionations of
      carbon and their possible causes in different organs of maize plants during early
      ontogeny. As in the C3 plants, leaf-respired CO2 was (13)C enriched whereas root
      respired CO2 was (13)C depleted relative to their putative sources. In contrast
      to the findings for C3 plants, however, not only root- but also leaf-respired CO2
      became more (13)C depleted during ontogeny. Leaf-respired CO2 was highly (13)C
      enriched just after light-dark transition but the enrichment rapidly decreased
      over time in darkness. We conclude that (i) although carbon isotopic
      fractionations in C4 maize and leguminous C3 crop roots are similar, increasing
      phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase activity during maize ontogeny could have
      produced the contrast between the progressive (13)C depletion of maize leaf
      respired CO2 and (13)C enrichment of C3 leaf-respired CO2 over time, and (ii) in
      both maize and C3 leaves, highly (13)C enriched leaf-respired CO2 at light-to
      dark transition and its rapid decrease during darkness, together with the
      observed decrease in leaf malate content, may be the result of a transient effect
      of light-enhanced dark respiration.

PMID- 26970390
TI  - Integrating Radiology and Anatomy Teaching in Medical Education in the UK--The
      Evidence, Current Trends, and Future Scope.
AB  - This review article presents the current evidence of the importance of
      integrating radiology and anatomy in medical education in the UK, a
      recommendation by a number of key anatomy, education, and radiology
      organizations. Current evidence highlights that on average only 5% of total
      teaching time in medical education is dedicated to radiology. Often, radiology
      teaching does not adequately fulfill students' learning needs and potentially
      leaves them underprepared for medical practice. Benefits of integrating radiology
      and anatomy include improved clinical application of anatomy, an increase in
      student's interest in anatomy, and ultimately improved radiological
      interpretation. Various modalities exist for the integration of radiology and
      anatomy, facilitated by the vast portability of radiological images. It appears
      that combining radiological resources with traditional anatomy teaching
      methodology in a blended approach is most beneficial.

PMID- 26970392
TI  - Maternal high-fat diet leads to persistent synaptic instability in mouse
      offspring via oxidative stress during lactation.
AB  - Maternal obesity has negative effects on the neurodevelopment of the offspring.
      Pups from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice exhibit peroxidized lipid accumulations in
      the brain and behavioral impairments. However, the synaptic basis of maternal HFD
      induced brain dysfunction in offspring remains unclear. In the present study, we
      focused on the dynamics and morphology of postsynaptic dendritic spines and
      filopodia in the offspring of HFD-fed mouse dams, using in vivo two-photon
      imaging, chosen because of the involvement of peripheral organs and non-neuronal
      cells in the abnormal metabolic state. We observed instability of dendritic
      spines and filopodia in the cerebral cortex of offspring from HFD-fed dams.
      Interestingly, the synaptic instability persisted into adulthood with a lower
      spine density even when the offspring were fed with a normal diet after weaning.
      HFD-fed offspring from HFD-fed dams showed a severe disruption of dendritic
      spines. Synaptic instability and loss of spines were caused even by HFD exposure
      exclusively during lactation. The treatment of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant,
      during lactation ameliorated the synaptic impairments. These results suggest that
      maternal obesity leads to persistent synaptic impairments in the offspring, which
      may be associated with behavioral deficits in adulthood, and that these synaptic
      deficits may be due to oxidative stress from peroxidized lipid accumulations
      during the lactation period.

PMID- 26970393
TI  - Hydroxytyrosol induces phase II detoxifying enzyme expression and effectively
      protects dopaminergic cells against dopamine- and 6-hydroxydopamine induced
      cytotoxicity.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common late-age onset
      neurodegenerative disease. Except for the symptomatic alleviating treatment, no
      disease modifying therapy is currently available. In this study, we investigated
      the potential neuroprotective role of hydroxytyrosol (HT), a major phenolic
      compound present in olive oil, against dopaminergic cell death. We found that HT
      effectively protected dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells against dopamine (DA) and 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced cell death, but had no apparent effect on 1
      methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we have
      shown that HT efficiently induced the expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes,
      including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Using an NQO1 inhibitor, we
      revealed that increased NQO1 expression contributed to the protective effect of
      HT against dopaminergic cell death. Together, our findings suggest that HT has a
      protective effect against DA- and 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic cell death,
      supporting the beneficial effect of olive oil in preventing DA-metabolism related
      dopaminergic neuron dysfunction.

PMID- 26970394
TI  - Multiple faces of protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1): Structure,
      function, and diseases.
AB  - Protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1) has received considerable attention
      because it is the only protein that contains both PSD-95/DlgA/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain
      and Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain. Through PDZ and BAR domains, PICK1 binds to
      a large number of membrane proteins and lipid molecules, and is thereby of
      multiple functions. PICK1 is widely expressed in various tissues, particularly
      abundant in the brain and testis. In the central nervous system (CNS), PICK1
      interacts with numerous neurotransmitters receptors, transporters, ion channels,
      and enzymes, and controls their trafficking. The best characterized function of
      PICK1 is that it regulates trafficking of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole
      4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA2 during long-term depression and
      long-term potentiation. Recent evidence shows that PICK1 participates in various
      diseases including neurobiological disorders, such as chronic pain, epilepsy,
      oxidative stress, stroke, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
      schizophrenia, and non-neurological disorders, such as globozoospermia, breast
      cancer, and heart failure. In this review, we will summarize recent advances
      focusing on the structure and regulation of PICK1 and its functions in protein
      trafficking, neurological and non-neurological diseases.

PMID- 26970395
TI  - Demethylation regulation of BDNF gene expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons
      is implicated in opioid-induced pain hypersensitivity in rats.
AB  - Repeated administration of morphine may result in opioid-induced hypersensitivity
      (OIH), which involves altered expression of numerous genes, including brain
      derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Yet, it
      remains unclear how BDNF expression is increased in DRG neurons after repeated
      morphine treatment. DNA methylation is an important mechanism of epigenetic
      control of gene expression. In the current study, we hypothesized that the
      demethylation regulation of certain BDNF gene promoters in DRG neurons may
      contribute to the development of OIH. Real-time RT-PCR was used to assess changes
      in the mRNA transcription levels of major BDNF exons including exon I, II, IV,
      VI, as well as total BDNF mRNA in DRGs from rats after repeated morphine
      administration. The levels of exon IV and total BDNF mRNA were significantly
      upregulated by repeated morphine administration, as compared to that in saline
      control group. Further, ELISA array and immunocytochemistry study revealed a
      robust upregulation of BDNF protein expression in DRG neurons after repeated
      morphine exposure. Correspondingly, the methylation levels of BDNF exon IV
      promoter showed a significant downregulation by morphine treatment. Importantly,
      intrathecal administration of a BDNF antibody, but not control IgG, significantly
      inhibited mechanical hypersensitivity that developed in rats after repeated
      morphine treatment. Conversely, intrathecal administration of an inhibitor of DNA
      methylation, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) markedly upregulated the BDNF
      protein expression in DRG neurons and enhanced the mechanical allodynia after
      repeated morphine exposure. Together, our findings suggest that demethylation
      regulation of BDNF gene promoter may be implicated in the development of OIH
      through epigenetic control of BDNF expression in DRG neurons.

PMID- 26970396
TI  - Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in travellers: A systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The recent Ebola epidemic has increased public awareness of the risk
      of travel associated viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF). International preparedness
      to manage imported cases Ebola virus infection was inadequate, highlighted by
      cases of nosocomial transmission. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a re
      emerging tick-borne VHF centred in the Eurasian region, affecting a large
      geographical area and with human-to-human transmission reported, especially in
      the healthcare setting. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the characteristics
      of travel associated Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. METHODS: A systematic
      review of travel-associated cases of CCHF was performed following the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement
      protocol. PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Citation Index (SCI) and ProMED databases were
      searched for reports published between January 1960 and January 2016. Three
      independent reviewers selected and reviewed studies and extracted data. RESULTS:
      21 cases of travel associated CCHF were identified, of which 12 died (3 outcome
      unknown) and 4 secondary (nosocomial) infections were reported. Risk occupations
      or activities for CCHF infection were reported in 8/12 cases when data were
      available. Travel from Asia to Asia occurred in 9 cases, Africa to Africa
      occurred in 5 cases, Africa to Europe in 3 cases, Asia to Europe in 2 cases and
      Europe to Europe in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: CCHF related to travel is rare, is
      generally associated with at risk activities/occupation and is frequently fatal.
      Key to early diagnosis and prevention of nosocomial transmission is an
      understanding of CCHF risk factors and the geographical distribution of CCHF.
      International travel to CCHF endemic areas is increasing and clinicians and
      laboratory personnel managing returning travellers should maintain a high index
      of suspicion.

PMID- 26970397
TI  - Meningococcal vaccination for international travellers from Greece visiting
      developing countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meningococcal meningitis is a serious disease. Travel-associated
      infection for the general traveller is low; however regular epidemics in
      indigenous population, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa are responsible for
      significant morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to assess meningococcal
      vaccination for international travellers from Greece. METHODS: A prospective
      questionnaire-based study was conducted during 2009-2013. RESULTS: A total of
      5283 travellers were studied (median age: 39.2 years); Meningococcal tetravalent
      vaccine (A,C,W135,Y) was delivered to 1150 (21.8%) of them. Of those who
      travelled to the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, 73.1% and 21.2% received
      meningococcal vaccine, respectively. Of those travellers who travelled to sub
      Saharan Africa from November to June and from July to October, 22.1% and 20.6%
      were vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine, respectively. Of all travellers who
      travelled for <1 month and >=1 month, 23.3%, and 20.5%, were vaccinated,
      respectively. Meningococcal vaccine was administered to 95.3% of pilgrims, 17.4%
      of those visiting friends and relatives (VFRs), 16.7% of those who travelled for
      recreation, and 13.8% of those who travelled for work. Of travellers who stayed
      in urban, in rural, and in urban and rural areas, 32%, 11.6% and 12.7% were
      vaccinated, respectively. Meningococcal vaccine was delivered to 29.2%, 21.1%,
      19.4% and 5.1% of those who stayed in hotels, at local people's home, in camps,
      and on ships, respectively. The association of meningococcal vaccine
      administration with the destination, duration and purpose of travel, area of stay
      and type of accommodation was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There is a
      need to improve meningococcal vaccine recommendations for travellers from Greece,
      particularly for high risk populations, such as VFRs, business travellers and
      those visiting sub-Saharan Africa especially during the dry season.

PMID- 26970399
TI  - Unprecedented Perovskite Oxyfluoride Membranes with High-Efficiency Oxygen Ion
      Transport Paths for Low-Temperature Oxygen Permeation.
AB  - Unprecedented perovskite oxyfluoride membranes, a new generation of mixed ionic
      electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes, feature extraordinary performance for low
      temperature oxygen permeation, which transcend the performance of state-of-the
      art MIEC membranes and fulfil commercial requirements. These results provide
      important progress for MIEC membranes and will potentially open the door to
      exploring high-performance MIEC compounds.

PMID- 26970398
TI  - Ciliochoroidal ganglioneuroma in neurofibromatosis type 1: Report of a case and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Orbitofacial neurofibromatosis (OFNF) is considered a variant of
      neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). OFNF most often affects the eye, orbit and one
      side of the face. It is characterized by the development of relatively aggressive
      and disfiguring lesions, including plexiform and diffuse neurofibromas.
      Ciliochoroidal ganglioneuromas have not been previously reported in patients with
      this syndrome. We report the case of a 50-year-old man with OFNF, ciliochoroidal
      ganglioneuroma and a large ipsilateral frontoethmoidal encephalocele.

PMID- 26970401
TI  - Telephone-Administered Interpersonal Psychotherapy by Nurse-Midwives for
      Postpartum Depression.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 7% to 13% of childbearing
      women. Access to care may be limited by maternal time constraints and fears of
      being judged, labeled as mentally ill, and having their infants taken away. The
      study's objective was to test the feasibility, effectiveness, and acceptability
      of certified nurse-midwife telephone-administered interpersonal psychotherapy
      (CNM-IPT) as a treatment for PPD. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was
      conducted from 2010 to 2014. A sample of women meeting Diagnostic and Statistical
      Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 4, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria for
      depression was recruited from 8 obstetric practices employing CNMs in the United
      States. Forty-one women in the treatment group received up to eight 50-minute CNM
      IPT sessions, and 20 in the control group were referred to mental health
      professionals. The main outcome measure was the Hamilton Rating Scale for
      Depression. Secondary outcomes included maternal and marital functioning, mother
      infant bonding, social support, and client satisfaction. RESULTS: The Hamilton
      Rating Scale for Depression at 8 and 12 weeks was significantly lower among women
      in the treatment group compared to the control group (Week 8, P = .047; Week 12,
      P = .029). Client satisfaction was high in both groups. While only 5 out of 8 CNM
      IPT counselors continued the intervention until the study's conclusion, CNM-IPT
      counselor protocol adherence was high. DISCUSSION: CNM-IPT is effective and
      acceptable as a method of reducing the severity of PPD symptoms. Careful
      assessment of CNM availability is critical to intervention feasibility. Future
      research is needed to evaluate translation of this intervention into practice.

PMID- 26970400
TI  - Are older people prescribed antidepressants on the basis of fewer symptoms of
      depression, and for longer periods of time? A survey of 1825 New Zealanders.
AB  - AIM: To determine whether older people are prescribed antidepressants at lower
      levels of depression and with fewer symptoms, and whether they are more likely to
      engage in chronic usage than younger adults. METHODS: An online survey about
      experiences with, and opinions about, depression and antidepressants was
      completed by 1825 New Zealand adults who had been prescribed antidepressants in
      the preceding five years. RESULTS: Participants over 55 were prescribed
      antidepressants with significantly fewer symptoms and were significantly less
      likely to meet DSM criteria for depression. They were also significantly more
      likely to have used the drugs for three years and still be using them.
      CONCLUSION: Prescribing physicians and their older patients might benefit from
      discussing the pros and cons of antidepressants (including the additional risk
      factors with this age group) and the alternatives. If prescription does occur,
      careful monitoring to avoid unnecessary, potentially damaging, long-term use is
      recommended.

PMID- 26970403
TI  - How can web-based training facilitate a more carer friendly practice in community
      based health and social care services in Norway? Staff experiences and
      implementation challenges.
AB  - It is a central feature of current Norwegian health and social care policy to see
      informal carers as active partners. However, research has revealed that carers
      often experience a lack of recognition by professionals. In 2010, the Norwegian
      Directorate of Health initiated a web-based competence-building programme (CBP)
      for health and social care practitioners aimed at facilitating collaboration with
      carers. The programme comprised case presentations, e-lectures, exercises and
      topics for discussion, and was introduced in 2012. It was flexible and free of
      charge. This article is based on a study (2012-2013) that followed the piloting
      of this CBP in four settings. The study aimed to explore factors that influenced
      the implementation of the programme and whether or not using it affected health
      and social care practitioners' attitudes and perceived capacity for collaboration
      with carers. The study employed a mixed-methods design. A questionnaire was
      distributed to all staff before and 5 months after the CBP was introduced,
      followed by focus group interviews with a sample of staff members and individual
      interviews with the leadership in the involved settings and those who introduced
      the programme. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics,
      which subsequently formed the basis for the focus group interviews. The
      qualitative data were analysed by means of content analysis. The programme's
      introduction was similar across all research settings. Nevertheless, whether or
      not it was adopted depended to a large extent on leadership commitment and
      engagement. In settings where the programme's use was monitored, supported by
      management and formed part of on-the-job training, there seemed to be a positive
      impact on staff attitudes concerning collaboration with carers. Participant staff
      reported that their awareness of, motivation for and confidence in collaboration
      with carers were all strengthened. In contrast, the programme was of minimal
      benefit in settings with low leadership engagement.

PMID- 26970402
TI  - Selective suppression of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor function can be
      mediated through binding interference at the C-terminal half of the receptor.
AB  - The human aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a cytosolic signaling molecule which
      affects immune response and aberrant cell growth. Canonical signaling of the
      receptor requires the recruitment of coactivators to the promoter region to
      remodel local chromatin structure. We predicted that interference of this
      recruitment would block the aryl hydrocarbon receptor function. To prove that, we
      employed phage display to identify nine peptides of twelve-amino-acid in length
      which target the C-terminal half of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor,
      including the region where coactivators bind. Eight 12mer peptides, in the form
      of GFP fusion, suppressed the ligand-dependent transcription of six AHR target
      genes (cyp1a1, cyp1a2, cyp1b1, ugt1a1, nqo1, and ahrr) in different patterns in
      Hep3B cells, whereas the AHR antagonist CH-223191 suppressed all these target
      genes similarly. Three of the 12mer peptides (namely 11-3, 1-7, and 7-3)
      suppressed the 3MC-induced, CYP1A1-dependent EROD activity and the ROS production
      caused by benzo[a]pyrene. These 12mer peptides suppressed the AHR function
      synergistically with CH-223191. In conclusion, we provide evidence that targeting
      the C-terminal half of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a viable, new
      approach to selectively block the receptor function. 

PMID- 26970404
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling Analysis of Intravenous Esomeprazole
      in Healthy Volunteers.
AB  - Esomeprazole is one of the most commonly used drugs to treat gastroesophageal
      reflux disease and peptic ulcers, but the quantitative relationships among the
      pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and pharmacogenomics (PG) of the
      drug are not fully understood in special patient populations. A clinical PK/PD/PG
      study of intravenous (IV) esomeprazole in 5 dosing regimens was conducted in 20
      healthy Chinese volunteers, who were categorized into Helicobacter pylori (HP)
      negative and HP-positive subgroups. Plasma esomeprazole concentration and
      intragastric H(+) concentration were monitored for 24 hours postdosing.
      Population PK (PopPK) models were tested based on elimination characteristics and
      other data. For a single-dose IV esomeprazole regimen, a 2-compartment model with
      nonlinear elimination characteristics fitted the PK data well. The elimination of
      esomeprazole was found to be significantly linked to CYP2C19 genotype by 11% to
      29%. A mechanism-based PD model was first tested to mimic the irreversible
      inhibition of H(+) /K(+) -ATPase by esomeprazole using a cell-killing mechanism
      and models of gastric H(+) secretion that included the effects of an asymmetric
      circadian rhythm and food effects. Results from this PD model showed that the
      turnover rate of H(+) /K(+) -ATPase was significantly different between HP
      negative and HP-positive subgroups. In conclusion, the PopPK model quantitatively
      identified the effects of the CYP2C19 genotype on esomeprazole elimination in
      healthy subjects for the first time. In addition, the effects of HP status on
      drug effect, H(+) /K(+) -ATPase turnover, and circadian rhythm amplitude were
      preliminarily explored using a mechanism-based PD model.

PMID- 26970405
TI  - Advances in Chemistry and Bioactivity of the Genus Chisocheton Blume.
AB  - Chisocheton is one of the genera of the family Meliaceae and consists of ca. 53
      species; the distribution of most of those are confined to the Indo-Malay region.
      Species of broader geographic distribution have undergone extensive phytochemical
      investigations. Previous phytochemical investigations of this genus resulted in
      the isolation of mainly limonoids, apotirucallane, tirucallane, and dammarane
      triterpenes. Reported bioactivities of the isolated compounds include cytotoxic,
      anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antifeedant, and
      lipid droplet inhibitory activities. Aside from chemistry and biological
      activities, this review also deals briefly with botany, distribution, and uses of
      various species of this genus. 

PMID- 26970406
TI  - Successful treatment with foscarnet for ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus
      infection in a kidney transplant recipient: A case report.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious complication
      following solid organ transplantation. Ganciclovir (GCV)-resistant CMV infection
      may be fatal, and is difficult to treat while avoiding allograft rejection. A 31
      year-old woman received a second ABO-incompatible kidney transplant, from her
      father. Induction therapy consisted of basiliximab and rituximab followed by
      maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and
      methylprednisolone. Her CMV serostatus was D(+) /R(-) at second transplant and
      she received prophylactic low-dose valganciclovir (VGCV). BK polyoma virus
      nephropathy (BKVN) developed 7 months after transplant concurrent with CMV
      hepatitis and retinitis. VGCV was increased to a therapeutic dose combined with
      reduced immunosuppression with minimal methylprednisolone (2 mg/day) and
      everolimus (0.5 mg/day). However, pp65 antigenaemia continued to increase for 6
      weeks. Her CMV was defined as ganciclovir (GCV)-resistant. Foscarnet was
      therefore administered and her CMV disease resolved within 2 weeks. Kidney
      allograft dysfunction developed 9 months after transplant, and graft biopsy
      showed tubulointerstitial injury with crystal deposition suggesting foscarnet
      nephrotoxicity, with no findings of BKVN or rejection. Kidney function recovered
      after cessation of foscarnet and the patient had good graft function 18 months
      after transplant. This case demonstrates the successful use of foscarnet to treat
      GCV-resistant CMV infection after ABO-incompatible kidney transplant complicated
      with BKVN, without acute allograft rejection. This case further highlights the
      need to establish appropriate management for CMV D(+) /R(-) patients to avoid the
      acquisition of GCV-resistant gene mutations. 

PMID- 26970407
TI  - Perceived efficacy of salbutamol by persons with spinal muscular atrophy: A mixed
      methods study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the perceived effect of
      salbutamol in adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy and to evaluate the
      usefulness of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II
      (WHODAS II) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) for its measurement. METHODS: A
      longitudinal mixed methods study was performed. Ten patients were interviewed and
      completed WHODAS II and FSS questionnaires to assess disability and fatigue at 2
      time-points. Inductive thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The non
      parametric Wilcoxon test was performed for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: All
      participants reported an improvement in their condition after salbutamol
      consumption. WHODAS II and FSS reliably captured changes in patients' disability
      and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The mixed methods design allowed us to identify the
      functional domains in which participants experienced effects of salbutamol.
      Patients were satisfied with the treatment as shown by decreased fatigue,
      improved functioning, and infrequent side effects. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle
      Nerve 54: 843-849, 2016.

PMID- 26970409
TI  - Response to Khan MK.

PMID- 26970408
TI  - Impact of HIV infection on the haemostatic response during sepsis and malaria.
AB  - Patients positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more susceptible
      to sepsis and malaria, two conditions known to activate the coagulation system.
      As chronic HIV infection also influences haemostatic mechanisms, we determined
      the influence of HIV co-infection on coagulation, anticoagulation and the
      endothelium during sepsis or malaria. We performed a prospective observational
      study in 325 subjects with or without HIV infection (103 with sepsis, 127 with
      malaria and 95 asymptomatic controls) in an HIV endemic area in Central Africa.
      We measured plasma biomarkers indicative of activation of distinct haemostatic
      mechanisms. Sepsis and malaria had similar effects with elevated markers of
      coagulation, reduced anticoagulation markers and activation of endothelium. In
      particular, asymptomatic HIV infection reduced the plasma levels of the
      anticoagulant co-factor free protein S, and increased activation of the vascular
      endothelium, which were not normalized by combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV
      co-infection during sepsis and malaria caused more profound changes in free
      protein S and von Willebrand factor in sepsis and malaria, and ADAMTS13 in
      sepsis, while not influencing sepsis- or malaria-induced coagulation activation.
      These results show for the first time that HIV infection augments selective
      haemostatic changes during sepsis and malaria, which may contribute to the
      enhanced morbidity of these conditions in HIV patients.

PMID- 26970410
TI  - An Exploration of Costs of Community-Based Specialist Health Service Provision
      for the Management of Aggressive Behaviour in Adults with Intellectual
      Disabilities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the UK, people with intellectual disabilities who exhibit
      aggressive behaviour often receive community-based specialist health services
      from a community learning disability team (CLDT). Our aim was to estimate costs
      associated with this provision and to identify predictors of higher costs.
      METHOD: Costs were estimated for 60 adults with intellectual disabilities and
      aggressive behaviour who attended specialist psychiatric outpatient clinics in
      the West Midlands region of the UK, including contact time with members of the
      CLDT and use of psychotropic medication over a 12-month period. RESULTS: Mean
      total cost of 12-month service provision was L418 (95% confidence interval [CI]
      L299-557). Mean total cost of 12-month psychotropic medication was L369 (95% CI
      L256-492). Amongst individual members of the CLDT, mean costs were highest for
      psychiatrists (L181) and relatively lower for community nurses (L70) and clinical
      psychologists (L30), and lowest for physiotherapists (L13). Male sex, presence of
      expressive verbal communication and presence of epilepsy were independently
      associated with 12-month medication and service use costs, accounting for 23% of
      the variance in cost. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that in terms of costs, there is an
      overreliance on medication and psychiatrists and a relatively lesser reliance on
      other CLDT members such as community nurses and clinical psychologists for the
      management of aggressive behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities
      within community settings. Health commissioners may wish to explore this relative
      cost discrepancy further and try to redress the balance where appropriate.

PMID- 26970411
TI  - Articular cartilage calcification of the humeral head is highly prevalent and
      associated with osteoarthritis in the general population.
AB  - Articular cartilage calcification is considered a pathological albeit
      incompletely understood process which is known to be associated with
      osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. The goal of this study was to determine the
      prevalence of articular cartilage calcification of the shoulder as a non-weight
      bearing joint and to analyze the interrelationship of calcification with age and
      histological severity of shoulder osteoarthritis in the general population. In a
      cross-sectional study of 180 humeral heads from 90 donors (n = 49 male, n = 41
      female; mean age 62.7 years [20-93]), cartilage calcification of the humeral head
      was quantified by digital contact radiography (DCR). Histological OA grade
      (OARSI) was determined and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze
      the interrelationship of cartilage calcification, OARSI and age. The prevalence
      of articular cartilage calcification was 98.9% (95%CI: [93.96%, 99.97%]) and was
      independent of gender (p = 0.55). Cartilage calcification of one shoulder
      correlated significantly with that of the contralateral side (r = 0.61, 95%CI:
      [0.46, 0.73], p < 0.001). SEM demonstrated significant associations between
      histological OA grade and cartilage calcification (r = 0.55, p = 0.039), between
      histological OA grade and age (beta = 0.59, p < 0.001) but not between age and
      cartilage calcification (beta = 0.24, p = 0.116). In conclusion, the prevalence
      of shoulder cartilage calcification in the general population is higher than
      anticipated. The high prevalence, its concomitant bilateral manifestation and the
      association between the amount of cartilage calcification and OA severity, but
      not age, suggest that cartilage calcification is a systemically driven process
      with early onset in life and may be a causative factor in the pathogenesis of OA.
      (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J
      Orthop Res 34:1984-1990, 2016.

PMID- 26970412
TI  - Controllable Encapsulation of "Clean" Metal Clusters within MOFs through Kinetic
      Modulation: Towards Advanced Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts.
AB  - Surfactant-free tiny Pt clusters were successfully encapsulated within MOFs with
      controllable size and spatial distribution by a novel kinetically modulated one
      step strategy. Our synthesis relies on the rational manipulation of the reduction
      rate of Pt ions and/or the growth rate of MOFs by using H2 as assistant reducing
      agent and/or acetic acid as MOF-formation modulator. The as-prepared Pt@MOF core
      shell composites exhibited exceedingly high activity and excellent selectivity in
      the oxidation of alcohols as a result of the ultrafine "clean" Pt clusters, as
      well as interesting molecular-sieving effects derived from the outer platinum
      free MOF shell. 

PMID- 26970414
TI  - A Narrow QRS Tachycardia-What Is the Diagnosis?

PMID- 26970416
TI  - Preparation and structural characterization of corn starch-aroma compound
      inclusion complexes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Six corn starch inclusion complexes were synthesized using small
      nonpolar or weak polar aroma compounds (heptanolide, carvone and menthone) and
      small polar aroma compounds (linalool, heptanol and menthol). The objectives of
      this study were to (a) investigate the ability of corn starch to form inclusion
      complexes with these aroma compounds and (b) characterize the structure of the
      corn starch inclusion complexes. RESULTS: The resulting inclusion ratios were
      75.6, 36.9, 43.8, 91.9, 67.2 and 54.7% for heptanolide, carvone, menthone,
      linalool, heptanol and menthol respectively. The inclusion complexes had
      laminated structures with a certain amount of holes or blocky constructions.
      Compared with gelatinized corn starch, the transition temperatures, peak
      temperatures and enthalpies of the inclusion complexes were significantly
      different. The major peak of C?O at 1771 cm-1 and significant peak shifts
      revealed the formation of inclusion complexes. X-ray diffractometry (XRD)
      analyses revealed that the crystallinity of corn starch-polar aroma compound
      inclusion complexes increased. Based on cross-polarization magic angle spinning
      13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13 C NMR) results, novel peaks and
      chemical shifts were attributed to the presence of small aroma compounds, thereby
      confirming the formation of corn starch inclusion complexes. CONCLUSION: Small
      nonpolar and polar aroma compounds can be complexed to corn starch. (c) 2016
      Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 26970415
TI  - Development and Validation of a Disease-Specific Questionnaire to Assess Patient
      Reported Symptoms in Polycystic Liver Disease.
AB  - Treatment of polycystic liver disease (PLD) focuses on symptom improvement.
      Generic questionnaires lack sensitivity to capture PLD-related symptoms, a
      prerequisite to determine effectiveness of therapy. We developed and validated a
      disease-specific questionnaire that assesses symptoms in PLD (PLD-Q). We
      identified 16 PLD-related symptoms (total score 0-100 points) by literature
      review and interviews with patients and clinicians. The developed PLD-Q was
      validated in Dutch (n = 200) and United States (US; n = 203) PLD patients. We
      assessed the correlation of PLD-Q total score with European Organization for
      Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) symptom scale, global health visual
      analogue scale (VAS) of EQ-5D, and liver volume. To test discriminative validity,
      we compared PLD-Q total scores of patients with different PLD severity stages
      (Gigot classification) and PLD-Q total scores of PLD patients with general
      controls and polycystic kidney disease patients without PLD. Reproducibility was
      tested by comparing original test scores with 2-week retest scores. In total, 167
      Dutch and 124 US patients returned the questionnaire. Correlation between PLD-Q
      total score and EORTC symptom scale (The Netherlands [NL], r = 0.788; US, r =
      0.811) and global health VAS (NL, r = -0.517; US, r = -0.593) was good. There was
      no correlation of PLD-Q total score with liver volume (NL, r = 0.138; P = 0.236;
      US, r = 0.254; P = 0.052). Gigot type III individuals scored numerically higher
      than type II patients (NL, 46 vs. 40; P = 0.089; US, 48 vs. 36; P = 0.055). PLD
      patients scored higher on the PLD-Q total score than general controls (NL, 42 vs.
      17; US, 40 vs. 13 points) and polycystic kidney disease patients without PLD (22
      points). Reproducibility of PLD-Q was excellent (NL, r = 0.94; US, 0.96).
      CONCLUSION: PLD-Q is a valid, reproducible, and sensitive disease-specific
      questionnaire that can be used to assess PLD-related symptoms in clinical care
      and future research. (Hepatology 2016;64:151-160).

PMID- 26970417
TI  - Phospholamban p.Arg14del cardiomyopathy is characterized by phospholamban
      aggregates, aggresomes, and autophagic degradation.
AB  - AIMS: The non-desmosomal phospholamban PLN p.Arg14del mutation was identified in
      patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and/or arrhythmogenic
      cardiomyopathy (ACM). We aimed to investigate whether this mutation leads to
      aggregation, aggresome formation and autophagy of mutant PLN protein. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We studied 20 complete heart specimens of PLN p.Arg14del mutation
      carriers [mean age 48 +/- 15 years; 55% males], either from autopsies or from
      explants. Gross and microscopic examination showed biventricular cardiomyopathy
      with histopathological features of both ACM and DCM, i.e. a combination of
      fibrofatty replacement and interstitial fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry for PLN
      showed large perinuclear PLN protein aggregates in cardiomyocytes in both
      ventricles in all examined hearts. The median numbers of PLN-containing
      aggregates were 12 per 5 mm(2) range 3-48 mm2 in right ventricular myocardium and
      13 per 5 mm(2) (range 5-89 mm(2) ) in left ventricular myocardium. Double
      immunohistochemical staining showed colocalization of autophagy markers p62
      (sequestosome-1) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 with PLN in all
      aggregates, suggestive of degradation by selective autophagy. On electron
      microscopy, the ultrastructural appearance of these PLN-containing aggregates was
      typical of aggresomes; they were not surrounded by a membrane, and were located
      adjacent to the microtubular organizing centre. PLN-containing aggregates were
      not found in 10 PLN-negative cases of idiopathic and genetic DCM or in seven
      cases of desmosomal ACM. CONCLUSIONS: PLN p.Arg14del cardiomyopathy is a
      biventricular cardiomyopathy characterized by large perinuclear PLN protein
      aggregates with a typical ultrastructural appearance of aggresomes. PLN detected
      by immunohistochemistry appears to be a sensitive and specific marker for this
      disease.

PMID- 26970418
TI  - Why attend a memory clinic? What do patients and their families want and/or
      expect?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore which symptoms led people to seek a memory clinic
      assessment and what they wanted and expected from that assessment. Did the
      patient and family want and/or expect diagnostic disclosure and, if so, why?
      METHODS: Patients scheduled for memory clinic appoint-ments received two
      questionnaires by post prior to clinic attendance - one for the patient, one for
      the next-of- kin - regarding symptomatology, wants, expectations and rationale.
      RESULTS: Ninety-two per cent of patients (n = 47) and 88% (n = 43) of next-of-kin
      wanted the patient to be informed of the diagnosis; 84% (n = 43) of patients and
      86% (n = 42) of next-of-kin expected the patient to be informed. Rationales for
      diagnostic disclosure were categorised under themes of planning, treatment,
      information, coping strategies and rights. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and families
      want diagnostic disclosure in order to plan, receive treatment, receive help and
      learn strategies to cope. This knowledge is seen as the patient's right.

PMID- 26970419
TI  - Repeated Blood Cultures in Pediatric Febrile Neutropenia: Would Following the
      Guidelines Alter the Outcome?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines
      recommend collecting blood cultures for the first 3 days of febrile neutropenia
      (FN) in the clinically stable oncology patient with persistent fevers.
      Nonetheless, many physicians send daily blood cultures beyond 3 days, and the
      impact of that practice is uncertain. PROCEDURE: We reviewed pediatric FN
      episodes from July 2009 to May 2014 at University of Chicago Comer Children's
      Hospital. For each positive culture, we determined if it was a pathogen or a
      contaminant. We reviewed episode and patient demographics to identify risk
      factors for subsequent positive blood cultures in the setting of an initially
      negative culture. RESULTS: We identified 381 episodes of FN in 162 patients. Of
      those, 87 had a positive blood culture on day 1 (21.0% incidence of bacteremia).
      Of 294 episodes with a negative blood culture on day 1, six (2.04%, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 0.42-3.67) had a positive culture after day 3. Of those,
      three were pathogens (1.02%, 95%CI -0.14 to 2.18), and only one was found in a
      hemodynamically stable patient (0.34%, 95%CI -0.33 to 1.01) with new mucositis.
      In the other two patients, Escherichia coli was isolated from blood cultures
      after day 10 in the setting of significant hemodynamic changes. Risk factor
      analysis performed in stable patients yielded nonsignificant results.
      CONCLUSIONS: Of 294 FN episodes with an initial negative blood culture, only one
      episode of bacteremia occurred without hemodynamic changes past day 3, supporting
      the IDSA guidelines to discontinue blood cultures in stable FN patients after day
      3.

PMID- 26970420
TI  - Enhancing the provision of health and social care in Europe through eHealth.
AB  - AIM: To report on the outcomes of the European project ENS4Care, which delivered
      evidence-based guidelines enabling implementation of eHealth services in nursing
      and social care. BACKGROUND: Within a policy context of efficiency, safety and
      quality in health care, this project brought together a diverse group of
      stakeholders from academia, industry, patient and professional organizations to
      lead the development of five eHealth guidelines in the areas of prevention,
      clinical practice, integrated care, advanced roles and nurse ePrescribing.
      SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: Data were collected through a cross-sectional, online,
      questionnaire survey of health professionals from 21 countries. Quantitative data
      were analysed using descriptive and summary statistics, while comments to open
      questions underwent a process of content analysis. DISCUSSION: Representing an
      evidence-based consensus statement, the five guidelines outline key steps and
      considerations for the deployment of eHealth services at different levels of
      enablement. Through analysis of the data, and sharing of best practices, common
      deployment processes and implementation lessons were identified. CONCLUSION:
      Findings reveal the richness, diversity and potential that eHealth holds for
      enabling the delivery of safer, more efficient and patient-centred health care.
      Nurses and social care workers as the main proprietors of such practices hold the
      key to a healthier future for citizens across Europe. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
      AND HEALTH POLICY: The preparation, agreement and dissemination of the ENS4Care
      guidelines will enable European Union leaders to diagnose the organizational
      changes needed and prescribe the development of new skills and roles in the
      workforce to meet the challenge of eHealth. Nurses and social care workers, with
      the right knowledge and skills will add considerable value and form an important
      link between technological innovation, health promotion and disease prevention.

PMID- 26970421
TI  - Hot topic: PNKP mutations cause ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4.

PMID- 26970422
TI  - Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a case report.
AB  - Primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (PCALCL) is a part of the
      spectrum of CD30+ lymphoproliferative cutaneous processes. The characteristics
      include single or multifocal nodules that ulcerate as skin lesion, slow disease
      progression, autoregressive, and recurrent in few years. The present study report
      the case of a 16-year-old boy presenting PCALCL with single nodules, ulcer,
      keloid, and scab in his right-side face. He showed a good response to the
      treatment with systemic chemotherapy and dermatoplasty, and regained confidence
      after the appearance of recovery. There is no relapse of the primary lesion and
      organs involved till now. The chemotherapy combining with surgical excision and
      dermatoplasty is a good method for PCALCL, per the lesion biopsy and positron
      emission tomography-computed tomography before and after treatment. 

PMID- 26970423
TI  - Rapid amplification of the RM-Yplex assay.
AB  - A multiplex PCR assay consisting of 13 Rapidly Mutating Y STR loci called RM
      Yplex was previously developed. Platinum(r) Taq DNA polymerase was used to
      amplify the 13 Y STR loci in a single reaction at an amplification time of
      approximately 2.5 h. In order to shorten the process with reliable results, two
      DNA polymerases were tested with the multiplex. Phusion(r) Flash High Fidelity,
      TAKARA Z-taqTM , and Platinum(r) Taq DNA polymerases were investigated for
      conducting RM-Yplex assay at various PCR cycling conditions. Rapid, robust, and
      efficient amplification of all the markers within the multiplex were achieved.
      The amplification time was reduced from 2.5 h to less than 28 min with Phusion(r)
      Flash High Fidelity DNA polymerase using Veriti(r) PCR thermal cycler.

PMID- 26970424
TI  - Comparison of amplitude-mode ultrasound versus air displacement plethysmography
      for assessing body composition changes following participation in a structured
      weight-loss programme in women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare body composition changes as measured by
      A-mode ultrasound (US) versus a criterion densitometry-based measure, air
      displacement plethysmography (ADP), over a 4-week weight-loss protocol in
      healthy, non-obese young women. Twenty healthy, young female volunteers were
      provided with customized dietary plans for the length of the study intended to
      facilitate a 500 calorie-a-day deficit. Subjects also performed 3 h a week of
      supervised aerobic exercise. Per cent fat mass and lean body mass were obtained
      via ADP and US both pre- and postintervention. Pretesting, post-testing and delta
      data for %fat resulted in no significant differences in mean values along with a
      slope of the regression line no different than one and a y-intercept no different
      than zero (P<0.05). Similar to %fat values, pretesting, post-testing and delta
      data for fat-free mass resulted in no significant differences in mean values
      along with a slope of the regression line no different than one and a y-intercept
      no different than zero (P<0.05) with the exception of the delta for slope (0.39,
      P = 0.04). The current findings indicate that US can provide a similar degree of
      accuracy for tracking group-based fat loss in women compared to ADP. Given the
      low-cost relative to DXA and ADP, researchers and practitioners therefore can
      consider US as a viable option for monitoring group-based changes in body fat
      over time.

PMID- 26970425
TI  - Clinicopathological study of crateriform verruca: Crateriform epithelial lesions
      histopathologically distinct from keratoacanthoma.
AB  - Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a distinct clinicopathological entity, but it is often
      confused with other crateriform tumors. This study re-examined the
      clinicopathological features of 380 crateriform epithelial tumors with a central
      keratin plug. Seventy-six tumors (20%) had histopathological features that
      differed from solitary KA and were more verruca-like, and we designated these
      lesions as crateriform verruca (CFV). We performed clinicopathological re
      examination of these neoplasms with a crateriform architecture and epithelial lip
      like structures similar to KA, which also displayed histopathological features
      reminiscent of verruca vulgaris, such as finger-like exophytic projections with
      hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, focal hypergranulosis and arborization. Clinical
      data on CFV were also summarized. The main histopathological differences from KA
      were that CFV showed proliferation of keratinocytes with a similar size and
      regular arrangement, and the base of CFV was well demarcated without endophytic
      growth. Interestingly, some CFV were partly composed of epithelial cells with
      large pink cytoplasm in the upper malpighian layer between papillomatous
      projections. Furthermore, areas of trichilemmal-like keratinization without
      formation of the granular layer were seen in some lesions. These types of CFV
      were hardly distinguishable from KA, unless it is recognized that CFV may contain
      trichilemmal keratinization-like areas accompanied by large epithelial cells with
      eosinophilic cytoplasm. We have proposed the term CFV for these verrucous
      neoplasms to differentiate them from KA.

PMID- 26970426
TI  - Comparison of the psychometric properties of four dementia knowledge measures:
      Which test should be used with dementia care staff?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the psychometric properties of four measures of dementia
      institutional knowledge. METHODS: Fifty-eight dementia care staff completed the
      Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool Version Two (DKAT2), Alzheimer's Disease
      Knowledge Test (ADKT), Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and Dementia
      Knowledge Twenty (DK-20). The convergent validity and reliability of each measure
      were examined. RESULTS: The level of dementia knowledge in this sample was
      similar to that reported in comparable surveys. The ADKT, DKAT-2 and DK-20 had
      marginal to acceptable internal consistency (alpha >= 0.67), and the ADKT, DK-20
      and ADKS were positively correlated with each other (r's = 0.45-0.60),
      demonstrating convergent validity. The DKAT2 had lower intercorrelations with the
      other measures (r's = 0.32-0.45). The ADKS had poor internal consistency (alpha =
      0.29). CONCLUSION: As the first head-to-head comparison of these tests in a
      single sample, this study should assist clinicians and researchers to select a
      dementia knowledge test.

PMID- 26970428
TI  - Electrophilic Activation of alpha,beta-Unsaturated Amides: Catalytic Asymmetric
      Vinylogous Conjugate Addition of Unsaturated gamma-Butyrolactones.
AB  - Although catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition reactions have remarkably
      advanced over the last two decades, the application of less electrophilic
      alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives in this useful reaction
      manifold remains challenging. Herein, we report that alpha,beta-unsaturated 7
      azaindoline amides act as reactive electrophiles to participate in catalytic
      diastereo- and enantioselective vinylogous conjugate addition of gamma
      butyrolactones in the presence of a cooperative catalyst comprising of a soft
      Lewis acid and a Bronsted base. Reactions mostly reached completion with as
      little as 1 mol % of catalyst loading to give the desired conjugate adducts in a
      highly stereoselective manner.

PMID- 26970427
TI  - The severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants was associated with quality of
      life nine months later.
AB  - AIM: Acute bronchiolitis in infancy increases the risk of later asthma and
      reduced health-related quality of life (QoL). We aimed to see whether the
      severity of acute bronchiolitis in the first year of life was associated with QoL
      nine months later. METHODS: The parents of 209 of 404 of children hospitalised
      for acute bronchiolitis in eight paediatric departments in south-east Norway at a
      mean four months of age (range 0-12 months) completed the Infant/Toddler Quality
      of Life Questionnaire sent by mail nine months after the acute illness. Disease
      severity was measured by length of stay and the need for supportive treatment.
      Interactions with gender, inclusion age, prematurity, maternal ethnicity and
      maternal education were examined. RESULTS: Reduced QoL in four domains was
      associated with increased length of stay and need for ventilatory support.
      Physical abilities and general health were associated with both severity markers,
      whereas bodily pain and discomfort and change in health were associated with
      length of stay. Ventilatory support was more negatively associated with QoL than
      atopic eczema and also associated with reduced parental emotions and parental
      time. CONCLUSION: The severity of acute bronchiolitis in infants was associated
      with reduced QoL nine months later.

PMID- 26970429
TI  - Paper or Plastic? Exploring the Effects of Natural Enrichment on Behavioural and
      Neuroendocrine Responses in Long-Evans Rats.
AB  - Enriched environments are beneficial to neurobiological development;
      specifically, rodents exposed to complex, rather than standard laboratory,
      environments exhibit evidence of neuroplasticity and enhanced cognitive
      performance. In the present study, the nature of elements placed in the complex
      environment was investigated. Accordingly, rats (n = 8 per group) were housed
      either in a natural environment characterised by stimuli such as dirt and rocks,
      an artificial environment characterised by plastic toys and synthetic nesting
      materials, a natural/artificial environment characterised by a combination of
      artificial and natural stimuli or a laboratory standard environment characterised
      by no enrichment stimuli. Following exposure to emotional and cognitive
      behavioural tasks, including a cricket hunting task, a novel object preference
      task and a forced swim task, brains were processed for glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP)-, neuronal nuclei (NeuN)- and brain-derived neurotrophic factor
      (BDNF) immunoreactivity. Baseline and stress foecal samples were collected to
      assess corticosterone (CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Natural
      environment animals exhibited shorter diving latencies and increased diving
      frequencies in the second forced swimming task, along with higher DHEA/CORT
      ratios, and higher GFAP immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. The type of
      environmental enrichment did not influence levels of BDNF immunoreactivity in the
      CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; however, natural environment
      animals exhibited higher levels of NeuN immunoreactivity in the retrosplenial
      cortex, an area involved in spatial memory and other cognitive functions. These
      results suggest that, in addition to enhancing behavioural and endocrinological
      variables associated with resilience, exposure to natural stimuli might alter
      plasticity in brain areas associated with cortical processing and learning.

PMID- 26970430
TI  - Expression of key glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series pathway genes in
      Escherichia coli F18-resistant and Escherichia coli F18-sensitive piglets.
AB  - A pioneering study showed that the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series
      pathway genes (FUT1, FUT2, ST3GAL1, HEXA, HEXB, B3GALNT1 and NAGA) may play an
      important regulatory role in resistance to Escherichia coli F18 in piglets.
      Therefore, we analysed differential gene expression in 11 tissues of two
      populations of piglets sensitive and resistant respectively to E. coli F18 and
      the correlation of differential gene expression in duodenal and jejunal tissues.
      We found that the mRNA expression of the seven genes was relatively high in
      spleen, liver, lung, kidney, stomach and intestinal tract; the levels in thymus
      and lymph nodes were lower, with the lowest levels in heart and muscle. FUT2 gene
      expression in the duodenum and jejunum of the resistant population was
      significantly lower than that in the sensitive group (P < 0.01). ST3GAL1 gene
      expression was also significantly lower in the duodenum of the resistant
      population than in the sensitive group (P < 0.05). No significant differences
      were observed among the remaining genes. The expression level of FUT1 was
      extremely significantly positively correlated with FUT2 and B3GALNT1 expression
      (P < 0.01) and also had a significant positive correlation with NAGA expression
      (P < 0.05). The expression level of FUT2 had extremely significant positive
      correlations with FUT1, ST3GAL1 and B3GALNT1 (P < 0.01). These results suggest
      that FUT2 plays an important role in E. coli F18 resistance in piglets. FUT1,
      ST3GAL1, B3GALNT1 and NAGA may also participate in the mechanism of resistance to
      E. coli F18. 

PMID- 26970431
TI  - Drug allergies documented in electronic health records of a large healthcare
      system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of drug allergies documented in electronic health
      records (EHRs) of large patient populations is understudied. OBJECTIVE: We aimed
      to describe the prevalence of common drug allergies and patient characteristics
      documented in EHRs of a large healthcare network over the last two decades.
      METHODS: Drug allergy data were obtained from EHRs of patients who visited two
      large tertiary care hospitals in Boston from 1990 to 2013. The prevalence of each
      drug and drug class was calculated and compared by sex and race/ethnicity. The
      number of allergies per patient was calculated and the frequency of patients
      having 1, 2, 3..., or 10+ drug allergies was reported. We also conducted a trend
      analysis by comparing the proportion of each allergy to the total number of drug
      allergies over time. RESULTS: Among 1 766 328 patients, 35.5% of patients had at
      least one reported drug allergy with an average of 1.95 drug allergies per
      patient. The most commonly reported drug allergies in this population were to
      penicillins (12.8%), sulfonamide antibiotics (7.4%), opiates (6.8%), and
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (3.5%). The relative proportion of
      allergies to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and HMG CoA reductase
      inhibitors (statins) have more than doubled since early 2000s. Drug allergies
      were most prevalent among females and white patients except for NSAIDs, ACE
      inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics, which were more prevalent in black patients.
      CONCLUSION: Females and white patients may be more likely to experience a
      reaction from common medications. An increase in reported allergies to ACE
      inhibitors and statins is noteworthy.

PMID- 26970432
TI  - A win ratio approach to comparing continuous non-normal outcomes in clinical
      trials.
AB  - Clinical trials are often designed to compare continuous non-normal outcomes. The
      conventional statistical method for such a comparison is a non-parametric Mann
      Whitney test, which provides a P-value for testing the hypothesis that the
      distributions of both treatment groups are identical, but does not provide a
      simple and straightforward estimate of treatment effect. For that, Hodges and
      Lehmann proposed estimating the shift parameter between two populations and its
      confidence interval (CI). However, such a shift parameter does not have a
      straightforward interpretation, and its CI contains zero in some cases when Mann
      Whitney test produces a significant result. To overcome the aforementioned
      problems, we introduce the use of the win ratio for analysing such data. Patients
      in the new and control treatment are formed into all possible pairs. For each
      pair, the new treatment patient is labelled a 'winner' or a 'loser' if it is
      known who had the more favourable outcome. The win ratio is the total number of
      winners divided by the total numbers of losers. A 95% CI for the win ratio can be
      obtained using the bootstrap method. Statistical properties of the win ratio
      statistic are investigated using two real trial data sets and six simulation
      studies. Results show that the win ratio method has about the same power as the
      Mann-Whitney method. We recommend the use of the win ratio method for estimating
      the treatment effect (and CI) and the Mann-Whitney method for calculating the P
      value for comparing continuous non-Normal outcomes when the amount of tied pairs
      is small. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26970433
TI  - Aging and autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from the broad autism phenotype.
AB  - This study investigated for the first time the broad autism phenotype (BAP) in
      the context of older adulthood and its associations with real-world executive
      function, social support, and both depression and anxiety symptomatology. Based
      on self-ratings of autistic traits, 66 older adults (60+ years old, range = 61
      88) were split into BAP (n = 20) and control (n = 46) groups. Individuals in the
      BAP group, even after controlling for age, education level, sex, and health
      problems, exhibited more real-world executive function problems in multiple
      domains, reported lower levels of social support, and self-rated increased
      depression and anxiety symptomatology compared to the control group. Regression
      analysis revealed that level of social support was the strongest predictor of BAP
      traits across both groups, although real-world executive function problems and
      depression symptomatology were also significant predictors. Moreover, when
      predicting anxiety and depression symptomatology, BAP traits were the strongest
      predictors above and beyond the effects of demographic factors, real-world
      executive function problems, and social support levels. These findings suggest
      that the BAP in older adulthood imparts additional risks to areas of functioning
      that are known to be crucial to aging-related outcomes in the context of typical
      development. These results might in turn inform aging in autism spectrum
      disorder, which has been largely unexplored to date. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1294
      1303. (c) 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970435
TI  - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant
      Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
AB  - The genus Lactobacillus includes over 215 species that colonize plants, foods,
      sewage, and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals. In the GIT,
      Lactobacillus population can be made by true inhabitants or by bacteria
      occasionally ingested with fermented or spoiled foods, or with probiotics. This
      study longitudinally surveyed Lactobacillus species and strains in the feces of a
      healthy subject through whole genome sequencing (WGS) data-mining, in order to
      identify members of the permanent or transient populations. In three time-points
      (0, 670 and 700 d), 58 different species were identified, 16 of them being
      retrieved for the first time in human feces. L. rhamnosus, L. ruminis, L.
      delbrueckii, L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. acidophilus were the most
      represented, with estimated amounts ranging between 6 and 8 Log (cells g-1 ),
      while the other were detected at 4 or 5 Log (cells g-1 ). 86 Lactobacillus
      strains belonging to 52 species were identified. 43 seemingly occupied the GIT as
      true residents, since were detected in a time span of almost 2 years in all the
      three samples or in 2 samples separated by 670 or 700 d. As a whole, a stable
      community of lactobacilli was disclosed, with wide and understudied biodiversity.
      This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID- 26970436
TI  - Circulating makorin ring-finger protein-3 (MKRN3) levels in healthy men and in
      men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

PMID- 26970434
TI  - Web-based collaborative care intervention to manage cancer-related symptoms in
      the palliative care setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of a collaborative
      care intervention in reducing depression, pain, and fatigue and improve quality
      of life. METHODS: A total of 261 patients with advanced cancer and 179 family
      caregivers were randomized to a web-based collaborative care intervention or
      enhanced usual care. The intervention included the following: 1) a web site with
      written and audiovisual self-management strategies, a bulletin board, and other
      resources; 2) visits with a care coordinator during a physician's appointment
      every 2 months; and 3) telephone follow-up every 2 weeks. Primary patient
      outcomes included measures of depression, pain, fatigue, and health-related
      quality of life. Secondary outcomes included Interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta,
      IL-6, and IL-8 levels, Natural Killer (NK) cell numbers, and caregiver stress and
      depression. RESULTS: At the baseline, 51% of the patients reported 1 or more
      symptoms in the clinical range. For patients who presented with clinical levels
      of symptoms and were randomized to the intervention, reductions in depression
      (Cohen's d = 0.71), pain (Cohen's d = 0.62), and fatigue (Cohen's d = 0.26) and
      improvements in quality of life (Cohen's d = 0.99) were observed when compared to
      those in the enhanced usual car arm at 6 months. Reductions in IL-6 (phi = 0.18),
      IL-1beta (phi = 0.35), IL-1alpha (phi = 0.19), and IL-8 (phi = 0.15) and
      increases in NK cell numbers (phi = 0.23) were observed in comparison with
      enhanced usual care arm at 6 months. Reductions in caregiver stress (Cohen's d =
      0.75) and depression (Cohen's d = 0.37) were observed at 6 months for caregivers
      whose loved ones were randomized to the intervention arm. CONCLUSIONS: The
      integration of screening and symptom management into cancer care is recommended.

PMID- 26970437
TI  - Potential association of VAMP5 polymorphisms with total colonic aganglionosis in
      Hirschsprung disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital bowel disease caused by
      the absence of nerve cells in portions of the intestine. Our recent genome-wide
      association study has identified a variant (rs1254900) of vesicle-associated
      membrane protein 5 (VAMP5) as a potential risk locus for total colonic
      aganglionosis (TCA) in HSCR. In addition, VAMP5 is a member of the
      VAMP/synaptobrevin protein complex, which participates in nerve signal
      transduction by regulating the vesicular fusion of the neurotransmitter in
      synaptic transmission. METHODS: A total of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs), including those in the functionally important coding region, were
      selected on the basis of linkage disequilibrium and genotyped in 187 HSCR
      patients and 283 unaffected controls by using a TaqMan assay. Logistic analysis
      was conducted to investigate the possible association between VAMP5 SNPs and the
      risk of HSCR. KEY RESULTS: Genetic variants of VAMP5 showed increased association
      signals in the TCA subgroup of HSCR patients (minimum p = 9.69 * 10(-5) , OR =
      3.93 at rs10206961) compared to other subgroups, even after Bonferroni correction
      (pcorr = 0.002). In haplotype analysis, three haplotypes (BL1_ht1, BL2_ht1, and
      BL2_ht2) were associated with the risk of TCA (minimum pcorr = 0.005). In
      additional combined analysis after imputation based on our previous GWAS, five
      SNPs still retained significant associations with the TCA subtype (minimum pcorr
      = 0.006 at rs10206961). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Considering that differential
      genetic effects on the development of the enteric nervous system, our results
      suggest that VAMP5 may be associated with the TCA of HSCR. However, further
      replications and functional evaluations are required.

PMID- 26970438
TI  - Protein biomarkers on tissue as imaged via MALDI mass spectrometry: A systematic
      approach to study the limits of detection.
AB  - MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is emerging as a tool for protein and
      peptide imaging across tissue sections. Despite extensive study, there does not
      yet exist a baseline study evaluating the potential capabilities for this
      technique to detect diverse proteins in tissue sections. In this study, we
      developed a systematic approach for characterizing MALDI-MSI workflows in terms
      of limits of detection, coefficients of variation, spatial resolution, and the
      identification of endogenous tissue proteins. Our goal was to quantify these
      figures of merit for a number of different proteins and peptides, in order to
      gain more insight in the feasibility of protein biomarker discovery efforts using
      this technique. Control proteins and peptides were deposited in serial dilutions
      on thinly sectioned mouse xenograft tissue. Using our experimental setup,
      coefficients of variation were <30% on tissue sections and spatial resolution was
      200 MUm (or greater). Limits of detection for proteins and peptides on tissue
      were in the micromolar to millimolar range. Protein identification was only
      possible for proteins present in high abundance in the tissue. These results
      provide a baseline for the application of MALDI-MSI towards the discovery of new
      candidate biomarkers and a new benchmarking strategy that can be used for
      comparing diverse MALDI-MSI workflows.

PMID- 26970439
TI  - Contribution of each masticatory muscle to the bite force determined by MRI using
      a novel metal-free bite force gauge and an index of total muscle activity.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a metal-free bite force gauge that can monitor the bite force
      in a strong magnetic field and to analyze the correlations between bite-force and
      total T2 shift of the mastication muscles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The gauge used
      a micro-pressure sensor made of optical fiber. Ten subjects performed a 60-s
      isometric bite task at 40% of maximum clenching in various occlusal support
      conditions (intact dentition, right molar loss, or left molar loss). Spin-echo
      images were taken with a 1.5 Tesla scanner before and immediately after the task
      to correlate the bite force with the mean voxel count, mean shift in transverse
      relaxation time (DeltaT2), and total T2 shift of each masticatory muscle.
      RESULTS: Measurements of total T2 shift identified significant correlations
      between the bite force and activities of the superficial layer of the bilateral
      masseter muscle, regardless of the occlusion condition (intact dentition: left, P
      = 0.007 and right, P < 0.001; right molar loss: left, P = 0.02 and right, P =
      0.021; and left molar loss: left, P = 0.022 and right, P = 0.049). In contrast,
      significant correlations were not detected between the bite force and mean
      DeltaT2 (intact dentition: left, P = 0.102 and right, P = 0.053; right molar
      loss: left, P = 0.393 and right, P = 0.868; and left molar loss: left, P = 0.531
      and right, P = 0.92). CONCLUSION: Measurement of total T2 shift using a metal
      free bite force gauge is a more sensitive index of individual muscle activity
      than mean DeltaT2 during a bite task. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:804-813.

PMID- 26970440
TI  - Innate immune memory: Implications for host responses to damage-associated
      molecular patterns.
AB  - Cells of the innate immune system build immunological memory via epigenetic
      reprogramming after stimulations with microbial ligands. This functional
      readjustment allows for enhanced nonspecific inflammatory responses upon
      secondary challenges, a process termed "trained immunity." The epigenomic
      blueprint of trained monocytes has been recently reported, which revealed several
      important immunologic and metabolic mechanisms that underlie these changes.
      Interestingly, similar long-term reprogramming of cytokine production has also
      been described to be induced by endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns
      (DAMPs). Here, we present an overview of the novel data showing that endogenous
      alarm signals associated with tissue damage and sterile inflammation can induce
      trained immunity through epigenetic regulation of transcriptional programs. We
      describe new and old evidence of persistent effects of DAMPs in driving
      inflammation and enforce the concept that the influence of tissue-derived signals
      is critical in adjusting the magnitude and type of immune response built by the
      host. The better characterization of trained immunity for the persistence of
      inflammation induced by DAMPs would provide new possibilities for intervention in
      aging and autoinflammatory disorders. 

PMID- 26970441
TI  - Neural correlates of context-dependent feature conjunction learning in visual
      search tasks.
AB  - Many perceptual learning experiments show that repeated exposure to a basic
      visual feature such as a specific orientation or spatial frequency can modify
      perception of that feature, and that those perceptual changes are associated with
      changes in neural tuning early in visual processing. Such perceptual learning
      effects thus exert a bottom-up influence on subsequent stimulus processing,
      independent of task-demands or endogenous influences (e.g., volitional
      attention). However, it is unclear whether such bottom-up changes in perception
      can occur as more complex stimuli such as conjunctions of visual features are
      learned. It is not known whether changes in the efficiency with which people
      learn to process feature conjunctions in a task (e.g., visual search) reflect
      true bottom-up perceptual learning versus top-down, task-related learning (e.g.,
      learning better control of endogenous attention). Here we show that feature
      conjunction learning in visual search leads to bottom-up changes in stimulus
      processing. First, using fMRI, we demonstrate that conjunction learning in visual
      search has a distinct neural signature: an increase in target-evoked activity
      relative to distractor-evoked activity (i.e., a relative increase in target
      salience). Second, we demonstrate that after learning, this neural signature is
      still evident even when participants passively view learned stimuli while
      performing an unrelated, attention-demanding task. This suggests that conjunction
      learning results in altered bottom-up perceptual processing of the learned
      conjunction stimuli (i.e., a perceptual change independent of the task). We
      further show that the acquired change in target-evoked activity is contextually
      dependent on the presence of distractors, suggesting that search array Gestalts
      are learned. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2319-2330, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970442
TI  - Quantitative Analysis of Major Phytochemicals in Orthodox tea (Camellia
      sinensis), Oxidized under Compressed Air Environment.
AB  - This study describes major changes in phytochemical composition of orthodox tea
      (Camellia sinensis var. Assamica) oxidized under compressed air (CA). The
      experiments for oxidation were conducted under air pressure (101, 202, and 303
      kPa) for 150 min. Relative change in the concentrations of caffeine, catechins,
      theaflavins (TF), and thearubigins (TR) were analyzed. Effect of CA pressure was
      found to be nonsignificant in regulating caffeine concentration during oxidation.
      But degradation in different catechins as well as formation of different TF was
      significantly affected by CA pressure. At high CA pressure, TF showed highest
      peak value. TR was found to have slower rate of formation during initial phase of
      oxidation than TF. Even though the rate of TR formation was significantly
      influenced by CA, a portion of catechins remained unoxidized at end of oxidation.
      Except caffeine, the percent change in rate of formation or degradation were more
      prominent at 202 kPa. 

PMID- 26970443
TI  - Ring Expansion via Cleavage of Benzylic C-C Bonds Enabling Direct Synthesis of
      Medium Ring-Fused Benzocarbocycles.
AB  - A fluoride-anion-induced, regioselective ring expansion of benzocyclic ketones
      and alpha-aryl cycloketones has been developed via insertion of arynes into
      unactivated benzylic C-C bonds. This reaction provides a straightforward,
      transition-metal-free avenue to prepare medium ring-fused benzocarbocycles by
      creating "noble" seven-, eight-, and nine-membered rings. Applications of this
      method in the creation of medium-sized exocyclic and inner benzocyclic olefins,
      nine-membered lactones, and lactams are described. 

PMID- 26970445
TI  - Preoperative and Postoperative Evaluation of New Double Mesh Carotid Stents with
      Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging.
AB  - In this case series, we selected 4 patients with asymptomatic severe carotid
      stenosis due to unstable plaques, which were identified with contrast-enhanced
      ultrasound. These patients underwent carotid stenting with a new generation
      double mesh stent. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) was
      executed before and after the procedure to detect early cerebral
      microembolizations. No early neurological complications occurred nor cerebral
      microembolizations were detected at DW-MRI. New double mesh carotid stents appear
      to be a safe option also in asymptomatic patients with unstable plaques at high
      risk for surgery. 

PMID- 26970446
TI  - Predicting catastrophic shifts.
AB  - Catastrophic shifts are known to pose a serious threat to ecology, and a reliable
      set of early warning indicators is desperately needed. However, the tools
      suggested so far have two problems. First, they cannot discriminate between a
      smooth transition and an imminent irreversible shift. Second, they aimed at
      predicting the tipping point where a state loses its stability, but in noisy
      spatial system the actual transition occurs when an alternative state invades.
      Here we suggest a cluster tracking technique that solves both problems,
      distinguishing between smooth and catastrophic transitions and to identify an
      imminent shift in both cases. Our method may allow for the prediction, and thus
      hopefully the prevention of such transitions, avoiding their destructive
      outcomes. 

PMID- 26970444
TI  - Toward understanding family-related characteristics of young adults with sickle
      cell disease or sickle-cell trait in the USA.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the family-related characteristics of young
      adults with sickle-cell disease or sickle-cell trait prior to taking part in a
      randomised controlled trial on sickle-cell reproductive health education.
      BACKGROUND: There is a critical need for educational programmes that target the
      reproductive needs of young adults with sickle-cell disease or trait. However,
      little is known about the family-related characteristics (i.e., demographic
      attributes and reproductive health behaviours) in which these young adults live.
      DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional analysis. METHOD: At study enrolment, 234
      young adults (mean age = 25.9 years, 65% female) completed the SCKnowIQ
      questionnaire. Descriptive statistics depict the demographic attributes and
      reproductive health behaviours of young adults with sickle-cell disease (n = 138)
      or trait (n = 96). For group comparisons, independent t tests or Fisher's tests
      were used, as appropriate. RESULTS: Young adults with sickle-cell trait had
      significantly higher education, income and health insurance than those with
      sickle-cell disease. Both groups believed that sickle-cell disease was a severe
      condition. A majority of young adults with sickle-cell disease (65%) had no
      children compared to 42% of those with sickle-cell trait. Most young adults (85%
      sickle-cell disease, 82% sickle-cell trait) were not planning a pregnancy in the
      next six months, and many used condoms, withdrawal or oral contraceptives.
      CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic disparities exist between young adults with sickle
      cell disease and sickle-cell trait. Future research that advances education about
      how and when to communicate appropriate genetic risk information to partners and
      children especially for young adults with sickle-cell trait would be beneficial.
      RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Awareness of the similarities and differences in
      the family-related characteristics among young adults with sickle-cell disease or
      trait can allow for more tailored reproductive education.

PMID- 26970447
TI  - Recurrent Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Missed Diagnosis.

PMID- 26970448
TI  - Delayed-onset Ureteral Obstruction and Calcification Masquerading as Renal Colic
      Following Deflux Injection.
AB  - Vesicoureteral reflux is a common disorder in children, and its management has
      changed entirely as a result of widespread use of endoscopy procedures to inject
      filler materials. Complications with this type of treatment, particularly
      ureteral obstruction, are rare. Very few patients with delayed obstruction have
      been reported in the literature. We here present the case of an 8-year-old girl
      who exhibited symptoms of febrile renal colic and renal distension more than 5
      years after undergoing endoscopic treatment. This is the first reported case of
      atypical late presentation combining pyelonephritis with ureteral obstruction and
      calcification. 

PMID- 26970449
TI  - The Urinary Microbiome Differs Significantly Between Patients With Chronic
      Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome and Controls as Well as Between Patients
      With Different Clinical Phenotypes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the urinary microbiome of patients with Chronic
      Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) compared with controls.
      METHODS: We identified 25 patients with CP/CPPS and 25 men who were either
      asymptomatic or only had urinary symptoms. Midstream urine was collected. Symptom
      severity was measured with the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis
      Symptom Index and clinical phenotype with UPOINT. Total DNA was extracted from
      the urine pellet and bacterial-specific 16Sr-DNA-capture identified by MiSeq
      sequencing. Taxonomic and functional bioinformatic analyses used principal
      coordinate analysis (PCoA)/MacQIIME, LEfSe, and PiCRUSt algorithms. RESULTS:
      Patients and controls were similar ages (52.3 vs 57.0 years, P = .27). For
      patients, median duration was 48 months, mean Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index
      was 26.0, and mean UPOINT domains was 3.6. Weighted 3D UniFrac PCoA revealed
      tighter clustering of controls distinct from the wider clustering of cases (P =
      .001; alpha-diversity P = .005). Seventeen clades were overrepresented in
      patients, for example, Clostridia, and 5 were underrepresented, eg, Bacilli,
      resulting in predicted perturbations in functional pathways. PiCRUSt inferred
      differentially regulated pathways between cases and controls that may be of
      relevance including sporulation, chemotaxis, and pyruvate metabolism. PCoA
      derived microbiomic differences were noted for neurologic/systemic domains (P =
      .06), whereas LEfSe identified differences associated with each of the 6 clinical
      features. CONCLUSION: Urinary microbiomes from patients with CP/CPPS have
      significantly higher alpha(phylogenetic) diversity which cluster differently from
      controls, and higher counts of Clostridia compared with controls, resulting in
      predicted perturbations of functional pathways which could suggest metabolite
      specific targeted treatment. Several measures of severity and clinical phenotype
      have significant microbiome differences.

PMID- 26970450
TI  - Outcomes of Pyeloplasty in Very Poorly Functioning Kidneys: Examining the Myths.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the perioperative complications and functional midterm
      outcomes after pyeloplasty for poorly functioning kidneys due to ureteropelvic
      junction obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients
      who underwent pyeloplasty for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in very
      poorly functioning kidneys in terms of split renal function of <=20% or estimated
      glomerular filteration rate of <=20 mL/minute. Perioperative complications and
      postoperative outcomes in terms of symptomatic improvement and functional
      stabilization or recovery were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients with
      estimated glomerular filteration rate <=20 mL/minute or split function <=20%
      underwent pyeloplasty since January 2010. All patients were followed for a mean
      period of 26.8 months and none required reintervention for obstructive drainage,
      deteriorating function, or intractable pain. One patient had persistent pain
      requiring analgesics and overall success rate (defined as nonobstructive pattern,
      no deterioration in split function, and no persistent symptoms) was 93.7%.
      Thirteen patients (40.6%) showed significant improvement in renal function (>5%
      over preoperative), and in all except 1 (3.1%) case there was no further
      deterioration of function. CONCLUSION: Pyeloplasty provides high rates of
      morphological and functional success even in very poorly functioning renal units.
      There is a possibility of functional recovery in one-third of patients, and in
      most of the rest, there is no further deterioration.

PMID- 26970451
TI  - Radical Nephroureterectomy Without Patient or Port Repositioning Using the Da
      Vinci Xi Robotic System: Initial Experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report our initial experience on robot-assisted radical
      nephroureterectomy, using the da Vinci Xi robotic system without patient or port
      repositioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were in a modified flank
      position. A Bugbee electrode was used to cauterize and mark the ureteral orifice,
      aiding in the final robotic excision of the distal ureter. For the first step of
      the procedure, the second robotic arm holds the scope, the fourth robotic arm
      holds Port #1 (monopolar curved scissors), the first robotic arm holds Port #2
      (Fenestrated bipolar forceps), and the third robotic arm holds Port #4 (Prograsp
      forceps). After completion of nephrectomy, all robotic arms were released and
      reconfigured. In the new setting, the third robotic arm and second robotic arm
      were switched between the camera port and the fourth port. The first port
      remained working with the monopolar curved scissors whereas Prograsp forceps was
      moved to the second port and fenestrated bipolar forceps was moved to the third
      port. RESULTS: Two patients underwent 2 successful radical nephroureterectomies
      with the above-mentioned technique. The console time for the first patient was
      150 minutes whereas the estimated blood loss was 200 mL. The console time and
      blood loss for the second patient were 140 minutes and 300 mL, respectively. The
      hospitalization time and catheter removal time were 3 days for both patients and
      no complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The use of the da Vinci Xi robotic
      system enabled us to perform both nephrectomy and distal ureterectomy and/or
      bladder cuff excision without any repositioning of the patient or trocars.

PMID- 26970452
TI  - An Atypical Presentation of a Typical Arrhythmia.

PMID- 26970453
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26970454
TI  - Reply by Authors.

PMID- 26970456
TI  - Health Effects of Unemployment in Denmark, Norway and Sweden 2007-2010: Differing
      Economic Conditions, Differing Results?
AB  - This article investigates short-term health effects of unemployment for
      individuals in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden during an economic downturn (2007
      2010) that hit the Scandinavian countries with diverging strength. The
      longitudinal part of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living
      Conditions (EU-SILC) data material is analyzed, and results from generalized
      least squares estimation indicate that Denmark is the only Scandinavian country
      in which health status deteriorated among the unemployed. The individual-level
      (and calendar year) fixed-effect results confirm the negative relationship
      between unemployment and health status in Denmark. This result is robust across
      different subsamples, model specifications, and changes in both the dependent and
      independent variable. Health status deteriorated especially among women and
      people in prime working age (30-59 years). There is, however, only scant evidence
      of short-term health effects among the recently unemployed in Norway and Sweden.
      The empirical findings are discussed in light of: (1) the adequacy of the
      unemployment insurance system, (2) the likelihood of re-employment for the
      displaced worker, and (3) selection patterns into and out of employment in the
      years preceding and during the economic downturn.

PMID- 26970455
TI  - A "Before and After" in the Use of Emergency Services in Spain? The Impact of the
      Economic Crisis.
AB  - The objective of this study was to analyse whether variables associated with
      emergency services (ES) use in Spain have changed in the period 2006-2011 using a
      comparative analysis of the 2006 and 2011 Spanish National Health Surveys. The
      measure of association was the prevalence ratio with its 95% confidence interval,
      obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. We studied interactions
      between the explanatory variables for ES use and year and subsequently performed
      a stratified analysis by year. ES use declined by 2.1% in 2011. Most emergency
      care (approximately 60% in both surveys) was provided in public hospitals.
      Between 2006 and 2011, ES use increased by 9% in women (p for interaction =
      0.008) [ref. men], 3% in persons with poor mental health (p for interaction =
      0.072) [ref. good mental health], and 8% in individuals with limitations on
      activities of daily living (p for interaction = 0.006) [ref. no limitations]. The
      change in the effect of the variables sex, mental health, and limitations on
      activities of daily living on use of ES (2006 and 2011) is not explained by
      either demographic characteristics or individual socioeconomic indicators. These
      results could be associated with macroeconomic and structural changes occurring
      during the period 2006-2011.

PMID- 26970457
TI  - Tuberculosis control in India: Journey so far and ahead....

PMID- 26970458
TI  - WHO's End TB Strategy: From stopping to ending the global TB epidemic.
AB  - The 67th World Health Assembly of 2014 adopted the "End TB Strategy" with a
      vision of making the world free of tuberculosis (TB) and with the goal of ending
      the global TB epidemic by the year 2035. World Health Organization's "End TB
      Strategy" captures this holistic response in its four principles and three
      pillars. The three high-level indicators of the "End TB Strategy" - reductions in
      TB deaths, reductions in the TB incidence rate and the percentage of TB patients
      and their households experiencing catastrophic costs - are relevant to all
      countries. 

PMID- 26970460
TI  - Multidrug-resistant TB among previously treated TB cases: A retrospective study
      in Nagpur, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is a major public health concern and
      threat for tuberculosis control efforts worldwide. Globally, 3.6% of new TB cases
      and 20.2% of previously treated cases, are estimated to have MDR-TB. The
      prevalence of MDR-TB in India has been estimated to be 1-3% in new TB cases and
      around 12-14% in previously treated TB cases. There is limited information of the
      trends of MDRTB among various types of previously treated cases, i.e. relapse,
      treatment after failure, treatment after default and other cases. This study was
      conducted to know the trends of MDR-TB among various types of previously treated
      cases treated as per Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP) guidelines.
      METHODS: This was a retrospective record review of MDRTB cases diagnosed during
      2007-2011 who were previously treated for anti-TB treatment under RNTCP. RESULTS:
      A total of 249 retreatment tuberculosis patients diagnosed as having MDRTB were
      included. Majority 84 (34%) of cases were from 25 to 34 years age group, which is
      productive age group. Among the MDRTB cases, 177 (71%) were male and 72 (29%)
      were female. The proportion of MDR-TB among different subcategories of
      retreatment TB cases were relapse 117 (47%), treatment failure 96 (39%),
      treatment after default 22 (9%) and others 14 (6%). CONCLUSION: Study findings
      highlight high proportion of MDRTB among the relapse and treatment failure cases.
      Further research is needed to understand high occurrence rates of MDRTB among
      relapse and failure cases treated under RNTCP and need for early detection of MDR
      TB among these high-risk groups.

PMID- 26970459
TI  - Standards for TB care in India: A tool for universal access to TB care.
AB  - In 2014, Government of India in collaboration with World Health Organization
      Country Office for India released the policy document on Standards for
      tuberculosis (TB) care in India after in-depth deliberation with national and
      international experts. The standards for TB care represent what is expected for
      quality TB care from the Indian healthcare system including both public and
      private systems. The details of each standard have been compiled in this review
      article. It is envisioned that the standards detailed in the manuscript are
      adapted by all TB care providers across the country. 

PMID- 26970462
TI  - Evaluation of use of line probe assay on smear-positive direct specimen from
      extra-pulmonary tuberculosis site.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Line probe assay (LPA) is used for first-line drug susceptibility
      testing (DST) of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. For extra
      pulmonary (EP) and smear-negative TB patients, the samples are inoculated in
      culture and isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are tested on LPA. This
      results in considerable delay and loses the benefit of rapid diagnostics. In the
      present study, smear-positive EP specimens were tested directly on LPA and their
      results were compared with LPA conducted on culture isolates of same specimens.
      METHOD: All EP specimens received from different parts of Gujarat State in 2014
      were subjected to ZN smear microscopy and inoculated on liquid culture. Smear
      positive samples were directly tested with LPA. Simultaneously, culture isolates
      of MTB were also subjected to LPA. Results of LPA conducted on both direct
      specimen and culture isolates were compared. RESULT: Of 391 extra-pulmonary
      specimens, 177 were smear positive and tested directly on LPA. Simultaneously, 88
      were culture positive and their isolates were tested on LPA. With LPA on direct
      specimen, 127 (32%) had valid results with median time to diagnose rifampicin
      resistance of 5 days (IQR 2-7). In comparison, 88 (23%) specimens had valid
      results with culture isolates tested on LPA and with longer turnaround time (18
      40 days). Among 51 samples, with valid LPA results both on direct samples and
      isolates, 50 (98%) had concordance for drug resistance pattern. CONCLUSION: There
      is advantage in testing extra-pulmonary smear-positive samples directly on LPA
      and the results would also be available rapidly.

PMID- 26970463
TI  - Emerging applications: Screening OSA by Modified Pictorial Epworth Sleepiness
      Scale in Indian subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a widely used scoring to
      measure excessive daytime sleepiness. This scale was designed to be self
      completed by the subjects, but unfortunately in a developing country with low
      literacy this had affected its outcome interpretation. The Traditional ESS has
      been translated into a Modified Pictorial version for easy comprehension by the
      patients. METHOD: Subjects were evaluated for their competence to self-complete
      the ESS (Conventional and Pictorial) in Sleep Clinic at Respiratory Department of
      Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad. Modified Pictorial
      representations were designed along with 5 newer questions incorporated as sub
      questions in 8 original domains prepared and labelled as Pictorial Scale. The
      Traditional (ESS) and Pictorial (Modified) representations were compared for
      agreement by receiver operating curve and the area under curve. RESULTS: It was
      found that time taken to complete the Traditional ESS was significantly higher in
      comparison to Modified Pictorial Epworth Sleepiness Scale with reduced errors
      (Pictorial ESS 4.67min than Traditional ESS 14.43min). CONCLUSIONS: Modified
      pictures scale showed statistically significant improvements over ESS and hence
      can be used as an alternative for subjects with low literacy level.

PMID- 26970461
TI  - Airborne infection control in India: Baseline assessment of health facilities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis transmission in health care settings represents a major
      public health problem. In 2010, national airborne infection control (AIC)
      guidelines were adopted in India. These guidelines included specific policies for
      TB prevention and control in health care settings. However, the feasibility and
      effectiveness of these guidelines have not been assessed in routine practice.
      This study aimed to conduct baseline assessments of AIC policies and practices
      within a convenience sample of 35 health care settings across 3 states in India
      and to assess the level of implementation at each facility after one year.
      METHOD: A multi-agency, multidisciplinary panel of experts performed site visits
      using a standardized risk assessment tool to document current practices and
      review resource capacity. At the conclusion of each assessment, facility-specific
      recommendations were provided to improve AIC performance to align with national
      guidelines. RESULT: Upon initial assessment, AIC systems were found to be poorly
      developed and implemented. Administrative controls were not commonly practiced
      and many departments needed renovation to achieve minimum environmental
      standards. One year after the baseline assessments, there were substantial
      improvements in both policy and practice. CONCLUSION: A package of capacity
      building and systems development that followed national guidelines substantially
      improved implementation of AIC policies and practice.

PMID- 26970464
TI  - Does effect of BCG vaccine decrease with time since vaccination and increase
      tuberculin skin test reaction?
AB  - The protective efficacy of BCG was studied for over 15 years, from 1968, in South
      India. A secondary analysis of data was performed to investigate the relationship
      between Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and tuberculosis (TB) disease and between
      BCG and positive tuberculin skin test for different time periods among children
      aged less than 10 years. A randomized controlled trial was conducted, where
      281,161 persons were allocated to receive BCG 0.1mg, BCG 0.01mg or placebo.
      Tuberculin skin test was performed at baseline and at 4 years after BCG
      vaccination. Surveys were conducted every 2.5 years to detect all new cases of
      culture-positive/smear-positive TB occurring in the community over a 15-year
      period. Relative risk (RR) was obtained from the ratio of incidence among the
      vaccinated and the placebo groups. Among those children vaccinated with 0.1mg of
      BCG, the RR for TB was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.32-0.87, P=0.01) at 12.5 years but
      increased to 0.73 later. Similar pattern was seen with 0.01mg. The increase in
      the number of skin test positives with 0.1mg of BCG was 57.8%, 49.4% and 34% for
      cut-off points at >=10mm, >=12mm and >=15mm, respectively. The study suggests
      that the effect of BCG may decrease since vaccination and the tuberculin positive
      was higher at post-vaccination test period due to BCG. 

PMID- 26970465
TI  - Social inclusion: An effort to end loss-to-treatment follow-up in tuberculosis.
AB  - SITUATION ANALYSIS: Pathanamthitta district is implementing Revised National
      Tuberculosis Control Program as a pilot district since 1993. The district
      programme was reporting approximately 5% of their diagnosed smear positive
      patients as never put on treatment (Initial lost to follow up - ILFU) and 5% of
      the new smear positive [NSP] Pulmonary TB patients as lost to follow up [LFU]
      during treatment. Attempts based on reengineering of DOTS were not largely
      successful in bringing down these proportions. INTERVENTION: A treatment support
      group [TSG] is a non-statutory body of socially responsible citizens and
      volunteers to provide social support to each needy TB patient safeguarding his
      dignity and confidentiality by ensuring access to information, free and quality
      services and social welfare programs, empowering the patient for making decision
      to complete treatment successfully. It is a complete fulfilment of social
      inclusion standards enumerated by Standards for TB Care in India. Pathanamthitta
      district started implementing this strategy since 2013. OUTCOMES: After
      intervention, proportion of LFU among NSPTB cases dropped markedly and no LFU
      were reported among the latest treatment cohorts. Proportion of ILFU keeps
      similar trend and none were reported among the latest diagnostic cohorts.
      LESSONS: Social support for TB care is feasible under routine program conditions.
      Addition of standards for social inclusion in STCI is meaningful. Its meaning is
      translated well by a society empowered with literacy and political sense.

PMID- 26970466
TI  - Public-private mix for TB care in India: Concept, evolution, progress.
AB  - To achieve "Universal access to TB care and treatment for all", Revised National
      Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) has taken steps to reach the unreached by
      synergizing the efforts of all partners and stakeholders. RNTCP is engaging with
      private sector partners in major cities of India with primary focus on
      notification through innovative partnership mechanisms. The manuscript details
      the concept behind the public-private mix for TB Care in RNTCP, its evolution and
      progress over the decades in India. 

PMID- 26970468
TI  - Reply to percentage of colorectal cancer diagnoses in adults aged younger than 50
      years.

PMID- 26970467
TI  - Transitioning to daily treatment for drug-sensitive TB in India.
AB  - World Health Organization in its treatment guideline for tuberculosis 2010
      recommended daily dosing as the preferred regimen in treatment of drug-sensitive
      TB patients. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program took a decision to
      implement daily regimen in five states of India in 2015. This article describes
      the policy-making chronology, evidences used, stakeholders involved, and process
      of decision making. 

PMID- 26970470
TI  - Finding the correct role for heart transplant in the treatment of hypoplastic
      left heart syndrome.

PMID- 26970469
TI  - The 2015 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for
      the management of fungal infections in mechanical circulatory support and
      cardiothoracic organ transplant recipients: Executive summary.

PMID- 26970472
TI  - Sex-related differences in age-associated downregulation of human ventricular
      myocardial beta1-adrenergic receptors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With increasing age, human ventricular myocardium exhibits selective
      downregulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors (beta1-ARs). We tested the
      hypothesis that sex differences exist in age-related changes in beta1-ARs.
      METHODS: Left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular tissue was obtained from 61
      unplaceable potential organ donor hearts ages 1 to 71 years with no known cardiac
      history and from LVs removed from 56 transplant recipients with idiopathic
      dilated cardiomyopathy. beta1-AR and beta2-AR densities, the frequency of beta1
      AR389 gene variants, and beta-AR function were determined. RESULTS: Sex had a
      marked effect on the age-related decrease in beta1-ARs. Female LVs had more
      pronounced downregulation (by 42% [p < 0.001] vs 22% [p = 0.21] in 31 male LVs)
      comparing the youngest (average age, 15.3 +/- 5.5 years) to the oldest (average
      age, 50.8 +/- 9.1 years) sub-groups. On regression analyses, female LVs exhibited
      a closer relationship between beta1-AR density and age (r = -0.78, p <0.001 vs r
      = -0.46, p = 0.009 in males), with a second-degree polynomial yielding the best
      fit. There was no statistically significant relationship of beta1-ARs to age in
      female or male idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy LVs. CONCLUSIONS: Sex affects
      age-related beta-AR downregulation in normal human ventricles, with females
      exhibiting more profound decreases with increasing age. The curvilinear
      relationship between age and receptor density that plateaus around age 40 in
      women suggests an effect of sex hormones on beta1-AR expression in the human
      heart.

PMID- 26970473
TI  - Abdominal wall perforation caused by left ventricular assist device driveline
      insertion: Potential lethal complication.

PMID- 26970471
TI  - ISHLT pathology antibody mediated rejection score correlates with increased risk
      of cardiovascular mortality: A retrospective validation analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in cardiac transplant recipients is
      a serious form of rejection with adverse patient outcomes. The International
      Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has published a consensus
      schema for the pathologic diagnosis of various grades of antibody-mediated
      rejection (pathology antibody-mediated rejection [pAMR]). We sought to determine
      whether the ISHLT pAMR grading schema correlates with patient outcomes. METHODS:
      Using our database, which contains a semi-quantitative scoring of all pathologic
      descriptors of pAMR, we retrospectively used these descriptors to convert the
      previous AMR categories to the current ISHLT pAMR categories. Cox proportional
      hazard models were fit with cardiovascular (CV) death or retransplant as the
      outcome. The pAMR value was included as a categorical variable, and cellular
      rejection (CR) values were included in a separate model. RESULTS: There were
      13,812 biopsies from 1,014 patients analyzed. The pAMR grades of pAMR1h, pAMR1i,
      and pAMR2 conferred comparable increased risk for CV mortality. Significantly
      increased risk of CV mortality was conferred by biopsies graded as severe AMR
      (pAMR3). CONCLUSIONS: The new ISHLT pAMR grading schema identifies patients at
      increased risk of CV mortality, consistent with risks published from several
      programs before 2011. The current schema is validated by this analysis in a large
      biopsy database. Because pAMR1h, pAMR1i, and pAMR2 have similar CV risks
      associated with them, the threshold for a positive diagnosis of pAMR should be re
      evaluated in future iterations of the ISHLT schema.

PMID- 26970475
TI  - Effects of pulsatile electrical stimulation of the round window on central
      hyperactivity after cochlear trauma in guinea pig.
AB  - Partial hearing loss induced by acoustic trauma has been shown in animal models
      to result in an increased spontaneous firing rate in central auditory structures.
      This so-called hyperactivity has been suggested to be involved in the generation
      of tinnitus, a phantom auditory sensation. Although there is no universal cure
      for tinnitus, electrical stimulation of the cochlea, as achieved by a cochlear
      implant, can result in significant reduction of the tinnitus percept. However,
      the mechanism by which this tinnitus suppression occurs is as yet unknown and
      furthermore cochlear implantation may not be an optimal treatment option for
      tinnitus sufferers who are not profoundly deaf. A better understanding of the
      mechanism of tinnitus suppression by electrical stimulation of the cochlea, may
      lead to the development of more specialised devices for those for whom a cochlear
      implant is not appropriate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of
      electrical stimulation in the form of brief biphasic shocks delivered to the
      round window of the cochlea on the spontaneous firing rates of hyperactive
      inferior colliculus neurons following acoustic trauma in guinea pigs. Effects
      during the stimulation itself included both inhibition and excitation but
      spontaneous firing was suppressed for up to hundreds of ms after the cessation of
      the shock train in all sampled hyperactive neurons. Pharmacological block of
      olivocochlear efferent action on outer hair cells did not eliminate the prolonged
      suppression observed in inferior colliculus neurons, and it is therefore likely
      that activation of the afferent pathways is responsible for the central effects
      observed.

PMID- 26970474
TI  - Effects of high intensity noise on the vestibular system in rats.
AB  - Some individuals with noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) also report balance
      problems. These accompanying vestibular complaints are not well understood. The
      present study used a rat model to examine the effects of noise exposure on the
      vestibular system. Rats were exposed to continuous broadband white noise (0-24
      kHz) at an intensity of 116 dB sound pressure level (SPL) via insert ear phones
      in one ear for three hours under isoflurane anesthesia. Seven days after the
      exposure, a significant increase in ABR threshold (43.3 +/- 1.9 dB) was observed
      in the noise-exposed ears, indicating hearing loss. Effects of noise exposure on
      vestibular function were assessed by three approaches. First, fluorescein
      conjugated phalloidin staining was used to assess vestibular stereocilia
      following noise exposure. This analysis revealed substantial sensory stereocilia
      bundle loss in the saccular and utricular maculae as well as in the anterior and
      horizontal semicircular canal cristae, but not in the posterior semicircular
      canal cristae. Second, single unit recording of vestibular afferent activity was
      performed under pentobarbital anesthesia. A total of 548 afferents were recorded
      from 10 noise-treated rats and 12 control rats. Noise exposure produced a
      moderate reduction in baseline firing rates of regular otolith afferents and
      anterior semicircular canal afferents. Also a moderate change was noted in the
      gain and phase of the horizontal and anterior semicircular canal afferent's
      response to sinusoidal head rotation (1 and 2 Hz, 45 degrees /s peak velocity).
      Third, noise exposure did not result in significant changes in gain or phase of
      the horizontal rotational and translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). These
      results suggest that noise exposure not only causes hearing loss, but also causes
      substantial damage in the peripheral vestibular system in the absence of
      immediate clinically measurable vestibular signs. These peripheral deficits,
      however, may lead to vestibular disorders over time.

PMID- 26970476
TI  - The hemic response of white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) with
      inflammatory disease.
AB  - As elasmobranch medicine becomes more commonplace, there continues to be
      confusion with techniques and evaluation of the shark hemogram and it remains
      unknown if they are able to mount an inflammatory hemic response. The aims of
      this study were to compare two total white blood cell (WBC) count techniques,
      establish a reference interval for captive white-spotted bamboo sharks
      (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), and determine if elasmobranchs are capable of mounting
      an inflammatory hemic response. Correlation statistics were performed on
      hematologic results for healthy female bamboo sharks to assess the use of Natt
      Herrick's and phloxine methods. Total WBC counts and differentials were obtained
      from males with severe traumatic clasper wounds and compared to the healthy
      females. We elected clasper amputation as the preferred treatment intervention
      and post-operative hematology was performed one month later. There was poor
      correlation of leukocyte counts between the two WBC count methods. Hematologic
      values were established for the females and males pre- and post-operatively.
      Males with wounds had a marked leukocytosis and heterophilia. Post-operative
      blood work showed a resolution of total WBC count and a trend toward resolution
      of the heterophilia. This study provides hematologic values for white-spotted
      bamboo sharks and confirms that the Natt-Herrick's method is preferred for
      lymphocytic species. Hematologic differences present in males with clasper wounds
      suggests that elasmobranchs do mount an inflammatory hemic response. Treatment
      via clasper amputation proved to be a safe and efficient means for clinical
      treatment that led to a trend toward resolution of the inflammatory leukogram.
      Zoo Biol. 35:251-259, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 26970477
TI  - Microsurgical Management of Craniopharyngiomas via a Unilateral Subfrontal
      Approach: A Retrospective Study of 177 Continuous Cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of 177 cases of craniopharyngioma (CP)
      treated via a unilateral subfrontal approach. METHODS: A total of 177 continuous
      microscopic surgeries were performed by the senior author (Y.X.). The tumors were
      divided into 6 groups using the diaphragm sellae and the third ventricle floor as
      the anatomic references. The preoperative, postoperative, and long-term follow-up
      data were analyzed to evaluate the extent of tumor resection, recurrence, and
      functional status. RESULTS: The subfrontal-basal approach was used in 169 (91.4%)
      cases. Total resection was achieved in 167 (94.4%) cases. A total of 158 patients
      were followed from 6 to 130 months. There were 3 perioperative and 23 delayed
      deaths. Twenty-two patients had tumor recurrence (12.7%). The progression-free
      survival was 80% at 5 years and 72% at 10 years. The overall survival was 84.0%
      at 2.5 years and 83.2% at 10 years. There was a significant increase of pituitary
      dysfunction after total resection. Neurologic function was stable in most
      patients. Rate of hypothalamic dysfunction and mortality were higher in patients
      with intraventricular CPs. Of the surviving patients, 91.8% were living
      independently with acceptable morbidities at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS:
      Most CPs extend along the intrasellar-suprasellar-third ventricle axis. A
      subfrontal-basal approach is a simple, safe, and effective approach to resecting
      CPs extending along the vertical axis. A translamina terminalis approach is an
      ideal corridor to resect intraventricular CP. The benefit of radical resection
      remains controversial, especially for CPs involving the infundibulotuberal
      region.

PMID- 26970478
TI  - Soft Membrane Sheath for Endoscopic Surgery of Intracerebral Hematomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the functional efficacy of surgical evacuation of an
      intracerebral hematoma (ICH) remains controversial, it has a valuable role for
      managing ICHs. Endoscopic surgery is increasingly used to evacuate ICHs; however,
      the narrow rigid sheath may be limiting. We report the usefulness of a soft
      plastic membrane sheath for endoscopic evacuation of ICHs. METHODS: The 20 * 100
      mm flat membrane sheath was made of polyester film. Before introducing the sheath
      into the ICH cavity under navigation, one side was tucked into the opposite side
      to make a narrow four-layered tube. After inserting it in the brain, the tucked
      in leaf was pulled out, and the slit-like tube was ready to remove the hematoma.
      A rigid endoscope and various instruments were introduced into the sheath. Large
      ICHs in the putamen and thalamus were evacuated under endoscopic visualization
      using the same microsurgical instruments. RESULTS: This technique was applied to
      41 patients. Nearly complete evacuation of all hematomas was achieved. No
      surgical complication or rebleeding occurred. The new membrane sheath allowed
      more room for accommodating and handling the instruments, including bipolar
      forceps. CONCLUSIONS: This flat membrane sheath is disposable and easy to
      prepare, which could overcome the limitation of the instruments to allow for
      efficient evacuation of an ICH using the same microsurgical techniques.

PMID- 26970479
TI  - Mythology and Neurosurgery.
AB  - Myths are the keystone of mythology. They are interpretations of events that have
      been told as stories and legends for thousands of years, inherited from
      generation to generation, and have reached the present day. Although most myths
      are considered figments of the imagination or fictitious legends, all of them
      contain references to facts from the time they occurred. Mythology, which is a
      collection of figments of imagination concerning nature and human beings, is a
      product of human effort to perceive, explain, and interpret the universe and the
      world, much like science. The interaction between mythology and science dates
      back to the early days of civilization. Mythology, a reflection of human
      creativity, is extensively used in modern science, particularly in a
      terminological context. This article aims to reveal the texture of mythology in
      neurosurgery, by analyzing the birth of medicine in mythology; heroes such as
      Apollo and Asklepios, the gods of healing and medicine, as well as Hygieia, the
      goddess of health and hygiene; and mythological terms and phrases such as
      Achilles tendon, atlas vertebra, gigantism, priapism syndrome, hippocampus,
      lethargy, syrinx, and arachnoid. Through the use of symbols, mythology has
      attempted to explain several subjects, such as human nature, disease, birth, and
      death. In this respect, mythology and medicine dance arm in arm, and this dance
      has been going on for centuries. As a result, mythology has manifested itself in
      many fields within medicine, either anatomically or by giving names to various
      diseases. 

PMID- 26970480
TI  - Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Parkinsonism: Preliminary Data on Neurosurgical
      and Neurological Treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) may present, besides
      the classic triad of symptoms, with extrapyramidal parkinsonianlike movement
      disorders. We present a randomized prospective study comparing adjustable
      ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion plus dopamine oral therapy (group A)
      versus VP shunt alone (group B) in patients affected by iNPH associated with
      parkinsonism. METHODS: A detailed screening process included neurologic,
      neurosurgical, and neuropsychological evaluations, followed by a cerebrospinal
      fluid tap test and resistance outflow measurement. Outcome was evaluated through
      the Japanese NPH Grading Scale-Revised (JNPHGSR) and the motor (third) section of
      the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Motor Section (UPDRS-m). Friedman
      analysis of variance with a Wilcoxon post hoc test was used to evaluate the
      difference in JNPHGSR and UPDRS-m scores between pretreatment and follow-up (12
      months) in the 2 groups, and a Kruskal-Wallis statistic and post hoc Mann-Whitney
      test were used to compare the change in JNPHGSR and UPDRS-m scores between the 2
      groups. RESULTS: Thirty-two of 54 (59%) patients (mean age, 73.2 years) screened
      in 36 months met the inclusion criteria, but only 30 were enrolled (2 refused
      surgery) (15 in each group). Preoperative (123)I-ioflupane-cerebral single-photon
      emission computed tomography (DaTSCAN) revealed striatal dopaminergic deficit in
      14/30 patients (46.5%). At the final 12 months follow-up, both groups improved
      JNPHGSR and UPRDS-m scores. The UPDRS-m score improvement was significant in both
      groups, but greater in group A (P = 0.003); JNPHGSR score improvement was similar
      in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: iNPH associated with parkinsonism may be a frequent
      finding. In these cases, patients may benefit from VP shunt plus dopamine oral
      therapy.

PMID- 26970481
TI  - Acute Renal Failure in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Nationwide Analysis of
      Hospitalizations in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Medical complications in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage (aSAH) are common and associated with poor prognosis. We analyzed the
      incidence, risk factors, and short-term outcomes associated with acute renal
      failure (ARF) in aSAH. METHODS: We queried discharge records from all patients
      admitted to U.S. hospitals between 2002 and 2011 to identify primary diagnoses of
      aSAH and secondary diagnoses of ARF. The effect of demographics, hospital
      characteristics, and pre-existing comorbidity on ARF occurrence and the impact of
      ARF occurrence on length of stay (LOS), in-hospital costs, moderate to severe
      disability, and in-hospital mortality were explored in both bivariate and
      multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The incidence of ARF in patients hospitalized
      for aSAH (N = 260,885) was 4.0% and increased from 2.1% in 2002 to 5.7% in 2011
      (P < 0.0001). The strongest predictors of ARF in multivariable analysis were
      fluid and electrolyte disorder (odds ratio [OR], 3.24; 95% confidence interval
      [CI], 3.07-3.42), coagulopathy (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.25-2.63), HIV (OR, 2.42; 95%
      CI, 1.79-3.27), and diabetes (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.08-2.69). ARF onset in aSAH
      increased the mean length of stay by 7.2 days and mean total costs by $28,813
      (all P < 0.0001). After adjusting for confounding factors, patients with ARF had
      increased likelihood of moderate to severe disability (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.89
      2.19) and in-hospital death (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 2.03-2.26). CONCLUSION: The burden
      of ARF in hospitalized patients with aSAH has increased in the past decade and is
      detrimental to patient outcomes and healthcare costs. The identification of
      patient-centered risk factors may allow for close surveillance of high-risk
      patients.

PMID- 26970482
TI  - Usefulness of Suction Decompression Method Combined with Extradural Temporopolar
      Approach During Clipping of Complicated Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical clipping of complicated internal carotid artery (ICA)
      aneurysms can be very difficult because strong adhesion may hinder dissection of
      the perforators and surrounding anatomical structures from the aneurysm dome. We
      describe our experience in the clipping of these aneurysms using retrograde
      suction decompression (RSD) combined with extradural temporopolar approach (ETA)
      and discuss its advantages and pitfalls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      retrospective study included 30 consecutive patients with complicated ICA
      aneurysms treated by direct clipping with RSD assistance between March 2004 and
      March 2015. RESULTS: The aneurysms were located on the paraclinoid ICA in 20
      cases, the posterior communicating artery bifurcation in 8, ICA bifurcation in 1,
      and the anterior wall of the ICA in 1. No patient suffered any complication
      related to the puncture of the common carotid artery. Surgical outcome was good
      recovery in 20 patients, moderate disability in 4, severe disability in 4, and
      vegetative state in 1. One patient died of re-rupture of the aneurysm caused by
      incomplete dome clipping. Two patients suffered cerebral infarction, caused by
      anterior choroidal artery infarction in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde
      suction decompression combined with ETA is a useful technique for clipping of
      complicated ICA aneurysms.

PMID- 26970483
TI  - Atomic features of an autoantigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
AB  - Autoantigen development is poorly understood at the atomic level. Heparin-induced
      thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an autoimmune thrombotic disorder caused by antibodies
      to an antigen composed of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin or cellular
      glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In solution, PF4 exists as an equilibrium among
      monomers, dimers and tetramers. Structural studies of these interacting
      components helped delineate a multi-step process involved in the pathogenesis of
      HIT. First, heparin binds to the 'closed' end of the PF4 tetramer and stabilizes
      its conformation; exposing the 'open' end. Second, PF4 arrays along heparin/GAG
      chains, which approximate tetramers, form large antigenic complexes that enhance
      antibody avidity. Third, pathogenic HIT antibodies bind to the 'open' end of
      stabilized PF4 tetramers to form an IgG/PF4/heparin ternary immune complex and
      also to propagate the formation of 'ultralarge immune complexes' (ULCs) that
      contain multiple IgG antibodies. Fourth, ULCs signal through FcgammaRIIA
      receptors, activating platelets and monocytes directly and generating thrombin,
      which transactivates hematopoietic and endothelial cells. A non-pathogenic anti
      PF4 antibody prevents tetramer formation, binding of pathogenic antibody,
      platelet activation and thrombosis, providing a new approach to manage HIT. An
      improved understanding of the pathogenesis of HIT may lead to novel diagnostics
      and therapeutics for this autoimmune disease. 

PMID- 26970484
TI  - "Kill" the messenger: Targeting of cell-derived microparticles in lupus
      nephritis.
AB  - Immune complex (IC) deposition in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a key
      early pathogenic event in lupus nephritis (LN). The clarification of the
      mechanisms behind IC deposition will enable targeted therapy in the future.
      Circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been proposed as major sources
      of extracellular autoantigens and ICs and triggers of autoimmunity in LN. The
      overabundance of galectin-3-binding protein (G3BP) along with immunoglobulins and
      a few other proteins specifically distinguish circulating MPs in patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and this is most pronounced in patients with
      active LN. G3BP co-localizes with deposited ICs in renal biopsies from LN
      patients supporting a significant presence of MPs in the IC deposits. G3BP binds
      strongly to glomerular basement membrane proteins and integrins. Accordingly, MP
      surface proteins, especially G3BP, may be essential for the deposition of ICs in
      kidneys and thus for the ensuing formation of MP-derived electron dense
      structures in the GBM, and immune activation in LN. This review focuses on the
      notion of targeting surface molecules on MPs as an entirely novel treatment
      strategy in LN. By targeting MPs, a double hit may be achieved by attenuating
      both the autoantigenic fueling of immune complexes and the triggering of the
      adaptive immune system. Thereby, early pathogenic events may be blocked in
      contrast to current treatment strategies that primarily target and modulate later
      events in the cellular and humoral immune response. 

PMID- 26970485
TI  - Incidence of thyroid disorders in mixed cryoglobulinemia: Results from a
      longitudinal follow-up.
AB  - No study has evaluated the incidence of new cases of thyroid autoimmunity (AT)
      and dysfunction (TD) in hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC)
      patients. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of new cases of AT and TD in a wide
      group of MC patients vs. age- and gender-matched controls from the same
      geographic area. After exclusion of MC patients with TD at the initial
      evaluation, the appearance of new cases of TD was evaluated in 112 MC patients
      and 112 matched controls, with similar iodine intake (median follow-up 67months
      in MC vs. 78 in controls). A high incidence (P<0.05) of new cases of
      hypothyroidism, TD, anti-thyroperoxidase antibody (AbTPO) positivity, appearance
      of a hypoechoic thyroid pattern, and thyroid autoimmunity in MC patients vs.
      controls was shown. A logistic regression analysis showed that in MC, the
      appearance of hypothyroidism was related to female gender, a borderline high
      initial thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), AbTPO positivity, a hypoechoic, and
      small thyroid. In conclusion, we show a high incidence of new cases of AT and TD
      in MC patients. MC patients at high risk (female gender, a borderline high
      initial TSH, AbTPO positivity, a hypoechoic, and small thyroid) should have
      periodically thyroid function follow-up. 

PMID- 26970486
TI  - Evaluation of automated multi-parametric indirect immunofluorescence assays to
      detect anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in granulomatosis with
      polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this multicenter EUVAS study was to evaluate the
      diagnostic performance of multi-parametric indirect immunofluorescence (IIF)
      assays to detect anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in granulomatosis
      with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      The study included 912 samples from diseased controls and 249 diagnostic samples
      from GPA (n=183) and MPA (n=66) patients. The performance of two automated multi
      parametric assays [Aklides (Medipan/Generic Assays) and EuroPattern (Euroimmun)]
      combining IIF on cellular and purified antigen substrates was compared with two
      manual IIF analyses and with commercially available ELISAs for MPO- and PR3-ANCA
      (Euroimmun). RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating
      characteristics (ROC) curve to discriminate AAV from controls was 0.925, 0.848,
      0.855 and 0.904 for, respectively, the two manual analyses, Aklides and
      EuroPattern, and 0.959, 0.921 and 0.886 for, respectively, antigen-specific
      ELISA, antigen-coated beads, and microdot, respectively. Variation in pattern
      assignment between IIF methods was observed. CONCLUSION: The performance of IIF
      depends on the substrate used and the definition of IIF patterns. The performance
      of automated IIF is improved by multi-parameter testing (combined IIF and antigen
      specific testing). Given the variability between IIF methods, the diagnostic
      importance of this technique is questioned.

PMID- 26970487
TI  - Primary Sjogren's syndrome: Clinical phenotypes, outcome and the development of
      biomarkers.
AB  - Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease with distinct
      clinical phenotypes and variable outcomes. The systemic form of the disease is
      characterized by immune complex mediated manifestations and is complicated by
      lymphoma as a result of a polyclonal B cell hyperactivity that is evolving into B
      cell malignancy. In the past decades, well-established clinical and serological
      markers have been described in the literature to identify high-risk patients and
      to predict lymphoma development. However, specific biologic treatments have
      proven ineffective to control the disease. Significant research effort has been
      made to reveal the major underlying biological events in this subgroup and
      identify biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. In
      this review, we summarize the current data for the proposed histological,
      molecular and genetic biomarkers. 

PMID- 26970488
TI  - Are there dangers in biologic dose reduction strategies?
AB  - Biologic dose reduction strategies, for patients with inflammatory rheumatic
      diseases, have been assessed in multiple studies to assess outcomes compared to
      ongoing maintenance dosing. Whilst cessation in established disease usually leads
      to disease flare, dose tapering approaches for those achieving low disease
      activity often appear to be successful in the short term. However, tapering can
      be associated with a higher risk of losing disease control and rates of recapture
      of disease control using the original biologic dose vary between studies. Over
      relatively short periods of follow-up, a number of studies have shown no
      statistical difference in radiographic progression in patients tapering or
      discontinuing biologics. However, a Cochrane review found that radiographic and
      functional outcomes may be worse after TNF inhibitor discontinuation, and over
      long-term disease follow-up flares have been associated with radiographic
      progression and worse patient reported outcomes. To date, no studies of
      biological therapy dose reduction have specifically investigated the risk of
      increased immunogenicity or the effects on cardiovascular risk and other co
      morbidities, although these remain important potential risks. In addition,
      whether there are greater dangers in certain dose reduction approaches such as a
      reduction in dose at the same frequency or a spacing of doses is not established.

PMID- 26970489
TI  - Therapeutic strategies targeting B-cells in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of
      the central nervous system (CNS) that traditionally has been considered to be
      mediated primarily by T-cells. Increasing evidence, however, suggests the
      fundamental role of B-cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent strategies
      targeting B-cells in MS have demonstrated impressive and sometimes surprising
      results: B-cell depletion by monoclonal antibodies targeting the B-cell surface
      antigen CD20 (e.g. rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab) was shown to exert
      profound anti-inflammatory effect in MS with favorable risk-benefit ratio, with
      ocrelizumab demonstrating efficacy in both relapsing-remitting (RR) and primary
      progressive (PP) MS in phase III clinical trials. Depletion of CD52 expressing T-
      and B-cells and monocytes by alemtuzumab resulted in impressive and durable
      suppression of disease activity in RRMS patients. On the other hand, strategies
      targeting B-cell cytokines such as atacicept resulted in increased disease
      activity. As our understanding of the biology of B-cells in MS is increasing, new
      compounds that target B-cells continue to be developed which promise to further
      expand the armamentarium of MS therapies and allow for more individualized
      therapy for patients with this complex disease. 

PMID- 26970490
TI  - Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis: An update.
AB  - Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV)
      constitutes a group of rare diseases characterized by necrotizing inflammation of
      small blood vessels and the presence of ANCA. Although these autoantibodies were
      initially used to classify pauci-immune vasculitis, increasing clinical and
      experimental evidence now supports their pathogenic role, mainly through ANCA
      induced activation of primed neutrophils and monocytes leading to destructive
      vascular necrosis. The mechanisms of ANCA generation remain however unclear.
      Neutrophils play a central role in the pathophysiological process of AAV since
      they are both effector cells responsible for endothelial damage and targets of
      autoimmunity. Another role of neutrophils is due to their ability to generate
      neutrophil extracellular traps, which support the presentation of ANCA
      autoantigens, could break immune tolerance and induce autoantibody generation.
      Alternatively, the ANCA autoimmune response is facilitated by insufficient T-cell
      and B-cell regulation, and the role of complement alternative pathway has
      recently been emphasized. This review summarizes the main pathogenesis concepts
      of AAV as well as the putative mechanisms for the origin of ANCA autoimmune
      response. 

PMID- 26970491
TI  - Autoantibodies in inflammatory arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic inflammatory disease
      characterized by extensive synovitis resulting in erosions of articular cartilage
      and marginal bone with joint destruction. The lack of immunological tolerance in
      RA represents the first step toward the development of autoimmunity. Susceptible
      individuals, under the influence of environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke,
      and silica exposure, develop autoimmune phenomena that result in the presence of
      autoantibodies. HLA and non-HLA haplotypes play a major role in determining the
      development of specific autoantibodies differentiating anti-citrullinated
      antibodies (ACPA)-positive and negative RA patients. Rheumatoid factor (RF) and
      ACPA are the serological markers for RA, and during the preclinical immunological
      phase, autoantibody titers increase with a progressive spread of ACPA antigens
      repertoire. The presence of ACPA represents an independent risk factor for
      developing RA in patients with undifferentiated arthritis or arthralgia.
      Moreover, anti-CarP antibodies have been identified in patients with RA as well
      as in individuals before the onset of clinical symptoms of RA. Several
      autoantibodies mainly targeting post-translational modified proteins have been
      investigated as possible biomarkers to improve the early diagnosis, prognosis and
      response to therapy in RA patients. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is distinguished
      from RA by infrequent positivity for RF and ACPA, together with other distinctive
      clinical features. Actually, specific autoantibodies have not been described.
      Recently, anti-CarP antibodies have been reported in sera from PsA patients with
      active disease. Further investigations on autoantibodies showing high specificity
      and sensibility as well as relevant correlation with disease severity,
      progression, and response to therapy are awaited in inflammatory arthritides. 

PMID- 26970492
TI  - The key culprit in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: Aberrant DNA
      methylation.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiple organ
      involvement. It is characterized by abundant autoantibodies that form immune
      complex with autoantigens and deposit in organs and cause tissue damage by
      inducing inflammation. The pathogenesis of SLE has been intensively studied but
      remains unclear. B and T lymphocyte abnormalities, dysregulation of apoptosis,
      defects in the clearance of apoptotic materials, and various genetic and
      epigenetic factors are believed to contribute to the initiation and development
      of SLE. The up-to-date research findings point to the relationship between
      abnormal DNA methylation and SLE, which has attracted considerable interest
      worldwide. Besides the global hypomethylation on lupus T and B cells, the gene
      specific and site-specific methylation has been identified and documented to be
      responsible for SLE. The purpose of this review was to present and summarize the
      association between aberrant DNA methylation of immune cells and SLE, the
      possible mechanisms of immune dysfunction caused by DNA methylation, and to
      better understand the roles of aberrant DNA methylation in the initiation and
      development of SLE and to provide an insight into the related diagnosis
      biomarkers and therapeutic options in SLE. 

PMID- 26970493
TI  - Vascular hypothesis revisited: Role of stimulating antibodies against angiotensin
      and endothelin receptors in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder of unknown etiology
      characterized by the presence of multiple autoantibodies, including those against
      angiotensin and endothelin receptors. Patients with SSc can develop heterogeneous
      clinical manifestations including microvascular damage, the dysregulation of
      innate and adaptive immunity, and generalized fibrosis of multiple organs.
      Autoantibodies against angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) and endothelin-1
      type A receptor (ETAR) play important roles in the pathogenesis of SSc. These
      autoantibodies regulate physiological processes ranging from production of
      collagen by skin fibroblasts to angiogenesis modulation. Understanding the
      mechanisms behind autoantibodies against AT1R and ETAR could provide insight to
      future novel therapies for SSc patients. In this review, we focus on elucidating
      the immunopathological mechanisms triggered by anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR
      autoantibodies to summarize current knowledge about vascular abnormalities
      resulting in progressive damage of organs seen in patients with SSc. 

PMID- 26970494
TI  - Validation of a second-generation multivariate index assay for malignancy risk of
      adnexal masses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Women with adnexal mass suspected of ovarian malignancy are likely to
      benefit from consultation with a gynecologic oncologist, but imaging and
      biomarker tools to ensure this referral show low sensitivity and may miss cancer
      at critical stages. OBJECTIVE: The multivariate index assay (MIA) was designed to
      improve the detection of ovarian cancer among women undergoing surgery for a
      pelvic mass. To improve the prediction of benign masses, we undertook the
      redesign and validation of a second-generation MIA (MIA2G). STUDY DESIGN: MIA2G
      was developed using banked serum samples from a previously published prospective,
      multisite registry of patients who underwent surgery to remove an adnexal mass.
      Clinical validity was then established using banked serum samples from the OVA500
      trial, a second prospective cohort of adnexal surgery patients. Based on the
      final pathology results of the OVA500 trial, this intended-use population for
      MIA2G testing was high risk, with an observed cancer prevalence of 18.7%
      (92/493). Coded samples were assayed for MIA2G biomarkers by an external clinical
      laboratory. Then MIA2G results were calculated and submitted to a clinical
      statistics contract organization for decoding and comparison to MIA results for
      each subject. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and
      negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated, among other measures, and
      stratified by menopausal status, stage, and histologic subtype. RESULTS: Three
      MIA markers (cancer antigen 125, transferrin, and apolipoprotein A-1) and 2 new
      biomarkers (follicle-stimulating hormone and human epididymis protein 4) were
      included in MIA2G. A single cut-off separated high and low risk of malignancy
      regardless of patient menopausal status, eliminating potential for confusion or
      error. MIA2G specificity (69%, 277/401 [n/N]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 64.4
      73.4%) and PPV (40%, 84/208; 95% CI, 33.9-47.2%) were significantly improved over
      MIA (specificity, 54%, 215/401; 95% CI, 48.7-58.4%, and PPV, 31%, 85/271; 95% CI,
      26.1-37.1%, respectively) in this cohort. Sensitivity and NPV were not
      significantly different between the 2 tests. When combined with physician
      assessment, MIA2G correctly identified 75% of the malignancies missed by
      physician assessment alone. CONCLUSION: MIA2G specificity and PPV were
      significantly improved compared with MIA, while sensitivity and NPV were
      unchanged. The second-generation test significantly improved the predicted
      efficiency of triage vs MIA without sacrificing high sensitivity and NPV, which
      are essential for effectiveness.

PMID- 26970495
TI  - Global "omics" evaluation of human placental responses to preeclamptic
      conditions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal death. Its cause is
      still debated but there is general agreement that the placenta plays a central
      role. Perhaps the most commonly proposed contributors to PE include placental
      hypoxia, oxidative stress, and increased proinflammatory cytokines. How the
      placenta responds to these abnormalities has been considered but not as part of a
      comprehensive analysis of low-molecular-weight biomolecules and their responses
      to these accepted PE conditions. OBJECTIVE: Using a peptidomic approach, we
      sought to identify a set of molecules exhibiting differential expression in
      consequence of provocative agents/chemical mediators of PE applied to healthy
      human placental tissue. STUDY DESIGN: Known PE conditions were imposed on normal
      placental tissue from 13 uncomplicated pregnancies and changes in the low
      molecular-weight peptidome were evaluated. A t test was used to identify
      potential markers for each imposed stress. These markers were then submitted to a
      least absolute shrinkage and selection operator multinomial logistic regression
      model to identify signatures specific to each stressor. Estimates of model
      performance on external data were obtained through internal validation. RESULTS:
      A total of 146 markers were increased/decreased as a consequence of exposure to
      proposed mediators of PE. Of these 75 changed with hypoxia; 23 with hypoxia
      reoxygenation/oxidative stress and 48 from exposure to tumor necrosis factor
      alpha. These markers were chemically characterized using tandem mass
      spectrometry. Identification rates were: hypoxia, 34%; hypoxia-reoxygenation,
      60%; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 50%. Least absolute shrinkage and selection
      operator modeling specified 16 markers that effectively distinguished all groups,
      ie, the 3 abnormal conditions and control. Bootstrap estimates of
      misclassification rates, multiclass area under the curve, and Brier score were
      0.108, 0.944, and 0.160, respectively. CONCLUSION: Using this approach we found
      previously unknown molecular changes in response to individual PE conditions that
      allowed development biomolecular signatures for exposure to each accepted
      pathogenic condition.

PMID- 26970496
TI  - 3-(imidazo[1,2-a:5,4-b']dipyridin-2-yl)aniline inhibits pestivirus replication by
      targeting a hot spot drug binding pocket in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
AB  - The compound 3-(imidazo[1,2-a:5,4-b']dipyridin-2-yl)aniline (CF02334) was
      identified as a selective inhibitor of the cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by
      bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a virus-cell-based assay. The EC50-values
      for inhibition of CPE, viral RNA synthesis and the production of infectious virus
      progeny were 13.0 +/- 0.6 MUM, 2.6 +/- 0.9 MUM and 17.8 +/- 0.6 MUM,
      respectively. CF02334 was found to be inactive in the hepatitis C subgenomic
      replicon system. CF02334-resistant BVDV was obtained and was found to carry the
      N264D mutation in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Molecular
      modeling revealed that N264D is located in a small cavity near the fingertip
      domain of the pestivirus polymerase. CF02334-resistant BVDV was proven to be
      cross-resistant to BPIP, AG110 and LZ37, inhibitors that have previously been
      described to target the same region of the BVDV RdRp. CF02334 did not inhibit the
      in vitro activity of recombinant BVDV RdRp, but did inhibit the activity of BVDV
      replication complexes. Taken together, these observations indicate that CF02334
      likely interacts with the fingertip of the pestivirus RdRp at the same position
      as BPIP, AG110 and LZ37, which marks this region of the viral polymerase as a
      "hot spot" for inhibition of pestivirus replication.

PMID- 26970497
TI  - Brief light exposure at night disrupts the circadian rhythms in eye growth and
      choroidal thickness in chicks.
AB  - Changes in ocular growth that lead to myopia or hyperopia are associated with
      alterations in the circadian rhythms in eye growth, choroidal thickness and
      intraocular pressure in animal models of emmetropization. Recent studies have
      shown that light at night has deleterious effects on human health, acting via
      "circadian disruptions" of various diurnal rhythms, including changes in phase or
      amplitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of brief, 2-h
      episodes of light in the middle of the night on the rhythms in axial length and
      choroidal thickness, and whether these alter eye growth and refractive error in
      the chick model of myopia. Starting at 2 weeks of age, birds received 2 h of
      light between 12:00 am and 2:00 am for 7 days (n = 12; total hours of light: 14
      h). Age-matched controls had a continuous dark night (n = 14; 14L/10D). Ocular
      dimensions were measured using high-frequency A-scan ultrasonography on the first
      day of the experiment, and again on day 7, at 6-h intervals, starting at noon (12
      pm, 6 pm, 12 am, 6 am, 12 pm). Measurements during the night were done under a
      photographic safe-light. These data were used to determine rhythm parameters of
      phase and amplitude. 2 groups of birds, both experimental (light at night) and
      control, were measured with ultrasound at various intervals over the course of 4
      weeks to determine growth rates. Refractive errors were measured in 6
      experimental and 6 control birds at the end of 2 weeks. Eyes of birds in a normal
      L/D cycle showed sinusoidal 24-h period diurnal rhythms in axial length and
      choroid thickness. Light in the middle of the night caused changes in both the
      rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness, such that neither could be fit
      to a sine function having a period of 24 h. Light caused an acute, transient
      stimulation in ocular growth rate in the subsequent 6-h period (12 am-6 am), that
      may be responsible for the increased growth rate seen 4 weeks later, and the more
      myopic refractive error. It also abolished the increase in choroidal thickness
      that normally occurs between 6 pm and 12 am. We conclude that light at night
      alters the rhythms in axial length and choroidal thickness in an animal model of
      eye growth, and that these circadian disruptions might lead to the development of
      ametropias. These results have implications for the use of light during the night
      in children.

PMID- 26970499
TI  - Expression and identification of 10 sarcomeric MyHC isoforms in human skeletal
      muscles of different embryological origin. Diversity and similarity in mammalian
      species.
AB  - In the mammalian genome, among myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms a family can be
      identified as sarcomeric based on their molecular structure which allows thick
      filament formation. In this study we aimed to assess the expression of the 10
      sarcomeric isoforms in human skeletal muscles, adopting this species as a
      reference for comparison with all other mammalian species. To this aim, we set up
      the condition for quantitative Real Time PCR assay to detect and quantify MyHC
      mRNA expression in a wide variety of human muscles from somitic, presomitic and
      preotic origin. Specific patterns of expression of the following genes MYH1,
      MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH8, MYH13, MYH14/7b and MYH15 were demonstrated
      in various muscle samples. On the same muscle samples which were analysed for
      mRNA expression, the corresponding MyHC proteins were studied with SDS PAGE and
      Western blot. The mRNA-protein comparison allowed the identification of 10
      distinct proteins based on the electrophoretic migration rate. Three groups were
      formed based on the migration rate: fast migrating comprising beta/slow/1, alpha
      cardiac and fast 2B, slow migrating comprising fast 2X, fast 2A and two
      developmental isoforms (NEO and EMB), intermediate migrating comprising EO MyHC,
      slow B (product of MYH15), slow tonic (product of MYH14/7b). Of special interest
      was the demonstration of a protein band corresponding to 2B-MyHC in laryngeal
      muscles and the finding that all 10 isoforms are expressed in extraocular
      muscles. These latter muscles are the unique localization for extraocular, slow B
      (product of MYH15) and slow tonic (product of MYH14/7b). 

PMID- 26970500
TI  - Neurotrophin-4 in the brain of adult Nothobranchius furzeri.
AB  - Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a member of the well-known family of neurotrophins that
      regulate the development of neuronal networks by participating in neuronal
      survival and differentiation, the growth of neuronal processes, synaptic
      development and plasticity, as well as myelination. NT-4 interacts with two
      distinct receptors: TrkB, high affinity receptor and p75 low-affinity
      neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)). In the present survey, we identified the gene
      encoding NT-4 in the teleost Nothobranchius furzeri, a model species for aging
      research. The identified gene shows a similarity of about 72% with medaka, the
      closest related species. The neuroanatomical localization of NT-4 mRNA is
      obtained by using an LNA probe. NT-4 mRNA expression is observed in neurons and
      glial cells of the forebrain and hindbrain, with very low signal found in the
      midbrain. This survey confirms that NT-4 is expressed in the brain of N. furzeri
      during adulthood, suggesting that it could also be implicated in the maintenance
      and regulation of neuronal functions. 

PMID- 26970498
TI  - Intrahippocampal administration of a domain antibody that binds aggregated
      amyloid-beta reverses cognitive deficits produced by diet-induced obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of high fat diets (HFD), diet-induced obesity (DIO)
      and Type 2 diabetes continues to increase, associated with cognitive impairment
      in both humans and rodent models. Mechanisms transducing these impairments remain
      largely unknown: one possibility is that a common mechanism may be involved in
      the cognitive impairment seen in obese and/or diabetic states and in dementia,
      specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). DIO is well established as a risk factor
      for development of AD. Oligomeric amyloid-beta (Abeta) is neurotoxic, and we
      showed that intrahippocampal oligomeric Abeta produces cognitive and metabolic
      dysfunction similar to that seen in DIO or diabetes. Moreover, animal models of
      DIO show elevated brain Abeta, a hallmark of AD, suggesting that this may be one
      source of cognitive impairment in both conditions. METHODS: Intrahippocampal
      administration of a novel anti-Abeta domain antibody for aggregated Abeta, or a
      control domain antibody, to control or HFD-induced DIO rats. Spatial learning
      measured in a conditioned contextual fear (CCF) task after domain antibody
      treatment; postmortem, hippocampal NMDAR and AMPAR were measured. RESULTS: DIO
      caused impairment in CCF, and this impairment was eliminated by intrahippocampal
      administration of the active domain antibody. Measurement of hippocampal proteins
      suggests that DIO causes dysregulation of hippocampal AMPA receptors, which is
      also reversed by acute domain antibody administration. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      support the concept that oligomeric Abeta within the hippocampus of DIO animals
      may not only be a risk factor for development of AD but may also cause cognitive
      impairment before the development of dementia. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE AND INTEREST:
      Our work integrates the engineering of domain antibodies with conformational- and
      sequence-specificity for oligomeric amyloid beta with a clinically relevant model
      of diet-induced obesity in order to demonstrate not only the pervasive effects of
      obesity on several aspects of brain biochemistry and behavior, but also the
      bioengineering of a successful treatment against the long-term detrimental
      effects of a pre-diabetic state on the brain. We show for the first time that
      cognitive impairment linked to obesity and/or insulin resistance may be due to
      early accumulation of oligomeric beta-amyloid in the brain, and hence may
      represent a pre-Alzheimer's state.

PMID- 26970501
TI  - Augmentation of the hard palate thin masticatory mucosa in the potential
      connective tissue donor sites using two collagen materials-Clinical and
      histological comparison.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the similarity of keratinized gingival and palatal mucosa the
      latter can pose as a potential donor site for gingival recession coverage.
      However, its availability is restricted and a thin transplant bears the risk of
      being rejected. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical and
      histological results of thin palatal mucosa augmentation, using lyophilized
      Biokol(r) xenogenous collagen sponge and a suspension of xenogenous Gel 0(r) pure
      collagen with non-augmented tissue from the same patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Ten patients simultaneously underwent bilateral augmentation procedures using
      Biokol(r) and Gel 0(r) collagen material. The donor sites were augmented 8 weeks
      prior to the harvesting of the connective tissue graft (CTG) for the gingival
      recession coverage procedures. Prior to the implantation of the collagen material
      and during the course of harvesting the augmented CTG, tissue specimens were
      taken for histological examination. Prior to the commencement of the study and
      after it, the parameters of palatal gingival thickness at 4mm (PGT1), and at 8mm
      apical to the gingival margin (PGT2) around the teeth neighboring the operating
      fields were determined. RESULTS: In both groups the palatal mucosa had thickened
      significantly in both measuring sites. An intergroup comparison revealed greater
      thickening of the masticatory mucosa in the Biokol(r) group at both measuring
      points. The histological image of the grafts, obtained from sites augmented using
      both test methods, revealed a typical pattern of mature fibrous connective
      tissue. No epithelial cells were found. CONCLUSION: Augmentation of thin
      masticatory mucosa using Biokol(r) or Gel 0(r) collagen materials resulted in a
      significant thickening of the mucosa, which could be demonstrated to be greater
      in the first group.

PMID- 26970502
TI  - The Anatomical Institute at the University of Greifswald during National
      Socialism: The procurement of bodies and their use for anatomical purposes.
AB  - This is the first comprehensive account of body procurement at the Anatomical
      Institute at Greifswald University during National Socialism (NS). As in all
      other German anatomical departments, the bodies received during this period
      included increasing numbers of victims of the NS regime. Prior to 1939, 90% of
      all bodies came from hospitals, state nursing homes and mental institutions (Heil
      und Pflegeanstalten), but dropped to less than 30% after 1941. While the total
      catchment area for body procurement decreased, the number of suppliers increased
      and included prisons, POW camps, Gestapo offices and military jurisdiction
      authorities. Among the 432 documented bodies delivered to the institute, 132 came
      from state nursing homes and mental institutions, mainly from Ueckermunde. These
      were bodies of persons, who probably were victims of "euthanasia" crimes. The
      Anatomical Institute also procured 46 bodies of forced laborers, of whom at least
      twelve had been executed. Other groups of victims included 21 bodies of executed
      Wehrmacht soldiers and 16 Russian prisoners of war from the camp Stalag II C in
      Greifswald, who had died of starvation and exhaustion. From 1941 onwards, the
      number of bodies delivered from prisons and penitentiaries greatly increased. In
      total, 60 bodies of prisoners, mainly from the penitentiary in Gollnow, were
      delivered to the Anatomical Institute. Greifswald Anatomical Institute was not
      just a passive recipient of bodies from all of these sources, but the anatomists
      actively lobbied with the authorities for an increased body supply for teaching
      and research purposes. 

PMID- 26970503
TI  - Effect of CArbocisteine in Prevention of exaceRbation of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (CAPRI study): An observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic and
      progressive lung disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction,
      airway inflammation, oxidative stress and, often, mucus hypersecretion. The aim
      of this study is to determine if carbocisteine, a mucolytic and antioxidant
      agent, administered daily for 12 months, can reduce exacerbation frequency in
      COPD patients. METHODS: This observational study was conducted in Naples
      (population approximately 1000,000), Italy. It included 85 out-patients (mean age
      of 67.8 +/- 8.6 years) followed by Clinic of Respiratory Diseases of the
      University Federico II. Every patient underwent spirometry demonstrating airflow
      obstruction not fully reversible according to ERS/ATS criteria for COPD diagnosis
      (Tiffenau index less than 70% after administration of salbutamol, a beta2 agonist
      drug). Patients enrolled had diagnosed COPD since 2 years and suffered at least
      one exacerbation in the previous year. None of the patients had been treated with
      carbocisteine or other mucolytic agent for a longer period of time than 7 days
      and no more than 4 times in the previous year to the enrollment. All of them
      assumed daily 2.7 g of carbocisteine lysine salt for a year in addition to their
      basic therapy. RESULTS: The comparison of exacerbation frequency between the
      previous year (T0) and the end of study treatment (T12), documents a
      statistically significant reduction of exacerbations(number of exacerbations at
      T0: 2 [1,3] vs number of exacerbations at T12: 1 [1,2]; p < 0.001).Quality of
      life was also reported and showed a statistically significant improvement at the
      end of the study (p < 0.001).We did not find correlation between reducing
      exacerbation frequency and exposure to cigarette smoking, passive smoking
      exposure in childhood, the use of inhaled steroids, the level of education of our
      patients and the GOLD stadium. INTERPRETATION: Daily administration of a
      mucolytic drug such as carbocisteine for prolonged periods in addition to the
      bronchodilator therapy can be considered a good strategy for reducing
      exacerbation frequency in COPD.

PMID- 26970504
TI  - Pathfinders in oncology from ancient times to the end of the Middle Ages.
AB  - This commentary highlights the onset and progression of the diagnosis and
      treatment of cancer from ancient times to the 15th century. During the
      preparation of this synoptic review of the lives and contributions to oncology of
      7 ancient physicians, it became clear that despite separation by centuries,
      ethnicity, and religion, they had many things in common. For example, with the
      exception of Chauliac, all were born into wealthy families, had an excellent
      education in the liberal arts and sciences, and were mentored by outstanding
      teachers. After they became physicians, they traveled extensively, were
      polyglots, were sponsored by influential individuals, had inquisitive minds,
      searched for the true nature of diseases, and were proud to share the results of
      their observations with others. Except for Galen, all of them were kind and well
      mannered individuals. They cared with sincere dedication for the poor and those
      who had untreatable disease, including cancer. Although their understanding of
      cancer was limited, they were deeply concerned about the neglect and hopelessness
      of cancer patients. They were aware of their shortcomings in offering effective
      treatment beyond the surgical excision of early cancers. For advanced cancers,
      they had nothing to give beyond palliative care with herbals and minerals. All
      physicians who care for cancer patients owe these pioneer physicians, whatever
      their shortcomings, an inexpressible debt for their attempts to cure cancer.
      Cancer 2016;122:1638-46. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society. 

PMID- 26970505
TI  - Quantitative Risk Analysis on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Through a Bi
      Directional Road Tunnel.
AB  - A quantitative risk analysis (QRA) regarding dangerous goods vehicles (DGVs)
      running through road tunnels was set up. Peak hourly traffic volumes (VHP),
      percentage of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), and failure of the emergency
      ventilation system were investigated in order to assess their impact on the risk
      level. The risk associated with an alternative route running completely in the
      open air and passing through a highly populated urban area was also evaluated.
      The results in terms of social risk, as F/N curves, show an increased risk level
      with an increase the VHP, the percentage of HGVs, and a failure of the emergency
      ventilation system. The risk curves of the tunnel investigated were found to lie
      both above and below those of the alternative route running in the open air
      depending on the type of dangerous goods transported. In particular, risk was
      found to be greater in the tunnel for two fire scenarios (no explosion). In
      contrast, the risk level for the exposed population was found to be greater for
      the alternative route in three possible accident scenarios associated with
      explosions and toxic releases. Therefore, one should be wary before stating that
      for the transport of dangerous products an itinerary running completely in the
      open air might be used if the latter passes through a populated area. The QRA may
      help decisionmakers both to implement additional safety measures and to
      understand whether to allow, forbid, or limit circulation of DGVs.

PMID- 26970507
TI  - [Commitment of The Bulletin du Cancer and the College national des enseignants en
      cancerologie (CNEC) to publish quality papers from residents' thesis].

PMID- 26970506
TI  - [On wales and men...].

PMID- 26970509
TI  - A novel capsular tension ring as local sustained-release carrier for preventing
      posterior capsule opacification.
AB  - One of the most important and challenging goals in pharmaceutical prevention for
      posterior capsule opacification is to preserve an effective drug concentration in
      capsular bag for a long period without affecting the patients' vision. Here, a
      novel kind of composite, which was prepared by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)
      and methyl methacrylate (MMA) via a two-step process, was applied for capsular
      tension ring (CTR) as an implant that could deliver docetaxel (DTX) over a long
      period of time. The drug release rate of the composite could be controlled by the
      ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) content and the ratio of HEMA/MMA as well
      as the structure of porous PMMA framework. The CTR could continuously release DTX
      for up to 6 weeks in vitro and maintain DTX in effective concentration in the
      aqueous humor after 42 days. Docetaxel-load capsular tension ring (DTX-CTR)
      presented strong inhibition on the lens epithelial cells in-vivo without obvious
      damage to normal tissues. These results indicate that the drug sustained-release
      CTR can provide a promising application in posterior capsule opacification
      prevention. 

PMID- 26970508
TI  - Phylogenetics of family Enterobacteriaceae and proposal to reclassify Escherichia
      hermannii and Salmonella subterranea as Atlantibacter hermannii and Atlantibacter
      subterranea gen. nov., comb. nov.
AB  - Multilocus sequence analysis based on hypervariable housekeeping proteins was
      utilized to differentiate closely related species in the family
      Enterobacteriaceae. Of 150 housekeeping proteins, the top 10 hypervariable
      proteins were selected and concatenated to obtain distance data. Distances
      between concatenated proteins within the family were 0.9-41.2%, whereas the 16S
      rRNA and atpD-gyrB-infB-rpoB concatenated sequence (4MLSA) distances were 0.8
      6.0% and 0.9-22.1%, respectively. These data indicate that phylogenetic analysis
      by concatenation of hypervariable proteins is a powerful tool for discriminating
      species in the family Enterobacteriaceae. To confirm the discriminatory power of
      the 10 chosen concatenated hypervariable proteins (C10HKP), phylogenetic trees
      based on C10HKP, 4MLSA, and the 16S rRNA gene were constructed. Comparison of
      average bootstrap values among C10HKP, 4MLSA and 16S rRNA genes indicated that
      the C10HKP tree was the most reliable. Location via the C10HKP tree was
      consistent with existing assignments for almost all species in the family
      Enterobacteriaceae. However, the C10HKP tree suggested that several species
      (including Enterobacter massiliensis, Escherichia vulneris, Escherichia
      hermannii, and Salmonella subterranea) should be reassigned to different clusters
      than those defined in previous analyses. Furthermore, E. hermannii and S.
      subterranea appeared to fall onto a branch independent from those occupied by the
      other Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, we propose Atlantibacter gen. nov., such
      that E. hermannii and S. subterranea would be transferred to genus Atlantibacter
      as Atlantibacter hermannii, comb. nov. and Atlantibacter subterranea. comb. nov.,
      respectively. 

PMID- 26970510
TI  - Improvement of islet engrafts by enhanced angiogenesis and microparticle-mediated
      oxygenation.
AB  - A major hindrance in islet transplantation as a feasible therapeutic approach for
      patients with type 1 diabetes is the insufficient oxygenation of the grafts,
      which results in cell death in portions of the implant. Here we address this
      limitation through the application of oxygen-generating microparticles (MP) and a
      fibrin-conjugated heparin/VEGF collagen scaffold to support cell survival by
      using a beta cell line and pancreatic rat islets. MP are composed of a
      polyvinylpyrrolidone/hydrogen peroxide (PVP/H2O2) core and poly(D,L-lactide-co
      glycolide) (PLGA) shell, along with immobilized catalase on the shell. The
      presence of MP is sufficient to reduce hypoxia-induced cell dysfunction and death
      for both cell types, resulting in localization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF
      1alpha) into the cytoplasm and enhanced metabolic function. After co
      transplantation of MP and a reduced islet mass (250 islet equivalents) within an
      angiogenic scaffold in the omental pouch of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude
      mice, we have observed significantly promoted graft function as evidenced by
      improved blood glucose levels, body weight, glucose tolerance, serum C-peptide,
      and graft revascularization. These results suggest that the developed platform
      has great potential to enhance the efficacy for implants in cases where the cell
      dosage is critical for efficacy, such as islet transplantation and ischemic
      tissues.

PMID- 26970511
TI  - Bioprocessing of bio-based chemicals produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks.
AB  - The feedstocks used for the production of bio-based chemicals have recently
      expanded from edible sugars to inedible and more recalcitrant forms of
      lignocellulosic biomass. To produce bio-based chemicals from renewable
      polysaccharides, several bioprocessing approaches have been developed and include
      separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and
      fermentation (SSF), and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). In the last decade,
      SHF, SSF, and CBP have been used to generate macromolecules and aliphatic and
      aromatic compounds that are capable of serving as sustainable, drop-in
      substitutes for petroleum-based chemicals. The present review focuses on recent
      progress in the bioprocessing of microbially produced chemicals from renewable
      feedstocks, including starch and lignocellulosic biomass. In particular, the
      technological feasibility of bio-based chemical production is discussed in terms
      of the feedstocks and different bioprocessing approaches, including the
      consolidation of enzyme production, enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass, and
      fermentation.

PMID- 26970513
TI  - Association of CD30 transcripts with Th1 responses and proinflammatory cytokines
      in patients with end-stage renal disease.
AB  - High serum sCD30 levels are associated with inflammatory disorders and poor
      outcome in renal transplantation. The contribution to these phenomena of
      transcripts and proteins related to CD30-activation and -cleavage is unknown. We
      assessed in peripheral blood of end-stage renal disease patients (ESRDP)
      transcripts of CD30-activation proteins CD30 and CD30L, CD30-cleavage proteins
      ADAM10 and ADAM17, and Th1- and Th2-type immunity-related factors t-bet and
      GATA3. Additionally, we evaluated the same transcripts and release of sCD30 and
      32 cytokines after allogeneic and polyclonal T-cell activation. In peripheral
      blood, ESRDP showed increased levels of t-bet and GATA3 transcripts compared to
      healthy controls (HC) (both P<0.01) whereas levels of CD30, CD30L, ADAM10 and
      ADAM17 transcripts were similar. Polyclonal and allogeneic stimulation induced
      higher levels of CD30 transcripts in ESRDP than in HC (both P<0.001). Principal
      component analysis (PCA) in allogeneic cultures of ESRDP identified two
      correlation clusters, one consisting of sCD30, the Th-1 cytokine IFN-gamma, MIP
      1alpha, RANTES, sIL-2Ralpha, MIP-1beta, TNF-beta, MDC, GM-CSF and IL-5, and
      another one consisting of CD30 and t-bet transcripts, IL-13 and proinflammatory
      proteins IP-10, IL-8, IL-1Ralpha and MCP-1. Reflecting an activated immune state,
      ESRDP exhibited after allostimulation upregulation of CD30 transcripts in T
      cells, which was associated with Th1 and proinflammatory responses. 

PMID- 26970514
TI  - Frequent globular neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the medial temporal region
      as a possible characteristic feature in multiple system atrophy with dementia.
AB  - Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease, which
      is characterized clinically by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and/or autonomic
      dysfunction, and pathologically by alpha-synuclein-related multisystem
      neurodegeneration, so-called alpha-synucleinopathy, which particularly involves
      the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems, with glial cytoplasmic
      inclusions and neuronal cytoplasmic/nuclear inclusions (NCIs/NNIs). In the recent
      consensus criteria for the diagnosis of MSA, dementia is described as one of the
      features not supporting a diagnosis of MSA. However, MSA with dementia has been
      reported, although the location of the lesion responsible for the dementia
      remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate where this lesion
      may be found, by analyzing 12 autopsy-proven MSA cases, with a particular focus
      on the medial temporal region. Three of 12 cases with MSA had dementia (MSA-D).
      Compared with MSA cases without dementia, MSA-D cases had frequent globular NCIs
      (G-NCIs) in the medial temporal region, especially in their subiculum. In
      addition, MSA-D cases could be divided into two types; MSA-D with distinct fronto
      temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD type) and without distinct fronto-temporal
      lobar degeneration (non-FTLD type). There was no association between dementia and
      Alzheimer pathologies, such as neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. We
      suggest that frequent G-NCIs in the medial temporal region, and particularly the
      subiculum, is one of the important pathological findings of MSA-D, even when a
      case with MSA-D reveals no significant cerebral atrophy.

PMID- 26970515
TI  - Community care for Indigenous older people: An update.
AB  - In this brief paper, we outline some important messages in the literature
      pertaining to community care for Indigenous older people. Such literature has
      been scarce until relatively recently. These key messages are particularly
      important as aged care sector reforms are implemented. We highlight significant
      research findings concerning health, care preferences and service delivery
      challenges for the provision of community care for this population group. To be
      successful, a service needs to be relevant, and to be relevant, services need to
      take a community development approach in their development and ongoing
      management.

PMID- 26970512
TI  - Ectopic expression of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene PtCYP714A3 from
      Populus trichocarpa reduces shoot growth and improves tolerance to salt stress in
      transgenic rice.
AB  - In Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 714 protein
      family represents a unique group of CYP monooxygenase, which functions as a shoot
      specific regulator in plant development through gibberellin deactivation. Here,
      we report the functional characterizations of PtCYP714A3, an OsCYP714D1/Eui
      homologue from Populus trichocarpa. PtCYP714A3 was ubiquitously expressed with
      the highest transcript level in cambium-phloem tissues, and was greatly induced
      by salt and osmotic stress in poplar. Subcellular localization analyses indicated
      that PtCYP714A3-YFP fusion protein was targeted to endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
      Expression of PtCYP714A3 in the rice eui mutant could rescue its excessive-shoot
      growth phenotype. Ectopic expression of PtCYP714A3 in rice led to semi-dwarfed
      phenotype with promoted tillering and reduced seed size. Transgenic lines which
      showed significant expression of PtCYP714A3 also accumulated lower GA level than
      did the wild-type (WT) plants. The expression of some GA biosynthesis genes was
      significantly suppressed in these transgenic plants. Furthermore, transgenic rice
      plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to salt and maintained more Na(+) in both
      shoot and root tissues under salinity stress. All these results not only suggest
      a crucial role of PtCYP714A3 in shoot responses to salt toxicity in rice, but
      also provide a molecular basis for genetic engineering of salt-tolerant crops.

PMID- 26970516
TI  - Spatial Heterogeneity of Cortical Excitability in Migraine Revealed by
      Multifrequency Neuromagnetic Signals.
AB  - To investigate the spatial heterogeneity of cortical excitability in adolescents
      with migraine, magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings at a sampling rate of
      6,000 Hz were obtained from 35 adolescents with an acute migraine and 35 age- and
      sex-matched healthy control participants during an auditory-motor task.
      Neuromagnetic activation from low- to high-frequency ranges (5-1,000 Hz) was
      measured at sensor and source levels. The heterogeneity of cortical excitability
      was quantified within each functional modality (auditory vs motor) and
      hemispherical lateralization. MEG data showed that high-frequency, not low
      frequency neuromagnetic signals, showed heterogeneous cortical activation in
      migraine subjects compared with control participants (P < .001). The alteration
      of the heterogeneity of cortical excitability in migraine subjects was
      independent of age and sex. The degree of the neuromagnetic heterogeneity of
      cortical activation was significantly correlated with headache frequency (r =
      .71, P < .005). The alteration of cortical excitability in migraine subjects was
      spatially heterogeneous and frequency dependent, which previously has not been
      reported. The finding may be critical for developing spatially targeted
      therapeutic strategies for normalizing cortical excitability with the purpose of
      reducing headache attacks. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents a new approach to
      quantitatively measure the spatial heterogeneity of cortical excitability in
      adolescents with migraine using MEG signals in a frequency range of 5 to 1,000
      Hz. The characteristics of the location and degree of cortical excitability may
      be critical for spatially targeted treatment for migraine.

PMID- 26970517
TI  - Aspiration Abortion With Immediate Intrauterine Device Insertion: Comparing
      Outcomes of Advanced Practice Clinicians and Physicians.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Immediate postabortion intrauterine device (IUD) insertion is a
      safe, effective strategy to prevent subsequent unplanned pregnancy. Oregon is one
      of 5 US states where advanced practice clinicians perform aspiration abortions.
      This study compares outcomes of first-trimester aspiration abortion with
      immediate IUD insertion between advanced practice clinicians and physicians.
      METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of first-trimester aspiration
      abortions with immediate IUD insertion performed at our center from 2009 to 2011.
      We extracted demographic and clinical data from patient charts. Immediate
      complications including excessive blood loss, perforation, and reaspirations were
      recorded at the time of procedure. We used descriptive statistics and
      multivariable logistic regression to test for differences in outcomes by
      clinician type. RESULTS: Data were available on 669 of the 1134 combined
      procedures. Advanced practice clinicians performed 224 of these. There were no
      significant differences in immediate outcomes. The only immediate complications
      were reaspirations; 1.8% (4/224) in the advanced practice clinician group, and
      2.0% (9/445) in the physician group (P = .83). DISCUSSION: We found no
      differences in outcomes between provider type for immediate IUD insertion after
      first-trimester aspiration abortion. This study helps reinforce that advanced
      practice clinicians can provide immediate postaspiration abortion IUD insertions
      with similar outcomes to those of physicians. Many countries do not allow
      advanced practice clinicians to perform this service, but a change in policy
      could help address family planning provider shortages.

PMID- 26970518
TI  - Cancer Cell Membrane-Coated Upconversion Nanoprobes for Highly Specific Tumor
      Imaging.
AB  - Cancer cell membrane-coated upconversion nanoprobes (CC-UCNPs) with immune escape
      and homologous targeting capabilities are used for highly specific tumor imaging.
      The combination of UCNPs with biomimetic cancer cell membranes embodies a novel
      materials design strategy and presents a compelling class of advanced materials.

PMID- 26970519
TI  - Pharmacology-based toxicity assessment: towards quantitative risk prediction in
      humans.
AB  - Despite ongoing efforts to better understand the mechanisms underlying safety and
      toxicity, ~30% of the attrition in drug discovery and development is still due to
      safety concerns. Changes in current practice regarding the assessment of safety
      and toxicity are required to reduce late stage attrition and enable effective
      development of novel medicines. This review focuses on the implications of
      empirical evidence generation for the evaluation of safety and toxicity during
      drug development. A shift in paradigm is needed to (i) ensure that
      pharmacological concepts are incorporated into the evaluation of safety and
      toxicity; (ii) facilitate the integration of historical evidence and thereby the
      translation of findings across species as well as between in vitro and in vivo
      experiments and (iii) promote the use of experimental protocols tailored to
      address specific safety and toxicity questions. Based on historical examples, we
      highlight the challenges for the early characterisation of the safety profile of
      a new molecule and discuss how model-based methodologies can be applied for the
      design and analysis of experimental protocols. Issues relative to the scientific
      rationale are categorised and presented as a hierarchical tree describing the
      decision-making process. Focus is given to four different areas, namely,
      optimisation, translation, analytical construct and decision criteria. From a
      methodological perspective, the relevance of quantitative methods for estimation
      and extrapolation of risk from toxicology and safety pharmacology experimental
      protocols, such as points of departure and potency, is discussed in light of
      advancements in population and Bayesian modelling techniques (e.g. non-linear
      mixed effects modelling). Their use in the evaluation of pharmacokinetics (PK)
      and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships (PKPD) has enabled great
      insight into the dose rationale for medicines in humans, both in terms of
      efficacy and adverse events. Comparable benefits can be anticipated for the
      assessment of safety and toxicity profile of novel molecules.

PMID- 26970520
TI  - Brain metabolism as a modulator of autophagy in neurodegeneration.
AB  - Emerging evidence that autophagy serves as a sweeper for toxic materials in the
      brain gives us new insight into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative
      diseases. Autophagy is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis associated
      with metabolism. Some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and
      Parkinson's diseases are accompanied by altered metabolism and autophagy in the
      brain. In this review, we discuss how hormones and nutrients regulate autophagy
      in the brain and affect neurodegeneration. This article is part of a Special
      Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.

PMID- 26970521
TI  - Severe hypertriglyceridemia does not protect from ischemic brain injury in gene
      modified hypertriglyceridemic mice.
AB  - Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a weak risk factor in primary ischemic stroke
      prevention. However, clinical studies have found a counterintuitive association
      between a good prognosis after ischemic stroke and HTG. This "HTG paradox"
      requires confirmation and further explanation. The aim of this study was to
      experimentally assess this paradox relationship using the gene-modified mice
      model of extreme HTG. We first used the human Apolipoprotein CIII transgenic (Tg
      ApoCIII) mice and non-transgenic (Non-Tg) littermates to examine the effect of
      HTG on stroke. To our surprise, infarct size, neurological deficits, brain edema,
      BBB permeability, neuron density and lipid peroxidation were the same in Tg
      ApoCIII mice and Non-Tg mice after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion
      (tMCAO). In the late phase (21 days after surgery), no differences were found in
      brain atrophy, neurological dysfunctions, weight and mortality between the two
      groups. To confirm the results in Tg-ApoCIII mice, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
      anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1(GPIHBP1) knockout mice,
      another severe HTG mouse model, were used and yielded similar results. Our study
      demonstrates for the first time that extreme HTG does not affect ischemic brain
      injuries in the tMCAO mouse model, indicating that the association between HTG
      and good outcomes after ischemic stroke probably represents residual unmeasured
      confounding. Further clinical and prospective population-based studies are needed
      to explore variables that contribute to the paradox.

PMID- 26970522
TI  - Sexual selection and assortative mating: an experimental test.
AB  - Mate choice and mate competition can both influence the evolution of sexual
      isolation between populations. Assortative mating may arise if traits and
      preferences diverge in step, and, alternatively, mate competition may counteract
      mating preferences and decrease assortative mating. Here, we examine potential
      assortative mating between populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura that have
      experimentally evolved under either increased ('polyandry') or decreased
      ('monogamy') sexual selection intensity for 100 generations. These populations
      have evolved differences in numerous traits, including a male signal and female
      preference traits. We use a two males: one female design, allowing both mate
      choice and competition to influence mating outcomes, to test for assortative
      mating between our populations. Mating latency shows subtle effects of male and
      female interactions, with females from the monogamous populations appearing
      reluctant to mate with males from the polyandrous populations. However, males
      from the polyandrous populations have a significantly higher probability of
      mating regardless of the female's population. Our results suggest that if
      populations differ in the intensity of sexual selection, effects on mate
      competition may overcome mate choice.

PMID- 26970524
TI  - Childhood Misfortune, Personality, and Heart Attack: Does Personality Mediate
      Risk of Myocardial Infarction?
AB  - Objective: Previous research has revealed a link between childhood experiences
      and adult health, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are less clear.
      To elucidate this relationship, we investigated the pathway from childhood
      misfortune to nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) via individual differences in
      personality. Method: Longitudinal data were drawn from the National Survey of
      Midlife Development in the United States, which sampled 3,032 men and women aged
      25-74 years at baseline. Big 5 personality traits and multiple measures of
      childhood misfortune were used to assess whether personality mediated the effect
      of childhood misfortune on MI risk. Results: A series of proportional hazards
      models revealed that neuroticism mediated the effect of additive childhood
      misfortune on adult MI risk. Discussion: Childhood misfortune may be formative in
      the development of personality, which, subsequently, can be consequential to
      health. These findings highlight the salient roles of early-life experiences and
      personality to shape health and aging.

PMID- 26970523
TI  - Oral Health-A Neglected Aspect of Subjective Well-Being in Later Life.
AB  - Objectives: This study examined whether oral health is a neglected aspect of
      subjective well-being (SWB) among older adults. The key research question was
      whether deterioration in oral health among dentate older adults living in England
      was associated with decreases in SWB, using measures of eudemonic, evaluative,
      and affective dimensions of well-being. Methods: This secondary analysis used
      data from the third (2006-2007) and fifth (2010-2011) waves of respondents aged
      50 and older from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). We fitted
      multivariable regression models to examine the effects of changes in oral impacts
      on daily life and edentulism (complete tooth loss) on SWB (quality of life, life
      satisfaction, and depressive symptomatology). Results: A worsening in both oral
      health measures was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms even after
      adjusting for time-varying confounders including declining health, activities of
      daily living, and reduced social support. Becoming edentate was also associated
      with decreases in quality of life and life satisfaction. Discussion: A
      deterioration in oral health and oral health-related quality of life increases
      the risk of depressive symptoms among older adults and highlights the importance
      of oral health as a determinant of subjective well-being in later life.

PMID- 26970525
TI  - rAAV-mediated combined gene transfer and overexpression of TGF-beta and SOX9
      remodels human osteoarthritic articular cartilage.
AB  - Direct administration of therapeutic candidate gene sequences using the safe and
      effective recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors is a promising
      strategy to stimulate the biologic activities of articular chondrocytes as an
      adapted tool to treat human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. In the present study,
      we developed a combined gene transfer approach based on the co-delivery of the
      pleiotropic transformation growth factor beta (TGF-beta) with the specific
      transcription factor SOX9 via rAAV to human normal and OA chondrocytes in vitro
      and cartilage explants in situ in light of the mitogenic and pro-anabolic
      properties of these factors. Effective, durable co-overexpression of TGF-beta and
      SOX9 significantly enhanced the levels of cell proliferation both in human normal
      and OA chondrocytes and cartilage explants over an extended period of time (21
      days), while stimulating the biosynthesis of key matrix components
      (proteoglycans, type-II collagen) compared with control conditions (reporter lacZ
      gene transfer, absence of vector treatment). Of further note, expression of
      hypertrophic type-X collagen significantly decreased following co-treatment by
      the candidate vectors. The present findings show the value of combining the
      transfer and expression of potent candidate factors in human OA cartilage as a
      means to re-establish essential features of normal cartilage and counteract the
      pathological shift of homeostasis. These observations support the concept of
      developing dual therapeutic rAAV gene transfer strategies as future, adapted
      tools for the direct treatment of human OA. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research
      Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2181-2190, 2016.

PMID- 26970530
TI  - Porcine circovirus type 2 protective epitope densely carried by chimeric papaya
      ringspot virus-like particles expressed in Escherichia coli as a cost-effective
      vaccine manufacture alternative.
AB  - Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) still represents a major problem to the swine
      industry worldwide, causing high mortality rates in infected animals. Virus-like
      particles (VLPs) have gained attention for vaccine development, serving both as
      scaffolds for epitope expression and immune response enhancers. The commercial
      subunit vaccines against PCV2 consist of VLPs formed by the self-assembly of PCV2
      capsid protein (CP) expressed in the baculovirus vector system. In this work, a
      PCV2 protective epitope was inserted into three different regions of papaya
      ringspot virus (PRSV) CP, namely, the N- and C-termini and a predicted antigenic
      region located near the N-terminus. Wild-type and chimeric CPs were modeled in
      silico, expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and visualized by transmission
      electron microscopy. This is the first report that shows the formation of
      chimeric VLPs using PRSV as epitope-presentation scaffold. Moreover, it was found
      that PCV2 epitope localization strongly influences VLP length. Also, the
      estimated yields of the chimeric VLPs at a small-scale level ranged between 65
      and 80 mg/L of culture medium. Finally, the three chimeric VLPs induced high
      levels of immunoglobulin G against the PCV2 epitope in immunized BALB/c mice,
      suggesting that these chimeric VLPs can be used for swine immunoprophylaxis
      against PCV2.

PMID- 26970526
TI  - Extended-Release Once-Daily Formulation of Tofacitinib: Evaluation of
      Pharmacokinetics Compared With Immediate-Release Tofacitinib and Impact of Food.
AB  - Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid
      arthritis. An extended-release (XR) formulation has been designed to provide a
      once-daily (QD) dosing option to patients to achieve comparable pharmacokinetic
      (PK) parameters to the twice-daily immediate-release (IR) formulation. We
      conducted 2 randomized, open-label, phase 1 studies in healthy volunteers. Study
      A characterized single-dose and steady-state PK of tofacitinib XR 11 mg QD and
      intended to demonstrate equivalence of exposure under single-dose and steady
      state conditions to tofacitinib IR 5 mg twice daily. Study B assessed the effect
      of a high-fat meal on the bioavailability of tofacitinib from the XR formulation.
      Safety and tolerability were monitored in both studies. In study A (N = 24), the
      XR and IR formulations achieved time to maximum plasma concentration at 4 hours
      and 0.5 hours postdose, respectively; terminal half-life was 5.9 hours and 3.2
      hours, respectively. Area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum
      plasma concentration (Cmax ) after single- and multiple-dose administration were
      equivalent between the XR and IR formulations. In study B (N = 24), no difference
      in AUC was observed for fed vs fasted conditions. Cmax increased by 27% under the
      fed state. On repeat administration, negligible accumulation (<20%) of systemic
      exposures was observed for both formulations. Steady state was achieved within 48
      hours of dosing with the XR formulation. Tofacitinib administration as an XR or
      IR formulation was generally well tolerated in these studies.

PMID- 26970531
TI  - Screening of the anthocyanin profile and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition by
      anthocyanin-containing extracts of fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The phytotherapic treatment of overweight and/or moderate obesity is
      growing widely, thus there is a great interest towards the phenolic compounds of
      fruits and vegetables which may inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme. In this study,
      we report the chemical composition and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory
      activity of 13 freeze-dried anthocyanin-containing extracts of different
      Mediterranean plants: fruits (blood orange, pomegranate, blackberry, mulberry and
      sumac), citrus by-products (blood orange peel), citrus vegetative tissues (young
      lemon shoots); vegetables (red cabbage and violet cauliflower), legume seeds
      (black bean), cereals (black rice), and cereal processing by-products (black rice
      hull). Total phenols and anthocyanins were determined. Individual anthocyanins
      were identified by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn . RESULTS: Results revealed a wide variation
      in the distribution of anthocyanin compounds. Blood orange and pomegranate juice
      extracts had the highest total anthocyanin content and exhibited the strongest
      inhibition of pancreatic lipase in vitro. CONCLUSION: Inhibitory activity was
      positively correlated with anthocyanin content. In appropriate formulations,
      anthocyanin-containing extracts could find a use as anti-obesity agents. (c) 2016
      Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 26970532
TI  - Combined Left Atrial Appendage Closure and Pacemaker Implant through a Single
      Right Femoral Vein Access.
AB  - Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure is indicated in patients with atrial
      fibrillation (AF) and high bleeding as well as thromboembolic risks. A subgroup
      of these patients may also present an indication for a single-chamber permanent
      pacemaker due to symptomatic low-rate AF or when "ablate and pace" strategy is
      indicated for rate control. A miniaturized wireless transcatheter pacing system
      (TPS) is now available as a single-chamber permanent pacemaker. This case
      presents how combined LAA closure and permanent pacemaker implant, by means of
      TPS, is feasible through a single femoral venous access. 

PMID- 26970535
TI  - Repeated ischaemic preconditioning: a novel therapeutic intervention and
      potential underlying mechanisms.
AB  - What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the effects of repeated
      exposure of tissue to ischaemic preconditioning on cardiovascular function, the
      attendant adaptations and their potential clinical relevance. What advances does
      it highlight? We discuss the effects of episodic exposure to ischaemic
      preconditioning to prevent and/or attenuate ischaemic injury and summarize
      evidence pertaining to improvements in cardiovascular function and structure.
      Discussion is provided regarding the potential mechanisms that contribute to both
      local and systemic adaptation. Findings suggest that clinical benefits result
      from both the prevention of ischaemic events and the attenuation of their
      consequences. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) refers to the phenomenon whereby
      short periods of cyclical tissue ischaemia confer subsequent protection against
      ischaemia-induced injury. As a consequence, IPC can ameliorate the myocardial
      damage following infarction and can reduce infarct size. The ability of IPC to
      confer remote protection makes IPC a potentially feasible cardioprotective
      strategy. In this review, we discuss the concept that repeated exposure of tissue
      to IPC may increase the 'dose' of protection and subsequently lead to enhanced
      protection against ischaemia-induced myocardial injury. This may be relevant for
      clinical populations, who demonstrate attenuated efficacy of IPC to prevent or
      attenuate ischaemic injury (and therefore myocardial infarct size). Furthermore,
      episodic IPC facilitates repeated exposure to local (e.g. shear stress) and
      systemic stimuli (e.g. hormones, cytokines, blood-borne substances), which may
      induce improvement in vascular function and health. Such adaptation may
      contribute to prevention of cardio- and cerebrovascular events. The clinical
      benefits of repeated IPC may, therefore, result from both the prevention of
      ischaemic events and the attenuation of their consequences. We provide an
      overview of the literature pertaining to the impact of repeated IPC on
      cardiovascular function, related to both local and remote adaptation, as well as
      potential clinical implications.

PMID- 26970533
TI  - Rituximab extended schedule or retreatment trial for low tumour burden non
      follicular indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Eastern Cooperative Oncology
      Group Protocol E4402.
AB  - The rituximab extended schedule or retreatment trial (RESORT; E4402) was a phase
      3 randomized prospective trial comparing maintenance rituximab (MR) versus a
      retreatment (RR) dosing strategy in asymptomatic, low tumour burden indolent
      lymphoma. A planned exploratory sub-study compared the two strategies for small
      lymphocytic (SLL) and marginal zone lymphomas (MZL). Patients responding to
      rituximab weekly * 4 were randomized to MR (single dose rituximab every 3 months
      until treatment failure) or RR (rituximab weekly * 4) at the time of each
      progression until treatment failure. The primary endpoint was time to treatment
      failure (TTTF). Patients with SLL (n = 57), MZL (n = 71) and unclassifiable small
      B-cell lymphoma (n = 3) received induction rituximab. The overall response rate
      (ORR) was 40% [95% confidence interval (CI) 31-49%; SLL ORR 22.8%; MZL ORR
      52.1%]; all 52 responders were randomized. At a median of 4.3 years from
      randomization, treatment failure occurred in 18/23 RR and 15/29 MR. The median
      TTTF was 1.4 years for RR and 4.8 years for MR (P = 0.012); median time to first
      cytotoxic therapy was 6.3 years for RR and not reached for MR (P = 0.0002).
      Survival did not differ (P = 0.72). In low tumour burden SLL and MZL patients
      responding to rituximab induction, MR significantly improved TTTF as compared
      with RR.

PMID- 26970536
TI  - Delta-MELD and survival after liver transplantation: the slope matters.

PMID- 26970534
TI  - Enhanced Fibril Fragmentation of N-Terminally Truncated and Pyroglutamyl-Modified
      Abeta Peptides.
AB  - N-terminal truncation and pyroglutamyl (pE) formation are naturally occurring
      chemical modifications of the Abeta peptide in Alzheimer's disease. We show
      herein that these two modifications significantly reduce the fibril length and
      the transition midpoint of thermal unfolding of the fibrils, but they do not
      substantially perturb the fibrillary peptide conformation. This observation
      implies that the N terminus of the unmodified peptide protects Abeta fibrils
      against mechanical stress and fragmentation and explains the high propensity of
      pE-modified peptides to form small and particularly toxic aggregates. 

PMID- 26970537
TI  - A Diagnostic Dilemma: Similarity of Neuroradiological Findings in Central Nervous
      System Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Aspergillosis.
AB  - Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in the context of hemophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is not uncommon. Given the immunosuppressive nature of
      HLH therapy, infectious complications are also seen. We describe a 9-year-old
      male who developed acute neurological decline secondary to aspergillosis while
      undergoing HLH therapy. The significant overlap observed in CNS neuroimaging of
      HLH and aspergillosis and the subtleties that may help differentiate the two are
      discussed. The importance of obtaining tissue for definitive diagnosis is
      underscored.

PMID- 26970538
TI  - Defining appropriateness criteria for endoscopic sinus surgery during management
      of uncomplicated adult chronic rhinosinusitis: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Appropriate indications for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for
      chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are currently poorly defined. The lack of clear
      surgical indications for ESS likely contributes to the large geographic variation
      in surgical rates and contributes to reduced quality of care. The objective of
      this study was to define appropriateness criteria for ESS during management of
      adult patients with uncomplicated CRS. METHODS: The RAND/UCLA appropriateness
      methodology was performed. An international, multidisciplinary panel of 10
      experts in CRS was formed and completed 2 rounds of a modified Delphi ranking
      process along with a face-to-face meeting. RESULTS: A total of 624 clinical
      scenarios were ranked, 312 scenarios each for CRS with and CRS without nasal
      polyps. For adult patients with uncomplicated CRS with nasal polyps, ESS can be
      appropriately offered when the CT Lund-Mackay score is >= 1 and there has been a
      minimum trial of a topical intranasal corticosteroid plus a short-course of
      systemic corticosteroid with a post-treatment total SNOT-22 score >= 20. For
      adult patients with uncomplicated CRS without nasal polyps, ESS can be
      appropriately offered when the CT Lund-Mackay score is >= 1 and there has been a
      minimum trial of a topical intranasal corticosteroid plus either a short-course
      of a broad spectrum/culture-directed systemic antibiotic or the use of a
      prolonged course of systemic low-dose anti-inflammatory antibiotic with a post
      treatment total SNOT-22 score >= 20. CONCLUSION: This study has developed and
      reported of list of appropriateness criteria to offer ESS as a treatment "option"
      during management of uncomplicated adult CRS. The extent or technique of ESS was
      not addressed in this study and will depend on surgeon and patient factors.
      Furthermore, these criteria are the minimal threshold to make ESS a treatment
      "option" and do not imply that all patients meeting these criteria require
      surgery. The decision to perform ESS should be made after an informed patient
      makes a preference-sensitive decision to proceed with surgery. Applying these
      appropriateness criteria for ESS may optimize patient selection, reduce the
      incidence of unwarranted surgery, and assist clinicians in providing high
      quality, patient-centered care to patients with CRS.

PMID- 26970539
TI  - Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Compounds: Photocatalysts for Redox Reactions and
      Solar Fuel Production.
AB  - Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials formed from bi-
      or multipodal organic linkers and transition-metal nodes. Some MOFs have high
      structural stability, combined with large flexibility in design and post
      synthetic modification. MOFs can be photoresponsive through light absorption by
      the organic linker or the metal oxide nodes. Photoexcitation of the light
      absorbing units in MOFs often generates a ligand-to-metal charge-separation state
      that can result in photocatalytic activity. In this Review we discuss the
      advantages and uniqueness that MOFs offer in photocatalysis. We present the best
      practices to determine photocatalytic activity in MOFs and for the deposition of
      co-catalysts. In particular we give examples showing the photocatalytic activity
      of MOFs in H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, photooxygenation, and photoreduction.

PMID- 26970540
TI  - Long-term recovery of muscle strength after denervation in the fibular division
      of the sciatic nerve.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The probability and degree of muscle recovery after lesions of long
      peripheral nerves have not been assessed quantitatively. METHODS: Twelve adults
      with closed injuries of the fibular division of the sciatic nerve with complete
      denervation of associated muscles were followed-up for 2-10 years. The onset of
      reinnervation was detected electromyographically. Calf circumference and maximum
      voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of foot dorsiflexion were measured on both
      sides during 2-4 visits. RESULTS: Reinnervation occurred in 11 patients after an
      average of 13 months. MVIC on the affected side was 2%-27% of that on the
      unaffected side (average 11%) and remained stable for the following 2-3 years.
      Correlations and mixed-model regressions confirmed that the degree of recovery
      was negatively associated with duration of denervation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Reinnervation occurs in about 90% of patients within about 1 year. About 10% of
      baseline dorsiflexion strength is permanently recovered, which is functionally
      relevant. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 54: -, 2016 Muscle Nerve 54: 702-708,
      2016.

PMID- 26970541
TI  - Two cases of kidney transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy
      successfully treated with eculizumab.
AB  - Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is relatively rare
      and requires immediate intervention to avoid irreversible organ damage or death;
      however, consensus regarding the treatment approach is lacking. Atypical
      haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease caused by dysregulation of
      the alternative complement pathway resulting in TMA. aHUS is histologically
      similar to TA-TMA; approximately 60% of TA-TMA patients have complement
      dysregulation. Eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, inhibits
      terminal membrane-attack complex formation and TMA progression. Eculizumab has
      been successfully used to treat aHUS post-transplant. We present two cases of
      kidney TA-TMA due to unknown causes, suspected antibody-mediated rejection, or
      calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-related toxicity that developed on day 1 or 2 post
      kidney transplantation. Low platelet count and haemoglobin level with red cell
      fragments were detected. Despite steroid pulse, plasma exchange (PE), and
      intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, TA-TMA did not improve; therefore, eculizumab
      was administered despite no genetic testing. Laboratory data, including renal
      function, improved immediately. TA-TMA treatment primarily involves PE initiation
      or CNI discontinuation; eculizumab can be used to safely treat TA-TMA and then be
      ceased in the short term. Therefore, eculizumab administration might be
      beneficial for kidney TA-TMA as early as the diagnosis of refractory to PE. 

PMID- 26970542
TI  - How do pregnant women justify smoking? A qualitative study with implications for
      nurses' and midwives' anti-tobacco interventions.
AB  - AIM: To research the subjective lay justifications expressed by smoking pregnant
      women to explain why they use cigarettes during pregnancy and to determine a
      typology for these justifications. BACKGROUND: Smoking pregnant mothers'
      awareness of the detrimental effects of smoking on foetal health frequently is a
      source of stress and cognitive dissonance (stemming from the contrast between
      viewing themselves as responsible mothers and smokers). One possible way to
      reduce these unpleasant feelings is acceptance or creation of beliefs allowing
      them to explain rationally why they continue this behaviour during pregnancy.
      DESIGN: Qualitative design. METHODS: Thematic analysis of the content of posts
      from the three largest Polish parenting on-line forums written between the time
      they were founded and 12 November 2012. The data were collected between September
      - October 2012. During the analysis of the selected 73 posts, each of which
      included subjective explanations of smoking during pregnancy, 151 fragments, each
      containing one lay justification, were identified and analysed. FINDINGS: Thirty
      five subthemes of lay justifications assigned to two main themes were developed.
      The first main theme includes convictions that undermine the need to break the
      nicotine addiction and the positive aspects resulting from quitting. The second
      main theme comprises beliefs that question the possibility to abstain from
      smoking and exaggerate the barriers in the process of quitting. CONCLUSIONS: The
      creation of a typology of lay justifications might help nurses and midwives
      perform more effective anti-tobacco interventions geared specifically towards the
      thought patterns typical of pregnant women.

PMID- 26970543
TI  - Hired crop worker injuries on farms in the United States: A comparison of two
      survey periods from the National Agricultural Workers Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hired crop workers in the United States are at high risk of
      occupational injury. Targeted surveillance is important for effective
      occupational safety efforts. METHODS: The National Agricultural Workers Survey
      was utilized to collect injury data during the years 1999, 2002-2004 (period I)
      and 2008-2010 (period II). RESULTS: The overall injury rate declined between the
      two periods from 4.3 to 2.9/100 per full-time week-based equivalents (FTEWB ).
      Injury rates remained high during both periods for those with greater than 20
      years farm experience (3.6 and 3.8/100 FTEWB ) and pesticide handling work (4.9
      and 5.0/100 FTEWB ). Overexertion, contact with objects and equipment, and falls
      from height were common during both periods. Older workers comprised a greater
      proportion of injury cases in period II. CONCLUSION: Overexertion that leads to
      sprains/strains, dangerous ladder use, and pesticide use should be targeted as
      important risk exposures on the farm.

PMID- 26970544
TI  - Characterization of equine cytochrome P450: role of CYP3A in the metabolism of
      diazepam.
AB  - Research on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in large animal species
      including the horse is scarce because of the challenges in conducting in vivo
      studies. The metabolic reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are central
      to drug pharmacokinetics. This study elucidated the characteristics of equine
      CYPs using diazepam (DZP) as a model compound as this drug is widely used as an
      anesthetic and sedative in horses, and is principally metabolized by CYPs.
      Diazepam metabolic activities were measured in vitro using horse and rat liver
      microsomes to clarify the species differences in enzyme kinetic parameters of
      each metabolite (temazepam [TMZ], nordiazepam [NDZ], p-hydroxydiazepam [p-OH
      DZP], and oxazepam [OXZ]). In both species microsomes, TMZ was the major
      metabolite, but the formation rate of p-OH-DZP was significantly less in the
      horse. Inhibition assays with a CYP-specific inhibitors and antibody suggested
      that CYP3A was the main enzyme responsible for DZP metabolism in horse. Four
      recombinant equine CYP3A isoforms expressed in Cos-7 cells showed that CYP3A96,
      CYP3A94, and CYP3A89 were important for TMZ formation, whereas CYP3A97 exhibited
      more limited activity. Phylogenetic analysis suggested diversification of CYP3As
      in each mammalian order. Further study is needed to elucidate functional
      characteristics of each equine CYP3A isoform for effective use of diazepam in
      horses. 

PMID- 26970545
TI  - Biodegradation of phthalate esters by newly isolated Rhizobium sp. LMB-1 and its
      biochemical pathway of di-n-butyl phthalate.
AB  - AIMS: To isolate a novel strain that could degrade many kinds PAEs efficiently
      and investigate the DBP-degrading pathway in this strain. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain was identified as Rhizobium sp.
      This strain, named LMB-1, can also utilize phthalates, such as DEHP, DMP, DBP and
      DEP. During the degradation of DBP, six possible metabolites, diethyl phthalate,
      mono-ethyl phthalate, di-methyl phthalate, mono-methyl phthalate, phthalic acid
      and tartaric acid, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC
      MS) analysis, and the degradation pathway of DBP was also identified in this
      study. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, strain LMB-1, identified as Rhizobium sp., was
      found to be capable of efficiently degrading PAEs, and it was determined that the
      strain degraded DMP completely within 45 h. DEP, DMP, MEP, MMP, PA and tartaric
      acid were detected during the course of DBP degradation by LMB-1. We propose that
      this strain could completely degrade DBP or other PAEs. Our results offer a novel
      and potential candidate, Rhizobium sp. LMB-1, for use in the bioremediation of
      cultivated soil contaminated by PAEs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This
      is the first report concerning the complete degradation of phthalate esters by
      Rhizobium sp.

PMID- 26970547
TI  - Flutamide-induced photoleukomelanoderma.

PMID- 26970546
TI  - Maternal residential exposure to agricultural pesticides and birth defects in a
      2003 to 2005 North Carolina birth cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Birth defects are responsible for a large proportion of disability
      and infant mortality. Exposure to a variety of pesticides have been linked to
      increased risk of birth defects. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to
      estimate the associations between a residence-based metric of agricultural
      pesticide exposure and birth defects. We linked singleton live birth records for
      2003 to 2005 from the North Carolina (NC) State Center for Health Statistics to
      data from the NC Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Included women had residence
      at delivery inside NC and infants with gestational ages from 20 to 44 weeks (n =
      304,906). Pesticide exposure was assigned using a previously constructed metric,
      estimating total chemical exposure (pounds of active ingredient) based on crops
      within 500 meters of maternal residence, specific dates of pregnancy, and
      chemical application dates based on the planting/harvesting dates of each crop.
      Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence
      intervals for four categories of exposure (<10(th) , 10-50(th) , 50-90(th) , and
      >90(th) percentiles) compared with unexposed. Models were adjusted for maternal
      race, age at delivery, education, marital status, and smoking status. RESULTS: We
      observed elevated ORs for congenital heart defects and certain structural defects
      affecting the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems (e.g.,
      OR [95% confidence interval] [highest exposure vs. unexposed] for tracheal
      esophageal fistula/esophageal atresia = 1.98 [0.69, 5.66], and OR for atrial
      septal defects: 1.70 [1.34, 2.14]). CONCLUSION: Our results provide some evidence
      of associations between residential exposure to agricultural pesticides and
      several birth defects phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:240-249,
      2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26970548
TI  - Understanding baby boomer workers' well-being in Australia.
AB  - AIMS: The baby boomer generation poses challenges to understand how to enhance
      both the well-being and the continuing workforce participation of older workers.
      We sought to explore the role of social relations both at work and in other
      domains of life, in relation to the health and well-being of the baby boomer
      workforce in Australia. METHODS: Employed participants (n = 743) born 1946-1965
      inclusive provided information about their work environment, financial security
      and loneliness. Regressions were used to explore the relationships of those
      variables to well-being (work-life interference, absenteeism, job satisfaction,
      life satisfaction, health and psychological distress). RESULTS: Social
      environment indicators especially supervisor support and worker loneliness
      reliably increased the variance explained by demographics and work demands and
      control, in well-being outcomes. CONCLUSION: To maintain the well-being and
      workforce participation of baby boomer generation workers, employers need to
      attend to creating worker-friendly environments.

PMID- 26970549
TI  - Making themselves at home: Support needs of older Germans in Australia.
AB  - AIM: This paper explores the experiences of older German Australians, with a
      focus on their support needs and preferences in later life. METHODS: Data were
      collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews. Data analysis
      incorporated a systematic concept matrix approach to content analysis. RESULTS:
      The findings of the study indicate that older German Australians have adapted
      well to the Australian way of life. Their high English language proficiency
      allowed them to source services without the barrier of language often reported in
      studies of older migrants. They did not show high interest in ethno-specific
      services. CONCLUSION: Few studies have been conducted on older German
      Australians, and none focuses specifically on their experience of ageing in
      Australia. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on older migrants and,
      specifically, on those for whom language is not necessarily a major obstacle to
      obtaining aged care information or services.

PMID- 26970550
TI  - The refugee crisis in Europe: will it increase disparity in women's health?

PMID- 26970551
TI  - Inter-hospital variations in labor induction and outcomes for nullipara: an
      Australian population-based linkage study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe variation in inter-hospital induction
      of labor (IOL) rates, determine whether variation is explained by individual and
      hospital factors and examine birth outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nullipara at
      term with a singleton cephalic birth were identified using linked hospital
      discharge and birth data for 66 hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, 2010
      2011. Random effects multilevel logistic regression models were fitted for early
      term, full term, and late term births, adjusting for individual and hospital
      factors. Hospital intrapartum cesarean rates, and severe maternal and neonatal
      morbidity outcomes were determined according to hospital IOL rate. RESULTS: Of 69
      549 nullipara, 24 673 (35%) had an IOL. For early term births, adjusted hospital
      IOL (aIOL) rates varied (3.3-13.9%), with 11 of 66 (17%) hospitals having aIOL
      rates significantly different from the average aIOL rate. For births at full
      term, the hospital aIOL rates varied (10.6-32.6%), with 29 hospitals (44%) having
      aIOL rates significantly different from the average aIOL rate. For late term
      births, the hospital aIOL rates varied (45.1-67.5%), with 11 hospitals (17%)
      having aIOL rates significantly different from the overall average aIOL rate for
      women with late term births. There was generally no relationship between higher
      or lower hospital IOL rates and intrapartum cesarean section rates, or maternal
      or neonatal adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Inter-hospital IOL rates for nullipara
      with a singleton cephalic term birth had high unexplained variation, with no
      clear association with intrapartum cesarean section rates, or maternal or
      neonatal adverse outcomes.

PMID- 26970552
TI  - Obstetrical outcome in women with urinary tract infections in childhood.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTI) during childhood can result in
      permanent renal damage, with possible implications for future pregnancies. The
      aim of this prospective study was to investigate pregnancy outcomes in women
      followed after their first UTI in childhood. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 72
      parous women was followed from their first UTI in childhood up to a median age of
      41 years. Clinical data were obtained from antenatal and hospital records. Renal
      damage was evaluated by a (99m) Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. Pregnancy blood
      pressure (BP), complications and UTIs were compared between women with and
      without renal damage. RESULTS: All women completed the investigations, 48 with
      and 24 without renal damage. No woman, irrespective of presence or absence of
      renal damage, was diagnosed with hypertension before the first pregnancy.
      Pregnancy-related hypertension was diagnosed in 10 of 151 pregnancies, all in
      women with renal damage. Preeclampsia occurred in four women. Women with renal
      damage had significantly higher systolic BP measured at the last antenatal visit
      of their first pregnancy, compared with women without renal damage (p = 0.005).
      During subsequent pregnancies both systolic and diastolic BP were significantly
      higher in women with than without renal damage (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: In this population-based follow-up study we found a
      large proportion of women with renal damage after UTI in childhood. Women with
      renal damage had significantly higher BP during pregnancy compared with women
      without renal damage. Pregnancy-related hypertension was recorded only in women
      with renal damage. However, pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, were
      few.

PMID- 26970553
TI  - Site-Selective Acylations with Tailor-Made Catalysts.
AB  - The acylation of alcohols catalyzed by N,N-dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP) is,
      despite its widespread use, sometimes confronted with substrate-specific
      problems: For example, target compounds with multiple hydroxy groups may show
      insufficient selectivity for one hydroxyl, and the resulting product mixtures are
      hardly separable. Here we describe a concept that aims at tailor-made catalysts
      for the site-specific acylation. To this end, we introduce a catalyst library
      where each entry is constructed by connecting a variable and readily tuned
      peptide scaffold with a catalytically active unit based on DMAP. For selected
      examples, we demonstrate how library screening leads to the identification of
      optimized catalysts, and the substrates of interest can be converted with a
      markedly enhanced site-selectivity compared with only DMAP. Furthermore,
      substrate-optimized catalysts of this type can be used to selectively convert
      "their" substrate in the presence of structurally similar compounds, an important
      requisite for reactions with mixtures of substances. 

PMID- 26970554
TI  - Laryngeal examination in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: An American Head and
      Neck Society consensus statement: AHNS Consensus Statement.
AB  - This American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) consensus statement discusses the
      techniques of laryngeal examination for patients undergoing thyroidectomy and
      parathyroidectomy. It is intended to help guide all clinicians who diagnose or
      manage adult patients with thyroid disease for whom surgery is indicated,
      contemplated, or has been performed. This consensus statement concludes that
      flexible transnasal laryngoscopy is the optimal laryngeal examination technique,
      with other techniques including laryngeal ultrasound and stroboscopy being useful
      in selected scenarios. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 811-819,
      2016.

PMID- 26970555
TI  - Vitamin D supplementation for childhood atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 26970557
TI  - Prevalence of a positive TORCH and parvovirus B19 screening in pregnancies
      complicated by polyhydramnios.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of women with
      polyhydramnios who eventually screened positive to infectious disease by serum
      screening testing for TORCH and parvovirus B19. METHODS: This is a retrospective
      observational study on singleton pregnancies with a diagnosis of polyhydramnios
      and who had serum screening for TORCH and parvovirus B19. Patients were followed
      with serial ultrasounds between 2006 and 2013. Maternal characteristics, medical
      and obstetric history were reviewed. Ultrasound parameters, including amniotic
      fluid index and fetal anomalies, and the results of serologic tests were
      reviewed. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety patients met the inclusion criteria. Of
      these, 56 (19%) presented one of the following pathological conditions associated
      with polyhydramnios: diabetes (13% of total cases), obstructive gastrointestinal
      lesions (5%), Rhesus isoimmunization (0.3%), chromosomal abnormalities or genetic
      syndromes (1%). Among the remaining 234 patients, only three had a positive test
      result for infectious disease (1%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0-4%): two women
      were positive for parvovirus B19 and one for toxoplasmosis infection. In none of
      them the fetus was affected, as confirmed by serum testing after birth and by 3
      years follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious disease screening does not seem
      beneficial in pregnancies with isolated polyhydramnios.

PMID- 26970556
TI  - Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT): an
      emerging tool for rapid, high-resolution, 3-D imaging of metazoan soft tissues.
AB  - Morphologists have historically had to rely on destructive procedures to
      visualize the three-dimensional (3-D) anatomy of animals. More recently, however,
      non-destructive techniques have come to the forefront. These include X-ray
      computed tomography (CT), which has been used most commonly to examine the
      mineralized, hard-tissue anatomy of living and fossil metazoans. One relatively
      new and potentially transformative aspect of current CT-based research is the use
      of chemical agents to render visible, and differentiate between, soft-tissue
      structures in X-ray images. Specifically, iodine has emerged as one of the most
      widely used of these contrast agents among animal morphologists due to its ease
      of handling, cost effectiveness, and differential affinities for major types of
      soft tissues. The rapid adoption of iodine-based contrast agents has resulted in
      a proliferation of distinct specimen preparations and scanning parameter choices,
      as well as an increasing variety of imaging hardware and software preferences.
      Here we provide a critical review of the recent contributions to iodine-based,
      contrast-enhanced CT research to enable researchers just beginning to employ
      contrast enhancement to make sense of this complex new landscape of
      methodologies. We provide a detailed summary of recent case studies, assess
      factors that govern success at each step of the specimen storage, preparation,
      and imaging processes, and make recommendations for standardizing both techniques
      and reporting practices. Finally, we discuss potential cutting-edge applications
      of diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) and the
      issues that must still be overcome to facilitate the broader adoption of diceCT
      going forward.

PMID- 26970558
TI  - Mechanistic study of the anti-cancer effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins
      in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model.
AB  - Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins (GpS) have been shown to have anti-cancer
      activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we
      used the Apc(Min) (/+) colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model to investigate the
      anti-cancer effect of GpS and we demonstrated that GpS treatment could
      significantly reduce the number and size of intestinal polyps in Apc(Min) (/+)
      mice. In order to identify the potential targets and mechanisms involved, a
      comparative proteomics analysis was performed and 40 differentially expressed
      proteins after GpS treatment were identified. Bioinformatics analyses suggested a
      majority of these proteins were involved in processes related to cellular redox
      homeostasis, and predicted Raf-1 as a potential target of GpS. The upregulation
      of two proteins known to be involved in redox homeostasis, peroxiredoxin-1
      (Prdx1) and peroxiredoxin-2 (Prdx2), and the downregulation of Raf-1 were
      validated using Western blot analysis. After further investigation of the
      associated signaling networks, we postulated that the anti-cancer effect of GpS
      was mediated through the upregulation of Prdx1 and Prdx2, suppression of Ras,
      RAF/MEK/ERK/STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and modulation of JNK/p38 MAPK
      signaling. We also examined the potential combinatorial effect of GpS with the
      chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and found that GpS could enhance the anti
      cancer efficacy of 5-FU, further suppressing the number of polyps in Apc(Min/+)
      mice. Our findings highlight the potential of GpS as an anti-cancer agent, the
      potential mechanisms of its anti-cancer activities, and its effect as an adjuvant
      of 5-FU in the chemotherapy of CRC.

PMID- 26970561
TI  - The accuracy of delivery of target pressures using self-inflating bag manometers
      in a benchtop study.
AB  - AIM: We tested whether operators using manometers attached to self-inflating bags
      could accurately deliver set targeted peak inspiratory pressures (PIPs) compared
      to the Neopuff(TM) T-piece resuscitator (TPR). METHODS: Participants provided
      positive pressure ventilation to a leak-free neonatal test lung at a rate of 60
      inflations/min and a flow of 8 L/min. Participants used three manometers attached
      to self-inflating bags and a Neopuff(TM) TPR to target PIPs of 20, 30 and 40 cmH2
      O on each device. Mean PIPs delivered with each manometer were compared to the
      'gold standard' Neopuff(TM) TPR. RESULTS: In total, 13 991 inflations delivered
      by 20 participants were analysed. At all target PIPs, the mean PIP delivered
      using the Mercury Medical manometer attached to a Laerdal self-inflating bag was
      significantly higher by 5 cmH2 O (p < 0.01) than the Neopuff(TM) TPR. The PIP
      delivered using both the Ambu(TM) and Parker Healthcare manometers attached to
      their respective devices was similar to that delivered by the Neopuff(TM) TPR at
      all targeted PIPs. CONCLUSION: Accurately targeted PIPs can be achieved when a
      manometer specifically designed for use on a self-inflating bag is used during
      manual ventilation. This may be useful in settings where access to a Neopuff(TM)
      TPR or a gas flow source is limited.

PMID- 26970560
TI  - A post-GWAS confirming the SCD gene associated with milk medium- and long-chain
      unsaturated fatty acids in Chinese Holstein population.
AB  - The stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase) gene encodes a key enzyme in the
      cellular biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. In our initial genome-wide
      association study (GWAS) of Chinese Holstein cows, 19 SNPs fell in a 1.8-Mb
      region (20.3-22.1 Mb) on chromosome 26 underlying the SCD gene and were highly
      significantly associated with C14:1 or C14 index. The aims of this study were to
      verify whether the SCD gene has significant genetic effects on milk fatty acid
      composition in dairy cattle. By resequencing the entire coding region of the
      bovine SCD gene, a total of six variations were identified, including three
      coding variations (g.10153G>A, g.10213T>C and g.10329C>T) and three intronic
      variations (g.6926A>G, g.8646G>A and g.16158G>C). The SNP in exon 3, g.10329C>T,
      was predicted to result in an amino acid replacement from alanine (GCG) to valine
      (GTG) in the SCD protein. An association study for 16 milk fatty acids using 346
      Chinese Holstein cows with accurate phenotypes and genotypes was performed using
      the mixed animal model with the proc mixed procedure in sas 9.2. All six detected
      SNPs were revealed to be associated with six medium- and long-chain unsaturated
      fatty acids (P = 0.0457 to P < 0.0001), specifically for C14:1 and C14 index (P =
      0.0005 to P < 0.0001). Subsequently, strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.88
      1.00) was observed among all six SNPs in SCD and the five SNPs (rs41623887,
      rs109923480, rs42090224, rs42092174 and rs42091426) within the 1.8-Mb region
      identified in our previous GWAS, indicating that the significant association of
      the SCD gene with milk fatty acid content traits reduced the observed significant
      1.8-Mb chromosome region in GWAS. Haplotype-based analysis revealed significant
      associations of the haplotypes encompassing the six SCD SNPs and one SNP
      (rs109923480) in a GWAS with C14:1, C14 index, C16:1 and C16 index (P = 0.0011 to
      P < 0.0001). In summary, our findings provide replicate evidence for our previous
      GWAS and demonstrate that variants in the SCD gene are significantly associated
      with milk fatty acid composition in dairy cattle, which provides clear evidence
      for an increased understanding of milk fatty acid synthesis and enhances
      opportunities to improve milk-fat composition in dairy cattle. 

PMID- 26970559
TI  - Clinical and treatment factors determining long-term outcomes for adult survivors
      of childhood low-grade glioma: A population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The determinants of outcomes for adult survivors of pediatric low
      grade glioma (PLGG) are largely unknown. METHODS: This study collected population
      based follow-up information for all PLGG patients diagnosed in Ontario, Canada
      from 1985 to 2012 (n = 1202) and determined factors affecting survival. The
      impact of upfront radiation treatment on overall survival (OS) was determined for
      a cohort of Ontario patients and an independent reference cohort from the
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. RESULTS: At a median follow
      up of 12.73 years (range, 0.02-33 years), only 93 deaths (7.7%) were recorded,
      and the 20-year OS rate was 90.1% +/- 1.1%. Children with neurofibromatosis type
      1 had excellent survival and no tumor-related deaths during adulthood. Adverse
      risk factors included pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (P < .001) and a thalamic
      location (P < .001). For patients with unresectable tumors surviving more than 5
      years after the diagnosis, upfront radiotherapy was associated with an
      approximately 3-fold increased risk of overall late deaths (hazard ratio [HR],
      3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-6.6; P = .001) and an approximately 4-fold
      increased risk of tumor-related deaths (HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3-14.6; P = .013). In
      a multivariate analysis, radiotherapy was the most significant factor associated
      with late all-cause deaths (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3-7.0; P = .012) and tumor-related
      deaths (HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3-14.6; P = 0.014). A similar association between
      radiotherapy and late deaths was observed in the independent reference cohort (P
      < .001). In contrast to early deaths, late mortality was associated not with PLGG
      progression but rather with tumor transformation and non-oncological causes.
      CONCLUSIONS: The course of PLGG is associated with excellent long-term survival,
      but this is hampered by increased delayed mortality in patients receiving upfront
      radiotherapy. These observations should be considered when treatment options are
      being weighed for these patients.

PMID- 26970562
TI  - Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation following Alcohol Septal Ablation for
      Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at a fourfold to
      sixfold higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) compared to the
      general population, though incidence rates among patients undergoing alcohol
      septal ablation (ASA) are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was
      to evaluate atrial fibrillation incidence following ASA. METHODS: We studied 132
      consecutive HCM patients without comorbid AF that underwent 154 ASA procedures.
      The incidence of AF in follow-up was assessed through chart abstraction including
      electrocardiography. Survival free of AF was estimated using Kaplan-Meier
      methodology. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of 3.6 +/- 2.7 years (maximum 11.3
      years), 10 (7.6%) patients developed new-onset AF. Of those who developed AF,
      both resting and provoked left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients had
      improved significantly (difference -79.78 mm Hg, P <= 0.005). Severity of mitral
      regurgitation improved in 7 (70%) patients. Survival free of AF was estimated to
      be 99.1%, 93.7%, and 91.7% at 1, 3, and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite relieving
      LVOT obstruction and improving mitral regurgitation severity via ASA, new-onset
      AF remained a common complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 26970563
TI  - Identification of potential breast cancer markers in nipple discharge by protein
      profile analysis using two-dimensional nano-liquid
      chromatography/nanoelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.
AB  - PURPOSE: This research aimed to establish a diagnostic technique for breast
      cancer using nipple discharge (ND), with the objective of preventive diagnosis.
      ND has been proposed as a source of secreted proteomes that reflect early
      pathological changes in the ductal-lobular epithelial microenvironment, and could
      thus provide breast-specific cancer biomarkers that could be accessed
      noninvasively as a new clinical diagnostic technique. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Minute
      amounts of ND from patients with and without breast cancer (n = 19 and 12,
      respectively) were collected at the hospital and kept frozen until just before
      use. They were analyzed using high-pH RP peptide fractionations/low-pH RP 2D nano
      LC/ESI-MS/MS. Biomarker candidates were also investigated using Western blot
      analysis and sandwich ELISA on ND and/or sera. RESULTS: We found distinct
      tendencies in protein expression and three candidate breast cancer biomarkers
      (carbonic anhydrase 2, catalase, and peroxiredoxin-2) whose levels differed
      significantly between ND specimens from patients with and without breast cancer.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These tendencies in protein expression and
      markers provide new ways to identify breast cancer patients. Therefore, RP/RP 2D
      LC/MS/MS analyses of ND and the above three markers are supported as a new breast
      cancer diagnostic technique.

PMID- 26970564
TI  - Sodium and water intake are not affected by GABAC receptor activation in the
      lateral parabrachial nucleus of sodium-depleted rats.
AB  - The activation of GABAergic receptors, GABAA and GABAB, in the lateral
      parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases water and sodium intake in satiated and
      fluid-depleted rats. The present study investigated the presence of the GABAC
      receptor in the LPBN, its involvement in water and sodium intake, and its effects
      on cardiovascular parameters during the acute fluid depletion induced by
      furosemide combined with captopril (Furo/Cap). One group of male Wistar rats (290
      300g) with bilateral stainless steel LPBN cannulas was used to test the effects
      of a GABAC receptor agonist and antagonist on the fluid intake and cardiovascular
      parameters. We investigated the effects of bilateral LPBN injections of trans-4
      aminocrotonic acid (TACA) on the intake of water and 0.3M NaCl induced by acute
      fluid depletion (subcutaneous injection of Furo/Cap). c-Fos expression increased
      (P<0.05), suggesting LPBN neuronal activation. The injection of different doses
      of TACA (0.5, 2.0 and 160 nmol) in the LPBN did not change the sodium or water
      intake in Furo/Cap-treated rats (P>0.05). Treatment with the GABAC receptor
      antagonist (Z)-3-[(aminoiminomethyl)thio]prop-2-enoic acid sulfate (ZAPA, 10nmol)
      or with ZAPA (10nmol) plus TACA (160nmol) did not change the sodium or water
      intake compared with that for vehicle (saline) (P>0.05). Bilateral injections of
      the GABAC agonist in the LPBN of Furo/Cap-treated rats did not affect the mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) or heart rate (HR). The GABAC receptor expression in the
      LPBN was confirmed by the presence of a 50kDa band. Although LPBN neurons might
      express GABAC receptors, their activation produced no change in water and sodium
      intake or in the cardiovascular parameters in the acute fluid depletion rats.
      Therefore, the GABAC receptors in the LPBN might not interfere with fluid and
      blood pressure regulation.

PMID- 26970565
TI  - Centroid precision and orientation precision of planar localization microscopy.
AB  - The concept of localization precision, which is essential to localization
      microscopy, is formally extended from optical point sources to microscopic rigid
      bodies. Measurement functions are presented to calculate the planar pose and
      motion of microscopic rigid bodies from localization microscopy data. Physical
      lower bounds on the associated uncertainties - termed centroid precision and
      orientation precision - are derived analytically in terms of the characteristics
      of the optical measurement system and validated numerically by Monte Carlo
      simulations. The practical utility of these expressions is demonstrated
      experimentally by an analysis of the motion of a microelectromechanical
      goniometer indicated by a sparse constellation of fluorescent nanoparticles.
      Centroid precision and orientation precision, as developed here, are useful
      concepts due to the generality of the expressions and the widespread interest in
      localization microscopy for super-resolution imaging and particle tracking.

PMID- 26970566
TI  - The Presence of Vascular Mimicry Predicts High Risk of Clear Cell Renal Cell
      Carcinoma after Radical Nephrectomy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Vascular mimicry is a type of tumor cell plasticity. The aim of this
      study was to determine the prognostic value of vascular mimicry in patients with
      clear cell renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective cohort study in 387 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma
      who underwent radical nephrectomy at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University between
      2008 and 2009. Pathological features, baseline patient characteristics and
      followup data were recorded. Vascular mimicry in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
      tissue was identified by CD31-periodic acid-Schiff double staining. Univariate
      and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the impact of
      prognostic factors on recurrence-free survival. The concordance index and the
      Akaike information criterion were used to assess the predictive accuracy and
      sufficiency of different models. RESULTS: Positive vascular mimicry staining
      occurred in 25 of 387 clear cell renal cell carcinoma cases (6.5%) and it was
      associated with an increased risk of recurrence (log-rank p <0.001).
      Incorporating vascular mimicry into pT stage, Fuhrman grade and Leibovich score
      helped refine individual risk stratification. Moreover, vascular mimicry was
      identified as an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.001). It was entered into a
      nomogram together with pT stage, Fuhrman grade, tumor size and necrosis. In the
      primary cohort the Harrell concordance index for the established nomogram to
      predict recurrence-free survival was slightly higher than that of the Leibovich
      model (0.850 vs. 0.823), which failed to reach statistical significance (p =
      0.158). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular mimicry could be a potential prognosticator for
      recurrence-free survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma after
      radical nephrectomy. Further external validation and functional analysis should
      be pursued to assess its potential prognostic and therapeutic values for clear
      cell renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 26970567
TI  - Prognostic impact of clinical tumor size on overall survival for subclassifying
      stages I and II vaginal cancer: A SEER analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study accessed the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results
      (SEER) database to determine if tumor size is an independent predictor of overall
      survival (OS) for patients with stages I and II vaginal cancer (VC). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We identified in the SEER database, patients with available tumor
      size having stage I or II squamous cell histology from January 2004 through
      December 2012 with minimum follow-up of six months. Univariate analyses (UA) and
      multivariable analyses (MVA) evaluated the effect of several prognostic factors,
      including tumor size, regarding OS. RESULTS: 529 SEER patients were found with
      recorded tumor sizes, of which 293 (55.4%) were stage I and 236 (44.6%) stage II.
      UA found the following significant prognostic factors of worse OS: tumor size
      >2cm (HR=1.80, p=0.02) and older age at diagnosis (p<0.001) in stage I; and tumor
      size >2cm (HR=2.13, p=0.04) and older age at diagnosis (p<0.001) in stage II.
      Estimates of 5-year OS in patients with tumor size <=2cm vs. >2cm were 79.2% vs.
      66.1% in stage I (p=0.0187) and 80.9% vs. 51.2% in stage II (p=0.0369). MVA
      confirmed about double risk of death for patients with tumor size >2cm (HRs: 1.88
      in stage I and 2.06 in stage II). CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size seems to predict OS
      outcome in patients with stages I/II VC. Further confirmatory investigations are
      recommended to firmly establish its incorporation into currently accepted staging
      criteria for these patients.

PMID- 26970568
TI  - "Doctor, can I drive?": The need for a rational approach to return to driving
      after musculoskeletal injury.

PMID- 26970569
TI  - Danhong injection attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by
      regulating p38 and NF-kappab pathway.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Danhong injection (DHI), derived from Rhizoma
      Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Labiatae, Danshen in Chinese)
      and Flos Carthami (Carthamus tinctorius L., Compositae, Salvia militiorrhiza
      Bunge), is an extensively-used Chinese material standardized clinical product for
      treatment of cardiovascular diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: Cardiac hypertrophy (CH)
      is an adaptive response of cardiomyocytes. Long-lasting cardiac hypertrophy
      results in the loss of compensation by cardiomyocytes which could ultimately
      develop into heart failure. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the
      effect and exact mechanisms of DHI on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced CH. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: H9c2 cells and male Wistar rats were stimulated by ISO in the
      present study to establish CH models in vitro and in vivo. CCk-8 assay, Western
      blot, real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), electrophoretic mobility
      shift assay (EMSA) and Echocardiography were used in the present study. RESULTS:
      DHI significantly attenuated ISO-induced CH of H9c2 cells (p<0.01). DHI decreased
      ISO-induced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
      elevation both at the mRNA and protein levels (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).
      Western blot showed that DHI down-regulated the phosphorylation of p38.
      Furthermore, we found that DHI inhibited the nuclear translocation and activation
      of NF-kappab. Echocardiography from ISO-induced CH rats showed that DHI
      significantly decreased left ventricle (LV) mass, the thickness of the LV end
      systolic posterior wall (LVPWs), and the LV end-diastolic posterior wall (LVPWd)
      elevated by ISO (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data
      demonstrate that DHI might exert anti-cardiac hypertrophic effects by regulating
      p38 and NF-kappab pathway.

PMID- 26970570
TI  - Chrysoeriol and other polyphenols from Tecoma stans with lipase inhibitory
      activity.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tecoma stans is traditionally used by several
      ethnical groups in Mexico and Central America to treat diabetes. This species is
      mentioned in the majority of the ethnopharmacological studies compiled in Mexico
      focused in medicinal plants used as anti-diabetic treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY:
      Recently, this plant was found to display a high level of pancreatic lipase
      inhibitory activity, in addition to the several action mechanisms already
      described. Here we show the phytochemical and in vitro pharmacological
      characterization of some of the compounds responsible for the antilipase
      activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Starting with a hydroalcoholic extract,
      fractions were obtained by liquid-liquid separation and successive processes of
      column chromatography purifications. Lipase inhibitory activity was measured
      employing a spectrophotometric analysis. For structural elucidation (1)H and
      (13)C NMR experiments were used. HPLC was used to quantify and confirm the
      identity of the bioactive compounds. RESULTS: Bio-guided chemical purification of
      the hydroalcoholic extract produced an organic fraction (ethyl acetate, TsEA),
      flavone fractions (TsC1F13), (TsC1F15), (TsC1F16) and isolated compounds
      (chrysoeriol, apigenin, luteolin, and verbascoside) with the capability to
      inhibit the activity of pancreatic lipase. The most active fraction (TsC2F6B) was
      constituted by a mixture of Chrysoeriol (5,7-dihydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3
      methoxyphenyl]chromen-4-one, 96% ) and Apigenin (4%). This flavone mixture
      displayed a percentage of inhibition of 85% when it was eavaluated at 0.25mg/mL.
      Luteolin and chrysoeriol produced a noncompetitive and mixed inhibition with
      values of IC50=63 and 158uM respectively. The content of chrysoeriol was also
      quantified in the hydroalcoholic extract (TsHAE) and organic fraction (TsEA) as
      1% and 7% respectively. All of this confirms that high proportion of both
      flavones produce an increase of the biological activity due to they show the
      highest inhibition of lipase enzyme in a concentration dependant way.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results evidence that the medicinal use of T. stans could be
      in part because of its lipase inhibitory activity allowing to adapt the
      administration of this plant before meals. Also this data could help to develop a
      novel phytopharmaceutical drug (standardized in luteolin, chrysoeriol, and
      apigenin) auxiliary for the Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 26970571
TI  - Changes in breathing pattern upon 100% oxygen in children at early school age.
AB  - Nitrogen multiple-breath washout (N2MBW) is an increasingly used tidal breathing
      test in young children to assess ventilation inhomogeneity. However, the test
      requires 100% oxygen to perform. We aimed to examine the potential influence of
      pure oxygen on breathing pattern in school-aged children. We performed tidal
      breathing measurements under room air followed by N2MBW in 16 former preterm
      children and 24 healthy controls. We compared tidal volume (VT), coefficient of
      variation of VT (CVVT), respiratory rate (RR), and minute ventilation (VE)
      between tidal breathing and N2MBW, and between the start and end of tidal
      breathing. Mean (range) age was 6.8 (5.9, 9.0) years. VT, RR and VE showed no
      significant change upon oxygen-exposure, while CVVT significantly decreased by 5%
      (95% CI: 1.2, 9.0; p=0.012). However CVVT was also the only parameter which
      significantly decreased during tidal breathing. Overall, pure oxygen has no
      systematic effect on breathing pattern in young school-aged children. N2MBW can
      reliably be used as tracer gas in this age group.

PMID- 26970572
TI  - Risk of graft-versus-host disease with rituximab-containing conditioning regimens
      in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
AB  - Graft-versus-host disease represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
      allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. There is growing evidence
      that B lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host
      disease. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the
      efficacy of rituximab-containing conditioning regimens in decreasing graft-versus
      host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients who
      received standardized tacrolimus-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis
      regimens. Patients were divided into two cohorts, based on the presence (RTX, n =
      54) or absence (No-RTX, n = 105) of rituximab in the conditioning regimen and
      were matched 1:2 for major graft-versus-host disease risk factors. The incidence
      of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease was not different between the two
      groups (37% vs. 26%, p = 0.147). When restricting the analysis to recipients of
      peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplants, the RTX group had a higher
      incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease, relapse, or death prior
      to day 100 (55% vs. 36%, p = 0.037). The median time to the onset of acute graft
      versus-host disease was no different between the RTX and No-RTX groups (67 vs. 74
      days, respectively, p = 0.141). Inhibition of antigen presentation by B cells
      with rituximab-based conditioning regimens does not appear to reduce the
      incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem
      cell transplant recipients.

PMID- 26970573
TI  - Ibrutinib-associated tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with mantle cell lymphoma:
      A case report.
AB  - Mantle cell lymphoma accounts for 5-7% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Under the
      current WHO classification, it is categorized as an indolent B cell lymphoma, but
      has an aggressive clinical course. New insights into leukemogenic molecular
      pathways of mantle cell lymphoma have uncovered unique therapeutic targets.
      Ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the newest drug in the
      arsenal that has shown promising efficacy in relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. Long
      term studies have shown that grade 3 or 4 adverse events are infrequent.
      Asymptomatic lymphocytosis is frequently seen with ibrutinib use in mantle cell
      lymphoma; however, tumor lysis syndrome is an extremely rare complication. To
      date, only two patients with ibrutinib-associated tumor lysis syndrome in mantle
      cell lymphoma have been described in a long-term follow-up study. Both patients
      met laboratory criteria for tumor lysis syndrome, however, but did not develop
      clinical tumor lysis syndrome. We, here describe a patient with relapsed mantle
      cell lymphoma who developed clinical tumor lysis syndrome with ibrutinib
      monotherapy.

PMID- 26970574
TI  - Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Correlations Between Retina and Choroid
      Before and After Vitrectomy for Epiretinal Membranes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe retinal and choroidal morphology before and after surgery
      for epiretinal membranes (ERM) in swept-source OCT (SS-OCT). Additionally, to
      evaluate factors responsible for visibility of the suprachoroidal layer (SCL) and
      suprachoroidal space (SCS). DESIGN: Prospective consecutive case series. METHODS:
      Twenty-nine eyes of 29 patients with symptomatic, idiopathic ERM were included.
      Pars plana vitrectomy with ERM removal and ILM peeling was performed. We examined
      patients with SS-OCT twice preoperatively (9-12 months and 1 week before
      surgery), then postoperatively at 1 week and 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Twelve
      months after surgery visual acuity improved to 20/50 (0.48 logMAR), statistically
      significantly higher as compared to 1 week preoperatively (P < .001).
      Preoperative loss of visual acuity was commonly associated with progression of
      deformation of the plexiform layers, as central retinal thickness (CRT) did not
      decrease in this period, nor did photoreceptor defects increase. Choroidal
      thickness decreased 6 months after surgery (P = .02) and remained stable until 12
      months postoperatively (P = .2). The outer choroidoscleral boundary was irregular
      in 16 eyes preoperatively but only in 4 eyes 12 months post surgery. SCS and SCL
      were visible in 15 eyes. CONCLUSION: During the natural course of idiopathic ERM,
      deformation of the outer plexiform layer progresses and is associated with
      decreased visual acuity. Eyes with an initially irregular outer choroidoscleral
      boundary (CSB) recover visual acuity faster after vitrectomy with ILM peeling for
      ERM. Three factors are independently associated with the visibility of the SCS:
      disarrangement of plexiform layers, CRT, and multiple adhesion points between
      retina and ERM.

PMID- 26970575
TI  - The atypical antipsychotic blonanserin reverses (+)-PD-128907- and ketamine
      induced deficit in executive function in common marmosets.
AB  - Antagonism of the dopamine D3 receptor is considered a promising strategy for the
      treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. We have
      previously reported that the atypical antipsychotic blonanserin, a dopamine D2/D3
      and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, highly occupies dopamine D3 receptors
      at its antipsychotic dose range in rats. In the present study, we evaluated the
      effects of blonanserin on executive function in common marmosets using the object
      retrieval with detour (ORD) task. The dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonist (+)
      PD-128907 at 1mg/kg decreased success rate in the difficult trial, but not in the
      easy trial. Since the difference between the two trials is only cognitive demand,
      our findings indicate that excess activation of dopamine D3 receptors impairs
      executive function in common marmosets. Blonanserin at 0.1mg/kg reversed the
      decrease in success rate induced by (+)-PD-128907 in the difficult trial. This
      finding indicates that blonanserin has beneficial effect on executive function
      deficit induced by activation of the dopamine D3 receptor in common marmosets.
      Next, and based on the glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia, the common
      marmosets were treated with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist
      ketamine. Ketamine at sub-anesthetic doses decreased success rate in the
      difficult trial, but not in the easy trial. Blonanserin at 0.1mg/kg reversed the
      decrease in success rate induced by ketamine in the difficult trial. The findings
      of this study suggest that blonanserin might have beneficial effect on executive
      dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26970576
TI  - The nuclear receptor Tlx regulates motor, cognitive and anxiety-related
      behaviours during adolescence and adulthood.
AB  - The nuclear receptor Tlx is a key regulator of embryonic and adult hippocampal
      neurogenesis and has been genetically linked to bipolar disorder. Mice lacking
      Tlx (Nr2e1(-/-)) display deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and
      behavioural abnormalities. However, whether Tlx regulates behaviour during
      adolescence or in a sex-dependent manner remains unexplored. Therefore, we
      investigated the role of Tlx in a series of behavioural tasks in adolescent male
      and female mice with a spontaneous deletion of Tlx (Nr2e1(-/-) mice). Testing
      commenced at adolescence (postnatal day 28) and continued until adulthood
      (postnatal day 67). Adolescent male and female Nr2e1(-/-) mice were hyperactive
      in an open field, an effect that persisted in adulthood. Male but not female
      Nr2e1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced thigmotaxis during adolescence and adulthood.
      Impairments in rotarod motor performance developed in male and female Nr2e1(-/-)
      mice at the onset of adulthood. Spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, a
      hippocampus-dependent task, was impaired in adolescent but not adult male and
      female Nr2e1(-/-) mice. Contextual fear conditioning was impaired in adolescent
      male Nr2e1(-/-) mice only, but both male and female adolescent Nr2e1(-/-) mice
      showed impaired cued fear conditioning, a hippocampal-amygdala dependent
      cognitive process. These deficits persisted into adulthood in males but not
      females. In conclusion, deletion of Tlx impairs motor, cognitive and anxiety
      related behaviours during adolescence and adulthood in male and female mice with
      most effects occurring during adolescence rather than adulthood, independent of
      housing conditions. This suggests that Tlx has functions beyond regulation of
      adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and may be an important target in understanding
      neurobiological disorders.

PMID- 26970577
TI  - Dizocilpine (MK-801) impairs learning in the active place avoidance task but has
      no effect on the performance during task/context alternation.
AB  - The prevention of engram interference, pattern separation, flexibility, cognitive
      coordination and spatial navigation are usually studied separately at the
      behavioral level. Impairment in executive functions is often observed in patients
      suffering from schizophrenia. We have designed a protocol for assessing these
      functions all together as behavioral separation. This protocol is based on
      alternated or sequential training in two tasks testing different hippocampal
      functions (the Morris water maze and active place avoidance), and alternated or
      sequential training in two similar environments of the active place avoidance
      task. In Experiment 1, we tested, in adult rats, whether the performance in two
      different spatial tasks was affected by their order in sequential learning, or by
      their day-to-day alternation. In Experiment 2, rats learned to solve the active
      place avoidance task in two environments either alternately or sequentially. We
      found that rats are able to acquire both tasks and to discriminate both similar
      contexts without obvious problems regardless of the order or the alternation. We
      used two groups of rats, controls and a rat model of psychosis induced by a
      subchronic intraperitoneal application of 0.08mg/kg of dizocilpine (MK-801), a
      non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. Dizocilpine had no selective effect
      on parallel/sequential learning of tasks/contexts. However, it caused
      hyperlocomotion and a significant deficit in learning in the active place
      avoidance task regardless of the task alternation. Cognitive coordination tested
      by this task is probably more sensitive to dizocilpine than spatial orientation
      because no hyperactivity or learning impairment was observed in the Morris water
      maze. 

PMID- 26970578
TI  - Short-term exposure to a diet high in fat and sugar, or liquid sugar, selectively
      impairs hippocampal-dependent memory, with differential impacts on inflammation.
AB  - Chronic high-energy diets are known to induce obesity and impair memory; these
      changes have been associated with inflammation in brain areas crucial for memory.
      In this study, we investigated whether inflammation could also be related to diet
      induced memory deficits, prior to obesity. We exposed rats to chow, chow
      supplemented with a 10% sucrose solution (Sugar) or a diet high in fat and sugar
      (Caf+Sugar) and assessed hippocampal-dependent and perirhinal-dependent memory at
      1 week. Both high-energy diet groups displayed similar, selective hippocampal
      dependent memory deficits despite the Caf+Sugar rats consuming 4-5 times more
      energy, and weighing significantly more than the other groups. Extreme weight
      gain and excessive energy intake are therefore not necessary for deficits in
      memory. Weight gain across the diet period however, was correlated with the
      memory deficits, even in the Chow rats. The Sugar rats had elevated expression of
      a number of inflammatory genes in the hippocampus and WAT compared to Chow and
      Caf+Sugar rats but not in the perirhinal cortex or hypothalamus. Blood glucose
      concentrations were also elevated in the Sugar rats, and were correlated with the
      hippocampal inflammatory markers. Together, these results indicate that liquid
      sugar can rapidly elevate markers of central and peripheral inflammation, in
      association with hyperglycemia, and this may be related to the memory deficits in
      the Sugar rats.

PMID- 26970579
TI  - Neurosteroid allopregnanolone attenuates cognitive dysfunctions in 6-OHDA-induced
      rat model of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Cognitive deficits have an extensive influence on the quality of life of the
      Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Previous studies have shown that lack of
      steroid hormones have an important role in the development of PD. Therefore, in
      this study the effects of neurosteroid allopregnanolone (Allo) on the PD-induced
      cognitive disorders were assessed. To simulate PD, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was
      injected into the rat's substantia nigra. Allo (5 and 20mg/kg, orally) were
      administered on the day after the 6-OHDA injection and continued during the
      entire treatment period (two months). Cognitive behaviors were assessed by Moris
      water maze (MWM), novel object recognition (NOR) and object location tasks. The
      data indicated that Allo significantly improved the 6-OHDA-induced cognitive
      impairment which revealed by the reduction of time spent to find out platform
      (escape latency) and the increase of retention time in MWM test and also with
      increase in the exploration index in NOR and object location tasks. Present study
      strongly supports the pro-cognitive property of allopregnanolone in PD. 

PMID- 26970580
TI  - Estimating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius:
      Comparing thermolimit respirometry with traditional visual methods.
AB  - Evaluating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in insects has provided a number
      of challenges. Visual observations of endpoints (onset of spasms, loss of
      righting response, etc.) can be difficult to measure consistently, especially
      with smaller insects. To resolve this problem, Lighton and Turner (2004)
      developed a new technique: thermolimit respirometry (TLR). TLR combines real time
      measurements of both metabolism (V.CO2) and activity to provide two independent,
      objective measures of CTmax. However, several questions still remain regarding
      the precision of TLR and how accurate it is in relation to traditional methods.
      Therefore, we evaluated CTmax of bed bugs using both traditional (visual) methods
      and TLR at three important metabolic periods following feeding (1d, 9d, and 21d).
      Both methods provided similar estimates of CTmax, although traditional methods
      produced consistently lower values (0.7-1 degrees C lower than TLR). Despite
      similar levels of precision, TLR provided a more complete profile of thermal
      tolerance, describing changes in metabolism and activity leading up to the CTmax,
      not available through traditional methods. In addition, feeding status had a
      significant effect on bed bug CTmax, with bed bugs starved 9d (45.19[+/-0.20]
      degrees C) having the greatest thermal tolerance, followed by bed bugs starved 1d
      (44.64[+/-0.28] degrees C), and finally bed bugs starved 21d (44.12[+/-0.28]
      degrees C). Accuracy of traditional visual methods in relation to TLR is highly
      dependent on the selected endpoint; however, when performed correctly, both
      methods provide precise, accurate, and reliable estimations of CTmax. 

PMID- 26970581
TI  - Assessing the reproducibility of fractional rates of protein synthesis in muscle
      tissue measured using the flooding dose technique.
AB  - The flooding dose technique of Garlick et al. (1980) has become the main method
      for measuring tissue and whole-animal rates of protein synthesis in ectotherms.
      However, single tissue samples are used to determine rates of protein synthesis
      and no studies have examined the pattern of flooding in large tissues such as the
      white muscle in fishes, which can comprise up to 55% of the wet body mass of a
      fish and which is poorly perfused. The present study has examined, for the first
      time, the patterns of flooding and measured rates of protein synthesis in five
      different regions of the white muscle in the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
      ranging in size from 25g to 1.6kg following a flooding dose injection of L-[(3)H]
      phenylalanine. The results indicate that the degree of flooding (i.e. free pool
      specific radioactivity relative to that of the injection solution) and elevation
      in free phenylalanine concentrations can vary between regions but the calculated
      fractional rates of protein synthesis were similar in four of the five regions
      studied. The variability in rates of protein synthesis increased with body size
      with greater variability observed between regions for fish >1kg in body mass. For
      consistency between studies, it is recommended that samples are taken from the
      epaxial muscle in the region below the dorsal fin when measuring fractional rates
      of white muscle synthesis in fishes. 

PMID- 26970582
TI  - Dopamine inhibits somatolactin gene expression in tilapia pituitary cells through
      the dopamine D2 receptors.
AB  - Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of
      vertebrates and possesses key hypophysiotropic functions. Early studies have
      shown that DA has a potent inhibitory effect on somatolactin (SL) release in
      fish. However, the mechanisms responsible for DA inhibition of SL gene expression
      are largely unknown. To this end, tilapia DA type-1 (D1) and type-2 (D2) receptor
      transcripts were examined in the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the tilapia
      pituitary by real-time PCR. In tilapia, DA not only was effective in inhibiting
      SL mRNA levels in vivo and in vitro, but also could abolish pituitary adenylate
      cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)- and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      (sGnRH)-stimulated SL gene expression at the pituitary level. In parallel
      studies, the specific D2 receptor agonists quinpirole and bromocriptine could
      mimic the DA-inhibited SL gene expression. Furthermore, the D2 receptor
      antagonists domperidone and (-)-sulpiride could abolish the SL response to DA or
      the D2 agonist quinpirole, whereas D1 receptor antagonists SCH23390 and SKF83566
      were not effective in this respect. In primary cultures of tilapia NIL cells, D2
      agonist quinpirole-inhibited cAMP production could be blocked by co-treatment
      with the D2 antagonist domperidone and the ability of forskolin to increase cAMP
      production was also inhibited by quinpirole. Using a pharmacological approach,
      the AC/cAMP pathway was shown to be involved in quinpirole-inhibited SL mRNA
      expression. These results provide evidence that DA can directly inhibit SL gene
      expression at the tilapia pituitary level via D2 receptor through the AC/cAMP
      dependent mechanism. 

PMID- 26970583
TI  - Melatonin not only restores but also prevents the inhibition of the intestinal
      Ca(2+) absorption caused by glutathione depleting drugs.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that melatonin (MEL) blocks the inhibition of the
      intestinal Ca(2+) absorption caused by menadione (MEN). The purpose of this study
      were to determine whether MEL not only restores but also prevents the intestinal
      Ca(2+) absorption inhibited either by MEN or BSO, two drugs that deplete
      glutathione (GSH) in different ways, and to analyze the mechanisms by which MEN
      and MEL alter the movement of Ca(2+) across the duodenum. To know this, chicks
      were divided into four groups: 1) controls, 2) MEN treated, 3) MEL treated, and
      4) treated sequentially with MEN and MEL or with MEN and MEL at the same time. In
      a set of experiments, chicks treated with BSO or sequentially with BSO and MEL or
      with BSO and MEL at the same time were used. MEL not only restored but also
      prevented the inhibition of the chick intestinal Ca(2+) absorption produced by
      either MEN or BSO. MEN altered the protein expression of molecules involved in
      the transcellular as well as in the paracellular pathway of the intestinal Ca(2+)
      absorption. MEL restored partially both pathways through normalization of the O2(
      ) levels. The nitrergic system was not altered by any treatment. In conclusion,
      MEL prevents or restores the inhibition of the intestinal Ca(2+) absorption
      caused by different GSH depleting drugs. It might become one drug for the
      treatment of intestinal Ca(2+) absorption under oxidant conditions having the
      advantage of low or null side effects. 

PMID- 26970584
TI  - Drebrin A regulates hippocampal LTP and hippocampus-dependent fear learning in
      adult mice.
AB  - Structural plasticity of dendritic spines, which underlies higher brain functions
      including learning and memory, is dynamically regulated by the actin cytoskeleton
      and its associated proteins. Drebrin A is an F-actin-binding protein
      preferentially expressed in the brain and localized in the dendritic spines of
      mature neurons. Isoform conversion from drebrin E to drebrin A and accumulation
      of the latter in dendritic spines occurs during synapse maturation. We have
      previously demonstrated that drebrin A plays a pivotal role in spine
      morphogenesis and plasticity. However, it is unclear whether drebrin A plays a
      specific role in processes required for structural plasticity, and whether
      drebrin E can substitute in this role. To answer these questions, we analyzed
      mutant mice (named DAKO mice), in which isoform conversion from drebrin E to
      drebrin A is disrupted. In DAKO mouse brain, drebrin E continues to be expressed
      throughout life instead of drebrin A. Electrophysiological studies using
      hippocampal slices revealed that long-term potentiation of CA1 synapses was
      impaired in adult DAKO mice, but not in adolescents. In parallel with this age
      dependent impairment, DAKO mice exhibited impaired hippocampus-dependent fear
      learning in an age-dependent manner; the impairment was evident in adult mice,
      but not in adolescents. In addition, histological investigation revealed that the
      spine length of the apical dendrite of CA1 pyramidal cells was significantly
      longer in adult DAKO mice than in wild-type mice. Our data indicate that the
      roles of drebrin E and drebrin A in brain function are different from each other,
      that the isoform conversion of drebrin is critical, and that drebrin A is
      indispensable for normal synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent fear
      memory in the adult brain. 

PMID- 26970585
TI  - Technical Validation of a Next-Generation Sequencing Assay for Detecting
      Actionable Mutations in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer.
AB  - Targeted next-generation sequencing is becoming increasingly common as a clinical
      diagnostic and prognostic test for patient- and tumor-specific genetic profiles
      as well as to optimally select targeted therapies. Here, we describe a custom
      developed, next-generation sequencing test for detecting single-nucleotide
      variants (SNVs) and short insertions and deletions (indels) in 93 genes related
      to gastrointestinal cancer from routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
      clinical specimens. We implemented a validation strategy, based on the College of
      American Pathologists requirements, using reference DNA mixtures from cell lines
      with known genetic variants, which model a broad range of allele frequencies.
      Test sensitivity achieved >99% for both SNVs and indels, with allele frequencies
      >10%, with high specificity (97.4% for SNVs and 93.6% for indels). We further
      confirmed test accuracies using primary formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
      colorectal cancer specimens characterized by alternative and conventional
      clinical diagnostic technologies. Robust performance was observed on the formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens: sensitivity was 97.2% and specificity was
      99.2%. We also observed high intrarun and inter-run reproducibility, as well as a
      low cross-contamination rate. Overall assessment using cell line samples and
      formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples showed that our custom next-generation
      sequencing assay has consistent detection sensitivity down to 10% variant
      frequency.

PMID- 26970586
TI  - Large-scale reconstitution of a retina-to-brain pathway in adult rats using gene
      therapy and bridging grafts: An anatomical and behavioral analysis.
AB  - Peripheral nerve (PN) grafts can be used to bridge tissue defects in the CNS.
      Using a PN-to-optic nerve (ON) graft model, we combined gene therapy with
      pharmacotherapy to promote the long-distance regeneration of injured adult
      retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Autologous sciatic nerve was sutured onto the
      transected ON and the distal end immediately inserted into contralateral superior
      colliculus (SC). Control rats received intraocular injections of saline or adeno
      associated virus (AAV) encoding GFP. In experimental groups, three bi-cistronic
      AAV vectors encoding ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were injected into
      different regions of the grafted eye. Each vector encoded a different fluorescent
      reporter to assess retinotopic order in the regenerate projection. To encourage
      sprouting/synaptogenesis, after 6 weeks some AAV-CNTF injected rats received an
      intravitreal injection of recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (rBDNF)
      or AAV-BDNF. Four months after surgery, cholera toxin B was used to visualize
      regenerate RGC axons. RGC viability and axonal regrowth into SC were
      significantly greater in AAV-CNTF groups. In some cases, near the insertion site,
      regenerate axonal density resembled retinal terminal densities seen in normal SC.
      Complex arbors were seen in superficial but not deep SC layers and many terminals
      were immunopositive for presynaptic proteins vGlut2 and SV2. There was
      improvement in visual function via the grafted eye with significantly greater
      pupillary constriction in both AAV-CNTF+BDNF groups. In both control and AAV
      CNTF+rBDNF groups the extent of light avoidance correlated with the maximal
      distance of axonal penetration into superficial SC. Despite the robust regrowth
      of RGC axons back into the SC, axons originating from different parts of the
      retina were intermixed at the PN graft/host SC interface, indicating that there
      remained a lack of order in this extensive regenerate projection.

PMID- 26970588
TI  - Prediction of winter vitamin D status and requirements in the UK population based
      on 25(OH) vitamin D half-life and dietary intake data.
AB  - On a population basis, there is a gradual decline in vitamin D status (plasma
      25(OH)D) throughout winter. We developed a mathematical model to predict the
      population winter plasma 25(OH)D concentration longitudinally, using age-specific
      values for 25(OH)D expenditure (25(OH)D3t1/2), cross-sectional plasma 25(OH)D
      concentration and vitamin D intake (VDI) data from older (70+ years; n=492) and
      younger adults (18-69 years; n=448) participating in the UK National Diet and
      Nutrition Survey. From this model, the population VDI required to maintain the
      mean plasma 25(OH)D at a set concentration can be derived. As expected, both
      predicted and measured population 25(OH)D (mean (95%CI)) progressively declined
      from September to March (from 51 (40-61) to 38 (36-41)nmol/L (predicted) vs 38
      (27-48)nmol/L (measured) in older people and from 59 (54-65) to 34 (31-37)nmol/L
      (predicted) vs 37 (31-44)nmol/L (measured) in younger people). The predicted and
      measured mean values closely matched. The predicted VDIs required to maintain
      mean winter plasma 25(OH)D at 50nmol/L at the population level were 10 (0-20) to
      11 (9-14) and 11 (6-16) to 13(11-16)MUg/d for older and younger adults,
      respectively dependent on the month. In conclusion, a prediction model accounting
      for 25(OH)D3t1/2, VDI and scaling factor for the 25(OH)D response to VDI, closely
      predicts measured population winter values. Refinements of this model may include
      specific scaling factors accounting for the 25(OH)D response at different VDIs
      and as influenced by body composition and specific values for 25(OH)D3 t1/2
      dependent on host factors such as kidney function. This model may help to reduce
      the need for longitudinal measurements.

PMID- 26970587
TI  - Hydroxylation of 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 by human CYP3A4.
AB  - 20S-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [20(OH)D3] is the biologically active major product of the
      action of CYP11A1 on vitamin D3 and is present in human plasma. 20(OH)D3 displays
      similar therapeutic properties to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], but
      without causing hypercalcaemia and therefore has potential for development as a
      therapeutic drug. CYP24A1, the kidney mitochondrial P450 involved in inactivation
      of 1,25(OH)2D3, can hydroxylate 20(OH)D3 at C24 and C25, with the products
      displaying more potent inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation than 20(OH)D3.
      CYP3A4 is the major drug-metabolising P450 in liver endoplasmic reticulum and can
      metabolise other active forms of vitamin D, so we examined its ability to
      metabolise 20(OH)D3. We found that CYP3A4 metabolises 20(OH)D3 to three major
      products, 20,24R-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,24R(OH)2D3], 20,24S-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      [20,24S(OH)2D3] and 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [20,25(OH)2D3]. 20,24R(OH)2D3 and
      20,24S(OH)2D3, but not 20,25(OH)2D3, were further metabolised to
      trihydroxyvitamin D3 products by CYP3A4 but with low catalytic efficiency. The
      same three primary products, 20,24R(OH)2D3, 20,24S(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3, were
      observed for the metabolism of 20(OH)D3 by human liver microsomes, in which
      CYP3A4 is a major CYP isoform present. Addition of CYP3A family-specific
      inhibitors, troleandomycin and azamulin, almost completely inhibited production
      of 20,24R(OH)2D3, 20,24S(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3 by human liver microsomes,
      further supporting that CYP3A4 plays the major role in 20(OH)D3 metabolism by
      microsomes. Since both 20,24R(OH)2D3 and 20,25(OH)2D3 have previously been shown
      to display enhanced biological activity in inhibiting melanoma cell
      proliferation, our results show that CYP3A4 further activates, rather than
      inactivates, 20(OH)D3. 

PMID- 26970589
TI  - Maternal dietary exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is
      associated with language delay in 3year old Norwegian children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to dioxins and PCBs is potentially harmful to the
      developing fetus and may increase the risk of delayed or impaired
      neurodevelopment. Several studies have reported negative associations between
      prenatal exposure to these compounds and aspects of cognition related to language
      in early childhood. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to examine the association between
      maternal low level dietary exposure to dioxins and PCB during pregnancy and
      language development in 3year old children in a large group of mother-child pairs
      participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). METHODS:
      This study includes 44,092 children of women who were recruited to the Norwegian
      Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) during the years 2002-2009. Maternal dietary
      exposure to dioxins and PCBs was estimated based on a validated food frequency
      questionnaire (FFQ) answered mid-pregnancy and a database of dioxin and PCB
      concentrations in Norwegian foods. Exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (dl
      compounds) was expressed in total toxic equivalents (TEQ), and PCB-153 was used
      as marker for non-dioxin-like PCBs (ndlPCBs). Children's language skills at age 3
      were assessed by parental report including a Dale and Bishop grammar rating and
      questions about communication skills from the Ages and Stages Questionnaire
      (ASQ). Logistic regression models adjusted for confounders were used to examine
      the association between maternal dietary exposure to dl-compounds or PCB-153 and
      language development in children. RESULTS: The maternal dietary exposure to dl
      compounds and PCB-153 was generally low, and 98% of women had intakes of dl
      compounds <=14pg TEQ/kg bw/week, which is the tolerable weekly intake set by EU's
      Scientific Committee for Food (SCF). High maternal exposure (>14pg TEQ/kg bw/week
      of dl-compounds (median 2.6pg/kg bw/day, range 2-16) or >97.5-percentile intake
      of PCB-153 (median 11ng/kg bw/day, range 5-28) was associated with higher odds of
      incomplete grammar (in boys and girls, adjusted ORs 1.1 to 1.3) and severe
      language delay in girls, adjusted ORs 2.8 [95% CI 1.1, 7.1] for PCB-153 and 2.9
      [95% CI 1.4, 5.9] for dl-compounds. Furthermore, high exposure to dl-compounds
      was associated with moderate language delay 1.4 [95% CI 1.0, 2.0] and lower
      communication score (ASQ), adjusted OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1, 1.9] in girls.
      CONCLUSIONS: The main findings of this study were: 1) Girls born to mothers who
      exceeded the tolerable weekly intake for dl-compounds or had a PCB-153 intake
      above the 97.5 percentile in early pregnancy may have increased risk of language
      delay at age 3years. 2) Negative associations with maternal exposure to dl
      compounds or PCB-153 were observed for both boys and girls having incomplete
      grammar, which is a subtle reduction in language skills. This interesting finding
      should not be considered as deviant at this age.

PMID- 26970590
TI  - Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions on risk of male infertility: Focus on
      the metabolites.
AB  - Infertility affects about 17% couples, and males contribute to half of the cases.
      Compared with independent effects of genetic and environmental factors,
      interactions between them help in the understanding of the susceptibility to male
      infertility. Thus, we genotyped 25 polymorphisms, measured 16 urinary chemical
      concentrations and explored interactions between gene-gene and gene-environment
      in 1039 Han Chinese using metabolomic analysis. We first observed that GSTT1
      might interact with GSTM1 (Pinter=6.33*10(-8)). Furthermore, an interaction
      between GSTM1 and 4-n-octylphenol (4-n-OP) was identified (Pinter=7.00*10(-3)),
      as well as a 2-order interaction among GSTT1, GSTM1 and 4-n-OP (Pinter=0.04).
      Subjects with GSTT1-present and GSTM1-null genotypes were susceptible to male
      infertility when exposed to 4-n-OP (OR=14.05, 95% CI=4.78-60.20, P=2.34*10(-5)).
      Most metabolites identified were involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In
      conclusion, it is a novel study of the interaction on male infertility from the
      aspect of metabolomics. 

PMID- 26970592
TI  - Online tracking and retargeting with applications to optical biopsy in
      gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations.
AB  - With recent advances in biophotonics, techniques such as narrow band imaging,
      confocal laser endomicroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and optical coherence
      tomography, can be combined with normal white-light endoscopes to provide in vivo
      microscopic tissue characterisation, potentially avoiding the need for offline
      histological analysis. Despite the advantages of these techniques to provide
      online optical biopsy in situ, it is challenging for gastroenterologists to
      retarget the optical biopsy sites during endoscopic examinations. This is because
      optical biopsy does not leave any mark on the tissue. Furthermore, typical
      endoscopic cameras only have a limited field-of-view and the biopsy sites often
      enter or exit the camera view as the endoscope moves. In this paper, a framework
      for online tracking and retargeting is proposed based on the concept of tracking
      by-detection. An online detection cascade is proposed where a random binary
      descriptor using Haar-like features is included as a random forest classifier.
      For robust retargeting, we have also proposed a RANSAC-based location
      verification component that incorporates shape context. The proposed detection
      cascade can be readily integrated with other temporal trackers. Detailed
      performance evaluation on in vivo gastrointestinal video sequences demonstrates
      the performance advantage of the proposed method over the current state-of-the
      art. 

PMID- 26970591
TI  - China's soil and groundwater management challenges: Lessons from the UK's
      experience and opportunities for China.
AB  - There are a number of specific opportunities for UK and China to work together on
      contaminated land management issues as China lacks comprehensive and systematic
      planning for sustainable risk based land management, encompassing both
      contaminated soil and groundwater and recycling and reuse of soil. It also lacks
      comprehensive risk assessment systems, structures to support risk management
      decision making, processes for verification of remediation outcome, systems for
      record keeping and preservation and integration of contamination issues into land
      use planning, along with procedures for ensuring effective health and safety
      considerations during remediation projects, and effective evaluation of costs
      versus benefits and overall sustainability. A consequence of the absence of these
      overarching frameworks has been that remediation takes place on an ad hoc basis.
      At a specific site management level, China lacks capabilities in site
      investigation and consequent risk assessment systems, in particular related to
      conceptual modelling and risk evaluation. There is also a lack of shared
      experience of practical deployment of remediation technologies in China,
      analogous to the situation before the establishment of the independent, non
      profit organisation CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications In Real
      Environments) in 1999 in the UK. Many local technology developments are at lab
      scale or pilot-scale stage without being widely put into use. Therefore, a shared
      endeavour is needed to promote the development of technically and scientifically
      sound land management as well as soil and human health protection to improve the
      sustainability of the rapid urbanisation in China. 

PMID- 26970593
TI  - Semi-quantitative prediction of a multiple API solid dosage form with a
      combination of vibrational spectroscopy methods.
AB  - Quality control (QC) in the pharmaceutical industry is a key activity in ensuring
      medicines have the required quality, safety and efficacy for their intended use.
      QC departments at pharmaceutical companies are responsible for all release
      testing of final products but also all incoming raw materials. Near-infrared
      spectroscopy (NIRS) and Raman spectroscopy are important techniques for fast and
      accurate identification and qualification of pharmaceutical samples. Tablets
      containing two different active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) [bisoprolol,
      hydrochlorothiazide] in different commercially available dosages were analysed
      using Raman- and NIR Spectroscopy. The goal was to define multivariate models
      based on each vibrational spectroscopy to discriminate between different dosages
      (identity) and predict their dosage (semi-quantitative). Furthermore the
      combination of spectroscopic techniques was investigated. Therefore, two
      different multiblock techniques based on PLS have been applied: multiblock PLS
      (MB-PLS) and sequential-orthogonalised PLS (SO-PLS). NIRS showed better results
      compared to Raman spectroscopy for both identification and quantitation. The
      multiblock techniques investigated showed that each spectroscopy contains
      information not present or captured with the other spectroscopic technique, thus
      demonstrating that there is a potential benefit in their combined use for both
      identification and quantitation purposes. 

PMID- 26970594
TI  - Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of Lonicerae macranthoides by HPLC
      DAD-QTOF-MS/MS.
AB  - Lonicerae macranthoides with strong antioxidant activity is commonly used in
      traditional Chinese medicine and folk tea/beverage. However, detailed information
      about its antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds is limited. Then at first,
      we comparatively evaluated total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content
      (TFC) and antioxidant activities of water extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
      and n-butanol fractions of L. macranthoides. Ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the
      highest level of TPC (207.38 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (53.06 mg RE/g DW) and the best
      DPPH scavenge activity and reducing power. n-Butanol fraction showed the best
      ABTS(+) and O2(-) scavenging activities. Interestingly, water extract, ethyl
      acetate and n-butanol fractions showed stronger antioxidant activities than
      positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). After that, thirty-one
      antioxidant phenolic compounds, including twenty-two phenolic acids and nine
      flavonoids, were screened by DPPH-HPLC experiment and then identified using HPLC
      DAD-QTOF-MS/MS. It is noted that twenty-one compounds (1, 3-4, 6-17, 19, 23, 26,
      28-29, and 31), as far as was known, were discovered from L. macranthoide for the
      first time, and eleven of them (3-4, 10-17, and 23) were reported in Lonicera
      species for the first time. Results indicated that L. macranthoides could serve
      as promising source of rich antioxidants in foods, beverages and medicines for
      health promotion.

PMID- 26970595
TI  - Method optimization and validation for the determination of eight sulfonamides in
      chicken muscle and eggs by modified QuEChERS and liquid chromatography with
      fluorescence detection.
AB  - A simple, effective and reliable method for the determination of eight
      sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfadiazine, sulfapiridine, sulfamerazine,
      sulfamethazine, sulfachloropiridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadoxine,
      sulfadimethoxin) in chicken muscle and eggs by liquid chromatography and
      fluorescence detection has been developed and validated. Sulfonamides do not
      present native fluorescence, however their direct determination was achieved by
      on-line post-column photochemical derivatization by UV irradiation. Sample
      treatment was based on QuEChERS with several modifications depending on the
      matrix. Egg extracts were cleaned-up using PSA for the dispersive solid phase
      extraction step. On the other hand, a new clean-up sorbent, SupelTM QuE Z-Sep(+),
      has been successfully applied in chicken muscle extract and has proved to be
      effective for interference removal from this matrix. Under optimum conditions,
      recoveries from 65.9 to 88.1%, relative standard deviations lower than 10%
      (except for sulfachloropiridazine), and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 14
      to 85 MUg kg(-1) were achieved. Thus, the method complies with current European
      requirements.

PMID- 26970597
TI  - Development of an inhalation unit risk factor for cadmium.
AB  - An inhalation unit risk factor (URF) was developed for cadmium. The URF is based
      on excess lung cancer mortality in a key epidemiological study of cadmium smelter
      workers (Park et al., 2012). The Park et al. (2012) study is an update of the
      Thun et al. (1985) cohort that was previously used to derive a URF in USEPA
      (1985). Park et al. re-analyzed the cadmium smelter worker population (near
      Denver, CO) using more detailed work history information, a revised cadmium
      exposure matrix, a detailed retrospective exposure assessment for arsenic
      (potential confounder), and updated mortality data (through 2002). Grouped
      observed and expected number of lung cancer mortalities along with cumulative
      cadmium exposures were used in the current study to obtain the maximum likelihood
      estimate and asymptotic variance of the slope (beta) for the linear
      multiplicative relative risk model using Poisson regression modeling. Life-table
      analyses were used to derive the final URF for cadmium of 4.9E-04 per MUg
      Cd/m(3). The corresponding lifetime air concentration at the 1 in 100,000 no
      significant excess risk level is 0.020 MUg Cd/m(3), which can be used to protect
      the general public in Texas against the potential carcinogenic effects from
      chronic exposure to cadmium and cadmium compounds. 

PMID- 26970596
TI  - HPLC method development, validation, and impurity characterization of a potent
      antitumor indenoisoquinoline, LMP776 (NSC 725776).
AB  - An HPLC method for the assay of a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor, LMP776 (NSC
      725776), has been developed and validated. The stress testing of LMP776 was
      carried out in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)
      guidelines Q1A (R2) under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermolytic, and
      photolytic conditions. The separation of LMP776 from its impurities and
      degradation products was achieved within 40 min on a Supelco Discovery HS F5
      column (150 mm * 4.6 mm i.d., 5 MUm) with a gradient mobile phase comprising 38
      80% acetonitrile in water, with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in both phases. LC/MS
      was used to obtain mass data for characterization of impurities and degradation
      products. One major impurity was isolated through chloroform extraction and
      identified by NMR. The proposed HPLC assay method was validated for specificity,
      linearity (concentration range 0.25-0.75 mg/mL, r = 0.9999), accuracy (recovery
      98.6-100.4%), precision (RSD <= 1.4%), and sensitivity (LOD 0.13 MUg/mL). The
      validated method was used in the stability study of the LMP776 drug substance in
      conformance with the ICH Q1A (R2) guideline.

PMID- 26970598
TI  - Low-intensity signal in T2-weighted MRI images around syringomyelia in a patient
      with severe scoliosis associated with Chiari malformation type I.

PMID- 26970599
TI  - Intradural cavernous lymphangioma of the thoracic spine: case report, technical
      considerations, and review of the literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Cavernous lymphangioma is a rare slow-growing tumor that can
      cause neurologic compromise when it involves the central nervous system.
      Involvement of the spinal column is rare but may involve the osseous structures
      or the epidural space of the spinal column. PURPOSE: We report the first case of
      an intradural, extramedullary cavernous lymphangioma involving the thoracic
      spinal cord. METHODS: An 83-year-old woman presented with progressive gait
      ataxia, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and a band-like sensation in the
      middle and lower thoracic dermatomes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic
      spinal cord revealed hyperintensity on T2 and enhancement of an intradural cystic
      mass along the dorsal aspect of the T5-T8 levels with significant compression of
      the spinal cord. RESULTS: Complete surgical resection was difficult owing to the
      adherence of the tumor to the pial surface and microvasculature of the thoracic
      spinal cord. Recurrence of the mass was ultimately treated with cystic fluid
      diversion into the peritoneum. At her follow-up visit after 28 months, the
      patient was able to ambulate with minimal assistance. A comparative literature
      review is presented. There are no reports of intradural thoracic spinal cord
      involvement in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Intradural cavernous lymphangioma of
      the spine poses a unique surgical challenge for complete resection. Cystic fluid
      diversion appears to be a viable treatment option with lasting benefit if
      complete resection is not achieved.

PMID- 26970600
TI  - Paraspinal muscle, facet joint, and disc problems: risk factors for adjacent
      segment degeneration after lumbar fusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is one of the major
      complications after lumbar fusion. Several studies have evaluated the risk
      factors of ASD. Although the paraspinal muscles play an important role in spine
      stability, no study has assessed the relationship between paraspinal muscle
      atrophy and the incidence of ASD after lumbar fusion. PURPOSE: In the present
      study, we aimed to verify the known risk factors of ASD, such as body mass index
      (BMI), preoperative adjacent facet joint degeneration, and disc degeneration, and
      to assess the relationship between paraspinal muscle atrophy and ASD. STUDY
      DESIGN: This is a retrospective 1:1 pair analysis matched by age, sex, fusion
      level, and follow-up period. PATIENT SAMPLE: To calculate the appropriate sample
      size for the study, we performed a pre-study analysis of the paraspinal muscle
      cross-sectional area (CSA), and estimated that at least 35 cases would be needed
      for each group. Among the 510 patients who underwent posterior lumbar fusion for
      degenerative lumbar disease between January 2009 and October 2009, a total of 50
      patients with ASD after surgery were selected. Another group of 50 matched
      patients with degenerative lumbar disease without ASD after spinal fusion were
      selected as the control group. Each patient in the ASD group was matched with a
      control patient according to age, sex, fusion level, and follow-up period.
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Radiographic measurements and demographic data were reviewed.
      METHODS: The risk factors considered were higher BMI, preoperative adjacent
      segment disc and facet degeneration, and preoperative paraspinal muscle atrophy
      and fatty degeneration. The radiographic data were compared between the ASD and
      control groups to determine the predictive factors of ASD after posterior lumbar
      fusion by using logistic regression analysis. The study was not externally
      funded. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. RESULTS:
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that higher BMI (odds ratio
      [OR]: 1.353, p=.008), preoperative facet degeneration on computed tomography
      examination (OR: 3.075, p=.011), disc degeneration on magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) (OR: 2.783, p=.003), fatty degeneration (OR: 1.080, p=.044), and a smaller
      relative CSA of the paraspinal muscle preoperatively (OR: 0.083, p=.003) were
      significant factors for predicting the development of ASD. CONCLUSIONS: The
      occurrence of radiological ASD is most likely multifactorial, and is associated
      with a higher BMI, preexisting facet and disc degeneration on preoperative
      examination, and a smaller preoperative relative CSA of the paraspinal muscle on
      MRI.

PMID- 26970601
TI  - Primary scattered multifocal melanocytomas in spinal canal mimicking
      neurofibromatosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Meningeal melanocytoma is an extremely rare pigmented tumor
      derived from leptomeningeal melanocytes. By and large, it is considered to be a
      well-differentiated and slow-growing benign lesion. Generally, meningeal
      melanocytomas are solitary lesions, and the occurrence of the primary multifocal
      form in the central nervous system is exceedingly rare; it has been previously
      reported in only six cases. PURPOSE: The present report illustrates a 41-year-old
      woman with primary multifocal meningeal melanocytoma in the spinal canal.
      Contrary to earlier reports, the tumors presented with a scattered appearance
      mimicking neurofibromatosis. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a case report and review
      of literature. METHODS: On admission, the cerebral magnetic resonance images of
      the patient were normal, whereas the spinal magnetic resonance images showed
      scattered multifocal nodules mimicking neurofibromatosis. Surgical resection of
      the responsible lesions was scheduled. In addition to this case presentation,
      relevant previous reports were reviewed, and the challenging diagnosis,
      management, and prognosis of meningeal melanocytoma are discussed. RESULTS: Gross
      total resection of the two largest lesions was achieved, and histopathological
      examinations confirmed the diagnosis. Despite the benign histopathological
      findings, the patient had an aggressive clinical course. On follow-up at 18
      months after surgery, she succumbed to the disease. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should
      be alert to a potential aggressive clinical course of meningeal melanocytoma,
      despite its benign histopathological nature. Of particular note is multifocality
      and diffuse leptomeningeal hyperpigmentation, which may suggest a poor prognosis.
      A combined treatment including surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy
      should be considered, and long-term close follow-up is necessary.

PMID- 26970602
TI  - Successful nonsurgical treatment for highly unstable fracture subluxation of the
      spine secondary to myeloma.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: In multiple myeloma, patients may develop rapidly
      progressive, lytic, spinal lesions. These may result in spinal instability, but
      instrumented stabilization may fail because of poor bone quality. In addition,
      patients are immunocompromised and are therefore at increased risk of deep
      infection. PURPOSE: The aim was to describe a patient presenting with an unstable
      fracture subluxation of the thoracic spine secondary to myeloma, successfully
      treated with non-surgical management. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: This is a case report
      of a patient seen in a specialist spinal myeloma service. METHODS: A 74-year-old
      Caucasian woman presented with destructive myelomatous lesions of T9 and T10.
      Greater than 50% of the T9 vertebral body was involved, and there was subluxation
      and translation of T9 on T10 (Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score of 14). There
      was a single episode of transient paresthesia of both lower limbs. The patient
      was in considerable pain, requiring large quantities of opioid analgesia. She was
      treated non-surgically in a thoracolumbar sacral orthosis for a period of 3
      months (strict bed rest for the first 3 weeks). RESULTS: A computed tomography
      scan at 3 months demonstrated bony fusion and the brace was removed. The patient
      returned to her normal activities 5 months posttreatment. Her pain and patient
      reported outcome scores were significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: We present a
      successful non-surgical management of an unstable myelomatous vertebral fracture
      without neurologic deficit. However, surgical stabilization remains the treatment
      of choice in unstable vertebral fractures and spinal surgical opinion should be
      sought in all cases.

PMID- 26970603
TI  - Toxicity analysis of various Pluronic F-68-coated carbon nanotubes on mesenchymal
      stem cells.
AB  - Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have poor colloid stability in biological media and exert
      cytotoxic effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Modification with polymeric
      surfactant is a widely used strategy to enhance water dispersibility of CNTs.
      This study investigated the toxic effects of various Pluronic F-68 (PF68)-coated
      multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) on rat bone marrow-derived MSCs.PF68-coated MWCNTs
      showed favorable biocompatibility to MSCs that the cell viability, apoptosis, and
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not altered after 24 h of co-incubation.
      Nevertheless, significant apoptosis induction and massive ROS release were found
      following extended exposure (48 and 72 h), and the toxic impact was dependent on
      the initial surface properties of the encapsulated MWCNTs. All the types of PF68
      coated MWCNTs did not affect the cell-surface markers and in vivo biodistribution
      of MSCs. Our results suggest that proper polymer coating can reduce the acute
      toxicity of MWCNTs to MSCs but without altering their biological fate.

PMID- 26970604
TI  - Evaluation of protective effects of costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone on
      ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice based on multi-pathway regulation.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic activity of
      costunolide (Co) and dehydrocostuslactone (De) on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer
      in mice and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of the action involved. Mice
      were pretreated orally with Co (5 or 20 mg/kg), De (5 or 20 mg/kg) and omeprazole
      (OME, 20 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days, followed by ulcer induction using
      absolute ethanol (0.2 mL/20 g body weight). Treatment with Co had a remarkable
      gastroprotection compared to the ethanol-ulcerated mice that significantly
      reduced the ulcerative lesion index (ULI) and histopathological damage. Daily
      intragastric administration of Co exerted a powerful anti-inflammatory activity
      as evidenced by the suppression of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF)-alpha, nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS),
      cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, as well as increased interleukin (IL)-10. Also,
      pretreatment with Co effectively inhibited ethanol-induced malondialdehyde (MDA)
      overproduction, increased the depleted superoxide dismutase (SOD) and promoted
      gastric mucosa epithelial cell proliferation by up-regulating proliferating cell
      nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Similarly, De had a protective effect on
      ethanol-induced ulcer, which was dependent on the inhibition of inflammatory
      cytokines and MDA generation, but independent of IL-10, SOD and PCNA improvement.
      Conclusively, the results have clearly demonstrated the anti-ulcerogenic
      potential of Co and De on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer; nevertheless, the
      gastroprotective activity of Co was superior to De due to more multi-pathway
      regulation than De. These findings suggested that Co or De could be a new useful
      natural gastroprotective tool against gastric ulcer, which provided a scientific
      basis for the gastroprotection of sesquiterpene lactones.

PMID- 26970605
TI  - Infants' representations of same and different in match- and non-match-to-sample.
AB  - Three experiments investigated the representations that underlie 14-month-old
      infants' and adults' success at match-to-sample (MTS) and non-match-to-sample
      (NMTS) tasks. In Experiment 1, 14-month-old infants were able to learn rules
      based on abstract representations of sameness and/or difference. When presented
      with one of eighteen sample stimuli (A) and a choice between a stimulus that was
      the same as the sample (A) and a different stimulus (B), infants learned to
      choose A in MTS and B in NMTS. In Experiments 2 and 3, we began to explore the
      nature of the representations at play in these paradigms. Experiment 2 confirmed
      that abstract representations were at play, as infants generalized the MTS and
      NMTS rules to stimuli unseen during familiarization. Experiment 2 also showed
      that infants tested in MTS learned to seek the stimulus that was the same as the
      sample, whereas infants tested in NMTS did not learn to seek the different
      stimulus, but instead learned to avoid the stimulus that was the same as the
      sample. Infants appeared to only use an abstract representation of the relation
      same in these experiments. Experiment 3 showed that adult participants, despite
      knowing the words "same" and "different", also relied on representations of
      sameness in both MTS and NMTS in a paradigm modeled on that of Experiment 2. We
      conclude with a discussion of how young infants may possibly represent the
      abstract relation same. 

PMID- 26970606
TI  - Comparison of the Rowe-Kahn Model of Successful Aging With Self-rated Health and
      Life Satisfaction: The West of Scotland Twenty-07 Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: With increasing longevity in industrialized populations,
      there is growing interest in what defines "successful aging" (SA). Various SA
      measures have been proposed but no consensus has been reached and many have been
      criticized for not representing the views and priorities of older people. We
      consider whether the Rowe-Kahn SA model captures older individual's perceptions
      of their own health and aging. METHODS: Using two cohorts of 886 and 483 men and
      women from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study, aged around 57 and 76,
      respectively, we explored associations between Rowe-Kahn SA dimensions (absence
      of disease/disability; good physical/cognitive functioning; good
      interpersonal/productive social engagement) and four aspects of self-rated health
      and satisfaction (current general health; health for age; satisfaction with
      health; satisfaction with life). RESULTS: Respondents' self-rated health and
      satisfaction was generally good but few had all six Rowe-Kahn dimensions
      positive, the conventional definition of SA. All individual positive SA
      dimensions were associated with better self-rated health and satisfaction. This
      was consistent across age, gender, manual/nonmanual occupations, and personality.
      The prevalence of good self-rated health and satisfaction increased with
      increasing numbers of positive SA dimensions. IMPLICATIONS: The Rowe-Kahn model
      provides a functional definition of SA. Future work on ageing should include all
      Rowe-Kahn dimensions and consider SA as a continuum.

PMID- 26970608
TI  - Medical undergraduates' contributions to publication output of world's top
      universities in 2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical undergraduates' (UGs) involvement in research activities is
      thought to be mutually beneficial to students, their mentors and the scholarly
      productivity of their universities. However, most evidence in favor of such
      assumption relies on subjective measures such as the self-reported gains in
      skills or knowledge rather than robust objective estimates for assessing impact.
      AIM: We aimed to objectively track and describe publications with UG co-authors
      their proportion to the total publication output of world's top universities,
      their characteristics and their potential impact on biomedical literature.
      METHODS: We contacted the corresponding authors of the 2013's Medline-indexed
      publications affiliated to world's top 10 universities to investigate if any of
      their co-authors was an UG. Articles with UG co-authors were further assessed to
      determine, along with other variables: the type of study design, field of the
      article, publishing journal and its impact factor (IF), and number of received
      citations. RESULTS: Out of 25 152 publications, 2537 articles (10.1%) contained
      at least one UG co-author who was the first author in 635 papers (25%). Articles
      with UG co-authors were published in 1114 journals with a median IF of 3.661.
      Most UGs' co-authored publications (82.7%, n = 2098) were cited at least once
      within 1 year, for a median of three citations per article. CONCLUSION: UGs
      contributed to one in every 10 publications affiliated to top universities. Their
      papers were published in journals with good IFs and received a fair number of
      citations, which would reflect the relatively good quality and impact of these
      articles.

PMID- 26970607
TI  - Sex-, stress-, and sympathetic post-ganglionic-dependent changes in identity and
      proportions of immune cells in the dura.
AB  - Aim of investigation Due to compelling evidence in support of links between sex,
      stress, sympathetic post-ganglionic innervation, dural immune cells, and
      migraine, our aim was to characterize the impacts of these factors on the type
      and proportion of immune cells in the dura. Methods Dural immune cells were
      obtained from naive or stressed adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats for
      flow cytometry. Rats with surgical denervation of sympathetic post-ganglionic
      neurons of the dura were also studied. Results Immune cells comprise ~17% of all
      cells in the dura. These included: macrophages/granulocytes ("Macs"; 63.2% of
      immune cells), dendritic cells (0.88%), T-cells (4.51%), natural killer T-cells
      (0.51%), natural killer cells (3.08%), and B-cells (20.0%). There were
      significantly more Macs and fewer B- and natural killer T-cells in the dura of
      females compared with males. Macs and dendritic cells were significantly
      increased by stress in males, but not females. In contrast, T-cells were
      significantly increased in females with a 24-hour delay following stress. Lastly,
      Macs, dendritic cells, and T-cells were significantly higher in sympathectomized
      naive males, but not females. Conclusions It may not only be possible, but
      necessary to use different strategies for the most effective treatment of
      migraine in men and women.

PMID- 26970609
TI  - Changes in bioactive compounds and oxidative enzymes of fresh-cut pomegranate
      arils during storage as affected by deficit irrigation and postharvest vapor heat
      treatments.
AB  - The effect of postharvest vapor heat treatments at 95C (4, 7, and 10 s) regarding
      a conventional sanitizing treatment with 100 mg NaClO l-1 on enzyme activities
      (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase), phenolic
      content, and total antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut pomegranates arils
      throughout 18 days at 5C was studied. Furthermore, the effect of two sustained
      deficit irrigation (SDI) strategies, compared to a standardly irrigated control
      (CTRL), was also studied on such quality parameters throughout storage. Arils
      from CTRL-irrigated fruit registered phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, and
      polyphenol oxidase initial activities of 60.6, 382, and 14.4 U g-1 fw,
      respectively. Arils from sustained deficit irrigation fruit registered 46-58%
      lower phenylalanine ammonia lyase values while polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase
      activities did not register great variants (<9%) among both sustained deficit
      irrigation treatments. Postharvest vapor heat treatments enhanced phenylalanine
      ammonia lyase activity in those samples from sustained deficit irrigation fruit
      although no great peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (<2-5%) increases were
      observed. Arils from SDI1 fruit registered higher phenolic content than those
      values reported for CTRL samples. However, phenolic compounds decreased during
      storage, in a greater extent for sustained deficit irrigation samples, although 7
      s arils achieved better phenolic compounds retention in sustained deficit
      irrigation samples. Vapor heat treatments reduced up to twofold the total
      antioxidant capacity losses observed in samples sanitized by conventional NaOCl
      treatment during shelf life. Conclusively, postharvest vapor heat treatment for 7
      and 10 s used to extend the shelf life of pomegranate arils up to 18 days at 5C
      reduced the losses of health-promoting compounds during storage compared to
      conventional NaOCl sanitizing treatment.

PMID- 26970610
TI  - Seeing is Believing, or How GFP Changed My Approach to Science.
AB  - The field of "Developmental Biology" has dramatically changed over the past three
      decades. While genetic analysis had been center stage in the 1980s and continues
      to be a corner stone for investigations, the introduction of green fluorescent
      protein (GFP) in the 1990s has allowed us to look into living, developing
      embryos, and see how cells form tissues and how organ morphogenesis proceeds in
      real time. The introduction of protein binders into developmental studies some
      years ago has raised the precision yet another step, since it will allow the
      manipulation and study of how proteins function in real time. This chapter is a
      personal account on how GFP has, and how protein binders may, change the design
      of studies in the field of developmental biology.

PMID- 26970611
TI  - The Notch-Mediated Proliferation Circuitry.
AB  - The essential and highly conserved Notch signaling pathway controls a wide range
      of cell fate decisions during development, including cellular proliferation.
      Notch mediates both pro- and anti-proliferative effects in development, stem
      cells, and cancer depending on cellular context. Furthermore, it can induce
      proliferation in both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manners.
      Interacting genes and crosstalking signaling pathways play essential roles in
      regulating the proliferative response to Notch signals. A large number of genes
      that participate in the Notch network to influence proliferation have been
      identified, including several that activate the JNK signaling pathway, which
      interacts with Notch to induce both hyperplastic and invasive cellular behaviors.
      It is clear that dissecting the genetic circuitry surrounding Notch is essential
      to understanding the proliferative response to Notch in both development and
      cancer.

PMID- 26970612
TI  - Defining the Path from Stem Cells to Differentiated Tissue.
AB  - The molecular events that control the progression from stem cells to
      differentiated tissue are largely unknown. The root of Arabidopsis is an
      excellent model to study this process, as cells at every stage of development are
      present at all times. A network that involves the mobile transcription factor,
      SHORT-ROOT, controls the asymmetric division of the stem cell that gives rise to
      endodermis and cortex. After initially interacting with another transcription
      factor, SCARECROW (SCR), together they activate a D-type cyclin, which
      specifically regulates this asymmetric cell division. Another direct target of
      SCR is a MYB transcription factor that regulates formation of the Casparian
      strip, the signature differentiated feature of the endodermis. Thus, the outline
      of a regulatory network from stem cell to differentiated tissue has been traced,
      with much remaining to be filled in.

PMID- 26970613
TI  - Neuregulin/ErbB Signaling in Developmental Myelin Formation and Nerve Repair.
AB  - Myelin is essential for rapid and accurate conduction of electrical impulses by
      axons in the central and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Myelin is formed in the
      early postnatal period, and developmental myelination in the PNS depends on
      axonal signals provided by Nrg1/ErbB receptors. In addition, Nrg1 is required for
      effective nerve repair and remyelination in adulthood. We discuss here
      similarities and differences in Nrg1/ErbB functions in developmental myelination
      and remyelination after nerve injury.

PMID- 26970614
TI  - Oocyte Meiotic Spindle Assembly and Function.
AB  - Gametogenesis in animal oocytes reduces the diploid genome content of germline
      precursors to a haploid state in gametes by discarding 3/4 of the duplicated
      chromosomes through a sequence of two meiotic cell divisions called meiosis I and
      II. The assembly of the microtubule-based spindle structure that mediates this
      reduction in genome content remains poorly understood compared to our knowledge
      of mitotic spindle assembly and function. In this review, we consider the
      diversity of oocyte meiotic spindle assembly and structure across animal
      phylogeny, review recent advances in our understanding of how animal oocytes
      assemble spindles in the absence of the centriole-based microtubule-organizing
      centers that dominate mitotic spindle assembly, and discuss different models for
      how chromosomes are captured and moved to achieve chromosome segregation during
      oocyte meiotic cell division.

PMID- 26970615
TI  - Self-Organization of Spatial Patterning in Human Embryonic Stem Cells.
AB  - The developing embryo is a remarkable example of self-organization, where
      functional units are created in a complex spatiotemporal choreography. Recently,
      human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been used to recapitulate in vitro the
      self-organization programs that are executed in the embryo in vivo. This
      represents an unique opportunity to address self-organization in humans that is
      otherwise not addressable with current technologies. In this chapter, we review
      the recent literature on self-organization of human ESCs, with a particular focus
      on two examples: formation of embryonic germ layers and neural rosettes.
      Intriguingly, both activation and elimination of TGFbeta signaling can initiate
      self-organization, albeit with different molecular underpinnings. We discuss the
      mechanisms underlying the formation of these structures in vitro and explore
      future challenges in the field.

PMID- 26970616
TI  - The Neural Crest Migrating into the Twenty-First Century.
AB  - From the initial discovery of the neural crest over 150 years ago to the seminal
      studies of Le Douarin and colleagues in the latter part of the twentieth century,
      understanding of the neural crest has moved from the descriptive to the
      experimental. Now, in the twenty-first century, neural crest research has
      migrated into the genomic age. Here, we reflect upon the major advances in neural
      crest biology and the open questions that will continue to make research on this
      incredible vertebrate cell type an important subject in developmental biology for
      the century to come.

PMID- 26970618
TI  - Cycling in the Cell Fate Landscape.
AB  - The causal relationship between the cell cycle and cell fate has recently been
      reconsidered in several developmental systems, now including sex determination.
      Direct links between cell cycle machinery and developmental factors demonstrate
      how modulating the cell cycle can have a profound influence on cellular
      decisions, through phenomena largely divided into phase-specific interactions
      seen as "priming" and "competence," or global changes in transcription or histone
      modifications during transitions. This integration challenges the common view of
      cell fate landscapes.

PMID- 26970617
TI  - Tissue Differentiation: A Personal Account of Research on Myogenesis and
      Cardiogenesis.
AB  - In this essay I trace my own research experience as a developmental biologist,
      from the study of cell differentiation in vitro to tissue formation and
      regeneration in vivo. Beginning with a thesis on histone modifications, I went on
      to study gene regulation during myogenesis, first in muscle cells in culture and
      then in the mouse embryo. Later, we also worked on muscle regeneration in the
      adult. Our work on striated muscle genes also led us into the field of
      cardiogenesis and characterization of cardiac progenitor cells that form the
      heart. Comments on the state of the art--changing concepts and the technological
      advances that underlie scientific progress--accompany this account, with
      concluding remarks about future directions.

PMID- 26970619
TI  - Securing Neuronal Cell Fate in C. elegans.
AB  - Transcription factors control neuronal differentiation by acting as "terminal
      selectors" that determine the specific cell fates of different types of neurons.
      The specification of cell fate, however, requires high fidelity, which relies on
      stable and robust expression of the terminal selectors. Our recent studies in C.
      elegans suggest that a second set of transcription factors function as
      reinforcing or protecting factors to stabilize the expression and activity of
      terminal selectors. Some serve as "guarantors" to ensure the activation and
      continuous expression of the selectors by reducing stochastic fluctuations in
      gene expression; others safeguard the protein function of selectors by repressing
      inhibitors that would block their activity. These transcription factors, unlike
      the terminal selectors, do not induce specification but secure neuronal cell fate
      and provide reliability in differentiation.

PMID- 26970620
TI  - Cancer in Drosophila: Imaginal Discs as a Model for Epithelial Tumor Formation.
AB  - Cancer genomics has greatly increased our understanding of the complexity of the
      genetic and epigenetic changes found in human tumors. Understanding the
      functional relationships among these elements calls for the use of flexible
      genetic models. We discuss the use of Drosophila models to study cooperation
      among genetic factors that contribute to disease progression.

PMID- 26970622
TI  - The Chordin Morphogenetic Pathway.
AB  - The ancestral Chordin/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway that
      establishes dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning in animal development is one of the
      best understood morphogenetic gradients, and is established by multiple proteins
      that interact with each other in the extracellular space-including several BMPs,
      Chordin, Tolloid, Ont-1, Crossveinless-2, and Sizzled. The D-V gradient is
      adjusted redundantly by regulating the synthesis of its components, by direct
      protein-protein interactions between morphogens, and by long-range diffusion. The
      entire embryo participates in maintaining the D-V BMP gradient, so that for each
      action in the dorsal side there is a reaction in the ventral side. A gradient of
      Chordin is formed in the extracellular matrix that separates ectoderm from
      endomesoderm, called Brachet's cleft in Xenopus. The Chordin/BMP pathway is self
      organizing and able to scale pattern in the dorsal half of bisected embryos or in
      Spemann dorsal lip transplantation experiments.

PMID- 26970621
TI  - Genome Duplication: The Heartbeat of Developing Organisms.
AB  - The mechanism that duplicates the nuclear genome during the trillions of cell
      divisions required to develop from zygote to adult is the same throughout the
      eukarya, but the mechanisms that determine where, when and how much nuclear
      genome duplication occur regulate development and differ among the eukarya. They
      allow organisms to change the rate of cell proliferation during development, to
      activate zygotic gene expression independently of DNA replication, and to
      restrict nuclear DNA replication to once per cell division. They allow
      specialized cells to exit their mitotic cell cycle and differentiate into
      polyploid cells, and in some cases, to amplify the number of copies of specific
      genes. It is genome duplication that drives evolution, by virtue of the errors
      that inevitably occur when the same process is repeated trillions of times. It
      is, unfortunately, the same errors that produce age-related genetic disorders
      such as cancer.

PMID- 26970624
TI  - Zygotic Genome Activators, Developmental Timing, and Pluripotency.
AB  - The transcription factors Pou5f1, Sox2, and Nanog are central regulators of
      pluripotency in mammalian ES and iPS cells. In vertebrate embryos, Pou5f1/3,
      SoxB1, and Nanog control zygotic genome activation and participate in lineage
      decisions. We review the current knowledge of the roles of these genes in
      developing vertebrate embryos from fish to mammals and suggest a model for
      pluripotency gene regulatory network functions in early development.

PMID- 26970625
TI  - Topological Domains, Metagenes, and the Emergence of Pleiotropic Regulations at
      Hox Loci.
AB  - Hox gene clusters of jaw vertebrates display a tight genomic organization, which
      has no equivalent in any other bilateria genomes sequenced thus far. It was
      previously argued that such a topological consolidation toward a condensed,
      metagenic structure was due to the accumulation of long-range regulations
      flanking Hox loci, a phenomenon made possible by the successive genome
      duplications that occurred at the root of the vertebrate lineage, similar to gene
      neofunctionalization but applied to a coordinated multigenic system. Here, we
      propose that the emergence of such large vertebrate regulatory landscapes
      containing a range of global enhancers was greatly facilitated by the presence of
      topologically associating domains (TADs). These chromatin domains, mostly
      constitutive, may have been used as genomic niches where novel regulations could
      evolve due to both the preexistence of a structural backbone poised to integrate
      novel regulatory inputs, and a highly adaptive transcriptional readout. We
      propose a scenario for the coevolution of such TADs and the emergence of
      pleiotropy at ancestral vertebrate Hox loci.

PMID- 26970623
TI  - From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila Visual System.
AB  - How stem cells produce the huge diversity of neurons that form the visual system,
      and how these cells are assembled in neural circuits are a critical question in
      developmental neurobiology. Investigations in Drosophila have led to the
      discovery of several basic principles of neural patterning. In this chapter, we
      provide an overview of the field by describing the development of the Drosophila
      visual system, from the embryo to the adult and from the gross anatomy to the
      cellular level. We then explore the general molecular mechanisms identified that
      might apply to other neural structures in flies or in vertebrates. Finally, we
      discuss the major challenges that remain to be addressed in the field.

PMID- 26970627
TI  - Dedifferentiation, Redifferentiation, and Transdifferentiation of Striated
      Muscles During Regeneration and Development.
AB  - In some rare and striking cases, striated muscle fibers of the skeleton or body
      wall, which consist of terminally differentiated syncytia with complex
      ultrastructures, were found to be capable of dedifferentiating and fragmenting
      into mononucleate cells. Examples of such events will be discussed in which the
      dedifferentiated cells reenter the cell cycle, proliferate, and rebuilt damaged
      muscle fibers during limb regeneration or transdifferentiate to generate new
      types of muscles during normal development.

PMID- 26970626
TI  - Connectomics, the Final Frontier.
AB  - How the synaptic connections in the nervous system are genetically encoded and
      formed during development remains an unsolved problem. The known connectivity of
      the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans provides an opportunity to search
      for the genes involved. The circuits for male mating behavior form a complex
      neural network that would seem to require a large family of molecular cell labels
      for pre- and postsynaptic cell recognition. It is suggested that a combinatorial
      code of neural cell adhesion proteins specifying the network of connections may
      be discovered by comparing the expression patterns of candidate genes with the
      pattern of connections.

PMID- 26970629
TI  - Differentiation in Stem Cell Lineages and in Life: Explorations in the Male Germ
      Line Stem Cell Lineage.
AB  - I have been privileged to work on cellular differentiation during a great surge
      of discovery that has revealed the molecular mechanisms and genetic regulatory
      circuitry that control embryonic development and adult tissue maintenance and
      repair. Studying the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in the male
      germ line stem cell lineage has allowed us investigate how the developmental
      program imposes layers of additional controls on fundamental cellular processes
      like cell cycle progression and gene expression to give rise to the huge variety
      of specialized cell types in our bodies. We are beginning to understand how local
      signals from somatic support cells specify self-renewal versus differentiation in
      the stem cell niche at the apical tip of the testis. We are discovering the
      molecular events that block cell proliferation and initiate terminal
      differentiation at the switch from mitosis to meiosis-a signature event of the
      germ cell program. Our work is beginning to reveal how the developmental program
      that sets up the dramatic new cell type-specific transcription program that
      prepares germ cells for meiotic division and spermatid differentiation is turned
      on when cells become spermatocytes. I have had the privilege of working with
      incredible students, postdocs, and colleagues who have discovered, brainstormed,
      challenged, and refined our science and our ideas of how developmental pathways
      and cellular mechanisms work together to drive differentiation.

PMID- 26970630
TI  - How Somatic Adult Tissues Develop Organizer Activity.
AB  - The growth and patterning of anatomical structures from specific cellular fields
      in developing organisms relies on organizing centers that instruct surrounding
      cells to modify their behavior, namely migration, proliferation, and
      differentiation. We discuss here how organizers can form in adult organisms, a
      process of utmost interest for regenerative medicine. Animals like Hydra and
      planarians, which maintain their shape and fitness thanks to a highly dynamic
      homeostasis, offer a useful paradigm to study adult organizers in steady-state
      conditions. Beside the homeostatic context, these model systems also offer the
      possibility to study how organizers form de novo from somatic adult tissues. Both
      extracellular matrix remodeling and caspase activation play a key role in this
      transition, acting as promoters of organizer formation in the vicinity of the
      wound. Their respective roles and the crosstalk between them just start to be
      deciphered.

PMID- 26970628
TI  - Epithelial Skin Biology: Three Decades of Developmental Biology, a Hundred
      Questions Answered and a Thousand New Ones to Address.
AB  - The mammalian skin epidermis and its hair and sweat gland appendages provide a
      protective barrier that retains essential body fluids, guards against invasion by
      harmful microbes, and regulates body temperature through the ability to sweat. At
      the interface between the external environment and the body, skin is constantly
      subjected to physical trauma and must also be primed to repair wounds in response
      to injury. In adults, the skin maintains epidermal homeostasis, hair
      regeneration, and wound repair through the use of its stem cells. This essay
      focuses on when stem cells become established during skin development and where
      these cells reside in adult epithelial tissues of the skin. I explore how skin
      stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis and repair wounds and how they regulate
      the delicate balance between proliferation and differentiation. Finally, I tackle
      the relation between skin cancer and mutations that perturb the regulation of
      stem cells.

PMID- 26970631
TI  - Developmental Plasticity and Developmental Symbiosis: The Return of Eco-Devo.
AB  - Ecological developmental biology is the study of the interactions between
      developing organisms and their environments. Organisms have evolved to use the
      environment as a source of important cues that can alter the trajectory of their
      development. First, developmental plasticity enables the genome to generate a
      repertoire of possible phenotypes, and environmental cues are often used to
      select the phenotype that appears most adaptive at that time. This facilitates
      evolutionary strategies such as phenotypic accommodation, genetic assimilation,
      and niche construction. Second, developmental symbiosis, wherein the developing
      animal utilizes cues from other organisms for normal cell differentiation and
      morphogenesis, has been found to be ubiquitous. The coevolution of symbiotic
      microbes and animal cells has often led to the dependency of an animal's
      development on particular microbial signals, making these cues essential and
      expected components of normal development.

PMID- 26970632
TI  - Twenty Years in Maine: Integrating Insights from Developmental Biology into
      Translational Medicine in a Small State.
AB  - In this chapter, I give my personal reflections on more than 30 years of studying
      developmental biology in the mouse model, spending 20 of those years doing
      research in Maine, a small rural state. I also give my thoughts on my recent
      experience transitioning to a large medical center in Maine, and the issues
      involved with integrating insights from developmental biology and regenerative
      medicine into the fabric of translational and clinical patient care in such an
      environment.

PMID- 26970633
TI  - Cell Fate Determination by Transcription Factors.
AB  - Transcription factors fulfill a key role in the formation and maintenance of
      different cell-types during development. It is known that transcription factors
      largely dissociate from chromosomes during mitosis. We found, previously, that
      mitosis is also a time when somatic nuclei can be far more easily reprogrammed
      after nuclear transfer than the nuclei of interphase cells. We refer to this as a
      mitotic advantage. Here, the rate of exchange of a transcription factor on its
      designated DNA-binding site is discussed. It is proposed that the Xenopus oocyte
      could serve as an experimental system in which the duration of binding site
      occupancy could be usefully analyzed. In particular, the Xenopus oocyte has
      several characteristics which make it possible to determine accurately the
      concentration and duration of transcription factor binding. It is proposed that
      the concentration and time are the key variables which govern the action of
      transcription factors when they activate genes needed for cell lineage
      determination.

PMID- 26970634
TI  - Terminal Selectors of Neuronal Identity.
AB  - The analysis of the developmental programs that define many different neuron
      types in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed common themes in how
      distinct terminal differentiation programs are controlled. Rather than being
      controlled in a piece-meal manner, terminal identity features of a mature neuron
      are often coregulated by so-called terminal selector transcription factors. Here,
      I summarize the terminal selector concept and emphasize core features of this
      concept in the C. elegans system such as coregulation of terminal effector
      batteries, combinatorial control mechanisms, and the coupling of initiation and
      maintenance of neuronal identity. 

PMID- 26970635
TI  - Drosophila Segment Polarity Mutants and the Rediscovery of the Hedgehog Pathway
      Genes.
AB  - The Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus screen for mutations disrupting the
      segmentation of the Drosophila embryo revolutionized developmental genetics,
      leading the way to the identification of many of the transcription factors and
      signaling pathways that orchestrate development, not just in the fruit fly but
      across the animal kingdom. The Hedgehog signaling pathway is a case in point: yet
      remarkably, all but one of the genes encoding the Hedgehog pathway components
      including Hedgehog itself-had previously been discovered, in some cases decades
      earlier. Here I review the original identification of these genes and consider
      why their significance remained obscure until the Nobel Prize winning screen.

PMID- 26970636
TI  - The Comparative Organismal Approach in Evolutionary Developmental Biology:
      Insights from Ascidians and Cavefish.
AB  - Important contributions to evolutionary developmental biology have been made
      using the comparative organismal approach. As examples, I describe insights
      obtained from studies of Molgula ascidians and Astyanax cavefish.

PMID- 26970637
TI  - From Cloning Neural Development Genes to Functional Studies in Mice, 30 Years of
      Advancements.
AB  - The invention of new mouse molecular genetics techniques, initiated in the 1980s,
      has repeatedly expanded our ability to tackle exciting developmental biology
      problems. The brain is the most complex organ, and as such the more sophisticated
      the molecular genetics technique, the more impact they have on uncovering new
      insights into how our brain functions. I provide a general time line for the
      introduction of new techniques over the past 30 years and give examples of new
      discoveries in the neural development field that emanated from them. I include a
      look to what the future holds and argue that we are at the dawn of a very
      exciting age for young scientists interested in studying how the nervous system
      is constructed and functions with such precision.

PMID- 26970639
TI  - The Curious World of Gonadal Development in Mammals.
AB  - The distinct sex phenotypes of male and female hinge on the development of the
      fetal gonads as testes or ovaries, in turn, regulated by the molecular genetic
      machinery of sex determination. Here, I discuss five aspects of mammalian gonadal
      development that distinguish it from other examples of organogenesis, and
      continue to surprise and fascinate. Let's face it: males and females are very
      different animals-so much so, that for any species there are really two
      developmental biologies, not one. Humans have been intrigued by the differences
      between men and women since the beginning of recorded history, and presumably
      long before. As a developmental biologist, it is especially fascinating to ask
      how the differences between the sexes arise. Finding the answers involves a
      stimulating mix of molecular genetics, cell biology, and developmental anatomy.
      Since our sex phenotype depends critically on the formation of testes or ovaries
      in the embryo, research efforts focus largely on the genetic control of sex
      determination and the organogenesis of the gonads. After half a lifetime, I am
      still busy delving into these issues. In this chapter, I attempt to rationalize
      this enduring fascination by describing five aspects of sex development that
      continue to captivate.

PMID- 26970640
TI  - The Unaimed Arrow Never Misses.
AB  - In this assay, Raphael Kopan argues that focused emphasis on disease and
      translation stifles innovation, and outline the reasons why, in my opinion,
      developmental biologists are more likely to produce new and important discoveries
      than their more "focused" colleagues.

PMID- 26970641
TI  - A Path to Pattern.
AB  - The field of developmental biology is not the same one that I entered in 1975. At
      that time, it seemed that most of its practitioners used various kinds of
      microscopes to watch animals as they matured, described morphological details
      with impressive temporal and spatial resolution, and recorded responses to
      physical and genetic insults. The number of genes whose mutant phenotypes offered
      insights into developmental mechanisms was small, the expression and
      functionalities of these genes were unknown, and because the extent of
      evolutionary conservation between different animals or even different organs in
      the same animal was also unknown, the vocabularies that were used to describe
      development were unique to each system. The distance between the descriptors and
      inferred molecular mechanisms was vast; it was a descriptive discipline. Today
      genome sequences are available for the animals that developmental biologists
      study, saturation genetic screens are possible, transgenesis offers powerful ways
      to modify genomes, and the proteins that direct and implement developmental
      processes can be imaged in real time. These advances have transformed the field
      into one that merges with cell biology, physiology, neurobiology, and immunology,
      and they have transformed our understanding of development. In this essay, I
      offer my perspectives and my sense of some principles that have emerged.

PMID- 26970638
TI  - Tales of Tails (and Trunks): Forming the Posterior Body in Vertebrate Embryos.
AB  - A major question in developmental biology is how the early embryonic axes are
      established. Recent studies using different model organisms and mammalian in
      vitro systems have revealed the surprising result that most of the early
      posterior embryonic body forms from a Wnt-regulated bipotential neuromesodermal
      progenitor population that escapes early germ layer patterning. Part of the
      regulatory network that drives the maintenance and differentiation of these
      progenitors has recently been determined, but much remains to be discovered. This
      review discusses some of the common features present in all vertebrates, as well
      as unique aspects that different species utilize to establish their anterior
      posterior (A-P) axis.

PMID- 26970643
TI  - Hox Genes and the Hindbrain: A Study in Segments.
AB  - The hindbrain develops through a process of segmentation which is coupled with
      the ordered expression of Hox genes to generate regional diversity of key neural
      and craniofacial derivatives during head development. This is a fundamental
      feature governed by a gene regulatory network conserved to the base of vertebrate
      evolution. 

PMID- 26970642
TI  - Gene-Environment Interactions and the Etiology of Birth Defects.
AB  - It is thought that most structural birth defects are caused by a complex
      combination of genetic and environmental factors that interact to interfere with
      morphogenetic processes. It is important not only to identify individual genetic
      and environmental risk factors for particular defects but also to identify which
      environmental factors interact specifically with which genetic variants that
      predispose to the same defect. Genomic and epidemiological studies are critical
      to this end. Development and analysis of model systems will also be essential for
      this goal, as well as for understanding the mechanisms that underlie specific
      gene-environment interactions.

PMID- 26970644
TI  - C. elegans Embryonic Morphogenesis.
AB  - Morphogenesis is a four-dimensional process which involves the crucial interplay
      between signaling, mechanical forces, and spatial changes. Caenorhabditis elegans
      presents a simple yet versatile model to study morphogenesis. Here, we review
      recent progress on cellular and molecular drivers of morphological changes during
      C. elegans epiboly and embryonic elongation: actin dynamics and actomyosin
      contractility, migration guidance cues and junction remodeling. In addition, we
      discuss how mechanical forces contribute to the process.

PMID- 26970645
TI  - The Last 50 Years: Mismeasurement and Mismanagement Are Impeding Scientific
      Research.
AB  - In the last 50 years, there have been many changes to the substance, conduct, and
      style of research. Many of these changes have proved disastrous to the life of
      scientists and to science itself. As a consequence, the near-romantic spirit of
      adventure and exploration that inspired young scientists of my own and earlier
      generations has become tarnished. Now, many of us feel beleaguered by bureaucrats
      and by politicians: they affect our lives profoundly, apparently without an
      understanding of the way discoveries are made or of the nature of science itself.
      The core purposes of universities, teaching and research, are being eroded by
      excessive administration. The number and locations of our publications are
      counted up like beans and the outcomes are used to rank us, one against another;
      a process of evaluation that has recast the purposes of publication. Applying for
      grants takes far too much time from a young scientist's life.

PMID- 26970646
TI  - Mechanochemical Interplay Drives Polarization in Cellular and Developmental
      Systems.
AB  - Polarity plays important roles in biological processes, such as motility,
      differentiation, growth, and pattern formation. One major goal in the field of
      biological polarity is to understand logics used by signaling networks underlying
      diverse polarization processes: symmetry breaking, amplification, inhibition, and
      coordination. In this essay, we explore various polarization processes on cell,
      tissue, and whole-organism scales, aiming to elucidate how diverse mechanical
      signals, in addition to chemical cues, can be integrated to a common framework of
      polarization.

PMID- 26970647
TI  - The Pluripotency of Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in Brain Development.
AB  - The neural crest (NC) is, in the Chordate phylum, an innovation of vertebrates,
      which exhibits several original characteristics: its component cells are
      pluripotent and give rise to both ectodermal and mesodermal cell types. Moreover,
      during the early stages of neurogenesis, the NC cells exert a paracrine
      stimulating effect on the development of the preotic brain.

PMID- 26970649
TI  - Emerging Modeling Concepts and Solutions in Stem Cell Research.
AB  - Modern stem cell research, as well as other fields of contemporary biology
      involves quantitative sciences in many ways. Identifying candidates for key
      differentiation or reprogramming factors, tracing global transcriptome changes,
      or finding drugs is now broadly involves bioinformatics and biostatistics.
      However, the next key step, understanding the underlying reasons and establishing
      causal links leading to differentiation or reprogramming requires qualitative and
      quantitative biological models describing complex biological systems. Currently,
      quantitative modeling is a challenging science, capable to deliver rather modest
      results or predictions. What model types are the most popular and what features
      of stem cell behavior they are capturing? What new insights do we expect from the
      computational modeling of stem cells in the foreseeable future? Current review
      attempts to approach these essential questions by considering published
      quantitative models and solutions emerging in the area of stem cell research.

PMID- 26970650
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26970652
TI  - Unpacking knowledge translation in participatory research: a micro-level study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Funding bodies, policy makers, researchers and clinicians are seeking
      strategies to increase the translation of knowledge between research and
      practice. Participatory research encompasses a range of approaches for
      clinicians' involvement in research in the hope of increasing the relevance and
      usability of research. Our aim was to explore how knowledge is translated and
      integrated in participants' presentations and negotiations about knowledge.
      METHODS: Twelve collaboration meetings were observed, and discussions between
      researchers and clinicians were recorded. The material was examined using the
      following analytical terms: knowledge object, knowledge form, knowledge position
      and knowledge tasks. RESULTS: We identified a recurring rhetorical pattern in
      translational processes that we call 'relevance testing': a strategy by which the
      participants attempt to create coherence and identify relevance across different
      contexts. The limitation of this translational strategy was a tendency to
      reinforce a 'two-communities' logic: re-establishing the separated worlds and
      rationales between clinicians and researchers. The 'translational work' that
      unfolds during discussions remains implicit. It may be that participants are
      unable to explicitly address and identify the knowledge translation processes
      because they lack necessary conceptual tools. CONCLUSIONS: Our results contribute
      to increased awareness about translational processes and provide a language
      through which barriers to translation can be addressed.

PMID- 26970648
TI  - Germ Plasm Biogenesis--An Oskar-Centric Perspective.
AB  - Germ granules are the hallmark of all germ cells. These membrane-less, electron
      dense structures were first observed over 100 years ago. Today, their role in
      regulating and processing transcripts critical for the establishment,
      maintenance, and protection of germ cells is well established, and pathways
      outlining the biochemical mechanisms and physical properties associated with
      their biogenesis are emerging. 

PMID- 26970651
TI  - Factors associated with HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Western
      Kenya: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - HIV diagnosis is an important step in the HIV cascade of prevention and
      treatment. However, men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries
      have limited access to HIV care services. We examined factors associated with
      prior HIV testing among men who have sex with men in western Kenya. We recruited
      95 men who have sex with men aged 18 years and older, and who reported at least
      one sexual contact with a man in the past 6 months; however, this analysis is
      restricted to 89 participants who completed questions on HIV testing. Logistic
      regression model was used to determine factors associated with HIV testing in the
      past one year. Results indicate that 23 (26%) had not been tested in the past 12
      months. Bivariate analyses demonstrated that condomless anal sex (odds ratio =
      3.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.18-9.17) and comfort with healthcare providers
      (odds ratio = 1.15, 95 % CI = 1.05-1.26) were associated with higher odds of HIV
      testing in the past 12 months. Experiencing social stigma was associated with
      lower odds of HIV testing in the last 12 months (odds ratio = 0.91, 95%
      confidence interval = 0.84-0.94). In multivariable models, social stigma remained
      significantly associated with lower odds of HIV testing in the last 12 months
      odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval = 0.82-0.99) after inclusion of sexual
      risk and individual level variables. Development of men who have sex with men
      sensitive HIV-testing services, addressing stigma, and training healthcare
      workers to provide culturally sensitive services may assist in effectively
      engaging men who have sex with men in the HIV treatment cascade.

PMID- 26970653
TI  - The relationship between assessment methods and self-directed learning readiness
      in medical education.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This research explored the assessment of self-directed learning
      readiness within the comprehensive evaluation of medical students' knowledge and
      skills and the extent to which several variables predicted participants' self
      directed learning readiness prior to their graduation. METHODS: Five metrics for
      evaluating medical students were considered in a multiple regression analysis.
      Fourth-year medical students at a competitive US medical school received an
      informed consent and an online survey. Participants voluntarily completed a self
      directed learning readiness scale that assessed four subsets of self-directed
      learning readiness and consented to the release of their academic records.
      RESULTS: The assortment of metrics considered in this study only vaguely captured
      students' self-directedness. The strongest predictors were faculty evaluations of
      students' performance on clerkship rotations. Specific clerkship grades were
      mildly predictive of three subscales. The Pediatrics clerkship modestly predicted
      critical self-evaluation (r=-.30, p=.01) and the Psychiatry clerkship mildly
      predicted learning self-efficacy (r =-.30, p=.01), while the Junior Surgery
      clerkship nominally correlated with participants' effective organization for
      learning (r=.21, p=.05). Other metrics examined did not contribute to predicting
      participants' readiness for self-directed learning. CONCLUSIONS: Given individual
      differences among participants for the variables considered, no combination of
      students' grades and/or test scores overwhelmingly predicted their aptitude for
      self-directed learning. Considering the importance of fostering medical students'
      self-directed learning skills, schools need a reliable and pragmatic approach to
      measure them. This data analysis, however, offered no clear-cut way of
      documenting students' self-directed learning readiness based on the evaluation
      metrics included.

PMID- 26970654
TI  - Human thermoregulation from the autonomic perspective.

PMID- 26970655
TI  - Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Video of the Surgical Procedure.

PMID- 26970656
TI  - Biological Motion induced mu suppression is reduced in Early Psychosis (EP)
      patients with active negative symptoms and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).
AB  - There is evidence of genetic and neural system overlap in Autism Spectrum
      Disorder (ASD) and Early Psychosis (EP). Five datasets were pooled to compare mu
      suppression index (MSI), a proxy of mirror neuron activity, in EP, high
      functioning ASD, and healthy subjects (HS). ASDs and EPs with "active" negative
      symptoms showed significant differences in mu suppression, in response to
      Biological Motion/point-light display animation, compared to HS. Preliminary
      findings suggest that similar neural network deficits in ASD and EP could be
      driven by the expression of negative symptoms in the latter group of patients.
      These findings may aid future studies on EP and ASD and facilitate the
      formulation of new hypotheses regarding their pathophysiology.

PMID- 26970658
TI  - Effect of background parenchymal enhancement on breast cancer detection with
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) may
      influence the sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE
      MR) imaging in breast cancer detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180
      consecutive women with 194 breast cancers underwent MR imaging examination. Women
      were assigned to two different groups depending on the degree of BPE. Group 1
      consisted of women with minimal or mild BPE and group 2 of women with moderate or
      marked BPE. The distributions of histotypes of tumors within the two groups were
      compared using the chi(2) test. Difference in sensitivities of DCE-MR imaging for
      tumor detection between the two groups was searched for using the Student t-test.
      RESULTS: No differences in terms of distributions of histotypes of tumors between
      the two groups of women were found (P=0.5). The 11% difference in sensitivity of
      DCE-MR imaging for tumor detection between group 1 (91/92; 99%; 95% CI: 94-100%)
      and group 2 (90/102; 88%; 95% CI: 80-94%) was statistically significant
      (P=0.0058). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of DCE-MR imaging is significantly lower
      in women with moderate and marked BPE as compared with women with minimal and
      mild BPE regardless of cancer histotype. BPE could represent a limitation for
      breast MR imaging interpretation and should be indicated in MR imaging reports.

PMID- 26970657
TI  - A discussion of current issues and concepts in the practice of skull
      photo/craniofacial superimposition.
AB  - A recent review paper on cranio-facial superimposition (CFS) stated that "there
      have been specific conceptual variances" from the original methods used in the
      practice of skull-photo superimposition, leading to poor results as far as
      accuracy is concerned. It was argued that the deviations in the practice of the
      technique have resulted in the reduced accuracies (for both failure to include
      and failure to exclude) that are noted in several recent studies. This paper aims
      to present the results from recent research to highlight the advancement of skull
      photo/cranio-facial superimposition, and to discuss some of the issues raised
      regarding deviations from original techniques. The evolving methodology of CFS is
      clarified in context with the advancement of technology, forensic science and
      specifically within the field of forensic anthropology. Developments in the skull
      photo/cranio-facial superimposition techniques have largely focused on testing
      reliability and accuracy objectively. Techniques now being employed by forensic
      anthropologists must conform to rigorous scientific testing and methodologies.
      Skull-photo/cranio-facial superimposition is constantly undergoing accuracy and
      repeatability testing which is in line with the principles of the scientific
      method and additionally allows for advancement in the field. Much of the research
      has indicated that CFS is useful in exclusion which is consistent with the
      concept of Popperian falsifiability - a hypothesis and experimental design which
      is falsifiable. As the hypothesis is disproved or falsified, another evolves to
      replace it and explain the new observations. Current and future studies employing
      different methods to test the accuracy and reliability of skull-photo/cranio
      facial superimposition will enable researchers to establish the contribution the
      technique can have for identification purposes. 

PMID- 26970659
TI  - Design, synthesis of phenstatin/isocombretastatin-oxindole conjugates as
      antimitotic agents.
AB  - A series of phenstatin/isocombretastatin-oxindole conjugates was synthesized and
      tested for their cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cells such as
      prostate (DU-145), lung (A549), colon (HT-29), breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2)
      cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.049 to 38.90 MUM. Amongst them, two
      conjugates (5c and 5d) showed broad spectrum of antiproliferative efficacy on
      lung cancer cells with an IC50 value of 79 nM and 93 nM, respectively, whereas on
      colon cancer cells with an IC50 values 45 nM and 49 nM, respectively. In
      addition, cell cycle assay revealed that these conjugates (5c and 5d) arrest at
      the G2/M phase and leads to apoptotic cell death which was confirmed by Annexin V
      FITC and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Further, the tubulin
      polymerization assay analysis results suggest that these conjugates particularly
      5c and 5d exhibit significant inhibitory effect on the tubulin assembly with an
      IC50 value of 1.23 MUM and 1.01 MUM, respectively. Molecular docking studies
      indicated that these compounds (5c and 5d) occupy the colchicine binding site of
      the tubulin.

PMID- 26970660
TI  - Development of a potent 2-oxoamide inhibitor of secreted phospholipase A2 guided
      by molecular docking calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - Inhibition of group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (GIIA sPLA2) has been an
      important objective for medicinal chemists. We have previously shown that
      inhibitors incorporating the 2-oxoamide functionality may inhibit human and mouse
      GIIA sPLA2s. Herein, the development of new potent inhibitors by molecular
      docking calculations using the structure of the known inhibitor 7 as scaffold,
      are described. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the new compounds revealed
      that the long chain 2-oxoamide based on (S)-valine GK241 led to improved activity
      (IC50=143 nM and 68 nM against human and mouse GIIA sPLA2, respectively). In
      addition, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to shed light on GK241
      potent and selective inhibitory activity.

PMID- 26970662
TI  - Novel indole-based melatonin analogues: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and
      protective effect against amyloid beta-induced damage.
AB  - Oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor in ageing and
      various diseases including cancer and neuropathological disorders. Indole
      derivatives such as the neurohormone melatonin (MLT) constitute an important
      class of therapeutic agent in medicinal chemistry. MLT can scavenge different
      reactive oxygen species and can also stimulate the synthesis of antioxidant
      enzymes. As a part of our ongoing studies, a series of new indole-based
      hydrazide/hydrazone derivatives were synthesized as MLT analogues. Their
      antioxidant activity was investigated in human erythrocytes by evaluating their
      reducing effect against oxidation of a redox-sensitive fluorescent probe.
      Possible inherent cytotoxicity of the compounds was investigated in CHO-K1 cells
      by lactate dehydrogenase leakage test. Protection of neuronal PC12 cells against
      amyloid beta-induced damage was examined by MTT assay and their ability in
      reduction of ROS generation induced by amyloid beta was tested. MLT analogues
      having an o-halogenated aromatic moiety exhibited effective antioxidant
      properties without having any membrane-damaging effect. Moreover, derivatives
      having o-halogenated and dihalogenated aromatic side chain significantly
      protected neuronal cells at concentrations of 10 and 100 MUM. In conclusion, MLT
      derivatives represent promising scaffolds for discovery of effective antioxidant
      and neuroprotective agents.

PMID- 26970661
TI  - Synthesis, and anticonvulsant activity of new amides derived from 3-methyl- or 3
      ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl-acetic acids.
AB  - This paper describes the synthesis of the library of 22 new 3-methyl- and 3-ethyl
      3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl-acetamides as potential anticonvulsant agents.
      The maximal electroshock (MES) and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ)
      seizure models were used for screening all the compounds. The 6 Hz model of
      pharmacoresistant limbic seizures was applied for studying selected derivatives.
      Six amides were chosen for pharmacological characterization of their
      antinociceptive activity in the formalin model of tonic pain as well as local
      anesthetic activity was assessed in mice. The pharmacological data indicate on
      the broad spectra of activity across the preclinical seizure models. Compounds 10
      (ED50=32.08 mg/kg, MES test) and 9 (ED50=40.34 mg/kg, scPTZ test) demonstrated
      the highest potency. These compounds displayed considerably better safety
      profiles than clinically relevant antiepileptic drugs phenytoin, ethosuximide, or
      valproic acid. Several molecules showed antinociceptive and local anesthetic
      properties. The in vitro radioligand binding studies demonstrated that the
      influence on the sodium and calcium channels may be one of the essential
      mechanisms of action.

PMID- 26970665
TI  - A theoretical interpretation of the "giant" dust particle conundrum.
AB  - The effects of electric force were used to interpret a well known conundrum about
      the long-term (or long-distance) dust transport in the atmosphere. 

PMID- 26970663
TI  - In vivo phase II-enzymes inducers, as potential chemopreventive agents, based on
      the chalcone and furoxan skeletons.
AB  - Cancer chemoprevention involves prevention/delay/reverse of the carcinogenic
      process through administration of cancer chemopreventive agents (CCA). Compounds
      which are able to induce detoxification-enzymes, especially monofunctional phase
      II enzymes, have become in excellent approaches for new CCA. Herein, we report
      the synthesis of new furoxanyl chalcone-like hybrid compounds as CCA. In vitro
      studies showed that phenylfuroxanyl derivatives 6 and 9 displayed the best
      activities being 9 the greatest monofunctional-inducer. Additionally, compounds
      were non-mutagenic against TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain (Ames test) and
      could be used in the prevention of the progression of pre-malignant lesions for
      their cytotoxic activity against tumoral cells. In vivo proof of concept showed
      increment on phase II-enzymes activities in liver, colon and mammary gland having
      derivative 9 the best induction profiles. We probed Nrf2 nuclear translocation is
      operative for both compounds allowing to exert protective effects via expression
      of downstream phase-II enzymes. 

PMID- 26970664
TI  - Long-term Management of Low Back Pain with Opioids and Non-steroidal Anti
      inflammatory Drugs in a Health System.

PMID- 26970666
TI  - A Water Framework Directive-compatible metric for assessing acidification in UK
      and Irish rivers using diatoms.
AB  - Freshwater acidification continues to be a major problem affecting large areas of
      Europe, and while there is evidence for chemical recovery, similar evidence for
      biological recovery of freshwaters is sparse. The need for a methodology to
      identify waterbodies impacted acidification and to assess the extent of
      biological recovery is relevant to the EU Water Framework Directive, which
      requires methods to quantify differences in biology between impacted and
      unimpacted or reference sites. This study presents a new WFD-compliant metric
      based on diatoms (Diatom Acidification Metric: DAM) for assessing the
      acidification status of rivers. A database of 558 benthic diatom samples and
      associated water chemistry data was assembled. Diatom taxa were assigned to one
      of 5 indicator classes on the basis of their pH optimum, assessed using Gaussian
      logistic regression, and these indicator values used to calculate a DAM score for
      each site using weighted averaging. Reference sites were selected on the basis of
      their acid neutralising capacity (ANC) and calcium concentration, and a
      regression model developed to predict expected DAM for each site using pH and
      total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. Site-specific DAM scores were used to
      calculate ecological quality ratios ranging from >=1, where the diatom assemblage
      showed no impact, to (theoretically) 0, when the diatom assemblage was indicative
      of major anthropogenic activities. The boundary between 'high' and 'good' status
      was defined as the 25th percentile of Ecological Quality Ratios (EQRs) of all
      reference sites. The boundary between 'good' and 'moderate' status was set at the
      point at which nutrient-sensitive and nutrient-tolerant taxa were present in
      equal relative abundance. The methodology was evaluated using long-term data from
      11 sites from the UK Uplands Waters Monitoring Network and is shown to perform
      well in discriminating naturally acid from acidified sites. 

PMID- 26970667
TI  - Roles of temperature and flow velocity on the mobility of nano-sized titanium
      dioxide in natural waters.
AB  - While environmental fate and transport of nano-sized TiO2 (nTiO2) attracts
      intensive attention, how physical characters of natural waters, such as water
      type, temperature, and flowing velocity, impact the mobility of nTiO2 remain
      unclear now. In this work, ultrapure water, lake water, and sea water were chosen
      to investigate the aggregation and sedimentation behaviors of nTiO2 under a
      series of environmental conditions with varying feeding concentration, water
      temperature, and flow velocity. In general, the results demonstrated poorer
      stability of nTiO2 in sea water than other water types. After a 7-hour test
      (initial nTiO2=100mg/L), the nTiO2 hydrodynamic sizes, sedimentation rates, and
      zeta potentials differed significantly in ultrapure water (545nm, 24%, -30mV),
      lake water (1374nm, 56%, -16mV) and sea water (2152nm, 87%, -3mV). Meanwhile, the
      study exhibited significant influences of initial nTiO2 concentration (10
      100mg/L) on the behaviors of nTiO2 in sea water and lake water but negligible
      impact on ultrapure water. Ambient temperature also directly affected the
      aggregation and sedimentation rates of nTiO2, both hydrodynamic diameters and
      sedimentation of nTiO2 increased markedly with the rising ambient temperatures
      (10-60 degrees C). In contrast, increasing water flow velocity (0-0.32m/s)
      lowered the hydrodynamic diameters and sedimentation rates of nTiO2, although the
      influence of flowing velocity on the aggregation of nTiO2 was partially
      reversible. 

PMID- 26970669
TI  - Common European Mitochondrial Haplogroups in the Risk for Radiation-induced
      Subcutaneous Fibrosis in Breast Cancer Patients.
AB  - AIMS: The contribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations to clinical
      radiosensitivity is largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the
      association between mtDNA haplogroups and the risk of radiation-induced
      subcutaneous fibrosis after postoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer patients.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subcutaneous fibrosis was scored according to the Late
      Effects of Normal Tissue-Subjective Objective Management Analytical (LENT-SOMA)
      scale in 286 Italian breast cancer patients who received radiotherapy after
      breast-conserving surgery. Eight mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms that
      define the nine major haplogroups in the European population were determined by
      polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on
      genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood. RESULTS: In a Kaplan-Meier analysis
      evaluated by the Log-rank test, carriers of haplogroup H were found to be at
      lower risk of grade >=2 subcutaneous fibrosis (P = 0.018) compared with all other
      haplotypes combined. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for
      clinical factors (body mass index, breast diameter, adjuvant treatment, dose per
      fraction, radiation type and acute skin toxicity), haplogroup H emerged as a
      protective factor for moderate to severe radiation-induced fibrosis at a nominal
      significance level (hazard ratio: 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.92, P =
      0.027), which did not survive correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest a protective effect of the mitochondrial haplogroup H in the
      development of radiation-induced fibrosis in breast cancer patients. However, the
      loss of statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons and
      the lack of an independent validation cohort make our findings preliminary,
      requiring further confirmation in large-scale prospective studies.

PMID- 26970668
TI  - Modulation of human allogeneic and syngeneic pluripotent stem cells and
      immunological implications for transplantation.
AB  - Tissues derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a promising
      source of cells for building various regenerative medicine therapies; from simply
      transplanting cells to reseeding decellularized organs to reconstructing
      multicellular tissues. Although reprogramming strategies for producing iPSCs have
      improved, the clinical use of iPSCs is limited by the presence of unique human
      leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, the main immunologic barrier to transplantation.
      In order to overcome the immunological hurdles associated with allogeneic tissues
      and organs, the generation of patient-histocompatible iPSCs (autologous or HLA
      matched cells) provides an attractive platform for personalized medicine.
      However, concerns have been raised as to the fitness, safety and immunogenicity
      of iPSC derivatives because of variable differentiation potential of different
      lines and the identification of genetic and epigenetic aberrations that can occur
      during the reprogramming process. In addition, significant cost and regulatory
      barriers may deter commercialization of patient specific therapies in the short
      term. Nonetheless, recent studies provide some evidence of immunological benefit
      for using autologous iPSCs. Yet, more studies are needed to evaluate the
      immunogenicity of various autologous and allogeneic human iPSC-derived cell types
      as well as test various methods to abrogate rejection. Here, we present
      perspectives of using allogeneic vs. autologous iPSCs for transplantation
      therapies and the advantages and disadvantages of each related to differentiation
      potential, immunogenicity, genetic stability and tumorigenicity. We also review
      the current literature on the immunogenicity of syngeneic iPSCs and discuss
      evidence that questions the feasibility of HLA-matched iPSC banks. Finally, we
      will discuss emerging methods of abrogating or reducing host immune responses to
      PSC derivatives. 

PMID- 26970670
TI  - Peptide-based synthetic pulmonary surfactant for the treatment of respiratory
      distress disorders.
AB  - KL4 (sinapultide) represents the first peptide-based replacement for surfactant
      protein B in pulmonary surfactant (PS) therapies approved for clinical use.
      Surfaxin, its formulation with PS lipids, shows the promise of synthetic PS for
      replacing animal-derived PS in the treatment of respiratory distress syndromes
      and for treating acute lung injury. Efforts to characterize the molecular basis
      for KL4 function have revealed the peptide exhibits a helical structure which
      differentially partitions in response to both lipid saturation levels and pH. The
      penta-residue repeat of KL4 leads to adaptive peptide helicity, varying with
      partitioning depth, and suggests structural plasticity may represent an important
      mechanism for differential trafficking of lipids, particularly in intra-alveolar
      surfactant for the formation of stable DPPC monolayers at air-water interfaces.

PMID- 26970671
TI  - The role of molecular testing in soft tissue sarcoma diagnosis.

PMID- 26970673
TI  - Diabetes complications in childhood and adolescent onset type 2 diabetes-a
      review.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders in children.
      Earlier, diabetes in children was almost exclusively type 1 diabetes. Recently,
      the scenario has changed and increasing numbers of children and adolescent T2DM
      are being diagnosed. As the epidemic of T2DM shifts to children and adolescents,
      there is an increased risk of development of micro and macrovascular
      complications. This could potentially affect the economy of the nation apart from
      posing a large burden to the individual and his or her family. Prevention and
      treatment are especially important, given the fact that onset at an early age
      increases the risk of developing micro and macrovascular complications due to
      increased duration of exposure to hyperglycemia and other metabolic
      abnormalities. Diagnosing children and adolescents with T2DM early and
      instituting good control of all risk factors could yield good results in the
      prevention of long term complications of diabetes. This review focuses on the
      prevalence of complications of diabetes among children and adolescents with T2DM.

PMID- 26970674
TI  - EMPA-REG: Glucose excretion and lipid mobilization - not storage - saves lives.

PMID- 26970672
TI  - Clinical effect of molecular methods in sarcoma diagnosis (GENSARC): a
      prospective, multicentre, observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advances in molecular genetics of sarcoma have enabled the
      identification of type-specific aberrations. We aimed to assess the clinical
      effect of systematic implementation of molecular assays to improve sarcoma
      misdiagnosis. METHODS: In this multicentre, observational study, we recruited
      patients from 32 centres of the French Sarcoma Group/Reference Network in
      Pathology of Sarcomas. Eligibility criteria included: biopsy or surgical
      resection; suspicion of: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (cohort 1),
      dedifferentiated liposarcoma (cohort 2), Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours
      (cohort 3), synovial sarcoma (cohort 4), alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (cohort 5),
      and myxoid or round cell liposarcoma (cohort 6); review by one sarcoma-expert
      pathologist; availability of frozen material (except for cohort 1 of patients
      with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans because anti-CD34 immunohistochemistry is
      performed on paraffin-embedded tissue); and patient information. For each case,
      the pathologist made one primary diagnosis followed by up to two differential
      diagnoses, based on histological characteristics only. Each diagnosis was
      classified as certain, probable, or possible. For each case to determine the
      molecular classification, we did fluorescence in-situ hybridisation on paraffin
      embedded samples. We also did comparative genomic hybridisation and quantitative
      PCR (cohort 2) or reverse transcriptase PCR (cohorts 3-6) on frozen and paraffin
      embedded samples. We made a final diagnosis based on the molecular results. The
      clinical effect of diagnosis correction was assessed by a board of experts.
      FINDING: Between June 22, 2009, and Oct 30, 2012, 395 patients were enrolled in
      the study, of which 384 were eligible for inclusion. The diagnosis was eventually
      modified by molecular genetics for 53 patients: eight (16%) of 50 patients with
      dermatofibrosarcoma (cohort 1), seven (23%) of 30 patients with dedifferentiated
      liposarcoma (cohort 2), 13 (12%) of 112 with Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours
      (cohort 3), 16 (16%) of 97 patients with synovial sarcoma (cohort 4), seven (15%)
      of 46 patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (cohort 5), and two (4%) of 49
      patients with myxoid or round cell liposarcoma (cohort 6), with an effect on
      primary management or prognosis assessment in 45 cases. INTERPRETATION: Molecular
      genetic testing should be mandatory for diagnostic accuracy of sarcoma and
      appropriate clinical management, even when histological diagnosis is made by
      pathologist experts in this field. FUNDING: French National Cancer Institute and
      Nice University Hospital.

PMID- 26970675
TI  - Assessment of MRI image quality for various setup positions used in breast
      radiotherapy planning.
AB  - This study investigates breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image quality for
      3 different breast radiotherapy positions (prone, supine flat and supine
      inclined) and associated choice of breast coils. Supine breast MRI has comparable
      image quality to prone breast MRI for the purposes of radiotherapy delineation
      for T2-weighted sequences.

PMID- 26970677
TI  - Biological dosimetry to assess risks of health effects in victims of radiation
      accidents: Thirty years after Chernobyl.

PMID- 26970678
TI  - Adjuvant radiation therapy in resected high-grade localized skeletal
      osteosarcomas treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Long-term outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess long-term outcomes and toxicity of adjuvant radiotherapy in
      the post-surgical management of patients with resected high-grade skeletal
      osteosarcomas. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-two patients with primary resected
      osteosarcomas underwent adjuvant radiotherapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy from
      December 1984 to December 2008. Local control (LC), overall survival (OS) and
      disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods. For
      survival outcomes potential associations were assessed in univariate and
      multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: After a
      median follow-up of 174months (range, 33-363months), 10-year LC, DFS, and OS
      rates were 82%, 58%, and 73%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis only R1
      margin status (p=0.02) remained significantly associated with LC. Patients with
      tumor necrosis <90% (p=0.04) and R1 resection margin (p=0.05) remained at a
      significantly higher risk of mortality on multivariate analysis. Six patients
      (8%) developed grade ?3 treatment-related chronic toxicity events. No grade 5
      toxicities were reported. CONCLUSIONS: A multimodal radiotherapy-containing
      approach is a well-tolerated component of treatment for patients with
      osteosarcomas undergoing programed resection, allowing low toxicity rates while
      maintaining high local control rates.

PMID- 26970679
TI  - Therapy region monitoring based on PET using 478 keV single prompt gamma ray
      during BNCT: A Monte Carlo simulation study.
AB  - We confirmed the feasibility of using our proposed system to extract two
      different kinds of functional images from a positron emission tomography (PET)
      module by using an insertable collimator during boron neutron capture therapy
      (BNCT). Coincidence events from a tumor region that included boron particles were
      identified by a PET scanner before BNCT; subsequently, the prompt gamma ray
      events from the same tumor region were collected after exposure to an external
      neutron beam through an insertable collimator on the PET detector. Five tumor
      regions that contained boron particles and were located in the water phantom and
      in the BNCT system with the PET module were simulated with Monte Carlo simulation
      code. The acquired images were quantitatively analyzed. Based on the receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curves in the five boron regions, A, B, C, D, and
      E, the PET and single-photon images were 10.2%, 11.7%, 8.2% (center region),
      12.6%, and 10.5%, respectively. We were able to acquire simultaneously PET and
      single prompt photon images for tumor regions monitoring by using an insertable
      collimator without any additional isotopes. 

PMID- 26970676
TI  - Assessment of fully-automated atlas-based segmentation of novel oral mucosal
      surface organ-at-risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Current oral mucositis normal tissue complication
      probability models, based on the dose distribution to the oral cavity volume,
      have suboptimal predictive power. Improving the delineation of the oral mucosa is
      likely to improve these models, but is resource intensive. We developed and
      evaluated fully-automated atlas-based segmentation (ABS) of a novel delineation
      technique for the oral mucosal surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An atlas of
      mucosal surface contours (MSC) consisting of 46 patients was developed. It was
      applied to an independent test cohort of 10 patients for whom manual segmentation
      of MSC structures, by three different clinicians, and conventional outlining of
      oral cavity contours (OCC), by an additional clinician, were also performed.
      Geometric comparisons were made using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC),
      validation index (VI) and Hausdorff distance (HD). Dosimetric comparisons were
      carried out using dose-volume histograms. RESULTS: The median difference, in the
      DSC and HD, between automated-manual comparisons and manual-manual comparisons
      were small and non-significant (-0.024; p=0.33 and -0.5; p=0.88, respectively).
      The median VI was 0.086. The maximum normalised volume difference between
      automated and manual MSC structures across all of the dose levels, averaged over
      the test cohort, was 8%. This difference reached approximately 28% when comparing
      automated MSC and OCC structures. CONCLUSIONS: Fully-automated ABS of MSC is
      suitable for use in radiotherapy dose-response modelling.

PMID- 26970680
TI  - Sex bias in paediatric autoimmune disease - Not just about sex hormones?
AB  - Autoimmune diseases affect up to 10% of the world's population, and approximately
      80% of those affected are female. The majority of autoimmune diseases occur more
      commonly in females, although some are more frequent in males, while others show
      no bias by sex. The mechanisms leading to sex biased disease prevalence are not
      well understood. However, for adult-onset autoimmune disease, at least some of
      the cause is usually ascribed to sex hormones. This is because levels of sex
      hormones are one of the most obvious physiological differences between adult
      males and females, and their impact on immune system function is well recognised.
      While for paediatric-onset autoimmune diseases a sex bias is not as common, there
      are several such diseases for which one sex predominates. For example, the
      oligoarticular subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) occurs in
      approximately three times more girls than boys, with a peak age of onset well
      before the onset of puberty, and at a time when levels of androgen and oestrogen
      are low and not strikingly different between the sexes. Here, we review potential
      explanations for autoimmune disease sex bias with a particular focus on
      paediatric autoimmune disease, and biological mechanisms outside of sex hormone
      differences. 

PMID- 26970682
TI  - Gut: An underestimated target organ for Aluminum.
AB  - Since World War II, several factors such as an impressive industrial growth, an
      enhanced environmental bioavailability and intensified food consumption have
      contributed to a significant amplification of human exposure to aluminum.
      Aluminum is particularly present in food, beverages, some drugs and airbone dust.
      In our food, aluminum is superimposed via additives and cooking utensils.
      Therefore, the tolerable intake of aluminum is exceeded for a significant part of
      the world population, especially in children who are more vulnerable to toxic
      effects of pollutants than adults. Faced with this oral aluminum influx,
      intestinal tract is an essential barrier, especially as 38% of ingested aluminum
      accumulates at the intestinal mucosa. Although still poorly documented to date,
      the impact of oral exposure to aluminum in conditions relevant to real human
      exposure appears to be deleterious for gut homeostasis. Aluminum ingestion
      affects the regulation of the permeability, the microflora and the immune
      function of intestine. Nowadays, several arguments are consistent with an
      involvement of aluminum as an environmental risk factor for inflammatory bowel
      diseases. 

PMID- 26970681
TI  - Response rate of initial conventional treatments, disease course, and related
      factors of patients with adult-onset Still's disease: Data from a large
      multicenter cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare condition, and treatment
      choices are frequently dependent on expert opinions. The objectives of the
      present study were to assess treatment modalities, disease course, and the
      factors influencing the outcome of patients with AOSD. METHODS: A multicenter
      study was used to reach sufficient patient numbers. The diagnosis of AOSD was
      based on the Yamaguchi criteria. The data collected included patient age, gender,
      age at the time of diagnosis, delay time for the diagnosis, typical AOSD rash,
      arthralgia, arthritis, myalgia, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly,
      splenomegaly, pleuritis, pericarditis, and other rare findings. The laboratory
      findings of the patients were also recorded. The drugs initiated after the
      establishment of a diagnosis and the induction of remission with the first
      treatment was recorded. Disease patterns and related factors were also
      investigated. A multivariate analysis was performed to assess the factors related
      to remission. RESULTS: The initial data of 356 patients (210 females; 59%) from
      19 centers were evaluated. The median age at onset was 32 (16-88) years, and the
      median follow-up time was 22 months (0-180). Fever (95.8%), arthralgia (94.9%),
      typical AOSD rash (66.9%), arthritis (64.6%), sore throat (63.5%), and myalgia
      (52.8%) were the most frequent clinical features. It was found that 254 of the
      306 patients (83.0%) displayed remission with the initial treatment, including
      corticosteroids plus methotrexate with or without other disease-modifying
      antirheumatic drugs. The multivariate analysis revealed that the male sex,
      delayed diagnosis of more than 6 months, failure to achieve remission with
      initial treatment, and arthritis involving wrist/elbow joints were related to the
      chronic disease course. CONCLUSION: Induction of remission with initial treatment
      was achieved in the majority of AOSD patients. Failure to achieve remission with
      initial treatment as well as a delayed diagnosis implicated a chronic disease
      course in AOSD.

PMID- 26970683
TI  - Low-dose and combined effects of oral exposure to bisphenol A and
      diethylstilbestrol on the male reproductive system in adult Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Study of the joint action of xenobiotics is important to fully explore their
      toxicity and complete risk analysis. In this study, we investigated the effects
      of low-dose and combined exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol
      (DES) on the reproductive system in adult male rats. The results showed that the
      sperm motility decreased in the BPA/DES and combined groups. Sperm deformity
      ratios and histological lesions of the testes were significantly higher and more
      significant, respectively, in the combined group compared with the single treated
      groups. No dose-effect relationship or significant additive effect on serum
      hormone levels was observed after combined exposure to BPA/DES. Ultrastructural
      results showed lesions of the Sertoli and Leydig cells, mainly in the endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER), in all treated groups. ER stress molecular sensor IRE1 was
      phosphorylated and activated after BPA and DES treatment in this study. The
      protein levels of ES stress molecular marker CHOP were significantly up-regulated
      after exposure to BPA, DES, and BPA and DES combined. These findings indicate
      that ER stress is important in BPA/DES-induced damage in rat testes. Low-dose and
      combined exposure to BPA and DES may have toxic effects on male fertility in the
      adult population. 

PMID- 26970684
TI  - Mussels of a marginal population affect the patterns of ambient macrofauna: A
      case study from the Baltic Sea.
AB  - In contemporary ecosystems, organisms are increasingly confronted with suboptimal
      living conditions. We aimed to understand the role of ecosystem engineering
      species in suboptimal habitats from a population inhabiting the species range
      margin in naturally stressful conditions. We determined the impact of 2-4 cm
      sized patches of dwarfed mussels Mytilus trossulus close to its lower salinity
      limit in the North-Eastern Baltic Sea, on epibenthic community patterns. Mussels
      affected total macrofaunal abundance and biomass and the taxonomic and functional
      community structure based on abundances, as well as the species composition of
      macrofauna. Mussels did not affect ephemeral algae or sediment chlorophyll
      content, but increased the abundance, biomass, richness, and diversity of
      grazers, within a radius approximately twelve times the size of mussel patches.
      We can expect marginal populations of ecosystem engineers in suboptimal habitats
      to contribute to spatial heterogeneity in biotic patterns and eventual ecosystem
      stability.

PMID- 26970685
TI  - Trophic relationships between metazooplankton communities and their plankton food
      sources in the Iles Eparses (Western Indian Ocean).
AB  - Coral reef and atoll lagoons are among the most diversified marine ecosystems but
      also the most affected by the combined effects of climate change and human
      activities. The Iles Eparses (Scattered Islands) in the Western Indian Ocean have
      been little affected by human pressure and can be considered to be "pristine"
      ecosystems. Metazooplankton plays a major role in the functioning and
      productivity of aquatic ecosystems, and this study was undertaken: (i) to
      determine the spatial abundance, distribution and species composition of
      metazooplankton, (ii) to assess the effect of metazooplankton grazing on pico-
      and nanophytoplankton and (iii) to analyze the trophic positions of
      metazooplankton by using the stable isotope signatures of a wide variety of taxa
      and particulate organic matter from the Iles Eparses and Mayotte. Tromelin Island
      (which is not located in the Mozambique Channel) had the lowest metazooplankton
      abundance with no cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. or mollusks (pteropods)
      presence, and with delta(15)N signatures of organisms that were higher than for
      the islands in the Mozambique Channel. Trichodesmium spp. was found in the
      Mozambique Channel and the plankton food web was probably based preferentially on
      these cyanobacteria with lower delta(15)N signatures indicating direct or
      indirect trophic transfer of diazotrophic nitrogen to metazooplankton. Three of
      the islands were distinct: Europa had the highest proportion of copepods, with
      oithonids being dominant, which is typical of rich mangrove systems, while Juan
      de Nova and Mayotte seemed to be the sites most affected by human activity with a
      high abundance of appendicularians and distinct particulate organic matter ?(13)C
      signatures. Grazing experiments showed that food could be a limiting factor for
      metazooplankton in the Iles Eparses. However, the effect of metazooplankton
      grazing on phytoplankton appeared to be very low (0.01-2.32% of the total
      phytoplankton per day). 

PMID- 26970686
TI  - Responses of ghost crabs to habitat modification of urban sandy beaches.
AB  - Sandy beaches in highly urbanised areas are subject to a wide range of human
      impacts. Ghost crabs are a commonly used ecological indicator on sandy beaches,
      as they are key consumers in these systems and counting burrow openings allows
      for rapid assessment of population size. This study assessed the pressures of
      urbanisation on sandy beaches in the highly urbanised estuary of Sydney Harbour.
      Across 38 beaches, we examined which physical beach properties, management
      practices and human induced habitat modification best predicted ghost crab
      distributions. Of all variables measured, the frequency of mechanical beach
      cleaning was the most important predictor of crab abundance, with low burrow
      densities at the highest cleaning frequency and the highest densities at beaches
      cleaned at the intermediate frequency (<=3 times per week). These results
      indicate that ghost crab populations in Sydney Harbour are more robust to the
      impacts of urbanisation than previously thought. 

PMID- 26970687
TI  - Light-harvesting complexes in photosystem II regulate glutathione-induced
      sensitivity of Arabidopsis guard cells to abscisic acid.
AB  - Light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) in photosystem II (PSII) regulate glutathione
      (GSH) functions in plants. To investigate whether LHCs control GSH biosynthesis
      that modifies guard cell abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity, we evaluated GSH
      content, stomatal aperture, reactive oxygen species (ROS), weight loss and plant
      growth using a ch1-1 mutant that was defective of LHCs and compared this with
      wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHmee)
      increased but 1-chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene (CDNB) decreased the GSH content in the
      guard cells. The guard cells of the ch1-1 mutants accumulated significantly less
      GSH than the WT plants. The guard cells of the ch1-1 mutants also showed higher
      sensitivity to ABA than the WT plants. The CDNB treatment increased but the
      GSHmee treatment decreased the ABA sensitivity of the guard cells without
      affecting ABA-induced ROS production. Dark and light treatments altered the GSH
      content and stomatal aperture of the guard cells of ch1-1 and WT plants,
      irrespective of CDNB and GSHmee. The ch1-1 mutant contained fewer guard cells and
      displayed poor growth, late flowering and stumpy weight loss compared with the WT
      plants. This study suggests that defective LHCs reduced the GSH content in the
      guard cells and increased sensitivity to ABA, resulting in stomatal closure. 

PMID- 26970688
TI  - Analysis of the embryo proteome of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) seeds
      reveals a distinct class of proteins regulating dormancy release.
AB  - Acer pseudoplatanus seeds are characterized by a deep physiological embryo
      dormancy that requires a few weeks of cold stratification in order to promote
      germination. Understanding the function of proteins and their related metabolic
      pathways, in conjunction with the plant hormones implicated in the breaking of
      seed dormancy, would expand our knowledge pertaining to this process. In this
      study, a proteomic approach was used to analyze the changes occurring in seeds in
      response to cold stratification, which leads to dormancy release. In addition,
      the involvement of abscisic (ABA) and gibberellic acids (GA) was also examined.
      Fifty-three proteins showing significant changes were identified by mass
      spectrometry. An effect of ABA on protein variation was observed at the beginning
      of stratification, while the influence of GA on protein abundance was observed
      during the middle phase of stratification. The majority of proteins associated
      with dormancy breaking in the presence of only water, and also ABA or GA, were
      classified as being involved in metabolism and genetic information processing.
      For metabolic-related proteins, the effect of ABA on protein abundance was
      stimulatory for half of the proteins and inhibitory for half of the proteins. On
      the other hand, the effect on genetic information processing related proteins was
      stimulatory. GA was found to upregulate both metabolic-related and genetic
      information processing-related proteins. While seed dormancy breaking depends on
      proteins involved in a variety of processes, proteins associated with methionine
      metabolism (adenosine kinase, methionine synthase) and glycine-rich RNA binding
      proteins appear to be of particular importance. 

PMID- 26970689
TI  - The dynamics of deferred decision.
AB  - Decision makers are often unable to choose between the options that they are
      offered. In these settings they typically defer their decision, that is, delay
      the decision to a later point in time or avoid the decision altogether. In this
      paper, we outline eight behavioral findings regarding the causes and consequences
      of choice deferral that cognitive theories of decision making should be able to
      capture. We show that these findings can be accounted for by a deferral-based
      time limit applied to existing sequential sampling models of preferential choice.
      Our approach to modeling deferral as a time limit in a sequential sampling model
      also makes a number of novel predictions regarding the interactions between
      choice probabilities, deferral probabilities, and decision times, and we confirm
      these predictions in an experiment. Choice deferral is a key feature of everyday
      decision making, and our paper illustrates how established theoretical approaches
      can be used to understand the cognitive underpinnings of this important
      behavioral phenomenon. 

PMID- 26970690
TI  - 39-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea and Chest Pain.

PMID- 26970691
TI  - 39-Year-Old Man With Dysphagia.

PMID- 26970692
TI  - Fate of antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes during enhanced anaerobic
      digestion of sewage sludge by microwave pretreatment.
AB  - The fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes
      (ARGs) were investigated during the sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) with
      microwave-acid (MW-H), microwave (MW) and microwave-H2O2-alkaline (MW-H2O2)
      pretreatments. Results showed that combined MW pretreatment especially for the MW
      H pretreatment could efficiently reduce the ARB concentration, and most ARG
      concentrations tended to attenuate during the pretreatment. The subsequent AD
      showed evident removal of the ARB, but most ARGs were enriched after AD. Only the
      concentration of tetX kept continuous declination during the whole sludge
      treatment. The total ARGs concentration showed significant correlation with 16S
      rRNA during the pretreatment and AD. Compared with unpretreated sludge, the AD of
      MW and MW-H2O2 pretreated sludge presented slightly better ARB and ARGs reduction
      efficiency. 

PMID- 26970693
TI  - Industrial scale garage-type dry fermentation of municipal solid waste to biogas.
AB  - The objectives of this study was to through monitoring the 1st industrial scale
      garage-type dry fermentation (GTDF) MSW biogas plant in Bin County, Harbin City,
      Heilongjiang Province, China, to investigate its anaerobic digestion (AD)
      performance and the stability of process. After a monitoring period of 180days,
      the results showed that the volumetric biogas production of the digesters and
      percolate tank was 0.72 and 2.22m(3) (m(3)d)(-1), respectively, and the specific
      biogas yield of the feedstock was about 270m(3)CH4tVS(-1), which indicated that
      the GTDF is appropriate for the Chinese MSW. This paper also raised some problems
      aimed at improving the process stability and AD efficiency. 

PMID- 26970694
TI  - Synergistic dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorous influences lipid productivity in
      Chlorella minutissima for biodiesel production.
AB  - The study synergistically optimized nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations for
      attainment of maximum lipid productivity in Chlorella minutissima. Nitrogen and
      phosphorous limited cells (N(L)P(L)) showed maximum lipid productivity (49.1+/
      0.41mg/L/d), 1.47 folds higher than control. Nitrogen depletion resulted in
      reduced cell size with large sized lipid droplets encompassing most of the
      intracellular space while discrete lipid bodies were observed under nitrogen
      sufficiency. Synergistic N/P starvations showed more prominent effect on
      photosynthetic pigments as to individual deprivations. Phosphorous deficiency
      along with N starvation exhibited 17.12% decline in carbohydrate while no change
      in nitrogen sufficient cells were recorded. The optimum N(L)P(L) concentration
      showed balance between biomass and lipid by maintaining intermediate cell size,
      pigments, carbohydrate and proteins. FAME profile showed C14-C18 carbon chains in
      N(L)P(L) cells with biodiesel properties comparable to plant oil methyl esters.
      Hence, synergistic N/P limitation was effective for enhancing lipid productivity
      with reduced consumption of nutrients. 

PMID- 26970695
TI  - Effect of composites based nickel foam anode in microbial fuel cell using
      Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter roseus as a biocatalysts.
AB  - This study explores the use of materials such as chitosan (chit), polyaniline
      (PANI) and titanium carbide (TC) as anode materials for microbial fuel cells.
      Nickel foam (NF) was used as the base anode substrate. Four different types of
      anodes (NF, NF/PANI, NF/PANI/TC, NF/PANI/TC/Chit) are thus prepared and used in
      batch type microbial fuel cells operated with a mixed consortium of Acetobacter
      aceti and Gluconobacter roseus as the biocatalysts and bad wine as a feedstock. A
      maximum power density of 18.8Wm(-3) (~2.3 times higher than NF) was obtained in
      the case of the anode modified with a composite of PANI/TC/Chit. The MFCs running
      under a constant external resistance of (50Omega) yielded 14.7% coulombic
      efficiency with a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 87-93%. The
      overall results suggest that the catalytic materials embedded in the chitosan
      matrix show the best performance and have potentials for further development. 

PMID- 26970697
TI  - The Microbiome in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Case Report in Twins and
      Minireview.
AB  - Our case describes the serial microbiome changes in twins discordant for
      necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), who shared similar intrauterine and early
      environmental exposures. The key findings were that the 2 neonates had distinctly
      different microbiome compositions from the first stool samples collected. Also,
      in the twin who developed NEC there was a decrease in bacterial diversity and an
      increase in Proteobacteria a week before developing any clinical symptoms,
      suggesting an early role of the intestinal microbiome in the development of NEC.
      Here we briefly review the literature on the role of the intestinal microbiome in
      NEC and how a greater understanding of the neonatal microbiome and host
      interactions may help mitigate this devastating disease.

PMID- 26970696
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of First-line Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatments When
      Full-dose Fludarabine Is Unsuitable.
AB  - PURPOSE: The cost-effectiveness of first-line chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      treatments was assessed among patients unsuitable for full doses of fludarabine.
      METHODS: The study's key outcome was the life-time incremental cost-effectiveness
      ratio (ICER) (euro/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained) with an annual 3%
      discounting. A probabilistic Markov model with 3 health states (progression-free,
      progression, and death) was developed. Survival time was modeled based on age
      matched clinical data by using appropriate survival distributions. Each health
      state was assigned an EuroQoL-5D-3L quality-of-life estimate and Finnish payer
      costs according to treatment received, and Binet stage of disease; severe adverse
      events and treatment inconvenience were also included. Six approaches considered
      the risk and value of key outcomes: cost-effectiveness efficiency frontiers;
      Bayesian treatment ranking (BTR) rated the lowest ICERs and best QALY gains; the
      cost-effectiveness acceptability frontier demonstrated optimal treatment;
      expected value of perfect information; and the cost-benefit assessment (CBA), a
      type of clinical value analysis, increased the clinical interpretation and appeal
      of modeled outcomes by including both relative and absolute (impact investment
      [benefit obtained with a fixed limited budget]) benefit assessments. FINDINGS:
      The ICERs compared with chlorambucil varied from ?29,334 with obinutuzumab +
      chlorambucil to ?82,159 with ofatumumab + chlorambucil. Based on the BTR of ICERs
      versus chlorambucil, obinutuzumab + chlorambucil was the most cost-effective with
      93% probability; rituximab + chlorambucil was the second most cost-effective
      (73%); and rituximab + bendamustine was the third most cost-effective (65%). The
      ICERs of obinutuzumab + chlorambucil were ?20,038, ?11,556, and ?15,586 compared
      with rituximab + chlorambucil, rituximab + bendamustine, and ofatumumab +
      chlorambucil. Obinutuzumab + chlorambucil was the most cost-effective treatment,
      with 54% and 99% probability at ?30,000 and ?50,000/QALY gained, respectively.
      The corresponding expected values of perfect information were ?1438 and ?44 per
      patient. Based on the BTR of QALYs gained, obinutuzumab + chlorambucil was the
      most effective, with 100% probability; rituximab + chlorambucil was the second
      most effective (56%); and rituximab + bendamustine was the third most effective
      treatment (81%). Results were robust in sensitivity analyses. For obinutuzumab +
      chlorambucil, the CBA demonstrated the best clinical value-to-cost-effectiveness
      relation and the longest time progression-free with a limited budget.
      IMPLICATIONS: The mean results were sensitive to large changes in time horizon,
      indirect comparison hazard ratios, survival distributions, and discounting;
      however, obinutuzumab + chlorambucil provided considerable effectiveness and best
      value for money among chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients unsuitable to receive
      full doses of fludarabine. In this case, CBA concurred with the key outcome of
      the study. However, the CBA cannot fully substitute the key outcome, and further
      cost-effectiveness studies with different cancer types are needed to assess the
      validity of a limited CBA.

PMID- 26970698
TI  - Reply: Dengue RT-PCR-positive, Chikungunya IgM-positive and Zika RT-PCR-positive
      co-infection in a patient from Colombia.

PMID- 26970699
TI  - Chicken pox infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy: A retrospective
      analysis from a tertiary care center in India.
AB  - There is paucity of data on the incidence, severity and management of chicken pox
      in patients receiving active chemotherapy for cancer. From October 2010 to
      October 2011, patients were included in this study if they developed a chicken
      pox infection during their chemotherapy. The details of patients' cancer
      diagnosis and treatment along with clinical and epidemiological data of the
      chicken pox infections were assessed from a prospectively maintained database.
      Twenty-four patients had a chicken pox infection while receiving chemotherapy
      and/or radiotherapy. The median age of the patients was 21 years, and two-thirds
      of the patients had solid tumor malignancies. Overall, eight (33%) patients had
      complications, six (25%) patients had febrile neutropenia, four (17%) had
      diarrhea/mucositis, and four (17%) had pneumonia. The median time for recovery of
      the infection and complications in the patients was 9.5 days (5-29 days), whereas
      for neutropenic patients, it was 6.5 days (3-14 days). The median time for
      recovery from chicken pox infections in neutropenic patients was 10 days (5-21
      days), compared with 8.5 days (0-29 days) in non-neutropenic patients (P=0.84).
      The median time for recovery from infections was 8.5 days in patients with
      comorbidities (N=4), which was the same for patients with no comorbidities. The
      clinical presentation and complication rates of chicken pox in cancer patients,
      who were on active chemotherapy, are similar to the normal population. The
      recovery from a varicella infection and complications may be delayed in patients
      with neutropenia. The varicella infection causes a therapy delay in 70% of
      patients. Aggressive antiviral therapy, supportive care and isolation of the
      index cases remain the backbone of treatment.

PMID- 26970700
TI  - Implementation and Results of a Percutaneous Renal Allograft Biopsy Protocol to
      Reduce Complication Rate.
AB  - Percutaneous renal transplant biopsy (PRTB) is the gold standard for evaluating
      allograft rejection after renal transplant. Hemorrhage is the predominant
      complication. We describe the implementation of a standardized protocol for PRTB
      at a single institution, with the aim of reducing bleeding complications.
      Utilizing the plan-do-study-act model for quality improvement, we created and
      deployed a protocol centered on controlling patient's hypertension, platelet
      function, and anticoagulation status. The 4-year study encompassed a total of 880
      PRTBs, before and after implementation of the protocol. Total complication rate,
      which was 5.8% in the 2 years leading up to implementation of the protocol, was
      reduced to 2.9% after the protocol was introduced (P = .04). A standardized
      approach to PRTB can potentially lower complication rates; we present a framework
      for implementating a quality improvement protocol at other institutions. 

PMID- 26970701
TI  - Decreased neck muscle strength in patients with the loss of cervical lordosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The loss of cervical lordosis is associated with some negative
      clinical outcomes. No previous study has examined cervical muscle strength,
      specifically in patients with the loss of cervical lordosis. This study aims to
      investigate whether there is weakness of the cervical muscles or an imbalance
      between cervical flexor and extensor muscle strength in patients with the loss of
      cervical lordosis compared with healthy controls matched by age, gender, body
      mass index (BMI), and employment status. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with the
      loss of cervical lordosis (23 F, 9 M) and 31 healthy volunteers (23 F, 8 M) were
      included in the study. Maximal isometric neck extension and flexion strength, and
      the strength ratio between extension and flexion were used as evaluation
      parameters. All measurements were conducted by a blinded assessor using a digital
      force gauge. The participants were positioned on a chair in a neutral cervical
      position and without the trunk inclined during measurements. FINDINGS: Maximal
      isometric neck extension and flexion strength values were significantly lower in
      the patients versus healthy controls (P<0.001 and P=0.040, respectively). The
      mean (SD) values of the extension/flexion ratio were 1.21 (0.34) in the patients
      and 1.46 +/- 0.33 in the controls (P=0.004). INTERPRETATION: According to our
      results, patients with the loss of cervical lordosis have reduced neck muscle
      strength, especially in the extensors. These findings may be beneficial for
      optimizing cervical exercise prescriptions.

PMID- 26970702
TI  - Effects of contracture on gait kinematics: A systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Contractures of a major joint in the lower limbs may impair human
      walking in addition to other daily living activities. A contracture is defined as
      the inability of a joint to perform the full range of motion and excessive
      resistance during passive mobilization of the joint. Few studies have reported
      methods describing how to evaluate contractures. Understanding the association
      among all of these studies seems essential to improve patient management.
      Therefore, we conducted a systematic review on this topic to elucidate the
      influence of contractures on gait kinematics. METHODS: An electronic search in
      the literature will be conducted. Studies were screened by title and abstract and
      full texts were evaluated secondarily for definitive inclusion. The quality of
      the included studies was assessed independently by the two review authors with
      the Modified Quality Assessment Checklist. The included studies were separated
      into three categories: pathological contracture versus healthy controls
      (descriptive), simulated contracture versus healthy controls (experimental), and
      pre- and post-kinematics after surgical muscle lengthening (surgery). FINDINGS:
      From a total of 4402 references, 112 original articles were selected, and 28
      studies were identified in this systematic review. No significant difference
      between raters was observed on the total score of the Modified Quality Assessment
      Checklist. INTERPRETATION: Contractures influence walking depending on the
      location (muscle) and the contracture level (muscle-tendon length). After giving
      a definition of contracture, this review identified some contracture alterations,
      such as plantarflexion, knee flexion and hip flexion contractures, with a
      kinematic description and presented possible different compensations.

PMID- 26970703
TI  - Implant impingement during internal rotation after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.
      The effect of implant configuration and scapula anatomy: A biomechanical study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Internal rotation after reverse shoulder arthroplasty is essential to
      perform fundamental daily living activities. The purpose of this study was to
      examine the impact of anatomical and implant related factors on impingement-free
      internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint. METHODS: CT-scans of 13 human
      shoulder specimens with implanted reverse shoulder prostheses were carried out
      and scapula neck length, lateral pillar angle, and implantation height of the
      metaglene were measured. Internal rotation testing of all specimens was performed
      by the use of a robot assisted shoulder simulator. Biomechanical variables were
      analyzed using a three-way ANOVA. Spearman's rank correlations were performed to
      determine the relationship between biomechanical and anatomical data. FINDINGS:
      The maximum internal rotation angle for a 38 mm centric glenosphere and a
      standard onlay was 93.4(SD 34.9 degrees ). The change of the diameter of the
      glenosphere resulted in no significant increase of the maximum rotation angle
      (P=0.16), while change of the glenosphere type from concentric to eccentric
      (P=0.005) as well as the change of the onlay type from standard to a more shallow
      one (P=0.002) both had a significant effect on the internal rotation. The
      distance between the inferior rim of the metaglene and the inferior aspect of the
      glenoid (P=0.21), scapula pillar angle (P=0.13) as well as the scapula neck
      length (P=0.81) showed no significant correlation with the maximum internal
      rotation angle. INTERPRETATION: Implant component selection shows strong
      influence on the impingement-free internal rotation. The use of an eccentric
      glenosphere and a shallow humeral cup may improve internal rotation after reverse
      shoulder arthroplasty.

PMID- 26970704
TI  - Authors Beware: Open Access Predatory Journals.

PMID- 26970705
TI  - Gene molecular analysis and Adiponectin expression in professional Water Polo
      players.
AB  - Metabolic Syndrome prevalence has reaching epidemic proportions worldwide.
      Adiponectin (Acrp30), and in particular its High Molecular Weight (HMW)
      oligomers, contributes to enhance insulin sensitivity and to reduce inflammation
      levels. Physical exercise improves body's biochemical balance and metabolism
      resulting effective in prevention of metabolic diseases. Whether improvement of
      metabolic features mediated by physical exercise is associated with changes in
      Acrp30 serum composition is not yet clarified. In the present study, we
      investigated total Acrp30 expression, its oligomeric status and genetic variants
      in adiponectin gene (ACDC) in twenty-two professional Water Polo (WP) Players and
      40 age- and sex-matched controls. Anthropometric, metabolic parameters and total
      Acrp30 were assessed; Acrp30 oligomeric profile was characterized by Western blot
      as well as by FPLC analysis. ACDC gene was analyzed by direct-sequencing
      analysis. Significant elevated body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase and
      lactate dehydrogenase levels and, conversely, significantly lower concentrations
      of total and cholesterol low density lipoprotein were present in WP players. No
      significant difference was found in total Acrp30 and/or HMW oligomers.
      Interestingly, in WP players, a direct relationship between total Acrp30 and
      monocytes as well as an inverse relationship between total Acrp30 and AST levels
      were found. ACDC screening revealed previously described SNPs. In conclusion, our
      study confirms the long-term beneficial effects of high physical training on
      metabolism and suggests that they are not associated with Acrp30 and/or HMW
      oligomers changes. Moreover, the correlation of Acrp30 with monocytes in WP
      athletes could represent a mechanism by which Acrp30 participates in exercise
      induced anti-inflammatory functions and/or cardiovascular health. 

PMID- 26970706
TI  - A comparison between tourniquet application and epinephrine injection for
      hemostasis during hypospadias surgery: The effect on bleeding and postoperative
      outcome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare tourniquet application and epinephrine injection for
      hemostasis during hypospadias surgery in terms of bleeding and complications.
      METHODS: Between April 2013 and September 2014, patients who were admitted for
      hypospadias repair were divided by random allocation into either a diluted
      epinephrine injection (DE) group or tourniquet application (T) group for
      hemostasis during the procedure. In the T group, a rubber band was applied at the
      base of the penis after skin dissection, and in the DE group, epinephrine
      1/100,000 was injected along the incision lines. The patients' ages, urethral
      defect lengths, pre-operative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were
      compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 70 patients (35 in each
      group) were enrolled into the study. The mean ages and preoperative variables
      were not significantly different. Average blood loss was 23.51 +/- 15.36 cc in
      the tourniquet group and 15.99 +/- 10.00 cc in the epinephrine group, and was
      significantly higher in tourniquet group (P = 0.022); however, the mean operative
      time was not significantly different. Postoperative complications, described as
      Clavian classification, were reported in eight patients (23%) in the T group and
      10 patients (30%) in the DE group, which was not significantly different.
      CONCLUSION: Epinephrine injections minimize operative bleeding without
      significant harmful effects on postoperative outcomes; therefore, it could be
      considered to be a safe and effective method for preparation of a bloodless field
      during hypospadias surgery.

PMID- 26970707
TI  - Readiness of hospital nurses for disaster responses in Taiwan: A cross-sectional
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because patients in disaster areas require the most critical care,
      mobilising hospital nurses has become a pivotal strategy. Given the importance of
      disaster nursing training programmes, understanding how well prepared hospital
      nurses are to provide disaster care is vital. OBJECTIVES: This paper analyses the
      perceived readiness of hospital nurses for a disaster response and the factors
      influencing their report for work outside the hospital environment. DESIGN: A
      cross-sectional research design was used. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a
      military hospital in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 311 registered nurses
      participated in this study. METHODS: Data were collected on readiness for
      disaster responses using a 40-item researcher-designed, self-administered
      questionnaire found to have satisfactory reliability and validity. The
      questionnaire has four domains: personal preparation (16 items), self-protection
      (11 items), emergency response (6 items), and clinical management (7 items). Data
      were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests and generalised
      linear models. RESULTS: The majority of hospital nurses demonstrated poor
      readiness for disaster responses. Scores on the four domains were most associated
      with nurses' disaster-related training, experience in disaster response and
      emergency/intensive care experience. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that
      disaster-related training should be included in undergraduate programmes and
      continuing education courses to help hospital nurses recognise and improve their
      own readiness for disaster responses outside the hospital environment. Future
      research is needed to improve hospital nurses' disaster-response readiness in
      Taiwan and other countries.

PMID- 26970708
TI  - Thrombotic microangiopathy caused by oral contraceptives in a kidney transplant
      recipient.
AB  - Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) after kidney transplantation has various
      aetiologies, including acute antibody-mediated rejection, bacterial or viral
      infection and immunosuppressive drugs, particularly calcineurin inhibitors. We
      present the case of a 28-year-old woman who developed TMA 30 months after the
      transplantation of an ABO-incompatible kidney from a living unrelated donor. The
      patient developed a sudden onset of allograft renal dysfunction and became
      uremic. She was transferred to our institution from a community hospital with
      strongly suspected acute allograft rejection. Intensive treatments for both T-
      and B-cell mediated acute rejection, including steroid pulse therapy, double
      filtration plasmapheresis, antithymocyte globulin (1.5 mg/kg * 14 days) and
      rituximab (100 mg), were initiated during haemodialysis. However, her renal
      allograft function did not improve. Histopathological analysis 8 days after the
      treatment indicated TMA, despite the absence of apparent acute T-cell- or acute
      antibody-mediated rejection. There were no symptoms of infectious diseases, such
      as intestinal haemorrhagic colitis or viral infection. We concluded that the use
      of oral contraceptives, which had been initiated 3 weeks before TMA onset for the
      treatment of irregular vaginal bleeding, was the aetiologic agent. 

PMID- 26970709
TI  - Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia Caused by the StarClose Vascular Closure Device.

PMID- 26970710
TI  - Application of BOLD Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluating Regional Volumetric
      Foot Tissue Oxygenation: A Feasibility Study in Healthy Volunteers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: To evaluate the feasibility and repeatability of applying
      blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the feet
      to quantify regional dynamic changes in tissue oxygenation during proximal cuff
      occlusion and reactive hyperemia. METHODS: Ten healthy male subjects underwent
      BOLD and T1-weighted imaging of the feet on two separate occasions, using a 3-T
      scanner. Dynamic changes in BOLD signal intensity were assessed before and during
      proximal cuff occlusion of the thigh and during reactive hyperemia, and BOLD time
      course data were evaluated for the time-to-half ischemic minimum, minimum
      ischemic value, peak hyperemic value, time-to-peak hyperemia, time-to-half peak
      hyperemia, and end value. T1-weighted images were used for segmentation of
      volumes of interest (VOI) in anatomical regions of the foot (heel, toes, dorsal
      foot, medial and lateral plantar foot). Repeatability of vascular responses was
      assessed for each foot VOI using semiautomated image registration and
      quantification of serial BOLD images. RESULTS: The heel VOI demonstrated a
      significantly higher peak hyperemic response, expressed as percent change from
      baseline BOLD signal intensity, compared with all other VOIs of the foot (heel,
      7.4 +/- 1.2%; toes, 5.6 +/- 0.8%; dorsal foot, 5.7 +/- 1.6%; medial plantar, 5.6
      +/- 1.7%; lateral plantar, 5.6 +/- 1.5% [p < .05]). Additionally, the lateral
      plantar VOI had a significantly lower terminal signal intensity value (i.e., end
      value) when compared with all foot VOIs (p < .05). BOLD MRI was repeatable
      between visits in all foot VOIs, with no significant differences between study
      visits for any of the evaluated functional indices. CONCLUSION: BOLD MRI offers a
      repeatable technique for volumetric assessment of regional foot tissue
      oxygenation. Future application of BOLD imaging in the feet of patients with
      peripheral vascular disease may permit serial evaluation of regional tissue
      oxygenation and allow for improved assessment of therapeutic interventions
      targeting specific sites of the foot.

PMID- 26970712
TI  - The influence of androstadienone during psychosocial stress is modulated by
      gender, trait anxiety and subjective stress: An fMRI study.
AB  - Androstadienone (ANDR), a bodily secreted steroid compound, is a socially
      relevant chemosignal that modulates subjective and (neuro)physiological
      responses, predominantly in females. The impact of ANDR on stress responses in
      males and females has not been explored. Therefore, this fMRI study aimed to
      examine psychosocial stress reactions induced by mental arithmetic and social
      evaluation on behavioral and hormonal levels (46 participants: 15 naturally
      cycling females in their early follicular phase (EF), 15 females on hormonal
      contraceptives (HC) and 16 males); and on a neural level (40 participants: 13 EF
      females, 13 HC-females and 14 males) in an ANDR and placebo treatment repeated
      measures design. While no gender differences emerged in subjective ratings and
      performance during stress, neural activation patterns differed significantly.
      Besides, ANDR attenuated the post-stress increase of negative mood in all
      participants. Region of interest analyses showed that irrespective of treatment,
      males showed stronger activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
      than females. At the whole brain level, gender differences emerged indicating
      stronger fronto-parietal activation in males compared to HC-females on both
      treatments. Males showed stronger visual and fusiform activation than EF-females
      under ANDR. Both female groups did not show stronger activation than males.
      Further, error ratio in the ANDR-stress condition was positively associated with
      their post-stress cortisol level and increase in subjective stress in males; and
      male DLPFC activity in the ANDR-stress condition was negatively associated with
      trait anxiety. Surprisingly, compared to HC-females, EF-female only showed
      stronger activation of arousal-related areas under placebo treatment. Taken
      together, these findings suggest that the male stress reaction under social
      evaluative threat was stronger than female stress reactions as a function of
      ANDR. More specifically, this effect on behavioral and neural stress reactions
      seems to depend on trait anxiety in males only. The study highlights the
      significance of a chemosignal in enhancing social threat that may facilitate
      adaptive stress responses.

PMID- 26970714
TI  - Differential contributions of platelets and fibrinogen to early coagulopathy in a
      rat model of hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of early traumatic-induced coagulopathy are not well
      understood. Our aim was to examine the role of platelets and fibrinogen to early
      coagulopathy in the rat after hemorrhagic shock. METHODS: Adult Sprague-Dawley
      rats were anesthetized and randomly assigned to: 1) Baseline, 2) Hemorrhage or 3)
      Shock (n=10 each). Controlled phlebotomy occurred over 20min and animals were
      left in shock 60min. Coagulation was assessed using PT, aPTT, ROTEM and ELISAs.
      RESULTS: PT and aPTT increased 5 to 7 times following hemorrhage and shock.
      Prolongation of EXTEM and INTEM clotting times, lower clot elasticity and
      increased EXTEM lysis index (LI) indicated a hypocoagulopathy. After 20min
      hemorrhage, LI(30-60) in FIBTEM was ~100%, EXTEM 83-87% and APTEM 80-82%
      indicating a platelet contribution to the coagulopathy with no hyperfibrinolysis.
      After 60min shock, the situation was reversed with fibrinogen loss being a
      contributor. This apparent switch from a platelet- to a fibrinogen-based
      coagulopathy, with fibrinolysis, was supported by >=15% in maximum lysis (ML), a
      threefold increase in plasma PAI-1 after hemorrhage, and undetectable levels
      after shock. Curiously, the relative contribution of fibrinogen/platelet ratio to
      clot amplitude, determined from FIBTEM/EXTEM A10 ratio (and MCF), remained
      unchanged at ~1:5 for baseline, hemorrhage and shock despite a progressive
      hypocoagulopathy. Significant increases in P-selectin, acidosis and lactate
      indicated systemic endothelial damage and tissue hypoperfusion. CONCLUSIONS:
      Hypocoagulopathy following severe hemorrhage and shock in the rat appeared to
      involve a two-step process of platelet dysfunction followed by fibrinogen
      impairment, possibly linked to progressive endothelial dysfunction.

PMID- 26970713
TI  - Correlations Between Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density or Bone
      Metabolism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the correlations of
      abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM) with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone
      metabolism. MATERIAL/METHODS: Relevant studies were identified using computerized
      and manual search strategies. The included studies were in strict accordance with
      inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were conducted with the
      Comprehensive Meta-analysis 2.0 (Biostat Inc., Englewood, NJ, USA). RESULTS: Our
      present meta-analysis initially searched 844 studies, and 7 studies were
      eventually incorporated in the present meta-analysis. These 7 cohort studies
      included 1123 subjects altogether (560 patients with AGM and 563 healthy
      controls). The results showed that bone mass index (BMI), insulin, and insulin
      resistance (IR) of patients with AGM were significantly higher than that of the
      population with normal glucose metabolism (BMI: SMD=1.658, 95% CI=0.663~2.654,
      P=0.001; insulin: SMD=0.544, 95% CI=0.030~1.058, P=0.038; IR: SMD=8.767, 95%
      CI=4.178~13.356, P<0.001). However, the results also indicated there was no
      obvious difference in osteocalcin (OC) and BMD in patients with AGM and the
      population with normal glucose metabolism (OC: SMD=0.293, 95% CI=-0.023~0.609,
      P=0.069; BMD: SMD=0.805, 95% CI=-0. 212~1.821, P=0.121). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta
      analysis results suggest that AGM might lead to increased BMI, insulin, and IR,
      while it has no significant correlation with BMD or bone metabolism.

PMID- 26970711
TI  - Reduced stress and inflammatory responsiveness in experienced meditators compared
      to a matched healthy control group.
AB  - Psychological stress is a major contributor to symptom exacerbation across many
      chronic inflammatory conditions and can acutely provoke increases in inflammation
      in healthy individuals. With the rise in rates of inflammation-related medical
      conditions, evidence for behavioral approaches that reduce stress reactivity is
      of value. Here, we compare 31 experienced meditators, with an average of
      approximately 9000 lifetime hours of meditation practice (M age=51years) to an
      age- and sex-matched control group (n=37; M age=48years) on measures of stress-
      and inflammatory responsivity, and measures of psychological health. The Trier
      Social Stress Test (TSST) was used to induce psychological stress and a
      neurogenic inflammatory response was produced using topical application of
      capsaicin cream to forearm skin. Size of the capsaicin-induced flare response and
      increase in salivary cortisol and alpha amylase were used to quantify the
      magnitude of inflammatory and stress responses, respectively. Results show that
      experienced meditators have lower TSST-evoked cortisol (62.62+/-2.52 vs. 70.38+/
      2.33; p<.05) and perceived stress (4.18+/-.41 vs. 5.56+/-.30; p<.01), as well as
      a smaller neurogenic inflammatory response (81.55+/-4.6 vs. 96.76+/-4.26; p<.05),
      compared to the control group. Moreover, experienced meditators reported higher
      levels of psychological factors associated with wellbeing and resilience. These
      results suggest that the long-term practice of meditation may reduce stress
      reactivity and could be of therapeutic benefit in chronic inflammatory conditions
      characterized by neurogenic inflammation.

PMID- 26970715
TI  - Postoperative cerebral bleeding in a boy with suspected mild deficiency of
      fibrinogen and FXIII.

PMID- 26970716
TI  - Nonacog beta pegol (N9-GP) in haemophilia B: A multinational phase III safety and
      efficacy extension trial (paradigmTM4).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: ParadigmTM4 was an international extension trial investigating the
      safety and efficacy of nonacog beta pegol, a recombinant glycoPEGylated factor IX
      (FIX) with extended half-life, in haemophilia B patients (FIX activity <=2%; aged
      13-70years) who had previously participated in phase III pivotal (paradigmTM2) or
      surgery (paradigmTM3) trials. METHODS: Patients chose to continue treatment with
      nonacog beta pegol in either one of two once-weekly prophylaxis arms (10IU/kg or
      40IU/kg), or an on-demand arm (40IU/kg for mild/moderate bleeds; 80IU/kg for
      severe bleeds). The primary objective was to evaluate immunogenicity; key
      secondary objectives included assessing safety and haemostatic efficacy in the
      treatment and prevention of bleeds. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients received
      prophylaxis or on-demand treatment. No patient developed an inhibitor and no
      safety concerns were identified. The success rate for the treatment of reported
      bleeds was 94.6%; most (87.9%) resolved with one injection. The median annualised
      bleeding rate for patients on prophylaxis was 1.36 (interquartile range [IQR]
      0.00-2.23) and 1.00 (IQR 0.00-2.03) for the 10 and 40IU/kg treatment arms,
      respectively. The mean FIX activity trough achieved for 10 and 40IU once weekly
      was 9.8% and 21.3%, respectively. Fourteen patients on prophylaxis underwent 23
      minor surgical procedures; haemostatic perioperative outcomes for all of those
      evaluated were 'excellent' or 'good'. CONCLUSIONS: Nonacog beta pegol showed a
      favourable tolerability profile (with no safety issues identified) with good
      prophylactic protection and control of bleeding in previously treated adult and
      adolescent haemophilia B patients.

PMID- 26970717
TI  - A Model of Basic Surgical Skills Course to Supplement the Training of Foundation
      Year Doctors by Efficient Use of Local Resources.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study investigates the efficiency of teaching basic surgical
      skills to foundation-year doctors and medical students by using local resources.
      METHODS: A course comprising 4 workshops, once a week, of 3 hours duration per
      session was delivered using local education center facilities and using the local
      faculty of consultants and surgical trainees. Teaching methods include practical
      skill stations supplemented with short didactic lectures and group discussion.
      Precourse and postcourse assessments were completed by candidates and analyzed to
      measure outcomes of the course both subjectively and objectively. RESULTS: A
      total number of 20 participants completed the course. On completion of the
      course, (1) participants' theoretical knowledge improved significantly (p <
      0.0001), as measured by multiple-choice questions, and scores improved by 35%
      (mean 44%, standard deviation = 16%) before the course compared to (mean = 79%,
      standard deviation = 13) after the course; (2) the level of confidence in
      knowledge and skills was measured by a questionnaire on a scale of 1 to 5, and
      there was a significant (p < 0.0001) improvement on postcourse assessment (mean
      difference = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.7-2.4); and (3) practical skills such as suture
      position, knot tying, and wound apposition significantly improved after the
      course, chi(2) (2) = 16, p < 0.001; chi(2) (2) = 18, p < 0.001; and chi(2) (2) =
      22, p < 0.0001, respectively. CONCLUSION: Effective delivery of basic surgical
      skills to foundation-year doctors by using local resources can be achieved at low
      cost.

PMID- 26970718
TI  - Genome-wide identification and characterization of WRKY transcriptional factor
      family in apple and analysis of their responses to waterlogging and drought
      stress.
AB  - As one of the largest transcriptional factor families in plants, WRKY genes play
      significant roles in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. Although the
      WRKY gene family has been characterized in a few plant species, the details
      remain largely unknown in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). In this study, we
      identified a total of 127 MdWRKYs from the apple genome, which were divided into
      four subgroups according to the WRKY domains and zinc finger motif. Most of them
      were mapped onto the apple's 17 chromosomes and were expressed in more than one
      tissue, including shoot tips, mature leaves, fruit and apple calli. We then
      contrasted WRKY expression patterns between calli grown in solid medium (control)
      and liquid medium (representing waterlogging stress) and found that 34 WRKY genes
      were differentially expressed between the two growing conditions. Finally, we
      determined the expression patterns of 10 selected WRKY genes in an apple
      rootstock, G41, in response to waterlogging and drought stress, which identified
      candidate genes involved in responses to water stress for functional analysis.
      Our data provide interesting candidate MdWRKYs for future functional analysis and
      demonstrate that apple callus is a useful system for characterizing gene
      expression and function in apple. 

PMID- 26970719
TI  - The Lancet Kidney Campaign: an opportunity for partnerships.

PMID- 26970720
TI  - The Affordable Dialysis Prize steams ahead.

PMID- 26970721
TI  - Effect on mortality of point-of-care, urine-based lipoarabinomannan testing to
      guide tuberculosis treatment initiation in HIV-positive hospital inpatients: a
      pragmatic, parallel-group, multicountry, open-label, randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HIV-associated tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and results in
      high mortality. Frequent extra-pulmonary presentation, inability to obtain
      sputum, and paucibacillary samples limits the usefulness of nucleic-acid
      amplification tests and smear microscopy. We therefore assessed a urine-based,
      lateral flow, point-of-care, lipoarabinomannan assay (LAM) and the effect of a
      LAM-guided anti-tuberculosis treatment initiation strategy on mortality. METHODS:
      We did a pragmatic, randomised, parallel-group, multicentre trial in ten
      hospitals in Africa--four in South Africa, two in Tanzania, two in Zambia, and
      two in Zimbabwe. Eligible patients were HIV-positive adults aged at least 18
      years with at least one of the following symptoms of tuberculosis (fever, cough,
      night sweats, or self-reported weightloss) and illness severity necessitating
      admission to hospital. Exclusion criteria included receipt of any anti
      tuberculosis medicine in the 60 days before enrolment. We randomly assigned
      patients (1:1) to either LAM plus routine diagnostic tests for tuberculosis
      (smear microscopy, Xpert-MTB/RIF, and culture; LAM group) or routine diagnostic
      tests alone (no LAM group) using computer-generated allocation lists in blocks of
      ten. All patients were asked to provide a urine sample of at least 30 mL at
      enrolment, and trained research nurses did the LAM test in patients allocated to
      this group using the Alere Determine tuberculosis LAM Ag lateral flow strip test
      (Alere, USA) at the bedside on enrolment. On the basis of a positive test result,
      the nurses made a recommendation for initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment. The
      attending physician made an independent decision about whether to start treatment
      or not. Neither patients nor health-care workers were masked to group allocation
      and test results. The primary endpoint was 8-week all-cause mortality assessed in
      the modified intention-to-treat population (those who received their allocated
      intervention). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number
      NCT01770730. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2013, and Oct 2, 2014, we screened 8728
      patients and randomly assigned 2659 to treatment (1336 to LAM, 1323 to no LAM).
      108 patients did not receive their allocated treatment, mainly because they did
      not meet the inclusion criteria, and 23 were excluded from analysis, leaving 2528
      in the final modified intention-to-treat analysis (1257 in the LAM group, 1271 in
      the no LAM group). Overall all-cause 8-week mortality occurred in 578 (23%)
      patients, 261 (21%) in LAM and 317 (25%) in no LAM, an absolute reduction of 4%
      (95% CI 1-7). The risk ratio adjusted for country was 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.96),
      p=0.012, with a relative risk reduction of 17% (95% CI 4-28). With the time-to
      event analysis, there were 159 deaths per 100 person-years in LAM and 196 per 100
      person-years in no LAM (hazard ratio adjusted for country 0.82 [95% CI 0.70
      0.96], p=0.015). No adverse events were associated with LAM testing.
      INTERPRETATION: Bedside LAM-guided initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment in
      HIV-positive hospital inpatients with suspected tuberculosis was associated with
      reduced 8-week mortality. The implementation of LAM testing is likely to offer
      the greatest benefit in hospitals where diagnostic resources are most scarce and
      where patients present with severe illness, advanced immunosuppression, and an
      inability to self-expectorate sputum. FUNDING: European Developing Clinical
      Trials Partnership, the South African Medical Research Council, and the South
      African National Research Foundation.

PMID- 26970722
TI  - The Institute of Fiscal Studies' verdict on a sugary drink tax.

PMID- 26970724
TI  - A breakthrough urine-based diagnostic test for HIV-associated tuberculosis.

PMID- 26970725
TI  - CD28 costimulatory signals in T lymphocyte activation: Emerging functions beyond
      a qualitative and quantitative support to TCR signalling.
AB  - CD28 is one of the most important co-stimulatory receptors necessary for full T
      lymphocyte activation. By binding its cognate ligands, B7.1/CD80 or B7.2/CD86,
      expressed on the surface of professional antigen presenting cells (APC), CD28
      initiates several signalling cascades, which qualitatively and quantitatively
      support T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. More recent data evidenced that human
      CD28 can also act as a TCR-independent signalling unit, by delivering specific
      signals, which regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines.
      Despite the enormous progresses made in identifying the mechanisms and molecules
      involved in CD28 signalling properties, much remains to be elucidated, especially
      in the light of the functional differences observed between human and mouse CD28.
      In this review we provide an overview of the current mechanisms and molecules
      through which CD28 support TCR signalling and highlight recent findings on the
      specific signalling motifs that regulate the unique pro-inflammatory activity of
      human CD28. 

PMID- 26970726
TI  - The transcription factor BATF modulates cytokine-mediated responses in T cells.
AB  - The transcription factor BATF (basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF
      like), belongs to the AP-1 family of transcription factors and has been shown to
      be predominantly expressed in cells of haematopoietic origin, especially in B and
      T cells. In studies using Batf-deficient mice, a profound defect in the
      differentiation of T helper cells type 17 (Th17) and follicular T helper cells
      (Tfh) was described, as well as an impairment of antibody production with
      switched isotypes. More recently BATF has been described to influence also Th2
      and Th9 responses in models of murine experimental asthma. In CD8(+) T cells BATF
      has been found associated with anti-viral responses. This review summarizes the
      role of BATF in CD4(+) T cell subsets and in CD8(+) T cells, with particular
      focus on this transcription factor in the setting of allergic asthma.

PMID- 26970723
TI  - Atezolizumab versus docetaxel for patients with previously treated non-small-cell
      lung cancer (POPLAR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Outcomes are poor for patients with previously treated, advanced or
      metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The anti-programmed death ligand 1
      (PD-L1) antibody atezolizumab is clinically active against cancer, including
      NSCLC, especially cancers expressing PD-L1 on tumour cells, tumour-infiltrating
      immune cells, or both. We assessed efficacy and safety of atezolizumab versus
      docetaxel in previously treated NSCLC, analysed by PD-L1 expression levels on
      tumour cells and tumour-infiltrating immune cells and in the intention-to-treat
      population. METHODS: In this open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial,
      patients with NSCLC who progressed on post-platinum chemotherapy were recruited
      in 61 academic medical centres and community oncology practices across 13
      countries in Europe and North America. Key inclusion criteria were Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1, measurable disease by
      Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1), and
      adequate haematological and end-organ function. Patients were stratified by PD-L1
      tumour-infiltrating immune cell status, histology, and previous lines of therapy,
      and randomly assigned (1:1) by permuted block randomisation (with a block size of
      four) using an interactive voice or web system to receive intravenous
      atezolizumab 1200 mg or docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) once every 3 weeks. Baseline PD-L1
      expression was scored by immunohistochemistry in tumour cells (as percentage of
      PD-L1-expressing tumour cells TC3>=50%, TC2>=5% and <50%, TC1>=1% and <5%, and
      TC0<1%) and tumour-infiltrating immune cells (as percentage of tumour area:
      IC3>=10%, IC2>=5% and <10%, IC1>=1% and <5%, and IC0<1%). The primary endpoint
      was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population and PD-L1 subgroups at
      173 deaths. Biomarkers were assessed in an exploratory analysis. We assessed
      safety in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This study
      is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01903993. FINDINGS: Patients
      were enrolled between Aug 5, 2013, and March 31, 2014. 144 patients were randomly
      allocated to the atezolizumab group, and 143 to the docetaxel group. 142 patients
      received at least one dose of atezolizumab and 135 received docetaxel. Overall
      survival in the intention-to-treat population was 12.6 months (95% CI 9.7-16.4)
      for atezolizumab versus 9.7 months (8.6-12.0) for docetaxel (hazard ratio [HR]
      0.73 [95% CI 0.53-0.99]; p=0.04). Increasing improvement in overall survival was
      associated with increasing PD-L1 expression (TC3 or IC3 HR 0.49 [0.22-1.07;
      p=0.068], TC2/3 or IC2/3 HR 0.54 [0.33-0.89; p=0.014], TC1/2/3 or IC1/2/3 HR 0.59
      [0.40-0.85; p=0.005], TC0 and IC0 HR 1.04 [0.62-1.75; p=0.871]). In our
      exploratory analysis, patients with pre-existing immunity, defined by high T
      effector-interferon-gamma-associated gene expression, had improved overall
      survival with atezolizumab. 11 (8%) patients in the atezolizumab group
      discontinued because of adverse events versus 30 (22%) patients in the docetaxel
      group. 16 (11%) patients in the atezolizumab group versus 52 (39%) patients in
      the docetaxel group had treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events, and one (<1%)
      patient in the atezolizumab group versus three (2%) patients in the docetaxel
      group died from a treatment-related adverse event. INTERPRETATION: Atezolizumab
      significantly improved survival compared with docetaxel in patients with
      previously treated NSCLC. Improvement correlated with PD-L1 immunohistochemistry
      expression on tumour cells and tumour-infiltrating immune cells, suggesting that
      PD-L1 expression is predictive for atezolizumab benefit. Atezolizumab was well
      tolerated, with a safety profile distinct from chemotherapy. FUNDING: F Hoffmann
      La Roche/Genentech Inc.

PMID- 26970727
TI  - Tuning the geometry and biomimetic catalytic activity of manganese(III)
      tetrabromocatecholate based robust platforms by introducing substitution at
      pyridine.
AB  - The present report describes synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and
      catecholase activity of a series of five new manganese(III) complexes (1-5)
      derived from redox-noninnocent tetrabromocatecholate ligand in combination with
      different substituted pyridines. X-ray crystallography reveals that the geometry
      of manganese(III) centers in 1 and 2 is square pyramidal and they are pseudo
      dimeric in the solid state resulting from the weak bonding of manganese(III) with
      a catecholate oxygen atom from the adjacent manganese(III) unit together with
      other weak interactions like hydrogen bonding and pi?pi stacking interactions. On
      the other hand, complexes 3-5 are discrete octahedral structures. All the
      complexes exhibit strong catecholase activity and their diverse catalytic
      activity can nicely be explained by the nature of substitution at pyridine ring -
      better electron donor inhibits the reduction of the metal center thereby lowering
      catecholase activity and vice versa (1 and 2 vs. 3-5). Besides the donor property
      of ancillary ligands, the structural distortion has also significant role in the
      biomimetic catalytic activity (1 vs. 2).

PMID- 26970728
TI  - Contextual and environmental influences on reported dietary energy intake at
      evening eating occasions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the simultaneous effect of immediate
      eating environment variables; portion size, plate size, proximity to food,
      variety of food, side serves of salad/vegetables and presence of distraction on
      dietary energy intake (EI), of a reported evening meal, in the participants' real
      world setting. DESIGN: A retrospective computer assisted telephone interview
      collected data on ten immediate eating environment variables, covariates and a 24
      hour dietary recall of EI at an evening meal. Multiple regression analysis was
      conducted to determine relationships of these variables with EI. Significant
      (P<0.05) standardised beta coefficients (beta) are reported. SETTING: Australia
      wide, participants' homes. SUBJECTS: Australian adult males and females (n 150)
      aged 18-65years. RESULTS: Of the immediate eating environment variables, the
      absence of salads/vegetables (beta=0.237), increased food variety (beta=0.208),
      presence of music (beta=0.207), and the consumption of pre-plated (as opposed to
      self-served) meals (beta=0.195) had a positive association with EI, explaining
      16.3% of the variance. Of the covariates, being male was the strongest predictor
      of EI (beta=0.242); and hunger score also had a positive relationship with EI
      (beta=0.190), explaining 17.5% of the variance. CONCLUSION: This study provides
      evidence that some immediate food environment variables at an evening eating
      occasion are associated with EI. Findings suggest there are several strategies
      that people could implement to assist in controlling their EI and help address
      over consumption.

PMID- 26970729
TI  - Characteristics and use of treatment modalities of patients with binge-eating
      disorder in the Department of Veterans Affairs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In 2013 binge-eating disorder (BED) was recognized as a formal
      diagnosis, but was historically included under the diagnosis code for eating
      disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). This study compared the characteristics
      and use of treatment modalities in BED patients to those with EDNOS without BED
      (EDNOS-only) and to matched-patients with no eating disorders (NED). METHODS:
      Patients were identified for this study from electronic health records in the
      Department of Veterans Affairs from 2000 to 2011. Patients with BED were
      identified using natural language processing and patients with EDNOS-only were
      identified by ICD-9 code (307.50). First diagnosis defined index date for these
      groups. NED patients were frequency matched to BED patients up to 4:1, as
      available, on age, sex, BMI, depression, and index month encounter. Baseline
      characteristics and use of treatment modalities during the post-index year were
      compared using t-tests or chi-square tests. RESULTS: There were 593 BED, 1354
      EDNOS-only, and 1895 matched-NED patients identified. Only 68 patients with BED
      had an EDNOS diagnosis. BED patients were younger (48.7 vs. 49.8years, p=0.04),
      more were male (72.2% vs. 62.8%, p<0.001) and obese (BMI 40.2 vs. 37.0, p<0.001)
      than EDNOS-only patients. In the follow-up period fewer BED (68.0%) than EDNOS
      only patients (87.6%, p<0.001), but more BED than NED patients (51.9%, p<0.001)
      used at least one treatment modality. DISCUSSION: The characteristics of BED
      patients were different from those with EDNOS-only and NED as was their use of
      treatment modalities. These differences highlight the need for a separate
      identifier of BED.

PMID- 26970730
TI  - Psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance
      Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R) in Turkish women.
AB  - Research suggests that rates of body image and eating disturbance are on the rise
      in Turkey and may be reaching levels comparable to those observed in Western
      societies. However, research examining theoretically based etiological factors
      for disordered eating via validated assessment measures is limited. The current
      study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Sociocultural Attitudes
      Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R) in a sample of Turkish
      college women. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a 6-factor scale.
      Reliability and convergent validity of the SATAQ-4R subscales were good. Results
      suggest that the SATAQ-4R is appropriate for use with Turkish college females.
      Future work may seek to examine the scale with Turkish men. 

PMID- 26970731
TI  - Description of an intensive nutrition therapy in hospitalized adolescents with
      anorexia nervosa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe an intensive nutrition therapy for hospitalized
      adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa (AN) in terms of body weight,
      body composition, energy balance and food related anxiety. METHOD: Twenty-six
      young females, 16-24years of age, with AN were invited to participate at
      admission to a specialized eating disorder unit in Goteborg, Sweden. Intensive
      nutrition therapy comprised 12weeks on a structured meal plan. Six meals were
      served daily, in combination with high-energy liquid nutritional supplements from
      start. Energy and nutrient intakes, energy expenditure, body composition and food
      related anxiety were measured during the study. A 3-month follow-up of body
      weight and food related anxiety was conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients
      participated. The total daily energy intake was, during the first week of
      treatment, (mean+/-SD) 3264+/-196kcal (74kcal/kg), and decreased gradually during
      treatment to 2622+/-331kcal (49kcal/kg). Total daily energy expenditure was
      initially 1568+/-149kcal and increased gradually to 2034+/-194kcal. Patients
      gained on average 9.8+/-2.1kg and body mass index increased from 15.5+/-0.9 to
      19.0+/-0.9kg/m(2). Body fat increased from 13+/-6% to 26+/-6%. Fat free mass
      remained unchanged, but skeletal muscle mass increased from 16.7+/-2.0 to 17.6+/
      2.4kg, p=0.009. Patients' food related anxiety decreased significantly during
      treatment and was still unchanged 3months later. CONCLUSION: The presented
      intensive nutrition therapy with initially high energy and nutrient intakes
      produced substantial weight gain, increased fat and muscle mass and decreased
      food related anxiety in AN patients, without any clinical side effects.

PMID- 26970732
TI  - The role of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of eating
      disorders: A systematic review.
AB  - This systematic review critically appraises the role of complementary and
      alternative medicine in the treatment of those with an eating disorder. Sixteen
      studies were included in the review. The results of this review show that the
      role of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of those with an
      eating disorder is unclear and further studies should be conducted. A potential
      role was found for massage and bright light therapy for depression in those with
      Bulimia Nervosa and a potential role for acupuncture and relaxation therapy, in
      the treatment of State Anxiety, for those with an eating disorder. The role of
      these complementary therapies in treating eating disorders should only be
      provided as an adjunctive treatment only. 

PMID- 26970733
TI  - Nutritional intervention with hypocaloric diet for weight control in children and
      adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome.
AB  - Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder caused by the lack of
      expression of paternal alleles in the proximal region of the long arm of
      chromosome 15. Low inhibitory control and hyperphagia are two of the most severe
      neurobehavioral symptoms of the syndrome. The aim of the present study was to
      assess the efficiency of nutritional training program with the use hypocaloric
      diet for weight control in a group of five children and adolescents with PWS. The
      intervention program consisted of 10 sessions for parents' orientation during
      8months. Patients had their anthropometric measures assessed (weight, height and
      body mass index - BMI). The main results indicate weight maintenance, height
      increase, and BMI decrease after intervention. These results were considered
      indicators of the program's efficiency.

PMID- 26970735
TI  - Flavobacterium tistrianum sp. nov., a gliding bacterium isolated from soil.
AB  - A novel gliding bacterial strain, GB 56.1T, was obtained from soil at the
      Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, in Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand; the strain
      was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative,
      yellow, rod shaped and devoid of flagella, but showed gliding motility.
      Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences found that GB 56.1T was a
      member of the genus Flavobacterium and that the strain shared the highest
      sequence similarities with Flavobacterium nitrogenifigens (98.4 %),
      Flavobacterium anhuiense(98.3 %) and Flavobacterium ginsenosidimutans (97.9 %).
      The similarities of the sequences of all other species of the genus
      Flavobacterium were below 97.4 %. The major respiratory quinone of strain GB
      56.1T was MK-6; fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C16:1omega6c/C16:1omega7c, C16:0 and
      C16:0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylserine, an unidentified amino lipid and four polar lipids. The DNA
      G+C content of this strain was 34.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness of GB 56.1T was
      highest against F.anhuiense, with a value of 37.6 %. On the basis of
      morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, DNA-DNA
      hybridization relatedness and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we conclude that
      strain GB 56.1T represents a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium
      tistrianum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GB 56.1T (=TISTR 1612T =KCTC
      42679T). 

PMID- 26970734
TI  - TIRF imaging of Fc gamma receptor microclusters dynamics and signaling on
      macrophages during frustrated phagocytosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent evidence indicates that in addition to the T-cell receptor,
      microclustering is an important mechanism for the activation of the B-cell
      receptor and the mast cell Fcepsilon-receptor. In macrophages and neutrophils,
      particles opsonized with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies activate the
      phagocytic Fcgamma-receptor (FcgammaR) leading to rearrangements of the actin
      cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to establish a system for high
      resolution imaging of FcgammaR microclustering dynamics and the recruitment of
      the downstream signaling machinery to these microclusters. METHODS: We developed
      a supported lipid bilayer platform with incorporated antibodies on its surface to
      study the formation and maturation of FcgammaR signaling complexes in
      macrophages. Time-lapse multicolor total internal reflection microscopy was used
      to capture the formation of FcgammaR-IgG microclusters and their assembly into
      signaling complexes on the plasma membrane of murine bone marrow derived
      macrophages. RESULTS: Upon antibody binding, macrophages formed FcgammaR-IgG
      complexes at the leading edge of advancing pseudopods. These complexes then moved
      toward the center of the cell to form a structure reminiscent of the
      supramolecular complex observed in the T-cell/antigen presenting cell immune
      synapse. Colocalization of signaling protein Syk with nascent clusters of
      antibodies indicated that phosphorylated receptor complexes underwent maturation
      as they trafficked toward the center of the cell. Additionally, imaging of
      fluorescent BtkPH domains indicated that 3'-phosphoinositides propagated
      laterally away from the FcgammaR microclusters. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that
      surface-associated but mobile IgG induces the formation of FcgammaR microclusters
      at the pseudopod leading edge. These clusters recruit Syk and drive the
      production of diffusing PI(3,4,5)P3 that is coordinated with lamellar actin
      polymerization. Upon reaching maximal extension, FcgammaR microclusters depart
      from the leading edge and are transported to the center of the cellular contact
      region to form a synapse-like structure, analogous to the process observed for T
      cell receptors.

PMID- 26970736
TI  - Bioequivalence study between two formulations of ciclosporin A (Cyclavance(r)
      oral solution and Atopica(r) soft capsules) following a single oral
      administration to dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ciclosporin is a selective immunomodulator used for the treatment of
      atopic dermatitis in dogs. A new 100 mg/ml oral solution formulation
      (Cyclavance(r), Virbac) was developed as a pharmaceutical equivalent to the
      marketed capsule formulations (Atopica(r), Novartis Animal Health) containing 25,
      50 mg, or 100 mg of ciclosporin A. The aim of this study was to assess and
      compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and bioequivalence of the two formulations
      following a single oral administration to dogs. This randomised, two-period, two
      sequence, crossover bioequivalence study was conducted in 40 healthy dogs under
      fasting conditions. Each dog received either one 50 mg capsule of Atopica(r) or
      0.5 ml of Cyclavance(r). After dosing, blood samples were collected during a 48-h
      time period at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Blood ciclosporin A
      concentrations were measured by using an HPLC-MS/MS method. Cmax, Tmax, t1/2,
      AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity and Kel were determined for the two ciclosporin
      formulations. Bioequivalence was to be concluded if the 90% confidence intervals
      were within the range of 80% to 125% for Cmax and AUC0-t. Dogs were monitored
      once daily throughout the study period for adverse effects. RESULTS: The 90%
      confidence intervals for Cyclavance(r)/Atopica(r) mean ratios of the log
      transformed pharmacokinetic variables Cmax and AUC0-t were within the
      conventional bioequivalence range of 80% to 125% (Point estimate: 101.2% and
      101.4% respectively). Except for salivation reported after administration of both
      products, or vomiting and diarrhoea reported after Atopica(r) administration,
      both formulations were well tolerated in the 40 healthy dogs over the 48-h study
      period. CONCLUSIONS: The two ciclosporin oral formulations demonstrated similar
      pharmacokinetic profiles and were found to be bioequivalent, and therefore,
      interchangeable.

PMID- 26970737
TI  - Vascular-directed responses of microglia produced by methamphetamine exposure:
      indirect evidence that microglia are involved in vascular repair?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brain microglial activations and damage responses are most commonly
      associated with neurodegeneration or systemic innate immune system activation.
      Here, we used histological methods to focus on microglial responses that are
      directed towards brain vasculature, previously undescribed, after a neurotoxic
      exposure to methamphetamine. METHODS: Male rats were given doses of
      methamphetamine that produce pronounced hyperthermia, hypertension, and toxicity.
      Identification of microglia and microglia-like cells (pericytes and possibly
      perivascular cells) was done using immunoreactivity to allograft inflammatory
      factor 1 (Aif1 a.k.a Iba1) and alpha M integrin (Itgam a.k.a. Cd11b) while
      vasculature endothelium was identified using rat endothelial cell antigen 1 (RECA
      1). Regions of neuronal, axonal, and nerve terminal degeneration were determined
      using Fluoro-Jade C. RESULTS: Dual labeling of vasculature (RECA-1) and microglia
      (Iba1) showed a strong association of hypertrophied cells surrounding and
      juxtaposed to vasculature in the septum, medial dorsal hippocampus, piriform
      cortex, and thalamus. The Iba1 labeling was more pronounced in the cell body
      while Cd11b more so in the processes of activated microglia. These regions have
      been previously identified to have vascular leakage after neurotoxic
      methamphetamine exposure. Dual labeling with Fluoro-Jade C and Iba1 indicated
      that there was minimal or no evidence of neuronal damage in the septum and
      hippocampus where many hypertrophied Iba1-labeled cells were found to be
      associated with vasculature. Although microglial activation around the prominent
      neurodegeneration was found in the thalamus, there were also many examples of
      activated microglia associated with vasculature. CONCLUSIONS: The data implicate
      microglia, and possibly related cell types, in playing a major role in responding
      to methamphetamine-induced vascular damage, and possibly repair, in the absence
      of neurodegeneration. Identifying brain regions with hypertrophied/activated
      microglial-like cells associated with vasculature has the potential for
      identifying regions of more subtle examples of vascular damage and BBB
      compromise.

PMID- 26970738
TI  - Copy number of the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene is not always neutral in
      sporadic colorectal cancers with loss of heterozygosity for the gene.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Changes in the number of alleles of a chromosome may have an impact
      upon gene expression. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) indicates that one allele of a
      gene has been lost, and knowing the exact copy number of the gene would indicate
      whether duplication of the remaining allele has occurred. We were interested to
      determine the copy number of the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) gene in
      sporadic colorectal cancers with LOH. METHODS: We selected 38 carcinomas with LOH
      for the APC gene region of chromosome 5, as determined by amplification of the CA
      repeat region within the D5S346 loci. The copy number status of APC was
      ascertained using the SALSA(r) MLPA(r) P043-B1 APC Kit. LOH for the DCC gene,
      KRAS gene mutation, and microsatellite instability were also evaluated for each
      tumor, utilizing standard polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS: No tumor
      demonstrated microsatellite instability. LOH of the DCC gene was also present in
      33 of 36 (91.7%) informative tumors. A KRAS gene mutation was present in 16 of
      the 38 (42.1%) tumors. Twenty-four (63.2%) of the tumors were copy number
      neutral, 10 (26.3%) tumors demonstrated major loss, while two (5.3%) showed
      partial loss. Two tumors (5.3%) had copy number gain. CONCLUSIONS: Results of APC
      and DCC LOH, KRAS and microsatellite instability indicate our colorectal cancer
      cases were typical of sporadic cancers following the 'chromosomal instability'
      pathway. The majority of our colorectal carcinomas with LOH for APC gene are copy
      number neutral. However, one-third of our cases showed copy number loss,
      suggesting that duplication of the remaining allele is not required for the
      development of a colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 26970740
TI  - The potential harms of primary human papillomavirus screening in over-screened
      women: a microsimulation study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is well acknowledged that HPV testing should not be performed at
      young age and at short intervals. Cytological screening practices have shown that
      over-screening, i.e., from a younger age and at shorter intervals than
      recommended, is hard to avoid. We quantified the consequences of a switch to
      primary HPV screening for over-screened women, taking into account its higher
      sensitivity but lower specificity than cytology. METHODS: The health effects of
      using the HPV test instead of cytology as the primary screening method were
      determined with the MISCAN-Cervix model. We varied the age women start screening
      and the interval between screens. In the sensitivity analyses, we varied the
      background risk of cervical cancer, the HPV prevalence, the discount rate, the
      triage strategy after cytology, and the test characteristics of both cytology and
      the HPV test. RESULTS: For women screened 5 yearly from age 30, 32 extra deaths
      per 100,000 simulated women were prevented when switching from primary cytology
      to primary HPV testing. For annual screening from age 20, such a switch resulted
      in 6 extra deaths prevented. It was associated with 9,044 more positive primary
      screens in the former scenario versus 76,480 in the latter. Under all conditions,
      for women screened annually, switching to HPV screening resulted in a net loss of
      quality-adjusted life years. CONCLUSION: For over-screened women, the harms
      associated with a lower test specificity outweigh the life years gained when
      switching from primary cytology to primary HPV testing. The extent of over
      screening should be considered when deciding on inclusion of primary HPV
      screening in cervical cancer screening guidelines.

PMID- 26970741
TI  - Age at cancer diagnosis, amenability to medical interventions, and racial/ethnic
      disparities in cancer mortality.
AB  - PURPOSE: Racial disparities in cancer mortality may be greater for cancers that
      are amenable to available early detection and treatment (amenability level). We
      investigated whether these patterns vary by age at cancer diagnosis. METHODS:
      Using 5-year relative survival rates (5Y-RSR), we classified 51 cancer sites into
      least amenable, partly amenable, and mostly amenable cancers (<40%, 40-69%, >=70%
      5-YRS, respectively). We examined whether racial disparities in mortality rates
      (African-Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, Hispanics, whites), as estimated
      through Cox regression models, were modified by age at diagnosis and amenability
      level in 516,939 cancer cases diagnosed in 1995-1999. RESULTS: As compared with
      whites, all racial minority groups experienced higher cancer mortality rates in
      the youngest age group of 20-34 years. African-Americans and Hispanics diagnosed
      with partly and mostly amenable cancers had higher mortality rates relative to
      whites with cancers of the same amenability levels; further, these differences
      decreased in magnitude or reversed in direction with increasing age. In contrast,
      the racial differences in mortality were smaller and remained fairly constant
      across age groups for least amenable cancers. For example, in the youngest (20
      34) and oldest (80-99) age groups, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for African
      Americans versus whites with least amenable cancers were, respectively, 1.26 (95%
      CI 1.02, 1.55) and 0.90 (95% CI 0.85, 0.96), while the HRs for African-Americans
      versus whites with mostly amenable cancers were 2.77 (95% CI 2.38, 3.22) and 1.07
      (95% CI 0.98, 1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer survival disadvantage for racial
      minorities is larger in younger age groups for cancers that are more amenable to
      medical interventions.

PMID- 26970742
TI  - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate osteoclastogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the role of nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptors (nAChRs) in in-vitro osteoclastogenesis and in in-vivo bone
      homeostasis. METHODS: The presence of nAChR subunits as well as the in-vitro
      effects of nAChR agonists were investigated by ex vivo osteoclastogenesis assays,
      real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and flow cytometry in murine
      bone marrow-derived macrophages differentiated in the presence of recombinant
      receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (M-CSF). The bone phenotype of mice lacking various nAChR
      subunits was investigated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and
      histomorphometric analysis. Oscillations in the intracellular calcium
      concentration were detected by measuring the Fura-2 fluorescence intensity.
      RESULTS: We could demonstrate the presence of several nAChR subunits in bone
      marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with RANKL and M-CSF, and showed that they
      are capable of producing acetylcholine. nAChR ligands reduced the number of
      osteoclasts as well as the number of tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase
      positive mononuclear cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro RANKL-mediated
      osteoclastogenesis was reduced in mice lacking alpha7 homomeric nAChR or beta2
      containing heteromeric nAChRs, while bone histomorphometry revealed increased
      bone volume as well as impaired osteoclastogenesis in male mice lacking the
      alpha7 nAChR. nAChR ligands inhibited RANKL-induced calcium oscillation, a well
      established phenomenon of osteoclastogenesis. This inhibitory effect on Ca(2+)
      oscillation subsequently led to the inhibition of RANKL-induced NFATc1 and c-fos
      expression after long-term treatment with nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown
      that the activity of nAChRs conveys a marked effect on osteoclastogenesis in
      mice. Agonists of these receptors inhibited calcium oscillations in osteoclasts
      and blocked the RANKL-induced activation of c-fos and NFATc1. RANKL-mediated in
      vitro osteoclastogenesis was reduced in alpha7 knockout mice, which was
      paralleled by increased tibial bone volume in male mice in vivo.

PMID- 26970743
TI  - Selective mutism and temperament: the silence and behavioral inhibition to the
      unfamiliar.
AB  - Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a suspected precursor of selective mutism. However,
      investigations on early behavioral inhibition of children with selective mutism
      are lacking. Children aged 3-18 with lifetime selective mutism (n = 109), social
      phobia (n = 61), internalizing behavior (n = 46) and healthy controls (n = 118)
      were assessed using the parent-rated Retrospective Infant Behavioral Inhibition
      (RIBI) questionnaire. Analyses showed that children with lifetime selective
      mutism and social phobia were more inhibited as infants and toddlers than
      children of the internalizing and healthy control groups, who displayed similar
      low levels of behavioral inhibition. Moreover, behavioral inhibition was higher
      in infants with lifetime selective mutism than in participants with social phobia
      according to the Total BI score (p = 0.012) and the Shyness subscale (p < 0.001).
      Infant behavioral inhibition, particularly towards social stimuli, is a
      temperamental feature associated with a lifetime diagnosis of selective mutism.
      Results yield first evidence of the recently hypothesized temperamental origin of
      selective mutism. Children at risk should be screened for this debilitating child
      psychiatric condition. 

PMID- 26970739
TI  - Breast cancer survival among young women: a review of the role of modifiable
      lifestyle factors.
AB  - Almost 7% of breast cancers are diagnosed among women age 40 years and younger in
      Western populations. Clinical outcomes among young women are worse. Early age-of
      onset increases the risk of contralateral breast cancer, local and distant
      recurrence, and subsequent mortality. Breast cancers in young women (BCYW) are
      more likely to present with triple-negative (TNBC), TP53-positive, and HER-2 over
      expressing tumors than among older women. However, despite these known
      differences in breast cancer outcomes and tumor subtypes, there is limited
      understanding of the basic biology, epidemiology, and optimal therapeutic
      strategies for BCYW. Several modifiable lifestyle factors associated with reduced
      risk of developing breast cancer have also been implicated in improved prognosis
      among breast cancer survivors of all ages. Given the treatment-related toxicities
      and the extended window for late effects, long-term lifestyle modifications
      potentially offer significant benefits to BCYW. In this review, we propose a
      model identifying three main areas of lifestyle factors (energy imbalance,
      inflammation, and dietary nutrient adequacy) that may influence survival in BCYW.
      In addition, we provide a summary of mechanisms of action and a synthesis of
      previous research on each of these topics.

PMID- 26970744
TI  - Violence Exposure as a Mediator Between Parenting and Adolescent Mental Health.
AB  - For youth exposed to community violence, parenting has been found to play a
      significant role in protecting adolescents from associated mental health
      symptoms. Yet little is known about the potential of parenting to prevent such
      exposure in the first place and thereby reduce the likelihood of adolescents'
      mental health symptoms. This study examined two parental practices that have
      often been examined as moderators, but not yet as predictors, of youth exposure
      to community violence associations with adolescent mental health, namely parental
      control and parental harshness. Analyses of self-reported data from 908
      adolescents (M age = 16.5, SD = 1.71; 52 % girls; 13 % non-Hispanic White)
      revealed that harsh parenting was indirectly associated with youth mental health
      symptoms through higher levels of exposure to community violence, whereas links
      between controlling parenting and mental health symptoms were either non
      significant or mediated through lower levels of adolescent violence exposure.
      These findings highlight the potential positive role parental control may play by
      preventing adolescents from exposure to potentially dangerous situations.
      Conversely, our results suggest that harsh parenting appears to pose a risk for
      adolescents by driving youth away from the home environment and potentially into
      places where violence may be more prevalent.

PMID- 26970745
TI  - Recent developments in Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) diagnostics using
      quantum dots.
AB  - The exceptional photophysical properties and the nanometric dimensions of
      colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QD) have strongly attracted the
      bioanalytical community over the last approximately 20 y. In particular, the
      integration of QDs in the analysis of biological components and interactions, and
      the related diagnostics using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), have
      allowed researchers to significantly improve and diversify fluorescence-based
      biosensing. In this TRENDS article, we review some recent developments in QD-FRET
      biosensing that have implemented this technology in electronic consumer products,
      multiplexed analysis, and detection without light excitation for diagnostic
      applications. In selected examples of smartphone-based imaging, single- and
      multistep FRET, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, and
      bio/chemiluminescence detection of QDs used as both FRET donors and acceptors, we
      highlight the advantages of QD-based FRET biosensing for multiplexed and
      sensitive diagnostics. Graphical Abstract Quantum dots (QDs) can be applied as
      donors and/or acceptors for Forster resonance energy transfer- (FRET-) based
      biosensing for multiplexed and sensitive diagnostics in various assay formats. 

PMID- 26970746
TI  - Layered-nanomaterial-amplified chemiluminescence systems and their analytical
      applications.
AB  - Layered nanomaterial has become a popular hierarchical material for amplifying
      chemiluminescence (CL) in recent years, mainly because of its ease of preparation
      and modification, large specific surface area, and high catalytic activity. In
      this review, we mainly discuss layered-nanomaterial-amplified CL systems based on
      graphene and its derivatives, layered double hydroxides, and clay. Detection
      mechanisms and strategies of layered-nanomaterial-amplified CL systems are
      provided to show the basic concepts for designing sensitive and selective sensing
      systems. Strategies for expanding the applications of layered-nanomaterial
      amplified CL systems by combination with surfactants, quantum dots, organic dyes,
      and nanoparticles are introduced for the analysis of various analytes in real
      samples. The challenges and future trends of layered-nanomaterial-amplified CL
      systems are discussed at the end of the review. Graphical Abstract Schematic
      illustration of layered nanomaterial amplified chemiluminescence.

PMID- 26970747
TI  - A hyperbranched polyethylenimine functionalized stationary phase for hydrophilic
      interaction liquid chromatography.
AB  - A hyperbranched stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid
      chromatography (HILIC) has been prepared by grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) onto
      silica gel (termed as PEI-Sil). Rich primary, secondary, and tertiary amino
      groups associated with PEI render its good hydrophility. More importantly, the
      hyperbranched structure of PEI molecule is greatly helpful in improving
      interaction with polar analytes. For several kinds of model polar compounds,
      including organic acids, nucleosides, nucleic acid bases, amino acids,
      cephalosporins, and non-reducing sugars, PEI-Sil demonstrated excellent
      separation performance in terms of running stability, reproducibility, and
      separation efficiency (e.g., plate count ~74,000/m). In addition, PEI-Sil also
      exhibited much better separation selectivity toward inorganic anions when
      operated in the mode of ion chromatography relative to a commercial amino propyl
      bonded column.

PMID- 26970748
TI  - Separation, detection and characterization of nanomaterials in municipal
      wastewaters using hydrodynamic chromatography coupled to ICPMS and single
      particle ICPMS.
AB  - Engineered nanoparticles (ENP) are increasingly being incorporated into consumer
      products and reaching the environment at a growing rate. Unfortunately, few
      analytical techniques are available that allow the detection of ENP in complex
      environmental matrices. The major limitations with existing techniques are their
      relatively high detection limits and their inability to distinguish ENP from
      other chemical forms (e.g. ions, dissolved) or from natural colloids. Of the
      matrices that are considered to be a priority for method development, ENP are
      predicted to be found at relatively high concentrations in wastewaters and
      wastewater biosolids. In this paper, we demonstrate the capability of
      hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass
      spectrometry (ICPMS), in its classical and single particle modes (SP ICPMS), to
      identify ENP in wastewater influents and effluents. The paper first focuses on
      the detection of standard silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) and their mixtures,
      showing that significant dissolution of the Ag NP was likely to occur. For the Ag
      NP, detection limits of 0.03 MUg L(-1) were found for the HDC ICPMS whereas 0.1
      MUg L(-1) was determined for the HDC SP ICPMS (based on results for the 80 nm Ag
      NP). In the second part of the paper, HDC ICPMS and HDC SP ICPMS were performed
      on some unspiked natural samples (wastewaters, river water). While nanosilver was
      below detection limits, it was possible to identify some (likely natural) Cu
      nanoparticles using the developed separation technology. 

PMID- 26970749
TI  - Naked-eye detection as a universal approach to lower the limit of detection of
      enzyme-linked immunoassays.
AB  - Colorimetric biosensors for the detection of analytes with the naked eye are
      required in environmental monitoring, point-of-care diagnostics, and analyses in
      resources constrained settings, where detection instruments may not be available.
      However, instrument-based detection methods are usually more adequate for
      detecting small variations in the signal compared to naked-eye detection schemes,
      and consequently the limit of detection of the latter is usually higher than the
      former. Here, we demonstrate that the limit of detection of colorimetric enzyme
      linked immunoassays can be decreased several orders of magnitude when using naked
      eye detection instead of a spectrophotometer for detecting the signal. The key
      step to lower the limit of detection is adding a small volume of chromogenic
      substrate during the signal generation step. This generates highly colored
      solutions that can be easily visualized with the naked eye and recorded with the
      camera of a mobile phone. The proposed method does not require expensive
      equipment or complex protocols to enhance the signal, and therefore it is a
      universal approach to lower the limit of detection of colorimetric enzyme-linked
      immunoassays. 

PMID- 26970750
TI  - An iridium(III) complex as a versatile platform for molecular logic gates: an
      integrated full subtractor and 1:2 demultiplexer.
AB  - The iridium(III) complex 1 operates as a versatile platform for molecular logic
      gates fulfilling multiple logic functions depending on the inputs and the
      interrogation channels. In the UV-vis channel, it works as an INH, OR, and NINH
      gate with F(-) and H2PO4 (-) as inputs when following the absorbance at 244, 262,
      and 457 nm, respectively. More importantly, the combination of photoluminescence
      (PL) intensity ratio (I 700/I 600) and transmittance at 457 nm resulted in the
      setup of a 1:2 demultiplexer with F(-) and CO2 as inputs. Finally, a three-input
      (BF3, F(-), and H2PO4 (-)) full subtractor was realized by integrating the
      electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity at 642 nm and the absorbance at 262 nm.
      Graphical abstract Multichannel detection and the proper combination of inputs
      are the key for the elaboration of sophisticated logic gates. 

PMID- 26970751
TI  - Typical ultraviolet spectra in combination with diagnostic mass fragmentation
      analysis for the rapid and comprehensive profiling of chlorogenic acids in the
      buds of Lonicera macranthoides.
AB  - A major challenge of profiling chlorogenic acids (CGA) in natural products is to
      effectively detect unknown or minor isomeric compounds. Here, we developed an
      effective strategy, typical ultraviolet (UV) spectra in combination with
      diagnostic mass fragmentation analysis based on HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS, to
      comprehensively profile CGA in the buds of Lonicera macranthoides. First, three
      CGA UV patterns were obtained by UV spectra screening. Second, 13 types of CGA
      classified by molecular weights were found by thorough analysis of CGA peaks
      using high-resolution MS. Third, selected ion monitoring (SIM) was carried out
      for each type of CGA to avoid overlooking of minor ones. Fourth, MS/MS spectra of
      each CGA were investigated. Then 70 CGA were identified by matching their UV
      spectra, accurate mass signals and fragmentation patterns with standards or
      previously reported compounds, including six caffeoylquinic acids (CQA), six
      diCQA, one triCQA, three caffeoylshikimic acids (CSA), six diCSA, one triCSA,
      three p-coumaroylquinic acids (pCoQA), four p-coumaroylcaffeoylquinic acids
      (pCoCQA), four feruloylquinic acids (FQA), five methyl caffeoylquinates (MCQ),
      three ethyl caffeoylquinates (ECQ), three dimethoxycinnamoylquinic acids (DQA),
      six caffeoylferuloylquinic acids (CFQA), six methyl dicaffeoylquinates (MdiCQ),
      four FQA glycosides (FQAG), six MCQ glycosides (MCQG), and three ethyl
      dicaffeoylquinates (EdiCQ). Forty-five of them were discovered from Lonicera
      species for the first time, and it is noted that CGA profiles were investigated
      for the first time in L. macranthoides. Results indicated that the developed
      method was a useful approach to explore unknown and minor isomeric compounds from
      complex natural products.

PMID- 26970752
TI  - Occupational exposure in the removal and disposal of asbestos-containing
      materials in Italy.
AB  - PURPOSE: A great variety of asbestos-containing materials are present in both
      residential and work settings because of the widespread use made in the past, and
      many occupational activities still entail the risk of asbestos exposure in Italy,
      more than 2 decades after the total national ban, mainly those involved in the
      removal and disposal of asbestos. The aim of the study was to evaluate the level
      and extent of asbestos exposure in Italy between the years 1996-2013 in the
      sector of asbestos abatement. METHODS: Data were collected from firm registries
      of asbestos-exposed workers and descriptive statistics were calculated for
      exposure-related variables. RESULTS: Overall, 15,860 measurements of asbestos
      exposure were selected from the national database of registries, mostly referring
      to the construction sector (N = 11,353). Despite the mean exposure levels are
      low, the air concentration of asbestos fibers measured during these activities
      may overcome the action level established by the Italian legislation and, in a
      limited number of cases, can exceed even the occupational limit value. Among
      occupations at higher risk, there are also garbage collectors and insulation
      workers. CONCLUSIONS: Starting from the analysis of the Italian database of
      occupational exposure registries, this study outlines the current levels of
      asbestos exposure in abatement-related sectors, discussing their possible
      implications for public health policies and surveillance programs.

PMID- 26970753
TI  - Implementation of the participatory approach for supervisors to prevent sick
      leave: a process evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To perform a process evaluation of a multifaceted strategy to implement
      the participatory approach for supervisors to prevent sick leave in three
      organisations. METHODS: The implementation strategy incorporated a working group
      meeting with stakeholder representatives, supervisor training, and optional
      supervisor coaching. Context, recruitment, reach, dose delivered, dose received,
      fidelity, and satisfaction with the strategy were assessed at organisational and
      supervisor level using questionnaires and registration forms. RESULTS: At least 4
      out of 6 stakeholders were represented in the working group meetings, and 11 % (n
      = 116) of supervisors could be reached. The working group meetings and supervisor
      training were delivered and received as planned and were well appreciated within
      all three organisations. Three supervisors made use of coaching. At 6-month
      follow-up, 11 out of 41 supervisors (27 %) indicated that they had applied the
      participatory approach at least one time. CONCLUSION: The implementation strategy
      was largely carried out as intended. However, reach of both supervisors and
      department managers should be improved. Future studies should consider targeting
      employees with the strategy.

PMID- 26970754
TI  - Effect of dietary macronutrient proportion on intermediate metabolism and
      oxidative status in sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and trout (Oncorhynchus
      mykiss): comparative study.
AB  - Three isoenergetic diets varying the proportion of dietary energy supplied by
      each of the macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid, or protein) were delivered, to
      farmed sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), to test the
      possible effects on the intermediate metabolism and oxidative status in liver,
      white muscle, and heart. In trout, there is an adaptive metabolic response to an
      increase in lipids and carbohydrates in the diet. However, this does not happen
      in the sturgeon. These differences may be due to different dietary habits of both
      species. In terms of oxidative status, only the liver displayed oxidative stress
      in both species, showing an increase in the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant
      enzyme activities after feeding with the high-lipid and high-protein diet. 

PMID- 26970756
TI  - ACL update: objective measures on knee instability: an introduction.

PMID- 26970755
TI  - ABCA1 deficiency and cellular cholesterol accumulation increases islet
      amyloidogenesis in mice.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Islet amyloid, a pathological feature of type 2 diabetes, forms
      from the aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a beta cell peptide
      that is produced and co-secreted with insulin. Cholesterol regulates amyloid-beta
      processing, deposition and clearance, promoting amyloidogenesis in the brain. ATP
      binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) is a cholesterol efflux transporter that
      when absent increases and when overexpressed reduces brain amyloid-beta
      deposition in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. We examined whether
      alterations in ABCA1 expression and islet cholesterol content could also modulate
      islet amyloidogenesis. METHODS: Thioflavin S staining for amyloid was performed
      in islets isolated from mice with beta cell expression of human IAPP (hIAPP
      (Tg/o)) and cultured for 8 days following cholesterol loading, microRNA-33
      overexpression (to reduce ABCA1 expression) or palmitate treatment in the
      presence or absence of ABCA1 overexpression or mevastatin treatment (to reduce
      cholesterol synthesis). hIAPP (Tg/o) mice were crossed with beta cell-specific
      Abca1-knockout mice (hIAPP (Tg/o) Abca1 (betaKO)) and glucose tolerance and
      amyloid formation were assessed. RESULTS: Cholesterol loading and microRNA-33
      induced reduction in islet ABCA1 expression increased Thioflavin S-positive
      amyloid in hIAPP (Tg/o) islets. Palmitate treatment also increased amyloid
      formation and this was reduced by both ABCA1 overexpression and mevastatin
      treatment. hIAPP (Tg/o) Abca1 (betaKO) mice had increased islet cholesterol,
      accompanied by fasting hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance, impaired in vivo
      insulin secretion and an increased islet proinsulin:insulin ratio. Amyloid area
      was increased in cultured hIAPP (Tg/o) Abca1 (betaKO) islets compared with hIAPP
      (Tg/o) controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: These data suggest that elevations
      in islet cholesterol may lead to increases in IAPP aggregation and islet amyloid
      formation, further worsening beta cell function and glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 26970757
TI  - Assessment of the pivot shift using inertial sensors.
AB  - The pivot shift test is an important clinical tool used to assess the stability
      of the knee following an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Previous
      studies have shown that significant variability exists in the performance and
      interpretation of this manoeuvre. Accordingly, a variety of techniques aimed at
      standardizing and quantifying the pivot shift test have been developed. In recent
      years, inertial sensors have been used to measure the kinematics of the pivot
      shift. The goal of this study is to present a review of the literature and
      discuss the principles of inertial sensors and their use in quantifying the pivot
      shift test. 

PMID- 26970759
TI  - Utility of a Clinical Swallowing Exam for Understanding Swallowing Physiology.
AB  - A clinical swallowing examination (CSE) is generally believed to be inadequate
      for making judgments regarding swallowing physiology compared to objective
      assessments. A large volume of studies has heavily focused on identifying
      aspiration using a CSE and research addressing physiologic information gathered
      from a CSE is sparse. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the
      CSE for assessing physiology compared to videofluoroscopic swallowing studies
      (VFSS). Data were derived from a prior investigation of sixty adult patients post
      stroke tested with CSE and VFSS. The CSE included an examination of historical
      measures, oral motor/speech/voice, and trial swallows. The VFSS consisted of
      swallows of controlled portions of thin, thick, puree, and solid boluses.
      Previous results from these patients demonstrated significant accuracy in making
      binary estimates of aspiration and the presence of dysphagia. This analysis of
      data focused on physiologic measures, as well as overall dysphagia severity and
      diet recommendations. Significant associations between CSE and VFSS ratings were
      observed for hyolaryngeal elevation, overall swallowing severity, and diet
      recommendations. These findings were specific for certain bolus consistencies.
      These data suggest that the CSE may not provide significant physiological
      information other than hyolaryngeal excursion. This does not preclude the fact
      that the CSE is important in providing substantial information about overall
      dysphagia severity. It appears that the CSE is more powerful than simply a
      "screening" tool. More prospective research designs are warranted to substantiate
      the strengths of the CSE.

PMID- 26970758
TI  - Objective measurements of static anterior and rotational knee laxity.
AB  - Several devices allow to measure anterior and rotational static knee laxity. To
      date, the use of rotational laxity measurements in the daily clinical practice
      however remains to be improved. These measurements may be systematically
      integrated to the follow-up of knee injuries. Physiologic laxity measurements may
      particularly be of interest for the identification of risk factors in athletes.
      Furthermore, knee laxity measurements help to improve the diagnosis of knee soft
      tissue injuries and to follow up reconstructions. Further prospective follow-ups
      of knee laxity in the injured/reconstructed knees are however required to
      conclude on the best treatment strategy for knee soft tissue injuries. 

PMID- 26970760
TI  - A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Stroke,
      Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Head Injury, and Pneumonia.
AB  - Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a common condition after stroke, Parkinson's disease
      (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and can cause serious complications including
      malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, and premature mortality. Despite its high
      prevalence among the elderly and associated serious complications, dysphagia is
      often overlooked and under-diagnosed in vulnerable patient populations. This
      systematic review aimed to improve understanding and awareness of the prevalence
      of dysphagia in susceptible patient populations. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane
      library, PROSPERO, and disease-specific websites were systematically searched for
      studies reporting oropharyngeal dysphagia prevalence or incidence in people with
      stroke, PD, AD, traumatic brain injury, and community-acquired pneumonia, from
      the USA, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Japan, China, and regional
      studies. The quality of study descriptions were assessed based on STROBE
      guidelines. A total of 1207 publications were identified and 33 met inclusion
      criteria: 24 in stroke, six in PD, two in traumatic brain injury, and one in
      patients with traumatic brain injury. Dysphagia was reported in 8.1-80 % of
      stroke patients, 11-81 % of PD, 27-30 % of traumatic brain injury patients, and
      91.7 % of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. No relevant studies of
      dysphagia in AD were identified. This review demonstrates that dysphagia is
      highly prevalent in these populations, and highlights discrepancies between
      studies, gaps in dysphagia research, and the need for better dysphagia management
      starting with a reliable, standardized, and validated method for oropharyngeal
      dysphagia identification.

PMID- 26970761
TI  - Frequency of malignancy is high in patients admitted for a first venous
      thromboembolism episode: an observational study.
AB  - Patients with a cancer at time of first venous thromboembolism (VTE) have not
      been thoroughly analyzed. Our study aimed to (1) determine the frequency of
      cancer diagnosed in patients hospitalized for a first VTE episode, (2)
      investigate the characteristics of VTE and cancer in such patients. All
      consecutive adults patients hospitalized over a 6-years period for a first VTE
      episode in a tertiary care hospital were considered. Patients with congenital or
      acquired thrombophilia were excluded. Demographic, medical history, and follow up
      data were retrieved from medical records. 216 patients (63.6 +/- 19.7 years, 63.4
      % females) hospitalized for a first VTE were analyzed. Among them, 64 patients
      (29.6 %) had cancer, either revealed (n = 26) or already known (n = 38) at VTE
      diagnosis. Cancer was in an advanced stage in 26 patients (40.6 %). Patients with
      cancer were older and displayed a higher frequency of vena cava thrombosis, as
      compared to patients without cancer. VTE was more recurrent and mortality was
      higher in patients with cancer. Cancer occurred after VTE diagnosis in only 2
      (2/127, 1.6 %) cases during a protracted follow-up of 24.1 +/- 22.5 months.
      Overall, VTE preceded cancer diagnosis in only 3 % (2/66) of cases. Frequency of
      cancer is high among patients hospitalized for a first VTE. In such setting, VTE
      often involved unusual sites such as vena cava. In most cases, cancer was either
      already known or diagnosed at time of VTE, with a poor prognosis. 

PMID- 26970762
TI  - MRI screening for glioma: a preliminary survey of healthy potential candidates.

PMID- 26970763
TI  - Reasons and results of endoscopic surgery for prolactinomas: 142 surgical cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We report herein a retrospective analysis of the results of 142
      consecutive prolactinoma cases operated upon using an endoscopic endonasal trans
      sphenoidal approach over a period of 6 years. METHODS: Medical records of 142
      cases were analysed with respect to indications for surgery, duration of hospital
      stay, early remission rates, failures and recurrence rates during a median follow
      up of 36 months. RESULTS: On the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data,
      19 patients (13.4 %) had microadenoma, 113 (79.6 %) had macroadenoma, and the
      remaining 10 (7.0 %) had giant adenomas. Cavernous sinus invasion was identified
      in 25 patients by MRI and confirmed during surgery. Atypical adenoma was
      diagnosed in 16 patients. Sparsely granulated prolactin adenoma was identified in
      99 patients (69.7 %). Our results demonstrate that male sex and higher
      preoperative prolactin levels are independent factors predicting persistent
      disease. The post-surgical complications are as follows: 2.8 % patients had
      meningitis, 2.1 % patients had postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak and 2.1 %
      patients had panhypopituitarism. At the end of follow-up, 74.6 % patients went
      into remission. During follow-up period, five patients who had initial remission
      developed recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our series together with literature data
      suggest that an endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approach in the treatment
      of proloctinomas has a favourable rate of remission. According to the findings of
      this study, endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery might be an appropriate
      therapy choice for patients with prolactinoma who could not have been managed
      with recommended therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 26970764
TI  - cDNA cloning and molecular characterization of a defensin-like antimicrobial
      peptide from larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe).
AB  - We identified new defensin-like cDNA (called Psdefensin) by searching data set of
      high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) expression profiling of immunized larva
      of white-spotted flower chafers, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. The length of
      the analyzed new defensin-like sequences were 240 base pair (bp) and encoded the
      deduced polypeptide of 79 amino acid residues with signal peptides (amino acids 1
      20), pro-peptide region (amino acids 21-36), and mature peptide region (amino
      acids 37-79). The Psdefensin transcript levels were slightly up-regulated at 4 h
      post-infection and were highly expressed at 8 h post-infection compared to
      control larvae injected with sterile water. In addition, the Psdefensin did have
      antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and Gram
      positive bacteria, B. subtilis suggesting potentially pharmacologic agent.

PMID- 26970765
TI  - Anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies and adoptive T cell therapy: a perfect marriage?
AB  - CD137(4-1BB) costimulation and adoptive T cell therapy strongly synergize in
      terms of achieving maximal efficacy against experimental cancers. These
      costimulatory biological functions of CD137 have been exploited by means of
      introducing the CD137 signaling domain in clinically successful chimeric antigen
      receptors and to more efficiently expand T cells in culture. In addition,
      immunomagnetic sorting of CD137-positive T cells among tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes selects for the fittest antitumor T lymphocytes for subsequent
      cultures. In mouse models, co-infusion of both agonist antibodies and T cells
      attains marked synergistic effects that result from more focused and intense
      cytolytic activity visualized under in vivo microscopy and from more efficient
      entrance of T cells into the tumor through the vasculature. These several levels
      of dynamic interaction between adoptive T cell therapy and CD137 offer much
      opportunity to raise the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies. 

PMID- 26970766
TI  - Automation of antimicrobial activity screening.
AB  - Manual and automated methods were compared for routine screening of compounds for
      antimicrobial activity. Automation generally accelerated assays and required less
      user intervention while producing comparable results. Automated protocols were
      validated for planktonic, biofilm, and agar cultures of the oral microbe
      Streptococcus mutans that is commonly associated with tooth decay. Toxicity
      assays for the known antimicrobial compound cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were
      validated against planktonic, biofilm forming, and 24 h biofilm culture
      conditions, and several commonly reported toxicity/antimicrobial activity
      measures were evaluated: the 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50), the minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).
      Using automated methods, three halide salts of cetylpyridinium (CPC, CPB, CPI)
      were rapidly screened with no detectable effect of the counter ion on
      antimicrobial activity. 

PMID- 26970768
TI  - Histomorphometric and histologic evaluation of titanium-zirconium (aTiZr)
      implants with anodized surfaces.
AB  - The choice of implant surface has a significant influence on osseointegration.
      Modification of TiZr surface by anodization is reported to have the potential to
      modulate the osteoblast cell behaviour favouring more rapid bone formation. The
      aim of this study is to investigate the effect of anodizing the surface of TiZr
      discs with respect to osseointegration after four weeks implantation in sheep
      femurs. Titanium (Ti) and TiZr discs were anodized in an electrolyte containing
      DL-alpha-glycerophosphate and calcium acetate at 300 V. The surface
      characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, electron
      dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and goniometry. Forty implant
      discs with thickness of 1.5 and 10 mm diameter (10 of each-titanium, titanium
      zirconium, anodized titanium and anodized titanium-zirconium) were placed in the
      femoral condyles of 10 sheep. Histomorphometric and histologic analysis were
      performed 4 weeks after implantation. The anodized implants displayed
      hydrophilic, porous, nano-to-micrometer scale roughened surfaces. Energy
      dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed calcium and phosphorous incorporation
      into the surface of both titanium and titanium-zirconium after anodization.
      Histologically there was new bone apposition on all implanted discs, slightly
      more pronounced on anodised discs. The percentage bone-to-implant contact
      measurements of anodized implants were higher than machined/unmodified implants
      but there was no significant difference between the two groups with anodized
      surfaces (P > 0.05, n = 10). The present histomorphometric and histological
      findings confirm that surface modification of titanium-zirconium by anodization
      is similar to anodised titanium enhances early osseointegration compared to
      machined implant surfaces.

PMID- 26970769
TI  - Analysis of friction between articular cartilage and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel
      artificial cartilage.
AB  - Many biomaterials are being used to repair damaged articular cartilage. In
      particular, poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel has similar mechanical properties to
      natural cartilage under compressive and shearing loading. Here, three-factor and
      two-level friction experiments and long-term tests were conducted to better
      evaluate its tribological properties. The friction coefficient between articular
      cartilage and the poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel depended primarily on the three
      factors of load, speed, and lubrication. When the speed increased from 10 to 20
      mm/s under a load of 10 N, the friction coefficient increased from 0.12 to 0.147.
      When the lubricant was changed from Ringer's solution to a hyaluronic acid
      solution, the friction coefficient decreased to 0.084 with loads as high as 22 N.
      The poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel was severely damaged and lost its top surface
      layers, which were transferred to the articular cartilage surface. Wear was
      observed in the surface morphologies, which indicated the occurrence of surface
      adhesion of bovine cartilage. Surface fatigue and adhesive wear was the dominant
      wear mechanism.

PMID- 26970767
TI  - Tissue adhesives for meniscus tear repair: an overview of current advances and
      prospects for future clinical solutions.
AB  - Menisci are crucial structures in the knee joint as they play important functions
      in load transfer, maintaining joint stability and in homeostasis of articular
      cartilage. Unfortunately, ones of the most frequently occurring knee injuries are
      meniscal tears. Particularly tears in the avascular zone of the meniscus usually
      do not heal spontaneously and lead to pain, swelling and locking of the knee
      joint. Eventually, after a (partial) meniscectomy, they will lead to
      osteoarthritis. Current treatment modalities to repair tears and by that restore
      the integrity of the native meniscus still carry their drawbacks and a new robust
      solution is desired. A strong tissue adhesive could provide such a solution and
      could potentially improve on sutures, which are the current gold standard.
      Moreover, a glue could serve as a carrier for biological compounds known to
      enhance tissue healing. Only few tissue adhesives, e.g., Dermabond((r)) and
      fibrin glue, are already successfully used in clinical practice for other
      applications, but are not considered suitable for gluing meniscus tissue due to
      their sub-optimal mechanical properties or toxicity. There is a growing interest
      and research field focusing on the development of novel polymer-based tissue
      adhesives, but up to now, there is no material specially designed for the repair
      of meniscal tears. In this review, we discuss the current clinical gold standard
      treatment of meniscal tears and present an overview of new developments in this
      field. Moreover, we discuss the properties of different tissue adhesives for
      their potential use in meniscal tear repair. Finally, we formulate
      recommendations regarding the design criteria of material properties and adhesive
      strength for clinically applicable glues for meniscal tears. 

PMID- 26970770
TI  - Adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts/Streptococcus mitis co-culture on the
      nanocomposite system Chitlac-nAg.
AB  - Composite materials are increasingly used as dental restoration. In the field of
      biomaterials, infections remain the main reason of dental devices failure.
      Silver, in the form of nanoparticles (AgNPs), ions and salt, well known for its
      antimicrobial properties, is used in several medical applications in order to
      avoid bacterial infection. To reduce both bacterial adhesion to dental devices
      and cytotoxicity against eukaryotic cells, we coated BisGMA/TEGDMA methacrylic
      thermosets with a new material, Chitlac-nAg, formed by stabilized AgNPs with a
      polyelectrolyte solution containing Chitlac. Here we analyzed the proliferative
      and adhesive ability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) on BisGMA/TEGDMA
      thermosets uncoated and coated with AgNPs in a coculture model system with
      Streptococcus mitis. After 48 h, HGFs well adhered onto both surfaces, while S.
      mitis cytotoxic response was higher in the presence of AgNPs coated thermosets.
      After 24 h thermosets coated with Chitlac as well as those coated with Chitlac
      nAg exerted a minimal cytotoxic effect on HGFs, while after 48 h LDH release
      raised up to 20 %. Moreover the presence of S. mitis reduced this release mainly
      when HGFs adhered to Chitlac-nAg coated thermosets. The reduced secretion of
      collagen type I was significant in the presence of both surfaces with the co
      culture system even more when saliva is added. Integrin beta1 localized closely
      to cell membranes onto Chitlac-nAg thermosets and PKCalpha translocated into
      nuclei. These data confirm that Chitlac-nAg have a promising utilization in the
      field of restorative dentistry exerting their antimicrobial activity due to AgNPs
      without cytotoxicity for eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 26970772
TI  - Immigrant screening for latent tuberculosis in Norway: a cost-effectiveness
      analysis.
AB  - The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) disease has increased in Norway since the mid
      1990s. Immigrants are screened, and some are treated, for latent TB infection
      (LTBI) to prevent TB disease (reactivation). In this study, we estimated the
      costs of both treating and screening for LTBI and TB disease, which has not been
      done previously in Norway. We developed a model to indicate the cost
      effectiveness of four different screening algorithms for LTBI using avoided TB
      disease cases as the health outcome. Further, we calculated the expected value of
      perfect information (EVPI), and indicated areas of LTBI screening that could be
      changed to improve cost-effectiveness. The costs of treating LTBI and TB disease
      were estimated to be ?1938 and ?15,489 per case, respectively. The model
      evaluates four algorithms, and suggests three cost-effective algorithms depending
      on the cost-effectiveness threshold. Screening all immigrants with interferon
      gamma release assays (IGRA) requires the highest threshold (?28,400), followed by
      the algorithms "IGRA on immigrants with risk factors" and "no LTBI screening."
      EVPI is approximately ?5 per screened immigrant. The costs for a cohort of 20,000
      immigrants followed through 10 years range from ?12.2 million for the algorithm
      "screening and treatment for TB disease but no LTBI screening," to ?14 million
      for "screening all immigrants for both TB disease and LTBI with IGRA." The
      results suggest that the cost of TB disease screening and treatment is the
      largest contributor to total costs, while LTBI screening and treatment costs are
      relatively small. Increasing the proportion of IGRA-positive immigrants who are
      treated decreases the costs per avoided case substantially.

PMID- 26970771
TI  - Making a distinction between the effect of initial stock and investment in health
      determinants.
AB  - The objective of this paper was to propose a health production model that
      distinguishes between the initial stock of health determinants and the subsequent
      investment in them, with a view to providing information to policy-makers
      regarding the effects of determinant-aimed policies. In this sense, the main
      contributions of the paper stem from the development of a theoretical and
      empirical model that distinguishes between the effect of the initial stock and
      that of investment in health determinants. To do this, we estimated the health
      production function using a stochastic frontier model. We present an empirical
      example using data for the years 2002 and 2008. The results support our decision
      to analyse the effects of the initial values attributable to health determinants
      separately from those arising following investment in the period. Concretely, we
      find significant differences for the determinants EMPLOY, SOCIALCLASS and NON
      DRINKER. The results seem to indicate that, for variables labelled with the
      behavioural aspects of health such as NON-DRINKER, the effect over time of a
      change in investment in health is significantly greater than that resulting from
      a variation in initial values. In contrast, for socioeconomic variables such as
      SOCIAL CLASS or EMPLOY, for which effects on health tend to be more long-term in
      nature, the opposite occurs, with the effect of the investment during the time
      period proving significantly lower than the effect of the initial provision.

PMID- 26970773
TI  - Biomarkers in Scleroderma: Progressing from Association to Clinical Utility.
AB  - Scleroderma is a heterogenous disease characterized by autoimmunity, a
      characteristic vasculopathy, and often widely varying extents of deep organ
      fibrosis. Recent advances in the understanding of scleroderma's evolution have
      improved the ability to identify subgroups of patients with similar prognosis in
      order to improve risk stratification, enrich clinical trials for patients likely
      to benefit from specific therapies, and identify promising therapeutic targets
      for intervention. High-throughput technologies have recently identified fibrotic
      and inflammatory effectors in scleroderma that exhibit strong prognostic ability
      and may be tied to disease evolution. Increasingly, the use of collections of
      assayed circulating proteins and patterns of gene expression in tissue has
      replaced single-marker investigations in understanding the evolution of
      scleroderma and in objectively characterizing disease extent. Lastly,
      identification of shared patterns of disease evolution has allowed classification
      of patients into latent disease subtypes, which may allow rapid clinical
      prognostication and targeted management in both clinical and research settings.
      The concept of biomarkers in scleroderma is expanding to include nontraditional
      measures of aggregate protein signatures and disease evolution. This review
      examines the recent advances in biomarkers with a focus on those approaches
      poised to guide prospective management or themselves serve as quantitative
      surrogate disease outcomes. 

PMID- 26970774
TI  - Blunted angiogenesis and hypertrophy are associated with increased fatigue
      resistance and unchanged aerobic capacity in old overloaded mouse muscle.
AB  - We hypothesize that the attenuated hypertrophic response in old mouse muscle is
      (1) partly due to a reduced capillarization and angiogenesis, which is (2)
      accompanied by a reduced oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance in old control
      and overloaded muscles, that (3) can be rescued by the antioxidant resveratrol.
      To investigate this, the hypertrophic response, capillarization, oxidative
      capacity, and fatigue resistance of m. plantaris were compared in 9- and 25-month
      old non-treated and 25-month-old resveratrol-treated mice. Overload increased the
      local capillary-to-fiber ratio less in old (15 %) than in adult (59 %) muscle (P
      < 0.05). Although muscles of old mice had a higher succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)
      activity (P < 0.05) and a slower fiber type profile (P < 0.05), the isometric
      fatigue resistance was similar in 9- and 25-month-old mice. In both age groups,
      the fatigue resistance was increased to the same extent after overload (P <
      0.01), without a significant change in SDH activity, but an increased capillary
      density (P < 0.05). Attenuated angiogenesis during overload may contribute to the
      attenuated hypertrophic response in old age. Neither was rescued by resveratrol
      supplementation. Changes in fatigue resistance with overload and aging were
      dissociated from changes in SDH activity, but paralleled those in
      capillarization. This suggests that capillarization plays a more important role
      in fatigue resistance than oxidative capacity. 

PMID- 26970776
TI  - Erratum to: Profile of European adults interested in internet-based personalised
      nutrition: the Food4Me study.

PMID- 26970775
TI  - Yeast Dun1 Kinase Regulates Ribonucleotide Reductase Small Subunit Localization
      in Response to Iron Deficiency.
AB  - Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential iron-dependent enzyme that
      catalyzes deoxyribonucleotide synthesis in eukaryotes. Living organisms have
      developed multiple strategies to tightly modulate RNR function to avoid
      inadequate or unbalanced deoxyribonucleotide pools that cause DNA damage and
      genome instability. Yeast cells activate RNR in response to genotoxic stress and
      iron deficiency by facilitating redistribution of its small heterodimeric subunit
      Rnr2-Rnr4 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it forms an active holoenzyme
      with large Rnr1 subunit. Dif1 protein inhibits RNR by promoting nuclear import of
      Rnr2-Rnr4. Upon DNA damage, Dif1 phosphorylation by the Dun1 checkpoint kinase
      and its subsequent degradation enhances RNR function. In this report, we
      demonstrate that Dun1 kinase triggers Rnr2-Rnr4 redistribution to the cytoplasm
      in response to iron deficiency. We show that Rnr2-Rnr4 relocalization by low iron
      requires Dun1 kinase activity and phosphorylation site Thr-380 in the Dun1
      activation loop, but not the Dun1 forkhead-associated domain. By using different
      Dif1 mutant proteins, we uncover that Dun1 phosphorylates Dif1 Ser-104 and Thr
      105 residues upon iron scarcity. We observe that the Dif1 phosphorylation pattern
      differs depending on the stimuli, which suggests different Dun1 activating
      pathways. Importantly, the Dif1-S104A/T105A mutant exhibits defects in nucleus-to
      cytoplasm redistribution of Rnr2-Rnr4 by iron limitation. Taken together, these
      results reveal that, in response to iron starvation, Dun1 kinase phosphorylates
      Dif1 to stimulate Rnr2-Rnr4 relocalization to the cytoplasm and promote RNR
      function. 

PMID- 26970777
TI  - Prediction and identification of the effectors of heterotrimeric G proteins in
      rice (Oryza sativa L.).
AB  - Heterotrimeric G protein signaling cascades are one of the primary metazoan
      sensing mechanisms linking a cell to environment. However, the number of
      experimentally identified effectors of G protein in plant is limited. We have
      therefore studied which tools are best suited for predicting G protein effectors
      in rice. Here, we compared the predicting performance of four classifiers with
      eight different encoding schemes on the effectors of G proteins by using 10-fold
      cross-validation. Four methods were evaluated: random forest, naive Bayes, K
      nearest neighbors and support vector machine. We applied these methods to
      experimentally identified effectors of G proteins and randomly selected non
      effector proteins, and tested their sensitivity and specificity. The result
      showed that random forest classifier with composition of K-spaced amino acid
      pairs and composition of motif or domain (CKSAAP_PROSITE_200) combination method
      yielded the best performance, with accuracy and the Mathew's correlation
      coefficient reaching 74.62% and 0.49, respectively. We have developed G-Effector,
      an online predictor, which outperforms BLAST, PSI-BLAST and HMMER on predicting
      the effectors of G proteins. This provided valuable guidance for the researchers
      to select classifiers combined with different feature selection encoding schemes.
      We used G-Effector to screen the effectors of G protein in rice, and confirmed
      the candidate effectors by gene co-expression data. Interestingly, one of the top
      15 candidates, which did not appear in the training data set, was validated in a
      previous research work. Therefore, the candidate effectors list in this article
      provides both a clue for researchers as to their function and a framework of
      validation for future experimental work. It is accessible at
      http://bioinformatics.fafu.edu.cn/geffector.

PMID- 26970779
TI  - Medical professional responsibility for postvasectomy pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The follow-up of patients postvasectomy is frequently limited to a
      seminogram at 3months if azoospermia is observed. This study evaluates a series
      of cases of complaints for postvasectomy pregnancy to establish follow-up
      recommendations that increase the clinical safety and reduce the risk of
      complaints. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the database of the Department of
      Professional Responsibility of the Council of the College of Physicians of
      Catalonia, finding 28 complaints for postvasectomy pregnancy between 1992 and
      2011. We analysed the clinical and legal variables of the cases. RESULTS: A total
      of 13 extrajudicial complaints (46.43%), 13 civil lawsuits (46.43%) and 2
      criminal lawsuits (7.14%) were recorded. Only 10 cases had a signed document of
      informed consent specific to vasectomy. In 26 cases, the data from the spermogram
      was available. A single spermogram was conducted in 20 cases (76.92%), 2
      spermograms were conducted in 4 cases (15.38%) and none were performed in 2 cases
      (7.69%). For 9 of the cases (45%) where only a single spermogram was performed,
      the test was performed before 3months postvasectomy. In 17 cases (65.38%), the
      result of the last spermogram was azoospermia, and 3 cases had oligospermia
      (11.54%). There were 2 failures of interpretation of the spermogram (7.69%) and 2
      of normospermia (7.69%). In 2 cases, a spermogram was not performed (7.69%).
      Pregnancy occurred between 4 and 50 months after the intervention. In 12 cases
      (42.86%), it was considered that the practitioner was responsible. DISCUSSION: It
      is recommended that physicians emphasise (during the patient information stage)
      the possibility of spontaneous recanalisation and to request 2 spermograms, whose
      result should be azoospermia. Performing the test in the 3months after vasectomy
      is risky, as is basing the waiting time on the number of ejaculations.

PMID- 26970782
TI  - Rapid and Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Aclonifen in Water Samples.
AB  - This paper presents the use of square wave voltammetry (SWV) and square wave
      adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) in conjunction with a cyclic renewable
      silver amalgam film electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) for the determination of aclonifen in
      spiked water samples. A reduction peak at -0.65 V versus Ag/AgCl was obtained in
      the selected buffer (borax buffer with pH 9.2), exhibiting the characteristics of
      an irreversible reaction. The effect of square wave (SW) frequency, SW amplitude
      and step potential, as well as accumulation parameters (time and potential) were
      studied to select the optimal experimental conditions. The calibration curve was
      linear in the aclonifen concentration range from 1.0*10(-7) to 1.0*10(-6) mol L(
      1) and from 1.0*10(-8) to1.0*10(-7) mol L(-1) for SWV and SWAdSV, respectively.
      The detection and quantification limits were found to be 3.1*10(-8) mol L(-1);
      1.0*10(-7) mol L(-1) and 2.9*10(-9) mol L(-1); 9.6*10(-9) mol L-1 for SWV and
      SWAdSV, respectively. The proposed method was applied successfully in the
      determination of aclonifen in spiked water samples. The developed procedure can
      be adequate at least for screening purposes, where positive results should be
      confirmed by more selective method.

PMID- 26970780
TI  - Characterization and comparison of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in
      pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacologic effects.
AB  - The sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 offer a novel approach to treating type
      2 diabetes by reducing hyperglycaemia via increased urinary glucose excretion. In
      the present study, the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacologic
      properties of all six SGLT2 inhibitors commercially available in Japan were
      investigated and compared. Based on findings in normal and diabetic mice, the six
      drugs were classified into two categories, long-acting: ipragliflozin and
      dapagliflozin, and intermediate-acting: tofogliflozin, canagliflozin,
      empagliflozin, and luseogliflozin. Long-acting SGLT2 inhibitors exerted an
      antihyperglycemic effect with lower variability of blood glucose level via a long
      lasting increase in urinary glucose excretion. In addition, ipragliflozin and
      luseogliflozin exhibited superiority over the others with respect to fast onset
      of pharmacological effect. Duration and onset of the pharmacologic effects seemed
      to be closely correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of each SGLT2
      inhibitor, particularly with respect to high distribution and long retention in
      the target organ, the kidney. While all six SGLT2 inhibitors were significantly
      effective in increasing urinary glucose excretion and reducing hyperglycemia, our
      findings suggest that variation in the quality of daily blood glucose control
      associated with duration and onset of pharmacologic effects of each SGLT2
      inhibitor might cause slight differences in rates of improvement in type 2
      diabetes.

PMID- 26970781
TI  - Ensuring Access to High-Quality Maternity Care in Rural America.

PMID- 26970778
TI  - Lipoprotein subfractions by nuclear magnetic resonance are associated with tumor
      characteristics in breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, has been associated with
      breast cancer development, but the association is under debate, and whether
      lipoprotein subfractions is associated with breast tumor characteristics remains
      unclear. METHODS: Among 56 women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer
      stage I/II, aged 35-75 years, pre-surgery overnight fasting serum concentrations
      of lipids were assessed, and body mass index (BMI) was measured. All breast
      tumors were immunohistochemically examined in the surgical specimen. Serum
      metabolomics of lipoprotein subfractions and their contents of cholesterol, free
      cholesterol, phospholipids, apolipoprotein-A1 and apolipoprotein-A2, were
      assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Principal component analysis, partial
      least square analysis, and uni- and multivariable linear regression models were
      used to study whether lipoprotein subfractions were associated with breast cancer
      tumor characteristics. RESULTS: The breast cancer patients had following means:
      age at diagnosis: 55.1 years; BMI: 25.1 kg/m(2); total-Cholesterol: 5.74 mmol/L;
      HDL-Cholesterol: 1.78 mmol/L; Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Cholesterol: 3.45
      mmol/L; triglycerides: 1.18 mmol/L. The mean tumor size was 16.4 mm, and the mean
      Ki67 hotspot index was 26.5%. Most (93%) of the patients had estrogen receptor
      (ER) positive tumors (>= 1% ER+), and 82% had progesterone receptor (PgR)
      positive tumors (>= 10% PgR+). Several HDL subfraction contents were strongly
      associated with PgR expression: Apolipoprotein-A1 (beta 0.46, CI 0.22-0.69, p <
      0.001), HDL cholesterol (beta 0.95, CI 0.51-1.39, p < 0.001), HDL free
      cholesterol (beta 2.88, CI 1.28-4.48, p = 0.001), HDL phospholipids (beta 0.70,
      CI 0.36-1.04, p < 0.001). Similar results were observed for the subfractions of
      HDL1-3. We observed inverse associations between HDL phospholipids and Ki67 (beta
      -0.25, p = 0.008), and in particular between HDL1's contents of cholesterol,
      phospholipids, apolipoprotein-A1, apolipoprotein-A2 and Ki67. No association was
      observed between lipoproteins and ER expression. CONCLUSION: Our findings
      hypothesize associations between different lipoprotein subfractions, and PgR
      expression, and Ki 67 % in breast tumors. These findings may have clinical
      implications, but require confirmation in larger studies.

PMID- 26970783
TI  - Optimization of High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous
      Determination of Some Purine and Pyrimidine Bases.
AB  - Nine purine and pyrimidine bases were separated and determined simultaneously
      using reversed phase (RP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in some
      food samples and biological fluids. Chromatographic behavior of these ionizable
      compounds highly depends on the interactions with the solvent as confirmed
      experimentally and by calculation of distribution of this species as a function
      of pH. Chromatograms show the optimal separation of five purine (uric acid,
      hypoxanthine, xanthine, adenine, and guanosine), and four pyrimidine (cytosine,
      uracil, cytidine and tymine) bases at pH around four. Accordingly, acetate buffer
      was selected due to high buffer capacity in this region. By variation of pH,
      concentration of buffer and volume ratio between buffer and methanol, we found
      that a mixture of 50 mM acetate buffer of pH 4.0 +/- 0.1 with 3 % of methanol
      ensures reproducibility, complete separation in less than 15 minutes and
      compatibility with MS detection. Developed method was validated and applied for
      the analysis of complex clinical and beverage samples. 

PMID- 26970784
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activities of Some New Heterocyclic
      Schiff Bases Derived from Thiocarbohydrazide.
AB  - The reaction of prazolobenzothienopyrimidine-3-carbaldehyde 1 with
      thiocarbohydrazide afforded the Schiff's base 3. The latter compound reacted with
      some electrophilic reagents to give 1,2,4-triazoles 4-6 and 1,2,4-triazines 7-9.
      Treatment of compound 3 with 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylonitrile gave the
      corresponding 5-amino-4-cyano-3-methylthiopyrazole derivative 11. The reaction of
      pyrazole 11 with carbon disulfide afforded dithioxopyrazolopyrimidine 12.
      Acylation of compound 11 by using acetic anhydride yielded acetamide 13. On the
      other hand, the cyclocondensation of pyrazole 11 with acetic anhydride in
      pyridine yielded pyrazolopyrimidine derivative 14. The reactivity of compound 11
      towards formamide and phenylisothiocyanate to give the pyrazolopyrimidines 15 and
      16 was studied. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their
      antimicrobial activity. 

PMID- 26970785
TI  - Study on the Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivities of 3-Methyl-9'
      fluorenespiro-5-hydantoin.
AB  - This work describes a method for synthesis, as well as in vitro antiproliferative
      and antibacterial investigation of 3-methyl-9'-fluorenespiro-5-hydantoin. The
      structure of the substituted fluorenylspirohydantoin derivative was verified by
      UV-Vis, FT-IR, Raman, (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy, and by using a
      combination of 2D NMR experiments, which included (1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC and HMBC
      sequences. The geometry of the compound was optimized by the B3LYP density
      functional with 6-31G(d) basis set and the (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra were
      predicted with the HF/6-31G(d) calculations at the optimized geometry. The
      anticancer activity of the 3-methyl-9'-fluorenespiro-5-hydantoin was determined
      in suspension cell lines originating from tumors in humans (WERI-Rb-1). The
      cytotoxic effect was evaluated by WST-assay (Roche Applied Science). The
      antimicrobial effect of the compound against Gram-negative, Gram-positive
      bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans was investigated.

PMID- 26970786
TI  - Clinical Role of CYP2C19 Polymorphisms in Patients with Congenital Adrenal
      Hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency.
AB  - Extraadrenal enzymes such as CYP2C19 may participate in residual 21-hydroxylation
      of progesterone leading to milder phenotypes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
      (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). Among 94 21OHD patients 28 were
      homozygous or compound heterozygous for severe CYP21A2 mutations. We have
      reviewed their clinical phenotype and obtained information on maintenance doses
      of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. All patients were genotyped for CYP2C19*2
      and CYP2C19*17 alleles. Eleven patients with CYP2C19*1/*17 genotype had all salt
      wasting 21OHD. Among 17 patients with CYP2C19 genotypes leading to normal or
      decreased CYP2C19 activity, 15 had salt-wasting, one had simple virilizing and
      one had non-classical 21OHD. CYP2C19*1/*17 genotype was associated with lower
      maintenance dose of fludrocortisone (p = 0.04), but not of hydrocortisone (p >
      0.05). Increased CYP2C19 activity could slightly ameliorate mineralocorticoid
      deficiency in 21OHD. 

PMID- 26970787
TI  - Determination of Candesartan in Human Plasma with Liquid Chromatography - Tandem
      Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - A sensitive, specific and rapid liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry
      method was developed and validated for the determination of candesartan in human
      plasma. Analyte was separated from endogenous components present in plasma by
      solid phase extraction. Chromatographic separation was performed on Gemini C18
      analytical column using mobile phase acetonitrile - 5 mM ammonium formate pH 2
      (90:10, v/v) at flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. For detection, tandem mass spectrometry
      in SRM mode with positive electrospray ionization was used. The mass transitions
      m/z 441.1 > 263.1 and 445.1 > 267.1 were used to determine candesartan by using
      candesartan-d4 as an internal standard. After development, the method was
      validated according to the requirements of EMA regulatory guidelines in the
      concentration range 1 - 400 ng/ml in human plasma. Limit of quantification (LLOQ)
      was 1 ng/ml. The developed and validated method proved to be very fast and
      reproducible and was therefore successfully implemented in pharmacokinetic and
      bioequivalence studies with large number of study samples. 

PMID- 26970788
TI  - Electrode Prepared with Combination of Different Conductive Polymers for
      Hydroquinone Determination in River Water.
AB  - Modified electrode based on combination of different conductive polymers
      (Polyaniline - Poly(3-methylthiophene) - Poly(3,3' diaminobenzidine) (PANI - P3MT
      - PDAB)) was previously synthesized in dichloromethane containing HClO(4) and
      tetrabutylammoniumperchlorate (TBAP) supporting electrolyte. In this study,
      determination of hydroquinone (HQ) with amperometric I-t method over this
      modified and its homopolymers coated electrode was successfully carried out in
      river water as real sample and in solution consisting of NaHSO(4)/Na(2)SO(4) (pH
      2.0). For this method, potentials between 0.45 V and 0.65 V were applied and the
      best analytical response was obtained at 0.55 V using this modified electrode
      when compared its homopolymer. The limit of detection (LOD), limit of
      quantification (LOQ) , the linear dynamic range and regression coefficient (R(2))
      were found as 1.31 x 10(-4) mM, 4.37 x 10(-4) mM, 4.37 x 10(-4)- 95.0 mM and
      0.998, respectively. These results were compared to homopolymers coated and
      uncoated Pt electrodes. For checking on the accuracy of the developed method and
      the matrices interference, determination of HQ was performed in artificially
      contaminated river water samples with HQ concentration 5.0 mM and 10.0 mM using
      this modified electrode and recovery values were calculated as % 100.6 and %
      100.1, respectively.

PMID- 26970789
TI  - Synthesis, Structural Diversity and Mimic Superoxide Dismutase of Mn(II)
      Complexes Derived from N, O-donor Schiff bases.
AB  - Two new potentially tetradentate Schiff base ligands N'-(pyridin-2
      ylmethylene)nicotinohydrazide (L1), and N'-(pyridin-2
      ylmethylene)isonicotinohydrazide (L(2)) were synthesized. Reactions of hydrazone
      ligands L(1) and L(2) with Mn(NO(3))(2) afford two mononuclear Mn(II) complexes,
      [Mn(L(1))(NO(3))(H(2)O)(2)]*(NO(3)) (1) and [Mn(L(2))(2)(NO(3))(H(2)O)]*(NO(3))
      (2). For complexes 1 and 2, L(1) and L(2) act as pincer-like tridentate or
      bidentate ligands, respectively. The Mn(II) ions in the two compounds are both in
      heptacoordinated environment, while the two molecules display diverse solid-state
      supramolecular structures because of the different orientation of Npyridine and
      hydrogen bonding patterns of nitrate anions. Complex 1 features 2D supramolecular
      sheet, while complex 2 is double-chain supramolecular structure. Both of the two
      complexes exhibit moderate superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity.

PMID- 26970790
TI  - Granular Matter Transport in Vertical Pipes: The Influence of Pipe Outlet
      Conditions on Gravity-driven Granular Flow.
AB  - Gravity transport of granular materials in vertical pipes is one of the most
      fundamental steps in bulk powder handling and processing. Presented study
      investigates powder flow characteristics in vertical pipes with open and closed
      outlets and condition of free powder fall. Powder flow of pharmaceutical grade
      powders was observed in transparent, vertical pipe model. Description of flow
      structures was performed. Powder volume flow rate, acceleration, and dilatation
      were quantified and correlated with powder properties. The results show that in
      pipes with a closed outlet the escaping air slows down the powder flow, resulting
      in a much slower flow than in pipes with an open outlet. A dense granular flow
      was detected in an open outlet condition, whereas in a closed outlet condition
      two concurrent flow regimes were observed: a slow moving, dense powder bed, and a
      fast dilute powder flow. Differences in flow regimes may promote segregation,
      with important implications to industrial processes. 

PMID- 26970791
TI  - Melamine Polyphosphate - the Reactive and Additive Flame Retardant for
      Polyurethane Foams.
AB  - Melamine polyphosphate, MPP was applied as reactive and additive flame retardant
      for thermally resistant polyurethane foams. MPP was hydroxyalkylated with
      ethylene and propylene carbonates to get oligoetherols with 1,3,5-triazine ring
      and phosphorus. The structure and physical properties of the products were
      studied. The polyurethane foams, PUFs obtained from this oligoetherols were self
      distinguishing. The addition of powdered MPP into foaming mixture resulted in
      further decrease of flammability modified PUFs. The MPP-modified PUFs were
      characterized by physical methods adequate to thermal resistance and flammability
      of the PUFs. The best MPP-modified PUF showed oxygen index 24.6. All the modified
      PUFs were remarkably thermally resistant; they could stand long lasting thermal
      exposure even at 200  degrees C. 

PMID- 26970792
TI  - Vertex Degree Weighted Path Indices.
AB  - Vertex degree weighted path indices P(N)(a, b, ...), for example P(1)(a, b),
      P(2)(a, b, c), P(3)(a, b, c, d), and P(4)(a, b, c, d, e), are good topological
      indices for some of the physicochemical properties of octanes with |R|(max) up to
      0.999. Mutually optimized combinations of them are even better, R (P(1)..P(4)) is
      in the worst tested case > 0.9. The best results are obtained in mutually
      optimized combinations of some of them with some of the elements of the Universal
      matrix, in the worst tested case R = 0.994. Some of the vertex degree weighted
      path one indices give rise to a "regular" sequence of octane isomers of
      increasing branching.

PMID- 26970793
TI  - Complex Formation in a Liquid-Liquid Extraction System Containing Co(II), 4-(2
      Thiazolylazo)resorcinol and Monotetrazolium Salt.
AB  - The ion-associated complex formed between anionic chelate of Co(II)-4-(2
      Thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR) with the monotetrazolium cation of 2-(4-Iodophenyl)
      3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (INT) in the liquid-liquid
      extraction system Co(II)-TAR-INT-H(2)O-CHCl(3) was studied by the
      spectrophotometric method. The optimum extraction conditions of Co(II) were
      found. The extraction equilibria were studied. The equilibrium constants, the
      recovery factor and some analytical characteristics were calculated. The validity
      of Beer's law was checked. The molar ratio of the components in the ternary ion
      associated complex Co(II)-TAR-INT was determined. The general formula of the
      complex was suggested. The effect of various foreign ions and reagents on the
      process of complex formation in the liquid-liquid extraction system was studied.

PMID- 26970794
TI  - Synthesis, Structural and Optical Characterization of Copper and Rare Earth doped
      CdS Nanoparticles.
AB  - Cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles doped with Cu(2+) and co-doped with rare
      earth metallic ions (RE3(+)) have been synthesized by co-precipitation method.
      The synthesized nanoparticles were been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction
      studies (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM), particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-visible
      spectroscopy (UV), and photoluminescence (PL) studies. It is observed that CdS
      nanoparticles can be co-doped with copper and rare earth metallic ions without
      altering XRD pattern as indicated by X-ray diffraction results. SEM results show
      that synthesized particles show spherical aggregation and TEM results show that
      these particles assembled to give a flower-like morphology. Absorption spectra of
      all the samples show strong blue shift from bulk CdS. Interesting luminescence
      pattern with enhanced intensity has been observed for co-doped CdS nanoparticles
      at room temperature.

PMID- 26970796
TI  - Synthesis of Novel Arylazothiazolyl-thiophene Dyes for Solar Cell and Nonlinear
      Optical Materials.
AB  - Synthesis and investigation of new donor-acceptor conjugated N-(5-arylazothiazol
      2-yl)-2-aminothiophene derivatives with the aim to elucidate the contribution of
      their interaction with solvent molecules upon intramolecular charge transfer for
      their potential solar cells application. The UV-visible and emission spectra
      measurements indicated that the properties of the synthesized dyes had a
      significant effect on the visible absorption and emission maxima. The effect of
      the donor and acceptor groups were studied for the nonlinearity based on their
      HOMO-LUMO band gap energy. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were assembled
      by using the newly synthesized aryl thiazolyl-thiophene dyes as sensitizers. The
      promising results of J(SC) (2.46 * 10(-2) and 4.07 * 10(-2) mA/cm(2)), the V(OC)
      (0.429 V and 0.426 V) and the FF (0.66 %) values obtained comparing with other
      organic and natural sensitizer were due to the better interaction between the
      carboxyl and carbonyl groups of aryl azo molecule attached to the thiazolyl
      nucleus and the surface of TiO(2) porous film.

PMID- 26970795
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of New Linear Thermally Stable
      Schiff Base Polymers with Flexible Spacers.
AB  - Five new linear Schiff base polymers having azomethine structures, ether linkages
      and extended aliphatic chain lengths with flexible spacers were synthesized by
      polycondensation of dialdehyde (monomer) with aliphatic and aromatic diamines.
      The formation yields of monomer and polymers were obtained within 75-92%. The
      polymers with flexible spacers of n-hexane were somewhat soluble in acetone,
      chloroform, THF, DMF and DMSO on heating. The monomer and polymers were
      characterized by melting point, elemental microanalysis, FT-IR, (1)HNMR, UV-Vis
      spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA),
      fluorescence emission, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and viscosities and
      thermodynamic parameters measurements of their dilute solutions. The studies
      supported formation of the monomer and polymers and on the basis of these studies
      their structures have been assigned. The synthesized polymers were tested for
      their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

PMID- 26970797
TI  - Synthesis, Crystal structure, and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of a New Mixed
      Ligand Copper(II) Complex.
AB  - A new mixed ligand copper(II) complex, [Cu(2,4-pydc)(pic)(H(2)O)]?H(2)O (1)
      (where 2,4-pydc = pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate, pic = 2-picolylamine) has been
      synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis
      spectroscopic and thermogravimetric methods. Single crystal X-ray diffraction
      analysis reveals that copper(II) atom in the title complex adopts distorted
      square pyramidal geometry. Structural characterization also reveals that
      interplay of O-H...O, N-H...O, C-H...O, and C-H...pi interactions between lattice
      and coordinated water and ligands significantly contribute to the crystal packing
      leading to the formation and strengthening of three dimensional supramolecular
      assembly. Hirshfeld surface analysis employing 3D molecular surface contours and
      2D fingerprint plots have been used to analyze intermolecular interactions
      present in the solid state of the crystal.

PMID- 26970798
TI  - The Nanostructure Studies of Surfactant-Free-Microemulsions in Fragrance
      Tinctures.
AB  - As it was shown recently that nanostructures can exist in water-ethanol
      citronellol tinctures, a deeper investigation of these media was performed using
      conductivity, UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. Different regimes of
      conductivity, depending on the water content, an increase of the polarity of the
      polar pseudo-phase with increasing water content, and even the presence of free
      water molecules at higher water content are observed, just as in classical
      surfactant-based microemulsions. The percolation model, generally used to fit
      conductivity data in surfactant based microemulsion having a weak interfacial
      film, can be used to fit our conductivity data below a critical water content
      Phi(p)(w) with a critical exponent typical of dynamic percolation. In presence of
      higher water contents, superior to Phi(p)(w), obtained conductivity data cannot
      be fitted neither with a static nor a dynamic percolation model. As in surfactant
      based microemulsions, an increase of polarity of the microenvironment with
      increasing water content can be postulated using respectively the UV-Vis
      wavelength absorption band (lambda(max)) of methyl orange and performing FT-IR
      spectra.

PMID- 26970799
TI  - Experimental Design Approach for Methylene Blue Dye Removal in Aqueous
      Environment by Nitrilotriacetic Modified Banana Pith.
AB  - Native banana pith (NBP) was modified by using nitrilotriacetic acid to increase
      its efficiency and adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB) dye. The effect of
      various parameters such as pH, contact time and initial dye concentration,
      sorption isotherm and adsorbent dosage were studied. The maximum adsorption
      capacity of the NBP and NTA-BP is 100 and 142.86 mg/g, respectively. The IR
      spectrum of NBP and NTA-BP showed the presence of both carboxyl and hydroxyl
      groups. From the SEM micrographs, the surface morphology of NTA-BP before
      adsorption appeared to be smoother as compared to that after adsorption process.
      The pH(pzc) of NBP is 5.6 whereas for NTA-BP is 7.6. The experimental data fitted
      well into Langmuir isotherm with R(2) of 0.992. Plackett-Burman design was
      applied to identify the significant factors in affecting the uptake whereas the
      interaction between the factors and their optimum levels for the maximum
      percentage uptake of MB were determined using response surface methodology (RSM).
      Based on the results, the optimum condition for adsorption of MB was by using
      0.06 g of NTA-BP in dye solution at pH 6 with 120 minutes contact time. The
      maximum adsorption of MB by NTA-BP achieved 99.42% under the optimum condition.

PMID- 26970801
TI  - Synthesis, crystal structures, molecular docking, and urease inhibitory activity
      of transition metal complexes with 2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetic
      acid.
AB  - Two novel mononuclear complexes, [Cu(L)(2)(H(2)O)].(2)H(2)O (1) and
      [Ni(L)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (2) (HL = 2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetic acid)
      were synthesized and structurally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
      Their inhibitory activities were tested in vitro against jack bean urease.
      Molecular docking was investigated to determine the probable binding mode. The
      experimental values and docking simulation exhibited that complex 1 had better
      inhibitory activity than the positive reference aceto hydroxamic acid (AHA),
      showing IC(50) value of 0.15 +/- 0.08 uM, while 2 showed no inhibitory activity.

PMID- 26970800
TI  - Biohydrogen Production from Simple Carbohydrates with Optimization of Operating
      Parameters.
AB  - Hydrogen could be alternative energy carrier in the future as well as source for
      chemical and fuel synthesis due to its high energy content, environmentally
      friendly technology and zero carbon emissions. In particular, conversion of
      organic substrates to hydrogen via dark fermentation process is of great
      interest. The aim of this study was fermentative hydrogen production using
      anaerobic mixed culture using different carbon sources (mono and disaccharides)
      and further optimization by varying a number of operating parameters (pH value,
      temperature, organic loading, mixing intensity). Among all tested mono- and
      disaccharides, glucose was shown as the preferred carbon source exhibiting
      hydrogen yield of 1.44 mol H(2)/mol glucose. Further evaluation of selected
      operating parameters showed that the highest hydrogen yield (1.55 mol H(2)/mol
      glucose) was obtained at the initial pH value of 6.4, T=37  degrees C and organic
      loading of 5 g/L. The obtained results demonstrate that lower hydrogen yield at
      all other conditions was associated with redirection of metabolic pathways from
      butyric and acetic (accompanied by H(2) production) to lactic (simultaneous H(2)
      production is not mandatory) acid production. These results therefore represent
      an important foundation for the optimization and industrial-scale production of
      hydrogen from organic substrates.

PMID- 26970802
TI  - Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Bis-[4-methoxy-3-(6-aryl-7H
      [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes and Bis
      [(triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazipin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes.
AB  - A series of novel Bis-[4-methoxy-3-(6-aryl-7H-[1,2,4]tria zolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]
      thiadiazin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes and Bis-[(triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazipin-3
      yl)phenyl]methanes ( 5a-e & 6a-e ) has been synthesized and characterized by IR,
      (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. All the newly synthesized
      compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Bacillus
      subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klobsinella aerogenes and
      Chromobacteriumviolaceum and antifungal activity against Candida albicans,
      Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
      Compounds 5b, 5d,5e, 6b, 6c and 6e exhibited potent activity against the test
      bacteria and fungi, and emerged as potential molecules for further development.

PMID- 26970803
TI  - Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Catalytic Activity of Dioxidomolybdenum(VI)
      Complex with Tridentate ONO Aroylhydrazone Ligand.
AB  - A novel dioxidomolybdenum complex, [MoO(2)L], derived from the tridentate
      aroylhydrazone 2-amino-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylidene)benzohydrazide (H(2)L),
      has been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, and
      single crystal structural X-ray diffraction. The complex has distorted square
      pyramidal structure in which the aroylhydrazone ligand behaves as a binegative
      donor one, leaving the amino-N uncoordinated towards the metal center. Single
      crystal structure analysis reveals that the Mo(VI) center is coordinated by the
      donor atoms of the binegative aroylhydrazone ligand and two oxido groups. Crystal
      of the complex is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The complex functions as an
      effective olefin epoxidation catalyst with hydrogen peroxide as terminal oxidant
      and sodium hydrogen carbonate as a co-catalyst.

PMID- 26970804
TI  - Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemistry of Tetranuclear Oxygen-Centered
      Copper(II) Clusters with Acetylacetone and Benz-pyrazole Hydrolyzed Derivatives
      as Ligand.
AB  - Two copper(II) clusters Cu(4)OCl(6)(pyrazole)4, 1, and Cu(4)OBr(6)(Br-pyrazole)4,
      2, have been synthesized by reacting acetylacetone and benzohydrazide (1:1 ratio)
      with CuX(2) (X = Cl for 1 and X= Br for 2) in methanol solutions. The structures
      of both clusters have been established by X-ray crystallography. The clusters
      contain four Cu, one O, six MU(2)-X atoms, and four pyrazole ligands. The
      pyrazoles was prepared in situ by the reaction of acetylacetone with
      benzohydrazide in methanol under reflux. In 2, the methine hydrogens of the
      pyrazole ligands have been replaced by bromine atoms. The four copper atoms
      encapsulate the central O atom in a tetrahedral arrangement. All copper atoms are
      five-coordinate and have similar coordination environments with slightly
      distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The cyclic voltammogram of the clusters
      1 and 2 show a one-electron quasi-reversible reduction wave in the region 0.485
      to 0.731 V, and a one-electron quasi-reversible oxidation wave in the region
      0.767 to 0.898 V. In 1, one irreversible oxidative response is observed on the
      positive of side of the voltammogram at 1.512 V and this can be assigned to
      Cu(II) to Cu(III) oxidation.

PMID- 26970805
TI  - Dissolution Profile of Nimesulide from Pharmaceutical Preparations for Oral Use.
AB  - Nimesulide belongs to the group of semi-selective COX-2 inhibitors, widely used
      in solid oral formulations. In the present work the influence of surfactants
      among other drug excipients, as well as particle size of the active substance and
      the effects of medium pH on the dissolution rate of nimesulide from solid
      pharmaceutical forms. For that purpose, four different preparations containing
      100 mg nimesulide per tablet and available in the market of Bosnia and
      Herzegovina (labeled here as A, B, C and D) were studied. The test for the
      assessment of dissolution profiles of the formulations was performed in
      surfactant-free dissolution medium pH 7.5. The dissolution profiles were compared
      by calculating difference (f1), and similarity (f2) factors. The increasing
      dissolution medium pH value from 7.5 to 7.75 resulted in a significant increase
      of nimesulide dissolution rate from the examined formulations. Also, the results
      showed that particle size affects to a great extent the dissolution rate and the
      best results were achieved with micronized nimesulide. The presence of the
      surfactants among the other excipients expressed a negligible effect on the
      dissolution profile. 

PMID- 26970806
TI  - Vanadium Complex Derived from N'-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene) -3
      methylbenzohydrazide: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Biological Activity.
AB  - Reaction of VO(acac)(2) with N'-(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3
      methylbenzohydrazide (H(2)L) in methanol afforded a new mononuclear vanadium(V)
      complex, [VOL(OMe)(MeOH)]. Structure of the complex has been characterized by
      physico-chemical methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex
      crystallizes as the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, with unit cell dimensions a =
      13.1345(10) A, b = 18.6279(14) A, c = 7.8983(8) A, beta = 90.248(2)o, V =
      1932.4(3) A(3), Z = 4, R(1) = 0.0963, wR(2) = 0.2213, S = 1.113. X-ray analysis
      indicated that the V atom in the complex is in octahedral coordination. The
      insulin-like activity of the complex was studied.

PMID- 26970807
TI  - Automated Preparation of Water Samples for Low-level Gamma Spectrometry.
AB  - The analysis of water samples using gamma spectrometry requires the
      preconcentration of the sample in order to determine the content of low-level
      radionuclides. An automated evaporator was used for this purpose during the
      preparation of approximately 250 samples per year as part of the monitoring
      programmes performed in Slovenia. Since an automated sample-evaporation procedure
      has not yet been reported in the relevant literature, our unique, innovative, in
      house-constructed system is described in terms of developing the design, its
      optimization and automation. 

PMID- 26970809
TI  - Development of a C3-symmetric benzohydroxamate tripod: Trimetallic complexation
      with Fe(III), Cr(III) and Al(III).
AB  - The design, synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a C3-symmetry
      Benzene-1,3,5-tricarbonylhydroxamate tripod, noted here as BTHA, are described.
      The chelator was built from a benzene as an anchor, symmetrically extended by
      three hydroxamate as ligating moieties, each bearing O, O donor sites. A
      combination of absorption spectrophotometry, potentiometry and theoretical
      investigations are used to explore the complexation behavior of the ligand with
      some trivalent metal ions: Fe(III), Cr(III), and Al(III). Three protonation
      constants were calculated for the ligand in a pH range of 2-11 in a highly
      aqueous medium (9:1 H2O: DMSO). A high rigidity in the molecular structure
      restricts the formation of 1:1 (M/L) metal encapsulation but shows a high binding
      efficiency for a 3:1 metal ligand stoichiometry giving formation constant (in
      beta unit) 28.73, 26.13 and 19.69 for [M3L]; M=Fe(III), Al(III) and Cr(III)
      respectively, and may be considered as an efficient Fe-carrier. The
      spectrophotometric study reveals of interesting electronic transitions occurred
      during the complexation. BTHA exhibits a peak at 238 nm in acidic pH and with the
      increase of pH, a new peak appeared at 270 nm. A substantial shifting in both of
      the peaks in presence of the metal ions implicates a s coordination between
      ligand and metal ions. Moreover, complexation of BTHA with iron shows three
      distinct colors, violet, reddish orange and yellow in different pH, enables the
      ligand to be considered for the use as colorimetric sensor.

PMID- 26970808
TI  - Neurophysiological measurements of affected and unaffected motor cortex from a
      cross-sectional, multi-center individual stroke patient data analysis study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to measure
      cortical excitability as a functional measurement of corticomotor pathways. Given
      its potential application as an assessment tool in stroke, we aimed to analyze
      the correlation of TMS parameters with clinical features in stroke using data
      from 10 different centers. METHODS: Data of 341 patients with a clinical
      diagnosis of stroke were collected from studies assessing cortical excitability
      using TMS. We used a multivariate regression model in which the baseline cortical
      excitability parameter "resting Motor Threshold (rMT)" was the main outcome and
      the demographic, anatomic and clinical characteristics were included as
      independent variables. RESULTS: The variable "severity of motor deficit"
      consistently remained significant in predicting rMT in the affected hemisphere,
      with a positive beta coefficient, in the multivariate models after sensitive
      analyses and adjusting for important confounders such as site center.
      Additionally, we found that the correlations between "age" or "time since stroke"
      and the rMT in the affected hemisphere were significant, as well as the
      interaction between "time since stroke" and "severity of motor deficit".
      CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that severity of motor deficit is an important
      predictor for rMT in the affected hemisphere. Additionally, time since stroke
      seems to be an effect modifier for the correlation between motor deficit and rMT.
      In the unaffected motor cortex, these correlations were not significant. We
      discuss these findings in the context of stroke rehabilitation.

PMID- 26970810
TI  - Effect of agomelatine on adult hippocampus apoptosis and neurogenesis using the
      stress model of rats.
AB  - Agomelatine (AG) is an agonist of melatonin receptors and an antagonist of the 5
      HT2C-receptor subtype. The chronobiotic properties of AG are of significant
      interest due to the disorganization of internal rhythms, which might play a role
      in the pathophysiology of depression. The present study was designed to assess
      the effects of the antidepressant-like activity of AG, a new antidepressant drug,
      on adult neurogenesis and apoptosis using stress-exposed rat brains. Over the
      period of 1 week, the rats were exposed to light stress twice a day for 1h. After
      a period of 1 week, the rats were given AG treatment at a dose of either 10mg/kg
      or 40mg/kg for 15 days. The animals were then scarified, and the obtained tissue
      sections were stained with immuno-histochemical anti-BrdU, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2
      antibodies. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations were
      measured biochemically using a BDNF Elisa kit. Biochemical BDNF analysis revealed
      a high concentration of BDNF in the serum of the stress-exposed group, but the
      concentrations of BDNF were much lower those of the AG-treated groups. Immuno
      histochemical analysis revealed that AG treatment decreased the BrdU-positive and
      Bcl-2-positive cell densities and increased the Caspase-3-positive cell density
      in the hippocampus of stress-induced rats as compared to those of the stress
      group. The results of the study demonstrated that AG treatment ameliorated the
      hippocampal apoptotic cells and increased hippocampal neurogenesis. These results
      also strengthen the possible relationship between depression and adult
      neurogenesis, which must be studied further. 

PMID- 26970811
TI  - [Evaluation of venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis among hospitalized
      patients in Brazzaville].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify patients at risk of venous thromboembolism and to
      evaluate the use of preventive measures. METHODS: A cross-sectional given-day
      observational and descriptive study was conducted among patients in the
      Brazzaville University Hospital. All hospitalized adult patients were included.
      Compliance with the recommendations of the American College of Chest Physicians
      (2004 version) on the risk of venous thromboembolism and use of prevention was
      evaluated. The study included 292 patients hospitalized from July 1 to 4, 2014 in
      eight medicine and four surgery and gynecology-obstetrics wards. RESULTS: The
      study population included 214 (73.3 %) patients at risk of venous thromboembolism
      hospitalized in medicine (n=83, 38.7 %), surgery (n=82, 38.3 %), and gynecology
      obstetrics (n=49, 23 %) wards. There were 92 men (43 %) and 122 women (57 %),
      mean age 45.9+/-17.7years (range: 18-88). The risk of venous thromboembolism was
      low in 15 patients (7 %), moderate in 104 patients (48.6 %), and high in 95
      patients (44.4 %). The main risk factors identified were: for surgical patients,
      long immobilization (42.6 %) and age>40years (33.1 %); for medical patients, long
      immobilization (24.7 %) and age>60years (18.5 %); for gynecology-obstetrics
      patients, age<60years (44 %), multiparity (15.4 %) and long immobilization (10.7
      %). One hundred sixty-nine patients (79 %) had received one measure of
      prevention. There were 45 (54.2 %) medical patients, 81 (99 %) surgical patients
      and 43 (88 %) gynecology-obstetrics patients. Pharmacological prevention was used
      in 97 patients (57.4 %), mechanical prevention in 33 patients (19.5 %), and the
      two types of prevention in 39 patients (23.1 %). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of venous
      thromboembolism is common in hospitalized patients in Brazzaville, and the need
      for prevention is perceived but poorly understood. It is therefore essential to
      improve our knowledge of venous thromboembolism and its prevention.

PMID- 26970812
TI  - [Digoxin-related leukocytoclastic vasculitis in a very elderly woman: A case
      report].
AB  - Even though digoxin causes many side effects, few cases of skin involvement are
      recorded in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. We report a case of
      leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV) very probably due to digoxin. A 91-year-old
      woman, hospitalized following a fall, presented cardiac decompensation in a
      context of rapid atrial fibrillation requiring treatment with digoxin. Eight days
      later, a rash appeared on her back and trunk. It was neither itchy, nor painful
      and persisted despite local treatment. There were no other clinical anomalies.
      After a few days, the rash spread with appearance of bullous lesions, ulcerations
      and a necrosis on lymphedema of the two legs. Among the complementary
      examinations, skin biopsy revealed LV with necrosis and subepidermal detachment
      suggested toxic dermal necrolysis, while direct immunofluorescence was negative.
      The rash resolved progressively once the digoxin was stopped. The
      pharmacovigilance department recorded that digoxin was the probable cause. The
      evidence allowed us to conclude that digoxin was the cause. 

PMID- 26970813
TI  - Chest Pain, Heart Murmur, and Changing Electrocardiograms.
AB  - Physical examination, electrocardiograms, and an echo-Doppler study document
      multiple consequences of a right coronary arterial occlusion. 

PMID- 26970814
TI  - Racial Differences in the Prevalence and Outcomes of Atrial Fibrillation in
      Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure.
AB  - Previous research has shown that roughly 15% to 30% of those with heart failure
      (HF) develop atrial fibrillation (AF). Although studies have shown variations in
      the incidence of AF in patients with HF, there has been no evidence of mortality
      differences by race. The purpose of this study was to assess AF prevalence and
      inhospital mortality in patients with HF among different racial groups in the
      United States. Using the National Inpatient Sample registry, the largest publicly
      available all-payer inpatient care database representing >95% of the US inpatient
      population, we analyzed subjects hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of HF from
      2001 to 2011 (n = 11,485,673) using the International Classification of Diseases,
      Ninth Edition (ICD 9) codes 428.0-0.1, 428.20-0.23, 428.30-0.33, 428.40-0.43, and
      428.9; patients with AF were identified using the ICD 9 code 427.31. We assessed
      prevalence and mortality among racial groups. Using logistic regression, we
      examined odds of mortality adjusted for demographics and co-morbidity using
      Elixhauser co-morbidity index. We also examined utilization of procedures by
      race. Of the 11,485,673 patients hospitalized with HF in our study, 3,939,129
      (34%) had AF. Patients with HF and AF had greater inhospital mortality compared
      with those without AF (4.6% vs 3.3% respectively, p <0.0001). Additionally,
      black, Hispanic, Asian, and white patients with HF and AF had a 24%, 17%, 13%,
      and 6% higher mortality, respectively, than if they did not have AF. Among
      patients with HF and AF, minority racial groups had underutilization of catheter
      ablation and cardioversion compared with white patients. In conclusion, minority
      patients with HF and AF had a disproportionately higher risk of inpatient death
      compared with white patients with HF. We also found a significant
      underutilization of cardioversion and catheter ablation in minority racial groups
      compared with white patients.

PMID- 26970815
TI  - Prediction of Flow-Limiting Fractional Flow Reserve in Patients With Stable
      Coronary Artery Disease Based on Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion Imaging.
AB  - Although fractional flow reserve (FFR) and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
      findings fundamentally differ, several cohort studies have revealed that these
      findings correlate. Here, we investigated whether flow-limiting FFR could be
      predicted from adenosine stress thallium-201 MPI with single-photon emission
      computed tomography (SPECT) findings derived from 84 consecutive, prospectively
      identified patients with stable coronary artery disease and 212 diseased vessels.
      Among them, FFR was measured in 136 diseased vessels (64%). The findings were
      compared with regional perfusion abnormalities including stress total perfusion
      defect (TPD) - rest TPD determined using quantitative perfusion single-photon
      emission computed tomography software. The FFR inversely correlated the most
      accurately with stress TPD - rest TPD (r = -0.552, p <0.001). Predictors of major
      vessels of interest comprising FFR <0.80, included stress TPD - rest TPD, the
      transient ischemic dilation ratio, left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and
      beta blockers for left anterior descending artery (LAD) regions, and stress TPD -
      rest TPD, left ventricular mass, left ventricular ejection fraction at rest,
      right coronary artery lesions, the transient ischemic dilation ratio, and age for
      non-LAD regions. The diagnostic accuracy of formulas to predict major vessels of
      interest with FFR <0.80 was high (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for LAD
      and non-LAD: 84%, 87% and 86%, and 75%, 93% and 87%, respectively). In
      conclusion, although somewhat limited by a sample size and a single-center
      design, flow-limiting FFR could be predicted from MPI findings with a defined
      probability. A cohort study might validate our results and provide a novel
      adjunctive tool with which to diagnose functionally significant coronary artery
      disease from MPI findings. 

PMID- 26970816
TI  - Mycobacterium bovis-infected macrophages from resistant and susceptible cattle
      exhibited a differential pro-inflammatory gene expression profile depending on
      strain virulence.
AB  - Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, is an
      intracellular bacterium that normally persists inside host macrophages. However,
      the influence of bacterial virulence and host resistance on the final outcome in
      this interaction is not well known. In this study, we infected macrophages
      isolated from natural disease resistant (R) and susceptible (S) cattle donors
      with M. bovis strains characterized as attenuated and virulent to assess pro
      inflammatory cytokine (TNFalpha, IL-12, IL-18, IL-1beta, IL-6), chemokine (MCP-1,
      MCP-2, MIP-1), macrophage receptor (MSR1, TLR2, TLR4, MMR) and iNOS mRNA
      expression levels. Our findings identified a pro-inflammatory gene expression
      profile as a common feature after M. bovis infection regardless of bacterial
      virulence, however in S macrophages a superior expression was induced by the
      attenuated strain, whereas in R macrophages it was accomplished by the virulent
      M. bovis. A macrophage pro-inflammatory profile is intended to control M. bovis
      intracellular growth; however the host resistant phenotype plays a determinant
      role in it, since R macrophages had better intracellular bacterial control than S
      cells. 

PMID- 26970817
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan nanoparticles carrying NF-kappaB/p65
      antisense oligonucleotide in RAW264.7 macropghage stimulated by
      lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - The purpose of this present study is to prepare NF-kappaB/p65 antisense
      oligonucleotide loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) and evaluate their
      physicochemical characterization and antisense effects in RAW264.7 macrophages.
      Condensed nanoparticles with mean particle size of 128+/-16nm, average Zeta
      potential of 19.6+/-6.3mV and high entrapment efficiency (EE) of 98.6+/-0.11%
      were formed between NF-kappaB/p65 antisense gene (NAG) and chitosan by complex
      coacervation method. Trypan blue staining and MTT tests showed that NAG chitosan
      NPs had no toxic effect on RAW264.7 macrophages when the dose was no more than
      20MUg/mL. Confocal microscopy images showed that NAG chitosan NPs were capable to
      deliver NAG into cytoplasm of RAW264.7 macrophages and finally into nucleus. Real
      time PCR tests verified that NAG chitosan NPs could significantly decrease the
      mRNA expression level of NF-kappaB/p65 and inflammatory cytokines including TNF
      alpha, IL-1 and IL-6. Accordingly, western blot study showed that NAG NPs uptaken
      in the cells could efficiently reversed the expression of NF-kappaB/p65 protein
      induced by LPS. At last, downstream release level of inflammatory factors
      including TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages was
      significantly decreased after treated by NAG chitosan NPs. It could be concluded
      that chitosan NPs were excellent delivery vectors to ferry the NAG into the
      cytoplasm and nucleus of macrophages. The NAG chitosan NPs might be a novel
      therapeutic apparatus for the treatment of LPS induced sepsis by inhibiting NF
      kappaB-related pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. 

PMID- 26970818
TI  - Carboplatin loaded Surface modified PLGA nanoparticles: Optimization,
      characterization, and in vivo brain targeting studies.
AB  - The carboplatin (CP) loaded poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs)
      were formulated by modified solvent evaporation method. Its surface modification
      is done by 1% polysorbate80 (P80) to improve their entry into the brain after
      intraperitoneal administration (i.p) via receptor-mediated pathways. A
      formulation with maximum entrapment efficiency and minimal particle size was
      optimized by central composite design (CCD) based on mean particle size, and
      entrapment efficiencies as responses. The optimized formulation was characterized
      by mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, Fourier transform
      infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
      and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The surface modified NPs were
      analysed for mean particle, zeta potential, FTIR, and in vitro release studies.
      The spherical particles with mean particle size 161.9nm, 162.4nm and zeta
      potential value of -26.5, -23.9 were obtained for unmodified and surface modified
      NPs respectively. The in vitro release experiments of the surface modified PLGA
      NPs exhibited sustained release for more than 48h, which was in accordance with
      Higuchi's equation with Fickian diffusion-based release mechanism. The in vivo
      bio distribution of P80 coated CP loaded PLGA NPs was compared with CP solution,
      and CP loaded NPs, in adult wistar rats. In the brain, compared with CP solution,
      both types of NPs especially NPs coated with P80 increased the concentration of
      carboplatin by 3.27 fold. All these results suggest that the developed
      formulation may improve the targeted therapy for malignant brain tumors in
      future. 

PMID- 26970820
TI  - A novel porous Fe/Fe-W alloy scaffold with a double-layer structured skeleton:
      Preparation, in vitro degradability and biocompatibility.
AB  - A novel porous Fe/Fe-W alloy scaffold with a double-layer structured skeleton was
      prepared for the first time by electrodeposition. The microstructure of the
      scaffold was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and mercury porosimetry.
      Mechanical property, in vitro degradability and biocompatibility were tested by
      tensile test, immersion and a cytotoxicity test. The results showed that the
      scaffolds exhibited a cellular structure that is similar to that of cancellous
      bone and had a considerably large specific surface area. The skeleton of the
      scaffolds showed a double-layer structure that was composed of a hollow Fe
      skeleton wrapped in a thin layer of Fe-W alloy. The tensile strength and the
      apparent density are close to that of cancellous bone. It was also found that the
      different surface microstructures showed different effects on in vitro
      degradability and biocompatibility. In the immersion test, the corrosion rate
      decreased gradually as the immersion time increased. In the cytotoxicity test,
      the extraction medium of the pure Fe scaffold showed the lowest cell viability,
      followed by that of 1.5FeW as a close second. The extraction media of FeW, Fe1.5W
      and Fe2W were similar, and their cell viability was far above that of the Fe and
      1.5FeW scaffolds. The structural style of the scaffolds presented in this paper
      is potentially useful and applicable to developing degradable scaffolds with a
      tailored corrosion rate. 

PMID- 26970819
TI  - Chitosan wound dressing with hexagonal silver nanoparticles for hyperthermia and
      enhanced delivery of small molecules.
AB  - Chitosan films were synthesized with hexagonal silver nanoparticles (Ag NP). The
      unique shape and size of the Ag NP shift the optical absorption into the
      infrared. Stimulation of the nanoparticles with infrared light was used to
      generate heat and facilitate intracellular delivery of fluorescently-labeled
      dextran molecules. Chitosan films prepared with hexagonal or spherical Ag NP were
      characterized by optical and thermal analyses, and X-ray diffraction. There were
      found to be slight differences between how the chitosan molecular chains
      interface with the Ag NP depending upon shape of the nanoparticle. Viability of
      cells associated with dermal wound healing was evaluated on chitosan films
      prepared with hexagonal or spherical Ag NP, with both keratinocytes and
      fibroblasts having normal or moderately enhanced growth on films containing
      hexagonally-shaped nanoparticles. 

PMID- 26970821
TI  - Inherently antioxidant and antimicrobial tannic acid release from poly(tannic
      acid) nanoparticles with controllable degradability.
AB  - From a natural polyphenol, Tannic acid (TA), poly(TA) nanoparticles were readily
      prepared using a single step approach with three different biocompatible
      crosslinkers; trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPGDE), poly(ethylene
      glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGGE), and trisodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). P(TA)
      particles were obtained with controllable diameters between 400 to 800nm with 
      25mV surface charge. The effect of synthesis conditions, such as the emulsion
      medium, pH values of TA solution, and the type of crosslinker, on the shape,
      size, dispersity, yield, and degradability of poly(Tannic Acid) (p(TA))
      nanoparticles was systematically investigated. The hydrolytic degradation amount
      in physiological pH conditions of 5.4, 7.4, and 9.0 at 37.5 degrees C were found
      to be in the order TMPGDE<PEGGE<STMP. Furthermore, the degradation amounts of TA
      from p(TA) nanoparticles can be controlled by the appropriate choice of
      crosslinker, and the pH of releasing media. The highest TA release, 600mg/g, was
      obtained for TMPGDE-crosslinked p(TA) particles in intestinal pH conditions (pH
      9) over 3 days; whereas, a slow and linear TA release profile over almost 30 days
      was obtained by using PEGGE-crosslinked p(TA) in body fluid pH conditions (pH
      7.4). The total phenol content of p(TA) particles was calculated as 70+/-1MUgmL(
      1) for 170MUgmL(-1) p(TA), and the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity was
      found to be 2027+/-104mM trolox equivalent g(-1). Moreover, p(TA) nanoparticles
      demonstrated strong antimicrobial effects against common bacterial strains. More
      interestingly, with a higher concentration of p(TA) particles, higher blood
      clotting indices were obtained. 

PMID- 26970823
TI  - Amyloid fibrillogenesis of lysozyme is suppressed by a food additive brilliant
      blue FCF.
AB  - At least 30 different human proteins can fold abnormally to form the amyloid
      deposits that are associated with a number of degenerative diseases. The research
      presented here aimed at understanding the inhibitory potency of a food additive,
      brilliant blue FCF (BBF), on the amyloid fibril formation of lysozyme. Our
      results demonstrated that BBF was able to suppress the formation of lysozyme
      fibrils in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, the structural features and
      conformational changes in the lysozyme samples upon the addition of BBF were
      further characterized using circular dichroism spectroscopy, nile red
      fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidity assay, and sodium dodecyl sulfate
      electrophoresis. Through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations,
      BBF's mechanism of action in lysozyme fibrillogenesis inhibition was found to be
      initiated by binding with the aggregation-prone region of the lysozyme. We
      believe the results from this research may contribute to the development of
      effective therapeutics for amyloidoses. 

PMID- 26970822
TI  - Alendronate conjugated nanoparticles for calcification targeting.
AB  - In this article, the synthesis of a novel calcification-targeting nanoparticle
      (NP) is reported, which is realized through dopamine self-polymerization on the
      poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particle surface and subsequent alendronate
      conjugation. Cell viability and proliferation tests confirmed that such particle
      has low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. Experiments were designed to
      observe whether the synthesized NPs can pass through an obstructive hydrogel and
      directly bind themselves to hydroxyapatite (HA) NPs (mimicking calcified spots)
      and HA porous scaffolds (mimicking calcified tissues); and the result was
      positive, indicating ingenious targeting of NPs on calcifications. The
      calcification-targeting NPs are expected to be with promising applications on
      calcification-related disease diagnoses and therapies. 

PMID- 26970824
TI  - Hemoglobin-mimetic oxygen adsorbent prepared via self-assembly of cysteinyl
      bolaamphiphiles.
AB  - In this study, a novel cysteinyl bolaamphiphilic molecule was synthesized and its
      self-assembled planar suprastructure was applied as a biomimetic matrix to create
      a hemoglobin-mimetic oxygen adsorbent that exploits the ability of cysteine
      thiols to bind hemin. Self-assembly of the cysteinyl bolaamphiphilic molecule
      exposed cysteine thiols on its surface in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol,
      known to reduce disulfide bonds, without which, helically coiled structures were
      generated. The self-assembled planar structure was used as a soft matrix to
      create a hemoglobin-mimetic oxygen adsorbent. The surface-exposed cysteine thiols
      were used to attach hemin, producing a hemin-bound, planar structure mimicking
      hemoglobin. This hemoglobin mimic strongly adsorbed oxygen and remained stable up
      to 50 degrees C. The cysteinyl bolaamphiphile self-assembled structure provided a
      biomimetic platform that allowed for the association of biological substances in
      a manner similar to natural proteins. 

PMID- 26970825
TI  - Doxorubicin loaded 17beta-estradiol based SWNT dispersions for target specific
      killing of cancer cells.
AB  - The present work reports the synthesis of a 17beta-estradiol based amphiphiles
      comprising of polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety linked through succinic acid that
      non-covalently dispersed (76%) the single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in
      water. The superior exfoliation of carbon nanotubes was characterized by
      microscopic and spectroscopic studies. Significant stability of these SWNT
      dispersions was observed in the presence of protein in cell culture media and the
      nanohybrids were highly biocompatible toward mammalian cells. Anticancer drug
      doxorubicin loaded on these nanohybrids was selectively delivered within estrogen
      receptor rich cancer cells, MCF7 (breast cancer cell) and A549 (lung cancer
      cell). Microscopic studies showed the localization of doxorubicin within the
      cancer cell nucleus whereas no such localization was observed in ER negative
      cells. Both these ER positive cancer cells were killed by ~3 fold higher
      efficiency than that of ER negative MDA-MB-231 (advanced breast cancer cell) and
      HeLa cells that are deprived of estrogen receptors. Thus, judiciously designed
      estradiol based nanohybrids proved to be excellent tool for SWNT dispersion and
      also for selectively killing of ER positive cancer cells. To the best of our
      knowledge, for the first time non-covalently modified SWNTs by estradiol based
      amphiphilic dispersing agent have been used for selective killing of ER positive
      cancer cells by doxorubicin loaded on dispersed SWNTs. It holds immense promise
      to be exploited as a cancer therapeutic agent. 

PMID- 26970826
TI  - Hydrophobic fractal surface from glycerol tripalmitate and the effects on C6
      glioma cell growth.
AB  - To provide a biomimic environment for glial cell culture, glycerol tripalmitate
      (PPP) has been used as a raw material to prepare fractal surfaces with different
      degrees of hydrophobicity. The spontaneous formation of the hydrophobic fractal
      surfaces was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray
      diffraction (XRD). The surface morphologies were observed by a scanning electron
      microscope (SEM), and then the fractal dimension (FD) values of the surfaces were
      determined with the box-counting method. C6 glioma cells were cultured and
      compared on different hydrophobic PPP surfaces and poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated
      surface. The cell numbers as a function of incubation time on different surfaces
      during the cell proliferation process were measured, and the cell morphologies
      were observed under a fluorescence microscope. Influences of hydrophobic fractal
      surfaces on the cell number and morphology were analyzed. The experimental
      results show that the cell proliferation rates decrease while the cell morphology
      complexities increase with the growth of the fractal dimensions of the PPP
      surfaces. 

PMID- 26970827
TI  - Leukocyte responses to immobilized patterns of CXCL8.
AB  - The attachment of neutrophils to the endothelial surface and their migration
      towards the site of inflammation following chemokine gradients play an essential
      role in the innate immune response. Chemokines adhere to glycosaminoglycans on
      the endothelial surface to be detected by leukocytes and trigger their movement
      along surface- bound gradients in a process called haptotaxis. In assays to
      systematically study the response of leukocytes to surface-bound compounds both
      the spatial arrangement of the compound as well as the mode of immobilization
      need to be controlled. In this study microcontact printing was employed to create
      patterns of hydrophobic or functionalized thiols on gold-coated glass slides and
      CXCL8 was immobilized on the thiol coated areas using three different strategies.
      Human neutrophils adhered to the CXCL8-coated lines but not to the PEG-coated
      background. We could show that more cells adhered to CXCL8 adsorbed to
      hydrophobic octadecanethiol than on CXCL8 covalently bound to amino undecanethiol
      or CXCL8 specifically bound to immobilized heparin on aminothiol. Likewise
      general cell activity such as lamellipodia formation and random migration were
      most pronounced for CXCL8 adsorbed on a hydrophobic surface which may be
      attributed to the larger amounts of protein immobilized on this type of surface. 

PMID- 26970828
TI  - Silver nanoparticles strongly enhance and restore bactericidal activity of
      inactive antibiotics against multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is currently one of the most
      important healthcare issues, and has serious negative impacts on medical
      practice. This study presents a potential solution to this problem, using the
      strong synergistic effects of antibiotics combined with silver nanoparticles
      (NPs). Silver NPs inhibit bacterial growth via a multilevel mode of antibacterial
      action at concentrations ranging from a few ppm to tens of ppm. Silver NPs
      strongly enhanced antibacterial activity against multiresistant, beta-lactamase
      and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae when combined with the following
      antibiotics: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin.
      All the antibiotics, when combined with silver NPs, showed enhanced antibacterial
      activity at concentrations far below the minimum inhibitory concentrations
      (tenths to hundredths of one ppm) of individual antibiotics and silver NPs. The
      enhanced activity of antibiotics combined with silver NPs, especially meropenem,
      was weaker against non-resistant bacteria than against resistant bacteria. The
      double disk synergy test showed that bacteria produced no beta-lactamase when
      treated with antibiotics combined with silver NPs. Low silver concentrations were
      required for effective enhancement of antibacterial activity against
      multiresistant bacteria. These low silver concentrations showed no cytotoxic
      effect towards mammalian cells, an important feature for potential medical
      applications. 

PMID- 26970829
TI  - Patient and Facility Variation in Costs of VA Heart Failure Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the variation in annual health care
      costs among patients with heart failure in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system.
      BACKGROUND: Heart failure is associated with considerable use of health care
      resources, but little is known about patterns in patient characteristics related
      to higher costs. METHODS: We obtained VA utilization and cost records for all
      patients with a diagnosis of heart failure in fiscal year 2010. We compared total
      VA costs by patient demographic factors, comorbid conditions, and facility where
      they were treated in bivariate analyses. We regressed total costs on patient
      factors alone, VA facility alone, and all factors combined to determine the
      relative contribution of patient factors and facility to explaining cost
      differences. RESULTS: There were 117,870 patients with heart failure, and their
      mean annual VA costs were $30,719 (SD 49,180) with more than one-half of their
      costs from inpatient care. Patients at younger ages, of Hispanic or black
      race/ethnicity, diagnosed with comorbid drug use disorders, or who died during
      the year had the highest costs (all p < 0.01). There was variation in costs by
      facility as mean adjusted costs ranged from approximately $15,000 to $48,000. In
      adjusted analyses, patient factors alone explained more of the variation in
      health care costs (R(2) = 0.116) compared with the facility where the patient was
      treated (R(2) = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: A large variation in costs of heart failure
      patients was observed across facilities, although this was explained largely by
      patient factors. Improving the efficiency of VA resource utilization may require
      increased scrutiny of high-cost patients to determine if adequate value is being
      delivered to those patients.

PMID- 26970830
TI  - Volume Overload Profiles in Patients With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction
      Chronic Heart Failure: Are There Differences? A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to characterize volume profiles and their
      differences in heart failure (HF) patients with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced
      (HFrEF) ventricular systolic function. BACKGROUND: The extent and distribution of
      volume overload and the associated implications for volume management have not
      been studied in decompensated HFpEF compared with HFrEF. METHODS: Total blood
      volume (TBV) was quantitated using a standardized computer-based radiolabeled
      albumin dilution technique. RESULTS: Twenty HFpEF and 35 HFrEF patients were
      evaluated at hospital admission. TBV was expanded by 27 +/- 21% (range -5.2% to
      77%; p = 0.002) and 37 +/- 25% (0% to 107%; p < 0.001), respectively, above
      normal volumes. Red cell mass (RBCM) was expanded in HFrEF (24 +/- 31%; p =
      0.004) but within normal limits in HFpEF (8 +/- 34%; p = 0.660) with, however,
      large variability in both groups. RBCM excess was more prominent in HFrEF (63%
      vs. 45%) than the RBCM deficit in HFpEF (35% vs.14%). With diuresis, TBV
      decreased to 25 +/- 20% (p = 0.029) in HFrEF but was not changed in HFpEF (18 +/-
      20% [p = 0.173]). Body weight declined 6.6 +/- 4.4 kg in HFrEF and 10.5 +/- 8.3
      kg (p = 0.026) in HFpEF. Interstitial fluid losses accounted for 85 +/- 13%
      (HFrEF) and 93 +/- 6% (HFpEF) (p = 0.012) of total volume removed. CONCLUSIONS:
      TBV profiles differ between HFpEF and HFrEF patients with DCHF. Quantitated
      volume analysis revealed both significant RBCM (polycythemia) and plasma volume
      excess in HFrEF, whereas a higher RBCM deficit (true anemia) was demonstrated in
      HFpEF. Diuresis produced only a modest reduction in intravascular volumes with
      persistent hypervolemia in both groups at discharge, but overall more total body
      fluid was lost in HFpEF. These profile differences have implications for
      individualizing volume management.

PMID- 26970831
TI  - Incremental Value of Gait Speed in Predicting Prognosis of Older Adults With
      Heart Failure: Insights From the IMAGE-HF Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between gait
      speed and the risk for death and/or hospital admission in older patients with
      heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: Gait speed is a reliable single marker of frailty
      in older people and can predict falls, disability, hospital admissions, and
      mortality. METHODS: In total, 331 community-living patients >=70 years of age
      (mean age 78 +/- 6 years, 43% women, mean ejection fraction 35 +/- 11%, mean New
      York Heart Association functional class 2.7 +/- 0.6) in stable condition and
      receiving optimized therapy for chronic HF were prospectively enrolled and
      followed for 1 year. Gait speed was measured at the usual pace over 4 m, and
      cutoffs were defined by tertiles: <=0.65, 0.66 to 0.99, and >=1.0 m/s. RESULTS:
      There was a significant association between gait speed tertiles and 1-year
      mortality: 38.3%, 21.9%, and 9.1% (p < 0.001), respectively. On multivariate
      analysis, gait speed was associated with a lower risk for all-cause death (hazard
      ratio: 0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.43 to 0.88) independently of age,
      ejection fraction <20%, systolic blood pressure, anemia, and absence of beta
      blocker therapy. Gait speed was also associated with a lower risk for
      hospitalization for HF and all-cause hospitalization. When gait speed was added
      to the multiparametric Cardiac and Comorbid Conditions Heart Failure risk score,
      it improved the accuracy of risk stratification for all-cause death (net
      reclassification improvement 0.49; 95% confidence interval: 0.26 to 0.73, p <
      0.001) and HF admissions (net reclassification improvement 0.37; 95% confidence
      interval: 0.15 to 0.58; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gait speed is independently
      associated with death, hospitalization for HF, and all-cause hospitalization and
      improves risk stratification in older patients with HF evaluated using the
      Cardiac and Comorbid Conditions Heart Failure score. Assessment of frailty using
      gait speed is simple and should be part of the clinical evaluation process.

PMID- 26970833
TI  - The 21- to 27-year results of the Harris-Galante cementless total hip
      arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Harris-Galante total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a first-generation
      cementless THA with a porous coating for biological fixation of the implant. Many
      studies report excellent long-term results for the acetabular cup, but few long
      term studies exist for the femoral stem because of relatively poor short-term and
      midterm results. Here we present the 21- to 27-year results of the cup and the
      stem of the Harris-Galante THA. METHODS: From 1985 to 1991, 102 Harris-Galante
      THAs were inserted in 82 patients. At the time of the THA, the mean patient age
      was 54 years (range, 20-78 years). The primary diagnosis was secondary
      osteoarthritis due to developmental hip dysplasia (69 [68%] hips). The Japanese
      Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip score and thigh pain were measures of clinical
      outcome. Radiographic review was performed retrospectively. Implant survival was
      evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Of 102 hips, 35 hips were from 31
      deceased patients, 5 patients (6 hips) were lost to follow-up, 12 hips were
      revised, and 49 hips were from patients living at the latest follow-up. Among the
      living patients, 36 hips had a clinical evaluation and 42 hips had a radiograph
      obtained more than 21 years. The JOA hip score improved from 42 points
      preoperatively to 83.5 points at the latest follow-up. Thigh pain was reported in
      13 hips. One cup and four stems were loose at the latest radiographic review.
      Most cup revisions were related to acetabular osteolysis. Fifteen hips showed
      severe stress shielding. Kaplan-Meier analysis of survivorship with any revision,
      acetabular reoperation, stem revision, and stem loosening as the end point was
      87.0%, 90.3%, 95.7% and 86.4%, respectively, at 24.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Long
      term implant survival and clinical results of the Harris-Galante THA were good.
      Acetabular osteolysis-related cup loosening was a problem of the cup. Loosening,
      thigh pain, and stress shielding were problems of the stem.

PMID- 26970832
TI  - Relaxin-2 and Soluble Flt1 Levels in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Results of the
      Multicenter IPAC Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study explored the association of vascular hormones with
      myocardial recovery and clinical outcomes in peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).
      BACKGROUND: PPCM is an uncommon disorder with unknown etiology. Angiogenic
      imbalance may contribute to its pathophysiology. METHODS: In 98 women with newly
      diagnosed PPCM enrolled in the Investigation in Pregnancy Associated
      Cardiomyopathy study, serum was obtained at baseline for analysis of relaxin-2,
      prolactin, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1), and vascular endothelial
      growth factor (VEGF). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was assessed by
      echocardiography at baseline and 2, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: Mean age was 30 +/
      6 years, with a baseline of LVEF 0.35 +/- 0.09. Relaxin-2, prolactin, and sFlt1
      were elevated in women presenting early post-partum, but decreased rapidly and
      were correlated inversely with time from delivery to presentation. In tertile
      analysis, higher relaxin-2 was associated with smaller left ventricular systolic
      diameter (p = 0.006) and higher LVEF at 2 months (p = 0.01). This was
      particularly evident in women presenting soon after delivery (p = 0.02). No
      relationship was evident for myocardial recovery and prolactin, sFlt1 or VEGF
      levels. sFlt1 levels were higher in women with higher New York Heart Association
      functional class (p = 0.01) and adverse clinical events (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS:
      In women with newly diagnosed PPCM, higher relaxin-2 levels soon after delivery
      were associated with myocardial recovery at 2 months. In contrast, higher sFlt1
      levels correlated with more severe symptoms and major adverse clinical events.
      Vascular mediators may contribute to the development of PPCM and influence
      subsequent myocardial recovery. (Investigation in Pregnancy Associate
      Cardiomyopathy [IPAC]; NCT01085955).

PMID- 26970835
TI  - Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors of Graft Extrusion After Lateral Meniscus
      Allograft Transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify risk factors that predict major graft extrusion (>3 mm in
      relation to the margin of the tibial plateau) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      after lateral meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT) using multivariate
      logistic regression. METHODS: In this retrospective trial, inclusion criteria
      were consecutive lateral MATs from January 2004 to June 2013. Exclusion criteria
      were the lack of postoperative MRI, loss to follow-up for minimum 2 years, and
      simultaneous surgery of the articular cartilage or anterior cruciate ligament.
      According to the measured extent of graft extrusion in postoperative MRI, the
      lateral MATs were sorted into minor extrusion and major extrusion groups.
      Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors including age,
      gender, body mass index, time from previous meniscectomy to MAT, extent of
      previous meniscectomy, previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, knee
      alignment angle, Kellgren-Lawrence grade, lateral peripheral osteophyte,
      Outerbridge grade, posterior repair technique the position of bony bridge, and
      axial plane trough angle. RESULTS: Enrolled 72 lateral MATs were sorted into
      minor extrusion (n = 34) and major extrusion groups (n = 38). As time from
      previous meniscectomy to lateral MAT increased, the risk of the major graft
      extrusion after lateral MAT increased (adjusted odds ratio: 1.554, 95% confidence
      interval: 1.089 to 2.218). Increased axial plane trough angle was also a
      significant risk factor (adjusted odds ratio: 8.449, 95% confidence interval:
      1.710 to 42.250). The other parameters were not significant risk factors.
      CONCLUSIONS: Most meniscal grafts after lateral MATs showed major graft
      extrusion. Significant risk factors for the major graft extrusion included
      delayed time from previous meniscectomy to MAT and increased axial plane trough
      angle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

PMID- 26970836
TI  - Global Mental Health for Older Adults.

PMID- 26970834
TI  - The Safety of Using Proximal Anteromedial Portals in Elbow Arthroscopy With Prior
      Ulnar Nerve Transposition.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the safety of using the proximal anteromedial portal, using a
      simplified ulnar nerve management strategy derived from an earlier study, in a
      series of patients with previously transposed ulnar nerves. METHODS: A
      retrospective review of all elbow arthroscopies performed by a single surgeon
      from 2009 to 2014 was performed. The following techniques were used if, by
      palpation, localization of the ulnar nerve was considered to be certain (group 1)
      or uncertain (group 2): In group 1 (certain) the proximal anteromedial portal was
      established in the normal antegrade fashion. In group 2 (uncertain) a 1- to 3-cm
      incision was made at the planned proximal anteromedial portal site, and blunt
      dissection down to the capsule was performed without identification of the nerve.
      The nerve was not visualized but sometimes was palpated through the wound to
      confirm its location anteriorly or posteriorly. If there was a disparity between
      the prior operative records and the physical examination findings, the nerve was
      explored through a 3- to 4-cm incision. RESULTS: We reviewed 394 elbow
      arthroscopy cases, 22 of which had a prior transposed ulnar nerve (21
      subcutaneous and 1 submuscular) that required anterior-compartment arthroscopic
      surgery. Group 1 (certain location) consisted of 9 elbows (41%), whereas group 2
      (uncertain location) consisted of 13 (59%). In 2 cases in group 2, the ulnar
      nerve was explored because of the disparity between the previous medical records
      and the physical examination findings. There were no operative ulnar nerve
      injuries related to the use of the proximal anteromedial portal. CONCLUSIONS: The
      proximal anteromedial portal was able to be used safely in patients with prior
      transposition of the ulnar nerve. This was achieved by using an algorithm based
      on the degree of certainty with which the nerve can be localized in the region of
      the planned portal by clinical palpation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV,
      therapeutic case series.

PMID- 26970837
TI  - [Prevalence of potentially inappropriate drug prescription in the elderly].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: One of the causes of preventable adverse drug events (ADES) in
      older patients constitutes inappropriate prescription of drugs (PIM). The PIM is
      where risks exceed the clinical benefit. Several instruments can be use to
      measure this problem, the most used are: a) Beers criteria; b) Screening tool to
      Older People Potentially inappropriate Prescription (STOPP); c) Screening tool to
      Alert Doctors to Right Appropriate indicated Treatments (START); d) The
      Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI). This study aims to assess the prevalence
      of PIM, in a population of older adults in three clinical scopes of university
      hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: cross sectional study of 300 cases from a random
      sample of fields: hospitalization (n=100), ambulatory (n=100) and emergency
      (n=100), all patients over 65 years old or more who where treated at our
      hospital. RESULTS: 1355 prescription drugs were analized, finding patients
      hospitalized (PIM) of 57.7%, 55%, 26%, and 80% according to Beers, in ambulatory
      36%, 36.5%, 5% and 52% with the same tools and in emergency 35%, 35%, 6% y 52%
      with the same tools. Was found significant association the PIM with polipharmacy
      with Beers, STOPP and MAI. CONCLUSIONS: results can be compare to world
      literature (26-80% vs 11-73.1%). The STOPP-START used in an integrated manner
      would be best estimating the problem of PIM.

PMID- 26970838
TI  - A comparison between occlusive and exposure dressing in the management of burn
      wound.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Two types of dressing, occlusive and exposure dressing, are
      commonly used in burn units. A dressing is said to be occlusive if a moist wound
      surface is maintained when the dressing is in place. This study was designed to
      compare the effectiveness of occlusive and exposure dressing in controlling burn
      infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred patients with second-degree burns
      admitted to Mottahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, over a period of 12 months from May
      2012 to May 2013 were studied. They were divided into two groups of 100 each, to
      receive either occlusive or exposure dressing. During the first week of
      treatment, wound specimens were obtained by sterile swab and cultured in
      selective media. Demographics (age and gender), burn areas, cause of burn, length
      of hospital stay (LOS), type of infections and time to total healing were
      compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Occlusive dressing was more susceptible
      to microbial contamination and infections than exposure dressing. The mean
      duration of treatment based on epithelialization and healing in occlusive
      dressing was longer than for exposure dressing. The most common isolate was
      Pseudomonas spp., followed by Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
      aureus, Acinetobacter, and Klebsiella spp. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure dressing was
      more suitable than occlusive dressing for treating partial-thickness at our
      center. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common organism encountered in burn
      infection.

PMID- 26970839
TI  - Radiation dose reduction in CT with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction
      (ASIR) for patients with bronchial carcinoma and intrapulmonary metastases.
AB  - AIM: To compare the radiation dose and image quality of 64-row chest computed
      tomography (CT) in patients with bronchial carcinoma or intrapulmonary metastases
      using full-dose CT reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) at baseline
      and reduced dose with 40% adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) at
      follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest CT images of patients who underwent
      FBP and ASIR studies were reviewed. Dose-length products (DLP), effective dose,
      and size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs) were obtained. Image quality was
      analysed quantitatively by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise
      ratio (CNR) measurement. In addition, image quality was assessed by two blinded
      radiologists evaluating images for noise, contrast, artefacts, visibility of
      small structures, and diagnostic acceptability using a five-point scale. RESULTS:
      The ASIR studies showed 36% reduction in effective dose compared with the FBP
      studies. The qualitative and quantitative image quality was good to excellent in
      both protocols, without significant differences. There were also no significant
      differences for SNR except for the SNR of lung surrounding the tumour (FBP: 35+/
      17, ASIR: 39+/-22). DISCUSSION: A protocol with 40% ASIR can provide
      approximately 36% dose reduction in chest CT of patients with bronchial carcinoma
      or intrapulmonary metastases while maintaining excellent image quality.

PMID- 26970840
TI  - The Use and Abuse of LexA by Mobile Genetic Elements.
AB  - The SOS response is an essential process for responding to DNA damage in
      bacteria. The expression of SOS genes is under the control of LexA, a global
      transcription factor that undergoes self-cleavage during stress to allow the
      expression of DNA repair functions and delay cell division until the damage is
      rectified. LexA also regulates genes that are not part of this cell rescue
      program, and the induction of bacteriophages, the movement of pathogenicity
      islands, and the expression of virulence factors and bacteriocins are all
      controlled by this important transcription factor. Recently it has emerged that
      when regulating the expression of genes from mobile genetic elements (MGEs), LexA
      often does so in concert with a corepressor. This accessory regulator can either
      be a host-encoded global transcription factor, which responds to various
      metabolic changes, or a factor that is encoded for by the MGE itself. Thus, the
      coupling of LexA-mediated regulation to a secondary transcription factor not only
      detaches LexA from its primary SOS role, but also fine-tunes gene expression from
      the MGE, enabling it to respond to multiple stresses. Here we discuss the
      mechanisms of such coordinated regulation and its implications for cells carrying
      such MGEs. 

PMID- 26970841
TI  - Trends in the Incidence of Lung Cancer Hospitalizations in Spain, 2001-2011.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in the incidence, diagnostic procedures,
      comorbidity, length of hospital stay and costs of patients hospitalized for lung
      cancer in Spain between 2001 and 2011. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study
      including all patients hospitalised with a primary diagnosis of lung cancer
      between 2001 and 2011. Data were collected from the National Hospital Discharge
      Database, encompassing the entire Spanish population. Economic and
      sociodemographic characteristics and health-related variables were analyzed.
      RESULTS: A total of 298,435 hospitalizations occurred. The overall crude
      incidence increased from 61.18 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2001 to 65.08 per
      100,000 in 2011 (P <.05), with a decrease in men and a proportionate increase in
      women. The age group with the highest incidence was 70 to 79 years. In 2001, 4.5%
      of patients had a Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) >2, and in 2011, prevalence of
      CCI >2 increased to 9.1% (P<.05). Mean length of hospital stay decreased during
      the study period. Computed tomography was the most common procedure. Mean cost
      per patient increased from ?4,471.22 in 2001 to ?5,562.54 (P<.05) in 2011.
      Factors related to the incidence of hospitalizations were age, sex and year of
      study in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We found a decrease in the rate
      of hospitalizations in men and an increase in women, with a concomitant increase
      in comorbidities and cost; however, length of hospital stay decreased. Factors
      related to incidence of hospitalizations were age, sex and year of study.

PMID- 26970842
TI  - Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using supercritical carbon
      dioxide extraction.
AB  - Continuing technological development decreases the useful lifetime of electronic
      equipment, resulting in the generation of waste and the need for new and more
      efficient recycling processes. The objective of this work is to study the
      effectiveness of supercritical fluids for the leaching of cobalt contained in
      lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). For comparative purposes, leaching tests are
      performed with supercritical CO2 and co-solvents, as well as under conventional
      conditions. In both cases, sulfuric acid and H2O2 are used as reagents. The
      solution obtained from the supercritical leaching is processed using
      electrowinning in order to recover the cobalt. The results show that at
      atmospheric pressure, cobalt leaching is favored by increasing the amount of H2O2
      (from 0 to 8% v/v). The use of supercritical conditions enable extraction of more
      than 95wt% of the cobalt, with reduction of the reaction time from 60min (the
      time employed in leaching at atmospheric pressure) to 5min, and a reduction in
      the concentration of H2O2 required from 8 to 4% (v/v). Electrowinning using a
      leach solution achieve a current efficiency of 96% and a deposit with cobalt
      concentration of 99.5wt%. 

PMID- 26970843
TI  - Use of recycled plastics in concrete: A critical review.
AB  - Plastics have become an essential part of our modern lifestyle, and the global
      plastic production has increased immensely during the past 50years. This has
      contributed greatly to the production of plastic-related waste. Reuse of waste
      and recycled plastic materials in concrete mix as an environmental friendly
      construction material has drawn attention of researchers in recent times, and a
      large number of studies reporting the behavior of concrete containing waste and
      recycled plastic materials have been published. This paper summarizes the current
      published literature until 2015, discussing the material properties and recycling
      methods of plastic and the influence of plastic materials on the properties of
      concrete. To provide a comprehensive review, a total of 84 studies were
      considered, and they were classified into sub categories based on whether they
      dealt with concrete containing plastic aggregates or plastic fibers. Furthermore,
      the morphology of concrete containing plastic materials is described in this
      paper to explain the influence of plastic aggregates and plastic fibers on the
      properties of concrete. The properties of concretes containing virgin plastic
      materials were also reviewed to establish their similarities and differences with
      concrete containing recycled plastics. 

PMID- 26970844
TI  - Measuring treatment costs of typical waste electrical and electronic equipment: A
      pre-research for Chinese policy making.
AB  - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) volume is increasing, worldwide.
      In 2011, the Chinese government issued new regulations on WEEE recycling and
      disposal, establishing a WEEE treatment subsidy funded by a levy on producers of
      electrical and electronic equipment. In order to evaluate WEEE recycling
      treatment costs and revenue possibilities under the new regulations, and to
      propose suggestions for cost-effective WEEE management, a comprehensive revenue
      expenditure model (REM), were established for this study, including 7 types of
      costs, 4 types of fees, and one type of revenue. Since TV sets dominated the
      volume of WEEE treated from 2013 to 2014, with a contribution rate of 87.3%, TV
      sets were taken as a representative case. Results showed that the treatment cost
      varied from 46.4RMB/unit to 82.5RMB/unit, with a treatment quantity of 130,000
      units to 1,200,000 units per year in China. Collection cost accounted for the
      largest portion (about 70.0%), while taxes and fees (about 11.0 %) and labor cost
      (about 7.0 %) contributed less. The average costs for disposal, sales, and taxes
      had no influence on treatment quantity (TQ). TQ might have an adverse effect on
      average labor and management costs; while average collection and purchase fees,
      and financing costs, would vary with purchase price, and the average sales fees
      and taxes would vary with the sales of dismantled materials and other recycled
      products. Recycling enterprises could reduce their costs by setting up online and
      offline collection platforms, cooperating with individual collectors, creating
      door-to-door collection channels, improving production efficiency and reducing
      administrative expenditures. The government could provide economic incentives
      such as subsidies, low-cost loans, tax cuts and credits-and could also raise
      public awareness of waste management and environmental protection, in order to
      capture some of the WEEE currently discarded into the general waste stream.
      Foreign companies with advanced WEEE utilization technology could invest or
      participate in this area, producing profits for themselves while helping to
      develop and implement environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies
      applicable to the Chinese market.

PMID- 26970845
TI  - Validated UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of pramipexole
      and ropinirole in plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - A simple and validated ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the
      dopaminergic agents pramipexole and ropinirole in plasma of patients with
      Parkinson's disease. Following liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl
      ether from 250MUL plasma, the separation of the analytes was achieved on a Gemini
      NX3 column using 10mM pH 6.0 ammonium formate and 10mM ammonium formate in
      methanol as binary gradient mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3mL/min. The MS/MS
      ion transitions were 212.10->153.03 for pramipexole, 261.2->114.2 for ropinirole
      and 256.1->211 for the internal standard (lamotrigine). The lower limit of
      quantitation (LLOQ) for both analytes was 80pg/mL and the linearity was
      determined from 80 to 4000pg/mL for pramipexole and from 200 to 10000pg/mL for
      ropinirole. Mean recoveries were 94% for PRA and 73% for ROP. Both intra- and
      inter-assay precision and accuracy were <=20% at LLOQ concentration and <=15% at
      other concentrations. The proposed validated method was successfully applied to
      measure plasma concentrations of pramipexole and ropinirole in a series of
      patients with Parkinson's disease on chronic treatment. By grouping the two
      dopaminergic agents in the same assay, the method allows a large series of
      patient samples to be processed in a single analytical session. 

PMID- 26970846
TI  - Simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin and ofloxacin in physiological fluids
      using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
AB  - A novel, sensitive and validated RP-HPLC-UV method was developed for simultaneous
      determination of moxifloxacin and ofloxacin using timolol maleate as internal
      standard in physiological fluids. Different experimental parameters were
      optimized and validated according to international guidelines. Complete
      separation of the analytes was achieved with Kromasil 100-5C18 analytical column
      (250mm*4.6mm*5MUm), methanol and 0.05% trifloroacetic acid (TFA) (38:62v/v) were
      used as mobile phase, pumped at flow rate of 1.1ml/min in isocratic phase, column
      oven temperature maintained at 45 degrees C and detection wavelength of 290nm.
      Protein precipitation method was applied to extract the drugs from human plasma
      and bovine aqueous humor samples using methanol as precipitating solvent. This
      method is linear in concentration range of 0.018-100MUg/ml for moxifloxacin and
      0.014-20MUg/ml for ofloxacin. The recoveries of the method were 97.52 and 97.39%
      in human plasma for MX and OFN respectively, while in aqueous humor 94.48% for
      MX. The LOD values in plasma were found to be 10.0 and 8.00ng/ml for MX and OFN
      respectively, while their respective LOQ values were 18.0 and 14ng/ml. In aqueous
      humor the LOD and LOQ for MX were 16.0 and 24ng/ml respectively. In future, this
      method will be used to study the pharmacokinetic profile of moxifloxacin and
      ofloxacin in biological fluids and pharmaceutical products. 

PMID- 26970848
TI  - Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric
      assay for quantitative analyses of triptans in hair.
AB  - Triptans are specific drugs widely used for acute treatment of migraine, being
      selective 5HT1B/1D receptor agonists. A proper assumption of triptans is very
      important for an effective treatment; nevertheless patients often underuse,
      misuse, overuse or use triptans inconsistently, i.e., not following the
      prescribed therapy. Drug analysis in hair can represent a powerful tool for
      monitoring the compliance of the patient to the therapy, since it can greatly
      increase the time-window of detection compared to analyses in biological fluids,
      such as plasma or urine. In the present study, a liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the
      quantitative analysis in human hair of five triptans commonly prescribed in
      Italy: almotriptan (AL), eletriptan (EP), rizatriptan (RIZ), sumatriptan (SUM)
      and zolmitriptan (ZP). Hair samples were decontaminated and incubated overnight
      in diluted hydrochloric acid; the extracts were purified by mixed-mode SPE
      cartridges and analyzed by LC-MS/MS under gradient elution in positive multiple
      reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The procedure was fully validated in terms of
      selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation
      (LLOQ), accuracy, precision, carry-over, recovery, matrix effect and dilution
      integrity. The method was linear in the range 10-1000pg/mg hair, with R(2) values
      of at least 0.990; the validated LLOQ values were in the range 5-7pg/mg hair. The
      method offered satisfactory precision (RSD <10%), accuracy (90-110%) and recovery
      (>85%) values. The validated procedure was applied on 147 authentic hair samples
      from subjects being treated in the Headache Centre of Modena University Hospital
      in order to verify the possibility of monitoring the corresponding hair levels
      for the taken triptans. 

PMID- 26970847
TI  - Functional hydrophilic polystyrene beads with uniformly size and high cross
      linking degree facilitated rapid separation of exenatide.
AB  - A high cross-linking polystyrene(PSt)-based anion-exchange material with
      uniformly size, high ion exchange capacity, and high hydrophilicity was
      synthesized by a novel surface functionalization approach in this study.
      Uniformly sized PSt microspheres were prepared by the membrane emulsion
      polymerization strategy, and then modified by (1) conversing resid ual surface
      vinyl groups to epoxy groups followed by quaternization, and (2) decorating
      aromatic ring matrix including nitration, reduction and attachment of
      glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride. The 3-D morphology and porous features of
      microspheres were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force
      microscopy (AFM). The surface of the modified PSt became roughness but the
      particle size remained same. Meanwhile, FT-IR spectra and laser scanning confocal
      microscope (LCSM) indicated that the modification groups had been successfully
      covalently coated onto the PSt microspheres. Modified PSt microspheres showed
      greatly improved hydrophilicity and biocompatibility with 0.387mmol/mL ion
      exchange capacity (IEC). In the application evaluation procedure, exenatide can
      be purified from 42.9% (peptide crudes) to 88.6% by modified PSt column with
      97.1% recovery yield. This modified PSt microspheres had a large potential in
      application for efficient separation of peptides. 

PMID- 26970849
TI  - A novel method for simultaneous quantification of alpha-aminoadipic
      semialdehyde/piperideine-6-carboxylate and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Elevated levels of pipecolic acid (PA), alpha-aminoadipic
      semialdehyde (AASA) and its cyclic form Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C)
      are characteristic of pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE), a rare disorder of
      inborn error of metabolism. Recent studies showed the effectiveness of dietary
      therapy in PDE patients and emphasized the importance of the assessment of these
      metabolites for monitoring treatment efficacy. The objective of this study was to
      develop a robust and sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of AASA-P6C
      and PA in plasma and urine. DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma and urine samples were
      derivatized with 3N HCl in n-butanol (v/v) and injected onto ACQUITY BEH-C18
      column. A gradient of water/methanol containing 0.1% formic acid was used for the
      chromatographic separation of AASA, P6C and PA. The analytes' concentrations were
      calculated using their calibration curves and the sum of AASA and P6C (AASA-P6C)
      was calculated. To evaluate the clinical utility of this test, samples from
      unaffected controls and patients with confirmed PDE were analyzed. RESULTS: The
      performance characteristics of the assay as well as sample stability and
      interferences were determined. The intra- and inter- assay CVs were <=2.9% and
      <=10.9% for AASA-P6C, and <=3.3% and <=12.6% for PA, respectively. Reference
      ranges for AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine were established. Comparison of
      values obtained from unaffected controls and PDE patients showed high clinical
      sensitivity and specificity of the assay. CONCLUSIONS: This novel method for the
      simultaneous quantification of AASA-P6C and PA in plasma and urine can be used in
      a clinical laboratory setting for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with
      PDE.

PMID- 26970851
TI  - The treatment of problematic hemangiomas in children with propranolol and 940nm
      diode laser.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemangiomas are common skin lesion, affecting 10-12% of children
      <1year of age. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect and safety
      of systemic propranolol (Pr) therapy in combination with 940nm diode laser for
      the treatment of severe hemangiomas. METHODS: Patients (123: 11 with vascular
      malformations and 112 with infantile hemangiomas (IH)) were enrolled in the
      study. They were initially treated with: systemic Pr therapy (2-2.5mg/kg/day) for
      6-8months. Following completion of Pr therapy, patients with significant residual
      lesions (n-61) were treated with photothermolysis (laser therapy). RESULTS: Pr
      therapy had no effect on the color and volume of the vascular malformations. Pr
      therapy alone demonstrated a reduction in both volume and color of the IH. Laser
      therapy resulted in a continued improvement in the appearance of the IH with 84%
      of patients experiencing a residual volume of 0% compared to the original and 89%
      experiencing a decrease to between 0 and 20% of original color. There were no
      adverse events associated with laser therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      demonstrates that the addition of laser therapy to Pr therapy for the treatment
      of IH in children is well tolerated with a very acceptable cosmetic result.

PMID- 26970850
TI  - Flap versus fascial closure for gastroschisis: a systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Flap closure represents an alternative to fascial closure for
      gastroschisis. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes
      comparing these techniques. METHODS: A registered systematic review ( PROSPERO:
      CRD42015016745) of comparative studies was performed, querying multiple databases
      without language or date restrictions. Gray literature was sought. Outcomes
      analyzed included: mortality, ventilation days, feeding parameters, length of
      stay (LOS), wound infection, resource utilization, and umbilical hernia
      incidence. Multiple reviewers independently assessed study eligibility and
      literature quality. Meta-analysis of outcomes was performed where appropriate
      (Revman 5.2). RESULTS: Twelve studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were
      multi-institutional. Quality assessment revealed unbiased patient selection and
      exposure, but group comparability was suboptimal in four studies. Overall, 1124
      patients were evaluated, of which 350 underwent flap closure (210 immediately;
      140 post-silo). Meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in mortality,
      LOS, or feeding parameters between groups. Flap patients had less wound
      infections (OR 0.40 [95%CI 0.22-0.74], P=0.003). While flap patients had an
      increased risk of umbilical hernia, they were less likely to undergo repair (19%
      vs. 41%; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Flap closure has equivalent or superior outcomes
      to fascial closure for patients with gastroschisis. Given potential advantages of
      bedside closure and reduced sedation requirements, flap closure may represent the
      preferred closure strategy.

PMID- 26970853
TI  - Cognitive framing in action.
AB  - Cognitive framing effects have been widely reported in higher-level decision
      making and have been ascribed to rules of thumb for quick thinking. No such
      demonstrations have been reported for physical action, as far as we know, but
      they would be expected if cognition for physical action is fundamentally similar
      to cognition for higher-level decision-making. To test for such effects, we asked
      participants to reach for a horizontally-oriented pipe to move it from one height
      to another while turning the pipe 180 degrees  to bring one end (the "business
      end") to a target on the left or right. From a physical perspective, participants
      could have always rotated the pipe in the same angular direction no matter which
      end was the business end; a given participant could have always turned the pipe
      clockwise or counter-clockwise. Instead, our participants turned the business end
      counter-clockwise for left targets and clockwise for right targets. Thus, the way
      the identical physical task was framed altered the way it was performed. This
      finding is consistent with the hypothesis that cognition for physical action is
      fundamentally similar to cognition for higher-level decision-making. A
      tantalizing possibility is that higher-level decision heuristics have roots in
      the control of physical action, a hypothesis that accords with embodied views of
      cognition. 

PMID- 26970852
TI  - Partial sialoadenectomy for the treatment of benign tumours in the submandibular
      gland.
AB  - The conventional treatment for benign tumours arising in the submandibular gland
      (SMG) has always involved whole gland excision with the tumour. In light of
      developments in parotid gland functional surgery, this prospective study was
      performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of partial sialoadenectomy
      (PS) for benign tumours in comparison with conventional total sialoadenectomy
      (TS). Thirty-one consecutive patients with a preoperative diagnosis of benign
      tumour in the SMG were included in the study from December 2008 to December 2010.
      Eleven patients were treated with PS and 20 patients underwent conventional TS.
      Salivary gland function and surgery-related complications were assessed. No
      difference in resting saliva flow was found between the two groups before the
      operation, while this was significantly higher in the PS group than in the TS
      group at 1 year after surgery (P=0.009). With regard to complications, there was
      less deformity in facial appearance in the PS group. There was no recurrence in
      any of the 31 patients during the follow-up period (range 41-82 months). It is
      believed that this modification to SMG surgery is consistent with the idea of
      functional and minimal invasive salivary gland surgery. This technique represents
      a good choice for the management of benign tumours of the SMG for appropriately
      selected cases. 

PMID- 26970854
TI  - Mood migration: How enfacing a smile makes you happier.
AB  - People tend to perceive the face of another person more as their own if own and
      other face are stroked in synchrony-the enfacement illusion. We conceptually
      replicated the enfacement illusion in a virtual reality environment, in which
      participants could control the movements of a virtual face by moving and touching
      their own face. We then used this virtual enfacement illusion to study whether
      enfacing a virtual face would also involve adopting the emotion that this face is
      expressing. As predicted, participants adopted the expressed emotion, as
      indicated by higher valence scores and better performance in a mood-sensitive
      divergent-thinking task when facing a happy virtual face, if the virtual face
      moved in synchrony with their own head movements. This suggests that impact on or
      control over another person's facial movements invite "mood migration" from the
      person one identifies with to oneself. 

PMID- 26970855
TI  - Positive associations of serum perfluoroalkyl substances with uric acid and
      hyperuricemia in children from Taiwan.
AB  - To investigate the risk of hyperuricemia in relation to Perfluoroalkyl substances
      (PFASs) in children from Taiwan, 225 Taiwanese children aged 12-15 years were
      recruited from 2009 to 2010. Linear and logistic regression models were employed
      to examine the influence of PFASs on serum uric acid levels. Findings revealed
      that eight of ten PFASs analyses were detected in >94% of the participants' serum
      samples. Multivariate linear regression models revealed that perfluorooctanic
      acid (PFOA) was positively associated with serum uric acid levels (beta = 0.1463,
      p < 0.05). Of all the PFASs analyses, only PFOA showed a significant effect on
      elevated levels of hyperuricemia (aOR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.29-3.61). When stratified
      by gender, the association between serum PFOA and uric acid levels was only
      evident among boys (aOR = 2.76, 95%CI: 1.37-5.56). In conclusion, PFOA was found
      to be associated with elevated serum levels of uric acid in Taiwanese children,
      especially boys. Further research is needed to elucidate these links. 

PMID- 26970856
TI  - Sub-lethal effects of water-based drilling muds on the deep-water sponge Geodia
      barretti.
AB  - Offshore oil and gas activities can result in the discharge of large amounts of
      drilling muds. While these materials have generally been regarded as non-toxic to
      marine organisms, recent studies have demonstrated negative impacts to suspension
      feeding organisms. We exposed the arctic-boreal sponge Geodia barretti to the
      primary particulate components of two water-based drilling muds; barite and
      bentonite. Sponges were exposed to barite, bentonite and a natural reference
      sediment at a range of total suspended solid concentrations (TSS = 0, 10, 50 or
      100 mg/L) for 12 h after which we measured a suite of biomarker responses
      (lysosomal membrane stability, lipid peroxidation and glutathione). In addition,
      we compared biomarker responses, organic energy content and metal accumulation in
      sponges, which had been continuously or intermittently exposed to suspended
      barite and natural sediment for 14 d at relevant concentrations (10 and 30 mg
      TSS/L). Lysosomal membrane stability was reduced in the sponges exposed to barite
      at 50 and 100 mg TSS/L after just 12 h and at 30 mg TSS/L for both continuous and
      intermittent exposures over 14 d. Evidence of compromised cellular viability was
      accompanied by barite analysis revealing concentrations of Cu and Pb well above
      reference sediments and Norwegian sediment quality guidelines. Metal
      bioaccumulation in sponge tissues was low and the total organic energy content
      (determined by the elemental composition of organic tissue) was not affected.
      Intermittent exposures to barite resulted in less toxicity than continuous
      exposure to barite. Short term exposures to bentonite did not alter any biomarker
      responses. This is the first time that these biomarkers have been used to
      indicate contaminant exposure in an arctic-boreal sponge. Our results illustrate
      the potential toxicity of barite and the importance of assessments that reflect
      the ways in which these contaminants are delivered under environmentally
      realistic conditions. 

PMID- 26970857
TI  - Feature-based MRI data fusion for cardiac arrhythmia studies.
AB  - Current practices in studying cardiac arrhythmias primarily use electrical or
      optical surface recordings of a heart, spatially limited transmural recordings,
      and mathematical models. However, given that such arrhythmias occur on a 3D
      myocardial tissue, information obtained from such practices lack in dimension,
      completeness, and are sometimes prone to oversimplification. The combination of
      complementary Magnetic-Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based techniques such as Current
      Density Imaging (CDI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) could provide more depth
      to current practices in assessing the cardiac arrhythmia dynamics in entire cross
      sections of myocardium. In this work, we present an approach utilizing feature
      based data fusion methods to demonstrate that complimentary information obtained
      from electrical current distribution and structural properties within a heart
      could be quantified and enhanced. Twelve (12) pairs of CDI and DTI image data
      sets were gathered from porcine hearts perfused through a Langendorff setup.
      Images were fused together using feature-based data fusion techniques such as
      Joint Independent Component Analysis (jICA), Canonical Correlation Analysis
      (CCA), and their combination (CCA+jICA). The results suggest that the
      complimentary information of cardiac states from CDI and DTI are enhanced and are
      better classified with the use of data fusion methods. For each data set, an
      increase in mean correlations of fused images were observed with 38% increase
      from CCA+jICA compared to the original images while mean mutual information of
      the fused images from jICA and CCA+jICA increased by approximately three-fold. We
      conclude that MRI-based techniques present potential viable tools in furthering
      studies for cardiac arrhythmias especially Ventricular Fibrillation. 

PMID- 26970858
TI  - Parents' experiences and needs regarding physical and occupational therapy for
      their young children with cerebral palsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences and needs of parents of young children
      (aged 2-4 years) with cerebral palsy (CP) regarding their child's physical and
      occupational therapy process in a rehabilitation setting. METHODS: A qualitative
      design was used involving semi-structured interviews with 21 parents of young
      children with CP. Interviews were conducted until informational redundancy was
      achieved. RESULTS: Three major themes were identified: Information, communication
      and partnership. A fourth, overarching theme emerged: The process of parent
      empowerment. Experiences and needs differed between parents and changed over
      time. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that various themes play a key role in the
      experiences and needs of parents of young children with CP. The identified themes
      provide important insights into how and why service providers might change their
      approach. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Becoming empowered is a dynamic process for
      parents, in which both parents and service providers play a role. Service
      providers should continually adapt their role to parents' needs of information,
      communication and partnership, and they should support and facilitate parents in
      becoming empowered. For that, service providers should be educated on the process
      of parent empowerment, on ways to facilitate this process and on the importance
      of involving and interacting with parents. This allows families of young children
      with CP to be provided with services that best suit their needs.

PMID- 26970859
TI  - Executive functions in adults with developmental dyslexia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Executive functioning (EF) deficits are well recognized in
      developmental dyslexia, yet the majority of studies have concerned children
      rather than adults, ignored the subjective experience of the individual with
      dyslexia (with regard to their own EFs), and have not followed current
      theoretical perspectives on EFs. AIMS AND METHODS: The current study addressed
      these shortfalls by administering a self-report measure of EF (BRIEF-A; Roth,
      Isquith, & Gioia, 2005) and experimental tasks to IQ-matched groups of adults
      with and without dyslexia. The laboratory-based tasks tested the three factors
      constituting the framework of EF proposed by Miyake et al. (2000). RESULTS: In
      comparison to the group without dyslexia, the participants with dyslexia self
      reported more frequent EF problems in day-to-day life, with these difficulties
      centering on metacognitive processes (working memory, planning, task monitoring,
      and organization) rather than on the regulation of emotion and behaviour. The
      participants with dyslexia showed significant deficits in EF (inhibition, set
      shifting, and working memory). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The findings
      indicated that dyslexia-related problems have an impact on the daily experience
      of adults with the condition. Further, EF difficulties are present in adulthood
      across a range of laboratory-based measures, and, given the nature of the
      experimental tasks presented, extend beyond difficulties related solely to
      phonological processing.

PMID- 26970860
TI  - Acute Interstitial Nephritis Following Snake Envenomation: A Single-Center
      Experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify the clinical and histopathological characteristics of
      patients who develop acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) following snake
      envenomation. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with snake
      envenomation-induced AIN from October 2013 to November 2014. RESULTS: After snake
      envenomation, 88 patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI). Biopsies were
      performed on 7 patients due to nonrecovery of kidney function. Among these, 5
      patients had AIN. Thus, AIN accounted for 5.7% of snakebite-related acute kidney
      injury. All patients had severe envenomation at presentation and had prolonged
      renal failure. Kidney biopsy found a mixed infiltrate composed of predominantly
      lymphocytes, with variable proportions of other cells including eosinophils
      neutrophils and plasma cells. The response rate to corticosteroids was 80%.
      CONCLUSIONS: AIN after snake bite is not uncommon. AIN needs to be considered in
      patients with persistent renal failure after snake envenomation. Identifying this
      complication is of utmost importance because of the potentially reversible
      nature.

PMID- 26970861
TI  - Radiological and clinical features of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in newborns
      and older children.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) represents an
      increasingly recognized cause of pediatric stroke. Our purpose was to assess
      gender and age differences in the etiology, clinical presentation, and imaging
      features of CSVT in neonates and older children. METHODS: Subjects aged newborn
      to 18 years diagnosed with CSVT at the Lille university hospital between 2011 and
      2014 were included. RESULTS: Eleven neonates and 16 non-neonates constituted the
      study population. The incidence of CSVT was significantly higher in male
      newborns. Clinical presentation did not vary significantly between the groups.
      Risk factors were age-dependent, with acute systemic illnesses significantly
      predominating in neonates (54%), whereas local infections, prothrombotic
      conditions, and trauma were more common in older children (36, 27, and 27%
      respectively). No predisposing factor could be identified in 36% of the neonates
      as compared to less than 5% of the non-neonates. Thrombosis of the deep venous
      structures was documented in 73% of the neonates whereas involvement of the
      superficial sinuses was significantly more frequent in the non-neonates group.
      Venous infarctions and extraparenchymal hemorrhages were significantly more
      frequent in the neonates group. CONCLUSION: Male patients are at higher risk for
      CSVT than females. In neonates, involvement of the deep venous structures is
      significantly more common. Brain parenchymal and extraparenchymal changes occur
      more frequently in this age group than in older children.

PMID- 26970863
TI  - The long-term use of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure.

PMID- 26970862
TI  - Pituitary Microsomal Autoantibodies in Patients with Childhood-Onset Combined
      Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: an Antigen Identification Attempt.
AB  - The role of autoimmunization in the pathogenesis of pituitary disorders is poorly
      understood. The presence of pituitary autoantibodies (APA) has been detected in
      various pituitary disorders. Their role, however, remains elusive. Childhood
      onset combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) may be caused by environmental
      or genetic factors. In some of patients, causes of the disease remain unclear and
      contributions of autoimmune processes have been postulated. The aim of this study
      was to identify the microsomes-derived pituitary antigens (MPA) as potential
      immunogenic autoantigens in patients with hypopituitarism, therefore 62 CPHD
      patients, 100 healthy controls and five autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II
      (APS II) patients were included in the study. The clinical evaluation included
      hormonal tests and magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary. The sources of
      MPA were pituitary glands taken from autopsies. Isolated MPA were then separated
      on SDS-PAGE gel and incubated with sera obtained from patients and controls.
      Microsomal APA were detected using Western blot and radioimmunological method. In
      all CPHD and APS II patients and in 9 % individuals from control group marked
      immunoreactivity was detected against MPA. Antibodies showed high affinity to 67,
      60, 50 and 36 kDa MPAs. Since the identified autoantigens were of unknown nature,
      an in silico exploration of UniProt database was applied and indicated their
      possible relationship with chaperones, golgins and already known autoantigens
      like GAD67. Reactivity against MPA indicates that these proteins certainly play a
      role in the processes undergoing within pituitary of CPHD patients. The
      identification and further detailed studies on their role in the pathogenesis of
      CPHD should be continued.

PMID- 26970864
TI  - Rapid and selective brain cooling method using vortex tube: A feasibility study.
AB  - Vortex tubes are simple mechanical devices to produce cold air from a stream of
      compressed air without any moving parts. The primary focus of the current study
      is to investigate the feasibility and efficiency of nasopharyngeal brain cooling
      method using a vortex tube. Experiments were conducted on 5 juvenile pigs.
      Nasopharygeal brain cooling was achieved by directing cooled air via a catheter
      in each nostril into the nasal cavities. A vortex tube was used to generate cold
      air using various sources of compressed air: (I) hospital medical air outlet (n =
      1); (II) medical air cylinders (n = 3); and (III) scuba (diving) cylinders (n =
      1). By using compressed air from a hospital medical air outlet at fixed inlet
      pressure of 50 PSI, maximum brain-rectal temperature gradient of -2 degrees C was
      reached about 45-60 minutes by setting the flow rate of 25 L/min and temperature
      of -7 degrees C at the cold air outlet. Similarly, by using medical air cylinders
      at fill-pressure of 2265 PSI and down regulate the inlet pressure to the vortex
      tube to 50 PSI, brain temperature could be reduced more rapidly by blowing -22
      degrees C +/- 2 degrees C air at a flow rate of 50 L/min; brain-body temperature
      gradient of -8 degrees C was obtained about 30 minutes. Furthermore, we examined
      scuba cylinders as a portable source of compressed gas supply to the vortex tube.
      Likewise, by setting up the vortex tube to have an inlet pressure of 25 PSI and
      50 L/min and -3 degrees C at the cold air outlet, brain temperature decreased 4.5
      degrees C within 10-20 min.

PMID- 26970865
TI  - Speaking Up For Science.
AB  - Communicating science and being an advocate for public support of research are
      critical roles for scientists. However, despite having the most relevant
      expertise, many of us do not get involved in matters bridging science and policy.
      Here I discuss the importance of science advocacy by researchers, and present
      strategies for communicating the relevance of your work to the public and elected
      officials, including the crafting of a two-minute pitch - a valuable skill for
      all scientists. 

PMID- 26970866
TI  - No effect of femoral offset on bone implant micromotion in an experimental model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In total hip replacement (THR), the femoral offset (FO) is assessed
      preoperatively, and the surgeon must determine whether to restore, increase, or
      decrease the FO based on experience and the patient's clinical history. The FO is
      known to influence the abductor muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), gait, and
      hip pain after THR; however, the true effect of FO on bone implant micromotion is
      unclear. Therefore, we investigated to assess: (1) the muscle loading response
      during gait, (2) whether FO affects bone implant micromotion during gait.
      HYPOTHESIS: A variation of +/-10mm from the anatomical FO affects the muscle
      loading forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We modified a personalized musculoskeletal
      model of the lower extremity to determine the 3-dimensional contact forces at the
      hip joint in the presence of a stem with varying offsets during a gait cycle. A
      detailed finite element (FE) model was then constructed for increased, restored,
      and decreased FOs. The maximum load obtained during normal walking gait from the
      musculoskeletal model was applied to the respective FE models, and the resultant
      stem-bone micromotion and stress distribution were computed. RESULTS: Increasing
      the FO to +10mm decreased the peak force generated by the abductor muscles during
      the cycle by 15.0% and decreasing the FO to -10mm increased the von Mises stress
      distribution at the distal bone by 77.5% (P<0.05). A variation of the offset
      within 10mm of the anatomical offset showed no significant differences in
      micromotion (P>0.05) and peak stresses (P>0.05). DISCUSSION: Coupling the
      musculoskeletal model of the gait cycle with FE analysis provides a realistic
      model to understand how FO affects bone implant micromotion. We found that there
      was no effect of FO on bone implant micromotion; thus, a surgeon does not need to
      evaluate the implications of FO on micromotion and can determine a FO that best
      decreases the work load of abductor muscles, increases ROM, and reduces hip pain.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, biomechanical study.

PMID- 26970867
TI  - Selecting best-fit models for estimating the body mass from 3D data of the human
      calcaneus.
AB  - Body mass (BM) estimation could facilitate the interpretation of skeletal
      materials in terms of the individual's body size and physique in forensic
      anthropology. However, few metric studies have tried to estimate BM by focusing
      on prominent biomechanical properties of the calcaneus. The purpose of this study
      was to prepare best-fit models for estimating BM from the 3D human calcaneus by
      two major linear regression analysis (the heuristic statistical and all-possible
      regressions techniques) and validate the models through predicted residual sum of
      squares (PRESS) statistics. A metric analysis was conducted based on 70 human
      calcaneus samples (29 males and 41 females) taken from 3D models in the Digital
      Korean Database and 10 variables were measured for each sample. Three best-fit
      models were postulated by F-statistics, Mallows' Cp, and Akaike information
      criterion (AIC) and Bayes information criterion (BIC) for each available
      candidate models. Finally, the most accurate regression model yields lowest %SEE
      and 0.843 of R(2). Through the application of leave-one-out cross validation, the
      predictive power was indicated a high level of validation accuracy. This study
      also confirms that the equations for estimating BM using 3D models of human
      calcaneus will be helpful to establish identification in forensic cases with
      consistent reliability. 

PMID- 26970868
TI  - Thin layer chromatography coupled to paper spray ionization mass spectrometry for
      cocaine and its adulterants analysis.
AB  - Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a simple and inexpensive type of
      chromatography that is extensively used in forensic laboratories for drugs of
      abuse analysis. In this work, TLC is optimized to analyze cocaine and its
      adulterants (caffeine, benzocaine, lidocaine and phenacetin) in which the
      sensitivity (visual determination of LOD from 0.5 to 14mgmL(-1)) and the
      selectivity (from the study of three different eluents: CHCl3:CH3OH:HCOOHglacial
      (75:20:5v%), (C2H5)2O:CHCl3 (50:50v%) and CH3OH:NH4OH (100:1.5v%)) were
      evaluated. Aiming to improve these figures of merit, the TLC spots were
      identified and quantified (linearity with R(2)>0.98) by the paper spray
      ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS), reaching now lower LOD values (>1.0MUgmL(
      1)). The method developed in this work open up perspective of enhancing the
      reliability of traditional and routine TLC analysis employed in the criminal
      expertise units. Higher sensitivity, selectivity and rapidity can be provided in
      forensic reports, besides the possibility of quantitative analysis. Due to the
      great simplicity, the PS(+)-MS technique can also be coupled directly to other
      separation techniques such as the paper chromatography and can still be used in
      analyses of LSD blotter, documents and synthetic drugs. 

PMID- 26970869
TI  - Impact dynamics of porcine drip bloodstains on fabrics.
AB  - As a passive blood drop impacts a hard surface, it is observed to collapse and
      spread laterally, then retract and settle. During the spreading phase, the edge
      of the drop may rise forming a crown extending into spines and breaking up into
      secondary drops. When a similar drop falls onto a textile surface these same
      processes may occur, but the process of blood wicking into the fabric complicates
      stain formation. These processes are described within for passive drip stains
      collected under controlled conditions using anticoagulated porcine blood. Three
      stages of this impact process were identified and could be separated into
      distinct time zones: (1) spreading (time t<=2.5ms) and (2) retraction
      (2.5<=t<=12ms) on the surface with potential splashing at the periphery, and (3)
      wicking (30ms <=t<=30min) of the blood into the fabric. Although wetting and
      wicking may also occur for t<30ms, the vast majority of wetting and wicking occur
      after this time and thus the short-time wicking can be ignored. In addition, the
      number of satellite stains correlates with the surface roughness with the number
      of satellites for jersey knit>plain-woven>cardboard. Conversely, the size of the
      satellite stains correlates with the amount of wicking in the fabric with the
      satellite stain size for plain-woven>jersey knit>cardboard. 

PMID- 26970870
TI  - The use of fingerprints available on the web in false identity documents:
      Analysis from a forensic intelligence perspective.
AB  - Fingerprints present in false identity documents were found on the web. In some
      cases, laterally reversed (mirrored) images of a same fingerprint were observed
      in different documents. In the present work, 100 fingerprints images downloaded
      from the web, as well as their reversals obtained by image editing, were compared
      between themselves and against the database of the Brazilian Federal Police AFIS,
      in order to better understand trends about this kind of forgery in Brazil. Some
      image editing effects were observed in the analyzed fingerprints: addition of
      artifacts (such as watermarks), image rotation, image stylization, lateral
      reversal and tonal reversal. Discussion about lateral reversals' detection is
      presented in this article, as well as suggestion to reduce errors due to missed
      HIT decisions between reversed fingerprints. The present work aims to highlight
      the importance of the fingerprints' analysis when performing document
      examination, especially when only copies of documents are available, something
      very common in Brazil. Besides the intrinsic features of the fingermarks
      considered in three levels of details by ACE-V methodology, some visual features
      of the fingerprints images can be helpful to identify sources of forgeries and
      modus operandi, such as: limits and image contours, fails in the friction ridges
      caused by excess or lack of inking and presence of watermarks and artifacts
      arising from the background. Based on the agreement of such features in
      fingerprints present in different identity documents and also on the analysis of
      the time and location where the documents were seized, it is possible to
      highlight potential links between apparently unconnected crimes. Therefore,
      fingerprints have potential to reduce linkage blindness and the present work
      suggests the analysis of fingerprints when profiling false identity documents, as
      well as the inclusion of fingerprints features in the profile of the documents. 

PMID- 26970871
TI  - Aqueous Hg(2+) associates with TiO2 nanoparticles according to particle size,
      changes particle agglomeration, and becomes less bioavailable to zebrafish.
AB  - Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physicochemistry and potential to
      interact with other substances in the aqueous phase. Here, gene [metallothionein
      2 (mt2)] expression changes in larval zebrafish were used to evaluate the
      association between aqueous Hg(2+) and TiO2 (NPs and bulk particle size control)
      to investigate the relationship between changes in Hg(2+) behavior and TiO2 size.
      During 24h exposures, TiO2 agglomerates increased in size and in the presence of
      25MUg Hg(2+)/L, greater increases in size were observed. The concentration of
      Hg(2+) in suspension also decreased in the presence of TiO2-NPs. Mercury
      increased expression of mt2 in larval zebrafish, but this response was lessened
      when zebrafish were exposed to Hg(2+) in the presence of TiO2-NPs, and which
      suggests that TiO2-NPs alter the bioavailability of Hg(2+) to zebrafish larvae.
      This ameliorative effect of TiO2 was also likely due to surface binding of Hg(2+)
      because a greater decrease in mt2 expression was observed in the presence of
      1mg/L TiO2-NPs than 1mg/L TiO2-bulk. In conclusion, the results show that Hg(2+)
      will associate with TiO2-NPs, TiO2-NPs that have associated Hg(2+) will settle
      out of the aqueous phase more rapidly, and agglomerates will deliver associated
      Hg(2+) to sediment surfaces. 

PMID- 26970872
TI  - Characterizing distributions, composition profiles, sources and potential health
      risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the coastal sediments from East
      China Sea.
AB  - Sediment samples (n = 20) were collected from Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and the
      adjacent East China Sea (ECS) inner shelf to explore spatial and temporal
      distributions, environmental fate, sources and potential health risk of
      polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations of BDE-209 and total 7
      PBDEs (without BDE-209; ?7PBDEs) ranged from 62.3 to 1758 pg g(-1) and from 36.9
      to 233.6 pg g(-1) dry weight, respectively; both of the highest values occurred
      near the city of Wenzhou. Concentrations of BDE-209 and ?7PBDEs both indicated a
      decreasing trend from inshore areas toward outer shelf. Significantly positive
      linear correlations were only observed between logBDE-183 concentrations and
      TOC/grain size (r(2) = 0.6734 and 0.5977 for TOC and grain size, respectively) as
      well as BDE-209 and TOC/grain size (r(2) = 0.4137 and 0.5332 for TOC and grain
      size, respectively) in the north of 28( degrees )N, indicating that YR had
      significant influence on the distribution of higher brominated congeners only in
      the north part. Depth profiles of PBDEs in a sediment core P01 (n = 1, m = 11)
      collected from YRE showed that the input of BDE-209 gradually increased from 1930
      to 2010, while the levels of ?7PBDEs peaked in 1986 and obviously decreased in
      recent years. Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLSR) revealed that PBDEs in the
      coastal ECS were mainly from direct discharge of local anthropogenic activities
      (80.7%), followed by surface runoff of contaminated soils (15.1%), microbial
      degradation after sedimentation (2.6%) and photodegradation during atmospheric
      transportation (1.6%). The cancer risk of human exposure to BDE-209 at the 95%
      confidence level was 3.09 * 10(-7), 1.67 * 10(-7) and 8.86 * 10(-7) for children,
      teens and adults, respectively, significantly lower than the threshold level (10(
      6)). Hazard index (HI) calculated for non-cancer risk was also far less than 1
      for the three groups, suggesting no non-cancer risk. 

PMID- 26970874
TI  - Changes of concentrations and possibility of accumulation of bisphenol A and
      alkylphenols, depending on biomass and composition, in zooplankton of the
      Southern Baltic (Gulf of Gdansk).
AB  - The focus of the present study was to find the relationship between
      concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol
      (NP) in zooplankton and seasonal changes in the composition and biomass of
      particular zooplankton taxa in the Gulf of Gdansk (Southern Baltic) in the years
      2011-2012. Assays of BPA, OP and NP in water and zooplankton samples were
      performed using the HPLC/FL system. High mean concentrations of the studied
      compounds, determined in spring (405.9 (BPA); 25.7 (OP); 111.2 (NP) ng g(-1) dw),
      can be linked to the high proportion of meroplankton in that season. Rotifera
      also had an influence on the rise in concentrations of the studied compounds but
      to a lesser degree, while the lowest concentrations (determined in summer) can be
      associated with the high participation of Copepoda and Cladocera in zooplankton
      biomass. It was also observed that juvenile forms can be more susceptible to
      accumulating endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). This is indicated by the
      positive correlation between BPA concentration in zooplankton and the proportion
      of Copepoda nauplii biomass in spring (r = 0.90; p < 0.05). In most cases,
      greater zooplankton biomass accumulated higher concentrations and loads of the
      studied compounds. With biomass growth (to 123.32 MUg m(-3)), the
      bioconcentration factor also rose (to max 46.1.10(3)), demonstrating that unlike
      typical hydrophobic compounds the studied EDCs do not become "diluted" in
      zooplankton biomass. The highest BPA concentrations from all compounds may be
      connected with anthropogenic sources located in the coastal zone. 

PMID- 26970873
TI  - Probabilistic assessment of risks of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in surface
      waters of China on reproduction of fish.
AB  - Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is considered to be an endocrine disruptor, which
      unlike other chemicals that have either non-specific (e.g., narcotics) or more
      generalized reactive modes of action, affect the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
      (HPG) axis and tend to have specific interactions with particular molecular
      targets within biochemical pathways. Responding to this challenge, a novel method
      for deriving predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) and probabilistic
      ecological risk assessment (PERAs) for DEHP based on long-term exposure to
      potentially sensitive species with appropriate apical endpoints was development
      for protection of Chinese surface waters. PNECs based on potencies to cause
      lesions in reproductive tissues of fishes, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.20 MUg
      DEHP L(-1), were significantly less than those derived based on other endpoints
      or other taxa, such as invertebrates. An assessment of risks posed by DEHP to
      aquatic organisms in surface waters of China showed that 88.17% and 78.85% of
      surface waters in China were predicted to pose risks to reproductive fitness of
      fishes with thresholds of protection for aquatic organisms based on 5% (HC5) and
      10% (HC10), respectively. Assessment of risks of effects based on effects
      mediated by the HPG-axis should consider effects on chronic, non-lethal endpoints
      for specific taxa, especially for reproductive fitness of fishes. 

PMID- 26970875
TI  - A critical review of engineered nanomaterial release data: Are current data
      useful for material flow modeling?
AB  - Material flow analysis (MFA) is a useful tool to predict the flows of engineered
      nanomaterials (ENM) to the environment. The quantification of release factors is
      a crucial part of MFA modeling. In the last years an increasing amount of
      literature on release of ENM from materials and products has been published. The
      purpose of this review is to analyze the strategies implemented by MFA models to
      include these release data, in particular to derive transfer coefficients (TC).
      Our scope was focused on those articles that analyzed the release from
      applications readily available in the market in settings that resemble average
      use conditions. Current MFA studies rely to a large extent on extrapolations,
      authors' assumptions, expert opinions and other informal sources of data to
      parameterize the models. We were able to qualitatively assess the following
      aspects of the release literature: (i) the initial characterization of ENM
      provided, (ii) quantitative information on the mass of ENM released and its
      characterization, (iii) description of transformation reactions and (iv)
      assessment of the factors determining release. Although the literature on ENM
      release is growing, coverage of exposure scenarios is still limited; only 20% of
      the ENMs used industrially and 36% of the product categories involved have been
      investigated in release studies and only few relevant release scenarios have been
      described. Furthermore, the information provided is rather incomplete concerning
      descriptions and characterizations of ENMs and the released materials. Our
      results show that both the development of methods to define the TCs and of
      protocols to enhance assessment of ENM release from nano-applications will
      contribute to increase the exploitability of the data provided for MFA models.
      The suggestions we provide in this article will likely contribute to an improved
      exposure modeling by providing ENM release estimates closer to reality. 

PMID- 26970876
TI  - The impact of high-heeled shoes on ankle complex during walking in young women-In
      vivo kinematic study based on 3D to 2D registration technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the accurate in vivo kinematic changes in the ankle complex
      when wearing low- and high-heel shoes (LHS and HHS, respectively). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Twelve young women were tested unilaterally. Three-dimensional models of
      the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were first created based on CT scan results. The
      subjects walked at a self-controlled speed in barefoot, LHS (4cm), and HHS (10cm)
      conditions. A fluoroscopy system captured the lateral fluoroscopic images of the
      ankle complex. The images of seven key positions in the stance phase were
      selected, and 3D to 2D bone model registrations were performed to determine the
      joint positions. The mean of 6 degree of freedom (DOF) range of motions (ROM),
      joint positions, and angular displacements of the ankle complex during the gait
      were then obtained. RESULTS: For the talocrural joint, the rotational ROMs of the
      subjects either in LHS or HHS condition displayed no significant difference from
      those in barefoot condition. For the subtalar joint, all the rotational ROMs in
      the HHS condition and the internal/external rotations in the LHS condition
      significantly decreased compared with those in the barefoot condition. The
      talocrural joint was positioned significantly more plantarflexed, inverted,
      internally rotated, and posteriorly seated in all seven poses in HHS condition,
      compared with those in barefoot condition. CONCLUSION: HHS mainly affected the
      rotational motion of the ankle complex during walking. The talocrural joint
      position was abnormal, and the subtalar joint ROM decreased during the gait in
      HHS condition. Only a few kinematic changes occurred in LHS condition relative to
      the barefoot condition.

PMID- 26970878
TI  - Brain State-Dependent Transcranial Magnetic Closed-Loop Stimulation Controlled by
      Sensorimotor Desynchronization Induces Robust Increase of Corticospinal
      Excitability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythmic activity increases
      instantaneous corticospinal excitability, as indexed by amplitudes of motor
      evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The
      accumulative effect of cortical stimulation in conjunction with sensorimotor
      desynchronization is, however, unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to
      investigate the effects of repetitive pairing event-related desynchronization
      (ERD) with TMS of the precentral gyrus on corticospinal excitability. METHODS:
      Closed-loop single-pulse TMS was controlled by beta-band (16-22 Hz) ERD during
      motor-imagery of finger extension and applied within a brain-computer interface
      environment in eleven healthy subjects. The same number and pattern of stimuli
      were applied in a control group of eleven subjects during rest, i.e. independent
      of ERD. To probe for plasticity resistant to depotentiation, stimulation
      protocols were followed by a depotentiation task. RESULTS: Brain state-dependent
      application of approximately 300 TMS pulses during beta-ERD resulted in a
      significant increase of corticospinal excitability. By contrast, the identical
      stimulation pattern applied independent of beta-ERD in the control experiment
      resulted in a decrease of corticospinal excitability. These effects persisted
      beyond the period of stimulation and the depotentiation task. CONCLUSION: These
      results could be instrumental in developing new therapeutic approaches such as
      the application of closed-loop stimulation in the context of neurorehabilitation.

PMID- 26970877
TI  - Parental Attitudes, Beliefs, and Understanding of Anxiety (PABUA): Development
      and psychometric properties of a measure.
AB  - The Parental Attitudes, Beliefs, and Understanding of Anxiety (PABUA) was
      developed to assess parental beliefs about their child's anxiety, parents'
      perceived ability to cope with their child's anxiety and to help their child
      manage anxious symptoms, and to evaluate parents' understanding of various
      parenting strategies in response to their child's anxiety. The study evaluated
      the PABUA in mother-child dyads (N=192) seeking treatment for youth anxiety.
      Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution and identified PABUA
      scales of Overprotection, Distress, and Approach (with Cronbach's alpha ranging
      from .67 to .83). Convergent and divergent validity of PABUA scales was supported
      by the pattern of associations with measures of experiential avoidance, beliefs
      related to children's anxiety, empathy, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms;
      parent-reported family functioning; parent- and youth-reported anxiety severity;
      and parent-reported functional impairment (n=83). Results provide preliminary
      support for the PABUA as a measure of parental attitudes and beliefs about
      anxiety, and future studies that investigate this measure with large and diverse
      samples are encouraged. 

PMID- 26970879
TI  - PAH metabolites in fish bile: From the Seine estuary to Iceland.
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental contaminants that pose
      significant risk to health of fish. The International Workshop on Integrated
      Assessment of Contaminant Impacts on the North Sea (ICON) provided the framework
      to investigate biomarker responses as well as contaminant concentrations side by
      side in marine ecosystems. Concentrations of the main PAH metabolites 1
      hydroxypyrene, 1-hydroxyphenanthren and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene were determined
      in bile by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Fish species under investigation
      were dab (Limanda limanda), flounder (Platichthys flesus) and haddock
      (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). A contamination gradient was demonstrated from the
      low contaminated waters of Iceland and off-shore regions of the North Sea towards
      higher concentrations in coastal areas. Concentrations of PAH metabolites
      differed primarily according to sampling region and secondarily to species.

PMID- 26970880
TI  - Comparative sensitivity of aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species to
      wastewater from an operational coal mine in central Queensland, Australia.
AB  - Coal excavation and refinement processes generate substantial volumes of
      contaminated effluent that may be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. As such,
      understanding the impacts of coal mine water releases on aquatic animals and
      ecosystems is essential for effectively managing and protecting neighboring
      environments. Such information will ultimately be applied towards developing
      ongoing monitoring strategies that are protective of native wildlife. Despite
      intensive mining operations in Australia, few studies have documented toxicity
      associated with coal mine wastewater (CMW) on native species. To address existing
      knowledge gaps, we investigated acute toxicity (48-96h) using eight native
      invertebrate species and sub-chronic effects (2 week) using three vertebrate
      species following exposure to wastewater from two dams (CMW1 and CMW2) located at
      an open-cut coal mine licensed to discharge into the Fitzroy catchment
      (Queensland, Australia). Wastewater from these sites is characterized by elevated
      conductivity, pH, sulfates as well as relatively high total and dissolved
      metal(loid)s (including As, Al, B, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn). Acute exposures
      revealed cladocerans (Daphnia carinata) and planarians (Dugesia sp.) to be the
      most sensitive species, exhibiting significant mortality after 48 and 96h
      exposure to CMW2, respectively. Neither wastewater was found to elicit acute
      toxicity in vertebrates, but a range of sub-lethal morphological effects were
      observed following the sub-chronic exposures. The overall response pattern was
      characterized by decreased condition factor and hepatosomatic index in the fish
      Hypseleotris compressa and Pseudomugil signifier, and in Limnodynastes peronii
      tadpoles. Tadpoles were generally more sensitive compared to the two fish
      species. Differences in responses were observed amongst CMW1 and CMW2, which
      likely relates to differences in physico-chemical properties between sites. Our
      results have identified several candidate vertebrate and invertebrate species
      that show promise for ongoing monitoring of water quality and toxicity risk in
      Central Queensland, Australia.

PMID- 26970881
TI  - Developing a support vector machine based QSPR model for prediction of half-life
      of some herbicides.
AB  - The half-life (t1/2) of 58 herbicides were modeled by quantitative structure
      property relationship (QSPR) based molecular structure descriptors. After
      calculation and the screening of a large number of molecular descriptors, the
      most relevant those ones selected by stepwise multiple linear regression were
      used for developing linear and nonlinear models which developed by using multiple
      linear regression and support vector machine, respectively. Comparison between
      statistical parameters of linear and nonlinear models indicates the suitability
      of SVM over MLR model for predicting the half-life of herbicides. The statistical
      parameters of R(2) and standard error for training set of SVM model were; 0.96
      and 0.087, respectively, and were 0.93 and 0.092 for the test set. The SVM model
      was evaluated by leave one out cross validation test, which its result indicates
      the robustness and predictability of the model. The established SVM model was
      used for predicting the half-life of other herbicides that are located in the
      applicability domain of model that were determined via leverage approach. The
      results of this study indicate that the relationship among selected molecular
      descriptors and herbicide's half-life is non-linear. These results emphases that
      the process of degradation of herbicides in the environment is very complex and
      can be affected by various environmental and structural features, therefore
      simple linear model cannot be able to successfully predict it.

PMID- 26970883
TI  - Personal Metabolism (PM) coupled with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model: Danish
      Case Study.
AB  - Sustainable and informed resource consumption is the key to make everyday living
      sustainable for entire populations. An intelligent and strategic way of
      addressing the challenges related with sustainable development of the everyday
      living of consumers is to identify consumption-determined hotspots in terms of
      environmental and health burdens, as well as resource consumptions. Analyzing
      consumer life styles in terms of consumption patterns in order to identify
      hotspots is hence the focus of this study. This is achieved by taking into
      account the entire value chain of the commodities consumed in the context of
      environmental and human health burdens, as well as resource consumptions. A
      systematic commodity consumption, commodity disposal, and life style survey of
      1281 persons living in urbanized Danish areas was conducted. The findings of the
      survey showed new impact dimensions in terms of Personal Metabolism (PM) patterns
      of residents living in urbanized areas of Denmark. Extending the PM analysis with
      Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) provided a clear picture of the per capita
      environmental and human health burdens, as well as resource consumptions, and the
      exact origin hereof. A generic PM-LCA Model for all the 1281 persons was set-up
      in Gabi 6. The assessment results obtained applying the model on all 1281
      personal consumption scenarios yielded the 1281 Personal Impact Profiles (PIPs).
      Consumption of food and energy (electricity and thermal energy) proved to be the
      primary impact sources of PM, followed by transport. The PIPs further revealed
      that behavioral factors (e.g. different diets, use of cars, household size)
      affect the profiles. Hence, behavioral changes are one means out of many that
      humanity will most likely have to rely on during the sustainable development
      process. The results of this study will help the Danish and other comparable
      populations to identify and prioritize the steps towards reducing their
      environmental, human health, and resource consumption burdens. 

PMID- 26970882
TI  - Chronic ozone exposure alters the secondary metabolite profile, antioxidant
      potential, anti-inflammatory property, and quality of red pepper fruit from
      Capsicum baccatum.
AB  - Tropospheric ozone (O3) background concentrations have increased since pre
      industrial times, reaching phytotoxic concentrations in many regions globally.
      However, the effect of high O3 concentrations on quality of fruit and vegetables
      remains unknown. Here, we evaluated whether O3 pollution alters the quality of
      Capsicum baccatum peppers by changing the secondary compound profiles and
      biological activity of the fruit. C. baccatum pepper plants were exposed to ozone
      for 62 days in an open-top chamber at a mean O3 concentration of 171.6ug/m(3).
      Capsaicin levels decreased by 50% in the pericarp, but remained unchanged in the
      seeds. In contrast, the total carotenoid content increased by 52.8% in the
      pericarp. The content of total phenolic compounds increased by 17% in the
      pericarp. The total antioxidant potential decreased by 87% in seeds of O3-treated
      plants. The seeds contributed more than the pericarp to the total radical
      trapping antioxidant potential and total antioxidant reactivity. O3 treatment
      impaired the ferric-reducing antioxidant power of the seeds and reduced NO(*)
      scavenging activity in the pericarp. However, O3 treatment increased ferrous ion
      chelating activity and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity in the pericarp. Our
      results confirm that O3 alters the secondary metabolite profile of C. baccatum
      pepper fruits and, consequently, their biological activity profile.

PMID- 26970884
TI  - Environmental health impacts of feeding crops to farmed fish.
AB  - Half of the seafood consumed globally now comes from aquaculture, or farmed
      seafood. Aquaculture therefore plays an increasingly important role in the global
      food system, the environment, and human health. Traditionally, aquaculture feed
      has contained high levels of wild fish, which is unsustainable for ocean
      ecosystems as demand grows. The aquaculture industry is shifting to crop-based
      feed ingredients, such as soy, to replace wild fish as a feed source and allow
      for continued industry growth. This shift fundamentally links seafood production
      to terrestrial agriculture, and multidisciplinary research is needed to
      understand the ecological and environmental health implications. We provide basic
      estimates of the agricultural resource use associated with producing the top five
      crops used in commercial aquaculture feed. Aquaculture's environmental footprint
      may now include nutrient and pesticide runoff from industrial crop production,
      and depending on where and how feed crops are produced, could be indirectly
      linked to associated negative health outcomes. We summarize key environmental
      health research on health effects associated with exposure to air, water, and
      soil contaminated by industrial crop production. Our review also finds that
      changes in the nutritional content of farmed seafood products due to altered feed
      composition could impact human nutrition. Based on our literature reviews and
      estimates of resource use, we present a conceptual framework describing the
      potential links between increasing use of crop-based ingredients in aquaculture
      and human health. Additional data and geographic sourcing information for crop
      based ingredients are needed to fully assess the environmental health
      implications of this trend. This is especially critical in the context of a food
      system that is using both aquatic and terrestrial resources at unsustainable
      rates. 

PMID- 26970885
TI  - Multi-scale modeling of soft fibrous tissues based on proteoglycan mechanics.
AB  - Collagen in the form of fibers or fibrils is an essential source of strength and
      structural integrity in most organs of the human body. Recently, with the help of
      complex experimental setups, a paradigm change concerning the mechanical
      contribution of proteoglycans (PGs) took place. Accordingly, PG connections
      protect the surrounding collagen fibrils from over-stretching rather than
      transmitting load between them. In this paper, we describe the reported PG
      mechanics and incorporate it into a multi-scale model of soft fibrous tissues. To
      this end, a nano-to-micro model of a single collagen fiber is developed by taking
      the entropic-energetic transition on the collagen molecule level into account.
      The microscopic damage occurring inside the collagen fiber is elucidated by
      sliding of PGs as well as by over-stretched collagen molecules. Predictions of
      this two-constituent-damage model are compared to experimental data available in
      the literature.

PMID- 26970886
TI  - Locomotor stability and adaptation during perturbed walking across the adult
      female lifespan.
AB  - The aim of this work was to examine locomotor stability and adaptation across the
      adult female lifespan during perturbed walking on the treadmill. 11 young, 11
      middle and 14 older-aged female adults (mean and SD: 25.5(2.1), 50.6(6.4) and
      69.0(4.7) years old respectively) walked on a treadmill. We applied a sustained
      perturbation to the swing phase of the right leg for 18 consecutive gait cycles,
      followed by a step with the resistance unexpectedly removed, via an ankle strap
      connected to a break-and-release system. The margin of stability (MoS) at foot
      touchdown was calculated as the difference between the anterior boundary of the
      base of support (BoS) and extrapolated center of mass. Older participants showed
      lower MoS adaptation magnitude in the early adaptation phase (steps 1-3) compared
      to the young and middle-aged groups. However, in the late adaptation phase (steps
      16-18) there were no significant differences in adaptation magnitude between the
      three age groups. After removing the resistance, all three age groups showed
      similar aftereffects (i.e. increased BoS). The current results suggest that in
      old age, the ability to recalibrate locomotion to control stability is preserved,
      but the rate of adaptive improvement in locomotor stability is diminished.

PMID- 26970887
TI  - The behavior of cancellous bone from quasi-static to dynamic strain rates with
      emphasis on the intermediate regime.
AB  - Previous studies, conducted using quasi-static and dynamic compression tests,
      have shown that the mechanical strength of cancellous bone is strain rate
      dependent. However, these studies have not included the intermediate strain rate
      (ISR) regime (1/s to 100/s), which is important since it is representative of the
      loading rates at which non-fatal injuries typically occur. In this study, 127
      bovine bone specimens were compressed in 3 regimes spanning 8 distinct strain
      rates, from 0.001/s to 600/s, using three different devices: a conventional quasi
      static testing machine, a wedge-bar (WB) apparatus and a conventional split
      Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) implemented with a cone-in-tube (CiT) striker and a
      tandem momentum trap. Due to the large sample size, a new robust automated
      algorithm was developed with which the material properties, such as the apparent
      Young's modulus and the yield and ultimate values of stress and strain, were
      identified for each individual specimen. A statistical summary of the data is
      presented. Finally, this study demonstrates that results obtained at intermediate
      strain rates are essential for a fuller understanding of cancellous bone behavior
      by providing new data describing the transition between the quasi-static and
      dynamic regimes.

PMID- 26970888
TI  - Relationships between each part of the spinal curves and upright posture using
      Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis.
AB  - Back pain is a common reason for consultation in primary healthcare clinical
      practice, and has effects on daily activities and posture. Relationships between
      the whole spine and upright posture, however, remain unknown. The aim of this
      study was to identify the relationship between each spinal curve and centre of
      pressure position as well as velocity for healthy subjects. Twenty-one male
      subjects performed quiet stance in natural position. Each upright posture was
      then recorded using an optoelectronics system (Vicon Nexus) synchronized with two
      force plates. At each moment, polynomial interpolations of markers attached on
      the spine segment were used to compute cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis and
      lumbar lordosis angle curves. Mean of centre of pressure position and velocity
      was then computed. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the
      position and velocity of centre of pressure associated with each part of the
      spinal curves were defined as best predictors of the lumbar lordosis angle
      (R(2)=0.45; p=1.65*10-10) and the thoracic kyphosis angle (R(2)=0.54; p=4.89*10
      13) of healthy subjects in quiet stance. This study showed the relationships
      between each of cervical, thoracic, lumbar curvatures, and centre of pressure's
      fluctuation during free quiet standing using non-invasive full spinal curve
      exploration.

PMID- 26970890
TI  - Examining the "Killer K" of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at a Tertiary Care Hospital: An
      Exploratory Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hypokalemia, a frequently cited complication of diabetic ketoacidosis
      (DKA) treatment, can have critical implications, including arrhythmias and death.
      We assessed the prevalence of hypokalemia and its associated factors in patients
      with DKA at our tertiary-care centre and identified opportunities to improve
      care. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review to establish the
      prevalence of hypokalemia in patients diagnosed with DKA between July 2012 and
      July 2013. A focused root-cause analysis was subsequently performed to identify
      Canadian Diabetes Association DKA clinical practice guideline deviations and
      preventable errors that resulted in significant hypokalemia (K<3.3 mmol/L) during
      the first 48 hours of management. Clinical and management details were reviewed
      to determine the type, preventability and root cause(s) of each error. RESULTS:
      We identified 40 cases of DKA during the study period. The overall prevalence of
      hypokalemia during DKA treatment was 38% (15/40), with 25% in type 1 and 56% in
      type 2 diabetes. Males were more likely to experience hypokalemia (87%), and 47%
      of hypokalemic incidents occurred in the first presentation of diabetes. All 10
      cases of significant hypokalemia were reviewed. We identified 23 errors in 6
      (60%) cases, of which 87% were deemed to be preventable. The most common errors
      were noncessation of insulin infusion during hypokalemia (60%), inadequate
      potassium supplementation (50%) and infrequent biochemical monitoring (50%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Hypokalemia occurs frequently during acute DKA management and is
      often preventable. Our findings suggest that interventions targeted at enhancing
      awareness of guidelines may reduce hypokalemia rates.

PMID- 26970889
TI  - Mechanical strength of aneurysmatic and dissected human thoracic aortas at
      different shear loading modes.
AB  - Rupture of aneurysms and acute dissection of the thoracic aorta are life
      threatening events which affect tens of thousands of people per year. The
      underlying mechanisms remain unclear and the aortic wall is known to lose its
      structural integrity, which in turn affects its mechanical response to the
      loading conditions. Hence, research on such aortic diseases is an important area
      in biomechanics. The present study investigates the mechanical properties of
      aneurysmatic and dissected human thoracic aortas via triaxial shear and uniaxial
      tensile testing with a focus on the former. In particular, ultimate stress values
      from triaxial shear tests in different orientations regarding the aorta's
      orthotropic microstructure, and from uniaxial tensile tests in radial,
      circumferential and longitudinal directions were determined. In total, 16 human
      thoracic aortas were investigated from which it is evident that the aortic media
      has much stronger resistance to rupture under 'out-of-plane' than under 'in
      plane' shear loadings. Under different shear loadings the aortic tissues revealed
      anisotropic failure properties with higher ultimate shear stresses and amounts of
      shear in the longitudinal than in the circumferential direction. Furthermore, the
      aortic media decreased its tensile strength as follows: circumferential direction
      >longitudinaldirection> radial direction. Anisotropic and nonlinear tissue
      properties are apparent from the experimental data. The results clearly showed
      interspecimen differences influenced by the anamnesis of the donors such as
      aortic diseases or connective tissue disorders, e.g., dissected specimens
      exhibited on average a markedly lower mechanical strength than aneurysmatic
      specimens. The rupture data based on the combination of triaxial shear and
      uniaxial extension testing are unique and build a good basis for developing a 3D
      failure criterion of diseased human thoracic aortic media. This is a step forward
      to more realistic modeling of mechanically induced tissue failure i.e. rupture of
      aneurysms or progression of aortic dissections.

PMID- 26970891
TI  - Structural identifiability analysis of a cardiovascular system model.
AB  - The six-chamber cardiovascular system model of Burkhoff and Tyberg has been used
      in several theoretical and experimental studies. However, this cardiovascular
      system model (and others derived from it) are not identifiable from any output
      set. In this work, two such cases of structural non-identifiability are first
      presented. These cases occur when the model output set only contains a single
      type of information (pressure or volume). A specific output set is thus chosen,
      mixing pressure and volume information and containing only a limited number of
      clinically available measurements. Then, by manipulating the model equations
      involving these outputs, it is demonstrated that the six-chamber cardiovascular
      system model is structurally globally identifiable. A further simplification is
      made, assuming known cardiac valve resistances. Because of the poor practical
      identifiability of these four parameters, this assumption is usual. Under this
      hypothesis, the six-chamber cardiovascular system model is structurally
      identifiable from an even smaller dataset. As a consequence, parameter values
      computed from limited but well-chosen datasets are theoretically unique. This
      means that the parameter identification procedure can safely be performed on the
      model from such a well-chosen dataset. Thus, the model may be considered suitable
      for use in diagnosis. 

PMID- 26970892
TI  - Objectively quantifying walking ability in degenerative spinal disorder patients
      using sensor equipped smart shoes.
AB  - Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a condition associated with the degeneration of
      spinal disks in the lower back. A significant majority of the elderly population
      experiences LSS, and the number is expected to grow. The primary objective of
      medical treatment for LSS patients has focused on improving functional outcomes
      (e.g., walking ability) and thus, an accurate, objective, and inexpensive method
      to evaluate patients' functional levels is in great need. This paper aims to
      quantify the functional level of LSS patients by analyzing their clinical
      information and their walking ability from a 10 m self-paced walking test using a
      pair of sensorized shoes. Machine learning algorithms were used to estimate the
      Oswestry Disability Index, a clinically well-established functional outcome, from
      a total of 29 LSS patients. The estimated ODI scores showed a significant
      correlation to the reported ODI scores with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r)
      of 0.81 and p<3.5*10(-11). It was further shown that the data extracted from the
      sensorized shoes contribute most to the reported estimation results, and that the
      contribution of the clinical information was minimal. This study enables new
      research and clinical opportunities for monitoring the functional level of LSS
      patients in hospital and ambulatory settings.

PMID- 26970894
TI  - Intra-articular injection in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: factors
      associated with a good response.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (IIC) for treatment of
      patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is increasingly used in
      Pediatric Rheumatology. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical course of patients
      undergoing IIC in our Pediatric Rheumatology Unit. METHODS: Retrospective study
      of patients with JIA undergoing IIC from January 2008 to December 2012, with a
      minimum follow-up of six months after the injection. Good response to IIC was set
      as the presence of inactivity on the infiltrated joint by at least six months.
      RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients underwent a total of 165 IICs. Of these, 75% were
      girls and 35.2% had persistent oligoarticular JIA. The mean age at diagnosis was
      6.8 years, and when IIC was carried out, 12.2 years. Regarding patients, younger
      age at diagnosis (p=0.037) and the occurrence of uveitis in the course of the
      disease (p=0.015) were associated with good response to IIC. From 165 IICs, 63%
      had a good response and joints remained inactive for a median of 18.1 months. The
      type of joint injection (p=0.001), lesser values stated in the overall visual
      analogue scale by the physician (p=0.015) and by parents/patient (p=0.01) have
      been associated with a good response to IIC. Nine adverse events (5.4%) were
      observed. CONCLUSION: In our study, more than half of the joints showed a good
      response to IIC. Younger patients at diagnosis and uveitis during the course of
      the disease had good response to IIC. Knees, wrists and elbows were the joints
      that best responded to IIC. IIC proved to be a safe procedure.

PMID- 26970893
TI  - Constitutional delay of puberty: presentation and inheritance pattern in 48
      familial cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mechanism that initiates the onset of puberty is largely unknown
      but the age of onset is mainly under genetic control and influenced by
      environmental factors including nutrition. Familial forms of constitutional delay
      of puberty (CDP) suggest the involvement of genetic factors. The purpose of this
      study is to describe the presentation and the mode of inheritance of CDP in a
      series of familial cases. METHODS: A retrospective, single center study was
      carried out over 10 years on 48 probands (14 girls and 34 boys) from 48 families
      seen for CDP with a familial component. RESULTS: Of the 48 probands, 46 (96 %)
      had at least one affected 1(st) degree relatives and 2 (4 %, 2 boys) had only
      2(nd) degree relatives affected. In girls, 11 families (79 %) exhibited exclusive
      maternal inheritance, 1 (7 %) paternal inheritance and 2 (14 %) both maternal and
      paternal inheritance. In boys, 14 families (41 %) exhibited exclusive maternal
      inheritance, 12 (35 %) paternal inheritance and 8 (24 %) both maternal and
      paternal inheritance. In the boys with bilineal inheritance, the ages at onset of
      puberty (16 +/- 1.41 years) and at evaluation (16.05 +/- 2.47 years) were higher
      than in those with unilineal inheritance (15.25 +/- 0.35 and 15.1 +/- 0.42 years
      respectively), but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In girls
      exclusive maternal inheritance seems to be the major mode of inheritance whereas
      for boys the mode of inheritance was almost equally maternal, paternal or
      bilineal. Clinical phenotype of boys with bilineal inheritance seems to be more
      severe, but the difference did not reach statistical significance, perhaps
      because of the small sample size. This greater severity of the phenotype in boys
      with bilineal inheritance is likely due to inheriting different puberty timing
      genes from each parent. Future research should be directed at identifying such
      genes.

PMID- 26970895
TI  - The metaphor that viruses are living is alive and well, but it is no more than a
      metaphor.
AB  - Virologists often use anthropomorphic metaphors to vividly describe the
      properties of viruses and this has led some virologists to claim that viruses are
      living microorganisms. The discovery of giant viruses that are larger and have a
      more complex genome than small bacteria has fostered the interpretation that
      viral factories, which are the compartments in virus-infected cells where the
      virus is being replicated, are able to transform themselves into a new type of
      living viral organism called a virocell. However, because of the widespread
      occurrence of horizontal gene transfer, endosymbiosis and hybridization in the
      evolution of viral genomes, it has not been possible to include metaphorical
      virocells in the so-called Tree of Life which itself is a metaphor. In the case
      of viruses that cause human diseases, the infection process is usually presented
      metaphorically as a war between host and virus and it is assumed that a virus
      such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is able to develop new strategies
      and mechanisms for escaping protective host immune responses. However, the
      ability of the virus to defeat the immune system is solely due to stochastic
      mutations arising from the error-prone activity of the viral enzyme reverse
      transcriptase. The following two types of metaphors will be distinguished: an
      intentionality metaphor commonly used for attributing goals and intentions to
      organisms and the living virus metaphor that considers viruses to be actually
      living organisms. 

PMID- 26970897
TI  - An examination of population exposure to traffic related air pollution: Comparing
      spatially and temporally resolved estimates against long-term average exposures
      at the home location.
AB  - Air pollution in metropolitan areas is mainly caused by traffic emissions. This
      study presents the development of a model chain consisting of a transportation
      model, an emissions model, and atmospheric dispersion model, applied to
      dynamically evaluate individuals' exposure to air pollution by intersecting daily
      trajectories of individuals and hourly spatial variations of air pollution across
      the study domain. This dynamic approach is implemented in Montreal, Canada to
      highlight the advantages of the method for exposure analysis. The results for
      nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a marker of traffic related air pollution, reveal
      significant differences when relying on spatially and temporally resolved
      concentrations combined with individuals' daily trajectories compared to a long
      term average NO2 concentration at the home location. We observe that NO2
      exposures based on trips and activity locations visited throughout the day were
      often more elevated than daily NO2 concentrations at the home location. The
      percentage of all individuals with a lower 24-hour daily average at home compared
      to their 24-hour mobility exposure is 89.6%, of which 31% of individuals increase
      their exposure by more than 10% by leaving the home. On average, individuals
      increased their exposure by 23-44% while commuting and conducting activities out
      of home (compared to the daily concentration at home), regardless of air quality
      at their home location. We conclude that our proposed dynamic modelling approach
      significantly improves the results of traditional methods that rely on a long
      term average concentration at the home location and we shed light on the
      importance of using individual daily trajectories to understand exposure.

PMID- 26970898
TI  - Interactions between CYP2E1, GSTZ1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and exposure to
      drinking water trihalomethanes and their association with semen quality.
AB  - Trihalomethanes (THMs) have been reported to be associated with altered semen
      quality, and this association may be modified by inherited differences in
      cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTZ1 and GSTT1), which
      metabolize THMs. We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine the interactions
      between CYP2E1, GSTZ1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and exposure to THMs on semen
      quality among 401 men from the Reproductive Center of Tongji Hospital in Wuhan
      China. The baseline blood concentrations of four individual THMs, chloroform
      (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform
      (TBM), were measured as biomarkers of exposure to drinking water THMs. Genotypes
      were determined by real-time PCR, and semen-quality parameters were evaluated
      according to the World Health Organization guidelines. GSTT1 genotype
      significantly modified the association between exposure to Br-THMs (sum of BDCM,
      DBCM and TBM) and below-reference sperm motility (Pint=0.02). Men with above
      median blood Br-THM levels had an increased odds ratio (OR) of below-reference
      sperm compared to men with below-median blood Br-THM levels (OR=2.15, 95% CI:
      1.11, 4.19) in the GSTT1 null genotype only. In addition, we found that men with
      a TT of CYP2E1 rs 915,906 had higher blood TCM and TTHM (sum of TCM, BDCM, DBCM
      and TBM) concentrations than men with a CT/CC of CYP2E1 rs 915,906. Our results
      suggest that GSTT1 polymorphisms modify Br-THM exposure relation with semen
      quality, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms are associated with internal levels of exposure
      to THMs.

PMID- 26970899
TI  - Comparative toxicities of selected rare earth elements: Sea urchin embryogenesis
      and fertilization damage with redox and cytogenetic effects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Broad-ranging adverse effects are known for rare earth elements
      (REE), yet only a few studies tested the toxicity of several REE, prompting
      studies focusing on multi-parameter REE toxicity. METHODS: Trichloride salts of
      Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd were tested in Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin
      embryos and sperm for: (1) developmental defects in either REE-exposed larvae or
      in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm; (2) fertilization success; (3) mitotic
      anomalies in REE-exposed embryos and in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm, and
      (4) reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric
      oxide (NO) levels. RESULTS: REEs affected P. lividus larvae with concentration
      related increase in developmental defects, 10(-6) to 10(-4)M, ranking as:
      Gd(III)>Y(III)>La(III)>Nd(III)?Eu(III)>Ce(III)?Sm(III). Nominal concentrations of
      REE salts were confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP
      MS). Significant increases in MDA levels, ROS formation, and NO levels were found
      in REE-exposed embryos. Sperm exposure to REEs (10(-5) to 10(-4)M) resulted in
      concentration-related decrease in fertilization success along with increase in
      offspring damage. Decreased mitotic activity and increased aberration rates were
      detected in REE-exposed embryos and in the offspring of REE-exposed sperm.
      CONCLUSION: REE-associated toxicity affecting embryogenesis, fertilization,
      cytogenetic and redox endpoints showed different activities of tested REEs.
      Damage to early life stages, along with redox and cytogenetic anomalies should be
      the focus of future REE toxicity studies.

PMID- 26970896
TI  - Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 for the treatment of MLL-rearranged leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene translocations are found in ~75%
      infant and 10% adult acute leukemia, showing a poor prognosis. Lysine-specific
      demethylase 1 (LSD1) has recently been implicated to be a drug target for this
      subtype of leukemia. More studies using potent LSD1 inhibitors against MLL
      rearranged leukemia are needed. METHODS: LSD1 inhibitors were examined for their
      biochemical and biological activities against LSD1 and MLL-rearranged leukemia as
      well as other cancer cells. RESULTS: Potent LSD1 inhibitors with biochemical IC50
      values of 9.8-77 nM were found to strongly inhibit proliferation of MLL
      rearranged leukemia cells with EC50 of 10-320 nM, while these compounds are
      generally non-cytotoxic to several other tumor cells. LSD1 inhibition increased
      histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation, downregulated expression of several
      leukemia-relevant genes, induced apoptosis and differentiation, and inhibited
      self-renewal of stem-like leukemia cells. Moreover, LSD1 inhibitors worked
      synergistically with inhibition of DOT1L, a histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79)
      methyltransferase, against MLL-rearranged leukemia. The most potent LSD1
      inhibitor showed significant in vivo activity in a systemic mouse model of MLL
      rearranged leukemia without overt toxicities. Mechanistically, LSD1 inhibitors
      caused significant upregulation of several pathways that promote hematopoietic
      differentiation and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: LSD1 is a drug target for MLL
      rearranged leukemia, and LSD1 inhibitors are potential therapeutics for the
      malignancy.

PMID- 26970901
TI  - Urinary elimination kinetics of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene of
      workers in a prebake aluminum electrode production plant: Evaluation of diuresis
      correction methods for routine biological monitoring.
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous carcinogenic pollutants
      emitted in complex mixtures in the ambient air and contribute to the incidence of
      human cancers. Taking into account all absorption routes, biomonitoring is more
      relevant than atmospheric measurements to health risk assessment, but knowledge
      about how to use biomarkers is essential. In this work, urinary elimination
      kinetic of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP) were
      studied in six electrometallurgy workers after PAHs exposure. Spot samples were
      collected on pre- and post-shift of the last workday then the whole urinations
      were separately sampled during the weekend. Non-linear mixed effects models were
      built to study inter- and intra-individual variability of both urinary
      metabolites toxicokinetic and investigate diuresis correction ways. Comparison of
      models confirmed the diuresis correction requirement to perform urinary
      biomonitoring of pyrene and BaP exposure. Urinary creatinine was found as a
      better way than specific gravity to normalize urinary concentrations of 1-OHP and
      as a good compromise for 3-OHBaP. Maximum observed levels were 1.0 umol/mol
      creatinine and 0.8nmol/mol creatinine for 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP, respectively.
      Urinary 1-OHP concentrations on post-shift were higher than pre-shift for each
      subject, while 3-OHBaP levels were steady or decreased, and maximum urinary
      excretion rates of 3-OHBaP was delayed compared to 1-OHP. These results were
      consistent with the sampling time previously proposed for 3-OHBaP analysis, the
      next morning after exposure. Apparent urinary half-life of 1-OHP and 3-OHBaP
      ranged from 12.0h to 18.2h and from 4.8h to 49.5h, respectively. Finally, inter
      individual variability of 1-OHP half-life seemed linked with the cutaneous
      absorption extent during exposure, while calculation of 3-OHBaP half-life
      required the awareness of individual urinary background level. The toxicokinetic
      modeling described here is an efficient tool which could be used to describe
      elimination kinetic and determine diuresis correction way for any other urinary
      biomarkers of chemicals or metals exposure.

PMID- 26970902
TI  - Aged and Diseased Neurons Get Lost in Transport.
AB  - The maintenance of nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization is essential for proper
      cellular function. Recent studies from the Gage and the Hipp labs report
      impairments in transport across the nuclear envelope in models of normal and
      pathological neuronal senescence, providing a mechanistic link between cerebral
      aging and neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 26970900
TI  - Maternal body burden of cadmium and offspring size at birth.
AB  - Increasing evidence suggests an inverse association between cadmium (Cd) and size
      at birth, potentially greatest among female neonates. We evaluated whether
      greater maternal body burden of Cd is associated with reduced neonatal
      anthropometry (birthweight, birth length, head circumference, and ponderal index)
      and assessed whether these associations differ by infant sex. The analytic sample
      for the present study (n=396) was derived from a subcohort of 750 women randomly
      drawn from among all participants (N=4344) in the Omega Study, a prospective
      pregnancy cohort. Creatinine-corrected Cd in maternal clean-catch spot urine
      samples (U-Cd) was quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
      Continuous log2-transformed Cd (log2-Cd) and U-Cd tertiles (low<0.29MUg/g
      creatinine, middle 0.29-0.42MUg/g creatinine, high>=0.43MUg/g creatinine) were
      used in multivariable linear regression models. Females had reduced birth length
      with greater U-Cd tertile, whereas males birth length marginally increased
      [beta(95% CI) females: low=reference, middle=-0.59cm (-1.37, 0.19), high=-0.83cm
      (-1.69, 0.02), p-trend=0.08; males: low=reference, middle=0.18cm (-0.59, 0.95),
      high=0.78cm (-0.04, 1.60), p-trend=0.07; p for interaction=0.03]. The log2-Cd by
      infant sex interaction was statistically significant for ponderal index [p=0.003;
      beta(95% CI): female=0.25kg/m(3) (-0.20, 0.70); male=-0.63kg/m(3) (-1.01, -0.24)]
      and birth length [p<0.001; beta(95% CI): female=-0.47cm (-0.74, -0.20),
      male=0.32cm (0.00, 0.65)]. Our findings suggest potential sex-specific reversal
      of Cd's associations on birth length and contribute to the evidence suggesting Cd
      impairs fetal growth.

PMID- 26970903
TI  - Helicobacter pylori in bottled mineral water: genotyping and antimicrobial
      resistance properties.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Up to now, fecal-oral and oral-oral are the most commonly known
      routes for transmission of H. pylori, therefore, contaminated water can play an
      important role in transmission of H. pylori to humans. Genotyping using virulence
      markers of H. pylori is one of the best approaches to study the correlations
      between H. pylori isolates from different samples. The present research was
      carried out to study the vacA, cagA, cagE, oipA, iceA and babA2 genotyping and
      antimicrobial resistance properties of H. pylori isolated from the bottled
      mineral water samples of Iran. RESULTS: Of 450 samples studied, 8 samples (1.77%)
      were contaminated with H. pylori. Brand C of bottled mineral water had the
      highest prevalence of H. pylori (3.63%). The bottled mineral water samples of
      July month had the highest levels of H. pylori-contamination (50%). H. pylori
      strains had the highest levels of resistance against metronidazole (62.5%),
      erythromycin (62.5%), clarithromycin (62.5%), amoxicillin (62.5%) and
      trimethoprim (62.5%). Totally, 12.5% of strains were resistant to more than 6
      antibiotics. VvacAs1a (100%), vacAm1a (87.5%), cagA (62.5%), iceA1 (62.5%), oipA
      (25%), babA2 (25%) and cagE (37.5%) were the most commonly detected genotypes.
      M1as1a (62.5%), m1as2 (37.5%), m2s2 (37.5%) and S1a/cagA+/IceA2/oipA-/babA2-/cagE
      (50%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Contaminated bottled mineral water maybe the sources of virulent and resistant
      strains H. pylori. Careful monitoring of bottled mineral water production may
      reduce the risk of H. pylori transmission into the human population.

PMID- 26970905
TI  - The Effect of Impact Location on Force Transmission to the Modular Junctions of
      Dual-Taper Modular Hip Implants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that off-axis
      impaction has on stability of dual-taper modular implants as measured by forces
      delivered to and transmitted through the head-neck and neck-stem tapers,
      respectively. METHODS: One hundred forty-four impact tests were performed using 6
      different directions: one on-axis and five 10 degrees  off-axes. Four different
      simulations were performed measuring the head-neck only and 3 different neck
      angulations: 0 degrees , 8 degrees , and 15 degrees . A drop tower impactor
      delivered both on- and off-axis impaction from a constant height. Load cells
      positioned in the drop mass and at the head-neck (HN) or neck-stem (NS) junction
      measured the impact and joint forces, respectively. RESULTS: Impact force of the
      hammer on the head ranged from 3800-4500 N. Greatest impact force delivered to
      the head was typically with axial impact. However, greatest force transmission to
      the neck-stem junction was not necessarily with axial impacts. There was limited
      variability in the force measured at the NS junction for all impaction directions
      seen in the 8 degrees  neck, whereas the 15 degrees  neck had greater forces
      transmitted to the NS junction with off-axes impactions directed in the proximal
      and posterior-proximal directions. CONCLUSION: The location of the impact
      significantly influences the force transmitted to the head-neck and neck-stem
      junctions in dual-taper modular hip implants. Although axial impacts proved
      superior to off-axis impacts for the straight 0 degrees  neck, greater force
      transmission with off-axis impacts for the angled necks suggests that off-axis
      impacts may potentially compromise the stability of dual-taper components.

PMID- 26970904
TI  - Respiratory influence on left atrial volume calculation with 3D-echocardiography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Left atrial volume (LAV) estimation with 3D echocardiography has been
      shown to be more accurate than 2D volume calculation. However, little is known
      about the possible effect of respiratory movements on the accuracy of the
      measurement. METHODS: 100 consecutive patients admitted with chest pain were
      examined with 3D echocardiography and LAV was quantified during inspiratory
      breath hold, expiratory breath hold and during free breathing. RESULTS: Of the
      100 patients, only 65 had an echocardiographic window that allowed for 3D
      echocardiography in the entire respiratory cycle. Mean atrial end diastolic
      volume was 45.4 +/- 14.5 during inspiratory breath hold, 46.4 +/- 14.8 during
      expiratory breath hold and 45.6 +/- 14.3 during free respiration. Mean end
      systolic volume was 17.6 +/- 7.8 during inspiratory breath hold, 18.8 +/- 8.0
      during expiratory breath hold and 18.3 +/- 8.0 during free respiration. No
      significant differences were seen in any of the measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS:
      The present study adds to the feasibility of 3D LAV quantitation. LAV estimation
      by 3D echocardiography may be performed during either end-expiratory or end
      inspiratory breath-hold without any significant difference in the calculated
      volume. Also, the LAV estimation may be performed during free breathing.

PMID- 26970906
TI  - A review of inpatient ward location and the relationship to Medical Emergency
      Team calls.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship between in-hospital location and patient
      outcomes as measured by Medical Emergency Team calls. STUDY DESIGN: A narrative
      systematic review of the literature. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of the
      literature was conducted in October 2014 using the electronic databases: Embase,
      Cochrane, Medline, CINAHL, Science Direct and Google Scholar for the most recent
      literature from 1997 to 2014. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Non-randomised study designs
      such as case control or cohort studies were eligible. Articles were selected
      independently by two researchers using a predetermined selection criterion. DATA
      SYNTHESIS: The screening process removed manuscripts that did not meet the
      inclusion criteria resulting in an empty review with one manuscript meeting most
      of the criteria for inclusion. The protocol was revised to a narrative synthesis
      including a broader scope of studies. The search strategy was expanded and
      modified to include manuscripts of any study design that comprise both inlier and
      outlier patients. Two manuscripts were selected for the narrative synthesis.
      CONCLUSION: Two recently published studies investigated the incidence of MET
      calls for outlier patients, and whilst MET calls were increased in outlier
      hospital patients, definitive conclusions associated with patient outcomes cannot
      be made at this time due to paucity of studies.

PMID- 26970907
TI  - Emergency department crowding affects triage processes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: During emergency department (ED) crowding there is an imbalance
      between the need for emergency care and available resources. We assessed the
      impact of crowding on the triage process. METHODS: A 1-year health records review
      of 49,539 patient visits was performed. Data extracted included: occupancy ratio,
      ED occupancy, demographics, length of stay (LOS), time to triage, triage score,
      years working as a triage nurse, and triage destination. Data were analyzed using
      descriptive statistics and regression analyses. RESULTS: During crowding, target
      times to triage elapsed more often than during non-crowding (49.7% vs. 24.9%, P
      <0.001), and more patients were not triaged (2.2% vs. 1.6%, P <0.001). A higher
      ED occupancy was associated with longer waiting times for triage and longer LOS
      (P <0.001). There were 12,627 (25.5%) patients redirected to the general
      practitioner cooperative (GPC). No association between level of crowdedness and
      number of patients who were redirected to the GPC was found (P = 0.122).
      Redirection to the GPC occurred significantly more often when the triage nurse
      had more years working as a triage nurse (P <0.001). CONCLUSION: At this
      hospital, crowding affects the triage process, leading to longer waiting times to
      triage and longer ED LOS. Crowding did not influence triage destination.

PMID- 26970908
TI  - An Alternative Bundle-to-Bundle Suturing Technique for Repairing Fresh Achilles
      Tendon Rupture.
AB  - The main concern about conventional Achilles tendon repair surgical techniques is
      how to maintain the initial strength of the ruptured Achilles tendon through
      complicated suturing methods. The primary surgical problem lies in the properties
      of the soft tissue; the deterioration of the Achilles tendon, especially in its
      elasticity; and the surface lubricity of the local tissues. In the present study,
      we describe an innovative bundle-to-bundle suturing method that addresses these
      potential problems. 

PMID- 26970910
TI  - Single Oblique Incision for Simultaneous Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of
      the Posterior Malleolus and Anterior Syndesmosis.
AB  - Several surgical approaches to the posterior malleolus have been described.
      However, these approaches may make it difficult for fixation of associated
      lateral malleolar and anterior syndesmotic fractures. A single incision approach
      is described that allows safe access to the posterior malleolus while also
      facilitating access to the lateral malleolus and anterior syndesmosis. 

PMID- 26970909
TI  - Sustainability of Forefoot Reconstruction for the Rheumatoid Foot.
AB  - Ninety percent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis will display foot and ankle
      pathologic features, including hallux valgus, lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP)
      joint subluxation/dislocation, and hammertoe deformity. Recently, a trend has
      ensued toward joint preservation with distal metatarsal osteotomies and various
      bunion corrective procedures. However, the reference standard remains first MTP
      joint fusion, lesser metatarsal head resection, and lesser proximal
      interphalangeal joint fusion. The present retrospective study followed the
      results of 4 different surgeons who had performed the reference standard
      rheumatoid forefoot reconstruction from August 2008 to August 2012 on patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis. Radiographic and statistical analysis of the data from
      20 patients determined an overall first MTP joint fusion rate of 90%, often
      occurring by 108 (range 64 to 202) days postoperatively. Radiographic nonunion
      occurred in 2 of the 20 patients (10%), although both were asymptomatic, with no
      revision necessary. Lesser digit deformity revision occurred in 1 patient (5%),
      and mild to moderate infection developed in 4 patients (20%). The radiographic
      and clinical follow-up period was 12 months. Our study found that this technique
      provides exceptional radiographic improvement, an acceptable time to fusion, a
      low reoperation rate, and minimal complications. In addition, correction of the
      deformity was maintained at 1 year postoperatively. In conclusion, first MTP
      joint fusion with lesser metatarsal head resection should remain the reference
      standard for surgical intervention of the rheumatoid foot. 

PMID- 26970911
TI  - [Children facial asymmetry related to mandibular bone swelling].

PMID- 26970912
TI  - Enhanced Recovery after Urological Surgery: A Contemporary Systematic Review of
      Outcomes, Key Elements, and Research Needs.
AB  - CONTEXT: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programs are multimodal care
      pathways that aim to decrease intra-operative blood loss, decrease postoperative
      complications, and reduce recovery times. OBJECTIVE: To overview the use and key
      elements of ERAS pathways, and define needs for future clinical trials. EVIDENCE
      ACQUISITION: A comprehensive systematic MEDLINE search was performed for English
      language reports published before May 2015 using the terms "postoperative
      period," "postoperative care," "enhanced recovery after surgery," "enhanced
      recovery," "accelerated recovery," "fast track recovery," "recovery program,"
      "recovery pathway", "ERAS," and "urology" or "cystectomy" or "urologic surgery."
      EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We identified 18 eligible articles. Patient counseling,
      physical conditioning, avoiding excessive alcohol and smoking, and good nutrition
      appeared to protect against postoperative complications. Fasting from solid food
      for only 6h and perioperative liquid-carbohydrate loading up to 2h prior to
      surgery appeared to be safe and reduced recovery times. Restricted, balanced, and
      goal-directed fluid replacement is effective when individualized, depending on
      patient morbidity and surgical procedure. Decreased intraoperative blood loss may
      be achieved by several measures. Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, antibiotic
      prophylaxis, and thermoregulation were found to help reduce postsurgical
      complications, as was a multimodal approach to postoperative nausea, vomiting,
      and analgesia. Chewing gum, prokinetic agents, oral laxatives, and an early
      resumption to normal diet appear to aid faster return to normal bowel function.
      Further studies should compare anesthetic protocols, refine analgesia, and
      evaluate the importance of robot-assisted surgery and the need/timing for drains
      and catheters. CONCLUSIONS: ERAS regimens are multidisciplinary, multimodal
      pathways that optimize postoperative recovery. PATIENT SUMMARY: This review
      provides an overview of the use and key elements of Enhanced Recovery after
      Surgery programs, which are multimodal, multidisciplinary care pathways that aim
      to optimize postoperative recovery. Additional conclusions include identifying
      effective procedures within Enhanced Recovery after Surgery programs and defining
      needs for future clinical trials.

PMID- 26970914
TI  - [Peer training for patients with diabetes mellitus 2. A quantitative and
      qualitative evaluation in the Basque Country and Andalusia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a peer training strategy for patients with type2 diabetes
      mellitus, developed in two training programmes in the Basque Country and
      Andalusia. DESIGN: Quantitative pre- and post-intervention and qualitative
      evaluation, developed between 2012 and 2014. PLACE: The Basque Country and
      Andalusia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 409 patients and trainer-patients,
      participating in self-management peer training programmes. Intentional sample of
      44 patients for the qualitative study. METHOD: Bivariate analysis and net gains
      for common variables used in questionnaires in the Basque Country and Andalusia:
      self-reported health, daily activities, physical activity, use of health
      services, and self-management. Content analysis of 8 focus groups with patients
      and trainer-patients, including: coding, categorisation, and triangulation of
      results. RESULTS: Peer training has a positive impact on physical activity, the
      use of health services, and self-management, with some gender differences. The
      peer-training strategy is considered positive, as it strengthens the patient
      health provider relationship, generates group support and self-confidence, and
      improves the emotional management. Patients identify two areas of potential
      improvement: access and continuity of training strategies, and more support and
      recognition from health providers and institutions. CONCLUSIONS: The positive
      impact on health and quality of life that this patient peer-training provides,
      requires the collaboration of health professionals and institutions, which should
      improve the access, continuity and adaptation to patient needs and expectations.

PMID- 26970913
TI  - Lymphatic endothelial cells efferent to inflamed joints produce iNOS and inhibit
      lymphatic vessel contraction and drainage in TNF-induced arthritis in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this study, we sought to determine the cellular source of
      inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced in lymphatic endothelial cells
      (LECs) in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the effects of iNOS on
      lymphatic smooth muscle cell (LSMC) function and on the development of arthritis
      in TNF-transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice, and whether iNOS inhibitors improve lymphatic
      function and reduce joint destruction in inflammatory erosive arthritis. METHODS:
      We used quantitative polymerase chain reactions, immunohistochemistry, histology,
      and near-infrared imaging to examine (1) iNOS expression in podoplanin + LECs and
      lymphatic vessels from wild-type (WT) and TNF-Tg mice, (2) iNOS induction by TNF
      in WT LECs, (3) the effects of iNOS inhibitors on expression of functional muscle
      genes in LSMCs, and (4) the effects of iNOS inhibitors on lymphatic vessel
      contraction and drainage, as well as the severity of arthritis, in TNF-Tg mice.
      RESULTS: LECs from TNF-Tg mice had eight fold higher iNOS messenger RNA levels
      than WT cells, and iNOS expression was confirmed immunohistochemically in
      podoplanin + LECs in lymphatic vessels from inflamed joints. TNF (0.1 ng/ml)
      increased iNOS levels 40-fold in LECs. LSMCs cocultured with LECs pretreated with
      TNF had reduced expression of functional muscle genes. This reduction was
      prevented by ferulic acid, which blocked nitric oxide production. Local injection
      of L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine 5-tetrazole-amide into inflamed paws of TNF-Tg
      mice resulted in recovery of lymphatic vessel contractions and drainage.
      Treatment of TNF-Tg mice with ferulic acid reduced synovial inflammation as well
      as cartilage and bone erosion, and it also restored lymphatic contraction and
      drainage. CONCLUSIONS: iNOS is produced primarily by LECs in lymphatic vessel
      efferent from inflamed joints of TNF-Tg mice in response to TNF and inhibits LSMC
      contraction and lymph drainage. Ferulic acid represents a potential new therapy
      to restore lymphatic function and thus improve inflammatory arthritis by
      inhibiting local production of nitric oxide by LSMCs.

PMID- 26970915
TI  - In vitro influence of dietary protein and fructooligosaccharides on metabolism of
      canine fecal microbiota.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present in vitro study investigated whether the utilization of
      fructooligosaccharides (FOS) may influence canine fecal microbial population in
      presence of diets differing in their protein content and digestibility. Fresh
      fecal samples were collected from five adult dogs, pooled, and incubated for 24 h
      with the undigested residue of three diets: 1, Low protein high digestibility
      diet (LP HD, crude protein (CP) 229 g/kg); 2, High protein high digestibility
      diet (HP HD, CP 304 g/kg); 3, High protein low digestibility diet (HP LD, CP 303
      g/kg) that had been previously subjected to enzymatic digestion. In the in vitro
      fermentation study, there were six treatments: 1) LP HD; 2) HP HD 3) HP LD; 4) LP
      HD + FOS; 5) HP HD + FOS; 6) HP LD + FOS. Fructooligosaccharides were added at
      the final concentration of 1.5 g/L. Samples of fermentation fluid were collected
      at 6 and 24 h of incubation. RESULTS: Values of pH were reduced by FOS at 6 and
      24 h (P < 0.001); conversely, low protein digestibility and high dietary protein
      level resulted in higher pH at both sampling times (P < 0.001). At 24 h, FOS
      lowered ammonia (-10%; P < 0.001) and resulted (P < 0.05) in higher
      concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (+43%), acetic acid (+14%),
      propionic acid (+75%) and n-butyric acid (+372%). Conversely, at 24 h, low
      protein digestibility resulted (P < 0.01) in lower concentrations of acetic acid
      (-26%), propionic acid (-37%) and total VFA (-21%). Putrescine concentrations
      were increased at 6 and 24 h of fermentation by low protein digestibility (+21
      and 22%, respectively; P < 0.05) and FOS (+18 and 24%, respectively; P < 0.01).
      After 24 h of fermentation, high dietary protein level resulted in lower counts
      of lactobacilli and enterococci (-0.5 and -0.7 log cells/mL, respectively; P <
      0.05) whereas low protein digestibility tended to increase counts of C.
      perfringens (+0.2 log cells/mL; P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present
      study showed that diets rich in protein may exert negative influences on the
      canine intestinal ecosystem, slightly increasing the presence of ammonia and
      reducing counts of lactobacilli and enterococci. Moreover, the presence of poorly
      digestible protein resulted in lower concentrations of VFA. Conversely,
      administration of FOS may improve metabolism of canine intestinal microbiota,
      reducing ammonia concentrations and enhancing VFA production.

PMID- 26970916
TI  - Do incident and recurrent venous thromboembolism risks truly differ between
      heterozygous and homozygous Factor V Leiden carriers? A retrospective cohort
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: While Factor V Leiden (F5 rs6025 A allele) is a known venous
      thromboembolism (VTE) risk factor, VTE risk among heterozygous vs. homozygous
      carriers is uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of
      Mayo Clinic patients referred for genotyping between 1996 and 2013, we tested
      Factor V Leiden genotype as a risk factor for incident and recurrent VTE.
      RESULTS: Among heterozygous (n=268) and homozygous (n=111) carriers, the
      prevalence of VTE was 54% and 68%, respectively (p=0.016). While mean patient age
      at first VTE event (43.9 vs. 42.9years; p=0.70) did not differ significantly,
      median VTE-free survival was modestly shorter for homozygous carriers (56.8 vs
      59.5 years; p=0.04). Sixty-nine (48%) and 31 (42%) heterozygous and homozygous
      carriers had >=1 VTE recurrence (p=0.42). In a multivariable model, idiopathic
      incident VTE and a second thrombophilia were associated with increased and
      anticoagulation duration >6months with reduced hazards of VTE recurrence; Factor
      V Leiden genotype was not an independent predictor of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS:
      Aside from a higher VTE prevalence and modestly reduced VTE-free survival, VTE
      penetrance and phenotype severity did not differ significantly among homozygous
      vs. heterozygous carriers, suggesting that VTE prophylaxis and management should
      not differ by Factor V Leiden genotype.

PMID- 26970917
TI  - The sudden death of Alaric I (c. 370-410AD), the vanquisher of Rome: A tale of
      malaria and lacking immunity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alaric I (c. 370-410AD), King of the Visigoths, sacked Rome for the
      second time in over eight centuries of history. Historians suggest that malaria,
      probably contracted either in Rome or in the Pontine Marshes, was responsible for
      his sudden death in Cosenza (Calabria) in the autumn of 410AD, where he was
      allegedly buried in the River Busento. In this article, we aim to examine this
      hypothesis through a full pathographic reassessment of the most likely cause of
      Alaric's demise. METHODS: To achieve this, we resorted to a dual philological
      medical approach: clinical likelihood and malaria seasonality coupled with
      primary historical sources (mainly Jordanes' work De origine actibusque Getarum)
      and the reconstruction of the itineraries followed by Alaric and his army after
      the sack of Rome. RESULTS: Sudden death is caused by several factors. The
      possibility that Alaric died of a cardiovascular disease was discarded since no
      description of potentially pathological signs emerged from the available sources.
      Given his lack of semi-immunity, falciparum malaria was considered as the most
      likely cause of his demise. It took him over two months to reach the coasts of
      Calabria during the peak of malaria's transmission (summer-autumn). During the
      march, Alaric did not suffer from recurrent fevers or other ailments, which would
      have been reported by historians. CONCLUSION: The scenario emerging from this
      multidisciplinary reanalysis allows us to hypothesise that Plasmodium falciparum
      malaria, contracted during his journey through Calabria, was the most likely
      candidate responsible for Alaric's unexpected demise.

PMID- 26970918
TI  - Factors influencing quality of sleep among non-mechanically ventilated patients
      in the Intensive Care Unit.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the self-reported quality of sleep of non-mechanically
      ventilated patients admitted to an ICU, and to identify barriers to sleep in this
      setting. METHOD: Patients admitted to the ICU of Frankston Hospital over a two
      month period who had spent at least one night in the ICU, and had not received
      mechanical ventilation were surveyed as they were discharged from the ICU. This
      survey required patients to rate the quality of their sleep in the ICU and at
      home immediately prior to hospitalisation on a 10cm visual analogue scale; and to
      identify perceived barriers to sleep in the ICU and at home prior to
      hospitalisation. RESULTS: 56 respondents were surveyed during the study period.
      Median age was 74 years (range=18-92 years); median ICU length of stay was 1 day
      (range=1-7 days). Overall, respondents rated their quality of sleep in ICU
      (median=4.9/10) as significantly worse than at home immediately prior to ICU
      admission (median=7.15/10; Z=-3.02, p<0.002); however 44% of respondents rated
      their quality of sleep in ICU as better, or no worse, than at home immediately
      prior to hospitalisation. Sub-group analysis revealed that among patients with
      reduced quality of sleep (<5/10) prior to hospitalisation, 71.4% rated their
      quality of sleep in ICU as better, or no worse, than at home prior to
      hospitalisation, with no significant difference between sleep quality ratings in
      ICU and at home (p=0.341). Respondents identified the following as barriers to
      sleep in the ICU: noise levels overnight (53.6%); discomfort (33.9%); pain
      (32.1%); being awoken for procedures (32%); being attached to medical devices
      (28.6%); stress/anxiety (26.8%); and light levels (23.2%). CONCLUSION: Pre
      hospitalisation sleep quality appears to be an important influence on sleep in
      ICU. Many barriers to sleep in the ICU identified by respondents are potentially
      modifiable.

PMID- 26970919
TI  - Evaluation of soluble fraction and enzymatic residual fraction of dilute dry
      acid, ethylenediamine, and steam explosion pretreated corn stover on the
      enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
AB  - This study is aimed to examine the inhibition of soluble fraction (SF) and
      enzymatic residual fraction (ERF) in dry dilute acid (DDA), ethylenediamine (EDA)
      and steam explosion (SE) pretreated corn stover (CS) on the enzymatic
      digestibility of cellulose. SF of DDA, EDA and SE pretreated CS has high xylose,
      soluble lignin and xylo-oligomer content, respectively. SF of EDA pretreated CS
      leads to the highest inhibition, followed by SE and DDA pretreated CS. Inhibition
      of ERF of DDA and SE pretreated CS is higher than that of EDA pretreated CS. The
      inhibition degree (A0/A) of SF is 1.76 and 1.21 times to that of ERF for EDA and
      SE pretreated CS, respectively. The inhibition degree of ERF is 1.05 times to
      that of SF in DDA pretreated CS. The quantitative analysis shows that SF of EDA
      pretreated CS, SF and ERF of SE pretreated CS cause significant inhibition during
      enzymatic hydrolysis. 

PMID- 26970920
TI  - Enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin pretreated by rapid depressurization from
      supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane toward highly acetylated
      oligosaccharides.
AB  - The hydrolysis of chitin treated under supercritical conditions was successfully
      carried out using chitinases obtained by an optimized fermentation of the fungus
      Lecanicillium lecanii. The biopolymer was subjected to a pretreatment based on
      suspension in supercritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (scR134a), which possesses
      a critical temperature and pressure of 101 degrees C and 40bar, respectively,
      followed by rapid depressurization to atmospheric pressure and further
      fibrillation. This methodology was compared to control untreated chitins and
      chitin subjected to steam explosion showing improved production of reducing
      sugars (0.18mg/mL), enzymatic hydrolysis and high acetylation (FA of 0.45) in
      products with degrees of polymerization between 2 and 5. 

PMID- 26970921
TI  - L-Lactic acid production by combined utilization of agricultural bioresources as
      renewable and economical substrates through batch and repeated-batch fermentation
      of Enterococcus faecalis RKY1.
AB  - Enterococcus faecalis RKY1 was used to produce l-lactic acid from hydrol, soybean
      curd residues (SCR), and malt. Hydrol was efficiently metabolized to l-lactic
      acid with optical purity of >97.5%, though hydrol contained mixed sugars such as
      glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and maltodextrin. Combined utilization of hydrol,
      SCR, and malt was enough to sustain lactic acid fermentation by E. faecalis RKY1.
      In order to reduce the amount of nitrogen sources and product inhibition, cell
      recycle repeated-batch fermentation was employed, where a high cell mass
      (26.3g/L) was obtained. Lactic acid productivity was improved by removal of
      lactic acid from fermentation broth by membrane filtration and by linearly
      increased cell density. When the total of 10 repeated-batch fermentations were
      carried out using 100g/L hydrol, 150g/L SCR hydrolyzate, and 20g/L malt
      hydrolyzate as the main nutrients, lactic acid productivity was increased
      significantly from 3.20g/L/h to 6.37g/L/h. 

PMID- 26970922
TI  - Performance evaluation of a novel anaerobic-anoxic sludge blanket reactor for
      biological nutrient removal treating municipal wastewater.
AB  - A novel anaerobic-anoxic sludge blanket reactor, AnoxAn, unifies the non-aerated
      zones of the biological nutrient removal treatment train in a single upflow
      reactor, aimed at achieving high compactness and efficiency. The environmental
      conditions are vertically divided up inside the reactor with the anaerobic zone
      at the bottom and the anoxic zone above. This contribution presents the
      performance evaluation of the novel reactor in the removal of organic matter and
      nutrients from municipal wastewater, coupled with an aerobic hybrid MBR. The
      overall system achieved total nitrogen and phosphorus removal with average
      efficiencies of 75% and 89%, respectively. Separate anoxic and anaerobic
      conditions were maintained in AnoxAn, allowing anaerobic phosphate release and
      nearly complete anoxic denitrification in the single reactor operating with an
      HRT of 4.2h. Biomass was retained in the reactor achieving TSS concentration up
      to 10gL(-1) and partial hydrolysis of influent particulate organic matter. 

PMID- 26970923
TI  - Sequential batch membrane bio-reactor for wastewater treatment: The effect of
      increased salinity.
AB  - In this work, a sequential batch membrane bioreactor pilot plant is investigated
      to analyze the effect of a gradual increase in salinity on carbon and nutrient
      removal, membrane fouling and biomass kinetic parameters. The salinity was
      increased by 2gNaClL(-1) per week up to 10gNaClL(-1). The total COD removal
      efficiency was quite high (93%) throughout the experiment. A gradual biomass
      acclimation to the salinity level was observed during the experiment,
      highlighting the good recovery capabilities of the system. Nitrification was also
      influenced by the increase in salinity, with a slight decrease in nitrification
      efficiency (the lowest value was obtained at 10gNaClL(-1) due to lower nitrifier
      activity). Irreversible cake deposition was the predominant fouling mechanism
      observed during the experiment. Respirometric tests exhibited a stress effect due
      to salinity, with a reduction in the respiration rates observed (from 8.85mgO2L(
      1)h(-1) to 4mgO2L(-1)h(-1)). 

PMID- 26970924
TI  - The effect of seasonal variation on biomethane production from seaweed and on
      application as a gaseous transport biofuel.
AB  - Biomethane produced from seaweed may be used as a transport biofuel. Seasonal
      variation will have an effect on this industry. Laminaria digitata, a typical
      Irish brown seaweed species, shows significant seasonal variation both in
      proximate, ultimate and biochemical composition. The characteristics in August
      were optimal with the lowest level of ash (20% of volatile solids), a C:N ratio
      of 32 and the highest specific methane yield measured at 327LCH4kgVS(-1), which
      was 72% of theoretical yield. The highest yield per mass collected of 53m(3)CH4t(
      1) was achieved in August, which is 4.5 times higher than the lowest value,
      obtained in December. A seaweed cultivation area of 11,800ha would be required to
      satisfy the 2020 target for advanced biofuels in Ireland, of 1.25% renewable
      energy supply in transport (RES-T) based on the optimal gross energy yield
      obtained in August (200GJha(-1)yr(-1)). 

PMID- 26970925
TI  - Recombinant endo-mannanase (ManB-1601) production using agro-industrial residues:
      Development of economical medium and application in oil extraction from copra.
AB  - Expression of pRSETA manb-1601 construct in Hi-Control Escherichia coli BL21
      (DE3) cells improved recombinant endo-mannanase (ManB-1601) production by 2.73
      fold (1821+/-100U/ml). A low-cost, agro-industrial residue supplemented
      industrial medium for enhanced and economical production of ManB-1601 was
      developed in two mutual phases. Phase-I revealed the potential of various pre-
      (induction time: 5h, induction mode: lactose 0.5mM) and post-induction [peptone
      supplementation: 0.94%(w/v), glycerol 0.123%(v/v)] parameters for enhanced
      production of ManB-1601 and resulted in 4.61-fold (8406+/-400U/ml) and 2.53-fold
      (3.30g/l) higher ManB-1601 and biomass production, respectively. Under phase-II,
      economization of phase-I medium was carried out by reducing/replacing costly
      ingredients with solubilized-defatted flax seed meal (S-DFSM), which resulted in
      3.25-fold (5926U/ml) higher ManB-1601 production. Industrial potential of ManB
      1601 was shown in oil extraction from copra as enzyme treatment led to cracks,
      peeling, fracturing and smoothening of copra, which facilitated higher (18.75%)
      oil yield. 

PMID- 26970926
TI  - Temperature affects microbial abundance, activity and interactions in anaerobic
      digestion.
AB  - Temperature is a major factor determining the performance of the anaerobic
      digestion process. The microbial abundance, activity and interactional networks
      were investigated under a temperature gradient from 25 degrees C to 55 degrees C
      through amplicon sequencing, using 16S ribosomal RNA and 16S rRNA gene-based
      approaches. Comparative analysis of past accumulative elements presented by 16S
      rRNA gene-based analysis, and the in-situ conditions presented by 16S rRNA-based
      analysis, provided new insights concerning the identification of microbial
      functional roles and interactions. The daily methane production and total biogas
      production increased with temperature up to 50 degrees C, but decreased at 55
      degrees C. Increased methanogenesis and hydrolysis at 50 degrees C were main
      factors causing higher methane production which was also closely related with
      more well-defined methanogenic and/or related modules with comprehensive
      interactions and increased functional orderliness referred to more microorganisms
      participating in interactions. This research demonstrated the importance of
      evaluating functional roles and interactions of microbial community. 

PMID- 26970927
TI  - Removal of methyl acrylate by ceramic-packed biotrickling filter and their
      response to bacterial community.
AB  - Methyl acrylate is a widely used raw chemical materials and it is toxic in
      humans. In order to treat the methyl acrylate waste gas, a 3-layer BTF packed
      with ceramic particles and immobilized with activated sludge was set up. The BTF
      exhibited excellent removal efficiency that no methyl acrylate could be detected
      when EBRT was larger than 266s and inlet concentration was lower than 0.19g/m(3).
      The 1st layer performed the best at fixed inlet concentration of 0.42g/m(3). PCR
      combined with DGGE was performed to detect the differences in different layers of
      the BTF. Phylum Proteobacteria (e.g. alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-) was
      predominantly represented in the bacterial community, followed by Actinobacteria
      and Firmicutes. Desulfovibrio gigas, Variovorax paradoxus, Dokdonella koreensis,
      Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis, Azorhizobium caulinodans, Hyphomicrobium
      denitrificans, Hyphomicrobium sp. and Comamonas testosteroni formed the bacteria
      community to treat methyl acrylate waste gas in the BTF. 

PMID- 26970928
TI  - Screening mammography: Usefulness beyond early detection of breast cancer.

PMID- 26970929
TI  - GreenlightTM photovaporization of the prostate in patients under rivaroxaban:
      Lesson learned after the first cases.

PMID- 26970930
TI  - Incidental vaginal mullerianosis.
AB  - Mullerianosis is the term used to designate lesions composed of an admixture of
      two or three types of mullerian-derivation glands in heterotopic location. In
      this report, we describe a case of incidental vaginal mullerianosis in a 59-year
      old woman who underwent rectosigmoidectomy for rectal adenocarcinoma. In the
      vaginal cuff removed for neoplastic invasion, a separate multilocular mass
      measuring 1.5cm was found. The microscopic examination of the vaginal wall
      revealed endosalpingeal, endocervical and endometrial dilated or cystic glands
      with predominance of the endosalpingeal epithelium. Mullerian epithelium showed
      positivity for cytokeratins 7 and 8/18, high molecular weight cytokeratin,
      estrogen receptor alpha, and androgen receptor. The periglandular stroma was
      condensed and reactive for smooth-muscle actin, h-caldesmon, and CD10. To the
      best of our knowledge, a case of vaginal mullerianosis has not been previously
      reported. This lesion should be differentiated form vaginal adenosis and primary
      well-differentiated vaginal adenocarcinoma. The vagina should be added to the
      list of locations in which mullerianosis can be observed. 

PMID- 26970932
TI  - Cytokines in the perinatal period - Part I.
AB  - Successful pregnancy requires a state of immune homeostasis. Maternal tolerance
      of the genetically distinct fetoplacental unit is in part mediated by maternal
      and fetal pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; these cytokines have also been
      implicated in different pregnancy-related pathologic states. This two-part series
      seeks to provide anesthesiologists with an overview on selected perinatal
      cytokines in an effort to identify opportunities for research and improvements in
      clinical care. In part one, we review basic and pregnancy-related elements of the
      immune system, with an emphasis on the role of cytokines. From this foundation,
      we offer a perspective of a unique phenomenon witnessed within obstetric
      anesthesia - maternal temperature elevation associated with labor epidural
      analgesia. 

PMID- 26970931
TI  - Maternal Obesity Affects Inflammatory and Iron Indices in Umbilical Cord Blood.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of maternal obesity and gestational weight
      gain across pregnancy on fetal indices of inflammation and iron status. STUDY
      DESIGN: Eighty-five healthy term newborns delivered via elective cesarean were
      categorized by 2 maternal body mass index (BMI) thresholds; above or below 30
      kg/m(2) or above or below 35 kg/m(2). Umbilical cord plasma levels of C-reactive
      protein, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, ferritin, and
      hepcidin were assayed. Cytokines released by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      umbilical cord mononuclear cells (MNCs) were assayed. RESULTS: Maternal class II
      obesity, defined as BMI of 35 kg/m(2) and above, predicted higher C-reactive
      protein and TNF-alpha in umbilical cord plasma (P < .05 for both), and also
      proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) from stimulated MNC (P
      < .05 for all). The rise in plasma TNF-alpha and MNC TNF-alpha was not linear but
      occurred when the threshold of BMI 35 kg/m(2) was reached (P < .005, P < .06).
      Poorer umbilical cord iron indices were associated with maternal obesity. When
      ferritin was low, IL-6 was higher (P < .04), but this relationship was present
      primarily when maternal BMI exceeded 35 kg/m(2) (P < .03). Ferritin was
      correlated with hepcidin (P < .0001), but hepcidin was unrelated to either
      maternal BMI or inflammatory indices. CONCLUSIONS: Class II obesity and above
      during pregnancy is associated with fetal inflammation in a threshold fashion.
      Although maternal BMI negatively impacted fetal iron status, hepcidin, related to
      obesity in adults, was related to iron status and not obesity in fetuses.
      Pediatricians should be aware of these relationships.

PMID- 26970933
TI  - Recovery from hyponatremia in acute phase is associated with better in-hospital
      mortality rate in acute heart failure syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although hyponatremia on admission is a predictor of poor prognosis
      in acute heart failure (AHF) patients, little is known about the association
      between changes in sodium level in acute phase and in-hospital mortality. This
      study was performed to clarify the impact of sodium level improvement in the
      early phase on prognosis in AHF patients. METHODS: A total of 882 consecutive
      hospitalized AHF patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Sodium
      levels were evaluated on days 1 and 3 of admission, and patients were classified
      into three groups: patients with hyponatremia on admission and day 3 (hypo-hypo
      group); patients with hyponatremia on admission and normonatremia on day 3 (hypo
      normo group); and patients with normonatremia on admission (normo group).
      RESULTS: Hyponatremia (sodium <=135 mEq/L) was observed in 14.3% of cases. In
      multivariate linear regression analysis, age (standardized beta=0.084), male
      gender (standardized beta=-0.072), history of ischemic heart disease
      (standardized beta=-0.069), baseline sodium level (standardized beta=-0.435), and
      tolvaptan use (standardized beta=0.093) were independent determinants of changes
      in sodium level from day 1 to day 3. In-hospital mortality rates were
      significantly higher in the hypo-hypo group (23.7%) and hypo-normo group (9.7%)
      than the normo group (6.9%) (p<0.001). After adjustment for covariates, both hypo
      normo (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.08-0.93, p=0.038) and normo (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20
      0.88, p=0.022) groups showed significantly lower in-hospital mortality rates than
      the hypo-hypo group. CONCLUSION: Early recovery from hyponatremia in AHF patients
      is associated with lower in-hospital mortality rate.

PMID- 26970934
TI  - Sex differences in the association between serum uric acid and cardiac mortality
      in Asian patients with established coronary artery disease: A revisit of the ET
      CHD registry in Taiwan, 1997-2003.

PMID- 26970935
TI  - Glioblastoma following treatment with fingolimod for relapsing-remitting multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - Glioblastoma is an uncommon and aggressive primary brain tumor with incidence of
      3 per 100,000 annually. We report a 50-year-old woman diagnosed with glioblastoma
      within threeyears of induction of fingolimod therapy for relapsing-remitting
      multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod, an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment
      of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, has also been suggested to impart a
      cardioprotective role in heart failure and arrhythmia via activation of P21
      activated kinase-1 (Pak1). In the brain, Pak1 activation has been shown to
      correlate with decreased survival time amongst patients with glioblastoma. A
      molecular mechanism underlying a link between fingolimod use and glioblastoma
      development may involve activation of Pak1. To our knowledge, this is the first
      report of a potential association between fingolimod use and glioblastoma
      development. 

PMID- 26970937
TI  - [Sleep disorders and addictions: Impact on quality of life and relapse
      vulnerability].
AB  - There is a bidirectional association between sleep disorders and addiction. Sleep
      problems negatively impact the quality of life of subjects with addictions
      (psychological state, pain perception, drug use). Sleep disorders are associated
      with a higher risk of relapse among sujects with addiction. The association
      between sleep disorders and relapse may be related to poor quality of life or to
      a higher level of craving. Maintaining abstinence and reducing craving episodes
      among subjects with addiction is the first-line treatment to reduce sleep
      disorders. Specific interventions focused on sleep disorders are needed when
      sleep disorders persist during abstinence and may improve global addiction
      outcome.

PMID- 26970936
TI  - [Potentiation strategies].
AB  - Lithium is among the most classically recommended add-on therapeutic strategy for
      the management of depressive patients showing unsuccessful response to standard
      antidepressant medications. The effectiveness of the add-on strategy with lithium
      requires achieving plasma levels above 0.5 mEq/L. Mood-stabilizing antiepileptic
      drugs such as carbamazepine, valproate derivatives or lamotrigine have not
      demonstrated conclusive therapeutic effects for the management of depressive
      patients showing unsuccessful response to standard antidepressant medications.
      Thyroid hormones are considered among the currently recommended add-on
      therapeutic strategy for the management of depressive patients showing
      unsuccessful response to standard antidepressant medications. The effectiveness
      of the add-on strategy with thyroid hormones requires achieving plasma
      concentration of TSH close to the lower limits at the normal range (0.4 MUUI/L)
      or even below it. Second-generation antipsychotics such as aripiprazole or
      quetiapine have consistently demonstrated significant therapeutic effects for the
      management of depressive patients showing unsuccessful response to standard
      antidepressant medications. Second-generation antipsychotics however require the
      careful monitoring of both cardiovascular and metabolic adverse effects.

PMID- 26970939
TI  - [Roadmap for therapeutic strategies of treatment resistant depression].

PMID- 26970938
TI  - [How to define treatment-resistant depression?].
AB  - The most largely used definition of the treatment-resistant depression relies on
      the failure of two successive trials of antidepressant treatment at an adequate
      dose and duration. The absence of response to previous antidepressant treatments
      should be assessed using specific and appropriate clinical instruments enabling a
      correct staging of the therapeutic resistance. A wide range of socio-demographic
      and clinical factors (i.e. psychiatric/somatic comorbidities) are classically
      associated with the therapeutic resistance. The aim of the treatment of major
      depression is to achieve a complete clinical remission. The presence of residual
      symptoms increases the risk for the subsequent occurrence of relapses and
      recurrences, hence facilitating the development of therapeutic resistance. The
      treatment-resistant depression has a deleterious impact on the social, familial
      or professional functioning, thereby leading to an impaired quality of life with
      serious socioeconomic consequences and costs. 

PMID- 26970940
TI  - Equine anaesthesia-associated mortality: where are we now?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To review the literature concerning mortality associated with general
      anaesthesia in horses and to assess whether there is evidence for a reduction in
      mortality over the 20 years since the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative
      Equine Fatalities (CEPEF). DATABASES USED: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar. Search
      terms used: horse; pony; equine; anaesthesia; anesthesia; recovery; morbidity,
      and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The most recent studies, in which isoflurane and
      sevoflurane have been more commonly used for anaesthesia maintenance, report
      fewer intraoperative cardiac arrests than older studies in which halothane was
      favoured. Catastrophic fractures, however, have become the greatest cause of
      recovery-associated mortality.

PMID- 26970941
TI  - Recovery From Acute Kidney Injury and CKD Following Heart Transplantation in
      Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in children following surgery for
      congenital heart disease and has been associated with poor long-term kidney
      outcomes. Children undergoing heart transplantation may be at increased risk for
      the development of both AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study examines
      AKI rates in children, adolescents, and young adults after heart transplantation
      and analyzes the relationship between AKI and CKD in this population. STUDY
      DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 88 young patients who
      underwent heart transplantation at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford,
      CA, September 1, 2007, to November 30, 2013. PREDICTOR: The primary independent
      variable was AKI within the first 7 postoperative days, ascertained according to
      the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) creatinine criteria
      (increase in serum creatinine >= 1.5 times baseline within 7 days). OUTCOMES:
      Recovery from AKI at 3 months, ascertained as serum creatinine level < 1.5 times
      baseline; and development of CKD at 6 and 12 months, ascertained as estimated
      glomerular filtration rate < 60mL/min/1.73m(2) for more than 3 months. RESULTS:
      63 (72%) patients developed AKI; 57% had moderate (stage 2 or severe stage 3)
      disease. Recovery occurred in 39 of 63 (62%), 50% for stage 2 or 3 versus 78% for
      stage 1 (P=0.04). At 6 and 12 months, 3 of 82 (4%) and 4 of 76 (5%) developed
      CKD, respectively. At both time points, CKD was more common in those without
      recovery (3/22 [14%] vs 0/38 (0%); P=0.04, and 3/17 (18%) vs (0/34) 0%; P=0.03,
      respectively). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design, small sample size, and single
      center nature of the study. CONCLUSIONS: AKI is common after heart
      transplantation in children, adolescents, and young adults. Nonrecovery from AKI
      is more common in patients with more severe AKI and is associated with the
      development of CKD during the first year.

PMID- 26970942
TI  - Music-induced changes in functional cerebral asymmetries.
AB  - After decades of research, it remains unclear whether emotion lateralization
      occurs because one hemisphere is dominant for processing the emotional content of
      the stimuli, or whether emotional stimuli activate lateralised networks
      associated with the subjective emotional experience. By using emotion-induction
      procedures, we investigated the effect of listening to happy and sad music on
      three well-established lateralization tasks. In a prestudy, Mozart's piano sonata
      (K. 448) and Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata were rated as the most happy and sad
      excerpts, respectively. Participants listened to either one emotional excerpt, or
      sat in silence before completing an emotional chimeric faces task (Experiment 1),
      visual line bisection task (Experiment 2) and a dichotic listening task
      (Experiment 3 and 4). Listening to happy music resulted in a reduced right
      hemispheric bias in facial emotion recognition (Experiment 1) and visuospatial
      attention (Experiment 2) and increased left hemispheric bias in language
      lateralization (Experiments 3 and 4). Although Experiments 1-3 revealed an
      increased positive emotional state after listening to happy music, mediation
      analyses revealed that the effect on hemispheric asymmetries was not mediated by
      music-induced emotional changes. The direct effect of music listening on
      lateralization was investigated in Experiment 4 in which tempo of the happy
      excerpt was manipulated by controlling for other acoustic features. However, the
      results of Experiment 4 made it rather unlikely that tempo is the critical cue
      accounting for the effects. We conclude that listening to music can affect
      functional cerebral asymmetries in well-established emotional and cognitive
      laterality tasks, independent of music-induced changes in the emotion state. 

PMID- 26970943
TI  - Uncertain relational reasoning in the parietal cortex.
AB  - The psychology of reasoning is currently transitioning from the study of
      deductive inferences under certainty to inferences that have degrees of
      uncertainty in both their premises and conclusions; however, only a few studies
      have explored the cortical basis of uncertain reasoning. Using transcranial
      magnetic stimulation (TMS), we show that areas in the right superior parietal
      lobe (rSPL) are necessary for solving spatial relational reasoning problems under
      conditions of uncertainty. Twenty-four participants had to decide whether a
      single presented order of objects agreed with a given set of indeterminate
      premises that could be interpreted in more than one way. During the presentation
      of the order, 10-Hz TMS was applied over the rSPL or a sham control site. Right
      SPL TMS during the inference phase disrupted performance in uncertain relational
      reasoning. Moreover, we found differences in the error rates between preferred
      mental models, alternative models, and inconsistent models. Our results suggest
      that different mechanisms are involved when people reason spatially and evaluate
      different kinds of uncertain conclusions. 

PMID- 26970944
TI  - On the ability of CuAbeta1-x peptides to form ternary complexes: Neurotransmitter
      glutamate is a competitor while not a ternary partner.
AB  - In the light of conflicting reports on the ability of copper(II) complexes of
      amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides to form ternary complexes with small molecules co
      present in the biological milieu, we performed a study of coordination equilibria
      in the system containing Cu(II) ions, the Abeta1-16 peptide, glutamic acid and 4
      (2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin
      1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid, HEPES) buffer. Using potentiometry, isothermal
      titration calorimetry (ITC), UV-visible spectroscopy and EPR, we concluded that
      glutamic acid was not able to form such a ternary complex, but can efficiently
      compete for the Cu(II) ion with the Abeta peptide at Glu concentrations relevant
      for the synaptic cleft. We also found that the literature constants for Cu(II)
      complexes with Glu were overestimated, but this effect was partially compensated
      by the formation of a ternary Cu(Glu)(HEPES) complex. Our results indicate that
      small molecules co-present with Cu(II) ions and Abeta peptides in the synaptic
      cleft are not very likely to enhance Cu(II)/Abeta interactions, but instead
      should be considered as a Cu(II) buffering system that may help prevent these
      interactions and participate in Cu(II) clearance from the synaptic cleft.

PMID- 26970945
TI  - 4-Azidobenzyl ferrocenylcarbamate as an anticancer prodrug activated under
      reductive conditions.
AB  - Aminoferrocene-based prodrugs are activated in the presence of cancer-specific
      amounts of reactive oxygen species, e.g. H2O2, with the formation of products of
      two types: Fe-containing complexes, which catalyze generation of HO and O2(-),
      and quinone methides, which alkylate glutathione and inhibit the antioxidative
      system of the cell. Both processes act synergistically by increasing the
      oxidative stress in cancer cells thereby leading to their death. However, in the
      activation step including the cleavage of a B-C bond one molecule of H2O2 is
      consumed that counteracts the desired effect of the products released from
      aminoferrocenes. We replaced an H2O2-sensitive trigger in original prodrugs with
      an azide group. This trigger is slowly reduced in the presence of glutathione
      with the formation of an unstable arylamine intermediate, which decomposes with
      the release of iron ions and iminoquinone methides. These products induce strong
      oxidative stress in cells as we confirmed using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin
      diacetate reagent in combination with flow cytometry. In this case the activation
      process does not consume H2O2. Correspondingly, we observed that the azide
      containing prodrug is substantially more toxic towards human promyelocytic
      leukemia cell line HL-60 (IC50=27+/-4MUM) than its H2O2-responsive analogue
      (IC50>50MUM).

PMID- 26970946
TI  - Comparison of psychomotor outcome in patients with perinatal asphyxia with versus
      without therapeutic hypothermia at 4 years using the Ages and Stages
      Questionnaire screening tool.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic hypothermia improves outcome after perinatal asphyxia.
      The Ages and Stages Questionnaire is a screening tool to detect
      neurodevelopmental delay. In this study we examined the outcome of patients with
      perinatal asphyxia (defined as Apgar score <5 at 10 min, or continued need for
      resuscitation, or pH < 7.00 in umbilical cord or within one hour after birth)
      with and without therapeutic hypothermia treatment at the age of four years.
      METHODS: Cohort study of patients with perinatal asphyxia admitted to the
      Neonatal Intensive Care Units of the VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam and
      the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht in the year 2008. Parents were asked
      to fill out the 48 months Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). In Wilhelmina
      Children's Hospital treatment with therapeutic hypothermia was implemented in
      2008, in the VU University Medical Center in 2009, providing a historical cohort.
      RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Twenty-three questionnaires were evaluated. Response rate of
      questionnaires for the VU Medical Center was 63% (n = 10) and Wilhelmina's
      Childrens Hospital 93% (n = 13). No significant differences were found in the
      mean scores between both groups. However, the untreated group scored more
      frequently under the -2 SD threshold. In the fine motor skills domain the
      difference was statistically significant (p = 0.031). In the treated group no
      patients developed cerebral palsy and in the untreated group two patients
      developed cerebral palsy. CONCLUSION: In this study patients treated with
      hypothermia tend to have a better neurodevelopmental outcome. No significant
      differences were found between the two groups, apart from the fine motor skills.

PMID- 26970947
TI  - RARS2 mutations cause early onset epileptic encephalopathy without ponto
      cerebellar hypoplasia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Early onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEEs) are a group of
      devastating diseases, manifesting in the first year of life with frequent
      seizures and/or prominent interictal epileptiform discharges on the
      electroencephalogram, developmental delay or regression and usually a poor
      prognosis. There are numerous causes for EOEEs making the diagnostic workup time
      consuming and costly. METHODS: We describe two siblings with fatal EOEE, profound
      global developmental delay and post-natal microcephaly that underwent extensive
      biochemical and metabolic workup in vain. Neuro-imaging disclosed non-specific
      progressive cerebral atrophy. RESULTS: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) disclosed
      compound heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding for mitochondrial arginyl
      transfer RNA synthetase, RARS2. This gene has been previously described as the
      cause of pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6. CONCLUSION: We suggest that RARS2
      gene mutations can cause a metabolic neurodegenerative disease manifesting
      primarily as EOEE with post-natal microcephaly, without the distinctive
      radiological features of pontocerebellar hypoplasia.

PMID- 26970948
TI  - Involvement of TRPV1 channels in the activity of the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 in
      an acute rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.
AB  - The exogenous cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2, (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3
      (4-morpholinylmethyl) pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-Yl]-1
      naphthalenylmethanone (WIN), has revealed to play a role on modulating the
      hyperexcitability phenomena in the hippocampus. Cannabinoid-mediated mechanisms
      of neuroprotection have recently been found to imply the modulation of transient
      receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a cationic channel subfamily that
      regulate synaptic excitation. In our study, we assessed the influence of
      pharmacological manipulation of TRPV1 function, alone and on WIN antiepileptic
      activity, in the Maximal Dentate Activation (MDA) acute model of temporal lobe
      epilepsy. Our results showed that the TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, increased
      epileptic outcomes; whilst antagonizing TRPV1 with capsazepine exerts a
      protective role on paroxysmal discharge. When capsaicin is co-administered with
      WIN effective dose of 10mg/kg is able to reduce its antiepileptic strength,
      especially on the triggering of MDA response. Accordingly, capsazepine at the
      protective dose of 2mg/kg managed to potentiate WIN antiepileptic effects, when
      co-treated. Moreover, WIN subeffective dose of 5mg/kg was turned into effective
      when capsazepine comes into play. This evidence suggests that systemic
      administration of TRPV1-active drugs influences electrically induced epilepsy,
      with a noticeable protective activity for capsazepine. Furthermore, results from
      the pharmacological interaction with WIN support an interplay between cannabinoid
      and TRPV1 signaling that could represent a promising approach for a future
      pharmacological strategy to challenge hyperexcitability-based diseases. 

PMID- 26970950
TI  - Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of a Right Bundle Branch Block.

PMID- 26970951
TI  - Mismatch Repair and Colon Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapies Explored.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. In
      sporadic CRC, mutations frequently occur in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR)
      pathway. In addition, germline MMR mutations have been linked to Lynch syndrome,
      the most common form of hereditary CRC. Although genetic mutations, diet,
      inflammation, and the gut microbiota can influence CRC, it is unclear how MMR
      deficiency relates to these factors to modulate disease. In this review, the
      association of MMR to the etiology of CRC is examined, particularly in the
      context of microRNAs (miRNAs), inflammation, and the microbiome. We also discuss
      the most current targeted therapies, methods of prevention, and molecular
      biomarkers against MMR-deficient CRC, all of which are encouraging advancements
      in the field. 

PMID- 26970949
TI  - Imaging increased glutamate in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome: Association
      with epilepsy severity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is strongly associated with epilepsy.
      Brain tissue studies have suggested that epileptic activity in SWS is driven by
      glutamatergic synaptic activity. Here, we used proton magnetic resonance
      spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to test if glutamate (GLU) concentrations are
      increased in the affected hemisphere and if such increases are associated with
      severity of epilepsy in children with SWS. We also studied the metabolic
      correlates of MRSI abnormalities, using glucose positron emission tomography
      (PET) imaging. METHODS: 3T MRI and glucose PET were performed in 10 children
      (age: 7-78 months) with unilateral SWS and a history of epilepsy. MRSI data were
      acquired from the affected (ipsilateral) and non-affected (contralateral)
      hemispheres. GLU, N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) were quantified in
      multiple voxels; GLU/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios were calculated and compared to seizure
      frequency as well as glucose PET findings. RESULTS: The highest GLU/Cr ratios
      were found in the affected hemisphere in all children except one with severe
      atrophy. The maximum ipsilateral/contralateral GLU/Cr ratios ranged between 1.0
      and 2.5 (mean: 1.6). Mean ipsilateral/contralateral GLU/Cr ratios were highest in
      the youngest children and showed a strong positive correlation with clinical
      seizure frequency scores assessed at the time of the scan (r=0.88, p=0.001) and
      also at follow-up (up to 1 year, r=0.80, p=0.009). GLU increases in the affected
      hemisphere coincided with areas showing current or previous increases of glucose
      metabolism on PET in 5 children. NAA/Cr ratios showed no association with
      clinical seizure frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Increased glutamate concentrations in
      the affected hemisphere, measured by MRSI, are common in young children with
      unilateral SWS and are associated with frequent seizures. The findings lend
      support to the role of excess glutamate in SWS-associated epilepsy.

PMID- 26970953
TI  - Predictive analysis of chitosan-based nanocomposite biopolymers elastic
      properties at nano- and microscale.
AB  - Chitosan nanocomposites mechanical properties play a major role in usage of such
      materials for specific areas of application, mostly in medicine and development
      of ecologically-friendly production. Computer-based predictive modelling of such
      composites will reduce costs of their development. In this paper, a multiscale
      approach for structural characterization and evaluation of mechanical properties
      is proposed based on hybrid coarse-grained/all atom molecular dynamics. Chitosan
      films and fibers are constructed and studied in silico as well as chitosan
      composites with different types of randomly distributed reinforcing fillers
      (graphene nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, chitin
      nanoparticles). Young's moduli are found for such composites, degrees of
      improvement of mechanical properties and size effects within the framework of
      proposed methodology are discussed. 

PMID- 26970952
TI  - Examination of a neural cross-over effect using resting mechanomyographic mean
      frequency from the vastus lateralis muscle in different resting positions
      following aerobic exercise.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential neural cross-over effect between the vastus
      lateralis muscles in different postural resting positions. METHODS: Subjects
      exercised on an upright cycle ergometer, using only their dominate leg, for 2 min
      at 30 % VO2 peak. Following this warm-up, subjects then cycled (still using only
      their dominant leg) for 30 min at 60 % VO2 peak. After the aerobic phase,
      subjects cooled down (again, using only their dominant leg) for 2 min at 30 % VO2
      peak. Resting mechanomyography mean frequency was measured prior to and following
      aerobic exercise. RESULTS: There was an approximate 6.3 +/- 6.8 and a 10 +/- 5.1
      % increase (upright sitting position with the subject's knee joint angle fixed at
      180 degrees ); an approximate 7 +/- 6.6 and a 16.1 +/- 6.5 % increase (upright
      sitting position with the subject's knee joint angle fixed at 90 degrees ); an
      approximate 0.5 +/- 6.8 and 3.7 +/- 5.6 % increase (lying supine position with
      the subject's knee joint angle fixed at 180 degrees ); and an approximately 2 +/-
      8.3 and 2.5 +/- 8.6 % increase (lying supine position with the subject's knee
      joint angle fixed at 90 degrees ) in normalized mechanomyography mean frequency
      after aerobic exercise for the dominant and non-dominate vastus lateralis
      muscles, respectfully. CONCLUSION: There appears to be a statistically
      significant neural cross-over effect for the vastus lateralis muscle, during
      three of the four postural resting positions, with the non-dominant vastus
      lateralis muscle having a greater increase in mechanomyography mean frequency.

PMID- 26970954
TI  - Evaluation of modern DFT functionals and G3n-RAD composite methods in the
      modelization of organic singlet diradicals.
AB  - The evaluation of four high-level composite methods based on the modification of
      Gaussian-3 (G3) theory for radicals and 18 exchange-correlation density
      functionals, including modern long-range and dispersion-corrected functionals, in
      the modelization of singlet diradicals has been performed in this work.
      Structural parameters and properties such as singlet-triplet gaps, electron
      affinities, ionization potentials, dipole moments, enthalpies of formation, and
      bond dissociation energies have been calculated in a set of six well
      characterized singlet diradicals, and benchmarked against experimental data and
      wavefunction-based CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations. The complexity of the open-shell
      singlet ground state is revealed in the difficulties to properly represent the
      diradical character reported by some DFT functionals, specially those that do not
      comprise a certain amount of Hartree-Fock exchange in their formulation. We find
      that STGs, EAs, dipole moments, and thermochemical properties are, in general,
      satisfactorily calculated, while for IPs larger deviations with respect to the
      experiments are found in all cases. The best overall performance is accounted for
      by hybrid functionals, including some of the long-range corrected functionals,
      but also pure functionals, comprising the kinetic energy density in their
      formulation, are found to be competent. Composite methods perform satisfactorily,
      especially G3(MP2)-RAD and G3X(MP2)-RAD, which calculate singlet-triplet gaps and
      electron affinities more accurately. On the other hand, G3-RAD and G3X-RAD
      provide better ionization potentials. This study emphasizes that the use of
      recently developed functionals, within the broken symmetry approximation, is an
      appropriate tool for the simulation of organic singlet diradicals, with similar
      accuracy compared to more expensive composite methods. Nevertheless, suitable
      selection of the methodology is still crucial for the accomplishment of accurate
      results. 

PMID- 26970956
TI  - Dynamic computed tomography findings of an accessory spleen in the pelvis: a case
      report.
AB  - We report the case of a 60-year-old man with an accessory spleen in the pelvis.
      He visited our outpatient clinic because of abdominal discomfort. Computed
      tomography (CT) showed an enhanced mass (40 mm in diameter) in the pelvis.
      Preoperative diagnosis was difficult even after magnetic resonance imaging and
      colonoscopy. The patient underwent surgery for suspicion of a gastrointestinal
      stromal tumor or malignant lymphoma of the rectum. Intraoperative findings showed
      a mass in the pelvis and a long cord-like tissue reaching the mass and arising
      from the great omentum; the mass was excised. Histopathologic examination
      indicated that the mass was splenic tissue, and feeding vessels were found in the
      cord-like tissue, which were determined to be derived from the left
      gastroepiploic artery and vein. Thus, we diagnosed it as an accessory spleen in
      the pelvis. An accessory spleen is not rare and can occur anywhere in the
      abdominal cavity. However, an accessory spleen in the pelvis is an infrequent
      finding, and only 9 other cases of an accessory spleen in the pelvis have been
      reported. Therefore, it is very difficult to make a correct diagnosis
      preoperatively. However, 7 of the 9 cases (77.8 %) of a pelvic accessory spleen
      had vascular pedicles from the great omentum or splenic hilum as feeding vessels;
      hence, determining the feeding blood vessels on dynamic CT may be useful for
      diagnosing an accessory spleen in the pelvis. Additionally, if the accessory
      spleen is symptomatic or has a vascular pedicle, surgeons should attempt to
      resect the accessory spleen in the pelvis using minimally invasive laparoscopy. 

PMID- 26970955
TI  - CXCL12 is a key regulator in tumor microenvironment of cervical cancer: an in
      vitro study.
AB  - CXCL12 is a small pro-inflammatory chemo-attractant cytokine which signals
      through chemokine receptor CXCR4. The importance of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is coming
      to the fore in several divergent signaling pathway-initiating signals related to
      cell survival and/or proliferation and cancer metastasis. In the present study we
      have investigated whether deregulation in CXCR4 signaling (as a consequence of
      deregulated expression of CXCL12) modulate the metastatic potential of cervical
      carcinoma cells. We demonstrate that CXCL12 is frequently down regulated and its
      promoter is hypermethylated in cervical cancer cell lines and primary tumor
      biopsies. Exogenous treatment of cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, SiHa and C
      33A) with recombinant CXCL12 inhibited the metastasis promoting cell migration,
      cell invasion and anchorage independent cell growth events. Although this study
      will need further in vivo validation, our observations suggest that (a) silencing
      of CXCL12 in cervical cancer cells may be critical in migration and invasion, the
      key events in cancer cell metastases; (b) cervical cancer cells having down
      regulated CXCL12 are more prone to being attracted to CXCL12 expressed at
      secondary sites of metastases; and (c) CXCL12 inhibits anchorage independent cell
      growth via anoikis. These findings suggest the tumor suppressor functions of
      CXCL12 in cervical cancer.

PMID- 26970957
TI  - Demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and environmental correlates of objectively
      assessed physical activity among breast cancer survivors.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify demographic, clinical,
      psychosocial, and environmental correlates of objectively assessed physical
      activity among breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Baseline data were utilized from
      574 female breast cancer survivors who participated in three different
      intervention studies: Resistance and Endurance exercise After ChemoTherapy
      (REACT), Exercise and Nutrition Routine Improving Cancer Health (ENRICH), and
      Move More for Life (MM4L). Participants were eligible if they were aged >=18
      years and had completed primary cancer treatment. Physical activity was
      objectively assessed by accelerometers or pedometers. Participants completed self
      reported questionnaires on demographic, psychosocial, and environmental factors.
      Information regarding clinical factors was obtained from medical records or
      patient self-report. Multivariable linear regression analyses were applied on the
      pooled dataset to identify factors that were significantly correlated with
      physical activity. In addition, the explained variance of the model was
      calculated. RESULTS: The multivariable regression model revealed that older age,
      (beta = -0.01, 95 %CI = -0.02; -0.003), higher body mass index (beta = -0.05, 95
      %CI = -0.06; -0.03), lower self-efficacy (beta = 0.2, 95 %CI = 0.08; 0.2), and
      less social support (beta = 0.1, 95 %CI = 0.05; 0.2) were significantly
      correlated with lower physical activity. This model explained 15 % of the
      variance in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Age, body mass index, self-efficacy,
      and social support were significantly correlated with objectively assessed
      physical activity in breast cancer survivors. It may therefore be recommended
      that physical activity intervention studies in these women target those who are
      older, and have a higher body mass index, and should operationalize behavior
      change strategies designed to enhance self-efficacy and social support. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: The REACT study is registered at the Netherlands Trial Register
      [NTR2153]. The ENRICH study is registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical
      Trials Register [ANZCTRN12609001086257]. And the MM4L study is registered at
      Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Register [ACTRN12611001061921].

PMID- 26970958
TI  - A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Utilization and Costs of Biologic
      Therapies and JAK Inhibitor Therapy Across Four Common Inflammatory Indications
      in Adult US Managed Care Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Biologic therapies are used to treat several inflammatory diseases,
      including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA),
      and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Data from a commercial claims database were used
      to evaluate utilization and cost of biologic treatment for these conditions.
      METHODS: Data were obtained from the Optum Research Database. Patients were aged
      18-63 years with diagnosis of moderate to severe RA, PsO, PsA, and/or AS and
      first (index) claim for biologics abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol,
      etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, tocilizumab, or ustekinumab or non
      biologic tofacitinib between March 1, 2011 and February 28, 2013. One-year
      treatment costs were based on observed paid amounts and used to impute dosing.
      Treatment patterns (persistence, switching, discontinuing, restarting) were
      evaluated. RESULTS: Data from 20,159 patients were analyzed for index medications
      abatacept (n = 583), adalimumab (n = 6521), certolizumab pegol (n = 415),
      etanercept (n = 9116), golimumab (n = 231), infliximab (n = 1906), rituximab (n =
      295), tocilizumab (n = 165), ustekinumab (n = 922), and tofacitinib (n = 5). For
      patients with RA only, costs were lowest for tofacitinib ($18,769), rituximab
      ($19,569), or abatacept ($21,877), and ranged from $23,682 to $30,269 for all
      other medications. For patients with PsO only, costs were lowest for adalimumab
      ($29,186), etanercept ($31,212), and infliximab ($32,409) compared with
      ustekinumab ($53,746). For patients with PsA only, costs were lowest for
      etanercept ($26,916), followed by golimumab ($27,987), adalimumab ($28,749), and
      infliximab ($31,974). Costs were lowest with etanercept for RA plus PsA ($25,477)
      and for PsO plus PsA ($29,376), and with golimumab for AS only ($24,225). Across
      indications, annual costs were $29,521, $27,488, and $28,672 for adalimumab,
      etanercept, and infliximab, respectively; persistence was greatest with
      infliximab (range 66-79%) compared with 11-59% for all other biologics.
      CONCLUSION: One-year treatment costs varied considerably between medications and
      indications. Some newly approved agents had lower costs but further research is
      needed to confirm these estimates as more patients are treated. FUNDING: Immunex
      (a wholly owned subsidiary of Amgen Inc.) and Wyeth (acquired by Pfizer).

PMID- 26970960
TI  - Successful epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia in a patient with
      arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 26970961
TI  - Are there mild forms of Takotsubo syndrome?

PMID- 26970962
TI  - Ultrasound Accelerated Thrombolysis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism: A
      systematic review and proportion meta-analysis.

PMID- 26970959
TI  - Impaired skeletal muscle vasodilation during exercise in heart failure with
      preserved ejection fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exercise intolerance is a hallmark symptom of heart failure patients
      with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which may be related to an impaired
      ability to appropriately increase blood flow to the exercising muscle. METHODS:
      We evaluated leg blood flow (LBF, ultrasound Doppler), heart rate (HR), stroke
      volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP,
      photoplethysmography) during dynamic, single leg knee-extensor (KE) exercise in
      HFpEF patients (n=21; 68 +/- 2 yrs) and healthy controls (n=20; 71 +/- 2 yrs).
      RESULTS: HFpEF patients exhibited a marked attrition during KE exercise, with
      only 60% able to complete the exercise protocol. In participants who completed
      all exercise intensities (0-5-10-15 W; HFpEF, n=13; Controls, n=16), LBF was not
      different at 0 W and 5 W, but was 15-25% lower in HFpEF compared to controls at
      10 W and 15 W (P<0.001). Likewise, leg vascular conductance (LVC), an index of
      vasodilation, was not different at 0 W and 5 W, but was 15-20% lower in HFpEF
      compared to controls at 10 W and 15 W (P<0.05). In contrast to these peripheral
      deficits, exercise-induced changes in central variables (HR, SV, CO), as well as
      MAP, were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data reveal a marked
      reduction in LBF and LVC in HFpEF patients during exercise that cannot be
      attributed to a disease-related alteration in central hemodynamics, suggesting
      that impaired vasodilation in the exercising skeletal muscle vasculature may play
      a key role in the exercise intolerance associated with this patient population.

PMID- 26970963
TI  - Cause of death in adults with congenital heart disease - An analysis of the
      German National Register for Congenital Heart Defects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the great advances in the care of patients with congenital
      heart disease (CHD), mortality has decreased significantly over the last decades.
      Nonetheless, mortality for adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) is still
      higher than for the general population. An analysis regarding causes of death in
      a nationwide contemporary cohort of ACHD is lacking. METHODS: A well
      characterized cohort of the German National Register for Congenital Heart Defects
      was screened for patients over the age of 18 years who died between January 2001
      and January 2015. Data relating to the cardiac diagnosis, symptoms, operations,
      interventions, comorbidities, and causes of death were analyzed. RESULTS: During
      a median follow-up of 3.67 years (IQR 1.32-9.41), 239 (9.2%) out of 2596 patients
      died during the study period (110 female (46%), mean age at death 39.8 +/- 17.8
      years). The majority of these deaths was CHD-related (171 patients (71.5%)).
      Leading causes of death were heart failure (n=66, 27.6%), and sudden cardiac
      death (n=55, 23.0%). Deceased patients had a more complex CHD and more
      extracardiac comorbidities compared with living patients. CONCLUSIONS: Causes of
      death of ACHD patients in a large contemporary cohort from a national register
      are in the majority still CHD-related, with heart failure being the leading cause
      of death. Additionally, extracardiac comorbidities gain increasing importance.

PMID- 26970965
TI  - Genetic progression of malignant melanoma.
AB  - Malignant melanoma of the skin is the most aggressive human cancer given that a
      primary tumor a few millimeters in diameter frequently has full metastatic
      competence. In view of that, revealing the genetic background of this potential
      may also help to better understand tumor dissemination in general. Genomic
      analyses have established the molecular classification of melanoma based on the
      most frequent driver oncogenic mutations (BRAF, NRAS, KIT) and have also revealed
      a long list of rare events, including mutations and amplifications as well as
      genetic microheterogeneity. At the moment, it is unclear whether any of these
      rare events have role in the metastasis initiation process since the major
      drivers do not have such a role. During lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination,
      the clonal selection process is evidently reflected by differences in oncogenic
      drivers in the metastases versus the primary tumor. Clonal selection is also
      evident during lymphatic progression, though the genetic background of this
      immunoselection is less clear. Genomic analyses of metastases identified further
      genetic alterations, some of which may correspond to metastasis maintenance
      genes. The natural genetic progression of melanoma can be modified by targeted
      (BRAF or MEK inhibitor) or immunotherapies. Some of the rare events in primary
      tumors may result in primary resistance, while further new genetic lesions
      develop during the acquired resistance to both targeted and immunotherapies. Only
      a few genetic lesions of the primary tumor are constant during natural or therapy
      modulated progression. EGFR4 and NMDAR2 mutations, MITF and MET amplifications
      and PTEN loss can be considered as metastasis drivers. Furthermore, BRAF and MITF
      amplifications as well as PTEN loss are also responsible for resistance to
      targeted therapies, whereas NRAS mutation is the only founder genetic lesion
      showing any association with sensitivity to immunotherapies. Unfortunately, there
      are hardly any data on the possible organ-specific metastatic drivers in
      melanoma. These observations suggest that clinical management of melanoma
      patients must rely on the genetic analysis of the metastatic lesions to be able
      to monitor progression-associated changes and to personalize therapies. 

PMID- 26970966
TI  - Risk of second cancers in the era of modern radiation therapy: does the
      risk/benefit analysis overcome theoretical models?
AB  - In the era of modern radiation therapy, the compromise between the reductions in
      deterministic radiation-induced toxicities through highly conformal devices may
      be impacting the stochastic risk of second malignancies. We reviewed the clinical
      literature and evolving theoretical models evaluating the impact of intensity
      modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) on the risk of second cancers, as a
      consequence of the increase in volumes of normal tissues receiving low doses. The
      risk increase (if any) is not as high as theoretical models have predicted in
      adults. Moreover, the increase in out-of-field radiation doses with IMRT could be
      counterbalanced by the decrease in volumes receiving high doses. Clinical studies
      with short follow-up have not corroborated the hypothesis that IMRT would
      drastically increase the incidence of second cancers. In children, the risk of
      radiation-induced carcinogenesis increases from low doses and consequently the
      relative risk of second cancers after IMRT could be higher than in adults,
      justifying current developments of proton therapy with priority given to this
      population. Although only longer follow-up will allow a true assessment of the
      real impact of these modern techniques on radiation-induced carcinogenesis, a
      comprehensive risk-adapted strategy will help minimize the probability of second
      cancers. 

PMID- 26970964
TI  - Provisional vs. two-stent technique for unprotected left main coronary artery
      disease after ten years follow up: A propensity matched analysis.
AB  - AIMS: There is uncertainty on which stenting approach confers the best long-term
      outlook for unprotected left main (ULM) bifurcation disease. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      This is a non-randomized, retrospective study including all consecutive patients
      with 50% stenosis of the left main involving at least 1 of the arteries stemming
      from the left main treated with drug-eluting stents (DES) in 9 European centers
      between 2002 and 2004. Patients were divided into two groups: those treated with
      provisional stentings vs. those treated with two stent strategy. The outcomes of
      interest were 10-year rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR), major
      adverse cardiac events (MACE), and their components (cardiovascular death,
      myocardial infarction [MI], or repeat revascularization), along with stent
      thrombosis (ST). A total of 285 patients were included, 178 (62.5%) in the
      provisional stenting group and 87 (37.5%) in the two stent group. After 10 years,
      no differences in TLR were found at unadjusted analysis (19% vs 25%, p>0.05) nor
      after propensity score matching (25% vs 28%, p>0.05). Similar rates of MACE (60%
      vs 66%, p>0.05), death (34% vs 43%, p>0.05), MI (9% vs 14%, p>0.05) and ST were
      also disclosed at propensity-based analysis. CONCLUSION: Even after 10 year
      follow-up, patients treated with provisional stenting on left main showed
      comparable rates of target lesion revascularization compared to two stent
      strategy.

PMID- 26970967
TI  - Personalized treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in routine clinical
      practice.
AB  - Personalized treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer based
      on clinical and molecular tumor features has entered clinical routine practice.
      The 2015 pathological classification of lung cancer mandates immunohistochemical
      and molecular analysis. Therapeutic strategies focused on inhibition of
      angiogenesis and growth factor receptor signaling. Inhibitors of angiogenesis and
      monoclonal antibodies directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor have
      shown efficacy in combination with chemotherapy. Mutations in the epidermal
      growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase have become clinically
      relevant therapeutic targets. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are also entering
      routine clinical practice. Identification of predictive biomarkers is essential
      and faces several challenges including tumor heterogeneity and dynamic changes of
      tumor features over time. Liquid biopsies may overcome some of these challenges
      in the future. 

PMID- 26970968
TI  - miR clusters target cellular functional complexes by defining their degree of
      regulatory freedom.
AB  - Using the two paralog miR-23~27~24 clusters as an example and combining
      experimental and clinical data in a systematical approach to microRNA (miR)
      function and dysregulation, a complex picture of their roles in cancer is drawn.
      Various findings appear to be contradictory to a larger extent and cannot be
      fully explained by the classical regulatory network models and feedback loops
      that are mainly considered by one-to-one regulatory interactions of the involved
      molecules. Here, we propose an extended model of the regulatory role of miRs
      that, at least, supplements the usually considered single/oligo-target regulation
      of certain miRs. The cellular availability of the participating miR members in
      this model reflects an upper hierarchy level of intracellular and extracellular
      environmental influences, such as neighboring cells, soluble factors, hypoxia,
      chemotherapeutic drugs, and irradiation, among others. The novel model is based
      on the understanding of cellular functional complexes, such as for apoptosis,
      migration, and proliferation. These complexes consist of many regulatory
      components that can be targeted by miR cluster members to a different extent but
      may affect the functional complex in different ways. We propose that the final
      miR-related effect is a result of the possible degree of regulatory freedom
      provided by the miR effects on the whole functional complex structure. This
      degree of regulatory freedom defines to which extent the cellular functional
      complex can react in response to regulatory triggers, also understood as
      sensitization (more regulatory response options) or de-sensitization (less
      regulatory response options) of the system rather than single molecules.

PMID- 26970971
TI  - Evaluation of desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) hay as a basal diet for
      growing local sheep in Ethiopia.
AB  - The study was conducted to determine feed intake, digestibility, and body weight
      (BW) change of Washera sheep fed on desho grass and natural pasture hay as a
      basal diet and supplemented with concentrate mixtures. Twenty-five intact male
      sheeps with body weight of 19.4 +/- 1.89 kg (mean +/- SD) were used in randomized
      complete block design. The dietary treatments were 100% natural pasture hay (NPH)
      (T1), 75% NPH + 25% desho grass hay (DGH) (T2), 50% NPH + 50% DGH (T3), 25% NPH +
      75% DGH (T4), and 100% DGH (T5). Equal amount of concentrate mixture (CM) (300 g
      DM/day/h) was supplemented in all of the five treatments. The result of
      laboratory chemical analysis revealed that the CP content of the basal diets
      increased with increased proportion of desho grass hay inclusion in the
      treatments at the expense of natural pasture hay. Total DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF
      intake and digestibility was significant (P < 0.05) and in the increasing order
      of T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 < T5. The average daily body weight gain (ADG) of
      experimental sheep was significantly (P < 0.05) higher as proportion of desho
      grass increased from 0 to 100% in the basal diet. The result indicated that desho
      grass can be used as a basal diet for local sheep with better performance than
      natural pasture hay-based diets.

PMID- 26970970
TI  - Sleep recordings in individuals with borderline personality disorder before and
      after trauma therapy.
AB  - Most individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been
      exposed to severe and traumatic stressors and thus frequently present with
      symptoms of a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Severe sleep disturbances
      often accompany these complex cases, but changes of sleep parameters during
      therapy and the impact of sleep on treatment response have barely been studied.
      Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is an evidence-based approach for the treatment
      of trauma-related psychological disorders. To investigate the effect of NET on
      sleep in patients with BPD and comorbid PTSD, we screened 45 inpatients and
      outpatients who met the inclusion criteria of both diagnoses according to DSM-IV
      and who had a minimum of 2 weeks' stable medication. Patients were allocated to
      NET (N = 13) or treatment as usual (TAU; N = 8) in blocks. Polysomnographies and
      psychological questionares were performed before, directly and 6 months after the
      last therapy session. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the
      effectiveness of trauma therapy by NET on sleep quantity (total sleep time) and
      sleep continuity (sleep efficiency and awakenings) in patients with comorbid BPD
      and PTSD. Participants of the NET group compared with those who received TAU
      showed an increased reduction in sleep latency from baseline to the end of
      therapy and a reduction in arousals over time. Patients with longer pre-treatment
      total sleep time and pre-treatment REM sleep duration showed a better outcome of
      NET with respect to PTSD symptoms. NET seems not lead to a change in sleep for
      the worse during therapy and seems to improve sleep as good as treatment as
      usual. Furthermore, our results provide evidence of an influence of sleep
      structure at baseline on treatment success later on.

PMID- 26970972
TI  - Effect of energy and protein levels on nutrient utilization and their
      requirements in growing Murrah buffaloes.
AB  - To evaluate different levels of energy and protein for optimum growth of Murrah
      male buffalo calves, a growth trial (150 days) was conducted on 30 calves (body
      weight 202.5 +/- 6.8 kg). Six diets were formulated to provide 90, 100 and 110%
      protein level and 90 and 110% energy level requirements for buffalo calves,
      derived from ICAR 2013 recommendations for buffaloes. The crude protein (CP)
      intake was increased with higher dietary CP, whereas no effect of energy levels
      or interaction between protein and energy was observed on CP intake. There were
      significant effects (P < 0.01) of the interaction between protein and energy (P <
      0.05) on metabolizable energy (ME) intake. The digestibility of dry matter (DM),
      organic matter (OM) and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) was higher (P < 0.0001) in
      high-energy groups compared to low-energy groups. The CP digestibility increased
      with the increased CP and ME of the rations. The absorbed N was improved linearly
      with an increased level of dietary CP, whereas the N retention was similar among
      all the groups distributed as per different energy or protein levels. The
      nutrient intake (protein or energy) per kg body weight (BW)(0.75) at various
      fortnight intervals was regressed linearly from the average daily gain (ADG) per
      kg BW(0.75). By setting the average daily gain at zero in the developed
      regression equation, a maintenance requirement was obtained, i.e. 133.1 kcal ME,
      6.45 g CP and 3.95 g metabolizable protein (MP) per kg BW(0.75). Requirement for
      growth was 6.12 kcal ME, 0.46 g CP and 0.32 g MP per kg BW(0.75) per day.
      Metabolizable amino acid requirement was estimated from partitioning of MP intake
      and ADG. The ME requirements were lower, whereas the MP requirement of Murrah
      buffaloes was higher than ICAR (2013) recommendations.

PMID- 26970969
TI  - Piperine Augments the Protective Effect of Curcumin Against Lipopolysaccharide
      Induced Neurobehavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Mice.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of
      curcumin alone and in combination with piperine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits in the mice hippocampus. Mice
      were treated with curcumin (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and piperine (20
      mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days followed by LPS (0.83 mg/kg, i.p.) administration.
      Animals exhibited anxiety and depressive-like phenotype after 3 and 24 h of LPS
      exposure, respectively. LPS administration increased the oxido-nitrosative stress
      as evident by elevated levels of malondialdehyde, nitrite, and depletion of
      glutathione level in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we found raised level of pro
      inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) in the hippocampus of LPS-treated
      mice. Pretreatment with curcumin alleviated LPS-induced neurobehavioral and
      neurochemical deficits. Furthermore, co-administration of curcumin with piperine
      significantly potentiated the neuroprotective effect of curcumin. These results
      demonstrate that piperine enhanced the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against
      LPS-induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical deficits. 

PMID- 26970973
TI  - Effect of continuous female exposure on behavioral repertoire and stereotypical
      behaviors in restrained male dromedary camels during the onset of the breeding
      season.
AB  - This study aimed to test the effects of the three management systems on the
      behavioral repertoire and particularly on the incidence of stereotypical behavior
      in restrained camels. Five male camels were tested under the following management
      systems: (i) unexposed, housing in a single box (Unexpo); (ii) continuous
      exposure, exposed continuously to females (ConExpoF); and (iii) re-unexposed,
      housing again in a single box (Re-Unexpo). Every day, bulls were filmed for 30
      min and videos were analyzed using a focal animal sampling ethogram. Under the
      ConExpoF system, camels spent the majority of time in standing with opened legs
      (490.0 +/- 94.3 s), looking (925.0 +/- 93.7 s), and walking toward the females
      (206.0 +/- 73.4 s) and they ate and ruminated less compared to Unexpo and Re
      Unexpo systems. Rumination and standing durations were significantly longer in Re
      Unexpo than in Unexpo and ConExpoF management systems. When camels were
      continuously exposed to females, they showed few stereotypical behaviors compared
      to Unexpo (490.0 +/- 146.1 s) and Re-Unexpo (624.0 +/- 146.1 s) systems. The
      frequency of both total and oral stereotypes was significantly higher in Unexpo
      and Re-Unexpo systems compared to ConExpoF; however, no significant difference
      was observed among the three management systems in the frequency of locomotor
      stereotypes. Overall, it appears that the continuous female exposure system might
      be a suitable management practice for male camels used for intensive
      reproduction, as it decreases the manifestation of stereotypical behavior in
      comparison with housing for 24 h in a single box. 

PMID- 26970974
TI  - Apple peel waste as a natural antioxidant for heat-stressed broiler chickens.
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of processed apple peel waste
      (APW), alone or in combination with an enzyme, as a natural antioxidant on
      broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 360 unsexed, 28-day-old broilers
      were assigned to 6 dietary treatments with four replicates (15 broilers per pen).
      The experiment consisted of a 3 * 2 factorial arrangement with three levels of
      apple peel waste (0, 50 or 100 g/kg of diet) and two levels of enzyme (0 or 500
      mg/kg, ZY Multi((r))). Inclusion of 100-g APW/kg of diet decreased broiler weight
      gain at 42 days of age. Inclusion of 50 and 100-g APW/kg of diet increased
      gizzard and small intestine weights. Feeding 50 and 100-g APW/kg increased high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol and malondialdehyde in blood serum at 49 days of age. At 49 days of
      age, apparent ileal protein digestibility was reduced when 50 and 100-g APW/kg
      were used in the diet. This study showed that feeding APW up to 50 g/kg from 28
      to 49 days of age increased HDL cholesterol and decreased LDL cholesterol in
      serum and had no adverse effect on broiler performance.

PMID- 26970975
TI  - A novel system for automated propofol sedation: hybrid sedation system (HSS).
AB  - Closed-loop systems for propofol have been demonstrated to be safe and reliable
      for general anesthesia. However, no study has been conducted using a closed-loop
      system specifically designed for sedation in patients under spinal anesthesia. We
      developed an automatic anesthesia sedation system that allows for closed-loop
      delivery of propofol for sedation integrating a decision support system, called
      the hybrid sedation system (HSS). The objective of this study is to compare this
      system with standard practice. One hundred fifty patients were enrolled and
      randomly assigned to two groups: HSS-Group (N = 75), in which propofol was
      administered using a closed-loop system; Control Group (N = 75), in which
      propofol was delivered manually. The clinical performance of the propofol
      sedation control is defined as efficacy to maintain bispectral index (BIS) near
      65. The clinical control was called 'Excellent', 'Good', 'Poor' and 'Inadequate'
      with BIS values within 10 %, from 11 to 20 %, 21 to 30 %, or greater than 30 % of
      the BIS target of 65, respectively. The controller performance was evaluated
      using Varvel's parameters. Data are presented as mean +/- standard deviation,
      groups were compared using t test or Chi square test, P < 0.05. Clinical
      performance of sedation showed 'Excellent' control in the HSS-group for a
      significantly longer period of time (49 vs. 26 % in the control group, P <
      0.0001). 'Poor' and 'Inadequate' sedation was significantly shorter in the HSS
      Group compared to the Control Group (11 and 10 % vs. 20 and 18 %, respectively, P
      < 0.0001). The novel, closed-loop system for propofol sedation showed better
      maintenance of the target BIS value compared to manual administration.

PMID- 26970977
TI  - Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fish Species from Three Gorges Reservoir, China,
      After Impoundment.
AB  - The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg were analyzed in the muscles of
      eleven fish species collected from the Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges
      Reservoir, Yangtze River, China. The results showed that the concentrations of
      Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg in the muscles of all of the fish species were lower than
      the proposed limits. The metal concentrations (Pb, Cr, Cd, and As) of pelagic
      fish species were found to be substantially lower than those in benthic fish
      species. The concentrations of Hg in carnivorous fish were higher than those in
      omnivorous fish. Compared with data obtained prior to the impoundment of the
      Three Gorges Reservoir, the concentration of Hg in the fish did not significantly
      increase after impoundment, while the concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, and As in the
      fish decreased. 

PMID- 26970976
TI  - Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Hypoglycemia Perspectives
      Questionnaire in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and psychometric
      characteristics of the Hypoglycemia Perspectives Questionnaire (HPQ) assessing
      experience and perceptions of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: HPQ was administered to adults with T2DM in a clinical
      sample from Cyprus (HYPO-Cyprus, n = 500) and a community sample in the United
      States (US, n = 1257) from the 2011 US National Health and Wellness Survey.
      Demographic and clinical data were collected. Analysis of HPQ data from two
      convenience samples examined item performance, factor structure, and HPQ
      measurement properties (reliability, convergent validity, known-groups validity).
      RESULTS: Analyses supported three HPQ domains: symptom concern (six items),
      compensatory behavior (five items), and worry (five items). Internal consistency
      was high for all three domains (all >=0.75), supporting reliability. Convergent
      validity was supported by moderate Spearman correlations between HPQ domain
      scores and the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19) total
      score. Patients with recent hypoglycemia events had significantly higher HPQ
      scores, supporting known-group validity. CONCLUSIONS: HPQ may be a valid and
      reliable measure capturing the experience and impact of hypoglycemia and useful
      in clinical trials and community-based settings.

PMID- 26970978
TI  - Dissecting the role of microRNAs in prostate cancer metastasis: implications for
      the design of novel therapeutic approaches.
AB  - Metastatic prostate cancer is a lethal disease that remains incurable despite the
      recent approval of new drugs, thus making the development of alternative
      treatment approaches urgently needed. A more precise understanding of the
      molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer dissemination could lead to the
      identification of novel therapeutic targets for the design of efficient anti
      metastatic strategies. MicroRNA (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNA
      molecules acting as key regulators of gene expression at post-transcriptional
      level. It has been clearly established that altered miRNA expression is a common
      hallmark of cancer. In addition, emerging evidence suggests their direct
      involvement in the metastatic cascade. In this review, we present a comprehensive
      overview of the data generated in experimental tumor models indicating that
      specific miRNAs may impinge on the different stages of prostate cancer
      metastasis, including (i) the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
      and cell migration/invasion, (ii) the interplay between cancer cells and the
      surrounding stroma, (iii) the control of angiogenesis, (iv) the regulation of
      anoikis, and (v) the colonization of distant organs. Moreover, we show
      preliminary evidence of the clinical relevance of some of these miRNAs, in terms
      of association with tumor aggressiveness/dissemination and clinical outcome, as
      emerged from translation studies carried out in prostate cancer patient cohorts.
      We also discuss the potential and the current limitations of manipulating
      metastasis-related miRNAs, by mimicking or inhibiting them, as a strategy for the
      development of novel therapeutic approaches for the advanced disease.

PMID- 26970981
TI  - Disparities in receipt of modern concurrent chemoradiotherapy in glioblastoma.
AB  - Temozolomide given concurrently with radiation after resection/biopsy improves
      survival in glioblastoma (GBM). The disparities in receipt of adjuvant single
      agent chemotherapy and their association with outcome have not been well
      established. Observational study of a prospectively collected database, the
      National Cancer Database (NCDB), from 1998 to 2012 with median follow-up 12.4
      months. Among the 114,979 patients in the NCDB with GBM, 44,531 patients were
      analyzed for disparities, and 28,279 patients were analyzed for overall survival
      (OS). Associations were assessed in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards
      regression model. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Median
      age was 58 years. Chemotherapy use was associated with male gender, white race,
      younger age (<=50), higher performance status (>=70), more extensive surgery,
      insurance status, higher income/education, and treatment at academic centers (all
      p < 0.05). We found improved OS associated with type of insurance (private
      insurance HR 0.91, 95 % CI 0.85-0.96 and Medicare HR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.16-1.33,
      both p < 0.01 compared to uninsured) and treatment at academic programs (HR 0.86;
      p < 0.01). MGMT methylation status predicted improved OS (HR 0.54; 95 % CI 0.41
      0.70, p < 0.01). 1-year OS for patients receiving chemotherapy was 55.9 % versus
      35.3 % for those without (p < 0.0001). After adjustment for confounders,
      chemotherapy use remained associated with improved OS (HR 0.64, 95 % CI 0.63
      0.66, p < 0.01). Chemotherapy utilization increased from 26.9 to 93.3 % during
      the study period. We have identified specific disparities in the use of
      chemotherapy that may be targeted to improve patient access to care. Widespread
      adoption of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after resection or biopsy for GBM appears
      to improve OS.

PMID- 26970982
TI  - Highly sensitive solid forms discrimination on the whole tablet of the active
      ingredients in quercetin dietary supplements by NMR crystallography approaches.
AB  - Similarly to synthetic drugs, the exact crystalline form of active ingredients in
      solid formulations of dietary supplements may directly influence the dissolution
      rate, bioavailability, and stability of the final product, but this information
      is usually not provided by manufacturers. Working on the examples of two
      commercial quercetin dietary supplements a quick, reliable, and sensitive method
      is introduced for quercetin solid forms discrimination directly on the marketed
      products, without the need for prior sample preparation. It exploits the
      complementarity between solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ss-NMR) and
      Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), which proved essential for performing a complete
      and accurate solid-state characterization of the two commercial products, and for
      obtaining new insights into the complex quercetin solid-forms landscape. The
      method can be readily generalized also to other dietary supplements based on bio
      flavonoids/polyphenols. 

PMID- 26970980
TI  - MiR-519a functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma by targeting the oncogenic
      STAT3 pathway.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GBM) is among the most aggressive primary brain tumors, with a
      median survival rate of 12-15 months. MicroRNAs have been implicated in GBM
      development as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In this study, we demonstrated
      that miR-519a expression was frequently downregulated in GBM specimens and cell
      lines, and that low-levels miR-519a expression significantly correlated with poor
      outcomes associated with GBM. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas also
      demonstrated that low miR-519a expression can predict poor clinical outcomes in
      classical and proneural GBM subtypes. Functionally, re-expression of miR-519a
      effectively reduced GBM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
      Mechanistically, we confirmed that the signal transducer and activator of
      transcription 3 (STAT3) 3'-UTR was a putative target of miR-519a, and that re
      expression of STAT3 abrogated miR-519a function in GBM cells. Furthermore, we
      found that STAT3 expression negatively correlated with that of miR-519a in human
      GBM tissues. These results elucidated the prognostic value and tumor-suppressor
      role of miR-519a in GBM and further suggested it as a potential therapeutic
      target for GBM treatment.

PMID- 26970983
TI  - Quantitative analysis of highly similar salvianolic acids with 1H qNMR for
      quality control of traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Salvianolate
      Lyophilized Injection.
AB  - Salvianolate Lyophilized Injection (SLI), a traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM)
      preparation which is used to treat stroke, is composed of multiple salvianolic
      acids from the aqueous extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza, and includes mainly
      protocatechualdehyde, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid D,
      salvianolic acid E, diastereomer of salvianolic acid E, salvianolic acid Y,
      lithospermic acid and diastereomer of lithospermic acid. It is difficult to
      quantitatively control the quality of SLI using traditional high performance
      liquid chromatography due to the highly similar structure of these constituents
      including three pairs of diastereomers and the lack of commercial resources for
      most of these constituents as standards. Thus, a highly reproducible, fast,
      accurate and simple (1)H quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) method
      without the need for calibration curves and complex computation was established
      by optimizing the solvent system and acquisition parameters to simultaneously
      determine the nine salvianolic acids and mannitol in SLI. This method was
      validated and successfully used to determine 10 batches of SLI and the qNMR data
      were further analyzed with a vector including angle cosine and the partial least
      squares method for the quality control of SLI. The results indicated that qNMR
      can be used as a routine method for the quality control of SLI and may have
      potential in the quantification of diastereomers in other TCM preparations. 

PMID- 26970985
TI  - Serum albumin as a probe for testing the selectivity of irreversible cysteine
      protease inhibitors: The case of vinyl sulfones.
AB  - Vinyl sulfones are used for drug design of irreversible inhibitors of cysteine
      proteases since they are able to alkylate cysteine thiols inside the catalytic
      pocket of this class of enzymes. Some authors have reported the lack of
      reactivity towards glutathione as sufficient evidence of the selectivity of such
      a mechanism. Herein, we demonstrate that some simple molecules containing a vinyl
      sulfone moiety are not thiol-specific alkylants since they react with some
      albumin nucleophiles including side chains of Cys34 and His146. Such side
      reactions are not desirable for any drug candidate since they limit serum
      stability, bioavailability and they possibly trigger toxicity mechanisms. In
      silico predictions, indicate that the compounds tested share similar structural
      features with reported inhibitors of cysteine proteases, as well as similar poses
      around the main albumin nucleophiles. Altogether, the data suggest that albumin
      is better than glutathione for the setup of early in vitro tests probing the
      selectivity of cysteine protease inhibitors. 

PMID- 26970984
TI  - UFLC-MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic studies of six Saikosaponins in rat
      plasma after oral administration of Bupleurum Dropping Pills.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive ultra fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
      method (UFLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous
      determination of six Saikosaponins (SSs) (SSa, SSb1, SSb2, SSd, SSc, SSf) of
      Bupleurum Dropping Pills (BDP) in rat plasma using chloramphenicol as the
      internal standard (IS). The SSs were separated using an ACQUITY UPLC((r)) BEH C18
      column (50 mm * 2.1mm, 1.7 MUm) and detection of these compounds were done by
      using a Qtrap 5500 mass spectrometer coupled with negative electrospray
      ionization (ESI) source under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.
      According to regulatory guidelines, the established method was fully validated
      and results were showed within acceptable limits. The lower limit of
      quantifications (LLOQs) of all analytes were 0.2 ng/mL. The validated method was
      successfully applied into a pharmacokinetic study of orally administered BDP in
      rats.

PMID- 26970986
TI  - Development and validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS assay for colistin methanesulphonate
      (CMS) and colistin in human plasma and urine using weak-cation exchange solid
      phase extraction.
AB  - A rapid ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
      (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay method was developed for determination of CMS and formed
      colistin in human plasma and urine. After extraction on a 96-well SPE Supra-Clean
      Weak Cation Exchange (WCX) plate, the eluents were mixed and injected into the
      UHPLC-MS/MS system directly. A Phonomenex Kinetex XB-C18 analytical column was
      employed with a mobile phase consisting of solution "A" (acetonitrile:methanol,
      1:1, v/v) and solution "B" (0.1% formic acid in water, v/v). The flow rate was
      0.4 mL/min with gradient elution over 3.5 min. Ions were detected in ESI positive
      ion mode and the precursor-product ion pairs were m/z 390.7/101.3 for colistin A,
      m/z 386.0/101.2 for colistin B, and m/z 402.3/101.2 for polymyxin B1 (IS),
      respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.0130 and 0.0251 mg/L
      for colistin A and colistin B in both plasma and urine with accuracy (relative
      error, %) <+/- 12.6% and precision (relative standard deviation, %) <+/- 10.8%.
      Stability of CMS was demonstrated in biological samples before and during sample
      treatment, and in the extract. This new analytical method provides high
      throughput treatment and optimized quantification of CMS and colistin, which
      offers a highly efficient tool for the analysis of a large number of clinical
      samples as well as routine therapeutic drug monitoring.

PMID- 26970979
TI  - Dendritic cells as therapeutic targets in neuroinflammation.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating
      disorder of the central nervous system characterized by infiltration of immune
      cells and progressive damage to myelin sheaths and neurons. There is still no
      cure for the disease, but drug regimens can reduce the frequency of relapses and
      slightly delay progression. Myeloid cells or antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such
      as dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and resident microglia, are key players in
      both mediating immune responses and inducing immune tolerance. Mounting evidence
      indicates a contribution of these myeloid cells to the pathogenesis of multiple
      sclerosis and to the effects of treatment, the understanding of which might
      provide strategies for more potent novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we
      review recent insights into the role of APCs, with specific focus on DCs in the
      modulation of neuroinflammation in MS.

PMID- 26970987
TI  - Food begging and sharing in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus): assessing relationship
      quality?
AB  - Food transfers are often hypothesised to have played a role in the evolution of
      cooperation amongst humans. However, they also occur in non-human primates,
      though no consensus exists regarding their function(s). We document patterns of
      begging for food and success rates as well as associated factors that may
      influence them for wild bonobos at LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of Congo. Our
      data, collected over 1074 observation hours, focus on 260 begging events (outside
      mother-offspring dyads) of which 37 % were successful. We find no support for the
      "reciprocity hypothesis"-that food is exchanged for grooming and/or sexual
      benefits; and only weak support for the "sharing under pressure" hypothesis-that
      food is transferred as a result of harassment and pays off in terms of
      nutritional benefits for the beggar. Instead, our data support the "assessing
      relationships" hypothesis, according to which beggars gain information about the
      status of their social relationship with the possessor of a food item. This seems
      to hold particularly true for the frequent, albeit unsuccessful begging events by
      young females (newly immigrated or hierarchically non-established) towards adult
      females, although it can be observed in other dyadic combinations independent of
      sex and age. 

PMID- 26970988
TI  - Diagnosis and follow-up of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: role of (18)F-FDG
      PET/CT and biochemical parameters in patients with renal involvement.
AB  - Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) is a rare disease characterized by
      fibro-inflammatory reaction surrounding ureters and other inner organs with
      possible secondary renal involvement. Symptoms are aspecific and recurrent phases
      of activity are generally associated with elevation of inflammatory indices. 18F
      FDG-PET is nowadays an important tool for the detection of this disease, allowing
      differentiation between metabolically active tissue and fibrotic one. The purpose
      of this study was to investigate the role of 18F-FDG-PET in the management of IRF
      and to evaluate possible correlations between biochemical parameters and PET/CT
      findings of disease activity. We enrolled seven consecutive patients with IRF (in
      five histology proved the disease) observed from 2003 to 2012 (5 M:2 F, mean age
      53.8 years, range 44-86 years). All patients presented with fever as first
      symptom; two had obstructive renal failure requiring hemodialysis; one underwent
      monolateral nephrectomy for parenchyma infiltration; six presented ureteral
      involvement; three underwent ureteral stent placement. For each patient, during a
      mean total follow-up of 26.5 months we evaluated serum creatinine, BUN, Hb, RBCs,
      WBCs, PLT, CRP, ESR. Periodic 18F-FDG-PET/CT scans (every 5.9 months-mean) were
      performed in all patients. Statistical evaluation was performed using "stepwise
      regression" analysis. Steroids and immunosuppressive agents induced a progressive
      normalization of PET/CT scans in all patients at the end of follow-up. Stepwise
      regression analysis showed that BUN, serum creatinine and CRP only if considered
      together, significantly correlated with SUV max (p value = 0.000003057). 18F-FDG
      PET is a useful tool for clinical decision making in patient with IRF, allowing
      to evaluate the efficacy of the pharmacological treatment and to detect early
      recurrences, to modify the therapeutic approach. Acute phase reactants are not
      reliable alone for the management and the follow-up as they are often not
      concordant with metabolic assessment of the disease. In patients with ureteral
      involvement, CRP together with BUN and serum creatinine has a significant
      correlation with PET/CT results, and can help physicians in therapeutic approach,
      better than a single parameter. 

PMID- 26970989
TI  - Renal denervation for resistant hypertension: yes.
AB  - Sympathetic overactivity may have a role in triggering and maintaining resistant
      hypertension, and catheter-based renal denervation (RDN) has emerged as a
      promising treatment in refractory hypertension. Recently, the results of the
      Symplicity HTN-3, the first randomized, sham-controlled trial, failed to confirm
      the previously reported BP-lowering effects of RDN, although definitive
      conclusions cannot be drawn due to a number of study limitations. Consequently,
      although some centers halted their RDN programs, research continues and both the
      concept of denervation and treatment strategies are being redefined. A new
      generation of sham-controlled trials is currently underway with the aim of
      detecting which patients are expected to achieve the most beneficial effect from
      RDN. In this article, we examine the current data on RDN and discuss some
      insights and future opportunities. 

PMID- 26970990
TI  - Dose comparison of classical 2-plane DSA and 3D rotational angiography for the
      assessment of intracranial aneurysms.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this experimental phantom study was to compare
      radiation doses imparted to patients undergoing classical two-plane digital
      subtraction angiography (2-plane DSA) and 3D rotational angiography in
      interventional neuroradiology. METHODS: Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD)
      measurements were performed at an anthropomorphic phantom using a digital
      interventional angiography system. Two-plane DSA included posterior/anterior (PA)
      and lateral (LAT) projections (frame-rate, 7.6 frames (PA) and 9.8 frames (LAT)
      for a scan time of approximately 8 s; image intensifier 27 cm (PA) and 25 cm
      (LAT)). For 3D rotational angiography, 122 images were acquired from one single
      image run with the imaging system rotating 240 degrees  around the phantom's head
      (image intensifier 37 cm). RESULTS: Effective dose was 0.4 mSv for 2-plane DSA
      compared to 0.1 mSv for 3D rotational angiography. Organ doses were approximately
      two to five times higher for classical 2-plane technique compared to the 3D
      rotational angiography, respectively: brain (11.4 vs. 2.4 mSv), eye lens (4.5
      vs.1 mSv), salivary glands (7 vs. 1,7 mSv), oral mucosa (2.7 vs.0.9 mSv), thyroid
      (0.5 vs. 0.2 mSv), thymus (0.2 vs. 0.05 mSv), bone marrow within imaged region (1
      vs. 0.2 mSv), oesophagus (0.07 vs. 0.03 mSv), endotracheal system (2.6 vs. 0.7
      mSv) and skeletal components in the imaged region (0.7 vs. 0.2 mSv). CONCLUSION:
      Three-dimensional rotational angiography clearly reduces radiation doses compared
      to the classical 2-plane technique. Replacement of additional 2-plane DSA
      projections with 3D rotational angiography will lead to a remarkable decrease in
      patient radiation dose, without loss of image quality. Thus, we recommend routine
      application of 3D rotational angiography, in particular for diagnostic assessment
      of aneurysm morphology.

PMID- 26970991
TI  - The John N. Insall Award: Do Intraarticular Injections Increase the Risk of
      Infection After TKA?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can result in
      disastrous consequences. Previous research regarding injections and risk of TKA
      infection have produced conflicting results and in general have been limited by
      small cohort size. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      if intraarticular injection before TKA increases the risk of postoperative
      infection and to identify if time between injection and TKA affect the risk of
      TKA infection. METHODS: The Humana data set was reviewed from 2007 to 2014 for
      all patients who received a knee injection before TKA. Current Procedural
      Terminology (CPT) codes and laterality modifiers were used to identify patients
      who underwent knee injection followed by ipsilateral TKA. Postoperative infection
      within 6 months of TKA was identified using International Classification of
      Diseases, 9th Revision/CPT codes that represent two infectious endpoints: any
      postoperative surgical site infection (encompasses all severities of infection)
      and operative intervention for TKA infection (surrogate for deep TKA infection).
      The injection cohort was stratified into 12 subgroups by monthly intervals out to
      12 months corresponding to the number of months that had elapsed between
      injection and TKA. Risk of postoperative infection was compared between the
      injection and no injection cohorts. In total, 29,603 TKAs (35%) had an injection
      in the ipsilateral knee before the TKA procedure and 54,081 TKA cases (65%) did
      not. The PearlDiver database does not currently support line-by-line output of
      patient data, and so we were unable to perform a multivariate analysis to
      determine whether other important factors may have varied between the study
      groups that might have had a differential influence on the risk of infection
      between those groups. However, the Charlson Comorbidity index was no different
      between the injection and no injection cohorts (2.9 for both) suggesting similar
      comorbidity profiles between the groups. RESULTS: The proportion of TKAs
      developing any postoperative infection was higher among TKAs that received an
      injection before TKA than in those that did not (4.4% versus 3.6%; odds ratio
      [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.33; p < 0.001). Likewise, the
      proportion of TKAs developing infection resulting in return to the operating room
      after TKA was also higher among TKAs that received an injection before TKA than
      those that did not (1.49% versus 1.04%; OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.63; p < 0.001).
      Month-by-month analysis of time between injection and TKA revealed the odds of
      any postoperative infection remained higher for the injection cohort out to a
      duration of 6 months between injection and TKA (ORs ranged 1.23 to 1.46 when 1-6
      months between injection and TKA; p < 0.05 for all) as did the odds of operative
      intervention for TKA infection when injection occurred within 7 months of TKA (OR
      ranged from 1.38 to 1.88 when 1-7 months between injection and TKA; p < 0.05 for
      all). When the duration between injection and TKA was longer than 6 or 7 months,
      the ORs were no longer elevated at these endpoints, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Injection before TKA was associated with a higher risk of postoperative infection
      and appears to be time-dependent with closer proximity between injection and TKA
      having increased odds of infection. Further research is needed to better evaluate
      the risk injection before TKA poses for TKA infection; a more definitive
      relationship could be established with a multivariate analysis to control for
      other known risk factors for TKA infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III,
      therapeutic study.

PMID- 26970992
TI  - Antiretroviral therapy and demand for HIV testing: Evidence from Zambia.
AB  - This paper examines the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on demand for HIV
      testing and of ART-induced testing on demand for risky sexual behavior. I provide
      a model of sexual behavior decision-making under uncertainty and estimate the
      structural parameters of the model using nationally representative survey data
      from Zambia on HIV testing decisions before and after the introduction of ART.
      The empirical results indicate that although the introduction of ART appears to
      have increased HIV testing rates by upwards of 50 percent, the ART allocation
      process may have limited the prevention benefit of ART-induced testing.
      Simulation results show that eliminating this prevention inefficiency while
      holding the supply of ART constant would increase the prevention impact of ART
      induced testing more than four-fold. More generally, the analysis indicates that
      existing studies which examine "universal" testing or quasi-experimental testing
      programs understate the efficacy of standard voluntary counseling and testing
      programs.

PMID- 26970993
TI  - Safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy:
      A systematic review.
AB  - Approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy remain with pharmacologically
      intractable seizures. An emerging therapeutic modality for seizure suppression is
      repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Despite being considered a
      safe technique, rTMS carries the risk of inducing seizures, among other milder
      adverse events, and thus, its safety in the population with epilepsy should be
      continuously assessed. We performed an updated systematic review on the safety
      and tolerability of rTMS in patients with epilepsy, similar to a previous report
      published in 2007 (Bae EH, Schrader LM, Machii K, Alonso-Alonso M, Riviello JJ,
      Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial
      magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature.
      Epilepsy Behav. 2007; 10 (4): 521-8), and estimated the risk of seizures and
      other adverse events during or shortly after rTMS application. We searched the
      literature for reports of rTMS being applied on patients with epilepsy, with no
      time or language restrictions, and obtained studies published from January 1990
      to August 2015. A total of 46 publications were identified, of which 16 were new
      studies published after the previous safety review of 2007. We noted the total
      number of subjects with epilepsy undergoing rTMS, medication usage, incidence of
      adverse events, and rTMS protocol parameters: frequency, intensity, total number
      of stimuli, train duration, intertrain intervals, coil type, and stimulation
      site. Our main data analysis included separate calculations for crude per subject
      risk of seizure and other adverse events, as well as risk per 1000 stimuli. We
      also performed an exploratory, secondary analysis on the risk of seizure and
      other adverse events according to the type of coil used (figure-of-8 or
      circular), stimulation frequency (<= 1 Hz or > 1 Hz), pulse intensity in terms of
      motor threshold (<100% or >= 100%), and number of stimuli per session (< 500 or
      >= 500). Presence or absence of adverse events was reported in 40 studies (n =
      426 subjects). A total of 78 (18.3%) subjects reported adverse events, of which
      85% were mild. Headache or dizziness was the most common one, occurring in 8.9%.
      We found a crude per subject seizure risk of 2.9% (95% CI: 1.3-4.5), given that
      12 subjects reported seizures out of 410 subjects included in the analysis after
      data of patients with epilepsia partialis continua or status epilepticus were
      excluded from the estimate. Only one of the reported seizures was considered
      atypical in terms of the clinical characteristics of the patients' baseline
      seizures. The atypical seizure happened during high-frequency rTMS with maximum
      stimulator output for speech arrest, clinically arising from the region of
      stimulation. Although we estimated a larger crude per subject seizure risk
      compared with the previous safety review, the corresponding confidence intervals
      contained both risks. Furthermore, the exclusive case of atypical seizure was the
      same as reported in the previous report. We conclude that the risk of seizure
      induction in patients with epilepsy undergoing rTMS is small and that the risk of
      other adverse events is similar to that of rTMS applied to other conditions and
      to healthy subjects. Our results should be interpreted with caution, given the
      need for adjusted analysis controlling for potential confounders, such as
      baseline seizure frequency. The similarity between the safety profiles of rTMS
      applied to the population with epilepsy and to individuals without epilepsy
      supports further investigation of rTMS as a therapy for seizure suppression.

PMID- 26970994
TI  - Clinical utility of the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30 in people with epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Metacognitions Questionnaire 30 (MCQ-30) has been widely used to
      assess metacognitive beliefs and processes linked to emotional disorders. The aim
      of the present study was to test the utility of the MCQ-30 in assessing
      metacognitions in people with epilepsy. METHODS: Three hundred forty-nine people
      with epilepsy completed the MCQ-30 and self-report measures of anxiety and
      depression at two time points, 12 months apart. Factor analyses and structural
      equation modeling were used to test the factor structure, internal consistency,
      and convergent validity of the MCQ-30. RESULTS: Confirmatory and exploratory
      factor analyses supported the original five-factor structure and demonstrated
      that each factor had good to excellent levels of internal consistency.
      CONCLUSION: The MCQ-30 is a robust measure of metacognitive beliefs and processes
      and has clinical utility in PWE.

PMID- 26970995
TI  - Frequency of Restless Legs Syndrome in adults with epilepsy in Turkey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder characterized by an
      irresistible urge to move the legs particularly during rest in the evenings often
      leading to insomnia and daytime impairment. No prior studies estimate the
      prevalence of RLS in a diverse sample of adults with epilepsy using standard
      diagnostic criteria. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 225 patients with epilepsy
      (61.8% female; mean age 33.3 +/- 12.3 years) seen in the epilepsy clinic of
      Cukurova University Neurology Department were included. Restless Legs Syndrome
      diagnosis was based on structured interviews using internationally accepted
      criteria. Demographic and epilepsy-related variables were obtained through
      medical record review. RESULTS: The prevalence of RLS was 5.8% (n=13). Mean score
      on the International RLS Study Group rating scale for these subjects was 9.3 +/-
      3.6 (6-18). Ten (76.9%) patients with RLS scored in the mild range and the
      remainder in the moderate range of severity. Patients with RLS were not
      significantly different from others in terms of demographics, epilepsy
      classification or duration, treatment regimen (polytherapy vs. monotherapy),
      patient-reported sleep assessment, or relevant laboratory data. CONCLUSION: The
      prevalence of RLS in adults with epilepsy was similar to that observed in the
      adult general Turkish population (3.18-5.2%), although we excluded subjects with
      conditions associated with RLS, rendering ours a conservative estimate. While
      preliminary, these findings support the need for future studies exploring RLS in
      epilepsy given the potential impact of untreated sleep disorders and sleep
      deprivation on seizures and quality of life in people with epilepsy.

PMID- 26970996
TI  - Ameliorative effect of Asparagus racemosus root extract against pentylenetetrazol
      induced kindling and associated depression and memory deficit.
AB  - Asparagus racemosus (A. racemosus) roots are extensively used in traditional
      medicine for the management of epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate the ameliorative effect of A. racemosus root extract (ARE) against
      pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling and associated depression and memory deficit.
      Kindling was successfully induced by repeated administration of a subconvulsant
      dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg; i.p.) at an interval of 48 +/- 2 h in 43 days (21
      injections). Pretreatment with valproate (300 mg/kg; i.p.), a major antiepileptic
      drug as well as ARE significantly suppressed the progression of kindling.
      Moreover, ARE also ameliorated the kindling-associated depression and memory
      deficit as indicated by decreased immobility time and increased step-down
      latency, respectively, as compared to vehicle control animals. Further, these
      behavioral observations were complemented with analogous neurochemical changes.
      In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that ARE treatment has an
      ameliorative effect against PTZ-induced kindling and associated behavioral
      comorbidities.

PMID- 26970997
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 26970998
TI  - Imaging Atherosclerosis for Global Predictive Health and Wellness.

PMID- 26971000
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 26971001
TI  - Precursors of Hypertensive Heart Phenotype Develop in Healthy Adults: An
      Alternative Explanation.

PMID- 26970999
TI  - The Association of Coronary Artery Calcium With Noncardiovascular Disease: The
      Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine if coronary artery calcium (CAC) is
      associated with incident noncardiovascular disease. BACKGROUND: CAC is considered
      a measure of vascular aging, associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and
      all-cause mortality. The relationship with noncardiovascular disease is not well
      defined. METHODS: A total of 6,814 participants from 6 MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study
      of Atherosclerosis) field centers were followed for a median of 10.2 years.
      Modified Cox proportional hazards ratios accounting for the competing risk of
      fatal coronary heart disease were calculated for new diagnoses of cancer,
      pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease
      (CKD), deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, hip fracture, and dementia.
      Analyses were adjusted for age; sex; race; socioeconomic status; health insurance
      status; body mass index; physical activity; diet; tobacco use; number of
      medications used; systolic and diastolic blood pressure; total and high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol; antihypertensive, aspirin, and cholesterol medication;
      and diabetes. The outcome was first incident noncardiovascular disease diagnosis.
      RESULTS: Compared with those with CAC = 0, those with CAC >400 had an increased
      hazard of cancer (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18 to
      1.99), CKD (HR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.39), pneumonia (HR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.37 to
      2.82), COPD (HR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.60 to 4.57), and hip fracture (HR: 4.29; 95% CI:
      1.47 to 12.50). CAC >400 was not associated with dementia or deep vein
      thrombosis/pulmonary embolism. Those with CAC = 0 had decreased risk of cancer
      (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63 to 0.92), CKD (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.98), COPD (HR:
      0.61; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.91), and hip fracture (HR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.70)
      compared to those with CAC >0. CAC = 0 was not associated with less pneumonia,
      dementia, or deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism. The results were
      attenuated, but remained significant, after removing participants developing
      interim nonfatal coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with elevated
      CAC were at increased risk of cancer, CKD, COPD, and hip fractures. Those with
      CAC = 0 are less likely to develop common age-related comorbid conditions, and
      represent a unique population of "healthy agers."

PMID- 26971002
TI  - Autofluorescence: A New NIR on the Block.

PMID- 26971003
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 26971004
TI  - Predicting LVOT Obstruction in Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation: Concept
      of the Neo-LVOT.

PMID- 26971005
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 26971007
TI  - Is Global Longitudinal Strain a Superior Predictor of Outcomes in HFrEF?

PMID- 26971006
TI  - Clinical Characterization of Coronary Atherosclerosis With Dual-Modality OCT and
      Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The authors present the clinical imaging of human coronary arteries
      in vivo using a multimodality optical coherence tomography (OCT) and near
      infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) intravascular imaging system and catheter.
      BACKGROUND: Although intravascular OCT is capable of providing microstructural
      images of coronary atherosclerotic lesions, it is limited in its capability to
      ascertain the compositional/molecular features of plaque. A recent study in
      cadaver coronary plaque showed that endogenous NIRAF is elevated in necrotic core
      lesions. The combination of these 2 technologies in 1 device may therefore
      provide synergistic data to aid in the diagnosis of coronary pathology in vivo.
      METHODS: We developed a dual-modality intravascular imaging system and 2.6-F
      catheter that can simultaneously acquire OCT and NIRAF data from the same
      location on the artery wall. This technology was used to obtain volumetric OCT
      NIRAF images from 12 patients with coronary artery disease undergoing
      percutaneous coronary intervention. Images were acquired during a brief,
      nonocclusive 3- to 4-ml/s contrast purge at a speed of 100 frames/s and a
      pullback rate of 20 or 40 mm/s. OCT-NIRAF data were analyzed to determine the
      distribution of the NIRAF signal with respect to OCT-delineated plaque
      morphological features. RESULTS: High-quality intracoronary OCT and NIRAF image
      data (>50-mm pullback length) were successfully acquired without complication in
      all patients (17 coronary arteries). The maximum NIRAF signal intensity of each
      plaque was compared with OCT-defined type, showing a statistically significant
      difference between plaque types (1-way analysis of variance, p < 0.0001).
      Interestingly, coronary arterial NIRAF intensity was elevated only focally in
      plaques with a high-risk morphological phenotype (p < 0.05), including OCT
      fibroatheroma, plaque rupture, and fibroatheroma associated with in-stent
      restenosis. CONCLUSIONS: This OCT-NIRAF study demonstrates that dual-modality
      microstructural and fluorescence intracoronary imaging can be safely and
      effectively conducted in human patients. Our findings show that NIRAF is
      associated with a high-risk morphological plaque phenotype. The focal
      distribution of NIRAF in these lesions furthermore suggests that this endogenous
      imaging biomarker may provide complementary information to that obtained by
      structural imaging alone.

PMID- 26971008
TI  - Is Echocardiography Adequate to Identify the Severity of Anomalous Coronary
      Arteries?

PMID- 26971009
TI  - Characterizing the Hyperemia-Induced Mechanical Stress Acting on the Plaque.

PMID- 26971010
TI  - Insights into the Introduction History and Population Genetic Dynamics of the
      Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) in Florida.
AB  - Invasive species are widely recognized as important drivers of the ongoing
      biodiversity crisis. The US state of Florida is especially susceptible to the
      proliferation of invasive reptiles, and nonnative lizards currently outnumber
      native lizard species. At present, there are 3 documented breeding populations of
      the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) in different regions of Southern Florida,
      and these populations are considered potential dangers to threatened, fossorial
      endemics, such as burrowing owls, American crocodiles, and gopher tortoises.
      Nevertheless, at present, both the introduction histories of these populations
      and the degree to which they are connected by gene flow are not known. To address
      these issues, we genotyped V. niloticus from Cape Coral, Homestead Air Reserve
      Base, and West Palm Beach at 17 microsatellite loci and conducted a variety of
      analyses to assess both intrapopulation genetic diversity, the degree of gene
      flow between populations, and the most likely introduction scenario. The results
      of our analyses demonstrate that all 3 populations have limited genetic diversity
      (mean number of effective alleles across loci in all 3 populations ~ 2.00) and
      are highly differentiated from one another (G ST = 0.268; G"ST = 0.628). Our
      results also suggest that these populations resulted from independent
      introduction events that occurred within the past few decades. Consequently, we
      advise that wildlife managers focus management efforts on containment of existing
      populations and intensification of monitoring efforts on potential migration
      corridors.

PMID- 26971011
TI  - Taxonomic evaluation of species in the Streptomyces hirsutus clade using multi
      locus sequence analysis and proposals to reclassify several species in this
      clade.
AB  - Previous phylogenetic analysis of species of the genus Streptomyces based on 16S
      rRNA gene sequences resulted in a statistically well-supported clade (100 %
      bootstrap value) containing eight species that exhibited very similar gross
      morphology in producing open looped (Retinaculum-Apertum) to spiral (Spira)
      chains of spiny- to hairysurfaced, dark green spores on their aerial mycelium.
      The type strains of the species in this clade, specifically Streptomyces
      bambergiensis, Streptomyces cyanoalbus, Streptomyces emeiensis, Streptomyces
      hirsutus, Streptomyces prasinopilosus and Streptomyces prasinus, were subjected
      to multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) utilizing partial sequences of the
      housekeeping genes atpD, gyrB, recA, rpoB and trpB to clarify their taxonomic
      status. The type strains of several recently described species with similar gross
      morphology, including Streptomyces chlorus, Streptomyces herbaceus, Streptomyces
      incanus, Streptomyces pratens and Streptomyces viridis, were also studied along
      with six unidentified green-spored Streptomyces strains from the ARS Culture
      Collection. The MLSAs suggest that three of the species under study (S.
      bambergiensis, S. cyanoalbus and S. emeiensis) represent synonyms of other
      previously described species (S. prasinus, S. hirsutus and S. prasinopilosus,
      respectively). These relationships were confirmed through determination of in
      silico DNA-DNA hybridization estimates based on draft genome sequences. The five
      recently described species appear to be phylogenetically distinct but the
      unidentified strains from the ARS Culture Collection could be identified as
      representatives of S. hirsutus, S. prasinopilosus or S. prasinus. 

PMID- 26971012
TI  - Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with
      increased beta-lyase activity.
AB  - The development of a selective medium for the rapid differentiation of yeast
      species with increased aromatic thiol release activity has been achieved. The
      selective medium was based on the addition of S-methyl-l-cysteine (SMC) as beta
      lyase substrate. In this study, a panel of 245 strains of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae strains was tested for their ability to grow on YCB-SMC medium. Yeast
      strains with an increased beta-lyase activity grew rapidly because of their
      ability to release ammonium from SMC in comparison to others, and allowed for the
      easy isolation and differentiation of yeasts with promising properties in
      oenology, or another field, for aromatic thiol release. The selective medium was
      also helpful for the discrimination between those S. cerevisiae strains, which
      present a common 38-bp deletion in the IRC7 sequence (present in around 88% of
      the wild strains tested and are likely to be less functional for 4-mercapto-4
      methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) production), and those S. cerevisiae strains homozygous
      for the full-length IRC7 allele. The medium was also helpful for the selection of
      non-Saccharomyces yeasts with increased beta-lyase activity. Based on the same
      medium, a highly sensitive, reproducible and non-expensive GC-MS method for the
      evaluation of the potential volatile thiol release by different yeast isolates
      was developed. 

PMID- 26971013
TI  - Ferritin, an iron source in meat for Staphylococcus xylosus?
AB  - Staphylococcus xylosus is frequently isolated from food of animal origin.
      Moreover, this species is one of the major starter cultures used for meat
      fermentation. Iron is a key element for growth and survival of bacteria. Meat is
      particularly rich in haemic (myoglobin and haemoglobin) and non-haemic (ferritin
      and transferrin) iron sources. Ferritin is a storage protein able to capture
      large quantities of iron. It is highly resistant to microbial attack and few
      microorganisms can use it as an iron source. Surprisingly, we found that the S.
      xylosus C2a strain grows in the presence of ferritin as a sole iron source. A
      three-cistron operon was highly overexpressed under ferritin iron growth
      conditions. We generated a deletion-insertion in the first gene of the operon and
      evaluated the phenotype of the mutant. The mutant showed decreased growth because
      it was less able to acquire iron from ferritin. Transcriptional analysis of the
      mutant revealed downregulation of several genes involved in the response to
      oxidative stress. This study characterized for the first time the capacity of a
      Staphylococcus to use iron from ferritin and revealed that a potential reductive
      pathway was involved in this acquisition. We hypothesize that this ability could
      give an advantage to S. xylosus in meat products. 

PMID- 26971014
TI  - Socio-economic development and emotion-health connection revisited: a multilevel
      modeling analysis using data from 162 counties in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Substantial research has shown that emotions play a critical role in
      physical health. However, most of these studies were conducted in industrialized
      countries, and it is still an open question whether the emotion-health connection
      is a "first-world problem". METHODS: In the current study, we examined socio
      economic development's influence on emotion-health connection by performing
      multilevel-modeling analysis in a dataset of 33,600 individuals from 162 counties
      in China. RESULTS: Results showed that both positive emotions and negative
      emotions predicted level of physical health and regional Gross Domestic Product
      Per Capita (GDPPC) had some impact on the association between emotion and health
      through accessibility of medical resources and educational status. But these
      impacts were suppressed, and the total effects of GDPPC on emotion-health
      connections were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the
      universality of emotion-health connection across levels of GDPPC and provide new
      insight into how socio-economic development might affect these connections.

PMID- 26971017
TI  - Mechanisms and pathways for the clearance of bacteria from blood circulation in
      health and disease.
AB  - Available data do not support the concept that leukocytes engulf and kill
      bacteria in the bloodstream. Leukocytes cannot recognize or engulf bacteria in
      flowing blood; therefore, phagocytosis is impossible in the bloodstream and
      occurs instead outside of the bloodstream in the body tissues. Erythrocytes
      capture bacteria in the circulation using an electric charge and kill them using
      oxidation. The dead bacteria are then disintegrated and digested by the
      reticuloendothelial system (RES), particularly in the liver and the spleen. 

PMID- 26971016
TI  - Impact of frailty in older patients with diabetes mellitus: An overview.
AB  - Diabetes and frailty are two conditions that frequently occur concurrently and
      are increasingly prevalent in the older patient. We review the concept,
      epidemiology and consequences of frailty, and the implications of the presence of
      frailty in the management of diabetes. Frailty is associated with decreased
      quality of life, a risk of falls, new or increased disability, hospitalization,
      and increased mortality. All of these factors affect the management of diabetes
      in older patients. It is important to rule out frailty in all diabetic patients
      aged >70 years; if frailty is suspected, a comprehensive and multidisciplinary
      medical and functional assessment of the patient should be conducted to develop
      an individualized treatment plan. This plan should include nutritional measures,
      physical activity, and education on self-care and diabetes; drugs should not be
      used without a clear indication. Antihyperglycemic drugs that may cause excessive
      weight loss and/or are associated with a high risk of hypoglycemia should be
      avoided. 

PMID- 26971015
TI  - Dysregulation of microRNA biogenesis in cancer: the impact of mutant p53 on
      Drosha complex activity.
AB  - A widespread decrease of mature microRNAs is often observed in human malignancies
      giving them potential to act as tumor suppressors. Thus, microRNAs may be
      potential targets for cancer therapy. The global miRNA deregulation is often the
      result of defects in the miRNA biogenesis pathway, such as genomic mutation or
      aberrant expression/localization of enzymes and cofactors responsible of miRNA
      maturation. Alterations in the miRNA biogenesis machinery impact on the
      establishment and development of cancer programs. Accumulation of pri-microRNAs
      and corresponding depletion of mature microRNAs occurs in human cancers compared
      to normal tissues, strongly indicating an impairment of crucial steps in microRNA
      biogenesis. In agreement, inhibition of microRNA biogenesis, by depletion of
      Dicer1 and Drosha, tends to enhance tumorigenesis in vivo. The p53 tumor
      suppressor gene, TP53, is mutated in half of human tumors resulting in an
      oncogene with Gain-Of-Function activities. In this review we discuss recent
      studies that have underlined a role of mutant p53 (mutp53) on the global
      regulation of miRNA biogenesis in cancer. In particular we describe how a new
      transcriptionally independent function of mutant p53 in miRNA maturation, through
      a mechanism by which this oncogene is able to interfere with the Drosha
      processing machinery, generally inhibits miRNA processing in cancer and
      consequently impacts on carcinogenesis. 

PMID- 26971018
TI  - Impact of financial agreements in European chronic care on health care
      expenditure growth.
AB  - Various types of financial agreements have been implemented in Europe to reduce
      health care expenditure by stimulating integrated chronic care. This study used
      difference-in-differences (DID) models to estimate differences in health care
      expenditure trends before and after the introduction of a financial agreement
      between 9 intervention countries and 16 control countries. Intervention countries
      included countries with pay-for-coordination (PFC), pay-for-performance (PFP),
      and/or all inclusive agreements (bundled and global payment) for integrated
      chronic care. OECD and WHO data from 1996 to 2013 was used. The results from the
      main DID models showed that the annual growth of outpatient expenditure was
      decreased in countries with PFC (by 21.28 US$ per capita) and in countries with
      all-inclusive agreements (by 216.60 US$ per capita). The growth of hospital and
      administrative expenditure was decreased in countries with PFP by 64.50 US$ per
      capita and 5.74 US$ per capita, respectively. When modelling impact as a non
      linear function of time during the total 4-year period after implementation, PFP
      decreased the growth of hospital and administrative expenditure and all-inclusive
      agreements reduced the growth of outpatient expenditure. Financial agreements are
      potentially powerful tools to stimulate integrated care and influence health care
      expenditure growth. A blended payment scheme that combines elements of PFC, PFP,
      and all-inclusive payments is likely to provide the strongest financial
      incentives to control health care expenditure growth. 

PMID- 26971019
TI  - Cervicogenic somatosensory tinnitus: An indication for manual therapy plus
      education? Part 2: A pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Manual Therapy
      Utrecht (MTU) plus education in patients with cervicogenic somatosensory tinnitus
      (CeT). STUDY DESIGN: Pretest-posttest design. METHOD: Five hundred and six
      patients were referred or referred themselves. A subgroup of patients was
      identified with CeT, and within this a subgroup with tinnitus sensitization (TS).
      Two CeT groups were created based on the presence or absence of TS. Both groups
      underwent manual therapy combined with tinnitus education. Tinnitus intensity
      (VAS-tin 0-100 mm) was the primary outcome measure. Number of treatments and
      adverse effects were the secondary outcome measures. RESULTS: A total of 122
      patients with CeT (24.1%) were included (average age 53.3 years [+/-9.8], female
      38.5% and duration of tinnitus 7.3 years [+/-8.9]). Patients were divided into
      two groups: 55 patients (45.1%) with TS (CeT + TS group) and 67 patients (54.9%)
      without TS (CeT - TS group). Pretest to posttest differences on the VAS-tin were
      statistically significant within both groups (CeT - TS group: difference VAS-tin
      5.9 [p = 0.01]; CeT + TS group: difference VAS-tin 18.2 [p = 0.00]), and between
      the groups in favor of the CeT + TS group (difference VAS-tin 12.3 [p = 0.01]).
      Pretest to posttest differences were clinically significant for the CeT + TS
      group (difference VAS-tin 18.2 [MCIC = >=10 mm VAS-tin]) and between the groups
      (difference VAS-tin 12.3 in favor of the CeT + TS group). The average number of
      treatment sessions was 9.6 (+/-2.6) for the CeT - TS group and 10.3 (+/-2.5) for
      the CeT + TS group, a non-significant difference. There were no adverse effects
      in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, this study provides
      valuable information on both the characteristics of patients with CeT and TS in a
      Dutch primary care manual therapy practice and on the potential effectiveness of
      MTU combined with tinnitus education for the subgroup of CeT + TS patients.

PMID- 26971020
TI  - Quantification of three galloylglucoside flavour precursors by liquid
      chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in brandies aged in oak wood barrels.
AB  - Vanillin-(6'-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (VGG), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-(6'-O
      galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (TMPGG), and (6R,9R)-3-oxo-alpha-ionol-9-O-(6'-O
      galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (macarangioside E) were identified as aroma
      precursors in oak wood. An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to
      quantify these three galloylglucoside compounds in brandies aged in oak barrels.
      The detection system consisted of a triple quadrupole mass analyser operating in
      multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. For the first time, vanillin-beta-d
      xylopyranoside (VX) was synthesised for use as an internal standard. The
      detection limits (48 MUg L(-1) for VGG, 52 MUg L(-1) for TMPGG, and 19 MUg L(-1)
      for macarangioside E) were low enough to quantify these aroma precursors in
      spirits without any sample preparation.

PMID- 26971022
TI  - A new three-dimensional Zn(2+) coordination polymer constructed from oxalate and
      1,2,4-triazolate.
AB  - A new 3-D Zn(2+) coordination polymer (CP) [(CH3)2NH2]3[Zn6(ox)4.5(trz)6]?4H2O
      (ox=oxalate; trz=1,2,4-triazolate) 1 was obtained by a simple solvothermal self
      assembly. The crystal structural analysis demonstrates that the trz molecules
      link the Zn(2+) ions into a two-dimensional (2-D) layer network, which is based
      on the trinuclear Zn3(trz)6 clusters. The ox molecules serve as the linkers to
      propagate the 2-D layers into a three-dimensional (3-D) network of 1. The
      thermogravimetry (TG) behavior, photoluminescence property, and the sensing
      ability of 1 are investigated. The sensing experiment on nitrobenzene (NB)
      reveals that 1 can serve as a fluorescence probe to detect NB at the ppm
      concentration. 

PMID- 26971021
TI  - Multiclass semi-volatile compounds determination in wine by gas chromatography
      accurate time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
AB  - The performance of gas chromatography (GC) with accurate, high resolution mass
      spectrometry (HRMS) for the determination of a group of 39 semi-volatile
      compounds related to wine quality (pesticide residues, phenolic off-flavours,
      phenolic pollutants and bioactive stilbenes) is investigated. Solid-phase
      extraction (SPE) was used as extraction technique, previously to acetylation
      (phenolic compounds) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)
      concentration. Compounds were determined by GC coupled to a quadrupole time-of
      flight (QTOF) MS system through an electron ionization (EI) source. The final
      method attained limits of quantification (LOQs) at the very low ng mL(-1) level,
      covering the range of expected concentrations for target compounds in red and
      white wines. For 38 out of 39 compounds, performance of sample preparation and
      determination steps were hardly affected by the wine matrix; thus, accurate
      recoveries were achieved by using pseudo-external calibration. Levels of target
      compounds in a set of 25 wine samples are reported. The capabilities of the
      described approach for the post-run identification of species not considered
      during method development, without retention time information, are illustrated
      and discussed with selected examples of compounds from different classes.

PMID- 26971023
TI  - A benzo-15-crown-5-modifying ratiometric-absorption and fluorescent OFF-ON
      chemosensor for Cu(2.).
AB  - One new benzo-15-crown-5-modifying fluorene Schiff base (FBC), together with the
      CN-linked fluorene-3,4-dimethoxybenzene (FBDMO) and fluorene-benzene (FB)
      references, has been designed and facilely synthesized. The binding of Cu(2+)
      with nitrogen atom of CN moiety in these three compounds can inhibit the photo
      induced electronic transition process and induce the ratiometric-absorption and
      fluorescent OFF-ON response to Cu(2+). Whereas the employment of benzo-15-crown-5
      moiety in FBC as additional binding platform for Cu(2+) not only amplifies the
      fluorescent enhancement of FBCvia preventing the isomerization of CN moiety, but
      also endows this compound high selectivity and rapid response towards Cu(2+) over
      the references FB and FBDMO. These results render FBC highly sensitive
      ratiometric-absorption and fluorescent OFF-ON detecting potential for Cu(2+) with
      the detection limit of 3.91 * 10(-6) M.

PMID- 26971024
TI  - Highly sensitive and selective fluorescent assay for guanine based on the
      Cu(2+)/eosin Y system.
AB  - A fluorescent probe has been developed for the determination of guanine based on
      the quenched fluorescence signal of Cu(2+)/eosin Y. Cu(2+) interacted with eosin
      Y, resulting in fluorescence quenching. Subsequently, with the addition of
      guanine to the Cu(2+)/eosin Y system, guanine reacted with Cu(2+) to form 1:1
      chelate cation, which further combined with eosin Y to form a 1:1 ternary ion
      association complex by electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction,
      resulting in significant decrease of the fluorescence. Hence, a fluorescent
      system was constructed for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of guanine
      with a detection limit as low as 1.5 nmol L(-1) and a linear range of 3.3-116
      nmol L(-1). The method has been applied satisfactorily to the determination of
      guanine in DNA and urine samples with the recoveries from 98.7% to 105%. This
      study significantly expands the realm of application of ternary ion-association
      complex in fluorescence probe.

PMID- 26971025
TI  - Two-dimensional character of internal rotation of furfural and other five-member
      heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes.
AB  - The features of nuclear motion corresponding to the rotation of the formyl group
      (CHO) are studied for the molecules of furfural and some other five-member
      heterocyclic aromatic aldehydes by the use of MP2/6-311G** quantum chemical
      approximation. It is demonstrated that the traditional one-dimensional models of
      internal rotation for the molecules studied have only limited applicability. The
      reason is the strong kinematic interaction of the rotation of the CHO group and
      out-of-plane CHO deformation that is realized for the molecules under
      consideration. The computational procedure based on the two-dimensional
      approximation is considered for low lying vibrational states as more adequate to
      the problem. 

PMID- 26971027
TI  - Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of novel alpha, beta
      unsaturated amides.
AB  - Three derivatives of alpha,beta unsaturated amides have been successfully
      synthesized via Ugi-four component (U-4CR) reaction. The interactions of the
      amides with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) have been investigated in
      the Tris-HCl buffer (pH=7.4) using viscometric, spectroscopic, thermal
      denaturation studies, and also molecular docking. By UV-Vis absorption
      spectroscopy studies, adding CT-DNA to the compound solution caused the
      hypochromism indicates that there are interactions between the compounds and DNA
      base pairs. In competitive fluorescence with methylene blue as an intercalator
      probe, adding compounds to DNA-MB solution caused an increase in emission spectra
      of the complex. This could be because of compound replacing, with similar binding
      mode of MB, between the DNA base pairs due to release of bonded MB molecules from
      DNA-MB complex. Thermal denaturation studies and viscometric experiments also
      indicated that all three investigated compounds bind to CT-DNA by non-classical
      intercalation mode. Additionally, molecular docking technique predicted partial
      intercalation binding mode for the compounds. Also, the highest binding energy
      was obtained for compound 5a. These results are in agreement with results
      obtained by empirical methods. 

PMID- 26971026
TI  - Conformational change in the C form of palmitic acid investigated by Raman
      spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.
AB  - Fatty acids are substances found in most living beings in nature. Here we report
      the effect of the low temperature in the vibrational and structural properties of
      the C form of palmitic acid, a fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms. The Raman spectra
      were obtained in the temperature interval from 300 to 18K in the spectral range
      between 30 and 3100 cm(-1). The assignment of the duly observed bands was done
      based on the density functional theory. On cooling, the main changes observed in
      the lattice mode region of the Raman spectra were interpreted as a conformational
      modification undergone by the palmitic acid molecules in the unit cell. The X-ray
      diffraction measurements were obtained from 290 to 80K showing a slight
      modification in the lattice parameters at about 210K. Differential scanning
      calorimetry (DSC) measurements were recorded between 150 and 300K and no
      enthalpic anomaly in the DSC thermogram was observed. These techniques provided
      strong evidence of the conformational change in the molecules of palmitic acid at
      low temperatures.

PMID- 26971028
TI  - A new analytical approach to understanding nanoscale lead-iron interactions in
      drinking water distribution systems.
AB  - High levels of iron in distributed drinking water often accompany elevated lead
      release from lead service lines and other plumbing. Lead-iron interactions in
      drinking water distribution systems are hypothesized to be the result of
      adsorption and transport of lead by iron oxide particles. This mechanism was
      explored using point-of-use drinking water samples characterized by size
      exclusion chromatography with UV and multi-element (ICP-MS) detection. In
      separations on two different stationary phases, high apparent molecular weight
      (>669 kDa) elution profiles for (56)Fe and (208)Pb were strongly correlated
      (average R(2)=0.96, N=73 samples representing 23 single-unit residences).
      Moreover, (56)Fe and (208)Pb peak areas exhibited an apparent linear dependence
      (R(2)=0.82), consistent with mobilization of lead via adsorption to colloidal
      particles rich in iron. A UV254 absorbance peak, coincident with high molecular
      weight (56)Fe and (208)Pb, implied that natural organic matter was interacting
      with the hypothesized colloidal species. High molecular weight UV254 peak areas
      were correlated with both (56)Fe and (208)Pb peak areas (R(2)=0.87 and 0.58,
      respectively). On average, 45% (std. dev. 10%) of total lead occurred in the size
      range 0.05-0.45 MUm.

PMID- 26971029
TI  - Remediation of textile azo dye acid red 114 by hairy roots of Ipomoea carnea
      Jacq. and assessment of degraded dye toxicity with human keratinocyte cell line.
AB  - Bioremediation has proven to be the most desirable and cost effective method to
      counter textile dye pollution. Hairy roots (HRs) of Ipomoea carnea J. were tested
      for decolourization of 25 textile azo dyes, out of which >90% decolourization was
      observed in 15 dyes. A diazo dye, Acid Red 114 was decolourized to >98% and
      hence, was chosen as the model dye. A significant increase in the activities of
      oxidoreductive enzymes was observed during decolourization of AR114. The
      phytodegradation of AR114 was confirmed by HPLC, UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy.
      The possible metabolites were identified by GCMS as 4- aminobenzene sulfonic acid
      2-methylaniline and 4- aminophenyl 4-ethyl benzene sulfonate and a probable
      pathway for the biodegradation of AR114 has been proposed. The nontoxic nature of
      the metabolites and toxicity of AR114 was confirmed by cytotoxicity tests on
      human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). When HaCaT cells were treated separately
      with 150 MUg mL(-1) of AR114 and metabolites, MTT assay showed 50% and ~100%
      viability respectively. Furthermore, flow cytometry data showed that, as compared
      to control, the cells in G2-M and death phase increased by 2.4 and 3.6 folds
      respectively on treatment with AR114 but remained unaltered in cells treated with
      metabolites.

PMID- 26971030
TI  - Development of SPME-LC-MS method for screening of eight beta-blockers and
      bronchodilators in plasma and urine samples.
AB  - The current work describes the development and validation of a simple, efficient,
      and fast method using solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-LC-MS/MS) for the concomitant
      measurement of eight beta-blockers and bronchodilators in plasma and urine. The
      presented assay enables quantitative determination of acebutolol, atenolol,
      fenoterol, nadolol, pindolol, procaterol, sotalol, and timolol. In this work,
      samples were prepared on a high-throughput platform using the 96-well plate
      format of the thin film solid phase microextraction (TFME) system, and a
      biocompatible extraction phase made of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance particles.
      Analytes were separated on a pentafluorophenyl column (100mm*2.1mm, 3MUm) by
      gradient elution using an UPLC Nexera coupled with an LCMS-8060 mass
      spectrometer. The mobile phase consisted of water-acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid)
      at a flow rate of 0.4mLmin(-1). The linearity of the method was checked within
      therapeutic blood-plasma concentrations, and shown to adequately reflect
      typically expected concentrations of future study samples. Post-extraction
      addition experiments showed that the matrix effect ranged in plasma from 98% for
      procaterol to 115% for nadolol, and in urine, from 85% for nadolol and pindolol
      to 119% for atenolol. The method was successfully validated using Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) guidelines, and met all acceptance criteria for
      bioanalytical assays at five concentration levels for all selected drugs. The
      final protocol can be successfully applied for monitoring concentrations of the
      selected drugs in both plasma and urine matrices obtained from patients or
      athletes. 

PMID- 26971031
TI  - A selective and sensitive stability-indicating HPLC method for the validated
      assay of etoposide from commercial dosage form and polymeric tubular
      nanocarriers.
AB  - Etoposide is a topoisomerase II enzyme inhibitor type chemotherapeutic agent
      which is widely used in the therapy of various cancers. Its short half-life and
      toxicity to normal tissues are the major drawbacks in its clinical applications.
      Polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are rational carriers to deliver
      etoposide with higher efficiency and fewer side effects. In addition tubular
      shaped drug carriers are found to show a great potential for drug delivery on the
      basis of promising results regarding particle shape and cellular uptake. In this
      study, etoposide loaded polymeric tubular nanocarriers have been developed by
      template wetting method using porous anodic aluminum oxide membranes as
      templates. The developed poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocarriers were evaluated
      for structural analysis, in vitro drug release studies and drug release kinetics.
      Accurate and reliable determination of the drug release from newly developed
      nanocarriers, is of great importance. For this reason a selective and sensitive
      reversed phase liquid chromatography method was developed and fully validated
      from the point of system suitability, specificity, linearity and range, limit of
      detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy and
      robustness for the reliable determination of etoposide. Stability indicating
      capability was shown with forced degradation studies and the chromatographic
      conditions were optimized on ACE 5C18 (150 mm * 4.6mm I.D., 5 MUm) analytical
      column. Related to the calibration results ETP was found linear in the range
      between 0.2 from 100 MUg mL(-1) with the LOD as 0.015 MUg.mL(-1). The resultant
      conditions were applied for the selective and sensitive determination of
      etoposide from its commercial dosage form with the high accuracy values (99.82
      100.65%). The method was successfully detected assay of etoposide release from
      newly developed polymeric tubular nanocarriers, which was found as 72.2% at the
      end of 24h.

PMID- 26971032
TI  - Quality of life improves with return of voice in tracheostomy patients in
      intensive care: An observational study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To measure patient-reported change of mood, communication-related
      quality of life, and general health status with return of voice among
      mechanically ventilated tracheostomy patients admitted to the intensive care unit
      (ICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study in a tertiary ICU
      was conducted. Communication-related quality of life was measured daily using the
      Visual Analogue Self-Esteem Scale. General health status was measured weekly
      using the EuroQol-5D. RESULTS: Aspects of communication self-esteem that
      significantly improved with the return of voice were ability to be understood by
      others (P = .006) and cheerfulness (P = .04), both with a median difference from
      before to after return of voice of 1 on the 5-point scale. Return of voice was
      not associated with a significant improvement in confidence, sense of
      outgoingness, anger, sense of being trapped, optimism, or frustration. Reported
      general health status did not significantly improve. CONCLUSIONS: Return of voice
      was associated with significant improvement in patient reported self-esteem,
      particularly in being understood by others and in cheerfulness. Improved self
      esteem may also improve quality of life; however, further research is needed to
      confirm this relationship. Early restoration of voice should be investigated as a
      way to improve the experience of ICU for tracheostomy patients.

PMID- 26971034
TI  - The effect of O-1602, an atypical cannabinoid, on morphine-induced conditioned
      place preference and physical dependence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies show that some non-CB1/non-CB2 effects of
      cannabinoids are mediated through G protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55). As this
      receptor is activated by some of cannabinoid receptor ligands and is involved in
      the modulation of pain, it was hypothesized that this receptor may also interact
      with opioids. This study examined the effect of atypical cannabinoid O-1602 as a
      GPR55 agonist on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and physical
      dependence. METHODS: We used a biased CPP model to evaluate the effect of O-1602
      (0.2, 1 and 5mg/kg, intraperitoneal; ip) on the acquisition and expression of
      morphine-induced CPP in male mice. The locomotor activities of mice were also
      recorded. Moreover, repeated administration of morphine (50, 50 and 75mg/kg/day)
      for three days, induced physical dependence. The withdrawal signs such as jumps
      and diarrhea were precipitated by administration of naloxone (5mg/kg, ip). The
      effect of O-1602 on the development of morphine physical dependence was assessed
      by injection of O-1602 (0.2, 1 and 5mg/kg) before morphine administrations.
      RESULTS: Morphine (40mg/kg, subcutaneous; sc), but not O-1602 (5mg/kg) elicited
      significant preference in the post-conditioning phase. O-1602 at the doses of 0.2
      and 1mg/kg, but not 5mg/kg reduced acquisition of morphine CPP with an increase
      in locomotor activity at the dose of 5mg/kg. O-1602 at the doses of 0.2, 1 and
      5mg/kg also reduced expression of morphine CPP with an increase in locomotor
      activity at the dose of 5mg/kg. O-1602 had a significant inhibitory effect on
      development of morphine-induced physical dependence at the dose of 5mg/kg by
      decreasing jumps and diarrhea during withdrawal syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The
      present results indicate that O-1602 decreased acquisition and expression of
      morphine CPP and inhibited development of morphine-induced physical dependence.

PMID- 26971033
TI  - Early veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is associated with lower
      mortality in patients who have severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: A
      retrospective multicenter cohort study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to compare outcomes in patients who had
      severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (Pao2/fraction of inspired oxygen <100) who
      received early veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as an
      adjunct to mechanical ventilation, to those in patients who received conventional
      mechanical ventilation alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multicenter,
      retrospective unmatched and matched cohort study of patients admitted between
      April 2006 and December 2013. Generalized logistic mixed-effects models and Cox
      proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between
      treatment with ECMO that was started within 3 days of intensive care unit (ICU)
      admission and ICU and hospital mortality and length of stay, respectively.
      RESULTS: A total of 2440 patients who had severe hypoxemic respiratory failure
      due to various etiologies were included, 46 who received early veno-venous ECMO
      and 2394 unmatched and 398 matched controls who received conventional ventilation
      alone. Compared to matched controls, ECMO was associated with a lower odds of ICU
      (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.30 [0.13-0.67]) and inhospital death
      (odds ratio 0.30 [0.14-0.67]). In addition, ECMO was associated with longer times
      to discharge from ICU and hospital (hazard ratio, 0.42 [0.37-0.47] and 0.53 [0.38
      0.73], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this observational study, use of early ECMO
      compared to conventional mechanical ventilation alone in patients who had severe
      hypoxemic respiratory failure was associated with a lower risk of mortality and a
      longer length of stay.

PMID- 26971035
TI  - Actylise treatment does not influence nitric oxide metabolites serum level.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized by Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS), the
      family of enzymes capable to conduct the conversion of Arginine (Arg) into the NO
      and Citrulline (Cit). Currently, only the administration of recombinant tissue
      plasminogen activator (rtPA) is recommended for acute ischemic stroke (AIS)
      treatment. To allow solubility of rtPA, Arg is added as a constituent of the
      drug. Our purpose was to check the effect of alteplase administration on NO
      metabolites concentration in the blood. METHODS: Eighteen AIS patients were
      selected into the study. Nine of them received thrombolytic therapy (rtPA group).
      The serum samples were obtained at 3 time-points for rtPA group (time-point 0:
      1st-4th hour of stroke; time-point 1: immediately after rtPA administration; time
      point 3: on day 5-7 from stroke onset). Remaining patients (non-rtPA group) had
      blood collection at two time-points: time-point 1: 1st-10th hour of stroke and
      time-point 2: on day 5-7 of stroke. Arg and Cit were determined by the automated
      ion-exchange chromatography using Amino Acids Analyzer. NO serum level was
      indirectly evaluated with the usage of commercially available kits that measuring
      the nitrate/nitrite level. RESULTS: Significant increase of Arg serum level was
      noticed at time-point 1, directly after the iv thrombolysis in comparison to non
      rtPA group. However, the products of the reaction catalyzed by NOS (NO and Cit)
      did not rise after the thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Current study showed that Arg
      administration simultaneously with rtPA, as a constituent of Actylise, does not
      affect serum NO metabolites level.

PMID- 26971036
TI  - Eosinopenia as a Predictive Factor of the Short-Term Risk of Mortality and
      Infection after Acute Cerebral Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eosinopenia has been shown to be a prognostic factor in bacteremia,
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and myocardial infarction, but studies
      focusing on cerebral infarction are lacking. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective study of 405 patients admitted to the Asahi General Hospital from
      June 2011 to September 2014 with a diagnosis of cerebral infarction within 24
      hours after symptom onset. Differences in mortality, mortality associated with
      infection, and the prevalence of infection within 2 months of hospital admission
      were assessed between patients with and without eosinopenia at presentation.
      RESULTS: Patients with eosinopenia had a significantly higher mortality rate
      (hazard ratio (HR) 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-5.21, P = .01),
      mortality associated with infection (HR 28.7, 95% CI 4.9-542.2, P <.0001), and an
      increased prevalence of infection (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.12-2.89, P = .01) than
      patients without eosinopenia. Patients with neutrophilia and eosinopenia showed a
      significantly higher mortality rate than patients without neutrophilia (HR 3.15,
      95% CI 1.40-6.92, P = .007), whereas patients with neutrophilia without
      eosinopenia showed no significant difference in mortality compared with patients
      without neutrophilia (HR 1.57, 95% CI .56-3.93, P = .37). Eosinopenia was a
      significant risk factor in 2-month mortality rate in multivariate analyses (HR
      2.34, 95% CI 1.05-4.95, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Eosinopenia is a novel predictive
      factor for complications after acute cerebral infarction. Stroke patients with
      eosinopenia should be monitored carefully for infection.

PMID- 26971037
TI  - External Validation of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity Scale.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Severity Scale (CPSSS) was recently
      developed to predict large-vessel occlusions (LVOs) in patients with acute
      ischemic stroke (AIS). In its derivation study, which consisted of patients
      enrolled in thrombolysis and endovascular therapy trials, the CPSSS had excellent
      discriminatory performance. We sought to externally validate the CPSSS in an
      independent cohort. METHODS: Using our institution's prospective stroke registry,
      we calculated CPSSS scores for all patients diagnosed with AIS at Weill Cornell
      Medical Center in 2013 and 2014. The primary outcome was presence of LVO and the
      secondary outcome was a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score
      of 15 or higher. Harrell's c-statistic was calculated to determine the CPSSS
      score's discriminatory performance. Using the previously defined cut-point of 2
      or higher (range 0-4), we evaluated the test properties of the CPSSS for
      predicting study outcomes. RESULTS: Among 751 patients with AIS, 664 had vessel
      imaging and were included in the final analysis. Of these patients, 80 (14.2%)
      had LVOs and 117 (17.6%) had an NIHSS score of 15 or higher. The median CPSSS
      score was 0 (interquartile range 0-1) and 133 patients (20%) had scores of 2 or
      higher. c-statistic was .85 (95% confidence interval [CI] .81-.90) for predicting
      LVO and .94 (95% CI .92-.97) for predicting an NIHSS score of 15 or higher. Using
      a cut-point of 2 or higher, the CPSSS was 70.0% sensitive and 86.8% specific for
      predicting LVO, and 87.2% sensitive and 94.3% specific for predicting an NIHSS
      score of 15 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients with AIS treated at a
      tertiary-care stroke center, the CPSSS had reasonable sensitivity and specificity
      for predicting LVO and severe stroke. Future studies should aim to prospectively
      validate the score in emergency responders.

PMID- 26971038
TI  - Therapeutic Effect Analysis of Sinomenine on Rat Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion
      Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effect
      of sinomenine (SIN) on rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and the
      molecular mechanism. METHODS: One hundred thirty-five rats were equally
      randomized into sham-operated group, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)
      group, and SIN group, and reversible rat MCAO model was made according to the
      Longa method for the MCAO and SIN groups. Then, 15 rats from each group were
      decapitated at 6, 12, and 24 hours after reperfusion to obtain brain tissue
      samples. Rats in the SIN group were injected with sinomenine by tail vein (90
      mg/kg) 1 hour before ischemia; rats in the MCAO and sham-operated groups were
      administrated with the same volume of saline. Neurological severity score (NSS),
      infarction volume, ischemic brain water content, and blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      permeability were determined at corresponding time points. Acid-sensing ion
      channel (ASIC) 1a mRNA level was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase
      chain reaction; ischemic brain contents of lactic acid (LD), lactic dehydrogenase
      (LDH), ATPase, and inflammatory factors were determined by spectrophotometric
      method. RESULTS: At 12 hours after reperfusion and since then, NSS in the SIN
      group decreased obviously; infarction volume, brain water content, and BBB
      permeability in the SIN group were lower than those in the MCAO group (P < .05).
      IR injury resulted in the upregulation of the contents of ASIC1a mRNA, LD, LDH,
      and inflammatory factors and the downregulation of the contents of ATPase, while
      SIN could reverse the upregulation/downregulation effect induced by IR injury (P
      < .05). CONCLUSION: Through its anti-inflammation effect, which alleviates
      acidosis, improves energy metabolism, and inhibits ASIC1a level, SIN protects
      ischemic rat brain against cerebral IR injury.

PMID- 26971039
TI  - Endovascular Internal Trapping of Ruptured Occipital Artery Pseudoaneurysm
      Associated with Occipital-Internal Jugular Vein Fistula in Neurofibromatosis Type
      1.
AB  - Spontaneous cervical extradural pseudoaneurysms or arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs)
      are rare vascular diseases. We report a case of ruptured occipital artery (OA)
      pseudoaneurysm associated with occipital-internal jugular vein (IJV) fistula in
      neurofibromatosis type 1. Endovascular internal trapping via the OA was
      attempted; however, the distal entry of the OA could not be accessed because of
      the high shunt flow and tortuosity of the OA. The distal part of the OA was
      obliterated with coil via a transvenous approach through the IJV and
      pseudoaneurysm. The proximal entry of the OA was obliterated with coil and glue
      under proximal flow control with a balloon, and the fistula was successfully
      obliterated without placement of coils in the pseudoaneurysm. When ordinary
      internal trapping via a transarterial approach is not possible, the transvenous
      approach should be considered as an alternative for AVF associated with an
      aneurysmal component. 

PMID- 26971040
TI  - Stop Stroke(c) Acute Care Coordination Medical Application: A Brief Report on
      Postimplementation Performance at a Primary Stroke Center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of the Pulsara
      Stop Stroke(c) medical application on door-to-needle (DTN) time in patients
      presenting to our emergency department with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The
      secondary objective was to evaluate the DTN performance of dedicated
      neurohospitalists versus private practice neurologists covering emergency
      department stroke call. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the
      Good Shepherd Health System stroke quality improvement dashboard for an 18-month
      period. The primary outcome was mean DTN time performance in cases with and
      without Stop Stroke(c) usage. Secondary outcome was mean DTN time between
      neurohospitalist and private neurologists with and without use of Stop Stroke(c).
      RESULTS: During the study period, there were 85 stroke activations receiving
      tissue plasminogen activator (63 with Stop Stroke(c), 22 without Stop Stroke(c)).
      In cases where the app was used, we observed a reduction in mean DTN time of 40
      minutes (87-47 minutes), a 46% reduction. There was no significant difference in
      DTN time observed between the neurohospitalist and private neurologist
      performance independent of app usage. Mean DTN less than 60 minutes improved with
      app use from 18% to 85% with Stop Stroke(c). CONCLUSIONS: In patients arriving to
      our primary stroke center with AIS, use of Pulsara Stop Stroke(c) acute care
      coordination app decreased mean DTN time by 40 minutes, a significant 46%
      improvement in this metric and is consistent with other studies of the app. We
      further observed a 3.7* improvement in DTN less than 60 minutes with use of the
      app.

PMID- 26971041
TI  - The Evolution of Professionalism in Medicine and Radiology.
AB  - Professionalism and ethics are difficult to define, and it is often a case of
      "you know it when you see it." In recent years, there have been calls to renew
      the focus on professionalism and ethics and their teaching in the medical and
      allied professions, part precipitated by a perceived and probably real decline in
      doctors' professional values. Medical professionalism has evolved markedly in the
      last couple of centuries and continues to change today at a rapid pace, spurred
      by technological advances and generational change. The reasons to promote medical
      professionalism include regulatory requirements, aligning our professions'
      outcomes and behaviors, and the moral imperative that being professional is the
      right thing to do. Radiologists should emphasize, model, and teach
      professionalism to our colleagues, allied personnel, and trainees whenever
      opportunity permits. Medical students now receive teaching in professionalism and
      ethics throughout their training, and there is a need to continue training
      formally and informally during residency training. Faculty or those charged with
      teaching professionalism will need to first understand what constitutes medical
      professionalism, and here we attempt to define and outline what professionalism
      looks like in practice. The article concludes with a summary of the opportunities
      within radiology practice, with examples, for us to exhibit professional actions,
      values, and ideas. 

PMID- 26971042
TI  - The Impact Factory.

PMID- 26971043
TI  - Transformation and Transformational Leadership: A Review of the Current and
      Relevant Literature for Academic Radiologists.
AB  - With the US healthcare system on an unsustainable course, change is inevitable.
      Changes in the healthcare landscape impacting radiology include changing payment
      models, rapid adoption of digital technology, changes in radiology resident
      certifying exams, and the rise of consumerism in health care. Academic Radiology
      will be part of that change with none of its missions spared. What matters is not
      that change is coming but how Academic Radiology responds to change. Do we
      ignore, adapt, adopt others' practices, or lead change? Change management or
      transformation is a management skill set that can be learned and developed.
      Transformational leadership is a leadership style defined by the relationships
      between the leaders and the followers and the results they are able to achieve
      together to meet organizational goals. In this paper, we provide a review of key
      change management theories, as well as practical advice for self-reflection and
      development of leadership behaviors that promote effective change management and
      organizational transformation, particularly in a complex industry like Academic
      Radiology. 

PMID- 26971044
TI  - Genomic profile of a squamous cell carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma compared to a
      head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 26971045
TI  - Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma derived from recurrent pleomorphic adenoma shows
      important difference by array CGH compared to recurrent pleomorphic adenoma
      without malignant transformation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A key step of cancer development is the progressive accumulation of
      genomic changes resulting in disruption of several biological mechanisms.
      Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is an aggressive neoplasm that arises
      from a pleomorphic adenoma. CXPA derived from a recurrent PA (RPA) has been
      rarely reported, and the genomic changes associated with these tumors have not
      yet been studied. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed CXPA from RPAs and RPAs without
      malignant transformation using array-comparative genomic hybridization (array
      CGH) to identify somatic copy number alterations and affected genes. METHODS: DNA
      samples extracted from FFPE tumors were submitted to array-CGH investigation, and
      data was analyzed by Nexus Copy Number Discovery Edition v.7. RESULTS: No somatic
      copy number alterations were found in RPAs without malignant transformation. As
      for CXPA from RPA, although genomic profiles were unique for each case, we
      detected some chromosomal regions that appear to be preferentially affected by
      copy number alterations. The first case of CXPA-RPA (frankly invasive
      myoepithelial carcinoma) showed copy number alterations affecting 1p36.33p13, 5p
      and chromosomes 3 and 8. The second case of CXPA-RPA (frankly invasive epithelial
      myoepithelial carcinoma) showed several alterations at chromosomes 3, 8, and 16,
      with two amplifications at 8p12p11.21 and 12q14.3q21.2. The third case of CXPA
      RPA (minimally invasive epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma) exhibited
      amplifications at 12q13.3q14.1, 12q14.3, and 12q15. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of
      gains at chromosomes 3 and 8 and genomic amplifications at 8p and 12q, mainly
      those encompassing the HMGA2, MDM2, WIF1, WHSC1L1, LIRG3, CDK4 in CXAP from RPA
      can be a significant promotional factor in malignant transformation.

PMID- 26971046
TI  - Country in Focus: diabetes prevalence on the rise in Turkey.

PMID- 26971047
TI  - Comparative genomic analysis of toxin-negative strains of Clostridium difficile
      from humans and animals with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are a significant health
      problem to humans and food animals. Clostridial toxins ToxA and ToxB encoded by
      genes tcdA and tcdB are located on a pathogenicity locus known as the PaLoc and
      are the major virulence factors of C. difficile. While toxin-negative strains of
      C. difficile are often isolated from faeces of animals and patients suffering
      from CDI, they are not considered to play a role in disease. Toxin-negative
      strains of C. difficile have been used successfully to treat recurring CDI but
      their propensity to acquire the PaLoc via lateral gene transfer and express
      clinically relevant levels of toxins has reinforced the need to characterise them
      genetically. In addition, further studies that examine the pathogenic potential
      of toxin-negative strains of C. difficile and the frequency by which toxin
      negative strains may acquire the PaLoc are needed. RESULTS: We undertook a
      comparative genomic analysis of five Australian toxin-negative isolates of C.
      difficile that lack tcdA, tcdB and both binary toxin genes cdtA and cdtB that
      were recovered from humans and farm animals with symptoms of gastrointestinal
      disease. Our analyses show that the five C. difficile isolates cluster closely
      with virulent toxigenic strains of C. difficile belonging to the same sequence
      type (ST) and have virulence gene profiles akin to those in toxigenic strains.
      Furthermore, phage acquisition appears to have played a key role in the evolution
      of C. difficile. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the C. difficile
      global population structure comprising six clades each containing both toxin
      positive and toxin-negative strains. Our data also suggests that toxin-negative
      strains of C. difficile encode a repertoire of putative virulence factors that
      are similar to those found in toxigenic strains of C. difficile, raising the
      possibility that acquisition of PaLoc by toxin-negative strains poses a threat to
      human health. Studies in appropriate animal models are needed to examine the
      pathogenic potential of toxin-negative strains of C. difficile and to determine
      the frequency by which toxin-negative strains may acquire the PaLoc.

PMID- 26971048
TI  - Topical ocular dexamethasone decreases intraocular pressure and body weight in
      rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, topical dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension and a
      consequent loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have been described in mice.
      This has been proposed as a model of steroid-induced glaucoma. In this study, we
      set up and evaluated a similar model in rats. RESULTS: Ten-week old Sprague
      Dawley (SD) rats (N = 12) were used to evaluate the effect of topical 0.1%
      dexamethasone (50 MUl) administered 3 times daily for 4 weeks. Sodium chloride
      (0.9%) was used in another group of rats (N = 12) that served as the controls.
      After 1 week, we observed a progressive decrease in body weight in the
      dexamethasone-treated rats compared both to the pre-treatment baseline and the
      vehicle-treated rats. In contrast to earlier work that showed elevated
      Intraocular pressure (IOP) following dexamethasone instillation in mice, IOP in
      the rats unexpectedly fell to 11.3 +/- 1.3 mmHg in the treated eyes, compared to
      14.8 +/- 2.4 mmHg in the untreated eyes, after 3 weeks of topical dexamethasone
      (P = 0.032). Blood tests performed after 4 weeks of treatment showed a 3.3-fold
      increase in both plasma cholesterol (P < 0.001) and alanine transaminase (P =
      0.019) in the dexamethasone-treated rats compared to the control rats. Meanwhile,
      topical steroid did not induce changes in either plasma blood glucose or glycated
      hemoglobin (HbA1c). We also did not detect changes in the expression of RGC
      markers (with real-time PCR) following the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to
      mice, which previously showed increased IOP following the topical administration
      of dexamethasone, the rats displayed a paradoxical reduction in IOP following a
      similar treatment. This was accompanied by a loss of body weight without
      affecting the level of blood glucose.

PMID- 26971051
TI  - Mineralization of the textile dye acid yellow 42 by solar photoelectro-Fenton in
      a lab-pilot plant.
AB  - A complete mineralization of a textile dye widely used in the Chilean textile
      industry, acid yellow 42 (AY42), was studied. Degradation was carried out in an
      aqueous solution containing 100mgL(-1) of total organic carbon (TOC) of dye using
      the advanced solar photoelectro-Fenton (SPEF) process in a lab-scale pilot plant
      consisting of a filter press cell, which contains a boron doped diamond electrode
      and an air diffusion cathode (BDD/air-diffusion cell), coupled with a solar
      photoreactor for treat 8L of wastewater during 270min of electrolysis. The main
      results obtained during the degradation of the textile dye were that a complete
      transformation to CO2 depends directly on the applied current density, the
      concentration of Fe(2+) used as catalyst, and the solar radiation intensity. The
      elimination of AY42 and its organic intermediates was due to hydroxyl radicals
      formed at the anode surface from water oxidation and in the bulk from Fenton's
      reaction between electrogenerated H2O2 and added Fe(2+). The application of solar
      radiation in the process (SPEF) yield higher current efficiencies and lower
      energy consumptions than electro-Fenton (EF) and electro-oxidation with
      electrogenerated H2O2 (E OH2O2) by the additional production of hydroxyl radicals
      from the photolysis of Fe(III) hydrated species and the photodecomposition of
      Fe(III) complexes with organic intermediates. Moreover, some products and
      intermediates formed during mineralization of dye, such as inorganic ions,
      carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds were determined by photometric and
      chromatographic methods. An oxidation pathway is proposed for the complete
      conversion to CO2. 

PMID- 26971050
TI  - Interaction of bisphenol A 3,4-quinone metabolite with glutathione and
      ribonucleosides/deoxyribonucleosides in vitro.
AB  - Bisphenol A is a monomer used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic
      products, epoxy resin-based food can liners and flame retardants. To determine
      the genotoxic potential of bisphenol A, the mechanism of the reactions between
      the reactive electophilic bisphenol A 3,4-quinone (BPAQ) with glutathione and
      ribonucleosides/deoxyribonucleosides were studied. The obtained results
      demonstrated that BPAQ reacted with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG)/guanosine (G), 2'
      deoxyadenosine (dA)/adenosine (A), but not with 2'-deoxycytidine (dC)/cytidine
      (C) and thymidine (T)/uridine (U) in aqueous acetic acid. The reactions were
      accompanied by loss of deoxyribose, and the rate of depurination by
      deoxyribonucleoside adducts were faster than that of ribonucleoside adducts. In
      mixtures of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides treated with BPAQ, reactions
      occurred more readily with dG/G than dA/A. The structures of the modified bases
      were confirmed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS).
      We also found that BPAQ reacted readily with glutathione (GSH) in aqueous acetic
      acid, and characterized the BPAQ-GSH conjugate by ESI-MS/MS. The in vitro data of
      depurinating DNA/RNA adducts and BPAQ-GSH adducts may provide appropriate
      reference for the identification of BPAQ adducts in environmental and biological
      systems.

PMID- 26971052
TI  - Similar Depletion of Protective Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Psoriasis and
      Inflammatory Bowel Disease, but not in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa [HS] co-occur more
      often with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] than expected, due to shared
      pathogenic and genetic features. It is known that IBD patients harbour an altered
      intestinal microbiome characterised by a depletion of Faecalibacterium
      prausnitzii and increase of Escherichia coli. At present, it is unclear whether a
      similar intestinal microbiome trend can be identified in IBD-associated skin
      disorders. We therefore investigated the F. prausnitzii and E. coli abundance in
      psoriasis and HS, with and without concomitant IBD. METHODS: Using quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction , we compared the F. prausnitzii and E. coli abundances
      in faecal samples from healthy controls [n = 33] with samples from patients with
      psoriasis [n = 29], IBD [n = 31], and concomitant IBD and psoriasis [n = 13].
      Likewise, we analysed samples from patients with HS [n = 17], and concomitant IBD
      and HS [n = 17]. RESULTS: Psoriasis patients harboured a significantly lower
      abundance of F. prausnitzii in their stool than healthy controls [p < 0.001],
      which was similar to IBD patients. Together with the reduced F. prausnitzii
      levels, the psoriasis patients had a significantly higher abundance of E. coli [p
      < 0.001]. No significant difference in F. prausnitzii or E. coli abundance was
      found in HS. It was apparent that patients with concomitant IBD and associated
      skin disorder had the greatest decrease of F. prausnitzii and increase of E.
      coli. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates, for the first time, an IBD-like
      decrease of F. prausnitzii together with an increase of E.coli in psoriasis,
      supporting the presence of a gut-microbiome-skin axis in psoriasis and IBD.

PMID- 26971049
TI  - Brain Regions Related to Impulsivity Mediate the Effects of Early Adversity on
      Antisocial Behavior.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individual differences in impulsivity and early adversity are known
      to be strong predictors of adolescent antisocial behavior. However, the
      neurobiological bases of impulsivity and their relation to antisocial behavior
      and adversity are poorly understood. METHODS: Impulsivity was estimated with a
      temporal discounting task. Voxel-based morphometry was used to determine the
      brain structural correlates of temporal discounting in a large cohort (n = 1830)
      of 14- to 15-year-old children. Mediation analysis was then used to determine
      whether the volumes of brain regions associated with temporal discounting mediate
      the relation between adverse life events (e.g., family conflict, serious
      accidents) and antisocial behaviors (e.g., precocious sexual activity, bullying,
      illicit substance use). RESULTS: Greater temporal discounting (more impulsivity)
      was associated with 1) lower volume in frontomedial cortex and bilateral insula
      and 2) greater volume in a subcortical region encompassing the ventral striatum,
      hypothalamus and anterior thalamus. The volume ratio between these cortical and
      subcortical regions was found to partially mediate the relation between adverse
      life events and antisocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal discounting is related
      to regions of the brain involved in reward processing and interoception. The
      results support a developmental imbalance model of impulsivity and are consistent
      with the idea that negative environmental factors can alter the developing brain
      in ways that promote antisocial behavior.

PMID- 26971053
TI  - Cytomegalovirus Infection in Ulcerative Colitis is Related to Severe Inflammation
      and a High Count of Cytomegalovirus-positive Cells in Biopsy Is a Risk Factor for
      Colectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cytomegalovirus [CMV] infection often reactivates in the
      course of inflammatory bowel disease, but the significance of this remains
      disputable. Our aim was to evaluate whether severity of CMV colitis is associated
      with colectomy risk in ulcerative colitis [UC] patients. The secondary aim was to
      evaluate agreement between immunohistochemistry [IHC] and blood CMV polymerase
      chain reaction [PCR]. METHODS: UC patients with CMV assessment of the colon,
      hospitalised in a referral unit between 2005 and 2012 were retrospectively
      identified. The course and severity of the disease were analysed, with
      inflammation graded histologically across the range 0-3. The numbers of CMV IHC
      positive cells per biopsy section were counted, and results for blood CMV PCR
      were also retrieved. Data on colectomies were also collected. RESULTS: Of 141
      patients, 95 were analysed, with 33 found to be CMV IHC-positive and 62 negative.
      The colectomy risk was significantly higher in patients with >= 5 IHC-positive
      cells, as opposed to those with none or less than 5 [p = 0.014] with median
      follow-up of 1.9 and 3.2 years, respectively. The CMV IHC-positive patients had
      lower haemoglobin [median 11.0g/dl vs 12.0; p = 0.028] and albumin [median
      29.5g/l vs 33.1; p = 0.038] levels and more intense histological inflammation [p
      = 0.020] compared with CMV IHC-negative patients. There was substantial agreement
      between IHC and blood PCR [Cohen's kappa coefficient 0.72]. CONCLUSIONS: Five or
      more CMV IHC-positive cells per biopsy section were indicative of a greater
      colectomy risk. CMV infection was related to more severe inflammation. Blood CMV
      PCR is a useful tool in UC.

PMID- 26971054
TI  - Endoscopic Dilatation of Crohn's Anastomotic Strictures is Effective in the Long
      Term, and Escalation of Medical Therapy Improves Outcomes in the Biologic Era.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To investigate the long-term efficacy of endoscopic
      dilatation of Crohn's anastomotic strictures and to identify risk and protective
      factors associated with the need for repeat dilatation or surgery. METHODS: A
      total of 54 patients who had endoscopic balloon dilatations for anastomotic
      Crohn's strictures between 2004 and 2009, with follow-up until June 2014, were
      identified from a single tertiary center. The primary end points were repeat
      dilatation or surgical resection, and the impact of radiology, medical therapy,
      and endoscopic data on these outcomes was analysed with Cox proportional hazards
      analysis. RESULTS: A total of 151 dilatations were performed on patients with a
      median age of 52 years [interquartile range (IQR), 46-62 years]. The median
      duration from the first to the second dilatation was 6 years (IQR, 5-7 years).
      The median disease duration was 28 years (IQR, 19-32 years). At endoscopy,
      disease activity was reported in 50/54 (92%) cases, with a median Rutgeerts
      grading of i2 (range, i0-i4). A median of two (IQR 1-9) dilatations was required,
      with a time to repeat dilatation of 23 months (IQR 7.2-56.9). Escalation of
      medical therapy was adopted in 22/54 patients (41% of the study population). On
      multivariate analysis, only combination therapy (anti-TNFalpha and
      immunomodulator) was significantly associated with the (decreased) need for
      repeated dilatation [hazard ratio (HR) 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.67; p = 0.01].
      Anastomotic resections were performed in 10 (18%) patients, with a Rutgeerts
      score of i4 at initial endoscopic balloon dilatation being associated with this
      outcome (HR 4.55; 95% CI 1.08-19.29; p = 0.04) on multivariate analysis.
      CONCLUSION: Endoscopic balloon dilatation of Crohn's anastomotic strictures is
      safe and effective in the long term. We demonstrate that active disease predicts
      for future surgery, while escalation of medical therapy may decrease the need for
      repeat dilatation.

PMID- 26971056
TI  - Posterior interosseous nerve palsy secondary to deep lipoma.

PMID- 26971055
TI  - Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a patient with autosomal dominant
      polycystic kidney disease: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an uncommon syndrome. Its
      prevalence among patients with polycystic kidney disease is very rare, with no
      previously reported involvement of the right posterior descending coronary
      artery. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the case of a middle-aged Caucasian woman
      with polycystic kidney disease who presented with a non-ST elevation myocardial
      infarction. Cardiac catheterization revealed a dissection of her right posterior
      descending coronary artery. She was treated with dual antiplatelet therapy and
      had a favorable outcome. CONCLUSION: We report a rare and interesting case of
      spontaneous coronary artery dissection of the right posterior descending coronary
      artery in a patient with polycystic kidney disease. It is important to consider
      spontaneous coronary artery dissection in the differential diagnosis of patients
      with polycystic kidney disease who present with an acute coronary syndrome.

PMID- 26971057
TI  - Cranial mononeuritis multiplex as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus
      erythematosus: A diagnostic challenge.

PMID- 26971058
TI  - Factors associated with mixed dementia vs Alzheimer disease in elderly Mexican
      adults.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mixed dementia (DMix) refers to dementia resulting from Alzheimer
      disease in addition to cerebrovascular disease. The study objectives were to
      determine the clinical and imaging factors associated with Dmix and compare them
      to those associated with Alzheimer disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional
      study including 225 subjects aged 65 years and over from a memory clinic in a
      tertiary hospital in Mexico City. All patients underwent clinical,
      neuropsychological, and brain imaging studies. We included patients diagnosed
      with DMix or Alzheimer disease (AD). A multivariate analysis was used to
      determine factors associated with DMix. RESULTS: We studied 137 subjects
      diagnosed with Dmix. Compared to patients with AD, Dmix patients were older and
      more likely to present diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and history of
      cerebrovascular disease (P<.05). The multivariate analysis showed that
      hypertension (OR 1.92, CI 1.62-28.82; P=.009), white matter disease (OR 3.61, CI
      8.55-159.80; P<.001), and lacunar infarcts (OR 3.35, CI 1.97-412.34; P=.014) were
      associated with Dmix, whereas a history of successfully treated depression showed
      an inverse association (OR 0.11, CI 0.02-0-47; P=.004) CONCLUSIONS: DMix may be
      more frequent than AD. Risk factors such as advanced age and other potentially
      modifiable factors were associated with this type of dementia. Clinicians should
      understand and be able to define Dmix.

PMID- 26971059
TI  - Combined central and peripheral demyelination: A case description.

PMID- 26971060
TI  - Executive functions and language in children with different subtypes of specific
      language impairment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The marked heterogeneity among children diagnosed with specific
      language impairment (SLI) highlights the importance of studying and describing
      cases based on the distinction between the expressive and receptive-expressive
      SLI subtypes. The main objective of this study was to examine neuropsychological,
      linguistic, and narrative behaviours in children with different SLI subtypes.
      METHOD: A comprehensive battery of language and neuropsychological tests was
      administered to a total of 58 children (29 with SLI and 29 normal controls)
      between 5.60 and 11.20 years old. RESULTS: Both SLI subtypes performed more
      poorly than the control group in language skills, narrative, and executive
      function. Furthermore, the expressive SLI group demonstrated substantial
      ungrammaticality, as well as problems with verbal fluency and both verbal and
      spatial working memory, while the receptive-expressive SLI subtype displayed
      poorer neuropsychological performance in general. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      showed that children with either SLI subtype displayed executive dysfunctions
      that were not limited to verbal tasks but rather extended to nonverbal measures.
      This could reflect a global cognitive difficulty which, along with declining
      linguistic and narrative skills, illustrates the complex profile of this
      impairment.

PMID- 26971061
TI  - Bilateral papilloedema as the initial manifestation of spinal ependymoma.

PMID- 26971062
TI  - Editorial overview: Cell architecture.

PMID- 26971063
TI  - Paget disease of the vulva.
AB  - In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical aspects, histopathology,
      molecular genetics, and treatment options for Vulvar Paget's Disease (VPD), a
      rare skin disease, most commonly found in postmenopausal Caucasian women. The
      underlying cause of VPD remains not well understood. VPD is rarely associated
      with an underlying urogenital, gastrointestinal or vulvar carcinoma. In
      approximately 25% of the cases, VPD is invasive; in these cases, the prognosis is
      worse than in non-invasive cases. Recurrence rates in invasive VPD are high: 33%
      in cases with clear margins, and even higher when surgical margins are not clear,
      regardless of invasion. Historically, surgical excision has been the treatment of
      choice. Recent studies show that imiquimod cream may be an effective and safe
      alternative. 

PMID- 26971065
TI  - Co-immobilization of laccase and mediator through a self-initiated one-pot
      process for enhanced conversion of malachite green.
AB  - Laccase is a green biocatalyst. It works with molecular oxygen and produces water
      as the only by-product. However, its practical application is far less than
      satisfactory due to the low stability/poor reusability of free laccase and the
      potential secondary pollution caused by dissolved mediators. To address those
      bottlenecks in laccase-based catalysis, a novel biocatalyst (Immo-LMS) was
      fabricated by simultaneously immobilizing both laccase and a mediator
      (acetylacetone, abbreviated as AA) into a hydrogel through the laccase-AA
      initiated polymerization. This self-initiated immobilization process avoided the
      forced conformational change of laccase in the passive embedding to pre-existing
      carriers. Resulting from the effective cooperation of laccase and AA, the Immo
      LMS had the highest substrate conversion quantity to malachite green, followed by
      the sole immobilized laccase and the immobilized laccase with an external
      mediator. Besides the improved activity, the Immo-LMS showed enhanced stability.
      The good performance of the Immo-LMS suggests that the co-immobilization of
      laccase and mediator through the self-initiated one-pot process was a promising
      strategy for the immobilization of laccase, which is expected to be helpful to
      cut down the running cost as well as the potential toxicity that come from
      mediators in the practical application of laccase. 

PMID- 26971064
TI  - PET-adapted omission of radiotherapy in early stage Hodgkin lymphoma-a systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most common malignancies in young
      adults and one of the most curable cancers worldwide. With interim PET-scan, HL
      treatment is in the process of being modified: a negative or positive interim PET
      separates good and poor responders to initial therapy; therefore, deescalated or
      escalated additional treatment is currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
      METHODS: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and conference proceedings were searched
      until 05.2015 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing FDG-PET-adapted
      therapy to standard treatment in untreated early stage HL patients with a
      negative PET-scan. Two review authors independently screened search results and
      extracted relevant study data. Hazard ratios (HR) were used for time-to-event
      data and risk rations (RR) for dichotomous data, with 95% confidence intervals
      (CI). If trials were considered sufficiently clinically homogenous, fixed-effect
      model was used to pool data. RESULTS: Three RCTs involving a total of 1480
      participants were included in the meta-analysis. Only one trial provided data for
      OS, without evidence for a difference between both arms (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.15
      1.68). All three trials assessed progression free survival, which was inferior in
      the PET-adapted arms (without radiotherapy) compared to the standard treatment
      arms (HR 2.40; 95% CI 1.63-3.53). Adverse events were reported in one study only,
      without evidence for a difference between both arms. There were no data on long
      term adverse events, quality of life and treatment-related mortality available
      CONCLUSION: To date, no robust data on survival and adverse events are available.
      However, this systematic review found that PFS was significantly decreased in the
      PET-adapted treatment arm (without radiotherapy) in early stage HL patients.

PMID- 26971066
TI  - Morphology of electrospun fibers derived from High Internal Phase Emulsions.
AB  - High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) are known for their excessive volume of
      dispersed phase (volume fraction of dispersed phase Phid>0.74) and are primarily
      used for polymerization of continuous phase monomer(s) thereby generating porous
      systems in a single step. In the present work, electrospinning of HIPEs formed
      from aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) dispersed in continuous phase
      comprised of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) solution in toluene is conducted.
      Effect of variation in volume fraction of dispersed and continuous phase on fiber
      morphology was studied. Fibers of co-continuous morphology were obtained due to
      coalescence and dielectrophoresis of the higher electrically conducting dispersed
      aqueous phase than toluene containing continuous phase. Removal of PVA was later
      done by washing of fibers with water to evaluate the presence of two phases in
      the fibers and relate it to original HIPE morphology of the emulsions.
      Heterogeneous and surface nucleation of PCL and Brij-58 confined within
      electrospun fibers of HIPEs was studied in detail and related to the original
      HIPE structure. 

PMID- 26971067
TI  - Preparation, characterization and application of nanosized CuO/HZSM-5 as an
      efficient and heterogeneous catalyst for the N-formylation of amines at room
      temperature.
AB  - An efficient and new method for the synthesis of formamides using HZSM-5 zeolite
      supported copper oxide nanoparticles as an efficient and heterogeneous catalyst
      is reported. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field
      emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy
      (TEM), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy
      dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), temperature programmed desorption of ammonia
      (TPD-NH3) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This method has
      the advantages of eliminating homogeneous catalysts and provides simple
      methodology with easy work up. Excellent yields of the corresponding formamides
      were obtained through this cost-effective protocol under solvent-free conditions
      with shorter reaction time. The catalyst was easily isolated from the reaction
      mixture by filtration and reused several times without significant loss in its
      catalytic. 

PMID- 26971069
TI  - A Peculiar Primary Paraganglioma of the Distal Thumb.
AB  - A paraganglioma is a highly vascularized neuroendocrine tumor most commonly found
      within the adrenal gland as a pheochromocytoma. Extra-adrenal paragangliomas are
      frequently located in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. We report the first
      documented case of a primary paraganglioma found within the appendicular
      skeleton. Only 2 additional cases of paragangliomas in the extremities have been
      documented, one in the soft tissue of the forearm and other within the median
      nerve. Our patient underwent amputation of the distal phalanx, with no sign of
      recurrence at greater than 1 year of follow-up. Because of the geographic and
      clinical similarity to a benign enchondroma, radiographic imaging alone may not
      be sufficient to rule out malignancies inside bones. Thus paraganglioma should
      remain in the differential and immunohistochemistry is both vital and necessary
      to confirm the diagnosis. Vigilant and appropriate follow-up is necessary to
      detect metastases early in these patients. 

PMID- 26971070
TI  - A constitutive law for degrading bioresorbable polymers.
AB  - This paper presents a constitutive law that predicts the changes in elastic
      moduli, Poisson's ratio and ultimate tensile strength of bioresorbable polymers
      due to biodegradation. During biodegradation, long polymer chains are cleaved by
      hydrolysis reaction. For semi-crystalline polymers, the chain scissions also lead
      to crystallisation. Treating each scission as a cavity and each new crystal as a
      solid inclusion, a degrading semi-crystalline polymer can be modelled as a
      continuum solid containing randomly distributed cavities and crystal inclusions.
      The effective elastic properties of a degrading polymer are calculated using
      existing theories for such solid and the tensile strength of the degrading
      polymer is predicted using scaling relations that were developed for porous
      materials. The theoretical model for elastic properties and the scaling law for
      strength form a complete constitutive relation for the degrading polymers. It is
      shown that the constitutive law can capture the trend of the experimental data in
      the literature for a range of biodegradable polymers fairly well.

PMID- 26971068
TI  - Gene delivery using calcium phosphate nanoparticles: Optimization of the
      transfection process and the effects of citrate and poly(l-lysine) as additives.
AB  - Despite the long history of nanoparticulate calcium phosphate (CaP) as a non
      viral transfection agent, there has been limited success in attempts to optimize
      its properties for transfection comparable in efficiency to that of viral
      vectors. Here we focus on the optimization of: (a) CaP nanoparticle precipitation
      conditions, predominantly supersaturation and Ca/P molar ratios; (b) transfection
      conditions, mainly the concentrations of the carrier and plasmid DNA; (c) the
      presence of surface additives, including citrate anion and cationic poly(l
      lysine) (PLL). CaP nanoparticles significantly improved transfection with plasmid
      DNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in pre-osteoblastic MC3T3
      E1 cells compared to a commercial non-viral carrier. At the same time they
      elicited significantly lesser cytotoxicity than the commercial carrier. Plasmid
      DNA acted as a nucleation promoter, decreasing the nucleation lag time of
      metastable CaP solutions and leading to a higher rate of nucleation and a lower
      size of the precipitated particles. The degree of supersaturation (DS) of 15 was
      found to be more optimal for transfection than that of 12.5 or 17.5 and higher.
      Because CaP particles precipitated at DS 15 were spherical, while DS 17.5 and 21
      yielded acicular particles, it was concluded that spherical particle morphologies
      were more conducive to transfection than the anisotropic ones. Even though the
      yield at DS 15 was 10 and 100 times lower than that at DS 17.5 and 21,
      respectively, transfection rates were higher using CaP nanoparticle colloids
      prepared at DS 15 than using those made at higher or lower DS, indicating that
      the right particle morphology can outweigh the difference in the amount of the
      carrier, even when this difference is close to 100*. In contrast to the
      commercial carrier, the concentration of CaP-pDNA delivered to the cells was
      directly proportional to the transfection rate. Osteosarcoma K7M2 cells were four
      times more easily transfectable with CaP nanoparticles than the MC3T3-E1 cells.
      The addition of citrate increased the transfection rate at lower concentrations;
      however, a complete redispersal of CaP-pDNA nanoparticles at higher
      concentrations of citrate coincided with a complete diminishment of transfection,
      implying the benefits of partial aggregation of CaP nanoparticles carrying pDNA.
      In contrast, PLL delayed transfection initially, but enhanced it at longer time
      points (?96h), leading to the conclusion that both citrate and PLL could exert
      positive effects on transfection: citrate if added at low concentrations and PLL
      to extend transfection over longer periods of time. 

PMID- 26971071
TI  - Cognitive Behavior Therapy for psychosis based Guided Self-help (CBTp-GSH)
      delivered by frontline mental health professionals: Results of a feasibility
      study.
AB  - Availability of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is limited in
      spite of strong evidence base. The purpose of this study was to determine the
      feasibility of a CBTp based Guided Self-help (CBTp-GSH) in comparison to
      Treatment As Usual (TAU). The secondary outcomes were a reduction of symptoms of
      schizophrenia using Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) & Disability (WHO
      DAS 2.0). A total of 33 adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia was
      recruited from community mental health services in Kingston, ON, Canada, and
      randomly assigned to the 12-16week intervention with TAU (Treatment), or TAU
      alone (Control). End of therapy (16weeks) comparisons between the two groups were
      made on an Intention To Treat (ITT) basis. Post-intervention scores on measures
      of psychopathology were compared using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to adjust
      for baseline measurements. Recruitment proved feasible, retention rates were high
      and participants reported a high level of acceptability. There was significant
      "treatment group by outcome interaction" for Positive and Negative Symptoms,
      General Psychopathology, measures of disability, such that individuals who
      received the Treatment improved more than those in Control group. The results of
      this feasibility study indicate that CBTp based Guided Self-help is feasible and
      acceptable to the participants, and it can lead to improvement in psychopathology
      and the level of disability. Individuals in this study had a moderate degree of
      psychopathology and relatively low level of disability and, therefore, caution is
      warranted in applying these results to individuals with severe symptoms and with
      high levels of disability. An adequately powered randomized controlled trial of
      the intervention is warranted. 

PMID- 26971073
TI  - Reply to "concern over your recent paper on risperidone long-acting injectable
      for treatment-resistant schizophrenia".

PMID- 26971074
TI  - Prognosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder may not be predetermined during
      early development--the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about whether factors during the first years of life
      predict later outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). As part of the
      Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, we examined if prospectively collected early
      parenthood-related and developmental factors predict employment and
      hospitalization in individuals with and without SSD. METHODS: Overall, 161
      individuals with SSD and 10,116 without SSD were included in the study. Outcomes
      were analysed at age of 44-45years, defining "employment" as being employed for
      at least 25% of working days and "hospitalization" as having psychiatric
      hospitalization at least once during the last two years of follow-up. Maternal
      age, wantedness of pregnancy, grand multiparity, parental psychoses, birth
      weight, birth height, age of standing up and standing and walking without support
      were analysed as predictors. RESULTS: Of the individuals with SSD, only 11.2%
      were employed, although 77.6% remained not hospitalized. In individuals with SSD,
      only young maternal age was associated with lower probability (OR 0.25, CI 0.08
      0.77) of being non-hospitalized after controlling for sex and onset age of
      illness. Among persons without SSD, almost all parenthood-related and
      developmental factors were related to employment, while grand multiparity and
      parental psychosis were related to hospitalization after controlling for sex.
      CONCLUSIONS: Only one of the early parenthood-related and developmental factors
      analysed in this study predicted outcome in individuals with SSD, while among
      those without SSD almost all factors were related to employment. Thus, prognosis
      of SSD does not seem to be predetermined much by early development.

PMID- 26971072
TI  - Quantitative mass spectrometry reveals changes in SNAP-25 isoforms in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - SNAP-25 and syntaxin are presynaptic terminal SNARE proteins altered in amount
      and function in schizophrenia. In the ventral caudate, we observed 32% lower SNAP
      25 and 26% lower syntaxin, but greater interaction between the two proteins using
      an in vitro assay. SNAP-25 has two isoforms, SNAP-25A and B, differing by only 9
      amino acids, but with different effects on neurotransmission. A quantitative mass
      spectrometry assay was developed to measure total SNAP-25, and proportions of
      SNAP-25A and B. The assay had a good linear range (50- to 150-fold) and
      coefficient of variation (4.5%). We studied ventral caudate samples from patients
      with schizophrenia (n=15) previously reported to have lower total SNAP-25 than
      controls (n=13). We confirmed 27% lower total SNAP-25 in schizophrenia, and
      observed 31% lower SNAP-25A (P=0.002) with 20% lower SNAP-25B amounts (P=0.10).
      Lower SNAP-25A amount correlated with greater SNAP-25-syntaxin protein-protein
      interactions (r=-0.41, P=0.03); the level of SNAP-25B did not. Administration of
      haloperidol or clozapine to rats did not mimic the changes found in
      schizophrenia. The findings suggest that lower levels of SNAP-25 in schizophrenia
      may represent a greater effect of the illness on the SNAP-25A isoform. This in
      turn could contribute to the greater interaction between SNAP25 and syntaxin, and
      possibly disturb neurotransmission in the illness.

PMID- 26971076
TI  - [Prevalence of asthma consultations in general practice].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Few data from primary care settings are available about asthma
      prevalence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asthma
      consultations in general practice, and to describe their characteristics.
      METHODS: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional national study, conducted in
      general practice. Investigators were 54 interns from 27 medical schools. Between
      December 2011 and April 2012, they collected and entered variables specific to
      each consultation over a period of 20 days from a structured electronic health
      record using the International classification of primary care (ICPC-2) together
      with data about their trainer(s). RESULTS: Data were recorded for 20,613
      consultations with 45,582 consultation outcomes described. Asthma represented 348
      (1.69%) of consultations. The presence of an asthma code was associated with
      fewer reasons for the consultation, but with more processes of care. Forty-two
      percent of other consultation results associated with asthma in the same
      consultation concerned chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that
      asthma remains underdiagnosed in general practice in France. In order to address
      this problem, the development of validated diagnostic tools that can be used in
      general practice settings, and a better access to spirometry, may be directions
      to explore in future research.

PMID- 26971075
TI  - How to Build a Complex, Functional Propeller Protein, From Parts.
AB  - By combining ancestral sequence reconstruction and in vitro evolution, Smock et
      al. identified single motifs that assemble into a functional five-bladed beta
      propeller, and a likely route for conversion into the more complex, extant single
      chain fusion. Interestingly, although sequence diversification destabilized five
      motif fusions, it also destabilized aggregation-prone intermediates, increasing
      the level of functional protein in vivo.

PMID- 26971078
TI  - Motivational Interviewing for Substance Use: Mapping Out the Next Generation of
      Research.

PMID- 26971077
TI  - Survival impact and predictive factors of axillary recurrence after sentinel
      biopsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rate of axillary recurrence (AR) after sentinel lymph node biopsy
      is usually low but few studies investigated its impact on survival. Our aim was
      to determine the rate and predictive factors of AR in a large cohort of breast
      cancer patients and its impact on survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1999 to
      2013, 14,095 patients who underwent surgery for clinically N0 previously
      untreated breast cancer and had sentinel lymph node biopsy were analysed. A
      simplified score predictive of AR was established. RESULTS: Median follow-up was
      55.2 months. AR was observed in 0.51% of cases, with a median time to onset of
      43.4 months. In multivariate analysis, the occurrence of AR was significantly
      correlated with grade 2 or 3 disease, absence of radiotherapy and tumour subtype
      (hormonal receptor [HR]- / human estrogen receptor [HER]+). AR rates were 1% for
      triple-negative tumours, 2.8% for HER2-positive tumours, 0.4% for luminal A
      tumours, 0.9% for HER2-negative luminal B tumours, and 0.5% for HER2-positive
      luminal B tumours. A simplified score predictive of the occurrence of AR was
      established. Patients could be divided into three different score groups (p <
      0.0001). In multivariate analysis, overall survival was significantly lower in
      cases of AR (p < 0.0001), age >50, lymphovascular invasion, grade 3 disease,
      sentinel node (SN) macrometastases, tumour size >20 mm, absence of chemotherapy
      and triple-negative phenotype. Survival in patients with AR was significantly
      lower in case of early-onset (2 years) AR (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Isolated AR
      is more common in Her2-positive/HR-negative triple-negative tumours with a more
      severe prognosis in triple-negative and Her2-positive/HR-negative tumours, and
      represents an independent adverse factor justifying an indication for systemic
      treatment for AR treatment. However, the benefit of any systemic treatment
      remains to be proven.

PMID- 26971079
TI  - Outcomes for Physicians With Opioid Dependence Treated Without Agonist
      Pharmacotherapy in Physician Health Programs.
AB  - AIMS: To compare treatment outcome among substance dependent physicians enrolled
      in a physician health program (PHP) who have a history of alcohol use only, any
      opioid use, or non-opioid drug use, in order to determine whether the distinctive
      PHP system of care management is as effective for individuals with opioid use
      disorders as for those with alcohol or other drug use disorders. METHODS: A 5
      year, retrospective chart review, intent-to-treat analysis was conducted for all
      physicians admitted to 16 physician health programs (N=702; 85.5% male; age
      range=24-75). Analyses compared treatment outcomes for participants based upon
      their substance(s) of abuse [i.e., 1) "Alcohol Only" (n=204), 2) "Any Opioid"
      with or without alcohol use (n=339), and 3) "Non-Opioid" drug use with or without
      alcohol use (n=159)]. RESULTS: In this sample, 75-80% of physicians across the
      three groups never tested positive for alcohol or drugs during their extended
      care management period with random drug testing. This included physicians with
      opioid dependence who did not receive opioid substitution therapy (OST). Of the
      22.1% of physicians who had a positive test, two thirds (i.e., 14.5% of the total
      sample) had just one positive test, and only one third (i.e., 7.6% of the total
      sample) had more than one positive test. These results were similar in all three
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that individuals with opioid use
      disorders who are managed by PHPs can achieve long-term abstinence from opioids,
      alcohol, and other drugs without OST through participation in abstinence-based
      psychosocial treatment with extended, intensive care management following
      discharge.

PMID- 26971080
TI  - Forgotten but not gone: HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.

PMID- 26971081
TI  - Efficacy of adjunctive sertraline for the treatment of HIV-associated
      cryptococcal meningitis: an open-label dose-ranging study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus is the most common cause of adult meningitis in Africa.
      We assessed the safety and microbiological efficacy of adjunctive sertraline,
      previously shown to have in-vitro and in-vivo activity against cryptococcus.
      METHODS: In this open-label dose-finding study, we recruited HIV-infected
      individuals with cryptococcal meningitis who presented to Mulago Hospital in
      Kampala, Uganda between Aug 14, 2013, and Aug 30, 2014. To assess safety and
      tolerability, the first 60 participants were given sertraline at escalating doses
      of 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day, 300 mg/day, or 400 mg/day as induction therapy for 2
      weeks, followed by consolidation therapy with 200 mg/day for an additional 8
      weeks. From Nov 29, 2013, participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive
      open-label sertraline at predetermined doses of 200 mg/day, 300 mg/day, or 400
      mg/day as induction therapy for 2 weeks, followed by consolidation therapy with
      200 mg/day for 8 weeks. Dose assignment was made via computer-generated, permuted
      block randomisation stratified by antiretroviral therapy (ART) status for people
      with a first episode of meningitis. The primary outcome was 2-week cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) clearance rate of cryptococcus, termed early fungicidal activity,
      measured in patients with a first episode of culture-positive meningitis and two
      or more CSF cultures. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number
      NCT01802385. FINDINGS: Of the 330 individuals assessed, 172 HIV-infected adults
      with cryptococcal meningitis were enrolled. We gave 100 mg/day sertraline to 17
      patients, 200 mg/day to 12 patients, 300 mg/day to 14 patients, and 400 mg/day to
      17 patients. 112 participants were randomly assigned to receive sertraline at 200
      mg (n=48), 300 mg (n=36), or 400 mg (n=28) daily for the first 2 weeks, and 200
      mg/day thereafter. The final population consisted of 17 participants in the 100
      mg group, 60 in the 200 mg group, 50 in the 300 mg group, and 45 in the 400 mg in
      group. Participants receiving any sertraline dose averaged a CSF clearance rate
      of -0.37 colony forming units per mL per day (95% CI -0.41 to -0.33). Incidence
      of paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome was 5% (two of 43
      newly starting ART) and no cases of relapse occurred over the 12-week study
      period. 38 (22%) of 172 participants had died at 2 weeks, and 69 (40%) had died
      at 12 weeks. Six grade 4 adverse events occurred in 17 participants receiving 100
      mg, 14 events in 60 participants receiving 200 mg, 19 events in 50 participants
      receiving 300 mg, and eight events in 45 participants receiving 400 mg. Grade 4
      or 5 adverse event risk did not differ between current US Food and Drug
      Administration-approved dosing of 100-200 mg/day and higher doses of 300-400
      mg/day (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% CI 0.69-2.32; p=0.45). INTERPRETATION:
      Participants receiving sertraline had faster cryptococcal CSF clearance and a
      lower incidence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and relapse than
      that reported in the past. This inexpensive and off-patent oral medication is a
      promising adjunctive antifungal therapy. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health,
      Grand Challenges Canada.

PMID- 26971082
TI  - Reference Values and Z Scores for Pulsed-Wave Doppler and M-Mode Measurements in
      Fetal Echocardiography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fetal echocardiography is now the standard approach for detailed
      investigations of fetal cardiac anatomy and function. Available studies proposing
      reference values for pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) measurements are often focused on
      few parameters. Furthermore, the methodology used for validating these proposed
      reference values is sometimes insufficiently described, and parameters necessary
      to compute Z scores are not always available. Improved definition of reference
      values with adequate statistical validation is needed for proper interpretation
      of PWD measurements in a clinical setting. In this study, the authors propose a
      comprehensive set of reference values and Z score equations for fetal PWD and M
      mode measurements with thorough assessment of Z score quality and validity.
      METHODS: Women with normal singleton pregnancies between 18 and 39 weeks of
      gestational age were included. A set of 57 measurements was performed, including
      PWD, M-mode measurements, and calculation of systolic, diastolic, and global
      function indices. Several parametric regressions were tested to model each
      measurement against gestational age. The SD was also modeled to account for
      heteroscedasticity. Z score equations were computed, and the proposed reference
      values were tested for residual association, residual heteroscedasticity, and
      departure from the normal distribution. RESULTS: One hundred four uncomplicated
      singleton pregnancies with normal fetal hearts were included. Nonlinear
      relationships with gestational age were found for most measurements. Parametric
      normalization was successful for most measurements analyzed, and it was possible
      to compute Z score equations with minimal residual association with gestational
      age, no residual heteroscedasticity, and no significant departure from the normal
      distribution. CONCLUSIONS: The authors propose a comprehensive set of Z score
      equations for 57 fetal functional measurements, some of which do not have any
      published reference values. These Z score equations will allow echocardiographers
      to more accurately identify measurements that diverge from normal and thus detect
      earlier potential alterations in fetal heart function.

PMID- 26971084
TI  - Maxillofacial trauma scoring systems.
AB  - The changing complexity of maxillofacial fractures in recent years has created a
      situation where classical systems of classification of maxillofacial injuries
      fall short of defining trauma particularly that observed with high-velocity
      collisions where more than one region of the maxillofacial skeleton is affected.
      Trauma scoring systems designed specifically for the maxillofacial region are
      aimed to provide a more accurate assessment of the injury, its prognosis, the
      possible treatment outcomes, economics, length of hospital stay, and triage. The
      evolution and logic of such systems along with their merits and demerits are
      discussed. The author also proposes a new system to aid users in quickly and
      methodically choosing the system best suited to their needs without having to
      study a plethora of literature available in order to isolate their choice. 

PMID- 26971083
TI  - Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and dementia.
AB  - The earliest and perhaps best example of an interaction between nutrition and
      dementia is related to thiamine (vitamin B1). Throughout the last century,
      research showed that thiamine deficiency is associated with neurological
      problems, including cognitive deficits and encephalopathy. Multiple similarities
      exist between classical thiamine deficiency and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in that
      both are associated with cognitive deficits and reductions in brain glucose
      metabolism. Thiamine-dependent enzymes are critical components of glucose
      metabolism that are reduced in the brains of AD patients and by thiamine decline,
      and a decrease in their levels could account for the reduction in glucose
      metabolism. In preclinical models, reduced thiamine can drive AD-like
      abnormalities, including memory deficits, neuritic plaques, and
      hyperphosphorylation of tau. Furthermore, excess thiamine diminishes AD-like
      pathologies. In addition to dietary deficits, drugs or other manipulations that
      interfere with thiamine absorption can cause thiamine deficiency. Elucidating the
      reasons why the brains of AD patients are functionally thiamine deficient and
      determining the effects of thiamine restoration may provide critical information
      to help treat patients with AD.

PMID- 26971085
TI  - Injury patterns and the role of tendons in protecting neurovascular structures in
      wrist injuries.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical features of
      injured structures, investigate the protection provided by the specific tendon of
      each corresponding important neurovascular structure (radial artery, median
      nerve, and ulnar nerve/artery) and to compare the results among the three
      categories of wrist injuries. METHODS: This study included 114 patients who
      underwent primary repair for damaged wrist structures; 40 patients sustained
      accidental damage without intention (group 1), 40 had self-inflicted damage
      (group 2), and 34 patients had a stab or penetrating wound caused by a sharp
      instrument during a conflict or violent event involving another person (group 3).
      The basic demographic factors, distribution pattern, area, and depth of the
      injured structures were investigated and compared. The barrier roles of the
      flexor carpi radialis (FCR) for the radial artery, palmaris longus (PL) for the
      median nerve, and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) for the ulnar nerve were estimated.
      RESULTS: In group 1, FCU injury was the most common single-structure injury. In
      group 2, PL+/-median nerve injuries were the most common. Multiple-structure
      injuries involving more than five structures occurred more frequently in group 3
      than in the other groups. FCU+/-ulnar nerve injuries were more common in group 3
      than in the other groups. Radial-side structures were injured most frequently in
      group 3, and central-side injuries occurred most frequently in groups 1 and 2.
      Superficial- and middle-layer injuries occurred at similar frequencies among the
      three groups. Particularly, deep-layer injuries were most weakly related to group
      2 injuries. The barrier effects of the FCR, PL, and FCU were confirmed,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Wrist soft tissue injuries showed particular patterns
      of injured structures and depths according to the injury mechanism. These
      patterns included features such as single-structure injuries and the locations
      and depths of multiple-structure injuries with or without neurovascular injuries.
      In addition, the roles of FCR, PL, and FCU in protecting important wrist
      neurovascular structures were confirmed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.

PMID- 26971086
TI  - A minimally invasive fixation technique for selected patients with fifth
      metacarpal neck fracture.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the short-term results of
      treatment of fifth metacarpal neck fractures using a minimally invasive surgical
      fixation technique and the gold standard splinting method in a selected patient
      group of office workers with high expectations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four
      male patients (mean age: 28 years, range: 18-46 years) satisfying the inclusion
      criteria were enrolled in the study in two groups: surgical treatment and
      splinting (U-shaped ulnar gutter) groups. Hygienic interactions during daily
      activities and the use of keyboard and pens were allowed in the posttreatment
      period. The Short Form-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (DASH)
      questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction and functionality of the
      extremity on the 30th and 45th days. Joint ranges of motion were measured on the
      45th day. Functional and radiological evaluation data were analyzed
      statistically. RESULTS: In the conservative treatment group, initial palmar
      angulation was measured to be 42.6 degrees , whereas a mean of 13.5 degrees  was
      noted and metacarpal shortening of 5.6mm decreased to 2mm after treatment,
      respectively. In terms of total joint range of motion (ROM), flexion of the
      treated side was at 91.25% and extension at 92.5% when measured versus the
      healthy-side values at the final follow-up. The mean time for return to work in
      this group was 33.6 days. The mean Quick-DASH score on the 30th-day follow-up was
      69.5, whereas it was 39.3 at the 45th-day follow-up. The radiological findings
      showed a correction of the mean palmar angulation from 43 degrees  to 8 degrees 
      at follow-up in the surgically treated group. The initial metacarpal shortening
      of 9.3mm improved to 0.5mm at final examination. In terms of total joint ROM,
      flexion of the treated side was at 94% and extension at 95.5% when measured
      versus the healthy-side values on the 45th-day follow-ups. The mean time for
      return to work was 3.9 days. The mean Quick-DASH score on the 30th-day follow-up
      was 2.96, whereas it was noted as 0.69 at the 45th-day follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We
      recommend antegrade intramedullary K-wire fixation as a reliable method, which
      minimizes the functional loss and allows for early return to daily activities in
      office workers who sustained a fracture of the fifth metacarpal neck.

PMID- 26971087
TI  - Re-bleeding After Endoscopic Hemostasis for Peptic Ulcer Bleeding: Is eNough SAID
      or Are Other Factors Important?

PMID- 26971088
TI  - WAVE3 Induces EMT and Promotes Migration and Invasion in Intrahepatic
      Cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein
      3 (WAVE3) plays a critical role in cancer progression and metastasis. However,
      the specific role of WAVE3 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has not been
      studied. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of WAVE3 in the
      progression and metastasis of ICC. METHODS: The expression of WAVE3 in ICC
      tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry.
      Western blot analysis was utilized to detect the expression of WAVE3 in ICC
      cells. A transwell assay was used to assess the potential for migration and
      invasion. The expression of WAVE3 in CC-LP-1 cells was knocked down by small
      interfering RNA (siRNA) interference. RESULTS: The expression of WAVE3 in ICC
      tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The
      overall survival was lower in the subgroup of ICC patients with higher WAVE3
      expression compared to the subgroup with a lower level of WAVE3 expression. WAVE3
      expression was an adverse prognostic factor for ICC patients. CC-LP-1 cells
      expressed higher levels of WAVE3 protein compared to RBE cells and human
      intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells, which correlated with greater migration
      and invasion capabilities compared with the RBE cells. After the transfection of
      CC-LP-1 cells with WAVE3 siRNA, the level of WAVE3 protein was significantly
      decreased, accompanied by a marked reduction in migration, invasion and
      proliferation. Moreover, after the knockdown of WAVE3 expression in CC-LP-1
      cells, the protein levels of Slug and Vimentin were significantly decreased,
      while that of E-cadherin was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: WAVE3 may
      represent a new adverse prognostic factor for patients with ICC. This protein
      enhances migration and invasion capabilities in ICC, most likely through the
      induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

PMID- 26971089
TI  - Long-Term Outcomes of Infliximab Treatment in 582 Korean Patients with Crohn's
      Disease: A Hospital-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To date, no large-scale studies have evaluated long-term
      outcomes of infliximab (IFX) treatment in Korean patients with Crohn's disease
      (CD). METHODS: We analyzed long-term clinical responses to IFX in 582 Korean CD
      patients who received scheduled IFX treatments at Asan Medical Center. Clinical
      responses were defined as maintaining IFX without major abdominal surgery (MAS)
      or dose intensification. RESULTS: Between February 2002 and July 2015, a total of
      11,990 IFX infusions were administered to 582 Korean patients with CD over a
      median period of 36 months. At the end of follow-up, 316 (54.3 %) were still
      receiving IFX without MAS (71 patients, 12.2 %) or dose intensification (86
      patients, 14.8 %). IFX was stopped in 109 (18.7 %) patients because of a loss of
      response (48 patients, 8.2 %), adverse events (30 patients, 5.2 %), or patient
      preferences or problems with reimbursement (31 patients, 5.3 %). The cumulative
      survival for maintenance of IFX without MAS or dose intensification was 89.0,
      75.9, 68.3, and 50.8 % at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Multivariate
      regression analysis identified older age at the initiation of IFX (>=40 years, P
      = 0.006) and a longer disease duration (>=3 years, P = 0.020) as independent
      positive predictors of a poorer response to IFX. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term
      efficacy of IFX in a large, real-life cohort of Korean patients with CD appears
      to be similar to that in previously published Western studies. Our findings
      support the early use of IFX to obtain better clinical outcomes.

PMID- 26971091
TI  - Why Pursue a Fourth Year in Advanced/Transplant Hepatology?

PMID- 26971090
TI  - The Genetics of Barrett's Esophagus: A Familial and Population-Based Perspective.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus (BE) is intestinal metaplasia of the lower esophagus and a
      precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Both are important health
      issues as they have rising incidences in the Western world. Improving the
      management of BE relies on understanding the underlying biology of this disease,
      but the exact biological mechanisms have been difficult to determine. BE is
      generally thought to be an acquired condition that develops secondarily to
      chronic gastroesophageal reflux. However, multiple reports of familial clustering
      of patients with BE and/or EAC suggest a possible inherited predisposition to BE
      may be driving this condition, at least in a subset of patients. Identifying the
      genetic variants that predispose to BE in these families would open up the
      possibility for blood-based screening tests that could inform decision-making in
      regard to surveillance strategies, particularly for relatives of patients with BE
      and/or EAC. Perhaps more importantly, understanding the genetic mechanisms that
      predispose to BE may provide valuable insights into the biology of this condition
      and potentially identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we
      review the current evidence for a genetic predisposition to BE and discuss the
      potential implications of these findings.

PMID- 26971092
TI  - Time to Relapse in Children with Crohn's Disease Treated with Azathioprine and
      Nutritional Therapy or Corticosteroids.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The duration of remission has been shown to be longer in patients
      initially treated with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) compared to
      corticosteroids (CS). However, no published studies required concurrent
      immunomodulator [6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine (AZA)] use at the time of
      diagnosis. AIMS: The aims of this retrospective study were to compare the
      duration of remission between patients initially treated with AZA in combination
      with CS or EEN and identify predictors of early relapse in these patients.
      METHODS: Data from 65 newly diagnosed children with CD in clinical remission on
      either EEN or CS and commencing AZA at diagnosis were included. We compared
      duration of remission using physician global assessment and carried out Cox
      regression analysis to identify predictors of early relapse. Patients were
      followed up to the time of first relapse or for at least 12 months. RESULTS:
      There were no differences in the duration of remission between patients initially
      treated with EEN or CS (p = 0.978). We identified younger age at diagnosis
      [hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 95 CI 0.78-0.98, p = 0.016], lower height Z score at
      diagnosis (HR 0.61, 95 CI 0.44-0.85, p = 0.003), involvement of the upper
      gastrointestinal tract (HR 2.69, 95 CI 1.27-5.66, p = 0.009), and elevated
      platelet count at remission (HR 1.004, 95 CI 1.001-1.008, p = 0.021) as
      independent predictors of early relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Neither induction regime
      demonstrated longer duration of remission of CD in patients treated with
      immunomodulators since the time of diagnosis.

PMID- 26971096
TI  - Erratum to: Efficacy of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin
      Receptor Blockers in Coronary Artery Disease without Heart Failure in the Modern
      Statin Era: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trials.

PMID- 26971093
TI  - Patient-Reported Attributions for Missed Colonoscopy Appointments in Two Large
      Healthcare Systems.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Missed colonoscopy appointments (no-shows) can lead to wasted
      resources and delays in colorectal cancer diagnosis, an area of special concern
      in public health systems that often provide care for vulnerable patients. Our
      objective was to identify reasons for missed colonoscopy appointments in patients
      seeking care at two large public health systems in Houston, TX. METHODS: We
      conducted a telephone survey of patients who missed their colonoscopy
      appointments at two tertiary care health systems. Using a structured survey
      instrument, we collected information on patient-specific and health services
      barriers. Patient-specific barriers included perceived procedural-related factors
      (e.g., difficulty in preparation), cognitive-emotional factors (e.g., fear or
      concern about modesty), and changes in health status (e.g., improvement or
      worsening of health). Health services barriers included logistical factors (e.g.,
      travel-related difficulties) and appointment scheduling problems (inconvenient
      date or time). We examined differences in attributions for missed appointments
      between the two study sites. RESULTS: Of 160 unique patients (102 Site A and 58
      Site B) who missed their appointment during the study period, 153 (95.6 %)
      attributed their no-show to at least one of the listed barriers. Most respondents
      (125; 78.1 %) cited travel-related issues or scheduling problems as reasons for
      their missed appointment. Not having a ride or a travel companion was the most
      commonly reported travel-related issue. We also found significant differences for
      barriers between the two sites. CONCLUSIONS: Most missed colonoscopy appointments
      resulted from potentially preventable travel- and scheduling-related issues.
      Because barriers to keeping colonoscopy appointments are different across health
      systems, each health system might need to develop unique interventions to reduce
      missed colonoscopy appointments.

PMID- 26971095
TI  - The linea aspera as a rotational landmark: an anatomical MRI-based study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The linea aspera can be used as a landmark to assess the rotation of the
      distal femoral epiphysis when performing an endoprostheses. However, no study has
      assessed the reliability of this landmark. We therefore asked whether the linea
      aspera could be used as a rotational landmark for positioning distal femoral knee
      megaprostheses. MATERIALS: This is an anatomic MRI-based study of 50 femurs (27
      subjects). For each femur, multiple axial sections were obtained from the
      intercondylar line at the knee joint to the lesser trochanter; each axial section
      was superposed with that where the posterior condyles were seen and the R angle
      was measured. The R angle is the angle measured medially where the line passing
      through the linea aspera and the line tangent to the posterior condyles
      intersects. RESULTS: There were considerable differences between and within
      subjects with a maximum R angle ranging from 100 degrees  to 120 degrees .
      Regression models showed that the R angle was significantly associated with
      distance from knee joint and subjects. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should have the R
      angle measured before performing a distal femoral reconstruction.

PMID- 26971097
TI  - Prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth in early modern Japan: analyses of human
      skeletons from Hitotsubashi (Tokyo, Japan).
AB  - The early modern Edo period in Japan refers to the division of chronological age
      dated from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. During that period, the
      social structure was stratified, with warriors at the top, followed by farmers,
      and finally townsmen at the bottom. I aimed to examine carious lesions in
      deciduous teeth in the commoners from the city of Edo (now Tokyo), to compare
      them with those in the warriors and commoners from Kyushu, and to reveal
      differences in the incidence of caries across social classes and regions. I
      examined 843 deciduous teeth of 115 individuals from the Hitotsubashi site in
      Tokyo. The comparative samples were obtained from warriors and commoners whose
      remains were excavated from the Sougenji and Kyoumachi sites, respectively, in
      Kyushu [Oyamada et al. (2008) Anthropol Sci 116:9-15]. The caries frequency in
      the Hitotsubashi sample was 11.3 %. Carious lesions in the upper teeth were more
      frequent than those in the lower teeth in all age groups. The upper incisors
      exhibited the highest frequency of caries, while there was almost no caries in
      the lower incisors and canines. I also found population differences in deciduous
      caries among the Edo populations. Remains of teeth excavated from Hitotsubashi
      were found to have a mild degree of caries compared to remains of teeth excavated
      from Sougenji and Kyoumachi in Kyushu in terms of caries frequency and location.
      Thus, the influence of regional differences in diet and living circumstances was
      stronger than expected, and the variation observed in the frequency of deciduous
      caries among the Edo populations cannot be explained by social class alone.

PMID- 26971094
TI  - Low alcohol consumption increases the risk of impaired glucose tolerance in
      patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fatty liver disease is associated with glucose intolerance and
      hepatic insulin resistance. However, there are distinct etiologies for alcoholic
      versus non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and it is unknown whether
      alcohol consumption influences the onset of glucose intolerance in fatty liver
      disease patients. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between fatty liver
      disease and the onset of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) with respect to alcohol
      consumption. METHODS: The records of 6804 Japanese subjects were reviewed to
      identify those meeting the criteria for IFG. Male and female subjects were
      classified into five and four groups, respectively, based on average alcohol
      consumption (g/week). IFG onset was defined as fasting plasma glucose levels
      >=110 mg/dl. RESULTS: In the non-drinker, >0-70 g/week, >70-140 g/week, >140-210
      g/week (men only), and >210 g/week (men only) or >140 g/week (women only) groups,
      7.3, 6.7, 6.4, 9, and 6.4 % of men and 2, 1.7, 3.1, and 3.2 % of women,
      respectively, developed IFG. Fatty liver was positively associated with the onset
      of IFG in men of the >0-70 g/week group (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.808; 95 %
      confidence interval [CI] 1.605-5.049, p < 0.001) and women of the >70-140 g/week
      group (aHR, 4.193; 95 % CI, 1.036-14.584, p = 0.045) after adjusting for
      previously reported IFG risk factors. No associations were observed in the other
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: A small amount of alcohol consumption is a significant risk
      factor for the onset of IFG in NAFLD patients; onset risk differs according to
      the amount of alcohol consumption.

PMID- 26971098
TI  - Ocular response analyser measurements and central corneal thickness in ocular
      rosacea patients.
AB  - Rosacea is a chronic cutaneous disorder which is known to cause inflammation and
      increased proteolytic activity on the ocular surface that might lead to corneal
      biomechanical alterations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the corneal
      biomechanical properties of ocular rosacea patients and compare the measurements
      with healthy individuals as measured with Reichert ocular response analyser
      (ORA). Besides full eye examination [best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),
      intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry (IOP-G)],
      central corneal thickness (CCT), and ORA [corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal
      resistance factor (CRF), corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc), Goldmann correlated IOP
      (IOPg)] measurements of 30 eyes of 15 ocular rosacea patients (study group) and
      30 eyes of 15 healthy individuals (control group) were performed. For comparisons
      paired t test was used. Mean age of study group was 45.26 +/- 11.65 (range 25 and
      63) and control group was 45.00 +/- 8.91 (range 26 and 58) years (p = 0.865). No
      significant difference in BCVA, CCT, IOP-G, IOPcc was detected among groups.
      However, IOPg, CH, and CRF in the study group were significantly lower than in
      the control group (p = 0.013, p = 0.013, p = 0.009, respectively). IOPg, CH, and
      CRF parameters of ocular rosacea patients were significantly lower than normal
      individuals. These differences and their probable clinical reflections that might
      effect making decisions in conditions such as glaucoma should be investigated in
      larger number of patients.

PMID- 26971101
TI  - Self-Perceived Distress and Impairment in Problem Gamblers: A Study of Pre- to
      Post-treatment Measurement Invariance.
AB  - Gambling help services typically evaluate treatment outcomes using self-reported
      responses and measurements. However, gamblers' conceptualisations and
      prioritisations with respect to these measurements may shift over time. Thus,
      changes in the self-reported responses may not always reflect true change in the
      individuals. This study investigated for response shift in self-report measures
      of psychological distress and impairment in 293 help-seeking problem gamblers. We
      used confirmatory factor analysis to model data structures from pre-treatment to
      post-treatment. The findings indicated that a response shift had occurred. Two
      items became less important and one item became more important in measuring
      psychological distress. Measurement invariance was achieved for the complete set
      of items for impairment. These findings provide a more in-depth understanding of
      the nature of self-report outcomes in otherwise routinely collected data.

PMID- 26971099
TI  - Nitrogen treatment enhances sterols and withaferin A through transcriptional
      activation of jasmonate pathway, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthesis
      genes in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.
AB  - The medicinal plant Withania somnifera is researched extensively to increase the
      quantity of withanolides and specifically withaferin A, which finds implications
      in many pharmacological activities. Due to insufficient knowledge on biosynthesis
      and unacceptability of transgenic approach, it is preferred to follow alternative
      physiological methods to increase the yield of withanolides. Prior use of
      elicitors like salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, fungal extracts, and even
      mechanical wounding have shown to increase the withanolide biosynthesis with
      limited success; however, the commercial viability and logistics of application
      are debatable. In this investigation, we tested the simple nitrogeneous
      fertilizers pertaining to the enhancement of withaferin A biosynthesis.
      Application of ammonium sulfate improved the sterol contents required for the
      withanolide biosynthesis and correlated to higher expression of pathway genes
      like FPPS, SMT1, SMT2, SMO1, SMO2, and ODM. Increased expression of a gene
      homologous to allene oxide cyclase, crucial in jasmonic acid biosynthetic
      pathway, suggested the involvement of jasmonate signaling. High levels of WRKY
      gene transcripts indicated transcriptional regulation of the pathway genes.
      Increase in transcript level could be correlated with a corresponding increase in
      the protein levels for WsSMT1 and WsWRKY1. The withaferin A increase was also
      demonstrated in the potted plants growing in the glasshouse and in the open
      field. These results implicated simple physiological management of nitrogen
      fertilizer signal to improve the yield of secondary metabolite through probable
      involvement of jasmonate signal and WRKY transcription factor for the first time,
      in W. somnifera besides improving the foliage.

PMID- 26971104
TI  - Erratum to: Evidence-based indications for hindfoot endoscopy.

PMID- 26971102
TI  - The role of testicular artery in laparoscopic varicocelectomy: a systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of
      artery preserving versus artery non-preserving in laparoscopic varicocelectomy.
      METHODS: All publications up until October 2015 were searched in PubMed, EMBASE,
      Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane library. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
      and cohort studies (CSs) that compared the difference in two operative approaches
      in laparoscopic varicocelectomy were included. Statistical analysis was performed
      using Stata version 12.0. RESULTS: A total of four RCTs and ten CSs involving 503
      cases with artery preserving and 911 cases with artery non-preserving met our
      inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that artery preserving had higher
      recurrence rate [risk ratio (RR) = 2.91, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.83-4.61;
      P = 0.000], lower incidence of hydrocele formation (RR = 0.18; 95 % CI 0.08-0.42;
      P = 0.000), and prolonged operating time [standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.27;
      95 % CI 0.17-2.37; P = 0.023], compared with artery non-preserving in
      laparoscopic varicocelectomy. The results were similar in postoperative catch-up
      growth (RR = 1.00; 95 % CI 0.86-1.17; P = 0.985) and testicular atrophy (RR =
      0.36; 95 % CI 0.09-1.54; P = 0.169). Besides, no significant difference was found
      in sperm concentration, motility, and normal morphology between two groups, as
      well as on postoperative pregnancy rate (RR = 0.95; 95 % CI 0.65-1.40; P =
      0.809). CONCLUSION: With the advantages of less recurrence, easier operating and
      less time spending, and comparable results in other respects, artery non
      preserving is preferable to artery preserving in laparoscopic varicocelectomy,
      although there is a relatively high incidence of hydrocele formation. Considering
      the limitation of included studies, more large-scaled RCTs are required to
      confirm the present findings.

PMID- 26971105
TI  - Athletic performance and career longevity following anterior cruciate ligament
      reconstruction in the National Basketball Association.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the impact of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
      reconstruction on performance and career longevity for National Basketball
      Association (NBA) players. METHODS: Seventy-nine players (80 knees) with acute
      ACL tears in the NBA between the 1984-2014 seasons, and 112 age, height, weight,
      and performance-matched controls were identified. Pre- and post-injury
      performance outcomes including seasons played, games played, games started,
      minutes per game, points per game, field goals, 3-point shots, rebounds, assists,
      steals, blocks, turnovers, personal fouls, usage percentage and player efficiency
      ratings were compared between cases and controls using independent samples t
      tests and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Sixty-eight of seventy-nine players
      (86.1 %) returned to play in the NBA following ACL reconstruction. Mean length of
      post-operative play was 1.84 years shorter than matched controls (P = 0.001).
      There was a significantly higher rate of attrition from professional basketball
      for players with a history of ACL reconstruction (P = 0.014). In the first full
      season following surgery, players started in 15.5 fewer games (P = 0.001), they
      played in 17.3 fewer games (P < 0.001), and had combined player efficiency
      ratings 2.35 points lower (P = 0.001) when compared to matched controls. Over the
      length of their careers, players competed in 22.2 fewer games per season (P =
      0.009). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of return to sport in the NBA following
      ACL reconstruction, although playing time, games played, player efficiency
      ratings and career lengths are significantly impacted in the post-operative
      period. These data should be used to manage patients' expectations regarding
      their abilities to return to elite levels of athletic performance.

PMID- 26971103
TI  - Pharmacological Management of Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare, severe, multisystem autoimmune
      disorder. Childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) follows a more aggressive course with
      greater associated morbidity and mortality than adult-onset SLE. Its aetiology is
      yet to be fully elucidated. It is recognised to be the archetypal systemic
      autoimmune disease, arising from a complex interaction between the innate and
      adaptive immune systems. Its complexity is reflected by the fact that there has
      been only one new drug licensed for use in SLE in the last 50 years. However,
      biologic agents that specifically target aspects of the immune system are
      emerging. Immunosuppression remains the cornerstone of medical management, with
      glucocorticoids still playing a leading role. Treatment choices are led by
      disease severity. Immunosuppressants, including azathioprine and methotrexate,
      are used in mild to moderate manifestations. Mycophenolate mofetil is widely used
      for lupus nephritis. Cyclophosphamide remains the first-line treatment for
      patients with severe organ disease. No biologic therapies have yet been approved
      for cSLE, although they are being used increasingly as part of routine care of
      patients with severe lupus nephritis or with neurological and/or haematological
      involvement. Drugs influencing B cell survival, including belimumab and
      rituximab, are currently undergoing clinical trials in cSLE. Hydroxychloroquine
      is indicated for disease manifestations of all severities and can be used as
      monotherapy in mild disease. However, the management of cSLE is hampered by the
      lack of a robust evidence base. To date, it has been principally guided by best
      practice guidelines, retrospective case series and adapted adult protocols. In
      this pharmacological review, we provide an overview of current practice for the
      management of cSLE, together with recent advances in new therapies, including
      biologic agents. 

PMID- 26971100
TI  - Glycolytic-to-oxidative fiber-type switch and mTOR signaling activation are early
      onset features of SBMA muscle modified by high-fat diet.
AB  - Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease caused by
      the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR). The
      mechanism by which expansion of polyglutamine in AR causes muscle atrophy is
      unknown. Here, we investigated pathological pathways underlying muscle atrophy in
      SBMA knock-in mice and patients. We show that glycolytic muscles were more
      severely affected than oxidative muscles in SBMA knock-in mice. Muscle atrophy
      was associated with early-onset, progressive glycolytic-to-oxidative fiber-type
      switch. Whole genome microarray and untargeted lipidomic analyses revealed
      enhanced lipid metabolism and impaired glycolysis selectively in muscle. These
      metabolic changes occurred before denervation and were associated with a
      concurrent enhancement of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which
      induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
      (PGC1alpha) expression. At later stages of disease, we detected mitochondrial
      membrane depolarization, enhanced transcription factor EB (TFEB) expression and
      autophagy, and mTOR-induced protein synthesis. Several of these abnormalities
      were detected in the muscle of SBMA patients. Feeding knock-in mice a high-fat
      diet (HFD) restored mTOR activation, decreased the expression of PGC1alpha, TFEB,
      and genes involved in oxidative metabolism, reduced mitochondrial abnormalities,
      ameliorated muscle pathology, and extended survival. These findings show early
      onset and intrinsic metabolic alterations in SBMA muscle and link lipid/glucose
      metabolism to pathogenesis. Moreover, our results highlight an HFD regime as a
      promising approach to support SBMA patients.

PMID- 26971106
TI  - Authorship in the field of femoroacetabular impingement: an analysis of journal
      publications.
AB  - PURPOSE: This review provides a bibliometric analysis of the contributors to the
      field of FAI research. METHODS: A comprehensive search of three databases
      (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed) was performed to identify all clinical research
      articles on the topic of FAI (from inception to 2015). Cadaveric and animal
      studies were excluded. Study characteristics including authors, residing country
      of corresponding author, and journal were abstracted from the respective
      databases. RESULTS: In total, 1073 articles were included in this review. There
      were a total of 5471 different authors who contributed to the field of FAI
      research, 28.3 % of whom were only published in one article. The top 20 authors
      were associated with over half of all publications, and research studies were
      typically performed in their countries of residence. The greatest proportion of
      FAI-related articles was published in the Journal of Arthroscopy and Clinical
      Orthopaedics and Related Research. CONCLUSIONS: The number of authors
      contributing to FAI research is increasing, suggesting not only increasing
      prevalence of FAI treatment among orthopaedic surgeons but also increasing
      interest among hip arthroscopists in furthering understanding regarding the
      diagnosis and management of the condition. The number of publications produced by
      the top 20 authors (and their affiliated countries: USA, Switzerland, Canada, and
      the UK) is expected to contribute to a majority of future publications. Current
      trends suggest that the quality of evidence will continue to improve in the near
      future, as large-scale, collaborative studies are currently underway. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Retrospective study, Level IV.

PMID- 26971107
TI  - Proximal tibiofibular joint pain versus peroneal nerve dysfunction: clinical
      results of closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy performed with proximal
      tibiofibular joint disruption.
AB  - PURPOSE: Closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy (CW-HTO) requires shortening of the
      fibula or the fibular head or disruption of the proximal tibiofibular joint
      (PTFJ). However, no study has evaluated the proximal tibiofibular joint after the
      osteotomy. The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of the PTFJ after CW
      HTO applied with using PTFJ disruption method. METHODS: This prospective study
      included 22 knees of 20 patients who underwent CW-HTO. The mean age of the
      patients was 50 +/- 4 years, and the mean follow-up period was 27.5 +/- 14.3
      months (12-46 months). The grade of gonarthrosis (Ahlback's classification),
      tibiofemoral alignment and tibial slope angles were measured on radiographs pre-
      and post-operatively. During the surgery, the PTFJ capsule was released
      meticulously so as not to injure the peroneal nerve. Tenderness over the PTFJ was
      recorded preoperatively and at the last follow-up. RESULTS: No patient had
      tenderness or pain over PTFJ preoperatively. On the follow-up examinations,
      tenderness with compression was detected in nine knees with dorsiflexion, in ten
      with plantar flexion and in nine with neutral position of the ankle,
      respectively. None of the patients had peroneal nerve injury (including
      hypesthesia and mild weakness) post-operatively. However, while 11 knees were
      pain free in all positions of the ankle, seven knees had tenderness over PTFJ
      both in dorsiflexion and in plantar flexion. CONCLUSION: CW-HTO using PTFJ
      disruption provides good clinical results in terms of medial knee pain and
      corrects the alignment sufficiently while avoiding peroneal nerve injury.
      However, the results of this study indicated that this technique might result in
      painful PTFJs. Thus, the surgeon should consider a possibly painful PTFJ, which
      can be a cause of chronic lateral knee pain when performing this technique. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: III.

PMID- 26971108
TI  - The incidence of deep venous thrombosis before arthroscopy among patients
      suffering from high-energy knee trauma.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to analyse the incidence of deep
      venous thrombosis (DVT) before knee arthroscopy in patients who had sustained
      high-energy knee injuries. METHOD: This study included 64 patients who underwent
      arthroscopic knee surgery as a result of injury from a traffic accident or a high
      fall. Venography was performed on the injured leg of each patient before
      arthroscopy. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had
      DVT. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with
      DVT. RESULTS: A total of 32 (50 %) of the 64 patients had venographic evidence of
      DVT. Of these DVTs, seven were proximal (10.9 %). The D-dimer (DD) level was
      significantly higher in the DVT group, especially among the patients whose
      symptoms had persisted for more than 10 days. DVT is difficult to diagnose solely
      based on clinical symptoms, as some patients are symptomatic while others exhibit
      symptoms that could be attributed to trauma. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DVT
      before knee arthroscopy in patients with high-energy knee injuries was 50 %, and
      the prevalence of proximal DVT was 10.9 %. DD is a sensitive marker for DVT. No
      patient developed DVT with a DD level lower than 0.8 mg/L, but those with DD
      level higher than 1.5 mg/L had a much higher incidence of DVT developing in
      patients who had been injured for more than 10 days. A routine examination to
      exclude DVT in these patients should be performed before arthroscopy. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: IV.

PMID- 26971110
TI  - Visual-palpatory versus fluoroscopic intraoperative determination of the femoral
      entry point in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.
AB  - PURPOSE: Malpositioning of the femoral entry point in reconstruction of the
      medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) can lead to abnormal and painful patellar
      kinematics and loss of flexion. Determination of this point is usually performed
      by palpation of anatomic landmarks. Accuracy of this method has not yet been
      investigated. The hypotheses were: 1. palpatory method is not as accurate as
      fluoroscopically guided method using established radiological criteria; 2.
      accuracy correlates with surgical experience. METHODS: Three surgeons of varying
      experience defined the femoral entry point for the MPFL by palpation in ten
      cadaveric legs. The blinded procedures were repeated three times, and subjective
      difficulty of the determination was recorded. Results were documented by
      fluoroscopy on a true lateral radiograph. The accuracy was assessed using
      established radiological criteria. Surgical experience was correlated with the
      results, and confounding or interacting variables were assessed. RESULTS: Mean
      deviation from the correct zone for the femoral entry point was 3.5 mm (range 0
      18 mm). Twenty-nine percent of all palpatory determinations were inside the
      correct zone, 47 % were within 5 mm distance from the correct zone, and 23 % were
      further than 5 mm apart from the correct zone ("outliers"). No significant
      difference was found between surgeons of varying experience. No correlation was
      observed between subjective difficulty of the procedure and accuracy of
      determination. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the isolated palpatory determination
      of the femoral entry point in MPFL reconstruction seems to be insufficient,
      regardless of surgical experience. Derived from this study, fluoroscopic guidance
      is used in our clinic by default.

PMID- 26971109
TI  - Exercises with partial vascular occlusion in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a
      randomized clinical trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether women with knee
      osteoarthritis performing a rehabilitation programme consisting of low-load
      exercises combined with PVO exhibited the same results in changes in quadriceps
      strength, pain relief, and functional improvement when compared to women
      receiving a programme consisting of high-load exercises without PVO. METHODS:
      Thirty-four women (mean age, 61 years) with a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis
      were randomly assigned to a conventional or occlusion group. The women in the
      conventional group (n = 17) performed a 6-week quadriceps strengthening and
      stretching programme using a load around 70 % of the 1-repetition maximum (RM).
      The women in the occlusion group (n = 17) performed the same programme, however,
      only using a load around 30 % of the 1-RM, while PVO was induced. The PVO was
      achieved using a pressure cuff applied to the upper third of the thigh and
      inflated to 200 mmHg during the quadriceps exercise. An 11-point Numerical Pain
      Rating Scale (NPRS), the Lequesne questionnaire, the Timed-Up and Go (TUG) test,
      and muscle strength measurement using a hand-held dynamometer were used as
      outcome measures at baseline (pretreatment) and at the end of the 6-week of
      treatment. Pain, using the NPRS, was also assessed when performing the quadriceps
      exercises during the exercise sessions. RESULTS: At baseline, demographic,
      strength, pain, and functional assessment data were similar between groups.
      Patients from both the conventional and occlusion groups had a higher level of
      function (Lequesne and TUG test), less pain (NPRS), and higher quadriceps
      strength at the 6-week evaluation when compared to baseline (all P < 0.05).
      However, the between-group analysis showed no differences for all outcomes
      variables at posttreatment (n.s.). Patients in the occlusion group experienced
      less anterior knee discomfort during the treatment sessions than those in the
      high-load exercise group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A rehabilitation programme that
      combined PVO to low-load exercise resulted in similar benefits in pain, function,
      and quadriceps strength than a programme using high-load conventional exercise in
      patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, the use of PVO combined with low-load
      exercise resulted in less anterior knee pain during the training sessions. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: I.

PMID- 26971111
TI  - Surgical treatment for midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the available
      literature on surgical treatment for midportion Achilles tendinopathy and to
      provide an overview of the different surgical techniques. METHODS: A systematic
      review of the literature available in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane database
      of controlled trials was performed. The primary outcome measure in terms of
      patient satisfaction and the secondary outcome measures that consisted of
      complication rate, pain score, functional outcome score and success rate were
      evaluated. The Downs & Black checklist and the Coleman methodology scale were
      used to assess the methodological quality of included articles. RESULTS: Of 1090
      reviewed articles, 23 met the inclusion criteria. The included studies reported
      on the results of 1285 procedures in 1177 patients. The surgical techniques were
      divided into five categories. Eleven studies evaluated open surgical debridement,
      seven studies described minimally invasive procedures, three studies evaluated
      endoscopic procedures, one study evaluated open gastrocnemius lengthening, and
      one study reported on open autologous tendon transfer. Results regarding patient
      satisfaction (69-100 %) and complication rate (0-85.7 %) varied widely.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the large variation in surgical techniques
      available for treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy. None of the included
      studies compared surgical intervention with nonsurgical or placebo intervention.
      Minimally invasive and endoscopic procedures yield lower complication rates with
      similar patient satisfaction in comparison with open procedures. Minimally
      invasive and endoscopic procedures might therefore prove to be the future of
      surgical treatment of Achilles midportion tendinopathy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

PMID- 26971112
TI  - Distinct subgenome stabilities in synthesized Brassica allohexaploids.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: Trigenomic Brassica allohexaploids synthesized from three crossing
      strategies showed diploidized and non-diploidized meiotic behaviors and produced
      both euploid and aneuploid progenies during successive generations, revealing the
      distinct subgenome stabilities (B > A> C). Three cultivated allotetraploid
      Brassica species (Brassica napus, B. juncea, B. carinata) represent the model
      system of speciation through interspecific hybridization and
      allopolyploidization, but no Brassica species at higher ploidy level exists in
      nature. In this study, Brassica allohexaploids (2n = 54, AABBCC) were
      artificially synthesized using three crossing strategies, and had combinations of
      the genomes from the extant allotetraploids and diploids (B. rapa, B. oleracea
      and B. nigra). The chromosome numbers and complements of these allohexaploids and
      the self-pollinated progenies of successive generations (S0-S7) were determined
      using multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization that distinguished the
      chromosomes of three constituent genomes from each other. Both euploid and
      aneuploid progenies were identified. The most aneuploids maintained all B- and A
      genome chromosomes and variable number of C-genome chromosomes, suggesting that
      genome stability was B > A > C. In the extreme case, loss of whole set of C
      genome chromosomes led to the production of B. juncea-type progeny. Some
      aneuploid progenies had the same number of chromosomes (2n = 54) as the euploid,
      but the simultaneous loss and gain of A- and C-genome chromosomes. The
      diploidized and non-diploidized meiotic behaviors co-occurred in all
      allohexaploid individuals of consecutive generations. The aberrant chromosome
      pairing and segregation mainly involved the chromosomes of A and C genomes, which
      resulted in aneuploidy in self-pollinated progenies. The mechanisms for the
      differential stability of three genomes and the stabilization of the new
      allohexaploids are discussed.

PMID- 26971113
TI  - Combined linkage and association mapping identifies a major QTL (qRtsc8-1),
      conferring tar spot complex resistance in maize.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: A major QTL ( qRtsc8 - 1 ) conditioning resistance to tar spot
      complex of maize and occurring at a frequency of 3.5 % across 890 maize inbred
      lines. Tar spot complex (TSC) is a highly destructive disease of maize found in
      some countries in America. Identification of TSC resistant germplasm and
      elucidating the genetic mechanism of resistance is crucial for the use of host
      resistance to manage this disease. We evaluated 890 elite maize inbred lines in
      multiple environments and used genome wide association analysis (GWAS) with
      genotypic data from Illumina MaizeSNP50 BeadChip containing 56 K SNPs to dissect
      the genetics of TSC resistance. GWAS results were validated through linkage
      analysis in three bi-parental populations derived from different resistant and
      susceptible parents. Through GWAS, three TSC resistance loci were identified on
      chromosome 2, 7 and 8 (-log10 (p) > 5.99). A major quantitative resistance locus
      (QTL) designated qRtsc8-1, was detected on maize chromosome bin 8.03. qRtsc8-1,
      was confirmed in three independent bi-parental populations and it accounted for
      18-43 % of the observed phenotypic variation for TSC. A rare haplotype within the
      qRtsc8-1 region, occurring at a frequency of 3.5 % increased TSC resistance by 14
      %. Candidate gene analysis revealed that a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like
      protein (LRR-RLKs) gene family maybe the candidate gene for qRtsc8-1.
      Identification and localization of a major locus conditioning TSC resistance
      provides the foundation for fine mapping qRtsc8-1 and developing functional
      markers for improving TSC resistance in maize breeding programs. To the best of
      our knowledge, this is the first report of a major QTL for TSC resistance.

PMID- 26971114
TI  - Treating Staphylococcus aureus infections in an intensive care unit at a
      University Hospital in Brazil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optimizing antimicrobial therapy is important for treating patients
      who are critically ill with Staphylococcus aureus infection, and susceptibility
      tests are necessary. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate
      antibacterial therapy after susceptibility testing of S. aureus infections.
      Setting The setting was an intensive care unit at a University Hospital in
      Brazil. METHODS: An observational and retrospective study was conducted over 6
      years. The antimicrobials that were used for S. aureus infection treatment were
      calculated as the defined daily dose per 1000 patient-days (DDD1000).
      Antimicrobial susceptibility data were obtained by reviewing bacteriological
      tests. Patient profiles and treatment were determined by analyzing patient
      charts. RESULTS: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was prevalent in this
      study (76.13 %). Patients who were infected with MRSA had total antimicrobial
      consumption that was three-times higher (9567.2 DDD1000) than patients who were
      infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA; 3101.1 DDD1000). The
      average length of stay in the intensive care unit was 19 days (interquartile
      range 17 days) for MSSA and 20 days (interquartile range 20 days) for MRSA.
      Mortality in patients who were infected with MSSA was higher (52.17 %) than in
      patients who were infected with MRSA (33.80 %), and de-escalation was not
      identified in 73.90 % of MSSA patients.

PMID- 26971115
TI  - Medical student empathy: interpersonal distinctions and correlates.
AB  - Attention to interpersonal behaviors, communication, and relational factors is
      taking on increasing importance in medical education. Medical student empathy is
      one aspect of the physician-patient relationship that is often involved in
      beneficial interactions leading to improved clinical outcomes and patient
      satisfaction. As an interpersonal quality, empathy is a social behavior well
      suited to be examined from an interpersonal perspective. The present study used
      the interpersonal theory of clinical, personality, and social psychology to
      examine the construct of empathy and theorize about likely interpersonal
      correlates. One hundred and sixty-three students from an academic health center
      in the southeastern United States participated in this study. The medical student
      version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy was used to assess empathy and its
      factors: Perspective taking, compassionate care, and walking in the patient's
      shoes. Interpersonal assessments included the International Personality Item Pool
      Interpersonal Circumplex, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, and the UCLA
      Loneliness Scale. Distinct interpersonal styles and correlates emerged among
      empathy and its factors. While all factors of empathy were related to
      interpersonal warmth, perspective taking and compassionate care were also
      associated with submissiveness. Of note, only walking in the patient's shoes was
      correlated with both social support and less loneliness. These findings are
      discussed in light of interpersonal theory with particular attention paid to the
      implications for medical education and professional development.

PMID- 26971116
TI  - Emergent self-organization in active materials.
AB  - Biological systems exhibit large-scale self-organized dynamics and structures
      which enable organisms to perform the functions of life. The field of active
      matter strives to develop and understand microscopically driven nonequilibrium
      materials, with emergent properties comparable to those of living systems. This
      review will describe two recently developed classes of active matter systems, in
      which simple building blocks-self-propelled colloidal particles or extensile rod
      like particles-self-organize to form macroscopic structures with features not
      possible in equilibrium systems. We summarize the recent experimental and
      theoretical progress on each of these systems, and we present simple descriptions
      of the physics underlying their emergent behaviors. 

PMID- 26971117
TI  - Perceiving beauty in all women: Psychometric evaluation of the Broad
      Conceptualization of Beauty Scale.
AB  - Women's ability to broadly conceptualize beauty (i.e., perceive many looks,
      appearances, body sizes/shapes, and inner characteristics as beautiful) has been
      identified as a facet of positive body image in qualitative research. A scale is
      needed to be able to assess this construct within quantitative research.
      Therefore, we developed the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS), which
      measures the extent women define female beauty widely within external and
      internal characteristics, and examined its psychometric properties among four
      community samples totaling 1086 women. Exploratory and confirmatory factor
      analyses revealed a unidimensional structure with nine items. The internal
      consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct (convergent, discriminant,
      and incremental) validity of its scores were upheld. Researchers and clinicians
      can use the BCBS alone to assess women's perceptions of female beauty, or they
      can use the BCBS alongside women's perceptions of self-beauty to more
      comprehensively explore women's ability to broadly conceptualize beauty for
      others and themselves. 

PMID- 26971118
TI  - The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Scale: Development and preliminary
      validation of a self-report scale of symptom specific dysfunction.
AB  - The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Scale (BDD-SS) is a new self-report measure
      used to examine the severity of a wide variety of symptoms associated with body
      dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The BDD-SS was designed to differentiate, for each
      group of symptoms, the number of symptoms endorsed and their severity. This
      report evaluates and compares the psychometric characteristics of the BDD-SS in
      relation to other measures of BDD, body image, and depression in 99 adult
      participants diagnosed with BDD. Total scores of the BDD-SS showed good
      reliability and convergent validity and moderate discriminant validity. Analyses
      of the individual BDD-SS symptom groups confirmed the reliability of the
      checking, grooming, weight/shape, and cognition groups. The current findings
      indicate that the BDD-SS can be quickly administered and used to examine the
      severity of heterogeneous BDD symptoms for research and clinical purposes. 

PMID- 26971121
TI  - A study of the role of Notch1 and JAG1 gene methylation in development of breast
      cancer.
AB  - This study is to explore the roles of gene methylation of Notch1 and JAG1 in
      development of invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Quantitative analysis the DNA
      methylation levels of Notch1 and JAG1 gene by the MassARRAY method in invasive
      ductal carcinoma of breast (IDC; n = 89), atypical ductal hyperplasia of breast
      (ADH; n = 11), and ordinary ductal hyperplasia of breast (UDH; n = 20). The
      expressions of JAG1 and Notch1 protein in four breast tissues were detected by
      immunohistochemistry SP method. (1) Positive expression rates of Notch1 protein
      in IDC and DCIS were 88.7 % (79/89) and 70.0 % (14/20), respectively, which were
      significantly higher than the levels in ADH (36.0 %, 4/11) and UDH (25.0 %, 5/20;
      P < 0.05). Notch1 protein expression was significant positively correlated with
      lymph node metastasis, pathological grades, and TNM stages of IDC. (2) Positive
      expression rates of JAG1 protein in IDC and DCIS were 89.9 % (80/89) and 75.0 %
      (15/20), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of ADH (45.0 %,
      5/11) and UDH (30.0 %, 6/20; P < 0.05). JAG1 protein expression was significant
      positive correlation with lymph node metastasis, pathological grades and TNM
      stages of IDC. There is an overall hypomethylation alteration of Notch1 and JAG
      gene in IDC, with corresponding over-expression of Notch1 and JAG1 protein. This
      inverse correlation shows that the alteration of protein expression results from
      hypomethylation oncogene Notch1 and JAG1, and this change may play an important
      role in occurrence and progression of breast cancer. 

PMID- 26971123
TI  - Myoblastoma of the breast: Our experience and review of literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Breast myoblastoma or granular cell tumor involving the breast
      parenchyma has been described in detail for the first time since Abrikossoff in
      1931. The location of this injury to the breast is very rare, accounting for
      between 5% and 15% of all cases of cancer of the granular cells. We present our
      experience regarding the identification of two cases because of the relative
      rarity of this tumor. It is often confused with breast cancer on clinical and
      radiological, and its diagnosis can then be difficult for physicians,
      radiologists and pathologists. PRESENTATION OF CASES: We report the cases of two
      young women who came to our attention because of the presence of mass shoveled
      breast, mobile and accompanied by pain cycle independent. In both cases,
      mammography and ultrasound revealed the presence of heterogeneous mass and
      irregular, but in one of two such mass located at the Union of external quadrants
      of the left breast and was in contact with his serratus anterior and suspicion
      for malignancy. In both cases the 'histology combined with immunohistochemical
      study proved to be a granular cell tumor. CONCLUSION: Although a granular cell
      tumor of the breast is a rare tumor breast, should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions. Surgeons and pathologists
      should keep in mind when considering a granular cell tumor cells with abundant
      granular cytoplasm containing materials to avoid misdiagnosing breast cancer,
      which could lead to unnecessary surgery.

PMID- 26971119
TI  - The Emory University Perioperative Algorithm for the Management of Hyperglycemia
      and Diabetes in Non-cardiac Surgery Patients.
AB  - Hyperglycemia is a frequent manifestation of critical and surgical illness,
      resulting from the acute metabolic and hormonal changes associated with the
      response to injury and stress (Umpierrez and Kitabchi, Curr Opin Endocrinol.
      11:75-81, 2004; McCowen et al., Crit Care Clin. 17(1):107-24, 2001). The exact
      prevalence of hospital hyperglycemia is not known, but observational studies have
      reported a prevalence of hyperglycemia ranging from 32 to 60 % in community
      hospitals (Umpierrez et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87(3):978-82, 2002; Cook et
      al., J Hosp Med. 4(9):E7-14, 2009; Farrokhi et al., Best Pract Res Clin
      Endocrinol Metab. 25(5):813-24, 2011), and 80 % of patients after cardiac surgery
      (Schmeltz et al., Diabetes Care 30(4):823-8, 2007; van den Berghe et al., N Engl
      J Med. 345(19):1359-67, 2001). Retrospective and randomized controlled trials in
      surgical populations have reported that hyperglycemia and diabetes are associated
      with increased length of stay, hospital complications, resource utilization, and
      mortality (Frisch et al., Diabetes Care 33(8):1783-8, 2010; Kwon et al., Ann
      Surg. 257(1):8-14, 2013; Bower et al., Surgery 147(5):670-5, 2010; Noordzij et
      al., Eur J Endocrinol. 156(1):137-42, 2007; Mraovic et al., J Arthroplasty
      25(1):64-70, 2010). Substantial evidence indicates that correction of
      hyperglycemia reduces complications in critically ill, as well as in general
      surgery patients (Umpierrez et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87(3):978-82, 2002;
      Clement et al., Diabetes Care 27(2):553-97, 2004; Pomposelli et al., JPEN J
      Parented Enteral Nutr. 22(2):77-81, 1998). This manuscript reviews the
      pathophysiology of stress hyperglycemia during anesthesia and the perioperative
      period. We provide a practical outline for the diagnosis and management of
      preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care of patients with diabetes
      and hyperglycemia.

PMID- 26971122
TI  - Impaired mitochondrial function due to familial Alzheimer's disease-causing
      presenilins mutants via Ca(2+) disruptions.
AB  - Mutants in presenilins (PS1 or PS2) is the major cause of familial Alzheimer's
      disease (FAD). FAD causing PS mutants affect intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis by
      enhancing the gating of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) Ca(2+)
      release channel on the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to exaggerated Ca(2+)
      release into the cytoplasm. Using experimental IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) release data,
      in conjunction with a computational model of cell bioenergetics, we explore how
      the differences in mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake in control cells and cells
      expressing FAD-causing PS mutants affect key variables such as ATP, reactive
      oxygen species (ROS), NADH, and mitochondrial Ca(2+). We find that as a result of
      exaggerated cytosolic Ca(2+) in FAD-causing mutant PS-expressing cells, the rate
      of oxygen consumption increases dramatically and overcomes the Ca(2+) dependent
      enzymes that stimulate NADH production. This leads to decreased rates in proton
      pumping due to diminished membrane potential along with less ATP and enhanced ROS
      production. These results show that through Ca(2+) signaling disruption, mutant
      PS leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and potentially to cell death.

PMID- 26971125
TI  - Loneliness, common mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from a
      general population survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Loneliness has been linked to an increased risk of engaging in
      suicidal behavior. To date, however, there has been comparatively little research
      on this in the general adult population, or on the role of common mental
      disorders (CMDs) in this association. The current study examined these
      associations using nationally representative data from England. METHODS: Data
      came from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Information was obtained
      from 7403 household residents aged >=16 years on perceived loneliness and
      lifetime and past 12-month suicide ideation and attempts. The Clinical Interview
      Schedule Revised (CIS-R) was used to assess six forms of CMD. Logistic regression
      analysis was used to examine these associations. RESULTS: Loneliness was
      associated with suicidal behavior. Although adjusting for CMDs attenuated
      associations, higher levels of loneliness were still significantly associated
      with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts with odds ratios (OR) for those in
      the most severe loneliness category ranging from 3.45 (lifetime suicide attempt)
      to 17.37 (past 12-month suicide attempt). Further analyses showed that ORs for
      suicidal behavior were similar for individuals who were lonely without CMDs, and
      for those respondents with CMDs who were not lonely. Lonely individuals with CMDs
      had especially elevated odds for suicidal ideation. LIMITATIONS: This study used
      cross-sectional data and a single-item measure to obtain information on
      loneliness. CONCLUSION: Loneliness is associated with suicidal behavior in the
      general adult population. This highlights the importance of efforts to reduce
      loneliness in order to mitigate its harmful effects on health and well-being.

PMID- 26971124
TI  - Major depressive disorder and suicidal behavior among urban dwelling Ethiopian
      adult outpatients at a general hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of major
      depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal behavior among urban dwelling Ethiopian
      adults. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 1097 outpatient adults (>=18
      years of age) in a major hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sociodemographic and
      lifestyle characteristics were collected via structured interviews. MDD and
      suicidal behavior were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic
      Interview (CIDI) among all study participants. Multivariable logistic regression
      models were fitted to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%
      CI). RESULTS: Prevalence estimates for lifetime and 12-month MDD were 18.0% and
      6.7%, respectively. The prevalence of suicidal behavior during the previous year
      (i.e., suicidal ideation, plan or attempt) was 15.2% with approximately 4% having
      reported attempts. Overall, women were more likely to report suicidal behavior
      (17.8%) than men (11.3%). MDD odds were 1.53-fold higher among women as compared
      with men (aOR=1.53, 95% CI 1.05-2.23). Lifetime MDD was significantly associated
      with age, sex, marital status, and self-reported physical health. Participants
      reporting poor mental health had approximately 3-fold increased odds of MDD
      (OR=2.93; 95%CI: 1.05-2.23); those between 35 and 44 years old (aOR=1.92; 95%CI:
      1.06-3.49) and those older than 55 years (aOR=2.54; 95%CI: 1.16-5.57) had higher
      odds of MDD. Similarly suicidal behavior was significantly associated with sex,
      marital status, and self-reported physical and mental health. LIMITATIONS: This
      cross-sectional study utilized self-reported data from outpatients. Causality
      cannot be inferred, and results may not be fully generalizable. CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall results show that MDD and suicidal behavior are highly prevalent among
      urban-dwelling Ethiopian adults. Women and middle-age adults constitute a high
      risk group and may therefore benefit from targeted interventions.

PMID- 26971126
TI  - Suicide in males and females with cardiovascular disease and comorbid depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) has been associated with an increased risk
      of suicide, further increased among individuals with a comorbid psychiatric
      illness. A paucity of studies have examined details of suicide among individuals
      with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and comorbid depression. We aimed to compare
      demographic, clinical and suicide-specific characteristics between suicide
      victims with CVD with depression (CVD+D) and without comorbid depression (CVD-D).
      METHODS: Coroner data on suicide decedents with CVD (n=413) occurring in Toronto,
      Canada from 1998 to 2012 were collected. Characteristics were compared between
      the CVD+D and CVD-D groups. Regression analysis examined for gender differences
      in these groups. RESULTS: CVD+D subjects compared to CVD-D were more likely to
      have had a past suicide attempt (p=0.008), and to have experienced a bereavement
      (p=0.008) or financial stressor (p=0.005) in the past year. Each of these
      variables remained significantly associated with the presence of depression after
      the regression analysis. Within the CVD+D group, females were more likely to die
      from suicide by self-poisoning (p<0.0001) and males by shooting (p=0.001).
      LIMITATIONS: Psychological autopsies were not available. The definition of CVD
      was broad and the accuracy of its diagnosis could not be confirmed. CONCLUSION:
      Individuals with CVD+D who died from suicide had significant differences in
      clinical characteristics and specific stressors compared to those without
      depression. These data may help to better characterize suicide risk and
      prevention in this vulnerable population.

PMID- 26971127
TI  - Hippocampal Sclerosis but Not Normal Aging or Alzheimer Disease Is Associated
      With TDP-43 Pathology in the Basal Forebrain of Aged Persons.
AB  - Transactivating responsive sequence (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43-kDa (TDP-43)
      pathology has been described in various brain diseases, but the full anatomical
      distribution and clinical and biological implications of that pathology are
      incompletely characterized. Here, we describe TDP-43 neuropathology in the basal
      forebrain, hypothalamus, and adjacent nuclei in 98 individuals (mean age, 86
      years; median final mini-mental state examination score, 27). On examination
      blinded to clinical and pathologic diagnoses, we identified TDP-43 pathology that
      most frequently involved the ventromedial basal forebrain in 19 individuals
      (19.4%). As expected, many of these brains had comorbid pathologies including
      those of Alzheimer disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and/or hippocampal
      sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging). The basal forebrain TDP-43 pathology was strongly
      associated with comorbid HS-Aging (odds ratio = 6.8, p = 0.001), whereas there
      was no significant association between basal forebrain TDP-43 pathology and
      either AD or LBD neuropathology. In this sample, there were some cases with
      apparent preclinical TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain that may indicate
      that this is an early affected area in HS-Aging. We conclude that TDP-43
      pathology in the basal forebrain is strongly associated with HS-Aging. These
      results raise questions about a specific pathogenetic relationship between basal
      forebrain TDP-43 and non-HS-Aging comorbid diseases (AD and LBD). 

PMID- 26971128
TI  - Paracoccus cavernae sp. nov., isolated from a show cave.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain
      0511ARD5E5T, was isolated from an air sample collected in Ardales Cave (Malaga,
      Spain). Strain 0511ARD5E5T grew at 4-37  degrees C and in the presence of 0-4 %
      (w/v) NaCl [optimally at 25  degrees C and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl]. Cells were
      catalase- and oxidase-positive. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10.
      The predominant fatty acids were C18:1omega7c and C16:0. The DNA G+C content was
      63.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that
      strain 0511ARD5E5T was a member of the genus Paracoccus and was related most
      closely to Paracoccus aminophilus DSM 8538T and Paracoccus marinus CIP 108500T
      (96.93 and 96.92 % similarity, respectively). Strain 0511ARD5E5T exhibited DNA
      DNA relatedness of 47 % to P. aminophilus DSM 8538T and 31 % to P. marinus CIP
      108500T. Chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that
      strain 0511ARD5E5T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which
      the name Paracoccus cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 0511ARD5E5T
      (=LMG 27962T=CECT 8482T). 

PMID- 26971129
TI  - Quantitative microscopic evaluation of mucin areas and its percentage in mucinous
      carcinoma of the breast using tissue histological images.
AB  - Mucinous carcinoma (MC) of the breast is very rare (~1-7% of all breast cancers),
      invasive ductal carcinoma. Presence of pools of extracellular mucin is one of the
      most important histological features for MC. This paper aims at developing a
      quantitative computer-aided methodology for automated identification of mucin
      areas and its percentage using tissue histological images. The proposed method
      includes pre-processing (i.e., colour space transformation and colour
      normalization), mucin regions segmentation, post-processing, and performance
      evaluation. The proposed algorithm achieved 97.74% segmentation accuracy in
      comparison to ground truths. In addition, the percentage of mucin present in the
      tissue regions is calculated by the mucin index (MI) for grading MC (pure,
      moderately, minimally mucinous). 

PMID- 26971130
TI  - Evaluation of clopidogrel response variability and identification of the CYP2C19
      polymorphism in Mexican patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Drug inhibition of platelet P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor has
      reduced the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events after percutaneous
      coronary interventions. The analysis of the phosphorylation status of vasodilator
      stimulated phosphoprotein by flow cytometry has shown a predictive value for
      adverse events and stent thrombosis. Polymorphisms of CYP2C19 in high risk
      patients may also relate to adverse cardiovascular events. METHODS: Ninety
      patients were enrolled. Patients received a 600mg clopidogrel loading dose. Blood
      samples were obtained at the time of the procedure and 24h later, platelet
      reactivity was assessed by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation
      measurement using flow cytometry. Low response to clopidogrel was defined as a
      platelet reactivity index>=50%. The presence of CYP2C19*2 was identified with the
      restriction enzyme SmaI. RESULTS: Mean platelet reactivity index: 53.45+/-22.48%
      in the baseline sample and 57.14+/-23.08% at 24h (p=0.183); 40% of patients
      behaved as good responders, the rest behaved as non-responders with 38% of
      patients showing platelet reactivity indexes between 50-70% and 22% showing
      indexes above 70%. The CYP2C19*2 polymorphism was found in 17% of patients, with
      a 3.9% AA homozygous genotype carriers. CONCLUSION: Response to the clopidogrel
      loading dose showed a wide variability among patients with 40% responding to the
      drug according to previously established cut-off values. Our results showed that
      3.9% of patients show the AA genotype. To our knowledge, this is the first study
      involving clopidogrel response by flow citometry and genotype typification in
      Mexican Mestizo population.

PMID- 26971131
TI  - [The logic in scientific investigation].

PMID- 26971132
TI  - In-Hospital Mobility Variations Across Primary Diagnoses Among Older Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between primary diagnoses and mobility
      impairment and recovery among hospitalized older adults. DESIGN: Prospective
      cohort study. SETTING: UF Health Shands Hospital, an 852-bed level I trauma
      center located in Gainesville, Florida. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 18,551 older
      adults (>=65 years) with 29,148 hospitalizations between January 2009 and April
      2014. MEASUREMENTS: Incident and discharge mobility impairment and recovery were
      assessed using the Braden activity subscale score that was recorded by the
      nursing staff at every shift change: approximately 3 times per day. Primary
      diagnosis ICD-9 codes were used as predictors and recategorized by using the
      Agency for Health Care Research and Quality Clinical Classification Software.
      RESULTS: Of the 15,498 hospital records in which the patient was initially
      observed to "walk frequently," 3186 (20.6%) developed incident mobility
      impairment (chair-fast or bedfast). Primary diagnoses with a surgical or invasive
      procedure were the most prevalent (77.2%) among the hospital observations with
      incident mobility impairment; otherwise, primary diagnoses without surgery were
      much more associated with discharge mobility impairment (59%). The highest
      incidence of mobility impairment occurred in patients with heart valve disorders
      and aortic and peripheral/visceral artery aneurysms (6.24 and 6.05 events per 30
      person-days, respectively); septicemia showed the highest incidence rate for
      mobility limitation at discharge (0.94 events per 30 person-days). Mobility
      impairment was observed in 13,650 (46.8% of total) records at admission and 5930
      (43.44%) were observed to recover to a state of walking occasionally or
      frequently. Osteoarthritis and cancer of gastrointestinal organs/peritoneum had
      the highest incidence rate for mobility recovery (7.68 and 5.63 events per 30
      person-days respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 of 5 patients who were
      mobile at admission became significantly impaired during hospitalization.
      However, approximately half (43.4%) of patients observed to have mobility
      impairment at admission recovered during hospitalization. Conditions most
      associated with mobility impairment and recovery are varied, but older patients
      hospitalized for septicemia and cardiovascular diseases with surgery (heart valve
      disorders and aortic/peripheral/visceral artery aneurysms) appear to be at most
      risk for incident mobility impairment that did not recover at discharge.

PMID- 26971134
TI  - [Idiopathic or symptomatic central focal epilepsy?].

PMID- 26971133
TI  - [Specific care for children with medical complexity in Spain: Searching for the
      best model].

PMID- 26971135
TI  - [Sleeve fracture of the patella: A diagnosis not to be underestimated].
AB  - Fracture of the patella is quite rare in children. However, sleeve fractures of
      the patella are specific to the child. We report on the case of a 12-year-old boy
      who suffered complete functional incapacity with hemarthrosis and symptoms that
      suggested rupture of the extensor apparatus. It occurred after abrupt extension
      of the knee during a high jump. The x-ray showed an ascended patella. The
      diagnosis was made and emergency surgical exploration showed a sleeve fracture.
      Surgical repair provided a good result, with a 2-year follow-up. A literature
      review found 59 cases in 20 studies with a majority of case reports with only two
      series over ten cases. The ages and mechanisms are identical to those observed in
      our study. Diagnosis is difficult and must be clearly determined. The two
      important signs are the ascension of the patella and the depression to its lower
      extremity. The prognosis is most often conditioned by rapid surgical repair.

PMID- 26971136
TI  - [DNET underlying focal central epilepsy].

PMID- 26971137
TI  - [Parental representations of children's cough and expectations on its
      management].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Providing medications for the management of acute cough in infants
      less than 24 months, a frequent reason for medical consultation, has recently
      been reduced by the contraindication of various antitussive specialties in
      France. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the expectations
      and fears of coughing infants' parents, to determine their representations of
      coughing, and to quantify the use of self-medication and the risk of a deferral
      requests to prescribe other drug classes. METHODS: An opinion and cross-survey
      was carried out with parents of infants under 24 months of age. A multiple-choice
      questionnaire was proposed to them in day care centers and Mother and Infant
      Welfare centers. The data collected were analyzed descriptively and using the
      Chi(2) test. Logistic regression enabled us to interpret some of the results.
      RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of parents expect an antitussive treatment from the
      doctor. For most parents, lifestyle modifications are well integrated (nasal
      irrigation, considered effective cough relief, hydration, smoking cessation). For
      33 % of parents, corticosteroids are an alternative therapy to stop cough. Nearly
      half (43 %) of parents have sought treatment from their doctor, usually nasal
      suspensions, corticosteroids, and saline irrigation. Regarding self-medication,
      30 % of parents have already given cough syrup or an antitussive suppository
      without a prescription, in order to stop the cough rapidly for 66 % of them.
      These parents seem more worried by coughing than other parents (P=0.0110, CI:
      0.217; 1.751) as did those who had only one child (P=0.0029, CI: 0.120; 0.582).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a large majority of parents understand and
      accept the new recommendations. But one-third of parents are still worried, not
      knowing what to do without prescribed medications, which led them to give
      nonprescription cough syrups and ask for inappropriate treatments. It seems
      essential to inform parents about the natural history of infant coughing and
      educate them on lifestyle rules to reduce the risk of deferral prescription.

PMID- 26971138
TI  - [Tuberculous meningitis in children in Dakar].

PMID- 26971140
TI  - Adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence in intensive care units: Be careful with
      its use.

PMID- 26971139
TI  - Factors associated with resident influenza vaccination in a national sample of
      nursing homes.
AB  - Influenza vaccination remains the cornerstone of influenza prevention, yet
      national goals for nursing home residents and staff vaccination have not been
      met. Few studies have examined associations between facility and resident
      characteristics; employee processes, such as staff vaccination policies; and
      resident influenza vaccination. In this national survey of nursing homes,
      employee processes were not associated with resident influenza vaccination;
      however, various facility and resident characteristics were.

PMID- 26971142
TI  - Factors associated with variation in bulk tank milk Mycoplasma bovis antibody
      ELISA results in dairy herds.
AB  - The relevance and limitations for using measurements of antibodies against
      Mycoplasma bovis in bulk tank milk (BTM) as a potentially cost-effective
      diagnostic tool for herd classification has not been evaluated before. Assuming
      that an increasing or high seroprevalence is a result of on-going or recent
      spread of M. bovis in a dairy herd, we tested the hypothesis that increasing
      prevalence of antibody-positive cows and young stock are associated with
      increasing BTM antibody ELISA values against M. bovis in Danish dairy herds with
      different courses of M. bovis infection. Furthermore, we tested whether herd size
      was associated with variations in the BTM responses. Thirty-nine Danish dairy
      herds selected to represent 4 different herd-level infection groups [8 control
      herds, 14 acute outbreak herds, 7 herds with previous outbreaks, and 10 herds
      with elevated BTM ELISA-values directed against M. bovis (>64% optical density
      measurement)] were visited 4 to 5 times, approximately 3mo apart. At each visit,
      65 young stock were blood sampled. At the milk recording date closest to the herd
      visit date, 50 milk recording samples from individual lactating cows were
      randomly selected. In addition, a BTM sample was collected as a representative
      sample directly from the bulk tank by the dairies' milk truck drivers as part of
      the mandatory milk quality-control scheme. Blood and milk samples were tested for
      antibodies against M. bovis with a commercially available ELISA test (Bio-X BIO K
      302, Bio-X Diagnostics, Rochefort, Belgium). A linear mixed effects model was
      used to analyze the effects of the prevalence of antibody-positive lactating cows
      and young stock and herd size on the BTM M. bovis ELISA results. Herd was
      included as a random effect to account for clustering of BTM samples originating
      from the same herd. Increasing prevalence of antibody-positive lactating cows was
      the only variable associated with increasing M. bovis BTM ELISA optical density
      measurement. In contrast, the prevalence of antibody-positive young stock did not
      correlate with the BTM optical density measurement. In conclusion, some M. bovis
      associated herd infections are detectable by BTM ELISA-testing, but limitations
      exist and further investigations of the effect of different clinical disease
      expressions in the herds are warranted. 

PMID- 26971141
TI  - Prognosis and postoperative genital function of function-preservative surgery of
      pelvic autonomic nerve preservation for male rectal cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To retrospectively evaluate postoperative genital function, local
      recurrence rate and survival rate after total mesorectal excision (TME) combined
      with or without pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP) in male patients with
      rectal cancer. METHODS: A total of 953 male patients with rectal cancer after TME
      (518 patients received TME combined with PANP [PANP group] and 434patients
      received TME alone [TME group]) were included. Assessments of postoperative
      genital function, local recurrence rate, and 5 year survival rate were collected.
      RESULTS: Rate of erection dysfunction in PANP group (41.9%) was significantly
      lower than that in TME group (76.7%, P < 0.05). Rate of ejaculation dysfunction
      in PANP group (42.5%) was also significantly lower than that in TME group (67.3%,
      P < 0.05). Local recurrence rate (P = 0.66) and survival rate (P = 0.26) did not
      differ between the two groups. For patients with preoperative obstruction, local
      recurrence rate was significantly higher (P = 0.01) and survival rate
      significantly lower (P = 0.03) in PANP group. CONCLUSIONS: PANP surgery has
      significant advantage with respect to preservation of genital function and should
      be recommended as surgical treatment for rectal cancer patients. However, PANP
      surgery should be considered with caution in patients with preoperative
      obstruction in view of the poorer long-term outcomes in these patients.

PMID- 26971143
TI  - Development and physiology of the rumen and the lower gut: Targets for improving
      gut health.
AB  - The gastrointestinal epithelium of the dairy cow and calf faces the challenge of
      protecting the host from the contents of the luminal milieu while controlling the
      absorption and metabolism of nutrients. Adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract
      play an important role in animal energetics as the portal-drained viscera
      accounts for 20% of the total oxygen consumption of the ruminant. The mechanisms
      that govern growth and barrier function of the gastrointestinal epithelium have
      received particular attention over the past decade, especially with advancements
      in molecular-based techniques, such as microarrays and next-generation DNA
      sequencing. The rumen has been the focal point of dairy cow and calf nutritional
      physiology research, whereas the lower gut has received less attention. Three key
      areas that require discovery-based and applied research include (1) early-life
      intestinal gut barrier function and growth; (2) how the weaning transition
      affects function of the rumen and intestine; and (3) gastrointestinal adaptations
      during the transition to high-energy diets in early lactation. In dairy
      nutrition, nutrients are seen not only as metabolic substrates, but also as
      signals that can alter gastrointestinal growth and barrier function. Nutrients
      have been shown to affect epithelial cell gene expression directly and, in
      concert with insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone, and glucagon-like
      peptide 2, play a pivotal role in gut tissue growth. The latest research suggests
      that ruminal and intestinal barrier function is compromised during the preweaning
      phase, at weaning, and in early lactation. Gastrointestinal barrier function is
      influenced by the presence of metabolites, such as butyrate, the resident
      microbiota, and the microbes provided in feed. In the first studies that
      investigated barrier function in cows and calves, it was determined that the
      expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins, such as claudins,
      occludins, and desmosomal cadherins, are affected by age and diet. Recent
      evidence suggests that the upper and lower gut can communicate, but the exact
      mechanisms of gastrointestinal cross-talk in ruminants have not been studied in
      detail. A deeper understanding of how diet and microbiota can affect growth and
      barrier function of the intestinal tract may facilitate the development of
      specific management regimens that could effectively influence gut function. 

PMID- 26971144
TI  - MicroRNA Bta-miR-181a regulates the biosynthesis of bovine milk fat by targeting
      ACSL1.
AB  - MicroRNA (miRNA) are a class of small noncoding RNA that function as important
      posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. The acyl-CoA synthetase long
      chain family member 1 (ACSL1) is an important enzyme in the process of milk lipid
      synthesis. In a previous study dealing with incubations of stearic acid in bovine
      mammary epithelial cells, an opposite expression pattern was observed between
      ACSL1 and miR-181a. Bioinformatics analysis with TargetScan and PicTar revealed
      ACSL1 as a potential target gene of miR-181a. The objective of this work was to
      determine the potential function of miR-181a on milk fat synthesis by defining
      the regulatory relationship between miR-181a and ACSL1. Primary bovine mammary
      epithelial cells were harvested from mid-lactation cows and cultured in
      Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F-12 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum,
      0.5MUg/mL of insulin, 10 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor, 5MUg/mL of
      transferrin, 1MUg/mL of hydrocortisone, 1MUg/mL of progesterone, 5MUg/mL of
      estradiol, and 5MUg/mL of prolactin. Cells were transfected with an miR-181a
      mimic to increase its expression and an miR-181a inhibitor to decrease its
      expression before culturing for 48 h. The results revealed that the
      overexpression of miR-181a inhibited the expression of ACSL1, whereas the
      downregulation of miR-181a increased ACSL1 expression. Western blot analysis of
      ACSL1 revealed similar effects. Oil-red-O staining indicated that cellular lipid
      droplet synthesis was decreased with the overexpression of bta-miR-181a, and
      treatment with the bta-miR-181a inhibitor increased concentration of lipid
      droplets. Furthermore, overexpression of bta-miR-181a resulted in a decrease in
      concentration of triacylglycerol in the cells, whereas inhibition of bta-miR-181a
      increased concentration of triacylglycerol. Therefore, the results indicated that
      bta-miR-181a may contribute to negative regulation of lipid synthesis in mammary
      cells via targeting ACSL1. 

PMID- 26971145
TI  - Analysis of electric energy consumption of automatic milking systems in different
      configurations and operative conditions.
AB  - Automatic milking systems (AMS) have been a revolutionary innovation in dairy cow
      farming. Currently, more than 10,000 dairy cow farms worldwide use AMS to milk
      their cows. Electric consumption is one of the most relevant and uncontrollable
      operational cost of AMS, ranging between 35 and 40% of their total annual
      operational costs. The aim of the present study was to measure and analyze the
      electric energy consumption of 4 AMS with different configurations: single box,
      central unit featuring a central vacuum system for 1 cow unit and for 2 cow
      units. The electrical consumption (daily consumption, daily consumption per cow
      milked, consumption per milking, and consumption per 100L of milk) of each AMS
      (milking unit + air compressor) was measured using 2 energy analyzers. The
      measurement period lasted 24h with a sampling frequency of 0.2Hz. The daily total
      energy consumption (milking unit + air compressor) ranged between 45.4 and 81.3
      kWh; the consumption per cow milked ranged between 0.59 and 0.99 kWh; the
      consumption per milking ranged between 0.21 and 0.33 kWh; and the consumption per
      100L of milk ranged between 1.80 to 2.44 kWh according to the different
      configurations and operational contexts considered. Results showed that AMS
      electric consumption was mainly conditioned by farm management rather than
      machine characteristics/architectures. 

PMID- 26971146
TI  - Improving reliability of genomic predictions for Jersey sires using bootstrap
      aggregation sampling.
AB  - Genomic selection has revolutionized the dairy genetics industry and enhanced the
      rate of response to selection for most economically important traits. All young
      bulls are now genotyped using commercially available single nucleotide
      polymorphism arrays to compute genomic predicted transmitting ability (GPTA) and
      reliability (REL) values. Decisions regarding the purchasing, marketing, and
      culling of dairy bulls are based on GPTA until roughly 5 yr of age, when milk
      recorded offspring become available. At that time, daughter yield deviations
      (DYD) can be used to assess the accuracy of the GPTA computed several years
      earlier. Although agreement between predictions and DYD is often good, the DYD of
      some bulls differ widely from corresponding GPTA, and published REL are of
      limited value in identifying such bulls. A method of bootstrap aggregation
      sampling (bagging) using genomic BLUP (GBLUP) was implemented to predict the GPTA
      of 379, 379, and 342 young Jersey bulls for protein yield, somatic cell score,
      and daughter pregnancy rate, respectively. For each trait, 50 bootstrap samples
      from a reference population consisting of 2011 DYD of 1,738, 1,616, and 1,551
      older Jersey bulls were used, and correlations between bagged GBLUP predictions
      and 2014 DYD were lower than GBLUP predictions derived from the full reference
      population. Although the bagged GBLUP approach did not improve the predictive
      correlations, it allowed computation of bootstrap predictive reliabilities across
      random samples of the reference population. The bootstrap predictive
      reliabilities could be a useful diagnostic tool for assessing genome-enabled
      prediction systems or evaluating the composition of a reference population. Our
      main objective was to determine if bagging GBLUP of young Jersey bulls could lead
      to measures of reliability that would be a useful alternative to published REL
      values. The standard deviations of bagged GBLUP predictions were found to weakly
      improve our ability to identify bulls whose future daughter performance may
      deviate significantly from early GPTA for protein, but not for somatic cell score
      or daughter pregnancy rate. 

PMID- 26971147
TI  - Predicting colostrum quality from performance in the previous lactation and
      environmental changes.
AB  - Nine New Hampshire Holstein dairies contributed to a study to investigate if
      colostrum quality could be predicted by cow performance in the previous lactation
      and by environmental factors during the 21-d prepartum period. The numbers of
      days below 5 degrees C (D<), days above 23 degrees C (D>), and days between 5 and
      23 degrees C (D) were used in the development of the regression equation. Between
      2011 and 2014, 111 colostrum samples were obtained and analyzed for IgG.
      Producers recorded cow identification number, calf date of birth, sex of the
      calf, colostrum yield, hours from parturition to colostrum harvest, and weeks on
      pasture during the dry period (if any). Dairy Herd Improvement data from each cow
      and weather data were compiled for analysis. Information accessed was predicted
      transmitting abilities for milk, fat (PTAF), protein (PTAP), and dollars;
      previous lactation: milk yield, fat yield, fat percent, protein percent, protein
      yield, somatic cell score, days open, days dry, days in milk, and previous parity
      (PAR). Colostrum yield was negatively correlated with IgG concentration (r=-0.42)
      and D (r=-0.2). It was positively correlated with D> (r=0.30), predicted
      transmitting ability for milk (r=0.26), PTAF (r=0.21), and PTAP (r=0.22).
      Immunoglobulin G concentration (g/L) was positively correlated with days in milk
      (r=0.21), milk yield (r=0.30), fat yield (r=0.34), protein yield (r=0.26), days
      open (r=0.21), PAR (r=0.22), and tended to be positively correlated with DD
      (r=0.17). Immunoglobulin G concentration (g/L) was negatively correlated with D>
      (r=-0.24) and PTAF (r=-0.21) and tended to be negatively correlated with PTAP (r=
      0.18). To determine the best fit, values >0 were transformed to natural
      logarithm. All nontransformed variables were also used to develop the model. A
      variance inflation factor analysis was conducted, followed by a backward
      elimination procedure. The resulting regression model indicated that changes in
      Ln fat yield (beta=2.29), Ln fat percent (beta=2.15), Ln protein yield (beta=
      2.25), and Ln protein percent (beta=2.1) had largest effect on LnIgG. This model
      was validated using 27 colostrum samples from 9 different farms not used in the
      model. The difference between means for actual and predicted colostrum quality
      (IgG, g/L) was 13.6g/L. Previous lactation DHI data and weather data can be used
      to predict the IgG concentration of colostrum. 

PMID- 26971148
TI  - Screening Brucella spp. in bovine raw milk by real-time quantitative PCR and
      conventional methods in a pilot region of vaccination, Edirne, Turkey.
AB  - Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease transmitted to humans by consumption
      of contaminated milk and milk products. Brucellosis is endemic in Turkey, and
      Edirne has a high Brucella prevalence. Brucellosis is prevented by live
      attenuated vaccines for animals and the vaccination program has been in place
      since 1984 in Turkey. Thrace is the pilot region for this vaccination program.
      The gold standard diagnostic technique for brucellosis is still the isolation of
      suspicious bacterial colonies followed by bacteriological identification, but it
      is very time consuming and laborious. In many studies, Brucella has been
      investigated by PCR techniques. However, PCR-based methods cannot differentiate
      between the vaccine strain and the virulent strain; thus, the vaccine strain may
      interfere with the virulent strain and causes false-positive reactions. To
      monitor brucellosis control programs effectively, it is important to distinguish
      vaccine and field strains of Brucella spp. In this study, raw milk samples were
      collected from 99 cows at 12 different barns in 5 villages of Edirne (Turkey).
      Bacteriological analyses and real-time quantitative (q)PCR experiments were
      applied to all samples. The DNA was isolated using Biospeedy DNA-Tricky
      Purification Kit (Bioeksen, Istanbul, Turkey). For all reactions, Roche Light
      Cycler Nano (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) instrument and Biospeedy
      EvaGreen qPCR Pre-Mix (Bioeksen) were used. The data were analyzed using Roche
      LightCycler NanoSoftware 1.0. For samples that were negative by bacteriological
      analyses and positive by qPCR, we developed a novel qPCR-based method to
      differentiate the virulent B. abortus strains and B. abortus S19 vaccine strain.
      We designed qPCR primers targeting the outer membrane protein of B. abortus. The
      qPCR products were sequenced using the ABI Prism Big Dye Terminator Cycle
      Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit on an ABI Prism 377 DNA sequencer (Applied
      Biosystems, Foster City, CA). In total, 2.02% of the samples were Brucella
      positive, by both bacteriological method and the novel qPCR method. We concluded
      that, to obtain true-positive results in Brucella spp. screening studies for
      milk, differentiating the virulent and vaccine strain should not be disregarded. 

PMID- 26971149
TI  - Adding a second prostaglandin F2alpha treatment to but not reducing the duration
      of a PRID-Synch protocol increases fertility after resynchronization of ovulation
      in lactating Holstein cows.
AB  - Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a second PGF2alpha treatment and
      duration of an Ovsynch protocol that included a progesterone-releasing
      intravaginal device (PRID) on progesterone (P4) concentrations and pregnancies
      per artificial insemination (P/AI) after resynchronization of ovulation and timed
      artificial insemination (TAI). Lactating Holstein cows (n=821) were assigned
      randomly at a nonpregnancy diagnosis (d 0) to 3 resynchronization protocols: (1)
      GnRH, d 0; PGF2alpha, d 7; GnRH, d 9.5 (7D1PGF); (2) GnRH, d 0; PGF2alpha, d 7;
      PGF2alpha, d 8; GnRH, d 9.5); (7D2PGF); or (3) GnRH, d 2; PGF2alpha, d 7;
      PGF2alpha, d 8; GnRH, d 9.5 (5D2PGF). All cows received a PRID at the first GnRH
      treatment of the resynchronization protocol, which was removed at the first
      PGF2alpha treatment, and all cows received TAI approximately 16h after the second
      GnRH treatment. Blood samples were collected from a subgroup of cows at each
      treatment of the resynchronization protocols. At 32 d after TAI, cows receiving a
      second PGF2alpha treatment (7D2PGF + 5D2PGF cows) had more P/AI (42.6 vs. 35.7%)
      than cows receiving a single PGF2alpha treatment (7D1PGF cows). For cows treated
      with a second PGF2alpha treatment, decreasing the duration of the protocol did
      not increase P/AI (41.4 vs. 43.8% for 7D2PGF vs. 5D2PGF cows). At 60 d after TAI,
      P/AI did not differ between cows treated with the 1 PGF2alpha (7D1PGF cows) or 2
      PGF2alpha (7D2PGF + 5D1PGF cows) treatments (32.5 vs. 37.9%, respectively). In
      addition, reducing the duration of the protocol did not increase P/AI at 60 d
      after TAI (37.8 vs. 38.5% for 7D2PGF vs. 5D2PGF cows). Pregnancy loss from 32 to
      60 d after TAI was not affected by the number of PGF2alpha treatments (8.5 vs.
      10.6%, for 7D1PGF vs. 7D2PGF + 5D2PGF cows) or the duration of the protocol (9.1
      vs. 12.1%, for 7D2PGF vs. 5D2PGF cows). The percentage of cows with incomplete
      luteal regression at the second GnRH treatment tended to differ among treatments
      and was lowest for 7D2PGF cows, intermediate for 5D2PGF cows, and greatest for
      7D1PGF cows (1.9 vs. 6.9 vs. 11.0%, respectively). In conclusion, addition of a
      second PGF2alpha treatment tended to decrease the percentage of cows with
      incomplete luteal regression and increased P/AI 32 d after AI, whereas decreasing
      the duration of the Ovsynch protocol did not increase P/AI. 

PMID- 26971150
TI  - Short communication: Improved method for centrifugal recovery of bacteria from
      raw milk applied to sensitive real-time quantitative PCR detection of Salmonella
      spp.
AB  - Centrifugation is widely used to isolate and concentrate bacteria from dairy
      products before assay. We found that more than 98% of common pathogenic bacteria
      added to pasteurized, homogenized, or pasteurized homogenized milk were recovered
      in the pellet after centrifugation, whereas less than 7% were recovered from raw
      milk. The remaining bacteria partitioned into the cream layer of raw milk within
      5 min, and half-saturation of the cream layer required a bacterial load of
      approximately 5*10(8) cfu/mL. Known treatments (e.g., heat, enzymes or solvents)
      can disrupt cream layer binding and improve recovery from raw milk, but can also
      damage bacteria and compromise detection. We developed a simple, rapid agitation
      treatment that disrupted bacteria binding to the cream layer and provided more
      than 95% recovery without affecting bacteria viability. Combining this simple
      agitation treatment with a previously developed real-time quantitative PCR assay
      allowed the detection of Salmonella spp. in raw milk at 4 cfu/mL within 3 h. To
      our knowledge, this is the first report of an effective method for achieving high
      centrifugal recovery of bacteria from raw milk without impairing bacterial
      viability. 

PMID- 26971151
TI  - Effects of prepartum diets supplemented with rolled oilseeds on calf birth
      weight, postpartum health, feed intake, milk yield, and reproductive performance
      of dairy cows.
AB  - The objectives were to determine the effects of supplemental fat (no oilseed vs.
      oilseed) during late gestation and the source of fat (canola vs. sunflower seed),
      on dry matter intake (DMI), plasma metabolite concentrations, milk production and
      composition, calf birth weight, postpartum health disorders, ovarian function and
      reproductive performance in dairy cows. Pregnant Holstein cows, blocked by body
      condition and parity, were assigned to 1 of 3 diets containing rolled canola seed
      (high in oleic acid; n=43) or sunflower (high in linoleic acid; n=45) at 8% of
      dry matter, or no oilseed (control; n=43), for the last 35+/-2 d of pregnancy.
      After calving, all cows received a common lactation diet. Blood samples were
      collected at wk -3 (i.e., 2 wk after initiation of prepartum diets) and at wk +1,
      +2, +3, +4 and +5 postpartum to determine the concentration of fatty acids
      (mEq/dL), beta-hydroxybutyrate (mg/dL), and glucose (mg/dL). Ovarian
      ultrasonography was performed twice weekly to determine the first appearance of
      dominant (10mm) and preovulatory-size (>=16mm) follicles, and ovulation. Uterine
      inflammatory status based on the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN;
      subclinical endometritis: >8% PMN) was assessed at d 25+/-1 postpartum.
      Significant parity by treatment interactions were observed for DMI and milk
      yield. Prepartum oilseed supplementation, more specifically sunflower seed
      supplementation, increased postpartum DMI in primiparous cows without affecting
      prepartum DMI or milk yield. Contrarily, in multiparous cows, prepartum oilseed
      supplementation decreased both prepartum and postpartum DMI and milk yield during
      the first 2 wk. Regardless of parity, prepartum feeding of canola reduced
      postpartum DMI compared with those fed sunflower. Mean fatty acids concentrations
      at wk -3 were greater in cows given supplemental oilseed than those fed no
      oilseeds. Gestation length and calf birth weight were increased in cows given
      supplemental oilseed prepartum compared with cows fed no oilseeds, and a
      disproportionate increase in the birth weight of female calves was evident in
      cows fed oilseed. Total reproductive disorders tended to be greater in cows fed
      supplemental oilseed than those fed no oilseed (42 vs. 23%). Furthermore, cows
      fed sunflower seed had greater incidences of dystocia (35 vs. 18%) and total
      health disorders (52 vs. 32%) than those fed canola seed. Added oilseed and type
      of oilseed did not affect uterine inflammation at 25+/-1 d postpartum. Oilseed
      supplementation did not alter the intervals from calving to establishment of the
      first dominant follicle, preovulatory-size follicle, and ovulation, nor did it
      affect fertility (conception rate to first artificial insemination and proportion
      of pregnant cows by 150 d after calving). In summary, prepartum oilseed
      supplementation (6.2 to 7.4% ether extract, % of dietary dry matter) decreased
      DMI during the entire experimental period (pre- and postpartum), decreased milk
      yield during early lactation in multiparous cows, and increased calf birth weight
      with no significant improvement in ovarian function and reproductive performance.

PMID- 26971152
TI  - Primary cilia distribution and orientation during involution of the bovine
      mammary gland.
AB  - The regulation of mammary gland involution occurs through multiple levels
      including environmental factors, hormones, and local intramammary signals.
      Primary cilia (PC) are signaling organelles that sense biochemical and
      biophysical extracellular stimuli and are vital for cellular and tissue function.
      The aim of this study was to examine the distribution, incidence, and orientation
      of PC. Furthermore, we determined changes in expression levels of the signal
      transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 at the onset of bovine mammary
      gland involution. Mammary tissue was collected from pasture-fed, primiparous,
      nonpregnant Friesian dairy cows at mid lactation (n=5 per group) killed 6-h after
      milking (lactating controls) and during involution after 7 and 28 d of nonmilking
      (NM). Fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy of tissue sections
      showed that PC were present on luminal secretory epithelial cells (SEC),
      myoepithelial cells (MEC), and stromal fibroblast cells (SFC). Furthermore, in
      all 3 experimental groups, different PC positions or orientations relative to the
      cell surface were identified on SEC and MEC, which projected toward the lumen and
      were either straight, bent, or deflected against the apical cell surface, whereas
      PC in SFC were confined to the interalveolar space. However, by 28-d NM, fewer PC
      projected into the luminal space and most appeared deflected or projected toward
      the interalveolar space. Furthermore, by 28-d NM, with the increase in stromal
      connective tissue, more PC were detected within the interalveolar and
      interlobular stroma. At 28-d NM, we observed a decrease in luminal cilia relative
      to the total number of cilia. The number of ciliated cells in the total fraction
      (SEC, MEC, and SFC) was the same for all 3 groups, although in the luminal
      fraction (SEC and MEC), PC per nuclei increased by 28-d NM relative to lactation.
      At all 3 stages, we detected variations in shape and orientation of PC within the
      same alveolus, with some PC projecting directly into lumen, whereas others
      appeared to be bent or deflected flat against the cell surface. Within each
      treatment, the average number of bent cilia was low, whereas the average number
      of deflected cilia was higher than the average number of cilia projecting
      directly into the lumen. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR
      analysis showed that expression levels of milk protein genes (alphaS1-casein,
      alpha-lactalbumin, and kappa-casein) declined and that of lactoferrin increased
      in the involuted mammary tissue following NM, compared with lactating controls.
      Although STAT6 mRNA levels did not change following NM, STAT6 protein levels did
      increase following 28-d NM compared with the control lactation group. In
      conclusion, PC were detected in all cell types in the mammary gland, and changes
      in orientation during involution suggest the potential for PC to play a role in
      signal transduction through both mechanosensation and chemosensation.
      Furthermore, the STAT6-mediated signaling pathway may have a role during
      involution of the mammary gland. 

PMID- 26971153
TI  - A method for single nucleotide polymorphism selection for parentage assessment in
      goats.
AB  - Accurate pedigrees are essential to optimize genetic improvement and conservation
      of animal genetic resources. In goats, the use of mating groups and kidding
      management procedures hamper the identification of parentage. Small panels of
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been proposed in other species to
      substitute microsatellites for parentage assessment. Using data from the current
      GoatSNP50 chip, we developed a new 3-step procedure to identify a low-density SNP
      panel for highly accurate parentage assessment. Methodologies for SNP selection
      used in other species are less suitable in the goat because of uncertainties in
      the genome assembly. The procedure developed in this study is based on parent
      offspring identification and on estimation of Mendelian errors, followed by
      canonical discriminant analysis identification and stepwise regression reduction.
      Starting from a reference sample of 109 Alpine goats with known pedigree
      relationships, we first identified a panel of 200 SNP that was further reduced to
      2 final panels of 130 and 114 SNP with random coincidental match inclusion of
      1.51*10(-57) and 2.94*10(-34), respectively. In our reference data set, all
      panels correctly identified all parent-offspring combinations, revealing a 40%
      pedigree error rate in the information provided by breeders. All reference trios
      were confirmed by official tests based on microsatellites. Panels were also
      tested on Saanen and Teramana breeds. Although the testing on a larger set of
      breeds in the reference population is still needed to validate these results, our
      findings suggest that our procedure could identify SNP panels for accurate
      parentage assessment in goats or in other species with unreliable marker
      positioning. 

PMID- 26971154
TI  - Milk fat triacylglycerols and their relations with milk fatty acid composition,
      DGAT1 K232A polymorphism, and milk production traits.
AB  - Milk fat (MF) triacylglycerols (TAG) determine the physical and functional
      properties of butter and products rich in MF. To predict these properties, it is
      necessary to understand the variability of fatty acids, TAG, their associations,
      and their effect on milk productive traits, days in milk (DIM), and genes related
      to fat synthesis. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the
      variability of TAG using MF from individual cows and to investigate the effect of
      fatty acid composition, DGAT1 K232A polymorphism, DIM, and milk production traits
      (fat content and morning milk yield) on MF TAG profile in the Dutch Holstein
      Friesian dairy cattle population. Large differences in MF TAG profiles were seen
      among cows. We showed that the variability of TAG is highest for low and high
      molecular weight TAG [TAG with carbon numbers (Cn) 26-30 and Cn52-54,
      respectively] and lowest for TAG with Cn38, which was the most abundant TAG.
      Saturation index (saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid) and the ratio
      C16:0/C18:1 cis-9 showed significant effects on TAG Cn34, Cn36, Cn52, and Cn54:
      TAG Cn34 and Cn36 increased as the saturation index and ratio C16:0/C18:1 cis-9
      increased, whereas the opposite was seen for TAG Cn52 and Cn54. Moreover, the
      DGAT1 K232A polymorphism significantly affected TAG Cn38. We showed that the
      relative concentration of TAG with Cn38 was higher in cows with DGAT1 KK
      genotype. Production traits (fat content and morning milk yield) and DIM had no
      significant effect on TAG profile. This is a relevant observation because
      considerable increases of milk yield and fat content have been seen in the
      Netherlands over the last 60 yr. The large differences shown between individual
      cows in MF TAG profile imply differences in physical properties of MF. 

PMID- 26971155
TI  - Effects of stocking density on behavior, productivity, and comfort indices of
      lactating dairy cows.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different stocking
      densities of 82 (0.82 cows per freestall and feed bin), 100, and 129% on
      behavior, productivity, and comfort indices of lactating Holstein dairy cows.
      Twenty-seven lactating cows (15 primiparous and 12 multiparous) were assigned to
      1 of the 3 treatments, which were balanced for parity, milk yield, days in milk,
      and body weight in a 3*3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. After 7 d of
      adaptation to the treatments, lying time and bouts were recorded at 1-min
      intervals for 3 d, DMI and feeding time were monitored electronically by feed
      bins, and rumination time was quantified at 2-h periods for 5 d during each
      period. The cow comfort index, stall standing index, stall perching index, and
      stall use index (SUI) were calculated using 10-min scan samples of video
      recording from d 8 to 10 of each period. Milk yield was recorded from d 8 to 12
      and milk composition was determined from composite samples on d 12 in each
      period. Daily lying time, lying bouts, and bout duration did not differ among the
      stocking densities. The ratio of lying time >=12 h/d (the number of cows with
      daily lying time >=12 h/d divided by number of cows per pen) was higher for cows
      housed at 82% stocking density compared with those housed at 100% stocking
      density, with stocking density of 129% intermediate. Hourly lying time was lower
      at 100% stocking density compared with 82 and 129% stocking densities during the
      peak period (2300-0400 h), determined based on diurnal pattern of lying time.
      Daily dry matter intake, feeding time, and feeding rate were not affected by
      stocking density. After morning milking, dry matter intake and feeding time was
      reduced at 129 versus 82% stocking density during peak feeding time (0600-0800
      h), determined based on diurnal patterns of feeding behavior. Stocking density
      had no effect on rumination time, milk yield and milk composition. The ratio of
      SUI >=85% (mean of the number of SUI >=85% divided by the number of SUI at 10-min
      scan samples during a 24-h period) was lower at 129 versus 82% stocking density,
      with stocking density of 100% intermediate. During peak lying time after evening
      milking (2300-0400 h), both cow comfort index and SUI were higher at 129 than at
      100% stocking density. The SUI was lower 2h after morning milking (0800-0900 h)
      for cows housed at 129% compared with those housed at 82 and 100% stocking
      densities. In conclusion, when compared with 100% stocking density, understocking
      contributed to natural behaviors of cows that including lying, feeding, and
      rumination behavior, whereas overstocking did not cause negative effect on
      behavior, productivity, and comfort indices of cows in this study. 

PMID- 26971156
TI  - Virtual milk for modelling and simulation of dairy processes.
AB  - The modeling of dairy processing using a generic process simulator suffers from
      shortcomings, given that many simulators do not contain milk components in their
      component libraries. Recently, pseudo-milk components for a commercial process
      simulator were proposed for simulation and the current work extends this pseudo
      milk concept by studying the effect of both total milk solids and temperature on
      key physical properties such as thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and
      heat capacity. This paper also uses expanded fluid and power law models to
      predict milk viscosity over the temperature range from 4 to 75 degrees C and
      develops a succinct regressed model for heat capacity as a function of
      temperature and fat composition. The pseudo-milk was validated by comparing the
      simulated and actual values of the physical properties of milk. The milk thermal
      conductivity, density, viscosity, and heat capacity showed differences of less
      than 2, 4, 3, and 1.5%, respectively, between the simulated results and actual
      values. This work extends the capabilities of the previously proposed pseudo-milk
      and of a process simulator to model dairy processes, processing different types
      of milk (e.g., whole milk, skim milk, and concentrated milk) with different
      intrinsic compositions, and to predict correct material and energy balances for
      dairy processes. 

PMID- 26971157
TI  - Tracing and inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus aureus in barbecue cheese
      production after product recall.
AB  - Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most prevalent causes of foodborne
      intoxication worldwide. It is caused by ingestion of enterotoxins formed by
      Staphylococcus aureus during growth in the food matrix. Following a recall of
      barbecue cheese due to the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in
      Switzerland in July 2015, we analyzed the production process of the respective
      dairy. Although most cheese-making processes involve acidification to inhibit the
      growth of pathogenic bacteria, barbecue cheese has to maintain a pH >6.0 to
      prevent undesired melting of the cheese. In addition, the dairy decided to retain
      the traditional manual production process of the barbecue cheese. In this study,
      therefore, we aimed to (1) trace Staph. aureus along the barbecue cheese
      production process, and (2) develop a sustainable strategy to inhibit growth of
      Staph. aureus and decrease the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning without
      changing the traditional production process. To this end, we traced Staph. aureus
      in a step-wise blinded process analysis on 4 different production days using spa
      (Staphylococcus protein A gene) typing, DNA microarray profiling, and pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis analysis. We subsequently selected a new starter
      culture and used a model cheese production including a challenge test assay to
      assess its antagonistic effect on Staph. aureus growth, as well as its sensory
      and technological implications. We detected Staph. aureus in 30% (37/124) of the
      collected samples taken from the barbecue cheese production at the dairy. This
      included detection of Staph. aureus in the final product on all 4 production
      days, either after enrichment or using quantitative detection. We traced 2
      enterotoxigenic Staph. aureus strains (t073/CC45 and t282/CC45) colonizing the
      nasal cavity and the forearms of the cheesemakers to the final product. In the
      challenge test assay, we were able to show that the new starter culture inhibited
      growth of Staph. aureus while meeting the sensory and technological requirements
      of barbecue cheese production. 

PMID- 26971158
TI  - Short communication: Amino acid supplementation and stage of lactation alter
      apparent utilization of nutrients by blood neutrophils from lactating dairy cows
      in vitro.
AB  - Glutamine is the preferred AA used by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during
      the inflammatory response. However, the effect of other AA on bovine PMN response
      during inflammation and how this is altered by stage of lactation has not been
      fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of
      additional AA supplementation (pool of AA excluding Gln) on AA profiles, gene
      expression, and inflammatory function of PMN from dairy cows in early and mid
      lactation in vitro. We used 18 Holstein cows for this study. Polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes were isolated. Working solutions of AA (0 or 4 mM) and LPS (0 or
      50MUg/mL) were added to cell populations suspended in RPMI and incubated for 2h
      at 37 degrees C. We used a subset of samples for gene and protein expression.
      Concentrations of AA in medium were determined using gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry with norleucine as an internal standard. Apparent AA and glucose
      utilization were calculated by subtracting the concentration after from that of
      before incubation. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design. Challenge
      with LPS increased the expression of proinflammatory genes and AA supplementation
      decreased both the expression of some proinflammatory genes and the media
      concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Neither stage of lactation, LPS
      challenge, nor AA supplementation altered the chemotactic or phagocytic abilities
      of PMN in vitro. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes supplemented with AA had greater
      concentrations and apparent utilization of most of the supplemented AA, whereas
      the unsupplemented group had greater apparent utilization of glucose. Alanine was
      not provided in the media but was present in spent media, and Ile, Gly, and Pro
      were greater in spent media than in media before incubation indicating synthesis
      of these AA. Regarding expression of genes involved in nutrient metabolism, the
      expression of G6PD, coding for the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, was
      increased and that of PDHA1, coding for the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha
      1, tended to increase with AA supplementation. Due to the lower concentration of
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha in media coupled with a downregulation of several
      proinflammatory genes, we concluded that AA, rather than Gln, alter the
      inflammatory response of bovine blood PMN. Independent from Gln, blood PMN from
      cows in early lactation may use certain AA as their primary carbon source for
      energy than cows in later lactation. Evaluating cows during the early postpartum
      period will provide additional information on the effect of stage of lactation
      and nutrient supplementation on PMN function. 

PMID- 26971159
TI  - Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fat-free goat milk yogurt with
      added stabilizers and skim milk powder fortification.
AB  - Goat milk yogurt has a less consistent coagulum compared with cow milk yogurt;
      furthermore, the presence of goat milk in foodstuffs imparts a characteristic
      flavor that can restrict its acceptance by consumers. This study aimed to assess
      and compare the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fat-free goat milk
      yogurts with added stabilizers or bovine skim milk powder to improve the final
      product. Four treatment additions were evaluated: (1) a mixture of 0.1% (wt/vol)
      carrageenan and 0.1% (wt/vol) pectin (treatment CR); (2) 0.5% (wt/vol) pectin
      (treatment PE); (3) 4.65% (wt/vol) bovine skim milk powder (treatment BM); and
      (4) control (no stabilizer; treatment CT). The physicochemical parameters were
      investigated at on d 1 and 5 of storage. The BM treatment presented higher pH and
      titratable acidity values, resulting in a buffering capacity effect. The total
      crude protein (CP) and solids-not-fat (SNF) contents were also higher in BM
      compared with the other evaluated treatments because of the addition of bovine
      skim milk powder. We detected a reduction in pH values for all treatments. Lower
      SNF contents were present in the CR and CT treatments, which might be related to
      a syneresis process during storage; moreover, an increase in total CP was
      observed for all treatments due to the proteolytic action of the starter culture.
      Sensory attributes, including appearance (color, consistency, and presence of
      lumps), texture (consistency, viscosity, and presence of lumps), flavor (bitter,
      sweet, and characteristic of commercial plain nonfat yogurt), and overall
      impression were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis. The addition of
      0.5% (wt/vol) of pectin (PE treatment) strengthened the curd; however, the visual
      and oral presence of lumps and a higher bitterness score were noted by trained
      panelists, which resulted in the lowest overall impression score for the PE
      treatment. In several sensory attributes, the CR treatment was considered similar
      to the control; the mixture of 0.1% (wt/vol) carrageenan and 0.1% (wt/vol) pectin
      was not as effective as expected. Goat milk yogurt containing added bovine skim
      milk powder (BM) had improved consistency, viscosity, and flavor due to its
      higher SNF and total CP contents, which are particularly important for the
      desirable texture of plain nonfat yogurt. In addition, the BM yogurt was
      considered to have characteristics most similar to that of available commercial
      brands and achieved the best score for overall impression. 

PMID- 26971161
TI  - Short communication: Effects of prepartum diets supplemented with rolled oilseeds
      on Brix values and fatty acid profile of colostrum.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of oilseeds supplemented in
      prepartum diets on colostrum quality. Thirty-nine dry pregnant Holstein cows (14
      primiparous and 25 multiparous cows) were blocked by body condition score and
      parity and assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets containing rolled oilseeds at 8%
      of dietary dry matter (canola seed or sunflower seed) or no oilseed (control) at
      35 d before the expected calving date. Canola seed is high in oleic acid and
      sunflower seed is high in linoleic acid content. Colostrum samples were collected
      at the first milking after calving, and concentrations of nutrient composition,
      fatty acid profile, and Brix value (an indicator IgG concentration) were
      determined. Cows fed sunflower seeds before calving produced colostrum with
      greater crude protein content (15.0 vs. 12.9%), colostral Brix values (24.3 vs.
      20.3%), and conjugated linoleic acid concentration (18:2 cis-9,trans-11; 0.64 vs.
      0.48%) compared with those fed canola seed. Positive effects of feeding sunflower
      seed might be mediated by ruminal metabolism of linoleic acid and subsequent
      enhanced production of conjugated linoleic acid. Oilseed supplementation in
      prepartum diets of dairy cows also altered fatty acid profile of colostrum in a
      way to reflect fatty acid profile of the supplemented oilseeds except for oleic
      acid. In conclusion, prepartum feeding of sunflower seed increased colostral Brix
      value, an indicator of colostral IgG concentration, compared with that of canola
      seed, but its mode of action and effects on health and productivity of calves
      need to be investigated. 

PMID- 26971160
TI  - Effect of dietary sugar concentration and sunflower seed supplementation on
      lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profile, and blood
      metabolites of dairy cows.
AB  - Previous research has shown that both sunflower seed (SF) and sucrose (SC)
      supplementation can result in variation in milk fat concentration and
      composition, possibly due to altered fermentation patterns and biohydrogenation
      of fatty acids in the rumen. The objective of this study was to determine the
      effects of different sugar concentrations with or without SF supplementation on
      lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, and milk fatty acid profile in
      lactating dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows (body weight=620+/
      15kg, 60+/-10 d in milk, mean +/- standard deviation) were randomly assigned to
      treatments in a replicated 4*4 Latin square design with a 2*2 factorial
      arrangement of treatments. Each 21-d period consisted of a 14-d diet adaptation
      period and 7-d collection period. Dairy cows were fed 1 of the following 4 diets:
      (1) no additional SC without SF supplementation (NSC-SF), (2) no additional SC
      with SF supplementation (NSC+SF), (3) SC without SF supplementation (SC-SF), and
      (4) SC with SF supplementation (SC+SF). The diets contained the same amount of
      forages (corn silage and alfalfa hay). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets
      were formulated by replacing corn grain with SC and SF and balanced using change
      in proportions of canola meal and sugar beet pulp. No interaction was detected
      between SC and SF supplementation with respect to dry matter intake, milk yield,
      and composition. A tendency was found for an interaction between inclusion of SC
      and SF on energy-corrected milk with the highest amount in the SC-SF diet.
      Ruminal pH and the molar proportion of acetate were affected by SC inclusion,
      with an increase related to the SC-SF diet. Diets containing SF decreased the
      concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (4:0 to 10:0) and medium-chain fatty
      acids (12:0 to 16:0) in milk fat. The addition of SC tended to decrease the
      concentration of total trans-18:1. These data provide evidence that exchanging SC
      for corn at 4% of dietary dry matter influenced milk fat content and rumen pH,
      resulting in a tendency for decreased concentration of trans-18:1 in milk fat.
      Sucrose alone did not alter the milk fatty acid profile when cows were fed a
      combination of unsaturated fat and sugar, although several significant
      interactions between sugar and unsaturated fat were observed. 

PMID- 26971163
TI  - Skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin signaling is maintained in heat-stressed
      lactating Holstein cows.
AB  - Multiparous cows (n=12; parity=2; 136+/-8 d in milk, 560+/-32kg of body weight)
      housed in climate-controlled chambers were fed a total mixed ration (TMR)
      consisting primarily of alfalfa hay and steam-flaked corn. During the first
      experimental period (P1), all 12 cows were housed in thermoneutral conditions (18
      degrees C, 20% humidity) with ad libitum intake for 9 d. During the second
      experimental period (P2), half of the cows were fed for ad libitum intake and
      subjected to heat-stress conditions [WFHS, n=6; cyclical temperature 31.1 to 38.9
      degrees C, 20% humidity: minimum temperature humidity index (THI)=73, maximum
      THI=80.5], and half of the cows were pair-fed to match the intake of WFHS cows in
      thermal neutral conditions (TNPF, n=6) for 9 d. Rectal temperature and
      respiration rate were measured thrice daily at 0430, 1200, and 1630 h. To
      evaluate muscle and liver insulin responsiveness, biopsies were obtained
      immediately before and after an insulin tolerance test on the last day of each
      period. Insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), AKT/protein
      kinase B (AKT), and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) were measured by Western blot
      analyses for both tissues. During P2, WFHS increased rectal temperature and
      respiration rate by 1.48 degrees C and 2.4-fold, respectively. Heat stress
      reduced dry matter intake by 8kg/d and, by design, TNPF cows had similar intake
      reductions. Milk yield was decreased similarly (30%) in WFHS and TNPF cows, and
      both groups entered into a similar (-4.5 Mcal/d) calculated negative energy
      balance during P2. Insulin infusion caused a less rapid glucose disposal in P2
      compared with P1, but glucose clearance did not differ between environments in
      P2. In liver, insulin increased p-AKT protein content in each period.
      Phosphorylation ratio of AKT increased 120% in each period after insulin
      infusion. In skeletal muscle, protein abundance of the IR, IRS, and AKT remained
      stable between periods and environment. Insulin increased skeletal muscle p-AKT
      in each period, but the phosphorylation ratio (abundance of phosphorylated
      protein:abundance of total protein) of AKT was decreased in P2 for TNPF animals,
      but not during WFHS. These results indicate that mild systemic insulin resistance
      during HS may be related to reduced nutrient intake but skeletal muscle and liver
      insulin signaling remains unchanged. 

PMID- 26971162
TI  - Short communication: Measuring the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory
      activity of an 8-amino acid (8mer) fragment of the C12 antihypertensive peptide.
AB  - An 8-AA (8mer) fragment (PFPEVFGK) of a known antihypertensive peptide derived
      from bovine alphaS1-casein (C12 antihypertensive peptide) was synthesized by
      microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis and purified by reverse phase
      HPLC. Its ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was assessed and
      compared with that of the parent 12mer peptide (FFVAPFPEVFGK) to determine the
      effect of truncating the sequence on overall hypotensive activity. The activity
      of the truncated 8mer peptide was found to be almost 1.5 times less active than
      that of the 12mer, with ACE-inhibiting IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory
      concentration) values of 108 and 69MUM, for the 8mer and 12mer, respectively.
      Although the 8mer peptide is less active than the original 12mer peptide, its
      overall activity is comparable to activities reported for other small proteins
      that elicit physiological responses within humans. These results suggest that
      microbial degradation of the 12mer peptide would not result in a complete loss of
      antihypertensive activity if used to supplement fermented foods and that the
      stable 8mer peptide could have potential as a blood pressure-lowering agent for
      use in functional foods. 

PMID- 26971164
TI  - RECCAS - REmoval of Cytokines during CArdiac Surgery: study protocol for a
      randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: On-pump cardiac surgery triggers a significant postoperative systemic
      inflammatory response, sometimes resulting in multiple-organ dysfunction
      associated with poor clinical outcome. Extracorporeal cytokine elimination with a
      novel haemoadsorption (HA) device (CytoSorb(r)) promises to attenuate
      inflammatory response. This study primarily assesses the efficacy of
      intraoperative HA during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to reduce the
      proinflammatory cytokine burden during and after on-pump cardiac surgery, and
      secondarily, we aim to evaluate effects on postoperative organ dysfunction and
      outcomes in patients at high risk. METHODS/DESIGN: This will be a single-centre
      randomised, two-arm, patient-blinded trial of intraoperative HA in patients
      undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Subjects will be allocated to receive either
      CPB with intraoperative HA or standard CPB without HA. The primary outcome is the
      difference in mean interleukin 6 (IL-6) serum levels between the two study groups
      on admission to the intensive care unit. A total number of 40 subjects was
      calculated as necessary to detect a clinically relevant 30 % reduction in
      postoperative IL-6 levels. Secondary objectives evaluate effects of HA on markers
      of inflammation up to 48 hours postoperatively, damage to the endothelial
      glycocalyx and effects on clinical scores and parameters of postoperative organ
      dysfunction and outcomes. DISCUSSION: In this pilot trial we try to assess
      whether intraoperative HA with CytoSorb(r) can relevantly reduce postoperative IL
      6 levels in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. Differences in secondary
      outcome variables between the study groups may give rise to further studies and
      may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of haemoadsorption. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register number DRKS00007928 (Date of
      registration 3 Aug 2015).

PMID- 26971165
TI  - Outbreak of adenovirus type 55 infection in Israel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Different types of adenoviruses are associated with diverse diseases
      and with varied disease severity. Adenovirus 55 could be associated with severe
      respiratory infections. OBJECTIVES: Here, we report on an adenovirus 55 outbreak
      in two psychiatric institutions in Israel. The objective of this study was to
      investigate the adenovirus 55 outbreak. STUDY DESIGN: We studied the clinical
      parameters of the patients and sequencing analysis of certain parts of the virus
      gene was performed. RESULTS: We identified the first patient who developed
      symptoms (the index case) and we showed that while both patients and staff
      members of the institutions were infected, the disease in the psychiatric
      patients was more severe. We attributed these differences to their mental and
      underlying health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to monitor for
      adenovirus infection in the community, especially in mental health institutions
      to allow appropriate medical care.

PMID- 26971166
TI  - Clinical relevance of the HCV protease inhibitor-resistant mutant viral load
      assessed by ultra-deep pyrosequencing in treatment failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The detection of low frequency mutants in patients with hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is still debated. The
      clinical relevance of the mutant viral load has not yet been evaluated.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess the viral load of resistance associated variants (RAVs) in
      patients at different time points, including the baseline, virological failure
      and one year after the cessation of therapy. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 22
      patients who were previously treated with protease inhibitors (PI) (with
      telaprevir and boceprevir). For each patient, three time points were assessed
      using ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS). RESULTS: Baseline mutations were observed
      in 14/22 patients (64%). At virological failure, RAVs were detected in 18/22
      patients (82%). Persistent RAVs were observed in four HCV GT 1a patients (18%).
      Persistence mutations were found only in HCV GT 1a patients. The baseline
      relative V36M, R155K, R155T and A156T mutation load of patients with persistent
      RAVs was significantly higher (P<0.001) than those of patients without persistent
      RAVs. CONCLUSION: The UDPS follow-up analysis demonstrated that the presence of
      BOC or TLP-RAVs persist one year after therapy cessation only in HCV GT 1a
      patients. The relative mutant viral load should be considered prior to any PI
      based re-treatment. This concept of the baseline mutation viral load must be
      validated using current therapy and must be validated on a larger cohort.

PMID- 26971167
TI  - Exposure to butachlor causes thyroid endocrine disruption and promotion of
      metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Butachlor is extensively applied in rice paddy ecosystem in china, and has been
      widespread contaminant in the aquatic environment. Here, Xenopus laevis was used
      for the evaluation of teratogenesis developmental toxicity, and disruption of
      thyroid system when exposure to different concentrations of butachlor by window
      phase exposure. Acute toxicity investigation shown that 96 h-LC50 value of
      butachlor was 1.424 mg L(-1) and 0.962 mg L(-1) for tadpoles (starting from
      stages 46/47) and embryos (starting from stages 8/9), respectively. Exposure to
      butachlor caused malformation, including abnormal eye, pericardial edema,
      enlarged proctodaeum and bent tail. Window phase exposure test indicated that
      butachlor significantly promote the contents of whole-body thyroid hormones (THs,
      T3 and T4) at higher levels, indicating thyroid endocrine disruption. At 7 days,
      exposure to butachlor up-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in THs
      synthesis and metabolism (tshalpha, tg, tpo and dio1) and THs receptors (tralpha
      and trbeta). At 14 days, up-regulation of the mRNA expression of genes related to
      THs synthesis and metabolism (tshalpha, tshbeta, tg, tpo, dio1, dio2 and ttr) and
      THs receptors (trbeta) were also observed after the exposure to butachlor. At 21
      days, butachlor up-regulated the mRNA expression of tshalpha, tg, tpo genes and
      down-regulated the mRNA expression of tshbeta, tg, dio1, ttr and tralpha genes.
      These results showed that butachlor could change the mRNA expression of genes
      involved in the HPT axis and increase whole-body thyroid hormones levels of X.
      laevis tadpoles in a dose- and time-dependent manner, causing thyroid endocrine
      disruption and developmental toxicity.

PMID- 26971168
TI  - The synergetic effect of starch and alpha amylase on the biodegradation of n
      alkanes.
AB  - The impact of adding soluble starch on biodegradation of n-alkanes (C10-C14) by
      Bacillus subtilis TB1 was investigated. Gas chromatography was employed to
      measure the residual hydrocarbons in the system. It was observed that the
      efficiency of biodegradation improved with the presence of starch and the
      obtained residual hydrocarbons in the system were 53% less than the samples
      without starch. The produced bacterial enzymes were studied through
      electrophoresis and reverse zymography for explaining the observations. The
      results indicated that the produced amylase by the bacteria can degrade
      hydrocarbons and the same was obtained by the application of a commercial alpha
      amylase sample. In addition, in silico docking of alpha-amylase with n-alkanes
      with different molecular weights was studied by Molegro virtual docker which
      showed high negative binding energies and further substantiated the experimental
      observations. Overall, the findings confirmed the catalytic effect of alpha
      amylase on n-alkanes degradation. 

PMID- 26971169
TI  - Chiral quizalofop-ethyl and its metabolite quizalofop-acid in soils:
      Enantioselective degradation, enzymes interaction and toxicity to Eisenia
      foetida.
AB  - An enantioselective chromatographic method to analyze enantiomers of quizalofop
      ethyl and its metabolite quizalofop-acid was established using a high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) on (R, R) Whelk-O 1 column. The enantioselective
      degradation kinetics of quizalofop-ethyl and quizalofop-acid in three soils were
      investigated. Moreover, the interaction with urease and catalase in the soils and
      the acute toxicity to Eisenia foetida of quizalofop-ethyl were also determined in
      order to assess their metabolism mechanism and environmental risk. From the
      results, quizalofop-ethyl was configurationally stable and was hydrolyzed rapidly
      to quizalofop-acid, which also degraded enantioselectively but slowly, and the
      inversion of the S-(-)-quizalofop-acid into the R-(+)-quizalofop-acid was
      observed in Xinxiang soil. In addition, quizalofop-ethyl and quizalofop-acid
      enantioselectively affected urease activity but not catalase. The acute toxicity
      assays to earthworm indicated that the racemic quizalofop-ethyl and quizalofop
      acid were more toxic than quizalofop-p-ethyl and quizalofop-p-acid respectively,
      dramatically, the toxicity of the metabolite was much higher than the parent
      compound. These results revealed the enantioselective degradation of quizalofop
      ethyl and quizalofop-acid, and the differences of toxicity among the enantiomers
      of the parent compound and the metabolite, which should be considered in future
      environmental risk evaluation. 

PMID- 26971170
TI  - Developmental exposures to an azole fungicide triadimenol at environmentally
      relevant concentrations cause reproductive dysfunction in females of medaka fish.
AB  - Triadimenol is an effective meatabolite derived from the triazole fungicide
      triadimenfon. It is an agriculturally important reagent of environmentally
      emerging concern because of its broad use, persistent occurrence in the
      environment and greater fungicidal or toxic potency than the parent compound.
      However, the ecotoxicological impact of triadimenol on fish populations remains
      unclear. In this study, we investigated developmental toxicity and endocrine
      disruption effects in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) exposed at an early life
      stage to triadimenol. First, mortality, gross development and oxidative stress
      responses were assessed with triadimenol exposure (3-3000 MUg/L) during the
      embryonic stage. Then, medaka at a sensitive stage of early sexual development
      underwent 35-day continuous chronic exposure to triadimenol, and the endocrine
      disruption effects were assessed in adulthood and the next generation. Embryonic
      exposure to triadimenol did not induce significant teratogenic effects or
      oxidative stress in embryos or hatchlings. However, early-life exposure to
      triadimenol under environmentally relevant concentrations (3-30 MUg/L) and 300
      MUg/L persistently altered ovary development and reproduction in female adults
      and skewed the sex ratio in progeny. As well, triadimenol exposure interrupted
      the hormone balance, as seen by the expression of genes responsible for estrogen
      metabolism and egg reproduction. Environmentally relevant triadimenol exposure in
      medaka fish at early life stages may have ecotoxicological impact in aquatic
      environments. Along with previous studies, we suggest that conazoles share
      similar modes of action in disrupting hormone homeostasis and reproduction in
      fish and mammals.

PMID- 26971171
TI  - Quantitative modeling of bioconcentration factors of carbonyl herbicides using
      multivariate image analysis.
AB  - The bioconcentration factor (BCF) is an important parameter used to estimate the
      propensity of chemicals to accumulate in aquatic organisms from the ambient
      environment. While simple regressions for estimating the BCF of chemical
      compounds from water solubility or the n-octanol/water partition coefficient have
      been proposed in the literature, these models do not always yield good
      correlations and more descriptive variables are required for better modeling of
      BCF data for a given series of organic pollutants, such as some herbicides. Thus,
      the logBCF values for a set of carbonyl herbicides comprising amide, urea,
      carbamate and thiocarbamate groups were quantitatively modeled using multivariate
      image analysis (MIA) descriptors, derived from colored image representations for
      chemical structures. The logBCF model was calibrated and vigorously validated
      (r(2) = 0.79, q(2) = 0.70 and rtest(2) = 0.81), providing a comprehensive three
      parameter linear equation after variable selection (logBCF = 5.682 - 0.00233 *
      X9774 - 0.00070 * X813 - 0.00273 * X5144); the variables represent pixel
      coordinates in the multivariate image. Finally, chemical interpretation of the
      obtained models in terms of the structural characteristics responsible for the
      enhanced or reduced logBCF values was performed, providing key leads in the
      prospective development of more eco-friendly synthetic herbicides.

PMID- 26971173
TI  - Correlating toxicological effects of ionic liquids on Daphnia magna with in
      silico calculated linear free energy relationship descriptors.
AB  - In silico prediction model for toxicological effects of ionic liquids (ILs) is
      useful to understand ILs' toxicological interactions and to design
      environmentally benign IL structures. Actually, it is essential since the types
      of ILs are extremely numerous. Accordingly, prediction models were developed in
      this study. For the modelling, well-defined linear free energy relationship
      (LFER) descriptors - i.e. excess molar refraction (E), dipolarity/polarizability
      (S), H-bonding acidity (A), H-bonding basicity (B), McGowan volume (V), cation
      interaction (J(+)) and anion interaction (J(-)) - were in silico calculated using
      density functional theory and conductor-like screening model. These descriptors
      were then correlated with the toxicological values of ILs to Daphnia magna.
      First, a model established by Hoover et al. (2007) using measured LFER
      descriptors of 97 neutral compounds was applied to the prediction of ILs'
      toxicity. As expected, the model by Hoover et al. (2007) needs to be amended for
      ILs. To that end, the difference in toxicological interactions between neutral
      compounds and ILs was addressed by additional single J(+) or five LFER
      descriptors of cation i.e. Ec, Sc, Bc, Vc, and J(+). Secondly, a prediction model
      for only ILs was developed by using the three LFER descriptors Ec, Bc, and J(+).
      The model had a reasonable predictability and robustness of R(2) = 0.880 for the
      training set, 0.848 for the test set, and 0.867 for the overall set. The
      established models can be used to design environmentally benign IL structures and
      to reduce labour, danger, time, and materials compared to the experiment-based
      study.

PMID- 26971172
TI  - Varying effect of biochar on Cd, Pb and As mobility in a multi-metal contaminated
      paddy soil.
AB  - Cd, Pb and As stand as the most prominent contaminants prevailing in Chinese
      soils. In the present study, biochars derived from water hyacinth (BCW) and rice
      straw (BCR) were investigated regarding their applicability and durability in
      soil Cd, Pb, and As immobilization under acid precipitation. Total Cd, Pb, and As
      in both BCs were below the maximum allowed threshold according to biochar
      toxicity standard recommended by International Biochar Initiative. To evaluate
      BCs effect on Cd, Pb, As bioavailability and mobility, CaCl2, KH2PO4 and SPLP
      extractions were firstly carried out. In neutral extraction with CaCl2 and
      KH2PO4, significantly reduced Cd/Pb concentrations in CaCl2 extract along with
      elevated KH2PO4-extractable As were recorded with either BC at 2% or 5%. In SPLP
      with simulated acid rainwater as extractant, comparable Cd, Pb and As levels were
      determined in SPLP extract with 2% BCW, while slight to significant increase in
      SPLP-Cd, Pb or As was recorded with other treatments. Longer-term leaching column
      test further confirmed the high durability of 2% BCW in Cd immobilization under
      continuous acid exposure. In parallel, little increase in As concentrations in
      eluate was determined with 2% BCW compared to no-biochar control, indicating a
      lowered risk of As mobilization with acid input. However, remarkably higher Pb in
      leachate from both BCW-only control and 2% BCW-amended soils were noticed at the
      initial stage of acid leaching, indicating a higher acid-solubility of Pb
      minerals in BCW (most probably PbO) than in tested soil (PbO2, PbAs2O6). Taken
      together, BCW exhibited important potential for soil Cd sequestration with little
      effect on As mobilization under acid precipitation. But it may simultaneously
      load highly acid-soluble Pb minerals into soils, resulting in elevated Pb
      mobility upon acid exposure. Therefore, more stringent threshold for Pb content
      in biochar need to be put forward to secure biochar application in soils subject
      to anthropogenic acidification. 

PMID- 26971174
TI  - Detection of endocrine active substances in the aquatic environment in southern
      Taiwan using bioassays and LC-MS/MS.
AB  - Endocrine active substances, including naturally occurring hormones and various
      synthetic chemicals have received much concern owing to their endocrine
      disrupting potencies. It is essential to monitor their environmental occurrence
      since these compounds may pose potential threats to biota and human health. In
      this study, yeast-based reporter assays were carried out to investigate the
      presence of (anti-)androgenic, (anti-)estrogenic, and (anti-)thyroid compounds in
      the aquatic environment in southern Taiwan. Liquid chromatography tandem mass
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was also used to measure the environmental concentrations
      of selected endocrine active substances for assessing potential ecological risks
      and characterizing contributions to the endocrine disrupting activities. Bioassay
      results showed that anti-androgenic (ND-7489 MUg L(-1) flutamide equivalent),
      estrogenic (ND-347 ng L(-1) 17beta-estradiol equivalent), and anti-thyroid
      activities were detected in the dissolved and particulate phases of river water
      samples, while anti-estrogenic activities (ND-10 MUg L(-1) 4-hydroxytamoxifen
      equivalent) were less often found. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that anti
      androgenic and estrogenic contaminants, such as bisphenol A, triclosan, and
      estrone were frequently detected in Taiwanese rivers. In addition, their risk
      quotient values were often higher than 1, suggesting that they may pose an
      ecological risk to the aquatic biota. Further identification of unknown anti
      androgenic and estrogenic contaminants in Taiwanese rivers may be necessary to
      protect Taiwan's aquatic environment.

PMID- 26971175
TI  - Tributyltin disrupts feeding and energy metabolism in the goldfish (Carassius
      auratus).
AB  - Tributyltin (TBT) can induce obesogen response. However, little is known about
      the adverse effects of TBT on food intake and energy metabolism. The present
      study was designed to investigate the effects of TBT, at environmental
      concentrations of 2.44 and 24.4 ng/L (1 and 10 ng/L as Sn), on feeding and energy
      metabolism in goldfish (Carassius auratus). After exposure for 54 d, TBT
      increased the weight gain and food intake in fish. The patterns of brain
      neuropeptide genes expression were in line with potential orexigenic effects,
      with increased expression of neuropeptide Y and apelin, and decreased expression
      of pro-opiomelanocortin, ghrelin, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript,
      and corticotropin-releasing factor. Interestingly, the energy metabolism
      indicators (oxygen consumption, ammonia exertion and swimming activity) and the
      serum thyroid hormones were all significantly increased at the 2.44 ng/L TBT
      group in fish. However, no changes of energy metabolism indicators or a decrease
      of thyroid hormones was found at the 24.4 ng/L TBT group, which indicated a
      complex disrupting effect on metabolism of TBT. In short, TBT can alter feeding
      and energy metabolism in fish, which might promote the obesogenic responses.

PMID- 26971176
TI  - Residues and risks of veterinary antibiotics in protected vegetable soils
      following application of different manures.
AB  - The protected vegetable farming is a style of high frequent rotation farming
      which requires a huge amount of fertilizers to maintain soil fertility. A total
      of 125 surface soils covering from east to west of China were sampled for the
      analysis of 17 antibiotics in order to identify antibiotics contamination caused
      by long-term manures application. The results indicate that the agricultural land
      has accumulated a statistically significantly higher antibiotics concentration
      than conventional open croplands. The maximum oxytetracycline concentration was
      8400 MUg kg(-1), the highest level that has ever been reported for
      oxytetracycline in soils. The residual concentration is decided by both plant
      duration and manure type. Short-term (<5 years) planting shows the highest
      residues of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in the soils. The organic farming
      characteristic of applying commercial compost as a single fertilizer in planting
      shows the lowest antibiotics residue in the soils on the whole. Principal
      component analysis suggests that the various combinations of antibiotic compounds
      in the soil may be used to trace the manure source. The antibiotics in soil may
      threaten water quality through contamination by diffusion. Ciprofloxacin and
      sulfachinoxalin are calculated to be a higher migration risk to surface waters,
      hence their environmental fate requires further study.

PMID- 26971177
TI  - Biological groundwater treatment for chromium removal at low hexavalent chromium
      concentrations.
AB  - The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate biological groundwater
      treatment systems that will achieve hexavalent chromium reduction and total
      chromium removal from groundwater at hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) groundwater
      concentrations in the 0-200 MUg/L range. Three lab-scale units operated, as
      sequencing batch reactors (SBR) under aerobic, anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic
      conditions. All systems received groundwater with a Cr(VI) content of 200 MUg/L.
      In order to support biological growth, groundwater was supplemented with milk,
      liquid cheese whey or a mixture of sugar and milk to achieve a COD concentration
      of 200 mg/L. The results demonstrate that a fully anaerobic system or an
      anaerobic-aerobic system dosed with simple or complex external organic carbon
      sources can lead to practically complete Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III). The
      temperature dependency of maximum Cr(VI) removal rates can be described by the
      Arrhenius relationship. Total chromium removal in the biological treatment
      systems was not complete because a significant portion of Cr(III) remained in
      solution. An integrated system comprising of an anaerobic SBR followed by a sand
      filter achieved more than 95% total chromium removal thus resulting in average
      effluent total and dissolved chromium concentrations of 7 MUg/L and 3 MUg/L,
      respectively.

PMID- 26971178
TI  - Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro-, amino
      derivatives absorbed on particulate matter 2.5 by multiphoton ionization mass
      spectrometry using far-, deep-, and near-ultraviolet femtosecond lasers.
AB  - Multiphoton ionization processes of parent-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
      (PPAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and amino-PAHs (APAHs) were examined by gas
      chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a femtosecond
      Ti:sapphire laser as the ionization source. The efficiency of multiphoton
      ionization was examined using lasers emitting in the far-ultraviolet (200 nm),
      deep-ultraviolet (267 nm), and near-ultraviolet (345 nm) regions. The largest
      signal intensities were obtained when the far-ultraviolet laser was employed.
      This favorable result can be attributed to the fact that these compounds have the
      largest molar absorptivities in the far-ultraviolet region. On the other hand,
      APAHs were ionized more efficiently than NPAHs in the near-ultraviolet region
      because of their low ionization energies. A sample extracted from a real
      particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) sample was measured, and numerous signal peaks
      arising from PAH and its analogs were observed at 200 nm. On the other hand, only
      a limited number of signed peaks were observed at 345 nm, some of which were
      signed to PPAHs, NPAHs, and APAHs. Thus, multiphoton ionization mass spectrometry
      has potential for the use in comprehensive analysis of toxic environmental
      pollutants.

PMID- 26971179
TI  - In vitro activity of tedizolid against linezolid-resistant staphylococci and
      enterococci.
AB  - The tedizolid MIC of 27 clinical isolates of linezolid-resistant staphylococci
      and enterococci was determined. Tedizolid MICs were >=1MUg/mL and were 4- to 32
      fold lower than those of linezolid. Linezolid resistance mechanisms included
      G2576T 23S rRNA gene and rplC and rplD mutations.

PMID- 26971180
TI  - Detection of respiratory pathogens in pediatric acute otitis media by PCR and
      comparison of findings in the middle ear and nasopharynx.
AB  - We conducted a series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) in order to detect
      bacteria (7 species) and viruses (17 species) in middle ear fluid (MEF) and
      nasopharynx (Nph) of children with acute otitis media (AOM; n=179). Bacterial and
      viral nucleic acids were detected in MEF of 78.8% and 14.5% patients,
      respectively. The prevalence was as follows: Streptococcus pneumoniae, 70.4%;
      Haemophilus influenzae, 17.9%; Staphylococcus aureus, 16.8%; Streptococcus
      pyogenes, 12.3%; Moraxella catarrhalis, 9.5%; rhinovirus, 9.5%; and adenovirus,
      3.4%. The overall rate of PCR-positive specimens for bacterial pathogens was 2.6
      times higher, compared to culture results. The rate of PCR-positive results and
      the distribution of pathogens in the Nph were similar to those in the MEF. Nph
      PCR results had variable positive predictive values and high negative predictive
      values in predicting MEF findings. Our results indicate that Nph PCR could be a
      practical tool for examining respiratory pathogens in children with acute
      infections.

PMID- 26971181
TI  - Diversity of mechanisms conferring resistance to beta-lactams among OXA-23
      producing Acinetobacter baumannii clones.
AB  - A total of 31 unrelated OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated
      from 14 hospitals located in distinct Brazilian regions were evaluated in this
      study. These isolates were grouped into 12 different sequence types (STs), of
      which 7 had unique allelic sequences (ST188, ST189, ST190, ST191, ST192, ST228,
      and ST299). Most isolates belonged to the clonal complex CC79 followed by CC15
      and CC1. Only polymyxin B and minocycline showed good activity against the OXA-23
      producing A. baumannii clones. The ISAba1 upstream blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51-like, or
      ampC was found in 100%, 54.8%, and 77.4% of the isolates, respectively. High
      resistance rates to ceftazidime and cefotaxime were observed among those isolates
      possessing ISAba1 upstream ampC, in contrast to those isolates that did not carry
      this configuration. Moreover, a >=2 Log2 decrease in the MICs of meropenem and
      ceftazidime was observed in the presence of phenyl-arginine-beta-naphthylamide
      for 80.6% and 54.8% of isolates, respectively. Overexpression of the adeB was
      observed in 61.3% of isolates, particularly among those isolates belonging to the
      ST1 (CC1). It was also verified that ompW was down-regulated in all isolates
      belonging to the ST15 (CC15). On the other hand, carO and omp33-36 genes were
      overexpressed in 48.4% and 58.1% of the isolates, respectively. In this study, we
      show that overexpression of AdeABC system could significantly contribute for
      resistance to meropenem and ceftazidime among OXA-23-producing A. baumannii
      clones in Brazil, demonstrating the complexity involved in the beta-lactam
      resistance in such isolates.

PMID- 26971182
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents when tested against
      numerous species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus causing infection in US
      hospitals.
AB  - A total of 1593 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) considered clinically
      significant were collected from 71 US medical centers in 2013-2014 and tested for
      susceptibility by CLSI broth microdilution methods. Species identification was
      performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry. Overall, 59.7% of isolates were oxacillin resistant (MRCoNS).
      Ceftaroline (MIC50/90, 0.25/0.5MUg/mL) inhibited 99.2% of CoNS at <=1MUg/mL
      (susceptible breakpoint for Staphylococcus aureus), including 98.7% of MRCoNS,
      and the highest ceftaroline MIC value was 2MUg/mL (13 isolates). Staphylococcus
      epidermidis represented 60.3% of the CoNS collection and was highly susceptible
      to ceftaroline (MIC50/90, 0.25/0.5MUg/mL, 99.9% inhibited at <=1MUg/mL). All
      isolates of Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus
      hominis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus pettenkoferi, Staphylococcus
      simulans, and Staphylococcus warneri (MIC50/90, 0.06-0.25/0.25-0.5MUg/mL) were
      inhibited at ceftaroline MIC of <=1MUg/mL. Staphylococcus haemolyticus
      represented only 4.8%, was atypically less susceptible to ceftaroline (MIC50/90,
      0.5/2MUg/mL, 87.0% inhibited at <=1MUg/mL), and accounted for 76.9% (10/13) of
      isolates with ceftaroline MIC >1MUg/mL.

PMID- 26971184
TI  - Central sleep apnoea in heart failure--An important issue for the modern heart
      failure cardiologist.

PMID- 26971183
TI  - Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and mutations in
      gyrase and topoisomerase in Salmonella enterica isolates with resistance and
      reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
AB  - In recent decades, the emergence and spread of resistance to nalidixic acid are
      usually associated with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among Salmonella
      serotypes. The aims of this study were to investigate the mechanisms associated
      with resistance to fluoroquinolone and the clonal relatedness of Salmonella
      strains isolated from human and nonhuman origins, in a 5-year period in Sao
      Paulo, Brazil. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Salmonella isolates was
      performed. PCR and DNA sequencing were accomplished to identify mutations in the
      quinolone resistance-determining regions of the topoisomerase genes and to
      determine the fluoroquinolone determinants. The strains presented MIC to
      ciprofloxacin ranging from 0.125 to 8.0 mg/L (all nonsusceptible). From these, 16
      strains (17.5%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC >=1 mg/L) and belonging to
      serotypes Typhimurium, I. 4,5,12:i:-, Enteritidis, and Heidelberg. Amplification
      and DNA sequencing of topoisomerases genes identified multiple amino acid
      substitutions in GyrA and ParC. No mutations were identified in GyrB, and 1 amino
      acid substitution was identified in ParE. Among the 16 Salmonella strains
      resistant to ciprofloxacin, 8 S. I. 4,5,12:i:- presenting mutations in gyrA and
      parE genes were grouped into the same pulsotype. Plasmid-mediated quinolone
      resistance (PMQR) determinants: qnrB, aac(6')-lb-cr, and oqxA/B were detected
      among 13 strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to report
      Salmonella isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin in Brazil. Indeed, this is the
      first detection of PMQR determinants in Salmonella strains from Sao Paulo State.
      These findings alert for the potential spread of quinolone resistance of
      Salmonella strains, particularly in S. I. 4,5,12:i:-, a prevalent serotype
      implicated in human disease and foodborne outbreaks.

PMID- 26971185
TI  - Measuring therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of central sleep apnoea in
      patients with heart failure.
AB  - The goal of treating sleep disordered breathing (SDB) has traditionally focused
      on improving daytime sleepiness and fatigue. In heart failure (HF) patients with
      SDB, this is not as easy to ascertain as their symptoms overlap with HF. Thus,
      improvement in treating SDB in HF patients must focus more on overall quality of
      life. Over the past 5 years, there has been a shift in sleep medicine from only
      improving symptoms in SDB, to preventing the long term consequences. The
      specialist Heart Failure community is, however, desirous of also seeing benefit
      in reduction of major clinical events for their patients with interventions, such
      as effects on mortality or re-hospitalisation rates and so may wish to see other
      benefits beyond a reduction in sleep apnea events before either commencing
      therapy or referring their patients for sleep study evaluation and further
      management. To expect lower mortality as well may be asking for too much.
      Consequently, success in the treatment in SDB should focus on three items: 1)
      proof that the underlying disease is treated, 2) symptomatic benefit and 3)
      demonstration that the pathological consequences are prevented. These benefits
      must then be balanced with a strong safety profile. Here we evaluate a variety of
      end-points of value to our CSA patients, in an effort to see what may reasonably
      be required for treating physicians to recommend an intervention for their CHF
      patients with CSA by looking at candidate measures of treatment success in CSA
      within a heart failure population.

PMID- 26971186
TI  - How Can We Improve Retention of the First-Time Donor? A Systematic Review of the
      Current Evidence.
AB  - Blood products are critical to health systems and donations by voluntary
      nonremunerated donors are recommended. Worldwide, however, only around 5% of
      those eligible to donate do so and around half of those never return to donate
      again. This review focuses on what deters first-time donors, what predicts their
      retention, and what interventions may promote retention of this group. A
      comprehensive search of relevant databases identified 9 studies investigating
      motives and deterrents of first-time donors, 14 studies investigating predictors
      for first-time donors (13 whole blood [WB] and 2 plasmapheresis), and 15 studies
      (in 14 published articles) detailing interventions conducted on first-time
      donors. Drawing on an established blood donation taxonomy, studies were
      classified by 2 independent raters. Interventions were also classified into
      traditional, behavioral, or social science interventions. With only 2 eligible
      studies among first-time plasmapheresis donors, analyses focused on WB donors.
      First-time WB donors reported benevolent and collectivistic motivations, as well
      as personal benefits to commence WB donation. Self-reported deterrents have
      typically not been examined. Intention predicted first-time donor retention with
      intention determined by attitudes and a sense of (perceived behavioral) control.
      However, anxiety, adverse events, and deferrals all deterred retention.
      Traditional interventions, such as reminders and incentives, are widespread yet
      had only a small effect on return of first-time donors. Although behavioral
      science interventions such as fluid loading are effective, the strongest effect
      for the return of first-time donors was found when individual psychological
      support was provided. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the factors
      associated with the commencement and continuation of first WB donations. The
      current review revealed that self-reported motivators are typically not
      effective, and most successful predictive factors identified have not been
      translated into interventions. Future work would do well to identify, manage, and
      meet donors' expectations along with developing more individualized donation
      experiences. Blood donor research should delineate donor career stages;
      addressing first-time donor retention will support stable panels for blood
      collection agencies. 

PMID- 26971187
TI  - The effect of elapsed time on cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) degradation and its
      dependency on the cause of death.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of elapsed time
      on cardiac troponin-T degradation and its dependency on the cause of death.
      METHODS: The cases included in this study were divided into six groups depending
      upon the cause of death without any prior history of disease that died in the
      hospital and their exact time of death was known. The analysis involves
      extraction of the protein, separation by denaturing gel electrophoresis and
      visualization by Western blot. RESULTS: Western blot data shows the rate of
      degradation of cTnT into lower molecular weight fragments with respect to time.
      In cases of control group the greatest amount of protein breakdown was observed
      within the first 64 h while in MI cases within first 6 h, the original band of
      cTnT (42 kDa) decreased markedly into seven major fragments, with 25 kDa & 20 kDa
      fragments being the most prominent. In burn group, at 41.40 h blot shows maximum
      fragmentation. In electrocution group the greatest amount of protein breakdown
      was observed within the first 50 Hrs. Within asphyxia cases, the original band of
      cTnT (42 kDa) decreased markedly into many major and minor fragments which
      continues up to 210 Hrs while the original band of cTnT (42 kDa) in poisoning
      cases decreased markedly into many major & minor fragments up to 140 h but after
      it blot shows only intact protein of very less intensity with few minor
      fragments. CONCLUSION: It can be observed that in case of death due to MI, the
      intact cTnI fragmented at a much faster rate than in burn, electrocution,
      control, poisoning and asphyxia group. Thus, the rate of fragmentation of intact
      cTnT into lower molecular weight fragments depends upon the cause of death.

PMID- 26971188
TI  - Alcohol Use and HIV Self-management.

PMID- 26971189
TI  - Venous thromboembolism and effect of comorbidity in bladder cancer: A danish
      nationwide cohort study of 13,809 patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2011.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Bladder cancer (BC) is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE),
      but data on the effect of comorbidities are scarce. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Population-based cohort study with 13,809 patients with BC diagnosed in Denmark
      (1995-2011) and a general population comparison cohort matched on age, sex, and
      comorbidities (n = 132,421). Risk of VTE, pulmonary embolism and deep venous
      thrombosis was computed for the first month, 3 months, 1 year, and 5 years
      following cancer diagnosis and stratified by Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)
      scores, cystectomy, and metastases. RESULTS: VTE risk was higher among the
      patients with BC than in the comparison cohort during five years of follow-up
      (risk difference = 20 per 1,000 persons [95% CI: 16-23]). Excess risk was
      relatively stable with increasing comorbidity score. In the first year, the risk
      difference was 17 per 1,000 persons (95% CI: 14-21) and 16 (95% CI: 4.8-27) for
      CCI score = 0 and CCI score = 4, respectively, and similar results were observed
      by stratification on pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. For patients
      with BC undergoing cystectomy, VTE risk was 70-fold higher than in the general
      population cohort within 3 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: BC is associated
      with increased risk of VTE, compared with the general Danish population. Risks
      are particularly high for VTE after cystectomy. Risk did not increase with higher
      comorbidity burden, as the relative risk of VTE was greatest among patients
      without comorbidity. Clinical attention to VTE risk, particularly cystectomy
      related VTE, in patients with BC is appropriate irrespective of comorbidities.

PMID- 26971190
TI  - Comparison of prostate cancer detection at 3-T MRI with and without an endorectal
      coil: A prospective, paired-patient study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the sensitivity of 2 different non-endorectal coil
      strategies vs. endorectal coil (ERC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for
      detection of prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: In this prospective, single-center,
      paired-patient, paired-reader study, 49 men with a clinical indication for MRI
      underwent non-ERC (phased-array coil only) T2-weighted imaging and diffusion
      weighted imaging followed by the same sequences using both ERC and phased-array
      coils (ERC Protocol). Patients were randomized into 1 of 2 arms: standard non-ERC
      protocol and augmented non-ERC protocol. Lesions with Likert score>=3 were
      defined as suspicious for cancer. Radical prostatectomy specimen or combined
      systematic plus targeted biopsies served as the standard of reference. Cancers
      were stratified into risk groups according to the National Comprehensive Cancer
      Network guidelines. Generalized estimating equations with Bonferroni correction
      were used for comparisons. The level of reader confidence was inferred by the
      Likert scores assigned to index lesions. RESULTS: The ERC protocol provided
      sensitivity (78%) superior to MRI without ERC for PCa detection, both with a
      standard (43%) (P<0.0001) or augmented (60%) (P<0.01) protocol. The ERC MRI
      missed less-intermediate or high-risk index lesions (4%) than standard non-ERC
      (42%) (P = 0.02) and augmented non-ERC MRI (25%), although the latter did not
      reach significance (P = 0.09). The ERC improved radiologist confidence for the
      detection of PCa (average Likert score = 4.2+/-1.4) compared to standard (2.3+/
      2.3) and augmented (2.9+/-2.1) non-ERC (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of
      combined ERC and pelvic phased-array coil for T2-weighted imaging and diffusion
      weighted imaging provides superior sensitivity for the detection of PCa compared
      to an examination performed without the ERC.

PMID- 26971191
TI  - A single-center experience with abiraterone as treatment for metastatic
      castration-resistant prostate cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Continuous stimulation of the androgen receptor (AR) axis is a
      prerequisite for growth in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
      Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent inhibitor of extracellular and intracellular
      androgen synthesis by inhibition of the CYP-17 enzyme system, which has been
      shown to be up-regulated in CRPC. AA was recently introduced in the management of
      patients with metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) both before and after taxane-based
      chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to report the initial clinical
      experience obtained from mCRPC patients managed on AA at Rigshospitalet, Denmark,
      and compare the results with phase III trial outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Single-centre, retrospective study including consecutive patients managed on AA
      for more than 2-year period. Treatment consisted of 1,000mg AA and 5mg prednisone
      twice daily. Outcomes of interest were prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response,
      clinical and radiological progression, and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of
      73 consecutive patients with mCRPC undergoing treatment with AA between November
      2012 and October 2014 were included. Median follow-up was 9.9 (0.9-23.4) months.
      PSA decline>50% was found in 39% of the patients. Time to biochemical and
      radiological progression was 3.5 and 4.9 months, respectively. Overall survival
      was 13.2 months (95% CI: 9.0-17.4). CONCLUSION: Our initial experience with AA in
      the routine management of patients with mCRPC demonstrates an efficacy
      effectiveness gap compared with clinical trial. Except for PSA response (>50%
      decline) in patients managed with AA, postchemotherapy results were inferior to
      phase III studies. This is most likely because of patient selection, which is a
      typical weakness when transferring results from phase III trials into clinical
      practice.

PMID- 26971193
TI  - Are placebo-controlled trials of depression safe?

PMID- 26971192
TI  - Safety of research into severe and treatment-resistant mood disorders: analysis
      of outcome data from 12 years of clinical trials at the US National Institute of
      Mental Health.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Placebo-controlled trials in drug-free patients have long been
      considered a key research component in the study of mood disorders and relevant
      treatment mechanisms. However, concerns have been raised about the ethics of such
      research, leading to an ongoing debate as to whether placebo controls are
      ethically acceptable. We aimed to assess the cumulative effects of research in
      individuals with mood disorders and to provide data to address ethical concerns
      regarding research in this population. METHODS: We obtained empirical data for
      patients screened between between Dec 13, 2001, and Jan 31, 2014, with either
      major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder who were enrolled in one or more of
      18 clinical trials at a US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) inpatient
      or outpatient behavioural health research clinic. We assessed the cumulative
      effects of research in our patient population, including the effects of drug
      taper, drug washout, and placebo administration on mood state. Two subgroups were
      examined: patients enrolled in trials explicitly requiring treatment resistance
      and patients with a current or past history of suicidal ideation or behaviour. We
      used the percentage change from screening as the primary outcome measure for
      statistical analysis of change in mood over study periods. This study is
      registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00024635. FINDINGS: We obtained
      data for 540 patients; 360 (71%) patients were enrolled in trials requiring
      treatment resistance, 58 (12%) of 465 patients had suicidal ideation at
      screening, and 191 (60%) of 321 patients had a history of suicidal ideation. Mean
      mood severity at screening was in the moderate to severe range. Full
      participation in research, including drug tapers, drug-free periods, and placebo
      controlled trials, had a low risk of symptom exacerbation. Patients undergoing
      drug taper had a mean increase in symptom severity of 4.2% (SD 19.56, tdegrees of
      freedom 96=1.85; p=0.036). We recorded modest increases in the subgroup who
      tapered to no medications (mean percentage change 5.1% [SD 18.10], t56=2.12;
      p=0.039), but increases were not significant in participants enrolled in trials
      requiring treatment resistance (4.3% [18.60], t72=1.96; p=0.054) and those with a
      current or past history of suicidal ideation or behaviour (1.8% [18.78],
      t51=0.68; p=0.50). Six serious adverse events were reported, including one
      suicide attempt that occurred during the standard treatment phase and not during
      the clinical trial. INTERPRETATION: In general, research participation at the
      NIMH was not detrimental to health and safety, and conferred benefit in many
      cases. This finding was true not only in our entire research population, but also
      in treatment-resistant subgroups and subgroups with a history of suicidality. Our
      study provides evidence to guide ethical analysis of issues in psychiatric
      research, and to support continued scientific investigation. FUNDING: Intramural
      Research Program, NIMH, National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 26971194
TI  - A comparison of regional and general anesthesia effects on 5 year survival and
      cancer recurrence after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor: a
      retrospective analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported that cancer surgeries involving regional
      anesthesia have better outcomes than those under general anesthesia. However, the
      effects of anesthetic technique have not been investigated in patients with
      bladder cancer. Therefore, this retrospective study was conducted to investigate
      which anesthetic technique results in a better bladder cancer prognosis. METHODS:
      Sixty-one of 531 patients underwent transurethral resection of a bladder tumor
      under general anesthesia from 2001 to 2008 in our hospital. Patients who attended
      five years of follow-up and who had pathological findings of urothelial carcinoma
      grades I-II were enrolled. Finally, 24 patients (G group) who underwent general
      anesthesia and 137 (R group) who underwent regional (spinal or epidural)
      anesthesia were compared. Five-year survival and recurrence-free time were
      compared using the chi-square and t-tests, respectively. A logistic regression
      and partial correlation analysis were performed to evaluate other factors
      affecting survival. RESULTS: Five-year survival was 87.5% for general anesthesia
      and 96.3% for regional (P = 0.099). The regression analysis showed that older age
      contributed to reduced survival (odds ratio = 0.85, P = 0.001). Regional
      anesthesia showed higher 5-year survival (coefficient = -0.167, P = 0.044) more
      than general anesthesia through the partial correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS:
      Though partial correlation analysis show that five-year survival is higher in
      patients whose surgery is under regional than general anesthesia, the association
      was not significant in the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.
      Large prospective studies are needed to determine whether the association between
      regional anesthesia and survival is causative.

PMID- 26971196
TI  - Efficacy of sarolaner, a novel oral isoxazoline, against two common mite
      infestations in dogs: Demodex spp. and Otodectes cynotis.
AB  - The efficacy of sarolaner (SimparicaTM, Zoetis) was evaluated against Demodex
      spp. in dogs with generalized demodicosis and against Otodectes cynotis
      (otodectic mange) in dogs with induced infestations. In the first study, 16 dogs
      with clinical signs of generalized demodicosis and positive for Demodex spp.
      mites were randomly assigned to treatment with either sarolaner (2mg/kg) orally
      on Days 0, 30 and 60, or topical imidacloprid (10mg/kg) plus moxidectin
      (2.5mg/kg) solution every 7 days from Day 0 to Day 81. For sarolaner-treated
      dogs, pretreatment mite counts were reduced by 97.1% at 14days and 99.8% by 29
      days after the first dose, with no live mites detected thereafter. Weekly
      imidacloprid plus moxidectin resulted in 84.4 and 95.6% reduction at these two
      time points, respectively, with no mites detected from Day 74 on. All dogs in
      both groups showed marked improvement in the clinical signs of demodicosis. In
      the second study, 32 dogs with induced infestations of O. cynotis were randomly
      assigned (eight per group) to oral sarolaner (2mg/kg) as a single treatment on
      Day 0 or as a two dose regime (Days 0 and 30), or a placebo group for each of the
      dose regimes. Sarolaner administered at 2mg/kg as a single oral dose resulted in
      a 98.2% reduction at Day 30 and two doses of sarolaner, administered one month
      apart, resulted in a 99.5% reduction in ear mites at Day 60 compared to placebo
      controls. There were no treatment related adverse events in either study. In
      these studies, sarolaner at an oral dose of 2mg/kg was highly effective in
      reducing the live mite counts associated with a natural infestation of Demodex
      spp. and an induced infestation of O. cynotis. In addition, the Demodex-infested
      dogs showed a marked improvement in the clinical signs of generalized
      demodicosis. 

PMID- 26971195
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis complicated with tumoral thrombi extended
      to the right atrium: results in three cases treated with major hepatectomy and
      thrombectomy under hypothermic cardiocirculatory arrest and literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with the presence of tumor thrombus in
      hepatic veins and vena cava, until the atrium (RATT), is correlated with poor
      prognosis and with risk of tricuspid valve occlusion, congestive heart failure,
      and pulmonary embolism. METHODS: Three patients with HCC on cirrhotic liver with
      RATT were studied. Operative technique, pre-operative and post-operative liver
      function tests, blood loss and transfusions, post-operative morbidity and
      mortality, and the overall survival and the disease free survival were analyzed.
      RESULTS: Mean operative time was 336 +/- 66 min. Intra-operative blood loss was
      926.6 +/- 325.9 ml. No major complications occurred. The times of hospital stay
      were 10, 21, and 19 days, respectively. The survival times were 90, 161, and 40
      days, and the disease-free survival times were 30, 141, and 30 days,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The complete removal of HCC with RATT may be achieved
      with cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) and total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE).
      Adding the hypothermic cardiocirculatory arrest (HCCA) to the use of CPB allowed
      us to have minimal blood loss and hemostasis of the resectional plane. So the use
      of CPB and HCCA should be considered a good therapeutic alternative to the
      normothermic CPB with THVE.

PMID- 26971197
TI  - [Macrophage activation syndrome secondary to tocilizumab: Myth or reality?].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Some authors have reported macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)
      secondary to infusion of tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks
      interleukin-6 (IL-6). The pathophysiology of MAS is however linked to
      uncontrolled activation of innate immunity, mediated in part by IL-6. We
      conducted a study for macrophage activation biomarkers in a cohort of patients
      treated with tocilizumab. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were included
      prospectively in our center. Levels of neutrophils, platelets, CRP and fibrinogen
      were lower at the end of treatment than at initiation (P<0.05); other biomarkers
      were stable. There was neither clinical sign of SAM nor hemophagocytosis in
      myelogram. CONCLUSION: Laboratory abnormalities are related to direct blockade of
      IL-6 by tocilizumab and decrease hepatic protein synthesis. Tocilizumab is not
      responsible for MAS and associations described are more likely to be related to
      the autoimmune underlying disease, rather than treatment.

PMID- 26971198
TI  - [Seoul hantavirus infection-associated hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in
      France: A case report].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Rodents are hantavirus hosts. In Europe, hantaviruses are
      responsible for human infections resulting in hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome. Thousands of Puumala virus infections are reported annually in Europe,
      whereas human Seoul virus infections are rarely detected. CASE REPORT: We report
      the case of a 38-year-old patient who presented initially with flu-like symptoms
      and transitory blurred vision. He developed thrombocytopenia, acute renal
      failure, and elevated aminotransferases levels during the disease course, but the
      outcome was favorable with a full recovery. Afterwards, the hantavirus serology
      results were indicative of Seoul virus infection. CONCLUSION: This report serves
      to remind physicians to consider diagnosing hantavirus infection when observing
      the association of fever, acute renal failure and thrombocytopenia. Transitory
      blurred vision is a specific element to indicate this diagnosis.

PMID- 26971199
TI  - [A non-infectious "erysipela"].

PMID- 26971200
TI  - [Diffuse ecchymoses].

PMID- 26971201
TI  - [Pathophysiology of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (Churg
      Strauss)].
AB  - Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (EGPA) (formerly Churg-Strauss
      syndrome) is a rare small-sized vessel vasculitis belonging to the group of anti
      neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides. MPO-ANCA is present
      in only 31 to 38% of patients. In this review, we describe the pathophysiology of
      EGPA, which is characterized by a genetic predisposition, an environmental
      association, and a cellular dysfunction of eosinophils, neutrophils, and T and B
      cells. 

PMID- 26971203
TI  - New answers to an old problem: Social investment and coca crops in Colombia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For more than 30 years, the main strategy to control illicit coca
      crops has been forced eradication. Despite the importance of social investment
      and persistent poverty in areas where illicit crops are grown, there is no
      empirical evidence of the effect of social expenditures on preventing and
      reducing the expansion of illicit crops. METHODS: This paper analyses how social
      investment in conjunction with eradication affects new coca crops. The model is
      tested using a dataset consisting of annual data for 440 contiguous
      municipalities that had coca in any year between 2001 and 2010. The analysis
      includes the two main techniques used to control illicit crops, manual
      eradication and aerial spraying. RESULTS: Aerial spraying is effective in
      deterring farmers from increasing the size of their new coca fields, but this
      effect is small. Social investment, in addition to generating social welfare, has
      a significant negative relationship with new coca crops, 0.09-hectare reduction
      in new coca crops per additional 50-cent spent in social investment (human
      capital and infrastructure) per inhabitant. CONCLUSION: Social investment emerges
      as a complementary and effective strategy to control illicit crops.

PMID- 26971202
TI  - Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells and fibrochondrocytes in three
      dimensional co-culture: analysis of cell shape, matrix production, and mechanical
      performance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown positive
      therapeutic effects for meniscus regeneration and repair. Preliminary in vitro
      work has indicated positive results for MSC applications for meniscus tissue
      engineering; however, more information is needed on how to direct MSC behavior.
      The objective of this study was to examine the effect of MSC co-culture with
      primary meniscal fibrochondrocytes (FCCs) in a three-dimensional collagen
      scaffold in fibrochondrogenic media. Co-culture of MSCs and FCCs was hypothesized
      to facilitate the transition of MSCs to a FCC cell phenotype as measured by
      matrix secretion and morphology. METHODS: MSCs and FCCs were isolated from bovine
      bone marrow and meniscus, respectively. Cells were seeded in a 20 mg/mL high
      density type I collagen gel at MSC:FCC ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and
      100:0. Constructs were cultured for up to 2 weeks and then analyzed for cell
      morphology, glycosaminoglycan content, collagen content, and production of
      collagen type I, II, and X. RESULTS: Cells were homogeneously mixed throughout
      the scaffold and cells had limited direct cell-cell contact. After 2 weeks in
      culture, MSCs transitioned from a spindle-like morphology toward a rounded
      phenotype, while FCCs remained rounded throughout culture. Although MSC shape
      changed with culture, the overall size was significantly larger than FCCs
      throughout culture. While 75:25 and 100:0 (MSC mono-culture) culture groups
      produced significantly more glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA than FCCs in mono
      culture, GAG retention was highest in 50:50 co-cultures. Similarly, the aggregate
      modulus was highest in 100:0 and 50:50 co-cultures. All samples contained both
      collagen types I and II after 2 weeks, and collagen type X expression was evident
      only in MSC mono-culture gels. CONCLUSIONS: MSCs shift to a FCC morphology in
      both mono- and co-culture. Co-culture reduced hypertrophy by MSCs, indicated by
      collagen type X. This study shows that MSC phenotype can be influenced by
      indirect homogeneous cell culture in a three-dimensional gel, demonstrating the
      applicability of MSCs in meniscus tissue engineering applications.

PMID- 26971205
TI  - A multi-sites analysis on the ozone effects on Gross Primary Production of
      European forests.
AB  - Ozone (O3) is both a greenhouse gas and a secondary air pollutant causing adverse
      impacts on forests ecosystems at different scales, from cellular to ecosystem
      level. Specifically, the phytotoxic nature of O3 can impair CO2 assimilation
      that, in turn affects forest productivity. This study aims to evaluate the
      effects of tropospheric O3 on Gross Primary Production (GPP) at 37 European
      forest sites during the time period 2000-2010. Due to the lack of carbon
      assimilation data at O3 monitoring stations (and vice-versa) this study makes a
      first attempt to combine high resolution MODIS Gross Primary Production (GPP)
      estimates and O3 measurement data. Partial Correlations, Anomalies Analysis and
      the Random Forests Analysis (RFA) were used to quantify the effects of
      tropospheric O3 concentration and its uptake on GPP and to evaluate the most
      important factors affecting inter-annual GPP changes. Our results showed, along a
      North-West/South-East European transect, a negative impact of O3 on GPP ranging
      from 0.4% to 30%, although a key role of meteorological parameters respect to
      pollutant variables in affecting GPP was found. In particular, meteorological
      parameters, namely air temperature (T), soil water content (SWC) and relative
      humidity (RH) are the most important predictors at 81% of test sites. Moreover,
      it is interesting to highlight a key role of SWC in the Mediterranean areas
      (Spanish, Italian and French test sites) confirming that, soil moisture and soil
      water availability affect vegetation growth and photosynthesis especially in arid
      or semi-arid ecosystems such as the Mediterranean climate regions. Considering
      the pivotal role of GPP in the global carbon balance and the O3 ability to reduce
      primary productivity of the forests, this study can help in assessing the O3
      impacts on ecosystem services, including wood production and carbon
      sequestration. 

PMID- 26971204
TI  - Human fibroblasts display a differential focal adhesion phenotype relative to
      chimpanzee.
AB  - There are a number of documented differences between humans and our closest
      relatives in responses to wound healing and in disease susceptibilities,
      suggesting a differential cellular response to certain environmental factors. In
      this study, we sought to look at a specific cell type, fibroblasts, to examine
      differences in cellular adhesion between humans and chimpanzees in visualized
      cells and in gene expression. We have found significant differences in the number
      of focal adhesions between primary human and chimpanzee fibroblasts.
      Additionally, we see that adhesion related gene ontology categories are some of
      the most differentially expressed between human and chimpanzee in normal
      fibroblast cells. These results suggest that human and chimpanzee fibroblasts may
      have somewhat different adhesive properties, which could play a role in
      differential disease phenotypes and responses to external factors. 

PMID- 26971206
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from the Central-Himalaya region:
      Distribution, sources, and risks to humans and wildlife.
AB  - The Central Himalayas are not only a natural boundary between China and Nepal but
      also a natural barrier for transport of air masses from South Asia. In this
      study, 99 samples of surface soil were collected from five regions of Nepal on
      the southern side of the Central Himalayas, and 65 samples of surface soil were
      obtained from the northern side on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, China (TPC).
      Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils were measured
      to determine their distribution, potential for accumulation, and sources, as well
      as risks to humans and the environment. Mean concentrations of Sigma16PAHs were
      2.4*10(2) and 3.3*10(2)ng/g dry mass (dm) in soils collected from the TPC and
      Nepal, respectively. Significant correlations between concentrations of lower
      molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) in soils and altitude were found. Total organic
      carbon (TOC) in soil was positively but weakly correlated with concentrations of
      PAHs in the study area, which suggested little role of TOC in adsorption of PAHs.
      The cities of Kathmandu and Pokhara in Nepal and Nyemo (especially Zhangmu Port),
      Shigatse, and Lhasa on the TPC, were areas with relatively great concentrations
      of PAHs in soils. The main sources of PAHs identified by positive matrix
      factorization were emissions from motor vehicles and combustion of coal and
      biomass in the Central Himalayas. Calculated total benzo[a]pyrene potency
      equivalents of 0.23-44ng/gdm and index of additive cancer risk of 3.8*10(-3)
      9.2*10(-1) indicated that PAHs in almost all soils investigated posed de minimis
      risk of additional cancer to residents via direct contact and had no significant
      risk of additional cancers through consumption of potable water. Mean risk
      quotient values indicated that 39% of soils had a slight risk to wildlife and the
      ambient environment of the Central Himalayas. 

PMID- 26971207
TI  - Assessment of groundwater vulnerability and risk to pollution in Kathmandu
      Valley, Nepal.
AB  - Groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment is a useful tool for groundwater
      pollution prevention and control. In this study, GIS based DRASTIC model have
      been used to assess intrinsic aquifer vulnerability to pollution whereas
      Groundwater Risk Assessment Model (GRAM) was used to assess the risk to
      groundwater pollution in the groundwater basin of Kathmandu Valley. Seven
      hydrogeological factors were used in DRASTIC model to produce DRASTIC Index (DI)
      map which represent intrinsic groundwater vulnerability to pollution of the area.
      The seven hydrogeological factors used were depth to water, net recharge, aquifer
      media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity
      of aquifer. GIS based GRAM was used to produce likelihood of release of hazards,
      likelihood of detection of hazards, consequence of hazards and residual risk of
      groundwater contamination in terms of nitrate in the groundwater basin. It was
      found that more than 50% of the groundwater basin area in the valley is
      susceptible to groundwater pollution and these areas are mostly in Northern
      groundwater district Low and very low vulnerable areas account for only 13% and
      are located in Central and Southern groundwater districts. However after taking
      into account the barriers to groundwater pollution and likelihood of hazards
      release and detection, it was observed that most areas i.e. about 87% of the
      groundwater basin are at moderate residual risk to groundwater pollution. The
      resultant groundwater vulnerability and risk map provides a basis for policy
      makers and planner's ability to use information effectively for decision making
      at protecting the groundwater from pollutants. 

PMID- 26971209
TI  - Sphagnum-dominated bog systems are highly effective yet variable sources of bio
      available iron to marine waters.
AB  - Iron is a micronutrient of particular interest as low levels of iron limit
      primary production of phytoplankton and carbon fluxes in extended regions of the
      world's oceans. Sphagnum-peatland runoff is extraordinarily rich in dissolved
      humic-bound iron. Given that several of the world's largest wetlands are Sphagnum
      dominated peatlands, this ecosystem type may serve as one of the major sources of
      iron to the ocean. Here, we studied five near-coastal creeks in North Scotland
      using freshwater/seawater mixing experiments of natural creek water and synthetic
      seawater based on a (59)Fe radiotracer technique combined with isotopic
      characterization of dissolved organic carbon by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.
      Three of the creeks meander through healthy Sphagnum-dominated peat bogs and the
      two others through modified peatlands which have been subject to artificial
      drainage for centuries. The results revealed that, at the time of sampling
      (August 16-24, 2014), the creeks that run through modified peatlands delivered 11
      15MUg iron per liter creek water to seawater, whereas the creeks that run through
      intact peatlands delivered 350-470MUg iron per liter creek water to seawater. To
      find out whether this humic-bound iron is bio-available to marine algae, we
      performed algal growth tests using the unicellular flagellated marine
      prymnesiophyte Diacronema lutheri and the unicellular marine green alga Chlorella
      salina, respectively. In both cases, the riverine humic material provided a
      highly bio-available source of iron to the marine algae. These results add a new
      item to the list of ecosystem services of Sphagnum-peatlands. 

PMID- 26971208
TI  - Apparatus and method for time-integrated, active sampling of contaminants in
      fluids demonstrated by monitoring of hexavalent chromium in groundwater.
AB  - Annual U.S. expenditures of $2B for site characterization invite the development
      of new technologies to improve data quality while reducing costs and minimizing
      uncertainty in groundwater monitoring. This work presents a new instrument for
      time-integrated sampling of environmental fluids using in situ solid-phase
      extraction (SPE). The In Situ Sampler (IS2) is an automated submersible device
      capable of extracting dissolved contaminants from water (100s-1000smL) over
      extended periods (hours to weeks), retaining the analytes, and rejecting the
      processed fluid. A field demonstration of the IS2 revealed 28-day average
      concentration of hexavalent chromium in a shallow aquifer affected by tidal
      stresses via sampling of groundwater as both liquid and sorbed composite samples,
      each obtained in triplicate. In situ SPE exhibited 75+/-6% recovery and an 8-fold
      improvement in reporting limit. Relative to use of conventional methods (100%),
      beneficial characteristics of the device and method included minimal hazardous
      material generation (2%), transportation cost (10%), and associated carbon
      footprint (2%). The IS2 is compatible with commercial SPE resins and standard
      extraction methods, and has been certified for more general use (i.e., inorganics
      and organics) by the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program
      (ESTCP) of the U.S. Department of Defense. 

PMID- 26971210
TI  - Conversion of pesticides to biologically active products on urban hard surfaces.
AB  - Impervious pavements such as concrete are a dominant feature of urban landscapes,
      but their role in the fate of environmental contaminants is largely ignored. This
      study considered the case of urban-use pesticides, and demonstrated for the first
      time that surfaces such as concrete were capable of converting pesticides to
      other biologically active intermediates. Rapid transformation of pesticides was
      observed in both bench and field scale setups. Under outdoor conditions,
      permethrin, a heavily used pyrethroid insecticide, quickly formed 3
      phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) that is a known endocrine disruptor, and the level of
      3-PBA was >100MUg/L in the runoff water even 3months after the treatment.
      Fipronil, a product used for termite and ant control, was quickly transformed to
      desulfinyl and sulfone derivatives, with the desulfinyl level exceeding that of
      parent in the runoff water only 1week after treatment. Fipronil derivatives have
      aquatic toxicity similar or even greater than the parent fipronil. Direct
      sampling of deposited particles from residential exterior pavements revealed
      widespread presence of fipronil sulfone and desulfinyl and demonstrated their in
      situ formation and accumulation on concrete. The extensive transformations were
      likely caused by the alkalinity and metal oxides in concrete and conducive
      photolytic conditions at the hard surfaces. The study findings highlight the role
      of urban pavements and urbanization in the geochemical cycling of anthropogenic
      contaminants. 

PMID- 26971211
TI  - Ozonation of hospital raw wastewaters for cytostatic compounds removal. Kinetic
      modelling and economic assessment of the process.
AB  - The kinetics of the ozone consumption for the pretreatment of hospital wastewater
      has been analysed in order to determine the reaction rate coefficients between
      the ozone and the readily oxidisabled organic matter and cytostatic compounds.
      The wastewater from a medium size hospital was treated with ozone and peroxone
      methodologies, varying the ozone concentration, the reaction time and the
      hydrogen peroxide doses. The analysis shows that there are four cytostatic
      compounds, i.e. irinotecan, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide and capecitabine,
      detected in the wastewaters and they are completely removed with reasonably short
      times after the ozone treatment. Considering the reactor geometry, the gas
      hydrodynamics, the mass transfer of ozone from gas to liquid and the reaction of
      all oxidisable compounds of the wastewater it is possible to determine the
      chemical ozone demand, COzD, of the sample as 256mgO3L(-1) and the kinetic rate
      coefficient with the dissolved organic matter as 8.4M(-1)s(-1). The kinetic rate
      coefficient between the ozone and the cyclophosphamide is in the order of 34.7M(
      1)s(-1) and higher for the other cytostatics. The direct economic cost of the
      treatment was evaluated considering this reaction kinetics and it is below
      0.3?/m(3) under given circumstances. 

PMID- 26971212
TI  - Persistent organic pollutant and mercury concentrations in eggs of ground-nesting
      marine birds in the Canadian high Arctic.
AB  - We collected eggs of eight marine bird species from several colony sites in the
      Canadian high Arctic located at approximately 76 degrees N and analyzed them for
      concentrations of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury. We
      provide the first report on concentrations of POPs in eggs of three Arctic
      species (Thayer's gull Larus thayeri, Sabine's gull Xema sabini, Ross's Gull
      Rhodostethia rosea), and we found significant differences in each of the POP
      profiles among the five species with sufficient data for statistical comparisons
      (Thayer's gull, black guillemot Cepphus grylle, Sabine's gull, Arctic tern Sterna
      paradisaea and common eider Somateria mollissima borealis). The Ross's Gull had
      unexpectedly high POP concentrations relative to the other species examined,
      although this was based on a single egg, while glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus
      eggs from our sampling location had very low POPs. Sabine's gulls had the lowest
      Hg of the eggs studied, consistent with their low trophic position, but
      concentrations of their legacy POPs were higher than expected. We also noted that
      total hexachlorocyclohexanes were higher than reported elsewhere in the
      circumpolar Arctic in three species. 

PMID- 26971213
TI  - Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases during the life-cycles of
      staple food production in China and their mitigation potential.
AB  - Life-cycle analysis of staple food (rice, flour and corn-based fodder) production
      and assessments of the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) and reactive nitrogen (Nr)
      releases, from environmental and economic perspectives, help to develop effective
      mitigation options. However, such evaluations have rarely been executed in China.
      We evaluated the GHG and Nr releases per kilogram of staple food production
      (carbon and Nr footprints) and per unit of net economic benefit (CO2-NEB and Nr
      NEB), and explored their mitigation potential. Carbon footprints of food
      production in China were obviously higher than those in some developed countries.
      There was a high spatial variation in the footprints, primarily attributable to
      differences in synthetic N use (or CH4 emissions) per unit of food production.
      Provincial carbon footprints had a significant linear relationship with Nr
      footprints, attributed to large contribution of N fertilizer use to both GHG and
      Nr releases. Synthetic N fertilizer applications and CH4 emissions dominated the
      carbon footprints, while NH3 volatilization and N leaching were the main
      contributors to the Nr footprints. About 564 (95% uncertainty range: 404-701)
      TgCO2eqGHG and 10 (7.4-12.4) Tg Nr-N were released every year during 2001-2010
      from staple food production. This caused the total damage costs of 325 (70-555)
      billion Y, equivalent to nearly 1.44% of the Gross Domestic Product of China.
      Moreover, the combined damage costs and economic input costs, accounted for 66%
      80% of the gross economic benefit generated from food production. A reduction of
      92.7TgCO2eqyr(-1) and 2.2TgNr-Nyr(-1) could be achieved by reducing synthetic N
      inputs by 20%, increasing grain yields by 5% and implementing off-season
      application of straw and mid-season drainage practices for rice cultivation. In
      order to realize these scenarios, an ecological compensation scheme should be
      established to incentivize farmers to gradually adopt knowledge-based
      managements. 

PMID- 26971214
TI  - Seasonal patterns of nitrogen cycling in subtropical short-hydroperiod wetlands:
      Effects of precipitation and restoration.
AB  - In the event of increased frequency of extreme wet or dry events resulting from
      climate change, it becomes more important to understand the temporal dynamics of
      soil nitrogen (N) processes in ecosystems. Here, seasonal patterns of N cycling
      were characterized in subtropical wetlands in Everglades National Park, Florida,
      USA. Two restored sites and one reference site with different nutrient status,
      soil depth, and vegetation communities, were selected. Soil available N,
      microbial biomass, potential N mineralization and denitrification rates, enzyme
      activities of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase
      (NAG) were measured across the wet and dry seasons from 2010 to 2011. In general,
      most N processes were significantly correlated with soil water contents (P<0.05)
      which reflected the precipitation regime. The lower elevation and shallower soil
      (2-3cm depth) at the restored site may contribute to their higher soil water
      contents compared to the reference site with ~10cm soil depth, which further led
      to the earlier peaks of microbial biomass at the two restored sites. Potential N
      mineralization was positively correlated with LAP at the restored sites whereas
      with NAG at the reference site (P<0.05), implying that different vegetation
      composition may provide varying substrates for soil microbes. The build-up of
      nitrate in the dry spring of 2011 induced a pulse of denitrification after
      rewetting by a sudden rainfall, implying the presence of a hot moment of
      denitrification during the dry-rewetting transition period. The decrease of
      MBC:MBN ratio from dry to wet season indicates a possible microbial composition
      shift from fungi to bacteria, shedding lights on the potential contribution of
      fugal groups to denitrification in the dry season. Our study highlight that even
      under the same climate regime, the small-scale variations could affect the
      seasonal patterns of N cycling. 

PMID- 26971215
TI  - Gravity induced densification of floating crude oil by granular materials: Effect
      of particle size and surface morphology.
AB  - Densification and sedimentation of floating crude oil to the bottom of water
      column reduces the radius of a spill and its mobility, preventing direct
      contamination of beaches, coastal flora and fauna. Performances of different
      natural granular materials were evaluated for capturing efficiency of floating
      fresh South Louisiana crude oil. The granular materials studied were quartz sand
      with medium (20-30mesh) and fine (40-100mesh) particle size, limestone with
      coarse (4-10mesh) and medium (16-40mesh) particle size, beach sand (20-80mesh),
      and clay (kaolin with ferric oxide; passing 200mesh). Beach sand (mixture of
      quartz and limestone 20-80mesh) and limestone (16-40mesh) demonstrated better
      performance for capture, densification and submergence of the crude oil among the
      materials evaluated. The behavior of granular particles with the hydrophobic
      phase can be classified as (1) immersion entrapment inside the hydrophobic phase
      (slurry), and (2) partial encapsulation of the hydrophobic phase by a single
      layer of particles (raft). With crude oil, the particles were primarily entrapped
      within the hydrophobic phase. Study of the effect of particle size and morphology
      (i.e., porosity) of the granular materials on capture performance showed that
      average surface pore size did not have a significant effect on aggregation with
      oil, however, higher capture efficiency was observed with materials of higher
      surface porosity (beach sand and limestone). The experiments revealed that there
      is a critical particle size range (passing 10mesh) which resulted in more
      effective aggregation of the granular materials with crude oil. 

PMID- 26971216
TI  - The effects of binary UV filter mixtures on the midge Chironomus riparius.
AB  - Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in a wide variety of products,
      including cosmetics, to prevent damage from UV light in tissues and industrial
      materials. Their extensive use has raised concerns about potential adverse
      effects in human health and aquatic ecosystems that accumulate these pollutants.
      To increase sun radiation protection, UV filters are commonly used in mixtures.
      Here, we studied the toxicity of binary mixtures of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor
      (4MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and benzophenone-3 (BP-3), by evaluating
      the larval mortality of Chironomus riparius. Also molecular endpoints have been
      analyzed, including alterations in the expression levels of a gene related with
      the endocrine system (EcR, ecdysone receptor) and a gene related with the stress
      response (hsp70, heat shock protein 70). The results showed that the mortality
      caused by binary mixtures was similar to that observed for each compound alone;
      however, some differences in LC50 were observed between groups. Gene expression
      analysis showed that EcR mRNA levels increased in the presence of 0.1mg/L 4MBC
      but returned to normal levels after exposure to mixtures of 4MBC with 0.1, 1, and
      10mg/L of BP-3 or OMC. In contrast, the hsp70 mRNA levels increased after
      exposure to the combinations tested of 4MBC and BP-3 or OMC mixtures. These data
      suggest that 4MBC, BP-3, and OMC may have antagonist effects on EcR gene
      transcription and a synergistic effect on hsp70 gene activation. This is the
      first experimental study to show the complex patterned effects of UV filter
      mixtures on invertebrates. The data suggest that the interactions within these
      chemicals mixtures are complex and show diverse effects on various endpoints. 

PMID- 26971217
TI  - Antioxidant and gene expression responses of Eisenia fetida following repeated
      exposure to BDE209 and Pb in a soil-earthworm system.
AB  - This study first adopted repeated treatment model to investigate stress responses
      in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether
      (BDE209) and lead (Pb), which are the mainly co-existed contaminants at e-waste
      recycling sites. We evaluated the impacts of BDE209-Pb on antioxidative enzyme
      (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA)
      contents and transcriptional levels of three target genes (SOD, CAT and Hsp70),
      and further explored the relationships among these biomarkers. Results
      demonstrated that almost all the parameters were generally induced and the
      responses followed certain dose-effect relationships. Compared to the controls, a
      significant (P<0.05) up-regulation trend of expression levels of the three genes
      could be clearly observed after 14days incubation. Additionally, there existed
      good correlations between target genes expression levels and antioxidant enzyme
      activities (R>0.64). The observations could provide important information of
      ecotoxicological effects of BDE209-Pb in a soil-earthworm system as well as the
      mechanism of antioxidant defense. 

PMID- 26971218
TI  - Rapidly changing climatic conditions for wine grape growing in the Okanagan
      Valley region of British Columbia, Canada.
AB  - A statistical analysis was conducted on long-term climate records for sites
      bordering Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley viticultural region of British
      Columbia, Canada. Average wine grape growing season temperatures are increasing
      rapidly in the area over the post-1980 period at rates upwards of 7.0+/-1.3
      degrees C/century. Similar increases in the average dormant season temperature
      are evident. These temperature changes are likely some of the most extreme
      observed among the world's wine producing areas during the past few decades.
      Growing degree day base 10 degrees C (GDD10) has increased by nearly 50% at some
      locations since the 1970s, resulting in major impacts on the corresponding
      climate classification for viticulture. If current climate trends continue, the
      southern and central portions of the region will likely enter Winkler region II
      within the next few decades, placing them in the same category as well
      established warmer wine regions from France, Spain, Italy, and Australia. The
      large dormant season temperature increases over the last several decades have
      resulted in the area no longer being a cold season outlier when compared to most
      other cool-climate viticultural areas. Based on average growing season
      temperatures, the southern end of Okanagan Lake has moved out of the cool-climate
      viticultural classification and into the intermediate zone, while the central and
      northern regions are now at the cool/intermediate viticulture interface, similar
      to the historical positions of the Rhine Valley in Germany, northern Oregon in
      the United States, and the Loire Valley, Burgundy-Cote, Burgundy-Beaujolais, and
      Champagne appelations of France. The corresponding suitable grape species for the
      area have evolved into warmer region varietals during this time frame, having
      substantial economic impacts on producers. Increased temperatures are also
      expected to bring greater threats from agricultural pests, notably Pierce's
      disease from the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. 

PMID- 26971219
TI  - Indirect estimation of emission factors for phosphate surface mining using air
      dispersion modeling.
AB  - To date, phosphate surface mining suffers from lack of reliable emission factors.
      Due to complete absence of data to derive emissions factors, we developed a
      methodology for estimating them indirectly by studying a range of possible
      emission factors for surface phosphate mining operations and comparing AERMOD
      calculated concentrations to concentrations measured around the mine. We applied
      this approach for the Khneifiss phosphate mine, Syria, and the Al-Hassa and Al
      Abyad phosphate mines, Jordan. The work accounts for numerous model unknowns and
      parameter uncertainties by applying prudent assumptions concerning the parameter
      values. Our results suggest that the net mining operations (bulldozing, grading
      and dragline) contribute rather little to ambient TSP concentrations in
      comparison to phosphate processing and transport. Based on our results, the
      common practice of deriving the emission rates for phosphate mining operations
      from the US EPA emission factors for surface coal mining or from the default
      emission factor of the EEA seems to be reasonable. Yet, since multiple factors
      affect dispersion from surface phosphate mines, a range of emission factors,
      rather than only a single value, was found to satisfy the model performance. 

PMID- 26971220
TI  - Human residential status and habitat quality affect the likelihood but not the
      success of lapwing breeding in an urban matrix.
AB  - Wildlife living in the suburbs faces the challenge of dealing with human presence
      and yard management (including the occurrence of pets) which vary at the scale of
      the house block. This study examined the influence of ecological factors (e.g.
      extent of grass and food availability) and anthropogenic factors (e.g. human
      activity and garden usage) on breeding site choice and reproductive success of
      the ground-nesting masked lapwing Vanellus miles on Phillip Island, Australia.
      Lapwings nested less frequently in residential properties (high levels of human
      usage) compared with vacant blocks and holiday houses. They were also more likely
      to breed on properties with high food availability and larger areas of grass.
      None of these variables influenced clutch size or the probability of eggs
      hatching, although larger clutches and higher hatching rates tended to be
      associated with more food. This study shows that, for an urban exploiting
      species, habitat quality is not homogenous at the scale of the house block, and
      that human activity is avoided by a species generally considered highly tolerant
      of people. 

PMID- 26971221
TI  - An uncommon cause of dysuria solved by "boom-boom" radiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a common disease affecting the
      hematopoietic organs. The disease remains classically indolent for years
      preceding a blast crisis. However, the disease can affect all parts of the body.
      We report here an unusual localization. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old man was
      followed for 2 years for an indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia while he
      presented a rapidly progressive dysuria. Prostate biopsies were performed
      concluding to a prostate involvement by the chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In the
      absence of progression according to RAI staging system and Binet's
      classification, he was treated with local low-dose radiotherapy, twice 2 Gy,
      allowing for a rapid resolution of the symptoms. No systemic treatment was
      introduced, and 1 year after the completion of his treatment, he is still under
      watchful waiting strategy for his chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. CONCLUSION: Low
      dose radiotherapy is an underused effective strategy in indolent lymphoma. In
      this case, urinary symptoms from a prostate involvement were relieved non
      invasively at low cost.

PMID- 26971222
TI  - Bitter apricot essential oil induces apoptosis of human HaCaT keratinocytes.
AB  - Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that affects approximately 2% of the world's
      population. Conventional therapeutic approaches are not effective or necessarily
      safe for treating symptoms due to the serious side effects and resistance to
      currently prescribed drugs. Traditionally, in oriental medicine, apricot seed
      (Semen Armeniacae amarum) is used to treat skin diseases. However, the underlying
      mechanism of action has not been systematically elucidated. In the present study,
      the anti-proliferative effect of bitter apricot essential oil (BAEO) on cultured
      HaCaT cells was evaluated and the mechanism of action investigated. BAEO was
      isolated by hydrodistillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
      analysis identified benzaldehyde (75.35%), benzoic acid (6.21%) and
      mandelonitrile (5.38%). HaCaT cell growth, measured by sulforhodamine B assay
      (SRB), was inhibited by BAEO with an IC50 value of 142.45 MUg/ml. Apoptosis of
      HaCaT cells treated with BAEO was detected by cell cycle, flow cytometry, and
      western blot analyses. These measurements revealed G0/G1 cell cycle arrest,
      elevated numbers of early and late stage apoptotic cells, and caspases-3/8/9 and
      PARP activation. Z-VAD-FMK, a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, attenuated BAEO
      induced apoptosis. Also, increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 levels suggest that
      BAEO-induced apoptosis is mediated through both death receptor and mitochondrial
      pathways. Moreover, reduced Rel/NF-kappaB levels suggest that BAEO-mediated
      apoptosis is also associated with inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway. These data
      suggest that BAEO is a naturally occurring material that functions as a potent
      pro-apoptotic factor for human keratinocytes. Thus, it is a promising candidate
      to treat psoriasis.

PMID- 26971223
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effects of royal poinciana through inhibition of toll-like
      receptor 4 signaling pathway.
AB  - Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction
      to any type of bodily injury. In some disorders the inflammatory process, which
      under normal conditions is self-limiting, becomes continuous and chronic
      inflammatory diseases develop subsequently including cardiovascular diseases,
      diabetes, cancer etc. Barks of Delonix regia is used traditionally in the
      treatment of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the
      therapeutic potential of D. regia ethanol extract and its active constituent beta
      Elemene with special interest in inflammation model using standard in vivo anti
      inflammatory models: Carrageenan-induced paw edema, Cotton pellet granuloma, and
      Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability. To explicate the mechanism of action
      for the possible anti-inflammatory activity, we determined the level of major
      inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 or PGE2), and
      pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-12). Additionally, we
      determined the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid differentiation primary
      response gene 88 (MyD88), by mRNA expression in drug treated LPS-induced murine
      macrophage model. To explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity, we
      evaluated expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), nuclear factor kappa-B
      cells (NF-kB), and NF-kB inhibitor alpha (IK-Ba). Furthermore, we determined the
      acute and sub-acute toxicity of D. regia extract in BALB/c mice. This study
      established a significant anti-inflammatory activity of D. regia extract and beta
      Elemene along with the inhibition of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-12 expressions.
      Further, the expression of TLR4, NF-kBp65, MyD88, iNOS and COX-2 molecules were
      reduced in drug-treated groups, but not in the LPS-stimulated untreated or
      control groups, Thus, our results collectively indicated that the D. regia
      extract and beta-Elemene can efficiently inhibit inflammation. 

PMID- 26971224
TI  - Tatarinan O, a lignin-like compound from the roots of Acorus tatarinowii Schott
      inhibits osteoclast differentiation through suppressing the expression of c-Fos
      and NFATc1.
AB  - Osteoclasts (OC) are large multinucleated cells derived from monocyte/macrophage
      precursors. Suppressing osteoclastogenesis is considered as an effective
      therapeutic approach to erosive bone disease. The root of Acorus tatarinowii
      Schott, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine was used to treat rheumatosis
      and other inflammatory disease. However, the effects of tatarinan O (TO), one of
      the lignin-like compounds isolated from the roots of Acorus tatarinowii Schott
      during bone development are still unclear. In the present study, we explored the
      effect of TO on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. TO was found to
      suppress osteoclast differentiation from RANKL-stimulated mouse bone marrow
      macrophages (BMMs) without significant cytotoxicity. TO also dose-dependently
      suppressed bone resorption activity of mature osteoclasts. Additionally, TO
      apparently inhibited the expression of osteoclastic marker genes, such as MMP-9,
      Cts K and TRAP. Furthermore, our results showed that TO decreased RANKL-induced
      expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 without influencing NF-kappaB activation and MAPK
      phosphorylation. Hence, for the first time we revealed that TO dose-dependently
      inhibited osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-stimulated mouse BMMs via decreasing the
      expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos. 

PMID- 26971225
TI  - Mangiferin corrects the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells in mice with TNBS-induced
      colitis.
AB  - In the previous study, 80% ethanol extract of the rhizome mixture of Anemarrhena
      asphodeloides and Coptidis chinensis (AC) and its main constituent mangiferin
      improved TNBS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting macrophage activation related
      to the innate immunity. In the preliminary study, we found that AC could inhibit
      Th17 cell differentiation in mice with TNBS-induced colitis. Therefore, we
      investigated whether AC and it main constituent mangiferin are capable of
      inhibiting inflammation by regulating T cell differentiation related to the
      adaptive immunity in vitro and in vivo. AC and mangiferin potently suppressed
      colon shortening and myeloperoxidase activity in mice with TNBS-induced colitis.
      They also suppressed TNBS-induced Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 expression,
      but increased TNBS-suppressed Treg cell differentiation and IL-10 expression.
      Moreover, AC and mangiferin strongly inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha and IL
      17, as well as the activation of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, mangiferin potently
      inhibited the differentiation of splenocytes into Th7 cells and increased the
      differentiation into Treg cells in vitro. Mangiferin also inhibited RORgammat and
      IL-17 expression and STAT3 activation in splenocytes and induced Foxp3 and IL-10
      expression and STAT5 activation. Based on these findings, mangiferin may
      ameliorate colitis by the restoration of disturbed Th17/Treg cells and inhibition
      of macrophage activation. 

PMID- 26971226
TI  - Role of PHLPP1 in inflammation response: Its loss contributes to gliomas
      development and progression.
AB  - PH domain leucine-rich repeats protein phosphatase 1(PHLPP1) belongs to a novel
      family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases: PHLPP serves as tumor suppressor in
      several cancers. However, little knowledge about the expression of PHLPP1 in
      human glioma tumor tissue and its role in inflammation response in glioma cells
      was known. Glioma samples were obtained from a total of 37 patients including 16
      males and 21 females with surgical removal of the brain tumor. PHLPP1 protein and
      inflammatory cytokines were measured by Western blot analysis and
      immunohistochemistry while mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. The levels of
      inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-1beta in U251 glioma cells
      were evaluated by siRNA PHLPP1 and PHLPP1 addition. The loss of PHLPP1 expression
      occurs at high frequency in human gliomas. The highest mean values of PHLPP1 mRNA
      and protein were found in non-glioma brain tissues whereas the lowest mean values
      were found in those in glioblastoma with an increase of TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL
      1beta (p<0.05). PHLPP1 expression in human glioma was associated negatively with
      the severity of the tumor and inflammatory cytokines. siRNA PHLPP1 could increase
      the levels of inflammatory cytokines in U251 glioma cells while PHLPP1 addition
      could inhibit significantly inflammatory cytokines. We concluded that PHLPP1
      played a suppression role in inflammatory response of glioma. The present study
      indicated that PHLPP1 could be used as a predictor for the prediction of the
      patients or as a therapeutic target for the treatment of human glioma. 

PMID- 26971227
TI  - Circulating T follicular helper cells are associated with rapid virological
      response in chronic hepatitis C patients undergoing peginterferon therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with abnormal
      T cell and B cell immune responses. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a subset
      of CD4(+) T-helper cells and can activate B cells. This study aimed to
      investigate the role of circulating CXCR5(+)CD4(+) TFH cells, CD19(+) B cells and
      the associated cytokines in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS: The
      frequencies and phenotypes of circulating TFH cells and B cell subtypes were
      characterized using flow cytometry in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and in
      healthy controls (HCs). The expression of IFN-gamma, IL-12p70, IL-5, IL-13, IL
      17F, IL-22, IL-23, TGF-beta1, IL-10 and IL-21 associated with Th1, Th2, Th17,
      regulatory T cells (Treg) and TFH cells were analyzed using a Quantibody array.
      The patients' clinical parameters were detected, and the effect of pegylated
      interferon plus ribavirin treatment on these immune indicators in CHC patients
      was determined. RESULTS: The frequency of CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells was
      significantly higher in CHC patients compared to HCs. There were no significant
      differences in CD19(+) B cells, CD19(+)CD27(+) B cells, or CD19(+)CD38(+) B cells
      between CHC patients and HCs. The expressions of cytokines associated with the
      CD4(+) Th lineage were higher in CHC patients than in HCs, except for IL-21.
      Patients with rapid virological response (RVR) showed an increased CXCR5(+)CD4(+)
      T cell count and decreased PD-1(+) CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cell count compared to non
      RVR patients after PEG-IFN/ribavirin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These data
      demonstrate that circulating TFH cells and CD4(+) Th lineage-associated cytokines
      may play a role in HCV-related immune responses.

PMID- 26971229
TI  - Planning deficits in polysubstance dependent users: Differential associations
      with severity of drug use and intelligence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polysubstance use is associated with alterations in different
      components of executive functioning such as working memory and response
      inhibition. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to executive planning
      skills, which are required to benefit of low structured interventions. This study
      examines the association between severity of use of cocaine, heroin, alcohol,
      fluid and crystallized intelligence and planning tasks varying on degree of
      structure. METHODS: Data were collected from 60 polysubstance users and 30
      healthy controls. Cognitive assessment consisted of three planning tasks with
      different structure levels: Stockings of Cambridge, Zoo Map test, and Multiple
      Errands Test. RESULTS: Polysubstance users had significant planning deficits
      across the three tasks compared to healthy controls. Hierarchical regression
      models showed that severity of drug use and fluid and crystallized intelligence
      significantly explained performance in all the planning tasks. However, these
      associations were higher for low-structured real world tasks. These low
      structured tasks also showed a unique association with crystallized but not fluid
      intelligence. CONCLUSION: Drug abuse is negatively associated with planning
      abilities, and intelligence is positively associated with planning performance in
      real-world tasks.

PMID- 26971228
TI  - Examining the efficacy of a computer facilitated HIV prevention tool in drug
      court.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although they have demonstrated efficacy in reducing substance use
      and criminal recidivism, competing priorities and limited resources may preclude
      drug court programs from formally addressing HIV risk. This study examined the
      efficacy of a brief, three-session, computer-facilitated HIV prevention
      intervention in reducing HIV risk among adult felony drug court participants.
      METHODS: Two hundred participants were randomly assigned to an HIV intervention
      (n=101) or attention control (n=99) group. All clients attended judicial status
      hearings approximately every six weeks. At the first three status hearings
      following study entry, clients in the intervention group completed the
      computerized, interactive HIV risk reduction sessions while those in the control
      group viewed a series of educational life-skill videos of matched length.
      Outcomes included the rate of independently obtained HIV testing, engagement in
      high risk HIV-related behaviors, and rate of condom procurement from the research
      site at each session. RESULTS: Results indicated that participants who received
      the HIV intervention were significantly more likely to report having obtained HIV
      testing at some point during the study period than those in the control
      condition, although the effect was marginally significant when examined in a
      longitudinal model. In addition, they had higher rates of condom procurement. No
      group differences were found on rates of high-risk sexual behavior, and the low
      rate of injection drug reported precluded examination of high-risk drug-related
      behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides support for the feasibility and utility
      of delivering HIV prevention services to drug court clients using an efficient
      computer-facilitated program.

PMID- 26971230
TI  - Digestive enzymatic patterns as possible biomarkers of endocrine disruption in
      the red mullet (Mullus barbatus): A preliminary investigation.
AB  - During two seasonal trawl surveys (April and October, 2012), red mullet specimens
      were caught from two sites of the northern Sicilian coast (Western
      Mediterranean), characterized by different degrees of pollution, to assess
      whether their digestive enzymes could be cost-effective diagnostic tools for
      endocrine disruption. Pepsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, amylase
      and lipase were measured in the digestive tract of each fish. During both
      samplings, significant differences in the digestive enzymatic patterns of fish
      collected from the two sites were found. In April, pepsin and lipase contents
      were significantly lower in fish from the most impacted site than in those from
      the reference site. In October, the enzymatic patterns showed trends different
      from spring, with controversial results for carboxypeptidases A and B and
      amylase. Pepsin and lipase patterns suggest a detrimental effect played by
      organic pollutants and the use of these enzymes as possible biomarkers of
      exposure to endocrine disruptors. 

PMID- 26971231
TI  - Detection and characterisation of the biopollutant Xenostrobus securis (Lamarck
      1819) Asturian population from DNA Barcoding and eBarcoding.
AB  - DNA efficiently contributes to detect and understand marine invasions. In 2014
      the potential biological pollutant pygmy mussel (Xenostrobus securis) was
      observed for the first time in the Aviles estuary (Asturias, Bay of Biscay). The
      goal of this study was to assess the stage of invasion, based on demographic and
      genetic (DNA Barcoding) characteristics, and to develop a molecular tool for
      surveying the species in environmental DNA. A total of 130 individuals were
      analysed for the DNA Barcode cytochrome oxidase I gene in order to determine
      genetic diversity, population structure, expansion trends, and to inferring
      introduction hits. Reproduction was evidenced by bimodal size distributions of
      1597 mussels. High population genetic variation and genetically distinct clades
      might suggest multiple introductions from several source populations. Finally,
      species-specific primers were developed within the DNA barcode for PCR
      amplification from water samples in order to enabling rapid detection of the
      species in initial expansion stages. 

PMID- 26971232
TI  - Plastic mistaken for prey by a colony-breeding Eleonora's falcon (Falco
      eleonorae) in the Mediterranean Sea, revealed by camera-trap.
AB  - Discarded plastic is known to be harmful for marine animals through ingestion and
      entanglement. Here we report the first documentation of Eleonora's falcons
      providing plastic waste to dependent nestlings. Eleonora's falcons breed
      colonially on sea cliffs and islets in areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the
      Canary Islands in which they normally feed their nestlings exclusively with small
      migratory birds. 

PMID- 26971233
TI  - Efficacy of escitalopram in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A meta
      analysis versus placebo.
AB  - Escitalopram is the most selective of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
      antidepressants. We conducted a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies where
      escitalopram was used to treat patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Data
      from all randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled studies in SAD with
      escitalopram from both specialist settings and general practice were used.
      Patients met the DSM-IV criteria for SAD, were >=18 years old, and had a
      Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) >=60. The primary outcome measure was the
      estimated treatment difference in LSAS total score at Week 12. Secondary outcome
      measures included the estimated treatment difference in the Clinical Global
      Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score at Week 12. A total of 1598 patients from 3
      randomised controlled trials were included in the analyses. Escitalopram (n=1061)
      was superior to placebo (n=537), with an estimated treatment difference on the
      LSAS of -9.2 points (95%CI: [-14.4; -4.0], p<0.01) (escitalopram 5mg/day), -4.6
      points (95%CI: [-8.1; -1.0], p<0.01) (escitalopram 10mg/day), -10.1 points
      (95%CI: [-13.7; -6.5], p<0.01) (escitalopram 20mg/day) and -7.3 points (95%CI: [
      12.3; -2.2], p<0.01) (escitalopram 10-20mg/day). For the CGI-S, the corresponding
      values were -0.55 points (95%CI: [-0.79; -0.31], p<0.01) (escitalopram 5mg/day), 
      0.26 points (95%CI: [-0.42; -0.10], p<0.01) (escitalopram 10mg/day), -0.48 points
      (95%CI: [-0.64; -0.31], p<0.01) (escitalopram 20mg/day) and -0.29 points (95%CI:
      [-0.51; -0.07], p<0.05) (escitalopram 10-20mg/day). The withdrawal rate due to
      adverse events was 7.2% for escitalopram, compared with 4.3% for placebo
      (p<0.05). In this meta-analysis, all doses of escitalopram showed significant
      superiority in efficacy versus placebo in the treatment of patients with SAD.

PMID- 26971234
TI  - A new method for the evaluation of the end-to-end distance of the knee ligaments
      and popliteal complex during passive knee flexion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate knowledge about the length variation of the knee ligaments
      (ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL) and the popliteal complex during knee flexion/extension
      is essential for modelling and clinical applications. The aim of the present
      study is to provide this information by using an original technique able to
      faithfully reproduce the continuous passive knee flexion-extension kinematics and
      to reliably identify each ligament/tendon attachment site. METHODS: Twelve lower
      limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, patella) were tested and set in motion (0-120
      degrees ) using an ad hoc rig. Tibio-femoral kinematics was obtained using an
      optoelectronic system. A 3D digital model of each bone was obtained using low
      dosage stereoradiography. Knee specimens were dissected and the insertion of each
      ligament and popliteal complex were marked with radio opaque paint. ACL, PCL and
      MCL were separated into two bundles. Bone epiphyses were CT-scanned to obtain a
      digital model of each ligament insertion. Bones and attachment site models were
      registered and the end-to-end distance variation of each ligament/tendon was
      computed over knee flexion. RESULTS: A tibial internal rotation of 18 degrees +/
      4 degrees  with respect to the femur was observed. The different bundles of the
      ACL, MCL and LCL shortened, whereas all bundles of the PCL lengthened. The
      popliteal complex was found to shorten until 30 degrees  of knee flexion and then
      to lengthen. CONCLUSION: The end-to-end distance variation of the knee ligaments
      and popliteal complex can be estimated during knee flexion using a robust and
      reliable method based on marking the ligaments/tendon insertions with radiopaque
      paint. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

PMID- 26971235
TI  - Adjunctive Bare-Metal Stenting Associated With Improved Outcomes in Patients With
      Multivessel Disease Treated With Drug-Eluting Stents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of both bare-metal stents (BMSs) and drug-eluting stents
      (DESs) in the setting of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
      continues because of cost considerations. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of
      patients with >= 2 coronary arteries with angiographic stenoses of >= 70%
      severity who were treated with multivessel PCI and >= 2 stents between April 2007
      and March 2011 was performed using a prospective single-centre PCI registry.
      Follow-up data were obtained from the Discharge Abstract Database of the Canadian
      Institute for Health Information and the Registered Persons Database. We
      performed propensity matching of the DES + BMS and DES-only groups, as well as
      Cox multiple regression analyses to determine the independent predictors of
      adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 1299 patients (514 in the DES + BMS group and
      785 in the DES group) fulfilled the study criteria. Death or repeated
      revascularization at 5 years occurred less frequently in the DES + BMS group than
      in the DES group (23.9% +/- 2.6% vs 33.1% +/- 2.4%; P = 0.01), and major adverse
      cardiac events (MACE) tended to be less common in the DES + BMS group (31.1% +/-
      3.0% vs 36.7% +/- 2.4%; P = 0.056). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed an adjusted
      benefit with the DES + BMS strategy for death (11.4 +/- 2.9 vs 14.9 +/- 2.8; P =
      0.035) and for death and repeated revascularization (25.6 +/- 3.5 vs 32.4 +/-
      3.4; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: A DES + BMS PCI strategy is associated with a lower
      incidence of repeated revascularization and MACE at 5-year follow up. For
      patients undergoing multivessel PCI who have favourable anatomy and clinical
      features, a combined approach using DES and BMS appears to be a viable option for
      contemporary PCI practice.

PMID- 26971236
TI  - Effect of Modifying Antiplatelet Treatment to Ticagrelor in High-Risk Coronary
      Patients With Low Response to Clopidogrel (MATTIS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment with clopidogrel is subject to wide variability in
      response, and high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) is associated with
      increased risk of ischemic events. Ticagrelor has been shown to have antiplatelet
      effects superior to those of clopidogrel, with subsequent reduced clinical
      ischemic events. However, the efficacy of ticagrelor in high-risk patients with
      coronary disease who have high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) with
      clopidogrel has not been examined. METHODS: We recruited 201 patients (mean age,
      64 +/- 10 years; 20% women) with stable/unstable angina who were receiving
      clopidogrel treatment and in whom coronary catheterization was planned. Platelet
      reactivity was tested using VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (Accumetrics, San Diego, CA)
      (HTPR defined as P2Y12 reaction units [PRU] >= 208). Patients with HTPR were
      randomized to receive either additional clopidogrel 300 mg or ticagrelor 180 mg
      before coronary angiography, and persisted with the respective treatment after
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The primary end point was the rate of
      troponin elevation after PCI, and the secondary end point was the change in
      platelet reactivity 24 hours after PCI. In addition, clinical outcomes at 30 days
      were evaluated. RESULTS: Eighty-four (42%) patients had HTPR (mean PRU, 270.8 +/-
      46.5) and were randomly assigned to clopidogrel or ticagrelor treatment.
      Subsequently, 49 patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (26
      receiving ticagrelor and 23 receiving clopidogrel). After PCI, the mean PRU in
      the ticagrelor group declined significantly (ticagrelor, 59.3 +/- 49 vs
      clopidogrel, 202.4 +/- 60.4; P < 0.0001). The rate of cardiac troponin elevation
      and clinical ischemic events were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In
      high-risk patients with coronary disease and HTPR on clopidogrel, ticagrelor was
      highly effective in platelet inhibition and overcoming HTPR compared with
      continued clopidogrel treatment but had no apparent effect on troponin release or
      short-term clinical outcomes.

PMID- 26971237
TI  - Surgical Treatment of an Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery
      in a Sexagenarian Woman.
AB  - Late presentation of an anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery
      (ALCAPA) is uncommon because patients rarely survive past infancy. We present a
      case of symptomatic ALCAPA associated with decreased myocardial contractility in
      a 68-year-old woman. The patient underwent reimplantation of the left coronary
      artery in the aortic root.

PMID- 26971238
TI  - Fracture and Lung Penetration of a Left Ventricular Lead Stabilized by Retained
      Stylet.
AB  - During cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) pacemaker implantation in a 54
      year-old female patient, removing the stylet resulted in repeated left
      ventricular (LV) lead dislodgment. Lead stability was achieved by retaining the
      stylet within the lead lumen. Two years after cardiac resynchronization therapy,
      a LV lead fracture near the connector pin occurred. The proximal lead segment was
      removed, and a new connector pin was attached. Two years after that, the same
      lead fractured in the right atrium with the stylet penetrating the lung. The LV
      lead and retained stylet were successfully extracted. LV lead dislodgment is a
      limitation of CRT, but using the retained stylet technique to achieve lead
      stability is potentially dangerous and is not recommended.

PMID- 26971239
TI  - Evolution and Impact of a Regional Reperfusion System for ST-Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We describe the evolution of a regional system designed to provide
      primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) as the preferred method of
      revascularization for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and its impact
      on first medical contact (FMC)-to-device times and in-hospital outcomes. METHODS:
      Patients with STEMI presenting to the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority between
      June 2007 and January 2015 (N = 2503) were categorized according to 3 sequential
      phases: phase 1 = standardization of reperfusion algorithms; phase 2 = use of
      prehospital electrocardiograms; phase 3 = expedited interfacility transfer for
      pPCI. In-hospital outcomes by phase and hospital type were analyzed using
      multivariable logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Regional pPCI use
      increased across phases (55.0% vs 72.5% vs 86.7%; P < 0.001) and median FMC-to
      device times shortened between phase 1 and later phases at both PCI-capable (117
      minutes vs 92 minutes vs 97 minutes, respectively; P < 0.001) and non-PCI-capable
      hospitals (174 minutes vs 146 minutes vs 123 minutes, respectively; P < 0.001).
      Overall in-hospital mortality (9.4% vs 8.9% vs 10.3%, respectively; P = 0.54) and
      congestive heart failure (CHF) (15.8% vs 19.7% vs 22.0%, respectively; P = 0.056)
      were unchanged across phases. A trend toward increased mortality (9.0% vs 9.3% vs
      12.9%, respectively; P = 0.079) and higher rates of CHF (15.7% vs 21.5% vs 25.9%,
      respectively; P = 0.014) were seen in PCI-capable hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      regional STEMI model increased access to pPCI and reduced median reperfusion
      times. However, FMC-to-device times remained prolonged in many patients and
      overall clinical outcomes were not improved-in particular at PCI-capable
      hospitals. A strategy of pPCI as the preferred method of reperfusion may not
      benefit all patients in a regional model of STEMI care.

PMID- 26971240
TI  - Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Patient With Severe Systemic Vasculitis
      and Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - A 72-year-old woman presented with acute coronary syndrome. There was diffuse
      coronary ectasia and severe stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending
      artery consistent with coronary vasculitis. Despite treatment with high-dose
      immunosuppression, she underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for
      refractory angina.

PMID- 26971241
TI  - Influence of Genetic Risk Factors on Coronary Heart Disease Occurrence in Afro
      Caribbeans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite excessive rates of cardiovascular risk factors such as
      hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, Afro-Caribbeans have lower mortality rates
      from coronary heart disease (CHD) than do whites. This study evaluated the
      association of genetic risk markers previously identified in whites and CHD in
      Afro-Caribbeans. METHODS: We studied 537 Afro-Caribbean individuals (178 CHD
      cases and 359 controls) who were genotyped for 19 CHD-related single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs). A genetic risk score (GRS) incorporating the 19 SNPs was
      calculated. These participants were compared with 1360 white individuals from the
      Second Northwick Park Heart Study. RESULTS: In Afro-Caribbeans, patients with CHD
      had higher rates of hypertension (78.7% vs 30.1%), hypercholesterolemia (52.8% vs
      15.0%), and diabetes (53.9% vs 14.8%) and were more often men (64.0% vs 43.7%)
      and smokers (27.5% vs 13.4%) compared with non-CHD controls (all P < 0.001). The
      GRS was higher in Afro-Caribbeans with CHD than in those without CHD (13.90 vs
      13.17; P < 0.001) and was significantly associated with CHD after adjustment for
      cardiovascular risk factors, with an odds ratio of 1.40 (95% confidence interval,
      1.09-1.80) per standard deviation change. There were significant differences in
      allelic distributions between the 2 ethnic groups for 14 of the 19 SNPs. The GRS
      was substantially lower in Afro-Caribbean controls compared with white controls
      (13.17 vs 16.59; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that a
      multilocus GRS composed of 19 SNPs associated with CHD in whites is a strong
      predictor of the disease in Afro-Caribbeans. The differences in CHD occurrence
      between Afro-Caribbeans and whites might be a result of significant discrepancies
      in common gene variant distribution.

PMID- 26971242
TI  - Effect of tiotropium on night-time awakening and daily rescue medication use in
      patients with COPD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several small studies found night-time awakenings due to COPD
      symptoms were associated with decreased health status. In this study, night-time
      awakenings in patients with COPD were examined and effects of tiotropium therapy
      evaluated. METHODS: This study was a post hoc, exploratory, pooled analysis of
      twin, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group
      trials. Patients with stable moderate-to-severe COPD were randomized to
      tiotropium HandiHaler(r) (n = 550) or placebo (n = 371) and followed for 13
      weeks. During a 2-week, pre-treatment baseline period and for 13 weeks on
      treatment, self-reported night-time awakenings due to COPD symptoms, rescue
      medication (albuterol) use, and morning and evening peak expiratory flow rate
      (PEFR) were recorded daily. Nightly, COPD-related awakenings were scored: 0 = no
      awakenings; 1 = 1 awakening; 2 = 2-3 awakenings; or 3 = awake most of the night.
      Health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) and energy-fatigue questionnaires were
      completed at baseline and during treatment. RESULTS: Patients were aged 65.2 +/-
      8.7 years (mean +/- SD), with a mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 of 36.1 +/- 13.5 %
      predicted normal at baseline. Data for night-time awakenings and albuterol use
      were available for 543 (99 %) patients on tiotropium and 352 (95 %) on placebo.
      At baseline, 280 (51.5 %) patients on tiotropium and 179 (50.1 %) on placebo
      reported >=1 COPD-related night-time awakening per week. Over the 13-weeks'
      treatment, tiotropium was associated with fewer night-time awakenings, with mean
      +/- SE overall awakening scores per week of 0.356 +/- 0.006 compared with 0.421
      +/- 0.007 for placebo (p < 0.001); means were significantly lower for tiotropium
      versus placebo in patients with baseline awakenings (p < 0.001), but not for
      those without baseline awakenings. COPD-related night-time awakenings were
      associated with increased nocturnal rescue medication use and lower HRQoL ratings
      in both treatment arms. Following start of treatment, tiotropium decreased
      patients' use of rescue medication compared with placebo, and morning and evening
      adjusted means for PEFR were higher for tiotropium compared with placebo.
      CONCLUSIONS: Tiotropium is associated with decreased COPD-related night-time
      awakenings. Night-time awakenings are associated with increased nocturnal rescue
      medication use and may be a surrogate marker of symptom control in patients with
      COPD.

PMID- 26971243
TI  - Hepatitis C virus quasispecies and pseudotype analysis from acute infection to
      chronicity in HIV-1 co-infected individuals.
AB  - HIV-1 infected patients who acquire HCV infection have higher rates of chronicity
      and liver disease progression than patients with HCV mono-infection.
      Understanding early events in this pathogenic process is important. We applied
      single genome sequencing of the E1 to NS3 regions and viral pseudotype
      neutralization assays to explore the consequences of viral quasispecies evolution
      from pre-seroconversion to chronicity in four co-infected individuals (mean
      follow up 566 days). We observed that one to three founder viruses were
      transmitted. Relatively low viral sequence diversity, possibly related to an
      impaired immune response, due to HIV infection was observed in three patients.
      However, the fourth patient, after an early purifying selection displayed
      increasing E2 sequence evolution, possibly related to being on suppressive
      antiretroviral therapy. Viral pseudotypes generated from HCV variants showed
      relative resistance to neutralization by autologous plasma but not to plasma
      collected from later time points, confirming ongoing virus escape from antibody
      neutralization. 

PMID- 26971244
TI  - Comparison of 'HoBi'-like viral populations among persistent infected calves
      generated under experimental conditions and to inoculum virus.
AB  - Like other members from the Pestivirus genus, 'HoBi'-like pestiviruses cause
      economic losses for cattle producers due to both acute and persistent infections.
      The present study analyzed for the first time PI animals derived from a
      controlled infection with two different 'HoBi'-like strains where the animals
      were maintained under conditions where superinfection by other pestiviruses could
      be excluded. The sequence of the region coding for viral glycoproteins E1/E2 of
      variants within the swarms of viruses present in the PI calves and two viral
      inoculums used to generate them were compared. Differences in genetic composition
      of the viral swarms were observed suggesting that host factors can play a role in
      genetic variations among PIs. Moreover, PIs generated with the same inoculum
      showed amino acid substitutions in similar sites of the polyprotein, even in
      serum from PIs with different quasispecies composition, reinforcing that some
      specific sites in E2 are important for host adaptation. 

PMID- 26971245
TI  - Mapping and modeling of a strain-specific epitope in the Norwalk virus capsid
      inner shell.
AB  - Noroviruses are diverse positive-strand RNA viruses associated with acute
      gastroenteritis. Cross-reactive epitopes have been mapped primarily to conserved
      sequences in the capsid VP1 Shell (S) domain, and strain-specific epitopes to the
      highly variable Protruding (P) domain. In this work, we investigated a strain
      specific linear epitope defined by MAb NV10 that was raised against prototype
      (Genogroup I.1) strain Norwalk virus (NV). Using peptide scanning and
      mutagenesis, the epitope was mapped to amino acids 21-32 (LVPEVNASDPLA) of the NV
      S domain, and its specificity was verified by epitope transfer and reactivity
      with a recombinant MAb NV10 single-chain variable fragment (scFv). Comparative
      structural modeling of the NV10 strain-specific and the broadly cross-reactive
      TV20 epitopes identified two internal non-overlapping sites in the NV shell,
      corresponding to variable and conserved amino acid sequences among strains,
      respectively. The S domain, like the P domain, contains strain-specific epitopes
      that contribute to the antigenic diversity among the noroviruses. 

PMID- 26971246
TI  - Depression and anxiety symptoms in Spanish adult patients with cystic fibrosis:
      associations with health-related quality of life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic disease with an impact on the
      quality of life. Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed
      in the Spanish cohort of the International Epidemiological Study on Depression
      and Anxiety in patients with CF (International Depression-Anxiety Epidemiological
      Study) and their relationship with health status and health-related quality of
      life (HRQoL) was evaluated. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited adult
      patients with CF at 10 Spanish centers. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety
      and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Revised Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire.
      Demographic and health data were recorded from medical charts. Logistic
      regression was used to determine the predictors of elevated symptoms of
      depression and anxiety (HADS>=8). RESULTS: Of the 336 participants recruited
      (mean age, 28.1years; 48.2% women), 41 (12.2%) had elevated depression-related
      scores, and 100 (29.7%) had elevated anxiety-related scores (HADS>=8). After
      adjusting for confounders, only less education, intravenous antibiotics,
      psychiatric medications and psychotherapy were significantly associated with
      elevated psychological symptoms. Specifically, regardless of lung function,
      patients who were depressed or anxious reported worse HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: The
      prevalence of elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety was high in Spanish
      adult patients with CF, and these symptoms were associated with a decreased
      HRQoL.

PMID- 26971247
TI  - The detrimental impact of silent cerebral infarcts on asymptomatic carotid
      endarterectomy outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Silent cerebral infarctions (SCIs) can be identified by preoperative
      computed tomography (CT) scans in patients with severe carotid stenosis being
      considered for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). It is unknown whether this finding
      has any effect on perioperative complications or long-term outcome. This study
      investigates the influence of SCI on early and late complications in asymptomatic
      patients undergoing CEA. METHODS: All consecutive CEAs undertaken for
      asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis from 2005 to 2013 were retrospectively
      evaluated for clinical and anatomic characteristics. SCI was defined as cerebral
      embolic infarcts in the anterior or middle cerebral artery territory, ipsilateral
      to the target carotid stenosis, identified on preoperative CT. The end points of
      the study were to compare the 30-day and long-term stroke and death rate after
      CEA in patients with and without SCI. All patients were followed yearly through
      duplex ultrasonography and clinical assessment. Statistical methods used were Cox
      regression (hazard ratio) and Kaplan-Meier for life-table analysis. RESULTS: A
      total of 743 CEAs were performed in asymptomatic patients during the study period
      of which all had CT scans, and 97 (13.1%) demonstrated SCI. All patient stroke
      and death outcomes at 30 days were 0.5% and 0.7%, respectively. Patients with SCI
      had a significantly higher 30-day stroke outcome (3.1% vs 0.2%; P = .001; odds
      ratio, 16.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-201.4; P = .02) but not death or
      stroke/death outcome (0% vs 0.8%; P = .19 and 3.1% vs 0.9%, P = .06,
      respectively) compared with those without SCI. In addition, at a mean follow-up
      of 44.3 +/- 23.9 months, the patients with SCI had a significantly worse 5-year
      ipsilateral stroke or any stroke-/death-free survival compared with patients
      without SCI (86.7% vs 99.0%; P = .001; and 76.9% vs 87.7%; P = .004). SCI was
      confirmed as an independent predictor of late any stroke/death by Cox regression
      (hazard ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-4.67; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients who have SCI in the presence of severe carotid stenosis and undergo CEA
      have significantly worse perioperative stroke and long-term stroke/death
      outcomes. This data would suggest that asymptomatic patients undergoing CEA who
      have CT scan evidence of a cerebral infarct have worse prognosis than those with
      normal CT scans.

PMID- 26971248
TI  - Local Recurrence After Curative Surgical Treatment of Renal Cell Cancer: A Study
      of 91 Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Local recurrence (LR) after curative therapy for renal cell cancer is
      a rare event, and surgery is still the primary treatment option. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: This was a single-institution, single-arm retrospective study from a
      prospectively conducted database. A total of 91 patients with a median age of
      63.0 years (interquartile range, 57.5-68.3), who had undergone LR resection after
      initial curative treatment of RCC were enrolled. The time to LR (TTLR) was
      defined as the interval from primary curative surgery to LR. Cancer-specific
      survival, overall survival, and progression-free survival were evaluated after LR
      resection. Statistical analyses of the clinical and pathologic variables were
      performed using Cox regression analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The
      median time to LR was 29.8 months (interquartile range, 10.8-64.3). On
      multivariate analysis, age > 65 years, T3/T4 stage, Fuhrman grade 3/4, major
      venous infiltration, and positive surgical margins were related to early LR after
      primary curative surgery. LR size of <= 7 cm and TTLR of > 24 months were
      associated with longer cancer-specific survival. Furthermore, patients with a
      TTLR of > 24 months had better overall survival and progression-free survival. Of
      the entire cohort, intraoperative radiation therapy and targeted therapy were
      used in 17 (18.7%) and 15 (16.5%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Advanced
      age, T3/T4 stage, Fuhrman grade 3 or 4, major venous infiltration, and positive
      surgical margins at primary tumor resection were related to a greater risk of
      early LR. An LR size of <= 7 cm and TTLR of > 24 months were associated with
      favorable oncologic outcomes after LR resection. Thus, patients who present with
      a longer TTLR and smaller LR size, along with favorable features at primary tumor
      resection, will benefit from surgical treatment.

PMID- 26971249
TI  - Adaptation into Spanish of the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness scale to
      assess personal stigma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with schizophrenia sometimes internalise social stigma
      associated to mental illness, and they develop personal stigma. Personal stigma
      includes self-stigma (internalisation of negative stereotypes), perceived stigma
      (perception of rejection), and experienced stigma (experiences of
      discrimination). Personal stigma is linked with a poorer treatment adherence, and
      worst social functioning. For this reason, it is important to have good
      measurements of personal stigma. One of the most frequently used measurements is
      the Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale. There is a Spanish
      version of the scale available, although its psychometric properties have not
      been studied. The main aim of this study is to analyse the psychometric
      properties of a new Spanish version of the ISMI scale. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      new version was translated as Estigma Interiorizado de Enfermedad Mental (EIEM).
      Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated in a sample of
      69 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The
      rate of patients showing personal stigma was also studied, as well as the
      relationship between personal stigma and sociodemographic and clinical variables.
      RESULTS: The adapted version obtained good values of internal consistency and
      test-retest reliability, for the total score of the scale (0.91 and 0.95
      respectively), as well as for the five subscales of the EIEM, except for the
      Stigma Resistance subscale (Cronbach's alpha 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: EIEM is an
      appropriate measurement tool to assess personal stigma in a Spanish population
      with severe mental disorder, at least in those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
      or schizoaffective disorder.

PMID- 26971251
TI  - MOCCS: Clarifying DNA-binding motif ambiguity using ChIP-Seq data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As a key mechanism of gene regulation, transcription factors (TFs)
      bind to DNA by recognizing specific short sequence patterns that are called DNA
      binding motifs. A single TF can accept ambiguity within its DNA-binding motifs,
      which comprise both canonical (typical) and non-canonical motifs. Clarification
      of such DNA-binding motif ambiguity is crucial for revealing gene regulatory
      networks and evaluating mutations in cis-regulatory elements. Although chromatin
      immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) now provides abundant data on the
      genomic sequences to which a given TF binds, existing motif discovery methods are
      unable to directly answer whether a given TF can bind to a specific DNA-binding
      motif. RESULTS: Here, we report a method for clarifying the DNA-binding motif
      ambiguity, MOCCS. Given ChIP-Seq data of any TF, MOCCS comprehensively analyzes
      and describes every k-mer to which that TF binds. Analysis of simulated datasets
      revealed that MOCCS is applicable to various ChIP-Seq datasets, requiring only a
      few minutes per dataset. Application to the ENCODE ChIP-Seq datasets proved that
      MOCCS directly evaluates whether a given TF binds to each DNA-binding motif, even
      if known position weight matrix models do not provide sufficient information on
      DNA-binding motif ambiguity. Furthermore, users are not required to provide
      numerous parameters or background genomic sequence models that are typically
      unavailable. MOCCS is implemented in Perl and R and is freely available via
      https://github.com/yuifu/moccs. CONCLUSIONS: By complementing existing motif
      discovery software, MOCCS will contribute to the basic understanding of how the
      genome controls diverse cellular processes via DNA-protein interactions.

PMID- 26971250
TI  - Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency presenting with acute
      liver failure following gastroenteritis.
AB  - We report a patient from a consanguineous family who presented with transient
      acute liver failure and biochemical patterns suggestive of disturbed urea cycle
      and mitochondrial function, for whom conventional genetic and metabolic
      investigations for acute liver failure failed to yield a diagnosis. Whole exome
      sequencing revealed a homozygous 12-bp deletion in PCK1 (MIM 614168) encoding
      cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK); enzymatic studies
      subsequently confirmed its pathogenic nature. We propose that PEPCK deficiency
      should be considered in the young child with unexplained liver failure,
      especially where there are marked, accumulations of TCA cycle metabolites on
      urine organic acid analysis and/or an amino acid profile with hyperammonaemia
      suggestive of a proximal urea cycle defect during the acute episode. If
      suspected, intravenous administration of dextrose should be initiated. Long-term
      management comprising avoidance of fasting with the provision of a glucose
      polymer emergency regimen for illness management may be sufficient to prevent
      future episodes of liver failure. This case report provides further insights into
      the (patho-)physiology of energy metabolism, confirming the power of genomic
      analysis of unexplained biochemical phenotypes. 

PMID- 26971252
TI  - Frequency of Penetration of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath and Distal
      Interphalangeal Joint Using a Direct Endoscopic Approach to the Navicular Bursa
      in Horses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of inadvertent penetration of the digital
      flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) and/or distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) when using
      a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, and to evaluate an alternate
      direct approach to the navicular bursa. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric study. SAMPLE
      POPULATION: Equine cadaver limbs (n = 40 for direct; n = 12 for alternate
      approach). METHODS: Four surgeons performed the direct endoscopic approach to the
      navicular bursa on 10 limbs each. Frequencies of inadvertent synovial penetration
      and iatrogenic damage were compared between surgeons. Use of an alternate direct
      approach, adopting a straight parasagittal trajectory, was evaluated by 2
      surgeons. RESULTS: Inadvertent synovial penetration occurred in 45% of limbs
      (DFTS 37.5%; DIPJ 17.5%; and both structures 10%). Successful bursa entry was
      achieved on the first attempt in 45% of limbs. Significant variation in frequency
      of inadvertent synovial penetration was observed between surgeons (range 10-80%).
      Inadvertent synovial penetration did not occur when using the alternate direct
      technique. Iatrogenic damage to navicular bone fibrocartilage and/or deep digital
      flexor tendon occurred in 55% of limbs using the direct endoscopic approach and
      in 0% of limbs using the alternate direct approach. CONCLUSION: Because of the
      considerable risk of inadvertent penetration of the DFTS and/or the DIPJ when
      making a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, it is advisable to
      investigate for inadvertent penetration when treating navicular bursa sepsis
      using a direct approach. The alternate direct technique may reduce the risk of
      inadvertent penetration; however, the view within the bursa may be restricted.

PMID- 26971253
TI  - The association between stress and mood across the adult lifespan on default mode
      network.
AB  - Aging of brain structure and function is a complex process characterized by high
      inter- and intra-individual variability. Such variability may arise from the
      interaction of multiple factors, including exposure to stressful experience and
      mood variation, across the lifespan. Using a multimodal neuroimaging and
      neurocognitive approach, we investigated the association of stress, mood and
      their interaction, in the structure and function of the default mode network
      (DMN), both during rest and task-induced deactivation, throughout the adult
      lifespan. Data confirmed a decreased functional connectivity (FC) and task
      induced deactivation of the DMN during the aging process and in subjects with
      lower mood; on the contrary, an increased FC was observed in subjects with higher
      perceived stress. Surprisingly, the association of aging with DMN was altered by
      stress and mood in specific regions. An increased difficulty to deactivate the
      DMN was noted in older participants with lower mood, contrasting with an
      increased deactivation in individuals presenting high stress, independently of
      their mood levels, with aging. Interestingly, this constant interaction across
      aging was globally most significant in the combination of high stress levels with
      a more depressed mood state, both during resting state and task-induced
      deactivations. The present results contribute to characterize the spectrum of FC
      and deactivation patterns of the DMN, highlighting the crucial association of
      stress and mood levels, during the adult aging process. These combinatorial
      approaches may help to understand the heterogeneity of the aging process in brain
      structure and function and several states that may lead to neuropsychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 26971254
TI  - Mechanisms of memory storage in a model perirhinal network.
AB  - The perirhinal cortex supports recognition and associative memory. Prior unit
      recording studies revealed that recognition memory involves a reduced
      responsiveness of perirhinal cells to familiar stimuli whereas associative memory
      formation is linked to increasing perirhinal responses to paired stimuli. Both
      effects are thought to depend on perirhinal plasticity but it is unclear how the
      same network could support these opposite forms of plasticity. However, a recent
      study showed that when neocortical inputs are repeatedly activated, depression or
      potentiation could develop, depending on the extent to which the stimulated
      neocortical activity recruited intrinsic longitudinal connections. We developed a
      biophysically realistic perirhinal model that reproduced these phenomena and used
      it to investigate perirhinal mechanisms of associative memory. These analyzes
      revealed that associative plasticity is critically dependent on a specific subset
      of neurons, termed conjunctive cells (CCs). When the model network was trained
      with spatially distributed but coincident neocortical inputs, CCs acquired
      excitatory responses to the paired inputs and conveyed them to distributed
      perirhinal sites via longitudinal projections. CC ablation during recall
      abolished expression of the associative memory. However, CC ablation during
      training did not prevent memory formation because new CCs emerged, revealing that
      competitive synaptic interactions governs the formation of CC assemblies.

PMID- 26971255
TI  - Ultrasonography in pediatric rheumatology in Latin America. Expanding the
      frontiers.
AB  - For the past two decades, musculoskeletal ultrasonography (MSKUS) has developed
      exponentially and has become an essential tool in rheumatology practice. This
      development has been far more limited in pediatric rheumatology which is
      partially related to deficits in the evidence base. Many studies have shown that
      MSKUS is more sensitive than the clinical examination for detecting synovitis and
      enthesitis in adults. At the same time, there is a lack of studies demonstrating
      its validity, reliability, and reproducibility in pediatric rheumatology. In
      addition, clear definitions for the normal pediatric joint and enthesis as well
      as various findings in pathology associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
      (JIA) and juvenile spondyloarthritis (JSpA) have only started to emerge. Most of
      this work is being done through the Outcome Measurement in Rheumatology Clinical
      Trials (OMERACT) ultrasound pediatric task force but the Pan American League of
      Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) US Pediatric Task Force is also working on
      validating MSKUS in children. In addition, several MSKUS courses for pediatric
      rheumatologists have been offered in Latin American countries; these will not
      only complement the scientific work pediatric-specific ultrasonography training,
      but also represents an essential component for the successful implementation of
      this technique into daily practice as well. 

PMID- 26971257
TI  - A prospective study into the benefits of simulation training in teaching
      obstetric vaginal examination.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the benefits of incorporating simulations in obstetric
      vaginal-examination training. METHODS: A single-center, randomized, prospective
      study was conducted in a French University Hospital. Medical students without
      obstetric experience were assigned, by simple random sampling, to perform either
      10 or 30 vaginal-examination training procedures using a simulator. A control
      group of students that had not performed any simulator training procedures was
      also enrolled. Medical students performed six vaginal examinations on patients
      who were in labor. The students reported the findings of the examinations in
      terms of five items (cervical length, position, consistency, dilation, and fetal
      presentation). The students' findings were then compared with those of
      experienced midwives (whose answers were considered to be the gold standard) who
      examined the same patients. RESULTS: A total of 66 students were included in the
      analyses. Students who had performed 10 simulated procedures demonstrated
      significantly greater accuracy in vaginal examination assessments in comparison
      with the control group (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed between
      the results for students that had performed 10 or 30 simulated procedures
      (P=0.44). CONCLUSION: Simulation training assisted novice students in improving
      their vaginal-examination skills before performing such procedures on real
      patients. Vaginal-examination simulations should be included in the training
      curriculum for students who will examine pregnant patients.

PMID- 26971256
TI  - Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and
      abatacept after insufficient response to tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - The aim of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of tumour necrosis
      factor inhibitors (TNFi) and abatacept (ABT) after insufficient response to
      tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Among 527 RA
      patients treated with TCZ, 63 patients were enrolled who switched TCZ to
      alternative biologic agents because of moderate or high disease activity assessed
      by the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). They were divided into two groups,
      TNF inhibitors (TNFi) or abatacept (ABT), and compared for clinical effectiveness
      and adverse events at week 24. Forty-two were switched to TNFi, and 21 to ABT.
      TNFi included 19 infliximab, 3 adalimumab, 8 etanercept, 9 golimumab, and 3
      certolizumab-pegol. Baseline characteristics at the switch were comparable except
      for the concomitant methotrexate use (TNFi 71.4 vs ABT 28.6 %, P = 0.003). The
      proportion of patients achieving CDAI <= 10 (remission or low disease activity)
      at week 24 was significantly higher in TNFi than ABT (64.3 vs 23.8 %, P = 0.003),
      and the values of the CDAI at week 24 was significantly better in TNFi than ABT
      (mean, 11.8 vs 16.4, P = 0.021) although the drug retention rate was not
      different between the two groups (73.8 vs 71.4 %, P = 0.803). No serious adverse
      event was observed in both groups. TNFi may be more effective than ABT to achieve
      clinical remission or low disease activity after insufficient response to TCZ in
      patients with RA, although drug retention rate and safety are comparable.

PMID- 26971258
TI  - Feasibility and acceptability of clean birth kits containing misoprostol for self
      administration to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in rural Papua New Guinea.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and acceptability of providing clean
      birth kits (CBKs) containing misoprostol for self-administration in a rural
      setting in Papua New Guinea. METHODS: A prospective intervention study was
      conducted between April 8, 2013, and October 24, 2014. Eligible participants were
      women in the third trimester of pregnancy who attended a prenatal clinic in
      Unggai Bena. Participants received individual instruction and were then given a
      CBK containing 600MUg misoprostol tablets for self-administration following an
      unsupervised birth if they could demonstrate their understanding of correct use
      of items in the CBK. Data regarding the use and acceptability of the CBK and
      misoprostol were collected during postpartum follow-up. RESULTS: Among 200
      participants, 106 (53.0%) had an unsupervised birth, and 99 (93.4%) of these
      women used the CBK. All would use the CBK again and would recommend it to others.
      Among these 99 women, misoprostol was self-administered by 98 (99.0%), all of
      whom would take the drug again and would recommend it to others. CONCLUSION: The
      findings strengthen the case for community-based use of misoprostol to prevent
      postpartum hemorrhage in remote communities. Large-scale interventions should be
      planned to further evaluate impact and acceptability.

PMID- 26971259
TI  - Multivariate analysis of risk factors for the persistence of high-grade squamous
      intraepithelial lesions following loop electrosurgical excision procedure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors related to the persistence of high-grade
      squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) following loop electrosurgical excision
      procedure (LEEP). METHODS: The present prospective, observational study evaluated
      a convenience sample of participants with HSILs who were treated using LEEP
      between January 7, 2003 and December 30, 2011. Participants were evaluated
      6months and 1year after treatment. Potential risk factors included in
      multivariate analyses were HIV co-infection, involved margins, multicentric
      lesions, smoking, and use of hormonal contraception. RESULTS: The present study
      enrolled 307 participants. At 1year, 250 (81.4%) participants were free from
      lesions, 30 (9.8%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 26 (8.5%) had
      persistent HSILs, and 1 (0.3%) had developed invasive carcinoma. The risk of
      lesions persisting at 1year after LEEP was increased by HIV infection (P=0.003),
      involved margins (P=0.05), and smoking (P=0.02). The presence of multicentric
      lesions (P=0.73) and the use of hormonal contraception (P=0.99) did not increase
      the risk of lesion persistence. The risk of HSIL persistence was increased by the
      presence of involved margins (relative risk 3.25; 95% confidence interval 1.55
      6.80; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of involved margins was the only
      variable that increased the risk of HSIL persistence after LEEP, increasing the
      risk of patients requiring further treatment.

PMID- 26971260
TI  - Transvaginal treatment of anterior or central urogenital prolapse using six
      tension-free straps and light mesh.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, complications, and outcomes of
      treatment of anterior or central compartment urogenital prolapse by placement of
      an anteroposterior 22-g/m(2) mesh with six straps through one anterior vaginal
      incision. METHODS: In a prospective study, patients treated for urogenital
      prolapse at a center in France between February 2008 and June 2011 were enrolled.
      Previous treatments, related interventions, intraoperative and postoperative
      complications, and anatomic outcomes were recorded during 3years of follow-up.
      Failure was defined as recurrence of prolapse of stage II or higher according to
      the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system. RESULTS: Overall, 74 patients
      were included. Preoperatively, 55 (74%) patients had stage III cystocele, 13
      (18%) had stage IV cystocele, and 44 (59%) had associated uterine prolapse of at
      least stage II. Postoperative hematoma occurred in three patients and vaginal
      exposure in two patients. There were no cases of visceral injury. Vaginal comfort
      improved postoperatively: 68 (92%) patients were satisfied with the outcome and
      there were no cases of de novo dyspareunia. Seventeen (23%) patients subsequently
      had stress urinary incontinence that was treated by placement of suburethral
      tape. The anatomic outcomes were satisfactory for 72 (97%) women, including
      sexually active patients. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal prolapse repair by placement
      of an anteroposterior six-strap 22-g/m(2) mesh was feasible and effective with
      satisfactory 3-year outcomes.

PMID- 26971261
TI  - Use of risk of malignancy index to indicate frozen section analysis in the
      surgical care of women with ovarian tumors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the importance of the risk of malignancy index (RMI) in
      the decision to perform frozen section analysis among women with ovarian tumors.
      METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 11 centers in the Netherlands.
      Women who underwent surgical treatment of an ovarian mass with unknown histology
      between January 2005 and September 2009 were included. The RMI was calculated
      retrospectively. Frozen section analysis and RMI values were assessed for
      patients with benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian tumors on final
      histopathology. RESULTS: Overall, 670 women were included. Frozen sections were
      performed in 323 (48.2%) patients, of whom 206 (63.8%) were diagnosed with benign
      ovarian tumors, 55 (17.0%) with borderline tumors, and 62 (19.2%) with malignant
      tumors. Overall, 109 (16.3%) women had an RMI below 20, 106 (97.2%) of whom had
      benign histology results. Among 235 patients with an RMI over 100, 3 (1.3%)
      postmenopausal women had malignancies that were missed because frozen sections
      were not performed. CONCLUSION: Women with an RMI below 20 have a low risk of
      malignancy and therefore do not require frozen section analysis. Postmenopausal
      women with an RMI greater than 100 should be referred to centers where frozen
      sections can be performed, and proper facilities and expertise are available to
      perform staging procedures if necessary.

PMID- 26971262
TI  - The Helicobacter pylori Cag Pathogenicity Island Protein Cag1 is Associated with
      the Function of T4SS.
AB  - The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori is involved in gastric diseases ranging
      from gastritis to gastric cancer. Virulent strains harboring the cag
      pathogenicity island (cag PAI) which encode a Type IV Secretion System (T4SS) can
      induce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-8 and deliver their major
      effector proteins CagA into the gastric cells. While a subset of cag PAI genes
      have been identified to be the homologues of T4SS genes from Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens, a majority have unknown functions. We have identified one of such
      proteins, Cag1, which was predicted to be a non-classically secreted and virulent
      protein. Our results showed that Cag1 is a membrane-associated protein essential
      for the induction of multiple cytokine secretions, and cag1-deficient mutant has
      partial influence on CagA translocation; while the protein itself was not
      injected into host cells. Our data indicated that Cag1 is located in the
      bacterial membrane and is associated with the function of T4SS. 

PMID- 26971263
TI  - Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infection in adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion: 2 doses versus
      antibiotics till drain removal.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is much variation in the choice, timing and duration of
      antimicrobial prophylaxis for preventing surgical site infections (SSI) but no
      guideline exists for scoliosis surgery. The aim of study was to compare the
      efficacy of two antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP) protocols with cephazolin in
      preventing SSI in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS: A retrospective
      comparative analysis of two post-operative AMP protocols (two postoperative doses
      versus continued antibiotics till drain removal) was performed. Patient
      characteristics, pre-operative, intra- and post-operative risk factors for
      infection, drain use, generic drug name and number of doses administered were
      recorded from 226 patients with AIS who had undergone posterior spinal fusion.
      Details of superficial or deep SSI and wound healing aberrations, and serious
      adverse events were recorded. Analysis was performed to evaluate differences in
      the pre-, intra- and post-operative variables between the two groups. RESULTS:
      155 patients received 2 postoperative doses of AMP and 71 patients had
      antibiotics till drain removal. The average follow-up was 43 months. The overall
      rate of SSI was 1.7 % for the spine wound and 1.3 % for the iliac crest wound.
      1.9 % of patients with 2 doses of AMP and 1.4 % of patients with antibiotics till
      drain removal had SSI. No adverse reactions attributable to cephazolin were
      observed. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on the AMP protocol in scoliosis
      surgery for SSI prevention. Results suggest that two doses of AMP are as
      effective as continued antimicrobial use until drain removal. Cephazolin appears
      to be effective and safe for prophylaxis.

PMID- 26971265
TI  - Barriers to access and utilization of eating disorder treatment among women.
AB  - Anorexia, bulimia, and other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED) are
      psychiatric disorders recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). One difference of eating disorders
      compared to other psychiatric disorders is the physical effects of the disease.
      Although anorexia is easier to physically detect than bulimia and OSFED, many
      women remain undiagnosed and untreated. Even if an eating disorder is recognized
      by the individual, barriers to clinical diagnosis and treatment persist. This
      study examines the barriers to treatment among women with anorexia, bulimia, and
      OSFED using Andersen's Behavioral Model. The physical, psychological, and
      personality trait differences among the eating disorder subgroups may affect
      treatment utilization and access.

PMID- 26971264
TI  - The analysis of antioxidant expression during muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb
      suspension in mice.
AB  - Oxidative stress contributes to acceleration of muscle atrophy. However, it is
      still not completely understood what triggers the production of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) during muscle atrophy. The objective of this study was to
      investigate redox balance during muscle atrophy. ROS generators and antioxidants
      were analyzed in atrophied soleus muscles after 2 weeks of hindlimb suspension
      (HLS) in mice. The HLS group showed an increase in lipid peroxidation,
      upregulated NOX1 and NOXO1, and downregulated mitochondrial complex I subunits
      NDUFS5 and NDUFV2. Additionally, HLS mice demonstrated a decrease in Prdx5 and
      MnSOD, but an increase in GPX2 and GPX3 in both mRNA and protein levels. As
      expected, MnSOD activity declined in the HLS group, while GPX activity was
      enhanced. These results suggest that redox imbalance occurs during muscle atrophy
      through NOX1 activation, mitochondrial complex I deficiency, and disturbance of
      antioxidants. Antioxidants altered by HLS may represent potential therapeutic
      targets for the protection against muscle atrophy.

PMID- 26971267
TI  - Measuring long radiographs affects the positioning of femoral components in total
      knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate if preoperative
      measurements of the femoral valgus angle (FVA) affected the mechanical alignment,
      individual component positions and clinical outcome in total knee arthroplasty
      (TKA). METHODS: 120 patients were randomized into two groups. In one group
      (control), a fixed FVA for the intramedullary femoral guide was set at 7 degrees
      , whereas in the other group (measured) FVA was measured preoperatively on long
      hip-knee-ankle radiographs, and the angle for the distal femoral cut was set
      accordingly. Preoperatively and 1 year after TKA, range of motion (ROM) and Knee
      Society Score (KSS) were assessed. Postoperatively, the coronal alignments of the
      components and the mechanical alignment were measured comparing the rate of
      outliers which deviated more than 3 degrees  from the neutral mechanical axis.
      RESULTS: 104 patients remained for the radiological analysis (52 in each group).
      There were no significant differences either in the mean preoperative or
      postoperative mechanical alignment, or femoral or tibial component alignment;
      also, there were no differences in the number of postoperative mechanical axis or
      tibial component alignment outliers. However, the number of femoral component
      alignment outliers was significantly higher in the control group. 97 patients
      were available for clinical outcome analysis. Preoperatively, the groups did not
      differ significantly with respect to KSS or ROM. The postoperative ROM and KSS
      functional subscale scores were similar between the groups. However, there was
      slightly but significantly better postoperative KSS objective subscale score in
      the measured group. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative FVA measurement and following
      femoral distal cut adjustments did not affect overall leg alignment
      postoperatively, while positioning of femoral component was improved together
      with minor improvements in objective KSS subscale scores.

PMID- 26971268
TI  - Could 'Aunties' Recruit Pregnant Indigenous Women Who Smoke Into a Trial and
      Deliver a Cessation Intervention? A Feasibility Study.
AB  - Objective Maori (indigenous New Zealand) women have the highest smoking
      prevalence rates in New Zealand and whilst pregnant. We hypothesized that
      community health workers ('Aunties') could find pregnant Maori women who smoke,
      recruit them into a study and deliver an acceptable cessation intervention. The
      aim of the study was to test the feasibility of such an intervention. Method A
      community health organization was engaged to, using a participatory approach,
      conduct a feasibility study. Participants were ten Aunties and the pregnant women
      the Aunties recruited. The Aunties advised their participants to abstain from
      smoking, offered a Quitcard (for subsidized nicotine replacement) or referral to
      local cessation providers. A booklet on healthy eating for pregnancy was given
      and discussed and the Aunties offered help if needed to register with a lead
      maternity carer (LMC). All women completed a baseline questionnaire. Semi
      structured follow up face-to-face interviews were conducted with a subsample of
      women and hospital birth records were examined. Descriptive statistics were
      produced using quantitative data. Qualitative data was deductively analysed.
      Results During 4 months eight Aunties recruited 67 pregnant women who smoked, 88
      % were Maori, 84 % were of low socio economic status and 73 % had up to high
      school education. Only 36 % of the recruited women had registered with an LMC.
      The participants described the Aunties as supportive, nice and non-judgmental.
      The only criticism was a lack of follow up. Aspects of the intervention that the
      Aunties thought worked well were knowing and being involved with their community,
      and being able to give a gift pack to the participating women. Insufficient
      follow up was one aspect that didn't work well. The infant's birth record was
      found for 54 % of the participants. Conclusion Aunties were able to identify and
      recruit pregnant Maori women who smoked. The study method and intervention were
      acceptable to Aunties and participants and it was feasible to collect data from
      the participants' hospital birth records. Based on this study, with a similar
      number of Aunties recruiting, it would take 2 years to recruit over 300
      participants, which would be sufficient for a stronger controlled trial.

PMID- 26971266
TI  - Predicting adolescent postpartum caregiving from trajectories of depression and
      anxiety prior to childbirth: a 5-year prospective study.
AB  - Symptoms of depression and anxiety in pregnancy have been linked to later
      impaired caregiving. However, mood symptoms are often elevated in pregnancy and
      may reflect motherhood-specific concerns. In contrast, little is known about the
      effects of prepregnancy depression and anxiety on postpartum caregiving.
      Understanding these developmental risk factors is especially important when
      childbearing also occurs during adolescence. The sample comprised 188 adolescent
      mothers (ages 12-19 years) who had participated in a longitudinal study since
      childhood. Mothers were observed in face-to-face interaction with the infant at 4
      months postpartum, and caregiving behaviors (sensitivity, hostile-intrusive
      behavior, and mental state talk) were coded independently. Data on self-reported
      depression and anxiety gathered in the 5 years prior to childbirth were drawn
      from the large-scale longitudinal study. Parallel process latent growth curve
      models revealed unique effects of distal anxiety and slow decline in anxiety over
      time on lower levels of maternal mental state talk after accounting for the
      overlap with depression development. Depressive symptoms showed significant
      stability from distal measurement to the postpartum period, but only concurrent
      postpartum mood was associated with poorer quality of maternal speech. The
      results highlight specific targets for well-timed preventive interventions with
      vulnerable dyads.

PMID- 26971269
TI  - Association Between Low Dairy Intake During Pregnancy and Risk of Small-for
      Gestational-Age Infants.
AB  - Background Inadequate maternal nutrition is regarded as one of the most important
      indicators of fetal growth. The aim of this study was to analyze the associated
      risk of having a small for gestational age (SGA) infant according to the mother's
      dairy intake during the first half of pregnancy. Methods A prospective cohort
      study was performed using 1175 healthy pregnant women selected from the catchment
      area of Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada (Spain). SGA was
      defined as neonates weighing less than the 10th percentile, adjusted for
      gestational age. Factors associated with SGA were analyzed using logistic
      regression models. Population attributable fractions of SGA according to dairy
      intake were estimated. Results Dairy intake among women who gave birth to SGA
      infants was 513.9, versus 590.3 g/day for women with appropriate size for
      gestational age infants (P = 0.003). An increased intake of dairy products by 100
      g/day during the first half of pregnancy decreased the risk of having a SGA
      infant by 11.0 %, aOR = 0.89 (0.83, 0.96). A dose-response gradient between dairy
      intake and SGA was observed. Conclusions An inadequate intake of dairy products
      is associated with a higher risk of SGA. Our results suggest a possible causal
      relation between dairy intake during pregnancy and the weight of the newborn,
      although we cannot discard residual confounding. These results should be further
      supported by properly designed studies.

PMID- 26971270
TI  - Access to Money and Relation to Women's Use of Family Planning Methods Among
      Young Married Women in Rural India.
AB  - Objectives The social positioning (i.e. social status and autonomy) of women in
      the household facilitates women's access to and decision-making power related to
      family planning (FP). Women's access to spending money, which may be an indicator
      of greater social positioning in the household, may also be greater among women
      who engage in income generating activities for their families, regardless of
      women's status in the household. However, in both scenarios, access to money may
      independently afford greater opportunity to obtain family planning services among
      women. This study seeks to assess whether access to money is associated with FP
      outcomes independently of women's social positioning in their households. Methods
      Using survey data from married couples in rural Maharashtra, India (n = 855),
      crude and adjusted regression was used to assess women's access to their own
      spending money in relation to past 3 month use of condoms and other forms of
      contraceptives (pills, injectables, intrauterine device). Results Access to money
      (59 %) was associated with condom and other contraceptive use (AORs ranged 1.5
      1.8). These findings remained significant after adjusting for women's FP decision
      making power in the household and mobility to seek FP services. Conclusion While
      preliminary, findings suggest that access to money may increase women's ability
      to obtain FP methods, even in contexts where social norms to support women's
      power in FP decision-making may not be readily adopted.

PMID- 26971271
TI  - Detection of novel polymorphisms in the ckit gene of canine patients with
      lymphoma, melanoma, haemangiosarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
AB  - Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that specifically target cKIT represent a
      therapeutic approach for non-resectable canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) grade
      II/III. The therapeutic benefit of TKIs has been investigated in other tumours
      based on clinical response rates and identification of gain-of-function
      mutations. In the present study, cKIT expression in 14 dogs with osteosarcoma,
      melanoma, haemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and fibrosarcoma was analysed. Tissue
      samples were used for cKIT sequencing to (I) detect the cKIT transcript and to
      (II) identify gain-of-function mutations. The cKIT transcript was detected in ten
      patients. Four novel amino acid substitutions and five silent polymorphisms were
      identified. Furthermore, an insertion mutation (GNSK) was discovered in the
      tissue, but not in the blood sample of one dog. CKIT expression was identified in
      a variety of canine tumours and, therefore, TKIs might have a broader therapeutic
      indication apart from treatment of MCTs. Further investigations will be necessary
      to localize the cKIT protein in the respective tumours and to evaluate the
      functional consequence of the cKIT variants identified in the present study. 

PMID- 26971272
TI  - Fluorescence turn-on and colorimetric dual readout assay of glutathione over
      cysteine based on the fluorescence inner-filter effect of oxidized TMB on TMPyP.
AB  - Quantitative fluorescence turn-on and colorimetric detection of glutathione (GSH)
      with rapid speed, low cost have attained much attention. Herein, we developed a
      sensitive fluorescence turn-on and colorimetric sensor for GSH based on the inner
      filter effect (IFE), which is the first time to select oxTMB and TMPyP as the IFE
      absorber and fluorophore pair, respectively. The absorption band of oxTMB matches
      well with the emission band of TMPyP in the IFE-based fluorescent assay. In the
      absence of GSH, the absorption peak of oxTMB at 652nm significantly overlaps with
      the emission of TMPyP, resulting in the efficient IFE and inhibition of the
      fluorescence of TMPyP. In the presence of GSH, the absorption intensity at 652nm
      decreases, generating the recovery of the fluorescence of TMPyP. Therefore, this
      approach is demonstrated to be a novel candidate for detection of GSH, with high
      sensitivity and selectivity. The linear dynamic range for the concentrations of
      GSH is between 0.1MUM to 20MUM along with a limit of detection (LOD) of about
      30nM (calculated LOD as 3sigma/slope). Finally, this novel sensor was
      successfully applied for GSH detection in fetal calf serum, and satisfactory
      recovery was achieved. 

PMID- 26971273
TI  - Selective ciprofloxacin antibiotic detection by fluorescent siderophore
      pyoverdin.
AB  - Fluorescent siderophore pyoverdin (PVD) was produced from a soil isolate
      Pseudomonas monteilii strain MKP 213. The PVD was purified near to homogeneity
      and applied for the fluorescent chemosensing of various antibiotics in aqueous
      solution (pH=7.0). Upon addition of ciprofloxacin, PVD showed new UV-vis
      absorption bands at 252 and 321nm due to an internal charge transfer mechanism.
      Also, the addition of ciprofloxacin induced a highly selective fluorescence
      enhancement of PVD with a 13nm blue shift from 458 to 445nm. The combination of a
      long peptide chain along with the chromophore unit of PVD generates a converging
      cleft for ciprofloxacin recognition with LOD and LOQ of 7.13MUM and 21.6MUM,
      respectively without interference from other studied antibiotics. The association
      constant (Ka) of PVD with ciprofloxacin was calculated to be as low as
      1.40*10(5)M(-1) using Benesi-Hildebrand plot depicting its significance in
      detection. The pharmaceutical tablet analysis measures the sensing with
      negligible matrix effect and quantitative recovery. 

PMID- 26971274
TI  - Dual-excitation upconverting nanoparticle and quantum dot aptasensor for
      multiplexed food pathogen detection.
AB  - In this report, a dual-excitation sensing method was developed using aptamer
      functionalized quantum dots and upconverting nanoparticles, exhibiting Stokes and
      anti-Stokes type excitation profiles, respectively. Conjugation of the aptamer
      functionalized luminescent nanoparticles with the magnetic beads, comprising
      short DNA sequences that were partially complementary to the aptamer sequences,
      enabled facile separation of the analyte-free conjugates for fluorescent
      measurement. UV-Visible spectroscopy, Circular Dichroism spectroscopy, Dynamic
      Light Scattering and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis techniques were used to
      characterize the aptamer probes developed. The target-specific luminescent
      conjugates were applied for multiplex detection of model food pathogens,
      Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, in which the fluorescent
      emission spectra were obtained under UV excitation at 325nm for quantum dots and
      NIR excitation at 980nm for upconverting nanoparticles, respectively. The dual
      excitation strategy was aimed to minimize cross-talk between the luminescent
      signals for multiplexed detection, and yielded limit of detection values of 16
      and 28cfumL(-1) for Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium,
      respectively. By employing a greater number of quantum dots and upconverting
      nanoparticles with non-overlapping fluorescent emissions, the proposed
      methodology might be exploited further to detect several analytes,
      simultaneously. 

PMID- 26971277
TI  - Synergistic antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy and ciprofloxacin.
AB  - The occurrence of a variety of pathogens resistant to current antibiotics remains
      the major problem in medical care, especially when bacterial infections are
      established as biofilms. In this study, we propose the use of photodynamic
      therapy (PDT) as a monotherapy and associated with antibiotic as an alternative
      treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of PDT mediated by
      methylene blue (MB) on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli
      (ATCC 25922) in both biofilm and planktonic phases. Several concentrations of MB
      and light doses were tested. The bactericidal effects of PDT as a monotherapy did
      not increase with the concentration of photosensitizer, but were light dose
      dependent. In addition, bacteria in biofilms were less affected than cells in the
      planktonic phase. Although not concentration-dependent, the disruption effect of
      PDT on biofilms was clearly illustrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We
      also carried out experiments that evaluated the synergistic effect of
      photodynamic therapy and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The best results were
      obtained after combination treatment of photodynamic therapy followed by
      ciprofloxacin on biofilms, which increased bacterial reduction on biofilms,
      resulting in a 5.4 log reduction for S. aureus biofilm and approximately 7 log
      for E. coli biofilm. 

PMID- 26971276
TI  - Prevention of pelvic floor disorders: international urogynecological association
      research and development committee opinion.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Pelvic floor disorders (PFD), including urinary
      incontinence, anal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse, are common and have a
      negative effect on the quality of life of women. Treatment is associated with
      morbidity and may not be totally satisfactory. Prevention of PFDs, when possible,
      should be a primary goal. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current
      literature and give an evidence-based review of the prevention of PFDs METHODS: A
      working subcommittee from the International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)
      Research and Development (R&D) Committee was formed. An initial document
      addressing the prevention of PFDs was drafted, based on a review of the English
      language literature. After evaluation by the entire IUGA R&D Committee, revisions
      were made. The final document represents the IUGA R&D Committee Opinion on the
      prevention of PFDs. RESULTS: This R&D Committee Opinion reviews the literature on
      the prevention of PFDs and summarises the findings with evidence-based
      recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic floor disorders have a long latency, and may
      go through periods of remission, thus making causality difficult to confirm.
      Nevertheless, prevention strategies targeting modifiable risk factors should be
      incorporated into clinical practice before the absence of symptomatology.

PMID- 26971279
TI  - Scrutinizing the DNA damaging and antimicrobial abilities of triazole appended
      metal complexes.
AB  - New mononuclear transition metal complexes 1-12 bearing the bioactive triazole
      analogues were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and
      spectroscopic techniques. The interaction of calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) with the
      synthesized compounds was studied at physiological pH by spectrophotometric,
      spectrofluorometric, cyclic voltammetry, and viscometric techniques. The entire
      DNA binding results suggested the intercalative mode of binding for the
      synthesized compounds. Interestingly, the binding strength of the complexes is
      found to be greater than that of the free ligands. Among the complexes explored,
      complex 5 reveals strong hypochromism and a slight red shift as compared to the
      other complexes highlighting its higher DNA binding propensity. The intrinsic
      binding constant values of the complexes compared to cisplatin reveal that all
      the complexes are greater in magnitude than that of cisplatin. Fluorescence
      titrations show that the Cu(II) complexes have the ability to displace DNA-bound
      ethidium bromide. Also, these compounds induce cleavage in pBR322 plasmid DNA as
      indicated in gel electrophoresis and exhibit excellent nuclease activity in the
      presence of H2O2. Moreover, the complexes were screened for in vitro
      antimicrobial activity along with free ligands and solvent control. The outcome
      is that the complexes possess good activity than the free ligands. These
      complexes may have further scope in developing them into antimicrobial drugs and
      DNA probes. 

PMID- 26971278
TI  - Apoptosis induction is involved in UVA-induced autolysis in sea cucumber
      Stichopus japonicus.
AB  - Autolysis easily happens to sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus, S. japonicus) for
      external stimulus like UV exposure causing heavy economic losses. Therefore, it
      is meaningful to reveal the mechanism of S. japonicas autolysis. In the present
      study, to examine the involvement of apoptosis induction in UVA-induced autolysis
      of S. japonicas, we investigated the biochemical events including the DNA
      fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
      phosphorylation and free radical formation. Substantial morphological changes
      such as intestine vomiting and dermatolysis were observed in S. japonicus during
      the incubation after 1-h UVA irradiation (10W/m(2)). The degradation of the
      structural proteins and enhancement of cathepsin L activity were also detected,
      suggesting the profound impact of proteolysis caused by the UVA irradiation even
      for 1h. Furthermore, the DNA fragmentation and specific activity of caspase-3 was
      increased up to 12h after UVA irradiation. The levels of phosphorylated p38
      mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphorylated c-Jun.-N-terminal
      kinase (JNK) were significantly increased by the UVA irradiation for 1h. An
      electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis revealed that UVA enhanced the free
      radical formation in S. japonicas, even through we could not identify the
      attributed species. These results suggest that UVA-induced autolysis in S.
      japonicas at least partially involves the oxidative stress-sensitive apoptosis
      induction pathway. These data present a novel insight into the mechanisms of sea
      cucumber autolysis induced by external stress. 

PMID- 26971280
TI  - Mechanism of inhibition and decoupling of oxygen evolution from electron transfer
      in photosystem II by fluoride, ammonia and acetate.
AB  - Ca(2+) extraction from oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) is
      accompanied by decoupling of oxygen evolution/electron transfer processes [Semin
      et al. Photosynth. Res. 98 (2008) 235] and appearance of a broad EPR signal at
      g=2 (split "S3" signal) what can imply the relationship between these effects.
      Split signal have been observed not only in Ca-depleted PSII but also in PSII
      membranes treated by fluoride anions, sodium acetate, and NH4Cl. Here we
      investigated the question: can such compounds induce the decoupling effect during
      treatment of PSII like Ca(2+) extraction does? We found that F(-), sodium
      acetate, and NH4Cl inhibit O2 evolution in PSII membranes more effectively than
      the reduction of artificial electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, i.e.
      the action of these compounds is accompanied by decoupling of these processes in
      OEC. Similarity of effects observed after Ca(2+) extraction and F(-), CH3COO(-)
      or NH4Cl treatments suggests that these compounds can inactivate function of
      Ca(2+). Such inactivation could originate from disturbance of the network of
      functionally active hydrogen bonds around OEC formed with participation of
      Ca(2+). This inhibition effect is observed in the region of low concentration of
      inhibitors. Increasing of inhibitor concentration is accompanied by appearance of
      other sites of inhibition. 

PMID- 26971281
TI  - Right iliac fossa lymphoma in an HIV positive patient: A diagnostic dilemma.
AB  - Lymphoma should be considered early in patients with HIV when there is a history
      of weight loss. Although B-cell lymphoma is an AIDS-defining cancer, and many
      reports of lymphoma in HIV positive patients exist in the literature, this case
      report illustrates that even in patients with well-controlled HIV the diagnosis
      must be considered, and puts forward an unusual presentation in an otherwise
      asymptomatic patient. A 52 year old woman presented for a routine HIV follow-up
      appointment and was found to be experiencing weight loss. An abdominal
      examination revealed a right iliac fossa mass. Subsequent CT thorax, abdomen,
      pelvis imaging confirmed a large mass but did not allow determination of the
      primary source. Serological tumour marker investigations were unyielding. Trans
      vaginal ultrasound guided biopsy of the mass demonstrated diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma. This case report emphasises the importance of having a high index of
      suspicion for these cancers even in patients with low viral load who are on anti
      retroviral treatment. It also demonstrates the importance of taking a
      multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis of the condition to enable prompt
      treatment and thus improve the outcome for the patient. 

PMID- 26971282
TI  - Splenic rupture following colonoscopy: Case report and literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Colonoscopy is a safe and routinely performed diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedure for colorectal diseases. Although bleeding and perforation
      are most common complications, extra colonic or visceral injuries have been
      described. Splenic rupture is rare with few cases reported in current literature.
      PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report the case of a 73-year old man who presented to
      surgical consultation 50h after colonoscopy. Clinical, laboratory and imaging
      findings were suggestive for haemoperitoneum. At surgery an almost complete
      splenic disruption was evident and urgent splenectomy was performed. DISCUSSION:
      Splenic injury following colonoscopy is exceptional, probably related to
      instrumental looping with excessive traction on the splenocolic ligament. In
      patients with an early presentation a sudden onset of symptoms is the rule. By
      contrast a delayed presentation (>48h) is nonspecific and subtle with arduous
      diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Awareness of this potential complication, high level of
      suspicion and prompt treatment are at the basis of better outcomes in such
      patients.

PMID- 26971284
TI  - The Meaning of 'Regular Partner' in HIV Research Among Gay and Bisexual Men:
      Implications of an Australian Cross-Sectional Survey.
AB  - Estimates of the proportion of HIV infections coming from within regular sexual
      relationships among gay and bisexual men (GBM) vary widely. Research surveys use
      various partner type categories, but there is little understanding of how men
      classify their partners. We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of
      Australian GBM exploring sexual relationships, including 2057 men reporting on
      2566 regular partnerships. Just over half of the partnerships were considered
      'relationships', while the remainder were non-romantic 'fuckbuddy'-style
      arrangements. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with considering the
      partnership a 'relationship' were: using a 'romantic' descriptor, partnership
      length, monogamous agreements, any condomless anal sex with each other, love, and
      commitment. The category of 'regular partner' can mask diverse partnership types,
      which have different meanings to GBM, associated behaviours, and HIV risks.
      Certain HIV prevention techniques may be more suited to particular types of
      partnerships. 'Fuckbuddy' arrangements need to be more explicitly acknowledged in
      HIV prevention.

PMID- 26971283
TI  - An ethylene response-related factor, GbERF1-like, from Gossypium barbadense
      improves resistance to Verticillium dahliae via activating lignin synthesis.
AB  - An ethylene response-related factor, GbERF1-like, from Gossypium barbadense cv.
      '7124' involved in the defence response to Verticillium dahliae was
      characterized. GbERF1-like transcripts present ubiquitously in various tissues,
      with higher accumulation in flower organs. GbERF1-like was also responsive to
      defence-related phytohormones and V. dahliae infection. The downregulation of
      GbERF1-like increased the susceptibility of cotton plants to V. dahliae
      infection, while overexpression of this gene improved disease resistance in both
      cotton and Arabidopsis, coupled with activation of the pathogenesis-related
      proteins. Further analysis revealed that genes involved in lignin synthesis, such
      as PAL, C4H, C3H, HCT, CCoAOMT, CCR and F5H, showed higher expression levels in
      the overexpressing cotton and Arabidopsis lines and lower expression levels in
      the RNAi cotton lines. The expression levels of these genes increased obviously
      when the GbERF1-like-overexpressing plants were inoculated with V. dahliae.
      Meanwhile, significant differences in the content of whole lignin could be found
      in the stems of transgenic and wild-type plants after inoculation with V.
      dahliae, as revealed by metabolic and histochemical analysis. More lignin could
      be detected in GbERF1-like-overexpressing cotton and Arabidopsis but less in
      GbERF1-like-silencing cotton compared with wild-type plants. The ratio of S and G
      monomers in GbERF1-like-overexpressing cotton and Arabidopsis increased
      significantly after infection by V. dahliae. Moreover, our results showed that
      the promoters of GhHCT1 and AtPAL3 could be transactivated by GbERF1-like in vivo
      based on yeast one-hybrid assays and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Knockdown
      of GhHCT1 in GbERF1-like over-expressing cotton decreases resistance to V.
      dahliae. Collectively, our results suggest that GbERF1-like acts as a positive
      regulator in lignin synthesis and contributes substantially to resistance to V.
      dahliae in plants. 

PMID- 26971287
TI  - Reprint of "Advocating new Directions".

PMID- 26971285
TI  - Explanatory Models and Illness Experience of People Living with HIV.
AB  - Research into explanatory models of disease and illness typically explores
      people's conceptual understanding, and emphasizes differences between patient and
      provider models. However, the explanatory models framework of etiology, time and
      mode of onset of symptoms, pathophysiology, course of sickness, and treatment is
      built on categories characteristic of biomedical understanding. It is unclear how
      well these map onto people's lived experience of illness, and to the extent they
      do, how they translate. Scholars have previously studied the experience of people
      living with HIV through the lenses of stigma and identity theory. Here, through
      in-depth qualitative interviews with 32 people living with HIV in the northeast
      United States, we explored the experience and meanings of living with HIV more
      broadly using the explanatory models framework. We found that identity
      reformation is a major challenge for most people following the HIV diagnosis, and
      can be understood as a central component of the concept of course of illness.
      Salient etiological explanations are not biological, but rather social, such as
      betrayal, or living in a specific cultural milieu, and often self-evaluative.
      Given that symptoms can now largely be avoided through adherence to treatment,
      they are most frequently described in terms of observation of others who have not
      been adherent, or the resolution of symptoms following treatment. The category of
      pathophysiology is not ordinarily very relevant to the illness experience, as few
      respondents have any understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis in HIV, nor
      much interest in it. Treatment has various personal meanings, both positive and
      negative, often profound. For people to engage successfully in treatment and live
      successfully with HIV, mechanistic explanation is of little significance. Rather,
      positive psychological integration of health promoting behaviors is of central
      importance.

PMID- 26971286
TI  - How endogenous plant pararetroviruses shed light on Musa evolution.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Banana genomes harbour numerous copies of viral sequences
      derived from banana streak viruses (BSVs) - dsDNA viruses belonging to the family
      Caulimoviridae.These viral integrants (eBSVs) are mostly defective, probably as a
      result of 'pseudogenization' driven by host genome evolution. However, some can
      give rise to infection by releasing a functional viral genome following abiotic
      stresses. These distinct infective eBSVs correspond to the three main widespread
      BSV species (BSOLV, BSGFV and BSIMV), fully described within the Musa balbisiana
      B genomes of the seedy diploid 'Pisang Klutuk Wulung' (PKW). METHODS: We
      characterize eBSV distribution among a Musa sampling including seedy BB diploids
      and interspecific hybrids with Musa acuminate exhibiting different levels of
      ploidy for the B genome (ABB, AAB, AB). We used representative samples of the two
      areas of sympatry between M. acuminate and M. balbisiana species representing the
      native area of the most widely cultivated AAB cultivars (in India and in East
      Asia, ranging from the Philippines to New Guinea). Seventy-seven accessions were
      characterized using eBSV-related PCR markers and Southern hybridization
      approaches. We coded both sets of results to create a common dissimilarity matrix
      with which to interpret eBSV distribution. KEY RESULTS: We propose a Musa
      phylogeny driven by the M. balbisiana genome based on a dendrogram resulting from
      a joint neighbour-joining analysis of the three BSV species, showing for the
      first time lineages between BB and ABB/AAB hybrids. eBSVs appear to be relevant
      phylogenetic markers that can illustrate theM. balbisiana phylogeography story.
      CONCLUSION: The theoretical implications of this study for further elucidation of
      the historical and geographical process of Musa domestication are numerous.
      Discovery of banana plants with B genome non-infective for eBSV opens the way to
      the introduction of new genitors in programmes of genetic banana improvement.

PMID- 26971288
TI  - Toxic hepatitis due to a food supplement: "Natural" is no synonym for "harmless".
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Herbal products are increasingly used in modern medicine for
      numerous indications. They are not considered as drugs and thus often not linked
      to side effects. MATERIAL: A 77-year-old patient presented with silent icterus
      and biochemical evidence of hepatocellular damage. Because of dyslipidaemia, he
      was recently prescribed Controchol((r)), a food supplement containing red yeast
      and green tea extracts. RESULTS: Liver biopsy showed necro-inflammatory
      destruction of liver parenchym, collapse of reticulin matrix, cholestasis and
      gall duct damage, compatible with toxic hepatitis. After discontinuation of
      Controchol((r)), there was a gradual normalisation of the liver function tests.
      Liver injury is a known side effect of both red yeast and green tea extracts.
      After exclusion of other causes, we therefore concluded our patient had suffered
      from Controchol((r))-induced toxic hepatitis. CONCLUSION: Products that are
      conceived as "natural" alternatives for pharmacological drugs, like food
      supplements, are not free of side effects per se, and should not be considered as
      "harmless".

PMID- 26971289
TI  - Characterization of class II beta chain major histocompatibility complex genes in
      a family of Hawaiian honeycreepers: 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens).
AB  - Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae) have evolved in the absence of mosquitoes
      for over five million years. Through human activity, mosquitoes were introduced
      to the Hawaiian archipelago less than 200 years ago. Mosquito-vectored diseases
      such as avian malaria caused by Plasmodium relictum and Avipoxviruses have
      greatly impacted these vulnerable species. Susceptibility to these diseases is
      variable among and within species. Due to their function in adaptive immunity,
      the role of major histocompatibility complex genes (Mhc) in disease
      susceptibility is under investigation. In this study, we evaluate gene
      organization and levels of diversity of Mhc class II beta chain genes (exon 2) in
      a captive-reared family of Hawaii 'amakihi (Hemignathus virens). A total of 233
      sequences (173 bp) were obtained by PCR+1 amplification and cloning, and 5720
      sequences were generated by Roche 454 pyrosequencing. We report a total of 17
      alleles originating from a minimum of 14 distinct loci. We detected three linkage
      groups that appear to represent three distinct haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis
      revealed one variable cluster resembling classical Mhc sequences (DAB) and one
      highly conserved, low variability cluster resembling non-classical Mhc sequences
      (DBB). High net evolutionary divergence values between DAB and DBB resemble that
      seen between chicken BLB system and YLB system genes. High amino acid identity
      among non-classical alleles from 12 species of passerines (DBB) and four species
      of Galliformes (YLB) was found, suggesting that these non-classical passerine
      sequences may be related to the Galliforme YLB sequences.

PMID- 26971290
TI  - Effects of Common Polymorphisms in the MTHFR and ACE Genes on Diabetic Peripheral
      Neuropathy Progression: a Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes
      mellitus. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of
      methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677 C>T and ACE I/D polymorphisms in
      the development of DPN. We systematically reviewed published studies on MTHFR 677
      C>T and ACE I/D polymorphisms and DPN found in various types of electronic
      databases. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology
      (STROBE) quality score systems were used to determine the quality of the articles
      selected for inclusion. Odds ratios (ORs) and its corresponding 95 % confidence
      interval (95 % CI) were calculated. We used STATA statistical software (version
      12.0, Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) to deal with statistical data.
      Our results indicated an association of ACE D>I mutation (OR = 1.43, 95 % CI 1.12
      1.83, P = 0.004) and MTHFR 677 C>T mutation (OR = 1.43, 95 % CI 1.08-1.90, P =
      0.014) with DPN under the allele model, and similar results were also found under
      the dominant model (all P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis by country indicated that
      the MTHFR 677 C>T polymorphism may be the main risk factor for DPN in Turkey
      under four genetic models. ACE D>I mutation was correlated with DPN in Japanese
      and Pakistani populations in the majority of groups. The relationships of MTHFR
      677 C>T and ACE I/D polymorphisms with DPN patients presented in this meta
      analyses support the view that the MTHFR and ACE genes might play an important
      role in the development of DPN.

PMID- 26971292
TI  - Impaired alphaGDI Function in the X-Linked Intellectual Disability: The Impact on
      Astroglia Vesicle Dynamics.
AB  - X-linked non-syndromic intellectual disability (XLID) is a common mental disorder
      recognized by cognitive and behavioral deficits. Mutations in the brain-specific
      alphaGDI, shown to alter a subset of RAB GTPases redistribution in cells, are
      linked to XLID, likely via changes in vesicle traffic in neurons. Here, we show
      directly that isolated XLID mice astrocytes, devoid of pathologic tissue
      environment, exhibit vesicle mobility deficits. Contrary to previous studies, we
      show that astrocytes express two GDI proteins. The siRNA-mediated suppression of
      expression of alphaGDI especially affected vesicle dynamics. A similar defect was
      recorded in astrocytes from the Gdi1 -/Y mouse model of XLID and in astrocytes
      with recombinant mutated human XLID alphaGDI. Endolysosomal vesicles studied here
      are involved in the release of gliosignaling molecules as well as in regulating
      membrane receptor density; thus, the observed changes in astrocytic vesicle
      mobility may, over the long time-course, profoundly affect signaling capacity of
      these cells, which optimize neural activity.

PMID- 26971291
TI  - Rapamycin Augments Immunomodulatory Properties of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal
      Stem Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
AB  - The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of bone marrow-derived
      mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been considered as an appropriate candidate
      for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have revealed that
      treatment with BM-MSCs may modulate immune responses and alleviate the symptoms
      in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, an animal model of
      multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine
      immunomodulatory effects of BM-MSCs in the treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte
      glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice. MSCs were obtained from the
      bone marrow of C57BL mice, cultured with DMEM/F12, and characterized with flow
      cytometry for the presence of cell surface markers for BM-MSCs. Following three
      passages, BM-MSCs were injected intraperitoneally into EAE mice alone or in
      combination with rapamycin. Immunological and histopathological effects of BM
      MSCs and addition of rapamycin to BM-MSCs were evaluated. The results
      demonstrated that adding rapamycin to BM-MSCs transplantation in EAE mice
      significantly reduced inflammation infiltration and demyelination, enhanced the
      immunomodulatory functions, and inhibited progress of neurological impairments
      compared to BM-MSC transplantation and control groups. The immunological effects
      of rapamycin and BM-MSC treatments were associated with the inhibition of the Ag
      specific lymphocyte proliferation, CD8+ cytolytic activity, and the Th1-type
      cytokine (gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma)) and the increase of Th-2 cytokine
      (interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10) production. Addition of rapamycin to BM-MSCs was
      able to ameliorate neurological deficits and provide neuroprotective effects in
      EAE. This suggests the potential of rapamycin and BM-MSC combined therapy to play
      neuroprotective roles in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders.

PMID- 26971293
TI  - Glioblastoma multiforme in patients with history of extracranial cancer: Case
      series.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Significant progress in treatment strategies improves the
      expectations of patients with extracranial cancers. Metastases are the primary
      consideration in patients with cancer history. In the case of neurologic
      disorders, the patient should undergo brain MRI. A rationale is presented for
      surgery, whole-brain or stereotactic radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Recently, we
      have encountered misdiagnosed primary malignant brain tumours in patients with
      oncologic history who had been admitted for surgery for brain metastases. The aim
      of our study is to evaluate the incidence of concurrent cancers, to assess the
      relationship between previous cancer staging and primary brain tumour evaluation
      as well as to determine treatment efficiency. METHODS: From January 2007 to
      December 2011, we prospectively followed up patients with concurrent history of
      both extracranial cancer and subsequent glioblastoma multiforme. Information was
      collected on the clinical condition, imaging, history of extracranial cancer,
      previous and present surgical and oncologic procedures, and GBM histologic,
      cytogenetic, and molecular genetic investigations. RESULTS: Five patients were
      recruited: three females and two males. The average patient age at the time of
      GBM diagnosis was 65.6 years. Three patients had a history of breast carcinoma,
      one of renal carcinoma and one of colorectal carcinoma. Following the diagnosis
      of carcinoma, three patients received chemotherapy and radiotherapy, one patient
      had radiotherapy alone, and one had no adjuvant therapy. In all the cases,
      surgery revealed primary GBM, with a standard occurrence of genetic abnormalities
      (Table 1). The average time from the diagnosis of extracranial cancer to that of
      GBM was 4 years. Four patients underwent chemoradiotherapy and one had palliative
      radiotherapy. Two patients completed oncotherapy and their OS was 27 months and
      19 months, respectively. One patient had post-surgical progression of
      hemiparesis. One patient had pulmonary embolism during oncotherapy and one had
      paraplegia caused by a pathological fracture of vertebras T5 due to breast
      carcinoma metastases. The OS was 11.8 months (range 3-27 months). All the
      patients succumbed to GBM progression.

PMID- 26971294
TI  - Methods of intra-operative treatment of cranioplasty in patients with abnormal
      bone window flap pressure after decompressive craniectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the method of cranioplasty in
      patients with abnormal bone window pressure after decompressive craniectomy.
      METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis for 25 cases after decompressive
      craniectomy in patients with abnormal flap pressure of clinical data. RESULTS:
      Flap pressure increased in 15 cases, including 6 cases of hydrocephalus, 5 cases
      of contralateral subdural effusion, 2 cases of subdural effusion bone window, 2
      cases of bone window cystic encephalomalacia communicating with the ventricle;
      Flap pressure decreased in 10 cases, including 6 cases of hydrocephalus after
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and 4 cases of low intracranial pressure. ALL of
      patients were treated by appropriate measures to make the operation smoothly.
      CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that after analysis of the factors for abnormal bone
      window flap pressure by decompressive craniectomy and symptomatic treatment, the
      difficulty of operation and operative complications can be reduced.

PMID- 26971295
TI  - Acute effects of intraventricular nicardipine on cerebral hemodynamics: A
      preliminary finding.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Intraventricular nicardipine (IVTN) is a treatment option for severe
      vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, its acute
      effects on cerebral hemodynamics have not been studied in detail. METHODS:
      Between June 2008 and December 2010, IVTN was administered (mainly 4mg every 8h)
      to 11 SAH patients (54 doses) with multimodality monitoring for refractory
      vasospasm. Retrospective analyses on physiological parameters were made from
      baseline and up to 6h after IVTN injection. Statistical analysis was performed
      with a mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Mean intracranial pressure (ICP) increased
      slightly, reaching its peak at 20min after IVTN injection (2.5+/-0.9mmHg (mean+/
      standard error), P<0.01), and decreased gradually thereafter over the next hour.
      Mean cerebral perfusion pressure transiently decreased 20-30min after injection
      (3.7+/-1.8mmHg, P<0.05). Mean arterial pressure, partial pressure of brain oxygen
      tension (PbtO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), autoregulation indices did not change
      significantly. Lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose remained stable. One patient
      underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasonography monitoring while on IVTN, which
      showed a transient increase in mean flow velocity with concomitant decrease in
      Pulsatility index, suggesting vasodilation in the distal resistance vessels.
      CONCLUSIONS: The vasodilatory effect of IVTN transiently increased ICP, but did
      not significantly affect PbtO2, CBF or oxidative glucose metabolism in the
      immediate phase after injection.

PMID- 26971296
TI  - Genomics and epigenetics: A study of ependymomas in pediatric patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We identify chromosomal alterations, the methylation pattern and gene
      expression changes in pediatric ependymomas. METHODS: CGH microarray, methylation
      and gene expression were performed through the Agilent platform. The results were
      analyzed with the software MatLab, MapViewer, DAVID, GeneCards and Hippie.
      RESULTS: Amplification was found in 14q32.33, 2p22.3 and 8p22, and deletion was
      found in 8p11.23-p11.22 and 1q21.3. We observed 42.387 CpG islands with changes
      in their methylation pattern, in which we found 272 genes involved in signaling
      pathways related to carcinogenesis. We found 481 genes with altered expression.
      The genes IMMT, JHDMD1D, ASAH1, ZWINT, IPO7, GNAO1 and CISD3 were found to be
      altered among the three levels. CONCLUSION: The 2p22.3, 8p11.23-p11.22 and
      14q32.33 regions were identified as the most important; the changes in the
      methylation pattern related to cell cycle and cancer genes occurred in MIB2,
      FGF18 and ITIH5. The IPO7, GNAO1 and ASAH1 genes may play a major role in
      ependymoma development.

PMID- 26971297
TI  - Responses in sediment phosphorus and lanthanum concentrations and composition
      across 10 lakes following applications of lanthanum modified bentonite.
AB  - A combined field and laboratory scale study of 10 European lakes treated between
      2006 and 2013 with a lanthanum (La) modified bentonite (LMB) to control sediment
      phosphorus (P) release was conducted. The study followed the responses in
      sediment characteristics including La and P fractions and binding forms, P
      adsorption capacity of discrete sediment layers, and pore water P concentrations.
      Lanthanum phosphate mineral phases were confirmed by solid state (31)P MAS NMR
      and LIII EXAFS spectroscopy. Rhabdophane (LaPO4 . nH2O) was the major phase
      although indications of monazite (LaPO4) formation were also reported, in the
      earliest treated lake. Molar ratios between La and P in the sediments were
      generally above 1, demonstrating excess La relative to P. Lanthanum was
      vertically mixed in the sediment down to a depth of 10 cm for eight of the ten
      lakes, and recovery of La in excess of 100% of the theoretical aerial load
      indicated translocation of the LMB towards the deepest areas of the lakes.
      Lanthanum was generally recovered from bed sediment samples following sequential
      chemical extraction from the HCl fraction. Soluble reactive P (SRP) release
      experiments on intact sediment cores indicated conditions of P retention (with
      the exception of two lakes) by sediments, indicating effective control of
      sediment P release, i.e. between two and nine years after treatment.

PMID- 26971299
TI  - Health-related physical fitness in patients with multiple myeloma or lymphoma
      recently treated with autologous stem cell transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine health-related physical fitness and its
      demographic and clinical correlates in patients recently treated with autologous
      stem cell transplantation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: In 109
      patients (multiple myeloma: n=58, lymphoma: n=51, median age: 55, range: 19-67
      years) maximal exercise testing was conducted to assess cardiorespiratory fitness
      (VO2peak). Upper and lower extremity muscle strength were assessed with hand grip
      and fixed dynamometry and body composition with whole body DXA scans. In
      addition, we assessed the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and
      examined whether they were associated with health-related physical fitness.
      RESULTS: VO2peak was 21.7 (5.5) mL/min/kg, 26% below reference values. Muscle
      strength was also reduced when compared with reference values (upper extremity:
      90%, lower extremity: 80%) and 73% of our population was classified as overweight
      or obese. Being female and being older were significantly associated with a lower
      cardiorespiratory fitness (gender: beta=-2.7, 95%CI=-4.6;-0.7mL/min/kg; age:
      beta=-0.2, 95%CI=-0.3;-0.1mL/min/kg), upper (gender: beta=-17.7, 95%CI=-20.1;
      15.3kg; age: beta=-0.2, 95%CI=-0.3;-0.1kg) and lower (gender: beta=-58.3, 95%CI=
      73.5;- 43.0Nm; age: beta=-1.7, 95%CI=-2.4;-1.1Nm) extremity muscle strength.
      Patients who were non-smoking (beta=-5.3, 95%CI=-8.7;-1.9), women (beta=7.2,
      95%CI=4.8;9.6) and diagnosed with multiple myeloma (beta=4.6, 95%CI=2.2;6.9) had
      a higher percentage body fat. CONCLUSIONS: The physical fitness deficits in this
      population indicate the need for targeted interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      Netherlands Trial Register - NTR2341.

PMID- 26971298
TI  - How many days of monitoring are needed to reliably assess SenseWear Armband
      outcomes in primary school-aged children?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify the number of hours and days or nights of monitoring
      required to reliably estimate energy expenditure (EE), steps, waking sedentary
      time, light- (LPA), moderate- (MPA), vigorous- (VPA), moderate- to vigorous
      intensity physical activity (MVPA), time in bed and total sleep time using the
      SenseWear Armband. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: One hundred and two
      children (50% boys) aged 8-11 years from six schools wore a SenseWear Armband
      (BodyMedia Inc, USA) for eight consecutive days (seven consecutive nights).
      Hourly increments of valid day wear time criteria were examined (days/week;
      8h/day-14h/day). Intra-class correlation coefficients estimated the reliability
      for any individual day for each wear time criteria. The Spearman-Brown prophecy
      formula was used to determine the number of days/nights of monitoring needed to
      achieve reliability estimates of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9. RESULTS: Fewer monitoring days
      were needed as the valid day criteria became more stringent. For example, at
      least 12h of wear time on at least 2 days was required to achieve a reliability
      of 0.7 for EE. In contrast, at least 8h/day on 5 days resulted in reliable
      estimates (0.7) for MPA, VPA and MVPA. Between 6 and 7 nights of monitoring were
      required to reliably estimate children's time in bed and total sleep time,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A 7-day monitoring protocol in primary school-aged
      children would provide acceptable reliability for the assessment of EE, waking
      sedentary time, LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA, time in bed and total sleep time, as
      assessed by the SenseWear Armband.

PMID- 26971300
TI  - The associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and academic
      performance.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationships between children's moderate-to-vigorous
      physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behaviours, and academic performance. DESIGN:
      This study investigated cross-sectional relationships between children's
      accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns, and
      academic performance using a standardised, nationally-administered academic
      assessment. METHODS: A total of 285 Australian children aged 9-11 years from
      randomly selected schools undertook 7-day 24h accelerometry to objectively
      determine their MVPA and sedentary behaviour. In the same year, they completed
      nationally-administered standardised academic testing (National Assessment
      Program-Literacy and Numeracy; NAPLAN). BMI was measured, and socio-demographic
      variables were collected in a parent-reported survey. Relationships between MVPA,
      sedentary behaviour and academic performance across five domains were examined
      using Generalised Linear Mixed Models, adjusted for a wide variety of socio
      demographic variables. RESULTS: Higher academic performance was strongly and
      consistently related to higher sedentary time, with significant relationships
      seen across all five academic domains (range F=4.13, p=0.04 through to F=18.65,
      p=<0.01). In contrast, higher academic performance was only related to higher
      MVPA in two academic domains (writing F=5.28, p=0.02, and numeracy F=6.28,
      p=0.01) and was not related to language, reading and spelling performance.
      CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight that sedentary behaviour can have positive
      relationships with non-physical outcomes. Positive relationships between MVPA and
      literacy and numeracy, as well as the well documented benefits for MVPA on
      physical and social health, suggest that it holds an important place in
      children's lives, both in and outside of school.

PMID- 26971301
TI  - Highly Sprouting-Tolerant Wheat Grain Exhibits Extreme Dormancy and Cold
      Imbibition-Resistant Accumulation of Abscisic Acid.
AB  - Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains induces
      hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha-amylase, which considerably decreases wheat
      product quality. PHS occurs when cool and wet weather conditions before harvest
      break dormancy and induce grain germination. In this study, we used PHS-tolerant
      varieties, Gifu-komugi (Gifu) and OS38, to characterize the mechanisms of both
      dormancy breakage and dormancy maintenance at low temperatures. Physiologically
      mature Gifu grains exhibited dormancy after imbibition at 20 degrees C, but
      germinated at 15 degrees C. In contrast, OS38 grains remained dormant even at
      temperatures as low as 5 degrees C. Embryo half-grains cut out from the dormant
      Gifu grains germinated by imbibition at 20 degrees C, similar to conventional
      varieties worldwide. However, OS38 embryo half-grains were still dormant.
      Hormonome and pharmacological analyses suggested that ABA and gibberellin
      metabolism are important for temperature-dependent dormancy maintenance and
      breakage. Imbibition at 15 degrees C decreased ABA levels but increased
      gibberellin levels in embryos of freshly harvested Gifu grains. Additionally, low
      temperatures induced expression of the ABA catabolism genes,TaABA8' OH1 and
      TaABA8' OH2, and the gibberellin biosynthesis gene,TaGA3ox2, in the embryos.
      However, in embryos of freshly harvested OS38 grains, ABA levels were increased
      while gibberellin levels were suppressed at 15 degrees C. In these dormant
      embryos, low temperatures induced the TaNCED ABA biosynthesis genes, but
      suppressed TaABA8' OH2 and TaGA3ox2.These results show that the regulatory
      mechanism influencing the expression of ABA and gibberellin metabolism genes may
      be critical for dormancy maintenance and breakage at low temperatures. Our
      findings should help improve PHS-resistant wheat breeding programs.

PMID- 26971302
TI  - Nonomuraea zeae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.).
AB  - A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-ND5T, was isolated from the
      rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.) collected in Heilongjiang Province, north-east
      China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence
      analysis showed that strain NEAU-ND5T was a member of the genus Nonomuraea, with
      highest sequence similarities to Nonomuraea jabiensis A4036T (98.29 %),
      Nonomuraea rosea GW12687T (98.25 %), Nonomuraea candida HMC10T (98.22 %),
      Nonomuraea rhizophila YIM 67092T (98.04 %) and Nonomuraea kuesteri NRRL B-24325T
      (98.04 %). Similarities to other type strains of the genus Nonomuraea were lower
      than 98 %. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strain NEAU-ND5T were
      also consistent with the description of the genus Nonomuraea. The cell wall
      contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole-cell sugars were glucose, ribose
      and madurose. The phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy
      phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major menaquinones
      were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0). The predominant cellular fatty acids were
      iso-C16:0 and 10-methyl C17:0. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and
      some phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NEAU-ND5T was clearly
      distinguished from its closely related Nonomuraea species. Consequently, it is
      concluded that strain NEAU-ND5T represents a novel species of the genus
      Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea zeae sp. nov. is proposed. The type
      strain is NEAU-ND5T (=CGMCC 4.7280T=DSM 100528T). 

PMID- 26971303
TI  - Network Meta-Analysis Comparing Overall Survival for Fulvestrant 500 mg Versus
      Alternative Therapies for Treatment of Postmenopausal, Estrogen Receptor-Positive
      Advanced Breast Cancer Following Failure on Prior Endocrine Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We conducted a review of randomized trials to compare the overall
      survival (OS) with fulvestrant 500 mg versus alternative treatment for estrogen
      receptor-positive advanced breast cancer following endocrine therapy failure.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hazard ratios (HRs) were obtained by modeling OS data with
      the Weibull distribution. A fixed-effect Bayesian network meta-analysis was
      conducted. The evidence network included anastrozole 1 mg, letrozole 2.5 mg,
      fulvestrant 250 mg, exemestane 25 mg, megestrol acetate 40 mg, and everolimus 10
      mg plus exemestane 25 mg as comparators. Post-antiestrogen and post-aromatase
      inhibitor subgroup networks were analyzed. RESULTS: In the overall analysis, the
      HRs suggested improved OS for fulvestrant 500 mg versus fulvestrant 250 mg and
      megestrol acetate 40 mg, and numerically favorable differences with fulvestrant
      500 mg versus other comparators. In the antiestrogen subgroup, the HRs suggested
      improved OS for fulvestrant 500 mg versus fulvestrant 250 mg and megestrol
      acetate 40 mg; numerical differences in the HRs were seen versus anastrozole 1 mg
      and letrozole 2.5 mg. In the aromatase inhibitor subgroup, the HRs for OS
      numerically favored fulvestrant 500 mg versus fulvestrant 250 mg and exemestane
      25 mg. CONCLUSION: Acknowledging the limitations of the present network meta
      analysis, these findings suggest that fulvestrant 500 mg might provide improved
      OS versus fulvestrant 250 mg and megestrol acetate 40 mg for treatment of
      estrogen receptor-positive ABC following endocrine therapy failure. Although OS
      efficacy versus everolimus 10 mg plus exemestane 25 mg (for overall evidence
      network), anastrozole 1 mg, exemestane 25 mg, and letrozole 2.5 mg is numerically
      favorable, additional studies are required to draw formal conclusions.

PMID- 26971304
TI  - A method for the development of disease-specific reference standards vocabularies
      from textual biomedical literature resources.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Disease-specific vocabularies are fundamental to many knowledge-based
      intelligent systems and applications like text annotation, cohort selection,
      disease diagnostic modeling, and therapy recommendation. Reference standards are
      critical in the development and validation of automated methods for disease
      specific vocabularies. The goal of the present study is to design and test a
      generalizable method for the development of vocabulary reference standards from
      expert-curated, disease-specific biomedical literature resources. METHODS: We
      formed disease-specific corpora from literature resources like textbooks,
      evidence-based synthesized online sources, clinical practice guidelines, and
      journal articles. Medical experts annotated and adjudicated disease-specific
      terms in four classes (i.e., causes or risk factors, signs or symptoms,
      diagnostic tests or results, and treatment). Annotations were mapped to UMLS
      concepts. We assessed source variation, the contribution of each source to build
      disease-specific vocabularies, the saturation of the vocabularies with respect to
      the number of used sources, and the generalizability of the method with different
      diseases. RESULTS: The study resulted in 2588 string-unique annotations for heart
      failure in four classes, and 193 and 425 respectively for pulmonary embolism and
      rheumatoid arthritis in treatment class. Approximately 80% of the annotations
      were mapped to UMLS concepts. The agreement among heart failure sources ranged
      between 0.28 and 0.46. The contribution of these sources to the final vocabulary
      ranged between 18% and 49%. With the sources explored, the heart failure
      vocabulary reached near saturation in all four classes with the inclusion of
      minimal six sources (or between four to seven sources if only counting terms
      occurred in two or more sources). It took fewer sources to reach near saturation
      for the other two diseases in terms of the treatment class. CONCLUSIONS: We
      developed a method for the development of disease-specific reference
      vocabularies. Expert-curated biomedical literature resources are substantial for
      acquiring disease-specific medical knowledge. It is feasible to reach near
      saturation in a disease-specific vocabulary using a relatively small number of
      literature sources.

PMID- 26971305
TI  - Semantic processing of actions at 9months is linked to language proficiency at 9
      and 18months.
AB  - The current study uses event-related potential methodologies to investigate how
      social-cognitive processes in preverbal infants relate to language performance.
      We assessed 9-month-olds' understanding of the semantic structure of actions via
      an N400 event-related potential (ERP) response to action sequences that contained
      expected and unexpected outcomes. At 9 and 18months of age, infants' language
      abilities were measured using the Swedish Early Communicative Development
      Inventory (SECDI). Here we show that 9-month-olds' understanding of the semantic
      structure of actions, evidenced in an N400 ERP response to action sequences with
      unexpected outcomes, is related to language comprehension scores at 9months and
      is related to language production scores at 18months of age. Infants who showed a
      selective N400 response to unexpected action outcomes are those who are classed
      as above mean in their language proficiency. The results provide evidence that
      language performance is related to the ability to detect and interpret human
      actions at 9months of age. This study suggests that some basic cognitive
      mechanisms are involved in the processing of sequential events that are shared
      between two conceptually different cognitive domains and that pre-linguistic
      social understanding skills and language proficiency are linked to one another.

PMID- 26971307
TI  - Postmortem calpain changes in ostrich skeletal muscle.
AB  - The objective of this study was to study the postmortem calpain change in ostrich
      muscle. Iliotibialis cranialis and Obturatorius medialis muscles were removed
      from the both sides of carcasses (n=8). The muscles from the left side were
      sampled after 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7days of storage at 5 degrees C, while the right
      side muscles were taken at 1-, 3-, and 7-day postmortem for shear force
      measurements. The results showed that the calpain-1 activity was not detected in
      ostrich muscle during the entire 7-day postmortem storage period, while the
      calpain-11 was. The unautolyzed calpain-11 activity decreased and the autolyzed
      calpain-11 activity increased with time postmortem. Desmin content and shear
      force did not change during postmortem storage although a minor degradation of
      desmin was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that limited postmortem
      proteolysis (as suggested by the limited degradation of desmin) and tenderization
      might be due to the lack of calpain-1 and/or insufficient calpain-11 activity
      present in ostrich muscle. 

PMID- 26971306
TI  - Woman focused smoking cessation programming: a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies of smoking cessation programs in clinical settings
      have revealed poorer outcomes for women compared to men, including counselling
      alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy. The objective of the current study
      was to explore treatment and program structure needs and preferences among female
      clients in a specialized smoking cessation clinic in an academic mental health
      and addiction health science centre in order to inform program design so that it
      meets the needs of female clients. METHODS: Four focus groups were conducted with
      current and former female clients (n = 23, mode age range = 50-59 years old,
      56.5% were still smoking and 43.5% had quit) who had registered for outpatient
      smoking cessation treatment. Questions were designed to examine what aspects of
      the services were helpful and what changes they would like to see to better
      assist them and other women with quitting smoking. A thematic analysis of the raw
      data (audio recordings and notes taken during the focus groups) was conducted
      using a phenomenological theoretical framework. RESULTS: Themes that emerged
      indicated that females trying to quit smoking are best supported if they have
      choice from a variety of services so that treatment can be individualized to meet
      their specific needs; psychosocial support is provided both one-one-one with
      health care professionals and by peers in support groups; free pharmacotherapy is
      available to eliminate financial barriers to use; women-specific educational
      topics and support groups are offered; the clinic is accessible with
      evening/weekend hours, options to attend a local clinic, and childcare
      availability; and communication about clinic services and operation are clear,
      readily available, and regularly updated. CONCLUSIONS: An ideal smoking cessation
      program for women includes a women's centred approach with sufficient variety and
      choice, free pharmacotherapy, non-judgmental support, accessible services and
      clear communication of program options and changes. Findings may suggest an
      actionable list of adaptations that can be adopted by other clinics providing
      smoking cessation services to women.

PMID- 26971308
TI  - Application of small angle X-ray scattering synchrotron technology for measuring
      ovine meat quality.
AB  - A small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) synchrotron was used to evaluate 100 ovine
      m. longissimus lumborum, representing lamb (n=50) and sheep (n=50). The
      diffraction of X-rays gives information on muscle myofibril structure and fat
      content. The linear relationships between SAXS measures with measures such as,
      shear force, intramuscular fat content (IMF) and collagen content/solubility,
      were investigated. A relationship was found between the d-spacing of the
      actin/myosin fibril spacing (SAX1 and SAX2) and the cross sectional area of the
      rhombohedral unit cell (Cell area) and shear force after 1 and 5day ageing. There
      was a positive relationship between IMF and a SAXS Fat area measure. There was a
      muscle site effect on SAX1, SAX2 and Cell area, with the cranial site having a
      larger distance between myofibrils. The potential of SAXS as a powerful research
      tool to determine not only the structural components of ovine tenderness, but
      also the fat content related to IMF is evident. 

PMID- 26971309
TI  - Effect of black pepper essential oil on the quality of fresh pork during storage.
AB  - The effect of different concentrations (0, 0.1 and 0.5%, v/v) of black pepper
      essential oil (BPEO) on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), meat
      color, the percentage of metmyoglobin (MetMb%), microbiological parameters and
      total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) of pork loins stored at 4 degrees C for
      9days was evaluated. BPEO treatments showed lower TBARS, MetMb%, yellowness (b*)
      values, Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae count and TVB-N values and higher
      lightness (L*) and redness (a*) values than the control during storage; the
      effectiveness of BPEO was dose-dependent. The retardation of the formation of
      MetMb by adding BPEO ensured higher L* and a* values and lower b* values than the
      control at 6 and 9days; the MetMb content has a similar trend to the lipid
      oxidation. The lower TVB-N value of BPEO treatments than the control could be
      attributed to the inhibition of Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. Gram
      negative bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-positive bacteria to BPEO. 

PMID- 26971310
TI  - Effect of pretreatment with carbon monoxide and ozone on the quality of vacuum
      packaged beef meats.
AB  - Beef meats without pretreatment (CK) or pretreated with different volume ratios
      of carbon monoxide and ozone of 100%CO (T1), 2%O3+98%CO (T2), 5%O3+95%CO (T3) and
      10%O3+90%CO (T4) using modified atmosphere packages for 1.5h, after that they
      were vacuum-packaged and stored in 0 degrees C refrigerator for 46days. The
      surface color a* values and sensory scores of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were significant
      higher than CK (p<0.05) during storage. In the mid and later storage, the drip
      loss, total viable counts (TVC), metmyoglobin (met-Mb), thiobarbituric acid
      reactive substances (TBARS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH of T1,
      T2, T3 and T4 were significantly lower than CK (p<0.05), and these values of T2,
      T3 and T4 were significantly lower than T1 in the later storage. In conclusion,
      O3 in the combination didn't affect the color-developing effect of CO, and could
      help CO maintain the meat quality. Therefore, the pretreatment of CO combined
      with O3 at certain concentrations can be a promising technique to maintain the
      quality of beef meats. 

PMID- 26971311
TI  - Hypercoagulable state as demonstrated by thromboelastometry in hemoglobin E/beta
      thalassemia patients: Association with clinical severity and splenectomy status.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with hemoglobin E/beta-thalassemia disease (E/beta) are at
      risk of thromboembolism. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM(r)) can be used to
      determine a hypercoagulable state. The objective was to describe the hemostatic
      and thromboelastometric changes in pediatric patients with E/beta with different
      clinical severity, in comparison with healthy children as controls. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Fifty-three pediatric patients with E/beta and 21 healthy children were
      enrolled. The clinical severity of E/beta was categorized by using the clinical
      severity scores. All subjects were tested for complete blood count, protein C
      activity (PC), total protein S (PS), antithrombin (AT), D-dimer and fibrinogen
      (Fib) levels and thromboelastometry, measured by ROTEM(r). RESULTS: The levels of
      PC (65.7 vs 118.5%), PS (46.8 vs 78.4%), AT (95.7 vs 105.7%) and Fib (217 vs 294
      mg/dL) were significantly lower, and the platelet count (PLT) was significantly
      higher in the patient group than the controls. The maximum clot firmness (MCF) of
      patients with moderate disease who were previously splenectomized (seven
      patients) and patients with severe disease (nine patients) were higher than
      patients who had intact spleen with moderate disease, patients with mild disease
      and controls (P<0.05). Only PLT had significant correlation with MCF (P<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Hypercoagulable state was demonstrated by ROTEM(r) in patients with
      E/beta with severe disease and who were previously splenectomized. The
      hypercoagulable state was associated with the higher numbers of PLT rather than
      the decrease of PC, PS, and AT.

PMID- 26971313
TI  - Use of Ocular Coherence Tomography in Children With Idiopathic Intracranial
      Hypertension-A Single-Center Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disorder characterized by
      elevated intracranial pressure without an identifiable etiology. Detection of
      papilledema may be challenging and leads to diagnostic uncertainty in evaluating
      a child for possible idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ocular coherence
      tomography has the potential to add accuracy to the diagnosis of idiopathic
      intracranial hypertension. The goal of the present study was to determine if
      there was a relationship between severity of papilledema (as determined by direct
      ophthalmoscopy and confirmed by fundus photography) and measures of ocular
      coherence tomography in a pediatric population with idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension. METHODS: Thirteen pediatric patients were recruited prospectively
      after diagnosis of either definitive idiopathic intracranial hypertension (with
      papilledema) or possible idiopathic intracranial hypertension (without
      papilledema) at Children's Hospital of Michigan over a period of one year.
      Clinical data and results of initial ocular coherence tomography and visual field
      testing were collected and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The Frisen scale of
      papilledema significantly correlated with average retinal nerve fiber layer
      thickness of each eye (r = 0.633, P = 0.02 in right eye and r = 0.868, P = 0.001
      in left eye). The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (mean +/- SD) was
      significantly higher in the definitive group than in the possible group (189 +/-
      65 MUm vs 104 +/- 10 MUm in right eye, 165 +/- 42 MUm vs 106 +/- 9 MUm in left
      eye, P < 0.01 in both eyes). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular coherence tomography may be used
      as a supplementary method to aid in the reliable detection of papilledema in
      evaluating a child for idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

PMID- 26971314
TI  - Evaluation of the RapidHITTM 200 and RapidHIT GlobalFiler((r)) Express kit for
      fully automated STR genotyping.
AB  - The RapidHITTM 200 Human Identification System and RapidHIT GlobalFiler((r))
      Express kit were evaluated and validated for use with single-source reference
      samples. It was of primary interest to evaluate the system for its efficacy as an
      expert system and to estimate a first pass success rate, as well as to identify
      the technical variables impacting that result. While results indicated that this
      instrument/kit combination can be used to accurately type single-source buccal
      samples, substantial variability in sensitivity and intra-color balance were
      observed, as were multiple artifacts, requiring extensive manual editing of the
      profiles. Artifacts included dye "blobs" and spectral overlap (pull-up) peaks
      that often originated from relatively low intensity allele peaks. Reduced intra
      color balance, in combination with low sensitivity, occasionally resulted in
      instances of allelic dropout. Overall, 50% of the buccal samples analyzed in this
      study would have been successfully typed to give full GlobalFiler((r)) profiles
      without the need for manual review and editing.

PMID- 26971315
TI  - Analysis and implications of the miscarriages of justice of Amanda Knox and
      Raffaele Sollecito.
AB  - The case of the 'murder of Meredith Kercher' has been the subject of intense
      media scrutiny since 2007 when the offence was committed. Three individuals were
      arrested and accused of the crime. Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito were
      exonerated in March 2015. Another defendant, Rudy Guede, remains convicted as the
      sole perpetrator. He was implicated by multiple DNA profiles recovered from the
      murder room and the bathroom. However, the evidence against Guede contrasted
      strongly with the limited evidence against two co-defendants, Amanda Knox and
      Raffaele Sollecito. There were no DNA profiles pertaining to Amanda Knox in the
      murder room itself. She was separately implicated by a knife recovered remote
      from the crime scene (discovered in a cutlery drawer at Sollecito's apartment),
      along with DNA profiles in a bathroom that she had shared with the victim. Upon
      analysis a low level trace of DNA attributed to the murder victim was found on
      the blade of a knife, along with DNA profiles attributed to Amanda Knox from the
      handle. However, there was no evidence of blood on the knife blade itself. A
      separate key piece of evidence was a DNA profile attributed to Raffaele Sollecito
      recovered from a forcibly removed bra-clasp found in the murder room. There
      followed an extraordinary series of trials and retrials where the pair were
      convicted, exonerated, re-convicted and finally, in March 2015 they were finally
      exonerated (no further appeal is possible). Since Knox and Sollecito have been
      found innocent it is opportune to carry out an extensive review of the case to
      discover the errors that led to conviction so that similar mistakes do not occur
      in the future. It is accepted that the DNA profiles attributed to them were
      transferred by methods unrelated to the crime event itself. There is a wealth of
      material available from the judgements and other reports which can be analysed in
      order to show the errors of thinking. The final judgement of the case-the Marasca
      Bruno motivation report-exposes the illogicality of much of the previous court
      proceedings that led to the convictions and provides useful guidance for judges
      to follow.

PMID- 26971312
TI  - Schistosoma japonicum HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 suppresses delayed-type
      hypersensitivity in a murine model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parasite-derived molecules with immunomodulatory properties, which
      have been optimised during host-parasite co-evolution, exhibit potential
      applications as novel immunotherapeutics. We have previously demonstrated that
      Schistosoma japonicum HSP60-derived peptide SJMHE1 induces CD4(+)CD25(+)
      regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and that adoptively transferred SJMHE1-induced
      CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs inhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. However,
      multiple concerns regarding this method render this treatment unsuitable. To gain
      further insights into the potential effects of SJMHE1, we used ovalbumin (OVA)
      induced DTH and evaluated the effect of SJMHE1 on DTH mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice
      were sensitised with OVA alone or combined with SJMHE1 and then challenged with
      OVA to induce DTH. We first analysed the potential effects of SJMHE1 by measuring
      DTH responses, T-cell responses, cytokine secretion, and Treg proportions. We
      then evaluated the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta1 in CD4(+)CD25(+) T
      cells during DTH and Treg generation to identify the mechanism by which SJMHE1
      suppresses DTH. RESULTS: SJMHE1 modulated the effector response against OVA
      induced DTH and stimulated the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL
      10 and TGF-beta1 in immunised mice through a mechanism involving CD4(+)CD25(+)
      Tregs. SJMHE1-induced CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs expressed high levels of CTLA-4, IL-10,
      and TGF-beta1, which substantially contributed to the suppressive activity during
      DTH. The administration of SJMHE1 to DTH in mice led to the expansion of
      CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs from CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cells in the periphery, which inhibited
      DTH responses. CONCLUSIONS: Our study proves that the parasite-driven peptide
      suppresses DTH in mice, which may confer a new option for inflammation treatment.

PMID- 26971316
TI  - De novo assembly and annotation of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata
      transcriptome.
AB  - The European abalone Haliotis tuberculata is a delicacy and consequently a
      commercially valuable gastropod species. Aquaculture production and wild
      populations are subjected to multiple climate-associated stressors and
      anthropogenic pressures, including rising sea-surface temperatures, ocean
      acidification and an emerging pathogenic Vibrio infection. Transcript expression
      data provides a valuable resource for understanding abalone responses to
      variation in the biotic and abiotic environment. To generate an extensive
      transcriptome, we performed next-generation sequencing of RNA on larvae exposed
      to temperature and pH variation and on haemolymph of adults from two wild
      populations after experimental infection with Vibrio harveyi. We obtained more
      than 1.5 billion raw paired-end reads, which were assembled into 328,519 contigs.
      Filtration and clustering produced a transcriptome of 41,099 transcripts, of
      which 10,626 (25.85%) were annotated with Blast hits, and 7380 of these were
      annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms in Blast2Go. A differential expression
      analysis comparing all samples from the two life stages identified 5690 and
      10,759 transcripts with significantly higher expression in larvae and adult
      haemolymph respectively. This is the greatest sequencing effort yet in the
      Haliotis genus, and provides the first high-throughput transcriptomic resource
      for H. tuberculata. 

PMID- 26971318
TI  - Fermentibacillus polygoni gen. nov., sp. nov., an alkaliphile that reduces indigo
      dye.
AB  - Facultatively alkaliphilic strains, designated as strains IEB3T and IEB14, were
      isolated as indigo-reducing strains from a fermented Polygonum indigo (Polygonum
      tinctorium Lour) liquor sample prepared in our laboratory using a medium
      containing an indigo fermentation liquor as a sole substrate. The 16S rRNA gene
      sequence phylogeny and similarity suggested that strains IEB3T and IEB14 exhibit
      distinctive positions among the members of the genus Bacillus, and their closest
      neighbour was Bacillus nanhaiisediminis NH3T (similarity: 97.4 %) among the
      species with validly published names. The 16S rRNA sequence of strain IEB3Twas
      identical to that of strain IEB14. The cells of the isolates stained Gram
      positive and were facultatively anaerobic, straight rods that were motile by a
      pair of subpolar flagella. Strains IEB3T and IEB14 grew at temperatures between
      12 and 40  degrees C with optimum growth at 30-33  degrees C and in the range of
      pH 7.5-12. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) was detected as the major isoprenoid quinone. The
      DNA G+C contents of strains IEB3T and IEB14 were 39.0 and 39.1 mol%,
      respectively. The whole-cell fatty acid profile mainly (>10 %) consisted of iso
      C14:0, iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed a low
      relatedness value between strain IEB3T and the phylogenetically most closely
      related species, Bacillus nanhaiisediminis JCM 16507T (<7 % ). On the basis of
      phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic data, the isolates
      represent a novel species within a novel genus, for which the name
      Fermentibacillus polygoni gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is
      IEB3T (=JCM 30817T=NCIMB 14984T).

PMID- 26971317
TI  - Systematic review on human resources for health interventions to improve maternal
      health outcomes: evidence from low- and middle-income countries.
AB  - There is a broad consensus and evidence that shows qualified, accessible, and
      responsive human resources for health (HRH) can make a major impact on the health
      of the populations. At the same time, there is widespread recognition that HRH
      crises particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) impede the
      achievement of better health outcomes/targets. In order to achieve the
      Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), equitable access to a skilled and motivated
      health worker within a performing health system is need to be ensured. This
      review contributes to the vast pool of literature towards the assessment of HRH
      for maternal health and is focused on interventions delivered by skilled birth
      attendants (SBAs). Studies were included if (a) any HRH interventions in
      management system, policy, finance, education, partnership, and leadership were
      implemented; (b) these were related to SBA; (c) reported outcomes related to
      maternal health; (d) the studies were conducted in LMICs; and (e) studies were in
      English. Studies were excluded if traditional birth attendants and/or community
      health workers were trained. The review identified 25 studies which revealed
      reasons for poor maternal health outcomes in LMICs despite the efforts and
      policies implemented throughout these years. This review suggested an urgent and
      immediate need for formative evidence-based research on effective HRH
      interventions for improved maternal health outcomes. Other initiatives such as
      education and empowerment of women, alleviating poverty, establishing gender
      equality, and provision of infrastructure, equipment, drugs, and supplies are all
      integral components that are required to achieve SDGs by reducing maternal
      mortality and improving maternal health. 

PMID- 26971319
TI  - Characterisation of the broad substrate specificity 2-keto acid decarboxylase
      Aro10p of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and its implication in aroma development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The yeast amino acid catabolism plays an important role in flavour
      generation since higher alcohols and acetate esters, amino acid catabolism end
      products, are key components of overall flavour and aroma in fermented products.
      Comparative studies have shown that other Saccharomyces species, such as S.
      kudriavzevii, differ during the production of aroma-active higher alcohols and
      their esters compared to S. cerevisiae. RESULTS: In this study, we performed a
      comparative analysis of the enzymes involved in the amino acid catabolism of S.
      kudriavzevii with their potential to improve the flavour production capacity of
      S. cerevisiae. In silico screening, based on the severity of amino acid
      substitutions evaluated by Grantham matrix, revealed four candidates, of which S.
      kudriavzevii Aro10p (SkAro10p) had the highest score. The analysis of higher
      alcohols and esters produced by S. cerevisiae then revealed enhanced formation of
      isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol and their esters when endogenous ARO10 was replaced
      with ARO10 from S. kudriavzevii. Also, significant differences in the aroma
      profile were found in fermentations of synthetic wine must. Substrate
      specificities of SkAro10p were compared with those of S. cerevisiae Aro10p
      (ScAro10p) by their expression in a 2-keto acid decarboxylase-null S. cerevisiae
      strain. Unlike the cell extracts with expressed ScAro10p which showed greater
      activity for phenylpyruvate, which suggests this phenylalanine-derivative to be
      the preferred substrate, the decarboxylation activities measured in the cell
      extracts with SkAro10p ranged with all the tested substrates at the same level.
      The activities of SkAro10p towards substrates (except phenylpyruvate) were higher
      than of those for ScAro10p. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the amino acid
      variations observed between the orthologues decarboxylases encoded by SkARO10 and
      ScARO10 could be the reason for the distinct enzyme properties, which possibly
      lead to the enhanced production of several flavour compounds. The knowledge on
      the important enzyme involved in higher alcohols biosynthesis by S. kudriavzevii
      could be of scientific as well as of applied interest.

PMID- 26971320
TI  - The Health Centre Community.

PMID- 26971322
TI  - Hormonal profiles of captive Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra).
AB  - Monthly blood samples, daily mating observations from Galapagos tortoises
      (Chelonoidis nigra), and local rainfall and temperature were collected at the
      Honolulu Zoo as part of a fertility evaluation. Testosterone concentrations were
      measured for males (n = 6), two of which were seen copulating and were considered
      sexually active. Estrone sulfate and progesterone concentrations were measured
      for female tortoises (n = 9), two of which nested and only one had laid eggs.
      Testosterone profiles were similar for both sexually active and sexually inactive
      males, both of which were positively correlated with temperature but not
      rainfall. Peak testosterone concentrations (12.0 +/- 1.4 ng/ml sexually active
      animals vs. 14.4 +/- 2.4 ng/ml sexually inactive animals) occurred at the end of
      the nesting season, from April to July. Estrone sulfate concentrations were
      similar for nesting (n = 2) and non-nesting (n = 7) female tortoises, rising from
      non-detectable concentrations (September), and increasing to peak concentrations
      during the nesting season. Progesterone concentrations remained low and spiked
      (9.44 ng/ml) only for the female that nested and laid eggs. Testosterone was
      negatively correlated with mating behavior, and the male tortoises were likely
      capable of spermatogenesis even though only two of them engaged in mating
      behavior. The female tortoises were not senescent, as the estrone sulfate
      concentrations likely reflected waves of ovarian follicular activity. Endocrine
      parameters were not in synchrony with rainfall, and a disconnect between the
      timing of reproductive events and the environmental milieu may help to explain
      the poor fertility of these tortoises. Zoo Biol. 35:237-245, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 26971321
TI  - Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies reveals genetic overlap between
      Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Based on epidemiological commonalities, multiple sclerosis (MS) and
      Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), two clinically distinct conditions, have long been
      suspected to be aetiologically related. MS and HL occur in roughly the same age
      groups, both are associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and ultraviolet
      (UV) light exposure, and they cluster mutually in families (though not in
      individuals). We speculated if in addition to sharing environmental risk factors,
      MS and HL were also genetically related. Using data from genome-wide association
      studies (GWAS) of 1816 HL patients, 9772 MS patients and 25 255 controls, we
      therefore investigated the genetic overlap between the two diseases. METHODS:
      From among a common denominator of 404 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      studied, we identified SNPs and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles
      independently associated with both diseases. Next, we assessed the cumulative
      genome-wide effect of MS-associated SNPs on HL and of HL-associated SNPs on MS.
      To provide an interpretational frame of reference, we used data from published
      GWAS to create a genetic network of diseases within which we analysed proximity
      of HL and MS to autoimmune diseases and haematological and non-haematological
      malignancies. RESULTS: SNP analyses revealed genome-wide overlap between HL and
      MS, most prominently in the HLA region. Polygenic HL risk scores explained 4.44%
      of HL risk (Nagelkerke R(2)), but also 2.36% of MS risk. Conversely, polygenic MS
      risk scores explained 8.08% of MS risk and 1.94% of HL risk. In the genetic
      disease network, HL was closer to autoimmune diseases than to solid cancers.
      CONCLUSIONS: HL displays considerable genetic overlap with MS and other
      autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 26971323
TI  - Hepatic and seric levels of purines in rats experimentally infected by Fasciola
      hepatica.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate hepatic and seric levels of purines, as
      well as their breakdown products in rats infected by Fasciola hepatica on days 15
      and 87 post-infection (PI). Rats were divided into two groups: uninfected (n =
      10) and infected (n = 20). On day 15 (n = 5 for uninfected group and n = 10 for
      infected group) and 87 PI (n = 5 for uninfected group and n = 10 for infected
      group), animals were euthanized for sampling to evaluate levels of purines by
      high-performance liquid chromatography. In serum, ATP increased (P < 0.05) and
      ADP decreased (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 87 PI, while AMP increased (P < 0.05)
      only on day 15 PI. Hypoxanthine levels increased (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 87 PI,
      while adenosine and xanthine levels decreased and increased (P < 0.05),
      respectively, on day 87 PI. No difference was observed regarding seric inosine
      and uric acid (P > 0.05). Hepatic ATP, adenosine, and uric acid levels decreased
      (P < 0.05) on days 15 and 87 PI. AMP levels decreased (P < 0.05) on day 87 PI,
      while xanthine levels increased (P < 0.05) on day 15 PI in the liver. Also in the
      liver, hypoxanthine levels increased (P < 0.05) on day 15 PI and decreased (P <
      0.05) on day 87 PI. On the other hand, there was no difference on hepatic ADP and
      inosine levels (P > 0.05). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that F. hepatica
      infection can change purine levels, which may be associated with an inflammatory
      process, and these alterations may influence fasciolosis pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26971325
TI  - Erratum to: The Determining Risk of Vascular Events by Apnea Monitoring (DREAM)
      study: design, rationale, and methods.

PMID- 26971324
TI  - Dysfunction of NMDA receptors in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a pivotal role in the synaptic
      transmission and synaptic plasticity thought to underlie learning and memory.
      NMDARs activation has been recently implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      related to synaptic dysfunction. Synaptic NMDARs are neuroprotective, whereas
      overactivation of NMDARs located outside of the synapse cause loss of
      mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. NMDARs dysfunction in the
      glutamatergic tripartite synapse, comprising presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
      and glial cells, is directly involved in AD. This review discusses that both beta
      amyloid (Abeta) and tau perturb synaptic functioning of the tripartite synapse,
      including alterations in glutamate release, astrocytic uptake, and receptor
      signaling. Particular emphasis is given to the role of NMDARs as a possible
      convergence point for Abeta and tau toxicity and possible reversible stages of
      the AD through preventive and/or disease-modifying therapeutic strategies. 

PMID- 26971327
TI  - Squeaking and microcracks in a delta-delta ceramic coupling: pin-on-disc study.
AB  - There is a rising concern about squeaking in ceramic-on-ceramic total hip
      arthroplasty (THA). In pin-on-disc testing of a delta-delta coupling, we
      reproduced squeaking and observed microcracks on worn surfaces. We used a pin-on
      disc machine and made discs and pins by cutting delta ceramic to a diameter of 40
      mm (D-D). Cross-linked polyethylene was used for a comparison disc (D-P). We
      performed the same test using another D-D coupling specimen to confirm
      reproducibility. Squeaking in the D-D specimen was reproduced in wet conditions,
      though it was not found in the D-P specimen. Fast Fourier transform analysis
      showed a peak frequency for squeaking of 2794 Hz. The noise occurred at about 6.6
      km of sliding distance. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the worn
      surface of the pin in D-D at 10.8 km of sliding distance had some microcracks.
      However, there was no obvious damage to the worn surface of the pin in D-P at the
      same sliding distance. We confirmed the reproducibility of these findings,
      obtaining similar results, including squeaking, from another D-D coupling
      specimen. Our findings show that squeaking may occur in THA using delta ceramic
      bearings even if implants are placed to avoid extra-articular impingement of the
      femoral neck. Although the clinical relevance of microcracks is unknown, they may
      affect long-term outcomes in THA using delta ceramic bearings. 

PMID- 26971328
TI  - Error Rates, Decisive Outcomes and Publication Bias with Several Inferential
      Methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Statistical methods for inferring the true magnitude of an effect
      from a sample should have acceptable error rates when the true effect is trivial
      (type I rates) or substantial (type II rates). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this
      study was to quantify the error rates, rates of decisive (publishable) outcomes
      and publication bias of five inferential methods commonly used in sports medicine
      and science. The methods were conventional null-hypothesis significance testing
      [NHST] (significant and non-significant imply substantial and trivial true
      effects, respectively); conservative NHST (the observed magnitude is interpreted
      as the true magnitude only for significant effects); non-clinical magnitude-based
      inference [MBI] (the true magnitude is interpreted as the magnitude range of the
      90 % confidence interval only for intervals not spanning substantial values of
      the opposite sign); clinical MBI (a possibly beneficial effect is recommended for
      implementation only if it is most unlikely to be harmful); and odds-ratio
      clinical MBI (implementation is also recommended when the odds of benefit
      outweigh the odds of harm, with an odds ratio >66). METHODS: Simulation was used
      to quantify standardized mean effects in 500,000 randomized, controlled trials
      each for true standardized magnitudes ranging from null through marginally
      moderate with three sample sizes: suboptimal (10 + 10), optimal for MBI (50 + 50)
      and optimal for NHST (144 + 144). RESULTS: Type I rates for non-clinical MBI were
      always lower than for NHST. When type I rates for clinical MBI were higher, most
      errors were debatable, given the probabilistic qualification of those inferences
      (unlikely or possibly beneficial). NHST often had unacceptable rates for either
      type II errors or decisive outcomes, and it had substantial publication bias with
      the smallest sample size, whereas MBI had no such problems. CONCLUSION: MBI is a
      trustworthy, nuanced alternative to NHST, which it outperforms in terms of the
      sample size, error rates, decision rates and publication bias.

PMID- 26971326
TI  - Sleep-disordered breathing and daytime cardiac conduction abnormalities on 12
      lead electrocardiogram in community-dwelling older men.
AB  - PURPOSE: Nocturnal cardiac conduction abnormalities are commonly observed in
      patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). However, few population-based
      studies have examined the association between SDB and daytime cardiac conduction
      abnormalities. METHODS: We examined a random sample of 471 community-dwelling
      men, aged >=67 years, enrolled in the multi-center Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in
      Older Men (MrOS Sleep) study. SDB severity was categorized using percent of total
      sleep time with oxygen saturation <90 % (%TST < 90) and apnea hypopnea index
      (AHI). Cardiac conduction parameters were assessed by resting 12-lead
      electrocardiography (ECG). All analyses were adjusted for age, site, beta-blocker
      use, coronary heart disease, calcium channel blocker use, and use of
      antiarrhythmic medications. RESULTS: Mean age was 77 +/- 6 years, median %TST <
      90 was 0.7 (IQR 0.00-3.40), and median AHI was 7.06 (IQR 2.55-15.32). Men with
      greater nocturnal hypoxemia (%TST < 90 >= 3.5 %) compared with those without
      hypoxemia (%TST < 90 < 1.0 %) had a lower odds of bradycardia (OR 0.55 [0.32
      0.94]) and right bundle branch block (RBBB) (OR 0.24 [0.08-0.75]) but a higher
      odds of ventricular paced rhythm (OR 4.42 [1.29-15.19]). Heart rate (HR)
      increased in a graded manner with increasing %TST < 90 (p-trend 0.01) and
      increasing AHI (p-trend 0.006), but these gradients were small in absolute
      magnitude. There were no associations of SDB measures with other ECG conduction
      parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Greater nocturnal hypoxemia in older men was associated
      with a lower prevalence of daytime sinus bradycardia and RBBB, a higher
      prevalence of ventricular paced rhythm, and higher resting HR.

PMID- 26971329
TI  - Biotechnological advancement in genetic improvement of broccoli (Brassica
      oleracea L. var. italica), an important vegetable crop.
AB  - With the advent of molecular biotechnology, plant genetic engineering techniques
      have opened an avenue for the genetic improvement of important vegetable crops.
      Vegetable crop productivity and quality are seriously affected by various biotic
      and abiotic stresses which destabilize rural economies in many countries.
      Moreover, absence of proper post-harvest storage and processing facilities leads
      to qualitative and quantitative losses. In the past four decades, conventional
      breeding has significantly contributed to the improvement of vegetable yields,
      quality, post-harvest life, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
      However, there are many constraints in conventional breeding, which can only be
      overcome by advancements made in modern biology. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.
      var. italica) is an important vegetable crop, of the family Brassicaceae;
      however, various biotic and abiotic stresses cause enormous crop yield losses
      during the commercial cultivation of broccoli. Thus, genetic engineering can be
      used as a tool to add specific characteristics to existing cultivars. However, a
      pre-requisite for transferring genes into plants is the availability of efficient
      regeneration and transformation techniques. Recent advances in plant genetic
      engineering provide an opportunity to improve broccoli in many aspects. The goal
      of this review is to summarize genetic transformation studies on broccoli to draw
      the attention of researchers and scientists for its further genetic advancement. 

PMID- 26971330
TI  - The transcription factor TBX2 regulates melanogenesis in melanocytes by
      repressing Oca2.
AB  - The T-box transcription factor TBX2 is known for its role as a critical regulator
      of melanoma cell proliferation, but its role in regulating melanogenesis has not
      been widely studied. Here we use a series of experiments to show in primary and
      immortalized mouse melanocytes that TBX2 acts as regulator of melanogenesis by
      repressing the expression of the gene encoding the melanosomal protein OCA2. We
      find that alpha-MSH or forskolin, both of which stimulate melanogenesis, also
      reduce TBX2 expression, and that specific knockdown of TBX2 increases
      melanogenesis. This effect primarily involves an increase in Oca2 expression as
      the combined knockdown of both Tbx2 and Oca2 interferes with the Tbx2 knockdown
      mediated increase in melanogenesis. Standard chromatin immunoprecipitation and
      reporter assays suggest that TBX2 represses Oca2 at least in part directly.
      Hence, the results suggest that TBX2 may act as a nexus linking cell
      proliferation and melanogenesis. 

PMID- 26971331
TI  - Left atrial posterior wall isolation reduces the recurrence of atrial
      fibrillation: a meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The posterior wall of left atrium plays an important role in atrial
      fibrillation (AF) recurrence, but the benefit of left atrial posterior wall
      isolation (PWI) remains still unclear. The objective was to evaluate the benefit
      of PWI in radiofrequency ablation. METHODS: PubMed and the Web of Science were
      searched in September 2015. Studies comparing catheter ablation with PWI [PWI(+)]
      vs. ablation without PWI [PWI(-)] were included. We performed a meta-analysis to
      assess atrial arrhythmia recurrence, procedure-related complications, and
      procedural time. RESULTS: Five studies with 594 AF patients were included.
      Compared with PWI(-), PWI(+) resulted in a significantly lower atrial arrhythmia
      recurrence rate (relative risk [RR] 0.81, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.68
      0.97, p = 0.02), which was largely driven by the decreased AF recurrence (RR
      0.55, 95 % CI 0.35-0.86, p = 0.009). Recurrence rates of atrial
      tachycardia/flutter (AT/AFL) were comparable between two groups (RR 1.16, 95 % CI
      0.85-1.58, p = 0.34). There were no significant differences in procedure-related
      complications (RR 1.07, 95 % CI 0.45-2.53, p = 0.89) and procedural times (weight
      mean difference 0.88, 95 % CI -7.29-9.06, p = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: This meta
      analysis shows that with comparable procedure-related complications and
      procedural time, ablation with PWI reduces AF recurrence.

PMID- 26971332
TI  - Early release of high-sensitive cardiac troponin during complex catheter ablation
      for ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation results in intentional cardiac injury. We
      aimed to assess the kinetics of cardiac injury as measured by cardiac troponin
      release following ventricular ablation and atrial ablation. METHODS: Patients
      undergoing ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) with structural heart
      disease (19 patients) or atrial fibrillation (AF, 24 patients) were prospectively
      enrolled. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and high-sensitivity
      cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) were measured before ablation as well as 30 min, 60
      min, 90 min, 120 min, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h after applying the first ablation
      lesion. RESULTS: Median ablation time, power used, and energy delivered were 28
      min, 39 W, and 69,713 J in VT ablations and 55 min, 29 W, and 95,425 J in AF
      ablations, respectively. Release of hs-cTnT occurred promptly with both, but
      reached greater levels earlier for ventricular compared to atrial ablation (hs
      cTnT after 30 min 191 vs. 31 ng/l, after 1 h 467 vs. 80 ng/l; hs-cTnI after 30
      min 132 vs. 30 ng/l, after 1 h 331 vs. 76 ng/l; p < 0.001 for all comparisons).
      After 24 h, levels were similar (hs-cTnT 1325 vs. 1303 ng/l, p = 0.92; hs-cTnI
      2165 vs. 1996 ng/l, p = 0.55). Levels of hs-cTnT after 24 h correlated well with
      the energy delivered in AF ablations (r = 0.81 and r = 0.75, p < 0.001), but not
      in VT ablations (r = 0.35 and r = 0.44, p = ns). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of cardiac
      injury as indicated by the release of hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI occurs early with
      atrial and ventricular ablation. Higher early levels are observed in ventricular
      ablations, but levels are similar after 24 h. The extent of total troponin
      release seems to correlate well with the amount of energy delivered in AF
      ablations, but not in VT ablations.

PMID- 26971333
TI  - Long-term mobility of the esophagus in patients undergoing catheter ablation of
      atrial fibrillation: data from computer tomography and 3D rotational angiography
      of the left atrium.
AB  - PURPOSE: Computed tomography (CT) and 3D rotational angiography (3DRA) of the
      left atrium (LA) are used to evaluate the esophagus prior to radiofrequency
      ablation for atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to compare
      preprocedural and periprocedural views of the esophagus and the left atrium.
      METHODS: From September 2011 to August 2012, 3DRA and CT of the LA were performed
      on 56 patients before they underwent catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.
      The 3DRA was performed periprocedurally, and the CT was performed an average of
      20 days prior to the procedure. 3D models of the LA and the esophagus were then
      segmented on the EP Navigator V 3.1 workstation. Five positions of the esophagus,
      A-E, in order from left to right, were evaluated. RESULTS: The most common
      position of the esophagus was behind the left part of the LA (CT, position B (n =
      26)) and behind the central part of the LA (3DRA, position C (n = 21)). The
      maximum shift of the esophagus was three positions, and the average shift was
      0.857 +/- 0.766 of a position. There was a shift of one position in 44.6 % of the
      patients, two positions in 17.9 %, and three positions in 1.8 %. A statistically
      significant difference was found between the positions of the esophagus when the
      3DRA and CT evaluations were compared. CONCLUSIONS: The most common position of
      the esophagus was behind the middle and left part of the LA. The outpatient views
      of the esophagus obtained before ablation did not reflect the position of the
      esophagus at the beginning of the procedure.

PMID- 26971335
TI  - Urine Culture in Uncomplicated UTI: Interpretation and Significance.
AB  - Acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical problem,
      accounting for millions of outpatient visits in the USA annually. Although
      routinely obtaining urine cultures in UTI is not recommended, there are
      circumstances in which obtaining a pre-therapy culture may be warranted or chosen
      by clinicians, such as when indicated by the need for careful antimicrobial
      stewardship. This review focuses on understanding reasons for obtaining a pre
      therapy culture, methods of collection, and appropriately interpreting urine
      culture data. 

PMID- 26971334
TI  - Paradonghicola geojensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater, Geoje-si,
      South Korea.
AB  - A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacterium, designated
      FJ12(T), was isolated from seawater, Geoje-si, South Korea. Strain FJ12(T) was
      catalase and oxidase positive. Growth of strain FJ12(T) was optimally observed at
      30  degrees C and pH 6 and grew in the presence of 0-11 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2-3
      % NaCl). The phylogenic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence of strains
      FJ12(T) showed the highest sequence similarity to those of Doghicola eburneus
      KCTC 12735(T) (95.4 %), Aestuariihabitans beolgyonensis KTCT 32324(T) (95.3 %),
      Sulfitobacter pontiacus KCTC 32185(T) (94.9 %), Roseisalinus antarcticus DSM
      11466(T) (94.8 %) and Loktanella soesokkaensis KCTC 32425(T) (94.7 %). The major
      polar lipids of FJ12(T) were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and unidentified lipids. It
      contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone, and major fatty acid is C18:1
      omega7c (51.7 %), C16:0 (24.0 %). The DNA G+C content of the strain FJ12(T) was
      60 mol%. Based on physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain
      FJ12(T) should be regarded as the type species of a novel genus in the family
      Rhodobacteraceae for which the name Paradonghicola geojensis sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain FJ12(T) (=KEMB 3001-336(T)=JCM 30384(T)). 

PMID- 26971337
TI  - Imaging wisely: patient safety in CT.
AB  - The past decade has seen a significant growth in diagnostic CT imaging as a
      direct result of the clinical value provided by CT imaging. At the same time,
      many new techniques and resources are now available to make CT imaging safe. This
      article presents the basics of CT dosimetry and their usage in clinical
      practices, methods to implement CT dose reduction, followed by a summary of
      legislation, and guidelines related to patient safety in diagnostic CT imaging.
      Also, CT radiation dose diagnostic reference levels from published regional and
      national surveys are reviewed and applied in a CT dose tracking and monitoring
      program. 

PMID- 26971336
TI  - Aeroallergens in West Crete, Greece: A five year (2010-2014) aerobiological
      study.
AB  - The objective of the analytic observational study was to present air-pollen
      counting program results for a 5-year period. Airborne pollens and fungi
      collection, from both urban and sub-urban areas, were obtained using a special
      Burkard pollen trap installed on the roof of Chania General Hospital.
      Aeroallergen concentration measurement was made in a standardized way with
      fixation of the material collected and then counting using an optical microscope.
      Annual and total circulating pollen and fungi counts for the study period are
      presented. In the year 2014, the highest total annual count was recorded, while
      2013 was the year with the lowest one. Months with the highest average
      concentrations were June for the years 2010 and 2011 (1291 and 1114.6
      grains/m(3), respectively) and May for the consecutive 3 years 2012-2014 (1120,
      890 and 1353.1 g/m(3), respectively). Peak periods for circulating aeroallergens
      were April-June. Trees pollen accounted for the majority of circulating
      aeroallergens (615.9 and 677.1 g/m(3) during peak periods in the years 2012 and
      2014), while fungi accounted for the majority of circulating aeroallergens
      (818.5, 729.4, 890.7 spores/m(3)), during the peak periods in the years 2010,
      2011 and 2013. Variability in peak airborne allergen periods could be partly
      explained by the differences in climatic conditions during the study period. 

PMID- 26971338
TI  - Abdominal radiology in the era of the Interventional Radiology/Diagnostic
      Radiology certificate.

PMID- 26971339
TI  - The "manta ray" pelvis.

PMID- 26971340
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma: staging and surveillance.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma is a common malignancy with many histologic subtypes.
      Appropriate treatment depends not only upon the specific subtype but also the
      size of the tumor and extent of spread at time of presentation. Approximately 5%
      of RCCs are part of a hereditary syndrome which must also be considered in the
      therapeutic decisions. Although some RCCs are detected with ultrasound, CT or MR
      is required for staging. CT is used most commonly as it is most readily available
      and relatively less expensive than MR imaging. The TNM classification of the
      American Joint Committee on Cancer has largely replaced the Robson
      classification. Early detection, accurate staging, and improved treatment options
      have resulted in improved 5-year survival of patients with renal carcinoma.

PMID- 26971342
TI  - Study of the improvement in bone conduction threshold after stapedectomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Bone conduction threshold depression is not always a
      result of inner ear and cochlear nerve pathology. In fact, middle ear pathologies
      may be responsible for such threshold depression, as occurs in otosclerosis. The
      aims of this study were to evaluate the improvement of bone conduction threshold
      in patients with otosclerosis that underwent stapedectomy and to study the
      postoperative audiological results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a
      retrospective study on 95 patients (116 ears) diagnosed with otosclerosis having
      conductive or mixed hearing loss that received surgery (stapedectomy and complete
      removal of the footplate) consecutively. Audiometry was performed on all patients
      pre- and postoperatively (one month and one year after surgery). Bone and air
      conduction thresholds were measured at 4 frequencies (500, 1000, 2000 and
      4000Hz). RESULTS: The air-bone gap was closed, with a residual air-bone gap below
      10dB in 92.2% of the patients and below 5dB in 79.3% of the cases. The air
      conduction threshold improved an average of 25dB. The patients that had an
      affected bone conduction threshold preoperatively improved bone conduction
      postoperatively at the frequencies of 1000 and 2000Hz (6 and 12dB, respectively).
      Consequently, the Carhart notch disappeared on the audiogram. These results were
      maintained at one year of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant
      improvement in the bone conduction threshold at the frequencies of 1000 and
      2000Hz and a disappearance of the Carhart notch in the audiogram after
      stapedectomy and total footplate removal in patients diagnosed with otosclerosis
      having mixed hearing loss.

PMID- 26971341
TI  - Comparison of hepatocellular carcinoma conspicuity on hepatobiliary phase images
      with gadoxetate disodium vs. delayed phase images with extracellular cellular
      contrast agent.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the conspicuity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on
      hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced vs. delayed phase of
      gadodiamide-enhanced MR images, relative to liver function. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: We retrospectively identified 86 patients with newly diagnosed HCC
      between 2010 and 2013 and recorded the severity of liver disease by Child-Pugh
      class (CPC). 38 patients had gadodiamide-enhanced 5-min delayed and 48 had
      gadoxetate disodium-enhanced 20-min delayed hepatobiliary MR images. The
      conspicuity of 86 HCCs (mean size, 2.7 cm) was graded visually on a 3-point scale
      and quantified by liver-to-tumor contrast ratios (LTC). The relative liver
      parenchymal enhancement (RPE) was measured. For different CPCs, we compared the
      conspicuity of HCC and RPE between gadodiamide and gadoxetate. RESULTS: In
      patients with CPC A, the visual conspicuity and LTC of the 27 HCCs imaged with
      gadodiamide were significantly lower than those of the 38 HCCs with gadoxetate (P
      < 0.01, <0.01, respectively). RPE was lower in gadodiamide scans than gadoxetate
      scans (P < 0.01). Conversely, in patients with CPC B and C, HCCs appeared more
      frequently as definite hypointensity when imaged with gadodiamide (72.7%, 8/11)
      than gadoxetate (20%, 2/10, P = 0.03). LTC (mean 18.1 vs. 7.5, P = 0.04) and RPE
      (mean 75.5 vs. 45.4, P = 0.04) was significantly higher in the gadodiamide than
      gadoxetate scans. CONCLUSION: In patients with compromised liver function,
      hypointensity of HCC is more conspicuous in the gadodiamide delayed phase than
      the gadoxetate hepatobiliary phase. This likely reflects the high extracellular
      accumulation of gadodiamide and poor hepatocyte uptake of gadoxetate in patients
      with compromised liver function.

PMID- 26971343
TI  - Leucobacter populi sp. nov. isolated from a symptomatic bark of Populus *
      euramericana canker.
AB  - A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, oxidase-negative and
      catalase-positive bacterial strain, designated 06C10-3-11T, was isolated from the
      symptomatic bark of a Populus * euramericana canker. Growth occurred at 10-45 
      degrees C (optimum, 30  degrees C), pH 6-11 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0), 0-7 % (w/v)
      NaCl (optimum, 0-1 %) and in the presence of 20 mM Cr (VI). The major fatty acids
      (>=10 %) of the novel strain were identified as anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 and
      iso-C16:0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol,
      phospholipid, glycolipid and two unknown lipids. The strain contained the
      respiratory quinone MK-10 (71 %) as a major component and MK-11 (29 %) in lesser
      amounts. The cell wall amino acids were 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine,
      glutamic acid and glycine. The genomic DNA G+C content of the type strain was
      69.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated
      that strain 06C10-3-11T belongs to the genus Leucobacter, showing the highest 16S
      rRNA gene sequence similarities with Leucobacter celer NAL101T (96.19 %),
      'Leucobacter kyeonggiensis' F3-P9T (96.18 %), Leucobacter denitrificans M1T8B10T
      (96.10 %) and Leucobacter aridicollis CIP 108388T (96.06 %). The DNA G+C content
      of strain 06C10-3-11T was 69.8 mol%. Based on the molecular data and
      physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain 06C10-3-11T is considered
      to represent a novel species of the genus Leucobacter, for which the name
      Leucobacterpopuli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 06C10-3-11T (= CFCC
      12199T = KCTC 39685T). 

PMID- 26971345
TI  - Severe influenza symptoms in celiac disease: implications of CD103- dendritic
      cells?

PMID- 26971346
TI  - Treating depression in obesity: STAT3 inhibitors as future therapeutic approach?

PMID- 26971344
TI  - MicroRNA-27a Negatively Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharide
      Stimulated Microglia by Targeting TLR4 and IRAK4.
AB  - microRNA, a family of small non-coding RNA, plays significant roles in regulating
      gene expression, mainly via binding to the 3'-untranslated region of target
      genes. Although the role of miRNA in regulating neuroinflammation via the innate
      immune pathway has been studied, its role in the production of inflammatory
      mediators during microglial activation is poorly understood. In this study, we
      investigated the effect of miR-27a on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial
      inflammation. miR-27a expression was found to be rapidly decreased in microglia
      by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) after LPS stimulation.
      Over-expression of miR-27a significantly decreased the production of inflammatory
      cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitric oxide (NO), whereas knockdown of
      miR-27a increased the expression of these inflammatory factors. We also
      demonstrated by loss- and gain-of-function studies that miR-27a directly
      suppressed the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-1
      receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4)-a pivotal adaptor kinase in the TLR4/MyD88
      signaling pathway-by directly binding their 3'-UTRs: knocking down TLR4 or IRAK4
      in microglia significantly decreased TLR4 or IRAK4 expression and inhibited the
      downstream production of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, the inflammatory
      cytokines IL-6 and IL-1beta were regulated by IRAK4, whereas TNF-alpha and NO
      were more dependent on TLR4 activation. Thus, miR-27a might regulate the LPS
      induced production of inflammatory cytokines in microglia independently of TLR4
      and IRAK4. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-27a is associated with
      microglial activation and the inflammatory response.

PMID- 26971347
TI  - Association between vitamin D serum levels and disease activity markers in
      patients with Crohn's Disease.

PMID- 26971348
TI  - A systematic review and meta-analysis to reappraise the role of adjuvant hepatic
      arterial infusion for colorectal cancer liver metastases.

PMID- 26971349
TI  - Preoperative localization of left-sided colon adenocarcinomas: comparing staging
      CT-scan and colonoscopy.

PMID- 26971350
TI  - Does anaesthesia change severity of haemorrhoidal disease? A prospective and
      multicentre case-control study on haemorrhoidal disease assessment in two
      different settings: outpatient and operating theatre.

PMID- 26971351
TI  - Vitamin D and Diabetic Complications: True or False Prophet?
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a condition of increasing prevalence
      worldwide. Vitamin D has an established role in calcium and bone metabolism;
      however, more recently associations with vitamin D deficiency and risk of
      developing diabetes, diabetes complications, and cardiovascular disease have all
      been acknowledged. The vitamin D receptor is ubiquitously expressed, and
      experimental, in vitro, and in vivo studies strongly suggest a role in regulating
      the transcription of multiple genes beyond calcium homeostasis. These include
      antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, inhibition of the renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system, and neurotrophic factor expression. Observational
      studies report a strong association between vitamin D deficiency and
      cardiovascular and metabolic disorders; however, there remains a paucity of large
      long-term randomized clinical trials showing a benefit with treatment. An
      increasing body of literature suggests a possible pathogenetic role of vitamin D
      in the long-term complications of diabetes and vitamin D deficiency may also
      exacerbate symptoms of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It remains unknown
      if supplementation of vitamin D to normal or non-deficient levels alters
      pathogenetic processes related to diabetic microvascular complications. With the
      high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with diabetes and putative
      mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to diabetic complications, there is a
      compelling argument for undertaking large well-designed randomized controlled
      trials of vitamin D supplementation. 

PMID- 26971354
TI  - Successful Improvement of Metabolic Disorders, Including Osteopenia, by a
      Dopamine Agonist in a Male Patient with Macro-Prolactinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone metabolic disorders in patients with prolactinoma have not been
      fully characterized. The case presented herein illustrates potential causal
      associations between prolactinoma and osteopenia, with a reversal of the disorder
      by treatment with a dopamine agonist. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old male with macro
      prolactinoma [PRL 7770 ng/mL] was referred to our hospital. He suffered was
      overweight [body mass index (BMI) 29.4 kg/m2] and had impaired glucose tolerance,
      hypertriglyceridemia, and osteopenia. The patient was administered cabergoline, a
      dopamine D2 receptor agonist, and the dose was gradually increased up to 9
      mg/week over the period of 1 year. One year later, the patient's serum PRL levels
      decreased to within the normal range (19.1 ng/mL), and his pituitary tumor mass
      decreased to 1/4 of its initial size. His weight, dyslipidemia, and impaired
      glucose tolerance improved within 1 year. A marked increase in the bone mineral
      density (BMD) at the second to fourth lumbar spine (from 0.801 g/cm2 to 0.870
      g/cm2, +8.6%) and at the femoral neck (from 0.785 g/cm2 to 0.864 g/cm2, +10.1%)
      were observed despite the presence of unresolved hypogonadism. CONCLUSIONS:
      Treatments with dopamine agonists represent a beneficial strategy for patients
      with prolactinoma accompanied with bone loss, in addition to their established
      efficacy in shrinkage of the size of pituitary tumors, normalization of PRL
      levels, and improvement of metabolic disorders.

PMID- 26971353
TI  - Dentists' attitudes and behaviour regarding deep carious lesion management: a
      multi-national survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed, using a questionnaire, to assess and compare
      behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of French, German and Norwegian dentists
      regarding deep carious lesion management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mail survey
      was applied to simple random national samples of dentists. Descriptive analysis
      and logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Sample size was 661
      (response rate, 33 %) in France, 622 (25 %) in Germany and 199 (33 %) in Norway.
      Hardness was the criterion used most often for assessing carious tissue removal
      in all three countries (>95 %), with most dentists aiming for only hard dentine
      remaining at the pulpal wall (>66 %); dentine colour was not found relevant by
      most respondents. The majority of French and German practitioners (>66 %) would
      perform complete excavation even for deep lesions, while most Norwegian dentists
      (84 %) opted for stepwise excavation. Most dentists thought complete removal was
      required to avoid lesion progression and were uncertain if remaining sealed
      bacteria would harm the pulp. Treatment decisions were guided by prior experience
      and familiarity. For example, stepwise removal was performed less often by
      dentists who were male, French, German or those in the private sector.
      CONCLUSIONS: Less invasive strategies for managing deep lesions have not widely
      entered clinical practice in France and Germany. Underlying beliefs shape
      decision-making. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study is the first of its nature
      to analyse and compare deep carious lesion management between three European
      countries. It shows that there is an urgent need to practically educate dentists
      in less invasive strategies.

PMID- 26971352
TI  - Controlled, prospective, randomized, clinical split-mouth evaluation of partial
      ceramic crowns luted with a new, universal adhesive system/resin cement: results
      after 18 months.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A new universal adhesive with corresponding luting composite was
      recently marketed which can be used both, in a self-etch or in an etch-and-rinse
      mode. In this study, the clinical performance of partial ceramic crowns (PCCs)
      inserted with this adhesive and the corresponding luting material used in a self
      etch or selective etch approach was compared with a self-adhesive universal
      luting material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three PCCs were placed in a split-mouth
      design in 50 patients. Two PCCs were luted with a combination of a universal
      adhesive/resin cement (Scotchbond Universal/RelyX Ultimate, 3M ESPE) with
      (SB+E)/without (SB-E) selective enamel etching. Another PCC was luted with a self
      adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2, 3M ESPE). Forty-eight patients were
      evaluated clinically according to FDI criteria at baseline and 6, 12 and 18
      months. For statistical analyses, the chi-square test (alpha = 0.05) and Kaplan
      Meier analysis were applied. RESULTS: Clinically, no statistically significant
      differences between groups were detected over time. Within groups, clinically
      significant increase for criterion "marginal staining" was detected for SB-E over
      18 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significantly higher retention rates
      for SB+E (97.8 %) and SB-E (95.6 %) in comparison to RXU2 (75.6 %). CONCLUSION:
      The 18-month clinical performance of a new universal adhesive/composite
      combination showed no differences with respect to bonding strategy and may be
      recommended for luting PCCs. Longer-term evaluation is needed to confirm
      superiority of SB+E over SB-E. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At 18 months, the new multi
      mode adhesive, Scotchbond Universal, showed clinically reliable results when used
      for luting PCCs.

PMID- 26971357
TI  - Jimmy Frank Howell, M.D.

PMID- 26971356
TI  - Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016-2017
      northern hemisphere influenza season.

PMID- 26971355
TI  - The Ring Finger Protein RNF6 Induces Leukemia Cell Proliferation as a Direct
      Target of Pre-B-cell Leukemia Homeobox 1.
AB  - RNF6 is a little-studied ring finger protein. In the present study, we found that
      RNF6 was overexpressed in various leukemia cells and that it accelerated leukemia
      cell proliferation, whereas knockdown of RNF6 delayed tumor growth in xenografts.
      To find out the mechanism of RNF6 overexpression in leukemia, we designed a
      series of truncated constructs of RNF6 regulatory regions in the luciferase
      reporter system. The results revealed that the region between -144 and -99
      upstream of the RNF6 transcription start site was critical and that this region
      contained a PBX1 recognition element (PRE). PBX1 modulated RNF6 expression by
      binding to the specific PRE. When PRE was mutated, RNF6 transcription was
      completely abolished. Further studies showed that PBX1 collaborated with PREP1
      but not MEIS1 to modulate RNF6 expression. Moreover, RNF6 expression could be
      suppressed by doxorubicin, a major anti-leukemia agent, via down-regulating PBX1.
      This study thus suggests that RNF6 overexpression in leukemia is under the
      direction of PBX1 and that the PBX1/RNF6 axis can be developed as a novel
      therapeutic target of leukemia. 

PMID- 26971358
TI  - Houston Methodist Hospital Recognizes Outstanding Cardiology Fellows During
      Annual Awards Dinner.

PMID- 26971361
TI  - [Perception of physicians on factors that influence the choice of a dicoumarin or
      a new oral anticoagulant in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation].
AB  - AIMS: Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of new oral
      anticoagulant drugs for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with
      non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Our aim was to evaluate the factors that can
      influence physicians in their choice between a classic and a new anticoagulant in
      these patients. DESIGN: Several variables of interest were discussed and analysed
      using a WorkmatTM methodology. SITES: Six regional meetings were held in Spain
      (East, Catalonia, Andalusia-Extremadura, Madrid, North-east, and North of Spain).
      PARTICIPANTS: Meetings were attended by 39 specialists (cardiologists,
      neurologists, haematologists, internists, and emergency and Primary Care
      physicians). MEASUREMENTS: Each participant graded their level of agreement, with
      a score from 1 to 10, on every analysed variable. RESULTS: A new anticoagulant
      drug was preferred in patients with previous failure of dicoumarin therapy (9.7+/
      0.5), high haemorrhagic risk (8.7+/-1), prior bleeding (7.8+/-1.5), and high
      thrombotic risk (7.7+/-1.2). Dicoumarins were preferred in cases of severe (1.2+/
      0.4) or moderate (4.2+/-2.5) kidney failure, good control with dicoumarins (2.3+/
      1.5), cognitive impairment (3.2+/-3), and low haemorrhagic risk (4.3+/-3). Age,
      sex, weight, cost of drug, polymedication, and low thrombotic risk achieved
      intermediate scores. There were no differences between the different specialists
      or Spanish regions. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a high thrombotic or
      haemorrhagic risk and the failure of previous dicoumarin therapy lead to choosing
      a new oral anticoagulant in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, while
      kidney failure, cognitive impairment, good control with dicoumarins, and a low
      bleeding risk predispose to selecting a classic dicoumarin anticoagulant.

PMID- 26971362
TI  - Graphene-Based Bionic Composites with Multifunctional and Repairing Properties.
AB  - In this work, a novel bionic composite inspired by the concept of yeast
      fermentation has been proposed. It was observed that the addition of graphene
      nanoplatelets during the fermentation of extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      fungi allows coupling of the graphene sheets to the yeast cell wall. This process
      resulted in the formation of a composite film with improved mechanical and
      electrical properties along with the capability of converting the light stimulus
      in the electrical signal. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites,
      namely, the fracture strength and Young's modulus, were studied via numerical
      simulations and are related to the properties of the constituent phases via rules
      of mixture. Finally, it was observed that graphene nanoplatelets, added to the
      nutrient broth, were able to reassemble onto the stressed cell surface and repair
      the surface cracking, partially restoring the pristine electrical and mechanical
      properties. The method reported here may find potential application in the
      development of self-healable bioelectronic devices and microorganism-based strain
      and chemical biosensors. 

PMID- 26971359
TI  - Clinimetric testing of the comprehensive cervical dystonia rating scale.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to test the clinimetric properties of the
      Comprehensive Cervical Dystonia Rating Scale. This is a modular scale with
      modifications of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (composed
      of three subscales assessing motor severity, disability, and pain) now referred
      to as the revised Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Scale-2; a newly
      developed psychiatric screening instrument; and the Cervical Dystonia Impact
      Profile-58 as a quality of life measure. METHODS: Ten dystonia experts rated
      subjects with cervical dystonia using the comprehensive scale. Clinimetric
      techniques assessed each module of the scale for reliability, item correlation,
      and factor structure. RESULTS: There were 208 cervical dystonia patients (73%
      women; age, 59 +/- 10 years; duration, 15 +/- 12 years). Internal consistency of
      the motor severity subscale was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.57). Item to
      total correlations showed that elimination of items with low correlations (<0.20)
      increased alpha to 0.71. Internal consistency estimates for the subscales for
      disability and pain were 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. The psychiatric screening
      scale had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 and satisfactory item to total correlations.
      When the subscales of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Scale-2 were
      combined with the psychiatric screening scale, Cronbach's alpha was 0.88, and
      construct validity assessment demonstrated four rational factors: motor;
      disability; pain; and psychiatric disorders. The Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile
      58 had an alpha of 0.98 and its construction was validated through a confirmatory
      factor analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The modules of the Comprehensive Cervical Dystonia
      Rating Scale are internally consistent with a logical factor structure.

PMID- 26971360
TI  - Differential predictors of ART adherence among HIV-monoinfected versus HIV/HCV
      coinfected individuals.
AB  - Although adherence is an important key to the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy
      (ART), many people living with HIV (PLWH) fail to maintain optimal levels of ART
      adherence over time. PLWH with the added burden of Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      coinfection possess unique challenges that potentially impact their motivation
      and ability to adhere to ART. The present investigation sought to (1) compare ART
      adherence levels among a sample of HIV/HCV-coinfected versus HIV-monoinfected
      patients, and (2) identify whether ART-related clinical and psychosocial
      correlates differ by HCV status. PLWH receiving ART (N = 215: 105 HIV/HCV
      coinfected, 110 HIV-monoinfected) completed a comprehensive survey assessing ART
      adherence and its potential correlates. Medical chart extraction identified
      clinical factors, including liver enzymes. Results demonstrated that ART
      adherence did not differ by HCV status, with 83.7% of coinfected patients and
      82.4% of monoinfected patients reporting optimal (i.e., >=95%) adherence during a
      four-day recall period (p = .809). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated
      that regardless of HCV status, optimal ART adherence was associated with
      experiencing fewer adherence-related behavioral skills barriers (AOR = 0.56;
      95%CI = 0.43-0.73), lower likelihood of problematic drinking (AOR = 0.15; 95%CI =
      0.04-0.67), and lower likelihood of methamphetamine use (AOR = 0.14; 95%CI = 0.03
      0.69). However, among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, optimal adherence was
      additionally associated with experiencing fewer ART adherence-related
      motivational barriers (AOR = 0.23; 95%CI = 0.08-0.62) and lower likelihood of
      depression (AOR = 0.06; 95%CI = 0.00-0.84). Findings suggest that although
      HIV/HCV-coinfected patients may face additional, distinct barriers to ART
      adherence, levels of adherence commensurate with those demonstrated by HIV
      monoinfected patients might be achievable if these barriers are addressed.

PMID- 26971363
TI  - Genetic Optimization of Metalloenzymes: Enhancing Enzymes for Non-Natural
      Reactions.
AB  - Artificial metalloenzymes have received increasing attention over the last decade
      as a possible solution to unaddressed challenges in synthetic organic chemistry.
      Whereas traditional transition-metal catalysts typically only take advantage of
      the first coordination sphere to control reactivity and selectivity, artificial
      metalloenzymes can modulate both the first and second coordination spheres. This
      difference can manifest itself in reactivity profiles that can be truly unique to
      artificial metalloenzymes. This Review summarizes attempts to modulate the second
      coordination sphere of artificial metalloenzymes by using genetic modifications
      of the protein sequence. In doing so, successful attempts and creative solutions
      to address the challenges encountered are highlighted.

PMID- 26971365
TI  - Admission sodium level and prognosis in adult Guillain-Barre syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) varies in severity and outcome.
      Hyponatremia predicts poor outcome but previous studies have used divergent
      methodology and (pseudo)hyponatremia caused by intravenous immunoglobulin
      administration may confound analysis. We studied if the plasma sodium level at
      admission was associated with GBS outcome. METHODS: All 69 patients at least 16
      years of age treated for GBS in Turku University Hospital in 2004-2013 were
      included in the study. Clinical information was obtained from patient charts.
      RESULTS: Women had lower sodium levels at admission (138; IQR 135, 140) compared
      to men (140; IQR 138, 142; p = 0.0116) but no association of sodium levels with
      demographics, pre-hospital variables or basic GBS characteristics was found.
      Multivariate analyses showed lower admission sodium levels to be associated with
      worse functional status at one year from disease onset (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.07
      1.76; p = 0.0136) and probability of being discharged to another care facility
      from the hospital (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.05-1.64; p = 0.0180) but not associated with
      need of intensive care unit care (p = 0.09) or mechanical ventilation (p = 0.45),
      length of hospital stay (p =0.48) or functional status at six months (p = 0.07).
      CONCLUSIONS: Low plasma sodium level at admission is associated with a more
      severe disease course and a worse outcome in GBS independently of previously
      identified prognostic factors. Hyponatremia does not, however, appear to be
      caused by disease-specific factors.

PMID- 26971366
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26971364
TI  - Synaptic organization of striate cortex projections in the tree shrew: A
      comparison of the claustrum and dorsal thalamus.
AB  - The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) striate cortex is reciprocally connected with
      the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the ventral pulvinar nucleus (Pv),
      and the claustrum. In the Pv or the dLGN, striate cortex projections are thought
      to either strongly "drive", or more subtly "modulate" activity patterns
      respectively. To provide clues to the function of the claustrum, we compare the
      synaptic arrangements of striate cortex projections to the dLGN, Pv, and
      claustrum, using anterograde tracing and electron microscopy. Tissue was
      additionally stained with antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to
      identify GABAergic interneurons and non-GABAergic projection cells. The striate
      cortex terminals were largest in the Pv (0.94 +/- 0.08 MUm2 ), intermediate in
      the claustrum (0.34 +/- 0.02 MUm2 ), and smallest in the dLGN (0.24 +/- 0.01 MUm2
      ). Contacts on interneurons were most common in the Pv (39%), intermediate in the
      claustrum (15%), and least common in the dLGN (12%). In the claustrum, non
      GABAergic terminals (0.34 +/- 0.01 MUm2 ) and striate cortex terminals were not
      significantly different in size. The largest terminals in the claustrum were
      GABAergic (0.51 +/- 0.02 MUm2 ), and these terminals contacted dendrites and
      somata that were significantly larger (1.90 +/- 0.30 MUm2 ) than those contacted
      by cortex or non-GABAergic terminals (0.28 +/- 0.02 MUm2 and 0.25 +/- 0.02 MUm2 ,
      respectively). Our results indicate that the synaptic organization of the
      claustrum does not correspond to a driver/modulator framework. Instead, the
      circuitry of the claustrum suggests an integration of convergent cortical inputs,
      gated by GABAergic circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1403-1420, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971367
TI  - In reference to The topical use of insulin accelerates the healing of traumatic
      tympanic membrane perforations.

PMID- 26971368
TI  - Highly Concordant Key Genetic Alterations in Primary Tumors and Matched Distant
      Metastases in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Distant metastases uncommonly occur in differentiated thyroid
      carcinoma (DTC), but they are a frequent cause of thyroid cancer-related death.
      Genomic alterations in metastatic tumors, and the relationship with their
      corresponding primary tumors in DTC, are poorly understood. The objective of this
      study was to investigate whether genetic alterations in primary tumors are
      concordant with distant metastases in DTC patients. METHODS: Surgical samples
      from primary and matched distant metastatic tumor pairs from 17 DTC patients, and
      three additional unpaired metastatic tumors from two patients, were analyzed
      using targeted next-generation sequencing (Ion Torrent Ampliseq cancer panel)
      with a focus on known recurrent somatic mutations in thyroid cancer.
      Additionally, TERT promoter mutations were assessed by direct sequencing.
      RESULTS: BRAF mutations were found in 8/10 patients with papillary thyroid
      carcinoma (PTC). A NRAS mutation was detected in one patient with follicular
      variant PTC. TERT promoter mutations were detected in 8/10 patients with PTC, and
      most were coexistent with a BRAF mutation (7/8 BRAF-positive PTC patients, and
      one BRAF-negative PTC patient). In follicular thyroid carcinoma, NRAS was the
      most frequently observed mutation (4/9 patients), followed by HRAS (two patients)
      and KRAS (one patient). TERT promoter mutations were found in 6/7 RAS-positive
      follicular thyroid carcinoma patients. Key somatic alterations such as BRAF and
      RAS mutations were highly concordant between primary and matched metastatic
      tumors without discrepancies. The BRAF or RAS mutant allelic frequency was higher
      in matched metastatic tumors than in the corresponding primary tumors (35% vs.
      25% for BRAF mutation, p = 0.04; and 40% vs. 34% for RAS mutation, p = 0.002).
      TERT promoter mutations were also mostly concordant in matched tumors
      (concordance rate 93%). CONCLUSIONS: BRAF, RAS, and TERT mutations are highly
      prevalent in metastatic DTC, and are concordant between primary and metastatic
      DTC. This high concordance suggests that primary tumors may reflect the key
      somatic alterations in matched metastatic DTC. Frequent coexistent TERT promoter
      and BRAF or RAS mutations in metastatic DTC also suggests its important role in
      the progression of DTC.

PMID- 26971369
TI  - [Multiple facial nodules revealing disseminated cryptococcosis in an
      immunocompetent patient].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryptococcosis is a potentially severe infection that usually occurs
      in a setting of immunosuppression. Its occurrence outside of this context is
      rare. We report a case of disseminated cryptococcosis revealed by a spectacular
      skin disease in an immunocompetent patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 40-year-old
      male patient had been presenting multiple nodules and tumors on his face for one
      month in a context of asthenia and intermittent fever. Histological examination
      of a skin biopsy revealed encapsulated yeasts strongly suggestive of Cryptococcus
      neoformans. Mycological examination of the skin biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid
      isolated Cryptococcus gattii. The blood cultures were positive. Brain MRI
      demonstrated cryptococcal parenchymal involvement. Screening for primary or
      secondary immunodeficiency was negative. The patient received amphotericin B
      1mg/kg/day and fluconazole 600mg/day but died 2months after diagnosis.
      DISCUSSION: Cryptococcosis is a potentially severe infection caused by C.
      neoformans. This rare condition occurs most commonly in patients with profound
      deficiency in terms of cellular immunity. Although rare, the occurrence of
      cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients is possible, and in this event the
      signs are highly polymorphic, which usually makes it very difficult to diagnose.
      The diagnosis of cryptococcosis is based on the identification by direct
      examination and after staining with India ink of encapsulated yeasts of the
      Cryptococcus genus. Culture on Sabouraud medium is essential for identification
      of the species. Treatment for disseminated cryptococcosis involves amphotericin
      B, often associated with flucytosine IV. In the event of meningitis infection in
      non-HIV patients, mortality continues to be around 15%, despite adequate medical
      treatment. CONCLUSION: Although rare, cryptococcosis can occur in immunocompetent
      subjects. The prognosis is severe even after treatment.

PMID- 26971371
TI  - Spatial epidemiology and risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis morbidity in
      Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: China is a country that experiences frequent earthquakes and has a
      high pulmonary tuberculosis burden. In this study, we aimed to explore the
      spatial clustering and risk factors of the reported incidence of pulmonary
      tuberculosis burden before and after the Wenchuan earthquake. METHODS: Data on
      the location and the demographic, socioeconomic, and health service
      characteristics of the 181 counties of Sichuan province from 2004 to 2012 were
      collected. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were performed to
      explore spatial clustering. The associated factors were screened using stepwise
      multiple linear regression, and a spatial lag model was fitted to explore the
      influence factors. RESULTS: The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis burden showed
      a global and local spatial autocorrelation relationship. The high-incidence
      counties shifted gradually over time from east to west and finally clustered in
      the "Aba-Ganzi" region. Factors influencing the incidence of pulmonary
      tuberculosis burden included minority areas, the proportion of the working
      population, county latitude, and the severity of the earthquake. The influence
      factors varied over time; the impact of minority regions, occupation, and health
      resources allocation weakened, whereas the economic development and mobility of
      the population became more significant. CONCLUSION: The spatial structural
      relationship is an important factor related to pulmonary tuberculosis burden
      incidence. More attention should be paid to high-incidence areas and populations
      susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis burden.

PMID- 26971370
TI  - [Teledermatology in a prison setting: A retrospective study of 500 expert
      opinions].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fresnes prison is one of the largest penitentiary centres in France
      (around 2300 inmates). Since dermatological consultations are not possible on
      site, a teledermatology agreement was signed in 2008 between the Kremlin-Bicetre
      hospital, used by the Fresnes consultation unit and outpatient care (UCSA) and
      the Saint-Louis hospital for remote dermatological expertise. We report the
      results of the last 3 years of teledermatology activity in this prison. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: All teledermatology consultations from September 2010 to September
      2013 were analysed. The teledermatological consultations requested by UCSA
      doctors included photos of lesions, patient history and disease history.
      Applications were sent by e-mail via the secure AP-HP (Paris Hospitals) intranet.
      In all instances, patients had consented to being photographed and these photos
      were transmitted for remote expertise. The answers were given in a maximum period
      of 5 working days. The following data were studied: sex, age, phototype, medical
      history, diagnoses, assessments requested and treatment received. RESULTS: Five
      hundred teledermatological consultations were analysed. Among the patients, 94.1%
      were male with a mean age of 34 years. Phototypes IV and VI constituted the
      majority, with respective percentages of 30.6% and 28.6%. The dermatoses
      diagnosed were for the most part mild and varied: cutaneous infections (20.2%),
      monitoring of nevi (11.5%), genital warts (10%), eczema (8.5%), acne (8.1%) and
      psoriasis (4.2%). Two cases (basal cell carcinoma and lupus) required ablation.
      Systemic treatments such as methotrexate and isotretinoin were initiated and
      monitored remotely. DISCUSSION: The most frequently observed diagnoses were not
      significantly different from those observed in the general population with
      comparable characteristics. The high phototype of patients requires extensive
      experience of the dermatology of black skin. Teledermatology is also important in
      monitoring nevi among prisoners. The low incidence of scabies is due to its
      systematic detection in prisoners on initial entry into prison. Furthermore,
      teledermatology is actively used in the teaching of prison doctors requiring
      training, and whose requests are becoming more and more relevant with time.
      CONCLUSION: This study provides greater knowledge of dermatological diseases in
      prison and shows teledermatology to be a tool suited to the specific constraints
      of this universe, while providing inmates with medical care as close as possible
      to that of the general population, and it thus helps ensure that their
      fundamental human rights are upheld.

PMID- 26971373
TI  - Should Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Monoclonal Antibodies Remain the Exception
      or Become the Norm?
AB  - Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aims to maintain circulating drug
      concentrations at a desired level to optimize clinical outcome. The vast majority
      of marketed drugs do not require TDM, suggesting the clinical benefit of TDM has
      not been sufficiently demonstrated in most cases. With the continued emergence
      and prominence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as drugs, especially in
      inflammation and cancer therapeutic areas, we are at a juncture to consider
      applicability of TDM for mAbs.

PMID- 26971372
TI  - The West German Study Group Breast Cancer Intrinsic Subtype study: a prospective
      multicenter decision impact study utilizing the Prosigna assay for adjuvant
      treatment decision-making in estrogen-receptor-positive, HER2-negative early
      stage breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The West German Study Group (WSG) Breast Cancer Intrinsic Subtype
      (BCIST) study was designed to assess the influence of Prosigna gene signature
      assay results on physicians' adjuvant treatment recommendations by determining
      the extent of change in pre-test treatment recommendations following assay
      results. Secondary objectives were to assess the influence of Prosigna results on
      physicians' confidence in their therapeutic recommendations and on patients'
      decisional conflict status, anxiety levels, and functional status. METHODS: This
      prospective, observational, decision impact study enrolled consecutive
      postmenopausal patients with estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative,
      lymph-node-negative early-stage breast cancer in 11 centers in Germany.
      Physicians based their pre-test adjuvant treatment recommendations on standard
      clinico-pathological parameters. Tumor specimens were assayed using the Prosigna
      test in a WSG central pathology laboratory following manufacturer's guidelines.
      An independent pathology laboratory performed subsequent Prosigna assays on tumor
      sections to assess assay result concordance with the central laboratory.
      Physicians completed treatment confidence questionnaires prior to and after
      receiving Prosigna test results. Patients completed standardized questionnaires
      on decisional conflict, anxiety, and health status both before and after Prosigna
      testing. RESULTS: The present study population consisted predominantly of low-to
      intermediate risk patients (N = 198). Prosigna had 29.3% discordance in intrinsic
      subtyping with local immunohistochemistry test results. After Prosigna test
      results, a change in the adjuvant therapy recommendation occurred in 36 (18.2%)
      patients; 22 (11.1%) patients switched from no chemotherapy to chemotherapy.
      After Prosigna test results, physicians expressed increased confidence in their
      prognostic assessment in 87.9% of patients, and increased confidence in their
      treatment recommendation in 89.4%. Patients reported improved anxiety and
      emotional/functional well-being after receiving Prosigna test results.
      CONCLUSIONS: Use of the Prosigna assay led to a change in 18.2% of adjuvant
      treatment decisions. Prosigna testing was associated with increased patient and
      physician confidence in treatment decisions, and with decreased patient anxiety
      and improved well-being. Any comparison of the therapeutic decision-making
      impacts of different genomic assays must account for potential confounding
      factors.

PMID- 26971374
TI  - TCDD promoted EMT of hFPECs via AhR, which involved the activation of EGFR/ERK
      signaling.
AB  - One critical step of second palatal fusion is the newly formed medial epithelia
      seam (MES) disintegration, which involves apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal
      transition (EMT), and cell migration. Although the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces cleft palate at high rates, little is
      known about the effects of TCDD exposure on the fate of palatal epithelial cells.
      By using primary epithelial cells isolated from human fetal palatal shelves
      (hFPECs), we show that TCDD increased cell proliferation and EMT, as demonstrated
      by increased the epithelial markers (E-cadherin and cytokeratin14) and enhanced
      the mesenchymal markers (vimentin and fibronectin), but had no effect on cell
      migration and apoptosis. TCDD exposure led to a dose-dependent increase in Slug
      protein expression. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that TCDD promoted AhR to form
      a protein complex with Slug. ChIP assay confirmed that TCDD exposure recruited
      AhR to the xenobiotic responsive element of Slug promoter. Knockdown of AhR by
      siRNA remarkably weakened TCDD-induced binding of AhR to the XRE promoter of
      slug, thereby suppressed TCDD-induced vimentin. Further experiment showed that
      TCDD stimulated EGFR phosphorylation did not influence the TGFbeta3/Smad
      signaling; whereas TCDD increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 with no
      effect on activation of JNK. By using varieties of inhibitors, we confirmed that
      TCDD promoted proliferation and EMT of hFPECs via activation of EGFR/ERK pathway.
      These data make a novel contribution to the molecular mechanism of cleft palate
      by TCDD. 

PMID- 26971375
TI  - Metformin, besides exhibiting strong in vivo anti-inflammatory properties,
      increases mptp-induced damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.
AB  - Metformin is a widely used oral antidiabetic drug with known anti-inflammatory
      properties due to its action on AMPK protein. This drug has shown a protective
      effect on various tissues, including cortical neurons. The aim of this study was
      to determine the effect of metformin on the dopaminergic neurons of the
      substantia nigra of mice using the animal model of Parkinson's disease based on
      the injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, an inhibitor of
      the mitochondrial complex I. In vivo and in vitro experiments were used to study
      the activation of microglia and the damage of the dopaminergic neurons. Our
      results show that metformin reduced microglial activation measured both at
      cellular and molecular levels. Rather than protecting, metformin exacerbated
      dopaminergic damage in response to MPTP. Our data suggest that, contrary to other
      brain structures, metformin treatment could be deleterious for the dopaminergic
      system. Hence, metformin treatment may be considered as a risk factor for the
      development of Parkinson's disease. 

PMID- 26971376
TI  - Histomorphologic superiority of internal thoracic arteries over right
      gastroepiploic arteries for coronary bypass.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compared the histologic and morphometric properties
      of both internal thoracic arteries and the right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) in
      patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: We
      microscopically examined transverse sections of segments of both internal
      thoracic arteries and the right GEA obtained from 83 consecutive patients who
      underwent CABG. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the
      internal thoracic arteries. Significant differences were found between the left
      and right internal thoracic arteries and GEA in the intimal width (21.8, 21.5,
      and 71.7 MUm, respectively; P < .01), intima-to-media ratio (0.286, 0.256, and
      0.749, respectively; P < .01), and media width (148.5, 157.5, and 164.8 MUm,
      respectively; P = .43). No atherosclerotic lesions, medial calcification, or
      intimal thickening were seen in the internal thoracic arteries; however,
      atherosclerotic lesions were seen in the GEA. The intima of the GEA was thicker
      than that of the internal thoracic arteries. Intimal thickening of the GEA, but
      not the internal thoracic arteries, was positively correlated with risk of
      arteriosclerosis. In patients with diabetes mellitus, dietary/drug therapy and
      insulin therapy were associated with GEA intimal thickness (P = .02 and .01,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The internal thoracic arteries have equivalent
      histologic and morphometric properties that differ from those of the GEA only in
      intimal width. The former had no intimal thickening, and is thus preferable to
      the GEA for CABG.

PMID- 26971377
TI  - Reduced continuous-flow left ventricular assist device speed does not decrease
      von Willebrand factor degradation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonsurgical bleeding is a frequent complication of continuous-flow
      left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. Abnormal von Willebrand factor
      (vWF) metabolism plays a major role. However, the relationship between LVAD speed
      and vWF degradation is unknown. Recent evidence has demonstrated that
      supraphysiologic shear stress from continuous-flow LVADs accelerates vWF
      degradation and causes an acquired vWF deficiency and bleeding. To manage LVAD
      associated bleeding, it has been proposed that reduced LVAD speed may decrease
      shear stress and thereby reduce pathologic vWF metabolism. However, there are
      little published data to support this clinical practice. We tested the hypothesis
      that reduced continuous-flow LVAD speed decreases vWF degradation. METHODS: Whole
      blood was collected from patients before and after the implantation of a
      HeartMate II continuous-flow LVAD (n = 10) to quantify in vivo vWF degradation.
      In parallel, to evaluate the relationship between LVAD rpm and vWF degradation,
      whole blood was collected from human donors (n = 30). Single-donor units of blood
      circulated in an ex vivo HeartMate II mock circulatory loop for 12 hours at
      11,400, 10,000, or 8600 rpm (n = 10/each rpm group). vWF multimers and
      degradation fragments were characterized with electrophoresis and immunoblot
      analysis. Paired Student t tests were performed within each group. ANOVA with
      Tukey post hoc test was performed across groups. RESULTS: In patients, LVAD
      support reduced large vWF multimers and significantly (P < .05) increased vWF
      degradation fragments. The profile of vWF degradation was nearly identical
      between LVAD patients and blood circulated in the LVAD mock circulatory loop. At
      11,400, 10,000, and 8600 rpm, decreased large vWF multimers and significantly
      increased vWF degradation fragments were noted. vWF degradation fragments were
      not statistically different across the 3 rpm groups or versus LVAD patients,
      which suggested that LVAD rpm did not influence vWF degradation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Reduced LVAD speed (within the clinical operational range) did not significantly
      decrease vWF degradation in a mock circulatory loop with human blood. During
      bleeding events, reduced LVAD speed, itself, may not diminish vWF degradation.

PMID- 26971378
TI  - Transition to practice in pediatric cardiac surgery: Preparation, execution, and
      balance.

PMID- 26971379
TI  - Real-time recording of annuloplasty suture dehiscence reveals a potential
      mechanism for dehiscence cascade.

PMID- 26971380
TI  - A simple modification to lower incidence of heart block with sutureless valve
      implantation.

PMID- 26971381
TI  - Can the art of mitral valve repair become completely standardized?

PMID- 26971382
TI  - Occlusion of an ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm with intraoperative
      echocardiography and a printed model.

PMID- 26971383
TI  - The ascent of POEM: Double-tunnel per oral endoscopic re-myotomy.

PMID- 26971384
TI  - Type A aortic dissection in self-selected patients: What seems to fit a few does
      not fit all.

PMID- 26971385
TI  - Is there a need for a new staging system in early lung cancer?

PMID- 26971386
TI  - Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices and bleeding events: Is there a
      biological role for decreasing pump speed?

PMID- 26971388
TI  - Cage Opening of a Carborane Ligand by Metal Cluster Complexes.
AB  - The reaction of Os3 (CO)10 (NCMe)2 with closo-o-C2 B10 H10 has yielded two
      interconvertible isomers Os3 (CO)9 (MU3 -4,5,9-C2 B10 H8 )(MU-H)2 (1 a) and Os3
      (CO)9 (MU3 -3,4,8-C2 B10 H8 )(MU-H)2 (1 b) formed by the loss of the two NCMe
      ligands and one CO ligand from the Os3 cluster. Two BH bonds of the o-C2 B10 H10
      were activated in its addition to the osmium cluster. A second triosmium cluster
      was added to the 1 a/1 b mixture to yield the complex Os3 (CO)9 (MU-H)2 (MU3 
      4,5,9-MU3 -7,11,12-C2 B10 H7 )Os3 (CO)9 (MU-H)3 (2) that contains two triosmium
      triangles attached to the same carborane cage. When heated, 2 was transformed to
      the complex Os3 (CO)9 (MU-H)(MU3 -3,4,8-MU3 -7,11,12-C2 B10 H8 )Os3 (CO)9 (MU-H)
      (3) by a novel opening of the carborane cage with loss of H2 . 

PMID- 26971387
TI  - Characterizing gradient echo signal decays in gynecologic cancers at 3T using a
      Gaussian augmentation of the monoexponential (GAME) model.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess whether R2* mapping with a standard Monoexponential (ME) or a
      Gaussian Augmentation of the Monoexponential (GAME) decay model better
      characterizes gradient-echo signal decays in gynecological cancers after external
      beam radiation therapy at 3T, and evaluate implications of modeling for
      noninvasive identification of intratumoral hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multi
      gradient-echo signals were acquired on 25 consecutive patients with gynecologic
      cancers and three healthy participants during inhalation of different oxygen
      concentrations at 3T. Data were fitted with both ME and GAME models. Models were
      compared using F-tests in tumors and muscles in patients, muscles, cervix, and
      uterus in healthy participants, and across oxygenation levels. RESULTS: GAME
      significantly improved fitting over ME (P < 0.05): Improvements with GAME covered
      34% of tumor regions-of-interest on average, ranging from 6% (of a vaginal tumor)
      to 68% (of a cervical tumor) in individual tumors. Improvements with GAME were
      more prominent in areas that would be assumed hypoxic based on ME alone, reaching
      90% as ME R2* approached 100 Hz. Gradient echo decay parameters at different
      oxygenation levels were not significantly different (P = 0.81). CONCLUSION: R2*
      may prove sensitive to hypoxia; however, inaccurate representations of underlying
      data may limit the success of quantitative assessments. Although the degree to
      which R2 or sigma values correlate with hypoxia remains unknown, improved
      characterization with GAME increases the potential for determining any correlates
      of fit parameters with biomarkers, such as oxygenation status. J. MAGN. RESON.
      IMAGING 2016;44:1020-1030.

PMID- 26971389
TI  - Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) supported copper nanoclusters: glutathione enhanced blue
      photoluminescence for application in phosphor converted light emitting devices.
AB  - Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) supported Cu nanoclusters were synthesized by reduction of
      Cu(ii) ions with ascorbic acid in water, and initially showed blue
      photoluminescence with a quantum yield of 8%. An enhancement of the emission
      quantum yield has been achieved by treatment of Cu clusters with different
      electron-rich ligands, with the most pronounced effect (photoluminescence quantum
      yield of 27%) achieved with glutathione. The bright blue emission of glutathione
      treated Cu NCs is fully preserved in the solid state powder, which has been
      combined with commercial green and red phosphors to fabricate down-conversion
      white light emitting diodes with a high colour rendering index of 92. 

PMID- 26971390
TI  - Ca(BH4)2-Mg2NiH4: on the pathway to a Ca(BH4)2 system with a reversible hydrogen
      cycle.
AB  - The Ca(BH4)2-Mg2NiH4 system presented here is, to the best of our knowledge, the
      first described Ca(BH4)2-based hydride composite that reversibly transfers boron
      from the Ca-based compound(s) to the reaction partner. The ternary boride
      MgNi2.5B2 is formed upon dehydrogenation and the formation of Ca(BH4)2 upon
      rehydrogenation is confirmed. 

PMID- 26971392
TI  - Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress.
AB  - Humans maintain a relatively constant core temperature through the dynamic
      balance between endogenous heat production and heat dissipation to the
      surrounding environment. In response to metabolic or environmental disturbances
      to heat balance, the autonomic nervous system initiates cutaneous vasodilation
      and eccrine sweating to facilitate higher rates of dry (primarily convection and
      radiation) and evaporative transfer from the body surface; however, absolute heat
      losses are ultimately governed by the properties of the skin and the environment.
      Over the duration of a heat exposure, the cumulative imbalance between heat
      production and heat dissipation leads to body heat storage, but the consequent
      change in core temperature, which has implications for health and safety in
      occupational and athletic settings particularly among certain clinical
      populations, involves a complex interaction between changes in body heat content
      and the body's morphological characteristics (mass, surface area, and tissue
      composition) that collectively determine the body's thermal inertia. The aim of
      this review is to highlight the biophysical aspects of human core temperature
      regulation by outlining the principles of human energy exchange and examining the
      influence of body morphology during exercise and environmental heat stress. An
      understanding of the biophysical factors influencing core temperature will enable
      researchers and practitioners to better identify and treat
      individuals/populations most vulnerable to heat illness and injury during
      exercise and extreme heat events. Further, appropriate guidelines may be
      developed to optimize health, safety, and work performance during heat stress.

PMID- 26971393
TI  - Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotic Residues in Honey and Milk by
      Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction Using Chitosan-Modified Graphitized
      Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes.
AB  - A rapid, simple, and strongly selective miniaturized solid phase extraction (SPE)
      technique, requiring only small amounts of sorbent (24 mg) and elution solvent
      (600 MUL), coupled with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and
      quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed for detecting
      tetracycline antibiotics. These analytes were extracted from honey and milk using
      chitosan-modified graphitized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (G-MWNTs) as the solid
      sorbent and acetonitrile/acetic acid (8:2, v/v) as the eluent in miniaturized
      SPE. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a satisfactory linearity (r(2) >
      0.992) was obtained, and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.61-10.34
      MUg/kg for the analytes. The mean recoveries of the five tetracycline antibiotic
      residues in the real samples were between 81.5 and 101.4%. The results
      demonstrated that chitosan-modified G-MWNTs comprise a promising material for the
      enrichment of tetracycline antibiotics from complex food matrices. 

PMID- 26971395
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies for treating gastric cancer: promises and pitfalls.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Gastric cancer (GC) presents dismal prognosis when diagnosed at
      advanced stages, standard chemotherapy having shown little efficacy. Introduction
      of biotherapies interfering with novel targets and signaling pathways is
      currently an emerging strategy. AREAS COVERED: Only two monoclonal antibodies
      (trastuzumab and ramucirumab) have been approved, mostly in association with
      cytotoxics. Conversely, testing other promising biotherapies (panitumumab,
      cetuximab, bevacizumab, rilotumumab) have yielded conflicting results, since
      encouraging early clinical trials have failed to be confirmed in larger phase-III
      studies. Empirical and underpowered strategies when designing combinational
      studies, lack of comprehensive knowledge of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics
      (PK/PD) relationships, and underestimation of the large inter-patient variability
      in drug exposure levels with monoclonal antibodies, could explain the failures in
      developing biotherapies in gastric cancer. This review covers the achievements
      and limits of monoclonal antibodies in gastric cancer and proposes clues to
      overcome current failures. EXPERT OPINION: Trastuzumab efficacy could be improved
      thanks to its combination with triplet chemotherapy or with another anti-HER2
      agents or in continuation during second-line chemotherapy. Concerning
      ramucirumab, further studies are necessary to prove its interest in first line
      treatment of advanced GC, to use the optimal dose in each patient-given the large
      inter-patients variability, and to find predictive biomarkers of efficacy.

PMID- 26971391
TI  - The wound/burn guidelines - 6: Guidelines for the management of burns.
AB  - Burns are a common type of skin injury encountered at all levels of medical
      facilities from private clinics to core hospitals. Minor burns heal by topical
      treatment alone, but moderate to severe burns require systemic management, and
      skin grafting is often necessary also for topical treatment. Inappropriate
      initial treatment or delay of initial treatment may exert adverse effects on the
      subsequent treatment and course. Therefore, accurate evaluation of the severity
      and initiation of appropriate treatment are necessary. The Guidelines for the
      Management of Burn Injuries were issued in March 2009 from the Japanese Society
      for Burn Injuries as guidelines concerning burns, but they were focused on the
      treatment for extensive and severe burns in the acute period. Therefore, we
      prepared guidelines intended to support the appropriate diagnosis and initial
      treatment for patients with burns that are commonly encountered including minor
      as well as moderate and severe cases. Because of this intention of the present
      guidelines, there is no recommendation of individual surgical procedures. 

PMID- 26971394
TI  - Investigation and Manipulation of Different Analog Behaviors of Memristor as
      Electronic Synapse for Neuromorphic Applications.
AB  - Low-power and high-density electronic synapse is an important building block of
      brain-inspired systems. The recent advancement in memristor has provided an
      opportunity to advance electronic synapse design. However, a guideline on
      designing and manipulating the memristor's analog behaviors is still lacking. In
      this work, we reveal that compliance current (Icomp) of electroforming process
      played an important role in realizing a stable analog behavior, which is
      attributed to the generation of conical-type conductive filament. A proper Icomp
      could result in a large conductance window, good stability, and low voltage
      analog switching. We further reveal that different pulse conditions can lead to
      three analog behaviors, where the conductance changes in monotonic increase,
      plateau after initial jump, and impulse-like shape, respectively. These behaviors
      could benefit the design of electronic synapse with enriched learning
      capabilities. This work will provide a useful guideline for designing and
      manipulating memristor as electronic synapses for brain-inspired systems. 

PMID- 26971396
TI  - Neuroprotective Effects of rhGLP-1 in Diabetic Rats with Cerebral
      Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - Preclinical Research The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
      neuroprotective benefits of rhGLP-1 in diabetic rats subjected to acute cerebral
      ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by middle cerebral artery
      occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were
      pretreated with rhGLP-1 (10, 20, or 40 MUg/kg ip, tid) for 14 days. During this
      time, body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were assessed. Rats were then
      subjected to MCAO 90 min/R 24 h. At 2 and 24 h of reperfusion, rats were
      evaluated for neurological deficits and blood samples were collected to analyze
      markers of brain injury. Rats were then sacrificed to assess the infarction
      volume. rhGLP-1 pretreatment lowered blood glucose levels, improved neurological
      scores, attenuated infarct volumes, and reduced the blood levels of S100 calcium
      binding protein B (S100B), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and myelin basic
      protein (MBP). rhGLP-1 has neuroprotective benefits in diabetic rats with
      cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and could potentially be used as a
      prophylatic neuroprotectant in diabetic patients at high risk of ischemic stroke.
      Drug Dev Res 77 : 124-133, 2016.   (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971399
TI  - Calculation of nanodrop profile from fluid density distribution.
AB  - Two approaches are examined, which can be used to determine the drop profile from
      the fluid density distributions (FDDs) obtained on the basis of microscopic
      theories. For simplicity, only two-dimensional (cylindrical, or axisymmetrical)
      distributions are examined and it is assumed that the fluid is either in contact
      with a smooth solid or separated from the smooth solid by a lubricating liquid
      film. The first approach is based on the sharp-kink interface approximation in
      which the density of the liquid inside and the density of the vapor outside the
      drop are constant with the exception of the surface layer of the drop where the
      density is different from the above ones. In this case, the drop profile was
      calculated by minimizing the total potential energy of the system. The second
      approach is based on a nonuniform FDD obtained either by the density functional
      theory or molecular dynamics simulations. To determine the drop profile from such
      an FDD, which does not contain sharp interfaces, three procedures can be used. In
      the first two procedures, P1 and P2, the one-dimensional FDDs along straight
      lines which are parallel to the surface of the solid are extracted from the two
      dimensional FDD. Each of those one-dimensional FDDs has a vapor-liquid interface
      at which the fluid density changes from vapor-like to liquid-like values.
      Procedure P1 uses the locations of the equimolar dividing surfaces for the one
      dimensional FDDs as points of the drop profile. Procedure P2 is based on the
      assumption that the fluid density is constant on the surface of the drop, that
      density being selected either arbitrarily or as a fluid density at the location
      of the equimolar dividing surface for one of the one-dimensional FDDs employed in
      procedure P1. In the third procedure, P3, which is suggested for the first time
      in this paper, the one-dimensional FDDs are taken along the straight lines
      passing through a selected point inside the drop (radial line). Then, the drop
      profile is calculated like in procedure P1. It is shown, that procedure P3
      provides a drop profile which is more reasonable than the other ones.
      Relationship of the discussed procedures to those used in image analysis is
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 26971401
TI  - Should any genetic defect affecting alpha-granules in platelets be classified as
      gray platelet syndrome?
AB  - There is much current interest in the role of the platelet storage pool of alpha
      granule proteins both in hemostasis and non-hemostatic events. As well as in the
      arrest of bleeding, the secreted proteins participate in wound healing,
      inflammation, and innate immunity while in pathology they may be actors in
      arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis as well as cancer and metastasis. For a
      long time, gray platelet syndrome (GPS) has been regarded as the classic
      inherited platelet disorder caused by an absence of alpha-granules and their
      contents. While NBEAL2 is the major source of mutations in GPS, other gene
      variants may give rise to significant alpha-granule deficiencies in platelets.
      These include GATA1, VPS33B, or VIPAS39 in the arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction,
      and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome and now GFI1B. Nevertheless, many phenotypic
      differences are associated with mutations in these genes. This critical review
      was aimed to assess genotype/phenotype variability in disorders of platelet alpha
      granule biogenesis and to urge caution in grouping all genetic defects of alpha
      granules as GPS. Am. J. Hematol. 91:714-718, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 26971400
TI  - Four-dimensional computed tomography evaluation of jaw movement following
      mandibular reconstruction: A pilot study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze jaw movement during mastication
      in patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction following segmental
      mandibulectomy, including mouth opening and mastication time, based on four
      dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study
      included six surgical patients, who underwent segmental mandibulectomy and
      simultaneous reconstruction with a free fibula osteocutaneous flap, and four
      controls. 4D CT was performed during mastication of a cookie to evaluate the
      movement of the jaw during natural function. The maximum mouth opening,
      mastication time, and movement of the mandibular angle during mastication were
      evaluated from the 4D CT images. RESULTS: 4D CT images enabled visualization of
      jaw movement during mastication. When compared with the controls, the maximum
      mouth opening during mastication and excursion of the mandibular angle,
      especially on the diseased side, tended to decrease in surgical patients;
      however, this did not occur with mastication time. The numerical differences
      between the diseased and nondiseased side in surgical patients tended to be
      higher than the crosswise differences in controls. CONCLUSION: 4D CT images
      revealed differences in jaw function between patients who underwent mandibular
      reconstruction and controls. 4D CT could be used to evaluate postoperative
      outcomes following mandibular reconstruction.

PMID- 26971398
TI  - Inhibition of pancreatic oxidative damage by stilbene derivative dihydro
      resveratrol: implication for treatment of acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Trans-resveratrol is a natural stilbenoid possessing multifarious pharmacological
      benefits; however, when orally consumed, it is rapidly metabolised by colonic
      microflora and converted to dihydro-resveratrol. Thus, this microbial metabolite
      is of great therapeutic relevance. In the present study, upon the oral
      administration of dihydro-resveratrol (10-50 mg/kg), the severity of acute
      pancreatitis in the cerulein-treated rats was significantly ameliorated as
      evidenced by decreased alpha-amylase activities in the plasma and lessened oedema
      formation in the pancreatic parenchyma. In addition, the generation of
      intracellular reactive oxidative products, including malondialdehyde and protein
      carbonyls, was accordingly reduced, so as the production of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines. While inhibiting the activities of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase,
      the depletion of glutathione was considerably restored. Importantly, the
      attenuation of pancreatic oxidative damage by dihydro-resveratrol was associated
      with a down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3'
      kinase-serine/threonine kinase signalling pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated
      that the solubility of dihydro-resveratrol was at least 5 times higher than trans
      resveratrol whilst exhibiting a much lower cytotoxicity. Collectively, the
      current findings accentuate new mechanistic insight of dihydro-resveratrol in
      pancreatic oxidative damage, and advocate its therapeutic potential for the
      management of acute pancreatitis, particularly for patients unresponsive to trans
      resveratrol due to the lack of proper microbial strains. 

PMID- 26971402
TI  - Primary Prevention of Urinary Incontinence: A Case Study of Prenatal and
      Intrapartum Interventions.
AB  - A wealth of information is available regarding the diagnosis and treatment of
      urinary incontinence. However, there is a dearth of quality information and
      clinical practice guidelines regarding the primary prevention of urinary
      incontinence. Given the high prevalence of this concern and the often cited
      correlation between pregnancy, childbirth, and urinary incontinence, women's
      health care providers should be aware of risk factors and primary prevention
      strategies for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in order to reduce associated
      physical and emotional suffering. This case report describes several common risk
      factors for SUI and missed opportunities for primary prevention of postpartum
      urinary incontinence. The most effective methods for preventing urinary
      incontinence include correct teaching of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT;
      specifically Kegel exercises), moderate combined physical exercise regimens,
      counseling and support for weight loss, counseling against smoking, appropriate
      treatment for asthma and constipation, and appropriate labor management to
      prevent pelvic organ prolapse, urethral injury, and pelvic floor muscle damage. 

PMID- 26971397
TI  - Discovery of a Novel Seminal Fluid Microbiome and Influence of Estrogen Receptor
      Alpha Genetic Status.
AB  - Bacteria harbored in the male reproductive system may influence reproductive
      function and health of the male and result in developmental origins of adult
      health and disease (DOHaD) effects in his offspring. Such effects could be due to
      the seminal fluid, which is slightly basic and enriched with carbohydrates;
      thereby, creating an ideal habitat for microbes or a potential seminal fluid
      microbiome (SFM). Using wild-type (WT) and estrogen receptor-alpha (ESR1)
      knockout (KO) male mice, we describe a unique SFM whose inhabitants differ from
      gut microbes. The bacterial composition of the SFM is influenced according to
      whether mice have functional Esr1 genes. Propionibacterium acnes, causative agent
      of chronic prostatitis possibly culminating in prostate cancer, is reduced in SFM
      of ESR1 KO compared to WT mice (P <= 0.0007). In certain genetic backgrounds, WT
      mice show a greater incidence of prostate cancer than ESR1 KO, which may be due
      to increased abundance of P. acnes. Additionally, select gut microbiome residents
      in ESR1 KO males, such as Lachnospiraceae and Christensenellaceae, might
      contribute to previously identified phenotypes, especially obesity, in these
      mutant mice. Understanding how genetics and environmental factors influence the
      SFM may provide the next frontier in male reproductive disorders and possibly
      paternal-based DOHaD diseases. 

PMID- 26971403
TI  - Kidney transplantation from a mother with unrecognized Fabry disease to her son
      with low alpha-galactosidase A activity: A 14-year follow-up without enzyme
      replacement therapy.
AB  - We report a case of kidney transplantation from mother to son, both of whom were
      likely to have had an unrecognized renal variant phenotype of Fabry disease. The
      patient was a 54-year-old man, with an unknown primary cause of end stage renal
      disease. He had no notable past medical history, other than end stage renal
      disease. He underwent living-related kidney transplantation from his mother at
      age 40 years. Foam cells in the glomeruli were identified on histology assessment
      of a 0-hour allograft biopsy, with zebra bodies identified in the glomerular
      visceral epithelial cells by electron microscopy. These findings were indicative
      of Fabry disease in the donated kidney. As a definitive diagnosis of Fabry's
      disease could not be confirmed, enzyme replacement therapy was not initiated.
      Thirteen years after kidney transplantation, the patient underwent left
      nephrectomy for a left renal tumour, with pathological findings of clear cell
      carcinoma, foam cells and zebra bodies in the native kidney. Detailed
      examinations identified low alpha-galactosidase A activity and mutation of the
      alpha-Gal A gene, confirming a diagnosis of a renal variant phenotype of Fabry
      disease. Histology of several allograft biopsies performed over the 14 years from
      the time of kidney transplantation revealed only moderate interstitial fibrosis
      and tubular atrophy, with no evidence of disease progression on electron
      microscopy, despite the presence of zebra bodies in the glomerular visceral
      epithelial cells. 

PMID- 26971404
TI  - Body composition in clinical practice.
AB  - Nutritional status is the results of nutrients intake, absorption and
      utilization, able to influence physiological and pathological conditions.
      Nutritional status can be measured for individuals with different techniques,
      such as CT Body Composition, quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasound,
      Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Bioimpendance. Because obesity is becoming a
      worldwide epidemic, there is an increasing interest in the study of body
      composition to monitor conditions and delay in development of obesity-related
      diseases. The emergence of these evidence demonstrates the need of standard
      assessment of nutritional status based on body weight changes, playing an
      important role in several clinical setting, such as in quantitative measurement
      of tissues and their fluctuations in body composition, in survival rate, in
      pathologic condition and illnesses. Since body mass index has been shown to be an
      imprecise measurement of fat-free and fat mass, body cell mass and fluids,
      providing no information if weight changes, consequently there is the need to
      find a better way to evaluate body composition, in order to assess fat-free and
      fat mass with weight gain and loss, and during ageing. Monitoring body
      composition can be very useful for nutritional and medical interventional. This
      review is focused on the use of Body Composition in Clinical Practice. 

PMID- 26971405
TI  - Spectroscopic and Chemometric Analysis of Binary and Ternary Edible Oil Mixtures:
      Qualitative and Quantitative Study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy
      coupled with the multivariate numerical methodology for qualitative and
      quantitative analysis of binary and ternary edible oil mixtures. Four pure oils
      (extra virgin olive oil, high oleic sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and sunflower
      oil), as well as their 54 binary and 108 ternary mixtures, were analyzed using
      FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in combination with principal component and discriminant
      analysis, partial least-squares, and principal component regression. It was found
      that the composition of all 166 samples can be excellently represented using only
      the first three principal components describing 98.29% of total variance in the
      selected spectral range (3035-2989, 1170-1140, 1120-1100, 1093-1047, and 930-890
      cm(-1)). Factor scores in 3D space spanned by these three principal components
      form a tetrahedral-like arrangement: pure oils being at the vertices, binary
      mixtures at the edges, and ternary mixtures on the faces of a tetrahedron. To
      confirm the validity of results, we applied several cross-validation methods.
      Quantitative analysis was performed by minimization of root-mean-square error of
      cross-validation values regarding the spectral range, derivative order, and
      choice of method (partial least-squares or principal component regression), which
      resulted in excellent predictions for test sets (R(2) > 0.99 in all cases).
      Additionally, experimentally more demanding gas chromatography analysis of fatty
      acid content was carried out for all specimens, confirming the results obtained
      by FTIR-ATR coupled with principal component analysis. However, FTIR-ATR provided
      a considerably better model for prediction of mixture composition than gas
      chromatography, especially for high oleic sunflower oil. 

PMID- 26971406
TI  - Editorial overview: Cardiovascular and renal: Recent advances, novel treatments
      and new targets for cardiovascular and renal diseases.

PMID- 26971407
TI  - Antiviral activity of various interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines in non
      transformed cultured hepatocytes infected with hepatitis B virus.
AB  - In HBV-infected patients, therapies with nucleoside analogues or IFNalpha remain
      ineffective in eradicating the infection. Our aim was to re-analyze the anti-HBV
      activity of a large panel of IFNs and cytokines in vitro using non-transformed
      cultured hepatocytes infected with HBV, to identify new immune-therapeutic
      options. HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes were infected with HBV and,
      when infection was established, treated with various concentrations of different
      IFNs or inflammatory cytokines. Viral parameters were evaluated by quantifying
      HBV nucleic acids by qPCR and Southern Blot, and secreted HBV antigens were
      evaluated using ELISA. The cytokines tested were type-I IFNs, IFNgamma, type-III
      IFNs, TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-18 as well as nucleos(t)ide analogues
      tenofovir and ribavirin. Cytokines and drugs, with the exception of IL-18 and
      ribavirin, exhibited a suppressive effect on HBV replication at least as strong
      as, but often stronger than, IFNalpha. The cytokine presenting the highest effect
      on HBV DNA was IL-1beta, which exerted its inhibition within picomolar range.
      Importantly, we noticed differential effects on other parameters (HBV RNA, HBeAg,
      HBsAg) between both IFNs and inflammatory cytokines, thus suggesting different
      mechanisms of action. The combination of IL-1beta and already used therapies,
      i.e. IFNalpha or tenofovir, demonstrated a stronger or similar anti-HBV activity.
      IL-1beta was found to have a very potent antiviral effect against HBV in vitro.
      HBV was previously shown to promptly inhibit IL-1beta production in Kupffer
      cells. Strategies aiming at unlocking this inhibition and restoring local
      production of IL-1beta may help to further inhibit HBV replication in vivo.

PMID- 26971408
TI  - Exogenous genistein in late gestation: effects on fetal development and sow and
      piglet performance.
AB  - Due to their functional similarity to estradiol, phytoestrogens could prove to be
      beneficial in late gestating sows. The goal of this study was to determine the
      impact of providing the phytoestrogen genistein during late pregnancy on the
      performance of sows and their litters. In total, 56 gilts were equally divided
      into the two following groups on day 90 of gestation: (1) controls (CTL); and (2)
      two daily i.m. injections of 220 mg of genistein (GEN). Treatments were carried
      out until farrowing. Jugular blood samples were collected from 16 gilts/treatment
      on days 89 and 110 of gestation, and on days 3 and 21 of lactation. Milk samples
      were also obtained from those sows on day 3 of lactation. A male piglet from 16
      CTL and 15 GEN litters was slaughtered at 24 h postpartum and a blood sample was
      obtained. The liver, heart and visceral organs were weighed and the
      semitendinosus (ST) muscle was collected and carcass composition was determined.
      The treatment increased (P0.1) on weight or backfat loss of sows during
      lactation, milk composition or weights of piglets. The pre-weaning mortality rate
      of piglets was very low (0.1). However, carcasses from GEN litters contained more
      fat than those from CTL litters (9.63% v. 8.34%, P0.1). In conclusion, injecting
      gilts with 440 mg/day of genistein in late gestation increased IGF1
      concentrations in gilts and carcass fat in neonatal piglets, but had minimal
      effect on muscle development of piglets at birth and on the performance of
      lactating sows and their litters. 

PMID- 26971409
TI  - Needle aspiration of calcific deposits (NACD) for calcific tendinitis is safe and
      effective: Six months follow-up of clinical results and complications in a series
      of 431 patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although needle aspiration of calcific deposits (NACD) has proven to
      be an effective treatment for calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff (CTRC) in
      patients who are resistant to conservative treatment, little is known about the
      effectiveness of NACD in terms of complete relief of symptoms and the
      effectiveness of repeated NACD procedures. Furthermore, analyses of complications
      of the procedure in large series are scarce. METHODS: 431 consecutive patients
      with symptomatic CTRC treated by NACD were included in this retrospective cohort
      study. Short-term effects were assessed at two weeks post-treatment by using an
      11-point numeric rating scale (NRS). The six months outcome was determined on a
      dichotomous symptom scale (symptom free or persistence of symptoms). NACD
      procedures performed within six months of a previous NACD procedure were
      considered repeated procedures. All complications that occurred within six months
      of the NACD procedure were registered. RESULTS: At two weeks post-treatment, a
      significant improvement of pain scores was noted (mean reduction of NRS: 4.4
      points; p<0.001). 74% of patients had complete relief of symptoms at six months
      post-treatment. 143 (33.2%) patients required multiple treatments. These repeated
      procedures were equally effective as the primary procedure. Complications of the
      NACD procedure were seen in 31 (7.2%) patients: 21 patients (4.9%) developed a
      subacromial bursitis, seven patients (1.6%) a frozen shoulder and three patients
      (0.7%) developed a septic bursitis. CONCLUSION: Needle aspiration of calcific
      deposits (NACD) is an effective treatment for calcific tendinitis of the rotator
      cuff in the majority of patients. Approximately one third of the patients will
      require multiple treatments, which were equally effective as the primary
      procedure. Based on this, patients should not be withheld a second or even a
      third treatment in case of persistent symptoms. Furthermore, NACD has a low
      complication rate, the risk of infection should, however, always be accounted
      for. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective study, level IV.

PMID- 26971410
TI  - Optimization of window settings for virtual monoenergetic imaging in dual-energy
      CT of the liver: A multi-reader evaluation of standard monoenergetic and advanced
      imaged-based monoenergetic datasets.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate optimal window settings for display of virtual
      monoenergetic reconstructions in third-generation dual-source, dual-energy
      computed tomography (DECT) of the liver. METHODS: Twenty-nine subjects were
      prospectively evaluated with DECT in arterial (AP) and portal venous (PVP)
      phases. Three reconstructed datasets were calculated: standard linearly-blended
      (LB120), 70-keV standard virtual monoenergetic (M70), and 50-keV advanced image
      based virtual monoenergetic (M50+). Two readers assessed optimal window settings
      (width and level, W/L), establishing a mean for each reconstruction which was
      used for a blinded assessment of liver lesions. RESULTS: The optimal W/L for M50+
      were significantly higher for both AP (W=429.3 +/- 44.6 HU, L=129.4 +/- 9.7 HU)
      and PVP (W=376.1 +/- 14.2HU, L=146.6 +/- 7.0 HU) than for LB120 (AP, W=215.9 +/-
      16.9 HU, L=82.3 +/- 9.4 HU) (PVP, W=173.4 +/- 8.9 HU, L=69.3 +/- 6.0 HU) and M70
      (AP, W=247.1 +/- 22.2 HU, L=72.9 +/- 6.8 HU) (PVP, W=232.0 +/- 27.9 HU, L=91.6 +/
      14.4 HU). Use of the optimal window setting for M50+ vs. LB120 resulted in
      higher sensitivity (AP, 100% vs. 86%; PVP, 96% vs. 63%). CONCLUSIONS: Application
      of dedicated window settings results in improved liver lesion detection rates in
      advanced image-based virtual monoenergetic DECT when customized for arterial and
      portal venous phases.

PMID- 26971411
TI  - Diffusion tensor imaging suggests extrapontine extension of pediatric diffuse
      intrinsic pontine gliomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: To apply DTI to detect early extrapontine extension of pediatric diffuse
      intrinsic pontine glioma along the corticospinal tracts. METHODS: In children
      with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, low-grade brainstem glioma, and age
      matched controls, DTI metrics were measured in the posterior limb of the internal
      capsule and posterior centrum semiovale. Histological examination was available
      in one patient. RESULTS: 6 diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, 8 low-grade
      brainstem glioma, and two groups of 25 controls were included. In diffuse
      intrinsic pontine glioma compared to controls, fractional anisotropy was lower in
      the bilateral posterior limb of the internal capsule, axial diffusivity was lower
      in the bilateral posterior centrum semiovale and posterior limb of the internal
      capsule, while radial diffusivity was higher in the bilateral posterior limb of
      the internal capsule. No significant differences were found between low-grade
      brainstem glioma and controls. In diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma compared to
      low-grade brainstem glioma, axial diffusivity was lower in the bilateral
      posterior limb of the internal capsule. Histological examination in one child
      showed tumor cells in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. CONCLUSION:
      Reduction in fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity and increase in radial
      diffusivity in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma may reflect tumor extension along
      the corticospinal tracts as shown by histology. DTI may detect early extrapontine
      tumor extension in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma before it becomes apparent on
      conventional MRI sequences.

PMID- 26971412
TI  - MRI of the lung using the PROPELLER technique: Artifact reduction, better image
      quality and improved nodule detection.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the benefit of the PROPELLER technique (Periodically Rotated
      Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction, MultiVane, MV) for MR
      imaging of the lung. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 Participants of a lung cancer
      screening program were recruited for the comparison of T2-MV and T2-Fast Spin
      Echo (FSE) sequences at 1.5T. Two readers evaluated artifacts, image quality, and
      pulmonary lesions. Artifacts and image quality were rated using a four-point
      scale. Lesion detection was correlated to low-dose computed tomography (CT).
      Wilcoxon rank-test for ratings of artifacts and image quality, sensitivity and
      specificity values for lesion detection, and Cohen's kappa for inter-rater
      agreement were used. RESULTS: The MV sequence showed less pulsation and motion
      artifacts, and higher image quality (p=0.001 for R1, p=0.002 for R2) than FSE
      (p<0.001 for both readers, R1 and R2). Inter-rater agreement was excellent for
      lesion detection (0.84-0.95) and good to excellent for artifacts and image
      quality (0.66-0.84). 17 patients had lesions <8mm, and 7 had lesions >8mm as seen
      on CT. For R1 and R2, the MV sequence allowed for higher detection rates of
      pulmonary lesions <8mm with a sensitivity of 56% (R1) and 59% (R2); the FSE
      sequence achieved 50% (R1) and 53% (R2). Specificity was also higher for MV with
      94% (R1) and 83% (R2) compared to 78% (R1) and 76% (R2). Lesions >8mm were
      detected with a sensitivity of 100% by both readers on both MV and FSE images.
      For both readers, specificity for larger lesions was higher on MV images with
      100% compared to 96%. CONCLUSION: The superior image quality and the very robust
      artifact reduction make MV a promising technique for MRI of the lung compared to
      FSE, especially since it is not requiring breathholds. Moreover, MV allows for
      improved lesion detection.

PMID- 26971413
TI  - The value of MRI in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction:
      Correlation of MRI and clinical findings.
AB  - AIM: To estimate the correlation between the MRI findings and clinical outcomes
      in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: We included 546 female and 248 male patients who were clinically
      diagnosed with TMD (mean age 38.7 years) and examined by MRI (T1 and T2 weighted
      images, parasagittal and paracoronal slices). A questionnaire, radiological, and
      clinical findings were analysed for statistically significant correlations. The
      analysed parameters included gender, age, disk position, joint degeneration,
      arthralgia, mouth opening, condyle position and clinical progress. RESULTS: Of
      all TMJ's 62% showed physiological disc position, 35% anterior and 3% posterior
      disc position. Modification of therapy occurred in 20% and alteration of
      diagnosis was found in 32% of all cases. Anterior disc displacement with
      reduction showed a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 78%, whereas anterior
      disc displacement without reduction showed a specificity of 84% and a sensitivity
      of 73%. A significant correlation between disc length, condyle morphology and
      disc displacement was found. With the increase of intra-articular liquid as seen
      on MRI the level of arthralgia significantly rose as opposed to mouth opening.
      CONCLUSION: Specificity and sensitivity, for anterior disc displacement and
      osseous changes in TMJ were highly acceptable. Results had confirmed the
      diagnostic capability of MRI in diagnostic imaging of TMJ. Additionally MRI
      should be used primarily in severe, therapy-resistant cases and for surgical
      planning purposes.

PMID- 26971414
TI  - Carotid dual-energy CT angiography: Evaluation of low keV calculated
      monoenergetic datasets by means of a frequency-split approach for noise reduction
      at low keV levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Calculated monoenergetic ultra-low keV datasets did not
      lead to improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) due to the dramatic increase in
      image noise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the objective image
      quality of ultra-low keV monoenergetic images (MEIs) calculated from carotid DECT
      angiography data with a new monoenergetic imaging algorithm using a frequency
      split technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 patients (12 male; mean age 53+/-17
      years) were retrospectively analyzed. MEIs from 40 to 120 keV were reconstructed
      using the monoenergetic split frequency approach (MFSA). Additionally MEIs were
      reconstructed for 40 and 50 keV using a conventional monoenergetic (CM) software
      application. Signal intensity, noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and CNR were
      assessed in the basilar, common, internal carotid arteries. RESULTS: Ultra-low
      keV MEIs at 40 keV and 50 keV demonstrated highest vessel attenuation,
      significantly greater than those of the polyenergetic images (PEI) (all p-values
      <0.05). The highest SNR level and CNR level was found at 40 keV and 50 keV (all p
      values <0.05). MEIs with MFSA showed significantly lower noise levels than those
      processed with CM (all p-values <0.05) and no significant differences in vessel
      attenuation (p>0.05). Thus MEIs with MFSA showed significantly higher SNR and CNR
      compared to MEIs with CM. CONCLUSION: Combining the lower spatial frequency stack
      for contrast at low keV levels with the high spatial frequency stack for noise at
      high keV levels (frequency-split technique) leads to improved image quality of
      ultra-low keV monoenergetic DECT datasets when compared to previous monoenergetic
      reconstruction techniques without the frequency-split technique.

PMID- 26971415
TI  - Assessment of PI-RADS v2 for the Detection of Prostate Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance and inter-reader reliability of
      the multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) based prostate imaging
      reporting and data system (PI-RADS) version 1 and version 2 for the assessment of
      prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 82 patients underwent
      endorectal mpMRI at 1.5T. Patients had at least one lesion with a PI-RADS v1
      assessment category of >=3 and were selected for targeted in-bore MR-guided
      biopsy in a subsequent session. The results of the histopathological workup were
      used as reference standard. All lesions were retrospectively evaluated according
      to PI-RADS v2 by an experienced and unexperienced blinded reader. Diagnostic
      performance was compared by analyzing the area under the Receiver Operating
      Characteristics Curve (AUC). The weighted kappa method was used to calculate
      inter-reader reliability. RESULTS: Targeted MR-guided biopsy was performed in 136
      lesions and revealed 39 malignant lesions in 31 patients. AUC values increased
      for the experienced reader (PI-RADS v1 0.79; PI-RADS v2 0.83) and unexperienced
      reader (PI-RADS v1 0.70; PI-RADS v2 0.83). When excluding the cases of low grade
      cancer (Gleason score=3+3), AUC values increased further for the experienced
      reader (PI-RADS v1 0.88; PI-RADS v2 0.91) and unexperienced reader (PI-RADS v1
      0.78; PI-RADS v2 0.90). Specificity at the selected threshold of a PI-RADS v1/v2
      assessment category >=4 improved for both readers. Inter-reader agreement
      increased from kappa=0.55 in PI-RADS v1 to kappa=0.68 in v2. CONCLUSION: PI-RADS
      v2 improved diagnostic performance for the assessment of suspicious
      intraprostatic lesions identified in PI-RADS v1 for both readers and led to
      higher inter-reader reliability. These results suggest that PI-RADS v2 is a
      reliable and replicable reporting system for the assessment of prostate cancer.

PMID- 26971416
TI  - CT imaging of bone and bone marrow infiltration in malignant melanoma--Challenges
      and limitations for clinical staging in comparison to 18FDG-PET/CT.
AB  - Rationale of this study was the evaluation of the diagnostic value of computed
      tomography (CT) in the detection of bone marrow infiltration in comparison to
      PET/CT. Fifty patients (age 61 +/- 15.12 years) with metastatic malignant
      melanoma underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT, including contrast-enhanced CT. 2 readers
      evaluated the CT images in consensus for bone and bone marrow lesions focusing on
      lesion location, type and size. PET/CT was used as reference standard to estimate
      sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value. Moreover, the
      bone marrow density was estimated in the long bones and the sacral bone. Serum
      hamoglobin, thrombocyte level and S100 protein were correlated with the presence
      or absence of bone and bone marrow lesions. According to PET/CT as standard of
      reference, of 594 bone and medullary lesions 495 were considered malignant. Of
      these 77.8% were medullary, 20.4% lytic, 1% sclerotic and 0.8% mixed
      lytic/sclerotic. Contrast-enhanced CT yielded a lesion-based sensitivity of 36.8%
      and a specificity of 87.9% (PPV 93.8%; NPV 21.8%). Patient-based sensitivity and
      specificity were 78.8% and 82.4%, respectively. Of the missed lesions, most were
      medullary (95.8%). A disseminated bone marrow involvement (defined as >10 bone
      marrow lesions or diffuse infiltration of a whole body segment) was described in
      11 cases, in 6 cases the disseminated involvement was underestimated or missed on
      CT. In cases with disseminated bone marrow involvement the bone marrow density
      was significantly higher in the humerus (p=0.04), but not in the femur or sacral
      bone (p=0.06). Multivariate analysis revealed no isolated effect of bone
      metastases on S100 serum and hemoglobin level, but both were significantly
      altered in patients with disseminated bone marrow involvement (p<0.05). In
      conclusion, the diagnostic value of computed tomography for the detection of bone
      marrow metastases in patients with melanoma, is limited. Especially in cases with
      disseminated bone marrow involvement about 50% of the cases were missed or
      underestimated.

PMID- 26971417
TI  - Radiofrequency and microwave ablation of subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma
      accessed by direct puncture: Safety and efficacy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Direct puncture of subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for
      tumor ablation has been considered high risk due to a perceived increased
      incidence of hemorrhage or tumor seeding. The purpose of this retrospective
      multicenter study was to identify the rate of tumor seeding, hemorrhage and local
      tumor progression (LTP) associated with direct puncture radiofrequency (RF) and
      microwave (MW) ablation of subcapsular HCC. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective
      review of direct-puncture RF and MW performed on subcapsular HCC was conducted.
      Complications and local tumor progression were documented. Data was analyzed
      using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 60
      cirrhotic patients (M/F=43/17; mean age 69.6 years) with 67 subcapsular HCC (mean
      diameter 2.3 cm +/- 1.0 cm) that were directly punctured for RF (n=40) or MW
      (n=27) under ultrasound (US) guidance. The mean follow-up period was 30.8 months.
      There were no hemorrhagic complications. The overall LTP rate was 13.4%. There
      was one case of tumor tract seeding in a patient who had undergone a percutaneous
      biopsy two weeks prior to RF. CONCLUSIONS: Thermal ablation of HCC by direct
      puncture appears safe and effective. There were no cases of intraperitoneal
      hemorrhage, and tumor seeding was seen in a single case in which a preceding
      percutaneous biopsy had been performed.

PMID- 26971418
TI  - Effect of computed tomography before cardiac surgery on surgical strategy,
      mortality and stroke.
AB  - AIM: To investigate whether preoperative chest computed tomography (CT) decreases
      postoperative mortality and stroke rate in cardiac surgery by detection of
      calcifications and visualization of postoperative anatomy in redo cardiac surgery
      which can be used to optimize the surgical approach. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE
      and Cochrane databases were searched and articles concerning preoperative CT in
      cardiac surgery were included. Articles not reporting mortality, stroke rate or
      change in surgical approach were excluded. Studies concerning primary cardiac
      surgery as well as articles concerning redo cardiac surgery were both included.
      RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included (n=4057 patients) in which 2584 patients
      received a preoperative CT. Seven articles (n=1754 patients) concerned primary
      surgery and eleven articles (n=2303 patients) concerned redo cardiac surgery.
      None of the studies was randomized but 8 studies provided a comparison to a
      control group. Stroke rate decreased with 77-96% (primary surgery) and 18-100%
      (redo surgery) in patients receiving a preoperative CT. Mortality decreased up to
      66% in studies investigating primary surgery while the effect on mortality in
      redo surgery varied widely. Change in surgical approach based on CT-findings
      consisted of choosing a different cannulation site, opting for off-pump surgery
      and cancellation of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests that
      preoperative CT imaging may lead to decreased stroke and mortality rate in
      patients undergoing primary cardiac surgery by optimizing surgical approach. In
      patients undergoing redo cardiac surgery stroke rate is also decreased but the
      effect on mortality is unclear. However, evidence is weak and included studies
      were of moderate quality.

PMID- 26971419
TI  - PET/MRI with diagnostic MR sequences vs PET/CT in the detection of abdominal and
      pelvic cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Integrated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging
      (PET/MRI) scanners provide combined MR-based anatomic and metabolic image
      information. The aim of this study was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative
      diagnostic performance of PET/MR with (18)fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) using
      a diagnostic MR sequence in patients with abdominal and pelvic tumors, compared
      to positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Forty five patients underwent a single-injection ((18)F-FDG), dual
      imaging protocol including whole-body PET/CT and subsequent regional PET/MR
      hybrid imaging. A regional PET/MR scan followed the PET/CT. Images from both
      modalities were analyzed using a 3-point scale for PET/CT and PET/MR image
      quality, image alignment, and lesion visibility on PET images. PET-CT/PET-MR
      functional and anatomical correlation was analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 66
      lesions were studied, from which 63 were identified using PET/CT and 59 were
      identified using PET/MR. The (18)F-FDG PET images had good diagnostic quality
      (P<0.001); alignment was found to be excellent in PET/MR data as well as PET/CT
      data (P=0.102), and there was no difference in lesion visibility (P=0.18). The
      average rating score regarding anatomical correlation for PET-positive lesions
      was 2.75 for combined MR sequence images and 2.04 for CT, with a significant
      difference (P=0.317), Standard uptake value (SUV) for focal lesions had excellent
      correlation (SUVmax/mean: R=0.948/0.948); furthermore, the SUVmean of background
      organs combined, bone marrow and the muscle tissue showed good correlation
      (R=0.329/0.398/0.298). No correlations were found in the liver and spleen.
      CONCLUSIONS: PET/MR with diagnostic MR sequence was able to detect abdominal and
      pelvic lesions and had good image quality compared to PET/CT. SUVmax and SUVmean
      values in focal lesions, and the SUVmean of background organs generally
      correlated well in abdominal and pelvic oncology patients examined using PET/CT
      and PET/MRI.

PMID- 26971420
TI  - CT-based quantification of bone stock in large head metal-on-metal unilateral
      total hip replacements.
AB  - PURPOSE: To explore ipsilateral and contralateral acetabular roof bone stock
      density in unilateral large head MoM THA whether there is a significant lower
      acetabular bone stock in the hip with a metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip
      replacement compared to the contralateral side. Second part of this study is to
      examine if there are any associates with regard to potential bone stock density
      difference. MATERIALS & METHODS: A database of 317 patients with unilateral metal
      on-metal (MoM) total hip replacements was set up retrospectively for this study.
      On computed tomography scans, conducted after a relative short in situ time
      period averaging 2.8 years, regions-of-interests were drawn in the trabecular
      bone of the acetabulum to measure average Hounsfield Units (HU). HU differences
      were calculated and tested by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Univariate analysis was
      conducted to examine associates of potential bone loss. RESULTS: In a population
      of 317 patients (156 male, 161 female) with an average age of 61.9 +/- 7.8, the
      median HU on the side of the MoM replacement was 123.3 (7.6-375.4). On the
      contralateral side, median HU was 144.7 (-0.4 to 332.8). The median HU difference
      was 21.4 after a mean post-operative in situ time of 2.8 years. The Wilcoxon
      signed-rank test proved a significant difference (p<0.001). Univariate analyses
      show that the in situ time of the MoM THA has a significant correlation with the
      bone density difference. CONCLUSION: Results show a significant lower bone
      density at the acetabular roof at the side of the prosthesis compared with the
      contralateral side after short in situ time of the MoM THA in patients with
      unilateral MoM total hip replacements. In our patient population, the in situ
      time showed a significant association with the acetabular bone density
      difference. As acetabular roof bone stock measurements are feasible and show
      temporal decline this could become an important parameter to be used in
      orthopedic decision making for revision surgery.

PMID- 26971421
TI  - Impact of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging on risk group assessment of
      patients with prostate cancer addressed to external beam radiation therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
      (mpMRI) on risk group assessment of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) initially
      addressed to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      prospectively performed mpMRI (3.0Tsystem) in 44 patients addressed to EBRT,
      using a multiparametric protocol (high-resolution multiplanar T2-weighted,
      diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging). Risk group was
      assessed in accordance with the National comprehensive cancer network (NCCN)
      categories, by combining prostate-specific-antigen level, Gleason score and the T
      stage as established by digital rectal examination (clinical risk assessment; c
      RA) versus mpMRI (mpMRI-risk assessment; mpMRI-RA). The agreement between c-RA
      and mpMRI-RA was investigated using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: Patients were
      included in very low/low risk, intermediate risk, high risk, very high risk and
      metastatic NCCN categories in 10 (22.7%), 18 (40.9%), 15 (34.1%), 1 (2.3%) and 0
      cases using c-RA vs. 8 (18.2%), 14 (31.8%), 14 (31.8%), 4 (9.1%) and 4 (9.1%)
      cases using mpMRI-RA, respectively, with only moderate agreement (k=0.43). mpMRI
      RA determined risk downgrading in 2/44 patients (4.5%), and risk upgrading in
      16/44 patients (36.3%). After mpMRI, EBRT remained indicated in all patients.
      CONCLUSION: mpMRI changed clinical risk stratification in about 41% of patients
      with PCa, with potential impact on EBRT planning.

PMID- 26971423
TI  - Quo vadis?

PMID- 26971422
TI  - The compositional difference between ankle and knee cartilage demonstrated by T2
      mapping at 7 Tesla MR.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim was to systematically compare T2 relaxation times of the knee
      and ankle cartilage within subjects at 7T. METHODS: Ten healthy volunteers were
      examined by 7 Tesla MR using a three-dimensional triple-echo steady state
      sequence (3D-TESS). The differences between seven cartilage compartments
      (patella, femur, proximal tibia, and distal tibia and talus in both medial and
      lateral facet) were analyzed by ANOVA. RESULTS: The results showed statistically
      significantly higher T2 (mean +/- standard deviation, in milliseconds) values in
      patellar (25.8 +/- 1.2) and femoral (24.9 +/- 1.3) cartilage compared to the
      tibial (19.2 +/- 1) and talar (18.1 +/- 0.6 ms) cartilage. The cartilages of the
      medial and lateral facet in the ankle joint were not significantly different
      (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to systematically compare within
      subject T2 values in the knee and ankle non-invasively, in vivo. Our results are
      in agreement with the previous findings demonstrating different biochemical and
      biomechanical properties between the knee and ankle cartilage.

PMID- 26971424
TI  - Preoperative clinicopathologic factors and breast magnetic resonance imaging
      features can predict ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive components.
AB  - PURPOSE: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive cancerous breast
      lesion; however, from 10% to 50% of patients with DCIS diagnosed by core needle
      biopsy (CNB) or vacuum-assisted core biopsy (VACB) are shown to have invasive
      carcinoma after surgical excision. In this study, we evaluated whether
      preoperative clinicopathologic factors and breast magnetic resonance image (MRI)
      features are predictive of DCIS with invasive components before surgery.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients comprised 128 adult women with a diagnosis of
      DCIS as determined by pathological analysis of CNB or VACB specimens and positive
      MRI findings who underwent breast surgery during the period January 2011 to
      December 2013 at the Changhua Christian Hospital. Clinicopathologic and breast
      MRI factors were compared between patients with postoperative pathology
      indicative of true DCIS and those with postoperative pathology showing DCIS with
      invasive components. RESULTS: Of the 128 patients with a preoperative diagnosis
      of DCIS, 73 (57.0%) had postoperative histopathologic evidence of true DCIS and
      55 (43.0%) showed evidence of DCIS with invasive components. Results of
      statistical analyses revealed that MRI evidence of a mass-like lesion (P=0.025),
      nipple-areolar complex (NAC) invasion (P=0.029), larger tumor volume (P=0.010),
      larger maximum measurable apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) area (P=0.039),
      heterogenous or rim enhancement pattern (P=0.010), as well as immunohistochemical
      evidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) overexpression
      (P=0.010) were predictive of DCIS with an invasive component in postoperative
      surgical specimens. CONCLUSION: Invasive component should be considered in biopsy
      proven DCIS patients with preoperative MRI evidence of a mass-like lesion, nipple
      areolar complex invasion, large tumor volume, a larger maximum measurable ADC
      area, or a rim or heterogenous enhancement pattern, as well as in patients with
      immunohistochemical evidence of HER-2 overexpression.

PMID- 26971425
TI  - 3T multiparametric MRI of the prostate: Does intravoxel incoherent motion
      diffusion imaging have a role in the detection and stratification of prostate
      cancer in the peripheral zone?
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential added value of the intravoxel incoherent
      motion model to conventional multiparametric magnetic resonance protocol in order
      to differentiate between healthy and neoplastic prostate tissue in the peripheral
      zone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mono-exponential and bi-exponential fits were used to
      calculate ADC and IVIM parameters in 53 patients with peripheral zone biopsy
      proved tumor. Inferential statistics analysis was performed on T2, ADC and IVIM
      parameters (D, D*, f) comparing healthy and neoplastic tissues. Linear
      discriminant analysis was performed for the conventional parameters (T2 and ADC),
      the IVIM parameters (molecular diffusion coefficient (D), perfusion-related
      diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) and the combined T2
      weighted imaging/DWI and IVIM parameters (T2, ADC, D, D* and f). A correlation
      with Gleason scores was achieved. RESULTS: The values of T2, ADC and D were
      significantly lower in cancerous tissues (2749.82 +/- 1324.67 ms, 0.76 +/- 0.27 *
      10(-3)mm(2)/s and 0.99 +/- 0.38 * 10(-3)mm(2)/s respectively) compared to those
      found in the healthy tissues (3750.70 +/- 1735.37 ms, 1.39 +/- 0.48 * 10(
      3)mm(2)/s and 1.77 +/- 0.36 * 10(-3)mm(2)/s respectively); D* parameter was
      significantly increased in neoplastic compared to healthy tissue (15.56 +/- 12.91
      * 10(-3)mm(2)/s and 10.25 +/- 10.52 * 10(-3)mm(2)/s respectively). The
      specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the T2-weighted imaging/DWI and IVIM
      parameters were 100, 96 and 98%, respectively, compare to 88, 92 and 90% and 96,
      92 and 94 for T2-weighted imaging/ADC and IVIM alone. CONCLUSIONS: IVIM
      parameters increase the specificity and sensitivity in the evaluation of
      peripheral zone prostate cancer. A statistical difference between low grade
      tumors and high grade tumors has been demostrated in that ADC, D and D* dataset;
      in particular, D has been found to have the highest significativity.

PMID- 26971426
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for differentiation of
      renal cell carcinoma subtypes and angiomyolipoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the value of quantitative parameters of contrast-enhanced
      ultrasound (CEUS) in the differentiation of subtypes of renal cell carcinoma
      (RCC) and angiomyolipoma (AML). METHODS: The quantitative characteristics of 341
      RCCs and 88 AMLs were analyzed with quantitative software (SonoLiver).
      Quantitative analysis was conducted in the whole tumor (ROItumor) and the maximum
      enhanced area of the tumor (ROImax), acquiring the parameters of maximum
      intensity (IMAX), rise time (RT), time to peak (TTP), mean transit time (mTT),
      and area under the curve (AUC), were derived and analyzed. The difference values
      between ROImax and normal renal cortex (DeltaPar.s, including DeltaIMAX, DeltaRT,
      DeltaTTP, DeltamTT, DeltaAUC) were compared among renal histotypes. RESULTS: All
      time-related parameters (including RT, TTP and mTT) of ROImax were shorter than
      the corresponding parameters of ROItumor in RCC subtypes (all p<0.05), but made
      no statistical difference in AMLs (all p>0.05). There were significant
      differences of all DeltaPar.s among RCC subtypes and AML (all p<0.01). DeltaIMAX
      and DeltaAUC showed the trend that ccRCC>AML>pRCC=chRCC. DeltaTTP showed
      AML=pRCC=chRCC>ccRCC, DeltaRT and DeltamTT showed AML>pRCC=chRCC=ccRCC. DeltamTT
      could distinguish RCC from AML with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.86.
      The AUC of DeltaIMAX and DeltaAUC was 0.89 and 0.92 vs 0.85 and 0.85 for
      discriminating between pRCC (or chRCC) and AML vs ccRCC and AML. CONCLUSIONS:
      Quantitative analysis of CEUS is a useful modality in AML and RCC subtypes'
      differentiation, by using DeltamTT, DeltaIMAX and DeltaAUC.

PMID- 26971427
TI  - High-resolution intracranial vessel wall imaging using 3D CUBE T1 weighted
      sequence.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of high-resolution 3D CUBE T1WI for
      intracranial vessel wall imaging. METHODS: High-resolution 3D CUBE T1 weighted
      intracranial vessel wall images (0.4 mm * 0.4 mm * 0.4 mm) of 50 patients were
      retrospectively evaluated. A 5-point scale (1 poor, 5 excellent) was used to
      score the imaging quality for displaying the vessel wall of every intracranial
      artery segments. The inter-observer and intra-observer reproducibility of
      identifying plaques, intraplaque hemorrhage/luminal thrombosis, and wall
      enhancement were calculated. RESULTS: Totally 893 artery segments were evaluated.
      3D CUBE T1WI displayed the arteries wall and lumen clearly, with the highest
      score (4.920 +/- 0.837) for the C6-7 segments and the lowest (3.370 +/- 1.107)
      for the C3 segments of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Both intra-observer and
      inter-observer reproducibility were high for identification of normal walls
      (kappa=0.928, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.891-0.954; kappa=0.911, CI 0.868
      0.940), plaque (kappa=0.924, CI 0.884-0.954; kappa=0.907, CI 0.866-0.943),
      luminal thrombosis (kappa=1.000, CI 1.000-1.000; kappa=1.000, CI 1.000-1.000),
      and wall enhancement (kappa=1.000, CI 1.000-1.000; kappa=0.914, CI 0.863-0.961).
      CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution 3D CUBE T1WI displayed intracranial wall and lumen
      clearly, and detected intracranial artery abnormalities with high
      reproducibility.

PMID- 26971428
TI  - Impact on the recall rate of digital breast tomosynthesis as an adjunct to
      digital mammography in the screening setting. A double reading experience and
      review of the literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact on recall rate (RR) of digital breast
      tomosynthesis (DBT) associated with digital mammography (DM+DBT), compared to DM
      alone, evaluate the impact of double reading (DR) and review the literature.
      METHODS: Ethics committees approved this multicenter study. Patients gave
      informed consent. Women recalled from population-based screening reading were
      included. Reference standard was histology and/or >= 1 year follow up. Negative
      multiple assessment was considered for patients lost at follow up. Two blinded
      readers (R1, R2) evaluated first DM and subsequently DM+DBT. RR, sensitivity,
      specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), were
      calculated for R1, R2, and DR. Cohen kappa and chi(2) were used for R1-R2
      agreement and RR related to breast density. RESULTS: We included 280 cases (41
      malignancies, 66 benign lesions, and 173 negative examinations). The RR reduction
      was 43% (R1), 58% (R2), 43% (DR). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV
      were: 93%, 67%, 71%, 33%, 98% for R1; 88%, 73%, 75%, 36%, 97% for R2; 98%, 55%,
      61%, 27%, 99% for DR. The agreement was higher for DM+DBT (kappa=0.459 versus
      kappa=0.234). Reduction in RR was independent from breast density (p=0.992).
      CONCLUSION: DBT was confirmed to reduce RR, as shown by 13 of 15 previous studies
      (reported reduction 6-82%, median 31%). This reduction is confirmed when using
      DR. DBT allows an increased inter-reader agreement.

PMID- 26971429
TI  - Evaluation of a known breast cancer using an abbreviated breast MRI protocol:
      Correlation of imaging characteristics and pathology with lesion detection and
      conspicuity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates use of an abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging
      protocol with T2-weighted imaging in detecting biopsy-proven unifocal breast
      cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an institutional review board approved
      retrospective study of patients with biopsy-proven unifocal breast cancer (88%
      invasive; 12% in situ) undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. In three separate
      sessions, three breast imagers evaluated (1) T1-weighted non-contrast, post
      contrast and post-contrast subtracted images, (2) T1-weighted images with
      clinical history and prior imaging, and (3) T1-weighted images and T2-weighted
      images with clinical history and prior imaging. Protocols were compared for
      cancer detection, reading time and lesion conspicuity. An independent breast
      radiologist retrospectively analyzed initial enhancement ratio of cancers and
      retrospectively reviewed lesion morphology and final pathology. RESULTS: All 107
      cancers were identified at first protocol by at least one reader; five cancers
      were missed by either one or two readers. One cancer was missed by one reader at
      protocols two and three. Mean percentage detection for protocol one was 97.8%;
      protocol two, 99.4%, protocol three, 99.4%. T2-weighted images did not alter
      cancer detection but increased lesion conspicuity for 2/3 readers. 3/5 missed
      lesions were low grade cancers. Initial enhancement ratio was positively
      associated with increasing tumor grade (p=0.031) and pathology (p=0.002). Reader
      interpretation time decreased and lesion conspicuity increased as initial
      enhancement ratio increased. CONCLUSION: Abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging
      has high rate of detection for known breast cancer and short interpretation time.
      T2 weighted imaging increased lesion conspicuity without altering detection rate.
      Initial enhancement ratio correlated with invasive disease and tumor grade.

PMID- 26971431
TI  - Evaluation of individually body weight adapted contrast media injection in
      coronary CT-angiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Contrast media (CM) injection protocols should be customized to the
      individual patient. Aim of this study was to determine if software tailored CM
      injections result in diagnostic enhancement of the coronary arteries in computed
      tomography angiography (CTA) and if attenuation values were comparable between
      different weight categories. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 265 consecutive patients
      referred for routine coronary CTA were scanned on a 2nd generation dual-source
      CT. Group 1 (n=141) received an individual CM bolus based on weight categories
      (39-59 kg; 60-74 kg; 75-94 kg; 95-109 kg) and scan duration ('high-pitch: 1s;
      "dual-step prospective triggering": 7s), as determined by contrast injection
      software (CertegraTM P3T, Bayer, Berlin, Germany). Group 2 (n=124) received a
      standard fixed CM bolus; Iopromide 300 mgI/ml; volume: 75 ml; flow rate: 7.2
      ml/s. Contrast enhancement was measured in all proximal and distal coronary
      segments. Subjective and objective image quality was evaluated. Statistical
      analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM, version 20.0). RESULTS: For group 1, mean
      attenuation values of all segments were diagnostic (>325 HU) without statistical
      significant differences between different weight categories (p>0.17), proximal
      vs. distal: 449 +/- 65-373 +/- 58 HU (39-59 kg); 443 +/- 69-367 +/- 81 HU (60-74
      kg); 427 +/- 59-370 +/- 61 HU (75-94 kg); 427 +/- 73-347 +/- 61 HU (95-109 kg).
      Mean CM volumes were: 55 +/- 6 ml (39-59 kg); 61 +/- 7 ml (60-74 kg); 71 +/- 8 ml
      (75-94 kg); 84 +/- 9 ml (95-109 kg). For group 2, mean attenuation values were
      not all diagnostic with differences between weight categories (p<0.01), proximal
      vs. distal: 611 +/- 142-408 +/- 69 HU (39-59 kg); 562 +/- 135-389 +/- 98 HU (60
      74 kg); 481 +/- 83-329 +/- 81 HU (75-94 kg); 420 +/- 73-305 +/- 35 HU (95-109
      kg). Comparable image noise and image quality were found between groups (p >=
      0.330). CONCLUSIONS: Individually tailored CM injection protocols yield
      diagnostic attenuation and a more homogeneous enhancement pattern between
      different weight groups. CM volumes could be reduced for the majority of patients
      utilizing individualized CM bolus application.

PMID- 26971430
TI  - Diagnostic performance of texture analysis on MRI in grading cerebral gliomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Grading of cerebral gliomas is important both in
      treatment decision and assessment of prognosis. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the diagnostic accuracy of grading cerebral gliomas by assessing the
      tumor heterogeneity using MRI texture analysis (MRTA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 95
      patients with gliomas were included, 27 low grade gliomas (LGG) all grade II and
      68 high grade gliomas (HGG) (grade III=34 and grade IV=34). Preoperative MRI
      examinations were performed using a 3T scanner and MRTA was done on preoperative
      contrast-enhanced three-dimensional isotropic spoiled gradient echo images in a
      representative ROI. The MRTA was assessed using a commercially available research
      software program (TexRAD) that applies a filtration-histogram technique for
      characterizing tumor heterogeneity. Filtration step selectively filters and
      extracts texture features at different anatomical scales varying from 2mm (fine
      features) to 6mm (coarse features), the statistical parameter standard deviation
      (SD) was obtained. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was performed to
      assess sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between the different
      grades and calculating a threshold value to quantify the heterogeneity. RESULTS:
      LGG and HGG was best discriminated using SD at fine texture scale, with a
      sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 81% (AUC 0.910, p<0.0001). The diagnostic
      ability for MRTA to differentiate between the different sub-groups (grade II-IV)
      was slightly lower but still significant. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring heterogeneity in
      gliomas to discriminate HGG from LGG and between different histological sub-types
      on already obtained images using MRTA can be a useful tool to augment the
      diagnostic accuracy in grading cerebral gliomas and potentially hasten treatment
      decision.

PMID- 26971432
TI  - Multi-parametric MRI in the early prediction of response to neo-adjuvant
      chemotherapy in breast cancer: Value of non-modelled parameters.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate individual functional MRI metrics for the
      early prediction of pathological complete response (pCR) to neo-adjuvant
      chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two women
      (median age 52 years; range 32-71 years) with biopsy proven breast cancer due to
      receive neo-adjuvant anthracycline and/or taxane-based chemotherapy were
      prospectively recruited following local research ethics committee approval and
      written informed consent. Breast MRI was performed prior to and after two cycles
      of NAC and pCR was assessed after surgery. The enhancement fraction (EF), tumour
      volume, initial area under the gadolinium curve (IAUGC), pharmacokinetic
      parameters (K(trans), kep and ve), the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and
      R2* values, along with the percentage change in these parameters after two cycles
      were evaluated according to pCR status using an independent samples t-test. The
      area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) was calculated for
      each parameter. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) determined the most important
      parameter in predicting pCR. RESULTS: A reduction in the EF (-41% +/- 38%) and
      tumour volume (-80% +/- 25%) after 2 cycles of NAC were significantly greater in
      those achieving pCR (p=0.025, p=0.011 respectively). A reduction in the EF of 7%
      after 2 cycles of NAC identified those more likely to achieve pCR (AUC 0.76). AUC
      changes in other parameters were tumour volume (0.77), IAUGC (0.64), K(trans)
      (0.60), kep (0.68), ve (0.58), ADC (0.69) and R2* (0.41). CONCLUSION: In a multi
      parametric MRI model, the decrease in a non-model based vascular parameter the
      enhancement fraction as well as the tumour volume are the most important early
      predictors of pCR in breast cancer.

PMID- 26971433
TI  - Liver-fat and liver-function indices derived from Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI
      for prediction of future liver remnant growth after portal vein occlusion.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI)-derived fat- and liver function-measurements for prediction of
      future liver remnant (FLR) growth after portal vein occlusion (PVO) in patients
      scheduled for major liver resection. METHODS: Forty-five patients (age, 59 +/-
      13.9 y) who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver MRI within 24 +/- 18 days prior
      to PVO were included in this study. Fat-Signal-Fraction (FSF), relative liver
      enhancement (RLE) and corrected liver-to-spleen ratio (corrLSR) of the FLR were
      calculated from in- and out-of-phase (n=42) as well as from unenhanced T1
      weighted, and hepatocyte-phase images (n=35), respectively. Kinetic growth rate
      (KGR, volume increase/week) of the FLR after PVO was the primary endpoint.
      Receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to determine cutoff values
      for prediction of impaired FLR-growth. RESULTS: FSF (%) showed significant
      inverse correlation with KGR (r=-0.41, p=0.008), whereas no significant
      correlation was found with RLE and corrLSR. FSF was significantly higher in
      patients with impaired FLR-growth than in those with normal growth (%FSF, 8.1 +/-
      9.3 vs. 3.0 +/- 5.9, p=0.02). ROC-analysis revealed a cutoff-FSF of 4.9% for
      identification of patients with impaired FLR-growth with a specificity of 82% and
      sensitivity of 47% (AUC 0.71 [95%CI:0.54-0.87]). Patients with impaired FLR
      growth according to the FSF-cutoff showed a tendency towards higher postoperative
      complication rates (posthepatectomy liver failure in 50% vs. 19%). CONCLUSIONS:
      Liver fat-content, but not liver function derived from Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI
      is a predictor of FLR-growth after PVO. Thus, liver MRI could help in identifying
      patients at risk for insufficient FLR-growth, who may need re-evaluation of the
      therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 26971434
TI  - Fontan-associated liver disease: Spectrum of US findings.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe ultrasonography (US) findings of Fontan-associated liver
      disease (FALD) and to determine whether screening US examinations can identify
      FALD before biochemical hepatic dysfunction. METHODS: This retrospective study
      included 55 patients who underwent Fontan procedure over a 20-year period.
      Hepatobiliary US findings (n=55), CT or MRI findings (n=19), biochemical hepatic
      function tests (n=49), and histopathological results (n=4) were analyzed. Images
      were reviewed focusing on the hepatic parenchymal changes, presence of focal
      lesions, and signs of portal hypertension. RESULTS: Hepatic parenchymal changes
      (either heterogeneous echotexture or surface nodularity) evident on US were
      present in 67% (37/55) and showed positive correlation with the Fontan duration.
      Hyper-echoic lesions were noted in 35% (19/55) and showed a predilection for
      multiplicity, small size, right lobe location, and irregular margin on high
      frequency transducer. These lesions were not demonstrated by CT or MRI or by low
      frequency transducer. Histopathological results of targeted biopsy for hyper
      echoic lesions revealed lesser degree of patchy sinusoidal and portal fibrosis
      than seen in cases with surface nodularity. Abnormal parenchymal enhancement was
      commonly seen with CT or MRI in 63% (12/19) and hypervascular nodules in 21%
      (4/19). Most patients (82%, 40/49) showed normal biochemical hepatic function
      tests, despite the presence of hepatic parenchymal changes on imaging.
      CONCLUSION: The common US findings of FALD included heterogeneous parenchymal
      echotexture, surface nodularity, and hyper-echoic lesions. We suggest that hyper
      echoic lesions without surface nodularity detected by high-frequency transducer
      may represent the early stage of fibrosis. US examination may be useful for
      identifying the progression of FALD before biochemical hepatic dysfunction.

PMID- 26971435
TI  - Can magnetic resonance imaging be an alternative to computed tomography in
      immunocompromised patients with suspected fungal infections? Feasibility of a
      speed optimized examination protocol at 3 Tesla.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate a short MRI examination protocol for the
      detection of nodular pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients with
      hematologic diseases and suspected invasive fungal infections. METHODS: Patients
      with nodular infiltrates on CT scans were examined on a 3T MRI scanner. The
      standardized protocol included axial T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE) sequences
      +/- fat saturation (FS), and axial T1-weighted gradient echo (GRE) sequences.
      Long and short axis diameters of nodular infiltrates and visibility were assessed
      on MR images at least six months after the CT scan, blinded to patient and
      examination data. Inter- and intra-reader reliability was assessed in two
      patients. Statistical testing included Wilcoxon-test, Cohen's kappa, and intra
      class correlation coefficients. Bland-Altman plots were created to visualize
      differences in the measurements. RESULTS: In all 13 patients MRI examinations
      were completed successfully (average examination time 12 min and maximum breath
      hold time of 8s). CT detected 409 nodules. Sensitivity of MRI was 93.2% when
      using all sequences in combination; considering nodules >5mm, sensitivity
      increased to 97.9%. Reliability analysis showed excellent correlations with an
      intra-class correlation coefficient of at least 0.89 for T2 FSE (95% CI 0.79
      0.93, p<0.01) images for the intra-, and the lowest of 0.77 for T2 FSE (95% CI
      0.55-0.89, p<0.01) images for the inter-reader comparison. Agreement on nodule
      visibility was at least kappa=0.95 (p<0.01) for the intra- and 0.72 (p<0.01) for
      the inter-reader analysis. CONCLUSION: With an average examination time of 12
      min, pulmonary MRI at 3T is feasible in immunocompromised patients with
      hematologic diseases and suspected invasive fungal infections. MRI might serve as
      an alternative diagnostic tool during follow-up examinations.

PMID- 26971437
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26971436
TI  - Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate malignant from
      benign gallbladder disorders.
AB  - PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion
      coefficient (ADC) and lesion to spinal cord ratio (LSR) in diffusion-weighted
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (DWI) as compared with morphological assessment
      alone, for differentiating malignant from benign gallbladder disorders. METHODS:
      This study was approved by the ethics committee, and written informed consent was
      waived. Ninety-one patients (13 malignancy and 78 benignancy) were reviewed. ADC
      was calculated using two DW images with different motion-probing gradient
      strengths (b=0, 1000s/mm(2)). LSR was measured by dividing the signal intensity
      of a thickened gallbladder wall by the maximum signal intensity of the lumbar
      enlargement of the spinal cord. In addition, the morphology of the gallbladders
      was assessed with conventional MR imaging. RESULTS: In receiver operating
      characteristic curve analysis, the areas under the curves for ADC and LSR were
      0.861 and 0.906, respectively. Three morphological findings were considered: a
      massive formation, a disrupted mucosal line, and the absence of a two-layered
      pattern. When a combination of two or more of these morphological findings was
      positive for malignancy, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 76.9%,
      84.0%, and 83.0%, respectively. When a combination of three or more of the above
      morphological findings together with ADC of less than 1.2 * 10(-3)mm(2)/s or LSR
      of more than 0.48 were positive for malignancy, these values were 73.0%, 96.2%,
      and 92.9%, respectively. There were significant differences in specificity and
      accuracy. CONCLUSION: Use of ADC and LSR in DWI can improve diagnostic
      performance for differentiating malignant from benign gallbladder disorders.

PMID- 26971440
TI  - Better perineal outcomes in sitting birthing position cannot be explained by
      changing from upright to supine position for performing an episiotomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: women who give birth in supine position are more likely to have an
      episiotomy than women who give birth in sitting position. A confounding effect
      may be that women in upright positions in second stage of labour are asked to lie
      down if a professional needs to perform an episiotomy. This prospective cohort
      study aimed to determine whether this factor can explain the lower rate of
      episiotomy in sitting compared to supine position. METHODS: data from 1196 women
      who had a spontaneous, vaginal birth were analysed. Positions during second stage
      and at birth were carefully recorded. Three groups of birthing positions were
      compared in multivariable analyses: 1) horizontal during second stage and supine
      at birth (horizontal/supine), 2) horizontal and upright during second stage and
      supine at birth (various/supine), 3) sitting at birth regardless of the position
      in second stage. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for known risk
      factors for perineal damage. FINDINGS: women in sitting position at birth
      compared to those in the horizontal/supine group had a lower episiotomy rate
      (adjusted OR 0.28;95%-CI 0.14-0.56) and a non-significant higher intact perineum
      rate (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.96-2.04). Women in the various/supine group
      compared to the horizontal/supine group had a similar episiotomy rate (adjusted
      OR 1.12;95%-CI 0.69-1.83). CONCLUSIONS: we did not confirm our hypothesis that
      more women in supine compared to sitting position have an episiotomy because
      women in upright position are asked to lie down if an episiotomy is necessary.

PMID- 26971439
TI  - Archaea produce lower yields of N2 O than bacteria during aerobic ammonia
      oxidation in soil.
AB  - Nitrogen fertilisation of agricultural soil contributes significantly to
      emissions of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2 O), which is generated
      during denitrification and, in oxic soils, mainly by ammonia oxidisers. Although
      laboratory cultures of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) produce
      N2 O, their relative activities in soil are unknown. This work tested the
      hypothesis that AOB dominate ammonia oxidation and N2 O production under
      conditions of high inorganic ammonia (NH3 ) input, but result mainly from the
      activity of AOA when NH3 is derived from mineralisation. 1-octyne, a recently
      discovered inhibitor of AOB, was used to distinguish N2 O production resulting
      from archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidation in soil microcosms, and
      specifically inhibited AOB growth, activity and N2 O production. In unamended
      soils, ammonia oxidation and N2 O production were lower and resulted mainly from
      ammonia oxidation by AOA. The AOA N2 O yield relative to nitrite produced was
      half that of AOB, likely due to additional enzymatic mechanisms in the latter,
      but ammonia oxidation and N2 O production were directly linked in all treatments.
      Relative contributions of AOA and AOB to N2 O production, therefore, reflect
      their respective contributions to ammonia oxidation. These results suggest
      potential mitigation strategies for N2 O emissions from fertilised agricultural
      soils.

PMID- 26971438
TI  - Guiding migration of transplanted glial progenitor cells in the injured spinal
      cord.
AB  - Transplantation of glial-restricted progenitors (GRPs) is a promising strategy
      for generating a supportive environment for axon growth in the injured spinal
      cord. Here we explored the possibility of producing a migratory stream of GRPs
      via directional cues to create a supportive pathway for axon regeneration. We
      found that the axon growth inhibitor chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)
      strongly inhibited the adhesion and migration of GRPs, an effect that could be
      modulated by the adhesion molecule laminin. Digesting glycosaminoglycan side
      chains of CSPG with chondroitinase improved GRP migration on stripes of CSPG
      printed on cover glass, although GRPs were still responsive to the remaining
      repulsive signals of CSPG. Of all factors tested, the basic fibroblast growth
      factor (bFGF) had the most significant effect in promoting the migration of
      cultured GRPs. When GRPs were transplanted into either normal spinal cord of
      adult rats or the injury site in a dorsal column hemisection model of spinal cord
      injury, a population of transplanted cells migrated toward the region that was
      injected with the lentivirus expressing chondroitinase or bFGF. These findings
      suggest that removing CSPG-mediated inhibition, in combination with guidance by
      attractive factors, can be a promising strategy to produce a migratory stream of
      supportive GRPs. 

PMID- 26971441
TI  - Standards for maternity care professionals attending planned upright breech
      births: A Delphi study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to establish a consensus of opinion on standards of competence for
      professionals attending upright breech births. DESIGN: a three-round Delphi e
      survey. SETTING: multinational. PARTICIPANTS: a panel of 13 obstetricians, 13
      midwives and two user representatives. Clinicians had attended >20 upright breech
      births, or >10 upright among >40 total breech births. Mean level of
      experience=135 breech births, median=100 breech births. METHODS: an initial
      survey contained open-ended questions. Answers were coded and amalgamated to form
      164 statements in the second round and 9 further statements in the third round.
      Panellists were asked to evaluate their agreement with each statement using a 5
      point Likert scale. The pre-determined level of consensus was 70% of respondents
      indicating agreement or strong agreement with the statement. FINDINGS: the panel
      returned a consensus-level agreement on 63 statements under the theme, 'Standards
      of Competence.' Panellists supported teaching breech as a 'normal' skill rather
      than an emergency, including optimal mechanisms and breech-specific progress
      measures, upright variations of classical manoeuvres, the initiation of
      resuscitation with the umbilical cord intact, birth videos as learning tools, and
      the development of breech teams to support the wider team in all maternity care
      settings. CONCLUSIONS: although every health professional should maintain basic
      competence to assist unanticipated breech births, establishing enhanced training
      and standards for those who support planned breech births may help protect users
      and providers of maternity services, while introducing greater choice and
      flexibility for women seeking the option of vaginal breech birth.

PMID- 26971442
TI  - Frequency, severity and persistence of postnatal dyspareunia to 18 months post
      partum: A cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to describe the frequency, severity and persistence of dyspareunia in
      the first 18 months after the birth of a first child. DESIGN: prospective
      pregnancy cohort study. SETTING: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. POPULATION: 1507
      nulliparous women. METHODS: women <=24 weeks gestation were recruited from six
      public hospitals. Self-administered written questionnaires were completed at
      recruitment and at three, six, 12 and 18 months post partum. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      study-designed self-report measure of dyspareunia on first vaginal sex, and on
      second and subsequent sex at all time-points, utilising the rating scale from the
      McGill Pain Intensity Scale. FINDINGS: overall, 961/1122 (85.7%) of women
      experienced pain on first vaginal sex postnatally. The proportion of women
      experiencing dyspareunia reduced over time, from 431/964 (44.7%) at three months
      post partum to 261/1155 (22.6%) at 18 months post partum. Of the women who
      reported dyspareunia at each time-point, around 10% of women described the pain
      as'distressing','horrible' or'excruciating'. Women who had a caesarean section
      were more likely to report more intense dyspareunia at six months post partum
      (aOR=2.35, 95% CI=1.2-4.6). CONCLUSIONS: postnatal dyspareunia decreases over
      time, but persists beyond 12 months for one in five women. Caesarean section
      appears to be associated with more intense dyspareunia.

PMID- 26971443
TI  - Response to provision and effect of quit-smoking counselling by primary care
      midwives.

PMID- 26971444
TI  - Dying at life's beginning: Experiences of parents and health professionals in
      Switzerland when an 'in utero ' diagnosis incompatible with life is made.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The disclosure of a diagnosis during pregnancy of a fetal
      malformation, which is incompatible with life, normally comes completely
      unexpectedly to the parents. Although a body of international literature has
      considered the topic, most of it comes from the United States and little has been
      generated from Europe. This study aims to illuminate the contemporary treatment
      associated with such diagnoses, regardless of whether parents decide to terminate
      or continue the pregnancy. DESIGN: a qualitative design was used with data
      collected by semi-structured interviews and subjected to a thematic analysis.
      SETTING: the research was conducted in the German speaking areas of Switzerland
      with data collected from participants in places of their choice. PARTICIPANTS: 61
      interviews were conducted with 32 parents and 29 health professionals. FINDINGS:
      the theme of 'temporality' identified four main time points from the
      professionals: diagnosis, decision, birth/death, and afterwards. However, in
      contrast to these, six major themes in this study, primarily generated from
      parents and extended from receiving the diagnosis until the interview, were
      identified: shock, choices and dilemmas, taking responsibility, still being
      pregnant, forming a relationship with the baby, letting go. Although there was
      concurrence on many aspects of care at the point of contact, parents expressed
      major issues as gaps between the points of contact. CONCLUSIONS: care varied
      regionally but was as sensitive as possible, attempting to give parents the space
      to accept their loss but fulfil legal requirements. A gap exists between
      diagnosis and decision with parents feeling pressured to make decisions regarding
      continuing or terminating their pregnancies although health professionals'
      testimonies indicated otherwise. A major gap manifested following the decision
      with no palliative care packages offered. During the birth/death of the baby,
      care was sensitive but another gap manifested following discharge from hospital.

PMID- 26971445
TI  - Key points for abolishing Female Genital Mutilation from the perspective of the
      men involved.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: female Genital Mutilation is internationally considered an affront
      on human rights and an act of violence against women and young girls.
      Furthermore, it hierarchises and perpetuates inequality and denies the right to
      bodily and psychosocial integrity of women and young girls. AIMS: to detect the
      key points for the abolition of Female Genital Mutilation as well as the
      necessary resources for its eradication. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a qualitative
      methodology with an ethnonursing perspective, via semi-structured interviews,
      held both individually and in groups, in 21 men familiar with Female Genital
      Mutilation. FINDINGS: through the voices of men familiar with this tradition,
      five key points are presented for its gradual eradication: sensitisation and
      awareness building, team action, abolition-promoting media, focusing action on
      rural areas and applying educational means before punitive ones. CONCLUSION AND
      PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: awareness-raising via the combined efforts of families,
      communities and governments, together with the promotion of health education
      programmes in demonstrating the complications derived from this practice, play a
      vital part in eradicating Female Genital Mutilation.

PMID- 26971446
TI  - A Rapid Assessment Tool for affirming good practice in midwifery education
      programming.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to design a criterion-referenced assessment tool that could be used
      globally in a rapid assessment of good practices and bottlenecks in midwifery
      education programs. DESIGN: a standard tool development process was followed, to
      generate standards and reference criteria; followed by external review and field
      testing to document psychometric properties. SETTING: review of standards and
      scoring criteria were conducted by stakeholders around the globe. Field testing
      of the tool was conducted in Myanmar. PARTICIPANTS: eleven of Myanmar's 22
      midwifery education programs participated in the assessment. FINDINGS: the
      clinimetric tool was demonstrated to have content validity and high inter-rater
      reliability in use. KEY CONCLUSIONS: a globally validated tool, and accompanying
      user guide and handbook are now available for conducting rapid assessments of
      compliance with good practice criteria in midwifery education programming.

PMID- 26971447
TI  - Bedside resuscitation of newborns with an intact umbilical cord: Experiences of
      midwives from British Columbia.
AB  - CONTEXT: level 1 evidence supports the practice of delayed cord clamping, and
      many doctors and midwives consider it routine care when delivering vigorous, term
      neonates. However, scarce research exists regarding the risks or benefits of
      delayed cord clamping for infants needing resuscitation with positive pressure
      ventilation. Nonetheless, some midwives in British Columbia already practice
      intact cord resuscitation (ICR) at planned home births and in the hospital in
      order to facilitate delayed cord clamping for infants who need resuscitation.
      METHODS: we distributed an online survey to all registered midwives in British
      Columbia through the Midwives Association of BC between October 22nd and November
      13th, 2014. This survey examined how midwives balance a commitment to delayed
      cord clamping with the need for resuscitation in home and hospital settings.
      FINDINGS: a total of 82 midwives responded to the survey (response rate=35%).
      Many have practiced ICR (56, 69%). However, the majority (42, 78%) of respondents
      had only performed this type of resuscitation at planned home births and not in
      the hospital setting. In both settings, midwives found the ergonomics of
      resuscitation with an intact cord challenging, but cited a smoother physiologic
      transition for neonates as their primary reasons for this practice, despite the
      obstacles. Midwives reported a greater ability to use their delivery equipment to
      provide stable thermoregulation at the bedside at planned home births during a
      resuscitation compared with the set up of hospital delivery rooms. CONCLUSION:
      although the majority of participants practice ICR at planned home births, very
      few use this practice in the hospital setting. In the home, ergonomics is the
      primary obstacle for easily practicing ICR; hospital culture, protocols and lack
      of training are additional barriers to this practice in the hospital setting.
      Ergonomics and lack of appropriate set up in the delivery room were also primary
      obstacles. Midwives expressed a desire to find ways to incorporate ICR into the
      hospital setting.

PMID- 26971448
TI  - Remote links: Redesigning maternity care for Aboriginal women from remote
      communities in Northern Australia - A comparative cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to compare the quality of care before and after the introduction of
      the new Midwifery Group Practice. DESIGN: a cohort study. SETTING: the health
      centers (HCs) in two of the largest remote Aboriginal communities (population
      2200-2600) in the Top End of the Northern Territory (NT), each located
      approximately 500km from Darwin. The third study site was the Royal Darwin
      Hospital (RDH) which provides tertiary care. METHODS: a 2004-06 retrospective
      cohort (n=412 maternity cases) provided baseline data. A clinical redesign of
      maternity services occurring from 2009 onwards focused on increasing Continuity
      of Carer, Communication, Choice, Collaboration and Co-ordination of Care (5Cs).
      Data from a 2009-11 prospective cohort (n=310 maternity cases) were collected to
      evaluate the service redesign. Outcome measures included indicators on the
      quality of care delivery, adherence to recommended antenatal guidelines and
      maternal and neonatal health outcomes. FINDINGS: statistically significant
      improvements were recorded in many areas reflecting improved access to, and
      quality of, care. For example: fewer women had <4 visits in pregnancy (14% versus
      8%), a higher proportion of women had routine antenatal tests recorded (86%
      versus 97%) and improved screening rates for urine (82% versus 87%) and sexual
      tract infections (78% versus 93%). However, the treatment of conditions according
      to recommended guidelines worsened significantly in some areas; for example
      antibiotics prescribed for urine infections (86% versus 52%) and treatment for
      anaemia in pregnancy (77% versus 67%). High preterm (21% versus 20%), low birth
      weight (18% versus 20%) and PPH (29% versus 31%) rates did not change over time.
      The out of hospital birth rate remained high and unchanged in both cohorts (10%
      versus 10%). CONCLUSION: this model addresses some of the disparities in care for
      remote-dwelling Aboriginal women. However, much work still needs to occur before
      maternity care and outcomes are equal to that of non-Aboriginal women. Targeted
      program interventions with stronger clinical governance frameworks to improve the
      quality of care are essential. A complete rethink of service delivery and
      engagement may deliver better results.

PMID- 26971451
TI  - [Role of the health coordination council in Rikuzentakata City, Iwate Prefecture,
      for the Great East Japan Earthquake/Tsunami as a model of disaster preparedness].

PMID- 26971450
TI  - High Efficiency CVD Graphene-lead (Pb) Cooper Pair Splitter.
AB  - Generation and manipulation of quantum entangled electrons is an important
      concept in quantum mechanics, and necessary for advances in quantum information
      processing; but not yet established in solid state systems. A promising device is
      a superconductor-two quantum dots Cooper pair splitter. Early nanowire based
      devices, while efficient, are limited in scalability and further electron
      manipulation. We demonstrate an optimized, high efficiency, CVD grown graphene
      based Cooper pair splitter. Our device is designed to induce superconductivity in
      graphene via the proximity effect, resulting in both a large superconducting gap
      Delta = 0.5 meV, and coherence length xi = 200 nm. The flat nature of the device
      lowers parasitic capacitance, increasing charging energy EC. Our design also
      eases geometric restrictions and minimizes output channel separation. As a result
      we measure a visibility of up to 86% and a splitting efficiency of up to 62%.
      This will pave the way towards near unity efficiencies, long distance splitting,
      and post-splitting electron manipulation. 

PMID- 26971452
TI  - [Evaluation of Educational Programs to Prevent Accidents while Bathing].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Approximately 19,000 people die in Japan each year from accidents that
      occur while bathing. Yamagata Prefectural Shounai public health center had
      educated residents about proper bathing practice. We evaluated residents'
      knowledge about safe bathing practices after an educational campaign in the area.
      METHODS: We distributed a questionnaire to 3,078 people to gauge their awareness
      of bathing accidents in general and the effectiveness of a safety campaign from
      the public health center prevention. Participants included people who had
      attended a meeting, workshop, lecture, or event at the public health center.
      RESULTS: A total of 2,697 people responded (87.6% response rate). A large
      majority (92%) knew about safe bathing practices in general. However, only 43%
      knew that bathing in hot water less than 41 degrees Celsius could help to reduce
      bathing accidents. Only 56% bathed in water below 41 degrees Celsius. Similarly,
      81% knew about the preheating before bathing in dressing room and bathroom, but
      practiced only 50% of those. About recognition of the actual situation of the
      bathing accident and recognition of the prophylaxis, a student attending a
      lecture was higher than a lecture non-student attending a lecture more than 10%.
      CONCLUSION: Recognitions and practices of safe bathing practices had big
      difference, and development of an effective communication method will be
      important.

PMID- 26971453
TI  - [Medical Relief Response by Miyako Public Health Center after the Great East
      Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, 2011].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To improve disaster preparedness, we investigated the response of
      medical relief activities managed by Iwate Prefectural Miyako Public Health
      Center during the post-acute phase of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
      on March 11, 2011. METHODS: The study divided the post-disaster period into three
      approximate time segments: Period I (time of disaster through late March), Period
      II (mid-April), and Period III (end of May in Miyako City, early July in Yamada
      Town). We reviewed records on medical relief activities conducted by medical
      assistance teams (MATs) in Miyako City and Yamada Town. RESULTS: Miyako Public
      Health Center had organized a meeting to coordinate medical relief activities
      from Period I to Period III. According to demand for medical services and
      recovery from the local medical institutions (LMIs) in the affected area, MATs
      were deployed and active on evacuation centers in each area assigned. The number
      of patients examined by MATs in Miyako rose to approximately 250 people per day
      in Period I and decreased to 100 in Period III. However, in Yamada, the number
      surged to 700 in Period I, fell to 100 in Period II, and decreased to 50 in
      Period III. This difference could be partly explained as follows. In Miyako, most
      evacuees had consulted LMIs which restarted medical services after disaster, and
      the number of LMIs restarted had already reached 29 (94% of the whole) in Period
      I. In Yamada, most evacuees who had consulted MATs in Period I had almost moved
      to LMIs restarted in Period II. During the same time, a division of roles and
      coordination on medical services provision was conducted, such as MATs mainly in
      charge of primary emergency triage, in response to the number of LMIs restarted
      which reached 1 (20%) in Period I and 3 (60%) in Period II. Following Period III,
      more than 80% of patients in Miyako had been a slight illness, such as need for
      health guidance, and the number of people who underwent emergency medical
      transport reached pre-disaster levels in both locations. These results suggest
      that demand for medical services of evacuees declined to a stable level in an
      early stage of Period III. Using the above findings, one might justify supporting
      local medical institutions' recovery earlier. Then, medical relief activities
      might be finished properly. CONCLUSION: This study shows useful perspectives in
      the response of medical relief activities during post-acute phase after disaster
      and the importance of establishing systems for information management that apply
      these perspectives.

PMID- 26971454
TI  - Stimuli-responsive cylindrical hydrogels mimic intestinal peristalsis to propel a
      solid object.
AB  - The emerging field of soft robotics relies on soft, stimuli-responsive materials
      to enable load transport, manipulation, and mobility in complex unconstrained
      environments. These materials often need to replicate biological functionality
      such as muscle contractions and flexibility. Here we demonstrate a soft actuator
      prototype based on thermosensitive PNIPAAM hydrogels that can transport and
      manipulate objects. A hollow cylindrical hydrogel was selectively heated and
      cooled with Peltier devices to yield a traveling wave of shrinking and swelling
      akin to intestinal peristalsis. A 4 mm diameter bead was placed inside the
      cylinder and propelled 19.5 mm, equal to distance traveled by the peristaltic
      wave. We derived conditions that enable peristaltic transport as a function of
      transporter-cargo design parameters. We conclude that hydrogel-based peristaltic
      manipulators covering 2 orders of magnitude in stiffness (1-10(2) kPa) could
      transport cargo spanning 4 orders of magnitude in size (MUm-m). 

PMID- 26971449
TI  - Promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis by necdin protects neurons against
      mitochondrial insults.
AB  - Neurons rely heavily on mitochondria for their function and survival.
      Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative
      diseases such as Parkinson's disease. PGC-1alpha is a master regulator of
      mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Here we identify necdin as a potent PGC
      1alpha stabilizer that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1alpha in
      mammalian neurons. Expression of genes encoding mitochondria-specific proteins
      decreases significantly in necdin-null cortical neurons, where mitochondrial
      function and expression of the PGC-1alpha protein are reduced. Necdin strongly
      stabilizes PGC-1alpha by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Forced
      expression of necdin enhances mitochondrial function in primary cortical neurons
      and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to prevent mitochondrial respiratory chain
      inhibitor-induced degeneration. Moreover, overexpression of necdin in the
      substantia nigra in vivo of adult mice protects dopaminergic neurons against
      degeneration in experimental Parkinson's disease. These data reveal that necdin
      promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through stabilization of endogenous PGC-1alpha
      to exert neuroprotection against mitochondrial insults. 

PMID- 26971458
TI  - Editorial overview: Environmental biotechnology - quo vadis?

PMID- 26971461
TI  - Identification of CYP4V2 mutation in 36 Chinese families with Bietti crystalline
      corneoretinal dystrophy.
AB  - Bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy (BCD) is an inherited eye disease that
      is most common in the Chinese. It is caused by a mutation in the CYP4V2 gene. In
      this study, 43 Chinese BCD families were recruited; most patients manifested the
      characteristic phenotype of BCD, with 2 families initially misdiagnosed with
      retinitis pigmentosa. Five patients in our cohort presented with BCD and
      choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and 1 patient presented with typical BCD and
      abnormality in the terminals of both fingers and toes. A total of 17 pathogenic
      mutations involving 68 alleles were identified from 36 families using targeted
      exon sequencing and Sanger sequencing; we achieved a diagnostic rate of
      approximately 84%. Fifteen families were found to carry homozygous mutations, 17
      families carried compound heterozygous mutations, and 4 families carried a single
      heterozygous mutation. Of the mutations identified, four variants c.802
      8_810del17bpinsGC, c.802-8_810del17bpinsGT, c.992A > C (p.H331P), and c.1091-2A >
      G accounted for 71% of the mutations identified in CYP4V2. These mutations were
      hotspots in Chinese populations for BCD. Five among them were novel and predicted
      to be disease-causing, including c.65T > A (p.L22H), c.681_4delTGAG
      (p.S227Rfs*1), c.802-8_810del17bpinsGT, c.965_7delAAG (p.321delE), and c.994G > A
      (p.D332N). No apparent correlation between genotype and phenotype was identified.
      Our findings broaden the spectrum of CYP4V2 mutations that cause BCD and the
      phenotypic spectrum of the disease in Chinese families. These results will be
      useful for the genetic diagnosis of BCD, genetic consultation, and gene therapy
      in the future.

PMID- 26971462
TI  - Time Harmonic Elastography Reveals Sensitivity of Liver Stiffness to Water
      Ingestion.
AB  - The aim of the study was to test the sensitivity of liver stiffness (LS) measured
      by time harmonic elastography in large tissue windows to water uptake and post
      prandial effects. Each subject gave written informed consent to participate in
      this institutional review board-approved prospective study. LS was measured by
      time harmonic elastography in 10 healthy volunteers pre- and post-prandially, as
      well as before, directly after and 2 h after drinking water. The LS-time function
      during water intake was measured in 14 scans over 3 h in five volunteers. LS
      increased by 10% (p = 0.0015) post-prandially and by 11% (p = 0.0024) after pure
      water ingestion, and decreased to normal values after 2 h. LS was lower after
      overnight fasting than after 2-h fasting (3%, p = 0.04). Over the time course, LS
      increased to post-water peak values 15 min after drinking 0.25 L water and
      remained unaffected by further ingestion of water. In conclusion, our study
      indicates that LS measured by time harmonic elastography represents an effective
      medium property sensitive to physiologic changes in vascular load of the liver.

PMID- 26971463
TI  - Modular protein domains: an engineering approach toward functional biomaterials.
AB  - Protein domains and peptide sequences are a powerful tool for conferring specific
      functions to engineered biomaterials. Protein sequences with a wide variety of
      functionalities, including structure, bioactivity, protein-protein interactions,
      and stimuli responsiveness, have been identified, and advances in molecular
      biology continue to pinpoint new sequences. Protein domains can be combined to
      make recombinant proteins with multiple functionalities. The high fidelity of the
      protein translation machinery results in exquisite control over the sequence of
      recombinant proteins and the resulting properties of protein-based materials. In
      this review, we discuss protein domains and peptide sequences in the context of
      functional protein-based materials, composite materials, and their biological
      applications.

PMID- 26971465
TI  - Clinical applications of bacterial glycoproteins.
AB  - There is an ongoing race between bacterial evolution and medical advances.
      Pathogens have the advantages of short generation times and horizontal gene
      transfer that enable rapid adaptation to new host environments and therapeutics
      that currently outpaces clinical research. Antibiotic resistance, the growing
      impact of nosocomial infections, cancer-causing bacteria, the risk of zoonosis,
      and the possibility of biowarfare all emphasize the increasingly urgent need for
      medical research focussed on bacterial pathogens. Bacterial glycoproteins are
      promising targets for alternative therapeutic intervention since they are often
      surface exposed, involved in host-pathogen interactions, required for virulence,
      and contain distinctive glycan structures. The potential exists to exploit these
      unique structures to improve clinical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
      strategies. Translation of the potential in this field to actual clinical impact
      is an exciting prospect for fighting infectious diseases. 

PMID- 26971466
TI  - Proteomic analysis and identification of cell surface-associated proteins of
      Clostridium chauvoei.
AB  - Blackleg is a highly fatal disease of cattle and sheep, caused by Clostridium
      chauvoei, a Gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria. Cell surface
      associated proteins play a major role in inducing the protective immunity.
      However, the identity of a majority of cell surface-associated proteins of C.
      chauvoei is not known. In the present investigation, we have used SDS-PAGE, 2D
      gel electrophoresis and Western blotting followed by mass spectrometry to
      identify cell surface-associated proteins of C. chauvoei. Among the identified
      proteins, which have shown to offer protective antigencity in other bacteria,
      Enolase, Chaperonin, Ribosomal protein L10, Glycosyl Hydrolase and Flavoprotein
      were characterized by sequencing and their overexpression in Escherichia coli. In
      conclusion, cell surface-associated proteins were identified using proteomic
      approach and the genes for the immunoreactive proteins were expressed, which may
      prove to be potential diagnostic or vaccine candidates. 

PMID- 26971460
TI  - The lens actin filament cytoskeleton: Diverse structures for complex functions.
AB  - The eye lens is a transparent and avascular organ in the front of the eye that is
      responsible for focusing light onto the retina in order to transmit a clear
      image. A monolayer of epithelial cells covers the anterior hemisphere of the
      lens, and the bulk of the lens is made up of elongated and differentiated fiber
      cells. Lens fiber cells are very long and thin cells that are supported by
      sophisticated cytoskeletal networks, including actin filaments at cell junctions
      and the spectrin-actin network of the membrane skeleton. In this review, we
      highlight the proteins that regulate diverse actin filament networks in the lens
      and discuss how these actin cytoskeletal structures assemble and function in
      epithelial and fiber cells. We then discuss methods that have been used to study
      actin in the lens and unanswered questions that can be addressed with novel
      techniques.

PMID- 26971467
TI  - Liver Kinase B1 complex acts as a novel modifier of myofilament function and
      localizes to the Z-disk in cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Contractile perturbations downstream of Ca(2+) binding to troponin C, the so
      called sarcomere-controlled mechanisms, represent the earliest indicators of
      energy remodeling in the diseased heart [1]. Central to cellular energy "sensing"
      is the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway, which is known to
      directly target myofilament proteins and alter contractility [2-6]. We previously
      showed that the upstream AMPK kinase, LKB1/MO25/STRAD, impacts myofilament
      function independently of AMPK [5]. Therefore, we hypothesized that the LKB1
      complex associated with myofilament proteins and that alterations in energy
      signaling modulated targeting or localization of the LKB1 complex to the
      myofilament. Using an integrated strategy of myofilament mechanics, immunoblot
      analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectroscopy, and immunofluorescence, we
      showed that 1) LKB1 and MO25 associated with myofibrillar proteins, 2) cellular
      energy stress re-distributed AMPK/LKB1 complex proteins within the sarcomere, and
      3) the LKB1 complex localized to the Z-Disk and interacted with cytoskeletal and
      energy-regulating proteins, including vinculin and ATP Synthase (Complex V).
      These data represent a novel role for LKB1 complex proteins in myofilament
      function and myocellular "energy" sensing in the heart.

PMID- 26971469
TI  - Mutagenic and chemical analyses provide new insight into enzyme activation and
      mechanism of the type 2 iron-sulfur l-serine dehydratase from Legionella
      pneumophila.
AB  - The crystal structure of the Type 2 l-serine dehydratase from Legionella
      pneumophila (lpLSD), revealed a "tail-in-mouth" configuration where the C
      terminal residue acts as an intrinsic competitive inhibitor. This pre-catalytic
      structure undergoes an activation step prior to catalytic turnover. Mutagenic
      analysis of residues at or near the active site cleft is consistent with
      stabilization of substrate binding by many of the same residues that interact
      with the C-terminal cysteine and highlight the critical role of certain tail
      residues in activity. pH-rate profiles show that a residue with pK of 5.9 must be
      deprotonated and a residue with a pK of 8.5 must be protonated for activity. This
      supports an earlier suggestion that His 61 is the likely catalytic base. An
      additional residue with a pK of 8.5-9 increases cooperativity when it is
      deprotonated. This investigation also demonstrates that the Fe-S dehydratases
      convert the enamine/imine intermediates of the catalytic reaction to products on
      the enzyme prior to release. This is in contrast to pyridoxyl 5' phosphate based
      dehydratases that release an enamine/imine intermediate into solution, which then
      hydrolyzes to produce the ketoamine product.

PMID- 26971464
TI  - Alopecia areata: Animal models illuminate autoimmune pathogenesis and novel
      immunotherapeutic strategies.
AB  - One of the most common human autoimmune diseases, alopecia areata (AA), is
      characterized by sudden, often persisting and psychologically devastating hair
      loss. Animal models have helped greatly to elucidate critical cellular and
      molecular immune pathways in AA. The two most prominent ones are inbred C3H/HeJ
      mice which develop an AA-like hair phenotype spontaneously or after experimental
      induction, and healthy human scalp skin xenotransplanted onto SCID mice, in which
      a phenocopy of human AA is induced by injecting IL-2-stimulated PBMCs enriched
      for CD56+/NKG2D+ cells intradermally. The current review critically examines the
      pros and cons of the available AA animal models and how they have shaped our
      understanding of AA pathobiology, and the development of new therapeutic
      strategies. AA is thought to arise when the hair follicle's (HF) natural immune
      privilege (IP) collapses, inducing ectopic MHC class I expression in the HF
      epithelium and autoantigen presentation to autoreactive CD8+ T cells. In common
      with other autoimmune diseases, upregulation of IFN-gamma and IL-15 is critically
      implicated in AA pathogenesis, as are NKG2D and its ligands, MICA, and ULBP3. The
      C3H/HeJ mouse model was used to identify key immune cell and molecular principles
      in murine AA, and proof-of-principle that Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are
      suitable agents for AA management in vivo, since both IFN-gamma and IL-15 signal
      via the JAK pathway. Instead, the humanized mouse model of AA has been used to
      demonstrate the previously hypothesized key role of CD8+ T cells and NKG2D+ cells
      in AA pathogenesis and to discover human-specific pharmacologic targets like the
      potassium channel Kv1.3, and to show that the PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast,
      inhibits AA development in human skin. As such, AA provides a model disease, in
      which to contemplate general challenges, opportunities, and limitations one faces
      when selecting appropriate animal models in preclinical research for human
      autoimmune diseases. 

PMID- 26971471
TI  - Does hand dominance affect peripheral nerve excitability?

PMID- 26971470
TI  - Contribution of IL-10 and its -592 A/C polymorphism to cognitive functions in
      first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia.
AB  - Numerous studies have shown that proinflammatory cytokines produced by immune
      cells in the brain have deleterious effects on cognitive functions. In contrast,
      IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, can be neuroprotective and prevent neuronal
      dysfunction. However, few studies have linked the role of IL-10 to cognitive
      deficits in schizophrenia. In this study, serum IL-10 levels and genotypes for
      the IL10 -592 A/C promoter polymorphism were measured in a cohort of first
      episode drug-naive schizophrenic patients (FEDN-S) (n=256) and healthy control
      subjects (HC) (n=540). All participants were assessed by the Repeatable Battery
      for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and psychopathology was
      assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In a separate
      transcriptomic data set containing 577 healthy human brain samples, we analyzed
      IL-10 and IL-10 RA/B-associated genetic networks in order to ascertain potential
      functions for IL-10 in the brain. We found a significant difference in allelic
      frequency between FEDN-S and HC subjects. The A allelic variant was associated
      with reduced serum IL-10 levels and worse attentional performance in FEDN-S but
      not in HC subjects. Moreover, serum IL-10 levels were correlated with the extent
      of cognitive impairment, especially attentional performance in the schizophrenic
      A-allele carriers. In human brain transcriptomic coexpression analysis, we found
      that genes most significantly co-expressed with IL10 were associated with
      synaptic vesicle transportation, and both IL10RA and IL10RB were most
      significantly co-expressed not only with genes that regulate inflammation but
      also with those that participate in synaptic formation. The IL10-592 A/C genetic
      variant was more common in schizophrenic patients than HC and was associated with
      lower IL-10 serum levels and worse attentional performance in these patients.
      Furthermore, the IL10 gene and its receptors in the healthy human brain appear to
      regulate inflammation and synaptic functions that are important for cognition,
      and hence its deficiency in schizophrenia may contribute to cognitive impairment.

PMID- 26971468
TI  - Role of cardiac troponin I carboxy terminal mobile domain and linker sequence in
      regulating cardiac contraction.
AB  - Inhibition of striated muscle contraction at resting Ca(2+) depends on the C
      terminal half of troponin I (TnI) in thin filaments. Much focus has been on a
      short inhibitory peptide (Ip) sequence within TnI, but structural studies and
      identification of disease-associated mutations broadened emphasis to include a
      larger mobile domain (Md) sequence at the C-terminus of TnI. For Md to function
      effectively in muscle relaxation, tight mechanical coupling to troponin's core
      and thus tropomyosin-is presumably needed. We generated recombinant, human
      cardiac troponins containing one of two TnI constructs: either an 8-amino acid
      linker between Md and the rest of troponin (cTnILink8), or an Md deletion (cTnI1
      163). Motility assays revealed that Ca(2+)-sensitivity of reconstituted thin
      filament sliding was markedly increased with cTnILink8 (~0.9 pCa unit leftward
      shift of speed-pCa relation compared to WT), and increased further when Md was
      missing entirely (~1.4 pCa unit shift). Cardiac Tn's ability to turn off filament
      sliding at diastolic Ca(2+) was mostly (61%), but not completely eliminated with
      cTnI1-163. TnI's Md is required for full inhibition of unloaded filament sliding,
      although other portions of troponin-presumably including Ip-are also necessary.
      We also confirm that TnI's Md is not responsible for superactivation of
      actomyosin cycling by troponin.

PMID- 26971472
TI  - Higher pain rating results in lower variability of somatosensory cortex
      activation by painful mechanical stimuli: An fMRI study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find pain-related brain activity which
      corresponds to self-report pain ratings based on degree of response and
      repeatability. METHODS: Three painful mechanical stimuli were applied to the
      right hands of 25 healthy volunteers using monofilaments (forces of 0.98N, 2.94N,
      and 5.88N). Simultaneously, brain activities were evaluated using functional MRI
      for a constant stimulus conducted three times in a session. In first assessment,
      the average percent signal change (PSC) of neuronal response was measured for
      each region of interest (ROI), secondary repeatability of PSC conducted three
      times over the session was evaluated for each ROI. RESULTS: Although the average
      PSCs for trice stimuli conducted in one session increased in accordance with pain
      ratings in the somatosensory cortex (S1) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),
      there was a different response between S1 and ACC when subjects rated intense
      pain; a stable response in S1 against a variable response in ACC. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results imply that there are different cognitive responses between sensory
      discrimination and affective component to constant painful stimulus each time.
      SIGNIFICANCE: Consistency of brain activity based on PSC may be an important
      biomarker which, along with its neuronal activity, gauges self-report pain
      ratings.

PMID- 26971473
TI  - Short and long-term effects of sham-controlled prefrontal EEG-neurofeedback
      training in healthy subjects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study we evaluated long-term effects of frontal beta EEG
      neurofeedback training (E-NFT) on healthy subjects. We hypothesized that E-NFT
      can change frontal beta activity in the long-term and that changes in frontal
      beta EEG activity are accompanied by altered cognitive performance. METHODS: 25
      healthy subjects were included and randomly assigned to active or sham E-NFT. On
      average the subjects underwent 15 E-NFT training sessions with a training
      duration of 45 min. Resting-state EEG was recorded prior to E-NFT training (t1)
      and in a 3-year follow-up (t3). RESULTS: Compared to sham E-NFT, which was used
      for the control group, real E-NFT increased beta activity in a predictable way.
      This increase was maintained over a period of three years post training. However,
      E-NFT did not result in significantly improved cognitive performance. CONCLUSION:
      Based on our results, we conclude that EEG-NFT can selectively modify EEG beta
      activity both in short and long-term. SIGNIFICANCE: This is a sham controlled EEG
      neurofeedback study demonstrating long-term effects in resting state EEG.

PMID- 26971474
TI  - Motor Unit Number Index (MUNIX): A novel biomarker for ALS?

PMID- 26971475
TI  - Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold is impaired in patients with
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26971477
TI  - Proposal for electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected ulnar
      neuropathy at the elbow.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop an evidence-based electrodiagnostic (EDx) approach to
      patients with suspected ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). METHODS: We
      prospectively recruited patients with suspected UNE, took a history and performed
      clinical neurologic, EDx and ultrasonographic (US) examinations. Ulnar motor and
      mixed nerve 5 * 2 cm, 2 * 4 cm and 10 cm studies across the elbow were compared
      regarding sensitivity and precise localization of UNE. RESULTS: In 175 evaluated
      patients, the highest sensitivity/precise localization was demonstrated by the
      motor 5 * 2 cm study (93%/92%), followed by the 2 * 4 cm study (89%/83%) and the
      10-cm study (82%/0%). The sensitivities of mixed ulnar nerve studies to
      diagnose/precisely localize UNE were 12-23%/27-36% lower than the corresponding
      motor studies. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, we suggest starting EDx evaluation
      of UNE with a motor 2 * 4 cm study (recording from either the abductor digiti
      minimi or the first dorsal interosseous muscles), with two additional stimulation
      sites being added if the initial result is negative. This results in a motor 4 *
      2 cm study. In all suspected UNE patients, an antidromic sensory study to the 5th
      finger should also be performed. SIGNIFICANCE: The proposed EDx protocol is
      robust, sensitive and time efficient. We hope that it will improve the diagnosis
      of UNE.

PMID- 26971478
TI  - Impairment of sensory-motor integration at spinal level in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Subclinical sensory defect can be detected early in ALS. Its impact on
      spinal excitability was assessed by testing the effects produced by intrinsic
      hand muscle afferents in triceps brachii motoneurons of patients with distal
      motor weakness. METHODS: TMS was applied over the motor cortex to produce MEP in
      contralateral triceps during tonic contraction. The intensity varied to compare
      the full MEP recruitment curve in ALS patients and controls. Then, median and
      ulnar nerve stimulations at wrist level were combined to TMS to compare the
      resulting changes in MEP size in both groups. RESULTS: MEP recruitment curves
      were similar in both groups but MEP threshold was significantly higher in ALS. At
      sub-threshold intensity for MEP, TMS depressed more EMG activity in ALS than in
      controls. Nerve stimuli increased MEP size in both groups with similar temporal
      characteristics but the level of facilitation was stronger in ALS. CONCLUSION:
      Cortical hypo-excitability in ALS was accompanied with stronger intra-cortical
      inhibition in triceps area. While the corticospinal and peripheral inputs were
      likely depressed, spinal motoneuron response to combined inputs was particularly
      enhanced in ALS. SIGNIFICANCE: Spinal network properties likely compensate for
      depression of afferent inputs leading to motoneuron hyper-excitability, which may
      contribute to excito-toxicity.

PMID- 26971479
TI  - Reconstruction of electroencephalographic data using radial basis functions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this paper we introduce a new interpolation method to use for scalp
      potential interpolation. The predictive value of this new interpolation technique
      (the multiquadric method) is compared to commonly used interpolation techniques
      like nearest-neighbour averaging and spherical splines. METHODS: The method of
      comparison is cross-validation, where the data of one or two electrodes is
      predicted by the rest of the data. The difference between the predicted and the
      measured data is used to determine two error measures. One is the maximal error
      in one interpolation technique and the other is the mean square error. The
      methods are tested on data stemming from 30 channel EEG of 10 healthy volunteers.
      RESULTS: The multiquadric interpolation methods performed best regarding both
      error measures and have been easier to calculate than spherical splines.
      CONCLUSION: Multiquadrics are a good alternative to commonly used EEG
      reconstruction methods. SIGNIFICANCE: Multiquadrics have been widely used in
      reconstruction on sphere-like surfaces, but until now, the advantages have not
      been investigated in EEG reconstruction.

PMID- 26971476
TI  - Attention demands of language production in adults who stutter.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether language production is atypically resource
      demanding in adults who stutter (AWS) versus typically-fluent adults (TFA).
      METHODS: Fifteen TFA and 15 AWS named pictures overlaid with printed Semantic,
      Phonological or Unrelated Distractor words while monitoring frequent low tones
      versus rare high tones. Tones were presented at a short or long Stimulus Onset
      Asynchrony (SOA) relative to picture onset. Group, Tone Type, Tone SOA and
      Distractor Type effects on P3 amplitudes were the main focus. P3 amplitude was
      also investigated separately in a simple tone oddball task. RESULTS: P3
      morphology was similar between groups in the simple task. In the dual task, a P3
      effect was detected in TFA in all three distractor conditions at each Tone SOA.
      In AWS, a P3 effect was attenuated or undetectable at the Short Tone SOA
      depending on Distractor Type. CONCLUSIONS: In TFA, attentional resources were
      available for P3-indexed processes in tone perception and categorization in all
      distractor conditions at both Tone SOAs. For AWS, availability of attentional
      resources for secondary task processing was reduced as competition in word
      retrieval was resolved. SIGNIFICANCE: Results suggest that language production
      can be atypically resource-demanding in AWS. Theoretical and clinical
      implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 26971480
TI  - Lower motor neuron involvement in ALS assessed by motor unit number index
      (MUNIX): Long-term changes and reproducibility.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) techniques such as motor unit
      number index (MUNIX) have been used to quantify lower motor neuron loss and
      disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We investigated the
      consistency of reproducibility of MUNIX in 30 ALS-patients during the course of
      the disorder. METHODS: MUNIX was recorded in abductor pollicis brevis and
      tibialis anterior muscles bilaterally in ALS-patients by two measurements at the
      first and at one follow-up visit and once in healthy controls. Intra-rater
      reproducibility was evaluated by three statistical methods: interclass
      correlation coefficient (ICC), correlation coefficient analysis (CCA), and
      coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS: We found significant correlation between
      the first and second measurement of MUNIX in all tested muscles and at the follow
      up visit (r?0.891, p<0.01) and good statistically significant reproducibility of
      MUNIX in all four measured muscles at the follow-up visit (ICC?0.946, p<0.01).
      The CV of MUNIX at the follow-up visit ranged from 13.90% to 32.95%. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study shows good consistency of reproducibility of MUNIX in the course of
      ALS. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that MUNIX can be used to track the
      progression of the disorder both in clinical routine and in treatment trials.

PMID- 26971481
TI  - Letter-sound processing deficits in children with developmental dyslexia: An ERP
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The time course during letter-sound processing was investigated in
      children with developmental dyslexia (DD) and typically developing (TD) children
      using electroencephalography. METHOD: Thirty-eight children with DD and 25 TD
      children participated in a visual-auditory oddball paradigm. Event-related
      potentials (ERPs) elicited by standard and deviant stimuli in an early (100-190
      ms) and late (560-750 ms) time window were analysed. RESULTS: In the early time
      window, ERPs elicited by the deviant stimulus were delayed and less left
      lateralized over fronto-temporal electrodes for children with DD compared to TD
      children. In the late time window, children with DD showed higher amplitudes
      extending more over right frontal electrodes. Longer latencies in the early time
      window and stronger right hemispheric activation in the late time window were
      associated with slower reading and naming speed. Additionally, stronger right
      hemispheric activation in the late time window correlated with poorer
      phonological awareness skills. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in early stages of letter
      sound processing influence later more explicit cognitive processes during letter
      sound processing. SIGNIFICANCE: Identifying the neurophysiological correlates of
      letter-sound processing and their relation to reading related skills provides
      insight into the degree of automaticity during letter-sound processing beyond
      behavioural measures of letter-sound-knowledge.

PMID- 26971482
TI  - Enhanced mirror activity in 'crossed' reaction time tasks in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Execution of unimanual voluntary motor tasks requires appropriate
      inhibitory control over contralateral motor output. Such inhibition should
      involve interhemispheric connections, which are often damaged in multiple
      sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Twenty mildly-disabled MS patients and 13 healthy
      subjects performed ipsilateral and contralateral wrist-extension reactions (IR
      and CR, respectively) to a unilateral somatosensory cue, the latter condition
      requiring necessarily interhemispheric transfer of information. Prevalence,
      persistence, latency and amount of mirror electromyographic activity (mEMG) were
      calculated in each study group, as well as diffusion-tensor-imaging measures of
      damage in corpus callosum and brainstem for correlation with mEMG. RESULTS:
      Healthy subjects and patients showed mEMG more often in CR than in IR. In CR
      tasks, mEMG was larger, more persistent and occurred more often at a shorter
      latency with respect to voluntary reaction in patients than in healthy subjects
      (p<0.05 for all). Patients with mEMG had significantly higher diffusivity values
      of damage in corpus callosum and lower brainstem volumes than patients without
      mEMG (p<0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: MS patients show deficient inhibition of
      unintended mEMG in 'crossed' reaction time tasks. SIGNIFICANCE: Enhanced mEMG in
      MS may be due to microstructural axonal damage and atrophy in inhibitory
      commissural connections of the corpus callosum and brainstem.

PMID- 26971484
TI  - VEMPs in central neurological disorders.

PMID- 26971483
TI  - Subthalamic nucleus phase-amplitude coupling correlates with motor impairment in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: High-amplitude beta band oscillations within the subthalamic nucleus
      are frequently associated with Parkinson's disease but it is unclear how they
      might lead to motor impairments. Here we investigate a likely pathological
      coupling between the phase of beta band oscillations and the amplitude of high
      frequency oscillations around 300 Hz. METHODS: We analysed an extensive data set
      comprising resting-state recordings obtained from deep brain stimulation
      electrodes in 33 patients before and/or after taking dopaminergic medication. We
      correlated mean values of spectral power and phase-amplitude coupling with
      severity of hemibody bradykinesia/rigidity. In addition, we used simultaneously
      recorded magnetoencephalography to look at functional interactions between the
      subthalamic nucleus and ipsilateral motor cortex. RESULTS: Beta band power and
      phase-amplitude coupling within the subthalamic nucleus correlated positively
      with severity of motor impairment. This effect was more pronounced within the low
      beta range, whilst coherence between subthalamic nucleus and motor cortex was
      dominant in the high-beta range. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the beta band
      might impede pro-kinetic high-frequency activity patterns when phase-amplitude
      coupling is prominent. Furthermore, results provide evidence for a functional
      subdivision of the beta band into low and high frequencies. SIGNIFICANCE: Our
      findings contribute to the interpretation of oscillatory activity within the
      cortico-basal ganglia circuit.

PMID- 26971485
TI  - Ascending vestibular drive is asymmetrically distributed to the inferior oblique
      motoneuron pools in a subset of hemispheric stroke survivors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Aberrant vestibular nuclear function is proposed to be a principle
      driver of limb muscle spasticity after stroke. Although spasticity does not
      manifest in ocular muscles, we sought to determine whether altered cortical
      modulation of ascending vestibuloocular pathways post-stroke could impact the
      excitability of ocular motoneurons. METHODS: Nineteen chronic stroke survivors,
      aged 49-68 yrs. were enrolled. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) were
      recorded from the inferior oblique muscles of the eye using surface EMG
      electrodes. We assessed the impact of ascending otolith pathways on eye muscle
      activity and evaluated the relationship between otolith-ocular function and the
      severity of spasticity. RESULTS: VEMP responses were recorded bilaterally in
      14/19 subjects. Response magnitude on the affected side was significantly larger
      than on the spared side. In a subset of subjects, there was a strong relationship
      between affected response amplitude and the severity of limb spasticity, as
      estimated using a standard clinical scale. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that
      alterations in ascending vestibular drive to ocular motoneurons contribute to
      post-stroke spasticity in a subset of spastic stroke subjects. We speculate this
      imbalance is a consequence of the unilateral disruption of inhibitory
      corticobulbar projections to the vestibular nuclei. SIGNIFICANCE: This study
      potentially sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of post-stroke spasticity.

PMID- 26971486
TI  - Changes in intracortical inhibition and clinical symptoms after STN-DBS in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN
      DBS) on intracortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease (PD) and the correlation
      between intracortical inhibition and clinical symptoms after alteration of STN
      DBS status. METHODS: Nine PD patients treated by STN-DBS were compared with eight
      age-matched controls. Antiparkinsonian medication was withdrawn 12h before the
      study. Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) with a 3-ms interval and
      silent period (SP) were examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation. SP
      duration, SICI and motor symptoms (rigidity and tremor) were evaluated with STN
      DBS ON, and over 120 min during STN-DBS OFF. RESULTS: Even during STN-DBS, PD
      patients showed a shortened SP and reduced SICI relative to normal controls. SICI
      decreased further throughout STN-DBS OFF, resulting in facilitation rather than
      inhibition; SP shortened only after 120 min STN-DBS OFF. Both rigidity and tremor
      worsened throughout STN-DBS OFF, with a time course similar to SICI. CONCLUSION:
      Even during STN-DBS, both SICI and SP in PD patients remain impaired without
      medication. Changes in SICI, but not SP, show a time course similar to those of
      motor symptoms. SIGNIFICANCE: The dissimilarity of SICI and SP changes suggests
      differences in mediation of inhibitory mechanisms and/or superimposition of
      exaggerated intracortical facilitation on SICI.

PMID- 26971487
TI  - Monitoring burst suppression in critically ill patients: Multi-centric evaluation
      of a novel method.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a computational method to detect and quantify burst
      suppression patterns (BSP) in the EEGs of critical care patients. A multi-center
      validation study was performed to assess the detection performance of the method.
      METHODS: The fully automatic method scans the EEG for discontinuous patterns and
      shows detected BSP and quantitative information on a trending display in real
      time. The method is designed to work without setting any patient specific
      parameters and to be insensitive to EEG artifacts and periodic patterns. For
      validation a total of 3982 h of EEG from 88 patients were analyzed from three
      centers. Each EEG was annotated by two reviewers to assess the detection
      performance and the inter-rater agreement. RESULTS: Average inter-rater agreement
      between pairs of reviewers was kappa=0.69. On average 22% of the review segments
      included BSP. An average sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 84% were
      measured on the consensus annotations of two reviewers. More than 95% of the
      periodic patterns in the EEGs were correctly suppressed. CONCLUSION: A fully
      automatic method to detect burst suppression patterns was assessed in a multi
      center study. The method showed high sensitivity and specificity. SIGNIFICANCE:
      Clinically applicable burst suppression detection method validated in a large
      multi-center study.

PMID- 26971489
TI  - Ictal-interictal continuum: A proposed treatment algorithm.
AB  - The ictal-interictal continuum (IIC) is characterized by periodic and/or rhythmic
      EEG patterns that occur with relative high frequency in critically ill patients.
      Several studies have reported that some patterns seen within the continuum are
      independently associated with poor outcome. However there is no consensus
      regarding when to treat them or how aggressive treatment should be. In this
      review we examine peer-reviewed original scientific articles, guidelines and
      reviews indexed in PubMed and summarize current knowledge related to the ictal
      interictal continuum. A treatment algorithm to guide management of critically ill
      patients with EEG patterns that fall along the IIC is proposed. The algorithm
      based on best current practice in adults-takes into account associated clinical
      events, risk factors for developing seizures, response to medication trials and
      biomarkers of neuronal injury. 

PMID- 26971488
TI  - EEG in postanoxic coma: Prognostic and diagnostic value.
AB  - Evolution of the EEG background pattern is a robust contributor to prediction of
      poor or good outcome of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. At 24h,
      persistent isoelectricity, low voltage activity, or burst-suppression with
      identical bursts predicts a poor outcome without false positives. Rapid recovery
      toward continuous patterns within 12h is strongly associated with a good
      neurological outcome. Predictive values are highest in the first 24h, despite the
      use of mild therapeutic hypothermia and sedative medication. Studies on
      reactivity or mismatch negativity have not included the EEG background pattern.
      Therefore, the additional predictive value of reactivity parameters remains
      unclear. Whether or not treatment of electrographic status epilepticus improves
      outcome is studied in the randomized multicenter Treatment of
      Electroencephalographic STatus epilepticus After cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
      (TELSTAR) trial (NCT02056236). 

PMID- 26971490
TI  - Modulation of IL-12 and IFNgamma by probiotic supplementation promotes protection
      against Toxocara canis infection in mice.
AB  - In this study, supplementation with the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii
      promoted a reduction in intensity of infection by Toxocara canis and modulates
      cytokines mRNA expression in experimentally infected mice. IL-12 gene
      transcription had 40-fold increase in S. boulardii supplemented uninfected mice
      and sevenfold increase in supplemented infected mice comparing with not
      supplemented group. Regarding IFNgamma, similar results were observed, since
      probiotic supplementation induced approximately 43-fold increase, but only in
      uninfected mice (P < 0.05). T. canis infection upregulated IL-10 expression while
      S. boulardii downregulated it and no change was observed for IL-4. Thus, based in
      these findings; we suggest that one possible mechanism responsible for S.
      boulardii protection effect against T. canis infection is by the modulation of
      cytokines expression, especially IL-12.

PMID- 26971491
TI  - Epigenetic field cancerization in gastrointestinal cancers.
AB  - Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation, play an important
      role in human cancer development. Importantly, epigenetic alterations are
      reversible and can be targets for therapy or chemoprevention for various types of
      human cancers. A field for cancerization, or a field defect, is formed by the
      accumulation of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in normal-appearing tissues
      and can correlate with risk of cancer development. Thus, a better understanding
      of epigenetic field cancerization may represent a useful translational
      opportunity for cancer risk assessment, including previous history and exposure
      to carcinogenic factors, and for cancer prevention. In this article, we summarize
      current knowledge regarding epigenetic field cancerization and its clinical
      implications in gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer, gastric
      cancer and esophageal cancer.

PMID- 26971493
TI  - "Fungal elicitors combined with a sucrose feed significantly enhance triterpene
      production of a Salvia fruticosa cell suspension".
AB  - Oleanolic (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) are plant secondary metabolites with diverse
      pharmacological properties. To reach reasonable productivities with plant cell
      suspension cultures, elicitation is a widely used strategy. Within the presented
      work, the effects of different elicitors on growth and production of OA and UA in
      a Salvia fruticosa cell suspension culture were examined. Beside commonly used
      elicitors like jasmonic acid (JA) and yeast extract, the influence of medium
      filtrates of the endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma virens was
      investigated. The best eliciting effects were achieved with JA and fungal medium
      filtrates. Both increased the triterpene content by approximately 70 %. Since JA
      showed significant growth inhibition, the volumetric triterpene yield did not
      increase. But, adding fungal filtrates increased the volumetric triterpene yield
      by approximately 70 % to 32.6 mgOA l(-1) and 65.9 mgUA l(-1) for T. virens
      compared to the control with 19.4 mgOA l(-1) and 33.3 mgUA l(-1). An elicitation
      strategy combining fungal medium filtrate of T. virens with sucrose feeding
      significantly enhanced cell dry weight concentration to 22.2 g l(-1) as well as
      triterpene content by approximately 140 %. In total, this led to an approximately
      500 % increase of volumetric triterpene yield referring to the control with final
      values of 112.9 mgOA l(-1) and 210.4 mgUA l(-1). Despite the doubled cultivation
      duration, productivities of 6.7 mgOA l(-1) day(-1) and 12.4 mgUA l(-1) day(-1)
      were reached. These results demonstrate methods by which increased productivities
      of triterpenes can be achieved to attain yields competing with intact plants. 

PMID- 26971494
TI  - Biosynthesis of Monascus pigments by resting cell submerged culture in nonionic
      surfactant micelle aqueous solution.
AB  - Growing cell submerged culture is usually applied for fermentative production of
      intracellular orange Monascus pigments, in which accumulation of Monascus
      pigments is at least partially associated to cell growth. In the present work,
      extractive fermentation in a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution was
      utilized as a strategy for releasing of intracellular Monascus pigments. Those
      mycelia with low content of intracellular Monascus pigments were utilized as
      biocatalyst in resting cell submerged culture. By this means, resting cell
      submerged culture for production of orange Monascus pigments was carried out
      successfully in the nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution, which exhibited
      some advantages comparing with the corresponding conventional growing cell
      submerged culture, such as non-sterilization operation, high cell density (24 g/l
      DCW) leading to high productivity (14 AU of orange Monascus pigments at 470 nm
      per day), and recycling of cells as biocatalyst leading to high product yield
      (approximately 1 AU of orange Monascus pigments at 470 nm per gram of glucose)
      based on energy metabolism. 

PMID- 26971492
TI  - Structural Basis and IP6 Requirement for Pds5-Dependent Cohesin Dynamics.
AB  - The ring-shaped cohesin complex regulates transcription, DNA repair, and
      chromosome segregation by dynamically entrapping chromosomes to promote
      chromosome compaction and sister-chromatid cohesion. The cohesin ring needs to
      open and close to allow its loading to and release from chromosomes. Cohesin
      dynamics are controlled by the releasing factors Pds5 and Wapl and the cohesin
      stabilizer Sororin. Here, we report the crystal structure of human Pds5B bound to
      a conserved peptide motif found in both Wapl and Sororin. Our structure
      establishes the basis for how Wapl and Sororin antagonistically influence cohesin
      dynamics. The structure further reveals that Pds5 can bind inositol
      hexakisphosphate (IP6). The IP6-binding segment of Pds5B is shaped like the jaw
      of a plier lever and inhibits the binding of Scc1 to Smc3. We propose that Pds5
      stabilizes a transient, open state of cohesin to promote its release from
      chromosomes.

PMID- 26971495
TI  - Poly(beta-L-malic acid) (PMLA) from Aureobasidium spp. and its current
      proceedings.
AB  - Poly(beta-L-malic acid) is one natural biopolymer that has the outstanding
      features of biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and non
      immunogenicity, and it is easily chemically modified. So poly(beta-L-malic acid)
      (PMLA) and its derivatives may have a great potential application as a novel drug
      delivery system and in the production of advanced biomaterials which have
      attracted so much research attention. The fungi of Aureobasidium spp. have been
      discovered to be the most suitable candidates for PMLA production in large
      quantities which satisfy the demand of either research or industry. In this
      review, we will give an overall summary about the PMLA produced by Aureobasidium
      spp. based on related research in the last decades and the elaboration of this
      PMLA producer will also be accomplished. More importantly, the latest proceedings
      will be specified and some suggestions to the elucidation of a PMLA biosynthesis
      pathway which remains undefined up to date will be proposed. Finally, through
      this review, the further exploitation for the application of PMLA from
      Aureobasidium spp. can be emphasized and promoted. 

PMID- 26971496
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis on newborn
      intestinal microbiota using a sequencing approach targeted to multi hypervariable
      16S rDNA regions.
AB  - Different factors are known to influence the early gut colonization in newborns,
      among them the perinatal use of antibiotics. On the other hand, the effect on the
      baby of the administration of antibiotics to the mother during labor, referred to
      as intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), has received less attention,
      although routinely used in group B Streptococcus positive women to prevent the
      infection in newborns. In this work, the fecal microbiota of neonates born to
      mothers receiving IAP and of control subjects were compared taking advantage for
      the first time of high-throughput DNA sequencing technology. Seven different 16S
      rDNA hypervariable regions (V2, V3, V4, V6 + V7, V8, and V9) were amplified and
      sequenced using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. The results obtained
      showed significant differences in the microbial composition of newborns born to
      mothers who had received IAP, with a lower abundance of Actinobacteria and
      Bacteroidetes as well as an overrepresentation of Proteobacteria. Considering
      that the seven hypervariable regions showed different discriminant ability in the
      taxonomic identification, further analyses were performed on the V4 region
      evidencing in IAP infants a reduced microbial richness and biodiversity, as well
      as a lower number of bacterial families with a predominance of Enterobacteriaceae
      members. In addition, this analysis pointed out a significant reduction in
      Bifidobacterium spp. strains. The reduced abundance of these beneficial
      microorganisms, together with the increased amount of potentially pathogenic
      bacteria, may suggest that IAP infants are more exposed to gastrointestinal or
      generally health disorders later in age. 

PMID- 26971497
TI  - A novel perchlorate- and nitrate-reducing bacterium, Azospira sp. PMJ.
AB  - A novel perchlorate-reducing bacterium (PCRB), PMJ, was isolated from the mixed
      liquor suspended solids in the aerobic tank of a wastewater treatment plant. The
      16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), perchlorate reductase, and chlorite dismutase gene
      sequences revealed that PMJ belonged to the genus Azospira. PMJ was removed high
      strength (700 mg/L) perchlorate and also removed low-strength (<=50 mg/L)
      perchlorate below the detection limit (2 MUg/L) when acetate was used as a sole
      and carbon source. The maximum specific perchlorate utilization rate, q max, was
      0.96 mg ClO4 (-)/mg dry cell weight day, and the half-saturation constant, K S ,
      was lower than 0.002 mg ClO4 (-)/L. PMJ also utilized inorganic electron donors
      [(H2, S(0), and Fe(II)] with perchlorate as an electron acceptor. Perchlorate
      reduction by PMJ was completely inhibited by oxygen and chlorate but was not
      inhibited by nitrate. In the presence of similar concentrations (100~140 mg/L) of
      nitrate and perchlorate, PMJ simultaneously removed both electron acceptors.
      Therefore, it was concluded that the strains PMJ might possess separate pathways
      for perchlorate and nitrate reduction. These results indicated that Azospira sp.
      PMJ could be efficiently used for treating perchlorate-contaminated groundwater
      and wastewater because many of these water bodies are known to contain both
      perchlorate and nitrate. In addition, low K S value and autotrophic perchlorate
      reduction of PMJ might be useful to design the biological treatment systems. 

PMID- 26971499
TI  - DSM-5 Criteria and Its Implications for Diagnosing PTSD in Military Service
      Members and Veterans.
AB  - This review addresses how changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria has the
      potential to affect the care and careers of those who have served in the
      military, where the diagnosis often determines fitness for duty and veterans'
      benefits. PTSD criteria changes were intended to integrate new knowledge acquired
      since previous DSM editions. Many believe the changes will improve diagnosis and
      treatment, but some worry these could have negative clinical, occupational, and
      legal consequences. We analyze the changes in classification, trauma definition,
      symptoms, symptom clusters, and subtypes and possible impacts on the military
      (e.g., over- and under-diagnosis, "drone" video exposure, subthreshold PTSD, and
      secondary PTSD). We also discuss critiques and proposals for future changes. Our
      objectives are to improve the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of those
      service members who have survived trauma and to improve policies related to the
      military mental healthcare and disability systems. 

PMID- 26971498
TI  - Divalent cation chelators citrate and EDTA unmask an intrinsic uncoupling pathway
      in isolated mitochondria.
AB  - We demonstrate a suppression of ROS production and uncoupling of mitochondria by
      exogenous citrate in Mg2+ free medium. Exogenous citrate suppressed H2O2 emission
      and depolarized mitochondria. The depolarization was paralleled by the
      stimulation of respiration of mitochondria. The uncoupling action of citrate was
      independent of the presence of sodium, potassium, or chlorine ions, and it was
      not mediated by the changes in permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane
      to solutes. The citrate transporter was not involved in the citrate effect.
      Inhibitory analysis data indicated that several well described mitochondria
      carriers and channels (ATPase, IMAC, ADP/ATP translocase, mPTP, mKATP) were not
      involved in citrate's effect. Exogenous MgCl2 strongly inhibited citrate-induced
      depolarization. The uncoupling effect of citrate was demonstrated in rat brain,
      mouse brain, mouse liver, and human melanoma cells mitochondria. We interpreted
      the data as an evidence to the existence of a hitherto undescribed putative inner
      mitochondrial membrane channel that is regulated by extramitochondrial Mg2+ or
      other divalent cations.

PMID- 26971500
TI  - Youth Exposed to Terrorism: the Moderating Role of Ideology.
AB  - The present review examines the moderating role of ideology on the effects of
      war, armed conflict, and terrorism on youth. Ideology is an important factor
      given the central role played by religio-political ideology and nationalism in
      present-day conflicts. Ideologies or worldviews represent cognitive frameworks
      that imbue the traumatic situation with meaning and order. Analysis of the pool
      of studies identified three categories of ideologically based moderating factors,
      each representing an aspect of social construction of traumatic events, namely,
      religion, political ideology, and self-concept. The two closely related
      categories of religion and politico-religious beliefs showed both positive and
      negative effects on psychological and psychiatric outcomes among youth. The third
      category of different aspects of self-concept yielded consistently positive
      moderating effects. The mechanisms by which each category of ideology moderates
      effects of exposure to war, armed conflict, and terrorism are discussed, and
      research and clinical implications are presented. 

PMID- 26971501
TI  - Reversible diffusion weighted imaging hyperintensities during the acute phase of
      ischemic stroke in pediatric moyamoya disease: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Moyamoya disease is one of the primary causes of pediatric ischemic
      stroke, especially in East Asia. Areas of high signal intensity on diffusion
      weighted imaging (DWI) with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values
      usually point to irreversible ischemic damage. Reversibility of these DWI
      hyperintensities during the acute phase of ischemic stroke in pediatric moyamoya
      disease has not previously been reported. CASE REPORT: A 3-year-old girl was
      admitted to our emergency department due to sudden onset speech impairment and
      right hemiplegia. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a multilobal low-density area
      in the left cerebral hemisphere. The area was hyperintense on DWI with decreased
      ADC values. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography revealed stenosis of the
      bilateral internal carotid artery bifurcations and their branches. Acute cerebral
      infarction due to moyamoya disease was diagnosed. MR images taken 4 days later
      showed resolution of most of the DWI hyperintensity areas. The initial decline in
      the ADC of the reversible DWI hyperintensities was less severe compared to the
      irreversible lesion. Within several days after onset, the patient became
      ambulatory although the follow-up MR fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)
      images taken 2 weeks after onset revealed thinning of the corresponding cortical
      gyri. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that a wide area of DWI hyperintensity
      during the acute phase of ischemic stroke can be reversed by appropriate
      treatment in pediatric moyamoya disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is
      the first report of reversible DWI hyperintensities over a wide cortical area
      during the acute phase of ischemic stroke in pediatric moyamoya disease.

PMID- 26971502
TI  - Can blockage or sacrifice of the middle meningeal artery lead to hydrocephalus?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is often sacrificed during
      neurosurgical procedures in the region of the pterion. This maneuver, herein, is
      hypothesized to be a potential reason for the development of postoperative
      hydrocephalus by injuring the vascular supply to the arachnoid granulations near
      the vertex of the skull, and thus disrupting their ability to allow for transfer
      of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the venous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      To test this theory, the middle meningeal artery was isolated at the skull base
      and injected with India ink. Next, the superior sagittal sinus was opened and the
      arachnoid granulations inspected. RESULTS: All specimens demonstrated ink within
      the arachnoid granulations indicating that their blood supply is completely or at
      least partially via the middle meningeal artery. This finding with an
      illustrative case of surgical cautery of the middle meningeal artery at the skull
      base with subsequent development of hydrocephalus supports our hypothesis of
      potential role of iatrogenic MMA injury causing hydrocephalus. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      cadaveric study shows that the blood supply of the arachnoid granulations of the
      superior sagittal sinus is via the middle meningeal artery. Additional cases of
      postoperative hydrocephalus following middle meningeal artery sacrifice are
      needed to support our hypothesis.

PMID- 26971503
TI  - Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome).
AB  - Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, or basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin
      syndrome), is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disorder that is
      characterized by development of basal cell carcinomas from a young age. Other
      distinguishing clinical features are seen in a majority of patients, and include
      keratocystic odontogenic tumors (formerly odontogenic keratocysts) as well as
      dyskeratotic palmar and plantar pitting. A range of skeletal and other
      developmental abnormalities are also often seen. The disorder is caused by
      defects in hedgehog signaling which result in constitutive pathway activity and
      tumor cell proliferation. As sporadic basal cell carcinomas also commonly harbor
      hedgehog pathway aberrations, therapeutic agents targeting key signaling
      constituents have been developed and tested against advanced sporadically
      occurring tumors or syndromic disease, leading in 2013 to FDA approval of the
      first hedgehog pathway-targeted small molecule, vismodegib. The elucidation of
      the molecular pathogenesis of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome has resulted
      in further understanding of the most common human malignancy. 

PMID- 26971504
TI  - Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome and Phenotypic Variants: An Update.
AB  - Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is an inherited autosomal dominant disease
      characterized by the development of multiple adnexal cutaneous neoplasms most
      commonly spiradenoma, cylindroma, spiradenocylindroma, and trichoepithelioma.
      Multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT) is a phenotypic variant of the disease
      characterized by the development of numerous trichoepitheliomas (cribriform
      trichoblastoma) only. Malignant tumors arise in association with preexisting
      benign cutaneous neoplasms in about 5-10% of the patients . Apart from the skin,
      major and minor salivary glands have been rarely involved in BSS patients.
      Extremely rare is the occurrence of breast tumors (cylindroma). The gene
      implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease is the CYLD gene, a tumor
      suppressor gene located on chromosome 16q12-q13. Germline CYLD mutations are
      detected in about 80-85% of patients with the classical BSS phenotype and in
      about 40-50% of the individuals with the MFT phenotype using a PCR based approach
      with analysis of exonic sequences and exon-intron junctions of the CYLD gene.
      There appears to be no genotype-phenotype correlations with respect to the
      severity of the disease, the possibility of malignant transformation, and
      development of extracutaneous lesions.

PMID- 26971505
TI  - Hyperaldosteronism: Screening and Diagnostic Tests.
AB  - Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common secondary cause of hypertension,
      accounting for 10 % of hypertensives and 20 % of those with drug-resistant
      hypertension. Aldosterone excess is associated with the development of adverse
      cardiovascular, renal and metabolic effects that are partly independent of its
      effect on blood pressure. Guidelines recommended wider screening for PA in an
      effort to maximize detection of patients who may benefit from optimal, specific
      management. All patient groups with increased prevalence of PA, including
      hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and those with obstructive
      sleep apnea, should be carefully screened for PA. Screening with aldosterone-to
      renin ratio (ARR) is the most practical and informative initial test. Subsequent
      confirmatory tests are: (1) oral salt loading; (2) saline infusion; (3) captopril
      challenge and (4) fludrocortisone suppression test. Confirmation of PA can avoid
      that patients with a false positive ARR would inappropriately undergo costly and
      harmful lateralization procedures. If confirmatory testing is positive, further
      investigations are directed toward determining the subtype of PA, as the
      treatment differs for each subtype. 

PMID- 26971506
TI  - Hydrogen bonded and stacked geometries of the temozolomide dimer.
AB  - Dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 quantum chemical
      methods are used to examine homodimers of temozolomide (TMZ). Of the 12 dimer
      configurations found to be minima, the antarafacial stacked dimer is the most
      favored, it is lower in energy than coplanar dimers which are stabilized by H
      bonds. The comparison between B3LYP and B3LYP-D binding energies points to
      dispersion as a primary factor in stabilizing the stacked geometries. CO(pi) ->
      CO(pi*) charge transfers between amide groups in the global minimum are
      identified by NBO, as well as a pair of weak CH??N H-bonds. AIM analysis of the
      electron density provides an alternative description which includes N??O, N??N,
      and C??C noncovalent bonds.

PMID- 26971507
TI  - Theoretical prediction of complexes with a sulfur-carbon triple bond: SCX(2+),
      SCXF(+), and SCXF2 (X = Be, Mg, Ca).
AB  - A new series of compounds with a sulfur-carbon triple bond-SCX(2+), SCXF(+), and
      SCXF2 (X = Be, Mg, Ca)-were investigated using quantum chemical computations. The
      B3LYP, M06-2X, MP2, CCSD, and G4 methods were employed to predict the structures,
      harmonic vibrational frequencies, Wiberg bond indices, and adiabatic bond
      dissociation energies (ABDEs) for these compounds. When calculated at the
      B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level, the S=C bonds were found to be rather short: 1.4855-1.4984,
      1.4893-1.5078, and 1.5123-1.5184 A for the doubly charged cations, singly charged
      cations, and neutral molecules, respectively. Interestingly, they are much
      shorter than in the strong sulfur-carbon triple bond in carbon monosulfide
      (1.5371 A). Moreover, NBO analysis together with the results for the structures
      and Wiberg bond indices indicated that the S=C bonds in SCX(2+), SCXF(+), and
      SCXF2 (X = Be, Mg, Ca) should be strong triple bonds. Further, the ABDE values of
      S=C in SCX(2+) (209.8-250.6 kcal/mol) and SCXF(+) (174.6-217.6 kcal/mol), but not
      SCXF2 (150.5-174.4 kcal/mol), are larger than that of S=C in carbon monosulfide
      (170.7 kcal/mol); however, upon comparing them with previously published data on
      other compounds with sulfur-carbon triple bonds, the S=C bonds in SCXF2 molecules
      appear to be much stronger than those S=C triple bonds. In general, all of the
      results calculated in this work clearly indicate that the SCX(2+), SCXF(+), and
      SCXF2 (X = Be, Mg, Ca) species each contain a strong sulfur-carbon triple bond. 

PMID- 26971508
TI  - Effectiveness of health warnings for waterpipe tobacco smoking among college
      students.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Youth have the misperception that waterpipe smoking is less harmful
      than cigarettes despite the evidence that it is associated with nicotine
      dependence and many of the diseases caused by cigarettes. There is a pressing
      need to identify effective health warnings that increase awareness about the
      harmful effects of waterpipe smoking. Our objective was to test the effectiveness
      of various health warning messages and their location on waterpipe devices.
      METHODS: Adult waterpipe smokers from a large US university (N = 367) completed
      an internet-based survey that tested the effect of text-only and pictorial health
      warning labels and their location on different parts of waterpipe smoking
      devices. RESULTS: Text-only messages and pictorial labels warning about harm to
      children were the most effective in motivating waterpipe smokers to think about
      quitting. In terms of warning label location, the base, mouthpiece and stem are
      all equally noticeable locations. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to test
      waterpipe-specific warning labels and location on the waterpipe device. Placing
      waterpipe-specific labels on waterpipe devices may be an effective policy tool to
      curb waterpipe smoking.

PMID- 26971509
TI  - E-cigarettes: addressing gaps in knowledge.

PMID- 26971510
TI  - Whither the e-cigarette?

PMID- 26971511
TI  - Heavy metal variation and characterization change of dissolved organic matter
      (DOM) obtained from composting or vermicomposting pig manure amended with maize
      straw.
AB  - A mixture of pig manure and maize straw was vermicomposted with Eisenia fetida or
      naturally composted for 60 days; basic parameters, heavy metal variation,
      dissolved organic matter (DOM) content, and its characterization were determined,
      aiming to explore different dynamics of DOM characterization and heavy metal
      variation during composting or vermicomposting. The results showed that
      vermicomposting led to higher pH, TC, and available P but lower EC, TN, available
      N, and available K in the substrate residues compared with natural composting;
      the total or available Cu/Zn content in the substrate residues similarly
      increased after composting or vermicomposting, but Cu was easily enriched in
      earthworm bodies and its intestinal vermicompost while vermicomposting enhanced
      the formation of dissolved Zn in DOM; moreover, much more fulvic and humic acid
      like materials and much greater aromaticity were exhibited in DOM obtained from
      vermicomposting residues compared with DOM from composting residues, which may
      contribute to the variations of Cu/Zn enrichment in earthworms and its migration
      to the vermicomposting residues or its DOM. 

PMID- 26971512
TI  - Microbial metabolism induced chain shortening of polyacrylamide with assistance
      of bioelectricity generation.
AB  - The water-soluble polyacrylamide (PAM) can accumulate in ecosystems and cause
      serious environmental pollution. Biological approach achieves poor PAM
      degradation efficiency, due to the extreme resistance of PAM to the microbial
      metabolism. In the present work, the potential of bioelectrochemical system (BES)
      as an effective tool to degrade the PAM is adequately evaluated. The closed
      circuit operation of BES obtains COD removal efficiencies of 29.2 and 33.6 % for
      the PAM and polyacrylic acid (PAA), respectively. In comparison, 4.3 and 2.7 % of
      COD are removed after the PAM and PAA are treated in the open-circuit BES, and
      7.3 and 6.6 % are removed in the aerobic BES. These results suggest the
      bioelectricity generation is crucial to trigger the activity of bioanode for the
      effective degradation of PAM. Bioelectricity generation not only favors the
      decomposition of carbon backbone but also facilitates the hydrolysis of amide
      group in the side-chain of PAM. Microbial attack on the carbon backbone of PAM is
      proposed to initiate at the head-to-head linkage, resulting in the formation of
      ether bond within the shortened carbon chain. The Ignavibacterium sp. and
      phenotypically uncharacterized bacteria are classified as the dominant species on
      the anode of PAM-fed BES. 

PMID- 26971513
TI  - Sewage sludge toxicity assessment using earthworm Eisenia fetida: can biochemical
      and histopathological analysis provide fast and accurate insight?
AB  - Sewage sludge (SS) is a complex organic by-product of wastewater treatment
      plants. Deposition of large amounts of SS can increase the risk of soil
      contamination. Therefore, there is an increasing need for fast and accurate
      assessment of SS toxic potential. Toxic effects of SS were tested on earthworm
      Eisenia fetida tissue, at the subcellular and biochemical level. Earthworms were
      exposed to depot sludge (DS) concentration ratio of 30 or 70 %, to undiluted and
      to 100 and 10 times diluted active sludge (AS). The exposure to DS lasted for
      24/48 h (acute exposure), 96 h (semi-acute exposure) and 7/14/28 days (sub
      chronic exposure) and 48 h for AS. Toxic effects were tested by the measurements
      of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR) activity and lipid peroxidation
      levels, as well as the observation of morphological alterations and behavioural
      changes. Biochemical markers confirmed the presence of MXR inhibitors in the
      tested AS and DS and highlighted the presence of SS-induced oxidative stress. The
      MXR inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration
      in the whole earthworm's body were higher after the exposition to lower
      concentration of the DS. Furthermore, histopathological changes revealed damage
      to earthworm body wall tissue layers as well as to the epithelial and chloragogen
      cells in the typhlosole region. These changes were proportional to SS
      concentration in tested soils and to exposure duration. Obtained results may
      contribute to the understanding of SS-induced toxic effects on terrestrial
      invertebrates exposed through soil contact and to identify defence mechanisms of
      earthworms. 

PMID- 26971514
TI  - Association of exposure to benzene and smoking with oxidative damage to nucleic
      acids by means of biological monitoring of general population volunteers.
AB  - In this study, the validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
      (HPLC-MS/MS) isotopic dilution method for the determination of benzene and
      nicotine metabolites in urine was carried out. Limit of detection are 0.026 MUg/L
      for S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), 0.55 MUg/L for t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA),
      and 12.41 MUg/L for the cotinine, and the relative combined uncertainty was also
      calculated. The study involves 446 healthy volunteer residents since at least 10
      years in an area of central Italy. SPMA resulted to be strongly correlated with
      cotinine (p = 0.75), its concentration in smokers (93) being about ten times than
      in non/ex-smokers (197/156), while the t,t-MA of smokers is about twice the
      non/ex-smokers value. A cutoff value for the definition of smoker is set at 100
      MUg/g creat. Oxidative stress was studied in smokers and non- and ex-smokers by
      means of the determination of the biomarkers 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine
      (8-oxodGuo), 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine
      (8-oxoGua): no significant differences were found between smokers and non/ex
      smokers, but when subjects are classified according to the cotinine cutoff value,
      a correlation in smokers' urinary 8-oxodGuo is found with SPMA and cotinine (p =
      0.60 and p = 0.57). Results were confirmed by chemometric analysis that also
      identified the experimental variables most contributing the discrimination as
      cotinine and t,t-MA.

PMID- 26971515
TI  - Performance of electrochemical oxidation process for removal of di (2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate.
AB  - Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most detected and concentrated
      plasticizer in environment and wastewaters, worldwide. In this study, different
      operating parameters such as current intensity, treatment time, type of anodes,
      and supporting electrolytes were tested to optimized the electro-oxidation
      process (EOP) for the removal of DEHP in the presence of methanol as a dissolved
      organic matter. Among the anodes, the Nb/BDD showed the best degradation rate of
      DEHP, at low current intensity of 0.2 A after 90 min of treatment time with a
      percentage of degradation recorded of 81 %, compared to 70 % obtained with the
      Ti/IrO2-RuO2. Furthermore, due to the combination of direct and indirect
      oxidation, the removal of DEHP in the presence of 1 g/L Na2SO4 was higher than
      NaBr, even though the oxidant production of NaBr was 11.7 mmol/L against 3.5
      mmol/L recorded in the presence of sulfate at 0.5 A and after 60 min of
      electrolysis time. Under optimal condition (current intensity = 0.5 A, time = 120
      min, using Nb/BDD anode and Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte), the removal of
      87.2 % of DEHP was achieved. The total cost of 0.106 US$/m(3) of treated water
      was achieved based on economical optimization of reactor with current intensity
      of 0.2 A and 1 g/L Na2SO4. 

PMID- 26971516
TI  - Predicting bromide incorporation in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool.
AB  - The water in and air above swimming pools often contain high levels of
      disinfection byproducts (DBPs) due to chemical reactions between chlorine- or
      bromine-based disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter in the source water and
      released from swimmers. Exposure to these DBPs, though inevitable, can pose
      health threats to humans. In this study, DBPs in tap water (S1), and water from a
      chlorinated indoor swimming pool before (S2) and after swimming (S3) were
      measured. The brominated species constituted the majority of DBPs formed in S1,
      S2, and S3. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in S3 was 6.9 (range 2.9-11.1) and 1.4 (range
      0.52-2.9) times those in S1 and S2, respectively; and the haloacetic acids (HAAs)
      in S3 was 4.2 (range 2.5-7.5) and 1.2 (range 0.6-2.6) times those in S1 and S2,
      respectively. The mean THMs in air above the swimming pool before (S2-A) and
      after swimming (S3-A) were 72.2 and 93.0 MUg/m(3), respectively, and their ranges
      were 36.3-105.8 and 44.1-133.6 MUg/m(3), respectively. The average percentages of
      bromide incorporation (BI) into THMs in S1, S2, and S3 were 3.0, 9.3, and 10.6 %,
      respectively; and the BI into HAAs in S1, S2, and S3 were 6.6, 12.0, and 12.2 %,
      respectively. Several models were trained for predicting the BI into THMs and
      HAAs. The results indicate that additional information is required to develop
      predictive models for BI in swimming pools. 

PMID- 26971517
TI  - Kinetic modeling and determination role of sono/photo nanocatalyst-generated
      radical species on degradation of hydroquinone in aqueous solution.
AB  - Experimental findings of sonophotocatalytic process were used in degradation of
      hydroquinone to assess kinetic modeling and determine the effect of various
      active radical species. First, the effects of three photocatalytic,
      sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic processes were studied for hydroquinone
      removal to determine kinetic constants and calculate the activation energy of
      reactions, and then the selected process was evaluated to determine active
      radical species. The reactor was composed of two parts, one included ultrasonic
      probe (sonocatalytic part) with powers 22, 80, and 176 W and the second part was
      the location of UV lamp (photocatalytic part) with tubular flow and power 15 W.
      After three systems were examined and the efficient system was selected, the role
      of different active species such as hydroxyl radical (OH(.)), superoxide radical
      (O2 (.-)), hole (h(+)), electrons (e (-)), and single oxygen molecule ((1)O2) and
      contribution of each of them were determined in hydroquinone degradation.
      According to tests, the results of this study showed that sonophotocatalytic
      integrated method as selected system among three systems studied followed the
      first-order equation for hydroquinone degradation and active hydroxyl species
      with 45 % and electron and hole with 15 and 10 %, respectively, had the highest
      and lowest contributions to conversion of hydroquinone. The findings showed that
      dissolved oxygen increases the capability of active radical formation so that
      28.2 % of hydroquinone removal was increased under aeration compared to without
      aeration. Also, removal efficiency decreased 62 % with N2 injection due to the
      withdrawal of oxygen from the sample. By adding 25 Mm of sodium azide (NaN3) to
      stock solution, 46.5 % reduction was developed because single oxygen ((1)O2)
      played the role of an active species. The advantages of integrated sonocatalytic
      and photocatalytic method are the generation of active radical species with more
      variety and ultimately the formation of higher amounts of powerful hydroxyl
      radical that increases degradation rates of refractory compounds and low-risk
      internal and final products. It has an appropriate performance in the degradation
      of refractory compounds by optimizing effective operational factors. 

PMID- 26971518
TI  - Metal pollution in biotic and abiotic samples of the Buyuk Menderes River,
      Turkey.
AB  - The Buyuk Menderes River (BMR) is one of the largest rivers in Turkey. This river
      irrigates efficient farmlands and includes tributaries of other rivers and
      streams and many populated towns within its limits in the Ege region. Both the
      estuary and Isikli Lake serve as a sanctuary for various waterbirds. Therefore,
      the BMR plays a critical role both for the inhabitants and for the ecosystem
      organisms in its environs. In the present study, we analyzed levels of metals
      including iron, barium, zinc, vanadium, cobalt, chromium, cadmium, copper,
      nickel, aluminum, arsenic, manganese, antimony, silver, selenium, boron, mercury,
      titanium, and lead in river water, sediment, fish (Cyprinus carpio; common carp),
      and in various waterbird (Fulica atra, Euroasian coot; Larus michahellis, yellow
      legged gull; Ardea cinerea, grey heron; Larus melanocephalus, Mediterranean gull;
      and Pelecanus crispus, pelican) samples. Analyses were performed using an
      inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument after sample
      preparation. Comparing metal concentrations among different sample types, it was
      found that barium, aluminum, and zinc are the major metals in river water, and
      zinc in common carp muscle, while iron, aluminum, and manganese are the major
      metals in sediments. Iron, zinc, copper, and aluminum were the highest in
      waterbird muscle tissue. Iron and barium were found to be the major metals in
      eggshell, while iron and zinc are the major metals in egg samples. A simple
      "worst-case scenario" model of risk assessment revealed that some of the analyzed
      metals may pose a risk for human health through consuming fish.

PMID- 26971519
TI  - Influence of dihydroxybenzenes on paracetamol and ciprofloxacin degradation and
      iron(III) reduction in Fenton processes.
AB  - The degradation of paracetamol (PCT) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) was compared in
      relation to the generation of dihydroxylated products, Fe(III) reduction and
      reaction rate in the presence of dihydroxybenzene (DHB) compounds, or under
      irradiation with free iron (Fe3+) or citrate complex (Fecit) in Fenton or photo
      Fenton process. The formation of hydroquinone (HQ) was observed only during PCT
      degradation in the dark, which increased drastically the rate of PCT degradation,
      since HQ formed was able to reduce Fe3+ and contributed to PCT degradation
      efficiency. When HQ was initially added, PCT and CIP degradation rate in the dark
      was much higher in comparison to the absence of HQ, due to the higher and faster
      formation of Fe2+ at the beginning of reaction. In the absence of HQ, no CIP
      degradation was observed; however, when HQ was added after 30 min, the
      degradation rate increased drastically. Ten PCT hydroxylated intermediates were
      identified in the absence of HQ, which could contribute for Fe(III) reduction and
      consequently to the degradation in a similar way as HQ. During CIP degradation,
      only one product of hydroxyl radical attack on benzene ring and substitution of
      the fluorine atom was identified when HQ was added to the reaction medium.

PMID- 26971520
TI  - Antibiogram characterization and putative virulence genes in Aeromonas species
      isolated from pig fecal samples.
AB  - Aeromonas species are broadly distributed in nature and agricultural environments
      and have been isolated from feces, bedding, and drinking water of healthy pigs.
      We assessed the incidence, virulence properties, and antimicrobial resistance
      profile of Aeromonas spp., isolated from pig feces. Antibiogram was done using
      the disc diffusion methods, and polymerase chain reaction was used for the
      detection of putative virulence genes. Identification of isolates revealed three
      phenotypic species with percentage distribution as follows: Aeromonas hydrophila
      23 (45.1 %), Aeromonas caviae 16 (31.4 %), and Aeromonas sobria 12 (23.5 %). All
      Aeromonas isolates in the study were absolutely susceptible to cefotaxime and
      resistant to penicillin. A. cavaie and A. sobria demonstrated absolute
      susceptibility against ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. Aeromonas species showed
      varied susceptibility to cephalothin as follows: A. hydrophila 78.3 %, A. cavaie
      93.7 %, and A. sobria 91.7 %. The percentage distribution of virulence genes
      among Aeromonas isolates were as follows: Aerolysin (aer) 74.5 %, flagellin gene
      (fla) 68.6 %, cytotoxin (hly A) 43.1 %, lipase (lip) 39.2 %, enterotoxic
      activities (ast) 31.3 %, and cytotonic gene (alt) 13.7 %. Reports from this study
      shows that Aeromonas species isolated from pig fecal samples are multi-drug
      resistant and possess virulence potential which may result to possible risk of
      human or animal infection and likely contamination of food and water from this
      sources. 

PMID- 26971521
TI  - Application of plant carbon source for denitrification by constructed wetland and
      bioreactor: review of recent development.
AB  - Water quality standard for nitrate becomes more and more strict, and the plant
      carbon source is widely used for denitrification by constructed wetland (CW) and
      bioreactor. However, the nitrate removal efficiency by different types of plant
      carbon source are not evaluated comprehensively. Denitrification performance of
      different plant carbon sources, and the influence of dosing method and
      pretreatment are thoroughly reviewed in this paper, which aims to investigate the
      accurate utilization of plant carbon source for nitrogen (as nitrate) removal. It
      is concluded that plant carbon source addition for all types of CWs and
      bioreactors can improve the nitrate removal efficiency to some extent, and the
      dosing method of plant carbon source for denitrification should be further
      studied and optimized in the future. The popular carbon sources for CW and
      bioreactor denitrification enhancement are woodchip, chopped macrophytes, crop
      plants, macrophytes litters, etc. The recommended optimum C:N ratios for CW and
      bioreactor are 4.0:5.0 and 1.8:3.0, respectively. The physical and biological
      pretreatments are selected to supply organic carbon for long-term
      denitrification. 

PMID- 26971522
TI  - Detecting grizzly bear use of ungulate carcasses using global positioning system
      telemetry and activity data.
AB  - Global positioning system (GPS) wildlife collars have revolutionized wildlife
      research. Studies of predation by free-ranging carnivores have particularly
      benefited from the application of location clustering algorithms to determine
      when and where predation events occur. These studies have changed our
      understanding of large carnivore behavior, but the gains have concentrated on
      obligate carnivores. Facultative carnivores, such as grizzly/brown bears (Ursus
      arctos), exhibit a variety of behaviors that can lead to the formation of GPS
      clusters. We combined clustering techniques with field site investigations of
      grizzly bear GPS locations (n = 732 site investigations; 2004-2011) to produce
      174 GPS clusters where documented behavior was partitioned into five classes
      (large-biomass carcass, small-biomass carcass, old carcass, non-carcass activity,
      and resting). We used multinomial logistic regression to predict the probability
      of clusters belonging to each class. Two cross-validation methods-leaving out
      individual clusters, or leaving out individual bears-showed that correct
      prediction of bear visitation to large-biomass carcasses was 78-88 %, whereas the
      false-positive rate was 18-24 %. As a case study, we applied our predictive model
      to a GPS data set of 266 bear-years in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (2002
      2011) and examined trends in carcass visitation during fall hyperphagia
      (September-October). We identified 1997 spatial GPS clusters, of which 347 were
      predicted to be large-biomass carcasses. We used the clustered data to develop a
      carcass visitation index, which varied annually, but more than doubled during the
      study period. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness and utility of identifying
      GPS clusters associated with carcass visitation by a facultative carnivore.

PMID- 26971523
TI  - So close: remaining challenges to eradicating polio.
AB  - The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, launched in 1988, is close to achieving
      its goal. In 2015, reported cases of wild poliovirus were limited to just two
      countries - Afghanistan and Pakistan. Africa has been polio-free for more than 18
      months. Remaining barriers to global eradication include insecurity in areas such
      as Northwest Pakistan and Eastern and Southern Afghanistan, where polio cases
      continue to be reported. Hostility to vaccination is either based on extreme
      ideologies, such as in Pakistan, vaccination fatigue by parents whose children
      have received more than 15 doses, and misunderstandings about the vaccine's
      safety and effectiveness such as in Ukraine. A further challenge is continued
      circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus in populations with low immunity, with
      28 cases reported in 2015 in countries as diverse as Madagascar, Ukraine, Laos,
      and Myanmar. This paper summarizes the current epidemiology of wild and vaccine
      derived poliovirus, and describes the remaining challenges to eradication and
      innovative approaches being taken to overcome them. 

PMID- 26971524
TI  - Reversal of Beta-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells by Curcumin, the
      Important Role of ROS-Mediated Signaling and ERK Pathway.
AB  - Progressive accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) will form the senile plaques and
      cause oxidative damage and neuronal cell death, which was accepted as the major
      pathological mechanism to the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, inhibition of
      Abeta-induced oxidative damage and neuronal cell apoptosis by agents with
      potential antioxidant properties represents one of the most effective strategies
      in combating human AD. Curcumin (Cur) a natural extraction from curcuma longa has
      potential of pharmacological efficacy, including the benefit to antagonize Abeta
      induced neurotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. The
      present study evaluated the protective effect of Cur against Abeta-induced
      cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PC12 cells and investigated the underlying
      mechanism. The results showed that Cur markedly reduced Abeta-induced
      cytotoxicity by inhibition of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through regulation
      of Bcl-2 family. The PARP cleavage, caspases activation, and ROS-mediated DNA
      damage induced by Abeta were all significantly blocked by Cur. Moreover,
      regulation of p38 MAPK and AKT pathways both contributed to this protective
      potency. Our findings suggested that Cur could effectively suppress Abeta-induced
      cytotoxicity and apoptosis by inhibition of ROS-mediated oxidative damage and
      regulation of ERK pathway, which validated its therapeutic potential in
      chemoprevention and chemotherapy of Abeta-induced neurotoxicity.

PMID- 26971526
TI  - Blockade of RAGE in Zucker obese rats with experimental periodontitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are
      two interrelated chronic diseases. Periodontitis is more prevalent in patients
      with T2D than in healthy subjects, and studies indicate that periodontitis
      impacts the metabolic control of patients with T2D. Hyperglycemia in T2D leads to
      the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Binding of AGEs to the
      receptor of AGE (RAGE) elicits an increased inflammatory response that may be a
      key modulator linking the two diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the
      effect of blocking the RAGE on the interrelationship between periodontitis and
      T2D in a rat model of both diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Zucker obese rats
      (HsdHlr:ZUCKER-Lepr fa/fa ) and their lean littermates were divided into five
      treatment groups, with and without periodontitis. Monoclonal anti-RAGE IgG3 were
      injected into the rats three times a week. The diabetic state was evaluated by
      oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA),
      concentration of free fatty acids and repeated measurements of blood glucose.
      Markers of systemic inflammation, including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and
      tumor necrosis factor alpha, were evaluated in plasma. Kidney complications were
      evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, the creatinine clearance rate, the
      albumin excretion rate and kidney hypertrophy. Periodontitis was evaluated by
      morphometric registration of alveolar bone loss and radiographic recording of
      bone support. RESULTS: The diabetic state was improved by antibody treatment for
      4 wk, resulting in a lower area under the glucose concentration curve during
      OGTTs, lower insulin levels and a lower HOMA. Furthermore, the antibody treatment
      resulted in milder kidney complications, as evaluated by measuring the albumin
      excretion rate and the kidney weight. There was no impact of periodontal
      inflammation on the level of complications. Periodontal bone support was
      influenced by diabetes, but the altered diabetic status as a result of treatment
      with anti-RAGE Ig had no effect on periodontitis. CONCLUSION: In this study,
      treatment with anti-RAGE IgG3 resulted in improved glucose tolerance and
      attenuated renal complications. However, no effect was observed on the diabetes
      associated periodontitis in Zucker obese rats. Furthermore, periodontitis had no
      effect on diabetic markers or renal complications. Therefore, activation of RAGE
      is important in the development of T2D.

PMID- 26971525
TI  - Sirt1: Role Under the Condition of Ischemia/Hypoxia.
AB  - Silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (sirtuin 1, Sirt1) is a
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase, which can deacetylate
      histone and non-histone proteins and other transcription factors, and is involved
      in the regulation of many physiological functions, including cell senescence,
      gene transcription, energy balance, and oxidative stress. Ischemia/hypoxia injury
      remains an unresolved and complicated situation in the diseases of ischemia
      stroke, heart failure, and coronary heart disease, especially among the old
      folks. Studies have demonstrated that aging could enhance the vulnerability of
      brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney to ischemia/hypoxia injury and the
      susceptibility in old folks to ischemia/hypoxia injury might be associated with
      Sirt1. In this review, we mainly summarize the role of Sirt1 in modulating
      pathways against energy depletion and its involvement in oxidative stress,
      apoptosis, and inflammation under the condition of ischemia/hypoxia.

PMID- 26971527
TI  - Puromycin Analogues Capable of Multiplexed Imaging and Profiling of Protein
      Synthesis and Dynamics in Live Cells and Neurons.
AB  - Newly synthesized proteins constitute an important subset of the proteome
      involved in every cellular process, yet existing chemical tools used to study
      them have major shortcomings. Herein we report a suite of cell-permeable
      puromycin analogues capable of being metabolically incorporated into newly
      synthesized proteins in different mammalian cells, including neuronal cells.
      Subsequent labeling with suitable bioorthogonal reporters, in both fixed and live
      cells, enabled direct imaging and enrichment of these proteins. By taking
      advantage of the mutually orthogonal reactivity of these analogues, we showed
      multiplexed labeling of different protein populations, as well as quantitative
      measurements of protein dynamics by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, could
      be achieved in live-cell environments. 

PMID- 26971528
TI  - Hypothalamic volume loss is associated with reduced melatonin output in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that melatonin-a hormone produced by
      the pineal gland under circadian control-contributes to PD-related sleep
      dysfunction. We hypothesized that degenerative changes to the neural structures
      controlling pineal function (especially the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the
      anterior hypothalamus) may be responsible for reduced melatonin output in these
      patients. We compared hypothalamic volumes in PD patients with matched controls
      and determined whether volume loss correlated with reduced melatonin output in
      the PD group. METHODS: A total of 12 PD patients and 12 matched controls
      underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine hypothalamic volume. In
      addition, PD patients underwent 24-hour blood sampling in a controlled
      environment to determine serum melatonin concentrations using enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: PD patients had significantly reduced hypothalamic
      gray matter volume when compared with matched controls. Melatonin levels were
      significantly associated with hypothalamic gray matter volume and disease
      severity in PD patients. CONCLUSION: Melatonin levels are associated with
      hypothalamic gray matter volume loss and disease severity in PD patients. This
      provides anatomical and physiological support for an intrinsic sleep and
      circadian phenotype in PD. (c) 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement
      Disorder Society.

PMID- 26971529
TI  - New insights from cluster analysis methods for RNA secondary structure
      prediction.
AB  - A widening gap exists between the best practices for RNA secondary structure
      prediction developed by computational researchers and the methods used in
      practice by experimentalists. Minimum free energy predictions, although broadly
      used, are outperformed by methods which sample from the Boltzmann distribution
      and data mine the results. In particular, moving beyond the single structure
      prediction paradigm yields substantial gains in accuracy. Furthermore, the
      largest improvements in accuracy and precision come from viewing secondary
      structures not at the base pair level but at lower granularity/higher
      abstraction. This suggests that random errors affecting precision and systematic
      ones affecting accuracy are both reduced by this 'fuzzier' view of secondary
      structures. Thus experimentalists who are willing to adopt a more rigorous,
      multilayered approach to secondary structure prediction by iterating through
      these levels of granularity will be much better able to capture fundamental
      aspects of RNA base pairing. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:278-294. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1334
      For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

PMID- 26971530
TI  - Long-term efficacy of percutaneous steroid injection for treating benign vocal
      fold lesions: A prospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: This study assessed the long-term efficacy and recurrence
      rates of percutaneous steroid injections (PSIs) for benign vocal fold lesions.
      STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. METHODS: A prospective human clinical
      trial was performed from October 2008 to September 2014 at Soonchunhyang
      University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea. Percutaneous steroid injection was performed
      in 84 consecutive patients with small benign vocal fold lesions, such as vocal
      fold nodules, polyps, and Reinke's edema, who could not be treated with voice
      therapy or surgery. Patients had acoustic aerodynamic, perceptual, stroboscopic,
      and voice handicap index evaluations before PSI and also 3, 6, 12, and 24 months
      after PSI. RESULTS: Of the 84 patients, 37 (44.0%) showed complete remission; 22
      (26.2%) showed partial remission; five (6%) had no response; and 20 (23.8%)
      developed recurrences after PSI. Most of the objective and subjective parameters
      that improved statistically (P < 0.05) 3 months after PSI remained stable until
      24 months. For the recurrences, the average recurrence time interval after PSI
      was 8.5 +/- 8.2 (range 3-36) months. Recurrence was associated with voice abuse
      after PSI and professional voice users (P < 0.05). Complications during follow-up
      included minimal vocal fold hematomas in 2.4% (2 of 84) and mild vocal fold
      atrophy in 1.2% (1 of 84). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous steroid injection is a useful
      alternative modality for treating benign vocal fold lesions without morbidity.
      However, recurrence rates were higher with voice abuse after PSI and professional
      voice users. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2315-2319, 2016.

PMID- 26971531
TI  - Baicalein Induces Caspase-dependent Apoptosis Associated with the Generation of
      ROS and the Activation of AMPK in Human Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells.
AB  - Baicalein is one of the main bioactive flavonoids found in the roots of
      Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Here, we report that baicalein-induced growth
      inhibition was associated with the induction of apoptosis in human lung carcinoma
      A549 cells. Baicalein stimulated the expression of DR5, FasL, and FADD, and
      activated caspase-8 by reducing the levels of FLIPs (FLICE-inhibitory proteins).
      The apoptotic cell death was also connected with an activation of caspase-9 and 
      3, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; however, a blockage of caspase
      activation abolished baicalein-induced apoptotic potentials. Additionally,
      baicalein caused a mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the truncation of Bid,
      and the translocation of pro-apoptotic Bax to the mitochondria, thereby inducing
      the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In turn, baicalein increased the
      generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, an ROS scavenger, N
      acetylcysteine, notably attenuated baicalein-mediated loss of MMP and activation
      of caspases. Furthermore, baicalein activated the AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK) signaling pathway. Consequently, baicalein-triggered cell death was
      attenuated by an AMPK inhibitor, but increased by an AMPK activator, compound C.
      Overall, the results suggest that the apoptotic activity of baicalein may be
      associated with caspase-dependent cascade through the activation of both
      intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways connected with ROS generation and AMPK
      activation.

PMID- 26971532
TI  - Carbon flux rerouting during Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth arrest.

PMID- 26971534
TI  - Bidirectional Contrast agent leakage correction of dynamic susceptibility
      contrast (DSC)-MRI improves cerebral blood volume estimation and survival
      prediction in recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate a leakage correction algorithm for T1 and T2* artifacts
      arising from contrast agent extravasation in dynamic susceptibility contrast
      magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) that accounts for bidirectional contrast
      agent flux and compare relative cerebral blood volume (CBV) estimates and overall
      survival (OS) stratification from this model to those made with the
      unidirectional and uncorrected models in patients with recurrent glioblastoma
      (GBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined median rCBV within contrast-enhancing
      tumor before and after bevacizumab treatment in patients (75 scans on 1.5T, 19
      scans on 3.0T) with recurrent GBM without leakage correction and with application
      of the unidirectional and bidirectional leakage correction algorithms to
      determine whether rCBV stratifies OS. RESULTS: Decreased post-bevacizumab rCBV
      from baseline using the bidirectional leakage correction algorithm significantly
      correlated with longer OS (Cox, P = 0.01), whereas rCBV change using the
      unidirectional model (P = 0.43) or the uncorrected rCBV values (P = 0.28) did
      not. Estimates of rCBV computed with the two leakage correction algorithms
      differed on average by 14.9%. CONCLUSION: Accounting for T1 and T2* leakage
      contamination in DSC-MRI using a two-compartment, bidirectional rather than
      unidirectional exchange model might improve post-bevacizumab survival
      stratification in patients with recurrent GBM. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging
      2016;44:1229-1237.

PMID- 26971535
TI  - The Lived Experience of Childbearing From Survivors of Sexual Abuse: "It Was the
      Best of Times, It Was the Worst of Times".
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In the United States, one in every 5 women will experience sexual
      violence. Survivors are at risk for difficult pregnancies, substance abuse,
      stress, fear, and preterm births. A history of sexual abuse can impact several
      aspects of a woman's childbirth, thereby affecting her long-term physical and
      emotional well-being. The adverse pregnancy outcomes, combined with the
      prevalence of sexual abuse, underscore the need for research to understand
      survivors' experiences. METHODS: This study's purpose was to understand the lived
      experience of pregnancy, labor, and birth from survivors. A qualitative,
      descriptive phenomenological research design was utilized. The purposeful sample
      included 8 female, self-identifying survivors of sexual abuse with at least one
      childbearing experience. RESULTS: Analysis identified 302 significant statements
      that formed 7 overarching themes: 1) No one asked me. Just ask me!; 2) An
      emotional roller coaster: From excitement to grief for what could have been a
      better experience; 3) All of a sudden I was that little girl again and/or I
      compartmentalized it: The all-or-nothing experience; 4) Am I even here?: Nothing
      was explained and I had no voice; 5) All too familiar: No support, nowhere to
      turn; 6) Holding on to the choices I can make: Who my doctor is and how I feed my
      baby; and 7) Overprotection: Keeping my child safe. DISCUSSION: The final result
      was the essence of childbearing for survivors in this study. They were not
      screened for a history of sexual abuse. Enjoyment and excitement were juxtaposed
      with guilt and fear. They had no voice, lacked support, and overwhelmingly
      desired control. They overprotected their children, from infancy into adulthood.
      The childbearing experience was a complex, emotional roller coaster permeated by
      the past. Women's health care providers can utilize the results to provide
      therapeutic care to survivors to prevent revictimization. The results elucidate
      the importance of screening for a history of sexual abuse and discussing the
      implications such a history can have on the childbearing experience.

PMID- 26971536
TI  - Psoriasis, vitamin D and the importance of the cutaneous barrier's integrity: An
      update.
AB  - Psoriasis is a common, inflammatory, chronic, relapsing skin disease. Despite
      several hypotheses having been postulated to explain the pathogenesis of this
      disorder, nowadays it is considered as a T-cell-mediated disease; in this context
      an important role is played by vitamin D. The role of this micronutrient is
      important for many reasons: it is able to modulate the immune system; it is
      implicated in keratinocyte turnover; and it is involved in the integrity of the
      cutaneous barrier. In psoriasis, this molecule plays an important role due to its
      ability in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity and by its
      antiproliferative and pro-differentiative effects on keratinocytes. Alteration of
      the metabolism of vitamin D may alter the cutaneous barrier integrity and favor
      an infective and inflammatory condition. The importance of vitamin D in the
      pathogenesis of psoriasis is not a mere mental exercise but may open further
      perspectives in the treatment of this disorder just preventing alterations of
      immune homeostasis, modulating the proliferation of keratinocyte, regulating the
      microbial flora and the response of the host to infective diseases. 

PMID- 26971533
TI  - Long-term evaluation of cardiac and vascular toxicity in patients with
      Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias treated with bosutinib.
AB  - Vascular and cardiac safety during tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is an
      emerging issue. We evaluated vascular/cardiac toxicities associated with long
      term bosutinib treatment for Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemia
      based on treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and changes in QTc intervals
      and ejection fraction in two studies: a phase 1/2 study of second-/third-/fourth
      line bosutinib for Ph+ leukemia resistant/intolerant to prior TKIs (N = 570) and
      a phase 3 study of first-line bosutinib (n = 248) versus imatinib (n = 251) in
      chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Follow-up time was >=48 months (both
      studies). Incidences of vascular/cardiac TEAEs in bosutinib-treated patients were
      7%/10% overall with similar incidences observed with first-line bosutinib (5%/8%)
      and imatinib (4%/6%). Few patients had grade >=3 vascular/cardiac events (4%/4%)
      and no individual TEAE occurred in >2% of bosutinib patients. Exposure-adjusted
      vascular/cardiac TEAE rates (patients with events/patient-year) were low for
      second-line or later bosutinib (0.037/0.050) and not significantly different
      between first-line bosutinib (0.015/0.024) and imatinib (0.011/0.017; P >=
      0.267). Vascular/cardiac events were managed mainly with concomitant medications
      (39%/44%), bosutinib treatment interruptions (18%/21%), or dose reductions
      (4%/8%); discontinuations due to these events were rare (0.7%/1.0%). Based on
      logistic regression modelling, performance status >0 and history of vascular or
      cardiac disorders were prognostic of vascular/cardiac events in
      relapsed/refractory patients; hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia and older age
      were prognostic of cardiac events. In newly diagnosed patients, older age was
      prognostic of vascular/cardiac events; history of diabetes was prognostic of
      vascular events. Incidences of vascular and cardiac events were low with
      bosutinib in the first-line and relapsed/refractory settings following long-term
      treatment in patients with Ph+ leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 91:606-616, 2016. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971537
TI  - Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma preceded by persistent hemifacial
      swelling.

PMID- 26971538
TI  - Subclinical antibody-mediated rejection due to anti-human-leukocyte-antigen-DR53
      antibody accompanied by plasma cell-rich acute rejection in a patient with
      cadaveric kidney transplantation.
AB  - A 56-year-old man who had undergone cadaveric kidney transplantation 21 months
      earlier was admitted to our hospital for a protocol biopsy; he had a serum
      creatinine level of 1.2 mg/dL and no proteinuria. Histological features showed
      two distinct entities: (i) inflammatory cell infiltration, in the glomerular and
      peritubular capillaries and (ii) focal, aggressive tubulointerstitial
      inflammatory cell infiltration, predominantly plasma cells, with mild tubulitis
      (Banff 13 classification: i2, t1, g2, ptc2, v0, ci1, ct1, cg0, cv0).
      Immunohistological studies showed mildly positive C4d immunoreactivity in the
      peritubular capillaries. The patient had donor specific antibody to human
      leucocyte-antigen-DR53. We diagnosed him with subclinical antibody-mediated
      rejection accompanied by plasma cell-rich acute rejection. Both antibody-mediated
      rejection due to anti- human-leucocyte-antigen -DR53 antibodies and plasma cell
      rich acute rejection are known to be refractory and have a poor prognosis. Thus,
      we started plasma exchange with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab for the
      former and 3 days of consecutive steroid pulse therapy for the latter. Three
      months after treatment, a follow-up allograft biopsy showed excellent responses
      to treatment for both histological features. This case report considers the
      importance of an early diagnosis and appropriate intervention for subclinical
      antibody-mediated rejection due to donor specific antibody to human-leucocyte
      antigen-DR53 and plasma cell-rich acute rejection. 

PMID- 26971539
TI  - Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii, a hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium
      involved in the thermophilic anaerobic oxidation of methane.
AB  - The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is mediated by consortia of anaerobic
      methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and their specific partner bacteria. In
      thermophilic AOM consortia enriched from Guaymas Basin, members of the ANME-1
      clade are associated with bacteria of the HotSeep-1 cluster, which likely perform
      direct electron exchange via nanowires. The partner bacterium was enriched with
      hydrogen as sole electron donor and sulfate as electron acceptor. Based on
      phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic characteristics we propose to name this
      chemolithoautotrophic sulfate reducer Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii. Ca. D.
      auxilii grows on hydrogen at temperatures between 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C
      with an activity optimum at 60 degrees C and doubling time of 4-6 days. Its
      genome draft encodes for canonical sulfate reduction, periplasmic and soluble
      hydrogenases and autotrophic carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid
      cycle. The presence of genes for pili formation and cytochromes, and their
      similarity to genes of Geobacter spp., indicate a potential for syntrophic growth
      via direct interspecies electron transfer when the organism grows in consortia
      with ANME. This first ANME-free enrichment of an AOM partner bacterium and its
      characterization opens the perspective for a deeper understanding of syntrophy in
      anaerobic methane oxidation.

PMID- 26971540
TI  - Acceptability and willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among HIV
      negative men who have sex with men in Switzerland.
AB  - Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is discussed as an additional HIV prevention
      method targeting men who have sex with men (MSM). So far, PrEP has not been
      approved in Switzerland and only little is known about the acceptability of PrEP
      among MSM living in Switzerland. Given the slow uptake of PrEP among MSM in the
      USA, the objectives of the study were to investigate the acceptability for PrEP
      and to identify factors influencing the acceptability for this prevention method
      and the willingness to adopt it. During a 4-month period we conducted five focus
      group discussions with 23 consecutively sampled HIV-negative MSM aged 22-60 years
      living in Switzerland. We analyzed the data according to qualitative content
      analysis. The acceptability of PrEP varied considerably among the participants.
      Some would use PrEP immediately after its introduction in Switzerland because it
      provides an alternative to condoms which they are unable or unwilling to use.
      Others were more ambivalent towards PrEP but still considered it (1) an
      additional or alternative protection to regular condom use, (2) an option to
      engage in sexual activities with less worries and anxieties or (3) a protection
      during receptive anal intercourse independently of the sexual partner's
      protective behaviour. Some participants would not consider using PrEP at all:
      they do not see any benefit in PrEP as they have adopted safer sex practices and
      did not mention any problems with condom use. Others are still undecided and
      could imagine using an improved form of PrEP. The results provide a valuable
      basis for a model explaining the acceptability of PrEP among MSM and suggest
      including the personal HIV protection strategy in the considerations adopted.

PMID- 26971541
TI  - Unsaponifiable matter from oil of green coffee beans: cosmetic properties and
      safety evaluation.
AB  - CONTEXT: Unsaponifiable matter (UM), a fraction of green coffee oil (GCO)
      contains functional compounds responsible for desirable cosmetic properties such
      as UV-B absorption. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate oil content and sun protection factor
      (SPF) variability of the two most important species of coffee and, the toxic and
      cytotoxic effects, as well as cosmetic properties, including antioxidant and
      antimicrobial activities of UM obtained from green Coffea arabica seed oil.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The safety and potential cosmetic properties of UM
      extracted from green coffee oil (GCO) were evaluated by the brine shrimp
      viability and the MTT cytotoxicity assays. The SPF and antioxidant activity were
      evaluated using in vitro methods. RESULTS: Relevant cytotoxicity was found
      against keratinocytes for concentrations >=25 ug/mL and in the brine shrimp assay
      (LC50 24 ug/mL). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (IC50 1448 ug/mL) were
      low in UM but SPF was 10 times higher than in GCO. CONCLUSION: UM is a novel
      potential UV-B absorbent but its use as a cosmetic ingredient should be better
      considered due to the considerable cytotoxicity shown in the experimental
      conditions described.

PMID- 26971542
TI  - The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to
      drug discovery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago
      as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug
      discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical
      industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in
      supporting drug discovery and development. AREAS COVERED: Here, the authors
      review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological
      models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content
      screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a
      variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and
      neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in
      different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary
      compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro
      toxicology. EXPERT OPINION: Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such
      as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem
      cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have
      tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the
      drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts,
      together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers,
      will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.

PMID- 26971543
TI  - Lack of improvement following endovascular therapy in patients with acute
      ischemic stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent randomized trials have consistently demonstrated a clinical
      benefit of endovascular therapy (ET) over best medical therapy (including
      intravenous (IV) thrombolysis in eligible patients) or IV thrombolysis only in
      selected patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to proximal occlusion in
      the carotid territory. Previous study demonstrates that lack of improvement (LOI)
      at 24 hours is an independent predictor of poor outcome and death at 3 months in
      patients with AIS treated with IV alteplase. However, LOI at 24 hours following
      ET has not been studied systematically. The purpose of this study is to identify
      predictors of LOI at 24 hours in patients with AIS after ET as well as the
      relationship between LOI and unfavorable outcome at 3 months. METHODS: A total of
      98 consecutive patients with AIS treated with ET in two separate stroke centers
      from 2010 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on demographics,
      preexisting vascular risk factors, occlusion site, pre- and post-treatment
      modified Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia (mTICI) classification, collaterals and
      National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission as well as
      24 hours after the endovascular procedurals were collected. LOI was defined as a
      reduction of 3 points or less on the NIHSS at 24 hours compared with baseline. A
      3-month functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS).
      Unfavorable outcome was prespecified as a score of more than 2 on the mRS. The
      onset-to-reperfusion time (ORT) was defined as time to mTICI 2b or 3 or end of
      procedure. Long ORT was defined as time to reperfusion beyond 6 hours. Poor
      reperfusion was defined as mTICI ?2a. The pretreatment collateral circulation
      extent was graded as poor (grades 0-1) or good (grades 2-4). RESULTS: Among the
      98 patients with AIS who were treated with ET, LOI was present in 48 (49%)
      subjects. Multivariate analysis indicated that poor collaterals (odds ratio [OR]
      3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-8.19; p = 0.012) and long ORT (OR 3.97,
      95% CI: 1.66-9.54; p = 0.002) were independent predictors of LOI. LOI (OR 7.18,
      95% CI: 2.39-21.61; p < 0.001) was independently associated with unfavorable
      outcome at 3 months. CONCLUSION: Among patients with AIS treated with ET, as an
      independent predictor of unfavorable outcome, LOI at 24 hours is associated with
      poor collaterals and long ORT.

PMID- 26971551
TI  - Using silkworms as a laboratory animal to evaluate medicines and foods.
AB  - For this special issue, we, the Editors of Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, have
      asked researchers who are using silkworms to actively develop drugs and study
      foods to summarize their recent work. Our profound hope is that this special
      issue encourages researchers who are helping to develop the new field of "using
      silkworms as a laboratory animal to evaluate medicines and foods". 

PMID- 26971552
TI  - Understanding of bacterial virulence using the silkworm infection model.
AB  - We have used silkworms, larva of Bombyx mori, to investigate host-pathogen
      interactions. Silkworms have several advantages, such as high availability of a
      large number of animals and ease of injection of quantitative amounts of samples.
      Human pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
      or Pseudomonas aeruginosa kill silkworms. In this review, I would like to
      summarize our approach identifying S. aureus virulence factors by using the
      silkworm infection model. 

PMID- 26971545
TI  - Inappropriate Suppression of Thyrotropin Concentrations in Young Patients with
      Thyroid Nodules Including Thyroid Cancer: The Fukushima Health Management Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serum thyroid hormone concentration is regulated through the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. This study aimed to clarify the
      relationships between thyroid hormone regulation and ultrasonographic findings in
      subjects with thyroid nodules detected during thyroid ultrasound examination for
      the Fukushima Health Management Survey. METHODS: As of October 31, 2014, a total
      of 296,253 subjects, who had been living in Fukushima Prefecture at the time of
      the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident and were aged <=18 years on March 11,
      2011, participated in two concurrent screening programs. In the primary
      screening, thyroid nodules were detected in 2241 subjects. A secondary
      confirmatory thyroid ultrasound examination and blood sampling for thyroid
      function tests were performed on 2004 subjects. The subjects were reassessed and
      classified into disease-free subjects (Group 1), subjects with cysts only (Group
      2), subjects with nodules (Group 3), and subjects with malignancy or suspected
      malignancy (Group 4). Serum concentrations of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free
      thyroxine (fT4), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroglobulin, and the fT3/fT4 ratio were
      classified according to the diagnoses. RESULTS: Inverse relationships between age
      and log TSH values (Spearman's correlation r = -0.311, p = 0.015), serum fT3
      concentration (r = -0.688, p < 0.001), and the fT3/fT4 ratio (r = -0.520, p <
      0.001) were observed in Group 1. When analysis of covariance with Bonferroni post
      hoc comparisons was used in the four groups, the log TSH values were
      significantly lower in both Group 3 and Group 4 compared with Group 1 and Group 2
      after correcting for age (p < 0.001; Group 1 vs. Group 3, p = 0.016; Group 1 vs.
      Group 4, p = 0.022; Group 2 vs. Group 3, p = 0.001; Group 2 vs. Group 4, p =
      0.008). However, no significant differences were observed between the four groups
      regarding levels of fT3, fT4, fT3/fT4 ratio, and thyroglobulin (p = 0.304, 0.340,
      0.208, and 0.583, respectively). CONCLUSION: TSH suppression can be present in
      response to illness, including thyroid nodules, in young subjects. Low TSH levels
      may be associated with the finding of papillary thyroid cancer as well as with
      thyroid nodules in children and adolescents.

PMID- 26971553
TI  - Recent progress in development of transgenic silkworms overexpressing recombinant
      human proteins with therapeutic potential in silk glands.
AB  - Since 2000, transgenic silkworms have been developed to produce recombinant
      proteins with therapeutic potential for future clinical use, including antibody
      preparations. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are inherited metabolic disorders
      caused by mutations of lysosomal enzymes associated with excessive accumulation
      of natural substrates and neurovisceral symptoms. Over the past few years, enzyme
      replacement therapy (ERT) with human lysosomal enzymes produced by genetically
      engineered mammalian cell lines has been used clinically to treat several
      patients with an LSD involving multi-organ symptoms. ERT is based on the
      incorporation of recombinant glycoenzymes by their binding to glycan receptors on
      the surface of target cells and their subsequent delivery to lysosomes. However,
      ERT has several disadvantages, including difficulty mass producing human enzymes,
      dangers of pathogen contamination, and high costs. Recently, the current authors
      have succeeded in producing transgenic silkworms overexpressing human lysosomal
      enzymes in the silk glands and the authors have purified catalytically active
      enzymes from the middle silk glands. Silk gland-derived human enzymes carrying
      high-mannose and pauci-mannose N-glycans were endocytosed by monocytes via the
      mannose receptor pathway and were then delivered to lysosomes. Conjugates with
      cell-penetrating peptides were also taken up by cultured fibroblasts derived from
      patients with enzyme deficiencies to restore intracellular catalytic activity and
      reduce the excessive accumulation of substrates in patient fibroblasts.
      Transgenic silkworms overexpressing human lysosomal enzymes in the silk glands
      could serve as future bioresources that provide safe therapeutic enzymes for the
      treatment of LSDs. Combining recent developments in transglycosylation technology
      with microbial endoglycosidases will promote the development of therapeutic
      glycoproteins as bio-medicines. 

PMID- 26971554
TI  - Using silkworms to establish alternative animal models for evaluation of drug
      induced tissue injury.
AB  - Evaluation of tissue injury induced by chemicals is crucial to drug development.
      Mice and rats, which are effectively used to analyze drug-induced tissue injury,
      present problems in terms of cost and ethical issues. Although alternative
      methods have been developed using in vitro techniques or invertebrates,
      evaluation of ADME and the size of animals are still issues that need to be
      addressed. Use of silkworms can resolve these problems. Silkworms have
      pharmacokinetic characteristics similar to those of mammals. Injection of various
      hepatotoxic chemicals also leads to elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
      activity in the hemolymph of silkworms. Furthermore, transparent transgenic
      silkworms expressing GFP have been produced to facilitate continuous analysis
      without the need to collect hemolymph. Analyses using this silkworm have
      indicated that the intensity of GFP fluorescence observed on the body surface of
      the silkworm decreases in a time- and dose-dependent manner when hepatotoxic
      chemicals are injected. These results suggest that the silkworms can serve as
      alternative animal model for evaluation of drug-induced tissue injury. 

PMID- 26971555
TI  - Therapeutic effects of three trichothecenes in the silkworm infection assay with
      Candida albicans.
AB  - The silkworm infection assay is a useful method for directly evaluating the in
      vivo therapeutic effects of drug candidates. In the present study, 3 known
      trichothecenes, trichodermin, epiisororidin E, and verrucarin A, were evaluated
      as antifungal agents in the silkworm-Candida albicans assay. Trichodermin and
      epiisororidin E yielded effective therapeutic effects, while verrucarin A
      exhibited no efficacy in this assay system. These results strongly suggest that
      trichodermin and epiisororidin E are the lead compounds for developing a new
      antifungal agent. 

PMID- 26971556
TI  - Lactic acid bacteria activating innate immunity improve survival in bacterial
      infection model of silkworm.
AB  - Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been thought to be helpful for human heath in the
      gut as probiotics. It recently was noted that activity of LAB stimulating immune
      systems is important. Innate immune systems are conserved in mammals and insects.
      Silkworm has innate immunity in response to microbes. Microbe-associated
      molecular pattern (ex. peptidoglycan and beta-glucan) induces a muscle
      contraction of silkworm larva. In this study, we established an efficient method
      to isolate lactic acid bacteria derived from natural products. We selected a
      highly active LAB to activate the innate immunity in silkworm by using the
      silkworm muscle contraction assay, as well. The assay revealed that Lactococcus
      lactis 11/19-B1 was highly active on the stimulation of the innate immunity in
      silkworm. L. lactis 11/19-B1 solely fermented milk with casamino acid and
      glucose. This strain would be a starter strain to make yogurt. Compared to
      commercially available yogurt LAB, L. lactis 11/19-B1 has higher activity on
      silkworm contraction. Silkworm normally ingested an artificial diet mixed with L.
      lactis 11/19-B1 or a yogurt fermented with L. lactis 11/19-B1. Interestingly,
      silkworms that ingested the LAB showed tolerance against the pathogenicity of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These data suggest that Lactococcus lactis 11/19-B1 would
      be expected to be useful for making yogurt and probiotics to activate innate
      immunity. 

PMID- 26971557
TI  - Acute oral toxicity test of chemical compounds in silkworms.
AB  - This study performed an acute oral toxicity test of 59 compounds in silkworms.
      These compounds are listed in OECD guidelines as standard substances for a
      cytotoxicity test, and median lethal dose (LD(50)) werecalculated for each
      compound. Acute oral LD(50) values in mammals are listed in OECD guidelines and
      acute oral LD(50) values in silkworms were determined in this study. R(2) for the
      correlation between LD(50) values in mammals and LD(50) values in silkworms was
      0.66. In addition, the acute oral toxicity test in silkworms was performed by two
      different facilities, and test results from the facilities were highly
      reproducible. These findings suggest that an acute oral toxicity test in
      silkworms is a useful way to evaluate the toxicity of compounds in mammals.

PMID- 26971558
TI  - A Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Detection of
      Antimicrobial Agents from Seven Classes in Calf Milk Replacers: Validation and
      Application.
AB  - Calf milk replacers are low-cost feeds that contain available, digestible
      protein. During their reconstitution, however, the addition of drugs, such as
      antibiotics, could make them a very simple route for illicit treatment for
      therapeutic, preventive, or growth-promoting purposes. We developed an HPLC-MS/MS
      method, preceded by a unique extraction step, able to identify 17 antibiotics
      from seven classes (penicillins, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides,
      cephalosporins, amphenicols, and lincosamides) in this matrix. Prior to solid
      phase extraction (SPE), the sample underwent deproteinization and defatting. The
      method was fully validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision
      limits (CCalpha) and detection capability (CCbeta) were in the ranges of 0.13
      1.26 and 0.15-1.47 ng/mL, respectively. Thirty-eight samples were finally
      analyzed, showing the occasional presence of marbofloxacin (six samples) and
      amoxicillin (one sample). 

PMID- 26971559
TI  - Coupling Charge Reduction Mass Spectrometry to Liquid Chromatography for Complex
      Mixture Analysis.
AB  - Electrospray ionization (ESI) of solution mixtures often generates complex mass
      spectra, even following liquid chromatography (LC), due to analyte multiple
      charging. Multiple charge state distributions can lead to isobaric interferences,
      mass spectral congestion, and ambiguous ion identification. As a consequence,
      data interpretation increases in complexity. Several charge reduction mass
      spectrometry (MS) approaches have been previously developed to reduce the average
      charge state of gaseous ions; however, all of these techniques have been
      restricted to direct infusion MS. In this study, synthetic polyols and
      surfactants separated by liquid chromatography and ionized by positive mode ESI
      have been subjected to polonium-210 alpha-particle radiation to reduce the
      average charge state to singly charged cations prior to mass analysis. LC/MS
      analysis of 5000 molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG5000) generated an
      average charge state of 5.88+; whereupon, liquid chromatography/electrospray
      ionization/charge reduction/mass spectrometry (LC/CR/MS) analysis of PEG 5000
      generated an average charge state of 1.00+. The PEG5000 results demonstrated a
      decrease in spectral complexity and enabled facile interpretation. Other complex
      solution mixtures representing specific MS challenges (i.e., competitive
      ionization and isobaric ion overlap) were explored and analyzed with LC/CR/MS to
      demonstrate the benefits of coupling LC to CR/MS. For example, polyol information
      related to initiator, identity/relative amount of monomer, and estimated
      molecular weight was characterized in random and triblock ethylene
      oxide/propylene oxide polyols using LC/CR/MS. LC/CR/MS is a new analytical
      technique for the analysis of complex mixtures. 

PMID- 26971560
TI  - Thermally Stable Silver Nanowires-Embedding Metal Oxide for Schottky Junction
      Solar Cells.
AB  - Thermally stable silver nanowires (AgNWs)-embedding metal oxide was applied for
      Schottky junction solar cells without an intentional doping process in Si. A
      large scale (100 mm(2)) Schottky solar cell showed a power conversion efficiency
      of 6.1% under standard illumination, and 8.3% under diffused illumination
      conditions which is the highest efficiency for AgNWs-involved Schottky junction
      Si solar cells. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-capped AgNWs showed excellent thermal
      stability with no deformation at 500  degrees C. The top ITO layer grew in a
      cylindrical shape along the AgNWs, forming a teardrop shape. The design of
      ITO/AgNWs/ITO layers is optically beneficial because the AgNWs generate plasmonic
      photons, due to the AgNWs. Electrical investigations were performed by Mott
      Schottky and impedance spectroscopy to reveal the formation of a single space
      charge region at the interface between Si and AgNWs-embedding ITO layer. We
      propose a route to design the thermally stable AgNWs for photoelectric device
      applications with investigation of the optical and electrical aspects. 

PMID- 26971561
TI  - Deconstructing the nature of episodic foresight deficits associated with chronic
      opiate use.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Episodic foresight refers to the capacity to mentally travel forward
      in time and has been linked to a wide variety of important functional behaviours.
      Evidence has recently emerged that chronic opiate use is associated with deficits
      in this critical capacity and that these difficulties are not simply a secondary
      consequence of broader cognitive dysfunction. The current study aimed to better
      understand the circumstances in which chronic opiate users might be expected to
      have problems with episodic foresight, by addressing whether deficits reflect
      compromised scene construction, self-projection, or narrative ability. METHODS:
      Thirty-five chronic opiate users and 35 demographically matched controls
      completed an imagination task in which they were instructed to imagine and
      provide descriptions of an atemporal event, a plausible, self-relevant future
      event, as well as complete a narrative task. These three imagination conditions
      systematically varied in their demands on scene construction, self-projection,
      and narrative ability. RESULTS: Consistent with prior literature, chronic opiate
      users exhibited reduced capacity for episodic foresight relative to controls.
      However, this study was the first to show that these difficulties were
      independent of capacity for scene construction and narration. Instead, a specific
      impairment in self-projection into the future appears to contribute to the
      problems with episodic foresight seen in this clinical group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Deficits in self-projection into the future may have important implications in
      therapeutic environments given that many relapse prevention strategies rely
      heavily on the ability to project oneself into an unfamiliar future, free of
      problem substance use. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A reduced capacity for episodic
      foresight highlights the importance of refining current relapse prevention
      protocols that place significant demands for mental time travel into the future.
      Psychosocial treatments should focus on the attainment of more immediate or short
      term goals. It is difficult to delineate the effects of specific substances given
      long-standing drug use history common to chronic opiate users. Conclusions
      relating to neurological functioning are speculative given the absence of
      neuroimaging data.

PMID- 26971562
TI  - Calcium phosphate-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanocarriers with pH-responsive
      on/off switch for photodynamic therapy.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for malignant tumors
      in a light-selective manner. To improve the PDT efficacy, numerous kinds of
      nanocarriers have been developed to deliver photosensitizers (PSs) selectively
      into the tumor through leaky tumor-associated vasculature. However, the
      corresponding prolonged retention of the nanocarrier in the bloodstream may lead
      to unfavorable photochemical damage to normal tissues such as skin. Here, we
      report an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocarrier with a pH-responsive on/off switch
      of PDT efficacy. This hybrid nanocarrier is constructed by hydrothermal synthesis
      after simple mixing of calcium/phosphate ions, chlorin e6 (amphiphilic low
      molecular weight PS), and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(aspartic acid) (PEG-PAsp)
      copolymers in an aqueous solution. The hybrid nanocarrier possesses a calcium
      phosphate (CaP) core encapsulating the PSs, which is surrounded by a PEG
      shielding layer. Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4), the nanocarrier
      suppressed the photochemical activity of PS by lowering the access of oxygen
      molecules to the incorporated PS, while PDT efficacy was restored in a pH
      responsive manner because of the dissolution of CaP and eventual recovery of
      access between the oxygen and the PS. Owing to this switch, the nanocarrier
      reduced the photochemical damage in the bloodstream, while it induced effective
      PDT efficacy inside the tumor cell in response to the acidic conditions of the
      endo-/lysosomes. 

PMID- 26971563
TI  - Towards three-dimensional Weyl-surface semimetals in graphene networks.
AB  - Graphene as a two-dimensional topological semimetal has attracted much attention
      for its outstanding properties. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) topological
      semimetals of carbon are still rare. Searching for such materials with salient
      physics has become a new direction in carbon research. Here, using first
      principles calculations and tight-binding modeling, we propose a new class of
      Weyl semimetals based on three types of 3D graphene networks. In the band
      structures of these materials, two flat Weyl surfaces appear in the Brillouin
      zone, which straddle the Fermi level and are robust against external strain.
      Their unique atomic and electronic structures enable applications in correlated
      electronics, as well as in energy storage, molecular sieves, and catalysis. When
      the networks are cut, the resulting slabs and nanowires remain semimetallic with
      Weyl lines and points at the Fermi surfaces, respectively. Between the Weyl
      lines, flat surface bands emerge with possible strong magnetism. The robustness
      of these structures can be traced back to a bulk topological invariant, ensured
      by the sublattice symmetry, and to the one-dimensional Weyl semimetal behavior of
      the zigzag carbon chain. 

PMID- 26971565
TI  - Towards peptide vaccines for influenza.

PMID- 26971564
TI  - Registered report: IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a
      block to cell differentiation.
AB  - The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns
      about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of
      selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer
      biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on
      the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This
      Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from
      "IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a block to cell
      differentiation" by Lu and colleagues, published in Nature in 2012 (Lu et al.,
      2012). The experiments that will be replicated are those reported in Figures 1B,
      2A, 2B, 2D and 4D. Lu and colleagues demonstrated that expression of mutant forms
      of IDH1 or IDH2 caused global increases in histone methylation and increased
      levels of 2 hydroxyglutarate (Figure 1B). This was correlated with a block in
      differentiation (Figures 2A, B and D). This effect appeared to be mediated by the
      histone demethylase KDM4C (Figure 4D). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer
      Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Scienceand Science
      Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife. 

PMID- 26971566
TI  - Psychopathy and Machiavellianism: A Distinction Without a Difference?
AB  - A robust literature has emerged on the Dark Triad (DT) of personality
      Machiavellianism (MACH), psychopathy, and narcissism. Questions remain as to
      whether MACH and psychopathy are distinguishable and whether MACH's empirical and
      theoretical networks are consistent. In Study 1 (N = 393; MTurk research
      participants), factor analyses were used to compare two-factor (MACH and
      psychopathy combined + narcissism) and three-factor models, with both fitting the
      data equally well. In Studies 1 and 2 (N = 341; undergraduate research
      participants), DT scores were examined in relation to a variety of external
      criteria, including self- and informant ratings of personality, adverse
      developmental experiences, and psychopathological symptoms/behaviors. In both
      studies, MACH and psychopathy manifested nearly identical empirical profiles and
      both were significantly related to disinhibitory traits thought to be
      antithetical to MACH. In Study 3 (N = 36; expert raters), expert ratings of the
      Five-Factor Model traits prototypical of MACH were collected and compared with
      empirically derived profiles. Measures of MACH yielded profiles that were
      inconsistent with the prototypical expert-rated profile due to their positive
      relations with a broad spectrum of impulsivity-related traits. Ultimately,
      measures of psychopathy and MACH appear to be measuring the same construct, and
      MACH assessments fail to capture the construct as articulated in theoretical
      descriptions.

PMID- 26971568
TI  - Oxygen isotope exchange in La2NiO(4+/-delta).
AB  - Oxygen surface exchange kinetics and diffusion have been studied by the isotope
      exchange method with gas phase equilibration using a static circulation
      experimental rig in the temperature range of 600-800  degrees C and oxygen
      pressure range of 0.13-2.5 kPa. A novel model which takes into account
      distributions of the dissociative adsorption and incorporation rates has been
      developed. The rates of the elementary stages have been calculated. The rate
      determining stages for a La2NiO(4+/-delta) polycrystalline specimen have been
      discussed. The diffusion activation energies calculated using the gas phase
      equilibration method (1.4 eV) differ significantly from those calculated using
      isotope exchange depth profiling (0.5-0.8 eV), which was attributed to the
      influence of different oxygen diffusion pathways.

PMID- 26971567
TI  - An uncommon response to metronomic therapy in a heavily pretreated patient with
      metastatic carcinosarcoma: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uterine carcinosarcoma is well known for its aggressive behavior.
      There is little evidence regarding the gold standard combination chemotherapy in
      metastatic or locally advanced carcinosarcoma, due to poor survival outcomes
      obtained with conventional scheduled chemotherapy. This case report represents
      the first-ever reported objective response to a metronomic chemotherapy regimen
      and adds to the current literature. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of a
      Caucasian woman diagnosed with metastatic carcinosarcoma that had already been
      treated with multiple lines of conventional chemotherapy, with progressive
      disease. This patient had a surprising clinical and imaging response when treated
      with oral metronomic cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSIONS: We reviewed the mechanism of
      action implicated in metronomic chemotherapy, and correlated it with the biology
      of disease in carcinosarcoma. This information may add to the current literature,
      providing important insights to future clinical trials in this patient
      population.

PMID- 26971569
TI  - Intercalation Compounds as Inner Reference Electrodes for Reproducible and Robust
      Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrodes.
AB  - With billions of assays performed every year, ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)
      provide a simple and fast technique for clinical analysis of blood electrolytes.
      The development of cheap, miniaturized solid-contact (SC-)ISEs for integrated
      systems, however, remains a difficult balancing act between size, robustness, and
      reproducibility, because the defined interface potentials between the ion
      selective membrane and the inner reference electrode (iRE) are often compromised.
      We demonstrate that target cation-sensitive intercalation compounds, such as
      partially charged lithium iron phosphate (LFP), can be applied as iREs of the
      quasi-first kind for ISEs. The symmetrical response of the interface potentials
      towards target cations ultimately results in ISEs with high robustness towards
      the inner filling (ca. 5 mV dec(-1) conc.) as well as robust and miniaturized SC
      ISEs. They have a predictable and stable potential derived from the LiFePO4/FePO4
      redox couple (97.0+/-1.5 mV after 42 days).

PMID- 26971570
TI  - Universal features of fluctuations in globular proteins.
AB  - Using data from 2000 non-homologous protein crystal structures, we show that the
      distribution of residue B factors of proteins collapses onto a single master
      curve. We show by maximum entropy arguments that this curve is a Gamma function
      whose order and dispersion are obtained from experimental data. The distribution
      for any given specific protein can be generated from the master curve by a linear
      transformation. Any perturbation of the B factor distribution of a protein,
      imposed at constant energy, causes a decrease in the entropy of the protein
      relative to that of the reference state. Proteins 2016; 84:721-725. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971571
TI  - A role for fungi as parasites in the black box of marine trophic interactions.
AB  - The role of microbial parasites in aquatic environments remains under
      investigated and likely under-estimated limiting our understanding of trophic
      interactions and biogeochemical cycles (Lefevre et al., ; Worden et al., ). All
      natural interactions between microbes are difficult to capture and study but
      those occurring in the open ocean more so, because the scale and the complexity
      of the system makes repeat sampling a challenge. Lepere and colleagues, by
      combining a range of cell recovery and detection techniques, have identified
      parasitic interactions between putative fungi and eukaryotic algae (Lepere et
      al., ) allowing us to peer into the black box of microbial parasitism in the
      marine water column.

PMID- 26971572
TI  - Bacteriophage application to control the contaminated water with Shigella.
AB  - Shigella is one of the most important waterborne and foodborne pathogens around
      the world. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Shigella has made the development of
      alternatives to conventional antibiotics necessary. In this study, a virulent
      Myoviridae bacteriophage, pSs-1 was isolated from environmental water in South
      Korea and showed infectivity to S. flexneri as well as S. sonnei strains. One
      step growth analysis showed that pSs-1 has a short latent period (25 min) and a
      large burst size (97 PFU/cell). According to the genomic analysis, pSs-1 contains
      164,999 bp of genome with a G + C content of 35.54% and it is considered as a
      member of the T4-like bacteriophage group. These results showed that pSs-1 may
      have potential as a biocontrol agent instead of conventional antibiotics for
      shigellosis. 

PMID- 26971573
TI  - Targeting neurotransmitter receptors with nanoparticles in vivo allows single
      molecule tracking in acute brain slices.
AB  - Single-molecule imaging has changed the way we understand many biological
      mechanisms, particularly in neurobiology, by shedding light on intricate
      molecular events down to the nanoscale. However, current single-molecule studies
      in neuroscience have been limited to cultured neurons or organotypic slices,
      leaving as an open question the existence of fast receptor diffusion in intact
      brain tissue. Here, for the first time, we targeted dopamine receptors in vivo
      with functionalized quantum dots and were able to perform single-molecule
      tracking in acute rat brain slices. We propose a novel delocalized and non
      inflammatory way of delivering nanoparticles (NPs) in vivo to the brain, which
      allowed us to label and track genetically engineered surface dopamine receptors
      in neocortical neurons, revealing inherent behaviour and receptor activity
      regulations. We thus propose a NP-based platform for single-molecule studies in
      the living brain, opening new avenues of research in physiological and
      pathological animal models. 

PMID- 26971575
TI  - Survey of 2014 behavioral management programs for laboratory primates in the
      United States.
AB  - The behavioral management of laboratory nonhuman primates in the United States
      has not been thoroughly characterized since 2003. This article presents the
      results of a survey behavioral management programs at 27 facilities and covering
      a total of 59,636 primates, 27,916 housed in indoor cages and 31,720 in group
      enclosures. The survey included questions regarding program structure,
      implementation, and methodology associated with social housing, positive
      reinforcement training, positive human interaction, exercise enclosures, and
      several categories of inanimate enrichment. The vast majority of laboratory
      primates are housed socially (83%). Since 2003, the proportion of indoor-housed
      primates reported to be housed singly has fallen considerably, from 59% to 35% in
      the facilities surveyed. The use of social housing remains significantly
      constrained by: 1) research protocol requirements, highlighting the value of
      closely involved IACUCs for harmonizing research and behavioral management; and
      2) the unavailability of compatible social partners, underscoring the necessity
      of objective analysis of the methods used to foster and maintain compatibility.
      Positive reinforcement training appears to have expanded and is now used at all
      facilities responding to the survey. The use of enrichment devices has also
      increased in the participating facilities. For most behavioral management
      techniques, concerns over the possibility of negative consequences to animals are
      expressed most frequently for social housing and destructible enrichment, while
      skepticism regarding efficacy is limited almost exclusively to sensory
      enrichment. Behavioral management program staffing has expanded over time in the
      facilities surveyed, due not only to increased numbers of dedicated behavioral
      management technicians but also to greater involvement of animal care
      technicians, suggesting an increase in the integration of behavioral care into
      animal husbandry. Broad awareness of common practice may assist facilities with
      program evaluation and assessment of progress in the field can generate
      recommendations for continuing the advancement of primate behavioral management
      programs. Am. J. Primatol. 78:780-796, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971574
TI  - Holliday Junction Thermodynamics and Structure: Coarse-Grained Simulations and
      Experiments.
AB  - Holliday junctions play a central role in genetic recombination, DNA repair and
      other cellular processes. We combine simulations and experiments to evaluate the
      ability of the 3SPN.2 model, a coarse-grained representation designed to mimic B
      DNA, to predict the properties of DNA Holliday junctions. The model reproduces
      many experimentally determined aspects of junction structure and stability,
      including the temperature dependence of melting on salt concentration, the bias
      between open and stacked conformations, the relative populations of conformers at
      high salt concentration, and the inter-duplex angle (IDA) between arms. We also
      obtain a close correspondence between the junction structure evaluated by all
      atom and coarse-grained simulations. We predict that, for salt concentrations at
      physiological and higher levels, the populations of the stacked conformers are
      independent of salt concentration, and directly observe proposed tetrahedral
      intermediate sub-states implicated in conformational transitions. Our findings
      demonstrate that the 3SPN.2 model captures junction properties that are
      inaccessible to all-atom studies, opening the possibility to simulate complex
      aspects of junction behavior. 

PMID- 26971576
TI  - Atomic visualization of a flipped-back conformation of bisected glycans bound to
      specific lectins.
AB  - Glycans normally exist as a dynamic equilibrium of several conformations. A
      fundamental question concerns how such molecules bind lectins despite
      disadvantageous entropic loss upon binding. Bisected glycan, a glycan possessing
      bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), is potentially a good model for
      investigating conformational dynamics and glycan-lectin interactions, owing to
      the unique ability of this sugar residue to alter conformer populations and thus
      modulate the biological activities. Here we analyzed bisected glycan in complex
      with two unrelated lectins, Calsepa and PHA-E. The crystal structures of the two
      complexes show a conspicuous flipped back glycan structure (designated 'back
      fold' conformation), and solution NMR analysis also provides evidence of 'back
      fold' glycan structure. Indeed, statistical conformational analysis of available
      bisected and non-bisected glycan structures suggests that bisecting GlcNAc
      restricts the conformations of branched structures. Restriction of glycan
      flexibility by certain sugar residues may be more common than previously thought
      and impinges on the mechanism of glycoform-dependent biological functions. 

PMID- 26971577
TI  - Changes in neurotransmitter levels and expression of immediate early genes in
      brain of mice infected with Neospora caninum.
AB  - Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes neurological
      disorders in dogs and cattle. The majority of host animals are asymptomatic at
      the chronic stage of infection. However, it remains unclear whether cerebral
      function is normal in asymptomatic animals. In this study, mice were infected
      with N. caninum (strain Nc-1) and their brains were examined to understand
      changes in cerebral function at the chronic stage of infection. Mice infected
      with N. caninum showed impaired locomotor activity, but no differences in
      clinical symptoms were observed. In the brains of infected mice, parasites were
      distributed throughout the brain and histological lesions were observed
      everywhere except for the cerebellum. Expression levels of proinflammatory
      cytokines, interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, were highly
      upregulated in several brain regions of infected mice. Additionally, the level of
      neurotransmitters glutamate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine and 5
      hydroxytryptamine, were altered in infected mice compared with those of
      uninfected mice. Interestingly, the expression levels of immediately early genes,
      c-Fos and Arc, in the brain of infected mice were lower than those of in
      uninfected mice. Our findings may provide insight into neurological disorders
      associated with N. caninum infection. 

PMID- 26971578
TI  - Polymorphisms of the IL27 gene in a Chinese Han population complicated with pre
      eclampsia.
AB  - IL-27 could inhibit the development of Th17 cells, and the Th17/regulatory T-cell
      imbalance may reverse maternal tolerance in pre-eclampsia (PE). The aim of this
      study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in IL27
      with PE. Three SNPs in IL27 (rs153109, rs17855750, and rs181206) were genotyped
      in a Chinese Han cohort of 1040 PE patients and 1247 normal pregnant women using
      the TaqMan allelic discrimination real-time PCR method. The CC genotypic
      distribution of rs153109 was significantly higher among cases than controls
      (19.1% versus 13.3%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23
      1.93, p < 0.001), and the CT genotype was found to be significantly lower in
      cases than controls (41.7% versus 49.0%, OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63-0.88, p < 0.001),
      disputing existing reports indicating the allele frequency of rs153109 is not
      significantly different between PE patients and controls. Additionally, the CC
      genotype of rs153109 was significantly more prevalent in PE cases than controls
      using a recessive model (p < 0.001). The allelic and genotypic frequencies of
      rs17855750 and rs181206 were not significantly different between two groups. Our
      results reveal that IL27 polymorphisms may be involved in the development of PE
      in Chinese Han population. 

PMID- 26971579
TI  - Presenilin adopts the ClC channel fold.
AB  - Presenilin is an integral membrane aspartate protease that regulates cellular
      processes by cleaving proteins within the cell membrane. The recent crystal
      structure of presenilin reveals a conspicuous pore in a bundle of nine alpha
      helices, which was originally thought to adopt a novel protein fold. However,
      here I show that the presenilin fold is a variant of the ClC chloride
      channel/transporter fold. This observation may have important implications for
      presenilin's postulated biological role as a calcium leak channel.

PMID- 26971582
TI  - Pelvic Examination at the 6-Week Postpartum Visit After Cesarean Birth.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to assess the utility of the pelvic
      examination at the 6-week postpartum visit after cesarean birth. METHODS: Data
      were collected from retrospective chart review in an obstetric resident clinic in
      Detroit, Michigan. Women included were those who had a cesarean birth between
      January 2012 and June 2014. RESULTS: Of 388 women who had a cesarean birth, 211
      (54.4%) presented for the 6-week postpartum visit and underwent pelvic
      examination. Of these women, 185 (87.7%) were asymptomatic, and 26 (12.3%)
      reported vaginal discharge. No other concerns were elicited. Of those with
      symptoms, 4 (15%) had no finding, 13 (50%) had bacterial vaginosis (BV) alone, 2
      (8%) had BV and Candida sp, 2 (8%) had BV and Trichomonas vaginalis, 2 (8%) had T
      vaginalis alone, and 3 (11%) had Chlamydia trachomatis. One woman with C
      trachomatis had tested positive during pregnancy and possibly had treatment
      failure. Of the 185 asymptomatic women, 91 (49%) were deemed to have vaginal
      discharge on examination and underwent testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C
      trachomatis; results were negative in all cases. DISCUSSION: In this population,
      it appears unnecessary to perform routine pelvic examination on asymptomatic
      women at the 6-week postpartum visit after cesarean birth. When vaginal discharge
      was noted during pelvic examination of asymptomatic women, no pathology was
      identified.

PMID- 26971581
TI  - Safety and efficacy of rapid (1,000 mg in 1 hr) intravenous iron dextran for
      treatment of maternal iron deficient anemia of pregnancy.
AB  - Maternal iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is associated with risk of adverse
      perinatal outcomes. Oral iron is recommended to reverse anemia, but has
      gastrointestinal toxicity and frequent non-adherence. Intravenous (IV) iron is
      reserved for intolerance of, or unresponsiveness to, oral therapy, malabsorption,
      and severe anemia (1% with hemoglobin [Hgb] levels <7 g/dL). With rare (<100 per
      one million) adverse events (AEs) ability to infuse a sufficient dose of low
      molecular weight iron dextran (LMWID) over 60 min, LMWID is an attractive option.
      This study demonstrated safety and efficacy of rapid IV infusion of 1,000 mg
      LMWID to gravidas with moderate to severe IDA. An observational treatment study
      of 1,000 mg LMWID administered over 1 hr for IDA in 189 consecutive, unselected
      second and third trimester gravidas after oral iron failure was conducted. All
      received a test dose of 25 mg LMWID and were monitored for AEs during the 60-min
      infusion. No premedication was administered unless more than one drug allergy or
      asthma was present in which case IV methylprednisolone was administered. All were
      followed through pregnancy and delivery. Monitored parameters included Hgb, mean
      corpuscular volume, serum ferritin, and percent transferrin saturation. About 189
      subjects received 1,000 mg LMWID. No serious AEs occurred. About 2% experienced
      transient infusion reactions. Hgb improved by 1-1.9 g/dL in 82% and >=2 g/dL in
      24%. Second trimester treatment was not associated with greater Hgb improvement
      than third trimester treatment. Anemia resolved in 95%. Administration of a
      single large dose of IV LMWID was effective, safe, and convenient. Am. J.
      Hematol. 91:590-593, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971580
TI  - Pdgfra and Pdgfrb genetically interact during craniofacial development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the most prevalent congenital birth defects is cleft palate.
      The palatal skeleton is derived from the cranial neural crest and platelet
      derived growth factors (Pdgf) are critical in palatogenesis. Of the two Pdgf
      receptors, pdgfra is required for neural crest migration and palatogenesis.
      However, the role pdgfrb plays in the neural crest, or whether pdgfra and pdgfrb
      interact during palatogenesis is unclear. RESULTS: We find that pdgfrb is
      dispensable for craniofacial development in zebrafish. However, the palatal
      defect in pdgfra;pdgfrb double mutants is significantly more severe than in
      pdgfra single mutants. Data in mouse suggest this interaction is conserved and
      that neural crest requires both genes. In zebrafish, pdgfra and pdgfrb are both
      expressed by neural crest within the pharyngeal arches, and pharmacological
      analyses demonstrate Pdgf signaling is required at these times. While neither
      proliferation nor cell death appears affected, time-lapsed confocal analysis of
      pdgfra;pdgfrb mutants shows a failure of proper neural crest condensation during
      palatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: We provide data showing that pdgfra and pdgfrb
      interact during palatogenesis in both zebrafish and mouse. In zebrafish, this
      interaction affects proper condensation of maxillary neural crest cells,
      revealing a previously unknown interaction between Pdgfra and Pdgfrb during
      palate formation. Developmental Dynamics 245:641-652, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971583
TI  - Diagnosis of eight groups of xeroderma pigmentosum by genetic complementation
      using recombinant adenovirus vectors.
AB  - Because patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) must avoid ultraviolet (UV)
      light from an early age, an early diagnosis of this disorder is essential. XP is
      composed of seven genetic complementation groups, XP-A to -G, and a variant type
      (XP-V). To establish an easy and accurate diagnosis of the eight disease groups,
      we constructed recombinant adenoviruses that expressed one of the XP cDNA. When
      fibroblasts derived from patients with XP-A, -B, -C, -D, -F or -G were infected
      with the adenovirus expressing XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF or XPG, respectively, and
      UV-C at 5-20 J/m2 was irradiated, cell viability was clearly recovered by the
      corresponding recombinant adenoviruses. In contrast, XP-E and XP-V cells were not
      significantly sensitive to UV irradiation and were barely complemented by the
      matched recombinant adenoviruses. However, co-infection of Ad-XPA with Ad-XPE
      increased survival rate of XP-E cells after UV-C exposure. When XP-V cell
      strains, including one derived from a Japanese patient, were infected with Ad
      XPV, exposed to UV-B and cultured with 1 mmol/L of caffeine, flow cytometry
      detected a characteristic decrease in the S phase in all the XP-V cell strains.
      From these results, the eight groups of XP could be differentiated by utilizing a
      set of recombinant adenoviruses, indicating that our procedure provides a
      convenient and correct diagnostic method for all the XP groups including XP-E and
      XP-V.

PMID- 26971585
TI  - Scleromyxedema without paraproteinemia.

PMID- 26971584
TI  - Exhalation of volatile organic compounds during hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion
      in rats: an exploratory trial.
AB  - Ischemia and reperfusion alter metabolism. Multi-capillary column ion-mobility
      spectrometry (MCC-IMS) can identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled
      gas. We therefore used MCC-IMS to evaluate exhaled gas in a rat model of
      hemorrhagic shock with reperfusion. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n  =  10 in
      control group, n  =  15 in intervention group) were anaesthetized and ventilated
      via tracheostomy for 14 h or until death. Hemorrhagic shock was maintained for 90
      min by removing blood from the femoral artery to a target of MAP 35  +/-  5 mmHg,
      and then retransfusing the blood over 60 min in 15 rats; 10 control rats were
      evaluated without shock and reperfusion. Exhaled gas was analyzed with MCC-IMS,
      VOCs were identified using the BS-MCC/IMS analytes database (Version 1209). VOC
      intensities were analyzed at the end of shock, end of reperfusion, and after 9 h.
      All normotensive animals survived the observation period, whereas mean survival
      time was 11.2 h in shock and reperfusion animals. 16 VOCs differed significantly
      for at least one of the three analysis periods. Peak intensities of butanone, 2
      ethyl-1-hexanol, nonanal, and an unknown compound were higher in shocked than
      normotensive rats, and another unknown compound increased over the time. 1
      butanol increased only during reperfusion. Acetone, butanal, 1.2-butandiol,
      isoprene, 3-methylbutanal, 3-pentanone, 2-propanol, and two unknown compounds
      were lower and decreased during shock and reperfusion. 1-pentanol and 1-propanol
      were significant greater in the hypotensive animals during shock, were comparable
      during reperfusion, and then decreased after resuscitation. VOCs differ during
      hemorrhagic shock, reperfusion, and after reperfusion. MCC-IMS of exhaled breath
      deserves additional study as a non-invasive approach for monitoring changes in
      metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion. 

PMID- 26971586
TI  - Bacteriophages to reduce gut carriage of antibiotic resistant uropathogens with
      low impact on microbiota composition.
AB  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of urinary tract
      infections (UTIs) worldwide, causing over 150 million clinical cases annually.
      There is currently no specific treatment addressing the asymptomatic carriage in
      the gut of UPEC before they initiate UTIs. This study investigates the efficacy
      of virulent bacteriophages to decrease carriage of gut pathogens. Three virulent
      bacteriophages infecting an antibiotic-resistant UPEC strain were isolated and
      characterized both in vitro and in vivo. A new experimental murine model of gut
      carriage of E. coli was elaborated and the impact of virulent bacteriophages on
      colonization levels and microbiota diversity was assessed. A single dose of a
      cocktail of the three bacteriophages led to a sharp decrease in E. coli levels
      throughout the gut. We also observed that microbiota diversity was much less
      affected by bacteriophages than by antibiotics. Therefore, virulent
      bacteriophages can efficiently target UPEC strains residing in the gut, with
      potentially profound public health and economic impacts. These results open a new
      area with the possibility to manipulate specifically the microbiota using
      virulent bacteriophages, which could have broad applications in many gut-related
      disorders/diseases and beyond.

PMID- 26971587
TI  - Structure and quality of outpatient care for people living with an HIV infection.
AB  - Policy-makers and clinicians are faced with a gap of evidence to guide policy on
      standards for HIV outpatient care. Ongoing debates include which settings of care
      improve health outcomes, and how many HIV-infected patients a health-care
      provider should treat to gain and maintain expertise. In this article, we
      evaluate the studies that link health-care facility and care provider
      characteristics (i.e., structural factors) to health outcomes in HIV-infected
      patients. We searched the electronic databases MEDLINE, PUBMED, and EMBASE from
      inception until 1 January 2015. We included a total of 28 observational studies
      that were conducted after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy
      in 1996. Three aspects of the available research linking the structure to quality
      of HIV outpatient care were evaluated: (1) assessed structural characteristics
      (i.e., health-care facility and care provider characteristics); (2) measures of
      quality of HIV outpatient care; and (3) reported associations between structural
      characteristics and quality of care. Rather than scarcity of data, it is the
      diversity in methodology in the identified studies and the inconsistency of their
      results that led us to the conclusion that the scientific evidence is too weak to
      guide policy in HIV outpatient care. We provide recommendations on how to address
      this heterogeneity in future studies and offer specific suggestions for further
      reading that could be of interest for clinicians and researchers.

PMID- 26971589
TI  - Response of a Patient with Severe Thyroid Dermopathy to Combined Multipoint
      Subcutaneous Injection of Glucocorticoids and Local Excision.

PMID- 26971588
TI  - Rare case of nephrocalcinosis in the distal tubules caused by hereditary renal
      hypouricaemia 3 months after kidney transplantation.
AB  - We report a rare case of nephrocalcinosis caused by hereditary renal
      hypouricaemia 3 months after kidney transplantation. A 41-year-old man who
      underwent living-related kidney transplantation from his father was admitted to
      our hospital for a protocol biopsy; he had a serum creatinine (S-Cr) of 1.37
      mg/dL and no proteinuria. Histologically, there was no evidence of rejection or
      calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, although scattered nephrocalcinosis was observed
      in the distal tubules. Perioperatively, the patient had a serum uric acid (S-UA)
      of 1.9 mg/dL with a fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) of 29% (normal,
      <10%) and UA clearance of 26.8 mL/min (normal, 7.3-14.7 mL/min) 3 days after
      kidney transplantation. The donor also had a relatively low S-UA of 2.4 mg/dL and
      high FEUA of 10.3%. Subsequent DNA direct sequencing followed by restriction
      fragment length polymorphism revealed that both the recipient's and donor's urate
      transporter 1 (URAT1) gene had a heterozygous nonsense mutation in exon 5
      (C889T). Further, the immunoreactivity of antibodies for the C terminus of URAT1
      revealed a partial deletion. De Galantha and von Kossa staining revealed that the
      nephrocalcinosis was due to urate crystals and calcium stones. Therefore, we
      diagnosed hereditary renal hypouricaemia. We directed the patient to avoid hard
      exercise, drink plenty of water, and alkalize the urine. The 1-year follow-up
      allograft biopsy showed no evidence of nephrocalcinosis in the distal tubules.
      This is the first report of nephrocalcinosis in the distal tubules as a
      diagnostic clue to hereditary renal hypouricaemia. We also review the related
      literature. 

PMID- 26971594
TI  - Evidence for the Continued Use of Medieval Medical Prescriptions in the Sixteenth
      Century: A Fifteenth-Century Remedy Book and its Later Owner.
AB  - This article examines a fifteenth-century remedy book, Oxford, Bodleian Library,
      Rawlinson c. 299, and describes its collection of 314 medieval medical
      prescriptions. The recipes are organised broadly from head to toe, and often
      several remedies are offered for the same complaint. Some individual recipes are
      transcribed with modern English translations. The few non-recipe texts are also
      noted. The difference between a remedy book and a leechbook is explained, and
      this manuscript is situated in relation to other known examples of late medieval
      medical anthologies. The particular feature that distinguishes Oxford, Bodleian
      Library, Rawlinson c. 299 from other similar volumes is the evidence that it
      continued to be used during the sixteenth century. This usage was of two kinds.
      Firstly, the London lawyer who owned it not only inscribed his name but annotated
      the original recipe collection in various ways, providing finding-aids that made
      it much more user-friendly. Secondly, he, and other members of his family, added
      another forty-three recipes to the original collection (some examples of these
      are also transcribed). These two layers of engagement with the manuscript are
      interrogated in detail in order to reveal what ailments may have troubled this
      family most, and to judge how much faith they placed in the old remedies
      contained in this old book. It is argued that the knowledge preserved in medieval
      books enjoyed a longevity that extended beyond the period of the manuscript book,
      and that manuscripts were read and valued long after the advent of printing.

PMID- 26971593
TI  - The Preclinical and Clinical Effects of Vilazodone for the Treatment of Major
      Depressive Disorder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability
      worldwide, and according to the STAR*D trial, only 33% of patients with MDD
      responded to initial drug therapy. Augmentation of the leading class of
      antidepressant treatment, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), with
      the 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone has been shown to be effective in treating
      patients that do not respond to initial SSRI therapy. This suggests that newer
      treatments may improve the clinical picture of MDD. The US Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) approved the antidepressant drug vilazodone (EMD 68843), a
      novel SSRI and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist. Vilazodone has a half-life
      between 20-24 hours, reaches peak plasma concentrations at 3.7-5.3 hours, and is
      primarily metabolized by the hepatic CYP450 3A4 enzyme system. AREAS COVERED: The
      authors review the preclinical and clinical profile of vilazodone. The roles of
      serotonin, the 5-HT1A receptor, and current pharmacotherapy approaches for MDD
      are briefly reviewed. Next, the preclinical pharmacological, behavioral, and
      physiological effects of vilazodone are presented, followed by the
      pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism of vilazodone in humans. Last, a brief
      summary of the main efficacy, safety, and tolerability outcomes of clinical
      trials of vilazodone is provided. EXPERT OPINION: Vilazodone has shown efficacy
      versus placebo in improving depression symptoms in several double-blind, placebo
      controlled trials. The long-term safety and tolerability of vilazodone treatment
      has also been established. Further studies are needed that directly compare
      patients treated with an SSRI (both with and without an adjunctive 5-HT1A partial
      agonist) versus patients treated with vilaozodone.

PMID- 26971595
TI  - Re-Inventing Infectious Disease: Antibiotic Resistance and Drug Development at
      the Bayer Company 1945-80.
AB  - This paper analyses how research on antibiotic resistance has been a driving
      force in the development of new antibiotics. Drug resistance, while being a
      problem for physicians and patients, offers attractive perspectives for those who
      research and develop new medicines. It imposes limits on the usability of older
      medicines and simultaneously modifies pathologies in a way that opens markets for
      new treatments. Studying resistance can thus be an important part of developing
      and marketing antibiotics. The chosen example is that of the German
      pharmaceutical company Bayer. Before World War Two, Bayer had pioneered the
      development of anti-infective chemotherapy, sulpha drugs in particular, but had
      missed the boat when it came to fungal antibiotics. Exacerbated by the effects of
      war, Bayer's world market presence, which had been considerable prior to the war,
      had plummeted. In this critical situation, the company opted for a development
      strategy that tried to capitalise on the problems created by the use of first
      generation antibiotics. Part and parcel of this strategy was monitoring what can
      be called the structural change of infectious disease. In practice, this meant to
      focus on pathologies resulting from resistance and hospital infections. In
      addition, Bayer also focused on lifestyle pathologies such as athlete's foot.
      This paper will follow drug development and marketing at Bayer from 1945 to about
      1980. In this period, Bayer managed to regain some of its previous standing in
      markets but could not escape from the overall crisis of anti-infective drug
      development from the 1970s on. 

PMID- 26971596
TI  - Hybridising Medicine: Illness, Healing and the Dynamics of Reciprocal Exchange on
      the Upper Guinea Coast (West Africa).
AB  - The present article seeks to fill a number of lacunae with regard to the study of
      the circulation and assimilation of different bodies of medical knowledge in an
      important cultural contact zone, that is the Upper Guinea Coast. Building upon
      ongoing research on trade and cultural brokerage in the area, it focuses upon
      shifting attitudes and practices with regard to health and healing as a result of
      cultural interaction and hybridisation against the background of growing intra
      African and Afro-Atlantic interaction from the fifteenth to the late seventeenth
      century. Largely based upon travel accounts, missionary reports and documents
      produced by the Portuguese Inquisition, it shows how forms of medical knowledge
      shifted and circulated between littoral areas and their hinterland, as well as
      between the coast, the Atlantic and beyond. It shows that the changing patterns
      of trade, migration and settlement associated with Mande influence and Afro
      Atlantic exchange had a decisive impact on changing notions of illness and
      therapeutic trajectories. Over the centuries, cross-cultural, reciprocal
      borrowing contributed to the development of healing kits employed by Africans and
      non-African outsiders alike, which were used and brokered by local communities in
      different locations in the region. 

PMID- 26971597
TI  - Psychogeriatrics in England: Its Route to Recognition by the Government as a
      Distinct Medical Specialty, c.1970-89.
AB  - Demographic trends, and older people over 65 years disproportionately occupying
      beds in psychiatric hospitals, pointed to their increasing clinical needs.
      Clinical work with older people often required different skills from work with
      younger people. 'General psychiatrists', nominally working with adults of all
      ages, usually had little interest in working with older people. By 1977, it was
      clear to clinical leaders in the field of psychogeriatrics that official
      recognition of their specialty by the government was essential to ensure service
      development. Official recognition would provide the means to collect data to
      identify gaps in services, to obtain information on the implementation of
      government guidance and to advocate for resources, including ensuring high
      quality training posts for doctors wanting to specialise in the field. Doctors
      have traditionally taken the lead in creating new medical specialties, and
      psychogeriatrics was no exception. However, support fluctuated towards the
      specialty from the leadership of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Health
      service leaders who did not undertake work with older people, were incredulous
      that others wished to do so. Negotiations between the Royal College of
      Psychiatrists and the Department of Health and Social Security about recognising
      psychogeriatrics were convoluted and prolonged. Recognition was achieved in 1989,
      following intervention by the Royal College of Physicians of London. 

PMID- 26971598
TI  - Malnutrition in a Modernising Economy: The Changing Aetiology and Epidemiology of
      Malnutrition in an African Kingdom, Buganda c.1940-73.
AB  - The ecological fecundity of the northern shore of Lake Victoria was vital to
      Buganda's dominance of the interlacustrine region during the pre-colonial period.
      Despite this, protein-energy malnutrition was notoriously common throughout the
      twentieth century. This paper charts changes in nutritional illness in a
      relatively wealthy, food-secure area of Africa during a time of vast social,
      economic and medical change. In Buganda at least, it appears that both the
      causation and epidemiology of malnutrition moved away from the endemic societal
      causes described by early colonial doctors and became instead more defined by
      individual position within a rapidly modernising economy.

PMID- 26971613
TI  - Digitisation, Big Data, and the Future of the Medical Humanities: Text-Mining and
      the History of Medicine: Big Data, Big Questions?

PMID- 26971599
TI  - 'Smashed by the National Health'? A Closer Look at the Demise of the Pioneer
      Health Centre, Peckham.
AB  - The Pioneer Health Centre, based in South London before and after the Second
      World War, remains a source of interest for advocates of a positive approach to
      health promotion in contrast with the treatment of those already ill. Its closure
      in 1950 for lack of funds has been blamed on the then recently established
      National Health Service, but this article argues that such an explanation is over
      simplified and ignores a number of other factors. The Centre had struggled
      financially during the 1930s and tried to gain support from the Medical Research
      Council. The Council appeared interested in the Centre before the war, but was
      less sympathetic in the 1940s. Around the time of its closure and afterwards, the
      Centre was also involved in negotiations with London County Council; these failed
      because the Centre's directors would not accept the changes which the Council
      would have needed to make. Unpublished documents reveal that the Centre's
      directors were uncompromising and that their approach to the situation
      antagonised their colleagues. Changes in medical science also worked against the
      Centre. The success of sulphonamide drugs appeared to render preventive medicine
      less significant, while the development of statistical techniques cast doubt on
      the Centre's experimental methods. The Centre was at the heart of the nascent
      organic farming movement, which opposed the rapid growth of chemical cultivation.
      But what might be termed 'chemical triumphalism' was on the march in both
      medicine and agriculture, and the Centre was out of tune with the mood of the
      times. 

PMID- 26971614
TI  - Reflections.

PMID- 26971617
TI  - A vaginal drug delivery model.
AB  - Efficient drug delivery at vaginal cavity is often a challenge owing to its
      peculiar physiological variations including vast differences in pH. Keeping in
      view this attribute of the target site, the current work was aimed at developing
      formulation strategies which could overcome this and successfully deliver
      molecules like itraconazole through SLNs. Optimized SLNs with the given
      composition was selected for further development into mucoadhesive and
      thermosensitive gel. Stearic acid and Compritol 888 (1:1, w/w ratio) as lipid, a
      mixture of 3% Poloxomer 188 and 0.5% sodium taurocholate as surfactant and
      organic to aqueous ratio of 10:50 was taken. Carbopol 934 and Pluronic F 127 were
      taken for the development of gel. Optimized gel exhibited a desired gelling
      temperature (35  degrees C); viscosity (0.920 PaS) and appreciable in vitro drug
      release (62.2% in 20 h). MTT assay did not show any cytotoxic effect of the gel.
      When evaluated in vivo, it did not exhibit any irritation potential despite
      appreciable bioadhesion. A remarkable decrease in CFUs was also observed in
      comparison with control and marketed formulation when evaluated in rat infection
      model. Thus, the proposed study defines the challenges for developing a suitable
      formulation system overcoming the delivery barriers of the vaginal site.

PMID- 26971618
TI  - Protective effects of pomegranate peel against hematotoxicity, chromosomal
      aberrations, and genotoxicity induced by barium chloride in adult rats.
AB  - CONTEXT: Pomegranate peel (PP) has health benefits including antibacterial,
      antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic properties. OBJECTIVE: This
      study investigated the biochemical composition and protective effects of PP
      against hematotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by barium chloride (BaCl2) in
      adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult Wistar rats were divided into four
      groups of six each: control, barium (67 ppm via drinking water), PP (5% via
      diet), and their combination during 21 d. Oxidative stress was determined by MDA,
      AOPP, and antioxidant status: CAT, GPx, GSH, Vit C. Osmotic fragility (OF),
      chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and micronucleus (MN) assays were also studied.
      RESULTS: PP showed a rich composition of antioxidant compounds. DPPH test found
      IC50 value= 5.3 MUg/mL and a high polysaccharides content (315 +/- 5 mg/g of
      extract). In vivo study showed a decrease in red blood cells (70%) and platelet
      counts (46%), hemoglobin content (8%), hematocrit percent (7%), and an 80%
      increase of white blood cells in Ba-treated rats. A reduction in antioxidant
      status: catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, glutathione, and vitamin C
      levels by 31, 21, 28, and 29%, respectively, and an increase in MDA (46%) and
      AOPP levels (72%) were also observed compared with controls. BaCl2-treatment
      showed a significant increase in the frequencies of total chromosomal aberrations
      with abnormal metaphases and micronucleus in bone-marrow cells. Oxidative stress
      induced by BaCl2 might be the major cause for chromosomal abnormalities leading
      to DNA damage. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A decrease in hematotoxic and genotoxic
      effects induced by PP is due to its powerful antioxidant capacity.

PMID- 26971620
TI  - Adaptive BP-Dock: An Induced Fit Docking Approach for Full Receptor Flexibility.
AB  - We present an induced fit docking approach called Adaptive BP-Dock that
      integrates perturbation response scanning (PRS) with the flexible docking
      protocol of RosettaLigand in an adaptive manner. We first perturb the binding
      pocket residues of a receptor and obtain a new conformation based on the residue
      response fluctuation profile using PRS. Next, we dock a ligand to this new
      conformation by RosettaLigand, where we repeat these steps for several
      iterations. We test this approach on several protein test sets including
      difficult unbound docking cases such as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and HIV-1
      protease. Adaptive BP-Dock results show better correlation with experimental
      binding affinities compared to other docking protocols. Overall, the results
      imply that Adaptive BP-Dock can easily capture binding induced conformational
      changes by simultaneous sampling of protein and ligand conformations. This can
      provide faster and efficient docking of novel targets for rational drug design.

PMID- 26971619
TI  - Substituted 2-(2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylates as potent inhibitors
      of JumonjiC domain-containing histone demethylases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aberrant expression of iron(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent
      JumonjiC histone demethylases has been linked to cancer. Potent demethylase
      inhibitors are drug candidates and biochemical tools to elucidate the functional
      impact of demethylase inhibition. METHODS & RESULTS: Virtual screening identified
      a novel lead scaffold against JMJD2A with low-micromolar potency in vitro.
      Analogs were acquired from commercial sources respectively synthesized in
      feedback with biological testing. Optimized compounds were transformed into cell
      permeable prodrugs. A cocrystal x-ray structure revealed the mode of binding of
      these compounds as competitive to 2-oxoglutarate and confirmed kinetic
      experiments. Selectivity studies revealed a preference for JMJD2A and JARID1A
      over JMJD3. CONCLUSION: Virtual screening and rational structural optimization
      led to a novel scaffold for highly potent and selective JMJD2A inhibitors.

PMID- 26971622
TI  - Improving the Gene Transfection in Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Balancing with
      Cytotoxicity and Pluripotent Maintenance.
AB  - Manipulation of genes in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is imperative for
      their highly potential applications; however, the transduction efficiency remains
      very low. Although existing evidence revealed the type, size, and zeta potential
      of vector affect gene transfection efficiency in cells, the systematic study in
      hESCs is scarce. In this study, using poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers ended
      with amine, hydroxyl, or carboxyl as model, we tested the influences of size and
      surface group as well as cytotoxicity and endocytosis on hESC gene transfection.
      We found that in culture medium of mTeSR the particle sizes of G5, G7, G4.5COOH,
      and G5OH were around 5 nm and G1 had a smaller size of 3.14 nm. G5 and G7 had a
      slight and significant positive zeta potential, respectively, whereas G1 was
      slightly negative, and G4.5COOH and G5OH were significantly negative. We
      demonstrated that only amine-terminated dendrimers accomplished gene transfection
      in hESCs, which is greater than that from Lipofectamine 2000 transfection. Ten
      micromolar G5 had the greatest efficiency and was better than 1000 MUM G1. Only a
      low concentration (0.5 and 1 MUM) of G7 realized gene delivery. Amine-ended
      dendrimers, especially with higher generations, were detrimental to the growth
      and pluripotent maintenance of hESCs. In contrast, similarly sized hydroxyl- and
      carboxyl-terminated dendrimers exerted much lower cytotoxicity, in which carboxyl
      terminated dendrimer maintained pluripotency of hESCs. We also confirmed the
      endocytosis into and significant exocytosis from hESCs using FITC-labeled G5
      dendrimer. These results suggested that careful considerations of size,
      concentration, and zeta potential, particularly the identity and position of
      groups, as well as minimized exocytosis in the design of a vector for hESC gene
      delivery are necessary, which helps to better design an effective vector in hESC
      gene transduction. 

PMID- 26971623
TI  - [(eta(6)-p-cymene)Ru(H2O)3](2+) binding capability of aminohydroxamates - A
      solution and solid state study.
AB  - Complex forming capabilities of [(eta(6)-p-cymene)Ru(H2O)3](2+) with
      aminohydroxamates (2-amino-N-hydroxyacetamide (alpha-alahaH), 3-amino-N
      hydroxypropanamide (beta-alahaH) and 4-amino-N-hydroxybutanamide (gamma-abhaH))
      having the primary amino group in different chelatable position to the hydroxamic
      function were studied by pH-potentiometry, NMR and MS methods. Formation of
      stable [O,O] and mixed [O,O][N,N] chelated mono- and dinuclear species is
      detected in partially slow with alpha-alahaH and beta-alahaH or in fast processes
      with gamma-abhaH and the formation constants of the complexes present in aqueous
      solution are reported. Synthesis, spectral (NMR, IR) and ESI mass spectrometric
      characterization of novel dinuclear alpha-alaninehydroximato complexes containing
      the half-sandwich type Ru(II) core is described. The crystal and molecular
      structure of [{(eta(6)-p-cymene)Ru}2(MU(2)-alpha-alahaH-1)(H2O)Br]Br?H2O (1) and
      [{(eta(6)-p-cymene)Ru}2(MU(2)-alpha-alahaH-1)(H2O)Cl]BF4?H2O (2) was determined
      by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. In the complexes one half-sandwich
      core is coordinated by a hydroxamate [O,O] chelate while the other one by
      [Namino,Nhydroxamate] fashion of the bridging ligand. In both cases the remaining
      coordination sites of one of the Ru cores are taken by a halide ion whiles the
      other one by a water molecule. Reaction of 2 with 9-methylguanine indicates the
      N7 coordination of this simple DNA model. Complexes 1 and 2 were tested for their
      in vitro cytotoxicity using human-derived cancer cell lines (A2780, MCF-7, SKOV
      3, HCT-116, HeLa) and showed no anti-proliferative activity in the micromolar
      concentration range.

PMID- 26971624
TI  - Trace Explosives Vapor Generation and Quantitation at Parts per Quadrillion
      Concentrations.
AB  - The generation of trace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),
      cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)
      vapors using a pneumatically modulated liquid delivery system (PMLDS) coupled to
      a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) total-consumption micronebulizer is presented.
      The vapor generator operates in a continuous manner with final vapor
      concentrations proportional to the explosive concentration in aqueous solution
      delivered through the nebulizer and the diluent air flow rate. For quantitation
      of concentrations in the parts per billionvolume (ppbv) to parts per
      trillionvolume (pptrv) range, Tenax-TA thermal desorption tubes were used for
      vapor collection with subsequent analysis on a thermal-desorption system
      programmable-temperature vaporization gas chromatograph (TDS-PTV-GC) with a MU
      ECD detector. With 30 min sample times and an average sampling rate of 100 mL
      min(-1), vapor concentrations of 38 pptrv for TNT, 25 pptrv for RDX, and 26 pptrv
      for PETN were determined. For parts per quadrillionvolume (ppqv) vapor
      quantitation of TNT and RDX, an online PTV-GC system with a negative-ion chemical
      ionization mass spectrometer (methane reagent gas) was used for direct sampling
      and capture of the vapor on the PTV inlet. Vapor concentrations as low as 160
      ppqv and 710 ppqv for TNT and RDX were quantified, respectively, with an
      instrument duty cycle as low as 4 min. 

PMID- 26971625
TI  - Frequency and molecular characterization of invasive isolates of Streptococcus
      pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 6D in Colombia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Serogroup 6 of Streptococcus pneumoniae initially consisted of the
      6A and 6B serotypes, but in recent years, the 6C and 6D serotypes were reported.
      The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and molecular
      characterization of invasive S. pneumoniae isolates serotypes 6C and 6D in
      Colombia, from 1994 to 2013. METHODOLOGY: All the isolates recovered during the
      surveillance from 1994 to 2013, and identified as 6A or 6B, were re-tested to
      detect the serotypes 6C and 6D. The serotyping was performed using the Quellung
      reaction and PCR. The susceptibility testing was performed on penicillin,
      erythromycin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol,
      tetracycline and vancomycin. Molecular typing was performed using pulsed-field
      gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS: From a total of 271
      and 350 isolates serotyped previously as serotypes 6A and 6B, 61 (22.5%) and 15
      (4.3%) were recognized as 6C and 6D, respectively. Isolates presented with low
      resistance to antimicrobials. Serotype 6C isolates were mainly associated with
      ST9007 (42.6%) and ST9008 (19.7%), and serotype 6D isolates with ST1135 (80%).
      CONCLUSION: This study showed the circulation of serotype 6C and 6D in Colombia
      between 1994 and 2013, information that is important to determine the dynamics of
      these recently described serotypes.

PMID- 26971621
TI  - Opposing effects of atropine and timolol on the color and luminance
      emmetropization mechanisms in chicks.
AB  - This study analyzed the luminance and color emmetropization response in chicks
      treated with the nonselective parasympathetic antagonist atropine and the
      sympathetic beta-receptor blocker timolol. Chicks were binocularly exposed
      (8h/day) for 4days to one of three illumination conditions: 2Hz sinusoidal
      luminance flicker, 2Hz sinusoidal blue/yellow color flicker, or steady light
      (mean 680lux). Atropine experiments involved monocular daily injections of either
      20MUl of atropine (18nmol) or 20MUl of phosphate-buffered saline. Timolol
      experiments involved monocular daily applications of 2 drops of 0.5% timolol or 2
      drops of distilled H2O. Changes in the experimental eye were compared with those
      in the fellow eye after correction for the effects of saline/water treatments.
      Atropine caused a reduction in axial length with both luminance flicker (-0.078+/
      0.021mm) and color flicker (-0.054+/-0.017mm), and a reduction in vitreous
      chamber depth with luminance flicker (-0.095+/-0.023mm), evoking a hyperopic
      shift in refraction (3.40+/-1.77D). Timolol produced an increase in axial length
      with luminance flicker (0.045+/-0.030mm) and a myopic shift in refraction (
      4.07+/-0.92D), while color flicker caused a significant decrease in axial length
      (-0.046+/-0.017mm) that was associated with choroidal thinning (-0.046+/
      0.015mm). The opposing effects on growth and refraction seen with atropine and
      timolol suggest a balancing mechanism between the parasympathetic and beta
      receptor mediated sympathetic system through stimulation of the retina with
      luminance and color contrast.

PMID- 26971626
TI  - Evaluation of a systems biology approach to identify pharmacological correctors
      of the mutant CFTR chloride channel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mistrafficking of CFTR protein caused by F508del, the most frequent
      mutation in cystic fibrosis (CF), can be corrected by cell incubation at low
      temperature, an effect that may be mediated by altered expression of proteostasis
      genes. METHODS: To identify small molecules mimicking low temperature, we
      compared gene expression profiles of cells kept at 27 degrees C with those
      previously generated from more than 1300 compounds. The resulting candidates were
      tested with a functional assay on a bronchial epithelial cell line. RESULTS: We
      found that anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids, such as mometasone, budesonide, and
      fluticasone, increased mutant CFTR function. However, this activity was not
      confirmed in primary bronchial epithelial cells. Actually, glucocorticoids
      enhanced Na(+) absorption, an effect that could further impair mucociliary
      clearance in CF airways. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that rescue of F508del
      CFTR by low temperature cannot be easily mimicked by small molecules and that
      compounds with closer transcriptional and functional effects need to be found.

PMID- 26971627
TI  - Oxidative stress and glyoxalase I activity mediate dicarbonyl toxicity in MCF-7
      mamma carcinoma cells and a tamoxifen resistant derivative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acquired tamoxifen resistance is a significant problem in estrogen
      receptor positive breast cancer. In a cellular model, tamoxifen resistance was
      associated with increased sensitivity towards toxic dicarbonyls and reduced free
      sulfhydryl group content. We here analyzed the role of oxidative stress and
      glyoxalase I activity on dicarbonyl resistance and the significance of glyoxalase
      I expression for survival. METHODS: Reactive oxygen species were determined by
      2,7-dihydrochlorofluorescein diacetate. Inhibitors for NADPH-oxidase
      (diphenyleneiodonium), p38 MAPK (SB203580) and ERK1/2 (UO126) were applied to
      investigate interactions of these signaling molecules. N-acetyl cysteine was used
      to evaluate the effect of oxidative stress on cell viability, which was assessed
      by the resazurin assay. Gene expression was analyzed by real time qRT-PCR.
      Glyoxalase activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor CS-0683 and siRNA.
      The relevance of glyoxalase 1 mRNA abundance on survival of breast cancer
      patients was evaluated by the KM-plotter web interface. RESULTS: alpha-Oxo
      aldehydes caused an immediate increase in reactive oxygen species where the
      tamoxifen resistant cell line (TamR) responded at lower concentrations than the
      MCF-7 parental cell line. Inhibitor studies placed ROS production by NADPH
      oxidase downstream of p38 MAPK. The antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) increased
      survival, whereas glyoxalase (GLO1) inhibition increased dicarbonyl toxicity.
      GLO1 mRNA abundance was correlated with unfavorable prognosis of breast cancer
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dicarbonyl toxicity was mediated by oxidative stress and
      GLO1 activity determines aldehyde toxicity in tamoxifen resistant cells. GENERAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: Glyoxalases might be predictive biomarkers for tamoxifen resistance
      and a putative target for the treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer
      patients.

PMID- 26971628
TI  - Autophagy ameliorates cognitive impairment through activation of PVT1 and
      apoptosis in diabetes mice.
AB  - The underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairment in diabetes remain incompletely
      characterized. Here we show that the autophagic inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3
      MA) aggravates cognitive impairment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice,
      including exacerbation of anxiety-like behaviors and aggravation in spatial
      learning and memory, especially the spatial reversal memory. Further neuronal
      function identification confirmed that both long term potentiation (LTP) and
      depotentiation (DPT) were exacerbated by autophagic inhibition in diabetic mice,
      which indicating impairment of synaptic plasticity. However, no significant
      change of pair-pulse facilitation (PPF) was recorded in diabetic mice with
      autophagic suppression compared with the diabetic mice, which indicated that
      presynaptic function was not affected by autophagic inhibition in diabetes.
      Subsequent hippocampal neuronal cell death analysis showed that the apoptotic
      cell death, but not the regulated necrosis, significantly increased in autophagic
      suppression of diabetic mice. Finally, molecular mechanism that may lead to cell
      death was identified. The long non-coding RNA PVT1 (plasmacytoma variant
      translocation 1) expression was analyzed, and data revealed that PVT1 was
      decreased significantly by 3-MA in diabetes. These findings show that PVT1
      mediated autophagy may protect hippocampal neurons from impairment of synaptic
      plasticity and apoptosis, and then ameliorates cognitive impairment in diabetes.
      These intriguing findings will help pave the way for exciting functional studies
      of autophagy in cognitive impairment and diabetes that may alter the existing
      paradigms. 

PMID- 26971629
TI  - Electrical stimulation of the parabrachial nucleus induces reanimation from
      isoflurane general anesthesia.
AB  - Clinically, emergence from general anesthesia is viewed as a passive process
      where anesthetics are discontinued at the end of surgery and anesthesiologists
      wait for the drugs to wear off. The mechanisms involved in emergence are not well
      understood and there are currently no drugs that can actively reverse the state
      of general anesthesia. An emerging hypothesis states that brain regions that
      control arousal become active during emergence and are a key part of the return
      to wakefulness. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that electrical
      activation of the glutamatergic parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the brainstem is
      sufficient to induce reanimation (active emergence) during continuous isoflurane
      general anesthesia. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry as a marker of neural
      activity, we first show a selective increase in active neurons in the PBN during
      passive emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. We then electrically stimulated the
      PBN to assess whether it is sufficient to induce reanimation from isoflurane
      general anesthesia. Stimulation induced behavioral arousal and restoration of the
      righting reflex during continuous isoflurane general anesthesia. In contrast,
      stimulation of the nearby central inferior colliculus (CIC) did not restore the
      righting reflex. Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed
      that stimulation produced a significant decrease in EEG delta power during PBN
      stimulation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the PBN provides
      critical arousal input during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.

PMID- 26971630
TI  - Combinatorial Antigen Targeting: Ideal T-Cell Sensing and Anti-Tumor Response.
AB  - T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a formidable platform
      for the study and application of synthetic biology approaches to study customized
      and flexible control of cellular functions. Recent reports in the journal Cell
      provide a new twist on combinatorial antigen targeting, profiting from the
      singular cleavage and signaling of the Notch receptor to conditionally express
      CARs. 

PMID- 26971631
TI  - Review on the binding of anticancer drug doxorubicin with DNA and tRNA:
      Structural models and antitumor activity.
AB  - In this review, we have compared the results of multiple spectroscopic studies
      and molecular modeling of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) bindings to DNA and
      tRNA. DOX was intercalated into DNA duplex, while tRNA binding is via major and
      minor grooves. DOX-DNA intercalation is close to A-7, C-5, *C-19 (H-bonding with
      DOX NH2 group), G-6, T-8 and T-18 with the free binding energy of -4.99kcal/mol.
      DOX-tRNA groove bindings are near A-29, A-31, A-38, C-25, C-27, C-28, *G-30 (H
      bonding) and U-41 with the free binding energy of -4.44kcal/mol. Drug
      intercalation induced a partial B to A-DNA transition, while tRNA remained in A
      family structure. The structural differences observed between DOX bindings to DNA
      and tRNA can be the main reasons for drug antitumor activity. The results of in
      vitro MTT assay on SKC01 colon carcinoma are consistent with the observed DNA
      structural changes. Future research should be focused on finding suitable
      nanocarriers for delivery of DOX in vivo in order to exploit the full capacity of
      this very important anticancer drug. 

PMID- 26971632
TI  - Development and evaluation of a real-time method for testing human enteroviruses
      and coxsackievirus A16.
AB  - Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by a
      group of the human enteroviruses (HEV), including coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and
      enterovirus 71 (EV71). In recent years, another HEV-A serotype, CA6 or CA10, has
      emerged to be one of the major etiologic agents that can induce HFMD worldwide.
      The objective of this study is to develop specific, sensitive, and rapid methods
      to help diagnose HEV and CA16 specifically by using simultaneous amplification
      testing (SAT) based on isothermal amplification of RNA and real-time detection of
      fluorescence technique, which were named as SAT-HEV and SAT-CA16, respectively
      (SAT-HEV/SAT-CA16). The specificity and sensitivity of SAT were tested here. SAT
      HEV/SAT-CA16 could measure viral titers that were at least 10-fold lower than
      those measured by real-time PCR. Non-false cross-reactive amplification indicated
      that SAT-HEV/SAT-CA16 were highly specific with the addition of internal control
      (IC) RNA (5000 copies/reaction). A total of 198 clinical specimens were assayed
      by SAT comparing with real-time PCR. The statistically robust assessment of SAT
      HEV and HEV-specific real-time PCR plus sequencing reached 99.0% (196/198), with
      a kappa value of 0.97, and 99.5% (197/198) and a kappa value of 0.99 for CA16,
      respectively. Additionally, IC prevented false-negative readings and assured the
      SAT-HEV/SAT-CA16 method's accuracy. Overall, SAT-HEV/SAT-CA16 method may serve as
      a platform for the simple and rapid detection of HEV/CA16 in time of HFMD
      outbreak.

PMID- 26971633
TI  - Elimination of complement interference can improve the diagnostic performance of
      the VIDAS CMV IgG assay in acute cytomegalovirus infections.
AB  - In this study we showed that complement factors are responsible for assay
      interference in the VIDAS cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay.
      Three different serum treatments were applied to show the cause of interference:
      heat treatment (56  degrees C), adding cobra venom factor, and adding EDTA.
      Elimination of complement interference by EDTA treatment of serum was
      prospectively evaluated on 215 CMV IgM positive samples and a sensitivity
      increase of the VIDAS CMV IgG assay was noticed. On average the CMV IgG level
      increased 100% after EDTA treatment of the serum. In paired serum samples from 38
      patients we could show that serum treatment with EDTA can make the CMV IgG level
      changes more obvious in recent CMV infections. Since the CMV IgG avidity II assay
      on VIDAS depends on the determination of CMV IgG, the CMV IgG avidity was also
      evaluated in this study but only a limited effect of the complement interference
      was observed.

PMID- 26971634
TI  - Genotypic and phenotypic identification of Aeromonas species and CphA-mediated
      carbapenem resistance in Queensland, Australia.
AB  - Infection caused by Aeromonas spp. ranges from superficial wound infection to
      life-threatening septicemia. Carbapenem resistance due to metallo-beta-lactamase,
      CphA encoded by the cphA gene, is a significant problem. This study defines
      Aeromonas spp. causing clinical disease in Queensland, Australia. Phenotypic
      tests for carbapenemase detection were assessed. One hundred Aeromonas isolates
      from blood (22), wound (46), sterile sites (11), stool (18), eye (2), and sputum
      (1) were characterized by rpoB and gyrB sequencing. Meropenem susceptibility by
      VITEK2, disk diffusion, and E-test MIC were determined. Carbapenemase production
      was assessed by Carba NP test and cphA by PCR. Gene sequencing identified
      isolates as Aeromonas dhakensis (39), Aeromonas veronii (21), Aeromonas
      hydrophila (20), Aeromonas caviae (14), Aeromonas jandaei (4), Aeromonas
      bestiarum (1), and Aeromonas sanarellii (1). Disk diffusion and E-test failed to
      detect resistance in isolates with presence of cphA. Carba NP was performed with
      97.4% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity. Carbapenem resistance gene cphA was
      detected in A. veronii (21; 100%), A. hydrophila (18; 90%), A. dhakensis (34;
      87.2%), A. jandaei (3; 75%), and A. bestiarum (1; 100%) but not A. caviae. We
      found that A. dhakensis was the predominant species, a previously unrecognized
      pathogen in this region.

PMID- 26971635
TI  - Production of virulence factors in Candida strains isolated from patients with
      denture stomatitis and control individuals.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of virulence factors in
      Candida isolates from the oral cavities of 50 patients with different degrees of
      denture stomatitis (DS, type I, II and III) and 50 individuals without signs of
      DS. We evaluated the enzymatic and hemolytic activities, the biofilm formation,
      and the cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) in all isolates. Germ tube (GT)
      production was also evaluated in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis
      isolates. In C. albicans and C. dubliniensis the secretion of hemolysin and GT
      production was significantly different between isolates from patients with DS and
      individuals without DS. No significant difference was observed in the production
      of virulence factors by Candida glabrata isolates. Candida isolates expressed a
      wide range of virulence factors. However, in the majority of isolates from the
      type III lesions, the production of the virulence factors was higher than for the
      other groups.

PMID- 26971637
TI  - MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for differentiation between Streptococcus pneumoniae
      and Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae.
AB  - We compared the Vitek MS and Microflex MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry platform for
      species differentiation within the Streptococcus mitis group with PCR assays
      targeted at lytA, Spn9802, and recA as reference standard. The Vitek MS correctly
      identified 10/11 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 13/13 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae,
      and 12/13 S. mitis/oralis. The Microflex correctly identified 9/11 S. pneumoniae,
      0/13 S. pseudopneumoniae, and 13/13 S. mitis/oralis. MALDI-TOF is a powerful tool
      for species determination within the mitis group. Diagnostic accuracy varies
      depending on platform and database used.

PMID- 26971636
TI  - Combined biomarkers discriminate a low likelihood of bacterial infection among
      surgical intensive care unit patients with suspected sepsis.
AB  - Among surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients, it is difficult to
      distinguish bacterial sepsis from other causes of systemic inflammatory response
      syndrome (SIRS). Biomarkers have proven useful to identify the presence of
      bacterial infection. We enrolled a prospective cohort of 69 SICU patients with
      suspected sepsis and assayed the concentrations of 9 biomarkers (alpha-2
      macroglobulin [A2M], C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin,
      procalcitonin [PCT], serum amyloid A, serum amyloid P, and tissue plasminogen
      activator) at baseline, 24, 48, and 72hours. Forty-two patients (61%) had
      bacterial sepsis by chart review. A2M concentrations were significantly lower,
      and PCT concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with bacterial
      sepsis at 3 of 4 time points. Using optimal cutoff values, the combination of
      baseline A2M and 72-hour PCT achieved a negative predictive value of 75% (95%
      confidence interval, 54-96%). The combination of A2M and PCT discriminated
      bacterial sepsis from other SIRS among SICU patients with suspected sepsis.

PMID- 26971638
TI  - Diagnostic performance of interferon-gamma release assay for lymph node
      tuberculosis.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) release assay (IGRA) (T-SPOT.TB) for patients with suspected lymph node
      tuberculosis (TB). Of the 405 patients with suspected lymph node TB, enrolled
      from Beijing Chest Hospital between July 2011 and April 2015, 83 (20.5%) were
      microbiologically/histopathologically confirmed lymph node TB, and 282 (69.6%)
      did not have active TB. The remaining 21 inconclusive TB and 19 clinical TB were
      excluded from the final analysis (9.9%). T-SPOT.TB using peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells was performed to examine the IFN-gamma response to the
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens early secretory antigenic target 6
      and culture filtrate protein 10. The overall sensitivity and specificity for T
      SPOT.TB were 90.4% and 70.5%, respectively. Spot-forming cells in the lymph node
      TB group (184 [48-596/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells {PBMCs}]) were
      significantly higher than that in the nonactive TB group (0 [0-41]/10(6) PBMCs)
      (P<0.001). These results suggest that the IGRA assay could be a useful aid in the
      diagnosis of lymph node TB.

PMID- 26971639
TI  - Evaluation of OXA-48 K-Se T: an immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection
      of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - The OXA-48 K-Se T, a new immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of OXA
      48-producing Enterobacteriaceae, has been evaluated in a Spanish Hospital during
      a 3-month period. A collection of 100 Enterobacteriaceae including 79 isolates
      producing OXA-48 has been tested. Sensitivity and specificity of 100% were
      obtained.

PMID- 26971640
TI  - Assessing next-generation sequencing and 4 bioinformatics tools for detection of
      Enterovirus D68 and other respiratory viruses in clinical samples.
AB  - We used 4 different bioinformatics algorithms to evaluate the application of a
      metagenomic shot-gun sequencing method in detection of Enterovirus D68 and other
      respiratory viruses in clinical specimens. Our data supported that next
      generation sequencing, combined with improved bioinformatics tools, is
      practically feasible and useful for clinical diagnosis of viral infections.

PMID- 26971641
TI  - Evaluation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry to differentiate between Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis.
AB  - Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis in conjunction with the direct formic acid (FA) sample
      processing method was evaluated for the ability to differentiate the closely
      related species of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. The results showed
      that MALDI-TOF-MS, using the direct FA method, was reliable to differentiate
      between these species.

PMID- 26971642
TI  - An innovative photographic database for cutaneous facial defects.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To construct an easy-to-use server-based database that
      stores photographs of patients undergoing reconstructive surgery for cutaneous
      facial defects and organizes them in a manner best suited for rapid search and
      education. STUDY DESIGN: An institutional review board-approved user-modifiable
      database was designed using OnBase software (Hyland Software Inc., Westlake, OH)
      to store both the photographs of patients undergoing reconstructive surgery and
      the pertinent clinical data. METHODS: We designed a database using the OnBase
      software system (Hyland Software Inc.) to catalog patient data and photographs
      (pre-, intra-, and postoperative) and allow searches based on key data points.
      The database operates on three different frames: an upload frame, retrieval
      frame, and patient document frame. Data entry was based on patients undergoing
      facial reconstruction of Mohs defects, and upload is in the form of 25 keywords
      for which data values are entered via dropdown menus. Keyword entry describes
      defect description, flap nomenclature, flap design, outcomes, and complications.
      RESULTS: The database allows easy and rapid searches of case examples based on a
      number of criteria. It allows the user to view multiple examples of different
      patients with a given defect as defined by location, depth, and size. CONCLUSION:
      Server-based database systems such as OnBase (Hyland Software Inc.) provide
      platforms that can be used to create user-friendly photograph and data collection
      systems. Our database provides a way to educate medical students and surgeons-in
      training, review personal outcomes, and exercise continued practice-based
      learning. Implementation of similar databases could potentially be utilized
      around the globe to facilitate education and self-assessment because OnBase
      (Hyland Software Inc.) and other similar software platforms are widely available
      within healthcare systems. Laryngoscope, 2016 Laryngoscope, 126:2451-2455, 2016.

PMID- 26971643
TI  - Perforation of the Anterior Mitral Leaflet After Impella LP 5.0 Therapy in
      Cardiogenic Shock.
AB  - A 52-year old man was admitted with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and he was
      resuscitated after 100 minutes. The initial hemodynamic condition was critical
      due to cardiogenic shock (left ventricular ejection fraction 10 % and mean
      arterial pressure 60 mmHg on inotropics). Acute coronary angiography did not
      reveal any new lesions. Due to persistent hemodynamic instability, mechanical
      support with Impella LP 5.0 was decided. The surgical procedure guided by
      fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography was uncomplicated. The
      hemodynamic improved subsequently and after 17 days of intensive care, and
      additional 30 days of hospitalization, the patient was ready for discharge.
      Routine echocardiography prior to discharge revealed severe mitral regurgitation
      due to perforation of anterior mitral leaflet, a finding not observed in the
      previous echocardiograms. The patient was discharged to close follow up of the
      severe mitral regurgitation and future surgical intervention is likely.
      Therefore, close monitoring of mitral valve is necessary and explanation may be
      required if valve dysfunction is observed, as repositioning of the Impella system
      is not possible. 

PMID- 26971645
TI  - [European Code against Cancer: 12 ways to reduce your cancer risk].
AB  - Recently, the Word Health Organization/International Agency for Research on
      Cancer published the 4th edition of European Code against Cancer with 12 personal
      advices on how to diminish the risk of development of cancer. A proportion of
      advices refers to risk factors which are connected to our everyday lifestyle;
      another admonishes to comply with the services offered by the health care system.
      In Hungary, the European Code has not received adequate publicity so far. As
      common risk factors play a major role in the development of chronic non
      communicable diseases, the advice may contribute to the prevention of both
      cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

PMID- 26971644
TI  - [Treatment with inhibitors of new oral direct anticoagulants in patients with
      severe bleedings or urgent surgical procedures. The new dabigatran antidote: the
      place of idarucizumab in clinical practice].
AB  - Only vitamin K antagonists could be applied as oral anticoagulants over the past
      six decades. Coumarols have narrow therapeutic range, and unpredictable
      anticoagulant effects are resulted by multiple drug interactions. Therefore,
      regular routine monitoring of the international normalized ratio is necessary.
      There are two groups of factor-specific anticoagulants: molecules with anti-FIIa
      (dabigatran) and anti-FXa (rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) effect. Author
      summarizes the most important clinical features of the new oral anticoagulants,
      their indications and the possibilities of laboratory controls. Bleedings are the
      most important side effects of anticoagulants. This review summarizes the current
      published evidences for new oral anticoagulants reversal (non-specific and
      specific) agents, especially in cases with severe acute bleedings or urgent
      surgery procedures. It reports on how to use inhibitors, the recommended doses
      and the most important clinical results. The review focuses on idarucizumab -
      already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European
      Medicines Agency - which has a key role as the first specific inhibitor of
      dabigatran.

PMID- 26971648
TI  - [Efforts for establishment of obligatory minimal medical fees in 1938 in
      Sarospatak (Hungary)].

PMID- 26971647
TI  - [Monogenic form of diabetes mellitus due to HNF4alpha mutation (MODY-1) - the
      first case in Hungary].
AB  - The classification of diabetes mellitus in adolescents and young adults is often
      difficult. The diagnosis of the monogenic form of diabetes may have substantial
      influence on quality of life, prognosis and the choice of the appropriate
      treatment of affected patients. Among MODY (maturity-onset of diabetes in the
      young) MODY-1 is rarely detected, only 13 families were described in 2000, and
      103 different mutations in 173 families were known in 2013 worldwide. The authors
      present the first Hungarian case of a monogenic form of diabetes due to HNF4alpha
      mutation (MODY-1). The diabetes of the index patient No. 1 (42-year-old woman
      with insulin treated diabetes) was diagnosed as gestational diabetes at age of 20
      when she was treated with diet only. Later, insulin treatment has been initiated
      when marked hyperglycaemia was detected during an episode of acute pneumonia at
      age of 26. The diabetes of the index patient No. 2 (20-year-old daughter of the
      index patient No. 1, treated also with insulin) was diagnosed as type 2 diabetes
      at age of 13 and the patient was treated with diet only. Later the classification
      was modified to type 1 and insulin therapy was initiated at age of 14. The
      manifestation of diabetes, the familial occurrence and the low dose insulin
      requirement were suggestive for monogenic diabetes. Using molecular genetic
      method a mutation (c.869G>A, p.R290H) of HNF4alpha gene was found and MODY-1 was
      diagnosed in both cases. Insulin therapy was switched to treatment with low dose
      sulfanylurea and an excellent glycaemic control was achieved and sustained at
      follow-up of 1-year. No further positive cases were found during screening of
      other family members.

PMID- 26971646
TI  - [A microcost analysis of radiation therapy of localized prostate cancer].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Development of radiation technology provides new opportunities for
      the treatment of prostate cancer, but little is known about the costs of novel
      technologies. AIM: The aim of this analysis was to compare the costs of
      conventional three-dimensional radiation therapy to normal and hypofractionated
      intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of localized prostate
      cancer. METHOD: The cost-analysis was performed based on the data of a Hungarian
      oncology center from health care provider's perspective. Irradiation time was
      assessed from the data of 100 fractions delivered in 20 patients. Unit costs for
      each component were calculated based on actual costs retrieved from the
      accounting system of the oncology center. RESULTS: Average treatment delivery
      times were 14.5 minutes for three-dimensional radiation therapy, 16.2 minutes for
      intensity-modulated radiation therapy with image-guided and 14 minutes without
      image-guided method. Expected mean cost of patients undergoing conventional three
      dimensional radiation therapy, normal and hypofractionated intensity-modulated
      radiation therapy were 619 000 HUF, 933 000 HUF and 692 000 HUF, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although normal and hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation
      therapies have already been proven to be cost-effective, current reimbursement
      rates do not encourage healthcare providers to use the more effective therapy
      techniques.

PMID- 26971650
TI  - Catheter failure rates and time course with epidural versus combined spinal
      epidural analgesia in labor.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The combined spinal-epidural technique for labor analgesia has
      several advantages over the traditional epidural technique, including faster
      onset, greater maternal satisfaction, and decreased need for physician boluses.
      Proponents of the epidural technique criticize the combined spinal-epidural
      technique, arguing that the epidural catheter remains untested and thus may not
      be reliable if needed for surgical intervention. We compared failure rates and
      time of failure between techniques in our tertiary-care academic practice.
      METHODS: Data regarding failed catheters were collected from October 2012 to
      September 2014 as part of our Quality Assurance program. Failed catheters were
      defined as any catheter replaced after it was considered to be properly placed
      and then determined to be intravascular, one sided or resulting in poor maternal
      analgesia or anesthesia. RESULTS: A total of 5487 analgesics were performed (3980
      combined spinal-epidural; 1507 epidural). Eighty-five combined spinal-epidural
      catheters (2.1%) and 59 epidural catheters (3.9%) were replaced during labor
      (P<0.001). Mean time to replacement was 512+/-422min and 354+/-300min for the
      combined spinal-epidural (n=80) and epidural (n=57) groups, respectively
      (P=0.02). Median time to replacement was 398 [IQR 131-578] min and 281 [IQR 186
      767] min for combined spinal-epidural and epidural groups, respectively
      (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: We were able to demonstrate that catheters placed using a
      combined spinal-epidural technique were less likely to fail during labor and that
      the time to detection of a failed catheter was significantly longer in the
      combined spinal-epidural group. Our findings validate the combined spinal
      epidural technique as reliable for labor analgesia and tend to refute the theory
      of the untested catheter.

PMID- 26971651
TI  - Hematomyelia after spinal anesthesia due to incorrect interspace identification
      using Tuffier's line in a pregnant woman at term.

PMID- 26971652
TI  - Cytokines in the perinatal period - Part II.
AB  - A contemporary, robust immunologic explanation for common obstetric conditions
      remains elusive; why some pregnant women are more susceptible to developing
      preeclampsia or preterm labor is not completely understood. We explore the
      immunology behind four important and commonly encountered pregnancy-related
      conditions: preeclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labor and gestational
      diabetes. For each condition, we summarize the current understanding of cytokines
      implicated in the pathogenesis, discuss the impact of anesthesia and analgesia on
      selected cytokine profiles, and suggest potential opportunities for clinical and
      research interventions. 

PMID- 26971653
TI  - The changing US health-care landscape: opportunities and challenges.

PMID- 26971654
TI  - Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classifications.

PMID- 26971655
TI  - Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classifications.

PMID- 26971656
TI  - Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classifications - Authors' reply.

PMID- 26971657
TI  - South Africa: stroke units out of the blue.

PMID- 26971658
TI  - Philip B Gorelick: changing neurological practice in the USA.

PMID- 26971659
TI  - Cruveilhier versus Charcot.

PMID- 26971660
TI  - Michael Privitera.

PMID- 26971662
TI  - Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: diagnosis, management,
      and the need for neuroprotective interventions.
AB  - Idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (IRBD) manifests as
      unpleasant dreams and vigorous behaviours during REM sleep that can result in
      injuries. Patients with IRBD have no known neurological diseases or motor or
      cognitive complaints; however, this sleep disorder is not harmless. In most
      cases, IRBD is the prelude of the synucleinopathies Parkinson's disease, dementia
      with Lewy bodies, or, less frequently, multiple system atrophy. Patients can show
      abnormalities that are characteristic of the synucleinopathies, and longitudinal
      follow-up shows that most patients develop parkinsonism and cognitive impairments
      with time. Thus, diagnosis of IRBD needs to be accurate and involves informing
      the patient of the risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease. It is
      extraordinary for a sleep disorder to precede the full expression of a
      neurodegenerative disease, which renders IRBD of particular interest in studies
      of the prodromal stage of the synucleinopathies, and in the development of
      neuroprotective interventions to stop or slow neurodegenerative deterioration
      before motor and cognitive symptomatology emerges. Such therapeutics do not
      currently exist, and thus represent an unmet need in IRBD. 

PMID- 26971663
TI  - Adaptation of neurological practice and policy to a changing US health-care
      landscape.
AB  - Health care in the USA is undergoing a drastic transformation under the Patient
      Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care
      Act is driving major health-care policy changes by connecting payment for
      traditional health-care services to value-based care initiatives and emphasising
      population health and innovative mechanisms to deliver care. Under the Patient
      Protection and Affordable Care Act, neurological practice will need to adapt and
      transform. Therefore, neurological policy should consider employing a new
      framework for neurological residency training, developing interdisciplinary team
      approaches to neurological subspecialty care, and strengthening the primary care
      neurological specialty care interface to avoid redundancies and other medical
      waste. Additionally, neurological policy will need to support a more robust
      review of diagnostic and care pathway use to reduce avoidable expenditures, and
      test and implement bundled payments for key neurological diagnoses. In view of an
      anticipated 19% shortage of US neurologists in the next 10 years, development of
      new neurological policy under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is
      paramount. 

PMID- 26971665
TI  - The functional response of alginate-gelatin-nanocrystalline cellulose injectable
      hydrogels toward delivery of cells and bioactive molecules.
AB  - Hybrid injectable hydrogels comprising of alginate, gelatin, and nanocrystalline
      cellulose (NCC) were conceived and processed through adaptation of
      interpenetrated network of alginate-gelatin, ionic crosslinking of alginate, and
      supramolecular interaction approach. The design of hybrid hydrogels was based on
      the hypothesis that it provides an environment that is favorable for cell
      proliferation, exchange of nutrients via porous structure, and are characterized
      by mechanical properties that closely resemble the native tissue. This aspect is
      important for the delivery of cells or biomolecules in bone tissue engineering.
      The hybrid hydrogels exhibited moderate swelling behavior on formation, and the
      porous structure of hydrogels as imaged via SEM was envisaged to facilitate easy
      migration of cells and rapid transportation of biomolecules. The hybrid hydrogels
      exhibited desired mechanical properties and were biocompatible as confirmed
      though MTT assay of fibroblasts. Interestingly, osteoblasts cultured within
      hydrogel using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 demonstrated the capability for
      encapsulation of cells and induced cell differentiation. The nanocrystalline
      cellulose significant impacted degradation and interaction between hydrogels and
      cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The study fundamentally explores a hypothesis
      driven novel hybrid hydrogel that provides an environment for favorable growth
      and proliferation of cells, exchange of nutrients and mechanical properties that
      closely match the native tissue.

PMID- 26971666
TI  - Biomineralization on the wavy substrate: Shape transition of nacreous tablets
      from pyramids of amorphous nanoparticles to dome-capped prisms of single
      crystals.
AB  - Nacre has long served as a model for understanding the biomineralization process
      and designing bio-inspired materials. However, our current knowledge about nacre
      is essentially based on the investigation of the flat nacre, where its building
      blocks, the aragonite tablets, grow on the flat substrate. Here, using field
      emission scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we
      investigate a new type of nacre, where the tablets grow on the wavy substrate. We
      first show that: (1) with growth, the tablet undergoes a shape transition from a
      pyramid to a frustum and finally to a dome-capped prism; (2) the shape transition
      occurs earlier at the downslope side of the tablet than at the upslope due to the
      slope effect; and (3) the shape of the top and base facet of the mature tablet
      depends on that of the substrate surface. In addition, we report that the tablet
      initially consists of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles, which
      gradually transforms into a single crystal of aragonite with time. Finally, we
      propose that the shape transition is induced by the crystal lattice mismatch
      between the tablet and substrate. We conclude that the topography and strain of
      the substrate play key roles in the biomineralization process of nacre. STATEMENT
      OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nacre is the iridescent inner lining of many mollusk shells,
      consisting of more than 95wt% aragonite tablets and minor biopolymers. Owing to
      its superior mechanical properties, nacre has been extensively studied. However,
      nearly all previous works focused on the flat tablets. Here, we focus on the
      curved tablets grown on the wavy substrate. The main finding is that the
      topography and strain of the substrate play key roles in the growth process of
      the tablets. They not only induce the shape transition of the tablets from
      pyramids to dome-capped prisms, but also control the final shape of the tablets.
      The finding advances our understanding of the biomineralization process of nacre.

PMID- 26971664
TI  - Dentin regeneration by stem cells of apical papilla on injectable nanofibrous
      microspheres and stimulated by controlled BMP-2 release.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PLLA nanofibrous
      microspheres (NF-MS) as a cell delivery carrier in combination with controlled
      release of BMP-2 from PLGA microspheres on the induction of odontogenic
      differentiation of human stem cells of apical papilla (SCAP). Injectable NF-MS,
      which mimic the physical architecture of collagen fibers on the nano scale, were
      fabricated by combining thermally-induced phase separation techniques with an
      emulsification process. SCAP cultured in a monolayer or cultured on NF-MS in
      spinner flasks were treated with 100ng/ml BMP-2 in vitro. Odontogenic
      differentiation was characterized by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity,
      odontogenic gene expression levels, calcium content, and dentin
      sialophosphoprotein accumulation. The results demonstrated that BMP-2 enhanced
      human SCAP odontogenic differentiation both in monolayer culture and on 3D NF-MS
      in spinner flask culture in vitro. We also developed and tested a system
      combining NF-MS with controlled BMP-2 release for dentin regeneration in vivo.
      The results indicate that controlled release of BMP-2 promoted more
      mineralization and osteodentin formation compared to a BSA-releasing control in a
      dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In summary, the NF-MS combined with
      controlled release of BMP-2 provides an excellent microenvironment for SCAP to
      regenerate dentin tissue. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tooth lesion and loss affect
      masticatory efficiency, speaking function, facial aesthetics and even
      psychological health. Current treatments depend on "inert" restorative materials,
      which do not have the healing capacity and may lead to the failure of the
      restorations over a long term. The aim of this study was to develop an injectable
      biomaterial and desired growth factor delivery system to support stem cells for
      mineralized dental tissue regeneration. The study showed that novel injectable
      and biodegradable nanofibrous microspheres and controlled release of BMP-2
      synergistically induce the odontogenic differentiation of human stem cells from
      the apical papilla and mineralized tissue regeneration, demonstrating the
      potential of living dental tissue repair.

PMID- 26971667
TI  - 3D extracellular matrix interactions modulate tumour cell growth, invasion and
      angiogenesis in engineered tumour microenvironments.
AB  - Interactions between tumour cells and extracellular matrix proteins of the tumour
      microenvironment play crucial roles in cancer progression. So far, however, there
      are only a few experimental platforms available that allow us to study these
      interactions systematically in a mechanically defined three-dimensional (3D)
      context. Here, we have studied the effect of integrin binding motifs found within
      common extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on 3D breast (MCF-7) and prostate (PC
      3, LNCaP) cancer cell cultures, and co-cultures with endothelial and mesenchymal
      stromal cells. For this purpose, matrix metalloproteinase-degradable biohybrid
      poly(ethylene) glycol-heparin hydrogels were decorated with the peptide motifs
      RGD, GFOGER (collagen I), or IKVAV (laminin-111). Over 14days, cancer spheroids
      of 100-200MUm formed. While the morphology of poorly invasive MCF-7 and LNCaP
      cells was not modulated by any of the peptide motifs, the aggressive PC-3 cells
      exhibited an invasive morphology when cultured in hydrogels comprising IKVAV and
      GFOGER motifs compared to RGD motifs or nonfunctionalised controls. PC-3 (but not
      MCF-7 and LNCaP) cell growth and endothelial cell infiltration were also
      significantly enhanced in IKVAV and GFOGER presenting gels. Taken together, we
      have established a 3D culture model that allows for dissecting the effect of
      biochemical cues on processes relevant to early cancer progression. These
      findings provide a basis for more mechanistic studies that may further advance
      our understanding of how ECM modulates cancer cell invasion and how to ultimately
      interfere with this process. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Threedimensional in vitro
      cancer models have generated great interest over the past decade. However, most
      models are not suitable to systematically study the effects of environmental cues
      on cancer development and progression. To overcome this limitation, we have
      developed an innovative hydrogel platform to study the interactions between
      breast and prostate cancer cells and extracellular matrix ligands relevant to the
      tumour microenvironment. Our results show that hydrogels with laminin- and
      collagen-derived adhesive peptides induce a malignant phenotype in a cell-line
      specific manner. Thus, we have identified a method to control the incorporation
      of biochemical cues within a three dimensional culture model and anticipate that
      it will help us in better understanding the effects of the tumour
      microenvironment on cancer progression.

PMID- 26971668
TI  - Genetic determinants for enhanced glycerol growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae generally shows a low natural capability to
      utilize glycerol as the sole source of carbon, particularly when synthetic medium
      is used and complex supplements are omitted. Nevertheless, wild type isolates
      have been identified that show a moderate growth under these conditions. In the
      current study we made use of intraspecies diversity to identify targets suitable
      for reverse metabolic engineering of the non-growing laboratory strain CEN.PK113
      1A. A genome-wide genetic mapping experiment using pooled-segregant whole-genome
      sequence analysis was conducted, and one major and several minor genetic loci
      were identified responsible for the superior glycerol growth phenotype of the
      previously selected S. cerevisiae strain CBS 6412-13A. Downscaling of the major
      locus by fine-mapping and reciprocal hemizygosity analysis allowed the parallel
      identification of two superior alleles (UBR2CBS 6412-13A and SSK1CBS 6412-13A).
      These alleles together with the previously identified GUT1CBS 6412-13A allele
      were used to replace the corresponding alleles in the strain CEN.PK113-1A. In
      this way, glycerol growth could be established reaching a maximum specific growth
      rate of 0.08h(-1). Further improvement to a maximum specific growth rate of
      0.11h(-1) could be achieved by heterologous expression of the glycerol
      facilitator FPS1 from Cyberlindnera jadinii.

PMID- 26971669
TI  - Acetone production with metabolically engineered strains of Acetobacterium
      woodii.
AB  - Expected depletion of oil and fossil resources urges the development of new
      alternative routes for the production of bulk chemicals and fuels beyond
      petroleum resources. In this study, the clostridial acetone pathway was used for
      the formation of acetone in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii. The
      acetone production operon (APO) containing the genes thlA (encoding thiolase A),
      ctfA/ctfB (encoding CoA transferase), and adc (encoding acetoacetate
      decarboxylase) from Clostridium acetobutylicum were cloned under the control of
      the thlA promoter into four vectors having different replicons for Gram-positives
      (pIP404, pBP1, pCB102, and pCD6). Stable replication was observed for all
      constructs. A. woodii [pJIR_actthlA] achieved the maximal acetone concentration
      under autotrophic conditions (15.2+/-3.4mM). Promoter sequences of the genes ackA
      from A. woodii and pta-ack from C. ljungdahlii were determined by primer
      extension (PEX) and cloned upstream of the APO. The highest acetone production in
      recombinant A. woodii cells was achieved using the promoters PthlA and Ppta-ack.
      Batch fermentations using A. woodii [pMTL84151_actthlA] in a bioreactor revealed
      that acetate concentration had an effect on the acetone production, due to the
      high Km value of the CoA transferase. In order to establish consistent acetate
      concentration within the bioreactor and to increase biomass, a continuous
      fermentation process for A. woodii was developed. Thus, acetone productivity of
      the strain A. woodii [pMTL84151_actthlA] was increased from 1.2mgL(-1)h(-1) in
      bottle fermentation to 26.4mgL(-1)h(-1) in continuous gas fermentation.

PMID- 26971670
TI  - Patterns of Sacral Sparing Components on Neurologic Recovery in Newly Injured
      Persons With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the patterns of sacral sparing and recovery in newly injured
      persons with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis
      of data from the national Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) database for
      patients enrolled from January 2011 to February 2015. SETTING: SCIMS centers.
      PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=1738; age >=16y) with traumatic SCI admitted to
      rehabilitation within 30 days after injury with follow-up at discharge, at 1
      year, or both. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
      examination results at admission and follow-up (discharge or 1y, or both).
      RESULTS: Conversion from an initial American Spinal Injury Association Impairment
      Scale (AIS) grade A to incomplete status was 20% at rehabilitation discharge and
      27.8% at 1 year, and was greater in cervical and low paraplegia levels (T10 and
      below) than in high paraplegia level injuries (T1-9). Conversion from AIS B to
      motor incomplete was 33.9% at discharge and 53.6% at 1 year, and the initial
      sparing of all sacral sensory components was correlated with the greatest
      conversion to motor incomplete status at discharge and at 1 year. For patients
      with initial AIS C, the presence of voluntary anal contraction (VAC) in
      association with other sacral sparing was most frequently observed to improve to
      AIS D status at discharge. However, the presence of VAC alone as the initial
      sacral sparing component had the poorest prognosis for recovery to AIS D status.
      At follow-up, regaining sacral sparing components correlated with improvement in
      conversion for patients with initial AIS B and C. CONCLUSIONS: The components of
      initial and follow-up sacral sparing indicated differential patterns of
      neurologic outcome in persons with traumatic SCI. The more sacral components
      initially spared, the greater the potential for recovery; and the more sacral
      components gained, the greater the chance of motor recovery. Consideration of
      whether VAC should remain a diagnostic criterion sufficient for motor incomplete
      classification in the absence of other qualifying sublesional motor sparing is
      recommended.

PMID- 26971671
TI  - Improving Power and Sample Size Calculation in Rehabilitation Trial Reports: A
      Methodological Assessment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the reporting of sample size calculation in
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on rehabilitation interventions for
      mechanical low back pain. DATA SOURCES: The Cochrane Database of Systematic
      Reviews was searched through February 2015. STUDY SELECTION: We conducted an
      electronic database search for RCTs published from January 1, 1968 to February
      28, 2015 and included in the Cochrane Systematic Reviews. DATA EXTRACTION: Two
      investigators independently used an ad hoc 6-item checklist derived from the
      Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement
      recommendations to extract data on sample size calculation. The primary outcome
      was the proportion of RCTs that reported sample size calculation; the secondary
      outcome was the completeness of sample size analysis reporting. We also evaluated
      improvement in reporting of sample size calculation over time. DATA SYNTHESIS:
      Sample size calculation was reported in 80 (36.0%) of the 222 eligible RCTs
      included in 14 Cochrane Systematic Reviews. Only 13 (16.3%) of these RCT reports
      gave a complete description, and about half reported >=4 of the 6 elements of
      sample size calculation (median, 4; interquartile range, 3-5). Completeness of
      reporting of sample size calculation improved from 1968 to 2013; since 2005, the
      number of RCTs reporting sample size calculation has increased compared with the
      number of RCTs not reporting it. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvement, reporting of
      sample size calculation and power analysis remains inadequate, limiting the
      reader's ability to assess the quality and accuracy of rehabilitation studies.

PMID- 26971672
TI  - Latent Trigger Points: What Are the Underlying Predictors?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors predicting the presence and number of latent
      trigger points (LTrPs) in healthy individuals. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
      SETTING: Local faculty of health sciences. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy individuals
      (N=242) were divided into 2 groups: group 1, those without LTrPs (n=68); and
      group 2, those with LTrPs (n=174). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Disability was assessed using the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and
      Hand questionnaire and the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Psychological factors
      were evaluated using the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory,
      the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Quality of
      life was evaluated using the Short-Form-12; smoking habits were determined with
      questions about current smoking status; and pain level was assessed using the
      visual analog scale. The LTrP assessment was made with a pinching movement or
      flat palpation bilaterally. RESULTS: By using a hierarchical regression model, we
      entered age, depression, and pain level into the first block, which explained a
      significant amount of variance in the presence and number of LTrPs (R(2)=.041;
      P=.033 and R(2)=.197; P<.001, respectively). Pain level contributed independently
      the presence of LTrPs, whereas age and pain level predicted the number of LTrPs
      (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that pain and age were significant
      predictors of the number of LTrPs, but only pain predicted the presence of LTrPs
      in healthy individuals.

PMID- 26971675
TI  - Oriented-assembly of hollow FePt nanochains with tunable catalytic and magnetic
      properties.
AB  - Hollow nanoparticles with large surface areas exhibit a lot of advantages for
      applications such as catalysis and energy storage. Furthermore, their performance
      can be manipulated by their deliberate assemblies. Dispersive hollow FePt
      nanospheres have been assembled into one-dimensional hollow FePt nanochains under
      the magnetic fields at room temperature. Based on the activation of galvanic
      replacement at different reaction stages, the size of hollow FePt nanochains can
      be deliberately manipulated varying from 20 nm to 300 nm, together with the
      length changing from 200 nm to 10 MUm. The competition between movement of
      paramagnetic Fe(3+) ions and shape recovering due to thermal fluctuations plays a
      critical effect on the structure of contact area between hollow nanospheres,
      leading to perforative structures. Compared with commercial Pt/C, well aligned
      hollow FePt nanochains show greatly enhanced catalytic activities in the methanol
      oxidation reaction (MOR) due to more favorable mass flow. Magnetic measurements
      indicate that the magnetic properties including Curie temperature and saturation
      magnetization can be tuned by the control of the size and shape of hollow
      nanochains. 

PMID- 26971674
TI  - [Cost comparison of open and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in treatment of
      renal tumor].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy rapidly took on among
      urologists, even though studies showing its superiority over other techniques are
      still scarce and its costs hard to evaluate, especially in the French medical
      system. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost overrun of robot-assisted partial
      nephrectomy compared to that of open partial nephrectomy. EQUIPMENT AND METHODS:
      From January 2010 to December 2013, 77 patients underwent a partial nephrectomy,
      46 of which by robot-assisted laparoscopy and the remaining 31 by lombotomy. The
      two groups were similar in composition. Economic data regarding the staff, the
      consumables and the premises involved have been analyzed. RESULTS: Costs are
      significantly higher in the NPR group (9253.21 euros vs. 7448.42 euros) due to
      higher consumable expenses as well as the costs pertaining to the amortization
      and maintenance of the robot. Yet, that difference tends to diminish as the
      duration of the experiment increases. No significant difference was found in warm
      ischemia times, operation duration and renal function a month after the
      operation. On the other hand, patients from the NPR group spent a significantly
      smaller amount of time in recovery room (159 minutes vs. 205 minutes, P=0.004),
      presented fewer complications and were discharged faster (6.1 days vs. 8.1 days,
      P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: To be profitable for the hospital in the French GHS system,
      robot-assisted partial nephrectomy must take place in a complex where at least
      300 robot-assisted interventions are performed annually, in the framework of a
      hospitalization lasting four days or less, the use of a single needle holder and
      no systematic use of a haemostatic agent. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 26971673
TI  - Validation of putative reference genes for gene expression studies in heat
      stressed and alpha-MSH treated melanocyte cells of Bos indicus using real-time
      quantitative PCR.
AB  - Normalization of cellular mRNA data using internal reference gene (IRG) is an
      essential step in expression analysis studies. MIQE guidelines ensure that the
      choice and appropriateness of IRG should be validated for particular tissues or
      cell types and specific experimental designs. The objective of the present study
      was to assess 15 IRGs from different functional classes that could serve as best
      IRGs for Bos indicus (Tharparkar cattle) melanocyte cells under heat stress and
      hormonal treatment. We implemented the use of geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper
      algorithm to measure the stability of the gene transcript. A total of 15 IRGs
      (ACTB, BZM, EEF1, GAPDH, GTP, HMBS, HPRT, RPL22, RPL4, RPS15, RPS18, RPS23, RPS9,
      UBC and UXT) from different functional classes were evaluated. Pair wise
      comparisons using geNorm revealed that HPRT and RPS23 were the most stable
      combination of IRGs with M-value of 0.29 followed by UXT (0.30) and RPL4 (0.31).
      The NormFinder analysis also identified the same set of stably expressed genes
      (UXT, RPL4, RPS23 and HPRT); however, the rank order was little different. The
      UXT gene showed lowest crossing point SD and CV values of 0.30 and 1.17,
      respectively indicating its maximum expression stability through BestKeeper
      analysis. The present study indicated that, ACTB and HMB were not reliable IRGs
      for melanocytes cells on account of their lower expression stability. Current
      study further revealed that UXT, HPRT and RPS23 are the best IRGs for
      normalization of qPCR data in Bos indicus melanocyte cells under heat stress and
      hormonal treatment.

PMID- 26971676
TI  - Selenium status and risk of prostate cancer in a Danish population.
AB  - Low-Se status may be associated with a higher risk of notably advanced prostate
      cancer. In a Danish population with a relatively low Se intake, we investigated
      the association between pre-diagnostic Se status and (1) the risk of total,
      advanced and high-grade prostate cancer and (2) all-cause and prostate cancer
      specific mortality among men with prostate cancer. Within the Danish 'Diet,
      Cancer and Health' cohort, including 27 179 men, we identified 784 cases with
      incident prostate cancer through 2007. Each case was risk set-matched to one
      control. Two-thirds (n 525) of the cases had advanced disease at the time of
      diagnosis, and among these 170 had high-grade disease; 305 cases died (n 212 from
      prostate cancer) during follow-up through 2012. Plasma Se was not associated with
      total or advanced prostate cancer risk, but higher Se levels were associated with
      a lower risk of high-grade disease (HR 0.77; 95 % CI 0.64, 0.94; P=0.009). In
      survival analyses, a higher level of plasma Se was associated with a lower risk
      of all-cause (HR 0.92; 95 % CI 0.85, 1.00; P=0.04), but not prostate cancer
      specific mortality. Higher levels of selenoprotein P were associated with a lower
      risk of high-grade disease (HR 0.85; 95 % CI 0.74, 0.97; P=0.01), but not with
      the risk of or mortality from advanced prostate cancer. In conclusion, levels of
      plasma Se and selenoprotein P were not associated with the risk of total and
      advanced prostate cancer, but higher levels of these two biomarkers were
      associated with a lower risk of high-grade disease.

PMID- 26971677
TI  - Development of advanced therapies in Italy: Management models and sustainability
      in six Italian cell factories.
AB  - On November 10, 2014, the representatives of all six certified Good Manufacturing
      Practices (GMP) cell factories operating in the Lombardy Region of Italy convened
      a 1-day workshop in Milan titled "Management Models for the Development And
      Sustainability of Cell Factories: Public-Private Partnership?" The speakers and
      panelists addressed not only the many scientific, technological and cultural
      challenges faced by Lombardy Cell Factories, but also the potential impact of
      advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) on public health and the role played
      by translational research in this process. Future perspectives for research and
      development (R&D) and manufacturing processes in the field of regenerative
      medicine were discussed as well. This report summarizes the most important issues
      raised by the workshop participants with particular emphasis on strengths and
      limitations of the R&D and manufacturing processes for innovative therapeutics in
      Lombardy and what can be improved in this context while maintaining GMP
      standards. The participants highlighted several strategies to translate patient
      specific advanced therapeutics into scaled manufacturing products for clinical
      application. These included (i) the development of a synergistic interaction
      between public and private institutions, (ii) better integration with Italian
      regulatory agencies and (iii) the creation of a network among Lombardy cell
      factories and other Italian and European institutions. 

PMID- 26971678
TI  - Enhanced neuro-therapeutic potential of Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem
      cells in comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells culture.
AB  - Substantial inconsistencies in mesenchymal stem (stromal) cell (MSC) therapy
      reported in early translational and clinical studies may indicate need for
      selection of the proper cell population for any particular therapeutic purpose.
      In the present study we have examined stromal stem cells derived either from
      umbilical cord Wharton's Jelly (WJ-MSC) or bone marrow (BM-MSC) of adult, healthy
      donors. The cells characterized in accordance with the International Society for
      Cellular Therapy (ISCT) indications as well as other phenotypic and functional
      parameters have been compared under strictly controlled culture conditions. WJ
      MSC, in comparison with BM-MSC, exhibited a higher proliferation rate, a greater
      expansion capability being additionally stimulated under low-oxygen atmosphere,
      enhanced neurotrophic factors gene expression and spontaneous tendency toward a
      neural lineage differentiation commitment confirmed by protein and gene marker
      induction. Our data suggest that WJ-MSC may represent an example of immature-type
      "pre-MSC," where a substantial cellular component is embryonic-like, pluripotent
      derivatives with the default neural-like differentiation. These cells may
      contribute in different extents to nearly all classical MSC populations adversely
      correlated with the age of cell donors. Our data suggest that neuro-epithelial
      markers, like nestin, stage specific embryonic antigens-4 or alpha-smooth muscle
      actin expressions, may serve as useful indicators of MSC culture neuro
      regeneration-associated potency. 

PMID- 26971679
TI  - Isolation and trans-differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells into smooth
      muscle cells: Utility and applicability for cell-sheet engineering.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown
      potential to differentiate into various cell types, including smooth muscle cells
      (SMCs). The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents an appealing and readily
      available source of SMCs for use in tissue engineering. In this study, we
      hypothesized that the ECM could be used to induce MSC differentiation to SMCs for
      engineered cell-sheet construction. METHODS: Primary MSCs were isolated from the
      BM of Wistar rats, transferred and cultured on dishes coated with 3 different
      types of ECM: collagen type IV (Col IV), fibronectin (FN), and laminin (LM).
      Primary MSCs were also included as a control. The proportions of SMC (a smooth
      muscle actin [aSMA] and SM22a) and MSC markers were examined with flow cytometry
      and Western blotting, and cell proliferation rates were also quantified. RESULTS:
      Both FN and LM groups were able to induce differentiation of MSCs toward smooth
      muscle-like cell types, as evidenced by an increase in the proportion of SMC
      markers (aSMA; Col IV 42.3 +/- 6.9%, FN 65.1 +/- 6.5%, LM 59.3 +/- 7.0%, Control
      39.9 +/- 3.1%; P = 0.02, SM22; Col IV 56.0 +/- 7.7%, FN 74.2 +/- 6.7%, LM 60.4 +/
      8.7%, Control 44.9 +/- 3.6%) and a decrease in that of MSC markers (CD105: Col
      IV 64.0 +/- 5.2%, FN 57.6 +/- 4.0%, LM 60.3 +/- 7.0%, Control 85.3 +/- 4.2%; P =
      0.03). The LM group showed a decrease in overall cell proliferation, whereas FN
      and Col IV groups remained similar to control MSCs (Col IV, 9.0 +/- 2.3%; FN, 9.8
      +/- 2.5%; LM, 4.3 +/- 1.3%; Control, 9.8 +/- 2.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      indicate that ECM selection can guide differentiation of MSCs into the SMC
      lineage. Fibronectin preserved cellular proliferative capacity while yielding the
      highest proportion of differentiated SMCs, suggesting that FN-coated materials
      may be facilitate smooth muscle tissue engineering.

PMID- 26971680
TI  - Autologous mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: A
      Phase I pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation has immerged as
      promising therapeutic approach to treat spinal cord injury (SCI). In this pilot
      study, we investigated the safety of intrathecal injection of autologous bone
      marrow-derived MSCs in nine patients with SCI. METHODS: Patients with complete
      SCI at the thoracic level were divided into two groups: chronic (>6 months, group
      1) and sub-acute SCI (<6 months, group 2), according to time elapsed since
      injury. MSCs were isolated by density gradient separation of autologous bone
      marrow harvested from the iliac crest. Cells were cultured in a Good
      Manufacturing Practice-compliant facility to produce clinical scale dose. After
      quality control testing, MSCs were injected back to patients by intrathecal
      injection. Safety was defined as absence of adverse event and side effects after
      1 month after receiving the injection. RESULTS: Six patients had chronic SCI with
      a median duration of 33 months since date of injury (range: 10-55 months), and
      three patients were in sub-acute phase of disease. Each patient received two or
      three injections with a median of 1.2 * 10(6) MSCs/kg body weight. No treatment
      related adverse event was observed during median follow-up of 720 days (range:
      630-826 days) in group 1 and 366 days (range: 269-367 days) in group 2,
      respectively. DISCUSSION: This pilot study demonstrated that autologous MSCs can
      be safely administered through intrathecal injection in spinal cord injury
      patients. Further investigation through randomized, placebo-controlled trials is
      needed.

PMID- 26971681
TI  - Scalability and process transfer of mesenchymal stromal cell production from
      monolayer to microcarrier culture using human platelet lysate.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: The selection of medium and associated reagents for human
      mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) culture forms an integral part of manufacturing
      process development and must be suitable for multiple process scales and
      expansion technologies. METHODS: In this work, we have expanded BM-hMSCs in fetal
      bovine serum (FBS)- and human platelet lysate (HPL)-containing media in both a
      monolayer and a suspension-based microcarrier process. RESULTS: The introduction
      of HPL into the monolayer process increased the BM-hMSC growth rate at the first
      experimental passage by 0.049 day and 0.127/day for the two BM-hMSC donors
      compared with the FBS-based monolayer process. This increase in growth rate in
      HPL-containing medium was associated with an increase in the inter-donor
      consistency, with an inter-donor range of 0.406 cumulative population doublings
      after 18 days compared with 2.013 in FBS-containing medium. Identity and quality
      characteristics of the BM-hMSCs are also comparable between conditions in terms
      of colony-forming potential, osteogenic potential and expression of key genes
      during monolayer and post-harvest from microcarrier expansion. BM-hMSCs cultured
      on microcarriers in HPL-containing medium demonstrated a reduction in the initial
      lag phase for both BM-hMSC donors and an increased BM-hMSC yield after 6 days of
      culture to 1.20 +/- 0.17 * 10(5) and 1.02 +/- 0.005 * 10(5) cells/mL compared
      with 0.79 +/- 0.05 * 10(5) and 0.36 +/- 0.04 * 10(5) cells/mL in FBS-containing
      medium. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that HPL, compared with FBS
      containing medium, delivers increased growth and comparability across two BM-hMSC
      donors between monolayer and microcarrier culture, which will have key
      implications for process transfer during scale-up.

PMID- 26971683
TI  - One for all: A standardized protocol for ex vivo culture of limbal, conjunctival
      and oral mucosal epithelial cells into corneal lineage.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: Autologous transplantation of ex vivo cultured cells the
      treatment of choice for patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. The most
      commonly used cell sources for transplantation limbal, conjunctival or oral
      mucosal tissue. Protocols vary for culturing each tissue type, and there are no
      comparative studies on transplantation outcomes using these different culture
      techniques. To overcome this limitation, we devised a simple protocol that can
      uniformly promote growth and differentiation of cells from a limbal, conjunctival
      or oral mucosal biopsy into the corneal lineage. METHODS: Biopsies were cultured
      as explants on de-epithelialized human amniotic membrane in the presence of
      recombinant epidermal growth factor and insulin. Cultured cells were
      characterized using immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction for stem/progenitor markers (ABCG2 and P63alpha) and
      differentiation markers (CK3, CK12, CK4, CK13, CK15 and CONNEXIN 43).
      Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis was performed for ABCG2. RESULTS: The
      results revealed that cells of all three biopsies differentiated into the corneal
      lineage. Positivity of CK3/12, CK4, CK12 and CONNEXIN 43 immunostaining and the
      relative mRNA expression of CK3, CK4, CK12, CK13, CK15 and CONNEXIN 43 could be
      detected in the cultured biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike tissue-specific protocols,
      our protocol can unequivocally promote differentiation of cells from a limbal,
      conjunctival or oral mucosal biopsy into the corneal lineage. This simple
      standardized protocol can be adapted for ocular surface reconstruction using stem
      cell transplantation.

PMID- 26971682
TI  - Cardiopulmonary and histological characterization of an acute rat lung injury
      model demonstrating safety of mesenchymal stromal cell infusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: In the field of cellular therapy, potential cell entrapment in
      the lungs following intravenous administration in a compromised or injured
      pulmonary system is an important concern that requires further investigation. We
      developed a rat model of inflammatory and fibrotic lung disease to mimic the
      human clinical condition of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) and evaluate the
      safety of intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). This model
      was used to obtain appropriate safety information and functional characterization
      to support the translation of an ex vivo-generated cellular product into human
      clinical trials. To overcome spontaneous recovery and size limitations associated
      with current animal models, we used a novel multiple dose bleomycin strategy to
      induce lasting lung injury in rats. METHODS: Intratracheal instillation of
      bleomycin was administered to rats on multiple days. MSCs were intravenously
      infused 7 days apart. Detailed pulmonary function tests including forced
      expiratory volume, total lung capacity, and invasive hemodynamic measurements
      were conducted to define the representative disease model and monitor
      cardiopulmonary hemodynamic consequences of the cell infusion. Post-euthanasia
      assessments included a thorough evaluation of lung morphology and histopathology.
      RESULTS: The double dose bleomycin instillation regimen resulted in severe and
      irreversible lung injury and fibrosis. Cardiopulmonary physiological monitoring
      reveled that no adverse events could be attributed to the cell infusion process.
      DISCUSSION: Although our study did not show the infusion of MSCs to result in an
      improvement in lung function or rescue of damaged tissue this study does confirm
      the safety of MSC infusion into damaged lungs.

PMID- 26971684
TI  - Wound-healing markers after autologous and allogeneic epithelial-like stem cell
      treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: Several cytokines and growth factors play an essential role in
      skin regeneration and epithelial-like stem cells (EpSCs) have beneficial effects
      on wound healing in horses. However, there are no reports available on the
      expression of these growth factors and cytokines after EpSC therapy. METHODS:
      Wounds of 6 cm(2) were induced in the gluteus region of 6 horses and treated with
      (i) autologous EpSCs, (ii) allogeneic EpSCs, (iii) vehicle treatment or (iv)
      untreated control. Real time polymerase chain reaction was performed on tissue
      biopsies taken 1 and 5 weeks after these treatments to evaluate mRNA expression
      of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6, vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and
      epidermal keratin (eKER). RESULTS: One week after treatments, mRNA levels of IL-6
      (P = 0.012) and VEGF (P = 0.008) were higher in allogeneic EpSC-treated wounds
      compared with controls. Also, mRNA levels of IGF-1 were higher at 1 week in both
      autologous (P = 0.027) and allogeneic (P = 0.035) EpSC-treated wounds. At week 5,
      all EpSC- and vehicle-treated wounds demonstrated significantly higher IFN-gamma,
      VEGF and eKER mRNA expression compared with controls and compared with their
      respective levels at week 1. CONCLUSIONS: Equine wounds treated with allogeneic
      EpSCs demonstrate a significant increase in mRNA expression of IL-6, VEGF and IGF
      1 in the acute phase. In the longer term, an increase in IFN-gamma, VEGF and eKER
      mRNA was detected in the wounds treated with allogenic EpSCs, autologous EpSCs or
      their vehicle.

PMID- 26971685
TI  - Dendritic-tumor cell hybrids induce tumor-specific immune responses more
      effectively than the simple mixture of dendritic and tumor cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: Dendritic cell (DC)-tumor cell hybrids have been used clinically
      in cancer immunotherapy, but their advantage over the simple mixture of tumor
      cells and DCs is still a matter of controversy. In this study, we compared DC
      tumor cell hybrids with the non-fused mixture of DC and tumor cells directly in
      their ability to induce a specific immune response. METHODS: Hybrids were
      obtained by electrofusion of tumor cells and monocyte-derived DCs. Cell phenotype
      was evaluated by flow cytometry and antigen-presenting ability by co-culture with
      syngeneic T cells followed by tetramer analysis and interferon (IFN)-gamma
      ELISPOT. RESULTS: Less than half the cells in the mixture expressed DC co
      stimulatory molecules. Furthermore, DCs in the mixture had significantly lower
      expression of MHC class I molecules than DCs in the fusion. Conversely, nearly
      all CD11c(+)Her2/neu(+) hybrids expressed CD80, CD86, CD83, HLA-DR and MHC class
      I from both tumor cells and DCs. Using tumor cells constitutively expressing a
      cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen, we show that expansion of CMV-specific cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTLs) restricted by DCs' MHC class I molecules was higher when DC
      tumor hybrids were the stimulators. Furthermore, only hybrids stimulated CTLs to
      produce IFN-gamma in response to CMV-positive target cells. CONCLUSIONS: These
      data show the superiority of DC-tumor cell hybrids over their simple mixture as T
      cell stimulators. Hybrids expressed more co-stimulatory and MHC molecules,
      induced higher antigen-specific T-cell expansion and were the only cells able to
      induce IFN-gamma-producing antigen-specific T cells. Thus, these data offer
      further support for cancer immunotherapeutic approaches using DC-tumor cell
      hybrids.

PMID- 26971686
TI  - Augmented CD3(+)CD8(+) and CD3(+)CD56(-) cells in cytokine-induced killer cells
      cultured with engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement from heavily
      pretreated patients with solid tumor.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs) were shown to be a
      promising tool in the quest for new therapeutic approaches in the setting of
      metastatic solid tumors refractory to standard treatments. However, there is a
      practical clinical problem of different expansion rates and cell function as
      individual variability exists. Stimulatory molecular 4-1BB could promote division
      and survival of T cells and enhance effector activity including cytokine
      production. This study aimed to invest the contribution of co-stimulation signal
      to CIKs production for exploring new strategies, which increase the expansion and
      reliability of CIKs generation to improve access to CIKs therapy. METHODS: We
      studied the larger-scale expansion of CIKs cultured with engineered cells for
      costimulatory enhancement (ECCE) consisting of K562 cells that expressed 4-1BBL
      in heavily pretreated patients with solid tumor. The proliferation and cytotoxic
      capacity of CIKs were evaluated. Phenotypes of CIKs were analyzed using flow
      cytometry. Cytokine levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF)-alpha were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
      RESULTS: The proliferation and cytotoxic activity of CIKs were significantly up
      regulated by ECCE. The percentages of CD3(+)CD8(+) and CD3(+)CD56(-) CIKs were
      significantly increased while the percentage of CD3(+)CD56(+) CIKs was decreased.
      In addition, the secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by CIKs could also be
      enhanced significantly when ECCE were added into the culture system. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study suggests that ECCE may improve the efficacy of CIKs therapy and make
      CIKs therapy possible for the patients whose CIKs would be hard to be cultured
      using conventional methods.

PMID- 26971687
TI  - Absolute leukocyte count as an internal quality control for the CD34 cell
      enumeration assay.

PMID- 26971688
TI  - Airway lipoxin A4/formyl peptide receptor 2-lipoxin receptor levels in pediatric
      patients with severe asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lipoxins are biologically active eicosanoids with anti-inflammatory
      properties. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) signaling blocks asthmatic responses in human and
      experimental model systems. There is evidence that patients with respiratory
      diseases, including severe asthma (SA), display defective generation of lipoxin
      signals despite glucocorticoid therapy. OBJECTIVE: We investigated airway levels
      of formyl peptide receptor 2-lipoxin receptor (FPR2/ALXR), LXA4, and its
      counterregulatory compound, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), in patients with childhood
      asthma. We addressed the potential interplay of the LXA4-FPR2/ALXR axis and
      glucocorticoids in the resolution of inflammation. METHODS: We examined LXA4 and
      LTB4 concentrations in induced sputum supernatants from children with
      intermittent asthma (IA), children with SA, and healthy control (HC) children. In
      addition, we investigated FPR2/ALXR expression in induced sputum cells obtained
      from the study groups. Finally, we evaluated in vitro the molecular interaction
      between LXA4 and glucocorticoid receptor-based mechanisms. RESULTS: We found that
      children with SA have decreased LXA4 concentrations in induced sputum
      supernatants in comparison with children with IA. In contrast to decreases in
      LXA4 concentrations, LTB4 concentrations were increased in children with asthma
      independent of severity. LXA4 concentrations negatively correlated with LTB4
      concentrations and with exacerbation numbers in children with SA. FPR2/ALXR
      expression was reduced in induced sputum cells of children with SA compared with
      that seen in HC subjects and children with IA. Finally, we describe in vitro the
      existence of crosstalk between LXA4 and glucocorticoid receptor at the cytosolic
      level mediated by G protein-coupled FPR2/ALXR in peripheral blood granulocytes
      isolated from HC subjects, children with IA, and children with SA. CONCLUSION:
      Our findings provide evidence for defective LXA4 generation and FPR2/ALXR
      expression that, associated with increased LTB4, might be involved in a reduction
      in the ability of inhaled corticosteroids to impair control of airway
      inflammation in children with SA.

PMID- 26971689
TI  - Risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death in
      patients with atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 26971691
TI  - Chronic cat allergen exposure and low sensitization: Possible limitations in
      patient selection?

PMID- 26971690
TI  - Clonal expansion of CD4(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with IgG4-related
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic condition of unknown
      cause characterized by highly fibrotic lesions with dense lymphoplasmacytic
      infiltrates. CD4(+) T cells constitute the major inflammatory cell population in
      IgG4-RD lesions. OBJECTIVE: We used an unbiased approach to characterize CD4(+) T
      cell subsets in patients with IgG4-RD based on their clonal expansion and ability
      to infiltrate affected tissue sites. METHODS: We used flow cytometry to identify
      CD4(+) effector/memory T cells in a cohort of 101 patients with IgG4-RD. These
      expanded cells were characterized by means of gene expression analysis and flow
      cytometry. Next-generation sequencing of the T-cell receptor beta chain gene was
      performed on CD4(+)SLAMF7(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4(+)GATA3(+)
      TH2 cells in a subset of patients to identify their clonality. Tissue
      infiltration by specific T cells was examined by using quantitative multicolor
      imaging. RESULTS: CD4(+) effector/memory T cells with a cytolytic phenotype were
      expanded in patients with IgG4-RD. Next-generation sequencing revealed prominent
      clonal expansions of these CD4(+) CTLs but not CD4(+)GATA3(+) memory TH2 cells in
      patients with IgG4-RD. The dominant T cells infiltrating a range of inflamed IgG4
      RD tissue sites were clonally expanded CD4(+) CTLs that expressed SLAMF7,
      granzyme A, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta1. Clinical remission induced by rituximab
      mediated B-cell depletion was associated with a reduction in numbers of disease
      associated CD4(+) CTLs. CONCLUSIONS: IgG4-RD is prominently linked to clonally
      expanded IL-1beta- and TGF-beta1-secreting CD4(+) CTLs in both peripheral blood
      and inflammatory tissue lesions. These active, terminally differentiated,
      cytokine-secreting effector CD4(+) T cells are now linked to a human disease
      characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis.

PMID- 26971692
TI  - Vitamin D3 therapy in patients with asthma complicated by sinonasal disease:
      Secondary analysis of the Vitamin D Add-on Therapy Enhances Corticosteroid
      Responsiveness in Asthma trial.

PMID- 26971693
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26971695
TI  - Epidemiological investigation of the 119th confirmed Middle East Respiratory
      Syndrome coronavirus case with an indefinite mode of transmission during the
      Pyeongtaek outbreak in Korea.
AB  - Since the first case was diagnosed on May 20, 2015, there were 186 confirmed
      cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) until the end of outbreak in
      South Korea. Although medical institutions were the most identifiable sources of
      MERS transmission in South Korea, similar to other countries, in-depth
      epidemiological investigation was required for some confirmed cases with
      indefinite contact history or hospital visit records. The subject of
      epidemiological investigation in the present study was a 35 year-old male patient
      diagnosed with MERS (#119) who lived in Asan-city and worked in Pyeongtaek-city.
      Various potential sources of transmission were carefully investigated. While he
      could have been exposed to MERS through a friend from Saudi Arabia or confirmed
      MERS cases in his workplace, neighboring areas, and medical institutions, as well
      as contacts in his home, the chances of transmission were low; however, the
      potential for transmission through his local community could not be excluded.
      Practically, it was difficult to determine the modes of transmission for all
      outbreak cases in communicable disease that occurred in this short period of
      time. The investigation to identify the mode of transmission in this case was
      ultimately unsuccessful. However, the various data collected and analyzed to
      reveal modes of transmission provided detailed information that could not be
      collected using only interview surveys.

PMID- 26971694
TI  - Nicotine and Nicotine Abstinence Do Not Interfere with GABAA Receptor
      Neuroadaptations During Alcohol Abstinence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence and tobacco smoking are highly comorbid, and
      treating both conditions simultaneously is controversial. Previously, we showed
      that tobacco smoking interferes with GABAA receptor neuroadaptations during
      alcohol withdrawal in humans, while this effect did not occur with continued
      nicotine use during alcohol abstinence in nonhuman primates. Here, we extend our
      previous work by measuring GABAA receptor availability with positron emission
      tomography (PET) during drug abstinence in nonhuman primates exposed to alcohol
      alone, nicotine and alcohol together, and alcohol abstinence with continued
      nicotine exposure. METHODS: Twenty-four adolescent male rhesus macaques orally
      self-administered alcohol and nicotine, available separately in water and
      saccharin, over 20 weeks. The groups included alcohol alone (n = 8); nicotine and
      alcohol with simultaneous abstinence (n = 8); nicotine and alcohol with alcohol
      abstinence while nicotine was still available (n = 8); and a pilot group of
      animals consuming nicotine alone (n = 6). Animals were imaged with
      [(11)C]flumazenil PET to measure binding potential (BPND), an index of GABAA
      receptor availability. Imaging occurred at baseline (drug-naive), and following
      alcohol and/or nicotine cessation at 1 day, 8 days, and 12 weeks of abstinence.
      Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the time course of
      [(11)C]flumazenil BPND during alcohol abstinence across groups. RESULTS: Animals
      consumed 3.95 +/- 1.22 g/kg/d alcohol and 55.4 +/- 35.1 mg/kg/d nicotine. No
      significant group effects were observed in [(11)C]flumazenil BPND during alcohol
      abstinence; however, a main effect of time was detected. Post hoc analyses
      indicated that all groups abstaining from alcohol exhibited significantly
      increased GABAA receptor availability at 1 day and 8 days (but not 12 weeks) of
      abstinence relative to baseline, while no changes in [(11)C]flumazenil BPND
      during nicotine abstinence alone were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate
      that neither nicotine nor nicotine abstinence interferes with GABAA receptor
      neuroadaptations during alcohol withdrawal. This conclusion is consistent with
      our previous study and does not contradict the use of nicotine replacement
      therapies or non-nicotinic-acting pharmaceuticals to quit smoking during alcohol
      withdrawal from a GABAergic perspective.

PMID- 26971696
TI  - Ecological context of infant mortality in high-focus states of India.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This goal of this study was to shed light on the ecological context
      as a potential determinant of the infant mortality rate in nine high-focus states
      in India. METHODS: Data from the Annual Health Survey (2010-2011), the Census of
      India (2011), and the District Level Household and Facility Survey 3 (2007-08)
      were used in this study. In multiple regression analysis explanatory variable
      such as underdevelopment is measured by the non-working population, and income
      inequality, quantified as the proportion of households in the bottom wealth
      quintile. While, the trickle-down effect of education is measured by female
      literacy, and investment in health, as reflected by neonatal care facilities in
      primary health centres. RESULTS: A high spatial autocorrelation of district
      infant mortality rates was observed, and ecological factors were found to have a
      significant impact on district infant mortality rates. The result also revealed
      that non-working population and income inequality were found to have a negative
      effect on the district infant mortality rate. Additionally, female literacy and
      new-born care facilities were found to have an inverse association with the
      infant mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions at the community level can
      reduce district infant mortality rates.

PMID- 26971697
TI  - Incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer in Malaysia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This is the first study that estimates the incidence and mortality
      rate for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in Malaysia by sex and ethnicity.
      METHODS: The 4,501 patients were selected from National Cancer Patient Registry
      Colorectal Cancer data. Patient survival status was cross-checked with the
      National Registration Department. The age-standardised rate (ASR) was calculated
      as the proportion of CRC cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) from 2008 to
      2013, weighted by the age structure of the population, as determined by the
      Department of Statistics Malaysia and the World Health Organization world
      standard population distribution. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate for CRC was
      21.32 cases per 100,000. Those of Chinese ethnicity had the highest CRC incidence
      (27.35), followed by the Malay (18.95), and Indian (17.55) ethnicities. The ASR
      incidence rate of CRC was 1.33 times higher among males than females (24.16 and
      18.14 per 100,000, respectively). The 2011 (44.7%) CRC deaths were recorded. The
      overall ASR of mortality was 9.79 cases, with 11.85 among the Chinese, followed
      by 9.56 among the Malays and 7.08 among the Indians. The ASR of mortality was
      1.42 times higher among males (11.46) than females (8.05). CONCLUSIONS: CRC
      incidence and mortality is higher in males than females. Individuals of Chinese
      ethnicity have the highest incidence of CRC, followed by the Malay and Indian
      ethnicities. The same trends were observed for the age-standardised mortality
      rate.

PMID- 26971698
TI  - Predictors of job satisfaction and burnout among tuberculosis management nurses
      and physicians.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study examined job satisfaction, empowerment, job stress, and
      burnout among tuberculosis management nurses and physicians in public healthcare
      institutions. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study analyzing survey data
      collected from 249 nurses and 57 physicians in 105 public health centers, three
      public tuberculosis hospitals, and one tertiary hospital. The survey
      questionnaire comprised general characteristics, work-related characteristics,
      and four index scales (job satisfaction, empowerment, job stress, and burnout).
      The two-sample t-test was used to estimate the mean differences in the four index
      scales. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether general and
      work-related characteristics affected the four index scales. RESULTS: The job
      satisfaction and empowerment scores of the nurses were lower than those of the
      physicians. Except for the tuberculosis-specialized hospitals alone, the average
      job satisfaction scores of nurses were higher than those of physicians. Moreover,
      the nurses reported more job stress and burnout than did the physicians in
      tuberculosis departments in public healthcare institutions in Korea; in
      particular, the burnout reported by nurses was significantly higher than that
      reported by physicians at the National Medical Center. Marital status, nursing
      position, number of coworkers, the average number of days of overtime work per
      month, self-rated health, and hospital type were associated with the four index
      scales. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, nurses were more vulnerable to job stress and
      burnout than physicians. Reducing the workload of nurses by ensuring the presence
      of sufficient nursing staff and equipment, as well as by equipping facilities to
      prevent tuberculosis infections, should be considered priorities.

PMID- 26971699
TI  - Intragastric injection of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota suppressed spleen
      sympathetic activation by central corticotrophin-releasing factor or peripheral 2
      deoxy-d-glucose in anesthetized rats.
AB  - Intragastric (IG) administration of probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei Shirota
      (LcS) decreases the sympathetic nerve outflow of anesthetized rats in a tissue
      specific manner. In the present study, we examined the effects of IG
      administration of LcS on sympathetic activation induced by an
      intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF)
      and an intravenous (IV) injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) or interleukin (IL)
      1beta in urethane-anesthetized rats. The IG administration of LcS differently
      affected the stimulatory responses of sympathetic nerve outflow to CRF. LcS
      suppressed the increase in splenic sympathetic nerve activity (Spleen-SNA),
      induced by central CRF, in a dose-dependent manner; however, it did not alter
      adrenal sympathetic nervous activity (ASNA). In contrast, LcS did not affect
      spleen-SNA and ASNA following an IV injection of IL-1beta. On the other hand, IG
      administration of LcS suppressed the activation of ASNA following an IV injection
      of 2DG. These findings suggest that the suppression of central CRF-induced
      sympathetic activation by LcS is tissue-specific. Moreover, it can suppress the
      2DG-induced sympathetic activation. Furthermore, we found that stomach-specific
      vagotomy attenuates the suppressive effect of LcS on CRF-mediated spleen-SNA
      activation. Thus, the present study suggests that LcS administered to the stomach
      may act on the afferent vagal nerve and send afferent signals to the brain to
      regulate efferent SNA induced by sympathetic stimulators. 

PMID- 26971701
TI  - Dexamethasone loaded nanoparticles exert protective effects against Cisplatin
      induced hearing loss by systemic administration.
AB  - Ototoxicity is one of the most important adverse effects of cisplatin
      chemotherapy. As a common treatment of acute sensorineural hearing loss, systemic
      administration of steroids was demonstrated ineffective against cisplatin-induced
      hearing loss (CIHL) in published studies. The current study aimed to evaluate the
      potential protective effect of dexamethasone (DEX) encapsulated in
      polyethyleneglycol-coated polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles (DEX-NPs)
      against cisplatin-induced hearing loss following systemic administration. DEX was
      fabricated into PEG-PLA nanoparticles using emulsion and evaporation technique as
      previously reported. DEX or DEX-NPs was administered intraperitoneally to guinea
      pigs 1h before cisplatin administration. Auditory brainstem response (ABR)
      threshold shifts were measured at four frequencies (4, 8, 16, and 24kHz) 1 day
      before and three days after cisplatin injection. Cochlear morphology was examined
      to evaluate inner ear injury induced by cisplatin exposure. A single dose of DEX
      NPs 1h before cisplatin treatment resulted in a significant preservation of the
      functional and structural properties of the cochlea, which was equivalent to the
      effect of multidose (3 days) DEX injection. In contrast, no significant
      protective effect was observed by single dose injection of DEX. The results of
      histological examination of the cochleae were consistent with the functional
      measurements. In conclusion, a single dose DEX-NPs significantly attenuated
      cisplatin ototoxicity in guinea pigs after systemic administration at both
      histological and functional levels indicating the potential therapeutic benefits
      of these nanoparticles for enhancing the delivery of DEX in acute sensorineural
      hearing loss. 

PMID- 26971700
TI  - Distinct contributions of reactive oxygen species in amygdala to bee venom
      induced spontaneous pain-related behaviors.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, play
      essential roles in physiological plasticity and are also involved in the
      pathogenesis of persistent pain. Roles of peripheral and spinal ROS in pain have
      been well established, but much less is known about ROS in the amygdala, a brain
      region that plays an important role in pain modulation. The present study
      explored the contribution of ROS in the amygdala to bee venom (BV)-induced pain
      behaviors. Our data show that the amygdala is activated following subcutaneous BV
      injection into the left hindpaw, which is reflected in the increased number of c
      Fos positive cells in the central and basolateral amygdala nuclei in the right
      hemisphere. Stereotaxic administration of a ROS scavenger (tempol, 10mM), NADPH
      oxidase inhibitor (baicalein, 5mM) or lipoxygenase inhibitor (apocynin, 10mM)
      into the right amygdala attenuated the BV-induced spontaneous licking and lifting
      behaviors, but had no effect on BV-induced paw flinch reflexes. Our study
      provides further evidence for the involvement of the amygdala in nociceptive
      processing and pain behaviors, and that ROS in amygdala may be a potential target
      for treatment strategies to inhibit pain. 

PMID- 26971702
TI  - Propofol postsynaptically suppresses stellate neuron excitability in the
      entorhinal cortex by influencing the HCN and TREK-2 channels.
AB  - The entorhinal cortex (EC) provides a majority of the excitatory inputs to the
      hippocampus and is part of the neural circuitry that is involved in memory
      formation. Although many studies have investigated the effects of propofol in the
      hippocampus, the function of propofol in the EC remains unclear. Here, using
      whole-cell patch clamp recordings, we found that propofol induced a postsynaptic
      outward current and dramatically suppressed the firing rates in the entorhinal
      stellate neurons, the axons of which form the perforant pathway and relay the
      main inputs to hippocampus. Propofol-induced inhibition in the EC was mediated by
      a dual ionic mechanism, including both HCN channel inhibition and TREK-2 channel
      activation, which form a subtype of two-pore-domain K(+) channels. The inhibitory
      action of propofol observed in the EC might provide a mechanism for the
      anesthetic effect of propofol. Considering the crucial role of the EC in learning
      and memory, our findings may provide insight into the acute amnesic effect
      induced by propofol. 

PMID- 26971703
TI  - Neurotoxicity induced by alkyl nitrites: Impairment in learning/memory and motor
      coordination.
AB  - Although alkyl nitrites are used as recreational drugs, there is only little
      research data regarding their effects on the central nervous system including
      their neurotoxicity. This study investigated the neurotoxicity of three
      representative alkyl nitrites (isobutyl nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, and butyl
      nitrite), and whether it affected learning/memory function and motor coordination
      in rodents. Morris water maze test was performed in mice after administrating the
      mice with varying doses of the substances in two different injection schedules of
      memory acquisition and memory retention. A rota-rod test was then performed in
      rats. All tested alkyl nitrites lowered the rodents' capacity for learning and
      memory, as assessed by both the acquisition and retention tests. The results of
      the rota-rod test showed that isobutyl nitrite in particular impaired motor
      coordination in chronically treated rats. The mice chronically injected with
      isoamyl nitrite also showed impaired function, while butyl nitrite had no
      significant effect. The results of the water maze test suggest that alkyl
      nitrites may impair learning and memory. Additionally, isoamyl nitrite affected
      the rodents' motor coordination ability. Collectively, our findings suggest that
      alkyl nitrites may induce neurotoxicity, especially on the aspect of learning and
      memory function. 

PMID- 26971704
TI  - Functional nanomaterials for near-infrared-triggered cancer therapy.
AB  - The near-infrared (NIR) region (700-1100 nm) is the so-called transparency
      "therapeutic window" for biological applications owing to its deeper tissue
      penetration and minimal damage to healthy tissues. In recent years, various NIR
      based therapeutic and interventional strategies, such as NIR-triggered drug
      delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), are under
      research in intensive preclinical and clinical investigations for cancer
      treatment. The NIR control in these cancer therapy systems is considered crucial
      to boost local effective tumor suppression while minimizing side effects,
      resulting in improved therapeutic efficacy. Some researchers even predict the NIR
      triggered cancer therapy to be a new and exciting possibility for clinical
      nanomedicine applications. In this review, the rapid development of NIR light
      responsive cancer therapy based on various smartly designed nanocomposites for
      deep tumor treatments is introduced. In detail, the use of NIR-sensitive
      materials for chemotherapy, PTT as well as PDT is highlighted, and the associated
      challenges and potential solutions are discussed. The applications of NIR
      sensitive cancer therapy modalities summarized here can highlight their potential
      use as promising nanoagents for deep tumor therapy. 

PMID- 26971705
TI  - Mini review: ATP-dependent proteases in bacteria.
AB  - AAA(+) proteases are universal barrel-like and ATP-fueled machines preventing the
      accumulation of aberrant proteins and regulating the proteome according to the
      cellular demand. They are characterized by two separate operating units, the
      ATPase and peptidase domains. ATP-dependent unfolding and translocation of a
      substrate into the proteolytic chamber is followed by ATP-independent
      degradation. This review addresses the structure and function of bacterial AAA(+)
      proteases with a focus on the ATP-driven mechanisms and the coordinated movements
      in the complex mainly based on the knowledge of ClpXP. We conclude by discussing
      strategies how novel protease substrates can be trapped by mutated AAA(+)
      protease variants. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 505-517,
      2016. 

PMID- 26971706
TI  - Vertical segmental tetrapolar bioimpedance for excess body fat assessment in
      adolescents.

PMID- 26971708
TI  - Adsorption energy of small molecules on core-shell Fe@Au nanoparticles: tuning by
      shell thickness.
AB  - The adsorption of several small molecules on different gold surfaces, Au(001),
      strained Au(001) and Au(001) epitaxied on Fe(001), has been characterized using
      density functional theory. The surface strain leads to a less energetically
      favourable adsorption for all studied molecules. Moreover, the presence of the
      iron substrate induces an additional decrease of the binding energy, for 1 and 2
      Au monolayers. For carbon monoxide (CO), the structural and energetic variations
      with the number of Au monolayers deposited on Fe have been analyzed and
      correlated with the distance between the carbon atom and the gold surface. The
      effect of the subsurface layer has been evidenced for 1 and 2 monolayers. The
      other molecules show different quantitative behavior depending on the type of
      their interaction with the gold surface. However, the iron substrate weakens the
      interaction, either for the chemisorbed species or for the physisorbed species. 2
      Au monolayers seem to be the best compromise to decrease the reactivity of the
      gold surface towards adsorption while preventing the Fe oxidation. 

PMID- 26971707
TI  - Interactions of subglottal pressure and neuromuscular activation on fundamental
      frequency and intensity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Fundamental frequency (F0) and intensity sound pressure
      level (SPL) of voice are controlled by intrinsic laryngeal muscle (ILM)
      activation and subglottal pressure (Psub). Their interactions were investigated.
      METHODS: In an in vivo canine model, the thyroarytenoid (TA), lateral
      cricoarytenoid/interarytenoid (LCA/IA), and cricothyroid (CT) muscles were
      independently activated from threshold to maximal contraction by neuromuscular
      stimulation in various combinations, whereas airflow was increased to phonation
      onset pressure and beyond. The resultant acoustic output was analyzed for effects
      of Psub on vibratory stability, F0, and SPL. Muscle activation plots and vocal
      range profiles by individual ILM activation states were analyzed. RESULTS:
      Cricothyroid activation increased phonation onset F0, but vibration was less
      stable in high CT conditions and displayed vibratory mode change. In addition, a
      decrease in F0 with increased Psub was observed in high CT conditions. Intensity
      increased with Psub in all conditions, but the slope was greater at high CT, low
      TA/LCA/IA activations. Lateral cricoarytenoid/interarytenoid activation improved
      vocal efficiency. To maintain same F0 with increasing SPL (messa di voce), TA
      activation was decreased and LCA/IA activation was increased. The same F0 and SPL
      could be achieved with a variety of ILM activation combinations. CONCLUSION:
      Cricothyroid is primarily required for increasing F0, whereas TA can increase or
      decrease F0 and SPL. Lateral cricoarytenoid/interarytenoid activation likely
      maintains vocal fold adduction during increased Psub and improves vocal
      efficiency. This study also demonstrates laryngeal motor equivalence, the ability
      of the larynx to achieve the same target F0 and SPL with multiple combinations of
      ILM activation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A. Laryngoscope, 126:1123-1130, 2016.

PMID- 26971709
TI  - Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Phosphorylated Glycoprotein.
AB  - The majority of lysosomal enzymes are targeted to the lysosome by post
      translational tagging with N-glycans terminating in mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)
      residues. Some current enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) for lysosomal storage
      disorders are limited in their efficacy by the extent to which the recombinant
      enzymes bear the M6P-terminated glycans required for effective trafficking.
      Chemical synthesis was combined with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase)
      catalysis to allow the convergent synthesis of glycosyl amino acids bearing M6P
      residues. This approach can be extended to the remodeling of proteins, as
      exemplified by RNase. The powerful synergy of chemical synthesis and ENGase
      mediated biocatalysis enabled the first synthesis of a glycoprotein bearing M6P
      terminated N-glycans in which the glycans are attached to the peptide backbone by
      entirely natural linkages. 

PMID- 26971711
TI  - Microwave excitation of spin wave beams in thin ferromagnetic films.
AB  - An inherent element of research and applications in photonics is a beam of light.
      In magnonics, which is the magnetic counterpart of photonics, where spin waves
      are used instead of electromagnetic waves to transmit and process information,
      the lack of a beam source limits exploration. Here, we present an approach
      enabling generation of narrow spin wave beams in thin homogeneous nanosized
      ferromagnetic films by microwave current. We show that the desired beam-type
      behavior can be achieved with the aid of a properly designed coplanar waveguide
      transducer generating a nonuniform microwave magnetic field. We test this idea
      using micromagnetic simulations, confirming numerically that the resulting spin
      wave beams propagate over distances of several micrometers. The proposed approach
      requires neither inhomogeneity of the ferromagnetic film nor nonuniformity of the
      biasing magnetic field. It can be generalized to different magnetization
      configurations and yield multiple spin wave beams of different width at the same
      frequency. 

PMID- 26971712
TI  - Bacteriophages or bacteriovores - that is the question: variations on the theme
      of eating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.

PMID- 26971710
TI  - Modulation of anxiety and fear via distinct intrahippocampal circuits.
AB  - Recent findings indicate a high level of specialization at the level of
      microcircuits and cell populations within brain structures with regards to the
      control of fear and anxiety. The hippocampus, however, has been treated as a
      unitary structure in anxiety and fear research despite mounting evidence that
      different hippocampal subregions have specialized roles in other cognitive
      domains. Using novel cell-type- and region-specific conditional knockouts of the
      GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit, we demonstrate that inhibition of the principal
      neurons of the dentate gyrus or CA3 via alpha2-containing GABAA receptors
      (alpha2GABAARs) is required to suppress anxiety, while the inhibition of CA1
      pyramidal neurons is required to suppress fear responses. We further show that
      the diazepam-modulation of hippocampal theta activity shows certain parallels
      with our behavioral findings, suggesting a possible mechanism for the observed
      behavioral effects. Thus, our findings demonstrate a double dissociation in the
      regulation of anxiety versus fear by hippocampal microcircuitry. 

PMID- 26971713
TI  - Coexistence of charge and ferromagnetic order in fcc Fe.
AB  - Phase coexistence phenomena have been intensively studied in strongly correlated
      materials where several ordered states simultaneously occur or compete. Material
      properties critically depend on external parameters and boundary conditions,
      where tiny changes result in qualitatively different ground states. However, up
      to date, phase coexistence phenomena have exclusively been reported for complex
      compounds composed of multiple elements. Here we show that charge- and
      magnetically ordered states coexist in double-layer Fe/Rh(001). Scanning
      tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy measurements reveal periodic charge-order
      stripes below a temperature of 130 K. Close to liquid helium temperature, they
      are superimposed by ferromagnetic domains as observed by spin-polarized scanning
      tunnelling microscopy. Temperature-dependent measurements reveal a pronounced
      cross-talk between charge and spin order at the ferromagnetic ordering
      temperature about 70 K, which is successfully modelled within an effective
      Ginzburg-Landau ansatz including sixth-order terms. Our results show that subtle
      balance between structural modifications can lead to competing ordering
      phenomena.

PMID- 26971714
TI  - Effect of Parenteral Antioxidant Supplementation During the Dry Period on
      Postpartum Glucose Tolerance in Dairy Cows.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exacerbated postparturient insulin resistance (IR) has been
      associated with several pathologic conditions in dairy cattle. Oxidative stress
      (OS) plays a causative role in IR in humans, and an association, but not direct
      relationship, between OS and IR recently has been reported in transition dairy
      cattle. HYPOTHESIS: Supplementation with antioxidants shortly before calving
      improves glucose tolerance after parturition in dairy cattle. ANIMALS: Ten late
      pregnant Holstein cows entering their 2nd to 5th lactation. METHODS: Randomized
      placebo-controlled trial: 15 +/- 2 days before expected calving, the treatment
      group received an injection of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate at a dosage of 6 mg/kg
      body weight (BW) and 0.06 mg/kg BW of sodium selenite, and the control group was
      injected with isotonic saline. During the first week after calving, both groups
      underwent glucose tolerance testing (0.25 g glucose/kg BW). Commercial assays
      were used to quantify the concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty
      acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate, and markers of redox status in blood. Data
      were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Supplemented
      cows showed a lower risk for OS, as reflected by a lower OS index (P = .036),
      different areas under the curve for the concentrations of glucose (P < .01),
      insulin (P = .043), and NEFA (P = .041), more rapid elimination rates (P = .080,
      <.01 and .047 respectively), and shorter half-lives (P = .040, <.01 and .032) of
      these metabolites. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Supplementation with
      antioxidants before calving resulted in greater insulin sensitivity after
      calving, thereby suggesting the role of OS in the development of IR in cattle and
      the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation in minimizing the
      consequences of negative energy balance.

PMID- 26971715
TI  - Regulation of cell polarity determinants by the Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor
      protein.
AB  - In addition to their canonical roles in the cell cycle, RB family proteins
      regulate numerous developmental pathways, although the mechanisms remain obscure.
      We found that Drosophila Rbf1 associates with genes encoding components of the
      highly conserved apical-basal and planar cell polarity pathways, suggesting a
      possible regulatory role. Here, we show that depletion of Rbf1 in Drosophila
      tissues is indeed associated with polarity defects in the wing and eye. Key
      polarity genes aPKC, par6, vang, pk, and fmi are upregulated, and an aPKC
      mutation suppresses the Rbf1-induced phenotypes. RB control of cell polarity may
      be an evolutionarily conserved function, with important implications in cancer
      metastasis. 

PMID- 26971717
TI  - Quantum probability assignment limited by relativistic causality.
AB  - Quantum theory has nonlocal correlations, which bothered Einstein, but found to
      satisfy relativistic causality. Correlation for a shared quantum state manifests
      itself, in the standard quantum framework, by joint probability distributions
      that can be obtained by applying state reduction and probability assignment that
      is called Born rule. Quantum correlations, which show nonlocality when the shared
      state has an entanglement, can be changed if we apply different probability
      assignment rule. As a result, the amount of nonlocality in quantum correlation
      will be changed. The issue is whether the change of the rule of quantum
      probability assignment breaks relativistic causality. We have shown that Born
      rule on quantum measurement is derived by requiring relativistic causality
      condition. This shows how the relativistic causality limits the upper bound of
      quantum nonlocality through quantum probability assignment. 

PMID- 26971716
TI  - Update on the Management of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Focus
      on Rifaximin and Eluxadoline.
AB  - Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is one of the most common
      diagnoses made by gastroenterologists. Current pharmacologic treatments for IBS-D
      include fiber supplements, antidiarrheal over-the-counter medications,
      probiotics, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and a 5-hydroxytryptophan 3 receptor
      antagonist. All of these options have limited efficacy in managing IBS-D.
      Rifaximin, a nonabsorbable antibiotic, has been evaluated in patients with IBS-D.
      In two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trials evaluating
      rifaximin 550 mg by mouth 3 times/day for 14 days, the primary efficacy end point
      was achieved by 9% more patients randomized to the rifaximin group compared with
      placebo (40.7% vs 31.7%, p<0.001, number needed to treat ~11). The primary
      efficacy end point was defined as the proportion of patients having adequate
      relief of global IBS symptoms for at least 2 of the 4 weeks during the primary
      follow-up period (weeks 3-6). In the phase III trial examining the efficacy and
      safety of repeated courses of rifaximin in patients who responded to the initial
      2-week course, rifaximin given for up to two additional courses provided a
      statistically significant incremental benefit (33% vs 25%, p=0.02). Eluxadoline
      is a gut-targeting MU and kappa opioid receptor agonist and a delta opioid
      receptor antagonist. The dual mechanism of eluxadoline may explain the
      antidiarrheal and abdominal pain-modulating properties and lack of profound
      constipation. In two identically designed randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled phase III studies, 10.3% more patients in an eluxadoline 100 mg by
      mouth twice/day group met the primary efficacy end point during the follow-up 1
      12 week period compared with placebo (p<0.001). The primary efficacy end point
      was a composite response, defined as improvement in worst abdominal pain and
      stool consistency at the same time on most (50% or more) days during the follow
      up period. This review evaluates evidence for the use of rifaximin and
      eluxadoline in patients with IBS-D. Rifaximin provides an additional modality for
      the management of IBS-D patients; it has mild to moderate efficacy similar to
      other currently available treatment options. Rifaximin is relatively safe, lacks
      significant drug-drug interactions, and can be used for up to two additional
      retreatment courses. This may make rifaximin a possible initial or second-line
      treatment option. Eluxadoline can also offer relief to patients with IBS-D. While
      effective, because of several limitations, including drug-drug interactions and
      drug disease contraindications, as well as current lack of clinical experience,
      it may be tried as a second- or third-line agent. 

PMID- 26971718
TI  - Monitoring temporal opacity fluctuations of large structures with muon
      radiography: a calibration experiment using a water tower.
AB  - Usage of secondary cosmic muons to image the geological structures density
      distribution significantly developed during the past ten years. Recent
      applications demonstrate the method interest to monitor magma ascent and volcanic
      gas movements inside volcanoes. Muon radiography could be used to monitor density
      variations in aquifers and the critical zone in the near surface. However, the
      time resolution achievable by muon radiography monitoring remains poorly studied.
      It is biased by fluctuation sources exterior to the target, and statistically
      affected by the limited number of particles detected during the experiment. The
      present study documents these two issues within a simple and well constrained
      experimental context: a water tower. We use the data to discuss the influence of
      atmospheric variability that perturbs the signal, and propose correction formulas
      to extract the muon flux variations related to the water level changes.
      Statistical developments establish the feasibility domain of muon radiography
      monitoring as a function of target thickness (i.e. opacity). Objects with a
      thickness comprised between ~50 +/- 30 m water equivalent correspond to the best
      time resolution. Thinner objects have a degraded time resolution that strongly
      depends on the zenith angle, whereas thicker objects (like volcanoes) time
      resolution does not. 

PMID- 26971719
TI  - Influence of an embedded quantum dot on the Josephson effect in the topological
      superconducting junction with Majorana doublets.
AB  - One Majorana doublet can be realized at each end of the time-reversal-invariant
      Majorana nanowires. We investigate the Josephson effect in the Majorana-doublet
      presented junction modified by different inter-doublet coupling manners. It is
      found that when the Majorana doublets couple indirectly via a non-magnetic
      quantum dot, only the normal Josephson effect occurs, and the fermion parity in
      the system just affects the current direction and amplitude. However, one
      magnetic field applied on the dot can induce the fractional Josephson effect in
      the odd-parity case. Next if the direct and indirect couplings between the
      Majorana doublets coexist, no fractional Josephson effect takes place, regardless
      of the presence of magnetic field. Instead, there almost appears the pi-period
      like current in some special cases. All the results are clarified by analyzing
      the influence of the fermion occupation in the quantum dot on the parity
      conservation in the whole system. We ascertain that this work will be helpful for
      describing the dot-assisted Josephson effect between the Majorana doublets. 

PMID- 26971720
TI  - Intermediate divergence levels maximize the strength of structure-sequence
      correlations in enzymes and viral proteins.
AB  - Structural properties such as solvent accessibility and contact number predict
      site-specific sequence variability in many proteins. However, the strength and
      significance of these structure-sequence relationships vary widely among
      different proteins, with absolute correlation strengths ranging from 0 to 0.8. In
      particular, two recent works have made contradictory observations. Yeh et al.
      (Mol. Biol. Evol. 31:135-139, 2014) found that both relative solvent
      accessibility (RSA) and weighted contact number (WCN) are good predictors of
      sitewise evolutionary rate in enzymes, with WCN clearly out-performing RSA.
      Shahmoradi et al. (J. Mol. Evol. 79:130-142, 2014) considered these same
      predictors (as well as others) in viral proteins and found much weaker
      correlations and no clear advantage of WCN over RSA. Because these two studies
      had substantial methodological differences, however, a direct comparison of their
      results is not possible. Here, we reanalyze the datasets of the two studies with
      one uniform analysis pipeline, and we find that many apparent discrepancies
      between the two analyses can be attributed to the extent of sequence divergence
      in individual alignments. Specifically, the alignments of the enzyme dataset are
      much more diverged than those of the virus dataset, and proteins with higher
      divergence exhibit, on average, stronger structure-sequence correlations.
      However, the highest structure-sequence correlations are observed at intermediate
      divergence levels, where both highly conserved and highly variable sites are
      present in the same alignment.

PMID- 26971722
TI  - A Qualitative Study of Young Women's Beliefs About Intrauterine Devices: Fear of
      Infertility.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Approximately 80% of college-aged women are at risk of unintended
      pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends
      long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, including intrauterine
      devices (IUDs), as first-line pregnancy prevention for adolescents and young
      women. Yet, less than 5% of 15- to 19-year-old women using a method of
      contraception use LARC. Limited research explores young women's concerns about
      IUDs. METHODS: As part of a larger women's health research study, researchers
      conducted 53 in-depth interviews with women, aged 18 to 24 years enrolled in a
      midsized liberal arts college in the southeastern United States. Analytical
      techniques from the grounded theory approach were used to code line-by-line and
      identify themes emerging from these data. RESULTS: Fear of causing harm or
      infertility through IUD use emerged as a significant barrier to uptake. Negative
      and often unfounded beliefs about IUDs led to silence and limited observability
      of IUDs in daily life and health care contexts. Identity as a fertile woman
      emerged as an antecedent factor to the compatibility of IUDs with participants'
      values and beliefs. DISCUSSION: The link between fear of infertility and
      perceived identity was found to be a major factor in young women's contraceptive
      decision making. In order to increase uptake of IUDs, the beliefs of women must
      be addressed.

PMID- 26971723
TI  - Relationship between prior knowledge about herpes zoster and the period from
      onset of the eruption to consultation in patients with herpes zoster.
AB  - Herpes zoster (HZ) is a common internal infection caused by latent varicella
      zoster virus. Emergence of antiviral chemotherapy has changed the treatment of HZ
      dramatically, but the effects of such therapy are documented only in patients who
      started treatment within 72 h of HZ onset of the eruption. There have been few
      studies addressing the question of factors that determine early attendance of
      patients at a clinic. We questioned 256 patients with acute HZ about: (i) date
      from onset of the eruption to first clinic visit; and (ii) their prior knowledge
      of HZ. We found a tendency that patients who already knew about HZ had consulted
      dermatology clinics earlier (P < 0.05). People most commonly obtained information
      about the disease from friends and family members who had previously had HZ, but
      not from the Internet or other mass media. Our results indicate that patient
      education is important for early attendance at dermatology clinics, which in
      turn, should result in the improved outcome of antiviral chemotherapy and
      prevention of postherpetic neuralgia.

PMID- 26971724
TI  - Vertical distribution of major photosynthetic picoeukaryotic groups in stratified
      marine waters.
AB  - Photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) are fundamental contributors to oceanic
      primary production and form diverse communities dominated by prymnesiophytes,
      chlorophytes, pelagophytes and chrysophytes. Here, we studied the vertical
      distribution of these major groups in two offshore regions of the northern
      Iberian Peninsula during summer stratification. We performed a fine-scale
      vertical sampling (every ~2 m) across the DCM and used fluorescence in situ
      hybridization (FISH) to determine the PPE composition and to explore the possible
      segregation of target groups in the light, nutrient and temperature gradients.
      Chlorophytes, pelagophytes and prymnesiophytes, in this order of abundance,
      accounted for the total PPEs recorded by flow cytometry in the Aviles canyon, and
      for more than half in the Galicia Bank, whereas chrysophytes were undetected.
      Among the three detected groups, often the prymnesiophytes were dominant in
      biomass. In general, all groups were present throughout the water column with
      abundance peaks around the DCM, but their distributions differed: pelagophytes
      were located deeper than the other two groups, chlorophytes presented two peaks
      and prymnesiophytes exhibited surface abundances comparable to those at the DCM.
      This study offers first indications that the vertical distribution of different
      PPE groups is heterogeneous within the DCM.

PMID- 26971721
TI  - Rotation of nilotinib and imatinib for first-line treatment of chronic phase
      chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - The introduction of second-generation tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has
      generated a lively debate on the choice of first-line TKI in chronic phase,
      chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Despite the TKIs have different efficacy and
      toxicity profiles, the planned use of two TKIs has never been investigated. We
      report on a phase 2 study that was designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of a
      treatment alternating nilotinib and imatinib, in newly diagnosed BCR-ABL1
      positive, chronic phase, CML patients. One hundred twenty-three patients were
      enrolled. Median age was 56 years. The probabilities of achieving a complete
      cytogenetic response, a major molecular response, and a deep molecular response
      (MR 4.0) by 2 years were 93%, 87%, and 61%, respectively. The 5-year overall
      survival and progression-free survival were 89%. Response rates and survival are
      in the range of those reported with nilotinib alone. Moreover, we observed a
      relatively low rate of cardiovascular adverse events (5%). These data show that
      the different efficacy and toxicity profiles of TKIs could be favorably exploited
      by alternating their use. Am. J. Hematol. 91:617-622, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26971725
TI  - Lornoxicam-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis.

PMID- 26971726
TI  - Mining Cultures and Mary Cults: Where the Sacred and Profane Meet.
AB  - Our Lady of the Rockies (OLR) is a ninety-foot-tall statue of the Virgin Mary
      overlooking Butte, Montana, from its perch high atop the Continental Divide. In
      the popularized account, OLR is a uniquely local undertaking reflecting the
      community's character and pride. Yet OLR is far more than this, for it taps into
      a rich vein of cultural and spiritual tradition. As Mircea Eliade pointed out,
      the notion of the earth as female pervaded early Western civilizations. Mines
      were like the vagina of the earth, leading to the womb where metallic ores waxed
      like embryos. Accordingly, miners purified themselves through various rites to
      amend their violation. OLR began as a plan for a small, private altar. With the
      collapse of Butte's copper mining economy, unemployed miners rallied around the
      idea of building a major shrine to the Virgin Mary that would help restore the
      city's culture and economy. 

PMID- 26971727
TI  - Masculinity and Material Culture in Technological Transitions: From Letterpress
      to Offset Lithography, 1960s-1980s.
AB  - Between the 1960s and the 1980s the printing industry in advanced capitalist
      economies underwent dramatic technological change. While the transition from "hot
      metal" compositing to computerized typesetting has been extensively analyzed,
      there was another transformation occurring simultaneously: in the pressroom,
      letterpress was gradually replaced by offset lithography. Many letterpress
      machinists retrained, moving from a heavy, manual technology (with an entrenched
      patriarchal culture) to a method that was faster and less physically taxing.
      However, unlike their compositor counterparts, the press-machinists' transition
      involved a continuity of traditional masculine craft identities rather than a
      rupture associated with "deskilling." Intrinsic to this experience of
      technological change was a masculine embodiment that was attuned to and shaped by
      the materiality and aesthetics of printing technologies. This article establishes
      how masculine craft identities do not rely exclusively on skill-based mastery of
      traditional technologies, but also relate to other dimensions of technology, such
      as aesthetics, embodied "know-how," and the physicality of industrial machinery. 

PMID- 26971728
TI  - "When Does It Stop Being Peanut Butter?": FDA Food Standards of Identity, Ruth
      Desmond, and the Shifting Politics of Consumer Activism, 1960s-1970s.
AB  - This article uses a historical controversy over the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration's standard of identity for peanut butter as a site for
      investigating three topics of high importance for historians of technology,
      consumption, and food activism: how new industrial food-processing technologies
      have become regulatory problems; how government, industry, and consumer actors
      negotiate standards development; and how laypeople try to shape technological
      artifacts in spaces dominated by experts. It examines the trajectory of consumer
      activist Ruth Desmond, co-founder of the organization the Federation of
      Homemakers. By following Desmond's evolving strategies, the article shows how the
      broader currents of the 1960s-70s consumer movement played out in a particular
      case. Initially Desmond used a traditional style that heavily emphasized her
      gendered identity, working within a grassroots organization to promote
      legislative and regulatory reforms. Later, she moved to a more modern advocacy
      approach, using adversarial legal methods to fight for consumer protections. 

PMID- 26971729
TI  - Engineers Attack the "No. One Killer" in Coal Mining: The Bureau of Mines and the
      Promotion of Roof Bolting, 1947-1969.
AB  - In 1948 roof falls were the number one killer of coal miners in America. While
      the Bureau of Mines had been formed in 1910 to improve coalmine safety, it had
      largely focused on explosions, for which technological solutions appeared to
      exist. Roof falls, by contrast, were not amenable to a technical fix. Beginning
      in 1948, however, the Bureau discovered roof bolting, which it promoted as a
      safer technology that might yield dramatic benefits. The new approach spread
      rapidly, yet fatality rates from roof falls failed to decline for nearly two
      decades. This lag reflected the need for organizational learning, while companies
      also traded safety for productivity. Finally, only larger mines employed bolting
      and its impact was masked by a growth in the employment share of small companies.
      After 1965, as the expansion of small mines ended and organizational learning
      continued, fatality rates began a long decline. 

PMID- 26971730
TI  - Technology Commercialization as University Mission: Early Historical Developments
      at the University of Toronto.
AB  - Canadian universities are perceived as less vibrant and engaged generators of
      technologies with commercial value than their American counterparts, and such
      perceptions have driven science policy for decades. This paper shows that
      contrary to these prevailing views, Canada's largest university has a long
      history of experience in dealing with the technological gaps in national industry
      and in attempting to work with domestic firms. Three historical periods,
      particularly critical in shaping these interactions, are identified and
      discussed. By the time policy initiatives began emphasizing university-industry
      relationships, the university had already built essential organizational
      underpinnings for the commercialization of technologies. 

PMID- 26971731
TI  - Technical Experimentation in Ship Design during the Last Decades of the
      <i>Serenissima</i>: Gerolamo Maria Balbi's <i>Galea alla Ponentina</i>.
AB  - In 1744, the Venetian sea captain Gerolamo Maria Balbi (1693-1761) presented the
      Senate with a project to build a galea alla ponentina ("galley of Western
      design") that would join the Venetian fleet based in Corfu. The Senate approved
      Balbi's project hoping that the galley of new design would restore Venice's
      maritime reputation after the losses of the war against the Ottomans in 1718. The
      construction of the galley by the Venetian shipwright Giovan Battista Fausto
      lasted more than two years and was sent to Corfu in 1746. However, the newly
      built galley proved to be unseaworthy due to its faulty design and was sent back
      to Venice where it lay abandoned in the Arsenal until its dismissal in 1753. This
      article discusses Balbi's galley, which offers a unique glimpse into the
      technical experimentation in ship design in the Arsenal during the last decades
      of the Republic of Venice. 

PMID- 26971732
TI  - Awards.

PMID- 26971733
TI  - The Albuquerque Meeting, 8-11 October 2015.

PMID- 26971735
TI  - Digital Histories of Disasters: History of Technology through Social Media.

PMID- 26971734
TI  - Forty-second Symposium of the International Committee for the History of
      Technology and Fourth Meeting of the History of Electrical Technology: "History
      of High-Technologies and Their Socio-Cultural Contexts," Tel Aviv, Israel, 16-20
      August 2015.

PMID- 26971737
TI  - Het meten van psychomotorische vertraging bij depressie deel II.
AB  - This review (part I and II) contains an overview of the literature of the past
      fifteen years over psychomotor retardation in depressed patients, as measured by
      the following methods: observation scales (part I); observation, coding and
      analysis of specific nonverbal behaviour (part I); speech research (part I);
      (choice) reaction time tasks (part II); analysis of gross motor activity (part
      II); of fine motor behaviour (part II). In each section the results of the
      different studies are summarized and discussed, in order to answer the following
      questions: (a) did the depressed patients show any retardation?, (b) how did this
      retardation manifest itself?, (c) what was the nature of the retardation?, (d)
      were there any correlations with the results of other methods? and (e) what were
      the effects of antidepressive treatment? 

PMID- 26971738
TI  - Het cytochroom P450 enzymsysteem: wat is de relevantie voor de praktijk? Deel II,
      interacties.
AB  - In man a great interindividual variability exists in the oxidative capacity to
      metabolize drugs. A major factor contributing to this phenomenon is the
      genetically determined hydroxyla-tion-capacity of the cytochrome P450 enzyme
      system. The cytochrome P450 system comprises of several isozymes. For several
      isozymes (CYP2D6, CYP2C) a genetically based hydroxylation capacity has been
      demonstrated. A frequency distribution of the clearance shows a bimodal
      distribution with poor and extensive metabolizers. Applying standard dosing
      schemes of the drugs that are predominantly metabolised by these isozymes, a
      considerable number of patients will be intoxicated because of poor metabolism.
      In general, cytochrome P450 capacity is limited and substrate-affinity is high.
      Henceforth cytochrome P450 isozymes are likely targets for pharmacokinetic
      interactions. 

PMID- 26971739
TI  - Hersenveranderingen en 'sprongen' in de eerste 20 levensmaanden en de invloed van
      de context op gedragsmaten van regressieperioden.
AB  - Het idee dat er een koppeling te leggen valt tussen rijping van het zenuwstelsel
      en ontwikkelings-mijlpalen of -transities, zoals voor het eerst grijpen, kruipen
      of lopen, is onhoudbaar gebleken. Wel valt er een koppeling in de tijd te leggen
      tussen hersenveranderingen en regressieperioden zoals beschreven door Van de Rijt
      Plooij en Plooij (1992). De vraag hoe de regressieperioden zieh 'biologisch' en
      gedragsmatig manifesteren is daarom van belang. Dat blijkt minder eenvoudig te
      zijn dan men zou denken. De context blijkt van invloed te zijn. Daarover gaat dit
      artikel. De opzet van het artikel is als volgt. Eerst wordt de koppeling tussen
      hersenveranderingen en regressieperioden besproken. Dan wordt onze visie op de
      relatie tussen regressieperioden en ontwikkelingstransities of wel nieuwe
      vaardigheden toegelicht. Tenslotte wordt de invloed van de context op
      'biologische' en gedragsmaten van regressie beschreven. 

PMID- 26971736
TI  - Unmet needs among men with human immunodeficiency virus in community mental
      health care: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - While community-based mental health services play an important role in caring for
      persons with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and co-existing mental health
      disorders, the extent to which their support needs are addressed in this setting
      is unknown. Accordingly, we examined if HIV infection was associated with unmet
      support needs among men living with and without HIV receiving community mental
      health care. This cross-sectional study examined 215 men (135 living with HIV and
      80 without HIV) receiving case management services in urban Ontario. Using the
      Camberwell Assessment of Need, we ascertained the prevalence of support needs in
      13 domains grouped into three clusters: Basic needs (accommodation, food,
      benefits, and money management); self-care/functional needs (daytime activities,
      self-care, and looking after the home); and health/safety needs (physical,
      psychological distress, psychotic symptoms, safety to self, and safety to
      others). We used generalized estimating equations with a logit link to examine
      the association between HIV and unmet need in each domain. Compared to HIV
      negative men, men with HIV were more likely to have mood and concurrent
      disorders, and intellectual and developmental disabilities. Following
      multivariable analyses, men with HIV had greater unmet needs related to food
      (odds ratio + 95% confidence interval: 9.36 (4.03, 21.75), p < 0.001); money (OR:
      1.90 (1.04, 3.47), p = 0.036) [basic need domains]; psychological distress (OR:
      2.39 (1.68, 3.41), p < 0.001); drug use (OR: 5.10 (2.16, 12.08) p < 0.001); and
      safety to self (OR: 3.35 (1.51, 7.52), p < 0.003) [health and safety domains].
      Despite living in a setting with universal health insurance, men with HIV
      receiving community mental health support had greater unmet need in basic and
      health domains than HIV-negative men receiving such support. Further research is
      required to develop and evaluate interventions to best support community-dwelling
      persons with HIV and mental health disorders.

PMID- 26971740
TI  - Empirische indicatoren voor regressies en sprangen bij baby's.
AB  - Het is al lang bekend dat het optreden van ontwikke-lingsmijlpalen sterk van baby
      tot baby kan verschillen. Theorieen of modellen die daarentegen een strakke
      timing, gepaard gaande met geringe individuele verschillen, voor
      ontwikkelingsverschijnselen postuleren, hebben dan ook een zware bewijslast te
      torsen. Het model van Van de Rijt-Plooij en Plooij van tien strak getimede
      regressieperioden tijdens de eerste achttien levensmaanden is een voorbeeld van
      een dergelijk model. In het licht van het feit dat het model mede ten grondslag
      ligt aan een wijd verspreid praktisch adviezenboek voor ouders, mag worden
      verwacht dat de empirische ondersteuning er-voor uitgebreid en hecht is. In deze
      bijdrage zullen we de empirische evidentie voor en tegen het model bespreken en
      ingaan op de methodologische problemen die bij het verifieren dan wel falsifieren
      van dit model kornen kijken. 

PMID- 26971741
TI  - Repliek op 'Empirische indicatoren voor regressies en sprongen bij baby's'.
AB  - Deze repliek zal uit twee delen bestaan. Ten eerste zal ik mijn onderbouwde
      kritiek op de falsificatie onderzoeken van Van Geert & De Weerth (VG&DW) geven.
      Ten tweede zal ik de kritiek van VG&DW op de verificatie onderzoeken weerleggen. 

PMID- 26971742
TI  - Olanzapine as medication of first choice in therapy-resistant schizophrenia?
AB  - A case history of a thirty-one year old schizophrenic female who was treated with
      olanzapine is described. Olanzapine is a relatively new atypical antipsychotic
      drug with a dopamine antagonistic as well as a potent serotonine antagonistic
      effect. Olanzapine was prescribed effectively after haloperidol, flupentixol
      chloride, and clozapine had not lead to (lasting) improvements of the psychiatric
      condition of the patient. Considering the efficacy and the limited risks of this
      relatively new antipsychotic medication the question arises as to whether
      olanzapine should be considered as the drug of first choice for patients who do
      not benefit from treatment with a typical neuroleptic drug. 

PMID- 26971744
TI  - Facilitators and barriers to occupational health and safety in small and medium
      sized enterprises: a descriptive exploratory study in Ontario, Canada.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this particular study was to test a newly created
      instrument in describing the facilitators and barriers to occupational health and
      safety in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ontario, Canada. METHODS:
      A cross-sectional design was used to identify the occupational health and safety
      culture of SMEs in public and private sectors in Ontario. RESULTS: A total of 153
      questionnaires were completed. The majority of respondents were female (84%) with
      a mean age of 49.8 years (SD 10.6). Seventy-four percent were supervisors.
      Seventy percent of respondents were from the private sector while 30% derived
      from the public sector including healthcare, community services, and non-profit
      organizations. Further, conducting regular external safety inspections of the
      workplace was found to be statistically associated with a safe work environment
      2.88 95% CI [1.57, 5.27]. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies and training opportunities that
      focus on how to adapt occupational health and safety legislation to the nature
      and diversity of SMEs are recommended. Furthermore, employers may use such
      information to improve safety in their SMEs, while researchers can hopefully use
      such evidence to develop interventions that are applicable to meeting the
      occupational health and safety needs of SMEs.

PMID- 26971743
TI  - Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G deposits
      complicated by immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the renal allograft.
AB  - Immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy (IgAN) is a known autoimmune disease due to
      abnormal glycosylation of IgA1, and occasionally, IgG co-deposition occurs. The
      prognosis of IgG co-deposition with IgAN is adverse, as shown in the previous
      studies. However, in the clinical setting, monoclonality of IgG co-deposition
      with IgAN has not been observed. We describe a case of proliferative
      glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits (PGNMID) combined with IgAN in a
      renal allograft. A-21-year-old man developed end-stage renal failure with unknown
      aetiology and underwent living-donor kidney transplantation from his mother 2
      years after being diagnosed. One year after kidney transplantation, proteinuria
      2+ and haematuria 2+ were detected; allograft biopsy revealed mesangial IgA and
      C3 deposits, indicating a diagnosis of IgAN. After tonsillectomy and steroid
      pulse therapy, proteinuria and haematuria resolved. However, 4 years after
      transplantation, pedal oedema, proteinuria (6.89 g/day) and allograft dysfunction
      (serum creatinine (sCr) 203.3 umol/L) appeared. A second allograft biopsy showed
      mesangial expansion and focal segmental proliferative endocapillary lesions with
      IgA1lambda and monoclonal IgG1kappa depositions. Electron microscopic analysis
      revealed a massive amount of deposits, located in the mesangial and
      subendothelial lesions. A diagnosis of PGNMID complicated with IgAN was made, and
      rituximab and plasmapheresis were added to steroid pulse therapy. With this
      treatment, proteinuria was alleviated to 0.5 g/day, and the allograft dysfunction
      recovered to sCr 132.6 umol/L. This case suggests a necessity for investigation
      of PGNMID and IgA nephropathy in renal allografts to detect monoclonal Ig
      deposition disease. 

PMID- 26971745
TI  - Effects of one session radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy on post-stroke
      plantarflexor spasticity: a single-blind clinical trial.
AB  - Purpose To examine the effects of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT)
      on plantarflexor spasticity after stroke. Method Twelve patients with stroke were
      randomly included for this prospective, single-blind clinical trial. Patients
      received one rESWT session (0.340 mJ/mm2, 2000 shots) on plantarflexor muscle.
      The Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS), H-reflex tests, ankle range of
      motion (ROM), passive plantarflexor torque (PPFT) and timed up and go test (TUG)
      were measured at baseline (T0), immediately after treatment (T1) and one hour
      after the end of the treatment (T2). Results Patients had improved the MMAS
      scores for both the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles, active and passive ROM,
      PPFT and TUG over time after rESWT. For the PPFT, it was greater at high velocity
      than at low velocity, and there was a significant three-way interaction between
      time, knee position (extended/flexed) and velocity (low/high). The H-reflex
      latency had decreased at T1, but there was no significant effect on Hmax/Mmax
      ratio. Conclusions The rESWT improved plantarflexor spasticity, and the effects
      sustained for one hour, whereas it was not effective in improving spinal
      excitability. Implications for Rehabilitation One session radial extracorporeal
      shock wave therapy (rESWT) is safe and effective in improving post stroke
      plantarflexor spasticity, ankle active and passive range of motion, passive
      torque, and walking capability. The spasticity scores improved for both the
      gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles and persisted one hour after rESWT. The
      magnitude of resistive plantarflexor passive torque in the knee extended position
      and high velocity was larger over time suggesting greater gastrocnemius
      spasticity than soleus. The rESWT had no significant effects on alpha motorneuron
      excitability.

PMID- 26971783
TI  - Antioxidant activity of olive wine, a byproduct of olive mill wastewater.
AB  - Context Although olive mill wastewater (OMWW) is a good source of bioactive
      phenolic compounds, disposing OMWW is a serious environmental challenge.
      Production of wine via fermenting OMWW may be a promising alternative to deal
      with OMWW. However, whether or not olive wine from OMWW still reserves its
      original bioactivities remains unclear. Objective This study examines antioxidant
      activity of olive wine fermented from OMWW. Materials and methods Hydroxytyrosol
      in olive oil was determined by HPLC. Total flavonoid, total polyphenol and in
      vitro antioxidant activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Aged mice were
      intragastricly administered 7, 14 and 28 mL/kg olive wine consecutively for 30 d.
      Afterward, levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione
      (GSH) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed in mouse plasma and
      liver. Results Contents of hydroxytyrosol, total flavonoid and total polyphenol
      in olive wine were 0.14 +/- 0.01, 0.29 +/- 0.06 and 0.43 +/- 0.03 mg/mL,
      respectively. The IC50 value of olive wine to scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl free
      radicals was 2.5% and 3.2% (v/v), respectively. Compared with the solvent control
      group, olive wine with a dose of 28 mL/kg remarkably lowered mouse MDA
      concentration in liver, and reduced protein carbonyl level in plasma (p < 0.05).
      Meanwhile, olive wine at doses of 7 and 28 mL/kg notably enhanced SOD activity in
      both mouse plasma and liver (p < 0.05). The beneficial effect on liver was
      superior to that of gamma-tocopherol. Conclusion The study demonstrated that
      olive wine from OMWW has potential for treating oxidative stress-associated
      diseases. 

PMID- 26971784
TI  - (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET in juvenile angiofibroma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) may be overexpressed in rapidly
      growing vessels, the aim of this study was the analysis of in vivo and in vitro
      SSTR2A expression in juvenile angiofibroma (JA). MATERIAL & METHODS: A group of
      six male adolescents with a diagnosis of primary, recurrent/residual JA was
      enrolled in the study. All patients underwent (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/computed
      tomography (CT) followed by immunohistochemical staining for SSTR expression.
      RESULTS: (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT showed accumulation in areas matching the
      pathologic tissue in the nasopharynx of all patients studied with SUVmax of 5.1
      +/- 0.9 (ranging from 3.6 to 6.4). In all cases, the immunohistochemical
      examination showed a presence of SSTR2A with a high staining index. CONCLUSION:
      In vitro SSTR2A cytoplasm expression was found to be high in all tumor specimens.
      However, the uptake of (68)Ga-DOTATATE was weak in the PET/CT studies. We
      postulate that the intracellular localization of the SSTR2A in JA may cause this
      discrepancy.

PMID- 26971785
TI  - Reduction of Delay in Detecting Initial Dips from Functional Near-Infrared
      Spectroscopy Signals Using Vector-Based Phase Analysis.
AB  - In this paper, we present a systematic method to reduce the time lag in detecting
      initial dips using a vector-based phase diagram and an autoregressive moving
      average with exogenous signals (ARMAX) model-based q-step-ahead prediction
      algorithm. With functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), signals related to
      mental arithmetic and right-hand clenching are acquired from the prefrontal and
      left primary motor cortices, respectively. The interrelationship between
      oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin and cerebral
      oxygen exchange are related to initial dips. Specifically, a threshold value from
      the resting state hemodynamics is incorporated, as a decision criterion, into the
      vector-based phase diagram to determine the occurrence of initial dips. To
      further reduce the time lag, a [Formula: see text]-step-ahead prediction method
      is applied to predict the occurrence of the dips. A combination of the threshold
      criterion and the prediction method resulted in the delay time of about
      0.9[Formula: see text]s. The results demonstrate that rapid detection of initial
      dip is possible and therefore can be used for real-time brain-computer
      interfacing.

PMID- 26971786
TI  - Emotion Recognition with Eigen Features of Frequency Band Activities Embedded in
      Induced Brain Oscillations Mediated by Affective Pictures.
AB  - In this study, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) has been used for the first time
      in order to extract emotional features from well-defined electroencephalography
      (EEG) frequency band activities (BAs) so-called delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz),
      alpha (8-16 Hz), beta (16-32 Hz), gamma (32-64 Hz). These five BAs were estimated
      by applying sixth-level multi-resolution wavelet decomposition (MRWD) with
      Daubechies wavelets (db-8) to single channel nonaveraged emotional EEG
      oscillations of 6 s for each scalp location over 16 recording sites (Fp1, Fp2,
      F3, F4, F7, F8, C3, C4, P3, P4, T3, T4, T5, T6, O1, O2). Every trial was mediated
      by different emotional stimuli which were selected from international affective
      picture system (IAPS) to induce emotional states such as pleasant (P), neutral
      (N), and unpleasant (UP). Largest principal components (PCs) of BAs were
      considered as emotional features and data mining approaches were used for the
      first time in order to classify both three different (P, N, UP) and two
      contrasting (P and UP) emotional states for 30 healthy controls. Emotional
      features extracted from gamma BAs (GBAs) for 16 recording sites provided the high
      classification accuracies of 87.1% and 100% for classification of three emotional
      states and two contrasting emotional states, respectively. In conclusion, we
      found the followings: (1) Eigenspectra of high frequency BAs in EEG are highly
      sensitive to emotional hemispheric activations, (2) emotional states are mostly
      mediated by GBA, (3) pleasant pictures induce the higher cortical activation in
      contrast to unpleasant pictures, (4) contrasting emotions induce opposite
      cortical activations, (5) cognitive activities are necessary for an emotion to
      occur.

PMID- 26971787
TI  - Faster P300 Classifier Training Using Spatiotemporal Beamforming.
AB  - The linearly-constrained minimum-variance (LCMV) beamformer is traditionally used
      as a spatial filter for source localization, but here we consider its
      spatiotemporal extension for P300 classification. We compare two variants and
      show that the spatiotemporal LCMV beamformer is at par with state-of-the-art P300
      classifiers, but several orders of magnitude faster in training the classifier. 

PMID- 26971788
TI  - Intra-individual comparison of (68)Ga-PSMA-11-PET/CT and multi-parametric MR for
      imaging of primary prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) is currently the
      most comprehensive work up for non-invasive primary tumor staging of prostate
      cancer (PCa). Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-Positron emission
      tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is presented to be a highly promising new
      technique for N- and M-staging in recurrent PCa-patients. The actual
      investigation analyses the potential of (68)Ga-PSMA11-PET/CT to assess the extent
      of primary prostate cancer by intra-individual comparison to MP-MRI. METHODS: In
      a retrospective study, ten patients with primary PCa underwent MP-MRI and PSMA
      PET/CT for initial staging. All tumors were proven histopathological by biopsy.
      Image analysis was done in a quantitative (SUVmax) and qualitative (blinded read)
      fashion based on PI-RADS. The PI-RADS schema was then translated into a 3D-matrix
      and the euclidian distance of this coordinate system was used to quantify the
      extend of agreement. RESULTS: Both MP-MRI and PSMA-PET/CT presented a good
      allocation of the PCa, which was also in concordance to the tumor location
      validated in eight-segment resolution by biopsy. An Isocontour of 50 % SUVmax in
      PSMA-PET resulted in visually concordant tumor extension in comparison to MP-MRI
      (T2w and DWI). For 89.4 % of sections containing a tumor according to MP-MRI, the
      tumor was also identified in total or near-total agreement (euclidian distance
      <=1) by PSMA-PET. Vice versa for 96.8 % of the sections identified as tumor
      bearing by PSMA-PET the tumor was also found in total or near-total agreement by
      MP-MRI. CONCLUSIONS: PSMA-PET/CT and MP-MRI correlated well with regard to tumor
      allocation in patients with a high pre-test probability for large tumors. Further
      research will be needed to evaluate its value in challenging situation such as
      prostatitis or after repeated negative biopsies.

PMID- 26971789
TI  - Primary lung tumors in children: 24 years of experience at a referral center.
AB  - PURPOSE: Primary lung tumors are rare during childhood and encompass a wide
      variety of histological types. Each has a different biology and a different
      therapeutic approach. The aim of this article is to review the experience of a
      pediatric referral center with this kind of tumors during the last 24 years.
      METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients with diagnosis
      of primary lung tumor between the years 1990-2014. The variables analyzed were
      age, sex, course of the disease, symptoms, localization, surgery, histology and
      outcome. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2014, 38 patients with primary lung tumors
      were treated at our institution. Age at presentation was 6.6 +/- 5.2 years (r
      0.91-16.58) and the female:male relationship was 1.37. Inflammatory
      myofibroblastic lung tumor (n = 13), carcinoid tumor (n = 6) and pleuropulmonary
      blastoma (n = 6) were the most frequent histological types. Persistent
      radiographic abnormality was the most frequent presenting sign (34 %). Global
      mortality was 15.8 % varying according to histology. CONCLUSION: Although the
      diagnosis of primary lung tumor is rare, the persistence of a radiographic
      abnormality in spite of adequate treatment for inflammatory processes forces us
      to evaluate further. The age of the patient is an important factor in the
      decision of the diagnostic work-up.

PMID- 26971791
TI  - The IgM isotype of anti-annexin A5 antibodies and multiple positivity of
      conventional antiphospholipid antibodies: increasing the number of clinical
      manifestations of primary antiphospholipid syndrome.
AB  - We evaluated the importance of anti-annexin A5 antibodies (aanxA5 Abs) for
      clinical (thrombosis and/or recurrent pregnancy loss) and serologic (presence of
      antiphospholipid antibodies: lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (aCL), and
      anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (abeta2GPI) antibodies) features of patients with
      primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). Our study included 70 patients with
      PAPS according to the international consensus criteria for APS. The mean age of
      the analyzed patients was 45.97 +/- 12.72. The disease duration above 5 years was
      present in 31/70 of patients. Concentrations of analyzed antibodies were measured
      by ELISA. Cutoff values were set in accordance to the manufacturers'
      recommendations. History of recurrent pregnancy loss was associated with double
      positivity for aanxA5 IgM and LA (chi (2) = 4.000, P = 0.046) and triple
      positivity for aanxA5 IgM + LA + abeta2GPI IgM (chi (2) = 4.168, P = 0.041).
      Venous thromboses were associated with triple positivity for aanxA5 IgM + aCLIgG
      + abeta2GPI IgM (chi (2) = 3.965, P = 0.046). The IgG isotype of aanxA5 Abs was
      in positive correlation with aCL Abs of the IgG (r = 0.310, P = 0.009) and IgM (r
      = 0.254, P = 0.034) isotype. The presence of the clinical manifestations of PAPS
      is increasing with the number of positive conventional aPL and the IgM aanxA5 Abs
      tests. This new combination of Abs is beneficial even when the number of patients
      with positivity for aanxA5 Abs is low. This is important in further detection of
      patients prone to recurrence of thrombotic episodes. 

PMID- 26971790
TI  - Rheumatologic manifestations of primary immunodeficiency diseases.
AB  - In the last 5 years, several hundred articles have been published concerning the
      link between primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) and rheumatologic diseases.
      Although rheumatologic complications were originally thought to be at the
      opposite ends of the spectrum of immunopathologic manifestations, they are now
      all being considered secondary manifestations of a causative primary "immune
      derangement." For the rheumatologist, it is important to be able to identify
      patients who may present with typical rheumatologic findings but who have an
      underlying PID. In a systematic manner, this overview addresses both the systemic
      and organ-based rheumatologic diseases which have known associations with primary
      immunodeficiencies, and explores how immunodeficiency may actually cause these
      clinical manifestations. 

PMID- 26971792
TI  - Scale-up laccase production from Trametes versicolor stimulated by vanillic acid.
AB  - An efficient strategy for laccase production in Trametes versicolor cultures was
      developed using vanillic acid as the inducer. The optimized vanillic acid
      treatment strategy consisted of exposing 2-day-old mycelia cultures to 80 mg/L
      vanillic acid. After 4 days, laccase activity of 588.84 U/L was achieved in
      flasks which represented a 1.79-fold increase compared to the control. In 200-L
      airlift bioreactor, the maximal laccase activity reached up to 785.12 U/L using
      the optimized vanillic acid treatment strategy. The zymograms of culture
      supernatants revealed three bands with laccase activity, among which Lac1 and
      Lac2 were abundant laccase isoforms constitutively expressed, and Lac3 was an
      inducible isozyme by vanillic acid. The results of real-time quantitative PCR
      showed that the transcription level of lcc in T. versicolor cultures grown with
      vanillic acid for 7 days was about 5.64-fold greater than that without vanillic
      acid in flasks. In 200-L airlift bioreactor cultures of T. versicolor with
      addition of vanillic acid, the transcript level of lcc at day 7 was 2.62-fold
      higher than that in flasks with vanillic acid due to the good mass transfer and
      oxygen supply in the bioreactor system. This study provides a basis for
      understanding the induction mechanism of vanillic acid for laccase production and
      has good potential for industrial applications. 

PMID- 26971793
TI  - Inhibition of Autophagy by Chloroquine Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of
      Sorafenib in Glioblastoma.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and common brain tumor in
      adults. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit cell
      proliferation and induce apoptosis through inhibition of STAT3 signaling in
      glioblastoma cells and in intracranial gliomas. However, sorafenib also induces
      cell autophagy. Due to the dual roles of autophagy in tumor cell survival and
      death, the therapeutic effect of sorafenib on glioblastoma is uncertain. Here, we
      combined sorafenib treatment in GBM cells (U373 and LN229) and tumors with the
      autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. We found that blockage of autophagy further
      inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced cell apoptosis in vitro
      and in vivo. These findings suggest the possibility of combination treatment with
      sorafenib and autophagy inhibitors for GBM. 

PMID- 26971794
TI  - Can intracranial pressure be measured non-invasively bedside using a two-depth
      Doppler-technique?
AB  - Measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) is necessary in many neurological and
      neurosurgical diseases. To avoid lumbar puncture or intracranial ICP probes, non
      invasive ICP techniques are becoming popular. A recently developed technology
      uses two-depth Doppler to compare arterial pulsations in the intra- and extra
      cranial segments of the ophthalmic artery for non-invasive estimation of ICP. The
      aim of this study was to investigate how well non-invasively-measured ICP and
      invasively-measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure correlate. We performed
      multiple measurements over a wide ICP span in eighteen elderly patients with
      communicating hydrocephalus. As a reference, an automatic CSF infusion apparatus
      was connected to the lumbar space. Ringer's solution was used to create elevation
      to pre-defined ICP levels. Bench tests of the infusion apparatus showed a random
      error (95 % CI) of less than +/-0.9 mmHg and a systematic error of less than +/
      0.5 mmHg. Reliable Doppler signals were obtained in 13 (72 %) patients. An
      infusion test could not be performed in one patient. Thus, twelve patients and a
      total of 61 paired data points were studied. The correlation between invasive and
      non-invasive ICP measurements was good (R = 0.74), and the 95 % limits of
      agreements were -1.4 +/- 8.8 mmHg. The within-patient correlation varied between
      0.47 and 1.00. This non-invasive technique is promising, and these results
      encourage further development and evaluation before the method can be recommended
      for use in clinical practice.

PMID- 26971795
TI  - Distress and unemployment: the related economic and noneconomic factors in a
      sample of unemployed adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between economic and noneconomic factors
      and psychological distress in a group of 748 unemployed adults during economic
      recession. METHODS: Data were collected through a questionnaire. Bivariate and
      logistic regression analyses were used to test the associations between distress
      and the deprivation of income and latent benefits of employment (time structure,
      activity, status, collective purpose and social contact). RESULTS: The
      participants' mean of distress was higher than the national population mean, and
      46.5% of the participants scored above that. All economic and noneconomic factors
      emerged as strong predictors of distress; particularly financial deprivation (OR
      1.06; CI 95 % 1.04-1.09) and lack of structured time (OR 1.07; CI 95 % 1.05
      1.09). Women (OR 1.40; CI 95 % 1.04-1.86) and people with lower education levels
      (OR 0.45; CI 95 % 0.34-0.61) were more affected. CONCLUSIONS: The unemployed
      individuals score high on distress, especially those facing financial strain and
      lack of structured time, and women and individuals with lower education in
      particular. Given the recessionary context and high unemployment rates, these
      insights raise awareness for policies and actions targeting the needs of
      unemployed people.

PMID- 26971797
TI  - Ferrioxalate-assisted solar photo-Fenton degradation of a herbicide at pH
      conditions close to neutrality.
AB  - The solar photo-Fenton degradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
      acid (2,4-D) in aqueous solution at a natural pH (pH = 5) using ferrioxalate as
      iron source was investigated. The kinetic model proposed and validated in a
      previous contribution was used to predict the reactants concentrations during the
      oxidation process in a non-concentrating pilot-plant solar reactor. The effects
      of hydrogen peroxide to 2,4-D initial concentration ratios (R), temperature, and
      radiation levels were studied. Furthermore, the spectral UV/visible and broadband
      solar radiation fluxes incident on the reactor window were evaluated by the
      Simple Model for the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine (SMARTS2) code.
      The complete destruction of 2,4-D and its main intermediate 2,4-dichlorophenol
      (2,4-DCP) was achieved in all the experimental runs in only 90 and 120 min of
      reaction, respectively. In agreement with these results, a reduction of toxicity
      in the system (expressed as % of inhibition of Vibrio fischeri) for longer times
      to 90 min of reaction was attained. It is important to emphasize the good
      agreement between kinetic model results and experimental data obtained.

PMID- 26971799
TI  - MiSeq HV4 16S rRNA gene analysis of bacterial community composition among the
      cave sediments of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot.
AB  - Caves in Mizoram, Northeast India, are potential hotspot diversity regions due to
      the historical significance of the formation of the Indo-Burman plateau and also
      because of their unexplored and unknown diversity. High-throughput paired end
      Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of 16S rRNA was performed to study the
      bacterial community of three caves situated in Champhai district of Mizoram,
      Northeast India. A total of 10,643 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (based on
      97 % cutoff) comprising of 21 major and 21 candidate phyla with a sequencing
      depth of 1,140,013 were found in this study. The overall taxonomic profile
      obtained by the RDP classifier and Greengenes OTU database revealed high
      diversity within the bacterial communities. Communities were dominated by
      Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes,
      while members of Archaea were less varied and mostly comprising of Eukaryoarchea.
      Analysis revealed that Farpuk (CFP) cave sediment has low microbial diversity and
      is mainly dominated by Actinobacteria (80 % reads), whereas different bacterial
      communities were found in the caves of Murapuk (CMP) and Lamsialpuk (CLP).
      Analysis also revealed that a major portion of the identified OTUs was classified
      under rare biosphere. Importantly, all these caves recorded a high number of
      unclassified OTUs, which might represent new species. Further analysis with whole
      genome sequencing is needed to validate the unknown species as well as to
      determine their functional role. 

PMID- 26971801
TI  - Comparison of bioenergetics of walking during a multistage incremental shuttle
      walk test and a 6-min walk test in active older adults.
AB  - The goal of the present research was to compare the bioenergetics variability of
      walking, during the 6-min walk test (6-MWT) and a multistage incremental shuttle
      walk test (MISWT) in an active older population. Twenty-two healthy physically
      active older adults with a group mean age of 70.4 +/- 5.8 years completed the 6
      MWT and the MISWT. Heart rate (HR), walking speed and walking [Formula: see
      text]O2 were measured throughout each test with a portable metabolic cart. Strong
      correlations were found for the [Formula: see text]O2 peak and the walking speed
      (r = 0.91 and r = 0.89 respectively for 6-MWT and MISWT). Differences in
      [Formula: see text]O2 peak values were analysed with a paired Student's t test.
      Repeated measures ANOVA were conducted to detect differences between tests. The
      Bland and Altman plot indicates that the average difference between both tests
      was 2.5 ml kg-1 min-1. MISWT [Formula: see text]O2 peak means were significantly
      greater than the 6-MWT [Formula: see text]O2 peak mean values (21.6 +/- 5.3 vs.
      18.9 +/- 4.5 ml kg-1 min-1) which indicate bioenergetics differences between the
      two walking tests. Thus, the MISWT and 6-MWT elicited different walking [Formula:
      see text]O2 peak and HR suggesting that the MISWT field test challenge the
      participants to a higher level of cardiovascular and respiratory stress. The
      walking [Formula: see text]O2 peak recorded for the MISWT was significantly
      greater than the 6-MWT. Consequently, both tests seem to measure different facets
      of the aerobic capacity. MISWT seems to be a better indicator of maximal aerobic
      power whereas the 6-MWT provides more relevant information regarding aerobic
      endurance in aging population.

PMID- 26971798
TI  - Protective effect of thymoquinone against lead-induced hepatic toxicity in rats.
AB  - Lead (Pb) intoxication is a worldwide health problem which frequently affects the
      liver. This study was carried out to investigate the potential protective effect
      of thymoquinone (TQ), the major active ingredient of volatile oil of Nigella
      sativa seeds, against Pb-induced liver damage. Adult male rats were randomized
      into four groups: Control group received no treatment, Pb group was exposed to
      2000 ppm Pb acetate in drinking water, Pb-TQ group was cotreated with Pb plus TQ
      (5 mg/kg/day, per orally), and TQ group receiving only TQ. All treatments were
      applied for 5 weeks. Results indicated that Pb exposure increased hepatic Pb
      content, damaged hepatic histological structure (necrotic foci, hepatic strands
      disorganization, hypertrophied hepatocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolization,
      cytoplasmic loss, chromatin condensation, mononuclear cell infiltration,
      congestion, centrilobular swelling), and changed liver function investigated by
      plasma biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, gamma-GT, LDH). Pb treatment also
      decreased total antioxidant status level and increased lipid peroxidation in the
      liver. Supplementation with TQ remarkably improved the Pb-induced adverse effects
      without significantly reducing the metal accumulation in the liver. In
      conclusion, our results indicate, for the first time, a protective effect of TQ
      against Pb-induced hepatotoxicity and suggest that this component might be
      clinically useful in Pb intoxication. 

PMID- 26971802
TI  - Lifestyle Shapes the Dialogue between Environment, Microglia, and Adult
      Neurogenesis.
AB  - Lifestyle modulates brain function. Diet, stress levels, and physical exercise
      among other factors influence the "brain cognitive reserve", that is, the
      capacity of the brain to maintain a normal function when confronting
      neurodegenerative diseases, injury, and/or aging. This cognitive reserve relays
      on several cellular and molecular elements that contribute to brain plasticity
      allowing adaptive responses to cognitive demands, and one of its key components
      is the hippocampal neurogenic reserve. Hippocampal neural stem cells give rise to
      new neurons that integrate into the local circuitry and contribute to hippocampal
      functions such as memory and learning. Importantly, adult hippocampal
      neurogenesis is well-known to be modulated by the demands of the environment and
      lifestyle factors. Diet, stress, and physical exercise directly act on neural
      stem cells and/or their progeny, but, in addition, they may also indirectly
      affect neurogenesis by acting on microglia. Microglia, the guardians of the
      brain, rapidly sense changes in the brain milieu, and it has been recently shown
      that their function is affected by lifestyle factors. However, few studies have
      analyzed the modulatory effect of microglia on adult neurogenesis in these
      conditions. Here, we review the current knowledge about the dialogue maintained
      between microglia and the hippocampal neurogenic cascade. Understanding how the
      communication between microglia and hippocampal neurogenesis is affected by
      lifestyle choices is crucial to maintain the brain cognitive reserve and prevent
      the maladaptive responses that emerge during disease or injury through adulthood
      and aging. 

PMID- 26971800
TI  - Interventions for Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenosis: An Update.
AB  - OPINION STATEMENT: Clinical trials demonstrate that stroke risk after the
      periprocedural period is similar for carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) and
      carotid endarterectomy (CEA), making CAS an acceptable alternative to CEA.
      However, there tends to be a higher procedural risk of stroke for CAS than for
      CEA and a potentially higher rate of myocardial infarction in patients undergoing
      CEA as compared to CAS. Furthermore, lower rates of complications with
      revascularization and of post-revascularization stroke have been attributed to
      advances in medical management, improved surgical technique, and new devices. We
      discuss identifying patients who may have higher complication rates and recent
      clinical studies and medical advances directed at reducing stroke risk in
      patients with extracranial carotid stenosis.

PMID- 26971803
TI  - Colorimetric measurement of carbohydrates in biological wastewater treatment
      systems: A critical evaluation.
AB  - Four laboratory preparations and three commercially available assay kits were
      tested on the same carbohydrate samples with the addition of 14 different
      interfering solutes typically found in wastewater treatment plants. This work
      shows that a wide variety of solutes can interfere with these assays. In
      addition, a comparative study on the use of these assays with different
      carbohydrate samples was also carried out, and the metachromatic response was
      clearly influenced by variation in sample composition. The carbohydrate content
      in the supernatant of a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR) was also
      measured using these assays, and the amount in the different supernatant samples,
      with and without a standard addition of glucose to the samples, showed
      substantial differences. We concluded that the carbohydrates present in
      wastewater measured using these colorimetric methods could be seriously under- or
      over-estimated. A new analytical method needs to be developed in order to better
      understand the biological transformations occurring in anaerobic digestion that
      leads to the production of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and extracellular
      polymeric substance (EPS). 

PMID- 26971804
TI  - Particulate organics degradation and sludge minimization in aerobic, complete SRT
      bioreactors.
AB  - The study evaluates the assumption that in activated sludge processes and under
      specific operating conditions, the considered unbiodegradable particulate organic
      fractions of influent (XU) organic solids and biomass decay residues (cell
      debris, XE) are degraded. The evaluation was performed by comparing sludge
      observed yield (Yobs) evolution in two full scale, complete solids retention time
      (SRT), aerobic bioreactors, to the predictions of two activated sludge models.
      The results showed that in steady state operating conditions of complete solids
      retention AS processes very low solids accumulation occur. In these conditions,
      solids accumulation is slightly affected by kinetic coefficients and
      significantly affected by XU and XE degradation rates. High endogenous residues
      degradation rate values of 0.05 d(-1) and 0.02 d(-1) were estimated for the two
      bioreactors, resulting in low solids accumulation, calculated at 1.6 tons and
      3.59 tons per year respectively, of which 1.37 and 0.87 tons were non volatile
      suspended solids. Depending on WWTP operating conditions the endogenous residues
      degradation rate is the limiting factor of solids accumulation and consequently
      for particulate organics degradation. 

PMID- 26971805
TI  - A miniature photoelectrochemical sensor based on organic electrochemical
      transistor for sensitive determination of chemical oxygen demand in wastewaters.
AB  - A three-electrode configuration is often required in the conventional
      photoelectrochemical measurements. Nevertheless, one common drawback is the
      reference electrode and the counter electrode used in the measurements, which has
      been proved to be an impediment for the miniaturization. In this study, a simple,
      cost-effective and miniature photoelectrochemical sensor based on high sensitive
      organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is developed and used for the
      determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewaters. The devices show
      detection limit down to 0.01 mg/L COD, which is two orders of magnitude better
      than that of the conventional photoelectrochemical method. The excellent sensing
      performance can be contributed to the novel sensing mechanism of OECT devices.
      That is, the devices are sensitive to the potential changes induced by the
      photoelectrochemical reaction on TiO2 nanotube arrays gate electrodes. Real
      sample analyses are also carried out. The results demonstrate that the measured
      COD values using the OECT devices and the standard dichromate methods are in a
      good agreement. Since the proposed sensor is constructed on a miniature
      transistor, it is expected that the device shows a promising application on the
      integrated COD monitoring platform. 

PMID- 26971806
TI  - Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursor dimethylamine
      (DMA) in mineral micropores induced by microwave irradiation.
AB  - Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water treatment poses a
      significant technical challenge due to its small molecular size, high polarity
      and water solubility, and poor biodegradability. Degradation of NDMA and its
      precursor, dimethylamine (DMA), was investigated by adsorbing them from aqueous
      solution using porous mineral sorbents, followed by destruction under microwave
      irradiation. Among the mineral sorbents evaluated, dealuminated ZSM-5 exhibited
      the highest sorption capacities for NDMA and DMA, which decreased with the
      density of surface cations present in the micropores. In contrast, the
      degradation rate of the sorbed NDMA increased with the density of surface cations
      under microwave irradiation. Evolutions of the degradation products and C/N ratio
      indicate that the sorbed NDMA and DMA could be eventually mineralized under
      continuous microwave irradiation. The degradation rate was strongly correlated
      with the bulk temperature of ZSM-5 and microwave power, which is consistent with
      the mechanism of pyrolysis caused by formation of micro-scale "hot spots" within
      the mineral micropores under microwave irradiation. Compared to existing
      treatment options for NDMA removal, microporous mineral sorption coupled with
      microwave-induced degradation has the unique advantages of being able to
      simultaneously remove NDMA and DMA and cause their full mineralization, and thus
      could serve as a promising alternative method. 

PMID- 26971807
TI  - The fate of iron nanoparticles in environmental waters treated with nanoscale
      zero-valent iron, FeONPs and Fe3O4NPs.
AB  - Among the different nanoparticles (NPs) that are used in the remediation of
      contaminated environmental waters, iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) are the most
      frequently applied. However, if these FeNPs remain in the waters after the
      treatment, they can cause a hazard to the environment. In this work the time
      dependent size distribution of iron particles was investigated in Milli-Q water,
      forest spring water and landfill leachate after a variety of FeNP treatments. The
      efficiency of the metal removal by the FeNPs was also examined. The
      concentrations of the metals in the aqueous samples were determined before and
      after the nano-remediation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP
      MS). The data revealed that the settling and removal of the FeNPs after the
      treatment of the waters was related to the sample characteristics and the ways of
      dispersing the NPs. When mixing was used for the dispersion, the nano zero-valent
      iron (nZVI), FeONPs and Fe3O4NPs settled quickly in the Milli-Q water, the forest
      spring water and the landfill leachate. Dispersion with tertramethylammonium
      hydroxide (TMAH) resulted in a slower settling of the iron aggregates. In the
      Milli-Q and forest spring waters treated with FeONPs and dispersed by TMAH, the
      nanosized iron remained in solution as long as 24 h after the treatment and could
      represent a potential threat in environmental waters with a low ionic strength.
      The removal of the metals strongly depended on the type of FeNPs, the chemical
      speciation of the elements and the sample matrix. If the FeNPs are contaminated
      by a particular metal, this contaminant could be, during the NPs treatment,
      released into the water that is being remediated. 

PMID- 26971808
TI  - Contribution of hydrological data to the understanding of the spatio-temporal
      dynamics of F-specific RNA bacteriophages in river water during rainfall-runoff
      events.
AB  - Heavy rainfall events were previously reported to bring large amounts of
      microorganisms in surface water, including viruses. However, little information
      is available on the origin and transport of viral particles in water during such
      rain events. In this study, an integrative approach combining microbiological and
      hydrological measurements was investigated to appreciate the dynamics and origins
      of F-specific RNA bacteriophage fluxes during two distinct rainfall-runoff
      events. A high frequency sampling (automatic sampler) was set up to monitor the F
      specific RNA bacteriophages fluxes at a fine temporal scale during the whole
      course of the rainfall-runoff events. A total of 276 rainfall-runoff samples were
      collected and analysed using both infectivity and RT-qPCR assays. The results
      highlight an increase of 2.5 log10 and 1.8 log10 of infectious F-specific RNA
      bacteriophage fluxes in parallel of an increase of the water flow levels for both
      events. Faecal pollution was characterised as being mainly from anthropic origin
      with a significant flux of phage particles belonging to the genogroup II. At the
      temporal scale, two successive distinct waves of phage pollution were established
      and identified through the hydrological measurements. The first arrival of phages
      in the water column was likely to be linked to the resuspension of riverbed
      sediments that was responsible for a high input of genogroup II. Surface runoff
      contributed further to the second input of phages, and more particularly of
      genogroup I. In addition, an important contribution of infectious phage particles
      has been highlighted. These findings imply the existence of a close relationship
      between the risk for human health and the viral contamination of flood water. 

PMID- 26971809
TI  - Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for water
      disinfection: A review.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is an effective technology for the inactivation of
      pathogens in water and is of growing interest for industrial application. A new
      UV source - ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) - has emerged in the past
      decade with a number of advantages compared to traditional UV mercury lamps. This
      promising alternative raises great interest in the research on application of UV
      LEDs for water treatment. Studies on UV-LED water disinfection have increased
      during the past few years. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent
      studies on UV-LEDs with various wavelengths for the inactivation of different
      microorganisms. Many inconsistent and incomparable data were found from published
      studies, which underscores the importance of establishing a standard protocol for
      studying UV-LED inactivation of microorganisms. Different UV sensitivities to UV
      LEDs and traditional UV lamps were observed in the literature for some
      microorganisms, which requires further investigation for a better understanding
      of microorganism response to UV-LEDs. The unique aspects of UV-LEDs improve
      inactivation effectiveness by applying LED special features, such as multiple
      wavelengths and pulsed illumination; however, more studies are needed to
      investigate the influencing factors and mechanisms. The special features of UV
      LEDs offer the flexibility of novel reactor designs for a broad application of UV
      LED reactors. 

PMID- 26971810
TI  - Oxidation of cetirizine, fexofenadine and hydrochlorothiazide during ozonation:
      Kinetics and formation of transformation products.
AB  - The efficiency of wastewater ozonation for the abatement of three nitrogen
      containing pharmaceuticals, two antihistamine drugs, cetirizine (CTR) and
      fexofenadine (FXF), and the diuretic drug, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), was
      investigated. Species-specific second-order rate constants for the reactions of
      the molecular, protonated (CTR, FXF) or deprotonated (HCTZ) forms of these
      compounds with ozone were determined. All three compounds are very reactive with
      ozone (apparent second order rate constants at pH 7: kO3,pH7 = 1.7.10(5) M(-1)s(
      1), 8.5.10(4) M(-1)s(-1) and 9.0.10(3) M(-1)s(-1) for CTR, HCTZ and FXF,
      respectively). Transformation product (TP) structures were elucidated using
      liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry,
      including isotope-labeled standards. For cetirizine and hydrochlorothiazide 8 TPs
      each and for fexofenadine 7 TPs were identified. The main TPs of cetirizine and
      fexofenadine are their respective N-oxides, whereas chlorothiazide forms to
      almost 100% from hydrochlorothiazide. In the bacteria bioluminescence assay the
      toxicity was slightly increased only during the ozonation of cetirizine at very
      high cetirizine concentrations. The main TPs detected in bench-scale experiments
      were also detected in full-scale ozonation of a municipal wastewater, for >90%
      elimination of the parent compounds. 

PMID- 26971811
TI  - Tendencies in cerebral aneurism treatment: Analysis of a hospital series.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: To discover if there have been changes in the
      treatment time for SAH in our hospital environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Comparative analysis of 571 patients treated at Hospital Universitari la Fe
      during 2 different time periods. The SAH-OLD group consisted of 462 patients
      attended consecutively between April 1997 and March 2005, while SAH-NEW comprised
      109 patients attended consecutively between March 2007 and April 2010. We
      analysed demographic factors, risk factors, severity at time of admission, time
      to arteriography, diagnosis of aneurysm, use of surgical or endovascular
      treatment and time to treatment, frequency of neurological complications, in
      hospital deaths, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge. RESULTS: Mean time
      to arteriography was 2.18 +/- 2.5 days for the SAH-OLD group and 2.37 +/- 2.23
      days, for the SAH-NEW group (P=.49). Mortality rates for SAH-OLD patients were
      calculated at 30%, compared to 18.3% in SAH-NEW patients (P=.01). Among patients
      surviving the hospital stay in the SAH-OLD group, 13.3% had an mRS > 3, compared
      to 21.3% of survivors in the SAH-NEW group (P=.06). Two hundred forty-five
      patients in the SAH-OLD group had cerebral aneurysms and 208 were treated (45% of
      the patient total). Sixty-five of the SAH-NEW patients received treatment (60% of
      the patient total, P=.007). In the SAH-OLD group, 62.9% of the patients underwent
      embolisation vs 74.6% in the SAH-NEW group (P=.08). Time to embolisation was 4.7
      +/- 8.2 days for SAH-OLD patients and 2.12 +/- 2.2 days for SAH-NEW patients
      (P=.01). Twenty-two percent of SAH-OLD patients underwent surgery, compared to
      25.4% in the SAH-NEW group (P=.62). CONCLUSIONS: Care for SAH patients has
      improved in this hospital: results include fewer mortalities, a higher number of
      treatments with a smaller proportion of endovascular treatments, and shorter
      times to treatment. Elapsed time to arteriography remains stable.

PMID- 26971812
TI  - Complete pituitary infarction associated with hypothermia and brain death.

PMID- 26971813
TI  - Identification and differential expression of microRNAs associated with fat
      deposition in the liver of Wistar rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
AB  - The exact mechanism underlying hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease (NAFLD) is not clear. Clarifying the full repertoire of microRNAs
      (miRNAs) in NAFLD rat liver would enhance our understanding of NAFLD
      pathogenesis. In this study, miRNA expression levels were analyzed in liver
      tissue from NAFLD Wistar rats, with normal Wistar rats as negative controls.
      Small RNA libraries were constructed for each sample. A total of 173 conservative
      miRNAs and 68 potential miRNA candidates were identified. Significant differences
      in the expression levels of 101 conserved miRNAs were identified between the two
      groups. The results of GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that some
      miRNAs were likely involved in the process of liver fat deposition. This study
      represents the first global miRNA profiling of NAFLD Wistar rat livers, and
      expands the miRNA repertoire for normal livers. Our findings suggest that miRNAs
      play important roles in liver fat deposition. 

PMID- 26971814
TI  - Kinetic microplate bioassays for relative potency of antibiotics improved by
      partial Least Square (PLS) regression.
AB  - Microbiological assays are widely used to estimate the relative potencies of
      antibiotics in order to guarantee the efficacy, safety, and quality of drug
      products. Despite of the advantages of turbidimetric bioassays when compared to
      other methods, it has limitations concerning the linearity and range of the dose
      response curve determination. Here, we proposed to use partial least squares
      (PLS) regression to solve these limitations and to improve the prediction of
      relative potencies of antibiotics. Kinetic-reading microplate turbidimetric
      bioassays for apramacyin and vancomycin were performed using Escherichia coli
      (ATCC 8739) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), respectively. Microbial growths
      were measured as absorbance up to 180 and 300min for apramycin and vancomycin
      turbidimetric bioassays, respectively. Conventional dose-response curves
      (absorbances or area under the microbial growth curve vs. log of antibiotic
      concentration) showed significant regression, however there were significant
      deviation of linearity. Thus, they could not be used for relative potency
      estimations. PLS regression allowed us to construct a predictive model for
      estimating the relative potencies of apramycin and vancomycin without over
      fitting and it improved the linear range of turbidimetric bioassay. In addition,
      PLS regression provided predictions of relative potencies equivalent to those
      obtained from agar diffusion official methods. Therefore, we conclude that PLS
      regression may be used to estimate the relative potencies of antibiotics with
      significant advantages when compared to conventional dose-response curve
      determination. 

PMID- 26971815
TI  - Local bleaching thresholds established by remote sensing techniques vary among
      reefs with deviating bleaching patterns during the 2012 event in the
      Arabian/Persian Gulf.
AB  - A severe bleaching event affected coral communities off the coast of Abu Dhabi,
      UAE in August/September, 2012. In Saadiyat and Ras Ghanada reefs ~40% of the
      corals showed signs of bleaching. In contrast, only 15% of the corals were
      affected on Delma reef. Bleaching threshold temperatures for these sites were
      established using remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) data recorded by
      MODIS-Aqua. The calculated threshold temperatures varied between locations (34.48
      degrees C, 34.55  degrees C, 35.05  degrees C), resulting in site-specific
      deviations in the numbers of days during which these thresholds were exceeded.
      Hence, the less severe bleaching of Delma reef might be explained by the lower
      relative heat stress experienced by this coral community. However, the dominance
      of Porites spp. that is associated with the long-term exposure of Delma reef to
      elevated temperatures, as well as the more pristine setting may have additionally
      contributed to the higher coral bleaching threshold for this site.

PMID- 26971817
TI  - Stress in mangrove forests: Early detection and preemptive rehabilitation are
      essential for future successful worldwide mangrove forest management.
AB  - Mangrove forest rehabilitation should begin much sooner than at the point of
      catastrophic loss. We describe the need for "mangrove forest heart attack
      prevention", and how that might be accomplished in a general sense by embedding
      plot and remote sensing monitoring within coastal management plans. The major
      cause of mangrove stress at many sites globally is often linked to reduced tidal
      flows and exchanges. Blocked water flows can reduce flushing not only from the
      seaward side, but also result in higher salinity and reduced sediments when flows
      are blocked landward. Long-term degradation of function leads to acute mortality
      prompted by acute events, but created by a systematic propensity for long-term
      neglect of mangroves. Often, mangroves are lost within a few years; however,
      vulnerability is re-set decades earlier when seemingly innocuous hydrological
      modifications are made (e.g., road construction, blocked tidal channels), but
      which remain undetected without reasonable large-scale monitoring. 

PMID- 26971816
TI  - Accumulation and temporal changes of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in finless
      porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) from Korean coastal waters: Tracking the
      effectiveness of regulation.
AB  - Temporal trend studies are useful to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations on
      local pollutants. The emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
      dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been
      regulated by the Korean government in accordance with the Stockholm Convention.
      The accumulation and temporal trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs were
      investigated in finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) collected in
      Korean waters. Median concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono
      ortho PCBs were 1.0, 1.1, 0.1, and 1.8pgTEQ/g lipid weight, respectively, which
      were lower than threshold values for marine mammals. Age- and sex-dependent
      accumulation patterns were found for PCDFs and DL-PCBs. Temporal trends in
      finless porpoises collected between 2003 and 2010 showed significant reduction
      rates of 57%, 54%, 69%, and 60% for PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho
      PCBs, respectively. Our results suggest that the regulations on dioxin-like
      contaminants have been effective for marine mammals in Korea. 

PMID- 26971818
TI  - Initial experience with application of single layer modified Kugel mesh for
      inguinal hernia repair: Case series of 72 consecutive patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This is an initial review of the safety and efficacy of anterior
      preperitoneal modified Kugel (MK) mesh herniorrhaphy application without using
      optional onlay mesh. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent
      herniorrhaphy by a single surgeon from July 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2010.
      During these 18 months, a total of 72 patients underwent single-layer MK mesh
      herniorrhaphy. Anterior preperitoneal approach was used to place the mesh. If the
      patient's inguinal hernia defect did not exceed the memory ring of MK mesh, the
      onlay mesh was omitted. Postoperative results (wound infection, recurrence, and
      chronic pain/discomfort) were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 72
      patients underwent anterior preperitoneal single layer MK mesh herniorrhaphy. One
      patient had recurrent hernia after 1 year and was treated with a laparoscopic
      transabdominal preperitoneal operation. The most common postoperative complaint
      was mild soreness which was self-resolving after 1 month. Mean total operative
      time (skin to skin) was 73 minutes. The average hospital stay was 2 days. Most of
      the postoperative complications including soreness (14%), pain for > 3 months
      (1.4%), and scrotal hematoma (1.4%) were self-resolving. One patient experienced
      wound infection, which was treated with oral antibiotics. One patient had
      recurrence 1 year after the operation. CONCLUSION: The postoperative complication
      and recurrence rates of single-layer MK mesh herniorrhaphy was comparable with
      previously reported tension-free repair. Single-layer application is safe and
      feasible. A longer follow-up period and larger study group with a control group
      are needed to verify our method.

PMID- 26971819
TI  - Cell-of-Origin-Specific 3D Genome Structure Acquired during Somatic Cell
      Reprogramming.
AB  - Forced expression of reprogramming factors can convert somatic cells into induced
      pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here we studied genome topology dynamics during
      reprogramming of different somatic cell types with highly distinct genome
      conformations. We find large-scale topologically associated domain (TAD)
      repositioning and alterations of tissue-restricted genomic neighborhoods and
      chromatin loops, effectively erasing the somatic-cell-specific genome structures
      while establishing an embryonic stem-cell-like 3D genome. Yet, early passage
      iPSCs carry topological hallmarks that enable recognition of their cell of
      origin. These hallmarks are not remnants of somatic chromosome topologies.
      Instead, the distinguishing topological features are acquired during
      reprogramming, as we also find for cell-of-origin-dependent gene expression
      patterns.

PMID- 26971820
TI  - CRISPR Interference Efficiently Induces Specific and Reversible Gene Silencing in
      Human iPSCs.
AB  - Developing technologies for efficient and scalable disruption of gene expression
      will provide powerful tools for studying gene function, developmental pathways,
      and disease mechanisms. Here, we develop clustered regularly interspaced short
      palindromic repeat interference (CRISPRi) to repress gene expression in human
      induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). CRISPRi, in which a doxycycline-inducible
      deactivated Cas9 is fused to a KRAB repression domain, can specifically and
      reversibly inhibit gene expression in iPSCs and iPSC-derived cardiac progenitors,
      cardiomyocytes, and T lymphocytes. This gene repression system is tunable and has
      the potential to silence single alleles. Compared with CRISPR nuclease (CRISPRn),
      CRISPRi gene repression is more efficient and homogenous across cell populations.
      The CRISPRi system in iPSCs provides a powerful platform to perform genome-scale
      screens in a wide range of iPSC-derived cell types, dissect developmental
      pathways, and model disease.

PMID- 26971821
TI  - External bioresorbable airway rigidification to treat refractory localized
      tracheomalacia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Our study evaluates the efficacy of extraluminal
      bioresorbable plates to treat refractory localized airway malacia in patients
      undergoing corrective surgery for complex multilevel laryngotracheal stenosis.
      STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Secondary malacic airway
      segments were characterized (severity, site, type) by a dynamic transnasal
      flexible laryngotracheobronchoscopy before surgery. Extraluminal bioresorbable
      plates were used to stabilize the malacic segment through a transcervical
      approach under intraoperative flexible endoscopic guidance. Results were
      evaluated subjectively and by a postoperative dynamic endoscopy. We report our
      experience in seven patients (6 children, 1 adult). RESULTS: External tracheal
      stiffening allowed complete or partial resolution of refractory proximal airway
      malacia in six of seven complex cases described (result in one case is awaited).
      It allowed quick decannulation in four of seven patients who experienced multiple
      previous failures. Decannulation failures were due to recurrence of stenosis.
      With up to 2 years of follow-up, we report no direct complications related to the
      presence of extraluminal bioresorbable plates around the airway. CONCLUSION:
      Extraluminal biodegradable tracheal stiffening represents a valid therapeutic
      option in select cases of upper airway malacia. It can be highly useful in cases
      of complex multilevel airway obstructions. External stiffening needs to be
      planned on a case-to-case basis according to the type of malacia and must be
      performed under endoscopic guidance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2605
      2610, 2016.

PMID- 26971822
TI  - May-Thurner syndrome: A curious syndrome in the ED.

PMID- 26971823
TI  - Topical ethyl chloride to reduce pain associated with venous catheterization: a
      randomized crossover trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare pain associated with venous catheterization after
      administration of topical ethyl chloride vs placebo among emergency department
      health care providers. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, crossover trial among a convenience sample of health care provider
      volunteers in a tertiary care urban emergency department. We randomly allocated
      subjects to initial treatment (ethyl chloride vs sterile water aerosol spray) and
      catheterization site (left or right antecubital fossa). After venous
      catheterization placement and discontinuation, subjects underwent a 5-minute
      washout period. All subjects then underwent venous catheterization in the
      contralateral antecubital fossa after administration of the alternative agent. We
      measured all outcomes after discontinuation of the second catheter. The primary
      outcome was difference in pain verbal numeric rating scale score (0-10) between
      the 2 agents. Secondary outcomes included preferred agent (binary) and future
      willingness to use agent on patients (5-point Likert scale). RESULTS: Thirty
      eight health care providers were recruited; all completed the study. Median pain
      verbal numeric rating scale scores were 4 (interquartile range, 2-5) for placebo
      vs 2 (1-4) for ethyl chloride. The effect size for pain reduction with ethyl
      chloride compared with placebo was 2 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-2; P = .001).
      Most subjects (68.4%) preferred ethyl chloride to placebo. Five-point Likert
      scale scores measuring willingness to use preferred product on future patients
      were higher by 2 (95% confidence interval, 1-3) among subjects preferring ethyl
      chloride vs placebo. CONCLUSIONS: We found that topical ethyl chloride yields a
      greater reduction in pain associated with venous catheterization compared with
      topical placebo.

PMID- 26971824
TI  - Perspectives on Treatment for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
AB  - It is important to provide treatment to patients with nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH) because one third of patients with the metabolic syndrome
      die of liver disease. Basic research studies have elucidated mechanisms of NASH
      pathogenesis, which could lead to therapeutic targets. Health agencies have
      confirmed strategies for the optimal management of NASH and approved new drugs
      and treatments, which urgently are needed. The US Food and Drug Administration
      recently endorsed end points for NASH therapy. The reversal of NASH with no
      evidence of progression to advanced fibrosis has been defined as the end point
      for phase 2b and phase 3 trials in patients with NASH and early stage fibrosis.
      Although a decrease in the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score could
      serve as an end point in clinical trials, it is not clear whether patients with
      lower scores have a lower risk of progression to advanced fibrosis. End points
      for clinical trials of patients with NASH cirrhosis currently are based on model
      for end-stage liver disease and Child-Pugh-Turcotte scores, as well as the
      hepatic venous pressure gradient. Different strategies are being explored to
      reduce liver diseases that are linked to a sedentary lifestyle, overeating, and
      genetic factors. In association with insulin resistance and deregulation of the
      lipid metabolism (accumulation of lipotoxins that promote hepatic lipogenesis,
      adipose tissue lipolysis, and impaired beta-oxidation), these factors could
      increase the risk of liver steatosis with necroinflammatory lesions and fibrosis.
      We review the pathogenic mechanisms of NASH and therapeutic options, as well as
      strategies that are being developed for the treatment of injury to the liver and
      other organs. 

PMID- 26971825
TI  - Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Stimulates Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
      Production by Pancreatic Islets via Interleukin 6, Produced by alpha Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) induces
      production of interleukin 6 (IL6) by adipocytes. IL6 increases production of
      glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 by L cells and alpha cells, leading to secretion of
      insulin from beta cells. We investigated whether GIP regulates GLP1 and glycemia
      via IL6. METHODS: We obtained samples of human pancreatic islets and isolated
      islets from mice; human alpha cells and beta cells were sorted by flow cytometry
      and incubated with GIP. Islets were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction and immunohistochemistry. BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+ Leprdb/J db/db mice (diabetic
      mice) and db/+ mice, as well as C57BL/6J IL6-knockout mice (IL6-KO) and C57BL/6J
      mice with the full-length Il6 gene (controls), were fed a chow or a high-fat
      diet; some mice were given injections of recombinant GIP, IL6, GLP, a
      neutralizing antibody against IL6 (anti-IL6), lipopolysaccharide, and/or IL1B.
      Mice were given a glucose challenge and blood samples were collected and
      analyzed. RESULTS: Incubation of mouse and human pancreatic alpha cells with GIP
      induced their production of IL6, leading to production of GLP1 and insulin
      secretion from pancreatic islets. This did not occur in islets from IL6-KO mice
      or in islets incubated with anti-IL6. Incubation of islets with IL1B resulted in
      IL6 production but directly reduced GLP1 production. Incubation of mouse islets
      with the sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin induced production
      of GLP1 and IL6. Injection of control mice with GIP increased plasma levels of
      GLP1, insulin, and glucose tolerance; these effects were amplified in mice given
      lipopolysaccharide but reduced in IL6-KO mice or in mice given anti-IL6. Islets
      from diabetic mice had increased levels of IL1B and IL6, compared with db/+ mice,
      but injection of GIP did not lead to production of GLP1 or reduce glycemia.
      CONCLUSIONS: In studies of pancreatic islets from human beings and mice, we found
      that GIP induces production of IL6 by alpha cells, leading to islet production of
      GLP1 and insulin. This process is regulated by inflammation, via IL1B, and by
      sodium glucose transporter 2. In diabetic mice, increased islet levels of IL6 and
      IL1B might increase or reduce the production of GLP1 and affect glycemia.

PMID- 26971826
TI  - Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:
      Pretransplant Selection and Posttransplant Management.
AB  - Alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
      are common causes of chronic liver disease throughout the world. Although they
      have similar histologic features, a diagnosis of NAFLD requires the absence of
      significant alcohol use. ALD is seen commonly in patients with a long-standing
      history of excessive alcohol use, whereas NAFLD is encountered commonly in
      patients who have developed complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance,
      hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Lifestyle contributes to the development and
      progression of both diseases. Although alcohol abstinence can cause regression of
      ALD, and weight loss can cause regression of NAFLD, many patients with these
      diseases develop cirrhosis. ALD and NAFLD account for nearly 30% of liver
      transplants performed in the United States. Patients receiving liver transplants
      for ALD or NAFLD have similar survival times as patients receiving transplants
      for other liver disorders. Although ALD and NAFLD recur frequently after liver
      transplantation, graft loss from disease recurrence after transplantation is
      uncommon. Cardiovascular disease and de novo malignancy are leading causes of
      long-term mortality in liver transplant recipients with ALD or NAFLD.

PMID- 26971827
TI  - Causes of Death Among Patients Infected with HIV at a Tertiary Care Hospital in
      China: An Observational Cohort Study.
AB  - The objective of this study was to elucidate the causes of death and mortality in
      a cohort of inpatients infected with HIV. The causes of death and mortality were
      evaluated by using the clinical data of 1,076 patients admitted to the Center for
      Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, between January 1, 2009, and
      November 30, 2012, and who were followed for 6 months after discharge. During the
      4-year study period, 216 patients had died by the 6-month follow-up (mortality
      rate, 20.1%). Opportunistic infections were the most common causes of death
      (42.0%), followed by malignancies (23.1%), unexplained central nervous system
      infections and occupying lesions (18.1%), infectious shock (10.2%), severe
      hepatitis and decompensated cirrhosis (3.2%), sudden death (1.4%), lactic
      acidosis (0.9%), and uremia (0.9%). The strong risk factors for mortality were
      cost constraints and unaffordable further diagnosis and treatment (adjusted
      hazard ratio [AHR] = 134.394, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 25.748-701.481, p <
      .001), unexplained etiologies (AHR = 12.551, 95% CI = 6.642-23.716, p < .001),
      and multiple complications (AHR = 5.798, 95% CI = 2.973-11.308, p < .001).
      Mortality was not associated with CD4 levels or combined antiretroviral therapy
      (cART) in a cohort of inpatients at a special hospital for HIV/AIDS patients in
      China. AIDS-related infections and malignancies were the most common causes of
      death in patients infected with HIV, and improvement of the etiological diagnosis
      would help physicians provide appropriate treatment and reduce mortality rates.

PMID- 26971829
TI  - Surgical management of Juxtafacet cysts in the lumbar spine.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Juxtafacet cysts of the lumbar spine are extradural degenerative
      lesions associated with symptoms of lower back pain and radiculopathy. The aim of
      this study is to evaluate the efficacy of surgery and address controversial
      issues in the treatment of symptomatic juxta facet cysts in the Neurosurgical
      Department of our hospital and review of the literature. METHODS: Data from seven
      patients (age range 58-68 years, mean age 63 years) with low back and radicular
      leg pain due to a lumbar facet joint cyst were retrospectively analyzed.
      Demographic data, cyst level, presence of concominant local pathology, treatment
      and results of treatment were recorded. After surgery there was no case of a
      recurrent cyst during the follow-up period. The mean follow-up period of patients
      at the time of this study was 4 years. RESULTS: All patients had back pain, while
      five also experienced unilateral radicular leg pain and two had bilateral leg
      pain. Four patients had neurogenic claudication. MRI identified the cyst and
      highlighted underlying pathology in all cases. All patients underwent surgical
      cyst excision. Post-operatively, all patients showed a total resolution of
      symptoms with sustained benefit at final evaluation. CONCLUSION: Surgery is a
      safe and effective treatment for lumbar juxtafacet cysts.

PMID- 26971828
TI  - Influence of sub-specialty surgical care on outcomes for pediatric emergency
      general surgery patients in a low-middle income country.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether adult general surgeons should handle pediatric emergencies is
      controversial. In many resource-limited settings, pediatric surgeons are not
      available. The study examined differences in surgical outcomes among
      children/adolescents managed by pediatric and adult general surgery teams for
      emergency general surgical (EGS) conditions at a university-hospital in South
      Asia. METHODS: Pediatric patients (<18y) admitted with an EGS diagnosis (March
      2009-April 2014) were included. Patients were dichotomized by adult vs. pediatric
      surgical management team. Outcome measures included: length of stay (LOS),
      mortality, and occurrence of >=1 complication(s). Descriptive statistics and
      multivariable regression analyses with propensity scores to account for potential
      confounding were used to compare outcomes between the two groups. Quasi
      experimental counterfactual models further examined hypothetical outcomes,
      assuming that all patients had been treated by pediatric surgeons. RESULTS: A
      total of 2323 patients were included. Average age was 7.1y (+/-5.5 SD); most
      patients were male (77.7%). 1958 (84.3%) were managed by pediatric surgery. The
      overall probability of developing a complication was 1.8%; 0.9% died (all adult
      general surgery). Patients managed by adult general surgery had higher risk
      adjusted odds of developing complications (OR [95%CI]: 5.42 [2.10-14.00]) and
      longer average LOS (7.98 vs. 5.61 days, p < 0.01). 39.8% fewer complications and
      an 8.2% decrease in LOS would have been expected if all patients had been managed
      by pediatric surgery. CONCLUSION: Pediatric patients had better post-operative
      outcomes under pediatric surgical supervision, suggesting that, where possible in
      resource-constrained settings, resources should be allocated to promote
      development and staffing of pediatric surgical specialties parallel to adult
      general surgical teams.

PMID- 26971830
TI  - [The role of the paediatrician in post-partum depression].

PMID- 26971832
TI  - Succinate, an intermediate in metabolism, signal transduction, ROS, hypoxia, and
      tumorigenesis.
AB  - Succinate is an important metabolite at the cross-road of several metabolic
      pathways, also involved in the formation and elimination of reactive oxygen
      species. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that its realm extends to
      epigenetics, tumorigenesis, signal transduction, endo- and paracrine modulation
      and inflammation. Here we review the pathways encompassing succinate as a
      metabolite or a signal and how these may interact in normal and pathological
      conditions.(1). 

PMID- 26971833
TI  - Long term effect of switching to darunavir/ritonavir in HIV infected patients
      previously on protease inhibitor therapy.

PMID- 26971834
TI  - A promiscuous recognition mechanism between GPR17 and SDF-1: Molecular insights.
AB  - Recent data and publications suggest a promiscuous behaviour for GPR17, a class-A
      GPCR operated by different classes of ligands, such as uracil nucleotides,
      cysteinyl-leukotrienes and oxysterols. This observation, together with the
      ability of several class-A GPCRs to form homo- and hetero-dimers, is likely to
      unveil new pathophysiological roles and novel emerging pharmacological properties
      for some of these GPCRs, including GPR17. This receptor shares structural,
      phylogenetic and functional properties with some chemokine receptors, CXCRs. Both
      GPR17 and CXCR2 are operated by oxysterols, and both GPR17 and CXCR ligands have
      been demonstrated to have a role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and
      oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation to myelinating cells in acute and
      chronic diseases of the central nervous system. Here, by combining in silico
      modelling data with in vitro validation in (i) a classical reference
      pharmacological assay for GPCR activity and (ii) a model of maturation of primary
      oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we demonstrate that GPR17 can be activated by
      SDF-1, a ligand of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, and investigate the
      underlying molecular recognition mechanism. We also demonstrate that cangrelor, a
      GPR17 orthosteric antagonist, can block the SDF-1-mediated activation of GPR17 in
      a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of GPR17 to respond to different
      classes of GPCR ligands suggests that this receptor modifies its function
      depending on the extracellular mileu changes occurring under specific
      pathophysiological conditions and advocates it as a strategic target for
      neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory/immune component.

PMID- 26971835
TI  - Effects of glycaemic variability on cardiac remodelling after reperfused
      myocardial infarction: Evaluation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats
      using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - AIMS: In addition to hyperglycaemia, glycaemic variability seems to be associated
      with poor outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. This study explored the
      impact of glycaemic variability in diabetic Wistar rats subjected to myocardial
      ischaemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
      received insulin either to maintain stable hyperglycaemia (Dh group) or to
      generate glycaemic variability (Dv). After experimental myocardial
      ischaemia/reperfusion was surgically induced, 7T cardiac magnetic resonance
      imaging (CMR) was performed at weeks 1 (w1) and 3 (w3). RESULTS: Twenty-six rats
      were randomized [sham group (S): n=5; control group (C): n=7; Dh group: n=6; and
      Dv group: n=8]. The mean amplitude of glucose reflecting glycaemic variability
      was higher in the Dv than in the Dh group (9.1+/-2.7mmol/L vs 5.9+/-1.9mmol/L;
      P<0.05). CMR assessment at w3 revealed ventricular enlargement in both Dh and Dv
      groups compared with the C and S groups (end-diastolic volume: 1.60+/-0.22 and
      1.36+/-0.30mL/kg compared with 1.11+/-0.13 and 0.87+/-0.11mL/kg, respectively;
      P<0.05). Circumferential strain was altered between w1 and w3 in the remote area
      only in the Dv group, resulting in a lower value in this group than in the S, C
      and Dh groups (-0.11+/-0.01 vs -0.17+/-0.05, -0.15+/-0.03 and -0.16+/-0.03,
      respectively; P<0.05). In addition, at w3, oedema was also higher in the remote
      area in the Dv than in the C group (18.3+/-4.9ms vs 14.5+/-1.7ms, respectively;
      P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In the context of experimental myocardial
      ischaemia/reperfusion, our results suggest that glycaemic variability might have
      a potentially deleterious impact on myocardial outcomes beyond the classical
      glucose metrics.

PMID- 26971836
TI  - Bone mineral density is associated with left ventricular diastolic function in
      men with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - AIMS: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with chronic heart failure and
      cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, low bone mineral density (BMD) predicts incident
      heart failure. Abnormal diastolic function reflects early changes in cardiac
      function and plays a key role in the development of heart failure. The purpose of
      this study was to investigate the association between BMD with left ventricular
      (LV) diastolic function in men with T2DM. METHODS: In all, 344 men with T2DM and
      331 age-matched control subjects were enrolled. BMD measurements were performed.
      LV diastolic function and structure were assessed by echocardiographic
      evaluation. RESULTS: BMD was lower in men with T2DM than in controls. There were
      significant differences in the level of parameters reflecting cardiac structure
      and LV diastolic function between two groups. Moreover, LV diastolic function and
      structure parameters also showed significant differences as BMD reduced in T2DM
      group. BMD at femoral neck was correlated with LV diastolic function parameters
      in T2DM after adjusting for confounding factors. Multivariable logistic analysis
      revealed that osteopenia and osteoporosis were associated with diastolic
      dysfunction compared to the control in men with T2DM. However, no association
      between BMD and LV diastolic function was found in subjects without T2DM.
      CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis may be an independent factor for LV diastolic
      dysfunction in men with T2DM. Our data suggested that early detection of abnormal
      BMD should warrant for early search of undetected LV diastolic dysfunction in
      diabetic men.

PMID- 26971837
TI  - Conformation-induced regioselective and divergent opening of epoxides by
      fluoride: facile access to hydroxylated fluoro-piperidines.
AB  - Utilizing molecular conformation as a controlling factor, epoxide-containing 2
      aryl-piperidines can be ring-opened with the reagent combination of
      tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and potassium bifluoride (KHF2) in a
      regioselective and divergent fashion. Four different types of hydroxylated fluoro
      piperidines, valuable building blocks in drug development, were readily
      synthesized using this method. The basic nature of the reagent combination
      allowed a one-pot deprotection/ring opening process, which increased the efficacy
      of this transformation. 

PMID- 26971838
TI  - VALIDITY OF USING WAIST AND HIP CIRCUMFERENCE MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE BODY
      COMPOSITION OF YOUNG SYRIAN MEN.
AB  - This study examined the relation between waist circumference (WC), hip
      circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and
      triceps skin-fold thickness and percentage body fat in young Syrian men. The aim
      was to develop equations that can use these anthropometric characteristics to
      estimate percentage body fat in this group of subjects. A total of 2470 healthy
      Syrian men aged 18-19 years were enrolled in the study in 2010-2011. The
      anthropometric characteristics of all subjects were measured. The percentage body
      fat of 213 of the subjects was determined using the deuterium dilution (DD)
      technique as a reference method. The validity of using WC, HC, WHpR and WHtR to
      calculate percentage body fat, in comparison with the reference method (DD
      technique), was assessed by calculating biases and limits of agreement. The
      estimates of percentage body fat using 'WC' and 'WC with triceps skin-fold'
      measurements ranged from 13.00+/-5.56% to 14.55+/-8.63%, and were lower than
      those determined using the reference method (21.32+/-6.42%). A better prediction
      equation is proposed for young adults, based on a multiple linear regression
      model using WC, HC and WHtR. 

PMID- 26971839
TI  - Preface - Neuroendocrine tumours.

PMID- 26971840
TI  - A short history of neuroendocrine tumours and their peptide hormones.
AB  - The discovery of neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and
      pancreas started in 1870, when Rudolf Heidenhain discovered the neuroendocrine
      cells, which can lead to the development of these tumours. Siegfried Oberndorfer
      was the first to introduce the term carcinoid in 1907. The pancreatic islet cells
      were first described in 1869 by Paul Langerhans. In 1924, Seale Harris was the
      first to describe endogenous hyperinsulinism/insulinoma. In 1942 William Becker
      and colleagues were the first to describe the glucagonoma syndrome. The first
      description of gastrinoma by Robert Zollinger and Edwin Ellison dates from 1955.
      The first description of the VIPoma syndrome by John Verner and Ashton Morrison
      dates from 1958. In 1977, the groups of Lars-Inge Larsson and Jens Rehfeld, and
      of Om Ganda reported the first cases of somatostatinoma. But only in 2013, Jens
      Rehfeld and colleagues described the CCK-oma syndrome. The most recently updated
      WHO classification for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours dates from 2010. 

PMID- 26971841
TI  - Specific biology of neuroendocrine tumors: Peptide receptors as molecular
      targets.
AB  - Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are characterized by a high over-expression of many
      different peptide hormone receptors. These receptors represent important
      molecular targets for imaging and therapy, using either radiolabeled or cold
      peptide analogs. The clinically best established example is somatostatin receptor
      targeting. A relatively new application is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
      receptor-targeted imaging of insulinomas, which is highly sensitive. A potential
      future candidate for peptide receptor targeting is the gastric inhibitory peptide
      (GIP) receptor. It was recently found to exhibit a very wide expression in NET
      and may be a particularly suitable target in somatostatin and GLP-1 receptor
      negative tumors. With increasing use of peptide receptor targeting, reliable
      morphologic in vitro tools to assess peptide receptors in tissues are mandatory,
      such as in vitro receptor autoradiography or thoroughly established
      immunohistochemical procedures. 

PMID- 26971842
TI  - Histopathology of NET: Current concepts and new developments.
AB  - The diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors is based on their histopathologic
      appearance and immunohistochemical profile. With the WHO 2010 classification
      formal staging and grading was introduced for gastro-entero-pancreatic NET,
      however, the nomenclature for lung neuroendocrine tumors still relies on the
      carcinoid term. In this review we also focus on the situation of neuroendocrine
      carcinoma of unknown primary, tissue biomarkers and actual controversies in the
      histopathology of NEN. 

PMID- 26971843
TI  - Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NET) - Imaging and staging.
AB  - Detection of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) and
      monitoring of treatment response relies mainly on morphological imaging such as
      computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Molecular imaging
      techniques also in combination with CT (hybrid imaging) greatly benefit patient
      management, including better localization of occult tumours and better staging.
      Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) and somatostatin receptor (SSTR)
      positron emission tomography (PET) play a central role in the diagnostic work-up
      of patients with well-differentiated GEP-NETs. SSTR PET/CT is superior to SRS and
      should be used whenever available. (18)F-DOPA and (18)F-FDG PET/CT is inferior to
      SSTR PET/CT at least in patients with well-differentiated GEP-NETs. Both SSTR
      PET/CT and SRS have limitations, such as relatively low detection rate of benign
      insulinomas, poorly differentiated GEP-NETs and liver metastases. New innovations
      such as SSTR PET/MRI, radiolabelled SSTR antagonists and glucagon-like peptide-1
      receptor (GLP-1R) agonists might further improve imaging of GEP-NETs. 

PMID- 26971844
TI  - Neuroendocrine tumor biomarkers: From monoanalytes to transcripts and algorithms.
AB  - The management of neuroendocrine neoplasia remains a perplexing problem because
      of the lack of knowledge of the biology of the disease, its late presentation,
      the relative insensitivity of imaging modalities and a paucity of predictably
      effective treatment options. A critical limitation is posed by the lack of
      accurate biomarkers to guide management, monitor the efficacy of therapy and
      provide a prognostic assessment of disease progress. Currently utilized
      monoanalyte biomarkers (e.g. chromogranin, serotonin, pancreastatin etc.) exhibit
      variable metrics, poor sensitivity, specificity, and predictive ability and are
      rarely used to guide clinical decision making. A National Cancer Institute
      Neuroendocrine Tumor summit conference held in 2007 noted biomarker limitations
      to be a crucial unmet need in the management of neuroendocrine tumors.
      Nevertheless little progress has been made in this field until recently with the
      consideration of blood transcript analysis, circulating tumor cells and miRNA
      measurement. Given the complexity and multidimensionality of the neoplastic
      process itself, the heterogeneity of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) as well as the
      interaction of the tumor microenvironment, it is not unexpected that no single
      (monoanalyte) biomarker has proven to be effective. This deduction reflects the
      growing recognition that use of a monoanalyte to define a multidimensional
      disease process has inherent flaws. Logic dictates that no single measured
      parameter can capture the pathobiological diversity of neoplasia and monoanalytes
      cannot define the multiple variables (proliferation, metabolic activity, invasive
      potential and metastatic propensity) that constitute tumor growth. Thus far, most
      biomarkers whether in tissue or blood/urine have been single analytes with
      varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity and in general have failed to
      exhibit robust metrics or lacked methodological rigor. Neuroendocrine (NE)
      disease represents an area of biomarker paucity since the individual biomarkers
      (gastrin, insulin etc) are not widely applicable to the diverse types of NE
      neoplasia (NEN). Broad spectrum markers such as CgA have limitations in
      sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. This review serves to provide a
      general background of the evolution of NET biomarkers. It provides an assessment
      of their current and past usage and limitations in assessing their diagnostic,
      pathologic and prognostic aspects in respect of NET. It provides a view of the
      changing methodology of biomarker development and the application of
      biomathematical analyses to redefining detection and treatment. Finally, it
      presents a description and consensus on current advances in transcript analysis,
      miRNA measurement and circulating tumor cell identification. 

PMID- 26971846
TI  - Surgical management of neuroendocrine tumors.
AB  - During the last decades an increase in the incidence of neuroendocrine tumors
      (NETs) was observed. Gastroenteropancreatic NETs represent the majority of NETs.
      Compared with their epithelial counterpart they usually have a more indolent
      behaviour and surgical resection improves survival. Tumor diameter is one of the
      main parameter in the decision making process for nonfunctioning forms.
      Generally, small lesions can be treated conservatively whereas larger tumors
      should be treated with standard surgical resection and lymphadenectomy.
      Functioning tumors should be resected regardless the dimension of the lesion.
      Locally advanced and metastatic disease should be also treated with extended
      resections, keeping in consideration the grading, size, Ki67, and presence of
      extra-abdominal disease. In the case of metastases the panel of operative
      treatment includes resection, ablation, up to liver transplantation. 

PMID- 26971845
TI  - Neuroendocrine tumours - Medical therapy: Biological.
AB  - Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are well established antisecretory drugs that have
      been used as first line treatment for symptomatic control in hormonally active
      neuroendocrine tumours (NET) for three decades. Both available depot formulations
      of SSA, long-acting repeatable (LAR) octreotide and lanreotide autogel, seem
      similarly effective and well tolerated, although comparative trials in NET have
      not been performed. The importance of SSA as antiproliferative treatment has been
      increasingly recognized during recent years. Two placebo-controlled trials
      demonstrated significant prolongation of progression free survival under SSA
      treatment. However, objective response as assessed by imaging is rare. Interferon
      alpha (IFNalpha) also has antisecretory and antiproliferative efficacy in NET.
      Due to the less favourable toxicity profile it mainly has a role as add-on option
      in the refractory setting, especially in carcinoid syndrome patients. Further
      studies are needed to evaluate the antiproliferative efficacy of the multiligand
      SSA pasireotide and the role of pegylated IFNalpha. 

PMID- 26971847
TI  - Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine tumours.
AB  - In the past decades, the number of neuroendocrine tumours that are detected is
      increasing. A relative new and promising therapy for patients with metastasised
      or inoperable disease is peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). This
      therapy involves an infusion of somatostatin analogues linked to radionuclides
      like Yttrium-90 or Lutetium-177. Objective response rates are reported in 15-35%.
      Response rates may vary between type of tumour and radionuclide. Besides the
      objective response rate, overall survival and progression free survival increase
      significantly. Also, the quality of life improves as well. Serious side-affects
      are rare. PRRT is usually well tolerated, also in patients with extensive
      metastasised disease. Recent studies combined PRRT with other types of therapies.
      Unfortunately no randomised trials comparing these strategies are available. In
      the future, more research is needed to evaluate the best therapy combinations or
      sequence of therapies. 

PMID- 26971848
TI  - Somatic and germline mutations in NETs: Implications for their diagnosis and
      management.
AB  - It is now understood that specific somatic and germline mutations may lead to the
      development of the neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). NETs usually occur as sporadic
      isolated tumours, although they also may present as part of complex familial
      endocrine cancer syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
      and type 2 (MEN2), Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and neurofibromatosis syndromes,
      tuberous sclerosis, Carney triad and dyad, Reed syndrome and polycythaemia
      paraganglioma syndromes. Only in MEN2 syndrome is there a specific genotype
      phenotype correlation, although in both sporadic and syndromic NETs some gene
      mutations are associated with specific clinico-pathological features and
      prognosis. There have been several advances in our understanding of the NETs
      leading to earlier detection and targeted therapeutic treatment, but given the
      poor prognosis associated with metastatic NETs, it will be necessary to find new
      biomarkers for the prediction of malignant potential and to find novel
      therapeutic targets for NETs. 

PMID- 26971849
TI  - Management of follow-up of neuroendocrine neoplasias.
AB  - Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NEN) comprise heterogeneous epithelial neoplasms with
      a large variety of clinical presentations, treatment options and outcomes. Since
      potentially all NEN bear malignant potential it is important for long-term
      clinical management and improvement of outcome to decide on successful and
      oncologically and economically meaningful follow-up strategies. Evidence-based
      outcome data validating specific follow-up strategies are, however, not available
      to date and thus outcome data, known prognostic factors and clinical experience
      guide the decisions on follow-up regimens. The review summarizes general
      recommendations as well as specific considerations based on tumor entities,
      clinicopathological tumor characteristics and clinical experience. Follow-up
      shall serve the patient to improve outcome, benefit from more effective therapies
      and suffer less from unnecessary and/or toxic therapeutic interventions and
      finally preserve or gain a good quality of life. 

PMID- 26971850
TI  - Liver transplantation for the treatment of neuroendocrine liver metastases.
AB  - Neuroendocrine neoplasms represent a heterogeneous group of cancers arising from
      a variety of neuroendocrine cell types. In general, these tumors (NET) are
      asymptomatic and are discovered late once metastatic disease is present (40-80%).
      The liver is the most common organ involved when metastases occur (40-93%),
      followed by bone (12-20%) and lungs (8-10%). A number of different therapeutic
      options are available for patients with hepatic metastases including surgical
      resection, transplantation, transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency and
      microwave ablation, radioembolization (Y90), chemotherapy, somatostatin analogues
      and molecular targeted therapies. Surgical resection is still considered the
      treatment of choice and provides excellent disease control with an overall
      survival of 47-92%. Liver transplantation has been advocated in selected patients
      with bilateral unresectable symptomatic liver metastases. The aim of this study
      is to review the existing literature emphasizing on the role of transplantation
      to treat patients with liver metastases from NET. 

PMID- 26971851
TI  - Carcinoid heart disease: Diagnosis and management.
AB  - Hedinger syndrome refers to carcinoid valvular heart disease. The disease is
      believed to be triggered by vasoactive substances that result in valvular
      fibrosis. It classically occurs in patients with metastatic carcinoid and
      preferentially involves the right sided cardiac valves. Affected valves become
      thickened and retracted, exhibiting regurgitation and sometimes, stenosis.
      Echocardiography is recommended in patients with carcinoid syndrome and a follow
      up study is advisable in those who develop a murmur or other symptoms or signs of
      valvular heart disease. For appropriately selected patients, valve replacement
      surgery appears to improve outcomes. 

PMID- 26971852
TI  - Establishing a database of Canadian feline mitotypes for forensic use.
AB  - Hair shed by pet animals is often found and collected as evidence from crime
      scenes. Due to limitations such as small amount and low quality, mitochondrial
      DNA (mtDNA) is often the only type of DNA that can be used for linking the hair
      to a potential contributor. mtDNA has lower discriminatory power than nuclear DNA
      because multiple, unrelated individuals within a population can have the same
      mtDNA sequence, or mitotype. Therefore, to determine the evidentiary value of a
      match between crime scene evidence and a suspected contributor, the frequency of
      the mitotype must be known within the regional population. While mitotype
      frequencies have been determined for the United States' cat population, the
      frequencies are unknown for the Canadian cat population. Given the countries'
      close proximity and similar human settlement patterns, these populations may be
      homogenous, meaning a single, regional database may be used for estimating cat
      population mitotype frequencies. Here we determined the mitotype frequencies of
      the Canadian cat population and compared them to the United States' cat
      population. The two cat populations are statistically homogenous, however
      mitotype B6 was found in high frequency in Canada and extremely low frequency in
      the United States, meaning a single database would not be appropriate for North
      America. Furthermore, this work calls attention to these local spikes in
      frequency of otherwise rare mitotypes, instances of which exist around the world
      and have the potential to misrepresent the evidentiary value of matches compared
      to a regional database. 

PMID- 26971853
TI  - The influence of electronic cigarette age purchasing restrictions on adolescent
      tobacco and marijuana use.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the United States, many states have established minimum legal
      purchase ages for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) to ban adolescent
      purchases, but these policies may also affect other related substance use. We
      explore whether ENDS are substitutes or complements for cigarettes, cigars,
      smokeless tobacco, and marijuana among adolescents by using variation in state
      level implementation of ENDS age purchasing restrictions. METHODS: We linked data
      on ENDS age purchasing restrictions to state- and year-specific rates of
      adolescent tobacco and marijuana use in 2007-2013 from the Youth Risk Behavior
      Surveillance System. This data provides a nationally representative sample of
      adolescents who attend public and private schools. We performed a fixed effect
      regression analysis exploring the influence of ENDS age purchasing restrictions
      on outcomes of tobacco use and marijuana use, controlling for state and year
      fixed characteristics, age-race cohorts, cigarette excise taxes, and cigarette
      indoor use restrictions. RESULTS: For cigarette use, we separate our results into
      cigarette use frequency. We found causal evidence that ENDS age purchasing
      restrictions increased adolescent regular cigarette use by 0.8 percentage points.
      ENDS age purchasing restrictions were not associated with cigar use, smokeless
      tobacco use, or marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: We document a concerning trend of
      cigarette smoking among adolescents increasing when ENDS become more difficult to
      purchase.

PMID- 26971856
TI  - Biological and antipathogenic activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins from
      Phytolacca dioica L.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The species from the genus Phytolacca constitute one of the best
      sources of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that have been used both in the
      therapy against virus and tumors and in the construction of transgenic plants
      resistant to virus, bacteria, fungi and insects. Here we investigate new
      activities of three representative RIPs from Phytolacca dioica (dioicin 2, PD-S2
      and PD-L4). RESULTS: The three RIPs displayed, in addition to already reported
      activities, rRNA N-glycosylase activities against plant, bacterial and fungal
      ribosomes. Additionally dioicin 2 and PD-L4 displayed endonuclease activity on a
      supercoiled plasmid DNA, and dioicin 2 and PD-S2 arrested the growth of the
      fungus Penicillium digitatum. Furthermore, dioicin 2 induced caspase activation
      and apoptosis in cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS: The different activities of the RIPs
      from Phytolacca dioica may explain the antipathogenic properties attributed to
      these RIPs in plants and their antiviral and antitumoral effects. In spite of the
      similarity in their rRNA N-glycosylase and DNA polynucleotide:adenosine
      glycosylase activities, they differed in their activities against viral RNA,
      plasmid DNA, fungi and animal cultured cells. This suggests that the presence of
      isoforms might optimize the response of the plant against several types of
      pathogens. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: RIPs from Phytolacca can induce plant resistance
      or tumor cell death not only by means of ribosome inactivation but also by the
      activities found in this report. Furthermore, the induction of cell death by
      different mechanisms turns these RIPs into more useful tools for cancer treatment
      rendering the selection of RIP-resistant mutants impossible.

PMID- 26971858
TI  - The interaction and binding of flavonoids to human serum albumin modify its
      conformation, stability and resistance against aggregation and oxidative
      injuries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interactions of ligands with proteins imply changes in the properties
      of the macromolecules that may deeply modify their biological activities and
      conformations and allow them to acquire new and, sometimes, unexpected abilities.
      The flavonoid phloretin has several pharmacological properties that are starting
      to be elucidated, one of which is the well-known inhibition of glucose transport.
      METHODS: The interactions of phloretin to human serum albumin have been
      investigated by fluorescence, UV-visible, FTIR spectroscopy, native
      electrophoresis, protein ligand docking studies, fluorescence and scanning
      electron microscopy. RESULTS: Spectroscopic investigations suggest that the
      flavonoid binds to human serum albumin inducing a decrease in alpha-helix
      structures as shown by deconvolution of FTIR Amide I' band. Fluorescence and
      displacement studies highlight modifications of environment around Trp214 with
      the primary binding site located in the Sudlow's site I. In the hydrophobic
      cavity of subdomain IIA, molecular modeling studies suggest that phloretin is in
      non-planar conformation and hydrogen-bonded with Ser202 and Ser454. These changes
      make HSA able to withstand protein degradation due to HCLO and fibrillation.
      GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our work aims to open new perspectives as far as the
      binding of flavonoids to HSA are concern and shows as the properties of both
      compounds can be remarkable modified after the complex formation, resulting, for
      instance, in a protein structure much more resistant to oxidation and
      fibrillation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life"
      Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazu and Dr. Federica Migliardo.

PMID- 26971857
TI  - Ebselen and analogs as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis thioredoxin reductase and
      bactericidal antibacterials targeting Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus and
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a disease
      associated with a very high mortality rate in its invasive forms. METHODS: We
      studied a number of ebselen analogs as inhibitors of B. anthracis thioredoxin
      reductase and their antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus
      aureus, Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS: The most potent
      compounds in the series gave IC(50) values down to 70 nM for the pure enzyme and
      minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) down to 0.4 MUM (0.12 MUg/ml) for B.
      subtilis, 1.5 MUM (0.64 MUg/ml) for S. aureus, 2 MUM (0.86 MUg/ml) for B. cereus
      and 10 MUg/ml for M. tuberculosis. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs)
      were found at 1-1.5 times the MIC, indicating a general, class-dependent,
      bactericidal mode of action. The combined bacteriological and enzymological data
      were used to construct a preliminary structure-activity-relationship for the
      benzoisoselenazol class of compounds. When S. aureus and B. subtilis were exposed
      to ebselen, we were unable to isolate resistant mutants on both solid and in
      liquid medium suggesting a high resistance barrier. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      suggest that ebselen and analogs thereof could be developed into a novel
      antibiotic class, useful for the treatment of infections caused by B. anthracis,
      S. aureus, M. tuberculosis and other clinically important bacteria. Furthermore,
      the high barrier against resistance development is encouraging for further drug
      development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: We have characterized the thioredoxin system
      from B. anthracis as a novel drug target and ebselen and analogs thereof as a
      potential new class of antibiotics targeting several important human pathogens.

PMID- 26971859
TI  - A rapid-response fluorescent probe for the sensitive and selective detection of
      human albumin in plasma and cell culture supernatants.
AB  - A rapid-response fluorescent probe ACDM was developed for the selective and
      sensitive detection of human albumin (HA) via binding onto a non-drug binding
      site. ACDM was successfully used to detect trace HA in various biological samples
      including diluted plasma and cell culture supernatants.

PMID- 26971862
TI  - Identification and exclusion of intermediates of photocatalytic CO2 reduction on
      TiO2 under conditions of highest purity.
AB  - Using a high-purity gas phase photoreactor and highly sensitive trace gas
      analysis, new insights into the mechanism of photocatalytic CO2 reduction on TiO2
      P25 have been obtained. The reactor design and sample pretreatment excludes
      product formation from intermediates. Apart from CO2, the only other reactant
      offered to the catalyst is water. The main products found on this prominent
      photocatalyst are methane and carbon monoxide. To distinguish between the three
      possible mechanisms reported in previous studies, likely intermediates of the
      reaction were added to the TiO2 photocatalyst and their reactivity was followed
      by gas chromatographic analysis. Based on the results, we can clearly rule out CO
      as intermediate of any photocatalytic reaction pathway on TiO2, because CO was
      not converted at all within a course of six hours. An improvement of carbonate
      formation on TiO2 brought about by surface-doping with sodium decreased product
      yields, so carbonates are unlikely intermediates as well. Methanol, formaldehyde
      and formic acid were exclusively oxidized back to CO2. We thus support a
      mechanism running over C2-intermediates, and we tested our hypothesis by reacting
      glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, acetic acid and acetaldehyde on TiO2. The reactions of
      acetaldehyde and acetic acid led to product distributions very similar to those
      obtained from CO2 under the standard reaction conditions, strongly supporting the
      C2 mechanism. This mechanism can also explain the small amounts of ethane usually
      found in the product mixture. 

PMID- 26971854
TI  - Alcohol: A Simple Nutrient with Complex Actions on Bone in the Adult Skeleton.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol is an important nonessential component of diet, but the
      overall impact of drinking on bone health, especially at moderate levels, is not
      well understood. Bone health is important because fractures greatly reduce
      quality of life and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
      Regular alcohol consumption is most common following skeletal maturity,
      emphasizing the importance of understanding the skeletal consequences of drinking
      in adults. METHODS: This review focuses on describing the complex effects of
      alcohol on the adult skeleton. Studies assessing the effects of alcohol on bone
      in adult humans as well as skeletally mature animal models published since the
      year 2000 are emphasized. RESULTS: Light to moderate alcohol consumption is
      generally reported to be beneficial, resulting in higher bone mineral density
      (BMD) and reduced age-related bone loss, whereas heavy alcohol consumption is
      generally associated with decreased BMD, impaired bone quality, and increased
      fracture risk. Bone remodeling is the principal mechanism for maintaining a
      healthy skeleton in adults and dysfunction in bone remodeling can lead to bone
      loss and/or decreased bone quality. Light to moderate alcohol may exert
      beneficial effects in older individuals by slowing the rate of bone remodeling,
      but the impact of light to moderate alcohol on bone remodeling in younger
      individuals is less certain. The specific effects of alcohol on bone remodeling
      in heavy drinkers are even less certain because the effects are often obscured by
      unhealthy lifestyle choices, alcohol-associated disease, and altered endocrine
      signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Although there have been advances in understanding the
      complex actions of alcohol on bone, much remains to be determined. Limited
      evidence implicates age, skeletal site evaluated, duration, and pattern of
      drinking as important variables. Few studies systematically evaluating the impact
      of these factors have been conducted and should be made a priority for future
      research. In addition, studies performed in skeletally mature animals have
      potential to reveal mechanistic insights into the precise actions of alcohol and
      associated comorbidity factors on bone remodeling.

PMID- 26971863
TI  - Unconventional Luminescent Centers in Metastable Phases Created by Topochemical
      Reduction Reactions.
AB  - A low-temperature topochemical reduction strategy is used herein to prepare
      unconventional phosphors with luminescence covering the biological and/or
      telecommunications optical windows. This approach is demonstrated by using
      Bi(III)-doped Y2O3 (Y(2-x)Bi(x)O3) as a model system. Experimental results
      suggest that topochemical treatment of Y(2-x)Bi(x)O3 using CaH2 creates randomly
      distributed oxygen vacancies in the matrix, resulting in the change of the
      oxidation states of Bi to lower oxidation states. The change of the Bi
      coordination environments from the [BiO6] octahedra in Y(2-x)Bi(x)O3 to the
      oxygen-deficient [BiO(6-z)] polyhedra in reduced phases leads to a shift of the
      emission maximum from the visible to the near-infrared region. The generality of
      this approach was further demonstrated with other phosphors. Our findings suggest
      that this strategy can be used to explore Bi-doped or other classes of
      luminescent systems, thus opening up new avenues to develop novel optical
      materials.

PMID- 26971860
TI  - Review: Translational GTPases.
AB  - Translational GTPases (trGTPases) play key roles in facilitating protein
      synthesis on the ribosome. Despite the high degree of evolutionary conservation
      in the sequences of their GTP-binding domains, the rates of GTP hydrolysis and
      nucleotide exchange vary broadly between different trGTPases. EF-Tu, one of the
      best-characterized model G proteins, evolved an exceptionally rapid and tightly
      regulated GTPase activity, which ensures rapid and accurate incorporation of
      amino acids into the nascent chain. Other trGTPases instead use the energy of GTP
      hydrolysis to promote movement or to ensure the forward commitment of translation
      reactions. Recent data suggest the GTPase mechanism of EF-Tu and provide an
      insight in the catalysis of GTP hydrolysis by its unusual activator, the
      ribosome. Here we summarize these advances in understanding the functional cycle
      and the regulation of trGTPases, stimulated by the elucidation of their
      structures on the ribosome and the progress in dissecting the reaction mechanism
      of GTPases. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 463-475, 2016. 

PMID- 26971861
TI  - Nonstimulated rabbit phonation model: Cricothyroid approximation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To describe a nonstimulated in vivo rabbit phonation model
      using an Isshiki type IV thyroplasty and uninterrupted humidified glottal airflow
      to produce sustained audible phonation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective animal study.
      METHODS: Six New Zealand white breeder rabbits underwent a surgical procedure
      involving an Isshiki type IV thyroplasty and continuous airflow delivered to the
      glottis. Phonatory parameters were examined using high-speed laryngeal imaging
      and acoustic and aerodynamic analysis. Following the procedure, airflow was
      discontinued, and sutures remained in place to maintain the phonatory glottal
      configuration for microimaging using a 9.4 Tesla imaging system. RESULTS: High
      speed laryngeal imaging revealed sustained vocal fold oscillation throughout the
      experimental procedure. Analysis of acoustic signals revealed a mean vocal
      intensity of 61 dB and fundamental frequency of 590 Hz. Aerodynamic analysis
      revealed a mean airflow rate of 85.91 mL/s and subglottal pressure of 9 cm H2 O.
      Following the procedure, microimaging revealed that the in vivo phonatory glottal
      configuration was maintained, providing consistency between the experimental and
      postexperimental laryngeal geometry. The latter provides a significant milestone
      that is necessary for geometric reconstruction and to allow for validation of
      computational simulations against the in vivo rabbit preparation. CONCLUSION: We
      demonstrate a nonstimulated in vivo phonation preparation using an Isshiki type
      IV thyroplasty and continuous humidified glottal airflow in a rabbit animal
      model. This preparation elicits sustained vocal fold vibration and phonatory
      measures that are consistent with our laboratory's prior work using direct
      neuromuscular stimulation for evoked phonation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.
      Laryngoscope, 126:1589-1594, 2016.

PMID- 26971864
TI  - Perceptions of pharmacy clerkship students and clinical preceptors regarding
      preceptors' teaching behaviors at Gondar University in Ethiopia.
AB  - This study aimed to compare the perceptions of pharmacy clerkship students and
      clinical preceptors of preceptors' teaching behaviors at Gondar University. A
      cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacy clerkship students and
      preceptors during June 2014 and December 2015. A 52-item structured questionnaire
      was self-administered to 126 students and 23 preceptors. The responses are
      presented using descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to
      test the significance of differences between students and preceptors. The
      response rate was 89.4% for students and 95.6% for preceptors. Statistically
      significant differences were observed in the responses regarding two of the five
      communication skills that were examined, six of the 26 clinical skills, and five
      of the 21 parameters involving feedback. The mean scores of preceptors (2.6/3)
      and students (1.9/3) regarding instructors' ability to answer questions were
      found to be significantly different (P= 0.01). Students and preceptors gave mean
      scores of 1.9 and 2.8, respectively, to a question regarding preceptors'
      application of appropriate up-to-date knowledge to individual patients (P= 0.00).
      Significant differences were also noted between students and instructors
      regarding the degree to which preceptors encouraged students to evaluate their
      own performance (P= 0.01). Discrepancies were noted between students and
      preceptors regarding preceptors' teaching behaviors. Preceptors rated their
      teaching behaviors more highly than students did. Short-term training is
      warranted for preceptors to improve some aspects of their teaching skills. 

PMID- 26971865
TI  - Voices of Chemical Biology: Charting the Next Decade.

PMID- 26971867
TI  - "Death is my Heir"--Ferroptosis Connects Cancer Pharmacogenomics and Ischemia
      Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - Although they are key to precision medicine, pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacogenomics are currently plagued with inconsistent results. In this issue
      of Cell Chemical Biology, Shimada et al. (2016) use cell line selectivity and
      appropriate filters to improve the consistency and to identify biomarkers for the
      selectivity of lethal compounds. These insights may be useful for our
      understanding of how necrosis and ischemic injury are regulated.

PMID- 26971868
TI  - Combinatorial Lanthipeptides from a Ruminant Bacterium.
AB  - New tools and molecules are spurring a renewed interest in natural products. In
      this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Zhao and van der Donk (2016) report a single
      lantibiotic cluster encoding different alpha- and beta-peptides, each with its
      dedicated processing enzyme. A number of clever experiments led to in vitro
      production of these molecules.

PMID- 26971869
TI  - The importance of being chaperoned: HSP90 and necroptosis.
AB  - Necroptosis is a form of regulated cell death implicated in a range of
      inflammatory diseases. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Li et al. (2016)
      describe a novel inhibitor of necroptosis that targets the chaperone protein
      HSP90.

PMID- 26971870
TI  - Monstrous Mycobacterial Lipids.
AB  - When it comes to lipid diversity, no bacterial genus approaches Mycobacterium. In
      this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Burbaud et al. (2016) provide a multi-genic
      working model for the biosynthesis of trehalose polyphleate (TPP), one of the
      largest known lipids in mycobacteria. They demonstrate that this lipid is made by
      diverse mycobacterial species, including those of medical importance.

PMID- 26971871
TI  - Uncovering the Serine Hydrolytic Landscape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Ortega et al. (2016) present a study
      utilizing a click-chemistry-enabled fluorophosphonate for activity-based
      identification of serine hydrolases, pinpointing a range of proteins including
      previously annotated hypotheticals. The application of this technology on both
      actively replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis gives us a
      glimpse of its serine hydrolytic landscape during different stages of metabolic
      activity.

PMID- 26971872
TI  - Computing Substrate Selectivity in a Peptide Transporter.
AB  - The human proton-coupled peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) is responsible for the
      absorption of di- and tri-peptides from the diet and peptide-like drugs. In this
      issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Samsudin et al. (2016) use an integrated
      computational and experimental approach to provide new insights into
      understanding substrate selectivity of PepTSt, a prokaryotic homolog of the human
      PepT1.

PMID- 26971874
TI  - Arctic Vortex changes alter the sources and isotopic values of precipitation in
      northeastern US.
AB  - Altered atmospheric circulation, reductions in Arctic sea ice, ocean warming, and
      changes in evaporation and transpiration are driving changes in the global
      hydrologic cycle. Precipitation isotopic (delta(18)O and delta(2)H) measurements
      can help provide a mechanistic understanding of hydrologic change at global and
      regional scales. To study the changing water cycle in the northeastern US, we
      examined the longest (1968-2010) record of precipitation isotope values,
      collected at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, US (43(
      degrees )56'N, 71( degrees )45'W). We found a significant reduction in delta(18)O
      and delta(2)H values over the 43-year record, coupled with a significant increase
      in d-excess values. This gradual reduction in delta(18)O and delta(2)H values
      unexpectedly occurred during a period of regional warming. We provide evidence
      that these changes are governed by the interactions among the Atlantic
      Multidecadal Oscillation, loss of Arctic sea ice, the fluctuating jet stream, and
      regular incursions of polar air into the northeastern US.

PMID- 26971875
TI  - Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Energy-Related Applications beyond Solar
      Cells.
AB  - To meet the ever-increasing requirements for the next generation of sustainable
      and versatile energy-related devices, conjugated polymers, which have potential
      advantages over small molecules and inorganic materials, are among the most
      promising types of green candidates. The properties of conjugated polymers can be
      tuned through modification of the structure and incorporation of different
      functional moieties. In addition, superior performances can be achieved as a
      result of the advantages of nanostructures, such as their large surface areas and
      the shortened pathways for charge transfer. Therefore, nanostructured conjugated
      polymers with different properties can be obtained to be applied in different
      energy-related organic devices. This review focuses on the application and
      performance of the recently reported nanostructured conjugated polymers for high
      performance devices, including rechargeable lithium batteries, microbial fuel
      cells (MFCs), thermoelectric generators, and photocatalytic systems. The design
      strategies, reaction mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of nanostructured
      conjugated polymers are further discussed in each section. Finally, possible
      routes to improve the performances of the current systems are also included in
      the conclusion.

PMID- 26971873
TI  - Regulation of Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms and
      Remaining Puzzles.
AB  - The agr locus encodes a quorum-sensing (QS) circuit required for the virulence of
      a spectrum of Gram-positive pathogens and is, therefore, regarded as an important
      target for the development of chemotherapeutics. In recent years, many of the
      biochemical events in the Staphylococcus aureus agr circuit have been
      reconstituted and subject to quantitative analysis in vitro. This work, in
      conjunction with structural studies on several key players in the signaling
      circuit, has furnished mechanistic insights into the regulation and evolution of
      the agr QS system. Here, we review this progress and discuss the remaining open
      questions in the area. We also highlight advances in the discovery of small
      molecule agr modulators and how the newly available biochemical and structural
      information might be leveraged for the design of next-generation therapeutics
      targeting the agr system.

PMID- 26971876
TI  - Evaluation of Clinical Metrology Instrument in Dogs with Osteoarthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In veterinary clinical pain studies, there is a paucity of data on
      test-retest variability in Clinical Metrology Instruments (CMIs), and it is
      unknown whether CMIs should be administered using independent (respondents not
      permitted to see previous answers) or dependent (respondents shown previous
      answers) interviewing. OBJECTIVES: To compare baseline variability in CMIs
      designed to assess pain in dogs with osteoarthritis, and compare CMI scores using
      independent (InD) and dependent interviewing (DI) for the Canine Brief Pain
      Inventory (CBPI) and the Client-Specific Outcome Measures (CSOM). ANIMALS: Fifty
      one client-owned dogs with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis and associated
      pain. METHODS: Clinical Metrology Instruments data were collected during 2
      randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, proof of principle pilot studies
      with parallel treatment groups. Enrolled dogs received either placebo or
      antinerve growth factor antibody (NV-01). RESULTS: Agreement between baseline CMI
      scores was good (CBPI Pain P = .29, CBPI Interference P = .32, CSOM P = .036,
      LOAD P = .67, HCPI P = .27), being best for the LOAD (ICC = 0.89). CMI responses
      collected during independent and dependent interviewing were not statistically
      different (CBPI Pain P = .33, CBPI Interference P = .28, CSOM P = .42) and showed
      good agreement. Additionally, dependent interviewing resulted in increased
      treatment effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: There is little
      difference between independent and dependent interviewing, however, dependent
      interviewing resulted in increased treatment effect sizes. By using dependent
      interviewing, investigators could increase clinical trial power through minimal
      change to study design. Further research is warranted to investigate the use of
      dependent interviewing.

PMID- 26971878
TI  - hTERT promotes cell adhesion and migration independent of telomerase activity.
AB  - hTERT, a catalytic component of human telomerase, is undetectable in normal
      somatic cells but up-regulated in cancer and stem cells where telomere length is
      maintained by telomerase. Accumulated evidence indicates that hTERT may have
      noncanonical functions beyond telomerase by regulating the expression of
      particular genes. However, comprehensive identification of the genes regulated by
      hTERT is unavailable. In this report, we expressed WT hTERT and hTERTmut which
      displays dysfunctional catalytic activity, in human U2OS cancer cells and VA-13
      immortalized fibroblast cells, both of which lack endogenous hTERT and hTR
      expression. Changes in gene expression induced by hTERT and hTERT-mut expression
      were determined by genome-wide RNA-seq and verified by qPCR. Our results showed
      that hTERT affects different genes in two cell lines, implying that the
      regulation of gene expression by hTERT is indirect and cell type dependent.
      Moreover, functional analysis identifies cell adhesion-related genes that have
      been changed by hTERT in both cell lines. Adhesion experiments revealed that
      hTERT expression significantly increases cell adhesion. Monolayer wound healing
      and transwell assays demonstrated increased cell migration upon hTERT expression.
      These results provide new evidence to support a noncanonical function for hTERT
      in promoting tumorigenesis. 

PMID- 26971879
TI  - An Approach to Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: The Apoptotic Activity of Recombinant
      Anti-Interleukin-6 Monoclonal Antibodies in Intact Tumour Microenvironment of
      Breast Carcinoma.
AB  - Current work is one of our comprehensive preclinical studies, a new approach to
      breast cancer (BC) immunotherapy through induction of tumour cell apoptosis.
      Tumour growth is not just a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation but also of
      reduced apoptosis. High levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are associated with
      metastatic BC and correlated with poor survival as it promotes growth of tumour
      initiating cells during early tumorigenesis protecting these cells from
      apoptosis. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the potential of anti-IL-6
      monoclonal antibodies to suppress IL-6 proliferative/anti-apoptotic activities in
      intact tumour microenvironment of BC. Fresh sterile tumour and normal breast
      tissue specimens were taken from 50 female Egyptian patients with BC undergoing
      radical mastectomy. A unique tissue culture system designed to provide cells of
      each intact tumour/normal tissue sample with its proper microenvironment either
      supplemented or not with anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies. To evaluate the
      apoptotic activity of anti-IL-6 as a novel candidate for BC treatment strategy,
      we compared its effects with those obtained using tumour necrosis-related
      apoptosis-inducing ligand TRAIL as an established apoptotic agent. Our results
      revealed that levels of either anti-IL-6- or TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the
      tumour or normal tissue cultures were significantly higher than those in their
      corresponding untreated ones (P < 0.001). No statistically significant
      differences have been found between apoptosis levels induced by anti-IL-6
      monoclonal antibodies and those induced by TRAIL. Recombinant anti-IL-6
      monoclonal antibodies could represent a novel effective element of
      immunotherapeutic treatment strategy for BC. The selectivity and anti-apoptotic
      potential of anti-IL-6 is highly hopeful in IL-6- abundant BC tumour
      microenvironment. 

PMID- 26971877
TI  - Stability and function of adult vasculature is sustained by Akt/Jagged1
      signalling axis in endothelium.
AB  - The signalling pathways operational in quiescent, post-development vasculature
      remain enigmatic. Here we show that unlike neovascularization, endothelial Akt
      signalling in established vasculature is crucial not for endothelial cell (EC)
      survival, but for sustained interactions with pericytes and vascular smooth
      muscle cells (VSMCs) regulating vascular stability and function. Inducible
      endothelial-specific Akt1 deletion in adult global Akt2KO mice triggers
      progressive VSMC apoptosis. In hearts, this causes a loss of arteries and
      arterioles and, despite a high capillary density, diminished vascular patency and
      severe cardiac dysfunction. Similarly, endothelial Akt deletion induces retinal
      VSMC loss and basement membrane deterioration resulting in vascular regression
      and retinal atrophy. Mechanistically, the Akt/mTOR axis controls endothelial
      Jagged1 expression and, thereby, Notch signalling regulating VSMC maintenance.
      Jagged1 peptide treatment of Akt1DeltaEC;Akt2KO mice and Jagged1 re-expression in
      Akt-deficient endothelium restores VSMC coverage. Thus, sustained endothelial
      Akt1/2 signalling is critical in maintaining vascular stability and homeostasis,
      thereby preserving tissue and organ function. 

PMID- 26971882
TI  - Comparing RADseq and microsatellites to infer complex phylogeographic patterns,
      an empirical perspective in the Crucian carp, Carassius carassius, L.
AB  - The conservation of threatened species must be underpinned by phylogeographic
      knowledge. This need is epitomized by the freshwater fish Carassius carassius,
      which is in decline across much of its European range. Restriction site
      associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) is increasingly used for such applications;
      however, RADseq is expensive, and limitations on sample number must be weighed
      against the benefit of large numbers of markers. This trade-off has previously
      been examined using simulation studies; however, empirical comparisons between
      these markers, especially in a phylogeographic context, are lacking. Here, we
      compare the results from microsatellites and RADseq for the phylogeography of C.
      carassius to test whether it is more advantageous to genotype fewer markers
      (microsatellites) in many samples, or many markers (SNPs) in fewer samples. These
      data sets, along with data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, agree on
      broad phylogeographic patterns, showing the existence of two previously
      unidentified C. carassius lineages in Europe: one found throughout northern and
      central-eastern European drainages and a second almost exclusively confined to
      the Danubian catchment. These lineages have been isolated for approximately 2.15
      m years and should be considered separate conservation units. RADseq recovered
      finer population structure and stronger patterns of IBD than microsatellites,
      despite including only 17.6% of samples (38% of populations and 52% of samples
      per population). RADseq was also used along with approximate Bayesian computation
      to show that the postglacial colonization routes of C. carassius differ from the
      general patterns of freshwater fish in Europe, likely as a result of their
      distinctive ecology.

PMID- 26971880
TI  - Candida albicans repetitive elements display epigenetic diversity and plasticity.
AB  - Transcriptionally silent heterochromatin is associated with repetitive DNA. It is
      poorly understood whether and how heterochromatin differs between different
      organisms and whether its structure can be remodelled in response to
      environmental signals. Here, we address this question by analysing the chromatin
      state associated with DNA repeats in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans.
      Our analyses indicate that, contrary to model systems, each type of repetitive
      element is assembled into a distinct chromatin state. Classical Sir2-dependent
      hypoacetylated and hypomethylated chromatin is associated with the rDNA locus
      while telomeric regions are assembled into a weak heterochromatin that is only
      mildly hypoacetylated and hypomethylated. Major Repeat Sequences, a class of
      tandem repeats, are assembled into an intermediate chromatin state bearing
      features of both euchromatin and heterochromatin. Marker gene silencing assays
      and genome-wide RNA sequencing reveals that C. albicans heterochromatin represses
      expression of repeat-associated coding and non-coding RNAs. We find that
      telomeric heterochromatin is dynamic and remodelled upon an environmental change.
      Weak heterochromatin is associated with telomeres at 30  degrees C, while robust
      heterochromatin is assembled over these regions at 39  degrees C, a temperature
      mimicking moderate fever in the host. Thus in C. albicans, differential chromatin
      states controls gene expression and epigenetic plasticity is linked to
      adaptation. 

PMID- 26971881
TI  - Functional characterization of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, kaurene synthase
      and kaurene oxidase in the Salvia miltiorrhiza gibberellin biosynthetic pathway.
AB  - Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is highly valued in traditional Chinese medicine for
      its roots and rhizomes. Its bioactive diterpenoid tanshinones have been reported
      to have many pharmaceutical activities, including antibacterial, anti
      inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Previous studies found four different
      diterpenoid biosynthetic pathways from the universal diterpenoid precursor
      (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) in S. miltiorrhiza. Here, we describe
      the functional characterization of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SmCPSent),
      kaurene synthase (SmKS) and kaurene oxidase (SmKO) in the gibberellin (GA)
      biosynthetic pathway. SmCPSent catalyzes the cyclization of GGPP to ent-copalyl
      diphosphate (ent-CPP), which is converted to ent-kaurene by SmKS. Then, SmKO
      catalyzes the three-step oxidation of ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid. Our
      results show that the fused enzyme SmKS-SmCPSent increases ent-kaurene production
      by several fold compared with separate expression of SmCPSent and SmKS in yeast
      strains. In this study, we clarify the GA biosynthetic pathway from GGPP to ent
      kaurenoic acid and provide a foundation for further characterization of the
      subsequent enzymes involved in this pathway. These insights may allow for better
      growth and the improved accumulation of bioactive tanshinones in S. miltiorrhiza
      through the regulation of the expression of these genes during developmental
      processes. 

PMID- 26971884
TI  - Postnatal development of Mongolian gerbil female prostate: An immunohistochemical
      and 3D modeling study.
AB  - The development of the prostate in male rodents, which involves complex
      epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between the urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE)
      and the urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM), has been deeply studied. In females,
      however, this process is not very clear. In this study, the postnatal development
      of the prostate in female Mongolian gerbils employing three-dimensional (3D)
      reconstructions, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques was
      characterized. It was observed that prostatic branching and differentiation in
      females was induced by a single mesenchyme localized at a ventrolateral position,
      which was named as ventrolateral mesenchyme (VLM); furthermore, the canalization
      of solid buds began on the third postnatal day (P3) and the branching
      morphogenesis on P5. We observed secretions in the acini at the end of the first
      month, and, on P45, the acini were completely differentiated. The strong cell
      proliferation phase in the first week coincided with the mesenchymal expression
      of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). The expression of androgen receptor (AR)
      paralleled cell differentiation, and, on P30, immunolabelling with p63 was
      restricted to basal cells. This study serves as a baseline parameter for future
      research on disruptions that could affect the development of the female prostate.

PMID- 26971883
TI  - Sustained PI3K Activation exacerbates BLM-induced Lung Fibrosis via activation of
      pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways.
AB  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a life-threatening disease with limited
      treatment options. Additionally, the lack of a complete understanding of
      underlying immunological mechanisms underscores the importance of discovering
      novel options for therapeutic intervention. Since the PI3K/PTEN pathway in
      myeloid cells influences their effector functions, we wanted to elucidate how
      sustained PI3K activity induced by cell-type specific genetic deficiency of its
      antagonist PTEN modulates IPF, in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary
      fibrosis (BIPF). We found that myeloid PTEN deficient mice (PTEN(MyKO)), after
      induction of BIPF, exhibit increased TGF-beta1 activation, mRNA expression of pro
      collagens and lysyl oxidase as well as augmented collagen deposition compared to
      wild-type littermates, leading to enhanced morbidity and decreased survival.
      Analysis of alveolar lavage and lung cell composition revealed that PTEN(MyKO)
      mice exhibit reduced numbers of macrophages and T-cells in response to bleomycin,
      indicating an impaired recruitment function. Interestingly, we found dysregulated
      macrophage polarization as well as elevated expression and release of the pro
      fibrotic cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha in PTEN(MyKO) mice during BIPF. This might
      point to an uncontrolled wound healing response in which the inflammatory as well
      as tissue repair mechanisms proceed in parallel, thereby preventing resolution
      and at the same time promoting extensive fibrosis. 

PMID- 26971885
TI  - Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport-0 is essential for fungal
      development and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum.
AB  - Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of
      major cereal crops. The vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) protein Vps27 is a
      component of ESCRT-0 involved in the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway
      during endocytosis. In this study, we investigated the function of FgVps27 using
      a gene replacement strategy. The FgVPS27 deletion mutant (DeltaFgvps27) exhibited
      a reduction in growth rate, aerial hyphae formation and hydrophobicity. It also
      showed increased sensitivity to cell wall-damaging agents and to osmotic
      stresses. In addition, FgHog1, the critical component of high osmolarity glycerol
      response pathway, was mis-localized in the DeltaFgvps27 mutant upon NaCl
      treatment. Furthermore, the DeltaFgvps27 mutant was defective in conidial
      production and was unable to generate perithecium in sexual reproduction. The
      depletion of FgVPS27 also caused a significant reduction in virulence. Further
      analysis by domain-specific deletion revealed that the FYVE domain was essential
      for the FgVps27 function and was necessary for the proper localization of FgVps27
      GFP and endocytosis. Another component of ESCRT-0, the FgVps27-interacting
      partner FgHse1, also played an important role in F. graminearum development and
      pathogenesis. Overall, our results indicate that ESCRT-0 components play critical
      roles in a variety of cellular and biological processes.

PMID- 26971887
TI  - Yellowish nail pigmentation caused by sunitinib.

PMID- 26971888
TI  - Panniculitis in juvenile dermatomyositis: Report of a case and review of the
      published work.
AB  - We report a 15-year-old girl who presented with indurated, subcutaneous nodules
      in addition to classical findings of juvenile dermatomyositis. Histopathological
      examination confirmed the diagnosis of panniculitis associated with juvenile
      dermatomyositis. Considering that panniculitis is a rare cutaneous manifestation
      of juvenile dermatomyositis, we present a patient with a brief review of the
      published work to highlight the importance of keeping juvenile dermatomyositis in
      mind among the etiologies of pediatric panniculitis. 

PMID- 26971886
TI  - Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome: Clinical, radiological, and genetic findings.
AB  - Cerebro-Costo-Mandibular syndrome (CCMS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition
      comprising branchial arch-derivative malformations with striking rib-gaps.
      Affected patients often have respiratory difficulties, associated with upper
      airway obstruction, reduced thoracic capacity, and scoliosis. We describe a
      series of 12 sporadic and 4 familial patients including 13 infants/children and 3
      adults. Severe micrognathia and reduced numbers of ribs with gaps are consistent
      findings. Cleft palate, feeding difficulties, respiratory distress, tracheostomy
      requirement, and scoliosis are common. Additional malformations such as horseshoe
      kidney, hypospadias, and septal heart defect may occur. Microcephaly and
      significant developmental delay are present in a small minority of patients. Key
      radiological findings are of a narrow thorax, multiple posterior rib gaps and
      abnormal costo-transverse articulation. A novel finding in 2 patients is
      bilateral accessory ossicles arising from the hyoid bone. Recently, specific
      mutations in SNRPB, which encodes components of the major spliceosome, have been
      found to cause CCMS. These mutations cluster in an alternatively spliced
      regulatory exon and result in altered SNRPB expression. DNA was available from 14
      patients and SNRPB mutations were identified in 12 (4 previously reported).
      Eleven had recurrent mutations previously described in patients with CCMS and one
      had a novel mutation in the alternative exon. These results confirm the
      specificity of SNRPB mutations in CCMS and provide further evidence for the role
      of spliceosomal proteins in craniofacial and thoracic development.

PMID- 26971889
TI  - Liver receptor homolog 1 influences blastocyst hatching in pigs.
AB  - Liver receptor homolog 1 (Lrh1, also known as Nr5a2) belongs to the orphan
      nuclear receptor superfamily and has diverse functions in development,
      metabolism, and cell differentiation and death. Lrh1 regulates the expression of
      Oct4, which is a key factor of early embryonic differentiation. However, the role
      of Lrh1 in early development of mammalian embryo is unknown. In the present
      study, the localization, Lrh1 mRNA expression, and LRH1 protein levels in porcine
      early parthenotes were examined by immunofluorescence and real-time reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction. To determine the role of Lrh1 in porcine
      early embryo development, the parthenotes were treated with the specific LRH1
      antagonist 505601. The immunofluorescence signal for LRH1 was only observed in
      the nucleus of blastocysts. The blastocyst developmental rate in the presence of
      50 and 100 MUM 505601 was significantly lower than that in the control group. The
      blastocyst hatching rate was also reduced in the presence of 50 and 100 MUM
      505601 than that under control conditions. The latter effect was possibly due to
      the decreased expression of hatching-related genes such as Fn1, Itgalpha5, and
      Cox2 upon the inhibition of Lrh1. Incubation with the LRH1 antagonist also
      increased the number of apoptotic cells among the blastocysts. Moreover, LRH1
      inhibition enhanced the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Casp3, and
      reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. Lrh1 inhibition also led
      to significant decrease in the expression levels of Oct4 mRNA and octamer-binding
      transcription factor 4 (OCT4) protein in the blastocysts. In conclusion, Lrh1
      affects blastocyst formation and hatching in porcine embryonic development
      through the regulation of OCT4 expression and cell apoptosis. 

PMID- 26971891
TI  - Leeftijdsgeassocieerde cognitieve functiestoornissen: Cognitive aging in a
      longitudinal perspective: the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS).
AB  - Cognitive dysfunctions in old individuals can be a precursor of dementia. The
      Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) was designed to characterize the usual and
      pathological aging of cognitive function. The study involves a group of 1,900
      initially healthy individuals who will be followed-upfor a period of 12 years
      with respect to health characteristics and neurocognitive status. For this
      purpose a sample was drawn from a patient register of collaborating family
      practices, stratified for age (range 24 to 81 years), sex and general ability
      level. Rationale and design of MAAS are discussed and also some findings from the
      cross-sectional baseline measurement: general aspects of memory and attention,
      cognitive functioning after brain trauma and general anesthesia, physical
      condition (fitness, morbidity and vascular risk factors) as predictor of
      cognitive function, and finally cognitive complaints and metamemory. 

PMID- 26971892
TI  - The role of serotonin in Parkinsons' Disease: An integrated approach for research
      of motor, cognitive and affective symptoms with functional intervention studies.
AB  - Serotonin seems to play an important role in the regulation of dopaminergic and
      cholinergic neurotransmitter activities. In patients with Parkinsons' Disease,
      serotonergic activity is generally reduced, which is considered a compensating
      mechanism for the reduced dopaminergic activity. At the same time, reduction of
      serotonin activity may play a role in the expression of cognitive and affective
      symptoms. Functional intervention with serotonergic agents makes it possible to
      temporarily enhance or reduce the availability of serotonin in the brain. This
      will provide the opportunity to study motor, cognitive and affective symptoms in
      an integrated approach. This type of research has hardly been preformed in
      patients with Parkinson's Disease. 

PMID- 26971890
TI  - Functional compensation for the loss of testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein,
      PABPC2, during mouse spermatogenesis.
AB  - Mouse testes contain several isoforms of cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding proteins
      (PABPCs), including ubiquitous PABPC1 and testis-specific PABPC2/PABPt. PABPC2 is
      characterized by its absence from translationally active polyribosomes and
      elongating spermatids. To elucidate the function of PABPC2 in spermatogenesis, we
      produced mutant mice lacking PABPC2. The PABPC2-null mice showed normal
      fertility. The processes of spermatogenesis and sperm migration in the testes and
      epididymides, respectively, were normal in the mutant mice. When the involvement
      of PABPC2 in translational regulation of haploid-specific mRNAs was examined,
      these mRNAs were correctly transcribed in round spermatids and translated in
      elongating spermatids. Moreover, immunoblot analysis revealed low abundance of
      PABPC2 relative to PABPC1 in spermatogenic cells. These results suggest that
      PABPC2 may be either functionally redundant with other PABPCs (including PABPC1)
      or largely dispensable for translational regulation during spermiogenesis. 

PMID- 26971893
TI  - Psychopathologie en Pathogenese van enkele behavioural phenotypes.
AB  - Description of psychopathological symptoms in mentally retarded subjects is of
      great heuristic value because of the association with a known genetic disorder as
      well as the heterogenous and atypical phenomenology. The concept of behavioural
      phenotypes postulates a specific relationship between gene defect and behaviour,
      although considerable overlap between syndromes and differences within syndromes
      concerning behavioural manifestations are frequently observed. Since syndrome
      specific psychiatric disorders can be established too, the term
      psychopathological phenotype seems to be appropriate. 

PMID- 26971894
TI  - Neuropsychiatrie aspects of HIV infection.
AB  - Human immuno deficiency virus may cause a broad spectrum of psychiatric sequelae.
      In this review we discus the possible associations between HIV infection with
      psychosis, mild neurocognitive disorder and dementia. The cerebral reserve model
      gives an explanation why HIV infected individuals with low educational level
      and/or intravenous drug users are more vulnerable to direct and indirect
      neurotoxic effects of HIV. 

PMID- 26971895
TI  - Antipsychotics, movement disorders and fine motor performances: new device for
      the measurement of bradykinesia and tremor.
AB  - This article reviews the results of an exploratory study on the relationship
      between the ratings of bradykinesia, obtained by the Schedule for the Assessment
      of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders (SADIMoD), and the performances on writing and
      drawing tasks. The pen movements made during these tasks were recorded by means
      of an electronic digitizing tablet, a special electronic pen and a personal
      computer. This study was aimed at finding objective parameters for the severity
      of (antipsychotic-induced) bradykinesia. The results show that the writing tablet
      device is appropriate at finding movement variables that are related to the
      clinical ratings for bradykinesia: high scores for bradykinesia involved slowing
      on a number of duration measures during the execution of the writing and drawing
      tasks. We were also able to measure (postural) tremor by means of the writing
      tablet. However, an accelerometer seems to be more appropriate in this respect. 

PMID- 26971896
TI  - Evaluation of the application of carbohydrate deficient transferin in a general
      hospital; recommendations for use.
AB  - We performed a retrospective evaluation of the use of carbohydrate deficient
      transferrin (CDT) in a general hospital, for diagnosing alcohol abuse. The high
      specificity for the CDT test and lower sensitivity as reported in the literature
      were confirmed. Alcohol anamnesis proved rather often to be incomplete. In
      intensive care medicine, the CDT investigation could be used as a guide to
      diagnoses and treatment, especially for patients that are difficult to
      communicate with. For being of use here, results of the CDT determination should
      be available within a day. CDT proved to be of use also in psychiatric medicine,
      the test being of help in clarifying the patients acohol addiction. 

PMID- 26971898
TI  - Surgical Complications and Their Repercussions.
AB  - PURPOSE: Surgical complications have a significant impact on intended quality of
      care. The aim of our study was to identify factors that contribute to the
      propagation of additional postoperative complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Over a 1-year period, we prospectively identified and retrospectively reviewed
      data on all patients who experienced a surgical complication within 30 days of
      their procedure. A complication was defined as any deviation from the expected
      postoperative course and was described using the Clavien-Dindo classification.
      Data reviewed included length of stay (LOS), Clavien grade, readmission status,
      and management of the complication. Surgeries were stratified into
      retroperitoneal, pelvic, and endoscopic procedures. The association between
      complications and Clavien grade was measured using Spearman rank-order
      correlation. The probability of subsequent complications and readmission was
      measured using exact logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 4414 patients who
      underwent a urologic procedure, 191 (4.3%) had at least one complication. One
      hundred thirty-four (70%) of these patients had more than one complication, 84
      (44%) had more than three complications, and 12 (6.3%) had up to a seventh
      complication. LOS was affected by the severity of the initial complication.
      Patients with initial Clavien grades 1, 2, 3a, 3b, and 4 had an LOS of 3.75,
      4.17, 4.21, 4.94, and 8.58 days, respectively. Variables associated with the risk
      of developing a second complication included diabetes mellitus, longer operative
      times (OR 1.83), and greater estimated blood loss (OR 1.32). CONCLUSIONS:
      Surgical patients with an initial complication are at higher risk for multiple
      subsequent postoperative complications. Complications are associated with an
      extended LOS and higher readmission rates. Diabetes, longer operative time, and
      greater blood loss were identified as risk factors for multiple complications.

PMID- 26971897
TI  - GSK3beta-dependent dysregulation of neurodevelopment in SPG11-patient induced
      pluripotent stem cell model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mutations in the spastic paraplegia gene 11 (SPG11), encoding
      spatacsin, cause the most frequent form of autosomal-recessive complex hereditary
      spastic paraplegia (HSP) and juvenile-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS5).
      When SPG11 is mutated, patients frequently present with spastic paraparesis, a
      thin corpus callosum, and cognitive impairment. We previously delineated a
      neurodegenerative phenotype in neurons of these patients. In the current study,
      we recapitulated early developmental phenotypes of SPG11 and outlined their
      cellular and molecular mechanisms in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem
      cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neural progenitor cells (NPCs). METHODS: We
      generated and characterized iPSC-derived NPCs and neurons from 3 SPG11 patients
      and 2 age-matched controls. RESULTS: Gene expression profiling of SPG11-NPCs
      revealed widespread transcriptional alterations in neurodevelopmental pathways.
      These include changes in cell-cycle, neurogenesis, cortical development pathways,
      in addition to autophagic deficits. More important, the GSK3beta-signaling
      pathway was found to be dysregulated in SPG11-NPCs. Impaired proliferation of
      SPG11-NPCs resulted in a significant diminution in the number of neural cells.
      The decrease in mitotically active SPG11-NPCs was rescued by GSK3 modulation.
      INTERPRETATION: This iPSC-derived NPC model provides the first evidence for an
      early neurodevelopmental phenotype in SPG11, with GSK3beta as a potential novel
      target to reverse the disease phenotype. Ann Neurol 2016;79:826-840.

PMID- 26971899
TI  - Reviewing the pathogenesis of antibody-mediated rejection and renal graft
      pathology after kidney transplantation.
AB  - The clinicopathological context of rejection after kidney transplantation was
      well recognized. Banff conferences greatly contributed to elucidate the
      pathogenesis and to establish the pathologic criteria of rejection after kidney
      transplantation. The most important current problem of renal transplantation is
      de novo donor-specific antibody (DSA) production leading chronic rejection and
      graft loss. Microvascular inflammation is considered as a reliable pathological
      marker for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in the presence of DSA. Electron
      microscopic study allowed us to evaluate early changes in peritubular capillaries
      in T-lymphocyte mediated rejection and transition to antibody-mediated rejection.
      Severe endothelial injuries with edema and activated lymphocyte invaded into
      subendothelial space with early multi-layering of peritubular capillary basement
      membrane suggest T-lymphocyte mediated rejection induce an unbounded chain of
      antibody-mediated rejection. The risk factors of AMR after ABO-incompatible
      kidney transplantation are important issues. Anti-ABO blood type antibody titre
      of IgG excess 32-fold before transplant operation is the only predictable factor
      for acute AMR. Characteristics of chronic active antibody-mediated rejection
      (CAAMR) are one of the most important problems. Light microscopic findings and
      C4d stain of peritubular capillary and glomerular capillary are useful diagnostic
      criteria of CAAMR. Microvascular inflammation, double contour of glomerular
      capillary and thickening of peritubular capillary basement are good predictive
      factors of the presence of de novo DSA. C4d stain of linear glomerular capillary
      is a more sensitive marker for CAAMR than positive C4d of peritubular capillary.
      Early and sensitive diagnostic attempts of diagnosing CAAMR are pivotal to
      prevent chronic graft failure. 

PMID- 26971916
TI  - Micro/nano-particulate drug delivery systems: a boon for the treatment of
      inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 26971918
TI  - Carers and relatives needed to help care for older patients.
AB  - Carers and relatives are needed to help in the care of older patients, said RCN
      general secretary Peter Carter. 

PMID- 26971919
TI  - Employees caring for loved ones with dementia need more support at work.
AB  - Family carers who are holding down jobs require more support from their employers
      to cope with the needs of loved ones with dementia, a Carers UK business forum
      report states. 

PMID- 26971917
TI  - Post-concussion symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury: findings from a
      paediatric outpatient clinic.
AB  - Purpose Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common among children and is
      associated with a range of symptomatology and clinical presentations. This study
      uses data from a paediatric outpatient TBI clinic to (1) investigate
      characteristics associated with more severe post-concussive symptoms and (2)
      examine differences in the proportion of individuals endorsing specific post
      concussion symptoms based on group (e.g., sex, type of injury, and psychiatric
      history). Methods Data from the Children's Hospital of Richmond's TBI outpatient
      programme were analysed (N = 157). Results Gender and sports injury were
      associated with severity of symptoms. In addition, females endorsed a greater
      number of overall symptoms than males. A number of specific symptoms were found
      to be endorsed to a greater extent based on psychiatric history and type of
      injury; however, overall total number of symptoms endorsed did not differ based
      on these characteristics. Conclusions Findings from this study provide further
      evidence that mTBI affects a wide range of youth and that associated
      symptomatology can indeed be varied. Moreover, results revealed differences in
      endorsement of specific symptoms and symptom severity based on patient and injury
      characteristics which have implications for concussion assessment and treatment.
      Implications for Rehabilitation Symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury
      (mTBI) in children and adolescents can have varied presentation, ranging from
      minimal to severe. Females and those with non-sports-related injuries are more
      likely to endorse greater symptoms following concussion. Symptom evaluation is an
      essential component of the concussion assessment and treatment of paediatric
      patients following mTBI, and clinicians should be aware of patient
      characteristics associated with increased symptoms, especially when baseline
      symptom data are not available.

PMID- 26971920
TI  - News digest March 25 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26971921
TI  - Meningococcal B vaccination likely to be added to primary childhood programme.
AB  - Nurses who give immunisations may soon be required to administer a new meningitis
      vaccine that looks likely to be introduced after being approved by the Department
      of Health (DH). 

PMID- 26971922
TI  - Money lost to NHS fraud could pay for 300,000 nurses.
AB  - Money lost to fraud in the NHS could pay for 300,000 nurses, according to claims
      made in a BBC Panorama programme. 

PMID- 26971923
TI  - News digest March 24 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26971924
TI  - Body clock research findings could help nurses adapt better to working shifts.
AB  - The negative effects of shift work could be alleviated after researchers
      discovered a new mechanism that governs how the body clock reacts to changes in
      the environment. 

PMID- 26971925
TI  - Former NMC chair Judith Ellis steps down.
AB  - A former interim chair of the Nursing and Midwifery Council, Judith Ellis, has
      announced her decision to step down from her role as a council member in June. 

PMID- 26971926
TI  - News digest March 21 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26971927
TI  - News digest March 20 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26971928
TI  - A case of resistant spondyloarthritis (SpA) that responded to tacrolimus and
      mycophenolate treatment initiated at the time of renal transplantation for
      unrelated renal failure.

PMID- 26971929
TI  - Locally Targeted Cardiac Gene Delivery by AAV Microbubble Destruction in a Large
      Animal Model.
AB  - Cardiac gene therapy is a promising approach for treating heart diseases.
      Although clinical studies are ongoing, effective and targeted transgene delivery
      is still a major obstacle. We sought to improve and direct transgene expression
      in myocardium by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). In pigs,
      adeno-associated virus-derived (AAV) vectors harboring the luciferase reporter
      gene were delivered via retroinfusion into the anterior interventricular coronary
      vein (AIV). AAV vectors were either loaded to lipid microbubbles before injection
      or injected unmodified. Upon injection of AAV/microbubble solution, UTMD was
      performed. After 4 weeks, reporter gene expression levels in the anterior wall
      (target area), in the posterior wall (control area), and in noncardiac organs
      were analyzed. Retroinfusion of AAV-luciferase vectors loaded to lipid
      microbubbles led to a significant increase in transgene expression, with an
      increase in UTMD targeted areas of the anterior wall. Moreover, off-target
      expression was reduced in comparison to control animals, receiving AAV-luciferase
      without microbubbles. Besides an increase in overall target area transgene
      expression, UTMD alters the spatial expression of the luciferase transgene,
      focusing expression to ultrasound-targeted left ventricular wall. These data
      suggest UTMD as a promising approach for directing AAV to specific cardiac
      segments. 

PMID- 26971930
TI  - Serum Levels of Progranulin Do Not Reflect Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels in
      Neurodegenerative Disease.
AB  - Altered progranulin levels play a major role in neurodegenerative diseases, like
      Alzheimer's dementia (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS), even in the absence of GRN mutations. Increasing progranulin
      levels could hereby provide a novel treatment strategy. However, knowledge on
      progranulin regulation in neurodegenerative diseases remains limited. We here
      demonstrate that cerebrospinal fluid progranulin levels do not correlate with its
      serum levels in AD, FTD and ALS, indicating a differential regulation of its
      central and peripheral levels in neurodegeneration. Blood progranulin levels thus
      do not reliably predict central nervous progranulin levels and their response to
      future progranulin-increasing therapeutics. 

PMID- 26971931
TI  - A Role for P-Glycoprotein in Clearance of Alzheimer Amyloid beta -Peptide from
      the Brain.
AB  - Most data indicates that Alzheimer's disease involves an accumulation of amyloid
      beta - peptide (Abeta) in the CNS and that sporadic cases arise from a deficiency
      in Abeta clearance. Considerable attention has been given to mechanisms by which
      Abeta might be transported between the brain and blood, and evidence suggests
      that p-glycoprotein, also known as the multi-drug resistance (MDR) protein
      (product of the ABCB1 gene), plays a role in Abeta transport across the blood
      brain barrier (BBB). We tested this possibility through two approaches: First,
      wild-type and MDR1A-knockout mice were compared after intravenous injection of
      [(125)I]-labeled Abeta; after 60 min, homogenates of brain parenchyma were
      subjected to gamma-counting of TCA-precipitable material, and histological
      sections of brain were subjected to autoradiography. Second, MDR1Aknockout mice
      were crossed with Tg2576 APP transgenic mice, a line that routinely accumulates
      Abeta in the brain; SDS and formic acid extracts of brain homogenates were
      assessed for Abeta levels by ELISA. Each of these approaches yielded data
      indicating that Abeta accumulates to a greater degree in mice lacking MDR1A.
      These findings confirm other reports linking p-glycoprotein to Abeta clearance
      across the BBB and have important implications for Alzheimer's disease genetics,
      pharmacology, and epidemiology. 

PMID- 26971932
TI  - Mitochondrial Respiration in the Platelets of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Mitochondrial dysfunctions significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we studied the relationship between AD and
      changes in the mitochondrial rates of respiration in blood platelets, respiratory
      chain complexes activity, and coenzyme Q10 plasma concentrations. In intact
      platelets obtained from AD patients, we observed a decrease in endogenous basal
      respiration rates, a decrease in the maximal capacity of the electron transport
      system (ETS), and higher respiratory rates after inhibiting complex I of the ETS.
      When normalized for citrate synthase activity, rotenone inhibited respiratory
      rates and complex I activity was significantly altered. In permeabilized
      platelets, mitochondrial respiration was completely rescued by the addition of
      complex I substrates. The changes in mitochondrial respiratory parameters were
      not associated with the progression of AD except for the capacity of the ETS in
      permeabilized platelets. In AD, complex I activity was increased, complex IV
      activity was decreased, and coenzyme Q10 plasma concentrations were decreased.
      Our data indicate that both insufficiency in substrates entering into the
      oxidative phosphorylation system and functional disturbances in the ETS complex
      are responsible for the decrease in respiration observed in intact platelets in
      AD patients. Analyses of complex IV activity, the respiratory rates of intact
      platelets, and the capacity of the ETS in permeabilized platelets may enable the
      characterization of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the initial stage of AD.

PMID- 26971934
TI  - Molecular Basis of Familial and Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease with genetic (70%) and
      environmental (30%) causes. Among the genetic factors are genes associated with a
      family history of the disease (familial AD, FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD). The
      genes: APP (amyloid precursor protein), PSEN1 (Presenilin 1) and PSEN2
      (Presenilin 2) are responsible for the presence of FAD. The APOE gene is
      responsible for the sporadic form of the disease. Other molecular factors related
      to the immunological cause (TREM2) of the disease are a disorder of the lipid
      (ABCA1, ABCA7) or biothiol (MTHFD1) metabolism and of the transport of
      metabolites (BIN1). Currently, it is believed that APOE is a risk factor for both
      SAD and late-onset FAD. The pathomechanism of AD is most commonly explained as
      based on the amyloid cascade theory. This theory is related to the FAD, although
      there are reports indicating the probability of its occurrence in the SAD. It
      seems that the excessive deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides and
      intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein hyperphosphorylated forms
      contribute to the damage of both DNA and RNA. Furthermore, it is believed that
      RNA-interference can affect both the level of pathological proteins (Abeta, tau
      protein) and the onset and progress of AD. It seems that a complete understanding
      of both FAD and SAD pathogenesis may contribute to the search for earlier
      clinical diagnosis and to an understanding of later occurrence of the disease,
      which may help modify its course and affect more effective therapy of this
      incurable neurological disease.

PMID- 26971933
TI  - Decreased Myelinated Fibers in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of the Tg2576 Mouse
      Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, is
      characterized by deficits in cognition and memory. Although amyloid-beta (Abeta)
      accumulation is known to be the earliest pathological event that triggers
      subsequent neurodegeneration, how Abeta accumulation causes behavioral deficits
      remains incompletely understood. In this study, using the Morris water maze test,
      ELISA and stereological methods, we examined spatial learning and memory
      performance, the soluble Abeta concentration and the myelination of fibers in the
      hippocampus of 4-, 6-, 8- and 10-month-old Tg2576 AD model mice. Our results
      showed that spatial learning and memory performance was significantly impaired in
      the Tg2576 mice compared to the wild type (WT) controls and that the myelinated
      fiber length in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was markedly decreased from
      0.33 +/- 0.03 km in the WT controls to 0.17 +/- 0.02 km in the Tg2576 mice at 10
      months of age. However, the concentrations of soluble Abeta40 and Abeta42 were
      significantly increased as early as 4-6 months of age. The decreased myelinated
      fiber length in the DG may contribute to the spatial learning and memory deficits
      of Tg2576 mice. Therefore, we suggest that the significant accumulation of
      soluble Abeta may serve as a preclinical biomarker for AD diagnosis and that
      protecting myelinated fibers may represent a novel strategy for delaying the
      progression of early-stage AD.

PMID- 26971936
TI  - Connections Between Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Alzheimer's Disease
      Pathogenesis.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently one of the most studied neurodegenerative
      disorders in humans. First reported in 1907, the disease has a familial form
      which represents approximately 5% of cases, while the remaining, sporadic cases
      are of multifactorial etiology. The disease progression of the latter form has
      specific pathological and functional characteristics, which have unknown
      etiology. Several authors have proposed a viral etiology for AD, while others
      implicate many neurotropic infectious agents. This review compares research
      findings regarding pathways and effects of neuropathological viruses with the
      pathways and effects involved in the progression of AD. The similarities are
      striking and provide a compelling argument for a pathogen-based etiology of AD.

PMID- 26971935
TI  - Altered Arginine Metabolism in Cells Transfected with Human Wild-Type Beta
      Amyloid Precursor Protein (betaAPP).
AB  - Alterations of enzymes linked to arginine metabolism have been recently
      implicated in Alzheimer&#039;s disease (AD). Despite strong association of
      arginine changes with nitric oxide (NO) pathway, the impact of amyloid beta
      (Abeta) peptides on arginine degradation and re-synthesis is unknown. In the
      present study we compared expression levels of arginases (ARG1, ARG2), neuronal,
      endothelial and inducible NO synthase isoforms (NNOS, ENOS, INOS), enzymes that
      metabolize arginine or resynthesize it from citrulline and the levels of
      corresponding amino acids in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells overexpressing
      human Abeta precursor protein (APPwt cells). Moreover, we investigated the
      changes in miRNAs responsible for modulation of arginine metabolism in AD brains.
      Real-time PCR analysis revealed in APPwt cells significant decreases of ARG1 and
      ARG2 which are responsible for lysing arginine into ornithine and urea; this
      reduction was followed by significantly lower enzyme activity. NNOS and ENOS
      mRNAs were elevated in APPwt cells while iNOS was undetectable in both cell
      lines. The expression of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) that metabolizes
      citrulline was down-regulated without changes in argininosuccinate lyase (ASL).
      Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which decarboxylates ornithine to form putrescine
      was also reduced. Arginine, the substrate for both arginases and NOS, was
      unchanged in APPwt cells. However, citrulline concentration was significantly
      higher. Elevated miRNA-9 and miRNA-128a found in AD brain tissues might modulate
      the expression of ASS and NOS, respectively. Our results indicate that Abeta
      affects arginine metabolism and this influence might have important role in the
      pathomechanism of AD.

PMID- 26971937
TI  - Lipid Raft Alterations in Aged-Associated Neuropathologies.
AB  - Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains particularly enriched in cholesterol,
      sphingolipids and saturated fatty acids. These microstructures play a key role in
      a plethora of mechanisms involved in cell signaling, synapsis, cell-cell
      communication and cell survival. In the last years, increasing evidence indicate
      that lipid rafts may be altered in age-related neuropathologies, such as
      Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson disease even at asymptomatic stages. In
      particular, important changes in raft lipid composition are observed with the
      progression of these diseases, then inducing alterations in their physicochemical
      properties. Furthermore, these phenomena contribute to neuropathological events
      related to amyloidogenesis, aberrant protein aggregation and toxic cell
      signalling. In this review, we discuss some relevant data on the age-related
      molecular changes occurring in lipid rafts since the first stages of these
      neurodegenerative diseases. Further characterization of specific parameters
      associated with alterations of these microdomains may provide potential tools of
      diagnosis and prediction of these neuropathologies.

PMID- 26971938
TI  - Can Diet and Physical Activity Limit Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Risk?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease
      affecting elderly individuals at an alarming rate. It has become a global health
      crisis imposing tremendous social and economic burden on society. Although there
      is no cure for AD, it is important to identify and implement preventive
      strategies that may delay or prevent the symptoms, limit the burden, and improve
      the quality of life of those afflicted. Adequate nutrition and physical activity
      are the two potential lifestyle modifiable factors that have gained considerable
      interest for their potential in the prevention or management of this challenging
      disease. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of physical activity
      and adequate nutrition on minimizing the risk of developing AD. METHODS: The
      research question was initially formulated in a structured and explicit way.
      Relevant studies were identified using a wide range of scientific databases.
      Their potential relevance was based on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion.
      The quality of selected studies was subjected to a more precise quality
      assessment using standard tools. A detailed description of the implemented
      intervention and how it differed from what the control group received was
      outlined. The effects of intervention on measurable outcomes for the study sample
      were applied. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-four references were included in the
      review comprising of epidemiological, longitudinal, cross-sectional, intervention
      and randomized controlled studies. This review highlighted the effect of various
      nutrient diet supplements on cognitive performance in humans as well as animals
      with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Moreover, the effect of physical
      exercise on the cognitive function in animal models with AD was outlined.
      CONCLUSION: The findings of this review highlight the therapeutic potential of
      combination of nutritionally adequate diet and physical activity in preventing or
      delaying the symptoms associated with AD pathology.

PMID- 26971939
TI  - Are Raw Scores on Memory Tests Better than Age- and Education- Adjusted Scores
      for Predicting Progression from Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer
      Disease ?
AB  - In this prospective longitudinal study, conducted in a large sample of amnestic
      MCI patients over a three-year period, we investigated the recently advanced
      proposal that unadjusted test scores obtained at baseline on long-term memory
      tests are more reliable than age- and education-corrected scores in predicting
      progression from aMCI to AD. Our experimental sample consisted of 270 aMCI
      patients who underwent extensive neurological and neuropsychological examinations
      both at baseline and at the follow-up, conducted at least 3 years later. At the
      follow-up 80 patients had converted to overt dementia. The predictive capacity of
      raw, age-corrected, education-corrected and fully corrected scores on RAVLT
      immediate and delayed recall was compared by examining the area under the ROC
      curves (AUCs) of all of these scores to assess which (raw or corrected) scores
      achieves the better reliability in predicting conversion to dementia. The
      condition (aMCI stable vs converted) was analyzed to assess the odds ratios
      resulting from a logistic regression on the corrected and uncorrected scores of
      RAVLT immediate and delayed recall. Even if both in immediate and in delayed
      recall the ROCs of 'raw scores' were generally higher than the other ROCs on
      corrected scores, these differences did not reach the level of statistical
      significance, failing to support the claim that unadjusted test scores are
      superior to age- and education-corrected scores in predicting progression from
      aMCI to AD.

PMID- 26971941
TI  - A Spherical Brain Mapping of MR Images for the Detection of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is of fundamental importance in neuroscience,
      providing good contrast and resolution, as well as not being considered invasive.
      Despite the development of newer techniques involving radiopharmaceuticals, it is
      still a recommended tool in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) neurological practice to
      assess neurodegeneration, and recent research suggests that it could reveal
      changes in the brain even before the symptomatology appears. In this paper we
      propose a method that performs a Spherical Brain Mapping, using different
      measures to project the three-dimensional MR brain images onto two-dimensional
      maps revealing statistical characteristics of the tissue. The resulting maps
      could be assessed visually, but also perform a significant feature reduction that
      will allow further supervised or unsupervised processing, reducing the
      computational load while maintaining a large amount of the original information.
      We have tested our methodology against a MRI database comprising 180 AD affected
      patients and 180 normal controls, where some of the mappings have revealed as an
      optimum strategy for the automatic processing and characterization of AD
      patterns, achieving up to a 90.9% of accuracy, as well as significantly reducing
      the computational load. Additionally, our maps allow the visual analysis and
      interpretation of the images, which can be of great help in the diagnosis of this
      and other types of dementia. 

PMID- 26971942
TI  - Fuzzy Computer-Aided Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis Based on MRI Data.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central
      nervous system that has no cure and leads to death. One of the most prevalent
      tools for AD diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), because of its
      capability to visualize brain anatomical structures. There is a variety of
      classification methods for automatic diagnosis of AD, such as support vector
      machines, genetic algorithms, Bayes classifiers, neural networks, random forests,
      etc., but none of them provides robust information about the stage of the AD,
      they can just reveal the presence of disease. In this paper, a new approach for
      classification of MRI images using a fuzzy inference system is proposed. Two
      statistical moments (mean and standard deviation) of 116 anatomical regions of
      interests (ROIs) are used as input features for the classification system. A t
      test feature selection method is used to identify the most discriminative ROIs.
      In order to evaluate the proposed system, MRI images from a database consisting
      of 818 subjects (229 normal, 401 mild cognitive impairment and 188 AD subjects)
      collected from the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) is
      analyzed. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the area under
      the curve (AUC) of the proposed fuzzy inference system fed by statistical input
      features are employed as the evaluation criteria with k-fold cross validation.
      The proposed system yields promising results in normal vs. AD classification with
      AUC of 0.99 on the training set and 0.8622+/-0.0033 on the testing set. 

PMID- 26971943
TI  - Alzheimer's Disease Brain Areas: The Machine Learning Support for Blind
      Localization.
AB  - The analysis of positron emission tomography (PET) scan image is challenging due
      to a high level of noise and a low resolution and also because differences
      between healthy and demented are very subtle. High dimensional classification
      methods based on PET have been proposed to automatically discriminate between
      normal control group (NC) patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild cognitive impairment converting to
      Alzheimer's disease (MCIAD ) (a group of patients that clearly degrades to AD).
      We developed a voxelbased method for volumetric image analysis. We performed 3
      classification experiments AD vs CG, AD vs MCI, MCIAD vs MCI. We will also give a
      small demonstration of the presented method on a set of face images. This method
      is capable to extract information about the location of metabolic changes induced
      by Alzheimer's disease that directly relies statistical features and brain
      regions of interest (ROIs). We produce "maps" to visualize the most informative
      regions of the brain and compare them with voxel-wise statistics. Using the mean
      intensity of about 2000 6 * 6 * 6mm patches, selected by the extracted map, as
      input for a classifier we obtain a classification rate of 95.5%. 

PMID- 26971940
TI  - Potential for Stem Cells Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease: Do Neurotrophic Factors
      Play Critical Role?
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia. Despite
      several decades of research in AD, there is no standard disease- modifying
      therapy available and currentlyapproved drugs provide only symptomatic relief.
      Stem cells hold immense potential to regenerate damaged tissues and are currently
      tested in some brain-related disorders, such as AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). We review stem cell transplantation studies
      using preclinical and clinical tools. We describe different sources of stem cells
      used in various animal models and explaining the putative molecular mechanisms
      that can rescue neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical studies suggest safety,
      efficacy and translational potential of stem cell therapy. The therapeutic
      outcome of stem cell transplantation has been promising in many studies, but no
      unifying hypothesis can convincingly explain the underlying mechanism. Some
      studies have reported paracrine effects exerted by these stem cells via the
      release of neurotrophic factors, while other studies describe the
      immunomodulatory effects exerted by the transplanted cells. There are also
      reports which indicate that stem cell transplantation might result in endogenous
      cell proliferation or replacement of diseased cells. In animal models of AD, stem
      cell transplantation is also believed to increase expression of synaptic
      proteins.

PMID- 26971944
TI  - Hypometabolism in Brain of Cognitively Normal Patients with Depressive Symptoms
      is Accompanied by Atrophy-Related Partial Volume Effects.
AB  - Late life depression (LLD) even in subsyndromal stages shows high conversion
      rates from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Results of
      [(18)F]-fluorodesoxyglucose positron-emission-tomography (FDG-PET) were
      inconsistent in LLD patients, whereas atrophy was repeatedly described.
      Therefore, we set out to investigate FDG metabolism and the effect of atrophy
      correction (PVEC) in geriatric CN patients with depressive symptoms. 21 CN
      subjects with positive item for the depression category (DEP) in the
      Neuropsychiatric-Inventory-Questionnaire and 29 CN subjects with an absent
      depression item (NON-DEP) were selected from the ADNI cohort. FDG-PETs were
      analyzed in individual PET space using volumes-of-interest (VOI) and statistical
      parametric-mapping (SPM) approaches. VOI- and MRI-based PVEC were applied to PET
      data. DEP subjects showed significant hypometabolism in fronto-temporal cortices
      and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) when contrasted against NON-DEP in
      uncorrected data. Both in VOI- and SPM-based approaches PVEC eliminated
      significance in PCC, while fronto-temporal regions remained significant or even
      attained significance such as in case of the left amygdala. Subsyndromally
      depressed CN subjects had decreased FDG metabolism in mood-related brain regions,
      which may be relevant to their elevated risk for conversion from CN to MCI.
      Methodological advances in PET analyses should be considered in future studies as
      PVEC relevantly changed results of FDG-PET for detecting apparent metabolic
      differences between DEP and NON-DEP subjects. Furthermore, VOI-based analyses in
      individual PET space will allow a more accurate consideration of variability in
      anatomy, especially in subcortical regions. 

PMID- 26971945
TI  - Recurrent Network Models of Sequence Generation and Memory.
AB  - Sequential activation of neurons is a common feature of network activity during a
      variety of behaviors, including working memory and decision making. Previous
      network models for sequences and memory emphasized specialized architectures in
      which a principled mechanism is pre-wired into their connectivity. Here we
      demonstrate that, starting from random connectivity and modifying a small
      fraction of connections, a largely disordered recurrent network can produce
      sequences and implement working memory efficiently. We use this process, called
      Partial In-Network Training (PINning), to model and match cellular resolution
      imaging data from the posterior parietal cortex during a virtual memory-guided
      two-alternative forced-choice task. Analysis of the connectivity reveals that
      sequences propagate by the cooperation between recurrent synaptic interactions
      and external inputs, rather than through feedforward or asymmetric connections.
      Together our results suggest that neural sequences may emerge through learning
      from largely unstructured network architectures. 

PMID- 26971946
TI  - Signal, Noise, and Variation in Neural and Sensory-Motor Latency.
AB  - Analysis of the neural code for sensory-motor latency in smooth pursuit eye
      movements reveals general principles of neural variation and the specific origin
      of motor latency. The trial-by-trial variation in neural latency in MT comprises
      a shared component expressed as neuron-neuron latency correlations and an
      independent component that is local to each neuron. The independent component
      arises heavily from fluctuations in the underlying probability of spiking, with
      an unexpectedly small contribution from the stochastic nature of spiking itself.
      The shared component causes the latency of single-neuron responses in MT to be
      weakly predictive of the behavioral latency of pursuit. Neural latency deeper in
      the motor system is more strongly predictive of behavioral latency. A model
      reproduces both the variance of behavioral latency and the neuron-behavior
      latency correlations in MT if it includes realistic neural latency variation,
      neuron-neuron latency correlations in MT, and noisy gain control downstream of
      MT. 

PMID- 26971947
TI  - Reward-Guided Learning with and without Causal Attribution.
AB  - When an organism receives a reward, it is crucial to know which of many candidate
      actions caused this reward. However, recent work suggests that learning is
      possible even when this most fundamental assumption is not met. We used novel
      reward-guided learning paradigms in two fMRI studies to show that humans deploy
      separable learning mechanisms that operate in parallel. While behavior was
      dominated by precise contingent learning, it also revealed hallmarks of
      noncontingent learning strategies. These learning mechanisms were separable
      behaviorally and neurally. Lateral orbitofrontal cortex supported contingent
      learning and reflected contingencies between outcomes and their causal choices.
      Amygdala responses around reward times related to statistical patterns of
      learning. Time-based heuristic mechanisms were related to activity in
      sensorimotor corticostriatal circuitry. Our data point to the existence of
      several learning mechanisms in the human brain, of which only one relies on
      applying known rules about the causal structure of the task. 

PMID- 26971951
TI  - Changes in Doppler parameters of portal pressure after interventional management
      of hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has many options for management; some of them are
      complicated by development of portal hypertension (PHT). Doppler ultrasound is an
      effective method to diagnose and monitor PHT changes after HCC ablation
      procedures. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in portal pressure
      hemodynamics of HCC patients following treatment with different interventional
      strategies: radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and
      transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). A total of 60 patients with HCC were
      divided into three main groups, and each group received a different type of
      therapy (RFA, MWA, and TACE). Full medical record and basic investigations were
      performed including Doppler ultrasound and upper GIT endoscopy for evaluation of
      PHT parameters, and then repeated after three months of ablation. RFA is
      associated with the increased splenic artery resistive index, while MWA has no
      significant impact on PHT indices. TACE has led to a marked increase in liver
      vascular index with significant decrease in hepatic artery resistive index and
      PHI after treatment. No significant changes in esophageal varices were observed
      by upper GIT endoscopy following all ablation methods. RFA is quite safe but
      associated with degree of PHT. On the contrary, TACE is associated with improved
      PHT parameters. MWA has no significant association to development of PHT
      following the technique. Doppler ultrasound could be used as a reliable and
      effective method of evaluation of PHT post ablation for HCC.

PMID- 26971952
TI  - Dynamics of Isolated 1,8-Naphthalimide and N-Methyl-1,8-naphthalimide: An
      Experimental and Computational Study.
AB  - In this work we investigate the excited-state structure and dynamics of the two
      molecules 1,8-naphthalimide (NI) and N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimide (Me-NI) in the
      gas phase by picosecond time- and frequency-resolved multiphoton ionization
      spectroscopy. The energies of several electronically excited singlet and triplet
      states and the S1 vibrational wavenumbers were calculated. Nonadiabatic dynamics
      simulations support the analysis of the radiationless deactivation processes. The
      origin of the S1 <- S0 (pipi*) transition was found at 30, 082 cm(-1) for NI and
      at 29, 920 cm(-1) for Me-NI. Furthermore, a couple of low-lying vibrational bands
      were resolved in the spectra of both molecules. In the time-resolved scans a
      biexponential decay was apparent for both Me-NI and NI. The fast time constant is
      in the range of 10-20 ps, whereas the second one is in the nanosecond range. In
      accordance with the dynamics simulations, intersystem crossing to the fourth
      triplet state S1 (pipi*) -> T4 (npi*) is the main deactivation process for Me-NI
      due to a large spin-orbit coupling between these states. Only for significant
      vibrational excitation internal conversion via a conical intersection becomes a
      relevant deactivation pathway.

PMID- 26971948
TI  - Psychiatric Risk Gene Transcription Factor 4 Regulates Intrinsic Excitability of
      Prefrontal Neurons via Repression of SCN10a and KCNQ1.
AB  - Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) is a clinically pleiotropic gene associated with
      schizophrenia and Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS). To gain insight about the
      neurobiology of TCF4, we created an in vivo model of PTHS by suppressing Tcf4
      expression in rat prefrontal neurons immediately prior to neurogenesis. This cell
      autonomous genetic insult attenuated neuronal spiking by increasing the
      afterhyperpolarization. At the molecular level, using a novel technique called
      iTRAP that combined in utero electroporation and translating ribosome affinity
      purification, we identified increased translation of two ion channel genes, Kcnq1
      and Scn10a. These ion channel candidates were validated by pharmacological rescue
      and molecular phenocopy. Remarkably, similar excitability deficits were observed
      in prefrontal neurons from a Tcf4(+/tr) mouse model of PTHS. Thus, we identify
      TCF4 as a regulator of neuronal intrinsic excitability in part by repression of
      Kcnq1 and Scn10a and suggest that this molecular function may underlie
      pathophysiology associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. 

PMID- 26971950
TI  - Coordinated Excitation and Inhibition of Prefrontal Ensembles during Awake
      Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripple Events.
AB  - Interactions between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for
      learning and memory. Hippocampal activity during awake sharp-wave ripple (SWR)
      events is important for spatial learning, and hippocampal SWR activity often
      represents past or potential future experiences. Whether or how this reactivation
      engages the PFC, and how reactivation might interact with ongoing patterns of PFC
      activity, remains unclear. We recorded hippocampal CA1 and PFC activity in
      animals learning spatial tasks and found that many PFC cells showed spiking
      modulation during SWRs. Unlike in CA1, SWR-related activity in PFC comprised both
      excitation and inhibition of distinct populations. Within individual SWRs,
      excitation activated PFC cells with representations related to the concurrently
      reactivated hippocampal representation, while inhibition suppressed PFC cells
      with unrelated representations. Thus, awake SWRs mark times of strong
      coordination between hippocampus and PFC that reflects structured reactivation of
      representations related to ongoing experience. 

PMID- 26971953
TI  - Reference in human and non-human primate communication: What does it take to
      refer?
AB  - The concept of functional reference has been used to isolate potentially
      referential vocal signals in animal communication. However, its relatedness to
      the phenomenon of reference in human language has recently been brought into
      question. While some researchers have suggested abandoning the concept of
      functional reference altogether, others advocate a revision of its definition to
      include contextual cues that play a role in signal production and perception.
      Empirical and theoretical work on functional reference has also put much emphasis
      on how the receiver understands the referential signal. However, reference, as
      defined in the linguistic literature, is an action of the producer, and
      therefore, any definition describing reference in non-human animals must also
      focus on the producer. To successfully determine whether a signal is used to
      refer, we suggest an approach from the field of pragmatics, taking a closer look
      at specific situations of signal production, specifically at the factors that
      influence the production of a signal by an individual. We define the concept of
      signaller's reference to identify intentional acts of reference produced by a
      signaller independently of the communicative modality, and illustrate it with a
      case study of the hoo vocalizations produced by wild chimpanzees during travel.
      This novel framework introduces an intentional approach to referentiality. It may
      therefore permit a closer comparison of human and non-human animal referential
      behaviour and underlying cognitive processes, allowing us to identify what may
      have emerged solely in the human lineage.

PMID- 26971949
TI  - Distinct Contribution of Adult-Born Hippocampal Granule Cells to Context
      Encoding.
AB  - Adult-born granule cells (abGCs) have been implicated in cognition and mood;
      however, it remains unknown how these cells behave in vivo. Here, we have used
      two-photon calcium imaging to monitor the activity of young abGCs in awake
      behaving mice. We find that young adult-born neurons fire at a higher rate in
      vivo but paradoxically exhibit less spatial tuning than their mature
      counterparts. When presented with different contexts, mature granule cells
      underwent robust remapping of their spatial representations, and the few
      spatially tuned adult-born cells remapped to a similar degree. We next used
      optogenetic silencing to confirm the direct involvement of abGCs in context
      encoding and discrimination, consistent with their proposed role in pattern
      separation. These results provide the first in vivo characterization of abGCs and
      reveal their participation in the encoding of novel information. 

PMID- 26971955
TI  - Early diagnosis and successful management of oral mucormycosis in a hematopoietic
      stem cell transplant recipient: case report and literature review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Oral mucormycosis is a rare and high risk of infection in patients
      following hematopoietic cell transplantation few cases in the literature. We
      review the literature and present an additional case to emphasize the subtle
      changes that resulted in positive outcome when diagnosed and managed in a
      comprehensive transplant team. RESULTS: A patient was diagnosed with gingival
      mucormycosis on day +25 following a hematopoietic stem cell transplant for
      lymphoblastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia. The patient was
      diagnosed with minor and nonspecific symptoms and was successfully treated with
      local dental extraction, a short course of liposomal amphotericin B and 4 months
      of oral posaconazole. CONCLUSIONS: The good outcome of this case highlights the
      subtle clinical changes that present early in mucormycosis and the importance of
      early detection and treatment of post-transplant oral infections by an
      experienced multidisciplinary team.

PMID- 26971954
TI  - Remote Limb Preconditioning Generates a Neuroprotective Effect by Modulating the
      Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway and TRAIL-Receptors Expression.
AB  - As remote limb preconditioning (RPC) ameliorates brain damage after ischemic
      cerebral stroke (ICS), the purpose of the present study was to explore the
      molecular mechanisms in the course of RPC. Results of TUNEL staining and cleaved
      caspase-3 expression showed that ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis was
      inhibited by RPC. The expression changes in cleaved caspase-8, cFLIP, Bid itself,
      and its truncated form represented that RPC suppressed the activation of
      extrinsic apoptotic pathway during ICS. Then, the level of cytoplasmic cytochrome
      c was also decreased by RPC. In addition, RPC might partially suppress TNF
      related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced extrinsic apoptosis through
      downregulation of TRAIL death receptors and upregulation of TRAIL decoy
      receptors. As a counterproof, immunoneutralization of TRAIL in dMCAO rats
      resulted in significant restraint of tissue damage and in a marked functional
      recovery. Our data complemented the knowledge of RPC neuroprotective mechanism
      and provided new evidence for its clinical application.

PMID- 26971957
TI  - [Mental Illness and Social Science Disaster Research, 1949-1985].

PMID- 26971956
TI  - "Quinone Millipedes" Reconsidered: Evidence for a Mosaic-Like Taxonomic
      Distribution of Phenol-Based Secretions across the Julidae.
AB  - The defensive chemistry of juliformian millipedes is characterized mainly by
      benzoquinones ("quinone millipedes"), whereas the secretions of the putative
      close outgroup Callipodida are considered to be exclusively phenolic. We
      conducted a chemical screening of julid secretions for phenolic content. Most
      species from tribes Cylindroiulini (15 species examined), Brachyiulini (5 species
      examined), Leptoiulini (15 species examined), Uncigerini (2 species examined),
      Pachyiulini (3 species examined), and Ommatoiulini (2 species examined) had non
      phenolic, in most cases exclusively benzoquinonic secretions. In contrast, tribes
      Cylindroiulini, Brachyiulini, and Leptoiulini also contained representatives with
      predominantly phenol-based exudates. In detail, p-cresol was a major compound in
      the secretions of the cylindroiulines Styrioiulus pelidnus and S. styricus (p
      cresol content 93 %) and an undetermined Cylindroiulus species (p-cresol content
      51 %), in the brachyiulines Brachyiulus lusitanus (p-cresol content 21 %) and
      Megaphyllum fagorum (p-cresol content 92 %), as well as in an undescribed
      Typhloiulus species (p-cresol content 32 %, Leptoiulini). In all species, p
      cresol was accompanied by small amounts of phenol. The secretion of M. fagorum
      was exclusively phenolic, whereas phenols were accompanied by benzoquinones in
      all other species. This is the first incidence of clearly phenol-dominated
      secretions in the Julidae. We hypothesize a shared biosynthetic route to phenols
      and benzoquinones, with benzoquinones being produced from phenolic precursors.
      The patchy taxonomic distribution of phenols documented herein supports multiple
      independent regression events in a common pathway of benzoquinone synthesis
      rather than multiple independent incidences of phenol biosynthesis.

PMID- 26971958
TI  - Osteogenesis in calcified aortic valve disease: From histopathological
      observation towards molecular understanding.
AB  - Calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease in
      aged patients, with a disease continuum that ranges from mild valve thickening to
      severe calcification. In the past, calcification in CAVD was considered
      degenerative because of the time-dependent wear-and-tear of the leaflets with
      passive calcium deposition. Now, insights into the histopathological features,
      clinical data, and molecular mechanisms of CAVD have been greatly highlighted by
      findings that valvular calcification is a tightly regulated process resembling
      the osteogenic process. In this review, we focus on osteogenesis (bone formation)
      during the progression of CAVD and highlight the recent advances in understanding
      the cellular and molecular mechanisms of osteogenesis in valvular calcification.

PMID- 26971959
TI  - What is a "DNA-Compatible" Reaction?
AB  - DNA-encoded synthesis can generate vastly diverse screening libraries of
      arbitrarily complex molecules as long as chemical reaction conditions do not
      compromise DNA's informational integrity, a fundamental constraint that "DNA
      compatible" reaction development does not presently address. We devised DNA
      encoded reaction rehearsal, an integrated analysis of reaction yield and impact
      on DNA, to acquire these key missing data. Magnetic DNA-functionalized sensor
      beads quantitatively report the % DNA template molecules remaining viable for PCR
      amplification after exposure to test reaction conditions. Analysis of solid-phase
      bond forming (e.g., Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, reductive amination) and
      deprotection reactions (e.g., allyl esters, silyl ethers) guided the definition
      and optimization of DNA-compatible reaction conditions (>90% yield, >30% viable
      DNA molecules), most notably in cases that involved known (H(+), Pd) and more
      obscure (Delta, DMF) hazards to DNA integrity. The data provide an empirical yet
      mechanistically consistent and predictive framework for designing successful DNA
      encoded reaction sequences for combinatorial library synthesis. 

PMID- 26971960
TI  - Impact of Altitudes and Habitats on Valerenic Acid, Total Phenolics, Flavonoids,
      Tannins, and Antioxidant Activity of Valeriana jatamansi.
AB  - The changes in total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, valerenic acid, and
      antioxidant activity were assessed in 25 populations of Valeriana jatamansi
      sampled from 1200 to 2775 m asl and four habitat types of Uttarakhand, West
      Himalaya. Significant (p < 0.05) variations in total phenolics, flavonoids,
      valerenic acid, and antioxidant activity in aerial and root portions and across
      the populations were observed. Antioxidant activity measured by three in vitro
      antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic)
      (ABTS) radical scavenging, 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picryylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
      scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, showed
      significant (p < 0.05) differences across the populations. However, no clear
      pattern was found in phytochemicals across the altitudinal range. Among habitat
      types, (pine, oak, mixed forest, and grassy land), variation in phytochemical
      content and antioxidant activity were observed. Equal class ranking, neighbor
      joining cluster analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) identified
      Talwari, Jaberkhet, Manjkhali, and Khirshu populations as promising sources with
      higher phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. The results recommended that the
      identified populations with higher value of phytochemicals and antioxidants can
      be utilized for mass multiplication and breeding program to meet the domestic as
      well as commercial demand. 

PMID- 26971961
TI  - Comparative Study on Different Expression Hosts for Alkaline Phytase Engineered
      in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The application of alkaline phytase as a feed additive is restricted by the poor
      specific activity. Escherichia coli is a frequently used host for directed
      evolution of proteins including alkaline phytase towards improved activity.
      However, it is not suitable for production of food-grade products due to
      potential pathogenicity. To combine the advantages of different expression
      systems, mutants of the alkaline phytase originated from Bacillus subtilis 168
      (phy168) were first generated via directed evolution in E. coli and then
      transformed to food-grade hosts B. subtilis and Pichia pastoris for secretory
      expression. In order to investigate the suitability of different expression
      systems, the phy168 mutants expressed in different hosts were characterized and
      compared in terms of specific activity, pH profile, pH stability, temperature
      profile, and thermostability. The specific activity of B. subtilis-expressed
      D24G/K70R/K111E/N121S mutant at pH 7.0 and 60  degrees C was 30.4 U/mg, obviously
      higher than those in P. pastoris (22.7 U/mg) and E. coli (19.7 U/mg). Moreover,
      after 10 min incubation at 80  degrees C, the B. subtilis-expressed
      D24G/K70R/K111E/N121S retained about 70 % of the activity at pH 7.0 and 37 
      degrees C, whereas the values were only about 25 and 50 % when expressed in P.
      pastoris and E. coli, respectively. These results suggested B. subtilis as an
      appropriate host for expression of phy168 mutants and that the strategy of
      creating mutants in one host and expressing them in another might be a new
      solution to industrial production of proteins with desired properties. 

PMID- 26971964
TI  - Apical aneurysm with thrombus in an elderly patient with hypertrophic obstructive
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 26971962
TI  - Health risk assessment from contaminated foodstuffs: a field study in chromite
      mining-affected areas northern Pakistan.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the potential health risk associated with toxic
      metals in contaminated foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, and cereals) collected
      from various agriculture fields present in chromite mining-affected areas of
      mafic and ultramafic terrains (northern Pakistan). The concentrations of Cr, Ni,
      Zn, Cd, and Pb were quantified in both soil and food samples. The soil samples
      were highly contaminated with Cr (320 mg/kg), Ni (108 mg/kg), and Cd (2.55
      mg/kg), which exceeded their respective safe limits set by FAO/WHO. Heavy metal
      concentrations in soil were found in the order of Cr>Ni>Pb>Zn>Cd and showed
      significantly (p < 0.001) higher concentrations as compared to reference soil.
      The integrated pollution load index (PLI) value was observed greater than three
      indicating high level of contamination in the study area. The concentrations of
      Cr (1.80-6.99 mg/kg) and Cd (0.21-0.90 mg/kg) in foodstuffs exceeded their safe
      limits, while Zn, Pb, and Ni concentrations were observed within their safe
      limits. In all foodstuffs, the selected heavy metal concentrations were
      accumulated significantly (p < 0.001) higher as compared to the reference, while
      some heavy metals were observed higher but not significant like Zn in pear,
      persimmon, white mulberry, and date-plum; Cd in pear, fig and white mulberry; and
      Pb in walnut, fig, and pumpkin. The health risk assessment revealed no potential
      risk for both adults and children for the majority of heavy metals, except Cd,
      which showed health risk index (HRI) >1 for children and can pose potential
      health threats for local inhabitants. Graphical Abstract Heavy metals released
      from chromite mining lead to soil and foodstuff contamination and human health
      risk. 

PMID- 26971963
TI  - PIEZO1 gene mutation in a Japanese family with hereditary high
      phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia and hemochromatosis-induced diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - Hereditary xerocytosis (HX) or dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS) [OMIM
      194380], in which PIEZO1 gene mutation has recently been identified, is difficult
      to diagnose. We report here the discovery of a PIEZO1 gene mutation in a Japanese
      family (father, daughter, and son) who were previously diagnosed with hereditary
      high phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia (HPCHA). All of the affected family
      members had non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with severe
      hemochromatosis-related diabetes mellitus. Although the causative correlation
      between HPCHA and PIEZO1-gene mutated HX/DHS remains to be clarified, our
      findings raise an important question as to whether any of the HPCHA cases
      previously diagnosed in Japan may have in fact been the form of hemolytic anemia
      known as HX/DHS with PIEZO1 gene mutation. 

PMID- 26971965
TI  - International Airport Impacts to Air Quality: Size and Related Properties of
      Large Increases in Ultrafine Particle Number Concentrations.
AB  - We measured particle size distributions and spatial patterns of particle number
      (PN) and particle surface area concentrations downwind from the Los Angeles
      International Airport (LAX) where large increases (over local background) in PN
      concentrations routinely extended 18 km downwind. These elevations were mostly
      comprised of ultrafine particles smaller than 40 nm. For a given downwind
      distance, the greatest increases in PN concentrations, along with the smallest
      mean sizes, were detected at locations under the landing jet trajectories. The
      smaller size of particles in the impacted area, as compared to the ambient urban
      aerosol, increased calculated lung deposition fractions to 0.7-0.8 from 0.5-0.7.
      A diffusion charging instrument (DiSCMini), that simulates alveolar lung
      deposition, measured a fivefold increase in alveolar-lung deposited surface area
      concentrations 2-3 km downwind from the airport (over local background),
      decreasing steadily to a twofold increase 18 km downwind. These ratios (elevated
      lung-deposited surface area over background) were lower than the corresponding
      ratios for elevated PN concentrations, which decreased from tenfold to twofold
      over the same distance, but the spatial patterns of elevated concentrations were
      similar. It appears that PN concentration can serve as a nonlinear proxy for lung
      deposited surface area downwind of major airports. 

PMID- 26971966
TI  - [Mondor's disease of penis: A case report].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mondor's disease is a rare superficial thrombophlebitis,
      historically involving the thoracic venous system of women. However, it can occur
      in both gender and all over the skin. CASE REPORT: We report a 40-year-old man
      with type one diabetes who presented with a thrombosis of the superficial dorsal
      vein of the penis that he treated as a fungal infection. Treatment with non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and low molecular weight heparin contributed to
      a favorable outcome in 2 weeks. CONCLUSION: Pathogenesis and treatment of
      Mondor's disease remain incompletely dominated. Some predisposing factors have
      been highlighted in the literature. It might be interesting to add diabetes, due
      to its frequent pelvic problems leading to a potential venous inflammatory
      trigger.

PMID- 26971967
TI  - [Small bowel obstruction secondary to massive hookworm infestation complicated by
      fatal plurimicrobial bacteriemia].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intestinal symptoms (cramping, flatulence) and iron deficient
      anemia are classical presenting manifestations of duodenal hookworm infestation
      in patients living in endemic area. CASE REPORT: We report a 45-year-old
      immunocompetent metropolitan man who presented with intestinal obstruction
      secondary to massive hookworm infestation complicated by fatal plurimicrobial
      bacteriemia with refractory septic shock. CONCLUSION: We report a case of acute
      surgical abdominal presentation with septicemia and refractory shock syndrome due
      to ileal translocation secondary to massive hookworm infestation. To the best of
      our knowledge, such a case has not yet been reported.

PMID- 26971968
TI  - [The two faces of giant cell arteritis].

PMID- 26971969
TI  - [A typical erythrodermia].

PMID- 26971970
TI  - [Ganulomatosis with polyangiitis revealed by a cutaneous ulceration mimicking a
      pyoderma gangrenosum: Two patients].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a systemic and necrotizing
      vasculitis, and cutaneous involvement is uncommon. We report two cases of skin
      ulceration mimicking a pyoderma gangrenosum, and revealing granulomatosis with
      polyangiitis. CASE REPORTS: We report two patients who presented with atypical
      cutaneous ulcerations, with a chronic course. These wounds were large ulcerations
      with abrupt edges, with purulent and hemorrhagic exudates. The first hypothesis
      was a pyoderma gangrenosum, but the biopsies were not specific. New biopsies
      performed distant from the edges showed a necrotizing vasculitis associated with
      giant cells granuloma, typical from granulomatosis with polyangiitis. CONCLUSION:
      Cutaneous manifestations are uncommon in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and
      can be misleading as they may precede the systemic symptoms. We report two cases
      of granulomatosis with polyangiitis revealed by cutaneous symptoms mimicking a
      pyoderma gangrenosum. Repetition of the skin biopsies were necessary to obtain
      the diagnosis.

PMID- 26971971
TI  - Diffuse intestinal pneumatosis after an Endoscopic Retrograde
      Cholangiopancreatography: A paradigmatic case for an old pathogenetic dilemma.

PMID- 26971972
TI  - Genome sequencing and annotation of Kocuria turfanensis HO-9042, to promote
      explorating high-salt resistance associated gene resources.
AB  - Kocuria turfanensis HO-9042 which was cultured from the extreme environment in
      China is a gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid bacterium. In order to
      dissect genetic determinants of strong resistance to high salt, whole genome of
      K. turfanensis was sequenced. Then effective genetic engineering could be
      performed to promote gene resources application, including plant breeding in high
      salt soil. 

PMID- 26971973
TI  - Tailoring of global transcription sigma D factor by random mutagenesis to improve
      Escherichia coli tolerance towards low-pHs.
AB  - Bioconversion processes of organic acid or acid hydrolysis of raw material for
      microbial metabolism often suffer limitations as a result of microbial
      sensitivity in low-pH conditions. We adopted a three-step method called RAndom
      Insertional-deletional Strand Exchange mutagenesis (RAISE) to engineer the
      components of global regulator Sigma D factor (RpoD) of Escherichia coli to
      improve its acid tolerance. The best strain Mutant VII was identified from random
      mutagenesis libraries based on the growth performance, which exhibited much
      higher growth rate than the control (0.22h(-1) vs. 0.15h(-1)) at pH as low as
      3.17. Combined transcriptome and phenome analysis of E. coli was carried out to
      better understand the global effects of RpoD on the regulatory networks. Our
      analysis showed that 95 (2.1%) of all E. coli genes were induced and 178 (4.0%)
      genes were repressed, including those for trehalose biosynthesis, nucleotides
      biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, amino acid utilization, except for acid
      resistance. Also regulated were the master regulators (ArcA, EvgA, H-NS and RpoS)
      and gene/operon-specific transcription factors (GadX, GadW, AppY, YdeO, KdgR).
      These results demonstrated that RpoD acts as global regulator in the growth phase
      of E. coli and consequently improves acid tolerances. 

PMID- 26971974
TI  - [Occult cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary embolism].

PMID- 26971975
TI  - [New tools for the management of renal function in the elderly: Berlin Initiative
      Study equation and hematocrit, urea and gender formulae].
AB  - In the last few years a debate has emerged on the range of normal renal function
      in the elderly, and if every elderly person with a glomerular filtration rate
      estimated using formulas (Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, CKD-EPI) of less than
      60ml/min/1.73m(2) has kidney disease. In this review we analysed, based on the
      results of the study Elderly people with chronic kidney disease of the Hospital
      de Segovia, the new equations to measure kidney function in the elderly: the
      Berlin Initiative Study equation designed to estimate the glomerular filtration
      rate in people aged 70 or more, and the hematocrit, urea and gender formula to
      establish whether an elderly person with a glomerular filtration rate lower than
      60mL/min/1.73m(2) has kidney disease. 

PMID- 26971976
TI  - [Incidence of Lyme disease in Spain].

PMID- 26971977
TI  - [Anaemia in pregnancy and in the immediate postpartum period. Prevalence and risk
      factors in pregnancy and childbirth].
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the
      prevalence of anaemia in the immediate postpartum period (48-72hours), determine
      the risk factors and the value of haemoglobin before birth to reduce postpartum
      anaemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, observational and longitudinal
      study that included 1,426 women who delivered consecutively and agreed to
      participate in the study. Different variables, analytical, epidemiological,
      foetal and maternal symptoms were studied. RESULTS: The prevalence of anaemia in
      the postpartum period was 49.7%. The most important risk factors were antepartum
      anaemia and type of delivery. The types of delivery most influencing postpartum
      anaemia were, forceps (82.3%), the ventouse 67%, cesarean section (58,2%) and
      vaginal delivery (37.2%). In the multivariate study was found as the most
      important independent risk factors, the haemoglobin in the delivery day (OR 6.16,
      CI: 3.73 to 10.15) and instrumental delivery (OR: 4.61, CI: 3.44 to 6, 19). Other
      independent risk factors were haemoglobin in the third trimester, episiotomy and
      perineal tears, ethnicity, birth weight, parity and intra/postpartum
      complications. CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia in the immediate postpartum is a prevalent
      problem. The factors most associated postpartum anaemia were antepartum anaemia
      and instrumental delivery. If patients arrive at the day of delivery with
      haemoglobins>=12,6g/dl and were restricted to necessary instrumented deliveries
      and cesarean sections, episiotomies and we could avoid perineal tears we can
      decrease anaemia in the immediate postpartum period very significantly.

PMID- 26971978
TI  - [Mesenteric panniculitis].
AB  - Mesenteric panniculitis is a condition characterized by chronic nonspecific
      inflammation of the mesentery. There is little and often confusing information
      about its characteristics and the approach to take once it has been demonstrated
      by an imaging test. We propose to describe the epidemiological, clinical,
      laboratory, radiological and pathological features of the patients with
      mesenteric panniculitis reported in the literature, as well as possible disorders
      causal or associated with mesenteric panniculitis, in the opinion of the authors
      of each study. Finally, we will review the different therapeutic options used and
      the response to them. To that end a literature search was performed from the main
      medical databases selecting items with information on these aspects. This
      information was collected on a database stored in SPSS software for further
      analysis and summary. 

PMID- 26971979
TI  - [Frontoethmoidal encephalocele].

PMID- 26971980
TI  - [Palpebral anterior eye globe luxation after eyelid retraction].

PMID- 26971981
TI  - [Short evolved pseudochylothorax without pleural thickening].

PMID- 26971982
TI  - [Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: Usefulness of
      espiratory chest CT].

PMID- 26971983
TI  - [Raised lesions on tongue].

PMID- 26971984
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Update consensus document
      from the AEEH, SEOM, SERAM, SERVEI and SETH].
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and
      one of the most frequent causes of death in patients with liver cirrhosis.
      Simultaneously with the recognition of the clinical relevance of this neoplasm,
      in recent years there have been important developments in the diagnosis, staging
      and treatment of HCC. Consequently, the Asociacion Espanola para el Estudio del
      Higado has driven the need to update clinical practice guidelines, continuing to
      invite all the societies involved in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease
      to participate in the drafting and approval of the document (Sociedad Espanola de
      Trasplante Hepatico, Sociedad Espanola de Radiologia Medica, Sociedad Espanola de
      Radiologia Vascular e Intervencionista y Sociedad Espanola de Oncologia Medica).
      The clinical practice guidelines published in 2009 accepted as Clinical Practice
      Guidelines of the National Health System has been taken as reference document,
      incorporating the most important advances that have been made in recent years.
      The scientific evidence for the treatment of HCC has been evaluated according to
      the recommendations of the National Cancer Institute (www.cancer.gov) and the
      strength of recommendation is based on the GRADE system. 

PMID- 26971985
TI  - [Optic chiasm glioma in children: Endocrine disorders in 14 cases].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of endocrine disorders in
      children with optic chiasm glioma and analyze related factors. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Review of medical records by collecting sex, age, history of
      neurofibromatosis, clinical presentation, treatment of tumour, and presence of
      endocrine abnormalities. Statistical tests Wilcoxon and Fisher. RESULTS: 14
      patients (6 female) with age at diagnosis of 0.5 to 7.0 years (mean+/-standard
      deviation: 2.97+/-2.32) and follow-up of 10.64+/-3.30 years (range 6.0 to 16.0).
      12/14 presented endocrinopathy at follow-up: 8 precocious puberty, 5
      hypopituitarism, and 5 obesity. The onset of deficits was related to the
      neuroophthalmological symptoms under the age of five (P=.02)and treatment of the
      tumour was required.(P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: Children with optic chiasm gliomas may
      present endocrine disorders from the time of diagnosis of the tumor and, in
      particular as they develop on. The most common of these is precocious puberty.
      Pituitary deficits are associated with more aggressive tumours (those presenting
      with neuroophthalmological signs and symptoms before the age of five and
      requiring treatment).

PMID- 26971986
TI  - [Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Epidemiology and mortality risk factors in pre
      and post-HAART era].
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) is an uncommon
      entity, but remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with
      AIDS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of CM cases in a university hospital. The
      diagnosis was determined by isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal
      fluid. Morbidity and mortality was assessed at 12 weeks (early mortality) and
      between 3 and 18 months after diagnosis (late mortality). RESULTS: We analyzed 32
      patients from 2,269 AIDS cases (1.41%). 10 patients between 1990-1996 and 22
      between 1997-2014. Cryptococcal antigen in CSF was positive in all cases, with
      titers>1,024 in 19 patients (63%); this group had lower CD4+ counts (40 +/- 33
      vs. 139 +/- 78 cel/MUL) and greater disseminated involvement. After a first CM
      episode the relapse rate was 34%. Global mortality rate was 28% (9/32), much
      higher in the pre-HAART era. CONCLUSIONS: CM morbidity and mortality is related
      to severe immunodeficiency, disseminated disease, high titers of antigen in CSF
      and delayed initiation of HAART.

PMID- 26971988
TI  - [Predictive factors of clinically significant drug-drug interactions among
      regimens based on protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
      inhibitors and raltegravir].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and types of clinically
      significant drug-drug interactions (CSDI) in the drug regimens of HIV-infected
      patients receiving antiretroviral treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS:  DESIGN:
      retrospective review of database. Centre: Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa,
      Infectious Unit. PARTICIPANTS: one hundred and forty-two participants followed by
      one of the authors were selected from January 1985 to December 2014. DATA
      COLLECTION: from their outpatient medical records we reviewed information from
      the last available visit of the participants, in relation to HIV infection,
      comorbidities, demographics and the drugs that they were receiving; both
      antiretroviral drugs and drugs not related to HIV infection. We defined CSDI from
      the information sheet and/or database on antiretroviral drug interactions of the
      University of Liverpool (http://www.hiv-druginteractions.org) and we developed a
      diagnostic tool to predict the possibility of CSDI. By multivariate logistic
      regression analysis and by estimating the diagnostic performance curve obtained,
      we identified a quick tool to predict the existence of drug interactions.
      RESULTS: Of 142 patients, 39 (29.11%) had some type of CSDI and in 11.2% 2 or
      more interactions were detected. In only one patient the combination of drugs was
      contraindicated (this patient was receiving darunavir/r and quetiapine). In
      multivariate analyses, predictors of CSDI were regimen type (PI or NNRTI) and the
      use of 3 or more non-antiretroviral drugs (AUC 0.886, 95% CI 0.828 to 0.944;
      P=.0001). The risk was 18.55 times in those receiving NNRTI and 27,95 times in
      those receiving IP compared to those taking raltegravir. CONCLUSIONS: Drug
      interactions, including those defined as clinically significant, are common in
      HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral drugs, and the risk is greater
      in IP-based regimens. Raltegravir-based prescribing, especially in patients who
      receive at least 3 non-HIV drugs could avoid interactions.

PMID- 26971989
TI  - [Sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome].
AB  - Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome is an underdiagnosed medical condition which is
      gainingin importance. It is associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke,
      hypertension, insulin resistance and traffic accidents, resulting in
      deterioration of quality of life and increased mortality in these patients. The
      most characteristic symptoms of the disease are snoring, documented apnoeas and
      excessive daytime sleepiness. Polysomnography is the gold standard for diagnosis,
      but in patients with high pre-test probability, we should opt for respiratory
      polygraphy, a more accessible and less expensive test. Besides making lifestyle
      changes, the treatment of choice is continuous positive airway pressure. Some
      surgical techniques may be useful in the treatment of sleep apnoea-hypopnoea
      syndrome. In patients who cannot tolerate continuous positive airway pressure,
      are not candidates for surgery or have a high surgical risk intraoral devices
      might be used. 

PMID- 26971987
TI  - [Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and IgA nephropaty in a patient
      with HIV infection].

PMID- 26971990
TI  - Dietary Patterns in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Predict Cardiometabolic Risk
      Factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Examining the diets of people living with type 2 diabetes may improve
      understanding of how diet affects disease progression. We derived dietary
      patterns in adults living with type 2 diabetes and explored associations among
      patterns, sociodemographic variables and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS:
      Dietary patterns were derived from food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in 196
      adults with type 2 diabetes using principal components analysis (PCA).
      Multilinear regression models were fitted for the differing dietary pattern
      scores so as to estimate the marginal contribution of each variable explaining
      variations in diet. Differences in clinical variables across dietary patterns,
      adjusting for sex, smoking and total energy intake, were assessed. RESULTS: Three
      principal components (PCs), or patterns, were identified, explaining 56.5% of the
      total variance in diet: (PC1) fried foods, cakes and ice cream; (PC2) fish and
      vegetables; and (PC3) pasta, potatoes and breads. Female sex, current smoker and
      total energy were significant associated with patterns. Total energy accounted
      for the greatest amount of variance in each pattern (11.2% for fried foods, cakes
      and ice cream, 3.89% for fish and vegetables and 9.21% for pasta, potatoes and
      breads). After adjustment for sex, smoking and total energy, the pasta, potatoes
      and breads pattern was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure and low
      density lipoprotein-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 3 distinct diet patterns
      characterized, the carbohydrate-based pattern was most closely associated with
      cardiometabolic risk factors. To better understand and improve self-management by
      people living with type 2 diabetes through dietary modifications, further
      improvements in measuring and assessing diet using comparable instruments and
      comparisons with apparently healthy populations is required.

PMID- 26971991
TI  - Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Serum Bilirubin and
      Prediabetes in a Health Screening Population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Longitudinal associations between total bilirubin (TB) and
      prediabetes have not been reported. This study investigated cross-sectional and
      longitudinal associations between TB and prediabetes. METHODS: Cross-sectional
      associations between TB and prediabetes were investigated in 3681 nondiabetic
      subjects. Longitudinal associations between TB and prediabetes over 6 years were
      investigated in 2149 subjects who were normoglycemic at baseline. Prediabetes was
      defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of >=5.6 mmol/L or glycated
      hemoglobin levels of >=5.7% excluding diabetes. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      prediabetes was 25.4%, and the cumulative incidence of prediabetes during 6 years
      was 25.5% in a Japanese health screening population. Prevalent prediabetes was
      significantly associated with the quintiles of TB in nonsmoking men (trend,
      p<0.001) and women (trend, p=0.012), but not in smoking men (trend, p=0.689).
      Incident prediabetes was not significantly associated with the quintiles of TB,
      while it was positively associated with 1 standard deviation increase in TB in
      nonsmoking men (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]; 1.21 [1.07 to 1.37],
      p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: TB levels were significantly inversely associated with
      prevalent prediabetes in nonsmokers, but not in smokers, whereas an inverse
      association between TB levels and incident prediabetes seemed to be unlikely.

PMID- 26971992
TI  - Incidence and relative risk of adverse events of special interest in patients
      with castration resistant prostate cancer treated with CYP-17 inhibitors: A meta
      analysis of published trials.
AB  - Abiraterone acetate and orteronel are two CYP-17 inhibitors that have been
      studied in prostate cancer. They have shown relevant toxicities, including fluid
      retention/oedema, hypokalaemia, hypertension, liver function test abnormalities
      and cardiac events. The goal of this study was to determine the risk of special
      adverse events related to CYP- 17 inhibitor in patients with metastatic
      castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRCP). Summary data from four randomized
      phase III trials comparing CYP-17 inhibitors and prednisone versus placebo and
      prednisone in metastatic CRCP patients were meta-analysed. Pooled risk ratios
      (RRs) for the risk of all-grade and grade 3-4 adverse events of special interest
      were calculated. Data from 4916 patients (2849 in the AA experimental arm; 2067
      in the control arm) were analysed. The incidence of grade 3-4 adverse events was
      never more than 10% of the patients. However, compared with placebo, the CYP-17
      inhibitor significantly increased the all-grade events of hypertension (RR=1.53;
      95% CI=1.3-1.8; p<0.00001), hypokalaemia (RR=1.56; 95% CI=1.29-1.89; p<0.00001),
      cardiac disorders (RR=1.47; 95% CI=1.27-1.7; p<0.00001) liver function test
      abnormalities (RR=1.93; 95% CI=1.15-3.24; p=0.01) grade>=3 adverse events,
      hypokalaemia (RR=4.23; 95% CI=1.28-13.99; p=0.02) and cardiac disorders (RR=1.55;
      95% CI=1.18-2.05; p=0.002). A lot of adverse events such as hypertension,
      hypokalaemia, cardiac disorders and liver function test abnormalities are
      increased during CYP-17 inhibitor based therapy. Strict monitoring of these side
      effects should be considered during CYP- 17 inhibitor therapy in prostate cancer
      patients. 

PMID- 26971993
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of serum biomarkers for head and neck cancer: A systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Serum biomarkers could be helpful to characterize head and neck squamous cell
      carcinoma (HNSCC). Thus, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis
      was to determine the diagnostic capability of serum biomarkers in the assessment
      of HNSCC patients. Studies were gathered by searching LILACS, PubMed, Science
      Direct, Scopus and Web of Science up to April 10th, 2015. Studies that focused on
      serum biomarkers in the diagnosis of HNSCC compared with controls were
      considered. Sixty-five studies were identified, and the sample size included 9098
      subjects. Combined biomarkers demonstrated improved accuracy than those tested
      individually. Therefore, 12.8% of single and 34.3% of combined indicated that
      serum biomarkers discriminate patients with HNSCC from controls. The combined
      biomarkers with better diagnostic capability included Epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR)+Cyclin D1 and squamous cell cancer-associated antigen
      (SCCA)+EGFR+Cyclin D1. Beta2-microglobin may also be a promising single biomarker
      for future studies. Serum biomarkers can be potentially useful in the diagnosis
      of HNSCC. However, further research is required to validate these biomarkers. 

PMID- 26971994
TI  - Saturated Fatty Acids Engage an IRE1alpha-Dependent Pathway to Activate the NLRP3
      Inflammasome in Myeloid Cells.
AB  - Diets rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) produce a form of tissue inflammation
      driven by "metabolically activated" macrophages. We show that SFAs, when in
      excess, induce a unique transcriptional signature in both mouse and human
      macrophages that is enriched by a subset of ER stress markers, particularly
      IRE1alpha and many adaptive downstream target genes. SFAs also activate the NLRP3
      inflammasome in macrophages, resulting in IL-1beta secretion. We found that
      IRE1alpha mediates SFA-induced IL-1beta secretion by macrophages and that its
      activation by SFAs does not rely on unfolded protein sensing. We show instead
      that the ability of SFAs to stimulate either IRE1alpha activation or IL-1beta
      secretion can be specifically reduced by preventing their flux into
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) or by increasing unsaturated PC levels. Thus, IRE1alpha
      is an unrecognized intracellular PC sensor critical to the process by which SFAs
      stimulate macrophages to secrete IL-1beta, a driver of diet-induced tissue
      inflammation. 

PMID- 26971996
TI  - NLRX1 Acts as an Epithelial-Intrinsic Tumor Suppressor through the Modulation of
      TNF-Mediated Proliferation.
AB  - The mitochondrial Nod-like receptor protein NLRX1 protects against colorectal
      tumorigenesis through mechanisms that remain unclear. Using mice with an
      intestinal epithelial cells (IEC)-specific deletion of Nlrx1, we find that NLRX1
      provides an IEC-intrinsic protection against colitis-associated carcinogenesis in
      the colon. These Nlrx1 mutant mice have increased expression of Tnf, Egf, and
      Tgfb1, three factors essential for wound healing, as well as increased epithelial
      proliferation during the epithelial regeneration phase following injury triggered
      by dextran sodium sulfate. In primary intestinal organoids lacking Nlrx1,
      stimulation with TNF resulted in exacerbated proliferation and expression of the
      intestinal stem cell markers Olfm4 and Myb. This hyper-proliferation response was
      associated with increased activation of Akt and NF-kappaB pathways in response to
      TNF stimulation. Together, these results identify NLRX1 as a suppressor of
      colonic tumorigenesis that acts by controlling epithelial proliferation in the
      intestine during the regeneration phase following mucosal injury. 

PMID- 26971995
TI  - Myosin VI Contains a Compact Structural Motif that Binds to Ubiquitin Chains.
AB  - Myosin VI is critical for cargo trafficking and sorting during early endocytosis
      and autophagosome maturation, and abnormalities in these processes are linked to
      cancers, neurodegeneration, deafness, and hypertropic cardiomyopathy. We identify
      a structured domain in myosin VI, myosin VI ubiquitin-binding domain (MyUb), that
      binds to ubiquitin chains, especially those linked via K63, K11, and K29. Herein,
      we solve the solution structure of MyUb and MyUb:K63-linked diubiquitin. MyUb
      folds as a compact helix-turn-helix-like motif and nestles between the ubiquitins
      of K63-linked diubiquitin, interacting with distinct surfaces of each. A nine
      amino-acid extension at the C-terminal helix (Helix2) of MyUb is required for
      myosin VI interaction with endocytic and autophagic adaptors. Structure-guided
      mutations revealed that a functional MyUb is necessary for optineurin
      interaction. In addition, we found that an isoform-specific helix restricts MyUb
      binding to ubiquitin chains. This work provides fundamental insights into myosin
      VI interaction with ubiquitinated cargo and functional adaptors.

PMID- 26971997
TI  - USP7 Enforces Heterochromatinization of p53 Target Promoters by Protecting
      SUV39H1 from MDM2-Mediated Degradation.
AB  - The H3K9me3 repressive histone conformation of p53 target promoters is abrogated
      in response to p53 activation by MDM2-mediated SUV39H1 degradation. Here, we
      present evidence that the USP7 deubiquitinase protects SUV39H1 from MDM2-mediated
      ubiquitination in the absence of p53 stimulus. USP7 occupies p53 target promoters
      in unstressed conditions, a process that is abrogated with p53 activation
      associated with loss of the H3K9me3 mark on these same promoters.
      Mechanistically, USP7 forms a trimeric complex with MDM2 and SUV39H1, independent
      of DNA, and modulates MDM2-dependent SUV39H1 ubiquitination. Furthermore, we show
      that this protective function of USP7 on SUV39H1 is independent of p53. Finally,
      USP7 blocking cooperates with p53 in inducing apoptosis by enhancing p53 promoter
      occupancy and dependent transactivation of target genes. These results uncover a
      layer of the p53 transcriptional program mediated by USP7, which restrains
      relaxation of local chromatin conformation at p53 target promoters. 

PMID- 26971999
TI  - Sildenafil Potentiates a cGMP-Dependent Pathway to Promote Melanoma Growth.
AB  - Sildenafil, an inhibitor of the cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase 5 that is used
      to treat erectile dysfunction, has been linked to an increased risk of melanoma.
      Here, we have examined the potential connection between cGMP-dependent signaling
      cascades and melanoma growth. Using a combination of biochemical assays and real
      time monitoring of melanoma cells, we report a cGMP-dependent growth-promoting
      pathway in murine and human melanoma cells. We document that C-type natriuretic
      peptide (CNP), a ligand of the membrane-bound guanylate cyclase B, enhances the
      activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) in melanoma cells by
      increasing the intracellular levels of cGMP. Activation of this cGMP pathway
      promotes melanoma cell growth and migration in a p44/42 MAPK-dependent manner.
      Sildenafil treatment further increases intracellular cGMP concentrations,
      potentiating activation of this pathway. Collectively, our data identify this
      cGMP-cGKI pathway as the link between sildenafil usage and increased melanoma
      risk. 

PMID- 26972000
TI  - Substrate-Trapped Interactors of PHD3 and FIH Cluster in Distinct Signaling
      Pathways.
AB  - Amino acid hydroxylation is a post-translational modification that regulates
      intra- and inter-molecular protein-protein interactions. The modifications are
      regulated by a family of 2-oxoglutarate- (2OG) dependent enzymes and, although
      the biochemistry is well understood, until now only a few substrates have been
      described for these enzymes. Using quantitative interaction proteomics, we
      screened for substrates of the proline hydroxylase PHD3 and the asparagine
      hydroxylase FIH, which regulate the HIF-mediated hypoxic response. We were able
      to identify hundreds of potential substrates. Enrichment analysis revealed that
      the potential substrates of both hydroxylases cluster in the same pathways but
      frequently modify different nodes of signaling networks. We confirm that two
      proteins identified in our screen, MAPK6 (Erk3) and RIPK4, are indeed
      hydroxylated in a FIH- or PHD3-dependent mechanism. We further determined that
      FIH-dependent hydroxylation regulates RIPK4-dependent Wnt signaling, and that
      PHD3-dependent hydroxylation of MAPK6 protects the protein from proteasomal
      degradation. 

PMID- 26972001
TI  - Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 4 Modulates Temozolomide Sensitivity in
      Glioblastoma by Regulating DNA Repair Proteins.
AB  - Here we provide evidence that RBBP4 modulates temozolomide (TMZ) sensitivity
      through coordinate regulation of two key DNA repair genes critical for recovery
      from TMZ-induced DNA damage: methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) and
      RAD51. Disruption of RBBP4 enhanced TMZ sensitivity, induced synthetic lethality
      to PARP inhibition, and increased DNA damage signaling in response to TMZ.
      Moreover, RBBP4 silencing enhanced TMZ-induced H2AX phosphorylation and apoptosis
      in GBM cells. Intriguingly, RBBP4 knockdown suppressed the expression of MGMT,
      RAD51, and other genes in association with decreased promoter H3K9 acetylation
      (H3K9Ac) and increased H3K9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3). Consistent with these
      data, RBBP4 interacts with CBP/p300 to form a chromatin-modifying complex that
      binds within the promoter of MGMT, RAD51, and perhaps other genes. Globally,
      RBBP4 positively and negatively regulates genes involved in critical cellular
      functions including tumorigenesis. The RBBP4/CBP/p300 complex may provide an
      interesting target for developing therapy-sensitizing strategies for GBM and
      other tumors. 

PMID- 26971998
TI  - The Innate Immune Receptor NLRX1 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor by Reducing
      Colon Tumorigenesis and Key Tumor-Promoting Signals.
AB  - NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins are intracellular innate immune
      sensors/receptors that regulate immunity. This work shows that NLRX1 serves as a
      tumor suppressor in colitis-associated cancer (CAC) and sporadic colon cancer by
      keeping key tumor promoting pathways in check. Nlrx1(-/-) mice were highly
      susceptible to CAC, showing increases in key cancer-promoting pathways including
      nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK),
      signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and interleukin 6 (IL
      6). The tumor-suppressive function of NLRX1 originated primarily from the non
      hematopoietic compartment. This prompted an analysis of NLRX1 function in the
      Apc(min/+) genetic model of sporadic gastrointestinal cancer. NLRX1 attenuated
      Apc(min/+) colon tumorigenesis, cellular proliferation, NF-kappaB, MAPK, STAT3
      activation, and IL-6 levels. Application of anti-interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R)
      antibody therapy reduced tumor burden, increased survival, and reduced STAT3
      activation in Nlrx1(-/-)Apc(min/+) mice. As an important clinical correlate,
      human colon cancer samples expressed lower levels of NLRX1 than healthy controls
      in multiple patient cohorts. These data implicate anti-IL6R as a potential
      personalized therapy for colon cancers with reduced NLRX1. 

PMID- 26972003
TI  - alpha-Tubulin Tyrosination and CLIP-170 Phosphorylation Regulate the Initiation
      of Dynein-Driven Transport in Neurons.
AB  - Motor-cargo recruitment to microtubules is often the rate-limiting step of
      intracellular transport, and defects in this recruitment can cause
      neurodegenerative disease. Here, we use in vitro reconstitution assays with
      single-molecule resolution, live-cell transport assays in primary neurons,
      computational image analysis, and computer simulations to investigate the factors
      regulating retrograde transport initiation in the distal axon. We find that
      phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal-organelle linker protein CLIP-170 and post
      translational modifications of the microtubule track combine to precisely control
      the initiation of retrograde transport. Computer simulations of organelle
      dynamics in the distal axon indicate that while CLIP-170 primarily regulates the
      time to microtubule encounter, the tyrosination state of the microtubule lattice
      regulates the likelihood of binding. These mechanisms interact to control
      transport initiation in the axon in a manner sensitive to the specialized
      cytoskeletal architecture of the neuron.

PMID- 26972004
TI  - Uridylation and PABP Cooperate to Repair mRNA Deadenylated Ends in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Uridylation emerges as a key modification promoting mRNA degradation in
      eukaryotes. In addition, uridylation by URT1 prevents the accumulation of
      excessively deadenylated mRNAs in Arabidopsis. Here, we show that the extent of
      mRNA deadenylation is controlled by URT1. By using TAIL-seq analysis, we
      demonstrate the prevalence of mRNA uridylation and the existence, at lower
      frequencies, of mRNA cytidylation and guanylation in Arabidopsis. Both URT1
      dependent and URT1-independent types of uridylation co-exist but only URT1
      mediated uridylation prevents the accumulation of excessively deadenylated mRNAs.
      Importantly, uridylation repairs deadenylated extremities to restore the size
      distribution observed for non-uridylated oligo(A) tails. In vivo and in vitro
      data indicate that Poly(A) Binding Protein (PABP) binds to uridylated oligo(A)
      tails and determines the length of U-extensions added by URT1. Taken together,
      our results uncover a role for uridylation and PABP in repairing mRNA
      deadenylated ends and reveal that uridylation plays diverse roles in eukaryotic
      mRNA metabolism.

PMID- 26972002
TI  - Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV-1
      Envelope Glycoprotein.
AB  - The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer is covered by an array of N-linked glycans
      that shield it from immune surveillance. The high density of glycans on the
      trimer surface imposes steric constraints limiting the actions of glycan
      processing enzymes, so that multiple under-processed structures remain on
      specific areas. These oligomannose glycans are recognized by broadly neutralizing
      antibodies (bNAbs) that are not thwarted by the glycan shield but, paradoxically,
      target it. Our site-specific glycosylation analysis of a soluble, recombinant
      trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664) maps the extremes of simplicity and diversity of glycan
      processing at individual sites and reveals a mosaic of dense clusters of
      oligomannose glycans on the outer domain. Although individual sites usually
      minimally affect the global integrity of the glycan shield, we identify examples
      of how deleting some glycans can subtly influence neutralization by bNAbs that
      bind at distant sites. The network of bNAb-targeted glycans should be preserved
      on vaccine antigens. 

PMID- 26972006
TI  - A Mutation in fat2 Uncouples Tissue Elongation from Global Tissue Rotation.
AB  - Global tissue rotation was proposed as a morphogenetic mechanism controlling
      tissue elongation. In Drosophila ovaries, global tissue rotation of egg chambers
      coincides with egg chamber elongation. Egg chamber rotation was put forward to
      result in circumferential alignment of extracellular fibers. These fibers serve
      as molecular corsets to restrain growth of egg chambers perpendicular to the
      anteroposterior axis, thereby leading to the preferential egg chamber elongation
      along this axis. The atypical cadherin Fat2 is required for egg chamber
      elongation, rotation, and the circumferential alignment of extracellular fibers.
      Here, we have generated a truncated form of Fat2 that lacks the entire
      intracellular region. fat2 mutant egg chambers expressing this truncated protein
      fail to rotate yet display normal extracellular fiber alignment and properly
      elongate. Our data suggest that global tissue rotation, even though coinciding
      with tissue elongation, is not a necessary prerequisite for elongation.

PMID- 26972005
TI  - Subcellular Compartmentalization and Trafficking of the Biosynthetic Machinery
      for Fungal Melanin.
AB  - Protection by melanin depends on its subcellular location. Although most
      filamentous fungi synthesize melanin via a polyketide synthase pathway, where and
      how melanin biosynthesis occurs and how it is deposited as extracellular granules
      remain elusive. Using a forward genetic screen in the pathogen Aspergillus
      fumigatus, we find that mutations in an endosomal sorting nexin abolish melanin
      cell-wall deposition. We find that all enzymes involved in the early steps of
      melanin biosynthesis are recruited to endosomes through a non-conventional
      secretory pathway. In contrast, late melanin enzymes accumulate in the cell wall.
      Such subcellular compartmentalization of the melanin biosynthetic machinery
      occurs in both A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. Thus, fungal melanin biosynthesis
      appears to be initiated in endosomes with exocytosis leading to melanin
      extracellular deposition, much like the synthesis and trafficking of mammalian
      melanin in endosomally derived melanosomes.

PMID- 26972008
TI  - Breaks in the 45S rDNA Lead to Recombination-Mediated Loss of Repeats.
AB  - rDNA repeats constitute the most heavily transcribed region in the human genome.
      Tumors frequently display elevated levels of recombination in rDNA, indicating
      that the repeats are a liability to the genomic integrity of a cell. However,
      little is known about how cells deal with DNA double-stranded breaks in rDNA.
      Using selective endonucleases, we show that human cells are highly sensitive to
      breaks in 45S but not the 5S rDNA repeats. We find that homologous recombination
      inhibits repair of breaks in 45S rDNA, and this results in repeat loss. We
      identify the structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 5 (SMC5) as
      contributing to recombination-mediated repair of rDNA breaks. Together, our data
      demonstrate that SMC5-mediated recombination can lead to error-prone repair of
      45S rDNA repeats, resulting in their loss and thereby reducing cellular
      viability. 

PMID- 26972009
TI  - Super-Resolution Mapping of Neuronal Circuitry With an Index-Optimized Clearing
      Agent.
AB  - Super-resolution imaging deep inside tissues has been challenging, as it is
      extremely sensitive to light scattering and spherical aberrations. Here, we
      report an optimized optical clearing agent for high-resolution fluorescence
      imaging (SeeDB2). SeeDB2 matches the refractive indices of fixed tissues to that
      of immersion oil (1.518), thus minimizing both light scattering and spherical
      aberrations. During the clearing process, fine morphology and fluorescent
      proteins were highly preserved. SeeDB2 enabled super-resolution microscopy of
      various tissue samples up to a depth of >100 MUm, an order of magnitude deeper
      than previously possible under standard mounting conditions. Using this approach,
      we demonstrate accumulation of inhibitory synapses on spine heads in NMDA
      receptor-deficient neurons. In the fly medulla, we found unexpected heterogeneity
      in axon bouton orientations among Mi1 neurons, a part of the motion detection
      circuitry. Thus, volumetric super-resolution microscopy of cleared tissues is a
      powerful strategy in connectomic studies at synaptic levels.

PMID- 26972007
TI  - The Oxygen Sensor PHD2 Controls Dendritic Spines and Synapses via Modification of
      Filamin A.
AB  - Neuronal function is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels, but how
      hypoxia affects dendritic spine formation and synaptogenesis is unknown. Here we
      report that hypoxia, chemical inhibition of the oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylase
      domain proteins (PHDs), and silencing of Phd2 induce immature filopodium-like
      dendritic protrusions, promote spine regression, reduce synaptic density, and
      decrease the frequency of spontaneous action potentials independently of HIF
      signaling. We identified the actin cross-linker filamin A (FLNA) as a target of
      PHD2 mediating these effects. In normoxia, PHD2 hydroxylates the proline residues
      P2309 and P2316 in FLNA, leading to von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-mediated
      ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In hypoxia, PHD2 inactivation rapidly
      upregulates FLNA protein levels because of blockage of its proteasomal
      degradation. FLNA upregulation induces more immature spines, whereas Flna
      silencing rescues the immature spine phenotype induced by PHD2 inhibition. 

PMID- 26972010
TI  - Pharmacological Bypass of Cockayne Syndrome B Function in Neuronal
      Differentiation.
AB  - Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
      growth abnormalities, premature aging, and photosensitivity. Mutation of Cockayne
      syndrome B (CSB) affects neuronal gene expression and differentiation, so we
      attempted to bypass its function by expressing downstream target genes.
      Intriguingly, ectopic expression of Synaptotagmin 9 (SYT9), a key component of
      the machinery controlling neurotrophin release, bypasses the need for CSB in
      neuritogenesis. Importantly, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a
      neurotrophin implicated in neuronal differentiation and synaptic modulation, and
      pharmacological mimics such as 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and amitriptyline can
      compensate for CSB deficiency in cell models of neuronal differentiation as well.
      SYT9 and BDNF are downregulated in CS patient brain tissue, further indicating
      that sub-optimal neurotrophin signaling underlies neurological defects in CS. In
      addition to shedding light on cellular mechanisms underlying CS and pointing to
      future avenues for pharmacological intervention, these data suggest an important
      role for SYT9 in neuronal differentiation. 

PMID- 26972012
TI  - Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Spike Pauses in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells.
AB  - The plasticity of intrinsic excitability has been described in several types of
      neurons, but the significance of non-synaptic mechanisms in brain plasticity and
      learning remains elusive. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory neurons that
      spontaneously fire action potentials at high frequencies and regulate activity in
      their target cells in the cerebellar nuclei by generating a characteristic spike
      burst-pause sequence upon synaptic activation. Using patch-clamp recordings from
      mouse Purkinje cells, we find that depolarization-triggered intrinsic plasticity
      enhances spike firing and shortens the duration of spike pauses. Pause plasticity
      is absent from mice lacking SK2-type potassium channels (SK2(-/-) mice) and in
      occlusion experiments using the SK channel blocker apamin, while apamin wash-in
      mimics pause reduction. Our findings demonstrate that spike pauses can be
      regulated through an activity-dependent, exclusively non-synaptic, SK2 channel
      dependent mechanism and suggest that pause plasticity-by altering the Purkinje
      cell output-may be crucial to cerebellar information storage and learning. 

PMID- 26972011
TI  - Projection-Specific Visual Feature Encoding by Layer 5 Cortical Subnetworks.
AB  - Primary neocortical sensory areas act as central hubs, distributing afferent
      information to numerous cortical and subcortical structures. However, it remains
      unclear whether each downstream target receives a distinct version of sensory
      information. We used in vivo calcium imaging combined with retrograde tracing to
      monitor visual response properties of three distinct subpopulations of projection
      neurons in primary visual cortex. Although there is overlap across the groups, on
      average, corticotectal (CT) cells exhibit lower contrast thresholds and broader
      tuning for orientation and spatial frequency in comparison to corticostriatal
      (CS) cells, whereas corticocortical (CC) cells have intermediate properties.
      Noise correlational analyses support the hypothesis that CT cells integrate
      information across diverse layer 5 populations, whereas CS and CC cells form more
      selectively interconnected groups. Overall, our findings demonstrate the
      existence of functional subnetworks within layer 5 that may differentially route
      visual information to behaviorally relevant downstream targets.

PMID- 26972013
TI  - The SNARE VAMP7 Regulates Exocytic Trafficking of Interleukin-12 in Dendritic
      Cells.
AB  - Interleukin-12 (IL-12), produced by dendritic cells in response to activation, is
      central to pathogen eradication and tumor rejection. The trafficking pathways
      controlling spatial distribution and intracellular transport of IL-12 vesicles to
      the cell surface are still unknown. Here, we show that intracellular IL-12
      localizes in late endocytic vesicles marked by the SNARE VAMP7. Dendritic cells
      (DCs) from VAMP7-deficient mice are partially impaired in the multidirectional
      release of IL-12. Upon encounter with antigen-specific T cells, IL-12-containing
      vesicles rapidly redistribute at the immune synapse and release IL-12 in a
      process entirely dependent on VAMP7 expression. Consistently, acquisition of
      effector functions is reduced in T cells stimulated by VAMP7-null DCs. These
      results provide insights into IL-12 intracellular trafficking pathways and show
      that VAMP7-mediated release of IL-12 at the immune synapse is a mechanism to
      transmit innate signals to T cells.

PMID- 26972014
TI  - IPP Complex Reinforces Adhesion by Relaying Tension-Dependent Signals to Inhibit
      Integrin Turnover.
AB  - Cytoskeleton-mediated forces regulate the assembly and function of integrin
      adhesions; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The tripartite IPP
      complex, comprising ILK, Parvin, and PINCH, mediates the integrin-actin link at
      Drosophila embryo muscle attachment sites (MASs). Here, we demonstrate a
      developmentally earlier function for the IPP complex: to reinforce integrin
      extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion in response to tension. In IPP-complex
      mutants, the integrin-ECM linkage at MASs breaks in response to intense muscle
      contractility. Mechanistically, the IPP complex is required to relay force
      elicited signals that decelerate integrin turnover at the plasma membrane so that
      the integrin immobile fraction is adequate to withstand tension. Epistasis
      analysis shows that alleviation of muscle contractility, downregulation of
      endocytosis, and enhanced integrin binding to the ECM are sufficient to restore
      integrin-ECM adhesion and maintain integrin-adhesome organization in IPP-complex
      mutants. Our findings reveal a role for the IPP complex as an essential
      mechanosensitive regulatory switch of integrin turnover in vivo.

PMID- 26972016
TI  - Endoscopic resection of maxillary sinus keratocystic odontogenic tumors.

PMID- 26972015
TI  - System-wide Analysis of the T Cell Response.
AB  - The T cell receptor (TCR) controls the cellular adaptive immune response to
      antigens, but our understanding of TCR repertoire diversity and response to
      challenge is still incomplete. For example, TCR clones shared by different
      individuals with minimal alteration to germline gene sequences (public clones)
      are detectable in all vertebrates, but their significance is unknown. Although
      small in size, the zebrafish TCR repertoire is controlled by processes similar to
      those operating in mammals. Thus, we studied the zebrafish TCR repertoire and its
      response to stimulation with self and foreign antigens. We found that cross
      reactive public TCRs dominate the T cell response, endowing a limited TCR
      repertoire with the ability to cope with diverse antigenic challenges. These
      features of vertebrate public TCRs might provide a mechanism for the rapid
      generation of protective T cell immunity, allowing a short temporal window for
      the development of more specific private T cell responses.

PMID- 26972017
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Emergency Physician-Performed Ultrasound for Acute
      Appendicitis in a Remote Location.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preoperative imaging for suspected acute appendicitis (AA), such as
      ultrasonography (US), was shown to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient
      outcomes. Criteria for diagnosis of AA by US are well established and reliable.
      In previous studies, US assessments were always performed by skilled radiologist
      physicians. However, a radiologist and computed tomography scanning equipment are
      not always available in the community hospitals or remote sites of developing
      countries. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess a diagnostic pathway using clinical
      evaluation, routine US performed by an emergency physician, and clinical re
      evaluation for patients suspected of having AA. METHODS: Patients suspected of
      having AA admitted to the emergency department in a developing country were
      prospectively enrolled between November 2010 and January 2011. Clinical and US
      data were studied. A noncompressible appendix with a diameter >=6 mm was the main
      US diagnosis criterion. RESULTS: Among the 104 included patients, surgery was
      performed on 28. Of the 25 patients with positive US, 22 actually had AA,
      matching the surgical report. The remaining 76 patients without US appendicitis
      criteria underwent clinical follow-up and had medical conditions. Sensitivity of
      US was 88%, specificity was 96%, positive predictive value was 88%, and negative
      predictive value was 96%. The likelihood ratios for our US assessment highlight
      the need for a test with enhanced diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnostic
      strategy using clinical evaluations, routine US performed by emergency
      physicians, and clinical re-evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain is
      appropriate to provide positive results for the diagnosis and treatment of
      appendicitis in remote locations.

PMID- 26972019
TI  - Resilience skills as emergent phenomena: A study of emergency departments in
      Brazil and the United States.
AB  - Although the use of resilience skills (RSs) by emergency department (ED) front
      line staff is ubiquitous, the nature and origin of these skills tend to be taken
      for granted. This study investigates the research question "where do RSs come
      from"? Case studies in two EDs were undertaken in order to answer the research
      question: one in Brazil and the other in the United States. The case studies
      adopted the same data collection and analysis procedures, involving interviews,
      questionnaires, observations, and analysis of documents. A model for describing
      RSs as emergent phenomena is proposed. The model indicates that RSs arise from
      interactions between: work constraints, hidden curriculum, gaps in standardized
      operating procedures, organizational support for resilience, and RSs themselves.
      An instantiation of the model is illustrated by a critical event identified from
      the American ED. The model allows the identification of leverage points for
      influencing the development of RSs, instead of leaving their evolution purely to
      chance. 

PMID- 26972018
TI  - Use of Intravenous Fat Emulsion in the Emergency Department for the Critically
      Ill Poisoned Patient.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple case reports of using intravenous fat emulsion (IFE) as an
      antidote for human poisoning from various xenobiotics have been published over
      the last decade. Given the rapidly evolving field, emergency physicians may be
      uncertain about the indications, timing, and dose for IFE treatment. METHODS: A
      PubMed literature search was conducted from January 1996 to November 2015 and
      limited to human studies written in English and articles with relevant keywords.
      Guideline statements and nonsystematic reviews were excluded. Studies identified
      then underwent a structured review of their results. RESULTS: There were 986
      papers fulfilling the search criteria screened, and 85 appropriate articles were
      rigorously reviewed in detail. Recommendations were given on indications, timing,
      and dose of IFE. Most of these were based on case reports and anecdotal
      experience. DISCUSSION: In critically ill patients with refractory shock or
      cardiac arrest after a suspected overdose of local anesthetics or selected
      xenobiotics, IFE may be considered as a potentially beneficial adjunctive
      treatment. Despite an abundance of reports on the use of IFE on xenobiotics
      poisoning, the quality of evidence is suboptimal and fraught with reporting bias.
      CONCLUSIONS: IFE may be an effective antidote in poisonings from various
      xenobiotics. However, further research is needed to determine its optimal
      circumstances, timing, and dose of use.

PMID- 26972020
TI  - Fatty Liver in Hispanics with HIV.

PMID- 26972021
TI  - Prelude Special Issue: Control of breathing in non-mammalian vertebrates.

PMID- 26972023
TI  - In-hospital weekend outcomes in patients diagnosed with bleeding gastroduodenal
      angiodysplasia: a population-based study, 2000 to 2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: GI angiodysplastic (GIAD) lesions are an important cause of
      blood loss throughout the GI tract, particularly in elderly persons. The aim of
      this study was to determine whether mortality rates in patients with GIAD were
      higher for weekend compared with weekday hospital admissions. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective study using the National Inpatient Sample database from
      2000 to 2011 including inpatients with an International Classification of
      Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code for gastrointestinal GIAD
      (code 537.82 or 537.83). We assessed rates of delayed endoscopy (examinations
      performed >24 hours after admission), intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, and
      in-hospital mortality rates. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression
      analyses were performed to identify risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: There
      were 85,971 discharges for GIAD between 2000 and 2011, of which 69,984 (81%) were
      weekday hospital admissions and 15,987 (19%) were weekend admissions. Patients
      with weekend versus weekday admissions were more likely to undergo delayed
      endoscopic examination (35% vs 26%, P <= .0001). Mortality rates were higher for
      patients with weekend admissions (2% vs 1%, P = .0002). The adjusted odds ratio
      (aOR) for inpatient mortality associated with weekend admissions was elevated
      (2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-3.9; P = .0005). Rates of delayed
      endoscopic examinations were lower in patients with higher socioeconomic status
      (aOR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68-0.88). ICU admission rates were higher for weekend
      compared with weekday admissions (8% vs 6%, P = .004). The presence of a delayed
      endoscopic examination was associated with an increased length of stay of 1.3
      days (95% CI, 1.2-1.4 days). CONCLUSIONS: Weekend admissions for angiodysplasia
      were associated with higher odds of mortality, ICU admissions, higher rates of
      delayed endoscopic procedures, longer lengths of stay, and higher hospital
      charges.

PMID- 26972024
TI  - The effect and biological mechanism of COD/TN ratio on nitrogen removal in a
      novel upflow microaerobic sludge reactor treating manure-free piggery wastewater.
AB  - A novel upflow microaerobic sludge reactor (UMSR) was constructed to treat manure
      free piggery wastewater with high NH4(+)-N concentration and low COD/TN ratio,
      and the effect and biological mechanism of COD/TN ratio on nitrogen removal were
      investigated at a constant hydraulic retention time of 8h and 35 degrees C. The
      results showed that the UMSR could treat the wastewater with a better synchronous
      removal of COD, NH4(+)-N and TN. The microaerobic UMSR allowed nitrifiers, and
      heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrifiers to thrive in the flocs, revealing a
      multiple nitrogen removal mechanism in the reactor. Both the nitrifiers and
      denitrifiers would be restricted by an influent COD/TN ratio more than 0.82,
      resulting in a decrease of TN removal in the UMSR. To get a TN removal over 80%
      with a TN load removal above 0.86kg/(m(3).d) in the UMSR, the influent COD/TN
      ratio should be less than 0.70. 

PMID- 26972022
TI  - Cost-effectiveness and clinical efficacy of biliary stents in patients undergoing
      neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The optimal type of stent for the palliation of malignant
      biliary obstruction in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma undergoing
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with curative intent is unknown. We performed a
      prospective trial comparing 3 types of biliary stents-fully covered self
      expandable metal (fcSEMS), uncovered self-expandable metal (uSEMS), and plastic
      to determine which best optimized cost-effectiveness and important clinical
      outcomes. METHODS: In this prospective randomized trial, consecutive patients
      with malignant biliary obstruction from newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma
      who were to start neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy were randomized to receive
      fcSEMSs, uSEMSs, or plastic stents during the index ERCP. The primary outcomes
      were time to stent occlusion, attempted surgical resection, or death after the
      initiation of neoadjuvant therapy, and the secondary outcomes were total patient
      costs associated with the stent, including the index ERCP cost, downstream
      hospitalization cost due to stent occlusion, and the cost associated with
      procedural adverse event. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were randomized and
      reached the primary end point: 16 in the fcSEMS group, 17 in the uSEMS group, and
      21 in the plastic stent group. No baseline demographic or tumor characteristic
      differences were noted among the groups. The fcSEMSs had a longer time to stent
      occlusion compared with uSEMSs and plastic stents (220 vs 74 and 76 days, P <
      .01), although the groups had equivalent rates of stent occlusion, attempted
      surgical resection, and death. Although SEMS placement cost more during the index
      ERCP (uSEMS = $24,874 and fcSEMS = $22,729 vs plastic = $18,701; P < .01), they
      resulted in higher procedural AE costs per patient (uSEMS = $5522 and fcSEMS =
      $12,701 vs plastic = $0; P < .01). Conversely, plastic stents resulted in an
      $11,458 hospitalization cost per patient due to stent occlusion compared with
      $2301 for uSEMSs and $0 for fcSEMSs (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective
      trial comparing fcSEMSs, uSEMSs, and plastic stents for malignant biliary
      obstruction in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy with curative intent for
      pancreatic adenocarcinoma, no stent type was superior in optimizing cost
      effectiveness, although fcSEMSs resulted in fewer days of neoadjuvant treatment
      delay and a longer time to stent occlusion. (Clincial trial registration number:
      NCT01038713.).

PMID- 26972025
TI  - Reducing biomass recalcitrance via mild sodium carbonate pretreatment.
AB  - This study examined the effects of mild sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) pretreatment on
      enzymatic hydrolysis of different feedstocks (i.e., corn stover, Miscanthus, and
      switchgrass). The results showed that sodium carbonate pretreatment markedly
      enhanced the sugar yields of the tested biomass feedstocks. The pretreated corn
      stover, Miscanthus, and switchgrass gave the glucose yields of 95.1%, 62.3%, and
      81.3%, respectively, after enzymatic hydrolysis. The above glucose yields of
      pretreated feedstocks were 2-4 times that of untreated ones. The pretreatment
      also enhanced the xylose yields, 4 times for corn stover and 20 times for both
      Miscanthus and switchgrass. Sodium carbonate pretreatment removed 40-59% lignin
      from the tested feedstocks while preserving most of cellulose (<5% cellulose
      loss). Corn stover appeared to be least resistant to breakdown by Na2CO3 and
      enzymatic hydrolysis. Our study indicated that mild sodium carbonate pretreatment
      was effective for reducing biomass recalcitrance and subsequently improving the
      digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. 

PMID- 26972026
TI  - Development of anode zone using dual-anode system to reduce organic matter
      crossover in membraneless microbial fuel cells.
AB  - To prevent the occurrence of the organic crossover in membraneless microbial fuel
      cells (ML-MFCs), dual-anode MFC (DA-MFC) was designed from multi-anode concept to
      ensure anode zone. The anode zone addressed increase the utilization of organic
      matter in ML-MFCs, as the result, the organic crossover was prevented and
      performance of MFCs were enhanced. The maximum power of the DA-MFC was 0.46mW,
      which is about 1.56 times higher than the ML-MFC (0.29mW). Furthermore, the DA
      MFC had advantage in correlation of organic substance concentration and dissolved
      oxygen concentration, and even electric over-potential. In addition, in terms of
      cathode fouling, the DA-MFC showed clearer surface. Hence, the anode zone should
      be considered in the advanced ML-MFC for practically use in wastewater treatment
      process, and also for scale-up of MFCs. 

PMID- 26972027
TI  - New insights into host-parasite ubiquitin proteome dynamics in P. falciparum
      infected red blood cells using a TUBEs-MS approach.
AB  - Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), ranks as one of the
      most baleful infectious diseases worldwide. New antimalarial treatments are
      needed to face existing or emerging drug resistant strains. Protein degradation
      appears to play a significant role during the asexual intraerythrocytic
      developmental cycle (IDC) of P. falciparum. Inhibition of the ubiquitin
      proteasome system (UPS), a major intracellular proteolytic pathway, effectively
      reduces infection and parasite replication. P. falciparum and erythrocyte UPS
      coexist during IDC but the nature of their relationship is largely unknown. We
      used an approach based on Tandem Ubiquitin-Binding Entities (TUBEs) and 1D gel
      electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry to identify major components of the
      TUBEs-associated ubiquitin proteome of both host and parasite during ring,
      trophozoite and schizont stages. Ring-exported protein (REX1), a P. falciparum
      protein located in Maurer's clefts and important for parasite nutrient import,
      was found to reach a maximum level of ubiquitylation in trophozoites stage. The
      Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) TUBEs associated ubiquitin proteome decreased during
      the infection, whereas the equivalent P. falciparum TUBEs-associated ubiquitin
      proteome counterpart increased. Major cellular processes such as DNA repair,
      replication, stress response, vesicular transport and catabolic events appear to
      be regulated by ubiquitylation along the IDC P. falciparum infection. BIOLOGICAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: In this work we analyze for the first time the interconnection
      between Plasmodium and human red blood cells ubiquitin-regulated proteins in the
      context of infection. We identified a number of human and Plasmodium proteins
      whose ubiquitylation pattern changes during the asexual infective stage. We
      demonstrate that ubiquitylation of REX1, a P. falciparum protein located in
      Maurer's clefts and important for parasite nutrient import, peaks in trophozoites
      stage. The ubiquitin-proteome from P. falciparum infected red blood cells (iRBCs)
      revealed a significant host-parasite crosstalk, underlining the importance of
      ubiquitin-regulated proteolytic activities during the intraerythrocytic
      developmental cycle (IDC) of P. falciparum. Major cellular processes defined from
      gene ontology such as DNA repair, replication, stress response, vesicular
      transport and catabolic events appear to be regulated by ubiquitylation along the
      IDC P. falciparum infection. Given the importance of ubiquitylation in the
      development of infectious diseases, this work provides a number of potential drug
      target candidates that should be further explored.

PMID- 26972028
TI  - Identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and omega-sites
      using TiO2-based affinity purification followed by hydrogen fluoride treatment.
AB  - Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the outer leaflet of
      the membrane microdomains, commonly referred to as lipid rafts, play important
      roles in many biological processes such as signal transduction, cell adhesion,
      protein trafficking, and antigen presentation. From a topological viewpoint,
      elucidating the presence and localization of GPI-anchor modification sites (omega
      sites) is important for the study of the biophysical properties and anchoring
      mechanisms of these proteins. However, very few reports have actually identified
      omega-sites of GPI-APs. To enable large-scale site-specific analysis of GPI
      anchoring, we developed a method for identification of omega-sites by mass
      spectrometry by combining titanium dioxide-based affinity purification and
      hydrogen fluoride treatment. This method was able to identify ~3-fold more GPI
      APs than our previous method: the new technique identified a total of 73 omega
      sites derived from 49 GPI-APs. In 13 of the 49 GPI-APs identified, the GPI-anchor
      attached to multiple amino acids in the C-terminal site, yielding a variety of
      different protein species. This method allows us to simultaneously identify many
      GPI-AP protein species with different omega-sites. We also demonstrated the C
      terminal GPI anchor attachment signal peptide, based on information about the GPI
      anchor binding sites of 49 GPI-APs. Thus, our results provide evidence for new
      insight into the GPI-anchored proteome and the role of GPI anchoring. BIOLOGICAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are localized to the outer leaflet
      of the plasma membranes. Because the GPI anchor is a complex structure, the
      identification of GPI-anchored peptides by mass spectrometry has always been
      considered difficult. To improve the feasibility of large-scale site-specific
      analysis of GPI anchoring, we developed a method for identification of GPI
      anchored peptides by combining titanium dioxide-based affinity purification with
      hydrogen fluoride treatment. Using this novel technique, we identified a total of
      73 omega-sites derived from 49 GPI-APs. These data may help us to develop a
      comprehensive understanding of the GPI-anchored proteome and the role of GPI
      anchoring. Moreover, this method could be used to discover GPI-APs as candidate
      biomarkers.

PMID- 26972029
TI  - Sleep in Neurodegenerative Diseases.
AB  - Disorders of sleep are an integral part of neurodegenerative diseases and include
      insomnia, sleep-wake cycle disruption, excessive daytime sleepiness that may be
      manifested as persistent somnolence or sudden onset of sleep episodes,
      obstructive and central sleep apnea, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,
      and restless legs syndrome. The origin of these sleep disorders is multifactorial
      including degeneration of the brain areas that modulate sleep, the symptoms of
      the disease, and the effect of medications. Treatment of sleep disorders in
      patients with neurodegenerative diseases should be individualized and includes
      behavioral therapy, sleep hygiene, bright light therapy, melatonin, hypnotics,
      waking-promoting agents, and continuous positive airway pressure. 

PMID- 26972030
TI  - Sleep and Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Post-traumatic sleep-wake disturbances are frequent and often chronic
      complications after traumatic brain injury. The most prevalent sleep-wake
      disturbances are insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and pleiosomnia, (i.e.,
      increased sleep need). These disturbances are probably of multifactorial origin,
      but direct traumatic damage to key brain structures in sleep-wake regulation is
      likely to contribute. Diagnosis and treatment consist of standard approaches, but
      because of misperception of sleep-wake behavior in trauma patients, subjective
      testing alone may not always suffice.

PMID- 26972031
TI  - Sleep and Epilepsy.
AB  - Sleep plays an intricate role in the disease process of epilepsy. Despite the
      complexity of this relationship, the prognosis is a favorable one for patients
      presenting with sleep disorders and epilepsy. Clinicians need to be vigilant
      about asking about and addressing sleep complaints in patients with epilepsy.
      Ultimately, improving sleep and optimizing seizure control can have significant
      positive effects on the quality of life of these patients. 

PMID- 26972032
TI  - Sleep and Stroke.
AB  - Evidence increasingly suggests sleep disorders are associated with higher risk of
      cardiovascular events, including stroke. Strong data correlate untreated sleep
      apnea with poorer stroke outcomes and more recent evidence implicates sleep
      disruption as a possible etiology for increased cerebrovascular events. Also,
      sleep duration may affect incidence of cardiovascular events. In addition, sleep
      disordered breathing, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and parasomnias can occur
      as a result of cerebrovascular events. Treatment of sleep disorders improve sleep
      related symptoms and may also improve stroke recovery and risk of future events. 

PMID- 26972034
TI  - Occupational Sleep Medicine.
AB  - Sleep and circadian rhythms significantly impact almost all aspects of human
      behavior and are therefore relevant to occupational sleep medicine, which is
      focused predominantly around workplace productivity, safety, and health. In this
      article, 5 main factors that influence occupational functioning are reviewed: (1)
      sleep deprivation, (2) disordered sleep, (3) circadian rhythms, (4) common
      medical illnesses that affect sleep and sleepiness, and (5) medications that
      affect sleep and sleepiness. Consequences of disturbed sleep and sleepiness are
      also reviewed, including cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor functioning and
      drowsy driving. 

PMID- 26972033
TI  - Sleep in Neuromuscular Diseases.
AB  - Sleep disorders in neuromuscular disorders are generally caused by respiratory
      dysfunction associated with these diseases. Hypoventilation in neuromuscular
      diseases results from both respiratory muscle weakness and reduced chemoreceptor
      sensitivity, which is required for ventilatory drive. This condition results in
      repeated arousals, sleep fragmentation, and nocturnal hypoxemia, manifesting most
      commonly as excessive daytime somnolence. Polysomnography can identify sleep
      disordered breathing in patients with neuromuscular disorders and treatment with
      noninvasive ventilation may improve quality of life. 

PMID- 26972036
TI  - Sleep in the Pediatric Population.
AB  - This article provides an overview of common pediatric sleep disorders encountered
      in the neurology clinic, including restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy,
      parasomnias, sleep-related epilepsy, and sleep and headaches. An overview of each
      is provided, with an emphasis on accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is
      important in comprehensive neurologic care to also obtain a sleep history,
      because treating the underlying sleep condition may improve the neurologic
      disorder. 

PMID- 26972037
TI  - Sleep Neurobiology and Critical Care Illness.
AB  - The intensive care unit (ICU) environment is not propitious for restoring sleep
      and many studies have reported that critically ill patients have severe sleep
      disruptions. However, sleep alterations in critically ill patients are specific
      and differ significantly from those in ambulatory patients. Polysomnographic
      patterns of normal sleep are frequently lacking in critically ill patients and
      the neurobiology of sleep is important to consider regarding alternative methods
      to quantify sleep in the ICU. This article discusses elements of sleep
      neurobiology affecting the specificity of sleep patterns and sleep alterations in
      patients admitted to the ICU. 

PMID- 26972035
TI  - Sleep Duration and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Epidemiologic and Experimental
      Evidence.
AB  - Inadequate sleep is increasingly pervasive, and the impact on health remains to
      be fully understood. The cardiovascular consequences alone appear to be
      substantial. This review summarizes epidemiologic evidence regarding the
      association between extremes of sleep duration and the prevalence and incidence
      of cardiovascular diseases. The adverse effects of experimental sleep loss on
      physiological functions are discussed, along with cardiovascular risk factors
      that may underlie the association with increased morbidity and mortality. Current
      data support the concept that inadequate sleep duration confers heightened
      cardiovascular risk. Thus implementation of preventative strategies may reduce
      the potential disease burden associated with this high-risk behavior. 

PMID- 26972038
TI  - Sleep and the Endocrine System.
AB  - In this article, the effect of sleep and sleep disorders on endocrine function
      and the influence of endocrine abnormalities on sleep are discussed. Sleep
      disruption and its associated endocrine consequences in the critically ill
      patient are also reviewed. 

PMID- 26972039
TI  - Congestive Heart Failure and Central Sleep Apnea.
AB  - Congestive heart failure (CHF) is among the most common causes of admission to
      hospitals in the United States, especially in those over age 65. Few data exist
      regarding the prevalence CHF of Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) owing to
      congestive heart failure in the intensive care unit (ICU). Nevertheless, CSR is
      expected to be highly prevalent among those with CHF. Treatment should focus on
      the underlying mechanisms by which CHF increases loop gain and promotes unstable
      breathing. Few data are available to determine prevalence of CSR in the ICU, or
      how CSR might affect clinical management and weaning from mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 26972040
TI  - Possible sexual transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
AB  - Three cases of family transmission of laboratory-confirmed Crimean-Congo
      hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) among spouses are reported. These spouses had sexual
      contact at the end of the incubation period or during the early stage of the mild
      form of CCHF, without any hemorrhagic symptoms in the first infected spouse. This
      report demonstrates that sexual contact may represent a real risk of CCHF
      transmission, even if the patient only experiences mild symptoms.

PMID- 26972041
TI  - Epidemiological trends and characteristics of Japanese encephalitis changed based
      on the vaccination program between 1960 and 2013 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
      Region, southern China.
AB  - Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most severe kinds of viral encephalitis
      and is prevalent in Asia and the Western Pacific. In China, JE was first reported
      in the 1940s and became the main cause of viral encephalitis, including in the
      Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In 1951, JE was included in the Chinese
      mandatory disease reporting system. In the pre-vaccine era of the 1960s and
      1970s, the incidence of JE continued to rise without any vaccine supply. Since JE
      vaccines became available in the late 1970s (MBD) and 1989 (LAV-SA-14-14-2), and
      as JE vaccine became freely available to patients beginning in 2008, the
      incidence of JE has declined significantly. Despite these gains, outbreaks
      continue to occur among children in rural and suburban areas. Strengthening
      vaccine delivery models and improving swine vaccine production are important in
      order to sustain continuous declines in the incidence of JE in Guangxi.

PMID- 26972043
TI  - Enhanced visible-light-responsive photodegradation of bisphenol A by Cu, N
      codoped titanate nanotubes prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method.
AB  - In this study, a rapid and effective microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was
      developed for the synthesis of Cu, N-codoped titanate nanotubes (Cu, N-TNTs) to
      enhance the photocatalytic degradation efficiency and rate of bisphenol A (BPA)
      under UV and visible light irradiations. The TNTs were first synthesized at 150
      degrees C for 3h under microwave heating conditions followed by the calcination
      at 450 degrees C in the presence of 6wt% Cu ions and N2/NH3 to fabricate Cu, N
      TNTs composites. The Cu, N-TNTs exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity
      toward BPA degradation under UV and visible light irradiations. The X-ray
      photoelectron spectra indicated that Cu species in Cu, N-TNTs were mainly in
      zerovalent form and could serve as the electron donors as well as shuttling
      species to accelerate the photodegradation of BPA. In addition, the nitrogen
      atoms were incorporated into the anatase lattices to increase the visible-light
      responsive capability. The surface normalized reaction rate constants for BPA
      degradation were 4.3 and 1.5 times higher than those of Degussa P25 TiO2 under UV
      and visible light irradiations, respectively. The electron spin resonance spectra
      showed that Cu, N-codoped TNTs prolonged the generation of oxygen-containing
      radicals for at least 5min, resulting in the significant enhancement of
      photodegradation efficiency and rate of BPA. Results obtained in this study open
      a new avenue by using simple and effective microwave-assisted hydrothermal method
      to fabricate low dimensional codoped TNTs which can be potentially applied in a
      wide variety of fields of purification, green chemistry and photocatalysis.

PMID- 26972042
TI  - The impact of supplementary immunization activities on the epidemiology of
      measles in Tianjin, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: China has repeatedly used supplemental immunization activities (SIAs)
      to work towards measles elimination, but it is unknown if the SIAs are reaching
      non-locals - migrants from rural to urban areas. This study characterized
      temporal trends in measles incidence by local and non-local residency and
      evaluated the impact of SIAs on measles incidence in Tianjin, China. METHODS:
      Daily measles case-counts were tabulated separately by residency. These two
      datasets were combined so that each day had two observations. Poisson regression
      was conducted using generalized estimating equations with an exchangeable working
      correlation structure to estimate rate ratios (RRs). RESULTS: There were 12465
      measles cases in Tianjin over the 10-year period. The rate of measles was higher
      in non-locals than locals before the 2008 SIA (RR 3.60, 95% confidence interval
      (CI) 3.27-3.96), but this attenuated to a RR of 1.22 between the 2008 and 2010
      SIAs (95% CI 1.02-1.45). Following the 2010 SIA, non-locals had a lower rate of
      measles (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: The disparity in measles
      incidence between locals and non-locals was reduced following two SIAs. Sustained
      public health interventions will be needed to maintain low measles incidence
      among non-locals given the ongoing migration of people throughout China.

PMID- 26972044
TI  - Nanoscale analysis reveals agonist-sensitive and heterogeneous pools of
      phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in the plasma membrane.
AB  - Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P] is the immediate precursor of
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2], which is localized to the
      cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane and has been reported to possess
      multiple cell biological functions. Direct evidence showing the distribution of
      PtdIns(4)P pools at a nanoscale when the plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 is
      hydrolyzed by agonist stimulation is lacking. To analyze the distribution of
      PtdIns(4)P at a nanoscale, we employed an electron microscopy technique that
      specifically labels PtdIns(4)P on the freeze-fracture replica of the plasma
      membrane. This method minimizes the possibility of artificial perturbation,
      because molecules in the membrane are physically immobilized in situ. Using this
      technique, we observed no PtdIns(4)P in the caveolae of normal cultured human
      fibroblasts, although PtdIns(4,5)P2 has been shown to be highly concentrated in
      them in our previous report. When cells were stimulated with angiotensin II, the
      level of PtdIns(4)P in the undifferentiated membrane transiently decreased to
      64.3% at 10 s, began to increase at 30 s and largely increased to 341.9% at 40 s,
      and then returned to the initial level at 130 s after the stimulation.
      Interestingly, PtdIns(4)P localized at the caveolae at 70 and 130 s after the
      stimulation. These results suggest that the level of the PtdIns(4)P pool in the
      plasma membrane is sensitive and the distribution of PtdIns(4)P dramatically
      changes by agonist stimulation, and there are active sites of production or
      replenishment of PtdIns(4)P at undifferentiated membrane and caveolar areas.

PMID- 26972045
TI  - Nanoscale characterization of vesicle adhesion by normalized total internal
      reflection fluorescence microscopy.
AB  - We recently proposed a straightforward fluorescence microscopy technique to study
      adhesion of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. This technique is based on dual
      observations which combine epi-fluorescence microscopy and total internal
      reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy: TIRF images are normalized by epi
      fluorescence ones. By this way, it is possible to map the membrane/substrate
      separation distance with a nanometric resolution, typically ~20 nm, with a
      maximal working range of 300-400 nm. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate
      that this technique is useful to quantify vesicle adhesion from ultra-weak to
      strong membrane-surface interactions. Thus, we have examined unspecific and
      specific adhesion conditions. Concerning unspecific adhesion, we have controlled
      the strength of electrostatic forces between negatively charged vesicles and
      various functionalized surfaces which exhibit a positive or a negative effective
      charge. Specific adhesion was highlighted with lock-and-key forces mediated by
      the well defined biotin/streptavidin recognition.

PMID- 26972048
TI  - Iron gene expression profile in atherogenic Mox macrophages.
AB  - RATIONALE: The role of macrophage iron in the physiopathology of atherosclerosis
      is an open question that needs to be clarified. In atherosclerotic lesions,
      recruited macrophages are submitted to cytokines and oxidized lipids which
      influence their phenotype. An important phenotypic population driven by oxidized
      phospholipids is the Mox macrophages which present unique biological properties
      but their iron phenotype is not well described. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the
      effect of Mox polarization by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) on macrophage iron metabolism
      in the absence or presence of proinflammatory stimuli. METHODS: Bone marrow
      derived macrophages were treated with different sources of LDL and/or
      LPS/IFNgamma (M1 activator). Expression of ferroportin (Slc40a1, alias Fpn), heme
      oxygenase-1 (Hmox1), H- and L-ferritin (Fth1 and Ftl1), hepcidin (Hamp),
      ceruloplasmin (Cp) and interleukine-6 (Il6) was followed by quantitative PCR. FPN
      and HMOX1 protein expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence and in-cell
      Western blotting. RESULTS: Mox macrophages expressed increased Hmox1 and Fth1
      levels with basal FPN protein levels despite the significant increase of Fpn
      mRNA. Upregulation of Hmox1 and Fpn mRNA was specific to LDL oxidative
      modification and mediated by NRF2. The downregulation of both Cp isoforms and the
      upregulation of Hamp expression observed in Mox macrophages suggest that FPN
      mediated iron export could be compromised. Simultaneous exposure to oxLDL and
      LPS/IFNgamma leads to a mixed Mox/M1 phenotype that is closer to M1. CONCLUSION:
      A microenvironment rich in oxLDL and proinflammatory cytokines could promote
      macrophage iron retention and lipid accumulation profiles, a specific cell
      phenotype that likely contributes to lesion development and plaque instability in
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26972047
TI  - Optimization of a Relative Telomere Length Assay by Monochromatic Multiplex Real
      Time Quantitative PCR on the LightCycler 480: Sources of Variability and Quality
      Control Considerations.
AB  - Telomere length (TL) measurement is central to many biomedical research,
      population, and epidemiology studies, with promising potential as a clinical
      tool. Various assays are used to determine TL, depending on the type and size of
      the sample. We describe the detailed optimization of a monochromatic multiplex
      real-time quantitative PCR (MMqPCR) assay for relative TL using the LightCycler
      480. MMqPCR was initially developed using a different instrument with many
      separate reagents. Differences in instrument performance, reagents, and workflow
      required substantial optimization for the assay to be compatible with the
      LightCycler 480. We optimized the chemistry of the assay using a purchased one
      component reaction mix and herein describe sources of variability and quality
      control relevant to the MMqPCR TL assay on any instrument. Finally, the assay was
      validated against other TL assays, such as terminal restriction fragment,
      Southern blot, and flow fluorescent in situ hybridization. The correlations
      obtained between data from MMqPCR and these assays (R(2) = 0.88 and 0.81) were
      comparable to those seen with the monoplex version (R(2) = 0.85 and 0.82) when
      the same samples were assayed. The intrarun and interrun CV ranged from 4.2% to
      6.2% and 3.2% to 4.9%, respectively. We describe a protocol for measuring TL on
      the LightCycler platform that provides a robust high-throughput method applicable
      to clinical diagnostics or large-scale studies of archived specimens.

PMID- 26972049
TI  - Pathogenesis of POLR1C-dependent Type 3 Treacher Collins Syndrome revealed by a
      zebrafish model.
AB  - Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is a rare congenital birth disorder (1 in 50,000
      live births) characterized by severe craniofacial defects, including the downward
      slanting palpebral fissures, hypoplasia of the facial bones, and cleft palate
      (CP). Over 90% of patients with TCS have a mutation in the TCOF1 gene. However,
      some patients exhibit mutations in two new causative genes, POLR1C and POLR1D,
      which encode subunits of RNA polymerases I and III, that affect ribosome
      biogenesis. In this study, we examine the role of POLR1C in TCS using zebrafish
      as a model system. Our data confirmed that polr1c is highly expressed in the
      facial region, and dysfunction of this gene by knockdown or knock-out resulted in
      mis-expression of neural crest cells during early development that leads to TCS
      phenotype. Next generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the polr1c
      mutants further demonstrated the up-regulated p53 pathway and predicted skeletal
      disorders. Lastly, we partially rescued the TCS facial phenotype in the
      background of p53 mutants, which supported the hypothesis that POLR1C-dependent
      type 3 TCS is associated with the p53 pathway.

PMID- 26972050
TI  - Regulation of basophil and mast cell development by transcription factors.
AB  - Basophils and mast cells play important roles in host defense against parasitic
      infections and allergic responses. Several progenitor populations, either shared
      or specific, for basophils and/or mast cells have been identified, thus
      elucidating the developmental pathways of these cells. Multiple transcription
      factors essential for their development and the relationships between them have
      been also revealed. For example, IRF8 induces GATA2 expression to promote the
      generation of both basophils and mast cells. The STAT5-GATA2 axis induces
      C/EBPalpha and MITF expression, facilitating the differentiation into basophils
      and mast cells, respectively. In addition, C/EBPalpha and MITF mutually suppress
      each other's expression. This review provides an overview of recent advances in
      our understanding of how transcription factors regulate the development of
      basophils and mast cells. 

PMID- 26972051
TI  - Pentavalent pillar[5]arene-based glycoclusters and their multivalent binding to
      pathogenic bacterial lectins.
AB  - Anti-adhesive glycoclusters offer potential as therapeutic alternatives to
      classical antibiotics in treating infections. Pillar[5]arenes functionalised with
      either five galactose or five fucose residues were readily prepared using CuAAC
      reactions and evaluated for their binding to three therapeutically relevant
      bacterial lectins: LecA and Lec B from Pseudomonas aeuruginosa and BambL from
      Burkholderia ambifaria. Steric interactions were demonstrated to be a key factor
      in achieving good binding to LecA with more flexible galactose glycoclusters
      showing enhanced activity. In contrast binding to the fucose-selective lectins
      confirmed the importance of topology of the glycoclusters for activity with the
      pillar[5]arene ligand proving a selective ligand for BambL. 

PMID- 26972046
TI  - Membrane remodeling and mechanics: Experiments and simulations of alpha
      Synuclein.
AB  - We review experimental and simulation approaches that have been used to determine
      curvature generation and remodeling of lipid bilayers by membrane-bending
      proteins. Particular emphasis is placed on the complementary approaches used to
      study alpha-Synuclein (alphaSyn), a major protein involved in Parkinson's disease
      (PD). Recent cellular and biophysical experiments have shown that the protein 1)
      deforms the native structure of mitochondrial and model membranes; and 2)
      inhibits vesicular fusion. Today's advanced experimental and computational
      technology has made it possible to quantify these protein-induced changes in
      membrane shape and material properties. Collectively, experiments, theory and
      multi-scale simulation techniques have established the key physical determinants
      of membrane remodeling and rigidity: protein binding energy, protein partition
      depth, protein density, and membrane tension. Despite the exciting and
      significant progress made in recent years in these areas, challenges remain in
      connecting biophysical insights to the cellular processes that lead to disease.
      This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Proteins edited by
      J.C. Gumbart and Sergei Noskov. 

PMID- 26972054
TI  - Dural Reduction Surgery: A Treatment Option for Frontotemporal Brain Sagging
      Syndrome.
AB  - Frontotemporal brain sagging syndrome is a dementia associated with
      hypersomnolence, personality changes, and features of intracranial hypotension on
      magnetic resonance imaging. The literature is sparse with respect to treatment
      options; many patients simply worsen. We present a case in which this syndrome
      responded to lumbar dural reduction surgery. Postoperative magnetic resonance
      imaging indicated normalization of brain sagging and lumbar intrathecal pressure.
      Although no evidence of cerebrospinal leak was found, extremely thin dura was
      noted intraoperatively, suggesting that a thin and incompetent dura could result
      in this low-pressure syndrome. Clinicians who encounter this syndrome should
      consider dural reduction surgery as a treatment strategy. 

PMID- 26972052
TI  - Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis
      Risk.
AB  - Normal platelet function is critical to blood hemostasis and maintenance of a
      closed circulatory system. Heightened platelet reactivity, however, is associated
      with cardiometabolic diseases and enhanced potential for thrombotic events. We
      now show gut microbes, through generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO),
      directly contribute to platelet hyperreactivity and enhanced thrombosis
      potential. Plasma TMAO levels in subjects (n > 4,000) independently predicted
      incident (3 years) thrombosis (heart attack, stroke) risk. Direct exposure of
      platelets to TMAO enhanced sub-maximal stimulus-dependent platelet activation
      from multiple agonists through augmented Ca(2+) release from intracellular
      stores. Animal model studies employing dietary choline or TMAO, germ-free mice,
      and microbial transplantation collectively confirm a role for gut microbiota and
      TMAO in modulating platelet hyperresponsiveness and thrombosis potential and
      identify microbial taxa associated with plasma TMAO and thrombosis potential.
      Collectively, the present results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanistic
      link between specific dietary nutrients, gut microbes, platelet function, and
      thrombosis risk. 

PMID- 26972053
TI  - The CASTOR Proteins Are Arginine Sensors for the mTORC1 Pathway.
AB  - Amino acids signal to the mTOR complex I (mTORC1) growth pathway through the Rag
      GTPases. Multiple distinct complexes regulate the Rags, including GATOR1, a
      GTPase activating protein (GAP), and GATOR2, a positive regulator of unknown
      molecular function. Arginine stimulation of cells activates mTORC1, but how it is
      sensed is not well understood. Recently, SLC38A9 was identified as a putative
      lysosomal arginine sensor required for arginine to activate mTORC1 but how
      arginine deprivation represses mTORC1 is unknown. Here, we show that CASTOR1, a
      previously uncharacterized protein, interacts with GATOR2 and is required for
      arginine deprivation to inhibit mTORC1. CASTOR1 homodimerizes and can also
      heterodimerize with the related protein, CASTOR2. Arginine disrupts the CASTOR1
      GATOR2 complex by binding to CASTOR1 with a dissociation constant of ~30 MUM, and
      its arginine-binding capacity is required for arginine to activate mTORC1 in
      cells. Collectively, these results establish CASTOR1 as an arginine sensor for
      the mTORC1 pathway.

PMID- 26972057
TI  - Modulating intramolecular P...N pnictogen interactions.
AB  - A computational study of the intramolecular pnictogen bond in 8
      phosphinonaphthalen-1-amine derivatives (1-NX2, 8-PX2 with X = H, F, Cl, Br, CH3,
      CN and NC), proton sponge analogues, has been carried out to determine their
      structural and geometric parameters, interaction energies and electronic
      properties such as the electron density of the intramolecular interaction. Our
      results show that substitution of H atoms in the PH2 group by electron
      withdrawing groups on the Lewis acid moiety strengthens the P...N pnictogen bond,
      evidenced by the increasing electron density values at the bond critical point
      and by shorter distances. However, substitutions on the Lewis base moiety (NX2)
      show weaker P...N interactions than when the substitution is done on the Lewis
      acid counterpart (PX2). Nevertheless, in all cases, pnictogen bonds are enhanced
      upon substitution with respect to the parent 1-NH2, 8-PH2 system. Second-order
      orbital interaction energies, electron density maps, electron delocalization
      functions and charge transfer corroborate the evolution of the P...N strength
      upon substitution.

PMID- 26972056
TI  - Blunted inflammation mediated by NF-kappaB activation in hippocampus alleviates
      chronic normobaric hypoxia-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats.
AB  - This study aims to investigate whether inflammation mediated by NF-kappaB
      activation is involved in the induction of anxiety-like behavior in chronic
      normobaric hypoxia (CNH) exposed rats and to investigate the underlying
      mechanism. To this end, rats were exposed in a normobaric hypoxic chamber with a
      fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) of ~ 10%, 23 h/d, continues for 2 weeks.
      Anxiety-like behavior was tested by elevated plus maze and open field,
      inflammatory response, nucleus translocation of NF-kappaB, and signaling pathway
      in hippocampus were examined. CNH induced a significant increase of anxiety- like
      behavior and inflammation responses, which were ameliorated by NF-kappaB
      inhibitor, PDTC pretreatment, suggesting that the anxiogenic effect induced by
      inflammation is through NF-kappaB activation. CNH treatment significantly
      increased nucleus translocation of p65 and p105 in hippocampus, which was
      suppressed by PDTC pretreatment. In addition, CNH treatment significantly
      increased Iba-1, iNOS, COX-2, and p-PKA in hippocampus, which were blocked by
      PDTC pretreatment, suggesting CNH may activate microglia cells in hippocampus
      through NF-kappaB pathway. In conclusion, our results illustrate a mechanism
      that, activation of NF-kappaB in hippocampus may trigger the proinflammatory
      response of microglia cells, and iNOS-PKA pathway may involve in anxiogenic
      effect in CNH exposed rats.

PMID- 26972055
TI  - Generation of electrophysiologically functional cardiomyocytes from mouse induced
      pluripotent stem cells.
AB  - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can efficiently differentiate into the three
      germ layers similar to those formed by differentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells.
      This provides a new source of cells in which to establish preclinical allogeneic
      transplantation models. Our iPS cells were generated from mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts (MEFs) transfected with the Yamanaka factors, the four transcription
      factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc), without antibiotic selection or MEF
      feeders. After the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs), iPS cells spontaneously
      differentiated into Flk1-positive cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes
      expressing cardiac-specific markers such as alpha sarcomeric actinin (alpha
      actinin), cardiac alpha myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC), cardiac troponin T
      (cTnT), and connexin 43 (CX43), as well as cardiac transcription factors Nk2
      homebox 5 (Nkx2.5) and gata binding protein 4 (gata4). The electrophysiological
      activity of iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs) was detected in beating
      cell clusters with optical mapping and RH237 a voltage-sensitive dye, and in
      single contracting cells with patch-clamp technology. Incompletely differentiated
      iPS cells formed teratomas when transplanted into a severe combined
      immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model of myocardial infarction. Our results show
      that somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, which in turn
      spontaneously differentiate into electrophysiologically functional mature
      cardiomyocytes expressing cardiac-specific makers, and that these cells can
      potentially be used to repair myocardial infarction (MI) in the future. 

PMID- 26972058
TI  - Is There a Need for Congruent Treatment Goals Between Alcohol-Dependent Patients
      and Caregivers?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol-dependent patients have different treatment goals when
      entering treatment. Furthermore, different treatment settings advocate different
      treatment goals. Earlier studies have pointed out that treatment goal is
      important for treatment outcome, both in the treatment setting as well as in the
      patients themselves. However, to our knowledge, no study has so far investigated
      the interaction between patient's goal and the goal of the treatment setting. The
      aim of the study was therefore to study the interaction between these 2 factors
      on treatment outcome. METHODS: Patients' (n = 201) goals from 2 treatment
      settings-one that had an abstinence-oriented goal and one with a low-risk
      drinking goal-were investigated. The patients were followed up 2.5 years after
      treatment entry and effectiveness of congruent treatment goals on treatment
      outcome was investigated. RESULTS: There was no significant association between
      congruent goals and treatment outcomes (p = 0.060). However, when comparing the
      effectiveness of congruent treatment goal between the 2 treatment settings, the
      abstinence-oriented treatment setting was significantly more effective (p <
      0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The major finding was that there appeared to be no
      association between congruence itself and treatment outcome. On the other hand,
      we found that the treatment outcome was more successful if the patient as well as
      the treatment setting had abstinence as a goal (i.e., congruent goals of
      abstinence).

PMID- 26972060
TI  - Air pollution: consequences and actions for the UK, and beyond.

PMID- 26972061
TI  - Trauma care in the UK: where is the evidence?

PMID- 26972059
TI  - Clinical implications of endoscopic ultrasonography non-traversability in
      patients with locoregional esophageal cancer receiving multimodality therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Approximately 30% of esophageal cancer (EC) patients cannot
      complete endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) due to malignant stricture (EUS non
      traversability). This study examines clinical implications of EUS non
      traversability in patients with advanced locoregional squamous EC receiving
      preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by esophagectomy. METHODS: We
      retrieved data on 89 consecutive patients with advanced locoregional squamous EC
      (stage II or III). Relevant clinical and tumor-specific parameters were reviewed
      retrospectively. Significant factors affecting survival was determined by Cox
      regression analysis. RESULTS: EUS non-traversable EC was observed in 26 of 89
      patients (29.2%). Median serum albumin level (3.6 g/dL vs. 3.9 g/dL, p = 0.028),
      tumor length (6.0 cm vs. 4.0 cm, p = 0.002), and percentage of clinical stage III
      disease (65.4% vs. 38.1%, p = 0.019) were significantly different between the
      patients with EUS non-traversable and traversable EC, respectively. Patients with
      EUS non-traversable EC demonstrated a significantly lower 5-year overall survival
      than patients with EUS traversable EC (30.8% vs. 49.3%, p = 0.023). In
      multivariate analysis, weight loss >= 10% (p = 0.033), EUS non-traversability (p
      = 0.003), non-response to preoperative CRT (p = 0.002), and incompletion of
      esophagectomy (p = 0.002) were significant negative factors of survival.
      CONCLUSIONS: EUS non-traversability has significant negative prognostic
      implications in patients with advanced locoregional squamous EC receiving
      preoperative CRT followed by esophagectomy.

PMID- 26972062
TI  - Indigenous health in the Latin American golden decade.

PMID- 26972063
TI  - Reprogramming psychiatry: stem cells and bipolar disorder.

PMID- 26972065
TI  - France passes wide-ranging health reforms.

PMID- 26972066
TI  - Nepal: organ trafficking after the earthquake.

PMID- 26972067
TI  - Profile: Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.

PMID- 26972068
TI  - The literary legacy of Oliver Sacks.

PMID- 26972069
TI  - Brendan Crabb--making research work for development.

PMID- 26972070
TI  - The Hajj Health Requirements: time for a serious review?

PMID- 26972071
TI  - Pope Francis and the Italian scientific golden age.

PMID- 26972072
TI  - Syndromic surveillance during the Paris terrorist attacks.

PMID- 26972073
TI  - The Harvard-LSHTM panel on the global response to Ebola report.

PMID- 26972074
TI  - Economists, universal health coverage, and non-communicable diseases.

PMID- 26972075
TI  - The Harvard-LSHTM panel on the global response to Ebola report.

PMID- 26972077
TI  - Glomangiopericytoma and glomus tumor of the sinonasal tract: A report of two
      cases with emphasis on the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 26972078
TI  - Adoptive Regulatory T-cell Therapy Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemor-rhage-induced
      Cerebral Inflammation by Suppressing TLR4/NF-B Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Inflammation is one major cause of poor outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage
      (SAH). The recent evidence suggested that adoptive regulatory T-cell (Treg)
      therapy conferred potential neuroprotection by suppressing cerebral inflammation
      against cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we proposed that Treg transfer might
      protect the brain against SAH by decreasing cerebral inflammation. In this study,
      we injected the autologous blood into cisterna magna twice to make the SAH model
      and administrated Tregs by vein to SAH rats. Intriguingly, adoptive transfer of
      Tregs significantly ameliorated SAH-induced brain edema and increased cerebral
      blood flow. Moreover, Treg-afforded cerebral protection was accompanied by
      suppressing SAH-induced cerebral inflammation. Concurrently, administration of
      Tregs attenuated the activation of the toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor
      kappa B (TLR4/NF-kappaB) signaling pathway, which should be involved in the
      suppression of SAH-induced cerebral inflammation. Altogether, our study suggested
      that Treg adoptive transfer could attenuate SAH-induced cerebral inflammation by
      suppressing the activation of the TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway, and thus
      provided new insights into the potent Treg cells-based therapy specifically
      targeting on post-SAH inflammatory dysregulation. 

PMID- 26972080
TI  - Association of vitamin D receptor gene BsmI B/b and FokI F/f polymorphisms with
      adult dermatomyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 26972081
TI  - Reflex seizures in a patient with Angelman syndrome and trisomy 21.

PMID- 26972079
TI  - Coffee, mate, acai and beans are the main contributors to the antioxidant
      capacity of Brazilian's diet.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative contribution
      of the most commonly consumed plant foods in Brazil to the total antioxidant
      capacity (AC) of Brazilian's diet. The importance of regional consuming habits
      and income for dietary AC was also approached. METHODS: The annual per capita
      consumption database from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
      (IBGE) was used for identification of the most consumed plant foods in Brazil.
      Out of 124 key plant foods, 42 top AC contributing candidates were selected for
      AC determination based on both the frequency of consumption, and AC results
      reported in the literature, and in our preliminary assays. The selected food
      products were prepared according to the Brazilian Food Guide, and their AC was
      measured by TEAC and FRAP assays. Dietary AC was determined by combining these AC
      results with IBGE consumption data, and the relative contribution of each plant
      food was calculated. RESULTS: Among all evaluated food products, coffee and green
      mate tea presented the highest AC, followed by toasted mate tea, red wine, acai-a
      native Amazonian fruit-and beans. Associating AC with the annual consumption
      database from IBGE, coffee alone contributed, on average, to 66 % of dietary AC;
      other beverages, including mate and wine, contributed altogether to 13 % of
      dietary AC; beans contributed to 9 %, cereals and derivatives contributed to 4 %;
      and in natura fruits and vegetables contributed to only 3 and 2 %, respectively.
      In the North region, fruits were important contributors to AC-mostly because of
      high acai consumption, while in the South mate and wine also gained importance,
      with wine contribution being specially associated with high household income.
      CONCLUSIONS: Coffee is the main contributor to the total dietary AC in Brazil,
      regardless of household income. Mate tea, acai and beans are other major dietary
      AC contributors.

PMID- 26972083
TI  - Correlation of Anti-mitochondrial Antibodies with Liver Histology and Outcomes.

PMID- 26972082
TI  - A cohort study of the morbidity of combined anterior-posterior cervical spinal
      fusions: incidence and predictors of postoperative dysphagia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify risk factors that may lead to the development of dysphagia
      after combined anterior and posterior (360 degrees ) cervical fusion surgery.
      METHODS: A single center, retrospective analysis of patients who had same-day,
      360 degrees  fusion at Henry Ford Hospital between 2008 and 2012 was performed.
      Variables analyzed included demographics, medical co-morbidities, levels fused,
      and degree of dysphagia. RESULTS: The overall dysphagia rate was 37.7 %. Patients
      with dysphagia had a longer mean length of stay (p < 0.001), longer mean
      operative time (p < 0.001), greater intraoperative blood loss (p = 0.002), and
      fusion above the fourth cervical vertebra, C4, (p = 0.007). There were no
      differences in the rates of dysphagia when comparing patients undergoing primary
      or revision surgery (p = 0.554). CONCLUSION: Prolonged surgery and fusion above
      C4 lead to higher rates of dysphagia after 360 degrees  fusions. Prior anterior
      cervical fusion does not increase the risk of dysphagia development.

PMID- 26972084
TI  - Esophageal Epithelial Resistance and Lower Esophageal Sphincter Muscle
      Contraction Increase in a Chronic Diabetic Rabbit Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Esophageal motility disorders and possibly gastroesophageal reflux
      disease are common in patients with diabetes mellitus. AIMS: We aimed to
      investigate both the electrophysiological characteristics of the esophageal
      epithelium and the contractility of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle
      in alloxane-induced diabetic rabbits. METHODS: Electrophysiological properties
      were measured using an Ussing chamber method. An acid-pepsin model was employed
      with pH 1.7 or weakly acidic (pH 4) Ringer and/or pepsin. Smooth muscle strips of
      the LES were mounted in an isolated organ bath. Contractile responses to an
      electrical field stimulation and cumulative concentrations of acetylcholine were
      recorded. Contractility of the muscle strips were tested in the presence of Rho
      kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) and nonspecific nitric oxide inhibitor (L-NAME).
      RESULTS: The resistance of diabetic tissue perfused in the pH 1.7 Ringer
      decreased 17 %; pepsin addition decreased it by 49 %. The same concentrations
      caused a more distinct loss of resistance in the control tissues (22 and 76 %, p
      < 0.05). The perfusion of tissues in increased concentrations of luminal and
      serosal glucose did not change the tissue resistance and voltage. Diabetes
      significantly increased both the electrical field stimulation and acetylcholine
      induced contractions in the LES muscle strips (p < 0.01). Incubation with Y-27632
      significantly decreased the acetylcholine-induced contractions in a concentration
      dependent manner (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The acid-pepsin model in the diabetic
      rabbit esophageal tissue had less injury compared with the control. The diabetic
      rabbit LES muscle had higher contractility, possibly because of the activation of
      the Rho-Rhokinase pathway. Our results show that in a chronic diabetic rabbit
      model the esophagus resists reflux by activating mechanisms of mucosal defense
      and increasing the contractility of the LES.

PMID- 26972085
TI  - IMRT vs. 2D-radiotherapy or 3D-conformal radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      : Survival outcome in a Korean multi-institutional retrospective study (KROG 11
      06).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We compared treatment outcomes of two-dimensional radiotherapy (2D
      RT), three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), and intensity-modulated
      radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: In total, 1237 patients with cT1-4N0-3M0 NPC were retrospectively
      analyzed. Of these, 350, 390, and 497 were treated with 2D-RT, 3D-CRT, and IMRT,
      respectively. RESULTS: 3D-CRT and IMRT showed better 5-year overall survival (OS)
      rates (73.6 and 76.7 %, respectively) than did 2D-RT (5-year OS of 59.7 %, all p
      < 0.001). In T3-4 subgroup, IMRT was associated with a significantly better 5
      year OS than was 2D-RT (70.7 vs. 50.4 %, respectively; p <= 0.001) and 3D-CRT
      (70.7 vs. 57.8 %, respectively; p = 0.011); however, the difference between the
      2D-RT and 3D-CRT groups did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.063). In
      multivariate analyses of all patients, IMRT was a predictive factor for OS when
      compared with 2D-RT or 3D-CRT, as was 3D-CRT when compared with 2D-RT.
      CONCLUSION: Our study showed that 3D-CRT and IMRT were associated with a better
      local progression-free survival and OS than was 2D-RT in NPC. IMRT was
      significantly superior in terms of OS for advanced primary tumors (T3-4).

PMID- 26972086
TI  - Treatment of breast cancer with simultaneous integrated boost in hybrid plan
      technique : Influence of flattening filter-free beams.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study compares in silico treatment plans using hybrid plan
      technique during hypofractionated radiation of mammary carcinoma with
      simultaneous integrated boost (SIB). The influence of 6 MV photon radiation in
      flattening filter free (FFF) mode against the clinical standard flattening filter
      (FF) mode is to be examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: RT planning took place with FF
      and FFF radiation plans for 10 left-sided breast cancer patients. Hybrid plans
      were realised with two tangential IMRT fields and one VMAT field. The dose
      prescription was in line with the guidelines in the ARO-2010-01 study. The
      dosimetric verification took place with a manufacturer-independent measurement
      system. RESULTS: Required dose prescriptions for the planning target volumes
      (PTV) were achieved for both groups. The average dose values of the ipsi- and
      contralateral lung and the heart did not differ significantly. The overall
      average incidental dose to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) of 8.24 +/-
      3.9 Gy in the FFF group and 9.05 +/- 3.7 Gy in the FF group (p < 0.05) were
      found. The dosimetric verifications corresponded to the clinical requirements.
      FFF-based RT plans reduced the average treatment time by 17 s/fraction.
      CONCLUSION: In comparison to the FF-based hybrid plan technique the FFF mode
      allows further reduction of the average LAD dose for comparable target volume
      coverage without adverse low-dose exposure of contralateral structures. The
      combination of hybrid plan technique and 6 MV photon radiation in the FFF mode is
      suitable for use with hypofractionated dose schemes. The increased dose rate
      allows a substantial reduction of treatment time and thus beneficial application
      of the deep inspiration breath hold technique.

PMID- 26972087
TI  - Balance impairment limits ability to increase walking speed in individuals with
      chronic stroke.
AB  - Purpose Determine the relationship between balance impairments and the ability to
      increase walking speed (WS) on demand in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods
      WS and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) data were collected on 124 individuals with
      chronic stroke (>6 months). The ability to increase WS on demand (walking speed
      reserve, WSR) was quantified as the difference between participants' self
      selected (SSWS) and maximal (MWS) walking speeds. Correlation, regression and
      receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to investigate
      the relationship between balance and the ability to increase WS. Results Of
      sample, 58.9% were unable to increase WS on demand (WSR < 0.2 m/s). BBS scores
      were associated with WSR values (rs=0.74, 0.65-0.81) and were predictive of
      'able/unable' to increase WS [odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 0.67-0.84]. The AUC for the
      ROC curve constructed to assess the accuracy of BBS to discriminate between
      able/unable to increase WS was 0.85 (0.78-0.92). A BBS cutscore of 47 points was
      identified [sensitivity: 72.6%, specificity: 90.2%, +likelihood ratio (LR): 7.41,
      -LR: 0.30]. Conclusions The inability to increase WS on demand is common in
      individuals with chronic stroke, and balance appears to be a significant
      contributor to this difficulty. A BBS cutscore of 47 points can identify
      individuals who may benefit from balance interventions to improve the ability to
      increase their WS. Implications for Rehabilitation A majority of individuals with
      chronic stroke may be unable to increase their walking speed beyond their self
      selected speed on demand. This may limit functional ambulation, as these
      individuals are walking "at capacity". Balance impairments contribute to the
      inability to increase walking speed. A Berg Balance Scale score <47 points can be
      used to identify individuals with chronic stroke walking "at capacity" due to
      balance impairments.

PMID- 26972088
TI  - Survival and nutritional dependence on home parenteral nutrition: Three decades
      of experience from a single referral centre.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the mainstay of treatment for
      patients with Type 3 intestinal failure (IF), however long term data on mortality
      and nutritional outcomes are limited. OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term
      survival and requirements for ongoing HPN in patients receiving treatment at a UK
      national referral centre for intestinal failure. METHODS: Patients with IF who
      received HPN for more than 3 months at this Intestinal Failure Unit between 1978
      and 2011 had their clinical records reviewed. SPSS 20 was utilised to perform Cox
      regression analysis and generate Kaplan Meier curves, with the aim of identifying
      factors associated with death and the continued need for HPN. RESULTS: Case notes
      from 545 patients were reviewed. Overall survival (OS) in patients without
      malignancy at commencement of IF was 93%, 71%, 59% and 28% at 1, 5, 10 and 20
      years after starting treatment. Crohn's disease, mesenteric ischaemia and chronic
      intestinal pseudo-obstruction were associated with a better OS than scleroderma
      and radiation enteritis on multivariate analysis. Older age at onset of IF was
      associated with poor OS, while shorter small bowel length or central line sepsis
      was not. 15% (25/170) of deaths were due to complications of HPN (central line
      sepsis = 10, IF-associated liver disease = 15). Continued HPN dependence in
      survivors was 83%, 63%, 59% and 53% at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Among
      the 153 patients without malignancy who achieved nutritional independence from
      HPN, 77 (50.3%) did so after surgical reconstruction of the alimentary tract (HPN
      duration mean 19 months, range 3-126 months). 76 patients (49.7%) weaned from HPN
      without undergoing surgical reconstruction. CONCLUSION: This is the largest
      reported data set on long-term survival and dependence on HPN and will inform the
      indications, benefits and risks of treatment in disease specific groups. A
      significant proportion of patients achieved nutritional autonomy without surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 26972090
TI  - Pulmonary rehabilitation and oral nutritional supplement enriched with beta
      hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate for bronchiectasis participants: A prospective,
      randomised study.

PMID- 26972089
TI  - Loss of visceral adipose tissue precedes subcutaneous adipose tissue and
      associates with n-6 fatty acid content.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIM: During cancer development, fat loss occurs in most cancer
      patients. Characterization of the behavior of fat loss from visceral (VAT) and
      subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) depots has not been established. The first
      objective of this study was to assess the intensity and time course of changes in
      VAT and SAT depots of advanced cancer patients in the year preceding death.
      Secondly, this study explored the differences in adipokine content and fatty acid
      composition between VAT and SAT depots and in relation to changes in fat mass.
      METHODS: Longitudinal quantitative analyses of computed tomography images was
      conducted to define changes in adipose tissue cross sectional areas in fat depots
      in advanced colorectal and cholangiocarcinoma cancer patients (n = 46) at mean
      time points corresponding to 9, 6, 3 and 1 month before death. Proportions of
      adipose tissue fatty acid and adipokine content were characterized in a second
      cohort of advanced colorectal cancer patients (n = 16). RESULTS: On average, loss
      of total adipose tissue (TAT) happens at all time intervals but there is an
      elevation in the intensity of loss close to death. Nine months from death, 42% of
      patients were losing fat (Mean TAT cross sectional area change = -0.2 +/- 13 cm2)
      whereas within one month from death, fat wasting was observed in 78% of patients
      (-60.1 +/- 9.2 cm2, P = 0.001). However, loss of TAT did not reflect changes in
      VAT and SAT in the same direction or intensity. Intensity of VAT loss remains
      constant throughout the disease progression whereas SAT is more likely to be
      gained further way from death. Nine month prior to death, mean change in cross
      sectional area of VAT was -7.9 +/- 6.8 cm2 whereas, mean change in CSA of SAT was
      7.4 +/- 7.7 cm2 (p = 0.03). One month before death, mean VAT and SAT absolute
      changes were -24.5 +/- 4.9 cm2 and -34.5 +/- 5.2 cm2, respectively (p = 0.05).
      Moreover, fat losing patients had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty
      acids, especially n-6 fatty acids, in VAT compared to patients who were gaining
      fat (mean = 15.4% in losing group vs. 13.4% in gaining group; p = 0.03). VAT
      contained more monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 than SAT, whereas leptin levels
      were higher in SAT. CONCLUSIONS: Further from death, VAT and SAT behave
      differently whereas close to death, accelerated loss occurs in both depots. These
      differences are further characterized by differences in fatty acid composition
      and adipokine levels.

PMID- 26972091
TI  - [Applied pharmacogenetic].
AB  - Pharmacokinetics is the link between genetic data and the use of treatments. It
      can be use on several relevant aspects in the clinic, including the treatment
      selection, efficacy or toxicity prediction and the choice of the dose.
      Pharmacogenetics has been applied in clinical nephrology since a long time by the
      genetic prediction of azathiorpine associated myelotoxicity. However, despite an
      extensive literature describing the links between genetics and metabolism and
      transport of drugs, genetic tests are little used in clinical practice. One
      reason for this poor implementation is the current lack of evidence of improved
      clinical outcomes with pharmacogenetic tests. In addition, with an effective
      therapeutic drug monitoring, it is possible to correct the effect of genotype on
      the pharmacokinetic differences, thus reducing the usefulness of the assay based
      on the genotype. The future of pharmacogenetics will be treatment models in which
      patient characteristics are combined with data on polymorphisms in multiple genes
      including pharmacodynamic parameters, drug transporter proteins, and predictors
      of toxicity. 

PMID- 26972092
TI  - [Renal involvement during type 1 cryoglobulinemia].
AB  - Cryoglobulins are circulating immunoglobulins that precipitate with cold
      temperature and dissolve with rewarming. Type 1 cryoglobulinemia is composed of a
      single monoclonal immunoglobulin and is associated with renal involvement in up
      to 40% of cases. Type 1 cryoglobulinemia is related to an underlying B-cell
      haematological malignancy in 60% of patients. In the remaining cases, in the
      absence of criteria for malignancy, the diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of
      renal significance should be established. The clinical and biological setting and
      histological features of type 1 cryoglobulinemia are globally similar to those of
      mixed cryoglobulinemia. In case of haematological malignancy, the treatment is
      guided by the nature of the underlying disease, and aims at inducing
      haematological remission, which is necessary for the renal response. The
      management of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance has been clarified by
      an international consensus group and is based on the nature of the underlying
      clone. In case of monoclonal cryoglobulinemia associated with a plasma-cell clone
      (IgG or IgA), the treatment is based on the combination of bortezomib,
      cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. In case of IgM monoclonal cryoglobulinemia,
      the treatment is similar to that of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and is based
      on rituximab. The clinical course of renal monoclonal cryoglobulinemia is
      intimately associated with the haematological response, and is usually
      favourable. 

PMID- 26972093
TI  - [Dialysis after graft failure: How to improve survival?].
AB  - Ten to 15 % of transplant recipients will return to dialysis, or require another
      transplantation within 5years, rising to 23 % by 10years, and failed
      transplantation is now one of the major indications for starting dialysis,
      accounting for almost 5 % of incident dialysis patients in the US and 10 % in
      France. Patients who resume dialysis post-transplantation have usually
      experienced an extended period of uraemia and long-term immunosuppressive
      therapy, and exhibit high rates of anaemia and erythropoietin resistance,
      hypoalbuminaemia and persistent chronic inflammation from the failed graft. These
      factors may increase mortality risk during the first year of dialysis, as
      observed in the US, but not in Canada or France. When compared to a control group
      of transplant-naive patients followed in the same institution in France, patients
      with transplant failure have a higher rate of usable arteriovenous fistula or
      graft, a similar rate of non-planned dialysis, and initiate dialysis with a
      higher glomerular filtration rate. We suggest that patient survival in dialysis
      after graft loss is influenced by both patient characteristics and quality of
      care, and this may explain the favourable outcome of this specific dialysis
      population in France. 

PMID- 26972094
TI  - [Carotid barostimulation in the treatment of resistant hypertension].
AB  - The autonomic nervous system plays a pivotal role in the development of
      hypertension and organ damage complicating hypertension. The US company CVRx
      developed medical devices (first generation RheosTM and second generation NeoTM)
      aimed to electronically activate baroreceptors, which signal the brain to
      orchestrate a multisystemic response to address chronic diseases such as
      hypertension and heart failure. This review presents available clinical trial
      data on carotid barostimulation in the treatment of resistant hypertension. 

PMID- 26972095
TI  - Molecular pathways of chronic kidney disease progression.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease is characterized by the progressive loss of functional
      nephrons. This loss means that the remaining nephrons are put under stress and
      are forced to adapt in order to maintain kidney function. Over the time, the
      strains imposed by these adaptations result in a vicious circle in which the loss
      of damaged nephrons results in the damage of the so far healthy nephrons. Hence,
      the rate of chronic kidney disease progression depends on the ability of the
      remaining nephrons to cope with stress. This article reviews the molecular
      pathways involved in the compensation and deterioration process after nephron
      reduction. In particular, we examine the role of mammalian target of rapamycin
      complex (mTORC)/serine-threonine protein kinase AKT, epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR) and unfolded protein response pathways, as well as the
      pleiotropic function of Lipocalin 2. We also discuss the dual role played by some
      of these pathways in acute and chronic kidney disease. Finally, the relevance of
      these experimental finding to human chronic kidney disease is discussed. 

PMID- 26972096
TI  - [Clinical approach to primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis represent a heterogeneous group of
      nephropathies. During the last five years, our understanding of
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has greatly improved. Animal models and
      the study of complement genetics led to the dissection of the physiopathology of
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, to the individualization of a new
      entity, C3 glomerulopathy, and to a new classification of these nephropathies.
      The study of large cohorts has also changed the clinical picture of
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis that has been long dominated by the
      severity of a single type of dense deposits disease. Finally, the rediscovery of
      complement through the study of the atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome and the
      availability in clinical practice of complement inhibitors have paved the way for
      new therapeutic approaches of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. 

PMID- 26972098
TI  - [Cost of dialysis in France].
AB  - According to latest data published by the French health authority (HAS), nearly
      74,000 French patients in end-stage chronic renal disease are following a
      replacement therapy. They were 61,000 in 2007, amounting to a cost of 4 billions
      euros for public health insurance. The cost varies depending on the age and
      comorbidities. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is the cheapest mode of
      treatment, while the heavy haemodialysis centres costs are close to twice as
      expensive. But these two different treatments are - a priori - not applied for
      the same patients in terms of level of severity of disease. Moreover, associated
      costs, medical treatment, transportation, etc. are to be taken into account, as
      well as losses of income for patients facing major job difficulties. As
      recommended by HAS experts, it will be important to regularly conduct surveys
      allowing a regular economic assessment of the various modes of financial
      healthcare for end-stage chronic renal disease. 

PMID- 26972099
TI  - [Medical simulation in hemodialysis].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Simulation is an innovative educational tool based on learning
      experience in a secure environment without fear of repercussions especially in
      critical situations such as in emergencies. It offers great prospects in the
      development of dialysis training. METHODS: We report the results of an
      observational study comparing medical simulation to conventional training methods
      in the management of hemodialysis in emergency situations. We discuss afterwards
      the possibilities currently allowed by medical simulation in dialysis training.
      RESULTS: The training was beneficial (significant difference between initial and
      final level of knowledge) for all participants. There was no significant
      difference between the conventional approach, simulation training and the two
      combined tools. However, satisfaction rate was higher in simulation training. We
      observed a tendency to have better results in "active players" of the simulation
      compared to observers. CONCLUSION: We emphasize the importance of integrating
      medical simulation training in our dialysis training strategies as a
      complementary tool to classical teaching/learning methods.

PMID- 26972097
TI  - Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: From the laboratory to the
      clinic.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury have traditionally been considered
      as separate entities with different etiologies. This view has changed in recent
      years, with chronic kidney disease recognized as a major risk factor for the
      development of new acute kidney injury, and acute kidney injury now accepted to
      lead to de novo or accelerated chronic and end stage kidney diseases. Patients
      with existing chronic kidney disease appear to be less able to mount a complete
      'adaptive' repair after acute insults, and instead repair maladaptively, with
      accelerated fibrosis and rates of renal functional decline. This article reviews
      the epidemiological studies in man that have demonstrated the links between these
      two processes. We also examine clinical and experimental research in areas of
      importance to both acute and chronic disease: acute and chronic renal injury to
      the vasculature, the pericyte and leukocyte populations, the signaling pathways
      implicated in injury and repair, and the impact of cellular stress and increased
      levels of growth arrested and senescent cells. The importance and therapeutic
      potential raised by these processes for acute and chronic injury are discussed. 

PMID- 26972101
TI  - Metal and acidity fluxes controlled by precipitation/dissolution cycles of
      sulfate salts in an anthropogenic mine aquifer.
AB  - Underground mine drainages are extremely difficult to study due to the lack of
      information about the flow path and source proximity in relation to the outflow
      adit. Geochemical processes controlling metals and acidity fluxes in a complex
      anthropogenic mine aquifer in SW Spain during the dry and rainy season were
      investigated by geochemical and statistical tools. High concentrations of
      acidity, sulfate, metals and metalloids (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ni, Co) were
      observed due to intense sulfide oxidation processes. The high residence time
      inside the anthropogenic aquifer, around 40days, caused the release of
      significant quantities of metals linked to host rocks (e.g. Al, Ca, Ge, Li, Mg,
      REE). The most outstanding characteristic of the acid mine drainage (AMD)
      outflows is the existence of higher Fe/SO4 molar ratios than those theoretical of
      pyrite (0.50) during most of the monitored period, due to a fire which occurred
      in 1949 and remained active for decades. Permanent and temporal retention
      mechanisms of acidity and metals were observed in the galleries. Once released
      from sulfide oxidation, Pb and As are sorbed on Fe oxyhydroxysulfate or
      precipitated as low solubility minerals (i.e. anglesite) inside the galleries.
      The precipitation of evaporitic sulfate salts during the dry season and the
      subsequent re-dissolution after rainfall control the fluxes of acidity and main
      metals (i.e. Fe, Mg, Al) from this anthropogenic aquifer. Some elements, such as
      Cd, Cu, Ni, REE and Zn, are retained in highly soluble sulfate salts while other
      elements, such as Ge, Pb and Sc, have a lower response to washout processes due
      to its incorporation in less soluble sulfate salts. In this way, metal
      concentration during the washout processes would be controlled by the proportion
      and solubility of each type of evaporitic sulfate salt stored during the dry
      season. The recovery of metals of economic interest contained in the AMD could
      help to self-finance the remediation of these waters in derelict mines worldwide.

PMID- 26972100
TI  - Anti-oxidative, anti-secretory and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract
      from the root bark of Lycium chinense (Cortex Lycii) against gastric ulcer in
      mice.
AB  - The evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-secretory and anti-inflammatory
      potentials of the ethyl acetate fraction (ELC) from the root bark of Lycium
      chinense against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice and the possible
      mechanisms underlying this action was performed. The results indicated that oral
      administration of ELC (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) before ethanol-induced ulcer
      increased the gastric mucus content, restored the superoxide dismutase and
      glutathione levels, reduced malondialdehyde levels and inhibited the activity of
      myeloperoxidase. Furthermore, ELC displayed its anti-secretory activity by
      decreasing the gastric juice and increased the gastric pH and reduced pro
      inflammatory markers and caspase-3 tissue levels. These results suggest that L.
      chinense displays gastroprotective properties as a result of its antioxidant,
      anti-inflammatory, anti-secretory and anti-apoptotic effects. 

PMID- 26972104
TI  - Charge carrier dynamics of methylammonium lead iodide: from PbI2-rich to low
      dimensional broadly emitting perovskites.
AB  - We provide an investigation of the charge carrier dynamics of the
      (MAI)(x)(PbI2)(1-x) system in the range x = 0.32-0.90 following the recently
      published "pseudobinary phase-composition processing diagram" of Song et al.
      (Chem. Mater., 2015, 27, 4612). The dynamics were studied using ultrafast pump
      supercontinuum probe spectroscopy over the pump fluence range 2-50 MUJ cm(-2),
      allowing for a wide variation of the initial carrier density. At high MAI excess
      (x = 0.90), low-dimensional perovskites (LDPs) are formed, and their luminescence
      spectra are significantly blue-shifted by ca. 50 nm and broadened compared to the
      3D perovskite. The shift is due to quantum confinement effects, and the
      inhomogeneous broadening arises from different low-dimensional structures
      (predominantly 2D, but presumably also 1D and 0D). Accurate transient carrier
      temperatures are extracted from the transient absorption spectra. The regimes of
      carrier-carrier, carrier-optical phonon and acoustic phonon scattering are
      clearly distinguished. Perovskites with mole fractions x <= 0.71 exhibit
      extremely fast carrier cooling (ca. 300 fs) at low fluence of 2 MUJ cm(-2),
      however cooling slows down significantly at high fluence of 50 MUJ cm(-2) due to
      the "hot phonon effect" (ca. 2.8 ps). A kinetic analysis of the electron-hole
      recombination dynamics provides second-order recombination rate constants k2
      which decrease from 5.3 to 1.5 * 10(-9) cm(3) s(-1) in the range x = 0.32-0.71.
      In contrast, recombination in the LDPs (x = 0.90) is more than one order of
      magnitude faster, 6.4 * 10(-8) cm(3) s(-1), which is related to the confined
      perovskite structure. Recombination in these LDPs should be however still slow
      enough for their potential application as efficient broadband emitters or solar
      light-harvesting materials.

PMID- 26972102
TI  - Humoral hypercalcemia due to gastric carcinoma secreting parathyroid hormone
      related protein during chemotherapy: a case report.
AB  - Humoral hypercalcemia due to a gastric carcinoma-secreting parathyroid hormone
      related protein (PTHrP) is a rare disease associated with poor prognosis. A 61
      year-old male with gastric cancer who had been receiving chemotherapy showed
      serum hypercalcemia and an elevated level of serum PTHrP with a suppressed intact
      parathyroid hormone level. Computed tomography revealed stable disease 4 weeks
      prior, and the laboratory examination revealed no adverse effects 2 weeks prior.
      The biopsy at the time of diagnosis was immunohistochemically positive for PTHrP
      later. Despite intensive care, the patient died of multiorgan failure on the 14th
      day after admission. In case of undifferentiated gastric cancer, the possibility
      of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy caused by gastric cancer should be
      considered even when the patient is receiving chemotherapy. 

PMID- 26972103
TI  - The efficacy of combination therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing
      loss.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to compare the hearing results
      of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) who
      initially were treated with either a combination therapy of systemic steroids
      (SS) and intratympanic steroid injection (IT-S) or SS only. METHODS: The study
      followed a retrospective case-control design. One-hundred five patients who were
      diagnosed with ISSNHL and required treatment via admission were enrolled in this
      study. The control group (n = 53) was treated with SS, and the study group (n =
      52) received SS as well as IT-S. We divided the patients according to
      pretreatment hearing levels. The outcome measured was improvement after the
      treatment audiology data at pretreatment were compared with those at day 10 and >
      90 days after the treatment. Outcome data were analyzed using the t test,
      Pearson's chi(2) test, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate analyses of
      covariance with adjustment for pretreatment hearing levels. RESULTS: After more
      than 90 days, the average pure tone audiometry (PTA) in the control and study
      groups were 54.8 +/- 31.4 dB and 43 +/- 31.2 dB, respectively (P = 0.013).
      Hearing recovery rate was 57.7% in the control group and 69.8% in the study
      group. The hearing gain of the study group was higher than that of the control
      group at high frequencies within the 10 days of the treatment period. Analysis
      between subgroups, divided according to the severity of pretreatment hearing
      level, showed that the recovery rate was higher at all frequencies in the study
      group than in the control group in patients with mild to moderate hearing loss
      (pretreatment PTA < 70 dB). However, in patients with severe to profound hearing
      loss (pretreatment PTA >= 70 dB), the hearing outcomes of the study and control
      groups were not significantly different, except at a low frequency. CONCLUSION:
      The results of this study suggest that the treatment of ISSNHL with combination
      therapy results in higher hearing recovery rates when compared to treatment with
      SS alone, even in patients with severe hearing loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b.
      Laryngoscope, 126:1871-1876, 2016.

PMID- 26972105
TI  - Effect of higher muscle coactivation on standing postural response to
      perturbation in older adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although several studies have reported that muscle coactivation
      during postural control increases with age, the effect of higher muscle
      coactivation on standing postural response to perturbation is unknown. AIMS: To
      investigate whether higher muscle coactivation affects standing postural response
      to perturbation in older adults. METHODS: Thirty-four community-dwelling older
      participants were randomly assigned either to the coactivation group (CG), where
      muscle coactivation was increased intentionally, or to the non-coactivation group
      (NCG). The participants were instructed to stand on a force plate that moved
      forward or backward. Electromyography data were collected from the lower leg
      muscles. We requested the participants in the CG to increase the activity of
      their tibialis anterior, and to maintain this posture during the tasks. We moved
      the force plate with a constant amplitude and velocity, and measured kinematic
      data with a camera during the tasks. RESULTS: During forward transfer, the knee
      extension and hip flexion decreased in the CG after perturbation compared to NCG,
      and the trunk extension angle increased. The center of pressure (COP)
      displacement decreased around the peak of the movement in the CG compared to NCG.
      During backward transfer, ankle dorsal and knee flexion changed after
      perturbation in the CG compared to NCG. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study
      found that higher muscle coactivation inhibits lower limb and COP movement as
      well as increases trunk tilt and the risk for falls during forward perturbations.
      Postural control with higher coactivation appears to be inefficient for
      maintaining balance during the backward sway of posture.

PMID- 26972106
TI  - Modulating Effects of Arabinogalactans from Plant Gum Exudates on Human
      Complement System.
AB  - Gum arabic and cashew nut tree gum exudate polysaccharide (CNTG) are plant
      polysaccharides composed of galactose and arabinose known as arabinogalactans
      (AGs). Although these fractions are used in food and pharmaceutical industry,
      cases of allergic reactions were described in clinical reports. As AGs were
      reported as modulators of the classical (CP) and alternative pathways (AP) of
      complement system (CS), in the present work, we investigate whether gum arabic
      and CNTG have an effect on both CS pathways. The complement fixation tests were
      performed with (CP-30 and AP-30) and without pre-incubation (CP-0 and AP-0). For
      CP-30, CNTG and gum arabic (833 MUg/ml) showed a reduction of 28.0% (P =
      0.000174) and 48.5% (P = 0.000143), respectively, on CP-induced haemolysis.
      However, no effect was observed for CP-0 in the CP-induced haemolysis. For AP-30,
      both CNTG and gum arabic (833 MUg/ml) showed 87% reduction on the CP-induced
      haemolysis, with IC50 values of 100 and 7 MUg/ml, respectively. For AP-0, a
      reduction of 11.3% for gum arabic and no effect for the CNTG on the CP-induced
      haemolysis were observed. These results suggested that gum arabic and CNTG could
      be acting as activators of the CS. Thus, this effect on the CS, especially on the
      AP, which accounts for up to 80-90% of total CS activation, indicates that both
      fractions may be harmful because of their potential pro-inflammatory action.
      Considering that CS activation induces inflammatory response, further studies
      confirming this immunomodulatory effect of these fractions are required to insure
      their safe use. 

PMID- 26972109
TI  - Erratum to: Response to hydroxycarbamide in pediatric beta-thalassemia
      intermedia: 8 years' follow-up in Egypt.

PMID- 26972108
TI  - Efficient and simple generation of multiple unmarked gene deletions in
      Mycobacterium smegmatis.
AB  - Research on mycobacterial genetics relies heavily on techniques for directed gene
      mutation, but genetic studies are often hampered by the difficulty of generating
      gene deletions in mycobacteria. We developed an efficient and improved deletion
      system, described here in detail, which can be used to construct multiple
      unmarked recombinants in mycobacteria. We tested this system by using it to
      sequentially delete four pairs of toxin-antitoxin genes in Mycobacterium
      smegmatis. 

PMID- 26972110
TI  - Coumarin Push-Pull NLOphores with Red Emission: Solvatochromic and Theoretical
      Approach.
AB  - A new class of red emitting extensively conjugated donor-pi-acceptor type dyes
      bearing coumarin units are investigated for nonlinear optical properties. The
      photophysical behaviour and the relation between structure and properties of the
      coumarin "push-pull" derivatives were investigated based on solvatochromism and
      experimentally observed shifts in emission maxima. The electronic coupling for
      the electron transfer reaction for the coumarin dyes are calculated with the
      generalized Mulliken-Hush method. We evaluated non-linear optical (NLO)
      properties of coumarin dyes using both experimental solvent dependent shift
      method and computational method. All the investigated coumarin dyes are showing
      large value for first (beta) and second hyperpolarizability (gamma). Density
      functional theory [B3LYP/6-31G(d)] and time dependent density functional theory
      (TDDFT) computations have been employed to have more understanding of structural,
      molecular, electronic and photophysical parameters of the coumarin dyes. 

PMID- 26972107
TI  - Invited review: Small GTPases and their GAPs.
AB  - Widespread utilization of small GTPases as major regulatory hubs in many
      different biological systems derives from a conserved conformational switch
      mechanism that facilitates cycling between GTP-bound active and GDP-bound
      inactive states under control of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and
      GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerate slow intrinsic rates of
      activation by nucleotide exchange and deactivation by GTP hydrolysis,
      respectively. Here we review developments leading to current understanding of
      intrinsic and GAP catalyzed GTP hydrolytic reactions in small GTPases from
      structural, molecular and chemical mechanistic perspectives. Despite the apparent
      simplicity of the GTPase cycle, the structural bases underlying the hallmark
      hydrolytic reaction and catalytic acceleration by GAPs are considerably more
      diverse than originally anticipated. Even the most fundamental aspects of the
      reaction mechanism have been challenging to decipher. Through a combination of
      experimental and in silico approaches, the outlines of a consensus view have
      begun to emerge for the best studied paradigms. Nevertheless, recent observations
      indicate that there is still much to be learned. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
      Biopolymers 105: 431-448, 2016. 

PMID- 26972112
TI  - Single-Stranded Tile Stoppers for Interlocked DNA Architectures.
AB  - Interlocked DNA architectures are useful for DNA nanotechnology because of their
      mechanically bonded components, which can move relative to one another without
      disassembling. We describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel
      single-stranded tile (SST) stoppers for the assembly of interlocked DNA
      architectures. SST stoppers are shown to self-assemble into a square-shaped rigid
      structure upon mixing 97 oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strands. The structures are
      equipped with a sticky end that is designed for hybridization with the sticky
      ends of a dsDNA axle of a DNA rotaxane. Because the diameter of the macrocycle
      threaded onto the axle is 14 nm, the dimension of the square-shaped stopper was
      designed to be bulky enough to prevent the dethreading of the macrocycle. An
      asymmetric rotaxane with a SST- and a ring-shaped stopper featuring two stations
      for hybridization of the macrocycle to the axle was assembled. The macrocycle can
      be directed towards one or the other station upon triggering with fuel ODNs.

PMID- 26972111
TI  - Single Molecule 3D Orientation in Time and Space: A 6D Dynamic Study on
      Fluorescently Labeled Lipid Membranes.
AB  - Interactions between single molecules profoundly depend on their mutual three
      dimensional orientation. Recently, we demonstrated a technique that allows for
      orientation determination of single dipole emitters using a polarization-resolved
      distribution of fluorescence into several detection channels. As the method is
      based on the detection of single photons, it additionally allows for performing
      fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) as well as dynamical anisotropy
      measurements thereby providing access to fast orientational dynamics down to the
      nanosecond time scale. The 3D orientation is particularly interesting in non
      isotropic environments such as lipid membranes, which are of great importance in
      biology. We used giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) labeled with fluorescent dyes
      down to a single molecule concentration as a model system for both, assessing the
      robustness of the orientation determination at different timescales and
      quantifying the associated errors. The vesicles provide a well-defined spherical
      surface, such that the use of fluorescent lipid dyes (DiO) allows to establish a
      a wide range of dipole orientations experimentally. To complement our
      experimental data, we performed Monte Carlo simulations of the rotational
      dynamics of dipoles incorporated into lipid membranes. Our study offers a
      comprehensive view on the dye orientation behavior in a lipid membrane with high
      spatiotemporal resolution representing a six-dimensional fluorescence detection
      approach. 

PMID- 26972113
TI  - Anti-signal recognition particle antibody-positive polymyositis in a patient with
      Sjogren's syndrome showing various types of annular erythema: Positive
      correlation between the activities of annular erythema and myositis.
AB  - Annular erythema with Sjogren's syndrome (AESS) is occasionally found, especially
      in Asian patients, which is classified into three types. We present a case of
      Sjogren's syndrome showing various types of AESS with anti-signal recognition
      particle antibody-positive polymyositis. We successfully treated the eruption and
      myositis with a low dose of prednisolone. Every onset of annular erythema
      coincided with elevation of serum creatine kinase levels, which suggests the
      correlation between the activities of annular erythema and polymyositis. 

PMID- 26972114
TI  - Differences in the Abilities to Mechanically Eliminate Activation Energies for
      Unimolecular and Bimolecular Reactions.
AB  - Mechanochemistry, i.e. the application of forces, F, at the molecular level, has
      attracted significant interest as a means of controlling chemical reactions. The
      present study uses quantum chemical calculations to explore the abilities to
      mechanically eliminate activation energies, DeltaE(?), for unimolecular and
      bimolecular reactions. The results demonstrate that DeltaE(?) can be eliminated
      for unimolecular reactions by applying sufficiently large F along directions that
      move the reactant and/or transition state (TS) structures parallel to the zero-F
      reaction coordinate, S0. In contrast, eliminating DeltaE(?) for bimolecular
      reactions requires the reactant to undergo a force-induced shift parallel to S0
      irrespective of changes in the TS. Meeting this requirement depends upon the
      coupling between F and S0 in the reactant. The insights regarding the differences
      in eliminating DeltaE(?) for unimolecular and bimolecular reactions, and the
      requirements for eliminating DeltaE(?), may be useful in practical efforts to
      control reactions mechanochemically. 

PMID- 26972116
TI  - Mutations in FUS are the most frequent genetic cause in juvenile sporadic ALS
      patients of Chinese origin.
AB  - Juvenile onset ALS is a very rare form of motor neuron disease, with the first
      symptoms of motor neuron degeneration manifested before 25 years of age.
      Mutations in the alsin (ALS2), senataxin (SETX), and spatacsin (SPG11) genes have
      been associated with familial ALS with juvenile onset and slow progression,
      whereas the genetic architecture of sporadic juvenile ALS remains unclear. We
      screened mutations in C9orf72, SOD1, FUS, TARDBP, ANG, VCP and PFN1 in 16
      juvenile sporadic ALS patients. Four cases (25%) carrying FUS mutations and one
      individual (6%) harbouring a SOD1 mutation were identified. All cases had an
      aggressive disease course. Our results suggest that FUS mutations are the most
      frequent genetic cause in early-onset sporadic ALS patients of Chinese origin.
      Genetic testing of FUS should be performed in early-onset ALS patients especially
      those with an aggressive disease course. 

PMID- 26972115
TI  - Hemolytic and antimalarial effects of tight-binding glyoxalase 1 inhibitors on
      the host-parasite unit of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Glyoxalases prevent the formation of advanced glycation end products by
      converting glycolysis-derived methylglyoxal to d-lactate with the help of
      glutathione. Vander Jagt and colleagues previously showed that erythrocytes
      release about thirty times more d-lactate after infection with the human malaria
      parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Functional glyoxalases in the host-parasite unit
      might therefore be crucial for parasite survival. Here, we determined the
      antimalarial and hemolytic activity of two tight-binding glyoxalase inhibitors
      using infected and uninfected erythrocytes. In addition, we synthesized and
      analyzed a set of diester derivates of both tight-binding inhibitors resulting in
      up to threefold lower IC50 values and an altered methemoglobin formation and
      hemolytic activity depending on the type of ester. Inhibitor treatments of
      uninfected erythrocytes revealed an extremely slow inactivation of the host cell
      glyoxalase, irrespective of inhibitor modifications, and a potential
      dispensability of the host cell enzyme for parasite survival. Our study
      highlights the benefits and drawbacks of different esterifications of glutathione
      derived inhibitors and demonstrates the suitability of glyoxalase inhibitors as a
      tool for deciphering the relevance and mode of action of different glyoxalase
      systems in a host-parasite unit.

PMID- 26972117
TI  - Comparison of the sulfonamide inhibition profiles of the alpha-, beta- and gamma
      carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
AB  - Carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, which
      catalyze the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate (HCO3(-)) and
      protons (H(+)). In prokaryotes, the existence of genes encoding for alpha-, beta-
      and gamma-classes suggests that these enzymes play an important role in the
      prokaryotic physiology. It has been demonstrated, in fact, that their inhibition
      in vivo leads to growth impairment or growth defects of the microorganism.
      Ultimately, we started to investigate the biochemical properties and the
      inhibitory profiles of the alpha- and beta-CAs identified in the genome of Vibrio
      cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera. The genome of this pathogen
      encodes for CAs belonging to alpha, beta and gamma classes. Here, we report a
      sulfonamide inhibition study of the gamma-CA (named VchCAgamma) comparing it with
      data obtained for the alpha- and beta-CA enzymes. VchCAgamma activity (kcat=7.39
      * 10(5)s(-1)) was significantly higher than the other gamma-CAs. The inhibition
      study with a panel of sulfonamides and one sulfamate led to the detection of a
      large number of nanomolar VchCAgamma inhibitors, including simple
      aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides (compounds 2-9, 11, 13-15, 24) as well as EZA,
      DZA, BRZ, BZA, TPM, ZNS, SLP, IND (KIs in the range of 66.2-95.3 nM). As it was
      proven that bicarbonate is a virulence factor of this bacterium and since
      ethoxzolamide was shown to inhibit this virulence in vivo, we propose that VchCA,
      VchCAbeta and VchCAgamma may be a target for antibiotic development, exploiting a
      mechanism of action rarely considered up until now, i.e., interference with
      bicarbonate supply as a virulence factor.

PMID- 26972120
TI  - 2015 Young Investigator Challenge--we have a winner!

PMID- 26972119
TI  - Greater goods?: Direct-to-consumer testing companies are making a broader case
      for societal benefits, but not everyone is sold.

PMID- 26972118
TI  - Design, synthesis, and anti-breast cancer evaluation of new triarylethylene
      analogs bearing short alkyl- and polar amino-/amido-ethyl chains.
AB  - The synthesis of novel triarylethylene analogs, designed based on well-known
      Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs), i.e., ospemifene and tamoxifen,
      as potential anti-breast cancer agents is described. The cytotoxic potential of
      these analogs against ER-positive (MCF-7) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231) human
      breast cancer cell lines was determined and compared with the standards,
      ospemifene and tamoxifen. In initial screening, analogs 5, 14 and 15 were found
      to be much more effective than the standards against both the cell lines. The
      results showed that these novel analogs inhibit the expression of proteins
      involved in the migration and metastasis, compound 5 being most effective.
      Compound 5 inhibited the expression of MMP-9, c-Myc and Caveolin in both MCF-7
      and MDA-MB-231 cells, and suppressed the invasion of ER-negative cells in a dose
      dependent manner. Finally, in silico docking simulations of the representative
      compounds in the binding sites of the estrogen receptors (ERs) indicated a good
      binding affinity of the compounds with the ERs, and supported their experimental
      toxicity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines. 

PMID- 26972121
TI  - Varroa destructor and Viruses association in honey bee colonies under different
      climatic conditions.
AB  - Honey bee colonies are threatened by multiple factors including complex
      interactions between environmental and diseases such as parasitic mites and
      viruses. We compared the presence of honeybee-pathogenic viruses and Varroa
      infestation rate in four apiaries: commercial colonies that received treatment
      against Varroa and non-treated colonies that did not received any treatment for
      the last four years located in temperate and subtropical climate. In addition, we
      evaluated the effect of climate and Varroa treatment on DWV amounts. In both
      climates, DWV was the most prevalent virus, being the only present virus in
      subtropical colonies. Moreover, colonies from subtropical climate also showed
      reduced DWV amounts and lower Varroa infestation rates than colonies from
      temperate climate. Nevertheless, non-treated colonies in both climate conditions
      are able to survive several years. Environment appears as a key factor
      interacting with local bee populations and influencing colony survival beyond
      Varroa and Virus presence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights
      reserved.

PMID- 26972123
TI  - Anchorpoints: an introspective.
AB  - This, then, is what it has been all about. Today I mark the end of an academic
      career that ranged over 45 years. 1952 was the starting point. In that year, as a
      medical student, I was accepted as a research assistent by Prof. G.G.J.
      Rademaker, a neurophysiologist and at the time head of the Department of
      Neurology at the Academic Hospital in Leiden. The neurological research period
      was followed by a mycological one. Having received my MD degree and doing my
      military service, I was asked to carry out a study into the prevalence,
      prevention and treatment of mycological infections in military personel. For this
      reason I worked for more than 1, 5 years in Baarn at the section Medical Mycology
      of the Phytopathological Laboratory, an interacademic institution of the
      Universities of Amsterdam and Utrecht (1956-1958). Immediately after the military
      service I became a resident in psychiatry and started - together with the
      biochemist Prof. B. Leijnse - a research program into the biological determinants
      of depression. The period of psychiatric investigation lasted until this very
      day, albeit in different locations, i.e. Rotterdam, Groningen, Utrecht, New York
      and Maastricht respectively. 

PMID- 26972124
TI  - Prospects for a scientific psychiatry.
AB  - Herman van Praag has made major contributions to the scientific and conceptual
      development of psychiatry. Despite progress in delineating reliable diagnostic
      criteria, our classification system ignores clinical insights available from
      patients' subjective experiences of illness. Hence a 'coarsening of diagnosis'
      has occurred, weakening the nosologic infrastructure of scientific psychiatry.
      This paper will discuss these ideas and emphasize the central role of
      psychopharmacology in advancing psychiatry, with lithium's discovery as a
      paradigm. 

PMID- 26972122
TI  - Nanosecond formation of diamond and lonsdaleite by shock compression of graphite.
AB  - The shock-induced transition from graphite to diamond has been of great
      scientific and technological interest since the discovery of microscopic diamonds
      in remnants of explosively driven graphite. Furthermore, shock synthesis of
      diamond and lonsdaleite, a speculative hexagonal carbon polymorph with unique
      hardness, is expected to happen during violent meteor impacts. Here, we show
      unprecedented in situ X-ray diffraction measurements of diamond formation on
      nanosecond timescales by shock compression of pyrolytic as well as
      polycrystalline graphite to pressures from 19 GPa up to 228 GPa. While we observe
      the transition to diamond starting at 50 GPa for both pyrolytic and
      polycrystalline graphite, we also record the direct formation of lonsdaleite
      above 170 GPa for pyrolytic samples only. Our experiment provides new insights
      into the processes of the shock-induced transition from graphite to diamond and
      uniquely resolves the dynamics that explain the main natural occurrence of the
      lonsdaleite crystal structure being close to meteor impact sites.

PMID- 26972125
TI  - New molecular genetic findings in the genetics of affective disorders.
AB  - Molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological
      research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective
      disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have
      covered a large part of the genome. Specific hypotheses such as mutations have
      also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions
      may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. These include genes on chromosomes 18,
      21, 4, 5, 11 and X. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in
      BPAD and in unipolar affective disorder (UPAD). This phenomenon describes the
      increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive
      generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific
      mutations (trinucleotide repeat sequences). Associations with these mutations
      have been reported in different populations of BPAD-patients and may represent a
      genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder. These findings are
      all preliminary and require to be confirmed. Large multi-centres and multi
      disciplinary projects are currently underway in Europe and in the US and
      hopefully will improve our understanding of the genetic factors involved in
      affective disorders. In addition, genetic approaches used in psychiatry are being
      combined with an assessment of non-genetic susceptibility factors. The
      investigation of interactions between gene and environment is one of the most
      promising areas dealing with complex multi-factorial diseases such as the
      affective disorders. 

PMID- 26972126
TI  - On the unique profile of action of clozapine as assessed with fos-protein
      induction in rat brain regions.
AB  - Clozapine (Leponex(r)) has been shown to be therapeutically effective in patients
      resistant to long-term medication with classical antipsychotics. The mode of
      action of clozapine is not clear, but several cerebral receptors have been
      implicated, including the dopamine D2, D3 and D4 types, alpha-adrenergic,
      serotonin (type 2A) and glutamate (NMDA-type) receptors. Moreover, clozapine has
      anti-cholinergic and antihistaminergic potencies. Thusfar, receptor profiles are
      based virtually exclusively on in vitro binding assays. It appeared, that
      pharmacological and physiological stimuli activate particular gene expression, in
      vivo, so at cellular level the action of e.g. antipsychotics can now be traced.
      In this communication we present data on the in vivo profile of clozapine as
      revealed with Fos-protein expression. The immediate early gene c-fos is, as other
      members of the class of such genes, rapidly and transiently induced in the brain.
      The prototypic members of this class all encode nuclear proteins that regulate
      gene transcription. Recent studies have shown that the antipsychotics haloperidol
      (Haldol(r)) and clozapine, when given acutely, induce different patterns of Fos
      like immunoreactivity in the forebrain of the rat. The most marked effects of
      haloperidol were found in the striatum, the nucleus accumbens and the lateral
      septum. 

PMID- 26972127
TI  - The measurement of emotions.
AB  - Most people usually think of emotion as a subjective feeling of a certain kind,
      the kind for which labels like happy, sad, and frightened are appropriate.
      However, there is much evidence to suggest that this is too narrow a way to
      define emotions, and that a different and broader conceptualization is needed. If
      we examine the history of theories of emotion we find a great diversity of views.
      For example, Darwin, in his 1872 book 'The Expression of the Emotions in Man and
      Animals', conceived of emotions as expressive behaviors that had the function of
      communicating intentions from one animal to another in the presence of conflicts
      or emergencies. Emotional expressions, from this point of view, regulated
      interpersonal relations and increased the chances of individual survival. 

PMID- 26972128
TI  - Naturalistic assessments in psychiatry.
AB  - Research in psychiatry could speeden its progress by taking the manifest
      heterogenity and variability of symptom expression within diagnostic groups more
      fully into account. Since Kraepelin symptom variation has been recognized to have
      both biological and environmental roots. If investigated systematically, such
      variations in illness experience will yield new subtypes that will provide
      greater insight into the onset, course and vulnerability of mental disorders.
      Studies ranging from population surveys to the laboratory have demonstrated that
      psychopathology is not randomly distributed in a population, nor is it constantly
      present in the lives of individuals. At both the population and the person
      levels, psychopathology varies with time and place. At the population level,
      illness processes localize in risk groups, who often reside in specific
      neighbourhoods or social settings. The individual experience of psychopathology
      also fluctuates with time, place and culture. This variability requires methods
      for case detection and treatment planning that take this into account. 

PMID- 26972129
TI  - New dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic theories in schizophrenia and their
      therapeutic impact.
AB  - The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia, postulating that schizophrenia is
      characterized by increased dopamine function, has been the most influential
      theory on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. It has recently been revised based
      on the appreciation that the core symptoms of schizophrenia may not be the
      positive (psychotic) symptoms, but rather the negative symptoms and the cognitive
      deficits found in schizophrenic patients. This revision has prompted the
      hypothesis that schizophrenia is characterized by both decreased prefrontal
      dopamine activity (causing deficit symptoms) and increased dopamine activity in
      mesolimbic dopamine neurons (causing positive symptoms). Notwithstanding this
      revision of a role for dopamine in schizophrenia, it has become increasingly
      evident that dysfunction of other monoaminergic systems may be as important in
      contributing to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Specifically, the putative
      role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in schizophrenia is gaining
      considerable attention. Several observations, such as the ability of the 5-HT
      antagonist, ritanserin, to alleviate schizophrenic symptoms and, when added to
      haloperidol (Haldol(r)), to decrease its extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS), have
      stimulated studies into a role of 5-HT in schizophrenia. The finding that
      clozapine (Leponex(r)), clinically superior to conventional neuroleptics, is a
      weak DA2 antagonist but a potent 5-HT1c and 5-HT2 antagonist has further
      stimulated 5-HT-related research in schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26972130
TI  - The prospects of new antipsychotic principles.
AB  - Biological schizophrenia research has been dominated by the dopamine hypothesis
      for decades, but in recent years a more diversified view has gained increasing
      attention. Several neurotransmitters are now being discussed, and especially
      their interaction in complex circuitries. The demonstration of an atypical
      profile of clozapine (Leponex(r)), with lessened extrapyramidal side effects and
      somewhat increased efficacy, has stimulated this research field considerably.
      This agent has high affinity not only for the different dopamine receptor
      subtypes, but also for serotonergic, alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors.
      Different workers have stressed one or more of these sites as being of major
      importance for the atypical profile of clozapine, and several drug companies have
      made attempts to mimic the profile of clozapine by developing molecules with
      affinity for these receptors in varying proportions. A number of such agents have
      reached or will soon reach the market and appear to be promising, even though
      they may not match clozapine in terms of atypicality. 

PMID- 26972131
TI  - Will light brighten the future of the depressed patient?
AB  - The present explosive growth of interest in the therapeutic possibilities of
      exposure to light was triggered by a patient, Herbert Kern. He suffered from
      episodic depressive and manic complaints and discovered, by registering these
      over the years, a seasonal pattern in their occurrence. Discussions with
      scientists of the NIMH resulted in his participation in a bright light-treatment
      experiment when he was depressed in the winter of 1980-1981. He recovered. Next,
      the same group of investigators defined the criteria for a new syndrome, Seasonal
      Affective Disorder (SAD): a history of major affective disorder (according to the
      Research Diagnostic Criteria), at least two consecutive years in which the
      depressions have occurred during fall or winter and remitted in the following
      spring or summer, and the absence of any clear-cut seasonally changing
      psychosocial variable, such as work, stress and so on. 

PMID- 26972134
TI  - Obsessive compulsive disorder: Opportunities within and beyond the serotonergic
      domain.
AB  - Abnormality of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine - 5-HT) system and particularly
      hypersensitivity of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors remained the leading hypothesis
      for the underlying pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) during
      the 1980s. A number of lines of evidence supported this serotonergic hypothesis,
      not least the treatment studies which demonstrated clearly and consistently that
      anti-obsessional efficacy was a function of serotonin re-uptake inhibition.
      Studies of markers and biological probes provided further evidence: platelet
      studies, for example, linked reductions in 5-HT activity with clinical response,
      and treatment response was correlated with decreased 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5
      HIAA) levels within the cerebrospinal fluid of OCD patients. Added to this was
      the evidence from the behavioral or physiological responses observed following
      serotonergic challenge with the serotonin agonists meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, a
      compound with high affinity for 5-HT1A-, 5-HT1D- and 5-HT2C-receptors. 

PMID- 26972133
TI  - The prospect of new anxiolytic principles.
AB  - Novel anxiolytics notwithstanding, in the latest fifteen years there have been no
      major innovations in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Fascinating research is
      going on, but real breakthroughs will require adequate models of disease, based
      on the disordered physiology of each type of pathological anxiety. In this brief
      overview, we will address both the field of potential anxiolytics in 1997, and
      the development of new experimental models of anxiety disorders. 

PMID- 26972132
TI  - Biological concepts of anxiety disorders.
AB  - Since the seminal work of Geller and Blum there is a vast expanding literature
      relating anxiety symptoms to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). The general
      picture emerging from animal research is that increasing 5-HT function is
      anxiogenic. However, animal research is confined by the fact that extrapolations
      from animal behavior to human emotions have limited validity. Human anxiety can
      range from normal emotions to clinical syndromes. It can be a component of
      different physical and mental disorders, but also the central feature of a
      syndromes. During the last decade, a wealth of knowledge about the origin and
      anatomical distribution of 5-HT neuronal systems has been obtained. Our
      understanding of the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of anxiety has also
      considerably advanced, but the picture is still puzzling. We are faced with a
      large number of 5-HT-receptor subtypes, each with its own specific distribution
      and presumably specific function. The complexity of the 5-HT system in terms of
      receptor heterogeneity offers a dazzling opportunity to the development of new
      drugs affecting selective 5-HT functions, but it also precludes that firm
      conclusions can be drawn when less selective agents are being used. 

PMID- 26972136
TI  - Biological and psychopharmacological aspects of impulse-control disorders.
AB  - Over the past decades extensive research has been performed on the presumed
      relationship between neurotransmitter functionality in the central nervous system
      and psychopathological states. Originally, in the mid-sixties it was hypothesized
      that depressive states may be associated with disorders in brain noradrenalin
      and/or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) metabolism or function resulting in
      the socalled monoamine hypothesis of depression. Subsequent investigations
      revealed that altered 5-HT metabolism is not related to mood disorder per se, but
      to components of the depressive syndrome and more specifically to increased
      anxiety and/or signs of dysregulated aggression, including violent suicidal
      attempts. Concerning aggression and other types of disruptive or impulsive
      behavior, research on their neurobiological determinants has been focussed mainly
      on indicators of central 5-HT function. 

PMID- 26972135
TI  - Phencyclidine, excitatory amino acids, psychiatry and drug abuse: Historical
      perspectives on clinical-laboratory interactions.
AB  - Some 40 years ago phencyclidine (PCP) was developed as the prototype of a
      proposed new class of 'dissociative' general anesthetics, so called because it
      induced a marked dissociation from the environment without complete loss of
      consciousness. In the earliest clinical trials of PCP anesthesia, it was observed
      that as many as half the subjects experienced severe psychotic reactions during
      and beyond emergence. This striking clinical observation at once marked the
      failure of PCP as a suitable general anesthetic, and the beginning of a
      remarkable new era in basic and clinical neuroscience which can serve as an
      example of the interaction between clinical observation and basic science. At
      once, clinical researchers turned their focus upon the characterization of the
      PCP-induced psychosis, and recognized striking similarities between PCP-induced
      symptoms and signs and both the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia,
      proposing the PCP psychosis as a new model of that illness. Several years later
      PCP suddenly emerged as a major drug of abuse, with the result that emergency
      rooms and psychiatric inpatient units were observing and treating large numbers
      of these patients, in many of whom a diagnosis of schizophrenia could not be
      ruled out until toxicological analyses were performed. This natural experiment
      yielded a huge amount of additional data, and contributed a strong public-health
      based impetus to research into the nature and treatment of PCP intoxication. 

PMID- 26972137
TI  - Age-related cognitive decline and the borderland between normal aging and
      dementia.
AB  - It is now generally agreed that healthy individuals are characterized by
      cognitive decline during the later decades of adult life. The acquisition of new
      information becomes less efficient, which, coupled with a diminished retention of
      this information for later use, results in substantially poorer memory
      performance. The ability to plan new activities, solve problems and make complex
      decisions, as well as cognitive flexibility is noticeably diminished. In
      addition, attentional processes appear to be invariably poorer in old subjects
      than in young subjects (for review). While it is quite clearly established that
      elderly subjects (i.e. after 65 years of age) show a deterioration of cognitive
      functioning, there is also evidence that this deterioration may start in middle
      age (40 years). There is large individual variance in age groups; for instance,
      some old individuals perform on many neurocognitive tests as well as young
      individuals do. Rowe and Kahn proposed in their influential article to discern
      between successful aging and usual aging. Successful aging would be due to the
      effect of chronological age, whereas additional factors would be responsible for
      usual aging. An important point is the nature of the borderland between usual
      cognitive aging and pathological conditions such as dementia. Various health
      related factors are thought to be important in this respect. They may be a
      determinant for the transition between successful aging to normal aging and into
      the borderland with dementia. The Brain & Behavior Research Institute in
      Maastricht investigates the determinants of successful and pathological aging in
      a number of related and multidisciplinary projects. This paper describes some
      major findings of this research programme and gives a theory on the interaction
      of vulnerability factors and protective factors in their effect on cognitive
      aging. 

PMID- 26972138
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26972140
TI  - Inevitable Acclimatization and Acute Mountain Sickness.

PMID- 26972139
TI  - Influence of cell physiological state on gene delivery to T lymphocytes by
      chimeric adenovirus Ad5F35.
AB  - Adoptive transfer of genetically-modified T cells is a promising approach for
      treatment of both human malignancies and viral infections. Due to its ability to
      efficiently infect lymphocytes, the chimeric adenovirus Ad5F35 is potentially
      useful as an immunotherapeutic for the genetic modification of T cells. In
      previous studies, it was found that the infection efficiency of Ad5F35 was
      significantly increased without enhanced expression of the viral receptor after T
      cell stimulation; however, little is known about the underlying mechanism.
      Nonetheless, cell physiology has long been thought to affect viral infection.
      Therefore, we aimed to uncover the physiologic changes responsible for the
      increased infection efficiency of Ad5F35 following T cell stimulation. Given the
      complexity of intracellular transport we analyzed viral binding, entry, and
      escape using a Jurkat T cell model and found that both cell membrane fluidity and
      endosomal escape of Ad5F35 were altered under different physiological states.
      This, in turn, resulted in differences in the amount of virus entering cells and
      reaching the cytoplasm. These results provide additional insight into the
      molecular mechanisms underlying Ad5F35 infection of T cells and consequently,
      will help further the clinical application of genetically-modified T cells for
      immunotherapy. 

PMID- 26972141
TI  - The Reply.

PMID- 26972142
TI  - Depressive Symptoms, Antidepressant Use, and Cognitive Decline.

PMID- 26972143
TI  - An Additional Clinical Scenario of Risk for Loperamide Cardiac-Induced Toxicity.

PMID- 26972144
TI  - Splenic angiomyxoma with intravascular tumor embolus in a dog: a case report.
AB  - A 13-year-old castrated male Yorkshire terrier dog had a soft splenic mass, which
      measured 11 cm in the greatest diameter. Microscopically, the parenchyma of the
      spleen was completely replaced by myxoid substances. Numerous spindle and
      stellate cells were loosely arranged in the myxoid stroma, and variable vessels
      of variable sizes were observed in a loose matrix with poorly defined margins.
      Immunohistochemical analysis showed that tumor cells were positive for desmin and
      alpha-SMA, but negative for S-100. Interestingly, intravascular tumor embolus
      with positive alpha-SMA expression was observed. This case is meaningful, because
      angiomyxoma, a rare tumor of dogs, occurs in the spleen. Even in human cases,
      splenic angiomyxoma was not reported. 

PMID- 26972145
TI  - Ability to Reach Orgasm in Patients With Prostate Cancer Treated With Robot
      assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To study the ability to reach orgasm after robot-assisted
      laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) in relation to demographic, cancer-related, and
      surgical variables, and the use of erectile aids. METHODS: In this cross
      sectional study at a mean of 3 years after RALP at Oslo University Hospital, 982
      men were invited to complete a mailed questionnaire, and 777 responded.
      Respondents who reported postoperative radiotherapy or hormone treatment, or did
      not report on orgasm were omitted, leaving 609 patients for analysis. Ability to
      reach orgasm was rated on 1 question from The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index
      Composite 26-item version, and dichotomized into "good" or "poor." RESULTS:
      Overall, 27% of the men reported good ability to reach orgasm: 22% among those
      did not use erectile aids and 34% among those did (P = .001). Univariate analysis
      of men with good versus poor ability to reach orgasm showed many significant
      differences. In multivariate analysis, being older, having a reduced physical
      quality of life, and erectile dysfunction were significantly associated with poor
      ability to reach orgasm. Erectile dysfunction showed an odds ratio of 4.86 for
      poor orgasmic ability. The 48% of men who used erectile aids had significantly
      better orgasmic ability than the nonusers. CONCLUSION: In our sample, 27% had
      good ability to reach orgasm at a mean of 3 years after RALP. Poor orgasmic
      ability was associated with being older, poor erectile function, and a reduced
      physical quality of life. Using erectile aids increased the rate of good ability
      to reach orgasm.

PMID- 26972147
TI  - Evaluation of Postoperative Hydronephrosis Following Ureteroscopy in Pediatric
      Population: Incidence and Predictors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence and associated factors of the postoperative
      hydronephrosis in pediatric patients who underwent ureterorenoscopy (URS) for
      renal or ureteral stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the results of 116
      patients who underwent semirigid or flexible URS retrospectively. Primary end
      points of the study were to determine the incidence of postoperative
      hydronephrosis and factors associated with the development of postoperative
      hydronephrosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to define factors
      associated with the presence of hydronephrosis. RESULTS: Mean age of the
      population was 9.5 years and mean stone size was 9.4 mm. Hydronephrosis was
      detected in 32 (27.6%) patients. Stone-free status was achieved in 101 (87%)
      patients. Univariate analysis revealed history of ipsilateral URS, duration of
      operation, presence of impacted stone, development of ureteral injury during
      operation, and presentation with a renal colic episode as the parameter
      associated with increased risk of hydronephrosis. History of ipsilateral URS
      (odds ratio: 1.664, P = .027), presence of impacted stones (odds ratio: 1.788, P
      = .014), and development of ureteral injury during operation (odds ratio: 1.106,
      P = .039) were found to be the independent markers of developing postoperative
      hydronephrosis in a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral hydronephrosis
      following URS develops in a significant portion of patients. In patients with
      history of ipsilateral procedure and those with an impacted stone and had
      ureteral injury, the risk of postoperative hydronephrosis is higher; therefore,
      physicians should keep these parameters in mind in the decision-making process of
      selective imaging postoperatively.

PMID- 26972149
TI  - The Selection of Procedures in One-stage Urethroplasty for Treatment of
      Coexisting Urethral Strictures in Anterior and Posterior Urethra.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore selection of the procedures in one-stage urethroplasty for
      treatment of coexisting urethral strictures in the anterior and posterior
      urethra. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2014, a total of 27 patients with existing
      strictures simultaneously at anterior urethra and posterior urethra were treated
      in our hospital. Two types of procedures were selected for treatment of the
      anterior urethral strictures. A penile skin flap and the lingual mucosa were used
      for augmented urethroplasty in 20 and 7 cases, respectively. Three types of
      procedures, namely, non-transecting end-to-end urethral anastomosis (n = 3),
      traditional end-to-end urethral anastomosis (n = 17), other grafts substitution
      urethroplasty, including pedicle scrotal skin urethroplasty (n = 2), and lingual
      mucosal graft urethroplasty (n = 5), were utilized in the treatment of posterior
      urethral strictures. RESULTS: The patients were mean followed up 30 months with
      an overall success rate of 88.9%. The majority of the patients exhibited wide
      patent urethras on retrograde urethrography and the patients' urinary peak flow
      ranged from 14.2 to 37.9 ml/s. Complications developed in 3 patients (11.1%). Of
      the 17 patients who underwent traditional urethral end-to-end anastomosis,
      urethral strictures occurred in 2 patients at 4 and 6 months after the operation.
      These patients achieved a satisfactory voiding function after salvage pedicle
      scrotal skin urethroplasty. A urethral pseudodiverticulum was observed in another
      patient 9 months after pedicle penile flap urethroplasty; and after a salvage
      procedure, he regained excellent voiding function. CONCLUSION: Synchronous
      anterior and posterior strictures can be successfully reconstructed with a
      combination of substitution and anastomotic urethroplasty techniques.

PMID- 26972148
TI  - Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Analysis of Symptomatic Patients With
      Equivocal Renal Scans.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To review the objective and subjective success rates of robotic
      assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in symptomatic patients with radiographic
      findings suggestive of uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), but equivocal
      renal scans (diuretic T1/2 <20 minutes). METHODS: We reviewed 77 patients with
      symptomatic UPJO, who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty between
      August 2006 and March 2013. We grouped patients by renal scan findings into 1 of
      2 groups, obstructed (diuretic T1/2 >=20 minutes) or equivocal (diuretic T1/2 <20
      minutes). All patients were symptomatic and had radiographic findings suggestive
      of UPJO (eg hydronephrosis). RESULTS: Mean age was 40.7 years (range 17-80) with
      70% female. UPJO occurred 44% left and 56% right, with 92% presenting with flank
      pain. Of 77 patients, 45 had obstruction on renal scan, with 41 (91%) having
      resolution of obstruction postoperatively and 44 of 45 (98%) having complete
      resolution of their initial symptoms. Thirty-two patients had equivocal findings
      with mean diuretic T1/2 of 12.6 minutes (range: 5.5-19.26) on renal scan. In this
      latter group, patients had significantly less of a decrease in their diuretic
      T1/2 postoperatively (4 vs 64 minutes, P = .018) and reported less pain
      resolution (53% vs 98%, P <=.001) than group 1. CONCLUSION: Many studies have
      demonstrated excellent success of pyeloplasty, with most series including
      patients meeting strict diagnostic criteria for obstruction. Our study examines
      outcomes in patients with clinically symptomatic UPJO and equivocal diuretic
      renography. In our cohort, equivocal patients were significantly less likely to
      have subjective resolution of symptoms than patients in the obstructed group.

PMID- 26972146
TI  - Monocyte Mitochondrial Function in Calcium Oxalate Stone Formers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether mitochondrial function is altered in
      circulating immune cells from calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers compared to
      healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult healthy subjects (n = 18) and CaOx
      stone formers (n = 12) were included in a pilot study. Data collection included
      demographic and clinical values from electronic medical records. Bioenergetic
      function was assessed in monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets isolated from
      blood samples using the Seahorse XF96 Analyzer. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) was
      measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: All participants were
      age matched (44.5 +/- 3.0 years for healthy subjects vs 42.3 +/- 4.8 years for
      CaOx stone formers, P = .6905). CaOx stone formers did not have urinary tract
      infection, ureteral stones, or obstructing renal stones. Monocyte mitochondrial
      function was decreased in CaOx stone formers compared to healthy subjects.
      Specifically, mitochondrial maximal respiration (P = .0011) and reserve capacity
      (P < .0001) were significantly lower. In contrast, lymphocyte and platelet
      mitochondrial function was similar between the 2 groups. The bioenergetic health
      index, an integrated value of mitochondrial function, was significantly lower in
      monocytes from CaOx stone formers compared to healthy subjects (P = .0041).
      Lastly, plasma IL-6 levels were significantly increased (P = .0324). CONCLUSION:
      The present pilot study shows that CaOx stone formers have decreased monocyte
      mitochondrial function. Plasma IL-6 was also increased in this cohort. These data
      suggest that impaired monocyte mitochondrial function and inflammation may be
      linked to CaOx kidney stone formation. Further studies are needed to confirm
      these findings in a larger cohort of patients.

PMID- 26972150
TI  - Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of Exemestane Hydroxylation Catalyzed by Human
      Aromatase Enzyme.
AB  - Human aromatase (CYP19A1) aromatizes the androgens to form estrogens via a three
      step oxidative process. The estrogens are necessary in humans, mainly in women,
      because of the role they play in sexual and reproductive development. However,
      these also are involved in the development and growth of hormone-dependent breast
      cancer. Therefore, inhibition of the enzyme aromatase, by means of drugs known as
      aromatase inhibitors, is the frontline therapy for these types of cancers.
      Exemestane is a suicidal third-generation inhibitor of aromatase, currently used
      in breast cancer treatment. In this study, the hydroxylation of exemestane
      catalyzed by aromatase has been studied by means of hybrid QM/MM methods. The
      Free Energy Perturbation calculations provided a free energy of activation for
      the hydrogen abstraction step (rate-limiting step) of 17 kcal/mol. The results
      reveal that the hydroxylation of exemestane is not the inhibition stage,
      suggesting a possible competitive mechanism between the inhibitor and the natural
      substrate androstenedione in the first catalytic subcycle of the enzyme.
      Furthermore, the analysis of the interaction energy for the substrate and the
      cofactor in the active site shows that the role of the enzymatic environment
      during this reaction consists of a transition state stabilization by means of
      electrostatic effects. 

PMID- 26972151
TI  - Baseline hormone levels are linked to reproductive success but not parental care
      behaviors.
AB  - Consistent behavioral differences among individuals, or personalities, have been
      hypothesized to arise as a result of consistent individual differences in hormone
      levels. Individual variation in baseline hormone levels or hormonal similarity
      within a breeding pair may be related to reproductive success, as suggested by
      the corticosterone-fitness hypothesis and the hormonal similarity hypothesis,
      respectively. In a population of Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) with
      repeatable behavioral expression and coordination of behavior within pairs, we
      tested if baseline androgen and corticosterone levels are related to behavioral
      expression, if coordination in behavior within pairs is facilitated by hormonal
      coordination, and if baseline hormone levels are related to fledging success at
      the individual or pair level. We found no significant relationship between
      hormone levels and nest visit rate or nest defense for either sex. Androgen and
      corticosterone levels were not correlated within pairs, but pairs in which males
      exhibited more aggressive nest defense behavior than females were also more
      different in androgen levels. Females with higher baseline corticosterone levels
      fledged more young, but hormonal similarity within pairs was not related to
      fledging success. Our results provide support for the corticosterone-adaptation
      hypothesis, which suggests that elevation of baseline corticosterone levels may
      occur during breeding to meet increased energetic demands.

PMID- 26972153
TI  - Analyzing endocrine system conservation and evolution.
AB  - Analyzing variation in rates of evolution can provide important insights into the
      factors that constrain trait evolution, as well as those that promote
      diversification. Metazoan endocrine systems exhibit apparent variation in
      evolutionary rates of their constituent components at multiple levels, yet
      relatively few studies have quantified these patterns and analyzed them in a
      phylogenetic context. This may be in part due to historical and current data
      limitations for many endocrine components and taxonomic groups. However, recent
      technological advancements such as high-throughput sequencing provide the
      opportunity to collect large-scale comparative data sets for even non-model
      species. Such ventures will produce a fertile data landscape for evolutionary
      analyses of nucleic acid and amino acid based endocrine components. Here I
      summarize evolutionary rate analyses that can be applied to categorical and
      continuous endocrine traits, and also those for nucleic acid and protein-based
      components. I emphasize analyses that could be used to test whether other
      variables (e.g., ecology, ontogenetic timing of expression, etc.) are related to
      patterns of rate variation and endocrine component diversification. The
      application of phylogenetic-based rate analyses to comparative endocrine data
      will greatly enhance our understanding of the factors that have shaped endocrine
      system evolution.

PMID- 26972154
TI  - Stress-induced oxytocin release and oxytocin cell number and size in prepubertal
      and adult male and female rats.
AB  - Studies indicate that adolescent exposure to stress is a potent environmental
      factor that contributes to psychological and physiological disorders, though the
      mechanisms that mediate these dysfunctions are not well understood.
      Periadolescent animals display greater stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenal (HPA) axis responses than adults, which may contribute to these
      vulnerabilities. In addition to the HPA axis, the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal
      tract (HNT) is also activated in response to stress. In adults, stress activates
      this system resulting in secretion of oxytocin from neurons in the supraoptic
      (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. However, it is currently unknown whether
      a similar or different response occurs in prepubertal animals. Given the
      influence of these hormones on a variety of emotional behaviors and physiological
      systems known to change as an animal transitions into adulthood, we investigated
      stress-induced HPA and HNT hormonal responses before and after stress, as well as
      the number and size of oxytocin-containing cells in the SON and PVN of
      prepubertal (30d) and adult (70d) male and female rats. Though we found the well
      established protracted adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone response in
      prepubertal males and females, only adult males and prepubertal females showed a
      significant stress-induced increase in plasma oxytocin levels. Moreover, though
      we found no pubertal changes in the number of oxytocin cells, we did find a
      pubertal-related increase in oxytocin somal size in both the SON and PVN of males
      and females. Taken together, these data indicate that neuroendocrine systems can
      show different patterns of stress reactivity before and after adolescent
      development and that these responses can be further modified by sex. Given the
      impact of these hormones on a variety of systems, it will be imperative to
      further explore these changes in hormonal stress reactivity and their role in
      adolescent health.

PMID- 26972152
TI  - The ecological and physiological bases of variation in the phenology of gonad
      growth in an urban and desert songbird.
AB  - Birds often adjust to urban areas by advancing the timing (phenology) of vernal
      gonad growth. However, the ecological and physiological bases of this adjustment
      are unclear. We tested whether the habitat-related disparity in gonad growth
      phenology of male Abert's towhees, Melozone aberti, is due to greater food
      availability in urban areas of Phoenix, Arizona USA or, alternatively, a habitat
      related difference in the phenology of key food types. To better understand the
      physiological mechanism underlying variation in gonad growth phenology, we
      compared the activity of the reproductive system at all levels of hypothalamo
      pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. We found no habitat-associated difference in food
      availability (ground arthropod biomass), but, in contrast to the seasonal growth
      of leaves on desert trees, the leaf foliage of urban trees was already developed
      at the beginning of our study. Multiple estimates of energetic status did not
      significantly differ between the non-urban and urban towhees during three years
      that differed in the habitat-related disparity in gonad growth and winter
      precipitation levels. Thus, our results provide no support for the hypothesis
      that greater food abundance in urban areas of Phoenix drives the habitat-related
      disparity in gonad growth phenology in Abert's towhees. By contrast, they suggest
      that differences in the predictability and magnitude of change in food
      availability between urban and desert areas of Phoenix contribute to the observed
      habitat-related disparity in gonad growth. Endocrine responsiveness of the gonads
      may contribute to this phenomenon as desert - but not urban - towhees had a
      marked plasma testosterone response to GnRH challenge.

PMID- 26972155
TI  - Successful xenogeneic germ cell transplantation from Jundia catfish (Rhamdia
      quelen) into adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) testes.
AB  - Fish germ cell transplantation presents several important potential applications
      for aquaculture, including the preservation of germplasm from endangered fish
      species with high genetic and commercial values. Using this technique in studies
      developed in our laboratory with adult male Nile tilapias (Oreochromis
      niloticus), all the necessary procedures were successfully established, allowing
      the production of functional sperm and healthy progeny approximately 2months
      after allogeneic transplantation. In the present study, we evaluated the
      viability of the adult Nile tilapia testis to generate sperm after xenogeneic
      transplant of germ cells from sexually mature Jundia catfish (Rhamdia quelen)
      that belong to a different taxonomic order. Therefore, in order to investigate at
      different time-periods post-transplantation, the presence and development of
      donor PKH26 labeled catfish germ cells were followed in the tilapia seminiferous
      tubules. From 7 to 20days post-transplantation, only PKH26 labeled spermatogonia
      were observed, whereas spermatocytes at different stages of development were
      found at 70days. Germ cell transplantation success and progression of
      spermatogenesis were indicated by the presence of labeled PKH26 spermatids and
      sperm on days 90 and 120 post-transplantation, respectively. Confirming the
      presence of the catfish genetic material in the tilapia testis, all recipient
      tilapias evaluated (n=8) showed the genetic markers evaluated. Therefore, we
      demonstrated for the first time that the adult Nile tilapia testis offers the
      functional conditions for development of spermatogenesis with sperm production
      from a fish species belonging to a different order, which provides an important
      new venue for aquaculture advancement.

PMID- 26972157
TI  - Osseous genioplasty in conjunction with bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: a
      review of 262 consecutive cases.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of osseous genioplasty with
      bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. A retrospective consecutive case series of
      patients treated by a single surgeon between 2004 and 2013 was studied. All
      underwent Le Fort I, sagittal ramus osteotomies, septoplasty, inferior turbinate
      reduction, and osseous genioplasty. The outcome variables included the presenting
      chin dysmorphology, complications, and assessment of morphologic change. A
      Steiner analysis was completed for each subject's interval cephalogram. Two
      hundred sixty-two subjects met the inclusion criteria. Their mean age at
      operation was 25 (range 13-63) years. Chin osteotomy complications included one
      wound infection (0.4%), and two of the 1572 mandibular anterior teeth at risk
      sustained a pulpal injury. None of the subjects required revision. For subjects
      undergoing chin advancement, the mean change was +3.5 (range +3 to +6) mm. A
      majority also underwent counterclockwise rotation of the mandible (62%). For
      those undergoing chin lengthening, the mean change was +5 (range +3 to +12mm) mm,
      and for those undergoing vertical shortening, the mean change was -3.5 (range -3
      to -7) mm. Osseous genioplasty is confirmed to be a safe method to reshape the
      chin. When osseous genioplasty is performed in conjunction with bimaxillary
      orthognathic surgery, only a modest horizontal change is required to achieve the
      preferred pogonion projection. 

PMID- 26972158
TI  - Relationships among maxillofacial morphologies, bone properties, and bone
      metabolic markers in patients with jaw deformities.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among bone properties,
      bone metabolic markers, and types of jaw deformity. The subjects were 55 female
      patients with jaw deformities. Skeletal morphology was examined using lateral
      cephalograms, and the patients were divided into three groups according to the
      type of anteroposterior skeletal pattern. Serum osteocalcin, bone alkaline
      phosphatase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b, as well as
      deoxypyridinoline in urine, were measured as bone metabolic markers. Quantitative
      ultrasound (QUS) measurements were used to assess bone properties at the
      calcaneal bone. The bone volume and bone density of the condylar process were
      measured in 43 patients by computed tomography. There were no significant
      differences in bone metabolic markers and QUS parameters between the groups,
      although bone formation and resorption markers tended to be higher in patients
      with a protrusive mandible. On the other hand, patients with mandibular retrusion
      had a higher tendency to have small and dense condylar processes. In conclusion,
      the results suggest that growth depression or a degenerative change in the
      mandibular condyle is involved in the pathogenesis of mandibular retrusion,
      although risk factors for progressive condylar resorption were not determined. 

PMID- 26972160
TI  - The effect of direction of force to the craniofacial skeleton on the severity of
      brain injury in patients with a fronto-basal fracture.
AB  - The skull base is uniquely positioned to absorb force imparted to the
      craniofacial skeleton, thereby reducing brain injury. Less well understood is the
      effect of the direction of force imparted to the craniofacial skeleton on the
      severity of brain injury. Eighty-one patients from two UK major trauma centres
      who sustained a fronto-basal fracture were divided into two groups: those struck
      with predominantly anterior force and those by predominantly lateral force. The
      first recorded Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), requirement for intubation, and
      requirement for decompressive craniectomy were used as markers of the severity of
      brain injury. An average GCS of 5 was found in the lateral group and 14 in the
      anterior group; this difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). There
      was an increased need for both intubation and decompressive craniectomy in the
      lateral group compared to the anterior group (absolute risk difference 46.6% and
      15.8%, respectively). These results suggest that the skeletal anatomy of the
      fronto-basal region influences the severity of head injury. The delicate lattice
      like structure in the central anterior cranial fossa can act as a crumple zone,
      absorbing force. Conversely in the lateral aspect of the anterior cranial fossa,
      there is a lack of collapsible interface, resulting in an increased energy
      transfer to the brain. 

PMID- 26972159
TI  - Dental extraction without stopping single or dual antiplatelet therapy: results
      of a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of bleeding after dental
      extraction without stopping antiplatelet therapy. Postoperative bleeding was
      assessed in a total of 1271 patients who were divided into two groups: a study
      group comprising 183 patients on antiplatelet therapy (aspirin 125 patients/185
      occasions; clopidogrel 42 patients/65 occasions; dual therapy 16 patients/24
      occasions) who underwent 548 dental extractions on 274 occasions, and a control
      group comprising 1088 patients who were not receiving any antiplatelet or
      anticoagulant therapy and underwent 2487 dental extractions on 1472 occasions.
      The incidence of postoperative bleeding was higher in the study group (5/274,
      1.8%) than in the control group (10/1472, 0.7%), and also in the dual
      antiplatelet subgroup (1/24, 4.2%) than in the single antiplatelet subgroups
      (clopidogrel: 2/65, 3.1%; aspirin: 2/185, 1.1%); however, these differences were
      not significant. Postoperative bleeding was managed successfully by repacking
      with Gelfoam impregnated with tranexamic acid powder in 12 patients and by
      resuturing in three of the control patients undergoing extraction of impacted
      teeth with flap elevation. These findings indicate that there is no need to
      interrupt antiplatelet drugs before dental extraction. 

PMID- 26972161
TI  - Interlocking polyetheretherketone implant.
AB  - Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a versatile material and is used increasingly for
      the correction of facial deformity. We have used bespoke implants with an
      interlocking mechanism to add stability and to facilitate ease of insertion in
      areas with difficult access. The interlocking mechanism also reduces the need for
      fixation to segments that are difficult to access. 

PMID- 26972163
TI  - Enhancing diversity in academic neurology: From agnosia to action.
AB  - Although recent years have seen a rapid increase in the diversity of patient
      populations and of society in general, individuals who belong to historically
      disadvantaged groups continue to struggle to achieve fuller representation and
      success in academic medicine. This is particularly true in academic neurology,
      where faculty from racial and ethnic minority groups are grossly under
      represented. Raising awareness of this problem in the field is an important first
      step toward developing coordinated, strategic approaches to enhancing diversity
      in neurology. Therefore, the aims of this brief article are to underscore the
      increasing importance of diversity in neurology, point out some of the specific
      challenges that face diversity efforts in academic neurology, and suggest
      strategies that leaders in the field could consider in order to enhance the
      diversity of neurology departments. Ann Neurol 2016;79:705-708.

PMID- 26972164
TI  - Intraguild predation between Amblyseius swirskii and two native Chinese predatory
      mite species and their development on intraguild prey.
AB  - Amblyseius swirskii, native to the east and southeast Mediterranean region, is a
      successful biological control agent of whiteflies. In this study, we investigated
      intraguild predations (IGP) between each stage of A. swirskii and each stage of
      two Phytoseiid species that occur in China, Amblyseius orientalis and Neoseiulus
      californicus. When there was no whitefly egg provided as the extraguild prey, IGP
      between A. swirskii and A. orientalis, and between A. swirskii and N.
      californicus, was observed in 10 and 20 out of 35 combinations, respectively.
      When IGP was observed, A. swirskii was the intraguild predator in 70% and 65%
      cases of A. orientalis and N. californicus predation, respectively. These results
      suggest that A. swirskii is a more aggressive intraguild predator compared to
      either A. orientalis or N. californicus. When whitefly eggs were provided as the
      extraguild prey, IGP between A. swirskii and N. californicus decreased greatly,
      but no significant decrease of IGP was observed between A. swirskii and A.
      orientalis. Amblyseius swirskii was able to complete development on both
      heterospecific predatory mites, and both heterospecific predatory mites completed
      their development on A. swirskii. Possible impacts that A. swirskii may have on
      local predatory mite populations in China are discussed. 

PMID- 26972162
TI  - Differential network analysis reveals the genome-wide landscape of estrogen
      receptor modulation in hormonal cancers.
AB  - Several mutual information (MI)-based algorithms have been developed to identify
      dynamic gene-gene and function-function interactions governed by key modulators
      (genes, proteins, etc.). Due to intensive computation, however, these methods
      rely heavily on prior knowledge and are limited in genome-wide analysis. We
      present the modulated gene/gene set interaction (MAGIC) analysis to
      systematically identify genome-wide modulation of interaction networks. Based on
      a novel statistical test employing conjugate Fisher transformations of
      correlation coefficients, MAGIC features fast computation and adaption to
      variations of clinical cohorts. In simulated datasets MAGIC achieved greatly
      improved computation efficiency and overall superior performance than the MI
      based method. We applied MAGIC to construct the estrogen receptor (ER) modulated
      gene and gene set (representing biological function) interaction networks in
      breast cancer. Several novel interaction hubs and functional interactions were
      discovered. ER+ dependent interaction between TGFbeta and NFkappaB was further
      shown to be associated with patient survival. The findings were verified in
      independent datasets. Using MAGIC, we also assessed the essential roles of ER
      modulation in another hormonal cancer, ovarian cancer. Overall, MAGIC is a
      systematic framework for comprehensively identifying and constructing the
      modulated interaction networks in a whole-genome landscape. MATLAB implementation
      of MAGIC is available for academic uses at https://github.com/chiuyc/MAGIC. 

PMID- 26972166
TI  - The phosphorylation of Ser221 in VP2 of mink enteritis virus and its roles in
      virus amplification.
AB  - Recent reports have indicated that phosphorylation of capsid proteins plays an
      important role in virion assemblage. Autonomous parvoviruses are among the
      smallest known viruses with an ssDNA genome enclosed within an icosahedral
      capsid. Here, we demonstrate that a structural protein (VP2) of one member, mink
      enteritis virus (MEV), is phosphorylated at serine-221 (Ser221) in vivo. Mutant
      viruses containing an S221A non-phosphorylatable alanine substitution, or an
      S221E glutamic acid substitution to mimic serine phosphorylation, were able to
      express VP2 but had either limited ability or were unable to propagate in feline
      F81 cells. We propose a new mechanism whereby VP2 phosphorylation plays an
      essential role in amplification during MEV infection.

PMID- 26972165
TI  - Metabolic syndrome, diet and exercise.
AB  - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with a range of metabolic
      complications including insulin resistance (IR), obesity, dyslipidaemia,
      hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and non-alcoholic fatty liver
      disease. These compound risks result in a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome
      and possibly increased cardiovascular (CV) disease. As the cardiometabolic risk
      of PCOS is shared amongst the different diagnostic systems, all women with PCOS
      should undergo metabolic surveillance though the precise approach differs between
      guidelines. Lifestyle interventions consisting of increased physical activity and
      caloric restriction have been shown to improve both metabolic and reproductive
      outcomes. Pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery may be considered in resistant
      metabolic disease. Issues requiring further research include the natural history
      of PCOS-associated metabolic disease, absolute CV risk and comparative efficacy
      of lifestyle interventions.

PMID- 26972180
TI  - The role of fissula ante fenestram in unilateral sudden hearing loss.
AB  - The cause of unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) remains unclear
      in many clinical cases. Perilymphatic leakage through a fissula ante fenestram
      (FAF) fistula is one possible reason. We present four clinical cases with proven
      FAF fistula, discovered during surgical exploration. All patients experienced
      partial hearing recovery after surgical coverage of the fistula. We suggest FAF
      as a possible site for perilymphatic leakage, representing an anatomical
      correlate for sudden unilateral SNHL. We recommend early exploratory tympanotomy
      with special attention to the bony region, anterior to the oval window, in cases
      of severe sudden SNHL and suspected FAF.

PMID- 26972181
TI  - Development of absolute quantification method for genotype-specific Babesia
      microti using real-time PCR and practical experimental tips of real-time PCR.
AB  - Babesia microti, a rodent babesia, is known as a pathogen of zoonosis, human
      babesiosis, is composed of several genotypes of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene
      (SSUrDNA) and different genotypes have been suggested to have different
      infectivity and pathogenicity to humans. We established a real-time PCR assay
      using SYBR Green I, which allows specific detection and absolute quantification
      for each SSUrDNA-type-B. microti of four SSUrDNA-types found in Japanese rodents
      even in mixed infection. In this assay, four genotype-specific primer pairs
      targeted on internal transcribed spacer 1 or 2 sequences were used. Primer pairs
      have the characteristics for a high specificity for homologous genotype DNA. The
      calibration curves of cycle threshold (Ct) values versus log concentrations of
      DNA for all four genotypes were linear over 107 fold range of DNA concentrations
      with correlation coefficient from 0.95 to 1 and sufficient amplification
      efficiency from 90% to 110%. The standard curves for all four genotypes were not
      changed even in the presence of heterologous DNA. In this paper, we introduce how
      to establish and perform the genotype-specific real-time PCR and our practical
      experimental tips to be recommended.

PMID- 26972182
TI  - Urinothorax as an early sign of urinary tract injury following total laparoscopic
      hysterectomy.

PMID- 26972179
TI  - Kras is Required for Adult Hematopoiesis.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that Kras is dispensable for fetal liver hematopoiesis,
      but its role in adult hematopoiesis remains unclear. Here, we generated a Kras
      conditional knockout allele to address this question. Deletion of Kras in adult
      bone marrow (BM) is mediated by Vav-Cre or inducible Mx1-Cre. We find that loss
      of Kras leads to greatly reduced thrombopoietin (TPO) signaling in hematopoietic
      stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs), while stem cell factor
      evoked ERK1/2 activation is not affected. The compromised TPO signaling is
      associated with reduced long term- and intermediate-term HSC compartments and a
      bias toward myeloid differentiation in MPPs. Although granulocyte macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-evoked ERK1/2 activation is only moderately
      decreased in Kras(-/-) myeloid progenitors, it is blunted in neutrophils and
      neutrophil survival is significantly reduced in vitro. At 9-12 months old, Kras
      conditional knockout mice develop profound hematopoietic defects, including
      splenomegaly, an expanded neutrophil compartment, and reduced B cell number. In a
      serial transplantation assay, the reconstitution potential of Kras(-/-) BM cells
      is greatly compromised, which is attributable to defects in the self-renewal of
      Kras(-/-) HSCs and defects in differentiated hematopoietic cells. Our results
      demonstrate that Kras is a major regulator of TPO and GM-CSF signaling in
      specific populations of hematopoietic cells and its function is required for
      adult hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 2016;34:1859-1871.

PMID- 26972183
TI  - Assessing ethical and peer review standards of medical journals.

PMID- 26972184
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26972185
TI  - Stressed skin?--a molecular psychosomatic update on stress-causes and effects in
      dermatologic diseases.
AB  - A pathogenetically relevant link between stress, in terms of psychosocial stress,
      and disease was first described in the 1970s, when it was proven that viral
      diseases of mucous membranes (such as rhinovirus and Coxsackie virus infections)
      develop faster and more severe after stress exposure. Since then, there has been
      an annual increase in the number of publications which investigate this
      relationship and break it down to the molecular level. Nevertheless, the
      evidences for the impact of psychosocial stress on chronic inflammatory skin
      diseases and skin tumors are hardly known. In the present review, we outline
      current insights into epidemiology, psychoneuroimmunology, and molecular
      psychosomatics which demonstrate the manifold disease-relevant interactions
      between the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. The focus is on stress
      induced shifts in immune balance in exemplary disorders such as atopic
      dermatitis, psoriasis, and malignant melanoma. The objective of this article is
      to convey basic psychosomatic knowledge with respect to etiology, symptomatology,
      and therapeutic options for chronic skin diseases. Particular attention is
      directed towards the underlying molecular relationships, both from a somatic to
      mental as well as a mental to somatic perspective. 

PMID- 26972187
TI  - Sezary syndrome: old enigmas, new targets.
AB  - Sezary syndrome, the leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is still an
      enigmatic disease with a fatal prognosis. Recent research, however, has
      identified a multitude of dysregulated molecular pathways that contribute to
      malignant transformation and therapy resistance of Sezary cells (SC). With
      respect to T-cell development, SC either represent naive T cells, T effector
      memory or T central memory cells. Functionally, SC may differentiate into Th2,
      Treg, or even Th17 cells. Despite their plasticity, SC express characteristic
      diagnostic marker proteins including CD158k, CD164, FcRL3, and PD-1 as well as
      skin-homing receptors such as CLA and CCR4. Already tested in (pre)clinical
      trials, CD158k, PD-1, CTLA-4, and CCR4 also represent promising therapeutic
      targets. Molecular alterations in SC include transcription factors such as STAT3,
      4, and 5, as well as TWIST1 and TOX. TWIST1 induces expression of DNM3os
      containing the miR-199a2/214 cluster, a key hub controlling multiple cancer
      networks. In addition, activation of NFkappaB and the MAPK pathway as well as
      altered TCR signaling cause apoptosis resistance. Recently, whole genome and
      exome sequencing has revealed somatic copy number variations as predominant
      mutations in SC, primarily affecting apoptosis, NFkappaB signaling, DNA
      integrity, and T-cell activation. In order to facilitate development of novel
      therapies, improved in vivo models, which better reflect the pathogenesis and
      clinical course of Sezary syndrome, are currently being generated. 

PMID- 26972189
TI  - Prophylaxis in hereditary angioedema (HAE) with C1 inhibitor deficiency.
AB  - Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by
      recurrent episodes of subcutaneous or submucosal edema. Laryngeal manifestations
      can be life-threatening. In the majority of cases, the disease can be adequately
      treated with an on-demand approach--in some cases, however, short- or long-term
      prophylaxis is indicated. Attenuated androgens used to be the drugs of choice,
      but they are associated with considerable side effects and no longer commercially
      available in the German-speaking countries of the EU. They are currently being
      replaced by more effective and more tolerable agents such C1-inhibitors, the
      kallikrein inhibitor ecallantide, and the B2 receptor antagonist icatibant, which
      have recently obtained market authorization. These new drugs have had a major
      impact, especially on the indications and procedures for long-term prophylaxis.
      According to the most recent international consensus papers and our own
      experience, self-administered C1-inhibitors are now the first option for long
      term prophylactic therapy. The decision for prophylaxis should no longer be based
      on single parameters such as the frequency of attacks but on adequate overall
      disease control including quality of life. More drugs are currently being
      developed, which may lead to further changes in the treatment algorithms of HAE.

PMID- 26972191
TI  - Cofactors and comorbidities of necrobiosis lipoidica: analysis of the German DRG
      data from 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a rare granulomatous inflammatory skin
      disease of unknown pathophysiology. Its potential association with diabetes
      mellitus is well known. Other relevant cofactors and comorbidities are subject to
      controversial debate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: DRG (diagnosis-related groups) data
      of all inpatients with a coded primary or secondary diagnosis of NL treated at
      German hospitals in 2012 were evaluated. RESULTS: Data of 262 inpatient cases
      with the primary or secondary diagnosis of NL were analyzed. Women (63.4%; n =
      166) were nearly twice as frequently affected as men (36.2%; n = 96). Most NL
      patients (14.8%) were in the age group between 50 and 55 years. Among
      comorbidities included in the metabolic syndrome complex, diabetes mellitus was
      the most common (34.4%; IDDM 20.6%, NIDDM 13.8%), while essential hypertension
      was observed in 9.2%, obesity in 4.6%, chronic heart failure in 4.1%, and
      dyslipidemias in 2.3% of cases. Leg ulcers were diagnosed in 7.3% of individuals;
      other venous disorders, in 5.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data analysis describes one of
      the largest compilations of patient cases with the diagnosis of NL worldwide.
      Besides the well-known association with diabetes mellitus, there are numerous
      other potentially relevant cofactors and comorbidities that should be considered
      in the diagnosis and management of NL patients.

PMID- 26972195
TI  - Erythematous patches and pretibial ulcers: an uncommon presentation of cutaneous
      sarcoidosis.

PMID- 26972194
TI  - Treatment of erosive oral lichen planus with methotrexate.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP) is a chronic
      inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa causing significant pain and impairment
      of the quality of life. No immediate and definitive cure is available, especially
      in its chronic and most recalcitrant forms. The objective of this study was to
      evaluate the efficacy of methotrexate treatment in EOLP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A
      prospective open trial of oral methotrexate 15 mg QWK in 18 patients with EOLP
      (clinically and histopathologically confirmed) unresponsive to at least one
      previous topical or systemic medication. DURATION: Twelve weeks followed by
      twelve weeks of follow-up. RESULTS: Partial response or better was achieved in 15
      (83.3%) patients. A statistically significant reduction in Thongprasom scale
      score was observed (mean value 5 at baseline, 3.08 +/- 1.11 at week 12, 2.94 +/-
      0.97 at week 24, P value < 0.001). A statistically significant reduction was
      noted in the pain visual analogue scale (mean value 6.55 +/- 2.33 at baseline,
      2.46 +/- 2.18 at week 12, 2.29 +/- 1.93 at week 24, P value < 0.001). Adverse
      events occurred in four (22.2%) patients, requiring discontinuation of treatment
      in one patient. CONCLUSION: Methotrexate is a valuable therapeutic option in
      longstanding recalcitrant EOLP, particularly with respect to the improvement of
      subjective symptoms. Randomized controlled trials are required.

PMID- 26972199
TI  - Streaky, whiplash-like erythema and succulent papules: flagellate dermatitis
      following consumption of Auricularia auricula-judae.

PMID- 26972200
TI  - Vemurafenib-induced granuloma annulare.

PMID- 26972203
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 26972202
TI  - A fight towards better understanding of acne.

PMID- 26972205
TI  - Rash with systemic symptoms.

PMID- 26972207
TI  - A subclavicular dark-red patch with recent spontaneous hemorrhage and severe pain
      in a 24-year-old woman.

PMID- 26972208
TI  - Reconstruction of the upper eyelid: full-thickness skin grafting between the same
      contralateral aesthetic units.

PMID- 26972212
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26972210
TI  - Guidelines on dermatomyositis--excerpt from the interdisciplinary S2k guidelines
      on myositis syndromes by the German Society of Neurology.
AB  - The present guidelines on dermatomyositis (DM) represent an excerpt from the
      interdisciplinary S2k guidelines on myositis syndromes of the German Society of
      Neurology (available at www.awmf.org). The cardinal symptom of myositis in DM is
      symmetrical proximal muscle weakness. Elevated creatine kinase, CRP or ESR as
      well as electromyography and muscle biopsy also provide important diagnostic
      clues. Pharyngeal, respiratory, cardiac, and neck muscles may also be affected.
      Given that approximately 30% of patients also develop interstitial lung disease,
      pulmonary function tests should be part of the diagnostic workup. Although the
      cutaneous manifestations in DM are variable, taken together, they represent a
      characteristic and crucial diagnostic criterion for DM. Approximately 5-20% of
      individuals exhibit typical skin lesions without any clinically manifest muscle
      involvement (amyopathic DM). About 30% of adult DM cases are associated with a
      malignancy. This fact, however, should not delay the treatment of severe
      myositis. Corticosteroids are the therapy of choice in myositis (1-2 mg/kg).
      Additional immunosuppressive therapy is frequently required (azathioprine, for
      children methotrexate). In case of insufficient therapeutic response, the use of
      intravenous immunoglobulins is justified. The benefit of rituximab has not been
      conclusively ascertained yet. Acute therapeutic management is usually followed by
      low-dose maintenance therapy for one to three years. Skin lesions do not always
      respond sufficiently to myositis therapy. Effective treatment for such cases
      consists of topical corticosteroids and sometimes also calcineurin inhibitors.
      Systemic therapies shown to be effective include antimalarial agents (also in
      combination), methotrexate, and corticosteroids. Intravenous immunoglobulins or
      rituximab may also be helpful. UV protection is an important prophylactic
      measure.

PMID- 26972216
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26972218
TI  - In vivo features of Fox-Fordyce disease in high-definition optical coherence
      tomography.

PMID- 26972221
TI  - The arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 regulates CIITA-dependent MHC II
      transcription.
AB  - Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) dependent antigen presentation
      serves as a key step in mammalian adaptive immunity and host defense. In antigen
      presenting cells (e.g., macrophages), MHC II transcription can be activated by
      interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and mediated by class II transactivator (CIITA). The
      underlying epigenetic mechanism, however, is not completely understood. Here we
      report that following IFN-gamma stimulation, symmetrically dimethylated histone
      H3 arginine 2 (H3R2Me2s) accumulated on the MHC II promoter along with CIITA. IFN
      gamma augmented expression, nuclear translocation, and promoter binding of the
      protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 in macrophages. Over-expression of PRMT5
      potentiated IFN-gamma induced activation of MHC II transcription in an enzyme
      activity-dependent manner. In contrast, PRMT5 silencing or inhibition of PRMT5
      activity by methylthioadenosine (MTA) suppressed MHC II transactivation by IFN
      gamma. CIITA interacted with and recruited PRMT5 to the MHC II promoter and
      mediated the synergy between PRMT5 and ASH2/WDR5 to activate MHC II
      transcription. PRMT5 expression was down-regulated in senescent and H2O2-treated
      macrophages rendering ineffectual induction of MHC II transcription by IFN-gamma.
      Taken together, our data reveal a pathophysiologically relevant role for PRMT5 in
      MHC II transactivation in macrophages. 

PMID- 26972223
TI  - An update on ocular adnexal lymphoma.
AB  - Ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) is a relatively common lesion in the practice of
      ophthalmic oncology. Although OALs are usually primary tumors, secondary
      involvement of the ocular adnexae by systemic lymphoma is also possible. The
      clinical and radiological features of OAL are non-specific. Thorough
      morphological evaluation, aided by immunostaining, cytogenetic studies and
      molecular testing, are necessary for accurate diagnosis. 

PMID- 26972222
TI  - Noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Are we there yet?
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has rapidly become the most common form
      of chronic liver disease in the United States affecting approximately 80-100
      million Americans. NAFLD includes a spectrum of diseases ranging from
      nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to
      fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. Patients with NASH and significant fibrosis on
      liver biopsy have an increased risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality
      compared to those with NAFL. Due to the high prevalence of NAFLD and its
      progressive nature, there has been an urgent need to develop reliable noninvasive
      tests that can accurately predict the presence of advanced disease without the
      need for liver biopsy. These tests can be divided into those that predict the
      presence of NASH and those that predict the presence of fibrosis. In this review,
      we provide a concise overview of different noninvasive methods for staging the
      severity of NAFLD. 

PMID- 26972224
TI  - Uveal melanoma.
AB  - Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. It is
      associated with a high rate of distant tumor spread and consequent mortality.
      Unlike retinoblastoma, for which treatment advances over the last few decades
      have resulted in a dramatic improvement in survival, outcomes for patients with
      uveal melanoma remain unchanged. Despite improvement in local control of this
      tumor, roughly 50% of patients develop metastatic disease within 15 years. Delays
      in diagnosis and marked vascularity of this tumor may underlie that situation.
      Tumor size, location, histopathologic appearance, cytogenetic abnormalities, and
      molecular profiling are used in prognostication. The revised 7th edition of the
      American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) manual has presented new information
      that may improve that process as well. Herein, we review current knowledge on
      uveal melanoma. 

PMID- 26972226
TI  - Lack of transmission of murine norovirus to mice via in vitro fertilization,
      intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ovary transplantation.
AB  - Since its discovery in 2003, murine norovirus (MNV) is still endemic in many
      rodent animal facilities. Our aim was to determine the risk of transmission of
      MNV (91% homology to MNV3) to embryo recipients and pups via assisted
      reproductive technologies, especially those which compromise the integrity of the
      zona pellucida. In vitro fertilization (IVF), assisted in vitro fertilization
      (AIVF) with reduced glutathione, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ovary
      transplantation were performed. Murine norovirus was detected by qualitative and
      quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. After natural
      infection of immunocompetent C57BL/6NTacCnrm and immunodeficient athymic nude
      mice with MNV, the mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestine, spleen, liver, lung,
      brain, ovary, and testis were infected at specific intervals for more than a 1
      year period. At Week 12, the number of viral genomes per milligram of gonad from
      both strains was 20 to 50. Murine norovirus strictly adhered to spermatozoa
      collected from infected mice because three washes did not remove MNV from the
      sperm. After using MNV-positive sperm for IVF, AIVF, and intracytoplasmic sperm
      injection, 27 to 30 genomes were detected in IVF (n = 100) and AIVF (n = 100)
      embryos from both mouse strains. Approximately 87% of MNV detected in these
      embryos was found in the zona pellucida. However, all embryo transfer recipients,
      pups, and ovary recipients were MNV-negative. The results indicate that
      manipulation of the germplasm through assisted reproductive technologies did not
      lead to transmission of MNV to mice. This may be because of the absence of an
      infectious dose or failure of the MNV strain to replicate effectively in
      developing embryos and the reproductive tract. 

PMID- 26972225
TI  - Metabolic syndrome in relation to Barrett's esophagus and esophageal
      adenocarcinoma: Results from a large population-based case-control study in the
      Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) causes local chronic inflammation that
      increases risks of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA),
      yet symptomatic GERD is absent in approximately half of all such patients.
      Obesity exacerbates GERD and is also a component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We
      evaluated the hypothesis that MetS is a GERD-independent mechanism by which
      obesity is associated with increased risks of BE and EA using data from the UK
      Clinical Practice Research Datalink. BE cases (n=10,215) and EA cases (n=592)
      were each individually matched to five population controls based on age, sex, and
      general practice. MetS was defined as occurrence of at least three of the
      following: obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol. Odds
      ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional
      logistic regression. MetS was marginally associated with BE (OR=1.12, 95%CI 1.00
      1.25). Similar effects were found for the individual component factors of
      obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol. History of GERD modified the
      association (P-effect modification <1E-5), with the MetS-BE association confined
      to patients without a history of GERD (OR=1.33, 95%CI 1.12-1.58). No association
      between MetS and risk of EA was detected in the main or stratified analyses. In
      this large population-based case-control study, individuals with MetS had a
      marginally increased risk of BE in the absence of GERD. The systemic inflammatory
      state (MetS) may represent a reflux-independent inflammatory pathway that
      increases the risk of BE. MetS did not increase risk of EA in this study
      population.

PMID- 26972228
TI  - Antiviral phenolics from the leaves of Cleistocalyx operculatus.
AB  - During the screening program for anti-influenza agents from medicinal plants, the
      ethanolic extract of Cleistocalyx operculatus leaves was found to exhibit
      potential neuraminidase (NA) inhibitory activity. Bioassay-directed fractionation
      led to the isolation of two new acetophenones (1 and 2) and one new flavanone
      (3), along with six known compounds (4-9). The structures of all isolated
      compounds were elucidated using various spectroscopic methods and through
      comparison with the previous literature. Compounds 6 and 8 exhibited strong
      enzymatic inhibition on various neuraminidases from different influenza viruses,
      including H1N1, H9N2, novel H1N1, and oseltamivir-resistant novel H1N1 (H274Y
      mutation) expressed in HEK293 cells (IC50 values ranging from 5.07 +/- 0.94 MUM
      to 9.34 +/- 2.52 MUM, respectively). Kinetic experiments revealed the non
      competitive inhibitory mode of both compounds 6 and 8. Furthermore, these
      flavonoids reduced the cytopathic effect of the H1N1 virus in MDCK cells. The
      present study suggests the potential of two flavonoids (6 and 8) as new lead
      compounds for the development of novel NA inhibitors in the future.

PMID- 26972227
TI  - Rituximab-Induced Splenic Rupture and Cytokine Release.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rituximab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that is used for many
      different lymphomas. Post-marketing surveillance has revealed that the risk of
      fatal reaction with rituximab use is extremely low. Splenic rupture and cytokine
      release syndrome are rare fatal adverse events related to the use of therapeutic
      monoclonal antibodies, especially in aggressive malignancies with high tumor
      burden. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and type B
      symptoms and was diagnosed with mantle cell lymphoma. Initial peripheral blood
      flow cytometry showed findings that mimicked features of chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia. Further treatment with rituximab led to catastrophic treatment
      complications that proved to be fatal for the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Severe
      cytokine release syndrome associated with biologics carries a very high morbidity
      and case fatality rate. With this case report we aim to present the diagnostic
      challenge with small B-cell neoplasms, especially mantle cell lymphoma and
      chronic lymphocytic lymphomas, and underscore the importance of thorough risk
      assessment for reactions prior to treatment initiation.

PMID- 26972229
TI  - What is the Future of Pediatric Neurology in Canada? Resident and Faculty
      Perceptions of Training and Workforce Issues.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pediatric neurology trainee numbers have grown considerably in
      Canada; recent research, however, has shown that the number of pediatric
      neurology graduates is outpacing the need for future pediatric neurologists. The
      purpose of this study was to seek the opinion of pediatric neurology program
      directors and trainees regarding possible solutions for this issue. METHODS: Two
      focus groups were convened during the Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation
      annual congress in June 2012; one consisted of current and former program
      directors, and the other of current pediatric neurology trainees. Groups were
      asked for their perceptions regarding child neurology manpower issues in Canada
      as well as possible solutions. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed
      for analysis. Theme-based qualitative analysis was used to analyze the
      transcripts. RESULTS: Major themes emerging from both focus groups included the
      emphasis on community pediatric neurology as a viable option for trainees,
      including the need for community mentors; recognizing the needs of underserviced
      areas; and establishing academic positions for community preceptors. The need for
      career mentoring and support structures during residency training was another
      major theme which arose. Program directors and trainees also gave examples of
      ways to reduce the current oversupply of trainees in Canada, including limiting
      the number of trainees entering programs, as well as creating a long-term vision
      of child neurology in Canada. CONCLUSIONS: A nationwide dialogue to discuss the
      supply and demand of manpower in academic and community pediatric neurology is
      essential. Career guidance options for pediatric neurology trainees across the
      country merit further strengthening.

PMID- 26972230
TI  - Probing the self-assembly and stability of oligohistidine based rod-like micelles
      by aggregation induced luminescence.
AB  - The synthesis and self-assembly of a new C2-symmetric oligohistidine amphiphile
      equipped with an aggregation induced emission luminophore is reported. We observe
      the formation of highly stable and ordered rod-like micelles in phosphate
      buffered saline, with a critical aggregation concentration below 200 nM.
      Aggregation induced emission of the luminophore confirms the high stability of
      the anisotropic assemblies in serum. 

PMID- 26972231
TI  - Associations Between Alcohol Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length Modified
      by a Common Polymorphism of ALDH2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Data on the association between alcohol consumption and telomere
      length, a marker of biological aging, are inconsistent. Moreover, the genetic
      modification of this association has been reported only rarely. To evaluate the
      association between alcohol consumption and leukocyte telomere length (LTL), and
      the effect modification of this association by a common polymorphism of the
      aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene, we conducted a cross-sectional study in a
      general population including 1,771 middle-aged and elderly Koreans, aged 49 to 79
      years. METHODS: Study participants provided blood samples between 2011 and 2012
      for the LTL assay, and between 2001 and 2002 for genomewide genotyping. Between
      2011 and 2012, they also completed a questionnaire-based interview regarding
      their alcohol consumption. We examined effect modification by rs2074356, a
      surrogate marker of the ALDH2 polymorphism. RESULTS: Heavy alcohol consumption
      (average daily alcohol consumption of >30 g) was inversely associated with LTL
      only among carriers of the mutant alleles (CT and TT) of rs2074356 (p < 0.01).
      Among these subjects, elderly drinkers in particular showed the strongest
      association (p < 0.001). Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption on an almost daily
      basis was positively associated with LTL (p < 0.001), and this association was
      significant among carriers of the wild-type allele (CC) of rs2074356 (p < 0.01)
      but not among those with the mutant alleles. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest
      that the potential benefit of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and the
      detriment of heavy alcohol consumption on biological aging may depend on ALDH2
      polymorphism.

PMID- 26972232
TI  - The structure of chromophore-grafted amyloid-beta(12-28) dimers in the gas-phase:
      FRET-experiment guided modelling.
AB  - We present theoretical modelling, ion mobility spectrometry and action-FRET
      experiments for chromophore-grafted amyloid-beta(12-28) dimers. A first
      principles global minimum search based on replica-exchange molecular dynamics
      (REMD) leads to a compact structure with strong interstrand interactions. We use
      REMD with a distance restraint that implements an adaptive effective bias upon
      average FRET-efficiencies and thus guides the sampling by the action-FRET
      measurement. This procedure leads to a pair of weakly interacting peptides. Ion
      mobility confirms that the weakly interacting structure and not the global
      minimum with strongly interacting peptides is populated in the experiment. The
      presence of a high energy barrier between the two structural families, as
      evidenced from the MD data, suggests that a kinetically trapped structure is
      observed in the experiment.

PMID- 26972234
TI  - Health--an explicit human right.

PMID- 26972233
TI  - The Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in the Expression and Splicing
      of Nitric Oxide Receptor.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Nitric oxide (NO)-dependent signaling is critical to many cellular
      functions and physiological processes. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) acts as an
      NO receptor and mediates the majority of NO functions. The signaling between NO
      and sGC is strongly altered by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Recent
      Advances: Besides NO scavenging, sGC is affected by oxidation/loss of sGC heme,
      oxidation, or nitrosation of cysteine residues and phosphorylation. Apo-sGC or
      sGC containing oxidized heme is targeted for degradation. sGC transcription and
      the stability of sGC mRNA are also affected by oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES:
      Studies cited in this review suggest the existence of compensatory processes that
      adapt cellular processes to diminished sGC function under conditions of short
      term or moderate oxidative stress. Alternative splicing of sGC transcripts is
      discussed as a mechanism with the potential to both enhance and reduce sGC
      function. The expression of alpha1 isoform B, a functional and stable splice
      variant of human alpha1 sGC subunit, is proposed as one of such compensatory
      mechanisms. The expression of dysfunctional splice isoforms is discussed as a
      contributor to decreased sGC function in vascular disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS:
      Targeting the process of sGC splicing may be an important approach to maintain
      the composition of sGC transcripts that are expressed in healthy tissues under
      normal conditions. Emerging new strategies that allow for targeted manipulations
      of RNA splicing offer opportunities to use this approach as a preventive measure
      and to control the composition of sGC splice isoforms. Rational management of
      expressed sGC splice forms may be a valuable complementary treatment strategy for
      existing sGC-directed therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 122-136.

PMID- 26972235
TI  - UKCTOCS and the evaluation of screening for ovarian cancer.

PMID- 26972236
TI  - Iran: promises and prospects for health.

PMID- 26972238
TI  - TPP: trade-offs for health behind closed doors.

PMID- 26972239
TI  - Severe drought in Zimbabwe triggers food crisis.

PMID- 26972240
TI  - Kathy Niakan: at the forefront of gene editing in embryos.

PMID- 26972241
TI  - Biomedical research in Latin America: we can do more.

PMID- 26972242
TI  - Chronic diseases--the social justice issue of our time.

PMID- 26972243
TI  - Chronic diseases--the social justice issue of our time.

PMID- 26972244
TI  - PEPFAR: is 90-90-90 magical thinking?

PMID- 26972245
TI  - Prolonged pyrexia and subtle skin lesions: polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 26972246
TI  - The art of managing medical uncertainty.

PMID- 26972247
TI  - Disseminated tuberculosis with acute respiratory distress syndrome lacking
      granuloma formation in the lung.
AB  - A 66-year-old woman, who had been treated with systemic corticosteroids for four
      months for vasculitis of unknown etiology, was referred to our department due to
      a fever, dyspnea and patchy ground-glass opacities on chest computed tomography.
      As transbronchial biopsy specimens were suggestive of interstitial pneumonia, the
      prescribed dose of corticosteroids was increased. However, the patient developed
      pyrexia and presented diffuse ground-glass attenuation in the lungs bilaterally.
      Antituberculous drugs were administered because a previous blood interferon-gamma
      release assay was positive, however, the patient died of severe respiratory
      failure within several days, and cultures of her blood, urine and bone marrow
      posthumously revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An autopsy revealed multiple
      foci of air-space pneumonia containing numerous acid-fast bacilli without
      granuloma formation, accompanied by diffuse alveolar damage. An immunosuppressive
      condition might inhibit air-space pneumonia to become granulomatous inflammation
      as an initial stage of pulmonary tuberculosis. 

PMID- 26972249
TI  - Solution structure of the 13th C2H2 Zinc Finger of Miz-1.
AB  - Miz-1 is a BTB/POZ transcription factor that contains 13C2H2 Zinc Finger domains
      (ZF). Miz-1 transactivates and represses the transcription of a myriad of genes
      involved in many aspects of the biology of the cell. The detailed molecular
      interactions through which Miz-1 controls transcription, including its specific
      DNA binding via its ZF domains, remain to be understood and documented. In our
      effort to shed light into the structural biology of Miz-1, we have undertaken the
      determination of the structure of all its ZF and the characterization of their
      interactions with cognate DNA. The structure of ZF 1 to 10 have already been
      solved and characterized. Here, we present the structure of the synthetic Miz-1
      ZF13 determined by 2D (1)H-(1)H NMR. 

PMID- 26972248
TI  - Coiled-coil forming peptides for the induction of silver nanoparticles.
AB  - Biopolymers with defined sequence patterns offer an attractive alternative for
      the formation of silver nanoparticle (AgNP). A set of coiled-coil dimer forming
      peptides was tested for their AgNP formation ability. Seventeen of those peptides
      mediated the formation of AgNPs in aqueous solution at neutral pH, while the
      formation of a coiled-coil dimer inhibited the nanoparticle generation. A QSAR
      regression model on the relationship between sequence and function suggests that
      in this peptide type the patterns KXQQ and KXEE are favorable, whereas Ala
      residues appear to have an inhibitory effect. UV-VIS spectra of the obtained
      nanoparticles gave a peak at around 420 nm, typical for AgNPs in the size range
      around 40 nm, which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission
      electron microscopy. Peptide-induced AgNPs exhibited good antibacterial activity,
      even after a 15 min contact time, while they had low toxicity to human cells at
      the same concentrations. These results show that our designed peptides generate
      AgNPs with antibacterial activity at mild conditions and might be used for
      antibacterial coatings. 

PMID- 26972250
TI  - Inhibition of the acetyl lysine-binding pocket of bromodomain and extraterminal
      domain proteins interferes with adipogenesis.
AB  - The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) domain family proteins are epigenetic
      modulators involved in the reading of acetylated lysine residues. The first BET
      protein inhibitor to be identified, (+)-JQ1, a thienotriazolo-1, 4-diazapine,
      binds selectively to the acetyl lysine-binding pocket of BET proteins. We
      evaluated the impact on adipogenesis of this druggable targeting of chromatin
      epigenetic readers, by investigating the physiological consequences of epigenetic
      modifications through targeting proteins binding to chromatin. JQ1 significantly
      inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into white and brown
      adipocytes by down-regulating the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis,
      particularly those encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR
      gamma), the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPalpha) and, STAT5A and B. The
      expression of a constitutively activated STAT5B mutant did not prevent inhibition
      by JQ1. Thus, the association of BET/STAT5 is required for adipogenesis but STAT5
      transcription activity is not the only target of JQ1. Treatment with JQ1 did not
      lead to the conversion of white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue (BAT).
      BET protein inhibition thus interferes with generation of adipose tissue from
      progenitors, confirming the importance of the connections between epigenetic
      mechanisms and specific adipogenic transcription factors. 

PMID- 26972251
TI  - Nicotine induces Nme2-mediated apoptosis in mouse testes.
AB  - In mouse testes, germ cell apoptosis can be caused by cigarette smoke and lead to
      declining quality of semen, but the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To
      evaluate the effects of nicotine exposure on apoptosis during spermatogenesis, we
      first constructed a nicotine-treated mouse model and detected germ cell apoptosis
      activity in the testes using the TUNEL method. Then we analyzed the variation of
      telomere length and telomerase activity by real-time PCR and TRAP-real-time PCR,
      respectively. Further, we investigated a highly expressed gene, Nme2, in mouse
      testes after nicotine treatment from our previous results, which has close
      correlation with the apoptosis activity predicted by bioinformatics. We performed
      NME2 overexpression in Hela cells to confirm whether telomere length and
      telomerase activity were regulated by the Nme2 gene. Finally, we examined
      methylation of CpG islands in the Nme2 promoter with the Bisulfite Sequencing
      (BSP) method. The results showed that apoptosis had increased significantly, and
      then telomerase activity became weak. Further, telomere length was shortened in
      the germ cells among the nicotine-treated group. In Hela cells, both
      overexpression of the Nme2 gene and nicotine exposure can suppress the activity
      of telomerase activity and shorten telomere length. BSP results revealed that the
      Nme2 promoter appeared with low methylation in mouse testes after nicotine
      treatment. We assume that nicotine-induced apoptosis may be caused by telomerase
      activity decline, which is inhibited by the up expression of Nme2 because of its
      hypomethylation in mouse germ cells. 

PMID- 26972252
TI  - Structural characterizations of phage antitoxin Dmd and its interactions with
      bacterial toxin RnlA.
AB  - Toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci are widespread in bacteria plasmids and chromosomes,
      and target various cellular functions to regulate cell growth and death. A type
      II TA system RnlA-RnlB from Escherichia coli is associated with phage-resistance.
      After the infection of bacteriophage T4 with Dmd defection, RnlA is activated by
      the disappearance of RnlB, resulting in the rapid degradation of T4 mRNAs. Dmd
      can bind to RnlA directly and neutralize RnlA toxicity to allow phage
      reproduction. Dmd represent a heterogenous antitoxin of RnlA replacing antitoxin
      RnlB. Here, we reported two structures of Dmd from T4 phage and RB69 phage. Both
      Dmd structures are high similar with a compacted domain composed of a four
      stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet and an alpha-helix. Chromatography and SAXS
      suggest Dmd forms a dimer in solution consistent with that in crystal. Structure
      based mutagenesis of Dmd reveals key residues involved in RnlA-binding.
      Possibility cavities in Dmd used for compounds design were modeled. Our
      structural study revealed the recognition and inhibition mechanism of RnlA by Dmd
      and providing a potential laboratory phage prevention target for drug design. 

PMID- 26972253
TI  - CMKLR1 deficiency influences glucose tolerance and thermogenesis in mice on high
      fat diet.
AB  - Obesity has become a global epidemic disease, contributing to increases in the
      prevalence of type 2 diabetes. CMKLR1, one of the receptors for chemerin, has a
      wide range of functions in physiological and pathological activity, including
      innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, metabolism and reproduction. In our
      study, CMKLR1 deficiency did not influence the gain of body weight but did
      exacerbate glucose intolerance, increase serum insulin level, and promote insulin
      resistance in mice on high fat diets. The expression of thermogenesis related
      genes was examined and indicated to decrease in CMKLR1 knockout (KO) mice in both
      normal and cold environments, which indicated CMKLR1 influence the thermogenesis
      process. Cold exposure induced significant body mass decrease and improved
      glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in wild type HFD mice but had no obvious
      effect on CMKLR1 KO HFD mice. In vitro, loss of CMKLR1 did not significantly
      influence the differentiation of stromal vascular fibroblasts (SVFs) derived from
      adipose tissue, but did suppress the expression of thermogenesis related genes.
      Collectively, these data demonstrate that CMKLR1 deficiency induces inbalance of
      glucose metabolism and impairs the cold induced-thermogenesis process in high
      diet models. 

PMID- 26972255
TI  - Modified STAP conditions facilitate bivalent fate decision between pluripotency
      and apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocytes.
AB  - Low extracellular pH (pHe) is not only the result of cancer metabolism, but a
      factor of anti-cancer drug efficacy and cancer immunity. In this study, the
      consequences of acidic stress were evaluated by applying STAP protocol on Jurkat
      T-lymphocytes (2.0 * 10(6) cells/ml, 25 min in 37  degrees C). We detected
      apoptotic process exclusively in pH 3.3 treated cells within 8 h with western
      blotting (WB). This programmed cell death led to significant drop of cell
      viability in 72 h measured by MTT assay resulting PI positive population on flow
      cytometry (FCM) at day 7. Quantified RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicated that all of
      above mentioned responses are irrelevant to expression of OCT4 gene variants.
      Interestingly enough, pluripotent cells represented by positive alkaline
      phosphatase (AP) staining survived acidic stress and consequently proportion of
      AP positive cells was significantly increased after pH 3.3 treatment (day 7). In
      general, acidic treatment led to an apoptotic condition for Jurkat T-lymphocytes,
      which occurred independent of OCT4 induction. 

PMID- 26972254
TI  - Cornuside inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic response by down-regulating MAPK
      and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.
AB  - AIMS: The present study is to investigate the effect of cornuside on mast cell
      mediated allergic response, as well as its possible mechanisms of action.
      METHODS: To test the anti-allergic effects of cornuside in vivo, local
      extravasation was induced by local injection of anti-dinitrophenyl immunoglobulin
      E (IgE) followed by intravenous antigenic challenge in passive cutaneous
      anaphylaxis model rats. Mast cell viability was determined using MTT assay.
      Histamine content from rat peritoneal mast cells was measured by the
      radioenzymatic method. To investigate the mechanisms by which cornuside affects
      the reduction of histamine release, the levels of calcium uptake were measured.
      To examine whether cornuside affects the expression of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines, Western blotting and ELISA were carried out. RESULTS: Oral
      administration of cornuside inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats.
      Presence of cornuside attenuated IgE-induced histamine release from rat
      peritoneal mast cells. The inhibitory effect of cornuside on histamine release
      was mediated by the modulation of intracellular calcium. In addition, cornuside
      decreased phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187
      stimulated production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF
      alpha and IL-6 in human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of cornuside on pro
      inflammatory cytokines was dependent on nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinase. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides evidence that
      cornuside inhibits mast cell-derived inflammatory allergic reactions by blocking
      histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, in vivo
      and in vitro anti-allergic effects of cornuside suggest a possible therapeutic
      application of this agent in inflammatory allergic diseases.

PMID- 26972256
TI  - Heat shock modulates the subcellular localization, stability, and activity of
      HIPK2.
AB  - The homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 (HIPK2) is a highly conserved
      serine/threonine kinase and is involved in transcriptional regulation. HIPK2 is a
      highly unstable protein, and is kept at a low level under normal physiological
      conditions. However, exposure of cells to physiological stress - such as hypoxia,
      oxidative stress, or UV damage - is known to stabilize HIPK2, leading to the
      HIPK2-dependent activation of p53 and the cell death pathway. Therefore HIPK2 is
      also known as a stress kinase and as a stress-activated pro-apoptotic factor. We
      demonstrate here that exposure of cells to heat shock results in the
      stabilization of HIPK2 and the stabilization is mediated via K63-linked
      ubiquitination. Intriguingly, a sub-lethal heat shock (42  degrees C, 1 h)
      results in the cytoplasmic localization of HIPK2, while a lethal heat shock (45 
      degrees C, 1 h) results in its nuclear localization. Cells exposed to the lethal
      heat shock showed significantly higher levels of the p53 activity than those
      exposed to the sub-lethal thermal stress, suggesting that both the level and the
      nuclear localization are essential for the pro-apoptotic activity of HIPK2 and
      that the lethal heat shock could retain the HIPK2 in the nucleus to promote the
      cell death. Taken together our study underscores the importance of HIPK2 in
      stress mediated cell death, and that the HIPK2 is a generic stress kinase that
      gets activated by diverse set of physiological stressors. 

PMID- 26972257
TI  - Water Durable Electride Y5Si3: Electronic Structure and Catalytic Activity for
      Ammonia Synthesis.
AB  - We report an air and water stable electride Y5Si3 and its catalytic activity for
      direct ammonia synthesis. It crystallizes in the Mn5Si3-type structure and
      confines 0.79/f.u. anionic electrons in the quasi-one-dimensional holes. These
      anionic electrons strongly hybridize with yttrium 4d electrons, giving rise to
      improved chemical stability. The ammonia synthesis rate using Ru(7.8 wt %)-loaded
      Y5Si3 was as high as 1.9 mmol/g/h under 0.1 MPa and at 400  degrees C with
      activation energy of ~50 kJ/mol. Its strong electron-donating ability to Ru metal
      of Y5Si3 is considered to enhance nitrogen dissociation and reduce the activation
      energy of ammonia synthesis reaction. Catalytic activity was not suppressed even
      after Y5Si3, once dipped into water, was used as the catalyst promoter. These
      findings provide novel insights into the design of simple catalysts for ammonia
      synthesis. 

PMID- 26972258
TI  - The Evolution of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Sports Medicine.

PMID- 26972259
TI  - Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain.
AB  - Evaluation and treatment of pediatric elbow injuries in sport can be difficult
      because of the complex anatomy, evolving bony and cartilaginous composition, and
      multiple varied forces applied during athletic competition. In addition, youth
      sports are now putting even greater demands on the elbow of young athletes. It is
      important to understand the risk factors for injury, age-appropriate conditions
      affecting the elbow, proper treatment of these conditions, and prevention
      strategies for elbow injuries in this young athletic population. 

PMID- 26972260
TI  - High-Risk Stress Fractures: Diagnosis and Management.
AB  - Stress fractures are common overuse injuries in athletes. They occur during
      periods of increased training without adequate rest, disrupting normal bone
      reparative mechanisms. There are a host of intrinsic and extrinsic factors,
      including biochemical and biomechanical, that put athletes at risk. In most
      stress fractures, the diagnosis is primarily clinical, with imaging indicated at
      times, and management focused on symptom-free relative rest with advancement of
      activity as tolerated. Overall, stress fractures in athletes have an excellent
      prognosis for return to sport, with little risk of complication. There is a
      subset of injuries that have a greater risk of fracture progression, delayed
      healing, and nonunion and are generally more challenging to treat with
      nonoperative care. Specific locations of high-risk stress fracture include the
      femoral neck (tension side), patella, anterior tibia, medial malleolus, talus,
      tarsal navicular, proximal fifth metatarsal, and great toe sesamoids. These sites
      share a characteristic region of high tensile load and low blood flow. High-risk
      stress fractures require a more aggressive approach to evaluation, with imaging
      often necessary, to confirm early and accurate diagnosis and initiate immediate
      treatment. Treatment consists of nonweight-bearing immobilization, often with a
      prolonged period away from sport, and a more methodic and careful reintroduction
      to athletic activity. These stress fractures may require surgical intervention. A
      high index of suspicion is essential to avoid delayed diagnosis and optimize
      outcomes in this subset of stress fractures. 

PMID- 26972262
TI  - The Evolution of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound in Sports Medicine.
AB  - Diagnostic and interventional ultrasound is a rapidly evolving field in sports
      medicine. The use of ultrasound has increased exponentially during the past
      decades. This imaging modality is appealing to sports medicine physicians because
      of its broad diagnostic and interventional capabilities. In sports medicine, the
      indications for diagnostic ultrasound extend well beyond the musculoskeletal
      realm to include other conditions such as ocular trauma, thoracoabdominal trauma,
      and cardiac morphology. Thus, the term "sports ultrasound" has been adopted as a
      more accurate representation of the broad and unique applications of ultrasound
      in this specialty. Ultrasound-guided procedures also have evolved from the
      commonly performed joint and tendon sheath injections to include ultrasound
      guided surgical procedures. This article will discuss the evolution of diagnostic
      and interventional ultrasound in sports medicine using a case-based approach to
      highlight its many new applications. 

PMID- 26972261
TI  - The Anti-Doping Movement.
AB  - Historical reports of doping in sports date as far back as the ancient Greek
      Olympic Games. The anti-doping community considers doping in sports to be
      cheating and a violation of the spirit of sport. During the past century, there
      has been an increasing awareness of the extent of doping in sports and the health
      risks of doping. In response, the anti-doping movement has endeavored to educate
      athletes and others about the health risks of doping and promote a level playing
      field. Doping control is now undertaken in most countries around the world and at
      most elite sports competitions. As athletes have found new ways to dope, however,
      the anti-doping community has endeavored to strengthen its educational and
      deterrence efforts. It is incumbent upon sports medicine professionals to
      understand the health risks of doping and all doping control processes. 

PMID- 26972263
TI  - Final Comment: Return-to-Play Decision Making: Does Level of Competition Make a
      Difference?

PMID- 26972264
TI  - Exercise Testing: Who, When, and Why?
AB  - There are different modalities of exercise testing that can provide valuable
      information to physicians about patient and athlete fitness and cardiopulmonary
      status. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is a form of exercise testing that
      measures ventilatory and gas exchange, heart rate, electrocardiogram, and blood
      pressures to provide detailed information on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and
      muscular systems. This testing allows an accurate quantification of functional
      capacity/measure of exercise tolerance, diagnosis of cardiopulmonary disease,
      disease-progression monitoring or response to intervention, and the prescription
      of exercise and training. CPX directly measures inhaled and exhaled ventilator
      gases to determine the maximal oxygen uptake, which reflects the body's maximal
      use of oxygen and defines the limits of the cardiopulmonary system. CPX is the
      ideal modality to evaluate causes of exertional fatigue and dyspnea, especially
      in complex cases in which the etiology could be cardiac, pulmonary, or
      deconditioning. Exercise tolerance has become an important outcome measure in
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure,
      as well as other chronic diseases, and is a well-recognized predictor of
      mortality. Older athletes or those with underlying medical conditions could
      benefit from exercise testing for risk stratification and clearance to
      participate, as well as to help set their training zones and determine their
      functional limitations. 

PMID- 26972265
TI  - Should Electrocardiograms Be Part of the Preparticipation Physical Examination?

PMID- 26972267
TI  - Diagnosis and Treatment of Hip Girdle Pain in the Athlete.
AB  - Evaluation of an athlete's report of "hip pain" is challenging. Many conditions
      involving the pelvic girdle can present with overlapping pain distributions, and
      athletes often may have coexisting disorders. Appropriate evaluation requires
      thorough, systematic consideration of intra-articular hip disease, extra
      articular local causes of hip pain, and referred pain from other musculoskeletal
      or even visceral sources. Although our understanding of intra-articular hip
      disorders has been greatly enhanced in recent decades through advances in hip
      arthroscopy, gaps still exist in our understanding of appropriate treatment,
      including effective nonsurgical protocols and when to consider surgical
      intervention. For instance, we have a better understanding of hip dysfunction
      related to structural changes that occur prior to the onset of arthritis, but we
      are also learning that correction of the structural changes does not always
      guarantee a correction of dysfunction and pain. Furthermore, athletes need
      instruction and guidance in retraining appropriate movement patterns after a
      surgical intervention. Risk stratification regarding which athletes need surgical
      intervention and what their needs are after specific surgical procedures remain
      undefined. In this review we will describe the differential diagnosis of hip and
      pelvic girdle pain in the athlete and then discuss how to use a history, physical
      examination, and appropriate imaging and diagnostic injections to arrive at a
      proper diagnosis. Lastly, a brief discussion is included of key concepts and
      controversies involved in treating some of the most common hip disorders
      experienced by athletes. 

PMID- 26972266
TI  - Is There a Role for Limited Echocardiography During the Preparticipation Physical
      Examination?
AB  - Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of death during exercise for
      athletes younger than 35 years. Structural cardiac abnormalities are responsible
      for the majority of SCDs among competitive athletes. The screening protocol that
      is best for detecting athletes at risk for SCD has been the subject of
      considerable and long-standing debate. The American Heart Association recommends
      the use of a 14-element history and physical examination (H&P), whereas European
      standards call for a focused H&P and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). The use of
      ECG screening has been repeatedly rejected in the United States because of the
      high rate of false-positive results and an abundance of evidence suggesting that
      it is a cost-ineffective tool for screening. Attempts have also been made to
      prescreen athletes for cardiac disease with echocardiography (ECHO) performed by
      a cardiologist; however, this technique also proved to be cost-ineffective. The
      use of ECHO performed by a frontline physician reflects recent advancements in
      ultrasound technology utilization, including the advent of portable ultrasound,
      and introduces a new, promising screening method to the debate. Portable ECHO by
      a frontline physician (PEFP) has the ability to directly visualize structural
      components of the heart that are part of the gold standard ECHO evaluation
      performed by a cardiologist. The Early Screening for Cardiac Abnormalities with
      Preparticipation Echocardiography (ESCAPE) protocol developed at Northeastern
      University is the first attempt to implement the PEFP. Initial inquiries into the
      reliability and feasibility of the PEFP are promising. Measurements obtained by
      frontline physicians were not statistically different from those obtained by a
      cardiologist, focused ECHO was found to reduce the referral rate to cardiology by
      33%, and PEFP was completed significantly faster than H&P and an ECG. Early
      results are encouraging, but continued research to support the widespread use of
      PEFP for preparticipation examination in all competitive athletes is needed prior
      to recommending implementation. 

PMID- 26972268
TI  - Exercise-Associated Collapse: Is Hyponatremia in Our Head?
AB  - Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is one of the most common causes of
      exercise-associated collapse. The primary pathogenesis of EAH is largely the
      result of excessive fluid intake but is influenced by other factors, including
      hormonal abnormalities (ie, inappropriate arginine vasopressin secretion), renal
      abnormalities, and mobilization of sodium stores. Early recognition of EAH is
      crucial to appropriate treatment, because symptoms are varied and may be confused
      with other causes of exercise-associated collapse. Onsite testing of [Na+] will
      confirm the diagnosis but is not always available. Rapid treatment of EAH will
      depend upon the type and severity of symptoms. Treatment protocols range from
      fluid restriction or oral hypertonic fluids for mild symptoms to intravenous
      hypertonic fluids for more severe symptoms. Preventative strategies should
      emphasize fluid consumption based on thirst and athlete/coach/staff education
      regarding proper hydration practices. 

PMID- 26972269
TI  - The Kinetic Chain Revisited: New Concepts on Throwing Mechanics and Injury.
AB  - The overhead throwing motion is a complex activity that is achieved through
      activation of the kinetic chain. The kinetic chain refers to the linkage of
      multiple segments of the body that allows for transfer of forces and motion. The
      lower extremities and core provide a base of support, generating energy that is
      transferred eventually through the throwing arm and hand, resulting in release of
      the ball. The kinetic chain requires optimal anatomy, physiology, and mechanics
      and is involved in all 6 phases of overhead throwing: windup, stride, arm
      cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through. Breaks or deficits in
      the kinetic chain can lead to injury or decreased performance. Through an
      understanding of the mechanics and pathomechanics seen in each phase of throwing,
      the clinician can better evaluate and screen for potential kinetic chain deficits
      in the overhead throwing athlete. The purpose of this article is to review the
      biomechanics of the overhead throwing motion, the role of the kinetic chain in
      throwing, and the clinical evaluation and management of abnormal throwing
      mechanics and related injuries. 

PMID- 26972270
TI  - Rehabilitation of the Overhead Throwing Athlete: There Is More to It Than Just
      External Rotation/Internal Rotation Strengthening.
AB  - The repetitive nature of throwing manifests characteristic adaptive changes to
      the shoulder, scapulothoracic, and hip/pelvis complexes that result in a set of
      unique physical traits in the overhead throwing athlete. An effective
      rehabilitation program is dependent upon an accurate evaluation and differential
      diagnosis to determine the causative factors for the athlete's pathologic
      features. The treatment program should be individualized with specific
      strengthening and flexibility exercises to achieve the dynamic stability that is
      required for overhead function. In this article we describe the characteristics
      of the throwing shoulder, along with a multiphased rehabilitation program that
      allows for the restoration of strength, mobility, endurance, and power and is
      aimed toward a return to unrestricted sporting activity. We also describe
      exercises that link the upper and lower extremities because of the importance of
      core control and leg strength in the development of power during the act of
      throwing. Additionally, proper throwing mechanics, utilization of pitch counts,
      appropriate rest, and proper off-season conditioning will help decrease overall
      injury risk in the overhead throwing athlete. 

PMID- 26972271
TI  - Lactate: Friend or Foe.
AB  - Lactic acid has played an important role in the traditional theory of muscle
      fatigue and limitation of endurance exercise performance. It has been called a
      waste product of anaerobic metabolism and has been believed to be responsible for
      the uncomfortable "burn" of intense exercise and directly responsible for the
      metabolic acidosis of exercise, leading to decreased muscle contractility and
      ultimately cessation of exercise. Although this premise has been commonly taught,
      it is not supported by the scientific literature and has led to a great deal of
      confusion among the sports medicine and exercise science communities. This review
      will provide the sports medicine clinician with an understanding of contemporary
      lactate theories, including lactate's role in energy production, its
      contributions to metabolic acidosis, and its function as an energy substrate for
      a variety of tissues. Lactate threshold concepts will also be discussed,
      including a practical approach to understanding prediction of performance and
      monitoring of training progress based on these parameters. 

PMID- 26972272
TI  - The Role of Controlled Exercise in Concussion Management.
AB  - Concussion affects the autonomic nervous system and its control of cerebral blood
      flow, which may be why uncontrolled activity can exacerbate symptoms after
      concussion. Traditionally, patients have been advised to restrict physical and
      cognitive activity until all symptoms resolve. However, recent research suggests
      that prolonged rest beyond the first couple of days after a concussion might
      hinder rather than aid recovery. Humans do not respond well to removal from their
      social and physical environments, and sustained rest adversely affects the
      physiology of concussion and can lead to physical deconditioning and reactive
      depression. Some animal data show that early forced exercise is detrimental to
      recovery after concussion, but other animal data show that voluntary exercise is
      not detrimental to recovery. We developed the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test
      to systematically evaluate exercise tolerance in persons with prolonged symptoms
      after concussion (ie, more than 4-6 weeks, which is called postconcussion
      syndrome [PCS]). Using a predetermined stopping criterion (symptom-exacerbation
      threshold), akin to voluntary exercise in animals, the Buffalo Concussion
      Treadmill Test is the only functional test known to safely and reliably reveal
      exercise intolerance in humans with PCS. The test data are used to develop
      individualized subthreshold exercise treatment programs to restore the physiology
      to normal and enhance recovery. Return of normal exercise tolerance can then be
      used to establish physiological recovery from concussion. New research suggests
      that absolute rest beyond the first few days after concussion may be detrimental
      to concussion recovery. However, further research is required to determine the
      appropriate mode, duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise during the acute
      recovery phase of a concussion prior to making specific exercise recommendations.
      For patients with PCS, subsymptom threshold exercise improves activity tolerance
      and is an appropriate treatment option for this patient population. 

PMID- 26972273
TI  - Associations between exposure to viruses and bovine respiratory disease in
      Australian feedlot cattle.
AB  - Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most important cause of clinical disease
      and death in feedlot cattle. Respiratory viral infections are key components in
      predisposing cattle to the development of this disease. To quantify the
      contribution of four viruses commonly associated with BRD, a case-control study
      was conducted nested within the National Bovine Respiratory Disease Initiative
      project population in Australian feedlot cattle. Effects of exposure to Bovine
      viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine
      respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), and
      to combinations of these viruses, were investigated. Based on weighted
      seroprevalences at induction (when animals were enrolled and initial samples
      collected), the percentages of the project population estimated to be
      seropositive were 24% for BoHV-1, 69% for BVDV-1, 89% for BRSV and 91% for BPIV
      3. For each of the four viruses, seropositivity at induction was associated with
      reduced risk of BRD (OR: 0.6-0.9), and seroincrease from induction to second
      blood sampling (35-60 days after induction) was associated with increased risk of
      BRD (OR: 1.3-1.5). Compared to animals that were seropositive for all four
      viruses at induction, animals were at progressively increased risk with
      increasing number of viruses for which they were seronegative; those seronegative
      for all four viruses were at greatest risk (OR: 2.4). Animals that seroincreased
      for one or more viruses from induction to second blood sampling were at increased
      risk (OR: 1.4-2.1) of BRD compared to animals that did not seroincrease for any
      viruses. Collectively these results confirm that prior exposure to these viruses
      is protective while exposure at or after feedlot entry increases the risk of
      development of BRD in feedlots. However, the modest increases in risk associated
      with seroincrease for each virus separately, and the progressive increases in
      risk with multiple viral exposures highlights the importance of concurrent
      infections in the aetiology of the BRD complex. These findings indicate that,
      while efficacious vaccines could aid in the control of BRD, vaccination against
      one of these viruses would not have large effects on population BRD incidence but
      vaccination against multiple viruses would be expected to result in greater
      reductions in incidence. The findings also confirm the multifactorial nature of
      BRD development, and indicate that multifaceted approaches in addition to
      efficacious vaccines against viruses will be required for substantial reductions
      in BRD incidence. 

PMID- 26972274
TI  - Acute recovery from exercise in people with multiple sclerosis: an exploratory
      study on the effect of exercise intensities.
AB  - Purpose A better understanding of how people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS)
      recover from exercise may help inform interventions. Methods We explored
      physiological and perceptual responses following exercise of different
      intensities, using a crossover exposure-response design, in 14 adults with
      multiple sclerosis (MS) and 9 controls. A cycling exercise test determined
      maximum capacity (Wpeak). Participants then performed 20-min exercise sessions
      relative to Wpeak (random order separated by 7 days): (1) 45% and (2) 60%
      continuous cycling and (3) 90% intermittent cycling (30 s cycling, 30 s rest).
      During a 45-min recovery period, tympanic temperature (Temp degrees C), exertion
      in breathing (RPEbr) and legs (RPEleg), and cortical excitability (MEParea) were
      measured. Results Eleven pwMS and eight controls completed the study. Controls
      performed better on the exercise test (p < 0.05), thus more absolute work during
      subsequent sessions. PwMS took longer to recover RPEleg with recovery time
      increasing with intensity (45%-6 min; 60%-15 min; 90%-35 min) and correlating
      with Temp degrees C. MEParea was significantly depressed in both groups at 45%
      and 60% (p < 0.001), in the MS group this also correlated with RPEleg.
      Conclusions Feelings of leg exertion may persist after exercise in some pwMS,
      especially at high intensities. This may relate to body temperature and, after
      continuous exercise, cortical excitability. These results support considering the
      recovery period post exercise and provide an insight into potential correlates of
      post-exercise fatigue. Implications for Rehabilitation A better understanding of
      how pwMS recover following exercise may help inform exercise prescription a long
      side fatigue management. This study showed that, in pwMS, the time taken to
      recover from feelings of leg fatigue increased with the intensity of the exercise
      session rather that total work performed and was related to increase in body
      temperature. The results of this relatively small study support the need to
      consider a recovery period after exercise and provide an insight into potential
      physiological correlates.

PMID- 26972275
TI  - Chemodivergent, One-Pot, Multi-Component Synthesis of Pyrroles and
      Tetrahydropyridines under Solvent- and Catalyst-Free Conditions Using the
      Grinding Method.
AB  - A highly efficient, chemoselective synthesis of a library of polysubstituted
      pyrroles and tetrahydropyridines has been achieved through the one-pot,
      multicomponent reactions of ethyl (E)-3-(aryl/alkyl amino) acrylates, 2,2
      dihydroxy-1-arylethan-1-ones, and malononitrile under solvent- and catalyst-free
      grinding conditions. The selective formation of pyrrole or tetrahydropyridines
      relied on substitution of the N-aryl of ethyl (E)-3-(4-arylamino) acrylates.
      These reactions presumably occurred via a domino Knoevenagel condensation and
      Michael addition followed by an intramolecular cyclization sequence of reactions
      in a single transformation.

PMID- 26972276
TI  - Improved drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy of PEgylated liposomal
      doxorubicin by targeting anti-HER2 peptide in murine breast tumor model.
AB  - Targeted cancer therapy is a powerful therapeutic strategy to management of
      cancer. HER2 as an anticancer target has long been studied. Its overexpression
      plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progressiveness of breast and
      other cancers. To establish efficient and reliable drug delivery to HER2
      overexpressing cells, the authors of this study have developed anti-HER2 (ErbB2)
      peptide-liposomal formulations of doxorubicin (DOX) by an engineered breast tumor
      targeting peptide ligand, AHNP, Anti-HER2/neu peptide, (FCDGFYACYADV) with three
      glycine amino acids as spacer before its original sequencing. Towards this goal,
      PEGylated liposome doxorubicin (PLD) bearing different ligand densities of AHNP
      was prepared and characterized for their size, zeta potential and peptide
      conjugation. The AHNP functionalization and density effects on breast tumor cell
      uptake, selective cytotoxicity, prevention of tumor growth and the tissue
      biodistribution of encapsulated DOX were studied in mice bearing TUBO breast
      cancer tumor model. The findings demonstrated that increasing the ligand density
      of AHNP increases cytotoxicity and cell-uptake in SKBR3 and TUBO cells which
      overexpress HER2 but not in MDA-MB-231with low HER2 expression profile. The
      anticancer activity was also superior for targeted liposomal DOX with more AHNP
      densities. Overall, the results showed that optimum AHNP density
      functionalization of PLD can significantly improve selectivity and the
      therapeutic index of liposomal DOX in the treatment of HER2 positive breast
      cancer and merits further investigation. 

PMID- 26972277
TI  - Arcobacter butzleri survives within trophozoite of Acanthamoeba castellanii.
AB  - The survival of three Arcobacter butzleri strains inside Acanthamoeba castellanii
      was assessed using axenic cultures of A. castellanii that were inoculated with
      the tested strains and incubated at 26 degrees C under aerobic conditions for
      240h. The behavior of bacteria in contact with amoebae was monitored using phase
      contrast microscopy. The bacterial survival rate within amoebae was assessed
      through counting colony forming units, using the gentamicin protection assay. All
      A. butzleri strains were able to survive during 240h within the amoebae, thus
      suggesting that (i) A. butzleri resists the amoebic digestion processes at least
      for the analyzed time; (ii) that A. castellanii could serve as an environmental
      reservoir for this bacterium, probably acting as a transmission vehicle for A.
      butzleri. 

PMID- 26972279
TI  - Changes of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the colon of rats
      underwent to the wrap partial restraint stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Animal models proposed to reproduce some of the human irritable bowel
      syndrome (IBS) symptoms are based on the hypothesis that psychosocial stressors
      play a pivotal role in the IBS etio-pathology. We investigated the wrap restraint
      stress (WRS) model with the aim to analyze the morphological changes of the
      entire colonic wall of these animals that showed some of the human IBS symptoms
      such as visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used and WRS
      was maintained for 2 h. Abdominal contractions (AC) were recorded in the colon
      rectum by balloon distension. Fecal pellets were quantitated. Colonic specimens
      were examined by routine histology, immunohistochemistry and western blot. KEY
      RESULTS: WRS animals were characterized by: (i) increase in AC number and fecal
      pellets mean weight; (ii) clusters of mononucleated cells, increase in
      eosinophilic granulocytes and mast cells in the mucosa; (iii) increase in CGRP
      immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers in the lamina propria; (iv) decrease in
      myenteric NK1r-IR and nNOS-IR neurons and in submucous nNOS-IR neurons; (v)
      decrease in SP-IR nerve fibers in the muscle wall; (vi) reduction in S100beta-IR
      glia in the entire colonic wall; (vii) increase in CRF1r-IR myenteric neurons;
      (viii) no change in ChAT-IR neurons, smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells
      of Cajal. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: The present results support the consistency
      of the WRS as a potential model where part of the human IBS signs and symptoms
      are reproduced. The changes in glial cells and in excitatory and inhibitory
      neurotransmitters might represent the substrate for the dysmotility and
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 26972280
TI  - A nonmainstream approach against cancer.
AB  - The discovery of antibiotics as specific and effective drugs against infectious
      agents has generated the belief that the famous Paul Erlich theory on magic
      bullet should be applied to cancer as well. However, after around 60 years of
      failures in finding a magic bullet against cancer, a question appears mandatory:
      does the magic bullet against cancer really exist? In trying to understand more
      on the issue, we propose three discoveries are coming from a nonmainstream
      approach against cancer. Tumor is acidic, and tumor acidity impairs drugs
      entering within tumor cells and isolates tumors from the rest of the body. Proton
      pumps are key in allowing tumor cells to live in the acidic microenvironment. A
      class of antiacidic drugs, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), were shown to have a
      potent anti-tumor effect, through inhibition of proton pumps in tumor cells. PPIs
      are indeed prodrugs needing acidity to be activated into the active molecule. So
      they use protonation by H+ as an activating mechanism, while the vast majority of
      drugs are totally neutralized by protonation. An anti-tumor therapy based on PPI
      showed to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. Differently from normal cells,
      cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation, and it
      appears conceivable that hypoxia and low nutrient transform tumor cells into
      fermenting anaerobes. This suggests that cancer cells are more similar to
      unicellular organisms, aimed at surviving in a continuous fighting, rather than
      cooperating, with other cells, as it occurs in the normal homeostasis of our
      body. We have shown that cancer cells take their fuel by "cannibalizing" other
      cells, either dead or alive, especially when starved and in acidic condition.
      This finding led to the discovery of a new oncogene TM9SF4 that human malignant
      cell shares with amoebas. The evidence is accumulating that almost all the cells
      release extracellular vehicles (EVs), from micro- to nanosize, which shuttle a
      variety of molecules. Tumor cells, particularly when stressed in their hostile
      microenvironment, release high levels of EVs, able to interact with target cells
      in various ways, within an organ or at a distance. They may represent both
      valuable tumor biomarker and shuttles for drugs with anti-tumor properties. This
      article wants to burst a real change in future anti-cancer strategies, based on
      the idea that tumors are much more common features than specific molecular
      targets. 

PMID- 26972278
TI  - Akt3 knockdown induces mitochondrial dysfunction in human cancer cells.
AB  - Akt/PKB plays a pivotal role in cell proliferation and survival. However, the
      isotype-specific roles of Akt in mitochondrial function have not been fully
      addressed. In this study, we explored the role of Akt in mitochondrial function
      after stable knockdown of the Akt isoforms in EJ human bladder cancer cells. We
      found that the mitochondrial mass was significantly increased in the Akt1- and
      Akt3-knockdown cells, and this increase was accompanied by an increase in TFAM
      and NRF1. Akt2 knockdown did not cause a similar effect. Interestingly, Akt3
      knockdown also led to severe structural defects in the mitochondria, an increase
      in doxorubicin-induced senescence, and impairment of cell proliferation in
      galactose medium. Consistent with these observations, the mitochondrial oxygen
      consumption rate was significantly reduced in the Akt3-knockdown cells. An Akt3
      deficiency-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration was also observed in
      A549 lung cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the Akt isoforms
      play distinct roles in mitochondrial function and that Akt3 is critical for
      proper mitochondrial respiration in human cancer cells. 

PMID- 26972281
TI  - Endovascular management of congenital arteriovenous fistulae in the neck.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate congenital arteriovenous
      fistulae in the neck, including vertebrovertebral and carotico-jugular
      arteriovenous fistula, with their endovascular management. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Six patients with congenital arteriovenous fistulae in the neck who underwent
      endovascular treatment between March 2001 and December 2013 at the Department of
      Radiology, Ege University School of Medicine were enrolled into this
      retrospective study. There were four men and two women, with a mean age of 8.6
      (range 4-17)years. Patients' demographics and symptoms were noted. Diagnostic
      computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance angiography were available in all
      patients. Parent artery and vein of the arteriovenous fistula, location of the
      fistula, the other features of fistula, endovascular occlusion site, number and
      type of endovascular materials, and length of follow-up were reviewed. RESULTS:
      Four patients had vertebrovertebral fistula, while two patients had carotido
      jugular fistula (fistula between maxillary artery and external jugular vein).
      Four patients underwent detachable balloon occlusion together with coil
      embolization, while two patients underwent detachable balloon occlusion only. The
      parent artery was occluded in five patients without clinical consequences, and
      the remaining fistula was occluded with preservation of the parent artery. The
      patients did not have any complication in the follow-up period (mean follow-up,
      9months). CONCLUSION: Congenital arteriovenous fistulae in the neck are extremely
      rare. Endovascular fistula occlusion with parent vessel sacrifice appears to be a
      safe and minimally invasive treatment option with good results during the follow
      up period.

PMID- 26972282
TI  - Comparison between Doppler ultrasonography and multiphase multidetector-row
      computed tomography in the detection of liver involvement in Rendu-Osler disease:
      An analysis of 62 patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the agreement between the Buscarini criteria on ultrasound
      (US) and multiphase contrast-enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography
      (MDCT) in the diagnosis and staging of liver involvement in hereditary
      hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (i.e., Rendu-Osler disease). To evaluate the
      role of variations in hepatic artery anatomy in the production of disagreement
      between these two imaging techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single center
      retrospective study included 62 patients with confirmed or suspected HHT. Each
      patient underwent Doppler US analyzed according to the Buscarini criteria and
      arterial and portal phase MDCT on the same day or one day apart. Liver
      involvement was classified as absent, slight, moderate or severe for each
      examination. Agreement was evaluated by the kappa and Bhapkar tests. Variations
      in hepatic arterial anatomy was analyzed by MDCT based on the Michel's
      classification and analysis of agreement and disagreement was performed using the
      Chi(2) test. RESULTS: Significant disagreement was identified between the two
      tests in 29 patients with kappa=0.376 and a Bhapkar critical probability of
      P=0.0053. Staging of liver involvement was significantly more severe with MDCT in
      case of disagreement. A variant hepatic artery anatomy was identified in 12
      patients with agreement and 7 patients with disagreement, but the difference was
      not significant (Chi(2)=0.297). CONCLUSION: The results of our study confirm the
      importance of associating contrast-enhanced MDCT with Doppler US in the
      evaluation of liver involvement in patients with HHT.

PMID- 26972283
TI  - Giving thanks - Addressing the worldwide plastic surgeon shortage.

PMID- 26972285
TI  - Functional status of women with and without severe maternal morbidity: A
      prospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the impact on maternal functional status in
      women who have survived severe obstetric complications. OBJECTIVE: To compare the
      maternal functional status score between women with and without severe morbidity
      at one month and six months postpartum in Kelantan, Malaysia. METHODS: A
      prospective cohort study design was applied at two tertiary referral hospitals
      over a six-month period. The study population included all postpartum women who
      gave birth in 2014. Postpartum women with severe maternal morbidity and without
      severe maternal morbidity were selected as the exposed and non-exposed group,
      respectively. Functional ability based on the Inventory of Functional Status
      after Childbirth was used as the main outcome measure. Repeated measure analysis
      of variance was performed. RESULTS: A total of 145 and 187 women with and without
      severe maternal morbidity, respectively, were measured. There were significant
      differences in Inventory of Functional Status after Childbirth score changes
      (P<0.001) between women with and without severe maternal morbidity at one month
      and at six months. Functional ability score of women with severe maternal
      morbidity was lower at one month postpartum (P=0.001). The most affected domain
      was infant care (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers are recommended to
      assess the short-term functional ability of severe morbid mother in addition to
      existing routine physical examination. Provision of physical support from spouse
      and family of the high risk mothers particularly on infant care during their
      early postpartum period is crucial to optimise health and minimise the negative
      health outcomes.

PMID- 26972284
TI  - A meta-analysis of efficacy of Morus alba Linn. to improve blood glucose and
      lipid profile.
AB  - PURPOSE: The previous studies have reported the Morus alba may improve blood
      glucose and lipid profile. The evidence from these studies is not consistent.
      This meta-analysis was to evaluate efficacy of products derived from M. alba on
      blood glucose and lipid levels. METHODS: Literature was reviewed via
      international database (PubMed, PubMed Central, ScienceDirect, and SciSearch) and
      Thai databases. Thirteen RCTs with high quality, assessed by Jadad score, were
      included. RESULTS: M. alba expressed a significant reduction in postprandial
      glucose (PPG) at 30 min (MD -1.04, 95 % CI -1.36, -0.73), 60 min (MD -0.87, 95 %
      CI -1.27, -0.48) and 90 min (MD -0.55, 95 % CI -0.87, -0.22). The difference was
      not found in the levels of other glycaemic (FBS, HbA1C, or HOMA-IR) and
      lipidaemic (TC, TG, LDL, or HDL) markers. Serious adverse effects were found
      neither in the control nor in the group received M. alba. CONCLUSION: Products
      derived from M. alba can effectively contribute to the reduction in PPG levels,
      but large-scale RCTs would be informative.

PMID- 26972286
TI  - Infection and low back pain: seeking evidence or fear of exploring new
      indications for antibiotics?

PMID- 26972289
TI  - Targeting the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) in Astrocytes as a
      Potential Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a relatively common disorder of the Central Nervous
      System (CNS), whose etiology is characterized by a selective and progressive
      degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and the presence of Lewy bodies in the pars
      compacta of the substantia nigra, and gaping dopamine depletion in the striatum.
      Patients with this disease suffer from tremors, slowness of movements, gait
      instability, and rigidity. These patients may also present functional disability,
      reduced quality of life, and rapid cognitive decline. It has been shown that
      nicotine exerts beneficial effects in patients with PD and in in-vitro and in
      vivo models of this disease. Astrocytes are an important component in the immune
      response associated with PD, and that nicotine might be able to inhibit the
      inflammation-related apoptosis of these cells, being this a potential strategy
      for PD treatment. This action of nicotine could be due mainly to activation of
      alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (alpha7-nAChRs) expressed in glial
      cells. However, nicotine administration can protect dopaminergic neurons against
      degeneration by inhibiting astrocytes activation in the substantia nigra pars
      compacta (SNpc) and therefore reduce inflammation. Owing to the toxicity and
      capacity of nicotine to induce addiction, analogues of this substance have been
      designed and tested in various experimental paradigms, and targeting alpha7
      nAChRs expressed in glial cells may be a novel therapeutic strategy for PD
      treatment. 

PMID- 26972290
TI  - Neuroinflammation: A Therapeutic Target of Cotinine for the Treatment of
      Psychiatric Disorders?
AB  - Neuroinflammation is a common characteristic of several mental health conditions
      such as major depression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
      and schizophrenia (SCHZ). Inflammatory processes trigger and/or further
      deteriorate mental functions and are regarded as targets for therapeutic drug
      development. Cotinine is an alkaloid present in tobacco leaves and the main
      metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine is safe, non-addictive and has pharmacokinetic
      properties adequate for therapeutic use. Research has shown that cotinine has
      antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties and modulates the
      serotonergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic systems. Consistent with the
      modulation of these neurotransmitter systems, cotinine behaves as a positive
      allosteric modulator of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and has
      anti-inflammatory effects. The decrease in neuroinflammation induced by the
      stimulation of the cholinergic system seems to be a key element explaining the
      beneficial effects of cotinine in a diverse range of neurological and psychiatric
      conditions. This review discusses new evidence of the role of neuroinflammation
      as a key aspect in bipolar disorder, PTSD and major depression, as well as the
      potential use of cotinine to reduce neuroinflammation in those conditions. 

PMID- 26972288
TI  - Membrane Damage Induced by Amyloid Beta and a Potential Link with
      Neuroinflammation.
AB  - It is well accepted that cortical and hippocampal synaptic densities are reduced
      in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These alterations in neuronal networking occur at
      the very onset of AD and may lead to the neuronal loss displayed in later stages
      of the disease, which is characterized by severe cognitive and behavioral
      impairments. Many studies suggest that amyloid-beta (Abeta) oligomers are
      responsible for synaptic disconnections and neuronal death. The effects of Abeta
      in different brain regions are pleotropic, thus suggesting a common mechanism for
      toxicity. One potential site for this mechanism of toxicity is the neuronal
      membrane. It is recognized that Abeta can associate to the plasma membrane and
      induce the formation of pores after the interaction with lipids like GM1 and
      cholesterol, and proteins such as APP and NMDA receptors. After this early event,
      the membrane increases its permeability allowing the influx of small ions and
      larger molecules. Thus, one of the main toxic consequences of Abeta oligomer
      interaction with neurons is an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration
      that causes alterations in ionic homeostasis. It has been proposed that Abeta
      perforates the membrane similarly to pore-forming toxins producing a series of
      effects that include synaptic failure and cell death. These actions of Abeta
      appear to be potentiated by neuroinflammation, which results in a series of
      effects that, when prolonged, will affect membrane integrity, pore formation and
      cellular homeostasis. Here, we will review the most recent data on Abeta actions
      at the membrane level and how its relationship with neuroinflammation could
      further potentiate brain impairment in AD. The notion of having drugs acting with
      dual inhibitory actions, inhibition of membrane damage and inflammation, could
      serve as a starting conceptual point for the development of new therapies for the
      disease.

PMID- 26972291
TI  - Stroke and Neuroinflamation: Role of Sexual Hormones.
AB  - Inflammatory response in the nervous system, called neuroinflammation, is a
      common process of several neurodegenerative diseases and brain disorders. To
      understand the underlying mechanism of this brain response to damage would be
      interesting to identify new common therapy targets to neurodegenerative
      processes. Ischemic stroke has an important socioeconomic impact being the second
      cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability in the world.
      Until now, there is not any pharmacological treatment to reduce the brain damage
      induced. In this review, we will expose recent evidences about neuroinflammation
      after stroke in animal models and in human. We summarize the most relevant
      information about the inflammatory-cellular component: microglia/ astrocytes
      response and peripheral blood cells infiltration to the brain describing the key
      adhesion molecules implicated in this process. Also, we review the inflammatory
      molecular response including the beneficial/detrimental role of chemokines and
      cytokines after ischemia. Currently, female sexual hormones (estradiol and
      progesterone) are considered as neuroprotective agents. We and others
      laboratories demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions of these hormones after
      stroke, modulating not only the cellular response (reducing the reactive
      gliosis), but also the immune response. Here, we will present the current data
      about the neuroprotective role of estradiol and progesterone after ischemic
      injury focused in their anti-inflammatory action. Additionally, we will review
      the recent information about the mechanism of action of both hormones, including
      different receptors and signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the
      synergistic or antagonic therapeutic effects when they are administered together.

PMID- 26972293
TI  - Sialendoscopy-assisted surgery and the chronic obstructive sialadenitis symptoms
      questionnaire: A prospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To prospectively assess symptoms of obstructive
      sialadenitis before and after sialendoscopy-assisted salivary duct surgery
      (SASDS) using the chronic obstructive sialadenitis symptoms (COSS) questionnaire
      to determine and predict impact of interventions. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective
      cohort study. METHODS: Adult patients with chronic obstructive sialadenitis who
      underwent SASDS were asked to complete the COSS questionnaire and the Short-Form
      8 (SF-8) quality-of-life (QOL) survey prior to surgery and 3 months
      postoperatively. Chronic obstructive sialadenitis symptoms surveys were scored on
      a scale from 0 to 100. RESULTS: Forty patients undergoing SASDS, including 54
      glands, completed preoperative and postoperative surveys. Overall, the mean COSS
      score improved from 36.1 (standard error of the mean [SEM] 2.6) preoperatively to
      13.5 (SEM 2.4) 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.001). Submandibular gland cases
      had a significant mean score reduction of 27.8 (from 38.1 to 10.3; p < 0.005).
      Parotid gland cases had a significant mean score reduction of 13.6 (from 32.6 to
      19.0; p < 0.0001). Patients with sialolithiasis-related sialadenitis had greater
      COSS score improvement after surgery than those with radioactive iodine- or
      inflammatory-related disease. An improvement in symptoms was seen for 100% and
      47% of patients with sialolithiasis and inflammatory etiologies, respectively.
      The pre- and post-SASDS SF-8 QOL scores were not significantly different.
      CONCLUSIONS: Obstructive sialadenitis-related symptoms significantly declined 3
      months after SASDS. The COSS questionnaire was able to measure changes in
      sialadenitis symptoms not captured in the SF-8 QOL survey. This is the first
      study to prospectively survey sialadenitis-specific symptoms to determine impact
      of surgical interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:1343-1348,
      2016.

PMID- 26972292
TI  - Immediate percutaneous sacroiliac screw insertion for unstable pelvic fractures:
      is it safe enough?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the results of immediate and
      delayed percutaneous sacroiliac screws surgery for unstable pelvic fractures,
      regarding technical results and complication rate. DESIGN: Retrospective study.
      SETTING: The study was conducted at the Soroka University Medical center, Beer
      Sheva, Israel, which is a level 1 trauma Center. PATIENTS: 108 patients with
      unstable pelvic injuries were operated by the orthopedic department at the Soroka
      University Medical Center between the years 1999-2010. A retrospective analysis
      found 50 patients with immediate surgery and 58 patients with delayed surgery.
      Preoperative and postoperative imaging were analyzed and data was collected
      regarding complications. INTERVENTION: All patients were operated on by using the
      same technique-percutaneous fixation of sacroiliac joint with cannulated screws.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The study's primary outcome measure was the safety and
      quality of the early operation in comparison with the late operation. RESULTS: A
      total of 156 sacroiliac screws were inserted. No differences were found between
      the immediate and delayed treatment groups regarding technical outcome measures
      (P value = 0.44) and complication rate (P value = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: The current
      study demonstrated that immediate percutaneous sacroiliac screw insertion for
      unstable pelvic fractures produced equally good technical results, in comparison
      with the conventional delayed operation, without additional complications.

PMID- 26972294
TI  - Carfilzomib Triple Combination Therapy: A Review in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma.
AB  - Carfilzomib (Kyprolis(r)) is a proteasome inhibitor that binds selectively and
      irreversibly to the 20S proteasome (the proteolytic core particle within the 26S
      proteasome), inducing growth arrest and apoptosis. This intravenous drug is
      approved in the EU and the USA as combination therapy with oral lenalidomide and
      intravenous or oral dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple
      myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy. In the multinational, phase
      III ASPIRE study in this patient population, carfilzomib triple combination
      therapy significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS), reflecting a
      clinically relevant gain in PFS of 8.7 months, compared with lenalidomide plus
      dexamethasone. Improvements in overall response rate and patients' global health
      status were also observed with carfilzomib triple combination therapy. A
      significant improvement in overall survival (OS) is yet to be demonstrated, with
      the prespecified stopping boundary not crossed at the time of the prespecified
      interim analysis, although OS data were not mature by the cut-off date.
      Carfilzomib triple combination therapy had a manageable tolerability profile. The
      incidences of the most frequently reported grade 3 or higher adverse events of
      special interest (with the exception of neutropenia, anaemia and
      thrombocytopenia) were low in both the carfilzomib triple combination therapy and
      lenalidomide plus dexamethasone groups. Although final OS data are awaited,
      current evidence suggests carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and
      dexamethasone is a welcome addition to the treatment options currently available
      for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. 

PMID- 26972296
TI  - New Frontiers in Promoting TRAIL-Mediated Cell Death: Focus on Natural
      Sensitizers, miRNAs, and Nanotechnological Advancements.
AB  - Cancer is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease, and rapidly emerging
      scientific evidence is emphasizing on intra-tumor heterogeneity within
      subpopulations of tumor cells and rapidly developing resistance against different
      molecular therapeutics. There is an overwhelmingly increasing list of agents
      currently being tested for efficacy against cancer. In accordance with the
      concept that therapeutic agents must have fewer off target effects and
      considerable efficacy, TRAIL has emerged as one among the most deeply
      investigated proteins reportedly involved in differential killing of tumor cells.
      Considerable killing activity of TRAIL against different cancers advocated its
      entry into clinical trials. However, data obtained through preclinical and cell
      culture studies are deepening our understanding of wide-ranging mechanisms which
      induce resistance against TRAIL-based therapeutics. These include downregulation
      of death receptors, overexpression of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor
      genes, imbalance of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, and inactivation of
      intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Substantial fraction of information has been
      added into existing pool of knowledge related to TRAIL biology and recently
      accumulating evidence is adding new layers to regulation of TRAIL-induced
      apoptosis. Certain hints have emerged underscoring miR135a-3p- and miR-143
      mediated regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and natural agents have shown
      remarkable efficacy in improving TRAIL-based therapeutics by increasing
      expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs. In this review, we summarize most recent
      breakthroughs related to naturopathy and strategies to nanotechnologically
      deliver TRAIL to the target site in xenografted mice. We also set spotlight on
      positive and negative regulators of TRAIL-mediated signaling. Comprehensive
      knowledge of genetics and proteomics of TRAIL-based signaling network obtained
      from cancer patients of different populations will be helpful in getting a step
      closer to personalized medicine. 

PMID- 26972295
TI  - Quercetin ameliorates peripheral nerve ischemia-reperfusion injury through the NF
      kappa B pathway.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of quercetin against
      ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury induced in the sciatic nerve of the rat.
      Quercetin (20 mg/kg) was given during ischemia just before reperfusion. Four
      groups of rats (Q+IR3, Q+IR7, Q+IR14, and Q+IR28) received 3, 7, 14, and 28 days
      of reperfusion, respectively, after the intraperitoneal injection of quercetin.
      After reperfusion, a behavioral test was performed and the sciatic functional
      index was calculated. Each sciatic nerve was stained to check for edema and
      ischemic fiber degeneration. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect
      TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B, and TUNEL staining was carried out to detect apoptosis.
      The Q+IR3, Q+IR7, and Q+IR14 groups showed significantly increased behavioral
      scores and ameliorated sciatic functional index values compared to IR-injured
      rats that received vehicle alone during ischemia and then the same period of
      reperfusion. The Q+IR3, Q+IR7, Q+IR14, and Q+IR28 groups presented significant
      ischemic fiber degeneration (IFD), TNF-alpha expression, and apoptosis as
      compared with the IR-injured and perfused rats that did not receive quercetin.
      The Q+IR3, Q+IR7, and Q+IR28 groups also exhibited significantly decreased NF
      kappa B expression (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.026) as compared with the IR
      injured rats that were perfused but did not receive quercetin. These results
      imply that quercetin may be beneficial in the treatment of sciatic IR injury
      because of its antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory effects and its ability to
      decrease the expression of NF-kappa B.

PMID- 26972297
TI  - Developmental Stage-Dependent Effects of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor on Adipocyte
      Differentiation of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells.
AB  - Studies describing the effects of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on adipocyte
      differentiation in murine cells have shown varying results. For example, LIF has
      been reported to have a suppressive effect on adipocyte differentiation in the
      3T3-L1 cell line, whereas it promoted adipocyte differentiation in the Ob1771 and
      3T3-F442A cell lines. Thus, it is possible that the effects of LIF on
      adipogenesis vary with the developmental stage of the cells or tissues, but the
      details remain unclear. To further elucidate the role of LIF in adipogenesis, we
      investigated the effects of LIF on murine bone marrow stromal cells at the early
      and late stages of adipogenesis. LIF decreased the number of lipid foci and
      suppressed the expression levels of adipocyte differentiation markers at day 5;
      however, it enhanced these same traits at day 15. A previous report showed that
      the expression levels of Wnt signaling molecules are different at the early and
      late differentiation stages; therefore, we investigated the relationship between
      LIF and Wnt signaling. LIF affected the mRNA expression levels of different Wnt
      signaling molecules but inhibited the expression level of beta-catenin protein at
      both days 5 and 15. Our data suggest that LIF has reciprocal roles during the
      early and late stages of adipocyte differentiation, regulating the Wnt signaling
      pathway. 

PMID- 26972298
TI  - Polystyrene Nanoparticles Activate Erythrocyte Aggregation and Adhesion to
      Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Nanoparticles (NPs) are drawing an increasing clinical interest because of their
      potential use as drug carriers. Recently, a new strategy for elevation of NPs in
      vivo circulation time has been proposed, specifically, utilizing red blood cells
      (RBCs) as a carrier for NPs, that are loaded with a drug, by interaction (in
      vitro) of human RBCs with NPs (RBCNP). This class of delivery set-up, combines
      advantages of natural RBCs and synthetic biomaterials. Previous studies
      demonstrated that NPs initiated hemolysis of RBC and activated cells aggregation.
      In the present study, we examined the effect of RBCNP on the aggregation of RBC
      and their adhesion to endothelial cells (EC). Red cells were treated with
      polystyrene NPs (PS-NP), and following their washing, were added to suspension of
      untreated cells at various concentrations. We observed that the PS-NP and RBCNP
      initiated the formation of red cells aggregates and markedly elevated RBC
      adhesion to EC. These effects were augmented with (a) increasing concentration of
      NPs or RBCNP, and (b) with decreasing NP size. This implies that RBCNP are cells
      with a stronger intercellular interaction, and may thereby induce the formation
      of large and strong aggregates with untreated RBC, as well as strong RBC/EC
      interaction. 

PMID- 26972299
TI  - The Effects of Phrenic Nerve Degeneration by Axotomy and Crush on the Electrical
      Activities of Diaphragm Muscles of Rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of axotomy and crush-related
      degeneration on the electrical activities of diaphragm muscle strips of
      experimental rats. In the present study, twenty-one male Wistar-albino rats were
      used and divided into three groups. The animals in the first group were not
      crushed or axotomized and served as controls. Phrenic nerves of the rats in the
      second and third groups were crushed or axotomized in the diaphragm muscle.
      Resting membrane potential (RMP) was decreased significantly in both crush and
      axotomy of diaphragm muscle strips of experimental rats (p < 0.05).
      Depolarization time (T DEP) and half-repolarization (1/2 RT) time were
      significantly prolonged in crush and axotomy rats (p < 0.05). Crushing or
      axotomizing the phrenic nerves may produce electrical activities in the diaphragm
      muscle of the rat by depolarization time and half-repolarization time prolonged
      in crush and axotomy rats.

PMID- 26972300
TI  - Single Active Site Mutation Causes Serious Resistance of HIV Reverse
      Transcriptase to Lamivudine: Insight from Multiple Molecular Dynamics
      Simulations.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, principle
      component analysis (PCA), and residue interaction network analysis were employed
      in order to investigate the molecular mechanism of M184I single mutation which
      played pivotal role in making the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) totally
      resistant to lamivudine. Results showed that single mutations at residue 184 of
      RT caused (1) distortion of the orientation of lamivudine in the active site due
      to the steric conflict between the oxathiolane ring of lamivudine and the side
      chain of beta-branched amino acids Ile at position 184 which, in turn, perturbs
      inhibitor binding, (2) decrease in the binding affinity by (~8 kcal/mol) when
      compared to the wild-type, (3) variation in the overall enzyme motion as evident
      from the PCA for both systems, and (4) distortion of the hydrogen bonding network
      and atomic interactions with the inhibitor. The comprehensive analysis presented
      in this report can provide useful information for understanding the drug
      resistance mechanism against lamivudine. The results can also provide some
      potential clues for further design of novel inhibitors that are less susceptible
      to drug resistance.

PMID- 26972301
TI  - Potential Role of Placental Klotho in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze the placental expression and allele status
      of promoter region of Klotho in association with preeclampsia, which represents
      the most common hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Klotho mRNA and protein levels
      were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, in placental
      tissue samples obtained from 34 patients affected with preeclampsia and 34
      controls. A PCR-based genotyping analysis was carried out in the promoter region
      of Klotho gene. Moreover, expression levels of pluripotency markers, Nanog and
      Oct4, and telomere length were assessed using real-time PCR. Klotho mRNA and
      protein levels were reduced in preeclamptic placentas compared with controls. 
      744delA single-nucleotide polymorphism was significantly associated with
      preeclampsia. In pathological placentas, there was a downregulation of
      pluripotency markers and a reduced telomere length. This study is the first to
      evaluate the placental expression level of Klotho in association with
      preeclampsia. Further analyses will clarify its role in the pathogenesis of this
      pregnancy hypertensive disorder.

PMID- 26972302
TI  - Hyperhomocysteinemia Alters Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular Nodal Function: Role
      of Magnesium in Attenuating These Effects.
AB  - Patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), or elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy),
      are at higher risk of developing arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death; however,
      the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the effects of HHcy on sinus node
      function, atrioventricular conduction, and ventricular vulnerability were
      investigated by electrophysiological (EP) analysis, and the role of magnesium
      (Mg(2+)), an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, in
      attenuating EP changes due to HHcy was explored. Wild-type mice (WT) and mice
      receiving Hcy in the drinking water for 12 weeks (DW) were subjected to
      electrocardiographic and EP studies. DW compared to WT had significantly shorter
      RR, PR, QT, and HV intervals, corrected sinus node recovery times (CSNRT),
      Wenckebach periodicity (WP), atrioventricular nodal effective refractory periods
      (AVNERP), and right ventricular effective refractory periods (RVERP). To examine
      the role of Mg(2+) in mitigating conduction changes in HHcy, WT, DW, and
      heterozygous cystathionine-beta-synthase knockout mice (CBS (+/-) ) were
      subjected to repeat EP studies before and after administration of low-dose
      magnesium sulfate (20 mg/kg). Mg(2+) had no effect on EP variables in WT, but
      significantly slowed CSNRT, WP, and AVNERP in DW, as well as WP and AVNERP in CBS
      (+/-) . These findings suggest that ionic channels modulated by Mg(2+) may
      contribute to HHcy-induced conduction abnormalities.

PMID- 26972303
TI  - DNA Glycation from 3-Deoxyglucosone Leads to the Formation of AGEs: Potential
      Role in Cancer Auto-antibodies.
AB  - The non-enzymatic glycation reaction results in the generation of free radicals
      which play an important role in the pathophysiology of aging, diabetes, and
      cancer. 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is a dicarbonyl species which may lead to the
      formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). 3-DG also reacts with free
      amino group of nucleic acids resulting in the formation of DNA-AGEs. While the
      establishment of nucleoside AGEs has been revealed before, no extensive studies
      have been done to probe the role of 3-DG in the generation of immunogenicity and
      induction of cancer auto-antibodies. In this study, we report the immunogenicity
      of AGEs formed by 3-DG-Arg-Fe(3+) system. Spectroscopic analysis and melting
      temperature studies suggest structural perturbations in the DNA as a result of
      modification. Immunogenicity of native and 3-DG-Arg-Fe(3+) DNA was probed in
      female rabbits. The modified DNA was highly immunogenic eliciting high-titer
      immunogen-specific antibodies, while the unmodified form was almost non
      immunogenic. We also report the presence of auto-antibodies against 3-DG-Arg
      Fe(3+)-modified DNA in the sera of patients with different types of cancers. The
      glycoxidative lesions were also detected in the lymphocyte DNA isolated from
      selected cancer patients. The results show structural perturbations in 3-DG-Arg
      Fe(3+)-DNA generating new epitopes that render the molecule immunogenic. 

PMID- 26972304
TI  - Evaluation of the Hypoglycemic Effect of Composite Rice Flour in Diabetic Mice.
AB  - To study the hypoglycemic effect of composite rice flour, the diabetic mouse
      model was established through the intraperitoneal injection of alloxan saline
      (twice, 200 mg/kg bw). The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: negative
      control, positive control, metformin medication group, and composite rice flour
      feed group. After 21 days, the fasting blood glucose levels were determined by
      glucose oxidase method and followed with a glucose tolerance test. The results
      show that the body weight growth rate of mice in the rice flour group was
      significantly higher than that of the medication group (P < 0.01). Comparing with
      the positive control group, the fasting blood glucose levels of medication group
      and rice flour group were significantly lower, and the glucose tolerance was
      significantly increased in rice flour group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the
      composite rice flour has obvious hypoglycemic and protective effect for diabetic
      mouse model.

PMID- 26972305
TI  - "Human Stress Syndrome" and the Expanding Spectrum of RYR1-Related Myopathies.

PMID- 26972306
TI  - On a New Rapid Diagnostic Test for Tuberculosis.

PMID- 26972307
TI  - Hexagonal pillar structure of heteroepitaxial titania-vanadia nanocrystal films
      for high performance in thermochromic and photocatalytic properties.
AB  - In this study, we employed the mixture of titanium and vanadium sols with various
      ratios in WO3 and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) solution to generate the precursors of W
      doped titania-vanadia composites. The heteroepitaxial W-doped titania-vanadia
      crystals (HWTVCs) with various structures were obtained after a calcination
      process at 700  degrees C for 3 h. The structure transformation of HWTVCs was
      highly relative to the ratio of titanium to vanadium sols. A hexagonal pillar
      structure was found at a ratio of 0.25 for titanium to vanadium sols. The scales
      of the hexagonal pillars could be apparently divided into two groups. The scale
      of one group ranged from 80 to 130 nm while the scale of the other ranged from
      300 to 950 nm. The heteroepitaxial crystals with hexagonal pillar structure
      enhanced the visible transmittance, near-infrared switching efficiency and the
      ability to photocatalytically degrade the organic component under visible light
      irradiation. Such bifunctional (photocatalytic and thermochromic) nanomaterials
      might have applications in energy-saving smart windows. 

PMID- 26972308
TI  - Vitamin D levels and atopic eczema in infancy and early childhood in Norway: a
      cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data and the effect of sun exposure on atopic eczema
      (AE) suggest that vitamin D (vitD) may be involved in the pathogenesis.
      OBJECTIVES: To investigate if vitD levels were associated with the presence or
      severity of AE in the first 2 years of life in children living in south-east
      Norway. METHODS: Infants, recruited to a clinical trial on acute bronchiolitis (n
      = 404) and from the general population (n = 240), were examined at 1-13 months
      (first visit) and at 2 years of age (second visit). Caregivers were interviewed
      using a structured questionnaire. AE was diagnosed clinically, based on well
      established criteria. Disease severity was assessed using the SCORing Atopic
      Dermatitis index. Blood samples were taken for vitD measurements, using liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and for common filaggrin mutation
      analyses. Complete data on AE and vitD were available in 596 and 449 children at
      the first and second visit, respectively. RESULTS: Atopic eczema was diagnosed in
      67 children (11%) at the first visit and in 103 children (23%) at the second.
      Mean vitD levels were 58.2 nmol L(-1) at the first visit and 66.9 nmol L(-1) at
      the second. Using vitD level tertiles in multivariate regression analysis, there
      was no association between vitD levels and AE at either visit, regardless of
      filaggrin mutation. In children without AE at the first visit, vitD levels did
      not predict AE at the second. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of young children in
      Norway, we found no association between vitD levels and the presence or severity
      of AE.

PMID- 26972309
TI  - Blockage of T Cell Activation via Anti-CD40 and Anti-CD154 Monoclonal Antibodies
      can Possibility Treat Alopecia Areata.

PMID- 26972312
TI  - Special Issue Abstracts From the American Society for Apheresis 37th Annual
      Meeting, May 4-7, 2016 Palm Springs, California.

PMID- 26972310
TI  - Shape perception enhances perceived contrast: evidence for excitatory predictive
      feedback?
AB  - Predictive coding theory suggests that predictable responses are "explained away"
      (i.e., reduced) by feedback. Experimental evidence for feedback inhibition,
      however, is inconsistent: most neuroimaging studies show reduced activity by
      predictive feedback, while neurophysiology indicates that most inter-areal
      cortical feedback is excitatory and targets excitatory neurons. In this study, we
      asked subjects to judge the luminance of two gray disks containing stimulus
      outlines: one enabling predictive feedback (a 3D-shape) and one impeding it
      (random-lines). These outlines were comparable to those used in past neuroimaging
      studies. All 14 subjects consistently perceived the disk with a 3D-shape stimulus
      brighter; thus, predictive feedback enhanced perceived contrast. Since early
      visual cortex activity at the population level has been shown to have a monotonic
      relationship with subjective contrast perception, we speculate that the perceived
      contrast enhancement could reflect an increase in neuronal activity. In other
      words, predictive feedback may have had an excitatory influence on neuronal
      responses. Control experiments ruled out attention bias, local feature
      differences and response bias as alternate explanations. 

PMID- 26972313
TI  - Fabrication of a Functionally Graded Copper-Zinc Sulfide Phosphor.
AB  - Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are compositionally gradient materials. They
      can achieve the controlled distribution of the desired characteristics within the
      same bulk material. We describe a functionally graded (FG) metal-phosphor
      adapting the concept of the FGM; copper (Cu) is selected as a metal and Cu- and
      Cl-doped ZnS (ZnS:Cu,Cl) is selected as a phosphor and FG [Cu]-[ZnS:Cu,Cl] is
      fabricated by a very simple powder process. The FG [Cu]-[ZnS:Cu,Cl] reveals a
      dual-structured functional material composed of dense Cu and porous ZnS:Cu,Cl,
      which is completely combined through six graded mediating layers. The
      photoluminescence (PL) of FG [Cu]-[ZnS:Cu,Cl] is insensitive to temperature
      change. FG [Cu]-[ZnS:Cu,Cl] also exhibits diode characteristics and photo
      reactivity for 365 nm -UV light. Our FG metal-phosphor concept can pave the way
      to simplified manufacturing of low-cost and can be applied to various electronic
      devices. 

PMID- 26972311
TI  - A Rationally Designed Connector for Assembly of Protein-Functionalized DNA
      Nanostructures.
AB  - We report on the rational engineering of the binding interface of the self
      ligating HaloTag protein to generate an optimized linker for DNA nanostructures.
      Five amino acids positioned around the active-site entry channel for the
      chlorohexyl ligand (CH) of the HaloTag protein were exchanged for positively
      charged lysine amino acids to produce the HOB (halo-based oligonucleotide binder)
      protein. HOB was genetically fused with the enzyme cytochrome P450 BM3, as well
      as with BMR, the separated reductase domain of BM3. The resulting HOB-fusion
      proteins revealed significantly improved rates in ligation with CH-modified
      oligonucleotides and DNA origami nanostructures. These results suggest that the
      efficient self-assembly of protein-decorated DNA structures can be greatly
      improved by fine-tuning of the electrostatic interactions between proteins and
      the negatively charged nucleic acid nanostructures.

PMID- 26972315
TI  - The Oporto mixed-longitudinal growth, health and performance study. Design,
      methods and baseline results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies concerning child and adolescent growth, development,
      performance and health aimed at the multiple interactions amongst this complex
      set of variables are not common in the Portuguese speaking countries. AIM: The
      aim of this paper is to address the key ideas, methodology and design of the
      Oporto Growth, Health and Performance Study (OGHPS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The
      OGHPS is a multidisciplinary mixed-longitudinal study whose main purpose is to
      examine the multiple interactions among biological, environmental and lifestyle
      indicators that affect growth, development, health and performance of Portuguese
      adolescents aged 10-18 years old. RESULTS: This study briefly presents baseline
      results for growth, physical fitness and lifestyle behaviours for those
      participating in the cross-sectional sample (n ~ 8000). Approximately 30% were
      over-fat or obese. On average, boys were more physically fit and active than
      girls. Few adolescents meet the guidelines for sleep duration (~10%) and eating
      habits (16.2-24.8%), while 76-85% meet the recommended levels of moderate-to
      vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: The OGHPS has an innovative approach due
      to its mixed-longitudinal design and the broad array of variables. Furthermore,
      subsequent analyses of the longitudinal data will enable a detailed exploration
      of important factors affecting the growth trajectories of health and performance
      variables and will also help to identify some of the most opportune times for
      interventions in terms of health behaviours.

PMID- 26972314
TI  - IgG4-related nephropathy.
AB  - IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized disorder, often with
      multiple organ involvement, characterized by dense tissue infiltration of IgG4
      positive plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis and frequently
      elevated serum IgG4 concentration. The kidney can be involved either directly or
      indirectly. The most frequent direct renal manifestations of IgG4-RD are IgG4
      related tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and membranous glomerulonephropathy.
      Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is another condition that is frequently IgG4
      related and that can indirectly affect the kidney causing ureteral obstruction
      and hydronephrosis. Contrast-enhanced computerized tomography, magnetic resonance
      imaging and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography show different imaging findings and are useful tools for monitoring
      therapeutic response. Steroid treatment is the first line of therapy, but
      relapsing or refractory forms of the disease are frequently observed and require
      more aggressive therapeutic approaches. At our centre, we treated three cases of
      aggressive IgG4-related TIN and two cases of IgG4-related RPF with an
      intensified, immune suppressive protocol, obtaining good results without severe
      adverse effects. 

PMID- 26972316
TI  - Drought, Mutualism Breakdown, and Landscape-Scale Degradation of Seagrass Beds.
AB  - In many marine ecosystems, biodiversity critically depends on foundation species
      such as corals and seagrasses that engage in mutualistic interactions [1-3].
      Concerns grow that environmental disruption of marine mutualisms exacerbates
      ecosystem degradation, with breakdown of the obligate coral mutualism ("coral
      bleaching") being an iconic example [2, 4, 5]. However, as these mutualisms are
      mostly facultative rather than obligate, it remains unclear whether mutualism
      breakdown is a common risk in marine ecosystems, and thus a potential accelerator
      of ecosystem degradation. Here, we provide evidence that drought triggered
      landscape-scale seagrass degradation and show the consequent failure of a
      facultative mutualistic feedback between seagrass and sulfide-consuming lucinid
      bivalves that in turn appeared to exacerbate the observed collapse. Local climate
      and remote sensing analyses revealed seagrass collapse after a summer with
      intense low-tide drought stress. Potential analysis-a novel approach to detect
      feedback-mediated state shifts-revealed two attractors (healthy and degraded
      states) during the collapse, suggesting that the drought disrupted internal
      feedbacks to cause abrupt, patch-wise degradation. Field measurements comparing
      degraded patches that were healthy before the collapse with patches that remained
      healthy demonstrated that bivalves declined dramatically in degrading patches
      with associated high sediment sulfide concentrations, confirming the breakdown of
      the mutualistic seagrass-lucinid feedback. Our findings indicate that drought
      triggered mutualism breakdown, resulting in toxic sulfide concentrations that
      aggravated seagrass degradation. We conclude that external disturbances can cause
      sudden breakdown of facultative marine mutualistic feedbacks. As this may amplify
      ecosystem degradation, we suggest including mutualisms in marine conservation and
      restoration approaches.

PMID- 26972317
TI  - Functional Plasticity in Somatosensory Cortex Supports Motor Learning by
      Observing.
AB  - An influential idea in neuroscience is that the sensory-motor system is activated
      when observing the actions of others [1, 2]. This idea has recently been extended
      to motor learning, in which observation results in sensory-motor plasticity and
      behavioral changes in both motor and somatosensory domains [3-9]. However, it is
      unclear how the brain maps visual information onto motor circuits for learning.
      Here we test the idea that the somatosensory system, and specifically primary
      somatosensory cortex (S1), plays a role in motor learning by observing. In
      experiment 1, we applied stimulation to the median nerve to occupy the
      somatosensory system with unrelated inputs while participants observed a tutor
      learning to reach in a force field. Stimulation disrupted motor learning by
      observing in a limb-specific manner. Stimulation delivered to the right arm (the
      same arm used by the tutor) disrupted learning, whereas left arm stimulation did
      not. This is consistent with the idea that a somatosensory representation of the
      observed effector must be available during observation for learning to occur. In
      experiment 2, we assessed S1 cortical processing before and after observation by
      measuring somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) associated with median nerve
      stimulation. SEP amplitudes increased only for participants who observed
      learning. Moreover, SEPs increased more for participants who exhibited greater
      motor learning following observation. Taken together, these findings support the
      idea that motor learning by observing relies on functional plasticity in S1. We
      propose that visual signals about the movements of others are mapped onto motor
      circuits for learning via the somatosensory system.

PMID- 26972319
TI  - Potato StCONSTANS-like1 Suppresses Storage Organ Formation by Directly Activating
      the FT-like StSP5G Repressor.
AB  - The CONSTANS-FT pathway defines a core module for reproductive transition in both
      long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) plants. Changes in the transcriptional function
      of the CONSTANS (CO) protein have been proposed to mediate differential SD
      activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs in SD plants. Potato Andigena
      genotypes have an obligate SD requirement for tuber formation, and this
      photoperiodic response correlates with activation of the FT StSP6A gene in
      leaves. The potato StCOL1 factor represses expression of this mobile tuberization
      signal, but the control mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed StCOL1
      diurnal oscillation and protein accumulation at different photoperiods and light
      wavelengths. We observed that the potato StCOL1 gene peaked at dawn and that, in
      contrast to the Arabidopsis AtCO homolog, the light receptor phyB is necessary
      for protein stabilization in the light. Reduced StCOL1 levels in RNAi lines
      strongly correlated with downregulated expression of an additional potato FT
      family member, StSP5G. Co-regulated StCOL1 and StSP5G expression suggested that
      StCOL1 activates this target directly rather than controlling StSP6A expression.
      By hybridization of a universal protein-binding microarray, we established that
      StCOL1 binds a TGTGGT element, and we found that immunoprecipitated StCOL1
      protein fractions were enriched in StSP5G promoter fragments bearing this
      element. We show that StSP5G represses tuberization in LD conditions and that
      this FT-like homolog suppresses StSP6A gene expression. Rewiring StCOL1
      transcriptional function from direct activation of the StSP6A inducer signal to
      the control of an FT-like repressor thus mediates the strict SD requirement of
      Andigena plants for tuberization.

PMID- 26972318
TI  - Grid-like Processing of Imagined Navigation.
AB  - Grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (EC) of rodents [1] and humans [2] fire in a
      hexagonally distributed spatially periodic manner. In concert with other spatial
      cells in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) [3-6], they provide a representation of
      our location within an environment [7, 8] and are specifically thought to allow
      the represented location to be updated by self-motion [9]. Grid-like signals have
      been seen throughout the autobiographical memory system [10], suggesting a much
      more general role in memory [11, 12]. Grid cells may allow us to move our
      viewpoint in imagination [13], a useful function for goal-directed navigation and
      planning [12, 14-16], and episodic future thinking more generally [17, 18]. We
      used fMRI to provide evidence for similar grid-like signals in human entorhinal
      cortex during both virtual navigation and imagined navigation of the same paths.
      We show that this signal is present in periods of active navigation and
      imagination, with a similar orientation in both and with the specifically 6-fold
      rotational symmetry characteristic of grid cell firing. We therefore provide the
      first evidence suggesting that grid cells are utilized during movement of
      viewpoint within imagery, potentially underpinning our more general ability to
      mentally traverse possible routes in the service of planning and episodic future
      thinking. 

PMID- 26972320
TI  - Reorganization of Sleep by Temperature in Drosophila Requires Light, the
      Homeostat, and the Circadian Clock.
AB  - Increasing ambient temperature reorganizes the Drosophila sleep pattern in a way
      similar to the human response to heat, increasing daytime sleep while decreasing
      nighttime sleep. Mutation of core circadian genes blocks the immediate increase
      in daytime sleep, but not the heat-stimulated decrease in nighttime sleep, when
      animals are in a light:dark cycle. The ability of per(01) flies to increase
      daytime sleep in light:dark can be rescued by expression of PER in either LNv or
      DN1p clock cells and does not require rescue of locomotor rhythms. Prolonged heat
      exposure engages the homeostat to maintain daytime sleep in the face of nighttime
      sleep loss. In constant darkness, all genotypes show an immediate decrease in
      sleep in response to temperature shift during the subjective day, implying that
      the absence of light input uncovers a clock-independent pro-arousal effect of
      increased temperature. Interestingly, the effects of temperature on nighttime
      sleep are blunted in constant darkness and in cry(OUT) mutants in light:dark,
      suggesting that they are dependent on the presence of light the previous day. In
      contrast, flies of all genotypes kept in constant light sleep more at all times
      of day in response to high temperature, indicating that the presence of light can
      invert the normal nighttime response to increased temperature. The effect of
      temperature on sleep thus reflects coordinated regulation by light, the
      homeostat, and components of the clock, allowing animals to reorganize sleep
      patterns in response to high temperature with rough preservation of the total
      amount of sleep.

PMID- 26972323
TI  - Erratum: Multimodal stimulus coding by a gustatory sensory neuron in Drosophila
      larvae.

PMID- 26972321
TI  - Regulation of Hippocampal Firing by Network Oscillations during Sleep.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that waking leads to higher-firing neurons, with
      increased energy expenditure, and that sleep serves to return activity to
      baseline levels. Oscillatory activity patterns during different stages of sleep
      may play specific roles in this process, but consensus has been missing. To
      evaluate these phenomena in the hippocampus, we recorded from region CA1 neurons
      in rats across the 24-hr cycle, and we found that their firing increased upon
      waking and decreased 11% per hour across sleep. Waking and sleeping also affected
      lower- and higher-firing neurons differently. Interestingly, the incidences of
      sleep spindles and sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), typically associated with cortical
      plasticity, were predictive of ensuing firing changes and were more robustly
      predictive than other oscillatory events. Spindles and SWRs were initiated during
      non-REM sleep, yet the changes were incorporated in the network over the
      following REM sleep epoch. These findings indicate an important role for spindles
      and SWRs and provide novel evidence of a symbiotic relationship between non-REM
      and REM stages of sleep in the homeostatic regulation of neuronal activity.

PMID- 26972322
TI  - Mice lacking myosin IXb, an inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility gene, have
      impaired intestinal barrier function and superficial ulceration in the ileum.
AB  - Genetic studies have implicated MYO9B, which encodes myosin IXb (Myo9b), a motor
      protein with a Rho GTPase activating domain (RhoGAP), as a susceptibility gene
      for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, we have recently shown that
      knockdown of Myo9b in an intestinal epithelial cell line impairs wound healing
      and barrier function. Here, we investigated whether mice lacking Myo9b have
      impaired intestinal barrier function and features of IBD. Myo9b knock out (KO)
      mice exhibit impaired weight gain and fecal occult blood (indicator of
      gastrointestinal bleeding), and increased intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis
      could be detected along the entire intestinal axis. Histologic analysis revealed
      intestinal mucosal damage, most consistently observed in the ileum, which
      included superficial ulceration and neutrophil infiltration. Focal lesions
      contained neutrophils and ultrastructural examination confirmed epithelial
      discontinuity and the deposition of extracellular matrix. We also observed
      impaired mucosal barrier function in KO mice. Transepithelial electrical
      resistance of KO ileum is >3 fold less than WT ileum. The intestinal mucosa is
      also permeable to high molecular weight dextran, presumably due to the presence
      of mucosal surface ulcerations. There is loss of tight junction-associated ZO-1,
      decreased lateral membrane associated E-cadherin, and loss of terminal web
      associated cytokeratin filaments. Consistent with increased Rho activity in the
      KO, there is increased subapical expression of activated myosin II (Myo2) based
      on localization of phosphorylated Myo2 regulatory light chain. Except for a delay
      in disease onset in the KO, no difference in dextran sulfate sodium-induced
      colitis and lethality was observed between wild-type and Myo9b KO mice.

PMID- 26972324
TI  - Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in 1.5th Generation, 2nd Generation Immigrant
      Children, and Foreign Adoptees.
AB  - Existing theories (e.g., acculturative stress theory) cannot adequately explain
      why mental disorders in immigrants are less prevalent than in non-immigrants. In
      this paper, the culture-gene co-evolutionary theory of mental disorders was
      utilized to generate a novel hypothesis that connection to heritage culture
      reduces the risk for mental disorders in immigrant children. Four groups of
      children aged 2-17 years were identified from the 2007 United States National
      Survey of Children's Health: 1.5th generation immigrant children (n = 1378), 2nd
      generation immigrant children (n = 4194), foreign adoptees (n = 270), and non
      immigrant children (n = 54,877). The 1.5th generation immigrant children's
      connection to their heritage culture is stronger than or similar to the 2nd
      generation immigrants, while the foreign adoptees have little connection to their
      birth culture. Controlling for age, sex, family type and SES, the odds for having
      ADD/ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, and Depression diagnosis were the
      lowest for the 1.5th generation immigrant children, followed by the 2nd
      generation immigrant children and the foreign adoptees. The foreign adoptees and
      non-adopted children were similar in the odds of having these disorders.
      Connection to heritage culture might be the underlying mechanism that explained
      recent immigrants' lower rates of mental disorders.

PMID- 26972325
TI  - Host-microbiome interactions in acute and chronic respiratory infections.
AB  - Respiratory infection is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality.
      Understanding the factors that influence risk and outcome of these infections is
      essential to improving care. We increasingly understand that interactions between
      the microbial residents of our mucosal surfaces and host regulatory systems is
      fundamental to shaping local and systemic immunity. These mechanisms are most
      well defined in the gastrointestinal tract, however analogous systems also occur
      in the airways. Moreover, we now appreciate that the host-microbiota interactions
      at a given mucosal surface influence systemic host processes, in turn, affecting
      the course of infection at other anatomical sites. This review discusses the
      mechanisms by which the respiratory microbiome influences acute and chronic
      airway disease and examines the contribution of cross-talk between the
      gastrointestinal and respiratory compartments to microbe-mucosa interactions. 

PMID- 26972326
TI  - The flexible brain. On mind and brain, neural darwinism and psychiatry.
AB  - A theoretical introduction is given in which several theoretical viewpoints
      concerning the mind-brain problem are discussed. During the last decade
      philosophers like Searle, Dennett and the Churchlands have taken a more or less
      pure materialistic position in explaining mental phenomena. Investigators in
      biological psychiatry have hardly ever taken a clear position in this discussion,
      whereas we believe it is important that the conclusions drawn from biological
      research are embedded in a theoretical framework related to the mind-brain
      problem. In this article the thesis is defended that the theory of neural
      darwinism represents a major step forward and may bridge previous distinctions
      between biological, clinical and social psychiatry. 

PMID- 26972327
TI  - Focal neurocognitive dysfunctions in abstinence delirium: a case report.
AB  - Due to abrupt interruption of hidden benzodiazepine-use, a 68-year-old woman
      developed a full-blown abstinence delirium characterized by epileptic seizures
      and progressive focal neurocognitive symptoms. The evolution of such rare neuro
      linguistic phenomena as an echoism, palilalia and glossomania associated with a
      progressive visuo-perceptive syndrome and a visual hallucinosis are for the first
      time reported within the context of withdrawal. Notwithstanding the lack of any
      neuroradiological evidence for a morphological lesion in the clinically expected
      brain regions, the anatomo-clinical hypothesis of a focal frontal and parieto
      occipital dysfunction was explicitly corroborated by repeated 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT
      findings. 

PMID- 26972328
TI  - The crossroads of anticipatory attention and motor preparation. I.
AB  - This series of papers suggests that processes underlying anticipatory attention
      and motor preparation share a common control mechanism. Both functions are of
      utmost importance for an optimal adaptation to our environment. While the
      posterior part of the cortex is aimed at the analysis of incoming information,
      both from the outer world and our own body, the anterior part is involved in
      action and reaction. If we know when in the near future we will be confronted
      with relevant information, and how this has to be responded upon, modality
      specific sensoric and motoric information channels have to be open in order to
      guarantee an adequate response. The anterior and posterior parts of the cortex
      are activated from the thalamus and the information transmission is influenced
      via the reticular nucleus (RN) of the thalamus. The RN itself is under a double
      control: excitatory from the prefrontal cortex and inhibitory from the
      neostriatum. It is suggested that selection in anticipatory attention and motor
      preparation is realized in a comparable way via the RN. In Part I the relevant
      anatomical structures are described. In Part II the model for anticipatory
      attention and motor preparation is presented. In Part III the supporting
      neuropsychological evidence is presented, after which psychophysiological
      experiments will be discussed having lead to the formulation of the model. 

PMID- 26972329
TI  - Literatuuronderzoek naar intacte cognitieve vaardigheden bij patienten met
      dementie van het Alzheimer-type.
AB  - De onlangs overleden Willem de Kooning wordt alom beschouwd als een der grootste
      beeidende kunstenaars van de 20e eeuw. Hij werd in 1904 in Nederland geboren en
      emigreerde in 1926 naar de Verenigde Staten. Daar ontwikkelde de Kooning eind
      jaren veertig, samen met Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline en Mark Rotko, een nieuwe
      stroming binnen de schilderskunst: het abstract expressionisme. Het waren vooral
      zijn opzienbarende, semi-abstracte schilderijen over vrouwen die destijds veel
      stof deden opwaaien. Op 78-jarige leeftijd werd bij hem de ziekte van Alzheimer
      vastgesteld. Een jaar eerder, in 1981, was de Kooning, na enkele jaren zo goed
      als gestopt te zijn, wederom begonnen met schilderen. Tussen 1981 en 1986
      produceerde hij zo'n 250 abstracte doeken. 

PMID- 26972330
TI  - Mass balance, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of linsitinib in cancer patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study characterized the pharmacokinetics, mass balance, routes and
      extent of elimination, metabolites, and safety of a single oral dose of (14)C
      linsitinib, an IGF-1R/IR inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. The
      tolerability of linsitinib after multiple-dose administration was assessed in
      those patients who wished to continue treatment beyond the single (14)C
      linsitinib dose. METHODS: Five patients received a single oral dose of 150 mg
      (14)C-linsitinib, followed by collection of blood, plasma, urine, and feces for
      10 days. The collected material was analyzed for total radioactivity, linsitinib,
      and metabolites. The safety of 150 mg of unlabeled linsitinib administered twice
      daily until disease progression was also assessed. RESULTS: The median time to
      reach the maximum plasma concentration of linsitinib was 3.0 h, median maximum
      plasma concentration was 1789 ng/mL, median terminal half-life was 2.4 h, and
      median apparent oral clearance was 12.45 L/h. After a single dose of (14)C
      linsitinib, 5.44 and 76.4 % of mean total radioactivity administered were
      recovered in urine and feces, respectively. Eighteen linsitinib metabolites (M1
      M18) were detected in plasma, urine, and feces samples, and their structures were
      elucidated. The main metabolic reactions of linsitinib in humans were oxidation
      and sulfate conjugation. Linsitinib was well tolerated after a single dose of
      (14)C-linsitinib, and fatigue was the most frequent adverse event following
      multiple doses of unlabeled linsitinib. CONCLUSIONS: (14)C-linsitinib is rapidly
      absorbed and extensively metabolized. Linsitinib excretion via bile into feces is
      the predominant elimination route from plasma with minor renal elimination.

PMID- 26972331
TI  - Classification of Valleytronics in Thermoelectricity.
AB  - The theory of valleytronics as a material design tool for engineering both
      thermal and electrical transport properties is presented. It is shown that the
      interplay among the valleytronics parameters such as the degeneracy of the band,
      intervalley transitions, effective mass, scattering exponent, and the Fermi
      energy may deteriorate or ameliorate any or all of the main thermoelectric
      properties. A flowchart classifying the different paths through which the
      valleytronics can influence the thermoelectric figure-of-merit ZT is derived and
      discussed in detail. To exemplify the application of the flowchart, valleytronics
      in four different semiconductors, Mg2Si, Si0.8Ge0.2, Al(x)Ga(1-x)As and clathrate
      Si46-VIII were studied, which showed different trends. Therefore, a degenerate
      multivalley bandstructure, which is typically anticipated for a good
      thermoelectric material, cannot be a general design rule for ZT enhancement and a
      detailed transport study is required to engineer the optimum bandstructure.

PMID- 26972332
TI  - Comparison of the effects of long-term pimobendan and benazepril administration
      in normal cats.
AB  - Pimobendan (PIMO) can cause adverse effects, such as mitral valve degeneration,
      in dogs; however, it is unclear whether these effects occur in cats. Therefore,
      we aimed to determine whether PIMO or benazepril produces adverse cardiac effects
      in healthy cats. This was a blinded, randomized, prospective parallel study.
      Twelve cats were randomly divided into two groups of six cats, namely, an
      angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor group that received benazepril and a PIMO
      group. Cats were administered their respective treatments for 506 days, and we
      evaluated cardiac parameters, blood biochemistry and glomerular filtration rates
      during that time. At the end of the trial, the cats were euthanized, and
      histopathological examinations were performed by a pathologist who was blinded to
      the treatment groups. No significant changes were observed in any of the
      parameters measured in either of the groups. In particular, no significant
      cardiac lesions were observed in either of the groups. In healthy cats, neither
      PIMO nor benazepril appears to cause cardiac lesions, but future studies are
      needed to examine the effects of PIMO in cats with heart disease. 

PMID- 26972333
TI  - Spatial assessment of the potential risk of avian influenza A virus infection in
      three raptor species in Japan.
AB  - Avian influenza A, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, is a lethal infection in
      certain species of wild birds, including some endangered species. Raptors are
      susceptible to avian influenza, and spatial risk assessment of such species may
      be valuable for conservation planning. We used the maximum entropy approach to
      generate potential distribution models of three raptor species from presence-only
      data for the mountain hawk-eagle Nisaetus nipalensis, northern goshawk Accipiter
      gentilis and peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, surveyed during the winter from
      1996 to 2001. These potential distribution maps for raptors were superimposed on
      avian influenza A risk maps of Japan, created from data on incidence of the virus
      in wild birds throughout Japan from October 2010 to March 2011. The avian
      influenza A risk map for the mountain hawk-eagle showed that most regions of
      Japan had a low risk for avian influenza A. In contrast, the maps for the
      northern goshawk and peregrine falcon showed that their high-risk areas were
      distributed on the plains along the Sea of Japan and Pacific coast. We recommend
      enhanced surveillance for each raptor species in high-risk areas and immediate
      establishment of inspection systems. At the same time, ecological risk
      assessments that determine factors, such as the composition of prey species, and
      differential sensitivity of avian influenza A virus between bird species should
      provide multifaceted insights into the total risk assessment of endangered
      species. 

PMID- 26972334
TI  - Single oral dose safety of D-allulose in dogs.
AB  - Healthy dogs were administered acute oral doses of D-allulose (also called D
      psicose) to evaluate its toxicity. Six dogs received oral doses of either a
      placebo or D-allulose solution (1 and 4 g/kg) on three different study days. One
      dog experienced vomiting, and five dogs showed transient diarrhea when 4 g/kg of
      D-allulose was administered. All dogs were active and had a good appetite
      throughout the study period. Blood glucose concentration slightly decreased
      without a rise in plasma insulin concentration 2 hr after D-allulose
      administration. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activities showed a mild increase
      between 12 and 48 hr after D-allulose administration. These data suggested that a
      single oral dose of D-allulose does not show severe toxicity in dogs. 

PMID- 26972335
TI  - Effects of static magnetic fields on bone regeneration of implants in the rabbit:
      micro-CT, histologic, microarray, and real-time PCR analyses.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of static
      magnetic fields (SMFs) on bone regeneration around titanium implants by MUCT,
      histologic analysis, microarrays, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neodymium magnets provided the source of SMFs, the
      specimens were grade 5 titanium implants, and the animals were twenty-seven adult
      male New Zealand white rabbits. These implants were divided into six groups
      according to the presence of a magnet and predetermined healing period (1, 4, and
      8 weeks). Each group comprised six specimens for MUCT (n = 6) and histologic
      examination, and three specimens (n = 3) for microarrays and qRT-PCR, yielding a
      total of 54 specimens. RESULTS: The MUCT data showed that SMFs increased bone
      volume fraction (bone volume/total volume, BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and
      trabecular thickness (Tb.Th). Histologic observation indicated that SMFs promoted
      new bone formation and direct bony contact with implants. Microarray analysis
      identified 293 genes upregulated (>twofold) in response to SMFs. The upregulated
      genes included extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes (COL10A1, COL9A1, and
      COL12A1) and growth factor (GF)-related genes (CTGF and PDGFD), and the
      upregulation was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis
      revealed the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Wnt, and
      PPAR-gamma signaling pathways in implant healing. CONCLUSIONS: MUCT, histology,
      microarrays, and real-time PCR indicate that SMFs could be an effective approach
      to improving bone regeneration around dental implants.

PMID- 26972336
TI  - PD-L1 expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating T cells and favorable
      prognosis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: As a negative regulator of T cells, Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1)
      is both an indicator and inhibitor of anti-tumor immune responses, which has led
      to confusion about its prognostic significance. We investigated the primary
      source of PD-L1 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer and its relationship to
      tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and associated gene products. METHODS:
      Tissue microarrays containing high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC) and
      endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous ovarian cancers from optimally debulked
      patients were assessed by immunohistochemistry for expression of PD-L1 and other
      markers (CD68, CD3, CD8, PD-1, CD103, FoxP3 and CD25). The Cancer Genome Atlas
      was interrogated for associations between PD-L1 expression and immune-related
      transcriptional and genomic features of HGSC. RESULTS: PD-L1 was primarily
      expressed by tumor-associated CD68(+) macrophages rather than tumor cells. PD
      L1(+) cells frequently co-localized with CD8, CD4 and PD-1(+) TIL,
      CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs, and other TIL subsets. PD-L1(+) cells were prognostically
      favorable in HGSC. Moreover, the presence of both PD-L1(+) cells and CD8 TIL was
      associated with better prognosis than CD8 TIL alone. PD-L1 gene expression was
      independent of BRCA status. At the transcriptional level, PD-L1 was associated
      with both cytolytic (granzyme B, T-bet and IFN-gamma) and suppressive (PD-1, CTLA
      4, LAG3 and IDO-1) gene products. CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 is primarily expressed by
      macrophages in ovarian cancer and is strongly associated with both cytolytic and
      regulatory TIL subsets, resulting in a net positive association with survival.
      Tumors containing PD-L1(+) macrophages appear caught in an immunological
      stalemate that may require multi-pronged immunotherapy to alleviate.

PMID- 26972337
TI  - Surgical management of cardiophrenic lymph nodes in patients with advanced
      ovarian cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Debulking surgery for advanced ovarian cancer does not routinely
      include opening of the thorax. Even systematic lymphadenectomy does not commonly
      extend to lymph nodes above the diaphragm. We evaluated the outcome of systematic
      resection of suspicious cardiophrenic lymph nodes detected on preoperative CT
      scan in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS: Single
      center, prospective series of 196 consecutive patients with EOC undergoing
      primary debulking surgery between June 2013 and June 2015. Suspicious
      cardiophrenic lymph nodes were defined as >=10mm on the short axis diagnosed in
      pre-operative CT-scan and were removed if intra-abdominal debulking resulted in
      complete resection or residual tumor <10mm and the patients' performance status
      allowed this additional procedure. Removal of suspicious cardiophrenic lymph
      nodes was performed via a trans-diaphragmatic approach. RESULTS: Thirty (15%) out
      of 196 EOC patients had radiologically suspicious cardiophrenic lymph nodes
      >=10mm and complete resection or residual tumor <10mm. Twenty-seven out of the
      thirty patients had at least one confirmed metastatic cardiophrenic lymph node.
      Metastatic cardiophrenic lymph nodes were associated with extensive intra
      abdominal tumor spread in the upper abdomen. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with
      suspicious cardiophrenic lymph nodes detected by preoperative CT-scan had
      histologically confirmed metastasis in 90% of cases. The surgical procedure is
      feasible without major complications if performed by experienced gyneco
      oncologists. The prognostic value of this procedure should be evaluated in larger
      controlled studies.

PMID- 26972338
TI  - Identification and Characterization of Novel Chitin-Binding Proteins from the
      Larval Cuticle of Silkworm, Bombyx mori.
AB  - Cuticle is mainly made of chitin filaments embedded in a matrix of cuticular
      proteins (CPs). Cuticular chitins have minor differences, whereas CPs are widely
      variable with respect to their sequences and structures. To understand the
      molecular basis underlying the mechanical properties of cuticle, it is necessary
      to know which CPs interact with chitin and how they are assembled into the
      cuticle structure. In the present study, a chitin-binding assay was performed
      followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify the
      extracted proteins from the larval cuticle of silkworm, Bombyx mori. There were
      463 proteins identified from the silkworm larval cuticle, 200 of which were
      recovered in the chitin-binding fraction. A total of 103 proteins were annotated
      as CPs, which were classified into 11 CP families based on their conserved
      motifs, including CPR, CPAP, CPT, CPF and CPFL, CPCFC, chitin_bind 3, BmCPH2
      homologues, BmCPH9 homologues, BmCPG1 homologues, BmCPG20 homologues, and BmCPG21
      homologues. A total of five CP families were newly identified in the chitin
      binding fraction, thereby providing new information and insight into the
      composition, structure, and function of the silkworm larval cuticle.

PMID- 26972339
TI  - Induced Structural Disorder as a Molecular Mechanism for Enzyme Dysfunction in
      Phosphoglucomutase 1 Deficiency.
AB  - Human phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) plays a central role in cellular glucose
      homeostasis, mediating the switch between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis through
      the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. Recent clinical
      studies have identified mutations in this enzyme as the cause of PGM1 deficiency,
      an inborn error of metabolism classified as both a glycogen storage disease and a
      congenital disorder of glycosylation. Reported here are the first crystal
      structures of two disease-related missense variants of PGM1, along with the
      structure of the wild-type enzyme. Two independent glycine-to-arginine
      substitutions (G121R and G291R), both affecting key active site loops of PGM1,
      are found to induce regions of structural disorder, as evidenced by a nearly
      complete loss of electron density for as many as 23 aa. The disordered regions
      are not contiguous in sequence to the site of mutation, and even cross domain
      boundaries. Other structural rearrangements include changes in the conformations
      of loops and side chains, some of which occur nearly 20 A away from the site of
      mutation. The induced structural disorder is correlated with increased
      sensitivity to proteolysis and lower-resolution diffraction, particularly for the
      G291R variant. Examination of the multi-domain effects of these G?R mutations
      establishes a correlation between interdomain interfaces of the enzyme and
      missense variants of PGM1 associated with disease. These crystal structures
      provide the first insights into the structural basis of enzyme dysfunction in
      PGM1 deficiency and highlight a growing role for biophysical characterization of
      proteins in the field of precision medicine.

PMID- 26972341
TI  - Small Peptides Derived from Penetratin as Antibacterial Agents.
AB  - The synthesis, in vitro evaluation and conformational study of several small-size
      peptides acting as antibacterial agents are reported. Among the compounds
      evaluated, the peptides Arg-Gln-Ile-Lys-Ile-Trp-Arg-Arg-Met-Lys-Trp-Lys-Lys-NH2 ,
      Arg-Gln-Ile-Lys-Ile-Arg-Arg-Met-Lys-Trp-Arg-NH2 , and Arg-Gln-Ile-Trp-Trp-Trp-Trp
      Gln-Arg-NH2 exhibited significant antibacterial activity. These were found to be
      very active antibacterial compounds, considering their small molecular size. In
      order to better understand the antibacterial activity obtained for these
      peptides, an exhaustive conformational analysis was performed, using both
      theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. Molecular dynamics
      simulations using two different media (water and trifluoroethanol/water) were
      employed. The results of these theoretical calculations were corroborated by
      experimental circular dichroism measurements. A brief discussion on the possible
      mechanism of action of these peptides at molecular level is also presented. Some
      of the peptides reported here constitute very interesting structures to be used
      as starting compounds for the design of new small-size peptides possessing
      antibacterial activity. 

PMID- 26972342
TI  - Prognostic impact and change of concomitant mitral regurgitation after surgical
      or transcatheter aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Significant aortic stenosis (AS) is frequently associated with mitral
      regurgitation (MR) of varying degrees. We sought to assess the change in MR grade
      after the aortic valve procedure, to find predictors of MR improvement and
      finally to determine the prognostic impact of persistent MR. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed a group of 101 AS patients who underwent aortic valve
      replacement (AVR) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) at our
      institution between January 2007 and March 2014 and who presented with MR grade 2
      or higher on preoperative echocardiogram - 35 patients underwent an isolated AVR,
      18 underwent TAVI, and the rest underwent a combined procedure, which included
      coronary artery bypass grafting. The mean follow-up was 28.5+/-21 months.
      RESULTS: MR improved significantly after the procedures (2.4+/-0.5 vs. 1.9+/-0.9,
      p<0.001) and a decline in the severity of MR was observed regardless of etiology
      (degenerative/post-rheumatic, functional/ischemic, combined) without significant
      changes between groups (p=0.667). Downgrading of MR severity was associated with
      improvement in ejection fraction (p=0.021) and reduction in the size of cardiac
      chambers, especially the left atrium (left atrial diameter, p<0.001). None of the
      preoperatively evaluated factors (severity of AS, MR etiology, ejection fraction,
      cardiac chamber dimensions, coronary artery disease, and New York Heart
      Association functional class) was a significant predictor of MR improvement.
      Persistence of higher degrees of MR was associated with a more frequent need for
      cardiovascular hospitalization, while the survival rate 3 years after procedure
      was not affected (p=0.146). CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of AS patients, an
      aortic valve procedure leads to reduction in coexistent MR. A significant
      decrease in the severity of MR in our study was observed regardless of etiology
      and preoperative grade of MR. Persistence of higher degrees of MR was associated
      with increased patient morbidity.

PMID- 26972343
TI  - Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease and survival in adult heart transplant
      recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The influence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) on
      long-term survival after heart transplantation (HTx) in adult recipients needs
      better characterization. METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing database
      was queried from 2006 to 2015 to compare survival between adult HTx recipients
      with and without PTLD. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the
      primary outcome of survival, and competing-risks regression was used to analyze
      the outcome of PTLD development. RESULTS: A total of 14,487 HTx recipients who
      had data on PTLD were included in univariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier
      survival function, while 10,422 were included in multivariable Cox analysis and
      162 selected for a matched-pairs sample after matching on the propensity of
      developing PTLD. The cohort included 120 patients who were diagnosed with PTLD.
      Onset of PTLD, treated as a time-varying covariate, was adversely associated with
      survival in univariate (HR=4.953; 95% CI: 3.768, 6.511; p<0.001) and
      multivariable (HR=3.849; 95% CI: 2.669, 5.552; p<0.001) Cox proportional hazards
      models. Cox regression stratified on matched pairs of PTLD cases and non-PTLD
      controls confirmed the risk for death associated with PTLD onset (HR=2.667; 95%
      CI: 1.043, 6.815; p=0.040). CONCLUSIONS: PTLD onset negatively influenced
      survival in adult HTx recipients, whereas no characteristics predisposing
      patients to PTLD development were identified in multivariate analysis.

PMID- 26972346
TI  - High-Quality Exercise Programs Are an Essential Component of Nursing Home Care.

PMID- 26972344
TI  - Five-year outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction versus non-ST-elevation
      acute coronary syndrome treated with biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus
      eluting stents: Insights from the CREATE trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long-term outcome of drug-eluting stents (DES) for ST-elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI) versus non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome
      (NSTE-ACS) remains unclear. This study sought to compare the long-term outcomes
      of biodegradable polymer-coated DES in patients with STEMI versus NSTE-ACS.
      METHODS: We explored a post hoc analysis of the 5-year outcome of the CREATE
      trial in the subgroup of patients with STEMI (n=318) versus NSTE-ACS (n=1223) who
      were implanted with biodegradable polymer-coated DES. The primary outcome was the
      rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 5 years. Clopidogrel and aspirin
      for 6 months followed by chronic aspirin therapy were recommended. RESULTS: STEMI
      patients showed a trend of increase in MACE (8.7% vs. 6.8%, log rank p=0.289)
      compared to NSTE-ACS patients at 5 years, and a greater risk of cardiac death
      (5.4% vs. 2.1%, log rank p=0.003), mainly driven by the higher cardiac death rate
      within the first month after stent placement (log rank p=0.003) and the last year
      of follow-up (log rank p=0.001). No significant difference in stent thrombosis
      was found between them (3.1% vs. 2.5%, log rank p=0.653). Prolonged clopidogrel
      therapy (>6 months) showed no effect on risk of MACE or stent thrombosis between
      the two groups (both p for interaction >0.1). CONCLUSIONS: STEMI patients have a
      higher risk of cardiac mortality compared with NSTE-ACS patients after
      biodegradable polymer-coated DES placement, primarily attribute to more cardiac
      deaths that happened within the first month after the event and the last year of
      follow-up.

PMID- 26972345
TI  - Selection of suitable reference genes for assessing gene expression in pearl
      millet under different abiotic stresses and their combinations.
AB  - Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] a widely used grain and forage
      crop, is grown in areas frequented with one or more abiotic stresses, has
      superior drought and heat tolerance and considered a model crop for stress
      tolerance studies. Selection of suitable reference genes for quantification of
      target stress-responsive gene expression through quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR
      is important for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of improved stress
      tolerance. For precise normalization of gene expression data in pearl millet, ten
      candidate reference genes were examined in various developmental tissues as well
      as under different individual abiotic stresses and their combinations at 1 h
      (early) and 24 h (late) of stress using geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder
      algorithms. Our results revealed EF-1alpha and UBC-E2 as the best reference genes
      across all samples, the specificity of which was confirmed by assessing the
      relative expression of a PgAP2 like-ERF gene that suggested use of these two
      reference genes is sufficient for accurate transcript normalization under
      different stress conditions. To our knowledge this is the first report on
      validation of reference genes under different individual and multiple abiotic
      stresses in pearl millet. The study can further facilitate fastidious discovery
      of stress-tolerance genes in this important stress-tolerant crop. 

PMID- 26972347
TI  - Do Not Harm Older Persons in Primary Care by Case Finding of Cognitive Decline,
      Instead Assess Cognition Only Following Loss of Well-being.

PMID- 26972348
TI  - Brain Health: A Japanese Viewpoint.

PMID- 26972350
TI  - Neglected Categorical Differences of Hypertension of the Elderly vs. the Young: A
      Case of Institutional Amnesia?

PMID- 26972349
TI  - Next Generation Brain Health Depends on Early Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis: From a
      Timely Diagnosis to Future Population Screening.

PMID- 26972351
TI  - Caffeine increases food intake while reducing anxiety-related behaviors.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different doses of
      caffeine on appetite and anxiety-related behavior. Additionally, we sought to
      determine if withdrawal from chronic caffeine administration promotes anxiety. In
      this study, we utilized rodent open field testing and feeding behavior assays to
      determine the effects of caffeine on feeding and anxiety-related behavior (n = 8
      mice; 4-8 weeks old). We also measured 2 h and 24 h food intake and body-weight
      during daily administration of caffeine (n = 12 mice; 4-8 weeks old). To test for
      caffeine withdrawal induced anxiety, anxiety-related behavior in rodents was
      quantified following withdrawal from four consecutive days of caffeine
      administration (n = 12 mice; 4-8 weeks old). We find that acute caffeine
      administration increases food intake in a dose-dependent manner with lower doses
      of caffeine more significantly increasing food intake than higher doses. Acute
      caffeine administration also reduced anxiety-related behaviors in mice without
      significantly altering locomotor activity. However, we did not observe any
      differences in 24 h food intake or body weight following chronic caffeine
      administration and there were no observable differences in anxiety-related
      behaviors during caffeine withdrawal. In conclusion, we find that caffeine can
      both increase appetite and decrease anxiety-related behaviors in a dose dependent
      fashion. Given the complex relationship between appetite and anxiety, the present
      study provides additional insights into potential caffeine-based pharmacological
      mechanisms governing appetite and anxiety disorders, such as bulimia nervosa.

PMID- 26972353
TI  - Deliberate choices or strong motives: Exploring the mechanisms underlying the
      bias of organic claims on leniency judgments.
AB  - Organic claims can influence how a product is perceived in dimensions that are
      unrelated with the food production method (e.g., organic food is perceived as
      more healthful and less caloric than conventional food). Such claims can also
      bias how the consumers of organic food are perceived and how other people judge
      their behavior. Schuldt and Schwarz (2010) have shown that individuals evaluating
      a target with a weight-loss goal are more lenient in judging the target forgoing
      exercise when the target had an organic (vs. conventional) dessert. This impact
      of organic claims on leniency judgments has been interpreted either as a halo or
      a licensing effect. In the current research we aim to replicate and extend
      Schuldt and Schwarz's (2010) results by examining the mechanisms that are more
      likely to explain the observed leniency judgments. In Experiment 1, we observed
      that leniency towards a target that has consumed an organic meal is only observed
      when the target intentionally chooses such organic meal (vs. choice determined by
      the situation). These findings suggest that the impact of organic claims on
      leniency judgments is not merely based on a halo effect. Instead, a licensing
      account emerges as the most probable mechanism. In Experiment 2, we further found
      that stronger (vs. weaker) motives for forgoing exercise influenced leniency
      judgments to the same extent as having had an organic meal. Understanding the
      mechanisms that shape consumers' decisions may have important implications to
      prevent bias in their judgments about food and exercise.

PMID- 26972352
TI  - The importance of taste on dietary choice, behaviour and intake in a group of
      young adults.
AB  - The 'taste of food' plays an important role in food choice. Furthermore, foods
      high in fat, sugar and salt are highly palatable and associated with increased
      food consumption. Research exploring taste importance on dietary choice,
      behaviour and intake is limited, particularly in young adults. Therefore, in this
      study a total of 1306 Australian university students completed questionnaires
      assessing dietary behaviors (such as how important taste was on food choice) and
      frequency of food consumption over the prior month. Diet quality was also
      assessed using a dietary guideline index. Participants had a mean age of 20 +/- 5
      years, Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22 +/- 3 kg/m(2), 79% were female and 84%
      Australian. Taste was rated as being a very or extremely important factor for
      food choice by 82% of participants. Participants who rated taste as highly
      important, had a poorer diet quality (p = 0.001) and were more likely to consume
      less fruit (p = 0.03) and vegetables (p = 0.05). Furthermore, they were
      significantly more likely to consume foods high in fat, sugar and salt, including
      chocolate and confectionary, cakes and puddings, sweet pastries, biscuits, meat
      pies, pizza, hot chips, potato chips, takeaway meals, soft drink, cordial and
      fruit juice (p = 0.001-0.02). They were also more likely to consider avoiding
      adding salt to cooking (p = 0.02) and adding sugar to tea or coffee (p = 0.01) as
      less important for health. These findings suggest that the importance individuals
      place on taste plays an important role in influencing food choice, dietary
      behaviors and intake.

PMID- 26972354
TI  - Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation reduces food craving in Wistar
      rats.
AB  - It has been suggested that food craving-an intense desire to consume a specific
      food (particularly foods high in sugar and fat)-can lead to obesity. This
      behavior has also been associated with abuse of other substances, such as drugs.
      Both drugs and food cause dependence by acting on brain circuitry involved in
      reward, motivation, and decision-making processes. The dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex (DLPFC) can be activated following evocation and is implicated in
      alterations in food behavior and craving. Transcranial direct current stimulation
      (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique capable of modulates brain
      activity significantly, has emerged as a promising treatment to inhibit craving.
      This technique is considered safe and inexpensive; however, there is scant
      research using animal models. Such studies could help elucidate the behavioral
      and molecular mechanisms of eating disorders, including food craving. The aim of
      our study was to evaluate palatable food consumption in rats receiving tDCS
      treatment (anode right/cathode left). Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were
      randomized by weight and divided into three groups (n = 6/group): control, with
      no stimulation; sham, receiving daily 30 s tDCS (500 MUA) sessions for 8
      consecutive days; and tDCS, receiving daily 20 min tDCS (500 MUA) sessions for 8
      consecutive days. All rats were evaluated for locomotor activity and anxiety-like
      behavior. A palatable food consumption test was performed at baseline and on
      treatment completion (24 h after the last tDCS session) under fasting and feeding
      conditions and showed that tDCS decreased food craving, thus corroborating human
      studies. This result confirms the important role of the prefrontal cortex in food
      behavior, which can be modulated by noninvasive brain stimulation.

PMID- 26972356
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26972357
TI  - Predictors of survival in parotid small cell carcinoma: A study of 344 cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: We sought to better characterize patient, tumor, and long
      term survival characteristics of parotid small cell carcinoma (SmCC) with the
      National Cancer Database (NCDB). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective database review.
      METHODS: We reviewed the NCDB (1998-2012) for all cases of parotid SmCC. Relevant
      demographic, tumor, and survival variables were extracted and analyzed. Cox
      multivariate regression was performed to identify prognosticators. RESULTS: Out
      of 30,813 parotid gland cancers in the NCDB, we found 344 cases of parotid SmCC
      (1.11%). Age at diagnosis ranged from 23 to 91 years (mean = 73 years). Most
      patients (73.0%) were male. Most tumors were 2 to 4 cm in size (51.4%). Regional
      metastases were common (50.8% cN+ and 65.1% pN+) and distant metastasis (7.3%)
      was uncommon. Occult nodes were found in 14.4% of cases. Overall survival at 5
      and 10 years was 37% and 20%, respectively. Although numerous variables were
      found to significantly impact survival on univariate regression analysis, age
      (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.08, P < .001),
      tumor size of 2 to 4 cm (HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.83-5.11, P = .011), tumors >4 cm
      (HR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.63-7.27) and distant metastasis (HR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.02
      4.14, P = .043) remained significant prognosticators in our multivariate model.
      Nodal disease was not a significant risk factor after adjustment (P = .055).
      CONCLUSIONS: SmCC is a rare parotid malignancy with a poor prognosis. Regional
      metastases were common, whereas distant metastases were uncommon. Elective neck
      treatment should be considered due to the incidence of occult nodal disease.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 126:2036-2040, 2016.

PMID- 26972355
TI  - Inhibition of renalase expression and signaling has antitumor activity in
      pancreatic cancer.
AB  - An essential feature of cancer is dysregulation of cell senescence and death.
      Renalase, a recently discovered secreted flavoprotein, provides cytoprotection
      against ischemic and toxic cellular injury by signaling through the PI3K-AKT and
      MAPK pathways. Here we show that renalase expression is increased in pancreatic
      cancer tissue and that it functions as a growth factor. In a cohort of patients
      with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, overall survival was inversely correlated
      with renalase expression in the tumor mass, suggesting a pathogenic role for
      renalase. Inhibition of renalase signaling using siRNA or inhibitory anti
      renalase antibodies decreased the viability of cultured pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinoma cells. In two xenograft mouse models, either the renalase
      monoclonal antibody m28-RNLS or shRNA knockdown of renalase inhibited pancreatic
      ductal adenocarcinoma growth. Inhibition of renalase caused tumor cell apoptosis
      and cell cycle arrest. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for
      the renalase in cancer: its expression may serve as a prognostic maker and its
      inhibition may provide an attractive therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. 

PMID- 26972358
TI  - Hyaluronic acid dressing (Healoderm) in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer: A
      prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-center study.
AB  - Fast and complete healing of a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is challenging due to
      the hostile wound healing environment of the diabetic patients. As a part of a
      multimodal treatment approach, advanced dressing material using hyaluronic acid
      (HA) has been found to be effective. However, previous studies have used HA with
      additional biologics, which interferes in determining the true clinical effect of
      HA in DFU. To examine the sole effectiveness of HA in DFU treatment, a
      prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-center study was conducted
      using an HA dressing without additional substances. Thus, 34 patients who met the
      inclusion criteria were randomized into two groups (the study group: HA dressing
      material; the control group: conventional dressing material). During the 12-week
      study period, complete ulcer healing rate was evaluated as a primary endpoint.
      Additionally, healing velocity and the mean duration for achieving a 50% ulcer
      size reduction was compared between the two groups as a secondary endpoint. At
      the end of the study, the study group presented a significantly higher complete
      healing rate as compared to that in the control group [84.6% (11/13), 41.6%
      (5/12), respectively, P = 0.041]. Additionally, faster ulcer healing velocity and
      shorter mean duration for achieving a 50% ulcer size reduction were observed in
      the study group (P = 0.022 and 0.004, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier survival
      analysis for the median time for 50% ulcer healing rate also showed a
      significantly shorter duration in the study group (21 days vs. 39 days, P =
      0.0127). Finally, there were no adverse events related to the dressing materials
      used in the study. As a major component of the extracellular matrix, this study
      supports the safety and efficacy of a pure HA dressing without additional
      substances in treating DFU.

PMID- 26972359
TI  - Colocalization of Granulysin Protein Forms with Perforin and LAMP-1 in Decidual
      Lymphocytes During Early Pregnancy.
AB  - PROBLEM: Granulysin (GNLY) occurs in two forms, which have molecular weights of 9
      and 15 kDa. We analyzed the cytotoxic potential of decidual lymphocytes (DLs) and
      peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) based on the forms of GNLY that colocalizes
      with perforin (PER) and LAMP-1 following activation. METHODS: The forms of GNLY
      were detected by using confocal microscopy. We investigated the colocalization
      with PER and LAMP-1 in freshly isolated and activated DLs and PBLs. RESULTS:
      Activation of DLs and PBLs by K-562 cells increased the colocalization of 9 kDa
      GNLY with PER and LAMP-1. K-562 cells transfected with HLA-C decreased 9 kDa GNLY
      colocalization with PER in DLs only. IL-15 in DLs decreased 9 kDa GNLY and LAMP-1
      colocalization, but increased both 15 kDa GNLY and LAMP-1, and PER and LAMP-1
      colocalization. CONCLUSION: Activated DLs and PBLs show greater cytotoxic
      potential based on increased colocalization of 9 kDa GNLY and PER. HLA-C and IL
      15 affect DLs, indicating their role in maintaining the pregnancy tolerance.

PMID- 26972360
TI  - Unusual Electromyographic Findings Associated With Colchicine Neuromyopathy: A
      Case Report.
AB  - : An 83-year-old man with multiple medical problems, including gout, pseudogout,
      and renal insufficiency, presented with more than a year of proximal weakness. He
      had an extensive previous medical workup, including a normal creatinine kinase.
      His weakness persisted despite endurance and strength training. Electrodiagnostic
      findings were consistent with a myopathy, although without abnormal spontaneous
      activity and a length-dependent neuropathy. On the basis of these findings,
      colchicine was discontinued. The patient experienced marked symptomatic
      improvement within a week. Myopathies with neuropathies may be found with the use
      of colchicine. This case was unusual because of the absence of abnormal
      spontaneous activity and increased creatinine kinase, as typically reported with
      colchicine myopathy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

PMID- 26972361
TI  - Electromyographic Activity of Shoulder Girdle Muscles in Patients With
      Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review and Meta
      Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare electromyographic activity in patients with symptomatic
      rotator cuff tears with healthy controls or to those with asymptomatic cuff
      tears. TYPE: Systematic review and meta-analysis. LITERATURE SURVEY: PubMed,
      Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science were searched from inception to August
      1, 2014, and a search update was performed on June 8, 2015. METHODOLOGY: Case
      control studies or intervention studies that had baseline comparisons for
      symptomatic versus healthy shoulders or those with asymptomatic rotator cuff tear
      were searched. Methodological quality was assessed with a modified Critical
      Appraisal Skills Programme score and meta-analyses were performed when 2 or more
      studies explored the same outcome measures. SYNTHESIS: Nine studies were
      included, with the quality ranging from 1 to 3 (maximum 6). Electromyographic
      outcomes included amplitudes and ratios thereof, activity duration, and median
      frequency of shoulder girdle muscles during isometric contractions (4 studies)
      and functional tasks (5 studies). Longer activity duration was found for upper
      trapezius during glenohumeral movements, and greater fatigability of anterior and
      middle deltoids during isometric hand gripping for patients with rotator cuff
      tears compared to controls. The meta-analysis (3 studies) showed that patients
      with rotator cuff tears had lower activation ratios for latissimus dorsi during
      isometric abduction contraction compared to controls (P < .001), indicating
      greater co-contraction of adductors for the injured shoulders. CONCLUSIONS:
      Although various electromyographic domains were explored, these were generally
      limited to one publication or research group. Current evidence for muscle
      activity differences between the rotator cuff tear group and controls is thus
      limited.

PMID- 26972362
TI  - Effects of Balance Control Through Trunk Movement During Square and Semicircular
      Turns on Gait Velocity, Center of Mass Acceleration, and Energy Expenditure in
      Older Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Turning during ambulation is a common movement in everyday life, but
      complex and challenging for older adults. Balance control through trunk movement
      provides a stable platform during walking, thus it is an essential component of
      safe and efficient turning during walking in elderly individuals. OBJECTIVES: To
      investigate the effects of balance control during square turning (ST) and
      semicircular turning (SCT) on gait velocity, center of mass (COM) acceleration,
      and energy expenditure in elderly women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design. SETTING:
      Village community center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty community-dwelling elderly women
      capable of independent walking were enrolled in the study. METHODS: Participants
      walked at a self-selected speed along a marked path that included 2 types of
      turns (the path was divided into 3 segments: straight, turning, and straight
      return), while fitted with an accelerometer attached over the L3 spinous process.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Differences in gait velocity, normalized COM
      acceleration, and energy expenditure were analyzed using paired t-tests for
      comparisons between ST and SCT tasks and using a one-way repeated-measures
      analysis of variance for within tasks. RESULTS: During the ST task, which was
      characterized by the use of a less-stable balance maintenance strategy, gait
      velocity and vertical COM acceleration were lower (P < .05), whereas greater
      medial-lateral COM acceleration (P < .05) and energy expenditure (P < .001) were
      observed during turning and return straight stages compared with the SCT task.
      For both tasks, velocity during turning stage was the slowest, among the 3
      stages, the straight stage was the fastest (P < .05). For the SCT task, the
      anterior-posterior COM acceleration during the straight stage was significantly
      higher than during the turning stage, and the vertical COM acceleration during
      the straight stage was significantly lower than during the return-straight stage
      (P < .05). In both tasks, the energy expenditure of the turning stage was
      significantly higher than in the straight and return straight stage (P <= .001),
      and in the return straight stage was higher than the straight stage-only ST task
      (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that elderly individuals participate in
      balance and gait training using a variety of turns, including turns requiring
      medial-lateral and vertical COM balance control, to prevent falls and to improve
      energy efficiency of walking. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

PMID- 26972363
TI  - High-Pressure Balloon-Assisted Stretching of the Coracohumeral Ligament to
      Determine the Optimal Stretching Positions: A Cadaveric Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The coracohumeral ligament (CHL) is a thick capsular structure and
      markedly thickened when affected by adhesive capsulitis. Therapeutic stretching
      is the most commonly applied treatment for adhesive capsulitis, but optimal
      stretching postures for maximal therapeutic effects on the CHL have not been
      fully investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the most effective stretching
      direction for the CHL by measuring the stretching intensity in 5 different
      directions and to determine whether the stretching intervention resulted in
      loosening of the ligament by comparing the changes of CHL tightness before and
      after stretching. DESIGN: Biomechanical cadaver study. SETTING: Academic
      institution cadaver laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Nine fresh frozen cadaveric
      shoulders. METHODS: A high-pressure balloon catheter inserted under the CHL and
      intraballoon pressure was measured, to evaluate CHL tightness without ligament
      damage as well as to augment and monitor stretching intensity. To find the
      optimal stretching direction, the glenohumeral joint was stretched from the
      neutral position into 5 directions sequentially under pressure-monitoring:
      flexion, extension [EX], external rotation [ER], EX+ER, and EX+ER+adduction [AD]
      directions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: CHL tightness was determined by a
      surrogate parameter, the additional pressure created by the overlying CHL. The
      pressure increase (DeltaPstr) by a specific directional stretch was considered as
      the stretching intensity. RESULTS: DeltaPstr by the 5 directions were mean
      (standard deviation) values of 0.03 +/- 0.07 atm, 0.87 +/- 1.31 atm, 1.13 +/-
      1.36 atm, 1.49 +/- 1.32 atm, and 2.10 +/- 1.70 atm, respectively, revealing the
      highest DeltaPstr by the EX+ER+AD stretch (P < .05). The balloon pressure by the
      overlying CHL was decreased from 0.45 +/- 0.35 atm to 0.18 +/- 0.14 atm (P =
      .012) before and after the stretching manipulation. CONCLUSIONS: EX+ER+AD of the
      glenohumeral joint resulted in the greatest increase in balloon pressure,
      implying that it could be the most effective stretching direction. A series of
      stretching manipulations assisted with an underlying pressure balloon were
      capable of decreasing CHL tightness. With further development and modification,
      high-pressure balloon-assisted stretching can be a potential therapeutic option
      to release tight CHL, including the advantage of augmenting and monitoring
      stretching intensity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 26972364
TI  - Test-Retest Reliability and Convergent Validity of Three Manual Dexterity
      Measures in Persons With Chronic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Decreased manual dexterity is common in persons after stroke.
      Different measures are used to assess manual dexterity, but a lack of knowledge
      exists about their reliability and how they are related. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate
      the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of 3 manual dexterity
      measures after stroke. DESIGN: A test-retest design. SETTING: University
      Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five persons (mean age 65 years) with mild-to
      moderate impairments in the upper extremity at least 6 months after stroke. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Manual dexterity was assessed on 2 occasions, 1 week apart
      using the Box and Block Test (BBT), the Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT), and the
      modified Sollerman Hand Function Test (mSHFT). The reliability of the BBT and
      NHPT was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient together with
      systematic and random measurement errors. Reliability of the mSHFT was evaluated
      with the Kappa coefficient and the Svensson rank-invariant method (percent
      agreement and systematic and random disagreements). Convergent validity of the
      total scores was evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rho).
      RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient for the BBT and the NHPT ranged
      from 0.83 to 0.99. Significant systematic measurement errors were found for both
      tests and hands. The Kappa coefficient for the total sum score of the mSHFT was
      0.95 for the more affected hand and 0.59 for the less affected hand. One of the 3
      items showed systematic disagreements for both hands. The convergent validity
      (rho) for the more affected hand ranged from 0.41 (BBT versus mSHFT) to -0.68
      (NHPT versus mSHFT). CONCLUSION: The test-retest reliability of the BBT, NHPT and
      mSHFT was high but all measures showed learning effects. The relationships
      between the 3 measures indicate that they partly complement one another. The BBT
      may be preferred for persons with moderate impairments of the upper extremity and
      the NHPT and the mSHFT for persons with milder impairments. As the mSHFT has the
      advantage of reflecting activities in daily life it may be a suitable alternative
      to the NHPT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

PMID- 26972365
TI  - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causing Phantom Hand Pain in a Person With a Transradial
      Amputation: A Case Presentation.
AB  - In this case, a 47-year-old commercial truck driver with a remote right
      transradial amputation presented with pain in the medial aspect of his right
      phantom hand. He was diagnosed with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). This was
      attributed to the muscular demands associated with using his body-powered
      prosthesis for many years. TOS remains a controversial diagnosis in the able
      bodied population and a unique diagnostic challenge in a patient with a
      transradial amputation. In this case, consideration of TOS guided the
      rehabilitation and treatment plan. His pain improved with a conservative
      stretching program.

PMID- 26972366
TI  - Psychological Factors Are Related to Pain Intensity in Back-Healthy People Who
      Develop Clinically Relevant Pain During Prolonged Standing: A Preliminary Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An induced-pain paradigm has been used to examine risk factors for
      the development of low back pain (LBP) during prolonged standing in back-healthy
      people (standing paradigm). Previous studies that used induced-pain methods
      suggest that pain intensity may be related to psychologic factors. It is not
      currently known, however, whether pain intensity reported during the standing
      paradigm is related to psychologic factors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the
      relationship between LBP symptom intensity and psychological factors (fear of
      pain and pain catastrophizing) in back-healthy people who develop LBP during
      prolonged standing. We hypothesized that symptom intensity during standing would
      be positively related to initial levels of fear of pain and pain catastrophizing
      in people who developed LBP during standing. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING:
      Movement science research center at an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS:
      Fifty seven back-healthy participants. METHODS: Participants completed the Fear
      of Pain Questionnaire-III (FPQ-III) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) before a
      2-hour standing protocol. Participants rated LBP intensity on a 100-mm visual
      analogue scale (VAS) throughout standing and were classified as pain developers
      (PDs) or nonpain developers (NPDs). Relationships between LBP intensity and
      psychological measures were examined in PDs that did and did not have a >=20 mm
      maximum VAS score. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: FPQ-III and PCS total scores,
      maximum and average VAS scores during standing. RESULTS: There were 24 (42%) PDs.
      Five PDs reported a maximum VAS score >=20 mm. For PDs with a maximum VAS score
      <20 mm, correlations between average VAS scores and each psychological measure
      were small and nonsignificant (FPQ-III: r = 0.16, P = .50; PCS: r = 0.27, P =
      .26). For PDs with a maximum VAS score >=20 mm, correlation between average VAS
      scores and FPQ-III was large and significant (r = 0.91, P = .03), and large for
      PCS but nonsignificant (r = 0.87, P = .06). CONCLUSION: These preliminary data
      suggest that if pain exceeds a clinically meaningful threshold (20 mm) during
      standing, pain intensity is related to psychological factors. Understanding
      factors that modulate acute pain response can inform early intervention
      strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 26972367
TI  - Loss of Dignity in End-of-Life Care in the Emergency Department: A
      Phenomenological Study with Health Professionals.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the
      experiences of physicians and nurses with regard to loss of dignity in relation
      to end-of-life care in the emergency department. METHOD: A phenomenological
      qualitative study was performed. Two focus groups and 12 individual interviews
      were conducted with a total of 26 participants, who had attended to patients in
      the emergency department an average of 14.3 years. An inductive analysis was
      carried out with the use of ATLAS.ti software to seek emerging themes. RESULTS:
      Three themes that helped us understand the phenomenon of the loss of dignity in
      end-of-life care in the emergency department emerged: (1) "Being exposed in a
      cold world," with the subthemes "improvising dying person care" and "a lack of
      space to care for the dying person"; (2) "Being self-critical with professional
      attitudes," with the subthemes "being aware of undignified actions" and "lack of
      a palliative culture"; and (3) "Family obstinacy and hospital rescue," with the
      subthemes "making ill-advised choices" and "avoiding burden." DISCUSSION: The
      dignity of people who are taken to the emergency department at the end of their
      life could be undermined by architectural and organizational characteristics,
      professionals' attitudes, and decisions made by family members.

PMID- 26972368
TI  - Medical Mondays: ED Utilization for Medicaid Recipients Depends on the Day of the
      Week, Season, and Holidays.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the temporal and seasonal
      trends in ED utilization for a low-income population. METHODS: A retrospective
      analysis of 66,487 ED Medicaid-insured health care claims in 2009 was conducted
      for 2 Western New York Counties using time-series analysis with autoregressive
      moving average (ARMA) models. RESULTS: The final ARMA (2,0) model indicated an
      autoregressive structure with up to a 2-day lag. ED volume is lower on weekends
      than on weekdays, and the highest volumes are on Mondays. Summer and fall seasons
      demonstrated higher volumes, whereas lower volume outliers were associated with
      holidays. DISCUSSION: Day of the week was an influential predictor of ED
      utilization in low-income persons. Season and holidays are also predictors of ED
      utilization. These calendar-based patterns support the need for ongoing and
      future emergency leaders' collaborations in community-based care system redesign
      to meet the health care access needs of low-income persons.

PMID- 26972369
TI  - Shared Governance and Work Engagement in Emergency Nurses.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lack of work engagement in emergency nurses has been linked to
      increased job turnover, burnout, and lack of job satisfaction. Shared governance
      is a vehicle that can be used by emergency nursing leaders to increase work
      engagement among emergency nurses. Research is lacking about the relationship
      between perceptions of shared governance and work engagement in emergency nurses.
      In this study we examined the relationship between ED nurses' perceptions of
      shared governance and work engagement. METHODS: A descriptive correlation design
      was used with a convenience sample of 43 emergency nurses recruited through the
      ENA Web site. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Index of
      Professional Nursing Governance Tool, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale.
      RESULTS: The mean total work engagement score indicated average engagement (M =
      4.4, standard deviation = 1.2). A significant positive relationship was found
      between shared governance and work engagement, indicating that as perceptions of
      shared governance increase, work engagement increases (r (41) = 0.62, P < .001).
      DISCUSSION: The study provides beginning evidence on the relationship of shared
      governance and work engagement in emergency nurses. Understanding the
      relationship between perceptions of shared governance and work engagement in
      emergency nurses may assist emergency nursing leaders in developing and testing
      interventions to enhance it.

PMID- 26972370
TI  - Pivot Nursing: An Alternative to Traditional ED Triage.
AB  - PROBLEM: A 7.2% increase in patient volume from 130,700 to 140,800 in 2012
      prompted St Joseph's Regional Medical Center Emergency Department to review
      existing triage processes to decrease turnaround time. "Pivot triage" is a new,
      efficient intake process that entails use of 4 rather than 8 determinants to
      identify acuity levels. The purpose of this performance improvement project was
      to create alternatives to traditional triage to decrease ED length of stay and
      door-to-physician time. METHODS: After education, the pivot process was
      implemented using 4 determinants established by a multidisciplinary team. The
      pivot process was slowly implemented for 6 hours over a 1-week period to work out
      processing issues. Arrival time, door-to-physician time, and departure time from
      the emergency department were elements used to calculate the patient's turnaround
      time. Length of ED stay was collected monthly beginning in the fourth quarter of
      2011. Comparisons were made after Pivot implementation in the fourth quarter of
      2012. RESULTS: Despite the increasing volume, the mean door-to-physician time
      decreased from 71 to 40 minutes, a 43.7% reduction. The overall turnaround time
      decreased from 220 to 181 minutes, representing approximately a 17.7% reduction.
      The percentage of patients who left without being seen decreased from 2.5% to
      1.0%. The pivot process improved patient flow in the emergency department,
      reducing time spent by the patient in the department. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:
      The pivot process is a viable alternative to traditional triage. Nurses are able
      to accurately pivot patients with a reduced amount of information.

PMID- 26972371
TI  - Congenital erythroderma.

PMID- 26972372
TI  - The early postnatal period, mini-puberty, provides a window on the role of
      testosterone in human neurobehavioural development.
AB  - Experimental research in non-human mammals indicates that testosterone exposure
      during early periods of rapid brain development has enduring influences on brain
      and behaviour. These influences are exerted when testosterone is higher in
      developing males than females, and the affected characteristics are those that
      differ by sex. Testosterone is higher in males than in females from about weeks 8
      to 24 of human gestation and then again during early infancy, and both of these
      periods are times of rapid brain development. Substantial evidence suggests that
      testosterone prenatally influences human neurobehavioral development. Emerging
      evidence suggests that the early postnatal period is important too. This early
      postnatal period could provide a window for studying testosterone interacting
      with experience to shape human gender development.

PMID- 26972373
TI  - Cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: Role of cardiolipin and
      sirtuins.
AB  - Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids accounts for the majority of cardiac ATP
      production in the heart. Fatty acid utilization by cardiac mitochondria is
      controlled at the level of fatty acid uptake, lipid synthesis, mobilization and
      mitochondrial import and oxidation. Consequently defective mitochondrial function
      appears to be central to the development of heart failure. Cardiolipin is a key
      mitochondrial phospholipid required for the activity of the electron transport
      chain. In heart failure, loss of cardiolipin and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin helps
      to fuel the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species that are a by-product
      of inefficient mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. In
      this vicious cycle, reactive oxygen species generate lipid peroxides and may, in
      turn, cause oxidation of cardiolipin catalyzed by cytochrome c leading to
      cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hence, preservation of cardiolipin and mitochondrial
      function may be keys to the prevention of heart failure development. In this
      review, we summarize cardiac energy metabolism and the important role that fatty
      acid uptake and metabolism play in this process and how defects in these result
      in heart failure. We highlight the key role that cardiolipin and sirtuins play in
      cardiac mitochondrial beta-oxidation. In addition, we review the potential of
      pharmacological modulation of cardiolipin through the polyphenolic molecule
      resveratrol as a sirtuin-activator in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction.
      Finally, we provide novel experimental evidence that resveratrol treatment
      increases cardiolipin in isolated H9c2 cardiac myocytes and
      tetralinoleoylcardiolipin in the heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and
      hypothesize that this leads to improvement in mitochondrial function. This
      article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by
      G.D. Lopaschuk.

PMID- 26972374
TI  - Sinusoidal dilation increases the risk of complications in hepatectomy for CRCLM 
      Protective effect of bevacizumab and diabetes mellitus, serum gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase as predictive factor.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Advances in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) have allowed surgical
      treatment in otherwise unresectable patients with colorectal liver metastases
      (CRLM). It is well known that NCT induces liver lesions such as sinusoidal
      obstruction syndrome (SOS) and steatohepatitis (SH). However, whether it affects
      postoperative morbidity remains controversial. The aim of this study was both to
      evaluate the impact of NCT on liver parenchyma and postoperative morbidity, and
      to identify preoperative predictive markers for liver injury. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Among 140 patients undergoing liver resection for CRLM between 2010 and
      2013, 70 underwent systemic NCT. Liver function tests, pathology, postoperative
      morbidity and mortality were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Univariate
      analysis revealed NCT as a cause of sinusoidal dilation (p = 0.09), peliosis (p =
      0.028) and moderate and severe SOS (p = 0.004) and bevacizumab as a protective
      agent against moderate and severe SOS (p = 0.045). Diabetic patients were
      identified as having a lower incidence of sinusoidal dilation (p = 0.034) and a
      higher incidence of steatosis (p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis confirmed
      sinusoidal dilation as an independent cause for morbidity (p = 0.02) and liver
      specific complications (p = 0.016). Preoperative level of GGT was identified as
      predictive factor for moderate and severe SOS and peliosis (p < 0.001 and p =
      0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION: The administration of NCT induces SOS-lesions,
      but can be partially prevented by bevacizumab and diabetes. Sinusoidal dilation
      is associated with increased postoperative morbidity. Preoperative GGT levels can
      be useful to predict the presence of SOS.

PMID- 26972375
TI  - A multicenter experience with peri-rectal tumors: The risk of local recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peri-rectal tumors are rare and their management is challenging,
      especially when presenting with local recurrence. The aim of the current study
      was to report a multicenter series of peri-rectal tumors, focusing on the risk of
      recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1994 to 2014, patients with peri-rectal
      tumors from three different centers were retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-two
      patients were identified and divided into two groups; Group 1: patients who
      presented with local recurrence at follow-up (n = 9, recurrence rate: 14.5%), and
      Group 2: patients without recurrence (n = 53). RESULTS: In Group 1, there were
      initially more patients with symptoms of a perineal mass (44.4% vs. 12.2%; p =
      0.04), more malignant tumors (55.6% vs. 15.1%; p = 0.02), and larger lesions
      (+2.6 cm; p = 0.004). Incomplete resection was also more frequent in Group 1
      (44.4% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.003). Eight patients with recurrence had further surgery,
      whilst one patient had radiological recurrence and was treated medically. Among
      the eight re-resections, five patients remain disease-free; two have had further
      recurrences and have had palliative treatment, whilst another has had a further
      resection and remains disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Peri-rectal tumors are uncommon
      and there is no consensus on best management. Based on this large multicenter
      series, several risk factors seem to be associated with local recurrence, namely
      patient- (discovery of a perineal mass), tumor- (malignant and large lesion), and
      surgery-related (incomplete resection). Clinical follow-up should be adapted
      according to these factors.

PMID- 26972376
TI  - Effectiveness of Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age
      Related Macular Degeneration with Serous Pigment Epithelial Detachment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We sought to observe the effectiveness of intravitreal injection of
      ranibizumab in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) with
      serous pigment epithelial detachment (sPED). MATERIAL/METHODS: A retrospective,
      noncomparative case series was performed. Twenty-3 eyes of 23 patients with sPED
      secondary to nAMD who had received intravitreal injections of ranibizumab were
      included in this study. All patients underwent best-corrected visual acuity
      (BCVA), synchronous fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), indocyanine green
      angiography (ICGA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations. All
      patients were treated with pro re nata intravitreal injections after 3 loading
      doses of ranibizumab and were followed up for 12 months. The differences in the
      BCVAs, maximum PED heights, PED volumes and CFTs of the affected eyes were
      compared between the baseline and last visit. RESULTS: Twelve months after the
      first injection, improved visual acuity was observed in 16 of the 23 eyes. 4 eyes
      exhibited stable visual acuity, and 3 eyes exhibited impaired visual acuity. The
      mean post-injection logMAR BCVA was 0.58+/-0.05, which was much better than that
      at baseline (0.76+/-0.08; t=1.751, P=0.0869). The mean maximum PED height at
      baseline was 350.17+/-35.73 MUm and it was decreased to 238.87+/-36.87 MUm
      (t=2.192, P=0.0337) at the last visit. The mean PED volume after injection was
      0.34+/-0.1 mm(3), which was significantly decreased compared with that at
      baseline (0.81+/-0.21 mm(3); t=2.021, P=0.0494).The mean CFT decreased, but this
      difference was not statistically significant (t=1.003, P=0.3211). None of the
      patients exhibited endophthalmitis, uveitis or RPE tears. CONCLUSIONS:
      Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age
      related macular degeneration with serous pigment epithelial detachment safely and
      effectively improved the patients' visual acuities and decreased their PED
      heights volumes.

PMID- 26972377
TI  - Inner ear delivery of dexamethasone using injectable silk-polyethylene glycol
      (PEG) hydrogel.
AB  - Minimally invasive delivery and sustained release of therapeutics to the inner
      ear are of importance to the medical treatment of inner ear disease. In this
      study, the injectable silk fibroin-polyethylene glycol (Silk-PEG) hydrogel was
      investigated as a drug delivery carrier to deliver poorly soluble micronized
      dexamethasone (mDEX) to the inner ear of guinea pigs. Encapsulation of mDEX with
      a loading up to 5% (w/v) did not significantly change the silk gelation time, and
      mDEX were evenly distributed in the PEG-Silk hydrogel as visualized by SEM. The
      loading of mDEX in Silk-PEG hydrogel largely influenced in vitro drug release
      kinetics. The optimized Silk-PEG-mDEX hydrogel (2.5% w/v loading, in situ
      forming, 10 MUl) was administered directly onto the round window membrane of
      guinea pigs. The DEX concentration in perilymph maintained above 100 ng/ml for at
      least 10 days for the Silk-PEG formulation while less than 12h for the control
      sample of free mDEX. Minimal systemic exposure was achieved with low DEX
      concentrations (<0.2 MUg/ml) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in the first
      2h after the local application of the Silk-PEG-mDEX hydrogel. A transient hearing
      threshold shift was found but then resolved after 14 days as revealed by auditory
      brainstem response (ABR), showing minimal inflammatory responses on the round
      window membrane and scala taympani. The Silk-PEG hydrogel completely degraded in
      21 days. Thus, the injectable PEG-Silk hydrogel is an effective and safe vehicle
      for inner ear delivery and sustained release of glucocorticoid.

PMID- 26972378
TI  - 2,2'Dithiodinicotinyl ligands: Key to more reactive thiomers.
AB  - The aim of this study was to establish a novel type of preactivated thiomers
      exhibiting a comparatively higher reactivity with mucus and consequently improved
      mucoadhesive properties. In order to achieve this goal, the dimeric form of 2
      mercaptonicotinic acid (MNA-MNA) was directly attached to the polymeric backbone
      of chitosan (CHI) via amide bond formation mediated by 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC) used as a coupling reagent. The remaining
      free amino groups were in the following reacted with succinic anhydride (Succ) in
      order to obtain a uniformly anionically charged polymer (CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA).
      Within this study, different coupling rates of up to 170 MUmol MNA-MNA per gram
      polymer were achieved. The attachment of the dimeric ligand resulted in a
      preactivated thiomer with a comparatively more reactive disulfide substructure
      due to the additional nitrogen atom in conjugation over the aromatic moieties.
      Furthermore, the obtained polymer is entirely preactivated and thus prevented
      against undesired oxidation reactions. Kinetic studies of disulfide exchange
      reactions showed a 3.8-fold higher reactivity of CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA in comparison
      to a state-of-the-art preactivated thiomer. Within rheological measurements, CHI
      Succ-MNA-MNA with a coupling rate of 170 MUmol (CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA 170) led to a
      5.7-fold higher mucus viscosity than the non-thiolated control polymer (CHI-Succ)
      indicating a rheological synergism due to mucoadhesive properties. These results
      were confirmed by a second mucoadhesion study, which showed a significantly
      prolonged retention time of CHI-Succ-MNA-MNA on the small intestinal mucosa
      compared to CHI-Succ (P<0.02). Accordingly, the double preactivation seems to be
      a promising strategy in order to obtain entirely preactivated polymers with
      enhanced mucoadhesive properties.

PMID- 26972380
TI  - Cyclosporine A-loaded lipid nanoparticles in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a well-known immunosuppressive agent used as rescue
      therapy in severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). However, toxicity
      issues associated with CsA when administered in its commercially available
      formulations have been reported in clinical practice. Since nanotechnology has
      been proposed as a promising strategy to improve safety and efficacy in the
      treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the main purpose of this study was
      to evaluate the effect of oral administration of CsA-loaded lipid nanoparticles
      (LN) in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model using
      Sandimmune Neoral((r)) as reference. The results showed that the formulations
      used did not decrease colon inflammation in terms of myeloperoxidase activity
      (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expression, or histological scoring in
      the acute stage of the disease. However, further studies are needed in order to
      corroborate the efficacy of these formulations in the chronic phase of the
      disease. 

PMID- 26972379
TI  - Polymeric protective agents for nanoparticles in drug delivery and targeting.
AB  - Surface modification/functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) using polymeric
      protective agents is an issue of great importance and actuality for drug delivery
      and targeting. Improving the blood circulation half-life of surface-protected
      nanocarriers is closely related to the elimination of main biological barriers
      and limiting factors (protein absorption and opsonization), due to the phagocytic
      activity of reticuloendothelial system. For passive or active targeted delivery,
      in biomedical area, surface-functionalized NPs with tissue-recognition ligands
      were designed and optimized as a result of modern research techniques. Also,
      multi-functionalized nanostructures are characterized by enhanced
      bioavailability, efficacy, targeted localization, active cellular uptake, and low
      side effects. Surface-protected NPs are obtained from biocompatible,
      biodegradable and less toxic natural polymers (dextran, beta-cyclodextrin,
      chitosan, hyaluronic acid, heparin, gelatin) or synthetic polymers, such as
      poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid, poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and
      poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates). PEGylation is one of the most important
      functionalization methods providing steric stabilization, long circulating and
      'stealth' properties for both polymeric and inorganic-based nanosystems. In
      addition, for their antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor effects, cutting-edge
      researches in the field of pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology highlighted the
      importance of noble metal (platinum, gold, silver) NPs decorated with
      biopolymers. 

PMID- 26972381
TI  - Annealing as a tool for the optimization of lyophilization and ensuring of the
      stability of protein-loaded PLGA nanoparticles.
AB  - The aim of this work was to use annealing as a tool to optimize the
      lyophilization cycle by decreasing its duration time, and simultaneously preserve
      the stability of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles and with upmost
      importance, maintain the structural stability of loaded insulin, used as model
      therapeutic protein. The contribution of a cryoprotectant in this preservation
      process was also evaluated. Insulin-loaded nanoparticles co-encapsulated with and
      without trehalose as cryoprotectant were produced, resulting in a particle size
      of about 250-300 nm, a PdI around 0.25 and a zeta potential in the range of -20
      to -24 mV. The insulin association efficiency was higher than 90%, and the
      loading capacity was of 11-12%. The use of annealing allowed the decrease of
      duration time of primary drying in about 38%, representing a global decrease of
      lyophilization time of around 26%. The residual moisture content of all
      lyophilizates was around 1%, and the reconstitution of lyophilizates obtained
      using annealing was even faster than those without annealing. The co-encapsulated
      trehalose better preserved the nanoparticle size throughout the lyophilization
      process using annealing, compared to formulation containing no cryoprotectant.
      Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the trehalose-containing
      nanoparticles presented higher insulin structural maintenance, compared to
      nanoparticles without cryoprotectant, presenting an insulin structural
      maintenance of 85.3 +/- 0.7% and 86.0 +/- 1.0% for annealing and no annealing,
      respectively. This formulation also presented the closest structural similarity
      with native insulin. Interestingly, the structural features of insulin loaded
      into nanoparticles upon lyophilization with and without annealing were
      practically identical, showing that annealing had no detrimental effect in
      insulin structure. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed
      these results. Overall, this work gave rise to the importance of annealing in
      decreasing the duration time of lyophilization of protein-loaded poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid) nanoparticles, and simultaneously ensuring the stability of the
      carrier and loaded protein.

PMID- 26972382
TI  - Synthesis and absolute configuration assignment of albucidin: a late-stage
      reductive deiodination by visible light photocatalysis.
AB  - The synthesis of albucidin and its enantiomer are described. It involves a
      visible-light photocatalysis deiodination at the late stage. The absolute
      configuration of natural albucidin is determined as (1R,3S). This work provides a
      basis for structural modification to develop a new type of herbicidal from an old
      structure. 

PMID- 26972383
TI  - Identification of sub-groups in acutely ill elderly patients with delirium: a
      cluster analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delirium is a serious neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting mainly
      elderly participants with acute medical diseases. The pathophysiology of delirium
      remains poorly understood as it involves complex dynamic interactions between a
      diversity of risk factors. Exploring how etiological factors interact with each
      other can clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms and facilitate the early
      identification of this syndrome. The aim of this study was to explore how
      different risk factors co-occur in medically ill elderly patients with delirium
      with cluster analysis and identify clinically meaningful sub-groups in this
      population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was developed. Ninety-nine elderly
      inpatients admitted to acute medical wards diagnosed with delirium during
      hospitalization were selected. For each patient sociodemographic characteristics,
      acute and chronic medical conditions, laboratory parameters, and current
      medication were collected. RESULTS: The cluster analysis extracted three distinct
      subgroups of participants with delirium. Patients in cluster 1 (n = 28) had
      higher rates of medication with anticholinergic proprieties. Cluster 2 (n = 29)
      included participants with cardiac and pulmonary comorbidities associated with
      both chronic and acute reduction of blood flow and/or oxygenation to the brain.
      Cluster 3 (n = 42 patients) comprised patients with simultaneous deregulation of
      different organs/systems, such as electrolytic disturbances, metabolic
      disturbances, and acute renal failure. Known predisposing factors of delirium,
      such as age and pre-existing dementia, were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      The results reveal different patterns of clinical characteristics in elderly
      patients with delirium. This is relevant to clinical care of acute medically ill
      patients and suggests that different pathways are implicated in delirium
      pathophysiology.

PMID- 26972384
TI  - Detection of ureolytic activity of bacterial strains isolated from
      entomopathogenic nematodes using infrared spectroscopy.
AB  - The pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) depends directly on the
      presence of bacteria in the nematode digestive tracts. Based on 16S rRNA and
      MALDI-TOF analyses 20 isolated bacteria were assigned to 10 species with 10
      isolates classified as Pseudomonas ssp. Six strains (30%) show ureolytic activity
      on Christensen medium. Spectroscopic analysis of the strains showed that the
      ureolytic activity is strongly correlated with the following wavenumbers: 935 cm(
      1) in window W4, which carries information about the bacterial cell wall
      construction and 1158 cm(-1) in window W3 which corresponds to proteins in
      bacterial cell. A logistic regression model designed on the basis of the selected
      wavenumbers differentiates ureolytic from non-ureolytic bacterial strains with an
      accuracy of 100%. Spectroscopic studies and mathematical analyses made it
      possible to differentiate EPN-associated Pseudomonas sp. strains from clinical
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. These results suggest, that infrared spectra of EPN
      associated Pseudomonas sp. strains may reflect its adaptation to the host. 

PMID- 26972386
TI  - Rationally designed donor-acceptor scheme based molecules for applications in
      opto-electronic devices.
AB  - Several donor (D)-acceptor (A) based molecules are rationally designed by
      adopting three different schemes in which the conjugation length, strength of the
      donor and acceptor moieties, and planarity of the molecules are varied. These
      variations are made by introducing a pi-conjugated linkage unit, terminating the
      ends of the moieties by different electron donating and accepting functional
      groups, and fusing the donor and acceptor moieties, respectively. Our DFT and
      TDDFT based calculations reveal that using the above-mentioned design schemes,
      the electronic and optical properties of the D-A based molecules can be largely
      tuned. While introduction of a linkage and fusing of moieties enhance the pi-pi
      interaction, addition of electron donating groups (-CH3, -OH, and -NH2) and
      electron accepting groups (-CF3, -CN, -NO2, and -NH3(+)) varies the strength of
      the donor and acceptor moieties. These factors lead to modulation of the HOMO and
      LUMO energy levels and facilitate the engineering of the HOMO-LUMO gap and the
      optical gap over a wide range of ~0.7-3.7 eV. Moreover, on the basis of
      calculated ionization potential and reorganization energy, most of the
      investigated molecules are predicted to be air stable and to exhibit high
      electron mobility, with the possibility of the presence of ambipolar
      characteristics in a few of them. The results of our calculations not only
      demonstrate the examined molecules to be the potential materials for organic opto
      electronic devices, but also establish an understanding of the composition
      structure-property correlation, which will provide guidelines for designing and
      synthesizing new materials of choice. 

PMID- 26972387
TI  - Predictive statistical models of baseline variations in 3-D femoral cortex
      morphology.
AB  - Quantifying human femoral cortex morphology is important for forensic science,
      surgical planning, prosthesis design and musculoskeletal modeling. Previous
      studies have been restricted by traditional zero or one dimensional morphometric
      measurements at discrete locations. We have used automatic image segmentation and
      statistical shape modeling methods to create predictive models of baseline 3-D
      femoral cortex morphology on a statistically significant population. A total of
      204 femurs were automatically segmented and measured to obtain 3-D shape, whole
      surface cortical thickness, and morphometric measurements. Principal components
      of shape and cortical thickness were correlated to anthropological data (age,
      sex, height and body mass) to produce predictive statistical models. We show that
      predictions of an individual's age, height, and sex can be improved by using 3-D
      shape and cortical thickness when compared with traditional morphometric
      measurements. We also show that femoral cortex geometry can be predicted from
      anthropological data combined with femoral measurements with less than 2.3 mm
      root mean square error, and cortical thickness with less than 0.5 mm root mean
      square error. The predictive models presented offer new ways to infer subject
      specific 3-D femur morphology from sparse subject data for biomechanical
      simulations, and inversely infer subject data from femur morphology for
      anthropological and forensic studies.

PMID- 26972385
TI  - Stress Regulates Aquaporin-8 Permeability to Impact Cell Growth and Survival.
AB  - Aquaporin-8 (AQP8) allows the bidirectional transport of water and hydrogen
      peroxide across biological membranes. Depending on its concentration, H2O2 exerts
      opposite roles, amplifying growth factor signaling in physiological conditions,
      but causing severe cell damage when in excess. Thus, H2O2 permeability is likely
      to be tightly controlled in living cells. AIMS: In this study, we investigated
      whether and how the transport of H2O2 through plasma membrane AQP8 is regulated,
      particularly during cell stress. RESULTS: We show that diverse cellular stress
      conditions, including heat, hypoxia, and ER stress, reversibly inhibit the
      permeability of AQP8 to H2O2 and water. Preventing the accumulation of
      intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress counteracts AQP8
      blockade. Once inhibition is established, AQP8-dependent transport can be rescued
      by reducing agents. Neither H2O2 nor water transport is impaired in stressed
      cells expressing a mutant AQP8, in which cysteine 53 had been replaced by serine.
      Cells expressing this mutant are more resistant to stress-, drug-, and radiation
      induced growth arrest and death. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION: The control of AQP8
      mediated H2O2 transport provides a novel mechanism to regulate cell signaling and
      survival during stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 1031-1044.

PMID- 26972389
TI  - Historic accounts of Mansonella parasitaemias in the South Pacific and their
      relevance to lymphatic filariasis elimination efforts today.
AB  - There are two species of filarial parasites with sheathless microfilariae known
      to commonly cause parasitaemias in humans: Mansonella perstans and Mansonella
      ozzardi. In most contemporary accounts of the distribution of these parasites,
      neither is usually considered to occur anywhere in the Eastern Hemisphere.
      However, Sir Patrick Manson, who first described both parasite species, recorded
      the existence of sheathless sharp-tailed Mansonella ozzardi-like parasites
      occurring in the blood of natives from New Guinea in each and every version of
      his manual for tropical disease that he wrote before his death in 1922. Manson's
      reports were based on his own identifications and were made from at least two
      independent blood sample collections that were taken from the island. Pacific
      region Mansonella perstans parasitaemias were also later (in 1923) reported to
      occur in New Guinea and once before this (in 1905) in Fiji. Although Mansonella
      parasitaemias are generally regarded as benign, they are thought to be of public
      health importance because they can affect the epidemiological monitoring of other
      filarial diseases. In this article, we reviewed the historic literature
      concerning Pacific-origin Mansonella-parasitaemias in an attempt to explain how,
      despite repeated reports of Pacific-region Mansonella-parasitaemias, by as early
      as the 1970s, the WHO had arrived at the present-day view that Wuchereria
      bancrofti is the only cause of filarial parasitaemias in Papua New Guinea. We
      have also evaluated the evidence supporting the contemporary existence of Pacific
      area parasitaemia-causing Mansonella parasites and assessed the relevance such
      parasites could have for present-day lymphatic filariasis elimination efforts in
      the region. 

PMID- 26972390
TI  - Antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of Punica granatum peel aqueous extract
      in a murine model of echinococcosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PGE) on
      the development of secondary experimental echinococcosis and on the viability of
      Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, and the immunomodulatory properties of
      PGE. METHODS: Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with viable
      protoscoleces. Then, PGE was orally administered daily during cystic
      echinococcosis development. Cyst development and hepatic damage were
      macroscopically and histologically analyzed. The production of nitric oxide and
      TNF-alpha was assessed in plasma and the hepatic expression of iNOS, TNF-alpha,
      NF-kappaB and CD68 was examined. Moreover, protoscoleces were cultured and
      treated with different concentrations of PGE. RESULTS: It was observed that in
      vitro treatment of protoscoleces caused a significant decrease in viability in a
      PGE-dose-dependent manner. In vivo, after treatment of cystic echinococcosis
      infected mice with PGE, a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels (P <
      0.0001) and TNF-alpha levels (P < 0.001) was observed. This decline was strongly
      related to the inhibition of cyst development (rate of hydatid cyst growth
      inhibition = 63.08%) and a decrease in CD68 expression in both the pericystic
      layer of hepatic hydatid cysts and liver tissue (P < 0.0001). A significant
      diminution of iNOS, TNF-alpha and NF-kappaB expression was also observed in liver
      tissue of treated mice (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an
      antihydatic scolicidal effect and immunomodulatory properties of PGE, suggesting
      its potential therapeutic role against Echinococcus granulosus infection.

PMID- 26972388
TI  - Multiple modes of inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2J2 by dronedarone,
      amiodarone and their active metabolites.
AB  - Dronedarone, a multiple ion channel blocker is prescribed for the treatment of
      paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation. While dronedarone does not
      precipitate toxicities like its predecessor amiodarone, its clinical use has been
      associated with idiosyncratic hepatic and cardiac adverse effects and drug-drug
      interactions (DDIs). As dronedarone is a potent mechanism-based inactivator of
      CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, a question arose if it exerts a similar inhibitory effect on
      CYP2J2, a prominent cardiac CYP450 enzyme. In this study, we demonstrated that
      CYP2J2 is reversibly inhibited by dronedarone (Ki=0.034 MUM), amiodarone
      (Ki=4.8MUM) and their respective pharmacologically active metabolites namely N
      desbutyldronedarone (NDBD) (Ki=0.55 MUM) and N-desethylamiodarone (NDEA) (Ki=7.4
      MUM). Moreover, time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent irreversible
      inactivation of CYP2J2 was investigated where inactivation kinetic parameters
      (KI, kinact) and partition ratio (r) of dronedarone (0.05 MUM, 0.034 min(-1),
      3.3), amiodarone (0.21 MUM, 0.015 min(-1), 20.7) and NDBD (0.48 MUM, 0.024 min(
      1), 21.7) were observed except for NDEA. The absence of the characteristic Soret
      peak, lack of recovery of CYP2J2 activity upon dialysis, and biotransformation of
      dronedarone and NDBD to quinone-oxime reactive metabolites further confirmed the
      irreversible inactivation of CYP2J2 by dronedarone and NDBD is via the covalent
      adduction of CYP2J2. Our novel findings illuminate the possible mechanisms of
      DDIs and cardiac adverse effects due to both reversible inhibition and
      irreversible inactivation of CYP2J2 by dronedarone, amiodarone and their active
      metabolites.

PMID- 26972391
TI  - Hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa seed extract against acetaminophen
      induced oxidative stress.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of Nigella sativa seed extract
      (NSSE) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in TIB-73 cells and
      rats. METHODS: Toxicity in TIB-73 cells was induced with 10 MUmol/L APAP and the
      protective effects of NSSE were evaluated at 25, 50, 75, 100 MUg/mL. For in vivo
      examination, a total of 30 rats were equally divided into five experimental
      groups; normal control (vehicle), APAP (800 mg/kg body weight single IP
      injection) as a hepatotoxic control, and three APAP and NS pretreated (2 weeks)
      groups (APAP + NSSE 100 mg; APAP + NSSE 300 mg and APAP + NSSE 900 mg/kg).
      RESULTS: TIB-73 cell viability was drastically decreased by (49.0 +/- 1.9)% after
      the 10 MUmol/LAPAP treatment, which also increased reactive oxygen species
      production. Co-treatment with NSSE at 25, 50, 75, and 100 MUg/mL significantly
      improved cell viability and suppressed reactive oxygen species generation. In
      vivo, the APAP induced alterations in blood lactate levels, pH, anionic gap, and
      ion levels (HCO3(-), Mg(2+) and K(+)), which tended to normalize with the NSSE
      pretreatment. The NSSE also significantly decreased elevated serum levels of
      alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and
      alkaline phosphatase induced by APAP, which correlated with decreased levels of
      hepatic lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), increased superoxide dismutase
      levels, and reduced glutathione concentrations. Improved hepatic histology was
      also found in the treatment groups other than APAP group. CONCLUSIONS: The in
      vitro and in vivo findings of this study demonstrated that the NSSE has
      protective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolic disturbances
      by improving antioxidant activities and suppressing both lipid peroxidation and
      ROS generation.

PMID- 26972392
TI  - Achillea fragrantissima, rich in flavonoids and tannins, potentiates the activity
      of diminazine aceturate against Trypanosoma evansi in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate activity of methanol extract of Achillea fragrantissima
      (meth) (A. fragrantissima) alone or in combination with diminazine aceturate (DA)
      against Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) in experimentally infected rats. METHODS:
      Sixty adult male Wister albino rats were divided equally into 6 groups (A-F).
      Rats in groups A-E were experimentally infected with T. evansi and those in group
      F were uninfected. The groups were treated respectively as follows: group A-with
      3.5 mg/kg DA; group B- with 1000 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima; group C-3.5 mg/kg
      DA plus 500 mg/kg meth A. fragrantissima; group D-3.5 mg/kg DA plus 1000 mg/kg
      meth A. fragrantissima. Group E was left untreated. Parasitemia, survivability,
      packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total leucocytes count, lymphocyte
      count, and serum malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were
      estimated. Phytochemical screening of meth A. fragrantissima was also performed.
      RESULTS: The phytochemical analysis of the meth A. fragrantissima indicated a
      higher content from polyphenolic tannins and non tannins and flavonoids. The
      efficacy percentage against trypanosomiasis in groups A - E was respectively as
      follows 80, 40, 90, 100, 0. The administration of meth-A. fragrantissima (1000
      mg/kg b.wt.) produced a moderate efficacy against trypanosomiasis. Untreated rats
      in group E died between 25 and 30 d post infection. The rats given DA and meth A.
      fragrantissima combinations (C and D) showed faster and higher recovery rates
      than the uninfected control and groups A and B. The initial reduction in packed
      cell volume, hemoglobin, total leucocytes count, increases in serum
      malondialdehyde and decreases in GSH levels were reversed by the treatments.
      CONCLUSION: The administration of the methanol extracts of A. fragrantissima and
      DA combination therapy was more effective than each product alone in the
      treatment of rats infected with T. evansi and further studies are required to
      isolate more active ingredients.

PMID- 26972393
TI  - Detection of coat protein gene of nervous necrosis virus using loop-mediated
      isothermal amplification.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish a novel and highly specific loop-mediated isothermal
      amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of nervous necrosis virus (NNV)
      infection. METHODS: A set of synthesized primers was used to match the sequences
      of a specific region of the nnv gene from the National Center for Biotechnology
      Information database, not originating from NNV-infected fish, the efficiency and
      specificity of LAMP were measured dependent on the concentration of DNA
      polymerase and the reaction temperature and time. In addition, to determine
      species-specific LAMP primers, cross reactivity testing was applied to the
      reaction between NVV and other virus families including viral hemorrhagic
      septicemia virus and marine birnavirus. RESULTS: The optimized LAMP reaction
      carried out at 64  degrees C for 60 min, and above 4 U Bst DNA polymerase. The
      sensitivity of LAMP for the detection of nnv was thus about 10 times greater than
      the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction. The LAMP assay primers were
      specific for the detection NNV infection in Epinephelus septemfasciatus.
      CONCLUSIONS: The development of LAMP primers based on genetic information from a
      public database, not virus-infected samples, may provide a very simple and
      convenient method to identify viral infection in aquatic organisms.

PMID- 26972394
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of aminoglycosides and tetracycline derivatives against Japanese
      encephalitis virus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the antiviral activity of antibiotic compounds, mainly
      aminoglycosides and tetracyclines against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)
      induced infection in vitro. METHODS: Antiviral activity were evaluated against
      JEV using cytopathic effect inhibition assay, virus yield reduction assay,
      caspase 3 level, extracellular viral detection by antigen capture ELISA and viral
      RNA levels. RESULTS: JEV induced cytopathic effect along with reduction of viral
      progeny plaque formation indicated antiviral potential of the compounds
      suggesting that antibiotics had broad spectrum activity. Doxycycline and
      kanamycin administration in dose dependent manner declined viral RNA replication.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows kanamycin and doxycycline can affect virion
      structure and alter replication causing inhibition of JEV induced pathogenesis in
      vitro.

PMID- 26972396
TI  - Echovirus serotypes circulating in Malaysia from 2002 to 2013.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the circulating serotypes of human echovirus in Malaysia
      from 2002 to 2013. METHODS: A total of 31 retrospective samples from non-polio
      acute flacid paralysis, hand-food-and-mouth disease, viral meningitis and
      enterovirus cases were subjected to amplification of partial VP1 gene by RT-PCR.
      RESULTS: Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequences identified
      presence of human echovirus and human coxsackie viruses. It was found that
      echovirus 11 was the commonly circulating serotype followed by echovirus 6,
      echovirus 7, echovirus 3, echovirus 9, echovirus 30 and echovirus 1 in decreasing
      order. Additionally two types of human coxsackie virus isolates were detected
      which were coxsackie A24 and B3. CONCLUSIONS: From the findings, there is a
      possibility that echovirus 11 is the predominant serotype among Malaysian
      patients with echovirus infection. However, a larger sample size will yield a
      more confident result to support this evidence.

PMID- 26972395
TI  - Relationship between CD14-159C/T gene polymorphism and acute brucellosis risk.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the cluster of differentiation
      14 (CD14)-159C/T (rs2569190) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to acute
      brucellosis in an Iranian population. METHODS: The study included 153 Iranian
      patients with active brucellosis and 128 healthy individuals as the control
      group. Genotyping of the CD14 variant was performed using an amplification
      refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of CD14-159 TT and CT genotypes were associated with increased risk of
      brucellosis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.993, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.07
      3.71, P = 0.03 for CT; OR = 3.869, 95% CI = 1.91-7.84, P = 0.01 for TT genotype.
      Additionally, the minor allele (T) was significantly more frequently present in
      brucellosis patients than in controls (61% vs. 45%, respectively), and was a risk
      factor for brucellosis (OR = 3.058, 95% CI = 1.507-6.315, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:
      The findings provided suggestive evidence of association of the CD14-159C/T gene
      polymorphism with susceptibility to acute brucellosis in the Iranian population.

PMID- 26972397
TI  - Characteristics, clinical outcomes and factors influencing mortality of patients
      with melioidosis in southern Thailand: A 10-year retrospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study characteristics, clinical outcomes and factors influencing
      mortality of patients afflicted with melioidosis. METHODS: We retrospectively
      analyzed 134 patients, with a microbiologically-confirmed diagnosis of
      melioidosis, during the period from January 2002 to June 2011 at Songklanagarind
      Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in southern Thailand. RESULTS: The prevalence
      of melioidosis among admitted patients was 36.8 per 100000 in patients. The
      median age was 49 years and they were predominantly male. The most common
      underlying disease was diabetes mellitus (47.01%). The majority of cases (50%)
      had localized infection. The rates of multifocal, bacteremic, and disseminated
      infections were 12.7%, 23.1%, and 14.2%, respectively. The lungs were the most
      common organ afflicted, resulting in infection (24.63%). Splenic abscess as well
      as liver abscess accounted for 20.90% and 19.40%, respectively. A total of one
      eighth of the patients had septic shock at presentation. The overall mortality
      rate was 8.96%. The factors influencing mortality were pneumonia, septic shock, a
      positive blood culture for Burkholderia pseudomallei, superimposing with
      nosocomial infection and inappropriate antibiotic administration. CONCLUSIONS:
      Melioidosis is not uncommon in southern Thailand. The mortality of patients with
      pneumonia, bacteremia and septic shock is relatively high. Appropriate
      antibiotics, initially, will improve outcomes.

PMID- 26972398
TI  - Effect of dimethyl fumarate on rats with chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on rats with l
      arginine induced chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were given
      DMF treatment (25 mg/kg) by oral lavage method; then Wistar rats were given the
      intraperitoneal injection of l-arginine for 5 times (250 mg/100 kg, twice per
      time, each interval of 1 h) for building of CP model. Rats were divided into
      control group, CP group, DMF group and CP + DMF group. Rats in CP + DMF group
      were given the oral intragastric administration of DMF (25 mg/kg), while rats in
      control group and CP group were given the equal volume of normal saline. The
      weight of rats was evaluated and the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was
      performed (IPGTT, 2 g/kg). The islet of rats was isolated and then flow cytometry
      was employed to evaluate the quality and activity of islets. Meanwhile, the
      histology of non-endocrine tissues and levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and
      malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the
      weight of rats in CP group was significantly reduced at week 2, 4 and 6; the
      blood glucose significantly increased, AUC increased, the histopathological
      scores of pancreatic atrophy, acinar injury, edema and cellular infiltration
      increased, levels of MDA and MPO increased, the islet equivalent and islet
      activity decreased at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Compared with CP group, the
      weight of rats in CP + DMF group significantly increased at week 2, 4 and 6; the
      blood glucose significantly decreased, AUC decreased, the histopathological
      scores of pancreatic atrophy, acinar injury, edema and cellular infiltration
      decreased, levels of MDA and MPO decreased, the islet equivalent and islet
      activity increased at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. CONCLUSIONS: DMF treatment can
      improve CP induced by l-arginine and islet function in rats.

PMID- 26972399
TI  - Onco-microRNA miR-130b promoting cell growth in children APL by targeting PTEN.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of microRNA-130b (miR-130b) in children acute
      promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and its role for regulating PTEN expression.
      METHODS: A total of 50 children APL marrow tissues and 15 normal marrow tissues
      between January and December in 2012 were collected into our study. The
      expression of miR-130b in APL and normal marrow tissues were detected by
      quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. MiR-130b inhibitor was
      transfected into HL-60 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry were
      used to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. The expression of
      PTEN, a potential target of miR-130b, and its downstream genes, Bcl-2 and Bax, in
      transformed cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction and western-blot. RESULTS: The expression of miR-130b was significantly
      higher in children APL marrow tissues than in normal marrow tissues (P < 0.05).
      Down-regulation of miR-130b could significantly suppress cell proliferation and
      induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells (P < 0.05). PTEN expression was upregulated when
      miR-130b was knocking-down (P < 0.05). As downstream genes of PTEN, the
      expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were regulated as well. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-130b is
      overexpressed in children APL marrow tissues and associated with cell growth. MiR
      130b may promote children APL progression by inducing cell proliferation and
      inhibiting apoptosis.

PMID- 26972400
TI  - Effect of levocarnitine on TIMP-1, ICAM-1 expression of rats with coronary heart
      disease and its myocardial protection effect.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of levocarnitine (L-CN) on tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)
      expression of rats with coronary heart disease and evaluate the protective effect
      of L-CN on myocardial cells. METHODS: High-fat diet feeding and intraperitoneal
      injection of pituitrin was performed on rats in model group and CHD Model of rats
      was built. Rats with successful model-building were selected and divided into L
      CN group and Ctrl group randomly. Rats in L-CN group were given L-CN treatment,
      with intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) and successive
      administration for 3 d. Rats in Ctrl group were given equal volumes of normal
      saline. Blood was collected from carotid artery at different time and expression
      quantity of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and Troponin I (TnI) in serum was
      detected. Rats in each group were put to death and were separated to obtain the
      myocardial tissue. Real-time PCR and Western Blotting hybridization were
      performed to detect the TIMP-1, ICAM-1 expression in myocardial tissue in each
      group. Statistical analysis was employed to explore the expression changes of
      TIMP-1 and ICAM-1, and ELISA test was used to analyze the expression changes of
      myocardial necrosis marker-CK-MB and TnIto learn the effect of L-CN and its
      myocardial protective effect. RESULTS: The total cholesterol, triglyceride and
      blood glucose levels of rats in model group were significantly higher than that
      in control group, which indicated that due to high-fat diet feeding, blood lipid
      of rats in model group was obviously higher than that in control group. In
      myocardial tissue of rats in model group, TIMP-1 level significantly reduced and
      ICAM-1 level significantly increased (P < 0.01). In model group, after L-CN
      treatment, TIMP-1 level had double increase, while ICAM-1 level had 43% of
      decrease in L-CN group compared with Ctrl group. After L-CN intervention
      treatment, CK-MB and TnI content in L-CN group relatively reduced compared with
      Ctrl group. The difference among groups was obvious (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: L-CN
      could increase the TIMP-1 expression level and inhibit the ICAM-1 expression
      level. L-CN has a certain myocardial protective effect.

PMID- 26972401
TI  - Regulating effect of activated NF-kappaB on edema induced by traumatic brain
      injury of rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF
      kappaB) on cerebral edema in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS:
      Male SD rats with fluid percussion injury (FPI) were selected. After separation
      and culture, rats' astrocytes all suffered FPI. The expression of NF-kappaB and
      the water content were detected at the animal and cellular levels, while the
      activity of NOX was evaluated at the cellular level. RESULTS: According to the
      results, the positive expression of NF-kappaB and expression of mRNA were
      significantly increased and the water content was increased for rats after TBI,
      while NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY11-7082 could significantly reduce the effect of
      TBI. 1 and 3 h after FPI of astrocytes, the activation of NF-kappaB was increased
      and BAY 11-7082 could significantly improve the injury-induced swelling of
      astrocytes. After the injury of astrocytes, the activity of NOX was also
      increased, while BAY 11-7082 could reduce the activity of NOX. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results show that the activation of NF-kappaB in astrocytes is a key factor in
      the process of cerebral edema after TBI of rats.

PMID- 26972402
TI  - Mechanism of all-transretinoic acid increasing retinoblastoma sensitivity to
      vincristine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of all-transretinoic acid (ATRA) increasing
      retinoblastoma (RB) sensitivity to vincristine, and the inhibiting effect of
      vincristine combined with ATRA treatment on the SO-RB50 cell proliferation.
      METHODS: SO-RB50 cells were cultivated by routine culture method. Different
      concentrations of vincristine or ATRA were added into culture solution. After 48
      h, cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the median inhibitory concentration
      (IC50) of vincristine combined with ATRT treatment to SO-RB50 cells. SO-RB50
      cells were divided into drug combination group, vincristine group, ATRA group and
      control group. Different drugs were added into the culture solution respectively
      for cell culture based on the IC50 value. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect
      the cell proliferation every 24-h cultivation. After continuous determination for
      6 d, data was processed to draw the cell growth curve. After drug use for 72 h,
      flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of different cell cycles of SO
      RB50 cells in each group. After drug use for 48 h, annexin V/propidium iodide
      method was used to detect the SO-RB50 cell apoptosis in each group. RESULTS: The
      IC50 value of vincristine treatment on the SO-RB50 cells was 0.11 MUmol/L, and
      ATRT was 12.84 MUmol/L. The cell growth curve in control group rose gradually
      along with the extended culture time, but after vincristine and ATRA treatment,
      the cell growth curve was smooth and steady. The cell increment was the least in
      drug combination group and its cell growth curve was the smoothest. There was
      significant difference in A450 48 h and 72 h after treatment (Fgrouping = 77.316,
      P < 0.001; Ftime = 86.985, P < 0.001). Compared with control group, A450 value in
      drug combination group, vincristine group, ATRA group was significant lower (P <
      0.001). Compared with control group, the G2/M phase cell proportion in
      vincristine group was significantly increased, while the G0/G1 phase cell
      proportion was significantly decreased; the G0/G1 phase cell proportion in ATRA
      group was significantly increased, while the S phase cell proportion was
      significantly decreased (FG0/G1 = 85.878, Fs = 56.455, FG2/M = 85.878, P <
      0.001). After 48 h, there was significant difference in SO-RB50 cell apoptosis
      rate among groups (F = 11.312, P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate in drug combination
      group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: ATRA can increase the sensitivity of SO-RB50 cells to vincristine.
      Vincristine combined with ATRA treatment can significantly increase the
      inhibiting effect on SO-RB50 cells, which may be related with promoting cell
      apoptosis and involving in cell cycle control.

PMID- 26972403
TI  - Protective effect of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 inhibitor against mice
      liver injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect and its molecular mechanism of
      apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor (GS-459679) on
      acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. METHODS: The model of liver injury
      was established by administration of acetaminophen (APAP) (300 mg/kg, i.p.) on
      C57BL/6 mice. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four
      groups, consisting of control group, GS group (GS-459679, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), APAP
      induced group, and GS combined with APAP-induced group. For GS combined with APAP
      induced group, mice were treated with GS 30 min prior to administration of APAP.
      After mice were euthanized at 6 h or 12 h, respectively, serum levels of alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed, and
      mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta were tested. The activity of
      glutathione (GSH), oxidized GSH (GSSG) and malondialdehyde were quantified. In
      addition, ASK1, P-ASK1, JNK and P-JNK protein levels were tested in all groups.
      RESULTS: The ASK1 and P-ASK1 levels were up-regulated in APAP-induced group.
      Compared to the control group, serum levels of ALT and AST, and mRNA levels of
      TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta were increased in APAP-induced group. Meanwhile, the
      levels of MAD and GSSG, and the ratio of GSSG/GSH were higher and the JNK was
      activatedin APAP-induced group compared with that in control group. However,
      compared to APAP-induced group, GS combined with APAP-induced group displayed a
      decrease of protein expression levels of ASK1, P-ASK1 and P-JNK, a reduction of
      serum levels of ALT and AST, a decrease in TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta mRNA
      levels, and a low ration of GSSG/GSH. CONCLUSIONS: GS-459679 treatment
      effectively down-regulates ASK1 and P-ASK1 expression. Addition of GS-459679
      decreases the generation of liver metabolites and inflammatory factors, reduces
      oxidative stress reaction, inhibits JNK activation, and then protects the
      responsiveness to APAP-induced liver injury.

PMID- 26972404
TI  - Effect of TRPV1 combined with lidocaine on cell state and apoptosis of U87-MG
      glioma cell lines.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Transient receptor potential cation channel,
      subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) combined with lidocaine on status and apoptosis of
      U87-MG glioma cell line, and explore whether local anesthetic produces
      neurotoxicity by TRPV1. METHODS: U87-MG cells were divided into control group,
      gene silencing group, empty vector group and TRPV gene up-regulation group. For
      cells in each group, flow cytometry was employed to detect the intracellular
      calcium ion concentration and mitochondrial membrane potential at different time
      point from cellular perspective. Cell apoptosis of U87-MG was assayed by flow
      cytometry and MTT from a holistic perspective. RESULTS: Calcium ion concentration
      increased along with time. The concentration in TRPV1 gene up-regulation group
      was significantly higher than those in other groups at each time point (P <
      0.05). After adding lidocaine, mitochondrial membrane potential in U87-MG
      significantly increased (P < 0.05). This increasing trend in TRPV1 gene up
      regulation group was more significant than other groups (P < 0.05), while in
      TRPV1 gene silencing group, the trend significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Flow
      cytometry result and MTT result both showed that cell apoptosis in each group
      significantly increased after lidocaine was added (P < 0.05). This increasing
      trend in TRPV1 gene up-regulation group was more significant than other groups (P
      < 0.05), while in TRPV1 gene silencing group, the trend significantly decreased
      (P < 0.05). Moreover, apoptosis was more severe along with the increasing
      concentration of lidocaine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was proved
      that lidocaine could dose-dependently induce the increase of intracellular
      calcium ion concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in U87
      MG glioma cell line. The up-regulation of TRPV1 enhanced cytotoxicity of
      lidocaine, which revealed the correlations between them. Lidocaine might have
      increased intracellular calcium ion concentration by activating TRPV1 gene and
      induced apoptosis of U87-GM glioma cell line by up-regulating mitochondrial
      membrane potential.

PMID- 26972405
TI  - Immune formulation-assisted conventional therapy on anti-infective effectiveness
      of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of immune formulation-assisted conventional
      therapy on anti-infective ability of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis infection mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were used as experimental
      animals, multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis infection models were built,
      randomly divided into model group, moxifloxacin group, thymopentin group and
      combined treatment group and given corresponding drug intervention, and then
      colony numbers in the spleen and lung, T lymphocyte subset contents and
      programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression levels in peripheral blood were detected.
      RESULTS: Colony numbers in lung and spleen of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin
      group were significantly lower than those of model group and colony numbers in
      lung and spleen of combined treatment group were significantly lower than those
      of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group; contents of CD3(+)CD4(+)T cells, Th1
      and Th17 in peripheral blood of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group were
      higher than those of model group, and contents of CD3(+)CD8(+)T cells, Th2 and
      Treg were lower than those of model group; contents of CD3(+)CD4(+)T cells, Th1
      and Th17 in peripheral blood of combined treatment group were higher than those
      of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group, and contents of CD3(+)CD8(+)T cells,
      Th2 and Treg were lower than those of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group;
      PD-1 expression levels on T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and monocyte surface in
      peripheral blood of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group were lower than
      those of model group, and PD-1 expression levels on T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte
      and monocyte surface in peripheral blood of combined treatment group were lower
      than those of moxifloxacin group and thymopentin group. CONCLUSIONS: Immune
      formulation thymopentin can enhance the anti-infective ability of multidrug
      resistant M. tuberculosis infection mice, decrease bacterial load in lung and
      spleen, and enhance immune function.

PMID- 26972406
TI  - Effect of miR-467b on atherosclerosis of rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of miR-467b on the atherosclerosis (AS) of rats
      with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene knockout (ApoE(-/-)). METHODS: ApoE(-/-) rats
      were fed with high fat and high cholesterol diet and were randomly divided into
      group A, group B and group C, with 10 rats in each group. Group A: rats were
      injected with ApoE agonist through the caudal vein; group B: rats were injected
      with ApoE antagonist through the caudal vein; group C: as negative control group.
      Enzyme oxidation method was used to detect the blood lipid levels of rats.
      Western blotting method was used to detect the aortic lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
      expression levels of rats. HE staining and oil red O staining were performed to
      observe the AS lesions and lipid accumulation state. RESULTS: Compared with group
      C, blood lipid level, aortic intima and aortic sinus lipid accumulation area
      ratio, aortic sinus lesion area and LPL expression level in group A significantly
      reduced; while blood lipid level, aortic intima and aortic sinus lipid
      accumulation area ratio, aortic sinus lesion area, and LPL expression level in
      group B significantly increased, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: miR-467b can alleviate the AS lesions of ApoE(-/-) rats, and its
      inhibiting effect on AS may be related to LPL expression.

PMID- 26972407
TI  - Preinduced intestinal HSP70 improves visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal
      intestinal motility in PI-IBS mouse model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the preinduced intestinal heat shock
      protein 70 (HSP70) on the visceral hypersensitivity and abnormal intestinal
      motility in a post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) mouse model.
      METHODS: Eighty-four female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups:
      control group (n = 21) and induction + PI-IBS group (n = 21), PI-IBS group (n =
      21) and induction group (n = 21). The mice in PI-IBS group were infected in vivo
      with Trichinella spiralis by oral administration. The visceral hypersensitivity
      and intestinal motility were evaluated respectively with abdominal withdrawal
      reflex and colon transportation test. The intestinal HSP70 protein and mRNA level
      was measured by Western blot and real-time PCR. Meanwhile, the intestinal
      proinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TNF-alpha level was detected by ELISA.
      RESULTS: Compared with their counterparts in PI-IBS group, the animals in the
      Induction + PI-IBS group show significantly increased intestinal level of HSP70
      and obviously ameliorative clinical figures, including abdominal withdrawal
      reflex score, intestine transportation time and Bristol scores (P < 0.05).
      Meanwhile, the intestinal post-inflammatory cytokines remarkably changed,
      including increased IL-10 level and decreased TNF-alpha level (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal HSP70 may play a potential protective role through
      improving the imbalance between the intestinal post-inflammatory and anti
      inflammatory cytokines in PI-IBS.

PMID- 26972408
TI  - Efficient Water Oxidation Using CoMnP Nanoparticles.
AB  - The development of efficient water oxidation catalysts based on inexpensive and
      Earth-abundant materials is a prerequisite to enabling water splitting as a
      feasible source of alternative energy. In this work, we report the synthesis of
      ternary cobalt manganese phosphide nanoparticles from the solution-phase reaction
      of manganese and cobalt carbonyl complexes with trioctylphosphine. The CoMnP
      nanoparticles (ca. 5 nm in diameter) are nearly monodisperse and homogeneous in
      nature. These CoMnP nanoparticles are capable of catalyzing water oxidation at an
      overpotential of 0.33 V with a 96% Faradaic efficiency when deposited as an ink
      with carbon black and Nafion. A slight decrease in activity is observed after 500
      cycles, which is ascribed to the etching of P into solution, as well as the
      oxidation of the surface of the nanoparticles. Manganese-based ternary phosphides
      represent a promising new system to explore for water oxidation catalysis. 

PMID- 26972409
TI  - A multidisciplinary learning experience contributing to mental health
      rehabilitation.
AB  - Purpose People who access health services often have a range of needs that
      require the involvement of members from a multidisciplinary team. Teaching future
      health professionals about the importance of a multidisciplinary approach can be
      challenging. The aim of this paper is to describe a project called Recovery Camp
      that enhanced multidisciplinary health education through experiential and
      immersive engagement with people experiencing mental illness. Method Future
      health professionals and people with a lived experience of mental illness took
      part in Recovery Camp - an innovative five-day therapeutic recreation initiative
      in the Australian bush. Results are presented in a case study format and provide
      the reflective quotes of participants. The quotes were analyzed using a content
      analysis to identify core concepts. Results Analyses identified a common
      appreciation of multidisciplinary learning. The interactions among students and
      between students and consumers, promoted inter-professional practice and a
      holistic understanding of mental health care. Conclusions An immersive
      multidisciplinary approach, embedded within a recovery-based programme, enhances
      students' understanding of the significance of multidisciplinary mental health
      care and treatment. Implications for Rehabilitation People with a lived
      experience of mental illness have a range of complex needs that require
      involvement of members from a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. This study
      suggested a multidisciplinary, experiential, immersive health education
      experience - drawing on the principles of therapeutic recreation - can promote
      inter-professional rehabilitative practice and an appreciation for holistic
      mental health care.

PMID- 26972416
TI  - Relationship between the cohesion of guest particles on the flow behaviour of
      interactive mixtures.
AB  - In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects cohesion of small surface
      engineered guest binder particles on the flow behaviour of interactive mixtures.
      Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) - a model pharmaceutical binder - was spray-dried with
      varying l-leucine feed concentrations to create small surface-engineered binder
      particles with varying cohesion. These spray-dried formulations were
      characterised by their particle size distribution, morphology and cohesion.
      Interactive mixtures were produced by blending these spray-dried formulations
      with paracetamol. The resultant blends were visualised under scanning electron
      microscope to confirm formation of interactive mixtures. Surface coverage of
      paracetamol by guest particles as well as the flow behaviour of these mixtures
      were examined. The flow performance of interactive mixtures was evaluated using
      measurements of conditioned bulk density, basic flowability energy, aeration
      energy and compressibility. With higher feed l-leucine concentrations, the
      surface roughness of small binder particles increased, while their cohesion
      decreased. Visual inspection of the SEM images of the blends indicated that the
      guest particles adhered to the surface of paracetamol resulting in effective
      formation of interactive mixtures. These images also showed that the low-cohesion
      guest particles were better de-agglomerated that consequently formed a more
      homogeneous interactive mixture with paracetamol compared with high-cohesion
      formulations. The flow performance of interactive mixtures changed as a function
      of the cohesion of the guest particles. Interactive mixtures with low-cohesion
      guest binder particles showed notably improved bulk flow performance compared
      with those containing high-cohesion guest binder particles. Thus, our study
      suggests that the cohesion of guest particles dictates the flow performance of
      interactive mixtures. 

PMID- 26972417
TI  - Experimental and Pathalogical study of Pistacia atlantica, butyrate,
      Lactobacillus casei and their combination on rat ulcerative colitis model.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of Pistacia atlantica (P. atlantica), butyrate,
      Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) and especially their combination therapy on 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat colitis model. Rats were
      divided into seven groups. Four groups received oral P. atlantica, butyrate, L.
      casei and the combination of three agents for 10 consecutive days. The remaining
      groups were negative and positive controls and a sham group. Macroscopic and
      histopathological examinations were carried out along with determination of the
      specific biomarker of colonic oxidative stress, the myeloperoxidase (MPO).
      Compared with controls, the combination therapy exhibited a significant
      alleviation of colitis in terms of pathological scores and reduction of MPO
      activity (55%, p=0.0009). Meanwhile, the macroscopic appearance such as stool
      consistency, tissue and histopathological scores (edema, necrosis and neutrophil
      infiltration) were improved. Although single therapy by each P. atlantica,
      butyrate, and L. casei was partially beneficial in reduction of colon oxidative
      stress markers, the combination therapy was much more effective. In conclusion,
      the combination therapy was able to reduce the severity of colitis that is clear
      from biochemical markers. Future studies have to focus on clinical effects of
      this combination in management of human ulcerative colitis. Further molecular and
      signaling pathway studies will help to understand the mechanisms involved in the
      treatment of colitis and inflammatory diseases. 

PMID- 26972418
TI  - Triple synchronous invasive malignancies of the female genital tract in a patient
      with a history of leukemia: A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Three primary synchronous cancers in the female genital tract are
      extremely rare. In the literature, only four studies have described three
      different invasive gynecologic cancers of epithelial origin identified
      simultaneously in the same patient. CASE PRESENTATION: This is the first case in
      the literature that reports on triple primary ovarian, endometrial and
      endocervical cancers in a 38-year-old woman with a history of previously treated
      malignant disease (acute lymphatic leukemia). With a preoperative diagnosis of
      endocervical adenocarcinoma stage Ib1 (according to International Federation of
      Gynecology and Obstetrics-FIGO), as well as an adnexal mass, she underwent
      radical hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy. Pathologic examination of the
      surgical specimen revealed a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the cervix, an
      endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus, and a mucinous adenocarcinoma
      of the left ovary. Eighteen months after appropriate treatment, the patient is
      free of disease. CONCLUSION: The incidental diagnosis of more than one tumor is
      often a post-operative finding, usually with the detection of low-stage
      neoplasms. Multiple synchronous gynecologic cancers have a better prognosis than
      metastatic or advanced primitive disease. In a patient with multiple neoplasms,
      the prognosis is determined by the tumor with the worst prognosis.

PMID- 26972420
TI  - Conservative gap arthroplasty in temporomandibular ankylosis not involving the
      sigmoid notch: a selected age group study.
AB  - In this prospective, cohort, clinical follow-up study we aimed to investigate the
      role of conservative gap arthroplasty without interpositional material in
      managing ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Thirteen patients (15
      joints) with ankylosis who fulfilled the other inclusion criteria were enrolled.
      The ankylotic mass was excised to create a gap of 7-9mm. No interpositional
      material was used. Ipsilateral or bilateral masseter reflection,
      pterygomasseteric sling, and temporalis tendon release plus coronoidectomy were
      considered if maximum mouth opening failed to reach 35mm. A physiotherapy
      protocol was started on the first day. Patients' ages ranged from 13-38 (mean
      (SD) 18 (7) years). Trauma was the main cause. Duration of ankylosis at
      presentation ranged from 1-17 years (mean (SD) 5 (4) years). Eleven patients had
      unilateral, and two bilateral, ankylosis that did not involve the sigmoid notch.
      The mean (SD) maximum incisal opening (mm) was 38 (4) two years' postoperatively.
      The facial nerve was affected temporarily in two patients. Mean (SD) duration of
      follow-up was 4 (2) years without recurrence. Within our selection criteria,
      conservative gap arthroplasty of 7-9mm without interpositional material and with
      vigorous postoperative physiotherapy has a role in treating ankylosis of the TMJ
      and preventing its recurrence for more than four years. 

PMID- 26972419
TI  - The role of immunohistochemical adrenomedullin and Bcl-2 expression in
      development of type-1 endometrial adenocarcinoma: Adrenomedullin expression in
      endometrium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adrenomedullin (AM) is a pluripotent peptide first discovered from
      human pheochromocytoma. AM expression has been shown in various cancer types
      including endometrium cancer. Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein which might be
      regulated by AM in hypoxic conditions. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate the role of AM and Bcl-2 expressions in carcinogenesis of type-1
      endometrium cancer. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Study group consisted of 10
      proliferative endometrium, 22 simple endometrial hyperplasia, 23 endometrial
      intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) and 30 Grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma
      patients. AM and Bcl-2 expressions were investigated by immunohistochemistry.
      RESULTS: Mean AM Allred score was 3+/-2.6, 5.6+/-1.6 and 5.7+/-2.5 in benign, EIN
      and adenocarcinoma groups, respectively. AM expression was significantly higher
      in EIN and adenocarcinoma groups than in benign endometrium group (p<0.05). Mean
      Bcl-2 Allred score was 6.4+/-2.1, 5.2+/-2.6, 2.3+/-2 in benign endometrium, EIN
      and adenocarcinoma groups, respectively. Mean Bcl-2 Allred score was similar
      between benign endometrium and EIN groups (p>0.05). However, it was significantly
      lower in adenocarcinoma group (p<0.05). An inverse correlation between AM and Bcl
      2 expressions was found (r: -0.4, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that
      AM expression increased in progression from benign endometrium to EIN and type-1
      adenocarcinoma while expression of Bcl-2 decreased in transition from EIN to
      carcinoma.

PMID- 26972421
TI  - Imidazolium salts with antifungal potential for the control of head blight of
      wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum.
AB  - AIMS: Evaluate the in vitro effect of imidazolium salts (IMS) on the conidia
      germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium graminearum and their in vivo
      efficacy for suppressing the symptoms of the disease and infection of kernels in
      wheat plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of
      three IMS (C16 MImCl, C16 MImMeS and C16 MImNTf2 ) were determined for four F.
      graminearum isolates using serial broth dilution method. The MICs found for all
      IMS were either 3.12 or 6.25 MUg ml(-1) across the isolates, with the former as
      the most frequent. In the mycelial growth assay on potato dextrose agar media,
      only the C16 MImCl among the IMS reduced 50% of mycelial growth of one isolate at
      an estimated concentration of 0.32 mg ml(-1) . The time-kill curves showed a
      strong fungicidal effect starting 1 h after incubation at a concentration of 12.5
      MUg ml(-1) , representing a fourfold increase in the most frequent MIC. The C16
      MImCl sprayed onto the spikes of potted wheat plants during the flowering stage
      reduced disease intensity at levels comparable to the commercial fungicide when
      applied preventatively (1 h prior to fungal inoculation), rather than curatively,
      and at the higher dosage (2 mg ml(-1) ) rather than lower dosage (0.5 mg ml(-1)
      ). CONCLUSIONS: C16 MImCl proved to be a potent inhibitor of F. graminearum
      growth and provided good levels of control of the disease at levels comparable to
      a commercial fungicide, in wheat plants treated prior to fungal infection during
      flowering stages. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study suggests the
      potential of using IMS as alternative to the hazardous standard fungicides in the
      management of Fusarium head blight of wheat.

PMID- 26972422
TI  - Association between maxillary sinus fungus ball and sinus bone grafting with
      deproteinized bovine bone substitutes: a case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between sinus bone graft and the
      development of fungus ball (FB) of the maxillary sinus. STUDY DESIGN: The charts
      of all patients seen for surgical treatment of maxillary sinus FB following sinus
      bone grafting between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed. The charts of 49 participants
      were selected from our internal registry for comparison as controls. The
      association between FB and age, gender, smoking habits, associated co
      morbidities, and bone grafting material was evaluated. FB of the maxillary sinus
      was estimated by using an odds ratio with a Yates' correction. P values were
      computed using Fisher's exact test, and the statistical significance was set at a
      P value < .05. RESULTS: All 13 cases (100%) with FB of the maxillary sinus had
      received anorganic bovine bone as the bone substitute (P = .0001). There were
      significantly more women in the case group than in the control group (84.6% in
      the cases vs 40.8% in the controls; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: This study
      demonstrated a significant association between a specific deproteinized bovine
      bone substitute use as sinus bone graft material and subsequent development of FB
      of the maxillary sinus.

PMID- 26972423
TI  - Lateral tarsotomy: a practical alternative to lateral canthotomy to increase
      orbital access.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Transconjunctival approach to the lower one-third of the orbit is
      commonly used to avoid transcutaneous incisions when surgical access is needed. A
      lateral canthotomy is used in conjunction with this approach if increased lateral
      exposure is required. A major disadvantage to lateral canthotomy is difficulty in
      resuspension of the lateral canthal tendon, which can lead to unaesthetic
      outcomes. The present report describes two cases of lateral tarsal incision or,
      as we decided to call it, the "lateral tarsotomy" technique. This simple approach
      is used to increase lateral access to the orbit without the need for lateral
      canthotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Two patients presented with internal orbital wall
      trauma that required repair; access was achieved with a transconjunctival
      approach in conjunction with lateral tarsotomy. The patients were followed up at
      1 week, 1 month, and 3 months to document the development of possible unaesthetic
      and poor functional outcomes. RESULTS: Excellent cosmetic results were observed,
      with no noticeable deformity at the tarsotomy site. There was no evidence of
      ectropion, entropion, scleral show, and visible scars. CONCLUSIONS: The above
      results suggest that the lateral tarsotomy approach is a practical alternative to
      lateral canthotomy when increased lateral exposure is required.

PMID- 26972424
TI  - Response to: WhatsApp: a telemedicine platform for facilitating remote oral
      medicine consultation and improving clinical examinations.

PMID- 26972426
TI  - Oncological and surgical outcome of total laryngectomy in combination with neck
      dissection in the elderly.
AB  - There are controversial data on oncological and surgical outcome after major head
      and neck cancer surgery in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      outcome of elderly cancer patients after total laryngectomy in combination with
      neck dissection. A total of 58 patients separated into two age groups (28 < 65
      vs. 30 >= 65 years) with hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer who underwent total
      laryngectomy and neck dissection were enrolled. Comorbidities of both age groups
      using the Charlson comorbidity index, hospitalization days as well as surgical
      complications evaluated by the Clavien-Dindo classification were examined.
      Overall and disease-free survivals of all patients were analyzed. The average
      follow-up was 2.9 years. Surgical complication rate was significantly increased
      in elderly (p = 0.04). However, complications could be treated without surgical
      intervention in most cases without significant extension of hospitalization.
      Locoregional and distant control did not significantly differ in both age groups.
      Disease-free and overall survival showed no significant differences for the two
      age groups by the Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.66 and 0.08, respectively). Total
      laryngectomy in combination with neck dissection can be considered in elderly
      patients with satisfactory oncological and surgical outcome. 

PMID- 26972425
TI  - Risk of Headache-Related Healthcare Visits in Patients With Celiac Disease: A
      Population-Based Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with celiac disease (CD) are reported to be at
      increased risk for headaches, though large studies are lacking. We aimed to
      examine the risk of headache-related healthcare encounters in patients with CD in
      a nationwide population-based setting. METHODS: In this population-based
      retrospective cohort study, we searched all (n = 28) pathology departments in
      Sweden and identified patients with CD based on the presence of villous atrophy
      (VA). Each patient was matched to up to 5 controls, by age, gender, calendar
      period, and region. Using Cox proportional hazards, we tested for an association
      between CD and subsequent headache-related visit. We also tested this association
      for those with intestinal inflammation but normal villi, and subjects with
      positive CD serologies but normal histology. RESULTS: Among 28,638 patients with
      CD and 143,126 controls, headache-related visit occurred in 1,337 (4.7%) and
      4,102 (2.9%), respectively. The incidence of headache-related visit was 423 per
      100,000 person-years in CD patients and 254 per 100,000 person-years in controls
      (HR 1.66; 95% CI 1.56-1.77; P < .0001). Individuals having inflammation without
      VA on small intestinal biopsy (n = 12,898; HR 2.08; 95% CI 1.90-2.27; P < .0001)
      and those with normal mucosa but positive CD serology (n = 3,617; HR 1.83; 95% CI
      1.57-2.12; P < .0001) were also at increased risk for headache-related visit.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study we found a significantly increased
      risk of headache-related visits in patients with CD; this increase was also
      present in patients with intestinal inflammation and those with positive CD
      serology but with normal mucosal architecture on small bowel biopsy. Though
      limited by surveillance bias, this study indicates that headache-related visits
      are more common in these populations.

PMID- 26972427
TI  - Predictors for surgical complications of en bloc resections in the spine: review
      of 220 cases treated by the same team.
AB  - PURPOSE: Identify risk factors, enabling reduction of the rate of complications
      and improve outcome in en bloc resection surgeries. METHODS: A retrospective
      study of prospective collected data of 1681 patients affected by spine tumors
      treated from 1990 to 2015 by the same team. RESULTS: A total of 220 en bloc
      resections that were performed on 216 patients during that period. Most of the
      tumors were primary-165 cases (43 benign and 122 malignant), metastases occurred
      in 55 cases. Median FU was 45 months (0-371). 153 complications were observed in
      100 patients (46.2 %). 64 (30 %) suffered one complication, while the rest had
      two or more. There were 105 major and 48 minor complications. Seven patients (4.6
      %) died as a result of complications. The combined approach, neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy and neoadjuvant radiotherapy were statistically significant
      independent risk factors for complications occurrence. 33 patients (15.2 %)
      suffered from local recurrence. Reoperations were mostly due to tumor
      recurrences, but also to hardware failures, wound dehiscence, hematomas and
      aortic dissection. CONCLUSION: The rate of complication is higher in
      multisegmental resections and when double combined approach is performed.
      Reoperations display greater morbidity owing to dissection through scar/fibrosis
      from previous operations and possibly from RT. Careful treatment planning and, in
      the event of uncertainty, referral to a specialty center must be stressed. The
      high risk of complications should not discourage surgeons from performing en bloc
      resection when needed. Most of the patients who sustain complications benefit
      from the better local control resulting from en bloc resection.

PMID- 26972428
TI  - The ototronix MAXUM middle ear implant for severe high-frequency sensorineural
      hearing loss: Preliminary results.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To report the preliminary results of the Ototronix MAXUM
      middle ear implant for treatment of severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing
      loss. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. METHODS: Six consecutive ears
      with severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (>=75 dB HL at 2, 3, and 4
      kHz) and poor aided word recognition performance (<=60% single words) underwent
      implantation of the MAXUM system at a single, private otologic referral center.
      Primary outcome measures included frequency-specific functional gain and word
      recognition score improvement compared to optimally fitted hearing aids. RESULTS:
      Six ears, in four adult patients (two female; median age 67.5 years) were
      included. The median unaided preoperative high-frequency pure-tone average
      (HFPTA) (2, 3, and 4 kHz) was 80.0 dB (range, 75.0-85.0 dB), and the median best
      aided word recognition score was 48.0% (range, 24%-60%). The median HFPTA
      functional gain with the MAXUM system was 47.2 dB, a 25.0 dB improvement (range,
      16.7-33.3 dB) (P = .03) over optimally fit hearing aids, and the median word
      recognition score with MAXUM was 81.5%, a 42.0% improvement (range, 20%-48%) (P =
      .03) with the MAXUM middle ear implant over optimally fitted hearing aids.
      CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data demonstrate that the MAXUM middle ear implant
      provides superior functional gain and word recognition scores in quiet for
      patients with severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss compared to
      optimally fitted hearing aids. Future studies with greater patient numbers and
      patient reported outcome measures are needed to confirm these promising but
      preliminary results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 126:2124-2127, 2016.

PMID- 26972429
TI  - Genotyping of Nocardia farcinica with multilocus sequence typing.
AB  - Nocardia are aerobic Gram-positive saprophytes that are widely distributed in
      nature, but some species cause nocardiosis, especially opportunistic infections
      that affect immunocompromised patients mostly. In this study, we developed a
      multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme using seven housekeeping genes (gyrB,
      hsp65, secA1, rpoB, rpoA, recA, and trpB) for genotyping the most common clinical
      species, Nocardia farcinica (37 clinical isolates from the patients with
      nocardiosis and seven from animals in China and 15 reference strains). The
      results showed that using these loci could perform accurate identification among
      different species, and high discriminative power within the N. farcinica species.
      Of the 59 N. farcinica isolates, 44 sequence types have been identified; 32 STs
      covering 46 isolates could be assigned to six clonal complexes that encompassed
      most of the collected strains. The results showed that these strains displayed a
      sufficiently informative population structure using this method. Our study also
      provided a suitable approach for epidemiological studies of N. farcinica. A large
      clonal complex comprising 16 strains was identified, and was notable for its wide
      distribution and host adaptation. This complex should be monitored closely and
      merits further study. 

PMID- 26972430
TI  - Molecular characteristics of penicillin-binding protein 2b, 2x and 1a sequences
      in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing invasive diseases among children in
      Northeast China.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the common pathogens causing severe invasive
      infections in children. This study aimed to investigate the serotype distribution
      and variations of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 2b, 2x and 1a in S.
      pneumoniae isolates causing invasive diseases in Northeast China. A total of 256
      strains were isolated from children with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) from
      January 2000 to October 2014. All strains were serotyped and determined for
      antibiotic resistance. The amplicons of penicillin-binding domains in pbp1a,
      pbp2b and pbp2x genes were sequenced for variation identification. The most
      prevalent serotypes of isolates in IPD children were 19A, 14, 19F, 23F and 6B.
      19A and 19F were the most frequent serotypes of penicillin-resistant S.
      pneumoniae (PRSP), which present with high resistance to amoxicillin, cefotaxime,
      ceftriaxone and meropenem. The numbers of amino acid substitutions of penicillin
      non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSP) isolates were higher than those of
      penicillin-sensitive S. pneumoniae isolates in all the PBP genes (p < 0.01). The
      patterns of amino acid mutation in PBP2b, PBP2x and PBP1a were unique and
      different from those of other countries. All of the serotype 19A and 19F PRSP
      isolates carried 25 amino acid mutations, including Ala618 -> Gly between
      positions 560 and 675 in PBP2b and Thr338 -> Ala substitutions in PBP2x. The
      amino acid alterations in PBP2b, PBP2x and PBP1a from S. pneumoniae were closely
      associated with resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. This study provides new
      data for further monitoring of genetic changes related to the emergence and
      spread of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in China. 

PMID- 26972432
TI  - Assessing the impact of fracture pattern on transfusion requirements in hip
      fractures.
AB  - PURPOSE: Hip fractures in the elderly represent a major source of morbidity and
      mortality, with allogeneic blood transfusions (ABTs) associated with increased
      mortality. This study assesses the ABT requirements between the most common
      patterns of hip fracture; intertrochanteric (IT) and intracapsular (IC). The
      impact of operation type on transfusion rates was also assessed. METHODS: A
      retrospective study was performed for all patients entered on the national hip
      fracture database over 1 year in a teaching hospital. Records of 559 patients
      were reviewed and, following exclusion criteria, 474 were evaluated (198 IT, 276
      IC). Baseline haematological parameters and ABTs were identified using hospital
      systems. Analysis was performed in SPSS, using independent samples t tests, one
      way ANOVAs and Chi square tests. RESULTS: Patient groups were matched on gender,
      anaesthetic type, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) grade, cognitive
      score and coagulation parameters. A significantly greater proportion of IT
      patients required an ABT during admission (39.4 vs. 22.5 %, p < 0.001). For IT
      fractures a greater proportion of patients required an ABT when undergoing an
      intramedullary nail operation compared with those requiring a dynamic hip screw
      (67.4 vs. 32.0 %, p < 0.001). Similarly, for IC fractures transfusion rates in
      patients undergoing an internal fixation were significantly lower than those
      undergoing hemiarthroplasty or arthroplasty (9.4 vs. 26.4 vs. 20.8 %, p = 0.033).
      CONCLUSION: Patients with IT hip fractures are significantly more likely to
      require an ABT than those with IC hip fractures. Patients undergoing an
      intramedullary nail for IT fractures have significantly higher transfusion rates
      than for other types of operation.

PMID- 26972431
TI  - Peptide aptamer identified by molecular docking targeting translationally
      controlled tumor protein in leukemia cells.
AB  - Bioinformatics screening and molecular docking analyses were utilized to select
      high affinity peptides targeting translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP).
      Selected peptide aptamers were tested towards cancer cell lines with different
      levels of TCTP expression. One peptide (WGQWPYHC) revealed specific cytotoxicity
      according to the TCTP expression in tumor cells without affecting normal cells.
      Western blot analysis showed peptide-induced down-regulation of TCTP as primary
      target as well as of cell-cycle related downstream proteins (CDK2, CDK6, Cyclin
      D3) in MOLT-4 leukemia cells. "WGQWPYHC" deserves further analysis for targeted
      therapy of TCTP-expressing tumor cells. Graphical abstract Molecular docking on
      TCTP, cytotoxicity toward MOLT-4 leukemia cell line and downregulation of CDK2,
      CDK6, CyclinD3 and TCTP proteins.

PMID- 26972433
TI  - Transradial intervention for chronic total occlusion at the external iliac artery
      using a bidirectional approach through a single guiding catheter.
AB  - A 64-year-old male with intermittent claudication due to long chronic total
      occlusion of external iliac artery was successfully treated with a bi-directional
      approach. The retrograde guidewire was inserted into the ipsilateral internal
      iliac artery to the distal femoral artery through a collateral channel. The
      procedure was performed with a single guiding catheter through a single puncture
      of the left radial artery. Avoid puncture of the femoral artery may be less
      invasive with fewer bleeding complications.

PMID- 26972434
TI  - Re: "PICALM Gene rs3851179 Polymorphism Contributes to Alzheimer's Disease in an
      Asian Population".
AB  - Liu et al. have carried out a meta-analysis of case-control studies to
      investigate the association between PICALM gene rs3851179 polymorphism and
      Alzheimer's disease in an Asian population. However, several important issues
      should be noted. 

PMID- 26972435
TI  - Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis are not associated with autoantibodies
      against structural proteins of the dermal-epidermal junction.

PMID- 26972436
TI  - The status of acupuncture and oriental medicine in the United States.
AB  - Since its first mention in U.S. media in the early 1970s, the practice of
      acupuncture and Oriental medicine (AOM) has grown in stature from a fringe,
      counter-culture movement to a valid, evidenced-based treatment option for
      patients. In the last 40 years, AOM schools and colleges have been accredited by
      the U.S. Department of Education, offering both masters and doctoral degree
      programs. To date, forty-seven states and the District of Columbia license or
      certify acupuncturists based on competency proven through state examination or
      professional certification by the National Certification Commission for
      Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). As acceptance of AOM in the U.S. has
      increased through both the assurance of psychometrically sound certification and
      the education of the American public on this topic, many challenges have emerged.
      Problems such as the underemployment of AOM clinicians, methodological hurdles
      for the investigation of mechanisms, and efficacy of acupuncture and other AOM
      treatment techniques have been observed. Investigative challenges also include
      gaps in research training as well as a dearth of the basic resources needed to
      conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs). As AOM research has sought
      integration into the Western research model, problems have been identified in the
      design of AOMRCTs, and strategies for their resolution through methods such as
      translational research have been examined. Incorporating these strategies as well
      as efficacy, effectiveness, and qualitative measures will strengthen the evidence
      base and thus provide clinical decision makers with more tools that can be used
      to design patient treatment regimens. 

PMID- 26972437
TI  - Yin-yang and Zheng: Exported from Chinese medicine.
AB  - Chinese medicine (CM) basic theory differs substantially from modern medicine in
      methodology. CM views the healthy human body as an entity in yinyang equilibrium.
      CM practitioners typically diagnose patients with "Zheng (CM syndrome)"-yin-yang
      status of specific organs, and the ultimate goal of treatment in CM is to restore
      the yin-yang balance. This concept might seem strange to Western perceptions;
      however, CM philosophy and methodology have been gradually accepted and used in
      the West. There is growing evidence from prestigious worldwide journals like
      Nature, Science and Cell indicating that CM theory is becoming an important
      component in dealing with health issues in the West. 

PMID- 26972438
TI  - Chinese medicine education and its challenges in the United States.
AB  - Over the past 4 decades Chinese medicine (CM) has come increasingly into the
      spotlight in the United States as the clinical effectiveness of CM has been not
      only empirically well-tested over a long period of time but also proven by recent
      scientific research. It has proven cost effectiveness, safety, and is authorized
      for natural and holistic approaches. In consideration, CM is one of the
      underutilized health care professions in the United States with a promising
      future. However, CM faces many challenges in its education and system, its niche
      in the health care system as an independent profession, legal and ethical issues.
      This paper discusses the confronting issues in the United States: present
      education, standards of CM education with shifting first professional degree
      level, new delivery systems of CM education. Development of new research models,
      training of evidence-based practice, and implementation of integrative medicine
      into CM education also are the key issues in the current CM profession. This
      paper also discusses opportunities for the CM profession going beyond the current
      status, especially with a focus on fusion medicine. 

PMID- 26972439
TI  - Treatment with modified Bazhen Decoction () for a patient with autoimmune
      hemolytic anemia: A case report of a ten-month period.

PMID- 26972440
TI  - Application of metabolomics technology in the research of Chinese medicine.
AB  - In recent years, a novel analytical technology, metabolomics is widely used in
      the modern research of Chinese medicine (CM). Metabolomics adopts a "top-down"
      strategy to reflect the function of organisms from terminal symptoms of metabolic
      network and understand metabolic changes of a complete system caused by
      interventions. As a holistic approach, metabolomics technology, including nuclear
      magnetic resonance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry, favorable to express the meaning of basic
      theories of CM, CM syndrome and Chinese herb. Therefore, we believe that
      metabolomics technology will greatly benefit to development for the research of
      CM in the light of modern sciences. 

PMID- 26972441
TI  - Structure of the fimbrial protein Mfa4 from Porphyromonas gingivalis in its
      precursor form: implications for a donor-strand complementation mechanism.
AB  - Gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases that can lead to
      tooth loss. One of the causes of these diseases is the Gram-negative
      Porphyromonas gingivalis. This periodontal pathogen is dependent on two fimbriae,
      FimA and Mfa1, for binding to dental biofilm, salivary proteins, and host cells.
      These fimbriae are composed of five proteins each, but the fimbriae assembly
      mechanism and ligands are unknown. Here we reveal the crystal structure of the
      precursor form of Mfa4, one of the accessory proteins of the Mfa1 fimbria. Mfa4
      consists of two beta-sandwich domains and the first part of the structure forms
      two well-defined beta-strands that run over both domains. This N-terminal region
      is cleaved by gingipains, a family of proteolytic enzymes that encompass arginine
      and lysine-specific proteases. Cleavage of the N-terminal region generates the
      mature form of the protein. Our structural data allow us to propose that the new
      N-terminus of the mature protein may function as a donor strand in the
      polymerization of P. gingivalis fimbriae. 

PMID- 26972442
TI  - Improved cortical bone specificity in UTE MR Imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE: Methods for direct visualization of compact bone using MRI have
      application in several "MR-informed" technologies, such as MR-guided focused
      ultrasound, MR-PET reconstruction and MR-guided radiation therapy. The
      specificity of bone imaging can be improved by manipulating image sensitivity to
      Bloch relaxation phenomena, facilitating distinction of bone from other tissues
      detected by MRI. METHODS: From Bloch equation dynamics, excitation pulses
      suitable for creating specific sensitivity to short-T2 magnetization from
      cortical bone are identified. These pulses are used with UTE subtraction
      demonstrate feasibility of MR imaging of compact bone with positive contrast.
      RESULTS: MR images of bone structures are acquired with contrast similar to that
      observed in x-ray CT images. Through comparison of MR signal intensities with CT
      Hounsfield units of the skull, the similarity of contrast is quantified. The MR
      technique is also demonstrated in other regions of the body that are relevant for
      interventional procedures, such as the shoulder, pelvis and leg. CONCLUSION:
      Matching RF excitation pulses to relaxation rates improves the specificity to
      bone of short-T2 contrast. It is demonstrated with a UTE sequence to acquire
      images of cortical bone with positive contrast, and the contrast is verified by
      comparison with x-ray CT. Magn Reson Med 77:684-695, 2017. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26972443
TI  - Clinical Significance of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus-1/ Hepatitis C Virus-coinfected Patients.
AB  - Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to accumulate during chronic
      viral infection, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) infection, and play a critical role in suppressing immune responses.
      However, the role of MDSCs in HIV/HCV coinfection is unclear. Here, we observed a
      dramatic increase in monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) level in the peripheral blood of
      HIV/HCV-coinfected patients compared to that of healthy controls; the level of M
      MDSCs proportion in coinfection was not higher than that in HIV or HCV
      monoinfection. Interestingly, we found the M-MDSCs level in coinfected patients
      correlated well with CD4(+) T cell loss (r = -0.5680; P = 0.0058), HIV-1 load (r
      = 0.6011; P = 0.0031), HCV load (r = 0.6288; P = 0.0017) and activated CD38(+) T
      cells (r = 0.5139; P = 0.0144). Initiation of highly active antiretroviral
      therapy considerably reduced both M-MDSCs and CD8(+) CD38(+) -activated T cell
      proportion in coinfected patients, and they showed a parallel course of decline.
      Thus, our results suggest that HIV-1 infection and high chronic immune activation
      may contribute to the expansion of M-MDSCs and accelerate the disease progression
      in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. 

PMID- 26972444
TI  - Branch-PCR Constructed Stable shRNA Transcription Nanoparticles Have Long-Lasting
      RNAi Effect.
AB  - RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular process for gene silencing. Because of poor
      serum stability, transferring dsRNA directly into the target cells is a
      challenge. We report a facile and universal strategy to construct short hairpin
      RNA (shRNA) transcription nanoparticles with multiple shRNA transcription
      templates by PCR with flexible branched primers (branch-PCR). Compared with
      conventional linear shRNA transcription templates, these shRNA transcription
      nanoparticles show excellent stability against digestion by exonuclease III.
      Importantly, we found that our highly stable shRNA transcription nanoparticles
      can also be transcribed and thus induce efficient and long-lasting RNAi with
      picomolar activity in living mammalian cells. These chemically well-defined
      branch-PCR-generated stable shRNA transcription nanoparticles might facilitate
      RNAi delivery with a long-lasting RNAi effects.

PMID- 26972445
TI  - Overexpression of miR-499-5p inhibits non-small cell lung cancer proliferation
      and metastasis by targeting VAV3.
AB  - Dysregulation of miRNAs is reported to be involved in the invasion and metastasis
      of lung cancer. Previous studies showed that low serum miR-499 expression was
      associated with advanced TNM stage and poor prognosis. The present study is
      carried out to evaluate the biological functions of miR-499-5p in lung cancer. We
      demonstrated that miR-499-5p was significantly reduced in NSCLC tissues and
      correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Overexpression of miR-499-5p inhibited
      cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, miR
      499-5p overexpression also inhibited NSCLC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Using
      bioinformatics tools, we identified VAV3 as a candidate target of miR-499-5p, and
      demonstrated that restoration of miR-499-5p expression in NSCLC cells
      downregulated VAV3 expression while inhibition of miR-499-5p upregulated VAV3
      expression. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-499-5p targeted 3'-UTR of
      VAV3. Moreover, cancer growth, proliferation and metastasis were decreased and
      apoptosis was increased after VAV3 blockage induced by miR-499-5p overexpression.
      We conclude that miR-499-5p functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting VAV3.
      This finding may provide a therapeutic approach for future treatment of NSCLC. 

PMID- 26972446
TI  - Attentional biases in healthy adults: Exploring the impact of temperament and
      gender.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Attentional biases such as faster attentional orienting toward
      negative information were consistently replicated in high-anxious and depressive
      individuals, but findings in healthy individuals are inconsistent so far.
      METHODS: Using a dot-probe paradigm, we investigated whether temperament traits
      and gender, which are linked to (sub)clinical symptoms and attentional
      processing, influenced attentional biases in healthy adults. RESULTS: All
      participants showed protective attentional biases in terms of orienting their
      attention away from negative information. In both genders higher values of
      negative affect were compensated with stronger attentional engagement with
      positive stimuli. This effect was more pronounced in men than in women. Effortful
      control fulfilled its regulative function in terms of stronger avoidance of
      negative stimuli only among men. LIMITATIONS: Reaction times after probe
      detection provide only a snapshot of attention and allow only for an indirect
      assessment of visual attention. Future research should emphasize methods that
      allow for continuous monitoring of attention allocation, therefore results of the
      present study await replication in psychophysiological or eye-tracking studies.
      CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of considering influencing
      factors such as gender and temperament traits for attentional biases in healthy
      adults.

PMID- 26972447
TI  - Liver transplant alone without kidney transplant for fibrinogen Aalpha-chain
      (AFib) renal amyloidosis.

PMID- 26972448
TI  - Finding the Golgi: Golgin Coiled-Coil Proteins Show the Way.
AB  - The Golgi apparatus lies at the centre of the secretory pathway. It consists of a
      series of flattened compartments typically organised into a stack that, in
      mammals, is connected to additional stacks to form a Golgi ribbon. The Golgi is
      responsible for the maturation and modification of proteins and lipids, and
      receives and exports vesicles to and from multiple destinations within the cell.
      This complex trafficking network requires that only the correct vesicles fuse
      with the correct destination membrane. Recently, a group of coiled-coil proteins
      called golgins were shown to not only capture incoming vesicles but to also
      provide specificity to the tethering step. This raises many interesting questions
      about how they interact with other components of membrane traffic, some of which
      may also contribute to specificity.

PMID- 26972450
TI  - Superconductivity in Weyl semimetal candidate MoTe2.
AB  - Transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted research interest over the last
      few decades due to their interesting structural chemistry, unusual electronic
      properties, rich intercalation chemistry and wide spectrum of potential
      applications. Despite the fact that the majority of related research focuses on
      semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides (for example, MoS2), recently
      discovered unexpected properties of WTe2 are provoking strong interest in
      semimetallic transition metal dichalcogenides featuring large magnetoresistance,
      pressure-driven superconductivity and Weyl semimetal states. We investigate the
      sister compound of WTe2, MoTe2, predicted to be a Weyl semimetal and a quantum
      spin Hall insulator in bulk and monolayer form, respectively. We find that bulk
      MoTe2 exhibits superconductivity with a transition temperature of 0.10 K.
      Application of external pressure dramatically enhances the transition temperature
      up to maximum value of 8.2 K at 11.7 GPa. The observed dome-shaped
      superconductivity phase diagram provides insights into the interplay between
      superconductivity and topological physics.

PMID- 26972453
TI  - The contribution of biological factors to the pathogenesis of psychiatric
      disorders in the postpartum period: a survey.
AB  - Samenvatting Aan de hand van literatuurgegevens wordt een overzicht gegeven van
      de rol van biologische factoren bij het tot stand komen van de drie belangrijkste
      psychiatrische stoornissen in het kraambed: 'maternity blues',
      postpartumdepressie en kraambedpsychose. Voorde blues en de postpartumdepressie
      worden vooral stoornissen in de stofwisseling van L-tryptofaan, progesteron en de
      endorfines beschreven maar zonder dat een duidelijk biopsychofysiologische
      verklaring van de ziektebeelden kan worden gegeven. Voorde kraambedpsychose wordt
      vooral aan dopamine en beta-enkefaline aandacht besteed. Het blijkt dat over de
      bio-etiologie van deze aandoeningen vooralsnog geen consensus bestaat. 

PMID- 26972452
TI  - Validation of the novel International Society of Urological Pathology 2014 five
      tier Gleason grade grouping: biochemical recurrence rates for 3+5 disease may be
      overestimated.

PMID- 26972451
TI  - Increased aquaporin 1 expression in the tunica albuginea of Peyronie's disease
      patients: an in vivo pilot study.
AB  - Peyronie's disease (PD) is a localized disorder of the connective tissue of the
      tunica albuginea (TA) whose etiology has not been elucidated. Although several
      studies have implicated genetic susceptibility and/or mechanical trauma as
      triggering events for PD, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely
      unknown. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is a water channel protein potentially implicated in
      connective tissue resistance to mechanical stress, acting primarily by increasing
      tension within the collagen network. Although it represents a potentially
      attractive molecular target in PD, to date no studies had ever addressed whether
      AQP1 is detectable and/or differentially expressed in the TA of these patients.
      Herein the present study, through immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches,
      we were able to detect AQP1 expression in the TA of control and PD affected
      patients. We demonstrated that AQP1-like immunoreactivity and expression are
      significantly increased in plaques of PD patients Vs controls, implying that AQP1
      overexpression might be the consequence of a localized maladaptive response of
      the connective tissue to repeated mechanical trauma. In summary, these data
      support the idea that AQP1 might represent a potentially useful biomarker of
      mechanical injury in the TA and a promising target for the treatment of PD. 

PMID- 26972449
TI  - History of chickenpox in glioma risk: a report from the glioma international case
      control study (GICC).
AB  - Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic alpha-herpesvirus that causes
      chickenpox and establishes life-long latency in the cranial nerve and dorsal root
      ganglia of the host. To date, VZV is the only virus consistently reported to have
      an inverse association with glioma. The Glioma International Case-Control Study
      (GICC) is a large, multisite consortium with data on 4533 cases and 4171 controls
      collected across five countries. Here, we utilized the GICC data to confirm the
      previously reported associations between history of chickenpox and glioma risk in
      one of the largest studies to date on this topic. Using two-stage random-effects
      restricted maximum likelihood modeling, we found that a positive history of
      chickenpox was associated with a 21% lower glioma risk, adjusting for age and sex
      (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.65-0.96). Furthermore, the protective effect of
      chickenpox was stronger for high-grade gliomas. Our study provides additional
      evidence that the observed protective effect of chickenpox against glioma is
      unlikely to be coincidental. Future studies, including meta-analyses of the
      literature and investigations of the potential biological mechanism, are
      warranted.

PMID- 26972454
TI  - Psychobiological aspects of Sensation Seeking Behavior.
AB  - Samenvatting Sensation Seekers zijn personen die vrijwillig levensgevaarlijke
      situaties opzoeken. Sensation Seeking gedrag kan sociaal en lichamelijk
      schadelijke effecten hebben. In vergelijking met controlegroepen zijn bij
      Sensation Seekers significante ver-schillen aangetoond in verscheidene
      psychobiologische reacties die optreden bij informatieverwerking. 

PMID- 26972455
TI  - The crossroads of anticipatory attention and motor preparation.
AB  - Samenvatting In een drietal artikelen wordt de overeenkomst besproken tussen
      Processen die ten grondslag liggen aan twee verschillende functies: anticipatoire
      attentie en motorische preparatie. Beide functies zijn van belang voor een
      optimale afstemming op onze omgeving. Het achterste gedeelte van de hersenschors
      houdt zieh voornamelijk bezig met binnenkomende informatie uit de buiten-wereld
      en het eigen lichaam, terwijl het voorste deel essentieel is voor onze acties en
      readies. Als bekend is wanneer wij met relevante informatie worden geconfronteerd
      en vermoed kan worden hoe daarop moet worden gereageerd, worden modali
      teitsspeeifieke sensorische en motorische kanalen geopend om zo een snelle en
      adequate reactie te garanderen. In deze tekst wordt gepostuleerd dat de achterste
      en voorste cortexhelften op vergelijkbare wijze vanuit de thalamus worden
      geactiveerd als onder-deel van anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie.
      Cruciaal is de inhiberende invloed die de nucleus reticularis (NR) uitoefent op
      de onderliggende thalamuskernen. De NR staat onder een dubbele controle:
      exciterend vanuit de prefrontale cortex en inhiberend vanuit het neostriatum.
      Aangegeven wordt hoe selectie in de informatieverwerking via deze balans kan
      worden gerealiseerd, zowel in het sensorische als het motorische domein. Nadat in
      Deel I een overzicht is gegeven van de relevante anatomische structuren, wordt
      hier het model voor anticipatoire attentie en motorische preparatie
      gepresenteerd. In het volgende artikel wordt neuropsychologische evidentie
      gepresenteerd, waarna het psychofysiologisch onderzoek aan de orde komt dat heeft
      geleid tot de formule ring van het model. 

PMID- 26972456
TI  - The significance of the expression of Fos protein in the brain for the
      classification of antipsychotics.
AB  - Samenvatting In de afgelopen zes jaar is veel onderzoek verficht naar de effecten
      van antipsychotica op de regionale c-fos-expressie in de hersenen. Deze
      benadering biedt in een dierexperimentele proefopzet de mogelijkheid op cellulair
      niveau de effecten van psychofarmaca te bestuderen. Het fos-gen behoort tot de
      groep 'immediate early genes'. Dit zijn genen die de transcriptie van andere,
      vaak onbekende genen reguleren. Een aantal aspecten van dit mechanisme wordt in
      deze bijdrage beschreven. Het onderzoek naar de effecten van antipsychotica op c
      fos-expressie wordt samengevat en de betekenis voor de classificatie van
      antipsychotica benadrukt. Het blijkt dat deze farmaca effectief zijn in zowel de
      (meso)limbische gebieden (als nucleus accumbens, septum en amygdala) als ook in
      de basale ganglia. De relatieve effecten, wat betreft de c-fos-reactie, van de
      atypische antipsychotica (als clozapine en risperidon) zijn hoger in de limbische
      structuren, vergeleken met de effecten van de typische (als haloperidol). De
      potentie van de c-fos-methodiek voor verdere ontwikkelingen in dit gebied wordt
      aangegeven. 

PMID- 26972457
TI  - Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: Effort Index
      Cutoff Scores for Psychometrically Defined Malingering Groups in a Military
      Sample.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This research examined cutoff scores for the Effort Index (EI), an
      embedded measure of performance validity, for the Repeatable Battery for the
      Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. EI cutoffs were explored for an active
      duty military sample composed mostly of patients with traumatic brain injury.
      METHOD: Four psychometrically defined malingering groups including a definite
      malingering, probable to definite malingering, probable malingering, and a
      combined group were formed based on the number of validity tests failed. RESULTS:
      Excellent specificities (0.97 or greater) were found for all cutoffs examined (EI
      >= 1 to EI >= 3). Excellent sensitivities (0.80 to 0.89) were also found for the
      definite malingering group. Sensitivities were 0.49 or below for the other
      groups. Positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios indicated
      that the cutoffs for EI were much stronger for ruling-in than ruling-out
      malingering. Analyses indicated the validity tests used to form the malingering
      groups were uncorrelated, which serves to enhance the validity of the formation
      of the malingering groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cutoffs were similar to other research
      using samples composed predominantly of head-injured individuals.

PMID- 26972458
TI  - A Qualitative Study of the Integration of Arab Muslim Israelis Suffering from
      Mental Disorders into the Normative Community.
AB  - This study focuses on the process of the integration of Arab Muslim Israelis
      suffering from mental disorders into the normative community, addressing
      perspectives of both people with mental disorders and the community. This
      qualitative-constructivist study seeks to understand the dynamics of face-to-face
      meetings by highlighting the participants' points of view. The main themes of the
      findings included stereotypes and prejudices, gender discrimination, and the
      effect of face-to-face meetings on integration of people with mental disorders
      (PMD) into the community. The findings support former studies about the
      integration of PMD into the normative community, but add a unique finding that
      females suffer from double discrimination: both as women in a conservative
      society and as PMD. The study findings indicate a perception of lack of self
      efficacy of PMD as a key barrier preventing integration into the community, which
      also prevents community members and counselors from accepting them or treating
      them as equals. We recommend on a social marketing campaign to be undertaken with
      the Arab Muslim community to refute stigmas and prejudices, particulary with
      double gender discrimination suffered by women with mental disorders in the
      Muslim community and training of community center counselors who have contact
      with the PMD population.

PMID- 26972459
TI  - Entrainment in up and down states of neural populations: non-smooth and
      stochastic models.
AB  - Slow oscillations in firing rate of neural populations are commonly observed
      during slow wave sleep. These oscillations are partitioned into up and down
      states, where the population switches between high and low firing rates (Sanchez
      Vives and McCormick in Nat Neurosci 3:1027-1034, 2000). Transitions between up
      and down states can be synchronized at considerably long ranges (Volgushev et al.
      in J Neurosci 26:5665-5672, 2006). To explore how external perturbations shape
      the phase of slow oscillations, we analyze a reduced model of up and down state
      transitions involving a population neural activity variable and a global
      adaptation variable. The adaptation variable represents the average of all the
      slow hyperpolarizing currents received by neurons in a large population.
      Recurrent connectivity leads to a bistable neural population, where a low firing
      rate state coexists with a high firing rate state, where persistent activity is
      maintained via excitatory connections. Adaptation eventually inactivates the high
      activity state, and the low activity state then persists until adaptation has
      significantly decayed. We analyze the phase response of the rate model by taking
      advantage of the separation of timescales between the fast activity and slow
      adaptation variables. This analysis reveals that perturbations to the neural
      activity variable have a considerably weaker effect on the oscillation phase than
      adaptation perturbations. When noise is not incorporated into the rate model, the
      period of the slow oscillation is determined by the timescale of the slow
      adaptation variable. In the presence of noise, times at which the population
      transitions between the low and high activity states become variable. This is
      because the rise and decay of the adaptation variable is now stochastically
      driven, leading to a distribution of transition times. Interestingly, common
      noise in the adaptation variable can lead to a correlation of two distinct slow
      oscillating populations. This effect is still significant in the event that each
      population contains its own local sources of noise. We also show this phenomenon
      can occur a spiking network. Our results demonstrate the relative contributions
      of excitatory input and hyperpolarizing current fluctuations on the phase of slow
      oscillations.

PMID- 26972461
TI  - Preparation of Zirconia Supported Basic Nanocatalyst: A Physicochemical and
      Kinetic Study of Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil.
AB  - Zirconia supported cadmium oxide basic nanocatalyst was prepared by simple co
      precipitation method using aq. ammonia as precipitating reagent. The catalyst was
      characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
      transmission electron microscopy technique (TEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface
      area measurement (BET), temperature program desorption (TPD-CO2) etc. The
      transesterificaton of soybean oil with methanol into biodiesel was catalysed by
      employing zirconia supported nanocatalyst. Kinetics of transesterificaton of oil
      was studied and obeyed the pseudo first order equation. While, the activation
      energy (Ea) for the transesterification of oil was found to be 41.18 kJ mol(-1).
      The 97% yield of biodiesel was observed using 7% catalyst loading (with respect
      of oil), 1:40 molar ratio of oil to methanol at 135 degrees C. 

PMID- 26972462
TI  - Extraction and Functional Properties of Proteins from Pre-roasted and Enzyme
      Treated Poppyseed (Papaver somniferum L.) Press Cakes.
AB  - In this study, proteins of the defatted meals obtained from cold-pressed
      poppyseed previously treated (pre-roasting and enzyme against control) were
      extracted and their compositional and functional properties were determined.
      Saline-alkaline extraction (pH 11-12, and 0.2-0.6 M NaCI) and isoelectric point
      (pH 4.0-5.5) precipitation technique showed that seed pre-roasting enhances
      protein yield while enzyme treatment reduces it. There were 7 bands on SDS-PAGE,
      and enzyme treated samples were weaker than control. While enzyme treatment
      decreased denaturation temperatures (T(d)), roasting enhanced the enthalpy change
      (DeltaH) values. Pre-treatments caused a decrease in protein least gelling
      concentration (LGC) values. Water and oil holding capacities (WHC and OHC) were
      found lower in enzyme treated and higher in preroasted samples. Similar effects
      were also determined for emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES)
      values. While foaming capacity (FC) in treated samples decreased, foam stability
      (FS) increased oppositely. In conclusion, poppyseed meals can be nutritionally
      good source for diet protein, and a limited pre-roasting can be very beneficial
      for enhanced protein extraction yield and desirable functional properties.

PMID- 26972463
TI  - Chemical Composition, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil
      from the Tunisian Ononis angustissima L. (Fabaceae).
AB  - The chemical composition, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of the
      hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts of Ononis angustissima from
      south Tunisia has been evaluated. The oil yield was 0.04% (w/w). The chemical
      composition, determined by GC and GC-MS is reported for the first time. Forty
      five components, accounting for 93.7% of the total oil have been identified. The
      oil was characterized by a high proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (33.2%),
      followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (6.3%) and apocarotenoids (10.3%). The
      main components of the oil were alpha-eudesmol (22.4%), 2-tridecanone (9.3%) and
      acetophenone (7.4%). The essential oil was tested for its possible cytotoxic
      activity towards the human cervical cell line HeLa using the MTT assay and the
      antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli,
      Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and the clinical strain
      Acinetobacter sp. This oil exerted a cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 0.53 +/-
      0.02 mg/mL and a significant antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa and E.
      faecalis. 

PMID- 26972460
TI  - Inverse regulation of two classic Hippo pathway target genes in Drosophila by the
      dimerization hub protein Ctp.
AB  - The LC8 family of small ~8 kD proteins are highly conserved and interact with
      multiple protein partners in eukaryotic cells. LC8-binding modulates target
      protein activity, often through induced dimerization via LC8:LC8 homodimers.
      Although many LC8-interactors have roles in signaling cascades, LC8's role in
      developing epithelia is poorly understood. Using the Drosophila wing as a
      developmental model, we find that the LC8 family member Cut up (Ctp) is primarily
      required to promote epithelial growth, which correlates with effects on the pro
      growth factor dMyc and two genes, diap1 and bantam, that are classic targets of
      the Hippo pathway coactivator Yorkie. Genetic tests confirm that Ctp supports
      Yorkie-driven tissue overgrowth and indicate that Ctp acts through Yorkie to
      control bantam (ban) and diap1 transcription. Quite unexpectedly however, Ctp
      loss has inverse effects on ban and diap1: it elevates ban expression but reduces
      diap1 expression. In both cases these transcriptional changes map to small
      segments of these promoters that recruit Yorkie. Although LC8 complexes with
      Yap1, a Yorkie homolog, in human cells, an orthologous interaction was not
      detected in Drosophila cells. Collectively these findings reveal that that
      Drosophila Ctp is a required regulator of Yorkie-target genes in vivo and suggest
      that Ctp may interact with a Hippo pathway protein(s) to exert inverse
      transcriptional effects on Yorkie-target genes. 

PMID- 26972464
TI  - Fatty Acids Profile, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Elicited
      Callus of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.
AB  - The aim of this study was analyze the effect of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic
      acid (ABA) as elicitors on fatty acids profile (FAP), phenolic compounds (PC) and
      antioxidant capacity (AC) in callus of Thevetia peruviana. Schenk & Hildebrandt
      (SH) medium, supplemented with 2 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2, 4-D) and 0.5
      mg/L kinetin (KIN) was used for callus induction. The effect of JA (50, 75 and
      100 MUM) and ABA (10, 55 and 100 MUM) on FAP, PC and AC were analyzed using a
      response surface design. A maximum of 2.8 mg/g of TPC was obtained with 100 plus
      10 uM JA and ABA, respectively, whereas AC maximum (2.17 MUg/mL) was obtained
      with 75 plus 100 uM JA and ABA, respectively. The FAP was affected for JA but not
      for ABA. JA increased cis-9, cis-12-octadecadienoic acid and decreased dodecanoic
      acid. Eight fatty acids were identified by GC-MS analysis and cis-9-octadecenoic
      acid (18:1) was the principal fatty acid reaching 76 % in treatment with 50 MUM
      JA plus 55 MUM ABA. In conclusion, JA may be used in T. peruviana callus culture
      for obtain oil with different fatty acids profile. 

PMID- 26972466
TI  - Sexual Differences in Chemical Composition and Aroma-active Compounds of
      Essential Oil from Flower Buds of Eurya japonica.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the composition of essential oil from buds
      of male and female Eurya japonica flowers and to determine the aroma-active
      compounds of this plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), sensory
      evaluation, and odor activity values (OAV). The oils contained eighty-five
      compounds. We identified for the first time forty-four compounds in E. japonica.
      Through sensory evaluation, nineteen aroma-active compounds were identified by
      gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Because the chemical composition can
      affect the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects, our results
      suggest that essential oils from male and female flower buds of E. japonica
      differently affect herbivores. Sexual differences in essential oils deserve
      further investigations in this plant-insect system. 

PMID- 26972465
TI  - The Collaborative Study on the Enzymatic Analysis of Positional Distribution of
      Short- and Medium-chain Fatty Acids in Milk Fat Using Immobilized Candida
      antarctica Lipase B.
AB  - The positional distributions of fatty acids (FAs) in milk fat containing short-
      and medium-chain FAs were analyzed by sn-1(3)-selective transesterification of
      triacylglycerols (TAGs) with ethanol using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase
      B (CALB), in a collaborative study conducted by 10 laboratories. The mean C4:0,
      C6:0, and C8:0 FA contents, when analyzed as propyl esters (PEs) using gas
      chromatography (GC) with a DB-23 capillary column, were found to be 3.0, 2.0,
      and, 1.3 area%, respectively. Their reproducibility standard deviations were
      0.33, 0.18, and 0.19, respectively. The mean C4:0, C6:0, and C8:0 contents at the
      sn-2 position were 0.3, 0.4, and 1.0 area%, respectively. Their reproducibility
      standard deviations were 0.17, 0.11, and 0.19, respectively. The reproducibility
      standard deviations of C4:0, C6:0, and C8:0 FAs at the sn-2 position were either
      the same as or smaller than those for milk fat, although the FA contents at the
      sn-2 position were smaller than those in the milk fat. Therefore, it was
      concluded that the CALB method for estimating the regiospecific distribution is
      applicable to TAGs containing short- and medium-chain FAs. When estimating the
      short-chain (SC) FA contents in fats and oils by GC, it is better to analyze
      SCFAs as PEs or butyl esters, and not as methyl esters, in order to prevent loss
      of SCFAs during the experimental procedure because of their volatility and water
      solubility. This study also revealed that the stationary phase of the GC
      capillary column affected the flame ionization detector (FID) response of SCFAs.
      The theoretical FID correction factor (MWFA / active carbon number / atomic
      weight of carbon) fitted well with the actual FID responses of C4:0-C12:0 FAs
      when they were analyzed as PEs using a DB-23 column; however, this was not the
      case when the GC analysis was performed using wax-type columns. 

PMID- 26972467
TI  - Biodegradable, Tethered Lipid Bilayer-Microsphere Systems with Membrane
      Integrated alpha-Helical Peptide Anchors.
AB  - Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are ideally suited for the study of biomembrane
      biomembrane interactions and for the biomimicry of cell-to-cell communication,
      allowing for surface ligand displays that contain laterally mobile elements.
      However, the SLB paradigm does not include three-dimensionality and
      biocompatibility. As a way to bypass these limitations, we have developed a
      biodegradable form of microsphere SLBs, also known as proteolipobeads (PLBs),
      using PLGA microspheres. Microspheres were synthesized using solvent evaporation
      and size selected with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Biomembranes
      were covalently tethered upon fusion to microsphere supports via short-chain PEG
      spacers connecting membrane-integrated alpha-helical peptides and the microsphere
      surface, affecting membrane diffusivity and mobility as indicated by confocal
      FRAP analysis. Membrane heterogeneities, which are attributed to PLGA
      hydrophobicity and rough surface topography, are curtailed by the addition of PEG
      tethers. This method allows for the presentation of tethered, laterally mobile
      biomembranes in three dimensions with functionally embedded attachment peptides
      for mobile ligand displays. 

PMID- 26972468
TI  - No evidence of learning in non-symbolic numerical tasks--A comment on Park and
      Brannon (2014).
AB  - Two recent studies - one of which was published in this journal - claimed to have
      found that learning on a non-symbolic arithmetic task improved performance on a
      symbolic arithmetic task (Park & Brannon, 2013, 2014). This finding has
      potentially far-reaching implications, because it would constitute evidence for a
      causal link between the Approximate Number System (ANS) and symbolic-math
      ability. Here, we argue that, due to the methodology used in both studies, the
      interpretation of data in terms of an improvement in ANS performance is
      problematic. We provide arguments and simulations showing that the trends in the
      data are similar to what one would expect for a non-learning observer. We discuss
      the implications for the original interpretation in terms of causality between
      non-symbolic and symbolic arithmetic performance. 

PMID- 26972469
TI  - How to interpret cognitive training studies: A reply to Lindskog & Winman.
AB  - In our previous studies, we demonstrated that repeated training on an approximate
      arithmetic task selectively improves symbolic arithmetic performance (Park &
      Brannon, 2013, 2014). We proposed that mental manipulation of quantity is the
      common cognitive component between approximate arithmetic and symbolic
      arithmetic, driving the causal relationship between the two. In a commentary to
      our work, Lindskog and Winman argue that there is no evidence of performance
      improvement during approximate arithmetic training and that this challenges the
      proposed causal relationship between approximate arithmetic and symbolic
      arithmetic. Here, we argue that causality in cognitive training experiments is
      interpreted from the selectivity of transfer effects and does not hinge upon
      improved performance in the training task. This is because changes in the
      unobservable cognitive elements underlying the transfer effect may not be
      observable from performance measures in the training task. We also question the
      validity of Lindskog and Winman's simulation approach for testing for a training
      effect, given that simulations require a valid and sufficient model of a decision
      process, which is often difficult to achieve. Finally we provide an empirical
      approach to testing the training effects in adaptive training. Our analysis
      reveals new evidence that approximate arithmetic performance improved over the
      course of training in Park and Brannon (2014). We maintain that our data supports
      the conclusion that approximate arithmetic training leads to improvement in
      symbolic arithmetic driven by the common cognitive component of mental quantity
      manipulation. 

PMID- 26972470
TI  - Structure-Based Design of a Br Halogen Bond at the Complex Interface of the Human
      Placental HtrA1 PDZ Domain with Its Heptapeptide Ligand.
AB  - The shock-induced serine protease HtrA1 is a potential regulator of human
      placenta development during pregnancy. The protein contains a functional PDZ
      domain that has been solved in complex with a phage display-derived heptapeptide:
      Asp-6 Ser-5 Arg-4 Ile-3 Trp-2 Trp-1 Val0 . In this study, a rationally designed
      halogen bond was introduced to the domain-peptide complex based on its NMR
      structure in solution. We computationally compared the stabilization energies and
      hindrance effects due to the presence of different halogens X (X = F, Cl, Br, or
      I), using a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach, and
      found that the Br atom could considerably promote the peptide binding free energy
      (DeltaDeltaG = -5.2 kcal/mol). Fluorescence assays confirmed that the peptide
      affinity to the HtrA1 PDZ domain was improved by approximately sevenfold upon
      bromination. Structural analysis identified a geometrically perfect halogen bond
      between the Br atom of the peptide Trp-1 residue and the carbonyl O atom of the
      HtrA1 Ile385 residue, with a bond length and an interaction energy of d = 3.20 A
      and DeltaE = -3.7 kcal/mol, respectively. 

PMID- 26972473
TI  - Impact of chronobiology on neuropathic pain treatment.
AB  - Inflammatory pain exhibits circadian rhythmicity. Recently, a distinct diurnal
      pattern has been described for peripheral neuropathic conditions. This diurnal
      variation has several implications: advancing understanding of chronobiology may
      facilitate identification of new and improved treatments; developing pain
      contingent strategies that maximize treatment at times of the day associated with
      highest pain intensity may provide optimal pain relief as well as minimize
      treatment-related adverse effects (e.g., daytime cognitive dysfunction); and
      consideration of the impact of chronobiology on pain measurement may lead to
      improvements in analgesic study design that will maximize assay sensitivity of
      clinical trials. Recent and ongoing chronobiology studies are thus expected to
      advance knowledge and treatment of neuropathic pain. 

PMID- 26972472
TI  - Correlates and predictors of sexual health among adolescent Latinas in the United
      States: A systematic review of the literature, 2004-2015.
AB  - Adolescent Latinas in the United States (US) are disproportionately affected by
      early pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in comparison to their non-Hispanic white
      counterparts. However, only a few studies have sought to understand the multi
      level factors associated with sexual health in adolescent Latinas. Adhering to
      the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA)
      guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review to better understand the
      correlates and predictors of sexual health among adolescent Latinas in the US,
      identify gaps in the research, and suggest future directions for empirical
      studies and intervention efforts. Eleven studies were identified: five examined
      onset of sexual intercourse, nine examined determinants of sexual health/risk
      behaviors (e.g., number of sexual partners and condom use), and three examined
      determinants of a biological sexual health outcome (i.e., STIs or pregnancy). Two
      types of variables/factors emerged as important influences on sexual health
      outcomes: proximal context-level variables (i.e., variables pertaining to the
      individual's family, sexual/romantic partner or peer group) and individual-level
      variables (i.e., characteristics of the individual). A majority of the studies
      reviewed (n=9) examined some aspect of acculturation or Latino/a cultural values
      in relation to sexual health. Results varied widely between studies suggesting
      that the relationship between individual and proximal contextual variables
      (including acculturation) and sexual health may be more complex than previously
      conceived. This review integrates the findings on correlates and predictors of
      sexual health among adolescent Latinas, and supports the need for strengths-based
      theoretically guided research on the mechanisms driving these associations.

PMID- 26972475
TI  - A longitudinal investigation of childhood communication ability and adolescent
      psychotic experiences in a community sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some childhood speech and language impairments precede psychosis but
      it is not clear whether they also precede adolescent psychotic experiences and
      whether this association is specific to psychotic experiences. METHODS: Pragmatic
      language and expressive speech and language (parent-assessed using the Children's
      Communication Checklist) at age 9 and psychotic experiences and depression at
      ages 12 and 18 were investigated in 7659 participants from the Avon Longitudinal
      Study of Parents and Children. Associations were investigated using multivariate
      modelling. RESULTS: Poorer pragmatic language at 9years was associated with
      psychotic experiences at both ages (12years OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11, 1.34; 18years
      OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10, 1.41) but only with depression at 18years (OR 1.10, 95% CI
      1.00, 1.22). Poorer expressive speech and language ability was not associated
      with psychotic experiences or depression at either age. There was evidence that
      pragmatic language was specifically associated with psychotic experiences at age
      12 but no evidence that the strength of any of the associations changed over
      time. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in pragmatic language precede early and late
      adolescent psychotic experiences and early adolescent depression. Interventions
      aimed at helping children improve pragmatic language skills may reduce the
      incidence of adolescent psychopathology and associated psychological disorder and
      dysfunction later in life.

PMID- 26972476
TI  - High-pressure Gas Activation for Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin-Film
      Transistors at 100  degrees C.
AB  - We investigated the use of high-pressure gases as an activation energy source for
      amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs). High
      pressure annealing (HPA) in nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases was applied to
      activate a-IGZO TFTs at 100  degrees C at pressures in the range from 0.5 to 4
      MPa. Activation of the a-IGZO TFTs during HPA is attributed to the effect of the
      high-pressure environment, so that the activation energy is supplied from the
      kinetic energy of the gas molecules. We reduced the activation temperature from
      300  degrees C to 100  degrees C via the use of HPA. The electrical
      characteristics of a-IGZO TFTs annealed in O2 at 2 MPa were superior to those
      annealed in N2 at 4 MPa, despite the lower pressure. For O2 HPA under 2 MPa at
      100  degrees C, the field effect mobility and the threshold voltage shift under
      positive bias stress were improved by 9.00 to 10.58 cm(2)/V.s and 3.89 to 2.64 V,
      respectively. This is attributed to not only the effects of the pressurizing
      effect but also the metal-oxide construction effect which assists to facilitate
      the formation of channel layer and reduces oxygen vacancies, served as electron
      trap sites. 

PMID- 26972474
TI  - Altered expression of developmental regulators of parvalbumin and somatostatin
      neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
AB  - Dysfunction of prefrontal cortex (PFC) inhibitory neurons that express the
      calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin in
      schizophrenia may be related to disturbances in the migration, phenotypic
      specification, and/or maturation of these neurons. These pre- and postnatal
      developmental stages are regulated in a cell type-specific manner by various
      transcription factors and co-activators, fibroblast growth factor receptors
      (FgfR), and other molecular markers. Consequently, we used quantitative PCR to
      quantify mRNA levels for these developmental regulators in the PFC of 62
      schizophrenia subjects in whom parvalbumin and somatostatin neuron disturbances
      were previously reported, and in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Relative to
      unaffected comparison subjects, subjects with schizophrenia exhibited elevated
      mRNA levels for 1) the transcription factor MafB, which is expressed by
      parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons as they migrate from the medial ganglionic
      eminence to the cortex, 2) the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha, which is
      expressed postnatally by parvalbumin neurons to maintain parvalbumin levels and
      inhibitory function, and 3) FgfR1, which is required for the migration and
      phenotypic specification of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons. Elevations in
      these markers were most prominent in younger schizophrenia subjects and were not
      present in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Finally, expression levels of other
      important developmental regulators (i.e. Dlx1, Dlx5, Dlx6, SATB1, Sip1/Zeb2,
      ST8SIA4, cMaf, Nkx6.2, and Arx) were not altered in schizophrenia. The over
      expression of a subset of molecular markers with distinct roles in the pre- and
      postnatal development of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons might reflect
      compensatory mechanisms to sustain the development of these neurons in the face
      of other insults.

PMID- 26972477
TI  - Mechanical Ventilation during Acute Brain-Injury in Children.
AB  - Mechanical ventilation in the brain-injured pediatric patient requires many
      considerations, including the type and severity of lung and brain injury and how
      progression of such injury will develop. This review focuses on neurological
      breathing patterns at presentation, the effect of brain injury on the lung,
      developmental aspects of blood gas tensions on cerebral blood flow, and
      strategies used during mechanical ventilation in infants and children receiving
      neurological intensive care. Taking these basic principles, our clinical approach
      is informed by balancing the blood gas tension targets that follow from the
      ventilation support we choose and the intracranial consequences of these choices
      on vascular and hydrodynamic physiology. As such, we are left with two key
      decisions: a low tidal volume strategy for the lung versus the consequence of
      hypercapnia on the brain; and the use of positive end expiratory pressure to
      optimize oxygenation versus the consequence of impaired cerebral venous return
      from the brain and resultant intracranial hypertension.

PMID- 26972479
TI  - An ensemble distance measure of k-mer and Natural Vector for the phylogenetic
      analysis of multiple-segmented viruses.
AB  - The Natural Vector combined with Hausdorff distance has been successfully applied
      for classifying and clustering multiple-segmented viruses. Additionally, k-mer
      methods also yield promising results for global genome comparison. It is not
      known whether combining these two approaches can lead to more accurate results.
      The author proposes a method of combining the Hausdorff distances of the 5-mer
      counting vectors and natural vectors which achieves the best classification
      without cutting off any sample. Using the proposed method to predict the
      taxonomic labels for the 2363 NCBI reference viral genomes dataset, the accuracy
      rates are 96.95%, 94.37%, 99.41% and 93.82% for the Baltimore, family, subfamily,
      and genus labels, respectively. We further applied the proposed method to 48
      isolates of the influenza A H7N9 viruses which have eight complete segments of
      nucleotide sequences. The single-linkage clustering trees and the statistical
      hypothesis testing results all indicate that the proposed ensemble distance
      measure can cluster viruses well using all of their segments of genome sequences.

PMID- 26972478
TI  - Inhibitory and excitatory networks balance cell coupling in the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus: A modeling approach.
AB  - Neuronal coupling contributes to circadian rhythms formation in the
      suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). While the neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide (VIP) is considered essential for synchronizing the oscillations of
      individual neurons, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) does not have a clear
      functional role despite being highly concentrated in the SCN. While most studies
      have examined the role of either GABA or VIP, our mathematical modeling approach
      explored their interplay on networks of SCN neurons. Tuning the parameters that
      control the release of GABA and VIP enabled us to optimize network synchrony,
      which was achieved at a peak firing rate during the subjective day of about 7Hz.
      Furthermore, VIP and GABA modulation could adjust network rhythm amplitude and
      period without sacrificing synchrony. We also performed simulations of SCN
      networks to phase shifts during 12h:12h light-dark cycles and showed that GABA
      networks reduced the average time for the SCN model to re-synchronize. We
      hypothesized that VIP and GABA balance cell coupling in the SCN to promote
      synchronization of heterogeneous oscillators while allowing flexibility for
      adjustment to environmental changes. 

PMID- 26972481
TI  - Insulin receptor regulates food intake through sulfakinin signaling in the red
      flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.
AB  - Insects obtain energy and nutrients via feeding to support growth and
      development. The insulin signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of
      feeding; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we
      show that insulin signaling regulates food intake via crosstalk with neuropeptide
      sulfakinin in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Silencing of the insulin
      receptor (InR) decreased the food intake in the penultimate and final instar
      stages, leading to a decrease of weight gain and mortality during larval-pupal
      metamorphosis. Interestingly, the knockdown of InR co-occurred with an increased
      expression of sulfakinin (sk), a gene encoding neuropeptide SK functioning as a
      satiety signal. In parallel, double silencing of sk and InR eliminated the
      inhibitory effect on food intake as induced by silencing of InR and the larvae
      died as prepupae. In conclusion, this study shows, for the first time, that the
      insulin/InR signaling regulates food intake through the sulfakinin signaling
      pathway in the larval stages of this important model and pest insect, indicating
      a novel target for pest control.

PMID- 26972480
TI  - hnRNPK inhibits GSK3beta Ser9 phosphorylation, thereby stabilizing c-FLIP and
      contributes to TRAIL resistance in H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - c-FLIP (cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein) is the pivotal regulator of TRAIL
      resistance in cancer cells, It is a short-lived protein degraded through the
      ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. The discovery of factors and mechanisms regulating
      its protein stability is important for the comprehension of TRAIL resistance by
      tumor cells. In this study, we show that, when H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells
      are treated with TRAIL, hnRNPK is translocated from nucleus to cytoplasm where it
      interacts and co-localizes with GSK3beta. We find that hnRNPK is able to inhibit
      the Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3beta by PKC. This has the effect of activating
      GSK3beta and thereby stabilizing c-FLIP protein which contributes to the
      resistance to TRAIL in H1299 cells. Our immunohistochemical analysis using tissue
      microarray provides the clinical evidence of this finding by establishing a
      negative correlation between the level of hnRNPK expression and the Ser9
      phosphorylation of GSK3beta in both lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal
      tissues. Moreover, in all cancer tissues examined, hnRNPK was found in the
      cytoplasm whereas it is exclusively nuclear in the normal tissues. Our study
      sheds new insights on the molecular mechanisms governing the resistance to TRAIL
      in tumor cells, and provides new clues for the combinatorial chemotherapeutic
      interventions with TRAIL. 

PMID- 26972482
TI  - Contour and osteotomy of free fibula transplant using a ruler template.
AB  - The fibula free tissue transplant has been used in mandibular reconstruction for
      several decades. Various techniques exist to shape and contour the fibula to
      restore continuity to the segmental mandible defect. Recently, virtual surgical
      planning has introduced the ability to use cutting guides to contour and create
      osteotomies for fibula free tissue reconstruction of the mandible. In this
      article, we describe a practical and reproducible technique to perform template
      based fibula free tissue reconstruction of the mandible without the use of
      cutting guides. Laryngoscope, 126:2288-2290, 2016.

PMID- 26972483
TI  - Role of annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration.
AB  - The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its
      complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a
      crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to
      reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4
      lysine acetylation and methylation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. It
      was intriguing to observe that H3K9,14 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, H3K4
      trimethylation and H3K9 dimethylation along with their respective regulatory
      genes, such as GCN5, SETd8b, SETD7/9, and SUV39h1, were differentially regulated
      in the regenerating fin at various time points of post-amputation. Annexin genes
      have been associated with regeneration; this study reveals the significant up
      regulation of ANXA2a and ANXA2b transcripts and their protein products during the
      regeneration process. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR analysis of the
      regulatory regions of the ANXA2a and ANXA2b genes demonstrated the ability to
      repress two histone methylations, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, in transcriptional
      regulation during regeneration. It is hypothesized that this novel insight into
      the diverse epigenetic mechanisms that play a critical role during the
      regeneration process may help to strategize the translational efforts, in
      addition to identifying the molecules involved in vertebrate regeneration.

PMID- 26972484
TI  - Dexmedetomidine: Superiority trials needed?

PMID- 26972485
TI  - High-resolution investigation of memory-specific reinstatement in the hippocampus
      and perirhinal cortex.
AB  - Episodic memory involves remembering the details that characterize a prior
      experience. Successful memory recovery has been associated with the reinstatement
      of brain activity patterns in a number of sensory regions across the cortex.
      However, how the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex
      contribute to this process is less clear. Models of episodic memory posit that
      hippocampal pattern reinstatement, also referred to as pattern completion, may
      mediate cortical reinstatement during retrieval. Empirical evidence of this
      process, however, remains elusive. Here, we use high-resolution fMRI and encoding
      retrieval multi-voxel pattern similarity analyses to demonstrate for the first
      time that the hippocampus, particularly right hippocampal subfield CA1, shows
      evidence of reinstating individual episodic memories. Furthermore, reinstatement
      in perirhinal cortex (PrC) is also evident. Critically, we identify distinct
      factors that may mediate the cortical reinstatement in PrC. First, we find that
      encoding activation in PrC is related to later reinstatement in this region,
      consistent with the theory that encoding strength in the regions that process the
      memoranda is important for later reinstatement. Conversely, retrieval activation
      in right CA1 was correlated with reinstatement in PrC, consistent with models of
      pattern completion. This dissociation is discussed in the context of the flow of
      information into and out of the hippocampus during encoding and retrieval,
      respectively. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972487
TI  - Rapid isolation of pure Complement Factor H from serum for functional studies by
      the use of a monoclonal antibody that discriminates FH from all the other
      isoforms.
AB  - Several mutations have been identified in the gene coding for Complement Factor H
      (FH) from patients with atypical Hemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (aHUS), Age-related
      Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN).
      These data allow for a precise description of the structural changes affecting
      FH, but a simple test for specifically assessing FH function routinely is not yet
      of common use. We have produced and characterised a monoclonal antibody (5H5)
      which discriminates between FH and the smaller FH-like 1 and FH-related proteins
      and show here that it specifically binds to FH without detecting the smaller
      isoforms. We therefore used this mAb for a quick, one-step micro-purification of
      FH directly from control sera and showed that this affinity chromatography
      procedure is not disruptive of its cofactor function. We also developed a
      modified sheep erythrocytes haemolysis test using our antibody and affinity
      purified FH. These tests can be used in conjunction for assessing the function of
      FH purified from patients affected by FH-related diseases. Moreover we used this
      mAb to develop a FH-specific ELISA test. 

PMID- 26972486
TI  - Binge Eating among Women Veterans in Primary Care: Comorbidities and Treatment
      Priorities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the clinical profile and treatment priorities
      of women with binge eating disorder (BED), a diagnosis new to the fifth edition
      of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. We identified
      comorbidities and patients' treatment priorities, because these may inform
      implementation of clinical services. METHODS: Data were collected from women
      veteran primary care patients. Analyses compared those who screened positive for
      BED (BED+), and those without any binge eating symptoms (BED-). RESULTS:
      Frequencies of comorbid medical and psychological disorders were high in the BED+
      group. The BED+ group's self-identified most common treatment priorities were
      mood concerns (72.2%), weight loss (66.7%), and body image/food issues (50%).
      Among those with obesity, a greater proportion of the BED+ group indicated body
      image/food issues was their top treatment priority (12.9% vs. 2.8%; p < .01),
      suggesting that these patients may be more apt to seek treatment beyond weight
      management for their problematic eating patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Women primary care
      patients with BED demonstrate high medical and psychological complexity; their
      subjective treatment priorities often match objective needs. These findings may
      inform the development of targeted BED screening practices for women with obesity
      in primary care settings, and the eventual adoption of patient-centered BED
      treatment resources.

PMID- 26972488
TI  - Fluorescence-Converging Carbon Nanodots-Hybridized Silica Nanosphere.
AB  - Ultrabright carbon nanodots-hybridized silica nanospheres (CSNs) are synthesized
      through the Stober process of silane functionalized C-dots. The fluorescence of
      carbon nanodots is converged intensely. A CSN is about 3800 times brighter than a
      single-carbon nanodot. Along with their high brightness and low cytotoxicity,
      CSNs also indicate their potential application in cellular labeling. 

PMID- 26972489
TI  - Effects of Pitch Length and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of the
      Glide Path Preparation Instruments.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare the effects of pitch length and heat
      treatment on the mechanical properties of glide path establishing instruments.
      METHODS: Prototypes of glide path preparation files (#14/.03 taper) were made to
      evaluate the effects of different pitch lengths and heat treatments. The files
      were divided into 4 groups according to the pitch length (pG and OneG) and heat
      treatment (pGH and OneGH). For the torsional resistance test, ultimate strength
      and fracture angle were measured, and the file tip was fixed at 3 different
      levels of 2, 4, and 6 mm from the tip (n = 10 for each level). The toughness was
      calculated by multiplying the ultimate strength and the fracture angle. The
      cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by measuring the number of cycles to
      fracture in a curved metal canal (n = 10). The screw-in forces were measured
      during instrumentation motions with a sequential increase in the pecking distance
      of 1 mm until the file reached the end of the simulated resin canal (n = 10).
      RESULTS: The heat-treated groups showed lower toughness and higher cyclic fatigue
      resistance than the non-heat-treated groups. The short pitch groups showed
      significantly higher torsional strengths than the long pitch groups. The heat
      treated groups had significantly lower screw-in forces than the non-heat-treated
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: Under the limitations of this study, the torsional strength
      of the experimental file was reduced by heat treatment and increased by the short
      pitch length. Thus, a non-heat-treated file with a shorter pitch length would be
      favorable as a rotary glide path instrument.

PMID- 26972490
TI  - The possible threat of Zika virus in the Middle East.

PMID- 26972491
TI  - Retirement-A Transition to a Healthier Lifestyle?: Evidence From a Large
      Australian Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Population aging is associated with a rising burden of non
      communicable disease, profoundly impacting health policy and practice. Adopting
      and adhering to healthy lifestyles in middle or older age can protect against
      morbidity and mortality. Retirement brings opportunities to reconfigure habitual
      lifestyles and establish new routines. This study examines the longitudinal
      association between retirement and a range of lifestyle risk behaviors among a
      large population-based sample of Australian adults. METHODS: Study sample
      included working adults aged >=45 years at baseline (2006-2009, N=23,478-26,895).
      Lifestyle behaviors, including smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, diet,
      sedentary behavior, and sleep, were measured at both baseline and follow-up
      (2010). Logistic regression models estimated the odds of having each risk factor
      at follow-up and multiple linear regression models calculated the change in the
      total number of risk factors, adjusted for baseline risk and other covariates.
      Sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for retirement were tested as
      potential effect modifiers. RESULTS: During the 3.3-year follow-up, about 11% of
      respondents retired. Retirement was associated significantly with reduced odds of
      smoking (AOR=0.74); physical inactivity (AOR=0.73); excessive sitting (AOR=0.34);
      and at-risk sleep patterns (AOR=0.82). There was no significant association
      between retirement and alcohol use or fruit and vegetable consumption. Change in
      the total number of lifestyle risk factors differed significantly by reason for
      retirement. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population-based Australian cohort,
      retirement was associated with positive lifestyle changes. Health professionals
      and policymakers should consider developing special programs for retirees to
      capitalize on the healthy transitions through retirement.

PMID- 26972492
TI  - Sildenafil ameliorates left ventricular T-tubule remodeling in a pressure
      overload-induced murine heart failure model.
AB  - AIM: Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, has been shown to exert
      beneficial effects in heart failure. The purpose of this study was to test
      whether sildenafil suppressed transverse-tubule (T-tubule) remodeling in left
      ventricular (LV) failure and thereby providing the therapeutic benefits. METHODS:
      A pressure overload-induced murine heart failure model was established in mice by
      thoracic aortic banding (TAB). One day after TAB, the mice received sildenafil
      (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), sc) or saline for 5 weeks. At the end of treatment,
      echocardiography was used to examine LV function. Then the intact hearts were
      dissected out and placed in Langendorff-perfusion chamber for in situ confocal
      imaging of T-tubule ultrastructure from epicardial myocytes. RESULTS: TAB surgery
      resulted in heart failure accompanied by remarkable T-tubule remodeling.
      Sildenafil treatment significantly attenuated TAB-induced cardiac hypertrophy and
      congestive heart failure, improved LV contractile function, and preserved T
      tubule integrity in LV cardiomyocytes. But sildenafil treatment did not
      significantly affect the chamber dilation. The integrity of LV T-tubule structure
      was correlated with cardiac hypertrophy (R(2)=0.74, P<0.01) and global LV
      function (R(2)=0.47, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Sildenafil effectively ameliorates LV T
      tubule remodeling in TAB mice, revealing a novel mechanism underlying the
      therapeutic benefits of sildenafil in heart failure.

PMID- 26972493
TI  - Specific interference shRNA-expressing plasmids inhibit Hantaan virus infection
      in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the antiviral effects of vectors expressing specific short
      hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection in vitro and in
      vivo. METHODS: Based on the effects of 4 shRNAs targeting different regions of
      HTNV genomic RNA on viral replication, the most effective RNA interference
      fragments of the S and M genes were constructed in pSilencer-3.0-H1 vectors, and
      designated pSilencer-S and pSilencer-M, respectively. The antiviral effect of
      pSilencer-S/M against HTNV was evaluated in both HTNV-infected Vero-E6 cells and
      mice. RESULTS: In HTNV-infected Vero-E6 cells, pSilencer-S and pSilencer-M
      targeted the viral nucleocapsid proteins and envelope glycoproteins,
      respectively, as revealed in the immunofluorescence assay. Transfection with
      pSilencer-S or pSilencer-M (1, 2, 4 MUg) markedly inhibited the viral antigen
      expression in dose- and time-dependent manners. Transfection with either plasmid
      (2 MUg) significantly decreased HTNV-RNA level at 3 day postinfectin (dpi) and
      the progeny virus titer at 5 dpi. In mice infected with lethal doses of HTNV,
      intraperitoneal injection of pSilencer-S or pSilencer-M (30 MUg) considerably
      increased the survival rates and mean time to death, and significantly reduced
      the mean virus yields and viral RNA level, and alleviated virus-induced
      pathological lesions in lungs, brains and kidneys. CONCLUSION: Plasmid-based
      shRNAs potently inhibit HTNV replication in vitro and in vivo. Our results
      provide a basis for development of shRNA as therapeutics for HTNV infections in
      humans.

PMID- 26972494
TI  - Absorptive interactions of concurrent oral administration of (+)-catechin and
      puerarin in rats and the underlying mechanisms.
AB  - AIM: (+)-Catechin and puerarin are polyphenol and flavonoid, respectively, in
      green tea and foodstuffs. They exhibit potent antioxidant activity and are widely
      used for treating cardiocerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this work was to
      investigate the potential interactions between (+)-catechin and puerarin
      following concurrent oral administration in rats, and their absorption mechanisms
      in Caco-2 cell monolayers. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in
      male rats received (+)-catechin (140 mg/kg, po) and/or puerarin (200 mg/kg, po).
      The cell uptake and transport behavior in Caco-2 cell monolayers and the
      interactions of the two compounds were analyzed. RESULTS: When (+)-catechin and
      puerarin were administered concurrently, the AUC0-12 h and Cmax values of
      puerarin were 2.48-fold and 3.91-fold, respectively, as large as those of
      puerarin alone; the AUC0-12 h and Cmax values of (+)-catechin were decreased to
      57.62% and 77.55%, respectively, compared with those of (+)-catechin alone. In
      Caco-2 cell monolayers, (+)-catechin (300 and 600 MUmol/L) significantly
      increased the cell uptake and transport of puerarin, whereas puerarin (300 and
      600 MUmol/L) significantly decreased the cellular uptake and transport of (+)
      catechin. Furthermore, both cyclosporine A (P-glycoprotein inhibitor) and MK-571
      (MRP-2 inhibitor) significantly increased the cellular uptake and transport of
      (+)-catechin and puerarin. CONCLUSION: Concurrent oral administration of (+)
      catechin and puerarin significantly increased the absolute oral bioavailability
      of puerarin, but decreasing that of (+)-catechin. The competitive efflux of (+)
      catechin and puerarin by P-glycoprotein and MRP-2 might lead to this interaction
      during their absorption process in the small intestine.

PMID- 26972496
TI  - Words of Wisdom. Re: Nivolumab Versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell
      Carcinoma.

PMID- 26972495
TI  - Rutaecarpine ameliorates hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in fat-fed,
      streptozotocin-treated rats via regulating the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK/ACC2
      signaling pathways.
AB  - AIM: We have shown that rutaecarpine extracted from the dried fruit of Chinese
      herb Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss) Benth (Wu Zhu Yu) promotes glucose consumption and
      anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in insulin-resistant primary skeletal
      muscle cells. In this study we investigated whether rutaecarpine ameliorated the
      obesity profiles, lipid abnormality, glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in
      rat model of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. METHODS: Rats fed on a high-fat
      diet for 8 weeks, followed by injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg, ip) to
      induce hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. One week after streptozotocin injection,
      the fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rats were orally treated with rutaecarpine
      (25 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) or a positive control drug metformin (250 mg.kg(-1).d(-1))
      for 7 weeks. The body weight, visceral fat, blood lipid profiles and glucose
      levels, insulin sensitivity were measured. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines
      were analyzed. IRS-1 and Akt/PKB phosphorylation, PI3K and NF-kappaB protein
      levels in liver tissues were assessed; pathological changes of livers and
      pancreases were examined. Glucose uptake and AMPK/ACC2 phosphorylation were
      studied in cultured rat skeletal muscle cells in vitro. RESULTS: Administration
      of rutaecarpine or metformin significantly decreased obesity, visceral fat
      accumulation, water consumption, and serum TC, TG and LDL-cholesterol levels in
      fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rats. The two drugs also attenuated hyperglycemia
      and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the two drugs significantly decreased
      NF-kappaB protein levels in liver tissues and plasma TNF-alpha, IL-6, CRP and MCP
      1 levels, and ameliorated the pathological changes in livers and pancreases. In
      addition, the two drugs increased PI3K p85 subunit levels and Akt/PKB
      phosphorylation, but decreased IRS-1 phosphorylation in liver tissues. Treatment
      of cultured skeletal muscle cells with rutaecarpine (20-180 MUmol/L) or metformin
      (20 MUmol/L) promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC2, and increased glucose
      uptake. CONCLUSION: Rutaecarpine ameliorates hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in
      fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rats via regulating IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling
      pathway in liver and AMPK/ACC2 signaling pathway in skeletal muscles.

PMID- 26972497
TI  - Words of Wisdom. Re: Evaluation of Functional Outcomes After Laparoscopic Partial
      Nephrectomy Using Renal Scintigraphy: Clamped vs. Clampless Technique.

PMID- 26972498
TI  - Words of Wisdom. Re: Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Zoledronic Acid in Men
      with Castration-sensitive Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: Results of CALGB
      90202 (Alliance).

PMID- 26972499
TI  - Words of Wisdom. Re: Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive
      Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 26972501
TI  - Words of Wisdom. Re: Radical Cystectomy vs. Chemoradiation in T2-4aN0M0 Bladder
      Cancer: A Case-control Study.

PMID- 26972500
TI  - Words of Wisdom. Re: Comparison of MR/Ultrasound Fusion-Guided Biopsy With
      Ultrasound-guided Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 26972503
TI  - Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of Terminalia phenolics after intragastric
      administration of the aqueous extracts of the fruit of Terminalia chebula and a
      Mongolian compound medicine-Gurigumu-7.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The dried fruit of Terminalia chebula (fructus
      chebulae) is an important Traditional Medicine used for intestinal and hepatic
      detoxification. Gurigumu-7 which is made of fructus chebulae and 6 other
      traditional medicines is one of the most frequently used compound Mongolian and
      Tibet medicines for liver diseases. Terminalia phenolics are considered as the
      bioactive constituents of fructus chebulae and consequently of Gurigumu-7. AIM OF
      THE STUDY: To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of Terminalia phenolics after
      intragastric administration of the aqueous extracts of fructus chebulae and
      Gurigumu-7 and to evaluate the possible influence of intestinal bacterial
      metabolism on these pharmacokinetic profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ultra
      performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method
      was established and validated for simultaneously determining the pharmacokinetic
      profiles of seven Terminalia phenolics after intragastric administration of pure
      compounds, fructus chebulae extract, and Gurigumu-7 extract. In vitro rat fecal
      lysates experiments were carried out to explore the metabolic discrepancy between
      fructus chebulae and Gurigumu-7. RESULTS: Seven Terminalia phenolics were
      detected in rat plasma after intragastric administration of the aqueous extracts
      of fructus chebulae and Gurigumu-7. Administration of Gurigumu-7 could promote
      the absorption and increase the Cmax and AUC values of these phenolic
      constituents compared to fructus chebulae administration. The fecal lysates
      studies showed that the Terminalia phenolics in Gurigumu-7 were less rapidly bio
      transformed than those in fructus chebulae. This may be a contributing factor to
      the pharmacokinetic discrepancy between the phenolics in fructus chebulae and
      Gurigumu-7. CONCLUSION: Administration of Gurigumu-7 could increase the
      absorption of Terminalia phenolics through slowing down the intestinal bacteria
      metabolism. These results provide, in part, an in vivo rationale for the
      formulation of the traditional Mongolia / Tibet medicine, Gurigumu-7.

PMID- 26972502
TI  - Synergistic interaction of effective parts in Rehmanniae Radix and Cornus
      officinalis ameliorates renal injury in C57BL/KsJ-db/db diabetic mice:
      Involvement of suppression of AGEs/RAGE/SphK1 signaling pathway.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rehmanniae Radix (RR) and Cornus officinalis (CO)
      are two traditional Chinese medicines widely used in China for treating diabetes
      mellitus and its complications, such as diabetic nephropathy. Iridoid glycoside
      of Cornus officinalis (IGCO), triterpenoid acid of Cornus officinalis (TACO) and
      iridoid glycoside of Rehmanniae Radix (IGRR) formed an innovative formula named
      combinatorial bioactive parts (CBP). The aims of the present study were to
      investigate the renoprotective effects of CBP on DN through the inhibition of
      AGEs/RAGE/SphK1 signaling pathway activation, and identify the advantage of CBP
      compared with IGCO, TACO, IGRR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The db/db diabetic renal
      injury model was used to examine the renoprotective effects of CBP, IGCO, TACO
      and IGRR. For mechanistic studies, diabetic symptoms, renal functions, and
      pathohistology of pancreas and kidney were evaluated. AGEs/RAGE/SphK1 pathway
      were determined. RESULTS: CBP, IGCO, TACO and IGRR inhibited the decrease in
      serum insulin levels and the increases in urine volume, food consumption, water
      intake, TC, TG, glycated serum protein, fasting blood glucose levels, 24h urine
      protein levels, and serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine. It also
      prevented ECM accumulation and improved the histology of pancreas and kidney, and
      alleviated the structural alterations in mesangial cells and podocytes in renal
      cortex. Moreover, CBP, IGCO, TACO and IGRR down-regulated the elevated staining,
      protein levels of RAGE, SphK1, TGF-beta and NF-kappaB. Among the treatment
      groups, CBP produced the strongest effects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest
      that the inhibitory effect of CBP, IGCO, TACO and IGRR on the activation of
      AGEs/RAGE/SphK1 signaling pathway in db/db diabetic mice kidney is a novel
      mechanism by which CBP, IGCO, TACO and IGRR exerts renoprotective effects on DN.
      Among all the groups, CBP produced the strongest effect while IGCO, TACO and IGRR
      produced weaker effects.

PMID- 26972504
TI  - Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. sesquiterpenes fraction attenuates lipopolysaccharide
      induced acute lung injury in mice.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. is widely used for its
      efficiency in treating cough, tracheitis and tonsillitis. Acute lung injury (ALI)
      induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice was used to investigate therapeutic
      effects and possible mechanism of the sesquiterpenes fraction of E. lindleyanum
      DC. (EUP-SQT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were orally administrated with EUP-SQT
      (15, 30 and 60mg/kg) per day for 7 days consecutively before LPS challenge. The
      lung specimens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested for
      histopathological examinations and biochemical analysis at 6h and 24h after LPS
      challenge. The level of complement 3 (C3) and complement 3c (C3c) in serum was
      quantified by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: Pretreatment with EUP-SQT could
      significantly decrease lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, nitric oxide (NO) and
      protein concentration in BALF, which was exhibited together with the lowered
      myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity
      and down-regulation the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha),
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in ALI model. Additionally,
      EUP-SQT attenuated lung histopathological changes and significantly reduced
      complement deposition with decreasing the level of C3 and C3c in serum.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that EUP-SQT significantly attenuated LPS
      induced ALI via reducing productions of pro-inflammatory mediators and decreasing
      the level of complement, indicating it as a potential therapeutic agent for ALI.

PMID- 26972505
TI  - Schisandra chinensis extract ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver via inhibition
      of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (SC) is a
      traditional Chinese herbal medicine with diverse pharmacological activities for
      treatment of various human diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is
      associated with the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In
      this study, we investigated the protective effects of methanol extract of
      Schisandra chinensis (SC extract) against ER stress-induced NAFLD in vitro and in
      vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The protective effects of SC extract were examined in
      tunicamycin- or palmitate-treated HepG2 cells in vitro, and in tunicamycin
      injected mice or high fed diet (HFD) obese mice in vivo. Expression of ER stress
      markers including glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homolog protein
      (CHOP), and X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1), and triglyceride accumulation were
      measured in HepG2 cells and in the liver of mice. RESULTS: SC extract
      significantly inhibited expression of tunicamycin-induced ER stress markers in
      tunicamycin-treated HepG2 cells and in the liver of tunicamycin-injected mice,
      and it also inhibited tunicamycin-induced triglyceride accumulation. Similar
      observations were made under physiological ER stress conditions such as in
      palmitate-treated HepG2 cells and in the liver of HFD obese mice. In addition, SC
      extract repressed the expression of inflammatory genes and lipogenic genes in
      palmitate-treated HepG2 cells. Schisandrin, an abundant bioactive lignan in SC
      extract, inhibited the expression of ER stress markers in tunicamycin-or
      palmitate-treated HepG2 cells, whereas Gomisin J did not affect ER stress
      markers. CONCLUSIONS: SC attenuates ER stress and prevents development of NAFLD.
      SC may be useful as a pharmacological agent for protection against ER stress
      induced human diseases.

PMID- 26972506
TI  - Anxiolytic activity and active principles of Piper amalago (Piperaceae), a
      medicinal plant used by the Q'eqchi' Maya to treat susto, a culture-bound
      illness.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The medicinal plant, Piper amalago L.
      (Piperaceae), is used traditionally by Q'eqchi' Maya healers for the treatment of
      "susto" a culture-bound syndrome. Previous research suggests that susto symptoms
      may be a manifestation of anxiety. The objectives were to characterize the effect
      of ethanolic extract of P. amalago in behavioral assays of anxiety at doses
      representative of traditional use and to isolate active principles. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Rats treated orally with low dose ethanolic extracts of P. amalago
      leaves (8-75mg/kg) were tested in several behavioral paradigms including the
      elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction (SI), and conditioned emotional
      response (CER) tests, and compared to diazepam, a positive control. The active
      anxiolytic principle was isolated by bioassay guided isolation using an in vitro
      GABAA competitive binding assay. RESULTS: Extracts had significant anxiolytic
      activity in all behavioral tests, with the strongest activity in the SI and the
      CER paradigms. In an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay, a 66.5ug/mL
      concentration of P. amalago ethanol extract displaced 50% of the GABAA-BZD
      receptor ligand [(3)H]-Flunitrazepam. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified a
      furofuran lignan, a molecule with structural similarity to yangambin, with high
      affinity for the GABAA-BZD receptor as the principle bioactive. CONCLUSION: The
      results suggest that the ethnobotanical use of this plant may have a
      pharmacological basis in its anxiolytic activity, as demonstrated in animal
      behaviour tests.

PMID- 26972507
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of isochlorgenic acid C in rats by HPLC-MS: Absolute
      bioavailability and dose proportionality.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Isochlorgenic acid C (IAC), one of the bioactive
      compounds of Lonicera japonica, exhibited diverse pharmacological effects.
      However, its pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability remained unresolved.
      AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the absolute bioavailability in rats and the dose
      proportionality on the pharmacokinetics of single oral dose of IAC. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A validated HPLC-MS method was developed for the determination of IAC in
      rat plasma. Plasma concentration versus time data were generated following oral
      and intravenous dosing. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using DAS 3.0
      software analysis. Absolute bioavailability in rats was determined by comparing
      pharmacokinetic data after administration of single oral (5, 10 and 25mgkg(-1))
      and intravenous (5mgkg(-1)) doses of IAC. The dose proportionality of AUC(0
      infinity) and Cmax were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: Experimental data
      showed that absolute oral bioavailability of IAC in rats across the doses ranged
      between 14.4% and 16.9%. The regression analysis of AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax at
      the three doses (5, 10 and 25mgkg(-1)) indicated that the equations were
      y=35.23x+117.20 (r=0.998) and y=121.03x+255.74 (r=0.995), respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: A new HPLC-MS method was developed to determine the bioavailability
      and the dose proportionality of IAC. Bioavailability of IAC in rats was poor and
      both Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) of IAC had a positive correlation with dose.
      Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of IAC will be useful in assessing
      concentration-effect relationships for the potential therapeutic applications of
      IAC.

PMID- 26972508
TI  - Prevalence of psychotic symptoms among older adults in an Asian population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychotic symptoms are common among older adults and are seen in a
      wide range of conditions. Most studies examining the prevalence and correlates of
      psychotic symptoms among older adults have been conducted in Western populations.
      To address this gap the current study was undertaken to establish the prevalence
      and correlates of psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation within a community
      sample of older adults without dementia in an Asian population. METHODS: The Well
      being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) study was a comprehensive single phase,
      cross-sectional survey. All respondents were assessed using the Geriatric Mental
      State examination (GMS). Specific questions of the GMS were then used to
      establish the prevalence of hallucinations and persecutory delusions. RESULTS: A
      total of 2,565 respondents completed the study giving a response rate of 65.6%.
      The prevalence of any psychotic symptoms in this population of older adults was
      5.2%. The odds of hallucinations and any psychotic symptoms were significantly
      higher among those of Malay ethnicity, and those who had no formal education.
      Older adults aged 75-84 years were significantly associated with lower odds of
      having hallucinations (vs. older adult aged 60-74 years), while homemaker status
      was significantly associated with lower odds of having any psychotic symptoms.
      CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among older Asian adults
      without dementia was higher than that reported from Western countries. Psychotic
      symptoms were associated with Malay ethnicity, poor cognitive performance and
      fewer years of schooling, visual and hearing impairment as well as depression and
      irritability.

PMID- 26972509
TI  - High-resolution spatial analysis of cholera patients reported in Artibonite
      department, Haiti in 2010-2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae, and is transmitted through
      fecal-oral contact. Infection occurs after the ingestion of the bacteria and is
      usually asymptomatic. In a minority of cases, it causes acute diarrhea and
      vomiting, which can lead to potentially fatal severe dehydration, especially in
      the absence of appropriate medical care. Immunity occurs after infection and
      typically lasts 6-36 months. Cholera is responsible for outbreaks in many African
      and Asian developing countries, and caused localised and episodic epidemics in
      South America until the early 1990s. Haiti, despite its low socioeconomic status
      and poor sanitation, had never reported cholera before the recent outbreak that
      started in October 2010, with over 720,000 cases and over 8700 deaths (Case
      fatality rate: 1.2%) through 8 december 2014. So far, this outbreak has seen 3
      epidemic peaks, and it is expected that cholera will remain in Haiti for some
      time. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS: To trace the path of the early epidemic and to
      identify hot spots and potential transmission hubs during peaks, we examined the
      spatial distribution of cholera patients during the first two peaks in
      Artibonite, the second-most populous department of Haiti. We extracted the
      geographic origin of 84,000 patients treated in local health facilities between
      October 2010 and December 2011 and mapped these addresses to 63 rural communal
      sections and 9 urban cities. Spatial and cluster analysis showed that during the
      first peak, cholera spread along the Artibonite River and the main roads, and sub
      communal attack rates ranged from 0.1% to 10.7%. During the second peak, remote
      mountain areas were most affected, although sometimes to very different degrees
      even in closely neighboring locations. Sub-communal attack rates during the
      second peak ranged from 0.2% to 13.7%. The relative risks at the sub-communal
      level during the second phase showed an inverse pattern compared to the first
      phase. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate the value of high
      resolution mapping for pinpointing locations most affected by cholera, and in the
      future could help prioritize the places in need of interventions such as
      improvement of sanitation and vaccination. The findings also describe spatio
      temporal transmission patterns of the epidemic in a cholera-naive country such as
      Haiti. By identifying transmission hubs, it is possible to target prevention
      strategies that, over time, could reduce transmission of the disease and
      eventually eliminate cholera in Haiti.

PMID- 26972510
TI  - Influence of recombination on acquisition and reversion of immune escape and
      compensatory mutations in HIV-1.
AB  - Following transmission, HIV-1 adapts in the new host by acquiring mutations that
      allow it to escape from the host immune response at multiple epitopes. It also
      reverts mutations associated with epitopes targeted in the transmitting host but
      not in the new host. Moreover, escape mutations are often associated with
      additional compensatory mutations that partially recover fitness costs. It is
      unclear whether recombination expedites this process of multi-locus adaptation.
      To elucidate the role of recombination, we constructed a detailed population
      dynamics model that integrates viral dynamics, host immune response at multiple
      epitopes through cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and viral evolution driven by mutation,
      recombination, and selection. Using this model, we compute the expected waiting
      time until the emergence of the strain that has gained escape and compensatory
      mutations against the new host's immune response, and reverted these mutations at
      epitopes no longer targeted. We find that depending on the underlying fitness
      landscape, shaped by both costs and benefits of mutations, adaptation proceeds
      via distinct dominant pathways with different effects of recombination, in
      particular distinguishing escape and reversion. When adaptation at a single
      epitope is involved, recombination can substantially accelerate immune escape but
      minimally affects reversion. When multiple epitopes are involved, recombination
      can accelerate or inhibit adaptation depending on the fitness landscape.
      Specifically, recombination tends to delay adaptation when a purely uphill
      fitness landscape is accessible at each epitope, and accelerate it when a fitness
      valley is associated with each epitope. Our study points to the importance of
      recombination in shaping the adaptation of HIV-1 following its transmission to
      new hosts, a process central to T cell-based vaccine strategies. 

PMID- 26972511
TI  - Use of bacterial whole-genome sequencing to investigate local persistence and
      spread in bovine tuberculosis.
AB  - Mycobacterium bovis is the causal agent of bovine tuberculosis, one of the most
      important diseases currently facing the UK cattle industry. Here, we use high
      density whole genome sequencing (WGS) in a defined sub-population of M. bovis in
      145 cattle across 66 herd breakdowns to gain insights into local spread and
      persistence. We show that despite low divergence among isolates, WGS can in
      principle expose contributions of under-sampled host populations to M. bovis
      transmission. However, we demonstrate that in our data such a signal is due to
      molecular type switching, which had been previously undocumented for M. bovis.
      Isolates from farms with a known history of direct cattle movement between them
      did not show a statistical signal of higher genetic similarity. Despite an
      overall signal of genetic isolation by distance, genetic distances also showed no
      apparent relationship with spatial distance among affected farms over distances
      <5 km. Using simulations, we find that even over the brief evolutionary timescale
      covered by our data, Bayesian phylogeographic approaches are feasible. Applying
      such approaches showed that M. bovis dispersal in this system is heterogeneous
      but slow overall, averaging 2 km/year. These results confirm that widespread
      application of WGS to M. bovis will bring novel and important insights into the
      dynamics of M. bovis spread and persistence, but that the current questions most
      pertinent to control will be best addressed using approaches that more directly
      integrate WGS with additional epidemiological data.

PMID- 26972513
TI  - Homo-psychologicus: Reactionary behavioural aspects of epidemics.
AB  - We formulate an in silico model of pathogen avoidance mechanism and investigate
      its impact on defensive behavioural measures (e.g., spontaneous social exclusions
      and distancing, crowd avoidance and voluntary vaccination adaptation). In
      particular, we use SIR(B)S (e.g., susceptible-infected-recovered with additional
      behavioural component) model to investigate the impact of homo-psychologicus
      aspects of epidemics. We focus on reactionary behavioural changes, which apply to
      both social distancing and voluntary vaccination participations. Our analyses
      reveal complex relationships between spontaneous and uncoordinated behavioural
      changes, the emergence of its contagion properties, and mitigation of infectious
      diseases. We find that the presence of effective behavioural changes can impede
      the persistence of disease. Furthermore, it was found that under perfect
      effective behavioural change, there are three regions in the response factor
      (e.g., imitation and/or reactionary) and behavioural scale factor (e.g.,
      global/local) factors rho-alpha behavioural space. Mainly, (1) disease is always
      endemic even in the presence of behavioural change, (2) behavioural-prevalence
      plasticity is observed and disease can sometimes be eradication, and (3)
      elimination of endemic disease under permanence of permanent behavioural change
      is achieved. These results suggest that preventive behavioural changes (e.g., non
      pharmaceutical prophylactic measures, social distancing and exclusion, crowd
      avoidance) are influenced by individual differences in perception of risks and
      are a salient feature of epidemics. Additionally, these findings indicates that
      care needs to be taken when considering the effect of adaptive behavioural change
      in predicting the course of epidemics, and as well as the interpretation and
      development of the public health measures that account for spontaneous
      behavioural changes. 

PMID- 26972512
TI  - Comparison of the social contact patterns among school-age children in specific
      seasons, locations, and times.
AB  - Social contact patterns among school-age children play an important role in the
      epidemiology of infectious disease. This study explored how people interact in
      specific seasons (flu season and non-flu season), environmental settings (city
      and county), and times (weekend and weekday). We conducted a survey of junior
      high school students (grades 7-8) using an established questionnaire during May
      June 2013 and December 2013. The sample size with pair-wise comparisons for the
      times (weekday/weekend) and stratification by location and seasons were 75, 87,
      105 and 106, respectively. The sample size with pair-wise comparisons for the
      seasons (flu/non-flu) and stratification by location were 54 and 83,
      respectively. Conversation and skin-to-skin contact behaviors were surveyed
      through diary-based questionnaires, of which 665 valid questionnaires were
      returned. There was no difference in the number of contacts during the flu and
      non-flu seasons, with averages of 16.3 (S.D.=12.9) and 14.6 (S.D.=9.5) people,
      respectively. However, statistical analysis showed that the average number of
      contacts in Taichung City and Yilan County were significantly different
      (p<0.001). Weekdays were associated with 23-28% more contacts than weekend days
      during both the non-flu and flu seasons (p<0.001) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
      Our work has important implications for the dynamic modeling of infectious
      diseases and performance analysis of human contact numbers and contact
      characteristics for schoolchildren in specific seasons, places, and times. 

PMID- 26972516
TI  - Expanding vaccine efficacy estimation with dynamic models fitted to cross
      sectional prevalence data post-licensure.
AB  - The efficacy of vaccines is typically estimated prior to implementation, on the
      basis of randomized controlled trials. This does not preclude, however,
      subsequent assessment post-licensure, while mass-immunization and nonlinear
      transmission feedbacks are in place. In this paper we show how cross-sectional
      prevalence data post-vaccination can be interpreted in terms of pathogen
      transmission processes and vaccine parameters, using a dynamic epidemiological
      model. We advocate the use of such frameworks for model-based vaccine evaluation
      in the field, fitting trajectories of cross-sectional prevalence of pathogen
      strains before and after intervention. Using SI and SIS models, we illustrate how
      prevalence ratios in vaccinated and non-vaccinated hosts depend on true vaccine
      efficacy, the absolute and relative strength of competition between target and
      non-target strains, the time post follow-up, and transmission intensity. We argue
      that a mechanistic approach should be added to vaccine efficacy estimation
      against multi-type pathogens, because it naturally accounts for inter-strain
      competition and indirect effects, leading to a robust measure of individual
      protection per contact. Our study calls for systematic attention to
      epidemiological feedbacks when interpreting population level impact. At a broader
      level, our parameter estimation procedure provides a promising proof of principle
      for a generalizable framework to infer vaccine efficacy post-licensure. 

PMID- 26972515
TI  - Comparing the impact of increasing condom use or HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis
      (PrEP) use among female sex workers.
AB  - In many settings, interventions targeting female sex workers (FSWs) could
      significantly reduce the overall transmission of HIV. To understand the role HIV
      pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could play in controlling HIV transmission
      amongst FSWs, it is important to understand how its impact compares with scaling
      up condom use-one of the proven HIV prevention strategies for FSWs. It is
      important to remember that condoms also have other benefits such as reducing the
      incidence of sexually transmitted infections and preventing pregnancy. A dynamic
      deterministic model of HIV transmission amongst FSWs, their clients and other
      male partners (termed 'pimps') was used to compare the protection provided by
      PrEP for HIV-negative FSWs with FSWs increasing their condom use with clients
      and/or pimps. For different HIV prevalence scenarios, levels of pimp interaction,
      and baseline condom use, we estimated the coverage of PrEP that gives the same
      reduction in endemic FSW HIV prevalence or HIV infections averted as different
      increases in condom use. To achieve the same impact on FSW HIV prevalence as
      increasing condom use by 1%, the coverage of PrEP has to increase by >2%. The
      relative impact of PrEP increases for scenarios where pimps contribute to HIV
      transmission, but not greatly, and decreases with higher baseline condom use. In
      terms of HIV infections averted over 10 years, the relative impact of PrEP
      compared to condoms was reduced, with a >3% increase in PrEP coverage achieving
      the same impact as a 1% increase in condom use. Condom promotion interventions
      should remain the mainstay HIV prevention strategy for FSWs, with PrEP only being
      implemented once condom interventions have been maximised or to fill prevention
      gaps where condoms cannot be used. 

PMID- 26972517
TI  - Magnetic guidance of the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum
      gryphiswaldense.
AB  - Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is a magnetotactic bacterium with a permanent
      magnetic moment capable of swimming using two bipolarly located flagella. In
      their natural environment these bacteria swim along the field lines of the
      homogeneous geomagnetic field in a typical run and reversal pattern and thereby
      create non-differentiable trajectories with sharp edges. In the current work we
      nevertheless achieve stable guidance along curved lines of mechanical instability
      by using a heterogeneous magnetic field of a garnet film. The successful guidance
      of the bacteria depends on the right balance between motility and the magnetic
      moment of the magnetosome chain. 

PMID- 26972514
TI  - Tuberculosis in Cape Town: An age-structured transmission model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death in South Africa. The
      burden of disease varies by age, with peaks in TB notification rates in the HIV
      negative population at ages 0-5, 20-24, and 45-49 years. There is little
      variation between age groups in the rates in the HIV-positive population. The
      drivers of this age pattern remain unknown. METHODS: We developed an age
      structured simulation model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission in
      Cape Town, South Africa. We considered five states of TB progression:
      susceptible, infected (latent TB), active TB, treated TB, and treatment default.
      Latently infected individuals could be re-infected; a previous Mtb infection
      slowed progression to active disease. We further considered three states of HIV
      progression: HIV negative, HIV positive, on antiretroviral therapy. To
      parameterize the model, we analysed treatment outcomes from the Cape Town
      electronic TB register, social mixing patterns from a Cape Town community and
      used literature estimates for other parameters. To investigate the main drivers
      behind the age patterns, we conducted sensitivity analyses on all parameters
      related to the age structure. RESULTS: The model replicated the age patterns in
      HIV-negative TB notification rates of Cape Town in 2009. Simulated TB
      notification rate in HIV-negative patients was 1000/100,000 person-years (pyrs)
      in children aged <5 years and decreased to 51/100,000 in children 5-15 years. The
      peak in early adulthood occurred at 25-29 years (463/100,000 pyrs). After a
      subsequent decline, simulated TB notification rates gradually increased from the
      age of 30 years. Sensitivity analyses showed that the dip after the early adult
      peak was due to the protective effect of latent TB and that retreatment TB was
      mainly responsible for the rise in TB notification rates from the age of 30
      years. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of a first latent infection on
      subsequent infections and the faster progression in previously treated patients
      are the key determinants of the age-structure of TB notification rates in Cape
      Town.

PMID- 26972518
TI  - Maternal depression is not just a problem early on.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the onset of depression beyond the first
      postpartum year. This study examines the onset and course of depression over an
      18 month period among a socio-economically diverse, community-wide sample of
      women. MATERIALS & METHODS: A prospective longitudinal telephone survey of 249
      women was conducted at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months after
      delivery. Depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
      (EPDS), and onset was defined as the first EPDS score of 12+ on the 30-point
      scale. Temporal trends were assessed using generalized estimating equation (GEE)
      regression. RESULTS: There was a significant temporal trend for EPDS scores
      decreasing until six months and then rebounding at 18 months; mean EPDS 5.5, 4.3,
      4.2, and 4.9 at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months respectively,
      GEE, P < .001. Depression onset followed a similar trend and was found to be
      6.8%, 2.6%, 2.7% and 6.0% at two weeks, two months, six months and 18 months
      respectively, GEE, P = .068. The high scores of the early-onset group (mean 14.4
      at two weeks) contributed to the early depression spike, while the high scores of
      the late-onset group (mean 13.9 at 18 months) contributed to the late spike.
      CONCLUSIONS: Two peaks of depression were identified, one early and one late.
      They appear to be the result of two processes: (1) elevated depression symptoms
      at two-weeks and again at 18 months postpartum experienced by the full sample
      and, thus, they may be a normal trend, and (2) onset of major depression by two
      sub-groups of women, one at each time period. Therefore, continued screening
      after one-year post delivery is indicated.

PMID- 26972519
TI  - Can eye donation rates be increased in hospitals: a pilot study in a tertiary
      care hospital in North India?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is a huge need to increase the corneal donation rates
      worldwide. The tertiary care hospitals can play a pivotal role in this as these
      hospitals manage a large number of terminally sick patients. Traditionally the
      thrust of such hospitals is providing specialized medical care and something like
      eye donation does not get the attention it deserves. In this scenario, can such
      institutes contribute to increase eye donation rates? METHOD: An intervention
      involving all the main stakeholders in promoting eye donation, namely nurses,
      counsellors & the management of the institute, was put into place. The results of
      this intervention, i.e. the corneas procured by the institute, was measured over
      a post intervention period of one year. RESULT: The study showed a significant
      increase in the number of corneas procured by the institute post intervention.
      DISCUSSION: Hospitals can play a huge role in meeting the demand for corneas by
      scientifically implementing cornea retrieval programs. The study shows that by
      using technology & providing a dynamic leadership, hospitals can augment corneal
      donation rates.

PMID- 26972520
TI  - Stand-capable desk use in a call center: a six-month follow-up pilot study.

PMID- 26972521
TI  - Ion exchange defines the biological activity of titanate nanotubes.
AB  - One-dimensional titanate nanotubes (TiONTs) were subjected to systematic ion
      exchange to determine the impact of these modifications on biological activities.
      Ion exchanged TiONTs (with Ag, Mg, Bi, Sb, Ca, K, Sr, Fe, and Cu ions) were
      successfully synthesized and the presence of the substituted ions was verified by
      energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). A complex screening was carried out
      to reveal differences in toxicity to human cells, as well as in antibacterial,
      antifungal, and antiviral activities between the various modified nanotubes. Our
      results demonstrated that Ag ion exchanged TiONTs exerted potent antibacterial
      and antifungal effects against all examined microbial species but were
      ineffective on viruses. Surprisingly, the antibacterial activity of Cu/TiONTs was
      restricted to Micrococcus luteus. Most ion exchanged TiONTs did not show
      antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial and fungal species.
      Incorporation of various ions into nanotube architectures lead to mild, moderate,
      or even to a massive loss of human cell viability; therefore, this type of
      biological effect exerted by TiONTs can be greatly modulated by ion exchange.
      These findings further emphasize the contribution of ion exchange in determining
      not only the physical and chemical characteristics but also the bioactivity of
      TiONT against different types of living cells. 

PMID- 26972523
TI  - Introduction of Co3O4 into activated honeycomb-like carbon for the fabrication of
      high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors.
AB  - In this work, a three-dimensional hierarchical carbon framework/Co3O4 hybrid
      composite was fabricated. The three-dimensional hierarchical carbon framework was
      constructed by thermal vapor deposition on the silica nanosphere templates and
      etching these templates. The resulting carbon framework was activated using
      phosphoric acid to control its surface area and porosity. The degree of
      activation of the carbon framework was optimized by measuring the specific
      capacitance. The carbon framework electrode activated with 3 M phosphoric acid
      (HCCA(3)) exhibited the highest specific capacitance (134 F g(-1) at 10 mV s(
      1)). Subsequently, Co3O4 was formed on the carbon framework via the hydrothermal
      method. The resulting product HCCA(3)/Co3O4 showed a dramatic enhancement in the
      specific capacitance (456 F g(-1) at 1 A g(-1)) compared with the pristine Co3O4
      and HCCA(3) electrodes. The proposed HCCA(3)/Co3O4 composite can be used for the
      fabrication of high-performance electrodes. 

PMID- 26972524
TI  - A novel homozygous DJ1 mutation causes parkinsonism and ALS in a Turkish family.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: DJ1 mutations (PARK7) are among the monogenic causes of early-onset
      autosomal recessive parkinsonism. Here, we report clinical and genetic findings
      in a family with Turkish origin carrying a new DJ1 mutation and presenting with
      early-onset levodopa responsive parkinsonism and signs of amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: The family consisted of 12 members including 10
      offsprings of whom three were affected. All family members underwent detailed
      clinical examination. DNA samples from the index case, his unaffected sister, and
      his parents were subjected to whole genome sequencing analysis. RESULTS: The
      index case 38-year-old man developed left hand tremor at the age of 24 years. He
      had progressive asymmetrical parkinsonism, depression and developed signs of ALS
      within 4 years. His two affected sisters had young-onset asymmetrical tremor
      dominant parkinsonism with signs of ALS. A new homozygous p.Q45X mutation in exon
      3 in DJ1 was found in all three patients. Their unaffected parents and one
      clinically healthy sibling were found to be heterozygous for this mutation.
      CONCLUSIONS: This is the second report of DJ1 mutations associated with
      parkinsonism and ALS. This is relevant for genetic counseling as well as for
      understanding the pathogenesis of the broad spectrum of parkinsonism-ALS disease
      complex.

PMID- 26972525
TI  - Essential tremor seems to be a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 26972522
TI  - Peroxisomes and Kidney Injury.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Peroxisomes are organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. The
      organs with the highest density of peroxisomes are the liver and kidneys.
      Peroxisomes possess more than fifty enzymes and fulfill a multitude of biological
      tasks. They actively participate in apoptosis, innate immunity, and inflammation.
      In recent years, a considerable amount of evidence has been collected to support
      the involvement of peroxisomes in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. RECENT
      ADVANCES: The nature of the two most important peroxisomal tasks, beta-oxidation
      of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide turnover, functionally relates peroxisomes
      to mitochondria. Further support for their communication and cooperation is
      furnished by the evidence that both organelles share the components of their
      division machinery. Until recently, the majority of studies on the molecular
      mechanisms of kidney injury focused primarily on mitochondria and neglected
      peroxisomes. CRITICAL ISSUES: The aim of this concise review is to introduce the
      reader to the field of peroxisome biology and to provide an overview of the
      evidence about the contribution of peroxisomes to the development and progression
      of kidney injury. The topics of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin
      induced kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as
      well as the potential therapeutic implications of peroxisome activation, are
      addressed in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Despite recent progress, further
      studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms induced by dysfunctional
      peroxisomes and the role of the dysregulated mitochondria-peroxisome axis in the
      pathogenesis of renal injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 217-231.

PMID- 26972527
TI  - Do patients with late-stage Parkinson's disease still respond to levodopa?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Late-stage Parkinson' disease (PD) is dominated by loss of autonomy
      due to motor and non-motor symptoms which can be marginally corrected by
      medications adjustments. However, controversy exists on the mechanisms underlying
      the apparent decrease of benefit from levodopa. OBJECTIVE: To study the response
      to levodopa in late-stage PD (LSPD). METHODS: 20 LSPD patients (Schwab and
      England ADL Scale <50 or Hoehn Yahr Stage >3 in MED ON) and 22 PD patients
      treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) underwent an acute levodopa
      challenge test. MDS-UPDRS-III and the modified Abnormal Involuntary Movement
      Scale were evaluated in off and after administration of a supra-maximal levodopa
      dose. RESULTS: LSPD patients had a median age of 78.8 (IQR: 73.5-82) and median
      disease duration of 14 years (IQR: 10-19.75). DBS patients had a median age of 66
      (IQR: 61-72) and median disease duration of 18 years (IQR: 15-22). LSPD and DBS
      patients' MDS-UPDRS-III score improved 11.3% and 37% after levodopa,
      respectively. Rest tremor showed the largest improvement, while axial signs did
      not improve in LSPD. However, the magnitude of levodopa response significantly
      correlated with dyskinesias severity in LSPD patients. One third of LSPD and 9%
      of DBS patients reported moderate drowsiness. CONCLUSIONS: LSPD patients show a
      slight response to a supra-maximal levodopa dose, which is greater if dyskinesia
      are present, but it is frequently associated with adverse effects. A decrease in
      levodopa response is a potential marker of disease progression in LSPD.

PMID- 26972526
TI  - Effects of movement imitation training in Parkinson's disease: A virtual reality
      pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypometria is a clinical motor sign in Parkinson's disease. Its
      origin likely emerges from basal ganglia dysfunction, leading to an impaired
      control of inhibitory intracortical motor circuits. Some neurorehabilitation
      approaches include movement imitation training; besides the effects of motor
      practice, there might be a benefit due to observation and imitation of un-altered
      movement patterns. In this sense, virtual reality facilitates the process by
      customizing motor-patterns to be observed and imitated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate
      the effect of a motor-imitation therapy focused on hypometria in Parkinson's
      disease using virtual reality. METHODS: We carried out a randomized controlled
      pilot-study. Sixteen patients were randomly assigned in experimental and control
      groups. Groups underwent 4-weeks of training based on finger-tapping with the
      dominant hand, in which imitation was the differential factor (only the
      experimental group imitated). We evaluated self-paced movement features and
      cortico-spinal excitability (recruitment curves and silent periods in both
      hemispheres) before, immediately after, and two weeks after the training period.
      RESULTS: Movement amplitude increased significantly after the therapy in the
      experimental group for the trained and un-trained hands. Motor thresholds and
      silent periods evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimulation were differently
      modified by training in the two groups; although the changes in the input-output
      recruitment were similar. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that movement
      imitation therapy enhances the effect of motor practice in patients with
      Parkinson's disease; imitation-training might be helpful for reducing hypometria
      in these patients. These results must be clarified in future larger trials.

PMID- 26972528
TI  - Targeting the prodromal stage of spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 mice: G-CSF in
      the prevention of motor deficits via upregulating chaperone and autophagy levels.
AB  - Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17), an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia,
      is a devastating, incurable disease caused by the polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion
      of transcription factor TATA binding protein (TBP). The polyQ expansion causes
      misfolding and aggregation of the mutant TBP, further leading to cytotoxicity and
      cell death. The well-recognized prodromal phase in many forms of
      neurodegeneration suggests a prolonged period of partial neuronal dysfunction
      prior to cell loss that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. The
      objective of this study was to assess the effects and molecular mechanisms of
      granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy during the pre-symptomatic
      stage in SCA17 mice. Treatment with G-CSF at the pre-symptomatic stage improved
      the motor coordination of SCA17 mice and reduced the cell loss, insoluble mutant
      TBP protein, and vacuole formation in the Purkinje neurons of these mice. The
      neuroprotective effects of G-CSF may be produced by increases in Hsp70, Beclin-1,
      LC3-II and the p-ERK survival pathway. Upregulation of chaperone and autophagy
      levels further enhances the clearance of mutant protein aggregation, slowing the
      progression of pathology in SCA17 mice. Therefore, we showed that the early
      intervention of G-CSF has a neuroprotective effect, delaying the progression of
      SCA17 in mutant mice via increases in the levels of chaperone expression and
      autophagy.

PMID- 26972530
TI  - Analysis of anti-depressant potential of curcumin against depression induced male
      albino wistar rats.
AB  - The present study investigated the antidepressant potential of curcumin in
      olfactory bulbectomy and forced swimming test models of depression in male albino
      rats under chronic treatment. The experimental animals were divided into four
      groups, and curcumin was administered for 45 days. Our results showed that the
      curcumin significantly reduced olfactory bulbectomy-induced behavioral
      abnormalities including deficits in step-down passive avoidance, increased
      activity in the open area and immobility time. Chronic administration of curcumin
      significantly reversed levels of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, noradrenaline,
      serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hippocampus region of male albino
      rats. Also, curcumin normalizes the levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the frontal cortex of rats. Taking all these results
      together, it may suggest that curcumin is potent compound acting against the
      depression in the male albino rats.

PMID- 26972531
TI  - The neuronal correlates of mirror therapy: A functional magnetic resonance
      imaging study on mirror-induced visual illusions of ankle movements.
AB  - Recovery in stroke is mediated by neural plasticity. Mirror therapy is an
      effective method in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, but the mechanism is
      still obscure. To identify the neural networks associated with the effect of
      lower-limbs mirror therapy, we investigated a functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) study of mirror-induced visual illusion of ankle movements. Five
      healthy controls and five left hemiplegic stroke patients performed tasks related
      to mirror therapy in the fMRI study. Neural activation was compared in a no
      mirror condition and a mirror condition. All subjects in the experiment performed
      the task of flexing and extending the right ankle. In a mirror condition,
      movement of the left ankle was simulated by mirror reflection of right ankle
      movement. Changes in neural activation in response to mirror therapy were
      assessed both in healthy controls and stroke patients. We found strong activation
      of the motor cortex bilaterally in healthy controls, as well as significant
      activation of the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex, the occipital gyrus, and the
      anterior prefrontal gyrus in stroke patients with respect to the non-mirror
      condition. We concluded that mirror therapy of ankle movements may induce neural
      activation of the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex, and that cortical
      reorganization may be useful for motor rehabilitation in stroke.

PMID- 26972529
TI  - The role of CHMP2BIntron5 in autophagy and frontotemporal dementia.
AB  - Charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) - a component of the endosomal
      complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) - is responsible for the vital
      membrane deformation functions in autophagy and endolysosomal trafficking. A
      dominant mutation in CHMP2B (CHMP2BIntron5) is associated with a subset of
      heritable frontotemporal dementia - frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome
      3 (FTD-3). ESCRT-III recruits Vps4, an AAA-ATPase that abscises the membrane
      during various cellular processes including autophagy and intraluminal vesicle
      formation. CHMP2BIntron5 results in a C-terminus truncation removing an important
      Vps4 binding site as well as eliminating the normal autoinhibitory resting state
      of CHMP2B. CHMP2B is expressed in most cell types but seems to be especially
      vital for proper neuronal function. CHMP2BIntron5-mediated phenotypes include
      misregulation of transmembrane receptors, accumulation of multilamellar
      structures, abnormal lysosomal morphology, down regulation of a brain-specific
      micro RNA (miRNA-124), abnormal dendritic spine morphology, decrease in dendritic
      arborization, and cell death. Currently, transgenic-fly,-mouse, and -human cell
      lines are being used to better understand the diverse phenotypes and develop
      therapeutic approaches for the CHMP2BIntron5-induced FTD-3. This article is part
      of a Special Issue entitled SI:Autophagy.

PMID- 26972532
TI  - Temporal profile of magnetic resonance angiography and decreased ratio of
      regulatory T cells after immunological adjuvant administration to mice lacking
      RNF213, a susceptibility gene for moyamoya disease.
AB  - Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic, occlusive cerebrovascular disease with an
      unknown etiology and is characterized by an abnormal vascular network at the base
      of the brain. Recent studies identified the RNF213 gene (RNF213) as an important
      susceptibility gene for MMD; however, the mechanisms underlying the RNF213
      abnormality related to MMD have not yet been elucidated. We previously reported
      that Rnf213-deficient mice and Rnf213 p. R4828K knock-in mice did not
      spontaneously develop MMD, indicating the importance of secondary insults in
      addition to genetic factors in the pathogenesis of MMD. The most influential
      secondary insult is considered to be an immunological reaction because RNF213 is
      predominantly expressed in immunological tissues. Therefore, we herein attempted
      to evaluate the role of an immunological stimulation as a supplementary insult to
      the target disruption of RNF213 in the pathophysiology of MMD. Rnf213-deficient
      mice were treated with strong immunological adjuvants including muramyl dipeptide
      (MDP)-Lys (L18), and then underwent time-sequential magnetic resonance
      angiography (MRA) up to 40 weeks of age. The results obtained did not reveal any
      characteristic finding of MMD, and no significant difference was observed in MRA
      findings or the anatomy of the circle of Willis between Rnf213-deficient mice and
      wild-type mice after the administration of MDP-Lys (L18). The ratio of regulatory
      T cells after the administration of MDP-Lys (L18) was significantly decreased in
      Rnf213-deficient mice (p<0.01), suggesting the potential role of the RNF213
      abnormality in the differentiation of regulatory T cells. Although the mechanisms
      underlying the development of MMD currently remain unclear, the RNF213
      abnormality may compromise immunological self-tolerance, thereby contributing to
      the development of MMD.

PMID- 26972533
TI  - Physical training decreases susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures in the
      injured rat brain.
AB  - There is growing evidence that physical activity ameliorates the course of
      epilepsy in animal models as well as in clinical conditions. Since traumatic
      brain injury is one of the strongest determinants of epileptogenesis, the present
      study focuses on the question whether a moderate long-term physical training can
      decrease susceptibility to seizures evoked following brain damage. Wistar rats
      received a mechanical brain injury and were subjected to daily running sessions
      on a treadmill for 21 days. Thereafter, seizures were induced by pilocarpine
      injections in trained and non-trained, control groups. During the acute period of
      status epilepticus, the intensity of seizures was assessed within the six-hour
      observation period. The trained rats showed considerable amelioration of
      pilocarpine-induced motor symptoms when compared with their non-trained
      counterparts. Histological investigations of effects of the brain injury and of
      physical training detected significant quantitative changes in parvalbumin-,
      calretinin- and NPY-immunopositive neuronal populations. Some of the injury
      induced changes, especially those shoved by parvalbumin-immunopositive neurons,
      were abolished by the subsequent physical training procedure and could,
      therefore, be considered as neuronal correlates of the observed functional
      amelioration of the injured brain.

PMID- 26972535
TI  - Long-term electromagnetic pulse exposure induces Abeta deposition and cognitive
      dysfunction through oxidative stress and overexpression of APP and BACE1.
AB  - A progressively expanded literature has been devoted in the past years to the
      noxious or beneficial effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) to Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). This study concerns the relationship between electromagnetic pulse
      (EMP) exposure and the occurrence of AD in rats and the underlying mechanisms,
      focusing on the role of oxidative stress (OS). 55 healthy male Sprague Dawley
      (SD) rats were used and received continuous exposure for 8 months. Morris water
      maze (MWM) test was conducted to test the ability of cognitive and memory. The
      level of OS was detected by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione
      (GSH) content. We found that long-term EMP exposure induced cognitive damage in
      rats. The content of beta-amyloid (Abeta) protein in hippocampus was increased
      after long-term EMP exposure. OS of hippocampal neuron was detected. Western
      blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay showed that the content of Abeta
      protein and its oligomers in EMP-exposed rats were higher than that of sham
      exposed rats. The content of Beta Site App Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) and
      microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) in EMP-exposed rats
      hippocampus were also higher than that of sham-exposed rats. SOD activity and GSH
      content in EMP-exposed rats were lower than sham-exposed rats (p<0.05). Several
      mechanisms were proposed based on EMP exposure-induced OS, including increased
      amyloid precursor protein (APP) aberrant cleavage. Although further study is
      needed, the present results suggest that long-term EMP exposure is harmful to
      cognitive ability in rats and could induce AD-like pathological manifestation.

PMID- 26972537
TI  - ICRP 129 and cone beam computed tomography.

PMID- 26972538
TI  - Coffee consumption associated with reduced risk of oral cancer: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Currently, there is no consensus on the effect of coffee consumption
      on the risk of oral cancer. We performed a meta-analysis based on published
      studies to uncover the association. STUDY DESIGN: We searched PubMed (1946-2015),
      Embase (1976-2015), and the bibliographies of all retrieved articles for relevant
      citations. We performed random-effects meta-analyses of observational studies on
      coffee consumption and oral cancer. RESULTS: A total of 11 case-control studies
      and 4 cohort studies comprising 2,832,706 controls and 5021 cases of oral cancer
      were included in our analysis. The results indicated that the summary odds ratio
      for the highest versus the lowest or no category consumption of coffee was 0.63
      (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-0.75). The odds ratios were 0.60 (95% CI:
      0.49-0.74) for case-control studies and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.45-0.98) for cohort
      studies. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results suggested that coffee consumption
      appears to have a protective benefit in oral cancer.

PMID- 26972536
TI  - Modeling Niemann Pick type C1 using human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem
      cells.
AB  - Data generated in Niemann Pick type C1 (NPC1) human embryonic and human induced
      pluripotent stem cell derived neurons complement on-going studies in animal
      models and provide the first example, in disease-relevant human cells, of
      processes that underlie preferential neuronal defects in a NPC1. Our work and
      that of other investigators in human neurons derived from stem cells highlight
      the importance of performing rigorous mechanistic studies in relevant cell types
      to guide drug discovery and therapeutic development, alongside of existing animal
      models. Through the use of human stem cell-derived models of disease, we can
      identify and discover or repurpose drugs that revert early events that lead to
      neuronal failure in NPC1. Together with the study of disease pathogenesis and
      efficacy of therapies in animal models, these strategies will fulfill the promise
      of stem cell technology in the development of new treatments for human diseases.
      This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.

PMID- 26972534
TI  - Roles for RNA-binding proteins in development and disease.
AB  - RNA-binding protein activities are highly regulated through protein levels,
      intracellular localization, and post-translation modifications. During
      development, mRNA processing of specific gene sets is regulated through
      manipulation of functional RNA-binding protein activities. The impact of altered
      RNA-binding protein activities also affects human diseases in which there are
      either a gain-of-function or loss-of-function causes pathogenesis. We will
      discuss RNA-binding proteins and their normal developmental RNA metabolism and
      contrast how their function is disrupted in disease. This article is part of a
      Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.

PMID- 26972539
TI  - Immunohistochemical expression of K6, K8, K16, K17, K19, maspin, syndecan-1
      (CD138), alpha-SMA, and Ki-67 in ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma:
      diagnostic and prognostic correlations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify cutoff values of markers that correlate with the
      histopathologic diagnosis of ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) and/or the increased
      recurrence potential of ameloblastoma (AB). STUDY DESIGN: Immunohistochemical
      expression (IHCE) of 9 selected markers were investigated in 18 non-recurrent
      ameloblastomas (NRABs), 6 recurrent ameloblastomas (RABs), and 5 ACs. RESULTS: No
      significant difference in IHCE of K6, K8, K16, K17, K18, K19, maspin, or syndecan
      1 was observed among study groups. alpha Smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive
      area in central epithelial cells significantly differentiated between AB and AC
      (P = .017; t -test). Ki-67 score significantly differentiated between AB and AC
      (P < .005; t -test) and between AC and RAB (P = .015; ANOVA/post hoc).
      CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 score of 75 cells/HPF (ROC curve) is a potential indicator of
      AC. Clinical recurrence of AB may be predicted by alpha-SMA expression pattern.
      Syndecan-1 and alpha-SMA may indicate a higher aggressive potential of AB when
      expressed in the stroma.

PMID- 26972540
TI  - Human papillomavirus in tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas from Guatemala and
      Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A subgroup of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is associated
      with human papillomavirus (HPV). Nevertheless, the prevalence of HPV seems to be
      variable in different regions and ethnic groups. There are no reports of HPV in
      tonsillar carcinomas in Guatemala, and data from Brazil are scarce. The aim of
      this study is to analyze and compare HPV presence in samples of tonsillar SCC
      from these countries. STUDY DESIGN: This study describes the histologic features,
      expression of p16 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and HPV by in situ hybridization
      (ISH) in 13 Guatemalan and 13 Brazilian patients. RESULTS: All cases of tonsillar
      SCC from Guatemala were positive for p16, 92% expressed HPV by ISH, and 75%
      corresponded to the high-risk genotype 16/18. From the Brazilian patients, only
      four expressed p16, and all were negative for HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Cases from
      Guatemala, which were mostly nonkeratinizing SCC and originated from the
      crypt/reticular epithelium of the tonsil, had high-risk integrated HPV, whereas
      in Brazilian cases, which were mostly keratinizing SCC that originated from the
      surface epithelium, there was no association with HPV.

PMID- 26972541
TI  - Patient movement and motion artefacts in cone beam computed tomography of the
      dentomaxillofacial region: a systematic literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To undertake a systematic review on the current knowledge regarding
      patient movement detection and patient motion artefacts related to cone beam
      computed tomography (CBCT) imaging of the dentomaxillofacial region. METHODS: The
      MEDLINE (PubMed) bibliographic database was searched for a period up to June 2015
      for studies evaluating patient movement and/or motion artefacts in CBCT. The
      search strategy was restricted to English language publications using the
      following combined terms: (movement OR motion) AND (CBCT OR cone beam CT).
      RESULTS: The search strategy yielded eight publications, which qualitatively or
      quantitatively evaluated patient movement and/or patient motion artefacts in
      CBCT. CONCLUSIONS: The literature suggests that patient movement usually presents
      itself in CBCT images as stripe-like and ring-like patterns, double bone
      contours, and overall lack of sharpness. Studies monitoring patients during CBCT
      examination reported a prevalence of movement in approximately 20% of the cases,
      and studies based on image artefact recognition to define patient movement
      reported prevalence as high as 41.5%. There seems to be a consensus on the fact
      that young patients (children and adolescents) often move during the examination.

PMID- 26972542
TI  - Meaningful correlation between asymptomatic retinal arteriole emboli and
      calcified carotid plaque found on panoramic dental imaging of males with
      diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is ongoing controversy with regard to the stability of calcified
      carotid artery plaques (CCAPs) seen in the bifurcation area on panoramic images
      (PIs). Therefore, we sought to evaluate the possibility of these plaques shedding
      emboli by observing their relationship with ipsilateral retinal emboli. STUDY
      DESIGN: The study group included 50 neurologically and visually asymptomatic
      males with diabetes, with PIs that incidentally demonstrated CCAPs (CCAP+) and
      contemporaneous digital retinal images that had been obtained for evaluation of
      diabetic retinopathy. The control group consisted of 50 males with diabetes who
      were matched for age and body mass index and had undergone both imaging studies
      and whose PIs were devoid of carotid plaques (CCAP-). The presence of retinal
      emboli was determined by two ophthalmologists blinded to the patients' medical
      histories, and the prevalence rates for the two groups were calculated. RESULTS:
      The presence of asymptomatic retinal arteriolar emboli was found in the eye
      ipsilateral to the radiographically observed carotid atheroma in 10 of 50 (20%)
      of the patients in the CCAP+ group, compared with 2 of 50 (4%) in the CCAP-
      group, and this difference was statistically significant (Fisher's exact P <
      .03). CONCLUSIONS: Some male patients with diabetes mellitus type II having
      calcified carotid artery atheromas in the bifurcation area, as visualized on PIs,
      may have significant sequelae as evidenced by retinal artery emboli.

PMID- 26972543
TI  - Multiple complex odontoma of the maxilla and mandible--reply.

PMID- 26972544
TI  - Upregulation of proangiogenic factors expression in the synovium of
      temporomandibular joint condylar hyperplasia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a complex disorder of the
      temporomandibular joint. Many studies have focused on cartilage proliferation,
      but the behavior of the synovium in CH is poorly understood. The aim of the
      present study was to investigate the expression of angiogenic-associated factors
      in the synovium and to discuss the possible role of the synovium in CH
      progression. STUDY DESIGN: CH condylar tissues were stained by hematoxylin and
      eosin staining, and proliferative activity was confirmed by single-photon
      emission computed tomography. Synovial cells isolated from the temporomandibular
      joint of patients with CH were collected, and flow cytometric analysis was used
      to examine the expression of CD34 and CD44. The gene expression of FGF-2, MMP1,
      MMP3, and MMP13 in synovial cells was examined by quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting was used to detect the protein
      expression of VEGF, FGF-2, ANG1, DKK1, TSP1, MMP1, MMP3, MMP13, TIMP1, and TIMP3.
      RESULTS: The typical hyperplastic area and activity were observed in condylar
      tissues. The expression of VEGF, FGF-2, ANG1, DKK1, TIMP1, TIMP3, and CD34 was
      significantly increased in the synovial cells of CH, but TSP1, MMP1, MMP3, and
      MMP13 expression was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: This study exhibited a potential
      role for proangiogenic factors in the pathogenesis of CH.

PMID- 26972545
TI  - Retrospective study to determine the accuracy of template-guided implant
      placement using a novel nonradiologic evaluation method.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: With a novel, noninvasive method for determining three-dimensional
      accuracy, the realized implant position relative to the planned implant position
      was analyzed retrospectively. Additional postoperative cone beam computed
      tomography was thus dispensable. STUDY DESIGN: Twelve cases with distal extension
      situations (DESs) or single tooth gaps (STGs) were evaluated. The data sets of
      the planned implant position were superimposed on the actually achieved implant
      position, retrieved from digitizing the implant impression. The deviations were
      measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The mean deviation was 5 degrees 
      in the DES group and 4 degrees  in the STG group for the implant axes, 1 mm (DES)
      and 0.9 mm (STG) at the implant neck, and 1.6 mm (DES) and 1.5 mm (STG) at the
      implant apex. The mean height discrepancy was 0.5 mm (DES) and 0.5 mm (STG). No
      significant differences (P > .05) were found between the DES and STG groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: The innovative, noninvasive evaluation method is suitable and
      sufficiently accurate for the assessment of larger cohorts. The results of our
      study showed a sufficiently high degree of accuracy when using a virtual planning
      program for which no radiopaque template is needed when performing cone beam
      computed tomography.

PMID- 26972546
TI  - The privatization of spa companies in Poland - An evaluation of policy
      assumptions and implementation.
AB  - The aim of this article is to present the course of privatization of spa
      companies in Poland during the period 2001-2011. We discuss assumptions of the
      privatization process, as well as actual implementation, having identified the
      process as chaotic and inconsistent with prior legal provisions. We found that in
      its applied form the process resulted in limitation of the therapeutic potential
      of spas, and reduction of the State's ability to implement health policy in a
      legally determined form. We also found that privatization potentially improved
      spa infrastructure standards and increases the tourist potential of spa resorts.
      We recommend that clear eligibility criteria are applied to institutions in the
      privatization process, as well as the provision of legal guarantees for access to
      spa services financed from public resources. Such guarantees should be made a
      public obligation, to ensure the availability of services for insured persons,
      and there should be an obligation to maintain a specific part of a given
      institution's potential for the needs of patients funded by public health
      insurance. 

PMID- 26972547
TI  - Improving Stability of Zeolites in Aqueous Phase via Selective Removal of
      Structural Defects.
AB  - Missing silicon-oxygen bonds in zeolites are shown to be the cause for structural
      instability of zeolites in hot liquid water. Their selective removal drastically
      improved their structural stability as demonstrated using zeolite beta as
      example. The defects in the siloxy bonds were capped by reaction with
      trimethylchlorosilane, and Si-O-Si bonds were eventually formed. Hydrolysis of Si
      O-Si bonds of the parent materials and dissolution of silica-oxygen tetrahedra in
      water causing a decrease in sorption capacity by reprecipitation of dissolved
      silica and pore blocking was largely mitigated by the treatment. The stability of
      the modified molecular sieves was monitored by (29)Si-MAS NMR, transmission
      electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction, and adsorption isotherms. The
      microporosity, sorption capacity, and long-range order of the stabilized material
      were fully retained even after prolonged exposure to hot liquid water. 

PMID- 26972548
TI  - Family caregiving of individuals with traumatic brain injury in Botswana.
AB  - Background The impairments that affect survivors of TBI impact the person's
      independence, and family members frequently have to take on a caregiver role.
      This study examined the experience of caregiving for individuals with TBI in
      Botswana and its impact on psychological distress in caregivers. Methods Using a
      mixed methods study design, qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were
      thematically analyzed and triangulated with data regarding functional status from
      the Structured Head Injury Outcome Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale (HADS). Results The study included 26 participants with moderate
      to severe TBI, and a total of 18 caregivers were recruited. Caregivers commonly
      reported receiving limited information regarding their relatives' injuries and
      management methods. Heavy caregiving demands were placed on them, with little
      support from the healthcare system. A significant proportion of caregivers
      experienced anxiety and depression, which was associated with lower functional
      independence in their injured relative. Somewhat more spouses than parents
      reported clinically significant anxiety levels. Other consequences of caregiving
      included social isolation and limited support from the wider community as well as
      financial difficulties. Despite these stresses caregivers tended to accept their
      caregiving role. Cultural factors such devotion to their families and faith and
      belief in God moderated burden and distress. Conclusions Carers of individuals
      with TBI in Botswana face significant challenges. Rehabilitation efforts need to
      take these into account. Specifically, more information and support needs to be
      provided to survivors and their families. Psychological, economic and health
      needs of the care providers also should be addressed in the planning of
      rehabilitation interventions. Implications for Rehabilitation Caregivers of
      individuals with TBI in under-resourced countries carry much of the burden of
      care, face many challenges and experience significant stress. More information
      and support needs to be provided to survivors of TBI and their families in
      countries such as Botswana in a culturally sensitive manner. Psychological,
      economic and health needs also need to be addressed in the planning of
      rehabilitation interventions, which are currently non-existent in Botswana.

PMID- 26972554
TI  - Silver Nanoshell Plasmonically Controlled Emission of Semiconductor Quantum Dots
      in the Strong Coupling Regime.
AB  - Strong coupling between semiconductor excitons and localized surface plasmons
      (LSPs) giving rise to hybridized plexciton states in which energy is coherently
      and reversibly exchanged between the components is vital, especially in the area
      of quantum information processing from fundamental and practical points of view.
      Here, in photoluminescence spectra, rather than from common extinction or
      reflection measurements, we report on the direct observation of Rabi splitting of
      approximately 160 meV as an indication of strong coupling between excited states
      of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) and LSP modes of silver nanoshells under
      nonresonant nanosecond pulsed laser excitation at room temperature. The strong
      coupling manifests itself as an anticrossing-like behavior of the two newly
      formed polaritons when tuning the silver nanoshell plasmon energies across the
      exciton line of the QDs. Further analysis substantiates the essentiality of high
      pump energy and collective strong coupling of many QDs with the radiative dipole
      mode of the metallic nanoparticles for the realization of strong coupling. Our
      finding opens up interesting directions for the investigation of strong coupling
      between LSPs and excitons from the perspective of radiative recombination under
      easily accessible experimental conditions.

PMID- 26972556
TI  - Correction of Clinodactyly by Early Physiolysis: 6-Year Results.
AB  - PURPOSE: To review results at least 6 years after physiolysis for treatment of
      the delta phalanx associated with clinodactyly. METHODS: We present 22 cases of
      clinodactyly treated with physiolysis in which we removed the central part of the
      epiphysis, which is the portion restricting longitudinal growth unilaterally and
      inducing progressive finger deviation, and placed a fat graft in the resultant
      defect. RESULTS: This retrospective study reports the results of early
      physiolysis in 27 fingers with radial clinodactyly, including 17 fingers from 17
      patients previously reported and 10 little fingers from 5 additional patients.
      All patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 years. Mean preoperative angle was 38
      degrees  (range, 25 degrees  to 47 degrees ). At final follow-up, mean angle was
      8 degrees  (range, 0 degrees  to 24 degrees ), a mean correction of 79%. Twelve
      fingers in 9 patients had more than 10 degrees  of deformity at final follow-up,
      whereas 15 fingers in 13 patients had a residual deformity of less than 10
      degrees , which is effectively full correction of a clinodactyly. No patient
      required a closing wedge osteotomy later for insufficient correction.
      CONCLUSIONS: These accumulative findings confirm our previous preliminary report.
      Early physiolysis is a quick and simple procedure that allows for growth and
      partial but often adequate correction of the clinodactyly. The correction occurs
      slowly over a period of years, which can be seen as a disadvantage, and requires
      careful counseling of the parents. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic
      IV.

PMID- 26972557
TI  - Three-Dimensional Printing of Prosthetic Hands for Children.
AB  - Children with hand reductions, whether congenital or traumatic, have unique
      prosthetic needs. They present a challenge because of their continually changing
      size due to physical growth as well as changing needs due to psychosocial
      development. Conventional prosthetics are becoming more technologically advanced
      and increasingly complex. Although these are welcome advances for adults, the
      concomitant increases in weight, moving parts, and cost are not beneficial for
      children. Pediatric prosthetic needs may be better met with simpler solutions.
      Three-dimensional printing can be used to fabricate rugged, light-weight, easily
      replaceable, and very low cost assistive hands for children. 

PMID- 26972555
TI  - Serum steroid concentrations remain within normal postmenopausal values in women
      receiving daily 6.5mg intravaginal prasterone for 12 weeks.
AB  - This study integrates all data obtained in women aged 40-80years enrolled with
      moderate to severe symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) who received daily
      intravaginal administration of 0.50% (6.5mg) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA;
      prasterone) for 12weeks (n=723; ITT-S population) as compared with placebo
      (n=266; ITT-S population). To this end, serum steroid levels (DHEA, DHEA-sulfate
      (DHEA-S), androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (5-diol), testosterone,
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (4-dione), estrone (E1), estradiol
      (E2), estrone sulfate (E1-S), androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G), and androstane
      3alpha, 17beta-diol 17-glucuronide (3alpha-diol-17G)) were measured at Day 1 and
      Week 12 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following
      validation performed according to the FDA guidelines [1-6]. In agreement with the
      mechanisms of intracrinology where DHEA is exclusively transformed
      intracellularly into active sex steroids which act and are inactivated locally
      before being released as glucuronided or sulfated metabolites for elimination by
      the kidneys and liver, all sex steroids remained well within normal
      postmenopausal values following administration of intravaginal DHEA. Serum
      estradiol, the most relevant sex steroid, was measured after 12weeks of treatment
      at 3.36pg/ml (cITT-S population) or 19% below the normal postmenopausal value of
      4.17pg/ml. On the other hand, serum E1-S, the best recognized marker of global
      estrogenic activity, shows an average value of 209pg/ml at 12 weeks compared to
      220pg/ml in normal postmenopausal women. Moreover, serum ADT-G, the main
      metabolite of androgens, also remains well within normal postmenopausal values.
      The present data shows that a low daily intravaginal dose (6.5mg) of DHEA
      (prasterone) which is efficacious on the symptoms and signs of VVA, permits to
      achieve the desired local efficacy without systemic exposure, in agreement with
      the stringent mechanisms of menopause established after 500 million years of
      evolution where each cell in each tissue is the master of its sex steroid
      exposure. 

PMID- 26972559
TI  - Natural inactivation of Escherichia coli in anaerobic and reduced groundwater.
AB  - AIMS: Inactivation rates of Escherichia coli in groundwater have most often been
      determined in aerobic and oxidized systems. This study examined E. coli
      inactivation rates in anaerobic and extremely reduced groundwater systems that
      have been identified as recharge zones. METHODS AND RESULTS: Groundwater from six
      artesian wells was diverted to above-ground, flow-through mesocosms that
      contained laboratory grown E. coli in diffusion chambers. All groundwater was
      anaerobic and extremely reduced (ORP < -300 mV). Cells were plated onto mTEC agar
      during 21-day incubation periods. All data fit a bi-phasic inactivation model,
      with >95% of the E. coli population being inactivated <11.0 h (mean k = 0.488 +/
      0.188 h(-1) ). CONCLUSIONS: The groundwater geochemical conditions enhanced the
      inactivation of E. coli to rates approx. 21-fold greater than previously
      published inactivation rate in groundwater (mean k = 0.023 +/- 0.030 h(-1) ).
      Also, mTEC agar inhibits E. coli growth following exposure to anaerobic and
      reduced groundwater. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Aquifer recharge zones
      with geochemical characteristics observed in this study complement above-ground
      engineered processes (e.g. filtration, disinfection), while increasing the
      overall indicator micro-organism log-reduction rate of a facility.

PMID- 26972560
TI  - Using medical imaging for the detection of adverse events ("incidents") during
      the utilization of left ventricular assist devices in adult patients with
      advanced heart failure.
AB  - Ventricular assist devices (VAD) are used for mechanical support of the
      terminally failing heart. Failure of these life supporting systems can be fatal.
      Early and reliable detection of any upcoming problems is mandatory and is crucial
      for the outcome. Medical imaging methods are described within this review, which
      are not only essential for diagnosis of typically VAD-related complications but
      also for the detection or verification of technical issues. Within this review
      the utilization of medical imaging equipment for the diagnosis of technical
      malfunctions or damages of implanted system components is discussed. A newly
      developed specialized acoustic imaging method for pump thrombosis detection will
      also be described along with the most common VAD-related medical complications
      and their respective imaging methods and the limitations induced by the use of
      the VAD-system. 

PMID- 26972558
TI  - Update on rational targeted therapy in AML.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a challenge to both patients and clinicians.
      Despite improvements in our understanding of the disease, treatment has changed
      minimally and outcomes remain poor for the majority of patients. Within the last
      decade, there have been an increasing number of potential targets and pathways
      identified for development in AML. The classes of agents described in this review
      include but are not limited to epigenetic modifiers such as IDH inhibitors, BET
      inhibitors, and HDAC inhibitors as well as cell cycle and signaling inhibitors
      such as Aurora kinase inhibitors and CDK inhibitors. While the developments are
      encouraging, it is unlikely that targeting a single pathway will result in long
      term disease control. Accordingly, we will also highlight potential rational
      partners for the novel agents described herein.

PMID- 26972561
TI  - [NK/T-cell Lymphoma of nasal-type: A rare affection with a poor prognosis].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: NK/T cell lymphoma of nasal-type was described in 1933 as a
      malignant midfacial granuloma. The diagnosis of this rare affection is clinical
      and immunohistopathological. We report a case of NK/T cell lymphoma diagnosed at
      an advanced stage. OBSERVATION: A 60-year-old man with no particular medical
      history presented since seven months with a left nasal obstruction associated
      with a purulent and fetid rhinorrhea followed by a centrifugal midfacial
      necrosis. Blood tests showed an inflammatory syndrome. The CT-scan of the face
      showed a filling of the nose and sinus by a tissular process and a lysis of the
      bone walls. Three series of biopsies (le last being performed under general
      anesthesia) were necessary to get the diagnosis of NK/T cell lymphoma. The
      standard histology showed a malignant proliferation made of round and spindle
      shaped lymphoid-like cells and angiocentric arrangement. The cells were CD 2+, CD
      3+, CD 5+ and CD 56+. The spontaneous evolution was fatal one month after
      diagnosis in a context of septic shock. CONCLUSION: NK/T cell lymphoma of nasal
      type is a rare disease but should be evocated in patient with midfacial necrosis
      of centrifugal evolution. The diagnosis certainty is made on
      immunohistopathological analysis. Multiple biopsies, made at distance from
      necrotic areas and under general anesthesia may be necessary.

PMID- 26972562
TI  - Restriction-Modification systems interplay causes avoidance of GATC site in
      prokaryotic genomes.
AB  - Palindromes are frequently underrepresented in prokaryotic genomes. Palindromic
      5[Formula: see text]-GATC-3[Formula: see text] site is a recognition site of
      different Restriction-Modification (R-M) systems, as well as solitary
      methyltransferase Dam. Classical GATC-specific R-M systems methylate GATC and
      cleave unmethylated GATC. On the contrary, methyl-directed Type II restriction
      endonucleases cleave methylated GATC. Methylation of GATC by Dam
      methyltransferase is involved in the regulation of different cellular processes.
      The diversity of functions of GATC-recognizing proteins makes GATC sequence a
      good model for studying the reasons of palindrome avoidance in prokaryotic
      genomes. In this work, the influence of R-M systems and solitary proteins on the
      GATC site avoidance is described by a mathematical model. GATC avoidance is
      strongly associated with the presence of alternate (methyl-directed or classical
      Type II R-M system) genes in different strains of the same species, as we have
      shown for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Eubacterium rectale,
      and Moraxella catarrhalis. We hypothesize that GATC avoidance can result from a
      DNA exchange between strains with different methylation status of GATC site
      within the process of natural transformation. If this hypothesis is correct, the
      GATC avoidance is a sign of a DNA exchange between bacteria with different
      methylation status in a mixed population.

PMID- 26972563
TI  - Search for conserved amino acid residues of the alpha-crystallin proteins of
      vertebrates.
AB  - [Formula: see text]-crystallin is the major eye lens protein and a member of the
      small heat-shock protein (sHsp) family. [Formula: see text]-crystallins have been
      shown to support lens clarity by preventing the aggregation of lens proteins. We
      performed the bioinformatics analysis of [Formula: see text]-crystallin sequences
      from vertebrates to find conserved amino acid residues as the three-dimensional
      (3D) structure of [Formula: see text]-crystallin is not identified yet. We are
      the first who demonstrated that the N-terminal region is conservative along with
      the central domain for vertebrate organisms. We have found that there is
      correlation between the conserved and structured regions. Moreover, amyloidogenic
      regions also correspond to the structured regions. We analyzed the amino acid
      composition of [Formula: see text]-crystallin A and B chains. Analyzing the
      occurrence of each individual amino acid residue, we have found that such amino
      acid residues as leucine, serine, lysine, proline, phenylalanine, histidine,
      isoleucine, glutamic acid, and valine change their content simultaneously in A
      and B chains in different classes of vertebrates. Aromatic amino acids occur more
      often in [Formula: see text]-crystallins from vertebrates than on the average in
      proteins among 17 animal proteomes. We obtained that the identity between A and B
      chains in the mammalian group is 0.35, which is lower than the published 0.60.

PMID- 26972564
TI  - A test of the effects of timing of a pulsed resource subsidy on stream
      ecosystems.
AB  - Spatial resource subsidies can alter bottom-up and top-down forces of community
      regulation across ecosystem boundaries. Most subsidies are temporally variable,
      and recent theory has suggested that consumer-resource dynamics can be stabilized
      if the peak timing of a subsidy is desynchronized with that of prey productivity
      in the recipient ecosystem. However, magnitude of consumer responses per se could
      depend on the subsidy timing, which may be a critical component for community
      dynamics and ecosystem processes. The aim of this study was to test (i) whether a
      recipient consumer (cutthroat trout) responds differently to a resource subsidy
      occurring early in its growing season than to a subsidy occurring late in the
      season and, if this is the case, (ii) whether the timing-dependent consumer
      response has cascading effects on communities and ecosystem functions in streams.
      To test those hypotheses, we conducted a large-scale field experiment, in which
      we directly manipulated the timing of augmentation of the terrestrial
      invertebrates that enter stream (i.e. peak timing of June-August vs. August
      October), keeping constant the total amounts of the invertebrates entered. We
      found large increases in the individual growth rate and population biomass of the
      cutthroat trout, in response to the early resource pulse, but not to the late
      pulse. This timing-dependent consumer response cascaded down to reduce benthic
      invertebrates and leaf breakdown rate, and increased water nutrient
      concentrations. Furthermore, the early resource pulse resulted in higher maturity
      rate of the cutthroat trout in the following spring, demonstrating the importance
      of the subsidy timing on long-term community dynamics via the consumer's
      numerical response. Our results emphasize the need to acknowledge timing
      dependent consumer responses in understanding the effects of subsidies on
      communities and ecosystem processes. Elucidating the mechanisms by which
      consumers effectively exploit pulsed subsidies is an important avenue to better
      understand community dynamics in spatially coupled ecosystems.

PMID- 26972565
TI  - Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax secondary to subclavian vein
      catheterization via supraclavicular approach.

PMID- 26972566
TI  - Dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins in coronary heart disease: implications
      for diagnostics and therapy.
AB  - Low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated
      with increased risks of coronary heart disease. HDL mediates cholesterol efflux
      from macrophages for reverse transport to the liver and elicits many anti
      inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities which are potentially anti
      atherogenic. Nevertheless, HDL has not been successfully targeted by drugs for
      prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. One potential reason is the
      targeting of HDL cholesterol which does not capture the structural and functional
      complexity of HDL particles. Hundreds of lipid species and dozens of proteins as
      well as several microRNAs have been identified in HDL. This physiological
      heterogeneity is further increased in pathologic conditions due to additional
      quantitative and qualitative molecular changes of HDL components which have been
      associated with both loss of physiological function and gain of pathologic
      dysfunction. This structural and functional complexity of HDL has prevented clear
      assignments of molecules to the functions of normal HDL and dysfunctions of
      pathologic HDL. Systematic analyses of structure-function relationships of HDL
      associated molecules and their modifications are needed to test the different
      components and functions of HDL for their relative contribution in the
      pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The derived biomarkers and targets may
      eventually help to exploit HDL for treatment and diagnostics of cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 26972567
TI  - Phase 1-2 pilot clinical trial in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
      treated with bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells.
AB  - The aim of this nonrandomized, open label, phase 1 clinical trial was to evaluate
      the safety and the feasibility of the treatment with autologous bone marrow
      derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in decompensated liver cirrhosis. In
      addition, the changes in liver function and hepatic venous pressure gradient
      (HVPG) and their relation with the characteristics of the cellular product were
      analyzed. Twelve patients with Child-Pugh >=8 liver cirrhosis underwent bone
      marrow harvest for ex vivo differentiation of EPC. The final product was
      administered through the hepatic artery in a single administration. Patients
      underwent clinical and radiologic follow-up for 12 months. The phenotype and the
      ability to produce cytokines and growth factors of the final cellular suspension
      were analyzed. Eleven patients were treated (feasibility 91%). No treatment
      related severe adverse events were observed as consequence of any study procedure
      or treatment. Model for end-stage liver disease score improved significantly (P
      0.042) in the first 90 days after cells administration and 5 of the 9 patients
      alive at 90 days showed a decreased of HVPG. There was a direct correlation
      between the expression of acetylated-low density lipoprotein and von Willebrand
      factor in the cellular product and the improvement in liver function and HVPG.
      The treatment with EPCs in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is safe
      and feasible and might have therapeutic potential. Patients receiving a higher
      amount of functionally active EPC showed an improvement of liver function and
      portal hypertension suggesting that the potential usefulness of these cells for
      the treatment of liver cirrhosis deserves further evaluation.

PMID- 26972568
TI  - Propensity score analysis of endoscopic and open approaches to malignant
      paranasal and anterior skull base tumor outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Malignant sinonasal and skull base tumors are now being
      resected using an endoscopic technique, but there has been controversy regarding
      the oncologic safety of this approach. Various studies have compared the outcomes
      from endoscopic surgery to those from open techniques; however, all have been
      limited by substantial differences in the patient populations receiving each
      approach. In this study we compare outcomes of open and endoscopic techniques and
      use propensity score matching to control for these differences in the patient
      populations. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study including all patients > 18
      years old receiving primary surgery for malignant sinonasal or skull base tumors
      at our institution from 2002 to 2013. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four patients
      met criteria; 82 received endoscopic-only surgery, and 42 had an open component
      to their approach. There was an 86% 3-year overall survival and a 74% disease
      free survival. Without controlling for differences in the groups, the endoscopic
      patients fared significantly better in survival, recurrence rates, wound
      infections, and length of hospital stay. When using propensity score matching to
      account for patient comorbidities and tumor size, there were no significant
      differences in any outcomes except length of the hospital stay. A multivariate
      regression analysis yielded the same results. CONCLUSION: In this study,
      endoscopic surgery was shown to be a safe alternative to the open technique, even
      when controlling for the favorable patient and tumor characteristics in
      endoscopic patients. This is the first study to account for these differences
      with a rigorous statistical methodology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope,
      126:1724-1729, 2016.

PMID- 26972569
TI  - Mean platelet volume may not be increased in patients with idiopathic subjective
      tinnitus.

PMID- 26972570
TI  - Return to sport after ACL reconstruction: a survey between the Italian Society of
      Knee, Arthroscopy, Sport, Cartilage and Orthopaedic Technologies (SIGASCOT)
      members.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A worldwide consensus for timing and criteria for return to sport
      after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is lacking. The aim of the
      study was to survey among the Italian Society of Knee, Arthroscopy, Sport,
      Cartilage and Orthopaedic Technologies (SIGASCOT) members in order to evaluate
      their approaches to the return to sport after ACL reconstruction regarding timing
      and criteria. METHODS: A web survey among the SIGASCOT members was performed,
      including 14 questions regarding technical and graft preferences, timing for
      return to training and competitive activity for contact and non-contact sports
      and criteria to allow return to sport. RESULTS: Totally, 123 members completed
      the questionnaire. Return to training sports was allowed within 6 month by 87 %
      for non-contact sports and by 53 % for contact sports. Return to competitive
      activity was allowed within 6 months by 48 % for non-contact sports and by 13 %
      for contact sports. Full ROM (77 %), Lachman test (65 %) and Pivot-Shift test (65
      %) were the most used criteria to allow return to sport. The 90 % used at least
      one clinical score. CONCLUSION: The SIGASCOT members showed various approaches in
      the return to sport after ACL reconstruction, with differences between return to
      training or competitive activity, and between contact and non-contact sports. Six
      months was generally considered adequate by most of the members for the most
      demanding activities. The most used criteria to allow return to sport were manual
      testing. A clear definition of sport activities and more objective criteria for
      the return to sport are needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, expert opinion.

PMID- 26972571
TI  - Microarray study reveals a transforming growth factor-beta-dependent mechanism of
      fibrosis in discoid lupus erythematosus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is characterized by scarring
      lesions that develop and perpetuate fibrotic lesions. These are not observed in
      subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). The pathophysiological basis of
      this is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES: To identify contradistinctive signalling
      pathways and cellular signatures between the two type of lupus, with a focus on
      the molecular mechanisms leading to fibrosis. METHODS: We conducted a gene
      expression microarray analysis in lesional and nonlesional skin biopsy specimens
      of patients with DLE (n = 10) and SCLE (n = 10). Confirmatory reverse
      transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and
      immunohistochemistry were performed on selected transcripts in a new cohort of
      paraffin-embedded skin biopsies (n = 20). Changes over time of a group of
      selected inflammatory and fibrotic genes were also evaluated in a second biopsy
      taken 12 weeks later. In vitro functional studies were performed in primary
      isolated fibroblasts. RESULTS: Compared with nonlesional skin, DLE samples
      expressed a distinctive T-cell gene signature. DLE samples displayed a
      significant CD4 T-cell enrichment with an imbalance towards T helper 1 cytokine
      predominance and a relative increased forkhead box (FOX)P3 response. RT-qPCR and
      immunochemical analysis over time showed a progressive increment of fibrotic
      markers and persistent FOXP3 recruitment. Ex vivo upregulation of SERPINE1, MMP9,
      TGFBR1, phosphorylated SMAD3 and TGFB1 suggested a transforming growth factor
      (TGF)-beta-dependent mechanism of fibrosis in DLE, also confirmed by the results
      observed following in vitro stimulation with TGF-beta. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      highlight major pathogenic pathways in DLE and provide novel molecular targets
      for the development of new therapies. The data suggest the existence of a TGF
      beta-dependent pathway inducing fibrosis in DLE.

PMID- 26972572
TI  - Hydrochemical variations in selected geothermal groundwater and carbonated
      springs in Korea: a baseline study for early detection of CO2 leakage.
AB  - A baseline hydrochemistry of the above zone aquifer was examined for the
      potential of CO2 early detection monitoring. Among the major ionic components and
      stable isotope ratios of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, components with a relative
      standard deviation (RSD) of <10 % for the seasonal variation were selected as
      relatively stable. These components were tested for sensitivity to the
      introduction of 0.1 mol/L CO2 (g) using the PHREEQC simulation results. If the
      relatively stable components were sensitive to the introduction of CO2, then they
      could be used as indicators of CO2 leakage into the above zone. As an analog to
      the zone above CO2 storage formation, we sampled deep groundwater, including
      geothermal groundwater from well depths of 400-700 m below the ground surface
      (bgs) and carbonated springs with a high CO2 content in Korea. Under the natural
      conditions of inland geothermal groundwater, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
      bicarbonate (HCO3), delta18O, delta2H, and delta13C were relatively stable as
      well as sensitive to the introduction of CO2 (g), thus showing good potential as
      monitoring parameters for early detection of CO2 leakage. In carbonated springs,
      the parameters identified were pH, delta18O, and delta2H. Baseline hydrochemistry
      monitoring could provide information on parameters useful for detecting anomalies
      caused by CO2 leakage as measures for early warning.

PMID- 26972573
TI  - Gastric polyps diagnosed by double-contrast upper gastrointestinal barium X-ray
      radiography mostly arise from the Helicobacter pylori-negative stomach with low
      risk of gastric cancer in Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Double-contrast upper gastrointestinal barium X-ray radiography (UGI
      XR) is a method broadly used for gastric cancer screening in Japan. Gastric polyp
      is one of the most frequent findings detected by UGI-XR, but how to handle it
      remains controversial. METHODS: Gastric polyps of the 17,264 generally healthy
      subjects in Japan who underwent UGI-XR or upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI
      ES) in 2010 were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 6,433 UGI-XR examinees (3,405 men and
      3,028 women, 47.4 +/- 9.0 years old), gastric polyps were detected in 464 men
      (13.6 %) and 733 women (24.2 %) and were predominantly developed on the non
      atrophic gastric mucosa (p < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression analysis
      showed that the presence of gastric polyps has significant association with lower
      value of serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG titer, female gender, lighter smoking
      habit, older age, and normal range of body mass index (>=18.5 and <25), but not
      with drinking or serum pepsinogen I/II ratio. During the 3-year follow-up,
      gastric cancer occurred in 7 subjects (0.11 %), but none of them had gastric
      polyps at the beginning of the follow-up period. Of the 2,722 subjects with
      gastric polyps among the 10,831 UGI-ES examinees in the same period, 2,446 (89.9
      %) had fundic, 267 (9.8 %) had hyperplastic, and 9 (0.3 %) had
      adenomatous/cancerous polyps. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric polyps diagnosed by UGI-XR
      predominantly arise on the Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa with a low
      risk of gastric cancer in Japan. In the prospective observation, none of the UGI
      XR examinees with gastric polyps developed gastric cancer for at least 3 years
      subsequently.

PMID- 26972574
TI  - Management of pancreatic injuries during damage control surgery: an observational
      outcomes analysis of 79 patients treated at an academic Level 1 trauma centre.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study evaluated factors influencing mortality in a large cohort
      of patients who sustained pancreatic injuries and underwent DCS. METHODS: A
      prospective database of consecutive patients with pancreatic injuries treated at
      a Level 1 academic trauma centre was reviewed to identify those who underwent DCS
      between 1995 and 2014. RESULTS: Seventy-nine (71 men, median age: 26 years, range
      16-73 years, gunshot wounds = 62, blunt = 14, stab = 3) patients with pancreatic
      injuries (35 proximal, 44 distal) had DCS. Fifty-nine (74.7 %) patients had AAST
      grade 3, 4 or 5 pancreatic injuries. The 79 patients had a total of 327
      associated injuries (mean: 3 per patient, range 0-6) and underwent a total of 187
      (range 1-7) operations. Vascular injuries (60/327, 18.3 %) occurred in 41
      patients. Twenty-seven (34.2 %) patients died without having a second operation.
      The remaining 52 patients had two or more laparotomies (range 2-7). Overall 28
      (35 %) patients underwent a pancreatic resection either during DCS (n = 18) or
      subsequently as a secondary procedure (n = 10) including a Whipple (n = 6) when
      stable. Overall 43 (54.4 %) patients died. Mortality was related to associated
      vascular injuries overall (p < 0.01), major visceral venous injuries (p < 0.01)
      and combined vascular and total number of associated organs injured (p < 0.04).
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite the magnitude of their combined injuries and the degree of
      physiological insult, DCS salvaged 45 % of critically injured patients who later
      underwent definitive pancreatic surgery. Mortality correlated with associated
      vascular injuries overall, major visceral venous injuries and the combination of
      vascular plus the total number of associated organs injured.

PMID- 26972575
TI  - Positive autoantibodies to ZnT8 indicate elevated risk for additional autoimmune
      conditions in patients with Addison's disease.
AB  - Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) associates with exceptional susceptibility to
      develop other autoimmune conditions, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), marked by
      positive serum autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase
      (GADA) and insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2A). Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is
      a new T1D autoantigen, encoded by the SLC30A8 gene. Its polymorphic variant
      rs13266634C/T seems associated with the occurrence of serum ZnT8 antibodies
      (ZnT8A). This study was designed to determine the prevalence of serum ZnT8A and
      their clinical implication in 140 AAD patients. Other beta cell and thyroid
      specific autoantibodies were also investigated, and ZnT8A results were confronted
      with the rs13266634 genotype. ZnT8A were detectable in 8.5 %, GADA in 20.7 %, IA
      2A in 5.7 %, IAA in 1.6 % and various anti-thyroid antibodies in 7.1-67.8 %
      individuals. Type 1 diabetes was found in 10 % AAD patients. ZnT8A were positive
      in 57.1 % of T1D patients and 3.4 % non-diabetic AAD. Analysis of ZnT8A enabled
      to identify autoimmunity in two (14.3 %) T1D individuals previously classified as
      autoantibody-negative. ZnT8A-positive patients revealed significantly higher
      number of autoimmune conditions (p < 0.001), increased prevalence of T1D (p <
      0.001) and other beta cell-specific autoantibodies. Carriers of the rs13266634 T
      allele displayed increased frequency (p = 0.006) and higher titres of ZnT8A (p =
      0.002). Our study demonstrates high incidence of ZnT8A in AAD patients. ZnT8A are
      associated with coexisting T1D and predictive of T1D in non-diabetic subjects.
      Moreover, positive ZnT8A in AAD indicate elevated risk for additional autoimmune
      conditions. Autoantibodies to beta cell antigens, comprising ZnT8, could be
      included in routine screening panels in AAD. 

PMID- 26972577
TI  - RGD-modified lipid disks as drug carriers for tumor targeted drug delivery.
AB  - Melittin, the major component of the European bee venom, is a potential
      anticancer candidate due to its lytic properties. However, in vivo applications
      of melittin are limited due to its main side effect, hemolysis, especially when
      applied through intravenous administration. The polyethylene glycol-stabilized
      lipid disk is a novel type of nanocarrier, and the rim of lipid disks has a high
      affinity to amphiphilic peptides. In our study, a c(RGDyK) modified lipid disk
      was developed as a tumor targeted drug delivery system for melittin. Cryo-TEM was
      used to confirm the shape and size of lipid disks with or without c(RGDyK)
      modification. In vitro and in vivo hemolysis analyses revealed that the hemolysis
      effect significantly decreased after melittin associated with lipid disks.
      Importantly, the results of our in vivo biodistribution and tumor growth
      inhibitory experiments showed that c(RGDyK) modification increased the
      distribution of lipid disks in the tumor and the anticancer efficacy of melittin
      loaded lipid disks. Thus, we successfully achieved a targeted drug delivery
      system for melittin and other amphiphilic peptides with a good therapeutic effect
      and low side effects. 

PMID- 26972578
TI  - Altered functional brain networks in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a
      resting-state fMRI study.
AB  - Amnestic mild cognitive impairment MCI (aMCI) has a high progression to
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) has
      been increasingly utilized in studying the pathogenesis of aMCI, especially in
      resting-state networks (RSNs). In the current study, we aimed to explore abnormal
      RSNs related to memory deficits in aMCI patients compared to the aged-matched
      healthy control group using RS-fMRI techniques. Firstly, we used ALFF (amplitude
      of low-frequency fluctuation) method to define the regions of interest (ROIs)
      which exhibited significant changes in aMCI compared with the control group.
      Then, we divided these ROIs into different networks in line with prior studies.
      The aim of this study is to explore the functional connectivity between these
      ROIs within networks and also to investigate the connectivity between networks.
      Comparing aMCI to the control group, our results showed that 1) the hippocampus
      (HIPP) had decreased FC with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and inferior
      parietal lobe (IPL), and the mPFC showed increased connectivity to IPL in the
      default mode network; 2) the thalamus showed decreased FC with the putamen and
      HIPP, and the HIPP showed increased connectivity to the putamen in the limbic
      system; 3) the supplementary motor area had decreased FC with the middle temporal
      gyrus and increased FC with the superior parietal lobe in the sensorimotor
      network; 4) increased connectivity between the lingual gyrus and middle occipital
      gyrus in the visual network; and 5) the DMN has reduced inter-network
      connectivities with the SMN and VN. These findings indicated that functional
      brain networks involved in cognition such as episodic memory, sensorimotor and
      visual cognition in aMCI were altered, and provided a new sight in understanding
      the important subtype of aMCI.

PMID- 26972576
TI  - Retrospective respiratory self-gating and removal of bulk motion in pulmonary UTE
      MRI of neonates and adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: To implement pulmonary three-dimensional (3D) radial ultrashort echo
      time (UTE) MRI in non-sedated, free-breathing neonates and adults with
      retrospective motion tracking of respiratory and intermittent bulk motion, to
      obtain diagnostic-quality, respiratory-gated images. METHODS: Pulmonary 3D radial
      UTE MRI was performed at 1.5 tesla (T) during free breathing in neonates and
      adult volunteers for validation. Motion-tracking waveforms were obtained from the
      time course of each free induction decay's initial point (i.e., k-space center),
      allowing for respiratory-gated image reconstructions that excluded data acquired
      during bulk motion. Tidal volumes were calculated from end-expiration and end
      inspiration images. Respiratory rates were calculated from the Fourier transform
      of the motion-tracking waveform during quiet breathing, with comparison to
      physiologic prediction in neonates and validation with spirometry in adults.
      RESULTS: High-quality respiratory-gated anatomic images were obtained at
      inspiration and expiration, with less respiratory blurring at the expense of
      signal-to-noise for narrower gating windows. Inspiration-expiration volume
      differences agreed with physiologic predictions (neonates; Bland-Altman bias =
      6.2 mL) and spirometric values (adults; bias = 0.11 L). MRI-measured respiratory
      rates compared well with the observed rates (biases = -0.5 and 0.2 breaths/min
      for neonates and adults, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional radial
      pulmonary UTE MRI allows for retrospective respiratory self-gating and removal of
      intermittent bulk motion in free-breathing, non-sedated neonates and adults. Magn
      Reson Med 77:1284-1295, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic
      Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26972580
TI  - TALEored Epigenetics: A DNA-Binding Scaffold for Programmable Epigenome Editing
      and Analysis.
AB  - Epigenetic modification of the cytosine 5-position is an important regulator of
      gene expression with essential roles in genome stability, development, and
      disease. In addition to 5-methylcytosine (mC), the oxidized mC derivatives 5
      hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl-, and 5-carboxylcytosine (hmC, fC, and caC) have
      recently been discovered. These are intermediates of an active demethylation
      pathway but might also represent new epigenetic marks with individual biological
      roles. This increase in chemical complexity of DNA-encoded information has
      created a pressing need for new approaches that allow reading and editing of this
      information. Transcription-activator-like effectors (TALEs) are DNA-binding
      domains with programmable sequence selectivity that enable the direct reading of
      epigenetic cytosine modifications but can also guide enzymatic editing domains to
      genomic loci of choice. Here, we review recent advances in employing TALEs for
      these applications.

PMID- 26972579
TI  - Characterization and comparison of post-natal rat Achilles tendon-derived stem
      cells at different development stages.
AB  - Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) are a potential cell source for tendon
      tissue engineering. The striking morphological and structural changes of tendon
      tissue during development indicate the complexity of TSPCs at different stages.
      This study aims to characterize and compare post-natal rat Achilles tendon tissue
      and TSPCs at different stages of development. The tendon tissue showed distinct
      differences during development: the tissue structure became denser and more
      regular, the nuclei became spindle-shaped and the cell number decreased with
      time. TSPCs derived from 7 day Achilles tendon tissue showed the highest self
      renewal ability, cell proliferation, and differentiation potential towards
      mesenchymal lineage, compared to TSPCs derived from 1 day and 56 day tissue.
      Microarray data showed up-regulation of several groups of genes in TSPCs derived
      from 7 day Achilles tendon tissue, which may account for the unique cell
      characteristics during this specific stage of development. Our results indicate
      that TSPCs derived from 7 day Achilles tendon tissue is a superior cell source as
      compared to TSPCs derived from 1 day and 56 day tissue, demonstrating the
      importance of choosing a suitable stem cell source for effective tendon tissue
      engineering and regeneration. 

PMID- 26972581
TI  - Molecular architecture of Abeta fibrils grown in cerebrospinal fluid solution and
      in a cell culture model of Abeta plaque formation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The detailed structure of brain-derived Abeta amyloid fibrils is
      unknown. To approach this issue, we investigate the molecular architecture of
      Abeta(1-40) fibrils grown in either human cerebrospinal fluid solution, in
      chemically simple phosphate buffer in vitro or extracted from a cell culture
      model of Abeta amyloid plaque formation. METHODS: We have used hydrogen-deuterium
      exchange (HX) combined with nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron
      microscopy, seeding experiments both in vitro and in cell culture as well as
      several other spectroscopic measurements to compare the morphology and residue
      specific conformation of these different Abeta fibrils. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
      Our data reveal that, despite considerable variations in morphology, the
      spectroscopic properties and the pattern of slowly exchanging backbone amides are
      closely similar in the fibrils investigated. This finding implies that a
      fundamentally conserved molecular architecture of Abeta peptide fold is common to
      Abeta fibrils.

PMID- 26972582
TI  - A retrospective analysis of the findings of pressure ulcer investigations in an
      acute trust in the UK.
AB  - The root cause analysis (RCA) process has been applied in this organisation since
      2010 to investigate all severe pressure ulcers. A previous analysis of the
      findings from all RCAs completed during 2011-2013 identified actions for practice
      improvement. The current study reports the results of a further retrospective
      analysis following implementation of new evidence based investigation process.
      AIM: To analysis the findings from pressure ulcer investigations; compare the
      results to the previous study and reflect on the new investigation process.
      METHODS: Analysis was performed on data from completed RCAs during January
      October 2014 to identify key themes and learning points. RESULTS: Thirty two
      pressure ulcer RCAs were included. Nutrition was the most common contributory
      factor, highlighting the issue of malnutrition in an acute care setting. The
      second most common contributory factor was medical conditions that lead to poor
      tissue perfusion. CONCLUSION: Severe pressure ulcers rarely occur due to a single
      root cause, but often due to a sequence of events. Patients frequently have
      multiple complex needs that increase their susceptibility, when this is in
      combination with a failure of care, a severe pressure ulcer can occur. The new
      investigation process had limited success in identifying organisational factors.
      Further work is needed to support staff in the investigation process.

PMID- 26972583
TI  - Heel ulcers - Pressure ulcers or symptoms of peripheral arterial disease? An
      exploratory matched case control study.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the relationship between pressure ulcers of the heel and
      peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and determine the feasibility of conducting a
      statistically powered matched case control study. BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates
      a relationship between chronic leg ulcers and vascular disease. The relationship
      between pressure ulcers of the heel and vascular disease is less well
      established. DESIGN: A matched case control study. METHODS: Data were collected
      between March 2014 and January 2015. 15 patients identified as having a grade 2,
      3 or 4 pressure ulcer of the heel were compared with 15 matched controls without
      pressure ulcers of the heel. The primary clinical outcome measure was the ankle
      brachial pressure index (ABPI), where an ABPI <0.9 or >1.3 was considered
      clinically indicative of PAD. The primary feasibility outcome measure was the
      rate of recruitment. RESULTS: Eighty seven patients were reported as having foot
      and heel ulcers; 36 of whom were identified as having pressure ulcers of the
      heel, 15 (42%) of whom were recruited to the study. Patients presenting with
      pressure ulcers of the heel were significantly more likely to simultaneously have
      previously undiagnosed PAD compared with age, gender and ethnicity matched
      controls without pressure ulcers of the heel (odds ratio: 11, 95% confidence
      interval 1.99-60.57). CONCLUSION: The formation of pressure ulcers of the heel
      could, in some patients, be related to the presence of PAD rather than a
      consequence of poor quality care. Healthcare professionals should assess the
      patient to exclude or confirm PAD.

PMID- 26972584
TI  - A randomized phase l pharmacokinetic study comparing SB4 and etanercept reference
      product (Enbrel(r)) in healthy subjects.
AB  - AIMS: SB4 has been developed as a biosimilar of etanercept. The primary objective
      of the present study was to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence
      between SB4 and European Union -sourced etanercept (EU-ETN), SB4 and United
      States-sourced etanercept (US-ETN), and EU-ETN and US-ETN. The safety and
      immunogenicity were also compared between the treatments. METHODS: This was a
      single-blind, three-part, crossover study in 138 healthy male subjects. In each
      part, 46 subjects were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive a single 50 mg
      subcutaneous dose of the treatments (part A: SB4 or EU-ETN; part B: SB4 or US
      ETN; and part C: EU-ETN or US-ETN) in period 1, followed by the crossover
      treatment in period 2 according to their assigned sequences. PK equivalence
      between the treatments was determined using the standard equivalence margin of 80
      125%. RESULTS: The geometric least squares means ratios of AUCinf , AUClast and
      Cmax were 99.04%, 98.62% and 103.71% (part A: SB4 vs. EU-ETN); 101.09%, 100.96%
      and 104.36% (part B: SB4 vs. US-ETN); and 100.51%, 101.27% and 103.29% (part C:
      EU-ETN vs. US-ETN), respectively, and the corresponding 90% confidence intervals
      were completely contained within the limits of 80-125 %. The incidence of
      treatment-emergent adverse events was comparable, and the incidence of the
      antidrug antibodies was lower in SB4 compared with the reference products.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated PK equivalence between SB4 and EU
      ETN, SB4 and US-ETN, and EU-ETN and US-ETN in healthy male subjects. SB4 was well
      tolerated, with a lower immunogenicity profile and similar safety profile
      compared with those of the reference products.

PMID- 26972585
TI  - Cytological diagnosis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in sputum.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and often aggressive T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma that has been linked to infection by the human T-cell
      lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATLL can involve multiple organs including
      the respiratory airway. A 53-year-old Trinidadian woman presented with productive
      cough and progressive shortness of breath. Her past medical history included
      duodenal strongyloidosis, skin rash, and hypercalcemia. Radiological studies
      showed increased interstitial markings. Sputum cytology showed atypical
      pleomorphic, small-to-medium-sized, lobated lymphocytes with irregular and
      hyperchromatic nuclei resembling "flower cells" which were CD3+/-/CD20- by
      immunocytochemistry. A lung biopsy showed interstitial, peribronchiolar, and
      subpleural infiltration by a CD3+/-/CD25+/- atypical lymphocytic infiltrate.
      Together with peripheral blood findings and positive HTLV-1 serology, the
      diagnosis of ATLL was made. We suggest that sputum evaluation in patients with
      ATLL risk factors can be diagnostic.

PMID- 26972586
TI  - Overexpression of microRNA-634 suppresses survival and matrix synthesis of human
      osteoarthritis chondrocytes by targeting PIK3R1.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by deterioration of
      articular cartilage. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of some
      microRNAs in cartilage damage. The aim of this study was to identify and
      characterize the expression of microRNA-634 (miR-634) in normal and OA
      chondrocytes, and to determine its role in OA pathogenesis. Human normal and OA
      chondrocytes obtained from patients were cultured in vitro. Transfection with miR
      634 mimic or inhibitor was employed to investigate the effect of miR-634 on
      chondrocyte survival and matrix synthesis, and to identify miR-634 target. The
      results indicated that miR-634 was expressed at lower level in high grade OA
      chondrocyte compared with normal chondrocytes. Overexpression of miR-634 could
      inhibit cell survival and matrix synthesis in high grade OA chondrocytes.
      Furthermore, miR-634 targeted PIK3R1 gene that encodes the regulatory subunit 1
      of class I PI3K (p85alpha) and exerted its inhibitory effect on the
      phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and S6 signal molecules in high grade OA
      chondrocytes. Therefore, the data suggested that miR-634 could suppress survival
      and matrix synthesis of high grade OA chondrocytes through targeting PIK3R1 gene
      to modulate the PI3K/Akt/S6 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR/S6 axes, with important implication
      for validating miR-634 as a potential target for OA therapy. 

PMID- 26972589
TI  - Molecular evolution: Friends with benefits--sex speeds up adaptation.

PMID- 26972588
TI  - The genetics of drug efficacy: opportunities and challenges.
AB  - Lack of sufficient efficacy is the most common cause of attrition in late-phase
      drug development. It has long been envisioned that genetics could drive
      stratified drug development by identifying those patient subgroups that are most
      likely to respond. However, this vision has not been realized as only a small
      proportion of drugs have been found to have germline genetic predictors of
      efficacy with clinically meaningful effects, and so far all but one were found
      after drug approval. With the exception of oncology, systematic application of
      efficacy pharmacogenetics has not been integrated into drug discovery and
      development across the industry. Here, we argue for routine, early and cumulative
      screening for genetic predictors of efficacy, as an integrated component of
      clinical trial analysis. Such a strategy would identify clinically relevant
      predictors that may exist at the earliest possible opportunity, allow these
      predictors to be integrated into subsequent clinical development and provide
      mechanistic insights into drug disposition and patient-specific factors that
      influence response, therefore paving the way towards more personalized medicine.

PMID- 26972591
TI  - Human genetics: Loss-of-function variants--not always what they seem.

PMID- 26972590
TI  - Causes of molecular convergence and parallelism in protein evolution.
AB  - To what extent is the convergent evolution of protein function attributable to
      convergent or parallel changes at the amino acid level? The mutations that
      contribute to adaptive protein evolution may represent a biased subset of all
      possible beneficial mutations owing to mutation bias and/or variation in the
      magnitude of deleterious pleiotropy. A key finding is that the fitness effects of
      amino acid mutations are often conditional on genetic background. This context
      dependence (epistasis) can reduce the probability of convergence and parallelism
      because it reduces the number of possible mutations that are unconditionally
      acceptable in divergent genetic backgrounds. Here, I review factors that
      influence the probability of replicated evolution at the molecular level.

PMID- 26972593
TI  - All in My Head: Beckett, Schizophrenia and the Self.
AB  - This article will explore the representation of certain mental and somatic
      phenomena in Beckett's trilogy of novels Molloy, Malone Dies and The Unnamable,
      exploring how his understanding of schizophrenia and psychosis informs his
      representation of the relationship between mind and body. It will also examine
      recent phenomenological and philosophical accounts of schizophrenia (Louis Sass,
      Josef Parnas, Shaun Gallagher) that see the condition as a disorder of selfhood
      and concentrate in it on the disruption to ipseity, a fundamental and pre
      reflective awareness of self that leads to a loss of 'grip' (in the term of
      Merleau-Ponty) on concepts and percepts. Beckett's writing might, it is argued,
      make such disruptions more tangible and intelligible. The article will also
      consider John Campbell's argument that immunity of the first person to error
      Sydney Shoemaker's foundational philosophical idea that we cannot misspeak the
      first person pronoun-is revoked in states of psychosis, and relate such states to
      the moments in Beckett's writing where this immunity is challenged, and quasi
      psychotic experiences represented. 

PMID- 26972592
TI  - The autophagy-related gene BcATG1 is involved in fungal development and
      pathogenesis in Botrytis cinerea.
AB  - Autophagy, a ubiquitous intracellular degradation process, is conserved from
      yeasts to humans. It serves as a major survival function during nutrient
      depletion stress and is crucial for correct growth and differentiation. In this
      study, we characterized an atg1 orthologue Bcatg1 in the necrotrophic plant
      pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT
      PCR) assays showed that the expression of BcATG1 was up-regulated under carbon or
      nitrogen starvation conditions. BcATG1 could functionally restore the survival
      defects of the yeast ATG1 mutant during nitrogen starvation. Deletion of BcATG1
      (DeltaBcatg1) inhibited autophagosome accumulation in the vacuoles of nitrogen
      starved cells. DeltaBcatg1 was dramatically impaired in vegetative growth,
      conidiation and sclerotial formation. In addition, most conidia of DeltaBcatg1
      lost the capacity to form the appressorium infection structure and failed to
      penetrate onion epidermis. Pathogenicity assays showed that the virulence of
      DeltaBcatg1 on different host plant tissues was drastically impaired, which was
      consistent with its inability to form an appressorium. Moreover, lipid droplet
      accumulation was significantly reduced in the conidia of DeltaBcatg1, but the
      glycerol content was increased. All of the defects of DeltaBcatg1 were
      complemented by re-introduction of an intact copy of the wild-type BcATG1 into
      the mutant. These results indicate that BcATG1 plays a critical role in numerous
      developmental processes and is essential to the pathogenesis of B. cinerea.

PMID- 26972587
TI  - Epigenetic modulators, modifiers and mediators in cancer aetiology and
      progression.
AB  - This year is the tenth anniversary of the publication in this journal of a model
      suggesting the existence of 'tumour progenitor genes'. These genes are
      epigenetically disrupted at the earliest stages of malignancies, even before
      mutations, and thus cause altered differentiation throughout tumour evolution.
      The past decade of discovery in cancer epigenetics has revealed a number of
      similarities between cancer genes and stem cell reprogramming genes, widespread
      mutations in epigenetic regulators, and the part played by chromatin structure in
      cellular plasticity in both development and cancer. In the light of these
      discoveries, we suggest here a framework for cancer epigenetics involving three
      types of genes: 'epigenetic mediators', corresponding to the tumour progenitor
      genes suggested earlier; 'epigenetic modifiers' of the mediators, which are
      frequently mutated in cancer; and 'epigenetic modulators' upstream of the
      modifiers, which are responsive to changes in the cellular environment and often
      linked to the nuclear architecture. We suggest that this classification is
      helpful in framing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cancer.

PMID- 26972594
TI  - The long-arm of adolescent weight status on later life depressive symptoms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: given the increase in worldwide obesity among children and
      adolescents, the long-term consequences of childhood obesity on the risk of
      adverse health outcomes in later life has garnered increased attention. Much of
      the work on earlier life weight status and later life health has focused on
      cardiovascular-related outcomes in mid- to late-adulthood; however, little is
      known about the later life mental health consequences of adolescent body weight.
      METHODS: data came from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. We estimated gender
      stratified logistic regression models to characterise the relationship between
      adolescent weight status using standardised relative body mass ascertained from
      high school photograph portraits in 1957 and depressive symptoms at age 65 using
      the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale measured in 2004. RESULTS:
      women who were overweight in adolescence were significantly more likely to
      experience depressive symptoms in later adulthood than their normal weight
      counterparts (odds ratio [OR] = 1.740) when the full set of controls was
      included. This relationship was not observed among men. The relationship between
      women's adolescent weight status and later life depressive symptoms was moderated
      by childhood socioeconomic status, and adolescent overweight was more predictive
      of later life depressive symptoms for women who were raised in low- and middle
      income families (OR = 2.568 and OR = 2.763) than in high-income families (OR =
      1.643). CONCLUSION: these findings provide further evidence for the wide range of
      long-term consequences of adolescent overweight on later life well-being and are
      notable for the gender differences in the connection between early life
      circumstances and later life mental health.

PMID- 26972596
TI  - Zinc homoeostasis: Basic research indicates therapeutic risks and opportunities.

PMID- 26972595
TI  - [The translocation carcinoma: A pediatric renal tumor also in adults].
AB  - The MiT family of translocation-associated renal cell carcinomas comprise
      approximately 40 % of renal cell carcinomas in young patients but only up to 4 %
      of renal cell carcinomas in adult patients. The Xp11.2 translocation-associated
      tumors are the most frequent and were included in the 2004 World Health
      Organization (WHO) classification. They contain a fusion of the TFE3 gene with
      ASPSCR1, PRCC, NONO, SPFQ or CLTC resulting in an immunohistochemically
      detectable nuclear overexpression of TFE3. The Xp11.2 translocation-associated
      renal cell carcinomas are characterized by ample clear cytoplasm, papillary
      architecture and abundant psammoma bodies. The TFEB translocation-associated
      renal cell carcinomas are much rarer and show a biphasic architecture.
      Fluorescence in situ hybridization permits the detection of a translocation by
      means of a break apart probe for the TFE3 and TFEB genes and is recommended for
      the diagnosis of renal cell carcinomas in patients under 30 years of age. The
      TFE3 and TFEB translocation-associated tumors are classified as MiT family
      translocation carcinomas in the new WHO classification.The rare renal cell
      carcinomas harboring an ALK rearrangement with fusion to VCL in young patients
      with sickle cell trait show a characteristic morphology and are listed in the new
      WHO classification as a provisional entity.

PMID- 26972597
TI  - FADD regulates NF-kappaB activation and promotes ubiquitination of cFLIPL to
      induce apoptosis.
AB  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha canonically induces the activation of NF-kappaB and
      associated gene product cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIPL) to
      promote cell survival. Previously, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of the
      Fas associated death domain (FADD) diminishes the expression of cFLIPL and
      transduces caspases-8 mediated apoptosis, independent of FasL stimulation in HEK
      293T cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of FADD mediated ablation
      of cFLIP and NF-kappaB signaling to determining the fate of cell death or
      survival remains elusive. Here, we explored a novel molecular mechanism of FADD
      mediated apoptotic cell death that was directed by ubiquitination of cFLIPL and
      inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, independent of TNF-alpha stimulation. We
      found that induced expression of FADD firmly interacts with procaspase-8 and
      precludes cFLIPL to from the death inducing signaling complex (DISC). In
      addition, FADD negatively regulates cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2
      (cIAP2) and Bcl-2. Furthermore, FADD restrains cIAP2 expression and interacts
      with RIP1 and procaspase-8 to accomplish apoptotic cell death signaling.
      Interestingly, FADD was also found to promote JNK1 mediated activation of E3
      ubiquitin ligase ITCH to degrade cFLIPL that may lead to commencement of
      apoptosis. Thus, FADD is an important regulator for determining the fate of cell
      death or survival. 

PMID- 26972598
TI  - The wound/burn guidelines - 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for
      pressure ulcers.
AB  - The Wound/Burn Guidelines Committee consists of members commissioned by the Board
      of Directors of the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA). It held several
      meetings and evaluations in writing since October 2008, and drafted five
      guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment including commentaries on wounds in
      general and the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment for Pressure Ulcers by
      taking opinions of the Scientific Committee and Board of Directors of JDA into
      consideration. 

PMID- 26972600
TI  - Signaling, transcriptional regulation, and asynchronous pattern formation
      governing plant xylem development.
AB  - In plants, vascular stem cells continue to give rise to all xylem and phloem
      cells, which constitute the plant vascular system. During plant vascular
      development, the peptide, tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor
      (TDIF), regulates vascular stem cell fate in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. TDIF
      promotes vascular stem cell proliferation through up-regulating the transcription
      factor gene WUS-related HOMEOBOX4, and it suppresses xylem differentiation from
      vascular stem cells through the activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
      proteins. VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN6 and 7 (VND6 and 7) are master
      transcription factors, and ectopic expression of VND6 and VND7 in various plants
      induces differentiation of different types of cells into metaxylem and protoxylem
      tracheary elements, respectively. These genes up-regulate genes involved in both
      patterned secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death to form
      tracheary elements. Secondary wall patterns are formed by localized deposition of
      cellulose microfibrils, which is guided by cortical microtubules. Local
      activation of the small G-protein, Rho-type 11 determines distribution of
      cortical microtubules. 

PMID- 26972599
TI  - Discovery of cytoglobin and its roles in physiology and pathology of hepatic
      stellate cells.
AB  - Cytoglobin (CYGB), a new member of the globin family, was discovered in 2001 as a
      protein associated with stellate cell activation (stellate cell activation
      associated protein [STAP]). Knowledge of CYGB, including its crystal, gene, and
      protein structures as well as its physiological and pathological importance, has
      increased progressively. We investigated the roles of oxygen (O2)-binding CYGB as
      STAP in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to understand the part played by this
      protein in their pathophysiological activities. Studies involving CYGB-gene
      deleted mice have led us to suppose that CYGB functions as a regulator of O2
      homeostasis; when O2 homeostasis is disrupted, HSCs are activated and play a key
      role(s) in hepatic fibrogenesis. In this review, we discuss the rationale for
      this hypothesis. 

PMID- 26972602
TI  - Evaluation of alternative sources of collagen fractions from Loligo vulgaris
      squid mantle.
AB  - Acid-Solubilized Collagen (ASC) and Pepsin-Solubilized Collagen (PSC) were
      extracted from the mantle of the common European squid, and were comparatively
      characterized. ASC and PSC were isolated with an extraction yield of 5.1 and
      24.2% (on dry weight basis), respectively. SDS-PAGE showed that the ASC was
      mostly comprised of alpha1- and alpha2-chains; while the PSC presented relevant
      beta- and gamma-components. GPC analysis confirmed that both the ASC and the PSC
      consisted of fractions characterized by different molecular weight. Thermal
      denaturation behavior of ASC and PSC were followed by calorimetric and
      rheological analyses; denaturation temperature was estimated to be 22 degrees C
      for ASC and 21 degrees C for PSC. Amino acid composition and solubility of
      collagen were also investigated. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the isolated
      collagen was evaluated in vitro and no cytotoxic activity caused by the collagen
      extracts was observed. This study demonstrated that squid mantle has potential as
      an alternative source of collagen-derived materials. 

PMID- 26972605
TI  - Using omics in chronic pain conditions to delineate mechanisms and provide new
      therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 26972603
TI  - Neural Progenitors Adopt Specific Identities by Directly Repressing All
      Alternative Progenitor Transcriptional Programs.
AB  - In the vertebrate neural tube, a morphogen-induced transcriptional network
      produces multiple molecularly distinct progenitor domains, each generating
      different neuronal subtypes. Using an in vitro differentiation system, we defined
      gene expression signatures of distinct progenitor populations and identified
      direct gene-regulatory inputs corresponding to locations of specific
      transcription factor binding. Combined with targeted perturbations of the
      network, this revealed a mechanism in which a progenitor identity is installed by
      active repression of the entire transcriptional programs of other neural
      progenitor fates. In the ventral neural tube, sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling,
      together with broadly expressed transcriptional activators, concurrently
      activates the gene expression programs of several domains. The specific outcome
      is selected by repressive input provided by Shh-induced transcription factors
      that act as the key nodes in the network, enabling progenitors to adopt a single
      definitive identity from several initially permitted options. Together, the data
      suggest design principles relevant to many developing tissues.

PMID- 26972604
TI  - Using ApoE Nanolipoprotein Particles To Analyze SNARE-Induced Fusion Pores.
AB  - Here we introduce ApoE-based nanolipoprotein particle (NLP)-a soluble, discoidal
      bilayer mimetic of ~23 nm in diameter, as fusion partners to study the dynamics
      of fusion pores induced by SNARE proteins. Using in vitro lipid mixing and
      content release assays, we report that NLPs reconstituted with synaptic v-SNARE
      VAMP2 (vNLP) fuse with liposomes containing the cognate t-SNARE
      (Syntaxin1/SNAP25) partner, with the resulting fusion pore opening directly to
      the external buffer. Efflux of encapsulated fluorescent dextrans of different
      sizes show that unlike the smaller nanodiscs, these larger NLPs accommodate the
      expansion of the fusion pore to at least ~9 nm, and dithionite quenching of
      fluorescent lipid introduced in vNLP confirms that the NLP fusion pores are short
      lived and eventually reseal. The NLPs also have capacity to accommodate larger
      number of proteins and using vNLPs with defined number of VAMP2 protein,
      including physiologically relevant copy numbers, we find that 3-4 copies of VAMP2
      (minimum 2 per face) are required to keep a nascent fusion pore open, and the
      SNARE proteins act cooperatively to dilate the nascent fusion pore. 

PMID- 26972606
TI  - Combined effects of aerobic exercise and l-arginine ingestion on blood pressure
      in normotensive postmenopausal women: A crossover study.
AB  - After menopause the incidence of cardiovascular diseases increases in women. A
      decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been pointed out to play a
      major role in this phenomenon. Since it is believed that l-arginine
      administration could improve NO bioavailability, the aim of this study was to
      examine the effects of acute l-arginine administration associated with aerobic
      exercise on blood pressure (BP), redox state and inflammatory biomarkers in
      normotensive postmenopausal women (NPW). Sixteen volunteers (57+/-6yr) were
      subjected to four experimental sessions (crossover design): arginine+exercise (A
      E); arginine (ARG); exercise+placebo (EXE); control (CON). Each session was
      initiated with either 9g of l-arginine ingestion (ARG or A-E days), placebo (EXE
      day), or nothing (CON day). The participants performed 30min of aerobic exercise
      (A-E and EXE days) or sitting rest (CON and ARG days). Blood samples were
      collected before each session and 45min after the intervention. Office BP and
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were evaluated. NO/cGMP pathway,
      redox state and inflammatory biomarkers were measured. Systolic BP decreased
      during the 24-hour in A-E and EXE sessions. However, diastolic BP reduced only in
      A-E session. No changes were found in the biomarkers concentrations. In
      conclusion, the association was effective in lowering diastolic BP in NPW.
      Additionally, physical exercise alone promoted a long lasting effect on systolic
      BP measured by ABPM in this population, although this beneficial effect was not
      associated with changes in the cardio-inflammatory biomarkers. Possibly, other
      factors such as neural influences could be mediating this effect. 

PMID- 26972607
TI  - Reversible reprotoxic effects of manganese through DAF-16 transcription factor
      activation and vitellogenin downregulation in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - AIMS: Vitellogenesis is the yolk production process which provides the essential
      nutrients for the developing embryos. Yolk is a lipoprotein particle that
      presents lipids and lipid-binding proteins, referred to as vitellogenins (VIT).
      The Caenorhabditis elegans nematode has six genes encoding VIT lipoproteins.
      Several pathways are known to regulate vitellogenesis, including the DAF-16
      transcription factor. Some reports have shown that heavy metals, such as
      manganese (Mn), impair brood size in C. elegans; however the mechanisms
      associated with this effect have yet to be identified. Our aim was to evaluate
      Mn's effects on C. elegans reproduction and better understand the pathways
      related to these effects. MAIN METHODS: Young adult larval stage worms were
      treated for 4h with Mn in 85mM NaCl and Escherichia coli OP50 medium. KEY
      FINDINGS: Mn reduced egg-production and egg-laying during the first 24h after the
      treatment, although the total number of progenies were indistinguishable from the
      control group levels. This delay may have occurred due to DAF-16 activation,
      which was noted only after the treatment and was not apparent 24h later.
      Moreover, the expression, protein levels and green fluorescent protein (GFP)
      fluorescence associated with VIT were decreased soon after Mn treatment and
      recovered after 24h. SIGNIFICANCE: Combined, these data suggest that the delay in
      egg-production is likely regulated by DAF-16 and followed by the inhibition of
      VIT transport activity. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms
      associated with Mn-induced DAF-16 activation.

PMID- 26972608
TI  - Repeated crack healing in MAX-phase ceramics revealed by 4D in situ synchrotron X
      ray tomographic microscopy.
AB  - MAX phase materials are emerging as attractive engineering materials in
      applications where the material is exposed to severe thermal and mechanical
      conditions in an oxidative environment. The Ti2AlC MAX phase possesses attractive
      thermomechanical properties even beyond a temperature of 1000 K. An attractive
      feature of this material is its capacity for the autonomous healing of cracks
      when operating at high temperatures. Coupling a specialized thermomechanical
      setup to a synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy endstation at the TOMCAT
      beamline, we captured the temporal evolution of local crack opening and healing
      during multiple cracking and autonomous repair cycles at a temperature of 1500 K.
      For the first time, the rate and position dependence of crack repair in pristine
      Ti2AlC material and in previously healed cracks has been quantified. Our results
      demonstrate that healed cracks can have sufficient mechanical integrity to make
      subsequent cracks form elsewhere upon reloading after healing. 

PMID- 26972609
TI  - Effects of steam inhalation on voice quality-related acoustic measures.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the effects of steam inhalation using a
      facial steamer on voice quality-related acoustic measures. STUDY DESIGN:
      Prospective outcome research: single-blinded experimental study. METHODS: Forty
      five vocally healthy female subjects ranging in age from 18 to 30 years (Mean
      age: 22.41 years; standard deviation [SD]: 8.91) participated in the study.
      Phonation samples were recorded under three different conditions in triplicate:
      baseline recording, immediately after mouth breathing (dehydration), and
      immediately after 3 minutes of steam inhalation via the mouth (rehydration).
      RESULTS: In the initial voice recording (prior to dehydration), mean jitter (0.42
      %; SD: 0.07), shimmer (2.20 dB; SD: 0.45), and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR)
      (21.60; SD: 2.41) values were within normal limits. After short-term mouth
      breathing (dehydration, approximately 10 minutes), the mean jitter (1.57 %; SD:
      1.82) and shimmer (4.73 dB; SD: 1.83) were significantly increased (P < 0.05),
      and HNR (18.64; SD: 3.16) was reduced (P < 0.05). After steam inhalation
      (rehydration) for 3 minutes, mean jitter (0.48 %; SD: 0.12) and shimmer (2.70 dB;
      SD: 0.71) showed significant decrease (P < 0.05), and HNR (20.10; SD: 3.69)
      showed significant increase (P < 0.05). All parameters statistically
      significantly improved from post dehydration values. CONCLUSION: The simple
      procedure of steam inhalation using a facial steamer displayed positive effects
      on parameters proposed to reflect voice quality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.
      Laryngoscope, 126:2305-2309, 2016.

PMID- 26972610
TI  - Reflection on 37 Years of EM Clinical Practice.

PMID- 26972612
TI  - Arctigenin reduces neuronal responses in the somatosensory cortex via the
      inhibition of non-NMDA glutamate receptors.
AB  - Lignans are biologically active phenolic compounds related to lignin, produced in
      different plants. Arctigenin, a dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignan, has been used
      as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of encephalitis. Previous studies of
      cultured rat cerebral cortical neurones raised the possibility that arctigenin
      inhibits kainate-induced excitotoxicity. The aims of the present study were: 1)
      to analyse the effect of arctigenin on normal synaptic activity in ex vivo brain
      slices, 2) to determine its receptor binding properties and test the effect of
      arctigenin on AMPA/kainate receptor activation and 3) to establish its effects on
      neuronal activity in vivo. Arctigenin inhibited glutamatergic transmission and
      reduced the evoked field responses. The inhibitory effect of arctigenin on the
      evoked field responses proved to be substantially dose dependent. Our results
      indicate that arctigenin exerts its effects under physiological conditions and
      not only on hyper-excited neurons. Furthermore, arctigenin can cross the blood
      brain barrier and in the brain it interacts with kainate sensitive ionotropic
      glutamate receptors. These results indicate that arctigenin is a potentially
      useful new pharmacological tool for the inhibition of glutamate-evoked responses
      in the central nervous system in vivo.

PMID- 26972611
TI  - Effects of Systemically Administered Hydrocortisone on the Human Immunome.
AB  - Corticosteroids have been used for decades to modulate inflammation
      therapeutically, yet there is a paucity of data on their effects in humans. We
      examined the changes in cellular and molecular immune system parameters, or
      "immunome", in healthy humans after systemic corticosteroid administration. We
      used multiplexed techniques to query the immunome in 20 volunteers at baseline,
      and after intravenous hydrocortisone (HC) administered at moderate (250 mg) and
      low (50 mg) doses, to provide insight into how corticosteroids exert their
      effects. We performed comprehensive phenotyping of 120 lymphocyte subsets by high
      dimensional flow cytometry, and observed a decline in circulating specific B and
      T cell subsets, which reached their nadir 4-8 hours after administration of HC.
      However, B and T cells rebounded above baseline 24 hours after HC infusion, while
      NK cell numbers remained stable. Whole transcriptome profiling revealed down
      regulation of NF-kappaB signaling, apoptosis, and cell death signaling
      transcripts that preceded lymphocyte population changes, with activation of NK
      cell and glucocorticoid receptor signaling transcripts. Our study is the first to
      systematically characterize the effects of corticosteroids on the human immunome,
      and we demonstrate that HC exerts differential effects on B and T lymphocytes and
      natural killer cells in humans. 

PMID- 26972613
TI  - Brain effects of manganese exposure in mice pups during prenatal and
      breastfeeding periods.
AB  - Manganese (Mn) is a trace element essential for brain development and functioning
      of the central nervous system. However, there is a lack of information concerning
      the neurotoxicity of Mn under realistic doses in early stages of development,
      though excess of Mn results in a progressive disorder of the nervous system
      called manganism. In the current study, adult mice were exposed to three doses of
      Mn for 60 days through daily gavages, while mice pups were exposed to the same Mn
      doses during developmental period (gestational and breast-feeding). From the
      latter group of mice, a group was exposed for more 60 days to the same Mn doses.
      Chemical analysis revealed a dose-dependent bioaccumulation of Mn in mice's
      brain. Biochemical parameters revealed that (1) Mn affects non-protein thiol
      levels, glutathione S-tranferase and acetylcholinesterase activities, as well as
      the levels of oxidized lipids and proteins in mice brain, though lipids and
      proteins alterations were found only after exposure to high and unrealistic
      doses; (2) Realistic doses of Mn affects the activity of brain AChE and finally;
      (3) Pups' brain were affected by Mn even whether only the parental females had
      been previously exposed. The current study shows evidences of chemical stress in
      mice exposed to Mn during the early period of development and an efficient
      mechanism of Mn elimination under higher doses. These findings open new lines of
      investigation regarding manganese toxicity in vertebrates mainly in the early
      stages of development.

PMID- 26972614
TI  - Age-related changes in Egr1 transcription and DNA methylation within the
      hippocampus.
AB  - Aged animals show functional alterations in hippocampal neurons that lead to
      deficits in synaptic plasticity and changes in cognitive function. Transcription
      of immediate-early genes (IEGs), including Egr1, is necessary for processes such
      as long-term potentiation and memory consolidation. Here, we show an age-related
      reduction in the transcription of Egr1 in the dentate gyrus following spatial
      behavior, whereas in the area CA1, Egr1 is reduced at rest, but its transcription
      can be effectively driven by spatial behavior to levels equivalent to those
      observed in adult animals. One mechanism possibly contributing to these aging
      related changes is an age-associated, CpG site-specific change in methylation in
      DNA associated with the promoter region of the Egr1 gene. Our results add to a
      growing body of work demonstrating that complex transcriptional and epigenetic
      changes in the hippocampus significantly contribute to brain and cognitive aging.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972615
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Percutaneous Sclerotherapy for Venous
      Malformations.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess cost-effectiveness of sclerotherapy for venous malformations
      (VMs) to improve patient quality of life (QOL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      prospective study enrolled 28 patients with symptomatic VMs who underwent
      sclerotherapy. EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) Health
      Survey were used to measure health-related QOL. Questionnaires were collected
      before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after sclerotherapy. Quality-adjusted life
      years (QALYs) were calculated using EQ-5D score as a measure of health utility.
      Medical costs obtained from the hospital accounting system and other costs of
      staff, drugs, materials, and angiographic equipment were calculated for each
      procedure. Cost-effectiveness was analyzed using incremental cost-effectiveness
      ratio (ICER) as the medical cost/gain of QALYs. RESULTS: Median EQ-5D scores
      improved from 0.768 (range, 0.705-1) to 1 (range, 0.768-1) after 6 months (P =
      .023) and 1 (range, 0.768-1) after 12 months (P = .063). The gain of QALYs at 12
      months was 0.043. The mean medical cost was Y281,228 ($2,337). The pain group
      (baseline bodily pain scale of SF-36 score < 70) showed greater improvement in
      median EQ-5D score, from 0.705 (range, 0.661-0.768) to 0.768 (range, 0.705-1)
      after 6 months (P = .041) and 0.768 (range, 0.768-1) after 12 months (P = .049).
      ICER at 12 months was Y6,600,483 ($54,840) in the overall group and decreased to
      Y3,998,113 ($33,218) in the pain group, < Y6,000,000 ($49,850), threshold for
      acceptance of a public health benefit in Japan, even accounting for 50% increase
      in costs. CONCLUSIONS: Sclerotherapy was cost-effective for improving QOL for
      symptomatic VMs, especially for patients with moderate to severe pain.

PMID- 26972620
TI  - Spinal cord transection with a kitchen knife with minimal neurological injury.

PMID- 26972616
TI  - Waist circumference as a mediator of biological maturation effect on the motor
      coordination in children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to: 1) examine the association of biological
      maturation effect on children's performance at a motor coordination battery and
      2) to assess whether the association between biological maturation and scores
      obtained in motor coordination tests is mediated by some anthropometric
      measurement. METHODS: The convenience sample consisted of 73 male children aged 8
      years old. Anthropometric data considered the height, body mass, sitting height,
      waist circumference, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass estimates.
      Biological maturation was assessed by the percentage of the predicted mature
      stature. Motor coordination was tested by the Korperkoordinationstest fur Kinder.
      A partial correlation between anthropometric measurements, z-score of maturation
      and the motor coordination tests were performed, controlling for chronological
      age. Finally, causal mediation analysis was performed. RESULTS: Height, body
      mass, waist circumference and fat mass showed a slight to moderate inverse
      correlation with motor coordination. Biological maturation was significantly
      associated with the balance test with backward walking (r=-0.34). Total mediation
      of the waist circumference was identified in the association between biological
      maturation and balance test with backward walking (77%). CONCLUSIONS: We
      identified an association between biological maturation and KTK test performance
      in male children and also verified that there is mediation of waist
      circumference. It is recommended that studies be carried out with female
      individuals and at other age ranges.

PMID- 26972621
TI  - Closure of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc using a novel suture
      application device-in vivo porcine and ex vivo biomechanical evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Defects in the annulus fibrosus (AF) remain a challenge in
      the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniations with persistent defects,
      allowing potential re herniation of nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. A cervical
      porcine model was chosen to simulate human lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD).
      PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the technical feasibility of
      closure of the AF of the IVD using a novel minimally invasive Kerrison-shaped
      suture application device. STUDY DESIGN: Ex vivo biomechanical and in vivo
      porcine device evaluations were performed. METHODS: Ex vivo biomechanical
      evaluation: 15 porcine spinal units were explanted and subjected to mock
      discectomy. The annular defect was closed using 2-0 non-absorbable (ultra-high
      molecular-weight polyethylene, UHMWPE) suture and Dines knot. The knot was backed
      up with two, three, or four throws. The spinal unit was subject to 4000 cycles of
      flexion/extension with 1500 N of axial load, and assessed for knot slippage. In
      vivo porcine device evaluation: three pigs (53-57 kg) were anesthetized and
      underwent a ventral surgical approach to the cervical spine. The AF of two discs
      was incised, and simulated partial NP discectomy was performed. The defect was
      closed at one level using the AnchorKnot device to apply the suture with a Dines
      knot and four throws. The pigs were observed for 4 weeks before euthanasia,
      allowing 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological evaluation.
      RESULTS: A Dines knot with four throws experienced no slippage after 4000 cycles.
      This configuration was tested in vivo. Clinically, the neurological examination
      in treated pigs was normal following surgery. Histological and MRI assessment
      confirmed sustained defect closure at 4 weeks. There was no reaction to the
      suture material and no NP extrusion at any of the sutured levels. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study demonstrates that it is technically feasible to perform AF defect
      closure in a porcine model. This novel device achieved AF defect closure that was
      maintained through 4 weeks in vivo.

PMID- 26972623
TI  - Primary intraspinal papillary meningioma: a rare aggressive variant of
      meningioma.

PMID- 26972622
TI  - Facet injection trends in the Medicare population and the impact of bundling
      codes.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Interventional spine procedures have seen a steady increase
      in utilization over the last 10 to 20 years. In 2010, the Current Procedural
      Terminology (CPT) codes for facet injections were bundled with image guidance
      (fluoroscopic or computed tomography) and limited billing to a maximum of three
      levels. This was done in part because of increased utilization and to ensure that
      procedures were done appropriately with image guidance. PURPOSE: The study aimed
      to evaluate if the CPT code changes correlated with a decreased utilization of
      facet injections. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective time series study.
      PATIENT SAMPLE: The sample was composed of 100% Medicare Part B claims submitted
      for facet joint injections from 2000 to 2012, as documented in the Centers for
      Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Supplier Procedure Summary (PSPS)
      master files. OUTCOME MEASURES: Procedure numbers and trends were the outcome
      measures. METHODS: The trends of facet injections were analyzed from 2000 to 2012
      using the CMS PSPS master files. The total number of lumbosacral and cervical
      thoracic facet injections was noted. Changes over those years were calculated
      with specific attention to 2010, when CPT were bundled with image guidance and
      injections were limited to no more than three levels. Also, to account for the
      growth in the Medicare population, a calculation was done of injections per
      100,000 Medicare enrollees. No funding was used for this study. RESULTS: Facet
      injection utilization increased from 2000 to 2012, with an average growth rate of
      11% per year for lumbosacral facet injections and 15% for cervical-thoracic facet
      injections (per 100,000 Medicare enrollees). The largest growth occurred from
      2000 to 2006 (25% growth per year for lumbosacral and 32% for cervical-thoracic
      injections per 100,000 Medicare enrollees) and this leveled off from 2007 to 2012
      (-3% growth per year for lumbosacral and -2% for cervical-thoracic injections per
      100,000 Medicare enrollees). The biggest drop in these procedures was in 2010,
      when there was a drop of 14% for lumbosacral facet injections and 15% drop for
      cervical-thoracic facet injections (per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries).
      CONCLUSIONS: Facet injection utilization notably increased from 2000 to 2006 but
      began to level off from 2007 to 2012. The most notable drop was in 2010, which
      correlated with the release of new CPT codes that bundled image guidance and
      limited procedures to three levels or less.

PMID- 26972624
TI  - Arteria lusoria transposition for upper anterior thoracic spine access. Why and
      how? Case illustration of a T2 aneurysmal bone cyst with myelopathy.

PMID- 26972625
TI  - The importance of clinical symptoms in radiological diagnosis of massive
      posttraumatic epidural hematoma.

PMID- 26972626
TI  - A nationwide epidemiological study of newly diagnosed spine metastasis in the
      adult Korean population.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Metastatic spine tumor has become clinically important
      because of the availability of improved diagnostic tools and increases in
      survival periods in cancer patients. In spite of this interest, the burden of
      metastatic spine tumor on the general population has not been extensively
      reported. PURPOSE: The aim of this 2009-2011 nationwide study of adult Koreans
      was to describe characteristics, medical use, and survival rate of patients with
      newly diagnosed metastatic spine tumors according to the primary tumor.
      DESIGN/SETTING: This is a retrospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A national
      health insurance database was used to identify a cohort of patients with newly
      diagnosed metastatic spine tumors. OUTCOME MEASURES: This study aimed to analyze
      characteristics, medical use, and survival rate of patients with newly diagnosed
      metastatic spine tumors according to the primary tumor. METHODS: Data for
      patients with metastatic spine tumors were extracted from the Korean Health
      Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. Data included patient age, sex,
      health insurance type, comorbidities, medical cost, and hospital stay duration.
      Hospital stay duration and medical costs per person during 1 calendar year were
      evaluated. In addition, survival rates of patients with metastatic spine tumor
      according to primary tumor sites were evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence rate of
      spine metastasis increased with age, year of diagnosis, and the number of
      comorbidities (p<=.0001). The 6 most prevalent primary tumor sites were lung,
      liver and biliary tract, breast, colon, stomach, and prostate. Of patients with
      the 6 most prevalent primary tumors, total average annual medical costs,
      including inpatient and outpatient services, ranged from 12,734USD (prostate
      origin) to 15,556 USD (lung origin). Of patients with the 6 most prevalent
      primary tumors, total average annual hospital stay duration, including inpatient
      and outpatient services, ranged from 70.8 days (stomach origin) to 78.7 days
      (colon origin). Median overall survival duration in patients with metastatic
      spine tumor was 191 days. In addition to age, sex, and comorbidities, primary
      tumor sites (lung, liver and biliary tract, breast, stomach, and prostate)
      significantly affected survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide study was able
      to depict the burden of metastatic spine tumor in Korea. The metastatic spine
      tumor incidence rate is highest in the group of 70- to 79-year-old men. Average
      annual medical costs ranged from 12,734 USD to 15,556 USD. The mean annual
      hospital stay duration was from 70.8 days to 78.7 days. In addition to age, sex,
      and comorbidities, primary tumor sites significantly affected the survival rate
      in patients with metastatic spine tumor.

PMID- 26972627
TI  - X-ray imaging using the thermoluminescent properties of commercial Al2O3 ceramic
      plates.
AB  - This research demonstrated that commercially available alumina is well-suited for
      use in large area X-ray detectors. We discovered a new radiation imaging device
      that has a high spatial resolution, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, large
      imaging area, repeatable results, and low operating costs. The high
      thermoluminescent (TL) properties of Al2O3 ceramic plates make them useful for X
      ray imaging devices. 

PMID- 26972628
TI  - A Comparative Study on the Postoperative Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
      Reconstruction Using Patellar Bone-Tendon Autografts and Bone-Patellar Tendon
      Bone Autografts.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate
      ligament (ACL) reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft
      and a patellar bone-tendon (PBT) autograft. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients who
      underwent ACL reconstruction using either a BPTB autograft or a PBT autograft
      were retrospectively evaluated. The minimum follow-up period was 24 months after
      surgery. A graft selection was determined by the patellar tendon length as
      measured on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. If the patellar tendon
      length was longer than or equal to 45 mm, a PBT graft attached with the EndoPearl
      device was used. Fifty-one patients used BPTB autografts (group B) and 28
      patients used PBT autografts (group P). The Lachman test, pivot-shift test, and
      anterior translation tested with a KT2000 arthrometer were assessed. Functional
      outcomes were assessed with the use of the Lysholm score, International Knee
      Documentation Committee subjective score, and objective grade. Anterior knee pain
      including kneeling pain was assessed with the use of the Shelbourne and Trumper
      questionnaire. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between
      the 2 groups in the postoperative values of degree of anterior translation (P =
      .76), Lysholm score (P = .62), International Knee Documentation Committee
      subjective score (P = .91), and objective grade (P = .91). However, anterior knee
      pain assessed with the use of the Shelbourne and Trumper questionnaire (group B =
      90 [range, 65 to 100], group P = 95 [range, 59 to 100], P = .02) and number of
      patients having kneeling pain (group B = 41%, group P = 18%, P = .04) differed
      significantly between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: ACL reconstruction using a PBT
      autograft provided reliable knee stability comparable to a BPTB autograft but
      with less kneeling pain. For patients who have a long patellar tendon that may
      cause graft-tunnel mismatch, a PBT can be an effective alternative graft option
      for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective
      comparative study.

PMID- 26972629
TI  - In Vivo Hip Morphology and Kinematics in Elite Baseball Pitchers.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare passive and real-time active hip range of motion (ROM) in
      asymptomatic collegiate pitchers, to investigate whether differences in hip
      morphology and ROM exist between lead and trail hips, and to relate active hip
      ROM during the pitch to hip morphology and femoroacetabular impingement. METHODS:
      Eleven collegiate baseball pitchers participated in kinematic testing that
      involved throwing 4 fastball pitches while wearing a full-body inertial-based
      motion-capture system. Passive flexion and rotation of each hip were measured
      using a goniometer. Nine pitchers also underwent a computed tomography (CT)
      pelvic scan, from which subject-specific computer models for each hip were
      created. Morphologic measurements were calculated from the models, and the models
      were tested for impingement during simulated pitching. RESULTS: Hip flexion was
      the only passive ROM measurement showing a significant difference between the
      lead and trail hips (mean difference [MD], 4 degrees ; P = .027). During the
      pitching motion, within-individual differences were discovered between the lead
      and trail hips for flexion (MD, 34 degrees ; P < .0001), extension (MD, 26
      degrees ; P < .0001), abduction (MD, 8 degrees ; P = .026), adduction (MD, 6
      degrees ; P = .008), external rotation (MD, 20 degrees ; P = .001), and total arc
      of rotation (MD, 13 degrees ; P = .001). There were no significant differences in
      morphologic measures between the lead and trail hips. Dynamic CT modeling did not
      lead to bony impingement in any subject. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic collegiate
      pitchers approach their extremes of passive hip rotation when executing a
      fastball pitch. No differences were found in passive hip ROM or morphology other
      than a small difference in passive hip flexion. Dynamic CT modeling did not show
      femoroacetabular impingement during the pitching motion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hip
      dysmorphology or poor pitching mechanics may lead to a high risk of bony
      impingement because pitchers have little reserve hip motion during the fastball
      pitch.

PMID- 26972630
TI  - GDF-15, soluble ST2 and Troponin-I: Biomarkers of Subclinical Vascular Disease?

PMID- 26972632
TI  - Do Cardiovascular Responses to Active and Passive Coping Tasks predict Future
      Blood Pressure over a 10-Month Later?
AB  - The study examined whether cardiovascular responses to active or passive coping
      tasks and single or multiple tasks predicted changes in resting blood pressure
      (BP) over a ten-month period. Heart rate (HR), BP, cardiac output (CO), and total
      peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured at rest, and during mental stress tests
      (mental arithmetic, speech, and cold pressor tasks). A total of 104 eligible
      participants participated in the initial study, and 77 (74.04%) normotensive
      adult participants' resting BP were re-evaluated at ten-month follow-up.
      Regression analyses indicated that after adjustment for baseline BP, initial age,
      gender, body mass index, family history of cardiovascular disease, and current
      cigarette smoking, heighted systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR responses to an
      active coping task (mental arithmetic) were associated with increased future SBP
      (DeltaR2 = .060, DeltaR2 = .045, respectively). Further, aggregated SBP
      responsivity (over the three tasks) to the predictor models resulted in
      significant, but smaller increases in DeltaR2 accounting for .040 of the variance
      of follow-up SBP. These findings suggest that cardiovascular responses to active
      coping tasks predict future SBP. Further, compared with single tasks, the
      findings revealed that SBP responses to three tasks were less predictive compared
      to an individual task (i.e., mental arithmetic). Of importance, hemodynamic
      reactivity (namely CO and TPR) did not predict future BP suggesting that more
      general psychophysiological processes (e.g., inflammation, platelet aggregation)
      may be implicated, or that BP, but not hemodynamic reactivity may be a marker of
      hypertension.

PMID- 26972631
TI  - Relations of circulating GDF-15, soluble ST2, and troponin-I concentrations with
      vascular function in the community: The Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), soluble (s)ST2,
      and high-sensitivity troponin-I (hs-TnI) are associated with incident
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) including heart failure, yet the underlying
      mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated if GDF-15, sST2, and hs-TnI
      are related to subclinical vascular dysfunction in the community, which may
      explain the relations of these biomarkers with CVD. METHODS: We evaluated 1823
      Framingham Study participants (mean age 61 +/- 10 years, 54% women) who underwent
      routine assessment of vascular function. We related circulating GDF-15, sST2, and
      hs-TnI concentrations to measures of arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse
      wave velocity, CFPWV; augmentation index; and forward pressure wave amplitude,
      FW), endothelial-dependent vasodilation (flow-mediated dilation, FMD), and
      baseline and hyperemic brachial flow velocities using linear regression adjusting
      for standard risk factors. RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment, GDF-15 levels
      were positively associated with CFPWV (0.044 [95% confidence interval 0.007
      0.081] standard deviation [SD] change per SD increase in loge[GDF-15], p = 0.02)
      and FW (0.076 [0.026-0.126] SD change per SD increase in loge[GDF-15], p = 0.003)
      and inversely related to FMD (-0.051 [-0.101-0.0003] SD change per SD increase in
      loge[GDF-15], p = 0.048). sST2 was positively associated with CFPWV (0.032
      [0.0005-0.063] SD change per SD increase in loge[sST2], p = 0.046), and hs-TnI
      inversely associated with hyperemic flow velocity (-0.041 [-0.082-0.0004] SD
      change per SD increase in loge[hs-TnI], p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: In our community
      based investigation, individual cardiac stress biomarkers were differentially
      related to select aspects of vascular function. These findings may contribute to
      the associations of circulating GDF-15, sST2, and hs-TnI with incident CVD and
      heart failure.

PMID- 26972633
TI  - Changes in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide after exposure to
      injurious stretch-shortening contractions.
AB  - One of the factors that can result in musculoskeletal injuries, and time off
      work, is exposure to repetitive motion. The goal of this study was to determine
      if skeletal muscle injury induced by exposure to injurious stretch-shortening
      cycles (iSSCs), resulted in hyperalgesia in the hind limb and changes in
      calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) immunolabeling in the dorsal root ganglia
      (DRG) in young and old male rats. METHODS: Young (3months) and old (30months)
      male Fisher 344*BN F1 rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and the left hind
      limbs were exposed to 15 sets of 10 SSCs. Control animals were exposed to a
      single bout of SSCs of equal intensity. Sensitivity to mechanical stimulation was
      assessed using von Frey filaments prior to beginning the experiment, and on days
      2 and 9 following exposure to iSSCs. Rats were euthanized one, 3 or 10days after
      the exposure. The ipsilateral DRG were dissected from the L4-5 region of the
      spine, along with the left tibialis anterior (LTA) muscle. RESULTS: Rats exposed
      to iSSCs were more sensitive to mechanical stimulation than control rats 2days
      after the exposure, and showed a reduction in peak force 3days after exposure.
      Changes in sensitivity to pressure were not associated with increases in CGRP
      labeling in the DRG at 3days. However, 9days after exposure to iSSCs, old rats
      still displayed an increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation, and this
      hyperalgesia was associated with an increase in CGRP immunolabeling in the DRG.
      Young rats exposed to iSSC did not display a change in CGRP immunolabeling and
      sensitivity to mechanical stimulation returned to control levels at 10days.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that hyperalgesia seen shortly after exposure
      to iSSC is not influenced by CGRP levels. However, in cases where recovery from
      injury may be slower, as it is in older rats, CGRP may contribute to the
      maintenance of hyperalgesia.

PMID- 26972634
TI  - Vascular risk assessment in older adults without a history of cardiovascular
      disease.
AB  - Modern cardiovascular risk prediction tools, which have their genesis in the
      Framingham Heart Study, have allowed more accurate risk stratification and
      targeting of treatments worldwide over the last seven decades. Better
      cardiovascular risk factor control during this time has led to a reduction in
      cardiovascular mortality and, at least in part, to improved life expectancy. As a
      result, western societies as a whole have seen a steady increase in the
      proportion of older persons in their populations. Unfortunately, several studies
      have shown that the same tools which have contributed to this increase cannot be
      reliably extrapolated for use in older generations. Recent work has allowed
      recalibration of existing models for use in older populations but these modified
      tools still require external validation before they can be confidently applied in
      clinical practice. Another complication is emerging evidence that aggressive risk
      factor modification in older adults, particularly more frail individuals, may
      actually be harmful. This review looks at currently available cardiovascular risk
      prediction models and the specific challenges faced with their use in older
      adults, followed by analysis of recent attempts at recalibration for this cohort.
      We discuss the issue of frailty, looking at our evolving understanding of its
      constituent features and various tools for its assessment. We also review work to
      date on the impact of frailty on cardiovascular risk modification and outline its
      potentially central role in determining the most sensible approach in older
      patients. We summarise the most promising novel markers of cardiovascular risk
      which may be of use in improving risk prediction in older adults in the future.
      These include markers of vascular compliance (such as aortic pulse wave velocity
      and pulse wave analysis), of endothelial function (such as flow mediated
      dilation, carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium scores), and
      also biochemical and circulating cellular markers.

PMID- 26972635
TI  - Traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems improve muscle quality and
      metabolic biomarkers in older women: A randomized crossover study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of RT performed in a pyramid
      (PR) and traditional (TD) straight set training system on muscle quality and
      metabolic biomarkers in older women. Twenty-five physically independent older
      women (67.6+/-5.1years, 65.9+/-11.1kg, 154.7+/-5.8cm) performed a RT program in
      TD and PR training systems in a balanced crossover design. Measurements of muscle
      quality, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose (GLU), total
      cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C),
      and triglycerides (TG) were obtained at different moments. The TD program
      consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions maximum (RM) with a constant weight for
      the 3 sets, whereas the PR training consisted of 3 sets of 12/10/8 RM with
      incremental weight for each set. The training was performed in 2 phases of 8weeks
      each, with a 12-week washout period between phases. Significant (P<0.05)
      improvements were observed in both groups for muscle quality (TD=+8.6% vs.
      PR=+6.8%), GLU (TD=-4.5% vs. PR=-1.9%), TG (TD=-18.0% vs. PR=-11.7%), HDL-C
      (TD=+10.6 vs. PR=+7.8%), LDL-C (TD=-23.3% vs. PR=-21.0%), and CRP (TD=-19.4% vs.
      PR=-14.3%) with no differences between training systems. These results suggest
      that RT improves muscle quality and metabolic biomarkers of older women
      independently of the training system.

PMID- 26972636
TI  - Radiation Therapy for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Indications, Outcomes, and
      Controversies.

PMID- 26972637
TI  - Conforming Modern Radiation Oncology Facilities to the Irregular Contours of the
      Vast and Varied Nation of India.

PMID- 26972638
TI  - Early Use of Adjuvant Breast Radiation Therapy and the Recognition of Radiation
      Pneumonitis.

PMID- 26972639
TI  - High-Dose-Rate Monotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer-What More Will It Take
      to Make This a Standard Therapy?

PMID- 26972640
TI  - Association Between Treatment at a High-Volume Facility and Improved Survival for
      Radiation-Treated Men With High-Risk Prostate Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although the association between higher hospital volume and improved
      outcomes has been well-documented in surgery, there is little data about whether
      this effect exists for radiation-treated patients. We investigated whether
      treatment at a radiation facility that treats a high volume of prostate cancer
      patients is associated with improved survival for men with high-risk prostate
      cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to
      identity patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from 2004 to 2006. The radiation
      case volume (RCV) of each hospital was based on its number of radiation-treated
      prostate cancer patients. We used propensity-score based analysis to compare the
      overall survival (OS) of high-risk prostate cancer patients in high versus low
      RCV hospitals. Primary endpoint is overall survival. Covariates adjusted for were
      tumor characteristics, sociodemographic factors, radiation type, and use of
      androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). RESULTS: A total of 19,565 radiation-treated
      high-risk patients were identified. Median follow-up was 81.0 months (range: 1
      108 months). When RCV was coded as a continuous variable, each increment of 100
      radiation-managed patients was associated with improved OS (adjusted hazard ratio
      [AHR]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-0.98; P<.0001) after adjusting
      for known confounders. For illustrative purposes, when RCV was dichotomized at
      the 80th percentile (43 patients/year), high RCV was associated with improved OS
      (7-year overall survival 76% vs 74%, log-rank test P=.0005; AHR: 0.91, 95% CI:
      0.86-0.96, P=.0005). This association remained significant when RCV was
      dichotomized at 75th (37 patients/year), 90th (60 patients/year), and 95th (84
      patients/year) percentiles but not the 50th (19 patients/year). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that treatment at centers with higher prostate cancer radiation
      case volume is associated with improved OS for radiation-treated men with high
      risk prostate cancer.

PMID- 26972641
TI  - Distance to Radiation Facility and Treatment Choice in Early-Stage Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) is a recommended alternative to
      mastectomy (MT) for early-stage breast cancer. Limited access to radiation
      therapy (RT) may result in higher rates of MT. We assessed the association
      between distance to the nearest RT facility and the use of MT, in a modern cohort
      of women. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Women with stage 0-II breast cancer eligible for
      BCT diagnosed from 2004 to 2010 were identified from the Florida Cancer Data
      System (FCDS). Distances from patient census tracts to the nearest RT facility
      census tract were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to
      identify explanatory variables that influenced MT use. RESULTS: Of the 27,489
      eligible women, 32.1% (n=8841) underwent MT, and 67.8% (n=18,648) underwent BCS.
      Thirty-two percent of patients lived in a census tract that was >5 miles from an
      RT facility. MT use increased with increasing distance to RT facility (31.1% at
      <=5 miles, 33.8% at >5 to <15 miles, 34.9% at 15 to <40 miles, and 51% at >=40
      miles, P<.001). The likelihood was that MT was independently associated with
      increasing distance to RT facility on multivariate analysis (P<.001). Compared to
      patients living <5 miles away from an RT facility, patients living 15 to <40
      miles away were 1.2 times more likely to be treated with MT (odds ratio [OR]:
      1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.35, P<.01), and those living >=40
      miles away were more than twice as likely to be treated with MT (OR: 2.17, 95%
      CI: 1.48-3.17, P<.001). However, in patients younger than 50 years (n=5179), MT
      use was not associated with distance to RT facility (P=.235). CONCLUSIONS: MT use
      in a modern cohort of women is independently associated with distance to RT
      facility. However, for young patients, distance to RT is not a significant
      explanatory variable for MT use.

PMID- 26972642
TI  - Modern Radiation Therapy and Cardiac Outcomes in Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Adjuvant radiation therapy, which has proven benefit against breast
      cancer, has historically been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic
      heart disease. Modern techniques have reduced this risk, but a detailed
      evaluation has not recently been conducted. The present study evaluated the
      effect of current radiation practices on ischemia-related cardiac events and
      procedures in a population-based study of older women with nonmetastatic breast
      cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 29,102 patients diagnosed from 2000 to
      2009 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
      Medicare database. Medicare claims were used to identify the radiation therapy
      and cardiac outcomes. Competing risk models were used to assess the effect of
      radiation on these outcomes. RESULTS: Patients with left-sided breast cancer had
      a small increase in their risk of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after
      radiation therapy-the 10-year cumulative incidence for these patients was 5.5%
      (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9%-6.2%) and 4.5% (95% CI 4.0%-5.0%) for right
      sided patients. This risk was limited to women with previous cardiac disease. For
      patients who underwent PCI, those with left-sided breast cancer had a
      significantly increased risk of cardiac mortality with a subdistribution hazard
      ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.23-3.34). No other outcome, including cardiac mortality
      for the entire cohort, showed a significant relationship with tumor laterality.
      CONCLUSIONS: For women with a history of cardiac disease, those with left-sided
      breast cancer who underwent radiation therapy had increased rates of PCI and a
      survival decrement if treated with PCI. The results of the present study could
      help cardiologists and radiation oncologists better stratify patients who need
      more aggressive cardioprotective techniques.

PMID- 26972643
TI  - Contemporary Toxicity Profile of Breast Brachytherapy Versus External Beam
      Radiation After Lumpectomy for Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: We compared toxicities after brachytherapy versus external beam
      radiation therapy (EBRT) in contemporary breast cancer patients. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: Using MarketScan healthcare claims, we identified 64,112 women treated
      from 2003 to 2012 with lumpectomy followed by radiation (brachytherapy vs EBRT).
      Brachytherapy was further classified by multichannel versus single-channel
      applicator approach. We identified the risks and predictors of 1-year infectious
      and noninfectious postoperative adverse events using logistic regression and
      temporal trends using Cochran-Armitage tests. We estimated the 5-year Kaplan
      Meier cumulative incidence of radiation-associated adverse events. RESULTS: A
      total of 4522 (7.1%) patients received brachytherapy (50.2% multichannel vs 48.7%
      single-channel applicator). The overall risk of infectious adverse events was
      higher after brachytherapy than after EBRT (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.34, P<.001). However, over time, the frequency of
      infectious adverse events after brachytherapy decreased, from 17.3% in 2003 to
      11.6% in 2012, and was stable after EBRT at 9.7%. Beyond 2007, there were no
      longer excess infections with brachytherapy (P=.97). The overall risk of
      noninfectious adverse events was higher after brachytherapy than after EBRT
      (OR=2.27; 95% CI 2.09-2.47, P<.0001). Over time, the frequency of noninfectious
      adverse events detected increased: after multichannel brachytherapy, from 9.1% in
      2004 to 18.9% in 2012 (Ptrend = .64); single-channel brachytherapy, from 12.8% to
      29.8% (Ptrend<.001); and EBRT, from 6.1% to 10.3% (Ptrend<.0001). The risk was
      significantly higher with single-channel than with multichannel brachytherapy
      (hazard ratio = 1.32; 95% CI 1.03-1.69, P=.03). Of noninfectious adverse events,
      70.9% were seroma. Seroma significantly increased breast pain risk (P<.0001).
      Patients with underlying diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and treatment with
      chemotherapy had increased infectious and noninfectious adverse events. The 5
      year incidences of fat necrosis, breast pain, and rib fracture were slightly
      higher after brachytherapy than after EBRT (13.7% vs 8.1%, 19.4% vs 16.0%, and
      1.6% vs 1.3%, respectively), but the risks were not significantly different for
      multichannel versus single-channel applicators. CONCLUSION: Toxicities after
      breast brachytherapy were distinct from those after EBRT. Temporal toxicity
      trends may reflect changing technology and evolving practitioner experience with
      brachytherapy.

PMID- 26972644
TI  - Association Between Geographic Access to Cancer Care and Receipt of Radiation
      Therapy for Rectal Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Trimodality therapy (chemoradiation and surgery) is the standard of care
      for stage II/III rectal cancer but nearly one third of patients do not receive
      radiation therapy (RT). We examined the relationship between the density of
      radiation oncologists and the travel distance to receipt of RT. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: A retrospective study based on the National Cancer Data Base
      identified 26,845 patients aged 18 to 80 years with stage II/III rectal cancer
      diagnosed from 2007 to 2010. Radiation oncologists were identified through the
      Physician Compare dataset. Generalized estimating equations clustering by
      hospital service area was used to examine the association between geographic
      access and receipt of RT, controlling for patient sociodemographic and clinical
      characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 26,845 patients, 70% received RT within 180 days
      of diagnosis or within 90 days of surgery. Compared with a travel distance of
      <12.5 miles, patients diagnosed at a reporting facility who traveled >=50 miles
      had a decreased likelihood of receipt of RT (50-249 miles, adjusted odds ratio
      0.75, P<.001; >=250 miles, adjusted odds ratio 0.46; P=.002), all else being
      equal. The density level of radiation oncologists was not significantly
      associated with the receipt of RT. Patients who were female, nonwhite, and aged
      >=50 years and had comorbidities were less likely to receive RT (P<.05). Patients
      who were uninsured but self-paid for their medical services, initially diagnosed
      elsewhere but treated at a reporting facility, and resided in Midwest had an
      increased the likelihood of receipt of RT (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: An increased
      travel burden was associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving RT for
      patients with stage II/III rectal cancer, all else being equal; however,
      radiation oncologist density was not. Further research of geographic access and
      establishing transportation assistance programs or lodging services for patients
      with an unmet need might help decrease geographic barriers and improve the
      quality of rectal cancer care.

PMID- 26972645
TI  - Changes in Liver Volume Observed Following Sorafenib and Liver Radiation Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify unexpected liver volume
      reductions in patients treated with sorafenib prior to and during liver radiation
      therapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifteen patients were treated in a phase 1
      study of sorafenib for 1 week, followed by concurrent sorafenib-RT (in 6
      fractions). Patients had either focal cancer (treated with stereotactic body RT
      [SBRT]) or diffuse disease (treated with whole-liver RT). Liver volumes were
      contoured and recorded at planning (day 0) from the exhale CT. After 1 week of
      sorafenib (day 8), RT image guidance at each fraction was performed using cone
      beam CT (CBCT). Planning liver contours were propagated and modified on the
      reconstructed exhale CBCT. This was repeated in 12 patients treated with SBRT
      alone without sorafenib. Three subsequent patients (2 sorafenib-RT and 1 non
      sorafenib) were also assessed with multiphasic helical breath-hold CTs. RESULTS:
      Liver volume reductions on CBCT were observed in the 15 sorafenib-RT patients
      (median decrease of 68 cc, P=.02) between day 0 and 8; greater in the focal
      (P=.025) versus diffuse (P=.52) cancer stratum. Seven patients (47%) had
      reductions larger than the 95% intraobserver contouring error. Liver reductions
      were also observed from multiphasic CTs in the 2 additional sorafenib-RT patients
      between days 0 and 8 (decreases of 232.5 cc and 331.7 cc, respectively) and not
      in the non-sorafenib patient (increase of 92 cc). There were no significant
      changes in liver volume between planning and first RT in 12 patients with focal
      cancer treated with SBRT alone (median increase, 4.8 cc, P=.86). CONCLUSIONS:
      Liver volume reductions were observed after 7 days of sorafenib, prior to RT,
      most marked in patients with focal liver tumors, suggesting an effect of
      sorafenib on normal liver. Careful assessment of potential liver volume changes
      immediately prior to SBRT may be necessary in patients in sorafenib or other
      targeted therapies.

PMID- 26972646
TI  - Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and American College of Radiology Imaging
      Network Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Neoadjuvant Preoperative
      Paclitaxel/Cisplatin/Radiation Therapy (RT) or Irinotecan/Cisplatin/RT in
      Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: Long-Term Outcome and Implications for Trial Design.
AB  - PURPOSE: Toxicity, pathologic complete response, and long-term outcomes are
      reported for the neoadjuvant therapies assessed in a randomized phase 2 Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group and American College of Radiology Imaging Network
      trial for operable esophageal adenocarcinoma, staged as II-IVa by
      endoscopy/ultrasonography (EUS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 86 eligible
      patients began treatment. For arm A, preoperative chemotherapy was cisplatin, 30
      mg/m(2), and irinotecan, 50 mg/m(2), on day 1, 8, 22, 29 during 45 Gy radiation
      therapy (RT), 1.8 Gy per day over 5 weeks. Adjuvant therapy was cisplatin, 30
      mg/m(2), and irinotecan, 65 mg/m(2) day 1, 8 every 21 days for 3 cycles. Arm B
      therapy was cisplatin, 30 mg/m(2), and paclitaxel, 50 mg/m(2), day 1, 8, 15, 22,
      29 with RT, followed by adjuvant cisplatin, 75 mg/m(2), and paclitaxel, 175
      mg/m(2), day 1 every 21 days for 3 cycles. Stratification included EUS stage and
      performance status. RESULTS: In arm A, median overall survival was 35 months, and
      5-, 6-, and 7-year survival rates were 46%, 39%, and 35%, respectively, whereas
      for arm B, they were 21 months and 27%, 27%, and 23%, respectively. Median
      progression- or recurrence-free survival (PFS) was 39.8 months with a 3-year PFS
      of 50% for arm A and 12.4 months (P=.046) with 3-year PFS of 28% for arm B.
      Eighty percent of the observed incidents of progression occurred within 19
      months. Survival did not differ significantly by EUS and performance status
      strata. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survival was similar for both arms and did not
      appear superior to results achieved with other standard regimens.

PMID- 26972647
TI  - Irradiation of FDG-PET-Defined Active Bone Marrow Subregions and Acute
      Hematologic Toxicity in Anal Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemoradiation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Irradiation of pelvic bone marrow (BM) has been correlated with
      hematologic toxicity (HT) in patients undergoing chemoradiation for anal cancer.
      We hypothesized that irradiation of hematologically active bone marrow (ABM)
      subregions defined by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)
      is a principal cause of radiation-associated HT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The
      cohort included 45 patients with nonmetastatic anal cancer who underwent FDG-PET
      imaging prior to definitive chemoradiation with mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil.
      Total bone marrow (TBM) was defined as the external contour of the pelvic bones
      from the top of lumbar 5 (L5) to the bottom of the ischial tuberosity.
      Standardized uptake values (SUV) for all voxels within the TBM were quantified
      and normalized by comparison to normal liver SUV. Subvolumes of the TBM that
      exhibited the highest and lowest 50% of the SUVs were designated ABM50 and IBM50,
      respectively. The primary endpoint was the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) nadir
      during or within 2 weeks of completion of treatment. Multivariate linear modeling
      was used to analyze the correlation between the equivalent uniform doses (EUD)
      with an a value of 0.5, 1 (equivalent to mean dose), 3, 7, and 12 to the BM
      structures and the ANC. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD ANC nadir was 0.77 * 10(9)/L (+/
      0.66 * 10(9)/L). Grades 3 and 4 ANC toxicity occurred in 26.7% and 44.4% of
      patients, respectively. The EUD a parameter of 0.5 was optimal for all BM models
      indicating high radiation sensitivity. EUD of TBM and ABM50 and IBM50 were all
      significantly associated with ANC nadir. However, model performance for ABM50 was
      not superior to that of the TBM and IBM50 models. CONCLUSIONS: Irradiation of
      pelvic BM was associated with HT. However, FDG-PET-defined ABM models failed to
      improve model performance compared to the TBM model.

PMID- 26972649
TI  - Patterns of Recurrence in Electively Irradiated Lymph Node Regions After
      Definitive Accelerated Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To provide a comprehensive risk assessment on the patterns of recurrence
      in electively irradiated lymph node regions after definitive radiation therapy
      for head and neck cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two hundred sixty-four patients
      with stage cT2-4N0-2M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, larynx, or
      hypopharynx treated with accelerated intensity modulated radiation therapy
      between 2008 and 2012 were included. On the radiation therapy planning computed
      tomography (CT) scans from all patients, 1166 lymph nodes (short-axis diameter
      >=5 mm) localized in the elective volume were identified and delineated. The
      exact sites of regional recurrences were reconstructed and projected on the
      initial radiation therapy planning CT scan by performing coregistration with
      diagnostic imaging of the recurrence. RESULTS: The actuarial rate of recurrence
      in electively irradiated lymph node regions at 2 years was 5.1% (95% confidence
      interval 2.4%-7.8%). Volumetric analysis showed an increased risk of recurrence
      with increasing nodal volume. Receiver operating characteristic analysis
      demonstrated that the summed long- and short-axis diameter is a good alternative
      for laborious volume calculations, using >=17 mm as cut-off (hazard ratio 17.8;
      95% confidence interval 5.7-55.1; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: An important risk factor
      was identified that can help clinicians in the pretreatment risk assessment of
      borderline-sized lymph nodes. Not overtly pathologic nodes with a summed diameter
      >=17 mm may require a higher than elective radiation therapy dose. For low-risk
      elective regions (all nodes <17 mm), the safety of dose de-escalation below the
      traditional 45 to 50 Gy should be investigated.

PMID- 26972648
TI  - Focal Radiation Therapy Dose Escalation Improves Overall Survival in Locally
      Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Induction Chemotherapy and
      Consolidative Chemoradiation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To review outcomes of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) patients
      treated with dose-escalated intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with
      curative intent. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 200 patients with LAPC were
      treated with induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation between 2006 and
      2014. Of these, 47 (24%) having tumors >1 cm from the luminal organs were
      selected for dose-escalated IMRT (biologically effective dose [BED] >70 Gy) using
      a simultaneous integrated boost technique, inspiration breath hold, and computed
      tomographic image guidance. Fractionation was optimized for coverage of gross
      tumor and luminal organ sparing. A 2- to 5-mm margin around the gross tumor
      volume was treated using a simultaneous integrated boost with a microscopic dose.
      Overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), local-regional and distant
      RFS, and time to local-regional and distant recurrence, calculated from start of
      chemoradiation, were the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Median radiation dose was
      50.4 Gy (BED = 59.47 Gy) with a concurrent capecitabine-based (86%) regimen.
      Patients who received BED >70 Gy had a superior OS (17.8 vs 15.0 months, P=.03),
      which was preserved throughout the follow-up period, with estimated OS rates at 2
      years of 36% versus 19% and at 3 years of 31% versus 9% along with improved local
      regional RFS (10.2 vs 6.2 months, P=.05) as compared with those receiving BED
      <=70 Gy. Degree of gross tumor volume coverage did not seem to affect outcomes.
      No additional toxicity was observed in the high-dose group. Higher dose (BED) was
      the only predictor of improved OS on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Radiation
      dose escalation during consolidative chemoradiation therapy after induction
      chemotherapy for LAPC patients improves OS and local-regional RFS.

PMID- 26972650
TI  - Elective Nodal Irradiation and Patterns of Failure in Head and Neck Cancer After
      Primary Radiation Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The delineation of elective clinical target volumes in head and neck
      cancer (HNC) is important; however, the extent of lymph node levels necessary to
      include is debated. A comprehensive analysis of recurrence patterns in a large
      cohort of patients with HNC was performed, with an emphasis on recurrence in the
      retropharyngeal region and level IB. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 2005 to 2012,
      942 patients with oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, laryngeal or oral cavity
      carcinomas were curatively treated with primary radiation therapy. The median
      follow-up period was 34 months, and 77% of the patients underwent intensity
      modulated radiation therapy. The retropharyngeal region was only routinely
      included in cases of involvement of the posterior pharynx wall and level IB only
      in cases of involvement of the oral cavity. In patients with regional recurrence,
      the anatomic site of the recurrence was assessed from the surgical descriptions
      or computed tomography scans and compared with the original radiation treatment
      plan (available from 2007 onward). The p16 status was available for 282
      oropharynx carcinoma cases, with 65% p16-positive. RESULTS: Of the 942 patients,
      376 (40%) developed recurrences: 228 (24.2%) local, 123 (13.1%) regional, and 109
      (11.6%) distant. In 700 patients with available treatment plans, retropharyngeal
      and level IB recurrence was observed in 2 and 7 patients, respectively. Eight
      patients (1.1%) had recurrence in a lymph node level not included in their
      primary treatment plan. For oropharynx carcinoma, the locoregional control rate
      (90% vs 70%) but not distant control rate (92% vs 87%), was significantly better
      in the p16-positive than in the p16-negative patients. Although fewer recurrences
      developed in the p16-positive group, patients with recurrence of p16-positive
      tumors were more likely to develop recurrence in distant sites. CONCLUSIONS:
      Retropharyngeal or level IB recurrence after primary HNC radiation therapy is
      rare. Thus, inclusion of these regions in the elective treatment volumes should
      be limited to patients with involvement of the posterior pharyngeal wall or oral
      cavity.

PMID- 26972651
TI  - Addition of Rituximab to Involved-Field Radiation Therapy Prolongs Progression
      free Survival in Stage I-II Follicular Lymphoma: Results of a Multicenter Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Rituximab (Rit) therapy added to involved-field radiation therapy (RT)
      has been proposed as an effective treatment for stage I-II follicular lymphoma
      (FL). The results of an observational multicenter study on the Rit-RT combination
      in limited-stage FL are here reported. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data have been
      collected from 2 consecutive cohorts of 94 patients with stage I-II FL treated
      between 1985 and 2011 at 5 Italian institutions. All patients had grade 1-3a FL,
      a median age of 54 years (range: 25-82). The first 51 patients received RT alone
      (control group), while the subsequent series of 43 patients received 4 rituximab
      courses (375 mg/m(2), days 1, 8, 15, 22) before RT (Rit-RT). Molecular disease
      was evaluated by nested bcl-2/IgH PCR or clonal IgH rearrangement was available
      in 33 Rit-RT patients. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 10.9 years (range: 1.8
      22.9), the 10-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)
      projections for the whole cohort were 57% and 87.5%, respectively. The 10-year
      PFS was significantly longer (P<.05) in the Rit-RT group (64.6%) compared to RT
      alone (50.7%), whereas the 10-year OS projections were not significantly
      different. On bivariate analysis controlling for stage, there was only a trend
      toward improved PFS for Rit-RT (HR, 0.55; P=.081). Follicular lymphoma
      international prognostic index and age were associated with OS but not with PFS
      on Cox regression analysis. Bone marrow molecular analysis showing PCR positivity
      at diagnosis was strongly associated with relapse risk upon univariate and
      multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter observational study suggests
      a potential benefit of adding rituximab to radiation therapy for stage I-II FL.
      The results of the currently ongoing randomized studies are required to confirm
      these results. The study underlines the importance of molecular disease
      monitoring also for patient with limited-stage disease.

PMID- 26972652
TI  - Acute Toxicity Grade 3 and 4 After Irradiation in Children and Adolescents:
      Results From the IPPARCA Collaboration.
AB  - PURPOSE: In the context of oncologic therapy for children, radiation therapy is
      frequently indicated. This study identified the frequency of and reasons for the
      development of high-grade acute toxicity and possible sequelae. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Irradiated children have been prospectively documented since 2001 in the
      Registry for the Evaluation of Side Effects After Radiation in Childhood and
      Adolescence (RiSK) database in Germany and since 2008 in the registry for
      radiation therapy toxicity (RADTOX) in Sweden. Data were collected using
      standardized, published forms. Toxicity classification was based on Radiation
      Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer
      criteria. RESULTS: As of June 2013, 1500 children have been recruited into the
      RiSK database and 485 into the RADTOX registry leading to an analysis population
      of 1359 patients (age range 0-18). A total of 18.9% (n=257) of all investigated
      patients developed high-grade acute toxicity (grades 3/4). High-grade toxicity of
      the bone marrow was documented for 63.8% (n=201) of those patients, oral
      mucositis for 7.6% (n=24), and dermatitis for 7.6% (n=24). Patients with high
      grade acute toxicity received concomitant chemotherapy more frequently (56%) than
      patients with no or lower acute toxicity (31.5%). In multivariate analyses,
      concomitant chemotherapy, diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma, and total radiation dose
      showed a statistically noticeable effect (P<=.05) on acute toxicity, whereas age,
      concomitant chemotherapy, Hodgkin lymphoma, Ewing sarcoma, total radiation dose,
      and acute toxicity influenced the time until maximal late toxicity. CONCLUSIONS:
      Generally, high-grade acute toxicity after irradiation in children and
      adolescence occurs in a moderate proportion of patients (18.9%). As anticipated,
      the probability of acute toxicity appeared to depend on the prescribed dose as
      well as concomitant chemotherapy. The occurrence of chronic toxicity correlates
      with the prior acute toxicity grade. Age seems to influence the time until
      maximal late toxicity but not the development of acute toxicity.

PMID- 26972654
TI  - Clinical Significance of Accounting for Tissue Heterogeneity in Permanent Breast
      Seed Implant Brachytherapy Planning.
AB  - PURPOSE: The inhomogeneity correction factor (ICF) method provides heterogeneity
      correction for the fast calculation TG43 formalism in seed brachytherapy. This
      study compared ICF-corrected plans to their standard TG43 counterparts, looking
      at their capacity to assess inadequate coverage and/or risk of any skin
      toxicities for patients who received permanent breast seed implant (PBSI).
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two-month postimplant computed tomography scans and plans
      of 140 PBSI patients were used to calculate dose distributions by using the TG43
      and the ICF methods. Multiple dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters of clinical
      target volume (CTV) and skin were extracted and compared for both ICF and TG43
      dose distributions. Short-term (desquamation and erythema) and long-term
      (telangiectasia) skin toxicity data were available on 125 and 110 of the
      patients, respectively, at the time of the study. The predictive value of each
      DVH parameter of skin was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve for each toxicity endpoint. RESULTS: Dose-volume
      histogram parameters of CTV, calculated using the ICF method, showed an overall
      decrease compared to TG43, whereas those of skin showed an increase, confirming
      previously reported findings of the impact of heterogeneity with low-energy
      sources. The ICF methodology enabled us to distinguish patients for whom the CTV
      V100 and V90 are up to 19% lower compared to TG43, which could present a risk of
      recurrence not detected when heterogeneity are not accounted for. The ICF method
      also led to an increase in the prediction of desquamation, erythema, and
      telangiectasia for 91% of skin DVH parameters studied. CONCLUSIONS: The ICF
      methodology has the advantage of distinguishing any inadequate dose coverage of
      CTV due to breast heterogeneity, which can be missed by TG43. Use of ICF
      correction also led to an increase in prediction accuracy of skin toxicities in
      most cases.

PMID- 26972655
TI  - Automated and Semiautomated Segmentation of Rectal Tumor Volumes on Diffusion
      Weighted MRI: Can It Replace Manual Volumetry?
AB  - PURPOSE: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tumor volumetry is promising for rectal
      cancer response assessment, but an important drawback is that manual per-slice
      tumor delineation can be highly time consuming. This study investigated whether
      manual DWI-volumetry can be reproduced using a (semi)automated segmentation
      approach. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-nine patients underwent magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) that included DWI (highest b value [b1000 or b1100])
      before and after chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Tumor volumes were assessed on
      b1000 (or b1100) DWI before and after CRT by means of (1) automated segmentation
      (by 2 inexperienced readers), (2) semiautomated segmentation (manual adjustment
      of the volumes obtained by method 1 by 2 radiologists), and (3) manual
      segmentation (by 2 radiologists); this last assessment served as the reference
      standard. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Dice similarity indices
      (DSI) were calculated to evaluate agreement between different methods and
      observers. Measurement times (from a radiologist's perspective) were recorded for
      each method. RESULTS: Tumor volumes were not significantly different among the 3
      methods, either before or after CRT (P=.08 to .92). ICCs compared to manual
      segmentation were 0.80 to 0.91 and 0.53 to 0.66 before and after CRT,
      respectively, for the automated segmentation and 0.91 to 0.97 and 0.61 to 0.75,
      respectively, for the semiautomated method. Interobserver agreement (ICC) pre and
      post CRT was 0.82 and 0.59 for automated segmentation, 0.91 and 0.73 for
      semiautomated segmentation, and 0.91 and 0.75 for manual segmentation,
      respectively. Mean DSI between the automated and semiautomated method were 0.83
      and 0.58 pre-CRT and post-CRT, respectively; DSI between the automated and manual
      segmentation were 0.68 and 0.42 and 0.70 and 0.41 between the semiautomated and
      manual segmentation, respectively. Median measurement time for the radiologists
      was 0 seconds (pre- and post-CRT) for the automated method, 41 to 69 seconds (pre
      CRT) and 60 to 67 seconds (post-CRT) for the semiautomated method, and 180 to 296
      seconds (pre-CRT) and 84 to 91 seconds (post-CRT) for the manual method.
      CONCLUSIONS: DWI volumetry using a semiautomated segmentation approach is
      promising and a potentially time-saving alternative to manual tumor delineation,
      particularly for primary tumor volumetry. Once further optimized, it could be a
      helpful tool for tumor response assessment in rectal cancer.

PMID- 26972656
TI  - A Comparison of Lumpectomy Cavity Delineations Between Use of Magnetic Resonance
      Imaging and Computed Tomography Acquired With Patient in Prone Position for
      Radiation Therapy Planning of Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare lumpectomy cavity (LC) and planning target volume (PTV)
      delineated with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed
      tomography (CT) and to examine the possibility of replacing CT with MRI for
      radiation therapy (RT) planning for breast cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: MRI and
      CT data were acquired for 15 patients with early-stage breast cancer undergoing
      lumpectomy during RT simulation in prone positions, the same as their RT
      treatment positions. The LCs were delineated manually on both CT (LC-CT) and MRI
      acquired with 4 sequences: T1, T2, STIR, and DCE. Various PTVs were created by
      expanding a 15-mm margin from the corresponding LCs and from the union of the LCs
      for the 4 MRI sequences (PTV-MRI). Differences were measured in terms of cavity
      visualization score (CVS) and dice coefficient (DC). RESULTS: The mean CVSs for
      T1, T2, STIR, DCE, and CT defined LCs were 3.47, 3.47, 3.87, 3.50. and 2.60,
      respectively, implying that the LC is mostly visible with a STIR sequence. The
      mean reductions of LCs from those for CT were 22%, 43%, 36%, and 17% for T1, T2,
      STIR, and DCE, respectively. In 14 of 15 cases, MRI (union of T1, T2, STIR, and
      DCE) defined LC included extra regions that would not be visible from CT. The DCs
      between CT and MRI (union of T1, T2, STIR, and DCE) defined volumes were 0.65 +/-
      0.20 for LCs and 0.85 +/- 0.06 for PTVs. There was no obvious difference between
      the volumes of PTV-MRI and PTV-CT, and the average PTV-STIR/PTV-CT volume ratio
      was 0.83 +/- 0.23. CONCLUSIONS: The use of MRI improves the visibility of LC in
      comparison with CT. The volumes of LC and PTV generated based on a MRI sequence
      are substantially smaller than those based on CT, and the PTV-MRI volumes,
      defined by the union of T1, T2, STIR, and DCE, were comparable with those of PTV
      CT for most of the cases studied.

PMID- 26972653
TI  - Radiation-Related New Primary Solid Cancers in the Childhood Cancer Survivor
      Study: Comparative Radiation Dose Response and Modification of Treatment Effects.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The majority of childhood cancer patients now achieve long-term
      survival, but the treatments that cured their malignancy often put them at risk
      of adverse health outcomes years later. New cancers are among the most serious of
      these late effects. The aims of this review are to compare and contrast radiation
      dose-response relationships for new solid cancers in a large cohort of childhood
      cancer survivors and to discuss interactions among treatment and host factors.
      METHODS: This review is based on previously published site-specific analyses for
      subsequent primary cancers of the brain, breast, thyroid gland, bone and soft
      tissue, salivary glands, and skin among 12,268 5-year childhood cancer survivors
      in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Analyses included tumor site-specific,
      individual radiation dose reconstruction based on radiation therapy records.
      Radiation-related second cancer risks were estimated using conditional logistic
      or Poisson regression models for excess relative risk (ERR). RESULTS: Linear dose
      response relationships over a wide range of radiation dose (0-50 Gy) were seen
      for all cancer sites except the thyroid gland. The steepest slopes occurred for
      sarcoma, meningioma, and nonmelanoma skin cancer (ERR/Gy > 1.00), with glioma and
      cancers of the breast and salivary glands forming a second group (ERR/Gy = 0.27
      0.36). The relative risk for thyroid cancer increased up to 15-20 Gy and then
      decreased with increasing dose. The risk of thyroid cancer also was positively
      associated with chemotherapy, but the chemotherapy effect was not seen among
      those who also received very high doses of radiation to the thyroid. The excess
      risk of radiation-related breast cancer was sharply reduced among women who
      received 5 Gy or more to the ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the
      effect of high-dose irradiation is consistent with a linear dose-response for
      most organs, but they also reveal important organ-specific and host-specific
      differences in susceptibility and interactions between different aspects of
      treatment.

PMID- 26972657
TI  - Bayesian Cure Rate Modeling of Local Tumor Control: Evaluation in Stereotactic
      Body Radiation Therapy for Pulmonary Metastases.
AB  - PURPOSE: Most radiobiological models for prediction of tumor control probability
      (TCP) do not account for the fact that many events could remain unobserved
      because of censoring. We therefore evaluated a set of TCP models that take into
      account this censoring. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We applied 2 fundamental Bayesian
      cure rate models to a sample of 770 pulmonary metastasis treated with
      stereotactic body radiation therapy at German, Austrian, and Swiss institutions:
      (1) the model developed by Chen, Ibrahim and Sinha (the CIS99 model); and (2) a
      mixture model similar to the classic model of Berkson and Gage (the BG model). In
      the CIS99 model the number of clonogens surviving the radiation treatment follows
      a Poisson distribution, whereas in the BG model only 1 dominant recurrence
      competent tissue mass may remain. The dose delivered to the isocenter, tumor size
      and location, sex, age, and pretreatment chemotherapy were used as covariates for
      regression. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 15.5 months (range: 0.1-125). Tumor
      recurrence occurred in 11.6% of the metastases. Delivered dose, female sex,
      peripheral tumor location and having received no chemotherapy before RT were
      associated with higher TCP in all models. Parameter estimates of the CIS99 were
      consistent with the classical Cox proportional hazards model. The dose required
      to achieve 90% tumor control after 15.5 months was 146 (range: 114-188) Gy10 in
      the CIS99 and 133 (range: 101-164) Gy10 in the BG model; however, the BG model
      predicted lower tumor control at long (?20 months) follow-up times and gave a
      suboptimal fit to the data compared to the CIS99 model. CONCLUSIONS: Biologically
      motivated cure rate models allow adding the time component into TCP modeling
      without being restricted to the follow-up period which is the case for the Cox
      model. In practice, application of such models to the clinical setting could
      allow for adaption of treatment doses depending on whether local control should
      be achieved in the short or longer term.

PMID- 26972658
TI  - Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) Practice Patterns and IGRT's Impact on
      Workflow and Treatment Planning: Results From a National Survey of American
      Society for Radiation Oncology Members.
AB  - PURPOSE: To survey image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) practice patterns, as
      well as IGRT's impact on clinical workflow and planning treatment volumes (PTVs).
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: A sample of 5979 treatment site-specific surveys was e
      mailed to the membership of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO),
      with questions pertaining to IGRT modality/frequency, PTV expansions, method of
      image verification, and perceived utility/value of IGRT. On-line image
      verification was defined as images obtained and reviewed by the physician before
      treatment. Off-line image verification was defined as images obtained before
      treatment and then reviewed by the physician before the next treatment. RESULTS:
      Of 601 evaluable responses, 95% reported IGRT capabilities other than portal
      imaging. The majority (92%) used volumetric imaging (cone-beam CT [CBCT] or
      megavoltage CT), with volumetric imaging being the most commonly used modality
      for all sites except breast. The majority of respondents obtained daily CBCTs for
      head and neck intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), lung 3-dimensional
      conformal radiation therapy or IMRT, anus or pelvis IMRT, prostate IMRT, and
      prostatic fossa IMRT. For all sites, on-line image verification was most
      frequently performed during the first few fractions only. No association was seen
      between IGRT frequency or CBCT utilization and clinical treatment volume to PTV
      expansions. Of the 208 academic radiation oncologists who reported working with
      residents, only 41% reported trainee involvement in IGRT verification processes.
      CONCLUSION: Consensus guidelines, further evidence-based approaches for PTV
      margin selection, and greater resident involvement are needed for standardized
      use of IGRT practices.

PMID- 26972659
TI  - In regard to Wu and Vapiwala et al.

PMID- 26972660
TI  - In Regard to Lewis et al.

PMID- 26972661
TI  - In Reply to Fiorino and Cozzarini.

PMID- 26972662
TI  - Gender-based differences in the relationship between fatty liver disease and
      atherosclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate of subclinical
      atherosclerosis. Fatty liver disease is also linked to increased risk of
      cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association
      between fatty liver disease and CIMT according to gender. METHODS: Patients who
      had undergone carotid and abdominal ultrasound between June 2011 and December
      2013 were retrospectively evaluated. The differences between the CIMT values
      measured in the common carotid artery and the prevalence of carotid plaque in
      patients with fatty liver disease and those with normal livers were investigated.
      RESULTS: Out of a total of 1 121 patients, the men had more fatty liver disease
      than the women. The mean CIMT of the men was significantly higher than that of
      the women, and the men had more plaque than the women. The women with fatty liver
      disease had a significantly higher mean CIMT value and more plaque than the women
      with normal livers. The differences between the men with fatty liver and those
      with normal livers in mean CIMT values and in the prevalence of plaque were not
      significant. In the women, multivariate analysis showed that fatty liver disease
      was independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis [adjusted hazards
      ratio (HR) 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.007-2.697, p = 0.047].
      CONCLUSIONS: The men had more fatty liver disease, carotid plaque and higher CIMT
      values than the women. Fatty liver disease was a useful predictor of
      atherosclerosis, especially for the female study patients.

PMID- 26972664
TI  - Mitochondrial Dynamics Is Linked to Longevity and Protects from End-Organ Injury:
      The Emerging Role of Sirtuin 3.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Mitochondrial integrity is instrumental in protecting against
      damage associated with aging and a variety of chronic disease conditions.
      Mitochondrial silent information regulator 3 (Sirt3) plays pivotal roles in
      maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating different aspects of the
      organelle processes. RECENT ADVANCES: Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles
      that constantly fuse and divide to maintain normal cell function, and
      perturbation in mitochondrial dynamics is responsible for mitochondrial
      dysfunction. Improved knowledge of mitochondrial physiology has disclosed the
      pleiotropic role of Sirt3 in mitochondria and shows how alterations in protein
      expression and/or activity may have an important impact on aging-associated organ
      dysfunction. CRITICAL ISSUES: This review describes updated experimental evidence
      on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction during aging and renal diseases and
      highlights the emerging role of Sirt3 as a crucial regulator of mitochondrial
      dynamics. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Strategies that activate Sirt3 may offer attractive
      therapies to achieve healthy longevity and preserve functional integrity of
      multiple organs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 185-199.

PMID- 26972663
TI  - Fungal quorum sensing molecules: Role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity.
AB  - When microorganisms live together in high numbers, they need to communicate with
      each other. To achieve cell-cell communication, microorganisms secrete molecules
      called quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) that control their biological activities
      and behaviors. Fungi secrete QSMs such as farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol, and
      tryptophol. The role of QSMs in fungi has been widely studied in both yeasts and
      filamentous fungi, for example in Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, Aspergillus
      niger, A. nidulans, and Fusarium graminearum. QSMs impact fungal morphogenesis
      (yeast-to-hypha formation) and also play a role in the germination of
      macroconidia. QSMs cause fungal cells to initiate programmed cell death, or
      apoptosis, and play a role in fungal pathogenicity. Several types of QSMs are
      produced during stages of biofilm development to control cell population or
      morphology in biofilm communities. This review article emphasizes the role of
      fungal QSMs, especially in fungal morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and
      pathogenicity. Information about QSMs may lead to improved measures for
      controlling fungal infection. 

PMID- 26972665
TI  - Volume profile of alpha-chymotrypsin during adsorption and enzymatic reaction on
      a poly(acrylic acid) brush.
AB  - Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes are known to provide a native-like environment
      for proteins. In this study, we explore this biocompatibility under high pressure
      conditions. Using alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT) as a model enzyme, we report on
      the pressure dependencies of the enzymatic activity and the neutron scattering
      length density profile, when this enzyme is adsorbed on a PAA brush. From high
      pressure total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy, an increasing
      enzymatic activity has been observed up to 1000 bar, but a rather pressure
      independent enzymatic activity at higher pressures up to 2000 bar. This finding
      suggests a non-constant activation volume of alpha-CT on the PAA brush that is
      negative below 1000 bar. Thus, the compact nature of the transition state of
      alpha-CT is largely preserved upon adsorption. We have also performed high
      pressure neutron reflectivity experiments to determine the spatial distribution
      of alpha-CT inside the PAA brush. Apparently, the enzyme is strongly binding to
      the PAA chains with 2.3 mg m(-2) of adsorbed enzyme that is reduced to about 1.7
      mg m(-2) at 1000-2000 bar. This change of adsorbed mass is consistent with a
      positive volume change of adsorption, which is probably reflecting
      electrostriction upon protein-PAA interaction. Thus, the performed high pressure
      experiments provide new insights into the volume profile of alpha-CT during
      adsorption and enzymatic activity on the PAA brush. They also demonstrate that
      the biocompatible properties of a PAA brush can even be enhanced by pressure. 

PMID- 26972666
TI  - Towards deciphering proteomes via the proteoform, protein speciation,
      moonlighting and protein code concepts.

PMID- 26972667
TI  - Emodin isolated from Polygoni Multiflori Ramulus inhibits melanogenesis through
      the liver X receptor-mediated pathway.
AB  - Melanogenesis is a physiological process that results in the synthesis of melanin
      pigments, which play a crucial protective role against skin photocarcinogenesis.
      We investigated the effects of a Polygoni Multiflori Ramulus extract on
      melanogenesis and isolated emodin from Polygoni Multiflori as an active compound.
      In addition, the possible mechanisms of action were examined. We found that
      emodin inhibited both melanin content and tyrosinase activity concentration and
      time dependently. Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 mRNA
      levels decreased following emodin treatment. However, while the mRNA levels of
      microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were not affected by
      emodin, emodin reduced MITF protein levels. Furthermore, expression of the liver
      X-receptor (LXR) alpha gene, but not the LXR beta gene was upregulated by emodin.
      Moreover, emodin regulated melanogenesis by promoting degradation of the MITF
      protein by upregulating the LXR alpha gene. The emodin effects on MITF was found
      to be mediated by phosphorylation of p42/44 MAPK. Taken together, these findings
      indicate that the inhibition of melanogenesis by emodin occurs through reduced
      MITF protein expression, which is mediated by upregulation of the LXR alpha gene
      and suggest that emodin may be useful as a hyperpigmentation inhibitor. 

PMID- 26972668
TI  - An easy method for the determination of active concentrations of cholinesterase
      reactivators in blood samples: Application to the efficacy assessment of non
      quaternary reactivators compared to HI-6 and pralidoxime in VX-poisoned mice.
AB  - Organophosphorus nerve agents, like VX, are highly toxic due to their strong
      inhibition potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE inhibited by VX can
      be reactivated using powerful nucleophilic molecules, most commonly oximes, which
      are one major component of the emergency treatment in case of nerve agent
      intoxication. We present here a comparative in vivo study on Swiss mice of four
      reactivators: HI-6, pralidoxime and two uncharged derivatives of 3-hydroxy-2
      pyridinaldoxime that should more easily cross the blood-brain barrier and display
      a significant central nervous system activity. The reactivability kinetic profile
      of the oximes is established following intraperitoneal injection in healthy mice,
      using an original and fast enzymatic method based on the reactivation potential
      of oxime-containing plasma samples. HI-6 displays the highest reactivation
      potential whatever the conditions, followed by pralidoxime and the two non
      quaternary reactivators at the dose of 50 mg/kg bw. But these three last
      reactivators display equivalent reactivation potential at the same dose of 100
      MUmol/kg bw. Maximal reactivation potential closely correlates to surviving test
      results of VX intoxicated mice.

PMID- 26972671
TI  - Arylazopyrazoles as Light-Responsive Molecular Switches in Cyclodextrin-Based
      Supramolecular Systems.
AB  - A simple and high yield synthesis of water-soluble arylazopyrazoles (AAPs)
      featuring superior photophysical properties is reported. The introduction of a
      carboxylic acid allows the diverse functionalization of AAPs. Based on structural
      modifications of the switching unit the photophysical properties of the AAPs
      could be tuned to obtain molecular switches with favorable photostationary
      states. Furthermore, AAPs form stable and light-responsive host-guest complexes
      with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). Our most efficient AAP shows binding affinities
      comparable to azobenzenes, but more effective switching and higher thermal
      stability of the Z-isomer. As a proof-of-principle, we investigated two CD-based
      supramolecular systems, containing either cyclodextrin vesicles (CDVs) or
      cyclodextrin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (CDAuNPs), which revealed
      excellent reversible, light-responsive aggregation and dispersion behavior. To
      conclude, AAPs have great potential to be incorporated as molecular switches in
      highly demanding and multivalent photoresponsive systems. 

PMID- 26972672
TI  - Thoracic paraspinal lesion.

PMID- 26972669
TI  - Chrysin, a PPAR-gamma agonist improves myocardial injury in diabetic rats through
      inhibiting AGE-RAGE mediated oxidative stress and inflammation.
AB  - AGE-RAGE interaction mediated oxidative stress and inflammation is the key
      mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetes.
      Inhibition of AGE-RAGE axis by several PPAR-gamma agonists has shown positive
      results in ameliorating cardio-metabolic disease conditions. Chrysin, a natural
      flavonoid has shown to possess PPAR-gamma agonist activity along with antioxidant
      and anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, the present study was designed to
      evaluate the effect of chrysin in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in
      diabetic rats. In male albino Wistar rats, diabetes was induced by single
      injection of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg, i.p.). After confirmation of the diabetes,
      rats were treated with vehicle (1.5 mL/kg, p.o.), chrysin (60 mg/kg, p.o.) or
      PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 28 days. Simultaneously, on 27th
      and 28th day myocardial injury was induced by isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c.).
      Chrysin significantly ameliorated cardiac dysfunction as reflected by improved
      MAP, +/-LVdP/dtmax and LVEDP in diabetic rats. This improvement was associated
      with increased PPAR-gamma expression and reduced RAGE expression in diabetic
      rats. Chrysin significantly decreased inflammation through inhibiting NF
      kappaBp65/IKK-beta expression and TNF-alpha level. Additionally, chrysin
      significantly reduced apoptosis as indicated by augmented Bcl-2 expression and
      decreased Bax and caspase-3 expressions. Furthermore, chrysin inhibited nitro
      oxidative stress by normalizing the alteration in 8-OHdG, GSH, TBARS, NO and CAT
      levels and Nox4, MnSOD, eNOS and NT expressions. Co-administration of GW9662
      significantly blunted the chrysin mediated cardioprotective effect as there was
      increase in oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis markers. Chrysin
      significantly ameliorated isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in diabetic
      rats via PPAR-gamma activation and inhibition of AGE-RAGE mediated oxidative
      stress and inflammation.

PMID- 26972670
TI  - Understanding Celiac Disease by Genomics.
AB  - Celiac disease (CeD) is a complex immune-mediated disease. Genetic studies have
      implicated 43 predisposing loci that collectively explain some 50% of the genetic
      variance in CeD. More than ~90% of CeD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs) localize to the non-coding genome, which we need to better understand to
      translate genetic knowledge into clinical practice. New genomic technologies and
      resources are permitting a systematic analysis of the functional elements in the
      non-coding part of the genome. Here we explain how investigating the regulatory
      and epigenomic landscape will help to pinpoint the cell types involved in CeD,
      and the driver genes and gene regulatory networks that are affected by CeD
      associated SNPs.

PMID- 26972673
TI  - Midline interhemispheric lesion.

PMID- 26972676
TI  - Sociometric status and the attribution of intentions in a sample of adolescents
      with cerebral palsy.
AB  - Purpose To examine how cerebral palsy (CP) and sociometric status at age 10
      explain the development of a cognitive bias across two groups of adolescents aged
      15. Method Children with CP (N = 60) and without CP (N = 57) are part of a follow
      up study. Three categories of sociometric status (popular, average, rejected)
      were obtained by conducting a class-wide interview in the class of the target
      children at age 10. At 15 years old, the same children (CP and non-CP) were asked
      to complete the Home Interview With Child questionnaire measuring a cognitive
      bias (hostile attribution of intentions (AI)). Results Children with CP,
      especially girls, were significantly more rejected and less popular than controls
      at age 10. At age 15, among all participants, sociometric rejected and popular
      children tended to have a higher percentage of hostile AI than sociometric
      average children. Conclusions There were no significant results for the combined
      effect of CP and sociometric status on the development of hostile AI at age 15.
      However, knowing the risk incurred by children with CP of being socially
      rejected, attention should be paid in the rehabilitation process to opportunities
      for social participation to facilitate the development of social competence.
      Implications for Rehabilitation Level I or II cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition
      that affects not only motor abilities but also social competence in children.
      Sociometric status in a group tends to affect the development of the ability to
      interprete intentions of others during adolescence. Sociometric measures in the
      class of children with CP could be a useful tool in the rehabilitation process in
      order to better define social participation opportunities. To improve social
      participation attempts, rehabilitation interventions should target social
      initiating skills, flexibility in interpreting peers' behaviours, and ability to
      react effectively to negative peer treatment.

PMID- 26972678
TI  - Picosecond Lifetimes with High Quantum Yields from Single-Photon-Emitting
      Colloidal Nanostructures at Room Temperature.
AB  - Minimizing the luminescence lifetime while maintaining a high emission quantum
      yield is paramount in optimizing the excitation cross-section, radiative decay
      rate, and brightness of quantum solid-state light sources, particularly at room
      temperature, where nonradiative processes can dominate. We demonstrate here that
      DNA-templated 60 and 80 nm diameter gold nanoparticle dimers, featuring one
      fluorescent molecule, provide single-photon emission with lifetimes that can fall
      below 10 ps and typical quantum yields in a 45-70% range. Since these colloidal
      nanostructures are obtained as a purified aqueous suspension, fluorescence
      spectroscopy can be performed on both fixed and freely diffusing nanostructures
      to quantitatively estimate the distributions of decay rate and fluorescence
      intensity enhancements. These data are in excellent agreement with theoretical
      calculations and demonstrate that millions of bright fluorescent nanostructures,
      with radiative lifetimes below 100 ps, can be produced in parallel.

PMID- 26972679
TI  - Synaptic plasticity in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices following
      intraventricular application of albumin.
AB  - Epileptogenesis following insults to the brain may be triggered by a
      dysfunctional blood-brain barrier (BBB) associated with albumin extravasation and
      activation of astrocytes. Using ex vivo recordings from the BBB-disrupted
      hippocampus after neocortical photothrombotic stroke, we previously demonstrated
      abnormal activity-dependent accumulation of extracellular potassium with
      facilitated generation of seizure like events and spreading depolarizations.
      Similar changes could be observed after intracerebroventricular (icv) application
      of albumin. We hypothesized that alterations in extracellular potassium and
      glutamate homeostasis might lead to alterations in synaptic interactions. We
      therefore assessed the effects of icv albumin on homo- and heterosynaptic
      plasticity in hippocampal CA1, 24h after a single injection or 7days after
      continuous infusion of icv albumin. We demonstrate alterations in both homo- and
      heterosynaptic plasticity compared to control conditions in ex vivo slice
      studies. Albumin-treated tissue reveals (1) reduced long-term depression
      following low-frequency stimulation; (2) increased long-term potentiation of
      population spikes in response to 20Hz stimulation; (3) potentiated responses to
      Schaffer collateral stimulation following high-frequency stimulation of the
      direct cortical input and low-frequency stimulation of alveus and finally, (4)
      TGFbeta receptor II (TGFbetaR-II) involvement in albumin-induced homosynaptic
      plasticity changes. We conclude that albumin-induced network hyperexcitability is
      associated with abnormal homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity that could partly be
      reversed by interference with TGFbetaR-II-mediated signaling and therefore it
      might be an important factor in the process of epileptogenesis.

PMID- 26972680
TI  - World Kidney Day 2016: Averting the legacy of kidney disease. Focus on childhood.

PMID- 26972682
TI  - Application of mathematical models for bacterial inactivation curves using
      Hypericin-based photosensitization.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate which of the three mathematical
      models (Weibull, Geeraerd and Logistic) makes the best approximation for
      Hypericin-based photosensitization bacterial inactivation. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      The inactivation of common food-borne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and
      Bacillus cereus has been analysed. Three models, Weibull, Logistic and Geeraerd,
      have been used for different treatment conditions (10(-7 ) mol l(-1) and 10(-8) 
      mol l(-1) Hypericin concentrations and 2 and 60 min incubation time). The
      Logistic method showed better correspondence (estimated R(2)  >= 0.98, RMSE <=
      0.41), than the Weibull (estimated R(2)  >= 0.91, RMSE <= 0.90) and the Geeraerd
      model (R(2)  >= 0.83, RMSE <= 1.27). After evaluation of best fitting model for
      the dependence of bacterial population reduction on irradiation time, the
      parameters describing treatment efficiency have been calculated. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results indicate that the Logistic model described in the best way the
      inactivation of B. cereus and L. monocytogenes by Hypericin-based
      photosensitization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study identified a
      best model for describing bacterial inactivation by hypericin-based
      photosensitization, which provides a way to evaluate the efficacy of different
      treatment conditions for this novel decontamination technique.

PMID- 26972681
TI  - Cognitive Impairment and Progression of CKD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is common among patients with chronic kidney
      disease (CKD); however, its prognostic significance is unclear. We assessed the
      independent association between cognitive impairment and CKD progression in
      adults with mild to moderate CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING &
      PARTICIPANTS: Adults with CKD participating in the CRIC (Chronic Renal
      Insufficiency Cohort) Study. Mean age of the sample was 57.7+/-11.0 years and
      mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 45.0+/-16.9mL/min/1.73m(2).
      PREDICTOR: Cognitive function was assessed with the Modified Mini-Mental State
      Examination at study entry. A subset of participants 55 years and older underwent
      5 additional cognitive tests assessing different domains. Cognitive impairment
      was defined as a score > 1 SD below the mean score on each test. Covariates
      included demographics, kidney function, comorbid conditions, and medications.
      OUTCOMES: Incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and incident ESRD or 50%
      decline in baseline eGFR. RESULTS: In 3,883 CRIC participants, 524 (13.5%) had
      cognitive impairment at baseline. During a median 6.1 years of follow-up, 813
      developed ESRD and 1,062 developed ESRD or a >=50% reduction in eGFR. There was
      no significant association between cognitive impairment and risk for ESRD (HR,
      1.07; 95% CI, 0.87-1.30) or the composite of ESRD or 50% reduction in eGFR (HR,
      1.06; 95% CI, 0.89-1.27). Similarly, there was no association between cognitive
      impairment and the joint outcome of death, ESRD, or 50% reduction in eGFR (HR,
      1.06; 95% CI, 0.91-1.23). Among CRIC participants who underwent additional
      cognitive testing, we found no consistent association between impairment in
      specific cognitive domains and risk for CKD progression in adjusted analyses.
      LIMITATIONS: Unmeasured potential confounders, single measure of cognition for
      younger participants. CONCLUSIONS: Among adults with CKD, cognitive impairment is
      not associated with excess risk for CKD progression after accounting for
      traditional risk factors.

PMID- 26972684
TI  - P2Y4 Nucleotide Receptor in Neuronal Precursors Induces Glutamatergic Subtype
      Markers in Their Descendant Neurons.
AB  - Neural stem cells (NSCs) produce all neuronal subtypes involved in the nervous
      system. The mechanism regulating their subtype selection is not fully understood.
      We found that the expression of the nucleotide receptor P2Y4 was transiently
      augmented in the course of neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
      (ESCs), which was after loss of pluripotency but prior to terminal
      differentiation of neurons. The activation of P2Y4 in the differentiating ESCs
      resulted in an increased proportion of neurons expressing vesicular glutamate
      transporter (vGluT), a marker of glutamatergic subtype. A subpopulation of type 2
      NSCs of the adult mouse hippocampus expressed P2Y4. Its activation induced the
      expression of glutamatergic subtype markers, vGluT and TBR1, in their descendant
      neurons. Reciprocally, inhibition of the P2Y4 signaling abolished the effects of
      nucleotides on those expressions. Our results provide evidence that
      differentiating NSCs pass through a stage in which nucleotides can affect subtype
      marker expression of their descendant neurons.

PMID- 26972685
TI  - Four of the six Drosophila rhodopsin-expressing photoreceptors can mediate
      circadian entrainment in low light.
AB  - Light is the major stimulus for the synchronization of circadian clocks with day
      night cycles. The light-driven entrainment of the clock that controls rest
      activity rhythms in Drosophila relies on different photoreceptive molecules.
      Cryptochrome (CRY) is expressed in most brain clock neurons, whereas six
      different rhodopsins (RH) are present in the light-sensing organs. The compound
      eye includes outer photoreceptors that express RH1 and inner photoreceptors that
      each express one of the four rhodopsins RH3-RH6. RH6 is also expressed in the
      extraretinal Hofbauer-Buchner eyelet, whereas RH2 is only found in the ocelli. In
      low light, the synchronization of behavioral rhythms relies on either CRY or the
      canonical rhodopsin phototransduction pathway, which requires the phospholipase C
      beta encoded by norpA (no receptor potential A). We used norpA(P24) cry(02)
      double mutants that are circadianly blind in low light and restored NORPA
      function in each of the six types of photoreceptors, defined as expressing a
      particular rhodopsin. We first show that the NORPA pathway is less efficient than
      CRY for synchronizing rest-activity rhythms with delayed light-dark cycles but is
      important for proper phasing, whereas the two light-sensing pathways can mediate
      efficient adjustments to phase advances. Four of the six rhodopsin-expressing
      photoreceptors can mediate circadian entrainment, and all are more efficient for
      advancing than for delaying the behavioral clock. In contrast, neither RH5
      expressing retinal photoreceptors nor RH2-expressing ocellar photoreceptors are
      sufficient to mediate synchronization through the NORPA pathway. Our results thus
      reveal different contributions of rhodopsin-expressing photoreceptors and suggest
      the existence of several circuits for rhodopsin-dependent circadian entrainment.
      J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2828-2844, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972683
TI  - Inhibition of IKK/NF-kappaB Signaling Enhances Differentiation of Mesenchymal
      Stromal Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.
AB  - Embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs; also known as
      mesenchymal stem cells) represent a promising source for bone regenerative
      medicine. Despite remarkable advances in stem cell biology, the molecular
      mechanism regulating differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into
      MSCs remains poorly understood. Here, we report that inhibition of IkappaB kinase
      (IKK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling enhances differentiation of
      hESCs into MSCs by expediting the loss of pluripotent markers and increasing the
      expression of MSC surface markers. In addition, a significantly higher quantity
      of MSCs was produced from hESCs with IKK/NF-kappaB suppression. These isolated
      MSCs displayed evident multipotency with capacity to terminally differentiate
      into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in vitro and to form bone in vivo.
      Collectively, our data provide important insights into the role of NF-kappaB in
      mesenchymal lineage specification during hESC differentiation, suggesting that
      IKK inhibitors could be utilized as an adjuvant in generating MSCs for cell
      mediated therapies.

PMID- 26972686
TI  - Laboratory life cycle of Ornithodoros brasiliensis (Acari: Argasidae): An endemic
      tick from southern Brazil.
AB  - ORNITHODOROS BRASILIENSIS: Aragao is an endemic tick restricted to the highlands
      of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This species is very aggressive toward
      humans, causing fever, great pain and intense inflammatory response at the bite
      site. It is also very aggressive toward dogs, and tick toxicosis syndrome has
      been reported in this host. In order to elucidate the biology of this tick, the
      present study describes its life cycle under laboratory conditions, using guinea
      pigs as hosts for two generations. In the nonparasitic phase, the ticks were
      maintained in sand, in an incubator under controlled conditions. The larvae
      molted to the nymphal stage without feeding, and five nymphal stages (N1, N2, N3,
      N4 and N5) were observed in both generations. In both generations emergence of
      adults started from N3 when sex ratio was 0.85:1 (23 males and 27 females) in F1
      and 0.63:1 (34 males and 54 females) in F2. For both generations, N4 generated
      more females, while N5 only produced females. The pre-ecdysis period of the
      nymphs ranged from 31.1 to 38.6 days. Two gonotrophic cycles were observed, and
      the first one presented a higher average number of eggs deposited (N=139) than
      the second (N=73.8). The mean duration of the life cycle (egg to egg) of O.
      brasiliensis was 215.4 days for the first generation and 195 days for the second.

PMID- 26972688
TI  - Effect of saline inhalation on vocal fold epithelial morphology evaluated by
      optical coherence tomography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Examination of tissue structures by optical coherence
      tomography (OCT) has been shown to be useful on mucous membranes of the vocal
      folds, but so far its application to the human larynx has been limited because it
      is technically cumbersome and usually needs to be performed with sedation. Here a
      newly developed, noninvasive combined laryngoscopy and OCT procedure is described
      and its suitability for ambulatory OCT studies evaluated. Because inhalation
      therapies utilizing saline solutions are commonly used as a treatment option for
      disorders of the airways, and vocal fold epithelium is most likely to be affected
      due to its superficial positioning, epithelial thickness was chosen as a relevant
      test parameter and evaluated before and after saline inhalation. METHODS: Seven
      vocally healthy participants performed a 10-minute inhalation of saline solution
      and underwent a combined laryngoscopy and OCT before and after the inhalation
      therapy. Endoscopy was performed using a newly developed combined laryngoscopy
      and OCT device. The OCT images were used to estimate the epithelial thickness of
      the vocal folds. RESULTS: Epithelial thickness measured in all participants
      before treatment was comparable in size reported in previous studies. Statistical
      differences before and after inhalation were not detected. CONCLUSION: The newly
      developed combined laryngoscopy and OCT procedure enables rapid investigation of
      the vocal fold epithelium. Inhalation of saline solution did not appear to affect
      the thickness of the epithelium of the vocal folds in vocally healthy subjects,
      as evaluated by OCT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A. Laryngoscope, 126:E332-E336, 2016.

PMID- 26972687
TI  - The biology of Theileria parva and control of East Coast fever - Current status
      and future trends.
AB  - Tremendous progress has been made over the last ten years on East Coast fever
      (ECF) research. Publication of a reference genome sequence of Theileria parva,
      the causative agent of ECF, has led to a more thorough characterization of the
      genotypic and antigenic diversity of the pathogen. It also facilitated
      identification of antigens that are targets of bovine major histocompatibility
      complex class I restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), induced by a live
      parasite-based infection and treatment method (ITM) vaccine. This has led to
      improved knowledge of epitope-specific T-cell responses to ITM that most likely
      contribute to the phenomenon of strain-specific immunity. The Muguga cocktail ITM
      vaccine, which provides broad-spectrum immunity to ECF is now a registered
      product in three countries in eastern Africa. Effort is directed at improving and
      scaling up the production process to make this vaccine more widely available on a
      commercial basis in the region. Meanwhile, research to develop a subunit vaccine
      based on parasite neutralizing antibodies and CTLs has been revived through
      convening of a research consortium to develop proof-of-concept for a next
      generation vaccine. Many new scientific and technical advances are facilitating
      this objective. Hence, the next decade promises even more progress toward an
      improved control of ECF.

PMID- 26972689
TI  - Effectiveness and safety of omalizumab in chronic spontaneous or inducible
      urticaria: evaluation of 154 patients.

PMID- 26972690
TI  - Differences in self-monitored, blood glucose test strip utilization by therapy
      for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - AIMS: To determine whether blood glucose test strip (BGTS) utilization in
      patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with the type of diabetes
      therapy, classified according to hypoglycemic risk. METHODS: A retrospective,
      longitudinal (2006-2012) study of Canadian private drug plans (PDP) and Ontario
      Public Drug Programs (OPDP) prescription claims was conducted. Analyses were
      restricted to patients with T2D with or without a claim for BGTS. Daily BGTS
      utilization (TS/patient/day) was evaluated by diabetes therapy classified by
      hypoglycemic risk. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify determinants
      of BGTS utilization. RESULTS: The T2D cohort comprised 5,759,591 observations
      from 1,949,129 claimants. Mean BGTS utilization was 0.84 TS/patient/day and
      differed between PDP and OPDP (0.66 vs. 1.00). Daily utilization was greatest in
      patients receiving therapy associated with a pre-defined high risk of
      hypoglycemia [insulin: basal + bolus (2.16), premixed (1.65), basal (1.16), other
      insulin regimens (2.13), and sulfonylureas (0.74)] versus non-sulfonylurea non
      insulin-based regimens (0.52). For non-insulin therapy, BGTS utilization was
      greater for patients on multiple non-insulin therapies versus monotherapy (0.74
      vs. 0.53 TS/patient/day). In multivariate analyses, drivers for BGTS utilization
      included insulin use, previous BGTS use, and female gender. Previous diabetes
      therapy and duration of therapy were negatively correlated with BGTS utilization.
      CONCLUSIONS: BGTS utilization varies depending on the type of therapy used to
      treat T2D according to hypoglycemic risk. Decision making regarding BGTS needs to
      account for robust analyses of current utilization and its value in those
      settings, including in patients not receiving diabetes therapy and the prevalence
      of circumstances conducive to more intensive monitoring.

PMID- 26972691
TI  - Carboxylated nanodiamonds inhibit gamma-irradiation damage of human red blood
      cells.
AB  - Nanodiamonds when carboxylated (cNDs) act as reducing agents and hence could
      limit oxidative damage in biological systems. Gamma (gamma)-irradiation of whole
      blood or its components is required in immunocompetent patients to prevent
      transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD). However, gamma
      irradiation of blood also deoxygenates red blood cells (RBCs) and induces
      oxidative damage, including abnormalities in cellular membranes and hemolysis.
      Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy, we examined the
      effect of cNDs on gamma-irradiation mediated deoxygenation and morphological
      damage of RBCs. gamma-Radiation induced several morphological phenotypes,
      including stomatocytes, codocytes and echinocytes. While stomatocytes and
      codocytes are reversibly damaged RBCs, echinocytes are irreversibly damaged. AFM
      images show significantly fewer echinocytes among cND-treated gamma-irradiated
      RBCs. The Raman spectra of gamma-irradiated RBCs had more oxygenated hemoglobin
      patterns when cND-treated, resembling those of normal, non-irradiated RBCs,
      compared to the non-cND-treated RBCs. cND inhibited hemoglobin deoxygenation and
      morphological damage, possibly by neutralizing the free radicals generated during
      gamma-irradiation. Thus cNDs have the therapeutic potential to preserve the
      quality of stored blood following gamma-irradiation. 

PMID- 26972692
TI  - Detection of a G>C single nucleotide polymorphism within a repetitive DNA
      sequence by high-resolution DNA melting.
AB  - In standard forensic DNA analysis, single base mutations within short tandem
      repeats (STR) mostly escape detection. In this study, high-resolution DNA melting
      (HRM) is compared to minisequencing and Sanger sequencing as to determine the
      most suitable method for detection of a G to C mutation within a repetitive DNA
      sequence, the STR system DXS10161. It shows an ATG/ATC polymorphism surrounded by
      a variable number of (TATC) and (ATCT) motifs. Neutral base changes like G:C to
      C:G result in very low differences in the melting temperature (T m) of the PCR
      amplicons. By enhanced resolution of fluorescence vs. temperature in HRM, the
      technique showed to be suitable for detecting a G to C transversion in this
      repetitive DNA sequence context. Compared to minisequencing, HRM is more time-
      and cost-effective. Results were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. 

PMID- 26972693
TI  - Decreased mRNA levels of cardiac Cx43 and ZO1 in sudden cardiac death related to
      coronary atherosclerosis: a pilot study.
AB  - Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most frequent cause of sudden unexplained death
      in forensic practice. The most common cause of SCD is coronary artery disease
      related to coronary atherosclerosis. Previous study suggested the possible
      application of connexin 43 (Cx43) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO1) immunostaining in
      the early diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. However, there appears to be
      insufficient data with regard to their mRNA levels. The present study
      investigated the cardiac mRNA levels of Cx43 and ZO1, using forensic autopsy
      materials consisting of 41 control cases without any disease or structural
      abnormality of the heart (group 1), 32 deaths due to acute ischemic heart disease
      related to coronary atherosclerosis without apparent myocardial necrosis (group
      2), and 29 traumatic deaths with coronary atherosclerosis (group 3). Ten
      candidate reference genes were evaluated in the left ventricles of 10 forensic
      autopsy cases. EEF1A1, PPIA, TPT1, and RPL13A were identified as the most stable
      reference genes. Using these validated reference genes, mRNA levels of Cx43 and
      ZO1 were examined in the bilateral ventricles and atria of the heart. Relative
      mRNA quantification demonstrated decreased calibrated normalized relative
      quantity (CNRQ) values of Cx43 and ZO1 in bilateral ventricles of group 2. When
      using one conventional reference gene (GAPDH or ACTB) for normalization, nearly
      no difference was detected among the three groups. These findings indicate that
      ventricular gap junction remodeling may be a key contributor to rhythm
      disturbances. Analysis of cardiac Cx43 and ZO1 using real-time PCR is useful in
      diagnosis of SCD, and validation of reference genes is crucial. 

PMID- 26972695
TI  - Exploring the non-linear association between BMI and mortality in adults with and
      without diabetes: the US National Health Interview Survey.
AB  - AIMS: To assess the non-linear relationship between BMI and mortality and to
      determine the BMI values with the lowest mortality risk in adults with and
      without diabetes. METHODS: This observational study assessed the relationship
      between BMI and mortality with flexible parametric survival models using data
      from the US National Health Interview Survey. Participants included 25 458 adults
      with diabetes and 315 939 adults without diabetes, aged 18-84 years at baseline
      surveys, conducted from 1997 to 2009. Mortality status data were obtained from
      the linked mortality data up to 2011. RESULTS: We observed a U-shaped
      relationship between BMI and mortality in both adults with and without diabetes.
      With the BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 group as reference, hazard ratios (95% CI) of
      mortality for those with BMI < 18.5, 18.5-24.9, 30-34.9, 35-39.9 and >= 40 kg/m2
      were 2.67 (2.12, 3.35), 1.26 (1.18, 1.35), 1.04 (0.98, 1.12), 1.12 (1.02, 1.22)
      and 1.37 (1.24, 1.51), respectively, for adults with diabetes, adjusting for age,
      sex, race and survey year. The corresponding hazard ratios for adults without
      diabetes were 2.97 (2.78, 3.17), 1.27 (1.23, 1.30), 1.07 (1.03, 1.12), 1.36
      (1.27, 1.45), and 1.77 (1.62, 1.92), respectively. The BMI values associated with
      the lowest mortality were 29.1 kg/m2 for adults with diabetes and 26.7 kg/m2 for
      those without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the presence of diabetes,
      there is a U-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality. The BMI values
      associated with the lowest mortality were above the current 'normal' range for
      adults with and without diabetes.

PMID- 26972694
TI  - Third molar maturity index (I3M) for assessing age of majority in a black African
      population in Botswana.
AB  - Assessment of legal age, also known as age of majority, is a controversial issue
      as there are few body biomarkers or evidence during late adolescence
      differentiating a subject from being a minor or adult. The third molar was
      recognized as a suitable site for age examination in late adolescence. We
      analyzed the development of the left mandibular third molar by the third molar
      maturity index (I3M) and a specific cut-off value of I3M = 0.08, established by
      Cameriere et al. in 2008 and used it for discriminating between minors and adult
      black Africans from Gaborone, Botswana. A final sample of panoramic radiographs
      (OPTs) of 1294 people (582 males and 712 females) aged between 13 and 23 years
      was evaluated. The real age decreased as I3M gradually increased. There was no
      statistically significant difference in the third molar development evaluated
      using I3M between males and females (p > 0.05) across different I3M classes.
      Results of 2 * 2 contingency tables for different cut-off values indicated that
      I3M = 0.08 was useful in discriminating between adults and minors. Precisely, for
      I3M = 0.08, the values of accuracy or overall fraction of correctly classified
      were 0.91 in males with a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) of 0.88 to 0.93 and
      0.92 (95 % CI, 0.90 to 0.93) in females. Values of sensitivity of the test or the
      proportion of participants being 18 years and older were 0.88 (95 % CI, 0.87 to
      0.90) in males and 0.88 (95 % CI, 0.90 to 0.93) in females, while values of
      specificity or proportion of individuals younger than 18 who have I3M <0.08 were
      0.94 (95 % CI, 0.91 to 0.96) in males and 0.96 (95 % CI, 0.94 to 0.98) in
      females. Positive predictive values of the test, where the participants whose I3M
      <0.08 were adults, were 0.94 (95 % CI 0.91 to 0.96) in males and 0.97 (95 % CI,
      0.94 to 0.98) in females, while negative predictive values of the test, where the
      participants whose I3M was >=0.08 were minors, were 0.88 (95 % CI 0.85 to 0.90)
      in males and 0.97 (95 % CI, 0.94 to 0.98) in females. The likelihood ratios of
      the positive test (LR+) were 13.67 (95 % CI, 9.21 to 21.02) in males and 23.73
      (95 % CI, 14.20 to 42.28) in females, while likelihood ratios of the negative
      test (LR-) were 0.12 (95 % CI 0.10 to 0.16) in males and 0.12 (95 % CI, 0.11 to
      0.15) in females. Bayes post-test probabilities, p, were 0.94 (95 % CI 0.90 to
      0.98) in males and 0.97 (95 %CI, 0.93 to 1.00) in females. These results indicate
      with high accuracy that I3M may be a useful alternative method in legal and
      forensic practice to discriminate individuals of black African origin who are
      around the legal adult age of 18 years in Botswana. Further studies should
      address the usefulness of this method and specific cut-off for different
      adolescent populations. 

PMID- 26972696
TI  - The association between legal Japanese visual impairment grades and vision
      related quality of life.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study examines the relationship between quality of life (QOL) and
      the legal Japanese grade of visual impairment as defined by the Physically
      Disabled Persons Welfare Act. METHODS: Participants of this cross-sectional study
      were 98 Japanese patients legally classified as visually impaired, from six
      ophthalmology departments. Vision-related QOL was evaluated using the 25-item
      National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). The short Japanese
      version of this questionnaire (VFQ-J11) score was calculated from the VFQ-25
      results for each participant. Health utility was measured using the EuroQoL Index
      (EQ-5D). Data were collected for age, gender, vision-disability level, the
      corrected visual acuity of each eye, and disease type. RESULTS: The mean age was
      66.8 years (SD = 17.8). Visual impairment grade was significantly associated with
      VFQ-J11 score and the composite score developed from the VFQ-25 (p < 0.001), but
      not with the health utility score obtained from the EQ-5D. CONCLUSIONS: In
      general, the Japanese legally designated grading system for visual impairment
      reflects the degree of vision-related QOL, but does not reflect general health
      utility as determined by the EQ-5D.

PMID- 26972697
TI  - Hypoxia-induced nitric oxide production and tumour perfusion is inhibited by
      pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20).
AB  - The hypoxic tumour microenvironment represents an aggressive, therapy-resistant
      compartment. As arginine is required for specific hypoxia-induced processes, we
      hypothesised that arginine-deprivation therapy may be useful in targeting hypoxic
      cancer cells. We explored the effects of the arginine-degrading agent ADI-PEG20
      on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation, the hypoxia-induced nitric oxide
      (NO) pathway and proliferation using HCT116 and UMUC3 cells and xenografts. The
      latter lack argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) making them auxotrophic for
      arginine. In HCT116 cells, ADI-PEG20 inhibited hypoxic-activation of HIF-1alpha
      and HIF-2alpha, leading to decreased inducible-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO
      production, and VEGF. Interestingly, combining hypoxia and ADI-PEG20
      synergistically inhibited ASS1. ADI-PEG20 inhibited mTORC1 and activated the
      unfolded protein response providing a mechanism for inhibition of HIF and ASS1.
      ADI-PEG20 inhibited tumour growth, impaired hypoxia-associated NO-production, and
      decreased vascular perfusion. Expression of HIF-1alpha/HIF-2alpha/iNOS and VEGF
      were reduced, despite an increased hypoxic tumour fraction. Similar effects were
      observed in UMUC3 xenografts. In summary, ADI-PEG20 inhibits HIF-activated
      processes in two tumour models with widely different arginine biology. Thus, ADI
      PEG20 may be useful in the clinic to target therapy-resistant hypoxic cells in
      ASS1-proficient tumours and ASS1-deficient tumours. 

PMID- 26972698
TI  - Potential health risks posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle
      tissues of fishes from the Athabasca and Slave Rivers, Canada.
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released to the environment from oil
      sands operations and from natural sources in Alberta, Canada. Concentrations of
      16 USEPA priority PAHs were measured in tissues of fishes collected from three
      locations on the Athabasca River in Alberta and two downstream locations on the
      Slave River in the Northwest Territories, Canada. A total of 425 individual fish
      were collected including 89 goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), 93 whitefish (Coregonus
      clupeaformis), 104 northern pike/jackfish (Esox lucius), 96 walleye (Sander
      vitreus) and 43 burbot/loche mariah/mariah (Lota lota). Fish were sampled during
      the summer and fall of 2011 and spring of 2012. Dorsal muscle of fishes from
      upstream reaches of the Athabasca River, close to oil sands extraction and
      upgrading activities, contained greater concentrations of individual PAHs than
      concentrations in muscle of fishes from further downstream in the Slave River.
      Concentrations of the sum of USEPA indicator PAHs (?PAHs) in fishes collected in
      the vicinity of Fort McKay, closest to oil sands activities, varied among seasons
      with average concentrations ranging from 11 (burbot, summer) to 1.2 * 102 ng/g,
      wm (burbot, spring) with a mean of 48 ng/g, wm. Concentrations of ?PAHs in fishes
      collected in the vicinity of Fort Resolution, the location most distant from oil
      sands activities, also varied among species and seasons, with average
      concentrations ranging from 4.3 (whitefish, summer) to 33 ng/g, wm (goldeye,
      summer) with a mean of 13 ng/g, wm. Significant differences in concentrations of
      ?PAHs in muscle were observed within goldeye, jackfish, walleye and whitefish
      among sites. Health risks posed by PAHs to humans were assessed probabilistically
      using a B[a]P equivalents approach (B[a]Peq). The average lifetime risk of
      additional cancers for humans who consumed fish was deemed to be within an
      'acceptable' range of risk (i.e., less than 10-6).

PMID- 26972700
TI  - Characterizing the Effects of Race/Ethnicity on Acetaminophen Pharmacokinetics
      Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acetaminophen (APAP, paracetamol) is currently the
      principal cause of acute liver failure in both the USA and the UK. However,
      relatively little is known about the influence of genes and race/ethnicity on the
      disposition of APAP and the extent to which genetic variation and ethnicity may
      predispose individuals to a higher risk of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The
      objective of this research was to develop subpopulation-specific physiologically
      based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for two genetically different groups (Western
      Europeans and East Asians) and then use the models to quantify the difference in
      absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of APAP between these
      groups. METHODS: A comprehensive set of human pharmacokinetic data mined from the
      literature was divided into two groups based on ethnicity as an indicator of the
      expected abundance of phenol-metabolizing alleles. Using these datasets and a
      Bayesian hierarchical framework, subpopulation-specific physiologically based
      pharmacokinetic models for APAP were developed and tested for the two groups.
      RESULTS: Model simulations were in good agreement with experimental data for both
      time-dependent parent and metabolite concentrations and summary pharmacokinetic
      parameters. In addition, simulations were conducted to characterize the
      difference between ADME in these groups with regard to urinary excretion and APAP
      area under the curve (AUC) in the liver. Although not dramatic at therapeutic
      dosing levels, these results demonstrated the divergence in the liver-specific
      APAP concentrations and AUC between the two groups and suggested that differences
      in glucuronidation capacity may play a role in this disparity. CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall, the models developed in this study, and others created using this type
      of hierarchical methodology, are expected to be useful in quantifying ADME in a
      subpopulation-specific manner and reducing prediction uncertainty compared to
      that from generalized PBPK modeling approaches.

PMID- 26972699
TI  - Post-concussive syndrome after mild head trauma: epidemiological features in
      Tunisia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minor head injury is one of the major diagnoses requiring management
      in emergency departments (ED) but its squeals are not well studied in our
      country. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of post-concussive syndrome and
      its impacts on life activities, up to 6 months of follow-up, among patients
      having a minor head injury and discharged from ED. METHODS: A prospective bi
      centric study including adults having a minor head trauma and consenting to be
      followed up to 6 months after discharge. The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms
      Questionnaire (RPQ) was used at baseline, after 15 days, at 1 month, at 3 months
      and at 6 months post-injury to assess concussive symptoms. We also used the
      Rivermead Head Injury Follow-up Questionnaire (RHFUQ) to describe impacts of
      minor head trauma on life activities. RESULTS: There were 130 consenting patients
      at baseline interview. Proportion of patients describing post-concussive symptoms
      at baseline was 71/130. At 6 months of follow-up, post-concussive syndrome was
      diagnosed among 21.4 % of participants. Sustaining symptoms at 6 months post
      injury were mainly anger and irritability (12.5 %). Correlations between high RPQ
      sum rates since 15 days' post-injury call and the sum total rates of RHFUQ were
      significant. The major significant impact of minor head trauma at 6 months of
      follow-up was among domestic activities. CONCLUSION: The two most important
      findings of this study were the huge proportion of patients having minor head
      injury and discharged from ED without any explanation of possible symptoms after
      head trauma and the unknown impacts on life activities.

PMID- 26972702
TI  - Biosynthesis of LL-Z1272beta: Discovery of a New Member of NRPS-like Enzymes for
      Aryl-Aldehyde Formation.
AB  - LL-Z1272beta (1) is a prenylated aryl-aldehyde produced by several fungi; it also
      serves as a key pathway intermediate for many fungal meroterpenoids. Despite its
      importance in the biosynthesis of natural products, the molecular basis for the
      biosynthesis of 1 has yet to be elucidated. Here we identified the biosynthetic
      gene cluster for 1 from Stachybotrys bisbyi PYH05-7, and elucidated the
      biosynthetic route to 1. The biosynthesis involves a polyketide synthase, a
      prenyltransferase, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like enzyme,
      which is responsible for the generation of the aldehyde functionality.
      Interestingly, the NRPS-like enzyme only accepts the farnesylated substrate to
      catalyze the carboxylate reduction; this represents a new example of a substrate
      for adenylation domains. 

PMID- 26972701
TI  - Higher TSH can be used as an additional risk factor in prediction of malignancy
      in euthyroid thyroid nodules evaluated by cytology based on Bethesda system.
AB  - Recently, it has been suggested that thyrotropin (TSH) concentration can be used
      as a marker for prediction of thyroid malignancy. In this study, we aimed to
      investigate the association between TSH levels and prediction of malignancy in
      euthyroid patients with different Bethesda categories. The data of 1433 euthyroid
      patients with 3206 thyroid nodules who underwent thyroidectomy were screened
      retrospectively. The preoperative cytology results, thyroid function tests,
      thyroid autoantibodies, and presence of histopathological Hashimoto's thyroiditis
      (HT) were recorded. Of the 1433 patients, 585 (40.8 %) had malignant and 848
      (59.2 %) had benign histopathology. Malignant group had smaller nodule size,
      elevated TSH levels, and higher rate of presence of HT compared to benign group
      (p < 0.001, all). Cytology results of 3206 nodules were as follows: 832
      nondiagnostic (ND), 1666 benign, 392 atypia of undetermined
      significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 68
      follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), 133 suspicious
      for malignancy (SM), and 115 malignant. Both SM and malignant cytology groups had
      higher TSH levels than other 4 Bethesda categories (p < 0.05, all). Benign
      cytology group had significantly lower TSH levels compared to other cytology
      groups (p < 0.05, all). Patients with malignant final histopathology in ND and
      AUS/FLUS cytology groups had significantly higher TSH levels compared to patients
      with benign final histopathology (p < 0.05, all). Moreover, TSH levels showed to
      increase from Bethesda categories II to VI. In addition to cytology, higher TSH
      levels can be used as a supplementary marker in prediction of malignancy in
      certain Bethesda categories. 

PMID- 26972704
TI  - Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis as primary manifestation of pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is a rare complication of cancer that often
      presents at an advanced stage after obvious metastasis of a primary cancer or
      locally advanced disease. We present an uncommon case of LMC secondary to
      pancreatic carcinoma presenting with headache, unilateral VII nerve palsy, and
      lower extremity weakness. Initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies were
      concerning for chronic aseptic meningitis but negative for malignant cells; the
      diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis was erroneously evoked. Three lumbar
      punctures were required to capture malignant cells. The diagnosis of LMC was
      based on CSF examination with cytology/immunohistochemistry and leptomeningeal
      enhancement on MRI. Post mortem autopsy revealed advanced and diffusely
      metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This patient demonstrates that solid tumors
      can present with leptomeningeal spread that often confuses the treating
      physician. Fungal or tuberculous meningitis can mimic LMC in the absence of
      neoplastic signs and negative CSF cytology. This event is exceedingly rare in
      pancreatic cancer. If the index of suspicion is high, repeat CSF sampling can
      increase the sensitivity of detection of malignant cells and thus result in the
      correct diagnosis. 

PMID- 26972705
TI  - Intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension and no hydrocephalus may
      not increase mortality or severe disability.
AB  - This paper aimed to test the hypothesis that intraventricular extension of
      spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the absence of hydrocephalus is not
      associated with increased mortality or severe disability. We performed a
      retrospective consecutive cohort study of patients with primary spontaneous ICH
      who were admitted to a single institution. Multivariate logistic regression
      analysis was used to assess the association of each variable with functional
      outcome as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). A total of 164 patients
      met our inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Only hydrocephalus
      (p=0.002) and hematoma volume (p=0.006) were significantly associated with
      mortality or poor functional outcome (mRS of 3 to 6). In contrast, the presence
      of intraventricular hematoma was not independently associated with poor
      functional outcome. The presence of intraventricular extension of ICH in the
      absence of hydrocephalus may not increase mortality or disability. 

PMID- 26972703
TI  - Development of a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of a single
      bolus dose of unfractionated heparin in paediatric patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the anticoagulant of choice in
      paediatric patients undergoing a variety of cardiac procedures. There are
      currently no population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models for UFH in
      paediatrics. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate
      a PKPD model of UFH in paediatrics. METHODS: Data from 64 children who received
      75-100 IU kg(-1) of UFH during cardiac angiography were analysed. Five blood
      samples were collected at baseline and at 15, 30, 45 and 120 min postdose. The
      UFH concentration was quantified using a protamine titration assay. The UFH
      effect was quantified using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). A PKPD
      model was fitted using nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Patient covariates such
      as gender, weight (WT) and fat-free mass (FFM) were tested. The final model was
      evaluated using the likelihood ratio test and visual predictive checks (VPCs).
      RESULTS: A one-compartment model with linear elimination provided the best fit
      for the dose-concentration data. FFM was a significant covariate on clearance. A
      linear model provided the best fit for the concentration-effect data using aPTT
      as a biomarker for effect. The models performed well using VPCs. However, when
      used to simulate UFH infusion (at a much lower dose), the model overpredicted
      target aPTT responses. CONCLUSIONS: A PKPD model to describe the time course of
      the UFH effect was developed in a paediatric population. FFM was shown to
      describe drug disposition well. However, when applied to smaller UFH infusion
      doses, the model overpredicted target aPTT responses. This unsuccessful
      extrapolation may be attributed to a possible nonlinear relationship for heparin
      PKPD.

PMID- 26972706
TI  - Novel reconstruction of the anterior craniocervical junction using an expandable
      cage with integrated fixation after total C2 spondylectomy for chordoma.
AB  - Chordoma is a locally aggressive malignant tumor that generally occurs in the
      clivus, mobile spine and sacrum. While en bloc resection with wide margins has
      been advocated as the only cure for chordomas, tumor characteristics and
      violation of critical anatomical boundaries may preclude pursuing this treatment
      option in the cervical spine. We present a C2 chordoma in a 35-year-old man with
      epidural and prevertebral extension that was treated with a single stage anterior
      posterior total C2 spondylectomy with novel reconstruction using an expandable
      cage with integrated fixation followed by stereotactic radiosurgery. Single stage
      intralesional total C2 spondylectomy via anterior transoral and posterior
      approaches was performed. The anterior column was reconstructed using an
      expandable cage with integrated fixation from the clivus to C3. The patient
      maintained his intact neurological status at 6 month follow-up with full
      resumption of activities of daily living without any significant morbidity. 

PMID- 26972707
TI  - Identification of miracidia of Schistosoma haematobium in a bladder wash sample.

PMID- 26972709
TI  - Characterizing the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma using a tissue microarray approach.
AB  - Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is an invasive hepatic malignancy that is
      difficult to biopsy; therefore, novel markers of HCCA prognosis are needed. Here,
      the level of canonical Wnt activation in patients with HCCA, intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), and congenital choledochal cysts (CCC) was compared to
      understand the role of Wnt signaling in HCCA. Pathology specimens from HCCA
      (n=129), IHCC (n=31), and CCC (n=45) patients were used to construct tissue
      microarrays. Wnt2, Wnt3, beta-catenin, TCF4, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 were detected
      by immunohistochemistry. Parallel correlation analysis was used to analyze
      differences in protein levels between the HCCA, IHCC, and CCC groups. Univariate
      and multivariate analyses were used to determine independent predictors of
      successful resection and prognosis in the HCCA group. The protein levels of Wnt2,
      beta-catenin, TCF4, c-Myc, and cyclin D1 were significantly higher in HCCA
      compared to IHHC or CCC. Wnt signaling activation (Wnt2+, Wnt3+, nuclear beta
      catenin+, nuclear TCF4+) was significantly greater in HCCA tissues than CCC
      tissues. Univariable analyses indicated that expression of cyclin D1 as well as
      Wnt signaling activation, and partial Wnt activation (Wnt2+ or Wnt3+ and nuclear
      beta-catenin+ or nuclear TCF4+) predicted successful resection, but only cyclin
      D1 expression remained significant in multivariable analyses. Only partial Wnt
      activation was an independent predictor of survival time. Proteins in the
      canonical Wnt signaling pathway were present at higher levels in HCCA and
      correlated with tumor resecility and patient prognosis. These results suggest
      that Wnt pathway analysis may be a useful marker for clinical outcome in HCCA. 

PMID- 26972708
TI  - Why switch from warfarin to NOACs?
AB  - Several patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation treated with warfarin or
      other vitamin-K antagonists (VKA) might benefit from switching to an oral non
      vitamin-K antagonist anticoagulant (NOAC). In the absence of randomised
      comparative trials of switching to NOACs versus maintaining VKA treatment,
      several considerations argue in favour of a switching strategy. First, there is
      conclusive evidence that haemorrhagic strokes and intracranial bleedings are much
      fewer in number with NOACs than with warfarin. The risk of intracranial bleeding
      is 52 % lower with NOACS than with warfarin, with extremes ranging from 33 to 70
      %. Such benefit is applicable to different NOACs, and independent of the time-in
      therapeutic range under warfarin. Patients at increased risk for intra-cranial
      bleeding (renal dysfunction, or prior stroke or intra-cranial bleeding) should
      benefit most from switching to NOACs. Patients with labile International
      Normalized Ratio are also considered good candidates for switching because of
      their increased risk of stroke, and the lack of interactions between the effects
      of NOACs versus warfarin and the time-in-therapeutic range. Furthermore, some
      NOACs proved to be superior to warfarin in reducing the risk of thromboembolic
      complications even in intention-to-treat analyses. As further advantage, NOACs
      show fewer drug-drug and drug-food interactions when compared with warfarin.
      Last, but not least, NOACs do not need frequent blood drawings except in patients
      with moderate renal dysfunction, in whom periodic controls of serum creatinine
      are generally advised. The higher cost remains a barrier to a wider use of NOACs,
      especially in low-income settings.

PMID- 26972710
TI  - Molecules implicated in glucose homeostasis are differentially expressed in the
      trachea of lean and obese Zucker rats.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that the processes mediated by the (T1R2/T1R3)
      glucose/sugar receptor of gustatory cells in the tongue, and hormones like leptin
      and ghrelin contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Altered plasma
      levels of leptin and ghrelin are associated with obesity both in humans and
      rodents. In the present study, we evaluated the ultrastructure of the mucosa, and
      the expression of molecules implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
      (GLUT2, SGLT1, T1R3, ghrelin and its receptor) in the trachea of an animal model
      of obesity (Zucker rats). We found that the tracheal epithelium of obese animals
      was characterized by the presence of poorly differentiated cells. Ciliated and
      secretory cells were the cell lineages with greatest loss of differentiation.
      Severe epithelial alterations were associated with marked deposit of
      extracellular matrix in the lamina propria. The expression pattern of GLUT2 and
      SGLT1 glucose transporters was similar in the trachea of both the Zucker rat
      genotypes, whereas that of T1R3 was reduced in ciliated cells of obese rats. A
      different immunolocalization for ghrelin was also found in the trachea of obese
      rats. In conclusion, the tracheal morphological alterations in obese animals seem
      to compromise the expression of molecules involved in the homeostasis of glucose.

PMID- 26972711
TI  - Immunohistochemical markers of neural progenitor cells in the early embryonic
      human cerebral cortex.
AB  - The development of the human central nervous system represents a delicate moment
      of embryogenesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of
      multiple immunohistochemical markers in the stem/progenitor cells in the human
      cerebral cortex during the early phases of development.  To this end, samples
      from cerebral cortex were obtained from 4 human embryos of 11 weeks of gestation.
      Each sample was formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and immunostained with several
      markers including GFAP, WT1, Nestin, Vimentin, CD117, S100B, Sox2, PAX2, PAX5,
      Tbeta4, Neurofilament, CD44, CD133, Synaptophysin and Cyclin D1. Our study shows
      the ability of the different immunohistochemical markers to evidence different
      zones of the developing human cerebral cortex, allowing the identification of the
      multiple stages of differentiation of neuronal and glial precursors. Three
      important markers of radial glial cells are evidenced in this early gestational
      age: Vimentin, Nestin and WT1. Sox2 was expressed by the stem/progenitor cells of
      the ventricular zone, whereas the postmitotic neurons of the cortical plate were
      immunostained by PAX2 and NSE. Future studies are needed to test other important
      stem/progenitor cells markers and to better analyze differences in the
      immunohistochemical expression of these markers during gestation. 

PMID- 26972713
TI  - In situ histochemical localisation of alkaloids and acetogenins in the endosperm
      and embryonic axis of Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm. seeds during germination.
AB  - Currently, the Annonaceae family is characterised by the production of
      acetogenins (ACGs), and also by the biosynthesis of alkaloids, primarily
      benzylisoquinolines derived from tyrosine. The objective of this study was to
      confirm the presence of alkaloids and acetogenins in the idioblasts of the
      endosperm and the embryonic axis of A. macroprophyllata seeds in germination. The
      Dragendorff, Dittmar, Ellram, and Lugol reagents were used to test for alkaloids,
      and Kedde's reagent was used to determine the presence of acetogenins in fresh
      sections of the endosperm and embryonic axis of seeds after twelve days of
      germination. A positive reaction was observed for all the reagents, and the
      presence of alkaloids and acetogenins was confirmed in the idioblasts of the
      endosperm and those involved in the differentiation of the embryonic axis of the
      developing seedling. We concluded that the idioblasts store both metabolites,
      acetogenins and alkaloids. Beginning at differentiation, the idioblasts of the
      embryonic axis simultaneously biosynthesise acetogenins and alkaloids that are
      characteristic of the species during the development of the seedling. The method
      used here can be applied to histochemically confirm the presence of acetogenins
      and alkaloids in tissues and structures of the plant in different stages of its
      life cycle. 

PMID- 26972712
TI  - Species diversity regarding the presence of proximal tubular progenitor cells of
      the kidney.
AB  - The cellular source for tubular regeneration following kidney injury is a matter
      of dispute, with reports suggesting a stem or progenitor cells as the
      regeneration source while linage tracing studies in mice seemingly favor the
      classical theory, where regeneration is performed by randomly surviving cells.
      We, and others have previously described a scattered cell population localized to
      the tubules of human kidney, which increases in number following injury. Here we
      have characterized the species distribution of these proximal tubular progenitor
      cells (PTPCs) in kidney tissue from chimpanzee, pig, rat and mouse using a set of
      human PTPC markers. We detected PTPCs in chimpanzee and pig kidneys, but not in
      mouse tissue. Also, subjecting mice to the unilateral urethral obstruction model,
      caused clear signs of tubular injury, but failed to induce the PTPC phenotype in
      renal tubules. 

PMID- 26972714
TI  - Elemental analysis of histological specimens: a method to unmask nano asbestos
      fibers.
AB  - There is recent mounting evidence that nanoparticles may have enhanced
      toxicological potential in comparison to the same material in the bulk form. The
      aim of this study was to develop a new method for unmask asbestos nanofibers from
      Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded tissue. There is an increasing amount of
      evidence that nanoparticles may enhance toxicological potential in comparison to
      the same material in the bulk form. The aim of this study was to develop a new
      method to unmask asbestos nanofibers from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE)
      tissue. For the first time, in this study we applied Energy Dispersive X-ray
      (EDX) microanalysis through transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate the
      presence of asbestos nanofibers in histological specimens of patients with
      possible occupational exposure to asbestos. The diagnostic protocol was applied
      to 10 randomly selected lung cancer patients with no history of previous asbestos
      exposure. We detected asbestos nanofibers in close contact with lung cancer cells
      in two lung cancer patients with previous possible occupational exposure to
      asbestos. We were also able to identify the specific asbestos iso-type, which in
      one of the cases was the same rare variety used in the workplace of the affected
      patient. By contrast, asbestos nanofibers were not detected in lung cancer
      patients with no history of occupational asbestos exposure. The proposed
      technique can represent a potential useful tool for linking the disease to
      previous workplace exposure in uncertain cases. Furthermore, Formalin-Fixed
      Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues stored in the pathology departments might be re
      evaluated for possible etiological attribution to asbestos in the case of
      plausible exposure. Since diseases acquired through occupational exposure to
      asbestos are generally covered by workers' insurance in most countries, the
      application of the protocol used in this study may have also relevant social and
      economic implications. 

PMID- 26972715
TI  - Decreased expression of Met during differentiation in rat lung.
AB  - Organ-specific stem cells play key roles in maintaining the epithelial cell
      layers of lung. Bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) are distal lung epithelial
      stem cells of adult mice. Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells have important functions
      and serve as progenitor cells of alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells to repair the
      epithelium when they are injured. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) elicits
      mitogenic, morphogenic, and anti-apoptotic effects on lung epithelial cells
      through tyrosine phosphorylation of Met receptor, and thus is recognized as a
      pulmotrophic factor. To understand which cells HGF targets in lung, we identified
      the cells expressing Met by immunofluorescence assay. Met was strongly expressed
      in BASCs, which expressed an AT2 cell marker, pro-SP-C, and a club cell marker,
      CCSP. In alveoli, we found higher expression of Met in primary AT2 than in AT1
      cells, which was confirmed using primary AT2 cells. We further examined the
      mitogenic activity of HGF in AT2-cell-derived alveolar-like cysts (ALCs) in 3D
      culture. Multicellular ALCs expressed Met, and HGF enhanced the ALC production.
      Taking these findings together, BASCs could also be an important target for HGF,
      and HGF-Met signaling could function more potent on cells that have greater
      multipotency in adult lung. 

PMID- 26972716
TI  - Transgenic expression of dentin phosphoprotein inhibits skeletal development.
AB  - Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is proteolytically processed into an NH2
      terminal fragment called dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and a COOH-terminal fragment
      known as dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). These two fragments are believed to perform
      distinct roles in formation of bone and dentin. To investigate the functions of
      DPP in skeletal development, we generated transgenic mice to overexpress
      hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged DPP under the control of a 3.6 kb type I collagen
      (Col1a1) promoter (designated as Col1a1-HA-DPP). The Col1a1-HA-DPP transgenic
      mice were significantly smaller by weight, had smaller skeletons and shorter long
      bones than their wild type littermates, as demonstrated by X-ray radiography.
      They displayed reduced trabecular bone formation and narrower zones of
      proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plates of the long
      bones. Histological analyses showed that the transgenic mice had reduced cell
      proliferation in the proliferating zone, but lacked obvious defects in the
      chondrocyte differentiation. In addition, the transgenic mice with a high level
      of transgene expression developed spontaneous long bone fractures. In conclusion,
      overexpressing DPP inhibited skeletal development, suggesting that the balanced
      actions between the NH2- and COOH-terminal fragments of DSPP may be required for
      normal skeletal development. 

PMID- 26972717
TI  - A modified Verhoeff's elastin histochemical stain to enable pulmonary arterial
      hypertension model characterization.
AB  - Optimal histochemical staining is critical to ensure excellent quality stained
      sections to enable light microscopic and histomorphometric image analysis. 
      Verhoeff-van Gieson is the most widely used histochemical stain for the
      visualization of vascular elastic fibers. However, it is notoriously difficult to
      differentiate fine elastic fibers of small vasculature to enable
      histomorphometric image analysis of vasculature size characterization especially
      in organs such as the lung. A tissue fixation regime of 10% neutral buffered
      formalin with subsequent fixation in 70% ethanol further compounds the problem of
      small vessel staining and identification.  Therefore, a modified Verhoeff's
      elastin stain was developed as a reliable method to optimally highlight the
      internal and external elastic lamina of small arteries (50-100 um) and intra
      acinar vessels (10-50 um) in 3 um thick lung tissue sections from models of
      pulmonary arterial hypertension.  This modified Verhoeff's elastin stain
      demonstrated optimal staining of fine elastic fibers of pulmonary blood vessels.
      As a result, high-quality histomorphometric image analysis evaluation of vessel
      wall thickness in small arteries and intra-acinar vessels was successfully
      accomplished.  In conclusion, modification of the standard Verhoeff-van Gieson
      histochemical stain is needed to visualize small caliber vessels' elastic fibers
      especially in tissues not fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin only. 

PMID- 26972718
TI  - Immunohistochemical expression of heparanase isoforms and syndecan-1 proteins in
      colorectal adenomas.
AB  - The proteoglycan syndecan-1 and the endoglucuronidases heparanase-1 and
      heparanase-2 are involved in molecular pathways that deregulate cell adhesion
      during carcinogenesis. Few studies have examined the expression of syndecan-1,
      heparanase-1 and mainly heparanase-2 proteins in non-neoplastic and neoplastic
      human colorectal adenoma tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze the
      correlation among the heparanase isoforms and the syndecan-1 proteins through
      immunohistochemical expression in the tissue of colorectal adenomas. Primary anti
      human polyclonal anti-HPSE and anti-HPSE2 antibodies and primary anti-human
      monoclonal anti-SDC1 antibody were used in the immunohistochemical study. The
      expressions of heparanase-1 and heparanase-2 proteins were determined in tissue
      samples from 65 colorectal adenomas; the expression of syndecan-1 protein was
      obtained from 39 (60%) patients. The histological type of adenoma was tubular in
      44 (67.7%) patients and tubular-villous in 21 (32.3%); there were no villous
      adenomas. The polyps were <1.0 cm in size in 54 (83.1%) patients and >=1.0 cm in
      11 (16.9%). The images were quantified by digital counter with a computer program
      for this purpose. The expression index represented the relationship between the
      intensity expression and the percentage of positively stained cells. The results
      showed that the average of heparanase-1, heparanase-2 and syndecan-1 expression
      index was 73.29 o.u./um2, 93.34 o.u./um2, and 55.29 o.u./um2, respectively. The
      correlation between the heparanase-1 and syndecan-1 expression index was positive
      (R=0.034) and significant (P=0.035). There was a negative (R= -0.384) and
      significant (P=0.016) correlation between the expression index of heparanase-1
      and heparanase-2. A negative (R= -0.421) and significant (P=0.008) correlation
      between the expression index of heparanase-2 and syndecan-1 was found. We
      concluded that in colorectal adenomas, the heparanase-1 does not participate in
      syndecan-1 degradation; the heparanase-2 does not stimulate syndecan-1
      degradation by the action of heparanase-1, and the heparanase-2 may be involved
      in the modulation of the heparanase-1 activity. 

PMID- 26972719
TI  - Changes in muscularis propria of anterior vaginal wall in women with pelvic organ
      prolapse.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and
      immunohistochemical alterations of tissue removed from the upper third of
      anterior vaginal wall in a sample group of the female population presenting
      homogenous risk factors associated with Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP). The case
      study consisted of 14 patients with POP and there were 10 patients in the control
      group. Patient selection was carried on the basis of specific criteria and all of
      the patients involved in the study presented one or more of the recognized POP
      risk factors. Samples were taken from POP patients during vaginal plastic surgery
      following  colpohysterectomy, and from control patients during closure of the
      posterior fornix following hysterectomy. Samples were processed for histological
      and  immunohistochemical analyses for Collagen I and Collagen III, alpha-Smooth
      Muscle Actin (alpha-SMA), Platelet-Derived-Growth-Factor (PDGF), matrix
      metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), Caspase3. Immunofluorescence analyses for Collagen I
      and III and PDGF were also carried out. In prolapsed specimens our results show a
      disorganization of smooth muscle cells that appeared to have been displaced by an
      increased collagen III deposition resulting in rearrangement of the muscularis
      propria architecture. These findings suggest that the increase in the expression
      of collagen fibers in muscularis could probably due to a phenotypic switch
      resulting in the dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells into myofibroblasts.
      These alterations could be responsible for the compromising of the dynamic
      functionality of the pelvic floor. 

PMID- 26972722
TI  - Neuroimmunology: IL-17A mediates a path to autism.

PMID- 26972724
TI  - Inflammasome: Anti-inflammatory effect of mitophagy.

PMID- 26972726
TI  - Regulatory T cells: Ageing muscles lose T Reg-eneration.

PMID- 26972727
TI  - Alteration of Structure and Aggregation of alpha-Synuclein by Familial
      Parkinson's Disease Associated Mutations.
AB  - alpha-Synuclein (alpha-Syn) aggregation is directly associated with Parkinson's
      disease (PD) pathogenesis. In vitro aggregation and in vivo animal model studies
      of alpha-Syn recapitulate many features of the disease pathogenesis. Six familial
      PD associated mutations of alpha-Syn have been discovered; many of which are
      associated with early onset PD. Three of PD associated mutations have been shown
      to accelerate the alpha-Syn aggregation, whereas other three are shown to delay
      the aggregation kinetics. The membrane binding studies also suggest that few of
      these PD mutants strongly bind to synthetic membrane vesicles, while others are
      shown to have attenuated membrane binding ability. Furthermore, the PD mutations
      do not drastically alter the toxicity of alpha-Syn oligomers/fibrils. Although
      according to recent suggestions that early formed oligomers are the most potent
      toxic species responsible for PD, only p.A30P mutant is shown to form faster
      oligomers and delayed conversion from oligomers to fibrils. Therefore, it is
      difficult to establish a unifying mechanism of how familial PD associated
      mutations affect the alpha-Syn structure, aggregation and function for their
      disease association. It is possible that each PD associated mutation alters alpha
      Syn biology in a unique way, which might be responsible for disease pathogenesis.
      In this review, we discuss the structure function of alpha- Syn and how these are
      altered due to the PD associated mutations and their relationship to disease
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 26972729
TI  - National Health Service Cancer Strategy for England: Where Are We Now?

PMID- 26972723
TI  - Paediatric HIV infection: the potential for cure.
AB  - Recent anecdotal reports of HIV-infected children who received early
      antiretroviral therapy (ART) and showed sustained control of viral replication
      even after ART discontinuation have raised the question of whether there is
      greater intrinsic potential for HIV remission, or even eradication ('cure'), in
      paediatric infection than in adult infection. This Review describes the influence
      of early initiation of ART, of immune ontogeny and of maternal factors on the
      potential for HIV cure in children and discusses the unique immunotherapeutic
      opportunities and obstacles that paediatric infection may present.

PMID- 26972728
TI  - Deciphering the regulon of a GntR family regulator via transcriptome and ChIP-exo
      analyses and its contribution to virulence in Xanthomonas citri.
AB  - Xanthomonas contains a large group of plant-associated species, many of which
      cause severe diseases on important crops worldwide. Six gluconate-operon
      repressor (GntR) family transcriptional regulators are predicted in Xanthomonas,
      one of which, belonging to the YtrA subfamily, plays a prominent role in
      bacterial virulence. However, the direct targets and comprehensive regulatory
      profile of YtrA remain unknown. Here, we performed microarray and high-resolution
      chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) experiments to identify YtrA
      direct targets and its DNA binding motif in X. citri ssp. citri (Xac), the causal
      agent of citrus canker. Integrative microarray and ChIP-exo data analysis
      revealed that YtrA directly regulates three operons by binding to a palindromic
      motif GGTG-N16 -CACC at the promoter region. A similar palindromic motif and YtrA
      homologues were also identified in many other bacteria, including
      Stenotrophomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas and Frateuria, indicating a widespread
      phenomenon. Deletion of ytrA in Xac abolishes bacterial virulence and induction
      of the hypersensitive response (HR). We found that YtrA regulates the expression
      of hrp/hrc genes encoding the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) and
      controls multiple biological processes, including motility and adhesion,
      oxidative stress, extracellular enzyme production and iron uptake. YtrA represses
      the expression of its direct targets in artificial medium or in planta.
      Importantly, over-expression of yro3, one of the YtrA directly regulated operons
      which contains trmL and XAC0231, induced weaker canker symptoms and down
      regulation of hrp/hrc gene expression, suggesting a negative regulation in Xac
      virulence and T3SS. Our study has significantly advanced the mechanistic
      understanding of YtrA regulation and its contribution to bacterial virulence.

PMID- 26972725
TI  - AIRE expands: new roles in immune tolerance and beyond.
AB  - More than 15 years ago, mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene were
      identified as the cause of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1). It is
      now clear that this transcription factor has a crucial role in promoting self
      tolerance in the thymus by regulating the expression of a wide array of self
      antigens that have the commonality of being tissue-restricted in their expression
      pattern in the periphery. In this Review, we highlight many of the recent
      advances in our understanding of the complex biology that is related to AIRE,
      with a particular focus on advances in genetics, molecular interactions and the
      effect of AIRE on thymic selection of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, we
      highlight new areas of biology that are potentially affected by this key
      regulator of immune tolerance.

PMID- 26972730
TI  - Magneto-optical imaging of thin magnetic films using spins in diamond.
AB  - Imaging the fields of magnetic materials provides crucial insight into the
      physical and chemical processes surrounding magnetism, and has been a key
      ingredient in the spectacular development of magnetic data storage. Existing
      approaches using the magneto-optic Kerr effect, x-ray and electron microscopy
      have limitations that constrain further development, and there is increasing
      demand for imaging and characterisation of magnetic phenomena in real time with
      high spatial resolution. Here we show how the magneto-optical response of an
      array of negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy spins in diamond can be used to
      image and map the sub-micron stray magnetic field patterns from thin
      ferromagnetic films. Using optically detected magnetic resonance, we demonstrate
      wide-field magnetic imaging over 100 * 100 MUm(2) with sub-micron spatial
      resolution at video frame rates, under ambient conditions. We demonstrate an all
      optical spin relaxation contrast imaging approach which can image magnetic
      structures in the absence of an applied microwave field. Straightforward
      extensions promise imaging with sub-MUT sensitivity and sub-optical spatial and
      millisecond temporal resolution. This work establishes practical diamond-based
      wide-field microscopy for rapid high-sensitivity characterisation and imaging of
      magnetic samples, with the capability for investigating magnetic phenomena such
      as domain wall and skyrmion dynamics and the spin Hall effect in metals. 

PMID- 26972732
TI  - Laughter is the Best Medicine? A Cross-Sectional Study of Cardiovascular Disease
      Among Older Japanese Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the associations between frequency of daily
      laughter with heart disease and stroke among community-dwelling older Japanese
      women and men. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data in 20 934 individuals
      (10 206 men and 10 728 women) aged 65 years or older, who participated in the
      Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study in 2013. In the mail-in survey,
      participants provided information on daily frequency of laughter, as well as body
      mass index, demographic and lifestyle factors, and diagnoses of cardiovascular
      disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and depression. RESULTS: Even after
      adjustment for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, depression, body mass index, and
      other risk factors, the prevalence of heart diseases among those who never or
      almost never laughed was 1.21 (95% CI, -1.03-1.41) times higher than those who
      reported laughing every day. The adjusted prevalence ratio for stroke was 1.60
      (95% CI, 1.24-2.06). CONCLUSIONS: Daily frequency of laughter is associated with
      lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The association could not be
      explained by confounding factors, such as depressive symptoms.

PMID- 26972733
TI  - The wound/burn guidelines - 4: Guidelines for the management of skin ulcers
      associated with connective tissue disease/vasculitis.
AB  - The Japanese Dermatological Association prepared guidelines focused on the
      treatment of skin ulcers associated with connective tissue disease/vasculitis
      practical in clinical settings of dermatological care. Skin ulcers associated
      with connective tissue diseases or vasculitis occur on the background of a wide
      variety of diseases including, typically, systemic sclerosis but also systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), various
      vasculitides and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). Therefore, in
      preparing the present guidelines, we considered diagnostic/therapeutic approaches
      appropriate for each of these disorders to be necessary and developed algorithms
      and clinical questions for systemic sclerosis, SLE, dermatomyositis, RA,
      vasculitis and APS. 

PMID- 26972734
TI  - How does sub-cellular localization affect the fate of bacterial mRNA?
AB  - Recently a number of seminal studies have revealed that both sequence and spatio
      temporal factors govern RNA decay in bacteria, which is crucial for regulation of
      gene expression. Ribonucleases have been described that not only exhibit sequence
      preferences, but also are sub-cellularly localised. Furthermore, the RNA itself
      is distributed in an organised manner and does not diffuse freely or randomly
      within the bacterial cells. Thus, even within the sub-micrometer distances of the
      bacterial intra-cellular space, the positions of the enzymes and their substrates
      are kept in check. Adding to this complexity is the secondary structure and
      sequence specificity that many, perhaps all, ribonucleases exhibit, including
      those that are responsible for "general" RNA degradation. In this review, the
      implications of these novel findings are discussed and specific examples from
      Staphylococcus aureus are analysed.

PMID- 26972737
TI  - Localization and developmental expression of two chicken host defense peptides:
      cathelicidin-2 and avian beta-defensin 9.
AB  - In the first weeks of life young chickens are highly susceptible to infectious
      diseases due to immaturity of the immune system. Little is known about the
      expression of host defense peptides (HDPs) during this period. In this study we
      examined the expression pattern of two chicken HDPs, the cathelicidin CATH-2 and
      the beta-defensin AvBD9 by immunohistochemistry in a set of organs from embryonic
      day 12 until four weeks posthatch. AvBD9 was predominantly found in
      enteroendocrine cells throughout the intestine, the first report of in vivo HDP
      expression in this cell type, and showed stable expression levels during
      development. CATH-2 was exclusively found in heterophils which decreased after
      hatch in most of the examined organs including spleen, bursa and small intestine.
      In the lung CATH-2 expression was biphasic and peaked at the first day posthatch.
      In short, CATH-2 and AvBD9 appear to be expressed in cell types strategically
      located to respond to infectious stimuli, suggesting these peptides play a role
      in embryonic and early posthatch defense.

PMID- 26972738
TI  - A specific CpG oligodeoxynucleotide induces protective antiviral responses
      against grass carp reovirus in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.
AB  - CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) show strong immune stimulatory activity in
      vertebrate, however, they possess specific sequence feature among species. In
      this study, we screened out an optimal CpG ODN sequence for grass carp
      (Ctenopharyngodon idella), 1670A 5'-TCGAACGTTTTAACGTTTTAACGTT-3', from six
      published sequences and three sequences designed by authors based on grass carp
      head kidney mononuclear cells and CIK (C. idella kidney) cells proliferation. VP4
      mRNA expression was strongly inhibited by CpG ODN 1670A in CIK cells with GCRV
      infection, showing its strong antiviral activity. The mechanism via toll-like
      receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated signaling pathway was measured by real-time
      quantitative RT-PCR, and TLR21 did not play a role in the immune response to CpG
      ODN. The late up-regulation of CiRIG-I mRNA expression indicated that RIG-I-like
      receptors (RLRs) signaling pathway participated in the immune response to CpG ODN
      which is the first report on the interaction between CpG and RLRs. We also found
      that the efficient CpG ODN can activates interferon system. Infected with GCRV,
      type I interferon expression was reduced and type II interferon was induced by
      the efficient CpG ODN in CIK cells, especially IFNgamma2, suggesting that
      IFNgamma2 played an important role in response to the efficient CpG ODN. These
      results provide a theoretical basis and new development trend for further
      research on CpG and the application of CpG vaccine adjuvant in grass carp disease
      control. 

PMID- 26972739
TI  - Surface Decorating of CH3NH3PbBr3 Nanoparticles with the Chemically Adsorbed
      Perylenetetracarboxylic Diimide.
AB  - An organic dye-modified organolead halide CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoparticle (cubic) is
      prepared successfully by using a perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) bearing an
      -NH3(+) headgroup as the capping ligand. The nanopartilces are homogeneous with
      high crystallinity. The photoluminescence of perovskite is quenched completely by
      the chemically adsorbed PDI molecules. This efficient fluorescence quenching has
      confirmed that the PDI molecules are anchored on the surface of CH3NH3PbBr3
      nanoparticle. The resulting nanoparticles can be dispersed in organic solvents,
      and the resulting dispersion remains stable for days. This result provides a
      general guideline for surface engineering of organolead halide CH3NH3PbBr3
      nanoparticles. 

PMID- 26972741
TI  - Suicide Attempt by Anaphylaxis.

PMID- 26972742
TI  - Developing and Implementing a Psychosomatic Medicine Elective During Psychiatry
      Residency Training: The Embedded Psychiatry Resident on a Bone Marrow Transplant
      Unit.

PMID- 26972743
TI  - The description of a method for accurately estimating creatinine clearance in
      acute kidney injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition
      encountered in hospitalized patients. The severity of kidney injury is defined by
      the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria which attempt to establish the degree of
      renal impairment. The KDIGO guidelines state that the creatinine clearance should
      be measured whenever possible in AKI and that the serum creatinine concentration
      and creatinine clearance remain the best clinical indicators of renal function.
      Neither the RIFLE, AKIN, nor KDIGO criteria estimate actual creatinine clearance.
      Furthermore there are no accepted methods for accurately estimating creatinine
      clearance (K) in AKI. STUDY DESIGN: The present study describes a unique method
      for estimating K in AKI using urine creatinine excretion over an established time
      interval (E), an estimate of creatinine production over the same time interval
      (P), and the estimated static glomerular filtration rate (sGFR), at time zero,
      utilizing the CKD-EPI formula. Using these variables estimated creatinine
      clearance (Ke)=E/P * sGFR. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The method was tested for
      validity using simulated patients where actual creatinine clearance (Ka) was
      compared to Ke in several patients, both male and female, and of various ages,
      body weights, and degrees of renal impairment. These measurements were made at
      several serum creatinine concentrations in an attempt to determine the accuracy
      of this method in the non-steady state. In addition E/P and Ke was calculated in
      hospitalized patients, with AKI, and seen in nephrology consultation by the
      author. In these patients the accuracy of the method was determined by looking at
      the following metrics; E/P>1, E/P<1, E=P in an attempt to predict progressive
      azotemia, recovering azotemia, or stabilization in the level of azotemia
      respectively. In addition it was determined whether Ke<10 ml/min agreed with Ka
      and whether patients with AKI on renal replacement therapy could safely terminate
      dialysis if Ke was greater than 5 ml/min. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: In the simulated
      patients there were 96 measurements in six different patients where Ka was
      compared to Ke. The estimated proportion of Ke within 30% of Ka was 0.907 with
      95% exact binomial proportion confidence limits. The predictive accuracy of E/P
      in the study patients was also reported as a proportion and the associated 95%
      confidence limits: 0.848 (0.800, 0.896) for E/P<1; 0.939 (0.904, 0.974) for E/P>1
      and 0.907 (0.841, 0.973) for 0.9<E/P<1.1. Ke<10 ml/min correlated very well with
      Ka, while Ke>5 ml/min accurately predicted the ability to terminate renal
      replacement therapy in AKI. LIMITATIONS: Include the need to measure urine volume
      accurately. Furthermore the precision of the method requires accurate estimates
      of sGFR, while a reasonable measure of P is crucial to estimating Ke.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the practitioner with a new tool to
      estimate real time K in AKI with enough precision to predict the severity of the
      renal injury, including progression, stabilization, or improvement in azotemia.
      It is the author's belief that this simple method improves on RIFLE, AKIN, and
      KDIGO for estimating the degree of renal impairment in AKI and allows a more
      accurate estimate of K in AKI.

PMID- 26972744
TI  - Modeling the effects of positive and negative feedback in kidney blood flow
      control.
AB  - Blood flow in the mammalian kidney is tightly autoregulated. One of the important
      autoregulation mechanisms is the myogenic response, which is activated by
      perturbations in blood pressure along the afferent arteriole. Another is the
      tubuloglomerular feedback, which is a negative feedback that responds to
      variations in tubular fluid [Cl(-)] at the macula densa.(1) When initiated, both
      the myogenic response and the tubuloglomerular feedback adjust the afferent
      arteriole muscle tone. A third mechanism is the connecting tubule glomerular
      feedback, which is a positive feedback mechanism located at the connecting
      tubule, downstream of the macula densa. The connecting tubule glomerular feedback
      is much less well studied. The goal of this study is to investigate the
      interactions among these feedback mechanisms and to better understand the effects
      of their interactions. To that end, we have developed a mathematical model of
      solute transport and blood flow control in the rat kidney. The model represents
      the myogenic response, tubuloglomerular feedback, and connecting tubule
      glomerular feedback. By conducting a bifurcation analysis, we studied the
      stability of the system under a range of physiologically-relevant parameters. The
      bifurcation results were confirmed by means of a comparison with numerical
      simulations. Additionally, we conducted numerical simulations to test the
      hypothesis that the interactions between the tubuloglomerular feedback and the
      connecting tubule glomerular feedback may give rise to a yet-to-be-explained low
      frequency oscillation that has been observed in experimental records.

PMID- 26972747
TI  - Diverse clinical and laboratory manifestations of bilateral vestibulopathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To identify the clinical and laboratory characteristics of
      bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) on the video head impulse test (vHIT). STUDY
      DESIGN: Retrospective chart analysis. METHODS: During 23 months, 1,789 patients
      with dizziness underwent vHIT in our tertiary referral hospital. Of these
      patients, 65 (3.6%) patients had bilaterally positive catch-up saccades. Based on
      the caloric test, 15 (group 1) had bilateral caloric weakness, 13 (group 2) had
      unilateral caloric weakness, and 37 (group 3) had normal caloric responses on
      both ears. We collected data on these patients regarding demographics, symptoms,
      gain, and type of saccade on horizontal canal plane vHIT, as well as gain and
      time constant on velocity step of the rotatory chair test. RESULTS: The average
      age of group 2 (70.38 +/- 11.96 years) and group 3 (69.03 +/- 11.01 years) were
      significantly older than that of group 1 (54.80 +/- 11.96 years) (P = 0.029, P =
      0.003, respectively). Although all patients had bilaterally positive vHIT, 10 of
      15 in group 1 were finally diagnosed as classical BVP by clinical features. On
      comparison of average gain on bilateral horizontal vHIT, groups 2 (0.71 +/- 0.17)
      and 3 (0.80 +/- 0.14) had higher gain compared to group 1 (0.45 +/- 0.22) (P =
      0.001, P = 0.000, respectively). On velocity step test, time constant and gain of
      group 3 (11.60 +/- 3.07, 0.49 +/- 0.13) was significantly higher than those of
      group 1 (4.92 +/- 1.36, 0.22 +/- 0.17) (P = 0.000, P = 0.004, respectively). On
      the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, vHIT alone seemed to be a
      discordant method for diagnosis of BVP compared to the caloric and step velocity
      tests. CONCLUSION: About 3.6% patients with dizziness showed bilateral vestibular
      ocular reflex deficit during high-frequency acceleration, which was prevalent
      especially in elderly patients. Also, positive bilateral vHIT does not always
      correlate with caloric or rotatory chair test results. This may imply that a
      diverse spectrum of vestibulopathies exist according to the stimulation frequency
      of deficit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 127:E42-E49, 2017.

PMID- 26972748
TI  - A Different Kind of Doctor.

PMID- 26972745
TI  - Predictors of dropout in concurrent treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
      and alcohol dependence: Rate of improvement matters.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study examined predictors and moderators of dropout among
      165 adults meeting DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
      alcohol dependence (AD). Participants were randomized to 24 weeks of naltrexone
      (NAL), NAL and prolonged exposure (PE), pill placebo, or pill placebo and PE. All
      participants received supportive AD counseling (the BRENDA manualized model).
      METHOD: Logistic regression using the Fournier approach was conducted to
      investigate baseline predictors of dropout across the entire study sample. Rates
      of PTSD and AD symptom improvement were included to evaluate the impact of
      symptom change on dropout. RESULTS: Trauma type and rates of PTSD and AD
      improvement significantly predicted dropout, accounting for 76% of the variance
      in dropout. Accidents and "other" trauma were associated with the highest
      dropout, and physical assault was associated with the lowest dropout. For
      participants with low baseline PTSD severity, faster PTSD improvement predicted
      higher dropout. For those with high baseline severity, both very fast and very
      slow rates of PTSD improvement were associated with higher dropout. Faster rates
      of drinking improvement predicted higher dropout among participants who received
      PE. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the influence of symptom trajectory
      on dropout risk. Clinicians may improve retention in PTSD-AD treatments by
      monitoring symptom change at regular intervals, and eliciting patient feedback on
      these changes.

PMID- 26972746
TI  - Using AAV vectors expressing the beta2-adrenoceptor or associated Galpha proteins
      to modulate skeletal muscle mass and muscle fibre size.
AB  - Anabolic beta2-adrenoceptor (beta2-AR) agonists have been proposed as
      therapeutics for treating muscle wasting but concerns regarding possible off
      target effects have hampered their use. We investigated whether beta2-AR-mediated
      signalling could be modulated in skeletal muscle via gene delivery to the target
      tissue, thereby avoiding the risks of beta2-AR agonists. In mice, intramuscular
      administration of a recombinant adeno-associated virus-based vector (rAAV vector)
      expressing the beta2-AR increased muscle mass by >20% within 4 weeks. This
      hypertrophic response was comparable to that of 4 weeks' treatment with the beta2
      AR agonist formoterol, and was not ablated by mTOR inhibition. Increasing
      expression of inhibitory (Galphai2) and stimulatory (GalphasL) G-protein subunits
      produced minor atrophic and hypertrophic changes in muscle mass, respectively.
      Furthermore, Galphai2 over-expression prevented AAV:beta2-AR mediated
      hypertrophy. Introduction of the non-muscle Galphas isoform, GalphasXL elicited
      hypertrophy comparable to that achieved by AAV:beta2-AR. Moreover, GalphasXL gene
      delivery was found to be capable of inducing hypertrophy in the muscles of mice
      lacking functional beta1- and beta2-ARs. These findings demonstrate that gene
      therapy-based interventions targeting the beta2-AR pathway can promote skeletal
      muscle hypertrophy independent of ligand administration, and highlight novel
      methods for potentially modulating muscle mass in settings of disease. 

PMID- 26972749
TI  - Deletion of interleukin-6 alleviated interstitial fibrosis in streptozotocin
      induced diabetic cardiomyopathy of mice through affecting TGFbeta1 and miR-29
      pathways.
AB  - Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to be an important regulator of cardiac
      interstitial fibrosis. In this study, we explored the role of interleukin-6 in
      the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the underlying mechanisms. Cardiac
      function of IL-6 knockout mice was significantly improved and interstitial
      fibrosis was apparently alleviated in comparison with wildtype (WT) diabetic mice
      induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Treatment with IL-6 significantly promoted the
      proliferation and collagen production of cultured cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). High
      glucose treatment increased collagen production, which were mitigated in CFs from
      IL-6 KO mice. Moreover, IL-6 knockout alleviated the up-regulation of TGFbeta1 in
      diabetic hearts of mice and cultured CFs treated with high glucose or IL-6.
      Furthermore, the expression of miR-29 reduced upon IL-6 treatment, while
      increased in IL-6 KO hearts. Overexpression of miR-29 blocked the pro-fibrotic
      effects of IL-6 on cultured CFs. In summary, deletion of IL-6 is able to mitigate
      myocardial fibrosis and improve cardiac function of diabetic mice. The mechanism
      involves the regulation of IL-6 on TGFbeta1 and miR-29 pathway. This study
      indicates the therapeutic potential of IL-6 suppression on diabetic
      cardiomyopathy disease associated with fibrosis. 

PMID- 26972750
TI  - Allele polymorphism and haplotype diversity of MICA/B in Tujia nationality of
      Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, China.
AB  - Previous studies indicate the distribution of major histocompatibility complex
      class I chain-related genes A (MICA) and B (MICB) alleles and haplotypes varies
      widely between different ethnic populations and geographic areas. It is
      meaningful to investigate allelic frequencies and establish a genetic database.
      In this study, we firstly reported the polymorphic variation of MICA/B in 187
      healthy, unrelated Tujia individuals in Zhangjiajie region, China. Using
      polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific priming (PCR-SSP) and sequencing
      based typing (PCR-SBT), we identified eight MICA-sequence alleles, four MICA
      short tandem repeat variants, and 13 MICB variants, of which MICA(*)008:04
      (29.41%), MICA(*)A5 (29.68%), MICA(*)A5.1 (29.68%) and MICB(*)005:02 (39.57%)
      were the most frequent. Linkage disequilibrium analysis further revealed
      MICB(*)005:02-MICA(*)019 (13.10%) and MICB(*)002-MICA(*)008:04 (9.89%) as the
      most common two-locus haplotypes. Data comparison by neighbor-joining dendrograms
      and principal component analysis to verify allelic frequencies in other Chinese
      and Asia ethnic groups showed that the Zhangjiajie Tujias were genetically closer
      to the Guangdong Han population, based on MICA loci variability. Our results
      provide new information about the MICA/B gene polymorphism in Chinese Tujia
      population, which will form the basis for future studies on the potential role of
      MICA/B in allogeneic organ transplantation and disease susceptibility in related
      ethnic groups. 

PMID- 26972751
TI  - Finding and Not Finding Rat Perirhinal Neuronal Responses to Novelty.
AB  - There is much evidence that the perirhinal cortex of both rats and monkeys is
      important for judging the relative familiarity of visual stimuli. In monkeys many
      studies have found that a proportion of perirhinal neurons respond more to novel
      than familiar stimuli. There are fewer studies of perirhinal neuronal responses
      in rats, and those studies based on exploration of objects, have raised into
      question the encoding of stimulus familiarity by rat perirhinal neurons. For this
      reason, recordings of single neuronal activity were made from the perirhinal
      cortex of rats so as to compare responsiveness to novel and familiar stimuli in
      two different behavioral situations. The first situation was based upon that used
      in "paired viewing" experiments that have established rat perirhinal differences
      in immediate early gene expression for novel and familiar visual stimuli
      displayed on computer monitors. The second situation was similar to that used in
      the spontaneous object recognition test that has been widely used to establish
      the involvement of rat perirhinal cortex in familiarity discrimination. In the
      first condition 30 (25%) of 120 perirhinal neurons were visually responsive; of
      these responsive neurons 19 (63%) responded significantly differently to novel
      and familiar stimuli. In the second condition eight (53%) of 15 perirhinal
      neurons changed activity significantly in the vicinity of objects (had "object
      fields"); however, for none (0%) of these was there a significant activity change
      related to the familiarity of an object, an incidence significantly lower than
      for the first condition. Possible reasons for the difference are discussed. It is
      argued that the failure to find recognition-related neuronal responses while
      exploring objects is related to its detectability by the measures used, rather
      than the absence of all such signals in perirhinal cortex. Indeed, as shown by
      the results, such signals are found when a different methodology is used. (c)
      2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972753
TI  - Preparatory Engagement of Cognitive Control Networks Increases Late in Childhood.
AB  - The ability to engage task control flexibly, especially in anticipation of task
      demands, is beneficial when juggling different tasks. We investigated whether
      children in late childhood or early adolescence engaged preparatory task control
      similar to adults in a trial-wise cued task-switching paradigm. Twenty-eight
      children (aged 9-15 years) and 30 adults (aged 21-30 years) participated in an
      fMRI study in which the Cue (preparatory) period across 2 tasks was analyzed
      separately from the execution of the tasks (the Target period). Children
      performed more slowly and less accurately than adults, and showed behavioral
      improvement within the child group age range of 9-15 years. Children exhibited
      weaker Cue period activation than adults within a number of putative cognitive
      control regions. In contrast, children exhibited greater activity than adults in
      several regions, including sensorimotor areas, during the Target period. Children
      who activated cognitive control-related regions more during the Cue period tended
      to activate the Target signal age-related regions less, and this correlated with
      improved accuracy and reaction time on the task, as well as age. The results
      endorse previous findings that preparatory cognitive control systems are still
      developing in late childhood, but add new evidence of age-related shifts in
      activity at the trial level.

PMID- 26972752
TI  - Dorsal Anterior Cingulate, Medial Superior Frontal Cortex, and Anterior Insula
      Show Performance Reporting-Related Late Task Control Signals.
AB  - The cingulo-opercular network (including the dorsal anterior cingulate and
      bilateral anterior insula) shows 3 distinct task-control signals across a wide
      variety of tasks, including trial-related signals that appear to come online at
      or near the end of the trial. Previous work suggests that there are separable
      responses in this network for errors and ambiguity, implicating multiple types of
      processing units within these regions. Using a unique paradigm, we directly show
      that these separable responses withhold activity to the end of the trial, in the
      service of reporting performance back into the task set. Participants performed a
      slow reveal task where images were presented behind a black mask which was
      gradually degraded, and they pressed a button when they could recognize the
      object that was being revealed. A behavioral pilot was used to identify ambiguous
      stimuli. We found interactive effects of accuracy and ambiguity, which suggests
      that these regions are computing and utilizing information, at one time, about
      both types of performance indices. Importantly, we showed a relationship between
      cingulo-opercular activity and behavioral performance, suggesting a role for
      these regions in performance reporting, per se. We discuss these results in the
      context of task control.

PMID- 26972755
TI  - Comparison of Chevron and Distal Oblique Osteotomy for Bunion Correction.
AB  - The chevron osteotomy is a standard procedure by which bunions are corrected. One
      of us routinely performs a distal oblique osteotomy, which, to the best of our
      knowledge, has not been described for the correction of bunion deformities. The
      purpose of the present study was to compare the short- and medium-term results of
      the distal oblique and chevron osteotomies for bunion correction. We performed a
      retrospective clinical and radiographic comparison of patients who had undergone
      a distal oblique or chevron osteotomy for the correction of bunion deformity. In
      addition, a prospective patient satisfaction survey was undertaken. A total of 55
      patients were included in the present study and were treated from January 2012 to
      November 2014. Of the 55 patients, 27 (49.2%) were in the chevron group and 28
      (50.8%) in the distal oblique group. Radiographically, no statistically
      significant difference was found between the 2 groups with respect to
      postoperative first intermetatarsal angle (p < .0001) and hallux valgus angle (p
      < .0001), but a greater change was found in the intermetatarsal angle in the
      distal oblique group (p = .467). Prospective patient satisfaction scores were
      available for 33 patients (60%), 16 (29%) in the chevron group and 17 (31%) in
      the distal oblique group. When converting the satisfaction score to a numerical
      score, the chevron group scored 3.3 +/- 1.1 and the distal oblique group scored
      3.2 +/- 0.8 (p = .812). We found that the distal oblique osteotomy used in the
      present study is simple and reliable and showed radiographic correction and
      patient satisfaction equivalent to those in the chevron osteotomy. 

PMID- 26972754
TI  - Pseudoaneurysm of the Posterior Tibial Artery After Posterior Tibial Tendon
      Transfer.
AB  - Pseudoaneurysm of the posterior tibial artery is an uncommon condition that, left
      untreated, can lead to hemorrhage, thrombosis, or emboli. We present the case of
      a 54-year-old male who developed pseudoaneurysm of the posterior tibial artery 4
      months after undergoing tibialis posterior tendon transfer for management of
      peroneal nerve palsy, which had developed as a complication of hip arthroplasty. 

PMID- 26972756
TI  - Geographical venom variations of the Southeast Asian monocled cobra (Naja
      kaouthia): venom-induced neuromuscular depression and antivenom neutralization.
AB  - The Southeast Asian monocled cobras (Naja kaouthia) exhibit geographical
      variations in their venom proteomes, especially on the composition of
      neurotoxins. This study compared the neuromuscular depressant activity of the
      venoms of N. kaouthia from Malaysia (NK-M), Thailand (NK-T) and Vietnam (NK-V),
      and the neutralization of neurotoxicity by a monospecific antivenom. On chick
      biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation, all venoms abolished the indirect
      twitches, with NK-T venom being the most potent (shortest t90, time to 90% twitch
      inhibition), followed by NK-V and NK-M. Acetylcholine and carbachol failed to
      reverse the blockade, indicating irreversible/pseudo-irreversible post-synaptic
      neuromuscular blockade. KCl restored the twitches variably (NK-M preparation
      being the least responsive), consistent with different degree of muscle damage.
      The findings support that NK-T venom has the most abundant curarimimetic alpha
      neurotoxins, while NK-M venom contains more tissue-damaging cytotoxins. Pre
      incubation of tissue with N. kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV) prevented
      venom-induced twitch depression, with the NK-T preparation needing the largest
      antivenom dose. NKMAV added after the onset of neuromuscular depression could
      only halt the inhibitory progression but failed to restore full contraction. The
      findings highlight the urgency of early antivenom administration to sequester as
      much circulating neurotoxins as possible, thereby hastening toxin elimination
      from the circulation. In envenomed mice, NKMAV administered upon the first
      neurological sign neutralized the neurotoxic effect, with the slowest full
      recovery noticed in the NK-T group. This is consistent with the high abundance of
      neurotoxins in the NK-T venom, implying that a larger amount or repeated dosing
      of NKMAV may be required in NK-T envenomation. 

PMID- 26972757
TI  - The effect of dietary lipid composition on the intestinal uptake and tissue
      distribution of benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
AB  - Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across the intestine is
      suggested to occur in association with dietary lipids. Partial replacement of
      fish ingredients by vegetable ingredients in aquafeeds has led to increased
      levels of PAHs in marine farmed fish. We therefore investigated, intestinal
      uptake, tissue distribution and PAH metabolism after a single dose of (14)C
      benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or (14)C-phenanthrene (PHE) given to Atlantic salmon (Salmo
      salar) acclimatized to a fish oil or vegetable oil based diet. Both BaP and PHE
      were absorbed along the intestine. Fish oil based feed increased BaP
      concentration in the pyloric caeca and that of PHE in the proximal intestine. In
      contrast, vegetable oil increased BaP concentrations in the distal intestine.
      Extraction of whole body autoradiograms removed PHE-associated radiolabeling
      almost completely from the intestinal mucosa, but not BaP-associated
      radiolabeling, indicating the presence of BaP metabolites bound to cellular
      macromolecules. This observation correlates with the increased cyp1a expression
      in the proximal intestine, distal intestine and liver in the BaP exposed group.
      Furthermore, BaP-induced cyp1a expression was higher in the distal intestine of
      salmon fed fish oil compared to the vegetable oil fed group. PHE had no
      significant effect on cyp1a expression in any of these tissues. We conclude that
      dietary lipid composition affects intestinal PAH uptake. Fish oil based feed
      increased intestinal PAH concentrations probably due to an enhanced solubility in
      micelles composed of fish oil fatty acids. Increased BaP accumulation in the
      distal intestine of vegetable oil fed fish seems to be associated with a reduced
      Cyp1a-mediated BaP metabolism. 

PMID- 26972758
TI  - The model beetle Tribolium castaneum can be used as an early warning system for
      transgenerational epigenetic side effects caused by pharmaceuticals.
AB  - Pharmaceuticals are not currently tested for transgenerational and epigenetic
      side effects. The use of vertebrates as preclinical research models is limited by
      their long generation times, low numbers of progeny and ethical concerns. In
      contrast, invertebrates such as insects breed rapidly, produce many offspring and
      are more ethically acceptable, allowing them to be used for high-throughput
      screening. Here, we established Tribolium castaneum as a model to screen for the
      effect of drugs on complex fitness parameters and the expression of epigenetic
      regulatory genes. We tested diets supplemented with the psychoactive drug
      valproic acid (VPA), which is a histone deacetylase inhibitor, or the antioxidant
      curcumin, which is a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. We found that VPA
      delayed development, reduced longevity, and increased female body weight compared
      to a control diet. Fertility and fecundity declined and the expression of
      epigenetic regulatory genes was induced in the untreated F1 generation. In
      contrast, curcumin did not affect development or body weight, but it increased
      longevity, caused a significant reduction in fertility, and induced the
      expression of epigenetic regulatory genes mostly in the treated F0 generation.
      VPA and curcumin administered to vertebrate models have similar effects to those
      we observed in T. castaneum, confirming that this beetle is potentially useful as
      an alternative model to screen for the epigenetic effect of drugs. T. castaneum
      also provides a valuable early warning system for transgenerational epigenetic
      risk factors that are difficult to detect in mammals. 

PMID- 26972760
TI  - Behavior of failed bonded interfaces under in vitro cariogenic challenge.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to compare dentin wall caries development at
      different composite-dentin interfaces. METHODS: Dentin samples (10.4 mm(2)) were
      restored with composite resin using two adhesive systems (etch-and-rinse and self
      etch techniques). Different composite-dentin interfaces with gaps were produced:
      (a) failed bonded, which were fractured at interface after being submitted to
      aging protocols (no aging, mechanical loading or water storage); (b) non-bonded
      interfaces, both without any adhesive material or with adhesive material applied
      only on the dentin. Adhesively fractured and non-bonded samples were subjected to
      a lactic acid gel (pH=5) caries model with a continuous opening/closing movement
      of the interfacial gap for 10 days. Transverse wavelength-independent
      microradiographs were taken, and lesion depth and mineral loss were measured.
      Data were analyzed with linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Caries
      development differed among the composite-dentin interfaces (p<0.001). The non
      bonded interface with adhesive material on the dentin showed less lesion depth
      than the failed bonded groups, while the non-bonded interface without adhesive on
      dentin showed the deepest wall lesions. Difference between the adhesive systems
      was observed only in the non-bonded groups (p=0.003), with the self-etch adhesive
      applied on the dentin showing more severe lesions. Samples broken after
      mechanical loading aging showed deeper lesions than those broken after water
      storage (p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: Composite-dentin interfaces failed after aging
      presented different demineralization from interfaces that were never bonded,
      indicating that the restorative treatment changes the tissue in a way relevant to
      secondary caries development.

PMID- 26972759
TI  - Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein binds to the 5' untranslated region of the
      mouse mammary tumor virus mRNA and stimulates cap-independent translation
      initiation.
AB  - The 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the full-length mRNA of the mouse mammary
      tumor virus (MMTV) harbors an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). In this
      study, we show that the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), an RNA
      binding protein with four RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), binds to the MMTV 5' UTR
      stimulating its IRES activity. There are three isoforms of PTB: PTB1, PTB2, and
      PTB4. Results show that PTB1 and PTB4, but not PTB2, stimulate MMTV-IRES
      activity. PTB1 promotes MMTV-IRES-mediated initiation more strongly than PTB4.
      When expressed in combination, PTB1 further enhanced PTB4 stimulation of the MMTV
      IRES, while PTB2 fully abrogates PTB4-induced stimulation. PTB1-induced
      stimulation of MMTV-IRES was not altered in the presence of PTB4 or PTB2.
      Mutational analysis reveals that stimulation of MMTV-IRES activity is abrogated
      when PTB1 is mutated either in RRM1/RRM2 or RRM3/RRM4. In contrast, a PTB4
      RRM1/RRM2 mutant has reduced effect over MMTV-IRES activity, while stimulation of
      the MMTV-IRES activity is still observed when the PTB4 RRM3/RMM4 mutant is used.
      Therefore, PTB1 and PTB4 differentially stimulate the IRES activity. In contrast,
      PTB2 acts as a negative modulator of PTB4-induced stimulation of MMTV-IRES. We
      conclude that PTB1 and PTB4 act as IRES trans-acting factors of the MMTV-IRES.

PMID- 26972761
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neurologic Complications Through the Treatment of
      Childhood Leukaemia and Lymphoma.

PMID- 26972763
TI  - Verified and validated finite element analyses of humeri.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although ~200,000 emergency room visits per year in the US alone are
      associated with fractures of the proximal humerus, only limited studies exist on
      their mechanical response. We hypothesise that for the proximal humeri (a) the
      mechanical response can be well predicted by using inhomogeneous isotropic
      material properties, (b) the relation between bone elastic modulus and ash
      density (E(rhoash)) is similar for the humerus and the femur, and may be general
      for long bones, and (c) it is possible to replicate a proximal humerus fracture
      in vitro by applying uniaxial compression on humerus' head at a prescribed angle.
      METHODS: Four fresh frozen proximal humeri were CT-scanned, instrumented by
      strain-gauges and loaded at three inclination angles. Thereafter head
      displacement was applied to obtain a fracture. CT-based high order (p-) finite
      element (FE) and classical (h-) FE analyses were performed that mimic the
      experiments and predicted strains were compared to the experimental observations.
      RESULTS: The E(rhoash) relationship appropriate for the femur is equally
      appropriate for the humeri: predicted strains in the elastic range showed an
      excellent agreement with experimental observations with a linear regression slope
      of m=1.09 and a coefficient of regression R(2)=0.98. p-FE and h-FE results were
      similar for the linear elastic response. Although fractures of the proximal
      humeri were realised in the in vitro experiments, the contact FE analyses (FEA)
      were unsuccessful in representing properly the experimental boundary conditions.
      DISCUSSION: The three hypotheses were confirmed and the linear elastic response
      of the proximal humerus, attributed to a stage at which the cortex bone is
      intact, was well predicted by the FEA. Due to a large post-elastic behaviour
      following the cortex fracture, a new non-linear constitutive model for proximal
      humerus needs to be incorporated into the FEA to well represent proximal humerus
      fractures. Thereafter, more in vitro experiments are to be performed, under
      boundary conditions that may be well represented by the FEA, to allow a reliable
      simulation of the fracture process.

PMID- 26972762
TI  - Hemodynamics of the string phenomenon in the internal thoracic artery grafted to
      the left anterior descending artery with moderate stenosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The internal thoracic artery is the choice of graft for coronary artery
      bypass grafting due to the excellent long-term patency. However internal thoracic
      artery graft failures still occur due to diffuse narrowing, known as the string
      phenomenon. Studies suggest that the string phenomenon is caused by competitive
      flow when the coronary stenosis is not serious, but the hemodynamics of the
      string phenomenon are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the
      hemodynamic characteristics of the string phenomenon. MATERIALS: A patient
      specific 3-dimensional model of the aortic arch and coronary arteries was
      reconstructed. A moderate stenosis was applied to the left anterior descending
      artery. The internal thoracic artery was used to bypass the stenosis. Two further
      3D models were built to study the hemodynamics of the string phenomenon. METHODS:
      A numerical study was performed by coupling the 3D artery model with 0
      dimensional lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system. RESULTS: The
      graft flow, native coronary flow, wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index
      were calculated and illustrated. Inverse flow and high oscillatory shear index
      appeared on the internal thoracic artery graft when the stenosis was moderate.
      CONCLUSION: High oscillatory shear index might be the major hemodynamic
      characteristic of the string phenomenon in internal thoracic artery graft. The
      inverse graft flow and the difference in graft flow caused by clamping the
      stenosis can be used to evaluate the probability of observing the string
      phenomenon.

PMID- 26972764
TI  - Mechanical behaviour of Bioactive Glass granules and morselized cancellous bone
      allograft in load bearing defects.
AB  - Bioactive Glass (BAG) granules are osteoconductive and possess unique
      antibacterial properties for a synthetic biomaterial. To assess the applicability
      of BAG granules in load-bearing defects, the aim was to compare mechanical
      behaviour of graft layers consisting of BAG granules and morselized cancellous
      bone allograft in different volume mixtures under clinically relevant conditions.
      The graft layers were mechanically tested, using two mechanical testing
      modalities with simulated physiological loading conditions: highly controllable
      confined compression tests (CCT) and more clinically realistic in situ
      compression tests (ISCT) in cadaveric porcine bone defects. Graft layer impaction
      strain, residual strain, aggregate modulus, and creep strain were determined in
      CCT. Graft layer porosity was determined using micro computed tomography. The
      ISCT was used to determine graft layer subsidence in bone environment. ANOVA
      showed significant differences (p<0.001) between different graft layer
      compositions. True strains absolutely decreased for increasing BAG content:
      impaction strain -0.92 (allograft) to -0.39 (BAG), residual strain -0.12 to 
      0.01, and creep strain -0.09 to 0.00 respectively. Aggregate modulus increased
      with increasing BAG content from 116 to 653MPa. Porosity ranged from 66% (pure
      allograft) to 15% (pure BAG). Subsidence was highest for allograft, and
      remarkably low for a 1:1 BAG-allograft volume mixture. Both BAG granules and
      allograft morsels as stand-alone materials exhibit suboptimal mechanical
      behaviour for load-bearing purpose. BAG granules are difficult to handle and less
      porous, whereas allograft subsides and creeps. A 1:1 volume mixture of BAG and
      allograft is therefore proposed as the best graft material in load-bearing
      defects.

PMID- 26972765
TI  - FRAME (Force Review Automation Environment): MATLAB-based AFM data processor.
AB  - Data processing of force-displacement curves generated by atomic force
      microscopes (AFMs) for elastic moduli and unbinding event measurements is very
      time consuming and susceptible to user error or bias. There is an evident need
      for consistent, dependable, and easy-to-use AFM data processing software. We have
      developed an open-source software application, the force review automation
      environment (or FRAME), that provides users with an intuitive graphical user
      interface, automating data processing, and tools for expediting manual
      processing. We did not observe a significant difference between manually
      processed and automatically processed results from the same data sets.

PMID- 26972766
TI  - Sample-specific adaption of an improved electro-mechanical model of in vitro
      cardiac tissue.
AB  - We present an electromechanically coupled computational model for the
      investigation of a thin cardiac tissue construct consisting of human-induced
      pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial, ventricular and sinoatrial cardiomyocytes.
      The mechanical and electrophysiological parts of the finite element model, as
      well as their coupling are explained in detail. The model is implemented in the
      open source finite element code Code_Aster and is employed for the simulation of
      a thin circular membrane deflected by a monolayer of autonomously beating,
      circular, thin cardiac tissue. Two cardio-active drugs, S-Bay K8644 and
      veratridine, are applied in experiments and simulations and are investigated with
      respect to their chronotropic effects on the tissue. These results demonstrate
      the potential of coupled micro- and macroscopic electromechanical models of
      cardiac tissue to be adapted to experimental results at the cellular level.
      Further model improvements are discussed taking into account experimentally
      measurable quantities that can easily be extracted from the obtained experimental
      results. The goal is to estimate the potential to adapt the presented model to
      sample specific cell cultures.

PMID- 26972768
TI  - The relations between marital quality, social support, social acceptance and
      coping strategies among the infertile Iranian couples.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Researchers aimed to assess marital quality among the infertile
      couples undergoing assistive reproductive treatments and their coping strategies,
      social support and social acceptance. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 133
      infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatments were assessed for
      marital satisfaction, conflict resolution and marital communication, and coping
      strategies, using a self-report questionnaire. Also, the level of perceived
      social support and social acceptance as moderator variables were measured. Data
      were analyzed using independent t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and
      linear regressions, after adjusting for age, cause of infertility and the
      duration of infertility. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the use
      of various coping strategies between couples. The correlation for marital
      satisfaction, marital communication and conflict resolution by using some coping
      strategy and the level of perceived social acceptance were significantly positive
      among women. Also, marital relationships had a positive and significant
      correlation with the level of perceived social support for men. But, unlike
      women, the couples' scales were significant for the perceived social support. The
      use of different coping strategies by men and women had a positive correlation
      with their perceived social support. CONCLUSION: Coping strategies used by the
      infertile couples had an important role in different aspects of their married
      life in search of marital satisfaction, and intermediates by the perceived social
      acceptance for women and social support for men.

PMID- 26972767
TI  - Meta-analyses of associations between interleukin-10 polymorphisms and
      susceptibility to recurrent pregnancy loss.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether interleukin-10 (IL
      10) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to recurrent pregnancy loss
      (RPL). METHODS: We conducted a literature search using the PubMed and EMBASE
      databases and performed meta-analyses on the associations between IL-10 -1082
      G/A, -819 C/T, and -592 C/A polymorphisms and RPL, using fixed- or random-effects
      models. RESULTS: A total of 15 papers involving 1858 RPL patients and 1949
      controls were considered in this study. Meta-analysis of IL-10 -1082 G/A
      polymorphism revealed no association between RPL and the IL-10 -1082 G allele
      (OR=0.999, 95% CI=0.815-1.223, p=0.989). However, meta-analysis of IL-10 -819 C/T
      polymorphism in all study subjects revealed an association between RPL and the IL
      10 -819 C allele (OR=0.680, 95% CI=0.498-0.927, p=0.015). Stratification by
      ethnicity indicated an association between the IL-10 -819 C allele and RPL in the
      Asian group (OR=0.421, 95% CI=0.226-0.783, p=0.006), but not in the Caucasian and
      Arab groups (OR=1.053, 95% CI=0.218-5.077, p=0.949, and OR=0.800, 95% CI=0.606
      1.081, p=0.152, respectively). Furthermore, a relationship between the IL-10 -592
      C allele and RPL was identified in the Asian group (OR=0.763, 95% CI=0.633-0.919,
      p=0.004), but not in the Caucasian and Arab groups. CONCLUSIONS: The meta
      analyses demonstrate that IL-10 -819 C/T and -592 C/A polymorphisms are
      associated with RPL susceptibility in Asian women, but not in the Caucasian and
      Arab populations.

PMID- 26972769
TI  - Viral evasion of DNA-stimulated innate immune responses.
AB  - Cellular sensing of virus-derived nucleic acids is essential for early defenses
      against virus infections. In recent years, the discovery of DNA sensing proteins,
      including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and gamma-interferon-inducible protein
      (IFI16), has led to understanding of how cells evoke strong innate immune
      responses against incoming pathogens carrying DNA genomes. The signaling
      stimulated by DNA sensors depends on the adaptor protein STING (stimulator of
      interferon genes), to enable expression of antiviral proteins, including type I
      interferon. To facilitate efficient infections, viruses have evolved a wide range
      of evasion strategies, targeting host DNA sensors, adaptor proteins and
      transcription factors. In this review, the current literature on virus-induced
      activation of the STING pathway is presented and we discuss recently identified
      viral evasion mechanisms targeting different steps in this antiviral pathway.

PMID- 26972770
TI  - 4-1BB signaling activates glucose and fatty acid metabolism to enhance CD8+ T
      cell proliferation.
AB  - 4-1BB (CD137) is a strong enhancer of the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Since
      these cells require increased production of energy and biomass to support their
      proliferation, we hypothesized that 4-1BB signaling activated glucose and fatty
      acid metabolism. We found that treatment with agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb promoted
      the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in vitro, increasing their size and
      granularity. Studies with a glycolysis inhibitor and a fatty acid oxidation
      inhibitor revealed that CD8+ T cell proliferation required both glucose and fatty
      acid metabolism. Anti-4-1BB treatment increased glucose transporter 1 expression
      and activated the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling pathway, which may be responsible for
      activating the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. We also examined whether
      blocking glucose or fatty acid metabolism affected cell cycle progression and the
      anti-apoptotic effect of 4-1BB signaling. The increase of anti-apoptotic factors
      and cyclins in response to anti-4-1BB treatment was completely prevented by
      treating CD8+ T cells with the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, etomoxir, but not
      with the glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose. We conclude that anti-4-1BB
      treatment activates glucose and fatty acid metabolism thus supporting the
      increased demand for energy and biomass, and that fatty acid metabolism plays a
      crucial role in enhancing the cell cycle progression of anti-CD3-activated CD8+ T
      cells in vitro and the anti-apoptotic effects of 4-1BB signaling on these cells.

PMID- 26972771
TI  - Secretory IgA in complex with Lactobacillus rhamnosus potentiates mucosal
      dendritic cell-mediated Treg cell differentiation via TLR regulatory proteins,
      RALDH2 and secretion of IL-10 and TGF-beta.
AB  - The importance of secretory IgA in controlling the microbiota is well known, yet
      how the antibody affects the perception of the commensals by the local immune
      system is still poorly defined. We have previously shown that the transport of
      secretory IgA in complex with bacteria across intestinal microfold cells results
      in an association with dendritic cells in Peyer's patches. However, the
      consequences of such an interaction on dendritic cell conditioning have not been
      elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the commensal Lactobacillus
      rhamnosus, alone or associated with secretory IgA, on the responsiveness of
      dendritic cells freshly recovered from mouse Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph
      nodes, and spleen. Lactobacillus rhamnosus-conditioned mucosal dendritic cells
      are characterized by increased expression of Toll-like receptor regulatory
      proteins [including single immunoglobulin interleukin-1 receptor-related
      molecule, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, and Toll-interacting molecule] and
      retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, low surface expression of co-stimulatory markers,
      high anti- versus pro-inflammatory cytokine production ratios, and induction of T
      regulatory cells with suppressive function. Association with secretory IgA
      enhanced the anti-inflammatory/regulatory Lactobacillus rhamnosus-induced
      conditioning of mucosal dendritic cells, particularly in Peyer's patches. At the
      systemic level, activation of splenic dendritic cells exposed to Lactobacillus
      rhamnosus was partially dampened upon association with secretory IgA. These data
      suggest that secretory IgA, through coating of commensal bacteria, contributes to
      the conditioning of mucosal dendritic cells toward tolerogenic profiles essential
      for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.

PMID- 26972773
TI  - Spatial Inferences in Narrative Comprehension: the Role of Verbal and Spatial
      Working Memory.
AB  - During the comprehension of narrative texts, readers keep a mental representation
      of the location of protagonists and objects; a breach in spatial coherence is
      detected by longer online reading times (consistency effect). We addressed
      whether these spatial inferences involve verbal or spatial working memory in two
      experiments, combining the consistency paradigm with selective verbal and spatial
      working memory concurrent tasks. The first experiment found longer reading times
      with a concurrent spatial task under imagery instructions (t33 = 2.87, p = .021).
      The second experiment, under comprehension reading instructions, found effects of
      verbal interference on reading times and accuracy. With a verbal secondary task,
      reading times for the target sentence were shorter (t45 = 3.60, p = .004) and the
      error rate was significantly higher (t47 = 2.95, p = .005) than without
      interference. This pattern of results suggests that spatial inferences in
      narrative comprehension rely mainly on verbal resources, and spatial working
      memory resources are recruited when imagery is required. 

PMID- 26972774
TI  - Motion and distortion correction of skeletal muscle echo planar images.
AB  - This paper examines two artifacts facing researchers who use gradient echo (GRE)
      echo planar imaging (EPI) for time series studies of skeletal muscles in limbs.
      The first is through-plane blood flow during the acquisition, causing a vessel
      motion artifact that inhibits proper motion correction of the data. The second is
      distortion of EPI images caused by B0 field inhomogeneities. Though software
      tools are available for correcting these artifacts in brain EPI images, the tools
      do not perform well on muscle images. The severity of the two artifacts was
      described using image similarity measures, and the data was processed with both a
      conventional motion correction program and custom written tools. The conventional
      program did not perform well on the limb images, in fact significantly degrading
      image quality in some trials. Data is presented which proves that arterial
      pulsatile signal caused the impairment in motion correction. The new tools were
      shown to perform much better, achieving substantial motion correction and
      distortion correction of the muscle EPI images.

PMID- 26972775
TI  - Motor function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Sometimes motor fibers are also
      located in the posterior branch.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The function of the extralaryngeal branches of the recurrent
      laryngeal nerve (RLN) has yet to be described precisely. The goal of this study
      was to evaluate the incidence and motor function of the extralaryngeal branches
      of the RLN. METHODS: Our study group consisted of 335 consecutive patients
      undergoing thyroid and parathyroid operations in whom the branches of the RLNs (n
      = 200) were evaluated with intraoperative nerve monitoring and by measuring the
      distance from the point of branching of the RLN into anterior and posterior
      branches and the entry of the individual branches into the larynx-defined as the
      branching distance. Anterior and posterior branches of the RLN were assessed
      separately by electromyography (using a standard electromyography endotracheal
      tube) for adduction and by finger palpation for abduction. The RLNs were
      classified as having motor function only in the anterior branches (Group 1) or
      function both in the anterior and posterior branches (Group 2). RESULTS: There
      were 185 RLNs in Group 1 and 15 RLNs in Group 2, assessed by intraoperative nerve
      monitoring. Motor function was detected in all anterior branches of the RLN
      (100%) and in 8% of the posterior branches. The mean branching distance was
      greater in Group 2 compared with Group 1 (24.1 +/- 13.6 mm, 17.3 +/- 8.5 mm,
      respectively, P = .045). CONCLUSION: Although the anterior branch of RLN always
      has motor function, the posterior branch also has motor function in about 8% of
      patients. The probability of detecting motor function in the posterior branch was
      greater among early branching RLNs, which have a greater branching distance. The
      surgeon should remember that posterior branches may contain motor fibers and
      protect these branches to avoid postoperative vocal cord dysfunction.

PMID- 26972772
TI  - NKT cell subsets as key participants in liver physiology and pathology.
AB  - Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that generally recognize
      lipid antigens and are enriched in microvascular compartments of the liver. NKT
      cells can be activated by self- or microbial-lipid antigens and by signaling
      through toll-like receptors. Following activation, NKT cells rapidly secrete pro
      inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and thereby determine
      the milieu for subsequent immunity or tolerance. It is becoming clear that two
      different subsets of NKT cells-type I and type II-have different modes of antigen
      recognition and have opposing roles in inflammatory liver diseases. Here we focus
      mainly on the roles of both NKT cell subsets in the maintenance of immune
      tolerance and inflammatory diseases in liver. Furthermore, how the differential
      activation of type I and type II NKT cells influences other innate cells and
      adaptive immune cells to result in important consequences for tissue integrity is
      discussed. It is crucial that better reagents, including CD1d tetramers, be used
      in clinical studies to define the roles of NKT cells in liver diseases in
      patients.

PMID- 26972776
TI  - Evaluating the Oxidative Stress in Renal Diseases: What Is the Role for S
      Glutathionylation?
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been considered as toxic
      derivatives of aerobic metabolism displaying a harmful effect to living cells.
      Deregulation of redox homeostasis and production of excessive free radicals may
      contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. In line, oxidative stress
      increases in patients with renal dysfunctions due to a general increase of ROS
      paralleled by impaired antioxidant ability. RECENT ADVANCES: Emerging evidence
      revealed that physiologically, ROS can act as signaling molecules interplaying
      with several transduction pathways such as proliferation, differentiation, and
      apoptosis. ROS can exert signaling functions by modulating, at different layers,
      protein oxidation since proteins have "cysteine switches" that can be reversibly
      reduced or oxidized, supporting the dynamic signaling regulation function. In
      this scenario, S-glutathionylation is a posttranslational modification involved
      in oxidative cellular response. CRITICAL ISSUES: Although it is widely accepted
      that renal dysfunctions are often associated with altered redox signaling, the
      relative role of S-glutathionylation on the pathogenesis of specific renal
      diseases remains unclear and needs further investigations. In this review, we
      discuss the impact of ROS in renal health and diseases and the role of selective
      S-glutathionylation proteins potentially relevant to renal physiology. FUTURE
      DIRECTIONS: The paucity of studies linking the reversible protein
      glutathionylation with specific renal disorders remains unmet. The growing number
      of S-glutathionylated proteins indicates that this is a fascinating area of
      research. In this respect, further studies on the association of reversible
      glutathionylation with renal diseases, characterized by oxidative stress, may be
      useful to develop new pharmacological molecules targeting protein S
      glutathionylation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 147-164.

PMID- 26972778
TI  - Isoreticular zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks: discovering mechanical
      trends and elastic anomalies controlling chemical structure stability.
AB  - Understanding the mechanical properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is
      crucial not only to yield robust practical applications, but also to advance
      fundamental research underpinning the flexibility of a myriad of open-framework
      chemical compounds. Herein we present one of the most comprehensive structural
      analyses yet on MOF-mechanics: elucidating the complex elastic response of an
      isoreticular series of topical Zr-based MOFs, explaining all the important
      mechanical properties, and identifying major trends arising from systematic
      organic linker exchange. Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) was employed
      to establish the single-crystal elastic constants of the nanoporous MIL-140(A-D)
      structures, generating a complete 3-D representation of the principal mechanical
      properties, encompassing the Young's modulus, shear modulus, linear
      compressibility and Poisson's ratio. Of particular interest, we discovered
      significantly high values of both positive and negative linear compressibility
      and Poisson's ratio, whose framework molecular mechanisms responsible for such
      elastic anomalies have been fully revealed. In addition to pinpointing large
      elastic anisotropy and unusual physical properties, we analyzed the bulk modulus
      of isoreticular Zr-MOF compounds to understand the framework structural
      resistance against the hydrostatic pressure, and determined the averaged
      mechanical behaviour of bulk (polycrystalline) MOF materials important for the
      design of emergent applications. 

PMID- 26972777
TI  - Evaluation of efficiency of nested multiplex allele-specific PCR assay for
      detection of multidrug resistant tuberculosis directly from sputum samples.
AB  - For an effective control of tuberculosis, rapid detection of multidrug resistant
      tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is necessary. Therefore, we developed a modified nested
      multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (MAS-PCR) method that enables
      rapid MDR-TB detection directly from sputum samples. The efficacy of this method
      was evaluated using 79 sputum samples collected from suspected tuberculosis
      patients. The performance of nested MAS-PCR method was compared with other MDR-TB
      detection methods like drug susceptibility testing (DST) and DNA sequencing. As
      rifampicin (RIF) resistance conforms to MDR-TB in greater than 90% cases, only
      the presence of RIF-associated mutations in rpoB gene was determined by DNA
      sequencing and nested MAS-PCR to detect MDR-TB. The concordance between nested
      MAS-PCR and DNA sequencing results was found to be 96.3%. When compared with DST,
      the sensitivity and specificity of nested MAS-PCR for RIF-resistance detection
      were determined to be 92.9 and 100% respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE
      STUDY: For developing- and high-TB burden countries, molecular-based tests have
      been recommended by the World Health Organization for rapid detection of MDR-TB.
      The results of this study indicate that, nested MAS-PCR assay might be a
      practical and relatively cost effective molecular method for rapid detection of
      MDR-TB from suspected sputum samples in developing countries with resource poor
      settings.

PMID- 26972779
TI  - Editorial overview: Biocatalysis and Biotransformation: Esoteric, Niche
      Enzymology.

PMID- 26972781
TI  - Self-Assembled Pyridine-Dipyrrolate Cages.
AB  - An inherently nonlinear pyridine dipyrrolate ligand, namely 2,6-bis(3,4-diethyl-5
      carboxy-1H-pyrrol-2yl)pyridine (compound 1), is able to distinguish between
      different zinc(II) cation sources, namely Zn(acac)2 and Zn(OAc)2, respectively.
      This differentiation is manifest both in terms of the observed fluorescent
      behavior in mixed organic media and the reaction chemistry. Treatment of 1 with
      Zn(acac)2 gives rise to a cage dimer, cage-1, wherein two molecules of compound 1
      act as double bridging units to connect two individual cage subunits. As inferred
      from X-ray crystallographic studies, this cage system consists of discrete zinc
      dimers with hydroxide bridges that, with the assistance of bound DMF solvent
      molecules, serve to fix the geometry and orientation of the pyridine dipyrrolate
      building blocks. When a different zinc source, Zn(OAc)2, is used to carry out an
      ostensibly similar complexation reaction with compound 1, an acetate-bridged 1D
      abacus-like cage polymer is obtained as inferred from X-ray diffraction analysis.
      This extended solid state structure, cage-2, contains individual zinc dimer cage
      submits and appears stabilized by solvent molecules (DMF) and the counteranion
      (acetate). Rod-like assemblies are also observed by DLS and SEM. This construct,
      in contrast to cage-1, proved fluorescent in mixed organic media. The structure
      of the ligand itself (i.e., in the absence of Zn(II)) was confirmed by X-ray
      crystallographic analysis and was found to assemble into a supramolecular
      polymer. Conversion to a dimer form was seen upon the addition of TBAOAc. On the
      basis of the metric parameters, the structures seen in the solid state are
      stabilized via hydrogen bonding interactions involving solvent molecules. 

PMID- 26972780
TI  - Medroxyprogesterone acetate levels among Kenyan women using depot
      medroxyprogesterone acetate in the FEM-PrEP trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) levels among Kenyan
      depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users in the FEM-PrEP HIV prevention
      trial, and to compare MPA levels between ARV for HIV prevention (treatment) and
      placebo groups. STUDY DESIGN: We measured MPA in previously collected plasma
      samples from 63 Kenyan trial participants who used DMPA for one or two complete
      intervals. We separately assessed MPA levels among the nine DMPA users who became
      pregnant at this site. RESULTS: Mean MPA levels at the end of each 12week
      injection interval were 0.37ng/ml (95% CI: 0.25, 1.99) and 0.28ng/ml (95% CI:
      0.19, 1.22) among participants assigned TDF/FTC and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.40, 1.27) and
      0.39 (95% CI: 0.31, 1.17) among those assigned placebo. The difference between
      groups was not statistically significant overall, or in an analysis which
      adjusted for the observed low adherence to TDF/FTC. Unanticipated findings of
      this analysis were low 12-week MPA levels among DMPA users in both study arms. Of
      61 women who contributed data for the first DMPA injection interval, 26.2% had
      MPA levels<0.1ng/ml and 9.8% had levels below the detection level (0.02ng/ml) at
      12weeks post-injection. Levels were similar at the end of the second injection
      interval. Five of nine women who became pregnant had levels below 0.15ng/mL at
      the time of their last negative pregnancy test. CONCLUSIONS: Use of TDF/FTC did
      not appear to affect serum MPA levels, however we found lower than expected MPA
      concentrations at the end of the dosing interval among DMPA users in the FEM-PrEP
      trial, the cause of which are unknown. IMPLICATIONS: This study presents some of
      the few available data on MPA levels among DMPA users in Africa. The low levels
      among users described here, together with a number of pregnancies among DMPA
      users, are potentially concerning and require further investigation.

PMID- 26972782
TI  - Nanoscale Mapping of Dielectric Properties of Nanomaterials from Kilohertz to
      Megahertz Using Ultrasmall Cantilevers.
AB  - Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is often used for nanoscale dielectric
      spectroscopy, the measurement of local dielectric properties of materials as a
      function of frequency. However, the frequency range of atomic force microscopy
      (AFM)-based dielectric spectroscopy has been limited to a few kilohertz by the
      resonance frequency and noise of soft microcantilevers used for this purpose.
      Here, we boost the frequency range of local dielectric spectroscopy by 3 orders
      of magnitude from a few kilohertz to a few megahertz by developing a technique
      that exploits the high resonance frequency and low thermal noise of ultrasmall
      cantilevers (USCs). We map the frequency response of the real and imaginary
      components of the capacitance gradient (?C(omega)/?z) by using second-harmonic
      EFM and a theoretical model, which relates cantilever dynamics to the complex
      dielectric constant. We demonstrate the method by mapping the nanoscale
      dielectric spectrum of polymer-based materials for organic electronic devices.
      Beyond offering a powerful extension to AFM-based dielectric spectroscopy, the
      approach also allows the identification of electrostatic excitation frequencies
      which affords high dielectric contrast on nanomaterials.

PMID- 26972783
TI  - Progress in the understanding and utilization of biologic response modifiers in
      the treatment of uveitis.
AB  - Uveitis is the third most common cause of blindness in developed countries.
      Considering the systemic and local complications of long-term corticosteroid
      therapy and the intolerance due to side effects and ineffectiveness of
      conventional chemotherapy, use of biologic response modifiers is a reasonable
      alternative in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis and persistent uveitic
      macular edema. The majority of the evidence presented here comes from open
      uncontrolled analyses. Based on these studies, tumor necrosis factor alpha
      inhibitors, especially infliximab and adalimumab, have been shown to be effective
      in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis in numerous studies. More research is
      necessary, particularly multi-center randomized clinical trials, to address the
      choice of biologic response modifier agent and the length of treatment as we
      employ biologic response modifiers in different types of uveitis and persistent
      uveitic macular edema. 

PMID- 26972784
TI  - AFBI assay - Aptamer Fluorescence Binding and Internalization assay for cultured
      adherent cells.
AB  - The SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) process
      allows for the enrichment of DNA or RNA aptamers from a complex nucleic acid
      library that are specific for a target molecule. The SELEX process has been
      adapted from identifying aptamers in vitro using recombinant target protein to
      cell-based methodologies (Cell-SELEX), where the targets are expressed on the
      surface of cells. One major advantage of Cell-SELEX is that the target molecules
      are maintained in a native confirmation. Additionally, Cell-SELEX may be used to
      discover novel therapeutic biomarkers by performing selections on diseased versus
      healthy cells. However, a caveat to Cell-SELEX is that testing of single aptamers
      identified in the selection is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive. The most
      frequently used methods to screen for aptamer binding and internalization on
      cells are flow cytometry and quantitative PCR (qPCR). While flow cytometry can
      directly assess binding of a fluorescently-labeled aptamer to a target, it
      requires significant starting material and is not easily scalable. qPCR-based
      approaches are highly sensitive but have non-negligible experiment-to-experiment
      variability due to the number of sample processing steps. Herein we describe a
      cell-based aptamer fluorescence binding and internalization (AFBI) assay. This
      assay requires minimal reagents and has few experimental steps/manipulations,
      thereby allowing for rapid screening of many aptamers and conditions
      simultaneously and direct quantitation of aptamer binding and internalization.

PMID- 26972786
TI  - In vitro RNA SELEX for the generation of chemically-optimized therapeutic RNA
      drugs.
AB  - Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can bind with
      exquisitely high affinity and specificity to target molecules and are thus often
      referred to as 'nucleic acid' antibodies. Oligonucleotide aptamers are derived
      through a process of directed chemical evolution called SELEX (Systematic
      Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment). This chemical equivalent of
      Darwinian evolution was first described in 1990 by Tuerk & Gold and Ellington &
      Szostak and has since yielded aptamers for a wide-range of applications,
      including biosensor technologies, in vitro diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and
      therapeutics. Since the inception of the original SELEX method, numerous
      modifications to the protocol have been described to fit the choice of target,
      specific conditions or applications. Technologies such as high-throughput
      sequencing methods and microfluidics have also been adapted for SELEX. In this
      chapter, we outline key steps in the SELEX process for enabling the rapid
      identification of RNA aptamers for in vivo applications. Specifically, we provide
      a detailed protocol for the selection of chemically-optimized RNA aptamers using
      the original in vitro SELEX methodology. In addition, methods for performing next
      generation sequencing of the RNAs from each round of selection, based on Illumina
      sequencing technology, are discussed.

PMID- 26972785
TI  - High resolution laser mass spectrometry bioimaging.
AB  - Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was introduced more than five decades ago with
      secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and a decade later with laser
      desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Large biomolecule imaging by
      matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was developed in the 1990s
      and ambient laser MS a decade ago. Although SIMS has been capable of imaging with
      a moderate mass range at sub-micrometer lateral resolution from its inception,
      laser MS requires additional effort to achieve a lateral resolution of 10MUm or
      below which is required to image at the size scale of single mammalian cells.
      This review covers untargeted large biomolecule MSI using lasers for
      desorption/ionization or laser desorption and post-ionization. These methods
      include laser microprobe (LDI) MSI, MALDI MSI, laser ambient and atmospheric
      pressure MSI, and near-field laser ablation MS. Novel approaches to improving
      lateral resolution are discussed, including oversampling, beam shaping,
      transmission geometry, reflective and through-hole objectives, microscope mode,
      and near-field optics.

PMID- 26972788
TI  - False-negative rate, limit of detection and recovery efficiency performance of a
      validated macrofoam-swab sampling method for low surface concentrations of
      Bacillus anthracis Sterne and Bacillus atrophaeus spores.
AB  - AIMS: We sought to evaluate the effects of Bacillus species, low surface
      concentrations, and surface material on recovery efficiency (RE), false-negative
      rate (FNR) and limit of detection for recovering Bacillus spores using a
      validated macrofoam-swab sampling procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS: The performance
      of a macrofoam-swab sampling method was evaluated using Bacillus anthracis Sterne
      (BAS) and Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura (BG) spores applied at nine low target
      surface concentrations (2 to 500 CFU per plate or coupon) to positive-control
      plates and test coupons (25.8064 cm(2) ) of four surface materials (glass,
      stainless steel, vinyl tile and plastic). The Bacillus species and surface
      material had statistically significant effects on RE, but surface concentration
      did not. Mean REs were the lowest for vinyl tile (50.8% with BAS and 40.2% with
      BG) and the highest for glass (92.8% with BAS and 71.4% with BG). FNR values
      (which ranged from 0 to 0.833 for BAS and from 0 to 0.806 for BG) increased as
      surface concentration decreased in the range tested. Surface material also had a
      statistically significant effect on FNR, with FNR the lowest for glass and
      highest for vinyl tile. Finally, FNR tended to be higher for BG than for BAS at
      lower surface concentrations, especially for glass. CONCLUSIONS: Concentration
      and surface material had significant effects on FNR, with Bacillus species having
      a small effect. Species and surface material had significant effects on RE, with
      surface concentration having a nonsignificant effect. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF
      THE STUDY: The results provide valuable information on the performance of the
      macrofoam-swab method for low surface concentrations of Bacillus spores, which
      can be adapted to assess the likelihood that there is no contamination when all
      macrofoam-swab samples fail to detect B. anthracis.

PMID- 26972787
TI  - Structural computational modeling of RNA aptamers.
AB  - RNA aptamers represent an emerging class of biologics that can be easily adapted
      for personalized and precision medicine. Several therapeutic aptamers with
      desirable binding and functional properties have been developed and evaluated in
      preclinical studies over the past 25years. However, for the majority of these
      aptamers, their clinical potential has yet to be realized. A significant hurdle
      to the clinical adoption of this novel class of biologicals is the limited
      information on their secondary and tertiary structure. Knowledge of the RNA's
      structure would greatly facilitate and expedite the post-selection optimization
      steps required for translation, including truncation (to reduce costs of
      manufacturing), chemical modification (to enhance stability and improve safety)
      and chemical conjugation (to improve drug properties for combinatorial therapy).
      Here we describe a structural computational modeling methodology that when
      coupled to a standard functional assay, can be used to determine key sequence and
      structural motifs of an RNA aptamer. We applied this methodology to enable the
      truncation of an aptamer to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with great
      potential for targeted therapy that had failed previous truncation attempts. This
      methodology can be easily applied to optimize other aptamers with therapeutic
      potential.

PMID- 26972790
TI  - Substance use stigma: Reliability and validity of a theory-based scale for
      substance-using populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Substance use disorders consistently rank among the most stigmatized
      conditions worldwide. Thus, substance use stigma fosters health inequities among
      persons with substance use disorders and remains a key barrier to successful
      screening and treatment efforts. Current efforts to measure substance use stigma
      are limited. This study aims to advance measurement efforts by drawing on stigma
      theory to develop and evaluate the Substance Use Stigma Mechanisms Scale (SU
      SMS). The SU-SMS was designed to capture enacted, anticipated, and internalized
      Substance Use Stigma Mechanisms among persons with current and past substance use
      disorders, and distinguish between key stigma sources most likely to impact this
      target population. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional evaluation of the
      validity, reliability, and generalizability of the SU-SMS across two independent
      samples with diverse substance use and treatment histories. RESULTS: Findings
      support the structural and construct validity of the SU-SMS, suggesting the scale
      was able to capture enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma as distinct
      stigma experiences. It also further differentiated between two distinct stigma
      sources (family and healthcare providers). Analysis of these mechanisms and
      psychosocial metrics suggests that the scale is also associated with other health
      related outcomes. Furthermore, the SU-SMS demonstrated high levels of internal
      reliability and generalizability across two independent samples of persons with
      diverse substance use disorders and treatment histories. CONCLUSION: The SU-SMS
      may serve as a valuable tool for better understanding the processes through which
      substance use stigma serves to undermine key health behaviors and outcomes among
      persons with substance use disorders.

PMID- 26972789
TI  - Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Ameliorates Mild Traumatic Brain
      Injury-Induced Cognitive and Sensorimotor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Rats.
AB  - Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major public health issue, representing
      75-90% of all cases of TBI. In clinical settings, mTBI, which is defined as a
      Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15, can lead to various physical, cognitive,
      emotional, and psychological-related symptoms. To date, there are no
      pharmaceutical-based therapies to manage the development of the pathological
      deficits associated with mTBI. In this study, the neurotrophic and
      neuroprotective properties of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP),
      an incretin similar to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was investigated after
      its steady-state subcutaneous administration, focusing on behavior after mTBI in
      an in vivo animal model. The mTBI rat model was generated by a mild controlled
      cortical impact (mCCI) and used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of GIP. We
      used the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, which are tasks
      for spatial and recognition memory, respectively, to identify the putative
      therapeutic effects of GIP on cognitive function. Further, beam walking and the
      adhesive removal tests were used to evaluate locomotor activity and somatosensory
      functions in rats with and without GIP administration after mCCI lesion. Lastly,
      we used immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot analyses to evaluate
      the inflammatory markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), amyloid-beta
      precursor protein (APP), and bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene in chromosome X
      (BMX) in animals with mTBI. GIP was well tolerated and ameliorated mTBI-induced
      memory impairments, poor balance, and sensorimotor deficits after initiation in
      the post-injury period. In addition, GIP mitigated mTBI-induced neuroinflammatory
      changes on GFAP, APP, and BMX protein levels. These findings suggest GIP has
      significant benefits in managing mTBI-related symptoms and represents a novel
      strategy for mTBI treatment.

PMID- 26972791
TI  - Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells on macaque and human retinas form two
      morphologically distinct populations.
AB  - The long-term goal of this research is to understand how retinal ganglion cells
      that express the photopigment melanopsin, also known as OPN4, contribute to
      vision in humans and other primates. Here we report the results of anatomical
      studies using our polyclonal antibody specifically against human melanopsin that
      confirm and extend previous descriptions of melanopsin cells in primates. In
      macaque and human retina, two distinct populations of melanopsin cells were
      identified based on dendritic stratification in either the inner or the outer
      portion of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Variation in dendritic field size and
      cell density with eccentricity was confirmed, and dendritic spines, a new feature
      of melanopsin cells, were described. The spines were the sites of input from DB6
      diffuse bipolar cell axon terminals to the inner stratifying type of melanopsin
      cells. The outer stratifying melanopsin type received inputs from DB6 bipolar
      cells via a sparse outer axonal arbor. Outer stratifying melanopsin cells also
      received inputs from axon terminals of dopaminergic amacrine cells. On the outer
      stratifying melanopsin cells, ribbon synapses from bipolar cells and conventional
      synapses from amacrine cells were identified in electron microscopic
      immunolabeling experiments. Both inner and outer stratifying melanopsin cell
      types were retrogradely labeled following tracer injection in the lateral
      geniculate nucleus (LGN). In addition, a method for targeting melanopsin cells
      for intracellular injection using their intrinsic fluorescence was developed.
      This technique was used to demonstrate that melanopsin cells were tracer coupled
      to amacrine cells and would be applicable to electrophysiological experiments in
      the future. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2845-2872, 2016. (c) 2016 The Authors The
      Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972793
TI  - The Five-Minute Moment.
AB  - In today's hospital and clinic environment, the obstacles to bedside teaching for
      both faculty and trainees are considerable. As electronic health record systems
      become increasingly prevalent, trainees are spending more time performing patient
      care tasks from computer workstations, limiting opportunities to learn at the
      bedside. Physical examination skills rarely are emphasized, and low confidence
      levels, especially in junior faculty, pose additional barriers to teaching the
      bedside examination.

PMID- 26972792
TI  - Castleman's Disease Presenting as a Mediastinal Mass: Mimicker of Malignancy.

PMID- 26972794
TI  - A review of blisters caused by wound dressing components: Can they impede post
      operative rehabilitation and discharge?
AB  - This review highlights that some wound dressings can be the cause of blistering.
      It also presents the mechanisms by which blisters may be caused by poor choice of
      dressings. The subsequent impact of the blisters on preventing patient mobility -
      and hence rehabilitation in terms of physiotherapy - is also identified. The
      possibility that the clinical sequelae (e.g. delayed wound healing, restricted
      joint range of motion (ROM), muscle atrophy and increased risk of deep vein
      thrombosis (DVT)) resulting from this might have a significant and deleterious
      impact upon patient-related outcomes is discussed. Strategies for the treatment
      and prevention of blisters are proposed, based upon current knowledge and
      expertise. The criticality of the wound care specialist and the physiotherapist
      working together to overcome these challenges and enhance patient care is
      underlined. This article is a review of the relevant literature combined with
      opinions based upon the experience and knowledge of the authors. 

PMID- 26972796
TI  - Interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 regulate Langerhans cell migration.

PMID- 26972797
TI  - Strong correlation between early stage atherosclerosis and electromechanical
      coupling of aorta.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases that are
      responsible for many deaths in the world, and the early diagnosis of
      atherosclerosis is highly desirable. The existing imaging methods, however, are
      not capable of detecting the early stage of atherosclerosis development due to
      their limited spatial resolution. Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we
      show that the piezoelectric response of an aortic wall increases as
      atherosclerosis advances, while the stiffness of the aorta shows a less evident
      correlation with atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we show that there is strong
      correlation between the coercive electric field necessary to switch the polarity
      of the artery and the development of atherosclerosis. Thus by measuring the
      electromechanical coupling of the aortic wall, it is possible to probe
      atherosclerosis at the early stage of its development, not only improving the
      spatial resolution by orders of magnitude, but also providing comprehensive
      quantitative information on the biomechanical properties of the artery. 

PMID- 26972795
TI  - First results of a novel adjustable-length ossicular reconstruction prosthesis in
      temporal bones.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The performance of an ossicular replacement prosthesis
      (ORP) is influenced by its alignment and appropriate tension between the tympanic
      membrane and the stapes footplate. A novel ORP with a flexible element that
      potentially allows for length adjustment in situ is presented and tested for
      acoustic performance. STUDY DESIGN: Laser Doppler vibrometry in fresh human
      cadaveric temporal bones was used to test the acoustic performance of the
      adjustable ORP relative to standard prostheses used for ossiculoplasty. METHODS:
      The three-dimensional (3D) velocity of the stapes posterior crus was measured in
      the 0.2- to 20-kHz range using a Polytec CLV-3D laser Doppler vibrometer. The
      middle ear cavity was accessed through a facial recess approach. After measuring
      the normal response, the incus was removed and stapes velocity was measured in
      the disarticulated case, then after insertion of the new prosthesis, a
      conventional prosthesis (Kurz BELL Dusseldorf type), and a sculpted autologous
      incus prosthesis in each temporal bone. The 3D stapes velocity transfer function
      (SVTF) was calculated for each case and compared. RESULTS: The novel ORP design
      restored stapes velocity to within 6 dB (on average) of the intact response. No
      significant differences in 3D-SVTF were found between the new, conventional, or
      autologous ORPs. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of an in situ adjustable element into
      the ORP design did not adversely affect its acoustic performance. The adjustable
      element may increase the ease of achieving optimal ORP placement, especially
      through a facial recess approach. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 126:2559
      2564, 2016.

PMID- 26972800
TI  - A case of diabetic ketoacidosis after everolimus treatment.

PMID- 26972798
TI  - Association between breastfeeding and insulin sensitivity among young people with
      Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study.

PMID- 26972801
TI  - sigma-Hole Opposite to a Lone Pair: Unconventional Pnicogen Bonding Interactions
      between ZF3 (Z=N, P, As, and Sb) Compounds and Several Donors.
AB  - The ability of several pnicogen sp(3) derivatives ZF3 (Z=N, P, As, Sb) to
      interact with electron-rich entities by means of the opposite face to the lone
      pair (lp) is investigated at the RI-MP2/aug-cc-pVQZ level of theory. The strength
      of the interaction ranges from -1 to -87 kJ mol(-1) , proving its favorable
      nature, especially when the lp is coordinated to a metal center, whereby the
      strength of the interaction is significantly enhanced. NBO analysis showed that
      orbital effects are modest contributors to the global stabilization of the
      pnicogen sigma-hole bonded complexes studied. Finally, a selection of Cambridge
      Structural Database examples are shown that demonstrate the impact of this
      counterintuitive binding mode in the solid state.

PMID- 26972799
TI  - Identification of novel RNA secondary structures within the hepatitis C virus
      genome reveals a cooperative involvement in genome packaging.
AB  - The specific packaging of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome is hypothesised to
      be driven by Core-RNA interactions. To identify the regions of the viral genome
      involved in this process, we used SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by
      exponential enrichment) to identify RNA aptamers which bind specifically to Core
      in vitro. Comparison of these aptamers to multiple HCV genomes revealed the
      presence of a conserved terminal loop motif within short RNA stem-loop
      structures. We postulated that interactions of these motifs, as well as sub
      motifs which were present in HCV genomes at statistically significant levels,
      with the Core protein may drive virion assembly. We mutated 8 of these predicted
      motifs within the HCV infectious molecular clone JFH-1, thereby producing a range
      of mutant viruses predicted to possess altered RNA secondary structures. RNA
      replication and viral titre were unaltered in viruses possessing only one mutated
      structure. However, infectivity titres were decreased in viruses possessing a
      higher number of mutated regions. This work thus identified multiple novel RNA
      motifs which appear to contribute to genome packaging. We suggest that these
      structures act as cooperative packaging signals to drive specific RNA
      encapsidation during HCV assembly. 

PMID- 26972802
TI  - Does zero really mean nothing?-first experiences with the new PowerQuant(TM)
      system in comparison to established real-time quantification kits.
AB  - DNA quantification is an important step in the molecular genetic analysis of a
      forensic sample, hopefully providing reliable data on DNA content for a
      subsequent generation of reproducible STR profiles for identification. For
      several years, this quantification has usually been done by real-time PCR
      protocols and meanwhile a variety of assays are commercially available from
      different companies. The newest one is the PowerQuant(TM) assay by Promega Inc.
      which is advertised with the promise that a determined DNA concentration of 0
      ng/MUl in a forensic sample guarantees the impossibility to achieve true STR
      results, thus allowing to exclude such samples from STR analysis to save time and
      money. Thus, the goal of this study was to thoroughly verify the quantification
      step with regard to its suitability as a screening method. We have evaluated the
      precision and reliability of four different real-time PCR quantification assays
      by systematically testing DNA dilutions and forensic samples with various DNA
      contents. Subsequently, each sample was subjected to the Powerplex(r) ESX 17 fast
      kit to determine a reliable cutoff level for exclusion of definitely negative
      samples from STR analysis. An accurate quantification of different cell line DNA
      dilutions was not possible with any kit. However, at least the PowerQuant(TM)
      assay provided suitable data analyzing forensic samples, whereas in other systems
      up to 46 % of negative samples still displayed reliable STR analysis results. All
      in all, the PowerQuant(TM) assay represents a big step forward, but the
      evaluation of real-time PCR quantification results has still to be done with
      great care. 

PMID- 26972804
TI  - Erratum to: Hypoxemia as a model for high altitude and cardiovascular risk
      reduction.

PMID- 26972803
TI  - Long-term outcome of patients with POEMS syndrome: An update of the Mayo Clinic
      experience.
AB  - Over the past decade, a number of changes have occurred in the diagnostic
      evaluation, management, and long-term follow-up of patients with POEMS syndrome
      at our institution. This study included 291 patients with POEMS syndrome
      diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic between 1974 and 2014. Patients diagnosed after 2003
      had more features of the syndrome identified at diagnosis and were more likely to
      receive an autologous transplant (49% versus 8%, P < 0.0001) and to have achieved
      a hematologic complete response (CR) to treatment (41% vs 25%, P < 0.0001). With
      2273 person-years of follow-up, 10-year overall survival (OS) was 62% (95% C.I.,
      56%, 67%). On multivariate analysis, the three factors associated with superior
      OS were younger age (RR 0.98 [0.96-1.00]), albumin greater-than 3.2 g/dL (RR 0.5
      [0.32-0.89]) and attainment of complete hematologic response (RR 0.4 [0.2, 0.9]).
      This study confirms the very good long-term outcomes of patients with POEMS
      syndrome and identifies two new prognostic risk factors: albumin at diagnosis and
      attainment of complete hematologic response. Am. J. Hematol. 91:585-589, 2016.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972805
TI  - Decompressive craniectomy following traumatic brain injury: developing the
      evidence base.
AB  - In the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI), decompressive craniectomy (DC) is
      used as part of tiered therapeutic protocols for patients with intracranial
      hypertension (secondary or protocol-driven DC). In addition, the bone flap can be
      left out when evacuating a mass lesion, usually an acute subdural haematoma
      (ASDH), in the acute phase (primary DC). Even though, the principle of "opening
      the skull" in order to control brain oedema and raised intracranial pressure has
      been practised since the beginning of the 20th century, the last 20 years have
      been marked by efforts to develop the evidence base with the conduct of
      randomised trials. This article discusses the merits and challenges of this
      approach and provides an overview of randomised trials of DC following TBI. An
      update on the RESCUEicp study, a randomised trial of DC versus advanced medical
      management (including barbiturates) for severe and refractory post-traumatic
      intracranial hypertension is provided. In addition, the rationale for the RESCUE
      ASDH study, the first randomised trial of primary DC versus craniotomy for adult
      head-injured patients with an ASDH, is presented. 

PMID- 26972806
TI  - NiftyFit: a Software Package for Multi-parametric Model-Fitting of 4D Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging Data.
AB  - Multi-modal, multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging is becoming an
      increasingly sophisticated tool for neuroimaging. The relationships between
      parameters estimated from different individual MR modalities have the potential
      to transform our understanding of brain function, structure, development and
      disease. This article describes a new software package for such multi-contrast
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging that provides a unified model-fitting framework. We
      describe model-fitting functionality for Arterial Spin Labeled MRI, T1
      Relaxometry, T2 relaxometry and Diffusion Weighted imaging, providing command
      line documentation to generate the figures in the manuscript. Software and data
      (using the nifti file format) used in this article are simultaneously provided
      for download. We also present some extended applications of the joint model
      fitting framework applied to diffusion weighted imaging and T2 relaxometry, in
      order to both improve parameter estimation in these models and generate new
      parameters that link different MR modalities. NiftyFit is intended as a clear and
      open-source educational release so that the user may adapt and develop their own
      functionality as they require.

PMID- 26972807
TI  - Residential radon and cancers other than lung cancer: a cohort study in Galicia,
      a Spanish radon-prone area.

PMID- 26972808
TI  - Patterns of Reactions to Red Pigment Tattoo and Treatment Methods.
AB  - Tattoos are common and used extensively as either body art or cosmetic make-up;
      more rarely, they can be traumatic in nature. We have systemically analysed the
      literature for the patterns of red pigment tattoo reactions and their treatment
      options. Our search identified 18 articles; there was 1 non-randomised controlled
      trial, and the rest were small case studies. In total 139 patients were included
      within the studies. This review systematically analyses the different subsets of
      red tattoo reactions including lichenoid, dermatitis, granulomatous,
      pseudolymphomatous and miscellaneous reactions. The current evidence for the
      treatment for the above is presented. Dermatitis and lichenoid reactions appear
      to be the most common subtype of red pigment reactions with various treatment
      methods applied showing laser intervention to have some degree of success. 

PMID- 26972809
TI  - Functional recovery following primary ACL repair with dynamic intraligamentary
      stabilization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, a new technique, dynamic intraligamentary stabilization
      (DIS) was introduced for the acute repair of ACL ruptures. The purpose of this
      study was to report the functional recovery for patients undergoing acute
      anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair alongside DIS. METHODS: Forty five
      patients sustaining acute ACL rupture and treated with DIS repair were
      retrospectively evaluated. Limb symmetry index of the hop test as well as knee
      function by means of range of motion, knee swelling, pain and maximum strength
      were evaluated. Following completion of the rehabilitation program, the
      difference in anterior-posterior translation (Delta-AP Translation), IKDC, Tegner
      score (TAS) was additionally analyzed. RESULTS: Forty five (13 females, 32 males)
      patients were included in the study. Mean age was 26years (range 18 to 54years).
      Median time to successfully complete hop test was 22.0weeks (range 11 to 32weeks)
      postoperatively. Median limb symmetry index 91.6%+/-8.3%. Median delta anterior
      posterior translation compared to the healthy side was plus 0.0mm+/-1.6mm. Median
      IKDC was 89.5+/-6.5. Mean Tegner score (TAS) at 12months of follow-up was seven
      (range four to nine). Three patients suffered a rerupture during the first 12
      postoperative months. CONCLUSIONS: DIS technique with proper rehabilitation
      following acute ACL rupture provides successful functional recovery and low
      rerupture rate at one-year follow-up.

PMID- 26972810
TI  - An ancillary method in urine cytology: Nucleolar/nuclear volume ratio for
      discrimination between benign and malignant urothelial cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The essential of urine cytology for the diagnosis and the follow-up
      of urothelial neoplasia has been widely recognized. However, there are some cases
      in which a definitive diagnosis cannot be made due to difficulty in
      discriminating between benign and malignant. This study evaluated the
      practicality of nucleolar/nuclear volume ratio (%) for the discrimination.
      METHODS: Using Papanicolaou-stained slides, 253 benign urothelial cells and 282
      malignant urothelial cells were selected and divided into a benign urothelial
      cell and an urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell groups. Three suspicious cases and
      four cases in which discrimination between benign and malignant was difficult
      were prepared for verification test. Subject cells were decolorized and stained
      with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for detection of the nuclei and the nucleoli.
      Z-stack method was performed to analyze. RESULTS: When the cutoff point of 1.514%
      discriminating benign urothelial cells and UC cells from nucleolar/nuclear volume
      ratio (%) was utilized, the sensitivity was 56.0%, the specificity was 88.5%, the
      positive predictive value was 84.5%, and the negative predictive value was 64.4%.
      Nuclear and nucleolar volume, number of the nucleoli, and nucleolar/nuclear
      volume ratio (%) were significantly higher in the UC cell group than in the
      benign urothelial cell group (P <0.001). In the verification test using the
      nucleolar/nuclear ratio (%), four of the seven cases were concordant with the
      final diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This study analyzed the nuclear and nucleolar volume
      to establish an index for discrimination of benign and malignant urothelial
      cells, providing possible additional information in urine cytology. Diagn.
      Cytopathol. 2016;44:483-491. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972812
TI  - Increased pin diameter improves torsional stability in supracondylar humerus
      fractures: an experimental study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common elbow
      fractures seen in children, and account for 16 % of all pediatric fractures.
      Closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation is the current treatment technique
      of choice for displaced supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus in
      children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pin diameter affects
      the torsional strength of supracondylar humerus fractures treated by closed
      reduction and pin fixation. METHODS: Pediatric sawbone humeri simulating a
      Gartland type III fracture were utilized. Four different pin configurations were
      compared. Specimens were subjected to a torsional load producing internal
      rotation of the distal fragment. The stability provided by 1.25- and 1.6-mm pins
      was compared. RESULTS: The amount of torque required to produce 15 degrees  and
      25 degrees  of rotation was greater using larger diameter pins in all models
      tested. The two lateral and one medial large pin (1.6 mm) configuration required
      the highest amount of torque to produce both 15 degrees  and 25 degrees  of
      rotation. CONCLUSIONS: In a synthetic pediatric humerus model of supracondylar
      humerus fractures, larger diameter pins (1.6 mm) provided increased stability
      compared with small diameter pins (1.25 mm). Fixation using larger diameter pins
      created a stronger construct and improved the strength of fixation.

PMID- 26972813
TI  - Inter-observer and intra-observer reliability in the radiographic diagnosis of
      avascular necrosis of the femoral head following reconstructive hip surgery in
      children with cerebral palsy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) following reconstructive hip
      surgery in cerebral palsy (CP) ranges from 0 to 69 % in the current literature.
      The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-observer
      reliability of radiographically diagnosing AVN in children with CP after hip
      surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review of 65 children with CP who had
      reconstructive hip surgery between 2009 and 2012 at BC Children's Hospital was
      completed. Anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs were presented to four
      pediatric orthopaedic surgeons over two rounds. Surgeons were asked to review the
      set of unidentified radiographs and comment 'yes' or 'no' for the presence of
      AVN. Two weeks later the same set of radiographs was sent in a different order
      and the surgeons were again asked to comment on AVN. Inter- and intra-observer
      reliability was determined using kappa statistics. RESULTS: The intra-observer
      reliability ranged from 0.65 to 0.88 with an average score of 0.76. Inter
      observer reliability showed greater variability, ranging from 0.41 to 0.77 with
      an average score of 0.56 across all surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Although the intra
      rater reliability produced a strength of "good" and the inter-rater reliability a
      strength of "moderate" agreement, the variability within these scores is
      clinically important as it demonstrates the difficulty in identifying AVN. This
      may explain the variability in AVN that is reported in the literature. The need
      for further education and research in the diagnosis of AVN in children with CP
      who have undergone reconstructive hip surgery is clinically necessary.

PMID- 26972814
TI  - The endocranial anatomy of maba 1.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Maba 1, a partial cranium from Guandong Province (China) tentatively
      dated between 300 and 130 ka, has been suggested to display a mosaic of archaic
      and derived features, including facial affinities with Neandertals. This study
      aims to evaluate whether Maba 1 shows a derived endocranial phenotype, or if it
      displays a plesiomorphic braincase morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed
      a set of metric variables on fossil and modern human endocasts using bivariate
      correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analyses, to evaluate the
      morphological affinities of the Maba 1 endocast. RESULTS: The cranial capacity,
      estimated at around 1300 cc, and the endocranial proportions of Maba 1 are within
      the ranges of modern humans, Neandertals and Homo heidelbergensis. However, the
      frontal lobes are narrow and the parietal areas are short and flattened, as in H.
      heidelbergensis and H. erectus. Nonetheless, the position of the frontal lobes
      relative to the orbits, the morphology of the frontal sinus and the curve of the
      frontal squama are more derived, being similar to Neandertals and modern humans.
      CONCLUSIONS: The endocast displays a general archaic morphology, although with
      some derived features associated with the spatial relationships with the face. A
      similar admixture was described for other Middle Pleistocene samples, like Sima
      de los Huesos. Future phylogenetic studies must re-evaluate the facial skeleton
      to consider whether its features can be considered as related to the Neandertal
      lineage. Alternatively, they should be interpreted as the result of homoplasy and
      parallelism within the genus Homo, and may reflect a predominantly Asian
      variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:633-643, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 26972811
TI  - The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism.
AB  - Although the importance of human genetic polymorphisms in therapeutic outcomes is
      well established, the role of our 'second genome' (the microbiome) has been
      largely overlooked. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that have shed
      light on the mechanisms that link the human gut microbiome to the efficacy and
      toxicity of xenobiotics, including drugs, dietary compounds and environmental
      toxins. Continued progress in this area could enable more precise tools for
      predicting patient responses and for the development of a new generation of
      therapeutics based on, or targeted at, the gut microbiome. Indeed, the admirable
      goal of precision medicine may require us to first understand the microbial
      pharmacists within. 

PMID- 26972816
TI  - Experimental determination of the photon-energy dependent dose-to-water response
      of TLD600 and TLD700 (LiF:Mg,Ti) thermoluminescence detectors.
AB  - The aim of this study has been the experimental determination of the energy
      dependent dose-to-water response of TLD600 and TLD700 thermoluminescent detectors
      (Harshaw) in X-ray beams with mean photon energies from about 20 to 200keV in
      comparison with 60Co gamma rays and 6MV X-rays. Experiments were carried out in
      collaboration with the German secondary standard laboratory PTW Freiburg. The
      energy dependent relative responses of TLD600 and TLD700 thermoluminescence
      detectors were determined at radiation qualities between 30kVp and 280kVp. The
      overall uncertainty of the measured values was characterized by standard
      deviations varying from 1.2 to 3%. The present results agree with previous
      studies on the energy dependent dose-to-water response of TLD100. As an
      application example, the results were used to measure doses associated with X-ray
      imaging in image-guided radiotherapy.

PMID- 26972815
TI  - Nomogram of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system for individual prognostic
      prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: The predictive accuracy of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer
      (BCLC) staging system on a single patient is not clear. This study aimed to
      develop a nomogram to predict individualized survival of patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the BCLC system. METHODS: A total of 3179
      patients were randomly grouped into derivation (n = 2119) and validation (n =
      1060) sets. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to generate
      the nomogram from tumour burden, cirrhosis and performance status (PS). The
      performance of the nomogram was evaluated by concordance indices and calibration
      tests. RESULTS: Beta coefficients from the Cox model were used to assign nomogram
      points to different degrees of tumour burden, Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification
      and PS. A nomogram with a scale of 0-26 was developed and the predicted survival
      rates at 3 and 5 years were calculated. The derivation set had a concordance
      index of 0.766 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.686-0.838); and the validation
      set showed a concordance index of 0.775 (95% CI: 0.607-0.909). The calibration
      plots were close to the 45-degree line for 3- and 5-year survival prediction of
      BCLC stages 0-C patients in both derivation and validation groups. For BCLC stage
      D patients, calibration plots in both groups showed deviation from the 45-degree
      line for 3- and 5-year prediction. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides quantitative
      evidence to support the prognostic ability of BCLC system. This straightforward
      and easy-to-use nomogram may accurately predict the survival at 3 and 5 years for
      individual HCC patient except for BCLC stage D patients.

PMID- 26972818
TI  - Mechanism and modulation of terahertz generation from a semimetal--graphite.
AB  - Semi-metals might offer a stronger interaction and a better confinement for
      terahertz wave than semiconductors, while preserve tunability. Particularly,
      graphene-based materials are envisioned as terahertz modulators, filters and
      ultra-broadband sources. However, the understanding of terahertz generation from
      those materials is still not clear, thus limits us recognizing the potential and
      improving device performances. Graphite, the mother material of graphene and a
      typical bulk semi-metal, is a good system to study semi-metals and graphene-based
      materials. Here we experimentally modulate and maximize the terahertz signal from
      graphite surface, thus reveal the mechanism--surface field driving photon induced
      carriers into transient current to radiate terahertz wave. We also discuss the
      differences between graphite and semiconductors; particularly graphite shows very
      weak temperature dependency from room temperature to 80  degrees C. Above
      knowledge will help us understand terahertz generations, achieve maximum output
      and electric modulation, in semi-metal or graphene based devices.

PMID- 26972820
TI  - Proton-Conducting Graphene Oxide-Coupled Neuron Transistors for Brain-Inspired
      Cognitive Systems.
AB  - Proton-conducting graphene oxide electrolyte films with very high electric-double
      layer capacitance are used as the gate dielectrics for oxide-based neuron
      transistor fabrication. Paired-pulse facilitation, dendritic integration, and
      orientation tuning are successfully emulated. Additionally, neuronal gain
      controls (arithmetic) are also experimentally demonstrated. The results provide a
      new-concept approach for building brain-inspired cognitive systems.

PMID- 26972819
TI  - The wound/burn guidelines - 1: Wounds in general.
AB  - The Japanese Dermatological Association determined to prepare the Wound/Burn
      Guidelines focusing on treatments, catering to needs for the clinical practice of
      dermatology. Among these guidelines, "Wounds in General" was intended to explain
      knowledge necessary "to heal wounds" without specifying particular disorders. 

PMID- 26972821
TI  - Utilization of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the efficient production of mutant mice
      using crRNA/tracrRNA with Cas9 nickase and FokI-dCas9.
AB  - The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful genome editing tool for the production of
      genetically modified animals. To produce mutant mice, chimeric single-guide RNA
      (sgRNA) is cloned in a plasmid vector and a mixture of sgRNA and Cas9 are
      microinjected into the fertilized eggs. An issue associated with gene
      manipulation using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is that there can be off-target
      effects. To simplify the production of mutant mice with low risks of off-target
      effects caused by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we demonstrated that genetically
      modified mice can be efficiently obtained using chemically synthesized CRISPR RNA
      (crRNA), trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA), and modified Cas9s, such as the
      nickase version and FokI-fused catalytically inactive Cas9, by microinjection
      into fertilized eggs. Using this method, it is no longer necessary to clone sgRNA
      into a plasmid vector, and this enables high-throughput production of mutant
      mice. 

PMID- 26972823
TI  - Brown Adipose Tissue Exhibits a Glucose-Responsive Thermogenic Biorhythm in
      Humans.
AB  - High abundance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is linked to lower glycaemia in
      humans, leading to the belief that BAT may protect against diabetes. The
      relationship between BAT glucose utilization and systemic glucose homeostasis has
      not been defined. In this paper we have characterized glycaemic excursions and
      BAT thermogenic responses in human brown adipocytes, BAT explants, and healthy
      adults through supraclavicular temperature profiling, revealing their circadian
      coupling in vivo and in vitro, orchestrated by UCP1, GLUT4, and Rev-erbalpha
      biorhythms. Extent of glycated haemoglobin also correlated positively with
      environmental temperature among community-dwelling patients. These data uncover
      potential crosstalk between BAT and glucose regulatory pathways, evident on
      cellular, tissue, individual, and population levels, and provide impetus to
      search for BAT harnessing strategies for therapeutic purposes. 

PMID- 26972826
TI  - Dynamic Equilibrium Model for a Bulk Nanobubble and a Microbubble Partly Covered
      with Hydrophobic Material.
AB  - The dynamic equilibrium model for a bulk nanobubble partly covered with
      hydrophobic material in water is theoretically and numerically studied. The gas
      diffusion into a bubble near the peripheral edge of the hydrophobic material on
      the bubble surface balances that out of the bubble from the other part of the
      uncovered bubble surface. In the present model, gas diffusion in quiescent liquid
      is assumed and there is no liquid flow. The total changes of energy and entropy
      are both zero as it is a kind of equilibrium state. The main origin of the
      dynamic equilibrium state is the gradient of chemical potential of gas near the
      peripheral edge of the hydrophobic material. It is caused by the permanent
      attractive potential of a hydrophobic material to gas molecules dissolved in
      liquid water as there is permanent repulsion of a hydrophobic material against
      liquid water. Thus, the gas supply will not terminate. It is numerically shown
      that stable nanobubble could be present when the fraction of surface coverage by
      hydrophobic material is from about 0.5 to 1. The stable size of a nanobubble
      changes with the liquid temperature as well as the degree of gas saturation of
      water. In slightly degassed water, not only a nanobubble but also a microbubble
      could be stable in mass balance when the fraction of surface coverage for a
      microbubble is on the order of 10-4 or less. For hydrophilic materials, however,
      a bubble could not be stable unless the fraction of the surface coverage is
      exactly 1. It is suggested that in many experiments of bulk nanobubbles there
      could be aggregates of nanobubbles.

PMID- 26972825
TI  - Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Aryl-N'-(5-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) pyrimidin
      2-yl)guanidines as Toll-Like Receptor 4 Antagonists.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been associated with several
      inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, atherosclerosis and chronic pain.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to develop an efficient and
      straightforward synthetic approach for the preparation of small-molecule
      antagonists Naryl- N'-(5-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)guanidines in order to
      evaluate these for TLR4 antagonist activity and to obtain useful information
      about their structure-activity relationships. METHODS: The present work have
      designed and optimized a three-step synthetic route for derivatives of a
      previously demonstrated antagonist of TLR4: 1-(4- fluorophenyl)-2-(5-(2-hydroxy-5
      methoxybenzoyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)guanidine. The antagonist activities of eight novel
      synthesized compounds were evaluated on cells which selectively express TLR4.
      RESULTS: Three guanidine derivatives showed promising antagonist activities, with
      IC50 values in the low micromolar range. CONCLUSION: Our findings represent an
      important starting point for further studies of small-molecule agents targeting
      Toll-like receptors.

PMID- 26972827
TI  - Antibody therapies in CNS diseases.
AB  - Therapeutic antibodies have essentially been banned from the central nervous
      system, and are so far limited to use mainly in multiple sclerosis. This is
      primarily due to the fact that antibody penetration across the blood-brain
      barrier is very limited, with about only 0.1% of circulating antibodies estimated
      to reach the brain at steady-state concentration. Nonetheless, advances are being
      made with conventional antibodies, showing that minimal exposure can act
      centrally to mediate therapeutic effects. Immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease is
      a noteworthy example where antibodies against amyloid-beta are able to reduce
      brain plaque pathology in preclinical models and humans. However, the advances in
      using antibodies directed at brain targets have also demonstrated impediments of
      low brain exposure in achieving clinical benefits, spurring increased attention
      in technologies designed to improve brain exposure of antibodies. Here we review
      antibodies in clinical trials for central nervous system disorders. Moreover, we
      describe some of the efforts to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antibodies by
      enhancing delivery across the blood-brain barrier. This article is part of the
      Special Issue entitled "Beyond small molecules for neurological disorders".

PMID- 26972828
TI  - Peripheral ammonia and blood brain barrier structure and function after
      methamphetamine.
AB  - An effect of the widely abuse psychostimulant, methamphetamine (Meth), is blood
      brain-barrier (BBB) disruption; however, the mechanism by which Meth causes BBB
      disruption remains unclear. Recently it has been shown that Meth produces liver
      damage and consequent increases in plasma ammonia. Ammonia can mediate oxidative
      stress and inflammation, both of which are known to cause BBB disruption.
      Therefore, the current studies examined the role of peripheral ammonia in Meth
      induced disruption of BBB structure and function. A neurotoxic Meth regimen (10
      mg/kg, ip, q 2 h, *4) administered to rats increased plasma ammonia and active
      MMP-9 in the cortex 2 h after the last Meth injection, compared to saline treated
      rats. At 24 h after Meth treatment, decreased immunoreactivity of BBB structural
      proteins, occludin and claudin-5, and increased extravasation of 10,000 Da FITC
      dextran were observed, as compared to saline controls. Pretreatment with
      lactulose (5.3 g/kg, po, q 12 h), a drug that remains in the lumen of the
      intestine and promotes ammonia excretion, prevented the Meth-induced increases in
      plasma ammonia. These results were paralleled by the prevention of decreases in
      BBB structural proteins, increases in extravasation of 10,000 Da FITC-dextran and
      increases in active MMP-9. The results indicate that Meth-induced increases in
      ammonia produce BBB disruption and suggest that MMP-9 activation mediates the BBB
      disruption. These findings identify a novel mechanism of Meth-induced BBB
      disruption that is mediated by plasma ammonia and are the first to identify a
      peripheral contribution to Meth-induced BBB disruption.

PMID- 26972829
TI  - Trigeminal neuroplasticity underlies allodynia in a preclinical model of mild
      closed head traumatic brain injury (cTBI).
AB  - Post-traumatic headache (PTH) following TBI is a common and often persisting pain
      disability. PTH is often associated with a multimodal central pain sensitization
      on the skin surface described as allodynia. However, the particular neurobiology
      underlying cTBI-induced pain disorders are not known. These studies were
      performed to assess trigeminal sensory sensitization and to determine if
      sensitization measured behaviorally correlated with detectable changes in
      portions of the trigeminal sensory system (TSS), particularly trigeminal nucleus,
      thalamus, and sensory cortex. Thermal stimulation is particularly well suited to
      evaluate sensitization and was used in these studies. Recent advances in the use
      of reward/conflict paradigms permit use of operant measures of behavior, versus
      reflex-driven response behaviors, for thermal sensitization studies. Thus, to
      quantitate facial thermal sensitization (allodynia) in the setting of acute TBI,
      the current study utilized an operant orofacial pain reward/conflict testing
      paradigm to assess facial thermal sensitivity in uninjured control animals
      compared with those two weeks after cTBI in a rodent model. Significant
      reductions in facial contact/lick behaviors were observed in the TBI animals
      using either cool or warm challenge temperatures compared with behaviors in the
      normal animals. These facial thermal sensitizations correlated with detectable
      changes in multiple levels of the TSS. The immunohistochemical (IHC) studies
      revealed significant alterations in the expression of the serotonin (5-HT),
      neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), norepinephrine (NE), and gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) in the caudal trigeminal nucleus, thalamic VPL/VPM nucleus, and sensory
      cortex of the orofacial pain pathways. There was a strong correlation between
      increased expression of certain IHC markers and increased behavioral markers for
      facial sensitization. The authors conclude that TBI-induced changes observed in
      the TSS are consistent with the expression of generalized facial allodynia
      following cTBI. To our knowledge, this is the first report of orofacial
      sensitization correlated with changes in selected
      neuromodulators/neurotransmitters in the TSS following experimental mild TBI.

PMID- 26972824
TI  - Emotional modulation of interval timing and time perception.
AB  - Like other senses, our perception of time is not veridical, but rather, is
      modulated by changes in environmental context. Anecdotal experiences suggest that
      emotions can be powerful modulators of time perception; nevertheless, the
      functional and neural mechanisms underlying emotion-induced temporal distortions
      remain unclear. Widely accepted pacemaker-accumulator models of time perception
      suggest that changes in arousal and attention have unique influences on temporal
      judgments and contribute to emotional distortions of time perception. However,
      such models conflict with current views of arousal and attention suggesting that
      current models of time perception do not adequately explain the variability in
      emotion-induced temporal distortions. Instead, findings provide support for a new
      perspective of emotion-induced temporal distortions that emphasizes both the
      unique and interactive influences of arousal and attention on time perception
      over time. Using this framework, we discuss plausible functional and neural
      mechanisms of emotion-induced temporal distortions and how these temporal
      distortions may have important implications for our understanding of how emotions
      modulate our perceptual experiences in service of adaptive responding to
      biologically relevant stimuli. 

PMID- 26972831
TI  - Functional analysis of the gene controlling hydroxylation of festuclavine in the
      ergot alkaloid pathway of Neosartorya fumigata.
AB  - Bioactive ergot alkaloids produced by several species of fungi are important
      molecules in agriculture and medicine. Much of the ergot alkaloid pathway has
      been elucidated, but a few steps, including the gene controlling hydroxylation of
      festuclavine to fumigaclavine B, remain unsolved. Festuclavine is a key
      intermediate in the fumigaclavine branch of the ergot alkaloid pathway of the
      opportunistic pathogen Neosartorya fumigata and also in the dihydrolysergic acid
      based ergot alkaloid pathway of certain Claviceps species. Based on several lines
      of evidence, the N. fumigata gene easM is a logical candidate to encode the
      festuclavine-hydroxylating enzyme. To test this hypothesis we disrupted easM
      function by replacing part of its coding sequences with a hygromycin resistance
      gene and transforming N. fumigata with this construct. High-pressure liquid
      chromatography analysis demonstrated that easM deletion mutants were blocked in
      the ergot alkaloid pathway at festuclavine, and downstream products were
      eliminated. An additional alkaloid, proposed to be a prenylated form of
      festuclavine on the basis of mass spectral data, also accumulated to higher
      concentrations in the easM knockout. Complementation with the wild-type allele of
      easM gene restored the ability of the fungus to produce downstream compounds.
      These results indicate that easM encodes an enzyme required for fumigaclavine B
      synthesis likely by hydroxylating festuclavine. The festuclavine-accumulating
      strain of N. fumigata may facilitate future investigations of the biosynthesis of
      dihydrolysergic acid derivatives, which are derived from festuclavine and are the
      basis for several important drugs.

PMID- 26972832
TI  - Etiology of postanesthetic and postsedation events on the inpatient ward: data
      from a rapid response team at a tertiary care children's hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to identify the etiology of events and
      demographics of patients that experience complications requiring activation of
      the Rapid Response Team (RRT) during the first 24 h following anesthetic care.
      METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the Quality Improvement database
      from the Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine at Nationwide Children's
      Hospital. The database was searched to identify those patients who had a RRT
      evaluation activated within 24 h of receiving anesthesia or procedural sedation.
      These patients' charts were reviewed to obtain demographic information, etiology
      of the RRT call, and outcomes. RESULTS: The study cohort included 106 RRT calls
      that were made over a 3-year period. Six patients were excluded from analysis due
      to incomplete datasets. One hundred patients remained for analysis including 60
      males and 40 females. Patients ranged in age from 0.08 to 31.21 years (7.8 +/-
      7.7 years, median 5.3 years). Seventy-one patients were American Society of
      Anesthesiologists' (ASA) status 3 or 4 and 29 patients were ASA status 1 or 2.
      Five calls were made for patients who had undergone procedural sedation while the
      other 95 were on patients who received general anesthesia. The average time to
      the RRT call after the end of anesthetic care was 11.4 +/- 6.6 h. Respiratory
      concern was the most common reason for RRT initiation, accounting for 71 of the
      100 calls. Forty-nine patients had a recent respiratory illness, chronic
      respiratory-related disease, or history of preterm birth. Fifty patients (50%)
      were transferred to a higher level of care following the RRT consult. There was
      no significant difference between age, gender, ASA status, or etiology of the
      event for patients transferred vs. those who were not. A significant difference
      was noted in the Pediatric Early Warning Score of patients transferred to a
      higher level of care in comparison to patients who remained on the floor (4 +/- 2
      vs. 3 +/- 2, P = 0.0097). CONCLUSION: RRT calls were most common for respiratory
      concerns. High ASA status, general anesthesia administration, and the presence of
      acute or chronic conditions prior to anesthetic administration predispose a
      patient to perioperative complications resulting in the need for an RRT call.

PMID- 26972830
TI  - Metabolic Reprogramming by Hexosamine Biosynthetic and Golgi N-Glycan Branching
      Pathways.
AB  - De novo uridine-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) biosynthesis
      requires glucose, glutamine, acetyl-CoA and uridine, however GlcNAc salvaged from
      glycoconjugate turnover and dietary sources also makes a significant contribution
      to the intracellular pool. Herein we ask whether dietary GlcNAc regulates
      nutrient transport and intermediate metabolism in C57BL/6 mice by increasing UDP
      GlcNAc and in turn Golgi N-glycan branching. GlcNAc added to the drinking water
      showed a dose-dependent increase in growth of young mice, while in mature adult
      mice fat and body-weight increased without affecting calorie-intake, activity,
      energy expenditure, or the microbiome. Oral GlcNAc increased hepatic UDP-GlcNAc
      and N-glycan branching on hepatic glycoproteins. Glucose homeostasis, hepatic
      glycogen, lipid metabolism and response to fasting were altered with GlcNAc
      treatment. In cultured cells GlcNAc enhanced uptake of glucose, glutamine and
      fatty-acids, and enhanced lipid synthesis, while inhibition of Golgi N-glycan
      branching blocked GlcNAc-dependent lipid accumulation. The N
      acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzymes of the N-glycan branching pathway
      (Mgat1,2,4,5) display multistep ultrasensitivity to UDP-GlcNAc, as well as
      branching-dependent compensation. Indeed, oral GlcNAc rescued fat accumulation in
      lean Mgat5(-/-) mice and in cultured Mgat5(-/-) hepatocytes, consistent with N
      glycan branching compensation. Our results suggest GlcNAc reprograms cellular
      metabolism by enhancing nutrient uptake and lipid storage through the UDP-GlcNAc
      supply to N-glycan branching pathway. 

PMID- 26972833
TI  - Value of septoturbinal flap in the frontal sinus drill-out type IIb according to
      draf.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The Draf IIb aims at widening the frontal sinus drainage
      in a minimally invasive fashion. However, this technique is associated with a
      high stenosis rate. Hence, local nasal flaps have been recently introduced or
      designed to speed up mucosal healing and prevent scarring. STUDY DESIGN: The
      objective of this study was to present the septoturbinal flap (STF), its use in a
      Draf IIb, and to examine postoperative outcomes of this procedure. METHODS: From
      an initial pool of 48 patients with frontal sinus disease to be treated with a
      Draf IIb, we prospectively selected 46 (95.84%) patients, submitted to a Draf IIb
      with STF in two Institutions, from November 2010 to November 2014. We excluded
      two cases (4.16%) for which a flap could not be performed for anatomic
      restrictions. We present the STF technique and describe demographic data,
      indication for surgery, and surgery type. RESULTS: Indications for surgery
      included 24 (52.17%) mucoceles or mucopyoceles, 12 (26.1%) chronic
      rhinosinusitis, four (8.7%) osteomas, two (4.35%) meningoencephaloceles, and four
      (8.7%) inverted papillomas. Difficult anatomic conditions were encountered in
      half of the patients. Restenosis of the frontal sinus drainage pathway occurred
      in one (2.17%) patient. Far-seated frontal mucoceles recurred in two cases
      (4.35%), with frontal drainage pathway remaining patent. Rescue treatment
      comprised a Draf III in two cases and one frontal sinus obliteration. Outcome was
      favorable for 43 (93.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: The use of STF was associated with
      a high rate of success for a Draf IIb. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope,
      126:2428-2432, 2016.

PMID- 26972835
TI  - The Empathizing-Systemizing Theory, Social Abilities, and Mathematical
      Achievement in Children.
AB  - The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) theory describes a profile of traits that have
      been linked to autism spectrum disorders, and are thought to encompass a
      continuum that includes typically developing (TD) individuals. Although
      systemizing is hypothesized to be related to mathematical abilities, empirical
      support for this relationship is lacking. We examine the link between empathizing
      and systemizing tendencies and mathematical achievement in 112 TD children (57
      girls) to elucidate how socio-cognitive constructs influence early development of
      mathematical skills. Assessment of mathematical achievement included standardized
      tests designed to examine calculation skills and conceptual mathematical
      reasoning. Empathizing and systemizing were assessed using the Combined Empathy
      Quotient-Child (EQ-C) and Systemizing Quotient-Child (SQ-C). Contrary to our
      hypothesis, we found that mathematical achievement was not related to systemizing
      or the discrepancy between systemizing and empathizing. Surprisingly, children
      with higher empathy demonstrated lower calculation skills. Further analysis using
      the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) revealed that the relationship between EQ-C
      and mathematical achievement was mediated by social ability rather than autistic
      behaviors. Finally, social awareness was found to play a differential role in
      mediating the relationship between EQ-C and mathematical achievement in girls.
      These results identify empathy, and social skills more generally, as previously
      unknown predictors of mathematical achievement. 

PMID- 26972836
TI  - Increased Variability and Asymmetric Expansion of the Hippocampal Spatial
      Representation in a Distal Cue-Dependent Memory Task.
AB  - Place cells in the hippocampus fire at specific positions in space, and distal
      cues in the environment play critical roles in determining the spatial firing
      patterns of place cells. Many studies have shown that place fields are influenced
      by distal cues in foraging animals. However, it is largely unknown whether distal
      cue-dependent changes in place fields appear in different ways in a memory task
      if distal cues bear direct significance to achieving goals. We investigated this
      possibility in this study. Rats were trained to choose different spatial
      positions in a radial arm in association with distal cue configurations formed by
      visual cue sets attached to movable curtains around the apparatus. The animals
      were initially trained to associate readily discernible distal cue configurations
      (0 degrees  vs. 80 degrees  angular separation between distal cue sets) with
      different food-well positions and then later experienced ambiguous cue
      configurations (14 degrees  and 66 degrees ) intermixed with the original cue
      configurations. Rats showed no difficulty in transferring the associated memory
      formed for the original cue configurations when similar cue configurations were
      presented. Place field positions remained at the same locations across different
      cue configurations, whereas stability and coherence of spatial firing patterns
      were significantly disrupted when ambiguous cue configurations were introduced.
      Furthermore, the spatial representation was extended backward and skewed more
      negatively at the population level when processing ambiguous cue configurations,
      compared with when processing the original cue configurations only. This effect
      was more salient for large cue-separation conditions than for small cue
      separation conditions. No significant rate remapping was observed across distal
      cue configurations. These findings suggest that place cells in the hippocampus
      dynamically change their detailed firing characteristics in response to a
      modified cue environment and that some of the firing properties previously
      reported in a foraging task might carry more functional weight than others when
      tested in a distal-cue-dependent memory task. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972837
TI  - Biomonitoring Equivalents for molybdenum.
AB  - Molybdenum is an essential trace element for mammalian, plant, and other animal
      systems. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has established an Estimated Average
      Requirement (EAR) to assure sufficient molybdenum intakes for human populations;
      however excessive exposures can cause toxicity. As a result, several agencies
      have established exposure guidance values to protect against molybdenum toxicity,
      including a Reference Dose (RfD), Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) and a Tolerable
      Upper Intake Level (UL). Biomonitoring for molybdenum in blood or urine in the
      general population is being conducted by the Canadian Health Measures Survey
      (CHMS) and the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
      Using pharmacokinetic data from controlled human dosing studies, Biomonitoring
      Equivalents (BEs) were calculated for molybdenum in plasma, whole blood, and
      urine associated with exposure guidance values set to protect against both
      nutritional deficits and toxicity. The BEEAR values in plasma, whole blood and
      urine are 0.5, 0.45 and 22 MUg/L, respectively. The BEs associated with toxicity
      range from 0.9 to 31 MUg/L in plasma, 0.8-28 MUg/L in whole blood and 200-7500
      MUg/L in urine. These values can be used to interpret molybdenum biomonitoring
      data from a nutritional and toxicity perspective. 

PMID- 26972839
TI  - Object-oriented regression for building predictive models with high dimensional
      omics data from translational studies.
AB  - Maturing omics technologies enable researchers to generate high dimension omics
      data (HDOD) routinely in translational clinical studies. In the field of
      oncology, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provided funding support to researchers
      to generate different types of omics data on a common set of biospecimens with
      accompanying clinical data and has made the data available for the research
      community to mine. One important application, and the focus of this manuscript,
      is to build predictive models for prognostic outcomes based on HDOD. To
      complement prevailing regression-based approaches, we propose to use an object
      oriented regression (OOR) methodology to identify exemplars specified by HDOD
      patterns and to assess their associations with prognostic outcome. Through
      computing patient's similarities to these exemplars, the OOR-based predictive
      model produces a risk estimate using a patient's HDOD. The primary advantages of
      OOR are twofold: reducing the penalty of high dimensionality and retaining the
      interpretability to clinical practitioners. To illustrate its utility, we apply
      OOR to gene expression data from non-small cell lung cancer patients in TCGA and
      build a predictive model for prognostic survivorship among stage I patients,
      i.e., we stratify these patients by their prognostic survival risks beyond
      histological classifications. Identification of these high-risk patients helps
      oncologists to develop effective treatment protocols and post-treatment disease
      management plans. Using the TCGA data, the total sample is divided into training
      and validation data sets. After building up a predictive model in the training
      set, we compute risk scores from the predictive model, and validate associations
      of risk scores with prognostic outcome in the validation data (P-value=0.015). 

PMID- 26972838
TI  - Facilitating biomedical researchers' interrogation of electronic health record
      data: Ideas from outside of biomedical informatics.
AB  - Electronic health records (EHR) are a vital data resource for research uses,
      including cohort identification, phenotyping, pharmacovigilance, and public
      health surveillance. To realize the promise of EHR data for accelerating clinical
      research, it is imperative to enable efficient and autonomous EHR data
      interrogation by end users such as biomedical researchers. This paper surveys
      state-of-art approaches and key methodological considerations to this purpose. We
      adapted a previously published conceptual framework for interactive information
      retrieval, which defines three entities: user, channel, and source, by
      elaborating on channels for query formulation in the context of facilitating end
      users to interrogate EHR data. We show the current progress in biomedical
      informatics mainly lies in support for query execution and information modeling,
      primarily due to emphases on infrastructure development for data integration and
      data access via self-service query tools, but has neglected user support needed
      during iteratively query formulation processes, which can be costly and error
      prone. In contrast, the information science literature has offered elaborate
      theories and methods for user modeling and query formulation support. The two
      bodies of literature are complementary, implying opportunities for cross
      disciplinary idea exchange. On this basis, we outline the directions for future
      informatics research to improve our understanding of user needs and requirements
      for facilitating autonomous interrogation of EHR data by biomedical researchers.
      We suggest that cross-disciplinary translational research between biomedical
      informatics and information science can benefit our research in facilitating
      efficient data access in life sciences. 

PMID- 26972840
TI  - The JAK/STAT pathway in obesity and diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus are complex, multi-organ metabolic pathologies characterized by
      hyperglycemia. Emerging evidence shows that the highly conserved and potent
      JAK/STAT signaling pathway is required for normal homeostasis, and, when
      dysregulated, contributes to the development of obesity and diabetes. In this
      review, we analyze the role of JAK/STAT activation in the brain, liver, muscle,
      fat and pancreas, and how this affects the course of the disease. We also
      consider the therapeutic implications of targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in
      treatment of obesity and diabetes.

PMID- 26972841
TI  - Firearm legislation and mortality in the USA.

PMID- 26972842
TI  - PD-L1 in non-small-cell lung cancer: the third target for immunotherapy.

PMID- 26972843
TI  - Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the USA: a cross-sectional, state
      level study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In an effort to reduce firearm mortality rates in the USA, US states
      have enacted a range of firearm laws to either strengthen or deregulate the
      existing main federal gun control law, the Brady Law. We set out to determine the
      independent association of different firearm laws with overall firearm mortality,
      homicide firearm mortality, and suicide firearm mortality across all US states.
      We also projected the potential reduction of firearm mortality if the three most
      strongly associated firearm laws were enacted at the federal level. METHODS: We
      constructed a cross-sectional, state-level dataset from Nov 1, 2014, to May 15,
      2015, using counts of firearm-related deaths in each US state for the years 2008
      10 (stratified by intent [homicide and suicide]) from the US Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System,
      data about 25 firearm state laws implemented in 2009, and state-specific
      characteristics such as firearm ownership for 2013, firearm export rates, and non
      firearm homicide rates for 2009, and unemployment rates for 2010. Our primary
      outcome measure was overall firearm-related mortality per 100,000 people in the
      USA in 2010. We used Poisson regression with robust variances to derive incidence
      rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs. FINDINGS: 31,672 firearm-related deaths occurred
      in 2010 in the USA (10.1 per 100,000 people; mean state-specific count 631.5 [SD
      629.1]). Of 25 firearm laws, nine were associated with reduced firearm mortality,
      nine were associated with increased firearm mortality, and seven had an
      inconclusive association. After adjustment for relevant covariates, the three
      state laws most strongly associated with reduced overall firearm mortality were
      universal background checks for firearm purchase (multivariable IRR 0.39 [95% CI
      0.23-0.67]; p=0.001), ammunition background checks (0.18 [0.09-0.36]; p<0.0001),
      and identification requirement for firearms (0.16 [0.09-0.29]; p<0.0001).
      Projected federal-level implementation of universal background checks for firearm
      purchase could reduce national firearm mortality from 10.35 to 4.46 deaths per
      100,000 people, background checks for ammunition purchase could reduce it to 1.99
      per 100,000, and firearm identification to 1.81 per 100,000. INTERPRETATION: Very
      few of the existing state-specific firearm laws are associated with reduced
      firearm mortality, and this evidence underscores the importance of focusing on
      relevant and effective firearms legislation. Implementation of universal
      background checks for the purchase of firearms or ammunition, and firearm
      identification nationally could substantially reduce firearm mortality in the
      USA. FUNDING: None.

PMID- 26972844
TI  - The "ABCs" of critical care teamwork: Introduction of a practical checklist.

PMID- 26972845
TI  - Should we also be searching for a systolic "U wave" in the electrocardiogram?

PMID- 26972846
TI  - About QRS prolongation, distortion and the acuteness score.

PMID- 26972848
TI  - Validity Evidence based on Internal Structure of Scores of the Emotional Quotient
      Inventory: Youth Version Short (EQ-i: YV-S) in a Spanish Sample.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability and validity evidence of
      scores on the Spanish version of EQ-i: YV-S in Spanish adolescents. The total
      sample was comprised of 508 participants from Grades 7 to 12, 241 males (47.4%)
      and 267 females (52.6%), each of whom completed the questionnaires on two
      separate occasions. Three [intrapersonal (alpha = .83, CR = .86, and McDonald
      Omega = .86), stress management (alpha = .83, CR = .86, and McDonald Omega = .85)
      and adaptability (alpha = .82, CR = .85, and McDonald Omega = .85)] of the four
      scales had acceptable internal consistency. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and
      Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used with FACTOR and EQS version 6.1
      software to examine validity evidence based on internal structure drawn from the
      scores on the EQ-i: YV-S, supporting the multidimensionality of the
      questionnaire. Three models were tested; the best fit to the data was the
      hierarchical model (S-Bchi2 / df = 2.11, CFI = .93 and RMSEA = .047), which
      hypothesized that the four specific factors (interpersonal, intrapersonal, stress
      management, and adaptability) were explained with a second-order factor,
      Emotional-Social-Intelligence (ESI). Finally, significant positive correlations
      were found between general self-concept and EQ-i: YV-S [interpersonal (r = .153,
      p < .001), intrapersonal (r = .235, p < .001), stress management (r = .145, p <
      .001), adaptability (r = .311, p < .001) and ESI (r = .360, p < .001)]; ESI
      showed significant direct power prediction of the general self-concept (.52) as
      demonstrated through structural equation modeling. 

PMID- 26972849
TI  - Genetic improvement of olive (Olea europaea L.) by conventional and in vitro
      biotechnology methods.
AB  - In olive (Olea europaea L.) traditional methods of genetic improvement have up to
      now produced limited results. Intensification of olive growing requires
      appropriate new cultivars for fully mechanized groves, but among the large number
      of the traditional varieties very few are suitable. High-density and super high
      density hedge row orchards require genotypes with reduced size, reduced apical
      dominance, a semi-erect growth habit, easy to propagate, resistant to abiotic and
      biotic stresses, with reliably high productivity and quality of both fruits and
      oil. Innovative strategies supported by molecular and biotechnological techniques
      are required to speed up novel hybridisation methods. Among traditional
      approaches the Gene Pool Method seems a reasonable option, but it requires
      availability of widely diverse germplasm from both cultivated and wild genotypes,
      supported by a detailed knowledge of their genetic relationships. The practice of
      "gene therapy" for the most important existing cultivars, combined with
      conventional methods, could accelerate achievement of the main goals, but efforts
      to overcome some technical and ideological obstacles are needed. The present
      review describes the benefits that olive and its products may obtain from genetic
      improvement using state of the art of conventional and unconventional methods,
      and includes progress made in the field of in vitro techniques. The uses of both
      traditional and modern technologies are discussed with recommendations.

PMID- 26972850
TI  - Perceptions of cancer in society must change.

PMID- 26972852
TI  - Non-clear-cell renal carcinoma therapy: handle with care.

PMID- 26972851
TI  - REGATTA trial: a call for the USA and Europe.

PMID- 26972847
TI  - IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent inflammation in
      murine and human cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Dysregulated inflammasome activation contributes to respiratory infections and
      pathologic airway inflammation. Through basic and translational approaches
      involving murine models and human genetic epidemiology, we show here the
      importance of the different inflammasomes in regulating inflammatory responses in
      mice and humans with cystic fibrosis (CF), a life-threatening disorder of the
      lungs and digestive system. While both contributing to pathogen clearance, NLRP3
      more than NLRC4 contributes to deleterious inflammatory responses in CF and
      correlates with defective NLRC4-dependent IL-1Ra production. Disease
      susceptibility in mice and microbial colonization in humans occurs in conditions
      of genetic deficiency of NLRC4 or IL-1Ra and can be rescued by administration of
      the recombinant IL-1Ra, anakinra. These results indicate that pathogenic NLRP3
      activity in CF could be negatively regulated by IL-1Ra and provide a proof-of
      concept evidence that inflammasomes are potential targets to limit the
      pathological consequences of microbial colonization in CF.

PMID- 26972854
TI  - Patient.

PMID- 26972853
TI  - Morcellation and risk of malignancy in presumed ovarian fibromas/fibrothecomas.

PMID- 26972855
TI  - Tech support.

PMID- 26972856
TI  - The canSAR data hub for drug discovery.

PMID- 26972857
TI  - Radiotherapy in patients with connective tissue diseases.
AB  - The decision to offer radiotherapy in patients with connective tissue diseases
      continues to be challenging. Radiotherapy might trigger the onset of connective
      tissue diseases by increasing the expression of self-antigens, diminishing
      regulatory T-cell activity, and activating effectors of innate immunity
      (dendritic cells) through Toll-like receptor-dependent mechanisms, all of which
      could potentially lead to breaks of immune tolerance. This potential risk has
      raised some debate among radiation oncologists about whether patients with
      connective tissue diseases can tolerate radiation as well as people without
      connective tissue diseases. Because the number of patients with cancer and
      connective tissue diseases needing radiotherapy will probably increase due to
      improvements in medical treatment and longer life expectancy, the issue of
      interactions between radiotherapy and connective tissue diseases needs to be
      clearer. In this Review, we discuss available data and evidence for patients with
      connective tissue diseases treated with radiotherapy. 

PMID- 26972858
TI  - Justifying vein resection with pancreatoduodenectomy.
AB  - Interest in radical surgery to achieve complete resection and improve long-term
      survival in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma
      has been renewed. This surgery includes extended lymphadenectomy, multivisceral
      resections, and synchronous arterial and venous resections. The evidence that
      these surgeries improve long-term survival is poor, except perhaps for
      synchronous venous resection, which can be justified if a margin negative (R0)
      resection is achieved without increased morbidity and mortality, and if there is
      no invasion of the vein wall. The recognition of patients with borderline
      resectable pancreatic cancer and the increasing use of neoadjuvant treatment
      makes it more difficult to know if the vein is invaded, increases reliance on
      trial dissection to establish resectability, and might increase the number of
      synchronous venous resections done. This Personal View seeks to review the
      justification for pancreatoduodenectomy with synchronous venous resection to
      promote debate and draw attention to the gaps in knowledge for further research. 

PMID- 26972859
TI  - DCIS and invasive interval breast cancer.

PMID- 26972860
TI  - DCIS and invasive interval breast cancer.

PMID- 26972861
TI  - DCIS and invasive interval breast cancer - Author's reply.

PMID- 26972862
TI  - Uniformly defining continuous deep sedation.

PMID- 26972864
TI  - Spanning regulatory silos in the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening
      Program: Letter to the Editor re: Evans et al. "Should the scope of human mixture
      risk assessment span legislative and regulatory silos for chemicals?".

PMID- 26972865
TI  - Ash-soil interface: Mineralogical composition and physical structure.
AB  - Fires exert many changes on the physical, chemical, morphological, mineralogical,
      and biological properties of soil that, in turn, affect the soil's hydrology and
      nutrient flux, modifying its ability to support vegetation and resist erosion.
      The ash produced by forest fires is a complex mixture composed of organic and
      inorganic particles with varied properties. This research was conducted to study
      and characterized ash properties produced at different temperatures and with
      different soil organic matter combinations. The samples, which included two
      treatments of soils with underlying mixed leaves and branches composed mainly by
      Pinus halepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Cistus salviifolius and typical herbaceous
      vegetation, versus samples of mixed leaves and branches alone. Both were exposed
      to 400 degrees C and 600 degrees C heat in a muffle furnace for 2h. The residue
      ash was generally grayish, consisting of mixed-sized particles that preserved
      almost none of the original characteristics of the fuel, and was deposited in ash
      layers with diverse physicochemical and textural properties. The results of this
      study highlight the differences between all examined samples and strongly support
      the assumption that ash produced from a complex vegetation-soil system is a new
      substance with unique structural, textural, and mineralogical properties.
      Moreover, the ash produced at different temperatures appeared in distinct
      layering patterns.

PMID- 26972863
TI  - Neurocognitive functioning and genetic variation in patients with primary brain
      tumours.
AB  - Impairment of neurocognitive functioning is a common result of cerebral neoplasms
      and treatment, although there is substantial heterogeneity in the pattern and
      severity of neurocognitive dysfunction across individuals and tumour types. The
      effects of many clinical and patient characteristics on neurocognitive
      functioning have been documented, but little research has been devoted to
      understanding the effect of genetic variation on neurocognitive outcomes in
      patients with brain tumours. This Review highlights preliminary evidence that
      suggests an association between various genes and risk of adverse neurocognitive
      outcomes in patients with brain tumours. Studies include genes specific to
      neuronal function, and those associated with more systemic cellular regulation.
      Related scientific literature in other disease populations is briefly discussed
      to indicate additional candidate genes. We consider methodological issues central
      to the study of neurocognitive functioning and genetic associations for patients
      with brain tumours, and emphasise the need for future research integrating novel
      investigative techniques. 

PMID- 26972866
TI  - Application of nano-surface and molecular-orientation limited proteolysis to LC
      MS bioanalysis of cetuximab.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We recently reported the principle of nano-surface and molecular
      orientation limited (nSMOL) proteolysis, which is useful for LC-MS bioanalysis of
      antibody drugs. METHODOLOGY: The nSMOL is a Fab-selective limited proteolysis
      which utilizes the difference of protease-immobilized nanoparticle diameter (200
      nm) and antibody collection resin pore (100 nm). We have demonstrated the full
      validation for chimeric antibody cetuximab bioanalysis in human plasma using
      nSMOL. Signature peptides (SQVFFK, ASQSIGTNIHWYQQR and YASESISGIPSR) in cetuximab
      complementarity-determining region were simultaneously quantitated by LC-MS
      multiple reaction monitoring. CONCLUSION: This nSMOL quantification showed
      sensitivity of 0.586 ug/ml and linearity of 0.586 to 300 ug/ml. Full validation
      study archived the guideline criteria of low Mw drug compounds. These results
      indicate that nSMOL is also significant method for cetuximab bioanalysis.

PMID- 26972867
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism study of veratramine in mice after oral
      administration using LC-MS/MS.
AB  - A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid
      triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (Q-trap-MS) method was
      developed and validated for the determination of veratramine, the major bioactive
      and neurotoxic component in Veratrum nigrum L. Veratramine and the internal
      standard (IS) were separated with a Waters Symmetry C18 column and eluted with a
      gradient mobile phase system containing acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic
      acid. The analysis was performed by using positive electrospray ionization mode
      with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Transition ions of m/z 410.2 -> 295.2
      for veratramine and m/z 426.1 -> 113.8 for the IS were monitored. The method was
      validated with a good linearity in the range of 1-1000 ng/mL and lower limit of
      quantification of 1 ng/mL. The precision (CV) of intra- and inter-day ranged from
      3.92 to 7.29%, while the accuracy (bias) intra- and inter-day were between -4.78
      and 1.65%. The recovery, stability and matrix effect were within the acceptable
      ranges. Five metabolites of veratramine, including four hydroxylated and one
      sulfated metabolites, were tentatively identified using predictive MRM
      information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion mode (predictive MRM-IDA
      EPI). The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and
      metabolic study of veratramine in mice after oral administration of veratramine.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 26972868
TI  - Spatial distribution of organic pollutants in industrial construction and
      demolition waste and their mutual interaction on an abandoned pesticide
      manufacturing plant.
AB  - A comprehensive field investigation of organic pollutants was examined in
      industrial construction and demolition waste (ICDW) inside an abandoned pesticide
      manufacturing plant. Concentrations of eight types of pesticides, a metabolite
      and two intermediates were studied. The ICDW was under severe and long-term
      contamination by organophosphorus, intermediates and pyrethroid pesticide with
      mean concentrations of 23,429, 3538 and 179.4 mg kg(-1), respectively. FT-IR
      analysis suggested that physical absorption and chemical bonding were their
      mutual interaction forms. Patterns of total pesticide spatial distribution showed
      good correlations with manufacturing processes spreading all over the plant both
      in enclosed workshops and in residues randomly dumped outside, while bricks and
      coatings were the most vulnerable to pollutants. Ultimately the fate of the OPPs
      was diversified as the immersion of ICDW in water largely transferred the
      pollutants into aquatic systems while exposure outside did not largely lead to
      pesticide degradation. The adoption of centralized collections for the disposal
      of wastes could only eliminate part of the contaminated ICDW, probably due to
      lack of knowledge and criteria. Correlation matrix and cluster analysis indicated
      that regulated disposal and management of polluted ICDW was effective, thus
      presenting the requirement for its appropriate disposal.

PMID- 26972869
TI  - Coronary artery atherosclerosis associated with shift work in chemical plant
      workers by using coronary CT angiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate whether shift work is
      related to elevated risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) by determining the
      coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and the presence of coronary artery stenosis
      by using coronary artery CT angiography (CCTA). METHODS: In this study, 110 male
      workers participated and underwent a CCTA examination for CAC scoring, which
      represents coronary artery plaque, and were evaluated for luminal stenosis. All
      of the participants were working in the same chemical plant, of whom 70 worked
      day shifts and 40 worked rotating shifts. RESULTS: In a multivariate logistic
      regression analysis, including age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular
      exercise and waist circumference, shift work was associated with a 2.89-fold
      increase in the odds of developing coronary plaque compared with day work (OR,
      2.89; 95% CI 1.07 to 7.82). The association between shift work and coronary
      plaque was strong after adjustment for age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      hypertension and diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.92; 95% CI 1.02 to 8.33). In addition,
      the number of years of shift work employment was associated with coronary plaque.
      However, no association was found between shift work and coronary artery
      stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Shift work could induce CAD onset via the atherosclerotic
      process, and shift work employment duration was associated with an increased risk
      of atherosclerosis in male workers.

PMID- 26972871
TI  - The ecological virus.
AB  - Ecology is usually described as the study of organisms interacting with one
      another and their environments. From this view of ecology, viruses - not usually
      considered to be organisms - would merely be part of the environment. Since the
      late 1980s, however, a growing stream of micrographic, experimental, molecular,
      and model-based (theoretical) research has been investigating how and why viruses
      should be understood as ecological actors of the most important sort. Viruses,
      especially phage, have been revealed as participants in the planet's most crucial
      food webs, even though viruses technically consume nothing (they do not
      metabolize by themselves). Even more impressively, viruses have been identified
      as regulators of planetary biogeochemistry, in which they control cycles such as
      carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus - cycles on which all life depends. Although much
      biogeochemical research black-boxes the entities filling functional roles, it is
      useful to focus a little more closely to understand how viruses can be held
      responsible for the global processes of life. This paper will give a brief
      overview of the history of virus ecology and tease out the implications of large
      scale ecological modelling with viruses. This analysis suggests that viruses
      should be conceptualized as ecological actors that are at least comparable and
      possibly equal to organismal actors. Ecological agency can therefore be
      distinguished from standard interpretations of biological agency. 

PMID- 26972872
TI  - Mutualistic viruses and the heteronomy of life.
AB  - Though viruses have generally been characterized by their pathogenic and more
      generally harmful effects, many examples of mutualistic viruses exist. Here I
      explain how the idea of mutualistic viruses has been defended in recent virology,
      and I explore four important conceptual and practical consequences of this idea.
      I ask to what extent this research modifies the way scientists might search for
      new viruses, our notion of how the host immune system interacts with microbes,
      the development of new therapeutic approaches, and, finally, the role played by
      the criterion of autonomy in our understanding of living things. Overall, I
      suggest that the recognition of mutualistic viruses plays a major role in a wider
      ongoing revision of our conception of viruses. 

PMID- 26972870
TI  - Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain among office workers in three Spanish
      speaking countries: findings from the CUPID study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of upper extremity
      musculoskeletal pain (UEMP) and related disability among office workers in Costa
      Rica, Nicaragua and Spain. METHODS: Data from the multinational Cultural and
      Psychosocial Influences on Disability (CUPID) study on 947 (93%) participants at
      baseline with 90% follow-up after 12 months were employed. Logistic regression
      was used to estimate the associations (ORs and corresponding 95% CIs) between
      country and six outcomes: baseline prevalence of (1) UEMP in past 12 months, (2)
      UEMP in past month and (3) disabling UEMP in past month; (4) incidence of new
      UEMP at follow-up; (5) incidence of new disabling UEMP at follow-up and (6)
      persistence of UEMP at follow-up, after adjustment for sociodemographic, job
      related and health-related covariates. RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of UEMP in
      the past month was higher in Costa Rica (53.6%) (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.62)
      and Nicaragua (51.9%) (OR=1.74; 95% CI 1.28 to 2.35) than in Spain (38.4%).
      Compared to Spain (33.2%), the incidence of new UEMP was 50.4% in Costa Rica
      (OR=2.04; 95% CI 1.34 to 3.12) and 60.2% in Nicaragua (OR=3.04; 95% CI 2.06 to
      4.50). The incidence of disabling UEMP was higher in Nicaragua (OR=2.57; 95% CI
      1.50 to 4.41) and Costa Rica (OR=2.16; 95% CI 1.22 to 3.84) when compared to
      Spain. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of UEMP was approximately twofold higher and its
      incidence twofold to threefold higher in Costa Rica and Nicaragua as compared
      with Spain. Between-country differences were only partially explained by the
      covariates analysed. Research is needed to explore other aspects of work and
      cultural attributes that might explain the residual differences in UEMP.

PMID- 26972873
TI  - Giant viruses: The difficult breaking of multiple epistemological barriers.
AB  - The discovery of the first "giant virus", Mimivirus, in 2003 could solely have
      been that of an exceptional freak, a blind alley of evolution as occasionally
      encountered in biology, albeit without conceptual significance. On the contrary,
      once broken this epistemological barrier, additional unrelated families of giant
      viruses such as the Pandoraviruses, the Pithoviruses and most recently
      Mollivirus, were quickly unraveled, suggesting that an entire chapter of
      microbiology had been ignored since Pasteur and Ivanovski. In this article, we
      examine to what extent the giant viruses challenge previous definitions of
      viruses, the diversity of forms they could take, and how they might have evolved
      from extinct ancestral cellular lineages. Inspired by the epistemology of Gaston
      Bachelard, we will also suggest the reasons for which giant viruses laid hidden
      in plain sight for more than a century. Finally, we propose a new definition for
      "viruses" that paradoxically emphasize the fact that they do not encode a single
      universally shared macromolecule or biochemical function. 

PMID- 26972874
TI  - Control of apoptosis by Drosophila DCAF12.
AB  - Regulated Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death, PCD) maintains tissue homeostasis in
      adults, and ensures proper growth and morphogenesis of tissues during development
      of metazoans. Accordingly, defects in cellular processes triggering or executing
      apoptotic programs have been implicated in a variety of degenerative and
      neoplastic diseases. Here, we report the identification of DCAF12, an
      evolutionary conserved member of the WD40-motif repeat family of proteins, as a
      new regulator of apoptosis in Drosophila. We find that DCAF12 is required for
      Diap1 cleavage in response to pro-apoptotic signals, and is thus necessary and
      sufficient for RHG (Reaper, Hid, and Grim)-mediated apoptosis. Loss of DCAF12
      perturbs the elimination of supernumerary or proliferation-impaired cells during
      development, and enhances tumor growth induced by loss of neoplastic tumor
      suppressors, highlighting the wide requirement for DCAF12 in PCD. 

PMID- 26972876
TI  - Review: Environmental mycobacteria as a cause of human infection.
AB  - Pulmonary infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are recognized as a
      problem in immunodeficient individuals and are increasingly common in older
      people with no known immune defects. NTM are found in soil and water, but factors
      influencing transmission from the environment to humans are mostly unknown.
      Studies of the epidemiology of NTM disease have matched some clinical isolates of
      NTM with isolates from the patient's local environment. Definitive matching
      requires strain level differentiation based on molecular analyses, including
      partial sequencing, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis,
      random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR, repetitive element (rep-) PCR and
      pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of large restriction fragments. These
      approaches have identified hospital and residential showers and faucets, hot-tubs
      and garden soil as sources of transmissible pathogenic NTM. However, gaps exist
      in the literature, with many clinical isolates remaining unidentified within
      environments that have been tested, and few studies investigating NTM
      transmission in developing countries. To understand the environmental reservoirs
      and transmission routes of pathogenic NTM, different environments, countries and
      climates must be investigated. 

PMID- 26972875
TI  - Pro-Cognitive Properties of the Immunomodulatory Polypeptide Complex, Yolkin,
      from Chicken Egg Yolk and Colostrum-Derived Substances: Analyses Based on Animal
      Model of Age-Related Cognitive Deficits.
AB  - The study aimed to assess the effect of the polypeptide Y complex (Yolkin),
      isolated from chicken egg yolk, on behavioural and cognitive functions. It also
      aimed to compare this activity with colostrum-derived substances (Colostrinin,
      Coloco), which have a confirmed impact on learning and memory. In the study, the
      effect of Yolkin, administered to rats of different ages, who performed various
      tasks involving spatial and episodic memory, motor functions and exploratory
      behavior, was assessed. The experiment was carried out in rats which were 6 and
      12 months old. Two different doses of the studied specimens based on previous
      comparative studies and two different routes of administration (oral and
      retroperitoneal) were used. A series of behavioural tests were carried out,
      including an open field test, a novel object recognition test and a Morris water
      maze. They were used to evaluate the impact of the studied specimen on improving
      locomotor function and exploratory behaviour, preventing their decline and assess
      the functioning of episodic and spatial memory in aging rats. The administration
      of Yolkin gave distinct effects compared to colostrum-derived substances,
      although confirmed its suggested pro-cognitive action. Therefore, it may be used
      to enhance cognitive functions and inhibit the progression of dementia in the
      course of neurodegenerative disorders. 

PMID- 26972877
TI  - E84G mutation in dihydrofolate reductase from drug resistant strains of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mumbai, India) leads to increased interaction with
      Trimethoprim.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) (dfrA gene) is an essential enzyme for
      cell survival and an unexplored target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This
      study was carried out to analyze mutations in the dfrA gene amongst 20 clinical
      DNA samples from Mtb isolates obtained from Mumbai, India. METHODS: Sequencing of
      the PCR amplified dfrA gene from these DNA isolates revealed a point mutation in
      one strain, leading to a glutamic acid to glycine change. In silico simulation
      studies revealed a surface alteration in the enzyme due to this E84G mutation.
      The amplified mutant gene was cloned and expressed. The mutant protein was
      assessed against known DHFR inhibitors: Methotrexate and Trimethoprim. RESULTS:
      An increased affinity for inhibitor Trimethoprim and native substrate
      dihydrofolate was observed with the mutant. Methotrexate did not vary in its
      activity with both the enzyme forms. CONCLUSIONS: The Glu84Gly point mutation may
      lead to a variation in the strain which may cause resistance in the future.

PMID- 26972878
TI  - Benzothiazinone-piperazine derivatives as efficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      DNA gyrase inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bacterial DNA topoisomerases are unique in maintaining
      the DNA topology for cell viability. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA gyrase,
      a sole type II topoisomerase has a larger scope as a target for developing novel
      therapeutics. In this study, an effort was made towards the design and synthesis
      of benzothiazinone-piperazine hybrid analogues to obtain the possibility of it to
      lead development through the molecular hybridization technique. METHODS: A five
      step scheme was followed to obtain a series of 36 benzothiazinone-piperazine
      derivatives and to evaluate them for MTB DNA gyrase inhibition, antimycobacterial
      and cytotoxicity studies. RESULTS: Compound N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(6-nitro-4-oxo
      4H-benzo[e][1,3]thiazin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carbothioamide (18) showed greater
      inhibitory potential with an IC50 of 0.51 +/- 0.16 MUM in the DNA supercoiling
      assay of MTB with a moderate anti-tubercular activity of 4.41 MUM. The compound
      even passed the safety profile of eukaryotic cell cytotoxicity with a 1.81%
      inhibition in the RAW 264.7 cell line at 100 MUM concentration. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study describes the discovery of benzothiazinone as gyrase inhibitors with potent
      MTB MIC and inhibitory profiles of the gyrase enzyme with less cytotoxic effect.
      Furthermore, it is believed that this class of compounds has the potential to be
      further developed as an anti-TB drug candidate.

PMID- 26972880
TI  - Immunoconfirmation of central nervous system tuberculosis by blotting: A study of
      300 cases.
AB  - Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a serious form of disease of the central nervous
      system. Early and accurate diagnosis of the disease and effective treatment are
      key important factors to contain the disease. The disease presents as chronic
      meningitis where other partners such as fungal meningitis, neurosyphilis,
      cysticercal meningitis, carcinomatous meningitis and partially treated pyogenic
      meningitis share a similar clinical picture making the diagnosis complicated.
      Culturing of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) from the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) sample has shown a poor response. The main immunological method for
      the immunodiagnosis of TBM is the detection of an antibody response in the CSF.
      In the present study, total MTB sonicated extract antigen was used for ELISA and
      Western blot. ELISA shows overall immune response of the test sample, whereas
      Western blotting reveals the specific reactivity to a particular molecular weight
      antigen. This would also reveal the immunodominant antigen. A total of 300 CSF
      samples were analyzed by both ELISA and Western blotting. Of the 240 clinically
      suspected TBM cases, 111 samples were positive by ELISA and 81 samples by Western
      blot. A total of 76 CSF samples were positive by both ELISA and Western blot.
      None of the control samples showed positivity either by ELISA or by Western blot.
      TBM patients revealed major antibody reactivity to 30-40 kD region, followed by
      14 kD region. ELISA is sensitive with mild non-specific binding, but Western blot
      is specific in detecting the immune response. The findings will be useful in
      definitive immunodiagnosis of TBM.

PMID- 26972879
TI  - Medicinal plants used to treat TB in Ghana.
AB  - AIMS: The current study was designed to document medicinal plant species that are
      traditionally used to treat tuberculosis (TB) by Ghanaian communities. METHODS:
      The medicinal plants used against TB or its signs and symptoms were selected
      using library and online published data searches. A guided questionnaire
      interview was also conducted with a botanist involved in plant collection at the
      Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine (CSRPM) at Mampong. Data
      obtained were entered in Excel and summarized into means and frequencies using
      SPSS 12.0.1 for windows, and expressed as tables and bar graphs. RESULTS: A total
      of 15 medicinal plant species distributed between 13 genera and 13 families were
      documented. The following medicinal plant species were found to be used against
      TB in Greater Accra and Eastern parts of Ghana: Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Stem
      bark (Meliaceae), Hygrophila auriculata Heine, whole plant (Acanthaceae),
      Chenopodium ambrosioides L. leaves (Amaranthaceae), Coix lacryma-jobi L. glumes
      (Poaceae), Solanum torvum Sw. unripe fruits (Solanaceae), Solanum torvum Sw.
      leaves (Solanaceae), Bidens pilosa L. whole plant (Asteraceae), Phyllanthus
      fraternus G.L. Webster leaves (Phyllanthaceae), Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.)
      Triana, leaves (Melastomataceae), Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. Leaves (Poaceae),
      Cyperus articulatus L. roots (Cyperaceae), Allium sativum L. bulb
      (Amaryllidaceae), Zingiber officinale Roscoe, rhizomes (Zingiberaceae), Allium
      cepa L. bulbs (Amaryllidaceae), Allium cepa L. leaves (Amaryllidaceae), Aloe vera
      var. barbadensis aqueous extract from leaves (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Aloe vera var.
      barbadensis organic extract from leaves (Xanthorrhoeaceae), Cocos nucifera Linn,
      water (Arecaceae) and Cocos nucifera Linn. Husk (Arecaceae). CONCLUSIONS: The
      collected plant species could be a source of a new class of drugs against TB.
      Bioactivity guided fractionation is recommended to identify lead compounds for
      antimycobacterial activity. The current paper documents for the first time
      medicinal plant species used by Ghanaian communities to treat TB. These results
      are a basis for selection of plants for further pharmacological, toxicological
      and phytochemical studies in developing new plant-based antimycobacterial drugs.

PMID- 26972881
TI  - Factors associated with treatment success and death in cases with multidrug
      resistant tuberculosis in Bulgaria, 2009-2010.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze determinants of success and death in multidrug-resistant
      tuberculosis patients (MDR-TB; resistance to, at least, isoniazid and rifampicin)
      placed on treatment in Bulgaria during the period September 2009 to March 2010
      using logistic regression. RESULTS: Fifty MDR-TB patients started treatment.
      Male:Female ratio was 2.3:1; mean age 43 years (range: 18-77); 19 patients (38%)
      were new; median duration of disease before treatment was 5 years (range: 1-13).
      All patients tested negative for HIV. Eight cases had XDR-TB (MDR-TB plus
      resistance to any fluoroquinolone and any second-line injectable). Twenty-four
      months after starting treatment, 24 patients (48%) had a successful outcome, in 6
      (12%) treatment failed, 19 (38%) died, and one (2%) interrupted treatment. XDR-TB
      cases experienced higher mortality than others (75% vs. 30.9%, respectively,
      P<0.05). Sputum smear positivity at start of treatment and weight loss or no
      weight gain were positively associated with death (adjusted Odds ratio: 5.16; 95%
      confidence interval: 1.16-22.84 and 5.61; 1.48-21.20, respectively) and
      negatively with success (0.13; 0.02-0.94 and 0.02; 0.00-0.19). No previous TB
      treatment increased likelihood of success (7.82; 1.09-56.15). DISCUSSION AND
      CONCLUSIONS: Most MDR-TB patients in this first treatment cohort using WHO
      recommended norms had advanced disease explaining the high mortality and low
      success. Early, adequate treatment of MDR-TB patients can improve outcomes and
      avert transmission.

PMID- 26972882
TI  - Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in the middle belt of Ghana: An eight-year review
      from six endemic districts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) produces mycolactone toxin when infected
      with a plasmid. Toxin is cytotoxic and immunosuppressive, causing extensive
      destruction of tissues, leading to large ulcers on exposed parts of the body.
      Spontaneous healing by secondary intention leads to contractures, subluxation of
      joints, disuse atrophy, distal lymphedema and other complications. The disease is
      endemic in some communities within the middle belt of Ghana. OBJECTIVE: To
      document the clinical and epidemiological features of MU disease in the middle
      belt of Ghana and the outcome of treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with
      lesions suspected to MU disease were screened by community workers. Lesions were
      confirmed by any of the following: direct smear examination, culture, polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR), or histopathology. Patients were treated with rifampicin
      (10mg/kg orally) and streptomycin (15 mg/kg IM) combination for eight weeks.
      Patients selected for surgical treatment included cases where medical treatment
      had failed, cases where medical treatment is contraindicated, cases presenting
      late with complications and recurrent cases. RESULTS: 258 patients were seen in
      the Ahafo Ano, Amansie Central, Amansie West, Asunafo, Asutifi, and Upper
      Denkyira districts of Ghana between 2005 and 2012. Their ages ranged from 1 year
      3 months to 98 years, with a mean age of 29.8 (SD 20.4). The clinical forms of MU
      disease seen were: papule (0.5%), nodule (1.5%), chronic osteomyelitis (1.5%),
      contracture (1.5%), edematous lesion (3%), and ulcer (92%). Uncommon
      complications include subluxation of knee joint, salivary gland fistula and
      Marjolin's ulcer. The lesions were distributed as follows: head and neck (6.8%),
      upper limb (20.3%), trunk (1.7%), and lower limb (71.2%). CONCLUSION: MU disease
      in the middle belt of Ghana can be controlled by early case detection and
      adequate curative treatment.

PMID- 26972883
TI  - A public-private partnership to reduce tuberculosis burden in Akwa Ibom State,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) infection and spread are preventable, and TB
      disease is curable depending on individual and community knowledge of causes of
      the disease, mode of prevention and cure. An earlier educational intervention
      carried out in Akwa Ibom State (AKS) of Nigeria in 2006 created awareness of the
      disease and improved utilization of orthodox medical facilities of residents in
      34 communities who had symptoms of TB. OBJECTIVE: The overall aim of this program
      is to reduce the burden of TB disease in 18 communities of AKS through
      educational intervention, TB case detection and integration into the State
      National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (NTBLCP), as well as build
      laboratory capacity to improve TB case detection and control. METHODS: Prior to
      the educational intervention in each community, standard pretested questionnaires
      were administered to residents to test their knowledge, attitudes and practices
      concerning TB. Information about causes, symptoms and prevention of TB was
      disseminated in community town halls, churches, markets and schools. Individuals
      who were coughing for three weeks or more were investigated for TB following
      clinical examination by a physician. Three sputum samples (spot-morning-spot)
      were obtained from each individual and examined microscopically for the presence
      of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) using the Ziehl-Neelson staining technique. Those with
      positive AFB results were integrated into the existing NTBLCP treatment
      facilities for immediate commencement of Directly-Observed Therapy Short Course
      (DOTS). Treatment outcome was monitored by retesting patients' sputum after two,
      five and seven months. Two new laboratories were facilitated while existing
      laboratory capacity was built by providing higher resolution microscopes, power
      generating plants, refrigerators, locally-fabricated incinerators and furnishing
      of staff offices. The program was facilitated by a public-private partnership.
      Effective Health Care Alliance Research Programme (EHCARP-Nigeria), in
      collaboration with Nigeria National Petroleum Cooperation and Mobil Producing
      Nigeria Unlimited (NNPC/MPN) Joint Venture, utilized health personnel from the
      Akwa Ibom State NTBLCP who conducted laboratory testing and supervised the
      treatment. RESULTS: The 916 responses to the questionnaires showed that 65.3%
      (549/841) correctly identified that TB is airborne, and 86% (749/871) were aware
      that TB could be cured by anti-TB medication. Responses to care-seeking attitudes
      were provided by 123 respondents. Of this number, fear of stigmatization was the
      reason for 31% (38) seeking care in unorthodox facilities, while 43.1% (53) did
      not believe that orthodox medicine could cure their symptoms. Of the 374 detected
      cases, 9 did not commence treatment. Hence, 365 were placed on DOTS; 36
      defaulted, while 11 either died or failed to convert after the seventh month. At
      the end of month 8, cure was achieved for 87.1% (318). CONCLUSION: Although the
      previous intervention may have contributed to the good knowledge about TB and
      care-seeking attitudes displayed by respondents in the communities, sustaining
      active case finding through public-private partnership can go a long way to
      reduce TB burden, especially in rural communities where healthcare systems are
      generally weak or inadequate. Adequate funding of TB control activities is
      critical in eliminating TB as a public health problem, and the private sector
      participation such as this is a welcome development.

PMID- 26972884
TI  - Tuberculosis peritonitis with features of acute abdomen in HIV infection.
AB  - This case report introduces a 26-year-old male IV drug abuser with fever,
      abdominal pain and distension referred to the emergency ward. According to these
      findings, abdominal tenderness and involuntary guarding, an explorative
      laparotomy was performed. Multiple biopsies of omentum, peritoneum and liver were
      taken. Pathologic assessment of multiple biopsies confirmed intra-abdominal TB
      infection. 

PMID- 26972885
TI  - Endobronchial tuberculosis presented as multiple endobronchial vesicular lesions.
AB  - Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is a tuberculous infection of the
      tracheobronchial tree with microbiological and histopathological evidence, with
      or without parenchymal involvement. EBTB commonly presents as acute or insidious
      onset cough, wheeze, low grade fever, and constitutional symptoms. In elderly
      patients, other differentials like malignancy and pneumonia may lead to
      misdiagnosis. Hence, bronchoscopy is essential for confirmation of EBTB. Here we
      report a rare presentation of EBTB in a 65 year old patient who presented with 3
      months history of fever and cough and have multiple endobronchial vesicular
      lesions on bronchoscopy.

PMID- 26972886
TI  - The inconsistent definitions used for tuberculosis in the medical literature.
AB  - In order to assess the confusion attendant with current definitions of
      extrapulmonary tuberculosis, pleural and miliary disease, a set of 37 papers
      published which analyzed disease states were assessed for how the terms adhered
      to official definitions of the American Thoracic Society, the World Health
      Organization, and the Centers for Disease Control. The findings showed
      uncertainties in the classification of extrapulmonary disease, a frequent
      inconsistency in the inclusion of pleural disease within pulmonary rather than
      extrapulmonary disease, and the ambivalent use of the terms pleural and
      disseminated tuberculosis. Further attention by editors and authors is needed in
      the use of tuberculosis definitions. 

PMID- 26972887
TI  - A rare localization of tuberculosis of the wrist: The scapholunate joint.
AB  - The tuberculosis of the hand and the wrist is a rare entity. Affecting the
      scapholunate joint is exceptional. It is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage
      of carpal destruction, due to slowly development of the symptoms. We report the
      case of a 58-year-old female, presenting as wrist pain for 3 months. Clinical
      study showed a local swelling in the left wrist, the mobility of the wrist was
      normal but painful at the end of motion. The diagnosis of osteoarticular
      tuberculosis was suspected after radiological and biological study then confirmed
      after histological study. Antibacillary chemotherapy during 12 months promoted
      healing and good outcome.

PMID- 26972888
TI  - Semiconductor-Metal Nanofloret Hybrid Structures by Self-Processing Synthesis.
AB  - We present a synthetic strategy that takes advantage of the inherent asymmetry
      exhibited by semiconductor nanowires prepared by Au-catalyzed chemical vapor
      deposition (CVD). The metal-semiconductor junction is used for activating etch,
      deposition, and modification steps localized to the tip area using a wet
      chemistry approach. The hybrid nanostructures obtained for the coinage metals Cu,
      Ag, and Au resemble the morphology of grass flowers, termed here Nanofloret
      hybrid nanostructures consisting of a high aspect ratio SiGe nanowire (NW) with a
      metallic nanoshell cap. The synthetic method is used to prepare hybrid
      nanostructures in one step by triggering a programmable cascade of events that is
      autonomously executed, termed self-processing synthesis. The synthesis
      progression was monitored by ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in
      situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and inductively coupled
      plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses to study the mechanistic reaction
      details of the various processes taking place during the synthesis. Our results
      indicate that the synthesis involves distinct processing steps including
      localized oxide etch, metal deposition, and process termination. Control over the
      deposition and etching processes is demonstrated by several parameters: (i)
      etchant concentration (water), (ii) SiGe alloy composition, (iii) reducing agent,
      (iv) metal redox potential, and (v) addition of surfactants for controlling the
      deposited metal grain size. The NF structures exhibit broad plasmonic absorption
      that is utilized for demonstrating surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of
      thiophenol monolayer. The new type of nanostructures feature a metallic nanoshell
      directly coupled to the crystalline semiconductor NW showing broad plasmonic
      absorption.

PMID- 26972889
TI  - Diagnosis and Management of Cholesteatomas in Dogs.
AB  - Surgical intervention of aural cholesteatomas in dogs can be curative. Imaging
      findings include a soft tissue density in the middle ear and destruction of the
      bone of the bulla with characteristics of an aggressive lesion. Dogs with early
      stage disease have a better outcome than those with chronic disease, temporal
      bone involvement and neurologic signs. Dogs with recurrent disease can be
      reoperated or managed medically with long-term resolution or palliation of
      clinical signs. 

PMID- 26972891
TI  - Alkalinization of Thin Layer Samples with a Selective Proton Sink Membrane
      Electrode for Detecting Carbonate by Carbonate-Selective Electrodes.
AB  - Potentiometry is known to be sensitive to so-called free ion activity and is a
      potentially valuable tool in environmental speciation analysis. Here, the direct
      detection of free and total carbonate is demonstrated by alkalinization of a thin
      layer sample (~100 MUm), which is electrochemically triggered at a pH responsive
      membrane placed opposite a carbonate-selective membrane electrode. The concept
      may serve as a promising future methodology for in situ environmental sensing
      applications where traditional sampling and pretreatment steps are no longer
      required. The possibility of increasing the pH of the sample was demonstrated
      first with a proton selective membrane (pH readout at zero current) placed
      opposite the thin layer gap. An optimal applied potential (600 mV) for 300 s
      resulted in a pH increase of 4 units in an artificial sample, with a relative
      standard deviation (RSD) of ~2%. The pH probe was subsequently replaced by a
      solid contact carbonate selective electrode for the determination of carbonate
      species (4.17 MUM) in a sample of 1 mM NaHCO3. Increasing the pH to 12.1 by the
      electrochemically controlled proton sink allowed one to convert bicarbonate to
      the detectable carbonate species. Initial bicarbonate concentration (~1 mM) was
      obtained as the difference between the converted bicarbonate and the initial
      carbonate concentration. An initial application of this concept was illustrated
      by the speciation analysis of an unfiltered sample from the Arve river (12.3 +/-
      0.2 MUM and 22.5 +/- 0.3 mM carbonate and bicarbonate, respectively). The values
      were confirmed by volumetric titration. 

PMID- 26972892
TI  - Developments in 3D neural cell culture models: the future of neurotherapeutics
      testing?

PMID- 26972893
TI  - Hybrid approach for structural modeling of biological systems from X-ray free
      electron laser diffraction patterns.
AB  - We present a new hybrid approach for structural modeling using X-ray free
      electron laser (XFEL) diffraction patterns from non-crystalline biological
      samples. Reconstruction of a 3D structure requires a large number of diffraction
      patterns; however, in the current XFEL experiments with biological systems, the
      analysis often relies on a small number of 2D diffraction patterns. In this
      study, we explore the strategies to identify plausible 3D structural models by
      combining the 2D analysis of such diffraction patterns with computational
      modeling (normal mode analysis or molecular dynamics simulations). As the first
      step toward such hybrid modeling, we established a protocol to assess the
      agreement between the model structure and the target XFEL diffraction pattern and
      showed that XFEL data can be used to study the conformational transitions of
      biological molecules. We tested the proposed algorithms using data of three
      biomolecular complexes of different sizes (elongation factor 2, CCM virus, and
      ribosome) and examined the experimental conditions that are required to perform
      such studies, in particular the XFEL beam intensity requirements. The results
      indicate that the current beam intensity is close to a strength that enables us
      to study conformational transitions of macromolecules, such as ribosomes. The
      proposed algorithm can be combined with molecular mechanics approaches, such as
      molecular dynamics simulations and normal mode analysis, to generate a large
      number of candidate structures to perform hybrid structural modeling.

PMID- 26972894
TI  - Optimization of a protective medium for freeze-dried Pichia membranifaciens and
      application of this biocontrol agent on citrus fruit.
AB  - AIMS: To optimize a protective medium for freeze-dried Pichia membranifaciens and
      to evaluate biocontrol efficacies of agents against blue and green mould and
      anthracnose in citrus fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on the screening assays
      of saccharides and antioxidants, response surface methodology was used to
      optimize sucrose, sodium glutamate and skim milk to improve viability of freeze
      dried Pi. membranifaciens. Biocontrol assays were conducted between fresh and
      freeze-dried Pi. membranifaciens against Penicillium italicum, Penicillium
      digitatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in citrus fruit. Solving the
      regression equation indicated that the optimal protective medium was 6.06% (w/v)
      sucrose combined with 3.40% (w/v) sodium glutamate and 5.43% (w/v) skim milk. Pi.
      membranifaciens freeze-dried in the optimal protective medium showed 76.80%
      viability, and retained biocontrol efficacy against Pe. italicum, Pe. digitatum
      and Co. gloeosporioides in citrus fruit. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal protective
      medium showed more effective protective properties than each of the three
      protectants used alone. The viability of freeze-dried Pi. membranifaciens finally
      reached 76.80%. Meanwhile, the biocontrol efficacies showed no significant
      difference between fresh and freeze-dried yeast against Pe. italicum, Pe.
      digitatum and Co. gloeosporioides in citrus fruit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE
      STUDY: The results showed the potential value of Pi. membranifaciens CICC 32259
      for commercialization.

PMID- 26972895
TI  - The Therapeutic Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment and Methylphenidate Alone
      and in Combination after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury.
AB  - Environmental enrichment (EE) and methylphenidate (MPH) independently confer
      significant benefit to behavioral recovery after controlled cortical impact (CCI)
      injury. Given that combinational therapies may be more clinically translatable
      than monotherapies, the aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that
      a combined treatment regimen of EE and MPH would provide greater therapeutic
      efficacy than either one alone. Anesthetized adult male rats received either a
      CCI of moderate severity or sham injury and were then randomly assigned to EE or
      standard (STD) housing where they received either intraperitoneal (ip) MPH (5
      mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH; 1.0 mL/kg; ip) beginning 24 h after injury and once daily
      for 19 days. Motor and cognitive assessments were conducted on post-injury days 1
      5 and 14-19, respectively. No differences were observed in sham controls
      regardless of treatments, and thus their data were pooled. The traumatic brain
      injury (TBI)+EE+VEH and TBI+EE+MPH groups exhibited enhanced beam balance and
      beam walk performance relative to the TBI+STD+VEH group (p < 0.05), but did not
      differ from one another (p > 0.05). No effect of MPH treatment alone was observed
      in either motor task. In contrast, MPH improved spatial learning and memory when
      presented alone and also when combined with EE relative to VEH-treated STD
      controls (p < 0.05). In addition, both EE groups performed significantly better
      than the TBI+STD+MPH group (p < 0.05), but did not differ from one another (p >
      0.05). These data replicate previous findings that both EE and MPH confer
      cognitive benefits after TBI and extend the findings by revealing that combining
      EE and MPH does not produce effects greater than either treatment alone, which
      does not support the hypothesis. The lack of an additive effect may be because of
      the robustness of the EE.

PMID- 26972896
TI  - Evolutionary loss of cone photoreception in balaenid whales reveals circuit
      stability in the mammalian retina.
AB  - The classical understanding of mammalian vision is that it occurs through
      "duplex" retinae containing both rod and cone photoreceptors, the signals from
      which are processed through rod- and/or cone-specific signaling pathways. The
      recent discovery of rod monochromacy in some cetacean lineages provides a novel
      opportunity to investigate the effects of an evolutionary loss of cone
      photoreception on retinal organization. Sequence analysis of right whale
      (Eubalaena glacialis; family Balaenidae) cDNA derived from long-wavelength
      sensitive (LWS) cone opsin mRNA identified several mutations in the opsin coding
      sequence, suggesting the loss of cone cell function, but maintenance of non
      photosensitive, cone opsin mRNA-expressing cells in the retina. Subsequently, we
      investigated the retina of the closely related bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus;
      family Balaenidae) to determine how the loss of cone-mediated photoreception
      affects light signaling pathways in the retina. Anti-opsin immunofluorescence
      demonstrated the total loss of cone opsin expression in B. mysticetus, whereas
      light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and bipolar cell (protein
      kinase C-alpha [PKC-alpha] and recoverin) immunofluorescence revealed the
      maintenance of cone soma, putative cone pedicles, and both rod and cone bipolar
      cell types. These findings represent the first immunological and anatomical
      evidence of a naturally occurring rod-monochromatic mammalian retina, and suggest
      that despite the loss of cone-mediated photoreception, the associated cone
      signaling structures (i.e., cone synapses and cone bipolar cells) may be
      maintained for multichannel rod-based signaling in balaenid whales. J. Comp.
      Neurol. 524:2873-2885, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26972898
TI  - Laparoscopic surgical technique for perforated duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 26972899
TI  - A review of the assessment and prevalence of sedentarism in older adults, its
      physiology/health impact and non-exercise mobility counter-measures.
AB  - This literature review focuses on aspects of sedentary behaviour (SB) in elderly.
      Since it has been identified as a distinct health risk, independent of physical
      activity, SB is a significant issue. This is particularly true for an ageing
      population as evidence shows that older adults (aged >=65 years) are the most
      sedentary age group (on average 8.5-9.6 h daily sitting time). Accurate SB
      assessment is important for understanding this habitual behaviour and its impact.
      However, SB measurement is challenging, regardless of the method used. Although
      negative associations of SB in elderly have been reported for several health
      outcomes, evidence is inconclusive, apart from the evidence on the adverse SB
      effect on the all-cause mortality rate. Generally, strategies have been proposed
      to counteract SB, of which breaking prolonged sedentary bouts with at least light
      intensity physical activity seems to be the most promising. Overall, further
      research in elderly is required to increase the evidence and to either support or
      refute the current findings. Moreover, further research will help to develop
      informed SB guidelines for an optimal strategy to counteract SB and its health
      effects in older adults.

PMID- 26972900
TI  - Practice variations in voice treatment selection following vocal fold mucosal
      resection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To characterize initial voice treatment selection
      following vocal fold mucosal resection in a Medicare population. STUDY DESIGN:
      Retrospective analysis of a large, nationally representative Medicare claims
      database. METHODS: Patients with > 12 months of continuous Medicare coverage who
      underwent a leukoplakia- or cancer-related vocal fold mucosal resection (index)
      procedure during calendar years 2004 to 2009 were studied. The primary outcome of
      interest was receipt of initial voice treatment (thyroplasty, vocal fold
      injection, or speech therapy) following the index procedure. We evaluated the
      cumulative incidence of each postindex treatment type, treating the other
      treatment types as competing risks, and further evaluated postindex treatment
      utilization using the proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a
      competing risk. Patient age, sex, and Medicaid eligibility were used as
      predictors. RESULTS: A total of 2,041 patients underwent 2,427 index procedures
      during the study period. In 14% of cases, an initial voice treatment event was
      identified. Women were significantly less likely to receive surgical or
      behavioral treatment compared to men. From age 65 to 75 years, the likelihood of
      undergoing surgical treatment increased significantly with each 5-year age
      increase; after age 75 years, the likelihood of undergoing either surgical or
      behavioral treatment decreased significantly every 5 years. Patients with low
      socioeconomic status were significantly less likely to undergo speech therapy.
      CONCLUSION: The majority of Medicare patients do not undergo voice treatment
      following vocal fold mucosal resection. Further, the treatments analyzed here
      appear disproportionally utilized based on patient sex, age, and socioeconomic
      status. Additional research is needed to determine whether these observations
      reflect clinically explainable differences or disparities in care. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 2c. Laryngoscope, 126:2505-2512, 2016.

PMID- 26972901
TI  - Should ARDS be renamed diffuse alveolar damage?

PMID- 26972902
TI  - Happy 50th birthday ARDS!

PMID- 26972903
TI  - Renal markers cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in
      postmortem samples.
AB  - PURPOSE: Renal markers may provide valuable information for cause of death (CoD)
      investigation when assessing the influence of impaired kidney function. A
      commonly used marker, creatinine (Cr), increases due to kidney injury and is
      known to be reasonably stable in postmortem (PM) samples. More sensitive markers
      are needed, as the increase of serum Cr level only occurs after relatively severe
      renal damage. We evaluated two markers, cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase
      associated lipocalin (NGAL), in addition to Cr. To the best of our knowledge this
      was the first study to investigate cystatin C and NGAL in a postmortem (PM)
      context. METHODS: Cr, cystatin C, and NGAL were measured from PM blood in 39
      autopsy cases. NGAL was also measured from urine in 16 cases. Cystatin C and NGAL
      were analyzed using ELISA, Cr measurements were performed with Jaffe method.
      Correlations of these markers were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both,
      blood cystatin C and NGAL, levels showed significant correlation with Cr (p =
      0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively). Cystatin C and NGAL in blood are promising
      markers for further studies with PM samples.

PMID- 26972904
TI  - Sudden cardiac death while playing Australian Rules football: a retrospective 14
      year review.
AB  - Australian Rules football is a sport which evolved from Gaelic football and which
      is played by a large number of predominantly male participants in a number of
      countries. The highest participation rates are in the southern states of
      Australia. A retrospective review over a period of 14 years identified 14 cases
      of sudden cardiac death that occurred in individuals while playing the sport. All
      were male and ranged in age from 13 to 36 years with a mean and median age of 23
      years. A spectrum of cardiac causes was identified including coronary artery
      atherosclerosis, myocarditis, anomalous coronary artery anatomy, arrhythmogenic
      right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and healed Kawasaki disease. In 5 cases the
      heart was morphologically normal raising the possibility of a channelopathy. No
      traumatic deaths were identified. Some of the individuals had experienced
      symptoms prior to the fatal episode and the role of pre participation screening
      in reducing mortality is discussed.

PMID- 26972906
TI  - Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children.
AB  - Hypokalaemia is a common electrolyte disorder in children, caused by decreased
      potassium intake, increased gastrointestinal and urinary losses or transcellular
      shift. Patients with severe hypokalaemia may suffer from symptoms such as life
      threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of our study was to review the aetiology
      of hypokalaemia, suggest a diagnostic algorithm and discuss the management of
      patients with various aetiologies of hypokalaemia. CONCLUSION: Understanding the
      pathophysiology of hypokalaemic states, along with a detailed medical history,
      physical examination and specific laboratory tests are required for proper
      diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

PMID- 26972905
TI  - Novel identification of biofluids using a multiplex methylation-specific PCR
      combined with single-base extension system.
AB  - PURPOSE: Knowledge of the composition of complex body fluid mixtures may aid
      forensic investigations greatly. However, many of the traditional tests are
      presumptive in nature and can lead to ambiguous results. The aim of this study is
      to establish a reliable method to identify various biofluids via analysis of
      their DNA methylation profiles. METHODS: A total of eight biofluid-specific
      methylated markers for saliva, venous blood, vaginal fluids, and semen were
      isolated from the open database of Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. These
      biofluid-specific markers, a control marker to confirm bisulfite conversion, and
      a gender marker, were combined into a 10-plex methylation-specific PCR single
      base-extension (MSP-SBE) system. RESULTS: Analysis of 65 DNA samples isolated
      from venous blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, and menstrual blood that had
      been treated with bisulfite, resulted in all eight markers detecting the body
      fluid to which they were designed. Unambiguous body fluid identification occurred
      from both single sources of body fluids and complex mixtures. A threshold was
      devised for each marker to minimize the chance of a false inclusion. The efficacy
      of the assay and application to forensic practice was demonstrated using five non
      probative samples from real alleged sexual assault cases. The system
      unambiguously determined the biofluid types for the non-probative forensic
      samples that previously resulted in inconclusive or conflicting results using
      traditional tests. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the 10-plex MSP-SBE
      system established in this study is both sensitive and specific when applied to
      body fluid identification and can be readily adopted into forensic practice.

PMID- 26972908
TI  - Subepidermal autoimmune bullous disease affecting predominantly mucocutaneous
      junctions and the palms with autoantibodies to BP230 and laminin gamma1.

PMID- 26972912
TI  - Fungal physiology: Aspergillus sees the light.

PMID- 26972897
TI  - Placental origins of adverse pregnancy outcomes: potential molecular targets: an
      Executive Workshop Summary of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of
      Child Health and Human Development.
AB  - Although much progress is being made in understanding the molecular pathways in
      the placenta that are involved in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-related
      disorders, a significant gap exists in the utilization of this information for
      the development of new drug therapies to improve pregnancy outcome. On March 5-6,
      2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
      Development of the National Institutes of Health sponsored a 2-day workshop
      titled Placental Origins of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Potential Molecular
      Targets to begin to address this gap. Particular emphasis was given to the
      identification of important molecular pathways that could serve as drug targets
      and the advantages and disadvantages of targeting these particular pathways. This
      article is a summary of the proceedings of that workshop. A broad number of
      topics were covered that ranged from basic placental biology to clinical trials.
      This included research in the basic biology of placentation, such as trophoblast
      migration and spiral artery remodeling, and trophoblast sensing and response to
      infectious and noninfectious agents. Research findings in these areas will be
      critical for the formulation of the development of future treatments and the
      development of therapies for the prevention of a number of pregnancy disorders of
      placental origin that include preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and uterine
      inflammation. Research was also presented that summarized ongoing clinical
      efforts in the United States and in Europe that has tested novel interventions
      for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, including agents such as oral
      arginine supplementation, sildenafil, pravastatin, gene therapy with virally
      delivered vascular endothelial growth factor, and oxygen supplementation therapy.
      Strategies were also proposed to improve fetal growth by the enhancement of
      nutrient transport to the fetus by modulation of their placental transporters and
      the targeting of placental mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to
      improve placental health. The roles of microRNAs and placental-derived exosomes,
      as well as messenger RNAs, were also discussed in the context of their use for
      diagnostics and as drug targets. The workshop discussed the aspect of safety and
      pharmacokinetic profiles of potential existing and new therapeutics that will
      need to be determined, especially in the context of the unique pharmacokinetic
      properties of pregnancy and the hurdles and pitfalls of the translation of
      research findings into practice. The workshop also discussed novel methods of
      drug delivery and targeting during pregnancy with the use of macromolecular
      carriers, such as nanoparticles and biopolymers, to minimize placental drug
      transfer and hence fetal drug exposure. In closing, a major theme that developed
      from the workshop was that the scientific community must change their thinking of
      the pregnant woman and her fetus as a vulnerable patient population for which
      drug development should be avoided, but rather be thought of as a deprived
      population in need of more effective therapeutic interventions. 

PMID- 26972907
TI  - Modulation of kidney urea transporter UT-A3 activity by alpha2,6-sialylation.
AB  - Two urea transporters, UT-A1 and UT-A3, are expressed in the kidney terminal
      inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) and are important for the production of
      concentrated urine. UT-A1, as the largest isoform of all UT-A urea transporters,
      has gained much attention and been extensively studied; however, the role and the
      regulation of UT-A3 are less explored. In this study, we investigated UT-A3
      regulation by glycosylation modification. A site-directed mutagenesis verified a
      single glycosylation site in UT-A3 at Asn279. Loss of the glycosylation reduced
      forskolin-stimulated UT-A3 cell membrane expression and urea transport activity.
      UT-A3 has two glycosylation forms, 45 and 65 kDa. Using sugar-specific binding
      lectins, the UT-A3 glycosylation profile was examined. The 45-kDa form was pulled
      down by lectin concanavalin A (Con A) and Galant husnivalis lectin (GNL),
      indicating an immature glycan with a high amount of mannose (Man), whereas the 65
      kDa form is a mature glycan composed of acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and poly-N
      acetyllactosame (poly-LacNAc) that was pulled down by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)
      and tomato lectin, respectively. Interestingly, the mature form of UT-A3 glycan
      contains significant amounts of sialic acid. We explored the enzymes responsible
      for directing UT-A3 sialylation. Sialyltransferase ST6GalI, but not ST3GalIV,
      catabolizes UT-A3 alpha2,6-sialylation. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by
      PDB treatment promoted UT-A3 glycan sialylation and membrane surface expression.
      The PKC inhibitor chelerythrine blocks ST6GalI-induced UT-A3 sialylation.
      Increased sialylation by ST6GalI increased UT-A3 protein stability and urea
      transport activity. Collectively, our study reveals a novel mechanism of UT-A3
      regulation by ST6GalI-mediated sialylation modification that may play an
      important role in kidney urea reabsorption and the urinary concentrating
      mechanism.

PMID- 26972916
TI  - The ecology and biogeochemistry of stream biofilms.
AB  - Streams and rivers form dense networks, shape the Earth's surface and, in their
      sediments, provide an immensely large surface area for microbial growth. Biofilms
      dominate microbial life in streams and rivers, drive crucial ecosystem processes
      and contribute substantially to global biogeochemical fluxes. In turn, water flow
      and related deliveries of nutrients and organic matter to biofilms constitute
      major constraints on microbial life. In this Review, we describe the ecology and
      biogeochemistry of stream biofilms and highlight the influence of physical and
      ecological processes on their structure and function. Recent advances in the
      study of biofilm ecology may pave the way towards a mechanistic understanding of
      the effects of climate and environmental change on stream biofilms and the
      biogeochemistry of stream ecosystems. 

PMID- 26972917
TI  - Causation or only correlation? Application of causal inference graphs for
      evaluating causality in nano-QSAR models.
AB  - In this paper, we suggest that causal inference methods could be efficiently used
      in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) modeling as additional
      validation criteria within quality evaluation of the model. Verification of the
      relationships between descriptors and toxicity or other activity in the QSAR
      model has a vital role in understanding the mechanisms of action. The well-known
      phrase "correlation does not imply causation" reflects insight statistically
      correlated with the endpoint descriptor may not cause the emergence of this
      endpoint. Hence, paradigmatic shifts must be undertaken when moving from
      traditional statistical correlation analysis to causal analysis of multivariate
      data. Methods of causal discovery have been applied for broader physical insight
      into mechanisms of action and interpretation of the developed nano-QSAR models.
      Previously developed nano-QSAR models for toxicity of 17 nano-sized metal oxides
      towards E. coli bacteria have been validated by means of the causality criteria.
      Using the descriptors confirmed by the causal technique, we have developed new
      models consistent with the straightforward causal-reasoning account. It was
      proven that causal inference methods are able to provide a more robust
      mechanistic interpretation of the developed nano-QSAR models. 

PMID- 26972918
TI  - Clotting factor concentrate use and occurrence of thrombotic events in patients
      with hemophilia: A nationwide and 15-year cohort study.

PMID- 26972919
TI  - Design and synthesis of thiourea derivatives with sulfur-containing heterocyclic
      scaffolds as potential tyrosinase inhibitors.
AB  - Tyrosinase is a key enzyme during the production of melanins in plants and
      animals. A class of novel N-aryl-N'-substituted phenylthiourea derivatives (3a-i,
      6a-k) were designed, synthesized and their inhibitory effects on the diphenolase
      activity of mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. The results showed some 4,5,6,7
      tetrahydro-2-[[(phenylamino)thioxomethyl]amino]-benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxylic
      acid derivatives (3a-i) exhibited moderate inhibitory potency on diphenolase
      activity of tyrosinase. When the scaffold of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene
      3-carboxylic acid was replaced with 2-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio acetic acid,
      the inhibitory activity of compounds (6a-k) against tyrosinase was improved
      obviously; especially, the inhibitory activity of compound 6h (IC50=6.13 MUM) is
      significantly higher than kojic acid (IC50=33.3 MUM). Moreover, the analysis on
      inhibition mechanism revealed that compound 6h might plays the role as a
      noncompetitive inhibitor.

PMID- 26972920
TI  - Rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole
      pyrimidine derivatives as novel pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1 inhibitors.
AB  - On the basis of previous study on 2-methylpyrimidine-4-ylamine derivatives I,
      further synthetic optimization was done to find potent PDHc-E1 inhibitors with
      antibacterial activity. Three series of novel pyrimidine derivatives 6, 11 and 14
      were designed and synthesized as potential Escherichia coli PDHc-E1 inhibitors by
      introducing 1,3,4-oxadiazole-thioether, 2,4-disubstituted-1,3-thiazole or 1,2,4
      triazol-4-amine-thioether moiety into lead structure I, respectively. Most of 6,
      11 and 14 exhibited good inhibitory activity against E. coli PHDc-E1 (IC50 0.97
      19.21 MUM) and obvious inhibitory activity against cyanobacteria (EC50 0.83-9.86
      MUM). Their inhibitory activities were much higher than that of lead structure I.
      11 showed more potent inhibitory activity against both E. coli PDHc-E1 (IC50<6.62
      MUM) and cyanobacteria (EC50<1.63 MUM) than that of 6, 14 or lead compound I. The
      most effective compound 11d with good enzyme-selectivity exhibited most powerful
      inhibitory potency against E. coli PDHc-E1 (IC50=0.97 MUM) and cyanobacteria
      (EC50=0.83 MUM). The possible interactions of the important residues of PDHc-E1
      with title compounds were studied by molecular docking, site-directed
      mutagenesis, and enzymatic assays. The results indicated that 11d had more potent
      inhibitory activity than that of 14d or I due to its 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety with
      more binding position and stronger interaction with Lsy392 and His106 at active
      site of E. coli PDHc-E1.

PMID- 26972921
TI  - A concise synthesis and evaluation of new malonamide derivatives as potential
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
AB  - A series of new malonamide derivatives were synthesized by Michael addition
      reaction of N(1),N(3)-di(pyridin-2-yl)malonamide into alpha,beta-unsaturated
      ketones mediated by DBU in DCM at ambient temperature. The inhibitory potential
      of these compounds in vitro, against alpha-glucosidase enzyme was evaluated.
      Result showed that most of malonamide derivatives were identified as a potent
      inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Among all the compounds, 4K (IC50=11.7 +/
      0.5 MUM) was found out as the most active one compared to standard drug acarbose
      (IC50=840 +/- 1.73 MUM). Further cytotoxicity of 4a-4m were also evaluated
      against a number of cancer and normal cell lines and interesting results were
      obtained.

PMID- 26972924
TI  - Modulating the Electronic and Optical Properties of Tetragonal ZnSe Monolayers by
      Chalcogen Dopants.
AB  - The recently proposed three-atom-thick single-layer ZnSe sheet demonstrates a
      strong quantum confinement effect by exhibiting a large enhancement of band gap
      relative to the zinc blende (ZB) bulk phase. In this work, we aim at
      investigating the electronic and optical properties of this ultrathin tetragonal
      ZnSe single-layer sheet with various chalcogen dopant atoms, based on density
      functional theory (DFT). We find that these single-layer sheets with dopant atoms
      are still direct-band semiconductors with tunable band gaps, which can lead to
      strong light absorption and potential applications in solar energy harvesting.
      Theoretical optical absorbance results show that the S-doped ZnSe monolayer
      exhibits a higher absorption performance compared to other doped and undoped ZnSe
      monolayers. These findings pave a way for the modulation of novel ultrathin
      tetragonal ZnSe monolayers for a wealth of potential optoelectronic applications.

PMID- 26972922
TI  - Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2-piperidone derivatives for the inhibition
      of beta-amyloid aggregation and inflammation mediated neurotoxicity.
AB  - A series of novel multipotent 2-piperidone derivatives were designed, synthesized
      and biologically evaluated as chemical agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). The results showed that most of the target compounds displayed
      significant potency to inhibit Abeta(1-42) self-aggregation. Among them, compound
      7q exhibited the best inhibition of Abeta(1-42) self-aggregation (59.11% at 20
      MUM) in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the compounds 6b, 7p and
      7q as representatives were found to present anti-inflammation properties in
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial BV-2 cells. They could effectively
      suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta
      and IL-6. Meanwhile, compound 7q could prevent the neuronal cell SH-SY5Y death by
      LPS-stimulated microglia cell activation mediated neurotoxicity. The molecular
      modeling studies demonstrated that compounds matched the pharmacophore well and
      had good predicted physicochemical properties and estimated IC50 values.
      Moreover, compound 7q exerted a good binding to the active site of myeloid
      differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) through the docking analysis and could
      interfere with its homodimerization or heterodimerization. Consequently, these
      compounds emerged as promising candidates for further development of novel
      multifunctional agents for AD treatment.

PMID- 26972923
TI  - Ecosystem function decays by fungal outbreaks in Antarctic microbial mats.
AB  - Antarctica harbours a remarkably diverse range of freshwater bodies and
      terrestrial ecosystems, where microbial mats are considered the most important
      systems in terms of biomass and metabolic capabilities. We describe the presence
      of lysis plaque-like macroscopic blighted patches within the predominant
      microbial mats on Livingston Island (Antarctic Peninsula). Those blighting
      circles are associated with decay in physiological traits as well as nitrogen
      depletion and changes in the spatial microstructure; these alterations were
      likely related to disruption of the biogeochemical gradients within the microbial
      ecosystem caused by an unusually high fungal abundance and consequent physical
      alterations. This phenomenon has been evidenced at a time of unprecedented rates
      of local warming in the Antarctic Peninsula area, and decay of these ecosystems
      is potentially stimulated by warmer temperatures. 

PMID- 26972925
TI  - Deriving health utility values from a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial of siltuximab in subjects with multicentric Castleman's disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To estimate health utility values, explore predictors of utility values,
      and estimate the quality-adjusted life years (Q.A.L.Y.s) gained by treatment in
      multicentric Castleman's disease (M.C.D.). METHODS: The SF-36 was administered to
      79 patients enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi
      national study to determine the safety and efficacy of siltuximab plus best
      supportive care (B.S.C.) compared with B.S.C., in subjects with symptomatic
      M.C.D. Utility (SF-6D) scores were derived from the SF-36. Sensitivity analyses
      using utilities obtained by mapping the SF-36 to the EQ-5D were also conducted.
      Repeated measures, mixed effects models were conducted to estimate effects of
      treatment, responder status and >= Grade 3 adverse events (A.E.s) on changes in
      utility values over time, controlling for baseline utility value. Additionally,
      differential Q.A.L.Y. gain was assessed in the trial using multiple regression.
      RESULTS: Patients on siltuximab and those who experienced a complete or partial
      response had higher mean utility values over time than those on placebo or those
      with stable disease. After an initial response to treatment, the mean utility
      remained relatively stable for patients on siltuximab and those who experienced a
      complete or partial response during the period when most patients were on study.
      A significantly different Q.A.L.Y. gain was found for patients on siltuximab
      (versus placebo) as calculated by SF-6D (0.070 Q.A.L.Y.s, p < .05) scores at 6
      months (EQ-5D 0.096 Q.A.L.Y.s, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Siltuximab demonstrated
      improved, durable health utility gains in this rare disease over B.S.C. The main
      SF-6D results were supported by EQ-5D sensitivity analysis. These findings are
      limited by the small study sample size and substantial missing data caused
      predominantly by crossover. A longitudinal, multisite international observational
      study capturing clinical, safety and health-related quality of life (H.R.Q.L.)
      endpoints are needed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 26972926
TI  - The concentration of iodine in horse serum and its relationship with thyroxin
      concentration by geological difference.
AB  - In this study, iodine and thyroxin (T4) concentrations in the serum of 69 horses
      were investigated. Higher iodine concentrations were obtained from the horses
      housed in Chiba Prefecture. In contrast, T4 concentrations of horses at Shizuoka
      Prefecture were higher than those of horses at Chiba Prefecture. There was a
      significant correlation (r = 0.643, P < 0.001) between the iodine and T4
      concentrations of horses at Saitama and Shizuoka prefectures. Although a
      significant correlation (r = 0.794, P < 0.001) was also observed in the
      investigation of all horses at Chiba Prefecture, the distribution area of the
      data was separated from the data of horses housed in Saitama and Shizuoka
      prefectures. A higher iodine concentration in the environment is expected in the
      sampling area at Chiba Prefecture. Thus, it was suggested that the concentrations
      of iodine in the serum of horses are influenced by geological differences. It was
      thought that equine serum is a useful sample for monitoring. 

PMID- 26972927
TI  - Distribution characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Liao River drainage basin, northeast China.
AB  - The Liao River drainage basin, which is one of China's seven major rivers basins,
      is located in northeast China. This region is characterized by important
      industrial bases including steel factories and oil and chemical plants, all of
      which have the potential to contribute pollutants to the drainage basin. In this
      study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and suspended
      particulate matter (SPM) in the major rivers of the Liao River drainage basin
      were identified and quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
      The total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 76.5 MUg/g (dry weight) in SPM
      and 32.6 to 108 ng/L in surface water, respectively. Low-ring PAHs (including two
      and three-ring PAHs) were dominant in all PAH samples, and the level of low-ring
      PAHs in surface water was higher than that in SPM. The proportion of two-ring
      PAHs was the highest, accounting for an average of 68.2 % of the total PAHs in
      surface water, while the level of three-ring PAHs was the highest in SPM, with an
      average of 66.3 %. When compared with other river systems, the concentrations of
      PAHs in the Liao River drainage basin were lower. Identification of the emission
      sources based on diagnostic ratios suggested petroleum and fossil fuel combustion
      were important contribution to PAHs in the study area. 

PMID- 26972928
TI  - Isotopic perspectives (delta(13) C, delta(15) N, delta(34) S) of diet, social
      complexity, and animal husbandry during the proto-shang period (ca. 2000-1600 BC)
      of China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine dietary patterns and animal husbandry practices and assess
      the links between human diet and sex, age, burial direction/position, and social
      status (as inferred by type of grave goods) during the transformative Proto-Shang
      (ca. 2000-1600 BC) period of China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stable isotope ratios
      of carbon (delta(13) C), nitrogen (delta(15) N), and sulfur (delta(34) S) were
      analyzed from human (n = 83) and animal (n = 36) bone collagen at the site of
      Nancheng in Hebei Province, China. RESULTS: The Proto-Shang population consumed a
      predominately C4 diet (delta(13) C = -6.8 +/- 0.40/00; delta(15) N = 9.4 +/-
      0.60/00), but a single individual (M70) had a mixed C3 /C4 diet (delta(13) C = 
      14.90/00; delta(15) N = 10.10/00). The delta(34) S measurement of M70 (8.80/00)
      is similar to the local animals (8.2 +/- 2.60/00) and the other members of the
      population (7.0 +/- 0.80/00) suggesting this individual may not have been a
      migrant even though the burial direction (north-south) and position (flexed) was
      different than the majority of the graves in the cemetery. DISCUSSION: From
      comparison with the faunal bone collagen stable isotope results, the Nancheng
      population ate millets with varying levels of animal protein consumption focused
      primarily on pigs and possibly cattle and dogs, but sheep/goats, and deer were
      not eaten in significant amounts. Analysis of the isotopic results in relation to
      other contemporary sites such as Liuzhuang and Xinzhai show strikingly similar
      patterns, suggesting that the sheep/goats were likely raised mainly for their
      secondary products (e.g., wool). No link between diet and sex was found at the
      population level, but when the data were sorted by age and sex, the older males
      (>40 years old) were found to have significantly lower delta(13) C values (-6.6
      +/- 0.30/00; n = 18) compared to the younger males (<40 years old) (-7.3 +/-
      0.50/00; n = 8). Further, no significant correlations between diet and burial
      direction/position or social status (based on the type of grave goods) were found
      at Nancheng, possibly indicating that the dietary social stratification of the
      later Shang and Zhou Dynasties had yet to be established in Chinese society at
      this time. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:433-445, 2016.. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 26972929
TI  - Use of Concomitant Antibiotics During Treatment for Clostridium difficile
      Infection (CDI) in Pediatric Inpatients: An Observational Cohort Study.
AB  - Concomitant antibiotic use during treatment for Clostridium difficile infection
      (CDI) increases the risk of recurrence. Across a network of children's hospitals,
      46% of patients treated for CDI received concomitant antibiotics for a median of
      7 days. Concomitant antibiotic use was more common among patients with
      malignancies, and solid organ or bone marrow transplant. Unnecessary concomitant
      antibiotic use in CDI patients is a potential target for pediatric antimicrobial
      stewardship. 

PMID- 26972930
TI  - Diabetes mellitus in patients with cirrhosis: clinical implications and
      management.
AB  - Disorders of glucose metabolism, namely glucose intolerance and diabetes, are
      frequent in patients with chronic liver diseases. In patients with cirrhosis,
      diabetes can be either a classical type 2 diabetes mellitus or the so-called
      hepatogenous diabetes, i.e. a consequence of liver insufficiency and portal
      hypertension. This review article provides an overview of the possible
      pathophysiological mechanisms explaining diabetes in patients with cirrhosis.
      Cirrhosis is associated with portosystemic shunts as well as reduced hepatic
      mass, which can both impair insulin clearance by the liver, contributing to
      peripheral insulin resistance through insulin receptors down-regulation.
      Moreover, cirrhosis is associated with increased levels of advanced-glycation-end
      products and hypoxia-inducible-factors, which may play a role in the development
      of diabetes. This review also focuses on the clinical implications of diabetes in
      patients with cirrhosis. First, diabetes is an independent factor for poor
      prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. Specifically, diabetes is associated with
      the occurrence of major complications of cirrhosis, including ascites and renal
      dysfunction, hepatic encephalopathy and bacterial infections. Diabetes is also
      associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with
      chronic liver diseases. Last, the management of patients with concurrent diabetes
      and liver disease is also addressed. Recent findings suggest a beneficial impact
      of metformin in patients with chronic liver diseases. Insulin is often required
      in patients with advanced cirrhosis. However, the favourable impact of
      controlling diabetes in patients with cirrhosis has not been demonstrated yet.

PMID- 26972936
TI  - The role of ion exchange in the passivation of In(Zn)P nanocrystals with ZnS.
AB  - We have investigated the chemical state of In(Zn)P/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals
      (NCs) for color conversion applications using hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy
      (XAS) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE). Analyses of the edge energies as
      well as the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) reveal that the Zn(2+) ions
      from ZnS remain in the shell while the S(2-) ions penetrate into the core at an
      early stage of the ZnS deposition. It is further demonstrated that for short
      growth times, the ZnS shell coverage on the core was incomplete, whereas the
      coverage improved gradually as the shell deposition time increased. Together with
      evidence from PLE spectra, where there is a strong indication of the presence of
      P vacancies, this suggests that the core-shell interface in the In(Zn)P/ZnS NCs
      are subject to substantial atomic exchanges and detailed models for the shell
      structure beyond simple layer coverage are needed. This substantial atomic
      exchange is very likely to be the reason for the improved photoluminescence
      behavior of the core-shell particles compare to In(Zn)P-only NCs as S can
      passivate the NCs surfaces. 

PMID- 26972931
TI  - Recurrence of venous thromboembolism in patients with recent gestational deep
      vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: Findings from the RIETE Registry.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the recurrence rate of
      venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the prevalence of major bleeding or death in
      patients with previous VTE in pregnancy and puerperium. Risk factors for VTE
      recurrence were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated a cohort of
      patients enrolled in the international, multicenter, prospective Registro
      Informatizado de la Enfermedad Trombo-Embolica (RIETE) registry with objectively
      confirmed VTE. RESULTS: In the registry, 607 women were presenting with VTE that
      occurred during pregnancy or puerperium. The 2-year VTE recurrence rate was 3.3%
      (CI: 95 1.5-5.0%) and the recurrent VTE incidence rate was 2.28events/100
      patients-year. Among the 16 cases of VTE recurrence 11 cases appeared during drug
      treatment while only five cases were diagnosed after therapy discontinuation. No
      significant difference was found in treatment duration among these two subgroups
      of VTE recurrence cases and women without recurrence. Furthermore, the use of
      thrombolytics and inferior vena cava filter in initial treatment was associated
      to an increased risk of VTE recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provides
      new insights on VTE recurrence rate in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
      or pulmonary embolism (PE) that occurred in pregnancy or postpartum period. These
      findings can contribute to risk assessment of thrombotic burden, thereby allowing
      for better decision making regarding antithrombotic management in this clinical
      setting.

PMID- 26972938
TI  - Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membranes Containing Mobile Ion Shuttles.
AB  - A new class of alkaline anion-exchange membranes containing mobile ion shuttles
      is developed. It is achieved by threading ionic linear guests into poly(crown
      ether) hosts via host-guest molecular interaction. The thermal- and pH-triggered
      shuttling of ionic linear guests remarkably increases the solvation-shell
      fluctuations in inactive hydrated hydroxide ion complexes (OH(-) (H2 O)4 ) and
      accelerates the OH(-) transport.

PMID- 26972939
TI  - Clinicopathological Implications of Wingless/int1 (WNT) Signaling Pathway in
      Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is still one of the most lethal malignancies in the world, and
      a more thorough understanding of its detailed pathogenetic mechanisms and the
      development of more effective therapeutic strategies are urgently required.
      Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the most common type of pancreatic
      cancer, is characterized by consistent genetic abnormalities such as point
      mutations in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and in the
      tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53) genes. Alterations in intracellular core
      signal pathways have also been shown to induce the development or progression of
      PDA. The Wingless/int1 (WNT) signal pathway plays a pivotal role in embryonic
      development, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and dysregulation of WNT
      signaling can lead to neoplastic transformation in a variety of organ systems,
      including the pancreas. Recent studies have shown that altered WNT signaling is
      associated with a poor prognosis in patients with PDA, suggesting that the
      pathway is a predictor of patients' survival and a potential therapeutic target
      of PDA. In this review, the clinicopathological implications of WNT signaling in
      PDA are highlighted. 

PMID- 26972937
TI  - The wound/burn guidelines - 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for
      diabetic ulcer/gangrene.
AB  - We aimed to prepare guidelines for the management of diabetic ulcer/gangrene with
      emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of skin symptoms. They serve as a tool to
      improve the quality of the diagnosis and treatment in each patient and, further,
      to improve the level of the care for diabetic ulcer in Japan by systematically
      presenting evidence-based recommendations for clinical judgments by incorporating
      various viewpoints. 

PMID- 26972940
TI  - Estimation of Equilibrated Vapor Concentrations Using the UNIFAC Model for the
      Tetrachloroethylene-Chlorobenzene System.
AB  - Equilibrated vapor concentrations at 25 degrees C of the tetrachloroethylene
      chlorobenzene system were obtained in the presence of air to establish a method
      for estimating vapor concentrations in work environments where multicomponent
      organic solvents are used. The experimental data were correlated by introducing
      activity coefficients calculated by the UNIFAC (Universal Quasichemical
      Functional Group Activity Coefficient) model. There were four interaction
      parameters between groups in this solution system, and three had already been
      determined.However, the fourth parameter--the interaction parameter between ACCl
      and Cl-(C=C) groups--remains unknown. Therefore, this parameter was determined by
      a nonlinear least-squares method to obtain the best fit for the experimental
      data. The calculated values were found to be in good agreement with the
      experimental values.

PMID- 26972941
TI  - [Factors Associated with Diagnostic Yield of Endobronchial Ultrasonography with a
      Guide Sheath for Peripheral Lung Cancer].
AB  - Endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath (EBUS-GS) has recently been
      used for improved diagnostic yields for peripheral pulmonary lesions. This study
      retrospectively evaluated the factors related to the diagnostic yield of EBUS-GS
      for peripheral lung cancer. The medical records of 76 patients who had been
      diagnosed with lung cancer and had undergone bronchoscopy with EBUS-GS in our
      hospital between August 2014 and September 2015 were reviewed. The total
      diagnostic ratio of peripheral lung cancer was 71.1%. The following factors of
      the diagnostic yield were evaluated: location of pulmonary lesion; size; feature;
      bronchus sign; location of EBUS probe; EBUS detection; number of biopsies
      performed; procedure time; use of virtual bronchoscopic navigation; use of EBUS
      guided transbronchial needle aspiration with EBUS-GS; CT slice thickness;
      operator's years of medical experience; and specialized training in bronchoscopy
      at the National Cancer Center. In all cases, lesion size ? 20 mm (80.8% vs.
      50.0%, P = 0.006), EBUS probe location "within" (90.0% vs. 50.0%, P < 0.001),
      EBUS detection (80.7% vs. 28.6%, P < 0.001), number of biopsies ? 5 (78.0% vs.
      47.1%, P = 0.013), and bronchoscopy training (81.6% vs. 60.5%, P = 0.043)
      significantly contributed to an increase in the diagnostic yield. Following a
      multivariate analysis, EBUS probe location "within" was found to be the most
      significant factor affecting the diagnostic yield (odds ratio 14.10, 95% CI 3.53
      56.60, P < 0.001), and bronchoscopy training was the second most significant
      factor (odds ratio 6.93, 95% CI 1.86-25.80, P = 0.004). EBUS probe location
      "within" and bronchoscopy training are the most important factors for improved
      diagnostic yield by bronchoscopy with EBUS-GS for peripheral lung cancer. 

PMID- 26972942
TI  - [Mechanism of and Therapy for Kidney Fibrosis].
AB  - Fibrosis occurs in systemic tissues other than the brain and finally induces
      dysfunction of the fibrotic organ. Kidney fibrosis is related to scarring after
      acute kidney injury and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney
      function decreases with the progression of kidney fibrosis. As fibrotic tissue
      cannot return to its original status, advanced kidney fibrosis requires the
      administration of dialysis or kidney transplantation. Thus, elucidation the
      mechanism of kidney fibrosis is an important research theme. The proliferation
      and activation of (myo) fibroblasts and the excessive production of an
      extracellular matrix are common mechanisms in fibrosis in many organs, but it
      seems that kidney fibrosis has specific pathways. Tubular epithelial, mesangial
      cells, and erythropoietin producing cells, which exist only in the kidney,
      participate in forming kidney fibrosis. This review highlights an understanding
      of the cells and their underlying mechanisms, which are specific to kidney
      fibrosis process: transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), epithelial
      mesenchymal transition, wingless/int-1 (WNT) signaling, renal anemia, and uremia.
      Finally, we describe potential therapies that focus on the mechanisms of kidney
      fibrosis: anti-TGF-beta antibody and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). 

PMID- 26972943
TI  - [Drug Therapy for Shock-Resistant Ventricular Fibrillation: Comparison of
      Nifekalant and Amiodarone].
AB  - Early direct current (DC) shock is the most important therapy for ventricular
      fibrillation. Following the increased availability of automated external
      defibrillators (AED), the survival rate of cardiopulmonary arrest patients with
      ventricular fibrillation has improved. Although patients with shock-resistant
      ventricular fibrillation require additional antiarrhythmic drug therapy, the
      optimal protocol has not been established. Nifekalant is a pure potassium channel
      blocker with a pyrimidinedione structure. Nifekalant was approved in Japan for
      the treatment of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 1999, and is
      widely used as a class III antiarrhythmic intravenous drug. Intravenous
      amiodarone was approved in Japan in 2007, and exhibits various effects on ion
      channels, receptors, sympathetic activity, and thyroid function. Nifekalant and
      amiodarone also exhibit many pharmacological and pharmacodynamic differences. As
      nifekalant has no negative inotropic effect and a rapid action and clearance with
      a short half-life, it has some advantages over amiodarone for use in
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Indeed, data from clinical and animal studies
      suggest that nifekalant is superior to amiodarone for resuscitation of
      cardiopulmonary arrest resulting from shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. A
      300-mg bolus intravenous injection of amiodarone is considered an overdose for
      resuscitation of shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. Further clinical
      studies are required to evaluate the effects of nifekalant compared with
      amiodarone, and to determine the optimal dose of amiodaone, for resuscitation of
      shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 26972944
TI  - [Features and Outcomes of Reinstated "Return-to-Work (Re-work)" Program
      Participants].
AB  - Though effects of the return-to-work (re-work) program on reinstatement started
      being reported, factors related to the outcomes are unclear. As a case series, we
      discuss the outcomes of reinstatement and the characteristics of large-scale
      assembly-factory workers (our case) who had attended a medical institution's re
      work program. On examining the five successful reinstatement cases and five
      failed cases, motivation for reinstatement, understanding program requirements,
      adaptability, and personality traits were found to contribute to these outcomes.
      We also discussed two failed cases wherein young employees retired after the re
      work program. They felt to be disconnected from their work and finally retired. 

PMID- 26972945
TI  - [A Case of Acute Superior Mesenteric Artery Occlusion Rescued by Thrombus
      Aspiration without Bowel Resection].
AB  - Acute superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion is rare and associated with high
      morbidity and mortality.One of the reasons is the difficulty to diagnose the
      disease soon after the abdominal pain initially occurs. A 79-year-old woman with
      atrial fibrillation was admitted because of progressive left abdominal pain and
      nausea. Two hours after the onset, computed tomography revealed an occlusion of
      the SMA. No signs of intestinal infarction were present. Abdominal angiography
      revealed complete obstruction from the distal portion of the SMA to the ileocolic
      artery, so we could have a diagnosis of SMA occlusion early. Continuous per
      catheteric thrombus aspiration for the occlusion successfully removed the
      thrombus and led to complete revascularization laparotomy. We encountered a case
      of acute mesenteric ischemia due to SMA occlusion with atrial fibrillation. Early
      diagnosis is necessary to survive without bowel resection. 

PMID- 26972946
TI  - [A Case of Life-Threatening Angioedema Occurred During Prolonged Angiotensin
      Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Treatment].
AB  - Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used as the
      first choice drug for treating hypertension, we have only a superficial
      understanding of their relationship to angioedema. We report a case of life
      threatening angioedema. The case was a 60-year-old man who had been taking an ACE
      inhibitor for hypertension for 11 years. He visited his home doctor for dyspnea,
      and tongue and neck swelling. He was transported to our hospital because of the
      possibility of airway obstruction. On admission, his tongue and neck swelling
      became more severe. We performed an intubation using an endoscope and started
      airway management. We also stopped his ACE inhibitor. The severe tongue and neck
      swelling improved gradually and he was extubated on day 3. On the fifth day he
      was discharged. We diagnosed angioedema caused by an ACE inhibitor. Although the
      risk of airway obstruction with ACE inhibitors is acknowledged, we have only a
      superficial understanding of how prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment induces
      angioedema. So we should consider angioedema in cases of taking ACE inhibitors,
      especially in cases of prolonged treatment. 

PMID- 26972947
TI  - [A Forensic Autopsy Case Applied for Asbestos-Related Disease].
AB  - We had a forensic autopsy case that required additive pathological examination
      for the asbestos-related lung disease compensatory application afterwards. A man
      in his sixties with a history of occupational asbestos inhalation who had neither
      visited a hospital nor received a physical examination received forensic autopsy
      because of his death from unknown cause. An inmate said, "He developed cough and
      dyspnea, and died in the progression of the symptoms." The autopsy revealed
      widespread pleural plaques on both sides of the parietal pleura and multiple
      tumors in both sides of the lungs. The cause of death was diagnosed as lung
      cancer. Additional pathological examination was asked by his family to certify
      that he had suffered from asbestos-related lung disease in order to apply to the
      Asbestos-related Damage Relief Law. The Japanese criteria of the compensation law
      of asbestos-related lung cancer is the detection of more than 5,000 asbestos
      bodies per gram of dry lung tissue, while his number of asbestos bodies was
      4,860. Asbestos bodies were reported to be accumulated in the distal lung
      parenchyma with no pathological changes. The present lung samples were collected
      from proximal section around the tumor, which might have made the number of
      asbestos bodies less than the criteria. Both the number of patients suffering
      from asbestos-related lung disease and the number of forensic autopsy cases have
      increased in Japan. Collecting lung samples from the appropriate lung section is
      essential and should be noted when the lung cancer is suspected at forensic
      autopsy in order to apply for asbestos-related lung disease compensation.

PMID- 26972949
TI  - Abstracts of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the UOEH Association of Health Sciences.

PMID- 26972948
TI  - [Placement of An Expandable Metallic Stent for Malignant Tracheal Stenosis: A
      Case Report].
AB  - The utility of stent placements has been widely reported. We performed a thought
      provoking stent placement for malignant tracheal stenosis recently. A 90-year-old
      woman who was admitted to our hospital because of a urinary tract infection was
      treated with a course of antibiotics, but she demonstrated a rapidly progressive
      course with dyspnea. Chest computed tomography showed severe tracheal stenosis
      due to an upper mediastinal mass. She was put on noninvasive positive pressure
      ventilation (NPPV) because of severe respiratory failure. Bronchoscopy showed
      severe tracheal stenosis due to direct invasion by the upper mediastinal mass. An
      expandable metallic stent (EMS) was placed in the trachea, after which a
      bronchoscopy showed a widely patent airway, and she got off NPPV. Then she did
      not need supplemental oxygen. She could seat herself, and have an enough meal,
      independently. However, takotsubo cardiomyopathy occurred and she died 11 days
      after the placement of the EMS. Since a malignant airway complication can be
      fatal, tracheal stent placement is a useful treatment in the management of
      malignancy with airway stenosis. In this case, it was thought that an early
      intervention of airway stenosis would have reduced the risk of takotsubo
      cardiomyopathy in a patient with severe symptoms of airway stenosis and stress. 

PMID- 26972950
TI  - Enrichment of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors from Differentiated Neural Precursors
      by Clonal Sphere Preparations.
AB  - Remyelination is the goal of potential cell transplantation therapies for
      demyelinating diseases and other central nervous system injuries. Transplantation
      of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can result in remyelination in the
      central nervous system, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are envisioned
      to be an autograft cell source of transplantation therapy for many cell types.
      However, it remains time-consuming and difficult to generate OPCs from iPSCs.
      Clonal sphere preparations are reliable cell culture methods for purifying select
      populations of proliferating cells. To make clonal neurospheres from human
      embryonic stem cell (ESC)/iPSC colonies, we have found that a monolayer
      differentiation phase helps to increase the numbers of neural precursor cells.
      Indeed, we have compared a direct isolation of neural stem cells from human
      ESC/iPSC colonies (protocol 1) with monolayer neural differentiation, followed by
      clonal neural stem cell sphere preparations (protocol 2). The two-step method
      combining monolayer neuralization, followed by clonal sphere preparations, is
      more useful than direct sphere preparations in generating mature human
      oligodendrocytes. The initial monolayer culture stage appears to bias cells
      toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. This method of deriving oligodendrocyte
      lineage spheres from iPSCs represents a novel strategy for generating OPCs.

PMID- 26972951
TI  - Variability in state Medicaid medication management initiatives.
AB  - Many U.S. states have expanded Medicaid programs, with over 70 million
      beneficiaries now enrolled. States' interest in improving care quality and
      lowering costs has spurred experimentation with several medication management
      (MM) programs. The implementation of MM programs for beneficiaries has been
      sporadic, and program elements and implementation methods have been
      heterogeneous. A survey was conducted to: (1) determine covered MM services in
      state Medicaid programs, (2) report innovative MM program findings, and (3)
      identify challenges in creating sustainable MM programs. The survey was sent to
      state Medicaid pharmacy directors in February 2015. The survey data focused on
      the type and extent of pharmacist-provided MM services, MM provider
      qualifications, patient eligibility criteria and enrollment strategies, MM
      delivery settings and referral patterns, MM program evaluations, program costs
      and sustainability models, key implementation challenges, and future program
      enhancements. Many Medicaid programs generally followed Medicare Part D
      Medication Therapy Management requirements. Highly variable findings were due to
      different Medicaid eligibility criteria, pharmacist integration with health
      teams, access to electronic medical records (EMRs), and MM delivery
      methods/settings to optimize drug therapy regimens. Several implementation
      challenges were identified. Pharmacist integration on care teams and access to
      EMRs improves MM implementation. MM program evaluation funding and data support
      must be secured prior to program implementation. The findings and discussion here
      can assist states with limited or preliminary Medicaid MM experience to progress
      toward sustainable programs.

PMID- 26972953
TI  - Reactive Microcontact Printing of DNA Probes on (DMA-NAS-MAPS) Copolymer-Coated
      Substrates for Efficient Hybridization Platforms.
AB  - High-performing hybridization platforms fabricated by reactive microcontact
      printing of DNA probes are presented. Multishaped PDMS molds are used to
      covalently bind oligonucleotides over a functional copolymer (DMA-NAS-MAPS)
      surface. Printed structures with minimum width of about 1.5 MUm, spaced by 10
      MUm, are demonstrated, with edge corrugation lower than 300 nm. The
      quantification of the immobilized surface probes via fluorescence imaging gives a
      remarkable concentration of 3.3 * 10(3) oligonucleotides/MUm(2), almost totally
      active when used as probes in DNA-DNA hybridization assays. Indeed, fluorescence
      and atomic force microscopy show a 95% efficiency in target binding and uniform
      DNA hybridization over printed areas. 

PMID- 26972954
TI  - A systematic review of interventions targeting primary care or community based
      professionals on cardio-metabolic risk factor control in people with diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review the interventions targeting primary care or community based
      professionals on glycaemic and cardiovascular risk factor control in people with
      diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A systematic review of randomised
      controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of interventions targeting primary
      care or community based professionals on diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor
      control. We conducted searches in MEDLINE database from inception up to 27th
      September 2015. We also retrieved articles related to diabetes from the Cochrane
      EPOC database and EMBASE and scanned bibliographies for key articles. RESULTS:
      There was heterogeneity in terms of interventions and participants amongst the 30
      studies (39,439 patients) that met the inclusion criteria. Nine of the studies
      focused on general or family practitioners, five on pharmacists, three on nurses
      and one each on dieticians and community workers. Twelve studies targeted multi
      disciplinary teams. Educational interventions did not seem to have a positive
      impact on HbA1c, systolic blood pressure or lipid profiles. The use of
      telemedicine, clinician reminders and feedback showed mixed results but there was
      a level of consistency in improvement in HbA1c when multifaceted interventions on
      multidisciplinary teams were implemented. Targeting general or family physicians
      was largely ineffective in improving the cardiovascular risk factors considered,
      except when using a computer application on insulin handling of type 2 diabetes
      or customised simulated cases with feedbacks. Similarly, interventions targeting
      nurses did not improve outcomes compared to standard care. CONCLUSIONS:
      Multifaceted professional interventions were more effective than single
      interventions targeting single primary or community care professionals in
      improving glycaemic control.

PMID- 26972952
TI  - Determining synaptic parameters using high-frequency activation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The specific properties of a synapse determine how neuronal activity
      evokes neurotransmitter release. Evaluating changes in synaptic properties during
      sustained activity is essential to understanding how genetic manipulations and
      neuromodulators regulate neurotransmitter release. Analyses of postsynaptic
      responses to high-frequency stimulation have provided estimates of the size of
      the readily-releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles (N0) and the probability of
      vesicular release (p) at multiple synapses. NEW METHOD: Here, we introduce a
      model-based approach at the calyx of Held synapse in which depletion and the rate
      of replenishment (R) determine the number of available vesicles, and facilitation
      leads to a use-dependent increase in p when initial p is low. RESULTS: When p is
      high and R is low, we find excellent agreement between estimates based on all
      three methods and the model. However, when p is low or when significant
      replenishment occurs between stimuli, estimates of different methods diverge, and
      model estimates are between the extreme estimates provided by the other
      approaches. COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS: We compare our model-based approach to
      three other approaches that rely on different simplifying assumptions. Our
      findings suggest that our model provides a better estimate of N0 and p than
      previously-established methods, likely due to inaccurate assumptions about
      replenishment. More generally, our findings suggest that approaches commonly used
      to estimate N0 and p at other synapses are often applied under experimental
      conditions that yield inaccurate estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Careful application of
      appropriate methods can greatly improve estimates of synaptic parameters.

PMID- 26972955
TI  - Comparison of lipid parameters to predict cardiovascular events in Japanese mild
      to-moderate hypercholesterolemic patients with and without type 2 diabetes:
      Subanalysis of the MEGA study.
AB  - AIMS: To determine whether specific lipid parameters are better predictors of
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Japanese mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemic
      patients with and without diabetes. METHODS: Mildly or moderately
      hypercholesterolemic patients with no history of CVD received diet therapy or
      diet therapy plus pravastatin. In this post-hoc subanalysis, 5-year data from
      3170 patients (668 diabetes, 2502 non-diabetes) on diet therapy alone were used
      to compare lipid parameters as predictors of CVD. We examined the data by
      tertiles, using hazard ratio (HR) per one-standard deviation (SD) increment
      (decrease for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C), chi(2) value,
      receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and spline analysis. RESULTS:
      In mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemic patients with diabetes, increased total
      cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C and
      decreased HDL-C were strongly associated with increased incidence of CVD (tertile
      analysis). In non-diabetes, increased non-HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C were
      significantly associated with increased incidence of CVD. A one-SD decrease in
      HDL-C and a one-SD increment in non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C were
      significantly associated with increased HRs for CVD in both diabetes and non
      diabetes. Linear CVD risk increases were found for non-HDL-C in diabetes and for
      non-HDL-C and HDL-C in non-diabetes (spline analysis). CONCLUSIONS: In mild-to
      moderate hypercholesterolemia, CVD risk prediction by stratifications of single
      or combination of traditional lipid parameter values illustrates various
      patterns. Parameters including HDL-C are better predictors of cardiovascular risk
      than only using TC or LDL-C alone. Non-HDL-C could be the most useful lipid
      parameter to assess CVD risk, considering it is easy to calculate and less
      affected by food intake.

PMID- 26972956
TI  - Comparison of the clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus diagnosed using
      fasting plasma glucose and haemoglobin A1c: The 2011 Korea National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey.
AB  - We compared the characteristics of a Korean adult population diagnosed with
      diabetes using only a fasting plasma glucose criterion or an HbA1c criterion. The
      single difference between these two groups was age. Further studies should be
      undertaken to clarify whether age-specific diagnostic criteria would be
      appropriate in Korean populations. 

PMID- 26972958
TI  - Endothelin-1 as a predictor of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes--A
      longitudinal study in the Vara-Skovde Cohort.
AB  - We addressed whether endothelin-1, a marker of endothelial dysfunction, predicts
      impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a
      population study in south-western Sweden. Follow-up after 9.7 years showed an
      association between circulating endothelin-1 levels at baseline and development
      of IGT/T2DM in women but not in men. 

PMID- 26972957
TI  - Association between vaspin level and coronary artery disease in patients with
      type 2 diabetes.
AB  - AIM: Adipokines contribute to the atherosclerotic process, connecting obesity and
      diabetes to cardiovascular disease. Vaspin is a recently discovered adipokine, so
      data about the relationship of vaspin to coronary artery disease in type-2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is limited. The current study was designed to evaluate
      the association of vaspin with the presence of coronary artery disease in T2DM.
      METHODS: We enrolled 228 patients with T2DM, with or without CAD, between March
      2010 and July 2011, and 120 healthy control participants. Serum vaspin,
      homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and other
      cardiovascular risk factors were assayed. RESULTS: Vaspin levels were
      significantly increased in patients with T2DM compared to healthy individuals,
      and were further increased in patients with both T2DM and CAD compared to those
      with T2DM but without CAD. Moreover, vaspin correlated positively with body mass
      index, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR in all patients with T2DM
      (P<0.05). Furthermore, in multivariate logistic regression analysis, vaspin level
      was associated with the presence of CAD in patients with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS:
      Vaspin correlates with CAD in T2DM.

PMID- 26972959
TI  - Effect of duodenal glucose load on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Postprandial hypotension occurs frequently in diabetes. We show in 9 type 2
      patients, that the fall in systolic blood pressure is greater in response to
      intraduodenal glucose infused at 4 kcal/min than 2 kcal/min, implying that
      strategies to slow gastric emptying may be effective in the management of
      postprandial hypotension.

PMID- 26972960
TI  - Assessing social determinants of health in a pediatric diabetes clinical research
      trial: Are recruited subjects representative of the larger clinical population?
AB  - Social determinants of health (SDH) impact clinical outcomes and are often poorly
      described in research trials. Using a validated tool, SDH dimensions were
      compared between adolescents enrolled and not enrolled into a large diabetes
      study. We observed that our study cohort reflected a SDH profile mirroring the
      eligible population. 

PMID- 26972962
TI  - Level of implementation of guidelines on screening and diagnosis of gestational
      diabetes: A national survey.
AB  - AIMS: To describe the degree of diffusion and acceptance of national guideline on
      screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) among Italian diabetes
      centers and to detect possible areas for benchmarking. METHODS: In 2013 the
      Italian Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group structured a national survey, focused
      on GDM screening and diagnostic procedures, that was administered to
      diabetologists. RESULTS: Overall, 122 diabetologists of 122 different diabetes
      centers (21.7% territorial, 78.3% hospital/University) completed the
      questionnaire. All respondents declared to execute a 75 g-oral glucose tolerance
      test (OGTT) as diagnostic test. Almost one in five centers preferred a universal
      screening procedure, the others executing a selective risk factors-based
      screening. In patients at high risk for GDM the OGTT was performed at 16-18
      weeks' gestation in 84.0% of the cases; only 6.5% of respondents preferred to
      execute it as soon as possible; and 9.5% used to wait until 24-28 weeks'
      gestation. In the case of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) >= 5.1 mmol/l (92 mg/dl),
      two third of respondents used to proceed with the execution of the complete
      diagnostic OGTT, the others considering sufficient the FPG value for the
      diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Good level of reception of national recommendations was
      documented. The diagnostic procedure was generally accepted and applied. Some
      criticisms were specifically linked to the choice of universal or risk factor
      based screening procedure, and to the right time for executing the OGTT in women
      at high risk.

PMID- 26972961
TI  - Serum irisin concentrations were increased after transient continuous
      subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
AB  - Irisin, identified as a novel myokine, plays an important role in improving
      metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this
      interventional study, we investigated the alteration of serum irisin levels in
      T2DM subjects after transient continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
      treatment. 

PMID- 26972963
TI  - Validation of an Arabic version of the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction
      Questionnaire in Qatar.
AB  - AIMS: Several instruments evaluate patient-reported outcomes in diabetes mellitus
      (DM), but almost none are validated for use in Arabic language. The aim of this
      study is to test the psychometric properties and responsiveness of the Arabic
      version of the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQs) in Qatar.
      METHODS: Ambulatory Arabic speaking DM patients were interviewed at two
      consecutive time points in Doha, Qatar. The 8-item DTSQs was administered in
      conjunction with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF
      36) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Measure (WHOQOL-Bref) to
      assess convergent validity. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and
      item analysis. Construct validity was evaluated using "known groups" comparisons
      (including gender, insulin use, and HbA1c). Sensitivity of DTSQs scores to the
      subject's metabolic conditions was determined. RESULTS: One hundred subjects
      (mean age 50.7) participated. Half (54%) were female. The majority (93%) had Type
      2 DM, but 39 (42%) were using insulin. Results revealed satisfactory internal
      consistency. Metabolic measures (fasting blood glucose and AIC) had significant
      inverse correlations with DTSQs scores (interview 1, Pearson's r=-0.333 and r=
      0.401, respectively, p<0.01). Scale criterion and construct validity were found
      to be satisfactory. Most sub-dimensions of the SF-36 and WHOQOL-Bref were
      correlated with the DTSQ, indicating a good concurrent validity. As in prior
      studies, women demonstrated poorer treatment satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The Qatar
      Arabic DTSQs version was found to be a reliable and valid instrument for the
      assessment of treatment satisfaction in Arabic diabetes mellitus patients in the
      country.

PMID- 26972964
TI  - Assessment of kidney dysfunction with cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated
      glomerular filtration rate and predicting type 2 diabetes: Toranomon Hospital
      Health Management Center Study 21.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Whether early stages of kidney dysfunction assessed by the estimated
      glomerular filtration rate from cystatin C measurements (eGFRCysC) rather than
      from creatinine measurements (eGFRCr) would more precisely reflect the risk of
      developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been clarified. We compared the risk of
      developing T2D associated with renal dysfunction indicated by eGFRCysC or eGFRCr
      measurements. METHODS: Studied were 2131 Japanese individuals without diabetes.
      Hazard ratios (HRs) for the development of T2D over 3-5 y were calculated across
      categories of eGFRCysC and eGFRCr, respectively. RESULTS: Reduced levels of
      eGFRCysC were associated with a step-wise increase in the cumulative incidence
      rate of T2D (p=0.007). In comparison with the eGFRCysC >85th percentile group (>=
      117.4 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), the lowest group, which was the eGFRCysC <15th
      percentile group (<86.2 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), had an adjusted HR of 2.30 (95% CI
      1.13, 4.68) for T2D. Compared with the eGFRCr >85th percentile group, the lowest
      eGFRCr group (<15th percentile) had an HR of 1.19 (0.63, 2.24) for T2D. However,
      individuals with eGFRCr <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) had a significantly increased risk
      of T2D. Clustering of both low eGFRCysC and low eGFRCr further elevated the HR
      for T2D compared with the presence of either. CONCLUSIONS: Although eGFRCr in
      ranges indicating chronic kidney disease reflected an elevated risk of developing
      diabetes, earlier stages of kidney dysfunction indicated by reduced eGFRCysC,
      which could not be captured by reduced eGFRCr, would be a marker for an elevated
      risk of developing T2D.

PMID- 26972965
TI  - Impact of insulin pump therapy on long-term glycemic control in a pediatric
      Spanish cohort.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin
      Infusion (CSII) in a pediatric cohort and to determine if the ISPAD/IDF/ADA
      criteria for good metabolic control are achieved during long periods of time.
      METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal study including ninety patients [10.5 (6.5
      13.9) years of age, 58% males]. Age at debut, type 1 diabetes mellitus duration,
      pubertal stage, HbA1c, insulin dose, mean number of glycemic controls, number of
      basal rates, % basal/total insulin, severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis
      events were analyzed. Subgroup analysis based on age and pubertal stage was
      performed. RESULTS: HbA1c decreased from 6.9% [52 mmol/mol] to 6.7% [50 mmol/mol]
      after one year of CSII. Afterwards, it remained less than 7% during the follow-up
      period (median 3.5 +/- 1.8 years (range 1-8). Prior to CSII, 76% of the subjects
      met ISPAD/ADA criteria. One year after initiating CSII, 96% of children had
      HbA1c<7.5%. Improvement in glycohemoglobin levels was most prominent in those
      patients with the highest HbA1c initial levels. Total insulin dose decreased from
      0.89 to 0.73 UI/kg/day (p<0.001). Proportion of basal/total insulin changed
      significantly (47 to 42% (p<0.05)). Number of fractions of the basal rate
      increased from 5.6 +/- 1.8 at one year of CSII to 6.7 +/- 2.1 five years later.
      Incidence of severe hypoglycemic events decreased from 19 to 6.9 episodes/100
      patient-year. Only 2 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis occurred. CONCLUSIONS:
      CSII allows reaching ISPAD/IDF/ADA goals safely during an extended follow-up
      period in a diabetic pediatric cohort.

PMID- 26972966
TI  - Disentangling beat perception from sequential learning and examining the
      influence of attention and musical abilities on ERP responses to rhythm.
AB  - Beat perception is the ability to perceive temporal regularity in musical rhythm.
      When a beat is perceived, predictions about upcoming events can be generated.
      These predictions can influence processing of subsequent rhythmic events.
      However, statistical learning of the order of sounds in a sequence can also
      affect processing of rhythmic events and must be differentiated from beat
      perception. In the current study, using EEG, we examined the effects of attention
      and musical abilities on beat perception. To ensure we measured beat perception
      and not absolute perception of temporal intervals, we used alternating loud and
      soft tones to create a rhythm with two hierarchical metrical levels. To control
      for sequential learning of the order of the different sounds, we used temporally
      regular (isochronous) and jittered rhythmic sequences. The order of sounds was
      identical in both conditions, but only the regular condition allowed for the
      perception of a beat. Unexpected intensity decrements were introduced on the beat
      and offbeat. In the regular condition, both beat perception and sequential
      learning were expected to enhance detection of these deviants on the beat. In the
      jittered condition, only sequential learning was expected to affect processing of
      the deviants. ERP responses to deviants were larger on the beat than offbeat in
      both conditions. Importantly, this difference was larger in the regular condition
      than in the jittered condition, suggesting that beat perception influenced
      responses to rhythmic events in addition to sequential learning. The influence of
      beat perception was present both with and without attention directed at the
      rhythm. Moreover, beat perception as measured with ERPs correlated with musical
      abilities, but only when attention was directed at the stimuli. Our study shows
      that beat perception is possible when attention is not directed at a rhythm. In
      addition, our results suggest that attention may mediate the influence of musical
      abilities on beat perception.

PMID- 26972967
TI  - EEG correlates of visual short-term memory as neuro-cognitive endophenotypes of
      ADHD.
AB  - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently persists into
      adulthood. A reduction in visual short-term memory (vSTM) storage capacity was
      recently suggested as a potential neuro-cognitive endophenotype, i.e., a testable
      marker of an individual's liability for developing ADHD. This study aimed at
      identifying markers of the brain abnormalities underlying vSTM reductions in
      adult ADHD. We combined behavioral parameter-based assessment with
      electrophysiology in groups of adult ADHD patients and healthy age-matched
      controls. Amplitudes of ERP markers of vSTM storage capacity, the contralateral
      delay activity (CDA) and the P3b, were analyzed according to (i) differences
      between individuals with higher vs. lower storage capacity K and (ii) differences
      between ADHD patients and control participants. We replicated the finding of
      reduced storage capacity in adult ADHD. Across groups, individuals with higher
      relative to lower storage capacity showed a larger CDA and P3b. We further found
      differences between the patient and control groups in the ERPs: The CDA amplitude
      was attenuated in an early time window for ADHD patients compared to control
      participants, and was negatively correlated with ADHD patients' symptom severity
      ratings. Furthermore, the P3b was larger in ADHD patients relative to control
      participants. These electrophysiological findings indicate altered brain
      mechanisms underlying visual storage capacity in ADHD, which are characterized by
      deficient encoding and maintenance, and increased recruitment of control
      processes. Accordingly, (quantifiable) ERP markers of vSTM in adult ADHD bear
      candidacy as neuro-cognitive endophenotypes of the disease.

PMID- 26972968
TI  - From Cellular Attractor Selection to Adaptive Signal Control for Traffic
      Networks.
AB  - The management of varying traffic flows essentially depends on signal controls at
      intersections. However, design an optimal control that considers the dynamic
      nature of a traffic network and coordinates all intersections simultaneously in a
      centralized manner is computationally challenging. Inspired by the stable gene
      expressions of Escherichia coli in response to environmental changes, we explore
      the robustness and adaptability performance of signalized intersections by
      incorporating a biological mechanism in their control policies, specifically, the
      evolution of each intersection is induced by the dynamics governing an adaptive
      attractor selection in cells. We employ a mathematical model to capture such
      biological attractor selection and derive a generic, adaptive and distributed
      control algorithm which is capable of dynamically adapting signal operations for
      the entire dynamical traffic network. We show that the proposed scheme based on
      attractor selection can not only promote the balance of traffic loads on each
      link of the network but also allows the global network to accommodate dynamical
      traffic demands. Our work demonstrates the potential of bio-inspired intelligence
      emerging from cells and provides a deep understanding of adaptive attractor
      selection-based control formation that is useful to support the designs of
      adaptive optimization and control in other domains. 

PMID- 26972970
TI  - Analysis of Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Antioxidant Genes Expression During
      Germination of Two Different Genotypes of Lolium multiflorum Under Salt
      Tolerance.
AB  - Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is widely used as a cool-season forage grass
      for its luxuriant growth, palatable and high digestible. To investigate the salt
      tolerance mechanism in annual ryegrass under salt stress, salt-tolerant genotype
      'R102-3' and salt-sensitive genotype 'Tetragold' were subject to 300mmol/L NaCl
      in a controlled growth chamber for 12 days. The results showed high
      concentrations of NaCl decreased relative water content (RWC), and increased the
      electrolyte leakage (EL) in both genotypes. However the 'Tetragold' had a greater
      increased extent of malondialdehyde (MDA) and EL than in 'R102-3', in contrast,
      the activities of Superoxide (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT) and
      Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were higher in salt resistant compared to sensitive
      ones. For ensure the accurate of qRT-PCR, we used RefFinder to choose the most
      stably reference genes eEF1A(s) and GAPDH to normalize the antioxidant genes
      expression data. The results indicated that higher expression of Fe-SOD, Mn-SOD,
      Chl-Cu/Zn SOD, Cyt-Cu/Zn SOD, POD and CAT in 'R102-3' when compared with
      'Tetragold', which may play an important role in defensed damage of Reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) under salt stress. Thus, the salt-tolerant genotype could
      effectively resist oxidative damage induced by salt tress relative to salt
      sensitive genotype. 

PMID- 26972969
TI  - Clinical and pathological analyses of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy
      cases after kidney transplantation.
AB  - AIM: We carried out a clinicopathological analysis of cases presenting with
      interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) after renal transplantation in
      an attempt to clarify the mechanisms underlying the development and prognostic
      significance of IF/TA. METHODS: IF/TA was diagnosed in 35 renal allograft biopsy
      specimens (BS) obtained from 35 renal transplant recipients under follow up at
      the Department of Transplant Surgery, Kidney Center, Toda Chuo General Hospital,
      between January 2014 and March 2015. RESULTS: IF/TA was diagnosed at a median of
      39.9 months after the transplantation. Among the 35 patients with IF/TA, 19 (54%)
      had a history of acute rejection. Among the 35 BS showing evidence of IF/TA, the
      IF/TA was grade I in 25, grade II in 9, and grade III in 1. Arteriosclerosis of
      the middle-sized arteries was observed in 30 BS (86%). We then classified the 35
      BS showing evidence of IF/TA according to their overall histopathological
      features, as follows; IF/TA alone (6 BS; 17%), IF/TA + medullary ray injury (12
      BS; 34%), and IF/TA + rejection (12 BS; 34%). Loss of the renal allograft
      occurred during the observation period in one of the patients (3%). Of the
      remaining patients with functioning grafts, deterioration of the renal allograft
      function after the biopsies occurred in 15 patients (43%). CONCLUSIONS: The
      results of our study suggests that rejection contributes to IF/TA in 30-40% of
      cases, medullary ray injury in 30-40% of cases, and nonspecific injury in 20% of
      cases. IF/TA contributes significantly to deterioration of renal allograft
      function.

PMID- 26972971
TI  - Simultaneous Overexpression of the HhERF2 and PeDREB2a Genes Enhanced Tolerances
      to Salt and Drought in Transgenic Cotton.
AB  - A desert-grown Halimodendron halodendron ethylene-responsive element binding
      factor gene (HhERF2), which encodes a 245 amino acids protein containing a
      conserved AP2/EREBP domain, was isolated through the rapid amplification cDNA end
      (RACE) method. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that HhERF2 was
      classified into the B-2 group of ERF subfamily. Semiquantitative RT-PCR showed
      that HhERF2 was greatly induced by treatments with high-salt, drought and low
      temperature in H. halodendron seedlings. The expression vector containing HhERF2
      and Populus euphratica dehydration- responsive element binding protein (PeDREB2a)
      genes driven by rd29A promoter was constructed and transferred into cotton
      (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by non-tissue culture Agrobacterium-mediated genetic
      transformation system. The transformation and expression of HhERF2 and PeDREB2a
      were identified by PCR and RT-PCR. Analyses of physiological function indicated
      that transgenic cottons had improved seeds germination, tolerance to drought and
      highsalt stresses. Agronomic evaluation in the field exhibited that transgenic
      lines presented a dwarf phenotype and improved further in the yield and
      characters. These results demonstrated that overexpressed both HhERF2 and
      PeDREB2a transcription factor genes in cotton induced elevated tolerance to
      drought and high-salt stresses. 

PMID- 26972972
TI  - Genetic Engineering of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.).
AB  - Alfalfa is excellent perennial legume forage for its extensive ecological
      adaptability, high nutrition value, palatability and biological nitrogen
      fixation. It plays a very important role in the agriculture, animal husbandry and
      ecological construction. It is cultivated in all continents. With the development
      of modern plant breeding and genetic engineering techniques, a large amount of
      work has been carried out on alfalfa. Here we summarize the recent research
      advances in genetic engineering of alfalfa breeding, including transformation,
      quality improvement, stress resistance and as a bioreactor. The review article
      can enables us to understand the research method, direction and achievements of
      genetic engineering technology of Alfalfa. 

PMID- 26972973
TI  - Determination of Flavonoids and Anthocyanins in Nitraria tangutorum by High
      Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection
      and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) method,
      qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids of stems, leaves, fruits and
      seeds, and anthocyanidin of fresh fruits in Nitraria tangutorum were performed. A
      total of 14 flavonoid components were identified from the seeds of N. tangutorum
      including three quercetin derivatives, three kaempferol derivatives, and eight
      isorhamnetin derivatives. A total of 12, 10, and 7 flavonoid components were
      identified from leaves, stems, and fruits of N. tangutorum, respectively; all
      were present in seeds also. The total content of flavonoids in leaves was the
      highest, up to 42.43 mg/g.dry weight. A total of 12 anthocyanidin components were
      identified from the fresh fruits of N. tangutorum, belonging to five
      anthocyanidin. The total content of anthocyanidin in fresh fruits was up to 45.83
      mg/100 g. fresh weight, of which the acylated anthocyanidin accounted for 65.7%.
      The HPLC-DAD-MS(n) method can be operated easily, rapidly, and accurately, and is
      feasible for qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavone glycosides in N.
      tangutorum. 

PMID- 26972974
TI  - Plantlet Regeneration of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) in Vitro
      Tissue Cultures.
AB  - Tartary buckwheat is an ancient annual dicotyledonous herb, which is widely
      distributed around the world, specifically in the high altitude area of
      southwestern China and in the hill region of Himalayan. The plantlet regeneration
      of tartary buckwheat via somatic embryogenesis or multiple shoot induction was
      investigated in two different tartary buckwheats, Yuanzi and Xichang. The
      regeneration ability of Yuanzi was better than Xichang tartary buckwheat, and the
      hypocotyls were better than cotyledons as tartary buckwheat plantlet regeneration
      explants via somatic embryogenesis. The most suitable medium for callus induction
      was Murashige and Skoog basal medium added 2 mg/L 2, 4- dichlorophenoxyacetic
      acid and 1 mg/L Kinetin, which could reach up to 98.96% callus induction
      percentage. The plantlet regeneration percentage from callus of tartary buckwheat
      could reach up to 55.77%, which induced on 2.0 mg/L Benzyladenine and 1.0 mg/L KT
      in MS basal medium. In addition, maximum of multiple shoot induction percentage
      was 69.05%, which was observed in case of Yuanzi tartary buckwheat in MS basal
      medium with added 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L Thidiazuron. Roots induction of
      regenerated plants were achieved on 1/2 MS basal medium with added 1mg/L Indole-3
      Butytric acid, which has 75% survival after transferred regenerated plants to
      soil under field conditions. 

PMID- 26972975
TI  - Cloning and Transformation of EeHKT1;4 Gene from Elytrigia elongata.
AB  - The EeHKT1;4 gene was firstly cloned from Elytrigia elongata by RT-PCR technique
      with 1977 bp full-length cDNA encoding 1722 bp open reading frame (ORF) and 573
      amino acids. The PCR fragment of EeHKT1;4 gene was inserted into the binary
      vector pBI121 and got the resulted expression vector, which named pBI121-35S
      EeHKT1;4-Nos. The vector was further transformed into the agrobacterium EHA105,
      and then EeHKT1;4 gene was transferred into tobacco by the Agrobaterium- mediated
      genetic transformation method. The results showed that the target gene was
      inserted into the genomes of tobacco and expressed. Therefore, the transgenic
      tobacco (T0) plants overexpressing EeHKT1;4 gene were successfully obtained in
      this study. And EeHKT1;4 reduces Na+ concentration in the leaves of T0 plants,
      thereby plays a central role in protecting plant leaves from salinity stress. 

PMID- 26972976
TI  - Effect of vocal fold asymmetries on glottal flow.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Voice disorders, such as unilateral vocal fold paralysis
      or paresis, and vocal fold scarring feature structural asymmetries of the vocal
      folds. Studies on how structural asymmetries affect voice has mostly been limited
      to computational simulations and experiments on mechanical models. The purpose of
      the current study is to examine the effects of asymmetries in left-right
      position, height, and length of the vocal folds on the intraglottal flow
      characteristics, as well as acoustics in the canine larynx model. STUDY DESIGN:
      Basic science. METHODS: Measurements of intraglottal flow velocity fields were
      taken in excised canine larynges using particle image velocimetry. Asymmetries of
      the vocal folds are induced by translating the vocal processes in space using a
      prong apparatus connected to a micrometer. RESULTS: Asymmetries in length height
      and abduction produced a reduction in the intraglottal vortices strength and
      subsequently the glottal efficiency. CONCLUSION: Current findings can affect
      future recommendations for surgical interventions that are used to treat
      unilateral vocal fold paralysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 126:2534
      2538, 2016.

PMID- 26972977
TI  - Metagenomic and functional analyses of the consequences of reduction of bacterial
      diversity on soil functions and bioremediation in diesel-contaminated microcosms.
AB  - The relationship between microbial biodiversity and soil function is an important
      issue in ecology, yet most studies have been performed in pristine ecosystems.
      Here, we assess the role of microbial diversity in ecological function and
      remediation strategies in diesel-contaminated soils. Soil microbial diversity was
      manipulated using a removal by dilution approach and microbial functions were
      determined using both metagenomic analyses and enzymatic assays. A shift from
      Proteobacteria- to Actinobacteria-dominant communities was observed when species
      diversity was reduced. Metagenomic analysis showed that a large proportion of
      functional gene categories were significantly altered by the reduction in
      biodiversity. The abundance of genes related to the nitrogen cycle was
      significantly reduced in the low-diversity community, impairing denitrification.
      In contrast, the efficiency of diesel biodegradation was increased in the low
      diversity community and was further enhanced by addition of red clay as a
      stimulating agent. Our results suggest that the relationship between microbial
      diversity and ecological function involves trade-offs among ecological processes,
      and should not be generalized as a positive, neutral, or negative relationship. 

PMID- 26972978
TI  - Breathing maneuvers as a coronary vasodilator for myocardial perfusion imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE: A combined breathing maneuver of hyperventilation, followed by a long
      voluntary breathhold leads to coronary vasodilation. We investigated the impact
      of breathing maneuvers on MR first-pass cardiac perfusion imaging and its
      potential clinical utility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 24 healthy
      volunteers (37 +/- 12 years; 62.5% men) on a clinical 3 Tesla MRI system and
      performed first-pass perfusion MR at rest, during a short breathhold (S-HVBH)
      following 60 s of hyperventilation, and at the end of a long breathhold (L-HVBH)
      following the hyperventilation, performed in random order. A blinded reader
      analyzed signal intensity upslope, upslope index, and time between 20 and 80% of
      maximal signal. RESULTS: All volunteers tolerated the breathing maneuvers well
      and completed the study protocol. The upslope of the signal-intensity-over-time
      curve was increased during S-HVBH (1.86 +/- 0.70 units/s, P < 0.05) and at the
      end of L-LVBH (1.77 +/- 0.82 units/s), when compared with baseline results (1.34
      +/- 0.58 units/s). Corrected for the arterial input, the upslope was higher at
      the end of the L-HVBH (0.095 +/- 0.019 units/s versus 0.077 +/- 0.016 units/s at
      rest, P < 0.01) as was the myocardial perfusion reserve index (1.25 +/- 0.22
      versus 1.09 +/- 0.17; P < 0.001). In a multiple regression model, only gender,
      rate-pressure product, and breathhold time were independently and significantly
      related to the upslope (R = 0.771; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, a
      voluntary long breathhold after hyperventilation leads to an increase of the
      myocardial perfusion reserve index. This may impact findings from current
      practice of first-pass perfusion imaging. The clinical utility of breathing
      maneuvers as a vasodilatory stimulus for first-pass perfusion imaging may warrant
      further research. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:947-955.

PMID- 26972980
TI  - Abdominal Wall Bile Staining Without Jaundice.

PMID- 26972979
TI  - Oral biofilm and caries-infiltrant interactions on enamel.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze interactions between oral biofilms and a
      dental triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)-based resin infiltration
      material on enamel. METHODS: Demineralized enamel specimens (14 days, acidic
      buffer, pH 5.0) were either infiltrated with a commercial TEGDMA resin and
      subjected to a three-species biofilm (Streptococcus mutans UAB 159, Streptococcus
      oralis OMZ 607 and Actinomyces oris OMZ 745) (group 1), applied to the biofilm
      (group 2), or merely resin infiltrated (group 3). A control group received no
      treatment (4). Biofilm formation and metabolic activity of biofilms were measured
      for group (1) and (2) after 24h CFU and a resazurin assay. Resin biodegradation
      was measured for group (1) and (3) by high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry after 6 and 24h incubation. Scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images
      were taken to study the biofilm and material's autofluorescence in groups (1-4)
      after 24h. RESULTS: SEM and CLSM images showed reduced biofilm formation on resin
      infiltrated specimens (group 1) compared to group 2, while no biofilm was
      detectable on groups 3 and 4. CFU data (log10 CFU per mL) of group 1 showed
      significantly reduced bacterial numbers (p<0.05) compared to group 2. However,
      HPLC analysis of TEGDMA leakage after 6h and 24h revealed no differences between
      group 1 and group 3. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicate that
      freshly resin-infiltrated enamel surfaces show a biofilm reducing effect, while
      monomer leakage was not affected by bacterial presence. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
      Resin infiltrated enamel surfaces are constantly exposed to the oral microflora.
      Yet, it is not known how biofilms interact with enamel-penetrated resins and if
      and to which extent accessory alignments in oral hygiene are needed.

PMID- 26972982
TI  - WITHDRAWN: Reply.
AB  - The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an
      article that has already been published,
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.03.013. The duplicate article has therefore
      been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at
      http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

PMID- 26972981
TI  - Polycystic Liver Disease: The Benefits of Targeting cAMP.

PMID- 26972983
TI  - Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Transmural Drainage for Palliation of Malignant
      Distal Common Bile Duct Obstruction in Patients With an Inaccessible Papilla:
      Approaching the Tipping Point?

PMID- 26972984
TI  - In Reference to: Hepatitis C Virus Treatment: Is It Possible To Cure All
      Hepatitis C Virus Patients?

PMID- 26972985
TI  - A Rare Cause of Ischemic Colitis.

PMID- 26972987
TI  - Serum levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in fibromyalgia.

PMID- 26972986
TI  - Cardiotrophin-1 decreases intestinal sugar uptake in mice and in Caco-2 cells.
AB  - AIM: Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines with a
      key role in glucose and lipid metabolism. In the current investigation, we
      examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of CT-1 treatment on intestinal sugar
      absorption in different experimental models. METHODS: rCT-1 effects on alpha
      Methyl-D-glucoside uptake were assessed in everted intestinal rings from wild
      type and CT-1(-/-) mice and in Caco-2 cells. rCT-1 actions on SGLT-1 expression
      in brush border membrane vesicles and the identification of the potential
      signalling pathways involved were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: In vivo
      administration (0.2 mg kg(-1) ) of rCT-1 caused a significant decrease on alpha
      Methyl-D-glucoside uptake in everted intestinal rings from wild-type and CT-1(-/
      ) mice after short-term and long-term treatments. Similarly, in vitro treatment
      (1-50 ng mL(-1) ) with rCT-1 reduced alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside uptake in everted
      intestinal rings. In Caco-2 cells, rCT-1 treatment (20 ng mL(-1) , 1 and 24 h)
      lowered apical uptake of alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside in parallel with a decrease on
      SGLT-1 protein expression. rCT-1 promoted the phosphorylation of STAT-3 after 5
      and 15 min treatment, but inhibited the activation by phosphorylation of AMPK
      after 30 and 60 min. Interestingly, pre-treatment with the JAK/STAT inhibitor
      (AG490) and with the AMPK activator (AICAR) reversed the inhibitory effects of
      rCT-1 on alpha-Methyl-D-glucoside uptake. AICAR also prevented the inhibition of
      SGLT-1 observed in rCT-1-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS: CT-1 inhibits intestinal
      sugar absorption by the reduction of SGLT-1 levels through the AMPK pathway,
      which could also contribute to explain the hypoglycaemic and anti-obesity
      properties of CT-1.

PMID- 26972988
TI  - Consequences of acclimation on the resistance to acute thermal stress: Proteomic
      focus on mussels from pristine site.
AB  - Climate change constitutes an additional threat for intertidal species that
      already have to cope with a challenging environment. The present study focuses on
      the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and aims at investigating the importance of
      thermal acclimation in heat stress response. Microcosm exposures were performed
      with mussels submitted to an identical acute thermal stress following two thermal
      summer acclimations standing for present or future temperature conditions. Gill
      proteomes were analyzed by 2DE and 96 differentially expressed proteoforms were
      identified. Our results show that cell integrity appears to be maintained by the
      rise in molecular protective systems (i.e. Heat Shock Proteins), and by the
      reallocation of energy production via a switch to anaerobic metabolism and the
      setting up of alternative energy pathways. Finally, our results indicate that the
      response of mussels to acute thermal stress is conditioned by the acclimation
      temperature with an improved response in organisms acclimated to higher
      temperatures. 

PMID- 26972990
TI  - Mini Nutritional Assessment of rural elderly people in Bangladesh: the impact of
      demographic, socio-economic and health factors - ERRATUM.

PMID- 26972989
TI  - Variable selection in discrete survival models including heterogeneity.
AB  - Several variable selection procedures are available for continuous time-to-event
      data. However, if time is measured in a discrete way and therefore many ties
      occur models for continuous time are inadequate. We propose penalized likelihood
      methods that perform efficient variable selection in discrete survival modeling
      with explicit modeling of the heterogeneity in the population. The method is
      based on a combination of ridge and lasso type penalties that are tailored to the
      case of discrete survival. The performance is studied in simulation studies and
      an application to the birth of the first child.

PMID- 26972992
TI  - Molecular characterization and clinical significance of extraintestinal
      pathogenic Escherichia coli recovered from a south Indian tertiary care hospital.

PMID- 26972991
TI  - Stabilin-2 modulates the efficiency of myoblast fusion during myogenic
      differentiation and muscle regeneration.
AB  - Myoblast fusion is essential for the formation of skeletal muscle myofibres.
      Studies have shown that phosphatidylserine is necessary for myoblast fusion, but
      the underlying mechanism is not known. Here we show that the phosphatidylserine
      receptor stabilin-2 acts as a membrane protein for myoblast fusion during
      myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration. Stabilin-2 expression is
      induced during myogenic differentiation, and is regulated by calcineurin/NFAT
      signalling in myoblasts. Forced expression of stabilin-2 in myoblasts is
      associated with increased myotube formation, whereas deficiency of stabilin-2
      results in the formation of small, thin myotubes. Stab2-deficient mice have
      myofibres with small cross-sectional area and few myonuclei and impaired muscle
      regeneration after injury. Importantly, myoblasts lacking stabilin-2 have reduced
      phosphatidylserine-dependent fusion. Collectively, our results show that stabilin
      2 contributes to phosphatidylserine-dependent myoblast fusion and provide new
      insights into the molecular mechanism by which phosphatidylserine mediates
      myoblast fusion during muscle growth and regeneration. 

PMID- 26972994
TI  - Transgender equality.

PMID- 26972995
TI  - Nutrition and Hydration Week: come and join the (tea) party.

PMID- 26972993
TI  - A systematic review and meta-analysis of cutaneous manifestations in late- versus
      early-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Although systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) most commonly occurs in
      reproductive-age women, some are diagnosed after the age of 50. Recognizing that
      greater than one-third of SLE criteria are cutaneous, we undertook a systematic
      review and meta-analysis to evaluate differences in cutaneous manifestations in
      early- and late-onset SLE patients. METHODS: We searched the literature using
      PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. We excluded studies that
      did not include ACR SLE classification criteria, early-onset controls, that
      defined late-onset SLE as <50 years of age, or were not written in English. Two
      authors rated study quality using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Scale. We used
      Forest plots to compare odds ratios (95% CI) of cutaneous manifestations by age.
      Study heterogeneity was assessed using I(2). RESULTS: Overall, 35 studies,
      representing 11,189 early-onset and 1727 late-onset patients with SLE, met
      eligibility criteria. The female:male ratio was lower in the late-onset group
      (5:1 versus 8:1). Most cutaneous manifestations were less prevalent in the late
      onset group. In particular, malar rash [OR = 0.43 (0.35, 0.52)], photosensitivity
      [OR = 0.72 (0.59, 0.88)], and livedo reticularis [OR = 0.33 (0.17, 0.64)] were
      less common in late-onset patients. In contrast, sicca symptoms were more common
      [OR = 2.45 (1.91, 3.14)]. The mean Newcastle Ottawa Quality Scale score was 6.3
      +/- 0.5 (scale: 0-9) with high inter-rater reliability for the score (0.96).
      CONCLUSIONS: Overall, cutaneous manifestations are less common in late-onset SLE
      patients, except sicca symptoms. Future studies should investigate etiologies for
      this phenomenon including roles of immune senescence, environment, gender, and
      immunogenetics.

PMID- 26972996
TI  - Neck stoma patients: is vital information displayed at the bedside?
AB  - Tracheostomies are common procedures in head and neck and critical care practice,
      with 50% of airway-related deaths attributable to complications such as occlusion
      or displacement. The National Tracheostomy Safety Project (NTSP) published
      guidance regarding emergency management of neck stoma patients. A prospective
      multicentre regional audit of all neck stoma inpatients (ward and intensive care
      unit (ICU) settings) was conducted. Bed spaces were assessed for tracheostomy
      care bundles and essential stoma information, as recommended by the NTSP
      guidelines. The results demonstrate inadequate ward compliance across all three
      trusts, with ICU compliance greater in comparison to a ward environment. Of note,
      crucial information regarding the nature of stoma and whom to contact in the
      event of an emergency, was not displayed in the majority of cases. A greater
      awareness of the NTSP guidance and implementation of vital information is a
      necessity across all disciplines in order to reduce stoma complication-related
      morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 26972997
TI  - Identifying and managing underperformance in nursing students.
AB  - Student nurses are the future of the profession and require high levels of
      commitment and skill from the registered nurses charged with mentoring and
      guiding them on the road to registration. Evidence suggests that mentors are
      failing to recognise underperformance and as such are missing opportunities to
      effectively manage and encourage improvement in failing students. The literature
      is also demonstrative of mentors failing to fail students who do not achieve
      requisite standards, thus allowing sub-optimal students to progress on towards
      registration. This article examines literature relating to effective management
      of underperforming students in clinical practice and the need to fail those who
      do not meet the required standards. The article seeks to provide mentors with an
      understanding of why some are 'failing to fail', as well as highlighting
      implications for skill improvement. It is the result of an ongoing local skill
      improvement project. Key themes for improvement are discussed including issues of
      mentor confidence, early identification of underperformance, improving mentor
      student relationships and the need for open, honest communication. 

PMID- 26972998
TI  - Incontinence-associated dermatitis: new insights into an old problem.
AB  - Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a common skin disorder seen in
      patients with incontinence. Typically IAD presents as inflammation of the skin
      surface characterised by redness, and in extreme cases, swelling and blister
      formation. If untreated this usually rapidly leads to excoriation and skin
      breakdown, which may subsequently become infected by the skin flora. While this
      is a common condition encountered in all areas of nursing practice, gaps remain
      in our understanding of the many contributing factors. A lack of standardised
      definitions of IAD, differences in terminology, and a bewildering increase in
      products available to prevent and manage IAD, makes it difficult for nurses to
      deliver evidence-based care. However, it is an area where nursing research has
      made a considerable contribution over the past few years. This article explores
      the current thinking on IAD and the implications for nursing practice. 

PMID- 26973000
TI  - Nutrition and Hydration Week: one trust's recipe for success.

PMID- 26972999
TI  - Nursing students' knowledge of child abuse and neglect in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Child abuse and neglect are global phenomena. Research on knowledge
      of and attitudes towards child abuse and neglect among nursing students in India
      is limited. AIM: To investigate undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of and
      attitudes towards child abuse and neglect. METHODS: A descriptive design was
      adopted for the study, in which 158 nursing students participated by responding
      to a standardised questionnaire. RESULTS: The findings revealed that students'
      knowledge of child abuse and neglect is inadequate, as the total mean (M) score
      was 13.84+/-4.35 (M+/-standard deviation (SD)). The total attitude score of
      50.37+/-6.196 (M+/-SD) indicated participants' positive attitudes towards
      prevention of child abuse and neglect. However, there was a negative relation
      between age and attitudes towards and knowledge of child abuse. Older students
      scored higher on the total attitude and knowledge scale compared with younger
      students. CONCLUSION: The study findings support the hypothesis that nursing
      education programmes need to improve the curricular content related to the
      assessment and reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect, and prevention
      strategies to improve the wellbeing of children. Curricular changes have the
      potential to provide nurses with an opportunity to reduce the prevalence of child
      abuse and neglect in India.

PMID- 26973001
TI  - The new taskforce that wants to improve the nation's mental health.
AB  - Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, discusses a
      new report from the independent Mental Health Taskforce and its implications for
      mental health services in England. 

PMID- 26973002
TI  - Patient safety perspectives from other countries: the Minnesota system.
AB  - John Tingle considers the lessons learned from adverse event reporting, in the
      first of a two-part column considering key publications on patient safety and
      rights from organisations in different parts of the world. 

PMID- 26973003
TI  - Depriving a person of liberty in their own home.
AB  - Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, discusses
      the combination of elements required to confirm that a person is being deprived
      of their liberty at in their own home. 

PMID- 26973004
TI  - From staff nurse to nurse consultant.
AB  - John Fowler Independent education consultant, continues his series for clinical
      nurses hoping to share their experiences with a wider audience, with advice on
      developing a potential article for a professional journal. 

PMID- 26973005
TI  - Introducing the nursing associate role.

PMID- 26973006
TI  - The use of flange extenders to support patient care.
AB  - Pat Black, Senior Lecturer, St Mark's Institute of GI Nursing, St Mark's
      Hospital, explores one option for stoma care nurses to consider that could help
      improve patient confidence and comfort. 

PMID- 26973007
TI  - Complexities of management of a urostomy in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a reflective
      account.
AB  - Mary (pseudonym) is a 30-year-old woman who underwent a urinary diversion and
      formation of an ileal conduit/urostomy (urinary stoma) due to the formation of
      multiple bladder diverticula, which caused micturition difficulties and recurrent
      urinary tract infections with associated pain and discomfort. The bladder
      diverticula were caused by Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), a hereditary disorder of
      the connective tissue or, particulary, defective collagen. Surgical intervention
      in patients with EDS is prone to complications due to poor wound healing,
      including issues of dehiscence, postoperative bleeding and poor uptake of
      anaesthesia and analgesia. After an initial presentation of the syndrome of EDS
      and Mary's history, this article offers a reflective account (informed by Gibbs'
      Reflective Cycle) and illustrates the complexities of caring for an individual
      with EDS who undergoes stoma formation. The author, a stoma care nurse,
      demonstrates how using purposeful reflection resulted in better understanding and
      awareness of caring for an individual with a rare syndrome and the nursing
      challenges this presented. 

PMID- 26973008
TI  - Cost effectiveness of stoma accessories.
AB  - Gill Skipper, Stoma Care Sister, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn NHS
      Trust, looks at aspects to consider when prescribing stoma care accessories. 

PMID- 26973009
TI  - Bariatric surgery and implications for stoma care.
AB  - In the UK, 62% of the population are now described as being either overweight or
      obese. People with weight-management issues are more likely to suffer from
      cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as having an increased risk of
      cancer, including bowel cancer. Following the initial National Institute for
      Health and Care Excellence guidance in 2006, revised in 2014, health
      professionals have a more proactive role in identifying people with weight
      management issues and supporting them to achieve a weight that helps reduce their
      health risks. This includes referrals to bariatric surgeons for consideration for
      surgery if appropriate. One particular surgical procedure, the Roux-en-Y, is not
      reversible and alters the capacity of the stomach and function of the small bowel
      in order to achieve weight loss. Using a case study, this article will highlight
      the role of the stoma nurse in managing a patient, who previously had a Roux-en-Y
      procedure for weight loss and subsequently needed formation of a loop ileostomy
      after surgery for bowel cancer. 

PMID- 26973010
TI  - Silicone-based stoma accessories in clinical practice.
AB  - Advanced silicone technology has transformed the treatment of wounds and peri
      wound skin. Recently, there has been interest in the use of silicone-based
      products in stoma care. Peristomal skin issues are a common problem, and can have
      a negative impact on the patient's quality of life, so helping the ostomate
      maintain good skin health is crucial. The author, a stoma care nurse, regularly
      sees 3-4 patients each week in her stoma care clinic with damaged or broken
      peristomal skin. This article explores the 'Trio' range of silicone-based
      accessories, discussing how these products compare with the traditional
      hydrocolloid, how they are applied and used. A series of case studies illustrates
      the circumstances in which these products may be applied. 

PMID- 26973011
TI  - Sharing clinical expertise.

PMID- 26973012
TI  - Early elective colostomy following spinal cord injury.
AB  - Elective colostomy is an accepted method of bowel management for patients who
      have had a spinal cord injury (SCI). Approximately 2.4% of patients with SCI have
      a colostomy, and traditionally it is performed as a last resort several years
      after injury, and only if bowel complications persist when all other methods have
      failed. This is despite evidence that patients find a colostomy easier to manage
      and frequently report wishing it had been performed earlier. It was noticed in
      the author's spinal unit that increasing numbers of patients were requesting
      colostomy formation during inpatient rehabilitation following SCI. No supporting
      literature was found for this; it appears to be an emerging and untested
      practice. This article explores colostomy formation as a method of bowel
      management in patients with SCI, considers the optimal time for colostomy
      formation after injury and examines issues for health professionals. 

PMID- 26973013
TI  - Light-controllable dispersion and recovery of graphenes and carbon nanotubes
      using a photo-switchable surfactant.
AB  - The aqueous dispersibility of carbon-based nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide
      (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), can be controlled
      by light via the photoisomerisation of a photoswitchable surfactant molecule
      adsorbed to the surface of these materials. By incorporating a cationic
      azobenzene photosurfactant into these systems, GO, rGO and CNT dispersions can be
      separated and redispersed on command utilising UV radiation at 365 nm, whereby
      the surfactant molecules change from the trans to the cis isomer. This increases
      their aqueous solubility and in turn, alters their adsorption affinity for the GO
      and rGO sheets such that the ratio of free to adsorbed surfactant molecules
      changes significantly, allowing for reversible phase separation of the colloids.
      These effects present a unique method for controlling the dispersion behaviour of
      two-dimensional nanomaterials using light as a clean and low energy external
      stimulus. 

PMID- 26973014
TI  - Objective Cough Frequency, Airway Inflammation, and Disease Control in Asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cough is recognized as an important troublesome symptom in the
      diagnosis and monitoring of asthma. Asthma control is thought to be determined by
      the degree of airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness but how these factors
      relate to cough frequency is unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate
      the relationships between objective cough frequency, disease control, airflow
      obstruction, and airway inflammation in asthma. METHODS: Participants with asthma
      underwent 24-h ambulatory cough monitoring and assessment of exhaled nitric
      oxide, spirometry, methacholine challenge, and sputum induction (cell counts and
      inflammatory mediator levels). Asthma control was assessed by using the Global
      Initiative for Asthma (GINA) classification and the Asthma Control Questionnaire
      (ACQ). The number of cough sounds was manually counted and expressed as coughs
      per hour (c/h). RESULTS: Eighty-nine subjects with asthma (mean +/- SD age, 57 +/
      12 years; 57% female) were recruited. According to GINA criteria, 18 (20.2%)
      patients were classified as controlled, 39 (43.8%) partly controlled, and 32
      (36%) uncontrolled; the median ACQ score was 1 (range, 0.0-4.4). The 6-item ACQ
      correlated with 24-h cough frequency (r = 0.40; P < .001), and patients with
      uncontrolled asthma (per GINA criteria) had higher median 24-h cough frequency
      (4.2 c/h; range, 0.3-27.6) compared with partially controlled asthma (1.8 c/h;
      range, 0.2-25.3; P = .01) and controlled asthma (1.7 c/h; range, 0.3-6.7; P =
      .002). Measures of airway inflammation were not significantly different between
      GINA categories and were not correlated with ACQ. In multivariate analyses,
      increasing cough frequency and worsening FEV1 independently predicted measures of
      asthma control. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory cough frequency monitoring provides an
      objective assessment of asthma symptoms that correlates with standard measures of
      asthma control but not airflow obstruction or airway inflammation. Moreover,
      cough frequency and airflow obstruction represent independent dimensions of
      asthma control.

PMID- 26973016
TI  - Liver Capsule: Biliary Tree Stem Cell Subpopulations.

PMID- 26973015
TI  - High Prevalence and Heterogeneity of Diabetes in Patients With TB in South India:
      A Report from the Effects of Diabetes on Tuberculosis Severity (EDOTS) Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported an association of diabetes mellitus (DM)
      with TB susceptibility. Many studies were retrospective, had weak diagnostic
      criteria for DM, and did not assess other comorbidities. The Effects of Diabetes
      on Tuberculosis Severity (EDOTS) study is addressing these limitations with a
      longitudinal comparison of patients with TB who are classified as diabetic or
      normoglycemic according to World Health Organization criteria. We report interim
      findings after enrolling 159 of a planned 300 subjects. METHODS: A cohort study
      of patients with TB in South India with DM or normoglycemia defined by oral
      glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and fasting glucose. Glycohemoglobin (HbA1c), serum
      creatinine, lipids, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured at enrollment. Patients
      were monitored monthly during TB treatment, and HbA1c measurement was repeated
      after 3 months. RESULTS: Of 209 eligible patients, 113 (54.1%) were classified as
      diabetic, 44 (21.0%) with impaired glucose tolerance, and 52 (24.9%) as
      normoglycemic. More patients with diabetes were detected by OGTT than by HbA1c.
      Diabetes was a newly received diagnosis for 37 (32.7%) in the DM group, and their
      median HbA1c (6.8%) was significantly lower than in those with previously
      diagnosed DM (HbA1c, 10.4%). Among 129 patients monitored for 3 months, HbA1c
      declined in all groups, with the greatest difference in patients with a newly
      received diagnosis of DM. CONCLUSIONS: Early EDOTS study results reveal a
      strikingly high prevalence of glycemic disorders in South Indian patients with
      pulmonary TB and unexpected heterogeneity within the patient population with
      diabetes and TB. This glycemic control heterogeneity has implications for the TB
      DM interaction and the interpretation of TB studies relying exclusively on HbA1c
      to define diabetic status.

PMID- 26973017
TI  - Crystal Fluidity Reflected by Fast Rotational Motion at the Core, Branches, and
      Peripheral Aromatic Groups of a Dendrimeric Molecular Rotor.
AB  - Low packing densities are key structural features of amphidynamic crystals built
      with static and mobile components. Here we report a loosely packed crystal of
      dendrimeric rotor 2 and the fast dynamics of all its aromatic groups, both
      resulting from the hyperbranched structure of the molecule. Compound 2 was
      synthesized with a convergent strategy to construct a central phenylene core with
      stators consisting of two layers of triarylmethyl groups. Single crystal X-ray
      diffraction analysis confirmed a low-density packing structure consisting of one
      molecule of 2 and approximately eight solvent molecules per unit cell. Three
      isotopologues of 2 were synthesized to study the motion of each segment of the
      molecule in the solid state using variable temperature quadrupolar echo (2)H NMR
      spectroscopy. Line shape analysis of the spectra reveals that the central
      phenylene, the six branch phenylenes, and the 18 periphery phenyls all display
      megahertz rotational dynamics in the crystals at ambient temperature. Arrhenius
      analysis of the data gives similar activation energies and pre-exponential
      factors for different parts of the structure. The observed pre-exponential
      factors are 4-6 orders of magnitude greater than those of elementary site
      exchange processes, indicating that the dynamics are not dictated by static
      energetic potentials. Instead, the activation energies for rotations in the
      crystals of 2 are controlled by temperature dependent local structural
      fluctuations and crystal fluidity. 

PMID- 26973018
TI  - Cyclic RGD peptides target human trabecular meshwork cells while ameliorating
      connective tissue growth factor-induced fibrosis.
AB  - The major risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma is increased intraocular
      pressure stemming from elevated outflow resistance in the trabecular meshwork
      (TM) region. Integrins play a pivotal role in the TM by influencing its
      biological properties and growth factor signaling. Pathologic changes in the TM
      are partially mediated by growth factors like connective tissue growth factor
      (CTGF). Specific targeting of TM cells could play a critical clinical role by
      increasing the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles, e.g. for nonviral gene
      delivery. Quantum dots with cyclo(RGDfC) covalently immobilized to their surface
      effectively targeted cultured TM cells and were rapidly and efficiently
      endocytosed by binding to alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins. Compared to the
      integrin-overexpressing U87-MG cell line, the association of RGD-modified
      nanoparticles with the TM cells was significantly higher. Binding and uptake into
      TM cells was receptor-mediated and suppressible with free peptide. Soluble cyclic
      RGD peptides effectively attenuated CTGF-mediated effects and inhibited CTGF
      signaling. Due to their antagonism for alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins,
      these cyclic RGD pentapeptides effectively ameliorated the CTGF-induced effects
      and strongly promoted specific nanoparticle association. Thus, cyclic RGD
      peptides are powerful multifunctional ligands for both addressing nanomaterials
      to the TM and interfering with pathologic CTGF signaling upon arrival.

PMID- 26973019
TI  - Continuum in MDGC Technology: From Classical Multidimensional to Comprehensive
      Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography.
AB  - Recent advances in multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC) comprise methods
      such as multiple heart-cut (H/C) analysis and comprehensive two-dimensional gas
      chromatography (GC * GC); however, clear approaches to evaluate the MDGC results,
      choice of the most appropriate method, and optimized separation remain of
      concern. In order to track the capability of these analytical techniques and
      select an effective experimental approach, a fundamental approach was developed
      utilizing a time summation model incorporating temperature-dependent linear
      solvation energy relationship (LSER). The approach allows prediction of optimized
      analyte distribution in the 2D space for various MDGC approaches employing
      different experimental variables such as column lengths, temperature programs,
      and stationary phase combinations in order to evaluate separation performance
      (apparent (1)D, (2)D, total number of separated peaks, and orthogonality) for
      simulated MDGC results. The methodology applied LSER to generate results for
      nonpolar-polar and polar-nonpolar 2D column configurations for separation of 678
      compounds in an oxidized kerosene-based jet fuel sample. Three-dimensional plots
      were generated in order to illustrate the dependency of separation performance on
      (2)D column length and number of injections for different stationary phase
      combinations. With a given limit of analysis time, a MDGC approach to obtain an
      optimized total separated peak number for a particular column set was proposed
      depending on (1)D and (2)D analyte peak distribution. This study introduces
      fundamental concepts and establishes approaches to design effective GC * GC or
      multiple H/C systems for different column combinations, to provide the best
      overall separation outcomes with the highest separated peak number and/or
      orthogonality. 

PMID- 26973021
TI  - Mesothelioma in iron ore (taconite) miners.

PMID- 26973022
TI  - Natural environmental impacts on teleost immune function.
AB  - The environment in which teleosts exist can experience considerable change. Short
      term changes can occur in relation to tidal movements or adverse weather events.
      Long-term changes can be caused by anthropogenic impacts such as climate change,
      which can result in changes to temperature, acidity, salinity and oxygen capacity
      of aquatic environments. These changes can have important impacts on the
      physiology of an animal, including its immune system. This can have consequences
      on the well-being of the animal and its ability to protect against pathogens.
      This review will look at recent investigations of these types of environmental
      change on the immune response in teleosts. 

PMID- 26973020
TI  - Possible Role of HLA-G, LILRB1 and KIR2DL4 Gene Polymorphisms in Spontaneous
      Miscarriage.
AB  - The KIR2DL4 receptor and its ligand HLA-G are considered important for fetal
      maternal immune tolerance and successful pregnancy. The absence of a particular
      variant of KIR2DL4 might be a bad prognostic factor for pregnancy outcome.
      However, it could be compensated by the presence of the respective LILRB1 allele.
      Therefore, we investigated the KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and HLA-G polymorphisms in 277
      couples with spontaneous abortion and 219 control couples by HRM, PCR-SSP and
      RFLP methods. We found a protective effect of women's heterozygosity in -716 HLA
      G (p = 0.0206) and LILRB1 (p = 0.0131) against spontaneous abortion.
      Surprisingly, we observed more 9A/10A genotypes of KIR2DL4 gene carriers in the
      group of male partners from the miscarriage group in comparison to the men from
      the control group (p = 0.0288). Furthermore, there was no association of women's
      KIR2DL4 polymorphism with susceptibility to spontaneous abortion. Multivariate
      analysis indicated that women's -716 HLA-G and LILRB1 and men's KIR2DL4 9A/10A
      are important in terms of the protection or susceptibility to miscarriage,
      respectively (p = 0.00968). In conclusion, a woman's heterozygosity in HLA-G and
      LILRB1 might be an advantage for a success of reproduction, but the partner's
      heterozygosity in 9A/10A KIR2DL4 alleles might not.

PMID- 26973023
TI  - Bacterial communities and volatile compounds in Doubanjiang, a Chinese
      traditional red pepper paste.
AB  - AIM: To identify core bacterial communities and volatile compounds and to
      investigate their relationships in Doubanjiang, a Chinese traditional red pepper
      paste. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two main culture-independent methods, polymerase
      chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and MiSeq
      sequencing technique, were used to investigate bacterial composition. Headspace
      solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
      (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to isolate and identify volatile organic compounds.
      Partial least squares (PLS) regression and correlation coefficients analyses were
      used for elucidating the relationship between core bacterial community and
      volatile compounds. CONCLUSIONS: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and
      Enterobacteriaceae family were identified primarily by the PCR-DGGE
      fingerprinting. Furthermore, the core microbiome (>1% average relative abundance)
      were indentified by Miseq sequencing technique, which mainly assigned to
      Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. For volatile profile, a total
      of 29 volatile compounds were identified by HP-SPME-GC-MS, mainly alcohols,
      esters, aldehydes, ketones and phenols. PLS regression and Pearson's correlation
      coefficients analyses revealed highly covariable relationships between volatile
      compounds and bacterial taxa. Notably, Pseudomonas most highly significantly
      associated with 3-methyl butanal, 2-methyl butanal, benzeneacetaldehyde and 2
      acetylpyrrole (P < 0.001), and significantly correlated with 5-methylfurfural and
      5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal (P < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:
      Core bacterial communities were identified and the relationship between bacterial
      taxa and flavour compounds was revealed, these results could be beneficial for
      improving the quality of Doubanjiang.

PMID- 26973024
TI  - Simplifying the guidelines: The 10 COPD commandments.

PMID- 26973025
TI  - Very Early Administration of Progesterone Does Not Improve Neuropsychological
      Outcomes in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - A Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ProTECT III) found that
      administration of progesterone did not reduce mortality or improve functional
      outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) in subjects with
      moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. We conducted a secondary analysis of
      neuropsychological outcomes to evaluate whether progesterone is associated with
      improved recovery of cognitive and motor functioning. ProTECT III was conducted
      at 49 level I trauma centers in the United States. Adults with moderate to severe
      TBI were randomized to receive intravenous progesterone or placebo within 4 h of
      injury for a total of 4 days. At 6 months, subjects underwent evaluation of
      memory, attention, executive functioning, language, and fine motor
      coordination/dexterity. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference in
      the proportion of subjects (263/280 progesterone, 283/295 placebo) with Galveston
      Orientation and Amnesia Test scores >=75. Analyses of covariance did not reveal
      significant treatment effects for memory (Buschke immediate recall, p = 0.53;
      delayed recall, p = 0.94), attention (Trails A speed, p = 0.81 and errors, p =
      0.22; Digit Span Forward length, p = 0.66), executive functioning (Trails B
      speed, p = 0.97 and errors, p = 0.93; Digit Span Backward length, p = 0.60),
      language (timed phonemic fluency, p = 0.05), and fine motor
      coordination/dexterity (Grooved Pegboard dominant hand time, p = 0.75 and peg
      drops, p = 0.59; nondominant hand time, p = 0.74 and peg drops, p = 0.61).
      Pearson Product Moment Correlations demonstrated significant (p < 0.001)
      associations between better neuropsychological performance and higher GOSE
      scores. Similar to the ProTECT III trial's results of the primary outcome, the
      secondary outcomes do not provide evidence of a neuroprotective effect of
      progesterone.

PMID- 26973026
TI  - Clinical characteristics of a Japanese family with hearing loss accompanied by
      compound heterozygous mutations in LOXHD1.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report two novel LOXHD1 mutations, including missense mutations and
      the clinical features of the patients. METHODS: We studied a three-generation
      Japanese family with hearing loss. Targeted next-generation sequencing was used
      for genetic analysis. Conditional orientation response audiometry and pure tone
      audiometry were used to assess hearing. SWISS-MODEL was used for molecular
      modeling of the PLAT domain in LOXHD1 protein. RESULTS: The two sisters, who had
      either mild or severe high-frequency hearing loss, were compound heterozygous for
      two novel mutations (c.5674G>T [p.V1892F] and c.4212+1G>A) in LOXHD1, which is
      responsible for autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNB77. These cases
      showed less severe hearing impairment than the previously reported cases carrying
      LOXHD1 mutations, but their hearing loss appeared to be progressive. Molecular
      modeling predicted that distorted structure of the PLAT domain in the p.V1892F
      mutant could lead to decreased affinity of the protein to lipid membrane
      resulting in hair cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION: We report a Japanese family
      carrying compound heterozygotes of truncating and nontruncating mutations in
      LOXHD1 identified by targeted NGS analysis. The fact of lower degree of hearing
      impairment in our cases than previously reported and the molecular modeling of
      the missense mutant provide insight to the genotype-phenotype correlation of
      DFNB77.

PMID- 26973027
TI  - Mapping synaptic cortico-claustral connectivity in the mouse.
AB  - The claustrum is an intriguing brain structure, featuring the highest
      connectivity per regional volume in the brain. It is a thin and elongated
      structure enclosed between the striatum and the insular cortex, with widespread
      reciprocal connections with the sensory modalities and prefrontal cortices.
      Retinotopic and somatotopic organizations have been described in the claustrum,
      and anatomical studies in cats, monkeys, and rats have demonstrated topographic
      organization of cortico-claustral connections. In this study we mapped the
      projections from cortical modalities (visual, auditory, somatosensory, motor, and
      olfactory), and prefrontal regions (anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal
      cortex) to the claustrum in mice. Utilizing expression of a virally encoded
      synaptic anterograde tracer, AAV-SynaptoTag, followed by 3D reconstruction of the
      cortical projections, we performed a comprehensive study of the organization of
      these projections within the mouse claustrum. Our results clearly demonstrate a
      dorsoventral laminar organization of projections from the sensory cortices to the
      claustrum, whereas frontal inputs are more extensive and overlap with the inputs
      from the sensory cortices. In addition, we find evidence supporting a core/shell
      organization of the claustrum. We propose that the overlap between the frontal
      inputs and the inputs from the sensory modalities may underlie executive
      regulation of the communication between the claustrum and the cortical
      modalities. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1381-1402, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 26973028
TI  - Place matters: Contextualizing the roles of religion and race for understanding
      Americans' attitudes about homosexuality.
AB  - As laws and policies related to homosexuality have evolved, Americans' attitudes
      have also changed. Race and religion have been established as important
      indicators of feelings about homosexuality. However, researchers have given
      almost no attention to how county characteristics shape Americans' attitudes.
      Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling techniques, we examine how personal
      characteristics and the religious and racial context of a county shape feelings
      about homosexuality drawing on data from the American National Election Survey
      and information about where respondents reside. We find that African Americans
      initially appear less tolerant than other racial groups, until we account for the
      geographical distribution of attitudes across the nation. Additionally, once we
      consider religious involvement, strength of belief, and religious affiliation
      African Americans appear to have warmer feelings about homosexuality than whites.
      Drawing on the moral communities' hypothesis, we also find that the strength of
      religiosity amongst county residents heightens the influence of personal
      religious beliefs on disapproving attitudes. There is also a direct effect of the
      proportion conservative Protestant, whereby people of all faiths have cooler
      attitudes towards homosexual individuals when they reside in a county with a
      higher proportion of conservative Protestants. Finally, we do not find any
      evidence for an African American cultural influence on attitudes. 

PMID- 26973029
TI  - Collective religiosity and the gender gap in attitudes towards economic
      redistribution in 86 countries, 1990-2008.
AB  - What is the relationship between gender and the demand for redistribution?
      Because, on average, women face more economic deprivation than men, in many
      countries women favor redistribution more than men. However, this is not the case
      in a number of other countries, where women do not support redistribution more
      than men. To explain this cross-national paradox, we stress the role of
      collective religiosity. In many religions, theological principles both militate
      against public policies designed to redistribute income, and also promote
      traditionally gendered patterns of work and family involvement. Hence, we
      hypothesize that, in those countries where religion remains influential either
      through closer church-state ties or an intensely religious population, men and
      women should differ less in their attitudes towards redistribution. Drawing upon
      the World Values Survey, we estimate three-level regression models that test our
      religiosity-based approach and two alternative explanations in 86 countries and
      175 country-years. The results are consistent with our hypothesis. Moreover, in
      further support of our theoretical approach, societal religiosity undermines pro
      redistribution preferences more among women than men. Our findings suggest that
      collective religiosity matters more to the gender gap in redistributive attitudes
      than traditional political and labor force factors. 

PMID- 26973030
TI  - Secularization versus religious revival in Eastern Europe: Church institutional
      resilience, state repression and divergent paths.
AB  - Despite continuing for over two decades, the debate about the nature of the
      trends in religiosity in post-Communist Eastern Europe remains unresolved: some
      arguing that these countries are undergoing the same process of secularization as
      the West, while others insist that the entire region is experiencing a religious
      revival. Using national sample surveys from the early 1990s to 2007 to examine
      the change in demographic predictors of religiosity, we show that Catholic and
      Orthodox countries are experiencing different trends, the first group displaying
      evidence of secularization and the second of revival, and that these two
      different trends are likely to derive from the legacies of state repression and
      the differing abilities of the churches to resist such repression. We argue that
      the current literature has thus taken a mistakenly general approach, and that the
      post-Communist region consists of at least two distinct groups of societies with
      different trends in religiosity. 

PMID- 26973032
TI  - Not a lonely crowd? Social connectedness, religious service attendance, and the
      spiritual but not religious.
AB  - Using the 2006-2014 General Social Survey and 2006-2012 Portraits of American
      Life Study, I find that on three dimensions of social connectedness: social
      interaction frequency, core discussion network size, and number of close ties,
      that religious service attenders are more connected than religious non-attenders
      and then either spiritual nor religious, but there are few differences between
      attenders and the spiritual but not religious. Difference-in-differences and
      fixed-effects models show little evidence that switches between categories are
      associated with changes in connectedness, and additional models show that prior
      social connectedness explains only a small amount of future switches. This paper
      challenges assumptions that the non-religious are a homogenous group lacking the
      benefits provided though the social networks of religious congregations and has
      implications for research on what it means to be spiritual, measuring religion
      and spirituality, and understanding the role of formal organizations in social
      life. 

PMID- 26973031
TI  - Leaving my religion: Understanding the relationship between religious
      disaffiliation, health, and well-being.
AB  - Religious disaffiliation-leaving the religious tradition in which one was raised
      for no religious affiliation in adulthood-has become more common in recent years,
      though few studies have examined its consequences for the health and well-being
      of individuals. We use an innovative approach, comparing the health and
      subjective well-being of religious disaffiliates to those who remain affiliated
      using pooled General Social Survey samples from 1973 through 2012. We find that
      religious disaffiliates experience poorer health and lower well-being than those
      consistently affiliated and those who are consistently unaffiliated. We also
      demonstrate that the disadvantage for those who leave religious traditions is
      completely mediated by the frequency of church attendance, as disaffiliates
      attend church less often. Our results point to the importance of the social
      processes surrounding religious disaffiliation and emphasize the role of dynamics
      in the relationship between religious affiliation and health. 

PMID- 26973033
TI  - Neighborhood disadvantage and obesity across childhood and adolescence: Evidence
      from the NLSY children and young adults cohort (1986-2010).
AB  - Previous research suggests that youth who grow up in socioeconomically
      disadvantaged neighborhoods face higher odds of becoming obese. Neighborhood
      effects scholars, meanwhile, have suggested that contextual influences may
      increase in strength as children age. This is the first study to examine whether
      developmental epochs moderate the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on obesity
      over time. I use thirteen waves of new restricted and geo-coded data on children
      ages 2-18 from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Children and Young
      Adults. Bivariate and pooled logistic regression results suggest that
      neighborhood disadvantage has a stronger impact on adolescents' likelihood of
      becoming obese. Fixed effects models reveal that after adjusting for observed and
      unobserved confounders, adolescents continue to face higher odds of becoming
      obese due to the conditions associated with living in disadvantaged
      neighborhoods. Moreover, as research on adults suggests, girls experience larger
      impacts of neighborhood disadvantage than boys. 

PMID- 26973035
TI  - Changes in the labour market and health inequalities during the years of the
      recent economic downturn in Italy.
AB  - There is widespread concern that episodes of unemployment and unstable working
      conditions adversely affect health. We add to the debate by focusing on the
      relationship between work trajectory and the self-reported health of Italian men
      and women during the present economic downturn. Relying on Italian data in the EU
      SILC project (from 2007 to 2010), our sample includes all individuals aged 30 to
      60 in 2010, and uses multivariate binomial regression models for preliminary
      analyses and the Structural Equations modelling (SEM) to observe the cumulative
      effects of health status according to different job trajectories. Our main
      findings show similar pictures for men and women. Individuals who are unemployed,
      ejected or in precarious occupational positions have a higher risk of worsening
      their health status during these years. 

PMID- 26973034
TI  - The differential impact of discrimination on health among Black and White women.
AB  - Despite a large body of research examining the impact of discrimination on
      health, the ways in which perceived discrimination may lead to disparate health
      outcomes through a sense of self and system consciousness is less understood. The
      current paper is concerned with both mental and physical health consequences of
      discrimination, as well as mediating pathways among African American and White
      women. Indirect effects analyses examine mediating paths from discrimination to
      health outcomes via structural awareness and self-esteem, using data from the
      Women's Life Path Study (N = 237). Our findings suggest that discrimination is
      both directly and indirectly associated with health outcomes for both Black and
      White women, mediated by individual (self-esteem) and group-level (structural
      awareness) processes. Evidence from this study indicates that discrimination is
      associated with heightened structural awareness, as well as lower self-esteem -
      both of which are related to poorer health. Discrimination negatively affected
      health across three domains, although the mechanisms varied somewhat for Black
      and White women. Broad implications of this research for interdisciplinary
      scholarship on the effects of discrimination on health and health disparities are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26973036
TI  - Conflicting views on elder care responsibility in Japan.
AB  - I examine the attitudinal ambivalence created by conflicting social expectations
      regarding parent-child devotion, filial obligation and family membership, and
      gender norms in a national population of Japanese adults. I ask: in a context of
      rapidly changing family and elder care norms, how do different beliefs and
      attitudes overlap and conflict and how are they related to elder care
      preferences? I analyze data from the 2006 Japanese General Social Survey and use
      Latent Class Analysis to identify latent groups in the population defined by
      their beliefs and examine the relationship between class membership and elder
      care preferences. I found variation in the population with respect to the
      measured beliefs as well as a relationship between patterns of beliefs and choice
      of elder caregiver. I found conflicting expectations regarding elder care
      responsibility in one latent class and this class also expressed elder care
      preferences that conflict with at least some of their strongly held beliefs. 

PMID- 26973038
TI  - Is immigrant neighborhood inequality less pronounced in suburban areas?
AB  - We investigate suburbanization and neighborhood inequality among 14 immigrant
      groups using census tract data from the 2008-2012 American Community Survey.
      Immigrant neighborhood inequality is defined here as the degree to which
      immigrants reside in neighborhoods that are poorer than the neighborhoods in
      which native whites reside. Using city and suburb Gini coefficients which reflect
      the distributions of groups across neighborhoods with varying poverty rates, we
      find that the immigrant-white gap is attenuated in the suburbs. This finding
      applies to most of the nativity groups and remains after accounting for
      metropolitan context, the segregation of poverty, and group-specific segregation
      levels, poverty rates, and acculturation characteristics. Despite reduced
      neighborhood inequality in the suburbs, large group differences persist. A few
      immigrant groups achieve residential parity or better vis-a-vis suburban whites
      while others experience high levels of neighborhood inequality and receive
      marginal residential returns on suburban location. 

PMID- 26973037
TI  - Women's age at first marriage and postmarital agency in Egypt.
AB  - Early - or child - marriage (before age 18) may diminish women's ability to
      exercise agency, or their capacity to act upon their goals. Using a propensity
      score adjustment approach, we analyzed data from 2394 married women ages 35-49
      years who participated in the 2006 Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS). We
      examined whether women's first marriage at age 18 or older was associated with
      their post-marital agency, measured in terms of their influence in family
      decisions, freedom of movement in public spaces, and unfavorable views about
      intimate partner violence against wives. In bivariate analyses, women's age at
      first marriage was positively associated with their decision-making and more
      equitable gender attitudes. However, once we controlled for selection into age-at
      first-marriage groups, there were no significant differences between the two age
      at-first-marriage groups in any dimension of women's agency. We examined the
      sensitivity of the non-significant age-at-first-marriage effects to possible
      violations of the strong ignorability assumption and the results did not alter
      our conclusions. The assumption that women's age at first marriage is a proxy for
      their post-marital agency, as defined here, warrants further study. 

PMID- 26973039
TI  - How do they do it? The immigrant paradox in the transition to adulthood.
AB  - How do children of immigrants consistently outperform children of native-born
      U.S. parents, in spite of lower familial resources? Using the Transition to
      Adulthood Study of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, children of immigrant and
      native-born parents completing high school in 2005-13 are followed as they move
      into the young adult years. Children of immigrants are more likely to enroll in
      college, be employed or in school, and less likely to have a criminal record as
      young adults or to have a child than children of nonimmigrants. This is not a
      result of immigrant parentage but due primarily to greater parental educational
      expectations; immigrants enjoy a differential return to parental expectations for
      boys' college enrollment as well. Reading skills and activity patterns in the
      secondary school years also contribute to better outcomes. Children of immigrants
      are better able to translate their reading comprehension skills to college or
      employment later on. 

PMID- 26973041
TI  - History, place, and racial self-representation in 21st century America.
AB  - How is a person's racial self-representation related to the race history of the
      place in which he or she lives? We use Census Bureau data about race and ancestry
      to address this research question for two groups of people with mixed racial
      heritage: those reporting white and American Indian heritages, or reporting black
      and American Indian heritages. Links between history, place, and self
      representation can be seen in geographic clustering for each race/ancestry
      response combination. We use multinomial logistic regression models to predict
      individuals' race/ancestry responses (e.g., white with American Indian ancestry
      versus white and American Indian races) using measures of local race history and
      the area's contemporary racial composition. Multivariate results highlight the
      relationship between a person's identity claims and the history of the area, net
      of contemporary area composition. Future research should attend to the history of
      the place as a potential contributor to contemporary patterns. 

PMID- 26973040
TI  - New faces in new spaces in new places: Residential attainment among newly
      legalized immigrants in established, new, and minor destinations.
AB  - Immigrants at the beginning of the twenty-first century are located in a more
      diverse set of metropolitan areas than at any point in U.S. HISTORY: Whether
      immigrants' residential prospects are helped or hindered in new versus
      established immigrant-receiving areas has been the subject of debate. Using
      multilevel models and data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS), a nationally
      representative sample of newly legalized immigrants to the U.S., we move beyond
      aggregate-level analyses of residential segregation to specify the influence of
      destination type on individual-level immigrant residential outcomes. The findings
      indicate that immigrants in new and minor destinations are significantly more
      likely to live in tracts with relatively more non-Hispanic whites and relatively
      fewer immigrants and poor residents. These residential advantages persist net of
      individual-level controls but are largely accounted for by place-to-place
      differences in metropolitan composition and structure. Our exclusive focus on
      newly legalized immigrants means that our findings do not necessarily contradict
      the possibility of worse residential prospects in new areas of settlement, but
      rather qualifies it as not extending to the newly authorized population.

PMID- 26973042
TI  - The value of educational degrees in turbulent economic times: Evidence from the
      Youth Development Study.
AB  - Rising costs of higher education have prompted debate about the value of college
      degrees. Using mixed effects panel models of data from the Youth Development
      Study (ages 31-37), we compare occupational outcomes (i.e., weekly hours worked,
      earnings, employment status, career attainment, and job security) between
      educational attainment categories within year, and within categories across
      years, from 2005 to 2011, capturing the period before, during, and in the
      aftermath of the Great Recession. Our findings demonstrate the long-term value of
      post-secondary degrees. Bachelor's and Associate's degree recipients, while
      experiencing setbacks at the height of recession, were significantly better off
      than those with some or no college attendance. Vocational-Technical degree
      holders followed a unique trajectory: pre-recession, they are mostly on par with
      Associate's and Bachelor's recipients, but they are hit particularly hard by the
      recession and then rebound somewhat afterwards. Our findings highlight the perils
      of starting but not finishing post-secondary educational programs. 

PMID- 26973043
TI  - How beauty works. Theoretical mechanisms and two empirical applications on
      students' evaluation of teaching.
AB  - Plenty of studies show that the physical appearance of a person affects a variety
      of outcomes in everyday life. However, due to an incomplete theoretical
      explication and empirical problems in disentangling different beauty effects, it
      is unclear which mechanisms are at work. To clarify how beauty works we present
      explanations from evolutionary theory and expectation states theory and show
      where both perspectives differ and where interlinkage appears promising. Using
      students' evaluations of teaching we find observational and experimental evidence
      for the different causal pathways of physical attractiveness. First, independent
      raters strongly agree over the physical attractiveness of a person. Second,
      attractive instructors receive better student ratings. Third, students attend
      classes of attractive instructors more frequently - even after controlling for
      teaching quality. Fourth, we find no evidence that attractiveness effects become
      stronger if rater and ratee are of the opposite sex. Finally, the beauty premium
      turns into a penalty if an attractive instructor falls short of students'
      expectations. 

PMID- 26973044
TI  - Perceptual type error in everyday practice.
AB  - Discrepancy or quality improvement meetings are good practice and are now
      commonplace in most Radiology Departments, with the aim of improving diagnostic
      accuracy, preventing recurrent and common mistakes, improving the radiological
      report and thereby improving patient care. A total of 122 cases were assessed
      from a two-year period. This review highlights some of the more common, recurrent
      and important issues encountered within a general hospital with an emphasis on
      learning points and review areas. 

PMID- 26973045
TI  - Improving trauma imaging in Wales through Kotter's theory of change.
AB  - AIM: To improve the practice of trauma computed tomography (CT) within Wales
      using recognised leadership techniques for change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Royal
      College of Radiologists' (RCR) guidance, in addition to other key recent
      evidence, were used to form an aspirational standard. All centres across Wales
      with a major emergency department were included. Kotter's theory of change was
      utilised to facilitate an improvement in practice across the region, with larger
      units prioritised initially. RESULTS: Of the 13 major emergency units in Wales,
      eight centres had no formal trauma CT protocol. Only one centre utilised the
      Bastion protocol (in comparison to 75% of major trauma centres). After the
      campaign to improve trauma imaging, seven centres now offer the Bastion protocol,
      with currently only three peripheral centres still without a procedure for whole
      body CT. The two largest centres have implemented an emergency department pro
      forma. CONCLUSION: Trauma CT within Wales has significantly improved as a result
      of this project. Kotter's theory is demonstrated as an effective tool for
      facilitating a change in practice on a regional/national scale.

PMID- 26973046
TI  - Split-bolus single-pass in trauma pan-CT: how to ensure reproducibility and
      diagnostic efficacy.

PMID- 26973047
TI  - Adsorption of phenol molecules by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants
      deposited on solid surfaces: A computer simulation study.
AB  - Adsorption studies of phenol molecules on a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle
      were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Simulations were carried out
      in bulk and on three distinct solid surfaces, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide
      and graphite. It was observed that different surfactant micellar shapes were
      formed on the surfaces. For the silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide surfaces the
      surfactants were adsorbed by their headgroups whereas for the graphite surface
      they were adsorbed mainly by their tail groups. It was found that the amount of
      phenol adsorbed on the SDS micelle was altered by the surfactant shape deposited
      on the solid surface. However, the best phenol adsorption was obtained by the
      surfactant modified silicon dioxide surface. Moreover, in all cases, from
      structural investigations, it was determined that the phenol molecules were
      located inside the surfactant micelle with their hydroxyl groups close to the SDS
      headgroups. 

PMID- 26973048
TI  - Exploring isoxazole and carboxamide derivatives as potential non-nucleoside
      reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
AB  - Nonnucleoside reverse transciptase inhibitors (NNRTI) are a class of drug
      molecules with a specific target of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). In the
      present work, we evaluated a set of selected oxazole and carboxamide derivatives
      to identify potential pharmacophoric features using molecular docking approach.
      The docking approach employed has been validated by enrichment factor calculation
      at top 1% (EF1%). It shows a considerable improvement in EF1%value compared to
      earlier reported study carried out on specific dataset of ligands and decoys for
      RT, in the directory of useful decoys (DUD). The carboxamide derivatives show
      better activity as NNRT inhibitors than oxazole derivatives. From this study,
      four pharmacophoric groups including a triazine ring, an aniline substituent, a
      benzyl amide moiety and a trimethylphenoxy substituent have been recognized and
      used for designing new NNRT inhibitors. Newly designed molecules show significant
      enhancement in docking scores over the native ligand, parent and other training
      set molecules. In addition, some functional groups have also been identified to
      assist in improving the activity of these pharmacophores. Thus a nitrile group,
      an amide and fluoro substitution turn out to be an important requisite for NNRT
      potential inhibitors. 

PMID- 26973049
TI  - Detection of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization Using Optical Coherence
      Tomography Angiography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess whether optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can be
      used as an alternative to conventional fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) for
      the detection of myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV). DESIGN: Validity and
      reliability analysis. METHODS: Twenty-eight eyes of 26 consecutive Japanese
      patients with exudative lesions associated with pathologic myopia were included
      in this institutional study. Myopic CNV was detected in 23 eyes of 22 patients; 5
      eyes exhibited simple hemorrhage. The main outcome measure was CNV detection by
      OCTA and FFA. The CNV area was individually measured by FFA and OCTA. Intraclass
      correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the CNV area, independently measured by 2
      investigators using OCTA and FFA, were determined. RESULTS: OCTA images with
      sufficient quality for CNV assessment were obtained for 17 eyes with CNV and 4
      without. FFA alone detected CNV in all 17 eyes, while OCTA alone detected CNV in
      16 (94.1%). The 1 eye for which CNV was not detected by OCTA exhibited a 0.01
      mm(2) area on FFA. Both FFA and OCTA did not detect CNV in eyes with simple
      hemorrhage. The mean CNV areas on FFA and OCTA were 0.59 +/- 0.56 mm(2) and 0.51
      +/- 0.55 mm(2), respectively; the 2 values were significantly correlated (P <
      .001, r = .86). The ICC (2, 1) values for FFA and OCTA were 0.944 and 0.997,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that OCTA can detect most myopic
      CNVs if high-quality images are acquired and can preclude the requirement for FFA
      in these settings.

PMID- 26973051
TI  - Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography-Derived Characteristics of Bruch
      Membrane Opening in a Young Adult Australian Population.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize and quantify Bruch membrane opening (BMO)-based optic
      nerve head (ONH) parameters in a large, young and healthy, predominantly white
      population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and reliability analysis. METHODS: The
      ONH of 1344 predominantly white subjects were imaged with spectral-domain optical
      coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A customized script, coded in Matlab, was used to
      manually segment and measure multiple BMO-based parameters of the ONH.
      Measurements were compared to those obtained with confocal scanning laser
      ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph; HRT). Regression analysis was
      performed to assess the relationship between BMO parameters and other ocular and
      demographic variables. RESULTS: Mean BMO disc and neuroretinal rim (NRR) areas
      ranged from 0.94 to 4.06 mm(2) (mean 1.77 +/- 0.38 mm(2)) and 0.94 to 3.99 mm(2)
      (mean 1.56 +/- 0.31 mm(2)), respectively. When compared to the equivalent HRT
      measurements, SD-OCT-derived measures differed significantly for all comparable
      ONH parameters (P < .001). The limits of agreement computed from Bland-Altman
      plots comparing SD-OCT and HRT measurements showed suboptimal agreement between
      the techniques. Linear regression analysis demonstrated an effect of ethnicity,
      axial length, and refractive error on BMO-based parameters. CONCLUSIONS: We have
      quantified BMO-based parameters in a large cohort of young adults using SD-OCT.
      These data will be informative in constructing normative profiles for clinical
      and research purposes in glaucoma diagnosis and management.

PMID- 26973050
TI  - Isolated Orbital Aspergillosis in Immunocompetent Patients: A Multicenter Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report clinicopathologic features, radiologic findings, and
      treatment outcomes of isolated, orbital aspergillosis. DESIGN: Multicenter,
      retrospective case series. METHODS: setting: Multicenter. PARTICIPANTS: There
      were 8 lesions in 8 eyes of 8 patients with isolated, orbital aspergillosis.
      PROCEDURE: Review of medical records and histopathology slides. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Disease control. RESULTS: Of 34 patients with orbital aspergillosis, 8
      (23.5%) had isolated orbital involvement at presentation. The mean age at
      presentation was 34.5 years (median, 43 years: range, 0.5-72 years). Gradually
      progressive proptosis and eyelid swelling were the most common presenting
      features (each 4/8). Proptosis ranged from 4 mm to 9 mm (median, 5.5 mm; mean,
      5.75 mm). Restriction of ocular motility was seen in all 8 patients. Other
      examination findings included palpable mass (2/8), conjunctival chemosis (2/8),
      hyperglobus (1/8), hypoglobus (1/8), and resistance to retropulsion (1/8).
      Microbial culture results were available in 1 patient and showed Aspergillus
      fumigatus. Two patients were treated with complete surgical excision alone while
      6 were treated with antifungal medications. Complete resolution of proptosis and
      restoration of ocular motility were seen in all patients following treatment.
      Visual disturbances present in 1 were corrected following treatment. Recurrence
      was observed in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: Isolated orbital aspergillosis, though
      rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting
      with a gradually progressive orbital mass, especially in Asian individuals. Early
      recognition will help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this
      disease.

PMID- 26973053
TI  - Micro-shear bond strength of different resin cements to ceramic/glass-polymer CAD
      CAM block materials.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrofluoric acid
      treatment on bond strength of resin cements to three different types of
      ceramic/glass containing CAD-CAM block composite materials. METHODS: CAD-CAM
      block materials of polymer infiltrated (Vita Enamic), resin nanoceramic (Lava
      Ultimate) and nanoceramic (Cerasmart) with a thickness of 1.5mm were randomly
      divided into two groups according to the surface treatment performed. In Group 1,
      specimens were wet-ground with silicon carbide abrasive papers up to no. 1000. In
      Group 2, 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel was applied to ceramics. Three different
      resin cements (RelyX, Variolink Esthetic and G-CEM LinkAce) were applied to the
      tubes in 1.2-mm thick increments and light-cured for 40s using LED light curing
      unit. Half of the specimens (n=10) were submitted to thermal cycling (5000
      cycles, 5-55 degrees C). The strength measurements were accomplished with a
      universal testing machine (Lloyd Instruments) at a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min
      until the failure occurs. Failure modes were examined using a stereomicroscope
      and scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed with multivariate
      analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests (alpha=0.05). RESULTS:
      There were significant differences between ceramics and resin cements (p<0.001).
      However, hydrofluoric acid gel treatment had no effect on bond strength values
      (p=0.073). In addition, thermal cycling significantly decreased bond strength
      values of resin cements to ceramics (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Use of appropriate
      resin cement systems with different ceramic/glass-polymer materials might promote
      the bonding capacity of these systems.

PMID- 26973052
TI  - A Critical Analysis of Eleven Periocular Lobular Capillary Hemangiomas in Adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: To provide a critical analysis of a series of periocular lobular
      capillary hemangiomas in adults, outlining characteristic clinical and
      histopathologic patterns in comparison with those of other vascular tumors of
      adults and children. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. METHODS:
      Review of clinical data, hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections, and
      immunohistochemical studies of smooth muscle actin (SMA), D2-40, CD34, and
      glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1). RESULTS: The 7 female and 4 male patients were
      diagnosed with periocular lobular capillary hemangioma at a median age of 39
      years (range, 17-82 years). The tumors were small (3-14 mm, median size 6 mm) and
      well circumscribed, arose over the course of weeks to months, and developed most
      commonly in the canthal region, followed by the upper eyelid skin. The tumors
      were all composed microscopically of repeating units of various sizes (lobules)
      consisting of CD34-postive, GLUT-1-negative endothelial cells and SMA-positive
      pericytes arranged in macro- or microlobules. Some foci also exhibited ectatic
      vessels or diffuse, nonlobular capillary proliferations. Excision was curative
      without recurrence. CONCLUSION: Although capillary hemangiomas are more common in
      children, lobular capillary hemangiomas can also arise in the periocular region
      of adults. Some histopathologic features of these lesions are shared with those
      of infantile hemangioma and tufted angioma of children, but features of the
      clinical presentation and the results of immunohistochemical staining patterns
      are distinctive.

PMID- 26973054
TI  - Ultraminiaturized assay for rapid, low cost detection and quantification of
      clinical and biochemical samples.
AB  - Herein, we report a simple, sensitive, rapid and low-cost ultraminiaturized assay
      technique for quantitative detection of 1 MUl of clinical or biochemical sample
      on a novel ultraminiaturized assay plate (UAP). UAP is prepared by making tiny
      cavities on a polypropylene sheet. As UAP cannot immobilize a biomolecule through
      absorption, we have activated the tiny cavities of UAP by 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4
      azidobenzene in a photochemical reaction. Activated UAP (AUAP) can covalently
      immobilize any biomolecule having an active nucleophilic group such as amino
      group. Efficacy of AUAP is demonstrated by detecting human IgE, antibody of
      hepatitis C virus core antigen and oligonucleotides. Quantification is performed
      by capturing the image of the colored assay solution and digitally quantifying
      the image by color saturation without using costly NanoDrop spectrophotometer.
      Image - based detection of human IgE and an oligonucleotide shows an excellent
      correlation with absorbance - based assay (recorded in a NanoDrop
      spectrophotometer); it is validated by Pearson's product-moment correlation with
      correlation coefficient of r = 0.9545088 and r = 0.9947444 respectively. AUAP is
      further checked by detecting hepatitis C virus Ab where strong correlation of
      color saturation with absorbance with respect to concentration is observed.
      Ultraminiaturized assay successfully detects target oligonucleotides by perfectly
      hybridizing with their respective complementary oligonucleotide probes but not
      with a random oligonucleotide. Ultraminiaturized assay technique has
      substantially reduced the requirement of reagents by 100 times and assay timing
      by 50 times making it a potential alternative to conventional method. 

PMID- 26973055
TI  - Management and outcome of low velocity penetrating head injury caused by impacted
      foreign bodies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Penetrating head injuries with impacted foreign bodies are rare,
      associated with a high incidence of morbidity and potentially life-threatening.
      In this study, we aimed at investigating the outcome of these cases as well as
      analyzing the factors affecting the prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective study in
      which the records of 16 patients who had penetrating head injuries caused by low
      velocity impacted foreign bodies were revised. All patients were males with a
      mean age of 28.9 years (range, 18 to 50 years). The follow-up period ranged from
      4 to 13 months with a mean of 8.1 months. Causes of injury were construction
      accidents in 6 (37.5 %) patients, assault in 6 (37.5 %) and road traffic
      accidents in 4 (25 %). The impacted objects included a bar of iron, a piece of
      wood, a nail, a sickle and a piece of glass. Diagnostic computerized tomography
      (CT) of the brain was carried out on admission in all patients. Thirteen (81.3 %)
      patients were submitted to surgery, and all had the appropriate management in the
      form of antibiotics and dehydrating measures as required. The primary outcome
      measure was the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: At
      the end of follow-up, ten (62.5 %) patients had a GOS score of 5, two (12.5 %)
      patients had a score of 4, and four (25 %) patients had a score of 1.
      CONCLUSIONS: Low-velocity penetrating head injuries are most common in young
      adult males. With the appropriate management, a majority of even the most severe
      cases can have a favorable outcome.

PMID- 26973057
TI  - Dibenzothiophene desulfurization capability and evolutionary divergence of newly
      isolated bacteria.
AB  - Metabolically microorganisms are diverse, and they are capable of transforming
      almost every known group of chemical compounds present in coal and oil in various
      forms. In this milieu, one of the important microbial metabolic processes is the
      biodesulfurization [cleavage of carbon-sulfur (C-S) bond] of thiophenic
      compounds, such as dibenzothiophene (DBT), which is the most abundant form of
      organic sulfur present in fossil fuels. In the current study, ten newly isolated
      bacterial isolates, designated as species of genera Gordonia, Amycolatopsis,
      Microbacterium and Mycobacterium, were enriched from different samples in the
      presence of DBT as a sole source of organic sulfur. The HPLC analysis of the DBT
      grown cultures indicated the consumption of DBT and accumulation of 2
      hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP). Detection of 2-HBP, a marker metabolite of 4S (sulfoxide
      sulfone-sulfinate-sulfate) pathway, suggested that the newly isolated strains
      harbored metabolic activity for DBT desulfurization through the cleavage of C-S
      bond. The maximum 2-HBP formation rate was 3.5 umol/g dry cell weight (DCW)/h.
      The phylogenetic analysis of the new isolates showed that they had diverse
      distribution within the phylogenetic tree and formed distinct clusters,
      suggesting that they might represent strains of already reported species or they
      were altogether new species. Estimates of evolutionary divergence showed high
      level of nucleotide divergence between the isolates within the same genus. The
      new isolates were able to use a range of heterocyclic sulfur compounds, thus
      making them suitable candidates for a robust biodesulfurization system for fossil
      fuels. 

PMID- 26973056
TI  - Chronic Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation Protects Against Seizures, Cognitive
      Impairments, Hippocampal Apoptosis, and Inflammatory Responses in Epileptic Rats.
AB  - Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) has recently been demonstrated effective in
      the treatment of epilepsy and mood disorders. Here, we aim to determine the
      effects of TNS on epileptogenesis, cognitive function, and the associated
      hippocampal apoptosis and inflammatory responses. Rats were injected with
      pilocarpine to produce status epilepticus (SE) and the following chronic
      epilepsy. After SE induction, TNS treatment was conducted for 4 consecutive
      weeks. A pilocarpine re-injection was then used to induce a seizure in the
      epileptic rats. The hippocampal neuronal apoptosis induced by seizure was
      assessed by TUNEL staining and inflammatory responses by immunohistochemistry and
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The spontaneous recurrent seizure
      (SRS) number was counted through video monitoring, and the cognitive function
      assessed through Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. TNS treatment attenuated the SRS
      attacks and improved the cognitive impairment in epileptic rats. A pilocarpine re
      injection resulted in less hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and reduced level of
      interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and
      microglial activation in epileptic rats with TNS treatment in comparison to the
      epileptic rats without TNS treatment. It is concluded that TNS treatment shortly
      after SE not only protected against the chronic spontaneous seizures but also
      improved cognitive impairments. These antiepileptic properties of TNS may be
      related to its attenuating effects on hippocampal apoptosis and pro-inflammatory
      responses. 

PMID- 26973058
TI  - Trends in surgery and outcomes of squamous cell vulvar cancer patients over a 16
      year period (1998-2013): a population-based analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective was to identify trends in surgery and the outcomes of
      squamous cell vulvar cancer in a population-based setting. METHODS: A total of
      1113 patients with squamous cell vulvar cancer diagnosed between 1998 and 2013 in
      the catchment area of the Munich Cancer Registry (population approximately 4.6
      million) were analysed. Trends in prognostic factors and treatment were examined
      by comparing patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2008 with those diagnosed
      between 2009 and 2013. Cumulative incidence was used to calculate time to local
      (LR) and lymph node recurrence (LNR). Survival was analysed by the Kaplan-Meier
      method, calculation of relative survival (RS), and a Cox model. RESULTS: The high
      median age at diagnosis of 75 years did not change significantly over time. In
      addition, no changes in the subsite of tumour or grading were noted. A decrease
      in patients undergoing complete vulvectomy from 27.7 to 17.8 % (p < 0.001) as
      well as an increase in the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy from 11.4 to 39.1 %
      (p < 0.001) was observed. However, time to LR (from 19 to 19 %) and time to LNR
      (from 9 to 9 %) as well as 5-year overall survival (from 55 to 55 %) and RS (from
      66 to 63 %) were not significantly altered. After adjustment for prognostic
      factors, less radical locoregional surgery had no influence on survival.
      CONCLUSION: Less radical locoregional surgery in vulvar cancer is increasingly
      implemented. Locoregional recurrence and survival have not been affected by these
      changes and are likely accompanied by an improvement in quality of life.

PMID- 26973059
TI  - Impact of a gene expression classifier on the long-term management of patients
      with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The gene expression classifier (GEC, Afirma ) reclassifies as
      molecularly benign approximately one half of thyroid nodule fine-needle
      aspiration (FNA) biopsies with an initial indeterminate cytopathology diagnosis,
      facilitating clinical monitoring in lieu of diagnostic thyroid surgery. This
      study evaluated the long-term management patterns and thyroid surgery rates of
      GEC benign patients compared to a control group of cytopathology benign patients
      and also described the costs of thyroid surgery. METHODS: This retrospective
      cohort study used laboratory test results linked to payer medical claims data.
      Patients who underwent FNA biopsy between 1 January 2011 and 31 July 2013 were
      selected. GEC benign patients were matched 1:3 to cytopathology benign patients
      on biopsy year, gender, nodule size and age. Outcomes measured included thyroid
      related follow-up clinic visits, ultrasound examinations and surgeries. RESULTS:
      Out of 2059 patients, matched groups consisting of 201 GEC benign patients and
      603 cytopathology benign patients were evaluated over an average follow-up of 20
      months. The proportions of GEC benign and cytopathology benign patients that
      underwent thyroid surgery (11.4% versus 10.1%, p = 0.594), and received a follow
      up ultrasound exam (60.2% versus 61.7%, p = 0.706), respectively, were not
      significantly different. Average thyroid-related medical cost for the surgical
      episode and during 6 months following surgery were $10,432.00 (SD $8301) and
      $10,939.00 (SD $9656) respectively. LIMITATIONS: The study cohort included only
      patients whose diagnostic laboratory test results and administrative claims data
      were uniquely identifiable and could be linked on multiple identifiers; the
      rigorous matching and patient selection algorithms utilized improved the
      robustness and internal validity of the study. Claims were used as a proxy for
      clinical utilization without chart review confirmation. CONCLUSION: Patients with
      GEC and cytopathology benign diagnoses were managed similarly. The majority of
      patients in both groups did not undergo surgery and were managed with usual care,
      consisting of clinical follow-up and ultrasound exams.

PMID- 26973060
TI  - Hereditary cancer registries improve the care of patients with a genetic
      predisposition to cancer: contributions from the Dutch Lynch syndrome registry.
AB  - The Dutch Hereditary Cancer Registry was established in 1985 with the support of
      the Ministry of Health (VWS). The aims of the registry are: (1) to promote the
      identification of families with hereditary cancer, (2) to encourage the
      participation in surveillance programs of individuals at high risk, (3) to ensure
      the continuity of lifelong surveillance examinations, and (4) to promote
      research, in particular the improvement of surveillance protocols. During its
      early days the registry provided assistance with family investigations and the
      collection of medical data, and recommended surveillance when a family fulfilled
      specific diagnostic criteria. Since 2000 the registry has focused on family
      follow-up, and ensuring the quality of surveillance programs and appropriate
      clinical management. Since its founding, the registry has identified over 10,000
      high-risk individuals with a diverse array of hereditary cancer syndromes. All
      were encouraged to participate in prevention programmes. The registry has
      published a number of studies that evaluated the outcome of surveillance
      protocols for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Lynch syndrome, as well as in familial
      colorectal cancer. In 2006, evaluation of the effect of registration and
      colonoscopic surveillance on the mortality rate associated with colorectal cancer
      (CRC) showed that the policy led to a substantial decrease in the mortality rate
      associated with CRC. Following discovery of MMR gene defects, the first
      predictive model that could select families for genetic testing was published by
      the Leiden group. In addition, over the years the registry has produced many
      cancer risk studies that have helped to develop appropriate surveillance
      protocols. Hereditary cancer registries in general, and the Lynch syndrome
      registry in particular, play an important role in improving the clinical
      management of affected families.

PMID- 26973061
TI  - Clinical risk assessment model for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To develop a clinical risk prediction model that
      identifies children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a clinical setting by
      examining the symptoms, physical status, and OSA-18 questionnaire results.
      DESIGN: Single institutional, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Children aged 2 to
      18 years with symptoms of OSA were enrolled. Pediatric OSA was diagnosed through
      full-night polysomnography. Clinical data, namely demographics, symptoms, OSA-18
      survey results, tonsil and adenoid sizes, and the weight of each child, were
      examined for constructing a simple point-based clinical model for OSA prediction.
      Variables for the risk model were selected using multivariable logistic
      regression analyses. RESULTS: Of the 310 participants (mean age, 7.6 +/- 3.7
      years; boys, 67%), 170 (55%) experienced OSA. Modeling variables were determined
      using several univariate logistic regression analyses, followed by multivariable
      logistic regression analyses. A point-based clinical model incorporating the age,
      tonsil size (5 points maximum), adenoid size (5 and 20 points for age > 6 years
      and < 6 years, respectively), obesity (5 points for age > 6 years), and breathing
      pauses (5 points) was developed (area under the curve = 0.832). Moreover, the
      optimal cutoff points for predicting the apnea-hypopnea index of > 1 and > 5 were
      10 (sensitivity, 72.9%; specificity, 65.0%) and 12 (sensitivity, 77.5%;
      specificity, 56.9%), respectively. Internal validation using the bootstrap method
      revealed no apparent overfitting problem. CONCLUSION: A novel clinical prediction
      model was developed for determining the risk of pediatric OSA; the model can be
      useful in identifying high-risk patients among those with sleep disturbances.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2403-2409, 2016.

PMID- 26973062
TI  - Heat urticaria: a revision of published cases with an update on classification
      and management.
AB  - Heat urticaria (HU) is a rare type of physical inducible urticaria, characterized
      by itchy erythema and well-demarcated weals appearing soon after heat exposure.
      Most cases occur in female patients aged 20-45 years. Both localized and
      generalized forms exist, depending on the limitation of the reaction to the skin
      area directly exposed to the physical stimulus or the involvement of distant
      sites, respectively. In most cases, HU is an immediate reaction, but delayed
      forms (mostly familial) have been described. HU is a long-lasting disease with
      overall duration at diagnosis of approximately 2 years. In about half of cases it
      is associated with systemic symptoms such as weakness, wheezing, headache,
      flushing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, tachycardia, even dyspnoea or syncope. The
      main differential diagnosis includes cholinergic urticaria, exercise-induced
      anaphylaxis and solar urticaria. The diagnosis of HU is established by
      provocation testing, which is also helpful to evaluate the critical temperature
      threshold. The mean threshold temperature is about 44  degrees C. A heat
      desensitization programme can be an effective treatment. Nonsedating H1
      antihistamines administered at licensed doses are the mainstay of symptomatic
      therapy in nearly 60% of patients, but full symptom relief is achieved in only a
      minority of them. Omalizumab has proven effective in recent case reports. 

PMID- 26973063
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for leishmaniasis.
AB  - A number of leishmaniasis vaccine candidates are at various stages of pre
      clinical and clinical development. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected
      tropical disease (NTD) caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and
      transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, kala
      azar) is a high mortality NTD found mostly in South Asia and East Africa, while
      cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a disfiguring NTD highly endemic in the Middle
      East, Central Asia, North Africa, and the Americas. Estimates attribute 50,000
      annual deaths and 3.3 million disability-adjusted life years to leishmaniasis.
      There are only a few approved drug treatments, no prophylactic drug and no
      vaccine. Ideally, an effective vaccine against leishmaniasis will elicit long
      lasting immunity and protect broadly against VL and CL. Vaccines such as Leish
      F1, F2 and F3, developed at IDRI and designed based on selected Leishmania
      antigen epitopes, have been in clinical trials. Other groups, including the Sabin
      Vaccine Institute in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health are
      investigating recombinant Leishmania antigens in combination with selected sand
      fly salivary gland antigens in order to augment host immunity. To date, both VL
      and CL vaccines have been shown to be cost-effective in economic modeling
      studies.

PMID- 26973064
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development for Campylobacter jejuni.
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide
      and is associated with a number of sequelae, including Guillain-Barre Syndrome,
      reactive arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome and growth stunting/malnutrition.
      Vaccine development against C. jejuni is complicated by its antigenic diversity,
      a lack of small animal models, and a poor understanding of the bacterium's
      pathogenesis. Vaccine approaches have been limited to recombinant proteins, none
      of which have advanced beyond Phase I testing. Genomic analyses have revealed the
      presence of a polysaccharide capsule on C. jejuni. Given the success of capsule
      conjugate vaccines for other mucosal pathogens of global importance, efforts to
      evaluate this established approach for C. jejuni are also being pursued. A
      prototypical capsule-conjugate vaccine has demonstrated efficacy against
      diarrheal disease in non-human primates and is currently in Phase I testing. In
      addition to proof of concept studies, more data on the global prevalence of
      capsular types, and a better understanding of the acute and chronic consequences
      of C. jejuni are needed to inform investments for a globally relevant vaccine.

PMID- 26973065
TI  - Status of research and development of vaccines for enterovirus 71.
AB  - Although outbreaks of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) in young children have
      long been recognized worldwide, the occurrence of rare and life-threatening
      neurological, respiratory, and cardiac complications has propelled this common
      condition into the spotlight as a major public health problem in the affected
      countries. Various enteroviruses cause HFMD, but the severe complications have
      been mostly associated with enterovirus 71 (EV71). Medical treatment is
      supportive and measures to interrupt transmission have been challenging to
      implement. Preventive vaccines could have an important clinical impact,
      especially among children younger than 3 years old who are most susceptible to
      the neurological complications. Several groups in the highly affected Asia
      Pacific region are working towards vaccines against EV71 and some candidates have
      progressed to late-stage clinical trials with two vaccines recently reported to
      have been approved by the regulatory authorities in China. This report summarizes
      current issues and progress in the development of vaccines against EV71.

PMID- 26973066
TI  - Effect of different detoxification procedures on the residual pertussis toxin
      activities in vaccines.
AB  - Pertussis toxin (PTx) is a major virulence factor produced by Bordetella
      pertussis and its detoxified form is one of the major protective antigens in
      vaccines against whooping cough. Ideally, PTx in the vaccine should be completely
      detoxified while still preserving immunogenicity. However, this may not always be
      the case. Due to multilevel reaction mechanisms of chemical detoxification that
      act on different molecular sites and with different production processes, it is
      difficult to define a molecular characteristic of a pertussis toxoid. PTx has two
      functional distinctive domains: the ADP-ribosyltransferase enzymatic subunit S1
      (A-protomer) and the host cell binding carbohydrate-binding subunits S2-5 (B
      oligomer); and in this study, we investigated the effect of different
      detoxification processes on these two functional activities of the residual PTx
      in toxoids and vaccines currently marketed worldwide using a recently developed
      in vitro biochemical assay system. The patho-physiological activities in these
      samples were also estimated using the in vivo official histamine sensitisation
      tests. Different types of vaccines, detoxified by formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde or
      by both, have different residual functional and individual baseline activities.
      Of the vaccines tested, PT toxoid detoxified by formaldehyde had the lowest
      residual PTx ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. The carbohydrate binding results
      detected by anti-PTx polyclonal (pAb) and anti-PTx subunits monoclonal antibodies
      (mAb) showed specific binding profiles for toxoids and vaccines produced from
      different detoxification methods. In addition, we also demonstrated that using
      pAb or mAb S2/3 as detection antibodies would give a better differential
      difference between these vaccine lots than using mAbs S1 or S4. In summary, we
      showed for the first time that by measuring the activities of the two functional
      domains of PTx, we could characterise pertussis toxoids prepared from different
      chemical detoxification methods and this study also highlights the potential use
      of this in vitro biochemical assay system for in-process control. 

PMID- 26973067
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for herpes simplex virus.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and -2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent global
      pathogens which commonly cause recurrent oral and genital ulcerations. Less
      common but more serious complications include meningitis, encephalitis, neonatal
      infection, and keratitis. HSV-2 infection is a significant driver of the HIV
      epidemic, increasing the risk of HIV acquisition 3 fold. As current control
      strategies for genital HSV-2 infection, including antiviral therapy and condom
      use, are only partially effective, vaccines will be required to reduce infection.
      Both preventive and therapeutic vaccines for HSV-2 are being pursued and are in
      various stages of development. We will provide an overview of efforts to develop
      HSV-2 vaccines, including a discussion of the clinical need for an HSV vaccine,
      and status of research and development with an emphasis on recent insights from
      trials of vaccine candidates in clinical testing. In addition, we will touch upon
      aspects of HSV vaccine development relevant to low and middle income countries.

PMID- 26973068
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Nipah virus.
AB  - Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic, recently emerged paramyxovirus that has
      been responsible for sporadic outbreaks of respiratory and encephalitic disease
      in Southeast Asia. High case fatality rates have also been associated with recent
      outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh. Although over two billion people currently
      live in regions in which NiV is endemic or in which the Pteropus fruit bat
      reservoir is commonly found, there is no approved vaccine to protect against NiV
      disease. This report examines the feasibility and current efforts to develop a
      NiV vaccine including potential hurdles for technical and regulatory assessment
      of candidate vaccines and the likelihood for financing.

PMID- 26973069
TI  - Construction and preclinical evaluation of mmCT, a novel mutant cholera toxin
      adjuvant that can be efficiently produced in genetically manipulated Vibrio
      cholerae.
AB  - There is an urgent need for new adjuvants that are effective with mucosally
      administered vaccines. Cholera toxin (CT) is the most powerful known mucosal
      adjuvant but is much too toxic for human use. In an effort to develop a useful
      mucosal adjuvant we have generated a novel non-toxic mutant CT molecule that
      retains much of the adjuvant activity of native CT. This was achieved by making
      the enzymatically active A subunit (CTA) recalcitrant to the site-specific
      proteolytic cleavage ("nicking") required for toxicity, which was found to
      require mutations not only in the two residues rendering the molecule resistant
      to trypsin but also in neighboring sites protecting against cleavage by Vibrio
      cholerae proteases. This multiple-mutated CT (mmCT) adjuvant protein could be
      efficiently produced in and purified from the extracellular medium of CT-deleted
      V. cholerae. The mmCT completely lacked detectable enterotoxicity in an infant
      mouse model and had >1000-fold reduced cAMP inducing activity compared to native
      CT in a sensitive mammalian target cell system. It nonetheless proved to have
      potent adjuvant activity on mucosal and systemic antibody as well as cellular
      immune responses to mucosally co-administered antigens including oral cholera and
      intranasal influenza vaccines. We conclude that mmCT is an attractive novel non
      toxic mucosal adjuvant for enhancing immune responses to co-administered mucosal
      vaccines. 

PMID- 26973070
TI  - Use of allicin as feed additive to enhance vaccination capacity of Clostridium
      perfringens toxoid in rabbits.
AB  - The present study assessed the efficacy of Clostridium perfringens (C.
      perfringens) toxoid and/or allicin - as feed additive - in rabbits for preventing
      or minimizing the severity of infection with locally isolated strain of C.
      perfringens type A. Serum biochemical, immunological and pathological
      investigations were also done. One hundred rabbits of 6 weeks of age were divided
      into five equal groups (G1-G5). G1 were kept as normal control. G2 was allocated
      for C. perfringens type A infection. G3 was vaccinated with C. perfringens toxoid
      at zero time and then with a booster dose at the 3rd week of the experimental
      period. G4 was treated with allicin 20% added to the ration (200mg/kg ration) all
      over the experimental period. G5 was vaccinated with C. perfringens toxoid at the
      zero time then with a booster dose at the 3rd week of the experiment period, and
      treated with allicin 20% from the zero time till the end of the experiment. At
      the 4th week, G2, G3, G4 and G5 were challenged orally (5 ml) and subcutaneously
      (2 ml) with 24h cooked meat broth containing 1 * 10(7) colony-forming units/ml of
      C. perfringens type A strain. Blood and tissue samples were collected from all
      groups po st-vaccination then post-challenge for biochemical analysis, serum
      neutralization test and histopathological examinations. Results revealed that
      rabbits treated with both allicin and toxoid vaccine demonstrated high level of
      antitoxin titre post-challenge, improved liver and kidney functions, and reduced
      morbidity and mortality rates and the severity of histopathological changes
      associated with challenge of rabbits with C. perfringens type A strain. In
      conclusion, vaccination of rabbits with C. perfringens toxoid combined with
      allicin 20% gave better protection, enhanced immune response and had no adverse
      effects on the general health conditions against C. perfringens type A infection
      compared to rabbits vaccinated with C. perfringens toxoid only.

PMID- 26973071
TI  - Replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors expressing
      guinea pig cytomegalovirus gB and pp65 homologs are protective against congenital
      guinea pig cytomegalovirus infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection can be life-threatening and
      often results in significant developmental deficits and/or hearing loss. Thus,
      there is a critical need for an effective anti-CMV vaccine. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine the efficacy of replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis
      virus (rLCMV) vectors expressing the guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) antigens, gB and
      pp65, in the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection. METHODS: Female
      Hartley strain guinea pigs were divided into three groups: Buffer control group
      (n = 9), rLCMV-gB group (n = 11), and rLCMV-pp65 (n = 11). The vaccines were
      administered three times IM at 1.54 * 10(6)FFU per dose at 21-day intervals. At
      two weeks after vaccination, the female guinea pigs underwent breeding. Pregnant
      guinea pigs were challenged SQ at ~ 45-55 days of gestation with 1 * 10(5)PFU of
      GPCMV. Viremia in the dams, pup survival, weights of pups at delivery, and viral
      load in both dam and pup tissues were determined. RESULTS: Pup survival was
      significantly increased in the LCMV-gB vaccine group. There was 23% pup mortality
      in the gB vaccine group (p = 0.044) and 26% pup mortality in the pp65 vaccine
      group (p = 0.054) compared to 49% control pup mortality. The gB vaccine induced
      high levels of gB binding and detectable neutralizing antibodies, reduced dam
      viremia, and significantly reduced viral load in dam tissues compared to control
      dams (p < 0.03). Reduced viral load and transmission in pups born to gB
      vaccinated dams was observed compared to pups from pp65-vaccinated or control
      dams. CONCLUSIONS: The rLCMV-gB vaccine significantly improved pup survival and
      also increased pup weights and gestation time. The gB vaccine was also more
      effective at decreasing viral load in dams and pups and limiting congenital
      transmission. Thus, rLCMV vectors that express CMV antigens may be an effective
      vaccine strategy for congenital CMV infection.

PMID- 26973072
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for dengue.
AB  - This review on the dengue vaccine pipeline was a solicited article and drafted
      based on the pre-defined template for PD-VAC.

PMID- 26973073
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for tuberculosis.
AB  - TB is now the single pathogen that causes the greatest mortality in the world, at
      over 1.6 million deaths each year. The widely used the 90 year old BCG vaccine
      appears to have minimal impact on the worldwide incidence despite some efficacy
      in infants. Novel vaccine development has accelerated in the past 15 years, with
      15 candidates entering human trials; two vaccines are now in large-scale efficacy
      studies. Modeling by three groups has consistently shown that mass vaccination
      that includes activity in the latently infected population, especially
      adolescents and young adults, will likely have the largest impact on new disease
      transmission. At present the field requires better validated animal models,
      better understanding of a correlate of immunity, new cost-effective approaches to
      Proof of Concept trials, and increased appreciation by the public health and
      scientific community for the size of the problem and the need for a vaccine. Such
      a vaccine is likely to also play a role in the era of increasing antibiotic
      resistance. Ongoing efforts and studies are working to implement these needs over
      the next 5 years, which will lead to an understanding that will increase the
      likelihood of a successful TB vaccine.

PMID- 26973074
TI  - Structured promotion of breastmilk expression is associated with shortened
      hospitalisation for very preterm infants.
AB  - AIM: This study assessed neonatal outcomes following implementation of a
      structured, practical approach for promotion of breastmilk expression in mothers
      of very preterm infants. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team developed a protocol
      that focussed on the enhancement of expression of human milk by mothers of very
      preterm infants. A pre- and poststudy intervention was subsequently performed.
      The group of infants enrolled in this time period was compared to a pre
      intervention group from 2010. Outcomes assessed included breastmilk expression,
      initiation of feeding, re-attainment of birthweight, attainment of full enteral
      feeding, the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis and duration of
      hospitalisation. RESULTS: In total, 82 infants (39,43) were included. While there
      was no statistically significant difference in earlier initiation of enteral
      feeding with EBM (median = 2 days) nor earlier achievement of fully enteral
      feeding (median = 12 days), birthweight was regained earlier in the
      postintervention cohort (mean = 10.42 days; p = 0.038) and there was a reduced
      length of stay (mean = 50 days; p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: A structured, focussed,
      multimodal approach to enhance breastmilk production has shown potential for
      producing positive end outcomes, particularly, a significant reduction in
      duration of hospitalisation.

PMID- 26973079
TI  - Anaemia: Regulation of renal erythropoietin via HIF.

PMID- 26973080
TI  - Neandertals' large lower thorax may represent adaptation to high protein diet.
AB  - Humans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a
      hypothesis that a "bell" shaped thorax and a wide pelvis evolved in Neandertals,
      at least in part, as an adaptation to a high protein diet. A high protein diet
      created a need to house an enlarged liver and urinary system in a wider lower
      trunk. To test the hypothesis, we applied a model developed to identify points of
      nutritional stress. A ratio of obligatory dietary fat to total animal fat and
      protein sourced calories is calculated based on various known and estimated
      parameters. Stress is identified when the obligatory dietary fat ratio is higher
      than fat content ratios in available prey. The model predicts that during glacial
      winters, when carbohydrates weren't available, 74%-85% of Neandertals' caloric
      intake would have had to come from animal fat. Large animals contain around 50%
      fat calories, and their fat content is diminished during winter, so a significant
      stressful dietary fat deficit was identified by the model. This deficit could
      potentially be ameliorated by an increased capability to convert protein into
      energy. Given that high protein consumption is associated with larger liver and
      kidneys in animal models, it appears likely that the enlarged inferior section of
      the Neandertals thorax and possibly, in part, also his wide pelvis, represented
      an adaptation to provide encasement for those enlarged organs. Behavioral and
      evolutionary implications of the hypothesis are also discussed. Am J Phys
      Anthropol 160:367-378, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26973081
TI  - Refilling of carbon nanotube cartridges for 3D nanomanufacturing.
AB  - Metal-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known to be used as pen-tip injectors
      for 3D manufacturing on the nanoscale. However, the CNT interior cannot
      accumulate enough material to fabricate complex metallic nanostructures.
      Therefore a method for refilling the CNT cartridge needs to be developed. The
      strategy for refilling of CNT cartridges is suggested in this study. Controlled
      growth of gold nanowires in the interior of isolated CNTs using a real-time
      manipulator installed in a transmission electron microscope is reported herein.
      The encapsulation process of discrete gold nanoparticles in the hollow spaces of
      open-ended multi-wall CNTs was evaluated in detail. The experimental results
      reveal that the serial loading of isolated gold nanoparticles allows the control
      of the length of the loaded nanowires with nanometer accuracy. Thermophoresis and
      the coalescence of gold nanoparticles are assumed to be the primary mechanisms
      responsible for gold loading into a CNT cartridge. 

PMID- 26973082
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26973083
TI  - Exploiting Metallophilicity for the Assembly of Inorganic Nanocrystals and
      Conjugated Organic Molecules.
AB  - The accurate engineering of interfaces between inorganic nanocrystals and
      semiconducting organic molecules is currently viewed as key for further
      developments in critical fields such as photovoltaics and photocatalysis. In this
      work, a new and unconventional source of interface interaction based on metal
      metal bonds is presented. With this aim, an Au(I) organometallic gelator was
      exploited for the formation of hydrogel-like nanocomposites containing inorganic
      nanoparticles and conjugated organic molecules. Noteworthy, the establishment of
      metallophilic interactions at the interface between the two moieties greatly
      enhances interparticle coupling in the composites. Thus, we believe that this new
      hybrid system might represent a promising alternative in several fields, such as
      in the fabrication of improved light-harvesting devices. 

PMID- 26973084
TI  - Intravenous immune globulin and thromboembolic adverse events: A systematic
      review and meta-analysis of RCTs.
AB  - Prior case reports and observational studies indicate that intravenous immune
      globulin (IVIg) products may cause thromboembolic events (TEEs), leading the FDA
      to require a boxed warning in 2013. The effect of IVIg treatment on the risk of
      serious TEEs (acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or venous
      thromboembolism) was assessed using adverse event data reported in randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) of IVIg. RCTs of IVIg in adult patients from 1995 to
      2015 were identified from Pubmed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.Gov, and two large prior
      reviews of IVIg's therapeutic applications. Trials at high risk of detection or
      reporting bias for serious adverse events were excluded. 31 RCTs with a total of
      4,129 participants (2,318 IVIg-treated, 1,811 control) were eligible for
      quantitative synthesis. No evidence was found of increased TEE risk among IVIg
      treated patients compared with control patients (odds ratio = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.44,
      2.88; risk difference = 0.0%, 95% CI: -0.7%, 0.7%, I(2)  = 0%). No significant
      increase in risk was found when arterial and venous TEEs were analyzed as
      separate endpoints. Trial publications provided little specific information
      concerning the methods used to ascertain potential adverse events. Care should be
      taken in extrapolating the results to patients with higher baseline risks of TEE.
      Am. J. Hematol. 91:594-605, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26973085
TI  - Inter-comparison of Seasonal Variation, Chemical Characteristics, and Source
      Identification of Atmospheric Fine Particles on Both Sides of the Taiwan Strait.
AB  - The spatiotemporal distribution and chemical composition of atmospheric fine
      particles in areas around the Taiwan Strait were firstly investigated. Fine
      particles (PM2.5) were simultaneously collected at two sites on the west-side,
      one site at an offshore island, and three sites on the east-side of the Taiwan
      Strait in 2013-2014. Field sampling results indicated that the average PM2.5
      concentrations at the west-side sampling sites were generally higher than those
      at the east-side sampling sites. In terms of chemical composition, the most
      abundant water-soluble ionic species of PM2.5 were SO4(2-), NO3(-), and NH4(+),
      while natural crustal elements dominated the metallic content of PM2.5, and the
      most abundant anthropogenic metals of PM2.5 were Pb, Ni and Zn. Moreover, high
      OC/EC ratios of PM2.5 were commonly observed at the west-side sampling sites,
      which are located at the downwind of major stationary sources. Results from CMB
      receptor modeling showed that the major sources of PM2.5 were anthropogenic
      sources and secondary aerosols at the both sides, and natural sources dominated
      PM2.5 at the offshore site. A consistent decrease of secondary sulfate and
      nitrate contribution to PM2.5 suggested the transportation of aged particles from
      the west-side to the east-side of the Taiwan Strait. 

PMID- 26973086
TI  - Dynamic Entangled Porous Framework for Hydrocarbon (C2-C3) Storage, CO2 Capture,
      and Separation.
AB  - Storage and separation of small (C1-C3) hydrocarbons are of great significance as
      these are alternative energy resources and also can be used as raw materials for
      many industrially important materials. Selective capture of greenhouse gas, CO2
      from CH4 is important to improve the quality of natural gas. Among the available
      porous materials, MOFs with permanent porosity are the most suitable to serve
      these purposes. Herein, a two-fold entangled dynamic framework {[Zn2 (bdc)2
      (bpNDI)]?4DMF}n with pore surface carved with polar functional groups and
      aromatic pi clouds is exploited for selective capture of CO2 , C2, and C3
      hydrocarbons at ambient condition. The framework shows stepwise CO2 and C2 H2
      uptake at 195 K but type I profiles are observed at 298 K. The IAST selectivity
      of CO2 over CH4 is the highest (598 at 298 K) among the MOFs without open metal
      sites reported till date. It also shows high selectivity for C2 H2 , C2 H4 , C2
      H6 , and C3 H8 over CH4 at 298 K. DFT calculations reveal that aromatic pi
      surface and the polar imide (RNC=O) functional groups are the primary adsorption
      sites for adsorption. Furthermore, breakthrough column experiments showed CO2
      /CH4 C2 H6 /CH4 and CO2 /N2 separation capability at ambient condition. 

PMID- 26973088
TI  - Steroid Therapy Ameliorated Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism With Recovery of
      Complete Atrioventricular Block in Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

PMID- 26973087
TI  - Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure Using Echocardiography in Chronic Thromboembolic
      Pulmonary Hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) is an important pulmonary
      hemodynamic parameter used in the management of patients with chronic
      thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). We compared echocardiography
      derived estimates of MPAP with right heart catheterization (RHC) to identify
      reliable noninvasive methods of estimating MPAP-derived RHC (MPAPRHC) in these
      patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Echocardiography and RHC were performed in 56
      patients with CTEPH (60.5+/-12.0 years; 44 females). We measured the tricuspid
      regurgitation (TR) pressure gradient (TRPG) using echocardiography. The mean
      systolic right ventricular (RV)-right atrial (RA) gradient was calculated by
      tracing the TR time velocity flow. Systolic and mean pulmonary artery pressures
      (SPAPTRand MPAPTR) estimated from TRPG and mean systolic RV-RA gradient were
      calculated by adding RA pressure based on the inferior vena cava. MPAPChemlawas
      calculated using Chemla's formula: 0.61*SPAPTR+2 mmHg. MPAPRHCand pulmonary
      vascular resistance were 35.9+/-11.3 mmHg and 6.6+/-3.6 Wood units, respectively.
      The mean difference from MPAPRHCand limits of agreement were -1.5 mmHg and -19.6
      to 16.5 mmHg for MPAPTR, and -4.6 mmHg and -24.5 to 15.2 mmHg for MPAPChemla.
      Accuracy within 10 mmHg and 5 mmHg of MPAPRHCwas 80.4% and 46.4% for MPAPTR, and
      71.4% and 48.2% for MPAPChemla, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MPAPTRand
      MPAPChemlaare reliable estimates for MPAPRHCin patients with CTEPH. (Circ J 2016;
      80: 1259-1264).

PMID- 26973089
TI  - Mixing drink and drugs: 'Underclass' politics, the recovery agenda and the
      partial convergence of English alcohol and drugs policy.
AB  - Alcohol policy and illicit drugs policy are typically presented as separate and
      different in academic discussion. This is understandable, to a degree, as the
      criminal law upholds a 'great regulatory divide' (Seddon, 2010: 56) separating
      the licit trade in alcohol from the illicit trade in substances classified as
      either class A, B or C under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. This paper takes a
      different stance. In doing so, it draws upon Berridge's (2013) argument that
      policies governing various psychoactive substances have been converging since the
      mid-twentieth century and seeks to elaborate it using recent developments
      relating to the control and regulation of drugs and alcohol in the broader areas
      of criminal justice and welfare reform. Significantly, the article examines how
      recent policy directions relating to both drugs and alcohol in England have,
      under the aegis of the 'recovery agenda', been connected to a broader behavioural
      politics oriented towards the actions and lifestyles of an apparently problematic
      subgroup of the population or 'underclass'. The paper thus concludes that,
      although the great regulatory divide remains intact, an underclass politics is
      contributing towards the greater alignment of illicit drugs and alcohol policies,
      especially in regards to the respective significance of abstinence (or abstinence
      based 'recovery').

PMID- 26973091
TI  - The anti-inflammatory CASPASE-12 gene does not influence SLE phenotype in African
      Americans.
AB  - In the vast majority of human populations, the gene encoding CASPASE-12 (CASP12)
      has a premature termination codon that precludes the production of protein.
      However, approximately 20% of persons of recent African descent have a single
      nucleotide polymorphism (#rs497116; A->G) that turns the stop codon into one
      encoding Arg. The subsequent functional allele is a risk factor for sepsis as it
      uniquely downregulates inflammatory cytokines in African-Americans (AA). To
      determine if CASP12 could be protective for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in
      AA, we genotyped AA SLE patients and controls. There was a weak association
      between CASP12 genotype with the absence of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in SLE
      patients. No effect was seen upon serum interleukin-1 beta levels, nor was any
      other protective effect noted for the CASP12 genotype, whether upon association
      with SLE, or any of the 11 American College of Rheumatology classification
      criteria. CASP12 genotype thus does not influence the phenotype of SLE in AA.

PMID- 26973090
TI  - Unlocking the Bacterial SecY Translocon.
AB  - The Sec translocon performs protein secretion and membrane protein insertion at
      the plasma membrane of bacteria and archaea (SecYEG/beta), and the endoplasmic
      reticular membrane of eukaryotes (Sec61). Despite numerous structures of the
      complex, the mechanism underlying translocation of pre-proteins, driven by the
      ATPase SecA in bacteria, remains unresolved. Here we present a series of
      biochemical and computational analyses exploring the consequences of signal
      sequence binding to SecYEG. The data demonstrate that a signal sequence-induced
      movement of transmembrane helix 7 unlocks the translocon and that this
      conformational change is communicated to the cytoplasmic faces of SecY and SecE,
      involved in SecA binding. Our findings progress the current understanding of the
      dynamic action of the translocon during the translocation initiation process. The
      results suggest that the converging effects of the signal sequence and SecA at
      the cytoplasmic face of SecYEG are decisive for the intercalation and
      translocation of pre-protein through the SecY channel. 

PMID- 26973093
TI  - The dynamic properties of the Hepatitis C Virus E2 envelope protein unraveled by
      molecular dynamics.
AB  - Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is one of the most persistent human viruses. Although
      effective therapeutic approaches have been recently discovered, their use is
      limited by the elevated costs. Therefore, the development of
      alternative/complementary strategies is an urgent need. The E2 glycoprotein, the
      most immunogenic HCV protein, and its variants represent natural candidates to
      achieve this goal. Here we report an extensive molecular dynamics (MD) analysis
      of the intrinsic properties of E2. Our data provide interesting clues on the
      global and local intrinsic dynamic features of the protein. Present MD data
      clearly indicate that E2 combines a flexible structure with a network of covalent
      bonds. Moreover, the analysis of the two most important antigenic regions of the
      protein provides some interesting insights into their intrinsic structural and
      dynamic properties. Our data indicate that a fluctuating beta-hairpin represents
      a populated state by the region E2412-423. Interestingly, the analysis of the
      epitope E2427-446 conformation, that undergoes a remarkable rearrangement in the
      simulation, has significant similarities with the structure that the E2430-442
      fragment adopts in complex with a neutralizing antibody. Present data also
      suggest that the strict conservation of Gly436 in E2 protein of different HCV
      genotypes is likely dictated by structural restraints. Moreover, the analysis of
      the E2412-423 flexibility provides insights into the mechanisms that some
      antibodies adopt to anchor Trp437 that is fully buried in E2. Finally, the
      present investigation suggests that MD simulations should systematically
      complement crystallographic studies on flexible proteins that are studied in
      combination with antibodies.

PMID- 26973092
TI  - Independent control of electrical and heat conduction by nanostructure designing
      for Si-based thermoelectric materials.
AB  - The high electrical and drastically-low thermal conductivities, a vital goal for
      high performance thermoelectric (TE) materials, are achieved in Si-based
      nanoarchitecture composed of Si channel layers and epitaxial Ge nanodots (NDs)
      with ultrahigh areal density (~10(12) cm(-2)). In this nanoarchitecture, the
      ultrasmall NDs and Si channel layers play roles of phonon scattering sources and
      electrical conduction channels, respectively. Electron conductivity in n-type
      nanoacrhitecture shows high values comparable to those of epitaxial Si films
      despite the existence of epitaxial NDs. This is because Ge NDs mainly scattered
      not electrons but phonons selectively, which could be attributed to the small
      conduction band offset at the epitaxially-grown Si/Ge interface and high
      transmission probability through stacking faults. These results demonstrate an
      independent control of thermal and electrical conduction for phonon-glass
      electron-crystal TE materials by nanostructure designing and the energetic and
      structural interface control. 

PMID- 26973098
TI  - Metabolically Stabilized (68)Ga-NOTA-Bombesin for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer
      and Influence of Protease Inhibitor Phosphoramidon.
AB  - Peptide receptor-based targeted molecular imaging and therapy of cancer is on the
      current forefront of nuclear medicine preclinical research and clinical practice.
      The frequent overexpression of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors in
      prostate cancer stimulated the development of radiolabeled bombesin derivatives
      as high affinity peptide ligands for selective targeting of the GRP receptor. In
      this study, we have evaluated a novel (68)Ga-labeled bombesin derivative for PET
      imaging of prostate cancer in vivo. In addition, we were interested in testing
      the recently proposed "serve-and-protect" strategy to improve metabolic stability
      of radiolabeled peptides in vivo and to enhance tumor uptake. GRP receptor
      targeting peptides NOTA-BBN2 and (nat)Ga-NOTA-BBN2 demonstrated a characteristic
      antagonistic profile and high binding affinity toward the GRP receptor in PC3
      cells (IC50 4.6-8.2 nM). Radiolabeled peptide (68)Ga-NOTA-BBN2 was obtained from
      NOTA-BBN2 in radiochemical yields greater than 62% (decay-corrected). Total
      synthesis time was 35 min, including purification using solid-phase extraction.
      (68)Ga-NOTA-BBN2 exhibited favorable resistance against metabolic degradation by
      peptidases in vivo within the investigated time frame of 60 min. Interestingly,
      metabolic stability was not further enhanced in the presence of protease
      inhibitor phosphoramidon. Dynamic PET studies showed high tumor uptake in both
      PC3- and LNCaP-bearing BALB/c nude mice (SUV5min > 0.6; SUV60min > 0.5).
      Radiotracer (68)Ga-NOTA-BBN2 represents a novel radiometal-based bombesin
      derivative suitable for GRP receptor targeting in PC3 and LNCaP mouse xenografts.
      Further increase of metabolic stability in vivo and enhanced tumor uptake were
      not observed upon administration of protease inhibitor phosphoramidon. This led
      to the conclusion that the recently proposed "serve-and-protect" strategy may not
      be valid for peptides exhibiting favorable intrinsic metabolic stability in vivo.

PMID- 26973097
TI  - The wound/burn guidelines - 5: Guidelines for the management of lower leg
      ulcers/varicose veins.
AB  - Varicose veins are treated at multiple clinical departments, but as patients
      often visit the dermatology clinic first due to leg ulcers, the present
      Guidelines for the Management of Lower Leg Ulcers/Varicose Veins were prepared in
      consideration of the importance of the dermatologist's role. Also, the disease
      concept of chronic venous insufficiency or chronic venous disorders and the CEAP
      classification of these disorders are presented. The objective of the present
      guidelines is to properly guide the diagnosis and treatment of lower leg
      ulcers/varicose veins by systematically presenting evidence-based recommendations
      that support clinical decisions. 

PMID- 26973099
TI  - Higher body mass index in older adults is associated with lower gray matter
      volume: implications for memory performance.
AB  - Midlife obesity has been associated with increased dementia risk, yet reports on
      brain structure and function are mixed. We therefore assessed the effects of body
      mass index (BMI) on gray matter volume (GMV) and cognition in a well
      characterized sample of community-dwelled older adults. GMV was measured using 3T
      neuroimaging in 617 participants (258 women, 60-80 years, BMI 17-41 kg/m(2)). In
      addition, cognitive performance and various confounders including hypertension,
      diabetes, and apolipoprotein E genotype were assessed. A higher BMI correlated
      significantly with lower GMV in multiple brain regions, including (pre)frontal,
      temporal, insular and occipital cortex, thalamus, putamen, amygdala, and
      cerebellum, even after adjusting for confounders. In addition, lower GMV in
      prefrontal and thalamic areas partially mediated negative effects of (1) higher
      BMI and (2) higher age on memory performance. We here showed that a higher BMI in
      older adults is associated with widespread gray matter alterations, irrespective
      of obesity-related comorbidities and other confounders. Our results further
      indicate that a higher BMI induces structural alterations that translate into
      subtle impairments in memory performance in aging.

PMID- 26973100
TI  - Differential effects of amyloid-beta 1-40 and 1-42 fibrils on 5-HT1A serotonin
      receptors in rat brain.
AB  - Evidence accumulates suggesting a complex interplay between neurodegenerative
      processes and serotonergic neurotransmission. We have previously reported an
      overexpression of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT(1A)R) after intrahippocampal
      injections of amyloid-beta 1-40 (Abeta40) fibrils in rats. This serotonergic
      reactivity paralleled results from clinical positron emission tomography studies
      with [(18)F]MPPF revealing an overexpression of 5-HT(1A)R in the hippocampus of
      patients with mild cognitive impairment. Because Abeta40 and Abeta42 isoforms are
      found in amyloid plaques, we tested in this study the hypothesis of a peptide-
      and region-specific 5-HT(1A)R reactivity by injecting them, separately, into the
      hippocampus or striatum of rats. [(18)F]MPPF in vitro autoradiography revealed
      that Abeta40 fibrils, but not Abeta42, were triggering an overexpression of 5
      HT(1A)R in the hippocampus and striatum of rat brains after 7 days.
      Immunohistochemical approaches targeting neuronal precursor cells, mature
      neurons, and astrocytes showed that Abeta42 fibrils caused more
      pathophysiological damages than Abeta40 fibrils. The mechanisms of Abeta40
      fibrils-induced 5-HT(1A)R expression remains unknown, but hypotheses including
      neurogenesis, glial expression, and axonal sprouting are discussed.

PMID- 26973102
TI  - Loss of exosomes in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia.
AB  - Many cells of the nervous system have been shown to release exosomes, a subclass
      of secreted vesicles of endosomal origin capable of transferring biomolecules
      among cells: this transfer modality represents a novel physiological form of
      intercellular communication between neural cells. Herein, we demonstrated that
      progranulin (PGRN), a protein targeted to the classical secretory pathway, is
      also secreted in association with exosomes by human primary fibroblasts.
      Moreover, we demonstrated that null mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN), a
      major cause of frontotemporal dementia, strongly reduce the number of released
      exosomes and alter their composition. In vitro GRN silencing in SHSY-5Y cells
      confirmed a role of PGRN in the control of exosome release. It is believed that
      depletion of PGRN in the brain might cause neurodegeneration in GRN-associated
      frontotemporal dementia. We demonstrated that, along with shortage of the
      circulating PGRN, GRN null mutations alter intercellular communication. Thus, a
      better understanding of the role played by exosomes in GRN-associated
      neurodegeneration is crucial for the development of novel therapies for these
      diseases. 

PMID- 26973103
TI  - Estrogen receptors alpha mediates postischemic inflammation in chronically
      estrogen-deprived mice.
AB  - Estrogens are known to exert neuroprotective and immuneomodulatory effects after
      stroke. However, at present, little is known about the role of estrogens and its
      receptors in postischemic inflammation after menopause. Here, we provide
      important in vivo evidence of a distinct shift in microglial phenotypes in the
      model of postmenopause brain. Using a model-system for live imaging of microglial
      activation in the context of chronic estrogen- and ERalpha-deficiency associated
      with aging, we observed a marked deregulation of the TLR2 signals and/or
      microglial activation in ovariectomized and/or ERalpha knockout mice. Further
      analysis revealed a 5.7-fold increase in IL-6, a 4.7-fold increase in phospho
      Stat3 levels suggesting an overactivation of JAK/STAT3 pathway and significantly
      larger infarction in ERalpha knockouts chronically deprived of estrogen. Taken
      together, our results suggest that in the experimental model of menopause and/or
      aging, ERalpha mediates innate immune responses and/or microglial activation, and
      ischemia-induced production of IL-6. Based on our results, we propose that the
      loss of functional ERalpha may lead to deregulation of postischemic inflammatory
      responses and increased vulnerability to ischemic injury in aging female brains.

PMID- 26973101
TI  - The Ames dwarf mutation attenuates Alzheimer's disease phenotype of APP/PS1 mice.
AB  - APP/PS1 double transgenic mice expressing human mutant amyloid precursor protein
      (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) demonstrate robust brain amyloid beta (Abeta)
      peptide containing plaque deposition, increased markers of oxidative stress,
      behavioral dysfunction, and proinflammatory gliosis. On the other hand, lack of
      growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone due to a recessive
      mutation in the Prop 1 gene (Prop1df) in Ames dwarf mice results in a phenotype
      characterized by potentiated antioxidant mechanisms, improved learning and
      memory, and significantly increased longevity in homozygous mice. Based on this,
      we hypothesized that a similar hormone deficiency might attenuate disease changes
      in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. To test this idea, APP/PS1 mice were crossed to
      the Ames dwarf mouse line. APP/PS1, wild-type, df/+, df/df, df/+/APP/PS1, and
      df/df/APP/PS1 mice were compared at 6 months of age through behavioral testing
      and assessing amyloid burden, reactive gliosis, and brain cytokine levels. df/df
      mice demonstrated lower brain growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1
      concentrations. This correlated with decreased astrogliosis and microgliosis in
      the df/df/APP/PS1 mice and, surprisingly, reduced Abeta plaque deposition and
      Abeta 1-40 and Abeta 1-42 concentrations. The df/df/APP/PS1 mice also
      demonstrated significantly elevated brain levels of multiple cytokines in spite
      of the attenuated gliosis. These data indicate that the df/df/APP/PS1 line is a
      unique resource in which to study aging and resistance to disease and suggest
      that the affected pituitary hormones may have a role in regulating disease
      progression.

PMID- 26973106
TI  - Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ameliorates aging effects in the dendritic tree
      of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of both male and female
      rats.
AB  - Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), a supplement commonly used to maintain
      muscle in elderly and clinical populations, has been unexplored in the aging
      brain. In both healthy aging humans and rat models, there are cognitive deficits
      associated with age-related dendritic shrinkage within the prefrontal cortex. The
      present study explores the effects of relatively short- and long-term (7 and 31
      weeks) oral HMB supplementation starting at 12 months of age in male and female
      rats on the dendritic tree of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal
      cortex. Since female rats continue to secrete ovarian hormones after reaching
      reproductive senescence, middle-aged female rats were ovariectomized to model
      humans. As expected, there were fewer spines and a retraction of dendritic
      material in the apical and basilar trees in old age controls of both sexes
      compared with their middle-aged counterparts. However, these losses did not occur
      in the HMB-treated rats in either dendrites or the total number of dendritic
      spines. Thus, HMB forestalled the effects of aging on the dendritic tree of this
      population of neurons.

PMID- 26973104
TI  - Maternal dementia age at onset in relation to amyloid burden in non-demented
      elderly offspring.
AB  - Family history (FH) of dementia is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease,
      particularly when the FH is maternal and when the age of dementia onset (AO) is
      younger. This study tested whether brain amyloid-beta deposition, measured in
      vivo with (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB), was associated with parental
      dementia and/or younger parental AO. Detailed FH and positron emission tomography
      (PiB) data were acquired in 147 nondemented aging individuals (mean age 75 +/-
      8). No participant had both positive maternal and paternal FH. A series of
      analyses revealed that those with maternal, but not paternal, FH had greater
      levels of PiB retention in a global cortical region than those without FH. PiB
      retention in maternal FH was not significantly greater than paternal FH. Younger
      maternal dementia AO was related to greater PiB retention in offspring, whereas
      younger paternal dementia AO was not. Overall, results suggest that not only is
      amyloid-beta burden greater in individuals with maternal FH, but also that the
      burden is greater in association with younger maternal AO.

PMID- 26973107
TI  - Age-associated differences on structural brain MRI in nondemented individuals
      from 71 to 103 years.
AB  - Successful brain aging in the oldest old (>=90 years) is underexplored. This
      study examined cross-sectional brain morphological differences from 8th to 11th
      decades of life in nondemented individuals by high-resolution magnetic resonance
      imaging. Two hundred seventy-seven nondemented community-dwelling participants
      (71-103 years) from Sydney Memory and Ageing Study and Sydney Centenarian Study
      comprised the sample, including a subsample of 160 cognitively high-functioning
      elders. Relationships between age and magnetic resonance imaging-derived
      measurements were studied using general linear models; and structural profiles of
      the >=90 years were delineated. In full sample and the subsample, significant
      linear negative relationship of gray matter with age was found, with the greatest
      age effects in the medial temporal lobe and parietal and occipital cortices. This
      pattern was further confirmed by comparing directly the >=90 years to the 71-89
      years groups. Significant quadratic age effects on total white matter and white
      matter hyperintensities were observed. Our study demonstrated heterogeneous
      differences across brain regions between the oldest old and young old, with an
      emphasis on hippocampus, temporoposterior cortex, and white matter
      hyperintensities.

PMID- 26973105
TI  - The effect of increased genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease on hippocampal and
      amygdala volume.
AB  - Reduction in hippocampal and amygdala volume measured via structural magnetic
      resonance imaging is an early marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether genetic
      risk factors for AD exert an effect on these subcortical structures independent
      of clinical status has not been fully investigated. We examine whether increased
      genetic risk for AD influences hippocampal and amygdala volumes in case-control
      and population cohorts at different ages, in 1674 older (aged >53 years; 17% AD,
      39% mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) and 467 young (16-30 years) adults. An AD
      polygenic risk score combining common risk variants excluding apolipoprotein E
      (APOE), and a single nucleotide polymorphism in TREM2, were both associated with
      reduced hippocampal volume in healthy older adults and those with MCI. APOE
      epsilon4 was associated with hippocampal and amygdala volume in those with AD and
      MCI but was not associated in healthy older adults. No associations were found in
      young adults. Genetic risk for AD affects the hippocampus before the clinical
      symptoms of AD, reflecting a neurodegenerative effect before clinical
      manifestations in older adults.

PMID- 26973109
TI  - Atrophy of hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal structures in
      dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The hippocampus and adjacent extrahippocampal structures are organized in
      distinct and specialized regions which process heterogeneous functions, including
      memory, and visuospatial functions. Specific alterations of the different
      hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal structures could differently
      contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with
      Lewy bodies (DLB). Based on visual symptoms which characterize DLB patients, the
      hippocampal subfields and the adjacent extrahippocampal structures which are
      mainly involved in the visual functions could be impaired in DLB and preserved in
      AD. To test this hypothesis, we performed structural magnetic resonance imaging
      on 19 DLB, 15 AD, and 19 age-matched healthy controls. FreeSurfer's pipelines
      were used to perform parcellation of hippocampus and adjacent extrahippocampal
      structures and to assess the structural changes within each region. The cornu
      ammonis and subiculum were bilaterally damaged in AD and preserved in DLB. The
      perirhinal cortex and parahippocampus were damaged in DLB but not in AD. Our
      findings demonstrate that the hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal
      structures were differently altered in AD and DLB. Particularly, DLB patients
      showed a more focused alteration of the extrahippocampal structures linked to
      visual functions. 

PMID- 26973108
TI  - Dopamine agonists rescue Abeta-induced LTP impairment by Src-family tyrosine
      kinases.
AB  - Soluble forms of oligomeric amyloid beta (AbetaO) are involved in the loss of
      synaptic plasticity and memory, especially in early phases of Alzheimer's
      disease. Stimulation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors (D1R/D5R) is known to increase
      surface expression of synaptic alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole
      propionate subtype glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype glutamate receptors
      and facilitates the induction of the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP),
      probably via a related mechanism. In this study, we show that the D1/D5R agonist
      SKF38393 protects LTP of hippocampal CA1 synapses from the deleterious action of
      oligomeric amyloid beta. Unexpectedly, the D1R/D5R-mediated recovery of LTP is
      independent of protein kinase A or phospholipase C pathways. Instead, we found
      that the inhibition of Src-family tyrosine kinases completely abolished the
      protective effects of D1R/D5R stimulation in a cellular model of learning and
      memory. 

PMID- 26973110
TI  - Enhanced Ccl2-Ccr2 signaling drives more severe choroidal neovascularization with
      aging.
AB  - The impact of many inflammatory diseases is influenced by age-related changes in
      the activation of resident and circulating myeloid cells. In the eye, a major
      sight-threatening consequence of age-related macular degeneration is the
      development of severe choroidal neovascularization (CNV). To identify the
      molecular pathways and myeloid cell populations involved in this increased
      neovascular response, we characterized the immune status of murine choroid and
      retina during aging and in the context of experimental CNV. In the choroid, but
      not in the retina, advancing age is associated with proinflammatory upregulation
      of CCL2-CCR2 signaling. Genetic excision of CCL2 diminishes age-related
      inflammatory changes in the choroid, with reduced recruitment of proinflammatory
      myeloid cells and attenuation of CNV. These findings indicate that CCL2-driven
      recruitment of myeloid cells contributes to increased severity of CNV with age.
      Similar mechanisms may be involved in other age-related inflammatory diseases. 

PMID- 26973111
TI  - Rapid eye movement sleep disruption and sleep fragmentation are associated with
      increased orexin-A cerebrospinal-fluid levels in mild cognitive impairment due to
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The orexin system has been investigated in patients affected by mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by measuring orexin-A
      concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and correlated to subjective and
      objective sleep parameters, quantified by questionnaires and polysomnography,
      respectively. Twenty drug-naive patients with MCI due to AD were studied and
      compared with a population of 26 age and/or sex matched controls, divided into
      subgroups on the basis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score.
      Increased CSF-orexin levels were detected in patients with MCI due to AD in
      comparison with controls (p < 0.05). In particular, CSF-orexin concentrations
      were higher in MCI patients suffering from sleep complaints (PSQI >=5, n = 10)
      compared with MCI patients with a regular sleep-wake cycle (PSQI <5, n = 10, p <
      0.001) and compared with both control groups (with sleep complaints, PSQI >=5, n
      = 11, p < 0.001; without sleep complaints, PSQI <5, n = 15, p < 0.001). Moreover,
      REM sleep was reduced in MCI patients compared with controls (p < 0.01), and had
      a negative correlation coupled with a reciprocal influence at the multiple
      regression analysis with CSF-orexin levels (R = -0.65; beta = -8.90). REM sleep
      disruption and sleep fragmentation are related to higher CSF-orexin levels in
      patients with MCI due to AD, thus suggesting that the orexin system may be
      involved even in the earliest stages of AD, resulting in prolonged sleep latency,
      reduced sleep efficiency, and REM sleep impairment.

PMID- 26973112
TI  - Interactive effects of age and gender on EEG power and coherence during a short
      term memory task in middle-aged adults.
AB  - The effects of age and gender on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during a
      short-term memory task were assessed in a group of 40 healthy participants aged
      22-63 years. Multi-channel EEG was recorded in 20 younger (mean = 24.65-year-old,
      10 male) and 20 middle-aged participants (mean = 46.40-year-old, 10 male) during
      performance of a Sternberg task. EEG power and coherence measures were analyzed
      in different frequency bands. Significant interactions emerged between age and
      gender in memory performance and concomitant EEG parameters, suggesting that the
      aging process differentially influences men and women. Middle-aged women showed a
      lower short-term memory performance compared to young women, which was
      accompanied by decreasing delta and theta power and increasing brain connectivity
      with age in women. In contrast, men showed no age-related decline in short-term
      memory performance and no changes in EEG parameters. These results provide first
      evidence of age-related alterations in EEG activity underlying memory processes,
      which were already evident in the middle years of life in women but not in men.

PMID- 26973114
TI  - Object individuation and compensation in healthy aging.
AB  - Theories on neural compensation suggest that aged participants overactivate the
      brain areas involved in a task to compensate for the age-related decline. In this
      electrophysiological study, we investigated the temporal locus of neural
      overactivation in aging during multiple target processing. We measured
      performance and three event-related brain potential responses (N1, N2pc, and
      contralateral delay activity) in young and old adults, while they enumerated a
      variable number (1-4) of targets presented in an easy (distractor absent) or
      difficult (distractor present) condition. The main results indicated that
      although N2pc (~200 ms) increased in amplitude in the distractor-present
      condition in the young group, no modulation occurred for the old group. Old
      participants were associated with larger N2pc amplitudes than young participants
      in the distractor-absent condition, where both groups had comparable levels of
      accuracy. These effects were not present for N1 and contralateral delay activity.
      Overall, the data suggest that in enumeration, aging is associated with
      compensatory effects that rely on the selection mechanism responsible for target
      individuation.

PMID- 26973113
TI  - Differences between chronological and brain age are related to education and self
      reported physical activity.
AB  - This study investigated the relationship between education and physical activity
      and the difference between a physiological prediction of age and chronological
      age (CA). Cortical and subcortical gray matter regional volumes were calculated
      from 331 healthy adults (range: 19-79 years). Multivariate analyses identified a
      covariance pattern of brain volumes best predicting CA (R(2) = 47%). Individual
      expression of this brain pattern served as a physiologic measure of brain age
      (BA). The difference between CA and BA was predicted by education and self-report
      measures of physical activity. Education and the daily number of flights of
      stairs climbed (FOSC) were the only 2 significant predictors of decreased BA.
      Effect sizes demonstrated that BA decreased by 0.95 years for each year of
      education and by 0.58 years for 1 additional FOSC daily. Effects of education and
      FOSC on regional brain volume were largely driven by temporal and subcortical
      volumes. These results demonstrate that higher levels of education and daily FOSC
      are related to larger brain volume than predicted by CA which supports the
      utility of regional gray matter volume as a biomarker of healthy brain aging.

PMID- 26973115
TI  - Identifying postmenopausal women at risk for cognitive decline within a healthy
      cohort using a panel of clinical metabolic indicators: potential for detecting an
      at-Alzheimer's risk metabolic phenotype.
AB  - Detecting at-risk individuals within a healthy population is critical for
      preventing or delaying Alzheimer's disease. Systems biology integration of brain
      and body metabolism enables peripheral metabolic biomarkers to serve as reporters
      of brain bioenergetic status. Using clinical metabolic data derived from healthy
      postmenopausal women in the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol
      (ELITE), we conducted principal components and k-means clustering analyses of 9
      biomarkers to define metabolic phenotypes. Metabolic clusters were correlated
      with cognitive performance and analyzed for change over 5 years. Metabolic
      biomarkers at baseline generated 3 clusters, representing women with healthy,
      high blood pressure, and poor metabolic phenotypes. Compared with healthy women,
      poor metabolic women had significantly lower executive, global and memory
      cognitive performance. Hormone therapy provided metabolic benefit to women in
      high blood pressure and poor metabolic phenotypes. This panel of well-established
      clinical peripheral biomarkers represents an initial step toward developing an
      affordable, rapidly deployable, and clinically relevant strategy to detect an at
      risk phenotype of late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 26973116
TI  - Impact of lifestyle dimensions on brain pathology and cognition.
AB  - Single lifestyle factors affect brain biomarkers and cognition. Here, we
      addressed the covariance of various lifestyle elements and investigated their
      impact on positron emission tomography-based beta-amyloid (Abeta), hippocampal
      volume, and cognitive function in aged controls. Lower Abeta burden was
      associated with a lifestyle comprising high cognitive engagement and low vascular
      risk, particularly in apolipoprotein E epsilon4 carriers. Although cognitive
      function was related to high lifetime cognitive engagement and low vascular risk,
      Abeta load had no relation to current cognitive function. The covariance between
      high adult socioeconomic status, high education, and low smoking prevalence
      predicted better cognitive function and this was mediated by larger hippocampal
      volume. Our data show that lifestyle is a complex construct composed of
      associated variables, some of which reflect factors operating over the life span
      and others which may be developmental. These factors affect brain health via
      different pathways, which may reinforce one another. Our findings moreover
      support the importance of an intellectually enriched lifestyle accompanied by
      vascular health on both cognition and presumed cerebral mediators of cognitive
      function. 

PMID- 26973117
TI  - beta-amyloid, hippocampal atrophy and their relation to longitudinal brain change
      in cognitively normal individuals.
AB  - Recent literature has examined baseline hippocampal volume and extent of brain
      amyloidosis to test potential synergistic effects on worsening cognition and
      extent of brain atrophy. Use of hippocampal volume in prior studies was based on
      the notion that limbic circuit degeneration is an early manifestation of the
      Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathophysiology. To clarify these interactions early in
      the AD process, we tested the effects of amyloid and baseline normalized
      hippocampal volume on longitudinal brain atrophy rates in a group of cognitively
      normal individuals. Results showed that the combination of elevated beta-amyloid
      and baseline hippocampal atrophy is associated with increased rates specific to
      the limbic circuit and splenium. Importantly, this atrophy pattern emerged from a
      voxelwise analysis, corroborated by regression models over region of interests in
      native space. The results are broadly consistent with previous studies of the
      effects of amyloid and baseline hippocampal atrophy in normals, while pointing to
      accelerated atrophy of AD-vulnerable regions detectable at the preclinical stage.

PMID- 26973119
TI  - Whole tumor cell vaccines for glioma immunotherapy.

PMID- 26973118
TI  - Rosiglitazone activation of PPARgamma-dependent pathways is neuroprotective in
      human neural stem cells against amyloid-beta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction
      and oxidative stress.
AB  - Neuronal cell impairment, such as that induced by amyloid-beta (Abeta) protein,
      is a process with limited therapeutic interventions and often leads to long-term
      neurodegeneration common in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly,
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand
      activated nuclear receptor whose ligands control many physiological and
      pathologic processes, and may be neuroprotective. We hypothesized that
      rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, would prevent Abeta-mediated effects in human
      neural stem cells (hNSCs). Here, we show that rosiglitazone reverses, via
      PPARgamma-dependent downregulation of caspase 3 and 9 activity, the Abeta
      mediated decreases in hNSC cell viability. In addition, Abeta decreases hNSC
      messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of 2 neuroprotective factors (Bcl-2 and CREB), but co
      treatment with rosiglitazone significantly rescues these effects. Rosiglitazone
      co-treated hNSCs also showed significantly increased mitochondrial function
      (reflected by levels of adenosine triphosphate and Mit mass), and PPARgamma
      dependent mRNA upregulation of PGC1alpha and mitochondrial genes (nuclear
      respiratory factor-1 and Tfam). Furthermore, hNSCs co-treated with rosiglitazone
      were significantly rescued from Abeta-induced oxidative stress and correlates
      with reversal of the Abeta-induced mRNA decrease in oxidative defense genes
      (superoxide dismutase 1, superoxide dismutase 2, and glutathione peroxidase 1).
      Taken together, these novel findings show that rosiglitazone-induced activation
      of PPARgamma-dependent signaling rescues Abeta-mediated toxicity in hNSCs and
      provide evidence supporting a neuroprotective role for PPARgamma activating drugs
      in Abeta-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 26973121
TI  - 24th European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
AB  - The 24th European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology was held in Copenhagen,
      Denmark, from 7-11 October 2015. It has become Europe's biggest meeting of its
      kind with roughly 10,000 participants, approximately 3000 abstracts and about 180
      exhibitors from all over the world. The organizers offer a venue for the latest
      cutting edge research and newest developments. Thus, their goal is to foster
      progress in clinical care and promote scientific excellence related to
      dermatovenereology for the benefit of patients with skin diseases. 

PMID- 26973120
TI  - Cancer vaccines for hepatocellular carcinoma: future directions.

PMID- 26973122
TI  - Grass pollen immunotherapy: where are we now.
AB  - During allergen immunotherapy (AIT), the allergic patient is exposed to the
      disease-inducing antigens (allergens) in order to induce clinical and
      immunological tolerance and obtain disease modification. Large trials of grass
      AIT with highly standardized subcutaneous and sublingual tablet vaccines have
      been conducted to document the clinical effect. Induction of blocking antibodies
      as well as changes in the balance between T-cell phenotypes, including induction
      of regulatory T-cell subtypes, have been demonstrated for both treatment types.
      These observations increase the understanding of the immunological mechanism
      behind the clinical effect and may make it possible to use the immunological
      changes as biomarkers of clinical effect. The current review describes the recent
      mechanistic findings for subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual
      immunotherapy/tablet treatment and discusses how the observed immunological
      changes translate into a scientific foundation for the observed clinical effects
      of grass pollen immunotherapy and lead to new treatment strategies for grass AIT.

PMID- 26973123
TI  - Cytomegalovirus-targeted immunotherapy and glioblastoma: hype or hope?
AB  - Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM), are the most common primary
      brain tumors. Despite extensive research only modest gains have been made in long
      term survival. Standard of care involves maximizing safe surgical resection
      followed by concurrent chemoradiation with temozolomide. Immunotherapy for GBM is
      an area of intense research in recent years. New immunotherapies, although
      promising, have not been integrated into standard practice. Human cytomegalovirus
      (HCMV) is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Human seroprevalence is
      approximately 80%, and in most cases, is associated with asymptomatic infection.
      HCMV may be an important agent in the initiation, promotion and/or progression of
      tumorigenesis. Regardless of a possible etiologic role in GBM, interest has
      centered on exploiting this association for development of immunomodulatory
      therapies. 

PMID- 26973124
TI  - The antileukemic potential of natural killer cells.
AB  - The antileukemic potential of natural killer (NK) cells has over the years raised
      considerable interest and new immune-based treatment protocols characterized by
      the infusion of freshly isolated or ex vivo activated and expanded effectors have
      been designed. Several aspects still need to be addressed, including the optimal
      timing of NK infusion during the course of the disease, the best preparative
      regimen, the origin of NK cells and the possible need of ex vivo NK cell
      manipulation before the infusion. The aims of this review are to discuss the
      experimental and clinical data available on the role played by NK cells for
      leukemia patients and to revise the different good manufacturing practice
      protocols for ex vivo manipulation of these effector cells. 

PMID- 26973125
TI  - Antithymocyte globulin in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: benefits
      and limitations.
AB  - Significant advances have been made in allogeneic hematopoietic cell
      transplantation by reducing toxicities and optimizing its efficacy. Antithymocyte
      globulin (ATG) is an important in vivo T-cell depletion strategy, which reduces
      the risk of graft-versus-host disease in HLA-matched or -mismatched donor
      allografting. ATG effectively targets alloreactive T cells at the expense of
      potentially increasing the risk of post-hematopoietic cell transplantation
      infections and delayed immune reconstitution. We summarize the targets,
      mechanisms, various preparations of ATG, the growing role of ATG in prevention of
      graft-versus-host disease in various transplant modalities as well as emerging
      data on pharmacokinetic modeling for individualized ATG dosing. Further research
      is needed to optimize the ATG administration while minimizing the toxicities. 

PMID- 26973127
TI  - Hepatitis B immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy.
AB  - Worldwide there are over 248 million chronic carriers of HBV of whom about a
      third eventually develop severe HBV-related complications. Due to the major
      limitations of current therapeutic approaches, the development of more effective
      strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients
      seems crucial. Immune activation plays a critical role in spontaneous viral
      control; therefore, new modalities based on stimulation of the innate and
      adaptive immune responses could result in the resolution of infection and are
      promising approaches. Here, we summarize the HBV immunopathogenesis, and discuss
      the encouraging results obtained from the promising immune-based innovations,
      such as therapeutic vaccination, cytokine therapy, cell-based therapies and
      blocking inhibitory receptors, as current and future immunotherapeutic
      interventions. 

PMID- 26973128
TI  - The role of PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker in advanced non-small-cell
      lung cancer: a network meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumor programmed death ligand one (PD-L1) expression has been studied
      in several trials in non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS: We assessed the
      potential role of PD-L1 expression according to Cochrane Collaboration's
      Guidelines. RESULTS: 13 studies with 1979 patients were included. Among 915 PD-L1
      negative patients this rate was 13% (RR 2.08; 95% CI: 1.49-2.91; p < 0.01). The
      response rate has increased concurrent to the PD-L1 expression (Pearson's
      correlation, r = 0.43). PD-L1 expression was also related to better 24-weeks
      progression-free rate (RR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71-0.89) and a trend toward better 1
      year overall survival rate (RR 0.96; 95% CI: 0.87-1.06). CONCLUSION: Taking this
      data in account, PD-L1 overexpression could not be currently considered a robust
      biomarker to tailor the immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment.

PMID- 26973126
TI  - Mesothelin as a target for chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells as
      anticancer therapy.
AB  - Mesothelin is a promising target for immune-based therapy, specifically for
      mesothelioma and pancreatic and ovarian cancers that have high levels of
      mesothelin expression. Many preclinical and clinical studies that target tumors
      with high mesothelin expression with antibodies, immunotoxins, antibody-drug
      conjugates and vaccines have shown the potential of mesothelin as a target.
      Studies of T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)
      report significant efficacy in hematologic malignancies, and antimesothelin CAR T
      cells are currently being investigated in clinical studies. Here we outline the
      rationale for using mesothelin as a target for immunotherapy, review the clinical
      and preclinical studies evaluating mesothelin-directed therapies and explore the
      promise of CAR T cells directed against mesothelin for immunotherapy in the
      future. 

PMID- 26973129
TI  - Approach to Statin Use in 2016: an Update.
AB  - Statin therapy is the pharmacologic foundation of cholesterol treatment and the
      most common class of medication prescribed in the USA. The clinical benefits of
      statins and their favorable side effect profile have been well established for
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention. With new guidelines on the
      treatment of dyslipidemia being published in the last several years, a greater
      percentage of the population now appears eligible for statin therapy. In this
      review, we discuss the updated American College of Cardiology/American Heart
      Association and National Lipid Association guidelines on lipid treatment, both of
      which endorse the importance of shared decision making and patient-centered care.
      We discuss factors beyond traditional risk factors that may be useful in refining
      risk-based decision making. Furthermore, we summarize the available statins,
      their potential benefits and limitations, and recent evidence on safety and
      tolerability. 

PMID- 26973131
TI  - Successful treatment of recurrent Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis in a renal
      allograft with tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy.
AB  - We report a case of recurrent Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) treated
      successfully with a tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy in a kidney
      transplant patient. A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for an
      episode biopsy; she had a serum creatinine (S-Cr) of 1.0 mg/dL and 1.34 g/day
      proteinuria 26 months after kidney transplantation. Histological examination
      revealed increased amounts of mesangial matrix and mesangial hypercellularity
      with IgA deposition. Of note, one glomerulus showed focal endocapillary
      proliferation and tuft necrosis. We diagnosed active recurrent HSPN. Considering
      both the histological findings and refractory clinical course of the native
      kidney, she was treated for 3 consecutive days with steroid pulse therapy and a
      tonsillectomy. The patient's proteinuria decreased gradually to less than 150
      mg/day 6 months later. A second biopsy 6 years after kidney transplantation
      showed an excellent response to treatment and revealed a marked reduction in both
      the mesangial matrix and mesangial hypercellularity, with trace IgA deposition.
      We conclude that a tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy appeared to be useful
      in this patient with active recurrent HSPN. This paper is the first to report a
      tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy as a therapeutic option for active
      recurrent HSPN. Further studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy and
      mechanisms of tonsillectomy with recurrent HSPN in kidney transplant patients. 

PMID- 26973130
TI  - Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: a Risk Factor or a Risk Marker?
AB  - In the USA, 69 % of adults are either overweight or obese and 35 % are obese.
      Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of various cardiovascular
      disorders. Obesity is a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, in that it is
      associated with a much higher prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes,
      hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, which then increase the risk for
      cardiovascular disease. However, in addition, obesity may also be an independent
      risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, although
      obesity has been shown to be an independent risk factor for several
      cardiovascular diseases, it is often associated with improved survival once the
      diagnosis of the cardiovascular disease has been made, leading to the term
      "obesity paradox." Several pathways linking obesity and cardiovascular disease
      have been described. In this review, we attempt to summarize the complex
      relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disorders, in particular coronary
      atherosclerosis, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. 

PMID- 26973132
TI  - Association of season of birth with DNA methylation and allergic disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Season of birth influences allergy risk; however, the biological
      mechanisms underlying this observation are unclear. The environment affects DNA
      methylation, with potentially long-lasting effects on gene expression and
      disease. This study examined whether DNA methylation could underlie the
      association between season of birth and allergy. METHODS: In a subset of 18-year
      old participants from the Isle of Wight (IoW) birth cohort (n = 367), the risks
      of birth season on allergic outcomes were estimated. Whole blood epigenome-wide
      DNA methylation was measured, and season-associated CpGs detected using a
      training-and-testing-based technique. Validation method examined the 8-year-old
      Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) cohort. The
      relationships between DNA methylation, season of birth and allergy were examined.
      CpGs were analysed in IoW third-generation cohort newborns. RESULTS: Autumn birth
      increased risk of eczema, relative to spring birth. Methylation at 92 CpGs showed
      association with season of birth in the epigenome-wide association study. In
      validation, significantly more CpGs had the same directionality than expected by
      chance, and four were statistically significant. Season-associated methylation
      was enriched among networks relating to development, the cell cycle and
      apoptosis. Twenty CpGs were nominally associated with allergic outcomes. Two CpGs
      were marginally on the causal pathway to allergy. Season-associated methylation
      was largely absent in newborns, suggesting it arises post-natally. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study demonstrates that DNA methylation in adulthood is associated with
      season of birth, supporting the hypothesis that DNA methylation could
      mechanistically underlie the effect of season of birth on allergy, although other
      mechanisms are also likely to be involved.

PMID- 26973134
TI  - Brain response to images of food varying in energy density is associated with
      body composition in 7- to 10-year-old children: Results of an exploratory study.
AB  - Energy balance is regulated by a multifaceted system of physiological signals
      that influence energy intake and expenditure. Therefore, variability in the
      brain's response to food may be partially explained by differences in levels of
      metabolically active tissues throughout the body, including fat-free mass (FFM)
      and fat mass (FM). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that
      children's body composition would be related to their brain response to food
      images varying in energy density (ED), a measure of energy content per weight of
      food. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain
      response to High (>1.5kcal/g) and Low (<1.5kcal/g) ED food images, and Control
      images, in 36 children ages 7-10years. Body composition was measured using
      bioelectrical impedance analysis. Multi-subject random effects general linear
      model (GLM) and two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were
      used to test for main effects of ED (High ED vs. Low ED) in a priori defined
      brain regions of interest previously implicated in energy homeostasis and reward
      processing. Pearson's correlations were then calculated between activation in
      these regions for various contrasts (High ED-Low ED, High ED-Control, Low ED
      Control) and child body composition (FFM index, FM index, % body fat). Relative
      to Low ED foods, High ED foods elicited greater BOLD activation in the left
      thalamus. In the right substantia nigra, BOLD activation for the contrast of High
      ED-Low ED foods was positively associated with child FFM. There were no
      significant results for the High ED-Control or Low ED-Control contrasts. Our
      findings support literature on FFM as an appetitive driver, such that greater
      amounts of lean mass were associated with greater activation for High ED foods in
      an area of the brain associated with dopamine signaling and reward (substantia
      nigra). These results confirm our hypothesis that brain response to foods varying
      in energy content is related to measures of child body composition.

PMID- 26973135
TI  - Characterization of a novel snake venom component: Kazal-type inhibitor-like
      protein from the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii.
AB  - Snake venoms are composed mainly of a mixture of proteins and peptides. Notably,
      all snake venom toxins have been assigned to a small number of protein families.
      Proteomic studies on snake venoms have recently identified the presence of Kazal
      type inhibitor-like proteins in the neotropical arboreal snakes Bothriechis
      schlegelii and Bothriechis supraciliaris. In the present study, a Kazal-type
      component from B. schlegelii, named Kazal-type inhibitor-like protein (KTIL), has
      been completely sequenced and characterized for the first time. This protein,
      which contains 54 amino acid residues, shows sequence similarity to the third
      domain of the ovomucoid from avian species, which is a Kazal-like domain. KTIL
      did not inhibit the enzymatic activity of various serine proteinases at pH = 7.2
      or pH = 8.0, but partially inhibited the activity of trypsin at pH = 5.4, and the
      only toxic effect in mice observed after different in vivo tests was the
      induction of footpad edema. KTIL was not lethal when injected in mice or
      chickens. The presence of Kazal-type proteins and mRNA only in species of the
      genus Bothriechis suggests a genus recruitment event in the early-Middle Miocene,
      the estimated time of emergence of this clade. 

PMID- 26973133
TI  - Noggin4 is a long-range inhibitor of Wnt8 signalling that regulates head
      development in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Noggin4 is a Noggin family secreted protein whose molecular and physiological
      functions remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that in contrast to other
      Noggins, Xenopus laevis Noggin4 cannot antagonise BMP signalling; instead, it
      specifically binds to Wnt8 and inhibits the Wnt/beta -catenin pathway. Live
      imaging demonstrated that Noggin4 diffusivity in embryonic tissues significantly
      exceeded that of other Noggins. Using the Fluorescence Recovery After
      Photobleaching (FRAP) assay and mathematical modelling, we directly estimated the
      affinity of Noggin4 for Wnt8 in living embryos and determined that Noggin4 fine
      tune the Wnt8 posterior-to-anterior gradient. Our results suggest a role for
      Noggin4 as a unique, freely diffusing, long-range inhibitor of canonical Wnt
      signalling, thus explaining its ability to promote head development. 

PMID- 26973136
TI  - Validation of lymphovascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor for
      biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate the impact of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on biochemical
      recurrence (BCR) in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) in a large
      multiinstitutional cohort. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective data from 6,678
      patients treated with a RP and bilateral lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer (PC)
      from 8 centers were collected. The primary endpoint was BCR. RESULTS: Overall,
      767 patients (11.5%) had LVI. Patients with LVI had significantly higher Gleason
      scores (P = 0.01). After a median follow-up of 28 months (interquartile range: 21
      44), patients with LVI had a 1.66 fold increased risk of BCR (P<0.001). The 1-, 2
      and 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival probabilities for LVI vs. no LVI
      were 94% vs. 97%, 91% vs. 94%, and 76% vs. 84%, respectively. On multivariable
      analysis that adjusted for the effects of established prognostic factors, LVI was
      an independent predictor of BCR (hazard ratio = 1.42, P<0.001). Adding LVI to a
      multivariable base model increased the discrimination by a small but significant
      margin (+0.2%, P = 0.0005). In subgroup analyses, LVI remained an independent
      predictor for BCR in patients with worse pathological features. CONCLUSIONS:
      About 10% of patients with localized PC have LVI on their RP specimen. We confirm
      that LVI is associated with features of biologic aggressive PC such as high
      Gleason grade and BCR after RP. Adverse further studies with strict definitions
      of LVI and longer follow-up periods are needed to determine the prognostic and
      predictive utility of LVI in the management of PC.

PMID- 26973137
TI  - Bio-inspired, Moisture-Powered Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Yarn Muscles.
AB  - Hygromorph artificial muscles are attractive as self-powered actuators driven by
      moisture from the ambient environment. Previously reported hygromorph muscles
      have been largely limited to bending or torsional motions or as tensile actuators
      with low work and energy densities. Herein, we developed a hybrid yarn artificial
      muscle with a unique coiled and wrinkled structure, which can be actuated by
      either changing relative humidity or contact with water. The muscle provides a
      large tensile stroke (up to 78%) and a high maximum gravimetric work capacity
      during contraction (2.17 kJ kg(-1)), which is over 50 times that of the same
      weight human muscle and 5.5 times higher than for the same weight spider silk,
      which is the previous record holder for a moisture driven muscle. We demonstrate
      an automatic ventilation system that is operated by the tensile actuation of the
      hybrid muscles caused by dew condensing on the hybrid yarn. This self-powered
      humidity-controlled ventilation system could be adapted to automatically control
      the desired relative humidity of an enclosed space. 

PMID- 26973138
TI  - Assessment of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in left bundle branch
      block canine model: Comparison between cine and tagged MRI.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare cine and tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for left
      ventricular dyssynchrony assessment in left bundle branch block (LBBB), using the
      time-to-peak contraction timing, and a novel approach based on cross-correlation.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated a canine model dataset (n = 10) before (pre
      LBBB) and after induction of isolated LBBB (post-LBBB). Multislice short-axis
      tagged and cine MRI images were acquired using a 1.5 T scanner. We computed
      contraction time maps by cross-correlation, based on the timing of radial wall
      motion and of circumferential strain. Finally, we estimated dyssynchrony as the
      standard deviation of the contraction time over the different regions of the
      myocardium. RESULTS: Induction of LBBB resulted in a significant increase in
      dyssynchrony (cine: 13.0 +/- 3.9 msec for pre-LBBB, and 26.4 +/- 5.0 msec for
      post-LBBB, P = 0.005; tagged: 17.1 +/- 5.0 msec at for pre-LBBB, and 27.9 +/- 9.8
      msec for post-LBBB, P = 0.007). Dyssynchrony assessed by cine and tagged MRI were
      in agreement (r = 0.73, P = 0.0003); differences were in the order of time
      difference between successive frames of 20 msec (bias: -2.9 msec; limit of
      agreement: 10.1 msec). Contraction time maps were derived; agreement was found in
      the contraction patterns derived from cine and tagged MRI (mean difference in
      contraction time per segment: 3.6 +/- 13.7 msec). CONCLUSION: This study shows
      that the proposed method is able to quantify dyssynchrony after induced LBBB in
      an animal model. Cine-assessed dyssynchrony agreed with tagged-derived
      dyssynchrony, in terms of magnitude and spatial direction. J. MAGN. RESON.
      IMAGING 2016;44:956-963.

PMID- 26973140
TI  - Dystrophic Calcification in the Pelvis.

PMID- 26973139
TI  - 5-millimeter Trocar-site Hernias After Laparoscopy Requiring Surgical Repair.
AB  - Trocar-site hernias are rare complications of laparoscopic surgery. Although
      trocar-site hernias occur more often at >10-mm sites, hernias can still develop
      at 5-mm sites after laparoscopy and can lead to serious complications. The
      primary objective of this review is to summarize the current medical literature
      pertaining to the clinical presentation and predisposing risk factors of trocar
      site hernias at 5-mm sites after laparoscopy. A total of 295 publications were
      identified, 17 (5.76%) of which met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven patients
      with trocar-site hernias were identified after laparoscopic cases. The median age
      (interquartile range) for all adult patients with trocar-site hernias was 63
      years (interquartile range, 39.5-66.5 years). Eight of the 18 patients (44.4%)
      undergoing gynecologic laparoscopy were parous although details of parity were
      not reported in most publications. Simple manual reduction or laparoscopic
      reduction with fascial closure (21 patients [84%]) was used more often compared
      with exploratory laparotomy (4 patients [16%], p < .001) to manage trocar-site
      hernias. There was no statistical difference in the location of trocar-site
      hernias (i.e., umbilical [14 patients, 56%] vs nonumbilical/lateral [11 patients,
      44%], p = .12). Findings of this review suggest that increased operative times
      and excessive manipulation can extend 5-mm fascial incisions, thereby increasing
      the risk of trocar-site hernias. Parous women older than 60 years may have
      unrecognized fascial defects, which confer a higher risk of trocar-site hernias
      after laparoscopic surgery, even in the absence of incision manipulation or
      prolonged surgical duration. Such patients may benefit from closure of 5-mm
      fascial incisions although prospective data are required to validate the overall
      generalizability of this management strategy.

PMID- 26973141
TI  - Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signalling in cellular microdomains.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a prime mediator of cellular signalling due to
      its functions as an internal cellular store for calcium, as well as a site for
      synthesis of proteins and lipids. Its peripheral network of sheets and tubules
      facilitates calcium and lipid signalling, especially in areas of the cell that
      are more distant to the main cytoplasmic network. Specific membrane proteins
      shape the peripheral ER architecture and influence the network stability to
      project into restricted spaces. The signalling microdomains are anatomically
      separate from the cytoplasm as a whole and exhibit localized protein, ion channel
      and cytoskeletal element expression. Signalling can also occur between the ER and
      other organelles, such as the Golgi or mitochondria. Lipids made in the ER
      membrane can be sent to the Golgi via specialized transfer proteins and specific
      phospholipid synthases are enriched at ER-mitochondria junctions to more
      efficiently expedite phospholipid transfer. As a hub for protein and lipid
      synthesis, a store for intracellular calcium [Ca2+ ]i and a mediator of cellular
      stress, the ER is an important cellular organelle. Its ability to organize into
      tubules and project into restricted spaces allows for discrete and temporal
      signalling, which is important for cellular physiology and organism homoeostasis.

PMID- 26973143
TI  - The role of Ca(2+) signaling on the self-renewal and neural differentiation of
      embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
AB  - Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are promising resources for both scientific research
      and clinical regenerative medicine. With regards to the latter, ESCs are
      especially useful for treating several neurodegenerative disorders. Two
      significant characteristics of ESCs, which make them so valuable, are their
      capacity for self-renewal and their pluripotency, both of which are regulated by
      the integration of various signaling pathways. Intracellular Ca(2+) signaling is
      involved in several of these pathways. It is known to be precisely controlled by
      different Ca(2+) channels and pumps, which play an important role in a variety of
      cellular activities, including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
      Here, we provide a review of the recent work conducted to investigate the
      function of Ca(2+) signaling in the self-renewal and the neural differentiation
      of ESCs. Specifically, we describe the role of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization
      mediated by RyRs (ryanodine receptors); by cADPR (cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate
      ribose) and CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38/cADPR hydrolase); and by NAADP
      (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and TPC2 (two pore channel 2). We
      also discuss the Ca(2+) influx mediated by SOCs (store-operated Ca(2+) channels),
      TRPCs (transient receptor potential cation channels) and LTCC (L-type Ca(2+)
      channels) in the pluripotent ESCs as well as in neural differentiation of ESCs.
      Moreover, we describe the integration of Ca(2+) signaling in the other signaling
      pathways that are known to regulate the fate of ESCs.

PMID- 26973142
TI  - The serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with cognitive
      performance in acute phase psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the etiology of
      schizophrenia and related psychoses, in which cognitive deficits represent core
      symptoms. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations
      between the level of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein (CRP) and
      cognitive performance in patients through the acute phase of psychosis. METHODS:
      A total of 124 patients were assessed at admittance to hospital and 62 patients
      were retested at discharge or after 6 weeks at the latest, with measurements of
      the CRP levels and alternative forms of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment
      of Neuropsychological Status. RESULTS: There was an inverse relationship between
      overall cognitive performance and CRP level at admittance. The association
      increased in sub-analyses including only patients with schizophrenia. In
      cognitive subdomain analyses statistically significant inverse associations were
      found between the CRP level and Delayed memory and Attention, respectively. No
      associations were found between CRP level and other measures of psychopathology
      including psychosis symptoms, depression, or functioning. At follow-up the
      association between CRP level and cognition was no longer present. There was a
      significant increase in cognitive performance between baseline and follow-up.
      There was a stronger increase in overall cognition scores in patients with higher
      baseline CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that signs of
      inflammation may serve as a state-dependent marker of cognitive dysfunctions in
      acute psychosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID; NCT00932529 ,
      registration date: 02.07.2009.

PMID- 26973146
TI  - Nucleic acid aptamers.

PMID- 26973144
TI  - High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone are associated with aortic wall
      thickness in the general population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the association of thyroid function
      defined by serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with
      thoracic aortic wall thickness (AWT) as a marker of atherosclerotic processes.
      METHODS: We pooled data of 2,679 individuals from two independent population
      based surveys of the Study of Health in Pomerania. Aortic diameter and AWT
      measurements were performed on a 1.5-T MRI scanner at the concentration of the
      right pulmonary artery displaying the ascending and the descending aorta.
      RESULTS: TSH, treated as continuous variable, was significantly associated with
      descending AWT (beta = 0.11; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.02-0.21), while the
      association with ascending AWT was not statistically significant (beta = 0.20; 95
      % CI -0.01-0.21). High TSH (>3.29 mIU/L) was significantly associated with
      ascending (beta = 0.12; 95 % CI 0.02-0.23) but not with descending AWT (beta =
      0.06; 95 % CI -0.04-0.16). There was no consistent association between TSH and
      aortic diameters. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that AWT values increase
      with increasing serum TSH concentrations. Thus, a hypothyroid state may be
      indicative for aortic atherosclerosis. These results fit very well to the
      findings of previous studies pointing towards increased atherosclerotic risk in
      the hypothyroid state. KEY POINTS: * Serum TSH concentrations are positively
      associated with aortic wall thickness. * Serum TSH concentrations are not
      associated with the aortic diameters. * Serum 3,5-diiodothyronine concentrations
      may be positively associated with aortic wall thickness.

PMID- 26973145
TI  - Fine focal spot size improves image quality in computed tomography abdomen and
      pelvis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the image quality between fine focal spot size (FFSS) and
      standard focal spot size (SFSS) in computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis
      (CTAP) METHODS: This retrospective review included all consecutive adult patients
      undergoing contrast-enhanced CTAP between June and September 2014. Two blinded
      radiologists assessed the margin clarity of the abdominal viscera and the
      detected lesions using a five-point grading scale. Cohen's kappa test was used to
      examine the inter-observer reliability between the two reviewers for organ margin
      clarity. Mann-Whitney U testing was utilised to assess the statistical difference
      of the organ and lesion margin clarity. RESULTS: 100 consecutive CTAPs were
      recruited. 52 CTAPs were examined with SFSS of 1.1 * 1.2 mm and 48 CTAPs were
      examined with FFSS of 0.6 * 0.7 mm. Results showed that there was substantial
      agreement for organ margin clarity (mean kappa = 0.759, p < 0.001) among the
      reviewers. FFSS produces images with clearer organ margins (U = 76194.0, p <
      0.001, r = 0.523) and clearer lesion margins (U = 239, p = 0.052, r = 0.269).
      CONCLUSION: FFSS CTAP improves image quality in terms of better organ and lesion
      margin clarity. Fine focus CT scanning is a novel technique that may be applied
      in routine CTAP imaging. KEY POINTS: * Fine focal spot improves organ margin
      clarity. * Fine focal spot improves lesion margin clarity. * Fine focal spot can
      be used in routine CT abdominal imaging.

PMID- 26973148
TI  - Influence of Relative Age on Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit
      Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwanese Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential influence of relative age on the diagnosis
      and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), especially in
      reference to an Asian country. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 378 881 subjects aged 4
      17 years during the study period (September 1, 1997 to August 31, 2011) were
      enrolled in our study from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research
      Database. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the likelihood of
      receiving ADHD diagnosis and treatment for those who were born in August (the
      youngest) compared with those who were born in September (the oldest). RESULTS:
      Both boys and girls born in August had a higher risk of being diagnosed with ADHD
      (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.45-1.84; OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.36-2.15) and receiving ADHD
      medication (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.53-2.02; OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.26-2.18) than those born
      in September. Sensitivity tests conducted over different periods revealed
      consistent findings. CONCLUSIONS: Relative age, as an indicator of neurocognitive
      maturity, is crucial in the risk of being diagnosed with ADHD and receiving ADHD
      medication among children and adolescents. Our findings emphasize the importance
      of considering the age of a child within a grade when diagnosing ADHD and
      prescribing medication for treating ADHD.

PMID- 26973147
TI  - Fast Food Intake in Relation to Employment Status, Stress, Depression, and
      Dietary Behaviors in Low-Income Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women.
AB  - Objective This study explored fast food intake as a potential mediator of the
      relationships among employment status; stress; depression; and fruit, vegetable,
      and fat intakes by race (African American vs. Non-Hispanic White) and body mass
      index (BMI category: overweight vs. obesity). Methods Low-income overweight and
      obese pregnant women (N = 332) were recruited from the Special Supplemental
      Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in Michigan. Path analysis was
      performed to explore mediation effects by race and BMI category. Results Fast
      food intake mediated the relationship between employment status and fat intake (p
      = 0.02) in Non-Hispanic White women, but no mediation effect was detected in
      African American women. For overweight women, fast food intake mediated the
      relationship between employment status and fat intake (p = 0.04) and the
      relationship between depression and vegetable intake (p = 0.01). Also, fast food
      intake partially mediated the relationship between depression and fat intake (p =
      0.003). For obese women, fast food intake mediated the relationship between
      employment status and fat intake (p = 0.04). Conclusion Fast food is an important
      topic for nutrition education for overweight and obese pregnant women. Future
      interventions may be more successful if they address issues associated with
      employment status (e.g., lack of time to plan and cook healthy meals) and
      depressive mood (e.g., inability to plan meals or shop for groceries when coping
      with negative emotions).

PMID- 26973150
TI  - Eating breakfast together as a family: mealtime experiences and associations with
      dietary intake among adolescents in rural Minnesota, USA.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although existing evidence links breakfast frequency to better dietary
      quality, little is known specifically in regard to the benefits associated with
      eating breakfast together with one's family. The present study describes the
      prevalence and experience of having family meals at breakfast among rural
      families and examines associations between meal frequency and adolescent diet
      quality. DESIGN: Data were drawn from Project BreakFAST, a group-randomized trial
      aimed at increasing school breakfast participation in rural Minnesota high
      schools, USA. Linear mixed models were used to examine associations between
      student reports of family breakfast frequency and Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI
      2010) scores while accounting for clustering within schools, demographics and
      household food security. SETTING: Adolescent students from sixteen schools
      completed online surveys, height and weight measurements, and dietary recalls at
      baseline in 2012-2014. SUBJECTS: The sample included 827 adolescents (55.1 %
      girls) in grades 9-10 who reported eating breakfast on at most three days per
      school week. RESULTS: On average, adolescents reported eating breakfast with
      their family 1.3 (sd 1.9) times in the past week. Family breakfast meals occurred
      most frequently in the homes of adolescents who reported a race other than white
      (P=0.002) or Hispanic ethnicity (P=0.02). Family breakfast frequency was directly
      associated with adolescent involvement in preparing breakfast meals (P<0.001) and
      positive attitudes (P<=0.01) about mealtime importance, interactions and
      structure. Family breakfast frequency was unrelated to most diet quality markers.
      CONCLUSIONS: Family meals may be one important context of opportunity for
      promoting healthy food patterns at breakfast. Additional research is needed to
      better inform and evaluate strategies.

PMID- 26973149
TI  - Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity, Indices of Cognitive Control, and
      Academic Achievement in Preadolescents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess whether preadolescents' objectively measured moderate-to
      vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with cognitive control and
      academic achievement, independent of aerobic fitness. STUDY DESIGN: A sample of
      74 children (Meanage = 8.64 years, SD = .58, 46% girls) were included in the
      analyses. Daily MVPA (min/d) was measured over 7 days using ActiGraph wGT3X+
      accelerometer. Aerobic fitness was measured using a maximal graded exercise test
      and expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (mL*kg(-1)*min(-1)). Inhibitory control
      was measured with a modified Eriksen flanker task (reaction time and accuracy),
      and working memory with an Operation Span Task (accuracy scores). Academic
      achievement (in reading, mathematics, and spelling) was expressed as standardized
      scores on the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement. The relationships were
      assessed using hierarchical regression models adjusting for aerobic fitness and
      other covariates. RESULTS: No significant associations were found between MVPA
      and inhibition, working memory, or academic achievement. Aerobic fitness was
      positively associated with inhibitory control (P = .02) and spelling (P = .04)
      but not with other cognitive or academic variables (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Aerobic fitness, rather than daily MVPA, is positively associated with childhood
      ability to manage perceptual interference and spelling. Further research into the
      associations between objectively measured MVPA and cognitive and academic
      outcomes in children while controlling for important covariates is needed.

PMID- 26973152
TI  - Comparative study on prediction performance of photosafety testing tools on
      photoallergens.
AB  - Several testing methods have been established to identify potential phototoxins.
      The present study was undertaken to clarify the predictive ability of in vitro
      photosafety assays for photoallergenicity. On the basis of animal and/or clinical
      photosafety information, 23 photoallergens and 7 non-phototoxic/non
      photoallergenic chemicals were selected and subjected to UV/VIS spectral
      analysis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/micellar ROS (mROS) assays, and 3T3
      neutral red uptake phototoxicity testing (3T3 NRU PT). Of the photoallergens
      tested, ca. 96% of chemicals had intense UV/VIS absorption with a molar
      extinction coefficient of over 1000 M(-1) cm(-1), and false-positive predictions
      were made for 3 non-photoallergenic chemicals. In the ROS assay, all
      photoallergens were found to be potent ROS generators under exposure to simulated
      sunlight. In the photosafety prediction based on the ROS assay, the individual
      specificity was 85.7%, and the positive predictivity and negative predictivity
      were found to be 95.8% and 100%, respectively. Most of the photoirritant
      chemicals were correctly identified by the 3T3 NRU PT; however, it provided false
      predictions for ca. 48% of photoallergens. The orders of sensitivity and
      specificity for photoallergenicity prediction were estimated to be: [sensitivity]
      ROS assay>UV/VIS absorption ? 3T3 NRU PT, and [specificity] 3T3 NRU PT>ROS assay
      ? UV/VIS absorption. Thus, photochemical assays, in particular the ROS assay, can
      be used for assessment of photoallergenicity, although there were some false
      positive predictions.

PMID- 26973153
TI  - Serum D-dimer as an indicator of immediate mortality in patients with in-hospital
      cardiac arrest.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Blood coagulation and fibrin activation with impaired fibrinolysis
      occurs not only during cardiac arrest (CA) but also after the return of
      spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The aim of the present study was to investigate
      the prognostic marker of immediate mortality prediction in in-hospital cardiac
      arrest (IHCA), with special attention to the serum D-dimer concentration.
      METHODS: Retrospective chart review. Adult patients subjected to IHCA with
      resuscitation in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) from January 2012 to July
      2015 were enrolled. Information about patient baseline characteristics,
      resuscitation characteristics, biochemical parameters and outcome details were
      collected. Logistic regression analysis was calculated to identify independent
      predictors for mortality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were
      utilized to evaluate the accuracy of predictors. RESULTS: Of the studied 192
      patients (115 men, mean age 64.98+/-17.66years), more than half-part patients
      died immediately after resuscitation (118/192, 61.46%). The patients who failed
      to resuscitate had more often had a history of septicemia (15.25% vs 2.7%,
      p=0.006), renal insufficiency (38.14% vs 14.86%, p=0.001), pneumonia (51.69% vs
      33.78%, p=0.015) and less often had an initial shockable rhythm (16.1% vs 29.73%,
      p=0.019) than those who sustained ROSC. Pre-CA serum D-dimer concentration was
      significantly higher in the death group than that in ROSC group (22.48+/-17.66 vs
      9.49+/-9.09mg/L, p<0.0001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, D-dimer
      (odds ratios, 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.13) was an independent
      predictor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Serum D-dimer serves as a useful indicator
      of immediate mortality after resuscitation in patients with IHCA.

PMID- 26973151
TI  - Nitrogenase FeMoco investigated by spatially resolved anomalous dispersion
      refinement.
AB  - The [Mo:7Fe:9S:C] iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase is the largest
      known metal cluster and catalyses the 6-electron reduction of dinitrogen to
      ammonium in biological nitrogen fixation. Only recently its atomic structure was
      clarified, while its reactivity and electronic structure remain under debate.
      Here we show that for its resting S=3/2 state the common iron oxidation state
      assignments must be reconsidered. By a spatially resolved refinement of the
      anomalous scattering contributions of the 7 Fe atoms of FeMoco, we conclude that
      three irons (Fe1/3/7) are more reduced than the other four (Fe2/4/5/6). Our data
      are in agreement with the recently revised oxidation state assignment for the
      molybdenum ion, providing the first spatially resolved picture of the resting
      state electron distribution within FeMoco. This might provide the long-sought
      experimental basis for a generally accepted theoretical description of the
      cluster that is in line with available spectroscopic and functional data. 

PMID- 26973155
TI  - Stable, polymer-directed and SPION-nucleated magnetic amphiphilic block copolymer
      nanoprecipitates with readily reversible assembly in magnetic fields.
AB  - The formation of inorganic-organic magnetic nanocomposites using reactive
      chemistry often leads to a loss of super-paramagnetisim when conducted in the
      presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. We present here a low energy and chemically
      mild process of co-nanoprecipitation using SPIONs and homopolymers or amphiphilic
      block copolymers, of varying architecture and hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance,
      which efficiently generates near monodisperse SPION-containing polymer
      nanoparticles with complete retention of magnetism, and highly reversible
      aggregation and redispersion behaviour. When linear and branched block copolymers
      with inherent water-solubility are used, a SPION-directed nanoprecipitation
      mechanism appears to dominate the nanoparticle formation presenting new
      opportunities for tailoring and scaling highly functional systems for a range of
      applications. 

PMID- 26973156
TI  - Follow-up of asymptomatic pancreatic cysts in clinical practice: A vignette
      questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In absence of evidence-based guidelines of pancreatic
      cystic neoplasms (PCN), the management might vary among physicians. The aim of
      this survey was to assess the attitude of Dutch gastroenterologists (GE) towards
      the management of asymptomatic PCNs. METHODS: An anonymous online questionnaire
      was distributed to all practicing GE (n = 381) in The Netherlands, in which four
      vignette patients with PCN were presented. RESULTS: In total 45% of GE responded.
      Most respondents would perform surveillance for a 10 mm PCN (78%) mainly with an
      interval of one year (57%). A shorter interval of three (26%) or six (57%) months
      was chosen for a 25 mm BD-IPMN. Ultrasound was recommended for surveillance by
      19% for a 10 mm cyst. GE with EUS experience were more likely to apply EUS for
      surveillance of 10 mm cyst than those without (56% vs 28%; p < 0.001). The
      presence of a branch-duct intraductal mucinous neoplasm (BD-IPMN) with a mural
      nodule, dilated pancreatic duct (8 mm) or increased serum CA 19.9 (300 U/ml) were
      considered an indication for resection by respectively 88%, 68% and 51% of
      respondents. CONCLUSION: Dutch GE demonstrate substantial variability in the
      management of asymptomatic PCNs. A significant proportion of general GE still use
      ultrasound for surveillance of small PCNs, while GE with EUS experience were more
      likely to perform EUS. The presence of risk factors for malignant degeneration of
      IPMN were not recognized by a substantial proportion of GE. Data on the natural
      history of PCNs is required to provide input for evidence-based guidelines, which
      should lead to a more uniform approach.

PMID- 26973157
TI  - Communicating Uncertain Science to the Public: How Amount and Source of
      Uncertainty Impact Fatalism, Backlash, and Overload.
AB  - Public dissemination of scientific research often focuses on the finding (e.g.,
      nanobombs kill lung cancer) rather than the uncertainty/limitations (e.g., in
      mice). Adults (n = 880) participated in an experiment where they read a
      manipulated news report about cancer research (a) that contained either low or
      high uncertainty (b) that was attributed to the scientists responsible for the
      research (disclosure condition) or an unaffiliated scientist (dueling condition).
      Compared to the dueling condition, the disclosure condition triggered less
      prevention-focused cancer fatalism and nutritional backlash.

PMID- 26973159
TI  - Albert Coons: harnessing the power of the antibody.

PMID- 26973158
TI  - Paediatric orphan lung diseases in Asia.

PMID- 26973154
TI  - Underconnected, But Not Broken? Dynamic Functional Connectivity MRI Shows
      Underconnectivity in Autism Is Linked to Increased Intra-Individual Variability
      Across Time.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by core sociocommunicative
      impairments. Atypical intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) has been reported
      in numerous studies of ASD. A majority of findings has indicated long-distance
      underconnectivity. However, fMRI studies have thus far exclusively examined
      static iFC across several minutes of scanning. We examined temporal variability
      of iFC, using sliding window analyses in selected high-quality (low-motion)
      consortium datasets from 76 ASD and 76 matched typically developing (TD)
      participants (Study 1) and in-house data from 32 ASD and 32 TD participants. Mean
      iFC and standard deviation of the sliding window correlation (SD-iFC) were
      computed for regions of interest (ROIs) from default mode and salience networks,
      as well as amygdala and thalamus. In both studies, ROI pairings with significant
      underconnectivity (ASD<TD) were identified. Mediation analyses showed that
      decreased mean iFC in the ASD groups was significantly affected by increased SD
      iFC. Our study is the first to identify temporal variability across time as a
      significant contributing factor to the common finding of static underconnectivity
      in ASD. Since peak connectivity across time was not significantly reduced in ASD,
      static underconnectivity findings may have to be reinterpreted, suggesting that
      connections are not actually "broken" in ASD, but subject to greater intra
      individual variability across time. Our findings indicate the need for dynamic
      approaches to iFC in clinical functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) investigations.

PMID- 26973160
TI  - Heavily polluted cities attempt to curb traffic emissions.

PMID- 26973161
TI  - Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric risks of varenicline - Authors' reply.

PMID- 26973162
TI  - Less is more: a shift in the surgical approach to non-small-cell lung cancer.

PMID- 26973163
TI  - Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection: a neglected explanation for
      macrolide effects in wheezing and asthma? - Authors' reply.

PMID- 26973164
TI  - Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection: a neglected explanation for
      macrolide effects in wheezing and asthma?

PMID- 26973165
TI  - Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric risks of varenicline.

PMID- 26973166
TI  - Supramolecular Affinity Chromatography for Methylation-Targeted Proteomics.
AB  - Proteome-wide studies of post-translationally methylated species using mass
      spectrometry are complicated by high sample diversity, competition for ionization
      among peptides, and mass redundancies. Antibody-based enrichment has powered
      methylation proteomics until now, but the reliability, pan-specificity,
      polyclonal nature, and stability of the available pan-specific antibodies are
      problematic and do not provide a standard, reliable platform for investigators.
      We have invented an anionic supramolecular host that can form host-guest
      complexes selectively with methyllysine-containing peptides and used it to create
      a methylysine-affinity column. The column resolves peptides on the basis of
      methylation-a feat impossible with a comparable commercial cation-exchange
      column. A proteolyzed nuclear extract was separated on the methyl-affinity column
      prior to standard proteomics analysis. This experiment demonstrates that such
      chemical methyl-affinity columns are capable of enriching and improving the
      analysis of methyllysine residues from complex protein mixtures. We discuss the
      importance of this advance in the context of biomolecule-driven enrichment
      methods. 

PMID- 26973167
TI  - Cortisol disrupts the neural correlates of extinction recall.
AB  - The renewal effect describes the recovery of extinguished responses that may
      occur after a change in context and indicates that extinction memory retrieval is
      sometimes prone to failure. Stress hormones have been implicated to modulate
      extinction processes, with mostly impairing effects on extinction retrieval.
      However, the neurobiological mechanisms mediating stress effects on extinction
      memory remain elusive. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we
      investigated the effects of cortisol administration on the neural correlates of
      extinction memory retrieval in a predictive learning task. In this task,
      participants were required to predict whether certain food stimuli were
      associated with stomach trouble when presented in two different contexts. A two
      day renewal paradigm was applied in which an association was acquired in context
      A and subsequently extinguished in context B. On the following day, participants
      received either cortisol or placebo 40min before extinction memory retrieval was
      tested in both contexts. Behaviorally, cortisol impaired the retrieval of
      extinguished associations when presented in the extinction context. On the neural
      level, this effect was characterized by a reduced context differentiation for the
      extinguished stimulus in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, but only in men. In
      the placebo group, ventromedial prefrontal cortex was functionally connected to
      the left cerebellum, the anterior cingulate and the right anterior
      parahippocampal gyrus to express extinction memory. This functional crosstalk was
      reduced under cortisol. These findings illustrate that the stress hormone
      cortisol disrupts ventromedial prefrontal cortex functioning and its
      communication with other brain regions implicated in extinction memory.

PMID- 26973169
TI  - The time course of individual face recognition: A pattern analysis of ERP
      signals.
AB  - An extensive body of work documents the time course of neural face processing in
      the human visual cortex. However, the majority of this work has focused on
      specific temporal landmarks, such as N170 and N250 components, derived through
      univariate analyses of EEG data. Here, we take on a broader evaluation of ERP
      signals related to individual face recognition as we attempt to move beyond the
      leading theoretical and methodological framework through the application of
      pattern analysis to ERP data. Specifically, we investigate the spatiotemporal
      profile of identity recognition across variation in emotional expression. To this
      end, we apply pattern classification to ERP signals both in time, for any single
      electrode, and in space, across multiple electrodes. Our results confirm the
      significance of traditional ERP components in face processing. At the same time
      though, they support the idea that the temporal profile of face recognition is
      incompletely described by such components. First, we show that signals associated
      with different facial identities can be discriminated from each other outside the
      scope of these components, as early as 70ms following stimulus presentation.
      Next, electrodes associated with traditional ERP components as well as,
      critically, those not associated with such components are shown to contribute
      information to stimulus discriminability. And last, the levels of ERP-based
      pattern discrimination are found to correlate with recognition accuracy across
      subjects confirming the relevance of these methods for bridging brain and
      behavior data. Altogether, the current results shed new light on the fine-grained
      time course of neural face processing and showcase the value of novel methods for
      pattern analysis to investigating fundamental aspects of visual recognition.

PMID- 26973168
TI  - A method for real-time visual stimulus selection in the study of cortical object
      perception.
AB  - The properties utilized by visual object perception in the mid- and high-level
      ventral visual pathway are poorly understood. To better establish and explore
      possible models of these properties, we adopt a data-driven approach in which we
      repeatedly interrogate neural units using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
      (fMRI) to establish each unit's image selectivity. This approach to imaging
      necessitates a search through a broad space of stimulus properties using a
      limited number of samples. To more quickly identify the complex visual features
      underlying human cortical object perception, we implemented a new functional
      magnetic resonance imaging protocol in which visual stimuli are selected in real
      time based on BOLD responses to recently shown images. Two variations of this
      protocol were developed, one relying on natural object stimuli and a second based
      on synthetic object stimuli, both embedded in feature spaces based on the complex
      visual properties of the objects. During fMRI scanning, we continuously
      controlled stimulus selection in the context of a real-time search through these
      image spaces in order to maximize neural responses across pre-determined 1cm(3)
      rain regions. Elsewhere we have reported the patterns of cortical selectivity
      revealed by this approach (Leeds et al., 2014). In contrast, here our objective
      is to present more detailed methods and explore the technical and biological
      factors influencing the behavior of our real-time stimulus search. We observe
      that: 1) Searches converged more reliably when exploring a more precisely
      parameterized space of synthetic objects; 2) real-time estimation of cortical
      responses to stimuli is reasonably consistent; 3) search behavior was acceptably
      robust to delays in stimulus displays and subject motion effects. Overall, our
      results indicate that real-time fMRI methods may provide a valuable platform for
      continuing study of localized neural selectivity, both for visual object
      representation and beyond.

PMID- 26973170
TI  - Intrinsic functional network architecture of human semantic processing: Modules
      and hubs.
AB  - Semantic processing entails the activation of widely distributed brain areas
      across the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. To understand the functional
      structure of this semantic system, we examined its intrinsic functional
      connectivity pattern using a database of 146 participants. Focusing on areas
      consistently activated during semantic processing generated from a meta-analysis
      of 120 neuroimaging studies (Binder et al., 2009), we found that these regions
      were organized into three stable modules corresponding to the default mode
      network (Module DMN), the left perisylvian network (Module PSN), and the left
      frontoparietal network (Module FPN). These three dissociable modules were
      integrated by multiple connector hubs-the left angular gyrus (AG) and the left
      superior/middle frontal gyrus linking all three modules, the left anterior
      temporal lobe linking Modules DMN and PSN, the left posterior portion of dorsal
      intraparietal sulcus (IPS) linking Modules DMN and FPN, and the left posterior
      middle temporal gyrus (MTG) linking Modules PSN and FPN. Provincial hubs, which
      converge local information within each system, were also identified: the
      bilateral posterior cingulate cortices/precuneus, the bilateral border area of
      the posterior AG and the superior lateral occipital gyrus for Module DMN; the
      left supramarginal gyrus, the middle part of the left MTG and the left orbital
      inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for Module FPN; and the left triangular IFG and the
      left IPS for Module FPN. A neuro-functional model for semantic processing was
      derived based on these findings, incorporating the interactions of memory,
      language, and control.

PMID- 26973171
TI  - Single subject analyses reveal consistent recruitment of frontal operculum in
      performance monitoring.
AB  - There are continuing uncertainties regarding whether performance monitoring
      recruits the anterior insula (aI) and/or the frontal operculum (fO). The
      proximity and morphological complexity of these two regions make proper
      identification and isolation of the loci of activation extremely difficult. The
      use of group averaging methods in human neuroimaging might contribute to this
      problem. The result has been heterogeneous labeling of this region as aI, fO, or
      aI/fO, and a discussion of results oriented towards either cognitive or
      interoceptive functions depending on labeling. In the present article, we adapted
      the spatial preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging data to
      account for group averaging artifacts and performed a subject-by-subject analysis
      in three performance monitoring tasks. Results show that functional activity
      related to feedback or action monitoring consistently follows local morphology in
      this region and demonstrate that the activity is located predominantly in the fO
      rather than in the aI. From these results, we propose that a full understanding
      of the respective role of aI and fO would benefit from increased spatial
      resolution and subject-by-subject analysis.

PMID- 26973172
TI  - Extracellular vesicles in ovarian cancer: applications to tumor biology,
      immunotherapy and biomarker discovery.
AB  - In recent years there has been tremendous interest in both the basic biology and
      applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in translational cancer research.
      This includes a better understanding of their biogenesis and mechanisms of
      selective cargo packaging, their precise roles in horizontal communication, and
      their application as non-invasive biomarkers. The rapid advances in next
      generation omics technologies are the driving forces for these discoveries. In
      this review, the authors focus on recent results of EV research in ovarian
      cancer. A deeper understanding of ovarian cancer-derived EVs, the types of cargo
      molecules and their biological roles in cancer growth, metastases and drug
      resistance, could have significant impact on the discovery of novel biomarkers
      and innovative therapeutics. Insights into the role of EVs in immune regulation
      could lead to novel approaches built on EV-based immunotherapy. 

PMID- 26973173
TI  - Diabetes blocks the cardioprotective effects of sevoflurane postconditioning by
      impairing Nrf2/Brg1/HO-1 signaling.
AB  - Sevofluane postconditioning (SPostC) protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion
      injury. However, SPostC cardioprotection is lost in diabetes whose cardiac heme
      oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is reduced. Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) facilitates nuclear
      factor-erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) to activate HO-1 to increase
      myocardial antioxidant capacity in response to oxidative stress. However, cardiac
      Brg1 is reduced in diabetes. We hypothesized that SPostC confers cardioprotection
      by activating HO-1 through Nrf2/Brg1 and that impaired Nrf2/Brg1/HO-1 in diabetes
      is responsible for the loss of SPostC. Control and streptozotocin-induced
      diabetic mice were subjected to 45min coronary artery occlusion followed by 2h
      reperfusion with or without SPostC achieved by exposing the mice to 2%
      sevoflurane for 15min at the onset of reperfusion. In invitro study, H9c2 cells
      were exposed to normal or high glucose and subjected to 3h hypoxia followed by 6h
      reoxygenation. Diabetic mice displayed larger post-ischemic infarct size, severer
      cardiomyocytes apoptosis, and increased oxidative stress concomitant with reduced
      HO-1, nuclear Nrf2 and Brg1 protein expression. These changes were
      prevented/reversed by SPostC in control but not in diabetic mice, and these
      beneficial effects of SPostC were abolished by HO-1 inhibition. In H9c2 cells
      exposed to normal glucose but not high glucose, SPostC significantly attenuated
      hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cellular injury and oxidative stress with increased
      HO-1 and nuclear Nrf2. These SPostC beneficial effects were canceled by HO-1
      inhibition. In conclusion, SPostC protects against myocardial
      ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of Nrf2/Brg1/HO-1 signaling and
      impairment of this signaling may be responsible for the loss of SPostC
      cardioprotection in diabetes. 

PMID- 26973174
TI  - Ischemic Conditioning: Implications for Emergency Medicine.
AB  - Ischemic conditioning refers to the ability of brief episodes of controlled
      hypoperfusion around the time of an acute ischemic event to protect the target
      organ from reperfusion injury. A considerable body of literature suggests that
      interventions as simple and safe as repetitively inflating a blood pressure cuff
      could reduce the size and long-term morbidity of myocardial and cerebral
      infarction. This review introduces and summarizes the body of evidence
      contributing to these impressions.

PMID- 26973175
TI  - Financial Ties Between Emergency Physicians and Industry: Insights From Open
      Payments Data.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The Open Payments program requires reporting of payments by
      medical product companies to teaching hospitals and licensed physicians. We seek
      to describe nonresearch, nonroyalty payments made to emergency physicians in the
      United States. METHODS: We performed a descriptive analysis of the most recent
      Open Payments data released to the public by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
      Services covering the 2014 calendar year. We calculated the median payment, the
      total pay per physician, the types of payments, and the drugs and devices
      associated with payments to emergency physicians. For context, we also calculated
      total pay per physician and the percentage of active physicians receiving
      payments for all specialties. RESULTS: There were 46,405 payments totaling
      $10,693,310 to 12,883 emergency physicians, representing 30% of active emergency
      physicians in 2013. The percentage of active physicians within a specialty who
      received a payment ranged from 14.6% in preventive medicine to 91% in orthopedic
      surgery. The median payment and median total pay to emergency physicians were $16
      (interquartile range $12 to $68) and $44 (interquartile range $16 to $123),
      respectively. The majority of payments (83%) were less than $100. Food and
      beverage (86%) was the most frequent type of payment. The most common products
      associated with payments to emergency physicians were rivaroxaban, apixaban,
      ticagrelor, ceftaroline, canagliflozin, dabigatran, and alteplase. CONCLUSION:
      Nearly a third of emergency physicians received nonresearch, nonroyalty payments
      from industry in 2014. Most payments were of small monetary value and for
      activities related to the marketing of antithrombotic drugs.

PMID- 26973176
TI  - National Institutes of Health Support for Clinical Emergency Care Research, 2011
      to 2014.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: I report on the results of a portfolio analysis of National
      Institutes of Health (NIH) support for clinical emergency care research. METHODS:
      A targeted query was created with data-mining techniques that accessed the NIH
      database for 2011 to 2014. The search was constructed to have a clinical focus;
      animal and bench research projects, as well as career development grants, were
      excluded. The search results were manually reviewed for appropriateness and then
      analyzed. RESULTS: Six-hundred eighty-eight applications were analyzed. During
      the study period, the number of new emergency care projects submitted to NIH
      increased from 62 in 2011 to 153 in 2014. A total of 112 new applications were
      funded for $100 million, with an overall success rate of 23%. The total amount of
      support for both new and existing projects during the 4-year study period was
      $263 million. One third of the funded principal investigators were emergency
      medicine faculty, and their success rate for R01 funding was twice the NIH
      average. CONCLUSION: Emergency care research makes up 0.7% of NIH spending on new
      research project grants. The success rate is high for emergency medicine
      principal investigators conducting clinical work. The overall success rate for
      emergency medicine R01s is similar to that of other clinical specialties.

PMID- 26973177
TI  - Opioids and the Emergency Physician: Ducking Between Pendulum Swings.

PMID- 26973178
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Right Ventricular Dysfunction Markers in Normotensive
      Emergency Department Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: We determine the diagnostic accuracy of goal-directed
      echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and computed tomography (CT) in early
      identification of severe right ventricular dysfunction in normotensive emergency
      department patients with pulmonary embolism compared with comprehensive
      echocardiography. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of
      consecutive normotensive patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism.
      Investigators, blinded to clot burden and biomarkers, performed qualitative goal
      directed echocardiography for right ventricular dysfunction: right ventricular
      enlargement (diameter greater than or equal to that of the left ventricle),
      severe right ventricular systolic dysfunction, and septal bowing. Brain
      natriuretic peptide and troponin cutoffs of greater than or equal to 90 pg/mL and
      greater than or equal to 0.07 ng/mL and CT right ventricular:left ventricular
      diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1.0 were also compared with comprehensive
      echocardiography. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen normotensive pulmonary embolism
      patients (111 confirmed by CT, 5 by ventilation-perfusion scan) were enrolled.
      Twenty-six of 116 patients (22%) had right ventricular dysfunction on
      comprehensive echocardiography. Goal-directed echocardiography had a sensitivity
      of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 87% to 100%), specificity of 99% (95% CI
      94% to 100%), positive likelihood ratio (+LR) of 90.0 (95% CI 16.3 to 499.8), and
      negative likelihood ratio (-LR) of 0 (95% CI 0 to 0.13). Brain natriuretic
      peptide had a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI 70% to 98%), specificity of 68% (95% CI
      57% to 78%), +LR of 2.8 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.9), and -LR of 0.17 (95% CI 0.06 to
      0.43). Troponin had a sensitivity of 62% (95% CI 41% to 80%), specificity of 93%
      (95% CI 86% to 98%), +LR of 9.2 (95% CI 4.1 to 20.9), and -LR of 0.41 (95% CI
      0.24 to 0.62). CT had a sensitivity of 91% (95% CI 72% to 99%), specificity of
      79% (95% CI 69% to 87%), +LR of 4.3 (95% CI 2.8 to 6.7), and -LR of 0.11 (95% CI
      0.03 to 0.34). CONCLUSION: Goal-directed echocardiography was highly accurate for
      early severe right ventricular dysfunction identification and pulmonary embolism
      risk-stratification. Brain natriuretic peptide was sensitive but less specific,
      whereas troponin had lower sensitivity but higher specificity. CT had good
      sensitivity and moderate specificity.

PMID- 26973179
TI  - Cancer incidence in France over the 1980-2012 period: Hematological malignancies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The classification of hematological malignancies (HMs) has changed in
      recent decades. For the first time, the French network of cancer registries
      (Francim) provides estimates for incidence and trends of HM in France between
      1980 and 2012 for major HM subtypes. METHODS: Incidence was directly estimated by
      modeling the incidence rates measured in the cancer registry area. For each HM
      subtype, a "usable incidence period" was defined a priori, corresponding to the
      years for which all the registries collected them in a homogeneous way. For both
      sexes and each HM subtype, age-period-cohort models were used to estimate
      national incidence trends. RESULTS: Overall in France, there were an estimated
      35,000 new HMs in 2012 (19,400 in men and 15,600 in women). Lymphoid malignancies
      accounted for more than two-thirds of HM incident cases (n=25,136). The incidence
      sex ratio (M/F) varied from 1.1 for classical Hodgkin lymphoma to 4.0 for mantle
      cell lymphoma. The median age at diagnosis ranged from 62 to 81 years according
      to the major HM subtypes. Overall in both sexes, the top five most frequent HMs
      in 2012 were plasma cell neoplasm (about 4900 estimated cases), chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (4500 cases), diffuse large B
      cell lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndromes (4100 cases), and acute myeloid
      leukemia (2800 cases). The incidence rates increased for follicular lymphoma and
      plasma cell neoplasm during the study period in both sexes. Classical Hodgkin
      lymphoma was relatively stable in men between 1980 and 2012 and increased in both
      sexes during the most recent period. Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, other
      than chronic myelogenous leukemia, are the only subtype that showed a slightly
      downward trend in incidence between 2003 and 2012 in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The
      striking differences in the incidence patterns by histologic subtype strongly
      suggest a certain level of etiologic heterogeneity among hematological
      malignancies and support the pursuit of epidemiologic analysis by subtype for HMs
      in international studies. Age-standardized incidence rates are essential to
      analyze trends in risk, whereas the number of incident cases is necessary to make
      provisions for healthcare resources and to evaluate the overall burden of HM.

PMID- 26973181
TI  - [Adipogenic function and other biologic effects of insulin].
AB  - Studies on experimental animals with knockout of the insulin receptor gene Insr
      (in the whole body or in certain tissues) and/or related genes encoding proteins
      involved in realization of insulin signal transduction in target cells, have made
      an important contribution to the elucidation of insulin regulation of metabolism,
      particularly fat metabolism. Since the whole insulin secreted by b-cells,
      together with the products of gastrointestinal tract digestion of proteins, fats,
      and carbohydrates reach the liver, the latter is the first organ on which this
      hormone acts. The liver employs released amino acids for synthesis of proteins,
      including apoproteins for various lipoproteins. Glucose is used for synthesis of
      glycogen, fatty acids, and triglycerides, which enter all the organs in very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL). The LIRKO mice with knockout of the Insr gene in the
      liver demonstrated inhibition of synthesis of macromolecular compounds from amino
      acids, glucose, and fatty acids. Low molecular weight substances demonstrated
      increased entry to circulation, and together with other disorders induced
      hyperglycemia. In LIRKO mice blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance
      demonstrated time-dependent normalization and at later stages the increase in
      glucose levels was replaced by hypoglycemia. These changes can be well explained
      if we take into consideration that one of the main functions of insulin consists
      in stimulation of energy accumulation by means of activation of triglyceride
      deposition in adipose tissue. FIRKO mice with selective knockout of adipose
      tissue Insr were characterized by decreased uptake of glucose in adipocytes, and
      its transformation into lipids. However, the level of body fat in animals
      remained normal, possibly due to preserved insulin receptor in the liver and
      insulin-induced activation of triglyceride production which maintained normal
      levels of body fat stores, the effective functioning of adipose tissue and
      secretion of leptin by adipocytes during inhibition of glucose transformation
      into triglyceride in adipose tissue. Knockout of the Insr gene in muscles blocked
      glucose uptake by myocytes, but it did not induce hyperglycemia, probably due to
      the increase in glucose uptake by other organs, which retained the insulin
      receptor, and induced some increase in fat resources in adipose tissue. Similar
      results were obtained in mice with knockout the glucose transporter 4 GLUT4 in
      muscle and/or adipose tissue. Insulin microinjections in the brain, in the
      cerebral ventricle 4 (ICV) and mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) did not affect the
      insulin levels in the general circulation, but effectively activated lipogenesis
      and inhibited lipolysis in adipose tissue. They induced obesity, similar to
      conventional obesity when the insulin levels increased. These results may serve
      as additional evidence for importance of the adipogenic insulin function in
      mechanisms of regulation of general metabolism. 

PMID- 26973182
TI  - [Oxidative stress in adipose tissue as a primary link in pathogenesis of insulin
      resistance].
AB  - Obesity is a leading risk factor of diabetes mellitus type 2, impairments of
      lipid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Dysfunctions of the accumulating
      weight of the visceral fat are primarily linked to pathogenesis of systemic
      insulin resistance. The review considers modern views about biochemical
      mechanisms underlying formation of oxidative stress in adipocytes at obesity, as
      one of key elements of impairments of their metabolism triggering formation of
      systemic insulin resistance. 

PMID- 26973183
TI  - [Biological activity and mechanisms of therapeutic action of rosmarinic acid,
      luteolin and its sulphated derivatives].
AB  - The review considers recent experimental studies of biological activity and
      mechanisms of therapeutic action of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulfated
      derivatives in diseases associated with disorders of carbohydrate and lipid
      metabolism. Particular attention is focused on the results of studies showing a
      high therapeutic potential of these phenolic compounds in their prophylactic and
      therapeutic use at experimental modeling of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia.
      Based on the analysis of our results and the literature data putative mechanisms
      of therapeutic action of rosmarinic acid, luteolin and its sulfated derivatives
      have been proposed. 

PMID- 26973180
TI  - Comparative genomics of drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.
AB  - Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is one of the causative agents of human sleeping
      sickness, a fatal disease that is transmitted by tsetse flies and restricted to
      Sub-Saharan Africa. Here we investigate two independent lines of T. b.
      rhodesiense that have been selected with the drugs melarsoprol and pentamidine
      over the course of 2 years, until they exhibited stable cross-resistance to an
      unprecedented degree. We apply comparative genomics and transcriptomics to
      identify the underlying mutations. Only few mutations have become fixed during
      selection. Three genes were affected by mutations in both lines: the aminopurine
      transporter AT1, the aquaporin AQP2, and the RNA-binding protein UBP1. The
      melarsoprol-selected line carried a large deletion including the adenosine
      transporter gene AT1, whereas the pentamidine-selected line carried a
      heterozygous point mutation in AT1, G430R, which rendered the transporter non
      functional. Both resistant lines had lost AQP2, and both lines carried the same
      point mutation, R131L, in the RNA-binding motif of UBP1. The finding that
      concomitant deletion of the known resistance genes AT1 and AQP2 in T. b. brucei
      failed to phenocopy the high levels of resistance of the T. b. rhodesiense
      mutants indicated a possible role of UBP1 in melarsoprol-pentamidine cross
      resistance. However, homozygous in situ expression of UBP1-Leu(131) in T. b.
      brucei did not affect the sensitivity to melarsoprol or pentamidine.

PMID- 26973184
TI  - [Low molecular weight regulators of the intracellular insulin signal transduction
      as a correction method of the insulin resistance in the treatment of type 2
      diabetes].
AB  - Insulin resistance is the characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes. This
      condition is manifested in the reduction of peripheral tissues sensitivity to the
      biological action of insulin and is expressed in the inhibition of cellular
      glucose absorption and metabolism in response to hormonal stimulation. At the
      cellular level, disorders which are realized both at the receptor and the
      postreceptor levels can serve a prerequisite to the formation of insulin
      resistance and are associated with a change in the amount or dysfunction of major
      molecular signaling cascade. Thus, the insulin receptor, as well as the other
      related signaling molecules can be considered as ideal therapeutic targets for
      the correction of insulin resistance and thus low molecular weight effectors
      which act on the individual links of insulin signaling cascade may be positioned
      as a new generation of anti-diabetic agents. This report provides information on
      the regulators of insulin receptor cascade, main advantages and disadvantages of
      their impact on biological targets and prospects for their therapeutic use as
      anti-diabetic drugs. 

PMID- 26973186
TI  - [Medical and biological properties of polysaccharide complex of isoniazid and
      ethambutol].
AB  - The polymeric anti-tubercular drug systems "Biophthizoetham-K" and
      "Biophthizoetham-P" have been obtained by chemical modification of parent
      compounds isoniazid and ethambutol with carboxymethilcellulose and
      polygalacturonic acid. These systems were less toxic then the parent compounds;
      they exhibited prolonged anti-tubercular action at a dose sixfold lower than
      isoniazid. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that after administration of
      "Biophthizoetham-K" and "Biophthizoetham-P", therapeutic concentration of active
      substances (isoniazid and ethambutol) in blood remained longer than after
      administration of active substances alone. Introduction of isoniazid in the
      polysaccharide matrix decreased its metabolism into the therapeutically inactive
      form--acetilizoniazid.

PMID- 26973185
TI  - [Interaction of novel oxazoline derivatives of 17(20)e-pregna-5,17(20)-diene with
      cytochrome P450 17A1].
AB  - In order to find novel inhibitors of 17a-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (cytochrome P450
      17A1, CYP17A1), a key enzyme of biosynthesis of androgens, molecular docking of
      six new oxazoline-containing derivatives 17(20)E-pregna-5,17(20)-diene has been
      carried out to the active site of the crystal structure of CYP17A1 (pdb 3ruk).
      Results of this study indicate that: 1) complex formation of docked compounds
      with CYP17A1 causes their isomerization in energetically less favorable 17(20)Z
      isomer; 2) the localization of the steroid moiety of all compounds in the active
      site is basically the same; 3) the structure of the oxazoline moiety
      significantly influences its position relative to heme as well as the energy of
      complex formation; 4) coordination of the nitrogen atom of the oxazoline moiety
      and the heme iron is only possible in the 17(20)Z-conformation with anti oriented
      double bonds 17(20), and C=N; 5) the presence of two substituents at C4' of the
      oxazoline moiety significantly impairs ligand binding; 6) oxazoline--and
      benzoxazole-containing derivatives 17(20)E-pregna-5,17(20)-diene can effectively
      inhibit the catalytic activity CYP17A1 and may be of interest as a basis for the
      development of new drugs for the treatment of androgen-dependent cancer.

PMID- 26973187
TI  - [Lipid peroxidation in cardiac mitochondrial fraction of rats exposed to
      different supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids].
AB  - The effect of diet supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) used
      at different ratios of w-6/w-3 was studied on the content of primary (diene
      conjugates, DC; triene conjugates, TC), secondary (ketodienes, CD; coupled
      trienes, CT; TBA-active products) and terminal (Schiff bases) lipid peroxidation
      products (LPO) and generation of superoxide anion-radical in rat heart
      mitochondrial fraction. It was shown that diet supplementation with high doses of
      w-6 or w-3 PUFAs increased the content of primary, secondary and terminal LPO in
      rat heart mitochondrial fraction. Llipid peroxidation was accompanied by the
      intensification of superoxide anion-radical generation in rat heart mitochondrial
      fraction. During diet consumption with the PUFAs leading factor affecting the
      intensity of lipoperoxidation in rat heart mitochondria is fatty acid
      composition, rather than the level of their saturation. 

PMID- 26973188
TI  - [Effect of radio frequency discharge plasma on surface properties and
      biocompatibility of polycaprolactone matrices].
AB  - Surface modification of bioresorbable polymer material (polycaprolactone, PCL)
      with abnormal glow discharge, initiated during radio-frequency magnetron
      sputtering of a hydroxyapatite target was investigated. Plasma treatment resulted
      in an increase of surface roughness of PCL, crystallite size, the surface free
      energy and hydrophilicity. Increased treatment time (30, 60, 150 seconds)
      provoked the polymer surface saturation with the sputtering target ions (calcium,
      phosphorus). The assessment of plasma exposure of PCL surface on bone marrow
      multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells behavior (BM MSCs) has been performed.
      Modification of the polymer surface with the abnormal glow discharge stimulated
      adhesion and subsequent proliferation of BM MSCs; thus, maximum values were
      achieved with the surface treatment for 60 s. This type of plasma modification
      did not affect cell viability (apoptosis, necrosis). Thus, the surface
      modification with abnormal glow discharge, initiated during radio-frequency
      magnetron sputtering of a hydroxyapatite target, appear to be a promising method
      of surface modification of bioresorbable polymer material (PCL) for tissue
      engineering. 

PMID- 26973189
TI  - [The role of oxidative protein modification and the gluthatione system in
      modulation of the redox status of breast epithelial cells].
AB  - The effects of the SH-group blocker N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and thiol group
      protector 1,4-dithioerythritol (DTE) on the redox status of cells HBL-100 cells,
      oxidative modification of their proteins and the state of glutathione and
      thioredoxin systems have been investigated. Breast epithelial cells cultivated in
      the presence of NEM were characterized by decreased redox status, increased
      glutathione reductase activity, and increased concentrations of products of
      irreversible oxidative modification of protein and amino acids. Cultivation of
      HBL-100 cells in the presence of DTE resulted in a shift of the redox status
      towards reduction processes and increased reversible protein modification by
      glutathionylation. The proposed model of intracellular redox modulation may be
      used in the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat diseases
      accompanied by impaired redox homeostasis (e.g. oncologic, inflammatory,
      cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease). 

PMID- 26973190
TI  - [The imbalance of metal-containing proteins and free metal ions in the amniotic
      fluid during fetal growth].
AB  - The levels of zinc, copper, iron, and magnesium ions, and some of their binding
      proteins have been investigated in an amniotic fluid under the fetal growth
      retardation (FGR). FGR, developed under conditions of placental insufficiency, is
      characterized by a decrease in the content of zinc, iron, and magnesium ions and
      by an increase in the copper content in the amniotic fluid in the II and III
      trimesters of pregnancy. During these trimesters the levels of ceruloplasmin,
      ferritin, and Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase were lower in FGR, while the level of zinc-a-2
      glycoprotein was higher than during the same periods of normal pregnancy. Changes
      in the parameters studied in the amniotic fluid were associated with
      developmental disorders of the newborns. These changes obviously have a
      pathogenetic importance in the development of FGR, and the levels of metal ions
      and their ratio in the amniotic fluid can be used as markers of the pre- and
      postnatal pathology. 

PMID- 26973192
TI  - [Urea formation in the after operational liver].
AB  - The effect of resection of the left lobe of the liver (LR, 15-20% og the organ
      weight) on hepatic urea formation was investigated in 84 albino rats. The objects
      of study were the surgery left (LLP), inoperable middle (MLP) lobe of the liver,
      blood (aorta, v. hepatica, v. porta) and choledochal bile. They studied the urea
      content. Arginase activity was examined in liver homogenate. On the day 3 and day
      7 after resection reduced arginase activity was detected. LR caused a decrease of
      urea in v. hepatica, but increased urea content in the arterial blood and v.
      porta. Increase in bile urea on day 7 it was replaced by a decrease observed on
      day 14 of the postsurgery period. The concentration of urea in the liver on the
      3rd day after LR was below the norm, and on the 7th and 14th day was within it.
      The results indicate a violation of urea operated by hepatocytes of the liver and
      extrahepatic activation mechanisms of the formation of urea. 

PMID- 26973191
TI  - [The effect of long-term exposure to low doses of endocrine disruptor ddt on
      serum levels of thyroid protein autoantigenes and antithyroid autoantibodies].
AB  - Changes in secretion of thyroid autoantigenes and production of antithyroid
      autoantibodies after long-term exposure to low doses of DDT were studied. Changes
      in serum levels of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroid peroxidase,
      attributed to disruption of thyroxine production by DDT were found. Long-term
      exposure of rats to low doses of DDT revealed no specific impact on serum
      autoantibodies to all thyroid autoantigenes studied. The increase of the ratio of
      autoantibody/autoantigen for thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin was rather
      small and thus could not be considered as a significant symptom of thyroid
      autoimmunity. 

PMID- 26973193
TI  - [Peculiarities of the action of hyaluronidase of different origin to the
      connective tissue].
AB  - The lecture is devoted to consideration of mechanism of therapeutic action of the
      enzyme hyaluronidase in hyperplastic connective tissue. Drugs based on
      hyaluronidase increase bioavailability of other drugs used in adjuvant therapy;
      they significantly increase effectiveness of treatment, and also provide targeted
      synthesis of hyaluronic acid, ths regulating the regeneration process of
      connective tissue. 

PMID- 26973194
TI  - [Activation of caspases in lymphocytes of patients with depression and anxiety].
AB  - The processes in the nervous and immune systems are closely interrelated. In
      particular, increased apoptosis was reported in lymphocytes of patients with
      depression. The aim of this study was to assess activities of proteases
      associated with cell death in lymphocytes of patient with personality disorders
      accompanied by depression and anxiety. In patients with personality disorders
      associated with organic brain dysfunction caspase activities were reduced in
      patients with depression and increased in patients with anxiety. The results may
      be useful for elucidation of pathogenetic mechanisms of personality disorders and
      in search of new biomarkers of these diseases. 

PMID- 26973195
TI  - [Serum IgG antibodies to GD1a and GM1 gangliosides in elderly people].
AB  - Nowadays, the percentage of elderly people in society grows. Good nutrition and
      medical care help older people to have a normal life over 80 to 90 years. In the
      last ten years it is of critical importance to establish the clinical
      significance of serum IgG anti-GD1a and anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies as
      potential biomarkers for neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases and immune
      mediated neuropathies and demyelination. In the current study, the diagnostic
      values of IgG anti-GD1a and anti-GM1 antibodies were determined by the ELISA
      method in serum samples of 18 elderly patients (71-91 years). Significantly
      elevated serum IgG anti-GD1a and anti-GM1 antibodies titers were detected only in
      patients over 80 years. These data suggest that the immune-mediated neuropathies,
      neurodegeneration and demyelination in healthy elderly occur after 80 years old.
      Therefore, IgG anti-GD1a and anti-GM1 antibodies can serve as biomarkers, showing
      the nervous system dysfunction. 

PMID- 26973196
TI  - [Reference ranges of matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, -9 and tissue inhibitor of
      matrix metalloproteinases-1 concentrations in amniotic fluid in physiological
      pregnancy].
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine reference values of matrix
      metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix
      metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in the amniotic fluid at the first stage of labor
      in physiological pregnancy. 89 women at the first stage of term labor have been
      examined. Samples of amniotic fluid were taken at the first period of labor by
      vaginal amniotomy. Concentrations ofMMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were
      investigated in amniotic fluid by ELISA kits. We have determined normal
      concentration ranges for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and ratios of
      concentrations of MMPs and TIMP-1 (MMP-1/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1) in
      the amniotic fluid at the first period of labor in physiological pregnancy. These
      included: MMP-1--5.1-16.8 pg/mg of protein, MMP-2--238.3-374.1 pg/mg of protein,
      MMP-9--66.1-113.3 pg/mg of protein, TIMP-1--4.7-13.6 pg/mg of protein, ratio of
      MMP-1/TIMP-1--0.1-2.2, ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-1--19.9-55.7, ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1-
      4.2-17.2.

PMID- 26973197
TI  - [Characteristics of exosomes andmicroparticles discovered in human tears].
AB  - Exosomes represent a sort of extracellular vesicles, which transfer molecular
      signals in organism and possess markers of producing cells. Our study was aimed
      at search of exosomes in the tears of healthy humans, confirmation of their
      nature and examination of exosome morphological and molecular-biological
      characteristics. The tears (110-340 ml) were collected from 24 healthy donors
      (aged 46-60 years); individual probes were centrifuged at 20000 g for 15 min to
      pellet cell debris. The supernatants were examined in electron microscope using
      negative staining; and they were also used for isolation and purification of the
      exosomes by filtration (100 nm pore-size) and double ultracentrifugation (90 min
      at 100000 g, 4 degrees C). The "pellets" were subjected to electron microscopy,
      immunolabeling. The RNA and DNA were isolated from the samples, and their sizes
      were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis, the concentration and localization
      of nucleic acids were determined. Sequencing of DNA was performed using MiSeq
      ("Illumina", USA), data were analyzed using CLC GW 7.5 ("Qiagen", USA). Sequences
      were mapped on human genome (hg19). Electron microscopy revealed in supernatants
      of the tears cell debris, spherical microparticles (20-40 nm), membrane vesicles
      and macromolecular aggregates. The "pellets" obtained after ultracentrifugation,
      contained microparticles (17%), spherical and cup-shaped EVs (40-100 nm, 83%),
      which were positive for CD63, CD9 and CD24 receptors (specific markers of
      exosomes). Our study showed presence of high amount of exosomes in human tears,
      and relation of the exosomes with RNA (size less than 200 nt) and DNA (size was 3
      9 kb). Sequencing of the DNA showed that about 92% of the reads mapped to human
      genome. 

PMID- 26973198
TI  - [Prognostic value of the parameters of free radical oxidation in traumatic brain
      injury].
AB  - The dynamics of lipoperoxides content and activity of antioxidant (glutathione
      peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and prooxidant (xanthine oxidase)
      enzymes were investigated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      traumatic brain injury of various severity depending on the left- or right
      hemisphere localization of injuries. Reciprocal relationship between lipid
      peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins from first to 14th day,
      increase of the level of total antioxidant activity, accompanied with the growth
      of GP and catalase activity, against the background of decrease in SOD activity
      from 1 to 7 day have been revealed. Were set lower "average" content of lipid
      peroxides in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with the subsequent
      development of lethal results in compare with cases of favorable outcomes,
      decrease of geptanofilic lipid peroxides in serum below the reference level, as
      well as the reduction of antioxidant activity in the blood and cerebrospinal
      fluid, associated with a sharp falling in superoxide dismutase activity and a
      significant increase of xanthine oxidase activity, which preceded the lethal
      results. 

PMID- 26973199
TI  - Factors influencing the concordance of histological subtype diagnosis from biopsy
      and resected specimens of lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lung adenocarcinoma is heterogeneous, characterized by various
      histological subtypes. Determination of the predominant histological subtype
      (lepidic, papillary, acinar or solid-predominant) has been shown to correlate
      with genetic abnormalities and clinicopathological features. Although subtyping
      using small biopsy samples is important for tailored approaches to clinical
      management, limited data exist on the concordance of predominant subtype between
      resected specimens and biopsy specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the
      diagnosed predominant subtypes in resected specimens and matched biopsy specimens
      in a series of 327 lung adenocarcinomas. The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis
      by biopsy and the factors that influence concordance with resected specimen
      analysis were examined. RESULTS: In 211 of the 326 patients (66.0%), the
      predominant adenocarcinoma subtype diagnosed from biopsy matched the findings of
      resection analysis. Overall, the concordance rate in biopsy samples with larger
      tumor areas (>= 0.7 mm(2)) was significantly higher than in those with smaller
      tumor area (<0.7 mm(2); 71.2% vs 60.7%, respectively; p=0.015). In the biopsy
      samples with smaller tumor areas, the concordance rate was 77% in lepidic
      subtype, 71% in papillary subtype, 60% in solid subtype, and 40% in acinar
      subtype. Concordance rate in the biopsy samples with larger tumor area was higher
      in papillary and solid subtypes (88% and 76%, respectively), but remained low in
      acinar subtype (37%). CONCLUSION: The current results indicate that accuracy of
      adenocarcinoma subtyping based on small biopsy samples is influenced by tumor
      area. Our study also suggests that subtyping of acinar histology using biopsy
      specimen is particularly error-prone.

PMID- 26973200
TI  - The role of new PET tracers for lung cancer.
AB  - 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography
      (PET/CT) is established for characterising indeterminate pulmonary nodules and
      staging lung cancer where there is curative intent. Whilst a sensitive technique,
      specificity for characterising lung cancer is limited. There is recognition that
      evaluation of other aspects of abnormal cancer biology in addition to glucose
      metabolism may be more helpful in characterising tumours and predicting response
      to novel targeted cancer therapeutics. Therefore, efforts have been made to
      develop and evaluate new radiopharmaceuticals in order to improve the sensitivity
      and specificity of PET imaging in lung cancer with regards to characterisation,
      treatment stratification and therapeutic monitoring. 18F-fluorothymidine (18F
      FLT) is a marker of cellular proliferation. It shows a lower accumulation in
      tumours than 18F-FDG as it only accumulates in the cells that are in the S phase
      of growth and demonstrates a low sensitivity for nodal staging. Its main role is
      in evaluating treatment response. Methionine is an essential amino acid. 11C
      methionine is more specific and sensitive than 18F-FDG in differentiating benign
      and malignant thoracic nodules. 18Ffluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) is used for
      imaging tumour hypoxia. Tumour response to treatment is significantly related to
      the level of tumour oxygenation. Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood
      vessels are formed in tumours and is involved in tumour growth and metastatic
      tumour spread and is a therapeutic target. Most clinical studies have focused on
      targeted integrin PET imaging of which alphavbeta3 integrin is the most
      extensively investigated. It is upregulated on activated endothelial cells in
      association with tumour angiogenesis. Neuroendocrine tumour tracers, particularly
      68Ga-DOTA-peptides, have an established role in imaging of carcinoid tumours.
      Whilst most of these tracers have predominantly been used in the research
      environment, they offer exciting opportunities for improving staging,
      characterisation, stratification and response assessment in an era of increased
      personalised therapy in lung cancer. 

PMID- 26973201
TI  - Association between polymorphisms in pre-miRNA genes and risk of lung cancer in a
      Chinese non-smoking female population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs play important roles in the development of human chronic
      diseases including lung cancer. This is the first case-control study of lung
      cancer in a non-smoking female population in northeast China, to evaluate the
      roles of the polymorphisms in pre-miRNAs on risk of lung cancer. METHODS: The
      genotypes of six polymorphisms in miRNAs were determined in 575 patients with
      lung cancer and 608 healthy controls who were frequency matched for age. RESULTS:
      For miR-146a rs2910164, individuals carrying heterozygous CG or homozygous GG
      genotype had decreased risks of lung cancer compared with those carrying
      homozygous wild CC genotype (adjusted odds ratios were 0.76 and 0.64, 95%
      confidence intervals were 0.59-0.99 and 0.46-0.90, P values were 0.039 and 0.010,
      respectively). G allele of rs2910164 was associated with a lower risk of lung
      cancer with a significant odds ratio of 0.80. MiR-423 rs6505162CA or AA genotype
      was associated with significantly decreased risk for lung cancer compared to CC
      genotype (adjusted odds ratios were 0.77 and 0.54). The significant result was
      also found in the allele model with odds ratio of 0.75. However, miR-196a2
      rs11614913, miR-30c-1 rs928508, miR-608 rs4919510 and miR-27a rs895819
      polymorphisms were not significantly associated with lung cancer risks in any
      models. The similar results were also found in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that miR-146a rs2910164C>G and miR-423
      rs6505162C>A polymorphisms may contribute to genetic susceptibility to lung
      cancer and lung adenocarcinoma in Chinese non-smoking females.

PMID- 26973202
TI  - ALK, ROS1 and RET rearrangements in lung squamous cell carcinoma are very rare.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Chromosomal rearrangements of ALK and ROS1 genes in non-small cell
      lung carcinoma (NSCLC) define a molecular subgroup of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC)
      that is amenable to targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
      crizotinib. Emerging clinical studies have demonstrated that patients with RET
      rearranged NSCLC may also benefit from existing RET TKIs, including cabozantinib
      and vandetanib. However, the reported cases of lung squamous cell carcinomas
      (SCC) harboring gene rearrangements have been detected via fluorescence in situ
      hybridization (FISH) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) from materials such as biopsy
      or resection. Fusion events identified in lung SCC raise the question of whether
      this histologic subtype should also be evaluated for merit molecular testing.
      This work was undertaken to study the prevalence of lung SCC harboring ALK, ROS1,
      and RET translocations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Squamous cell carcinomas were
      confirmed using both histological examination by pathologists and
      immunohistochemistry analysis with positive staining of P63 and CK5/6 combined
      with negative CK7 and TTF-1 staining. 214 samples from surgically resected
      patient tissues were used to search for ALK, ROS1, and RET rearrangements by a
      NanoString analysis method. Fusion events were detected in a single-tube,
      multiplex assay system that relied on a complementary strategy of interrogation
      of 3' gene overexpression and detection of specific fusion transcript variants.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ALK, ROS1 or RET gene rearrangements appeared 0 times out
      of 214 cases of lung SCC. Our data revealed that these fusions may be very rare
      in lung squamous cancer. The molecular screening strategy should therefore be
      focused on lung adenocarcinoma as the current National Comprehensive Cancer
      Network (NCCN) guideline recommends.

PMID- 26973203
TI  - Feasibility of cytological specimens for ALK fusion detection in patients with
      advanced NSCLC using the method of RT-PCR.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Histological tissues are preferred for anaplastic lymphoma kinase
      (ALK) fusion detection in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this
      study was to evaluate the feasibility of cytological sample as an alternative
      specimen for ALK fusion testing in patients with advanced NSCLC. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Advanced NSCLC patients with cytological specimens or tumor tissue who
      had their ALK fusion status detected by the method of reverse transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji
      University were included into this study. The efficacy was evaluated in those
      with ALK fusion positive and received the therapy of crizotinib. RESULTS: 1274
      patients were included in this study. Among them, 108 patients were ALK RT-PCR
      positive and 69 of them received crizotinib treatment. Among 1002 patients with
      cytological specimens, the average concentration of RNA extracted from
      cytological specimens was 60.99 ng/MUl (95% confidence interval [CI], 55.56
      66.60) and the incidence rate of ALK fusion was 8.3% (83/1002), which were
      similar to 63.16 ng/MUl (95% CI, 51.88-76.34) (p=0.727) and 9.2% (25/272,
      p=0.624) in 272 patients with tumor tissue. Also, there were no statistically
      significant differences regarding to the objective response rate (ORR) (62.0% vs.
      42.1%, p=0.177) and the median progression free survival (mPFS) [8.6 months (95%
      CI 7.30-9.84) vs. 7.0 months (95% CI 4.54-9.47), p=0.736] in patients of
      cytological group and tissue group after the treatment of crizotinib. CONCLUSION:
      Cytological specimens showed a high feasibility to detect ALK fusion status,
      which could be regarded as alternative samples for ALK fusion detection by the
      method of RT-PCR in patients with advanced NSCLC.

PMID- 26973204
TI  - Metformin use and survival from lung cancer: A population-based cohort study.
AB  - Preclinical evidence suggests that metformin, a widely prescribed anti-diabetic
      drug, may inhibit lung cancer progression. We investigated whether metformin use
      was associated with decreased risk of cancer-specific mortality in lung cancer
      patients. This study included newly diagnosed lung cancer patients (identified
      from English National Cancer Data Repository, 1998-2009) with type 2 diabetes
      (based on UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink prescriptions and diagnosis
      records). Lung cancer deaths occurring up to 2012 were identified using Office of
      National Statistics mortality data and the association between metformin use
      (before and after diagnosis) and risk of lung cancer-specific mortality was
      calculated using Cox regression models. In analysis of 533 patients, we found a
      weak non-significant reduction in lung cancer-specific mortality with metformin
      use after diagnosis (adjusted HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.68-1.09). No association was
      evident for metformin use before diagnosis and cancer-specific mortality in
      analysis of 1350 patients (adjusted HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.86, 1.11). Associations
      were similar by duration of use. In addition, after adjustment for potential
      confounders, there was little evidence of an association between the use of other
      anti-diabetic medications (either before or after diagnosis) and lung cancer
      specific mortality; including sulfonylureas, insulin or other anti-diabetic
      medications (such as thiazolidinediones). Overall, the results from this
      population-based study provide little evidence of a protective association
      between metformin use and cancer mortality in lung cancer patients. 

PMID- 26973205
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of sequential co-registered PET+MR in comparison to PET/CT in
      local thoracic staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of sequential co-registered
      PET+MR (PET+MR) for local staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)
      compared to PET/CT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective clinical trial 34
      consecutive patients (median age 66 years; range 40-79 years; 1 female, 33 male)
      with known MPM, who underwent PET/CT and PET+MR exams for either staging or re
      staging/follow-up were evaluated. Imaging was conducted using a tri-modality
      PET/CT-MR set-up (Discovery PET/CT 690, 3T Discovery MR 750w, both GE Healthcare,
      Waukesha, WI, USA). In 26 cases histopathology served as standard of reference.
      Two independent readers evaluated images for T and N stage, confidence level
      (sure to unsure; 1-3) and subjective overall image quality (very good to non
      diagnostic; 1-4). Inter-observer agreement of T and N stages (Cohen's kappa) and
      interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between PET/CT vs. PET+MR was
      calculated. RESULTS: Inter observer agreement for evaluation of T and N Stage in
      PET/CT images was excellent (k=0.844 and k=0.824, respectively), whereas PET+MR
      imaging showed substantial agreement in T and N stage (k=0.729 and k=0.691,
      respectively). The ICC of PET/CT vs. PET+MR for evaluation of both, T and N
      Stage, was excellent (ICC=0.951 and ICC=0.93, respectively). Diagnostic
      confidence was scored significantly higher in PET+MR compared to PET/CT (mean
      score=1.66 and 1.93, respectively; p=0.004). Image quality was diagnostic for all
      image series. Comparing pT and pN stage vs cT and cN stage (n=26 cases), both
      imaging modalities showed excellent agreement for T stage (ICCPET+MR=0.888 vs.
      ICCPET/CT=0.853, respectively) and substantial to moderate agreement for N stage
      (ICCPET+MR=0.683 vs. ICC=0.595PET/CT, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings
      suggest that diagnostic accuracy of PET+MR is comparable to PET/CT for local
      staging of MPM, whereas radiologists felt significantly more confident staging
      PET+MR compared to PET/CT images (p=0003), using dedicated sequences.

PMID- 26973206
TI  - Coexistence of EGFR T790M mutation and common activating mutations in
      pretreatment non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have indicated that EGFR exon 19 deletions in non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are associated with better outcomes to tyrosine
      kinase inhibitors (TKIs) than the L858R mutation. This study aimed to evaluate
      whether T790M, a resistant mutation, is more likely to coexist with L858R
      mutation than with exon 19 deletions in pretreatment NSCLC patients. MATERIALS
      AND METHOD: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE up to Nov 30th, 2015 to identify
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that reported
      pretreatment T790M and EGFR-activating mutation. A meta-analysis was performed
      using a random-effects model. The primary outcome was odds ratio (OR) of
      pretreatment T790M mutation in NSCLC co-existing with L858R mutation and exon 19
      deletions. Stratified analysis was performed based on sensitivity of mutation
      detection methods for T790M. RESULTS: We identified 15 observational studies and
      3 RCTs for analysis. Pretreatment T790M was more frequent in L858R than in exon
      19 mutated patients. The association of T790M and L858R was statistically
      significant in observational studies (OR, 1.65, 95% CI, 1.17-2.32), with less
      precision in RCTs (OR, 1.84, 95% CI, 0.96-3.52). In the stratified analysis based
      on the sensitivity of the mutation detection methods, the association was
      observed in the studies using intermediately (detection limit <5% and >= 0.1%;
      OR, 2.23, 95% CI, 1.19-4.17) and highly sensitive methods (detection limit <0.1%;
      OR, 1.74, 95% CI, 1.10-2.73), but not in those using low sensitivity methods
      (detection limit >5%; OR, 1.28, 95% CI, 0.74-2.23). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment
      EGFR T790M mutation is more likely to coexist with L858R mutation than with exon
      19 deletions in NSCLC. This association was observed only in studies using
      sensitive mutation detection methods (<5%).

PMID- 26973207
TI  - Treatment and survival of second primary early-stage lung cancer, following
      treatment of head and neck cancer in the Netherlands.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to evaluate treatment patterns and
      outcomes in early stage (ES) second primary lung cancer (SPLC) after head and
      neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), in the Netherlands. METHODS AND MATERIALS:
      Details of patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2011 with either an ES primary, or
      a SPLC after HNSCC, were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Survival
      outcomes were compared between treatment groups before, and after, 2005.
      Univariable and multivariable Cox regression modeling were performed to determine
      factors prognostic for OS in ES-SPLC. RESULTS: In total, 21,648 patients were
      diagnosed with ES primary (n=21,032) or SPLC (n=616). Use of surgery for ES-SPLC
      decreased significantly over time (range 71-44%, p<0.001), while the proportion
      of such patients receiving radiotherapy increased (range 17-41%, p<0.001). Prior
      to 2005, OS after surgery in ES-SPLC was significantly better than when compared
      to radiation, but no difference in OS was noted between surgery and radiotherapy
      after 2005 (p=0.116). There were no significant differences in OS between
      treatment eras for surgery (p=0.751) and with palliative care (p=0.306), but a
      significant improvement in OS was noted for radiotherapy (p=0.049). Multivariable
      modeling revealed that age, T-stage, HNSCC location and treatment type were
      associated with worse OS in the later era. CONCLUSION: Changes in the treatment
      patterns in HNSCC survivors presenting with ES-SPLC were observed in the
      Netherlands, with less surgery and increased utilization of radiotherapy. No
      differences in OS were observed between patients undergoing either surgery or
      radiotherapy after 2005, suggesting that both local modalities were equally
      effective.

PMID- 26973208
TI  - Chemokines involved in the early inflammatory response and in pro-tumoral
      activity in asbestos-exposed workers from an Italian coastal area with
      territorial clusters of pleural malignant mesothelioma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Immune mediators are likely to be relevant for the biological
      response to asbestos exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      association between immune mediators involved in inflammation, cell survival and
      angiogenesis, and asbestos-related diseases in workers from a coastal area of
      North-East Italy with a high incidence of pleural malignant mesothelioma (PMM).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A selected custom set of 12 soluble mediators was
      evaluated with a Luminex platform in sera, pleural fluid and mesothelioma
      biopsies from 123 asbestos-exposed workers (38 free from pleural-pulmonary
      disorders, 46 with non-malignant asbestos diseases, 39 with PMM) and in sera from
      33 healthy controls from the same territorial area. RESULTS: Increased immune
      mediator concentrations were observed in the sera of the asbestos-exposed workers
      compared to controls for human fibroblast growth factor (FGF-b), vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL10 (IP-10), CLEC11A (SCGF
      b), CCL27 (CTACK), CCL11 (EOTAXIN), IL-5 and IL-6 (p<0.001). The chemokines IP-10
      and RANTES were associated with the severity of asbestos-related diseases. In the
      workers with PMM, the immune proteins secreted by mesothelioma biopsies showed
      detectable levels of RANTES, VEGF, and IP-10. In the same workers with PMM, a
      significant relationship between serum and pleural fluid concentrations was found
      for RANTES alone. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to asbestos seems to drive
      the production of specific growth factors dually involved in the early
      inflammatory response and in pro-tumoral activity before clinical evidence of
      related disorders, suggesting that their over-expression may precede the onset of
      asbestos-related diseases. These findings suggest that some chemokines may have a
      prognostic role in the progression of asbestos-related diseases and could be used
      for the health surveillance of either workers with an occupational history of
      asbestos exposure or patients affected by non-malignant asbestos-related
      diseases.

PMID- 26973209
TI  - Monitoring of treatment responses and clonal evolution of tumor cells by
      circulating tumor DNA of heterogeneous mutant EGFR genes in lung cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR
      TKIs) have dramatic effects on EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
      However, most patients experience disease recurrences, approximately half of
      which are T790M-mediated. Monitoring EGFR status with re-biopsy has
      spatiotemporal limitations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: EGFR circulating tumor DNA
      (ctDNA) in serial plasma samples was amplified and 10(5) of them were sequenced
      with a next-generation sequencer. Plasma mutation (PM) score was defined as the
      number of reads containing deletions/substitutions in 10(5)EGFR cell free DNA
      (cfDNA). RESULTS: PM scores of various EGFR mutations showed dynamic, case
      specific changes during EGFR-TKI treatments in 52 patients. The effects of the
      treatment on EGFR ctDNA were evaluated in 38 patients with elevated pre-treatment
      PM scores. The ctDNA responses correlated well with radiologic responses in
      radiologic good responders, whereas correlation was poor in non-responders. In
      addition to the peaks for the most prevalent ctDNA, small peaks of ctDNA with
      different types of activating EGFR mutations or the T790M mutation (early T790M
      ctDNA) appeared transiently in 10.5% and 26.3%, respectively. Early T790M ctDNA
      disappeared in all patients, including 7 who eventually developed acquired
      resistance accompanied by elevated levels of T790M ctDNA. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring
      ctDNA is useful in evaluating treatment responses and monitoring driver oncogene
      status in NSCLC. ctDNA revealed clonal heterogeneity and genetic processes of
      cancer evolution in individual patients. The simple presence of the T790M
      mutation may be insufficient to confer EGFR-TKI resistance to tumor cells.

PMID- 26973210
TI  - Approach to the non-operative management of patients with stage II non-small cell
      lung cancer (NSCLC): A survey of Canadian medical and radiation oncologists.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Standard management of stage II non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) is surgery, often followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, some
      patients do not undergo surgery for various reasons. The optimal non-surgical
      management of stage II NSCLC is undefined. We surveyed Canadian oncologists to
      understand current practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Canadian oncologists
      specializing in the management of lung cancer were invited by email to complete
      an anonymous, online survey developed by the research team. Physician
      demographics were recorded. Physicians were asked to comment on their practice
      and make treatment choices in eight clinical scenarios of inoperable stage II
      NSCLC. RESULTS: Responses were received from 81/194 physicians (42% response
      rate), 57% medical and 42% radiation oncologists. Most physicians (90%) had a
      practice with at least 25% lung cancer patients and 85% were based at an academic
      institution. Across eight clinical patient scenarios, radical therapy was
      selected 79-98% of the time. Radical radiotherapy alone and concurrent
      chemoradiotherapy were the preferred options for these patients, while sequential
      chemoradiation was less favoured. Nodal status (N0 vs N1) did not influence
      choice of therapy (p 0.31), but the reason for patient inoperability did
      (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference in choice of therapy when
      comparing responses between medical vs radiation oncologists, academic vs
      community physicians, and physicians with high vs low proportion of lung cancer
      patients. CONCLUSION: Most lung cancer physicians manage inoperable stage II
      NSCLC patients with curative intent, but consensus on how to optimally employ
      radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy is lacking. Future prospective, randomized
      trials are warranted.

PMID- 26973211
TI  - Metabolic tumor burden as marker of outcome in advanced EGFR wild-type NSCLC
      patients treated with erlotinib.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Accurate estimation of the prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) patients is essential before initiation of palliative treatment;
      especially in the second and third-line setting. This study was conducted in
      order to evaluate tumor burden measured on an 2'-deoxy-2'-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose
      (F-18-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan as a
      marker of outcome in advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type
      patients treated with second or third-line erlotinib. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty
      one patients were included from a prospectively collected cohort. An F-18-FDG
      PET/CT scan was conducted prior to erlotinib treatment and tumor burden was
      measured in terms of metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis
      (TLG). Median values of MTV and TLG were used for dichotomization of patients.
      Survival outcome was compared between groups. RESULTS: MTV and TLG could be
      measured in 49 patients. High values of MTV and TLG were significantly correlated
      with shorter PFS (p<0.001 and p=0.027, respectively) and OS (p<0.001 and p=0.002,
      respectively). In multivariate analyses, including both clinical and imaging
      data, high MTV and TLG remained strong independent markers of both shorter PFS
      (MTV, hazard ratio (HR)=5.44 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.46-12.02); TLG,
      HR=2.17 (95% CI 1.11-4.26)) and OS (MTV, HR=4.80 (95% CI 2.08-11.06); TLG,
      HR=2.76 (95% CI 1.33-5.71)). CONCLUSION: High MTV and TLG are independently
      correlated with shorter PFS and OS in advanced EGFR wild-type NSCLC patients
      treated with second or third-line erlotinib. Metabolic tumor burden is a highly
      promising clinical tool that may allow better patient selection for palliative
      treatment in the future.

PMID- 26973212
TI  - The metabolomic detection of lung cancer biomarkers in sputum.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Developing screening and diagnosis methodologies based on novel
      biomarkers should allow for the detection of the lung cancer (LC) and possibly at
      an earlier stage and thereby increase the effectiveness of clinical
      interventions. Here, our primary objective was to evaluate the potential of
      spontaneous sputum as a source of non-invasive metabolomic biomarkers for LC
      status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spontaneous sputum was collected and processed
      from 34 patients with suspected LC, alongside 33 healthy controls. Of the 34
      patients, 23 were subsequently diagnosed with LC (LC(+), 16 NSCLC, six SCLC, and
      one radiological diagnosis), at various stages of disease progression. The 67
      samples were analysed using flow infusion electrospray ion mass spectrometry (FIE
      MS) and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: Principal
      component analysis identified negative mode FIE-MS as having the main separating
      power between samples from healthy and LC. Discriminatory metabolites were
      identified using ANOVA and Random Forest. Indications of potential diagnostic
      accuracy involved the use of receiver operating characteristic/area under the
      curve (ROC/AUC) analyses. This approach identified metabolites changes that were
      only observed with LC. Metabolites with AUC values of greater than 0.8 which
      distinguished between LC(+)/LC(-) binary classifications where identified and
      included Ganglioside GM1 which has previously been linked to LC. CONCLUSION: This
      study indicates that metabolomics based on sputum can yield metabolites that can
      be used as a diagnostic and/or discriminator tool. These could aid clinical
      intervention and targeted diagnosis of LC within an 'at risk' LC(-) population
      group. The use of sputum as a non-invasive source of metabolite biomarkers may
      aid in the development of an at-risk population screening programme for lung
      cancer or enhanced clinical diagnostic pathways.

PMID- 26973213
TI  - Biochemical verification of the self-reported smoking status of screened male
      smokers of the Dutch-Belgian randomized controlled lung cancer screening trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer, so data linked to smoking
      behaviour are important in lung cancer screening trials. However, self-reporting
      data concerning smoking behaviour are mainly used. The aim of this study was to
      biochemically determine the validity and reliability of self-reported smoking
      status among smokers at high risk for developing lung cancer participating in the
      Dutch-Belgian lung cancer screening (NELSON) trial. METHOD: For this sub study, a
      random sample of 475 men was selected who were scheduled for the fourth screening
      round in the NELSON trial. They were asked to complete a short questionnaire to
      verify the smoking behaviour for the previous seven days and a blood sample was
      collected to measure the cotinine level. The validity (sensitivity (Se),
      specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value
      (NPV)) and reliability (Kappa) of the self-reported smoking status compared to
      the cotinine level (as golden standard) were determined. RESULTS: Both a
      completed questionnaire as well as a cotinine level were available for 199
      (41.9%) participants. Based on these data, Se and Sp were respectively 98% (95%
      Confidence Interval (CI): 91-99) and 98% (95%-CI: 93-100). PPV and NPV were 98%
      and 96% and Kappa was 0.96. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the validity of the self
      reported smoking status turned out to be reliable amongst men at high risk for
      developing lung cancer who participate in the NELSON lung cancer screening trial.

PMID- 26973214
TI  - Aberrant gene methylation and bronchial dysplasia in high risk lung cancer
      patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The risk for lung cancer is incremented in high degree dysplasia
      (HGD) and in subjects with hypermethylation of multiple genes. We sought to
      establish the association between them, as well as to analyze the DNA aberrant
      methylation in sputum and in bronchial washings (BW). METHODS: Cross sectional
      study of high risk patients for lung cancer in whom induced sputum and
      autofluorescence bronchoscopy were performed. The molecular analysis was
      determined on DAPK1, RASSF1A and p16 genes using Methylation-specific PCR.
      RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were enrolled in the study. Dysplasia lesions
      were found in 79 patients (61.7%) and high grade dysplasia in 20 (15.6%). Ninety
      eight patients out of 128 underwent molecular analysis. Methylation was observed
      in bronchial secretions (sputum or BW) in 60 patients (61.2%), 51 of them (52%)
      for DAPK1, in 20 (20.4%) for p16 and in three (3.1%) for RASSF1A. Methylated
      genes only found in sputum accounted for 38.3% and only in BW in 41.7%, and in
      both 20.0%. In the 11.2% of the patients studied, HGD and a hypermethylated gene
      were present, while for the 55.1% of the sample only one of both was detected and
      for the rest of the subjects (33.6%), none of the risk factors were observed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data determines DNA aberrant methylation panel in bronchial
      secretions is present in a 61.2% and HGD is found in 15.6%. Although both
      parameters have previously been identified as risk factors for lung cancer, the
      current study does not find a significative association between them. The study
      also highlights the importance of BW as a complementary sample to induced sputum
      when analyzing gene aberrant methylation.

PMID- 26973215
TI  - Salvage surgery for locoregional recurrence or persistent tumor after high dose
      chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Curative intent treatment options for locoregional recurrence or
      persistent tumor after radical chemoradiotherapy for locally-advanced non-small
      cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are limited. In selected patients, surgery can be
      technically feasible, although it is widely believed to be hazardous. As data
      regarding the outcome of this approach is sparse, we evaluated our institutional
      experience with salvage surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a pulmonary
      resection for in-field locoregional recurrence or persistent tumor after high
      dose chemoradiotherapy (>=60 Gy) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer,
      were identified and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients
      treated between January 2007 and August 2015 were eligible for evaluation. In 13
      patients (87%), the indication for surgery was a locoregional recurrence, while 2
      patients had persistent tumor. The prior median radiotherapy dose was 66 Gy
      (range 60-70). All patients underwent an anatomical resection, with 8 patients
      having a pneumonectomy, and all pathological specimens revealed the presence of
      viable tumor. The in-hospital morbidity rate was 40% (6 patients), and the 90-day
      mortality rate was 6.7% (1 patient). Median follow-up was 12.1 months. The
      estimated median overall and event-free survivals were 46 months and 43.6 months,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Salvage surgery for locoregional recurrence or
      persistent tumor after high dose chemoradiotherapy, resulted in acceptable
      morbidity, mortality and promising outcome. It should be considered as a
      treatment option for selected patients.

PMID- 26973216
TI  - A sensitive and high throughput TaqMan-based reverse transcription quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction assay efficiently discriminates ALK rearrangement from
      overexpression for lung cancer FFPE specimens.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: ALK fusion gene is an oncogenic driver in lung cancer with low
      prevalence, which can be ameliorated by crizotinib. Currently, ALK fusion gene
      can be diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and
      immunohistochemistry (IHC), but inconstistnt results between the two methods are
      encountered regularly. To make the ALK fusion gene screening more efficient and
      to provide a simple solution to clarify the discrepancy between FISH and IHC
      results, a sensitive TaqMan-based reverse transcription quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was established. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 3-plex
      TaqMan-based RT-qPCR assay was established and performed on 102 archived formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) NSCLC samples to detect ALK rearrangement and
      overexpression. Break-apart FISH and automatic immunohistochemistry based ALK
      assays were performed side by side using tissue microarray. RESULTS: The RT-qPCR
      was performed successfully for 80 samples and 10 of them showed positive signals.
      Three out of the 10 qPCR positive cases were further confirmed by FISH and IHC
      test. Two others were IHC positive and FISH negative, and expressed full-length
      ALK transcript. The rest were neither FISH nor IHC positive and their ALK
      expression level was significantly lower than those FISH or IHC positive cases.
      CONCLUSION: Our RT-qPCR assay demonstrates that the capability and reliability of
      ALK detection is comparable to FISH and IHC, but it is more effective at
      discriminating ALK rearrangement from overexpression. The RT-qPCR assay easily
      clarifies the discrepancy between FISH and IHC, and can be incorporated into
      routine ALK screening for lung cancer.

PMID- 26973217
TI  - Vergence findings and horizontal vergence dysfunction among first year university
      students in Benin City, Nigeria.
AB  - PURPOSE: The study was designed to determine the prevalence of vergence
      dysfunctions among first year university students in Nigeria and to document the
      measures that define the vergence system of the visual system. METHODS: A cross
      sectional study of first year students of the University of Benin, Benin City,
      Nigeria, who presented for the mandatory eye examination as part of their medical
      examinations required for clearance was conducted. A battery of tests that
      defines the vergence system including near and far phoria, positive and negative
      fusional vergence amplitudes at far and near, near point of convergence (NPC) and
      AC/A ratio were measured using conventional clinical protocols. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of vergence dysfunction among 212 first year university students who
      satisfied the inclusion criteria and gave consent to participate was 12.7%, with
      convergence insufficiency being the most common vergence dysfunction. Blurred
      vision, headache and diplopia were the most frequently reported visual symptoms.
      CONCLUSION: There is a considerable prevalence of previously undiagnosed vergence
      dysfunctions in this population of students. The study underscored the need to
      carry out a thorough binocular vision assessment as part of the battery of tests
      administered to newly admitted students in this community to forestall any
      adverse effect the presence of vergence dysfunctions might have on the academic
      activity of university students.

PMID- 26973218
TI  - Tailor-made heart simulation predicts the effect of cardiac resynchronization
      therapy in a canine model of heart failure.
AB  - Despite extensive studies on clinical indices for the selection of patient
      candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), approximately 30% of
      selected patients do not respond to this therapy. Herein, we examined whether CRT
      simulations based on individualized realistic three-dimensional heart models can
      predict the therapeutic effect of CRT in a canine model of heart failure with
      left bundle branch block. In four canine models of failing heart with
      dyssynchrony, individualized three-dimensional heart models reproducing the
      electromechanical activity of each animal were created based on the computer
      tomographic images. CRT simulations were performed for 25 patterns of three
      ventricular pacing lead positions. Lead positions producing the best and the
      worst therapeutic effects were selected in each model. The validity of
      predictions was tested in acute experiments in which hearts were paced from the
      sites identified by simulations. We found significant correlations between the
      experimentally observed improvement in ejection fraction (EF) and the predicted
      improvements in ejection fraction (P<0.01) or the maximum value of the derivative
      of left ventricular pressure (P<0.01). The optimal lead positions produced better
      outcomes compared with the worst positioning in all dogs studied, although there
      were significant variations in responses. Variations in ventricular wall
      thickness among the dogs may have contributed to these responses. Thus CRT
      simulations using the individualized three-dimensional heart models can predict
      acute hemodynamic improvement, and help determine the optimal positions of the
      pacing lead. 

PMID- 26973219
TI  - A plasmid-based expression system to study protein-protein interactions at the
      Golgi in vivo.
AB  - There is still an unmet need for simple methods to verify, visualize, and confirm
      protein-protein interactions in vivo. Here we describe a plasmid-based system to
      study such interactions. The system is based on the transmembrane domain (TMD) of
      the EF-hand Ca(2+) sensor protein calneuron-2. We show that fusion of 28 amino
      acids that include the TMD of calneuron-2 to proteins of interest results in
      prominent localization on the cytoplasmic side of the Golgi. The recruitment of
      binding partners to the protein of interest fused to this sequence can then be
      easily visualized by fluorescent tags.

PMID- 26973220
TI  - Highly specific quantification of microRNA by coupling probe-rolling circle
      amplification and Forster resonance energy transfer.
AB  - MicroRNA (miRNA) plays vital roles in various biological processes. In general,
      sensitivity and specificity are the major parameters for the quantification of
      miRNA. In this study, padlock probe-rolling circle amplification and Forster
      resonance energy transfer (pRCA-FRET) were coupled for specific and quantitative
      detection of miRNA. pRCA-FRET showed superior specificity to differentiate single
      base mismatch and excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 103 aM. The
      current method has the potential to quantify low amounts of miRNA in the same
      family for studies on their biological functions.

PMID- 26973222
TI  - Evaluating arguments during instigations of defence motivation and accuracy
      motivation.
AB  - When people evaluate the strength of an argument, their motivations are likely to
      influence the evaluation. However, few studies have specifically investigated the
      influences of motivational factors on argument evaluation. This study examined
      the effects of defence and accuracy motivations on argument evaluation. According
      to the compatibility between the advocated positions of arguments and
      participants' prior beliefs and the objective strength of arguments, participants
      evaluated four types of arguments: compatible-strong, compatible-weak,
      incompatible-strong, and incompatible-weak arguments. Experiment 1 revealed that
      participants possessing a high defence motivation rated compatible-weak arguments
      as stronger and incompatible-strong ones as weaker than participants possessing a
      low defence motivation. However, the strength ratings between the high and low
      defence groups regarding both compatible-strong and incompatible-weak arguments
      were similar. Experiment 2 revealed that when participants possessed a high
      accuracy motivation, they rated compatible-weak arguments as weaker and
      incompatible-strong ones as stronger than when they possessed a low accuracy
      motivation. However, participants' ratings on both compatible-strong and
      incompatible-weak arguments were similar when comparing high and low accuracy
      conditions. The results suggest that defence and accuracy motivations are two
      major motives influencing argument evaluation. However, they primarily influence
      the evaluation results for compatible-weak and incompatible-strong arguments, but
      not for compatible-strong and incompatible-weak arguments.

PMID- 26973221
TI  - Clinical presentation and outcome of riboflavin transporter deficiency: mini
      review after five years of experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is absorbed in the small intestine by the
      human riboflavin transporters RFVT1 and RFVT3. A third riboflavin transporter
      (RFVT2) is expressed in the brain. In 2010 it was demonstrated that mutations in
      the riboflavin transporter genes SLC52A2 (coding for RFVT2) and SLC52A3 (coding
      for RFVT3) cause a neurodegenerative disorder formerly known as Brown-Vialetto
      Van Laere (BVVL) syndrome, now renamed to riboflavin transporter deficiency. Five
      years after the diagnosis of the first patient we performed a review of the
      literature to study the presentation, treatment and outcome of patients with a
      molecularly confirmed diagnosis of a riboflavin transporter deficiency. METHOD: A
      search was performed in Medline, Pubmed using the search terms 'Brown-Vialetto
      Van Laere syndrome' and 'riboflavin transporter' and articles were screened for
      case reports of patients with a molecular diagnosis of a riboflavin transporter
      deficiency. RESULTS: Reports on a total of 70 patients with a molecular diagnosis
      of a RFVT2 or RTVT3 deficiency were retrieved. The riboflavin transporter
      deficiencies present with weakness, cranial nerve deficits including hearing
      loss, sensory symptoms including sensory ataxia, feeding difficulties and
      respiratory difficulties which are caused by a sensorimotor axonal neuropathy and
      cranial neuropathy. Biochemical abnormalities may be absent and the diagnosis can
      only be made or rejected by molecular analysis of all genes. Treatment with oral
      supplementation of riboflavin is lifesaving. Therefore, if a riboflavin
      transporter deficiency is suspected, treatment must be started immediately
      without first awaiting the results of molecular diagnostics.

PMID- 26973223
TI  - Counseling Is Effective for Smoking Cessation in Head and Neck Cancer Patients-A
      Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the efficacy of
      smoking cessation counseling and the resulting quit rate in patients with head
      and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was
      conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Predictor variables were
      smoking cessation counseling and smoking cessation interventions. The outcome was
      smoking cessation. Data collection and quality assessment were performed
      independently by 2 of the authors. Selected publications were assessed for
      potential risk of bias, and the level of evidence was evaluated using National
      Health and Medical Research Council guidelines. Review Manager 5.3 was used to
      conduct the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Eight studies involving 1,239 patients were
      included (3 randomized controlled trials, 3 cohorts, and 2 case series). Smoking
      cessation was achieved considerably more often in patients who received smoking
      cessation counseling compared with those who received usual care. CONCLUSIONS:
      This review shows that counseling supplemented with nicotine replacement therapy
      increases the possibility for smoking cessation in patients with head and neck
      cancer.

PMID- 26973224
TI  - Perceptual Speech Assessment After Anterior Maxillary Distraction in Patients
      With Cleft Maxillary Hypoplasia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess speech outcomes after anterior maxillary distraction (AMD) in
      patients with cleft-related maxillary hypoplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty
      eight patients at least 10 years old with cleft-related maxillary hypoplasia were
      included in this study irrespective of gender, type of cleft lip and palate, and
      amount of required advancement. AMD was carried out in all patients using a tooth
      borne palatal distractor by a single oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Perceptual
      speech assessment was performed by 2 speech language pathologists preoperatively,
      before placement of the distractor device, and 6 months postoperatively using the
      scoring system of Perkins et al (Plast Reconstr Surg 116:72, 2005); the system
      evaluates velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), resonance, nasal air emission,
      articulation errors, and intelligibility. The data obtained were tabulated and
      subjected to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test. A P value less
      than .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Eight patients were lost to follow
      up. At 6-month follow-up, improvements of 62% (n = 31), 64% (n = 32), 50% (n =
      25), 68% (n = 34), and 70% (n = 35) in VPI, resonance, nasal air emission,
      articulation, and intelligibility, respectively, were observed, with worsening of
      all parameters in 1 patient (2%). The results for all tested parameters were
      highly significant (P <= .001). CONCLUSION: AMD offers a substantial improvement
      in speech for all 5 parameters of perceptual speech assessment.

PMID- 26973226
TI  - Clinical Retrospective Analysis of 9 Cases of Intraparotid Facial Nerve
      Schwannoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: The management of intraparotid facial nerve schwannoma (IFNS) is
      challenging because it is extremely rare and often misdiagnosed as pleomorphic
      adenoma or another parotid tumor. The purpose of this study was to report on the
      authors' experience in the treatment of IFNS and to review the literature
      regarding the diagnosis and management of IFNS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From
      January 1997 through October 2015, 916 consecutive parotidectomies were performed
      at Shenzhen People's Hospital (Shenzhen, China). Of 916 parotid tumors samples, 9
      cases of IFNS confirmed by histopathology were identified and analyzed
      retrospectively. In addition, 161 published cases from 1956 through 2015 were
      systematically reviewed. RESULTS: Nine cases of IFNS were identified from 916
      parotid tumors samples and accounted for 0.98% of all parotid tumors. All these
      patients with IFNS underwent tumor removal and parotidectomy with preservation of
      facial nerve (FN) continuity. The mean follow-up period was 6.2 years (range, 1
      to 16 yr). Facial function improved gradually from House-Brackmann grade (HBG) II
      to III immediately postoperatively to HBG I during the subsequent 3 to 9 months
      in all cases. Tumor recurrence with stylomastoid foramen involvement was observed
      in 1 case 3 years after surgery. The others remained free of recurrence. Of 161
      IFNS cases reported in the literature, 17 cases with facial paresis were found to
      have intra-temporal involvement, but no facial paresis was found in patients with
      intraparotid involvement only. CONCLUSIONS: An IFNS is easily misdiagnosed as
      pleomorphic adenoma or Warthin tumor preoperatively; the correct diagnosis for
      IFNS depends mainly on intraoperative observation of the gross relation between
      the tumor and the FN or excision frozen biopsy examination. The integrity of the
      FN should be preserved for patients with IFNS and without facial paresis,
      whenever possible.

PMID- 26973227
TI  - Complete genome sequence of bean rugose mosaic virus, genus Comovirus.
AB  - Since the first report in Costa Rica in 1971, bean rugose mosaic virus (BRMV) has
      been found in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Brazil. In this study, the
      complete genome sequence of a soybean isolate of BRMV from Parana State, Brazil,
      was determined. The BRMV genome consists of two polyadenylated RNAs. RNA1 is 5909
      nucleotides long and encodes a single polypeptide of 1856 amino acids (aa), with
      an estimated molecular weight of 210 kDa. The RNA1 polyprotein contains the
      polypeptides for viral replication and proteolytic processing. RNA2 is 3644
      nucleotides long and codes for a single polypeptide of 1097 aa, containing the
      movement and coat proteins. This is the first complete genome sequence of BRMV.
      When compared with available aa sequences of comoviruses, the highest identities
      of BRMV coat proteins and proteinase polymerase were 57.5 and 58 %, respectively.
      These were below the 75 and 80 % identity limits, respectively, established for
      species demarcation in the genus. This confirms that BRMV is a member of a
      distinct species in the genus Comovirus. 

PMID- 26973225
TI  - Primary Oral Malignancy Imitating Peri-Implantitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe new cases of primary malignancy arising around dental
      implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients presented with asymptomatic
      lesions around longstanding dental implants that resembled peri-implantitis. One
      case was primary large B-cell lymphoma and the remaining cases were primary
      squamous cell carcinoma in patients with oral lichen planus. The literature was
      reviewed for cases mimicking peri-implantitis. RESULTS: Of 42 implant-associated
      malignancies reported from 2000 through 2014, 85.7% were squamous cell carcinoma
      (69% primary and 9.4% metastatic). Most patients presented with pre-existing risk
      factors for oral cancer. Lymphoma was not associated with dental implants.
      CONCLUSIONS: Primary and metastatic malignancies can occur in peri-implant
      mucosa, often with clinical and radiographic features resembling peri
      implantitis. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for changes in peri
      implant mucosa in patients with existing risk factors; however, rare cases such
      as lymphoma might present outside this risk population. Histopathologic analysis
      should be included in the management of selected peri-implant lesions to avoid
      delayed diagnosis of malignancy.

PMID- 26973228
TI  - Association of IFNL3 and IFNL4 polymorphisms with hepatitis C virus infection in
      a population from southeastern Brazil.
AB  - Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and
      associated complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
      (HCC). Viral and host factors are known to be predictors for antiviral therapy.
      Host factors that are predictors of sustained viral response (SVR) were
      discovered by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near the interferon lambda gene (rs8099917, rs12979860
      and rs368234815). The aim of the present study was to verify the genotype
      frequencies of SNPs rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs368234815 and to evaluate the
      association between SNPs and the outcome of HCV infection, taking into account
      the population ancestry. In this study, there was an association of the three
      polymorphisms with both clinical outcome and response to treatment with PEG-IFN
      and RBV. The polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs368234815 were associated with
      increased sensitivity (97.7 %, 95 % CI 87.2-100, and 93.3 %, 95 % CI 81.3-98.3;
      respectively) and with a greater predictive value of a positive response to
      treatment. In multivariable analysis adjusted by gender, age and ancestry, the
      haplotype G/T/DeltaG was related to non-response to treatment (OR = 21.09, 95 %
      CI 5.33-83.51; p < 0.001) and to a higher chance of developing chronic infection
      (OR = 5.46, 95 % CI 2.06-14.46; p = 0.001) when compared to the haplotype T/C/TT.
      These findings may help to adjust our treatment policies for HCV infection based
      on greater certainty in studies with populations with such genetic
      characteristics, as well as allowing us to get to know the genetic profile of our
      population for these polymorphisms. 

PMID- 26973230
TI  - Genomic variability and molecular evolution of Asian isolates of sugarcane streak
      mosaic virus.
AB  - Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), an economically important causal agent of
      mosaic disease of sugarcane, is a member of the newly created genus Poacevirus in
      the family Potyviridae. In this study, we report the molecular characterization
      of three new SCSMV isolates from China (YN-YZ211 and HN-YZ49) and Myanmar (MYA
      Formosa) and their genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship to SCSMV
      isolates from Asia and the type members of the family Potyviridae. The complete
      genome of each of the three isolates was determined to be 9781 nucleotides (nt)
      in size, excluding the 3' poly(A) tail. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete
      polyprotein amino acid (aa) sequences (3130 aa) revealed that all SCSMV isolates
      clustered into a phylogroup specific to the genus Poacevirus and formed two
      distinct clades designated as group I and group II. Isolates YN-YZ211, HN-YZ49
      and MYA-Formosa clustered into group I, sharing 96.8-99.5 % and 98.9-99.6 % nt
      (at the complete genomic level) and aa (at the polyprotein level) identity,
      respectively, among themselves and 81.2-98.8 % and 94.0-99.6 % nt (at the
      complete genomic level) and aa (at the polyprotein level) identity, respectively,
      with the corresponding sequences of seven Asian SCSMV isolates. Population
      genetic analysis revealed greater between-group (0.190 +/- 0.004) than within
      group (group I = 0.025 +/- 0.001 and group II = 0.071 +/- 0.003) evolutionary
      divergence values, further supporting the results of the phylogenetic analysis.
      Further analysis indicated that natural selection might have contributed to the
      evolution of isolates belonging to the two identified SCSMV clades, with
      infrequent genetic exchanges occurring between them over time. These findings
      provide a comprehensive analysis of the population genetic structure and driving
      forces for the evolution of SCSMV with implications for global exchange of
      sugarcane germplasm. 

PMID- 26973229
TI  - Generation of E. coli-derived virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2
      and their use in an indirect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes increased mortality and poor growth or
      weight loss in apparently healthy swine. Therefore, methods to detect PCV2
      specific antibodies in swine serum are important for prevention, diagnosis, and
      control of PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD). In this study, PCV2 virus-like
      particles (VLPs) were used to develop a rapid, simple and economical indirect
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect (with high sensitivity) PCV2-specific
      antibodies in swine serum. The PCV2 capsid protein (Cap) was overexpressed in E.
      coli after optimizing the cap gene. Subsequently, the soluble Cap was rapidly
      purified in one step by automated fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The
      purified PCV2 Cap was shown by transmission electron microscopy and gel
      filtration chromatography to be capable of self-assembling into VLPs in vitro.
      Using the purified VLPs as antigens, optimal operating conditions for the VLP
      ELISA were determined. The concentration of PCV2 VLPs was 1 ug/ml per well, and
      the dilution factors for swine serum and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled
      goat anti-pig antibody were 1:150 and 1:4000, respectively. Out of 241 serum
      samples tested with this assay, 83.4 % were found to be positive. Importantly,
      the VLP ELISA had a total coincidence rate of 97.4 % (74/76) compared to an
      Ingezim PCV2 ELISA IgG assay. In summary, this rapid, inexpensive VLP ELISA has
      the potential to greatly facilitate large-scale investigations of PCV2-associated
      serotypes. 

PMID- 26973231
TI  - Complete genome sequence of yam chlorotic necrotic mosaic virus from Dioscorea
      parviflora.
AB  - The complete genome sequence of yam chlorotic necrotic mosaic virus (YCNMV) was
      determined. It is a monopartite ssRNA 8208 nucleotides in length (excluding the
      poly(A) tail) and encoding a polyprotein of 2622 amino acids. Sequence analysis
      showed that the P1 region and some conserved motifs, such as the typical
      potyvirus aphid-transmission motifs DAG, PTK and KITC, are absent. Phylogenetic
      analysis based on the complete polyprotein sequences of YCNMV and selected
      members of the family Potyviridae clearly showed that this virus should be
      assigned to the genus Macluravirus and suggest that YCNMV is a new member of the
      genus Macluravirus. 

PMID- 26973232
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis of human influenza A/H3N2 viruses isolated in 2015 in
      Germany indicates significant genetic divergence from vaccine strains.
AB  - Infections by H3N2-type influenza A viruses (IAV) resulted in significant numbers
      of hospitalization in several countries in 2014-2015, causing disease also in
      vaccinated individuals and, in some cases, fatal outcomes. In this study,
      sequence analysis of H3N2 viruses isolated in Germany from 1998 to 2015,
      including eleven H3N2 isolates collected early in 2015, was performed. Compared
      to the vaccine strain A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2), the 2015 strains from Germany
      showed up to 4.5 % sequence diversity in their HA1 protein, indicating
      substantial genetic drift. The data further suggest that two distinct
      phylogroups, 3C.2 and 3C.3, with 1.6-2.3 % and 0.3-2.4 % HA1 nucleotide and amino
      acid sequence diversity, respectively, co-circulated in Germany in the 2014/2015
      season. Distinct glycosylation patterns and amino acid substitutions in the
      hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were identified, possibly contributing
      to the unusually high number of H3N2 infections in this season and providing
      important information for developing vaccines that are effective against both
      genotypes. 

PMID- 26973233
TI  - Erratum to: Lentiviral-Mediated Netrin-1 Overexpression Improves Motor and
      Sensory Functions in SCT Rats Associated with SYP and GAP-43 Expressions.

PMID- 26973235
TI  - Raman-based microarray readout: a review.
AB  - For a quarter of a century, microarrays have been part of the routine analytical
      toolbox. Label-based fluorescence detection is still the commonest optical
      readout strategy. Since the 1990s, a continuously increasing number of label
      based as well as label-free experiments on Raman-based microarray readout
      concepts have been reported. This review summarizes the possible concepts and
      methods and their advantages and challenges. A common label-based strategy is
      based on the binding of selective receptors as well as Raman reporter molecules
      to plasmonic nanoparticles in a sandwich immunoassay, which results in surface
      enhanced Raman scattering signals of the reporter molecule. Alternatively,
      capture of the analytes can be performed by receptors on a microarray surface.
      Addition of plasmonic nanoparticles again leads to a surface-enhanced Raman
      scattering signal, not of a label but directly of the analyte. This approach is
      mostly proposed for bacteria and cell detection. However, although many promising
      readout strategies have been discussed in numerous publications, rarely have any
      of them made the step from proof of concept to a practical application, let alone
      routine use. Graphical Abstract Possible realization of a SERS (Surface-Enhanced
      Raman Scattering) system for microarray readout. 

PMID- 26973236
TI  - Gold nanoparticles assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and
      applications: from simple molecules to intact cells.
AB  - Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
      (GALDI-MS) provided new horizons and offered many functions for various
      applications. This review summarized AuNPs applications for analytical,
      biotechnology and proteomics. AuNPs efficiently absorbed the laser radiation and
      transferred the energy to the analyte for the desorption/ionization process. The
      unique features of AuNPs such as large surface area and high absorption
      coefficient lead not only to high resolution, low interference and low limit of
      detection, but also offered selective detection for certain species. AuNPs
      provided an excellent surface for the analysis of several species such as small
      molecules, biomarkers, proteins and cells (pathogenic bacteria or cancer cells).
      AuNPs played many roles such as surface for LDI-MS, probe and stationary phase
      for separation or preconcentration. AuNPs modified various surface chemistry was
      applied for a wide range of different wavelength. AuNPs severed as a source of
      Au(+) ions that were suitable for analyte cationisation. Characterization of Au
      nanoclusters (AuNCs) by mass spectrometry, pros and cons were also highlighted.
      Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of the analysis by Gold Nanoparticles
      Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (GALDI-MS). 

PMID- 26973237
TI  - Food allergen analysis for processed food using a novel extraction method to
      eliminate harmful reagents for both ELISA and lateral-flow tests.
AB  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is commonly used to determine food
      allergens in food products. However, a significant number of ELISAs give an
      erroneous result, especially when applied to highly processed food. Accordingly,
      an improved ELISA, which utilizes an extraction solution comprising the
      surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and reductant 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME),
      has been specially developed to analyze food allergens in highly processed food
      by enhancing analyte protein extraction. Recently, however, the use of 2-ME has
      become undesirable. In the present study, a new extraction solution containing a
      human- and eco-friendly reductant, which is convenient to use at the food
      manufacturing site, has been established. Among three chemicals with different
      reducing properties, sodium sulfite, tris(3-hydroxypropyl)phosphine, and
      mercaptoethylamine sodium sulfite was selected as a 2-ME substitute. The protein
      extraction ability of SDS/0.1 M sodium sulfite solution was comparable to that of
      SDS/2-ME solution. Next, the ELISA performance for egg, milk, wheat, peanut, and
      buckwheat was evaluated by using model-processed foods and commercially available
      food products. The data showed that the SDS/0.1 M sulfite ELISA significantly
      correlated with the SDS/2-ME ELISA for all food allergens examined (p < 0.01),
      thereby establishing the validity of the SDS/0.1 M sulfite ELISA performance.
      Furthermore, the new SDS/0.1 M sulfite solution was investigated for its
      applicability to the lateral-flow (LF) test. The result demonstrated the
      successful analysis of food allergens in processed food, showing consistency with
      the SDS/0.1 M sulfite ELISA results. Accordingly, a harmonized analysis system
      for processed food comprising a screening LF test and a quantitative ELISA with
      identical extraction solution has been established. The ELISA based on the
      SDS/0.1 M sulfite extraction solution has now been authorized as the revised
      official method for food allergen analysis in Japan. 

PMID- 26973238
TI  - Coprological tests underestimate Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus burden in wild
      boar.
AB  - The present study evaluated the limitations of the coprological sedimentation
      test to assess Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus infestation in 59 wild boars (Sus
      scrofa) from central Spain. The coprological sedimentation test appeared to be a
      poor predictor of both prevalence of infestation and the real parasite burden due
      to the high number of false negative results (prevalence was reduced from 61 to
      16 %). Because of the potential increased risk of this zoonosis, it is suggested
      that alternative techniques be used in wildlife surveillance programmes. 

PMID- 26973239
TI  - Angiopoietin-Like Protein 7 Promotes an Inflammatory Phenotype in RAW264.7
      Macrophages Through the P38 MAPK Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Angiopoietin-like protein 7 (Angptl7) has been extensively studied for decades,
      but its potential immune functions have not been characterized. Hence, we
      investigated the relationship between Angptl7 and inflammation by using RAW264.7
      monocyte/macrophage cells. The expression of genes encoding inflammation
      associated factors cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase
      (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta),
      IL-6, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1)) decreased after
      RAW264.7 cells were treated with anti-Angptl7 polyclonal antibody but increased
      after the cells were transfected with an Angptl7-expressing plasmid. Angptl7
      overexpression enhanced phagocytosis and inhibited the proliferation of RAW264.7
      cells. In addition, Angptl7 antagonized the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF
      beta1 and dexamethasone. Pathway analysis showed that Angptl7 promoted the
      phosphorylation of both p65 and p38, but only the P38 mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway mediated Angptl7-associated inflammatory
      functions. Additionally, after 1 week of daily intraperitoneal injections of
      recombinant TNF-alpha in a mouse model of peripheral inflammation, Angptl7
      expression increased in the mouse eyes. Thus, Angptl7 is a factor that promotes
      pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages through the P38 MAPK signaling pathway
      and represents a potential therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory
      diseases. 

PMID- 26973240
TI  - Phosphorylation-dependent cleavage regulates von Hippel Lindau proteostasis and
      function.
AB  - Loss of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein function is a key driver of VHL diseases,
      including sporadic and inherited clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Modulation of
      the proteostasis of VHL, especially missense point-mutated VHL, is a promising
      approach to augmenting VHL levels and function. VHL proteostasis is regulated by
      multiple mechanisms including folding, chaperone binding, complex formation and
      phosphorylation. Nevertheless, many details underlying the regulations of VHL
      proteostasis are unknown. VHL is expressed as two variants, VHL30 and VHL19.
      Furthermore, the long-form variant of VHL was often detected as multiple bands by
      western blotting. However, how these multiple species of VHL are generated and
      whether the process regulates VHL proteostasis and function are unknown. We
      hypothesized that the two major species are generated by VHL protein cleavage,
      and the cleavage regulates VHL proteostasis and subsequent function. We
      characterized VHL species using genetical and pharmacological approaches and
      showed that VHL was first cleaved at the N-terminus by chymotrypsin C before
      being directed for proteasomal degradation. Casein kinase 2-mediated
      phosphorylation at VHL N-terminus was required for the cleavage. Furthermore,
      inhibition of cleavage stabilized VHL protein and thereby promoted HIF
      downregulation. Our study reveals a novel mechanism regulating VHL proteostasis
      and function, which is significant for identifying new drug targets and
      developing new therapeutic approaches targeting VHL deficiency in VHL diseases.

PMID- 26973241
TI  - Cancer stem cell drugs target K-ras signaling in a stemness context.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be responsible for treatment relapse
      and have therefore become a major target in cancer research. Salinomycin is the
      most established CSC inhibitor. However, its primary mechanistic target is still
      unclear, impeding the discovery of compounds with similar anti-CSC activity.
      Here, we show that salinomycin very specifically interferes with the activity of
      K-ras4B, but not H-ras, by disrupting its nanoscale membrane organization. We
      found that caveolae negatively regulate the sensitivity to this drug. On the
      basis of this novel mechanistic insight, we defined a K-ras-associated and stem
      cell-derived gene expression signature that predicts the drug response of cancer
      cells to salinomycin. Consistent with therapy resistance of CSC, 8% of tumor
      samples in the TCGA-database displayed our signature and were associated with a
      significantly higher mortality. Using our K-ras-specific screening platform, we
      identified several new candidate CSC drugs. Two of these, ophiobolin A and
      conglobatin A, possessed a similar or higher potency than salinomycin. Finally,
      we established that the most potent compound, ophiobolin A, exerts its K-ras4B
      specific activity through inactivation of calmodulin. Our data suggest that
      specific interference with the K-ras4B/calmodulin interaction selectively
      inhibits CSC.

PMID- 26973242
TI  - Tumor cell survival dependence on the DHX9 DExH-box helicase.
AB  - The NTP-dependent DExH/D-box helicase DHX9 is a key participant in a number of
      gene regulatory steps, including transcriptional, translational, and microRNA
      mediated control, DNA replication and maintenance of genomic stability. DHX9 has
      also been implicated in tumor cell maintenance and drug response. Here we report
      that inhibition of DHX9 expression is lethal to human cancer cell lines and
      murine EMU-Myc lymphomas. Using a novel conditional shDHX9 mouse model, we
      demonstrate that sustained and prolonged (6 months) suppression of DHX9 does not
      result in any deleterious effects at the organismal level. Body weight, blood
      biochemistry and histology of various tissues were comparable to control mice.
      Global gene expression profiling revealed that, although reduction of DHX9
      expression resulted in multiple transcriptome changes, these were relatively
      benign and did not lead to any discernible phenotype. Our results demonstrate a
      robust tolerance for systemic DHX9 suppression in vivo and support the targeting
      of DHX9 as an effective and specific chemotherapeutic approach.

PMID- 26973243
TI  - Differential regulation of LncRNA-SARCC suppresses VHL-mutant RCC cell
      proliferation yet promotes VHL-normal RCC cell proliferation via modulating
      androgen receptor/HIF-2alpha/C-MYC axis under hypoxia.
AB  - It is well established that hypoxia contributes to tumor progression in a hypoxia
      inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha)-dependent manner in renal cell carcinoma
      (RCC), yet the role of long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) involved in hypoxia-mediated
      RCC progression remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that LncRNA-SARCC
      (Suppressing Androgen Receptor in Renal Cell Carcinoma) is differentially
      regulated by hypoxia in a von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-dependent manner both in RCC
      cell culture and clinical specimens. LncRNA-SARCC can suppress hypoxic cell cycle
      progression in the VHL-mutant RCC cells while derepress it in the VHL-restored
      RCC cells. Mechanism dissection reveals that LncRNA-SARCC can post
      transcriptionally regulate androgen receptor (AR) by physically binding and
      destablizing AR protein to suppress AR/HIF-2alpha/C-MYC signals. In return, HIF
      2alpha can transcriptionally regulate the LncRNA-SARCC expression via binding to
      hypoxia-responsive elements on the promoter of LncRNA-SARCC. The negative
      feedback modulation between LncRNA-SARCC/AR complex and HIF-2alpha signaling may
      then lead to differentially modulated RCC progression in a VHL-dependent manner.
      Together, these results may provide us a new therapeutic approach via targeting
      this newly identified signal from LncRNA-SARCC to AR-mediated HIF-2alpha/C-MYC
      signals against RCC progression.

PMID- 26973244
TI  - Hypoxia and MITF regulate KIT oncogenic properties in melanocytes.
AB  - KIT mutations are frequent in acral, mucosal and chronic sun-damage (CSD)
      melanoma, but little is known about the mechanisms driving the transformation of
      KIT-mutated melanocytes into melanoma cells. We showed that exposition of
      melanocytes harboring the (L576P)KIT mutation to a hypoxic environment induced
      their transformation into malignant cells. Transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes
      showed downregulation of MITF expression characteristic of melanoma initiating
      cells (MICs). In agreement, these cells were able to form spheres in neural crest
      cell medium and low-adherence conditions, also a characteristic of MICs.
      Downregulation of MITF by RNA interference induced transformation of KIT-mutated
      melanocytes in normoxia and acquisition of a MIC phenotype by these cells. Hence,
      low level of MITF cooperates with oncogenic KIT to transform melanocytes.
      Activation of the cAMP pathway in transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes stimulated
      MITF expression, and reduced cellular proliferation and sphere formation. These
      findings highlight the essential role of MITF in revealing the oncogenic activity
      of KIT in melanocytes and suggest that the cAMP pathway is a therapeutic target
      in KIT-mutated melanoma.

PMID- 26973245
TI  - TAK1 regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis through SREBP.
AB  - Sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcription factors
      regulating cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. SREBP activity is tightly
      regulated to maintain lipid homeostasis, and is modulated upon extracellular
      stimuli such as growth factors. While the homeostatic SREBP regulation is well
      studied, stimuli-dependent regulatory mechanisms are still elusive. Here we
      demonstrate that SREBPs are regulated by a previously uncharacterized mechanism
      through transforming growth factor-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a signaling
      molecule of inflammation. We found that TAK1 binds to and inhibits mature forms
      of SREBPs. In an in vivo setting, hepatocyte-specific Tak1 deletion upregulates
      liver lipid deposition and lipogenic enzymes in the mouse model. Furthermore,
      hepatic Tak1 deficiency causes steatosis pathologies including elevated blood
      triglyceride and cholesterol levels, which are established risk factors for the
      development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and are indeed correlated with Tak1
      deficiency-induced HCC development. Pharmacological inhibition of SREBPs
      alleviated the steatosis and reduced the expression level of the HCC marker gene
      in the Tak1-deficient liver. Thus, TAK1 regulation of SREBP critically
      contributes to the maintenance of liver homeostasis to prevent steatosis, which
      is a potentially important mechanism to prevent HCC development.

PMID- 26973246
TI  - Twist1-induced activation of human fibroblasts promotes matrix stiffness by
      upregulating palladin and collagen alpha1(VI).
AB  - The transcription factor Twist1 is involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition and contributes to cancer metastasis through mostly unknown
      mechanisms. In colorectal cancer, Twist1 expression is mainly restricted to the
      tumor stroma. We found that human fibroblast cell lines stably transfected with
      Twist1 acquired characteristics of activated cancer-associated fibroblasts
      (CAFs), such as hyperproliferation, an increased ability to migrate and an
      alignment of the actin cytoskeleton. Further, Twist1-activated fibroblasts
      promoted increased matrix stiffness. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified
      palladin and collagen alpha1(VI) as two major mediators of the Twist1 effects in
      fibroblast cell lines. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that palladin and
      Twist1 interact within the nucleus, suggesting that palladin could act as a
      transcription regulator. Palladin was found to be more relevant for the cellular
      biomechanical properties, orientation and polarity, and collagen alpha1(VI) for
      the migration and invasion capacity, of Twist1-activated fibroblasts. Both
      palladin and collagen alpha1(VI) were observed to be overexpressed in colorectal
      CAFs and to be associated with poor colorectal cancer patient survival and
      relapse prediction. Our results demonstrate that Twist1-expressing fibroblasts
      mimic the properties of CAFs present at the tumor invasive front, which likely
      explains the prometastatic activities of Twist1. Twist1 appears to require both
      palladin and collagen alpha1(VI) as downstream effectors for its prometastatic
      effects, which could be future therapeutic targets in cancer metastasis.

PMID- 26973247
TI  - Effects of Kras activation and Pten deletion alone or in combination on MUC1
      biology and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer.
AB  - Mucin1 (MUC1) is an epithelial glycoprotein overexpressed in ovarian cancer and
      actively involved in tumor cell migration and metastasis. Using novel in vitro
      and in vivo MUC1-expressing conditional (Cre-loxP) ovarian tumor models, we focus
      here on MUC1 biology and the roles of Kras activation and Pten deletion during
      cell transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We generated
      several novel murine ovarian cancer cell lines derived from the ovarian surface
      epithelia (OSE) of mice with conditional mutations in Kras, Pten or both. In
      addition, we also generated several tumor-derived new cell lines that reproduce
      the original tumor phenotype in vivo and mirror late stage metastatic disease.
      Our results demonstrate that de novo activation of oncogenic Kras does not
      trigger increased proliferation, cellular transformation or EMT, and prevents
      MUC1 upregulation. In contrast, Pten deletion accelerates cell proliferation,
      triggers cellular transformation in vitro and in vivo, and stimulates MUC1
      expression. Ovarian tumor-derived cell lines MKP-Liver and MKP-Lung cells
      reproduce in vivo EMT and represent the first immune competent mouse model for
      distant hematogenous spread. Whole genome microarray expression analysis using
      tumor and OSE-derived cell lines reveal a 121 gene signature associated with EMT
      and metastasis. When applied to n=542 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)
      ovarian cancer dataset, the gene signature identifies a patient subset with
      decreased survival (P=0.04). Using an extensive collection of novel murine cell
      lines we have identified distinct roles for Kras and Pten on MUC1 and EMT in vivo
      and in vitro. The data has implications for future design of combination
      therapies targeting Kras mutations, Pten deletions and MUC1 vaccines.

PMID- 26973248
TI  - Scaffold protein FHL2 facilitates MDM2-mediated degradation of IER3 to regulate
      proliferation of cervical cancer cells.
AB  - The expression of immediate early response 3 (IER3), a protein with a short half
      life, is rapidly induced by various cellular stimuli. We recently reported that
      IER3 induces the apoptosis of cervical cancer cells and that its expression is
      downregulated in patients with cervical cancer. However, the molecular mechanism
      involved in the rapid degradation of IER3 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate
      that MDM2 is an E3 ligase that interacts with IER3 and promotes its
      ubiquitination, followed by proteasomal degradation. Polyubiquitination of the
      conserved lysine 60 of IER3 is essential for its degradation. In addition, four
      and a half LIM domains protein 2 (FHL2) binds to both IER3 and MDM2, allowing for
      efficient MDM2-mediated IER3 degradation by facilitating an association between
      MDM2 and IER3. Moreover, IER3 induces cell cycle arrest in cervical cancer cells
      and its activity is further enhanced in cells in which FHL2 or MDM2 was silenced,
      thereby preventing IER3 degradation. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human
      papilloma virus 18 regulated IER3 expression. FHL2 expression was significantly
      higher in the squamous epithelium of cervical carcinoma tissues than in non
      cancerous cervical tissues, whereas cervical carcinoma expression of IER3 was
      downregulated in this region. Thus, we determined the molecular mechanism
      responsible for IER3 degradation, involving a ternary complex of IER3, MDM2 and
      FHL2, which may contribute to cervical tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrated
      that FHL2 serves as a scaffold for E3 ligase and its substrate during the
      ubiquitination reaction, a function that has not been previously reported for
      this protein.

PMID- 26973250
TI  - Olfactomedin 4 deletion induces colon adenocarcinoma in ApcMin/+ mice.
AB  - Colon carcinogenesis is a multiple-step process involving the accumulation of a
      series of genetic and epigenetic alterations. The most commonly initiating event
      of intestinal carcinogenesis is mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
      gene, which leads to activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Olfactomedin 4
      (OLFM4) has emerged as an intestinal stem-cell marker, but its biological
      function in the intestine remains to be determined. Here we show that Olfm4
      deletion induced colon adenocarcinoma in the distal colon of ApcMin/+ mice.
      Mechanistically, we found that OLFM4 is a target gene of the Wnt/beta-catenin
      pathway and can downregulate beta-catenin signaling by competing with Wnt ligands
      for binding to Frizzled receptors, as well as by inhibition of the Akt-GSK-3beta
      (Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta) pathway. We have shown that both Wnt and
      nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling were boosted in tumor tissues of Apc
      Olfm4 double-mutant mice. These data establish OLFM4 as a critical negative
      regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin and NF-kappaB pathways that inhibits colon
      cancer development initiated by APC mutation. In addition, Olfm4 deletion
      significantly enhanced intestinal-crypt proliferation and inflammation induced by
      azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate. Thus, OLFM4 has an important role in the
      regulation of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis, and could be a potential
      therapeutic target for intestinal malignant tumors. Unlike the human colonic
      epithelium, the mouse colonic epithelium does not express OLFM4, but
      nevertheless, systemic OLFM4 deletion promotes colon tumorigenesis and that loss
      from mucosal neutrophils may have a role to play.

PMID- 26973252
TI  - Stress-related function of bHLH109 in somatic embryo induction in Arabidopsis.
AB  - The bHLH109 gene of the bHLH family was identified among the transcription factor
      encoding genes that were differentially expressed in an embryogenic culture of
      Arabidopsis. A strong activation of bHLH109 expression was found to be associated
      with somatic embryogenesis (SE) induction. Several pieces of evidence suggested
      the involvement of bHLH109 in SE, including the high stimulation of the gene
      expression in SE-induced explants, which contrasts to the drastically lower level
      of the gene transcripts in the non-embryogenic callus and in tissue that is
      induced towards shoot regeneration via organogenesis. Moreover, in contrast to
      the overexpression of bHLH109, which has been indicated to enhance SE induction
      in a culture, the bhlh109 knock-out mutation was found to impair the embryogenic
      potential of explants. In order to identify the genes interacting with the
      bHLH109, the candidate co-expressed genes were identified in a yeast one hybrid
      assay. The in vitro regulatory interactions that were identified were verified
      through mutant and expression analysis. The results suggest that in SE bHLH109
      acts as an activator of ECP63, a member of the LEA (LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT)
      family. Among the potential regulators of bHLH109, three candidates (At5g61620,
      bZIP4 and bZIP43) were indicated to possibly control bHLH109. The functions of
      all of the genes that are assumed to interact with bHLH109 are annotated to
      stress responses. Collectively, the results of the study provide new evidence
      that cell responses to stress that is imposed under in vitro conditions underlies
      the promotion of SE. bHLH109 may play a central role in the stress-related
      mechanism of SE induction via an increased accumulation of the LEA protein
      (ECP63), which results in the enhanced tolerance of the cells to stress. 

PMID- 26973249
TI  - Bcl-2 proteins and calcium signaling: complexity beneath the surface.
AB  - Antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family members are well known for their 'mitochondrial'
      functions as critical neutralizers of proapoptotic Bcl-2-family members,
      including the executioner multidomain proteins Bax and Bak and the BH3-only
      proteins. It has been clear for more than 20 years that Bcl-2 proteins can impact
      intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and dynamics. Moreover, altered Ca(2+) signaling
      is increasingly linked to oncogenic behavior. Specifically targeting the Ca(2+)
      signaling machinery may thus prove to be a valuable strategy for cancer
      treatment. Over 10 years ago a major controversy was recognized concerning
      whether or not Bcl-2 proteins exerted their antiapoptotic functions via Ca(2+)
      signaling through lowering the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      Ca(2+) stores or by suppressing Ca(2+) release from the ER without affecting the
      filling state of this Ca(2+) store. Further research from different laboratories
      indicated a wide variety of mechanisms by which Bcl-2-family members can impact
      Ca(2+) signaling. In this review, we propose that antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family
      members are multimodal regulators of intracellular Ca(2+)-signaling events in
      cell survival and cell death. We will discuss how different Bcl-2-family members
      impact cell survival and cell death by regulating Ca(2+) transport systems at the
      ER, mitochondria and plasma membrane and by impacting the organization of
      organelles and how these insights can be exploited for causing cell death in
      cancer cells. Finally, we propose that the existing controversy reflects the
      diversity of links between Bcl-2 proteins and Ca(2+) signaling, as certainly not
      all targets or mechanisms will be operative in every cell type and every
      condition.

PMID- 26973251
TI  - Cyclophilin D counteracts P53-mediated growth arrest and promotes Ras
      tumorigenesis.
AB  - Mitochondrial alterations induced by oncogenes are known to be crucial for
      tumorigenesis. Ras oncogene leads to proliferative signals through a Raf
      1/MEK/ERK kinase cascade, whose components have been found to be also associated
      with mitochondria. The mitochondrial pepdidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin D
      (CypD) is an important regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition and
      a key player in mitochondria physiology; however, its role in cancer is still
      unclear. Using cellular and in vivo mouse models, we demonstrated that CypD
      protein upregulation induced by oncogenic Ras through the Raf-1/MEK/ERK pathway
      has a deterministic role in tumor progression. In fact, targeting CypD gene
      expression clearly affected RasV12-induced transformation, as showed by in vitro
      data on murine NIH3T3 and human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells. In addition,
      studies in xenograft and K-Ras lung cancer mouse models demonstrated that genetic
      deletion or pharmacological suppression of CypD efficiently prevented Ras
      dependent tumor formation. Furthermore, Erbb2-mediated breast tumorigenesis was
      similarly prevented by targeting CypD. From a mechanistic point of view, CypD
      expression was associated with a reduced induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53
      functions, unraveling an antagonistic function of CypD on p21-p53-mediated growth
      suppression. CypD activity is p53 dependent. Interestingly, a physical
      association between p53 and CypD was detected in mitochondria of MCF10A cells;
      furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo studies proved that CypD inhibitor-based
      treatment was able to efficiently impair this interaction, leading to a tumor
      formation reduction. All together, these findings indicate that the countering
      effect of CypD on the p53-p21 pathway participates in oncogene-dependent
      transformation.

PMID- 26973253
TI  - Comparison of seven videolaryngoscopes with the Macintosh laryngoscope in
      manikins by experienced and novice personnel.
AB  - Videolaryngoscopy is often reserved for 'anticipated' difficult airways, but
      thereby can result in a higher overall rate of complications. We observed 65
      anaesthetists, 67 residents in anaesthesia, 56 paramedics and 65 medical
      students, intubating the trachea of a standardised manikin model with a normal
      airway using seven devices: Macintosh classic laryngoscope, Airtraq((r)) , Storz
      C-MAC((r)) , Coopdech VLP-100((r)) , Storz C-MAC D-Blade((r)) , GlideScope
      Cobalt((r)) , McGrath Series5((r)) and Pentax AWS((r)) ) in random order. Time to
      and proportion of successful intubation, complications and user satisfaction were
      compared. All groups were fastest using devices with a Macintosh-type blade. All
      groups needed significantly more attempts using the Airtraq and Pentax AWS (all p
      < 0.05). Devices with a Macintosh-type blade (classic laryngoscope and C-MAC)
      scored highest in user satisfaction. Our results underline the importance of
      variability in device performance across individuals and staff groups, which have
      important implications for which devices hospital providers should rationally
      purchase. 

PMID- 26973254
TI  - A comprehensive study on atomic layer deposition of molybdenum sulfide for
      electrochemical hydrogen evolution.
AB  - Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has emerged as an efficient method to design and
      prepare catalysts with atomic precision. Here, we report a comprehensive study on
      ALD of molybdenum sulfide (MoSx) for an electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
      reaction. By using molybdenum hexacarbonyl and dimethyldisulfide as the
      precursors of Mo and S, respectively, the MoSx catalysts are grown at 100 
      degrees C on porous carbon fiber papers (CFPs). The ALD process results in the
      growth of particle-like MoSx on the CFP due to the lack of adsorption sites, and
      its crystallographic structure is a mixture of amorphous and nano-crystalline
      phases. In order to unveil the intrinsic activity of the ALD-MoSx, the exchange
      current densities, Tafel slopes, and turnover frequencies of the catalysts grown
      under various ALD conditions have been investigated by considering the fractional
      surface coverage of MoSx on the CFP and catalytically-active surface area. In
      addition, the ALD-MoSx/CFP catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic stability due to
      the strong adhesion of MoSx on the CFP and the mixed phase.

PMID- 26973256
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26973257
TI  - Comparison of Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes After Bare Metal Stents and Drug
      Eluting Stents Following Rotational Atherectomy.
AB  - Few studies have investigated the clinical outcomes of rotational atherectomy
      (RA) prior to and during the drugeluting stent (DES) era. The goal of this study
      was to assess the long-term outcome after RA followed by DES and bare metal stent
      (BMS) implantation in complex calcified coronary lesions and to compare the
      outcomes among various DESs.This was a single center retrospective observational
      study. Consecutive 406 patients who underwent elective RA followed by BMS or DES
      implantation at our institution from 2001 to 2011 were included. This study
      compared the long-term outcomes after treatment with RA among BMS and 3 different
      DESs (sirolimus-eluting stent, paclitaxel-eluting stent, and everolimus-eluting
      stent) implantation.The mean follow-up period was 4.6 years. Patients with DES
      were older and exhibited more vessel disease, longer lesion length, and smaller
      vessel size. Patients with BMS had a significantly higher rate of target lesion
      revascularization, restenosis, and larger late lumen loss than those with DES.
      Composite events including mortality, ACS, and target vessel revascularization
      were significantly higher in the BMS-RA group than in the DES-RA group. After
      adjustment, BMS remained an independent predictor of MACE and ACS plus death in
      patients treated with RA. However, there were no significant differences in late
      lumen loss, restenosis rate, and MACE among the 3 DES.The combination of DES-RA
      has a favorable effect in both the angiographic and clinical outcomes compared
      with BMS-RA. However, no significant differences in late loss and events rates
      were observed among the 3 DES groups.

PMID- 26973258
TI  - An Atypical Right Atrial Myxoma With Spontaneous Rupture.
AB  - Typically, cardiac maxomas arise from the interatrial septum at the border of the
      fossa ovalis in the left atrium, whereas atypical right atrial myxoma, especially
      with spontaneous rupture, is extremely rare. Here we report the diagnostic
      evaluation and successful surgical resection of an atypical myxoma with
      spontaneous rupture arising from the posterior wall of the right atrium in a 34
      year-old male.

PMID- 26973259
TI  - Left Ventricular Noncompaction Combined With Epinephrine-Secreted
      Pheochromocytoma Inducing Heart Failure.
AB  - Pheochromocytomas and left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) are both rare
      diseases. In this patient, the long duration of the catecholamine-secreted
      pheochromocytoma caused myocardial ischemia, pressure overload, and hypertrophy,
      resulting in the onset of heart failure (HF). The LVNC might be associated with
      the acute attack of HF induced by the pheochromocytoma. This is the first case
      reporting LVNC in combination with HF secondary to pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 26973255
TI  - Rationalising the role of Keratin 9 as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Keratin 9 was recently identified as an important component of a biomarker panel
      which demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy (87%) for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
      Understanding how a protein which is predominantly expressed in palmoplantar
      epidermis is implicated in AD may shed new light on the mechanisms underlying the
      disease. Here we use immunoassays to examine blood plasma expression patterns of
      Keratin 9 and its relationship to other AD-associated proteins. We correlate this
      with the use of an in silico analysis tool VisANT to elucidate possible pathways
      through which the involvement of Keratin 9 may take place. We identify possible
      links with Dickkopf-1, a negative regulator of the wnt pathway, and propose that
      the abnormal expression of Keratin 9 in AD blood and cerebrospinal fluid may be a
      result of blood brain barrier dysregulation and disruption of the ubiquitin
      proteasome system. Our findings suggest that dysregulated Keratin 9 expression is
      a consequence of AD pathology but, as it interacts with a broad range of
      proteins, it may have other, as yet uncharacterized, downstream effects which
      could contribute to AD onset and progression. 

PMID- 26973260
TI  - Plasma Levels of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products and High-Mobility
      Group Box 1 in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.
AB  - An increase of pulmonary artery pressure in patients with pulmonary hypertension
      (PH) results in right ventricular failure and ultimately death. High-mobility
      group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear protein, acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine by
      activating receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in the
      extracellular environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical
      significance of circulating levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in patients with PH. Plasma
      levels of HMGB1 and soluble RAGE were measured in 27 patients with PH (14 with
      pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH], 13 with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary
      hypertension [CTEPH]) and 30 normal subjects as control. There was no difference
      in the plasma levels of HMGB1 between the PH patients and the control subjects.
      However, plasma levels of soluble RAGE were significantly higher in the patients
      with PH than in the controls (P < 0.001). Plasma soluble RAGE levels were higher
      in PAH (P < 0.001) and CTEPH (P < 0.0001) than in the controls. In addition,
      there was a statistically significant positive correlation between pulmonary
      artery pressure and plasma levels of soluble RAGE (r = 0.403, P < 0.0001). In the
      CTEPH patients, soluble RAGE levels were reduced after balloon pulmonary
      angioplasty (P < 0.001). Plasma levels of soluble RAGE, but not HMGB1, might be a
      novel marker that reflects the pathological condition in patients with PH.

PMID- 26973261
TI  - Time Rate of Blood Pressure Variation Is Associated With Endothelial Function in
      Patients With Metabolic Syndrome.
AB  - The time rate of blood pressure (BP) variation indicates the speed of BP
      fluctuations. Previous studies have demonstrated that the time rate of BP
      variation was associated with target organ damage. However, the association
      between time rate of BP variation and endothelial function has not been
      evaluated.24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed in 61
      patients with metabolic syndrome. Time rate of BP variation was calculated from
      BP recordings of ABPM. Endothelial function was assessed using reactive hyperemia
      peripheral arterial tonometry index (RHI) by EndoPat2000. Multiple linear
      regression models were used to detect the association between time rate of BP
      variation and RHI.Among all the subjects (n = 61), the multiple linear regression
      models revealed that the daytime rate of systolic blood pressure (SBP) variation
      was independently associated with RHI (beta = -0.334, P = 0.008). A 0.1
      mmHg/minute increase in the daytime rate of SBP variation correlated with a
      decline of 0.20 in RHI. The same effect was also found in the subjects with eGFR
      >= 60 mL/ (minute*1.73 m(2)). A greater association was found in those who were
      not taking a statin, beta-blocker, ACEI/ARB, or diuretic and those without
      diabetes compared with those with any antihypertensive medication or with
      diabetes. Other ambulatory blood pressure parameters and central hemodynamics
      were not found to be associated with RHI.Our findings have shown that the daytime
      rate of SBP variation was associated with endothelial function in patients with
      metabolic syndrome, independent of other BP parameters and central hemodynamics.

PMID- 26973262
TI  - Influence of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Mood and Quality of Life After Stent
      Implantation in Young and Middle-Aged Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.
AB  - Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), established only a few decades ago, is widely
      used by clinical psychologists. This study aimed to investigate the effects of
      CBT on mental status and quality of life (QOL) after percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI) in young and middle-aged patients with coronary heart disease
      (CHD). Seventy-five anxiety/depression patients (mean age, 52.2 +/- 6.2 years,
      including 8 individuals < 45 years old) with CHD treated with PCI were randomly
      divided into a CBT group (n = 38) and control group (n = 37). The CBT group
      received 8 weeks of CBT in addition to the routine postoperative treatment that
      was also administered to control patients. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating
      Scale (HAM-D17), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A), and Coronary Revascularization
      Outcome Questionnaire (CROQ-PTCA-POST, Chinese version) were administered before,
      3 days, and 8 weeks after intervention. HAM-D17 and HAM-A scores were decreased
      after treatment, but were more substantially reduced in patients that underwent
      CBT than those in the control group (11.7 +/- 4.5 versus 15.1 +/- 3.9, P = 0.001
      and 10.6 +/- 3.4 versus 16.5 +/- 4.6, P = 0.003, respectively). QOL was improved
      in both groups, but overall satisfaction was higher in the CBT group compared
      with control patients (89.3 +/- 5.2 versus 77.8 +/- 9.5, P < 0.05). CBT can
      relieve depression and anxiety after PCI in young and middle-aged patients with
      CHD. CBT can improve patient QOL.

PMID- 26973263
TI  - MRI Mode Programming for Safe Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With a
      Magnetic Resonance Conditional Cardiac Device.
AB  - Although diagnostically indispensable, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been,
      until recently, contraindicated in patients with an implantable cardiac device.
      MR conditional cardiac devices are now widely used, but the mode programming
      needed for safe MRI has yet to be established. We reviewed the details of 41 MRI
      examinations of patients with a MR conditional device. There were no associated
      adverse events. However, in 3 cases, paced beats competed with the patient's own
      beats during the MRI examination. We describe 2 of the 3 specific cases because
      they illustrate these potentially risky situations: a case in which the intrinsic
      heart rate increased and another in which atrial fibrillation occurred. Safe MRI
      in patients with an MR conditional device necessitates detailed MRI mode
      programming. The MRI pacing mode should be carefully and individually selected.

PMID- 26973264
TI  - Shorter Heart Failure Duration Is a Predictor of Left Ventricular Reverse
      Remodeling During Adaptive Servo-Ventilator Treatment in Patients With Advanced
      Heart Failure.
AB  - Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is a recently developed, noninvasive therapeutic
      tool for the treatment of heart failure (HF). However, prediction of
      responsiveness to continuous ASV therapy remains uncertain, especially in
      patients with advanced HF receiving guideline-directed medical therapy. A total
      of 47 patients with advanced HF (NYHA class IV 74%, inotrope infusion dependent
      38%) received continuous ASV therapy at our institute between 2008 and 2014. Of
      these 47 patients, 12 (26%) were responders, whose left ventricular ejection
      fraction increased >= 5% during the 6-month study period. Shorter HF duration (<
      17.2 * 10(2) days) was a significant predictor of responsiveness to ASV therapy
      by logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics analysis.
      Patients with shorter HF duration achieved improved HF symptoms, recovery of
      renal function, and a lower readmission ratio compared with the longer HF
      duration group during ASV therapy. In conclusion, early ASV introduction may be
      beneficial to achieve left ventricular reverse remodeling during ASV therapy in
      patients with advanced HF.

PMID- 26973265
TI  - Is Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Necessary in Transcatheter Aortic Valve
      Implantation?

PMID- 26973266
TI  - Hyper-Response to Clopidogrel in Japanese Patients Undergoing Transcatheter
      Aortic Valve Implantation.
AB  - Dual antiplatelet therapy is empirically recommended following transcatheter
      aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The aims of the present study were to analyze
      the effect of clopidogrel on platelet function and to determine the relative
      contribution of each CYP2C19 loss-of-function genotype undergoing TAVI.Thirty-two
      patients undergoing TAVI and with clopidogrel treatment were studied. All
      patients were treated with an Edwards SapienXT valve. Platelet reactivity was
      measured by the VerifyNow P2Y12 point-of-care assay at 7 days and 30 days after
      the procedure and a cutoff value of 95 PRU was used to identify a hyper-response
      of platelet reactivity. The Spartan RX(TM) sample-to-result point-of-care DNA
      testing system was used to identify CYP2C19 loss-of-function genotypes. Hyper
      response of platelet reactivity was identified in 11 (34.3%) patients, although
      24 (80%) were carriers of at least one CYP2C19 reduced-function allele. The PRU
      values did not change significantly from 7 days to 30 days after TAVI (136.7 +/-
      73.4 versus 150.4 +/- 83.2, P = 0.13). The incidences of life-threatening
      bleeding, minor bleeding, and transfusion were significantly higher among the
      hyper-response of platelet reactivity group (27.3% versus 0%, P = 0.03, 36.4%
      versus 4.8%, P = 0.04, 81.8% versus 42.9%, P = 0.04, respectively).A hyper
      response to clopidogrel was observed in one-third of patients undergoing TAVI and
      was related to bleeding events, even though 80% of the patients were carriers of
      the CYP2C19 reduced-function allele.

PMID- 26973267
TI  - MicroRNA-214 Inhibits Left Ventricular Remodeling in an Acute Myocardial
      Infarction Rat Model by Suppressing Cellular Apoptosis via the Phosphatase and
      Tensin Homolog (PTEN).
AB  - The aims of the present study were to determine the role of miR-214 on left
      ventricular remodeling of rat heart with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to
      further investigate the underlying mechanism of miR-214-mediated myocardial
      protection. AMI was induced in which adenovirus-expressing miR-214 (Ad-miR-214),
      anti-miR-214, or Ad-GFP had been delivered into rats hearts 4 days prior, while a
      phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) inhibitor was administered via intra
      peritoneal injection 30 minutes prior to AMI. Changes in hemodynamic parameters
      were detected and recorded. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and LV/BW were
      measured. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the miR-214 expression levels
      of the myocytes in the infarcted, border, and non-infarcted areas of the LV.
      Myocardial infarct size was also measured. Flow cytometry analysis was performed
      to examine cellular apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to examine
      PTEN expression. The results showed that miR-214 was upregulated in both border
      and infarcted areas. Myocardial cell apoptosis was decreased in the Ad-miR-214
      group, but was increased in the anti-miR-214 group, while there were no
      differences among the Ad-GFP-group, PTEN-ad-miR-214 group, or PTEN-anti-miR-214
      group. Myocardial infarct size, LV dimensions, heart rate (HR), and LV end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were decreased while the maximal rates of rise or
      decline in blood pressure in the ventricular chamber (+/- dp/dt) and LV systolic
      pressure (LVSP) were increased in the Ad-miR-214 group, all of which exhibited
      opposite changes in the anti-miR-214 group. PTEN was downregulated in the Ad-miR
      214 group and upregulated in the anti-miR-214 group. PTEN was decreased in both
      the border and infarcted areas compared with non-infarcted areas. The study
      results suggest that Ad-miR-214 improves LV remodeling and decreases the
      apoptosis of myocardial cells through PTEN, suggesting a possible mechanism by
      which Ad-miR-214 functions in protecting against AMI injury.

PMID- 26973268
TI  - Three-Year Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes After Everolimus-Eluting Stent
      Implantation in Patients With a History of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.
AB  - The clinical and angiographic outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PCI) with everolimus-eluting stent (EES) implantation in patients with a history
      of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have yet to be fully investigated. The
      aim of the present study was to investigate 3-year clinical outcomes after EES
      implantation in patients with a history of CABG.We retrospectively enrolled 176
      consecutive patients who had undergone EES implantation. Three-year clinical
      follow-up data were obtained from all patients. Follow-up angiograms and serial
      quantitative coronary angiography analysis (QCA) were performed for 139 (79.0%)
      patients. Patients from the prior CABG (+) group (n = 17; 9.7%) had higher
      incidences of target lesion revascularization (TLR; 41.2% versus 3.8%, P < 0.001)
      and major adverse cardiac events (47.1% versus 15.1%, P = 0.004). A landmark
      analysis conducted 1 year into our study showed a higher incidence of TLR in the
      prior CABG (+) group (20.0% versus 3.0%, P = 0.017).The reason for EES
      implantation in the prior CABG (+) group was saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure
      in 19 (79.2%) lesions, although the target vessel was the SVG in 8 (33.3%)
      lesions. There were no significant differences in clinical and follow-up QCA data
      between the native vessel and SVG PCI groups.This study revealed that a history
      of CABG was a risk factor for TLR after EES implantation. The major reason for
      PCI after CABG was SVG failure; both native vessel and SVG PCI showed poor
      outcomes. Further investigations may be warranted to determine which
      interventions are most effective in this high-risk subset.

PMID- 26973269
TI  - Early Rehabilitation Therapy Is Beneficial for Patients With Prolonged Mechanical
      Ventilation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.
AB  - We investigated the effects of early rehabilitation therapy on prolonged
      mechanically ventilated patients after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).A
      total of 106 patients who underwent CABG between June 2012 and May 2015 were
      enrolled and randomly assigned into an early rehabilitation group (53 cases) and
      a control group (53 cases). The rehabilitation therapy consisted of 6 steps
      including head up, transferring from supination to sitting, sitting on the edge
      of bed, sitting in a chair, transferring from sitting to standing, and walking
      along a bed. The patients received rehabilitation therapy in the intensive care
      unit (ICU) after CABG in the early rehabilitation group. The control group
      patients received rehabilitation therapy after leaving the ICU.The results showed
      that the early rehabilitation therapy could significantly decrease the duration
      of mechanical ventilation (early rehabilitation group: 8.1 +/- 3.3 days; control
      group: 13.9 +/- 4.1 days, P < 0.01), hospital stay (early rehabilitation group:
      22.0 +/- 3.8 days; control group: 29.1 +/- 4.6 days, P < 0.01), and ICU stay
      (early rehabilitation group: 11.7 +/- 3.2 days; control group: 18.3 +/- 4.2 days,
      P < 0.01) for patients requiring more than 72 hours prolonged mechanical
      ventilation. The results of Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the proportions of
      patients remaining on mechanical ventilation in the early rehabilitation group
      were larger than that in the control group after 7 days of rehabilitation therapy
      (logrank test: P < 0.01). The results provide evidence for supporting the
      application of early rehabilitation therapy in patients requiring prolonged
      mechanical ventilation after CABG.

PMID- 26973270
TI  - Everolimus Attenuates Myocardial Hypertrophy and Improves Diastolic Function in
      Heart Transplant Recipients.
AB  - Everolimus (EVL), one of the mammalian targets of rapamycin, is a next generation
      immunosuppressant that may have accessory anti-proliferative effects in heart
      transplant (HTx) recipients. However, little is known about the clinical
      relationship between EVL and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. A total of 42 HTx
      recipients received EVL therapy at post-HTx 150 days on median and had been
      followed at our institute for > 1 year between 2008 and 2014 [EVL (+) group]. We
      also observed 18 patients without EVL from post-HTx 150 days for 1 year [EVL (-)
      group]. There were no significant differences in baseline variables between the
      two groups. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and the ratio of early transmitral
      filling velocity to the peak early diastolic mitral annular motion velocity
      (E/e') decreased significantly during 1-year EVL treatment compared with the EVL
      (-) group. There were no differences in blood pressure and medications between
      the 2 groups. Improvement of LVMI and the E/e' ratio was not associated with
      trough levels of calcineurin inhibitors or EVL, but correlated with each baseline
      value. In conclusion, this EVL-incorporated immunosuppressant regimen attenuated
      cardiac hypertrophy as well as diastolic dysfunction in HTx recipients.

PMID- 26973271
TI  - Combination of Urinary Sodium/Creatinine Ratio and Plasma Brain Natriuretic
      Peptide Level Predicts Successful Tolvaptan Therapy in Patients With Heart
      Failure and Volume Overload.
AB  - To evaluate the short-term clinical and hemodynamic effects of tolvaptan therapy
      and to identify predictors of the therapeutic outcomes, we retrospectively
      recruited 60 consecutive hospitalized heart failure (HF) patients (70 +/- 11
      years) with volume overload. The subjects were divided into two groups on the
      basis of the changes in HF symptom scores and hemodynamic status assessed by
      right heart catheterization after tolvaptan therapy (median: 7 days). The
      majority of patients were successfully treated (group 1). However, 22% of
      patients (group 2) were unsuccessfully treated, in whom 1) the HF symptom score
      worsened or 2) there was a stationary HF symptom score >= 6 points, and mean PCWP
      > 18 mmHg and mean RAP > 10 mmHg, after tolvaptan therapy. HF symptom scores,
      hemodynamic parameters, and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level improved
      in group 1, but all of these parameters remained unchanged in group 2. Lower
      urine sodium/creatinine ratio (UNa/UCr) and higher BNP level at baseline were
      independently associated with unsuccessful tolvaptan therapy, and UNa/UCr best
      predicts unsuccessful tolvaptan therapy with a cut-off value of 46.5 mEq/g.Cr
      (AUC 0.847, 95% CI: 0.718-0.976, sensitivity 77%, specificity 81%, P < 0.01).
      Double-positive results of UNa/UCr < 46.5 mEq/g.Cr and plasma BNP level > 778
      pg/mL predicted unsuccessful tolvaptan therapy with high diagnostic accuracy
      (sensitivity 54%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, negative
      predictive value 89%, and accuracy 90%). In summary, short-term tolvaptan therapy
      ameliorated HF symptoms and provided hemodynamic improvement in the majority of
      patients, and UNa/UCr and BNP level strongly predicted the therapeutic outcomes.

PMID- 26973272
TI  - A Unique Case of a 12-Year-Old Boy With Noonan Syndrome Combined With
      Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium.
AB  - A 12-year-old Chinese boy was admitted with dyspnea after exercise. Based on his
      clinical features, echocardiography tests, and family history, he was diagnosed
      with Noonan syndrome (NS) combined with noncompaction of the ventricular
      myocardium (NVM). Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common syndrome, but to the best of
      our knowledge, our case is the first reported case of NS combined with NVM. In
      our case, the detected mutated genes may be inherited and unreported genes caused
      NS or NVM. Our research may enrich our knowledge about NS and contribute to
      furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment. In summary, we
      present a unique case of NS combined with NVM.

PMID- 26973273
TI  - Left Atrial Remodeling Assessed by Transthoracic Echocardiography Predicts Left
      Atrial Appendage Flow Velocity in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and other
      thromboembolic events. Left atrial (LA) thrombus formation is closely related to
      LA dysfunction, particularly to decreased LA appendage flow velocity (LAA-FV) in
      patients with AF. We estimated LAA-FV using parameters noninvasively obtained by
      transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in patients with paroxysmal
      AF.Echocardiographic and clinical parameters were assessed in 190 patients with
      nonvalvular paroxysmal AF showing sinus heart rhythm during transesophageal
      echocardiography (TEE) and TTE.LAA-FV (60 +/- 22 cm/s) significantly correlated
      with the time interval between the initiation of the P-wave on ECG and that of
      the A-wave of transmitral flow on TTE (PA-TMF, correlation coefficient, -0.32; P
      < 0.001), LA dimension (LAD, -0.31; P < 0.001), septal a' velocity of tissue
      Doppler imaging (TDI, 0.35; P < 0.001), E/e' ratio (-0.28, P < 0.001), E velocity
      of transmitral flow (-0.20, P = 0.008), E/A ratio of transmitral flow (-0.18, P =
      0.02), CHA2DS2-VASc score (-0.15, P = 0.04), and BNP plasma level (-0.32, P =
      0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that PA-TMF (standardized partial
      regression coefficient, -0.17; P = 0.03), a' velocity (0.24, P = 0.004), and LAD
      (-0.20, P = 0.01) were independent predictors of LAA-FV (multiple correlation
      coefficient R, 0.44; P < 0.001).Parameters of atrial remodeling, ie, decreased a'
      velocity, increased LAD, and PA-TMF during sinus rhythm may be useful predictors
      of LA blood stasis in patients with nonvalvular PAF. LAA-FV can be estimated
      using these TTE parameters instead of TEE.

PMID- 26973274
TI  - Biological Antioxidant Potential Negatively Correlates With Carotid Artery Intima
      Media Thickness.
AB  - Oxidative stress is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis and development of
      cardiovascular disease. Recently, simplified methods for the detection of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the derivatives of reactive oxygen
      metabolites (d-ROMs) test as an index of ROS products and the biological
      antioxidant potential (BAP) test as an index of antioxidant potential have been
      utilized. These methods are easy to perform, quick, inexpensive since they use
      small equipment, and provide reliable results compared with established oxidative
      stress and antioxidant markers. Because oxidative stress has been shown to
      represent the balance of production of ROS and antioxidant capacity, it is more
      appropriate to evaluate ROS and antioxidant capacity simultaneously. However, no
      study has examined the associations among d-ROMs, BAP values, and carotid artery
      intima-media thickness (IMT) concurrently. Therefore, we studied the associations
      among d-ROMs, BAP values, and the carotid artery IMT. Carotid artery IMT, blood
      pressure (BP), fasting circulating d-ROMs, BAP, glucose metabolism, lipid, and C
      reactive protein levels were measured in 95 subjects (age: 49.5 +/- 13.8 years;
      men: 41; women: 54), including 42 healthy subjects and 53 patients with
      hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus who were not on medication. The
      results of multiple regression analysis revealed that dependent carotid artery
      IMT determinants remained significantly associated with age, systolic BP, total
      cholesterol, and BAP, whereas dependent BAP determinants remained significantly
      associated with body mass index and carotid artery IMT. BAP was strongly
      correlated with carotid artery IMT in our cohort. Our results suggest that BAP
      may be a useful risk marker for carotid atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26973275
TI  - Inflammatory Biomarkers and Atherosclerosis.
AB  - Atherosclerosis has been regarded as a form of chronic vascular inflammation.
      Numerous biomarkers associated with inflammation have been identified as novel
      targets to monitor atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. C-reactive protein
      (CRP) is one of the most actively studied and established inflammatory biomarkers
      for cardiovascular events. However, CRP response is triggered by many disorders
      unrelated to cardiovascular disease, which interferes with the clinical
      application. This review describes established and traditional inflammatory
      biomarkers including CRP as well as novel inflammatory biomarkers reflective of
      local atherosclerotic inflammation. In addition, we focus on the potential
      usefulness of inflammatory biomarkers in developing anti-atherosclerotic
      therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 26973276
TI  - Aortic Stenosis in a Patient With Sjogren's Syndrome.
AB  - Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dryness of the
      mouth and the eyes. Systemic involvement in SS is well known, however, obvious
      cardiac manifestations, particularly significant valve disorders, are extremely
      rare and only three cases of significant valve disease associated with SS that
      required surgical intervention have been previously described. We report a case
      of aortic stenosis (AS) associated with SS in an elderly patient. The diagnosis
      of primary SS had been made based on clinical features, positive ocular signs,
      and positive serologic findings. Echocardiography showed severe calcification,
      elevated mean pressure gradient (57 mmHg), and a small orifice area (0.45 cm(2))
      of the aortic valve. At surgery, severe calcification of the aortic cusps and the
      annulus was the mechanism of AS, and the aortic valve was replaced with a
      bioprosthetic valve. Valve pathology showed nodular calcification and hyaline
      degeneration, but lymphocyte infiltration was not evident. The etiologic relation
      of SS to the valve lesions is not clear pathologically in this case, however,
      chronic inflammation related to immunologic reactions in SS could have some
      effect on exacerbation for degeneration of the valve tissue.

PMID- 26973277
TI  - Association Between Baseline Natriuretic Peptides and Atrial Fibrillation
      Recurrence After Catheter Ablation.
AB  - Natriuretic peptides like B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP
      (NT-pro BNP) are reported to be increased in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients.
      However, the prognostic roles of BNP and NT-pro BNP in post-ablation AF
      recurrence remain inconclusive. We performed this meta-analysis to investigate
      the potential role of baseline natriuretic peptides in predicting AF recurrence
      after catheter ablation.Electronic databases were searched for studies that
      evaluated the potential relationship between AF recurrence and baseline BNP or NT
      pro BNP levels. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence
      interval (CI) were calculated to quantify differences in BNP or NT-pro BNP levels
      between patients with and without AF recurrence.Ten studies on BNP and 8 studies
      on NT-pro BNP were included, in which 411 of 1300 patients and 256 of 846
      patients experienced AF recurrence, respectively. Overall, the pooled SMD of
      studies on BNP was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.260.84, P < 0.001) while the pooled SMD of
      studies on NT-pro BNP was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.62-1.30, P < 0.0001). Meta-regression
      was conducted by AF type, AF duration, follow-up period, left atrial dimension
      (LAD), and concomitant heart failure, after which subgroup analysis demonstrated
      only follow-up period (3 months or > 3 months) in the NT-pro BNP group might
      account for the heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses indicated both the results
      were stable.Meta-analysis of current eligible studies suggested that both
      increased baseline BNP and NT-pro BNP levels are associated with greater risk of
      AF recurrence after catheter ablation, which could be biomarkers for predicting
      AF recurrence.

PMID- 26973278
TI  - Usefulness of Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Imaging Using (123)Iodine
      Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy for Predicting Sudden Cardiac Death in
      Patients With Heart Failure.
AB  - The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the human heart.
      Activation of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system is a cardinal
      pathophysiological abnormality associated with the failing human heart.
      Myocardial imaging using (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), an analog of
      norepinephrine, can be used to investigate the activity of norepinephrine, the
      predominant neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. Many clinical
      trials have demonstrated that (123)I-MIBG scintigraphic parameters predict
      cardiac adverse events, especially sudden cardiac death, in patients with heart
      failure. In this review, we summarize results from published studies that have
      focused on the use of cardiac sympathetic nerve imaging using (123)I-MIBG
      scintigraphy for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death in patients with
      heart failure.

PMID- 26973279
TI  - Heart Failure as a Disruption of Dynamic Circulatory Homeostasis Mediated by the
      Brain.
AB  - Circulatory homeostasis is associated with interactions between multiple organs,
      and the disruption of dynamic circulatory homeostasis could be considered as
      heart failure. The brain is the central unit integrating neural and neurohormonal
      information from peripheral organs and controlling peripheral organs using the
      autonomic nervous system. Heart failure is worsened by abnormal
      sympathoexcitation associated with baroreflex failure and/or chemoreflex
      activation, and by vagal withdrawal, and autonomic modulation therapies have
      benefits for heart failure. Recently, we showed that baroreflex failure induces
      striking volume intolerance independent of left ventricular dysfunction. Many
      studies have indicated that an overactive renin-angiotensin system, excess
      oxidative stress and excess inflammation, and/or decreased nitric oxide in the
      brain cause sympathoexcitation in heart failure. We have demonstrated that
      angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-induced oxidative stress in the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which is known as a vasomotor center, causes
      prominent sympathoexcitation in heart failure model rats. Interestingly, systemic
      infusion of angiotensin II directly affects brain AT1R with sympathoexcitation
      and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, we have demonstrated that
      targeted deletion of AT1R in astrocytes strikingly improved survival with
      prevention of left ventricular remodeling and sympathoinhibition in myocardial
      infarction-induced heart failure. From these results, we believe it is possible
      that AT1R in astrocytes, not in neurons, have a key role in the pathophysiology
      of heart failure. We would like to propose a novel concept that the brain works
      as a central processing unit integrating neural and hormonal input, and that the
      disruption of dynamic circulatory homeostasis mediated by the brain causes heart
      failure.

PMID- 26973280
TI  - Potential of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE) as an Eligible
      Biomarker for Therapy Evaluation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

PMID- 26973281
TI  - Hotspot detection and spatial distribution of methane emissions from landfills by
      a surface probe method.
AB  - A surface probe method previously developed was used to detect hotspots and to
      determine spatial variation of methane (CH4) emissions from three landfills
      located in Mexico, with an intermediate or a final cover, as well as with or
      without a landfill gas collection system. The method was effective in the three
      landfills and allowed mapping of CH4 emissions with a resolution of 24-64
      measurements per hectare, as well as the detection and quantification of
      hotspots, with a moderate experimental effort. In the three selected landfills,
      CH4 emissions were quantified to 10, 72, and 575gm(-2)d(-1). Two straightforward
      parameters describing the spatial distribution of CH4 emissions were also
      developed. The first parameter provides the percentage of area responsible for a
      given percentage of total emissions, while the second parameter assigns a
      numerical value to flux homogeneity. Together, the emissions map and the spatial
      distribution parameters offer an appropriate tool to landfill operators willing
      to begin recovering CH4 emissions or to improve the effectiveness of an existing
      recovery system. This method may therefore help to reduce the greenhouse gas
      footprint of landfills, which are still the primary option for waste management
      in developing countries. 

PMID- 26973282
TI  - The presence of spontaneous EMG activity in sternocleidomastoid is associated
      with ventilatory dysfunction in ALS.
AB  - We investigated electromyography (EMG) of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) in 128
      patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) including correlation with
      forced vital capacity (FVC) and ALS Functional Rating Scale scores. The presence
      of fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves in the SCM was significantly
      more frequently observed in patients with an FVC <80% (31/49, 63%) than in
      patients with an FVC>=80% (34/79, 43%). This study suggests that the SCM could be
      concomitantly involved with primary respiratory muscles in ALS. This is of value
      since needle EMG is a less invasive procedure in SCM than in the diaphragm or
      intercostal muscles. 

PMID- 26973283
TI  - Shock Index as a predictor for In-hospital mortality in patients with non-ST
      segment elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Shock index (SI), a ratio of heart rate/systolic blood
      pressure, has been reported to predict increased mortality in patients with ST
      segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, the prognostic value of SI has
      not been fully elucidated in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (NSTEMI). METHODS/MATERIALS: We performed a retrospective analysis of
      481 consecutive NSTEMI patients who underwent coronary angiography from January
      2013 to June 2014. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate on presentation were
      recorded, and SI was calculated as heart rate/systolic blood pressure. Patients
      were divided into those with SI?0.7 and those with SI<0.7. Baseline and
      angiographic characteristics were recorded. In addition, cardiogenic shock and in
      hospital mortality were recorded and compared between the two groups. RESULTS:
      Among 481 patients, 103 patients (21.4%) had SI?0.7. No statistically significant
      difference was observed in baseline characteristics between the two groups.
      Patients with SI?0.7 had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction than those
      with SI<0.7 (56 [35-60] % vs. 60 [45-64] %, p=0.035). Patients with SI?0.7 had a
      higher rate of cardiogenic shock on admission (2.9% vs. 0.3%, p=0.032). Patients
      with SI?0.7 had a higher, albeit statistically insignificant, incidence of
      cardiogenic shock after admission (5.0% vs. 1.9%, p=0.074). The total incidence
      of cardiogenic shock was higher in patients with SI?0.7 (7.8% vs. 2.1%, p=0.001).
      Patients with SI?0.7 had higher in-hospital mortality (4.9% vs. 0.5%, p=0.006)
      than those with SI<0.7. CONCLUSION: Elevated SI was associated with higher in
      hospital mortality in patients with NSTEMI.

PMID- 26973286
TI  - Orbital inflammation: Corticosteroids first.
AB  - Orbital inflammation is common, and may affect all ages and both genders. By
      combining a thorough history and physical examination, targeted ancillary
      laboratory testing and imaging, a presumptive diagnosis can often be made. Nearly
      all orbital inflammatory pathology can be empirically treated with
      corticosteroids, thus obviating the need for histopathologic diagnosis prior to
      initiation of therapy. In addition, corticosteroids may be effective in treating
      concurrent systemic disease. Unless orbital inflammation responds atypically or
      incompletely, patients can be spared biopsy. 

PMID- 26973284
TI  - A genistein-enriched diet neither improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity nor
      prevents the transition towards advanced insulin resistance in ZDF rats.
AB  - Genistein, a natural food compound mainly present in soybeans, is considered a
      potent antioxidant and to improve glucose homeostasis. However, its mechanism of
      action remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed whether genistein could
      antagonize the progression of the hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic state (pre
      diabetes) toward full-blown T2DM in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats by
      decreasing mitochondrial oxidative stress and improving skeletal muscle oxidative
      capacity. Rats were assigned to three groups: (1) lean control (CNTL), (2) fa/fa
      CNTL, and (3) fa/fa genistein (GEN). GEN animals were subjected to a 0.02% (w/w)
      genistein-enriched diet for 8 weeks, whereas CNTL rats received a standard diet.
      We show that genistein did not affect the overall response to a glucose challenge
      in ZDF rats. In fact, genistein may exacerbate glucose intolerance as fasting
      glucose levels were significantly higher in fa/fa GEN (17.6 +/- 0.7 mM) compared
      with fa/fa CNTL animals (14.9 +/- 1.4 mM). Oxidative stress, established by
      electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, carbonylated protein content and UCP3
      levels, remained unchanged upon dietary genistein supplementation. Furthermore,
      respirometry measurements revealed no effects of genistein on mitochondrial
      function. In conclusion, dietary genistein supplementation did not improve
      glucose homeostasis, alleviate oxidative stress, or augment skeletal muscle
      metabolism in ZDF rats. 

PMID- 26973287
TI  - Acute macular neuroretinopathy: A comprehensive review of the literature.
AB  - Acute macular neuroretinopathy is a relatively rare condition originally defined
      by the presence of intraretinal, reddish-brown, wedge-shaped lesions, the apices
      of which tend to point toward the fovea. Acute onset of paracentral scotomas
      corresponding to the clinically evident lesions is both common and
      characteristic. Although the pathogenesis of acute macular neuroretinopathy is
      complex, recent research suggests a microvascular etiology. Advances in
      multimodal imaging have enabled better characterization of this retinal disorder
      and have led to newly proposed diagnostic criteria. We review 101 reported cases
      in the English and non-English language literature identified from 1975, when
      acute macular neuroretinopathy was first described, to December, 2014. We discuss
      common risk factors, demographic and clinical characteristics, and multimodal
      imaging findings, which together provide insights into pathogenesis and guide
      areas of future investigation.

PMID- 26973285
TI  - Real-time PCR for differential quantification of CVI988 vaccine virus and
      virulent strains of Marek's disease virus.
AB  - CVI988/Rispens vaccine, the 'gold standard' vaccine against Marek's disease in
      poultry, is not easily distinguishable from virulent strains of Marek's disease
      herpesvirus (MDV). Accurate differential measurement of CVI988 and virulent MDV
      is commercially important to confirm successful vaccination, to diagnose Marek's
      disease, and to investigate causes of vaccine failure. A real-time quantitative
      PCR assay to distinguish CVI988 and virulent MDV based on a consistent single
      nucleotide polymorphism in the pp38 gene, was developed, optimised and validated
      using common primers to amplify both viruses, but differential detection of PCR
      products using two short probes specific for either CVI988 or virulent MDV. Both
      probes showed perfect specificity for three commercial preparations of CVI988 and
      12 virulent MDV strains. Validation against BAC-sequence-specific and US2
      sequence-specific q-PCR, on spleen samples from experimental chickens co-infected
      with BAC-cloned pCVI988 and wild-type virulent MDV, demonstrated that CVI988 and
      virulent MDV could be quantified very accurately. The assay was then used to
      follow kinetics of replication of commercial CVI988 and virulent MDV in feather
      tips and blood of vaccinated and challenged experimental chickens. The assay is a
      great improvement in enabling accurate differential quantification of CVI988 and
      virulent MDV over a biologically relevant range of virus levels. 

PMID- 26973289
TI  - Effects of erythromycin on the phenotypic and genotypic biofilm expression in two
      clinical Staphylococcus capitis subspecies and a functional analysis of Ica
      proteins in S. capitis.

PMID- 26973288
TI  - Decoding regulatory landscape of somatic embryogenesis reveals differential
      regulatory networks between japonica and indica rice subspecies.
AB  - Somatic embryogenesis is a unique process in plants and has considerable interest
      for biotechnological application. Compare to japonica, indica rice has been less
      responsive to in vitro culture. We used Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencing platform
      for comparative transcriptome analysis between two rice subspecies at six
      different developmental stages combined with a tag-based digital gene expression
      profiling. Global gene expression among different samples showed greater
      complexity in japonica rice compared to indica which may be due to polyphyletic
      origin of two rice subspecies. Expression pattern in initial stage indicate major
      differences in proembryogenic callus induction phase that may serve as key
      regulator to observe differences between both subspecies. Our data suggests that
      phytohormone signaling pathways consist of elaborate networks with frequent
      crosstalk, thereby allowing plants to regulate somatic embryogenesis pathway.
      However, this crosstalk varies between the two rice subspecies. Down regulation
      of positive regulators of meristem development (i.e. KNOX, OsARF5) and up
      regulation of its counterparts (OsRRs, MYB, GA20ox1/GA3ox2) in japonica may be
      responsible for its better regeneration and differentiation of somatic embryos.
      Comprehensive gene expression information in the present experiment may also
      facilitate to understand the monocot specific meristem regulation for
      dedifferentiation of somatic cell to embryogenic cells. 

PMID- 26973290
TI  - MicroRNAs in Diabetic Nephropathy: From Biomarkers to Therapy.
AB  - Recent estimates suggest that 1 in 12 of the global population suffers from
      diabetes mellitus. Approximately 40 % of those affected will go on to develop
      diabetes-related chronic kidney disease or diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is a
      major cause of disability and premature death. Existing tests for prognostic
      purposes are limited and can be invasive, and interventions to delay progression
      are challenging. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently described class of molecular
      regulators found ubiquitously in human tissues and bodily fluids, where they are
      highly stable. Alterations in miRNA expression profiles have been observed in
      numerous diseases. Blood and tissue miRNAs are already established cancer
      biomarkers, and cardiovascular, metabolic and immune disease miRNA biomarkers are
      under development. Urinary miRNAs represent a potential novel source of non
      invasive biomarkers for kidney diseases, including DN. In addition, recent data
      suggest that miRNAs may have therapeutic applications. Here, we review the
      utility of miRNAs as biomarkers for the early detection and progression of DN,
      assess emerging data on miRNAs implicated in DN pathology and discuss how the
      data from both fields may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic
      agents.

PMID- 26973292
TI  - Circulating and visceral adipose miR-100 is down-regulated in patients with
      obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Obesity is a major public health problem conferring substantial excess risk for
      Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in obesity and adipose
      tissue is not clearly defined. We hypothesize that circulating miRNA expression
      profiles vary according to differences in body mass index (BMI) and T2D and
      circulating miRNAs may reflect adipose tissue expression. Compared to healthy,
      lean individuals, circulating miR-100 was significantly lower in obese
      normoglycemic subjects and subjects with T2D. In visceral adipose tissue,
      expression of miR-100 was lower from obese subjects with T2D compared to obese
      subjects without T2D. miR-100 expression was significantly lower after adipogenic
      induction in human visceral, subcutaneous adipocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. miR
      100 reduced expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Insulin Growth
      Factor Receptor (IGFR) directly. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 was accelerated by
      inhibition of miR-100 and reduced by miR-100 mimic transfection. Our data provide
      the first evidence of an association of circulating miR-100 with obesity and
      diabetes. Additionally, our in-vitro findings, and the miR-100 expression
      patterns in site-specific adipose tissue suggest miR-100 to modulate IGFR, mTOR
      and mediate adipogenesis. 

PMID- 26973291
TI  - Lipocalin 2 produces insulin resistance and can be upregulated by glucocorticoids
      in human adipose tissue.
AB  - The adipokine lipocalin 2 is linked to obesity and metabolic disorders. However,
      its role in human adipose tissue glucose and lipid metabolism is not explored.
      Here we show that the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone dose-dependently
      increased lipocalin 2 gene expression in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue
      from pre-menopausal females, while it had no effect in post-menopausal females or
      in males. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from both genders treated with recombinant
      human lipocalin 2 showed a reduction in protein levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 and in
      glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, lipocalin
      2 increased IL-6 gene expression whereas expression of PPARgamma and adiponectin
      was reduced. Our findings suggest that lipocalin 2 can contribute to insulin
      resistance in human adipose tissue. In pre-menopausal females, it may partly
      mediate adverse metabolic effects exerted by glucocorticoid excess. 

PMID- 26973293
TI  - Nodular glomerulosclerosis and renin angiotensin system in Chinese patients with
      type 2 diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a multifactorial and polygenic disease
      with nodular glomerulosclerosis (NGS) pathognomonic for diabetes and
      hypertension. Patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension have characteristic
      renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this
      retrospective cohort study, we correlated the presence of NGS with renal
      function, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes (DD, DI, and II),
      angiotensinogen (AGT) genotypes (MM, MT, and TT) and immunohistochemical staining
      characteristics of RAS components in 847 patients and 172 consecutive autopsy
      cases with type 2 diabetes. T allele of AGT was associated with macroalbuminuria
      (P = 0.040). Multitude regression analysis revealed ACE insertion (I)/deletion
      (D) polymorphism as an independent determinant for estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL min(-1).1.73 m(-2) (DD carriers: odds
      ratio [OR] = 3.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08-11.07; DI carriers: OR =
      3.51, 95% CI = 1.63-7.56). A significant association between NGS and eGFR less
      than 60 mL min(-1).1.73 m(-2) also persisted after adjusting for nonlinear
      relationship (P < 0.001). In NGS patients, immunoreactivity of angiotensin I
      converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) significantly decreased in glomeruli with mesangial
      nodules compared with glomeruli without the mesangial nodules. CONCLUSIONS: These
      data suggest associations of ACE D allele with glomerular filtration impairment,
      and NGS with glomerular ACE2 down-regulation and reduced glomerular filtration in
      Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26973294
TI  - Terahertz Artificial Dielectric Lens.
AB  - We have designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized a lens for the THz
      regime based on artificial dielectrics. These are man-made media that mimic
      properties of naturally occurring dielectric media, or even manifest properties
      that cannot generally occur in nature. For example, the well-known dielectric
      property, the refractive index, which usually has a value greater than unity, can
      have a value less than unity in an artificial dielectric. For our lens, the
      artificial-dielectric medium is made up of a parallel stack of 100 MUm thick
      metal plates that form an array of parallel-plate waveguides. The convergent lens
      has a plano-concave geometry, in contrast to conventional dielectric lenses. Our
      results demonstrate that this lens is capable of focusing a 2 cm diameter beam to
      a spot size of 4 mm, at the design frequency of 0.17 THz. The results further
      demonstrate that the overall power transmission of the lens can be better than
      certain conventional dielectric lenses commonly used in the THz regime.
      Intriguingly, we also observe that under certain conditions, the lens boundary
      demarcated by the discontinuous plate edges actually resembles a smooth
      continuous surface. These results highlight the importance of this artificial
      dielectric technology for the development of future THz-wave devices. 

PMID- 26973295
TI  - Clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the first detected
      human case of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus.
AB  - A human infection with novel avian influenza A H5N6 virus emerged in Changsha
      city, China in February, 2014. This is the first detected human case among all
      human cases identified from 2014 to early 2016. We obtained and summarized
      clinical, epidemiological, and virological data from this patient. Complete
      genome of the virus was determined and compared to other avian influenza viruses
      via the construction of phylogenetic trees using the neighbor-joining approach. A
      girl aged five and half years developed fever and mild respiratory symptoms on
      Feb. 16, 2014 and visited hospital on Feb. 17. Throat swab specimens were
      obtained from the patient and a novel reassortant avian influenza A H5N6 virus
      was detected. All eight viral gene segments were of avian origin. The
      hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments were closely related to
      A/duck/Sichuan/NCXN11/2014(H5N1) and A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014(H10N6) viruses,
      respectively. The six internal genes were homologous to avian influenza A (H5N2)
      viruses isolated in duck from Jiangxi in China. This H5N6 virus has not gained
      genetic mutations necessary for human infection and was suggested to be sensitive
      to neuraminidase inhibitors, but resistant to adamantanes. Epidemiological
      investigation of the exposure history of the patient found that a live poultry
      market could be the source place of infection and the incubation period was 2
      5days. This novel reassortant Avian influenza A(H5N6) virus could be low
      pathogenic in humans. The prevalence and genetic evolution of this virus should
      be closely monitored.

PMID- 26973296
TI  - Neonatal Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Microbiome in Cystic Fibrosis:
      Potential Interactions and Implications for Systemic Health.
AB  - PURPOSE: The gastrointestinal microbiome plays a critical role in nutrition and
      metabolic and immune functions in infants and young children and has implications
      for lifelong health. Cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator
      (CFTR) mutations in CF result in viscous mucous production, frequent exposure to
      antibiotics, and atypical colonization patterns, resulting in an evolving
      dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal and respiratory microsystems; dysbiosis in CF
      results in systemic inflammation, chronic infection, and dysregulation of immune
      function. Dysbiosis in both the respiratory system and gut contributes to
      undernutrition, growth failure, and long-term respiratory and systemic morbidity
      in infants and children with CF. Understanding the role that the gut and
      respiratory microbiome plays in health or disease progression in CF will afford
      opportunities to better identify interventions to affect clinical changes.
      METHODS: Summary was done of the pertinent literature in CF and the study of the
      microbiome and probiotics. FINDINGS: New studies have identified bacteria in the
      respiratory tract in CF that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota,
      and enteral exposures to breast milk and probiotics are associated with prolonged
      periods of respiratory stability in CF. IMPLICATIONS: Understanding the complex
      interactions between the CFTR mutations, microbial colonization, and mucosal and
      systemic immunity is of major importance to inform new treatment strategies (such
      as restoring a healthier microbiome with probiotics or dietary interventions) to
      improve nutritional status and immune competence and to decrease morbidity and
      mortality in CF.

PMID- 26973297
TI  - Physicians' Perception of Teratogenic Risk and Confidence in Prescribing Drugs in
      Pregnancy-Influence of Norwegian Drug Information Centers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Clinical decision support provided by drug information centers is an
      intervention that can ensure rational drug therapy for pregnant women. We have
      examined whether physicians' teratogenic risk perceptions and confidence in
      prescribing drugs to pregnant women is altered after advice from the Norwegian
      drug information centers, Regional Medicines and Pharmacovigilance Centres i
      Norway (RELIS). METHODS: Physicians who consulted RELIS for advice on patient
      specific drug use in pregnancy from November 2013 to April 2014 completed
      questionnaires before and after receiving the advice. A scale from 1 to 7 was
      used to rate confidence in prescribing and perception of teratogenic risk. The
      lower part of the scale represented a low perception of teratogenic risk and a
      high confidence in prescribing a drug in pregnancy. The data were analyzed using
      a mixed linear model. FINDINGS: A total of 45 physicians participated in the
      study and they assessed 64 drugs or categories of drugs. Advice from RELIS
      increased confidence in prescribing, with a statistically significant mean change
      on the scale from 4.1 to 2.9. The assessment of teratogenic risk was reduced
      after advice from RELIS, with a mean change from 3.2 to 2.5, though this was not
      significant. A subgroup of 26 physicians completed questionnaires both before and
      after advice from RELIS and assessed a total of 32 drugs or categories of drugs.
      In 94% of these assessments, advice from RELIS altered the physician's confidence
      in prescribing. Perception of teratogenic risk was altered in 78% of the
      assessments. IMPLICATIONS: Our results show that physicians' perception of
      teratogenic risk and confidence in prescribing drugs to pregnant women is
      influenced by advice from Norwegian drug information centers.

PMID- 26973298
TI  - Effects of lipopolysaccharides on the corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr
      alloys.
AB  - STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are constituents of gingival
      crevicular fluid and may affect the base metal alloys used in metal ceramic
      crowns. The role of LPS in base metal alloys is currently unknown. PURPOSE: The
      purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of gram-negative
      bacterial LPS on the electrochemical behavior of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Alloy specimens were divided into 4 groups according to Escherichia
      coli LPS concentration (0, 0.15, 15, and 150 MUg/mL) in acidic saliva (pH 5).
      Open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization behavior were
      examined using a computer-controlled potentiostat. Metal ions released from the 2
      alloys were measured by immersion in LPS-free solution and 150 MUg/mL LPS
      solution and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
      (ICP-AES). Data were evaluated using 1-way ANOVA (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Compared
      with control groups, medium LPS concentration (15 MUg/mL) accelerated Ni-Cr alloy
      corrosion (P<.05), whereas high LPS concentration (150 MUg/mL) accelerated Co-Cr
      alloy corrosion (P<.05), as determined by OCP, corrosion current density, and
      polarization resistance parameters. After immersion in high LPS concentrations
      (150 MUg/mL), a slight increase in Ni ion release (P >.05) was observed for the
      Ni-Cr alloy, while a more significant Co ion release (P<.05) was observed for the
      Co-Cr alloy. CONCLUSIONS: LPS negatively affected the electrochemical behavior of
      both the Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys.

PMID- 26973299
TI  - Sensitivity and Specificity of an Adult Stroke Screening Tool in Childhood
      Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are frequent delays in the diagnosis of acute pediatric
      ischemic stroke. A screening tool that could increase the suspicion of acute
      ischemic stroke could aid early recognition and might improve initial care. An
      earlier study reported that children with acute ischemic stroke have signs that
      can be recognized with two adult stroke scales. We tested the hypothesis that an
      adult stroke scale could distinguish children with acute ischemic stroke from
      children with acute focal neurological deficits not due to stroke. METHODS: We
      retrospectively applied an adult stroke scale to the recorded examinations of 53
      children with acute symptomatic acute ischemic stroke and 53 age-matched control
      subjects who presented with focal neurological deficits. We examined the
      sensitivity and specificity of the stroke scale and the occurrence of acute
      seizures as predictors of stroke status. RESULTS: The total stroke scale did not
      differentiate children with acute ischemic stroke from those who had acute
      deficits from nonstroke causes; however, the presence of arm weakness was
      significantly associated with stroke cases. Acute seizures were significantly
      associated with stroke cases. CONCLUSIONS: An adult stroke scale is not sensitive
      or specific to distinguish children with acute ischemic stroke from those with
      nonstroke focal neurological deficits. The development of a pediatric acute
      ischemic stroke screening tool should include arm weakness and perhaps acute
      seizures as core elements. Such a scale must account for the limitations of
      language in young or intellectually disabled children.

PMID- 26973300
TI  - Review of venous thromboembolism and race: the generalizability of treatment
      guidelines for high-risk populations.
AB  - The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) has established guidelines for
      the treatment of VTE, but the generalizability to all populations is unclear. In
      this review we analyzed the rate of reporting and enrollment of blacks and women
      in clinical trials cited in the ACCP guidelines for treatment of unprovoked VTE.
      We extracted data from clinical trials cited by the ACCP that compared durations
      of anticoagulation therapy for the treatment of unprovoked VTE. We excluded
      trials that treated surgical or cancer patients. For trials that did not report
      race/ethnicity we contacted the primary investigators via email for enrollment
      data. The final analysis included 17 randomized clinical trials with a total
      patient population of N = 13,693. All trials reported data on sex; conversely, 2
      trials (11.8 %) reported race/ethnicity within the primary manuscript. We
      ultimately acquired data on race/ethnicity from the primary investigator in 5
      additional trials for a total race/ethnicity data from 7 trials. There were 7573
      males (55.3 %) and 6120 females (44.7 %) enrolled in these studies. Among trials
      that reported race and ethnicity the total patient population was N = 5368; 5171
      (96.3 %) white, 115 (2.1 %) black, 65 (1.4 %) Asian and 7 (0.25 %) Hispanic.
      Racial/ethnic minorities are underreported and under represented in clinical
      trials forming the cornerstone of ACCP guidelines for the optimal duration for
      VTE treatment. Conversely, the reporting and inclusion of women was substantive.
      The guidelines for unprovoked VTE treatment may not be generalizable to racially
      and ethnically diverse patient populations. 

PMID- 26973301
TI  - Zika virus in the dock.

PMID- 26973302
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis of endocarditis: a NICE mess.

PMID- 26973303
TI  - Insights from the Ebola response to address HIV and tuberculosis.

PMID- 26973304
TI  - Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene.

PMID- 26973305
TI  - Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene.

PMID- 26973306
TI  - Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene.

PMID- 26973307
TI  - Dissemination of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene.

PMID- 26973308
TI  - Early emergence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from food-producing animals.

PMID- 26973309
TI  - Diagnostic strategies for Ebola virus detection.

PMID- 26973310
TI  - Bedaquiline plus delamanid for XDR tuberculosis.

PMID- 26973311
TI  - Are we learning the lessons of the Ebola outbreak?

PMID- 26973312
TI  - Crisis in Flint: lead and Legionnaires' disease.

PMID- 26973315
TI  - FDA and the safe and appropriate antibiotic use of fluoroquinolones.

PMID- 26973316
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26973317
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26973318
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26973319
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26973320
TI  - The genetic equidistance phenomenon at the proteomic level.
AB  - The field of molecular evolution started with the alignment of a few protein
      sequences in the early 1960s. Among the first results found, the genetic
      equidistance result has turned out to be the most unexpected. It directly
      inspired the ad hoc universal molecular clock hypothesis that in turn inspired
      the neutral theory. Unfortunately, however, what is only a maximum distance
      phenomenon was mistakenly transformed into a mutation rate phenomenon and became
      known as such. Previous work studied a small set of selected proteins. We have
      performed proteome wide studies of 7 different sets of proteomes involving a
      total of 15 species. All 7 sets showed that within each set of 3 species the
      least complex species is approximately equidistant in average proteome wide
      identity to the two more complex ones. Thus, the genetic equidistance result is a
      universal phenomenon of maximum distance. There is a reality of constant albeit
      stepwise or discontinuous increase in complexity during evolution, the rate of
      which is what the original molecular clock hypothesis is really about. These
      results provide additional lines of evidence for the recently proposed maximum
      genetic diversity (MGD) hypothesis.

PMID- 26973321
TI  - ALK inhibitors: plateauing systemic and intracranial activity?

PMID- 26973322
TI  - Ramucirumab plus docetaxel for urothelial carcinoma.

PMID- 26973323
TI  - Cost of unused cancer drugs in the USA.

PMID- 26973325
TI  - Synovial changes detected by ultrasound in people with knee osteoarthritis - a
      meta-analysis of observational studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of synovial effusion, synovial hypertrophy
      and positive Doppler signal (DS) detected by ultrasound (US) in people with knee
      osteoarthritis (OA) and/or knee pain compared to that in the general population.
      METHOD: A systematic literature search was undertaken in Medline, EMBASE, Allied
      and Complementary Medicine, PubMed Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases in May
      2015. Frequencies of US abnormalities in people with knee OA/pain, in the general
      population or asymptomatic controls were pooled using the random effects model.
      Publication bias and heterogeneity between studies were examined. RESULTS: Twenty
      four studies in people with knee pain/OA and five studies of the general
      population or asymptomatic controls met the inclusion criteria. The pooled
      prevalence of US effusion, synovial hypertrophy and positive DS in people with
      knee OA/pain were 51.5% (95% CI 40.2 to 62.8), 41.5% (26.3-57.5) and 32.7% (8.34
      63.24), respectively, which were higher than those in the general population or
      asymptomatic controls (19.9% (95%CI 7.8-35.3%), 14.5% (0-58.81), and 15.8 (3.08
      35.36), respectively). People with knee OA (ACR criteria or radiographic OA) had
      greater prevalence of US abnormalities than people with knee pain (P = 0.037, P =
      0.010 and P = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: US detected effusion, synovial
      hypertrophy and DS are more common in people with knee OA/pain, compared to the
      general population. These abnormalities relate more to presence of OA structural
      changes than to pain.

PMID- 26973326
TI  - Exercise, manual therapy, and use of booster sessions in physical therapy for
      knee osteoarthritis: a multi-center, factorial randomized clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: (1) Do treatment effects differ between participants receiving manual
      therapy (MT) with exercise compared to subjects who don't, (2) are treatment
      effects sustained better when participants receive booster sessions compared to
      those who don't over a one year period in subjects with knee osteoarthritis
      (KOA)? DESIGN: Multi-center, 2 * 2 factorial randomized clinical trial. 300
      participants with knee OA were randomized to four groups: exercise-no boosters
      (Ex), exercise-with boosters (Ex+B), manual therapy+exercise-no boosters (MT+Ex),
      manual therapy+exercise-with boosters (MT+Ex+B). The primary outcome was the
      Western Ontario and McMaster osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) at 1 year. Secondary
      outcomes included knee pain, physical performance tests, and proportions of
      participants meeting treatment responder criteria. RESULTS: There were no
      differences between groups on the WOMAC at 1 year or on any performance-based
      measures. Secondary analyses indicated a) better scores on the WOMAC and greater
      odds of being a treatment responder at 9 weeks for participants receiving MT, b)
      greater odds of being a treatment responder at 1 year for participants receiving
      boosters. Exploratory interaction analysis suggested knee pain decreases for
      participants receiving boosters and increases for participants not receiving
      boosters from 9 weeks to 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: MT or use of boosters with exercise
      did not result in additive improvement in the primary outcome at 1 year.
      Secondary outcomes suggest MT may have some short term benefit, and booster
      sessions may improve responder status and knee pain at 1 year. However, the role
      of booster sessions remains unclear in sustaining treatment effects and warrants
      further study. CLINICAL TRIALS: gov (NCT01314183).

PMID- 26973324
TI  - Activity and safety of ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged non-small-cell
      lung cancer (ASCEND-1): updated results from the multicentre, open-label, phase 1
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is sensitive to ALK
      tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK inhibitors) such as crizotinib, but resistance
      invariably develops, often with progression in the brain. Ceritinib is a more
      potent ALK inhibitor than crizotinib in vitro, crosses the blood-brain barrier in
      vivo, and shows clinical responses in patients with crizotinib-resistant disease.
      We aimed to assess whole-body activity of ceritinib in both ALK inhibitor
      pretreated and ALK inhibitor-naive patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC. METHODS:
      ASCEND-1 was an open-label, phase 1 trial that recruited patients from 20
      academic hospitals or cancer centres in 11 countries in Europe, North America,
      and Asia-Pacific. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with ALK
      rearranged locally advanced or metastatic cancer that had progressed despite
      standard therapy (or for which no effective standard therapy existed), who had at
      least one measurable lesion at baseline. The primary objective (to determine the
      maximum tolerated dose) has been reported previously. This updated analysis
      includes all patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC given oral ceritinib at the
      recommended dose of 750 mg/day in the dose-escalation and expansion phases. Here
      we report the secondary outcomes of overall response, duration of response, and
      progression-free survival, analysed in all patients who received at least one 750
      mg dose of ceritinib. Exploratory analyses included retrospective analysis of
      intracranial activity by independent neuroradiologists, in patients with
      untreated or locally treated neurologically stable brain metastases at baseline.
      Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of ceritinib.
      This study is no longer recruiting patients; however, treatment and follow-up are
      ongoing. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01283516.
      FINDINGS: Between Jan 24, 2011, and July 31, 2013, 255 patients were enrolled and
      received at least one dose of ceritinib 750 mg/day, of whom 246 had ALK
      rearranged NSCLC. At data cutoff (April 14, 2014), median follow-up was 11.1
      months (IQR 6.7-15.2) and 147 (60%) patients had discontinued treatment, 98 (40%)
      as a result of disease progression. An overall response was reported in 60 (72%
      [95% CI 61-82]) of 83 ALK inhibitor-naive patients and 92 (56% [49-64]) of 163
      ALK inhibitor-pretreated patients. Median duration of response was 17.0 months
      (95% CI 11.3-non-estimable [NE]) in ALK inhibitor-naive patients and 8.3 months
      (6.8-9.7) in ALK inhibitor-pretreated patients. Median progression-free survival
      was 18.4 months (95% CI 11.1-NE) in ALK inhibitor-naive patients and 6.9 months
      (5.6-8.7) in ALK inhibitor-pretreated patients. Of 94 patients with
      retrospectively confirmed brain metastases and at least one post-baseline MRI or
      CT tumour assessment, intracranial disease control was reported in 15 (79% [95%
      CI 54-94]) of 19 ALK inhibitor-naive patients and in 49 (65% [54-76]) of 75 ALK
      inhibitor-pretreated patients. Of these 94 patients, 11 had measurable brain
      lesions and no previous radiotherapy to the brain, six of whom achieved a partial
      intracranial response. Serious adverse events were recorded in 117 (48%) of 246
      patients. The most common grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities were increased
      alanine aminotransferase (73 [30%] patients) and increased aspartate
      aminotransferase (25 [10%]). The most common grade 3-4 non-laboratory adverse
      events were diarrhoea and nausea, both of which occurred in 15 (6%) patients. Two
      on-treatment deaths during the study were deemed to be related to study drug by
      the investigators, one due to interstitial lung disease and one as a result of
      multiorgan failure that occurred in the context of infection and ischaemic
      hepatitis. INTERPRETATION: The durable whole-body responses reported, together
      with the intracranial activity, support a clinical benefit for treatment with
      ceritinib in patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC who have received crizotinib, or
      as an alternative to crizotinib. A confirmatory phase 2 clinical trial is ongoing
      to assess ceritinib activity in patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC and brain or
      leptomeningeal metastases. FUNDING: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation.

PMID- 26973328
TI  - Mesenchymal stromal cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis.
AB  - Treatment for articular cartilage damage is quite challenging as it shows limited
      repair and regeneration following injury. Non-operative and classical surgical
      techniques are inefficient in restoring normal anatomy and function of cartilage
      in osteoarthritis (OA). Thus, investigating new and effective strategies for OA
      are necessary to establish feasible therapeutic solutions. The emergence of the
      new discipline of regenerative medicine, having cell-based therapy as its primary
      focus, may enable us to achieve repair and restore the damaged articular
      cartilage. This review describes progress and development of employing
      mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy as a promising alternative for OA
      treatment. The objective of this review is to first, discuss how in vitro MSC
      chondrogenic differentiation mimics in vivo embryonic cartilage development,
      secondly, to describe various chondrogenic differentiation strategies followed by
      pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrating their feasibility and efficacy.
      However, several challenges need to be tackled before this research can be
      translated to the clinics. In particular, better understanding of the post
      transplanted cell behaviour and learning to enhance their potency in the disease
      microenvironment is essential. Final objective is to underscore the importance of
      isolation, storage, cell shipment, route of administration, optimum dosage and
      control batch to batch variations to realise the full potential of MSCs in OA
      clinical trials.

PMID- 26973329
TI  - Synovial mesenchymal stem cells from osteo- or rheumatoid arthritis joints
      exhibit good potential for cartilage repair using a scaffold-free tissue
      engineering approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess whether synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) from
      patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be used as an
      alternative cell source for cartilage repair using allogenic tissue engineered
      construct (TEC). METHODS: Twenty-five patients (17 female, average age 61.8
      years) were divided according to their pathology (control trauma group; N = 6, OA
      group; N = 6) and RA patients were subdivided into two groups to evaluate the
      impact of biologics in accordance with whether treated with biologics [Bio(+)RA;
      N = 7] or not [Bio(-)RA; N = 6]. We compared the following characteristics among
      these groups: (1) The cell proliferation capacity of SMSCs; (2) The influence of
      passage number on features of SMSCs; (3) The weight and volume of TEC from the
      same number of SMSCs; (4) Inflammatory cytokine gene expressions levels of TEC;
      (5) The chondrogenic potential of TEC; and (6) Osteochondral repair using TEC in
      athymic nude rats. RESULTS: SMSCs from the four groups exhibited equivalent
      features in the above evaluation items. In in vivo studies, the TEC-treated
      repair tissues for all groups exhibited significantly better outcomes than those
      for the untreated group and no significant differences among the four TEC groups.
      CONCLUSION: SMSCs from OA or RA patients are no less appropriate for repairing
      cartilage than those from trauma patients and thus, may be an effective source
      for allogenic cell-based cartilage repair.

PMID- 26973327
TI  - Gene expression changes in damaged osteoarthritic cartilage identify a signature
      of non-chondrogenic and mechanical responses.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Joint degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by damage
      and loss of articular cartilage. The pattern of loss is consistent with damage
      occurring only where the mechanical loading is high. We have investigated using
      RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and systems analyses the changes that occur in damaged
      OA cartilage by comparing it with intact cartilage from the same joint. METHODS:
      Cartilage was obtained from eight OA patients undergoing total knee replacement.
      RNA was extracted from cartilage on the damaged distal medial condyle (DMC) and
      the intact posterior lateral condyle (PLC). RNA-seq was performed to identify
      differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and systems analyses applied to identify
      dysregulated pathways. RESULTS: In the damaged OA cartilage, there was decreased
      expression of chondrogenic genes SOX9, SOX6, COL11A2, COL9A1/2/3, ACAN and
      HAPLN1; increases in non-chondrogenic genes COL1A1, COMP and FN1; an altered
      pattern of secreted proteinase expression; but no expression of major
      inflammatory cytokines. Systems analyses by PhenomeExpress revealed significant
      sub-networks of DEGs including mitotic cell cycle, Wnt signalling, apoptosis and
      matrix organisation that were influenced by a core of altered transcription
      factors (TFs), FOSL1, AHR, E2F1 and FOXM1. CONCLUSIONS: Gene expression changes
      in damaged cartilage suggested a signature non-chondrogenic response of altered
      matrix protein and secreted proteinase expression. There was evidence of a damage
      response in this late OA cartilage, which surprisingly showed features detected
      experimentally in the early response of cartilage to mechanical overload.
      PhenomeExpress analysis identified a hub of DEGs linked by a core of four
      differentially regulated TFs.

PMID- 26973332
TI  - Individual differences in self-reported difficulty sleeping across the menstrual
      cycle.
AB  - The effect of menstrual cycle phase on sleep has been studied for decades;
      however, individual differences in the associations between sleep and menstrual
      phase have not been well studied. In addition, the associations between changes
      in sleep and other physiological and psychological factors that vary as a
      function of menstrual phase have not been thoroughly assessed. This study
      explored individual differences in daily self-reports of difficulty sleeping
      across the menstrual cycle, as well as associations between daily changes in
      difficulty sleeping and psychological/vegetative and somatic symptoms.
      Participants (n = 213 females, mean age = 21.29 +/- 4.01 years) completed daily
      online questionnaires assessing' sleep, psychological and physical symptoms for
      two menstrual cycles. Two patterns of menstrual cycle-related self-reported
      difficulty sleeping emerged in addition to women who showed no cyclical change in
      self-reported difficulty sleeping: a perimenstrual increase and a mid-cycle
      increase. All psychological/vegetative symptoms and some of the somatic symptoms
      showed significant associations with self-reported difficulty sleeping. These
      findings highlight the importance of examining individual differences in sleep
      across the menstrual cycle and the significant contribution of a wide range of
      menstrual cycle-related psychological/vegetative and somatic symptoms.

PMID- 26973330
TI  - T1rho and T2 relaxation times are associated with progression of hip
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether baseline T1rho and T2 relaxation times of hip
      cartilage are associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based progression
      of hip osteoarthritis (OA) at 18 months. METHODS: 3T MRI studies of the hip were
      obtained at baseline and 18-month follow-up for 54 subjects without evidence of
      severe OA at baseline [Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score of 0-3]. 2D fast spin-echo
      sequences were used for semi-quantitative morphological scoring of cartilage
      lesions and a combined T1rho/T2 sequence was used to quantitatively assess
      cartilage composition. Progression of hip OA was defined based on incident or
      progression of morphological semi-quantitative grade at 18 months. Baseline T1rho
      and T2 relaxation times were compared between progressors and non-progressors
      using one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests and used to predict
      progression with binary logistic regression after adjusting for age, gender, body
      mass index, and KL score. Additionally, a novel voxel-based relaxometry technique
      was used to compare the spatial distribution of baseline T1rho and T2 between
      progressors and non-progressors. RESULTS: Significantly higher baseline T1rho and
      T2 values were observed in hip OA progressors compared to non-progressors,
      particularly in the posterosuperior and anterior aspects of the femoral
      cartilage. Logistic regression showed that higher baseline T1rho or T2 values in
      the femoral cartilage were significantly associated with progression of femoral
      cartilage lesions at 18 months. CONCLUSION: T1rho and T2 relaxation parameters
      are associated with morphological cartilage degeneration at 18 months and may
      serve as potential imaging biomarkers for progression of cartilage lesions in hip
      OA.

PMID- 26973333
TI  - Middle calyx access is better for single renal pelvic stone in ultrasound-guided
      percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
AB  - To compare the outcomes among upper calyx, middle calyx, and lower calyx access
      in complete ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for single
      renal pelvic stone. Between July 2014 and September 2015, the data of 153
      patients with single renal pelvic calculi were retrospectively reviewed in this
      study and patients were divided to group 1 (45 patients, upper calyx access),
      group 2 (57 patients, middle calyx access), and group 3 (51 patients, lower calyx
      access). Preoperative characteristics and intraoperative and postoperative
      parameters were analyzed and compared. A p value of <0.05 was considered
      significant. Important patient- and stone-related parameters were similar among
      the three groups. The mean operative time was significantly shorter in the middle
      calyx group than the lower and upper calyx groups (41.2 +/- 6.9 vs. 50.2 +/- 9.3
      and 46.0 +/- 9.6 min, respectively). The middle calyx group had a higher stone
      free rate than the lower and upper calyx groups (98.20 vs. 84.3 % and 93.3 %,
      respectively, p = 0.037). There were no significant differences in mean
      postoperative hemoglobin decrease and incidence of complications among groups (p
      = 0.42 and 0.862, respectively). Middle calyx access achieved superior outcomes
      for removal of single renal pelvic stone via ultrasound-guided PCNL. 

PMID- 26973334
TI  - Ultrasonography: Applications in Pediatric Abdomen.
AB  - Ultrasonography (US) is a valuable imaging tool for evaluation of different
      clinical conditions in children, in general and abdominal conditions, in
      particular. The interest in US derives primarily from the lack of ionizing
      radiation exposure, low cost, portability, real-time imaging and Doppler
      capabilities. In addition, US application requires no preparation or sedation,
      making it particularly attractive in the pediatric population. Because of these
      advantages, US has been adopted as the primary imaging tool for evaluation of a
      number of pediatric abdominal conditions that would have involved the use of
      ionising radiation in the past, e.g., pyloric stenosis, intussusception and
      various renal and bladder abnormalities, to name a few. Certain limitations,
      however, are inherent to US including large body habitus, excessive bowel gas,
      postoperative state and the learning curve. In addition, pediatric US is
      particularly challenging as the children are frequently unable to co-operate for
      breath holding and many of them are crying during the scanning. In the present
      review, the authors discuss the various applications of US in the evaluation of
      pediatric abdomen. 

PMID- 26973336
TI  - Birth of a healthy child after pre-implantation genetic screening of embryos from
      sperm of a man with nonmosaic Down syndrome.

PMID- 26973335
TI  - Oxidative markers in cryopreservation medium from frozen-thawed embryos: a
      possible tool for improved embryo selection in in vitro fertilization?
AB  - PURPOSE: The present study evaluated the association between oxidative parameters
      in embryo cryopreservation medium and laboratory and clinical outcomes. METHODS:
      This prospective laboratory study was conducted in an IVF unit in a university
      affiliated hospital with 91 IVF patients undergoing a frozen-thawed embryo
      transfer cycle. Following thawing, 50 MUL of embryo cryopreservation medium was
      retrieved from each cryotube and tested by the thermochemiluminescence (TCL)
      assay. TCL amplitudes after 50 (H1), 150 (H2), and 280 s (H3) were recorded in
      counts per second (CPS) and the TCL ratio determined for comparison with
      implantation and pregnancy rates. RESULTS: A total of 194 embryos were
      transferred in 85 frozen-thaw cycles. Twenty-one pregnancies (24.7 %) occurred.
      Implantation and overall and clinical pregnancy rates were higher when the median
      TCL H1 amplitude was <32 CPS compared to >=32 CPS (14.6 vs. 5.3 %, 37.5 vs. 17 %,
      28.1 vs. 9.4 %, respectively). No pregnancies occurred when the H1 amplitude was
      >=40 CPS. Logistic regression multivariate analysis found that only the median
      TCL H1 amplitude was associated with the occurrence of pregnancy (OR = 2.93, 95 %
      CI 1.065-8.08). The TCL ratio inversely correlated with the duration of embryo
      cryopreservation (r = -0.37). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that thawed
      embryos may express oxidative processes in the cryopreservation medium, and
      higher oxidative levels are associated with lower implantation rates. These
      findings may aid in the improved selection of frozen-thawed embryos for IVF.

PMID- 26973337
TI  - Natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer-can we improve cycle outcome?
AB  - PURPOSE: Several replacement protocols for frozen-thawed ET (FET) exist, with no
      advantage of one protocol over the others. In the present study, we aim to
      evaluate the outcome of natural cycle FET with modified luteal support. METHODS:
      All consecutive patients undergoing natural or artificial hormone replacement
      (AHR) day-2/3 FET cycles between May 2012 and June 2015 in our IVF unit were
      evaluated. While AHR FET cycles were consistent, those undergoing natural cycle
      FET received progesterone luteal support, and from June 2014, patients received
      two additional injections, one of recombinant hCG and the other of GnRH-agonist,
      on day of transfer and 4 days later, respectively (modified luteal support).
      RESULTS: Patients' clinical characteristics and laboratory/embryological
      variables were comparable between those undergoing natural vs. AHR cycles, during
      the earlier as compared to the later period. Moreover, while implantation,
      clinical, and ongoing pregnancy rates were significantly higher during the later
      period in patients undergoing the natural cycle FET with the modified luteal
      support (31, 51, and 46 %, respectively), as compared to natural (17, 26, and 20
      %, respectively), or AHR FET in the late study period (15, 22, and 17 %,
      respectively), the natural cycle FET without the additional two injections
      yielded the same results, as the AHR cycles. CONCLUSIONS: We therefore suggest
      that in ovulatory patients undergoing FET, natural cycle FET with the modified
      luteal support should be the preparation protocol of choice. Further large
      prospective studies are needed to elucidate the aforementioned recommendation
      prior to its routine implementation.

PMID- 26973338
TI  - Tissue distribution of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the intestine: Implication of
      putative roles in tumor suppression.
AB  - Intestinal homeostasis is maintained by complex interactions between intestinal
      microorganisms and the gut immune system. Dysregulation of gut immunity may lead
      to inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis. We previously have shown the tumor
      suppressive effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in intestinal
      carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated AhR distribution in the
      mouse and human intestine by histochemical analysis. In the normal intestine, AhR
      was mainly localized in the stroma containing immune cells in the lamina propria
      and lymphoid follicles. On the other hand, in the tumor tissue from human colon
      cancer and that developed in Apc(Min/+)mice, AhR expression was elevated. AhR
      immunostaining was found in both stromal and tumor cells. Although AhR was
      localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in most cases, nuclear AhR was also
      observed in some. AhR knockdown using siRNA resulted in significant promotion of
      cell growth in colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, AhR activation by AhR
      ligands supplemented in culture medium suppressed cell growth. Our study results
      suggest that tumor suppressive roles of AhR are estimated in two distinct ways:
      in normal tissue, AhR is associated with tumor prevention by regulating gut
      immunity, whereas in tumor cells, it is involved in growth suppression.

PMID- 26973339
TI  - Possible links between osteoporosis and periodontal disease.

PMID- 26973340
TI  - [Serrated polyps and their association with synchronous advanced colorectal
      neoplasia].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Large serrated polyps (SP), proximal SP, SP with dysplasia and the
      presence of multiple sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/P), which we refer to
      as SP with increased risk of metachronous lesions (SPIRML), have been associated
      with an increased risk of advanced colon lesions on follow-up. It is unclear,
      however, whether SPIRML are also associated with an increased risk of synchronous
      advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN). AIM: The aim of this study was to estimate
      the prevalence of SPIRML and to evaluate the association between SPIRML and
      synchronous ACN. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study in all
      patients (1,538) with histological diagnosis of SP obtained from colonoscopies,
      sigmoidoscopies and colonic surgery performed in Navarra Health Service hospitals
      (Spain) in 2011. Demographic parameters and synchronous colonic lesions
      (adenomas, advanced adenomas [AA] and ACN) were analyzed. RESULTS: One fourth of
      the sample (384 patients) presented SPIRML. These were older patients, with a
      slight predominance of women, and with no differences in body mass index (BMI)
      compared to patients without SPIRML. In the univariate analysis, patients with
      SPIRML showed an increased risk of adenoma, AA and ACN. In the multivariate
      analysis, the SPIRML group had a higher risk of synchronous AA and ACN (odds
      ratio [OR]: 2.38 [1.77-3.21] and OR: 2.29 [1.72-3.05], respectively); in the case
      of ACN, this risk was statistically significant in both locations (proximal or
      distal), with OR slightly higher for the proximal location. Different subtypes of
      SPIRML had a higher risk of AA and synchronous NA. CONCLUSION: SPIRML were common
      in patients with SP, and their presence was associated with an increased risk of
      synchronous ACN.

PMID- 26973341
TI  - Critical role of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in basic fibroblast
      growth factor-mediated neuronal cell differentiation.
AB  - We aimed to study the role of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) in
      neuronal differentiation using basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced
      neuronal differentiation, characterized by cell-body shrinkage, long neurite
      outgrowth, and expression of neuronal differentiation markers light and medium
      neurofilaments (NF). The bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was
      induced through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling
      molecules [MAPK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
      (ERK1/2), and p90RSK], and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling
      molecules PI3Kp110beta, PI3Kp110gamma, Akt, and mTOR. Inhibitors (adenosine
      dialdehyde and S-adenosylhomocysteine) of protein methylation suppressed bFGF
      mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. PIMTeficiency caused by PIMT
      specific siRNA inhibited neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells by suppressing
      phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the MAPK signaling pathway and Akt and
      mTOR in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, these results suggested that
      PIMT was critical for bFGF-mediated neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and
      regulated the MAPK and Akt signaling pathways. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(8): 437
      442]. 

PMID- 26973343
TI  - Regulation of HIF-1alpha stability by lysine methylation.
AB  - The level and activity of critical regulatory proteins in cells are tightly
      controlled by several tiers of post-translational modifications. HIF-1alpha is
      maintained at low levels under normoxia conditions by the collaboration between
      PHD proteins and the VHL-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. We recently
      identified a new physiologically relevant mechanism that regulates HIF-1alpha
      stability in the nucleus in response to cellular oxygen levels. This mechanism is
      based on the collaboration between the SET7/9 methyltransferase and the LSD1
      demethylase. SET7/9 adds a methyl group to HIF-1alpha, which triggers degradation
      of the protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, whereas LSD1 removes the
      methyl group, leading to stabilization of HIF-1alpha under hypoxia conditions. In
      cells from knock-in mice with a mutation preventing HIF-1alpha methylation
      (Hif1alphaKA/KA), HIF-1alpha levels were increased in both normoxic and hypoxic
      conditions. Hif1alphaKA/KA knock-in mice displayed increased hematological
      parameters, such as red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration. They also
      displayed pathological phenotypes; retinal and tumor-associated angiogenesis as
      well as tumor growth were increased in Hif1alphaKA/KA knock-in mice. Certain
      human cancer cells exhibit mutations that cause defects in HIF-1alpha
      methylation. In summary, this newly identified methylation-based regulation of
      HIF-1alpha stability constitutes another layer of regulation that is independent
      of previously identified mechanisms. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 245-246]. 

PMID- 26973344
TI  - Monitoring micro-vascular reactivity: a tool for guiding fluid therapy?

PMID- 26973342
TI  - GATA4 negatively regulates bone sialoprotein expression in osteoblasts.
AB  - GATA4 has been reported to act as a negative regulator in osteoblast
      differentiation by inhibiting the Dlx5 transactivation of Runx2 via the
      attenuation of the binding ability of Dlx5 to the Runx2 promoter region. Here, we
      determine the role of GATA4 in the regulation of bone sialoprotein (Bsp) in
      osteoblasts. We observed that the overexpression of Runx2 or Sox9 induced the Bsp
      expression in osteoblastic cells. Silencing GATA4 further enhanced the Runx2- and
      Sox9-mediated Bsp promoter activity, whereas GATA4 overexpression down-regulated
      Bsp promoter activity mediated by Runx2 and Sox9. GATA4 also interacted with
      Runx2 and Sox9, by attenuating the binding ability of Runx2 and Sox9 to the Bsp
      promoter region. Our data suggest that GATA4 acts as a negative regulator of Bsp
      expression in osteoblasts. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(6): 343-348]. 

PMID- 26973345
TI  - Chili Peppers, Curcumins, and Prebiotics in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease.
AB  - There is growing evidence for the role of several natural products as either
      useful agents or adjuncts in the management of functional GI disorders (FGIDs).
      In this review, we examine the medical evidence for three such compounds: chili,
      a culinary spice; curcumin, another spice and active derivative of a root bark;
      and prebiotics, which are nondigestible food products. Chili may affect the
      pathogenesis of abdominal pain especially in functional dyspepsia and cause other
      symptoms. It may have a therapeutic role in FGIDs through desensitization of
      transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor. Curcumin, the active
      ingredient of turmeric rhizome, has been shown in several preclinical studies and
      uncontrolled clinical trials as having effects on gut inflammation, gut
      permeability and the brain-gut axis, especially in FGIDs. Prebiotics, the non
      digestible food ingredients in dietary fiber, may serve as nutrients and
      selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of certain colonic bacteria. The
      net effect of this change on colonic microbiota may lead to the production of
      acidic metabolites and other compounds that help to reduce the production of
      toxins and suppress the growth of harmful or disease-causing enteric pathogens.
      Although some clinical benefit in IBS has been shown, high dose intake of
      prebiotics may cause more bloating from bacterial fermentation. 

PMID- 26973346
TI  - Clinical characteristics and outcomes of dialysis patients with atrial
      fibrillation: the Fushimi AF Registry.
AB  - : Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in dialysis patients. However, clinical
      characteristics and outcomes of dialysis patients with AF are poorly understood.
      The Fushimi AF Registry is a community-based prospective survey of AF patients in
      Japan. Follow-up data were available for 3713 patients with a median follow-up of
      2.8 years. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between the dialysis
      group (n = 92; 2.5 %) and others. The dialysis group had more various co
      morbidities, with a mean CHADS2 score of 2.5, and the rate of warfarin
      prescription was 38 %. The annual incidence rates of stroke or systemic embolism
      (SE), major bleeding, and all-cause death in the dialysis group were 4.0, 5.1,
      and 20.9 per 100 person-years, respectively. There was no significant difference
      in the incidence rate of stroke/SE between the dialysis group and the non
      dialysis group [hazard ratio (HR) 1.74 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.74
      3.42)]. The incidence rates of major bleeding, all-cause death, and the composite
      of stroke/SE and all-cause death in the dialysis group were higher than those in
      the non-dialysis group [major bleeding: HR 3.09 (95 % CI 1.46-5.72), all-cause
      death: HR 3.51 (95 % CI 2.48-4.81), the composite of stroke/SE and all-cause
      death: HR 2.99 (95 % CI 2.15-4.05)]. Among dialysis patients, warfarin did not
      affect major clinical events including stroke/SE, bleeding or all-cause death.
      Among AF patients, those receiving dialysis showed higher incidence of major
      bleeding and all-cause death compared with non-dialysis patients, but the risk of
      stroke/SE was not particularly high. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL:
      http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm .

PMID- 26973347
TI  - Superficial vein thrombosis treated for 45 days with rivaroxaban versus
      fondaparinux: rationale and design of the SURPRISE trial.
AB  - Patients with superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) are commonly treated with low
      molecular weight heparin or fondaparinux in prophylactic, intermediate or
      therapeutic dosages for treatment periods of 10-45 days. This practice is also
      reflected by the current guideline recommendations. However, given the broad
      range of thromboembolic complication rates in SVT (between 0 and 30 % have been
      reported) it seems reasonable to suspect that risk stratification is needed to
      differentiate patients at low risk who may not benefit from anticoagulation from
      those at high risk who may need higher dosages or a longer duration of
      anticoagulation. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with injectable anticoagulants
      has been shown to result in poor patient adherence. Direct oral anticoagulants
      have recently been approved for venous thromboembolism therapy and these new
      drugs may offer advantages also for SVT patients. The prospective, randomized,
      open-label, blinded adjudication trial superficial phlebitis treated for 45 days
      with rivaroxaban versus fondaparinux (SURPRISE) will evaluate the efficacy and
      safety of 10 mg rivaroxaban OD compared to fondaparinux 2.5 mg OD for SVT
      treatment in a subset of high-risk SVT patients over a treatment period of 45
      days. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate non-inferiority of rivaroxaban
      compared to fondaparinux in preventing the combined efficacy endpoint of thrombus
      progression, SVT recurrence, DVT, PE and death. The results of the SURPRISE trial
      will provide evidence for the concept of risk stratification in SVT and for the
      value of rivaroxaban 10 mg in SVT treatment (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01499953). 

PMID- 26973349
TI  - Why does costly signalling evolve? Challenges with testing the handicap
      hypothesis.

PMID- 26973350
TI  - The Larva of Drusus nigrescens Meyer-Dur, 1875 (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae:
      Drusinae) with notes on its ecology, genetic differentiation and systematic
      position.
AB  - The paper presents a description of the hitherto unknown larva of Drusus
      nigrescens Meyer-Dur, 1875. Information on the morphological and genetic
      identification of this species is given, and the most important diagnostic
      features are illustrated. Its systematic position within the genus Drusus is
      affirmed and some zoogeographical and ecological notes are added.

PMID- 26973348
TI  - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS FOR THE DETECTION OF
      NEUROTRANSMITTERS FOR APPLICATIONS IN BIOMEDICINE.
AB  - Neurotransmitters are important biological molecules that are essential to many
      neurophysiological processes including memory, cognition, and behavioral states.
      The development of analytical methodologies to accurately detect
      neurotransmitters is of great importance in neurological and biological research.
      Specifically designed microelectrodes or microbiosensors have demonstrated
      potential for rapid, real-time measurements with high spatial resolution. Such
      devices can facilitate study of the role and mechanism of action of
      neurotransmitters and can find potential uses in biomedicine. This paper reviews
      the current status and recent advances in the development and application of
      electrochemical sensors for the detection of small-molecule neurotransmitters.
      Measurement challenges and opportunities of electroanalytical methods to advance
      study and understanding of neurotransmitters in various biological models and
      disease conditions are discussed.

PMID- 26973351
TI  - Contributions of Socialization of Coping to Physiological Responses to Stress.
AB  - The messages mothers communicate to their children about coping may play an
      important role in children's emotional development by shaping children's
      responses to stress. Building on prior research demonstrating associations
      between maternal socialization of coping (SOC) and children's self-reported
      coping and emotional functioning (Abaied & Rudolph, 2010; 2011), we examined the
      contribution of SOC to children's physiological responses to stress. Mothers
      completed a measure of SOC with peer victimization. Children (N = 118; M age =
      9.46 years, SD = 0.33) completed a measure of peer victimization and participated
      in a laboratory social challenge task. Saliva samples were collected prior to and
      following the task and were assayed for alpha-amylase (sAA), a marker of
      autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses
      revealed that SOC contributed to sAA reactivity. Peer victimization predicted
      greater sAA reactivity when mothers made few engagement suggestions (orienting
      toward stress and associated emotions and cognitions) but not when mothers made
      many engagement suggestions. Mothers' distress responses predicted greater sAA
      reactivity. These findings provide novel evidence that the messages parents
      communicate about coping have implications for children's physiological
      reactivity to stress during middle childhood.

PMID- 26973353
TI  - Religious Belonging, Religious Agency, and Women's Autonomy in Mozambique.
AB  - Women's autonomy has frequently been linked with women's opportunities and
      investments, such as education, employment, and reproductive control. The
      association between women's autonomy and religion in the developing world,
      however, has received less attention, and the few existing studies make
      comparisons across major religious traditions. In this study, we focus on
      variations in levels of female decision-making autonomy within a single religious
      tradition-Christianity. Using unique survey data from a predominantly Christian
      area in Mozambique, we devise an autonomy scale and apply it to compare women
      affiliated to different Christian denominations as well as unaffiliated women. In
      addition to affiliation, we examine the relationship between autonomy and women's
      religious agency both within and outside their churches. Multivariate analyses
      show that women belonging to more liberal religious traditions (such as
      Catholicism and mainline Protestantism) and tend to have higher autonomy levels,
      regardless of other factors. These results are situated within the cross-national
      scholarship on religion and women's empowerment and are interpreted in the
      context of gendered religious dynamics in Mozambique and similar developing
      settings.

PMID- 26973352
TI  - Culturally-Tailored Smoking Cessation for Adult American Indian Smokers: A
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - This collaborative, community-engaged project developed and tested a Culturally
      Tailored Treatment (CTT) for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) smokers in the
      Menominee tribal community. One hundred three adult AI/AN smokers were randomized
      to receive either Standard Treatment (n= 53) or CTT (n = 50) for smoking
      cessation. Both treatment conditions included 12 weeks of varenicline and four
      individual counseling sessions but differed in terms of cultural tailoring of the
      counseling. The primary outcome was 7-day biochemically-confirmed point
      prevalence abstinence (PPA) at the 6-month end-of-study visit. Both intention-to
      treat (ITT) and responder-only analyses were conducted. There were no
      statistically significant group differences in 7-day PPA. The overall ITT
      abstinence rate at 6 months was 20%; the responder-only rate was 42%. The current
      study represents the first randomized smoking cessation clinical trial testing a
      culturally-tailored smoking cessation intervention designed for a specific AI/AN
      tribal community that combined FDA-approved cessation medication (varenicline)
      and innovative cultural intervention components.

PMID- 26973354
TI  - Thermodynamic study of (anthracene + phenanthrene) solid state mixtures.
AB  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are common components of many materials,
      such as petroleum and various types of tars. They are generally present in
      mixtures, occurring both naturally and as byproducts of fuel processing
      operations. It is important to understand the thermodynamic properties of such
      mixtures in order to understand better and predict their behavior (i.e., fate and
      transport) in the environment and in industrial operations. To characterize
      better the thermodynamic behavior of PAH mixtures, the phase behavior of a binary
      (anthracene + phenanthrene) system was studied by differential scanning
      calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and the Knudsen effusion technique. Mixtures of
      (anthracene + phenanthrene) exhibit non-ideal mixture behavior. They form a lower
      melting, phenanthrene-rich phase with an initial melting temperature of 372 K
      (identical to the melting temperature of pure phenanthrene) and a vapor pressure
      of roughly lnP/Pa = -2.38. The phenanthrene-rich phase coexists with an
      anthracene-rich phase when the mole fraction of phenanthrene (xP) in the mixture
      is less than or equal to 0.80. Mixtures initially at xP = 0.90 consist entirely
      of the phenanthrene-rich phase and sublime at nearly constant vapor pressure and
      composition, consistent with azeotrope-like behavior. Quasi-azeotropy was also
      observed for very high-content anthracene mixtures (2.5 < xP < 5) indicating that
      anthracene may accommodate very low levels of phenanthrene in its crystal
      structure.

PMID- 26973357
TI  - Public Administration and the Imperative for Social Progress.

PMID- 26973355
TI  - Transients drive the demographic dynamics of plant populations in variable
      environments.
AB  - The dynamics of structured plant populations in variable environments can be
      decomposed into the 'asymptotic' growth contributed by vital rates, and
      'transient' growth caused by deviation from stable stage structure.We apply this
      framework to a large, global data base of longitudinal studies of projection
      matrix models for plant populations. We ask, what is the relative contribution of
      transient boom and bust to the dynamic trajectories of plant populations in
      stochastic environments? Is this contribution patterned by phylogeny, growth form
      or the number of life stages per population and per species?We show that
      transients contribute nearly 50% or more to the resulting trajectories, depending
      on whether transient and stable contributions are partitioned according to their
      absolute or net contribution to population dynamics.Both transient contributions
      and asymptotic contributions are influenced heavily by the number of life stages
      modelled. We discuss whether the drivers of transients should be considered real
      ecological phenomena, or artefacts of study design and modelling strategy. We
      find no evidence for phylogenetic signal in the contribution of transients to
      stochastic growth, nor clear patterns related to growth form. We find a
      surprising tendency for plant populations to boom rather than bust in response to
      temporal changes in vital rates and that stochastic growth rates increase with
      increasing tendency to boom. Synthesis. Transient dynamics contribute
      significantly to stochastic population dynamics but are often overlooked in
      ecological and evolutionary studies that employ stochastic analyses. Better
      understanding of transient responses to fluctuating population structure will
      yield better management strategies for plant populations, and better grasp of
      evolutionary dynamics in the real world.

PMID- 26973356
TI  - Effective elastic properties of a composite containing multiple types of
      anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusions, with the application to the attachment of
      tendon to bone.
AB  - Estimates of the effective stiffness of a composite containing multiple types of
      inclusions are needed for the design and study of functionally graded systems in
      engineering and physiology. While excellent estimates and tight bounds exist for
      composite systems containing specific classes and distributions of identical
      inclusions, these are not easily generalized to complex systems with multiple
      types of inclusions. For example, three-point parameters are known for only a few
      inclusion shapes and orientations. The best estimate available for a composite
      containing multiple classes of inclusions arises from the Kanaun-Jeulin approach.
      However, this method is analogous to a generalized Benveniste approach, and
      therefore suffers from the same limitations: while excellent for low volume
      fractions of inclusions, the Kanaun-Jeullin and Benveniste estimates lie outside
      of three-point bounds at higher volume fractions. Here, we present an estimate
      for composites containing multiple classes of aligned ellipsoidal inclusions that
      lies within known three-point bounds at relatively higher volume fractions of
      inclusions and that is applicable to many engineering and biological composites.

PMID- 26973358
TI  - Mechanistic Considerations in the Synthesis of 2-Aryl-Indole Analogues under
      Bischler-Mohlau Conditions.
AB  - Mechanistic insight into the pathway of the Bischler-Mohlau indole formation
      reaction is provided by isotopic labeling utilizing judicious incorporation of a
      13C atom within the alpha-bromoacetophenone analogue reactant. The resulting
      rearranged 2-aryl indole, isolated as the major product, located the 13C isotope
      label at the methine carbon of the fused five-membered heterocyclic ring, which
      suggested that the mechanistic pathway of cyclization, in this specific example,
      required two equivalents of the aniline analogue reactant partner and proceeded
      through an imine intermediate rather than by direct formation of the
      corresponding 3-aryl indole accompanied by a concomitant 1,2-aryl shift
      rearrangement.

PMID- 26973359
TI  - Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Ultra-Thin Indium Tin Oxide Films under
      Electric Potential Modulation.
AB  - In this work, the spectroscopic properties of ultra-thin ITO films are
      characterized under an applied electric potential modulation. To detect minute
      spectroscopic features, the ultra-thin ITO film was coated over an extremely
      sensitive single-mode integrated optical waveguide, which provided a long
      pathlength with more than adequate sensitivity for optical interrogation of the
      ultra-thin film. Experimental configurations with broadband light and several
      laser lines at different modulation schemes of an applied electric potential were
      utilized to elucidate the nature of intrinsic changes. The imaginary component of
      the refractive index (absorption coefficient) of the ultra-thin ITO film is
      unequivocally shown to have a dependence on the applied potential and the profile
      of this dependence changes substantially even for wavelengths inside a small
      spectral window (500-600 nm). The characterization technique and the data
      reported here can be crucial to several applications of the ITO material as a
      transparent conductive electrode, as for example in spectroelectrochemical
      investigations of surface-confined redox species.

PMID- 26973361
TI  - Travel in Adverse Winter Weather Conditions by Blind Pedestrians: Effect of Cane
      Tip Design on Travel on Snow.

PMID- 26973360
TI  - Analysing the connectivity and communication of suicidal users on twitter.
AB  - In this paper we aim to understand the connectivity and communication
      characteristics of Twitter users who post content subsequently classified by
      human annotators as containing possible suicidal intent or thinking, commonly
      referred to as suicidal ideation. We achieve this understanding by analysing the
      characteristics of their social networks. Starting from a set of human annotated
      Tweets we retrieved the authors' followers and friends lists, and identified
      users who retweeted the suicidal content. We subsequently built the social
      network graphs. Our results show a high degree of reciprocal connectivity between
      the authors of suicidal content when compared to other studies of Twitter users,
      suggesting a tightly-coupled virtual community. In addition, an analysis of the
      retweet graph has identified bridge nodes and hub nodes connecting users posting
      suicidal ideation with users who were not, thus suggesting a potential for
      information cascade and risk of a possible contagion effect. This is particularly
      emphasised by considering the combined graph merging friendship and retweeting
      links.

PMID- 26973362
TI  - Groupwise Dimension Reduction via Envelope Method.
AB  - The family of sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) methods that produce
      informative combinations of predictors, or indices, are particularly useful for
      high dimensional regression analysis. In many such analyses, it becomes
      increasingly common that there is available a priori subject knowledge of the
      predictors; e.g., they belong to different groups. While many recent SDR
      proposals have greatly expanded the scope of the methods' applicability, how to
      effectively incorporate the prior predictor structure information remains a
      challenge. In this article, we aim at dimension reduction that recovers full
      regression information while preserving the predictor group structure. Built upon
      a new concept of the direct sum envelope, we introduce a systematic way to
      incorporate the group information in most existing SDR estimators. As a result,
      the reduction outcomes are much easier to interpret. Moreover, the envelope
      method provides a principled way to build a variety of prior structures into
      dimension reduction analysis. Both simulations and real data analysis demonstrate
      the competent numerical performance of the new method.

PMID- 26973363
TI  - A Sociotechnical Framework for Governing Climate Engineering.
AB  - Proposed ways of governing climate engineering have most often been supported by
      narrowly framed and unreflexive appraisals and processes. This article explores
      the governance implications of a Deliberative Mapping project that, unlike other
      governance principles, have emerged from an extensive process of reflection and
      reflexivity. In turn, the project has made significant advances in addressing the
      current deficit of responsibly defined criteria for shaping governance
      propositions. Three such propositions argue that (1) reflexive foresight of the
      imagined futures in which climate engineering proposals might reside is required;
      (2) the performance and acceptance of climate engineering proposals should be
      decided in terms of robustness, not optimality; and (3) climate engineering
      proposals should be satisfactorily opened up before they can be considered
      legitimate objects of governance. Taken together, these propositions offer a
      sociotechnical framework not simply for governing climate engineering but for
      governing responses to climate change at large.

PMID- 26973364
TI  - THE EFFECT OF STIGMA ON CRIMINAL OFFENDERS' FUNCTIONING: A LONGITUDINAL
      MEDIATIONAL MODEL.
AB  - Research has rarely considered criminal offenders' psychological responses to
      stigma, but these responses may significantly influence behavior after release
      from jail/prison. Jail inmates' perceived and anticipated stigma was assessed
      prior to release from jail/prison (N = 163), and outcomes were assessed one year
      post-release (N = 371). We hypothesized that perceived stigma would predict poor
      adjustment in several domains (i.e. recidivism, substance dependence, mental
      health symptoms, community adjustment) through anticipated stigma. Results showed
      that perceived stigma predicted worse community adjustment through anticipated
      stigma, and this varied by race. Results are explored from an interdisciplinary
      perspective.

PMID- 26973365
TI  - The Larvae of Drusus improvisus McLachlan, 1884, Drusus camerinus and Drusus
      aprutiensis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae: Drusinae).
AB  - The larvae of Drusus improvisus McLachlan, 1884, Drusus camerinus Moretti, 1981
      and Drusus aprutiensis Moretti, 1981 are re-described and discussed in the
      context of contemporary keys of European Drusinae species. In addition,
      phylogenetic, zoogeographical and ecological notes are included.

PMID- 26973366
TI  - The Larva, ecology and distribution of Tinodes braueri McLachlan, 1878
      (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae).
AB  - The hitherto unknown larva of Tinodes braueri McLachlan, 1878, is described and
      discussed in the context of contemporary Psychomyiidae keys. In addition,
      zoogeographical and ecological notes are included.

PMID- 26973367
TI  - The Larva of Diplectrona magna Mosely, 1930 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae).
AB  - The larva of Diplectrona magna Mosely, 1930 is described and compared with the
      other European Diplectrona larvae described so far. Information for the
      identification of three species (D. atra, D. felix and D. magna) is given and
      some zoogeographical and ecological notes are presented.

PMID- 26973368
TI  - Greedy Algorithms for Nonnegativity-Constrained Simultaneous Sparse Recovery.
AB  - This work proposes a family of greedy algorithms to jointly reconstruct a set of
      vectors that are (i) nonnegative and (ii) simultaneously sparse with a shared
      support set. The proposed algorithms generalize previous approaches that were
      designed to impose these constraints individually. Similar to previous greedy
      algorithms for sparse recovery, the proposed algorithms iteratively identify
      promising support indices. In contrast to previous approaches, the support index
      selection procedure has been adapted to prioritize indices that are consistent
      with both the nonnegativity and shared support constraints. Empirical results
      demonstrate for the first time that the combined use of simultaneous sparsity and
      nonnegativity constraints can substantially improve recovery performance relative
      to existing greedy algorithms that impose less signal structure.

PMID- 26973369
TI  - Strong Chang's Conjecture and the tree property at omega2.
AB  - We prove that a strong version of Chang's Conjecture together with [Formula: see
      text] implies there are no [Formula: see text]-Aronszajn trees.

PMID- 26973370
TI  - Liftings and stresses for planar periodic frameworks.
AB  - We formulate and prove a periodic analog of Maxwell's theorem relating stressed
      planar frameworks and their liftings to polyhedral surfaces with spherical
      topology. We use our lifting theorem to prove deformation and rigidity-theoretic
      properties for planar periodic pseudo-triangulations, generalizing features known
      for their finite counterparts. These properties are then applied to questions
      originating in mathematical crystallography and materials science, concerning
      planar periodic auxetic structures and ultrarigid periodic frameworks.

PMID- 26973371
TI  - TIMEKEEPING IN THE AMERICAS.
AB  - Time and its measurement belong to the most fundamental core of physics, and many
      scientific and technological advances are directly or indirectly related to time
      measurements. Timekeeping is essential to everyday life, and thus is the most
      measured physical quantity in modern societies. Time can also be measured with
      less uncertainty and more resolution than any other physical quantity. The
      measurement of time is of the utmost importance for many applications, including:
      global navigation satellite systems, communications networks, electric power
      generation, astronomy, electronic commerce, and national defense and security.
      This paper discusses how time is kept, coordinated, and disseminated in the
      Americas.

PMID- 26973372
TI  - Contributions of maternal emotional functioning to socialization of coping.
AB  - This study examined whether maternal emotional functioning-emotional awareness
      and depression-guides the coping suggestions mothers make to their children in
      the context of a common childhood stressor (peer victimization). Across two waves
      of a longitudinal study, 330 mothers and their second graders (mean age (M) =
      7.95 years, SD = .33; 158 boys and 172 girls) completed questionnaires. Emotional
      awareness predicted more primary control engagement suggestions (directly
      addressing stress or emotions). Depression predicted fewer cognitive
      restructuring suggestions (thinking positively) and more cognitive avoidance
      suggestions (orienting thoughts away from stress). Interactive effects between
      maternal emotional functioning and child sex also emerged. This study elucidates
      the impact of mothers' emotional functioning on how they teach their children to
      cope with stress.

PMID- 26973373
TI  - The effect of speaking rate on serial-order sound-level errors in normal healthy
      controls and persons with aphasia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although many speech errors can be generated at either a linguistic
      or motoric level of production, phonetically well-formed sound-level serial-order
      errors are generally assumed to result from disruption of phonologic encoding
      (PE) processes. An influential model of PE (Dell, 1986; Dell, Burger & Svec,
      1997) predicts that speaking rate should affect the relative proportion of these
      serial-order sound errors (anticipations, perseverations, exchanges). These
      predictions have been extended to, and have special relevance for persons with
      aphasia (PWA) because of the increased frequency with which speech errors occur
      and because their localization within the functional linguistic architecture may
      help in diagnosis and treatment. Supporting evidence regarding the effect of
      speaking rate on phonological encoding has been provided by studies using young
      normal language (NL) speakers and computer simulations. Limited data exist for
      older NL users and no group data exist for PWA. AIMS: This study tested the
      phonologic encoding properties of Dell's model of speech production (Dell, 1986;
      Dell,et al., 1997), which predicts that increasing speaking rate affects the
      relative proportion of serial-order sound errors (i.e., anticipations,
      perseverations, and exchanges). METHODS & PROCEDURES: The effects of speech rate
      on the error ratios of anticipation/exchange (AE), anticipation/perseveration
      (AP) and vocal reaction time (VRT) were examined in 16 normal healthy controls
      (NHC) and 16 PWA without concomitant motor speech disorders. The participants
      were recorded performing a phonologically challenging (tongue twister) speech
      production task at their typical and two faster speaking rates. OUTCOMES &
      RESULTS: A significant effect of increased rate was obtained for the AP but not
      the AE ratio. Significant effects of group and rate were obtained for VRT.
      CONCLUSION: Although the significant effect of rate for the AP ratio provided
      evidence that changes in speaking rate did affect PE, the results failed to
      support the model derived predictions regarding the direction of change for error
      type proportions. The current findings argued for an alternative concept of the
      role of activation and decay in influencing types of serial-order sound errors.
      Rather than a slow activation decay rate (Dell, 1986), the results of the current
      study were more compatible with an alternative explanation of rapid activation
      decay or slow build-up of residual activation.

PMID- 26973374
TI  - Comparison of CBF1, CBF2, CBF3 and CBF4 expression in some grapevine cultivars
      and species under cold stress.
AB  - Grapevine, an important horticultural crop in the world, is moderately tolerant
      to cold conditions and is subjected to the cold injuries at different regions. So
      studies on different aspects of tolerance mechanism to unexpected cold of late
      spring as well as winter freezing seems necessary about this vine. For this
      reason, study on genes responsible for acquiring cold tolerance is very
      important. Transcription factors are among regulatory proteins that are
      responsible for cold acclimation. In this research work, expression levels of
      CBF1, CBF2, CBF3, and CBF4 transcription factors were studied on two cvs of Vitis
      vinifera ("Khalili-Danedar" and "Shahroodi") as well as one Vitis riparia at
      different times after treating at 4  degrees C. Results showed that two vinifera
      cultivars, "Khalili-Danedar" and "Shahroodi", had similar trend for each
      transcription factor. Gene expression increased at the beginning of cold stress
      and then decreased. Expression of these TF started some minutes (CBF1) after cold
      treatment and continued for several hours (CBF2), even till the tenth day (CBF4).
      All together V. riparia which is endemic to the cold regions behaved stronger and
      showed higher expression for all studied transcription factors. Among two V.
      vinifera cultivars, "Khalili-Danedar" showed significantly higher expression
      compared with "Shahroodi". The comparison of expression levels of these four
      transcription factors revealed that the least and the greatest expressions were
      recorded for CBF1 and CBF3 respectively, and two CBF2 and CBF4 had approximately
      the same expression levels.

PMID- 26973375
TI  - Milking the data: Measuring milk off-take in extensive livestock systems.
      Experimental evidence from Niger.
AB  - Milk is an important source of cash and nutrients for many households in
      developing countries. Yet, our understanding of the role of dairy production in
      livelihoods and nutritional outcomes is hindered by the lack of decent quality
      household survey data. Data on milk off-take for human consumption are difficult
      to collect in household surveys for a number of reasons which make accurate
      recall challenging for the respondent (continuous production and seasonality
      among others), introducing possibly severe biases in the computation of full
      household incomes and farm sales, as well as in the estimation of the
      contribution of livestock (specifically dairy) production to agricultural value
      added and the livelihoods of rural households. This paper presents results from a
      validation exercise implemented in Niger, where alternative survey instruments
      based on recall methods were administered to randomly selected households, and
      compared to a 12-month system of physical monitoring and recording of milk
      production. The results of the exercise show that reasonably accurate estimates
      via recall methods are possible, and provide a clear ranking of questionnaire
      design options that can inform future survey operations.

PMID- 26973376
TI  - The Role of Parenthood and College Education in the Self-Concept of College
      Students: Explicit and Implicit Assessments of Gendered Aspirations.
AB  - This research examined the extent to which parenthood and college education are
      incorporated into the self-concept of college students. A US sample of
      undergraduates (90 men, 87 women) attending a large and ethnically diverse
      university completed explicit and implicit measures of identification with
      "parenthood" and "college education," associations between these concepts and
      gender categories, and gender identification. Explicitly, men and women
      identified strongly with college education. Implicitly, women identified equally
      with parenthood and college education, whereas men identified more strongly with
      college education. In addition, implicit measures revealed that traditional
      gender roles accounted for a stronger identification with parenthood for
      participants who displayed a female identity and a stronger identification with
      college education for participants who displayed a male identity.

PMID- 26973377
TI  - The Role of Body Size in Mate Selection among African American Young Adults.
AB  - A profusion of studies have demonstrated that body size is a major factor in mate
      selection for both men and women. The particular role played by weight, however,
      has been subject to some debate, particularly with respect to the types of body
      sizes deemed most attractive, and scholars have questioned the degree to which
      body size preferences are constant across groups. In this paper, we drew from two
      perspectives on this issue, Sexual Strategies Theory and what we termed the
      cultural variability perspective, and used survey data to examine how body size
      was associated with both casual dating and serious romantic relationships. We
      used a United States sample of 386 African American adolescents and young adults
      between ages 16 and 21, living in the Midwest and Southeast, and who were
      enrolled in either high school or college. Results showed that overweight women
      were more likely to report casually dating than women in the thinnest weight
      category. Body size was not related to dating status among men. Among women, the
      results suggest stronger support for the cultural variability argument than for
      Sexual Strategies Theory. Potential explanations for these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 26973379
TI  - Functional feeding ecology in Central European species of subfamily Drusinae
      (Insecta: Trichoptera).
AB  - The functional feeding ecology of Drusus muelleri, D. nigrescens, D.
      melanchaetesD. franzi and D. alpinus is discussed and compared with feeding modi
      of other Central European Drusinae.

PMID- 26973380
TI  - United States menhaden oil could save billions in U.S. health care costs and
      improve IQ in children.
AB  - The United States menhaden oil annual production is sufficient to supply all of
      the recommended long chain Omega-3s for Americans over 55 with coronary heart
      disease (CHD) and pregnant and lactating women. According to a recent study, the
      utilization of preventable intake levels could potentially save up to $1.7
      billion annually in hospital costs alone. In addition, the remaining oil could be
      used to support a culture of enough Atlantic salmon to provide every pregnant and
      lactating woman in the U.S. with 8-12 ounces of fish per week, as recommended by
      the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), throughout the duration of pregnancy and
      lactation. Based on the FDA's quantitative assessment, this may result in a net
      increase of IQ by 5.5 points in children and improve their early age verbal
      development.

PMID- 26973381
TI  - Does the current regulation of assisted reproductive techniques in the UK
      safeguard animal welfare?
AB  - Reproductive medicine is one of the fastest-developing fields of veterinary
      medicine, Regulation of veterinary assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) is
      currently divided between the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986); the
      Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966, and the Animal Welfare Act (2006). None of those
      pieces of legislation was purpose designed to protect the welfare of animals
      undergoing ARTs, either directly or by determining which veterinary ART
      procedures may or may not be performed. Consequently, due to the lack of
      reference to such procedures, the welfare protection aims of the legislation are
      sometimes ambiguous. It is therefore difficult to ascertain whether the aims of
      the legislation are being fulfilled, but, in the opinion of this author, the
      legislation is anyway inadequate in scope, most particularly because it fails to
      provide a reporting function. It is unclear whether all or any veterinary ART
      procedures being undertaken on post-natal animals are associated with suffering.
      Some ARTs may cause discomfort, stress or pain: study or review of the welfare
      effects of these would be valuable. Any future review of the legislation
      regulating veterinary ARTs, be that an overall review or a review of one of the
      relevant statutes (for example the VSA), should take into account the interface
      between research and clinical medicine; the potentially welfare-compromising gaps
      between the Acts; the need to introduce reporting functions in order to build an
      evidence base, and the issue of veterinary specialisation and whether specialised
      techniques should be carried out only by those with specialist post-graduate
      qualifications.

PMID- 26973382
TI  - HOW SHOULD THE WELFARE OF FETAL AND NEUROLOGICALLY IMMATURE POSTNATAL ANIMALS BE
      PROTECTED?
AB  - Legal protection of the welfare of prenatal animals has not previously been
      addressed as a discrete subject within the academic literature on animal welfare,
      ethics and law. This paper aims to rectify this by reviewing the protections (or
      absence of protections) provided for fetuses by existing legislation in various
      jurisdictions, and considering the extent to which legal protection of animal
      fetuses can be justified on animal welfare grounds. Questions related to the need
      to protect the welfare of neurologically immature postnatal animals are also
      considered. We argue that there are reasons to protect animal fetuses, both in
      order to protect fetuses themselves against possible suffering, and in order to
      protect the animals which fetuses will become against negative welfare impacts
      that originate prenatally. We review the science on whether fetuses can suffer,
      and argue that extant regulations do not fully reflect current scientific
      understanding. Following the precautionary principle, we further argue that
      regulators should consider the possibility that foetuses and neurologically
      immature postnatal animals may suffer due to subcortically based 'raw basic
      affects' (i.e. relatively undifferentiated experiences of discomfort suggested to
      be generated by neural processing at levels below the cerebral cortex).
      Furthermore we show that there are reasons for affording fetuses protection in
      order to safeguard the long-term welfare of future animals. However, it may be
      possible to provide such protection via rules or laws relating to the use of
      certain techniques and the management of pregnant animals, rather than via direct
      legal protection of fetuses themselves. In order to provide such protection
      effectively we need to know more about the relationship between maternal
      nutrition, stress, exercise, management and fetal health, and about the impact of
      the timing of a fetal insult on long-term postnatal welfare.

PMID- 26973378
TI  - Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract,
      Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse.
AB  - The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria
      for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the Societies of
      Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and
      North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature and
      diagnostic criteria for nonproliferative and proliferative lesions in laboratory
      animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized
      nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for classifying lesions in the digestive
      system including the salivary glands and the exocrine pancreas of laboratory rats
      and mice. Most lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The
      standardized nomenclature, the diagnostic criteria, and the photomicrographs are
      also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources
      of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and
      industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and
      age related lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test items.
      Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted
      and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria
      for the digestive system will decrease misunderstandings among regulatory and
      scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common
      language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
      toxicologists and pathologists. 

PMID- 26973383
TI  - Hepatogenous diabetes: Is it a neglected condition in chronic liver disease?
AB  - Diabetes mellitus (DM) that occurs because of chronic liver disease (CLD) is
      known as hepatogenous diabetes (HD). Although the association of diabetes and
      liver cirrhosis was described forty years ago, it was scarcely studied for long
      time. Patients suffering from this condition have low frequency of risk factors
      of type 2 DM. Its incidence is higher in CLD of viral, alcoholic and cryptogenic
      etiology. Its pathophysiology relates to liver damage, pancreatic dysfunction,
      interactions between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and glucose metabolism mechanisms
      and genetic susceptibility. It associates with increased rate of liver
      complications and hepatocellular carcinoma, and decreased 5-year survival rate.
      It reduces sustained virological response in HCV infected patients. In spite of
      these evidences, the American Diabetes Association does not recognize HD. In
      addition, the impact of glucose control on clinical outcomes of patients has not
      been evaluated. Treatment of diabetes may be difficult due to liver insufficiency
      and hepatotoxicity of antidiabetic drugs. Notwithstanding, no therapeutic
      guidelines have been implemented up to date. In this editorial, authors discuss
      the reasons why they think that HD may be a neglected pathological condition and
      call attention to the necessity for more clinical research on different fields of
      this disease. 

PMID- 26973385
TI  - Sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for gastric cancer: Does it really benefit
      the patient?
AB  - Sentinel lymph node (SLN) navigation surgery is accepted as a standard treatment
      procedure for malignant melanoma and breast cancer. However, the benefit of
      reduced lymphadenectomy based on SLN examination remains unclear in cases of
      gastric cancer. Here, we review previous studies to determine whether SLN
      navigation surgery is beneficial for gastric cancer patients. Recently, a large
      scale prospective study from the Japanese Society of Sentinel Node Navigation
      Surgery reported that the endoscopic dual tracer method, using a dye and
      radioisotope for SLN biopsy, was safe and effective when applied to cases of
      superficial and relatively small gastric cancers. SLN mapping with SLN basin
      dissection was preferred for early gastric cancer since it is minimally invasive.
      However, previous studies reported that limited gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy
      may not improve the patient's postoperative quality of life (QOL). As a result,
      the benefit of SLN navigation surgery for gastric cancer patients, in terms of
      their QOL, is limited. Thus, endoscopic and laparoscopic limited gastrectomy
      combined with SLN navigation surgery has the potential to become the standard
      minimally invasive surgery in early gastric cancer.

PMID- 26973384
TI  - Gastric cancer: Current status of lymph node dissection.
AB  - D2 procedure has been accepted in Far East as the standard treatment for both
      early (EGC) and advanced gastric cancer (AGC) for many decades. Recently EGC has
      been successfully treated with endoscopy by endoscopic mucosal resection or
      endoscopic submucosal dissection, when restricted or extended Gotoda's criteria
      can be applied and D1+ surgery is offered only to patients not fitted for less
      invasive treatment. Furthermore, two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have
      been demonstrating the non inferiority of minimally invasive technique as
      compared to standard open surgery for the treatment of early cases and recently
      the feasibility of adequate D1+ dissection has been demonstrated also for the
      robot assisted technique. In case of AGC the debate on the extent of nodal
      dissection has been open for many decades. While D2 gastrectomy was performed as
      the standard procedure in eastern countries, mostly based on observational and
      retrospective studies, in the west the Medical Research Council (MRC), Dutch and
      Italian RCTs have been conducted to show a survival benefit of D2 over D1 with
      evidence based medicine. Unfortunately both the MRC and the Dutch trials failed
      to show a survival benefit after the D2 procedure, mostly due to the significant
      increase of postoperative morbidity and mortality, which was referred to
      splenopancreatectomy. Only 15 years after the conclusion of its accrual, the
      Dutch trial could report a significant decrease of recurrence after D2 procedure.
      Recently the long term survival analysis of the Italian RCT could demonstrate a
      benefit for patients with positive nodes treated with D2 gastrectomy without
      splenopancreatectomy. As nowadays also in western countries D2 procedure can be
      done safely with pancreas preserving technique and without preventive
      splenectomy, it has been suggested in several national guidelines as the
      recommended procedure for patients with AGC. 

PMID- 26973386
TI  - Update on a tumor-associated NADH oxidase in gastric cancer cell growth.
AB  - Gastric cancer is one of the most common human malignancies, and its prevalence
      has been shown to be well-correlated with cancer-related deaths worldwide.
      Regrettably, the poor prognosis of this disease is mainly due to its late
      diagnosis at advanced stages after the cancer has already metastasized. Recent
      research has emphasized the identification of cancer biomarkers in the hope of
      diagnosing cancer early and designing targeted therapies to reverse cancer
      progression. One member of a family of growth-related nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide (NADH or hydroquinone) oxidases is tumor-associated NADH oxidase
      (tNOX; ENOX2). Unlike its counterpart CNOX (ENOX1), identified in normal rat
      liver plasma membranes and shown to be stimulated by growth factors and hormones,
      tNOX activity purified from rat hepatoma cells is constitutively active. Its
      activity is detectable in the sera of cancer patients but not in those of healthy
      volunteers, suggesting its clinical relevance. Interestingly, tNOX expression was
      shown to be present in an array of cancer cell lines. More importantly,
      inhibition of tNOX was well correlated with reduced cancer cell growth and
      induction of apoptosis. RNA interference targeting tNOX expression in cancer
      cells effectively restored non-cancerous phenotypes, further supporting the vital
      role of tNOX in cancer cells. Here, we review the regulatory role of tNOX in
      gastric cancer cell growth. 

PMID- 26973387
TI  - De novo autoimmune hepatitis in liver transplant: State-of-the-art review.
AB  - In the two past decades, a number of communications, case-control studies, and
      retrospective reports have appeared in the literature with concerns about the
      development of a complex set of clinical, laboratory and histological
      characteristics of a liver graft dysfunction that is compatible with autoimmune
      hepatitis. The de novo prefix was added to distinguish this entity from a pre
      transplant primary autoimmune hepatitis, but the globally accepted criteria for
      the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis have been adopted in the diagnostic
      algorithm. Indeed, de novo autoimmune hepatitis is characterized by the typical
      liver necro-inflammation that is rich in plasma cells, the presence of interface
      hepatitis and the consequent laboratory findings of elevations in liver enzymes,
      increases in serum gamma globulin and the appearance of non-organ specific auto
      antibodies. Still, the overall features of de novo autoimmune hepatitis appear
      not to be attributable to a univocal patho-physiological pathway because they can
      develop in the patients who have undergone liver transplantation due to different
      etiologies. Specifically, in subjects with hepatitis C virus recurrence, an
      interferon-containing antiviral treatment has been indicated as a potential
      inception of immune system derangement. Herein, we attempt to review the
      currently available knowledge about de novo liver autoimmunity and its clinical
      management. 

PMID- 26973388
TI  - Combination could be another tool for bowel preparation?
AB  - Optimal bowel preparation increases the cecal intubation rate and detection of
      neoplastic lesions while decreasing the procedural time and procedural-related
      complications. Although high-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution is the
      most frequently used preparation for bowel cleansing, patients are often
      unwilling to take PEG solution due to its large volume, poor palatability, and
      high incidence of adverse events, such as abdominal bloating and nausea. Other
      purgatives include osmotic agents (e.g., sodium phosphate, magnesium citrate, and
      sodium sulfate), stimulant agents (e.g., senna, bisacodyl, and sodium
      picosulfate), and prokinetic agents (e.g., cisapride, mosapride, and itopride). A
      combination of PEG with an osmotic, stimulant, or prokinetic agent could
      effectively reduce the PEG solution volume and increase patients' adherence. Some
      such solutions have been found in several published studies to not be inferior to
      PEG alone in terms of bowel cleansing quality. Although combination methods
      showed similar efficacy and safety, the value of these studies is limited by
      shortcomings in study design. New effective and well-tolerated combination
      preparations are required, in addition to rigorous new validated studies. 

PMID- 26973389
TI  - Advances in liver transplantation allocation systems.
AB  - With the growing number of patients in need of liver transplantation, there is a
      need for adopting new and modifying existing allocation policies that prioritize
      patients for liver transplantation. Policy should ensure fair allocation that is
      reproducible and strongly predictive of best pre and post transplant outcomes
      while taking into account the natural history of the potential recipients liver
      disease and its complications. There is wide acceptance for allocation policies
      based on urgency in which the sickest patients on the waiting list with the
      highest risk of mortality receive priority. Model for end-stage liver disease and
      Child-Turcotte-Pugh scoring system, the two most universally applicable systems
      are used in urgency-based prioritization. However, other factors must be
      considered to achieve optimal allocation. Factors affecting pre-transplant
      patient survival and the quality of the donor organ also affect outcome. The
      optimal system should have allocation prioritization that accounts for both
      urgency and transplant outcome. We reviewed past and current liver allocation
      systems with the aim of generating further discussion about improvement of
      current policies. 

PMID- 26973390
TI  - Resveratrol and fenofibrate ameliorate fructose-induced nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis by modulation of genes expression.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effect of resveratrol, alone and in combination with
      fenofibrate, on fructose-induced metabolic genes abnormalities in rats. METHODS:
      Giving a fructose-enriched diet (FED) to rats for 12 wk was used as a model for
      inducing hepatic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Adult male albino rats (150
      200 g) were divided into a control group and a FED group which was subdivided
      into 4 groups, a control FED, fenofibrate (FENO) (100 mg/kg), resveratrol (RES)
      (70 mg/kg) and combined treatment (FENO + RES) (half the doses). All treatments
      were given orally from the 9(th) week till the end of experimental period. Body
      weight, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), liver index, glucose, insulin,
      insulin resistance (HOMA), serum and liver triglycerides (TGs), oxidative stress
      (liver MDA, GSH and SOD), serum AST, ALT, AST/ALT ratio and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured. Additionally, hepatic gene expression of
      suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), sterol regulatory element binding
      protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), malonyl CoA decarboxylase
      (MCD), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and adipose tissue genes
      expression of leptin and adiponectin were investigated. Liver sections were taken
      for histopathological examination and steatosis area were determined. RESULTS:
      Rats fed FED showed damaged liver, impairment of glucose tolerance, insulin
      resistance, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia. As for gene expression, there was
      a change in favor of dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
      development. All treatment regimens showed some benefit in reversing the
      described deviations. Fructose caused deterioration in hepatic gene expression of
      SOCS-3, SREBP-1c, FAS, MDA and TGF-beta1 and in adipose tissue gene expression of
      leptin and adiponectin. Fructose showed also an increase in body weight, insulin
      resistance (OGTT, HOMA), serum and liver TGs, hepatic MDA, serum AST, AST/ALT
      ratio and TNF-alpha compared to control. All treatments improved SOCS-3, FAS,
      MCD, TGF-beta1 and leptin genes expression while only RES and FENO + RES groups
      showed an improvement in SREBP-1c expression. Adiponectin gene expression was
      improved only by RES. A decrease in body weight, HOMA, liver TGs, AST/ALT ratio
      and TNF-alpha were observed in all treatment groups. Liver index was increased in
      FENO and FENO + RES groups. Serum TGs was improved only by FENO treatment. Liver
      MDA was improved by RES and FENO + RES treatments. FENO + RES group showed an
      increase in liver GSH content. CONCLUSION: When resveratrol was given with half
      the dose of fenofibrate it improved NASH-related fructose-induced disturbances in
      gene expression similar to a full dose of fenofibrate.

PMID- 26973391
TI  - Effect of artesunate supplementation on bacterial translocation and dysbiosis of
      gut microbiota in rats with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effect of artesunate (AS) supplementation on bacterial
      translocation (BT) and gut microbiota in a rat model of liver cirrhosis. METHODS:
      Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control
      group (N), a liver cirrhosis group (M) and a liver cirrhosis group intervened
      with AS (MA). Each group was sampled at 4, 6 and 8 wk. Liver cirrhosis was
      induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), intragastric administration
      of 10% ethanol, and feeding a high fat diet. Rats in the MA group were
      intragastrically administered with AS (25 mg/kg body weight, once daily).
      Injuries of the liver and intestinal mucosa were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin or
      Masson's trichrome staining. Liver index was calculated as a ratio of the organ
      weight (g) to body weight (g). The gut microbiota was examined by automated
      ribosomal intergenic-spacer analysis of fecal DNA. BT was assessed by standard
      microbiological techniques in the blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver,
      spleen, and kidney. RESULTS: Compared to group N, the body weight was reduced
      significantly in groups M and MA due to the development of liver cirrhosis over
      the period of 8 wk. The body weight was higher in group MA than in group M. The
      liver indices were significantly elevated at 4, 6 and 8 wk in groups M and MA
      compared to group N. AS supplementation partially decreased the liver indices in
      group MA. Marked histopathologic changes in the liver and small intestinal mucosa
      in group M were observed, which were alleviated in group MA. Levels of pro
      inflammatory interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly
      elevated at 8 wk in ileal homogenates in group M compared to group N, which were
      decreased after AS supplementation in group MA. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota
      indicated by the mean diversity (Shannon index) and mean similarity (Sorenson
      index) was severe as the liver cirrhosis developed, and AS supplementation had an
      apparent intervention effect on the dysbiosis of gut microbiota at 4 wk. The
      occurrence of BT was increased in the liver of group M compared to that of group
      N. AS supplementation reduced BT in group MA at 8 wk. BT also occurred in the
      MLNs, spleen, and kidney, which was reduced by AS supplementation. BT was not
      detected in the blood in any group. CONCLUSION: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota,
      injury of intestinal mucosal barrier and BT occurred as liver cirrhosis
      progressed, which might enhance inflammation and aggravate liver injury. AS may
      have other non-antimalarial effects that modulate gut microbiota, inhibit BT and
      alleviate inflammation, resulting in a reduction in CCl4, alcohol and high fat
      caused damages to the liver and intestine.

PMID- 26973392
TI  - Pathophysiology of chronic pancreatitis induced by dibutyltin dichloride joint
      ethanol in mice.
AB  - AIM: To search for a new chronic pancreatitis model in mice suitable for
      investigating the pathophysiological processes leading to pancreatic fibrosis.
      METHODS: The mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 50), control group and
      model group. The mice in model group were given ethanol (10%) in drinking water
      after injection of dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC) (8 mg/kg BW) in tail vein. The
      mice in control group were injected with only solvent into tail vein (60%
      ethanol, 20% glycerine and 20% normal saline) and drank common water. At days 1,
      7, 14, 28, and 56 after application of DBTC or solvent, 10 mice in one group were
      killed at each time point respectively. Blood was obtained by inferior vena cava
      puncture. The activity of amylase, concentration of bilirubin and hyaluronic acid
      in serum were assayed. The pancreas was taken to observe the pancreatic
      morphology by HE staining, and to characterize the pancreatic fibrosis by Masson
      staining. The expression of F4/80, CD3 and fibronectin (FN) were assayed by
      immuno-histochemistry or Immunofluorescence technique. Collagen type I (COL1A1)
      in pancreas were detected by Western blot. The expression of matrix
      metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1)
      mRNA in the pancreas was assessed by real time PCR. RESULTS: DBTC induced an
      acute edematous pancreatitis within 1 d. The dilated acini, scattered acinar cell
      necrosis, and inflammatory cells were found at day 7. Extensive infiltration with
      inflammatory cells following deposition of connective tissue was observed at day
      14. At day 28, level of pancreatic fibrosis was aggravated. The pancreatic tissue
      was replaced by an extended interstitial fibrosis at the end of 2 mo. There was
      significant difference in the level of amylase, bilirubin and hyaluronic acid in
      serum between control group and model group (P < 0.05). The level of COL1A1 and
      FN in pancreas increased. The expression of MMP-1 mRNA in pancreas decreased, but
      TIMP-1 mRNA increased at model group. CONCLUSION: DBTC joint Ethanol drinking can
      induce chronic pancreatitis in accordance with the pathophysiological
      modification of human. DBTC joint Ethanol-induced pancreatitis in mice is an
      effective and handy experimental method. The model is suitable to study the
      mechanism of pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 26973393
TI  - Synergistic anticancer properties of docosahexaenoic acid and 5-fluorouracil
      through interference with energy metabolism and cell cycle arrest in human
      gastric cancer cell line AGS cells.
AB  - AIM: To explore the synergistic effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) on the human gastric cancer cell line AGS and examine the
      underlying mechanism. METHODS: AGS cells were cultured and treated with a series
      of concentrations of DHA and 5-FU alone or in combination for 24 and 48 h. To
      investigate the synergistic effect of DHA and 5-FU on AGS cells, the inhibition
      of cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay and cell morphology. Flow
      cytometric analysis was also used to assess cell cycle distribution, and the
      expression of mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes (METCs) I, II and V
      in AGS cells was further determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: DHA and 5
      FU alone or in combination could markedly suppress the proliferation of AGS cells
      in a significant time and dose-dependent manner. DHA markedly strengthened the
      antiproliferative effect of 5-FU, decreasing the IC50 by 3.56-2.15-fold in an
      apparent synergy. The morphological changes of the cells were characterized by
      shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing and decreased adherence. Cell cycle analysis
      showed a shift of cells into the G0/G1 phase from the S phase following treatment
      with DHA or 5-FU (G0/G1 phase: 30.04% +/- 1.54% vs 49.05% +/- 6.41% and 63.39% +/
      6.83%, respectively, P < 0.05; S phase: 56.76% +/- 3.14% vs 34.75% +/- 2.35% and
      25.63% +/- 2.21%, respectively, P < 0.05). Combination treatment of DHA and 5-FU
      resulted in a significantly larger shift toward the G0/G1 phase and subsequent
      reduction in S phase (G0/G1 phase: 69.06% +/- 2.63% vs 49.05% +/- 6.41% and
      63.39% +/- 6.83%, respectively, P < 0.05; S phase: 19.80% +/- 4.30% vs 34.75% +/-
      2.35% and 25.63% +/- 2.21%, respectively, P < 0.05). This synergy was also
      reflected in the significant downregulation of the expression of METCs in AGS
      cells. CONCLUSION: Synergistic anticancer properties of DHA and 5-FU may involve
      interference with energy production of AGS cells via downregulation of METCs and
      cell cycle arrest.

PMID- 26973394
TI  - Characteristics of and risk factors for colorectal neoplasms in young adults in a
      screening population.
AB  - AIM: To investigate prevalence and risk factors for colorectal neoplasms in
      adults aged < 50 years, for whom screening is not recommended. METHODS: This
      cross-sectional study compared prevalence and characteristics of colorectal and
      advanced adenomas in patients aged < 50 years who underwent colonoscopy screening
      with subjects aged >= 50 years. To evaluate risk factors for colorectal and
      advanced adenoma in young adults, we used multivariable logistic regression
      models. Colorectal neoplasm characteristics were evaluated and compared with
      those in older patients. RESULTS: Among 2819 patients included, prevalences of
      colorectal adenoma and advanced adenoma were 19.7% and 1.5%, respectively. As
      patient age increased, so did the prevalence of colorectal neoplasm. However,
      prevalence of advanced adenoma did not differ between age-groups 45-49 years and
      >= 50 years (OR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.17-1.07, P = 0.070). In younger age-group (< 50
      years), colorectal adenoma was significantly associated with older age, waist
      circumference (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.15-2.55, P = 0.008), and current smoking (OR =
      1.60, 95%CI: 1.07-2.41, P = 0.023). Alcohol consumption was an independent risk
      factor for colorectal advanced adenoma (OR = 3.69, 95%CI: 1.08-12.54, P = 0.037).
      Multiple neoplasms and large neoplasms (>= 1 cm) were more prevalent in subjects
      >= 50 years. CONCLUSION: Current screening strategies for colorectal cancer may
      need to be amended to account for patient age, especially in young subjects with
      abdominal obesity, current smoking and alcohol consumption.

PMID- 26973395
TI  - Ten-year survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing radiofrequency
      ablation as a first-line treatment.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the long-term survival and prognostic factors in
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
      as a first-line treatment. METHODS: From 2000 to 2013, 316 consecutive patients
      with 404 HCC (1.0-5.0 cm; mean: 3.2 +/- 1.1 cm) underwent ultrasonography-guided
      percutaneous RFA as a first-line treatment. There were 250 males and 66 females
      with an average age of 60.1 +/- 10.8 years (24-87 years). Patients were followed
      for 1 year to > 10 years after RFA (234, 181, 136, and 71 for 3, 5, 7, and 10
      years, respectively). Overall local response rates and long-term survival rates
      were assessed. Survival results were generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and
      multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox regression model. RESULTS: In
      total, 548 RFA sessions were performed and major complications occurred in 10
      sessions (1.8%). Local tumor progression and/or new tumor development were
      observed in 43.3% (132/305) of the patients during the follow-up period. Overall
      5- and 10-year survival rates were 49.7% and 28.4%, respectively. Based on
      multivariate analysis, three factors were identified as independent prognostic
      factors for overall survival: Child-Pugh classification (HR = 4.054, P < 0.001),
      portal vein hypertension (HR = 2.743, P = 0.002), and tumor number (HR = 2.693, P
      = 0.003). The local progression-free 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42.7% and
      19.5%. In addition to the Child-Pugh classification and the number of tumors, the
      number of RFA sessions (HR = 1.550, P = 0.002) was associated with local
      progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: RFA can achieve acceptable outcomes for
      HCC patients as a first-line treatment, especially for patients with Child-Pugh
      class A, patients with a single tumor and patients without portal vein
      hypertension.

PMID- 26973397
TI  - Benefit of laparoscopic liver resection in high body mass index patients.
AB  - AIM: To explore the impact of body mass index (BMI) on surgical outcomes in
      patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). METHODS: From January
      2010 to February 2015, sixty-eight patients who underwent primary partial liver
      resection in our institute were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical outcomes of
      LLR were compared with those of open liver resection (OLR). In addition, we
      analyzed associations with BMI and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: Among 68 patients,
      thirty-nine patients underwent LLR and 29 were performed OLR. Significant
      difference in operation time, blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay was
      observed. There were no significant differences in mortality and morbidity in two
      groups. Twenty-two patients (32.4%) were classified as obese (BMI >= 25). A
      statistically significant correlation was observed between BMI and operation
      time, between BMI and blood loss in OLR, but not in LLR. The operation time and
      blood loss of OLR were significantly higher than that of LLR in obese patients.
      Open liver resection and BMI were independent predictors for prolonged operation
      time and increased blood loss in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The present
      study demonstrated that BMI had influenced to surgical outcomes of OLR. LLR was
      less influenced by BMI and had great benefit in obese patients.

PMID- 26973396
TI  - Factors associated with increased incidence of severe toxicities following
      yttrium-90 resin microspheres in the treatment of hepatic malignancies.
AB  - AIM: To further define variables associated with increased incidences of severe
      toxicities following administration of yttrium-90 ((90)Y) microspheres. METHODS:
      Fifty-eight patients undergoing 79 treatments were retrospectively assessed for
      development of clinical and laboratory toxicity incidence following (90)Y
      administration. Severe toxicity events were defined using Common Terminology
      Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03 and defined as grade >= 3. Univariate
      logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of different
      factors on the incidence of severe toxicity events. Multicollinearity was
      assessed for all factors with P < 0.1 using Pearson correlation matrices. All
      factors not excluded due to multicollinearity were included in a multivariate
      logistic regression model for each measurement of severe toxicity. RESULTS:
      Severe (grade >= 3) toxicities occurred following 21.5% of the 79 treatments
      included in our analysis. The most common severe laboratory toxicities were
      severe alkaline phosphatase (17.7%), albumin (12.7%), and total bilirubin (10.1%)
      toxicities. Decreased pre-treatment albumin (OR = 26.2, P = 0.010) and increased
      pre-treatment international normalized ratio (INR) (OR = 17.7, P = 0.048) were
      associated with development of severe hepatic toxicity. Increased pre-treatment
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST; OR = 7.4, P = 0.025) and decreased pre-treatment
      hemoglobin (OR = 12.5, P = 0.025) were associated with severe albumin toxicity.
      Increasing pre-treatment model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (OR =
      1.8, P = 0.033) was associated with severe total bilirubin toxicity. Colorectal
      adenocarcinoma histology was associated with severe alkaline phosphatase toxicity
      (OR = 5.4, P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Clinicians should carefully consider pre
      treatment albumin, INR, AST, hemoglobin, MELD, and colorectal histology when
      choosing appropriate candidates for (90)Y microsphere therapy.

PMID- 26973398
TI  - Fatty liver index vs waist circumference for predicting non-alcoholic fatty liver
      disease.
AB  - AIM: To determine the discriminatory performance of fatty liver index (FLI) for
      non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: The data of 5052 subjects
      aged over 18 years were analyzed. FLI was calculated from body mass index, waist
      circumference (WC), triglyceride, and gamma glutamyl transferase data. Logistic
      regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between FLI and
      NAFLD. The discriminatory performance of FLI in the diagnosis of NAFLD was
      evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Area under the curves
      (AUCs) and related confidence intervals were estimated. Optimal cutoff points of
      FLI in the diagnosis of NAFLD were determined based on the maximum values of
      Youden's index. RESULTS: The mean age of men and women in the study population
      were 44.8 +/- 16.8 and 43.78 +/- 15.43, respectively (P = 0.0216). The prevalence
      of NAFLD was 40.1% in men and 44.2% in women (P < 0.0017). FLI was strongly
      associated with NAFLD, so that even a one unit increase in FLI increased the
      chance of developing NAFLD by 5.8% (OR = 1.058, 95%CI: 1.054-1.063, P < 0.0001).
      Although FLI showed good performance in the diagnosis of NAFLD (AUC = 0.8656
      (95%CI: 0.8548-0.8764), there was no significant difference with regards to WC
      (AUC = 0.8533, 95%CI: 0.8419-0.8646). The performance of FLI was not
      significantly different between men (AUC = 0.8648, 95%CI: 0.8505-0.8791) and
      women (AUC = 0.8682, 95%CI: 0.8513-0.8851). The highest performance with regards
      to age was related to the 18-39 age group (AUC = 0.8930, 95%CI: 0.8766-0.9093).
      The optimal cutoff points of FLI were 46.9 in men (sensitivity = 0.8242,
      specificity = 0.7687, Youden's index = 0.5929) and 53.8 in women (sensitivity =
      0.8233, specificity = 0.7655, Youden's index = 0.5888). CONCLUSION: Although FLI
      had acceptable discriminatory power in the diagnosis of NAFLD, WC was a simpler
      and more accessible index with a similar performance.

PMID- 26973399
TI  - Predicting liver metastasis of gastrointestinal tract cancer by diffusion
      weighted imaging of apparent diffusion coefficient values.
AB  - AIM: To determine if efficacy of chemotherapy on liver metastasis of
      gastrointestinal tract cancer can be predicted by apparent diffusion coefficient
      (ADC) values of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). METHODS: In total, 86 patients
      with liver metastasis of gastrointestinal tract cancer (156 metastatic lesions)
      diagnosed in our hospital were included in this study. The maximum diameters of
      these tumors were compared with each other before treatment, 2 wk after
      treatment, and 12 wk after treatment. Selected patients were classified as the
      effective group and the ineffective group, depending on the maximum diameter of
      the tumor after 12 wk of treatment; and the ADC values at different treatment
      times between the two groups were compared. Spearman rank correlation was used to
      analyze the relationship between ADC value and tumor diameter. Receiver operating
      characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to analyze the ADC values before
      treatment to predict the patient's sensitivity and specificity degree of efficacy
      to the chemotherapy. RESULTS: There was no difference in age between the two
      groups and in maximum tumor diameter before treatment and 2 wk after treatment.
      However, after 12 wk of treatment, maximum tumor diameter in the effective group
      was significantly lower than that in the ineffective group (P < 0.05). Before
      treatment, ADC values in the ineffective group were significantly higher than
      those in the effective group (P < 0.05). There was no difference in ADC values
      between the effective and ineffective groups after 2 and 12 wk of treatment.
      However, ADC values were significantly higher after 2 and 12 wk of treatment
      compared to before treatment in the effective group (P < 0.05). Spearman rank
      correlation analysis showed that ADC value before treatment and the reduced
      percentage of the maximum tumor diameter after 12 wk of treatment were negatively
      correlated, while the increase in the percentage of the ADC value 12 wk after
      treatment and the decrease in the percentage of the maximum tumor diameter were
      significantly positively correlated. The results of the ROC curve showed that ADC
      value with a chemotherapy ineffective threshold value of 1.14 * 10(-3) mm(2)/s
      before treatment had a sensitivity and specificity of 94.3% and 76.7%,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: DWI ADC values can be used to predict the response of
      patients with liver metastasis of gastrointestinal tract cancer to chemotherapy
      with high sensitivity and relatively high specificity.

PMID- 26973400
TI  - Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus play different prognostic roles in
      intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A meta-analysis.
AB  - AIM: To identify the prognostic value of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) infections in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS:
      A search was performed for relevant publications in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of
      Science databases. The pooled effects were calculated from the available
      information to identify the relationship between HBV or HCV infection and the
      prognosis and clinicopathological features. The chi(2) and I (2) tests were used
      to evaluate heterogeneity between studies. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by a fixed-effects model, if no
      heterogeneity existed. If there was heterogeneity, a random-effects model was
      applied. RESULTS: In total, 14 studies involving 2842 cases were enrolled in this
      meta-analysis. The patients with HBV infection presented better overall and
      disease-free survival, and the pooled HRs were significant at 0.76 (95%CI: 0.70
      0.83) and 0.78 (95%CI: 0.66-0.94), respectively. Additionally, our study revealed
      that HCV infection was correlated with shortened overall survival in comparison
      with the control group (HR = 2.64, 95%CI: 1.77-3.93). We also found that HBV
      infection occurred more frequently in male patients [odds ratio (OR) = 1.91,
      95%CI: 1.06-3.44] and was correlated with higher levels of serum aspartate
      transaminase (AST) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (OR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.11-3.35; OR =
      3.86, 95%CI: 2.58-5.78) and a lower level of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9
      (CA19-9) (OR = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.34-0.65). Moreover, HBV infection was associated
      with cirrhosis (OR = 6.44, 95%CI: 4.33-9.56), a higher proportion of capsule
      formation (OR = 6.04, 95%CI: 3.56-10.26), and a lower rate of lymph node
      metastasis (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.25-0.58). No significant publication bias was
      seen in any of the enrolled studies. CONCLUSION: HBV infection may indicate a
      favorable prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, while HCV
      infection suggests a poor prognosis.

PMID- 26973401
TI  - Transmural penetration of sigmoid colon and rectum by retained surgical sponge
      after hysterectomy.
AB  - Gossypiboma is a surgical sponge that is retained in the body after the
      operation. A 39-year-old female presented with vague lower abdominal pain, fever,
      and rectal discharge 15 mo after hysterectomy. The sponge remaining in the
      abdomen had no radiopaque marker. Therefore a series of radiographic evaluations
      was fruitless. The surgical sponge was found in the rectosigmoid colon on
      colonoscopy. The sponge penetrated the sigmoid colon and rectum transmurally,
      forming an opening on both sides. The patient underwent low anterior resection
      and was discharged without postoperative complications. 

PMID- 26973403
TI  - Rupture of sigmoid colon caused by compressed air.
AB  - Compressed air has been generally used since the beginning of the 20(th) century
      for various applications. However, rupture of the colon caused by compressed air
      is uncommon. We report a case of pneumatic rupture of the sigmoid colon. The
      patient was admitted to the emergency room complaining of abdominal pain and
      distention. His colleague triggered a compressed air nozzle against his anus as a
      practical joke 2 h previously. On arrival, his pulse rate was 126 beats/min,
      respiratory rate was 42 breaths/min and blood pressure was 86/54 mmHg. Physical
      examination revealed peritoneal irritation and the abdomen was markedly
      distended. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed a large volume of air in the
      abdominal cavity. Peritoneocentesis was performed to relieve the tension
      pneumoperitoneum. Emergency laparotomy was done after controlling shock.
      Laparotomy revealed a 2-cm perforation in the sigmoid colon. The perforation was
      sutured and temporary ileostomy was performed as well as thorough drainage and
      irrigation of the abdominopelvic cavity. Reversal of ileostomy was performed
      successfully after 3 mo. Follow-up was uneventful. We also present a brief
      literature review. 

PMID- 26973402
TI  - Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma: A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma is a rare type of gastric cancer
      characterized by a carcinoma with intense stromal lymphocytic infiltration.
      Although lymphocytic infiltration is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus
      (EBV) infection, concomitant occurrence with differentiated adenocarcinoma is
      relatively rare. The clinical manifestations of lymphoepithelioma-like gastric
      carcinoma (including EBV-positive and -negative forms) are similar to those of
      gastric cancer, and the diagnosis is based on pathologic, histologic, and
      immunohistochemical findings. This report describes the case of a 55-year-old
      female patient who presented with a 10-year history of recurrent and worsening
      abdominal pain and melena that had been occurring for 2 mo. An ulcerative lesion
      was detected in the stomach by endoscopic examination, which raised suspicion of
      early gastric cancer. A subsequent preoperative endoscopic biopsy showed
      adenocarcinoma, but the postoperative pathologic, histologic, and
      immunohistochemical analyses of the resected specimen revealed a final diagnosis
      of lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma. 

PMID- 26973404
TI  - PillCam(r) SB3 capsule: Does the increased frame rate eliminate the risk of
      missing lesions?
AB  - Since its emergence in 2000, small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) has assumed a
      pivotal role as an investigation method for small bowel diseases. The
      PillCam((r)) SB2-ex offers 12 h of battery time, 4 more than the previous version
      (SB2). Rahman et al recently found that the PillCam((r)) SB2-ex has a
      significantly increased completion rate, although without higher diagnostic
      yield, compared with the SB2. We would like to discuss these somewhat surprising
      results and the new potentialities of the PillCam((r)) SB3 regarding the
      diagnostic yield of small bowel studies. PillCam((r)) SB3 offers improved image
      resolution and faster adaptable frame rate over previous versions of SBCE. We
      recently compared the major duodenal papilla detection rate obtained with
      PillCam((r)) SB3 and SB2 as a surrogate indicator of diagnostic yield in the
      proximal small bowel. The PillCam((r)) SB3 had a significantly higher major
      duodenal papilla detection rate than the PillCam((r)) SB2 (42.7% vs 24%, P =
      0.015). Thus, the most recent version of the PillCam((r)) capsule, SB3, may
      increase diagnostic yield, particularly in the proximal segments of the small
      bowel.

PMID- 26973405
TI  - Ultrasound elastographic techniques in focal liver lesions.
AB  - Elastographic techniques are new ultrasound-based imaging techniques developed to
      estimate tissue deformability/stiffness. Several ultrasound elastographic
      approaches have been developed, such as static elastography, transient
      elastography and acoustic radiation force imaging methods, which include point
      shear wave and shear wave imaging elastography. The application of these methods
      in clinical practice aims at estimating the mechanical tissues properties. One of
      the main settings for the application of these tools has been liver stiffness
      assessment in chronic liver disease, which has been studied mainly using
      transient elastography. Another field of application for these techniques is the
      assessment of focal lesions, detected by ultrasound in organs such as pancreas,
      prostate, breast, thyroid, lymph nodes. Considering the frequency and importance
      of the detection of focal liver lesions through routine ultrasound, some studies
      have also aimed to assess the role that elestography can play in studying the
      stiffness of different types of liver lesions, in order to predict their nature
      and thus offer valuable non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of liver masses. 

PMID- 26973406
TI  - Outcomes of abdominal surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Patients suffering from liver cirrhosis (LC) frequently require non-hepatic
      abdominal surgery, even before liver transplantation. LC is an important risk
      factor itself for surgery, due to the higher than average associated morbidity
      and mortality. This high surgical risk occurs because of the pathophysiology of
      liver disease itself and to the presence of contributing factors, such as
      coagulopathy, poor nutritional status, adaptive immune dysfunction, cirrhotic
      cardiomyopathy, and renal and pulmonary dysfunction, which all lead to poor
      outcomes. Careful evaluation of these factors and the degree of liver disease can
      help to reduce the development of complications both during and after abdominal
      surgery. In the emergency setting, with the presence of decompensated LC,
      alcoholic hepatitis, severe/advanced LC, and significant extrahepatic organ
      dysfunction conservative management is preferred. A multidisciplinary,
      individualized, and specialized approach can improve outcomes; preoperative
      optimization after risk stratification and careful management are mandatory
      before surgery. Laparoscopic techniques can also improve outcomes. We review the
      impact of LC on surgical outcome in non-hepatic abdominal surgeries required in
      this cirrhotic population before, during, and after surgery. 

PMID- 26973407
TI  - Epigenetic regulation of insulin-like growth factor axis in hepatocellular
      carcinoma.
AB  - The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway is an important pathway in
      the process of hepatocarcinogenesis, and the IGF network is clearly dysregulated
      in many cancers and developmental abnormalities. In hepatocellular carcinoma
      (HCC), only a minority of patients are eligible for curative treatments, such as
      tumor resection or liver transplant. Unfortunately, there is a high recurrence of
      HCC after surgical tumor removal. Recent research efforts have focused on
      targeting IGF axis members in an attempt to find therapeutic options for many
      health problems. In this review, we shed lights on the regulation of members of
      the IGF axis, mainly by microRNAs in HCC. MicroRNAs in HCC attempt to halt the
      aberrant expression of the IGF network, and a single microRNA can have multiple
      downstream targets in one or more signaling pathways. Targeting microRNAs is a
      relatively new approach for identifying an efficient radical cure for HCC. 

PMID- 26973409
TI  - Laparoscopic approach in gastrointestinal emergencies.
AB  - This review focuses on the laparoscopic approach to gastrointestinal emergencies
      and its more recent indications. Laparoscopic surgery has a specific place in
      elective procedures, but that does not apply in emergency situations. In specific
      emergencies, there is a huge range of indications and different techniques to
      apply, and not all of them are equally settle. We consider that the most
      controversial points in minimally invasive procedures are indications in
      emergency situations due to technical difficulties. Some pathologies, such as
      oesophageal emergencies, obstruction due to colon cancer, abdominal hernias or
      incarcerated postsurgical hernias, are nearly always resolved by conventional
      surgery, that is, an open approach due to limited intraabdominal cavity space or
      due to the vulnerability of the bowel. These technical problems have been solved
      in many diseases, such as for perforated peptic ulcer or acute appendectomy for
      which a laparoscopic approach has become a well-known and globally supported
      procedure. On the other hand, endoscopic procedures have acquired further
      indications, relegating surgical solutions to a second place; this happens in
      cholangitis or pancreatic abscess drainage. This endoluminal approach avoids the
      need for laparoscopic development in these diseases. Nevertheless, new
      instruments and new technologies could extend the laparoscopic approach to a
      broader array of potentials procedures. There remains, however, a long way to go.

PMID- 26973408
TI  - Key players in pancreatic cancer-stroma interaction: Cancer-associated
      fibroblasts, endothelial and inflammatory cells.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive type of common cancers, and in
      2014, nearly 40000 patients died from the disease in the United States.
      Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which accounts for the majority of PC cases, is
      characterized by an intense stromal desmoplastic reaction surrounding the cancer
      cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main effector cells in the
      desmoplastic reaction, and pancreatic stellate cells are the most important
      source of CAFs. However, other important components of the PC stroma are
      inflammatory cells and endothelial cells. The aim of this review is to describe
      the complex interplay between PC cells and the cellular and non-cellular
      components of the tumour stroma. Published data have indicated that the
      desmoplastic stroma protects PC cells against chemotherapy and radiation therapy
      and that it might promote the proliferation and migration of PC cells. However,
      in animal studies, experimental depletion of the desmoplastic stroma and CAFs has
      led to more aggressive cancers. Hence, the precise role of the tumour stroma in
      PC remains to be elucidated. However, it is likely that a context-dependent
      therapeutic modification, rather than pure depletion, of the PC stroma holds
      potential for the development of new treatment strategies for PC patients. 

PMID- 26973410
TI  - Calcium-sensing receptor: A new target for therapy of diarrhea.
AB  - Management of acute diarrhea remains a global challenge, particularly in resource
      limiting countries. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), a passive rehydrating
      therapy developed approximately 40 years ago, remains the mainstay treatment.
      Although ORS is effective for hydration, since it does not inhibit enterotoxin
      mediated excessive secretion, reduced absorption and compromised barrier function
      - the primary mechanisms of diarrhea, ORS does not offer a rapid relief of
      diarrhea symptom. There are a few alternative therapies available, yet the use of
      these drugs is limited by their expense, lack of availability and/or safety
      concerns. Novel anti-diarrheal therapeutic approaches, particularly those simple
      affordable therapies, are needed. This article explores intestinal calcium
      sensing receptor (CaSR), a newly uncovered target for therapy of diarrhea. Unlike
      others, targeting this host antidiarrheal receptor system appears "all
      inclusive": it is anti-secretory, pro-absorptive, anti-motility, and anti
      inflammatory. Thus, activating CaSR reverses changes of both secretory and
      inflammatory diarrheas. Considering its unique property of using simple nutrients
      such as calcium, polyamines, and certain amino acids/oligopeptides as activators,
      it is possible that through targeting of CaSR with a combination of specific
      nutrients, novel oral rehydrating solutions that are inexpensive and practical to
      use in all countries may be developed. 

PMID- 26973411
TI  - Liver surgery in cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
AB  - The prevalence of hepatic cirrhosis in Europe and the United States, currently
      250 patients per 100000 inhabitants, is steadily increasing. Thus, we observe a
      significant increase in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension needing
      liver resections for primary or metastatic lesions. However, extended liver
      resections in patients with underlying hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension
      still represent a medical challenge in regard to perioperative morbidity,
      surgical management and postoperative outcome. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer
      classification recommends to restrict curative liver resections for
      hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients to early tumor stages in patients
      with Child A cirrhosis not showing portal hypertension. However, during the last
      two decades, relevant improvements in preoperative diagnostic, perioperative
      hepatologic and intensive care management as well as in surgical techniques
      during hepatic resections have rendered even extended liver resections in higher
      degree cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension possible. However, there are
      few standard indications for hepatic resections in cirrhotic patients and risk
      stratifications have to be performed in an interdisciplinary setting for each
      individual patient. We here review the indications, the preoperative risk
      stratifications, the morbidity and the mortality of extended resections for
      primary and metastatic lesions in cirrhotic livers. Furthermore, we provide a
      review of literature on perioperative management in cirrhotic patients needing
      extrahepatic abdominal surgery and an overview of surgical options in the
      treatment of hepatic cirrhosis. 

PMID- 26973412
TI  - Curcumin as a potential therapeutic candidate for Helicobacter pylori associated
      diseases.
AB  - Curcumin, a yellow pigment and principal polyphenolic Curcuminoid obtained from
      the turmeric rhizome Curcuma longa, is commonly used as a food-coloring agent.
      Studies suggest that curcumin has a wide range of beneficial properties e.g.,
      anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, anti-fungal and
      anti-microbial. These pleiotropic activities prompted several research groups to
      elucidate the role of curcumin in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. This
      is the first review with this heading where we discussed regarding the role of
      curcumin as an anti-H. pylori agent along with its potential in other
      gastrointestinal diseases. Based on several in vitro, early cell culture, animal
      research and few pre-clinical trials, curcumin projected as a potential
      therapeutic candidate against H. pylori mediated gastric pathogenesis. This
      review sheds light on the anti-H. pylori effects of curcumin in different models
      with meticulous emphasis on its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti
      carcinogenic effects as well as some critical signaling and effecter molecules.
      Remarkably, non-toxic molecule curcumin fulfills the characteristics for an ideal
      chemopreventive agent against H. pylori mediated gastric carcinogenesis but the
      foremost challenge is to obtain the optimum therapeutic levels of curcumin, due
      to its low solubility and poor bioavailability. Further, we have discussed about
      the possibilities for improving its efficacy and bioavailability. Lastly, we
      concluded with the anticipation that in near future curcumin may be used to
      develop a therapeutic drug against H. pylori mediated gastric ailments through
      improved formulation or delivery systems, facilitating its enhanced absorption
      and cellular uptake. 

PMID- 26973413
TI  - Impact of non-oncological factors on tumor recurrence after liver transplantation
      in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary neoplasm of the liver
      and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Liver
      transplantation (LT) has become one of the best curative therapeutic options for
      patients with HCC, although tumor recurrence after LT is a major and unaddressed
      cause of mortality. Furthermore, the factors that are associated with recurrence
      are not fully understood, and most previous studies have focused on the
      biological properties of HCC, such as the number and size of the HCC nodules, the
      degree of differentiation, the presence of hepatic vascular invasion, elevated
      serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein, and the tumor stage outside of the Milan
      criteria. Thus, little attention has been given to factors that are not directly
      related to HCC (i.e., "non-oncological factors"), which have emerged as
      predictors of tumor recurrence. This review was performed to assess the effects
      of non-oncological factors on tumor recurrence after LT. The identification of
      these factors may provide new research directions and clinical strategies for the
      prophylaxis and surveillance of tumor recurrence after LT, which can help reduce
      recurrence and improve patient survival. 

PMID- 26973414
TI  - Life and death at the mucosal-luminal interface: New perspectives on human
      intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.
AB  - Intestinal ischemia is a frequently observed phenomenon. Morbidity and mortality
      rates are extraordinarily high and did not improve over the past decades. This is
      in part attributable to limited knowledge on the pathophysiology of intestinal
      ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in man, the paucity in preventive and/or therapeutic
      options and the lack of early diagnostic markers for intestinal ischemia. To
      improve our knowledge and solve clinically important questions regarding
      intestinal IR, we developed a human experimental intestinal IR model. With this
      model, we were able to gain insight into the mechanisms that allow the human gut
      to withstand short periods of IR without the development of severe inflammatory
      responses. The purpose of this review is to overview the most relevant recent
      advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of human intestinal IR, as
      well as the (potential) future clinical implications. 

PMID- 26973415
TI  - Inhibition of SW620 human colon cancer cells by upregulating miRNA-145.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the targeted inhibition of proliferation and migration of
      SW620 human colon cancer cells by upregulating miRNA-145 (miR-145). METHODS:
      Forty-five samples of colon cancer tissues and 45 normal control samples were
      obtained from the biological database of the First Affiliated Hospital of
      Liaoning Medical University. We performed quantitative analysis of miR-145 and N
      ras expression in tissues; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
      analysis of miR-145 expression in SW620 colon cancer cells and normal colonic
      epithelial cells; construction of miR-145 lentiviral vector and determination of
      miR-145 expression in SW620 cells transduced with miR-145 vector; analysis of the
      effect of miR-145 overexpression on SW620 cell proliferation; analysis of the
      effect of miR-145 overexpression on SW620 cell migration using a wound healing
      assay; and analysis of the effect of miR-145 on N-ras expression using Western
      blotting. RESULTS: miR-145 expression was significantly downregulated in colon
      cancer tissues, with its expression in normal colonic tissues being 4-5-fold
      higher (two sample t test, P < 0.05), whereas N-ras expression showed the
      opposite trend. miR-145 expression in SW620 cells was downregulated, which was
      significantly lower compared to that in colonic epithelial cells (two sample t
      test, P < 0.05). miR-145 vector and control were successfully packaged;
      expression of miR-145 in SW620 cells transduced with miR-145 was 8.2-fold of that
      in control cells (two sample t test, P < 0.05). The proliferation of miR-145
      transduced SW620 cells was significantly decreased compared to control cells (two
      sample t test, P < 0.05). At 48 h in the wound healing experiment, the migration
      indexes and controls were (97.27% +/- 9.25%) and (70.22% +/- 6.53%), respectively
      (two sample t test, P < 0.05). N-ras expression in miR-145-tranduced SW620 cells
      was significantly lower than others (one-way analysis of variance, P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: miR-145 is important in inhibiting colon cancer cell proliferation
      and migration. This is a good foundation for development of colon cancer therapy
      by targeting tumor suppressor miR-145.

PMID- 26973417
TI  - Human cytomegalovirus-encoded US28 may act as a tumor promoter in colorectal
      cancer.
AB  - AIM: To assess human cytomegalovirus-encoded US28 gene function in colorectal
      cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to
      determine US28 expression in 103 CRC patient samples and 98 corresponding
      adjacent noncancerous samples. Patient data were compared by age, sex, tumor
      location, histological grade, Dukes' stage, and overall mean survival time. In
      addition, the US28 gene was transiently transfected into the CRC LOVO cell line,
      and cell proliferation was assessed using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell cycle
      analysis by flow cytometry and a cell invasion transwell assay were also carried
      out. RESULTS: US28 levels were clearly higher in CRC tissues (38.8%) than in
      adjacent noncancerous samples (7.1%) (P = 0.000). Interestingly, elevated US28
      amounts in CRC tissues were significantly associated with histological grade,
      metastasis, Dukes' stage, and overall survival (all P < 0.05); meanwhile, US28
      expression was not significantly correlated with age, sex or tumor location. In
      addition, multivariate Cox regression data revealed US28 level as an independent
      CRC prognostic marker (P = 0.000). LOVO cells successfully transfected with the
      US28 gene exhibited higher viability, greater chemotherapy resistance,
      accelerated cell cycle progression, and increased invasion ability. CONCLUSION:
      US28 expression is predictive of poor prognosis and may promote CRC.

PMID- 26973416
TI  - New role and molecular mechanism of Gadd45a in hepatic fibrosis.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the role of Gadd45a in hepatic fibrosis and the transforming
      growth factor (TGF)-beta/Smad signaling pathway. METHODS: Wild-type male BALB/c
      mice were treated with CCl4 to induce a model of chronic liver injury. Hepatic
      stellate cells (HSCs) were isolated from the liver of BALB/c mice and were
      treated with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting Gadd45a or the pcDNA3.1
      Gadd45a recombinant plasmid. Cellular alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), beta
      actin, type I collagen, phospho-Smad2, phospho-Smad3, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4
      were detected by Western blots. The mRNA levels of alpha-SMA, beta-actin, and
      type I collagen were determined by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR analyses.
      Reactive oxygen species production was monitored by flow cytometry using 2,7
      dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Gadd45a, Gadd45b, anti-Gadd45g, type I
      collagen, and SMA local expression in liver tissue were measured by histologic
      and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: Significant downregulation of Gadd45a,
      but not Gadd45b or Gadd45g, accompanied by activation of the TGF-beta/Smad
      signaling pathways was detected in fibrotic liver tissues of mice and isolated
      HSCs with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4 treatment. Overexpression of
      Gadd45a reduced the expression of extracellular matrix proteins and alpha-SMA in
      HSCs, whereas transient knockdown of Gadd45a with siRNA reversed this process.
      Gadd45a inhibited the activity of a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter
      construct and (CAGA)9 MLP-Luc, an artificial Smad3/4-specific reporter, as well
      as reduced the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad3. Gadd45a showed
      protective effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating
      antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION: Gadd45a may counteract hepatic fibrosis by
      regulating the activation of HSCs via the inhibition of TGF-beta/Smad signaling.

PMID- 26973418
TI  - Development of a novel mouse constipation model.
AB  - AIM: To establish a novel mouse constipation model. METHODS: Animals were
      randomly divided into three groups, and intragastrically administered 0-4 
      degrees C saline (ice-cold group) or 15-20  degrees C saline (saline control
      group) daily for 14 d, or were left untreated (blank control group). Stools were
      collected 3-24 h after treatment to record the wet and dry weights and the stool
      form. Intestinal propulsion experiments were carried out and defecation time was
      measured for six days continuously after suspending treatments. The expressions
      of PGP9.5 were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Based on the percentage
      of stool weight changes compared with baseline (before irritation) in 9-14 d,
      stool weight changes were classified into three levels. Each level shows a
      different body state, which is state I (no change: plus or minus 5%), state II
      (slightly decreased: 5%-15%) and state III (decreased: 15%-25%). In state III,
      between day 9-14, the stool weights decreased by 15%-25% compared with the
      baseline, and changed at a rate > 10% compared with blank control values, and the
      stools became small and dry. Additionally, intestinal functions degenerated in
      these animals, and PGP9.5-positive expression markedly decreased in jejunum,
      ileum and proximal colon myenteric plexus. CONCLUSION: Irritation with ice-cold
      saline is a stable, repeatable method in building constipation model in mice for
      exploring the pathogenesis and treatment options of constipation, and the change
      of stool weight and size may serve as a useful tool to judge a constipation model
      success or not.

PMID- 26973419
TI  - Esophageal squamous cell cancer in a highly endemic region.
AB  - AIM: To identify risk factors associated with esophageal cancer in Zambia and
      association between dietary intake and urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha (8
      isoPGF2alpha). METHODS: We conducted a prospective, case control study at the
      University Teaching Hospital. Subjects included both individuals admitted to the
      hospital and those presenting for an outpatient upper endoscopy. Esophageal
      cancer cases were compared to age and sex-matched controls. Cases were defined as
      patients with biopsy proven esophageal cancer; controls were defined as subjects
      without endoscopic evidence of esophageal cancer. Clinical and dietary data were
      collected using a standard questionnaire, developed a priori. Blood was collected
      for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology. Urine was collected, and 8
      isoPGF2alpha was measured primarily by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      expressed as a ratio to creatinine. RESULTS: Forty five controls (mean age 54.2
      +/- 15.3, 31 male) and 27 cases (mean age 54.6 +/- 16.4, 17 males) were studied.
      Body mass index was lower in cases (median 16.8) than controls (median 23.2), P =
      0.01. Histopathologically, 25/27 (93%) were squamous cell carcinoma and 2/27 (7%)
      adenocarcinoma. More cases smoked cigarettes (OR = 11.24, 95%CI: 1.37-92.4, P =
      0.02) but alcohol consumption and HIV seropositivity did not differ significantly
      (P = 0.14 for both). Fruit, vegetables and fish consumption did not differ
      significantly between groups (P = 0.11, 0.12, and 0.10, respectively). Mean
      isoprostane level was significantly higher in cases (0.03 ng/mg creatinine) than
      controls (0.01 ng/mg creatinine) (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.19-4.65, P = 0.014).
      CONCLUSION: Smoking and isoprostane levels were significantly associated with
      esophageal cancer in Zambians, but diet, HIV status, and alcohol consumption were
      not.

PMID- 26973420
TI  - Prognostic value of perioperative leukocyte count in resectable gastric cancer.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the prognostic significance of perioperative leukopenia in
      patients with resected gastric cancer. METHODS: A total of 614 eligible gastric
      cancer patients who underwent curative D2 gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy
      were enrolled in this study. The relationship between pre- and postoperative
      hematologic parameters and overall survival was assessed statistically, adjusted
      for known prognostic factors. RESULTS: The mean white blood cell count (WBC)
      significantly decreased after surgery, and 107/614 (17.4%) patients developed p
      leukopenia, which was defined as a preoperative WBC >= 4.0 * 10(9)/L and
      postoperative WBC < 4.0 * 10(9)/L, with an absolute decrease >= 0.5 * 10(9)/L.
      The neutrophil count decreased significantly more than the lymphocyte count. P
      leukopenia significantly correlated with poor tumor differentiation and
      preoperative WBC. A higher preoperative WBC and p-leukopenia were independent
      negative prognostic factors for survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.602, 95%
      confidence interval (CI): 1.185-2.165; P = 0.002, and HR = 1.478, 95%CI: 1.149
      1.902; P = 0.002, respectively] after adjusting for histology, Borrmann type,
      pTNM stage, vascular or neural invasion, gastrectomy method, resection margins,
      chemotherapy regimens, and preoperative WBC count. The patients with both higher
      preoperative WBC and p-leukopenia had a worse prognosis compared to those with
      lower baseline WBC and no p-leukopenia (27.5 mo vs 57.3 mo, P < 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Preoperative leukocytosis alone or in combination with postoperative
      leukopenia could be independent prognostic factors for survival in patients with
      resectable gastric cancer.

PMID- 26973422
TI  - Importance of SALL4 in the development and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - AIM: To detect the expression of sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) and to explore its
      relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six samples of
      HCC tissue, 44 of adjacent noncancerous cirrhotic tissue and 10 of liver
      hemangioma tissue, were obtained from patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC
      at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University. None of the patients had
      received any form of treatment before the operation. After resection, all the
      tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin.
      Expression of SALL4 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed
      up for postoperative survival until February 2014. The relationships between
      SALL4 expression level and clinicopathological data and prognosis of HCC were
      analyzed. RESULTS: SALL4 expression was negative in the 10 samples of tissue from
      liver hemangioma, was weakly positive in the two samples from adjacent
      noncancerous cirrhotic tissue, and positive in 58 samples of HCC tissues. The
      differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Expression of SALL4 was
      higher in patients with higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, portal vein tumor
      thrombus, and later clinical stage based on the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer
      classification (P < 0.05). Among patients with negative expression, weakly
      positive expression, positive expression, and strongly positive expression of
      SALL4, the median survival time was 39, 25, 23, and 9 mo, respectively (P <
      0.001). When both AFP and SALL4 were detected, patients who were negative for
      both AFP and SALL4, SALL4-positive only, AFP-positive only, and positive for both
      AFP and SALL4, had a median survival time of 41, 38, 31, and 12 mo, respectively
      (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Expression of SALL4 is relevant to the prognosis of HCC
      patients. Patients with higher expression levels of SALL4 and AFP have worse
      prognosis.

PMID- 26973421
TI  - Early complications after interventions in patients with acute pancreatitis.
AB  - AIM: To identify the possible predictors of early complications after the initial
      intervention in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. METHODS: We collected the medical
      records of 334 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis who received initial
      intervention in our center. Complications associated with predictors were
      analyzed. RESULTS: The postoperative mortality rate was 16% (53/334). Up to 31%
      of patients were successfully treated with percutaneous catheter drainage alone.
      The rates of intra-abdominal bleeding, colonic fistula, and progressive infection
      were 15% (50/334), 20% (68/334), and 26% (87/334), respectively. Multivariate
      analysis indicated that Marshall score upon admission, multiple organ failure,
      preoperative respiratory infection, and sepsis were the predictors of
      postoperative progressive infection (P < 0.05). Single organ failure, systemic
      inflammatory response syndrome upon admission, and C-reactive protein level upon
      admission were the risk factors of postoperative colonic fistula (P < 0.05).
      Moreover, preoperative Marshall score, organ failure, sepsis, and preoperative
      systemic inflammatory response syndrome were the risk factors of postoperative
      intra-abdominal bleeding (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Marshall score, organ failures,
      preoperative respiratory infection, sepsis, preoperative systemic inflammatory
      response syndrome, and C-reactive protein level upon admission are associated
      with postoperative complications.

PMID- 26973423
TI  - Hepatic decompensation/serious adverse events in post-liver transplantation
      recipients on sofosbuvir for recurrent hepatitis C virus.
AB  - AIM: To determine the safety profile of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments in
      liver transplant (LT) recipients with recurrent HCV infection. METHODS: Forty-two
      patients were identified with recurrent HCV infection that underwent LT at least
      12 mo prior to initiating treatment with a Sofosbuvir-based regimen during
      December 2013-June 2014. Cases were patients who experienced hepatic
      decompensation and/or serious adverse events (SAE) during or within one month of
      completing treatment. Controls had no evidence of hepatic decompensation and/or
      SAE. HIV-infected patients were excluded. Cumulative incidence of
      decompensation/SAE was calculated using the Kaplan Meier method. Exact logistic
      regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the composite
      outcome. RESULTS: Median age of the 42 patients was 60 years [Interquartile Range
      (IQR): 56-65 years], 33% (14/42) were female, 21% (9/42) were Hispanic, and 9%
      (4/42) were Black. The median time from transplant to treatment initiation was
      5.4 years (IQR: 2.1-8.8 years). Thirteen patients experienced one or more
      episodes of hepatic decompensation and/or SAE. Anemia requiring transfusion, the
      most common event, occurred in 62% (8/13) patients, while 54% (7/13)
      decompensated. The cumulative incidence of hepatic decompensation/SAE was 31%
      (95%CI: 16%-41%). Risk factors for decompensation/SAE included lower pre
      treatment hemoglobin (OR = 0.61 per g/dL, 95%CI: 0.40-0.88, P < 0.01), estimated
      glomerular filtration rate (OR = 0.95 per mL/min per 1.73 m(2), 95%CI: 0.90-0.99,
      P = 0.01), and higher baseline serum total bilirubin (OR = 2.43 per mg/dL, 95%CI:
      1.17-8.65, P < 0.01). The sustained virological response rate for the cohort of
      42 patients was 45%, while it was 31% for cases. CONCLUSION: Sofosbuvir/ribavirin
      will continue to be used in the post-transplant population, including those with
      HCV genotypes 2 and 3. Management of anemia remains an important clinical
      challenge.

PMID- 26973424
TI  - Implantation of esophageal cancer onto post-dissection ulcer after gastric
      endoscopic submucosal dissection.
AB  - A case in which implantation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma onto a post
      dissection gastric ulcer was strongly suspected is presented. A 72-year-old man
      with alcoholic liver cirrhosis underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
      Esophageal cancer (EC) (Mt, 20 mm, 0-Is) and gastric cancer (GC) (antrum, 15 mm,
      0-IIc) were identified. Biopsy specimens revealed moderately differentiated
      squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and differentiated adenocarcinoma, respectively.
      The GC was resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) [14 mm * 9 mm, type
      0-IIc, tub1, pT1a(M), ly0, v0, HM(-), VM(-)]. Two months after ESD, radiation
      therapy was started for the EC, and an almost complete response was obtained.
      Nine months after the ESD, a follow-up EGD showed a submucosal tumor-like lesion
      with ulceration, located immediately under the post-ESD scar, and biopsy
      specimens showed moderately differentiated SCC. There were no similar lesions
      suggesting hematogenous or lymphatic metastasis in the stomach.

PMID- 26973426
TI  - Re: Errors in Zhao et al (2015), Impact of enteral nutrition on energy metabolism
      in patients with Crohn's disease.
AB  - We report invalidating errors related to the statistical approach in the analysis
      and data inconsistencies in a published single cohort study of patients with
      Crohn's disease. We provide corrected calculations from the available data and
      request that a corrected analysis be provided by the authors. These errors should
      be corrected. 

PMID- 26973427
TI  - Delving into Egocentric Actions.
AB  - We address the challenging problem of recognizing the camera wearer's actions
      from videos captured by an egocentric camera. Egocentric videos encode a rich set
      of signals regarding the camera wearer, including head movement, hand pose and
      gaze information. We propose to utilize these mid-level egocentric cues for
      egocentric action recognition. We present a novel set of egocentric features and
      show how they can be combined with motion and object features. The result is a
      compact representation with superior performance. In addition, we provide the
      first systematic evaluation of motion, object and egocentric cues in egocentric
      action recognition. Our benchmark leads to several surprising findings. These
      findings uncover the best practices for egocentric actions, with a significant
      performance boost over all previous state-of-the-art methods on three publicly
      available datasets.

PMID- 26973425
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae invasive liver abscess syndrome with purulent meningitis
      and septic shock: A case from mainland China.
AB  - We present a rare case of invasive liver abscess syndrome due to Klebsiella
      pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) with metastatic meningitis and septic shock. A
      previously healthy, 55-year-old female patient developed fever, liver abscess,
      septic shock, purulent meningitis and metastatic hydrocephalus. Upon admission,
      the clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging examinations were compatible
      with a diagnosis of K. pneumoniae primary liver abscess. Her distal metastasis
      infection involved meningitis and hydrocephalus, which could flare abruptly and
      be life threatening. Even with early adequate drainage and antibiotic therapy,
      the patient's condition deteriorated and she ultimately died. To the best of our
      knowledge, this is the first case of K. pneumoniae invasive liver abscess
      syndrome with septic meningitis reported in mainland China. Our findings reflect
      the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors,
      complications, comorbid medical conditions and treatment of this disease. 

PMID- 26973428
TI  - Gaze-enabled Egocentric Video Summarization via Constrained Submodular
      Maximization.
AB  - With the proliferation of wearable cameras, the number of videos of users
      documenting their personal lives using such devices is rapidly increasing. Since
      such videos may span hours, there is an important need for mechanisms that
      represent the information content in a compact form (i.e., shorter videos which
      are more easily browsable/sharable). Motivated by these applications, this paper
      focuses on the problem of egocentric video summarization. Such videos are usually
      continuous with significant camera shake and other quality issues. Because of
      these reasons, there is growing consensus that direct application of standard
      video summarization tools to such data yields unsatisfactory performance. In this
      paper, we demonstrate that using gaze tracking information (such as fixation and
      saccade) significantly helps the summarization task. It allows meaningful
      comparison of different image frames and enables deriving personalized summaries
      (gaze provides a sense of the camera wearer's intent). We formulate a
      summarization model which captures common-sense properties of a good summary, and
      show that it can be solved as a submodular function maximization with partition
      matroid constraints, opening the door to a rich body of work from combinatorial
      optimization. We evaluate our approach on a new gaze-enabled egocentric video
      dataset (over 15 hours), which will be a valuable standalone resource.

PMID- 26973430
TI  - Differentially Private Frequent Sequence Mining via Sampling-based Candidate
      Pruning.
AB  - In this paper, we study the problem of mining frequent sequences under the
      rigorous differential privacy model. We explore the possibility of designing a
      differentially private frequent sequence mining (FSM) algorithm which can achieve
      both high data utility and a high degree of privacy. We found, in differentially
      private FSM, the amount of required noise is proportionate to the number of
      candidate sequences. If we could effectively reduce the number of unpromising
      candidate sequences, the utility and privacy tradeoff can be significantly
      improved. To this end, by leveraging a sampling-based candidate pruning
      technique, we propose a novel differentially private FSM algorithm, which is
      referred to as PFS2. The core of our algorithm is to utilize sample databases to
      further prune the candidate sequences generated based on the downward closure
      property. In particular, we use the noisy local support of candidate sequences in
      the sample databases to estimate which sequences are potentially frequent. To
      improve the accuracy of such private estimations, a sequence shrinking method is
      proposed to enforce the length constraint on the sample databases. Moreover, to
      decrease the probability of misestimating frequent sequences as infrequent, a
      threshold relaxation method is proposed to relax the user-specified threshold for
      the sample databases. Through formal privacy analysis, we show that our PFS2
      algorithm is epsilon-differentially private. Extensive experiments on real
      datasets illustrate that our PFS2 algorithm can privately find frequent sequences
      with high accuracy.

PMID- 26973431
TI  - Kinetic analysis of MgB2 layer formation in advanced internal magnesium
      infiltration (AIMI) processed MgB2 wires.
AB  - Significantly enhanced critical current density (Jc) for MgB2 superconducting
      wires can be obtained following the advanced internal Mg infiltration (AIMI)
      route. But unless suitable precautions are taken, the AIMI-processed MgB2 wires
      will exhibit incomplete MgB2 layer formation, i.e. reduced superconductor core
      size and hence suppressed current-carrying capability. Microstructural
      characterization of AIMI MgB2 wires before and after the heat treatment reveals
      that the reaction mechanism changes from a "Mg infiltration-reaction" at the
      beginning of the heat treatment to a "Mg diffusion-reaction" once a dense MgB2
      layer is formed. A drastic drop in the Mg transport rate from infiltration to
      diffusion causes the termination of the MgB2 core growth. To quantify this
      process, a two-stage kinetic model is built to describe the MgB2 layer formation
      and growth. The derived kinetic model and the associated experimental
      observations indicate that fully reacted AIMI-processed MgB2 wires can be
      achieved following the optimization of B particle size, B powder packing density,
      MgB2 reaction activation energy and its response to the additions of dopants.

PMID- 26973429
TI  - Refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis - proposal of a definition and recommendations
      for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
AB  - Patients with sarcoidosis undergo spontaneous remission or may be effectively
      controlled with glucocorticoids alone in many cases. Progressive and refractory
      pulmonary sarcoidoisis constitute more than 10% of patients seen at specialized
      centers. Pulmonary fibrosis and associated complications, such as infections and
      pulmonary hypertension are leading causes of mortality. No universal definition
      of refractoriness exists, we therefore propose classifying patients as having
      refractory disease when the following criteria are fulfilled: (1) progressive
      disease despite at least 10 mg of prednisolone or equivalent for at least three
      months and need for additional disease-modifying anti-sarcoid drugs due to lack
      of efficacy, drug toxicity or intolerability and (2) treatment started for
      significant impairment of life due to progressive pulmonary symptoms. Both
      criteria should be fulfilled. Treatment options in addition to or instead of
      glucocorticoids for these patients include second- (methotrexate, azathioprine,
      leflunomide) and third-line agents (infliximab, adalimumab). Other
      immunmodulating agents can be used, but the evidence is very limited. Newer
      agents with anti-fibrotic properties, such as pirfenidone or nintedanib, might
      hold promise also for the pulmonary fibrosis seen in sarcoidosis. Treating
      physicians have to actively look for potentially treatable complications, such as
      pulmonary hypertension, cardiac disease or infections before patients should be
      classified as treatment-refractory. Ultimately, lung transplantation has to be
      considered as treatment option for patients not responding to medical therapy. In
      this review, we aim to propose a new definition of refractoriness, describe the
      associated clinical features and suggest the therapeutic approach.

PMID- 26973434
TI  - Mycobacterium leprae alters classical activation of human monocytes in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of leprosy,
      caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The polarized clinical presentations in leprosy
      are associated with differential immune activation. In tuberculoid leprosy,
      macrophages show a classical activation phenotype (M1), while macrophages in
      lepromatous disease display characteristics of alternative activation (M2).
      Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, which protects against leprosy, can
      promote sustained changes in monocyte response to unrelated pathogens and may
      preferentially direct monocytes towards an M1 protective phenotype. We previously
      reported that M. leprae can dampen the response of naive human monocytes to a
      strong inducer of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as BCG. Here, we investigated
      the ability of the pathogen to alter the direction of macrophage polarization and
      the impact of BCG vaccination on the monocyte response to M. leprae. FINDINGS: We
      show that in vitro exposure of monocytes from healthy donors to M. leprae
      interferes with subsequent M1 polarization, indicated by lower levels of M1
      associated cytokine/chemokines released and reduced expression of M1 cell surface
      markers. Exposure to M. leprae phenolic glycolipid (PGL) 1, instead of whole
      bacteria, demonstrated a similar effect on M1 cytokine/chemokine release. In
      addition, we found that monocytes from 10-week old BCG-vaccinated infants
      released higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta
      in response to M. leprae compared to those from unvaccinated infants. CONCLUSION:
      Exposure to M. leprae has an inhibitory effect on M1 macrophage polarization,
      likely mediated through PGL-1. By directing monocyte/macrophages preferentially
      towards M1 activation, BCG vaccination may render the cells more refractory to
      the inhibitory effects of subsequent M. leprae infection.

PMID- 26973433
TI  - Suppression of Spry4 enhances cancer stem cell properties of human MDA-MB-231
      breast carcinoma cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells contribute to tumor initiation, heterogeneity, and
      recurrence, and are critical targets in cancer therapy. Sprouty4 (Spry4) is a
      potent inhibitor of signal transduction pathways elicited by receptor tyrosine
      kinases, and has roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration and
      differentiation. Spry4 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor and in
      modulating embryonic stem cells. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to
      test the novel idea that Spry4 regulates cancer stem cell properties in breast
      cancer. METHODS: Loss-of function of Spry4 in human MDA-MB-231 cell was used to
      test our hypothesis. Spry4 knockdown or control cell lines were generated using
      lentiviral delivery of human Spry4 or non-targeting control shRNAs, and then
      selected with 2 MUg/ml puromycin. Cell growth and migratory abilities were
      determined using growth curve and cell cycle flow cytometry analyses and scratch
      assays, respectively. Xenograft tumor model was used to determine the tumorigenic
      activity and metastasis in vivo. Cancer stem cell related markers were evaluated
      using immunoblotting assays and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cancer stem
      cell phenotype was evaluated using in vitro mammosphere formation and drug
      sensitivity tests, and in vivo limiting dilution tumor formation assay. RESULTS:
      Two out of three tested human Spry4 shRNAs significantly suppressed the
      expression of endogenous Spry4 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Suppressing Spry4 expression
      increased MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and migration. Suppressing Spry4
      increased beta3-integrin expression, and CD133(+)CD44(+) subpopulation.
      Suppressing Spry4 increased mammosphere formation, while decreasing the
      sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to Paclitaxel treatment. Finally, suppressing
      Spry4 increased the potency of MDA-MB-231 cell tumor initiation, a feature
      attributed to cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide novel evidence
      that endogenous Spry4 may have tumor suppressive activity in breast cancer by
      suppressing cancer stem cell properties in addition to negative effects on tumor
      cell proliferation and migration.

PMID- 26973438
TI  - A novel method for estimating distributions of body mass index.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding trends in the distribution of body mass index (BMI) is
      a critical aspect of monitoring the global overweight and obesity epidemic.
      Conventional population health metrics often only focus on estimating and
      reporting the mean BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which do not
      fully characterize the distribution of BMI. In this study, we propose a novel
      method which allows for the estimation of the entire distribution. METHODS: The
      proposed method utilizes the optimization algorithm, L-BFGS-B, to derive the
      distribution of BMI from three commonly available population health statistics:
      mean BMI, prevalence of overweight, and prevalence of obesity. We conducted a
      series of simulations to examine the properties, accuracy, and robustness of the
      method. We then illustrated the practical application of the method by applying
      it to the 2011-2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
      RESULTS: Our method performed satisfactorily across various simulation scenarios
      yielding empirical (estimated) distributions which aligned closely with the true
      distributions. Application of the method to the NHANES data also showed a high
      level of consistency between the empirical and true distributions. In situations
      where there were considerable outliers, the method was less satisfactory at
      capturing the extreme values. Nevertheless, it remained accurate at estimating
      the central tendency and quintiles. CONCLUSION: The proposed method offers a tool
      that can efficiently estimate the entire distribution of BMI. The ability to
      track the distributions of BMI will improve our capacity to capture changes in
      the severity of overweight and obesity and enable us to better monitor the
      epidemic.

PMID- 26973435
TI  - Stathmin involvement in the maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase pathway in
      glioblastoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) is a serine/threonine
      kinase involved in cell cycle, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
      These multiple features are consistent with it being a potential anticancer
      target. Nevertheless, the MELK pathway in tumorigenesis is not yet completely
      understood. This study aims to identify proteins associated with MELK pathway in
      astrocytomas. To this end, proteomic data of the human glioma cell line U87MG
      transfected with siRNA for MELK were compared with non-target transfected control
      cells and compared with oligonucleotide microarray data. RESULTS: In both assays,
      we identified stathmin/oncoprotein 18 (STMN1), involved in cell cycle. STMN1 gene
      expression was further assessed in a series of 154 astrocytomas and 22 non
      neoplastic brain samples by qRT-PCR. STMN1 expression was significantly increased
      in malignant diffusely infiltrative astrocytomas compared with pilocytic
      astrocytoma (p < 0.0001). A strong correlation between MELK and STMN1 expressions
      was observed (r = 0.741, p < 0.0001) in glioblastoma (GBM) samples. However, no
      difference on survival times was found when compared GBM cases with upregulated
      and downregulated STMN1 (Breslow = 0.092, median survival time: 11 and 13 months,
      respectively). Functional assays knocking down MELK by siRNA in GBM cell line
      showed that gene and protein expression of both MELK and stathmin were
      diminished. On the other hand, when the same analysis was performed for STMN1,
      only stathmin gene and protein was silenced. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented
      herein point stahtmin as a downstream target in the MELK pathway that plays a
      role in malignant progression of astrocytomas.

PMID- 26973437
TI  - Methods of applying the 1994 case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome - impact
      on classification and observed illness characteristics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple case definitions are in use to identify chronic fatigue
      syndrome (CFS). Even when using the same definition, methods used to apply
      definitional criteria may affect results. The Centers for Disease Control and
      Prevention (CDC) conducted two population-based studies estimating CFS prevalence
      using the 1994 case definition; one relied on direct questions for criteria of
      fatigue, functional impairment and symptoms (1997 Wichita; Method 1), and the
      other used subscale score thresholds of standardized questionnaires for criteria
      (2004 Georgia; Method 2). Compared to previous reports the 2004 CFS prevalence
      estimate was higher, raising questions about whether changes in the method of
      operationalizing affected this and illness characteristics. METHODS: The follow
      up of the Georgia cohort allowed direct comparison of both methods of applying
      the 1994 case definition. Of 1961 participants (53 % of eligible) who completed
      the detailed telephone interview, 919 (47 %) were eligible for and 751 (81 %)
      underwent clinical evaluation including medical/psychiatric evaluations. Data
      from the 499 individuals with complete data and without exclusionary conditions
      was available for this analysis. RESULTS: A total of 86 participants were
      classified as CFS by one or both methods; 44 cases identified by both methods, 15
      only identified by Method 1, and 27 only identified by Method 2 (Kappa 0.63; 95 %
      confidence interval [CI]: 0.53, 0.73 and concordance 91.59 %). The CFS group
      identified by both methods were more fatigued, had worse functioning, and more
      symptoms than those identified by only one method. Moderate to severe depression
      was noted in only one individual who was classified as CFS by both methods. When
      comparing the CFS groups identified by only one method, those only identified by
      Method 2 were either similar to or more severely affected in fatigue, function,
      and symptoms than those only identified by Method 1. CONCLUSIONS: The two methods
      demonstrated substantial concordance. While Method 2 classified more participants
      as CFS, there was no indication that they were less severely ill or more
      depressed. The classification differences do not fully explain the prevalence
      increase noted in the 2004 Georgia study. Use of standardized instruments for the
      major CFS domains provides advantages for disease stratification and comparing
      CFS patients to other illnesses.

PMID- 26973439
TI  - Model specification and bootstrapping for multiply imputed data: An application
      to count models for the frequency of alcohol use.
AB  - Stata's mi commands provide powerful tools to conduct multiple imputation in the
      presence of ignorable missing data. In this article, I present Stata code to
      extend the capabilities of the mi commands to address two areas of statistical
      inference where results are not easily aggregated across imputed datasets. First,
      mi commands are restricted to covariate selection. I show how to address model
      fit to correctly specify a model. Second, the mi commands readily aggregate model
      based standard errors. I show how standard errors can be bootstrapped for
      situations where model assumptions may not be met. I illustrate model
      specification and bootstrapping on frequency counts for the number of times that
      alcohol was consumed in data with missing observations from a behavioral
      intervention.

PMID- 26973441
TI  - Designing Colorectal Cancer Screening Decision Support: A Cognitive Engineering
      Enterprise.
AB  - Adoption of clinical decision support has been limited. Important barriers
      include an emphasis on algorithmic approaches to decision support that do not
      align well with clinical work flow and human decision strategies, and the expense
      and challenge of developing, implementing, and refining decision support features
      in existing electronic health records (EHRs). We applied decision-centered design
      to create a modular software application to support physicians in managing and
      tracking colorectal cancer screening. Using decision-centered design facilitates
      a thorough understanding of cognitive support requirements from an end user
      perspective as a foundation for design. In this project, we used an iterative
      design process, including ethnographic observation and cognitive task analysis,
      to move from an initial design concept to a working modular software application
      called the Screening & Surveillance App. The beta version is tailored to work
      with the Veterans Health Administration's EHR Computerized Patient Record System
      (CPRS). Primary care providers using the beta version Screening & Surveillance
      App more accurately answered questions about patients and found relevant
      information more quickly compared to those using CPRS alone. Primary care
      providers also reported reduced mental effort and rated the Screening &
      Surveillance App positively for usability.

PMID- 26973440
TI  - Language-based social preferences among children in South Africa.
AB  - Monolingual English-speaking children in the United States express social
      preferences for speakers of their native language with a native accent. Here we
      explore the nature of children's language-based social preferences through
      research with children in South Africa, a multilingual nation. Like children in
      the United States, Xhosa South African children preferred speakers of their first
      language (Xhosa) to speakers of a foreign language (French). Thus, social
      preferences based on language are observed not only among children with limited
      exposure to cultural and linguistic variation but also among children living in a
      diverse linguistic environment. Moreover, Xhosa children attending school in
      English expressed social preferences for speakers of English over speakers of
      Xhosa, even when tested by a Xhosa-speaking experimenter. Thus, children's
      language-based social preferences do not depend exclusively on preferences for
      more familiar or intelligible speech but also extend to preferences for speech
      that may convey higher status in the child's society.

PMID- 26973442
TI  - Automated Spatial Brain Normalization and Hindbrain White Matter Reference Tissue
      Give Improved [(18)F]-Florbetaben PET Quantitation in Alzheimer's Model Mice.
AB  - Preclinical PET studies of beta-amyloid (Abeta) accumulation are of growing
      importance, but comparisons between research sites require standardized and
      optimized methods for quantitation. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate
      systematically the (1) impact of an automated algorithm for spatial brain
      normalization, and (2) intensity scaling methods of different reference regions
      for Abeta-PET in a large dataset of transgenic mice. PS2APP mice in a 6 week
      longitudinal setting (N = 37) and another set of PS2APP mice at a histologically
      assessed narrow range of Abeta burden (N = 40) were investigated by [(18)F]
      florbetaben PET. Manual spatial normalization by three readers at different
      training levels was performed prior to application of an automated brain spatial
      normalization and inter-reader agreement was assessed by Fleiss Kappa (kappa).
      For this method the impact of templates at different pathology stages was
      investigated. Four different reference regions on brain uptake normalization were
      used to calculate frontal cortical standardized uptake value ratios
      (SUVRCTX/REF), relative to raw SUVCTX. Results were compared on the basis of
      longitudinal stability (Cohen's d), and in reference to gold standard
      histopathological quantitation (Pearson's R). Application of an automated brain
      spatial normalization resulted in nearly perfect agreement (all kappa>=0.99)
      between different readers, with constant or improved correlation with histology.
      Templates based on inappropriate pathology stage resulted in up to 2.9%
      systematic bias for SUVRCTX/REF. All SUVRCTX/REF methods performed better than
      SUVCTX both with regard to longitudinal stability (d>=1.21 vs. d = 0.23) and
      histological gold standard agreement (R>=0.66 vs. R>=0.31). Voxel-wise analysis
      suggested a physiologically implausible longitudinal decrease by global mean
      scaling. The hindbrain white matter reference (R mean = 0.75) was slightly
      superior to the brainstem (R mean = 0.74) and the cerebellum (R mean = 0.73).
      Automated brain normalization with reference region templates presents an
      excellent method to avoid the inter-reader variability in preclinical Abeta-PET
      scans. Intracerebral reference regions lacking Abeta pathology serve for precise
      longitudinal in vivo quantification of [(18)F]-florbetaben PET. Hindbrain white
      matter reference performed best when considering the composite of quality
      criteria. 

PMID- 26973444
TI  - Direct Imaging of Hippocampal Epileptiform Calcium Motifs Following Kainic Acid
      Administration in Freely Behaving Mice.
AB  - Prolonged exposure to abnormally high calcium concentrations is thought to be a
      core mechanism underlying hippocampal damage in epileptic patients; however, no
      prior study has characterized calcium activity during seizures in the live,
      intact hippocampus. We have directly investigated this possibility by combining
      whole-brain electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements with microendoscopic
      calcium imaging of pyramidal cells in the CA1 hippocampal region of freely
      behaving mice treated with the pro-convulsant kainic acid (KA). We observed that
      KA administration led to systematic patterns of epileptiform calcium activity: a
      series of large-scale, intensifying flashes of increased calcium fluorescence
      concurrent with a cluster of low-amplitude EEG waveforms. This was accompanied by
      a steady increase in cellular calcium levels (>5 fold increase relative to the
      baseline), followed by an intense spreading calcium wave characterized by a 218%
      increase in global mean intensity of calcium fluorescence (n = 8, range [114
      349%], p < 10(-4); t-test). The wave had no consistent EEG phenotype and occurred
      before the onset of motor convulsions. Similar changes in calcium activity were
      also observed in animals treated with 2 different proconvulsant agents, N-methyl
      D-aspartate (NMDA) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), suggesting the measured changes
      in calcium dynamics are a signature of seizure activity rather than a KA-specific
      pathology. Additionally, despite reducing the behavioral severity of KA-induced
      seizures, the anticonvulsant drug valproate (VA, 300 mg/kg) did not modify the
      observed abnormalities in calcium dynamics. These results confirm the presence of
      pathological calcium activity preceding convulsive motor seizures and support
      calcium as a candidate signaling molecule in a pathway connecting seizures to
      subsequent cellular damage. Integrating in vivo calcium imaging with traditional
      assessment of seizures could potentially increase translatability of
      pharmacological intervention, leading to novel drug screening paradigms and
      therapeutics designed to target and abolish abnormal patterns of both electrical
      and calcium excitation. 

PMID- 26973443
TI  - Performance Monitoring in Medication-Naive Children with Tourette Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental
      disorder and its impact on cognitive development needs further study. Evidence
      from neuropsychological, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies suggests
      that the decline in tic severity and the ability to suppress tics relate to the
      development of self-regulatory functions in late childhood and adolescence.
      Hence, tasks measuring performance monitoring might provide insight into the
      regulation of tics in children with TS. METHOD: Twenty-five children with TS,
      including 14 with comorbid Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 39
      children with ADHD and 35 typically developing children aged 8-12 years were
      tested with a modified Eriksen-Flanker task during a 34-channel
      electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Task performance, as well as stimulus
      locked and response-locked event-related potentials (ERP) were analyzed and
      compared across groups. RESULTS: Participants did not differ in their behavioral
      performance. Children with TS showed higher amplitudes of an early P3 component
      of the stimulus-locked ERPs in ensemble averages and in separate trial outcomes,
      suggesting heightened orienting and/or attention during stimulus evaluation. In
      response-locked averages, children with TS had a slightly higher positive complex
      before the motor response, likely also reflecting a late P3. Groups did not
      differ in post-response components, particularly in the error-related negativity
      (ERN) and error-related positivity (Pe). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that
      children with TS may employ additional attentional resources as a compensatory
      mechanism to maintain equal behavioral performance.

PMID- 26973445
TI  - Beta-Band Functional Connectivity is Reorganized in Mild Cognitive Impairment
      after Combined Computerized Physical and Cognitive Training.
AB  - Physical and cognitive idleness constitute significant risk factors for the
      clinical manifestation of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, a
      physically and cognitively active lifestyle may restructure age-declined neuronal
      networks enhancing neuroplasticity. The present study, investigated the changes
      of brain's functional network in a group of elderly individuals at risk for
      dementia that were induced by a combined cognitive and physical intervention
      scheme. Fifty seniors meeting Petersen's criteria of Mild Cognitive Impairment
      were equally divided into an experimental (LLM), and an active control (AC)
      group. Resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured before and after the
      intervention. Functional networks were estimated by computing the magnitude
      square coherence between the time series of all available cortical sources as
      computed by standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography
      (sLORETA). A statistical model was used to form groups' characteristic weighted
      graphs. The introduced modulation was assessed by networks' density and nodes'
      strength. Results focused on the beta band (12-30 Hz) in which the difference of
      the two networks' density is maximum, indicating that the structure of the LLM
      cortical network changes significantly due to the intervention, in contrast to
      the network of AC. The node strength of LLM participants in the beta band
      presents a higher number of bilateral connections in the occipital, parietal,
      temporal and prefrontal regions after the intervention. Our results show that the
      combined training scheme reorganizes the beta-band functional connectivity of MCI
      patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02313935
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02313935. 

PMID- 26973447
TI  - Sexual Stimulation Increases the Survival of New Cells in the Accessory Olfactory
      Bulb of the Male Rat.
AB  - Sexual behavior in rodents is modulated by the olfactory system. The olfactory
      bulb (OB) is a structure that undergoes continues neurogenesis in adulthood. We
      have previously shown that 15 days after males rats pace the sexual interaction
      and ejaculate 1 or 3 times, there is an increase in the density of new cells that
      reach the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). The aim of the present study was to
      evaluate if sexual behavior in male rats increases the density of new neurons
      that survive 45 days after sexual behavior in the AOB and in the main OB (MOB).
      Male rats were randomly divided in four groups: (1) Control (Ctr), males without
      sexual interaction; (2) Exposed (Exp), males only exposed to a sexually receptive
      female; (3) No pacing (NP), males that mated in conditions in which the female
      paced the sexual interaction; (4) One ejaculation (1E), males that paced the
      sexual interaction with a receptive female and ejaculated once; and (5) Three
      ejaculations (3E), males that paced the sexual interaction and were allowed to
      ejaculate three times. All males were injected with the DNA synthesis marker 5
      bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and were tested in one of the above conditions. 45
      days later they were sacrificed, and the OBs were processed to identify new cells
      and evaluate if they had differentiated into neurons. Our data indicate that
      males that ejaculated three times showed an increase in the density of new cells
      that survive in the posterior part of the granular cell layer of the AOB and have
      more new neurons that the control group. However, no significant differences were
      found in the percentage of new cells that differentiate into neurons. No
      significant increase in the density of new cells was observed in the MOB. Our
      data show that pacing the sexual interaction until three ejaculations increases
      the density of new cells and neurons in the granular layer of the AOB, confirming
      that sexual behavior induces long-lasting plastic changes in the OB. 

PMID- 26973446
TI  - Hybrid PET/MR Imaging and Brain Connectivity.
AB  - In recent years, brain connectivity is gaining ever-increasing interest from the
      interdisciplinary research community. The study of brain connectivity is
      characterized by a multifaceted approach providing both structural and functional
      evidence of the relationship between cerebral regions at different scales.
      Although magnetic resonance (MR) is the most established imaging modality for
      investigating connectivity in vivo, the recent advent of hybrid positron emission
      tomography (PET)/MR scanners paved the way for more comprehensive investigation
      of brain organization and physiology. Due to the high sensitivity and biochemical
      specificity of radiotracers, combining MR with PET imaging may enrich our ability
      to investigate connectivity by introducing the concept of metabolic connectivity
      and cometomics and promoting new insights on the physiological and molecular
      bases underlying high-level neural organization. This review aims to describe and
      summarize the main methods of analysis of brain connectivity employed in MR
      imaging and nuclear medicine. Moreover, it will discuss practical aspects and
      state-of-the-art techniques for exploiting hybrid PET/MR imaging to investigate
      the relationship of physiological processes and brain connectivity. 

PMID- 26973449
TI  - BBBomics-Human Blood Brain Barrier Transcriptomics Hub.

PMID- 26973448
TI  - Testosterone Administration Related Differences in Brain Activation during the
      Ultimatum Game.
AB  - A plethora of studies on the Ultimatum Game have shown that responders forfeit
      the rule of profit maximization and punish unfair proposers, by rejecting their
      offers. This behavior has been linked to increased amygdala, insula, and
      dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation. Studies have suggested a potential
      role of testosterone in the Ultimatum Game albeit with inconsistent findings. In
      the present study, we sought to further investigate the role of amygdala and
      testosterone in the Ultimatum Game, by conducting a double-blinded, single
      administration study. Sixty milligram of Tostrex was administered to male and
      female healthy volunteers, 3 h prior to undergoing an fMRI session, during which
      they played a standard version of the Ultimatum Game. The behavioral analysis
      revealed a statistical trend, as participants in the testosterone group tended to
      accept a greater number of unfair offers than participants in the placebo group,
      irrespectively of gender. In terms of fMRI results, for the main contrast
      unfair>fair offers, the testosterone group displayed a greater activation in the
      right dlPFC compared to the placebo group. Increased testosterone levels were
      related to greater caudate activity. Our findings suggest a complex role of
      testosterone in social behavior and decision-making. 

PMID- 26973450
TI  - Murine Depression Model and its Potential Applications for Discovering Foods and
      Farm Products with Antidepressant-Like Effects.
AB  - Advanced societies face increased health problems related to various stresses.
      Chronic psychological stress is a major risk factor for psychiatric disorders
      such as depression. Although therapeutic agents reduce several symptoms of
      depression, most have side effects in a broad range of the population.
      Furthermore, some victims of depression do not show significant improvement with
      any drugs, so alternative approaches are needed. Good dietary habits may
      potentially reduce depressive symptoms, but there is little scientific evidence
      thus far. Murine depression models are useful to test nutritional approaches in
      vivo. Our model mice subjected to a subchronic mild social defeat stress (sCSDS)
      paradigm show several alterations in physiological parameters and social
      behavior. These stress-induced symptoms in sCSDS mice can be used as cues to
      identify antidepressant-like natural resources including foods and farm products.
      We previously discovered that sCSDS mice show more vulnerability to social stress
      by changing dietary condition. In addition, we developed a more objective system
      for analyzing mouse behavior using a 3D depth-sensing camera to understand
      relationships between diet and behavior. The combination of sCSDS mice with 3D
      behavioral analysis is a powerful method for screening ingredients in foods and
      farm products for antidepressant-like effects. 

PMID- 26973451
TI  - Deficits in the Sensitivity to Pitch Sweeps by School-Aged Children Wearing
      Cochlear Implants.
AB  - Sensitivity to static changes in pitch has been shown to be poorer in school-aged
      children wearing cochlear implants (CIs) than children with normal hearing (NH),
      but it is unclear whether this is also the case for dynamic changes in pitch.
      Yet, dynamically changing pitch has considerable ecological relevance in terms of
      natural speech, particularly aspects such as intonation, emotion, or lexical tone
      information. Twenty one children with NH and 23 children wearing a CI
      participated in this study, along with 18 NH adults and 6 CI adults for
      comparison. Listeners with CIs used their clinically assigned settings with
      envelope-based coding strategies. Percent correct was measured in one- or three
      interval two-alternative forced choice tasks, for the direction or discrimination
      of harmonic complexes based on a linearly rising or falling fundamental
      frequency. Sweep rates were adjusted per subject, in a logarithmic scale, so as
      to cover the full extent of the psychometric function. Data for up- and down
      sweeps were fitted separately, using a maximum-likelihood technique. Fits were
      similar for up- and down-sweeps in the discrimination task, but diverged in the
      direction task because psychometric functions for down-sweeps were very shallow.
      Hits and false alarms were then converted into d' and beta values, from which a
      threshold was extracted at a d' of 0.77. Thresholds were very consistent between
      the two tasks and considerably higher (worse) for CI listeners than for their NH
      peers. Thresholds were also higher for children than adults. Factors such as age
      at implantation, age at profound hearing loss, and duration of CI experience did
      not play any major role in this sensitivity. Thresholds of dynamic pitch
      sensitivity (in either task) also correlated with thresholds for static pitch
      sensitivity and with performance in tasks related to speech prosody. 

PMID- 26973452
TI  - The Contradictory Effects of Neuronal Hyperexcitation on Adult Hippocampal
      Neurogenesis.
AB  - Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a highly plastic process that responds swiftly
      to neuronal activity. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be regulated at the
      level of neural stem cell recruitment and activation, progenitor proliferation,
      as well as newborn cell survival and differentiation. An "excitation
      neurogenesis" rule was proposed after the demonstration of the capability of
      cultured neural stem and progenitor cells to intrinsically sense neuronal
      excitatory activity. In vivo, this property has remained elusive although
      recently the direct response of neural stem cells to GABA in the hippocampus via
      GABAA receptors has evidenced a mechanism for a direct talk between neurons and
      neural stem cells. As it is pro-neurogenic, the effect of excitatory neuronal
      activity has been generally considered beneficial. But what happens in situations
      of neuronal hyperactivity in which neurogenesis can be dramatically boosted? In
      animal models, electroconvulsive shock markedly increases neurogenesis. On the
      contrary, in epilepsy rodent models, seizures induce the generation of misplaced
      neurons with abnormal morphological and electrophysiological properties, namely
      aberrant neurogenesis. We will herein discuss what is known about the mechanisms
      of influence of neurons on neural stem cells, as well as the severe effects of
      neuronal hyperexcitation on hippocampal neurogenesis. 

PMID- 26973454
TI  - Inducing Chronic Excitotoxicity in the Mouse Spinal Cord to Investigate Lower
      Motor Neuron Degeneration.
AB  - We report the methodology for the chronic delivery of an excitotoxin to the mouse
      spinal cord via surgically implanted osmotic mini-pumps. Previous studies have
      investigated the effect of chronic application of excitotoxins in the rat,
      however there has been little translation of this model to the mouse. Using mice
      that express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), motor neuron and neuromuscular
      junction alterations can be investigate following targeted, long-term (28 days)
      exposure to the alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)
      receptor excitotoxin, kainic acid. By targeting the L3-4 region of the lumbar
      spinal cord, with insertion of an intrathecal catheter into the subarachnoid
      space at L5, chronic application of the kainic acid results in slow excitotoxic
      death in the anterior ventral horn, with a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in
      the number of SMI-32 immunopositive neurons present after 28 days infusion. Use
      of the Thy1-YFP mice provides unrivaled visualization of the neuromuscular
      junction and enables the resultant distal degeneration in skeletal muscle to be
      observed. Both neuromuscular junction retraction at the gastrocnemius muscle and
      axonal fragmentation in the sciatic nerve were observed after chronic infusion of
      kainic acid for 28 days. Lower motor neuron, and distal neuromuscular junction,
      degeneration are pathological hallmarks of the devastating neurodegenerative
      disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). This mouse model will be
      advantageous for increasing our understanding of how the pathophysiological
      phenomena associated with this disease can lead to lower motor neuron loss and
      distal pathology, as well as providing a robust in vivo platform to test
      therapeutic interventions directed at excitotoxic mechanisms. 

PMID- 26973453
TI  - Hypocellularity in the Murine Model for Down Syndrome Ts65Dn Is Not Affected by
      Adult Neurogenesis.
AB  - Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the chromosome
      21 and it is the most common aneuploidy producing intellectual disability. Neural
      mechanisms underlying this alteration may include defects in the formation of
      neuronal networks, information processing and brain plasticity. The murine model
      for DS, Ts65Dn, presents reduced adult neurogenesis. This reduction has been
      suggested to underlie the hypocellularity of the hippocampus as well as the
      deficit in olfactory learning in the Ts65Dn mice. Similar alterations have also
      been observed in individuals with DS. To determine whether the impairment in
      adult neurogenesis is, in fact, responsible for the hypocellularity in the
      hippocampus and physiology of the olfactory bulb, we have analyzed cell
      proliferation and neuronal maturation in the two major adult neurogenic niches in
      the Ts656Dn mice: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the
      subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we carried out a study to determine the
      survival rate and phenotypic fate of newly generated cells in both regions,
      injecting 5'BrdU and sacrificing the mice 21 days later, and analyzing the number
      and phenotype of the remaining 5'BrdU-positive cells. We observed a reduction in
      the number of proliferating (Ki67 positive) cells and immature (doublecortin
      positive) neurons in the subgranular and SVZ of Ts65Dn mice, but we did not
      observe changes in the number of surviving cells or in their phenotype. These
      data correlated with a lower number of apoptotic cells (cleaved caspase 3
      positive) in Ts65Dn. We conclude that although adult Ts65Dn mice have a lower
      number of proliferating cells, it is compensated by a lower level of cell death.
      This higher survival rate in Ts65Dn produces a final number of mature cells
      similar to controls. Therefore, the reduction of adult neurogenesis cannot be
      held responsible for the neuronal hypocellularity in the hippocampus or for the
      olfactory learning deficit of Ts65Dn mice. 

PMID- 26973455
TI  - Prefrontal Ischemia in the Rat Leads to Secondary Damage and Inflammation in
      Remote Gray and White Matter Regions.
AB  - Secondary damage processes, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, can
      exacerbate an ischemic lesion and spread to adjacent brain regions. Yet, few
      studies investigate how regions remote from the infarct could also suffer from
      degeneration and inflammation in the aftermath of a stroke. To find out to what
      extent far-remote brain regions are affected after stroke, we used a bilateral
      endothelin-1-induced prefrontal infarct rat model. Brain regions posterior to the
      prefrontal cortical infarct were analyzed for ongoing neurodegeneration using
      FluoroJadeB (FJB) and for neuroinflammation using Iba1 and OX-6
      immunohistochemistry 28 days post-stroke. The FJB-positive dorsomedial nucleus of
      the thalamus (DMN) and retrosplenial area (RSA) of the cortex displayed
      substantial neuroinflammation. Significant neuronal loss was only observed within
      the cortex. Significant microglia recruitment and activation in the FJB-positive
      internal capsule indicates remote white matter pathology. These findings
      demonstrate that even regions far remote from an infarct are affected predictably
      based on anatomical connectivity, and that white matter inflammation is an
      integral part of remote pathology. The delayed nature of this pathology makes it
      a valid target for preventative treatment, potentially with an extended time
      window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention using anti-inflammatory
      agents. 

PMID- 26973456
TI  - Long Non-coding RNA in Neurons: New Players in Early Response to BDNF
      Stimulation.
AB  - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin family member that is
      highly expressed and widely distributed in the brain. BDNF is critical for neural
      survival and plasticity both during development and in adulthood, and dysfunction
      in its signaling may contribute to a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Deep
      understanding of the BDNF-activated molecular cascade may thus help to find new
      biomarkers and therapeutic targets. One interesting direction is related to the
      early phase of BDNF-dependent gene expression regulation, which is responsible
      for the activation of selective gene programs that lead to stable functional and
      structural remodeling of neurons. Immediate-early coding genes activated by BDNF
      are under investigation, but the involvement of the non-coding RNAs is largely
      unexplored, especially the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). lncRNAs are emerging
      as key regulators that can orchestrate different aspects of nervous system
      development, homeostasis, and plasticity, making them attractive candidate
      markers and therapeutic targets for brain diseases. We used microarray technology
      to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in the immediate response phase of
      BDNF stimulation in a neuronal cell model. Our observations on the putative
      functional role of lncRNAs provide clues to their involvement as master
      regulators of gene expression cascade triggered by BDNF. 

PMID- 26973457
TI  - Repeated Blockade of NMDA Receptors During Adolescence Impairs Reversal Learning
      and Disrupts GABAergic Interneurons in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex.
AB  - Adolescence is of particular significance to schizophrenia, since psychosis onset
      typically occurs in this critical period. Based on the N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia, in this study, we
      investigated whether and how repeated NMDA receptor blockade during adolescence
      would affect GABAergic interneurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and
      mPFC-mediated cognitive functions. Specifically, adolescent rats were subjected
      to intraperitoneal administration of MK-801 (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg), a non
      competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, for 14 days and then tested for reference
      memory and reversal learning in the water maze. The density of parvabumin (PV)-,
      calbindin (CB)- and calretinin (CR)-positive neurons in mPFC was analyzed at
      either 24 h or 7 days after drug cessation. We found that MK-801 treatment
      delayed reversal learning in the water maze without affecting initial
      acquisition. Strikingly, MK-801 treatment also significantly reduced the density
      of PV(+) and CB(+) neurons, and this effect persisted for 7 days after drug
      cessation at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg. We further demonstrated that the reduction in
      PV(+) and CB(+) neuron densities was ascribed to a downregulation of the
      expression levels of PV and CB, but not to neuronal death. These results parallel
      the behavioral and neuropathological changes of schizophrenia and provide
      evidence that adolescent NMDA receptors antagonism offers a useful tool for
      unraveling the etiology of the disease. 

PMID- 26973458
TI  - Enrichment of GABAA Receptor alpha-Subunits on the Axonal Initial Segment Shows
      Regional Differences.
AB  - Although it is generally recognized that certain alpha-subunits of gamma
      aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) form enriched clusters on the axonal
      initial segment (AIS), the degree to which these clusters vary in different brain
      areas is not well known. In the current study, we quantified the density, size,
      and enrichment ratio of fluorescently labeled alpha1-, alpha2-, or alpha3
      subunits aggregates co-localized with the AIS-marker ankyrin G and compared them
      to aggregates in non-AIS locations among different brain areas including
      hippocampal subfields, basal lateral amygdala (BLA), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and
      sensory cortex (CTX). We found regional differences in the enrichment of GABAAR
      alpha-subunits on the AIS. Significant enrichment was identified in the CA3 of
      hippocampus for alpha1-subunits, in the CA1, CA3, and BLA for alpha2-subunits,
      and in the BLA for alpha3-subunits. Using alpha-subunit knock-out (KO) mice, we
      found that BLA enrichment of alpha2- and alpha3-subunits were physiologically
      independent of each other, as the enrichment of one subunit was unaffected by the
      genomic deletion of the other. To further investigate the unique pattern of alpha
      subunit enrichment in the BLA, we examined the association of alpha2- and alpha3
      subunits with the presynaptic vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) and the anchoring
      protein gephyrin (Geph). As expected, both alpha2- and alpha3-subunits on the AIS
      within the BLA received prominent GABAergic innervation from vGAT-positive
      terminals. Further, we found that the association of alpha2- and alpha3-subunits
      with Geph was weaker in AIS versus non-AIS locations, suggesting that Geph might
      be playing a lesser role in the enrichment of alpha2- and alpha3-subunits on the
      AIS. Overall, these observations suggest that GABAARs on the AIS differ in
      subunit composition across brain regions. As with somatodendritic GABAARs, the
      distinctive expression pattern of AIS-located GABAAR alpha-subunits in the BLA,
      and other brain areas, likely contribute to unique forms of GABAergic inhibitory
      transmission and pharmacological profiles seen in different brain areas. 

PMID- 26973459
TI  - Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure Alters Stress Effects on (3alpha,5alpha)-3
      hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) Immunolabeling of Amygdala Neurons in
      C57BL/6J Mice.
AB  - The GABAergic neuroactive steroid (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one
      (3alpha,5alpha-THP, allopregnanolone) is decreased in various brain regions of
      C57BL/6J mice following exposure to an acute stressor or chronic intermittent
      ethanol (CIE) exposure and withdrawal. It is well established that there are
      complex interactions between stress and ethanol drinking, with mixed literature
      regarding the effects of stress on ethanol intake. However, there is little
      research examining how chronic ethanol exposure alters stress responses. The
      present work examined the impact of CIE exposure and withdrawal on changes in
      brain levels of 3alpha,5alpha-THP, as well as hormonal and behavioral responses
      to forced swim stress (FSS). Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to four cycles
      of CIE to induce ethanol dependence. Following 8 h or 72 h withdrawal, mice were
      subjected to FSS for 10 min, and 50 min later brains were collected for
      immunohistochemical analysis of cellular 3alpha,5alpha-THP. Behavioral and
      circulating corticosterone responses to FSS were quantified. Following 8 h
      withdrawal, ethanol exposure potentiated the corticosterone response to FSS.
      Following 72 h withdrawal, this difference was no longer observed. Following 8 h
      withdrawal, stress-exposed mice showed no differences in immobility, swimming or
      struggling behavior. However, following 72 h withdrawal, ethanol-exposed mice
      showed less immobility and greater swimming behavior compared to air-exposed
      mice. Interestingly, cellular 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels were increased in the
      lateral amygdala 8 h and 72 h post-withdrawal in stressed ethanol-exposed mice
      compared to ethanol-exposed/non-stressed mice. In the paraventricular nucleus of
      the hypothalamus, stress exposure decreased 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels compared to
      controls following 72 h withdrawal, but no differences were observed 8 h post
      withdrawal. There were no differences in cellular 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels in the
      nucleus accumbens shell at either withdrawal time point. These data suggest that
      there are different mechanisms mediating hormonal, behavioral, and brain
      responses to stress following CIE exposure. The lateral amygdala appears to be an
      extremely sensitive brain region exhibiting changes in cellular 3alpha,5alpha-THP
      levels following CIE and exposure to swim stress. It is likely that these changes
      in cellular 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels in the lateral amygdala contribute to the
      behavioral effects observed following 72 h withdrawal. 

PMID- 26973460
TI  - Mechanical Injury Induces Brain Endothelial-Derived Microvesicle Release:
      Implications for Cerebral Vascular Injury during Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - It is well established that the endothelium responds to mechanical forces induced
      by changes in shear stress and strain. However, our understanding of vascular
      remodeling following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains incomplete. Recently
      published studies have revealed that lung and umbilical endothelial cells produce
      extracellular microvesicles (eMVs), such as microparticles, in response to
      changes in mechanical forces (blood flow and mechanical injury). Yet, to date, no
      studies have shown whether brain endothelial cells produce eMVs following TBI.
      The brain endothelium is highly specialized and forms the blood-brain barrier
      (BBB), which regulates diffusion and transport of solutes into the brain. This
      specialization is largely due to the presence of tight junction proteins (TJPs)
      between neighboring endothelial cells. Following TBI, a breakdown in tight
      junction complexes at the BBB leads to increased permeability, which greatly
      contributes to the secondary phase of injury. We have therefore tested the
      hypothesis that brain endothelium responds to mechanical injury, by producing
      eMVs that contain brain endothelial proteins, specifically TJPs. In our study,
      primary human adult brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) were subjected
      to rapid mechanical injury to simulate the abrupt endothelial disruption that can
      occur in the primary injury phase of TBI. eMVs were isolated from the media
      following injury at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h. Western blot analysis of eMVs
      demonstrated a time-dependent increase in TJP occludin, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1
      following mechanical injury. In addition, activation of ARF6, a small GTPase
      linked to extracellular vesicle production, was increased after injury. To
      confirm these results in vivo, mice were subjected to sham surgery or TBI and
      blood plasma was collected 24 h post-injury. Isolation and analysis of eMVs from
      blood plasma using cryo-EM and flow cytometry revealed elevated levels of
      vesicles containing occludin following brain trauma. These results indicate that
      following TBI, the cerebral endothelium undergoes vascular remodeling through
      shedding of eMVs containing TJPs and endothelial markers. The detection of this
      shedding potentially allows for a novel methodology for real-time monitoring of
      cerebral vascular health (remodeling), BBB status and neuroinflammation following
      a TBI event. 

PMID- 26973463
TI  - CMTX Disorder and CamKinase.

PMID- 26973462
TI  - Function of Armcx3 and Armc10/SVH Genes in the Regulation of Progenitor
      Proliferation and Neural Differentiation in the Chicken Spinal Cord.
AB  - The eutherian X-chromosome specific family of Armcx genes has been described as
      originating by retrotransposition from Armc10/SVH, a single Arm-containing
      somatic gene. Armcx3 and Armc10/SVH are characterized by high expression in the
      central nervous system and they play an important role in the regulation of
      mitochondrial distribution and transport in neurons. In addition, Armcx/Arm10
      genes have several Armadillo repeats in their sequence. In this study we address
      the potential role of this gene family in neural development by using the chick
      neural tube as a model. We show that Armc10/SVH is expressed in the chicken
      spinal cord, and knocking-down Armc10/SVH by sh-RNAi electroporation in spinal
      cord reduces proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs). Moreover, we
      analyzed the effects of murine Armcx3 and Armc10 overexpression, showing that
      both proteins regulate progenitor proliferation, while Armcx3 overexpression also
      specifically controls neural maturation. We show that the phenotypes found
      following Armcx3 overexpression require its mitochondrial localization,
      suggesting a novel link between mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of neural
      development. Furthermore, we found that both Armcx3 and Armc10 may act as
      inhibitors of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. Our results highlight both common and
      differential functions of Armcx/Armc10 genes in neural development in the spinal
      cord. 

PMID- 26973464
TI  - Inhibition of Spinal Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA Receptors with Dicationic Compounds
      Alleviates Persistent Inflammatory Pain without Adverse Effects.
AB  - Upregulation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in the dorsal horn
      (DH) neurons of the spinal cord has been causally linked to the maintenance of
      persistent inflammatory pain. Therefore, inhibition of CP-AMPARs could
      potentially alleviate an, otherwise, poorly treatable chronic pain. However, a
      loss of CP-AMPARs could produce considerable side effects because of the crucial
      role of CP-AMPARs in synaptic plasticity. Here we have tested whether the
      inhibition of spinal CP-AMPARs with dicationic compounds, the open-channel
      antagonists acting in an activity-dependent manner, can relieve inflammatory pain
      without adverse effects being developed. Dicationic compounds, N1-(1
      phenylcyclohexyl)pentane-1,5-diaminium bromide (IEM-1925) and 1-trimethylammonio
      5-1-adamantane-methyl-ammoniopentane dibromide (IEM-1460) were applied
      intrathecally (i.t.) as a post-treatment for inflammatory pain in the model of
      complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced long-lasting peripheral inflammation.
      The capability of dicationic compounds to ameliorate inflammatory pain was tested
      in rats in vivo using the Hargreaves, the von Frey and the open-field tests.
      Treatment with IEM-1460 or IEM-1925 resulted in profound alleviation of
      inflammatory pain. The pain relief appeared shortly after compound
      administration. The effects were concentration-dependent, displaying a high
      potency of dicationic compounds for alleviation of inflammatory hyperalgesia in
      the micromolar range, for both acute and long-lasting responses. The period of
      pain maintenance was shortened following treatment. Treatment with IEM-1460 or
      IEM-1925 changed neither thermal and mechanical basal sensitivities nor animal
      locomotion, suggesting that inhibition of CP-AMPARs with dicationic compounds
      does not give rise to detectable side effects. Thus, the ability of dicationic
      compounds to alleviate persistent inflammatory pain may provide new routes in the
      treatment of chronic pain. 

PMID- 26973465
TI  - miRNAs Plasma Profiles in Vascular Dementia: Biomolecular Data and Biomedical
      Implications.
AB  - Vascular dementia (VaD) is a pathogenetically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric
      syndrome, mainly characterized by cognitive impairment. Among dementias, it is
      second by incidence after Alzheimer's dementia (AD). VaD biomolecular bases have
      been poorly characterized, but vascular-linked factors affecting the CNS and its
      functions are generally hypothesized to perform a major role, together with
      cardiovascular and immunological factors. miRNAs, which perform critically
      important biomolecular roles within cell networks, are also found in biological
      fluids as circulating miRNAs (cmiRNAs). We hypothesized that differentially
      expressed (DE) cmiRNAs in plasma from VaD patients could be applied to diagnose
      VaD through liquid biopsies; these profiles also could allow to start
      investigating VaD molecular bases. By exploiting TaqMan Low-Density Arrays and
      single TaqMan assays, miR-10b*, miR29a-3p, and miR-130b-3p were discovered and
      validated as significantly downregulated DE cmiRNAs in VaD patients compared to
      unaffected controls (NCs). These miRNAs also were found to be significantly
      downregulated in a matched cohort of AD patients, but miR-130b-3p levels were
      lower in AD than in VaD. A negative correlation was detected between miR-29a and
      miR-130b expression and cognitive impairment in VaD and AD, respectively.
      Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that decreased plasma
      levels of miR-10b*, miR29a-3p, and miR-130b-3p allow to discriminate VaD and AD
      patients from NCs. Furthermore, the concurrent downregulation of both miR-10b*
      and miR-130b-3p in VaD showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.789 (p < 0.0001)
      with 75% of sensitivity and 72% of specificity, whereas an AUC of 0.789 (p <
      0.0001) with 92% of sensitivity and 81% of specificity was found for both in AD.
      The miRNAs profiles reported in this paper pave the way to translational
      applications to molecular VaD diagnosis, but they also should allow to further
      investigate on its molecular bases. 

PMID- 26973461
TI  - Impaired Autophagy and Defective Mitochondrial Function: Converging Paths on the
      Road to Motor Neuron Degeneration.
AB  - Selective motor neuron degeneration is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS). Around 10% of all cases present as familial ALS (FALS), while
      sporadic ALS (SALS) accounts for the remaining 90%. Diverse genetic mutations
      leading to FALS have been identified, but the underlying causes of SALS remain
      largely unknown. Despite the heterogeneous and incompletely understood etiology,
      different types of ALS exhibit overlapping pathology and common phenotypes,
      including protein aggregation and mitochondrial deficiencies. Here, we review the
      current understanding of mechanisms leading to motor neuron degeneration in ALS
      as they pertain to disrupted cellular clearance pathways, ATP biogenesis, calcium
      buffering and mitochondrial dynamics. Through focusing on impaired autophagic and
      mitochondrial functions, we highlight how the convergence of diverse cellular
      processes and pathways contributes to common pathology in motor neuron
      degeneration. 

PMID- 26973467
TI  - Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Promotes Neuronal Viability and Activity of Hippocampal
      Neuronal Circuits In Vitro.
AB  - For decades it has been hypothesized that molecules within the cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) diffuse into the brain parenchyma and influence the function of
      neurons. However, the functional consequences of CSF on neuronal circuits are
      largely unexplored and unknown. A major reason for this is the absence of
      appropriate neuronal in vitro model systems, and it is uncertain if neurons
      cultured in pure CSF survive and preserve electrophysiological functionality in
      vitro. In this article, we present an approach to address how human CSF (hCSF)
      influences neuronal circuits in vitro. We validate our approach by comparing the
      morphology, viability, and electrophysiological function of single neurons and at
      the network level in rat organotypic slice and primary neuronal cultures
      cultivated either in hCSF or in defined standard culture media. Our results
      demonstrate that rodent hippocampal slices and primary neurons cultured in hCSF
      maintain neuronal morphology and preserve synaptic transmission. Importantly, we
      show that hCSF increases neuronal viability and the number of
      electrophysiologically active neurons in comparison to the culture media. In
      summary, our data indicate that hCSF represents a physiological environment for
      neurons in vitro and a superior culture condition compared to the defined
      standard media. Moreover, this experimental approach paves the way to assess the
      functional consequences of CSF on neuronal circuits as well as suggesting a novel
      strategy for central nervous system (CNS) disease modeling. 

PMID- 26973466
TI  - Effect of MK-801 and Clozapine on the Proteome of Cultured Human
      Oligodendrocytes.
AB  - Separate lines of evidence have demonstrated the involvement of N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) receptor and oligodendrocyte dysfunctions in schizophrenia.
      Here, we have carried out shotgun mass spectrometry proteome analysis of
      oligodendrocytes treated with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 to gain
      potential insights into these effects at the molecular level. The MK-801
      treatment led to alterations in the levels of 68 proteins, which are associated
      with seven distinct biological processes. Most of these proteins are involved in
      energy metabolism and many have been found to be dysregulated in previous
      proteomic studies of post-mortem brain tissues from schizophrenia patients.
      Finally, addition of the antipsychotic clozapine to MK-801-treated
      oligodendrocyte cultures resulted in changes in the levels of 45 proteins and
      treatment with clozapine alone altered 122 proteins and many of these showed
      opposite changes to the MK-801 effects. Therefore, these proteins and the
      associated energy metabolism pathways should be explored as potential biomarkers
      of antipsychotic efficacy. In conclusion, MK-801 treatment of oligodendrocytes
      may provide a useful model for testing the efficacy of novel treatment
      approaches. 

PMID- 26973468
TI  - Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic
      Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - Numerous studies have documented increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs),
      specifically MMP-9 levels following stroke, with such perturbations associated
      with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), increased risk of hemorrhagic
      complications, and worsened outcome. Despite this, controversy remains as to
      which cells release MMP-9 at the normal and pathological BBB, with even less
      clarity in the context of stroke. This may be further complicated by the
      influence of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment. The aim of the present
      review is to examine the relationship between neutrophils, MMP-9 and tPA
      following ischemic stroke to elucidate which cells are responsible for the
      increases in MMP-9 and resultant barrier changes and hemorrhage observed
      following stroke. 

PMID- 26973470
TI  - Pio del Rio-Hortega: A Pioneer in the Pathology of Central Nervous System Tumors.
AB  - The last 140 years have seen considerable advances in knowledge of central
      nervous system tumors. However, the main tumor types had already been described
      during the early years of the twentieth century. The studies of Dr. Pio del Rio
      Hortega have been ones of the most exhaustive histology and cytology-based
      studies of nervous system tumors. Rio Hortega's work was performed using silver
      staining methods, which require a high level of practical skill and were
      therefore difficult to standardize. His technical aptitude and interest in
      nervous system tumors played a key role in the establishment of his
      classification, which was based on cell lineage and embryonic development. Rio
      Hortega's approach was controversial when he proposed it. Current classifications
      are not only based on cell type and embryonic lineage, as well as on clinical
      characteristics, anatomical site, and age.

PMID- 26973469
TI  - Sparing of Descending Axons Rescues Interneuron Plasticity in the Lumbar Cord to
      Allow Adaptive Learning After Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury.
AB  - This study evaluated the role of spared axons on structural and behavioral
      neuroplasticity in the lumbar enlargement after a thoracic spinal cord injury
      (SCI). Previous work has demonstrated that recovery in the presence of spared
      axons after an incomplete lesion increases behavioral output after a subsequent
      complete spinal cord transection (TX). This suggests that spared axons direct
      adaptive changes in below-level neuronal networks of the lumbar cord. In response
      to spared fibers, we postulate that lumbar neuron networks support behavioral
      gains by preventing aberrant plasticity. As such, the present study measured
      histological and functional changes in the isolated lumbar cord after complete TX
      or incomplete contusion (SCI). To measure functional plasticity in the lumbar
      cord, we used an established instrumental learning paradigm (ILP). In this
      paradigm, neural circuits within isolated lumbar segments demonstrate learning by
      an increase in flexion duration that reduces exposure to a noxious leg shock. We
      employed this model using a proof-of-principle design to evaluate the role of
      sparing on lumbar learning and plasticity early (7 days) or late (42 days) after
      midthoracic SCI in a rodent model. Early after SCI or TX at 7 days, spinal
      learning was unattainable regardless of whether the animal recovered with or
      without axonal substrate. Failed learning occurred alongside measures of cell
      soma atrophy and aberrant dendritic spine expression within interneuron
      populations responsible for sensorimotor integration and learning. Alternatively,
      exposure of the lumbar cord to a small amount of spared axons for 6 weeks
      produced near-normal learning late after SCI. This coincided with greater cell
      soma volume and fewer aberrant dendritic spines on interneurons. Thus, an
      opportunity to influence activity-based learning in locomotor networks depends on
      spared axons limiting maladaptive plasticity. Together, this work identifies a
      time dependent interaction between spared axonal systems and adaptive plasticity
      in locomotor networks and highlights a critical window for activity-based
      rehabilitation. 

PMID- 26973471
TI  - Recent Progress in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Embryonic and Neonatal Mouse
      Brain.
AB  - The laboratory mouse has been widely used as a model system to investigate the
      genetic control mechanisms of mammalian brain development. Magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) is an important tool to characterize changes in brain anatomy in
      mutant mouse strains and injury progression in mouse models of fetal and neonatal
      brain injury. Progress in the last decade has enabled us to acquire MRI data with
      increasing anatomical details from the embryonic and neonatal mouse brain. High
      resolution ex vivo MRI, especially with advanced diffusion MRI methods, can
      visualize complex microstructural organizations in the developing mouse brain. In
      vivo MRI of the embryonic mouse brain, which is critical for tracking anatomical
      changes longitudinally, has become available. Applications of these techniques
      may lead to further insights into the complex and dynamic processes of brain
      development. 

PMID- 26973472
TI  - Real-World-Time Simulation of Memory Consolidation in a Large-Scale Cerebellar
      Model.
AB  - We report development of a large-scale spiking network model of the cerebellum
      composed of more than 1 million neurons. The model is implemented on graphics
      processing units (GPUs), which are dedicated hardware for parallel computing.
      Using 4 GPUs simultaneously, we achieve realtime simulation, in which computer
      simulation of cerebellar activity for 1 s completes within 1 s in the real-world
      time, with temporal resolution of 1 ms. This allows us to carry out a very long
      term computer simulation of cerebellar activity in a practical time with
      millisecond temporal resolution. Using the model, we carry out computer
      simulation of long-term gain adaptation of optokinetic response (OKR) eye
      movements for 5 days aimed to study the neural mechanisms of posttraining memory
      consolidation. The simulation results are consistent with animal experiments and
      our theory of posttraining memory consolidation. These results suggest that
      realtime computing provides a useful means to study a very slow neural process
      such as memory consolidation in the brain. 

PMID- 26973473
TI  - The Development of Attention Systems and Working Memory in Infancy.
AB  - In this article, we review research and theory on the development of attention
      and working memory in infancy using a developmental cognitive neuroscience
      framework. We begin with a review of studies examining the influence of attention
      on neural and behavioral correlates of an earlier developing and closely related
      form of memory (i.e., recognition memory). Findings from studies measuring
      attention utilizing looking measures, heart rate, and event-related potentials
      (ERPs) indicate significant developmental change in sustained and selective
      attention across the infancy period. For example, infants show gains in the
      magnitude of the attention related response and spend a greater proportion of
      time engaged in attention with increasing age (Richards and Turner, 2001).
      Throughout infancy, attention has a significant impact on infant performance on a
      variety of tasks tapping into recognition memory; however, this approach to
      examining the influence of infant attention on memory performance has yet to be
      utilized in research on working memory. In the second half of the article, we
      review research on working memory in infancy focusing on studies that provide
      insight into the developmental timing of significant gains in working memory as
      well as research and theory related to neural systems potentially involved in
      working memory in early development. We also examine issues related to measuring
      and distinguishing between working memory and recognition memory in infancy. To
      conclude, we discuss relations between the development of attention systems and
      working memory. 

PMID- 26973474
TI  - The Striatum and Subthalamic Nucleus as Independent and Collaborative Structures
      in Motor Control.
AB  - The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are two separate input structures
      into the basal ganglia (BG). Accordingly, research to date has primarily focused
      on the distinct roles of these structures in motor control and cognition, often
      through investigation of Parkinson's disease (PD). Both structures are divided
      into sensorimotor, associative, and limbic subdivisions based on cortical
      connectivity. The more recent discovery of the STN as an input structure into the
      BG drives comparison of these two structures and their respective roles in
      cognition and motor control. This review compares the role of the striatum and
      STN in motor response inhibition and execution, competing motor programs,
      feedback based learning, and response planning. Through comparison, it is found
      that the striatum and STN have highly independent roles in motor control but also
      collaborate in order to execute desired actions. There is also the possibility
      that inhibition or activation of one of these structures indirectly contributes
      to the function of other connected anatomical structures. Both structures
      contribute to selective motor response inhibition, which forms the basis of many
      tasks, but the STN additionally contributes to global inhibition through the
      hyperdirect pathway. Research is warranted on the functional connectivity of the
      network for inhibition involving the rIFG, preSMA, striatum, and STN. 

PMID- 26973475
TI  - Role of Glia in Memory Deficits Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Biomarkers of
      Glia Dysfunction.
AB  - Historically, glial cells have been recognized as a structural component of the
      brain. However, it has become clear that glial cells are intimately involved in
      the complexities of neural networks and memory formations. Astrocytes, microglia,
      and oligodendrocytes have dynamic responsibilities which substantially impact
      neuronal function and activities. Moreover, the importance of glia following
      brain injury has come to the forefront in discussions to improve axonal
      regeneration and functional recovery. The numerous activities of glia following
      injury can either promote recovery or underlie the pathobiology of memory
      deficits. This review outlines the pathological states of glial cells which
      evolve from their positive supporting roles to those which disrupt synaptic
      function and neuroplasticity following injury. Evidence suggests that glial cells
      interact extensively with neurons both chemically and physically, reinforcing
      their role as pivotal for higher brain functions such as learning and memory.
      Collectively, this mini review surveys investigations of how glial dysfunction
      following brain injury can alter mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and how this
      may be related to an increased risk for persistent memory deficits. We also
      include recent findings, that demonstrate new molecular avenues for clinical
      biomarker discovery. 

PMID- 26973476
TI  - Functional Connectivity Hubs and Networks in the Awake Marmoset Brain.
AB  - In combination with advances in analytical methods, resting-state fMRI is
      allowing unprecedented access to a better understanding of the network
      organization of the brain. Increasing evidence suggests that this architecture
      may incorporate highly functionally connected nodes, or "hubs", and we have
      recently proposed local functional connectivity density (lFCD) mapping to
      identify highly-connected nodes in the human brain. Here, we imaged awake
      nonhuman primates to test whether, like the human brain, the marmoset brain
      contains FC hubs. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were acclimated
      to mild, comfortable restraint using individualized helmets. Following restraint
      training, resting BOLD data were acquired during eight consecutive 10 min scans
      for each subject. lFCD revealed prominent cortical and subcortical hubs of
      connectivity across the marmoset brain; specifically, in primary and secondary
      visual cortices (V1/V2), higher-order visual association areas (A19M/V6[DM]),
      posterior parietal and posterior cingulate areas (PGM and A23b/A31), thalamus,
      dorsal and ventral striatal areas (caudate, putamen, lateral septal nucleus, and
      anterior cingulate cortex (A24a). lFCD hubs were highly connected to widespread
      areas of the brain, and further revealed significant network-network
      interactions. These data provide a baseline platform for future investigations in
      a nonhuman primate model of the brain's network topology. 

PMID- 26973478
TI  - Visual Presentation Effects on Identification of Multiple Environmental Sounds.
AB  - This study examined how the contents and timing of a visual stimulus affect the
      identification of mixed sounds recorded in a daily life environment. For
      experiments, we presented four environment sounds as auditory stimuli for 5 s
      along with a picture or a written word as a visual stimulus that might or might
      not denote the source of one of the four sounds. Three conditions of temporal
      relations between the visual stimuli and sounds were used. The visual stimulus
      was presented either: (a) for 5 s simultaneously with the sound; (b) for 5 s, 1 s
      before the sound (SOA between the audio and visual stimuli was 6 s); or (c) for
      33 ms, 1 s before the sound (SOA was 1033 ms). Participants reported all
      identifiable sounds for those audio-visual stimuli. To characterize the effects
      of visual stimuli on sound identification, the following were used: the
      identification rates of sounds for which the visual stimulus denoted its sound
      source, the rates of other sounds for which the visual stimulus did not denote
      the sound source, and the frequency of false hearing of a sound that was not
      presented for each sound set. Results of the four experiments demonstrated that a
      picture or a written word promoted identification of the sound when it was
      related to the sound, particularly when the visual stimulus was presented for 5 s
      simultaneously with the sounds. However, a visual stimulus preceding the sounds
      had a benefit only for the picture, not for the written word. Furthermore,
      presentation with a picture denoting a sound simultaneously with the sound
      reduced the frequency of false hearing. These results suggest three ways that
      presenting a visual stimulus affects identification of the auditory stimulus.
      First, activation of the visual representation extracted directly from the
      picture promotes identification of the denoted sound and suppresses the
      processing of sounds for which the visual stimulus did not denote the sound
      source. Second, effects based on processing of the conceptual information promote
      identification of the denoted sound and suppress the processing of sounds for
      which the visual stimulus did not denote the sound source. Third, processing of
      the concurrent visual representation suppresses false hearing. 

PMID- 26973479
TI  - Hoarders Only Discount Consumables and Are More Patient for Money.
AB  - Individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) excessively acquire and retain goods
      while also exhibiting characteristics of impulsivity and addiction. However, HD
      individuals do not always perform impulsively in experiments, they do not appear
      interested in money, and they exhibit many features of risk-aversion and future
      planning. To examine impulsivity in HD, we compared validated community
      participants high and low in hoarding tendencies on questionnaire measures of
      hoarding and impulsivity as well as a standard experimental measure of
      impulsivity (intertemporal discounting) that was modified to compare decisions
      about money, pens, and snacks. Common discounting effects were replicated.
      Compared to the low hoarding group, the high hoarding group was more impatient
      for consumables (pens and snacks) but they were more patient for money. This
      increased patience for money in high hoarding individuals is in contrast to all
      other studies on discounting in disordered populations, but consistent with the
      phenomenology of HD. HD does not appear to be driven by a fundamental inability
      to wait, but rather a specific, potent desire for consumable rewards. 

PMID- 26973477
TI  - The Role of Lactate-Mediated Metabolic Coupling between Astrocytes and Neurons in
      Long-Term Memory Formation.
AB  - Long-term memory formation, the ability to retain information over time about an
      experience, is a complex function that affects multiple behaviors, and is an
      integral part of an individual's identity. In the last 50 years many scientists
      have focused their work on understanding the biological mechanisms underlying
      memory formation and processing. Molecular studies over the last three decades
      have mostly investigated, or given attention to, neuronal mechanisms. However,
      the brain is composed of different cell types that, by concerted actions,
      cooperate to mediate brain functions. Here, we consider some new insights that
      emerged from recent studies implicating astrocytic glycogen and glucose
      metabolisms, and particularly their coupling to neuronal functions via lactate,
      as an essential mechanism for long-term memory formation. 

PMID- 26973481
TI  - Wind-Related Orientation Patterns in Diurnal, Crepuscular and Nocturnal High
      Altitude Insect Migrants.
AB  - Most insect migrants fly at considerable altitudes (hundreds of meters above the
      ground) where they utilize fast-flowing winds to achieve rapid and comparatively
      long-distance transport. The nocturnal aerial migrant fauna has been well studied
      with entomological radars, and many studies have demonstrated that flight
      orientations are frequently grouped around a common direction in a range of
      nocturnal insect migrants. Common orientation typically occurs close to the
      downwind direction (thus ensuring that a large component of the insects' self
      powered speed is directed downstream), and in nocturnal insects at least, the
      downwind headings are seemingly maintained by direct detection of wind-related
      turbulent cues. Despite being far more abundant and speciose, the day-flying
      windborne migrant fauna has been much less studied by radar; thus the frequency
      of wind-related common orientation patterns and the sensory mechanisms involved
      in their formation remain to be established. Here, we analyze a large dataset of
      >600,000 radar-detected "medium-sized" windborne insect migrants (body mass from
      10 to 70 mg), flying hundreds of meters above southern UK, during the afternoon,
      in the period around sunset, and in the middle of the night. We found that wind
      related common orientation was almost ubiquitous during the day (present in 97%
      of all "migration events" analyzed), and was also frequent at sunset (85%) and at
      night (81%). Headings were systematically offset to the right of the flow at
      night-time (as predicted from the use of turbulence cues for flow assessment),
      but there was no directional bias in the offsets during the day or at sunset.
      Orientation "performance" significantly increased with increasing flight altitude
      throughout the day and night. We conclude by discussing sensory mechanisms which
      most likely play a role in the selection and maintenance of wind-related flight
      headings. 

PMID- 26973480
TI  - Continuous and Intermittent Alcohol Free-Choice from Pre-gestational Time to
      Lactation: Focus on Drinking Trajectories and Maternal Behavior.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and lactation induces
      detrimental consequences, that are not limited to the direct in utero effects of
      the drug on fetuses, but extend to maternal care. However, the occurrence and
      severity of alcohol toxicity are related to the drinking pattern and the time of
      exposure. The present study investigated in female rats long-term alcohol
      drinking trajectories, by a continuous and intermittent free-choice paradigm,
      during pre-gestational time, pregnancy, and lactation; moreover, the consequences
      of long-term alcohol consumption on the response to natural reward and maternal
      behavior were evaluated. METHODS: Virgin female rats were exposed to home-cage
      two-bottle continuous- or intermittent "alcohol (20% v/v) vs. water" choice
      regimen along 12 weeks and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Animals were
      tested for saccharin preference, and maternal behavior was assessed by recording
      dams' undisturbed spontaneous home-cage behavior in the presence of their
      offspring. RESULTS: Our results show that the intermittent alcohol drinking
      pattern induced an escalation in alcohol intake during pre-gestational time and
      lactation more than the continuous access, while a reduction in alcohol
      consumption was observed during pregnancy, contrarily to the drinking
      trajectories of the continuous access-exposed rats. Long-term voluntary alcohol
      intake induced a decreased saccharin preference in virgin female rats and a
      significant reduction in maternal care, with respect to control dams, although
      the intermittent drinking produced a greater impairment than the continuous
      access paradigm. CONCLUSION: The present data indicate that both alcohol-drinking
      patterns are associated to modifications in the drinking trajectories of female
      rats, in pre-gestational time, during pregnancy and lactation. Moreover, long
      lasting alcohol intake can affect sensitivity to natural rewarding stimuli and
      maternal behavior and sensitivity to natural rewarding stimuli in a pattern
      related manner. This study underlies the importance of modeling human alcohol
      habit and its consequences on the mother-infant dyad, in order to prevent
      detrimental effects on offspring development and maturation.

PMID- 26973482
TI  - Corrigendum: Crossmodal illusions in neurorehabilitation.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 212 in vol. 9, PMID: 26321933.]. 

PMID- 26973483
TI  - Group Intensive Cognitive Activation in Patients with Major or Mild
      Neurocognitive Disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No standard protocols are available for cognitive rehabilitation (CR)
      in conditions like Major or Mild Neurocognitive disorder (M-NCD or m-NCD,
      respectively); however, preliminary data seem to indicate that such interventions
      might have cost-effective beneficial effects and are free from side effect or
      adverse events. Three basic approaches are known: cognitive stimulation (CS),
      cognitive training (CT), and CR. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to assess the
      efficacy of a protocol of group intensive cognitive activation (g-ICA) in
      patients with both M-NCD and m-NCD; the protocol was specifically arranged in our
      Research Institute, based on the principles of the central role of the patient
      and the mediation pedagogy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with M-NCD and
      fifteen patients with m-NCD were enrolled, as well as eleven patients with M-NCD
      who were used as a control group (CG). The intervention was carried-out by a
      clinical neuropsychologist with daily group sessions over a period of 2 months.
      Neuropsychological assessment was performed at baseline and after the completion
      of the rehabilitative intervention. RESULTS: General cognitive functioning,
      attention, ideomotor praxis and visual memory scores were found to be
      significantly increased in all patients. Beneficial and significant effects were
      also found for constructive praxis in M-NCD and for executive functioning in m
      NCD. All areas of the language function were significantly ameliorated in m-NCD,
      while this happened only for verbal repetition and syntax-grammar comprehension
      in M-NCD. No changes were detected for long- and short-term verbal memory, which
      were found to be worsened in controls without activation. CONCLUSION: Our
      findings seem to indicate that g-ICA might be effective in inducing beneficial
      changes on the general cognitive functioning and other specific functions in
      patients with both m-NCD and M-NCD. Moreover, the specific protocol proposed,
      even if susceptible of important improvement, is easy to carry out within
      hospital facilities and cost-effective.

PMID- 26973484
TI  - Adenosine A2A Receptor Blockade Prevents Rotenone-Induced Motor Impairment in a
      Rat Model of Parkinsonism.
AB  - Pharmacological studies implicate the blockade of adenosine receptorsas an
      effective strategy for reducing Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms. The objective
      of this study is to elucidate the possible protective effects of ZM241385 and 8
      cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine, two selective A2A and A1 receptor antagonists,
      on a rotenone rat model of PD. Rats were split into four groups: vehicle control
      (1 ml/kg/48 h), rotenone (1.5 mg/kg/48 h, s.c.), ZM241385 (3.3 mg/kg/day, i.p)
      and 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine (5 mg/kg/day, i.p). After that, animals
      were subjected to behavioral (stride length and grid walking) and biochemical
      (measuring concentration of dopamine levels using high performance liquid
      chromatography, HPLC). In the rotenone group, rats displayed a reduced motor
      activity and disturbed movement coordination in the behavioral tests and a
      decreased dopamine concentration as foundby HPLC. The effect of rotenone was
      partially prevented in the ZM241385 group, but not with 8-cyclopentyl-1,3
      dipropylxanthine administration. The administration of ZM241385 improved motor
      function and movement coordination (partial increase of stride length and partial
      decrease in the number of foot slips) and an increase in dopamine concentration
      in the rotenone-injected rats. However, the 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
      and rotenone groups were not significantly different. These results indicate that
      selective A2A receptor blockade by ZM241385, but not A1 receptor blockadeby 8
      cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, may treat PD motor symptoms. This reinforces
      the potential use of A2A receptor antagonists as a treatment strategy for PD
      patients. 

PMID- 26973485
TI  - Gender Dependent Evaluation of Autism like Behavior in Mice Exposed to Prenatal
      Zinc Deficiency.
AB  - Zinc deficiency has recently been linked to the etiology of autism spectrum
      disorders (ASD) as environmental risk factor. With an estimated 17% of the world
      population being at risk of zinc deficiency, especially zinc deficiency during
      pregnancy might be a common occurrence, also in industrialized nations. On
      molecular level, zinc deficiency has been shown to affect a signaling pathway at
      glutamatergic synapses that has previously been identified through genetic
      mutations in ASD patients, the Neurexin-Neuroligin-Shank pathway, via altering
      zinc binding Shank family members. In particular, prenatal zinc deficient but not
      acute zinc deficient animals have been reported to display autism like behavior
      in some behavioral tests. However, a full behavioral analysis of a possible
      autism like behavior has been lacking so far. Here, we performed an extensive
      behavioral phenotyping of mice born from mothers with mild zinc deficiency during
      all trimesters of pregnancy. Prenatal zinc deficient animals were investigated as
      adults and gender differences were assessed. Our results show that prenatal zinc
      deficient mice display increased anxiety, deficits in nest building and various
      social interaction paradigm, as well as mild alterations in ultrasonic
      vocalizations. A gender specific analysis revealed only few sex specific
      differences. Taken together, given that similar behavioral abnormalities as
      reported here are frequently observed in ASD mouse models, we conclude that
      prenatal zinc deficient animals even without specific genetic susceptibility for
      ASD, already show some features of ASD like behavior. 

PMID- 26973486
TI  - Voluntary Movement Frequencies in Submaximal One- and Two-Legged Knee Extension
      Exercise and Pedaling.
AB  - Understanding of behavior and control of human voluntary rhythmic stereotyped leg
      movements is useful in work to improve performance, function, and rehabilitation
      of exercising, healthy, and injured humans. The present study aimed at adding to
      the existing understanding within this field. To pursue the aim, correlations
      between freely chosen movement frequencies in relatively simple, single-joint,
      one- and two-legged knee extension exercise were investigated. The same was done
      for more complex, multiple-joint, one- and two-legged pedaling. These particular
      activities were chosen because they could be considered related to some extent,
      as they shared a key aspect of knee extension, and because they at the same time
      were different. The activities were performed at submaximal intensities, by
      healthy individuals (n = 16, thereof eight women; 23.4 +/- 2.7 years; 1.70 +/-
      0.11 m; 68.6 +/- 11.2 kg). High and fair correlations (R-values of 0.99 and 0.75)
      occurred between frequencies generated with the dominant leg and the nondominant
      leg during knee extension exercise and pedaling, respectively. Fair to high
      correlations (R-values between 0.71 and 0.95) occurred between frequencies
      performed with each of the two legs in an activity, and the two-legged frequency
      performed in the same type of activity. In general, the correlations were higher
      for knee extension exercise than for pedaling. Correlations between knee
      extension and pedaling frequencies were of modest occurrence. The correlations
      between movement frequencies generated separately by each of the legs might be
      interpreted to support the following working hypothesis, which was based on
      existing literature. It is likely that involved central pattern generators (CPGs)
      of the two legs share a common frequency generator or that separate frequency
      generators of each leg are attuned via interneuronal connections. Further,
      activity type appeared to be relevant. Thus, the apparent common rhythmogenesis
      for the two legs appeared to be stronger for the relatively simple single-joint
      activity of knee extension exercise as compared to the more complex multi-joint
      activity of pedaling. Finally, it appeared that the shared aspect of knee
      extension in the related types of activities of knee extension exercise and
      pedaling was insufficient to cause obvious correlations between generated
      movement frequencies in the two types of activities. 

PMID- 26973487
TI  - Neural Control Adaptation to Motor Noise Manipulation.
AB  - Antagonistic muscular co-activation can compensate for movement variability
      induced by motor noise at the expense of increased energetic costs. Greater
      antagonistic co-activation is commonly observed in older adults, which could be
      an adaptation to increased motor noise. The present study tested this hypothesis
      by manipulating motor noise in 12 young subjects while they practiced a goal
      directed task using a myoelectric virtual arm, which was controlled by their
      biceps and triceps muscle activity. Motor noise was increased by increasing the
      coefficient of variation (CV) of the myoelectric signals. As hypothesized,
      subjects adapted by increasing antagonistic co-activation, and this was
      associated with reduced noise-induced performance decrements. A second hypothesis
      was that a virtual decrease in motor noise, achieved by smoothing the myoelectric
      signals, would have the opposite effect: co-activation would decrease and motor
      performance would improve. However, the results showed that a decrease in noise
      made performance worse instead of better, with no change in co-activation.
      Overall, these findings suggest that the nervous system adapts to virtual
      increases in motor noise by increasing antagonistic co-activation, and this
      preserves motor performance. Reducing noise may have failed to benefit
      performance due to characteristics of the filtering process itself, e.g., delays
      are introduced and muscle activity bursts are attenuated. The observed
      adaptations to increased noise may explain in part why older adults and many
      patient populations have greater antagonistic co-activation, which could
      represent an adaptation to increased motor noise, along with a desire for
      increased joint stability. 

PMID- 26973489
TI  - Dance, Music, Meter and Groove: A Forgotten Partnership.
AB  - I argue that core aspects of musical rhythm, especially "groove" and syncopation,
      can only be fully understood in the context of their origins in the participatory
      social experience of dance. Musical meter is first considered in the context of
      bodily movement. I then offer an interpretation of the pervasive but somewhat
      puzzling phenomenon of syncopation in terms of acoustic emphasis on certain
      offbeat components of the accompanying dance style. The reasons for the
      historical tendency of many musical styles to divorce themselves from their dance
      based roots are also briefly considered. To the extent that musical rhythms only
      make sense in the context of bodily movement, researchers interested in
      ecologically valid approaches to music cognition should make a more concerted
      effort to extend their analyses to dance, particularly if we hope to understand
      the cognitive constraints underlying rhythmic aspects of music like meter and
      groove. 

PMID- 26973488
TI  - Perceptual Accent Rating and Attribution in Psychogenic FAS: Some Further
      Evidence Challenging Whitaker's Operational Definition.
AB  - A 40-year-old, non-aphasic, right-handed, and polyglot (L1: French, L2: Dutch,
      and L3: English) woman with a 12-year history of addiction to opiates and
      psychoactive substances, and clear psychiatric problems, presented with a foreign
      accent of sudden onset in L1. Speech evolved toward a mostly fluent output,
      despite a stutter-like behavior and a marked grammatical output disorder. The
      psychogenic etiology of the accent foreignness was construed based on the
      patient's complex medical history and psychodiagnostic, neuropsychological, and
      neurolinguistic assessments. The presence of a foreign accent was affirmed by a
      perceptual accent rating and attribution experiment. It is argued that this
      patient provides additional evidence demonstrating the outdatedness of Whitaker's
      (1982) definition of foreign accent syndrome, as only one of the four operational
      criteria was unequivocally applicable to our patient: her accent foreignness was
      not only recognized by her relatives and the medical staff but also by a group of
      native French-speaking laymen. However, our patient defied the three remaining
      criteria, as central nervous system damage could not conclusively be
      demonstrated, psychodiagnostic assessment raised the hypothesis of a conversion
      disorder, and the patient was a polyglot whose newly gained accent was associated
      with a range of foreign languages, which exceeded the ones she spoke. 

PMID- 26973490
TI  - The Neural Basis of Individual Face and Object Perception.
AB  - We routinely need to process the identity of many faces around us, and how the
      brain achieves this is still the subject of much research in cognitive
      neuroscience. To date, insights on face identity processing have come from both
      healthy and clinical populations. However, in order to directly compare results
      across and within participant groups, and across different studies, it is crucial
      that a standard task is utilized which includes different exemplars (for example,
      non-face stimuli along with faces), is memory-neutral, and taps into identity
      matching across orientation and across viewpoint change. The goal of this study
      was to test a previously behaviourally tested face and object identity matching
      design in a healthy control sample whilst being scanned using fMRI. Specifically,
      we investigated categorical, orientation, and category-specific orientation
      effects while participants were focused on identity matching of simultaneously
      presented exemplar stimuli. Alongside observing category and orientation specific
      effects in a distributed set of brain regions, we also saw an interaction between
      stimulus category and orientation in the bilateral fusiform gyrus and bilateral
      middle occipital gyrus. Generally these clusters showed the pattern of a
      heightened response to inverted versus upright faces, and to upright, as compared
      to inverted shoes. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies
      and to potential future research within prosopagnosic individuals. 

PMID- 26973492
TI  - Commentary: Cumulative effects of anodal and priming cathodal tDCS on pegboard
      test performance and motor cortical excitability.

PMID- 26973491
TI  - Oxytocin and Self-Consciousness.

PMID- 26973493
TI  - ERPs Reveal the Time-Course of Aberrant Visual-Phonological Binding in
      Developmental Dyslexia.
AB  - New evidence is accumulating for a deficit in binding visual-orthographic
      information with the corresponding phonological code in developmental dyslexia.
      Here, we identify the mechanisms underpinning this deficit using event-related
      brain potentials (ERPs) in dyslexic and control adult readers performing a letter
      matching task. In each trial, a printed letter was presented synchronously with
      an auditory letter name. Incongruent (mismatched), frequent trials were
      interleaved with congruent (matched) infrequent target pairs, which participants
      were asked to report by pressing a button. In critical trials, incongruent letter
      pairs were mismatched but confusable in terms of their visual or phonological
      features. Typical readers showed early detection of deviant trials, indicated by
      larger modulation in the range of the phonological mismatch negativity (PMN)
      compared with standard trials. This was followed by stronger modulation of the
      P3b wave for visually confusable deviants and an increased lateralized readiness
      potential (LRP) for phonological deviants, compared with standards. In contrast,
      dyslexic readers showed reduced sensitivity to deviancy in the PMN range.
      Responses to deviants in the P3b range indicated normal letter recognition
      processes, but the LRP calculation revealed a specific impairment for visual
      orthographic information during response selection in dyslexia. In a follow-up
      experiment using an analogous non-lexical task in the same participants, we found
      no reading-group differences, indicating a degree of specificity to over-learnt
      visual-phonological binding. Our findings indicate early insensitivity to visual
      phonological binding in developmental dyslexia, coupled with difficulty selecting
      the correct orthographic code. 

PMID- 26973494
TI  - Steering Demands Diminish the Early-P3, Late-P3 and RON Components of the Event
      Related Potential of Task-Irrelevant Environmental Sounds.
AB  - The current study investigates the demands that steering places on mental
      resources. Instead of a conventional dual-task paradigm, participants of this
      study were only required to perform a steering task while task-irrelevant
      auditory distractor probes (environmental sounds and beep tones) were
      intermittently presented. The event-related potentials (ERPs), which were
      generated by these probes, were analyzed for their sensitivity to the steering
      task's demands. The steering task required participants to counteract
      unpredictable roll disturbances and difficulty was manipulated either by
      adjusting the bandwidth of the roll disturbance or by varying the complexity of
      the control dynamics. A mass univariate analysis revealed that steering
      selectively diminishes the amplitudes of early P3, late P3, and the re
      orientation negativity (RON) to task-irrelevant environmental sounds but not to
      beep tones. Our findings are in line with a three-stage distraction model, which
      interprets these ERPs to reflect the post-sensory detection of the task
      irrelevant stimulus, engagement, and re-orientation back to the steering task.
      This interpretation is consistent with our manipulations for steering difficulty.
      More participants showed diminished amplitudes for these ERPs in the "hard"
      steering condition relative to the "easy" condition. To sum up, the current work
      identifies the spatiotemporal ERP components of task-irrelevant auditory probes
      that are sensitive to steering demands on mental resources. This provides a non
      intrusive method for evaluating mental workload in novel steering environments. 

PMID- 26973495
TI  - Psychosocial Modulators of Motor Learning in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Using the remarkable overlap between brain circuits affected in Parkinson's
      disease (PD) and those underlying motor sequence learning, we may improve the
      effectiveness of motor rehabilitation interventions by identifying motor learning
      facilitators in PD. For instance, additional sensory stimulation and task cueing
      enhanced motor learning in people with PD, whereas exercising using musical
      rhythms or console computer games improved gait and balance, and reduced some
      motor symptoms, in addition to increasing task enjoyment. Yet, despite these
      advances, important knowledge gaps remain. Most studies investigating motor
      learning in PD used laboratory-specific tasks and equipment, with little
      resemblance to real life situations. Thus, it is unknown whether similar results
      could be achieved in more ecological setups and whether individual's task
      engagement could further improve motor learning capacity. Moreover, the role of
      social interaction in motor skill learning process has not yet been investigated
      in PD and the role of mind-set and self-regulatory mechanisms have been
      sporadically examined. Here, we review evidence suggesting that these
      psychosocial factors may be important modulators of motor learning in PD. We
      propose their incorporation in future research, given that it could lead to
      development of improved non-pharmacological interventions aimed to preserve or
      restore motor function in PD. 

PMID- 26973496
TI  - fMRI Adaptation between Action Observation and Action Execution Reveals Cortical
      Areas with Mirror Neuron Properties in Human BA 44/45.
AB  - Mirror neurons (MNs) are considered to be the supporting neural mechanism for
      action understanding. MNs have been identified in monkey's area F5. The
      identification of MNs in the human homolog of monkeys' area F5 Broadmann Area
      44/45 (BA 44/45) has been proven methodologically difficult. Cross-modal
      functional MRI (fMRI) adaptation studies supporting the existence of MNs
      restricted their analysis to a priori candidate regions, whereas studies that
      failed to find evidence used non-object-directed (NDA) actions. We tackled these
      limitations by using object-directed actions (ODAs) differing only in terms of
      their object directedness in combination with a cross-modal adaptation paradigm
      and a whole-brain analysis. Additionally, we tested voxels' blood oxygenation
      level-dependent (BOLD) response patterns for several properties previously
      reported as typical MN response properties. Our results revealed 52 voxels in
      left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; particularly BA 44/45), which respond to both
      motor and visual stimulation and exhibit cross-modal adaptation between the
      execution and observation of the same action. These results demonstrate that part
      of human IFG, specifically BA 44/45, has BOLD response characteristics very
      similar to monkey's area F5. 

PMID- 26973497
TI  - Progressive Thinning of Visual Motion Area in Lower Limb Amputees.
AB  - Accumulating evidence has indicated that amputation or deafferentation of a limb
      induces functional or structural reorganization in the visual areas. However, the
      extent of the visual areas involved after lower limb amputation remains
      uncertain. In this investigation, we studied 48 adult patients with unilateral
      lower limb amputation and 48 matched healthy controls using T1-weighted magnetic
      resonance imaging. Template-based regions of interest analysis was implemented to
      detect the changes of cortical thickness in the specific visual areas. Compared
      with normal controls, amputees exhibited significantly lower thickness in the
      V5/middle temporal (V5/MT+) visual area, as well as a trend of cortical thinning
      in the V3d. There was no significant difference in the other visual areas between
      the two groups. In addition, no significant difference of cortical thickness was
      found between patients with amputation at different levels. Across all amputees,
      correlation analyses revealed that the cortical thickness of the V5/MT+ was
      negatively correlated to the time since amputation. In conclusion, our findings
      indicate that the amputation of unilateral lower limb could induce changes in the
      motor-related visual cortex and provide an update on the plasticity of the human
      brain after limb injury. 

PMID- 26973498
TI  - A Developmental Perspective in Learning the Mirror-Drawing Task.
AB  - Is there late maturation of skill learning? This notion has been raised to
      explain an adult advantage in learning a variety of tasks, such as auditory
      temporal-interval discrimination, locomotion adaptation, and drawing visually
      distorted spatial patterns (mirror-drawing, MD). Here, we test this assertion by
      following the practice of the MD task in two 5 min daily sessions separated by a
      10 min break, over the course of 2 days, in 5-6-year-old kindergarten children, 7
      8-year-old second-graders, and young adults. In the MD task, participants were
      required to trace a square while looking at their hand only as a reflection in a
      mirror. Kindergarteners did not show learning of the visual-motor mapping, and on
      average, did not produce even one full side of a square correctly. Second-graders
      showed increased online movement control with longer strokes, and robust learning
      of the visual-motor mapping, resulting in a between-day increase in the number of
      correctly drawn sides with no loss in accuracy. Overall, kindergarteners and
      second-graders producing at least one correct polygon-side on Day 1 were more
      likely to improve their performance between days. Adults showed better
      performance with improvements in the number of correctly drawn sides between- and
      within-days, and in accuracy between days. It has been suggested that 5-year-olds
      cannot learn the task due to their inability to detect and encapsulate previously
      produced accurate movements. Our findings suggest, instead, that these children
      lacked initial, accurate performance that could be enhanced through training.
      Recently, it has been shown that in a simple grapho-motor task the three age
      groups improved their speed of performance within a session and between-days,
      while maintaining accuracy scores. Taken together, these data suggest that
      children's motor skill learning depends on the task's characteristics and their
      adopting an efficient and mature performance strategy enabling initial success
      that can be improved through training. 

PMID- 26973499
TI  - Evaluating Cognitive Action Control Using Eye-Movement Analysis: An Oculomotor
      Adaptation of the Simon Task.
AB  - Cognitive action control has been extensively studied using conflict tasks such
      as the Simon task. In most recent studies, this process has been investigated in
      the light of the dual route hypothesis and more specifically of the activation
      suppression model using distributional analyses. Some authors have suggested that
      cognitive action control assessment is not specific to response modes. In this
      study we adapted the Simon task, using oculomotor responses instead of manual
      responses, in order to evaluate whether the resolution of conflict induced by a
      two-dimensional stimulus yielded similar results to what is usually reported in
      tasks with manual responses. Results obtained from 43 young healthy participants
      revealed the typical congruence effect, with longer reaction times (RT) and
      lesser accuracy in the incongruent condition. Conditional accuracy functions
      (CAF) also revealed a higher proportion of fast errors in the incongruent
      condition and delta plots confirmed that conflict resolution was easier, as the
      time taken to respond increased. These results are very similar to what has been
      reported in the literature. Furthermore, our observations are in line with the
      assumptions of the activation-suppression model, in which automatic activation in
      conflict situations is captured in the fastest responses and selective inhibition
      of cognitive action control needs time to build up. Altogether, our results
      suggest that conflict resolution has core mechanisms whatever the response mode,
      manual or oculomotor. Using oculomotor responses in such tasks could be of
      interest when investigating cognitive action control in patients with severe
      motor disorders. 

PMID- 26973500
TI  - A Predictive Coding Perspective on Beta Oscillations during Sentence-Level
      Language Comprehension.
AB  - Oscillatory neural dynamics have been steadily receiving more attention as a
      robust and temporally precise signature of network activity related to language
      processing. We have recently proposed that oscillatory dynamics in the beta and
      gamma frequency ranges measured during sentence-level comprehension might be best
      explained from a predictive coding perspective. Under our proposal we related
      beta oscillations to both the maintenance/change of the neural network
      configuration responsible for the construction and representation of sentence
      level meaning, and to top-down predictions about upcoming linguistic input based
      on that sentence-level meaning. Here we zoom in on these particular aspects of
      our proposal, and discuss both old and new supporting evidence. Finally, we
      present some preliminary magnetoencephalography data from an experiment comparing
      Dutch subject- and object-relative clauses that was specifically designed to test
      our predictive coding framework. Initial results support the first of the two
      suggested roles for beta oscillations in sentence-level language comprehension. 

PMID- 26973502
TI  - Probabilistic Motor Sequence Yields Greater Offline and Less Online Learning than
      Fixed Sequence.
AB  - It is well acknowledged that motor sequences can be learned quickly through
      online learning. Subsequently, the initial acquisition of a motor sequence is
      boosted or consolidated by offline learning. However, little is known whether
      offline learning can drive the fast learning of motor sequences (i.e., initial
      sequence learning in the first training session). To examine offline learning in
      the fast learning stage, we asked four groups of young adults to perform the
      serial reaction time (SRT) task with either a fixed or probabilistic sequence and
      with or without preliminary knowledge (PK) of the presence of a sequence. The
      sequence and PK were manipulated to emphasize either procedural (probabilistic
      sequence; no preliminary knowledge (NPK)) or declarative (fixed sequence; with
      PK) memory that were found to either facilitate or inhibit offline learning. In
      the SRT task, there were six learning blocks with a 2 min break between each
      consecutive block. Throughout the session, stimuli followed the same fixed or
      probabilistic pattern except in Block 5, in which stimuli appeared in a random
      order. We found that PK facilitated the learning of a fixed sequence, but not a
      probabilistic sequence. In addition to overall learning measured by the mean
      reaction time (RT), we examined the progressive changes in RT within and between
      blocks (i.e., online and offline learning, respectively). It was found that the
      two groups who performed the fixed sequence, regardless of PK, showed greater
      online learning than the other two groups who performed the probabilistic
      sequence. The groups who performed the probabilistic sequence, regardless of PK,
      did not display online learning, as indicated by a decline in performance within
      the learning blocks. However, they did demonstrate remarkably greater offline
      improvement in RT, which suggests that they are learning the probabilistic
      sequence offline. These results suggest that in the SRT task, the fast
      acquisition of a motor sequence is driven by concurrent online and offline
      learning. In addition, as the acquisition of a probabilistic sequence requires
      greater procedural memory compared to the acquisition of a fixed sequence, our
      results suggest that offline learning is more likely to take place in a
      procedural sequence learning task. 

PMID- 26973501
TI  - Cognitive Fatigue Facilitates Procedural Sequence Learning.
AB  - Enhanced procedural learning has been evidenced in conditions where cognitive
      control is diminished, including hypnosis, disruption of prefrontal activity and
      non-optimal time of the day. Another condition depleting the availability of
      controlled resources is cognitive fatigue (CF). We tested the hypothesis that CF,
      eventually leading to diminished cognitive control, facilitates procedural
      sequence learning. In a two-day experiment, 23 young healthy adults were
      administered a serial reaction time task (SRTT) following the induction of high
      or low levels of CF, in a counterbalanced order. CF was induced using the Time
      load Dual-back (TloadDback) paradigm, a dual working memory task that allows
      tailoring cognitive load levels to the individual's optimal performance capacity.
      In line with our hypothesis, reaction times (RT) in the SRTT were faster in the
      high- than in the low-level fatigue condition, and performance improvement was
      higher for the sequential than the motor components. Altogether, our results
      suggest a paradoxical, facilitating impact of CF on procedural motor sequence
      learning. We propose that facilitated learning in the high-level fatigue
      condition stems from a reduction in the cognitive resources devoted to cognitive
      control processes that normally oppose automatic procedural acquisition
      mechanisms. 

PMID- 26973503
TI  - Obtaining Arbitrary Prescribed Mean Field Dynamics for Recurrently Coupled
      Networks of Type-I Spiking Neurons with Analytically Determined Weights.
AB  - A fundamental question in computational neuroscience is how to connect a network
      of spiking neurons to produce desired macroscopic or mean field dynamics. One
      possible approach is through the Neural Engineering Framework (NEF). The NEF
      approach requires quantities called decoders which are solved through an
      optimization problem requiring large matrix inversion. Here, we show how a
      decoder can be obtained analytically for type I and certain type II firing rates
      as a function of the heterogeneity of its associated neuron. These decoders
      generate approximants for functions that converge to the desired function in mean
      squared error like 1/N, where N is the number of neurons in the network. We refer
      to these decoders as scale-invariant decoders due to their structure. These
      decoders generate weights for a network of neurons through the NEF formula for
      weights. These weights force the spiking network to have arbitrary and prescribed
      mean field dynamics. The weights generated with scale-invariant decoders all lie
      on low dimensional hypersurfaces asymptotically. We demonstrate the applicability
      of these scale-invariant decoders and weight surfaces by constructing networks of
      spiking theta neurons that replicate the dynamics of various well known dynamical
      systems such as the neural integrator, Van der Pol system and the Lorenz system.
      As these decoders are analytically determined and non-unique, the weights are
      also analytically determined and non-unique. We discuss the implications for
      measured weights of neuronal networks. 

PMID- 26973505
TI  - Neurocomputational Model of EEG Complexity during Mind Wandering.
AB  - Mind wandering (MW) can be understood as a transient state in which attention
      drifts from an external task to internal self-generated thoughts. MW has been
      associated with the activation of the Default Mode Network (DMN). In addition, it
      has been shown that the activity of the DMN is anti-correlated with activation in
      brain networks related to the processing of external events (e.g., Salience
      network, SN). In this study, we present a mean field model based on weakly
      coupled Kuramoto oscillators. We simulated the oscillatory activity of the entire
      brain and explored the role of the interaction between the nodes from the DMN and
      SN in MW states. External stimulation was added to the network model in two
      opposite conditions. Stimuli could be presented when oscillators in the SN showed
      more internal coherence (synchrony) than in the DMN, or, on the contrary, when
      the coherence in the SN was lower than in the DMN. The resulting phases of the
      oscillators were analyzed and used to simulate EEG signals. Our results showed
      that the structural complexity from both simulated and real data was higher when
      the model was stimulated during periods in which DMN was more coherent than the
      SN. Overall, our results provided a plausible mechanistic explanation to MW as a
      state in which high coherence in the DMN partially suppresses the capacity of the
      system to process external stimuli. 

PMID- 26973504
TI  - Distributed Cerebellar Motor Learning: A Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity Model.
AB  - Deep cerebellar nuclei neurons receive both inhibitory (GABAergic) synaptic
      currents from Purkinje cells (within the cerebellar cortex) and excitatory
      (glutamatergic) synaptic currents from mossy fibers. Those two deep cerebellar
      nucleus inputs are thought to be also adaptive, embedding interesting properties
      in the framework of accurate movements. We show that distributed spike-timing
      dependent plasticity mechanisms (STDP) located at different cerebellar sites
      (parallel fibers to Purkinje cells, mossy fibers to deep cerebellar nucleus
      cells, and Purkinje cells to deep cerebellar nucleus cells) in close-loop
      simulations provide an explanation for the complex learning properties of the
      cerebellum in motor learning. Concretely, we propose a new mechanistic cerebellar
      spiking model. In this new model, deep cerebellar nuclei embed a dual
      functionality: deep cerebellar nuclei acting as a gain adaptation mechanism and
      as a facilitator for the slow memory consolidation at mossy fibers to deep
      cerebellar nucleus synapses. Equipping the cerebellum with excitatory (e-STDP)
      and inhibitory (i-STDP) mechanisms at deep cerebellar nuclei afferents allows the
      accommodation of synaptic memories that were formed at parallel fibers to
      Purkinje cells synapses and then transferred to mossy fibers to deep cerebellar
      nucleus synapses. These adaptive mechanisms also contribute to modulate the deep
      cerebellar-nucleus-output firing rate (output gain modulation toward optimizing
      its working range). 

PMID- 26973507
TI  - Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid Beta 1-43 in Patients with Amnestic Mild
      Cognitive Impairment or Early Alzheimer's Disease: A 2-Year Follow-Up Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers that will reliably predict the onset of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) are urgently needed. Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta
      1-42 (Abeta42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau can be used to complement the
      clinical diagnosis of AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the
      prodromal phase of AD, is heterogeneous. Biomarkers should be able to determine
      which patients with aMCI are at greatest risk of AD. Histological studies and
      animal models indicate that amyloid beta 1-43 (Abeta43) aggregates early, and may
      play a role in the pathological process of AD. We have examined levels of CSF
      Abeta43 in a 2-year longitudinal study of aMCI and early AD. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid was collected at baseline, and after one and 2 years
      from patients with AD (n = 19), and patients with aMCI (n = 42). Of these, 21
      progressed to AD during the 2 years of study, whereas 21 did not. Controls (n =
      32) were lumbar punctured at baseline only. CSF analyses of Abeta43, Abeta42, and
      total tau were carried out with ELISA. RESULTS: At baseline, CSF Abeta43, CSF
      Abeta42 and ratios with total tau could be used to separate controls from all
      three patient groups. CSF Abeta43, but not Abeta42, could separate patients with
      aMCI who progressed to AD during the 2 years of follow-up, from those that did
      not. The CSF total tau/Abeta43 ratio had a slightly but significantly larger area
      under the receiver operating characteristic curve when compared to the CSF total
      tau/Abeta42 ratio. CSF Abeta43 levels, but not Abeta42 levels, decreased from
      baseline to 2 years in the AD group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: CSF Abeta43 was
      demonstrated to be significantly reduced in patients already by the time that
      aMCI or AD was diagnosed, compared to controls, and this change must have
      occurred during the preclinical period. Since our results suggested that CSF
      Abeta43 distinguishes between subgroups of patients with aMCI better than CSF
      Abeta42, it may prove to be a useful additional biomarker for identifying aMCI
      patients at greatest risk of AD.

PMID- 26973508
TI  - The Lateralization of Intrinsic Networks in the Aging Brain Implicates the
      Effects of Cognitive Training.
AB  - Lateralization of function is an important organization of the human brain. The
      distribution of intrinsic networks in the resting brain is strongly related to
      cognitive function, gender and age. In this study, a longitudinal design with 1
      year's duration was used to evaluate the cognitive training effects on the
      lateralization of intrinsic networks among healthy older adults. The subjects
      were divided into two groups randomly: one with multi-domain cognitive training
      over 3 months and the other as a wait-list control group. Resting state fMRI data
      were acquired before training and 1 year after training. We analyzed the
      functional lateralization in 10 common resting state fMRI networks. We observed
      statically significant training effects on the lateralization of two important
      RSNs related to high-level cognition: right- and left- frontoparietal networks
      (FPNs). The lateralization of the left-FPN was retained especially well in the
      training group but decreased in the control group. The increased lateralization
      with aging was observed in the cerebellum network (CereN), in which the
      lateralization was significantly increased in the control group, although the
      same change tendency was observed in the training group. These findings indicate
      that the lateralization of the high-level cognitive intrinsic networks is
      sensitive to multi-domain cognitive training. This study provides neuroimaging
      evidence to support the hypothesis that cognitive training should have an
      advantage in preventing cognitive decline in healthy older adults. 

PMID- 26973509
TI  - Pulse Pressure Magnifies the Effect of COMT Val(158)Met on 15 Years Episodic
      Memory Trajectories.
AB  - We investigated whether a physiological marker of cardiovascular health, pulse
      pressure (PP), and age magnified the effect of the functional COMT Val(158)Met
      (rs4680) polymorphism on 15-years cognitive trajectories [episodic memory (EM),
      visuospatial ability, and semantic memory] using data from 1585 non-demented
      adults from the Betula study. A multiple-group latent growth curve model was
      specified to gauge individual differences in change, and average trends therein.
      The allelic variants showed negligible differences across the cognitive markers
      in average trends. The older portion of the sample selectively age-magnified the
      effects of Val(158)Met on EM changes, resulting in greater decline in Val
      compared to homozygote Met carriers. This effect was attenuated by statistical
      control for PP. Further, PP moderated the effects of COMT on 15-years EM
      trajectories, resulting in greater decline in Val carriers, even after accounting
      for the confounding effects of sex, education, cardiovascular diseases (diabetes,
      stroke, and hypertension), and chronological age, controlled for practice gains.
      The effect was still present after excluding individuals with a history of
      cardiovascular diseases. The effects of cognitive change were not moderated by
      any other covariates. This report underscores the importance of addressing
      synergistic effects in normal cognitive aging, as the addition thereof may place
      healthy individuals at greater risk for memory decline. 

PMID- 26973510
TI  - Progranulin Mutations Affects Brain Oscillatory Activity in Fronto-Temporal
      Dementia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical stage indicating a
      prodromal phase of dementia. This practical concept could be used also for fronto
      temporal dementia (FTD). Progranulin (PGRN) has been recently recognized as a
      useful diagnostic biomarker for fronto-temporal lobe degeneration (FTLD) due to
      GRN null mutations. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a reliable tool in detecting
      brain networks changes. The working hypothesis of the present study is that EEG
      oscillations could detect different modifications among FTLD stages (FTD-MCI
      versus overt FTD) as well as differences between GRN mutation carriers versus non
      carriers in patients with overt FTD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EEG in all patients
      and PGRN dosage in patients with a clear FTD were detected. The cognitive state
      has been investigated through mini mental state examination (MMSE). RESULTS: MCI
      FTD showed a significant lower spectral power in both alpha and theta
      oscillations as compared to overt FTD. GRN mutations carriers affected by FTLD
      show an increase in high alpha and decrease in theta oscillations as compared to
      non-carriers. CONCLUSION: EEG frequency rhythms are sensible to different stage
      of FTD and could detect changes in brain oscillatory activity affected by GRN
      mutations.

PMID- 26973506
TI  - Molecular Machines Regulating the Release Probability of Synaptic Vesicles at the
      Active Zone.
AB  - The fusion of synaptic vesicles (SVs) with the plasma membrane of the active zone
      (AZ) upon arrival of an action potential (AP) at the presynaptic compartment is a
      tightly regulated probabilistic process crucial for information transfer. The
      probability of a SV to release its transmitter content in response to an AP,
      termed release probability (Pr), is highly diverse both at the level of entire
      synapses and individual SVs at a given synapse. Differences in Pr exist between
      different types of synapses, between synapses of the same type, synapses
      originating from the same axon and even between different SV subpopulations
      within the same presynaptic terminal. The Pr of SVs at the AZ is set by a complex
      interplay of different presynaptic properties including the availability of
      release-ready SVs, the location of the SVs relative to the voltage-gated calcium
      channels (VGCCs) at the AZ, the magnitude of calcium influx upon arrival of the
      AP, the buffering of calcium ions as well as the identity and sensitivity of the
      calcium sensor. These properties are not only interconnected, but can also be
      regulated dynamically to match the requirements of activity patterns mediated by
      the synapse. Here, we review recent advances in identifying molecules and
      molecular machines taking part in the determination of vesicular Pr at the AZ. 

PMID- 26973512
TI  - Corrigendum: PGC-1alpha silencing compounds the perturbation of mitochondrial
      function caused by mutant SOD1 in skeletal muscle of ALS mouse model.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 204 in vol. 7, PMID: 26539112.]. 

PMID- 26973511
TI  - microRNA Profiles in Parkinson's Disease Prefrontal Cortex.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare the microRNA (miRNA) profile of
      Parkinson's disease (PD) frontal cortex with normal control brain, allowing for
      the identification of PD specific signatures as well as study the disease-related
      phenotypes of onset age and dementia. METHODS: Small RNA sequence analysis was
      performed from prefrontal cortex for 29 PD samples and 33 control samples. After
      sample QC, normalization and batch correction, linear regression was employed to
      identify miRNAs altered in PD, and a PD classifier was developed using weighted
      voting class prediction. The relationship of miRNA levels to onset age and PD
      with dementia (PDD) was also characterized in case-only analyses. RESULTS: One
      twenty five miRNAs were differentially expressed in PD at a genome-wide level of
      significance (FDR q < 0.05). A set of 29 miRNAs classified PD from non-diseased
      brain (93.9% specificity, 96.6% sensitivity). The majority of differentially
      expressed miRNAs (105/125) showed an ordinal relationship from control, to PD
      without dementia (PDN), to PDD. Among PD brains, 36 miRNAs classified PDD from
      PDN (sensitivity = 81.2%, specificity = 88.9%). Among differentially expressed
      miRNAs, miR-10b-5p had a positive association with onset age (q = 4.7e-2).
      CONCLUSIONS: Based on cortical miRNA levels, PD brains were accurately classified
      from non-diseased brains. Additionally, the PDD miRNA profile exhibited a more
      severe pattern of alteration among those differentially expressed in PD. To
      evaluate the clinical utility of miRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers, further
      characterization and testing of brain-related miRNA alterations in peripheral
      biofluids is warranted.

PMID- 26973513
TI  - Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Functions and Neural
      Substrates: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study in Aged Mice.
AB  - Human and experimental studies have revealed putative neuroprotective and pro
      cognitive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in aging,
      evidencing positive correlations between peripheral n-3 PUFA levels and regional
      grey matter (GM) volume, as well as negative correlations between dietary n-3
      PUFA levels and cognitive deficits. We recently showed that n-3 PUFA supplemented
      aged mice exhibit better hippocampal-dependent mnesic functions, along with
      enhanced cellular plasticity and reduced neurodegeneration, thus supporting a
      role of n-3 PUFA supplementation in preventing cognitive decline during aging. To
      corroborate these initial results and develop new evidence on the effects of n-3
      PUFA supplementation on brain substrates at macro-scale level, here we expanded
      behavioral analyses to the emotional domain (anxiety and coping skills), and
      carried out a fine-grained regional GM volumetric mapping by using high
      resolution MRI-based voxel-based morphometry. The behavioral effects of 8 week n
      3 PUFA supplementation were measured on cognitive (discriminative, spatial and
      social) and emotional (anxiety and coping) abilities of aged (19 month-old at the
      onset of study) C57B6/J mice. n-3 PUFA supplemented mice showed better mnesic
      performances as well as increased active coping skills. Importantly, these
      effects were associated with enlarged regional hippocampal, retrosplenial and
      prefrontal GM volumes, and with increased post mortem n-3 PUFA brain levels.
      These findings indicate that increased dietary n-3 PUFA intake in normal aging
      can improve fronto-hippocampal GM structure and function, an effect present also
      when the supplementation starts at late age. Our data are consistent with a
      protective role of n-3 PUFA supplementation in counteracting cognitive decline,
      emotional dysfunctions and brain atrophy. 

PMID- 26973514
TI  - Perception and Cognition in the Ageing Brain: A Brief Review of the Short- and
      Long-Term Links between Perceptual and Cognitive Decline.
AB  - Ageing is associated with declines in both perception and cognition. We review
      evidence for an interaction between perceptual and cognitive decline in old age.
      Impoverished perceptual input can increase the cognitive difficulty of tasks,
      while changes to cognitive strategies can compensate, to some extent, for
      impaired perception. While there is strong evidence from cross-sectional studies
      for a link between sensory acuity and cognitive performance in old age, there is
      not yet compelling evidence from longitudinal studies to suggest that poor
      perception causes cognitive decline, nor to demonstrate that correcting sensory
      impairment can improve cognition in the longer term. Most studies have focused on
      relatively simple measures of sensory (visual and auditory) acuity, but more
      complex measures of suprathreshold perceptual processes, such as temporal
      processing, can show a stronger link with cognition. The reviewed evidence
      underlines the importance of fully accounting for perceptual deficits when
      investigating cognitive decline in old age. 

PMID- 26973515
TI  - Identifying Dysfunctional Cortex: Dissociable Effects of Stroke and Aging on
      Resting State Dynamics in MEG and fMRI.
AB  - Spontaneous signals in neuroimaging data may provide information on cortical
      health in disease and aging, but the relative sensitivity of different approaches
      is unknown. In the present study, we compared different but complementary
      indicators of neural dynamics in resting-state MEG and BOLD fMRI, and their
      relationship with blood flow. Participants included patients with post-stroke
      aphasia, age-matched controls, and young adults. The complexity of brain activity
      at rest was quantified in MEG using spectral analysis and multiscale entropy
      (MSE) measures, whereas BOLD variability was quantified as the standard deviation
      (SDBOLD), mean squared successive difference (MSSD), and sample entropy of the
      BOLD time series. We sought to assess the utility of signal variability and
      complexity measures as markers of age-related changes in healthy adults and
      perilesional dysfunction in chronic stroke. The results indicate that reduced
      BOLD variability is a robust finding in aging, whereas MEG measures are more
      sensitive to the cortical abnormalities associated with stroke. Furthermore,
      reduced complexity of MEG signals in perilesional tissue were correlated with
      hypoperfusion as assessed with arterial spin labeling (ASL), while no such
      relationship was apparent with BOLD variability. These findings suggest that MEG
      signal complexity offers a sensitive index of neural dysfunction in perilesional
      tissue in chronic stroke, and that these effects are clearly distinguishable from
      those associated with healthy aging. 

PMID- 26973518
TI  - Response: Commentary: Age-related neurodegenerative disease research needs aging
      models.

PMID- 26973516
TI  - Role of the Retromer Complex in Neurodegenerative Diseases.
AB  - The retromer complex is a protein complex that plays a central role in endosomal
      trafficking. Retromer dysfunction has been linked to a growing number of
      neurological disorders. The process of intracellular trafficking and recycling is
      crucial for maintaining normal intracellular homeostasis, which is partly
      achieved through the activity of the retromer complex. The retromer complex plays
      a primary role in sorting endosomal cargo back to the cell surface for reuse, to
      the trans-Golgi network (TGN), or alternatively to specialized endomembrane
      compartments, in which the cargo is not subjected to lysosomal-mediated
      degradation. In most cases, the retromer acts as a core that interacts with
      associated proteins, including sorting nexin family member 27 (SNX27), members of
      the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) receptor family, the major endosomal
      actin polymerization-promoting complex known as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
      and scar homolog (WASH), and other proteins. Some of the molecules carried by the
      retromer complex are risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Defects such as
      haplo-insufficiency or mutations in one or several units of the retromer complex
      lead to various pathologies. Here, we summarize the molecular architecture of the
      retromer complex and the roles of this system in intracellular trafficking
      related the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 26973517
TI  - The Role of Detraining in Tendon Mechanobiology.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several conditions such as training, aging, estrogen deficiency and
      drugs could affect the biological and anatomo-physiological characteristics of
      the tendon. Additionally, recent preclinical and clinical studies examined the
      effect of detraining on tendon, showing alterations in its structure and
      morphology and in tenocyte mechanobiology. However, few data evaluated the
      importance that cessation of training might have on tendon. Basically, we do not
      fully understand how tendons react to a phase of training followed by sudden
      detraining. Therefore, within this review, we summarize the studies where tendon
      detraining was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive systematic
      literature review was carried out by searching three databases (PubMed, Scopus
      and Web of Knowledge) on tendon detraining. Original articles in English from
      2000 to 2015 were included. In addition, the search was extended to the reference
      lists of the selected articles. A public reference manager (www.mendeley.com) was
      adopted to remove duplicate articles. RESULTS: An initial literature search
      yielded 134 references (www.pubmed.org: 53; www.scopus.com: 11;
      www.webofknowledge.com: 70). Fifteen publications were extracted based on the
      title for further analysis by two independent reviewers. Abstracts and complete
      articles were after that reviewed to evaluate if they met inclusion criteria.
      CONCLUSIONS: The revised literature comprised four clinical studies and an in
      vitro and three in vivo reports. Overall, the results showed that tendon
      structure and properties after detraining are compromised, with an alteration in
      the tissue structural organization and mechanical properties. Clinical studies
      usually showed a lesser extent of tendon alterations, probably because
      preclinical studies permit an in-depth evaluation of tendon modifications, which
      is hard to perform in human subjects. In conclusion, after a period of sudden
      detraining (e.g., after an injury), physical activity should be taken with
      caution, following a targeted rehabilitation program. However, further research
      should be performed to fully understand the effect of sudden detraining on
      tendons.

PMID- 26973519
TI  - Astrocytes As the Main Players in Primary Degenerative Disorders of the Human
      Central Nervous System.
AB  - Along the last years it has been demonstrated that non-neural cells play a major
      role in the pathogenesis of the primary degenerative disorders (PDDs) of the
      human central nervous system. Among them, astrocytes coordinate and participate
      in many different and complex metabolic processes, in close interaction with
      neurons. Moreover, increasing experimental evidence hints an early astrocytic
      dysfunction in these diseases. In this mini review we summarize the astrocytic
      behavior in PDDs, with special consideration to the experimental observations
      where astrocytic pathology precedes the development of neuronal dysfunction. We
      also suggest a different approach that could be consider in human investigations
      in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We believe that the study of PDDs with
      human brain samples may hold the key of a paradigmatic physiopathological process
      in which astrocytes might be the main players. 

PMID- 26973520
TI  - Electrophysiological Advances on Multiple Object Processing in Aging.
AB  - EEG research conducted in the past 5 years on multiple object processing has
      begun to define how the aging brain tracks the numerosity of the objects
      presented in the visual field for different goals. We review the recent EEG
      findings in healthy older individuals (age range: 65-75 years approximately) on
      perceptual, attentional and memory mechanisms-reflected in the N1, N2pc and
      contralateral delayed activity (CDA) components of the EEG, respectively-during
      the execution of a variety of cognitive tasks requiring simultaneous processing
      of multiple elements. The findings point to multiple loci of neural changes in
      multi-object analysis, and suggest the involvement of early perceptual
      mechanisms, attentive individuation and working memory (WM) operations in the
      neural and cognitive modification due to aging. However, the findings do not
      simply reflect early impairments with a cascade effect over subsequent stages of
      stimulus processing, but in fact highlight interesting dissociations between the
      effects occurring at the various stages of stimulus processing. Finally, the
      results on older adults indicate the occurrence of neural overactivation in
      association to good levels of performance in easy perceptual contexts, thus
      providing some hints on the existence of compensatory phenomena that are
      associated with the functioning of early perceptual mechanisms. 

PMID- 26973521
TI  - The New and Old Europe: East-West Split in Pharmaceutical Spending.
AB  - HIGHLIGHTS Since the geopolitical developments of 1989, former centrally planned
      economies of Eastern Europe followed distinctively different pathways in national
      pharmaceutical expenditure evolution as compared to their free market Western
      European counterparts.Long term spending on pharmaceuticals expressed as
      percentage of total health expenditure was falling in free market economies as of
      1989. Back in early 1990s it was at higher levels in transitional Eastern
      European countries and actually continued to grow further.Public financing share
      of total pharmaceutical expenditure was steadily falling in most Central and
      Eastern European countries over the recent few decades. Opposed scenario were EU
      15 countries which successfully increased their public funding of prescription
      medicines for the sake of their citizens.Pace of annual increase in per capita
      spending on medicines in PPP terms, was at least 20% faster in Eastern Europe
      compared to their Western counterparts. During the same years, CEE region was
      expanding their pharmaceuticals share of health spending in eight fold faster
      annual rate compared to the EU 15.Private and out-of-pocket expenditure became
      dominant in former socialist countries. Affordability issues coupled with growing
      income inequality in transitional economies will present a serious challenge to
      equitable provision and sustainable financing of pharmaceuticals in the long run.

PMID- 26973522
TI  - The Elastin Receptor Complex: A Unique Matricellular Receptor with High Anti
      tumoral Potential.
AB  - Elastin, one of the longest-lived proteins, confers elasticity to tissues with
      high mechanical constraints. During aging or pathophysiological conditions such
      as cancer progression, this insoluble polymer of tropoelastin undergoes an
      important degradation leading to the release of bioactive elastin-derived
      peptides (EDPs), named elastokines. EDP exhibit several biological functions able
      to drive tumor development by regulating cell proliferation, invasion, survival,
      angiogenesis, and matrix metalloproteinase expression in various tumor and
      stromal cells. Although, several receptors have been suggested to bind
      elastokines (alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins, galectin-3), their main
      receptor remains the elastin receptor complex (ERC). This heterotrimer comprises
      a peripheral subunit, named elastin binding protein (EBP), associated to the
      protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA). The latter is bound to a membrane
      associated protein called Neuraminidase-1 (Neu-1). The pro-tumoral effects of
      elastokines have been linked to their binding onto EBP. Additionally, Neu-1
      sialidase activity is essential for their signal transduction. Consistently, EDP
      EBP interaction and Neu-1 activity emerge as original anti-tumoral targets.
      Interestingly, besides its direct involvement in cancer progression, the ERC also
      regulates diabetes outcome and thrombosis, an important risk factor for cancer
      development and a vascular process highly increased in patients suffering from
      cancer. In this review, we will describe ERC and elastokines involvement in
      cancer development suggesting that this unique receptor would be a promising
      therapeutic target. We will also discuss the pharmacological concepts aiming at
      blocking its pro-tumoral activities. Finally, its emerging role in cancer
      associated complications and pathologies such as diabetes and thrombotic events
      will be also considered. 

PMID- 26973523
TI  - The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various
      Diseases of Civilization.
AB  - Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive brew of two main components. Its active
      agents are beta-carboline and tryptamine derivatives. As a sacrament, ayahuasca
      is still a central element of many healing ceremonies in the Amazon Basin and its
      ritual consumption has become common among the mestizo populations of South
      America. Ayahuasca use amongst the indigenous people of the Amazon is a form of
      traditional medicine and cultural psychiatry. During the last two decades, the
      substance has become increasingly known among both scientists and laymen, and
      currently its use is spreading all over in the Western world. In the present
      paper we describe the chief characteristics of ayahuasca, discuss important
      questions raised about its use, and provide an overview of the scientific
      research supporting its potential therapeutic benefits. A growing number of
      studies indicate that the psychotherapeutic potential of ayahuasca is based
      mostly on the strong serotonergic effects, whereas the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R)
      agonist effect of its active ingredient dimethyltryptamine raises the possibility
      that the ethnomedical observations on the diversity of treated conditions can be
      scientifically verified. Moreover, in the right therapeutic or ritual setting
      with proper preparation and mindset of the user, followed by subsequent
      integration of the experience, ayahuasca has proven effective in the treatment of
      substance dependence. This article has two important take-home messages: (1) the
      therapeutic effects of ayahuasca are best understood from a bio-psycho-socio
      spiritual model, and (2) on the biological level ayahuasca may act against
      chronic low grade inflammation and oxidative stress via the Sig-1R which can
      explain its widespread therapeutic indications. 

PMID- 26973524
TI  - Scaffold Proteins Regulating Extracellular Regulated Kinase Function in Cardiac
      Hypertrophy and Disease.
AB  - The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular regulated kinase 1/2
      (ERK1/2) pathway is a central downstream signaling pathway that is activated in
      cardiac muscle cells during mechanical and agonist-mediated hypertrophy. Studies
      in genetic mouse models deficient in ERK-associated MAPK components pathway have
      further reinforced a direct role for this pathway in stress-induced cardiac
      hypertrophy and disease. However, more recent studies have highlighted that these
      signaling pathways may exert their regulatory functions in a more
      compartmentalized manner in cardiac muscle. Emerging data has uncovered specific
      MAPK scaffolding proteins that tether MAPK/ERK signaling specifically at the
      sarcomere and plasma membrane in cardiac muscle and show that deficiencies in
      these scaffolding proteins alter ERK activity and phosphorylation, which are then
      critical in altering the cardiac myocyte response to stress-induced hypertrophy
      and disease progression. In this review, we provide insights on ERK-associated
      scaffolding proteins regulating cardiac myofilament function and their impact on
      cardiac hypertrophy and disease. 

PMID- 26973525
TI  - Dietary Geraniol by Oral or Enema Administration Strongly Reduces Dysbiosis and
      Systemic Inflammation in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Treated Mice.
AB  - (Trans)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol, commonly called geraniol (Ge-OH), is an
      acyclic monoterpene alcohol with well-known anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, and
      antimicrobial properties. It is widely used as a preservative in the food
      industry and as an antimicrobial agent in animal farming. The present study
      investigated the role of Ge-OH as an anti-inflammatory and anti-dysbiotic agent
      in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Ge-OH was orally
      administered to C57BL/6 mice at daily doses of 30 and 120 mg kg((-1)) body
      weight, starting 6 days before DSS treatment and ending the day after DSS
      removal. Furthermore, Ge-OH 120 mg kg((-1)) dose body weight was administered via
      enema during the acute phase of colitis to facilitate its on-site action. The
      results show that orally or enema-administered Ge-OH is a powerful antimicrobial
      agent able to prevent colitis-associated dysbiosis and decrease the inflammatory
      systemic profile of colitic mice. As a whole, Ge-OH strongly improved the
      clinical signs of colitis and significantly reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
      expression in colonocytes and in the gut wall. Ge-OH could be a powerful drug for
      the treatment of intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis. 

PMID- 26973526
TI  - Effects of Amiodarone and N-desethylamiodarone on Cardiac Voltage-Gated Sodium
      Channels.
AB  - Amiodarone (AMD) is a potent antiarrhythmic drug with high efficacy for treating
      atrial fibrillation and tachycardia. The pharmacologic profile of AMD is complex.
      AMD possesses biophysical characteristics of all of class I, II, III, and IV
      agents. Despite its adverse side effects, AMD remains the most commonly
      prescribed antiarrhythmic drug. AMD was described to prolong the QT interval and
      can lead to torsades de pointes. Our goal was to study the effects of AMD on peak
      and late sodium currents (INa,P and INa,L) and determine whether these effects
      change as AMD is metabolized into N-desethylamiodarone (DES). We hypothesized
      that AMD and DES block both INa,P and INa,L with similar profiles due to
      structural similarities. Given the inherent small amounts of INa,L in NaV1.5, we
      screened AMD and DES against the Long QT-3-causing mutation, DeltaKPQ, to better
      detect any drug-mediated effect on INa,L. Our results show that AMD and DES do
      not affect WT or DeltaKPQ activation; however, both drugs altered the apparent
      valence of steady-state fast-inactivation. In addition, AMD and DES
      preferentially block DeltaKPQ peak conductance compared to WT. Both compounds
      significantly increase INa,L and window currents. We conclude that both compounds
      have pro-arrhythmic effects on NaV1.5, especially DeltaKPQ; however, DES seems to
      have a greater pro-arrhythmic effect than AMD. 

PMID- 26973528
TI  - Herba Cistanche (Rou Cong-Rong): One of the Best Pharmaceutical Gifts of
      Traditional Chinese Medicine.
AB  - Cistanche species, known as Rou Cong-Rong in Chinese, are an endangered wild
      species and are mainly distributed in the arid lands and warm deserts of
      northwestern China. Within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Herba Cistanche is
      applied as a tonic and/or in a formula for chronic renal disease, impotence,
      female infertility, morbid leucorrhea, profuse metrorrhagia, and senile
      constipation. The chemical constituents of Herba Cistanche mainly consist of
      volatile oils, non-volatile phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), iridoids, lignans,
      alditols, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. There have been an increasing
      number of studies focusing on its bio-activities, including antioxidation,
      neuroprotection, and antiaging. The objective of this review is to introduce this
      herb to the world. Its taxonomy, distribution, and corresponding biological
      functions and molecular mechanisms are addressed in this review. 

PMID- 26973527
TI  - Early Life Adverse Environmental Exposures Increase the Risk of Uterine Fibroid
      Development: Role of Epigenetic Regulation.
AB  - Uterine Fibroids [UF(s), AKA: leiomyoma] are the most important benign neoplastic
      threat to women's health. They are the most common cause of hysterectomy imposing
      untold personal consequences and 100s of billions of healthcare dollars,
      worldwide. Currently, there is no long term effective FDA-approved medical
      treatment available, and surgery is the mainstay. The etiology of UFs is not
      fully understood. In this regard, we and others have recently reported that
      somatic mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional mediator subunit Med12
      are found to occur at a high frequency (~85%) in UFs. UFs likely originate when a
      Med12 mutation occurs in a myometrial stem cell converting it into a tumor
      forming stem cell leading to a clonal fibroid lesion. Although the molecular
      attributes underlying the mechanistic formation of UFs is largely unknown, a
      growing body of literature implicates unfavorable early life environmental
      exposures as potentially important contributors. Early life exposure to EDCs
      during sensitive windows of development can reprogram normal physiological
      responses and alter disease susceptibility later in life. Neonatal exposure to
      the EDCs such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) and genistein during reproductive tract
      development has been shown to increase the incidence, multiplicity and overall
      size of UFs in the Eker rat model, concomitantly reprogramming estrogen
      responsive gene expression. Importantly, EDC exposure represses enhancer of zeste
      2 (EZH2) and reduces levels of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3)
      repressive mark through Estrogen receptor/Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/Protein
      kinase B non-genomic signaling in the developing uterus. Considering the fact
      that distinct Mediator Complex Subunit 12 (Med12) mutations are detected in
      different fibroid lesions in the same uterus, the emergence of each Med12
      mutation is likely an independent event in an altered myometrial stem cell. It is
      therefore possible that a chronic reduction in DNA repair capacity eventually
      causes the emergence of mutations such as Med12 in myometrial stem cells
      converting them into fibroid tumor-forming stem cells, and thereby leads to the
      development of UFs. Advancing our understanding of the mechanistic role
      epigenetic regulation of stem cells plays in mediating risk and tumorigenesis
      will help in pointing the way toward the development of novel therapeutic
      options. 

PMID- 26973529
TI  - A Guide for Pain Management in Low and Middle Income Communities. Managing the
      Risk of Opioid Abuse in Patients with Cancer Pain.
AB  - Most patients who present with cancer have advanced disease and often suffer
      moderate to severe pain. Opioid therapy can be safe and effective for use in
      cancer patients with pain, but there are rightful concerns about inappropriate
      opioid use even in the cancer population. Since cancer patients live longer than
      ever before in history (and survivors may have long exposure times to opioid
      therapy), opioid misuse among cancer patients is an important topic worthy of
      deeper investigation. Cancer patients with pain must be evaluated for risk
      factors for potential opioid misuse and aberrant drug-taking behaviors assessed.
      A variety of validated screening tools should be used. Of particular importance
      is the fact that pain in cancer patients changes frequently, whether it is
      related to their underlying disease (progression or remission), pain related to
      treatment (such as painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy), and
      concomitant pain unrelated to cancer (such as osteoarthritis, headache, or back
      pain). Fortunately, clinicians can use universal precautions to help reduce the
      risk of opioid misuse while still assuring that cancer patients get the pain
      therapy they need. Another important new "tool" in this regard is the emergence
      of abuse-deterrent opioid formulations. 

PMID- 26973530
TI  - Tools for Controlling Activity of Neural Circuits Can Boost Gastrointestinal
      Research.

PMID- 26973532
TI  - Rising Background Odor Concentration Reduces Sensitivity of ON and OFF Olfactory
      Receptor Neurons for Changes in Concentration.
AB  - The ON and OFF ORNs on cockroach antennae optimize the detection and transfer of
      information about concentration increments and decrements by providing excitatory
      responses for both. It follows that the antagonism of the responses facilitates
      instantaneous evaluations of the odor plume to help the insect make tracking
      decisions by signaling "higher concentration than background" and "lower
      concentration than background". Here we analyzed the effect of the background
      concentration level of the odor of lemon oil on the responses of the ON and OFF
      ORNs to jumps and drops of that odor, respectively. Raising the background level
      decreases both the ON-ORN's response to concentration jumps and the OFF-ORN's
      response to concentration drops. Impulse frequency of the ON ORN is high when the
      concentration jump is large, but for a given jump, frequency tends to be higher
      when the background level is low. Conversely, impulse frequency of the OFF cell
      is high at large concentration drops, but higher still when the background level
      is low. Analyses of this double dependence revealed that the activity of both
      types of ORNs is raised more by increasing the change in concentration than by
      decreasing the background concentration by the same amount. This effect is
      greater in the OFF ORN than in the ON ORN, indicating a bias for falling
      concentrations. Given equal change in concentration, concentration drops evoke
      stronger responses in the OFF ORN than concentrations jumps in the ON ORN. This
      suggests that the OFF responses are used as alert information for accurately
      tracking. 

PMID- 26973531
TI  - The Molecular Links of Re-Emerging Therapy: A Review of Evidence of Brahmi
      (Bacopa monniera).
AB  - The convolution associated with memory is being resolved with advancement in
      neuroscience. According to the concurrent assumptions, synaptic plasticity forms
      one of the basis of memory formation, stabilization and strengthening. In
      Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is generally characterized by memory dysfunction,
      connections amongst the cells in the brain are attenuated or lost leading to
      degeneration of neural networks. Numerous attempts have been made to find new
      therapies for memory dysfunction with increasing attention and investments being
      laid on herbal drugs. Many herbal plants and extracts have already documented
      beneficial results when tested for antiamnesic effects. Brahmi (Bacopa monniera)
      is one such common herbal drug, which is employed for a long time in the Indian
      and Chinese medical system in order to treat several disorders. Previous research
      has shown that Brahmi exerts many pharmacological effects including memory
      boosting capacity in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia,
      exhibiting antiparkinsonian, antistroke, and anticonvulsant potentials. The
      present review discusses the chemical constituents of Brahmi along with in vitro
      and in vivo studies based on the pharmacological effects exerted by it. The
      efficacy of Brahmi in treating various disorders has evoked sufficient research
      in recent years and now it is a time to launch multiple clinical trials. 

PMID- 26973533
TI  - Activation of TRPV4 Regulates Respiration through Indirect Activation of
      Bronchopulmonary Sensory Neurons.
AB  - Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 4 (TRPV4) is a calcium-permeable
      non-selective cation channel implicated in numerous physiological and
      pathological functions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TRPV4
      activation on respiration and to explore the potential involvement of
      bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. Potent TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A was injected
      into right atrium in anesthetized spontaneously breathing rats and the changes in
      breathing were measured. Patch-clamp recording was performed to investigate the
      effect of GSK1016790A or another TRPV4 activator 4alpha-PDD on cultured rat vagal
      bronchopulmonary sensory neurons. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to
      determine the TRPV4-expressing cells in lung slices obtained from TRPV4-EGFP
      mice. Our results showed, that right-atrial injection of GSK1016790A evoked a
      slow-developing, long-lasting rapid shallow breathing in anesthetized rats.
      Activation of TRPV4 also significantly potentiated capsaicin-evoked chemoreflex
      responses. The alteration in ventilation induced by GSK1016790A was abolished by
      cutting or perineural capsaicin treatment of both vagi, indicating the
      involvement of bronchopulmonary afferent neurons. The stimulating and sensitizing
      effects of GSK1016790A were abolished by a selective TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874
      and also by inhibiting cyclooxygenase with indomethacin. Surprising, GSK1016790A
      or 4alpha-PDD did not activate isolated bronchopulmonary sensory neurons, nor did
      they modulate capsaicin-induced inward currents in these neurons. Furthermore,
      TRPV4 expression was found in alveolar macrophages, alveolar epithelial, and
      vascular endothelial cells. Collectively, our results suggest that GSK1016790A
      regulates the respiration through an indirect activation of bronchopulmonary
      sensory neurons, likely via its stimulation of other TRPV4-expressing cells in
      the lungs and airways. 

PMID- 26973534
TI  - Single-Unit Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity Reflects Sleep Apnea Severity,
      Especially in Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with augmented sympathetic
      nerve activity, as assessed by multi-unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity
      (MSNA). However, it is still unclear whether single-unit MSNA is a better
      reflection of sleep apnea severity according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).
      One hundred and two OSAS patients underwent full polysomnography and single- and
      multi-unit MSNA measurements. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis
      were performed to determine which parameters correlated with OSAS severity, which
      was defined by the AHI. Single- and multi-unit MSNA were significantly and
      positively correlated with AHI severity. The AHI was also significantly
      correlated with multi-unit MSNA burst frequency (r = 0.437, p < 0.0001) and
      single-unit MSNA spike frequency (r = 0.632, p < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis
      revealed that SF was correlated most significantly with AHI (T = 7.27, p <
      0.0001). The distributions of multiple single-unit spikes per one cardiac
      interval did not differ between patients with an AHI of <30 and those with and
      AHI of 30-55 events/h; however, the pattern of each multiple spike firing were
      significantly higher in patients with an AHI of >55. These results suggest that
      sympathetic nerve activity is associated with sleep apnea severity. In addition,
      single-unit MSNA is a more accurate reflection of sleep apnea severity with
      alternation of the firing pattern, especially in patients with very severe OSAS. 

PMID- 26973536
TI  - It's All in the Mix: Blend-Specific Behavioral Response to a Sexual Pheromone in
      a Butterfly.
AB  - Among insects, sexual pheromones are typically mixtures of two to several
      components, all of which are generally required to elicit a behavioral response.
      Here we show for the first time that a complete blend of sexual pheromone
      components is needed to elicit a response also in a butterfly. Males of the Green
      veined White, Pieris napi, emit an aphrodisiac pheromone, citral, from wing
      glands. This pheromone is requisite for females to accept mating with a courting
      male. Citral is a mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial (E-isomer) and
      neral (Z-isomer) in an approximate 1:1 ratio. We found that both these compounds
      are required to elicit acceptance behavior, which indicates synergistic
      interaction between processing of the isomers. Using functional Ca(2+) imaging we
      found that geranial and neral evoke significantly different but overlapping
      glomerular activity patterns in the antennal lobe, which suggests receptors with
      different affinity for the two isomers. However, these glomeruli were
      intermingled with glomeruli responding to, for example, plant-related compounds,
      i.e., no distinct subpopulation of pheromone-responding glomeruli as in moths and
      other insects. In addition, these glomeruli showed lower specificity than
      pheromone-activated glomeruli in moths. We could, however, not detect any mixture
      interactions among four identified glomeruli, indicating that the synergistic
      effect may be generated at a higher processing level. Furthermore, correlations
      between glomerular activity patterns evoked by the single isomers and the blend
      did not change over time. 

PMID- 26973535
TI  - Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Isolated Cleft Palate.
AB  - Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting. The incidence of
      CPO varies substantially by geography from 1.3 to 25.3 per 10,000 live births,
      with the highest rates in British Columbia, Canada and the lowest rates in
      Nigeria, Africa. Stratified by ethnicity/race, the highest rates of CPO are
      observed in non-Hispanic Whites and the lowest in Africans; nevertheless, rates
      of CPO are consistently higher in females compared to males. Approximately fifty
      percent of cases born with cleft palate occur as part of a known genetic syndrome
      or with another malformation (e.g., congenital heart defects) and the other half
      occur as solitary defects, referred to often as non-syndromic clefts. The
      etiology of CPO is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental risk
      factors. Several animal models have yielded insight into the molecular pathways
      responsible for proper closure of the palate, including the BMP, TGF-beta, and
      SHH signaling pathways. In terms of environmental exposures, only maternal
      tobacco smoke has been found to be strongly associated with CPO. Some studies
      have suggested that maternal glucocorticoid exposure may also be important.
      Clearly, there is a need for larger epidemiologic studies to further investigate
      both genetic and environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions. In
      terms of treatment, there is a need for long-term comprehensive care including
      surgical, dental and speech pathology. Overall, five main themes emerge as
      critical in advancing research: (1) monitoring of the occurrence of CPO (capacity
      building); (2) detailed phenotyping of the severity (biology); (3) understanding
      of the genetic and environmental risk factors (primary prevention); (4) access to
      early detection and multidisciplinary treatment (clinical services); and (5)
      understanding predictors of recurrence and possible interventions among families
      with a child with CPO (secondary prevention). 

PMID- 26973537
TI  - Early Life Exposure to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Primes Increased
      Susceptibility to Hypoxia-Induced Weakness in Rat Sternohyoid Muscle during
      Adulthood.
AB  - Intermittent hypoxia is a feature of apnea of prematurity (AOP), chronic lung
      disease, and sleep apnea. Despite the clinical relevance, the long-term effects
      of hypoxic exposure in early life on respiratory control are not well defined. We
      recently reported that exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) during
      postnatal development (pCIH) causes upper airway muscle weakness in both sexes,
      which persists for several weeks. We sought to examine if there are persistent
      sex-dependent effects of pCIH on respiratory muscle function into adulthood
      and/or increased susceptibility to re-exposure to CIH in adulthood in animals
      previously exposed to CIH during postnatal development. We hypothesized that pCIH
      would cause long-lasting muscle impairment and increased susceptibility to
      subsequent hypoxia. Within 24 h of delivery, pups and their respective dams were
      exposed to CIH: 90 s of hypoxia reaching 5% O2 at nadir; once every 5 min, 8 h
      per day for 3 weeks. Sham groups were exposed to normoxia in parallel. Three
      groups were studied: sham; pCIH; and pCIH combined with adult CIH (p+aCIH), where
      a subset of the pCIH-exposed pups were re-exposed to the same CIH paradigm
      beginning at 13 weeks. Following gas exposures, sternohyoid and diaphragm muscle
      isometric contractile and endurance properties were examined ex vivo. There was
      no apparent lasting effect of pCIH on respiratory muscle function in adults.
      However, in both males and females, re-exposure to CIH in adulthood in pCIH
      exposed animals caused sternohyoid (but not diaphragm) weakness. Exposure to this
      paradigm of CIH in adulthood alone had no effect on muscle function. Persistent
      susceptibility in pCIH-exposed airway dilator muscle to subsequent hypoxic insult
      may have implications for the control of airway patency in adult humans exposed
      to intermittent hypoxic stress during early life. 

PMID- 26973539
TI  - Hyperpolarized Renal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Potential and Pitfalls.
AB  - The introduction of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) technology
      has enabled a new paradigm for renal imaging investigations. It allows standard
      magnetic resonance imaging complementary renal metabolic and functional
      fingerprints within seconds without the use of ionizing radiation. Increasing
      evidence supports its utility in preclinical research in which the real-time
      interrogation of metabolic turnover can aid the physiological and
      pathophysiological metabolic and functional effects in ex vivo and in vivo
      models. The method has already been translated to humans, although the clinical
      value of this technology is unknown. In this paper, I review the potential
      benefits and pitfalls associated with dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization in
      preclinical research and its translation to renal patients. 

PMID- 26973538
TI  - Detection of a Novel DSPP Mutation by NGS in a Population Isolate in Madagascar.
AB  - A large family from a small village in Madagascar, Antanetilava, is known to
      present with colored teeth. Through previous collaboration and 4 successive
      visits in 1994, 2004, 2005, and 2012, we provided dental care to the inhabitants
      and diagnosed dentinogenesis imperfecta. Recently, using whole exome sequencing
      we confirmed the clinical diagnosis by identifying a novel single nucleotide
      deletion in exon 5 of DSPP. This paper underlines the necessity of long run
      research, the importance of international and interpersonal collaborations as
      well as the major contribution of next generation sequencing tools in the genetic
      diagnosis of rare oro-dental anomalies. This study is registered in
      ClinicalTrials (https://clinicaltrials.gov) under the number NCT02397824. 

PMID- 26973540
TI  - Entropy Production and the Pressure-Volume Curve of the Lung.
AB  - We investigate analytically the production of entropy during a breathing cycle in
      healthy and diseased lungs. First, we calculate entropy production in healthy
      lungs by applying the laws of thermodynamics to the well-known transpulmonary
      pressure-volume (P-V) curves of the lung under the assumption that lung tissue
      behaves as an entropic spring similar to rubber. The bulk modulus, B, of the lung
      is also derived from these calculations. Second, we extend this approach to
      elastic recoil disorders of the lung such as occur in pulmonary fibrosis and
      emphysema. These diseases are characterized by particular alterations in the P-V
      relationship. For example, in fibrotic lungs B increases monotonically with
      disease progression, while in emphysema the opposite occurs. These diseases can
      thus be mimicked simply by making appropriate adjustments to the parameters of
      the P-V curve. Using Clausius's formalism, we show that entropy production,
      DeltaS, is related to the hysteresis area, DeltaA, enclosed by the P-V curve
      during a breathing cycle, namely, DeltaS=DeltaA/T, where T is the body
      temperature. Although DeltaA is highly dependent on the disease, such formula
      applies to healthy as well as diseased lungs, regardless of the disease stage.
      Finally, we use an ansatz to predict analytically the entropy produced by the
      fibrotic and emphysematous lungs. 

PMID- 26973541
TI  - Titin, a Central Mediator for Hypertrophic Signaling, Exercise-Induced
      Mechanosignaling and Skeletal Muscle Remodeling.
AB  - Titin is a giant scaffold protein with multiple functions in striated muscle
      physiology. Due to the elastic I-band domains and the filament-like integration
      in the half-sarcomere titin is an important factor for sarcomere assembly and
      serves as an adaptable molecular spring that determines myofilament
      distensibility. Protein-interactions e.g., with muscle ankyrin repeat proteins or
      muscle LIM-protein link titin to hypertrophic signaling and via p62 and Muscle
      Ring Finger proteins to mechanisms that control protein quality control. This
      review summarizes our current knowledge on titin as a central node for exercise
      induced mechanosignaling and remodeling and further highlights the
      pathophysiological implications. 

PMID- 26973543
TI  - High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and its Effects on Heart Rate Variability
      and Subsequent Strength Performance.
AB  - Prupose: To investigate the effects of a 5-km high-intensity interval exercise
      (HIIE) on heart rate variability (HRV) and subsequent strength performance.
      METHODS: Nine trained males performed a control session composed of a half-squat
      strength exercise (4 * 80% of one repetition maximum-1 RM) in isolation and 30
      min, 1-, 4-, 8-, and 24-h after an HIIE (1-min at the velocity peak:1-min passive
      recovery). All experimental sessions were performed on different days. The
      maximum number of repetitions (MNR) and total weight lifted (TWL) during the
      strength exercise were registered in all conditions; in addition, prior to each
      session, HRV were assessed [beat-to-beat intervals (RR) and log-transformed of
      root means square of successive differences in the normal-to-normal intervals
      (lnRMSSD)]. RESULTS: Performance in the strength exercise dropped at 30-min (31%)
      and 1-h (19%) post-HIIE concomitantly with lower values of RR (781 +/- 79 ms; 799
      +/- 134 ms, respectively) in the same recovery intervals compared to the control
      (1015 +/- 197 ms). Inferential analysis did not detect any effect of condition on
      lnRMSSD, however, values were lower after 30-min (3.5 +/- 0.4 ms) and 1-h (3.3 +/
      0.5 ms) with moderate and large effect sizes (0.9 and 1.2, respectively)
      compared with the control condition (3.9 +/- 0.4 ms). CONCLUSION: Both RR and
      lnRMSSD seem to be associated with deleterious effects on strength performance,
      although further studies should be conducted to clarify this association.

PMID- 26973542
TI  - Muscle-Specific Myosin Heavy Chain Shifts in Response to a Long-Term High
      Fat/High Sugar Diet and Resveratrol Treatment in Nonhuman Primates.
AB  - Shifts in myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression within skeletal muscle can be
      induced by a host of stimuli including, but not limited to, physical activity,
      alterations in neural activity, aging, and diet or obesity. Here, we hypothesized
      that both age and a long-term (2 year) high fat/high sugar diet (HFS) would
      induce a slow to fast MHC shift within the plantaris, soleus, and extensor
      digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, we tested
      whether supplementation with resveratrol, a naturally occurring compound that has
      been attributed with augmenting aerobic potential through mitochondrial
      proliferation, would counteract any diet-induced MHC changes by promoting a fast
      to slow isoform switch. In general, we found that MHC isoforms were not altered
      by aging during mid-life. The HFS diet had the largest impact within the soleus
      muscle where the greatest slow to fast isoform shifts were observed in both mRNA
      and protein indicators. As expected, long-term resveratrol treatment
      counteracted, or blunted, these diet-induced shifts within the soleus muscle. The
      plantaris muscle also demonstrated a fast-to-slow phenotypic response to
      resveratrol treatment. In conclusion, diet or resveratrol treatment impacts
      skeletal muscle phenotype in a muscle-specific manner and resveratrol
      supplementation may be one approach for promoting the fatigue-resistant MHC (type
      I) isoform especially if its expression is blunted as a result of a long-term
      high fat/sugar diet. 

PMID- 26973544
TI  - Internet Addiction, Hikikomori Syndrome, and the Prodromal Phase of Psychosis.
AB  - Computers, video games, and technological devices are part of young people's
      everyday lives. Hikikomori is a Japanese word describing a condition that mainly
      affects adolescents or young adults who live isolated from the world, cloistered
      within their parents' homes, locked in their bedrooms for days, months, or even
      years on end, and refusing to communicate even with their family. These patients
      use the Internet profusely, and only venture out to deal with their most
      imperative bodily needs. Although first described in Japan, cases have been
      described from around the world. This is the first published report from Canada.
      The disorder shares characteristics with prodromal psychosis, negative symptoms
      of schizophrenia, or Internet addiction, which are common differential or
      comorbid diagnoses. However, certain cases are not accompanied by a mental
      disorder. Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice although many cases are
      reluctant to present. The exact place of hikikomori in psychiatric nosology has
      yet to be determined. We searched Medline up to 12th May, 2015 supplemented by a
      hand search of the bibliographies of all retrieved articles. We used the
      following search terms: Hikikomori OR (prolonged AND social AND withdrawal). We
      found 97 potential papers. Of these 42 were in Japanese, and 1 in Korean.
      However, many of these were cited by subsequent English language papers that were
      included in the review. Following scrutiny of the titles and abstracts, 29 were
      judged to be relevant. Further research is needed to distinguish between primary
      and secondary hikikomori and establish whether this is a new diagnostic entity,
      or particular cultural or societal manifestations of established diagnoses. 

PMID- 26973546
TI  - Expression of the Longest RGS4 Splice Variant in the Prefrontal Cortex Is
      Associated with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Schizophrenia Patients.
AB  - The Regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) gene is a candidate susceptibility
      gene for schizophrenia (SCZ). Previous studies showed that the mRNA level of the
      longest splice variant RGS4-1 was decreased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
      (DLPFC) of SCZ patients compared with healthy controls. In this pilot study, we
      examined the possible mechanisms of RGS4-1 mRNA reduction in SCZ. We genotyped
      SNP1 (rs10917670), rs2661347, SNP4 (rs951436), SNP7 (rs951439), SNP18
      (rs2661319), and rs10799897 (SNP9897) and tested the methylation status of CpG
      islands of the RGS4 gene in the postmortem DLPFC samples obtained from subjects
      with SCZ and bipolar disorder as well as healthy controls. RGS4-1 mRNA level was
      associated with five SNPs (SNP1, rs2661347, SNP4, SNP7, and SNP18) and their
      haplotypes but not with SNP9897. In addition, this study revealed that RGS4-1
      mRNA was low in subjects with specific genotypes of SNP1, rs2661347, SNP4, SNP7,
      and SNP18. Lower RGS4-1 mRNA expression in the DLPFC of SCZ is associated with
      SNPs in the 5' regulatory region of the RGS4 gene but not with the methylation
      status of its CpG islands. 

PMID- 26973545
TI  - DTI and Myelin Plasticity in Bipolar Disorder: Integrating Neuroimaging and
      Neuropathological Findings.
AB  - Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness with a chronic recurrent
      course, ranked among the worldwide leading disabling diseases. Its
      pathophysiology is still not completely understood and findings are still
      inconclusive, though a great interest on the topic has been constantly raised by
      magnetic resonance imaging, genetic and neuropathological studies. In recent
      years, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations have prompted interest in
      the key role of white matter (WM) abnormalities in BD. In this report, we
      summarize and comment recent findings from DTI studies in BD, reporting
      fractional anisotropy as putative measure of WM integrity, as well as recent data
      from neuropathological studies focusing on oligodendrocyte involvement in WM
      alterations in BD. DTI research indicates that BD is most commonly associated
      with a WM disruption within the fronto-limbic network, which may be accompanied
      by other WM changes spread throughout temporal and parietal regions.
      Neuropathological studies, mainly focused on the fronto-limbic network, have
      repeatedly shown a loss in cortical and subcortical oligodendrocyte cell count,
      although an increased subcortical oligodendrocyte density has been also
      documented suggesting a putative role in remyelination processes for
      oligodendrocytes in BD. According to our review, a greater integration between
      DTI and morphological findings is needed in order to elucidate processes
      affecting WM, either glial loss or myelin plasticity, on the basis of a more
      targeted research in BD. 

PMID- 26973547
TI  - The Post-Discharge Network Coordination Programme: A Randomized Controlled Trial
      to Evaluate the Efficacy of an Intervention Aimed at Reducing Rehospitalizations
      and Improving Mental Health.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a post-discharge intervention for
      psychiatric inpatients aimed at preventing hospital readmissions and at improving
      patients' mental health and psychosocial functioning. METHODS: Randomized
      controlled trial using parallel group block randomization including 151 patients
      with <=3 hospitalizations within the last 3 years, a GAF score <=60, and aged 18
      64 years, assessed at two psychiatric hospitals from the canton of Zurich,
      Switzerland, between September 2011 and February 2014. Primary outcomes were rate
      and duration of rehospitalization; secondary outcomes were mental health and
      functioning. Outcome measures were assessed before discharge from the index
      hospitalization (t 0), 3 months after discharge when the intervention terminated
      (t 1), and 12 months after discharge (t 2). Participants received either a brief
      case management post-discharge intervention or treatment as usual. RESULTS: In
      the short-term (i.e., t 0-t 1), no significant effect emerged in any outcome. In
      the long term (i.e., t 0-t 2), the two groups did not differ significantly with
      respect to the rate and duration of rehospitalization. Also, the intervention did
      not reduce psychiatric symptoms, did not improve social support, and did not
      improve quality of life. However, it did slightly increase assessor-rated general
      (d = 0.30) and social functioning (d = 0.42), although self-reports revealed a
      deteriorative effect on symptom remission (d = -0.44). CONCLUSION: This
      psychosocial post-discharge intervention showed no efficacy in the primary
      outcome of rehospitalization. With respect to secondary outcomes, in the long
      term it might lead to slightly increased social functioning but revealed no
      significant effect on psychopathology, social support, and quality of life. By
      contrast, with respect to self-reported symptom remission, it was revealed to
      have a negative effect. In this high-resource catchment area with comprehensive
      community psychiatric and social services, the intervention thus cannot be
      recommended for implementation in routine care.

PMID- 26973548
TI  - Examining the Relationship Between Schizotypy and Self-Reported Visual Imagery
      Vividness in Grapheme-Color Synaesthesia.
AB  - Synaesthesia is a condition in which one property of a stimulus triggers a
      secondary experience not typically associated with the first (e.g., seeing
      achromatic graphemes can evoke the perception of color). Recent work has explored
      a variety of cognitive and perceptual traits associated with synaesthesia. One
      example is in the domain of personality, where higher rates of positive
      schizotypy and openness to experience and lower agreeableness have been reported
      in synaesthetes who experience color as their evoked sensation relative to
      typical adult controls. Additionally, grapheme-color synaesthetes have previously
      been reported to show elevated mental imagery compared to typical adults. Here,
      we aimed to further elucidate the relationship between personality, synaesthesia,
      and other cognitive traits. In Study 1, we examined self-reported schizotypy and
      self-reported visual imagery vividness in grapheme-color synaesthetes and typical
      adults. Our results partially replicated previous findings by showing that
      synaesthesia was associated with greater positive schizotypy and enhanced self
      reported imagery vividness. The results also extend previous reports by
      demonstrating that differences in positive schizotypy and mental imagery
      vividness are not related in grapheme-color synaesthesia. In Study 2, we sought
      to build on prior work showing lower agreeableness and increased openness to
      experience in synaesthetes by examining whether grapheme-color synaesthesia is
      associated with other conceptually related traits; namely lower self-monitoring
      and increased sensation seeking. We did not find any differences between
      synaesthetes and controls on either of these traits. These findings are discussed
      in relation to potential factors that may contribute to the observed personality
      profile in grapheme-color synaesthesia. 

PMID- 26973549
TI  - Insightful Imagery is Related to Working Memory Updating.
AB  - Available body of evidence concerning the relationship between insight problem
      solving and working memory (WM) is ambiguous. Several authors propose that
      restructuring of the problem representation requires controlled search processes,
      which needs planning and involvement of WM. Other researchers suggest that the
      restructuring is achieved through the automatic spread of activation in long-term
      memory, assigning a limited role to WM capacity. In the present study we examined
      the correlations between insight problem solving performance and measures of WM
      updating function (n-back task), including general intelligence (as measured by
      Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices). The results revealed that updating
      function shared up to 30% of variance with the insight problem task performance,
      even when the influence of general mental ability was controlled for. These
      results suggest that insight problem solving is constrained by individual ability
      to update the content of WM. 

PMID- 26973550
TI  - Age and Employee Green Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Recent economic and societal developments have led to an increasing emphasis on
      organizational environmental performance. At the same time, demographic trends
      are resulting in increasingly aging labor forces in many industrialized nations.
      Commonly held stereotypes suggest that older workers are less likely to be
      environmentally responsible than younger workers. To evaluate the degree to which
      such age differences are present, we meta-analyzed 132 independent correlations
      and 336 d-values based on 4676 professional workers from 22 samples in 11
      countries. Contrary to popular stereotypes, age showed small positive
      relationships with pro-environmental behaviors, suggesting that older adults
      engaged in these workplace behaviors slightly more frequently. Relationships with
      age appeared to be linear for overall, Conserving, Avoiding Harm, and Taking
      Initiative pro-environmental behaviors, but non-linear trends were observed for
      Transforming and Influencing Others behaviors. 

PMID- 26973552
TI  - Semantic Relations Cause Interference in Spoken Language Comprehension When Using
      Repeated Definite References, Not Pronouns.
AB  - The choice and processing of referential expressions depend on the referents'
      status within the discourse, such that pronouns are generally preferred over full
      repetitive references when the referent is salient. Here we report two visual
      world experiments showing that: (1) in spoken language comprehension, this
      preference is reflected in delayed fixations to referents mentioned after
      repeated definite references compared with after pronouns; (2) repeated
      references are processed differently than new references; (3) long-term semantic
      memory representations affect the processing of pronouns and repeated names
      differently. Overall, these results support the role of semantic discourse
      representation in referential processing and reveal important details about how
      pronouns and full repeated references are processed in the context of these
      representations. The results suggest the need for modifications to current
      theoretical accounts of reference processing such as Discourse Prominence Theory
      and the Informational Load Hypothesis. 

PMID- 26973551
TI  - Differential Difficulties in Perception of Tashlhiyt Berber Consonant Quantity
      Contrasts by Native Tashlhiyt Listeners vs. Berber-Naive French Listeners.
AB  - In a discrimination experiment on several Tashlhiyt Berber singleton-geminate
      contrasts, we find that French listeners encounter substantial difficulty
      compared to native speakers. Native listeners of Tashlhiyt perform near ceiling
      level on all contrasts. French listeners perform better on final contrasts such
      as fit-fitt than initial contrasts such as bi-bbi or sir-ssir. That is, French
      listeners are more sensitive to silent closure duration in word-final voiceless
      stops than to either voiced murmur or frication duration of fully voiced stops or
      voiceless fricatives in word-initial position. We propose, tentatively, that
      native speakers of French, a language in which gemination is usually not
      considered to be phonemic, have not acquired quantity contrasts but yet exhibit a
      presumably universal sensitivity to rhythm, whereby listeners are able to
      perceive and compare the relative temporal distance between beats given by
      successive salient phonetic events such as a sequence of vowel nuclei. 

PMID- 26973553
TI  - Faces with Light Makeup Are Better Recognized than Faces with Heavy Makeup.
AB  - Many women wear facial makeup to accentuate their appeal and attractiveness.
      Makeup may vary from natural (light) to glamorous (heavy), depending of the
      context of interpersonal situations, an emphasis on femininity, and current
      societal makeup trends. This study examined how light makeup and heavy makeup
      influenced attractiveness ratings and facial recognition. In a rating task, 38
      Japanese women assigned attractiveness ratings to 36 Japanese female faces with
      no makeup, light makeup, and heavy makeup (12 each). In a subsequent recognition
      task, the participants were presented with 36 old and 36 new faces. Results
      indicated that attractiveness was rated highest for the light makeup faces and
      lowest for the no makeup faces. In contrast, recognition performance was higher
      for the no makeup and light make up faces than for the heavy makeup faces. Faces
      with heavy makeup produced a higher rate of false recognition than did other
      faces, possibly because heavy makeup creates an impression of the style of makeup
      itself, rather than the individual wearing the makeup. The present study suggests
      that light makeup is preferable to heavy makeup in that light makeup does not
      interfere with individual recognition and gives beholders positive impressions. 

PMID- 26973555
TI  - Perceived Mortality and Perceived Morality: Perceptions of Value-Orientation Are
      More Likely When a Decision Is Preceded by a Mortality Reminder.
AB  - The questions addressed in this paper are whether and how reported mortality
      reminders can function as an indication of sincerity when communicating
      ambiguously motivated decisions. In two experiments, participants were exposed to
      a fictitious CEO who announced a decision to implement new organizational
      measures that were both environmentally and financially beneficial. In the
      experimental condition, the CEO attributed her new ideas to a recent mortality
      reminder. In the active control condition, the CEO attributed her decision to a
      non-lethal dentistry health scare, and in the passive control condition the CEO
      did not give any account of events preceding her decision. When a CEO implemented
      new corporate initiatives after a mortality reminder, her motivation for doing so
      was perceived as somewhat more motivated by intrinsic values, and significantly
      less motivated by financial gains. This change in attribution patterns was
      demonstrated to be indirectly related to a positive evaluation of the CEO, as
      well as an increased willingness to pay for the organization's services. The
      second experiment further demonstrated that the reduced attribution to financial
      motivation associated with mortality awareness persisted even when the CEO in
      question was known for placing a high personal priority on financial goal
      attainment. The findings underscore the importance of perceived value-oriented
      motivation when communicating climate change mitigating policies, and the role of
      mortality awareness as one of many ways to induce such attributions. 

PMID- 26973554
TI  - To Switch or Not to Switch: Role of Cognitive Control in Working Memory Training
      in Older Adults.
AB  - It is currently not known what are the best working memory training strategies to
      offset the age-related declines in fluid cognitive abilities. In this randomized
      clinical double-blind trial, older adults were randomly assigned to one of two
      types of working memory training - one group was trained on a predictable memory
      updating task (PT) and another group was trained on a novel, unpredictable memory
      updating task (UT). Unpredictable memory updating, compared to predictable,
      requires greater demands on cognitive control (Basak and Verhaeghen, 2011a).
      Therefore, the current study allowed us to evaluate the role of cognitive control
      in working memory training. All participants were assessed on a set of near and
      far transfer tasks at three different testing sessions - before training,
      immediately after the training, and 1.5 months after completing the training.
      Additionally, individual learning rates for a comparison working memory task
      (performed by both groups) and the trained task were computed. Training on
      unpredictable memory updating, compared to predictable, significantly enhanced
      performance on a measure of episodic memory, immediately after the training.
      Moreover, individuals with faster learning rates showed greater gains in this
      episodic memory task and another new working memory task; this effect was
      specific to UT. We propose that the unpredictable memory updating training,
      compared to predictable memory updating training, may a better strategy to
      improve selective cognitive abilities in older adults, and future studies could
      further investigate the role of cognitive control in working memory training. 

PMID- 26973556
TI  - An Attitude Strength and Self-Perception Framework Regarding the Bi-directional
      Relationship of Job Satisfaction with Extra-Role and In-Role Behavior: The Doubly
      Moderating Role of Work Centrality.
AB  - Studies have identified variables either moderating the extent to which job
      satisfaction predicts work behavior or moderating the reverse impact of work
      behavior on job satisfaction. Based on an attitude strength and self-perception
      framework, we argue that certain variables may moderate both the predictive
      utility of job satisfaction for work behavior and the impact of work behavior on
      job satisfaction. Specifically focusing on work centrality, we hold that high
      work centrality renders job satisfaction a strong job attitude, whereas low work
      centrality renders job satisfaction a weak job attitude. Hence, the predictive
      utility of job satisfaction for both extra-role behavior and in-role behavior
      should be higher the more work is central to employees. In contrast, the
      influence of extra-role behavior, but not of in-role behavior, on job
      satisfaction should be higher the less work is central to employees. Results of a
      two-wave study (N = 176) were in line with these predictions. We discuss further
      variables that may play a similar role for the bi-directional relationship
      between job satisfaction and work behavior. 

PMID- 26973557
TI  - The Two Sides of Sensory-Cognitive Interactions: Effects of Age, Hearing Acuity,
      and Working Memory Span on Sentence Comprehension.
AB  - Reduced hearing acuity is among the most prevalent of chronic medical conditions
      among older adults. An experiment is reported in which comprehension of spoken
      sentences was tested for older adults with good hearing acuity or with a mild-to
      moderate hearing loss, and young adults with age-normal hearing. Comprehension
      was measured by participants' ability to determine the agent of an action in
      sentences that expressed this relation with a syntactically less complex subject
      relative construction or a syntactically more complex object-relative
      construction. Agency determination was further challenged by inserting a
      prepositional phrase into sentences between the person performing an action and
      the action being performed. As a control, prepositional phrases of equivalent
      length were also inserted into sentences in a non-disruptive position. Effects on
      sentence comprehension of age, hearing acuity, prepositional phrase placement and
      sound level of stimulus presentations appeared only for comprehension of
      sentences with the more syntactically complex object-relative structures. Working
      memory as tested by reading span scores accounted for a significant amount of the
      variance in comprehension accuracy. Once working memory capacity and hearing
      acuity were taken into account, chronological age among the older adults
      contributed no further variance to comprehension accuracy. Results are discussed
      in terms of the positive and negative effects of sensory-cognitive interactions
      in comprehension of spoken sentences and lend support to a framework in which
      domain-general executive resources, notably verbal working memory, play a role in
      both linguistic and perceptual processing. 

PMID- 26973559
TI  - Processing Code-Switching in Algerian Bilinguals: Effects of Language Use and
      Semantic Expectancy.
AB  - Using a cross-modal naming paradigm this study investigated the effect of
      sentence constraint and language use on the expectancy of a language switch
      during listening comprehension. Sixty-five Algerian bilinguals who habitually
      code-switch between Algerian Arabic and French (AA-FR) but not between Standard
      Arabic and French (SA-FR) listened to sentence fragments and named a visually
      presented French target NP out loud. Participants' speech onset times were
      recorded. The sentence context was either highly semantically constraining toward
      the French NP or not. The language of the sentence context was either in Algerian
      Arabic or in Standard Arabic, but the target NP was always in French, thus
      creating two code-switching contexts: a typical and recurrent code-switching
      context (AA-FR) and a non-typical code-switching context (SA-FR). Results
      revealed a semantic constraint effect indicating that the French switches were
      easier to process in the high compared to the low-constraint context. In
      addition, the effect size of semantic constraint was significant in the more
      typical code-switching context (AA-FR) suggesting that language use influences
      the processing of switching between languages. The effect of semantic constraint
      was also modulated by code-switching habits and the proficiency of L2 French.
      Semantic constraint was reduced in bilinguals who frequently code-switch and in
      bilinguals with high proficiency in French. Results are discussed with regards to
      the bilingual interactive activation model (Dijkstra and Van Heuven, 2002) and
      the control process model of code-switching (Green and Wei, 2014). 

PMID- 26973558
TI  - Cough Is Dangerous: Neural Correlates of Implicit Body Symptoms Associations.
AB  - The negative interpretation of body sensations (e.g., as sign of a severe
      illness) is a crucial cognitive process in pathological health anxiety (HA).
      However, little is known about the nature and the degree of automaticity of this
      interpretation bias. We applied an implicit association test (IAT) in 20 subjects
      during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate behavioral and
      neural correlates of implicit attitudes toward symptom words. On the behavioral
      level, body symptom words elicited strong negative implicit association effects,
      as indexed by slowed reaction times, when symptom words were paired with the
      attribute "harmless" (incongruent condition). fMRI revealed increased activation
      in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and posterior parietal cortex for
      the comparison of incongruent words with control words, as well as with a lower
      significance threshold also in comparison to congruent words. Moreover,
      activation in the DLPFC, posterior parietal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and
      cerebellum varied with individual levels of HA (again, in comparison to control
      words, as well as with a lower significance threshold also in comparison to
      congruent words). Slowed reaction times as well as increased activation in
      dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex point to increased
      inhibitory demands during the incongruent IAT condition. The positive association
      between HA severity and neural activity in nucleus accumbens, dorsolateral
      prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortex suggests that HA is characterized by
      both intensified negative implicit attitudes and hampered cognitive control
      mechanisms when confronted with body symptoms. 

PMID- 26973561
TI  - The Influence of Content Meaningfulness on Eye Movements across Tasks: Evidence
      from Scene Viewing and Reading.
AB  - The present study investigated the influence of content meaningfulness on eye
      movement control in reading and scene viewing. Texts and scenes were manipulated
      to make them uninterpretable, and then eye-movements in reading and scene-viewing
      were compared to those in pseudo-reading and pseudo-scene viewing. Fixation
      durations and saccade amplitudes were greater for pseudo-stimuli. The effect of
      the removal of meaning was seen exclusively in the tail of the fixation duration
      distribution in both tasks, and the size of this effect was the same across
      tasks. These findings suggest that eye movements are controlled by a common
      mechanism in reading and scene viewing. They also indicate that not all eye
      movements are responsive to the meaningfulness of stimulus content. Implications
      for models of eye movement control are discussed. 

PMID- 26973563
TI  - Green Positive Guidance and Green Positive Life Counseling for Decent Work and
      Decent Lives: Some Empirical Results.
AB  - This article discusses green positive guidance and green positive life counseling
      for decent work and decent lives. From a green guidance perspective, the
      connectedness to nature construct is important both in terms of the meaning of
      work and life construction. The study discussed in this article analyzed the
      relationship between empathy and connectedness to nature, controlling for the
      effects of fluid intelligence and personality traits. In this connection, the
      Advanced Progressive Matrices, the Big Five Questionnaire, and the Interpersonal
      Reactivity Index were administered to 144 Italian high school students. The study
      revealed that connecteness to nature was not associated with fluid intelligence
      and was only moderately associated with personality traits. It was empathy that
      showed the highest association with connectedness to nature. The results open new
      opportunities for future research and interventions in green positive
      guidance/life counseling and green positive decent work. 

PMID- 26973562
TI  - Processing Information about Support Exchanges in Close Relationships: The Role
      of a Knowledge Structure.
AB  - People develop knowledge of interpersonal interaction patterns (e.g., prototypes
      and schemas), which shape how they process incoming information. One such
      knowledge structure based on attachment theory was examined: the secure base
      script (the prototypic sequence of events when an attachment figure comforts a
      close relationship partner in distress). In two studies (N = 53 and N = 119),
      participants were shown animated film clips in which geometric figures depicted
      the secure base script and asked to describe the animations. Both studies found
      that many people readily recognize the secure-base script from these minimal cues
      quite well, suggesting that this script is not only available in the context of
      specific relationships (i.e., a relationship-specific knowledge): The generalized
      (abstract) structure of the script is also readily accessible, which would make
      it possible to apply it to any relationship (including new relationships).
      Regression analyses suggested that participants who recognized the script were
      more likely to (a) include more animation elements when describing the
      animations, (b) see a common theme in different animations, (c) create better
      organized stories, and (d) later recall more details of the animations. These
      findings suggest that access to this knowledge structure helps a person organize
      and remember relevant incoming information. Furthermore, in both Study 1 and
      Study 2, individual differences in the ready recognition of the script were
      associated with individual differences in having access to another related
      knowledge: indicators suggesting that a potential relationship partner can be
      trusted to be supportive and responsive at times of stress. Results of Study 2
      also suggest that recognizing the script is associated with those items of an
      attachment measure that concern giving and receiving support. Thus, these
      knowledge structures may shape how people process support-relevant information in
      their everyday lives, potentially affecting relationship outcomes and mental and
      physical health. 

PMID- 26973560
TI  - Touching the Lived Body in Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms. How an
      Integration of Hands-on Bodywork and Body Awareness in Psychotherapy may Help
      People with Alexithymia.
AB  - Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are a considerable presenting problem in
      general practice. Alexithymia and difficulties with mental elaboration of bodily
      arousal are hypothesized as a key mechanism in MUS. In turn, this inability
      influences the embodied being and participating of these patients in the world,
      which is coined as 'the lived body' and underlies what is mostly referred to as
      body awareness (BA). The present article explores a more innovative hypothesis
      how hands-on bodywork can influence BA and serve as a rationale for a body
      integrated psychotherapeutic approach of MUS. Research not only shows that BA is
      a bottom-up 'bodily' affair but is anchored in a interoceptive-insular pathway
      (IIP) which in turn is deeply connected with autonomic and emotional brain areas
      as well as verbal and non-verbal memory. Moreover, it is emphasized how skin and
      myofascial tissues should be seen as an interoceptive generator, if approached in
      the proper manual way. This article offers supportive evidence explaining why a
      'haptic' touch activates this IIP, restores the myofascial armored body, helps
      patients rebalancing their window of tolerance and facilitates BA by contacting
      their bodily inner-world. From a trans-disciplinary angle this article reflects
      on how the integration of bodywork with non-directive verbal guidance can be
      deeply healing and resourcing for the lived body experience in MUS. In particular
      for alexithymic patients this approach can be of significance regarding their
      representational failure of bodily arousal. 

PMID- 26973564
TI  - Autonomic Nervous System Responses During Perception of Masked Speech may Reflect
      Constructs other than Subjective Listening Effort.
AB  - Typically, understanding speech seems effortless and automatic. However, a
      variety of factors may, independently or interactively, make listening more
      effortful. Physiological measures may help to distinguish between the application
      of different cognitive mechanisms whose operation is perceived as effortful. In
      the present study, physiological and behavioral measures associated with task
      demand were collected along with behavioral measures of performance while
      participants listened to and repeated sentences. The goal was to measure
      psychophysiological reactivity associated with three degraded listening
      conditions, each of which differed in terms of the source of the difficulty
      (distortion, energetic masking, and informational masking), and therefore were
      expected to engage different cognitive mechanisms. These conditions were chosen
      to be matched for overall performance (keywords correct), and were compared to
      listening to unmasked speech produced by a natural voice. The three degraded
      conditions were: (1) Unmasked speech produced by a computer speech synthesizer,
      (2) Speech produced by a natural voice and masked byspeech-shaped noise and (3)
      Speech produced by a natural voice and masked by two-talker babble. Masked
      conditions were both presented at a -8 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR), a level
      shown in previous research to result in comparable levels of performance for
      these stimuli and maskers. Performance was measured in terms of proportion of key
      words identified correctly, and task demand or effort was quantified subjectively
      by self-report. Measures of psychophysiological reactivity included electrodermal
      (skin conductance) response frequency and amplitude, blood pulse amplitude and
      pulse rate. Results suggest that the two masked conditions evoked stronger
      psychophysiological reactivity than did the two unmasked conditions even when
      behavioral measures of listening performance and listeners' subjective perception
      of task demand were comparable across the three degraded conditions. 

PMID- 26973565
TI  - What Does It Take for an Infant to Learn How to Use a Tool by Observation?
AB  - Observational learning is probably one of the most powerful factors determining
      progress during child development. When learning a new skill, infants rely on
      their own exploration; but they also frequently benefit from an adult's verbal
      support or from demonstration by an adult modeling the action. At what age and
      under what conditions does adult demonstration really help the infant to learn a
      novel behavior? In this review, we summarize recently published work we have
      conducted on the acquisition of tool use during the second year of life. In
      particular, we consider under what conditions and to what extent seeing a
      demonstration from an adult advances an infant's understanding of how to use a
      tool to obtain an out-of-reach object. Our results show that classic
      demonstration starts being helpful at 18 months of age. When adults explicitly
      show their intention prior to demonstration, even 16-month-old infants learn from
      the demonstration. On the other hand, providing an explicit demonstration ("look
      at how I do it") is not very useful before infants are ready to succeed by
      themselves anyway. In contrast, repeated observations of the required action in a
      social context, without explicit reference to this action, considerably advances
      the age of success and the usefulness of providing a demonstration. We also show
      that the effect of demonstration can be enhanced if the demonstration makes the
      baby laugh. Taken together, the results from this series of studies on
      observational learning of tool use in infants suggest, first, that when observing
      a demonstration, infants do not know what to pay attention to: demonstration must
      be accompanied by rich social cues to be effective; second, infants' attention is
      inhibited rather than enhanced by an explicit demand of "look at what I do"; and
      finally a humorous situation considerably helps infants understand the
      demonstration. 

PMID- 26973568
TI  - Classification Accuracy of Mixed Format Tests: A Bi-Factor Item Response Theory
      Approach.
AB  - Mixed format tests (e.g., a test consisting of multiple-choice [MC] items and
      constructed response [CR] items) have become increasingly popular. However, the
      latent structure of item pools consisting of the two formats is still equivocal.
      Moreover, the implications of this latent structure are unclear: For example, do
      constructed response items tap reasoning skills that cannot be assessed with
      multiple choice items? This study explored the dimensionality of mixed format
      tests by applying bi-factor models to 10 tests of various subjects from the
      College Board's Advanced Placement (AP) Program and compared the accuracy of
      scores based on the bi-factor analysis with scores derived from a unidimensional
      analysis. More importantly, this study focused on a practical and important
      question-classification accuracy of the overall grade on a mixed format test. Our
      findings revealed that the degree of multidimensionality resulting from the mixed
      item format varied from subject to subject, depending on the disattenuated
      correlation between scores from MC and CR subtests. Moreover, remarkably small
      decrements in classification accuracy were found for the unidimensional analysis
      when the disattenuated correlations exceeded 0.90. 

PMID- 26973566
TI  - Representation of Patients' Hand Modulates Fear Reactions of Patients with Spider
      Phobia in Virtual Reality.
AB  - Embodiment (i.e., the involvement of a bodily representation) is thought to be
      relevant in emotional experiences. Virtual reality (VR) is a capable means of
      activating phobic fear in patients. The representation of the patient's body
      (e.g., the right hand) in VR enhances immersion and increases presence, but its
      effect on phobic fear is still unknown. We analyzed the influence of the
      presentation of the participant's hand in VR on presence and fear responses in 32
      women with spider phobia and 32 matched controls. Participants sat in front of a
      table with an acrylic glass container within reaching distance. During the
      experiment this setup was concealed by a head-mounted display (HMD). The VR
      scenario presented via HMD showed the same setup, i.e., a table with an acrylic
      glass container. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental
      groups. In one group, fear responses were triggered by fear-relevant visual input
      in VR (virtual spider in the virtual acrylic glass container), while information
      about a real but unseen neutral control animal (living snake in the acrylic glass
      container) was given. The second group received fear-relevant information of the
      real but unseen situation (living spider in the acrylic glass container), but
      visual input was kept neutral VR (virtual snake in the virtual acrylic glass
      container). Participants were instructed to touch the acrylic glass container
      with their right hand in 20 consecutive trials. Visibility of the hand was varied
      randomly in a within-subjects design. We found for all participants that
      visibility of the participant's hand increased presence independently of the fear
      trigger. However, in patients, the influence of the virtual hand on fear depended
      on the fear trigger. When fear was triggered perceptually, i.e., by a virtual
      spider, the virtual hand increased fear. When fear was triggered by information
      about a real spider, the virtual hand had no effect on fear. Our results shed
      light on the significance of different fear triggers (visual, conceptual) in
      interaction with body representations. 

PMID- 26973567
TI  - Adolescent Alcohol Use in Spain: Connections with Friends, School, and Other
      Delinquent Behaviors.
AB  - This study examined the connections between adolescent alcohol use in Alicante,
      Spain and variables reflecting adolescents' academic problems, potentially
      delinquent behaviors, friends' alcohol consumption, and friendship quality.
      Information about alcohol use and a number of school and social variables was
      collected from adolescent students (N = 567) who completed the National Students
      School-Based Drug Survey in a classroom setting. Results suggested that gender
      was not significantly associated with alcohol use, although alcohol use increased
      with age and was more likely for adolescents enrolled in public schools compared
      to private. After controlling for age and type of school (public vs. private),
      academic problems explained 5.1% of the variance in adolescents' alcohol use,
      potentially delinquent behaviors explained 29.0%, friends' alcohol use 16.8%, and
      friendship quality 1.6%. When all unique predictors from these four models were
      included in a comprehensive model, they explained 32.3% of the variance in
      adolescents' alcohol use. In this final model, getting expelled, participating in
      a fight, going out at night, the hour at which one returns, and the number of
      friends who have consumed alcohol were uniquely and positively associated with
      adolescents' alcohol use. These results provide important information about multi
      system influences on adolescent alcohol use in Alicante, Spain and suggest
      potential areas of focus for intervention research. 

PMID- 26973570
TI  - Adjusting Potentially Confounded Scoring Protocols for Motivation Aggregation in
      Organismic Integration Theory: An Exemplification with the Relative Autonomy or
      Self-Determination Index.

PMID- 26973569
TI  - Effects of Valence and Origin of Emotions in Word Processing Evidenced by Event
      Related Potential Correlates in a Lexical Decision Task.
AB  - This paper presents behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of
      emotional word processing during a lexical decision task (LDT). We showed that
      valence and origin (two distinct affective properties of stimuli) help to account
      for the ERP correlates of LDT. The origin of emotion is a factor derived from the
      emotion duality model. This model distinguishes between the automatic and
      controlled elicitation of emotional states. The subjects' task was to
      discriminate words from pseudo-words. The stimulus words were carefully selected
      to differ with respect to valence and origin whilst being matched with respect to
      arousal, concreteness, length and frequency in natural language. Pseudo-words
      were matched to words with respect to length. The subjects were 32 individuals
      aged from 19 to 26 years who were invited to participate in an EEG study of
      lexical decision making. They evaluated a list of words and pseudo-words. We
      found that valence modulated the amplitude of the FN400 component (290-375 ms) at
      centro-frontal (Fz, Cz) region, whereas origin modulated the amplitude of the
      component in the LPC latency range (375-670 ms). The results indicate that the
      origin of stimuli should be taken into consideration while deliberating on the
      processing of emotional words. 

PMID- 26973571
TI  - Competitive Game Play Attenuates Self-Other Integration during Joint Task
      Performance.
AB  - Joint task performance is facilitated by sharing and integrating each other's
      action representations. Research has shown that the amount of this so-called self
      other integration depends on situational aspects related to the social context,
      including differences in the social relationship between co-acting individuals.
      There are indications that a cooperative relationship facilitates self-other
      integration while a competitive relationship results in more individualistic task
      performance. However, findings from previous studies in which the cooperative or
      competitive element was manipulated during task performance are inconsistent.
      Therefore, the present study aimed to manipulate the social relationship between
      two individuals prior to performing a social Simon task. This task is frequently
      used to measure self-other integration and distinction processes. A mixed-within
      and-between-subjects design was used in which three groups of participants
      performed both a standard Simon task and a social Simon task after having played
      a Tetris game either individually, in cooperation with a co-actor, or in
      competition against another participant. Performance on the standard Simon task
      was not affected by the Tetris manipulation. However, a sustained effect of the
      induced cooperative versus competitive relationship was found on the social Simon
      Task. Less self-other integration was found in participants who had first played
      a competitive Tetris game compared to participants who had played a cooperative
      or solo version of the game. The current study thus demonstrates that an
      established cooperative or competitive relationship is sufficient to modulate the
      degree of self-other integration on subsequent joint task performance.
      Importantly, by using Tetris, attention to others' actions was beneficial both
      during cooperative and competitive game play and can thus not explain the
      competition-induced reduction of self-other integration. 

PMID- 26973573
TI  - Australian University Students' Coping Strategies and Use of Pharmaceutical
      Stimulants as Cognitive Enhancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are reports that some university students are using
      prescription stimulants for non-medical 'pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement
      (PCE)' to improve alertness, focus, memory, and mood in an attempt to manage the
      demands of study at university. Purported demand for PCEs in academic contexts
      have been based on incomplete understandings of student motivations, and often
      based on untested assumptions about the context within which stimulants are used.
      They may represent attempts to cope with biopsychosocial stressors in university
      life by offsetting students' inadequate coping responses, which in turn may
      affect their cognitive performance. This study aimed to identify (a) what
      strategies students adopted to cope with the stress of university life and, (b)
      to assess whether students who have used stimulants for PCE exhibit particular
      stress or coping patterns. METHODS: We interviewed 38 university students (with
      and without PCE experience) about their experience of managing student life,
      specifically their: educational values; study habits; achievement; stress
      management; getting assistance; competing activities and demands; health habits;
      and cognitive enhancement practices. All interview transcripts were coded into
      themes and analyzed. RESULTS: Our thematic analysis revealed that, generally,
      self-rated coping ability decreased as students' self-rated stress level
      increased. Students used emotion- and problem-focused coping for the most part
      and adjustment-focused coping to a lesser extent. Avoidance, an emotion-focused
      coping strategy, was the most common, followed by problem-focused coping
      strategies, the use of cognition on enhancing substances, and planning and
      monitoring of workload. PCE users predominantly used avoidant emotion-focused
      coping strategies until they no longer mitigated the distress of approaching
      deadlines resulting in the use of prescription stimulants as a substance-based
      problem-focused coping strategy. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that students who
      choose coping responses that do not moderate stress where possible, may cause
      themselves additional distress and avoid learning more effective coping
      responses. Helping students to understand stress and coping, and develop
      realistic stress appraisal techniques, may assist students in general to maintain
      manageable distress levels and functioning. Furthermore, assisting students who
      may be inclined to use prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement may
      reduce possible drug-related harms.

PMID- 26973572
TI  - Layered Social Network Analysis Reveals Complex Relationships in Kindergarteners.
AB  - The interplay between individuals forms building blocks for social structure.
      Here, we examine the structure of behavioral interactions among kindergarten
      classroom with a hierarchy-neutral approach to examine all possible underlying
      patterns in the formation of layered networks of "reciprocal" interactions. To
      understand how these layers are coordinated, we used a layered motif approach.
      Our dual layered motif analysis can therefore be thought of as the dynamics of
      smaller groups that tile to create the group structure, or alternatively they
      provide information on what the average child would do in a given local social
      environment. When we examine the regulated motifs in layered networks, we find
      that transitivity is at least partially involved in the formation of these
      layered network structures. We also found complex combinations of the expected
      reciprocal interactions. The mechanisms used to understand social networks of
      kindergarten children here are also applicable on a more general scale to any
      group of individuals where interactions and identities can be readily observed
      and scored. 

PMID- 26973575
TI  - Active Learning in Research Methods Classes Is Associated with Higher Knowledge
      and Confidence, Though not Evaluations or Satisfaction.
AB  - Research methods and statistics are regarded as difficult subjects to teach,
      fueling investigations into techniques that increase student engagement. Students
      enjoy active learning opportunities like hands-on demonstrations, authentic
      research participation, and working with real data. However, enhanced enjoyment
      does not always correspond with enhanced learning and performance. In this study,
      we developed a workshop activity in which students participated in a computer
      based experiment and used class-generated data to run a range of statistical
      procedures. To enable evaluation, we developed a parallel, didactic/canned
      workshop, which was identical to the activity-based version, except that students
      were told about the experiment and used a pre-existing/canned dataset to perform
      their analyses. Tutorial groups were randomized to one of the two workshop
      versions, and 39 students completed a post-workshop evaluation questionnaire. A
      series of generalized linear mixed models suggested that, compared to the
      students in the didactic/canned condition, students exposed to the activity-based
      workshop displayed significantly greater knowledge of the methodological and
      statistical issues addressed in class, and were more confident about their
      ability to use this knowledge in the future. However, overall evaluations and
      satisfaction between the two groups were not reliably different. Implications of
      these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed. 

PMID- 26973574
TI  - Sex Differences in Music: A Female Advantage at Recognizing Familiar Melodies.
AB  - Although sex differences have been observed in various cognitive domains, there
      has been little work examining sex differences in the cognition of music. We
      tested the prediction that women would be better than men at recognizing familiar
      melodies, since memories of specific melodies are likely to be learned (at least
      in part) by declarative memory, which shows female advantages. Participants were
      24 men and 24 women, with half musicians and half non-musicians in each group.
      The two groups were matched on age, education, and various measures of musical
      training. Participants were presented with well-known and novel melodies, and
      were asked to indicate their recognition of familiar melodies as rapidly as
      possible. The women were significantly faster than the men in responding, with a
      large effect size. The female advantage held across musicians and non-musicians,
      and across melodies with and without commonly associated lyrics, as evidenced by
      an absence of interactions between sex and these factors. Additionally, the
      results did not seem to be explained by sex differences in response biases, or in
      basic motor processes as tested in a control task. Though caution is warranted
      given that this is the first study to examine sex differences in familiar melody
      recognition, the results are consistent with the hypothesis motivating our
      prediction, namely that declarative memory underlies knowledge about music
      (particularly about familiar melodies), and that the female advantage at
      declarative memory may thus lead to female advantages in music cognition
      (particularly at familiar melody recognition). Additionally, the findings argue
      against the view that female advantages at tasks involving verbal (or
      verbalizable) material are due solely to a sex difference specific to the verbal
      domain. Further, the results may help explain previously reported cognitive
      commonalities between music and language: since declarative memory also underlies
      language, such commonalities may be partly due to a common dependence on this
      memory system. More generally, because declarative memory is well studied at many
      levels, evidence that music cognition depends on this system may lead to a
      powerful research program generating a wide range of novel predictions for the
      neurocognition of music, potentially advancing the field. 

PMID- 26973576
TI  - Serendipity in Relationship: A Tentative Theory of the Cognitive Process of
      Yuanfen and Its Psychological Constructs in Chinese Cultural Societies.
AB  - The main purpose of this article is to combine three important themes in Chinese
      cultural societies: serendipity in relationship (yuanfen), relational
      interactions, and psychological adaptation through self-cultivation. People who
      live in Chinese cultural societies are deeply affected by relationalism and tend
      to be very different from their Western counterparts, who adopt individualistic
      methods when dealing with interpersonal problems. They are highly likely to
      access the perspective of yuanfen as part of their cultural wisdom to convert
      negative feelings, awkwardness, or setbacks caused by interpersonal relationship
      incidents, into a type of cognitive belief that can be used to combat anxiety and
      actuate coping actions. Based on this, this article proposes the tentative theory
      of a dialectical model which comprises elements of the philosophies of Daoism,
      Buddhism and Confucianism, to analyze the cognitive operation process regarding
      yuanfen and to explain and predict how people in Chinese cultural societies
      differ from most Western people in terms of psychological adjustment and coping
      actions when dealing with interpersonal problems. Canonical correlation analysis
      was used in the empirical study to describe this model and resulted in two
      statistically significant canonical factor pairs. The hypothesized model has been
      partially verified. It is hoped that this framework can serve as a pilot
      perspective for future studies, and at the same time provide the Western academic
      world with a reference for understanding the concept and substantive effects of
      serendipity in relationship. Further suggestions for future research direction
      are offered. 

PMID- 26973577
TI  - Effects of Working Memory Capacity on Metacognitive Monitoring: A Study of Group
      Differences Using a Listening Span Test.
AB  - Monitoring is an executive function of working memory that serves to update novel
      information, focusing attention on task-relevant targets, and eliminating task
      irrelevant noise. The present research used a verbal working memory task to
      examine how working memory capacity limits affect monitoring. Participants
      performed a Japanese listening span test that included maintenance of target
      words and listening comprehension. On each trial, participants responded to the
      target word and then immediately estimated confidence in recall performance for
      that word (metacognitive judgment). The results confirmed significant differences
      in monitoring accuracy between high and low capacity groups in a multi-task
      situation. That is, confidence judgments were superior in high vs. low capacity
      participants in terms of absolute accuracy and discrimination. The present
      research further investigated how memory load and interference affect
      underestimation of successful recall. The results indicated that the level of
      memory load that reduced word recall performance and led to an underconfidence
      bias varied according to participants' memory capacity. In addition, irrelevant
      information associated with incorrect true/ false decisions (secondary task) and
      word recall within the current trial impaired monitoring accuracy in both
      participant groups. These findings suggest that interference from unsuccessful
      decisions only influences low, but not high, capacity participants. Therefore,
      monitoring accuracy, which requires high working memory capacity, improves
      metacognitive abilities by inhibiting task-irrelevant noise and focusing
      attention on detecting task-relevant targets or useful retrieval cues, which
      could improve actual cognitive performance. 

PMID- 26973578
TI  - Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms and Post-traumatic Growth in 223 Childhood Cancer
      Survivors: Predictive Risk Factors.
AB  - With modern therapies and supportive care, survival rates of childhood cancer
      have increased considerably. However, there are long-term psychological sequelae
      of these treatments that may not manifest until pediatric survivors are into
      adulthood. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in young adult
      survivors of childhood cancer ranges from 6.2 to 22%; associated risk factors are
      young age at the assessment, female gender, low education level, and some disease
      related factors. The aim of this study was to investigate, in adolescent and
      young adult (AYA) survivors of childhood cancer, the incidence and severity of
      post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs), and to identify the risk factors and the
      associated post-traumatic growth (PTG) index. Participants were 223 AYA cancer
      survivors recruited during follow-up visits in the Oncohematology Clinic of the
      Department of Child and Woman's Health, University of Padua. Data were collected
      from self-report questionnaires on PTSS incidence, PTG mean score, perceived
      social support, and medical and socio-demographic factors. Ex-patients' mean age
      at the assessment was 19.33 years (SD = 3.01, 15-25), 123 males and 100 females,
      with a mean of years off-therapy of 9.64 (SD = 4.17). Most (52.5%) had survived
      an hematological disorder and 47.5% a solid tumor when they were aged, on
      average, 8.02 years (SD = 4.40). The main results indicated a moderate presence
      of clinical (>=9 symptoms: 9.4%) and sub-clinical PTSS (6-8 symptoms: 11.2%),
      with the avoidance criterion most often encountered. Re-experience symptoms and
      PTG mean score were significantly associated (r = 0.24; p = 0.0001). A
      hierarchical regression model (R (2) = 0.08; F = 1.46; p = 0.05) identified
      female gender (beta = 0.16; p = 0.05) and less perceived social support (beta = 
      0.43; p = 0.05) as risk factors to developing PTSS. Another hierarchical
      regression model assessed the possible predictors of the PTG total score (R (2) =
      0.36; F = 9.1; p = 0.0001), with female gender (beta = 0.13; p = 0.04), actual
      age (beta = 0.52; p = 0.0001), younger age at the diagnosis (beta = -0.3; p =
      0.02), and less years off-therapy (beta = -0.58; p = 0.0001) impacting on PTG. 

PMID- 26973579
TI  - Introducing StatHand: A Cross-Platform Mobile Application to Support Students'
      Statistical Decision Making.
AB  - Although essential to professional competence in psychology, quantitative
      research methods are a known area of weakness for many undergraduate psychology
      students. Students find selecting appropriate statistical tests and procedures
      for different types of research questions, hypotheses and data types particularly
      challenging, and these skills are not often practiced in class. Decision trees (a
      type of graphic organizer) are known to facilitate this decision making process,
      but extant trees have a number of limitations. Furthermore, emerging research
      suggests that mobile technologies offer many possibilities for facilitating
      learning. It is within this context that we have developed StatHand, a free cross
      platform application designed to support students' statistical decision making.
      Developed with the support of the Australian Government Office for Learning and
      Teaching, StatHand guides users through a series of simple, annotated questions
      to help them identify a statistical test or procedure appropriate to their
      circumstances. It further offers the guidance necessary to run these tests and
      procedures, then interpret and report their results. In this Technology Report we
      will overview the rationale behind StatHand, before describing the feature set of
      the application. We will then provide guidelines for integrating StatHand into
      the research methods curriculum, before concluding by outlining our road map for
      the ongoing development and evaluation of StatHand. 

PMID- 26973580
TI  - The Importance of Isomorphism for Conclusions about Homology: A Bayesian
      Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling Approach with Ordinal Indicators.
AB  - We describe a Monte Carlo study examining the impact of assuming item isomorphism
      (i.e., equivalent construct meaning across levels of analysis) on conclusions
      about homology (i.e., equivalent structural relations across levels of analysis)
      under varying degrees of non-isomorphism in the context of ordinal indicator
      multilevel structural equation models (MSEMs). We focus on the condition where
      one or more loadings are higher on the between level than on the within level to
      show that while much past research on homology has ignored the issue of
      psychometric isomorphism, psychometric isomorphism is in fact critical to valid
      conclusions about homology. More specifically, when a measurement model with non
      isomorphic items occupies an exogenous position in a multilevel structural model
      and the non-isomorphism of these items is not modeled, the within level exogenous
      latent variance is under-estimated leading to over-estimation of the within level
      structural coefficient, while the between level exogenous latent variance is
      overestimated leading to underestimation of the between structural coefficient.
      When a measurement model with non-isomorphic items occupies an endogenous
      position in a multilevel structural model and the non-isomorphism of these items
      is not modeled, the endogenous within level latent variance is under-estimated
      leading to under-estimation of the within level structural coefficient while the
      endogenous between level latent variance is over-estimated leading to over
      estimation of the between level structural coefficient. The innovative aspect of
      this article is demonstrating that even minor violations of psychometric
      isomorphism render claims of homology untenable. We also show that posterior
      predictive p-values for ordinal indicator Bayesian MSEMs are insensitive to
      violations of isomorphism even when they lead to severely biased within and
      between level structural parameters. We highlight conditions where poor
      estimation of even correctly specified models rules out empirical examination of
      isomorphism and homology without taking precautions, for instance, larger Level-2
      sample sizes, or using informative priors. 

PMID- 26973581
TI  - Instructional Design for Accelerated Macrocognitive Expertise in the Baseball
      Workplace.
AB  - The goal of accelerating expertise can leave researchers and trainers in human
      factors, naturalistic decision making, sport science, and expertise studies
      concerned about seemingly insufficient application of expert performance
      theories, findings and methods for training macrocognitive aspects of human
      performance. Video-occlusion methods perfected by sports expertise researchers
      have great instructional utility, in some cases offering an effective and
      inexpensive alternative to high-fidelity simulation. A key problem for
      instructional designers seems to be that expertise research done in laboratory
      and field settings doesn't get adequately translated into workplace training.
      Therefore, this article presents a framework for better linkage of expertise
      research/training across laboratory, field, and workplace settings. It also uses
      a case study to trace the development and implementation of a macrocognitive
      training program in the very challenging workplace of the baseball batters' box.
      This training, which was embedded for a full season in a college baseball team,
      targeted the perceptual-cognitive skill of pitch recognition that allows expert
      batters to circumvent limitations of human reaction time in order to hit a 90
      mile-per-hour slider. While baseball batting has few analogous skills outside of
      sports, the instructional design principles of the training program developed to
      improve batting have wider applicability and implications. Its core operational
      principle, supported by information processing models but challenged by
      ecological models, decouples the perception-action link for targeted part-task
      training of the perception component, in much the same way that motor components
      routinely are isolated to leverage instructional efficiencies. After targeted
      perceptual training, perception and action were recoupled via transfer
      appropriate tasks inspired by in situ research tasks. Using NCAA published
      statistics as performance measures, the cooperating team improved from middling
      performance to first in their conference in Runs Scored and team Batting Average.
      This case suggests that, beyond the usual considerations of effectiveness and
      efficiency, there are four challenges to embedded training in the workplace
      setting -namely: duration, curriculum, limited resources, and buy in. In the case
      reported here, and potentially in many domains beyond sports, part-task
      perceptual-cognitive training can improve targeted macrocognitive skills and
      thereby improve full-skill performance. 

PMID- 26973583
TI  - On the prospect of an experimental account of argumentation. Commentary: Toward
      an experimental account of argumentation: the case of the slippery slope and the
      ad hominem arguments.

PMID- 26973582
TI  - Optimism's Explicative Role for Chronic Diseases.
AB  - The increasing interest about dispositional optimism's role in health status and
      its positive modulating effect on health outcomes has led to a remarkable
      scientific production in the last decade. To date lot is known for which diseases
      optimism is relevant, instead much less is known about how optimism interacts
      with other factors, both biological and psychological, in determining health
      status. The aim of this mini review is to explore the literature derived from
      clinical and experimental research assessing the associations between
      dispositional optimism and health status. Dispositional optimism can be
      considered as facet of personality that is cognitive in nature which holds the
      global expectation that the future will be plenty of good events. Optimists view
      desired goals as obtainable, so they often confront adversities in active manners
      resulting in perseverance and increased goal attainment. Only studies that
      explicitly included optimism and health outcomes, as measurable variables, and
      that reported a clear association between them have been reviewed. Cancer,
      cardiovascular disease, respiratory failure, and aging with multimorbidity were
      considered. Among the possible explicative hypotheses, two seem to best describe
      results: optimism may have a direct effect on the neuroendocrine system and on
      immune responses, and it may have an indirect effect on health outcomes by
      promoting protective health behaviors, adaptive coping strategies and enhancing
      positive mood. The research on optimism and health status has already shed light
      on important mechanisms regarding chronic diseases' management, however, further
      studies are needed to deepen the knowledge. 

PMID- 26973584
TI  - Listening to the Shepard-Risset Glissando: the Relationship between Emotional
      Response, Disruption of Equilibrium, and Personality.
AB  - The endless scale illusion, obtained by cyclically repeating a chromatic scale
      made up of Shepard tones, has been used in a variety of musical works. Music
      psychology and neuroscience has been interested in this particular psychoacoustic
      phenomenon mainly for studying the cognitive processes of pitch perception
      involved. In the present study, we investigated the emotional states induced by
      the Shepard-Risset glissando, a variant of the Shepard scale. For this purpose we
      chose three musical stimuli: a Matlab-generated Shepard Risset glissando, Jean
      Claude Risset's Computer Suite from Little Boy, which presents a Shepard-Risset
      glissando integrated in the aesthetic context of a composition, and an ordinary
      orchestral glissando taken from the opening of Iannis Xenakis's Metastasis.
      Seventy-three volunteers completed a listening experiment during which they rated
      their emotional response to these stimuli on a seven-point Likert scale and
      indicated whether they had experienced a disruption of equilibrium. Personality
      was also measured with the Five-Factor Model of personality traits. The results
      show that negative emotions were most strongly evoked during listening to each of
      the stimuli. We also found that the Shepard-Risset glissando illusion, both
      within the aesthetic context of a musical composition and on its own, was capable
      of evoking disruption of equilibrium, frequently leading to the associated
      feeling of falling. Moreover, generally for the Shepard-Risset glissando
      illusion, higher negative emotional ratings were given by individuals who had
      experienced a feeling of disturbance of equilibrium relative to those who had not
      had this experience. Finally, we found a complex pattern of relationships between
      personality and the subjective experience of the glissando. Openness to
      experience correlated positively with positive emotion ratings for the Computer
      Suite, while agreeableness correlated negatively with positive emotion ratings
      for the Matlab stimulus. Moreover, results indicated higher (Bonferroni
      uncorrected) neuroticism for those who experienced an equilibrium disturbance
      relative to subjects who did not have this experience during listening to the
      Computer Suite. These findings suggest that musical paradoxes may be of interest
      not only for the insights they provide on our perceptual system, but also for the
      richness of the emotional experience elicited during listening. 

PMID- 26973586
TI  - Estimation of the Proportion of Underachieving Students in Compulsory Secondary
      Education in Spain: An Application of the Rasch Model.
AB  - There are very few studies in Spain that treat underachievement rigorously, and
      those that do are typically related to gifted students. The present study
      examined the proportion of underachieving students using the Rasch measurement
      model. A sample of 643 first-year high school students (mean age = 12.09; SD =
      0.47) from 8 schools in the province of Alicante (Spain) completed the Battery of
      Differential and General Skills (Badyg), and these students' General Points
      Average (GPAs) were recovered by teachers. Dichotomous and Partial credit Rasch
      models were performed. After adjusting the measurement instruments, the
      individual underachievement index provided a total sample of 181 underachieving
      students, or 28.14% of the total sample across the ability levels. This study
      confirms that the Rasch measurement model can accurately estimate the construct
      validity of both the intelligence test and the academic grades for the
      calculation of underachieving students. Furthermore, the present study
      constitutes a pioneer framework for the estimation of the prevalence of
      underachievement in Spain. 

PMID- 26973585
TI  - Effects of Hearing Loss and Cognitive Load on Speech Recognition with Competing
      Talkers.
AB  - Everyday communication frequently comprises situations with more than one talker
      speaking at a time. These situations are challenging since they pose high
      attentional and memory demands placing cognitive load on the listener. Hearing
      impairment additionally exacerbates communication problems under these
      circumstances. We examined the effects of hearing loss and attention tasks on
      speech recognition with competing talkers in older adults with and without
      hearing impairment. We hypothesized that hearing loss would affect word
      identification, talker separation and word recall and that the difficulties
      experienced by the hearing impaired listeners would be especially pronounced in a
      task with high attentional and memory demands. Two listener groups closely
      matched for their age and neuropsychological profile but differing in hearing
      acuity were examined regarding their speech recognition with competing talkers in
      two different tasks. One task required repeating back words from one target
      talker (1TT) while ignoring the competing talker whereas the other required
      repeating back words from both talkers (2TT). The competing talkers differed with
      respect to their voice characteristics. Moreover, sentences either with low or
      high context were used in order to consider linguistic properties. Compared to
      their normal hearing peers, listeners with hearing loss revealed limited speech
      recognition in both tasks. Their difficulties were especially pronounced in the
      more demanding 2TT task. In order to shed light on the underlying mechanisms,
      different error sources, namely having misunderstood, confused, or omitted words
      were investigated. Misunderstanding and omitting words were more frequently
      observed in the hearing impaired than in the normal hearing listeners. In line
      with common speech perception models, it is suggested that these effects are
      related to impaired object formation and taxed working memory capacity (WMC). In
      a post-hoc analysis, the listeners were further separated with respect to their
      WMC. It appeared that higher capacity could be used in the sense of a
      compensatory mechanism with respect to the adverse effects of hearing loss,
      especially with low context speech. 

PMID- 26973588
TI  - Differential Responses to a Visual Self-Motion Signal in Human Medial Cortical
      Regions Revealed by Wide-View Stimulation.
AB  - Vision is important for estimating self-motion, which is thought to involve optic
      flow processing. Here, we investigated the fMRI response profiles in visual area
      V6, the precuneus motion area (PcM), and the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv)
      three medial brain regions recently shown to be sensitive to optic-flow. We used
      wide-view stereoscopic stimulation to induce robust self-motion processing.
      Stimuli included static, randomly moving, and coherently moving dots (simulating
      forward self-motion). We varied the stimulus size and the presence of
      stereoscopic information. A combination of univariate and multi-voxel pattern
      analyses (MVPA) revealed that fMRI responses in the three regions differed from
      each other. The univariate analysis identified optic-flow selectivity and an
      effect of stimulus size in V6, PcM, and CSv, among which only CSv showed a
      significantly lower response to random motion stimuli compared with static
      conditions. Furthermore, MVPA revealed an optic-flow specific multi-voxel pattern
      in the PcM and CSv, where the discrimination of coherent motion from both random
      motion and static conditions showed above-chance prediction accuracy, but that of
      random motion from static conditions did not. Additionally, while area V6
      successfully classified different stimulus sizes regardless of motion pattern,
      this classification was only partial in PcM and was absent in CSv. This may
      reflect the known retinotopic representation in V6 and the absence of such clear
      visuospatial representation in CSv. We also found significant correlations
      between the strength of subjective self-motion and univariate activation in all
      examined regions except for primary visual cortex (V1). This neuro-perceptual
      correlation was significantly higher for V6, PcM, and CSv when compared with V1,
      and higher for CSv when compared with the visual motion area hMT+. Our convergent
      results suggest the significant involvement of CSv in self-motion processing,
      which may give rise to its percept. 

PMID- 26973589
TI  - Beyond Self-Report: Emerging Methods for Capturing Individual Differences in
      Decision-Making Process.
AB  - People vary in the way in which they approach decision-making, which impacts real
      world behavior. There has been a surge of interest in moving beyond reliance on
      self-report measures to capture such individual differences. Particular emphasis
      has been placed on devising and applying a range of methodologies that include
      experimental, neuroscience, and observational paradigms. This paper provides a
      selective review of recent studies that illustrate the methods and yield of these
      approaches in terms of generating a deeper understanding of decision-making style
      and the notable differences that can be found across individuals. 

PMID- 26973587
TI  - Sensorimotor Grounding of Musical Embodiment and the Role of Prediction: A
      Review.
AB  - In a previous article, we reviewed empirical evidence demonstrating action-based
      effects on music perception to substantiate the musical embodiment thesis (Maes
      et al., 2014). Evidence was largely based on studies demonstrating that music
      perception automatically engages motor processes, or that body states/movements
      influence music perception. Here, we argue that more rigorous evidence is needed
      before any decisive conclusion in favor of a "radical" musical embodiment thesis
      can be posited. In the current article, we provide a focused review of recent
      research to collect further evidence for the "radical" embodiment thesis that
      music perception is a dynamic process firmly rooted in the natural disposition of
      sounds and the human auditory and motor system. Though, we emphasize that, on top
      of these natural dispositions, long-term processes operate, rooted in repeated
      sensorimotor experiences and leading to learning, prediction, and error
      minimization. This approach sheds new light on the development of musical
      repertoires, and may refine our understanding of action-based effects on music
      perception as discussed in our previous article (Maes et al., 2014).
      Additionally, we discuss two of our recent empirical studies demonstrating that
      music performance relies on similar principles of sensorimotor dynamics and
      predictive processing. 

PMID- 26973590
TI  - The Strength Model of Self-Control in Sport and Exercise Psychology.
AB  - The strength model of self-control assumes that all acts of self-control (e.g.,
      emotion regulation, persistence) are empowered by a single global metaphorical
      strength that has limited capacity. This strength can become temporarily depleted
      after a primary self-control act, which, in turn, can impair performance in
      subsequent acts of self-control. Recently, the assumptions of the strength model
      of self-control also have been adopted and tested in the field of sport and
      exercise psychology. The present review paper aims to give an overview of recent
      developments in self-control research based on the strength model of self
      control. Furthermore, recent research on interventions on how to improve and
      revitalize self-control strength will be presented. Finally, the strength model
      of self-control has been criticized lately, as well as expanded in scope, so the
      present paper will also discuss alternative explanations of why previous acts of
      self-control can lead to impaired performance in sport and exercise. 

PMID- 26973591
TI  - Prefrontal Electrical Stimulation in Non-depressed Reduces Levels of Reported
      Negative Affects from Daily Stressors.
AB  - Negative emotional responses to the daily life stresses have cumulative effects
      which, in turn, impose wide-ranging negative constraints on emotional well being
      and neurocognitive performance (Kalueff and Nutt, 2007; Nadler et al., 2010;
      Charles et al., 2013). Crucial cognitive functions such as memory and problem
      solving, as well more short term emotional responses (e.g., anticipation of- and
      response to- monetary rewards or losses) are influenced by mood. The negative
      impact of these behavioral responses is felt at the individual level, but it also
      imposes major economic burden on modern healthcare systems. Although much
      research has been undertaken to understand the underlying mechanisms of depressed
      mood and design efficient treatment pathways, comparatively little was done to
      characterize mood modulations that remain within the boundaries of a healthy
      mental functioning. In one placebo-controlled experiment, we applied daily
      prefrontal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at five points in time,
      and found reliable improvements on self-reported mood evaluation. Using a new
      team of experimenters, we replicated this finding in an independent double
      blinded placebo-controlled experiment and showed that stimulation over a shorter
      period of time (3 days) is sufficient to create detectable mood improvements.
      Taken together, our data show that repeated bilateral prefrontal tDCS can reduce
      psychological distress in non-depressed individuals. 

PMID- 26973592
TI  - Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder Revisited - A Case Study.
AB  - The human sleep-wake cycle is governed by two major factors: a homeostatic
      hourglass process (process S), which rises linearly during the day, and a
      circadian process C, which determines the timing of sleep in a ~24-h rhythm in
      accordance to the external light-dark (LD) cycle. While both individual processes
      are fairly well characterized, the exact nature of their interaction remains
      unclear. The circadian rhythm is generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
      ("master clock") of the anterior hypothalamus, through cell-autonomous feedback
      loops of DNA transcription and translation. While the phase length (tau) of the
      cycle is relatively stable and genetically determined, the phase of the clock is
      reset by external stimuli ("zeitgebers"), the most important being the LD cycle.
      Misalignments of the internal rhythm with the LD cycle can lead to various
      somatic complaints and to the development of circadian rhythm sleep disorders
      (CRSD). Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorders (N24HSWD) is a CRSD affecting up to 50%
      of totally blind patients and characterized by the inability to maintain a stable
      entrainment of the typically long circadian rhythm (tau > 24.5 h) to the LD
      cycle. The disease is rare in sighted individuals and the pathophysiology less
      well understood. Here, we present the case of a 40-year-old sighted male, who
      developed a misalignment of the internal clock with the external LD cycle
      following the treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma (ABVD regimen, four cycles and AVD
      regimen, four cycles). A thorough clinical assessment, including actigraphy,
      melatonin profiles and polysomnography led to the diagnosis of non-24-hour sleep
      wake disorders (N24HSWD) with a free-running rhythm of tau = 25.27 h. A
      therapeutic intervention with bright light therapy (30 min, 10,000 lux) in the
      morning and melatonin administration (0.5-0.75 mg) in the evening failed to
      entrain the free-running rhythm, although a longer treatment duration and more
      intense therapy might have been successful. The sudden onset and close timely
      connection led us to hypothesize that the chemotherapy might have caused a
      mutation of the molecular clock components leading to the observed elongation of
      the circadian period. 

PMID- 26973593
TI  - Age-Related Neurochemical Changes in the Vestibular Nuclei.
AB  - There is evidence that the normal aging process is associated with impaired
      vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR) and vestibulo-spinal reflexes, causing reduced
      visual acuity and postural instability. Nonetheless, the available evidence is
      not entirely consistent, especially with respect to the VOR. Some recent studies
      have reported that VOR gain can be intact even above 80 years of age. Similarly,
      although there is evidence for age-related hair cell loss and neuronal loss in
      Scarpa's ganglion and the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC), it is not entirely
      consistent. Whatever structural and functional changes occur in the VNC as a
      result of aging, either to cause vestibular impairment or to compensate for it,
      neurochemical changes must underlie them. However, the neurochemical changes that
      occur in the VNC with aging are poorly understood because the available
      literature is very limited. This review summarizes and critically evaluates the
      available evidence relating to the noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate,
      GABA, glycine, and nitric oxide neurotransmitter systems in the aging VNC. It is
      concluded that, at present, it is difficult, if not impossible, to relate the
      neurochemical changes observed to the function of specific VNC neurons and
      whether the observed changes are the cause of a functional deficit in the VNC or
      an effect of it. A better understanding of the neurochemical changes that occur
      during aging may be important for the development of potential drug treatments
      for age-related vestibular disorders. However, this will require the use of more
      sophisticated methodology such as in vivo microdialysis with single neuron
      recording and perhaps new technologies such as optogenetics. 

PMID- 26973594
TI  - Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Insights in Etiologies, Clinical Subtypes, and
      Diagnostics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the different etiologies and clinical subtypes of
      bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) and the value of diagnostic tools in the
      diagnostic process of BVH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case review was
      performed on 154 patients diagnosed with BVH in a tertiary referral center,
      between 2013 and 2015. Inclusion criteria comprised (1) imbalance and/or
      oscillopsia during locomotion and (2) summated slow phase velocity of nystagmus
      of less than 20 degrees /s during bithermal caloric tests. RESULTS: The definite
      etiology of BVH was determined in 47% of the cases and the probable etiology in
      22%. In 31%, the etiology of BVH remained idiopathic. BVH resulted from more than
      20 different etiologies. In the idiopathic group, the percentage of migraine was
      significantly higher compared to the non-idiopathic group (50 versus 11%, p <
      0.001). Among all patients, 23.4% were known with autoimmune disorders in their
      medical history. All four clinical subtypes (recurrent vertigo with BVH, rapidly
      progressive BVH, slowly progressive BVH, and slowly progressive BVH with ataxia)
      were found in this population. Slowly progressive BVH with ataxia comprised only
      4.5% of the cases. The head impulse test was abnormal in 94% of the cases. The
      torsion swing test was abnormal in 66%. Bilateral normal hearing to moderate
      hearing loss was found in 49%. Blood tests did not often contribute to the
      determination of the etiology of the disease. Abnormal cerebral imaging was found
      in 21 patients. CONCLUSION: BVH is a heterogeneous condition with various
      etiologies and clinical characteristics. Migraine seems to play a significant
      role in idiopathic BVH and autoimmunity could be a modulating factor in the
      development of BVH. The distribution of etiologies of BVH probably depends on the
      clinical setting. In the diagnostic process of BVH, the routine use of some blood
      tests can be reconsidered and a low-threshold use of audiometry and cerebral
      imaging is advised. The torsion swing test is not the "gold standard" for
      diagnosing BVH due to its lack of sensitivity. Future diagnostic criteria of BVH
      should consist of standardized vestibular tests combined with a history that is
      congruent with the vestibular findings.

PMID- 26973595
TI  - Kisspeptin Activates Ankrd 26 Gene Expression in Migrating Embryonic GnRH
      Neurons.
AB  - Kisspeptin, a newly discovered neuropeptide, regulates gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH). Kisspeptins are a large RF-amide family of peptides. The
      kisspeptin coded by KiSS-1 gene is a 145-amino acid protein that is cleaved to C
      terminal peptide kisspeptin-10. G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) has been
      identified as a kisspeptin receptor, and it is expressed in GnRH neurons and in a
      variety of cancer cells. In this study, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)
      labeled GnRH cells with migratory properties, which express GPR54, served as a
      model to study the effects of kisspeptin on cell migration. We monitored EGFP
      GnRH neuronal migration in brain slide culture of embryonic day 14 transgenic rat
      by live cell imaging system and studied the effects of kisspeptin-10 (1 nM)
      treatment for 36 h on GnRH migration. Furthermore, to determine kisspeptin
      induced molecular pathways related with apoptosis and cytoskeletal changes during
      neuronal migration, we studied the expression levels of candidate genes in laser
      captured EGFP-GnRH neurons by real-time PCR. We found that there was no change in
      the expression level of genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. The
      expression of ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein (ankrd) 26 in EGFP-GnRH
      neurons was upregulated by the exposure to kisspeptin. These studies suggest that
      ankrd 26 gene plays an unidentified role in regulating neuronal movement mediated
      by kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling, which could be a potential pathway to suppress
      cell migration. 

PMID- 26973597
TI  - Accuracy of a Rapid and Non-Invasive Method for the Assessment of Small Fiber
      Neuropathy Based on Measurement of Electrochemical Skin Conductances.

PMID- 26973598
TI  - Browning and Graying: Novel Transcriptional Regulators of Brown and Beige Fat
      Tissues and Aging.
AB  - Obesity represents a major risk factor for the development of a number of
      metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Since
      the discovery that brown and beige fat cells exist in adult humans and contribute
      to energy expenditure, increasing interest has been devoted to the understanding
      of the molecular switches turning on calorie utilization. It has been reported
      that the ability of thermogenic tissues to burn energy declines during aging,
      possibly contributing to the development of metabolic dysfunction late in life.
      This review will focus on the recently identified transcriptional modulators of
      brown and beige cells and will discuss the potential impact of some of these
      thermogenic factors on age-associated metabolic disorders. 

PMID- 26973596
TI  - Signaling Interactions in the Adrenal Cortex.
AB  - The major physiological stimuli of aldosterone secretion are angiotensin II (AII)
      and extracellular K(+), whereas cortisol production is primarily regulated by
      corticotropin (ACTH) in fasciculata cells. AII triggers Ca(2+) release from
      internal stores that is followed by store-operated and voltage-dependent Ca(2+)
      entry, whereas K(+)-evoked depolarization activates voltage-dependent Ca(2+)
      channels. ACTH acts primarily through the formation of cAMP and subsequent
      protein phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Both Ca(2+) and cAMP facilitate the
      transfer of cholesterol to mitochondrial inner membrane. The cytosolic Ca(2+)
      signal is transferred into the mitochondrial matrix and enhances pyridine
      nucleotide reduction. Increased formation of NADH results in increased ATP
      production, whereas that of NADPH supports steroid production. In reality, the
      control of adrenocortical function is a lot more sophisticated with second
      messengers crosstalking and mutually modifying each other's pathways. Cytosolic
      Ca(2+) and cGMP are both capable of modifying cAMP metabolism, while cAMP may
      enhance Ca(2+) release and voltage-activated Ca(2+) channel activity. Besides,
      mitochondrial Ca(2+) signal brings about cAMP formation within the organelle and
      this further enhances aldosterone production. Maintained aldosterone and cortisol
      secretion are optimized by the concurrent actions of Ca(2+) and cAMP, as
      exemplified by the apparent synergism of Ca(2+) influx (inducing cAMP formation)
      and Ca(2+) release during response to AII. Thus, cross-actions of parallel signal
      transducing pathways are not mere intracellular curiosities but rather
      substantial phenomena, which fine-tune the biological response. Our review
      focuses on these functionally relevant interactions between the Ca(2+) and the
      cyclic nucleotide signal transducing pathways hitherto described in the adrenal
      cortex. 

PMID- 26973599
TI  - Cancer Stem Cells in the Thyroid.
AB  - The cancer stem cell (CSC) model posits that CSCs are a small, biologically
      distinct subpopulation of cancer cells in each tumor that have self-renewal and
      multi-lineage potential, and are critical for cancer initiation, metastasis,
      recurrence, and therapy-resistance. Numerous studies have linked CSCs to thyroid
      biology, but the candidate markers and signal transduction pathways that drive
      thyroid CSC growth are controversial, the origin(s) of thyroid CSCs remain
      elusive, and it is unclear whether thyroid CSC biology is consistent with the
      original hierarchical CSC model or the more recent dynamic CSC model. Here, we
      critically review the thyroid CSC literature with an emphasis on research that
      confirmed the presence of thyroid CSCs by in vitro sphere formation or in vivo
      tumor formation assays with dispersed cells from thyroid cancer tissues or bona
      fide thyroid cancer cell lines. Future perspectives of thyroid CSC research are
      also discussed. 

PMID- 26973600
TI  - Phylogenetic Analysis and Pathogenicity Assessment of Two Strains of Avian
      Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2 Isolated from Migratory Birds: High Homology of
      Internal Genes with Human H10N8 Virus.
AB  - Two human-infecting avian influenza viruses (AIVs), H7N9 and H10N8, have emerged
      in China, which further indicate that the H9N2 subtype of AIVs, as an internal
      gene donor, may have an important role in the generation of new viruses with
      cross-species transmissibility and pathogenicity. H9N2 viruses that contain such
      internal genes widely exist in poultry but are rarely reported in migratory
      birds. In this study, two strains of the H9N2 virus were isolated from fecal
      samples of migratory birds in 2014: one strain from Caizi Lake in Anhui Province
      and one from Chen Lake in Hubei Province of China. Nucleotide sequence analysis
      revealed high homology of all six internal genes of these two strains with the
      internal genes of the human H10N8 virus in Jiangxi Province, as well as with the
      human H7N9 virus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a possible origin of these two
      strains from poultry in South China. Both of the two viruses tested could
      replicated in respiratory organs of infective mice without adaption, by both
      strains of the H9N2 AIVs from wild birds, suggesting their potential capacity for
      directly infecting mammals. Our findings indicate the existence of H9N2 viruses
      that contain internal genes highly homologous with human H10N8 or H7N9 viruses.
      Wild birds can contribute to the spread of the H9N2 virus that contains the
      "harmful" internal gene complex, leading to gene rearrangement with other
      influenza viruses and to the generation of new pathogenic viruses. Therefore,
      strengthening AIV surveillance in wild birds can promote an understanding of the
      presence and prevalence of viruses and provide scientific evidence for the
      prevention and control of AIVs and human-infecting AIVs. 

PMID- 26973601
TI  - Coral-Associated Actinobacteria: Diversity, Abundance, and Biotechnological
      Potentials.
AB  - Marine Actinobacteria, particularly coral-associated Actinobacteria, have
      attracted attention recently. In this study, the abundance and diversity of
      Actinobacteria associated with three types of coral thriving in a thermally
      stressed coral reef system north of the Arabian Gulf were investigated.
      Coscinaraea columna, Platygyra daedalea and Porites harrisoni have been found to
      harbor equivalent numbers of culturable Actinobacteria in their tissues but not
      in their mucus. However, different culturable actinobacterial communities have
      been found to be associated with different coral hosts. Differences in the
      abundance and diversity of Actinobacteria were detected between the mucus and
      tissue of the same coral host. In addition, temporal and spatial variations in
      the abundance and diversity of the cultivable actinobacterial communities were
      detected. In total, 19 different actinobacterial genera, namely Micrococcus,
      Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Renibacterium,
      Nocardia, Microbacterium, Dietzia, Cellulomonas, Ornithinimicrobium, Rhodococcus,
      Agrococcus, Kineococcus, Dermacoccus, Devriesea, Kocuria, Marmoricola, and
      Arthrobacter, were isolated from the coral tissue and mucus samples. Furthermore,
      82 isolates related to Micromonospora, Brachybacterium, Nocardia, Micrococcus,
      Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus, and Streptomyces showed antimicrobial activities
      against representative Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria. Even though
      Brevibacterium and Kocuria were the most dominant actinobacterial isolates, they
      failed to show any antimicrobial activity, whereas less dominant genera, such as
      Streptomyces, did show antimicrobial activity. Focusing on the diversity of coral
      associated Actinobacteria may help to understand how corals thrive under harsh
      environmental conditions and may lead to the discovery of novel antimicrobial
      metabolites with potential biotechnological applications. 

PMID- 26973602
TI  - Geochemistry and Mixing Drive the Spatial Distribution of Free-Living Archaea and
      Bacteria in Yellowstone Lake.
AB  - Yellowstone Lake, the largest subalpine lake in the United States, harbors great
      novelty and diversity of Bacteria and Archaea. Size-fractionated water samples
      (0.1-0.8, 0.8-3.0, and 3.0-20 MUm) were collected from surface photic zone, deep
      mixing zone, and vent fluids at different locations in the lake by using a
      remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Quantification with real-time PCR indicated that
      Bacteria dominated free-living microorganisms with Bacteria/Archaea ratios
      ranging from 4037:1 (surface water) to 25:1 (vent water). Microbial population
      structures (both Bacteria and Archaea) were assessed using 454-FLX sequencing
      with a total of 662,302 pyrosequencing reads for V1 and V2 regions of 16S rRNA
      genes. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analyses indicated that strong
      spatial distribution patterns existed from surface to deep vents for free-living
      Archaea and Bacteria in the lake. Along with pH, major vent-associated
      geochemical constituents including CH4, CO2, H2, DIC (dissolved inorganic
      carbon), DOC (dissolved organic carbon), SO4 (2-), O2 and metals were likely the
      major drivers for microbial population structures, however, mixing events
      occurring in the lake also impacted the distribution patterns. Distinct Bacteria
      and Archaea were present among size fractions, and bigger size fractions included
      particle-associated microbes (> 3 MUm) and contained higher predicted operational
      taxonomic unit richness and microbial diversities (genus level) than free-living
      ones (<0.8 MUm). Our study represents the first attempt at addressing the spatial
      distribution of Bacteria and Archaea in Yellowstone Lake, and our results
      highlight the variable contribution of Archaea and Bacteria to the
      hydrogeochemical-relevant metabolism of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. 

PMID- 26973604
TI  - Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted Esterase, MtEst45, from
      Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221.
AB  - A novel esterase, MtEst45, was isolated from a fosmid genomic library of
      Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. The encoding gene is predicted to have a
      mass of 45,564 Da and encodes 495 amino acids, excluding a 21 amino acid signal
      peptide. MtEst45 showed a low amino acid identity (approximately 23-24%) compared
      with other lipolytic enzymes belonging to Family III, a closely related bacterial
      lipolytic enzyme family. MtEst45 also showed a conserved GXSXG motif,
      G131IS133YG135, which was reported as active site of known lipolytic enzymes, and
      the putative catalytic triad composed of D237 and H265. Because these mutants of
      MtEst45, which was S133A, D237N, and H265L, had no activity, these catalytic
      triad is deemed essential for the enzyme catalysis. MtEst45 was overexpressed in
      Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified via His-tag affinity chromatography. The
      optimal pH and temperature of MtEst45 were estimated to be 8.17 and 46.27 degrees
      C by response surface methodology, respectively. Additionally, MtEst45 was also
      active between 1 and 15 degrees C. The optimal hydrolysis substrate for MtEst45
      among p-nitrophenyl esters (C2-C18) was p-nitrophenyl butyrate, and the K m and V
      max values were 0.0998 mM and 550 MUmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. MtEst45
      was strongly inhibited by Hg(2+), Zn(2+), and Cu(2+) ions; by
      phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride; and by beta-mercaptoethanol. Ca(2+) did not
      affect the enzyme's activity. These biochemical properties, sequence identity,
      and phylogenetic analysis suggest that MtEst45 represents a novel and valuable
      bacterial lipolytic enzyme family and is useful for biotechnological
      applications. 

PMID- 26973603
TI  - Overwintering of Vineyard Yeasts: Survival of Interacting Yeast Communities in
      Grapes Mummified on Vines.
AB  - The conversion of grape must into wine involves the development and succession of
      yeast populations differing in species composition. The initial population is
      formed by vineyard strains which are washed into the must from the crushed grapes
      and then completed with yeasts coming from the cellar environment. As the origin
      and natural habitat of the vineyard yeasts are not fully understood, this study
      addresses the possibility, that grape yeasts can be preserved in berries left
      behind on vines at harvest until the spring of the next year. These berries
      become mummified during the winter on the vines. To investigate whether yeasts
      can survive in these overwintering grapes, mummified berries were collected in 16
      localities in the Tokaj wine region (Hungary-Slovakia) in early March. The
      collected berries were rehydrated to recover viable yeasts by plating samples
      onto agar plates. For the detection of minority species which would not be
      detected by direct plating, an enrichment step repressing the propagation of
      alcohol-sensitive yeasts was also included in the process. The morphological,
      physiological, and molecular analysis identified 13 basidiomycetous and 23
      ascomycetous species including fermentative yeasts of wine-making relevance among
      the 3879 isolates. The presence of viable strains of these species demonstrates
      that the grapes mummified on the vine can serve as a safe reservoir of yeasts,
      and may contribute to the maintenance of grape-colonizing yeast populations in
      the vineyard over years, parallel with other vectors and habitats. All
      basidiomycetous species were known phylloplane yeasts. Three Hanseniaspora
      species and pigmented Metschnikowia strains were the most frequent ascomycetes.
      Other fermentative yeasts of wine-making relevance were detected only in the
      enrichment cultures. Saccharomyces (S. paradoxus, S. cerevisiae, and S. uvarum)
      were recovered from 13% of the samples. No Candida zemplinina was found. The
      isolates with Aureobasidium morphology turned out to belong to Aureobasidium
      subglaciale, Kabatiella microsticta, or Columnosphaeria fagi. The ascomyceteous
      isolates grew at high concentrations of sugars with Wickerhamomyces anomalus
      being the most tolerant species. Complex interactions including antagonism
      (growth inhibition, contact inhibition, competition for nutrients) and synergism
      (crossfeeding) among the isolates and with Botrytis cinerea shape the composition
      of the overwintering communities. 

PMID- 26973605
TI  - Newly Isolated Paenibacillus tyrfis sp. nov., from Malaysian Tropical Peat Swamp
      Soil with Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity.
AB  - Emergence of antimicrobial resistance coupled with the slowdown in discovery of
      new antimicrobial compounds points to serious consequences for human health.
      Therefore, scientists are looking for new antimicrobial compounds from unique and
      understudied ecosystems such as tropical peat swamp forests. Over the course of
      isolating antimicrobial producing bacteria from North Selangor tropical peat
      swamp forest, Malaysia, a Gram variable, rod shaped, endospore forming,
      facultative anaerobic novel strain MSt1(T) that exerts potent and broad spectrum
      antimicrobial activity was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene
      sequences showed that strain MSt1(T) belonged to the genus Paenibacillus with the
      highest similarity to Paenibacillus elgii SD17(T) (99.5%). Whole genome
      comparison between strain MSt1(T) with its closely related species using average
      nucleotide identity (ANI) revealed that similarity between strain MSt1(T) with P.
      elgii B69 (93.45%) and Paenibacillus ehimensis A2 (90.42%) was below the
      recommended threshold of 95%. Further analysis using in silico pairwise DDH also
      showed that similarity between strain MSt1(T) with P. elgii B69 (55.4%) and P.
      ehimensis A2 (43.7%) was below the recommended threshold of 70%. Strain MSt1(T)
      contained meso-diaminopilemic acid in the cell wall and MK-7 as the major
      menaquinone. The major fatty acids of strain MSt1(T) were anteiso-C15:0 (48.2%)
      and C16:0 (29.0%) whereas the polar lipid profile consisted of
      phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, one
      unknown lipid, two unknown glycolipids, and one unknown phospholipid. Total DNA
      G+C content of strain MSt1(T) was 51.5 mol%. The extract from strain MSt1(T)
      exerted strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC =
      1.5 MUg/mL), MRSA ATCC 700699 (MIC = 25 MUg/mL) and Candida albicans IMR (MIC =
      12.5 MUg/mL). Partially purified active fraction exerted a strong effect against
      E. coli ATCC 25922 resulting in cell rupture when viewed with SEM. Based on
      distinctive taxonomic differences between strain MSt1(T) when compared to its
      closely related type species, we propose that strain MSt1(T) represents a novel
      species within the genus of Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus
      tyrfis sp. nov. (= DSM 100708(T) = MCCC 1K01247(T)) is proposed. 

PMID- 26973607
TI  - Low Temperature Treatment Affects Concentration and Distribution of Chrysanthemum
      Stunt Viroid in Argyranthemum.
AB  - Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) can infect Argyranthemum and cause serious
      economic loss. Low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture has been
      applied to eradicate viroids from their hosts, but without success in eliminating
      CSVd from diseased Argyranthemum. The objectives of this work were to investigate
      (1) the effect of low temperature treatment combined with meristem culture on
      elimination of CSVd, (2) the effect of low temperature treatment on CSVd
      distribution pattern in shoot apical meristem (SAM), and (3) CSVd distribution in
      flowers and stems of two infected Argyranthemum cultivars. After treatment with
      low temperature combined with meristem tip culture, two CSVd-free plants were
      found in 'Border Dark Red', but none in 'Yellow Empire'. With the help of in situ
      hybridization, we found that CSVd distribution patterns in the SAM showed no
      changes in diseased 'Yellow Empire' following 5 degrees C treatment, compared
      with non-treated plants. However, the CSVd-free area in SAM was enlarged in
      diseased 'Border Dark Red' following prolonged 5 degrees C treatment.
      Localization of CSVd in the flowers and stems of infected 'Border Dark Red' and
      'Yellow Empire' indicated that seeds could not transmit CSVd in these two
      cultivars, and CSVd existed in phloem. Results obtained in the study contributed
      to better understanding of the distribution of CSVd in systemically infected
      plants and the combination of low temperature treatment and meristem tip culture
      for production of viroid-free plants. 

PMID- 26973606
TI  - Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation and mecA Characterization of
      Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus and Non-S. aureus of Beef Meat Origin in Egypt.
AB  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found in various
      farm animal species throughout the world. Yet, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus
      (MSSA), methicillin-susceptible non-S. aureus (MS-NSA), and methicillin-resistant
      non-S. aureus (MR-NSA) were not investigated. Therefore, we persued to determine
      the diversity in their phenotypic virulence assay, phenotypic antimicrobial
      resistance profile and molecular characterization in one of the food chains in
      Egypt. Samples were collected during 2013 from beef meat at retail. Twenty seven
      isolates comprising five species (S. hyicus, S. aureus, S. schleiferi subsp.
      coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus) were characterized for their antibiotic
      resistance phenotypic profile and antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, cfr, gyrA,
      gyrB, and grlA). Out of the 27 Staphylococcus isolates only one isolate was
      resistant to the 12 antibiotics representing nine classes. Raw beef meat sold
      across the Great Cairo zone, contains 66.7% of MRS, with highest prevalence was
      reported in S. aureus (66.7%), while the MRS non-S. aureus strains constituted
      66.7% from which S. hyicus (60%), S. intermedius (33.3%), S. schleiferi subsp.
      coagulans (100%), and S. lentus (100%) were MRS. Seven S. aureus, six S. hyicus,
      four S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, three S. intermedius, and one S. lentus
      isolates although being resistant to oxacillin yet, 11/27 (40.7%) carried the
      mecA gene. At the same time, the cfr gene was present in 2 of the nine S. aureus
      isolates, and totally undetectable in S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans,
      S. intermedius, and S. lentus. Although, global researches largely focused into
      MRSA and MR-NSA in animals on pigs, the analysis of our results stipulates, that
      buffaloes and cattle could be MRSA dispersers and that this theme is not specific
      to pigs. Detection of MSSA virulence determinants is a must, as although
      oxacillin resistance may be absent yet, the MSSA may carry the virulence
      determinants which could be a source of perilous S. aureus for the human
      community. 

PMID- 26973608
TI  - Biological Phosphorus Removal During High-Rate, Low-Temperature, Anaerobic
      Digestion of Wastewater.
AB  - We report, for the first time, extensive biologically mediated phosphate removal
      from wastewater during high-rate anaerobic digestion (AD). A hybrid sludge
      bed/fixed-film (packed pumice stone) reactor was employed for low-temperature (12
      degrees C) anaerobic treatment of synthetic sewage wastewater. Successful
      phosphate removal from the wastewater (up to 78% of influent phosphate) was
      observed, mediated by biofilms in the reactor. Scanning electron microscopy and
      energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed the accumulation of elemental
      phosphorus (~2%) within the sludge bed and fixed-film biofilms. 4', 6-diamidino-2
      phenylindole (DAPI) staining indicated phosphorus accumulation was biological in
      nature and mediated through the formation of intracellular inorganic
      polyphosphate (polyP) granules within these biofilms. DAPI staining further
      indicated that polyP accumulation was rarely associated with free cells.
      Efficient and consistent chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was recorded,
      throughout the 732-day trial, at applied organic loading rates between 0.4 and
      1.5 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and hydraulic retention times of 8-24 h, while phosphate
      removal efficiency ranged from 28 to 78% on average per phase. Analysis of
      protein hydrolysis kinetics and the methanogenic activity profiles of the biomass
      revealed the development, at 12 degrees C, of active hydrolytic and methanogenic
      populations. Temporal microbial changes were monitored using Illumina MiSeq
      analysis of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences. The dominant
      bacterial phyla present in the biomass at the conclusion of the trial were the
      Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and the dominant archaeal genus was Methanosaeta.
      Trichococcus and Flavobacterium populations, previously associated with low
      temperature protein degradation, developed in the reactor biomass. The presence
      of previously characterized polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) such as
      Rhodocyclus, Chromatiales, Actinobacter, and Acinetobacter was recorded at low
      numbers. However, it is unknown as yet if these were responsible for the luxury
      polyP uptake observed in this system. The possibility of efficient phosphate
      removal and recovery from wastewater during AD would represent a major advance in
      the scope for widespread application of anaerobic wastewater treatment
      technologies. 

PMID- 26973609
TI  - Insights on Alterations to the Rumen Ecosystem by Nitrate and Nitrocompounds.
AB  - Nitrate and certain short chain nitrocompounds and nitro-oxy compounds are being
      investigated as dietary supplements to reduce economic and environmental costs
      associated with ruminal methane emissions. Thermodynamically, nitrate is a
      preferred electron acceptor in the rumen that consumes electrons at the expense
      of methanogenesis during dissimilatory reduction to an intermediate, nitrite,
      which is primarily reduced to ammonia although small quantities of nitrous oxide
      may also be produced. Short chain nitrocompounds act as direct inhibitors of
      methanogenic bacteria although certain of these compounds may also consume
      electrons at the expense of methanogenesis and are effective inhibitors of
      important foodborne pathogens. Microbial and nutritional consequences of
      incorporating nitrate into ruminant diets typically results in increased acetate
      production. Unlike most other methane-inhibiting supplements, nitrate decreases
      or has no effect on propionate production. The type of nitrate salt added
      influences rates of nitrate reduction, rates of nitrite accumulation and efficacy
      of methane reduction, with sodium and potassium salts being more potent than
      calcium nitrate salts. Digestive consequences of adding nitrocompounds to
      ruminant diets are more variable and may in some cases increase propionate
      production. Concerns about the toxicity of nitrate's intermediate product,
      nitrite, to ruminants necessitate management, as animal poisoning may occur via
      methemoglobinemia. Certain of the naturally occurring nitrocompounds, such as 3
      nitro-1-propionate or 3-nitro-1-propanol also cause poisoning but via inhibition
      of succinate dehydrogenase. Typical risk management procedures to avoid nitrite
      toxicity involve gradually adapting the animals to higher concentrations of
      nitrate and nitrite, which could possibly be used with the nitrocompounds as
      well. A number of organisms responsible for nitrate metabolism in the rumen have
      been characterized. To date a single rumen bacterium is identified as
      contributing appreciably to nitrocompound metabolism. Appropriate doses of the
      nitrocompounds and nitrate, singly or in combination with probiotic bacteria
      selected for nitrite and nitrocompound detoxification activity promise to
      alleviate risks of toxicity. Further studies are needed to more clearly define
      benefits and risk of these technologies to make them saleable for livestock
      producers. 

PMID- 26973610
TI  - Different Transcriptional Responses from Slow and Fast Growth Rate Strains of
      Listeria monocytogenes Adapted to Low Temperature.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes has become one of the principal foodborne pathogens
      worldwide. The capacity of this bacterium to grow at low temperatures has opened
      an interesting field of study in terms of the identification and classification
      of new strains of L. monocytogenes with different growth capacities at low
      temperatures. We determined the growth rate at 8 degrees C of 110 strains of L.
      monocytogenes isolated from different food matrices. We identified a group of
      slow and fast strains according to their growth rate at 8 degrees C and performed
      a global transcriptomic assay in strains previously adapted to low temperature.
      We then identified shared and specific transcriptional mechanisms, metabolic and
      cellular processes of both groups; bacterial motility was the principal process
      capable of differentiating the adaptation capacity of L. monocytogenes strains
      with different ranges of tolerance to low temperatures. Strains belonging to the
      fast group were less motile, which may allow these strains to achieve a greater
      rate of proliferation at low temperature. 

PMID- 26973611
TI  - Bacterial Community Succession in Pine-Wood Decomposition.
AB  - Though bacteria and fungi are common inhabitants of decaying wood, little is
      known about the relationship between bacterial and fungal community dynamics
      during natural wood decay. Based on previous studies involving inoculated wood
      blocks, strong fungal selection on bacteria abundance and community composition
      was expected to occur during natural wood decay. Here, we focused on bacterial
      and fungal community compositions in pine wood samples collected from dead trees
      in different stages of decomposition. We showed that bacterial communities
      undergo less drastic changes than fungal communities during wood decay.
      Furthermore, we found that bacterial community assembly was a stochastic process
      at initial stage of wood decay and became more deterministic in later stages,
      likely due to environmental factors. Moreover, composition of bacterial
      communities did not respond to the changes in the major fungal species present in
      the wood but rather to the stage of decay reflected by the wood density. We
      concluded that the shifts in the bacterial communities were a result of the
      changes in wood properties during decomposition and largely independent of the
      composition of the wood-decaying fungal communities. 

PMID- 26973614
TI  - Expanding the Diet for DIET: Electron Donors Supporting Direct Interspecies
      Electron Transfer (DIET) in Defined Co-Cultures.
AB  - Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has been recognized as an
      alternative to interspecies H2 transfer as a mechanism for syntrophic growth, but
      previous studies on DIET with defined co-cultures have only documented DIET with
      ethanol as the electron donor in the absence of conductive materials. Co-cultures
      of Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens metabolized propanol,
      butanol, propionate, and butyrate with the reduction of fumarate to succinate. G.
      metallireducens utilized each of these substrates whereas only electrons
      available from DIET supported G. sulfurreducens respiration. A co-culture of G.
      metallireducens and a strain of G. sulfurreducens that could not metabolize
      acetate oxidized acetate with fumarate as the electron acceptor, demonstrating
      that acetate can also be syntrophically metabolized via DIET. A co-culture of G.
      metallireducens and Methanosaeta harundinacea previously shown to syntrophically
      convert ethanol to methane via DIET metabolized propanol or butanol as the sole
      electron donor, but not propionate or butyrate. The stoichiometric accumulation
      of propionate or butyrate in the propanol- or butanol-fed cultures demonstrated
      that M. harundinaceae could conserve energy to support growth solely from
      electrons derived from DIET. Co-cultures of G. metallireducens and Methanosarcina
      barkeri could also incompletely metabolize propanol and butanol and did not
      metabolize propionate or butyrate as sole electron donors. These results expand
      the range of substrates that are known to be syntrophically metabolized through
      DIET, but suggest that claims of propionate and butyrate metabolism via DIET in
      mixed microbial communities warrant further validation. 

PMID- 26973612
TI  - A Survey of the Gene Repertoire of Gigaspora rosea Unravels Conserved Features
      among Glomeromycota for Obligate Biotrophy.
AB  - Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a diverse group of soil fungi
      (Glomeromycota) that form the most ancient mutualistic association termed AM
      symbiosis with a majority of land plants, improving their nutrition uptake and
      resistance to stresses. In contrast to their great ecological implications, the
      knowledge of the molecular biological mechanisms involved is still scant, partly
      due to the limited genomic resources available. Here, we describe the gene
      repertoire of a new AM fungus Gigaspora rosea (Diversisporales). Among the 86332
      non-redundant virtual transcripts assembled, 15346 presented similarities with
      proteins in the Refseq database and 10175 were assigned with GO terms. KOG and
      Interpro domain annotations clearly showed an enrichment of genes involved in
      signal transduction in G. rosea. KEGG pathway analysis indicates that most
      primary metabolic processes are active in G. rosea. However, as for Rhizophagus
      irregularis, several metabolic genes were not found, including the fatty acid
      synthase (FAS) gene. This finding supports the hypothesis that AM fungi depend on
      the lipids produced by their hosts. Furthermore, the presence of a large number
      of transporters and 100s of secreted proteins, together with the reduced number
      of plant cell wall degrading enzymes could be interpreted as an evolutionary
      adaptation to its mutualistic obligate biotrophy. The detection of meiosis
      related genes suggests that G. rosea might use a cryptic sexual process. Lastly,
      a phylogeny of basal fungi clearly shows Glomeromycota as a sister clade to
      Mucoromycotina, not only to the Mucorales or Mortierellales. The characterization
      of the gene repertoire from an AM fungal species belonging to the order of
      Diversisporales and its comparison with the gene sets of R. irregularis
      (Glomerales) and Gigaspora margarita (Diversisporales), reveal that AM fungi
      share several features linked to mutualistic obligate biotrophy. This work
      contributes to lay the foundation for forthcoming studies into the genomics of
      Diversisporales, and also illuminates the utility of comparing gene repertoires
      of species from Diversisporales and other clades of Glomeromycota to gain more
      insights into the genetics and evolution of this fungal group. 

PMID- 26973613
TI  - Gut Microbiome and Kidney Disease in Pediatrics: Does Connection Exist?
AB  - Child development is a unique and continuous process that is impacted by genetics
      and environmental factors. Gut microbiome changes with development and depends on
      the stage of gut maturation, nutrition, and overall health. In spite of emerging
      data and active study in adults, the gut-renal axis in pediatrics has not been
      well considered and investigated. This review will focus on the current knowledge
      of gut microbiota impacts on kidney disease with extrapolation to the pediatric
      population. 

PMID- 26973615
TI  - Impact of Timing and Dosage of a Fluoroquinolone Treatment on the
      Microbiological, Pathological, and Clinical Outcomes of Calves Challenged with
      Mannheimia haemolytica.
AB  - The efficacy of an early and low inoculum-adjusted marbofloxacin treatment was
      evaluated on microbiological and clinical outcomes in calves infected with
      4.10(7) CFU of Mannheimia haemolytica A1. Twenty-two calves were included based
      on their rectal temperature rise in the 10 h after challenge and allocated in
      four groups, receiving a single intramuscular injection of saline (CON), 2 mg/kg
      marbofloxacin 2-4 h after inclusion (early treatment, E2), 2 or 10 mg/kg
      marbofloxacin 35-39 h after inclusion (late treatments, L2, L10). In CON calves,
      M. haemolytica DNA loads in bronchoalveolar lavages continuously increased from
      inclusion to day 4, and were associated with persistent respiratory clinical
      signs and lung lesions. At times of early and late treatments, M. haemolytica
      loads ranged within 3.5-4 and 5.5-6 log10 DNA copies/mL, respectively. Early 2
      mg/kg marbofloxacin treatment led to rapid and total elimination of bacteria in
      all calves. The late treatments induced a reduction of bacterial loads, but 3 of
      6 L2 and 1 of 6 L10 calves were still positive for M. haemolytica at day 4.
      Except for CON calves, all animals exhibited clinical improvement within 24 h
      after treatment. However, early 2 mg/kg treatment was more efficacious to prevent
      pulmonary lesions, as indicated by the reduction of the extension and severity of
      gross lesions and by the histopathological scores. These results demonstrated for
      the first time that a reduced antibiotic regimen given at an early stage of the
      disease and targeting a low bacterial load could be efficacious in a natural
      bovine model of pneumonia. 

PMID- 26973616
TI  - Fungi Contribute Critical but Spatially Varying Roles in Nitrogen and Carbon
      Cycling in Acid Mine Drainage.
AB  - The ecosystem roles of fungi have been extensively studied by targeting one
      organism and/or biological process at a time, but the full metabolic potential of
      fungi has rarely been captured in an environmental context. We hypothesized that
      fungal genome sequences could be assembled directly from the environment using
      metagenomics and that transcriptomics and proteomics could simultaneously reveal
      metabolic differentiation across habitats. We reconstructed the near-complete 27
      Mbp genome of a filamentous fungus, Acidomyces richmondensis, and evaluated
      transcript and protein expression in floating and streamer biofilms from an acid
      mine drainage (AMD) system. A. richmondensis transcripts involved in
      denitrification and in the degradation of complex carbon sources (including
      cellulose) were up-regulated in floating biofilms, whereas central carbon
      metabolism and stress-related transcripts were significantly up-regulated in
      streamer biofilms. These findings suggest that the biofilm niches are
      distinguished by distinct carbon and nitrogen resource utilization, oxygen
      availability, and environmental challenges. An isolated A. richmondensis strain
      from this environment was used to validate the metagenomics-derived genome and
      confirm nitrous oxide production at pH 1. Overall, our analyses defined
      mechanisms of fungal adaptation and identified a functional shift related to
      different roles in carbon and nitrogen turnover for the same species of fungi
      growing in closely located but distinct biofilm niches. 

PMID- 26973617
TI  - The Escherichia coli Cryptic Prophage Protein YfdR Binds to DnaA and Initiation
      of Chromosomal Replication Is Inhibited by Overexpression of the Gene Cluster
      yfdQ-yfdR-yfdS-yfdT.
AB  - The initiation of bacterial chromosomal replication is regulated by multiple
      pathways. To explore novel regulators, we isolated multicopy suppressors for the
      cold-sensitive hda-185 DeltasfiA(sulA) mutant. Hda is crucial for the negative
      regulation of the initiator DnaA and the hda-185 mutation causes severe
      replication overinitiation at the replication origin oriC. The SOS-associated
      division inhibitor SfiA inhibits FtsZ ring formation, an essential step for cell
      division regulation during the SOS response, and DeltasfiA enhances the cold
      sensitivity of hda-185 cells in colony formation. One of the suppressors
      comprised the yfdQ-yfdR-yfdS-yfdT gene cluster carried on a cryptic prophage.
      Increased copy numbers of yfdQRT or yfdQRS inhibited not only hda-185-dependent
      overinitiation, but also replication overinitiation in a hyperactive dnaA mutant,
      and in a mutant lacking an oriC-binding initiation-inhibitor SeqA. In addition,
      increasing the copy number of the gene set inhibited the growth of cells bearing
      specific, initiation-impairing dnaA mutations. In wild-type cells, multicopy
      supply of yfdQRT or yfdQRS also inhibited replication initiation and increased
      hydroxyurea (HU)-resistance, as seen in cells lacking DiaA, a stimulator of DnaA
      assembly on oriC. Deletion of the yfdQ-yfdR-yfdS-yfdT genes did not affect either
      HU resistance or initiation regulation. Furthermore, we found that DnaA bound
      specifically to YfdR in soluble protein extracts oversupplied with YfdQRST.
      Purified YfdR also bound to DnaA, and DnaA Phe46, an amino acid residue crucial
      for DnaA interactions with DiaA and DnaB replicative helicase was important for
      this interaction. Consistently, YfdR moderately inhibited DiaA-DnaA and DnaB-DnaA
      interactions. In addition, protein extracts oversupplied with YfdQRST inhibited
      replication initiation in vitro. Given the roles of yfdQ and yfdS in cell
      tolerance to specific environmental stresses, the yfdQ-yfdR-yfdS-yfdT genes might
      downregulate the initiator DnaA-oriC complex under specific growth conditions. 

PMID- 26973618
TI  - Effect of Biostimulation Using Sewage Sludge, Soybean Meal, and Wheat Straw on
      Oil Degradation and Bacterial Community Composition in a Contaminated Desert
      Soil.
AB  - Waste materials have a strong potential in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated
      sites, because of their richness in nutrients and their economical feasibility.
      We used sewage sludge, soybean meal, and wheat straw to biostimulate oil
      degradation in a heavily contaminated desert soil. While oil degradation was
      assessed by following the produced CO2 and by using gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS), shifts in bacterial community composition were monitored
      using illumina MiSeq. The addition of sewage sludge and wheat straw to the desert
      soil stimulated the respiration activities to reach 3.2-3.4 times higher than in
      the untreated soil, whereas the addition of soybean meal resulted in an
      insignificant change in the produced CO2, given the high respiration activities
      of the soybean meal alone. GC-MS analysis revealed that the addition of sewage
      sludge and wheat straw resulted in 1.7-1.8 fold increase in the degraded C14 to
      C30 alkanes, compared to only 1.3 fold increase in the case of soybean meal
      addition. The degradation of >=90% of the C14 to C30 alkanes was measured in the
      soils treated with sewage sludge and wheat straw. MiSeq sequencing revealed that
      the majority (76.5-86.4% of total sequences) of acquired sequences from the
      untreated soil belonged to Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and
      Firmicutes. Multivariate analysis of operational taxonomic units placed the
      bacterial communities of the soils after the treatments in separate clusters
      (ANOSIM R = 0.66, P = 0.0001). The most remarkable shift in bacterial communities
      was in the wheat straw treatment, where 95-98% of the total sequences were
      affiliated to Bacilli. We conclude that sewage sludge and wheat straw are useful
      biostimulating agents for the cleanup of oil-contaminated desert soils. 

PMID- 26973619
TI  - Enhanced Bioconversion of Cellobiose by Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Used
      for Cellulose Utilization.
AB  - Cellobiose accumulation and the compromised temperature for yeast fermentation
      are the main limiting factors of enzymatic hydrolysis process during simultaneous
      saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In this study, genes encoding cellobiose
      transporter and beta-glucosidase were introduced into an industrial Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae strain, and evolution engineering was carried out to improve the
      cellobiose utilization of the engineered yeast strain. The evolved strain
      exhibited significantly higher cellobiose consumption rate (2.8-fold) and ethanol
      productivity (4.9-fold) compared with its parent strain. Besides, the evolved
      strain showed a high cellobiose consumption rate of 3.67 g/L/h at 34 degrees C
      and 3.04 g/L/h at 38 degrees C. Moreover, little cellobiose was accumulated
      during SSF of Avicel using the evolved strain at 38 degrees C, and the ethanol
      yield from Avicel increased by 23% from 0.34 to 0.42 g ethanol/g cellulose.
      Overexpression of the genes encoding cellobiose transporter and beta-glucosidase
      accelerated cellobiose utilization, and the improvement depended on the strain
      background. The results proved that fast cellobiose utilization enhanced ethanol
      production by reducing cellobiose accumulation during SSF at high temperature. 

PMID- 26973620
TI  - Mechanism and In Vivo Evaluation: Photodynamic Antibacterial Chemotherapy of
      Lysine-Porphyrin Conjugate.
AB  - Lysine-porphyrin conjugate 4i has potent photosensitive antibacterial effect on
      clinical isolated bacterial strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanism of
      photodynamic antibacterial chemotherapy of 4i (4i-PACT) in vitro and the
      treatment effect in vivo was investigated in this paper. Atomic force microscopy
      (AFM) revealed that 4i-PACT can effectively destroy membrane and wall of
      bacteria, resulting in leakage of its content. This was confirmed by dual
      fluorescent staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide and measuring
      materials absorption at 260 nm. Agarose gel electrophoresis measurement showed
      that 4i-PACT can damage genomic DNA. Healing of wound in rat infected by mixed
      bacteria showed that the efficiency of 4i-PACT is dependent on the dose of light.
      These results showed that 4i-PACT has promising bactericidal effect both in vitro
      and in vivo. 

PMID- 26973621
TI  - Production of Volatile and Sulfur Compounds by 10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      Strains Inoculated in Trebbiano Must.
AB  - In wines, the presence of sulfur compounds is the resulting of several
      contributions among which yeast metabolism. The characterization of the starter
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae needs to be performed also taking into account this
      ability even if evaluated together with the overall metabolic profile. In this
      perspective, principal aim of this experimental research was the evaluation of
      the volatile profiles, throughout GC/MS technique coupled with solid phase micro
      extraction, of wines obtained throughout the fermentation of 10 strains of S.
      cerevisiae. In addition, the production of sulfur compounds was further evaluated
      by using a gas-chromatograph coupled with a Flame Photometric Detector.
      Specifically, the 10 strains were inoculated in Trebbiano musts and the
      fermentations were monitored for 19 days. In the produced wines, volatile and
      sulfur compounds as well as amino acid concentrations were investigated. Also the
      physico-chemical characteristics of the wines and their electronic nose profiles
      were evaluated. 

PMID- 26973622
TI  - Lactobacillus reuteri Inhibition of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Adherence
      to Human Intestinal Epithelium.
AB  - Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major cause of diarrheal infant
      death in developing countries, and probiotic bacteria have been shown to provide
      health benefits in gastrointestinal infections. In this study, we have
      investigated the influence of the gut symbiont Lactobacillus reuteri on EPEC
      adherence to the human intestinal epithelium. Different host cell model systems
      including non-mucus-producing HT-29 and mucus-producing LS174T intestinal
      epithelial cell lines as well as human small intestinal biopsies were used.
      Adherence of L. reuteri to HT-29 cells was strain-specific, and the mucus-binding
      proteins CmbA and MUB increased binding to both HT-29 and LS174T cells. L.
      reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 and ATCC 53608 significantly inhibited EPEC binding to HT
      29 but not LS174T cells. While pre-incubation of LS174T cells with ATCC PTA 6475
      did not affect EPEC attaching/effacing (A/E) lesion formation, it increased the
      size of EPEC microcolonies. ATCC PTA 6475 and ATCC 53608 binding to the mucus
      layer resulted in decreased EPEC adherence to small intestinal biopsy epithelium.
      Our findings show that L. reuteri reduction of EPEC adhesion is strain-specific
      and has the potential to target either the epithelium or the mucus layer,
      providing further rationale for the selection of probiotic strains. 

PMID- 26973624
TI  - Trichothecene Genotypes of the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Isolated from
      Brazilian Wheat Grains by Conventional and Quantitative PCR.
AB  - We compared two well-established methods, fungal isolation followed by
      conventional PCR and DNA analysis by quantitative PCR (qPCR), to define
      trichothecene genotypes in Brazilian wheat grains from different locations. For
      this purpose, after fungal isolation from 75 wheat samples, 100 isolates of the
      Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) were genotyped by PCR to establish
      their trichothecene profile. For profiling by qPCR, DNA was extracted from the
      wheat samples and analyzed. The methods provided similar and divergent results.
      The FGSC isolates were classified as NIV (55%), 15-ADON (43%), and 3-ADON (2%).
      Analysis by qPCR showed 100% contamination with 15-ADON strains in all wheat
      samples, 80% contamination with the NIV genotype, and only 33.3% contamination
      with 3-ADON strains. Further analysis revealed that 96% of all quantified DNA was
      attributed to the 15-ADON profile, while 3.4% was attributed to NIV and only
      0.06% to 3-ADON. A positive correlation was observed between 15-ADON genotype DNA
      concentration and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in the wheat samples. The high
      frequency of fungi, DNA levels and positive correlation with DON strongly
      indicate that 15-ADON producers are the main trichothecene genotype in Brazilian
      wheat grains. Surprisingly, although many isolates (55%) carried the NIV genotype
      and this genotype was identified in 80% of the wheat samples, only 3.4% of fungal
      DNA was in fact from NIV producers. Although, our findings showed that each
      method provided a different perspective about the trichothecene profile, DNA
      analysis by qPCR gave us new insight about fungal contamination levels in
      Brazilian wheat grains. Nevertheless, both techniques should be used to obtain
      more robust results. 

PMID- 26973623
TI  - Fate of Viable but Non-culturable Listeria monocytogenes in Pig Manure
      Microcosms.
AB  - The fate of two strains of Listeria monocytogenes and their ability to become
      viable but non-culturable (VBNC) was investigated in microcosms containing
      piggery effluents (two raw manures and two biologically treated manures) stored
      for 2 months at 8 and 20 degrees C. Levels of L. monocytogenes were estimated
      using the culture method, qPCR, and propidium monoazide treatment combined with
      qPCR (qPCRPMA). The chemical composition and the microbial community structure of
      the manures were also analyzed. The strains showed similar decline rates and
      persisted up to 63 days. At day zero, the percentage of VBNC cells among viable
      cells was higher in raw manures (81.5-94.8%) than in treated manures (67.8
      79.2%). The changes in their proportion over time depended on the temperature and
      on the type of effluent: the biggest increase was observed in treated manures at
      20 degrees C and the smallest increase in raw manures at 8 degrees C. The
      chemical parameters had no influence on the behavior of the strains, but decrease
      of the persistence of viable cells was associated with an increase in the
      microbial richness of the manures. This study demonstrated that storing manure
      altered the culturability of L. monocytogenes, which rapidly entered the VBNC
      state, and underlines the importance of including VBNC cells when estimating the
      persistence of the pathogens in farm effluents. 

PMID- 26973625
TI  - Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Regulates Multiple Virulence Factors and the
      Stabilities of Small RNAs RsmY/Z in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - Post-transcriptional regulation enables bacteria to quickly response to
      environmental stresses. Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), which contains an
      N-terminal catalytic core and C-terminal RNA binding KH-S1 domains, is involved
      in RNA processing. Here we demonstrate that in Pseudomonas aeruginosa the KH-S1
      domains of PNPase are required for the type III secretion system (T3SS) and
      bacterial virulence. Transcriptome analysis revealed a pleiotropic role of PNPase
      in gene regulation. Particularly, the RNA level of exsA was decreased in the
      DeltaKH-S1 mutant, which was responsible for the reduced T3SS expression.
      Meanwhile, the pilus biosynthesis genes were down regulated and the type VI
      secretion system (T6SS) genes were up regulated in the DeltaKH-S1 mutant, which
      were caused by increased levels of small RNAs, RsmY, and RsmZ. Further studies
      revealed that deletion of the KH-S1 domains did not affect the transcription of
      RsmY/Z, but increased their stabilities. An in vivo pull-down and in vitro
      electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated a direct interaction
      between RsmY/Z and the KH-S1 fragment. Overall, this study reveals the roles of
      PNPase in the regulation of virulence factors and stabilities of small RNAs in P.
      aeruginosa. 

PMID- 26973626
TI  - Organohalide Respiring Bacteria and Reductive Dehalogenases: Key Tools in
      Organohalide Bioremediation.
AB  - Organohalides are recalcitrant pollutants that have been responsible for
      substantial contamination of soils and groundwater. Organohalide-respiring
      bacteria (ORB) provide a potential solution to remediate contaminated sites,
      through their ability to use organohalides as terminal electron acceptors to
      yield energy for growth (i.e., organohalide respiration). Ideally, this process
      results in non- or lesser-halogenated compounds that are mostly less toxic to the
      environment or more easily degraded. At the heart of these processes are
      reductive dehalogenases (RDases), which are membrane bound enzymes coupled with
      other components that facilitate dehalogenation of organohalides to generate
      cellular energy. This review focuses on RDases, concentrating on those which have
      been purified (partially or wholly) and functionally characterized. Further, the
      paper reviews the major bacteria involved in organohalide breakdown and the
      evidence for microbial evolution of RDases. Finally, the capacity for using ORB
      in a bioremediation and bioaugmentation capacity are discussed. 

PMID- 26973627
TI  - Spatial-Temporal Changes of Bacterioplankton Community along an Exhorheic River.
AB  - To date, few aquatic microbial ecology studies have discussed the variability of
      the microbial community in exorheic river ecosystems on both the spatial and
      seasonal scales. In this study, we examined the spatio-temporal variation of
      bacterioplankton community composition in an anthropogenically influenced
      exorheic river, the Haihe River in Tianjin, China, using pyrosequencing analysis
      of 16S rRNA genes. It was verified by one-way ANOVA that the spatial variability
      of the bacterioplankton community composition over the whole river was stronger
      than the seasonal variation. Salinity was a major factor leading to spatial
      differentiation of the microbial community structure into riverine and estuarial
      parts. A high temperature influence on the seasonal bacterial community variation
      was only apparent within certain kinds of environments (e.g., the riverine part).
      Bacterial community richness and diversity both exhibited significant spatial
      changes, and their seasonal variations were completely different in the two
      environments studied here. Furthermore, riverine bacterial community assemblages
      were subdivided into urban and rural groups due to changes in the nutritional
      state of the river. In addition, the nutrient-loving group including
      Limnohabitans, Hydrogenophaga, and Polynucleobacter were abundant in the
      urbanized Haihe River, indicating the environmental factors in these
      anthropogenic waterbodies heavily influence the core freshwater community
      composition. 

PMID- 26973628
TI  - Genetic Evidence for O-Specific Antigen as Receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      Phage K8 and Its Genomic Analysis.
AB  - Phage therapy requires the comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms
      underlying the host-phage interactions. In this work, to identify the genes
      related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage K8 receptor synthesis, 16 phage-resistant
      mutants were selected from a Tn5G transposon mutant library of strain PAK. The
      disrupted genetic loci were identified and they were related to O-specific
      antigen (OSA) synthesis, including gene wbpR, ssg, wbpV, wbpO, and Y880_RS05480,
      which encoded a putative O-antigen polymerase Wzy. The Lipopolysaccharide profile
      of the Y880_RS05480 mutant was analyzed and shown to lack the O-antigen.
      Therefore, the data from characterization of Y880_RS05480 by TMHMM and SDS-PAGE
      silver staining analysis suggest that this locus might encode Wzy. The complete
      phage K8 genome was characterized as 93879 bp in length and contained identical
      1188-bp terminal direct repeats. Comparative genomic analysis showed that phage
      K8 was highly homologous to members of the genus PaP1-like phages. On the basis
      of our genetic findings, OSA of P. aeruginosa PAK is proven to be the receptor of
      phage K8. The highly conserved structural proteins among the genetic closely
      related phages suggest that they may recognize the same receptor. 

PMID- 26973629
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activates PKC-Alpha to Invade Middle Ear Epithelial Cells.
AB  - Otitis media (OM) is a group of complex inflammatory disorders affecting the
      middle ear which can be acute or chronic. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)
      is a form of chronic OM characterized by tympanic membrane perforation and
      discharge. Despite the significant impact of CSOM on human population, it is
      still an understudied and unexplored research area. CSOM is a leading cause of
      hearing loss and life-threatening central nervous system complications. Bacterial
      exposure especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of CSOM. Our
      previous studies have demonstrated that P. aeruginosa invades human middle ear
      epithelial cells (HMEECs). However, molecular mechanisms leading to bacterial
      invasion of HMEECs are not known. The aim of this study is to characterize the
      role of PKC pathway in the ability of P. aeruginosa to colonize HMEECs. We
      observed that otopathogenic P. aeruginosa activates the PKC pathway, specifically
      phosphorylation of PKC-alpha (PKC-alpha) in HMEECs. The ability of otopathogenic
      P. aeruginosa to phosphorylate PKC-alpha depends on bacterial OprF expression.
      The activation of PKC-alpha was associated with actin condensation. Blocking the
      PKC pathway attenuated the ability of bacteria to invade HMEECs and subsequent
      actin condensation. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that the host
      PKC-alpha pathway is involved in invasion of HMEECs by P. aeruginosa and
      subsequently to cause OM. Characterizing the role of the host signaling pathway
      in the pathogenesis of CSOM will provide novel avenues to design effective
      treatment modalities against the disease. 

PMID- 26973632
TI  - Whole Genome Sequencing for Public Health Surveillance of Shiga Toxin-Producing
      Escherichia coli Other than Serogroup O157.
AB  - Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are considered to be a significant
      threat to public health due to the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms
      associated with human infection. In England STEC O157 is the most commonly
      detected STEC serogroup, however, the implementation of PCR at local hospital
      laboratories has resulted in an increase in the detection of non-O157 STEC. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for
      routine public health surveillance of non-O157 STEC by comparing this approach to
      phenotypic serotyping and PCR for subtyping the stx-encoding genes. Of the 102
      isolates where phenotypic and genotypic serotyping could be compared, 98 gave
      fully concordant results. The most common non-O157 STEC serogroups detected were
      O146 (22) and O26 (18). All but one of the 38 isolates that could not be
      phenotypically serotyped (designated O unidentifiable or O rough) were serotyped
      using the WGS data. Of the 73 isolates where a flagella type was available by
      traditional phenotypic typing, all results matched the H-type derived from the
      WGS data. Of the 140 sequenced non-O157 isolates, 52 (37.1%) harboured stx1 only,
      42 (30.0%) had stx2 only, 46 (32.9%) carried stx1 and stx2. Of these, stx
      subtyping PCR results were available for 131 isolates and 121 of these had
      concordant results with the stx subtype derived from the WGS data. Of the 10
      discordant results, non-specific primer binding during PCR amplification, due to
      the similarity of the stx2 subtype gene sequences was the most likely cause. The
      results of this study showed WGS provided a reliable and robust one-step process
      for characterization of STEC. Deriving the full serotype from WGS data in real
      time has enabled us to report a higher level of strain discrimination while stx
      subtyping provides data on the pathogenic potential of each isolate, enabling us
      to predict clinical outcome of each case and to monitor the emergence of hyper
      virulent strains. 

PMID- 26973630
TI  - Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses.
AB  - Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium sp., and Entamoeba histolytica are important
      pathogenic intestinal parasites and are amongst the leading causes worldwide of
      diarrheal illness in humans. Diseases caused by these organisms, giardiasis,
      cryptosporidiosis, and amoebiasis, respectively, are characterized by self
      limited diarrhea but can evolve to long-term complications. The cellular and
      molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diarrhea associated with
      these three pathogens are being unraveled, with knowledge of both the strategies
      explored by the parasites to establish infection and the methods evolved by hosts
      to avoid it. Special attention is being given to molecules participating in
      parasite-host interaction and in the mechanisms implicated in the diseases'
      pathophysiologic processes. This review focuses on cell mechanisms that are
      modulated during infection, including gene transcription, cytoskeleton
      rearrangements, signal transduction pathways, and cell death. 

PMID- 26973634
TI  - Using In situ Dynamic Cultures to Rapidly Biofabricate Fabric-Reinforced
      Composites of Chitosan/Bacterial Nanocellulose for Antibacterial Wound Dressings.
AB  - Bacterial nano-cellulose (BNC) is considered to possess incredible potential in
      biomedical applications due to its innate unrivaled nano-fibrillar structure and
      versatile properties. However, its use is largely restricted by inefficient
      production and by insufficient strength when it is in a highly swollen state. In
      this study, a fabric skeleton reinforced chitosan (CS)/BNC hydrogel with high
      mechanical reliability and antibacterial activity was fabricated by using an
      efficient dynamic culture that could reserve the nano-fibrillar structure. By
      adding CS in culture media to 0.25-0.75% (w/v) during bacterial cultivation, the
      CS/BNC composite hydrogel was biosynthesized in situ on a rotating drum composed
      of fabrics. With the proposed method, BNC biosynthesis became less sensitive to
      the adverse antibacterial effects of CS and the production time of the composite
      hydrogel with desirable thickness could be halved from 10 to 5 days as compared
      to the conventional static cultures. Although, its concentration was low in the
      medium, CS accounted for more than 38% of the CS/BNC dry weight. FE-SEM
      observation confirmed conservation of the nano-fibrillar networks and covering of
      CS on BNC. ATR-FTIR showed a decrease in the degree of intra-molecular hydrogen
      bonding and water absorption capacity was improved after compositing with CS. The
      fabric-reinforced CS/BNC composite exhibited bacteriostatic properties against
      Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and significantly improved mechanical
      properties as compared to the BNC sheets from static culture. In summary, the
      fabric-reinforced CS/BNC composite constitutes a desired candidate for advanced
      wound dressings. From another perspective, coating of BNC or CS/BNC could upgrade
      the conventional wound dressings made of cotton gauze to reduce pain during wound
      healing, especially for burn patients. 

PMID- 26973631
TI  - Formaldehyde Stress Responses in Bacterial Pathogens.
AB  - Formaldehyde is the simplest of all aldehydes and is highly cytotoxic. Its use
      and associated dangers from environmental exposure have been well documented.
      Detoxification systems for formaldehyde are found throughout the biological world
      and they are especially important in methylotrophic bacteria, which generate this
      compound as part of their metabolism of methanol. Formaldehyde metabolizing
      systems can be divided into those dependent upon pterin cofactors, sugar
      phosphates and those dependent upon glutathione. The more prevalent thiol
      dependent formaldehyde detoxification system is found in many bacterial
      pathogens, almost all of which do not metabolize methane or methanol. This review
      describes the endogenous and exogenous sources of formaldehyde, its toxic effects
      and mechanisms of detoxification. The methods of formaldehyde sensing are also
      described with a focus on the formaldehyde responsive transcription factors HxlR,
      FrmR, and NmlR. Finally, the physiological relevance of detoxification systems
      for formaldehyde in bacterial pathogens is discussed. 

PMID- 26973633
TI  - Anthropogenic N Deposition Slows Decay by Favoring Bacterial Metabolism: Insights
      from Metagenomic Analyses.
AB  - Litter decomposition is an enzymatically-complex process that is mediated by a
      diverse assemblage of saprophytic microorganisms. It is a globally important
      biogeochemical process that can be suppressed by anthropogenic N deposition. In a
      northern hardwood forest ecosystem located in Michigan, USA, 20 years of
      experimentally increased atmospheric N deposition has reduced forest floor decay
      and increased soil C storage. Here, we paired extracellular enzyme assays with
      shotgun metagenomics to assess if anthropogenic N deposition has altered the
      functional potential of microbial communities inhabiting decaying forest floor.
      Experimental N deposition significantly reduced the activity of extracellular
      enzymes mediating plant cell wall decay, which occurred concurrently with changes
      in the relative abundance of metagenomic functional gene pathways mediating the
      metabolism of carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, as well as microbial
      respiration. Moreover, experimental N deposition increased the relative abundance
      of 50 of the 60 gene pathways, the majority of which were associated with
      saprotrophic bacteria. Conversely, the relative abundance and composition of
      fungal genes mediating the metabolism of plant litter was not affected by
      experimental N deposition. Future rates of atmospheric N deposition have favored
      saprotrophic soil bacteria, whereas the metabolic potential of saprotrophic fungi
      appears resilient to this agent of environmental change. Results presented here
      provide evidence that changes in the functional capacity of saprotrophic soil
      microorganisms mediate how anthropogenic N deposition increases C storage in
      soil. 

PMID- 26973635
TI  - A New Endogenous Overexpression System of Multidrug Transporters of Candida
      albicans Suitable for Structural and Functional Studies.
AB  - Fungal pathogens have a robust array of multidrug transporters which aid in
      active expulsion of drugs and xenobiotics to help them evade toxic effects of
      drugs. Thus, these transporters impose a major impediment to effective
      chemotherapy. Although the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain AD1-8u(-) has catered
      well to the need of an overexpression system to study drug transport by multidrug
      transporters of Candida albicans, artifacts associated with a heterologous system
      could not be excluded. To avoid the issue, we exploited a azole-resistant
      clinical isolate of C. albicans to develop a new system devoid of three major
      multidrug transporters (Cdr1p, Cdr2p, and Mdr1p) for the overexpression of
      multidrug transporters under native hyperactive CDR1 promoter due to gain of
      function (GOF) mutation in TAC1. The study deals with overexpression and
      functional characterization of representatives of two major classes of multidrug
      transporters, Cdr1p and Mdr1p, to prove the functionality of this newly developed
      endogenous expression system. Expression of native Cdr1 and Mdr1 protein in C.
      albicans cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy and immunodetection and
      resulted in increased resistance to the putative substrates as compared to
      control. The system was further validated by overexpressing a few key mutant
      variants of Cdr1p and Mdr1p. Together, our data confirms the utility of new
      endogenous overexpression system which is devoid of artifactual factors as most
      suited for functional characterization of multidrug transporter proteins of C.
      albicans. 

PMID- 26973636
TI  - Corrigendum: Amdoparvoviruses in small mammals: expanding our understanding of
      parvovirus diversity, distribution, and pathology.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 1119 in vol. 6, PMID: 26528267.]. 

PMID- 26973637
TI  - Biocatalytic Desulfurization Capabilities of a Mixed Culture during Non
      Destructive Utilization of Recalcitrant Organosulfur Compounds.
AB  - We investigated the biodesulfurization potential of a mixed culture AK6 enriched
      from petroleum hydrocarbons-polluted soil with dibenzothiophene (DBT) as a sulfur
      source. In addition to DBT, AK6 utilized the following compounds as sulfur
      sources: 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-MDBT), benzothiophene (BT), and 4,6-
      dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DM-DBT). None of these compounds supported the
      growth of AK6 as the sole carbon and sulfur source. AK6 could not grow on
      dibenzylsulfide (DBS) as a sulfur source. The AK6 community structure changed
      according to the provided sulfur source. The major DGGE bands represented members
      of the genera Sphingobacterium, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas,
      Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium, and Rhodococcus. Sphingobacterium sp. and
      Pseudomonas sp. were abundant across all cultures utilizing any of the tested
      thiophenic S-compounds. Mycobacterium/Rhodococcus spp. were restricted to the 4
      MDBT culture. The 4-MDBT culture had the highest species richness and diversity.
      Biodesulfurization of DBT by resting cells of AK6 produced 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2
      HBP) in addition to trace amounts of phenylacetate. AK6 transformed DBT to 2
      hydroxybiphenyl with a specific activity of 9 +/- 0.6 MUM 2-HBP g dry cell
      weight(-1) h(-1). PCR confirmed the presence in the AK6 community of the sulfur
      specific (4S) pathway genes dszB and dszC. Mixed cultures hold a better potential
      than axenic ones for the development of a biodesulfurization technology. 

PMID- 26973638
TI  - GenSeed-HMM: A Tool for Progressive Assembly Using Profile HMMs as Seeds and its
      Application in Alpavirinae Viral Discovery from Metagenomic Data.
AB  - This work reports the development of GenSeed-HMM, a program that implements seed
      driven progressive assembly, an approach to reconstruct specific sequences from
      unassembled data, starting from short nucleotide or protein seed sequences or
      profile Hidden Markov Models (HMM). The program can use any one of a number of
      sequence assemblers. Assembly is performed in multiple steps and relatively few
      reads are used in each cycle, consequently the program demands low computational
      resources. As a proof-of-concept and to demonstrate the power of HMM-driven
      progressive assemblies, GenSeed-HMM was applied to metagenomic datasets in the
      search for diverse ssDNA bacteriophages from the recently described Alpavirinae
      subfamily. Profile HMMs were built using Alpavirinae-specific regions from
      multiple sequence alignments (MSA) using either the viral protein 1 (VP1; major
      capsid protein) or VP4 (genome replication initiation protein). These profile
      HMMs were used by GenSeed-HMM (running Newbler assembler) as seeds to reconstruct
      viral genomes from sequencing datasets of human fecal samples. All contigs
      obtained were annotated and taxonomically classified using similarity searches
      and phylogenetic analyses. The most specific profile HMM seed enabled the
      reconstruction of 45 partial or complete Alpavirinae genomic sequences. A
      comparison with conventional (global) assembly of the same original dataset,
      using Newbler in a standalone execution, revealed that GenSeed-HMM outperformed
      global genomic assembly in several metrics employed. This approach is capable of
      detecting organisms that have not been used in the construction of the profile
      HMM, which opens up the possibility of diagnosing novel viruses, without previous
      specific information, constituting a de novo diagnosis. Additional applications
      include, but are not limited to, the specific assembly of extrachromosomal
      elements such as plastid and mitochondrial genomes from metagenomic data. Profile
      HMM seeds can also be used to reconstruct specific protein coding genes for gene
      diversity studies, and to determine all possible gene variants present in a
      metagenomic sample. Such surveys could be useful to detect the emergence of drug
      resistance variants in sensitive environments such as hospitals and animal
      production facilities, where antibiotics are regularly used. Finally, GenSeed-HMM
      can be used as an adjunct for gap closure on assembly finishing projects, by
      using multiple contig ends as anchored seeds. 

PMID- 26973639
TI  - Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic
      Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence
      Types.
AB  - Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains an important
      public health burden in Southeast Asia and other endemic countries. Various
      genotyping methods have been applied to study the genetic variations of this
      human-restricted pathogen. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is one of the widely
      accepted methods, and recently, there is a growing interest in the re-application
      of MLST in the post-genomic era. In this study, we provide the global MLST
      distribution of S. Typhi utilizing both publicly available 1,826 S. Typhi genome
      sequences in addition to performing conventional MLST on S. Typhi strains
      isolated from various endemic regions spanning over a century. Our global MLST
      analysis confirms the predominance of two sequence types (ST1 and ST2) co
      existing in the endemic regions. Interestingly, S. Typhi strains with ST8 are
      currently confined within the African continent. Comparative genomic analyses of
      ST8 and other rare STs with genomes of ST1/ST2 revealed unique mutations in
      important virulence genes such as flhB, sipC, and tviD that may explain the
      variations that differentiate between seemingly successful (widespread) and
      unsuccessful (poor dissemination) S. Typhi populations. Large scale whole-genome
      phylogeny demonstrated evidence of phylogeographical structuring and showed that
      ST8 may have diverged from the earlier ancestral population of ST1 and ST2, which
      later lost some of its fitness advantages, leading to poor worldwide
      dissemination. In response to the unprecedented increase in genomic data, this
      study demonstrates and highlights the utility of large-scale genome-based MLST as
      a quick and effective approach to narrow the scope of in-depth comparative
      genomic analysis and consequently provide new insights into the fine scale of
      pathogen evolution and population structure. 

PMID- 26973641
TI  - Emergence of Hyper-Resistant Escherichia coli MG1655 Derivative Strains after
      Applying Sub-Inhibitory Doses of Individual Constituents of Essential Oils.
AB  - The improvement of food preservation by using essential oils (EOs) and their
      individual constituents (ICs) is attracting enormous interest worldwide. Until
      now, researchers considered that treatments with such antimicrobial compounds did
      not induce bacterial resistance via a phenotypic (i.e., transient) response.
      Nevertheless, the emergence of genotypic (i.e., stable) resistance after
      treatment with these compounds had not been previously tested. Our results
      confirm that growth of Escherichia coli MG1655 in presence of sub-inhibitory
      concentrations of the ICs carvacrol, citral, and (+)-limonene oxide do not
      increase resistance to further treatments with either the same IC (direct
      resistance) or with other preservation treatments (cross-resistance) such as heat
      or pulsed electric fields (PEF). Bacterial mutation frequency was likewise lower
      when those IC's were applied; however, after 10 days of re-culturing cells in
      presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ICs, we were able to isolate
      several derivative strains (i.e., mutants) displaying an increased minimum
      inhibitory concentration to those ICs. Furthermore, when compared to the wild
      type (WT) strain, they also displayed direct resistance and cross-resistance.
      Derivative strains selected with carvacrol and citral also displayed
      morphological changes involving filamentation along with cell counts at late
      stationary growth phase that were lower than the WT strain. In addition, co
      cultures of each derivative strain with the WT strain resulted in a predominance
      of the original strain in absence of ICs, indicating that mutants would not out
      compete WT cells under optimal growth conditions. Nevertheless, growth in the
      presence of ICs facilitated the selection of these resistant mutants. Thus, as a
      result, subsequent food preservation treatments of these bacterial cultures might
      be less effective than expected for WT cultures. In conclusion, this study
      recommends that treatment with ICs at sub-inhibitory concentrations should be
      generally avoided, since it could favor the emergence of hyper-resistant strains.
      To ascertain the true value of EOs and their ICs in the field of food
      preservation, further research thus needs to be conducted on the induction of
      increased transient and stable bacterial resistance via such antimicrobial
      compounds, as revealed in this study. 

PMID- 26973640
TI  - First Line of Defense: Innate Cell-Mediated Control of Pulmonary Aspergillosis.
AB  - Mycotic infections and their effect on the human condition have been widely
      overlooked and poorly surveilled by many health organizations even though
      mortality rates have increased in recent years. The increased usage of
      immunosuppressive and myeloablative therapies for the treatment of malignant as
      well as non-malignant diseases has contributed significantly to the increased
      incidence of fungal infections. Invasive fungal infections have been found to be
      responsible for at least 1.5 million deaths worldwide. About 90% of these deaths
      can be attributed to Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus, and Pneumocystis. A
      better understanding of how the host immune system contains fungal infection is
      likely to facilitate the development of much needed novel antifungal therapies.
      Innate cells are responsible for the rapid recognition and containment of fungal
      infections and have been found to play essential roles in defense against
      multiple fungal pathogens. In this review we summarize our current understanding
      of host-fungi interactions with a focus on mechanisms of innate cell-mediated
      recognition and control of pulmonary aspergillosis. 

PMID- 26973642
TI  - Epimural Indicator Phylotypes of Transiently-Induced Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in
      Dairy Cattle.
AB  - The impact of a long-term subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) on the bovine epimural
      bacterial microbiome (BEBM) and its consequences for rumen health is poorly
      understood. This study aimed to investigate shifts in the BEBM during a long-term
      transient SARA model consisting of two concentrate-diet-induced SARA challenges
      separated by a 1-week challenge break. Eight cows were fed forage and varying
      concentrate amounts throughout the experiment. In total, 32 rumen papilla
      biopsies were taken for DNA isolation (4 sampling time points per cow: at the
      baseline before concentrate was fed, after the first SARA challenge, after the
      challenge break, and after the second SARA challenge). Ruminal pH was
      continuously monitored. The microbiome was determined using Illumina MiSeq
      sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V345 region). In total 1,215,618 sequences were
      obtained and clustered into 6833 operational taxonomic units (OTUs).
      Campylobacter and Kingella were the most abundant OTUs (16.5 and 7.1%). According
      to ruminal pH dynamics, the second challenge was more severe than the first
      challenge. Species diversity estimates and evenness increased during the
      challenge break compared to all other sampling time points (P < 0.05). During
      both SARA challenges, Kingella- and Azoarcus-OTUs decreased (0.5 and 0.4 fold
      change) and a dominant Ruminobacter-OTU increased during the challenge break
      (18.9 fold-change; P < 0.05). qPCR confirmed SARA-related shifts. During the
      challenge break noticeably more OTUs increased compared to other sampling time
      points. Our results show that the BEBM re-establishes the baseline conditions
      slower after a SARA challenge than ruminal pH. Key phylotypes that were reduced
      during both challenges may help to establish a bacterial fingerprint to
      facilitate understanding effects of SARA conditions on the BEBM and their
      consequences for the ruminant host. 

PMID- 26973645
TI  - Heterozygous Mutation in IkappaBNS Leads to Reduced Levels of Natural IgM
      Antibodies and Impaired Responses to T-Independent Type 2 Antigens.
AB  - Mice deficient in central components of classical NF-kappaB signaling have low
      levels of circulating natural IgM antibodies and fail to respond to immunization
      with T-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens. A plausible explanation for these
      defects is the severely reduced numbers of B-1 and marginal zone B (MZB) cells in
      such mice. By using an ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen, we identified a
      role for the atypical IkappaB protein IkappaBNS in humoral immunity. IkappaBNS
      deficient mice lack B-1 cells and have severely reduced numbers of MZB cells, and
      thus resemble several other strains with defects in classical NF-kappaB
      signaling. We analyzed mice heterozygous for the identified IkappaBNS mutation
      and demonstrate that these mice have an intermediary phenotype in terms of levels
      of circulating IgM antibodies and responses to TI-2 antigens. However, in
      contrast to mice that are homozygous for the IkappaBNS mutation, the heterozygous
      mice had normal frequencies of B-1 and MZB cells. These results suggest that
      there is a requirement for IkappaBNS expression from two functional alleles for
      maintaining normal levels of circulating natural IgM antibodies and responses to
      TI-2 antigens. 

PMID- 26973643
TI  - Metabolomics and Its Application to Acute Lung Diseases.
AB  - Metabolomics is a rapidly expanding field of systems biology that is gaining
      significant attention in many areas of biomedical research. Also known as
      metabonomics, it comprises the analysis of all small molecules or metabolites
      that are present within an organism or a specific compartment of the body.
      Metabolite detection and quantification provide a valuable addition to genomics
      and proteomics and give unique insights into metabolic changes that occur in
      tangent to alterations in gene and protein activity that are associated with
      disease. As a novel approach to understanding disease, metabolomics provides a
      "snapshot" in time of all metabolites present in a biological sample such as
      whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, and many other specimens that may be obtained
      from either patients or experimental models. In this article, we review the
      burgeoning field of metabolomics in its application to acute lung diseases,
      specifically pneumonia and acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS). We also
      discuss the potential applications of metabolomics for monitoring exposure to
      aerosolized environmental toxins. Recent reports have suggested that metabolomics
      analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS)
      approaches may provide clinicians with the opportunity to identify new biomarkers
      that may predict progression to more severe disease, such as sepsis, which kills
      many patients each year. In addition, metabolomics may provide more detailed
      phenotyping of patient heterogeneity, which is needed to achieve the goal of
      precision medicine. However, although several experimental and clinical
      metabolomics studies have been conducted assessing the application of the science
      to acute lung diseases, only incremental progress has been made. Specifically,
      little is known about the metabolic phenotypes of these illnesses. These data are
      needed to substantiate metabolomics biomarker credentials so that clinicians can
      employ them for clinical decision-making and investigators can use them to design
      clinical trials. 

PMID- 26973644
TI  - Avian Influenza Viruses, Inflammation, and CD8(+) T Cell Immunity.
AB  - Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate naturally in wild aquatic birds, infect
      domestic poultry, and are capable of causing sporadic bird-to-human
      transmissions. AIVs capable of infecting humans include a highly pathogenic AIV
      H5N1, first detected in humans in 1997, and a low pathogenic AIV H7N9, reported
      in humans in 2013. Both H5N1 and H7N9 cause severe influenza disease in humans,
      manifested by acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and high
      mortality rates of 60% and 35%, respectively. Ongoing circulation of H5N1 and
      H7N9 viruses in wild birds and poultry, and their ability to infect humans
      emphasizes their epidemic and pandemic potential and poses a public health
      threat. It is, thus, imperative to understand the host immune responses to the
      AIVs so we can control severe influenza disease caused by H5N1 or H7N9 and
      rationally design new immunotherapies and vaccines. This review summarizes our
      current knowledge on AIV epidemiology, disease symptoms, inflammatory processes
      underlying the AIV infection in humans, and recent studies on universal pre
      existing CD8(+) T cell immunity to AIVs. Immune responses driving the host
      recovery from AIV infection in patients hospitalized with severe influenza
      disease are also discussed. 

PMID- 26973646
TI  - Human NK Cell Diversity in Viral Infection: Ramifications of Ramification.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are a unique lymphocyte lineage with remarkable agility
      in the rapid destruction of virus-infected cells. They are also the most poorly
      understood class of lymphocyte. A spectrum of activating and inhibitory receptors
      at the NK cell surface leads to an unusual and difficult-to-study mechanism of
      cellular recognition, as well as a very high capacity for diversity at the single
      cell level. Here, we review the evidence for the role of NK cells in the earliest
      stage of human viral infection, and in its prevention. We argue that single-cell
      diversity is a logical evolutionary adaptation for their position in the immune
      response and contributes to their ability to kill virus-infected cells. Finally,
      we look to the future, where emerging single-cell technologies will enable a new
      generation of rigorous and clinically relevant studies on NK cells accounting for
      all of their unique and diverse characteristics. 

PMID- 26973647
TI  - Thioreductase-Containing Epitopes Inhibit the Development of Type 1 Diabetes in
      the NOD Mouse Model.
AB  - Autoreactive CD4(+) T cells recognizing islet-derived antigens play a primary
      role in type 1 diabetes. Specific suppression of such cells therefore represents
      a strategic target for the cure of the disease. We have developed a methodology
      by which CD4(+) T cells acquire apoptosis-inducing properties on antigen
      presenting cells after cognate recognition of natural sequence epitopes. We
      describe here that inclusion of a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase (thioreductase)
      motif within the flanking residues of a single MHC class II-restricted GAD65
      epitope induces GAD65-specific cytolytic CD4(+) T cells (cCD4(+) T). The latter,
      obtained either in vitro or by active immunization, acquire an effector memory
      phenotype and lyse APCs by a Fas-FasL interaction. Furthermore, cCD4(+) T cells
      eliminate by apoptosis activated bystander CD4(+) T cells recognizing alternative
      epitopes processed by the same APC. Active immunization with a GAD65 class II
      restricted thioreductase-containing T cell epitope protects mice from diabetes
      and abrogates insulitis. Passive transfer of in vitro-elicited cCD4(+) T cells
      establishes that such cells are efficient in suppressing autoimmunity. These
      findings provide strong evidence for a new vaccination strategy to prevent type 1
      diabetes. 

PMID- 26973648
TI  - PKCtheta and HIV-1 Transcriptional Regulator Tat Co-exist at the LTR Promoter in
      CD4(+) T Cells.
AB  - PKCtheta is essential for the activation of CD4(+) T cells. Upon TCR/CD28
      stimulation, PKCtheta is phosphorylated and migrates to the immunological
      synapse, inducing the activation of cellular transcription factors such as NF
      kappaB and kinases as ERK that are critical for HIV-1 replication. We previously
      demonstrated that PKCtheta is also necessary for HIV-1 replication but the
      precise mechanism is unknown. Efficient HIV-1 transcription and elongation are
      absolutely dependent on the synergy between NF-kappaB and the viral regulator
      Tat. Tat exerts its function by binding a RNA stem-loop structure proximal to the
      viral mRNA cap site termed TAR. Besides, due to its effect on cellular metabolic
      pathways, Tat causes profound changes in infected CD4(+) T cells such as the
      activation of NF-kappaB and ERK. We hypothesized that the aberrant upregulation
      of Tat-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and ERK occurred through PKCtheta
      signaling. In fact, Jurkat TetOff cells with stable and doxycycline-repressible
      expression of Tat (Jurkat-Tat) expressed high levels of mRNA for PKCtheta. In
      these cells, PKCtheta located at the plasma membrane was phosphorylated at T(538)
      residue in undivided cells, in the absence of stimulation. Treatment with
      doxycycline inhibited PKCtheta phosphorylation in Jurkat-Tat, suggesting that Tat
      expression was directly related to the activation of PKCtheta. Both NF-kappaB and
      Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway were significantly activated in Jurkat-Tat
      cells, and this correlated with high transactivation of HIV-1 LTR promoter. RNA
      interference for PKCtheta inhibited NF-kappaB and ERK activity, as well as LTR
      mediated transactivation even in the presence of Tat. In addition to Tat-mediated
      activation of PKCtheta in the cytosol, we demonstrated by sequential ChIP that
      Tat and PKCtheta coexisted in the same complex bound at the HIV-1 LTR promoter,
      specifically at the region containing TAR loop. In conclusion, PKCtheta-Tat
      interaction seemed to be essential for HIV-1 replication in CD4(+) T cells and
      could be used as a therapeutic target. 

PMID- 26973650
TI  - Distinctive Expression of Bcl-2 Factors in Regulatory T Cells Determines a
      Pharmacological Target to Induce Immunological Tolerance.
AB  - Distinctive molecular characteristics of functionally diverse lymphocyte
      populations may represent novel pharmacological targets for immunotherapy. The
      intrinsic apoptosis pathway is differently regulated among conventional and
      regulatory T cells (Tregs). Targeted pharmacological modulation of this pathway
      with a small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor (ABT-737) caused a selective
      depletion of effector T cells and a relative enrichment of Tregs in vivo.
      Treatment with ABT-737 resulted in a tolerogenic milieu, which was exploited to
      alleviate graft-versus-host disease, to prevent allograft rejection in a
      stringent fully MHC-mismatched skin transplantation model and to induce
      immunological tolerance in combination with bone marrow transplantation. This
      concept has the potential to find various applications for immunotherapy, since
      it allows pharmacologic exploitation of the immunomodulatory properties of Tregs
      without the need for cell manipulation ex vivo. 

PMID- 26973649
TI  - An Oral Salmonella-Based Vaccine Inhibits Liver Metastases by Promoting Tumor
      Specific T-Cell-Mediated Immunity in Celiac and Portal Lymph Nodes: A Preclinical
      Study.
AB  - Primary tumor excision is one of the most widely used therapies of cancer.
      However, the risk of metastases development still exists following tumor
      resection. The liver is a common site of metastatic disease for numerous cancers.
      Breast cancer is one of the most frequent sources of metastases to the liver. The
      aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of the orally administered
      Salmonella Typhi vaccine strain CVD 915 on the development of liver metastases in
      a mouse model of breast cancer. To this end, one group of BALB/c mice was
      orogastrically immunized with CVD 915, while another received PBS as a control.
      After 24 h, mice were injected with LM3 mammary adenocarcinoma cells into the
      spleen and subjected to splenectomy. This oral Salmonella-based vaccine produced
      an antitumor effect, leading to a decrease in the number and volume of liver
      metastases. Immunization with Salmonella induced an early cellular immune
      response in mice. This innate stimulation rendered a large production of IFN
      gamma by intrahepatic immune cells (IHIC) detected within 24 h. An antitumor
      adaptive immunity was found in the liver and celiac and portal lymph nodes (LDLN)
      21 days after oral bacterial inoculation. The antitumor immune response inside
      the liver was associated with increased CD4(+) and dendritic cell populations as
      well as with an inflammatory infiltrate located around liver metastatic nodules.
      Enlarged levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma and TNF) were also detected
      in IHIC. Furthermore, a tumor-specific production of IFN-gamma and TNF as well as
      tumor-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells (CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+)) were found in
      the celiac and portal lymph nodes of Salmonella-treated mice. This study provides
      first evidence for the involvement of LDLN in the development of an efficient
      cellular immune response against hepatic tumors, which resulted in the
      elimination of liver metastases after oral Salmonella-based vaccination. 

PMID- 26973651
TI  - Purinergic Signaling to Terminate TLR Responses in Macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages undergo profound physiological alterations when they encounter
      pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These alterations can result in
      the elaboration of cytokines and mediators that promote immune responses and
      contribute to the clearance of pathogens. These innate immune responses by
      myeloid cells are transient. The termination of these secretory responses is not
      due to the dilution of stimuli, but rather to the active downregulation of innate
      responses induced by the very PAMPs that initiated them. Here, we describe a
      purinergic autoregulatory program whereby TLR-stimulated macrophages control
      their activation state. In this program, TLR-stimulated macrophages undergo
      metabolic alterations that result in the production of ATP and its release
      through membrane pannexin channels. This purine nucleotide is rapidly hydrolyzed
      to adenosine by ectoenzymes on the macrophage surface, CD39 and CD73. Adenosine
      then signals through the P1 class of seven transmembrane receptors to induce a
      regulatory state that is characterized by the downregulation of inflammatory
      cytokines and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors.
      This purinergic autoregulatory system mitigates the collateral damage that would
      be caused by the prolonged activation of macrophages and rather allows the
      macrophage to maintain homeostasis. The transient activation of macrophages can
      be prolonged by treating macrophages with IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma-treated
      macrophages become less sensitive to the regulatory effects of adenosine,
      allowing them to sustain macrophage activation for the duration of an adaptive
      immune response. 

PMID- 26973654
TI  - Structural and Functional Characterization of a Single-Chain Form of the
      Recognition Domain of Complement Protein C1q.
AB  - Complement C1q is a soluble pattern recognition molecule comprising six
      heterotrimeric subunits assembled from three polypeptide chains (A-C). Each
      heterotrimer forms a collagen-like stem prolonged by a globular recognition
      domain. These recognition domains sense a wide variety of ligands, including
      pathogens and altered-self components. Ligand recognition is either direct or
      mediated by immunoglobulins or pentraxins. Multivalent binding of C1q to its
      targets triggers immune effector mechanisms mediated via its collagen-like stems.
      The induced immune response includes activation of the classical complement
      pathway and enhancement of the phagocytosis of the recognized target. We report
      here, the first production of a single-chain recombinant form of human C1q
      globular region (C1q-scGR). The three monomers have been linked in tandem to
      generate a single continuous polypeptide, based on a strategy previously used for
      adiponectin, a protein structurally related to C1q. The resulting C1q-scGR
      protein was produced at high yield in stably transfected 293-F mammalian cells.
      Recombinant C1q-scGR was correctly folded, as demonstrated by its X-ray crystal
      structure solved at a resolution of 1.35 A. Its interaction properties were
      assessed by surface plasmon resonance analysis using the following physiological
      C1q ligands: the receptor for C1q globular heads, the long pentraxin PTX3,
      calreticulin, and heparin. The 3D structure and the binding properties of C1q
      scGR were similar to those of the three-chain fragment generated by collagenase
      digestion of serum-derived C1q. Comparison of the interaction properties of the
      fragments with those of native C1q provided insights into the avidity component
      associated with the hexameric assembly of C1q. The interest of this functional
      recombinant form of the recognition domains of C1q in basic research and its
      potential biomedical applications are discussed. 

PMID- 26973653
TI  - T Cells and Gene Regulation: The Switching On and Turning Up of Genes after T
      Cell Receptor Stimulation in CD8 T Cells.
AB  - Signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) is directly regulated by the
      dose and affinity of peptide antigen. The strength of TCR signaling drives a
      multitude of T cell functions from development to differentiation. CD8 T cells
      differentiate into a diverse pool of effector and memory cells after activation,
      a process that is critical for pathogen clearance and is highly regulated by TCR
      signal strength. T cells rapidly alter their gene expression upon activation.
      Multiple signaling pathways downstream of the TCR activate transcription factors,
      which are critical for this process. The dynamics between proximal TCR signaling,
      transcription factor activation and CD8 T cell function are discussed here. We
      propose that inducible T cell kinase (ITK) acts as a rheostat for gene
      expression. This unique regulation of TCR signaling by ITK provides a possible
      signaling mechanism for the promotion of a diverse T cell repertoire in response
      to pathogen. 

PMID- 26973652
TI  - Unfolding the Role of Large Heat Shock Proteins: New Insights and Therapeutic
      Implications.
AB  - Heat shock proteins (HSPs) of eukaryotes are evolutionarily conserved molecules
      present in all the major intracellular organelles. They mainly function as
      molecular chaperones and participate in maintenance of protein homeostasis in
      physiological state and under stressful conditions. Despite their relative
      abundance, the large HSPs, i.e., Hsp110 and glucose-regulated protein 170
      (Grp170), have received less attention compared to other conventional HSPs. These
      proteins are distantly related to the Hsp70 and belong to Hsp70 superfamily.
      Increased sizes of Hsp110 and Grp170, due to the presence of a loop structure,
      result in their exceptional capability in binding to polypeptide substrates or
      non-protein ligands, such as pathogen-associated molecules. These interactions
      that occur in the extracellular environment during tissue injury or microbial
      infection may lead to amplification of an immune response engaging both innate
      and adaptive immune components. Here, we review the current advances in
      understanding these large HSPs as molecular chaperones in proteostasis control
      and immune modulation as well as their therapeutic implications in treatment of
      cancer and neurodegeneration. Given their unique immunoregulatory activities, we
      also discuss the emerging evidence of their potential involvement in inflammatory
      and immune-related diseases. 

PMID- 26973655
TI  - Hand to Mouth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between
      Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis are both chronic
      inflammatory diseases, which demonstrate similarities in terms of mechanism,
      histopathology, and demography. An association between these conditions has been
      demonstrated previously but has been called into question more recently. METHODS:
      The published databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, were searched
      using search terms related to RA and periodontitis. Articles were selected if
      they included data on the number of people with RA diagnosed with periodontitis
      (or periodontal disease parameters) compared to a control comparison group.
      Review articles, case reports, animal model studies, non-English language, and
      articles with unavailable abstracts were excluded. Data were extracted,
      critically appraised using the Downs and Black tool, and a random-effect Mantel
      Haenszel meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-one papers met the
      eligibility criteria and provided data for the meta-analysis; 17 studies
      (including a total of 153,492 participants) comparing RA to healthy controls and
      4 (including a total of 1378 participants) comparing RA to osteoarthritis (OA).
      There was a significantly increased risk of periodontitis in people with RA
      compared to healthy controls (relative risk: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.23; p = 0.006;
      N = 153,277) with a significantly raised mean probing depth, risk of bleeding on
      probing (BOP), and absolute value of clinical attachment loss in those with RA.
      When comparing RA and OA, there was no significant difference in the prevalence
      of periodontitis; however, the risk of BOP was greater in OA than RA. CONCLUSION:
      A significant association between RA and periodontitis is supported by the
      results of our systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing RA to
      healthy controls. In our meta-analysis, however, this is not replicated when
      comparing RA to OA controls.

PMID- 26973656
TI  - Modulation of Host Autophagy during Bacterial Infection: Sabotaging Host
      Munitions for Pathogen Nutrition.

PMID- 26973658
TI  - Phylogeny of Plant CAMTAs and Role of AtCAMTAs in Nonhost Resistance to
      Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
AB  - Calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) constitutes one of the most
      important Ca(2+)/CaM-regulated transcription factor families in plants.
      Nevertheless, the phylogeny, protein interaction network, and role in nonhost
      resistance of plant CAMTAs are not well understood. In this study, 200 CAMTA
      genes were identified from 35 species representing four major plant lineages. The
      CAMTA genes were conserved in multicellular land plants but absent in unicellular
      eukaryotes, and were likely to emerge from the fusion of two separate genes
      encoding a CAMTA-like protein and an IQ/CaM binding motif containing protein,
      respectively, in the embryophyta lineage ancestor. Approximately one fourth of
      plant CAMTAs did not contain a TIG domain. This non-TIG class of CAMTAs seems to
      have newly evolved through mutation of some key amino acids in the TIG domain of
      flowering land plants after divergence from the non-flowering plants.
      Phylogenetic analysis classified CAMTA proteins into three major groups and nine
      distinct subgroups, a result supported by protein domain and motif conservation
      analyses. Most (59.0 and 21.5%) of the identified CAMTA genes contained 12 or 11
      introns, respectively. Gene duplication, intron invasion, enlargement and
      turnover, as well as exon rearrangements and skipping have apparently occurred
      during evolution of the CAMTA family. Moreover, 38 potential interactors of six
      Arabidopsis CAMTAs were predicted and 10 predicted target genes of AtCAMTA3
      exhibited changes in expression between Atcamta3 mutants and wild-type plants.
      The majority of predicted interactors are transcription factors and/or Ca(2+)/CaM
      regulated proteins, suggesting that transcriptional regulation of the target
      genes might be the dominant functional mechanism of AtCAMTAs, and AtCAMTAs might
      act together with other Ca(2+) signaling components to regulate Ca(2+)-related
      biological processes. Furthermore, functional analyses employing Atcamta mutants
      revealed that AtCAMTA3 negatively regulated the immunity triggered by flg22 and
      nonhost resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae via repressing accumulation
      of reactive oxygen species probably by targeting CBP60G, EDS1, and NDR1 and
      involving SA pathway. 

PMID- 26973657
TI  - Transcriptome Characterization of Gnetum parvifolium Reveals Candidate Genes
      Involved in Important Secondary Metabolic Pathways of Flavonoids and Stilbenoids.
AB  - Gnetum is a small, unique group of Gnetophyta with a controversial phylogenetic
      position. Gnetum parvifolium is an important Chinese traditional medicinal plant,
      which is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and stilbenoids. These
      compounds provide significant medicinal effects, mostly as antioxidant,
      anticancer, and antibacterial agents. However, the mechanisms involved in the
      biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds in G. parvifolium are still
      unknown. In this study, we found that flavonoids and stilbene compounds
      accumulated at different levels in various tissues of G. parvifolium. We further
      obtained and analyzed massive sequence information from pooled samples of G.
      parvifolium by transcriptome sequencing, which generated 94,816 unigenes with an
      average length of 724 bp. Functional annotation of all these unigenes revealed
      that many of them were associated with several important secondary metabolism
      pathways including flavonoids and stilbenoids. In particular, several candidate
      unigenes (PAL-, C4H-, 4CL-, and STS-like genes) involved in stilbenoids
      biosynthesis were highly expressed in leaves and mature fruits. Furthermore, high
      temperature and UV-C strongly induced the expression of these genes and enhanced
      stilbene production (i.e., resveratrol and piceatannol) in leaves of young
      seedlings. Our present transcriptomic and biochemical data on secondary
      metabolites in G. parvifolium should encourage further investigation on
      evolution, ecology, functional genomics, and breeding of this plant with strong
      pharmaceutical potential. 

PMID- 26973659
TI  - Redirecting the Cyanobacterial Bicarbonate Transporters BicA and SbtA to the
      Chloroplast Envelope: Soluble and Membrane Cargos Need Different Chloroplast
      Targeting Signals in Plants.
AB  - Most major crops used for human consumption are C3 plants, which yields are
      limited by photosynthetic inefficiency. To circumvent this, it has been proposed
      to implement the cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), principally
      consisting of bicarbonate transporters and carboxysomes, into plant chloroplasts.
      As it is currently not possible to recover homoplasmic transplastomic monocots,
      foreign genes must be introduced in these plants via nuclear transformation.
      Consequently, it is paramount to ensure that resulting proteins reach the
      appropriate sub-cellular compartment, which for cyanobacterial transporters BicA
      and SbtA, is the chloroplast inner-envelope membrane (IEM). At present, targeting
      signals to redirect large transmembrane proteins from non-chloroplastic organisms
      to plant chloroplast envelopes are unknown. The goal of this study was to
      identify such signals, using agrobacteria-mediated transient expression and
      confocal microscopy to determine the sub-cellular localization of ~37 GFP-tagged
      chimeras. Initially, fragments of chloroplast proteins known to target soluble
      cargos to the stroma were tested for their ability to redirect BicA, but they
      proved ineffective. Next, different N-terminal regions from Arabidopsis IEM
      transporters were tested. We demonstrated that the N-terminus of AtHP59, AtPLGG1
      or AtNTT1 (92-115 amino acids), containing a cleavable chloroplast transit
      peptide (cTP) and a membrane protein leader (MPL), was sufficient to redirect
      BicA or SbtA to the chloroplast envelope. This constitutes the first evidence
      that nuclear-encoded transmembrane proteins from non-chloroplastic organisms can
      be targeted to the envelope of plant chloroplasts; a finding which represents an
      important advance in chloroplast engineering by opening up the door to further
      manipulation of the chloroplastic envelope. 

PMID- 26973660
TI  - Dual RNA-Sequencing of Eucalyptus nitens during Phytophthora cinnamomi Challenge
      Reveals Pathogen and Host Factors Influencing Compatibility.
AB  - Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands remains an important concern on
      forest tree species. The pathogen causes root and collar rot, stem cankers, and
      dieback of various economically important Eucalyptus spp. In South Africa,
      susceptible cold tolerant Eucalyptus plantations have been affected by various
      Phytophthora spp. with P. cinnamomi considered one of the most virulent. The
      molecular basis of this compatible interaction is poorly understood. In this
      study, susceptible Eucalyptus nitens plants were stem inoculated with P.
      cinnamomi and tissue was harvested five days post inoculation. Dual RNA
      sequencing, a technique which allows the concurrent detection of both pathogen
      and host transcripts during infection, was performed. Approximately 1% of the
      reads mapped to the draft genome of P. cinnamomi while 78% of the reads mapped to
      the Eucalyptus grandis genome. The highest expressed P. cinnamomi gene in planta
      was a putative crinkler effector (CRN1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the high
      similarity of this P. cinnamomi CRN1 to that of Phytophthora infestans. Some CRN
      effectors are known to target host nuclei to suppress defense. In the host, over
      1400 genes were significantly differentially expressed in comparison to mock
      inoculated trees, including suites of pathogenesis related (PR) genes. In
      particular, a PR-9 peroxidase gene with a high similarity to a Carica papaya PR-9
      ortholog previously shown to be suppressed upon infection by Phytophthora
      palmivora was down-regulated two-fold. This PR-9 gene may represent a cross
      species effector target during P. cinnamomi infection. This study identified
      pathogenicity factors, potential manipulation targets, and attempted host defense
      mechanisms activated by E. nitens that contributed to the susceptible outcome of
      the interaction. 

PMID- 26973661
TI  - MicroRNA Regulatory Mechanisms on Citrus sinensis leaves to Magnesium-Deficiency.
AB  - Magnesium (Mg)-deficiency, which affects crop productivity and quality,
      widespreadly exists in many agricultural crops, including citrus. However, very
      limited data are available on Mg-deficiency-responsive microRNAs (miRNAs) in
      higher plants. Using Illumina sequencing, we isolated 75 (73 known and 2 novel)
      up- and 71 (64 known and 7 novel) down-regulated miRNAs from Mg-deficient Citrus
      sinensis leaves. In addition to the remarkable metabolic flexibility as indicated
      by the great alteration of miRNA expression, the adaptive responses of leaf
      miRNAs to Mg-deficiency might also involve the following several aspects: (a) up
      regulating stress-related genes by down-regulating miR164, miR7812, miR5742,
      miR3946, and miR5158; (b) enhancing cell transport due to decreased expression of
      miR3946 and miR5158 and increased expression of miR395, miR1077, miR1160, and
      miR8019; (c) activating lipid metabolism-related genes by repressing miR158,
      miR5256, and miR3946; (d) inducing cell wall-related gene expansin 8A by
      repressing miR779; and (e) down-regulating the expression of genes involved in
      the maintenance of S, K and Cu by up-regulating miR395 and miR6426. To conclude,
      we isolated some new known miRNAs (i.e., miR7812, miR8019, miR6218, miR1533,
      miR6426, miR5256, miR5742, miR5561, miR5158, and miR5818) responsive to nutrient
      deficiencies and found some candidate miRNAs that might contribute to Mg
      deficiency tolerance. Therefore, our results not only provide novel information
      about the responses of plant to Mg-deficiency, but also are useful for obtaining
      the key miRNAs for plant Mg-deficiency tolerance. 

PMID- 26973662
TI  - Transcriptome and Biochemical Analysis of a Flower Color Polymorphism in Silene
      littorea (Caryophyllaceae).
AB  - Flower color polymorphisms are widely used as model traits from genetics to
      ecology, yet determining the biochemical and molecular basis can be challenging.
      Anthocyanin-based flower color variations can be caused by at least 12 structural
      and three regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (ABP). We use
      mRNA-Seq to simultaneously sequence and estimate expression of these candidate
      genes in nine samples of Silene littorea representing three color morphs (dark
      pink, light pink and white) across three developmental stages in hopes of
      identifying the cause of flower color variation. We identified 29 putative
      paralogs for the 15 candidate genes in the ABP. We assembled complete coding
      sequences for 16 structural loci and nine of ten regulatory loci. Among these 29
      putative paralogs, we identified 622 SNPs, yet only nine synonymous SNPs in Ans
      had allele frequencies that differentiated pigmented petals (dark pink and light
      pink) from white petals. These Ans allele frequency differences were further
      investigated with an expanded sequencing survey of 38 individuals, yet no SNPs
      consistently differentiated the color morphs. We also found one locus, F3h1, with
      strong differential expression between pigmented and white samples (>42x). This
      may be caused by decreased expression of Myb1a in white petal buds. Myb1a in S.
      littorea is a regulatory locus closely related to Subgroup 7 Mybs known to
      regulate F3h and other loci in the first half of the ABP in model species. We
      then compare the mRNA-Seq results with petal biochemistry which revealed cyanidin
      as the primary anthocyanin and five flavonoid intermediates. Concentrations of
      three of the flavonoid intermediates were significantly lower in white petals
      than in pigmented petals (rutin, quercetin and isovitexin). The biochemistry
      results for rutin, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin are consistent with the
      transcriptome results suggesting a blockage at F3h, possibly caused by
      downregulation of Myb1a. 

PMID- 26973664
TI  - Suitability of Phytosterols Alongside Fatty Acids as Chemotaxonomic Biomarkers
      for Phytoplankton.
AB  - The composition and abundance of phytoplankton is an important factor defining
      ecological status of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Chemotaxonomic markers
      (e.g., pigments and fatty acids) are needed for monitoring changes in a
      phytoplankton community and to know the nutritional quality of seston for
      herbivorous zooplankton. Here we investigated the suitability of sterols along
      with fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers using multivariate statistics, by
      analyzing the sterol and fatty acid composition of 10 different phytoplankton
      classes including altogether 37 strains isolated from freshwater lakes. We were
      able to detect a total of 47 fatty acids and 29 sterols in our phytoplankton
      samples, which both differed statistically significantly between phytoplankton
      classes. Due to the high variation of fatty acid composition among Cyanophyceae,
      taxonomical differentiation increased when Cyanophyceae were excluded from
      statistical analysis. Sterol composition was more heterogeneous within class than
      fatty acids and did not improve separation of phytoplankton classes when used
      alongside fatty acids. However, we conclude that sterols can provide additional
      information on the abundance of specific genera within a class which can be
      generated by using fatty acids. For example, whereas high C16 omega-3 PUFA
      (polyunsaturated fatty acid) indicates the presence of Chlorophyceae, a
      simultaneous high amount of ergosterol could specify the presence of
      Chlamydomonas spp. (Chlorophyceae). Additionally, we found specific 4alpha-methyl
      sterols for distinct Dinophyceae genera, suggesting that 4alpha-methyl sterols
      can potentially separate freshwater dinoflagellates from each other. 

PMID- 26973663
TI  - Presence of Inulin-Type Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Shift from Raffinose Family
      Oligosaccharide to Fructan Metabolism in Leaves of Boxtree (Buxus sempervirens).
AB  - Fructans are known to occur in 15% of flowering plants and their accumulation is
      often associated with stress responses. Typically, particular fructan types occur
      within particular plant families. The family of the Buxaceae, harboring
      Pachysandra terminalis, an accumulator of graminan- and levan-type fructans, also
      harbors boxtree (Buxus sempervirens), a cold and drought tolerant species.
      Surprisingly, boxtree leaves do not accumulate the expected graminan- and levan
      type fructans, but small inulin fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS: 1-kestotriose and
      nystose) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs: raffinose and stachyose)
      instead. The seasonal variation in concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose,
      FOS and RFOs were followed. Raffinose and stachyose peaked during the winter
      months, while FOS peaked at a very narrow time-interval in spring, immediately
      preceded by a prominent sucrose accumulation. Sucrose may function as a reserve
      carbohydrate in winter and early spring leaves. The switch from RFO to fructan
      metabolism in spring strongly suggests that fructans and RFOs fulfill distinct
      roles in boxtree leaves. RFOs may play a key role in the cold acclimation of
      winter leaves while temporal fructan biosynthesis in spring might increase sink
      strength to sustain the formation of new shoots. 

PMID- 26973665
TI  - Reducing Cytoplasmic Polyamine Oxidase Activity in Arabidopsis Increases Salt and
      Drought Tolerance by Reducing Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Increasing
      Defense Gene Expression.
AB  - The link between polyamine oxidases (PAOs), which function in polyamine
      catabolism, and stress responses remains elusive. Here, we address this issue
      using Arabidopsis pao mutants in which the expression of the five PAO genes is
      knocked-out or knocked-down. As the five single pao mutants and wild type (WT)
      showed similar response to salt stress, we tried to generate the mutants that
      have either the cytoplasmic PAO pathway (pao1 pao5) or the peroxisomal PAO
      pathway (pao2 pao3 pao4) silenced. However, the latter triple mutant was not
      obtained. Thus, in this study, we used two double mutants, pao1 pao5 and pao2
      pao4. Of interest, pao1 pao5 mutant was NaCl- and drought-tolerant, whereas pao2
      pao4 showed similar sensitivity to those stresses as WT. To reveal the underlying
      mechanism of salt tolerance, further analyses were performed. Na uptake of the
      mutant (pao1 pao5) decreased to 75% of WT. PAO activity of the mutant was reduced
      to 62% of WT. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen
      peroxide, a reaction product of PAO action, and superoxide anion in the mutant
      became 81 and 72% of the levels in WT upon salt treatment. The mutant contained
      2.8-fold higher thermospermine compared to WT. Moreover, the mutant induced the
      genes of salt overly sensitive-, abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent- and ABA
      independent- pathways more strongly than WT upon salt treatment. The results
      suggest that the Arabidopsis plant silencing cytoplasmic PAOs shows salinity
      tolerance by reducing ROS production and strongly inducing subsets of stress
      responsive genes under stress conditions. 

PMID- 26973666
TI  - Improved Shoot Regeneration, Salinity Tolerance and Reduced Fungal Susceptibility
      in Transgenic Tobacco Constitutively Expressing PR-10a Gene.
AB  - Plants in ecosystems are simultaneously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses,
      which restrict plant growth and development. The complex responses to these
      stresses are largely regulated by plant hormones, which in turn, orchestrate the
      different biochemical and molecular pathways to maneuver stress tolerance. The PR
      10 protein family is reported to be involved in defense regulation, stress
      response and plant growth and development. The JcPR-10a overexpression resulted
      in increased number of shoot buds in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which could be
      due to high cytokinin to auxin ratio in the transgenics. The docking analysis
      shows the binding of three BAP molecules at the active sites of JcPR-10a protein.
      JcPR-10a transgenics showed enhanced salt tolerance, as was evident by increased
      germination rate, shoot and root length, relative water content, proline, soluble
      sugar and amino acid content under salinity. Interestingly, the transgenics also
      showed enhanced endogenous cytokinin level as compared to WT, which, further
      increased with salinity. Exposure of gradual salinity resulted in increased
      stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, photosynthesis rate and reduced
      transpiration rate. Furthermore, the transgenics also showed enhanced resistance
      against Macrophomina fungus. Thus, JcPR-10a might be working in co-ordination
      with cytokinin signaling in mitigating the stress induced damage by regulating
      different stress signaling pathways, leading to enhanced stress tolerance. 

PMID- 26973668
TI  - Quantification of Overnight Movement of Birch (Betula pendula) Branches and
      Foliage with Short Interval Terrestrial Laser Scanning.
AB  - The goal of the study was to determine circadian movements of silver birch
      (Petula Bendula) branches and foliage detected with terrestrial laser scanning
      (TLS). The study consisted of two geographically separate experiments conducted
      in Finland and in Austria. Both experiments were carried out at the same time of
      the year and under similar outdoor conditions. Experiments consisted of 14
      (Finland) and 77 (Austria) individual laser scans taken between sunset and
      sunrise. The resulting point clouds were used in creating a time series of branch
      movements. In the Finnish data, the vertical movement of the whole tree crown was
      monitored due to low volumetric point density. In the Austrian data, movements of
      manually selected representative points on branches were monitored. The movements
      were monitored from dusk until morning hours in order to avoid daytime wind
      effects. The results indicated that height deciles of the Finnish birch crown had
      vertical movements between -10.0 and 5.0 cm compared to the situation at sunset.
      In the Austrian data, the maximum detected representative point movement was 10.0
      cm. The temporal development of the movements followed a highly similar pattern
      in both experiments, with the maximum movements occurring about an hour and a
      half before (Austria) or around (Finland) sunrise. The results demonstrate the
      potential of terrestrial laser scanning measurements in support of chronobiology.

PMID- 26973667
TI  - Proton Gradients and Proton-Dependent Transport Processes in the Chloroplast.
AB  - Proton gradients are fundamental to chloroplast function. Across thylakoid
      membranes, the light induced -proton gradient is essential for ATP synthesis. As
      a result of proton pumping into the thylakoid lumen, an alkaline stromal pH
      develops, which is required for full activation of pH-dependent Calvin Benson
      cycle enzymes. This implies that a pH gradient between the cytosol (pH 7) and the
      stroma (pH 8) is established upon illumination. To maintain this pH gradient
      chloroplasts actively extrude protons. More than 30 years ago it was already
      established that these proton fluxes are electrically counterbalanced by Mg(2+),
      K(+), or Cl(-) fluxes, but only recently the first transport systems that
      regulate the pH gradient were identified. Notably several (Na(+),K(+))/H(+)
      antiporter systems where identified, that play a role in pH gradient regulation,
      ion homeostasis, osmoregulation, or coupling of secondary active transport. The
      established pH gradients are important to drive uptake of essential ions and
      solutes, but not many transporters involved have been identified to date. In this
      mini review we summarize the current status in the field and the open questions
      that need to be addressed in order to understand how pH gradients are maintained,
      how this is interconnected with other transport processes and what this means for
      chloroplast function. 

PMID- 26973669
TI  - Development and Identification of SSR Markers Associated with Starch Properties
      and beta-Carotene Content in the Storage Root of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas
      L.).
AB  - Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a nutritious food crop and, based on the
      high starch content of its storage root, a potential bioethanol feedstock.
      Enhancing the nutritional value and starch quantity of storage roots are
      important goals of sweet potato breeding programs aimed at developing improved
      varieties for direct consumption, processing, and industrial uses. However,
      developing improved lines of sweet potato is challenging due to the genetic
      complexity of this plant and the lack of genome information. Short sequence
      repeat (SSR) markers are powerful molecular tools for tracking important loci in
      crops and for molecular-based breeding strategies; however, few SSR markers and
      marker-trait associations have hitherto been identified in sweet potato. In this
      study, we identified 1824 SSRs by using a de novo assembly of publicly available
      ESTs and mRNAs in sweet potato, and designed 1476 primer pairs based on SSR
      containing sequences. We mapped 214 pairs of primers in a natural population
      comprised of 239 germplasms, and identified 1278 alleles with an average of 5.972
      alleles per locus and a major allele frequency of 0.7702. Population structure
      analysis revealed two subpopulations in this panel of germplasms, and phenotypic
      characterization demonstrated that this panel is suitable for association mapping
      of starch-related traits. We identified 32, 16, and 17 SSR markers associated
      with starch content, beta-carotene content, and starch composition in the storage
      root, respectively, using association analysis and further evaluation of a subset
      of sweet potato genotypes with various characteristics. The SSR markers
      identified here can be used to select varieties with desired traits and to
      investigate the genetic mechanism underlying starch and carotenoid formation in
      the starchy roots of sweet potato. 

PMID- 26973670
TI  - Anatomical and Physiological Responses of Citrus Trees to Varying Boron
      Availability Are Dependent on Rootstock.
AB  - In Citrus, water, nutrient transport and thereby fruit production, are influenced
      among other factors, by the interaction between rootstock and boron (B)
      nutrition. This study aimed to investigate how B affects the anatomical structure
      of roots and leaves as well as leaf gas exchange in sweet orange trees grafted on
      two contrasting rootstocks in response to B supply. Plants grafted on Swingle
      citrumelo or Sunki mandarin were grown in a nutrient solution of varying B
      concentration (deficient, adequate, and excessive). Those grafted on Swingle were
      more tolerant to both B deficiency and toxicity than those on Sunki, as revealed
      by higher shoot and root growth. In addition, plants grafted on Sunki exhibited
      more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing
      thickening of xylem cell walls and impairments in whole-plant leaf-specific
      hydraulic conductance and leaf CO2 assimilation. Our data revealed that trees
      grafted on Swingle sustain better growth under low B availablitlity in the root
      medium and still respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B
      absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels. Taken
      together, those traits improved water and B transport to the plant canopy. Under
      B toxicity, Swingle rootstock would also favor plant growth by reducing
      anatomical and ultrastructural damage to leaf tissue and improving water
      transport compared with plants grafted on Sunki. From a practical point of view,
      our results highlight that B management in citrus orchards shall take into
      account rootstock varieties, of which the Swingle rootstock was characterized by
      its performance on regulating anatomical and ultrastructural damages, improving
      water transport and limiting negative impacts of B stress conditions on plant
      growth. 

PMID- 26973671
TI  - Mutation of the Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Enzyme Cytochrome P450 83A1
      Monooxygenase Increases Camalexin Accumulation and Powdery Mildew Resistance.
AB  - Small secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates and the major phytoalexin
      camalexin, play important roles in immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. We isolated
      an Arabidopsis mutant with increased resistance to the powdery mildew fungus
      Golovinomyces cichoracearum and identified a mutation in the gene encoding
      cytochrome P450 83A1 monooxygenase (CYP83A1), which functions in glucosinolate
      biosynthesis. The cyp83a1-3 mutant exhibited enhanced defense responses to G.
      cichoracearum and double mutant analysis showed that this enhanced resistance
      requires NPR1, EDS1, and PAD4, but not SID2 or EDS5. In cyp83a1-3 mutants, the
      expression of genes related to camalexin synthesis increased upon G.
      cichoracearum infection. Significantly, the cyp83a1-3 mutant also accumulated
      higher levels of camalexin. Decreasing camalexin levels by mutation of the
      camalexin synthetase gene PAD3 or the camalexin synthesis regulator AtWRKY33
      compromised the powdery mildew resistance in these mutants. Consistent with these
      observations, overexpression of PAD3 increased camalexin levels and enhanced
      resistance to G. cichoracearum. Taken together, our data indicate that
      accumulation of higher levels of camalexin contributes to increased resistance to
      powdery mildew. 

PMID- 26973674
TI  - Solanum clarum and S. morelliforme as Novel Model Species for Studies of
      Epiphytism.
AB  - The natural history of epiphytic plant species has been extensively studied.
      However, little is known about the physiology and genetics of epiphytism. This is
      due to difficulties associated with growing epiphytic plants and the lack of
      tools for genomics studies and genetic manipulations. In this study, tubers were
      generated from 223 accessions of 42 wild potato Solanum species, including the
      epiphytic species S. morelliforme and its sister species S. clarum. Lyophilized
      samples were analyzed for 12 minerals using inductively coupled plasma optical
      emission spectrometry. Mineral levels in tubers of S. morelliforme and S. clarum
      were among the highest for 10 out of the 12 elements evaluated. These two wild
      potato relatives are native to southern Mexico and Central America and live as
      epiphytes or in epiphytic-like conditions. We propose the use of S. morelliforme
      and S. clarum as model organisms for the study of mineral uptake efficiency. They
      have a short life cycle, can be propagated vegetatively via tubers or cuttings,
      and can be easily grown in controlled environments. In addition, genome sequence
      data are available for potato. Transgenic manipulations and somatic fusions will
      allow the movement of genes from these epiphytes to cultivated potato. 

PMID- 26973672
TI  - Overexpression of Peptide-Encoding OsCEP6.1 Results in Pleiotropic Effects on
      Growth in Rice (O. sativa).
AB  - Plant peptide hormones play an important role in regulating plant developmental
      programs via cell-to-cell communication in a non-cell autonomous manner. To
      characterize the biological relevance of C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) genes
      in rice, we performed a genome-wide search against public databases using a
      bioinformatics approach and identified six additional CEP members. Expression
      analysis revealed a spatial-temporal pattern of OsCEP6.1 gene in different
      tissues and at different developmental stages of panicle. Interestingly, the
      expression level of the OsCEP6.1 was also significantly up-regulated by exogenous
      cytokinin. Application of a chemically synthesized 15-amino acid OsCEP6.1 peptide
      showed that OsCEP6.1 had a negative role in regulating root and seedling growth,
      which was further confirmed by transgenic lines. Furthermore, the constitutive
      expression of OsCEP6.1 was sufficient to lead to panicle architecture and grain
      size variations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the
      phenotypic variation of OsCEP6.1 overexpression lines resulted from decreased
      cell size but not reduced cell number. Moreover, starch accumulation was not
      significantly affected. Taken together, these data suggest that the OsCEP6.1
      peptide might be involved in regulating the development of panicles and grains in
      rice. 

PMID- 26973675
TI  - Polar Constituents and Biological Activity of the Berry-Like Fruits from
      Hypericum androsaemum L.
AB  - Hypericum androsaemum, also known as Tutsan, is a small evergreen shrub common in
      the Mediterranean basin where it is traditionally used as diuretic and
      hepatoprotective herbal drug. This plant possesses the peculiarity to produce
      fleshy and berry-like fruits that ripen from red to shiny black. In the present
      work, the chemical constituents of methanolic extracts and infusions of red and
      black fruits were analyzed by HPLC, and correlated with their antioxidant
      properties which were evaluated by the DPPH, beta-Carotene/linoleic acid, and
      hypochlorous acid tests. In addition, the red pigment of the fruit was isolated
      by column chromatography and structurally elucidated by NMR. Results showed that
      H. androsaemum fruits contain high amounts of shikimic and chlorogenic acids,
      while their color was given by a tetraoxygenated-type xanthone, reported for the
      first time in Hypericum species. The red berries infusion gave the highest
      content of total phenolic compounds, DPPH, and hypochlorous acid scavenging
      activity, and beta-carotene bleaching. Cytotoxicity of the berries extracts on
      three human tumor cell lines (malignant melanoma, breast adenocarcinoma, and
      colon carcinoma) was evaluated by MTT assay, and relevant inhibition on colon
      carcinoma cells (IC50 value of 8.4 MUg/mL) was found. Finally, the effects of red
      berries extract on the immune system were evaluated by peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation assay that revealed a strong stimulation on
      lymphocytes at low doses (0.4-6 MUg/mL). 

PMID- 26973673
TI  - Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Plant Development and Abiotic Responses: Crosstalk
      with Nitric Oxide and Calcium.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a reactive oxygen species, is widely generated in
      many biological systems. It has been considered as an important signaling
      molecule that mediates various physiological and biochemical processes in plants.
      Normal metabolism in plant cells results in H2O2 generation, from a variety of
      sources. Also, it is now clear that nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca(2+))
      function as signaling molecules in plants. Both H2O2 and NO are involved in plant
      development and abiotic responses. A wide range of evidences suggest that NO
      could be generated under similar stress conditions and with similar kinetics as
      H2O2. The interplay between H2O2 and NO has important functional implications to
      modulate transduction processes in plants. Moreover, close interaction also
      exists between H2O2 and Ca(2+) in response to development and abiotic stresses in
      plants. Cellular responses to H2O2 and Ca(2+) signaling systems are complex.
      There is quite a bit of interaction between H2O2 and Ca(2+) signaling in
      responses to several stimuli. This review aims to introduce these evidences in
      our understanding of the crosstalk among H2O2, NO, and Ca(2+) signaling which
      regulates plant growth and development, and other cellular and physiological
      responses to abiotic stresses. 

PMID- 26973676
TI  - Maximum Growth Potential and Periods of Resource Limitation in Apple Tree.
AB  - Knowledge of seasonal maximum potential growth rates are important for assessing
      periods of resource limitations in fruit tree species. In this study we assessed
      the periods of resource limitation for vegetative (current year stems, and woody
      biomass) and reproductive (fruit) organs of a major agricultural crop: the apple
      tree. This was done by comparing relative growth rates (RGRs) of individual
      organs in trees with reduced competition for resources to trees grown under
      standard field conditions. Special attention was dedicated to disentangling
      patterns and values of maximum potential growth for each organ type. The period
      of resource limitation for vegetative growth was much longer than in another
      fruit tree species (peach): from late May until harvest. Two periods of resource
      limitation were highlighted for fruit: from the beginning of the season until mid
      June, and about 1 month prior to harvest. By investigating the variability in
      individual organs growth we identified substantial differences in RGRs among
      different shoot categories (proleptic and epicormic) and within each group of
      monitored organs. Qualitatively different and more accurate values of growth
      rates for vegetative organs, compared to the use of the simple compartmental
      means, were estimated. Detailed, source-sink based tree growth models, commonly
      in need of fine parameter tuning, are expected to benefit from the results
      produced by these analyses. 

PMID- 26973677
TI  - Epigenetic Histone Marks of Extended Meta-Polycentric Centromeres of Lathyrus and
      Pisum Chromosomes.
AB  - Species of the legume genera Lathyrus and Pisum possess chromosomes that exhibit
      a unique structure of their centromeric regions, which is clearly apparent during
      metaphase by the formation of extended primary constrictions which span up to a
      third of the length of the chromosome. In addition, these species express two
      different variants of the CenH3 protein which are co-localized in multiple
      domains along the poleward surface of the primary constrictions. Here, we show
      that the constrictions represent a distinct type of chromatin differing from the
      chromosome arms. In metaphase, histone phosphorylation patterns including
      H3S10ph, H3S28ph, and H3T3ph were observed along the entire constriction, in a
      way similar to holocentric chromosomes. On the other hand, distribution of
      phosphorylated H2AT120 was different from that previously reported from either,
      holocentric and monocentric chromosomes, occurring at chromatin surrounding but
      not overlapping CenH3 domains. Since some of these phosphorylations play a role
      in chromatid cohesion, it can be assumed that they facilitate correct chromosome
      segregation by ensuring that multiple separate CenH3 domains present on the same
      chromatid are oriented toward the same pole. The constrictions also displayed
      distinct patterns of histone methylation marks, being enriched in H3K9me2 and
      depleted in H3K4me3 and H3K27me2 compared to the chromosome arms. Super
      resolution fluorescence microscopy revealed that although both CenH3 protein
      variants are present in all CenH3 domains detected on metaphase chromosomes, they
      are only partially co-localized while there are chromatin subdomains which are
      mostly made of only one CenH3 variant. Taken together, these data revealed
      specific features of extended primary constrictions of Lathyrus and Pisum and
      support the idea that they may represent an intermediate stage between
      monocentric and holocentric chromosomes. 

PMID- 26973678
TI  - MicroRNA390 Is Involved in Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation in Rice.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal that is toxic to plants. microRNAs
      (miRNAs) are 21-nucleotide RNAs that are ubiquitous regulators of gene expression
      at the post-transcriptional level. Several plant miRNAs, such as miR390, have
      vital roles in plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses
      including heavy metal stress. In this study, the expression of mature miR390 was
      significantly down-regulated under Cd stress in rice. Consequently, the target
      gene of miR390, OsSRK was dramatically induced by Cd treatment. Transgenic rice
      plants overexpressing miR390 displayed reduced Cd tolerance and higher Cd
      accumulation compared with wild-type plants. Simultaneously, expression of OsSRK
      was less pronounced in 35S:MIR390 plants than in wild-type. These results
      indicate that miR390 was a negative regulator involved in Cd stress tolerance in
      rice. 

PMID- 26973679
TI  - Plant Responses to Vegetation Proximity: A Whole Life Avoiding Shade.
AB  - In high density of vegetation, plants detect neighbors by perceiving changes in
      light quality through phytochrome photoreceptors. Close vegetation proximity
      might result in competition for resources, such as light. To face this challenge,
      plants have evolved two alternative strategies: to either tolerate or avoid
      shade. Shade-avoiding species generally adapt their development by inducing
      hypocotyl, stem, and petiole elongation, apical dominance and flowering, and
      decreasing leaf expansion and yield, a set of responses collectively known as the
      shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). The SAS responses have been mostly studied at the
      seedling stage, centered on the increase of hypocotyl elongation. After compiling
      the main findings about SAS responses in seedlings, this review is focused on the
      response to shade at adult stages of development, such as petioles of adult
      leaves, and the little information available on the SAS responses in reproductive
      tissues. We discuss these responses based on the knowledge about the molecular
      mechanisms and components with a role in regulating the SAS response of the
      hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana. The transcriptional networks involved in this
      process, as well as the communication among the tissues that perceive the shade
      and the ones that respond to this stimulus will also be briefly commented. 

PMID- 26973681
TI  - RNA-seq Analysis of Irrigated vs. Water Stressed Transcriptomes of Zea mays
      Cultivar Z59.

PMID- 26973680
TI  - An Inventory of Nutrient-Responsive Genes in Arabidopsis Root Hairs.
AB  - Root hairs, single cell extensions of root epidermal cells that are critically
      involved in the acquisition of mineral nutrients, have proven to be an excellent
      model system for studying plant cell growth. More recently, omics-based systems
      biology approaches have extended the model function of root hairs toward
      functional genomic studies. While such studies are extremely useful to decipher
      the complex mechanisms underlying root hair morphogenesis, their importance for
      the performance and fitness of the plant puts root hairs in the spotlight of
      research aimed at elucidating aspects with more practical implications. Here, we
      mined transcriptomic and proteomic surveys to catalog genes that are
      preferentially expressed in root hairs and responsive to nutritional signals. We
      refer to this group of genes as the root hair trophomorphome. Our analysis shows
      that the activity of genes within the trophomorphome is regulated at both the
      transcriptional and post-transcriptional level with the mode of regulation being
      related to the function of the gene product. A core set of proteins functioning
      in cell wall modification and protein transport was defined as the backbone of
      the trophomorphome. In addition, our study shows that homeostasis of reactive
      oxygen species and redox regulation plays a key role in root hair
      trophomorphogenesis. 

PMID- 26973682
TI  - Transcriptomic Analysis Using Olive Varieties and Breeding Progenies Identifies
      Candidate Genes Involved in Plant Architecture.
AB  - Plant architecture is a critical trait in fruit crops that can significantly
      influence yield, pruning, planting density and harvesting. Little is known about
      how plant architecture is genetically determined in olive, were most of the
      existing varieties are traditional with an architecture poorly suited for modern
      growing and harvesting systems. In the present study, we have carried out
      microarray analysis of meristematic tissue to compare expression profiles of
      olive varieties displaying differences in architecture, as well as seedlings from
      their cross pooled on the basis of their sharing architecture-related phenotypes.
      The microarray used, previously developed by our group has already been applied
      to identify candidates genes involved in regulating juvenile to adult transition
      in the shoot apex of seedlings. Varieties with distinct architecture phenotypes
      and individuals from segregating progenies displaying opposite architecture
      features were used to link phenotype to expression. Here, we identify 2252
      differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated to differences in plant
      architecture. Microarray results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR carried
      out on genes with functional annotation likely related to plant architecture.
      Twelve of these genes were further analyzed in individual seedlings of the
      corresponding pool. We also examined Arabidopsis mutants in putative orthologs of
      these targeted candidate genes, finding altered architecture for most of them.
      This supports a functional conservation between species and potential biological
      relevance of the candidate genes identified. This study is the first to identify
      genes associated to plant architecture in olive, and the results obtained could
      be of great help in future programs aimed at selecting phenotypes adapted to
      modern cultivation practices in this species. 

PMID- 26973683
TI  - Avirulence Genes in Cereal Powdery Mildews: The Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis 2.0.
AB  - The gene-for-gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in
      the host, there is a corresponding, specific gene controlling avirulence in the
      pathogen. Allelic series of the cereal mildew resistance genes Pm3 and Mla
      provide an excellent system for genetic and molecular analysis of resistance
      specificity. Despite this opportunity for molecular research, avirulence genes in
      mildews remain underexplored. Earlier work in barley powdery mildew (B.g. hordei)
      has shown that the reaction to some Mla resistance alleles is controlled by
      multiple genes. Similarly, several genes are involved in the specific interaction
      of wheat mildew (B.g. tritici) with the Pm3 allelic series. We found that two
      mildew genes control avirulence on Pm3f: one gene is involved in recognition by
      the resistance protein as demonstrated by functional studies in wheat and the
      heterologous host Nicotiana benthamiana. A second gene is a suppressor, and
      resistance is only observed in mildew genotypes combining the inactive suppressor
      and the recognized Avr. We propose that such suppressor/avirulence gene
      combinations provide the basis of specificity in mildews. Depending on the
      particular gene combinations in a mildew race, different genes will be
      genetically identified as the "avirulence" gene. Additionally, the observation of
      two LINE retrotransposon-encoded avirulence genes in B.g. hordei further suggests
      that the control of avirulence in mildew is more complex than a canonical gene
      for-gene interaction. To fully understand the mildew-cereal interactions, more
      knowledge on avirulence determinants is needed and we propose ways how this can
      be achieved based on recent advances in the field. 

PMID- 26973684
TI  - FragariaCyc: A Metabolic Pathway Database for Woodland Strawberry Fragaria vesca.
AB  - FragariaCyc is a strawberry-specific cellular metabolic network based on the
      annotated genome sequence of Fragaria vesca L. ssp. vesca, accession Hawaii 4. It
      was built on the Pathway-Tools platform using MetaCyc as the reference. The
      experimental evidences from published literature were used for supporting/editing
      existing entities and for the addition of new pathways, enzymes, reactions,
      compounds, and small molecules in the database. To date, FragariaCyc comprises 66
      super-pathways, 488 unique pathways, 2348 metabolic reactions, 3507 enzymes, and
      2134 compounds. In addition to searching and browsing FragariaCyc, researchers
      can compare pathways across various plant metabolic networks and analyze their
      data using Omics Viewer tool. We view FragariaCyc as a resource for the community
      of researchers working with strawberry and related fruit crops. It can help
      understanding the regulation of overall metabolism of strawberry plant during
      development and in response to diseases and abiotic stresses. FragariaCyc is
      available online at http://pathways.cgrb.oregonstate.edu. 

PMID- 26973686
TI  - Relevance of the Axis Spermidine/eIF5A for Plant Growth and Development.
AB  - One key role of the essential polyamine spermidine in eukaryotes is to provide
      the 4-aminobutyl moiety group destined to the post-translational modification of
      a lysine in the highly conserved translation factor eIF5A. This modification is
      catalyzed by two sequential enzymatic steps leading to the activation of eIF5A by
      the conversion of one conserved lysine to the unusual amino acid hypusine. The
      active translation factor facilitates the sequence-specific translation of
      polyproline sequences that otherwise cause ribosome stalling. In spite of the
      well-characterized involvement of active eIF5A in the translation of proline
      repeat-rich proteins, its biological role has been recently elucidated only in
      mammals, and it is poorly described at the functional level in plants. Here we
      describe the alterations in plant growth and development caused by RNAi-mediated
      conditional genetic inactivation of the hypusination pathway in Arabidopsis
      thaliana by knocking-down the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase. We have uncovered
      that spermidine-mediated activation of eIF5A by hypusination is involved in
      several aspects of plant biology such as the control of flowering time, the
      aerial and root architecture, and root hair growth. In addition this pathway is
      required for adaptation to challenging growth conditions such as high salt and
      high glucose medium and to elevated concentrations of the plant hormone ABA. We
      have also performed a bioinformatic analysis of polyproline-rich containing
      proteins as putative eIF5A targets to uncover their organization in clusters of
      protein networks to find molecular culprits for the disclosed phenotypes. This
      study represents a first attempt to provide a holistic view of the biological
      relevance of the spermidine-dependent hypusination pathway for plant growth and
      development. 

PMID- 26973685
TI  - Functional Characterization of Novel Chitinase Genes Present in the Sheath Blight
      Resistance QTL: qSBR11-1 in Rice Line Tetep.
AB  - Rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most
      devastating diseases in rice leading to heavy yield losses. Due to the polygenic
      nature of resistance, no major resistance gene with complete host resistance
      against R. solani has been reported. In this study, we have performed molecular
      and functional analysis of the genes associated with the major R. solani
      resistance QTL qSBR11-1 in the indica rice line Tetep. Sequence analysis revealed
      the presence of a set of 11 tandem repeats containing genes with a high degree of
      homology to class III chitinase defense response genes. Real-time quantitative
      PCR analysis showed that all the genes are strongly induced 36 h after R. solani
      infection. Comparison between the resistant Tetep and the susceptible HP2216
      lines shows that the induction of the chitinase genes is much higher in the Tetep
      line. Recombinant protein produced in vitro for six of the eleven genes showed
      chitinolytic activity in gel assays but we did not detect any xylanase inhibitory
      activity. All the six in vitro expressed proteins show antifungal activity with a
      clear inhibitory effect on the growth of the R. solani mycelium. The
      characterized chitinase genes can provide an important resource for the genetic
      improvement of R. solani susceptible rice lines for sheath blight resistance
      breeding. 

PMID- 26973687
TI  - COLORFUL-Circuit: A Platform for Rapid Multigene Assembly, Delivery, and
      Expression in Plants.
AB  - Advancing basic and applied plant research requires the continuous innovative
      development of the available technology toolbox. Essential components of this
      toolbox are methods that simplify the assembly, delivery, and expression of
      multiple transgenes of interest. To allow simultaneous and directional multigene
      assembly on the same plant transformation vector, several strategies based on
      overlapping sequences or restriction enzymes have recently been developed.
      However, the assembly of homologous and repetitive DNA sequences can be
      inefficient and the frequent occurrence of target sequences recognized by
      commonly used restriction enzymes can be a limiting factor. Here, we noted that
      recognition sites for the restriction enzyme SfiI are rarely occurring in plant
      genomes. This fact was exploited to establish a multigene assembly system called
      "COLORFUL-Circuit." To this end, we developed a set of binary vectors which
      provide a flexible and cost efficient cloning platform. The gene expression
      cassettes in our system are flanked with unique SfiI sites, which allow
      simultaneous multi-gene cassette assembly in a hosting binary vector. We used
      COLORFUL-Circuit to transiently and stably express up to four fluorescent
      organelle markers in addition to a selectable marker and analyzed the impact of
      assembly design on coexpression efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate the utility
      of our optimized "COLORFUL-Circuit" system in an exemplary case study, in which
      we monitored simultaneously the subcellular behavior of multiple organelles in a
      biotrophic plant-microbe interaction by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. 

PMID- 26973688
TI  - Transcriptome Analysis of Gerbera hybrida Including in silico Confirmation of
      Defense Genes Found.
AB  - For the ornamental crop Gerbera hybrida, breeding at the moment is done using
      conventional methods. As this has drawbacks in breeding speed and efficiency,
      especially for complex traits like disease resistance, we set out to develop
      genomic resources. The leaf and flower bud transcriptomes of four parents, used
      to generate two gerbera populations, were sequenced using Illumina paired-end
      sequencing. In total, 36,770 contigs with an average length of 1397 bp were
      generated and these have been the starting point for SNP identification and
      annotation. The consensus contig sequences were used to map reads of individual
      parents, to identify genotype specific SNPs, and to assess the presence of common
      SNPs between genotypes. Comparison with the non-redundant protein database (nr)
      showed that 29,146 contigs gave BLAST hits. Of sequences with blast results,
      73.3% obtained a clear gene ontology (GO) annotation. EST contigs coding for
      enzymes were found in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes maps (KEGG).
      Through, these annotated data and KEGG molecular interaction network, transcripts
      associated with the phenylpropanoid metabolism, other secondary metabolite
      biosynthesis pathways, phytohormone biosynthesis and signal transduction were
      analyzed in more detail. Identifying genes involved in these processes could
      provide genetic and genomic resources for studying the mechanism of disease
      resistance in gerbera. 

PMID- 26973689
TI  - Suboptimal Light Conditions Influence Source-Sink Metabolism during Flowering.
AB  - Reliance on carbohydrates during flower forcing was investigated in one early and
      one late flowering cultivar of azalea (Rhododendron simsii hybrids). Carbohydrate
      accumulation, invertase activity, and expression of a purported sucrose synthase
      gene (RsSUS) was monitored during flower forcing under suboptimal (natural) and
      optimal (supplemental light) light conditions, after a cold treatment (7 degrees
      C + dark) to break flower bud dormancy. Post-production sucrose metabolism and
      flowering quality was also assessed. Glucose and fructose concentrations and
      invertase activity increased in petals during flowering, while sucrose decreased.
      In suboptimal light conditions RsSUS expression in leaves increased as compared
      to optimal light conditions, indicating that plants in suboptimal light
      conditions have a strong demand for carbohydrates. However, carbohydrates in
      leaves were markedly lower in suboptimal light conditions compared to optimal
      light conditions. This resulted in poor flowering of plants in suboptimal light
      conditions. Post-production flowering relied on the stored leaf carbon, which
      could be accumulated under optimal light conditions in the greenhouse. These
      results show that flower opening in azalea relies on carbohydrates imported from
      leaves and is source-limiting under suboptimal light conditions. 

PMID- 26973690
TI  - Nitric Oxide in the Offensive Strategy of Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens.
AB  - In the course of evolutionary changes pathogens have developed many invasion
      strategies, to which the host organisms responded with a broad range of defense
      reactions involving endogenous signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO).
      There is evidence that pathogenic microorganisms, including two most important
      groups of eukaryotic plant pathogens, also acquired the ability to synthesize NO
      via non-unequivocally defined oxidative and/or reductive routes. Although the
      both kingdoms Chromista and Fungi are remarkably diverse, the experimental data
      clearly indicate that pathogen-derived NO is an important regulatory molecule
      controlling not only developmental processes, but also pathogen virulence and its
      survival in the host. An active control of mitigation or aggravation of
      nitrosative stress within host cells seems to be a key determinant for the
      successful invasion of plant pathogens representing different lifestyles and an
      effective mode of dispersion in various environmental niches. 

PMID- 26973691
TI  - Quantitative Trait Loci for Morphological Traits and their Association with
      Functional Genes in Raphanus sativus.
AB  - Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing morphologically
      important traits enables to comprehend their potential genetic mechanisms in the
      genetic breeding program. In this study, we used 210 F2 populations derived from
      a cross between two radish inbred lines (Raphanus sativus) "835" and "B2,"
      including 258 SSR markers were used to detect QTLs for 11 morphological traits
      that related to whole plant, leaf, and root yield in 3 years of replicated field
      test. Total 55 QTLs were detected which were distributed on each linkage group of
      the Raphanus genome. Individual QTLs accounted for 2.69-12.6 of the LOD value,
      and 0.82-16.25% of phenotypic variation. Several genomic regions have multiple
      traits that clustered together, suggested the existence of pleiotropy linkage.
      Synteny analysis of the QTL regions with A. thaliana genome selected orthologous
      genes in radish. InDels and SNPs in the parental lines were detected in those
      regions by Illumina genome sequence. Five identified candidate gene-based markers
      were validated by co-mapping with underlying QTLs affecting different traits.
      Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis showed the different
      expression levels of these five genes in parental lines. In addition, comparative
      QTL analysis with B. rapa revealed six common QTL regions and four key major
      evolutionarily conserved crucifer blocks (J, U, R, and W) harboring QTL for
      morphological traits. The QTL positions identified in this study will provide a
      valuable resource for identifying more functional genes when whole radish genome
      sequence is released. Candidate genes identified in this study that co-localized
      in QTL regions are expected to facilitate in radish breeding programs. 

PMID- 26973694
TI  - Regulation of miR394 in Response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC)
      Infection in Garlic (Allium sativum L).
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of post-transcriptional regulators that negatively
      regulate gene expression through target mRNA cleavage or translational inhibition
      and play important roles in plant development and stress response. In the present
      study, six conserved miRNAs from garlic (Allium sativum L.) were analyzed to
      identify differentially expressed miRNAs in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
      cepae (FOC) infection. Stem-loop RT-PCR revealed that miR394 is significantly
      induced in garlic seedlings post-treatment with FOC for 72 h. The induction of
      miR394 expression during FOC infection was restricted to the basal stem plate
      tissue, the primary site of infection. Garlic miR394 was also upregulated by
      exogenous application of jasmonic acid. Two putative targets of miR394 encoding F
      box domain and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family proteins were predicted and
      verified using 5' RLM-RACE (RNA ligase mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends)
      assay. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that the transcript levels of the predicted
      targets were significantly reduced in garlic plants exposed to FOC. When garlic
      cultivars with variable sensitivity to FOC were exposed to the pathogen, an
      upregulation of miR394 and down regulation of the targets were observed in both
      varieties. However, the expression pattern was delayed in the resistant
      genotypes. These results suggest that miR394 functions in negative modulation of
      FOC resistance and the difference in timing and levels of expression in variable
      genotypes could be examined as markers for selection of FOC resistant garlic
      cultivars. 

PMID- 26973692
TI  - Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Biochemical and Morphological Fruit
      Properties in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).
AB  - Eggplant berries are a source of health-promoting metabolites including
      antioxidant and nutraceutical compounds, mainly anthocyanins and chlorogenic
      acid; however, they also contain some anti-nutritional compounds such as
      steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) and saponins, which are responsible for the bitter
      taste of the flesh and with potential toxic effects on humans. Up to now,
      Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the metabolic content are far from being
      characterized in eggplant, thus hampering the application of breeding programs
      aimed at improving its fruit quality. Here we report on the identification of
      some QTL for the fruit metabolic content in an F2 intraspecific mapping
      population of 156 individuals, obtained by crossing the eggplant breeding lines
      "305E40" * "67/3." The same population was previously employed for the
      development of a RAD-tag based linkage map and the identification of QTL
      associated to morphological and physiological traits. The mapping population was
      biochemically characterized for both fruit basic qualitative data, like dry
      matter,  degrees Brix, sugars, and organic acids, as well as for health-related
      compounds such chlorogenic acid, (the main flesh monomeric phenol), the two peel
      anthocyanins [i.e., delphinidin-3-rutinoside (D3R) and delphinidin-3-(p-
      coumaroylrutinoside)-5-glucoside (nasunin)] and the two main steroidal
      glycoalkaloids, solasonine, and solamargine. For most of the traits, one major
      QTL (PVE >=10%) was spotted and putative orthologies with other Solanaceae crops
      are discussed. The present results supply valuable information to eggplant
      breeders on the inheritance of key fruit quality traits, thus providing potential
      tools to assist future breeding programs. 

PMID- 26973693
TI  - Reconstructing the Origin of Oxygenic Photosynthesis: Do Assembly and
      Photoactivation Recapitulate Evolution?
AB  - Due to the great abundance of genomes and protein structures that today span a
      broad diversity of organisms, now more than ever before, it is possible to
      reconstruct the molecular evolution of protein complexes at an incredible level
      of detail. Here, I recount the story of oxygenic photosynthesis or how an
      ancestral reaction center was transformed into a sophisticated photochemical
      machine capable of water oxidation. First, I review the evolution of all reaction
      center proteins in order to highlight that Photosystem II and Photosystem I,
      today only found in the phylum Cyanobacteria, branched out very early in the
      history of photosynthesis. Therefore, it is very unlikely that they were acquired
      via horizontal gene transfer from any of the described phyla of anoxygenic
      phototrophic bacteria. Second, I present a new evolutionary scenario for the
      origin of the CP43 and CP47 antenna of Photosystem II. I suggest that the antenna
      proteins originated from the remodeling of an entire Type I reaction center
      protein and not from the partial gene duplication of a Type I reaction center
      gene. Third, I highlight how Photosystem II and Photosystem I reaction center
      proteins interact with small peripheral subunits in remarkably similar patterns
      and hypothesize that some of this complexity may be traced back to the most
      ancestral reaction center. Fourth, I outline the sequence of events that led to
      the origin of the Mn4CaO5 cluster and show that the most ancestral Type II
      reaction center had some of the basic structural components that would become
      essential in the coordination of the water-oxidizing complex. Finally, I collect
      all these ideas, starting at the origin of the first reaction center proteins and
      ending with the emergence of the water-oxidizing cluster, to hypothesize that the
      complex and well-organized process of assembly and photoactivation of Photosystem
      II recapitulate evolutionary transitions in the path to oxygenic photosynthesis. 

PMID- 26973695
TI  - De novo Transcriptome Analysis of Sinapis alba in Revealing the Glucosinolate and
      Phytochelatin Pathways.
AB  - Sinapis alba is an important condiment crop and can also be used as a
      phytoremediation plant. Though it has important economic and agronomic values,
      sequence data, and the genetic tools are still rare in this plant. In the present
      study, a de novo transcriptome based on the transcriptions of leaves, stems, and
      roots was assembled for S. alba for the first time. The transcriptome contains
      47,972 unigenes with a mean length of 1185 nt and an N50 of 1672 nt. Among these
      unigenes, 46,535 (97%) unigenes were annotated by at least one of the following
      databases: NCBI non-redundant (Nr), Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and
      Genomes (KEGG) pathway, Gene Ontology (GO), and Clusters of Orthologous Groups of
      proteins (COGs). The tissue expression pattern profiles revealed that 3489, 1361,
      and 8482 unigenes were predominantly expressed in the leaves, stems, and roots of
      S. alba, respectively. Genes predominantly expressed in the leaf were enriched in
      photosynthesis- and carbon fixation-related pathways. Genes predominantly
      expressed in the stem were enriched in not only pathways related to sugar, ether
      lipid, and amino acid metabolisms but also plant hormone signal transduction and
      circadian rhythm pathways, while the root-dominant genes were enriched in
      pathways related to lignin and cellulose syntheses, involved in plant-pathogen
      interactions, and potentially responsible for heavy metal chelating, and
      detoxification. Based on this transcriptome, 14,727 simple sequence repeats
      (SSRs) were identified, and 12,830 pairs of primers were developed for 2522 SSR
      containing unigenes. Additionally, the glucosinolate (GSL) and phytochelatin
      metabolic pathways, which give the characteristic flavor and the heavy metal
      tolerance of this plant, were intensively analyzed. The genes of aliphatic GSLs
      pathway were predominantly expressed in roots. The absence of aliphatic GSLs in
      leaf tissues was due to the shutdown of BCAT4, MAM1, and CYP79F1 expressions.
      Glutathione was extensively converted into phytochelatin in roots, but it was
      actively converted to the oxidized form in leaves, indicating the different
      mechanisms in the two tissues. This transcriptome will not only benefit basic
      research and molecular breeding of S. alba but also be useful for the molecular
      assisted transfer of beneficial traits to other crops. 

PMID- 26973697
TI  - Corrigendum: Enhancement of RNA-directed DNA methylation of a transgene by
      simultaneously downregulating a ROS1 ortholog using a virus vector in Nicotiana
      benthamiana.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 44 in vol. 4, PMID: 23565118.]. 

PMID- 26973696
TI  - Constitutive Negative Regulation of R Proteins in Arabidopsis also via Autophagy
      Related Pathway?
AB  - Even though resistance (R) genes are among the most studied components of the
      plant immunity, there remain still a lot of aspects to be explained about the
      regulation of their function. Many gain-of-function mutants of R genes and loss
      of-function of their regulators often demonstrate up-regulated defense responses
      in combination with dwarf stature and/or spontaneous leaf lesions formation. For
      most of these mutants, phenotypes are a consequence of an ectopic activation of R
      genes. Based on the compilation and comparison of published results in this
      field, we have concluded that the constitutively activated defense phenotypes
      recurrently arise by disruption of tight, constitutive and multilevel negative
      control of some of R proteins that might involve also their targeting to the
      autophagy pathway. This mode of R protein regulation is supported also by protein
      protein interactions listed in available databases, as well as in silico search
      for autophagy machinery interacting motifs. The suggested model could resolve
      some explanatory discrepancies found in the studies of the immunity responses of
      autophagy mutants. 

PMID- 26973698
TI  - Emerging Technologies to Create Inducible and Genetically Defined Porcine Cancer
      Models.
AB  - There is an emerging need for new animal models that address unmet translational
      cancer research requirements. Transgenic porcine models provide an exceptional
      opportunity due to their genetic, anatomic, and physiological similarities with
      humans. Due to recent advances in the sequencing of domestic animal genomes and
      the development of new organism cloning technologies, it is now very feasible to
      utilize pigs as a malleable species, with similar anatomic and physiological
      features with humans, in which to develop cancer models. In this review, we
      discuss genetic modification technologies successfully used to produce porcine
      biomedical models, in particular the Cre-loxP System as well as major advances
      and perspectives the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Recent advancements in porcine tumor
      modeling and genome editing will bring porcine models to the forefront of
      translational cancer research. 

PMID- 26973700
TI  - Allergen extracts and recombinant proteins: comparison of efficiency of in vitro
      allergy diagnostics using multiplex assay on a biological microchip.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunological test systems for diagnostics of type I hypersensitivity
      involve the following types of antigens: whole allergen extracts, individual
      highly purified proteins and their recombinant analogues. The goal of this study
      was to compare the results obtained with whole allergen extracts (birch pollen,
      cat dander, and timothy grass pollen) and their respective recombinant proteins
      in biochip-based immunoassay. METHODS: Multiplex fluorescent immunoassay of 139
      patients' blood serum samples was carried out using biological microchips
      (biochips). sIgE concentrations for the chosen allergens and their recombinant
      components were measured. ROC analysis was used for comparison of the results and
      determination of diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: The results for the birch pollen
      extract and its recombinant allergens have shown that the diagnostic accuracy of
      the methods utilizing the whole allergen extract, its major component Bet v 1 and
      the combination of major and minor components (Bet v 1 and Bet v 2) was the same.
      Values for diagnostic accuracy for the cat dander extract and its major
      recombinant component Fel d 1 were equal. In contrast with birch pollen and cat
      dander allergens, using of recombinant components of timothy grass pollen (Phl p
      1, Phl p 5, Phl p 7 and Phl p 12) did not allow reaching the diagnostic accuracy
      of using natural extract. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplex analysis of samples obtained
      from patients with allergy to birch pollen and cat dander using biological
      microchips has shown that comparable accuracy was observed for the assay with
      natural extracts and recombinant allergens. In the case of timothy grass
      allergen, using the recombinant components may be insufficient.

PMID- 26973701
TI  - Asthma in the elderly: the effect of choline supplementation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Asthma in the elderly is poorly understood as very few studies have
      included these patients. DNA methylation can affect the expression of asthma
      susceptibility genes. Methyl groups can be produced through a choline dependent
      pathway. Asthmatics have decreased serum choline. We studied the effect of
      choline supplementation in elderly asthmatics and associations between different
      parameters at baseline. METHODS: This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled,
      cross-over study. Thirty asthmatics 65 years old and older were evaluated at
      baseline and 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks later. They randomly received choline
      bitartrate 310 mg and placebo capsules twice daily for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Ninety
      percent of the study subjects were atopic and 97 % of them were using inhaled
      corticosteroids. Choline supplementation did not affect ACT (asthma control
      test), spirometric values, eosinophil counts or total serum IgE vs. placebo (p >
      0.86 for all comparisons). In subjects with lower ACT (<=20), lower FEV1 % (<60
      %), or higher eosinophil counts (>=0.6), there was similarly no difference
      between choline and placebo (p > 0.63). We found no significant association
      between eosinophil counts and IgE and the other parameters at baseline including
      in subjects with lower ACT or on higher inhaled steroid doses (p > 0.09).
      Asthmatic women had lower baseline ACT scores compared to men (p = 0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: In this study of elderly asthmatics, choline supplementation for 6
      weeks did not affect ACT scores, spirometric values, peripheral blood
      eosinophils, or total serum IgE. These results will require confirmation in
      larger and longer studies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02371993.

PMID- 26973702
TI  - The effect of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on pancreatic beta cell
      dysfunction in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cholesterol accumulation causes pancreatic beta cell lipotoxicity and
      dysfunction. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays an important role in
      blood lipid homeostasis. However, its role in tissue lipid metabolism remains
      unclear. We hypothesized that plasma CETP impact cholesterol homeostasis in the
      beta cells, thus damaging their functions. METHODS: The adipose tissue-specific
      CETP expression transgenic (aP2-CETPTg) mice, characterized by high CETP levels
      in the circulation, were used in this study. Pancreatic islet cholesterol and
      beta cell function were assessed in mice. We further measured mRNA levels of the
      genes involved in beta cell proliferation and differentiation, inflammation and
      cholesterol metabolism. TUNEL assay was applied to investigate beta cell
      apoptosis in islets. RESULTS: The aP2-CETPTg mice exhibited glucose intolerance,
      lower plasma insulin concentrations but increased insulin sensitivity compared
      with wild type mice. In addition, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from
      isolated pancreatic islets significantly decreased, and free cholesterol
      significantly increased. Moreover, the number and size of islets from aP2-CETPTg
      mice were significantly decreased. Genes involved in beta cell proliferation,
      such as Pdx1 and BETA2, were down-regulated; genes involved in inflammation and
      ER stress, such as IL-1beta, CHOP, and Xbp1 were up-regulated, in line with an
      increase of beta cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CETP causes free cholesterol
      accumulation in islets which could contribute to beta cell dysfunction. Thus,
      CETP inhibition could be a novel protective strategy for dyslipidemia related to
      diabetes and obese.

PMID- 26973703
TI  - Heat-treated high-fat diet modifies gut microbiota and metabolic markers in apoe
      /- mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-fat diet has been known to have adverse effects on metabolic
      markers, as well as the gut microbiota. However, the effect of heat processing of
      high-fat diet, which leads to formations of advanced glycation end products
      (AGEs) has not been clearly distinguished from the effect of unheated fat. This
      study compared the effect of high-fat diet with heat-treated high-fat diet on
      adiposity, atherosclerosis and gut microbiota composition in the caecum of apoe (
      /-) mice. METHOD: Male apoe (-/-) mice were fed either low-fat (LF) control diet,
      high-fat (40 E% saturated fat, HF) control diet, or heat-treated high-fat (200 
      degrees C for 10 min, HT) diet, for 8 weeks. The plasma samples were used in the
      analysis of Nepsilon-carboxy-methyl-lysine (CML) and Nepsilon-carboxy-ethyl
      lysine (CEL). The heart samples were analysed for atherosclerotic plaques, and
      the DNA from caecum was extracted and analysed for microbiota composition using
      16S rRNA gene sequencing on a Miseq instrument. Additionally, the functions of
      microbial communities were also predicted based on the bacterial 16S rRNA gene
      sequence using Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of
      Unobserved States (PICRUSt). RESULTS: Here we found that HT modifies gut
      microbiota composition and host adiposity. Prediction of bacterial gene functions
      based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that HF increased bacterial genera
      enriched in lipid metabolism genes, while HT did not. Plasma CML and CEL
      increased 1.7 and 2.5 times, respectively, in mice fed HT as compared to mice fed
      HF. Despite lower adiposity, mice fed HT maintained atherosclerosis and displayed
      enlarged spleens. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that heat processing of high
      fat diet modifies the substrates reaching the lower gut of apoe (-/-) mice,
      resulting in different effects on gut microbiota composition. AGEs seem to
      maintain the effect on atherosclerosis, despite lower adiposity, and causing
      enlarged spleens, which possibly reflect elevated levels of inflammation in the
      body.

PMID- 26973699
TI  - Smoothened regulation in response to Hedgehog stimulation.
AB  - The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway play critical roles in embryonic development
      and adult tissue homeostasis. A critical step in Hh signal transduction is how Hh
      receptor Patched (Ptc) inhibits the atypical G protein-coupled receptor
      Smoothened (Smo) in the absence of Hh and how this inhibition is release by Hh
      stimulation. It is unlikely that Ptc inhibits Smo by direct interaction. Here we
      discuss how Hh regulates the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Smo, leading
      to cell surface and ciliary accumulation of Smo in Drosophila and vertebrate
      cells, respectively. In addition, we discuss how PI(4)P phospholipid acts in
      between Ptc and Smo to regulate Smo phosphorylation and activation in response to
      Hh stimulation.

PMID- 26973704
TI  - Bipolar II compared with bipolar I disorder: baseline characteristics and
      treatment response to quetiapine in a pooled analysis of five placebo-controlled
      clinical trials of acute bipolar depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bipolar I and II represent the most common and severe subtypes of
      bipolar disorder. Although bipolar I disorder is relatively well studied, the
      clinical characteristics and response to treatment of patients with bipolar II
      disorder are less well understood. METHODS: To compare the severity and burden of
      illness of patients with bipolar II versus bipolar I disorder, baseline
      demographic, clinical, and quality of life data were examined in 1900 patients
      with bipolar I and 973 patients with bipolar II depression, who were enrolled in
      five similarly designed clinical placebo-controlled trials of quetiapine
      immediate-release and quetiapine extended-release. Acute (8 weeks) response to
      treatment was also compared by assessing rating scale scores, including
      Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale, Hamilton rating scale for anxiety,
      Young mania rating scale, and clinical global impression-severity scores, in the
      bipolar I and II populations in the same pooled database. RESULTS: Patients with
      bipolar I and bipolar II depression were similar in demographics, baseline rating
      scale scores (depression, anxiety, mania, and quality of life), and mood episode
      histories. Symptom improvements in response to quetiapine were greater versus
      comparators (lithium, paroxetine, and placebo) at 4 and 8 weeks in both bipolar I
      and II patients. Patients with the bipolar II subtype initially showed slower
      responses to all treatments, but, by 8 weeks, attained similar symptom
      improvement as patients with bipolar I depression. CONCLUSIONS: Pooled analysis
      of five clinical trials of quetiapine demonstrated that patients with bipolar II
      depression have a similar burden of illness and quality of life to patients with
      bipolar I. Bipolar II patients consistently showed a slower response to
      treatments than bipolar I patients, but, after 8 weeks of treatment with
      quetiapine, symptom improvements were similar between bipolar I and II disorder
      subtypes.

PMID- 26973705
TI  - The genetic and environmental structure of the character sub-scales of the
      temperament and character inventory in adolescence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The character higher order scales (self-directedness,
      cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) in the temperament and character
      inventory are important general measures of health and well-being [Mens Sana
      Monograph 11:16-24 (2013)]. Recent research has found suggestive evidence of
      common environmental influence on the development of these character traits
      during adolescence. The present article expands earlier research by focusing on
      the internal consistency and the etiology of traits measured by the lower order
      sub-scales of the character traits in adolescence. METHODS: The twin modeling
      analysis of 423 monozygotic pairs and 408 same sex dizygotic pairs estimated
      additive genetics (A), common environmental (C), and non-shared environmental (E)
      influences on twin resemblance. All twins were part of the on-going longitudinal
      Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS). RESULTS: The twin modeling
      analysis suggested a common environmental contribution for two out of five self
      directedness sub-scales (0.14 and 0.23), for three out of five cooperativeness
      sub-scales (0.07-0.17), and for all three self-transcendence sub-scales (0.10
      0.12). CONCLUSION: The genetic structure at the level of the character lower
      order sub-scales in adolescents shows that the proportion of the shared
      environmental component varies in the trait of self-directedness and in the trait
      of cooperativeness, while it is relatively stable across the components of self
      transcendence. The presence of this unique shared environmental effect in
      adolescence has implications for understanding the relative importance of
      interventions and treatment strategies aimed at promoting overall maturation of
      character, mental health, and well-being during this period of the life span.

PMID- 26973706
TI  - Protocol: transient expression system for functional genomics in the tropical
      tree Theobroma cacao L.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Theobroma cacao L., the source of cocoa, is a crop of significant
      economic value around the world. To facilitate the study of gene function in
      cacao we have developed a rapid Agrobacterium-mediated transient genetic
      transformation protocol. Here we present a detailed methodology for our
      transformation assay, as well as an assay for inoculation of cacao leaves with
      pathogens. RESULTS: Agrobacterium tumefaciens cultures are induced then vacuum
      infiltrated into cacao leaves. Transformation success can be gauged 48 h after
      infiltration by observation of green fluorescent protein and by qRT-PCR. We
      clarify the characteristics of cacao leaf stages and demonstrate that our
      strategy efficiently transforms leaves of developmental stage C. The
      transformation protocol has high efficacy in stage C leaves of four of eight
      tested genotypes. We also present the functional analysis of cacao chitinase
      overexpression using the transient transformation system, which resulted in
      decreased pathogen biomass and lesion size after infection with Phytophthora
      tropicalis. CONCLUSIONS: Leaves expressing transgenes of interest can be used in
      subsequent functional genetic assays such as pathogen bioassay, metabolic
      analysis, gene expression analysis etc. This transformation protocol can be
      carried out in 1 day, and the transgenes expressing leaf tissue can be maintained
      in petri dishes for 5-7 days, allowing sufficient time for performance of
      additional downstream gene functional analysis. Application of these methods
      greatly increases the rapidity with which candidate genes with roles in defense
      can be tested.

PMID- 26973709
TI  - Informal Kinship-Based Fostering Around the World: Anthropological Findings.
AB  - Anthropological research around the world has documented informal, kinship-based
      foster care cross culturally. That research suggests that children are more
      likely to benefit from informal kinship-based fostering in cultural contexts
      where fostering expands the pool of relatives rather than substituting one parent
      for another, fostering is expected to provide children with positive
      opportunities for learning and development, and/or children are granted some
      autonomy or decision-making power. However, informal kinship-based fostering
      seems to place children at risk in cultural contexts where the process of
      children's attachment to caregivers resembles the Western child development
      model, communities are highly stratified along socioeconomic lines, and/or
      exploitation of children is permitted. The article concludes with a discussion of
      implications for both research and policy.

PMID- 26973707
TI  - Estimation of genetic diversity in viral populations from next generation
      sequencing data with extremely deep coverage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this paper we propose a method and discuss its computational
      implementation as an integrated tool for the analysis of viral genetic diversity
      on data generated by high-throughput sequencing. The main motivation for this
      work is to better understand the genetic diversity of viruses with high rates of
      nucleotide substitution, as HIV-1 and Influenza. Most methods for viral diversity
      estimation proposed so far are intended to take benefit of the longer reads
      produced by some next-generation sequencing platforms in order to estimate a
      population of haplotypes which represent the diversity of the original
      population. The method proposed here is custom-made to take advantage of the very
      low error rate and extremely deep coverage per site, which are the main features
      of some neglected technologies that have not received much attention due to the
      short length of its reads, which precludes haplotype estimation. This approach
      allowed us to avoid some hard problems related to haplotype reconstruction (need
      of long reads, preliminary error filtering and assembly). RESULTS: We propose to
      measure genetic diversity of a viral population through a family of multinomial
      probability distributions indexed by the sites of the virus genome, each one
      representing the distribution of nucleic bases per site. Moreover, the
      implementation of the method focuses on two main optimization strategies: a read
      mapping/alignment procedure that aims at the recovery of the maximum possible
      number of short-reads; the inference of the multinomial parameters in a Bayesian
      framework with smoothed Dirichlet estimation. The Bayesian approach provides
      conditional probability distributions for the multinomial parameters allowing one
      to take into account the prior information of the control experiment and
      providing a natural way to separate signal from noise, since it automatically
      furnishes Bayesian confidence intervals and thus avoids the drawbacks of
      preliminary error filtering. CONCLUSIONS: The methods described in this paper
      have been implemented as an integrated tool called Tanden (Tool for Analysis of
      Diversity in Viral Populations) and successfully tested on samples obtained from
      HIV-1 strain NL4-3 (group M, subtype B) cultivations on primary human cell
      cultures in many distinct viral propagation conditions. Tanden is written in C#
      (Microsoft), runs on the Windows operating system, and can be downloaded from:
      http://tanden.url.ph/.

PMID- 26973710
TI  - Modes of tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) ion intercalation inside
      natural clays.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metalloporphyrin ions, with planar shape, have been known to
      intercalate horizontally and diagonally between montmorillonite layers.
      Perpendicular intercalation inside montmorillonite has not been reported earlier.
      This work aims at achieving perpendicular intercalation inside montmorillonite in
      natural clays. Possible intercalation inside other forms of natural clay will
      also be investigated. METHODS: Natural clays were purified and characterized. The
      naked clay powder was then refluxed with tetra(4
      pyridyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) ion (MnTPyP(+)) solution in methanol with
      continuous stirring for different times. Electronic absorption spectra, atomic
      absorption spectra, Fourier Transform infrared spectra, scanning electron
      microscopy and X-ray diffraction were all used in clay characterization and in
      intercalation study. RESULTS: The natural clay involved different phases, namely
      montmorillonite, biotite, kaolinite, illite and traces of quartz. Montmorillonite
      clay allowed horizontal, diagonal and perpendicular intercalation of the
      metalloporphyrin ions. Biotite allowed only horizontal intercalation. The mode of
      intercalation was deduced by monitoring the clay inter-planar distance value
      change. Intercalation occurred inside both micro- and nano-size clay powders to
      different extents. The nano-powder (average size ~50 nm) showed uptake values up
      to 3.8 mg MnTPyP/g solid, whereas the micro-size powder (average size ~316 nm)
      exhibited lower uptake (2.4 mg MnTPyP/g solid). Non-expandable clay phases did
      not allow any intercalation. The intercalated MnTPyP(+) ions showed promising
      future supported catalyst applications. CONCLUSIONS: Depending on their phase,
      natural clays hosted metalloporphyrin ions. Montmorillonite can allow all three
      possible intercalation geometries, horizontal, diagonal and for the first time
      perpendicular. Biotite allows horizontal intercalation only. Non-expandable clays
      allow no intercalation. Graphical abstractMetalloporphyrin complexes can be
      intercalated into montmorillonite in horizontal, perpendicular and diagonal
      geometries.

PMID- 26973712
TI  - Engineering Escherichia coli for high-yield geraniol production with
      biotransformation of geranyl acetate to geraniol under fed-batch culture.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Geraniol is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol, which exhibits good
      prospect as a gasoline alternative. Geraniol is naturally encountered in plants
      at low concentrations and an attractive target for microbial engineering.
      Geraniol has been heterologously produced in Escherichia coli, but the low titer
      hinders its industrial applications. Moreover, bioconversion of geraniol by E.
      coli remains largely unknown. RESULTS: Recombinant overexpression of Ocimum
      basilicum geraniol synthase, Abies grandis geranyl diphosphate synthase, and a
      heterotic mevalonate pathway in E. coli BL21 (DE3) enabled the production of up
      to 68.6 +/- 3 mg/L geraniol in shake flasks. Initial fed-batch fermentation only
      increased geraniol production to 78.8 mg/L. To further improve the production
      yield, the fermentation conditions were optimized. Firstly, 81.4 % of volatile
      geraniol was lost during the first 5 h of fermentation in a solvent-free system.
      Hence, isopropyl myristate was added to the culture medium to form an aqueous
      organic two-phase culture system, which effectively prevented volatilization of
      geraniol. Secondly, most of geraniol was eventually biotransformed into geranyl
      acetate by E. coli, thus decreasing geraniol production. For the first time, we
      revealed the role of acetylesterase (Aes, EC 3.1.1.6) from E. coli in hydrolyzing
      geranyl acetate to geraniol, and production of geraniol was successfully
      increased to 2.0 g/L under controlled fermentation conditions. CONCLUSIONS: An
      efficient geraniol production platform was established by overexpressing several
      key pathway proteins in engineered E. coli strain combined with a controlled
      fermentation system. About 2.0 g/L geraniol was obtained using our controllable
      aqueous-organic two-phase fermentation system, which is the highest yield to
      date. In addition, the interconversion between geraniol and geranyl acetate by E.
      coli was first elucidated. This study provided a new and promising strategy for
      geraniol biosynthesis, which laid a basis for large-scale industrial application.

PMID- 26973713
TI  - Industrially relevant hydrolyzability and fermentability of sugarcane bagasse
      improved effectively by glycerol organosolv pretreatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous work has demonstrated that glycerol organosolv pretreatment
      can effectively improve the hydrolyzability of various lignocellulosic
      substrates. This pretreatment process strategy is ideal to integrate a
      commercially successful lignocellulosic and vegetable oil biorefinery industry.
      However, industrially relevant high-solid-loading hydrolyzability and
      fermentability of the pretreated substrates have yet to be considered for enzyme
      based lignocellulosic biorefineries. RESULTS: In this study, an AGO pretreatment
      of sugarcane bagasse was evaluated with regard to the component selectivity,
      structural modification, hydrolyzability, and fermentation of pretreated
      substrates. The results showed that the AGO pretreatment presented good component
      selectivity, removing approximately 70 % lignin and hemicellulose, respectively,
      from sugarcane bagasse with a near-intact preservation (94 %) of the overall
      cellulose. The pretreatment deconstructed the recalcitrant architecture of
      natural lignocellulosic biomass, thereby modifying the structure at the macro
      /micrometer level (fiber size, surface area, average size, roughness) and
      supermolecular level (key chemical bond dissociation) of lignocellulosic
      substrates towards good hydrolyzability. Notably, extraordinarily few
      fermentation inhibitors (<0.2 g furfural and 5-hydromethyl furfural/kg feedstock)
      were generated from the AGO pretreatment process, which was apparently due to the
      prominent role of glycerol organic solvent in protecting monosaccharides against
      further degradation. The 72-h enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated substrates at 15
      % solid content achieved 90 % completion with Cellic CTec2 at 10 FPU/g dried
      substrate. With a simple nutrition (only 10 g/L (NH4)2SO4) addition, the fed
      batch semi-SSF of AGO-pretreated substrates (30 % solid content) almost reached
      50 g/L ethanol with cellulase preparation at 10 FPU/g dried substrate. These
      results have revealed that the pretreated substrate is susceptible and accessible
      to cellulase enzymes, thereafter exhibiting remarkable hydrolyzability and
      fermentability. CONCLUSION: The AGO pretreatment is a promising candidate for the
      current pretreatment process towards industrially relevant enzyme-based
      lignocellulosic biorefineries.

PMID- 26973714
TI  - Molecular characterization of a glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase reveals key
      features essential for triacylglycerol production in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, has become a model for
      studying lipid metabolism and its triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis pathway makes
      it an ideal target for metabolic engineering to improve lipid productivity.
      However, the genetic background and metabolic networks of fatty acid biosynthesis
      in diatoms are not well understood. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT)
      is the critical enzyme that catalyzes the first step of TAG formation. So far,
      characterization of GPAT in marine microalgae has not been reported, especially
      at the level of comprehensive sequence-structure and functional analysis.
      RESULTS: A GPAT was cloned from P. tricornutum and overexpressed in P.
      tricornutum. Volumes of oil bodies were produced and the neutral lipid content
      was increased by twofold determined by Nile red fluorescence staining. Fatty acid
      composition was analyzed by GC-MS, which showed significantly higher proportion
      of unsaturated fatty acids compared to wild type. CONCLUSION: These results
      suggested that the identified GPAT could upregulate TAG biosynthesis in P.
      tricornutum. Moreover, this study offers insight into the lipid metabolism of
      diatoms and supports the role of microalgal strains for biofuels production.

PMID- 26973715
TI  - Cellulosomal expansin: functionality and incorporation into the complex.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Expansins are relatively small proteins that lack enzymatic activity
      and are found in plants and microorganisms. The function of these proteins is to
      disrupt the plant cell walls by interfering with the non-covalent interchain
      bonding of the polysaccharides. Expansins were found to be important for plant
      growth, but they are also expressed by various bacteria known to have
      interactions with plants. Clostridium clariflavum is a plant cell wall-degrading
      bacterium with a highly elaborate cellulosomal system. Among its numerous
      dockerin-containing genes, two expansin-like proteins, Clocl_1862 and Clocl_1298
      (termed herein CclEXL1 and CclEXL2) were identified, and CclEXL1 was found to be
      expressed as part of the cellulosome system. This is the first time that an
      expansin-like protein is identified in a cellulosome complex, which implicates
      its possible role in biomass deconstruction. RESULTS: In the present article, we
      analyzed the functionality of CclEXL1. Its dockerin was characterized and shown
      to bind selectively to type-I cohesins of C. clariflavum, with preferential
      binding to the cohesin of ScaG, and additionally to a type-I cohesin of C.
      cellulolyticum. We demonstrated experimentally that the expansin-like protein
      binds preferentially to microcrystalline cellulose, but it also binds to acid
      swollen cellulose, xylan, and wheat straw. CclEXL1 exhibited a pronounced
      loosening effect on filter paper, which resulted in substantial decrease in
      tensile stress. The C. clariflavum expansin-like protein thus enhances
      significantly enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, both by C. clariflavum
      cellulosomes and two major cellulosomal cellulases from this bacterium: GH48
      (exoglucanase) and GH9 (endoglucanase). Finally, we demonstrated CclEXL1-mediated
      enhancement of microcrystalline cellulose degradation by different cellulosome
      fractions and the two enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm
      that the C. clariflavum expansin-like protein is part of the elaborate
      cellulosome system of this bacterium with capabilities of cellulose creeping. The
      data suggest that pretreatment of cellulosic materials with CclEXL1 can bring
      about substantial improvement of hydrolysis by cellulases.

PMID- 26973716
TI  - Enhanced electrical power generation using flame-oxidized stainless steel anode
      in microbial fuel cells and the anodic community structure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carbon-based materials are commonly used as anodes in microbial fuel
      cells (MFCs), whereas metal and metal-oxide-based materials are not used
      frequently because of low electrical output. Stainless steel is a low-cost
      material with high conductivity and physical strength. In this study, we
      investigated the power generation using flame-oxidized (FO) stainless steel
      anodes (SSAs) in single-chambered air-cathode MFCs. The FO-SSA performance was
      compared to the performance of untreated SSA and carbon cloth anode (CCA), a
      common carbonaceous electrode. The difference in the anodic community structures
      was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region in 16S rRNA gene.
      RESULTS: Flame oxidation of SSA produced raised node-like sites, predominantly
      consisting of hematite (Fe2O3), on the surface, as determined by X-ray
      diffraction spectroscopy. The flame oxidation enhanced the maximum power density
      (1063 mW/m(2)) in MFCs, which was 184 and 24 % higher than those for untreated
      SSA and CCA, respectively. The FO-SSA exhibited 8.75 and 2.71 times higher
      current production than SSA and CCA, respectively, under potentiostatic testing
      conditions. Bacteria from the genus Geobacter were detected at a remarkably
      higher frequency in the biofilm formed on the FO-SSA (8.8-9.2 %) than in the
      biofilms formed on the SSA and CCA (0.7-1.4 %). Bacterial species closely related
      to Geobacter metallireducens (>99 % identity in the gene sequence) were
      predominant (93-96 %) among the genus Geobacter in the FO-SSA biofilm, whereas
      bacteria with a 100 % identity to G. anodireducens were abundant (>55 %) in the
      SSA and CCA biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration of power
      generation using an FO-SSA in MFCs. Flame oxidation of the SSA enhances
      electricity production in MFCs, which is higher than that with the common
      carbonaceous electrode, CCA. The FO-SSA is not only inexpensive but also can be
      prepared using a simple method. To our knowledge, this study reveals, for the
      first time, that the predominant Geobacter species in the biofilm depends on the
      anode material. The high performance of the FO-SSA could result from the
      particularly high population of bacteria closely related to G. metallireducens in
      the biofilm.

PMID- 26973717
TI  - Incorporating cultural beliefs in promoting exclusive breastfeeding.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since 2003, the World Health Organization has recommended exclusive
      breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. In the Northwest region of Cameroon
      approximately 90% of women initiate breastfeeding, yet only 34% of these women
      exclusively breastfeed for the recommended six months. AIM: To determine
      influences on women's exclusive breastfeeding practices. METHODS: Semi-structured
      interviews were conducted with six women and six men followed by focus group
      discussions with three groups of women and three groups of men in the Kumbo West
      Health District, Northwest region, Cameroon. All participants were selected using
      theoretical sampling to assure triangulation. RESULTS: Three themes emerged that
      influence exclusive breastfeeding practices: woman's readiness to exclusively
      breastfeed; cultural influences towards exclusive breastfeeding; and perceived
      constraints to exclusive breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: These emergent themes were
      used to create a theoretical framework that is useful for developing a
      breastfeeding health education intervention in non-Western settings.

PMID- 26973719
TI  - 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine discriminates between parathyroid adenoma and carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by enlarged parathyroid
      glands due to an adenoma (80-85 %) or multiglandular disease (~15 %) causing
      hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and generally hypercalcemia.
      Parathyroid cancer is rare (<1-5 %). The epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
      (5hmC) is reduced in various cancers, and this may involve reduced expression of
      the ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) enzyme. Here, we have performed novel
      experiments to determine the 5hmC level and TET1 protein expression in 43
      parathyroid adenomas (PAs) and 17 parathyroid carcinomas (PCs) from patients who
      had local invasion or metastases and to address a potential growth regulatory
      role of TET1. RESULTS: The global 5hmC level was determined by a semi
      quantitative DNA immune-dot blot assay in a smaller number of tumors. The global
      5hmC level was reduced in nine PCs and 15 PAs compared to four normal tissue
      samples (p < 0.05), and it was most severely reduced in the PCs. By
      immunohistochemistry, all 17 PCs stained negatively for 5hmC and TET1 showed
      negative or variably heterogeneous staining for the majority. All 43 PAs
      displayed positive 5hmC staining, and a similar aberrant staining pattern of 5hmC
      and TET1 was seen in about half of the PAs. Western blotting analysis of two PCs
      and nine PAs showed variable TET1 protein expression levels. A significantly
      higher tumor weight was associated to PAs displaying a more severe aberrant
      staining pattern of 5hmC and TET1. Overexpression of TET1 in a colony forming
      assay inhibited parathyroid tumor cell growth. CONCLUSIONS: 5hmC can discriminate
      between PAs and PCs. Whether 5hmC represents a novel marker for malignancy
      warrants further analysis in additional parathyroid tumor cohorts. The results
      support a growth regulatory role of TET1 in parathyroid tissue.

PMID- 26973718
TI  - Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression defines molecular
      characteristics of Crohn's disease-associated fibrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibrosis of the intestine is a common and poorly understood
      complication of Crohn's disease (CD) characterized by excessive deposition of
      extracellular matrix and accompanied by narrowing and obstruction of the gut
      lumen. Defining the molecular characteristics of this fibrotic disorder is a
      vital step in the development of specific prediction, prevention, and treatment
      strategies. Previous epigenetic studies indicate that alterations in DNA
      methylation could explain the mechanism by which mesenchymal cells adopt the
      requisite pro-fibrotic phenotype that promotes fibrosis progression. However, to
      date, genome-wide analysis of the DNA methylome of any type of human fibrosis is
      lacking. We employed an unbiased approach using deep sequencing to define the DNA
      methylome and transcriptome of purified fibrotic human intestinal fibroblasts
      (HIF) from the colons of patients with fibrostenotic CD. RESULTS: When compared
      with normal fibroblasts, we found that the majority of differential DNA
      methylation was within introns and intergenic regions and not associated with CpG
      islands. Only a low percentage occurred in the promoters and exons of genes.
      Integration of the DNA methylome and transcriptome identified regions in three
      genes that inversely correlated with gene expression: wingless-type mouse mammary
      tumor virus integration site family, member 2B (WNT2B) and two eicosanoid
      synthesis pathway enzymes (prostacyclin synthase and prostaglandin D2 synthase).
      These findings were independently validated by RT-PCR and bisulfite sequencing.
      Network analysis of the data also identified candidate molecular interactions
      relevant to fibrosis pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Our definition of a genome-wide
      fibrosis-specific DNA methylome provides new gene networks and epigenetic states
      by which to understand mechanisms of pathological gene expression that lead to
      fibrosis. Our data also provide a basis for development of new fibrosis-specific
      therapies, as genes dysregulated in fibrotic Crohn's disease, following
      functional validation, can serve as new therapeutic targets.

PMID- 26973722
TI  - Dural diverticulum with a symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid leak.
AB  - A case report of a 63-year-old female patient with a cervical spinal dural
      diverticulum and intracranial hypotension secondary to a symptomatic CSF leak
      after minor trauma. The patient responded well after the cervical approach
      epidural blood patch procedure. 

PMID- 26973723
TI  - Right-sided aorta with complete isolation of the left innominate artery.
AB  - A right-sided aorta with an isolated left subclavian and left common carotid
      artery is a rare arch defect. We are presenting the case of a 56-year-old woman
      who had initially presented with headache and 3 episodes of right-sided facial
      and extremity numbness. A presumptive diagnosis of transient ischemic attack
      prompted imaging studies where a computer tomography angiogram showed aberrant
      vessels. 

PMID- 26973724
TI  - Primary pancreatic neuroblastoma presenting with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.
AB  - Although neuroblastoma is a common solid organ malignancy in children, primary
      pancreatic neuroblastoma is a rare entity in children, with very few cases
      reported in the literature. The case discusses the presentation of a 21-month-old
      female presenting to the neurology clinic with ataxia and erratic eye movements.
      Our case illustrates the computed tomography, ultrasound, and scintigraphic
      findings of primary pancreatic neuroblastoma presenting as opsoclonus-myoclonus
      syndrome. Computed tomography and ultrasound demonstrated a vascular, enhancing
      mass in the pancreatic body clearly separate from the adrenal gland.
      Metaiodobenzylguanidine scan demonstrates focal intense uptake in the pancreatic
      body. The patient's diagnosis was confirmed with biopsy, and her malignancy
      responded well to conventional chemotherapy. The case is important in that it
      demonstrates the unusual imaging appearance of a primary pancreatic
      neuroblastoma. 

PMID- 26973721
TI  - Do Childhood Cancer Survivors Meet the Diet and Physical Activity Guidelines? A
      Review of Guidelines and Literature.
AB  - Despite advances in cancer treatment, childhood cancer survivors are at higher
      risk of developing chronic health conditions than peers who have not had cancer.
      Being overweight or obese adds to the already elevated risk of cardiovascular
      diseases and metabolic abnormalities. Diet and physical activity are modifiable
      behaviors that reduce obesity risk and have been shown to improve cancer survival
      in adult cancer survivors. Specific guidelines have been developed for cancer
      survivors that provide advice on nutrition, physical activity and weight
      management following cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we report on
      existing nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors,
      supplemented by available literature on diet and physical activity status of
      childhood cancer survivors and their associations with health-related outcomes.
      The 2012 American Cancer Society (ACS) and the 2008 Children's Oncology Group
      (COG) guidelines provide similar advice on diet but the ACS guidelines also offer
      specific advice on physical activity and weight management. Thirty-one
      observational studies and 18 intervention trials published prior to June 2012
      that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Results suggest that a high
      proportion of childhood cancer survivors had poor adherence to dietary and
      physical activity guidelines. Although findings from existing intervention trials
      are preliminary due to small sample size, available evidence suggests that
      exercise intervention is safe and feasible for patients and survivors of
      childhood cancer. Childhood cancer survivors should be encouraged to engage in
      physical activity, adopt a healthy diet, and maintain a healthy weight throughout
      cancer survivorship.

PMID- 26973725
TI  - Nontraumatic orbital floor fracture after nose blowing.
AB  - A 40-year-old woman with no history of trauma or prior surgery presented to the
      emergency department with headache and left eye pain after nose blowing.
      Noncontrast maxillofacial computed tomography examination revealed an orbital
      floor fracture that ultimately required surgical repair. There are nontraumatic
      causes of orbital blowout fractures, and imaging should be obtained irrespective
      of trauma history. 

PMID- 26973726
TI  - Sub-branch and mixed-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the
      pancreas: 2 case reports.
AB  - Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN) is one of the cystic neoplasias
      of the pancreas. The imaging findings provide that these tumors are
      differentiated from the other cystic lesions of the pancreas, especially from the
      chronic pancreatitis, where the treatment protocol is completely different.
      Therefore, the correct diagnosis and classification of the IPMN ensures that the
      patient receives the correct approach and the appropriate surgery, if necessary.
      The purpose of this study is to emphasize the imaging findings of the different
      types of the IPMN and the changes in the management protocol of the patients
      according to these radiological findings. 

PMID- 26973727
TI  - Caudal duplication syndrome: imaging evaluation of a rare entity in an adult
      patient.
AB  - Several theories have been put forth to explain the complex yet symmetrical
      malformations and the myriad of clinical presentations of caudal duplication
      syndrome. Hereby, reported case is a 28-year-old female, gravida 2 para 2, with
      congenital caudal malformation who has undergone partial reconstructive surgeries
      in infancy to connect her 2 colons. She presented with recurrent left lower
      abdominal pain associated with nausea, vomiting, and subsequent feculent anal
      discharge. Imaging reveals duplication of the urinary bladder, urethra, and colon
      with with cloacal malformations and fistulae from the left-sided cloaca, uterus
      didelphys with separate cervices and vaginal canals, right-sided aortic arch and
      descending thoracic aorta, and dysraphic midline sacrococcygeal defect.
      Hydronephrosis of the left kidney with left hydroureter and inflammation of one
      of the colons were suspected to be the cause of the patient's acute complaints.
      She improved symptomatically over the course of her hospitalization stay with
      conservative treatments. The management for this syndrome is individualized and
      may include surgical intervention to fuse or excise the duplicated organs. 

PMID- 26973728
TI  - Jugular foramen schwannoma mimicking paraganglioma: case report and review of
      imaging findings.
AB  - We present the case of a 30-year-old woman who presented with an 11-year history
      of chronic occipital headaches and a 12-month history of worsening difficulty
      speaking and/or swallowing, facial spasms, hearing loss, and dizziness. A large
      lytic mass was found centered in the left jugular foramen (JF) on computed
      tomography examination; follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed an avidly
      enhancing mass with prominent central flow voids. Histopathologic examination
      after surgical resection revealed the mass to be a schwannoma. Prominent central
      vascularity is an unusual presentation for JF schwannomas. Our report provides a
      review of magnetic resonance imaging features of intrinsic JF lesions relevant to
      our case. 

PMID- 26973729
TI  - Sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings of neurocutaneous melanosis.
AB  - Neurocutaneous melanosis is a rare nonfamilial phakomatosis characterized by
      large or multiple congenital melanocytic nevi plus the presence of central
      nervous system melanosis or melanoma. We report a case of a male infant with a
      giant posteroaxial nevus and evidence of intracranial melanosis on ultrasound and
      magnetic resonance imaging. 

PMID- 26973730
TI  - De novo development of gliomas in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1, fragile
      X and previously normal brain magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Fifteen to 20% of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 develop low-grade glial
      neoplasms. However, since neuroimaging is not routinely obtained until a child is
      clinically symptomatic, little is known about presymptomatic radiographic
      characteristics of gliomas in this at-risk population. Herein, we describe a
      child with neurofibromatosis type 1 who initially had normal brain imaging before
      the development of multifocal gliomas. Comparison of these serial images
      demonstrated that brain tumors can arise de novo in children with this cancer
      predisposition syndrome, further underscoring the limited prognostic value of
      normal baseline magnetic resonance imaging. 

PMID- 26973731
TI  - Childhood giant omental and mesenteric lipoma.
AB  - Omental and mesenteric lipomas are very rare benign lesions of mature adipose
      tissue. They are well-defined, noninvasive, and encapsulated masses that can be
      discovered in asymptomatic patients or may cause variable nonspecific symptoms
      depending on their size and location. The omental and mesenteric lipoma has
      confusing features in ultrasound; however, computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging can well characterize and demarcate these lesions. Though few
      cases of mesenteric and omental lipomas have been reported in the literature, but
      because of its large size and childhood presentation, the case we present, can be
      one of the largest childhood omental and mesenteric lipomas ever reported. A 6
      year-old girl presented with slowly progressing abdominal distension and repeated
      dull abdominal pain for last 4 years. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography
      examination revealed a huge mesenteric and omental lipoma that was resected
      surgically without any complications. 

PMID- 26973732
TI  - Assessment of Biology Majors' Versus Nonmajors' Views on Evolution, Creationism,
      and Intelligent Design.
AB  - The controversy around evolution, creationism, and intelligent design resides in
      a historical struggle between scientific knowledge and popular belief. Four
      hundred seventy-six students (biology majors n=237, nonmajors n=239) at a secular
      liberal arts private university in Northeastern United States responded to a five
      question survey to assess their views about: (1) evolution, creationism, and
      intelligent design in the science class; (2) students' attitudes toward
      evolution; (3) students' position about the teaching of human evolution; (4)
      evolution in science exams; and (5) students' willingness to discuss evolution
      openly. There were 60.6% of biology majors and 42% of nonmajors supported the
      exclusive teaching of evolution in the science class, while 45.3% of nonmajors
      and 32% of majors were willing to learn equally about evolution, creationism, and
      intelligent design (question 1); 70.5% of biology majors and 55.6% of nonmajors
      valued the factual explanations evolution provides about the origin of life and
      its place in the universe (question 2); 78% of the combined responders (majors
      plus nonmajors) preferred science courses where evolution is discussed
      comprehensively and humans are part of it (question 3); 69% of the combined
      responders (majors plus nonmajors) had no problem answering questions concerning
      evolution in science exams (question 4); 48.1% of biology majors and 26.8% of
      nonmajors accepted evolution and expressed it openly, but 18.2% of the former and
      14.2% of the latter accepted evolution privately; 46% of nonmajors and 29.1% of
      biology majors were reluctant to comment on this topic (question 5). Combined
      open plus private acceptance of evolution within biology majors increased with
      seniority, from freshman (60.7%) to seniors (81%), presumably due to gradual
      exposure to upper-division biology courses with evolutionary content. College
      curricular/pedagogical reform should fortify evolution literacy at all education
      levels, particularly among nonbiologists.

PMID- 26973733
TI  - The Jackprot Simulation Couples Mutation Rate with Natural Selection to
      Illustrate How Protein Evolution Is Not Random.
AB  - Protein evolution is not a random process. Views which attribute randomness to
      molecular change, deleterious nature to single-gene mutations, insufficient
      geological time, or population size for molecular improvements to occur, or
      invoke "design creationism" to account for complexity in molecular structures and
      biological processes, are unfounded. Scientific evidence suggests that natural
      selection tinkers with molecular improvements by retaining adaptive peptide
      sequence. We used slot-machine probabilities and ion channels to show biological
      directionality on molecular change. Because ion channels reside in the lipid
      bilayer of cell membranes, their residue location must be in balance with the
      membrane's hydrophobic/philic nature; a selective "pore" for ion passage is
      located within the hydrophobic region. We contrasted the random generation of DNA
      sequence for KcsA, a bacterial two-transmembrane-domain (2TM) potassium channel,
      from Streptomyces lividans, with an under-selection scenario, the "jackprot,"
      which predicted much faster evolution than by chance. We wrote a computer program
      in JAVA APPLET version 1.0 and designed an online interface, The Jackprot
      Simulation http://faculty.rwu.edu/cbai/JackprotSimulation.htm, to model a
      numerical interaction between mutation rate and natural selection during a
      scenario of polypeptide evolution. Winning the "jackprot," or highest-fitness
      complete-peptide sequence, required cumulative smaller "wins" (rewarded by
      selection) at the first, second, and third positions in each of the 161 KcsA
      codons ("jackdons" that led to "jackacids" that led to the "jackprot"). The
      "jackprot" is a didactic tool to demonstrate how mutation rate coupled with
      natural selection suffices to explain the evolution of specialized proteins, such
      as the complex six-transmembrane (6TM) domain potassium, sodium, or calcium
      channels. Ancestral DNA sequences coding for 2TM-like proteins underwent
      nucleotide "edition" and gene duplications to generate the 6TMs. Ion channels are
      essential to the physiology of neurons, ganglia, and brains, and were crucial to
      the evolutionary advent of consciousness. The Jackprot Simulation illustrates in
      a computer model that evolution is not and cannot be a random process as
      conceived by design creationists.

PMID- 26973734
TI  - Reduction in Radiation Exposure through a Stress Test Algorithm in an Emergency
      Department Observation Unit.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Clinicians are urged to decrease radiation exposure from
      unnecessary medical procedures. Many emergency department (ED) patients placed in
      an observation unit (EDOU) do not require chest pain evaluation with a nuclear
      stress test (NucST). We sought to implement a simple ST algorithm that favors non
      nuclear stress test (Non-NucST) options to evaluate the effect of the algorithm
      on the proportion of patients exposed to radiation by comparing use of NucST
      versus Non-NucST pre- and post-algorithm. METHODS: An ST algorithm was introduced
      favoring Non-NucST and limiting NucST to a subset of EDOU patients in October
      2008. We analyzed aggregate data before (Jan-Sept 2008, period 1) and after (Jan
      Sept 2009 and Jan-Sept 2010, periods 2 and 3 respectively) algorithm
      introduction. A random sample of 240 EDOU patients from each period was used to
      compare 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE). We calculated confidence
      intervals for proportions or the difference between two proportions. RESULTS: A
      total of 5,047 STs were performed from Jan-Sept 2008-2010. NucST in the EDOU
      decreased after algorithm introduction from period 1 to 2 (40.7%, 95% CI [38.3
      43.1] vs. 22.1%, 95% CI [20.1-24.1]), and remained at 22.1%, 95% CI [20.3-24.0]
      in period 3. There was no difference in 30-day MACE rates before and after
      algorithm use (0.1% for period 1 and 3, 0% for period 2). CONCLUSION: Use of a
      simple ST algorithm that favors non-NucST options decreases the proportion of
      EDOU chest pain patients exposed to radiation exposure from ST almost 50% by
      limiting NucST to a subset of patients, without a change in 30-day MACE.

PMID- 26973736
TI  - Factors Associated with First-Pass Success in Pediatric Intubation in the
      Emergency Department.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors
      associated with first-pass success in pediatric intubation in the emergency
      department (ED). METHODS: We analyzed the data from two multicenter prospective
      studies of ED intubation in 17 EDs between April 2010 and September 2014. The
      studies prospectively measured patient's age, sex, principal indication for
      intubation, methods (e.g., rapid sequence intubation [RSI]), devices, and
      intubator's level of training and specialty. To evaluate independent predictors
      of first-pass success, we fit logistic regression model with generalized
      estimating equations. In the sensitivity analysis, we repeated the analysis in
      children <10 years. RESULTS: A total of 293 children aged <=18 years who
      underwent ED intubation were eligible for the analysis. The overall first-pass
      success rate was 60% (95%CI [54%-66%]). In the multivariable model, age >=10
      years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.45; 95% CI [1.23-4.87]), use of RSI (aOR,
      2.17; 95% CI [1.31-3.57]), and intubation attempt by an emergency physician (aOR,
      3.21; 95% CI [1.78-5.83]) were significantly associated with a higher chance of
      first-pass success. Likewise, in the sensitivity analysis, the use of RSI (aOR,
      3.05; 95% CI [1.63-5.70]), and intubation attempt by an emergency physician (aOR,
      4.08; 95% CI [1.92-8.63]) were significantly associated with a higher chance of
      first-pass success. CONCLUSION: Based on two large multicenter prospective
      studies of ED airway management, we found that older age, use of RSI, and
      intubation by emergency physicians were the independent predictors of a higher
      chance of first-pass success in children. Our findings should facilitate
      investigations to develop optimal airway management strategies in critically-ill
      children in the ED.

PMID- 26973737
TI  - Moving Beyond Screening: How Emergency Departments Can Help Extinguish the
      HIV/AIDS Epidemic.
AB  - While great strides have been made in diagnostic and treatment strategies, human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major public health epidemic. The Centers
      for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
      article, "Vital Signs: HIV Diagnosis, Care, and Treatment Among Persons Living
      with HIV - United States, 2011," highlights current areas of concern regarding
      HIV diagnosis and care. The CDC estimates that 1.2 million people in the U.S. are
      living with HIV. Of them, 86% have received a diagnosis (14% remain undiagnosed
      and unaware), but only 40% are engaged in care and a mere 30% are virally
      suppressed. Emergency departments (EDs) can play a major role in combatting the
      HIV epidemic through regular screening and facilitating linkage to chronic HIV
      care. Universal opt-out screening as recommended by the CDC in 2006 has been
      shown to be effective but expensive, and has not been widely implemented in EDs
      nationwide. Cost-effective models and a renewed commitment from ED providers are
      needed to enhance ED-based HIV containment strategies. 

PMID- 26973738
TI  - Growing Trend of Alternative Tobacco Use Among the Nation's Youth: A New
      Generation of Addicts.
AB  - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published significant
      data and trends related to the rising epidemic of usage of alternate forms of
      tobacco among the nation's youth. For the first time ever, the use of the
      electronic cigarette (e-cigarrette) has surpassed traditional cigarette usage in
      adolescents. E-cigarettes are battery-operated products designed to deliver
      aerosolized nicotine and other flavors to the consumer. Most look like
      conventional cigarettes but some resemble everyday items such as pens, USB
      drives, and memory sticks.1 In the following article, we present findings from
      the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report with commentary on the state of
      this growing epidemic and barriers to effective screening methods. 

PMID- 26973735
TI  - Acute Stroke: Current Evidence-based Recommendations for Prehospital Care.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In the United States, emergency medical services (EMS) protocols
      vary widely across jurisdictions. We sought to develop evidence-based
      recommendations for the prehospital evaluation and treatment of a patient with a
      suspected stroke and to compare these recommendations against the current
      protocols used by the 33 EMS agencies in the state of California. METHODS: We
      performed a literature review of the current evidence in the prehospital
      treatment of a patient with a suspected stroke and augmented this review with
      guidelines from various national and international societies to create our
      evidence-based recommendations. We then compared the stroke protocols of each of
      the 33 EMS agencies for consistency with these recommendations. The specific
      protocol components that we analyzed were the use of a stroke scale, blood
      glucose evaluation, use of supplemental oxygen, patient positioning, 12-lead
      electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac monitoring, fluid assessment and intravenous
      access, and stroke regionalization. RESULTS: Protocols across EMS agencies in
      California varied widely. Most used some sort of stroke scale with the majority
      using the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS). All recommended the
      evaluation of blood glucose with the level for action ranging from 60 to 80
      mg/dL. Cardiac monitoring was recommended in 58% and 33% recommended an ECG. More
      than half required the direct transport to a primary stroke center and 88%
      recommended hospital notification. CONCLUSION: Protocols for a patient with a
      suspected stroke vary widely across the state of California. The evidence-based
      recommendations that we present for the prehospital diagnosis and treatment of
      this condition may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and
      revising these protocols.

PMID- 26973739
TI  - Impact of a Dedicated Emergency Medicine Teaching Resident Rotation at a Large
      Urban Academic Center.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In the face of declining bedside teaching and increasing emergency
      department (ED) crowding, balancing education and patient care is a challenge.
      Dedicated shifts by teaching residents (TRs) in the ED represent an educational
      intervention to mitigate these difficulties. We aimed to measure the perceived
      learning and departmental impact created by having TR. METHODS: TRs were present
      in the ED from 12 pm-10 pm daily, and their primary roles were to provide the
      following: assist in teaching procedures, give brief "chalk talks," instruct
      junior trainees on interesting cases, and answer clinical questions in an
      evidence-based manner. This observational study included a survey of fourth-year
      medical students (MSs), residents and faculty at an academic ED. Surveys measured
      the perceived effect of the TR on teaching, patient flow, ease of procedures, and
      clinical care. RESULTS: Survey response rates for medical students, residents,
      and faculty are 56%, 77%, and 75%, respectively. MSs perceived improved procedure
      performance with TR presence and the majority agreed that the TR was a valuable
      educational experience. Residents perceived increased patient flow, procedure
      performance, and MS learning with TR presence. The majority agreed that the TR
      improved patient care. Faculty agreed that the TR increased resident and MS
      learning, as well as improved patient care and procedure performance. CONCLUSION:
      The presence of a TR increased MS and resident learning, improved patient care
      and procedure performance as perceived by MSs, residents and faculty. A dedicated
      TR program can provide a valuable resource in achieving a balance of clinical
      education and high quality healthcare.

PMID- 26973740
TI  - Can Simulation Measure Differences in Task-Switching Ability Between Junior and
      Senior Emergency Medicine Residents?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Work interruptions during patient care have been correlated with
      error. Task-switching is identified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate
      Medical Education (ACGME) as a core competency for emergency medicine (EM).
      Simulation has been suggested as a means of assessing EM core competencies. We
      assumed that senior EM residents had better task-switching abilities than junior
      EM residents. We hypothesized that this difference could be measured by observing
      the execution of patient care tasks in the simulation environment when a patient
      with a ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) interrupted the ongoing
      management of a septic shock case. METHODS: This was a multi-site, prospective,
      observational, cohort study. The study population consisted of a convenience
      sample of EM residents in their first three years of training. Each subject
      performed a standardized simulated encounter by evaluating and treating a patient
      in septic shock. At a predetermined point in every sepsis case, the subject was
      given a STEMI electrocardiogram (ECG) for a separate chest pain patient in triage
      and required to verbalize an interpretation and action. We scored learner
      performance using a dichotomous checklist of critical actions covering sepsis
      care, ECG interpretation and triaging of the STEMI patient. RESULTS: Ninety-one
      subjects participated (30 postgraduate year [PGY]1s, 32 PGY2s, and 29 PGY3s). Of
      those, 87 properly managed the patient with septic shock (90.0% PGY1s, 100% PGY2,
      96.6% PGY 3s; p=0.22). Of the 87 who successfully managed the septic shock, 80
      correctly identified STEMI on the simulated STEMI patient (86.7% PGY1s, 96.9%
      PGY2s, 93.1% PGY3s; p=0.35). Of the 80 who successfully managed the septic shock
      patient and correctly identified the STEMI, 79 provided appropriate interventions
      for the STEMI patient (73.3% PGY1s, 93.8% PGY2s, 93.8% PGY3s; p=0.07).
      CONCLUSION: When management of a septic shock patient was interrupted with a
      STEMI ECG in a simulated environment we were unable to measure a significant
      difference in the ability of EM residents to successfully task-switch when
      compared across PGY levels of training. This study may help refine the use of
      simulation to assess EM resident competencies.

PMID- 26973741
TI  - Impact of Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders on Emergency Department Visit
      Outcomes for HIV Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A disproportionate number of individuals with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have mental health and substance-use disorders
      (MHSUDs), and MHSUDs are significantly associated with their emergency department
      (ED) visits. With an increasing share of older adults among HIV patients, this
      study investigated the associations of MHSUDs with ED outcomes of HIV patients in
      four age groups: 21-34, 35-49, 50-64, and 65+ years. METHODS: We used the 2012
      Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) dataset (unweighted n=23,244,819 ED
      events by patients aged 21+, including 115,656 visits by patients with HIV).
      Multinomial and binary logistic regression analyses, with "treat-and-release" as
      the base outcome, were used to examine associations between ED outcomes and
      MHSUDs among visits that included a HIV diagnosis in each age group. RESULTS:
      Mood and "other" mental disorders had small effects on ED-to-hospital admissions,
      as opposed to treat-and-release, in age groups younger than 65+ years, while
      suicide attempts had medium effects (RRR=3.56, CI [2.69-4.70]; RRR=4.44, CI [3.72
      5.30]; and RRR=5.64, CI [4.38-7.26] in the 21-34, 35-49, and 50-64 age groups,
      respectively). Cognitive disorders had medium-to-large effects on hospital
      admissions in all age groups and large effects on death in the 35-49 (RRR=7.29,
      CI [3.90-13.62]) and 50-64 (RRR=5.38, CI [3.39-8.55]) age groups. Alcohol use
      disorders (AUDs) had small effects on hospital admission in all age groups
      (RRR=2.35, 95% CI [1.92-2.87]; RRR=2.15, 95% CI [1.95-2.37]; RRR=1.92, 95% CI
      [1.73-2.12]; and OR=1.93, 95% CI [1.20-3.10] in the 21-34, 35-49, 50-64, and 65+
      age groups, respectively). Drug use disorders (DUDs) had small-to-medium effects
      on hospital admission (RRR=4.40, 95% CI [3.87-5.0]; RRR=4.07, 95% CI [3.77-4.40];
      RRR=4.17, 95% CI [3.83-4.55]; and OR=2.53, 95% CI [2.70-3.78] in the 21-34, 35
      49, 50-64, and 65+ age groups, respectively). AUDs and DUDs were also
      significantly related to the risk of death, and DUDs had a small effect on the
      risk of discharge against medical advice in the 35-49 and 50-64 age groups.
      CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of MHSUDs and their significant roles in ED visit
      outcomes in patients with HIV provide support for integrated care for these
      patients outside the ED to reduce their ED visits and costly hospital admissions
      and institutional care that follows, especially for the increasing numbers of
      older adults with HIV.

PMID- 26973743
TI  - Care of Psychiatric Patients: The Challenge to Emergency Physicians.

PMID- 26973742
TI  - Managing Agitation Associated with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in the
      Emergency Setting.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patient agitation represents a significant challenge in the
      emergency department (ED), a setting in which medical staff are working under
      pressure dealing with a diverse range of medical emergencies. The potential for
      escalation into aggressive behavior, putting patients, staff, and others at risk,
      makes it imperative to address agitated behavior rapidly and efficiently. Time
      constraints and limited access to specialist psychiatric support have in the past
      led to the strategy of "restrain and sedate," which was believed to represent the
      optimal approach; however, it is increasingly recognized that more patient
      centered approaches result in improved outcomes. The objective of this review is
      to raise awareness of best practices for the management of agitation in the ED
      and to consider the role of new pharmacologic interventions in this setting.
      DISCUSSION: The Best practices in Evaluation and Treatment of Agitation (BETA)
      guidelines address the complete management of agitation, including triage,
      diagnosis, interpersonal calming skills, and medicine choices. Since their
      publication in 2012, there have been further developments in pharmacologic
      approaches for dealing with agitation, including both new agents and new modes of
      delivery, which increase the options available for both patients and physicians.
      Newer modes of delivery that could be useful in rapidly managing agitation
      include inhaled, buccal/sublingual and intranasal formulations. To date, the only
      formulation administered via a non-intramuscular route with a specific indication
      for agitation associated with bipolar or schizophrenia is inhaled loxapine. Non
      invasive formulations, although requiring cooperation from patients, have the
      potential to improve overall patient experience, thereby improving future
      cooperation between patients and healthcare providers. CONCLUSION: Management of
      agitation in the ED should encompass a patient-centered approach, incorporating
      non-pharmacologic approaches if feasible. Where pharmacologic intervention is
      necessary, a cooperative approach using non-invasive medications should be
      employed where possible.

PMID- 26973744
TI  - Electronic Vapor Cigarette Battery Explosion Causing Shotgun-like Superficial
      Wounds and Contusion.

PMID- 26973745
TI  - Salicylate Toxicity from Genital Exposure to a Methylsalicylate-Containing
      Rubefacient.
AB  - Methylsalicylate-containing rubefacients have been reported to cause salicylate
      poisoning after ingestion, topical application to abnormal skin, and
      inappropriate topical application to normal skin. Many over-the-counter products
      contain methylsalicylate. Topical salicylates rarely produce systemic toxicity
      when used appropriately; however, methylsaliclyate can be absorbed through intact
      skin. Scrotal skin can have up to 40-fold greater absorption compared to other
      dermal regions. We report a unique case of salicylate poisoning resulting from
      the use of a methylsalicylate-containing rubefacient to facilitate masturbation
      in a male teenager. Saliclyate toxicity has not previously been reported from the
      genital exposure to methylsaliclyate. 

PMID- 26973746
TI  - Traumatic Arthrotomy with Pneumarthrosis on Plain Radiograph of the Knee.

PMID- 26973748
TI  - Bullosis Diabeticorum.

PMID- 26973747
TI  - Young Woman with a Fever and Chest Pain.

PMID- 26973749
TI  - Turbid Peritoneal Fluid.

PMID- 26973750
TI  - There's an App for That? Highlighting the Difficulty in Finding Clinically
      Relevant Smartphone Applications.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The use of personal mobile devices in the medical field has grown
      quickly, and a large proportion of physicians use their mobile devices as an
      immediate resource for clinical decision-making, prescription information and
      other medical information. The iTunes App Store (Apple, Inc.) contains
      approximately 20,000 apps in its "Medical" category, providing a robust
      repository of resources for clinicians; however, this represents only 2% of the
      entire App Store. The App Store does not have strict criteria for identifying
      content specific to practicing physicians, making the identification of
      clinically relevant content difficult. The objective of this study is to quantify
      the characteristics of existing medical applications in the iTunes App Store that
      could be used by emergency physicians, residents, or medical students. METHODS:
      We found applications related to emergency medicine (EM) by searching the iTunes
      App Store for 21 terms representing core content areas of EM, such as "emergency
      medicine," "critical care," "orthopedics," and "procedures." Two physicians
      independently reviewed descriptions of these applications in the App Store and
      categorized each as the following: Clinically Relevant, Book/Published Source,
      Non-English, Study Tools, or Not Relevant. A third physician reviewer resolved
      disagreements about categorization. Descriptive statistics were calculated.
      RESULTS: We found a total of 7,699 apps from the 21 search terms, of which 17.8%
      were clinical, 9.6% were based on a book or published source, 1.6% were non
      English, 0.7% were clinically relevant patient education resources, and 4.8% were
      study tools. Most significantly, 64.9% were considered not relevant to medical
      professionals. Clinically relevant apps make up approximately 6.9% of the App
      Store's "Medical" Category and 0.1% of the overall App Store. CONCLUSION:
      Clinically relevant apps represent only a small percentage (6.9%) of the total
      App volume within the Medical section of the App Store. Without a structured
      search-and-evaluation strategy, it may be difficult for the casual user to
      identify this potentially useful content. Given the increasing adoption of
      devices in healthcare, national EM associations should consider curating these
      resources for their members.

PMID- 26973751
TI  - Point-of-Care Ultrasound to Evaluate a Teenager with Presyncope.

PMID- 26973752
TI  - Retrospective Review of Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Detection of Retinal
      Detachment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Retinal detachment is an ocular emergency that commonly presents to
      the emergency department (ED). Ophthalmologists are able to accurately make this
      diagnosis with a dilated fundoscopic exam, scleral depression or ophthalmic
      ultrasound when a view to the retina is obstructed. Emergency physicians (EPs)
      are not trained to examine the peripheral retina, and thus ophthalmic ultrasound
      can be used to aid in diagnosis. We assessed the accuracy of ocular point-of-care
      ultrasound (POCUS) in diagnosing retinal detachment. METHODS: We retrospectively
      reviewed charts of ED patients with suspected retinal detachment who underwent
      ocular POCUS between July 2012 and May 2015. Charts were reviewed for patients
      presenting to the ED with ocular complaints and clinical concern for retinal
      detachment. We compared ocular POCUS performed by EPs against the criterion
      reference of the consulting ophthalmologist's diagnosis. RESULTS: We enrolled a
      total of 109 patients. Of the 34 patients diagnosed with retinal detachment by
      the ophthalmologists, 31 were correctly identified as having retinal detachment
      by the EP using ocular POCUS. Of the 75 patients who did not have retinal
      detachment, 72 were ruled out by ocular POCUS by the EP. This resulted in a POCUS
      sensitivity of 91% (95% CI [76-98]) and specificity of 96% (95% CI [89-99]).
      CONCLUSION: This retrospective study suggests that ocular POCUS performed by EPs
      can aid in the diagnosis of retinal detachment in ED.

PMID- 26973753
TI  - Mistakes and Pitfalls Associated with Two-Point Compression Ultrasound for Deep
      Vein Thrombosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Two-point compression ultrasound is purportedly a simple and
      accurate means to diagnose proximal lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT),
      but the pitfalls of this technique have not been fully elucidated. The objective
      of this study is to determine the accuracy of emergency medicine resident
      performed two-point compression ultrasound, and to determine what technical
      errors are commonly made by novice ultrasonographers using this technique.
      METHODS: This was a prospective diagnostic test assessment of a convenience
      sample of adult emergency department (ED) patients suspected of having a lower
      extremity DVT. After brief training on the technique, residents performed two
      point compression ultrasounds on enrolled patients. Subsequently a radiology
      department ultrasound was performed and used as the gold standard. Residents were
      instructed to save videos of their ultrasounds for technical analysis. RESULTS:
      Overall, 288 two-point compression ultrasound studies were performed. There were
      28 cases that were deemed to be positive for DVT by radiology ultrasound. Among
      these 28, 16 were identified by the residents with two-point compression. Among
      the 260 cases deemed to be negative for DVT by radiology ultrasound, 10 were
      thought to be positive by the residents using two-point compression. This led to
      a sensitivity of 57.1% (95% CI [38.8-75.5]) and a specificity of 96.1% (95% CI
      [93.8-98.5]) for resident-performed two-point compression ultrasound. This
      corresponds to a positive predictive value of 61.5% (95% CI [42.8-80.2]) and a
      negative predictive value of 95.4% (95% CI [92.9-98.0]). The positive likelihood
      ratio is 14.9 (95% CI [7.5-29.5]) and the negative likelihood ratio is 0.45 (95%
      CI [0.29-0.68]). Video analysis revealed that in four cases the resident did not
      identify a DVT because the thrombus was isolated to the superior femoral vein
      (SFV), which is not evaluated by two-point compression. Moreover, the video
      analysis revealed that the most common mistake made by the residents was
      inadequate visualization of the popliteal vein. CONCLUSION: Two-point compression
      ultrasound does not identify isolated SFV thrombi, which reduces its sensitivity.
      Moreover, this technique may be more difficult than previously reported, in part
      because novice ultrasonographers have difficulty properly assessing the popliteal
      vein.

PMID- 26973754
TI  - Computerized Diagnostic Assistant for the Automatic Detection of Pneumothorax on
      Ultrasound: A Pilot Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bedside thoracic ultrasound (US) can rapidly diagnose pneumothorax
      (PTX) with improved accuracy over the physical examination and without the need
      for chest radiography (CXR); however, US is highly operator dependent. A
      computerized diagnostic assistant was developed by the United States Army
      Institute of Surgical Research to detect PTX on standard thoracic US images. This
      computer algorithm is designed to automatically detect sonographic signs of PTX
      by systematically analyzing B-mode US video clips for pleural sliding and M-mode
      still images for the seashore sign. This was a pilot study to estimate the
      diagnostic accuracy of the PTX detection computer algorithm when compared to an
      expert panel of US trained physicians. METHODS: This was a retrospective study
      using archived thoracic US obtained on adult patients presenting to the emergency
      department (ED) between 5/23/2011 and 8/6/2014. Emergency medicine residents,
      fellows, attending physicians, physician assistants, and medical students
      performed the US examinations and stored the images in the picture archive and
      communications system (PACS). The PACS was queried for all ED bedside US
      examinations with reported positive PTX during the study period along with a
      random sample of negatives. The computer algorithm then interpreted the images,
      and we compared the results to an independent, blinded expert panel of three
      physicians, each with experience reviewing over 10,000 US examinations. RESULTS:
      Query of the PACS system revealed 146 bedside thoracic US examinations for
      analysis. Thirteen examinations were indeterminate and were excluded. There were
      79 true negatives, 33 true positives, 9 false negatives, and 12 false positives.
      The test characteristics of the algorithm when compared to the expert panel were
      sensitivity 79% (95 % CI [63-89]) and specificity 87% (95% CI [77-93]). For the
      20 images scored as highest quality by the expert panel, the algorithm
      demonstrated 100% sensitivity (95% CI [56-100]) and 92% specificity (95% CI [62
      100]). CONCLUSION: This novel computer algorithm has potential to aid clinicians
      with the identification of the sonographic signs of PTX in the absence of expert
      physician sonographers. Further refinement and training of the algorithm is still
      needed, along with prospective validation, before it can be utilized in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 26973755
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Cannulation: Time to Bring Subclavian Central Lines Back.
AB  - Despite multiple advantages, subclavian vein (SCV) cannulation via the
      traditional landmark approach has become less used in comparison to ultrasound
      (US) guided internal jugular catheterization due to a higher rate of mechanical
      complications. A growing body of evidence indicates that SCV catheterization with
      real-time US guidance can be accomplished safely and efficiently. While several
      cannulation approaches with real-time US guidance have been described, available
      literature suggests that the infraclavicular, longitudinal "in-plane" technique
      may be preferred. This approach allows for direct visualization of needle
      advancement, which reduces risk of complications and improves successful
      placement. Infraclavicular SCV cannulation requires simultaneous use of US during
      needle advancement, but for an inexperienced operator, it is more easily learned
      compared to the traditional landmark approach. In this article, we review the
      evidence supporting the use of US guidance for SCV catheterization and discuss
      technical aspects of the procedure itself. 

PMID- 26973757
TI  - Physician Quality Reporting System Program Updates and the Impact on Emergency
      Medicine Practice.
AB  - In 2007, the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) created a novel
      payment program to create incentives for physician's to focus on quality of care
      measures and report quality performance for the first time. Initially termed "The
      Physician Voluntary Reporting Program," various Congressional actions, including
      the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (TRHCA) and Medicare Improvements for
      Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) further strengthened and ensconced
      this program, eventually leading to the quality program termed today as the
      Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS). As a result of passage of the
      Affordable Care Act of 2010, the PQRS program has expanded to include both the
      "traditional PQRS" reporting program and the newer "Value Modifier" program (VM).
      For the first time, these programs were designed to include pay-for-performance
      incentives for all physicians providing care to Medicare beneficiaries and to
      measure the cost of care. The recent passage of the Medicare Access and
      Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization Act in March of 2015
      includes changes to these payment programs that will have an even more profound
      impact on emergency care providers. We describe the implications of these
      important federal policy changes for emergency physicians. 

PMID- 26973756
TI  - Effects of Intraosseous Tibial vs. Intravenous Vasopressin in a Hypovolemic
      Cardiac Arrest Model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study compared the effects of vasopressin via tibial
      intraosseous (IO) and intravenous (IV) routes on maximum plasma concentration
      (Cmax), the time to maximum concentration (Tmax), return of spontaneous
      circulation (ROSC), and time to ROSC in a hypovolemic cardiac arrest model.
      METHODS: This study was a randomized prospective, between-subjects experimental
      design. A computer program randomly assigned 28 Yorkshire swine to one of four
      groups: IV (n=7), IO tibia (n=7), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) +
      defibrillation (n=7), and a control group that received just CPR (n=7).
      Ventricular fibrillation was induced, and subjects remained in arrest for two
      minutes. CPR was initiated and 40 units of vasopressin were administered via IO
      or IV routes. Blood samples were collected at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 4
      minutes. CPR and defibrillation were initiated for 20 minutes or until ROSC was
      achieved. We measured vasopressin concentrations using high-performance liquid
      chromatography. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the IO and
      IV groups relative to achieving ROSC (p=1.0) but a significant difference between
      the IV compared to the CPR+ defibrillation group (p=0.031) and IV compared to the
      CPR-only group (p=0.001). There was a significant difference between the IO group
      compared to the CPR+ defibrillation group (p=0.031) and IO compared to the CPR
      only group (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the CPR +
      defibrillation group and the CPR group (p=0.127). There was no significant
      difference in Cmax between the IO and IV groups (p=0.079). The mean +/- standard
      deviation of Cmax of the IO group was 58,709+/-25, 463 pg/mL compared to the IV
      group, which was 106,198+/-62, 135 pg/mL. There was no significant difference in
      mean Tmax between the groups (p=0.084). There were no significant differences in
      odds of ROSC between the tibial IO and IV groups. CONCLUSION: Prompt access to
      the vascular system using the IO route can circumvent the interruption in
      treatment observed with attempting conventional IV access. The IO route is an
      effective modality for the treatment of hypovolemic cardiac arrest and may be
      considered first line for rapid vascular access.

PMID- 26973758
TI  - Anxiety Sensitivity as a Moderator of the Association Between Premenstrual
      Symptoms and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity.
AB  - Experience of premenstrual symptoms may be an important factor involved in
      understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom vulnerability.
      Correlations between PTSD and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) have been
      identified in epidemiological studies, however, the nature of this relation is
      not clear. The current study examined the incremental validity of premenstrual
      symptoms, as well as their interaction with anxiety sensitivity, in the
      prediction of PTSD symptom severity above and beyond other theoretically relevant
      covariates. A community sample of trauma-exposed women (N = 63) completed
      questionnaires assessing premenstrual symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and
      neuroticism and were administered the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale to assess
      PTSD symptom severity. A series of hierarchical linear regressions revealed that
      premenstrual symptoms uniquely predicted PTSD total, reexperiencing, avoidance,
      and hyperarousal symptoms above and beyond other theoretically relevant
      covariates (i.e., number of potentially traumatic events, neuroticism, panic
      attack history, and anxiety sensitivity). Additionally, anxiety sensitivity
      emerged as a moderator of the association between premenstrual symptoms and PTSD
      symptom severity such that greater premenstrual symptoms were associated with
      greater PTSD total, reexperiencing, and numbing symptom severity for individuals
      high, but not low, in anxiety sensitivity. Experience of premenstrual symptoms
      may be an important sex-specific mechanism involved in increasing vulnerability
      for PTSD symptoms, particularly among women high in anxiety sensitivity.

PMID- 26973760
TI  - Evaluation of proliferation and cytokines production by mitogen-stimulated bovine
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate lymphocyte blastogenic and cytokine
      production by bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and concanavalin A (Con A)
      mitogens, by using tetrazolium salt and ELISA tests, respectively. The results
      presented that Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-gamma
      production in response to PWM mitogens was the highest and Con A the lowest
      amount and the median values of three mitogens were in the following order: PWM >
      PHA > Con A > cell control. In the case of IL-6, the production of this cytokine
      was the same amount for PWM and Con A and a lower amount for PHA stimulation. The
      results of this study not only showed a normal range for the production of these
      cytokines from PBMCs that were affected by mitogens, but it demonstrated that the
      bovine immune system at 2.5 to 3 months was post-natally matured enough to mount
      an effective immune response to mitogens as well as specific antigens. 

PMID- 26973761
TI  - Busulfan induced azoospermia: Stereological evaluation of testes in rat.
AB  - The aim of the present study was stereological evaluation of testes of
      azoospermic animal model using busulfan in rat. Three groups of male adult rats
      were used in this study. The first group was injected by single dose of busulfan
      (10 mg kg(-1)) and their testes were removed on day 35 post injection. The second
      group received double doses of busulfan with 21 days interval and their testes
      were removed on day 35 after the second injection. The testes of the third group
      were removed without busulfan therapy. In 10 circular transverse sections of
      tubules stained with hematoxylin-eosin, stereological parameters were measured.
      The testes were rated for its spermatogenic potential on a modified spermatogenic
      scale of 0 to 6. Cellular (germinal epithelium) diameter and area of the
      seminiferous tubules, total diameter and cross sectional area of the tubules of
      the seminiferous tubules in rats that received double doses of busulfan were less
      than the rats in single dose of busulfan and control groups (p < 0.05).
      Spermatogenesis index of seminiferous tubules in rats receiving two doses of
      busulfan was less than the rats received one dose of busulfan (p < 0.001) and the
      index of both treatment groups were less than the control group (p < 0.001). In
      conclusion, two doses of busulfan injection with 21 days interval produced an
      appropriate experimental model of induced azoospermia with comparable
      stereological indices of seminiferous tubules in rat. 

PMID- 26973762
TI  - Genotyping of Clostridium perfringens isolated from broiler meat in northeastern
      of Iran.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is an important cause of bacterial food
      poisoning worldwide. The disease is caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)
      encoded by cpe gene. The aim of this research was to identify the different types
      of C. perfringens and the presence of cpe gene in isolated bacteria from
      broilers' meat marketed in retail meat shops of Mashhad city in Northeastern of
      Iran. After isolation of C. perfringens using conventional culture method and
      confirmation by specific 16S rDNA gene, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction
      assay with specific primers, were performed for toxin typing of isolates.
      Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 31 broilers' meat samples (15.50%) out
      of 200 samples and for toxin typing the results showed 9 isolates as type A
      (29.03%) and 22 isolates as type C (70.96%). In this study, cpe-positive C.
      perfringens were detected in eight isolates of type C (25.00%). Our results
      indicated that C. perfringens type C is the most common type in broiler chicken
      carcasses. 

PMID- 26973763
TI  - Evaluating in vitro dose-response effects of Lavandula officinalis essential oil
      on rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production and ruminal acidosis.
AB  - Four in vitro experiments (Exp.) were conducted to evaluate lavender essential
      oil (LEO) effects at 0 (control), 250 (low dose), 500 (medium dose), 750 and 1000
      uL per L (high doses) of incubation medium on rumen gas production kinetics
      (Exp.1), ruminal digestibility and fermentation (Exp.2), methane production
      (Exp.3) and rumen acidosis (Exp.4). The asymptote of gas production (A) increased
      quadratically (p < 0.001), but the lag phase (L) increased (p = 0.003), and gas
      production rate (u) decreased linearly (p = 0.031) with increasing dose of LEO. A
      linear and quadratic effect (p < 0.01) was observed for the gas produced after 24
      hr of incubation (GP24). In vitro true dry matter degradability (IVTDMD) and in
      vitro true organic matter degradability (IVTOMD) both decreased linearly (p <
      0.01), but microbial biomass (MB) and partitioning factor (PF) changed
      quadratically with increasing doses of LEO (p < 0.05). A cubic effect was
      observed for total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and ammonia (NH3) concentrations (p
      < 0.05). Acetate molar percentage decreased (p = 0.004), whereas those of
      butyrate and valerate increased linearly (p < 0.05) with LEO dosage. The molar
      percentage of propionate increased by 10.60 and 12.00% at low and medium doses of
      LEO, respectively. Methane production decreased by 11.00 and 44.00 to 60.00% at
      medium and high doses of LEO (p < 0.05), respectively. Lavender essential oil
      decreased also ruminal pH at all included doses (p < 0.05), intensifying rumen
      acidosis. These results revealed a dose-dependent selective effect (stimulatory
      at low and medium, and inhibitory at high doses) of LEO on rumen fermentation. 

PMID- 26973759
TI  - Whispering gallery mode sensors.
AB  - We present a comprehensive overview of sensor technology exploiting optical
      whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. After a short introduction we begin by
      detailing the fundamental principles and theory of WGMs in optical microcavities
      and the transduction mechanisms frequently employed for sensing purposes. Key
      recent theoretical contributions to the modeling and analysis of WGM systems are
      highlighted. Subsequently we review the state of the art of WGM sensors by
      outlining efforts made to date to improve current detection limits. Proposals in
      this vein are numerous and range, for example, from plasmonic enhancements and
      active cavities to hybrid optomechanical sensors, which are already working in
      the shot noise limited regime. In parallel to furthering WGM sensitivity, efforts
      to improve the time resolution are beginning to emerge. We therefore summarize
      the techniques being pursued in this vein. Ultimately WGM sensors aim for real
      world applications, such as measurements of force and temperature, or
      alternatively gas and biosensing. Each such application is thus reviewed in turn,
      and important achievements are discussed. Finally, we adopt a more forward
      looking perspective and discuss the outlook of WGM sensors within both a physical
      and biological context and consider how they may yet push the detection envelope
      further.

PMID- 26973764
TI  - Frequency of specific agr groups and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus
      aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in the northeast of Iran.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is generally regarded as a leading cause of mastitis in
      dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of agr groups
      and any possible relationship between agr groups and antibiotic resistance among
      S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis in Northeast of Iran. For this
      purpose, a total of 300 bovine mastitic milk samples were taken from dairy
      industry farms of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. S. aureus were isolated and
      identified according to the standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing
      was conducted by disk diffusion method. In this study a total of 31 isolates of
      S. aureus were evaluated for agrD gene polymorphism by specific primers. Most of
      the isolates belonged to agr group I (54.8%), followed by agr group III (25.8%)
      and agr group II (19.4%). There was not any isolates belonging to group IV.
      Resistance to methicillin in agr group I isolates was more than other groups. Agr
      groups II and III were quite susceptible to methicillin. Due to high prevalent of
      S. aureus isolates and high antibiotic resistance rate in bovine mastitic
      isolates, it is important to verify the characteristics of S. aureus strains in
      Iran. 

PMID- 26973765
TI  - Seroprevalence of leptospiral infection in feline population in urban and dairy
      cattle herds in Mashhad, Iran.
AB  - The importance of cats in the Leptospira epidemiology is due to the possibility
      of transferring leptospirosis to wild and domesticated animals. The purpose of
      this survey was to determine the prevalence of Leptospira infection in shorthair
      cats in different location of Mashhad, Iran. Totally, 147 blood samples were
      taken from 42 (28.57%), 52 (35.37%) and 53 (36.05%) households, stray and cats
      which lived in industrial dairy cattle herds of Mashhad, Iran, respectively. Sera
      were tested with seven live Leptospira antigens using microscopic agglutination
      test (MAT). Sera with 50.00% agglutination at the dilution of >= 1/100 were
      considered as positive samples. Agglutination at dilutions of < 1/100 considered
      as suspected to Leptospira infection. Overall, 19 (12.92%) out of 147 cats showed
      reaction in MAT. The seroprevalence at a titer >= 1:100 and < 1:100 were 10
      (6.80%) and 9 (6.12%), respectively. Serum samples showed positive reaction
      against Leptospira intterogans hardjo (no = 10; 52.63%), pomona (no = 5; 26.31%)
      and icterohaemorrhagiae (no = 4; 21.05%). Eight cats (42.10%) belong to dairy
      cattle herds had the most infection only by L. I. hardjo with 1:200 titer. There
      were no significant differences among the weight' age and sex of infected cats.
      However, there were significant differences between the infected cats in dairy
      cattle herds and the cats in the urban area (p < 0.05). It is concluded that cats
      can be infected by Leptospira spp. especially in commercial dairy cattle herds.
      Cats can be considered as a sanitation hazards in the area for this zoonotic
      disease. 

PMID- 26973766
TI  - The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of gallic acid against mucosal
      inflammation- and erosions-induced by gastric ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
AB  - The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of gallic acid on
      gastric mucosal lesions caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat. Forty
      male rats were randomly divided into sham, control (I/R injury) and three gallic
      acid-pretreated groups. To induce I/R lesions, the celiac artery was clamped for
      30 min and then the clamp was removed to allow reperfusion for 6 hr. Pretreated
      rats received gallic acid (15, 30 or 60 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneally) 30 min
      prior to the induction of I/R injury. Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of
      the areas of ulceration were compared. Samples of gastric mucosa were collected
      to evaluate the protein expression of pro-apoptotic factor, caspase-3, and pro
      inflammatory enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) using western blot.
      Pretreatment with gallic acid decreased the total area of gastric lesions. Gallic
      acid at 30 mg kg(-1) decreased the levels of protein expression of caspase-3 and
      iNOS induced by I/R injury. Our findings showed the protective effect of gallic
      acid on gastric mucosa against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This effect of gallic
      acid was mainly mediated by reducing protein expression of iNOS and caspase-3. 

PMID- 26973767
TI  - Evaluation of the anti-nociceptive effects of morphine, tramadol, meloxicam and
      their combinations using the tail-flick test in rats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate anti-nociceptive effects of
      morphine, tramadol, meloxicam and their combinations in rats. Seventy male Wistar
      rats were divided into seven equal groups and randomly assigned to receive
      intraperitoneal saline (S) (control group, 1.0 mL kg(-1)), morphine (MO) (4.0 mg
      kg(-1)), tramadol (TR) (12.5 mg kg(-1)), meloxicam (ML) (1.0 mg kg(-1)), tramadol
      morphine (TR-MO), meloxicam-morphine (ML-MO) and meloxicam-tramadol (ML-TR) at
      the same doses. Anti-nociception was evaluated using tail flick latency (TFL)
      test at 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 min after drug injection. The TFL was
      significantly higher in TR and MO groups compared to S group for 90 and 120 min,
      respectively. No significant change in TFL from baseline values was observed at
      all time points in ML group. Among rats that received combination of analgesics,
      those that received TR-MO had significantly greater TFL. There was no significant
      difference in TFL between ML-TR and ML-MO groups. In conclusion, TR, MO and their
      combination all provided acceptable anti-nociceptive effects in rats. Meloxicam
      at the given dosage (1.0 mg kg(-1)) did not demonstrate any anti-nociceptive
      effect when evaluated by TFL test. 

PMID- 26973768
TI  - Fructooligosaccharide raftilose reduces the mycophenolate mofetil-induced
      complications: Hematological and biochemical alterations.
AB  - Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a selective inhibitor of Inosine-5'-monophosphate
      dehydrogenase. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances in immature ones are reported
      for MMF-induced compilations, which in the case of occurrence dose reduction is
      required. Thus, in the present study, the fructooligosaccharide raftilose((r))
      (RFT) was co-administrated with MMF to estimate the protective effect of RFT
      against MMF-induced GI complications. Thirty six immature male Wistar rats were
      divided into six groups including: Control (normal saline), RFT-treated (100 mg
      kg(-1)), MMF-treated (20 mg kg(-1)), MMF + LRFT (50 mg kg(-1)), MMF + MRFT (100
      mg kg(-1)) and MMF + HRFT (200 mg kg(-1)) groups. The hematocrit (Hct),
      lymphocyte/total WBC, feces water content and pH were analyzed. Moreover, the
      hepatic functional tests, kidney-related biomarkers, lipid and protein profiles,
      total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)
      contents were assessed. Co-administration of RFT stabilized the MMF-reduced body
      weight. The MMF significantly diminished Hct and lymph/total WBC (p < 0.05). Only
      MRFT enhanced the lymphocyte/total WBC. Increased water content, no changes in
      feces pH, increased serum ALT and AST, no alteration in urea and mild enhancement
      in creatinine were demonstrated in MMF-received animals. However, RFT at low dose
      ameliorated the feces parameters and reduced ALT. No significant changes were
      demonstrated for serum lipid and protein profiles in MMF- and RFT + MMF-treated
      groups. The RFT enhanced the serum TAC, reduced MDA and NO contents. In
      conclusion, our data suggested that RFT could be considered as an effective agent
      to subsidize the MMF-induced clinical, hematological and biochemical disorders. 

PMID- 26973769
TI  - Effect of sex on histomorphometric properties of Langerhans islets in native
      chickens.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of gender on the
      distribution of pancreatic islets in native chicken. Ten adult male and ten adult
      female Isfahan native chickens were used in this experiment. Results showed a
      distinct sexual dimorphism in the native chicken pancreas which depends upon the
      various fractions of the pancreatic lobes, which were occupied by alpha, beta and
      mixed islets. In both sexes, the islets were more frequently found in the splenic
      and the third lobes, whereas they were more scarcely observed in the ventral and
      the dorsal lobes. In both sexes, there were no alpha islets in the dorsal and
      ventral pancreatic lobes. The mean percentage of beta islets in the third and
      splenic lobes were significantly greater in males than females (p < 0.05).
      However, the mean percentage of mixed islets in the third and splenic lobes were
      significantly greater in females than males (p < 0.05). The mean percentage of
      the alpha islets in the splenic and third lobes and the mean percentage of beta
      and mixed islets in the dorsal and ventral lobes was similar in both sexes in
      chickens. There was no sex difference in the mean percentage of whole gland
      islets (p > 0.05). 

PMID- 26973770
TI  - The effects of different routes of inulin administration on gut microbiota and
      survival rate of Indian white shrimp post-larvae (Fenneropenaeus indicus).
AB  - The present study investigates the effects of different routes of inulin
      administration as prebiotic on gut microbiota and survival rate of Indian white
      shrimp post-larvae. Four hundred and fifty Indian white shrimp post-larvae (PL1)
      were stocked in nine tanks. The tanks were assigned into three treatments:
      feeding with inulin-treated (110 mg L(-1)) Artemia nauplii (I-T), feeding with
      inulin-enriched (110 mg L(-1)) Artemia nauplii (I-E) and control which repeated
      triplicates. Feeding trial was performed until PL11 stage and then gut microbiota
      was studied using culture based method. Also, survival rate was calculated at the
      end of feeding trial. Our results showed that feeding on inulin enriched or
      treated Artemia nauplii had no significant effect on total viable culturable
      autochthonous bacteria and Vibrio spp. levels of the gut microbiota (p > 0.05).
      However, a remarkable increase of lactic acid bacteria levels (LAB) was observed
      in I-E treatment (p < 0.05). Administration of inulin enriched Artemia nauplii
      significantly elevated survival rates of Indian white shrimp post-larvae (p <
      0.05). These results encourage administration of prebiotic-enriched Artemia
      nauplii in post larval stage of Indian white shrimp but determination the mode of
      action of prebiotic on various aspects of shrimp larviculture merit further
      research. 

PMID- 26973771
TI  - Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in two
      different camel species by conventional and molecular techniques.
AB  - Paratuberculosis (John's disease) is infectious and chronically progressive
      granulomatous disease which affects domestic and wild ruminants. The causative
      agent is Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), a slow growing mycobactin
      dependent acid-fast bacillus. We investigated the detection and frequency of MAP
      in apparently healthy dromedary and Bactrian camels by insertion sequence 900
      (IS900) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and acid fast staining of fecal samples
      in Iran. Acid fast staining results showed that 6/50 (12.0%) samples of dromedary
      camels and 4/26 (15.3%) samples of Bactrian camels were suspected to MAP.
      Although the percentage of positivity for PCR assay of fecal dromedary camel was
      8.0%, no bands corresponding to MAP detect in all samples of Bactrian camels. In
      conclusion, Although the incidence of MAP infection was low, further studies
      should be conducted to get more information on MAP infection in camel population,
      especially in areas where camels are close to other ruminants such as dairy cow,
      sheep and goat. 

PMID- 26973772
TI  - A case presentation of spider lamb syndrome in a Kermanian breed lamb.
AB  - Skeletal abnormalities are most often used to describe defects in the arms or
      legs that are associated with genes or chromosomes, or that occur due to an event
      that happens during pregnancy. Spider lamb syndrome (SLS) is a congenital
      disorder in sheep breeding that is recognized by some deformities in skeletal
      system especially in the limbs. A dead day-old cross-breed white lamb with
      deformed limbs was referred to the anatomy hall of the Veterinary Faculty of
      Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. In the external examination, the lamb was
      very skinny and in the facial region, superior brachygnathia with a slight Roman
      nose were observed. Metacarpal and metatarsal regions were more elongated than
      that expected. Also Metacarpal and metatarsal bones were as long as the
      antebrachial and crural regions, respectively. This paper, the first report of
      this syndrome in Iran, described the anatomic and radiographic features of the
      skeletal deformities in a day-old dead Kermanian breed lamb. 

PMID- 26973773
TI  - An unusual necrotic myositis by Clostridium perfringens in a German Shepherd dog:
      A clinical report, bacteriological and molecular identification.
AB  - Clostridial myositis, considered to be rare in pet animals, is an acutely fatal
      toxaemic condition. Some species of clostridia are responsible for necrotic
      myositis. A 2-year-old male German shepherd dog was admitted with non-weight
      bearing lameness and massive swelling of the left hind limb. Clostridium
      perfringens type A with alpha toxin was diagnosed as a pathogenic agent. Based on
      the history, the bacteria were introduced inside the tissue via contaminated
      needle following intramuscular injection. Urgent medical therapy followed by
      surgical intervention was performed. The dog was discharged completely healthy
      after hospitalization for four weeks. The objective of this report was to
      describe necrotic myositis in a dog with an emphasis on clinical signs and
      treatment as well as bacteriological and molecular identification of the micro
      organism. Because of the fatal entity of the disease, prompt diagnosis as well as
      proper and urgent treatment is very important for successful therapy. 

PMID- 26962431
TI  - Post-operative rehabilitation and nutrition in osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative process involving the progressive loss of
      articular cartilage, synovial inflammation and structural changes in subchondral
      bone that lead to loss of synovial joint structural features and functionality of
      articular cartilage. OA represents one of the most common causes of physical
      disability in the world. Different OA treatments are usually considered in
      relation to the stage of the disease. In the early stages, it is possible to
      recommend physical activity programs that can maintain joint health and keep the
      patient mobile, as recommended by OA Research Society International (OARSI) and
      European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). In the most severe and advanced cases
      of OA, surgical intervention is necessary. After, in early postoperative stages,
      it is essential to include a rehabilitation exercise program in order to restore
      the full function of the involved joint. Physical therapy is crucial for the
      success of any surgical procedure and can promote recovery of muscle strength,
      range of motion, coordinated walking, proprioception and mitigate joint pain.
      Furthermore, after discharge from the hospital, patients should continue the
      rehabilitation exercise program at home associated to an appropriate diet. In
      this review, we analyze manuscripts from the most recent literature and provide a
      balanced and comprehensive overview of the latest developments on the effect of
      physical exercise on postoperative rehabilitation in OA. The literature search
      was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using the
      keywords 'osteoarthritis', 'rehabilitation', 'exercise' and 'nutrition'. The
      available data suggest that physical exercise is an effective, economical and
      accessible to everyone practice, and it is one of the most important components
      of postoperative rehabilitation for OA.

PMID- 26973774
TI  - Identification of an Inhibitor of the Aminoglycoside 6'-N-Acetyltransferase type
      Ib [AAC(6')-Ib] by Glide Molecular Docking.
AB  - The aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase type Ib, AAC(6')-Ib, confers resistance
      to clinically relevant aminoglycosides and is the most widely distributed enzyme
      among AAC(6')-I-producing Gram-negative pathogens. An alternative to counter the
      action of this enzyme is the development of inhibitors. Glide is a computational
      strategy for rapidly docking ligands to protein sites and estimating their
      binding affinities. We docked a collection of 280,000 compounds from 7 sub
      libraries of the Chembridge library as ligands to the aminoglycoside binding site
      of AAC(6')-Ib. We identified a compound, 1-[3-(2-aminoethyl)benzyl]-3-(piperidin
      1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (compound 1), that inhibited the acetylation of
      aminoglycosides in vitro with IC50 values of 39.7 and 34.9 uM when the
      aminoglycoside substrates assayed were kanamycin A or amikacin, respectively. The
      growth of an amikacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strain was
      inhibited in the presence of a combination of amikacin and compound 1.

PMID- 26962432
TI  - Case Report: "ADHD Trainer": the mobile application that enhances cognitive
      skills in ADHD patients.
AB  - We report the case of a 10 year old patient diagnosed with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid video game addiction, who was treated
      with medication combined to a novel cognitive training method based on video
      games called TCT method. A great risk of developing video game or internet
      addiction has been reported in children, especially in children with ADHD.
      Despite this risk, we hypothesize that the good use of these new technologies
      might be useful to develop new methods of cognitive training. The cognitive areas
      in which a greater improvement was observed through the use of video games were
      the visuospatial working memory and fine motor skills. TCT method is a cognitive
      training method that enhances cognitive skills such as attention, working memory,
      processing speed, calculation ability, reasoning, and visuomotor coordination.
      The purpose of reviewing this case is to highlight that regular cognitive
      computerized training in ADHD patients can improve some of their cognitive
      symptoms and can help treating video game addiction.

PMID- 26962432
TI  - Case Report: "ADHD Trainer": the mobile application that enhances cognitive
      skills in ADHD patients.
AB  - We report the case of a 10 year old patient diagnosed with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid video game addiction, who was treated
      with medication combined with a novel cognitive training method based on video
      games called TCT method. A great risk of developing video game or internet
      addiction has been reported in children, especially in children with ADHD.
      Despite this risk, we hypothesize that the good use of these new technologies
      might be useful to develop new methods of cognitive training. The cognitive areas
      in which a greater improvement was observed through the use of video games were
      visuospatial working memory and fine motor skills. TCT method is a cognitive
      training method that enhances cognitive skills such as attention, working memory,
      processing speed, calculation ability, reasoning, and visuomotor coordination.
      The purpose of reviewing this case is to highlight that regular cognitive
      computerized training in ADHD patients may improve some of their cognitive
      symptoms and might be helpful for treating video game addiction. 

PMID- 26962431
TI  - Post-operative rehabilitation and nutrition in osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative process involving the progressive loss of
      articular cartilage, synovial inflammation and structural changes in subchondral
      bone that lead to loss of synovial joint structural features and functionality of
      articular cartilage. OA represents one of the most common causes of physical
      disability in the world. Different OA treatments are usually considered in
      relation to the stage of the disease. In the early stages, it is possible to
      recommend physical activity programs that can maintain joint health and keep the
      patient mobile, as recommended by OA Research Society International (OARSI) and
      European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). In the most severe and advanced cases
      of OA, surgical intervention is necessary. After, in early postoperative stages,
      it is essential to include a rehabilitation exercise program in order to restore
      the full function of the involved joint. Physical therapy is crucial for the
      success of any surgical procedure and can promote recovery of muscle strength,
      range of motion, coordinated walking, proprioception and mitigate joint pain.
      Furthermore, after discharge from the hospital, patients should continue the
      rehabilitation exercise program at home associated to an appropriate diet. In
      this review, we analyze manuscripts from the most recent literature and provide a
      balanced and comprehensive overview of the latest developments on the effect of
      physical exercise on postoperative rehabilitation in OA. The literature search
      was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using the
      keywords 'osteoarthritis', 'rehabilitation', 'exercise' and 'nutrition'. The
      available data suggest that physical exercise is an effective, economical and
      accessible to everyone practice, and it is one of the most important components
      of postoperative rehabilitation for OA. 

PMID- 26966513
TI  - EEG correlates of social interaction at distance.
AB  - This study investigated EEG correlates of social interaction at distance between
      twenty-five pairs of participants who were not connected by any traditional
      channels of communication. Each session involved the application of 128
      stimulations separated by intervals of random duration ranging from 4 to 6
      seconds. One of the pair received a one-second stimulation from a light signal
      produced by an arrangement of red LEDs, and a simultaneous 500 Hz sinusoidal
      audio signal of the same length. The other member of the pair sat in an isolated
      sound-proof room, such that any sensory interaction between the pair was
      impossible. An analysis of the Event-Related Potentials associated with sensory
      stimulation using traditional averaging methods showed a distinct peak at
      approximately 300 ms, but only in the EEG activity of subjects who were directly
      stimulated. However, when a new algorithm was applied to the EEG activity based
      on the correlation between signals from all active electrodes, a weak but robust
      response was also detected in the EEG activity of the passive member of the pair,
      particularly within 9 - 10 Hz in the Alpha range. Using the Bootstrap method and
      the Monte Carlo emulation, this signal was found to be statistically significant.

PMID- 26966513
TI  - EEG correlates of social interaction at distance.
AB  - This study investigated EEG correlates of social interaction at distance between
      twenty-five pairs of participants who were not connected by any traditional
      channels of communication. Each session involved the application of 128
      stimulations separated by intervals of random duration ranging from 4 to 6
      seconds. One of the pair received a one-second stimulation from a light signal
      produced by an arrangement of red LEDs, and a simultaneous 500 Hz sinusoidal
      audio signal of the same length. The other member of the pair sat in an isolated
      sound-proof room, such that any sensory interaction between the pair was
      impossible. An analysis of the Event-Related Potentials associated with sensory
      stimulation using traditional averaging methods showed a distinct peak at
      approximately 300 ms, but only in the EEG activity of subjects who were directly
      stimulated. However, when a new algorithm was applied to the EEG activity based
      on the correlation between signals from all active electrodes, a weak but robust
      response was also detected in the EEG activity of the passive member of the pair,
      particularly within 9 - 10 Hz in the Alpha range. Using the Bootstrap method and
      the Monte Carlo emulation, this signal was found to be statistically significant.

PMID- 26949516
TI  - Social Network: a Cytoscape app for visualizing co-authorship networks.
AB  - Networks that represent connections between individuals can be valuable analytic
      tools. The Social Network Cytoscape app is capable of creating a visual summary
      of connected individuals automatically. It does this by representing
      relationships as networks where each node denotes an individual and an edge
      linking two individuals represents a connection. The app focuses on creating
      visual summaries of individuals connected by co-authorship links in academia,
      created from bibliographic databases like PubMed, Scopus and InCites. The
      resulting co-authorship networks can be visualized and analyzed to better
      understand collaborative research networks or to communicate the extent of
      collaboration and publication productivity among a group of researchers, like in
      a grant application or departmental review report. It can also be useful as a
      research tool to identify important research topics, researchers and papers in a
      subject area.

PMID- 26949516
TI  - Social Network: a Cytoscape app for visualizing co-authorship networks.
AB  - Networks that represent connections between individuals can be valuable analytic
      tools. The Social Network Cytoscape app is capable of creating a visual summary
      of connected individuals automatically. It does this by representing
      relationships as networks where each node denotes an individual and an edge
      linking two individuals represents a connection. The app focuses on creating
      visual summaries of individuals connected by co-authorship links in academia,
      created from bibliographic databases like PubMed, Scopus and InCites. The
      resulting co-authorship networks can be visualized and analyzed to better
      understand collaborative research networks or to communicate the extent of
      collaboration and publication productivity among a group of researchers, like in
      a grant application or departmental review report. It can also be useful as a
      research tool to identify important research topics, researchers and papers in a
      subject area. 

PMID- 26973784
TI  - Effect of the synthesis of rice non-symbiotic hemoglobins 1 and 2 in the
      recombinant Escherichia coli TB1 growth.
AB  - Non-symbiotic hemoglobins (nsHbs) are widely distributed in land plants,
      including rice. These proteins are classified into type 1 (nsHbs-1) and type 2.
      The O 2-affinity of nsHbs-1 is very high mostly because of an extremely low O 2
      dissociation rate constant resulting in that nsHbs-1 apparently do not release O
      2 after oxygenation. Thus, it is possible that the in vivo function of nsHbs-1 is
      other than O 2-transport. Based on the properties of multiple Hbs it was proposed
      that nsHbs-1 could play diverse roles in rice organs, however the in vivo
      activity of rice nsHbs-1 has been poorly analyzed. An in vivo analysis for rice
      nsHbs-1 is essential to elucidate the biological function(s) of these proteins.
      Rice Hb1 and Hb2 are nsHbs-1 that have been generated in recombinant Es cherichia
      coli TB1. The rice Hb1 and Hb2 amino acid sequence, tertiary structure and rate
      and equilibrium constants for the reaction of O 2 are highly similar. Thus, it is
      possible that rice Hb1 and Hb2 function similarly in vivo. As an initial approach
      to test this hypothesis we analyzed the effect of the synthesis of rice Hb1 and
      Hb2 in the recombinant E. coli TB1 growth. Effect of the synthesis of the O 2
      carrying soybean leghemoglobin a, cowpea leghemoglobin II and Vitreoscilla Hb in
      the recombinant E. coli TB1 growth was also analyzed as an O 2-carrier control.
      Our results showed that synthesis of rice Hb1, rice Hb2, soybean Lb a, cowpea
      LbII and Vitreoscilla Hb inhibits the recombinant E. coli TB1 growth and that
      growth inhibition was stronger when recombinant E. coli TB1 synthesized rice Hb2
      than when synthesized rice Hb1. These results suggested that rice Hb1 and Hb2
      could function differently in vivo. 

PMID- 26973785
TI  - FreeSASA: An open source C library for solvent accessible surface area
      calculations.
AB  - Calculating solvent accessible surface areas (SASA) is a run-of-the-mill
      calculation in structural biology. Although there are many programs available for
      this calculation, there are no free-standing, open-source tools designed for easy
      tool-chain integration. FreeSASA is an open source C library for SASA
      calculations that provides both command-line and Python interfaces in addition to
      its C API. The library implements both Lee and Richards' and Shrake and Rupley's
      approximations, and is highly configurable to allow the user to control molecular
      parameters, accuracy and output granularity. It only depends on standard C
      libraries and should therefore be easy to compile and install on any platform.
      The library is well-documented, stable and efficient. The command-line interface
      can easily replace closed source legacy programs, with comparable or better
      accuracy and speed, and with some added functionality. 

PMID- 26973788
TI  - Erratum to: Evaluation of an online training program in eating disorders for
      health professionals in Australia.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-015-0078-7.]. 

PMID- 26973786
TI  - Tumour Cell Heterogeneity.
AB  - The population of cells that make up a cancer are manifestly heterogeneous at the
      genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic levels. In this mini-review, we summarise the
      extent of intra-tumour heterogeneity (ITH) across human malignancies, review the
      mechanisms that are responsible for generating and maintaining ITH, and discuss
      the ramifications and opportunities that ITH presents for cancer prognostication
      and treatment. 

PMID- 26973789
TI  - Improving the post-meal experience of hospitalised patients with eating disorders
      using visuospatial, verbal and somatic activities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study compares the effects of different cognitive tasks on post
      meal negative affect, positive affect, intrusive thoughts and intrusive images of
      hospitalised patients with eating disorders. METHODS: Twenty-five participants
      were recruited from an eating disorder service. Using a within-subjects design,
      participants performed one of the following tasks for 15 min: the game 'Tetris'
      (visuospatial), a general knowledge 'Quiz' (verbal), 'Braille' translation
      (somatic) and 'Sitting Quietly' (control). In total, participants completed each
      task on three occasions. RESULTS: The visuospatial, verbal and somatic tasks had
      beneficial effects on all positive and negative indicators, when compared with
      'Sitting Quietly'. Visuospatial and somatic tasks were more effective at reducing
      intrusive imagery than the verbal task. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that
      certain engaging activities can help hospitalised patients with eating disorders
      manage the difficult post-meal period.

PMID- 26973787
TI  - Genetics and Therapeutics in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: the Past, Present and
      Future.
AB  - Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and remitting disease with significant
      phenotypic and genotypic variability. Though more common in adults, UC is being
      increasingly diagnosed in childhood. The subsequent lifelong course of disease
      results in challenges for the patient and physician. Currently, there is no
      medical cure for UC. Even though surgical removal of the colon can be curative,
      complications including infertility in females make colectomy an option often
      considered only when the disease presents with life-threatening complications or
      when medical management fails. One of the greatest challenges the clinician faces
      in the care of patients with UC is the inability to predict at diagnosis which
      patient is going to respond to a specific therapy or will eventually require
      surgery. This therapeutic conundrum frames the discussion to follow, specifically
      the concept of individualized or personalized treatment strategies based on
      genetic risk factors. As we move to therapeutics, we will elucidate traditional
      approaches and discuss known and novel agents. As we look to the future, we can
      expect increasing integrated approaches using several scientific disciplines to
      inform how genetic interactions shape and mold the pathogenesis and therapeutics
      of UC. 

PMID- 26973790
TI  - Focal therapy using magnetic resonance image-guided focused ultrasound in
      patients with localized prostate cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and report the feasibility,
      safety, and initial outcomes of patients with limited localized prostate cancer
      treated using a trans-rectal magnetic resonance image-guided focused ultrasound
      (MRGFUS) device. Attempts to focally treat only the index lesion for prostate
      cancer have been explored to reduce side effects while maintaining oncologic
      control. MRGFUS allows for precise targeting of thermal ablative therapy with
      real-time thermometry. METHODS: Three patients underwent multiparametric 3T MRI
      and TRUS-guided 16-sector mapping biopsies of the prostate. The patients were
      eligible if they had Gleason 6 or 7 (3 + 4) disease, no MRI-visible tumor >=15
      mm, no extracapsular extension, and no more than two discrete cancerous lesions
      <=10 mm in length. Acoustic power was adjusted to achieve temperatures of 65 to
      85  degrees C. RESULTS: Age ranged from 60 to 64 years. The number of biopsy
      positive sectors treated ranged from 2 to 4. Post therapy, 16-sector biopsies at
      6 months were negative in two patients with one patient still with Gleason 6
      cancer (10 %, 2 mm) in one core. 16-sector biopsy in the first patient remains
      negative at 24 months. PSA continues to remain stable in all patients. IPSS in
      all patients either remained stable or decreased then stabilized. Erectile
      function according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was
      excellent for all patients and demonstrated no decline up to the time of last
      follow-up at 12-24 months. CONCLUSIONS: MRGFUS is a feasible alternative for
      focal therapy in a select subset of patients with prostate cancer. The treatment
      is well tolerated with no evidence of decline in functional outcomes. Initial
      post-therapy biopsy results are promising. Long-term treatment efficacy requires
      further study.

PMID- 26973791
TI  - Randomized double-blind safety comparison of intravenous iron dextran versus iron
      sucrose in an adult non-hemodialysis outpatient population: A feasibility study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intravenous iron therapy is a treatment option for iron deficient
      patients who are intolerant to oral iron or where oral iron is ineffective, but
      with possible adverse effects. Currently, prospective studies comparing different
      intravenous iron formulations are needed to determine safety and efficacy of
      these agents. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized
      controlled trial (RCT) to assess the feasibility of a trial comparing the safety
      of high molecular weight intravenous iron dextran, Infufer(r), with intravenous
      iron sucrose, Venofer(r), in non-hemodialysis adult outpatients. Primary outcome
      was the occurrence of immediate severe drug reactions. RESULTS: We enrolled 143
      patients in a one-year period. Overall, 45/143 (31.5 %) patients (20 iron
      dextran, 25 iron sucrose) developed 48 infusion reactions (14 immediate, 28
      delayed, and 3 both). The risk of an immediate reaction was similar in both
      groups, 9/73 (12.3 %) iron dextran versus 8/70 (11.4 %) iron sucrose, RR = 0.93
      (95 % CI; 0.38 to 2.27). The risk of a delayed reaction was significantly higher
      in the iron sucrose group 22/70 (31.4 %) versus the iron dextran group 9/73 (12.3
      %), RR = 2.55 (95 % CI; 1.26 to 5.15; p = 0.0078). CONCLUSION: In this limited
      feasibility study, no major differences in immediate reactions were seen, but a
      significantly higher number of delayed reactions were seen in the iron sucrose
      group. Further, under our assumptions and design a full RCT to evaluate the
      safety of different intravenous iron preparations is not feasible. Future studies
      should consider modifying the clinical outcomes, utilize multiple centers, and
      consider other emerging parenteral iron formulations. (ClinicalTrials.gov
      NCT005936197 January 3, 2008).

PMID- 26973792
TI  - Age profiles of sport participants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Participation in sport has many health benefits, and is popular
      amongst children. However participation decreases with age. While the membership
      records of peak sports organisations have improved markedly in recent years,
      there has been little research into sport participation trends across the
      lifespan. This study investigates age profiles of participation in sport and
      compares these trends between genders and residential locations. METHODS: De
      identified 2011 participant registration data for seven popular Australian sports
      (Australian Football, Basketball, Cricket, Hockey, Lawn Bowls, Netball and
      Tennis) were obtained and analysed according to age, gender and geographical
      location (metropolitan v non-metropolitan) within the state of Victoria,
      Australia. All data were integrated and sports were analysed collectively to
      produce broadly based participation profiles while maintaining confidentiality of
      membership data for individual sports. RESULTS: The total number of registered
      participants included in the data set for 2011 was 520,102. Most participants
      (64.1 %) were aged less than 20 years. Nearly one third (27.6 %) of all
      participants were aged 10-14 years, followed by the 5-9 year age group (19.9 %).
      Participation declined rapidly during adolescence. A higher proportion of males
      than female participants were young children (4-7 years) or young adults 18-29
      years; this pattern was reversed among 8-17 year-olds. A higher proportion of
      metropolitan participants were engaged between the ages of 4-13 and 19-29,
      whereas a higher proportion of non-metropolitan participants played during
      adolescence (14-18 years) and throughout mature adulthood (30+ years).
      CONCLUSIONS: Increasing participation in sport is an objective for both
      government and sporting organisations. In order to have both mass population
      based participation, from a health policy and elite performance perspective, we
      need to further explore the findings arising from the analysis of this extensive
      data set. Such an examination will lead to better understand of the reasons for
      attrition during adolescence to inform program and policy developments to retain
      people participating in sport, for a healthy and sport performing nation.

PMID- 26973793
TI  - Prevalence of pectinate ligament dysplasia and associations with age, sex and
      intraocular pressure in the Basset hound, Flatcoated retriever and Dandie Dinmont
      terrier.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to: determine the prevalence of pectinate
      ligament dysplasia (PLD) in populations of Basset hounds (BH), Flatcoated
      retrievers (FCR) and Dandie Dinmont terriers (DDT) resident in the UK;
      investigate possible associations between the degree of PLD and age, sex and
      intraocular pressure (IOP) and; investigate possible associations between IOP and
      age and sex. Gonioscopy was performed in both eyes of 198 BH, 170 FCR and 95 DDT
      and the percentage of iridocorneal angle affected by PLD was estimated and
      classified as unaffected (0 %), mildly affected (<20 %), moderately affected (20
      90 %) or severely affected (>90 %). Rebound tonometry was performed bilaterally
      in the majority of enrolled dogs. RESULTS: Seventy-six of 198 (38.4 %) BH, 36/170
      (21.2 %) FCR and 21/95 (22.1 %) DDT were moderately or severely affected by PLD.
      The prevalence of PLD was significantly higher in BH than both FCR and DDT. In
      all breeds there was a significant positive correlation between PLD and age. In
      the BH only there was a significant association between PLD and sex. In the DDT
      only there was a weak negative correlation between PLD and IOP and a moderately
      strong negative correlation between IOP and age. CONCLUSIONS: PLD is prevalent
      and significantly associated with age in all three breeds we investigated. The
      linear relationship between PLD and age can be explained by the progression of
      PLD over time which would contribute to the high prevalence of PLD despite
      widespread screening.

PMID- 26973794
TI  - The utility of biomarker risk prediction score in patients with chronic heart
      failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure (CHF) has been remained a leading cause of
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortaluty. The risk stratification of CHF
      individuals based on clinical criteria and biomarkers' models may improve medical
      care and probably increase efficacy of treatment strategy. However, various
      predictive models approved for CHF patients appear to be distinguished in their
      prognostications. The study aim was to evaluate whether biomarker risk prediction
      score is powerful tool for risk assessment of three-year fatal and non-fatal
      cardiovascular events in CHF patients. METHODS: It was studied prospectively the
      incidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in a cohort of 388
      patients with ischemic-induced CHF within 3 years. Circulating biomarkers were
      collected at baseline of the study. RESULTS: Independent predictors of clinical
      outcomes in patients with CHF were NT-pro-BNP, galectin-3, hs-CRP,
      osteoprotegerin, CD31(+)/annexin V(+) endothelail-derived microparticles (EMPs)
      and CD31(+)/annexin V(+) EMPs to CD14(+)CD309(+) monuclear progenitor cells
      (MPCs) ratio. Index of cardiovascular risk was calculated by mathematical
      summation of all ranks of independent predictors, which occurred in the patients
      included in the study. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with CHF and
      the magnitude of the risk of less than 4 units have an advantage in survival when
      compared with patients for whom obtained higher values of cardiovascular risk
      score ranks. CONCLUSION: Biomarker risk score for cumulative cardiovascular
      events, constructed by measurement of circulating NT-pro-BNP, galectin-3, hs-CRP,
      osteoprotegerin, CD31+/annexin V+ EMPs and CD31(+)/annexin V(+) EMPs to
      CD14(+)CD309(+) MPCs ratio, allowing reliably predict the probability survival of
      patients with CHF.

PMID- 26973795
TI  - Differentially Private Histogram Publication For Dynamic Datasets: An Adaptive
      Sampling Approach.
AB  - Differential privacy has recently become a de facto standard for private
      statistical data release. Many algorithms have been proposed to generate
      differentially private histograms or synthetic data. However, most of them focus
      on "one-time" release of a static dataset and do not adequately address the
      increasing need of releasing series of dynamic datasets in real time. A
      straightforward application of existing histogram methods on each snapshot of
      such dynamic datasets will incur high accumulated error due to the composibility
      of differential privacy and correlations or overlapping users between the
      snapshots. In this paper, we address the problem of releasing series of dynamic
      datasets in real time with differential privacy, using a novel adaptive distance
      based sampling approach. Our first method, DSFT, uses a fixed distance threshold
      and releases a differentially private histogram only when the current snapshot is
      sufficiently different from the previous one, i.e., with a distance greater than
      a predefined threshold. Our second method, DSAT, further improves DSFT and uses a
      dynamic threshold adaptively adjusted by a feedback control mechanism to capture
      the data dynamics. Extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets
      demonstrate that our approach achieves better utility than baseline methods and
      existing state-of-the-art methods.

PMID- 26973796
TI  - Reduced Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults with Hemiparetic Chronic Stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the component of energy expenditure
      that explains the largest proportion of total daily energy requirements. Since
      RMR is determined largely by fat-free mass and a low RMR predicts weight gain in
      healthy adults, identifying the role of muscle atrophy following stroke on RMR
      may help identify ways to mitigate the development of obesity post-stroke.
      METHODS: Thirty-nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis (mean +/- SEM:
      age: 61 +/- 1 years, latency from stroke: 107 +/- 40 months, BMI: 31 +/- 3 kg/m2)
      underwent DXA scans for measurement of body composition, including total,
      paretic, and non-paretic leg lean mass and fasted, 30-min indirect calorimetry
      for measurement of RMR. RESULT: Predicted RMR was calculated by the Mifflin-St
      Jeor equation, which considers weight, height, and age for both men and women.
      RMR was 14% lower than predicted (1438 +/- 45 vs. 1669 +/- 38 kcals/24 hrs;
      P<0.01). Total (r=0.73, P<0.01), paretic (r=0.72, P<0.01) and non-paretic
      (r=0.67, P<0.01) leg lean mass predicted RMR. CONCLUSION: These data indicate
      that muscle atrophy post stroke may lead to a reduced RMR. This substantiates the
      need to attenuate the loss of lean mass after a stroke to prevent declines in RMR
      and possible weight gain common post-stroke.

PMID- 26973798
TI  - It's Not Just About the Money: Gender and Youth Migration from Rural China.
AB  - Statistics suggest that young men and women in China migrate at almost equal
      numbers, but we know less about gender differences in the decision to migrate. We
      examine the factors associated with the decision to migrate and the rationales
      given by young migrants. Our results are consistent with previous figures and
      show no overall gender differences in susceptibility to migration. However, we
      find that sibship structure operates differently on the decisions of boys and
      girls. Young men were more likely to report that they had moved for purposes of
      starting a business or personal development than young women, while young women
      were more likely to report that they had moved to support the tuition of a family
      member. We argue that the simple gender parity with respect to the number of
      migrants masks important differences in the circumstances and personal
      motivations for migration for men and women.

PMID- 26973799
TI  - Test-Retest Reliability of the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) was developed to provide a
      structured approach for collecting standardized symptomatology and health history
      information to allow researchers and clinicians to determine whether a patient
      meets the diagnostic criteria for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue
      syndrome (ME/CFS), myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and/or chronic fatigue
      syndrome (CFS). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest
      reliability of the DSQ. METHODS: Test-retest reliability of the measure was
      examined with a sample of 26 adults self-identifying as having either ME/CFS, ME
      and/or CFS and 25 adults who did not self-identify as having these illnesses and
      were otherwise healthy controls. RESULTS: Overall, the majority of items on the
      DSQ exhibited good to excellent test-retest reliability, with Pearson's or kappa
      correlation coefficients that were 0.70 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the present
      study suggests that the DSQ is a reliable diagnostic measure that can provide a
      standardized way of examining illness constructs and symptomatology among
      patients who identify as having ME/CFS, ME and/or CFS.

PMID- 26973797
TI  - Beyond HbA1c: Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy.
AB  - Diabetic retinopathy affects 4.2 million people in the United States and is the
      leading cause of blindness in working-aged people. As the prevalence of diabetes
      continues to rise, cost-effective interventions to decrease blindness from
      diabetic retinopathy will be paramount. While HbA1c and duration of disease are
      known risk factors, they account for only 11% of the risk of developing
      microvascular complications from the disease. The assessment of environmental
      risk factors for diabetic eye disease allows for the determination of modifiable
      population-level challenges that may be addressed to facilitate the end of
      blindness from diabetes.

PMID- 26973800
TI  - Computerized Intervention to Increase Motivation for Diabetes Self-Management in
      Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.

PMID- 26973802
TI  - Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Versus 3D Conformal Radiotherapy for
      Postoperative Gynecologic Cancer: Are They Covering the Same Planning Target
      Volume?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study compares dosimetric parameters of planning
      target volume (PTV) coverage and organs at risk (OAR) sparing when postoperative
      radiotherapy for gynecologic cancers is delivered using volumetric modulated arc
      therapy (VMAT) versus a four-field (4FLD) box technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      From July to December 2012, women requiring postoperative radiation for
      gynecologic cancers were treated with a standardized VMAT protocol. Two sets of
      optimized 4FLD plans were retrospectively generated: one based on standard
      anatomical borders (4FLD) and one based on the clinical target volume (CTV)
      created for VMAT with a 2 cm expansion guiding field border placement (4FLD+2).
      Ninety-five percent isodose curves were generated to evaluate PTV coverage.
      RESULTS: VMAT significantly improved dose conformity compared with 4FLD and
      4FLD+2 plans (p < 0.001) and provided additional coverage of the PTV posteriorly
      and superiorly, corresponding to coverage of the presacral and proximal iliac
      vessels. There was a significant reduction in dose to all OARs with VMAT,
      including a 58% reduction in the volume of the small bowel receiving more than 45
      Gy (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Despite treating a larger volume, radiotherapy using a
      4FLD technique is less homogenous and provides inferior coverage of the PTV
      compared with VMAT. With meticulous treatment planning and delivery, VMAT
      effectively encompasses the PTV and minimizes dose to OARs.

PMID- 26973803
TI  - Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Life-threatening Complication of Intraoperative
      Electromyography.
AB  - Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is a commonly used practice during
      spine surgery. Complications of electromyography (EMG) needle electrode placement
      are very uncommon. We present a patient who was infected with necrotizing
      fasciitis in her left thigh due to an EMG needle electrode during a two-stage
      complex spine procedure. This case demonstrates that providers should continue to
      meticulously adhere to protocol when inserting and removing EMG needles, but also
      be cognizant during postoperative observation of the possibility of infection
      caused by EMG needles. 

PMID- 26973801
TI  - Enzyme replacement therapy for treating mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (Morquio A
      syndrome): effect and limitations.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Following a Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)
      controlled, multinational study in subjects with mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS
      IVA), enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of elosulfase alfa has been approved in
      several countries. The study was designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of
      elosulfase alfa in patients with MPS IVA aged 5 years and older. AREAS COVERED:
      Outcomes of clinical trials for MPS IVA have been described. Subjects received
      either 2.0 mg/kg/week, 2.0 mg/kg/every other week, or PBO, for 24 weeks. The
      primary endpoint was the change from baseline 6-min walk test (6MWT) distance
      compared to PBO. The 6MWT results improved in patients receiving 2 mg/kg weekly
      compared to PBO. The every other week regimen resulted in walk distances
      comparable to PBO. There was no change from baseline in the 3 Min Stair Climb
      Test in both treatment groups. Following completion of the initial study,
      patients, who continued to receive elosulfase alfa 2 mg/kg weekly (QW) for
      another 48 weeks (for a total of up to 72-week exposure), did not show additional
      improvement on 6MWT. EXPERT OPINION: We suggest that ERT is a therapeutic option
      for MPS IVA, providing a modest effect and the majority of the effects are seen
      in the soft tissues.

PMID- 26973804
TI  - Training Medical Novices in Spinal Microsurgery: Does the Modality Matter? A
      Pilot Study Comparing Traditional Microscopic Surgery and a Novel Robotic
      Optoelectronic Visualization Tool.
AB  - The operative microscope has been a staple instrument in the neurosurgical
      operating room over the last 50 years. With advances in optoelectronics, options
      such as robotically controlled high magnification have become available. Such
      robotically controlled optoelectronic systems may offer new opportunities in
      surgical technique and teaching. However, traditionally trained surgeons may find
      it hard to accept newer technologies due to an inherent bias emerging from their
      previous background. We, therefore, studied how a medically naive population in a
      pilot study would meet set microsurgical goals in a cadaver experiment using
      either a conventional operative microscope or BrightMatterTM Servo system, a
      robotically controlled optoelectronic system (Synaptive Medical, Toronto,
      Ontario, Canada). We found that the relative ease in teaching medical novices
      with a robotically controlled optoelectronic system was more valuable when
      compared to using a modern-day surgical microscope. 

PMID- 26973805
TI  - Radiologic Considerations in Heterotaxy: The Need for Detailed Anatomic
      Evaluation.
AB  - So-called "heterotaxy" is a laterality defect characterized by isomerism of the
      thoracic organs and random arrangement of the abdominal organs. These findings go
      beyond anatomic curiosity and have functional implications. It is, thus, of the
      utmost importance to be able to properly identify these findings. Radiologic
      studies can be invaluable in determining anomalies in the central nervous,
      pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and immunologic
      systems in patients with isomerism. Here, we review findings associated with
      isomerism and their importance in the setting of isomerism with the aim of
      ensuring that radiologists effectively describe findings in these patients and
      that cardiologists understand the wide variety of congenital malformations that
      may be present. 

PMID- 26973806
TI  - Malignant Transformation in Glioma Steered by an Angiogenic Switch: Defining a
      Role for Bone Marrow-Derived Cells.
AB  - Low-grade gliomas, such as pilocytic astrocytoma and subependymoma, are often
      characterized as benign tumors due to their relative circumscription
      radiologically and typically non-aggressive biologic behavior. In contrast, low
      grades that are by their nature diffusely infiltrative, such as diffuse
      astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, have the potential to transform into
      malignant high-grade counterparts and, given sufficient time, invariably do so.
      These high-grade gliomas carry very poor prognoses and are largely incurable,
      warranting a closer look at what causes this adverse transition. A key
      characteristic that distinguishes low- and high-grade gliomas is
      neovascularization: it is absent in low-grade gliomas, but prolific in high-grade
      gliomas, providing the tumor with ample blood supply for exponential growth. It
      has been well described in the literature that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs)
      may contribute to the angiogenic switch that is responsible for malignant
      transformation of low-grade gliomas. In this review, we will summarize the
      current literature on BMDCs and their known contribution to angiogenesis
      associated tumor growth in gliomas. 

PMID- 26973808
TI  - Metallurgical investigation of wire breakage of tyre bead grade.
AB  - Tyre bead grade wire is used for tyre making application. The wire is used as
      reinforcement inside the polymer of tyre. The wire is available in different
      size/section such as 1.6-0.80 mm thin Cu coated wire. During tyre making
      operation at tyre manufacturer company, wire failed frequently. In this present
      study, different broken/defective wire samples were collected from wire mill for
      detailed investigation of the defect. The natures of the defects were localized
      and similar in nature. The fracture surface was of finger nail type. Crow feet
      like defects including button like surface abnormalities were also observed on
      the broken wire samples. The defect was studied at different directions under
      microscope. Different advanced metallographic techniques have been used for
      detail investigation. The analysis revealed that, white layer of surface
      martensite was formed and it caused the final breakage of wire. In this present
      study we have also discussed about the possible reason for the formation of such
      kind of surface martensite (hard-phase).

PMID- 26973807
TI  - The Use of Flow Diversion for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Expansion
      of Indications.
AB  - Flow diversion is a novel concept for treating anatomically challenging
      intracranial aneurysms and has gained increasing acceptance. Flow diverter
      stents, such as the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) (ev3-Covidien, Irvine, CA,
      USA), are approved for treating unruptured large and giant aneurysms from the
      internal carotid artery between the superior hypophyseal and cavernous segments.
      However, technological advances and recent clinical results suggest that flow
      diversion can be safely and effectively used in treating ruptured aneurysms,
      posterior circulation aneurysms, and distal anterior circulation aneurysms. In
      this brief review, we aim to investigate the recent evidence on the utilization
      of PEDs in these controversial vascular territories and to discuss whether the
      indications for flow diversion can be expanded. 

PMID- 26973809
TI  - A nanoporous gold membrane for sensing applications.
AB  - Design and fabrication of three-dimensionally structured, gold membranes
      containing hexagonally close-packed microcavities with nanopores in the base, are
      described. Our aim is to create a nanoporous structure with localized enhancement
      of the fluorescence or Raman scattering at, and in the nanopore when excited with
      light of approximately 600 nm, with a view to provide sensitive detection of
      biomolecules. A range of geometries of the nanopore integrated into hexagonally
      close-packed assemblies of gold micro-cavities was first evaluated theoretically.
      The optimal size and shape of the nanopore in a single microcavity were then
      considered to provide the highest localized plasmon enhancement (of fluorescence
      or Raman scattering) at the very center of the nanopore for a bioanalyte
      traversing through. The optimized design was established to be a 1200 nm diameter
      cavity of 600 nm depth with a 50 nm square nanopore with rounded corners in the
      base. A gold 3D-structured membrane containing these sized microcavities with the
      integrated nanopore was successfully fabricated and 'proof of concept' Raman
      scattering experiments are described.

PMID- 26973810
TI  - Insight and subjective measures of quality of life in chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - Lack of insight is a well-established phenomenon in schizophrenia, and has been
      associated with reduced rater-assessed functional performance but increased self
      reported well-being in previous studies. The objective of this study was to
      examine factors that might influence insight (as assessed by the Insight and
      Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire [ITAQ] or PANSS item G12) and subjective
      quality-of-life (as assessed by Lehman QoL Interview [LQOLI]), using the large
      National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention
      Effectiveness (CATIE) dataset. Uncooperativeness was assessed by PANSS item G8
      ("Uncooperativeness"). In the analysis, we found significant moderating effects
      for insight on the relationships of subjective life satisfaction assessment to
      symptom severity (as assessed by CGI-S score), objective everyday functioning (as
      assessed by rater-administered Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life scale),
      clinically rated uncooperativeness (as assessed by PANSS G8), and discontinuation
      of treatment for all causes (all P > 0.05 for statistical interaction between
      insight and subject QoL). Patients with chronic schizophrenia who reported being
      "pleased" or "delighted" on LQOLI were found to have significantly lower
      neurocognitive reasoning performance and poorer insight (ITAQ total score). Our
      findings underscore the importance of reducing cognitive and insight impairments
      for both treatment compliance and improved functional outcomes.

PMID- 26973811
TI  - The Value of the History and Physical for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Brain
      Metastases Considering Radiosurgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For patients with brain metastases, systemic disease burden has
      historically been accepted as a major determinant of overall survival (OS).
      However, less research has focused on specific history and physical findings made
      by clinicians and how such findings pertain to patient outcomes at a given time
      point. The aim of this study is to determine how the initial clinical assessment
      of patients with brain metastases, as part of the history and physical at the
      time of consultation, correlates to patient prognosis. METHODS: We evaluated a
      prospective, multi-institutional database of 1523 brain metastases in 507
      patients who were treated with radiosurgery (Gamma Knife or CyberKnife) from 2001
      to 2014. Relevant history of present illness (HPI) and past medical history (PMH)
      variables included comorbidities, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)
      performance status, and seizure history. Physical exam findings included a
      sensory exam, motor exam, and cognitive function. Univariate and multivariate Cox
      regression analyses were used to identify predictors of OS. RESULTS: Two hundred
      ninety-four patients were included in the final analysis with a median OS of 10.8
      months (95% CI, 7.8-13.7 months). On univariate analysis, significant HPI
      predictors of OS included age, primary diagnosis, performance status,
      extracranial metastases, systemic disease status, and history of surgery.
      Significant predictors of OS from the PMH included cardiac, vascular, and
      infectious comorbidities. On a physical exam, findings consistent with cognitive
      deficits were predictive of worse OS. However, motor deficits or changes in
      vision were not predictive of worse OS. In the multivariate Cox regression
      analysis, predictors of worse OS were primary diagnosis (p = 0.002), ECOG
      performance status (OR 1.73, p < 0.001), and presence of extracranial metastases
      (OR 1.22, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Neurological deficits and systemic
      comorbidities noted at presentation are not associated with worse overall
      prognosis for patients with brain metastases undergoing radiosurgery. When
      encountering new patients with brain metastases, the most informative patient
      related characteristics that determine prognosis remain performance status,
      primary diagnosis, and extent of extracranial disease.

PMID- 26973814
TI  - Automated Extraction of Dose/Volume Statistics for Radiotherapy-Treatment-Plan
      Evaluation in Clinical-Trial Quality Assurance.
AB  - Radiotherapy clinical-trial quality assurance is a crucial yet challenging
      process. This note presents a tool that automatically extracts dose/volume
      statistics for determining dosimetry compliance review with improved efficiency
      and accuracy. A major objective of this study is to develop an automated solution
      for clinical-trial radiotherapy dosimetry review. 

PMID- 26973813
TI  - Current Management Strategies in Breast Cancer by Targeting Key Altered Molecular
      Players.
AB  - Breast cancer is the second largest disease affecting women worldwide. It remains
      the most frequently reported and leading cause of death among women in both
      developed and developing countries. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are commonly used
      selective estrogen receptor modulators for treatment of breast cancer in women
      with high risk, although resistance occurs by tamoxifen after 5 years of therapy
      and both drugs cause uterine cancer and thromboembolic events. Aromatase
      inhibitors (AIs) are one of the optional modes used for breast cancer treatment.
      The combination of AIs along with tamoxifen can also be beneficial. Various
      therapeutic agents from different sources are being studied, which further need
      to be improved for potential outcome. For this, clinical trials based on large
      number of patients with optimal dose and lesser side effects have to be more in
      practice. Despite the clinical trials going on, there is need of better molecular
      models, which can identify high risk population, new agents with better benefit
      having less side effects, and improved biomarkers for treating breast cancer. 

PMID- 26973815
TI  - Role of Dose Intensification for Salvage Radiation Therapy after Radical
      Prostatectomy.
AB  - For primary radiation therapy (RT) of prostate cancer, dose intensification is
      established as standard of care. Less is known on the role of dose
      intensification in the postprostatectomy setting for salvage RT. Thus, we aimed
      to identify and summarize the existing literature. In retrospective analyses,
      dose-intensified salvage RT showed a superior biochemical control compared to
      standard dose salvage radiation with favorable acute and late gastrointestinal
      and genitourinary toxicity rates, especially when modern radiation techniques
      such as intensity modulated RT were applied. We identified one randomized phase
      III trial addressing the potential benefits of dose-intensified salvage RT (SAKK
      09/10). Recently, acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities and early
      quality of life data of this trial were reported, and no significant difference
      in acute toxicities between both treatment arms were found; however, a
      significant worsening of genitourinary quality of life was noted in the dose
      intensified treatment arm. Whereas dose-intensified salvage RT appears to be
      feasible and well tolerated, the improved biochemical control rates using dose
      intensified RT as suggested by retrospective analyses have yet to be validated by
      prospective trials. 

PMID- 26973812
TI  - Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumor Cell Metabolism and Application to
      Therapy Response Monitoring.
AB  - Cancer cells do reprogram their energy metabolism to enable several functions,
      such as generation of biomass including membrane biosynthesis, and overcoming
      bioenergetic and redox stress. In this article, we review both established and
      evolving radioprobes developed in association with positron emission tomography
      (PET) to detect tumor cell metabolism and effect of treatment. Measurement of
      enhanced tumor cell glycolysis using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose is well
      established in the clinic. Analogs of choline, including [(11)C]choline and
      various fluorinated derivatives are being tested in several cancer types
      clinically with PET. In addition to these, there is an evolving array of
      metabolic tracers for measuring intracellular transport of glutamine and other
      amino acids or for measuring glycogenesis, as well as probes used as surrogates
      for fatty acid synthesis or precursors for fatty acid oxidation. In addition to
      providing us with opportunities for examining the complex regulation of
      reprogramed energy metabolism in living subjects, the PET methods open up
      opportunities for monitoring pharmacological activity of new therapies that
      directly or indirectly inhibit tumor cell metabolism. 

PMID- 26973816
TI  - The Pathogen-Occupied Vacuoles of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma
      marginale Interact with the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
AB  - The genus Anaplasma consists of tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacteria
      that invade white or red blood cells to cause debilitating and potentially fatal
      infections. A. phagocytophilum, a human and veterinary pathogen, infects
      neutrophils to cause granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. marginale invades bovine
      erythrocytes. Evidence suggests that both species may also infect endothelial
      cells in vivo. In mammalian and arthropod host cells, A. phagocytophilum and A.
      marginale reside in host cell derived pathogen-occupied vacuoles (POVs). While it
      was recently demonstrated that the A. phagocytophilum-occupied vacuole (ApV)
      intercepts membrane traffic from the trans-Golgi network, it is unclear if it or
      the A. marginale-occupied vacuole (AmV) interacts with other secretory
      organelles. Here, we demonstrate that the ApV and AmV extensively interact with
      the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in endothelial, myeloid, and/or tick cells.
      ER lumen markers, calreticulin, and protein disulfide isomerase, and the ER
      membrane marker, derlin-1, were pronouncedly recruited to the peripheries of both
      POVs. ApV association with the ER initiated early and continued throughout the
      infection cycle. Both the ApV and AmV interacted with the rough ER and smooth ER.
      However, only derlin-1-positive rough ER derived vesicles were delivered into the
      ApV lumen where they localized with intravacuolar bacteria. Transmission electron
      microscopy identified multiple ER-POV membrane contact sites on the cytosolic
      faces of both species' vacuoles that corresponded to areas on the vacuoles'
      lumenal faces where intravacuolar Anaplasma organisms closely associated. A.
      phagocytophilum is known to hijack Rab10, a GTPase that regulates ER dynamics and
      morphology. Yet, ApV-ER interactions were unhindered in cells in which Rab10 had
      been knocked down, demonstrating that the GTPase is dispensable for the bacterium
      to parasitize the ER. These data establish the ApV and AmV as pathogen-host
      interfaces that directly engage the ER in vertebrate and invertebrate host cells
      and evidence the conservation of ER parasitism between two Anaplasma species. 

PMID- 26973817
TI  - Streptococcus pneumoniae Endopeptidase O (PepO) Elicits a Strong Innate Immune
      Response in Mice via TLR2 and TLR4 Signaling Pathways.
AB  - Interaction between virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae and innate
      immune receptors elicits host responses through specific signaling pathways
      during infection. Insights into the signaling events may provide a better
      knowledge of the starting events for host-pathogen interaction. Here we
      demonstrated a significant induction of innate immune response elicited by
      recombinant S. pneumoniae endopeptidase O (rPepO), a newer pneumococcal virulence
      protein, both in vivo and in vitro. Intratracheal instillation of rPepO protein
      resulted in significant increase of cytokines production and neutrophils
      infiltration in mouse lungs. TLR2 or TLR4 deficient mice subjected to rPepO
      treatment showed decreased cytokines production, reduced neutrophils infiltration
      and intensified tissue injury as compared with WT mice. Upon stimulation,
      cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL1, and CXCL10 were produced by peritoneal exudate
      macrophages (PEMs) in a TLR2 and TLR4 dependent manner. rPepO-induced cytokines
      production was markedly decreased in TLR2 or TLR4 deficient PEMs. Further study
      revealed that cytokines induction relied on the rapid phosphorylation of p38, Akt
      and p65, not the activation of ERK or JNK. While in TLR2 or TLR4 deficient PEMs
      the activation of p65 was undetectable. Taken together, these results indicate
      for the first time that the newer pneumococcal virulence protein PepO activates
      host innate immune response partially through TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. 

PMID- 26973821
TI  - Conceptual issues for screening in the genomic era - time for an update?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Screening tests are ubiquitous in modern medicine; however a
      consensus view on the criteria that distinguish screening from clinical testing
      remains strangely elusive. although numerous definitions of screening have been
      suggested, there is considerable variation amongst them, leading to confusion and
      disagreement amongst clinicians and public health professionals alike. In light
      of developments in genomics, the question of what screening entails is becoming
      increasingly pressing. METHODS: We evaluated the concepts underlying definitions
      of screening versus clinical testing and investigated their ethical implications.
      RESULTS: We suggest that just two key concepts underlie screening: first,
      screening tests are performed in asymptomatic individuals and, second, they are
      generally offered to individuals who otherwise believe themselves to be healthy
      (with respect to the disease being screened for). all the other characteristics
      commonly invoked to describe screening - including the systematic use of rapid
      tests for risk stratification within a particular population - can be better
      categorised as either practical requirements or by-products of screening
      programmes rather than screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasise the need to
      differentiate between opportunistic screening and clinical testing because of the
      differing prior probability of disease and thus the differing ethical burden of
      responsibility placed upon the physician in each scenario. Physicians need to
      appreciate the shifting moral burden placed upon them in relation to reactive
      clinical testing versus proactive screening, and the different legal obligations
      that may ensue.

PMID- 26973820
TI  - Gram-negative and -positive bacteria differentiation in blood culture samples by
      headspace volatile compound analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of microorganisms in positive blood cultures still
      relies on standard techniques such as Gram staining followed by culturing with
      definite microorganism identification. Alternatively, matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or the analysis of
      headspace volatile compound (VC) composition produced by cultures can help to
      differentiate between microorganisms under experimental conditions. This study
      assessed the efficacy of volatile compound based microorganism differentiation
      into Gram-negatives and -positives in unselected positive blood culture samples
      from patients. METHODS: Headspace gas samples of positive blood culture samples
      were transferred to sterilized, sealed, and evacuated 20 ml glass vials and
      stored at -30  degrees C until batch analysis. Headspace gas VC content analysis
      was carried out via an auto sampler connected to an ion-molecule reaction mass
      spectrometer (IMR-MS). Measurements covered a mass range from 16 to 135 u
      including CO2, H2, N2, and O2. Prediction rules for microorganism identification
      based on VC composition were derived using a training data set and evaluated
      using a validation data set within a random split validation procedure. RESULTS:
      One-hundred-fifty-two aerobic samples growing 27 Gram-negatives, 106 Gram
      positives, and 19 fungi and 130 anaerobic samples growing 37 Gram-negatives, 91
      Gram-positives, and two fungi were analysed. In anaerobic samples, ten
      discriminators were identified by the random forest method allowing for bacteria
      differentiation into Gram-negative and -positive (error rate: 16.7 % in
      validation data set). For aerobic samples the error rate was not better than
      random. CONCLUSIONS: In anaerobic blood culture samples of patients IMR-MS based
      headspace VC composition analysis facilitates bacteria differentiation into Gram
      negative and -positive.

PMID- 26973819
TI  - Identification of Biomarkers for Footpad Dermatitis Development and Wound
      Healing.
AB  - Footpad dermatitis (FPD) is a type of skin inflammation that causes necrotic
      lesions on the plantar surface of the footpads in commercial poultry, with
      significant animal welfare, and economic implications. To identify biomarkers for
      FPD development and wound healing, a battery cage trial was conducted in which a
      paper sheet was put on the bottom of cages to hold feces to induce FPD of
      broilers. Day-of-hatch Ross 308 male broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal
      diet and assigned to 3 treatments with 8 cages per treatment and 11 birds per
      cage. Cages without paper sheets were used as a negative control (NEG). Cages
      with paper sheets during the entire growth period (d 0-30) were used as a
      positive control (POS) to continually induce FPD. Cages with paper sheets during
      d 0-13 and without paper sheets during d 14-30 were used to examine the dynamic
      of FPD development and lesion wound healing (LWH). Footpad lesions were scored to
      grade (G) 1-5 with no lesion in G1 and most severe lesion in G5. Covering with
      paper sheets in POS and LWH induced 99% incidence of G3 footpads on d 13.
      Removing paper sheets from LWH healed footpad lesions by d 30. One representative
      bird, with lesions most close to pen average lesion score, was chosen to collect
      footpad skin samples for biomarker analysis. Total collagen protein and mRNA
      levels of tenascin X (TNX), type I alpha1 collagen (COL1A1), type III alpha1
      collagen (COL3A1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), and integrin
      alpha1 (ITGA1) mRNA levels were decreased (P < 0.05), while mRNA levels of
      tenascin C (TNC), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4
      and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-1beta, and the ratio of MMP2 to
      all TIMP were increased (P < 0.03) in G3 footpads in POS and LWH compared to G1
      footpads in NEG on d 14. These parameters continued to worsen with development of
      more severe lesions in POS. After paper sheets were removed (i.e., LWH), levels
      of these parameters gradually or rapidly returned to levels measured in NEG.
      Regression analysis indicated significant quadratic changes of these parameters
      to footpad lesion scores. In summary, these biomarkers were interrelated with
      dynamic changes of footpad lesion scores, suggesting they may be used as
      potential biomarkers for footpad lesion development and wound healing process. 

PMID- 26973822
TI  - Outcomes of Laparoscopic Treatment Modalities for Unilateral Non-palpable Testes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To date, laparoscopy has gradually become the gold standard for
      treatment of non-palpable testicles (NPT) with different success and complication
      rates. In this study, we aimed to evaluate outcomes of laparoscopic approaches
      for NPT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed data of 82 consecutive patients who
      underwent laparoscopic treatment for unilateral NPT at two institutions by two
      high volume surgeons from 2004 January to 2014 December. Laparoscopic-assisted
      orchidopexy (LAO) and two-stage Fowler-Stephens technique (FST) was performed for
      45 and 37 patients, respectively. Age (at surgery), follow-up time, laterality of
      testes, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Modified Clavien
      classification system (MCCS) was used for evaluating complications. RESULTS: The
      median age (at surgery) and median follow-up time were 18 (range: 6-56) and 60
      (range: 9-130) months, respectively. Overall success rate for two laparoscopy
      techniques was 87.8% during the maximal follow-up time. We observed wound
      infection in two, hematoma in one, testicular atrophy in five, testicular re
      ascending in two patients at follow-up period. There was no statistical
      difference between two laparoscopic techniques for grade I (five vs. two
      patients, p = 0.14) and grade IIIb MCCS complications (five vs. two patients, p =
      0.44). CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that two laparoscopic approaches have
      low complication rates.

PMID- 26973823
TI  - Commentary: Control of Body Weight by Eating Behavior in Children.

PMID- 26973824
TI  - Indigenous Food Systems and Climate Change: Impacts of Climatic Shifts on the
      Production and Processing of Native and Traditional Crops in the Bolivian Andes.
AB  - Inhabitants of the high-mountain Andes have already begun to experience changes
      in the timing, severity, and patterning of annual weather cycles. These changes
      have important implications for agriculture, for human health, and for the
      conservation of biodiversity in the region. This paper examines the implications
      of climate-driven changes for native and traditional crops in the municipality of
      Colomi, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Data were collected between 2012 and 2014 via mixed
      methods, qualitative fieldwork, including participatory workshops with female
      farmers and food preparers, semi-structured interviews with local agronomists,
      and participant observation. Drawing from this data, the paper describes (a) the
      observed impacts of changing weather patterns on agricultural production in the
      municipality of Colomi, Bolivia and (b) the role of local environmental resources
      and conditions, including clean running water, temperature, and humidity, in the
      household processing techniques used to conserve and sometimes detoxify native
      crop and animal species, including potato (Solanum sp.), oca (Oxalis tuberosa),
      tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), papalisa (Ullucus tuberosus), and charke (llama or
      sheep jerky). Analysis suggests that the effects of climatic changes on
      agriculture go beyond reductions in yield, also influencing how farmers make
      choices about the timing of planting, soil management, and the use and spatial
      distribution of particular crop varieties. Furthermore, household processing
      techniques to preserve and detoxify native foods rely on key environmental and
      climatic resources, which may be vulnerable to climatic shifts. Although these
      findings are drawn from a single case study, we suggest that Colomi agriculture
      characterizes larger patterns in what might be termed, "indigenous food systems."
      Such systems are underrepresented in aggregate models of the impacts of climate
      change on world agriculture and may be under different, more direct, and more
      immediate threat from climate change. As such, the health of the food production
      and processing environments in such systems merits immediate attention in
      research and practice. 

PMID- 26973825
TI  - An Approach to Establishing International Quality Standards for Medical Travel.
AB  - The number of individuals traveling abroad is increasing annually. The rising
      popularity of medical travel and the absence of clear minimum quality
      requirements in this area urgently call for the development of international
      standards to ensure good practice and patient safety. The aim of this study is to
      identify the key domains in medical travel where quality standards should be
      established. Drawing from the evidence-based OECD framework and an extensive
      literature review, this study proposes three critical areas for consideration:
      minimum standards of health-care facilities and third-party agencies, financial
      responsibility, and patient centeredness. Several cultural challenges have been
      introduced that may pose a barrier to development of the guidelines and should be
      taken into consideration. Establishing international quality standards in medical
      travel enhances benefits to patients and providers, which is an urgent necessity
      given the rapid growth in this industry. 

PMID- 26973826
TI  - Understanding the Role of Psychiatric Principles in Patient Care: An Important
      Goal of the Medical Student Clerkship in Psychiatry.

PMID- 26973827
TI  - A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Relation to Mosquitoes and
      Mosquito-Borne Disease in Western Australia.
AB  - On average, more than 1,000 individuals will acquire a mosquito-borne disease in
      Western Australia (WA) each year. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in
      relation to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne disease have not yet been investigated
      within Australia. A randomized telephone survey of 2,500 households across 12
      regions in WA was undertaken between February and May 2014. The aim of the survey
      was to obtain baseline KAP data surrounding mosquitoes and mosquito-borne
      diseases in different regions of WA, across a range of age groups and between
      males and females. The results of this survey indicate that the majority of
      respondents are aware of the potential for mosquitoes in WA to transmit Ross
      River virus, while awareness of other endemic mosquito-borne diseases remains
      limited. Common misconceptions exist in relation to exotic mosquito-borne
      diseases, with respondents incorrectly identifying malaria and dengue as endemic
      diseases in WA. The survey also highlighted a range of important issues, such as
      limited awareness of the potential for backyard breeding in domestic containers,
      occupational exposure to mosquitoes in regions with a large employment base in
      the mining and resources sector, increased exposure to mosquitoes as a result of
      participation in outdoor recreational activities in the north of the State, and
      reduced awareness of mosquito-borne disease in individuals aged 18-34 years. The
      results of this study will be used to inform the development of a new
      communication strategy by the Department of Health, to further raise awareness of
      mosquito-borne disease in WA. The data will then provide a baseline against which
      to compare future survey results, facilitating the rigorous evaluation of new
      communication efforts. 

PMID- 26973828
TI  - Editorial: Public Health Nutrition in the Middle East.

PMID- 26973818
TI  - Environmental Regulation of Yersinia Pathophysiology.
AB  - Hallmarks of Yersinia pathogenesis include the ability to form biofilms on
      surfaces, the ability to establish close contact with eukaryotic target cells and
      the ability to hijack eukaryotic cell signaling and take over control of
      strategic cellular processes. Many of these virulence traits are already well
      described. However, of equal importance is knowledge of both confined and global
      regulatory networks that collaborate together to dictate spatial and temporal
      control of virulence gene expression. This review has the purpose to incorporate
      historical observations with new discoveries to provide molecular insight into
      how some of these regulatory mechanisms respond rapidly to environmental flux to
      govern tight control of virulence gene expression by pathogenic Yersinia. 

PMID- 26973829
TI  - The Educated Citizen and Global Public-Health Issues: One Model for Integration
      into the Undergraduate Curriculum.
AB  - The Educated Citizen Initiative proposes that an understanding of public-health
      issues is a core component of an educated citizenry and is essential to develop
      one's societal responsibility. This initiative supports the Institute of
      Medicine's recommendation that "all undergraduates should have access to
      education in public health." Furthermore, the Liberal Education and America's
      Promise (LEAP) framework developed by the Association of American Colleges and
      Universities supports the "integration of public-health education into general
      and liberal education with an aim to produce an educated citizenry." The LEAP
      framework is implemented by teaching about the role of social determinants in a
      population's health status; the significance of personal and social
      responsibility; and providing skills for inquiry, critical thinking, problem
      solving, and evaluation. This article describes one university's experience in
      generating an educated citizenry cognizant of comprehensive public-health
      conflicts, thus contributing to both a local and global perspective on learning. 

PMID- 26973830
TI  - Surface Analysis of Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Thiol-Modified Glucose
      SAMs for Biosensor Applications.
AB  - In this work, Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS),
      Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
      have been used to characterize the surface chemistry of gold substrates before
      and after functionalization with thiol-modified glucose self-assembled monolayers
      and subsequent biochemical specific recognition of maltose binding protein (MBP).
      The results indicate that the surface functionalization is achieved both on flat
      and nanoparticles gold substrates thus showing the potential of the developed
      system as biodetection platform. Moreover, the method presented here has been
      found to be a sound and valid approach to characterize the surface chemistry of
      nanoparticles functionalized with large molecules. Both techniques were proved to
      be very useful tools for monitoring all the functionalization steps, including
      the investigation of the biological behavior of the glucose-modified particles in
      the presence of the maltose binding protein. 

PMID- 26973831
TI  - Waterproofing in Arabidopsis: Following Phenolics and Lipids In situ by Confocal
      Raman Microscopy.
AB  - Waterproofing of the aerial organs of plants imposed a big evolutionary step
      during the colonization of the terrestrial environment. The main plant polymers
      responsible of water repelling are lipids and lignin, which play also important
      roles in the protection against biotic/abiotic stresses, regulation of flux of
      gases and solutes, and mechanical stability against negative pressure, among
      others. While the lipids, non-polymerized cuticular waxes together with the
      polymerized cutin, protect the outer surface, lignin is confined to the secondary
      cell wall within mechanical important tissues. In the present work a micro cross
      section of the stem of Arabidopsis thaliana was used to track in situ the
      distribution of these non-carbohydrate polymers by Confocal Raman Microscopy.
      Raman hyperspectral imaging gives a molecular fingerprint of the native
      waterproofing tissues and cells with diffraction limited spatial resolution (~300
      nm) at relatively high speed and without any tedious sample preparation. Lipids
      and lignified tissues as well as their effect on water content was directly
      visualized by integrating the 1299, 1600, and 3400 cm(-1) band, respectively. For
      detailed insights into compositional changes of these polymers vertex component
      analysis was performed on selected sample positions. Changes have been elucidated
      in the composition of lignin within the lignified tissues and between
      interfascicular fibers and xylem vessels. Hydrophobizing changes were revealed
      from the epidermal layer to the cuticle as well as a change in the aromatic
      composition within the cuticle of trichomes. To verify Raman signatures of
      different waterproofing polymers additionally Raman spectra of the cuticle and
      cutin monomer from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as well as aromatic model
      polymers (milled wood lignin and dehydrogenation polymer of coniferyl alcohol)
      and phenolic acids were acquired. 

PMID- 26973832
TI  - A New Thermophilic Nitrilase from an Antarctic Hyperthermophilic Microorganism.
AB  - Several environmental samples from Antarctica were collected and enriched to
      search for microorganisms with nitrilase activity. A new thermostable nitrilase
      from a novel hyperthermophilic archaea Pyrococcus sp. M24D13 was purified and
      characterized. The activity of this enzyme increased as the temperatures rise
      from 70 up to 85 degrees C. Its optimal activity occurred at 85 degrees C and pH
      7.5. This new enzyme shows a remarkable resistance to thermal inactivation
      retaining more than 50% of its activity even after 8 h of incubation at 85
      degrees C. In addition, this nitrilase is highly versatile demonstrating activity
      toward different substrates, such as benzonitrile (60 mM, aromatic nitrile) and
      butyronitrile (60 mM, aliphatic nitrile), with a specific activity of 3286.7 U
      mg(-1) of protein and 4008.2 U mg(-1) of protein, respectively. Moreover the
      enzyme NitM24D13 also presents cyanidase activity. The apparent Michaelis-Menten
      constant (K m) and V max of this Nitrilase for benzonitrile were 0.3 mM and 333.3
      MUM min(-1), respectively, and the specificity constant (k cat/K m) for
      benzonitrile was 2.05 * 10(5) s(-1) M(-1). 

PMID- 26973833
TI  - Structure, Function, and Propagation of Information across Living Two, Four, and
      Eight Node Degree Topologies.
AB  - In this study, we created four network topologies composed of living cortical
      neurons and compared resultant structural-functional dynamics including the
      nature and quality of information transmission. Each living network was composed
      of living cortical neurons and were created using microstamping of adhesion
      promoting molecules and each was "designed" with different levels of convergence
      embedded within each structure. Networks were cultured over a grid of electrodes
      that permitted detailed measurements of neural activity at each node in the
      network. Of the topologies we tested, the "Random" networks in which neurons
      connect based on their own intrinsic properties transmitted information embedded
      within their spike trains with higher fidelity relative to any other topology we
      tested. Within our patterned topologies in which we explicitly manipulated
      structure, the effect of convergence on fidelity was dependent on both topology
      and time-scale (rate vs. temporal coding). A more detailed examination using
      tools from network analysis revealed that these changes in fidelity were also
      associated with a number of other structural properties including a node's
      degree, degree-degree correlations, path length, and clustering coefficients.
      Whereas information transmission was apparent among nodes with few connections,
      the greatest transmission fidelity was achieved among the few nodes possessing
      the highest number of connections (high degree nodes or putative hubs). These
      results provide a unique view into the relationship between structure and its
      affect on transmission fidelity, at least within these small neural populations
      with defined network topology. They also highlight the potential role of tools
      such as microstamp printing and microelectrode array recordings to construct and
      record from arbitrary network topologies to provide a new direction in which to
      advance the study of structure-function relationships. 

PMID- 26973834
TI  - Compartmentalization and Transport in Synthetic Vesicles.
AB  - Nanoscale vesicles have become a popular tool in life sciences. Besides liposomes
      that are generated from phospholipids of natural origin, polymersomes fabricated
      of synthetic block copolymers enjoy increasing popularity, as they represent more
      versatile membrane building blocks that can be selected based on their specific
      physicochemical properties, such as permeability, stability, or chemical
      reactivity. In this review, we focus on the application of simple and nested
      artificial vesicles in synthetic biology. First, we provide an introduction into
      the utilization of multicompartmented vesosomes as compartmentalized nanoscale
      bioreactors. In the bottom-up development of protocells from vesicular
      nanoreactors, the specific exchange of pathway intermediates across compartment
      boundaries represents a bottleneck for future studies. To date, most
      compartmented bioreactors rely on unspecific exchange of substrates and products.
      This is either based on changes in permeability of the coblock polymer shell by
      physicochemical triggers or by the incorporation of unspecific porin proteins
      into the vesicle membrane. Since the incorporation of membrane transport proteins
      into simple and nested artificial vesicles offers the potential for specific
      exchange of substances between subcompartments, it opens new vistas in the design
      of protocells. Therefore, we devote the main part of the review to summarize the
      technical advances in the use of phospholipids and block copolymers for the
      reconstitution of membrane proteins. 

PMID- 26973836
TI  - Identification of Rab41/6d Effectors Provides an Explanation for the Differential
      Effects of Rab41/6d and Rab6a/a' on Golgi Organization.
AB  - Unexpectedly, members of the Rab VI subfamily exhibit considerable variation in
      their effects on Golgi organization and trafficking. By fluorescence microscopy,
      neither depletion nor overexpression of the GDP-locked form of Rab6a/a', the
      first trans Golgi-associated Rab protein discovered, affects Golgi ribbon
      organization while, on the other hand, both Rab41/6d depletion and overexpression
      of GDP-locked form cause Golgi fragmentation into a cluster of punctate elements,
      suggesting that Rab41/6d has an active role in maintenance of Golgi ribbon
      organization. To establish a molecular basis for these differences, we screened
      for Rab41/6d interacting proteins by yeast two-hybrid assay. 155 non-repetitive
      hits were isolated and sequenced, and after searching in NCBI database, 102
      different proteins and protein fragments were identified. None of these hits
      overlapped with any published Rab6a/a' effector. Eight putative Rab41 interactors
      involved in membrane trafficking were found. Significantly, these exhibited a
      preferential interaction with GTP- vs. GDP-locked Rab41/6d. Of the 8 hits, the
      dynactin 6, syntaxin 8, and Kif18A plasmids were the only ones expressing the
      full-length protein. Hence, these 3 proteins were selected for further study. We
      found that depletion of dynactin 6 or syntaxin 8, but not Kif18A, resulted in a
      fragmented Golgi apparatus that displayed a Rab41/6d knockdown phenotype, i.e.,
      the Golgi apparatus was disrupted into a cluster of punctate Golgi elements. Co
      immunoprecipation experiments verified that the interaction of dynactin 6 and
      syntaxin 8 with GTP-locked Rab41/6d was stronger than that with wild type
      Rab41/6d and least with the GDP-locked form. In contrast, co-immunoprecipitation
      interaction with Rab6a was greatest with the GDP-locked Rab6a, suggestive of a
      non-physiological interaction. In conclusion, we suggest that dynactin 6, a
      subunit of dynactin complex, the minus-end-directed, dynein motor, provides a
      sufficient molecular basis to explain the active role of Rab41/6d in maintaining
      Golgi ribbon organization while syntaxin 8 contributes more indirectly to Golgi
      positioning. 

PMID- 26973835
TI  - Emerging Insights into the Roles of Membrane Tethers from Analysis of Whole
      Organisms: The Tip of an Iceberg?
AB  - Membrane tethers have been identified throughout different compartments of the
      endomembrane system. It is now well established that a number of membrane tethers
      mediate docking of membrane carriers in anterograde and retrograde transport and
      in regulating the organization of membrane compartments. Much of our information
      on membrane tethers have been obtained from the analysis of individual membrane
      tethers in cultured cells. In the future it will be important to better
      appreciate the network of interactions mediated by tethers and the potential co
      ordination of their collective functions in vivo. There are now a number of
      studies which have analyzed membrane tethers in tissues and organisms which are
      providing new insights into the role of this class of membrane protein at the
      physiological level. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the
      function of membrane tethers from knock outs (or knock downs) in whole organisms
      and from mutations in tethers associated with disease. 

PMID- 26973838
TI  - Keep an Ear Out for Francisella tularensis: Otomastoiditis Cases after
      Canyoneering.
AB  - We report here three unusual cases of otomastoiditis due to Francisella
      tularensis, complicated by cervical abscesses and persistent hearing loss, plus
      facial paralysis for one patient. Intriguingly, the three patients had practiced
      canyoneering independently in the same French river, between 2009 and 2014,
      several days before clinical symptoms onset. The results point out that fresh
      water exposure may be a potential contamination route for tularemia. Besides, due
      to the frequent complications and sequelae, we believe that F. tularensis should
      be considered as a possible etiology in case of otitis media, failure of the
      conventional antibiotic treatment, and suspicious exposure of the bacteria. 

PMID- 26973837
TI  - Major urinary protein (MUP) profiles show dynamic changes rather than individual
      'barcode' signatures.
AB  - House mice (Mus musculus) produce a variable number of major urinary proteins
      (MUPs), and studies suggest that each individual produces a unique MUP profile
      that provides a distinctive odor signature controlling individual and kin
      recognition. This 'barcode hypothesis' requires that MUP urinary profiles show
      high individual variability within populations and also high individual
      consistency over time, but tests of these assumptions are lacking. We analyzed
      urinary MUP profiles of 66 wild-caught house mice from eight populations using
      isoelectric focusing. We found that MUP profiles of wild male house mice are not
      individually unique, and though they were highly variable, closer inspection
      revealed that the variation strongly depended on MUP band type. The prominent
      ('major) bands were surprisingly homogenous (and hence most MUPs are not
      polymorphic), but we also found inconspicuous ('minor') bands that were highly
      variable and therefore potential candidates for individual fingerprints. We also
      examined changes in urinary MUP profiles of 58 males over time (from 6 to 24
      weeks of age), and found that individual MUP profiles and MUP concentration were
      surprisingly dynamic, and showed significant changes after puberty and during
      adulthood. Contrary to what we expected, however, the minor bands were the most
      variable over time, thus no good candidates for individual fingerprints. Although
      MUP profiles do not provide individual fingerprints, we found that MUP profiles
      were more similar among siblings than non-kin despite considerable fluctuation.
      Our findings show that MUP profiles are not highly stable over time, they do not
      show strong individual clustering, and thus challenge the barcode hypothesis.
      Within-individual dynamics of MUP profiles indicate a different function of MUPs
      in individual recognition than previously assumed and advocate an alternative
      hypothesis ('dynamic changes' hypothesis).

PMID- 26973840
TI  - Capsular Management in Hip Arthroscopy: An Anatomic, Biomechanical, and Technical
      Review.
AB  - Hip arthroscopy has become an increasingly utilized surgical technique for the
      treatment of the young, active patients with hip pain. The clinical outcomes of
      hip arthroscopy in this patient population have been largely successful; however,
      there is increasing interest in the contribution of hip capsule in postoperative
      clinical and functional outcomes. The structure and function of the normal hip
      capsule will be reviewed. Capsular contributions to hip stability will be
      discussed in the setting of hip arthroscopy with an emphasis on diagnosis-based
      considerations. Lastly, clinical outcomes following hip arthroscopy will be
      discussed as they relate to capsular management. 

PMID- 26973839
TI  - Immune Evasion Strategies of Glioblastoma.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most devastating brain tumor, with associated poor
      prognosis. Despite advances in surgery and chemoradiation, the survival of
      afflicted patients has not improved significantly in the past three decades.
      Immunotherapy has been heralded as a promising approach in treatment of various
      cancers; however, the immune privileged environment of the brain usually curbs
      the optimal expected response in central nervous system malignancies. In
      addition, GBM cells create an immunosuppressive microenvironment and employ
      various methods to escape immune surveillance. The purpose of this review is to
      highlight the strategies by which GBM cells evade the host immune system. Further
      understanding of these strategies and the biology of this tumor will pave the way
      for developing novel immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment of GBM. 

PMID- 26973841
TI  - Spatial Heterogeneity of Cx43 is an Arrhythmogenic Substrate of Polymorphic
      Ventricular Tachycardias during Compensated Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ventricular remodeling increases the propensity of ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias and sudden death in patients. We studied the mechanism
      underlying these fatal arrhythmias, electrical and structural cardiac remodeling,
      as well as arrhythmogeneity during early, compensated hypertrophy in a rat model
      of chronic pressure overload. METHODS: Twenty-six Wistar rats were subjected to
      transverse aortic constriction (TAC) (n = 13) or sham operation (n = 13). Four
      weeks postoperative, echo- and electrocardiography was performed. Epicardial (208
      or 455 sites) and transmural (30 sites) ventricular activation mapping was
      performed on Langendorff perfused hearts. Subsequently, hearts were processed for
      (immuno)histological and molecular analyses. RESULTS: TAC rats showed significant
      hypertrophy with preserved left ventricular (LV) function. Epicardial conduction
      velocity (CV) was similar, but more dispersed in TAC. Transmural CV was slowed in
      TAC (37.6 +/- 2.9 cm s(-1)) compared to sham (58.5 +/- 3.9 cm s(-1); P < 0.01).
      Sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardias were induced from LV in 8/13 TAC
      and in 0/13 sham rats. During VT, electrical activation patterns showed variable
      sites of earliest epicardial activation and altering sites of functional
      conduction block. Wandering epicardial reentrant activation was sporadically
      observed. Collagen deposition was significantly higher in TAC compared to sham,
      but not different between arrhythmogenic and non-arrhythmogenic TAC animals.
      Connexin43 (Cx43) expression was heterogeneous with a higher prevalence of non
      phosphorylated Cx43 in arrhythmogenic TAC animals. CONCLUSION: In TAC rats with
      compensated cardiac hypertrophy, dispersion of conduction correlated to
      arrhythmogenesis, an increased heterogeneity of Cx43, and a partial substitution
      with non-phosphorylated Cx43. These alterations may result in the increased
      vulnerability to polymorphic VTs.

PMID- 26973843
TI  - Exposure to Increased Environmental Complexity during Rearing Reduces Fearfulness
      and Increases Use of Three-Dimensional Space in Laying Hens (Gallus gallus
      domesticus).
AB  - The complexity of the rearing environment is important for behavioral development
      and fearfulness. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that laying
      hens reared in a complex aviary system with exposure to mild intermittent
      stressors would be less fearful, less sensitive to stress, and would use elevated
      areas of the pen more often as adults than hens reared in a barren cage
      environment. Laying hens (N = 160) were housed in the same rearing house; half of
      the birds (n = 80) in an aviary and the other half (n = 80) in cages. At 16 weeks
      of age, the birds were transported to the experimental facilities. Their behavior
      was recorded at 19 and 23 weeks of age and analyzed by analysis of variance on
      individual scores for a fearfulness-related principal component generated using
      principal component analysis. The results indicate that aviary-reared birds have
      lower levels of fearfulness compared with cage-reared birds both at 19 weeks and
      at 23 weeks of age. When comparing the response induced by initial exposure to a
      novel object at 19 and 23 weeks of age, more aviary-reared birds tended to fly up
      at 19 weeks compared to the cage-reared birds, indicating a tendency toward a
      more active behavioral response in the aviary-reared birds than in cage-reared
      birds. There was no difference between treatments in the flight response at 23
      weeks. The groups did not differ in defecation frequency or the concentration of
      fecal corticosterone metabolites at either age. At 19 weeks, observation of the
      spatial distribution in the home pens indicated that more aviary-reared birds
      spent time on the low perch, the elevated platform, and the upper perch, compared
      to the cage-reared birds. However, at 23 weeks of age, these differences were no
      longer detected. The results of this study support the hypothesis that increased
      environmental complexity during rearing reduces fearfulness of adult laying hens.

PMID- 26973842
TI  - Angiotensin II during Experimentally Simulated Central Hypovolemia.
AB  - Central hypovolemia, defined as diminished blood volume in the heart and
      pulmonary vascular bed, is still an unresolved problem from a therapeutic point
      of view. The development of pharmaceutical agents targeted at specific
      angiotensin II receptors, such as the non-peptidergic AT2-receptor agonist
      compound 21, is yielding many opportunities to uncover more knowledge about
      angiotensin II receptor profiles and possible therapeutic use. Cardiovascular,
      anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective therapeutic use of compound 21 have been
      suggested. However, there has not yet been a focus on the use of these agents in
      a hypovolemic setting. We argue that the latest debates on the effect of
      angiotensin II during hypovolemia might guide for future studies, investigating
      the effect of such agents during experimentally simulated central hypovolemia.
      The purpose of this review is to examine the role of angiotensin II during
      episodes of central hypovolemia. To examine this, we reviewed results from
      studies with three experimental models of simulated hypovolemia: head up tilt
      table test, lower body negative pressure, and hemorrhage of animals. A systemic
      literature search was made with the use of PubMed/MEDLINE for studies that
      measured variables of the renin-angiotensin system or its effect during simulated
      hypovolemia. Twelve articles, using one of the three models, were included and
      showed a possible organ-protective effect and an effect on the sympathetic system
      of angiotensin II during hypovolemia. The results support the possible organ
      protective vasodilatory role for the AT2-receptor during hypovolemia on both the
      kidney and the splanchnic tissue. 

PMID- 26973844
TI  - Mitigation of Ergot Vasoconstriction by Clover Isoflavones in Goats (Capra
      hircus).
AB  - Ergot alkaloids produced by a fungal endophyte (Epichloe coenophiala; formerly
      Neotyphodium coenophialum) that infects tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) can
      induce persistent constriction of the vasculature in ruminants, hindering their
      capability to thermo-regulate core body temperature. There is evidence that
      isoflavones produced by legumes can relax the vasculature, which suggests that
      they could relieve ergot alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction and mitigate the
      vulnerability to severe heat stress in ruminants that graze tall fescue. To test
      if isoflavones can relieve alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction, two pen experiments
      were conducted with rumen-fistulated goats (Capra hircus) to determine with
      ultrasonograpy if isoflavones can (1) promote vascular compliance by countering
      alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction and (2) relieve already imposed alkaloid
      induced vasoconstriction. Goats were fed ad libitum chopped orchardgrass
      (Dactylis glomerata)-timothy (Phleum pratense) hay prior to conducting the
      experiments. Measures of carotid and interosseous luminal areas were obtained pre
      (baseline) and post-ruminal infusions in both experiments with goats being fed
      the hay, and for blood flow rate in the carotid artery in Experiment 2. Responses
      to infusion treatments were evaluated as proportionate differences from baseline
      measures. Peak systolic velocity, pulsatility index, and heart rate were measured
      on the last day on treatment (DOT) in Experiment 1, and on all imaging sessions
      during Experiment 2. For Experiment 1, rumens were infused with ground toxic
      fescue seed and isoflavones in Phase A and with only the toxic seed in Phase B.
      The infusion treatments were switched between phases in Experiment 2, which
      employed a fescue seed extract having an ergot alkaloid composition equivalent to
      that of the ground seed used in Experiment 1. During Experiment 1, luminal areas
      of carotid and interosseous arteries in Phase A did not deviate (P > 0.1) from
      baselines over 1, 2, 3, and 4 DOT, but the areas of both declined linearly from
      baselines over 1, 2, 3, and 4 DOT in Phase B. By 6, 7, and 8 DOT in Experiment 2,
      luminal areas of the arteries and flow rate declined from baselines with
      infusions with the only seed extract in Phase A, but luminal areas and flow rate
      increased over 4, 5, and 6 DOT with the additional infusion of isoflavones. Peak
      systolic velocity and heart rate were not affected by treatment in either
      experiment, but were highest when infused with only ergot alkaloids in both
      experiments. Treatment with isoflavones was demonstrated to relax the carotid and
      interosseous arteries and reduce resistance to blood flow. Results indicate that
      isoflavones can relax persistent vasoconstriction in goats caused by consumption
      of ergot alkaloids, and mitigate the adverse effect that ergot alkaloids have on
      dry matter intake. 

PMID- 26973845
TI  - Spatial and Temporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Middle East, 2012
      2015.
AB  - Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle that can have
      severe economic implications. New LSD outbreaks are currently circulating in the
      Middle East (ME). Since 2012, severe outbreaks were reported in cattle across the
      region. Characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of LSDV in cattle
      populations is prerequisite for guiding successful surveillance and control
      efforts at a regional level in the ME. Here, we aim to model the ecological niche
      of LSDV and identify epidemic progression patterns over the course of the
      epidemic. We analyzed publically available outbreak data from the ME for the
      period 2012-2015 using presence-only maximum entropy ecological niche modeling
      and the time-dependent method for the estimation of the effective reproductive
      number (R-TD). High-risk areas (probability >0.60) for LSDV identified by
      ecological niche modeling included parts of many northeastern ME countries,
      though Israel and Turkey were estimated to be the most suitable locations for
      occurrence of LSDV outbreaks. The most important environmental predictors that
      contributed to the ecological niche of LSDV included annual precipitation, land
      cover, mean diurnal range, type of livestock production system, and global
      livestock densities. Average monthly effective R-TD was equal to 2.2 (95% CI:
      1.2, 3.5), whereas the largest R-TD was estimated in Israel (R-TD = 22.2, 95 CI:
      15.2, 31.5) in September 2013, which indicated that the demographic and
      environmental conditions during this period were suitable to LSDV super-spreading
      events. The sharp drop of Isreal's inferred R-TD in the following month reflected
      the success of their 2013 vaccination campaign in controlling the disease. Our
      results identified areas in which underreporting of LSDV outbreaks may have
      occurred. More epidemiological information related to cattle populations are
      needed to further improve the inferred spatial and temporal characteristics of
      currently circulating LSDV. However, the methodology presented here may be useful
      in guiding the design of risk-based surveillance and control programs in the
      region as well as aid in the formulation of epidemic preparedness plans in
      neighboring LSDV-free countries. 

PMID- 26973846
TI  - A Set of Grand Challenges for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine.

PMID- 26973847
TI  - Assessing progression of keratoconus: novel tomographic determinants.
AB  - Several methods have been described in the literature to both evaluate and
      document progression in keratoconus, but there is no consistent or clear
      definition of ectasia progression. The authors describe how modern corneal
      tomography, including both anterior and posterior elevation and pachymetric data
      can be used to screen for ectatic progression, and how software programs such as
      the Enhanced Reference Surface and the Belin-Ambrosio Enhanced Ectasia Display
      (BAD) can be employed to detect earlier changes. Additionally, in order to
      describe specific quantitative values that can be used as progression
      determinants, the normal noise measurement of the three parameters (corneal
      thickness at the thinnest point, anterior and posterior radius of curvature (ARC,
      PRC) taken from the 3.0 mm optical zone centered on the thinnest point), was
      assessed. These values were obtained by imaging five normal patients using three
      different technicians on three separate days. The 95 % and 80 % one-sided
      confidence intervals for all three parameters were surprisingly small (7.88/4.03
      MUm for corneal thickness, 0.024/0.012 mm for ARC, and 0.083/0.042 mm for PRC),
      suggesting that they may perform well as progression determinants. 

PMID- 26973848
TI  - Proteome Analyses of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm at Elevated Levels of NaCl.
AB  - Our studies demonstrate that sodium chloride (NaCl) induces changes in biofilm,
      mediated by increased production of polysaccharides intercellular adhesion (PIA).
      We identified 12 proteins that showed higher abundance in increased level of
      NaCl. This includes one important protein (IsaA) known to be associated with
      biofilm stability. In addition, we also found higher abundance of a cold shock
      protein, CspA, at higher NaCl. We have also identified several other proteins
      that are differentially expressed to the elevated levels of NaCl and mapped them
      in the regulatory pathways of PIA. The majority of proteins are involved with
      various aspects bacterial metabolic function. Our results demonstrated that NaCl
      influences gene regulatory networks controlling exopolysaccharide expression.

PMID- 26973849
TI  - Saccharomyces boulardii to Prevent Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: A Randomized,
      Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
AB  - Background.  Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile
      associated diarrhea (CDAD) are common complications of antibiotic use. Data on
      the efficacy of probiotics to prevent AAD and CDAD are unclear. We aimed to
      evaluate the efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii to prevent AAD and CDAD in
      hospitalized adult patients. Methods.  We conducted a multicenter, phase III,
      double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized patients who
      received systemic antibiotic treatment in 15 hospitals in Germany between July
      2010 and October 2012. Participants received Perenterol forte 250 mg capsules or
      matching placebo twice per day within 24 hours of initiating antibiotic
      treatment, continued treatment for 7 days after antibiotic discontinuation, and
      were then observed for 6 weeks. Results.  Two thousand four hundred forty-four
      patients were screened. The trial was stopped early for futility after inclusion
      of 477 participants. Two hundred forty-six patients aged 60.1 +/- 16.5 years and
      231 patients aged 56.5 +/- 17.8 were randomized to the S boulardii group and the
      placebo group, respectively, with 21 and 19 AADs in the respective groups (P =
      .87). The hazard ratio of AAD in the S boulardii group compared with the placebo
      group was 1.02 (95% confidence interval, .55-1.90; P = .94). Clostridium
      difficile-associated diarrhea occurred in 0.8% of participants (4 of 477). Nine
      serious adverse events were recorded in the S boulardii group, and 3 serious
      adverse events were recorded in the placebo group. None were related to study
      participation. Conclusions.  We found no evidence for an effect of S boulardii in
      preventing AAD or CDAD in a population of hospitalized patients without
      particular risk factors apart from systemic antibiotic treatment.
      ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier.  NCT01143272. 

PMID- 26973850
TI  - Interferon Lambda 4 Genotype Is Associated With Jaundice and Elevated
      Aminotransferase Levels During Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Findings From
      the InC3 Collaborative.
AB  - Symptomatic acute HCV infection and interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) genotypes are
      important predictors of spontaneous viral clearance. Using data from a
      multicohort database (Injecting Cohorts [InC3] Collaborative), we establish an
      independent association between host IFNL4 genotype and symptoms of acute
      hepatitis C virus infection. This association potentially explains the higher
      spontaneous clearance observed in some patients with symptomatic disease. 

PMID- 26973851
TI  - Improving Robustness of Deep Neural Network Acoustic Models via Speech Separation
      and Joint Adaptive Training.
AB  - Although deep neural network (DNN) acoustic models are known to be inherently
      noise robust, especially with matched training and testing data, the use of
      speech separation as a frontend and for deriving alternative feature
      representations has been shown to improve performance in challenging
      environments. We first present a supervised speech separation system that
      significantly improves automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance in
      realistic noise conditions. The system performs separation via ratio time
      frequency masking; the ideal ratio mask (IRM) is estimated using DNNs. We then
      propose a framework that unifies separation and acoustic modeling via joint
      adaptive training. Since the modules for acoustic modeling and speech separation
      are implemented using DNNs, unification is done by introducing additional hidden
      layers with fixed weights and appropriate network architecture. On the CHiME-2
      medium-large vocabulary ASR task, and with log mel spectral features as input to
      the acoustic model, an independently trained ratio masking frontend improves word
      error rates by 10.9% (relative) compared to the noisy baseline. In comparison,
      the jointly trained system improves performance by 14.4%. We also experiment with
      alternative feature representations to augment the standard log mel features,
      like the noise and speech estimates obtained from the separation module, and the
      standard feature set used for IRM estimation. Our best system obtains a word
      error rate of 15.4% (absolute), an improvement of 4.6 percentage points over the
      next best result on this corpus.

PMID- 26973853
TI  - PINK1, cancer and neurodegeneration.

PMID- 26973852
TI  - STAT5 activation in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: damned if you do, damned
      if you don't.
AB  - A significant role of the microenvironment in leukemogenesis is beginning to
      emerge. The leukemia cell microenvironment consists of not only the stromal and
      endothelial cell components but also the normal hematopoietic cells. Signal
      transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a latent transcription
      factor that is normally transiently activated by phosphorylation in response to
      microenvironmental signals. In hematopoietic cells, persistently activated STAT5
      via aberrant receptor signaling, Janus kinases (JAKs), or intracellular tyrosine
      kinases is a bona fide driver of leukemogenesis. However, active IL-7/STAT5
      signaling also protects the early B-cell genome by suppressing error-prone
      recombination and vulnerability to transformation. Along these lines, we have
      reported that lymphocyte development from transplanted STAT5-deficient fetal
      liver cells was blocked at the pre-pro-B-cell stage but when combined with
      transgenic Myc and Bcl-2 promoted faster initiation of B-ALL. Furthermore,
      inflammatory responses may also be involved in leukemia initiation in both
      pediatric and adult patients which are associated with decreased phosphorylation
      of STAT5. Likewise, additional targeted agents continue to be developed for
      precision medicine that prominently suppress signaling pathways. A common theme
      of all of these perturbations is potential risk for dysregulating hematopoiesis
      through general transcriptional modulation. Here we discuss the potential for
      STAT5 inhibition as a double edged sword in certain hematologic disorders, such
      as early B-cell lymphoblastic leukemias. Considering the rapid pace of
      understanding of the pre-leukemic decrease in poly-clonality that precedes
      leukemia, the functional changes associated with microenvironmental influences
      are thus of potential clinical significance.

PMID- 26973854
TI  - CYLD and SUMO in neuroblastoma therapy.

PMID- 26973855
TI  - New crossroads for potential therapeutic intervention in cancer - intersections
      between CDCP1, EGFR family members and downstream signaling pathways.
AB  - Signaling pathways regulated by the receptor CDCP1 play central roles in
      promoting cancer and in mediating resistance to chemo- and targeted-therapies. In
      this perspective we briefly summarize these findings as well as data
      demonstrating poorer outcomes for several malignancies that exhibit elevated
      CDCP1 expression. Promising data from preclinical studies suggest that CDCP1
      targeted agents, including therapeutic antibodies, could be useful in the
      treatment of cancer patients selected on the basis of activation of CDCP1 and its
      signaling partners including EGFR, HER2, Met and Src. 

PMID- 26973856
TI  - In silico and experimental analyses predict the therapeutic value of an EZH2
      inhibitor GSK343 against hepatocellular carcinoma through the induction of
      metallothionein genes.
AB  - There are currently no effective molecular targeted therapies for hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
      Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27)-specific
      methyltransferase, has been emerged as novel anticancer target. Our previous
      study has demonstrated that GSK343, an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-competitive
      inhibitor of EZH2, induces autophagy and enhances drug sensitivity in cancer
      cells including HCC. In this study, an in silico study was performed and found
      that EZH2 was overexpressed in cancerous tissues of HCC patients at both gene and
      protein levels. Microarray analysis and in vitro experiments indicated that the
      anti-HCC activity of GSK343 was associated with the induction of metallothionein
      (MT) genes. In addition, the negative association of EZH2 and MT1/MT2A genes in
      cancer cell lines and tissues was found in public gene expression database. Taken
      together, our findings suggest that EZH2 inhibitors could be a good therapeutic
      option for HCC, and induction of MT genes was associated with the anti-HCC
      activity of EZH2 inhibitors. 

PMID- 26973857
TI  - EZH2 inhibition re-sensitizes multidrug resistant B-cell lymphomas to etoposide
      mediated apoptosis.
AB  - Reactivation of apoptotic pathways is an attractive strategy for patients with
      treatment-resistant B-cell lymphoma. The tumor suppressor, p53 is central for
      apoptotic response to multiple DNA damaging agents used to treat aggressive B
      cell lymphomas, including etoposide. It has been demonstrated that etoposide
      induced DNA damage and therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by combination with
      inhibitors of the histone methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2).
      Further, EZH2 was identified to regulate cell fate decisions in response to DNA
      damage. Using B-cell lymphoma cell lines resistant to etoposide induced cell
      death; we show that p53 is dramatically down regulated and MDMX, a negative
      regulator of p53, is significantly up regulated. However, these cell lines remain
      responsive to etoposide mediated DNA damage and exhibit cell cycle inhibition and
      induction of senescence. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of EZH2 directs DNA
      damage to a predominant p53 dependent apoptotic response associated with loss of
      MDMX and BCL-XL. These data provide confirmation of EZH2 in determining cell fate
      following DNA damage and propose a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with
      aggressive treatment-resistant B-cell lymphoma. 

PMID- 26973858
TI  - The potential relevance of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, in
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is an aggressive, genetically heterogenerous
      disease and the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among adults. To gain
      further insights into the etiology of DLBCL and to discover potential disease
      related factors, we performed a serum lipid analysis on a subset of individuals
      from a population-based NHL case-control study. An untargeted mass-spectrometry
      based metabolomics platform was used to analyze serum samples from 100 DLBCL
      patients and 100 healthy matched controls. Significantly elevated levels of the
      endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), were detected in the serum of
      DLBCL patients (121%, P < 0.05). In the male controls, elevated 2-AG levels were
      observed in those who were overweight (BMI >= 25 - < 30 kg/m2; 108%, P < 0.01)
      and obese (BMI >= 30 kg/m(2); 118%, P < 0.001) compared to those with a BMI < 25
      kg/m(2). DLBCL cell lines treated with exogenous 2-AG across a range of
      concentrations, exhibited heterogenous responses: proliferation rates were
      markedly higher in 4 cell lines by 22%-68% (P < 0.001) and lower in 8 by 20%-75%
      (P < 0.001). The combined findings of elevated 2-AG levels in DLBCL patients and
      the proliferative effects of 2-AG on a subset of DLBCL cell lines suggests that 2
      AG may play a potential role in the pathogenesis or progression of a subset of
      DLBCLs. 

PMID- 26973860
TI  - Erratum: Kinetochore-microtube attachments in cancer therapy.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 902 in vol. 2, PMID: 26697517.]. 

PMID- 26973859
TI  - Early onset esophageal adenocarcinoma: a distinct molecular entity?
AB  - Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is typically diagnosed in elderly with a median
      age of 68 years. The incidence of EAC has been rising over the last decades, also
      among young adults. The aim of the study was to investigate whether early onset
      EAC is a distinct molecular entity. To identify early onset EACs, the nationwide
      network and registry of histo- and cytopathology in the Netherlands (PALGA) was
      searched. Twenty-eight tumors of patients aged <=40 years were selected and
      matched with 27 tumors of patients aged >=68 years. DNA was isolated from
      surgically resected specimen and sequenced on the Ion Torrent Personal Genome
      Machine with the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Panel. No differences in mutational load
      between early onset and conventional EACs were observed (P=0.196). The most
      frequently mutated genes were TP53 (73%) and P16 (16%). Additional mutations in
      early onset EACs occurred exclusively in: APC, CDH1, CTNNB1, FGFR2, and STK11. In
      the conventional EACs additional mutations were exclusively identified in: ABL1,
      FBXW7, GNA11, GNAS, KRAS, MET, SMAD4, and VHL. Additional mutations besides TP53
      and P16 seem to occur in different genes related to cell fate pathways for early
      onset EACs, while the additional mutations in conventional EACs are related to
      survival pathways. 

PMID- 26973861
TI  - RISK CORRIDORS AND REINSURANCE IN HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETPLACES: Insurance for
      Insurers.
AB  - Health Insurance Marketplaces established by the Affordable Care Act implement
      reinsurance and risk corridors. Reinsurance limits insurer costs associated with
      specific individuals, while risk corridors protect against aggregate losses. Both
      tighten the insurer's distribution of expected costs. This paper compares the
      economic costs and consequences of reinsurance and risk corridors. We simulate
      the insurer's cost distribution under reinsurance and risk corridors using data
      for a group of individuals likely to enroll in Marketplace plans from the Medical
      Expenditure Panel Survey. We compare reinsurance and risk corridors in terms of
      risk reduction and incentives for cost containment. We find that reinsurance and
      one-sided risk corridors achieve comparable levels of risk reduction for a given
      level of incentives. We also find that the policies being implemented in the
      Marketplaces (a mix of reinsurance and two-sided risk corridor policies)
      substantially limit insurer risk but perform similarly to a simpler stand-alone
      reinsurance policy.

PMID- 26973862
TI  - Inverse-power-law behavior of cellular motility reveals stromal-epithelial cell
      interactions in 3D co-culture by OCT fluctuation spectroscopy.
AB  - The progression of breast cancer is known to be affected by stromal cells within
      the local microenvironment. Here we study the effect of stromal fibroblasts on
      the in-place motions (motility) of mammary epithelial cells within organoids in
      3D co-culture, inferred from the speckle fluctuation spectrum using optical
      coherence tomography (OCT). In contrast to Brownian motion, mammary cell motions
      exhibit an inverse power-law fluctuation spectrum. We introduce two complementary
      metrics for quantifying fluctuation spectra: the power-law exponent and a novel
      definition of the motility amplitude, both of which are signal- and position
      independent. We find that the power-law exponent and motility amplitude are
      positively (p<0.001) and negatively (p<0.01) correlated with the density of
      stromal cells in 3D co-culture, respectively. We also show how the hyperspectral
      data can be visualized using these metrics to observe heterogeneity within
      organoids. This constitutes a simple and powerful tool for detecting and imaging
      cellular functional changes with OCT.

PMID- 26973863
TI  - Correcting field-dependent aberrations with nanoscale accuracy in three
      dimensional single-molecule localization microscopy.
AB  - The localization of single fluorescent molecules enables the imaging of molecular
      structure and dynamics with subdiffraction precision and can be extended to three
      dimensions using point spread function (PSF) engineering. However, the nanoscale
      accuracy of localization throughout a 3D single-molecule microscope's field of
      view has not yet been rigorously examined. By using regularly spaced
      subdiffraction apertures filled with fluorescent dyes, we reveal field-dependent
      aberrations as large as 50-100 nm and show that they can be corrected to less
      than 25 nm over an extended 3D focal volume. We demonstrate the applicability of
      this technique for two engineered PSFs, the double-helix PSF and the astigmatic
      PSF. We expect these results to be broadly applicable to 3D single-molecule
      tracking and superresolution methods demanding high accuracy.

PMID- 26973865
TI  - Booze and butts: A content analysis of the presence of alcohol in tobacco
      industry's lifestyle magazines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advertising influences people's health behaviors. Tobacco companies
      have linked tobacco and alcohol in their marketing activities. We examined how
      depictions of alcohol were placed in lifestyle magazines produced by tobacco
      companies, and if these references differed depending on if the magazine was
      oriented towards men, women, or if it was unisex. METHODS: Content analysis of 6
      different tobacco industry lifestyle magazines (73 issues), including 73 magazine
      covers, 1558 articles, 444 tobacco ads, and 695 non-tobacco ads. RESULTS: 14 of
      73 (19%) magazine covers featured alcohol; 581 of 1558 (37%) magazine articles
      mentioned alcohol; 119 of 444 (27%) tobacco ads showed alcohol images; and 57 of
      695 (8%) non-tobacco ads portrayed alcohol. Male-oriented magazines (Unlimited,
      CML, and Real Edge) contained the most alcohol references, and the references
      were mainly beer, mixed drinks, and liquor or spirits. Female-oriented magazines
      (All Woman and Flair) contained the fewest alcohol references, and wine and mixed
      drinks were the major types of alcoholic beverage portrayed. For unisex magazine
      (P.S.), the frequency of alcohol references fell between the male- and female
      oriented magazines, and most frequently mentioned mixed drinks. CONCLUSIONS:
      Frequent depictions of smoking and drinking in tobacco industry lifestyle
      magazines might have reinforced norms about paired use of tobacco and alcohol
      among young adults. The pairing of tobacco and alcohol may particularly target
      young men. Anti-tobacco interventions need to address the co-use of tobacco and
      alcohol, change the social acceptability of smoking in any social settings, and
      tailor alcohol related anti-tobacco messaging by gender.

PMID- 26973866
TI  - Metabolic stressors disrupt proteome homeostasis to suppress malignancy.
AB  - Within tumor cells the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-mediated stress response is
      constitutively mobilized to counter persistent proteotoxic stress, hence
      sustaining their fragile proteome homeostasis and supporting robust malignant
      phenotypes. Intriguingly, our new studies reveal that metabolic stressors, such
      as metformin, inactivate HSF1 and provoke proteomic chaos, thereby impeding
      tumorigenesis.

PMID- 26973864
TI  - Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Includes a Broad Spectrum of Inflammatory
      Responses and Epithelial Repair Processes.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a chronic diffuse
      inflammation of the small intestine, is associated with stunting in children in
      the developing world. The pathobiology of EED is poorly understood because of the
      lack of a method to elucidate the host response. This study tested a novel
      microarray method to overcome limitation of RNA sequencing to interrogate the
      host transcriptome in feces in Malawian children with EED. METHODS: In 259
      children, EED was measured by lactulose permeability (%L). After isolating low
      copy numbers of host messenger RNA, the transcriptome was reliably and
      reproducibly profiled, validated by polymerase chain reaction. Messenger RNA copy
      number then was correlated with %L and differential expression in EED. The
      transcripts identified were mapped to biological pathways and processes. The
      children studied had a range of %L values, consistent with a spectrum of EED from
      none to severe. RESULTS: We identified 12 transcripts associated with the
      severity of EED, including chemokines that stimulate T-cell proliferation, Fc
      fragments of multiple immunoglobulin families, interferon-induced proteins,
      activators of neutrophils and B cells, and mediators that dampen cellular
      responses to hormones. EED-associated transcripts mapped to pathways related to
      cell adhesion, and responses to a broad spectrum of viral, bacterial, and
      parasitic microbes. Several mucins, regulatory factors, and protein kinases
      associated with the maintenance of the mucous layer were expressed less in
      children with EED than in normal children. CONCLUSIONS: EED represents the
      activation of diverse elements of the immune system and is associated with
      widespread intestinal barrier disruption. Differentially expressed transcripts,
      appropriately enumerated, should be explored as potential biomarkers.

PMID- 26973868
TI  - Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo
      abelii).
AB  - Positive news about Sumatran orangutans is rare. The species is critically
      endangered because of forest loss and poaching, and therefore, determining the
      impact of future land-use change on this species is important. To date, the total
      Sumatran orangutan population has been estimated at 6600 individuals. On the
      basis of new transect surveys, we estimate a population of 14,613 in 2015. This
      higher estimate is due to three factors. First, orangutans were found at higher
      elevations, elevations previously considered outside of their range and,
      consequently, not surveyed previously. Second, orangutans were found more widely
      distributed in logged forests. Third, orangutans were found in areas west of the
      Toba Lake that were not previously surveyed. This increase in numbers is
      therefore due to a more wide-ranging survey effort and is not indicative of an
      increase in the orangutan population in Sumatra. There are evidently more
      Sumatran orangutans remaining in the wild than we thought, but the species
      remains under serious threat. Current scenarios for future forest loss predict
      that as many as 4500 individuals could vanish by 2030. Despite the positive
      finding that the population is double the size previously estimated, our results
      indicate that future deforestation will continue to be the cause of rapid
      declines in orangutan numbers. Hence, we urge that all developmental planning
      involving forest loss be accompanied by appropriate environmental impact
      assessments conforming with the current national and provincial legislations,
      and, through these, implement specific measures to reduce or, better, avoid
      negative impacts on forests where orangutans occur. 

PMID- 26973867
TI  - Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy.
AB  - This review starts with a brief history and description of adaptive optics (AO)
      technology, followed by a showcase of the latest capabilities of AO systems for
      imaging the human retina and an extensive review of the literature on where AO is
      being used clinically. The review concludes with a discussion on future
      directions and guidance on usage and interpretation of images from AO systems for
      the eye.

PMID- 26973869
TI  - Mismatched partners that achieve postpairing behavioral similarity improve their
      reproductive success.
AB  - Behavioral similarity between partners is likely to promote within-pair
      compatibility and to result in better reproductive success. Therefore,
      individuals are expected to choose a partner that is alike in behavioral type.
      However, mate searching is very costly and does not guarantee finding a matching
      partner. If mismatched individuals pair, they may benefit from increasing their
      similarity after pairing. We show in a monogamous fish species-the convict
      cichlid-that the behavioral similarity between mismatched partners can increase
      after pairing. This increase resulted from asymmetrical adjustment because only
      the reactive individual became more alike its proactive partner, whereas the
      latter did not change its behavior. The mismatched pairs that increased their
      similarity not only improved their reproductive success but also raised it up to
      the level of matched pairs. While most studies assume that assortative mating
      results from mate choice, our study suggests that postpairing adjustment could be
      an alternative explanation for the high behavioral similarity between partners
      observed in the field. It also explains why interindividual behavioral
      differences can be maintained within a given population. 

PMID- 26973870
TI  - Mid-Cretaceous amber fossils illuminate the past diversity of tropical lizards.
AB  - Modern tropical forests harbor an enormous diversity of squamates, but
      fossilization in such environments is uncommon and little is known about tropical
      lizard assemblages of the Mesozoic. We report the oldest lizard assemblage
      preserved in amber, providing insight into the poorly preserved but potentially
      diverse mid-Cretaceous paleotropics. Twelve specimens from the Albian-Cenomanian
      boundary of Myanmar (99 Ma) preserve fine details of soft tissue and osteology,
      and high-resolution x-ray computed tomography permits detailed comparisons to
      extant and extinct lizards. The extraordinary preservation allows several
      specimens to be confidently assigned to groups including stem Gekkota and stem
      Chamaleonidae. Other taxa are assignable to crown clades on the basis of similar
      traits. The detailed preservation of osteological and soft tissue characters in
      these specimens may facilitate their precise phylogenetic placement, making them
      useful calibration points for molecular divergence time estimates and potential
      keys for resolving conflicts in higher-order squamate relationships. 

PMID- 26973871
TI  - Integrating simultaneous prosocial and antisocial behavior into theories of
      collective action.
AB  - Trust and cooperation constitute cornerstones of common-pool resource theory,
      showing that "prosocial" strategies among resource users can overcome collective
      action problems and lead to sustainable resource governance. Yet, antisocial
      behavior and especially the coexistence of prosocial and antisocial behaviors
      have received less attention. We broaden the analysis to include the effects of
      both "prosocial" and "antisocial" interactions. We do so in the context of marine
      protected areas (MPAs), the most prominent form of biodiversity conservation
      intervention worldwide. Our multimethod approach relied on lab-in-the-field
      economic experiments (n = 127) in two MPA and two non-MPA communities in Baja
      California, Mexico. In addition, we deployed a standardized fishers' survey (n =
      544) to verify the external validity of our findings and expert informant
      interviews (n = 77) to develop potential explanatory mechanisms. In MPA sites,
      prosocial and antisocial behavior is significantly higher, and the presence of
      antisocial behavior does not seem to have a negative effect on prosocial
      behavior. We suggest that market integration, economic diversification, and
      strengthened group identity in MPAs are the main potential mechanisms for the
      simultaneity of prosocial and antisocial behavior we observed. This study
      constitutes a first step in better understanding the interaction between
      prosociality and antisociality as related to natural resources governance and
      conservation science, integrating literatures from social psychology,
      evolutionary anthropology, behavioral economics, and ecology. 

PMID- 26973872
TI  - Quantitative determination of pairing interactions for high-temperature
      superconductivity in cuprates.
AB  - A profound problem in modern condensed matter physics is discovering and
      understanding the nature of fluctuations and their coupling to fermions in
      cuprates, which lead to high-temperature superconductivity and the invariably
      associated strange metal state. We report the quantitative determination of
      normal and pairing self-energies, made possible by laser-based angle-resolved
      photoemission measurements of unprecedented accuracy and stability. Through a
      precise inversion procedure, both the effective interactions in the attractive d
      wave symmetry and the repulsive part in the full symmetry are determined. The
      latter is nearly angle-independent. Near T c, both interactions are nearly
      independent of frequency and have almost the same magnitude over the complete
      energy range of up to about 0.4 eV, except for a low-energy feature at around 50
      meV that is present only in the repulsive part, which has less than 10% of the
      total spectral weight. Well below T c, they both change similarly, with
      superconductivity-induced features at low energies. Besides finding the pairing
      self-energy and the attractive interactions for the first time, these results
      expose the central paradox of the problem of high T c: how the same frequency
      independent fluctuations can dominantly scatter at angles +/-pi/2 in the
      attractive channel to give d-wave pairing and lead to angle-independent repulsive
      scattering. The experimental results are compared with available theoretical
      calculations based on antiferromagnetic fluctuations, the Hubbard model, and
      quantum-critical fluctuations of the loop-current order. 

PMID- 26973874
TI  - Origin of uranium isotope variations in early solar nebula condensates.
AB  - High-temperature condensates found in meteorites display uranium isotopic
      variations ((235)U/(238)U), which complicate dating the solar system's formation
      and whose origin remains mysterious. It is possible that these variations are due
      to the decay of the short-lived radionuclide (247)Cm (t 1/2 = 15.6 My) into
      (235)U, but they could also be due to uranium kinetic isotopic fractionation
      during condensation. We report uranium isotope measurements of meteoritic
      refractory inclusions that reveal excesses of (235)U reaching ~+6% relative to
      average solar system composition, which can only be due to the decay of (247)Cm.
      This allows us to constrain the (247)Cm/(235)U ratio at solar system formation to
      (1.1 +/- 0.3) * 10(-4). This value provides new clues on the universality of the
      nucleosynthetic r-process of rapid neutron capture. 

PMID- 26973873
TI  - Bacterial antisense RNAs are mainly the product of transcriptional noise.
AB  - cis-Encoded antisense RNAs (asRNAs) are widespread along bacterial
      transcriptomes. However, the role of most of these RNAs remains unknown, and
      there is an ongoing discussion as to what extent these transcripts are the result
      of transcriptional noise. We show, by comparative transcriptomics of 20 bacterial
      species and one chloroplast, that the number of asRNAs is exponentially dependent
      on the genomic AT content and that expression of asRNA at low levels exerts
      little impact in terms of energy consumption. A transcription model simulating
      mRNA and asRNA production indicates that the asRNA regulatory effect is only
      observed above certain expression thresholds, substantially higher than
      physiological transcript levels. These predictions were verified experimentally
      by overexpressing nine different asRNAs in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Our results
      suggest that most of the antisense transcripts found in bacteria are the
      consequence of transcriptional noise, arising at spurious promoters throughout
      the genome. 

PMID- 26973875
TI  - A three-dimensional culture system recapitulates placental syncytiotrophoblast
      development and microbial resistance.
AB  - In eutherians, the placenta acts as a barrier and conduit at the maternal-fetal
      interface. Syncytiotrophoblasts, the multinucleated cells that cover the
      placental villous tree surfaces of the human placenta, are directly bathed in
      maternal blood and are formed by the fusion of progenitor cytotrophoblasts that
      underlie them. Despite their crucial role in fetal protection, many of the events
      that govern trophoblast fusion and protection from microbial infection are
      unknown. We describe a three-dimensional (3D)-based culture model using human JEG
      3 trophoblast cells that develop syncytiotrophoblast phenotypes when cocultured
      with human microvascular endothelial cells. JEG-3 cells cultured in this system
      exhibit enhanced fusogenic activity and morphological and secretory activities
      strikingly similar to those of primary human syncytiotrophoblasts. RNASeq
      analyses extend the observed functional similarities to the transcriptome, where
      we observed significant overlap between syncytiotrophoblast-specific genes and 3D
      JEG-3 cultures. Furthermore, JEG-3 cells cultured in 3D are resistant to
      infection by viruses and Toxoplasma gondii, which mimics the high resistance of
      syncytiotrophoblasts to microbial infections in vivo. Given that this system is
      genetically manipulatable, it provides a new platform to dissect the mechanisms
      involved in syncytiotrophoblast development and microbial resistance. 

PMID- 26973876
TI  - Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable
      power source.
AB  - Transient electronics built with degradable organic and inorganic materials is an
      emerging area and has shown great potential for in vivo sensors and therapeutic
      devices. However, most of these devices require external power sources to
      function, which may limit their applications for in vivo cases. We report a
      biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator (BD-TENG) for in vivo biomechanical
      energy harvesting, which can be degraded and resorbed in an animal body after
      completing its work cycle without any adverse long-term effects. Tunable
      electrical output capabilities and degradation features were achieved by
      fabricated BD-TENG using different materials. When applying BD-TENG to power two
      complementary micrograting electrodes, a DC-pulsed electrical field was
      generated, and the nerve cell growth was successfully orientated, showing its
      feasibility for neuron-repairing process. Our work demonstrates the potential of
      BD-TENG as a power source for transient medical devices. 

PMID- 26973878
TI  - Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes.
AB  - Interactions between hosts and parasites have been hypothesized to cause
      winnerless coevolution, called Red Queen dynamics. The canonical Red Queen
      dynamics assume that all interacting genotypes of hosts and parasites undergo
      cyclic changes in abundance through negative frequency-dependent selection, which
      means that any genotype could become frequent at some stage. However, this
      prediction cannot explain why many rare genotypes stay rare in natural host
      parasite systems. To investigate this, we build a mathematical model involving
      multihost and multiparasite genotypes. In a deterministic and controlled
      environment, Red Queen dynamics occur between two genotypes undergoing cyclic
      dominance changes, whereas the rest of the genotypes remain subordinate for long
      periods of time in phase-locked synchronized dynamics with low amplitude.
      However, introduction of stochastic noise in the model might allow the
      subordinate cyclic host and parasite types to replace dominant cyclic types as
      new players in the Red Queen dynamics. The factors that influence such
      evolutionary switching are interhost competition, specificity of parasitism, and
      degree of stochastic noise. Our model can explain, for the first time, the
      persistence of rare, hardly cycling genotypes in populations (for example, marine
      microbial communities) undergoing host-parasite coevolution. 

PMID- 26973877
TI  - Structures of ribosome-bound initiation factor 2 reveal the mechanism of subunit
      association.
AB  - Throughout the four phases of protein biosynthesis-initiation, elongation,
      termination, and recycling-the ribosome is controlled and regulated by at least
      one specified translational guanosine triphosphatase (trGTPase). Although the
      structural basis for trGTPase interaction with the ribosome has been solved for
      the last three steps of translation, the high-resolution structure for the key
      initiation trGTPase, initiation factor 2 (IF2), complexed with the ribosome,
      remains elusive. We determine the structure of IF2 complexed with a
      nonhydrolyzable guanosine triphosphate analog and initiator fMet-tRNAi (Met) in
      the context of the Escherichia coli ribosome to 3.7-A resolution using cryo
      electron microscopy. The structural analysis reveals previously unseen intrinsic
      conformational modes of the 70S initiation complex, establishing the mutual
      interplay of IF2 and initator transfer RNA (tRNA) with the ribsosome and
      providing the structural foundation for a mechanistic understanding of the final
      steps of translation initiation. 

PMID- 26973879
TI  - A universal cooperative assembly-directed method for coating of mesoporous TiO(2)
      nanoshells with enhanced lithium storage properties.
AB  - TiO2 is exceptionally useful, but it remains a great challenge to develop a
      universal method to coat TiO2 nanoshells on different functional materials. We
      report a one-pot, low-temperature, and facile method that can rapidly form
      mesoporous TiO2 shells on various inorganic, organic, and inorganic-organic
      composite materials, including silica-based, metal, metal oxide, organic polymer,
      carbon-based, and metal-organic framework nanomaterials via a cooperative
      assembly-directed strategy. In constructing hollow, core-shell, and yolk-shell
      geometries, both amorphous and crystalline TiO2 nanoshells are demonstrated with
      excellent control. When used as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries,
      these crystalline TiO2 nanoshells composed of very small nanocrystals exhibit
      remarkably long-term cycling stability over 1000 cycles. The electrochemical
      properties demonstrate that these TiO2 nanoshells are promising anode materials. 

PMID- 26973880
TI  - B Cells with Regulatory Function in Human Diseases.

PMID- 26973881
TI  - Glioblastoma-infiltrated innate immune cells resemble M0 macrophage phenotype.
AB  - Glioblastomas are highly infiltrated by diverse immune cells, including
      microglia, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs).
      Understanding the mechanisms by which glioblastoma-associated myeloid cells
      (GAMs) undergo metamorphosis into tumor-supportive cells, characterizing the
      heterogeneity of immune cell phenotypes within glioblastoma subtypes, and
      discovering new targets can help the design of new efficient immunotherapies. In
      this study, we performed a comprehensive battery of immune phenotyping, whole
      genome microarray analysis, and microRNA expression profiling of GAMs with
      matched blood monocytes, healthy donor monocytes, normal brain microglia,
      nonpolarized M0 macrophages, and polarized M1, M2a, M2c macrophages. Glioblastoma
      patients had an elevated number of monocytes relative to healthy donors. Among
      CD11b+ cells, microglia and MDSCs constituted a higher percentage of GAMs than
      did macrophages. GAM profiling using flow cytometry studies revealed a continuum
      between the M1- and M2-like phenotype. Contrary to current dogma, GAMs exhibited
      distinct immunological functions, with the former aligned close to nonpolarized
      M0 macrophages.

PMID- 26973882
TI  - Autoimmune response to transthyretin in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common pediatric rheumatological
      condition. Although it has been proposed that JIA has an autoimmune component,
      the autoantigens are still unknown. Using biochemical and proteomic approaches,
      we identified the molecular chaperone transthyretin (TTR) as an antigenic target
      for B and T cell immune responses. TTR was eluted from IgG complexes and affinity
      purified from 3 JIA patients, and a statistically significant increase in TTR
      autoantibodies was observed in a group of 43 JIA patients. Three cryptic, HLA-DR1
      restricted TTR peptides, which induced CD4+ T cell expansion and IFN-gamma and
      TNF-alpha production in 3 out of 17 analyzed patients, were also identified.
      Misfolding, aggregation and oxidation of TTR, as observed in the synovial fluid
      of all JIA patients, enhanced its immunogenicity in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice. Our
      data point to TTR as an autoantigen potentially involved in the pathogenesis of
      JIA and to oxidation and aggregation as a mechanism facilitating TTR
      autoimmunity.

PMID- 26973883
TI  - Restoration of lymphatic function rescues obesity in Prox1-haploinsufficient
      mice.
AB  - Prox1 heterozygous mice have a defective lymphatic vasculature and develop late
      onset obesity. Chyle abnormally leaks from those vessels, accumulates in the
      surrounding tissues, and causes an increase in adipose tissue. We characterized
      the lymphatics of Prox1+/- mice to determine whether the extent of obesity
      correlated with the severity of lymphatic defects. The lymphatic vasculature in
      Prox1+/- mice exhibited reduced tracer clearance from the ear skin, dysfunctional
      perfusion of the lower legs, and reduced tracer uptake into the deep lymphatic
      collectors during mechanostimulation prior to the onset of obesity. Ear lymphatic
      vessels and leg collectors in Prox1+/- mice were disorganized and irregular,
      further confirming that defective lymphatic vessels are associated with obesity
      in Prox1+/- mice. We now provide conclusive in vivo evidence that demonstrates
      that leaky lymphatics mediate obesity in Prox1+/- mice, as restoration of
      lymphatic vasculature function was sufficient to rescue the obesity features in
      Prox1+/- mice. Finally, depth-lipomic profiling of lymph contents showed that
      free fatty acids induce adipogenesis in vitro.

PMID- 26973884
TI  - Soluble gC1qR in Blood and Body Fluids: Examination in a Pancreatic Cancer
      Patient Cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: gC1qR is a multifunctional cellular protein that has been linked to
      inflammation and cancer. gC1qR is highly upregulated in adenocarcinomas as
      compared to normal tissue counterparts, and soluble gC1qR (sgC1qR) has been
      detected in vitro in the pericellular milieu of proliferating malignant cells.
      AIM: The present study explored the tissue expression of gC1qR in pancreatic
      cancer by immunohistochemistry, and the presence of sgC1qR in vivo, by examining
      blood and malignant effusions from patients with metastatic pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Tissue expression of gC1qR by pancreatic adenocarcinoma
      was visualized by immunohistochemistry. SgC1qR was quantified in serum from
      healthy volunteers (n=20) and pancreatic cancer patients (n=34), as well as in
      malignant pleural (n=23) and peritoneal effusions (n=27), using a newly
      developed, sensitive immunocapture sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: Overexpression of
      gC1qR was confirmed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma compared to nonmalignant
      pancreatic tissue. Moreover, increased serum levels of sgC1qR (0.29 +/- 0.22
      ng/ml) were noted in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer compared to
      healthy controls (0.15 +/- 0.10 ng/ml) (mean +/- S.D.) (p=0.035). In 11 of 16
      patients for whom sequential samples were available, serum sgC1qR levels rose
      with disease progression, and paralleled changes in tumor biomarkers, CEA and
      CA19.9. In addition to blood, sgC1qR was detected in malignant pleural (0.55 +/-
      0.47 ng/ml) and peritoneal effusions (0.57 +/- 0.38 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: This
      study provides the first evidence for the presence of sgC1qR in vivo. The ability
      to detect sgC1qR in blood and body fluids will enable further studies to
      elucidate its pathophysiology in malignancy.

PMID- 26973886
TI  - A New Journal, A New Start.

PMID- 26973885
TI  - Engineering Modular Viral Scaffolds for Targeted Bacterial Population Editing.
AB  - Bacteria are central to human health and disease, but existing tools to edit
      microbial consortia are limited. For example, broad-spectrum antibiotics are
      unable to accurately manipulate bacterial communities. Bacteriophages can provide
      highly specific targeting of bacteria, but assembling well-defined phage
      cocktails solely with natural phages can be a time-, labor- and cost-intensive
      process. Here, we present a synthetic-biology strategy to modulate phage host
      ranges by engineering phage genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used this
      technology to redirect Escherichia coli phage scaffolds to target pathogenic
      Yersinia and Klebsiella bacteria, and conversely, Klebsiella phage scaffolds to
      target E. coli by modular swapping of phage tail components. The synthetic phages
      achieved efficient killing of their new target bacteria and were used to
      selectively remove bacteria from multi-species bacterial communities with
      cocktails based on common viral scaffolds. We envision that this approach will
      accelerate phage-biology studies and enable new technologies for bacterial
      population editing.

PMID- 26973887
TI  - Do Psychological Factors Help to Reduce Body Mass in Obesity or is it Vice Versa?
      Selected Psychological Aspects and Effectiveness of the Weight-Loss Program in
      the Obese Patients.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the strength and direction of the correlation
      between cognitive appraisal, emotional state, social functioning and the
      effectiveness of a weight-loss program undertaken by obese subjects. The out
      patient weight-loss program encompassed 150 obese women. Assessments were carried
      out at four time points: at the start of the weight-loss program and then after a
      5%, 10% and a 15% reduction of the initial body mass. The research tools used
      were: a survey, the Situation Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ), the Emotional State
      Questionnaire (ESQ), and the Q-Sort Social Functioning Questionnaire. The
      cognitive appraisal, emotional state and social functioning of the study group
      changed significantly (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with a 15% body
      mass reduction, as compared with individuals with no body mass reduction, had an
      early obesity onset, i.e. at the age of <10 years old (P<0.001). Significantly
      more individuals with no body mass reduction, compared with individuals with a
      15% reduction, had a later obesity onset, i.e. between the ages of 20 and 30
      (P<0.001) and between 50 and 60 (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with a
      15% body mass reduction, compared with individuals with no mass reduction, had
      previously experienced the jojo effect (P<0.001) and had successfully lost weight
      (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with no body mass reduction, compared
      with individuals with a15% reduction, had a history of unsuccessful attempts at
      reducing body mass (P<0.001). We conclude that the attitude of obese patients
      towards a weight-loss program is not a deciding factor for its effectiveness. As
      body mass reduces, the attitude improves. 

PMID- 26973888
TI  - Validity of the French form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale in a Non
      Clinical Sample.
AB  - The SomatoSensory Amplification Scale (SSAS) is a 10-item self-report instrument
      designed to assess the tendency to detect somatic and visceral sensations and
      experience them as unusually intense, toxic and alarming. This study examines the
      psychometric properties of a French version of the SSAS in a non-clinical
      population and, more specifically, explores its construct, convergent and
      discriminant validities. The SSAS was completed by 375 university students,
      together with measures of somatization propensity (SCL-90-R somatization
      subscale) and trait anxiety (STAI Y form). The results of principal component and
      confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the French version of the SSAS
      evaluates essentially a single, robust factor (Somatosensory amplification) and
      two kinds of somatic sensitivity (Exteroceptive sensitivity and Interoceptive
      sensitivity). Somatosensory amplification correlated with somatization tendency
      and anxiety propensity. These results encourage further investigations in French
      of the determinants and consequences of somatosensory amplification, and its use
      as a therapeutic strategy. 

PMID- 26973889
TI  - Positive Effects on Life Satisfaction Following Health-Promoting Interventions
      for Frail Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study.
AB  - Life satisfaction among older adults is known to decrease over time and with
      deteriorated health. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the
      health-promoting intervention study Elderly Persons in the Risk Zone on life
      satisfaction. A randomized, three-armed, single-blind, and controlled trial with
      follow-ups at 3 months, 1 and 2 years. A total of 459 community-dwelling persons
      at risk of frailty, 80-years or older were included. The participants were
      independent of help from others in ADL and cognitively intact. The two
      interventions were i) four weekly multi-professional senior group meetings
      including a follow-up home visit or ii) one preventive home visit. Life
      satisfaction was measured with eight questions from LiSat-11. Analyses were made
      in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Life satisfaction decreased
      over time, with a lower decrease in the intervention groups than in the control
      group. The proportion of satisfied persons was significantly higher in the
      intervention group of senior group meetings compared to the control group for
      five of the eight life satisfaction variables at one year and for all variables
      at the two-year follow-up. For preventive home visits, there was a significant
      difference compared to the control group at the one-year follow-up for three of
      the life satisfaction variables, and at the two-year follow-up for seven
      variables. We can conclude that a health-promoting intervention can delay the
      decline in life satisfaction among older adults (aged 80 or older) who are at
      risk of becoming frail. 

PMID- 26973891
TI  - Depression Treatment in Individuals with Cancer: A Comparative Analysis with
      Cardio-Metabolic Conditions.
AB  - A clear picture of the current state of nation-wide depression treatment
      practices in individuals with cancer and depression does not exist in the United
      States (US). Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine rates
      of any depression treatment among individuals with cancer and depression in the
      US. To better understand the relationship between any treatment for depression
      and presence of cancer, we used a comparison group of individuals with cardio
      metabolic conditions owing to the similar challenges faced in management of
      depression in individuals with these conditions. We used a retrospective cross
      sectional design and data from multiple years of the Medical Expenditure Panel
      Survey, a nationally representative household-survey on healthcare utilization
      and expenditures. Study sample consisted of adults aged 21 or older with self
      reported depression and cancer (n=528) or self-reported depression and diabetes,
      heart disease or hypertension (n=1643). Depression treatment comprised of any use
      of antidepressants and/or any use of mental health counseling services. Treatment
      rates for depression were 78.0% and 81.7% among individuals with cancer and
      cardio-metabolic conditions respectively. After controlling for socio
      demographic, access-to-care, number of physician-visits, health-status, and
      lifestyle risk-factors related variables; individuals with cancer were less
      likely to report any treatment for depression (Adjusted Odds Ratio=0.67; 95%
      Confidence Interval=0.49, 0.92) compared to individuals with cardio-metabolic
      conditions (P<=0.01). Our findings highlight the possibility that competing
      demands may crowd out treatment for depression and that cancer diagnosis may be a
      barrier to depression treatment. 

PMID- 26973890
TI  - Self-Care Self-Efficacy, Religious Participation and Depression as Predictors of
      Poststroke Self-Care Among Underserved Ethnic Minorities.
AB  - Underserved ethnic minorities have multiple chronic disease risk factors,
      including tobacco, alcohol and substance use, which contribute to increased
      incidence of stroke. Self-efficacy (self-care self-efficacy), religious
      participation and depression may directly and indirectly influence engagement in
      post stroke self-care behaviors. The primary aim of the present study was to
      investigate the effects of self-care self-efficacy, religious participation and
      depression, on tobacco, alcohol and substance use in a sample of largely ethnic
      minority, underserved stroke survivors (n=52). Participants previously recruited
      for a culturally tailored secondary stroke prevention self-care intervention were
      included. The treatment group received three stroke self-care sessions. The usual
      care group completed assessments only. Both groups were included in these
      analyses. Main outcome measures included tobacco, alcohol and substance use. Self
      care self-efficacy, religious participation and depression were also assessed.
      Logistic regression analyses, using self-efficacy, religious practice and
      depression as the referents, were used to predict binary outcomes of tobacco,
      alcohol and substance use at 4-weeks poststroke. Higher depression and self-care
      self-efficacy were associated with reduced odds of smoking and substance use.
      Greater participation in religious activities was associated with lower odds of
      alcohol use. We can conclude that incorporating depression treatment and
      techniques to increase self-care self-efficacy, and encouraging religious
      participation may help to improve stroke self-care behaviors for underserved and
      low socioeconomic status individuals. Results are discussed in the context of
      stroke self-management. 

PMID- 26973892
TI  - Resilience and Professional Quality of Life in Staff Working with People with
      Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behavior in Community Based and
      Institutional Settings.
AB  - Staff in forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are
      expected to deal with a wide range of emotional challenges when providing care.
      The potential impact of this demanding work has not been systematically explored
      previously. This article explores the professional quality of life (QoL) and the
      resilience (hardiness) of the staff in this setting. The Professional QoL
      questionnaire and the Disposional Resilience Scale were completed by staff (n=85,
      80% response rate) in the Norwegian forensic service for ID offenders. Responses
      from staff working in institutional settings were compared to those from staff in
      local community services. Staff in the local community services had higher
      resilience scores compared to the staff in the institutional setting, (t=2.19;
      P<0.05). However in the other QoL and resilience domains there were no
      differences between the staff in the two settings. The greater sense of resilient
      control among community staff may be a function of both the number of service
      users they work with and the institutional demands they face. Even though these
      participants worked with relatively high risk clients, they did not report
      significantly impaired quality of life compared to other occupations. 

PMID- 26973893
TI  - A Cross Sectional, Observational Survey to Assess Levels and Predictors of
      Psychological Wellbeing in Adults with Epidermolysis Bullosa.
AB  - Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) describes a cluster of genetically determined skin
      disorders. Symptoms can be painful, disabling and disfiguring, yet there is
      little research on the psychological impact of the disease. The study aim was to
      measure psychological wellbeing in adults with EB; and to examine the association
      between psychological wellbeing and self efficacy, health locus of control and
      adjustment to appearance in an observational, cross sectional survey.
      Questionnaire packs comprising the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the
      General Self Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control
      Scale (MHLOC), and the Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS-24), were sent to
      approximately 385 adults with EB. The data were analysed using SPSS. Eighty-seven
      participants responded. Scores on the GHQ-12 showed non-problematic psychological
      health in 36% of the sample; levels bordering on clinical disorder in 32.1% and
      severe psychological distress in 31.9%. No correlations were found between
      demographic factors (age and sex) or clinical factors (EB type and perceived
      severity) and psychological well-being. Scores on the GSE, the internal locus of
      control sub-scale of the MHLOC and the DAS-24 showed them to be statistically
      significant correlates of psychological wellbeing (P<0.001; P<0.018; and P<0.001
      respectively). In a regression analysis, adjustment to appearance and self
      efficacy accounted for 24% of the variation in psychological wellbeing. Adults
      with EB might be at risk of experiencing poor psychological health. Interventions
      designed to enhance disease self management, self efficacy and improve body image
      are likely to be beneficial in this clinical group. 

PMID- 26973894
TI  - Why P6 Medicine Needs Clinical Psychology and a Trans-Cultural Approach.

PMID- 26973896
TI  - Attitudes Towards Music as a Means of Therapy: Can It Help to Overcome Depression
      and/or Cardiovascular Disease?

PMID- 26973895
TI  - Adherence and Physical Activity.

PMID- 26973897
TI  - Applicability and Validity of the Amnestic Comparative Self-Assessment in
      Adolescents.
AB  - The Amnestic Comparative Self-Assessment (ACSA) is a sensitive, efficient, and
      economic instrument to assess overall quality of life in adult populations. The
      present study investigates the applicability of the ACSA in an adolescent sample
      and compares it to a measure of health-related quality of life, the Kiddo-Kindl.
      The sample comprised 92 adolescents (50 girls, 42 boys) aged 11-17 years (mean
      age: 13.67, standard deviation: 1.34). Of the investigated sample, n=69 (75%)
      completed the ACSA. No significant demographic differences were found between
      ACSA-respondents and non-respondents. The correlation of the Kiddo-Kindl and the
      ACSA was moderate (r=0.50). The Kiddo-Kindl subscales and the ACSA correlated
      between r=0.07 and 0.41. The majority of adolescents are able to complete the
      ASCA, and its acceptance and validity are independent of age. Thus, future
      investigations could adopt the ACSA in adolescents to assess overall quality of
      life. 

PMID- 26973898
TI  - The In-House Psychologist: Do We Speak the Same Language? Short Report of a
      Qualitative Practice Project.
AB  - Interdisciplinary collaboration is gaining importance. Although general practices
      (GP's) have a comprehensive experience in collaboration with psychologists,
      research on this topic is scarce. In house referrals to a psychologist are
      assumed to lower the thresholds for patients and GP's. In this study it was
      investigated whether the GP's reasons to refer in were accordance with the
      treatment strategy of the residing psychologist. The study is performed in a
      retrospective, observational cross section design. The studied population were
      the residing psychologist and GP's. Both were asked to complete a questionnaire.
      Outcome measures where the referral reasons of the GP's and the treatment
      strategy of the psychologist. A total sample of 92 patients of 6 GP's was
      studied. Over 60% of the patients were referred for counseling but only in 25% of
      the cases this proposal was carried out by the psychologist. Overall, the
      referral reasons of the GP's were not in accordance with the treatment strategy
      of the psychologist. A close collaboration and communication between general
      practitioners and psychologists is both difficult and indispensable. This
      practice research demonstrated that the referral motives of the GP's usually do
      not correspond to the treatment policy of the psychologist. This observation is
      partly explained by a lack of understanding of the GP in the treatment strategies
      of the psychologists. Another part of the explanation is that there is a pre
      selection of the GPs referrals rather influenced by patient characteristics than
      by pathology. 

PMID- 26973899
TI  - Facets of Negative Affectivity and Blood Pressure in Middle-Aged Men.
AB  - Research results suggesting that facets of negative affectivity, i.e. anxiety,
      anger-hostility, and depression, relate to incident cardiovascular diseases have
      been steadily increasing. Evidence for depression has been especially extensive.
      Elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, is one
      probable mediator in this context. The purpose of this study was to clarify the
      relationship of specific key elements of depressive disposition, i.e. depressive
      symptoms, hopelessness and vital exhaustion, with health behavior and blood
      pressure. Study sample was comprised of 710 middle-aged men. Participants
      completed self-report questionnaires assessing health behavior, depressive
      symptoms, vital exhaustion and hopelessness. Statistical analyses involved
      descriptive analyses, correlations and path analysis. Depressive symptoms and
      vital exhaustion associated with several unfavorable lifestyles such as smoking,
      alcohol consumption, and inactivity (standardized solution coefficients: 0.10,
      0.14, 0.17, accordingly). However, no significant direct associations with blood
      pressure could be found for depressive symptoms or vital exhaustion. Hopelessness
      associated only with unhealthy diet (standardized solution coefficient -0.10)
      Moreover, for hopelessness, results showed a direct but inverse association with
      systolic blood pressure (standardized solution coefficient -0.08). Results
      suggest that the previously reported relations of depression and vital exhaustion
      with blood pressure could be mediated by unfavorable lifestyles. The relation of
      hopelessness with adverse health behaviors seems to be less significant. Also,
      the role of hopelessness as a risk factor of elevated blood pressure is not
      supported by the results of this study. 

PMID- 26973900
TI  - Investigation of Aggravating Psychosocial Factors on Health and Predictability of
      Smoking and Alcohol Use in Post Adolescent Students.
AB  - Purpose of this study is to explore those factors which affect the health of
      students in postadolescent age, focusing on smoking and alcohol use, especially
      in regard to ways of predicting adoption of this behavior and its frequency to
      detect future users of tobacco and alcohol use but also high-risk groups, i.e.
      those people who are led to abuses. On the basis of the research part is the
      Theory of Planned Behaviour, the axes of which are to be investigated.
      Specifically, the factors evaluated, except for population parameters, behavioral
      attitudes, i.e. attitudes towards the behavior of tobacco use and alcohol
      regulations subjective perceptions and perceptions of control, perceived
      behavioral control and self-efficacy. Intention is explored to continue or start
      using tobacco and alcohol in the future and evaluate the behavior. The sample
      consisted of 138 students of postadolescent age, 18-25 years of both sexes, all
      of the University of Peloponnese and the Technological Educational Institute of
      Kalamata, Department of Sparta, Greece. The results of a series of statistical
      analysis, via SPSS 21.0 statistical program revealed the predictive power of
      perceived behavioral control and subjective norms to the intention of
      interpreting 64% of the variance of the latter, of the attitudes toward alcohol
      in relation to intention that interpret 69% of the variance, of the normative
      beliefs toward smoking with 69% range of interpretation to the dependent
      variable, of the perceived behavioral control of smoking with 72% and of the
      attitudes toward smoking with 77% of interpretation. The results demonstrate the
      significance and application in universities and technological educational
      institutes appropriate primary preventive interventions for students nonusers of
      tobacco and alcohol and appropriate programs of secondary and tertiary prevention
      in heavy users of tobacco and alcohol use and high-risk individual. 

PMID- 26973901
TI  - Severe War Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescents with Sensory
      Impairments: A Cross-sectional Study.
AB  - A paucity of studies of the psychological status of adolescents with sensory
      impairments in political conflict areas is noted. This study was set up to
      examine the exposure of adolescents with sensory impairments (ASIs) to severe war
      trauma and development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as compared to
      their able-bodied peers (ABPs). It also answers the question whether their
      impairments have made them more resilient in facing traumatic events. A cross
      sectional study of all ASIs attending special schools in three administrative
      districts in Lebanon (n=166) as well as a group of 166 age and sex-matched ABPs
      from neighboring schools was conducted. The Post Traumatic Stress Reaction
      Checklist for children (PTSRC) was used to assess exposure to severe trauma, PTSD
      and their determinants. ASIs reported a lower exposure to severe traumatic events
      (24.1%) as compared to their ABPs (69.9%), and risk factors for their exposure
      were an older age group, a fatherless family, and severe visual impairment.
      Prevalence rates for PTSD were similar in the two study groups (17.5% and 16.4%).
      Younger ASIs were at a significantly higher risk of developing PTSD. Lower
      exposure to trauma among ASIs points to the more sheltered life that they lead.
      Given the same exposure as ABPs, similar rates of PTSD are noted among the two
      study groups. This may indicate that having a sensory impairment may protect from
      PTSD due to decreased exposure to severe trauma and not due to increased
      resilience of subjects. 

PMID- 26973902
TI  - Measuring Health: Related Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients. Psychometric
      Properties of the Missoula-VITAS Quality of Life Index (MVQOLI-15) in Greece.
AB  - Different measuring tools have been used to understand the outcomes of end-stage
      renal disease (ESRD) therapies. However, survival, cost-effectiveness and quality
      of life (QOL) are the main parameters to evaluate treatment of ESRD. The current
      study meant to assess the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of
      the Missoula-VITAS Quality of Life Index (MVQOLI-15) translation to Greek in
      patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). A total sample of 79 HD patients
      voluntarily participated in this pilot study. Domain analysis of MVQOLI-15-Greek
      was conducted based on the collected data at initial assessment. The reliability
      properties of the instrument were tested using the following measures; internal
      consistency, repeatability, test-retest reliability and convergent validity.
      Domain analysis demonstrated that all domains of the questionnaire had good
      variability. MVQOLI-15-Greek internal consistency was satisfactory with an
      overall Cronbach's a at 0.74. Pearson's r and intraclass correlation coefficient
      revealed strong correlations (ranging from 0.91 to 0.98) between initial
      assessment and re-assessment. MVQOLI-15-Greek convergent validity analysis
      indicated that the domains were strongly related to the same construct. The
      findings of the study indicate that the Greek version of MVQOLI-15 provided
      satisfactory psychometric properties supporting its use within pathological
      populations and in the context of national QOL measurement. 

PMID- 26973903
TI  - Post-Surgical Pain, Physical Activity and Satisfaction with the Decision to
      Undergo Hernia Surgery: A Prospective Qualitative Investigation.
AB  - Surgical repair is a common treatment for inguinal hernias but a substantial
      number of patients experience chronic pain after surgery. As some patients are
      pain-free on presentation, it is important to investigate whether patients
      perceive the treatment to be beneficial. The present study used qualitative
      methods to explore experiences of pain, activity limitations and satisfaction
      with treatment as people underwent surgery and recovery. Twenty-nine semi
      structured interviews were conducted. Seven participants were interviewed
      longitudinally: before surgery and two weeks and four months post-surgery. Ten
      further participants with residual pain four months post-surgery were interviewed
      once. Semi-structured interviews included experience and perception of pain;
      activity limitations; reasons for having surgery; satisfaction with the decision
      to undergo surgery. A thematic analysis was conducted. Pain did not cause concern
      when perceived as part of the usual surgery and recovery processes. Activity was
      limited to avoid damage to the hernia site rather than to avoid pain. None of the
      participants reported dissatisfaction with the decision to have surgery; reducing
      the risk of life-threatening complications associated with untreated hernias was
      considered important. These findings suggest that people regarded surgical
      treatment as worthwhile, despite chronic post-surgical pain. Further research
      should ascertain whether patients are aware of the actual risk of complications
      associated with conservative rather than surgical management of inguinal hernia. 

PMID- 26973905
TI  - Changes in Coping Behavior and the Relationship to Personality, Health Threat
      Communication and Illness Perceptions from the Diagnosis of Diabetes: A 2-year
      Prospective Longitudinal Study.
AB  - Coping behavior is of critical importance in diabetes because of its impact upon
      self-care and hence eventual medical outcome. We examined how coping behavior and
      its relationship to personality, diabetes health threat communication (DHTC) and
      illness representations changes after diagnosis of diabetes. Newly diagnosed
      diabetic patients were assessed after diagnosis and at 6, 12 and 24 months using
      the DHTC, Illness Perceptions and Coping inventory questionnaires. Personality
      traits were assessed at baseline. Active coping, planning, positive
      reinterpretation and growth (PRG), seeking emotional and instrumental (social)
      support decreased over the 2 years from diagnosis while passive acceptance
      increased. Openness/intellect and conscientiousness traits were associated with
      active coping and seeking instrumental support. Openness/intellect also
      associated with planning and PRG. These relationships did not vary over time.
      Perceived threat and serious consequences were associated with active coping but
      the effect diminished over time. Illness coherence (understanding of diabetes),
      personal and treatment control were associated with active coping, planning and
      seeking instrumental support and did not change over time. The coping strategies
      most commonly employed by diabetic patients are adaptive. Coping behavior changes
      over the 2 years from diagnosis. Promoting better understanding of diabetes,
      perceptions of personal control and treatment effectiveness are more likely than
      perception of health threat to sustain adaptive problem focused coping behavior. 

PMID- 26973904
TI  - The Role of Anxiety in Binge Eating Behavior: A Critical Examination of Theory
      and Empirical Literature.
AB  - The purpose of this manuscript is to expand the understanding of binge eating by
      reviewing the role of aspects of negative affect. Specifically, this paper will
      present evidence for further investigation of the bearing that anxiety may have
      in binge eating development and maintenance. A comprehensive review of the
      literature regarding the relation of binge eating and anxiety was performed.
      Valuable contributions have been made to the binge eating literature regarding
      some aspects of negative affect (i.e., depression); however, outside of bulimia
      nervosa studies, much of the theoretical and empirical binge eating research to
      date has not directly addressed the role of anxiety. Research supports expansion
      of investigations of negative emotionality and binge eating to include specific
      study of anxiety. Greater inclusivity and specificity in the unique contributions
      of various negative emotions may further the development of temporal models and
      intervention efforts. 

PMID- 26973906
TI  - An Experience Sampling Study of Physical Activity and Positive Affect:
      Investigating the Role of Situational Motivation and Perceived Intensity Across
      Time.
AB  - The nature of the association between physical activity and positive affect is
      complex, prompting experts to recommend continued examination of moderating
      variables. The main purpose of this 2-week field study was to examine the
      influence of situational motivational regulations from self-determination theory
      (SDT) on changes in positive affect from pre- to post- to 3-hours post-physical
      activity. Another purpose was to clarify the relationship between physical
      activity intensity [i.e., Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE)] and positive
      affect at the stated time points. This study employed an experience sampling
      design using electronic questionnaires. Sixty-six healthy and active, multiple
      role women provided recurrent assessments of their physical activity, situational
      motivation, and positive affect in their everyday lives over a 14-day period.
      Specifically, measures were obtained at the three time points of interest (i.e.,
      pre-, post-, 3-hours post-physical activity). The data were analyzed using
      multilevel modeling. Results showed that intrinsic motivation was related to post
      physical activity positive affect while the influence of identified regulation
      appeared 3-hours post-physical activity. In addition, RPE, which was
      significantly predicted by levels of introjection, was more strongly associated
      with an increase in positive affect post-physical activity than three hours
      later. The theoretical implications of these findings vis-a vis SDT, namely in
      regards to a viable motivational sequence predicting the influence of physical
      activity on affective states, are discussed. The findings regarding the
      differential influences of RPE and motivational regulations carries applications
      for facilitating women's well-being. 

PMID- 26973907
TI  - Psychological Barriers and Facilitators of Colorectal Cancer Screening: A French
      Qualitative Study.
AB  - The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the psychological barriers to
      and facilitators of undergoing the Hemoccult-II((r)) colorectal cancer screening
      test in France. Sixty-nine French people aged 50 to 74 years were divided into
      seven qualitative focus groups. Three issues were discussed with participants:
      knowledge and beliefs about colorectal cancer screening; facilitators of
      colorectal cancer screening by Hemoccult-II((r)) ; barriers to colorectal cancer
      screening by Hemoccult-II((r)). All the discussions were led by two psychologists
      and were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative data
      analysis software. Correspondence factor analyses identified three dimensions for
      each topic. The main psychological facilitators of colorectal cancer screening
      were: information about colorectal cancer screening, perceived simplicity of
      using Hemoccult-II((r)) , and perception of risk. Uncertainty about the
      reliability of Hemoccult-II((r)), health anxiety, and embarrassment emerged as
      the main barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Cross-sectional analyses
      identified the differences between the views expressed by women and men. Women
      appeared more embarrassed about Hemoccult-II((r)) and men seemed to be more
      worried about colorectal cancer. This preliminary study suggests that
      psychological factors play an important role in colorectal cancer screening by
      Hemoccult-II((r)). This finding may help health organizations to conceive better
      awareness campaigns to promote colorectal cancer screening in order to reduce the
      related mortality rate by taking into account psychological determinants. 

PMID- 26973908
TI  - Adolescent Sleep Quality Measured During Leisure Activities.
AB  - A one-week sleep monitoring by logs and actigraphs in preteens during summer camp
      was conducted. Campers aged 11-16 attended a two-week day camp that focused on
      the learning about science. Nine campers agreed to monitor their sleep and have
      their patterns explained (anonymously) to other campers during the expert lecture
      by the author. The aim of the study was to identify the sleep quality in an
      adolescent group. All nine of the sleep logs and actigraphs denoted severe sleep
      deprivation. The findings from the logs and actigraphs denoted sever sleep
      deprivation. The expert lecturer provided basic information about sleep per the
      science designation of the day camp. A follow up session provided strategies to
      address sleep deprivation. 

PMID- 26973909
TI  - Counter-Conditioning as an Intervention to Modify Anti-Fat Attitudes.
AB  - This study examined the effect of anti-fat attitude counter-conditioning using
      positive images of obese individuals participants completed implicit and explicit
      measures of attitudes towards fatness on three occasions: no intervention;
      following exposure to positive images of obese members of the general public; and
      to images of obese celebrities. Contrary to expectations, positive images of
      obese individuals did not result in more positive attitudes towards fatness as
      expected and, in some cases, indices of these attitudes worsened. Results suggest
      that attitudes towards obesity and fatness may be somewhat robust and resistant
      to change, possibly suggesting a central and not peripheral processing route for
      their formation. 

PMID- 26973910
TI  - The Psychological Effects of Providing Personal Care to a Partner: A
      Multidimensional Perspective.
AB  - The expected increasing demand for informal care in aging societies underscores
      the importance of understanding the psychological implications of caregiving.
      This study explores the effect of providing regular help with personal care to a
      partner on different aspects of psychological well-being. We use cross-sectional
      data from the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation study (n. ~15,000; age
      40-84) and two-wave panel data from the Norwegian study on Life Course, Ageing
      and Generation (n. ~3000; age 40-84). To separate the effects of providing care
      from those of the partner's disability, caregivers are contrasted with non
      caregivers with both disabled and nondisabled partners. We separate outcomes into
      cognitive well-being (life satisfaction), psychological functioning (self-esteem,
      mastery), and affective well-being (happiness, depression, loneliness). Findings
      show that caregiving has important cross-sectional and longitudinal detrimental
      psychological effects. These effects are fairly consistent across all aspects of
      well-being, demonstrating that caregiving has a broad-based negative impact.
      Among women, however, these effects are similar to if not weaker than the effects
      of a partner's disability. Caregiving effects are constant by age, education, and
      employment status, but stronger among caregivers with health problems. Providing
      personal care to a partner is associated with marked adverse psychological
      effects for men and women irrespective of age and socio-economic status. Hence,
      no sociodemographic group is immune from caregiving stress, so programs should be
      targeted generally. The results also suggest that the health needs of caregivers
      demand more attention. 

PMID- 26973911
TI  - Chronic Kidney Disease, Spirituality and Religiosity: A Systematic Overview with
      the List of Eligible Studies.
AB  - Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has a tremendous psychological burden, which
      sometimes is overlooked or underestimated in the daily clinical routine practice,
      since in the health care process physicians prefer to focus on the objective
      aspects of the pathology. In this contribution, we make a systematic overview of
      the relationship between spirituality/religiosity and CKD, an emerging theme
      which only recently has raised interest from the scientific community despite its
      importance. We investigate different variables, axis and categories (from the
      quality of life to customer's satisfaction, treatment adherence and therapeutic
      alliance, clinical parameters, as well as overall survival, and coping strategies
      adopted by the patient). Moreover, we underpin the principal clinically relevant
      implications (like the possibility of psycho-therapeutic interventions based on
      the spiritual and religious attitudes of the patient) and we discuss the main
      gaps, methodological barriers and difficulties in the field, fostering and
      advocating further research and clinical studies. This last aspect, together with
      the quality assessment of the studies, will be further explored in the second
      part of the study. 

PMID- 26973912
TI  - Quality of Life in Chronic Disease Patients.
AB  - During the past decades there was an increasing predominance of chronic
      disorders, with a large number of people living with chronic diseases that can
      adversely affect their quality of life. The aim of the present paper is to study
      quality of life and especially Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic
      diseases. HRQOL is a multidimensional construct that consists of at least three
      broad domains - physical, psychological, and social functioning - that are
      affected by one's disease and/or treatment. HRQoL is usually measured in chronic
      conditions and is frequently impaired to a great extent. In addition, factors
      that are associated with good and poor HRQoL, as well as HRQoL assessment will be
      discussed. The estimation of the relative impact of chronic diseases on HRQoL is
      necessary in order to better plan and distribute health care resources aiming at
      a better HRQoL. ["All the people perceive the concept of living good or being
      well, that is the same as being happy". (Aristotle. 384-322 BC. Ethica
      Nichomachea)]. 

PMID- 26973913
TI  - Ten Weeks of Home-Based Exercise Attenuates Symptoms of Chemotherapy-Induced
      Peripheral Neuropathy in Breast Cancer Patients.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a structured, home-based
      exercise program was beneficial to reduce symptoms of chemotherapy-induced
      peripheral neuropathy and improve quality of life (QOL). A total of 50 women who
      are breast cancer survivors and are listed in the Breast Cancer Registry of
      Greater Cincinnati database were recruited by mail. Participants were initially
      asked to complete the McGill QOL questionnaire and the Leeds Assessment of
      Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs, before beginning a 10-week home-based exercise
      program. At the completion of the exercise program, subjects were asked again to
      complete the same two questionnaires. Pre- and post-intervention data were
      analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA, at a significance level of alpha<0.05.
      Six individuals completed the investigation. Prior to the 10-week exercise
      program, participants described their pain as unpleasant skin sensations (Pre
      HBEx, N=6), abnormally sensitive to touch (Pre-HBEx, N=6), and coming on suddenly
      in bursts for no apparent reason (Pre-HBEx, N=5). Following 10-weeks of exercise,
      participants reported experiencing less of these symptoms (Post-HBEx, N=3, 1, and
      4 respectively; P=0.05). It was also determined that troublesome symptoms were
      significantly reduced after 10-weeks of home-based exercise (P=0.05). 

PMID- 26973914
TI  - Spirituality and Religion in Pain and Pain Management.
AB  - Pain relief is a management problem for many patients, their families, and the
      medical professionals caring for them. Although everyone experiences pain to some
      degree, responses to it vary from one person to another. Recognizing and
      specifying someone else's pain is clinically a well know challenge. Research on
      the biology and neurobiology of pain has given us a relationship between
      spirituality and pain. There is growing recognition that persistent pain is a
      complex and multidimensional experience stemming from the interrelations among
      biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. Patients with pain use
      a number of cognitive and behavioral strategies to cope with their pain,
      including religious/spiritual factors, such as prayers, and seeking spiritual
      support to manage their pain. This article provides an overview of the complex
      phenomenon of pain, with a focus on spiritual and religious issues in pain
      management. 

PMID- 26973916
TI  - Quality of Life Research: Interview with Professor Robert Cummins.

PMID- 26973915
TI  - Measuring Pain Self-Efficacy and Health Related Quality of Life Among
      Hemodialysis Patients in Greece: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - Patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease often complain about pain. It is
      also known that the presence of chronic pain greatly impacts upon patients'
      quality of life (QOL) and can play a crucial role in the co-morbidity of mental
      health symptoms such as depression and anxiety. The main aim of this study
      protocol is the investigation of pain self-efficacy, QOL as well as their
      relation in patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. The final sample size
      will be around 70-80 patients. Each subject's QOL and pain self-efficacy will be
      measured using the following instruments: i) the Missoula- ITAS Quality of Life
      Index-15 and ii) the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. QOL is expected to be
      related to pain self-efficacy scores. This probable association will be indicated
      performing regression as well as correlation analysis after controlling for
      gender, age, education and marital status. 

PMID- 26973918
TI  - Pain Clinic Referral to Psychological Services Best Addressed with Collaboration.
AB  - A case study of a middle aged female with severe musculoskeletal medical
      conditions causing severe pain is presented. The referral for psychological
      services was conducted in concordance with the medical treatments. In this case,
      the complex nature of the severe musculoskeletal medical conditions necessitated
      intensive care and the collaborative communications provided this to the patient.
      A tabulation of representative treatments is provided with an explanation of the
      nature of the collaboration. Outcome data in terms of patient self-reported pain
      ratings and sleep logging provided evidence of a mild improvement and stability
      where more negative findings, given the complexity of the medical conditions was
      expected. 

PMID- 26973917
TI  - Life Satisfaction and Frailty Among Older Adults.
AB  - Functional and physical impairment are factors believed to lead to declined life
      satisfaction among older adults. This study aimed to examine life satisfaction
      among older adults and the influence of frailty. Baseline data from two studies
      addressing frail older adults aged 80+ in Gothenburg, Sweden, (n=577) were used.
      Frailty was measured through eight indicators. Life satisfaction was measured
      with Fugl-Meyer's instrument LiSat-11. Perceived life satisfaction was rather
      high within the studied population, with 66% being satisfied with life as a
      whole. Most life satisfaction items were significantly associated with frailty
      status, with non-frail participants being satisfied to a higher extent for all
      items with the exception of financial situation, sexual life and partnership
      relation. The factors significantly explaining life satisfaction were
      psychological health, partner relationship, leisure and ADL. This study shows
      that older adults' satisfaction with life as a whole is almost as high as in
      younger age groups. Respondents with higher degree of frailty reported
      significantly lower degrees of life satisfaction, indicating a possibility to
      maintain life satisfaction by preventing or delaying the development of frailty. 

PMID- 26973921
TI  - Profound Associations Between Pain and Quality of Life.

PMID- 26973920
TI  - Does Pain Acceptance Predict Physical and Psychological Outcomes in Cancer
      Outpatients with Pain?
AB  - Pain acceptance has been associated with improved physical and psychosocial well
      being in chronic non-malignant pain patients. However, its effects are unclear in
      cancer outpatients with pain. Our aim was to determine whether pain acceptance
      predicts reduced pain, pain interference with function, anxiety, and depression
      in cancer outpatients. We recruited 116 outpatients from a tertiary oncology
      center, with various types of cancer and pain levels. Patients completed the
      Brief Pain Inventory, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Chronic
      Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, the latter of which comprises activity engagement
      and pain willingness. We carried out multiple regression analyses, adjusting for
      patient characteristics and outcomes. Activity engagement and pain willingness
      significantly predicted pain interference with function (P=0.033 and P=0.041
      respectively). However, only activity engagement predicted anxiety (P=0.001) and
      depression (P<0.001). These findings support the beneficial role of pain
      acceptance in patients' functional adaptation to cancer-related pain. Activity
      engagement in particular, shows promise in fostering psychological well-being.
      Further studies could confirm its role in reducing anxiety and depression in
      cancer patients with pain and whether it should be included in cancer pain
      management interventions. Further studies could confirm its role in reducing
      anxiety and depression in cancer patients with pain, and whether it should be
      included in cancer pain management interventions. 

PMID- 26973919
TI  - Values-Based Action in Fibromyalgia: Results From a Randomized Pilot of
      Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
AB  - Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition characterized by pain,
      fatigue, and nonrestorative sleep. The disruptive symptoms of FMS are associated
      with reductions in quality of life related to family, intimate relationships, and
      work. The present study was part of a randomized pilot study of an 8-week
      Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention compared to education in a
      sample of 28 women with FMS. The Chronic Pain Values Inventory was administered
      at baseline, postintervention, and 12 week follow-up. Both groups showed
      significant improvements in family success, which were maintained at follow-up.
      Groups showed a differential pattern of success in work. The ACT group
      demonstrated significant, maintained improvements in success in intimate
      relationships, while the education group reported no changes over time. Findings
      suggest that both interventions may lead to improvements in valued living;
      however different interventions may be best suited for certain valued domains.
      The results of this study indicate that FMS patients are able to improve their
      success in family and intimate relationships and losses in these areas are not
      necessarily permanent. 

PMID- 26973922
TI  - Improvement of Diabetic Patients Nursing Care by the Development of Educational
      Programs.
AB  - Diabetes is a major health problem with many social and economic consequences in
      general population. The importance of education in the diabetic patient and his
      family, led to the development of diabetes clinical nurse specialist. The role of
      diabetes clinical nurse specialist is essential and crucial to the hospitals and
      the community, in order to form a relationship with the diabetic patient and
      his/her family. In this way health is promoted to the maximum extent possible. In
      conclusion educational programs help patients with diabetes to obtain information
      about their condition and improve their self-care skills. 

PMID- 26973923
TI  - Assessment of Burn-Out and Quality of Life in Nursing Professionals: The
      Contribution of Perceived Social Support.
AB  - Burnout has received increased research attention in recent years. The aim of the
      present study is to examine levels of burnout as well as quality of life (QOL) in
      nursing staff in Greece. The association of social support with burnout and QOL
      is also investigated. One-hundred individuals working in Mental and General
      Hospitals in the broader area of Athens will participate in this study. The
      measurement tools include i) the Maslach Burnout Inventory, ii) the SF-36 Health
      Survey and iii) the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Burnout
      and QOL are expected to be related to the evaluation of social environment. 

PMID- 26973924
TI  - Sober-Living Houses and Changes in the Personal Networks of Individuals in
      Recovery.
AB  - Social networks are an important source of support for many people in recovery
      from alcohol abuse. The present study investigated the role of one particular
      source of support for recovery in changing the personal networks of people in
      recovery, sober-living houses. In a randomized, longitudinal design changes in
      the network size, heterogeneity, and composition of usual aftercare and sober
      living home residents were examined. Beneficial changes were found, such as
      increases in the number of recovering alcoholics and overall network size among
      sober-living home residents, particularly those who stayed six months or longer.
      Networks also became more homogeneous with respect to non-drinking among
      residents. The importance of changes in networks is discussed as well as the need
      for network-level analyses of personal recovery networks. 

PMID- 26973925
TI  - Family Perceptions of Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Roles: A Greek Perspective.
AB  - This study was done in order to examine the role of the nurse in families with
      critically ill patients as perceived by family members. A descriptive design was
      conducted with 93 family members aged 18-53 years from a 6-bed intensive care
      unit in a Greek Hospital. An anonymous self-completed questionnaire recording
      demographic data and the questionnaire Family members perception of nurses
      behavioral role expectation/enactment scale of Hickey and Lewandowski was used.
      Parametric statistic tests were used to examine the research questions. Intensive
      care unit (ICU) patients' family members expect nurses to make them feel they can
      ask whatever they want whenever they want, placing great emphasis on
      communicating with one another and on participating in decision making to the
      progress of patient care. The age seems to correlate with the expectation from
      nurse to meet the role of training on how to handle the patient. Nurses did well
      with regard to meeting family members' expectations. Most family members assessed
      positively the role of ICU nurse confirming the need for communication, and clear
      support of families. 

PMID- 26973927
TI  - Do Health-Related Feared Possible Selves Motivate Healthy Eating?
AB  - The question of what motivates individuals to assume healthy eating habits
      remains unanswered. The purpose of this descriptive survey is to explore health
      related feared possible selves in relation to dietary beliefs and behavior in
      adults. A convenience sample of 74 middle-aged employees of a health maintenance
      organization completed self-administered questionnaires. Health-related feared
      selves, current health perception, knowledge of diet-health association, dietary
      self-efficacy, dietary intention and intake were measured. Health-related fears
      were the most frequently reported feared selves, but very few of those
      represented illnesses and none were related to dietary intake. The number of
      health and body weight related fears was significantly associated with lower
      dietary self-efficacy and weaker intention to eat in a healthy manner.
      Multivariate analysis showed self-efficacy to be the only significant predictor
      of dietary intention. These adults may not have perceived being at risk for diet
      associated illnesses, and so their feared selves did not motivate them to eat in
      a healthy manner. Research on the effect of hoped for health related possible
      selves and the perceived effectiveness of diet in reducing health risk are
      recommended. 

PMID- 26973926
TI  - Testing a Longitudinal Integrated Self-Efficacy and Self-Determination Theory
      Model for Physical Activity Post-Cardiac Rehabilitation.
AB  - Self-determination theory and self-efficacy theory are prominent theories in the
      physical activity literature, and studies have begun integrating their concepts.
      Sweet, Fortier, Strachan and Blanchard (2012) have integrated these two theories
      in a cross-sectional study. Therefore, this study sought to test a longitudinal
      integrated model to predict physical activity at the end of a 4-month cardiac
      rehabilitation program based on theory, research and Sweet et al.'s cross
      sectional model. Participants from two cardiac rehabilitation programs (N=109)
      answered validated self-report questionnaires at baseline, two and four months.
      Data were analyzed using Amos to assess the path analysis and model fit. Prior to
      integration, perceived competence and self-efficacy were combined, and labeled as
      confidence. After controlling for 2-month physical activity and cardiac
      rehabilitation site, no motivational variables significantly predicted residual
      change in 4-month physical activity. Although confidence at two months did not
      predict residual change in 4-month physical activity, it had a strong positive
      relationship with 2-month physical activity (beta=0.30, P<0.001). The overall
      model retained good fit indices. In conclusion, results diverged from theoretical
      predictions of physical activity, but self-determination and self-efficacy theory
      were still partially supported. Because the model had good fit, this study
      demonstrated that theoretical integration is feasible. 

PMID- 26973929
TI  - A Thematic Study of the Role of Social Support in the Body Image of Burn
      Survivors.
AB  - There is evidence that social support is important for the development and
      maintenance of body image satisfaction for people who have sustained burn
      injuries. This qualitative study explored the specific mechanisms by which social
      support impacts the body image satisfaction of burn survivors, drawing on nine
      participants' in depth accounts. Participants were recruited through a burns unit
      at a public hospital in South Australia. Interviews were conducted with nine
      female burn survivors aged between 24 and 65 (mean age 44.6). Participants
      described their perceptions about their appearance post burn and their social
      support experiences. Four themes were identified: acceptance, social comparison,
      talking about appearance concerns, and the gaze of others. Results indicate that
      for these participants, social support was an important factor in coming to terms
      with changes in appearance, specifically support that helps to minimise feelings
      of difference. Unhelpful aspects of social support were also identified included
      feeling that suffering was being dismissed and resenting the perceived
      expectation from supports to be positive. Social supports are important to
      consider in relation to body image for those working with people who have
      survived burn injuries. 

PMID- 26973928
TI  - The Role of Psychosocial and Belief Factors in Self-Reported Cigarette Smoking
      Among University Students in Malaysia.
AB  - This study aimed to explore factors associated, specifically belief factors, with
      self-reported tobacco smoking status. A sample of 300 students was recruited from
      a private university in Malaysia. Data was collected using a pre-tested self
      administrated questionnaire that investigated various factors including socio
      demographics, socio-economic status, smoking behavior and beliefs on tobacco
      smoking. The main tobacco use in this study sample was cigarettes and the
      estimated prevalence of self-reported cigarette smoking was 10.3%. In bivariate
      analysis, self-reported cigarette smoking was significantly associated with socio
      demographic, behavioral factors and faculty of study (P<0.05). In multivariate
      modeling, being male and a non-medical student, did not exercise, having a smoker
      father and brother or sister, suffering from financial difficulties and having
      the belief that smokers had more friends, all had statistically significant
      associations (P<0.05) with self-reported cigarette smoking. Social and
      interpersonal factors were associated with self-reported cigarette smoking
      status. A comprehensive health model focusing on changing the social norms of
      parent and sibling tobacco smoking and students' beliefs, alongside nurturing
      skills of dealing with stressful situations, warrant implementation. 

PMID- 26973930
TI  - Improving Maintenance Medication Adherence in Adult Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      Patients: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Medication nonadherence in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may lead to
      suboptimal control of the disease, decreased quality of life, and poor outcomes.
      This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, intervention mechanism, and potential
      effectiveness of a three-month continuous self-improvement (CSI) intervention to
      enhance medication adherence (MA) in adult nonadherent IBD patients. Adult IBD
      patients taking a daily or twice-daily dosed maintenance medication were screened
      electronically for two months to determine baseline MA levels. Nonadherent IBD
      participants were randomized to the CSI or the attention control (AC)
      intervention and monitored for three months. The CSI intervention consisted of a
      data evaluation and system refinement process in which system changes were
      identified and implemented. The AC group was given educational information
      regarding IBD disease process, extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD, and
      medical therapy. Demographic statistics, change scores for within and between
      group differences, and effect size estimates were calculated. Nine nonadherent
      participants (medication adherence score <0.85) were eligible for randomization.
      The intervention was found feasible and acceptable. Although no statistically
      significant improvement in MA was found (P=0.14), adherence improved in 3 of 4 of
      the CSI group and 1 of 2 in the attention control group. The effect size
      calculation of 1.9 will determine the sample size for future study. The results
      of this pilot study showed the intervention was feasible and had a positive
      effect on MA change score and adherence levels. A larger fully powered study is
      needed to test of the effectiveness of this innovative intervention. 

PMID- 26973931
TI  - Examining Factors Associated with Heavy Episodic Drinking Among College
      Undergraduates.
AB  - Heavy episodic drinking among college students is a serious health concern. The
      purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with heavy episodic
      drinking behaviors amongst a predominately Asian undergraduate college student
      population in the United States. A survey measuring alcohol use behaviors was
      completed by a random sample of 18-24 year old undergraduates during April, 2011.
      A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors
      associated with students' heavy episodic drinking behavior. Independent factors
      associated with heavy episodic drinking included living on campus, ethnicity,
      perceived drinking behavior among peers, and a belief that alcohol is a central
      part of one's social life. Heavy episodic drinking was also associated with poor
      academic performance. Campus-wide educational strategies to reduce heavy episodic
      drinking among college undergraduates should incorporate accurate information
      regarding alcohol use norms to correct students' perceived over estimation of
      their peers alcohol consumption rates and the under estimation of students
      protective alcohol use behaviors. These efforts should focus in on-campus
      residence halls where a higher occurrence of heavy episodic drinking is often
      found. 

PMID- 26973932
TI  - Banding Together: An Investigation of Post-Surgery Support Groups for
      Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding Patients.
AB  - Though advocated as useful for patients, there is little in the literature
      regarding the use and effectiveness of bariatric support groups. This study
      investigated characteristics and experiences of bariatric patients who did and
      did not attend offered groups. Seventy-eight postoperative laparoscopic
      adjustable gastric banding patients from a private bariatric clinic completed
      mailed self-report questionnaires. Almost 60% reported having attended the clinic
      groups, with most wanting to meet other patients and obtain information rather
      than access psychological assistance. Participants reported generally positive
      experiences of attending. Nonattendance was often attributed to practical
      barriers. Satisfaction with support from others was not related to past or
      predicted future attendance, but higher psychological distress was related to and
      predictive of greater intention to attend future groups. Likely future attenders
      also held more positive beliefs about the groups than those who were unlikely to
      attend. Further research is required into potential positive and negative
      consequences of attendance, and characteristics of those who are likely to
      benefit or be harmed by attending. Interventions addressing stereotypes about
      support groups may help patients make informed decisions about whether to attend
      a bariatric support group. 

PMID- 26973933
TI  - The Impact of Foreign Postings on Accompanying Military Spouses: An Ethnographic
      Study.
AB  - As part of an ethnographic study, the impact of foreign postings on spouses who
      accompany military personnel was explored. Individual interviews and focus groups
      with 34 British military spouses based in one location in southern Europe were
      conducted. Key findings suggested that reaction to a foreign posting was a
      reflection of personal attitudes, prior experiences, support, ability to adjust
      to change and strength of relationship with the serving spouse and community. For
      many the experience was positive due to the increased opportunity for family
      time, for others this helped to compensate for the difficulties experienced. Some
      military spouses experienced significant distress on the posting, particularly if
      the family was not well-supported. The potential implications of military spouses
      not adapting to foreign postings have significant implications for healthcare
      practice. Provision of more appropriate support resources before and during the
      posting would facilitate the transition for the military spouse and their family.

PMID- 26973934
TI  - Smoke and Mirrors: The Perceived Benefits of Continued Tobacco use Among Current
      Smokers.
AB  - Despite 50+ years of public health efforts to reduce smoking rates in the United
      States, approximately one-fifth of the adults living in this country continue to
      smoke cigarettes. Previous studies have examined smokers' risk perceptions of
      cigarette smoking, as well as the perceived benefits of quitting smoking. Less
      research has focused on the perceived benefits of smoking among current cigarette
      smokers. The latter is the main focus of the present paper. Questionnaire-based
      interviews were conducted with a community-based sample of 485 adult current
      cigarette smokers recruited from the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area between
      2004 and 2007. Active and passive recruiting approaches were used, along with a
      targeted sampling strategy. Results revealed that most current cigarette smokers
      perceive themselves to experience benefits as a result of their cigarette use,
      including (among others) increased relaxation, diminished nervousness in social
      situations, enjoyment of the taste of cigarettes when smoking, and greater
      enjoyment of parties when smoking. Perceiving benefits from cigarette smoking was
      associated with a variety of tobacco use measures, such as smoking more
      cigarettes, an increased likelihood of chain smoking, and overall negative
      attitude toward quitting smoking, among others. Several factors were associated
      with the extent to which smokers perceived themselves to benefit from their
      tobacco use, including education attainment, the age of first purchasing
      cigarettes, the proportion of friends who smoked, hiding smoking from others,
      being internally-oriented regarding locus of control, and self-esteem. 

PMID- 26973935
TI  - Factors Identified with Higher Levels of Career Satisfaction of Physicians in
      Andalusia, Spain.
AB  - The satisfaction of physicians is a worldwide issue linked with the quality of
      health services; their satisfaction needs to be studied from a multi-dimensional
      perspective, considering lower- and higher-order needs. The objectives of this
      study were to: i) measure the career satisfaction of physicians; ii) identify
      differences in the dimensions of career satisfaction; and iii) test factors that
      affect higher- and lower-order needs of satisfaction among physicians working in
      Andalusian hospitals (Spain). Forty-one percent of 299 eligible physicians
      participated in a study conducted in six selected hospitals. Physicians reported
      higher professional, inherent, and performance satisfaction than personal
      satisfaction. Foreign physicians reported higher levels of personal and
      performance satisfaction than local physicians, and those who received non
      monetary incentives had higher professional and performance satisfaction. In
      conclusion, physicians in the selected Andalusian hospitals reported low levels
      of personal satisfaction. Non-monetary incentives were more relevant to influence
      their career satisfaction. Further investigations are recommended to study
      differences in the career satisfaction between foreign and local physicians. 

PMID- 26973936
TI  - The Effect of Sexual Experience on the Social Representation of Sex in Portuguese
      Young Adults.
AB  - This study aimed to observe the effect of sexual experience on the social
      representation of sex in Portuguese young adults. According to social
      representation theory, the central core of the social representation should be
      the same in all individuals that share a common social ground, however
      differences should be found in the peripheral system. It was used a free
      evocation task to assess the social representation of sex in Portuguese
      individuals aging between 18 and 25 years old. Nine hundred and sixty individuals
      were grouped by their sexual experience and condom use habits. A prototypical
      analysis was conducted to assess the structure of the social representation and
      statistical differences were analyzed using the qui-square independency test to
      search for an association between the structure and the group evoking it. The
      results supported the hypothesis of a common central core for all groups that
      shows a romanticized vision of sex. The differences found in the peripheral
      system suggest that sexual experience affects the representation of sex in a way
      that seems clearer to these individuals the necessity of protection when it comes
      to sex. 

PMID- 26973937
TI  - Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients.
AB  - Traumatic experiences are not unusual in pediatric heart transplant (HT)
      recipients before and after transplantation. Post-traumatic stress symptoms
      (PTSS) present at the time of transplant evaluation and developing afterward
      occur with an unknown frequency. We sought to determine the burden of these
      symptoms in heart transplant patients. We reviewed 51 consecutive HTs between
      2003-2007, including 40 primary transplants and 11 re-transplants. Symptoms were
      present in 17 of the 51 patients (34%) at the time of orthotopic heart
      transplantation evaluation. None met the criteria for full post traumatic stress
      disorder. Transplant complications were examined. Nineteen subjects of the total
      sample had rejection in the first year following transplant. Rejection rates in
      the first year was 41% for those with PTSS (7 of 17 patients) and 36% for those
      without (12 of 33 patients) (P=n.s). Of those patients presenting for a second
      heart transplant, 55% had PTSS at the time of transplant evaluation and/or the
      peritransplant period; whereas, (28%) undergoing a primary transplant had PTSS.
      In addition to symptoms resulting from the disease process leading to HT and
      other prior experiences, the HT itself seems to present a large psychiatric
      burden on patients. All patients need to be followed before and after HT for
      signs and symptoms related to PTSS. Future studies should be undertaken to
      determine if preventative detection and treatment of patients with these PTSS
      symptoms early can lead to better outcomes. 

PMID- 26973938
TI  - Childhood Environment as a Predictor of Perceived Health Status in Late Life.
AB  - Prior studies have shown that perceived health status is a consistent and
      reliable predictor of morbidity and mortality. Because perceived health status
      and objective health are not highly correlated, we sought to identify additional
      factors that shape self-perceptions of health. Research suggests that childhood
      experience is an important predictor of health in adulthood, but most studies are
      retrospective. Using data from a 70-year prospective study of psychosocial
      development, we examined the quality of childhood environment as a predictor of
      perceived health in late life. This study utilizes questionnaire data from a
      longitudinal study of adult development to examine predictors of perceived health
      across seven decades. Participants were members of the Study of Adult
      Development, a longitudinal study of men followed for seven decades beginning in
      late adolescence. Childhood environment characteristics were assessed during home
      visits and interviews with respondents' parents at entry into the study. At ages
      63, 73, and 78, current health status was measured by an internist not affiliated
      with the Study, and perceived health was assessed via self-report questionnaires.
      Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine childhood environment as a
      predictor of perceived health status at these 3 time points while controlling for
      concurrent objective health and young adult neuroticism. Childhood environment
      predicted perceived health at all 3 time points. This study supports the
      hypothesis that the quality of childhood environment makes a unique contribution
      above and beyond personality traits and objective health status to perceptions of
      health in late life. 

PMID- 26973940
TI  - Commentary On: Self-Care Self-Efficacy, Religious Participation and Depression as
      Predictors of Post-Stroke Self-Care Among Underserved Ethnic Minorities.

PMID- 26973941
TI  - How Older Persons Structure Information in the Decision to Seek Medical Care.
AB  - Typical models of the decision to seek care consider information as a single
      conceptual object. This paper presents an alternative that allows multiple
      objects. For older persons seeking care, results support this alternative. Older
      decision-makers that segregate information into multiple conceptual objects
      assessed separately are characterized by socio-demographic (younger age, racial
      category, non-Hispanic, higher education, higher income, and not married), health
      status (better general health for men and worse general health for women, fewer
      known illnesses), and neuropsychological (less memory loss for men, trouble
      concentrating and trouble making decisions for men) factors. Results of this
      study support the conclusion that older persons are more likely to integrate
      information, and individuals with identifiable characteristics are more likely to
      do so than others. The theory tested in this study implies a potential
      explanation for misutilization of care (either over or under-utilization). 

PMID- 26973939
TI  - Childhood Overweight Dependence on Mother-Child Relationship.
AB  - The causes of childhood overweight are numerous and inter-related. The mother
      child relationship is of great significance for the child's health. Previous
      studies have found patterns of dysfunctional interaction in families with obese
      children. Therefore, development of childhood overweight could be due to the
      mother-child relationship. The aim of this study was to investigate how, and to
      what degree, the mother-child relationship, assessed by the mothers, was related
      to overweight among children aged seven to nine years. The study was a cross
      sectional case-controlled one. It included 111 overweight and 149 non-overweight
      seven to nine year old children and their mothers. Weight status was determined
      according to the International Obesity Task Force reference for children Body
      Mass Index, age and gender adjusted. An interviewer-administered questionnaire
      was used to categorize the mother-child relationship as: complementary,
      asymmetrical, symmetrical or symbiotic prototypes. There was no difference in
      mother-child relationships - characterized by the prototypes - between the
      overweight and non-overweight mother-child pairs. Therefore, we conclude that the
      mother-child relationship has no bearing on the child's weight status according
      to the prototypes. It is suggested that it is more the culture, or the universal
      phenomenon of expressing love through food, than the mother-child relationship,
      which influences the development of childhood overweight, or that the mothers are
      not capable of assess the true attachment style between themselves and their
      children. 

PMID- 26973942
TI  - Investigating Aggressive Styles and Defense Mechanisms in Bipolar Patients and in
      their Parents.
AB  - Bipolar disorder (BD) is a very common mental health disorder, whose etiology
      concerning aggressive styles and defense mechanisms is still poorly known despite
      the efforts dedicated to develop psychological and biological theories. After
      obtaining written signed informed consent, this study will recruit inpatients
      with a clinical diagnosis of BD, based on Structured Clinical Interview and the
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria, and their
      parents. The Bus-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire
      40, the Symptom check list SCL-90-R, developed by DeRogatis will be administered
      to the participants, together with a semi-structured questionnaire concerning
      demographic data (age, gender, employment, education) and only for the patients
      clinical information (onset year of the disorder, presence of co-morbidities,
      alcohol and drug use, suicide tendencies, kind of treatment). All the
      questionnaires are in the Italian validated version. The successful completion of
      this study will shed light on the relationship between aggressive styles and
      defensive mechanisms in bipolar inpatients and in their parents, helping the
      clinicians to develop ad hoc psychological interventions. 

PMID- 26973943
TI  - Investigation of Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy.
AB  - Nausea and vomiting are the most important problems in patients undergoing
      chemotherapy, despite the recent improvements in the administration of antiemetic
      drugs. Through a review of the literature, we found that there are several
      nursing researches focusing on the effectiveness of interventions for the
      treatment of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. The purpose of this study
      was to investigate the symptom of nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing
      chemotherapy. The study also investigated the impact of nausea and vomiting on
      patients' ability to respond to daily activities. The study is descriptive; the
      sample included patients with different types of cancer and receiving
      chemotherapy. The inclusion criteria were: the histological diagnosis of cancer,
      the administration of chemotherapy and the knowledge of the Greek language. The
      questionnaires used were: the MASCC (vomiting questionnaire), the Memorial
      Symptom Assessment Scale and the scale of functional assessment of cancer
      therapy. Data collection took place in oncological hospitals of Thessaloniki and
      Athens in Greece. For statistical analysis we used the statistical package SPSS
      15.0. 

PMID- 26973944
TI  - Single Case Designs in Psychology Practice.
AB  - A brief overview highlighting key elements of single case design is presented.
      Four types of single case design are identified. Central elements and the value
      of the use of single case designs are underscored. 

PMID- 26973945
TI  - Generationing, Stealthing, and Gift Giving: The Intentional Transmission of HIV
      by HIV-Positive Men to their HIV-Negative Sex Partners.
AB  - Gift giving is the process by which an HIV-positive person purposely infects an
      HIV-negative person with HIV, usually with that person's knowledge and consent.
      Little has been written about this HIV transmission practice. In this paper, two
      specific types of gift giving - generationing and stealthing - are explained and
      introduced to the scientific literature. Generationing is a type of gift giving
      in which one gift giver successfully infects a previously-uninfected man with
      HIV, and then the two men collaborate in an effort to seroconvert another man,
      and so forth. Stealthing is another type of gift giving in which an HIV-positive
      man actively tries to infect an HIV-negative man with HIV, without the latter's
      knowledge or consent. The present study reports on the prevalence of gift giving
      (4.6%) in a population of men who use the Internet specifically to identify
      partners for unprotected sex. The research is based on a national random sample
      of 332 men who have sex with men, identified from 16 websites. Data were
      collected via telephone interviews conducted between January 2008 and May 2009.
      The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for
      HIV prevention and intervention efforts. Most notably, to the extent that
      generationing, stealthing, and gift giving occur among MSM, they represent a very
      high risk of HIV transmission. More work needs to be done to understand these
      behaviors, the factors that underlie them, and to determine how prevalent they
      are in the bare-backing population of MSM. 

PMID- 26973946
TI  - A Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Applied to a Social Anxiety Disorder and a Specific
      Phobia, Case Study.
AB  - George, a 23-year-old Greek student, was referred by a psychiatrist for treatment
      to a University Counseling Centre in Athens. He was diagnosed with social anxiety
      disorder and specific phobia situational type. He was complaining of panic
      attacks and severe symptoms of anxiety. These symptoms were triggered when in
      certain social situations and also when travelling by plane, driving a car and
      visiting tall buildings or high places. His symptoms lead him to avoid finding
      himself in such situations, to the point that it had affected his daily life.
      George was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder and with specific phobia,
      situational type (in this case acrophobia) and was given 20 individual sessions
      of cognitivebehavior therapy. Following therapy, and follow-up occurring one
      month post treatment, George no longer met the criteria for social phobia and
      symptoms leading to acrophobia were reduced. He demonstrated improvements in many
      areas including driving a car in and out of Athens and visiting tall buildings. 

PMID- 26973947
TI  - Accuracy of Physical Self-Description Among Chronic Exercisers and Non
      Exercisers.
AB  - This study addressed the role of chronic exercise to enhance physical self
      description as measured by self-estimated percent body fat. Accuracy of physical
      self-description was determined in normal-weight, regularly exercising and non
      exercising males with similar body mass index (BMI)'s and females with similar
      BMI's (n=42 males and 45 females of which 23 males and 23 females met criteria to
      be considered chronic exercisers). Statistical analyses were conducted to
      determine the degree of agreement between self-estimated percent body fat and
      actual laboratory measurements (hydrostatic weighing). Three statistical
      techniques were employed: Pearson correlation coefficients, Bland and Altman
      plots, and regression analysis. Agreement between measured and self-estimated
      percent body fat was superior for males and females who exercised chronically,
      compared to non-exercisers. The clinical implications are as follows.
      Satisfaction with one's body can be influenced by several factors, including self
      perceived body composition. Dissatisfaction can contribute to maladaptive and
      destructive weight management behaviors. The present study suggests that regular
      exercise provides a basis for more positive weight management behaviors by
      enhancing the accuracy of self-assessed body composition. 

PMID- 26973948
TI  - Domestic Violence and Abuse in Intimate Relationship from Public Health
      Perspective.
AB  - In this article we pay attention to the violence which, due to the fear of social
      stigma, could be hidden from the public eye for a long time but could have
      serious health consequences for the individual, family, and society - physical
      and psychological forms of domestic violence and abuse in male-female intimate
      relationship. Besides its nature and extent data in general population, we review
      also the surveys data about its theoretical basis, its risk factors and possible
      effects on mental and physical health, not only on in conflicts involved
      partners, but also on family as a whole, and especially on the children that
      growing up in such a problematic domestic circumstances. 

PMID- 26973949
TI  - Impact on Participation and Autonomy: Test of Validity and Reliability for Older
      Persons.
AB  - In research and healthcare it is important to measure older persons' self
      determination in order to improve their possibilities to decide for themselves in
      daily life. The questionnaire Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA) assesses
      self-determination, but is not constructed for older persons. The aim of this
      study was to examine the validity and reliability of the IPA-S questionnaire for
      persons aged 70 years and older. The study was performed in two steps; first a
      validity test of the Swedish version of the questionnaire, IPA-S, followed by a
      reliability test-retest of an adjusted version. The validity was tested with
      focus groups and individual interviews on persons aged 77-88 years, and the
      reliability on persons aged 70-99 years. The validity test result showed that IPA
      S is valid for older persons but it was too extensive and the phrasing of the
      items needed adjustments. The reliability test-retest on the adjusted
      questionnaire, IPA- Older persons (IPA-O), showed that 15 of 22 items had high
      agreement. IPA-O can be used to measure older persons' self-determination in
      their care and rehabilitation. 

PMID- 26973950
TI  - The Functional Role of Resignation Orientation on Goal Engagement, Self-Esteem,
      Life Satisfaction, and Depression.
AB  - Several studies in Europe and North America have highlighted the importance of
      resignation or giving up. Research has shown that resignation is as important as
      goal attainment. Hence, this study examines, using path analysis, the effect of
      resignation orientation on goal disengagement and reengagement. Furthermore, this
      study attempts to clarify the implication of resignation orientation for elements
      of mental well-being. Questionnaires were completed by 261 Japanese college
      students. Results showed that proactive resignation orientation promotes
      reestablishment of alternative goals while negative resignation orientation
      encourages disengagement of the unattainable goals. The findings help explain the
      functional role of resignation orientation and can inform the development of
      treatment for resignation-related depression. 

PMID- 26973951
TI  - Exploring the Role of Self-Esteem and Parenting Patterns on Alcohol Use and Abuse
      Among Adolescents.
AB  - The type of parental child-rearing practices used by parents and guardians
      substantially influence children's self-esteem and consequently their decision to
      engage in alcohol use, its abuse. The aim of this study was to explore the role
      of self-esteem and parenting patterns on alcohol use and abuse among adolescents.
      Three hundred and sixteen boys and girls in Senior High Schools completed self
      report questionnaires assessing self-esteem, parenting patterns and alcohol use
      and abuse. The results showed that while girls reported lesser self-esteem than
      boys, boys reported higher levels of alcohol use and abuse than girls. Also,
      authoritative parenting pattern had a positive effect on self-esteem and a
      negative effect on alcohol use. On the other hand, authoritarian and permissive
      parenting patterns had negative effects on self-esteem and positive effects on
      alcohol use, with slight variations. These results provide valuable information
      regarding strategies aimed at fostering parent-child relationship and rapport
      with the ultimate aim of bolstering the self-esteem of adolescents to
      subsequently eschew insalubrious behaviour, particularly alcohol use and abuse. 

PMID- 26973952
TI  - Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescent Students in Greek High Schools.
AB  - Depressive symptoms in adolescence have been a subject of considerable
      controversy in terms of their nature, severity and identification. Therefore, the
      objective of this study was to examine the presence of depressive symptoms in
      Greek adolescent high school students and to explore the relationship between
      depressive symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics. For that purpose, a
      cross-sectional study design was conducted in two public schools in Megalopolis,
      Greece, from April 2012 to July 2012, using a self-administered questionnaire
      based on DSM-IV. The target population involved 222 high school students and the
      response rate was 74.75%. Data was analyzed using trend chi(2) test, student's t
      test and bivariate analysis. The analysis of survey data was conducted using the
      SPSS (19.0). Main findings demonstrate that 3.6% had symptoms of major depressive
      episode. Furthermore, depressive symptoms were significantly higher in girls,
      while statistically significant relationships were found between students'
      physical (P<0.01) and mental health (P<0.008), students' experiences in school
      (P<0.02), students' experiences with friends (P<0.008) and the frequency of
      depressive symptoms. Overall, the study results reveal that depressive symptoms
      can occur in adolescents. Early diagnosis, as well as the need for psychological
      care at adolescence is necessary for the prevention of major depressive
      disorders. 

PMID- 26973953
TI  - The Impact of Kt/V Urea-Based Dialysis Adequacy on Quality of Life and Adherence
      in Haemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece.
AB  - There is clear evidence of a link between dialysis adequacy (as measured by urea
      kinetic modeling or urea reduction ratio) and such important clinical outcomes as
      morbidity and mortality. Evidence regarding the relationship between dialysis
      adequacy and quality of life (QOL) outcomes as well as adherence is less clear.
      The present paper is a study protocol which is planning to answer the following
      research question: what is the impact of dialysis adequacy on QOL and adherence
      in a sample of hemodialysis patients? The final sample size will be around 100
      patients undergoing hemodialysis. Each subject's QOL and adherence will be
      measured using the following instruments: i) the Missoula-VITAS quality of life
      index 25; ii) the multidimensional scale of perceived social support and iii) the
      simplified medication adherence questionnaire. Dialysis adequacy is expected to
      be related to QOL and adherence scores. 

PMID- 26973954
TI  - Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived
      Social Support for Greece.
AB  - Recently, there is a surge of interest in the use of the Multidimensional Scale
      of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to measure perceived social support across
      cultures. The objective of this study was to translate and make the cultural
      adaptation of the Greek version of the MSPSS. The study counted with a sample of
      10 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. The process involved the following
      steps of translation back translation and semantic evaluation. The former
      revealed good acceptance of the translated version of the instrument, which
      participants considered having items of easy understanding. After completing the
      process of validation in the country, the instrument will become available to
      Greek researchers to measure social support, as well as to compare results from
      Greece to that of other cultures in which the instrument has already been
      validated. 

PMID- 26973956
TI  - Interview with Dr. Nicola Luigi Bragazzi.

PMID- 26973955
TI  - Perception of Pain Self-efficacy and Fatigue in Greek Patients with Multiple
      Sclerosis: A Study Protocol.
AB  - The examination of the perception of pain and fatigue in patients with various
      health problems has received increased research attention in recent years. The
      aim of the present study protocol is to examine levels of pain self-efficacy and
      fatigue in a sample of Greek patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. The
      association of years and severity of diagnosis with the perception of pain self
      efficacy and fatigue will be also investigated. Forty patients from the 3(nd)
      Neurological Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece) will
      participate in this study. The measurement tools include i) the Fatigue
      Assessment Scale, ii) the Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire and iii) the Expanded
      Disability Status Scale. Test-retest reliability of the first two questionnaires
      will be assessed with the same patients rating their situation in a 10 days
      interval from the first examination in order to examine consistency over time. 

PMID- 26973958
TI  - The Impact of Healthcare Workers Job Environment on Their Mental-emotional
      Health. Coping Strategies: The Case of a Local General Hospital.
AB  - Workplace stress can influence healthcare professionals' physical and emotional
      well-being by curbing their efficiency and having a negative impact on their
      overall quality of life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
      impact that work environment in a local public general hospital can have on the
      health workers' mental-emotional health and find strategies in order to cope with
      negative consequences. The study took place from July 2010 to October 2010. Our
      sample consisted of 200 healthcare professionals aged 21-58 years working in a
      240-bed general hospital and the response rate was 91.36%). Our research protocol
      was first approved by the hospital's review board. A standardized questionnaire
      that investigates strategies for coping with stressful conditions was used. A
      standardized questionnaire was used in the present study Coping Strategies for
      Stressful Events, evaluating the strategies that persons employ in order to
      overcome a stressful situation or event. The questionnaire was first tested for
      validity and reliability which were found satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha=0.862).
      Strict anonymity of the participants was guaranteed. The SPSS 16.0 software was
      used for the statistical analysis. Regression analysis showed that health
      professionals' emotional health can be influenced by strategies for dealing with
      stressful events, since positive re-assessment, quitting and seeking social
      support are predisposing factors regarding the three first quality of life
      factors of the World Health Organization Quality of Life - BREF. More
      specifically, for the physical health factor, positive re-assessment (t=3.370,
      P=0.001) and quitting (t=-2.564, P=0.011) are predisposing factors. For the
      'mental health and spirituality' regression model, positive re-assessment
      (t=5.528, P=0.000) and seeking social support (t=-1.991, P=0.048) are also
      predisposing factors, while regarding social relationships positive re-assessment
      (t=4.289, P=0.000) is a predisposing factor. According to our findings, there was
      a notable lack of workplace stress management strategies, which the participants
      usually perceive as a lack of interest on behalf of the management regarding
      their emotional state. Some significant factors for lowering workplace stress
      were found to be the need to encourage and morally reward the staff and also to
      provide them with opportunities for further or continuous education. 

PMID- 26973957
TI  - Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Treatment Options for Depression and
      Depressive Symptoms in Hemodialysis Patients.
AB  - Depression is a mental disorder with a high prevalence among patients with end
      stage renal disease (ESRD). It is reported that depression afflicts approximately
      20-30% of this patient population, being associated, amongst other, with high
      mortality rate, low adherence to medication and low perceived quality of life.
      There is a variety of medications known to be effective for the treatment of
      depression but due to poor adherence to treatment as well as due to the high need
      for medications addressing other ESRD comorbidities, depression often remains
      untreated. According to the literature, depression is under-diagnosed and
      undertreated in the majority of the patients with chronic kidney disease. In the
      current review the main pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches and
      research outcomes for the management of depressive symptoms in hemodialysis
      patients are discussed. 

PMID- 26973959
TI  - Heritability of Health and Aging Limitations on Personally Desired Activities.
AB  - The aim of this study is to estimate heritability of incident limitations on
      personally desired activities within the eighth decade of life. We measured self
      rated ability to perform ten personally desired activities in 1606 male veteran
      twin pairs at baseline and four years later. At follow-up, 33% of the cohort
      reported more limitations in desired activities. Among twins who completed both
      assessments, there were no statistically significant differences in incidence
      rates of limitations as a function of zygosity. Sensitivity tests showed the same
      for change scores; and that, if cognitive impairment or death are deemed to
      belong among limitations of desired activities, zygosity contributed 10% to new
      limitations at follow-up. Maintaining personally desired activities over four
      years in the eighth decade is not subject to substantial genetic influence.
      However, if death and cognitive impairment are added to incident limitations,
      then genetics plays a modest role. In all cases, unique environment is the
      predominant influence. 

PMID- 26973961
TI  - Investigation of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Diseases.
AB  - The health of an individual depends on both his/her physical and psychological
      condition. In recent years it has been observed that chronic patients have
      frequently an affected psycho-emotional state. The purpose of this study is to
      investigate anxiety and depression in patients with chronic diseases and the
      correlation of the results with daily physical activity levels and individual
      health levels, as well comorbidity. This study included patients with chronic
      diseases that were treated in a local general hospital or were visiting often
      outpatient clinics of the same hospital due to their condition. The sample in
      this particular study included 204 patients; 118 of them were women and 86 men.
      From the total sample that participated in our research, 118 (57.8%) were females
      and the majority of the participants were secondary/basic education graduates
      (67%), married (71%), living in urban areas (53%). Hypertension was the most
      frequent chronic disease in our sample, followed by hypercholesterolemia and
      diabetes mellitus. Comparing the occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms in
      both questionnaires in relation to the expected frequency in the general
      population, significant levels of depression and anxiety symptoms were recorded.
      Taking into consideration the findings of this research, anxiety and depression
      symptoms can have profound effects regarding the control of chronic diseases, the
      patients' quality of life and their general health. 

PMID- 26973963
TI  - A Study to Examine the Uses of Personal Strength in Relation to Mental Health
      Recovery in Adults with Serious Mental Illnesses: A Research Protocol.
AB  - This study will explore the relationships among strengths self-efficacy,
      resourcefulness, stigma experience and mental health recovery in community
      dwelling adults with serious mental illnesses. Mental health practices have
      focued on psychopathphysiology. Stigma heavily plagued clients with mental
      illnesses and is one of the greatest barriers to mental health recovery. Personal
      strengths like strengths self-efficacy, people's confidence in using their
      personal strengths, and resourcefulness, the ability to carry out daily
      activities, have been linked to positive mental health. However, the linkage
      between strengths self-efficacy, resourcefulness and mental health recovery
      remains uncharted. A cross-sectional, descriptive, mixed methods study will be
      conducted. A funded study by the Sigma Theta Tau, Upsilon Eta Chapter, August
      2013, involving a convenience sample of 100 participants is planned. Included are
      community dwelling adults between 21 to 65 years old having been diagnosed with
      serious mental illnesses. Clients with current co-occurring substance abuse will
      be excluded. Participants complete questionnaires and undergo an interview.
      Correlations among the study variables will be examined. Regression analysis will
      determine if recovery can be predicted by strengths self-efficacy,
      resourcefulness and stigma experience. Interview data will be transcribed and
      analyzed by thematic analysis. This study will look beyond clients' disability to
      focus on their recovery and healing capacities such as strengths self-efficacy
      and resourcefulness. Findings will expand our knowledge about mental health
      recovery. Knowledge gained from this study may pave the way for future nursing
      strategies to aid recovery and inform the development of positive, strengths
      based interventions. 

PMID- 26973962
TI  - Psychometric Properties of the International Personality Item Pool Big-Five
      Personality Questionnaire for the Greek population.
AB  - Goldberg's International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) big-five personality factor
      markers currently lack validating evidence. The structure of the 50-item IPIP was
      examined in two different adult samples (total N=811), in each case justifying a
      5-factor solution, with only minor discrepancies. Age differences were comparable
      to previous findings using other inventories. One sample (N=193) also completed
      additionally another personality measure (the TIPI Short Form).
      Conscientiousness, extraversion and emotional stability/neuroticism scales of the
      IPIP were highly correlated with those of the TIPI (r=0.62 to 0.65, P=0.01).
      Agreeableness and Intellect/Openness scales correlated less strongly (r=0.54 and
      0.58 respectively, P=0.01). The IPIP scales have good internal consistency
      (a=0.88) and relate strongly to major dimensions of personality assessed by the
      two questionnaires. 

PMID- 26973965
TI  - Understanding the Missing Link Between Musical Attitudes, Preferences and
      Psychological Profiles: Music as Auto-Medication and Self-Administered Therapy?
      Implications for Music Therapy.

PMID- 26973964
TI  - Parental Perceptions of Health-Related Quality of Life of Albanian Children with
      Epilepsy.
AB  - Epilepsy adversely affects the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of children
      living with it. Even though almost 80% of children with epilepsy live in
      developing countries very little research has been conducted with the specific
      population. The present study took place in Albania and aimed to investigate
      parental perceptions of the HRQoL of their children with epilepsy. Considering
      the well-defined gender roles in the Albanian traditional family it was expected
      that mothers and fathers reports of their children's HRQoL would differ. Results
      showed no differences in maternal and paternal reports; instead there was a
      moderate correspondence between the reports across all dimensions. Parents also
      reported the highest scores of HRQoL in the interpersonal dimension and the
      lowest scores in the intrapersonal dimension. The findings have implications in
      the context of future research and also medical care for children with epilepsy
      in Albania. 

PMID- 26973966
TI  - A Theory Upon Origin of Implicit Musical Language.
AB  - The author suggests that the origin of musicality is implied in an implicit
      musical language every human being possesses in uterus due to a resonance and
      attunement with prenatal environment, mainly the mother. It is emphasized that
      ego-development and evolving implicit musical language can be regarded as
      parallel processes. To support this idea a lot of examples of musical
      representations are demonstrated by the author. Music is viewed as a tone of ego
      functioning involving the musical representations of bodily and visceral senses,
      cross-modal perception, unity of sense of self, individual fate of ego, and
      tripolar and bipolar musical coping codes. Finally, a special form of music
      therapy is shown to illustrate how can implicit musical language be transformed
      into explicit language by virtue of participants' spontaneity, creativity, and
      playfulness. 

PMID- 26973960
TI  - Overview of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Children.
AB  - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex disorder, which can
      be seen as a disorder of life time, developing in preschool years and manifesting
      symptoms (full and/or partial) throughout the adulthood; therefore, it is not
      surprising that there are no simple solutions. The aim of this paper is to
      provide a short and concise review which can be used to inform affected children
      and adults; family members of affected children and adults, and other medical,
      paramedical, non-medical, and educational professionals about the disorder. This
      paper has also tried to look into the process of how ADHD develops; what are the
      associated problems; and how many other children and adults are affected by such
      problems all over the world basically to understand ADHD more precisely in order
      to develop a better medical and or non-medical multimodal intervention plan. If
      preschool teachers and clinicians are aware of what the research tells us about
      ADHD, the varying theories of its cause, and which areas need further research,
      the knowledge will assist them in supporting the families of children with ADHD.
      By including information in this review about the connection between biological
      behavior, it is hoped that preschool teachers and clinicians at all levels will
      feel more confident about explaining to parents of ADHD children, and older ADHD
      children themselves about the probable causes of ADHD. 

PMID- 26973967
TI  - Eva Between Anxiety and Hope: Integrating Anthroposophic Music Therapy in
      Supportive Oncology Care.
AB  - Music therapy is a significant modality in the treatment of patients with cancer,
      who suffer emotional and spiritual distress as well as chemotherapy side effects
      that impair their quality of life. In this article, we present a case study of a
      patient challenged with recurrent ovarian cancer who received, concomitant with
      chemotherapy, a special form of music therapy based on anthroposophic medicine
      (AM) aimed at alleviating anxiety and improving her general well-being. AM
      centered music therapy goals are discussed in regard to two modes of treatment:
      receptive listening and clinical composition. Next, these two treatment modes are
      discussed in a broader context by reviewing conventional music therapy
      interventions during chemotherapy on two axes: a. standardized vs. individualized
      treatment; b. patient's involvement on a passive to active continuum. In
      conclusion, psycho-oncology care can be enriched by adding anthroposophic
      medicine-oriented music therapy integrated within patients' supportive care. 

PMID- 26973969
TI  - Expression of Immune-Related Genes during Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)
      Embryonic and Early Larval Development.
AB  - Early life stage mortality in fish is one of the problems faced by loach
      aquaculture. However, our understanding of immune system in early life stage fish
      is still incomplete, and the information available is restricted to a few fish
      species. In the present work, we investigated the expression of immune-related
      transcripts in loach during early development. In fishes, recombination
      activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and sacsin (SACS) have been considered as immunological
      function. In this study, the expression of the both genes was assessed throughout
      the early developmental stages of loach using real-time PCR method. maRAG-1 mRNA
      was first detected in 0 dph, observed the increased mostly until 40 dph.
      Significant expression of maRAG-1 was detected in 0 to 40 dph. These patterns of
      expression may suggest that the loach start to develop its function after
      hatching. On the other hand, maSACS was detected in unfertilized oocyte to molura
      stages and 0 to 40 dph. maSACS mRNA transcripts were detected in unfertilized
      oocytes, suggesting that they are maternally transferred. 

PMID- 26973970
TI  - Egg Development of the Ussurian Bullhead Fish, Leiocassis ussuriensis (Pisces:
      Bagridae) and Morphological Development of Its Larvae and Juveniles.
AB  - This study was examined the ovogenesis of Ussurian bullhead, Leiocassis
      ussuriensis and the morphological development of its larvae and juveniles and to
      use the results as basic information for the preservation of species and resource
      enhancement. For artificial egg collection, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
      was injected at a rate of 10 IU per gram of fish weight. During breeding period,
      water temperature maintained at 24.5~26.5 degrees C (mean 25.0+/-0.05 degrees C).
      The process of ovogenesis reached the two-cell stage in 50 minutes after
      fertilization. In 73 hours of fertilization the movement of the embryoid body
      became active state and the larvae began to hatch from the tail through the
      oolemma. Length of prelarvae were 6.33~6.50 mm long (mean 6.40+/-0.06 mm) just
      after hatching having yolk with their mouth not opened. After thirty eight days
      of hatching, juveniles were 30.6~32.5 mm long (mean 31.5+/-0.65 mm). The color
      was dark yellowish brown throughout the entire body, and the number of caudal fin
      rays developed to thirty six perfectly. 

PMID- 26973968
TI  - Arsenic Toxicity in Male Reproduction and Development.
AB  - Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that exists ubiquitously in the environment, and
      affects global health problems due to its carcinogenicity. In most populations,
      the main source of arsenic exposure is the drinking water. In drinking water,
      chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with increased risks of various cancers
      including those of skin, lung, bladder, and liver, as well as numerous other non
      cancer diseases including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,
      and neurologic and cognitive problems. Recent emerging evidences suggest that
      arsenic exposure affects the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Prenatal
      exposure to inorganic arsenic causes adverse pregnancy outcomes and children's
      health problems. Some epidemiological studies have reported that arsenic exposure
      induces premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. In animal
      studies, inorganic arsenic also causes fetal malformation, growth retardation,
      and fetal death. These toxic effects depend on dose, route and gestation periods
      of arsenic exposure. In males, inorganic arsenic causes reproductive dysfunctions
      including reductions of the testis weights, accessory sex organs weights, and
      epididymal sperm counts. In addition, inorganic arsenic exposure also induces
      alterations of spermatogenesis, reductions of testosterone and gonadotrophins,
      and disruptions of steroidogenesis. However, the reproductive and developmental
      problems following arsenic exposure are poorly understood, and the molecular
      mechanism of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we
      further investigated several possible mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced
      reproductive toxicity. 

PMID- 26973971
TI  - Structure and Function of the Reproductive System of Aplysia kurodai.
AB  - This study investigated structure and function of the reproductive system in
      Aplysia kurodai by means of anatomical, histological, and histochemical
      observation. Reproductive system of this species is consisted of ovotestis, small
      hermaphroditic duct, ampulla, accessory genital mass and large hermaphroditic
      duct. The ovotestis is composed of a large number of follicles, and both oocytes
      and spermatocytes matured in the same follicle. The small hermaphroditic duct is
      a single tube and contains a swelling, the ampulla, which functions as a storage
      organ for endogenous sperm and an oviduct. The accessory genital mass is
      connected to both the small and large hermaphroditic duct, and consisted of three
      glands: albumen, membrane (winding) and mucus gland. The albumen gland is
      consisted of granular cells producing basophilic and neutral mucopolysaccharides.
      The membrane and mucus gland are consisted of granular cells producing acidophilc
      and sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The large hermaphroditic duct is a single
      tubular gonoduct linking the accessory genital mass to the common genital
      aperture but is consisted of two parallel compartments. Internally, these two
      compartments are incompletely divided by internal septum or fold, which are
      called as the red hemiduct and white hemiduct, respectively. The red hemiduct
      functions as an oviduct and the white hemiduct functions as a copulatory duct.
      The reproductive system of A. kurodai is externally comprised a single tube,
      i.e., monaulic type. However, internal structure of duct is incompletely divided
      into oviduct and copulatory duct, i.e., the oodiaulic type. 

PMID- 26973972
TI  - Early Gonadal Differentiation of the Protogynous Red Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus
      akaara.
AB  - Red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara is a popular aquaculture species in many
      Asian countries. This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite that first
      differentiates into female and changes to male later. Due to this reproductive
      characteristic, stable supply of male and female gametes is a key to the success
      of seed production in this species. Thus, understanding early gonadal
      differentiation is required to develop effective sex control techniques. Red
      spotted grouper were reared in indoor tanks and sampled every 5 days from 40 days
      post-hatch (DPH) to 130 DPH. Changes of gonadal tissues were examined and
      analyzed by means of histology. A pair of gonadal primordium has already existed
      underneath the kidney in the posterior part of the body cavity at 38 DPH when
      this study began. Gonadal primordia of 38, 40 DPH consisted of germ cells
      surrounded by a few somatic cells. The blood vessel was observed in the gonadal
      primordium at 45 DPH. The number of somatic cells and size of gonadal primordium
      increased age-dependently up to 60 DPH. Formation of ovarian cavity was obvious
      by two protuberant aggregations of somatic cells at 65 DPH. Completed ovarian
      cavity and oogonia were first observed in the gonad of one fish sample at 105
      DPH. Based on these histological observations, it can be suggested that induction
      of primary male differentiation could be more successfully applied at around 60
      DPH in this species. 

PMID- 26973973
TI  - Aberrant Expression of Connexin Isoforms in the Corpus Epididymis of the Adult
      Rat by Exposure to Estradiol Benzoate or Flutamide at the Weaning Age.
AB  - A proper development of the epididymis during the early postnatal development is
      required for successful fertility in the adult male. Direct cell-cell
      communication via connexin (Cx) molecules is a common way of cellular
      interactions to achieve normal development of a given tissue consisting of
      different cell types. The present research was attempted to determine the effect
      of exogenous exposure to estrogenic agonist or antiandrogen at the weaning age on
      expression of Cx isoforms in the adult corpus epididymis. Male rats were
      subcutaneously administrated with estradiol benzoate (EB) or flutamide (Flu) at
      the weaning age. The tissue was collected at 4 months of age. Expressional levels
      of Cx isoforms were determined by a quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical
      comparison showed significant increases of Cxs31, 32, 37, 40, and 43 transcript
      amounts by a treatment of 0.015 mg of EB /kg body weight (BW). A treatment of 1.5
      MUg of EB /kg BW caused a significant decrease of Cx43 gene expression but
      increases of Cxs26, 31, 32, 37, and 40 transcript levels. Exposure to 500 mg of
      Flu/kg BW induced an increase of Cx37 expression but significant decreases of
      Cxs43 and 45 mRNA levels. Expression of Cx37 was increased by a treatment of 5 mg
      of Flu/kg BW, while transcript levels of Cxs26, 30.3, 31, 31.1, 32, and 43 were
      significantly decreased by same treatment. These results demonstrate that
      exposure to steroidal compounds at the early developmental age alters expression
      of Cx isoforms in the adult corpus epididymis. 

PMID- 26973974
TI  - Characterization of EST Gene in the Bovine Corpus Luteum during the Estrous
      Cycle.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of bovine luteum
      expressed sequence tags (ESTs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and
      tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and the presence of functional ESTs in
      the bovine corpus luteum (CL) during different stages of the estrus cycle.
      Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed a
      difference in the expression of ESTs during the CL stage. Concentration of ESTs
      in the CL tissue increased significantly from the mid-luteal stage and decreased
      thereafter. RT-PCR analysis showed higher levels of the EST genes in the CL of
      the mid-luteal stage than in other stages, and the same level of expression of
      VEGF. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the tissue from CL formation to regression
      showed low cytosol and aggregation of the nucleus. And activity caspase 3
      (apoptosis detector) was most strongly detected in the CL1 stage of bovine.
      During the estrous cycle, the cytosol was magnified and differentiation of the
      nucleus was clearly manifested. The ESTs affected the CL, and the relationship
      between VEGF and TNFR1 played a pivotal role for CL development and activation,
      dependent on the stage of CL. These results suggest local production of ESTs, the
      presence of functional ESTs in the bovine CL, and that ESTs play a role in
      regulating the function of cell death in bovine CL. 

PMID- 26973975
TI  - A Testa Extract of Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) suppresses Adipogenic
      Activity of Adipose-derived Stem Cells.
AB  - Black soybean teata is helpful to preventing obesity through enhancing energy
      expenditure and suppressing accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue. The
      ethanol testa-extract of Cheongja #3 black soybean (ETCBS) is also have similar
      effects on obesity. So far, it is not clear whether the ethanol testa extract of
      black soybean can have effect on the characters of subcutaneous adipose stem
      cells such as proliferation, activity, and adipogenicity. The doubling time was
      different between subcutaneous adipose-derived stem (ADS) and visceral ADS cells.
      By the in vitro culture and passage, the doubling time was increased both of
      them. The shape was not different between groups and their passages were not
      cause the change of shapes. In the case of visceral ADS cells, the doubling time
      was 62.3 h or 40.3 h in control or high fat diet administrated mice,
      respectively, but not modified in subcutaneous ADS cells. ETCBS administration
      caused of increased the doubling time from 62.3 h to 84.2 h. ETCBS had
      suppressive effects on the cellular activity of subcutaneous ADS cells. The
      intensity of Oil Red O staining was very faint in 100 and 200 MUg/mL ETCBS
      treated groups. The amounts of accumulated triglyceride were also significantly
      low in 100 and 200 MUg/mL treated groups. From these results we know that the
      doubling times and the effects of ETCBS are different by the anatomical origin of
      ADS cells. It also suggested that ETCBS may suppress the differentiation of
      subcutaneous ADS cells into the precursors and maturing of adipocytes. 

PMID- 26973976
TI  - Th 17 Cells and Nesfatin-1 are associated with Spontaneous Abortion in the CBA/j
      * DBA/2 Mouse Model.
AB  - The pregnancy and abortion process involves a complex mechanism with various
      immune cells present in the implantation sites and several hormones associated
      with pregnancy, such as leptin, ghrelin and nesfatin-1. However, the mechanism
      underlying spontaneous abortion by maternal T helper 17 (Th17) present in the
      implantation sites and nesfatin-1, which is of anorexigenic hormones, is not
      fully understood so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the
      possible roles of Th17 cells present in the implantation sites and nesfatin-1
      expressed in the uterus on spontaneous abortion using the CBA/j * DBA/2 mouse
      model. Th17 transcription factor, ROR-gammat mRNA expression was significantly
      increased in the abortion sites compared with the implantation sites of abortion
      model mice on day 14.5 and 19.5 of pregnancy. In addition, the expression levels
      of IL(-1)7A mRNA were significantly higher in abortion sites than in implantation
      sites on day 14.5 and 19.5. Moreover, the nesfatin-1/NUCB2 protein and mRNA
      levels were increased in abortion sites compared with levels in implantation
      sites of both normal pregnant and abortion model mice on day 14.5 of pregnancy.
      Interestingly, nesfatin- 1/NUCB2 serum levels were not changed throughout the
      whole pregnancy in abortion model mice, but its serum level was dramatically
      increased on day 14.5, and then rapidly decreased on day 19.5 in normal pregnant
      mice. In this study, we showed for the first time the expression of nesfatin
      1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein in implantation sites during pregnancy. The present
      results suggest that Th17 cells in the uterus may play an important role in the
      period of implantation and for maintenance of pregnancy. Furthermore, the present
      results suggest that Th17 cells in implantation sites may be a key regulator for
      maintenance of pregnancy and provides evidence that activation of these cells may
      be regulated by nesfatin-1/NUCB2. Further study is needed to elucidate the role
      of nesfatin-1 expressed in the uterus during pregnancy. 

PMID- 26973977
TI  - Stimulation of Spermiation by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Carp Pituitary
      Extract in Grass Puffer, Takifugu niphobles.
AB  - Spermiation was stimulated in the mature grass puffer, Takifugu niphobles, with
      an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or carp pituitary extract
      (CPE). Spermatocrit and sperm density were reduced, but milt production was
      increased in both the HCG and CPE treatment groups relative to those in the
      control group (P <0.05). These results should be useful for increasing the
      fertilization efficiency in grass puffer breeding programs. 

PMID- 26973978
TI  - Geographical Variations and Genetic Distances of Three Saxidomus purpuratus
      Populations ascertained by PCR Analysis.
AB  - Genomic DNA samples isolated from geographical purplish Washington clam
      (Saxidomus purpuratus) were obtained from three different regions in the Korean
      Peninsula: Geoje (Geoje population; GJP), Gunsan (Gunsan population; GSP) and a
      site of North Korea (North Korea population; NKP). The seven primers generated
      the total 369 loci that can be scored from the GSP clam population. 356 fragments
      were generated from the NKP clam population. The complexity of the banding
      patterns varies dramatically between the primers and three localities. In this
      study, 319 loci were identified in the purplish Washington clam from Geoje and
      369 in the clam population from Gunsan: 221 specific loci (69.3%) in the GJP clam
      population and 300 (81.3%) in the GSP population. These results demonstrate that
      the primer detected a large quantity of specific fragments, suggesting that the
      genetic variation in the GSP is higher than in the GJP population. In particular,
      the BION-28 primer gave DNA profiles with more fragments than the other six
      primers in the NKP population. The oligonucleotides primer BION-75 produced 21
      unique loci to each population, which were ascertaining each population,
      approximately 250 bp, 300 bp and 400 bp, in the GJP population. Outstandingly,
      the primer BION-50 detected 21 shared loci by the three populations, major and/or
      minor fragments of sizes 150 bp, which were matching in all samples. With regard
      to average bandsharing value (BS) results, individuals from GJP population
      (0.743) displayed higher bandsharing values than did individuals from GSP
      population (0.606). In the present study, the dendrogram gained by the seven
      oligonucleotides primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GEOJE 01 ~
      GEOJE 07), cluster 2 (GUNSAN 08 ~ GUNSAN 14), cluster 3 (N.KOREA 15 ~ N.KOREA
      21). Among the twenty one clams, the shortest genetic distance that revealed
      significant molecular differences was between individuals 08 and 09 from the NKP
      population (genetic distance = 0.073), while the longest genetic distance among
      the twenty-one individuals that demonstrated significant molecular differences
      was between individuals GEOJE no. 03 and GUNSAN no. 09 (genetic distance =
      0.669). Comparatively, individuals of GJP population were properly closely
      related to that of NKP population, as revealed in the hierarchical dendrogram of
      genetic distances. In due course, PCR analysis has revealed the significant
      genetic distance among three purplish Washington clam populations. PCR fragments
      discovered in this study could be valuable as a DNA marker of the three
      geographical clam populations to distinguish. 

PMID- 26973979
TI  - Elder Mistreatment and its Subtypes across Different Sociodemographic and
      Socioeconomic Groups among U.S. Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the risk of overall elder mistreatment (EM) and its
      subtypes in each sociodemographic and socioeconomic group based on different
      definitional criteria. METHODS: In person interviews were conducted with 3,159
      Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago Area from 2011 to 2013. Psychological
      mistreatment, physical mistreatment, sexual abuse, caregiver neglect, and
      financial exploitation were measured using definitional approaches from the least
      strict to the strictest criteria. RESULTS: Physical, psychological mistreatment,
      and financial exploitation were closely correlated with each other, but caregiver
      neglect was not correlated with any other types of mistreatment. The risk of EM
      and its subtypes across sociodemographic groups differed by types and definitions
      of mistreatment. DISCUSSION: Future longitudinal studies are needed to quantity
      the risk and protective factors associated with EM and its subtypes with
      consideration of definitional issues in Chinese aging populations.

PMID- 26973982
TI  - Manifold-valued Dirichlet Processes.
AB  - Statistical models for manifold-valued data permit capturing the intrinsic nature
      of the curved spaces in which the data lie and have been a topic of research for
      several decades. Typically, these formulations use geodesic curves and distances
      defined locally for most cases - this makes it hard to design parametric models
      globally on smooth manifolds. Thus, most (manifold specific) parametric models
      available today assume that the data lie in a small neighborhood on the manifold.
      To address this 'locality' problem, we propose a novel nonparametric model which
      unifies multivariate general linear models (MGLMs) using multiple tangent spaces.
      Our framework generalizes existing work on (both Euclidean and non-Euclidean)
      general linear models providing a recipe to globally extend the locally-defined
      parametric models (using a mixture of local models). By grouping observations
      into sub-populations at multiple tangent spaces, our method provides insights
      into the hidden structure (geodesic relationships) in the data. This yields a
      framework to group observations and discover geodesic relationships between
      covariates X and manifold-valued responses Y, which we call Dirichlet process
      mixtures of multivariate general linear models (DP-MGLM) on Riemannian manifolds.
      Finally, we present proof of concept experiments to validate our model.

PMID- 26973981
TI  - The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Mechanisms and Perspective Therapeutic
      Approaches.
AB  - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung inflammatory disorder
      with a 30-50% mortality. Sepsis and pneumonia are the leading causes of ARDS. On
      the cellular level there is pulmonary capillary endothelial cell permeability and
      fluid leakage into the pulmonary parenchyma, followed by neutrophils, cytokines
      and an acute inflammatory response. When fluid increases in the interstitium then
      the outward movement continues and protein rich fluid floods the alveolar spaces
      through the tight junctions of the epithelial cells. Neutrophils play an
      important role in the development of pulmonary edema associated with acute lung
      injury or ARDS. Animal studies have shown that endothelial injury appears within
      minutes to hours after Acute Lung Injury (ALI) initiation with resulting
      intercellular gaps of the endothelial cells. The Endothelial Cell (EC) gaps allow
      for permeability of fluid, neutrophils and cytokines into the pulmonary
      parenchymal space. The neutrophils that infiltrate the lungs and migrate into the
      airways express pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), and contribute to both the
      endothelial and epithelial integrity disruption of the barriers. Pharmacological
      treatments have been ineffective. The ARDS Network trial identified low tidal
      volume mechanical ventilation, positive end expiratory pressure and fluid
      management guidelines that have improved outcomes for patients with ARDS.
      Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is used in specialized centers for severe
      cases. Prone positioning has recently proven to have significantly decreased
      ventilator days and days in the intensive care unit. Current investigation
      includes administration of mesenchymal stem cell therapy, partial fluid
      ventilation, TIP peptide nebulized administration and the continued examination
      of pharmacologic drugs.

PMID- 26973983
TI  - Compression in Molecular Simulation Datasets.
AB  - In this paper, we present a compression framework, for molecular dynamics (MD)
      simulation data, which yields significant performance by combining the strength
      of principal component analysis (PCA) and discrete cosine transform (DCT). Though
      it is a lossy compression technique, the effect on analytics performed on
      decompressed data is very minimal. Compression ratio up to 13 is achieved with
      acceptable errors in results of analytical functions.

PMID- 26973984
TI  - [Improving the speech with a prosthetic construction].
AB  - A 12-year-old boy had problems with his speech due to a defect in the soft
      palate. This defect was caused by the surgical removal of a synovial sarcoma.
      Testing with a nasometer revealed hypernasality above normal values. Given the
      size and severity of the defect in the soft palate, the possibility of improving
      the speech with speech therapy was limited. At a centre for special dentistry an
      attempt was made with a prosthetic construction to improve the performance of the
      palate and, in that way, the speech. This construction consisted of a denture
      with an obturator attached to it. With it, an effective closure of the palate
      could be achieved. New measurements with acoustic nasometry showed scores within
      the normal values. The nasality in the speech largely disappeared. The obturator
      is an effective and relatively easy solution for palatal insufficiency resulting
      from surgical resection. Intrusive reconstructive surgery can be avoided in this
      way.

PMID- 26973985
TI  - [Effectivity and durability of telescopic dentures on abutment teeth].
AB  - In a study, the effectivity and durability of telescopic dentures on abutment
      teeth provided with telescope crowns were investigated. The prognosis for the
      prosthetic structure and for the abutment teeth were both investigated. The
      survival rate of 234 telescopic dentures (886 abutment teeth) in 147 patients in
      a general dental practice were retrospectively evaluated on the basis of a status
      study. The mean survival rate was calculated. This is the moment when 50% of the
      telescopic dentures had failed. For telescopic dentures in the maxilla, this was
      22.3+/-2.8 years, which did not represent a statistically significant difference
      from the mandible (20.9+/-1.9 years). Of the 886 abutment teeth that were used,
      127 (14.3%) were extracted after an average period of 11.7 years. Periodontal
      complications were the primary reason for extraction. Based on this
      investigation, one could conclude that telescopic dentures are also a durable and
      sustainable solution in the long term. Loss of abutment teeth is relatively rare
      and has limited influence on the survival of the prosthetic structure.

PMID- 26973986
TI  - [Dissertations 25 years after date 45. Prevalence and etiology of
      craniomandibular dysfunction in the Netherlands].
AB  - The disorders temporomandibular dysfunction and craniomandibular dysfunction are
      still being discussed intensely in the literature 25 year after the publication
      of the dissertation 'Prevalence and etiology of craniomandibular dysfunction. An
      epidemiological study of the Dutch adult population'. Attention is especially
      being devoted to occlusion and its relationship with this disorder; the
      conclusions reached are often contradictory. In addition to the definitions of
      temporomandibular and craniomandibular dysfunction and of occlusion, a possible
      explanation for this controversy can be found in the methodological shortcomings
      of the studies. On the basis of the most important results in the dissertation of
      25 years ago and the scientific discussion since, 7 guidelines are formulated
      that are illustrated with clinical examples for an evidence-based treatment of
      patients with this disorder in a general dental practice. 

PMID- 26973987
TI  - [The (putative) pathological impact of fibromyalgia on the orofacial system].
AB  - Fibromyalgia is a syndrome without apparent aetiology, characterised by pain,
      fatigue, memory disorders, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances. The syndrome
      is considered to be one of the rheumatic diseases. In the general population, the
      prevalence varies from 2 to 8%, with a women-men ratio of about 2:1. Suspicion of
      fibromyalgia arises when a patient has pain at multiple locations that cannot be
      attributed to trauma or inflammation, and when the pain is especially
      musculoskeletal. Primary management includes explaining the syndrome and offering
      reassurance. In addition, one can also attempt to increase mobility, avoid
      overloading, and improve physical condition and the level of activity, and to
      activate problem-solving skills. Subsequently, behavioural therapy and
      pharmacotherapy may be considered. The most important manifestations of
      fibromyalgia in the orofacial and occlusal system seem to be temporomandibular
      dysfunction, headache, xerostomia, hyposalivation, burning mouth and dysgeusia.
      However, with respect to the precise relation of fibromyalgia with the orofacial
      system, much needs to be elucidated. 

PMID- 26973988
TI  - Minimally Invasive Treatment of White Spot Lesions--A Systematic Review.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of minimally invasive methods for the treatment
      of white-spot lesions involving fluorides, CPP-ACP (casein phosphopeptide
      stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate) and resin infiltration vs a placebo or
      control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to predetermined criteria, four
      databases were searched for eligible studies. References of the selected articles
      and relevant reviews were searched for any missed publications. RESULTS: Eight
      randomised controlled trials were selected as eligible studies, and only
      qualitative analyses were performed because of the diversity of the interventions
      and outcome measures. Three studies showed significant effects of three different
      fluoride preparations and used DIAGNOdent and ICDAS to assess the white spot
      lesions. Both studies comparing resin infiltration to a placebo showed
      significant effects in treating white spot lesions. One study using CPP-ACP
      showed a significant improvement in the lesions post treatment. CONCLUSION:
      Evidence suggests minimally invasive treatment modalities of white spot lesions
      produced significant improvement in the appearance and regression of white spot
      lesions following treatment when compared to a control or placebo.

PMID- 26973989
TI  - Evaluation of English Websites on Dental Caries by Using Consumer Evaluation
      Tools.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of patient-oriented online information about
      dental caries using existing consumer evaluation tools and to judge the efficacy
      of these tools in quality assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The websites for the
      evaluation were pooled by using two general search engines (Google and Yahoo!).
      The search terms were: 'dental caries', 'tooth decay' and 'tooth cavity'. Three
      assessment tools (LIDA, DISCERN and FRES) were used to evaluate the quality of
      the information in the areas of accessibility, usability, reliability and
      readability. RESULTS: In total, 77 websites were analysed. The median scores of
      LIDA accessibility and usability were 45.0 and 8.0, respectively, which
      corresponded to a medium level of quality. The median reliability scores for LIDA
      (12.0) and DISCERN (20.0) both corresponded to low level of quality. The
      readability was high with the median FRES score 59.7. CONCLUSION: The websites on
      caries had good accessibility, usability and readability, while reliability of
      the information was poor. The LIDA instrument was found to be more convenient
      than DISCERN and can be recommended to lay people for quick quality assessment.

PMID- 26973990
TI  - In Vitro Inhibition of Enamel Demineralisation by Fluoride-releasing Restorative
      Materials and Dental Adhesives.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the ability of 5 contemporary fluoride-releasing
      restoratives and 3 fluoride-releasing adhesives to inhibit enamel
      demineralisation surrounding restorations, and the associations between
      inhibition and the levels of fluoride released from these materials. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Five fluoride-releasing restoratives (Fuji IX GP, Ketac N100, Dyract
      Extra, Beautifil II and Wave) and 3 fluoride-releasing adhesives (Stae, Prime &
      Bond NT and Fluoro Bond II) were investigated. Eight disks of each material were
      prepared. Fluoride release was measured daily using a fluoride-ion-selective
      electrode for 15 days. Twenty-four cavities for each group were restored with a
      restorative and an adhesive. Specimens were subjected to thermal stress and
      stored for 30 days in saline solution. After a 15-day pH-cycling regimen, two 150
      MUm-thick sections were derived from each specimen. Enamel lesion depth was
      measured at 0, 100, and 200 MUm from each restoration's margin via polarised
      light microscopy. RESULTS: Of the restoratives investigated, Fuji IX GP released
      the most fluoride. The fluoride-releasing restoratives tested exhibited shallower
      enamel lesions than did the control group at all distances tested (p < 0.05).
      Fuji IX GP yielded significantly lower enamel lesion depth than did the other
      experimental materials. The depths of enamel lesions did not differ significantly
      when comparing restoratives applied with a fluoride-releasing adhesive with those
      applied with a non-fluoride-releasing adhesive. CONCLUSION: The fluoride
      releasing materials tested reduced enamel demineralisation but to different
      extents, depending on their levels of fluoride release. Fluoride-releasing
      adhesives did not influence enamel lesion formation.

PMID- 26973991
TI  - Copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of epoxides with gem-diborylmethane:
      access to gamma-hydroxyl boronic esters.
AB  - Herein, we describe a novel copper-catalyzed epoxide opening reaction with gem
      diborylmethane. Aliphatic, aromatic epoxides as well as aziridines are converted
      to the corresponding gamma-pinacolboronate alcohols or amines in moderate to
      excellent yields. This new reaction provides beneficial applications for classic
      epoxide substrates as well as interesting gem-diborylalkane reagents. 

PMID- 26973992
TI  - On curing poverty through health: Dr Fai-to Yau's gift of volunteering.

PMID- 26973994
TI  - Age Over 65: To Transplant or Not to Transplant?

PMID- 26973993
TI  - Commentary on: "Dirty-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis: preliminary
      observations of myelin phospholipid and axonal loss", by G. R. W. Moore, et al.
      in J Neurol (2008) 255: DOI 10.1007/s00415-008-0002-z.

PMID- 26973995
TI  - Retraction Notice to:  The Ubiquitin Ligase Mul1 Induces Mitophagy  in Skeletal
      Muscle in Response  to Muscle-Wasting Stimuli.
AB  - (Cell Metabolism 16, 613-624; November 7, 2012) In the article, we reported that
      the expression of a mitochondrial specific E3 ligase, Mul1, was induced in
      response to wasting conditions, and that increased Mul1 expression caused
      mitophagy and muscle wasting. Following an investigation by Nanyang Technological
      University, it was determined that the first author, Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy,
      falsified data in Figures 2D, 4B, 6D, 6E, and S5B. Although other work has linked
      Mul1 with mitophagy, in order to protect the integrity of science as well as of
      our laboratory and institutes, we are retracting the paper. We sincerely
      apologize to our colleagues and readers for any adverse consequences that this
      may have caused. The co-authors agree with this statement, with the exception of
      the first author, Sudarsanareddy Lokireddy.

PMID- 26973996
TI  - Engaging with research.

PMID- 26973999
TI  - Heart Failure Update: Foreword.

PMID- 26973998
TI  - Plasmonically Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water: The
      Critical Role of Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance from Gold-Silver Nanoshells.
AB  - Gold-silver nanoshells (GS-NSs) having a tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
      were employed to facilitate charge separation of photoexcited carriers in the
      photocalytic production of hydrogen from water. Zinc indium sulfide (ZnIn2S4;
      ZIS), a visible-light-active photocatalyst, where the band gap varies with the
      [Zn]/[In] ratio, was used as a model ZIS system (E(g) = 2.25 eV) to investigate
      the mechanisms of plasmonic enhancement associated with the nanoshells. Three
      types of GS-NS cores with intense absorptions centered roughly at 500, 700, and
      900 nm were used as seeds for preparing GS-NS@ZIS core-shell structures via a
      microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction, yielding core-shell particles with
      composite diameters of ~200 nm. Notably, an interlayer of dielectric silica
      (SiO2) between the GS-NSs and the ZIS photocatalyst provided another parameter to
      enhance the production of hydrogen and to distinguish the charge-transfer
      mechanisms. In particular, the direct transfer of hot electrons from the GS-NSs
      to the ZIS photocatalyst was blocked by this layer. Of the 10 particle samples
      examined in this study, the greatest hydrogen gas evolution rate was observed for
      GS-NSs having a SiO2 interlayer thickness of ~17 nm and an SPR absorption
      centered at ~700 nm, yielding a rate 2.6 times higher than that of the ZIS
      without GS-NSs. The apparent quantum efficiencies for these core-shell particles
      were recorded and compared to the absorption spectra. Analyses of the charge
      transfer mechanisms were evaluated and are discussed based on the experimental
      findings.

PMID- 26974000
TI  - Heart Failure Update: Diagnosis and Classification.
AB  - Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical condition. The newer guidelines have
      phased out the designations of systolic and diastolic HF and replaced them with
      the more physiologically applicable classifications of HF with reduced or
      preserved ejection fraction (EF). Although the numbers of new patients within
      these two groups are similar, patient characteristics and risk factors often
      differ. There also are differences in the incidence of HF among racial and ethnic
      groups, with blacks having the highest incidence. Although survival has improved
      over time among patients with reduced EF, no significant change in survival has
      been observed among those with preserved EF. Many models have been proposed to
      explain the underlying pathophysiology of HF, including the hemodynamic,
      neurohumoral, and cardiorenal models. The evaluation of a patient with signs and
      symptoms of and risk factors for HF includes a detailed history and physical
      examination, laboratory tests, chest x-ray, electrocardiography, and
      echocardiography. Serum natriuretic peptide levels are already in use, and other
      novel biomarkers reflecting the different pathophysiologic pathways are being
      investigated. The Seattle Heart Failure Model is a tool available for clinicians
      to use in estimating patient mortality risk. 

PMID- 26974001
TI  - Heart Failure Update: Outpatient Management.
AB  - Outpatient management of heart failure (HF) is aimed at treating symptoms and
      preventing hospitalizations and readmissions. Management is initiated in a
      stepwise approach. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system is a cornerstone of
      therapy and should be started, along with beta blockers, as soon as the diagnosis
      of HF is made. Other drugs, including diuretics, aldosterone antagonists,
      hydralazine, and nitrates, may be added based on symptoms and American College of
      Cardiology/American Heart Association stage. Despite a great interest in and
      theoretical benefit of naturoceutical products in the mitigation of oxidative
      stress and HF progression, none has been proven to be beneficial, and concerns
      exist regarding their interactions with standard HF drugs. Other nonpharmacologic
      interventions, including sodium restriction, regular exercise, and/or cardiac
      rehabilitation, should be initiated at diagnosis. HF often is progressive, and
      clinicians should be aware of late stage management options, including
      implantable devices, cardiac transplantation, and hospice care. 

PMID- 26974003
TI  - Heart Failure Update: Chronic Disease Management Programs.
AB  - With high mortality and readmission rates among patients with heart failure (HF),
      multiple disease management models have been and continue to be tested, with
      mixed results. Early postdischarge care improves outcomes for patients.
      Telemonitoring also can assist in reducing mortality and HF-related
      hospitalizations. Office-based team care improves patient outcomes, with
      important components including rapid access to physicians, partnerships with
      clinical pharmacists, education, monitoring, and support. Pay-for-performance
      measures developed for HF, primarily use of angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitors and beta blockers, also improve patient outcomes, but the influence of
      adherence to other measures has been minimal. Evaluating comorbid conditions,
      including diabetes and hypertension, and making drug adjustments for patients
      with HF to include blood pressure control and use of metformin, when possible,
      can reduce mortality and morbidity. 

PMID- 26974002
TI  - Heart Failure Update: Inpatient Management.
AB  - Acute decompensated heart failure (HF) is one of most common reasons for
      hospitalization among individuals older than 65 years. A thorough evaluation,
      including history, physical examination, and laboratory assessment, is required
      to optimize care of these patients. In uncertain cases, serum brain-type
      natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal proBNP level, stress testing, and/or
      invasive coronary angiography may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The
      hospital setting provides an opportunity to identify etiologies and stabilize the
      patient. The primary goal of inpatient HF therapy is systemic and pulmonary
      decongestion, achieved most effectively using intravenous diuretic therapy. Rate
      and rhythm control may be needed for patients with concurrent atrial fibrillation
      and, in American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage D HF,
      intravenous inotropes may become necessary. New pharmacologic or device therapies
      also are considered as a means of transitioning patients, especially those with
      severe disease, to the outpatient setting. Patients hospitalized for acute
      decompensated HF have high postdischarge mortality and rehospitalization rates
      and, thus, should be monitored carefully. 

PMID- 26974006
TI  - SMA-SH: Modified Styrene-Maleic Acid Copolymer for Functionalization of Lipid
      Nanodiscs.
AB  - Challenges in purification and subsequent functionalization of membrane proteins
      often complicate their biochemical and biophysical characterization. Purification
      of membrane proteins generally involves replacing the lipids surrounding the
      protein with detergent molecules, which can affect protein structure and
      function. Recently, it was shown that styrene-maleic acid copolymers (SMA) can
      dissolve integral membrane proteins from biological membranes into nanosized
      discs. Within these nanoparticles, proteins are embedded in a patch of their
      native lipid bilayer that is stabilized in solution by the amphipathic polymer
      that wraps the disc like a bracelet. This approach for detergent-free
      purification of membrane proteins has the potential to greatly simplify
      purification but does not facilitate conjugation of functional compounds to the
      membrane proteins. Often, such functionalization involves laborious preparation
      of protein variants and optimization of labeling procedures to ensure only
      minimal perturbation of the protein. Here, we present a strategy that circumvents
      several of these complications through modifying SMA by grafting the polymer with
      cysteamine. The reaction results in SMA that has solvent-exposed sulfhydrils (SMA
      SH) and allows tuning of the coverage with SH groups. Size exclusion
      chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy
      demonstrate that SMA-SH dissolves lipid bilayer membranes into lipid nanodiscs,
      just like SMA. In addition, we demonstrate that, just like SMA, SMA-SH
      solubilizes proteoliposomes into protein-loaded nanodiscs. We covalently modify
      SMA-SH-lipid nanodiscs using thiol-reactive derivatives of Alexa Fluor 488 and
      biotin. Thus, SMA-SH promises to simultaneously tackle challenges in purification
      and functionalization of membrane proteins. 

PMID- 26974004
TI  - Photocatalytic Oxygenation of Substrates by Dioxygen with Protonated
      Manganese(III) Corrolazine.
AB  - UV-vis spectral titrations of a manganese(III) corrolazine complex
      [Mn(III)(TBP8Cz)] with HOTf in benzonitrile (PhCN) indicate mono- and
      diprotonation of Mn(III)(TBP8Cz) to give Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)) and
      [Mn(III)(OTf)(H2O)(TBP8Cz(H)2)][OTf] with protonation constants of 9.0 * 10(6)
      and 4.7 * 10(3) M(-1), respectively. The protonated sites of
      Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)) and [Mn(III)(OTf)(H2O)(TBP8Cz(H)2)][OTf] were identified
      by X-ray crystal structures of the mono- and diprotonated complexes. In the
      presence of HOTf, the monoprotonated manganese(III) corrolazine complex
      [Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H))] acts as an efficient photocatalytic catalyst for the
      oxidation of hexamethylbenzene and thioanisole by O2 to the corresponding alcohol
      and sulfoxide with 563 and 902 TON, respectively. Femtosecond laser flash
      photolysis measurements of Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)) and
      [Mn(III)(OTf)(H2O)(TBP8Cz(H)2)][OTf] in the presence of O2 revealed the formation
      of a tripquintet excited state, which was rapidly converted to a tripseptet
      excited state. The tripseptet excited state of Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)) reacted
      with O2 with a diffusion-limited rate constant to produce the putative
      Mn(IV)(O2(*-))(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)), whereas the tripseptet excited state of
      [Mn(III)(OTf)(H2O)(TBP8Cz(H)2)][OTf] exhibited no reactivity toward O2. In the
      presence of HOTf, Mn(V)(O)(TBP8Cz) can oxidize not only HMB but also mesitylene
      to the corresponding alcohols, accompanied by regeneration of
      Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)). This thermal reaction was examined for a kinetic isotope
      effect, and essentially no KIE (1.1) was observed for the oxidation of mesitylene
      d12, suggesting a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism is operative
      in this case. Thus, the monoprotonated manganese(III) corrolazine complex,
      Mn(III)(OTf)(TBP8Cz(H)), acts as an efficient photocatalyst for the oxidation of
      HMB by O2 to the alcohol. 

PMID- 26974005
TI  - GATA4 Regulates Blood-Testis Barrier Function and Lactate Metabolism in Mouse
      Sertoli Cells.
AB  - Conditional deletion of Gata4 in Sertoli cells (SCs) of adult mice has been shown
      to increase permeability of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and disrupt
      spermatogenesis. To gain insight into the molecular underpinnings of these
      phenotypic abnormalities, we assessed the impact of Gata4 gene silencing in cell
      culture models. Microarray hybridization identified genes dysregulated by siRNA
      mediated inhibition of Gata4 in TM4 cells, an immortalized mouse SC line.
      Differentially expressed genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of
      primary cultures of Gata4(flox/flox) mouse SCs that had been subjected to cre
      mediated recombination in vitro. Depletion of GATA4 in TM4 cells and primary SCs
      was associated with altered expression of genes involved in key facets of BTB
      maintenance, including tight/adherens junction formation (Tjp1, Cldn12, Vcl, Tnc,
      Csk) and extracellular matrix reorganization (Lamc1, Col4a1, Col4a5, Mmp10,
      Mmp23, Timp2). Western blotting and immunocytochemistry demonstrated reduced
      levels of tight junction protein-1, a prototypical tight junction protein, in
      GATA4-depleted cells. These changes were accompanied by a loss of morphologically
      recognizable junctional complexes and a decline in epithelial membrane
      resistance. Furthermore, Gata4 gene silencing was associated with altered
      expression of Hk1, Gpi1, Pfkp, Pgam1, Gls2, Pdk3, Pkd4, and Ldhb, genes
      regulating the production of lactate, a key nutrient that SCs provide to
      developing germ cells. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling demonstrated impaired
      lactate production in GATA4-deficient SCs. We conclude that GATA4 plays a pivotal
      role in the regulation of BTB function and lactate metabolism in mouse SCs.

PMID- 26974008
TI  - Epigenetic germline inheritance of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
AB  - There is considerable controversy regarding epigenetic inheritance in mammalian
      gametes. Using in vitro fertilization to ensure exclusive inheritance via the
      gametes, we show that a parental high-fat diet renders offspring more susceptible
      to developing obesity and diabetes in a sex- and parent of origin-specific mode.
      The epigenetic inheritance of acquired metabolic disorders may contribute to the
      current obesity and diabetes pandemic.

PMID- 26974009
TI  - Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from the Soil-Derived Fungus Clonostachys
      rosea YRS-06, a Biological Control Agent, and Evaluation of Antibacterial
      Activity.
AB  - The fungus Clonostachys rosea is widely distributed all over the world. The
      destructive force of this fungus, as a biological control agent, is very strong
      to lots of plant pathogenic fungi. As part of the ongoing search for antibiotics
      from fungi obtained from soil samples, the secondary metabolites of C. rosea YRS
      06 were investigated. Through efficient bioassay-guided isolation, three new
      bisorbicillinoids possessing open-ended cage structures, tetrahydrotrichodimer
      ether (1) and dihydrotrichodimer ether A and B (2 and 3), and 12 known compounds
      were obtained. Their structures were determined via extensive NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and
      CD spectroscopic analyses and X-ray diffraction data. Compounds 1-3 are rare
      bisorbicillinoids with a gamma-pyrone moiety. The biological properties of 1-15
      were evaluated against six different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
      Bisorbicillinoids, 2-5, and TMC-151 C and E, 14 and 15, showed potent
      antibacterial activity. 

PMID- 26974010
TI  - Exceptionally Robust In-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Carbon
      Dioxide Capture and Conversion.
AB  - An In-based metal-organic framework, with 1D nanotubular open channels,
      In2(OH)(btc)(Hbtc)0.4(L)0.6.3H2O (1), has been synthesized via an in situ ligand
      reaction, in which 1,2,4-H3btc is partially transformed into the L ligand.
      Compound 1 exhibits exceptional thermal and chemical stability, especially in
      water or acidic media. The activated 1 presents highly selective sorption of
      carbon dioxide (CO2) over dinitrogen. Interestingly, diffuse-reflectance infrared
      Fourier transform spectroscopy with a carbon monoxide probe molecule demonstrates
      that both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites are involved in compound 1. As a result,
      as a heterogeneous Lewis and Bronsted acid bifunctional catalyst, 1 possesses
      excellent activity and recyclability for chemical fixation of CO2 coupling with
      epoxides into cyclic carbonates under mild conditions. In addition, the mechanism
      for the CO2 cycloaddition reaction has also been discussed. 

PMID- 26974013
TI  - Enriching science, practice, and policy relevant to school psychology around the
      globe.
AB  - This editorial provides a brief synthesis of the past, present, and future of
      School Psychology Quarterly, highlighting important contributions as an
      international resource to enrich, invigorate, enhance, and advance science,
      practice, and policy relevant to school psychology around the globe. Information
      herein highlights (a) the value of high quality and timely reviews, (b)
      publishing manuscripts that address a breadth of important topics relevant to
      school psychology, and (c) the structure and contributions of the special topic
      sections featured in School Psychology Quarterly.

PMID- 26974011
TI  - Synthesis of Rumphellaone A and Hushinone by a Gold-Catalyzed [2 + 2]
      Cycloaddition.
AB  - The enantioselective total synthesis of rumphellaone A has been accomplished in
      12 steps via a diastereoselective gold(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2] macrocyclization of a
      1,10-enyne as the key step to build the cyclobutene moiety. This concise approach
      has also led to the total synthesis of husinone. 

PMID- 26974012
TI  - Spin Chains and Electron Transfer at Stepped Silicon Surfaces.
AB  - High-index surfaces of silicon with adsorbed gold can reconstruct to form highly
      ordered linear step arrays. These steps take the form of a narrow strip of
      graphitic silicon. In some cases--specifically, for Si(553)-Au and Si(557)-Au--a
      large fraction of the silicon atoms at the exposed edge of this strip are known
      to be spin-polarized and charge-ordered along the edge. The periodicity of this
      charge ordering is always commensurate with the structural periodicity along the
      step edge and hence leads to highly ordered arrays of local magnetic moments that
      can be regarded as "spin chains." Here, we demonstrate theoretically as well as
      experimentally that the closely related Si(775)-Au surface has--despite its very
      similar overall structure--zero spin polarization at its step edge. Using a
      combination of density-functional theory and scanning tunneling microscopy, we
      propose an electron-counting model that accounts for these differences. The model
      also predicts that unintentional defects and intentional dopants can create local
      spin moments at Si(hhk)-Au step edges. We analyze in detail one of these
      predictions and verify it experimentally. This finding opens the door to using
      techniques of surface chemistry and atom manipulation to create and control
      silicon spin chains.

PMID- 26974014
TI  - Capillary Displacement of Viscous Liquids.
AB  - When a capillary tube is brought into contact with a wetting liquid, surface
      tension forces overcome gravity and the liquid spontaneously rises into the tube
      until an equilibrium height is reached. The early viscous dynamics of the rise
      typically follow the well-known Lucas-Washburn law, which is independent of
      gravity and neglects the displaced fluid. Here we explore the early viscous
      dynamics when the properties of displaced fluid are significant. Using a
      combination of experiments and theory, we show how the characteristic behavior of
      the Lucas-Washburn law is modified when the viscosity of the displaced fluid is
      comparable to or exceeds the wetting fluid. Additionally, we find that the
      effects of gravity reshape the dynamics of the capillary rise not only in the
      late viscous regime but also in the early viscous regime. 

PMID- 26974007
TI  - Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and
      highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci.
AB  - We simultaneously investigated the genetic landscape of ankylosing spondylitis,
      Crohn's disease, psoriasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis
      to investigate pleiotropy and the relationship between these clinically related
      diseases. Using high-density genotype data from more than 86,000 individuals of
      European ancestry, we identified 244 independent multidisease signals, including
      27 new genome-wide significant susceptibility loci and 3 unreported shared risk
      loci. Complex pleiotropy was supported when contrasting multidisease signals with
      expression data sets from human, rat and mouse together with epigenetic and
      expressed enhancer profiles. The comorbidities among the five immune diseases
      were best explained by biological pleiotropy rather than heterogeneity (a
      subgroup of cases genetically identical to those with another disease, possibly
      owing to diagnostic misclassification, molecular subtypes or excessive
      comorbidity). In particular, the strong comorbidity between primary sclerosing
      cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease is likely the result of a unique
      disease, which is genetically distinct from classical inflammatory bowel disease
      phenotypes.

PMID- 26974015
TI  - Developmental changes in semantic knowledge organization.
AB  - Semantic knowledge is a crucial aspect of higher cognition. Theoretical accounts
      of semantic knowledge posit that relations between concepts provide
      organizational structure that converts information known about individual
      entities into an interconnected network in which concepts can be linked by many
      types of relations (e.g., taxonomic, thematic). The goal of the current research
      was to address several methodological shortcomings of prior studies on the
      development of semantic organization, by using a variant of the spatial
      arrangement method (SpAM) to collect graded judgments of relatedness for a set of
      entities that can be cross-classified into either taxonomic or thematic groups.
      In Experiment 1, we used the cross-classify SpAM (CC-SpAM) to obtain graded
      relatedness judgments and derive a representation of developmental changes in the
      organization of semantic knowledge. In Experiment 2, we validated the findings of
      Experiment 1 by using a more traditional pairwise similarity judgment paradigm.
      Across both experiments, we found that an early recognition of links between
      entities that are both taxonomically and thematically related preceded an
      increasing recognition of links based on a single type of relation. The utility
      of CC-SpAM for evaluating theoretical accounts of semantic development is
      discussed. 

PMID- 26974016
TI  - Lipid Raft-Mediated Membrane Tethering and Delivery of Hydrophobic Cargos from
      Liquid Crystal-Based Nanocarriers.
AB  - A main goal of bionanotechnology and nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery
      (NMDD) continues to be the development of novel biomaterials that can
      controllably modulate the activity of the NP-associated therapeutic cargo. One of
      the desired subcellular locations for targeted delivery in NMDD is the plasma
      membrane. However, the controlled delivery of hydrophobic cargos to the membrane
      bilayer poses significant challenges including cargo precipitation and lack of
      specificity. Here, we employ a liquid crystal NP (LCNP)-based delivery system for
      the controlled partitioning of a model dye cargo from within the NP core into the
      plasma membrane bilayer. During synthesis of the NPs, the water-insoluble model
      dye cargo, 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), was efficiently
      incorporated into the hydrophobic LCNP core as confirmed by multiple
      spectroscopic analyses. Conjugation of a PEGylated cholesterol derivative to the
      NP surface (DiO-LCNP-PEG-Chol) facilitated the localization of the dye-loaded NPs
      to lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane in HEK 293T/17 cell. Analysis
      of DiO cellular internalization kinetics revealed that when delivered as a LCNP
      PEG-Chol NP, the half-life of DiO membrane residence time (30 min) was twice that
      of free DiO (DiO(free)) (15 min) delivered from bulk solution. Time-resolved
      laser scanning confocal microscopy was employed to visualize the passive efflux
      of DiO from the LCNP core and its insertion into the plasma membrane bilayer as
      confirmed by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. Finally, the
      delivery of DiO as a LCNP-PEG-Chol complex resulted in the attenuation of its
      cytotoxicity; the NP form of DiO exhibited ~30-40% less toxicity compared to
      DiO(free). Our data demonstrate the utility of the LCNP platform as an efficient
      vehicle for the combined membrane-targeted delivery and physicochemical
      modulation of molecular cargos using lipid raft-mediated tethering.

PMID- 26974019
TI  - Optimal Depth for Nasopharyngeal Temperature Probe Positioning.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The nasopharynx is considered 1 of the 4 generally reliable core
      temperature measurement sites. But curiously, there is no consensus on how far
      past the nares to insert the probe. Insertion depth is likely to influence the
      accuracy of nasopharyngeal temperature measurements because probes near the nares
      will be cooled by ambient air; similarly, probes inserted too far may approach
      the airway and be cooled by ventilation gases. We thus determined the range of
      nasopharyngeal probe insertion depths that best approximate reference core
      temperature measured in the distal esophagus. METHODS: In 36 adults undergoing
      noncardiac surgery with endotracheal intubation, we inserted a nasopharyngeal
      thermometer 20 cm past the nares and an esophageal temperature probe 40 cm from
      the incisors. The nasopharyngeal probe was withdrawn sequentially 2 cm at a time
      at 5-minute intervals. Pairs of nasopharyngeal and reference distal esophageal
      temperatures were then compared and summarized by Bland and Altman methods.
      RESULTS: All nasopharyngeal probe insertion depths between 10 and 20 cm past the
      nares provided temperatures similar to reference distal esophageal temperatures.
      At those depths, the bias was typically approximately -0.1 degrees C, with SD of
      approximately +/-0.15 degrees C; the limits of agreement thus were easily within
      our a priori specified clinically acceptable range of -0.5 degrees C and 0.5
      degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Any nasopharyngeal probe insertion depth between 10 and
      20 cm well represents core temperature in adults having noncardiac surgery.

PMID- 26974018
TI  - Low-Dose or High-Dose Rocuronium Reversed with Neostigmine or Sugammadex for
      Cesarean Delivery Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial of
      Time to Tracheal Intubation and Extubation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rocuronium for cesarean delivery under general anesthesia is an
      alternative to succinylcholine for rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia because
      of the availability of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular blockade.
      However, there are no large well-controlled studies in women undergoing general
      anesthesia for cesarean delivery. The aim of this noninferiority trial was to
      determine whether rocuronium and sugammadex confer benefit in time to tracheal
      intubation (primary outcome) and other neuromuscular blockade outcomes compared
      with succinylcholine, rocuronium, and neostigmine in women undergoing general
      anesthesia for cesarean delivery. METHODS: We aimed to enroll all women
      undergoing general anesthesia for cesarean delivery in the 2 participating
      university hospitals (Brno, Olomouc, Czech Republic) in this single-blinded,
      randomized, controlled study. Women were randomly assigned to the ROC group
      (muscle relaxation induced with rocuronium 1 mg/kg and reversed with sugammadex 2
      4 mg/kg) or the SUX group (succinylcholine 1 mg/kg for induction, rocuronium 0.3
      mg/kg for maintenance, and neostigmine 0.03 mg/kg for reversal of the
      neuromuscular blockade). The interval from the end of propofol administration to
      tracheal intubation was the primary end point with a noninferiority margin of 20
      seconds. We recorded intubating conditions (modified Viby-Mogensen score),
      neonatal outcome (Apgar score <7; umbilical artery pH), anesthesia complications,
      and subjective patient complaints 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: We enrolled
      240 parturients. The mean time to tracheal intubation was 2.9 seconds longer in
      the ROC group (95% confidence interval, -5.3 to 11.2 seconds), noninferior
      compared with the SUX group. Absence of laryngoscopy resistance was greater in
      the ROC than in the SUX groups (ROC, 87.5%; SUX, 74.2%; P = 0.019), but there
      were no differences in vocal cord position (P = 0.45) or intubation response (P =
      0.31) between groups. No statistically significant differences in incidence of
      anesthesia complications or in neonatal outcome were found (10-minute Apgar score
      <7, P = 0.07; umbilical artery pH, P = 0.43). The incidence of postpartum myalgia
      was greater in the SUX group (ROC 0%; SUX 6.7%; P = 0.007). The incidence of
      subjective complaints was lower in the ROC group (ROC, 21.4%; SUX, 37.5%; P =
      0.007). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that rocuronium for rapid-sequence induction is
      noninferior for time to tracheal intubation and is accompanied by more frequent
      absence of laryngoscopy resistance and lower incidence of myalgia in comparison
      with succinylcholine for cesarean delivery under general anesthesia.

PMID- 26974020
TI  - Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain Is Depressed in a Bovine Model of Pulmonary
      Hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension and resulting right ventricular (RV)
      dysfunction are associated with significant perioperative morbidity and
      mortality. Although echocardiography permits real-time, noninvasive assessment of
      RV function, objective and comparative measures are underdeveloped, and
      appropriate animal models to study their utility are lacking. Longitudinal strain
      analysis is a novel echocardiographic method to quantify RV performance. Herein,
      we hypothesized that peak RV longitudinal strain would worsen in a bovine model
      of pulmonary hypertension compared with control animals. METHODS: Newborn
      Holstein calves were randomly chosen for induction of pulmonary hypertension
      versus control conditions. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by exposing animals
      to 14 days of hypoxia (equivalent to 4570 m above sea level or 430 mm Hg
      barometric pressure). Control animals were kept at ambient pressure/normoxia. At
      the end of the intervention, transthoracic echocardiography was performed in
      awake calves. Longitudinal wall strain was analyzed from modified apical 4
      chamber views focused on the RV. Comparisons between measurements in hypoxic
      versus nonhypoxic conditions were performed using Student t test for independent
      samples and unequal variances. RESULTS: After 14 days at normoxic versus hypoxic
      conditions, 15 calves were examined with echocardiography. Pulmonary hypertension
      was confirmed by right heart catheterization and associated with reduced RV
      systolic function. Mean systolic strain measurements were compared in normoxia
      exposed animals (n = 8) and hypoxia-exposed animals (n = 7). Peak global systolic
      longitudinal RV strain after hypoxia worsened compared to normoxia (-10.5% vs 
      16.1%, P = 0.0031). Peak RV free wall strain also worsened after hypoxia compared
      to normoxia (-9.6% vs -17.3%, P = 0.0031). Findings from strain analysis were
      confirmed by measurement of tricuspid annular peak systolic excursion.
      CONCLUSIONS: Peak longitudinal RV strain detected worsened RV function in animals
      with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension compared with control animals. This
      relationship was demonstrated in the transthoracic echocardiographic 4-chamber
      view independently for the RV free wall and for the combination of the free and
      septal walls. This innovative model of bovine pulmonary hypertension may prove
      useful to compare different monitoring technologies for the assessment of early
      events of RV dysfunction. Further studies linking novel RV imaging applications
      with mechanistic and therapeutic approaches are needed.

PMID- 26974021
TI  - Inhaled Remifentanil in Rodents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Remifentanil is an injectable opioid that is metabolized rapidly at a
      constant rate by plasma esterases. This supports its use as an analgesic for
      short-term, but painful, procedures in a wide range of patients. The aim of this
      study was to explore the feasibility and safety of administering remifentanil via
      inhalation. Our hypothesis was that inhaled remifentanil would be absorbed
      rapidly, pharmacologically active, rapidly cleared, and noninjurious to rodent
      airways and lungs. METHODS: Rats were exposed to remifentanil aerosol (100-2000
      MUg/mL) for varying times (1-5 minutes). Analgesia was quantified as a function
      of dose and time by measuring time to tail flick in response to a painful
      stimulus. Remifentanil was measured in blood using liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry. Pulmonary mechanics and histology were assessed in mice for
      the evidence of adverse effects after acute and repeated (subacute) dosing.
      RESULTS: Exposure of rats to remifentanil aerosols produced dose-dependent
      analgesia within 2 minutes, which was sustained for the exposure period.
      Subsequently, the rats experienced rapid and complete recovery with a return to
      baseline tail flick response to a painful stimulus within 5 minutes. Analgesia
      mirrored the concentration profile of remifentanil in blood, and the animals were
      not affected adversely by repeated dosing. Pulmonary mechanics measurements in
      mice indicated that remifentanil was nonirritating and that the nasal and
      respiratory tissues of rats were free of significant morphological changes.
      CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil delivered by inhalation is rapidly absorbed,
      pharmacologically active, rapidly cleared, and noninjurious to respiratory
      tissues in rodents.

PMID- 26974022
TI  - Intrathecal Hydromorphone and Morphine for Postcesarean Delivery Analgesia:
      Determination of the ED90 Using a Sequential Allocation Biased-Coin Method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intrathecal (IT) morphine is considered the "gold standard" for
      analgesia after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia, most commonly
      administered at a dose of 100 to 200 MUg. There is less experience with IT
      hydromorphone for postcesarean analgesia and limited information on its optimal
      analgesic dose. We conducted this study to determine the effective analgesic dose
      for 90% patients (ED90) of IT hydromorphone that provides effective analgesia for
      women undergoing elective cesarean delivery and its potency ratio to IT morphine.
      METHODS: In this dose-finding trial, 80 patients received spinal anesthesia for
      cesarean delivery. Participants were randomized to receive IT morphine or IT
      hydromorphone at a dose determined using up-down sequential allocation with a
      biased-coin design to determine ED90. All patients received standardized
      multimodal analgesia postoperatively in addition to IT opioid. An effective dose
      was defined as a numeric response score for pain of <=3 (scale 0-10) 12 hours
      after spinal injection. RESULTS: The ED90 was 75 MUg (95% confidence interval
      [CI], 46-93 MUg) for IT hydromorphone and 150 MUg (95% CI, 145-185 MUg) for IT
      morphine. At these doses, the 95% CI for the percentage of patients with
      effective analgesia (numeric rating scale <=3) was 64% to 100% for hydromorphone
      and 68% to 100% for morphine. Exploratory findings showed that the incidence of
      nausea and pruritus was not different among the most commonly used doses of IT
      hydromorphone (P = 0.44 and P = 0.74) or IT morphine (P = 0.67 and P = 0.38,
      respectively). When administering IT opioids at ED90 doses or higher, 100%
      (21/21) of IT hydromorphone and 95% (37/39) of IT morphine patients were
      satisfied with their analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of IT morphine to IT
      hydromorphone for effective postcesarean analgesia is 2:1. Patient satisfaction
      was high with both medications.

PMID- 26974023
TI  - Who are the traffic offenders among ethnic groups and why?
AB  - Marginalized populations, particularly ethnic minorities, are often at a higher
      risk of being involved in traffic crashes and committing traffic violations.
      Prominent explanations for this "ethnic traffic risk gap" include cultural and
      socioeconomic factors, usually measured at an aggregate level. In particular, it
      has been hypothesized that ethnic minorities commit traffic violations as a form
      of social resistance to what they perceive to be an oppressing regime. The
      current study examined the mechanisms underlying traffic violations at the
      individual level within a single ethnic minority, Israeli-Arabs. The study sample
      (n=231) included a group of known offenders (n=60) and non-offenders (n=171), all
      of which completed the Traffic Violation Questionnaire. The results show that
      offenders and non-offenders tended to have different types of occupations,
      although these did not translate into significant differences in level of income.
      Offenders reported significantly lower levels of trust in some hegemonic
      institutions (the police, government ministries) but not others (parliament, the
      juridical system). However, offenders displayed remarkably different daily
      activity patterns, including much higher exposure to traffic (3h/day vs. 0.75)
      and more complex trip patterns. Our results find little support for the social
      resistance hypothesis, as it fails to explain the differential treatment of
      hegemonic institutions. Daily activity patterns stand out as a central mechanism
      influencing the risk of violations. These results suggest policymakers should
      adopt a holistic approach for traffic safety interventions but avoid monolithic
      views of ethnic minorities which may lead to an inefficient use of resources. 

PMID- 26974024
TI  - Modeling the effects of AADT on predicting multiple-vehicle crashes at urban and
      suburban signalized intersections.
AB  - Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is often considered as a main covariate for
      predicting crash frequencies at urban and suburban intersections. A linear
      functional form is typically assumed for the Safety Performance Function (SPF) to
      describe the relationship between the natural logarithm of expected crash
      frequency and covariates derived from AADTs. Such a linearity assumption has been
      questioned by many researchers. This study applies Generalized Additive Models
      (GAMs) and Piecewise Linear Negative Binomial (PLNB) regression models to fit
      intersection crash data. Various covariates derived from minor-and major-approach
      AADTs are considered. Three different dependent variables are modeled, which are
      total multiple-vehicle crashes, rear-end crashes, and angle crashes. The modeling
      results suggest that a nonlinear functional form may be more appropriate. Also,
      the results show that it is important to take into consideration the joint safety
      effects of multiple covariates. Additionally, it is found that the ratio of minor
      to major-approach AADT has a varying impact on intersection safety and deserves
      further investigations. 

PMID- 26974025
TI  - Injuries and Safe Communities Accreditation: Is there a link?
AB  - Safe Communities (SC) is a global movement that brings together community
      stakeholders to collaboratively address injury concerns. SC accreditation is a
      formal process through which communities are recognized for strengthening local
      injury prevention capacity. Six million Americans live in 25 SC sites, but no
      research has been done to understand the model's potential impact on this
      population. This study explored the temporal relationship between SC
      accreditation and injury trends in three SC sites from the state of Illinois
      Arlington Heights, Itasca, and New Lenox. Hospitalization data, including patient
      demographics, exposure information, injury outcomes, and economic variables, were
      obtained from a statewide hospital discharge database for a 12-year period (1999
      2011). Joinpoint regression models were fitted to identify any periods of
      significant change, examine the direction of the injury trend, and to estimate
      monthly percent changes in injury counts and rates. Poisson random-intercept
      regression measured the average total change since the official SC accreditation
      for the three communities combined and compared them to three matched control
      sites. In joinpoint regression, one of the SC sites showed a 10-year increase in
      hospitalization cases and rates followed by a two-year decline, and the trend
      reversal occurred while the community was pursuing the SC accreditation. Injury
      hospitalizations decreased after accreditation compared to the pre-accreditation
      period when SC sites were compared to their control counterparts using Poisson
      modeling. Our findings suggest that the SC model may be a promising approach to
      reduce injuries. Further research is warranted to replicate these findings in
      other communities. 

PMID- 26974026
TI  - Does the influence of risk factors on accident occurrence change over time?
AB  - A large number of studies have been made to assess the relationship between risk
      factors and accident occurrence. A risk factor is any factor that makes an
      accident more likely to occur. Very many risk factors have been identified, for
      example, being under the influence of alcohol while driving, driving on slippery
      roads, entering complex junctions, or driving in hours of darkness. Few studies
      have been made to determine whether the associations between risk factors and
      accident occurrence remain stable over time. This paper presents examples of
      studies that have replicated estimates of risk. All these studies were made
      within a given country, using the same method, to ensure that estimates of risk
      are comparable. The risk factors included in the paper are: daylight, horizontal
      curves, junctions, road surface conditions, precipitation, drinking and driving
      and driver age. For all these risk factors, their association with accidents has
      changed over time, mostly becoming weaker. A protective factor, snow depth, is
      also included. Its protective effect has become smaller over time. Possible
      reasons for the weakening influence of risk factors are discussed. 

PMID- 26974027
TI  - Supporting anticipation in driving through attentional and interpretational in
      vehicle displays.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper evaluates two different types of in-vehicle interfaces to
      support anticipation in driving: one aids attention allocation and the other aids
      interpretation of traffic in addition to attention allocation. BACKGROUND:
      Anticipation is a competency that has been shown to facilitate safety and eco
      driving through the efficient positioning of a vehicle for probable, upcoming
      changes in traffic. This competency has been shown to improve with driving
      experience. In an earlier simulator study, we showed that compared to novice
      drivers, experienced drivers exhibited a greater number of timely actions to
      avoid upcoming traffic conflicts. In this study, we seek to facilitate
      anticipation in general and for novice drivers in particular, who appear to lack
      the competency. We hypothesize that anticipation depends on two major steps and
      that it can be supported by aiding each: (1) conscious perception of relevant
      cues, and (2) effective processing of these cues to create a situational
      assessment as a basis for anticipation of future developments. METHOD: We
      conducted a simulator experiment with 24 experienced and 24 novice drivers to
      evaluate two interfaces that were designed to aid the two hypothesized steps of
      anticipation. The attentional interface was designed to direct attention toward
      the most relevant cue. The interpretational interface represented several cues,
      and in addition to directing attention also aimed to aid sense-making of these
      cues. RESULTS: The results confirmed our hypothesis that novice drivers'
      anticipation performance, as measured through timely actions to avoid upcoming
      traffic conflicts, would be improved with either interface type. However, results
      contradicted our expectation that novice drivers would obtain larger improvements
      with the interpretational interface. Experienced drivers performed better than
      novice drivers to begin with and did not show any statistically significant
      improvements with either interface. CONCLUSION: Both interfaces improved
      anticipation performance for novice drivers. Future research should evaluate the
      effectiveness of these interfaces in a wider variety of driving conditions, such
      as when the driver is multitasking.

PMID- 26974028
TI  - A combined M5P tree and hazard-based duration model for predicting urban freeway
      traffic accident durations.
AB  - The duration of freeway traffic accidents duration is an important factor, which
      affects traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and secondary accidents.
      Among previous studies, the M5P algorithm has been shown to be an effective tool
      for predicting incident duration. M5P builds a tree-based model, like the
      traditional classification and regression tree (CART) method, but with multiple
      linear regression models as its leaves. The problem with M5P for accident
      duration prediction, however, is that whereas linear regression assumes that the
      conditional distribution of accident durations is normally distributed, the
      distribution for a "time-to-an-event" is almost certainly nonsymmetrical. A
      hazard-based duration model (HBDM) is a better choice for this kind of a "time-to
      event" modeling scenario, and given this, HBDMs have been previously applied to
      analyze and predict traffic accidents duration. Previous research, however, has
      not yet applied HBDMs for accident duration prediction, in association with
      clustering or classification of the dataset to minimize data heterogeneity. The
      current paper proposes a novel approach for accident duration prediction, which
      improves on the original M5P tree algorithm through the construction of a M5P
      HBDM model, in which the leaves of the M5P tree model are HBDMs instead of linear
      regression models. Such a model offers the advantage of minimizing data
      heterogeneity through dataset classification, and avoids the need for the
      incorrect assumption of normality for traffic accident durations. The proposed
      model was then tested on two freeway accident datasets. For each dataset, the
      first 500 records were used to train the following three models: (1) an M5P tree;
      (2) a HBDM; and (3) the proposed M5P-HBDM, and the remainder of data were used
      for testing. The results show that the proposed M5P-HBDM managed to identify more
      significant and meaningful variables than either M5P or HBDMs. Moreover, the M5P
      HBDM had the lowest overall mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). 

PMID- 26974029
TI  - Evaluating the rollover propensity of trucks--A roundabout example.
AB  - The rollover propensity of SUVs and trucks has long been recognized as a
      potential safety issue. The propensity may increase with the growing number of
      roundabouts that are being built on high-speed roadways designed for 50 mi/h or
      higher. This paper presents a research methodology developed to evaluate the
      rollover propensity of trucks on existing roundabouts and other roads with tight
      curves and high-speed traffic. The research objective was accomplished by
      developing an advanced 3D model of rollover that is applicable to field
      observations of the undisturbed behavior of multiple vehicles. This model was
      supplemented with a nonintrusive method of data collection based on recording
      video from a remote location and a novel method of extracting the data from the
      video material and processing it to generate the input required by the rollover
      model. The method is demonstrated in this paper on an example roundabout by
      evaluating the rollover propensity of semi-trailers in daytime and nighttime
      conditions. The results indicate that the drivers observed in nighttime
      conditions compensated well for the challenging conditions by driving more
      cautiously, which led to their rollover propensity at night being lower than
      during the day. The method was found useful for timely detection of the potential
      rollover problem without waiting for crashes.

PMID- 26974030
TI  - The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element
      study.
AB  - There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing
      head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer
      simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective
      effect, whereas other studies based on epidemiological data have argued that
      there is no evidence that the helmet protects the brain. The objective of this
      study was to evaluate the protective effect of a helmet in single bicycle
      accident reconstructions using detailed finite element simulations. Strain in the
      brain tissue, which is associated with brain injuries, was reduced by up to 43%
      for the accident cases studied when a helmet was included. This resulted in a
      reduction of the risk of concussion of up to 54%. The stress to the skull bone
      went from fracture level of 80 MPa down to 13-16 MPa when a helmet was included
      and the skull fracture risk was reduced by up to 98% based on linear
      acceleration. Even with a 10% increased riding velocity for the helmeted impacts,
      to take into account possible increased risk taking, the risk of concussion was
      still reduced by up to 46% when compared with the unhelmeted impacts with
      original velocity. The results of this study show that the brain injury risk and
      risk of skull fracture could have been reduced in these three cases if a helmet
      had been worn.

PMID- 26974031
TI  - Staying silent about safety issues: Conceptualizing and measuring safety silence
      motives.
AB  - Communication between employees and supervisors about safety-related issues is an
      important component of a safe workplace. When supervisors receive information
      from employees about safety issues, they may gain otherwise-missed opportunities
      to correct these issues and/or prevent negative safety outcomes. A series of
      three studies were conducted to identify various safety silence motives, which
      describe the reasons that employees do not speak up to supervisors about safety
      related issues witnessed in the workplace, and to develop a tool to assess these
      motives. Results suggest that employees stay silent about safety issues based on
      perceptions of altering relationships with others (relationship-based),
      perceptions of the organizational climate (climate-based), the assessment of the
      safety issue (issue-based), or characteristics of the job (job-based). We
      developed a 17-item measure to assess these four motives, and initial evidence
      was found for the construct and incremental validity of the safety silence
      motives measure in a sample of nurses. 

PMID- 26974033
TI  - Implants Displaced Into the Maxillary Sinus: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Implant displacement into the maxillary sinus often results from
      features specific to the posterior maxillary teeth, including poor bone quality
      and insufficient remaining bone. This study reviews implants displaced into the
      maxillary sinus, the causes and complications of displacement, and how to remove
      them, according to when the displacement occurs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      PubMed, Ovid (MEDLINE), and EMBASE databases were searched using the keywords
      "displacement," "implant," "maxillary sinus," and "removal" for articles
      published between January 2000 and July 2013. RESULTS: Twenty-two journal
      articles were selected; these discussed 49 displaced implants. Most of the
      implants were displaced into the maxillary sinus during implantation, but
      resulted in a low incidence of complications, such as maxillary sinusitis. The
      displaced implants were removed using the Caldwell-Luc approach or a transoral or
      transnasal endoscopic approach. CONCLUSION: Implants displaced into the maxillary
      sinus have various causes according to when they are displaced. As displaced
      implants can cause several complications, transnasal endoscopy is recommended to
      remove them; however, the implants should be examined thoroughly before selecting
      the removal method.

PMID- 26974032
TI  - Solid-state NMR studies of supercapacitors.
AB  - Electrochemical double-layer capacitors, or 'supercapacitors' are attracting
      increasing attention as high-power energy storage devices for a wide range of
      technological applications. These devices store charge through electrostatic
      interactions between liquid electrolyte ions and the surfaces of porous carbon
      electrodes. However, many aspects of the fundamental mechanism of
      supercapacitance are still not well understood, and there is a lack of
      experimental techniques which are capable of studying working devices. Recently,
      solid-state NMR has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the local
      environments and behaviour of electrolyte ions in supercapacitor electrodes. In
      this Trends article, we review these recent developments and applications. We
      first discuss the basic principles underlying the mechanism of supercapacitance,
      as well as the key NMR observables that are relevant to the study of
      supercapacitor electrodes. We then review some practical aspects of the study of
      working devices using ex situ and in situ methodologies and explain the key
      advances that these techniques have allowed on the study of supercapacitor
      charging mechanisms. NMR experiments have revealed that the pores of the carbon
      electrodes contain a significant number of electrolyte ions in the absence of any
      charging potential. This has important implications for the molecular mechanisms
      of supercapacitance, as charge can be stored by different ion
      adsorption/desorption processes. Crucially, we show how in situ NMR experiments
      can be used to quantitatively study and characterise the charging mechanism, with
      the experiments providing the most detailed picture of charge storage to date,
      offering the opportunity to design enhanced devices. Finally, an outlook for
      future directions for solid-state NMR in supercapacitor research is offered. 

PMID- 26974034
TI  - Incidence, Risk Factors, and Complications of Schneiderian Membrane Perforation
      in Sinus Lift Surgery: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of Schneiderian membrane perforation
      occurring during sinus lift surgery, and to investigate possible risk factors and
      associated complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search for papers
      published between 1975 and 2015 was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of
      Science, Trip, Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, Cochrane Central
      Register of Controlled Trials, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. The quality
      assessment of each study was performed using the GRADE system. All extracted data
      were synthesized using either fixed or random effect models as indicated.
      RESULTS: Out of 1652 sinus lift surgeries reported in 12 studies, 388 membrane
      perforations occurred. The weighted incidence rate of perforation was 23.5%
      ranging from 3.6% to 41.8%. Both reduced membrane thickness and sinus septa
      increased the risk of perforation. The difference in the weighted implant
      survival rates between perforated and nonperforated side was not significant (P =
      0.24). The use of piezoelectric instrumentation appears to reduce the perforation
      risk. CONCLUSIONS: With an incidence ratio of 1:4, membrane perforation is a
      common surgical complication during sinus lift surgery. We should keep in mind
      that appropriately handled and treated membrane perforation tends to show
      comparable implant survival when compared with intact membrane.

PMID- 26974035
TI  - Impaired 17,20-Lyase Activity in Male Mice Lacking Cytochrome b5 in Leydig Cells.
AB  - Androgen and estrogen biosynthesis in mammals requires the 17,20-lyase activity
      of cytochrome P450 17A1 (steroid 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase). Maximal 17,20-lyase
      activity in vitro requires the presence of cytochrome b5 (b5), and rare cases of
      b5 deficiency in human beings causes isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency. To study
      the consequences of conditional b5 removal from testicular Leydig cells in an
      animal model, we generated Cyb5(flox/flox):Sf1-Cre (LeyKO) mice. The LeyKO male
      mice had normal body weights, testis and sex organ weights, and fertility
      compared with littermates. Basal serum and urine steroid profiles of LeyKO males
      were not significantly different than littermates. In contrast, marked 17
      hydroxyprogesterone accumulation (100-fold basal) and reduced testosterone
      synthesis (27% of littermates) were observed after human chorionic gonadotropin
      stimulation in LeyKO animals. Testis homogenates from LeyKO mice showed reduced
      17,20-lyase activity and a 3-fold increased 17-hydroxylase to 17,20-lyase
      activity ratio, which were restored to normal upon addition of recombinant b5. We
      conclude that Leydig cell b5 is required for maximal androgen synthesis and to
      prevent 17-hydroxyprogesterone accumulation in the mouse testis; however, the b5
      independent 17,20-lyase activity of mouse steroid 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase is
      sufficient for normal male genital development and fertility. LeyKO male mice are
      a good model for the biochemistry but not the physiology of isolated 17,20-lyase
      deficiency in human beings. 

PMID- 26974036
TI  - Reference intervals for selected serum biochemistry analytes in cheetahs Acinonyx
      jubatus.
AB  - Published haematologic and serum biochemistry reference intervals are very scarce
      for captive cheetahs and even more for free-ranging cheetahs. The current study
      was performed to establish reference intervals for selected serum biochemistry
      analytes in cheetahs. Baseline serum biochemistry analytes were analysed from 66
      healthy Namibian cheetahs. Samples were collected from 30 captive cheetahs at the
      AfriCat Foundation and 36 free-ranging cheetahs from central Namibia. The effects
      of captivity-status, age, sex and haemolysis score on the tested serum analytes
      were investigated. The biochemistry analytes that were measured were sodium,
      potassium, magnesium, chloride, urea and creatinine. The 90% confidence interval
      of the reference limits was obtained using the non-parametric bootstrap method.
      Reference intervals were preferentially determined by the non-parametric method
      and were as follows: sodium (128 mmol/L - 166 mmol/L), potassium (3.9 mmol/L -
      5.2 mmol/L), magnesium (0.8 mmol/L - 1.2 mmol/L), chloride (97 mmol/L - 130
      mmol/L), urea (8.2 mmol/L - 25.1 mmol/L) and creatinine (88 umol/L - 288 umol/L).
      Reference intervals from the current study were compared with International
      Species Information System values for cheetahs and found to be narrower.
      Moreover, age, sex and haemolysis score had no significant effect on the serum
      analytes in this study. Separate reference intervals for captive and free-ranging
      cheetahs were also determined. Captive cheetahs had higher urea values, most
      likely due to dietary factors. This study is the first to establish reference
      intervals for serum biochemistry analytes in cheetahs according to international
      guidelines. These results can be used for future health and disease assessments
      in both captive and free-ranging cheetahs. 

PMID- 26974037
TI  - Understanding the Solubility of Acetaminophen in 1-n-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
      Based Ionic Liquids Using Molecular Simulation.
AB  - During the manufacturing of pharmaceutical compounds, solvent mixtures are
      commonly used, where the addition of a cosolvent allows for the tuning of the
      intermolecular interactions present in the system. Here we demonstrate how a
      similar effect can be accomplished using a room temperature ionic liquid. The
      pharmaceutical compound acetaminophen is studied in 21 common ionic liquids
      composed of a 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with 1 of 7 anions. Using the
      acetate anion, we predict a large enhancement in solubility of acetaminophen
      relative to water. We show how this is caused by a synergistic effect of
      favorable interactions between the ionic liquid and the phenyl, hydroxyl and
      amide groups of acetaminophen, demonstrating how the ionic liquid cation and
      anion may be chosen to preferentially solvate different functional groups of
      complex pharmaceutical compounds. Additionally, while the use of charge scaling
      in ionic liquid force fields has previously been found to have a minute effect on
      ionic liquid structural properties, we find it appreciably affects the computed
      solvation free energy of acetaminophen, which in turn affects the predicted
      solubility. 

PMID- 26974038
TI  - The effect of stopping before turning on the direct observational measure of
      whole body turning bias.
AB  - Turning bias, the preferential tendency to turn toward a given direction has been
      reported in both rodents and human participants. The observational gait method of
      determining turning bias in humans requires a stop prior to turning. This study
      removed the stop and hypothesised that turning bias would remain the same between
      stop and non-stop conditions if bias was solely under the control of
      neurochemical asymmetries. The results showed that statistically turning bias
      remained the same (to the left) regardless of method used but there was no
      agreement between the methods thus rejecting the hypothesis. It is likely that
      when not stopping biomechanical factors related to gait when turning influence
      the direction of turn rather than solely neurochemical asymmetries. 

PMID- 26974039
TI  - Recognizing Change and Measuring Impact.

PMID- 26974040
TI  - Disentangling the Physical Processes Responsible for the Kinetic Complexity in
      Interfacial Electron Transfer of Excited Ru(II) Polypyridyl Dyes on TiO2.
AB  - Interfacial electron transfer at titanium dioxide (TiO2) is investigated for a
      series of surface bound ruthenium-polypyridyl dyes whose metal-to-ligand charge
      transfer state (MLCT) energetics are tuned through chemical modification. The 12
      complexes are of the form Ru(II)(bpy-A)(L)2(2+), where bpy-A is a bipyridine
      ligand functionalized with phosphonate groups for surface attachment to TiO2.
      Functionalization of ancillary bipyridine ligands (L) enables the potential of
      the excited state Ru(III/)* couple, E(+/)*, in 0.1 M perchloric acid (HClO4(aq))
      to be tuned from -0.69 to -1.03 V vs NHE. Each dye is excited by a 200 fs pulse
      of light in the visible region of the spectrum and probed with a time-delayed
      supercontiuum pulse (350-800 nm). Decay of the MLCT excited-state absorption at
      376 nm is observed without loss of the ground-state bleach, which is a clear
      signature of electron injection and formation of the oxidized dye. The dye
      dependent decays are biphasic with time constants in the 3-30 and 30-500 ps
      range. The slower injection rate constant for each dye is exponentially
      distributed relative to E(+/)*. The correlation between the exponentially
      diminishing density of TiO2 sub-band acceptor levels and injection rate is well
      described using Marcus-Gerischer theory, with the slower decay components being
      assigned to injection from the thermally equilibrated state and the faster
      components corresponding to injection from higher energy states within the
      (3)MLCT manifold. These results and detailed analyses incorporating molecular
      photophysics and semiconductor density of states measurements indicate that the
      multiexponential behavior that is often observed in interfacial injection studies
      is not due to sample heterogeneity. Rather, this work shows that the kinetic
      heterogeneity results from competition between excited-state relaxation and
      injection as the photoexcited dye relaxes through the (3)MLCT manifold to the
      thermally equilibrated state, underscoring the potential for a simple kinetic
      model to reproduce the complex kinetic behavior often observed at the interface
      of mesoporous metal oxide materials. 

PMID- 26974041
TI  - Selective lesion to the entorhinal cortex leads to an impairment in familiarity
      but not recollection.
AB  - The present research explored the effects of selective impairment to the
      entorhinal cortex on the processes of familiarity and recollection. To achieve
      this objective, the performance of patient MR, who has a selective impairment of
      the left entorhinal cortex, was compared to that of age and IQ-matched controls.
      Four experiments tested participants' recognition memory for familiar and
      unfamiliar faces and words. In all experiments, participants studied lists of
      items and then completed an old/new recognition test in which they also made
      remember/know/guess judgements. A fifth experiment tested participants' priming
      associated with the familiarity process. MR had intact performance in both face
      recognition experiments as well as having intact performance in pseudoword
      recognition. Crucially, however, in the familiar word experiment, whilst MR
      performed similarly to control participants in terms of recollection, she showed
      a marked impairment in familiarity. Furthermore, she also demonstrated a reversed
      conceptual priming effect. MR's impairment is both material-specific and
      selective for previously encountered but not new verbal items (pseudowords).
      These findings provide the first clear evidence that selective impairment of the
      entorhinal cortex impairs the familiarity process for familiar verbal material
      whilst leaving recollection intact. These results suggest the entorhinal cortex
      does not have attributes reflective of both recollection and familiarity as
      previously assumed, but rather supports context-free long-term familiarity-based
      recognition memory. 

PMID- 26974042
TI  - A benchmark for comparison of dental radiography analysis algorithms.
AB  - Dental radiography plays an important role in clinical diagnosis, treatment and
      surgery. In recent years, efforts have been made on developing computerized
      dental X-ray image analysis systems for clinical usages. A novel framework for
      objective evaluation of automatic dental radiography analysis algorithms has been
      established under the auspices of the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical
      Imaging 2015 Bitewing Radiography Caries Detection Challenge and Cephalometric X
      ray Image Analysis Challenge. In this article, we present the datasets, methods
      and results of the challenge and lay down the principles for future uses of this
      benchmark. The main contributions of the challenge include the creation of the
      dental anatomy data repository of bitewing radiographs, the creation of the
      anatomical abnormality classification data repository of cephalometric
      radiographs, and the definition of objective quantitative evaluation for
      comparison and ranking of the algorithms. With this benchmark, seven automatic
      methods for analysing cephalometric X-ray image and two automatic methods for
      detecting bitewing radiography caries have been compared, and detailed
      quantitative evaluation results are presented in this paper. Based on the
      quantitative evaluation results, we believe automatic dental radiography analysis
      is still a challenging and unsolved problem. The datasets and the evaluation
      software will be made available to the research community, further encouraging
      future developments in this field. (http://www
      o.ntust.edu.tw/~cweiwang/ISBI2015/). 

PMID- 26974043
TI  - Anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effect of Enicostemma littorale against
      oxidative stress in Islets of Langerhans.
AB  - Context Oxidative stress induces apoptosis within Islets of Langerhans in
      diabetes mellitus (DM). Enicostemma littorale blume, herb of the Gentianaceae
      family is used as an anti-diabetic agent across rural India. Objective This
      report demonstrates potent anti-apoptotic and cyto-protective activity of
      Enicostemma littorale MeOH extract (EL MeOH ext.) against 50 MUM H2O2 in isolated
      rat Islets. Materials and methods In this study, the whole plant methanolic
      extract of EL with doses 0.25-4 mg/mL each for the preincubation duration of 0.5
      4 h against 50 MUM H2O2 were tested for optimum protective dose and time by
      Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Islet intracellular reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) was quantified by DCFDA staining and cell death using PS/PI & FDA/PI
      staining. Further, comet assay, biochemical assessment of caspase-3 and
      antioxidant enzyme activities along with immunoblotting of PARP-1, caspase-3, TNF
      alpha activation and p-P38 MapK (stress kinase) induction was performed. Results
      The optimized dose of EL MeOH ext. 2 mg/mL for 2 h was used throughout the study,
      which significantly decreased total Intracellular ROS and cell death. Further,
      caspase-3 activity, PARP-1 cleavage, p-P38 MapK (stress kinase) activation and
      TNF-alpha levels, which had been significantly elevated, were normalized.
      Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and
      glutathione peroxidase, along with Comet assay, demonstrated that pretreatment
      with EL MeOH ext. can augment antioxidant enzyme activities and protect from DNA
      damage. Discussion and conclusions Significant anti-apoptotic and cyto-protective
      effects were mediated by EL with Islets of Langerhans subjected to oxidative
      stress-induced cell death. 

PMID- 26974044
TI  - Protective effects of Semiaquilegia adoxoides n-butanol extract against hydrogen
      peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells.
AB  - Context Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage in the lens epithelium leads to
      cell death and cataract. Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino (Ranunculaceae), a
      folk medicine of Hmong (an ethnic group of China), has been traditionally used to
      treat cataract; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is yet to be
      uncovered. Objective This study aimed to investigate whether the n-butanol
      extract of S. adoxoides (nSA) is effective against the H2O2-induced oxidative
      stress in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. Materials and methods Human lens
      epithelial (SRA 01/04) cells were stimulated by H2O2 (250 MUM) in the presence or
      absence of nSA. The antioxidant effects of nSA were determined in terms of cell
      viability (MTT assay), apoptosis (AnnexinV/PI staining), radical scavenging
      capability (various enzymatic assays), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential
      (Rhodamine 123 staining), expression of apoptotic markers including caspase-3 and
      caspase-9 and the change of Bcl-2/Bax ratio (western blot) in the HLE cells.
      Results The results showed that pretreatment of nSA (250, 500 and 1000 MUg/mL)
      markedly reduced H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis and malondialdehyde
      accumulation, but elevated the activities of total superoxide dismutase,
      catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Thus, the total antioxidative capability was
      enhanced upon the nSA treatment meanwhile the loss of mitochondrial membrane
      potential was prevented. Moreover, nSA at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000
      MUg/mL also significantly suppressed the activation of caspase-3 and -9, and
      increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the HLE cells. Discussion and conclusion Our
      findings suggested that nSA is a potential prophylactic agent in the prevention
      of cataractogeneis. 

PMID- 26974046
TI  - Palladacycles of unsymmetrical (N,C-,E) (E = S/Se) pincers based on indole: their
      synthesis, structure and application in the catalysis of Heck coupling and
      allylation of aldehydes.
AB  - Unsymmetrical (N,C,E)-type pincer ligand precursors [ and : E = S/Se] with an
      indole core were synthesized for the first time by the condensation of 1-(2
      phenylsulfanyl/selenylethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with benzyl amine. The
      synthetic protocols are easy and give good yields (>85%). and on reaction with
      sodium tetrachloropalladate(ii) in the presence of CH3COONa result in complexes
      [Pd(/-H)Cl] (/), where they bind in a tridentate (N,C(-),E) mode. and , their
      aldehyde precursors and Pd(ii)-complexes, and , have been characterized by (1)H,
      (13)C{(1)H} and (77)Se{(1)H} NMR and HR-MS. Palladium(ii) complexes and and
      precursor aldehydes of and were verified using single crystal X-ray diffraction.
      The catalytic activities of complexes and were investigated for Heck coupling and
      allylation of aldehydes. The two reactions require 0.1-0.3 and 1 mol% loading of
      complexes as catalysts, respectively.

PMID- 26974047
TI  - The impact of the DNP degree.

PMID- 26974045
TI  - Modulation of intracellular expression of IFNgamma and IL-2 in culture of splenic
      T lymphocytes by some flavonoid glycosides of Alchornea floribunda.
AB  - Context Alchornea floribunda Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves are widely used in
      ethnomedicine for the management of rheumatism, arthritis and toothache.
      Objective In this study, flavonoid glycosides isolated from Alchornea floribunda
      were screened for their effect on the intracellular expression of interferon
      gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) type-1 cytokines. Materials and methods
      Chromatographic purification of the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol leaf
      extract led to the isolation of seven flavonoid glycosides (1-7). Their
      structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance and mass
      spectrometry. Splenocytes were treated with graded concentrations of the
      compounds (6.25-25 MUg/mL) and incubated for 24 h. Thereafter, their effect on
      the expression of IFNgamma and IL-2 by CD4(+ )and CD8(+ )T-lymphocytes was
      evaluated using intracellular cytokine staining and FACS analysis. Results
      Compounds 1-7 (6.25-25 MUg/mL) caused the up-regulation of activated CD8(+
      )(57.85-72.45% versus 57.85% for untreated control) and, to a lesser extent,
      activated CD4(+ )(3.21-7.21% versus 2.75% for the untreated control) T
      lymphocytes that were both largely interferon-gamma-releasing in treated mouse T
      lymphocytes relative to untreated control. FACS data analysis showed that
      stimulation with all the compounds increased the proportion of CD8(+)/IFNgamma(+
      )and CD4(+)/IFNgamma(+ )T lymphocytes up to two-fold when compared with the cells
      in untreated control wells. Intracellular IL-2 secretion by treated T cells was
      not detected. Conclusion This recorded T-lymphocyte-specific immune-modulatory
      property may contribute to explain in part the dynamics associated with the
      ethnomedicine of Alchornea floribunda, and may find relevance as a necessary
      cellular immune response precursor to infection-associated disease management. 

PMID- 26974048
TI  - An update on gout for primary care providers.
AB  - This article discusses the current beliefs regarding the pathogenesis of gout and
      reviews the 2012 guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology regarding
      diagnostic testing, optimal treatments, and lifestyle modifications. Implementing
      these guidelines will assist clinicians in resolving acute episodes and managing
      gout long term, improving outcomes and quality of life. 

PMID- 26974049
TI  - Recognizing melanoma: Diagnosis and treatment options.
AB  - Melanoma is a malignant tumor that is usually cutaneous in origin and is
      associated with significant morbidity and mortality. As one of the most common
      cancers seen in young adults, melanoma represents a major public health concern
      in terms of years of lost productivity. 

PMID- 26974050
TI  - Dental avulsions: Review and recommendations.
AB  - Tooth avulsion injuries are common. This article will review causes of tooth
      avulsion and provide management guidelines. Recommendations for NP education and
      practice will be reviewed. 

PMID- 26974051
TI  - Electrochemistry and catalytic properties of amphiphilic vitamin B12 derivatives
      in nonaqueous media.
AB  - The reduction pathway of cobalester (CN)Cble, an amphiphilic vitamin B12
      derivative, was investigated in organic solvents under electrochemical conditions
      and compared with mono- and dicyanocobyrinates. The redox characteristics were
      determined using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical methods. The
      presence of a nucleotide moiety in B12-derivative impedes the in situ formation
      of dicyano-species thus facilitating the (CN)Co(iii) to Co(i) reduction. The
      (CN)Cble shows stepwise reduction to Co(i) via (CN)Co(ii). The reduction of
      (CN)Co(ii)/Co(i) was found to depend on cyanide-solvent exchange equilibrium with
      weakly coordinating solvents and bulky peripheral chains promoting intact
      (CN)Co(ii) species existence. The studied complexes were also utilized as
      catalysts in bulk electrolysis of benzyl bromide affording bibenzyl in very good
      yield. 

PMID- 26974052
TI  - Uterotonics and tocolytics for anesthesiologists.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Obstetric anesthesiologists are supposed to understand the
      uterotonics and tocolytics used in the perinatal period to provide a better
      clinical practice. This review describes current consensus of uterotonics and
      tocolytics used in the perinatal period that an obstetric anesthesiologist should
      know. RECENT FINDINGS: Rational use of uterotonics for cesarean section has been
      well studied in the past decades. Oxytocin remained as a first line uterotonics
      for cesarean section. For continuous infusion, it is reported that ED90 is higher
      for laboring parturients than for nonlaboring parturients (6.2 vs. 44.2 IU/h)
      implying that protocol for oxytocin infusion should be different between laboring
      patients with prior exposure to oxytocin and nonlaboring patients. For bolus
      administration, 'rule of three' has been proposed and its efficacy has been
      reported. When oxytocin fails to achieve sufficient uterine contraction, second
      line agents must be administered, and it has been reported that methylergonovine
      is a superior second-line uterotonic to carboprost. On the other hand, the role
      of tocolytic agents in obstetric anesthesia has not been well studied. SUMMARY:
      Anesthesiologists involved in obstetric anesthesia should be able to determine
      the appropriate uterotonic for cesarean section and know the indication of
      tocolytics in perinatal period.

PMID- 26974054
TI  - Temperature dependence of superparamagnetism in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and
      CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites.
AB  - CoFe2O4 particles of 16 nm and 17 nm embedded in a silica matrix have been
      prepared through the hydrothermal method and the sol-gel method, respectively.
      From neutron powder diffraction a cation distribution of
      (Fe(0.72)Co(0.28))[Fe(1.28)Co(0.72)]O4 has been determined for Co-ferrite
      particles of 17 nm, which is in agreement with its particle size taking into
      account the reported x values for other nanometric Co-ferrite particles. Magnetic
      measurements were performed up to 700 K as the prepared ferrite samples present
      blocking temperatures above room temperature. The temperature dependence of the
      superparamagnetic moment has been analyzed and presents for both samples an
      abrupt drop in the magnitude once the blocking temperature is overcome. The
      temperature dependence of the calculated magnetic field needed to reach the
      magnetic saturation of the samples allows us to determine the temperature range
      for which the nanoparticles show superparamagnetic behaviour. The ordering
      temperature is in both cases lower than the tabulated one for bulk Co-ferrite
      (793 K) which has been ascribed mainly to two factors: a different cation
      distribution and the nanometric particle size, both contributing to lowering of
      the strength of the superexchange interactions.

PMID- 26974055
TI  - Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Condom Use: We Need a Better Message.

PMID- 26974053
TI  - Safety of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Hospitalized Surgical Patients: A
      Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite recommendations to vaccinate surgical inpatients against
      influenza, vaccination rates remain low in this population, due in part to
      concerns about potential negative effects on postsurgical care. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate whether influenza vaccination in the perioperative period increases
      health care utilization and evaluations for postsurgical infection after
      discharge. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Members of Kaiser
      Permanente Southern California. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 6 months or older who
      had inpatient surgery with admission and discharge between 1 September and 31
      March from 2010 to 2013. MEASUREMENTS: All influenza vaccinations administered
      between 1 August and 30 April in the 2010-2011, 2011-2012, and 2012-2013
      influenza seasons. Outcomes included rates of outpatient visits, readmission,
      emergency department (ED) visits, fever (temperature >=38.0  degrees C), and
      clinical laboratory evaluations for infection (urine culture, complete blood
      count, blood culture, and wound culture) in the 7 days after discharge. RESULTS:
      Of the 42 777 surgeries included in adjusted analyses, vaccine was administered
      during hospitalization in 6420. No differences were detected between the
      vaccinated and unvaccinated groups in risk for inpatient visits (rate ratio [RR],
      1.12 [95% CI, 0.96 to 1.32]), ED visits (RR, 1.07 [CI, 0.96 to 1.20]),
      postdischarge fever (RR, 1.00 [CI, 0.76 to 1.31]), or clinical evaluations for
      infection (RR, 1.06 [CI, 0.99 to 1.13]). A marginal increase in risk for
      outpatient visits (RR, 1.05 [CI, 1.00 to 1.10]; P = 0.032) was found. LIMITATION:
      The study did not distinguish between planned and unplanned readmissions or
      outpatient visits. CONCLUSION: No strong evidence of increased risk for adverse
      outcomes was found in comparisons of patients who received influenza vaccine
      during a surgical hospitalization and those who did not. The data support the
      recommendation to vaccinate surgical inpatients against influenza. PRIMARY
      FUNDING SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

PMID- 26974058
TI  - Smarter Smartphones.

PMID- 26974060
TI  - Dendritic alpha-Fe2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites with improved visible light
      photocatalytic activity.
AB  - The design and synthesis of unique novel heterostructures for high-performance
      photocatalytic activity has exerted a tremendous fascination and has recently
      attracted intensive attention. In this work, a branch-like alpha-Fe2O3/TiO2
      heterostructure has been synthesized controllably through an electrospinning
      method combined with a hydrothermal approach. The backbone of the heterostructure
      is composed of a 3D porous TiO2 nanofiber (~70 nm in diameter) network with
      plenty of alpha-Fe2O3 nanorods (100-200 nm in length) deposited on them. The
      novel branch-like nanocomposites have an abundantly porous structure as well as
      large surface areas (up to 42.8 m(2) g(-1)). In addition, their visible light
      photodegradation behaviour towards organic dyes, including Congo red (CR),
      methylene blue (MB), eosin red (ER) and methyl orange (MO), was investigated.
      Their excellent photocatalytic performances are attributed to their large
      surfaces, improved visible light absorption and high separation efficiency of the
      photogenerated electrons/holes. Furthermore, the degradation process was further
      studied by varying the amount of alpha-Fe2O3 deposited. The sample alpha
      Fe2O3/TiO2-3 possessed the best performance to efficiently decolor CR solution
      even at a high concentration of 50 mg L(-1) (160 min, 94 mg g(-1)), ascribed to
      the high adsorption capacity derived from the large surface, strong electrostatic
      interaction and structural match between alpha-Fe2O3/TiO2-3 and CR. These alpha
      Fe2O3/TiO2 heterostructures exhibit great potential for decontamination of
      organic pollutants in waste water under visible light. 

PMID- 26974062
TI  - Demonstration of a 280  Gbit/s free-space space-division-multiplexing
      communications link utilizing plane-wave spatial multiplexing.
AB  - We demonstrate a 280 Gbit/s free-space space-division-multiplexing communications
      link incorporating a set of independent tilted truncated plane-waves, each
      generated by a single mode fiber placed at the back-focal plane of a spherical
      lens. Each of the seven tilted plane-wave channels are encoded with a 40 Gbit/s
      16-QAM signal. Our approach comprises two identical linear fiber-arrays placed
      approximately 5 m apart. As each fiber array is placed at the back-focal-plane of
      a spherical lens, each fiber array is effectively placed in a conjugate image
      plane of the other. A channel crosstalk of less than 26 dB is shown, with a bit
      error-rate below the FEC threshold of 3.8*10(-3).

PMID- 26974061
TI  - Crawling wave optical coherence elastography.
AB  - Elastography is a technique that measures and maps the local elastic property of
      biological tissues. Aiming for detection of micron-scale inclusions, various
      optical elastography, especially optical coherence elastography (OCE), techniques
      have been investigated over the past decade. The challenges of current optical
      elastography methods include the decrease in elastographic resolution as compared
      with its parent imaging resolution, the detection sensitivity and accuracy, and
      the cost of the overall system. Here we report for the first time, we believe, on
      an elastography technique-crawling wave optical coherence elastography (CRW-OCE)
      which significantly lowers the requirements on the imaging speed and opens the
      path to high-resolution and high-sensitivity OCE at relatively low cost. Methods
      of crawling wave excitation, data acquisition, and crawling wave tracking are
      presented. 

PMID- 26974056
TI  - Crowdsourced single-trial probes of visual working memory for irrelevant
      features.
AB  - We measured the precision with which an irrelevant feature of a relevant object
      is stored in visual short-term memory. In each experiment, 600 online subjects
      each completed 30 trials in which the same feature (orientation or color) was
      relevant, followed by a single surprise trial in which the other feature was
      relevant. Pooling data across all subjects, we find in a delayed-estimation task
      but not in a change localization task that the irrelevant feature is retrieved,
      but with much lower precision than when the same feature is relevant: The
      irrelevant/relevant precision ratio was 3.8% for orientation and 20.4% for color.

PMID- 26974057
TI  - Pentoxifylline Inhibits Epidural Fibrosis in Post-Laminectomy Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the
      effectiveness of intramuscular pentoxifylline in the prevention of postoperative
      fibrosis. MATERIAL/METHODS: We divided 16 adult Wistar albino rats into 2 equal
      groups: treatment and control. Both groups underwent L1 vertebral total
      laminectomy to expose the dura. The intramuscular treatment group received
      pentoxifylline. Four weeks later, epidural fibrosis was studied in both groups
      using electron microscopy, light microscopy, histology, biochemistry, and
      macroscopy. RESULTS: The evaluation of epidural fibrosis in the 2 groups
      according to macroscopic (p<0.01) assessment and light microscopy revealed that
      epidural scar tissue formation was lower in the treatment group compared to the
      control group (p<0.001) and the number of fibroblasts was also decreased
      significantly in the pentoxifylline-treated group (p<0.05). More immature fibers
      were demonstrated in the treatment group by electron microscopy in comparison
      with the control group. In biochemical analysis, a statistically significant
      decrease was detected in hydroxyproline, which indicates fibrosis and
      myeloperoxidase activity, and shows an inflammatory response (P<0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Systemic pentoxifylline application prevents postoperative epidural
      fibrosis and adhesions with various mechanisms. Our study is the first to present
      evidence of experimental epidural fibrosis prevention with pentoxifylline.

PMID- 26974064
TI  - Carrier-wave shape effects in optical filamentation.
AB  - Strong-field ionization in optical filaments created by ultrashort pulses with
      sub-cycle engineered waveforms is studied theoretically. To elucidate the physics
      of the recently demonstrated enhanced ionization yield and spatial control of the
      optical filament core in two color pulses, we employ two types of quantum models
      integrated into spatially resolved pulse-propagation simulations. We show that
      the dependence of the ionization on the shape of the excitation carrier is
      adiabatic in nature, and is driven by local temporal peaks of the electric field.
      Implications for the modeling of light-matter interactions in multicolor optical
      fields are also discussed. 

PMID- 26974063
TI  - Calcium imaging of neural circuits with extended depth-of-field light-sheet
      microscopy.
AB  - Increasing the volumetric imaging speed of light-sheet microscopy will improve
      its ability to detect fast changes in neural activity. Here, a system is
      introduced for brain-wide imaging of neural activity in the larval zebrafish by
      coupling structured illumination with cubic phase extended depth-of-field (EDoF)
      pupil encoding. This microscope enables faster light-sheet imaging and
      facilitates arbitrary plane scanning-removing constraints on acquisition speed,
      alignment tolerances, and physical motion near the sample. The usefulness of this
      method is demonstrated by performing multi-plane calcium imaging in the fish
      brain with a 416*832*160  MUm field of view at 33 Hz. The optomotor response
      behavior of the zebrafish is monitored at high speeds, and time-locked
      correlations of neuronal activity are resolved across its brain. 

PMID- 26974065
TI  - Three-dimensional particle tracking via tunable color-encoded multiplexing.
AB  - We present a novel 3D tracking approach capable of locating single particles with
      nanometric precision over wide axial ranges. Our method uses a fast acousto-optic
      liquid lens implemented in a bright field microscope to multiplex light based on
      color into different and selectable focal planes. By separating the red, green,
      and blue channels from an image captured with a color camera, information from up
      to three focal planes can be retrieved. Multiplane information from the particle
      diffraction rings enables precisely locating and tracking individual objects up
      to an axial range about 5 times larger than conventional single-plane approaches.
      We apply our method to the 3D visualization of the well-known coffee-stain
      phenomenon in evaporating water droplets. 

PMID- 26974066
TI  - Thin LiNbO3 on insulator electro-optic modulator.
AB  - This Letter presents a method for the fabrication and integration of a thin
      LiNbO3 substrate with a Si handle wafer. An inverted ridge structure guides a
      single optical mode in an electro-optic modulator fabricated on a mechanically
      thinned substrate. To define an optical waveguide, a ridge structure is first
      patterned on a 500 MUm thick X-cut LiNbO3 wafer; then a low dielectric constant
      adhesive layer is used to bond the etched LiNbO3 to Si. The LiNbO3 is
      mechanically thinned to 4 MUm, and planar electrodes are patterned. Experimental
      results demonstrating modulation with a V(pi)L of 7.1 V-cm were shown, optical
      loss was low enough, and film quality high enough, to enable an interaction
      length of 0.8 cm.

PMID- 26974067
TI  - Direct measurement of the temperature profile close to an optically trapped
      absorbing particle.
AB  - The surface temperature of an absorbing particle trapped in optical tweezers
      (OTs) is measured using a mixture of two fluorescent dyes. We analyze the
      dependence of temperature on both laser power and the radial distance from its
      surface, and we verify the 1/r decrease of temperature with increasing distance
      from the particle surface. We detect the variations of spectral profiles as the
      medium temperature changes. The temperature dependent signal, i.e., the ratio of
      summed intensities from two distinct spectral regions, is affected by the
      convolution of temperature profile with transfer function of the spectroscopic
      system. We analyze this effect and determine the temperature increase on the
      surface of a core-shell particle trapped by OTs. 

PMID- 26974068
TI  - Frequency-domain nonlinear regression algorithm for spectral analysis of
      broadband SFG spectroscopy.
AB  - The resonant spectral bands of the broadband sum frequency generation (BB-SFG)
      spectra are often distorted by the nonresonant portion and the lineshapes of the
      laser pulses. Frequency domain nonlinear regression (FDNLR) algorithm was
      proposed to retrieve the first-order polarization induced by the infrared pulse
      and to improve the analysis of SFG spectra through simultaneous fitting of a
      series of time-resolved BB-SFG spectra. The principle of FDNLR was presented, and
      the validity and reliability were tested by the analysis of the virtual and
      measured SFG spectra. The relative phase, dephasing time, and lineshapes of the
      resonant vibrational SFG bands can be retrieved without any preset assumptions
      about the SFG bands and the incident laser pulses. 

PMID- 26974069
TI  - Effect of rounding corners on optical resonances in single-mode sharp-cornered
      microresonators.
AB  - The use of microresonators with sharp corners (rectangular and square-shaped) can
      be limited by severe energy loss at the corners. A 2D numerical study is
      conducted to investigate and analyze the effect of incorporating fillet (rounding
      of corners) design at sharp corners of such single-mode optical microresonators.
      The effect on quality factor, free spectral range, and energy loss for the
      coupled microresonator-waveguide system in the add-drop configuration for varying
      values of fillet radii are quantified. It is shown that the selection of an
      optimum radius of the curvature of the fillet for sharp-cornered microresonators
      provides a higher quality factor than that of the conventional circular
      resonators. 

PMID- 26974070
TI  - Ultrafast imaging with anti-aliasing based on optical time-division multiplexing.
AB  - Serial time-encoded amplified microscopy (STEAM) is a novel ultrafast imaging
      technique that is based on space-to-time-to-wavelength mapping. Nevertheless, the
      technique requires a high-cost electronic digitizer of several tens of gigahertz
      sampling rate to read out sufficient image information. To acquire a large amount
      of image information by using a relatively low-sampling-rate electronic
      digitizer, an anti-aliasing technique based on optical time-division multiplexing
      is proposed. A 38.88 MHz line-scan imaging system is demonstrated experimentally.
      By using the proposed anti-aliasing technique, a 20 GS/s sampling rate is
      achieved by employing a 10 GS/s electronic digitizer. Defects and scratches on
      the target that were not identifiable originally can be clearly distinguished
      after using the proposed technique. Numerical analysis shows that the image
      quality can be improved by 4.16 dB, compared to that not using the anti-aliasing
      technique and at least 2.3 dB comparing to those obtained by bilinear, bicubic,
      and nearest-neighbor interpolation and Lanczos resampling techniques. 

PMID- 26974071
TI  - Single-pixel imaging using compressed sensing and wavelength-dependent
      scattering.
AB  - We demonstrate two-dimensional imaging using illumination via a single-mode fiber
      with a multiply scattering tip and compressed sensing acquisition. We illuminate
      objects with randomly structured, but deterministic, speckle patterns produced by
      a coherent light source propagating through a TiO2-coated fiber tip. The coating
      thickness is optimized to produce speckle patterns that are highly sensitive to
      laser wavelength, yet repeatable. Images of the object are reconstructed from the
      characterized wavelength dependence of the speckle patterns and the wavelength
      dependence of the total light collected from the object using a single
      photodetector. Our imaging device is mechanically scan-free and insensitive to
      bending of the fiber, making it suitable for micro-endoscopy.

PMID- 26974072
TI  - Generation of 30  fs pulses from a diode-pumped graphene mode-locked Yb:CaYAlO4
      laser.
AB  - Stable 30 fs pulses centered at 1068 nm (less than 10 optical cycles) are
      demonstrated in a diode pumped Yb:CaYAlO4 laser by using high-quality chemical
      vapor deposited monolayer graphene as the saturable absorber. The mode-locked
      8.43 optical-cycle pulses have a spectral bandwidth of ~50  nm and a pulse
      repetition frequency of ~113.5  MHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
      shortest pulse ever reported for graphene mode-locked lasers and mode-locked Yb
      doped bulk lasers. Our experimental results demonstrate that graphene mode
      locking is a very promising practical technique for directly generating few-cycle
      optical pulses from a laser oscillator.

PMID- 26974073
TI  - Lithographic wavelength control of an external cavity laser with a silicon
      photonic crystal cavity-based resonant reflector.
AB  - We report the experimental demonstration of a new design for external cavity
      hybrid lasers consisting of a III-V semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) with
      fiber reflector and a photonic crystal (PhC)-based resonant reflector on SOI. The
      silicon reflector is composed of an SU8 polymer bus waveguide vertically coupled
      to a PhC cavity and provides a wavelength-selective optical feedback to the laser
      cavity. This device exhibits milliwatt-level output power and side-mode
      suppression ratios of more than 25 dB. 

PMID- 26974074
TI  - Ultrafast amplifier additive timing jitter characterization and control.
AB  - We report on the characterization and long-term compensation of additive timing
      jitter introduced by a femtosecond ytterbium regenerative amplifier with a 100
      kHz repetition rate. A balanced optical cross-correlation technique is used to
      generate a jitter error signal. This approach is well suited to characterize the
      additive timing jitter of Yb amplifiers seeded by narrow spectrum Yb oscillators.
      The balanced optical cross-correlator is in a noncollinear configuration allowing
      a background free coindence detection. This setup enables the measurement of
      additive timing jitter from the amplifier, with a noise floor of 300 as
      integrated from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. The measured additive timing jitter level is
      about 5 fs, integrated from 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz. The amplifier timing drift
      characterization and control are performed for more than an hour. 

PMID- 26974075
TI  - Imaging system based on a tandem acousto-optical tunable filter for in situ
      measurements of the high temperature distribution.
AB  - We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of
      a new imaging system for in situ measurement of the two-dimensional (2D)
      distribution of the surface temperature of microscopic specimens. The main
      component of the system is an imaging tandem acousto-optical tunable filter
      (TAOTF) synchronized with a video camera. A set of TAOTF spectroscopic images (up
      to a few hundreds) is taken by the TAOTF imaging system to fit the measured
      spectral curves in each pixel to the Planck radiation function and determine the
      temperature and emissivity of the sample using the gray body approximation. It is
      experimentally shown that this technique provides aberration-free spectral
      imaging suitable for precise multispectral imaging radiometry (MIR). 

PMID- 26974076
TI  - Laser-diode-pumped thin-slice c-cut Nd:GdVO4 multimode laser with coherent vector
      fields: erratum.
AB  - In a previous Letter [Opt. Lett.40, 1177 (2015), oscillation wavelengths
      corresponding to two sigma-polarized transition lines 4F(3/2)(1)-> 4I(11/2)(1)
      and 4F(3/2)(2)->4I(11/2)(2) were described in inverse. Here, the corrected
      correspondence between transition lines and oscillation wavelengths is addressed.

PMID- 26974077
TI  - Polarization modulation for imaging behind the scattering medium.
AB  - We propose and experimentally demonstrate a technique, based on polarization
      modulation, for imaging of the polarization discriminating object hidden behind a
      scattering medium. This is realized by making use of the relation between the
      complex correlation function of the randomly scattered orthogonal polarization
      components in the far field and polarized source structure at the scattering
      plane. Full use of a polarimetric parameter at the scattering plane is realized
      in the object plane reconstruction behind the scattering medium using a
      backpropagation approach. To demonstrate application of the technique, imaging of
      two different objects lying behind the scattering media is presented. 

PMID- 26974078
TI  - Graphene-gold supercapacitor as a voltage controlled saturable absorber for
      femtosecond pulse generation.
AB  - We report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, use of a graphene
      gold supercapacitor as a voltage controlled fast saturable absorber for
      femtosecond pulse generation. The unique design involving only one graphene
      electrode lowers the insertion loss of the device, in comparison with capacitor
      designs with two graphene electrodes. Furthermore, use of the high-dielectric
      electrolyte allows reversible, adjustable control of the absorption level up to
      the visible region with low bias voltages of only a few volts (0-2 V). The fast
      saturable absorber action of the graphene-gold supercapacitor was demonstrated
      inside a multipass-cavity Cr:forsterite laser to generate nearly transform
      limited, sub-100 fs pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 4.51 MHz at 1.24 MUm. 

PMID- 26974079
TI  - Analysis of non-linearity in differential wavefront sensing technique.
AB  - An analytical model of a differential wavefront sensing (DWS) technique based on
      Gaussian Beam propagation has been derived. Compared with the result of the
      interference signals detected by quadrant photodiode, which is calculated by
      using the numerical method, the analytical model has been verified. Both the
      analytical model and numerical simulation show milli-radians level non-linearity
      effect of DWS detection. In addition, the beam clipping has strong influence on
      the non-linearity of DWS. The larger the beam clipping is, the smaller the non
      linearity is. However, the beam walking effect hardly has influence on DWS. Thus,
      it can be ignored in laser interferometer. 

PMID- 26974080
TI  - Eye-safe 1.55  MUm passively Q-switched Er,Yb:GdAl3(BO3)4 diode-pumped laser.
AB  - We report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, on a diode-pumped
      passively Q-switched Er,Yb:GdAl3(BO3)4 laser. By using a Co2+:MgAl2O4 crystal as
      a saturable absorber, Q-switched laser pulses with a duration of 12 ns and a
      maximum energy of 18.7 MUJ at a repetition rate of 32 kHz corresponding to an
      average output power of 0.6 W were obtained at 1550 nm under continuous-wave
      pumping. In the burst mode of operation, Q-switched laser pulses with the highest
      energy up to 44 MUJ were realized with a pulse repetition rate of 6.5 kHz.

PMID- 26974081
TI  - Finite-size effect in light transmission through highly forward scattering media
      at grazing angles.
AB  - We present a theoretical study of light transmission through a disordered medium
      with large (compared to the light wavelength) inhomogeneities. Both numerical
      integration and analytic treatments of the radiative transfer equation are
      performed. An effect of the single-scattering phase function on the total
      transmittance is found in a subdiffusion thickness range. The effect reveals
      itself at grazing angles of incidence and originates from small-angle multiple
      scattering of light. A simple analytic formula for the total transmittance is
      derived. Our results are in good agreement with data of independent numerical
      calculations. 

PMID- 26974082
TI  - Background-free Brillouin spectroscopy in scattering media at 780  nm via
      stimulated Brillouin scattering.
AB  - We demonstrate the effectiveness of stimulated Brillouin scattering for
      background-free Brillouin spectroscopy in scattering media within the biological
      spectral window. Using two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave diode laser
      beams at 780 nm, we acquired transmission stimulated Brillouin point spectra in
      10 mm and 500 MUm thick Intralipid tissue phantoms with ~100  MUm and ~16  MUm
      diameter focal points, respectively. Stimulated gain spectra with high signal-to
      noise ratio (8.7-30.7 dB) and frequency accuracy (6-72 MHz) were obtained at 20 
      MHz/10  ms and 20  MHz/100  ms through 0.24-3.36 mean-free paths of tissue
      phantoms. Our results suggest that stimulated Brillouin gain can be useful for
      imaging of Brillouin resonances in submillimeter-thick scattering samples. 

PMID- 26974083
TI  - Broadband mid-infrared pulses from potassium titanyl arsenate/zinc germanium
      phosphate optical parametric amplifier pumped by Tm, Ho-fiber-seeded Ho:YAG
      chirped-pulse amplifier.
AB  - We present a concept of a white-light-seeded-cascaded mid-infrared (mid-IR)
      optical parametric amplifier (OPA) based on potassium titanyl arsenate and zinc
      germanium phosphate nonlinear optical crystals and producing 100-MUJ level pulses
      centered at 5300 nm, with the spectrum supporting four-optical-cycle pulse
      duration. The OPA is pumped by 2090-nm master oscillator/power amplifier based on
      a Tm,Ho-fiber laser seeder and a Ho:YAG regenerative amplifier delivering 3.8-mJ
      sub-ps pulses at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. We validate that output parameters
      of the OPA are scalable by means of increasing the pulse energy, decreasing the
      pulse duration and redshifting the central wavelength. 

PMID- 26974084
TI  - Large-scale optical diffraction tomography for inspection of optical plastic
      lenses.
AB  - Herein is presented an optical diffraction tomography (ODT) technique for
      measuring 3-D refractive index (RI) maps of optical plastic lenses. A Mach
      Zehnder interferometer was used to measure multiple complex optical fields of a
      plastic lens immersed in RI-matching oil at various rotational orientations. From
      this, ODT was used to reconstruct a 3-D RI distribution of the plastic lens with
      unprecedented RI sensitivity (Deltan=4.21*10(-5) and high resolution (12.8 MUm).
      As a demonstration, 3-D RI distributions of a 2 mm-diameter borosilicate sphere
      and a 5 mm-diameter plastic lens were reconstructed. Defects in the lens,
      generated by pulsed laser ablation, were also detected using the present method.

PMID- 26974085
TI  - Hyperspectral imaging camera using wavefront division interference.
AB  - An approach for performing hyperspectral imaging is introduced. The hyperspectral
      imaging is based on Fourier transform spectroscopy, where the interference is
      performed by wavefront division interference rather than amplitude division
      interference. A variable phase delay between two parts of the wavefront emanating
      from each point of an object is created by a spatial light modulator (SLM) to
      obtain variable interference patterns. The SLM is placed in the exit pupil of an
      imaging system, thus enabling conversion of a general imaging optical system into
      an imaging hyperspectral optical system. The physical basis of the new approach
      is introduced, and an optical apparatus is built. 

PMID- 26974086
TI  - Suppression of excess noise of longer-lived high-quality states in nonuniformly
      pumped optical microcavities.
AB  - We study the formation of longer-lived states via internal coupling near a
      special avoided resonance crossing between the interacting states in an open
      optical system. Away from the parity-time symmetry limit, we discuss
      unconventional cavity resonance states created by a spatially varying gain/loss
      profile. Now, via S-matrix formalism, we have numerically demonstrated that with
      suitably chosen system openness and coupling strengths, the excess noise
      generation among the interacting nonorthogonal states (calculated as Petermann
      factor K) can be suppressed close to the ideal value of one with a simultaneous
      order of magnitude enhancement in the quality-factor of the longer-lived state. 

PMID- 26974087
TI  - Highly stable, monolithic, single-mode mid-infrared supercontinuum source based
      on low-loss fusion spliced silica and fluoride fibers.
AB  - A 0.8 to 4.5 MUm highly stable all-fiber spliced mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC)
      source was presented. The joint between the single-mode (SM) pump silica fiber
      and the ZBLAN fiber (ZrF4 - BaF2 - LaF3 - AlF3 - NaF, a type of fluoride fiber)
      was fusion spliced, which greatly improved the SC's stability. The low-loss
      splicing was guaranteed by the similar mode field areas of the fundamental mode
      LP(01) of the silica and ZBLAN fibers. At the splicing joint the ZBLAN fiber
      enveloped the silica fiber, thus increasing the robustness of the splice. A low
      splicing loss of less than 0.1 dB was calculated, which ensured that the whole SC
      source was very reliable. The SC had a maximal average power of 550.8 mW with a
      1.5 dB spectral bandwidth ranging from 2642 to 4065 nm. In particular, the SC
      power for lambda>3.8  MUm was measured to be 116.1 mW with a power ratio of
      ~21.1% of the total SC power. Perfect Gaussian beam profiles of the SC source
      demonstrated its SM operation. Over 12 h of continuous operation of this SC
      source showed its outstanding power stability with a root mean square variation
      of 0.59%, which also demonstrated the high quality of the fusion spliced joint.

PMID- 26974088
TI  - Rear-side resonator architecture for the passive coherent combining of high
      brightness laser diodes.
AB  - We describe a new coherent beam combining architecture based on passive phase
      locking of emitters in an extended cavity on the rear facet and their coherent
      combination on the front facet. This rear-side technique provides strong optical
      feedback for phase locking while maintaining a high electrical-to-optical
      efficiency. Two high-brightness high-power tapered laser diodes are coherently
      combined using a Michelson-based cavity. The combining efficiency is above 82%
      and results in an output power of 6.7 W in a nearly diffraction-limited beam with
      an M(4sigma)(2)<=1.2. A semi-active automatic adjustment of the current enhances
      the long-term stability of the combination, while the short-term stability is
      passively ensured by the extended cavity. This new laser configuration exhibits
      the simplicity of passive self-organizing architectures while providing a power
      conversion efficiency of 27% that is comparable to master oscillator power
      amplifier architectures.

PMID- 26974089
TI  - Phonon-assisted upconversion charging in Zn3Ga2GeO8:Cr(3+) near-infrared
      persistent phosphor.
AB  - We report a new phonon-assisted upconversion excitation design that enables the
      excitation energy to be lower than the persistent luminescence emission energy in
      persistent phosphors. We demonstrate this upconversion excitation concept in
      Zn3Ga2GeO8:Cr(3+) near-infrared persistent phosphor by achieving Cr(3+) 700 nm
      persistent emission using 800 or 980 nm laser diode excitation. Depending on the
      sample temperature, the excitation photon energy can be tuned, and the persistent
      luminescence intensity can be adjusted. Depending on the excitation power, the
      upconversion trap filling process involves either one photon (for filling low
      energy traps) or two photons (for filling high-energy traps). Our research
      provides a major step toward manipulating the electronic excitation in persistent
      luminescence, which has implication for many applications.

PMID- 26974090
TI  - Experimental demonstration of linearly polarized 2-10  MUm supercontinuum
      generation in a chalcogenide rib waveguide.
AB  - This Letter reports the production of a supercontinuum extending from ~2  MUm to
      >10  MUm generated using a chalcogenide buried rib waveguide pumped with 330
      femtosecond pulses at 4.184 MUm. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the
      broadest mid-infrared supercontinuum generated in any planar waveguide platform.
      Because the waveguide is birefringent, quasi-single-mode, and uses an optimized
      dispersion design, the supercontinuum is linearly polarized with an extinction
      ratio >100. Dual beam spectrophotometry is performed easily using this source. 

PMID- 26974091
TI  - Resonance optical activity in multihelicoidal optical fibers.
AB  - We have studied the effect of optical activity (OA) in optical fibers with
      multihelical distribution of refractive index profiles near the resonance
      wavelength, at which the conversion of an incident Gaussian beam into an optical
      vortex (and vice versa) takes place. We have shown that at such a wavelength the
      polarization vector of the input Gaussian beam rotates within the fiber at an
      average rate proportional to the difference in propagation constants of left- and
      right-circularly polarized optical vortices with the same topological charge. We
      also show that for certain fiber lengths the magnitude of OA can greatly exceed
      its average level and reach anomalously high values. 

PMID- 26974092
TI  - Carrier-envelope offset frequency stabilization in a femtosecond optical
      parametric oscillator without nonlinear interferometry.
AB  - By exploiting the correlation between changes in the wavelength and the carrier
      envelope offset frequency (f(CEO)) of the signal pulses in a synchronously pumped
      optical parametric oscillator, we show that f(CEO) can be stabilized indefinitely
      to a few megahertz in a 333 MHz repetition-rate system. Based on a position
      sensitive photodiode, the technique is easily implemented, requires no nonlinear
      interferometry, has a wide capture range, and is compatible with feed-forward
      techniques that can enable f(CEO) stabilization at loop bandwidths far exceeding
      those currently available to OPO combs.

PMID- 26974093
TI  - Single-crystalline tellurite optical fiber hydrophone.
AB  - This Letter presents a novel type of single-crystalline tellurite optical fiber
      (SC-TOF) for potential hydrophonic applications. Both single-mode and multimode
      SC-TOF were fabricated. Compared with conventional devices, our preliminary
      results indicate that the novel device has considerably wider sensing ranges of
      acoustic frequency (10 Hz to 5.6 MHz or more), acoustic intensity (70 to -236 
      dB), and directional sensitivity (0.094 to 0.04  nm/deg) to the incident
      direction of an acoustic wave in a SC-TOF. 

PMID- 26974094
TI  - Self-referenced, accurate and sensitive optical frequency comb spectroscopy with
      a virtually imaged phased array spectrometer.
AB  - We present a cavity-enhanced direct optical frequency comb spectroscopy system
      with a virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) spectrometer and either a dither or a
      Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) locking scheme used for stable transmission of the comb
      through the cavity. A self-referenced scheme for frequency axis calibration is
      shown along with an analysis of its accuracy. A careful comparison between both
      locking schemes is performed based on near-IR measurements of the carbon monoxide
      nu=3<-0 band P branch transitions in a gas sample with known composition. The
      noise-equivalent absorptions (NEA) for the PDH and dither schemes are 9.9*10(-10)
      cm(-1) and 5.3*10(-9) cm(-1), respectively.

PMID- 26974096
TI  - Tunable guided-mode resonant filter with wedged waveguide layer fabricated by
      masked ion beam etching.
AB  - A compact, tunable guided-mode resonant (GMR) filter whose spectral reflectance
      wavelength varies as a function of the spatial position on the device is
      experimentally demonstrated. The filter incorporates a wedge-shaped waveguide
      layer that is fabricated using masked ion beam etching (MIBE) technology. A
      ceramic plate mask consisting of an isosceles triangular window is placed between
      the ion source and the sample to achieve different etching times at difference
      locations on the film. The increment in the magnitude of the film thickness is
      approximately 50 nm over a length of 33 mm, which results in a primary
      reflectance peak whose spectral location spans the range of 684.2-725.3 nm. The
      device is designed using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method, and
      the proposed device is directed toward the practical application of GMR tunable
      filters. 

PMID- 26974095
TI  - Single-tube on-beam quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy.
AB  - Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) with a single-tube acoustic
      microresonator (AmR) inserted between the prongs of a custom quartz tuning fork
      (QTF) was developed, investigated, and optimized experimentally. Due to the high
      acoustic coupling efficiency between the AmR and the QTF, the single-tube on-beam
      QEPAS spectrophone configuration improves the detection sensitivity by 2 orders
      of magnitude compared to a bare QTF. This approach significantly reduces the
      spectrophone size with respect to the traditional on-beam spectrophone
      configuration, thereby facilitating the laser beam alignment. A 1sigma normalized
      noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.21*10(-8) cm(-1).W/?Hz was obtained
      for dry CO2 detection at normal atmospheric pressure.

PMID- 26974097
TI  - Carrier envelope phase shifter for broadband terahertz pulses.
AB  - We demonstrated controlled shifting of the internal phase of broadband terahertz
      (THz) pulses. The internal phase of an ultrashort pulse is called the carrier
      envelope phase (CEP), which is an important parameter in the interaction of few
      cycle light pulses and matter. Our CEP shifter utilizes the ultra-broadband
      feature of prism wave plates. We analytically derived the amount of CEP shift
      achievable by the CEP shifter using Jones matrixes. THz time-domain measurements
      clearly showed the shift of the CEP, and the results agreed well with the
      calculated values. The CEP shift was as high as 2pi, indicating that any CEP
      values can be chosen using our CEP shifter. 

PMID- 26974098
TI  - Reflection-type spatial amplitude modulation of visible light based on a sub
      wavelength plasmonic absorber.
AB  - We present a method for reflection-type spatial amplitude modulation using a sub
      wavelength plasmonic absorber structure that can operate in the visible region.
      We utilize a pixelated array of absorbing elements based on a two-dimensional sub
      wavelength metal grating, and the reflectance of each pixel is controlled by
      simple structural modification. For the purpose of validation, numerical
      simulations were performed on an amplitude modulation hologram fabricated using
      our method. 

PMID- 26974099
TI  - Probability-based non-local means filter for speckle noise suppression in optical
      coherence tomography images.
AB  - In this Letter, a probability-based non-local means filter is proposed for
      speckle reduction in optical coherence tomography (OCT). Originally developed for
      additive white Gaussian noise, the non-local means filter is not suitable for
      multiplicative speckle noise suppression. This Letter presents a two-stage non
      local means algorithm using the uncorrupted probability of each pixel to
      effectively reduce speckle noise in OCT. Experiments on real OCT images
      demonstrate that the proposed filter is competitive with other state-of-the-art
      speckle removal techniques and able to accurately preserve edges and structural
      details with small computational cost. 

PMID- 26974100
TI  - Super-resolution in a defocused plenoptic camera: a wave-optics-based approach.
AB  - Plenoptic cameras enable the capture of a light field with a single device.
      However, with traditional light field rendering procedures, they can provide only
      low-resolution two-dimensional images. Super-resolution is considered to overcome
      this drawback. In this study, we present a super-resolution method for the
      defocused plenoptic camera (Plenoptic 1.0), where the imaging system is modeled
      using wave optics principles and utilizing low-resolution depth information of
      the scene. We are particularly interested in super-resolution of in-focus and
      near in-focus scene regions, which constitute the most challenging cases. The
      simulation results show that the employed wave-optics model makes super
      resolution possible for such regions as long as sufficiently accurate depth
      information is available. 

PMID- 26974101
TI  - Self-frequency-doubled vibronic yellow Yb:YCOB laser at the wavelength of 570 
      nm.
AB  - A watt-level self-frequency-doubled yellow laser at the 570 nm wavelength was
      realized by taking advantage of the vibronic emission of a Yb3+ doped calcium
      yttrium oxoborate (Yb:YCOB) crystal cut along the optimized direction out of the
      principal planes with the maximum effective nonlinear coefficient. Fluorescence
      spectroscopic properties of Yb:YCOB were studied, which showed that it had broad
      and anisotropic vibronic emission with a small peak at ~1130  nm. By suppressing
      the electronic emission, the polarized vibronic Yb:YCOB radiation was realized
      with the fundamental wavelength shifting from 1130 nm to 1140 nm. By employing
      the self-frequency-doubling behavior of Yb:YCOB, the self-frequency-doubled
      yellow laser was achieved with a maximum output power of 1.08 W at 570 nm. This
      work provides an unprecedented and efficient way to generate yellow lasers with a
      compact microchip structure that may have promising applications in some regimes
      including medicine, entertainment, and scientific research.

PMID- 26974102
TI  - Cost-effective imaging of optoacoustic pressure, ultrasonic scattering, and
      optical diffuse reflectance with improved resolution and speed.
AB  - The idea of a method of cost-effective upgrades from an acoustic resolution
      photoacoustic microscope to a triple-modality imaging system is validated using
      phantoms. The newly developed experimental setup is based on a diode pumped solid
      state laser coupled to a fiber bundle with a spherically focused polyvinylidene
      fluoride detector integrated into the center of a ring shaped optical
      illuminator. Each laser pulse illuminating the sample performs two functions.
      While the photons absorbed by the sample provide a measurable optoacoustic (OA)
      signal, the photons absorbed by the detector provide the measurable diffuse
      reflectometry (DR) signal from the sample and the probing ultrasonic (US) pulse.
      At a 3 mm imaging depth, the axial resolution of the OA/US modalities is 38
      MUm/26 MUm, while the lateral resolution of the DR/OA/US modalities is 3.5 mm/50
      MUm/35 MUm. The maximum acquisition rate of the trimodal DR/OA/US A-scans is 2
      kHz. 

PMID- 26974103
TI  - Funnel-shaped silicon nanowire for highly efficient light trapping.
AB  - In this Letter, funnel-shaped silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are newly introduced for
      highly efficient light trapping. The proposed designs of nanowires are inspired
      by the funnel shape, which enhances the light trapping with reduced reflections
      in the wavelength range from 300 to 1100 nm. Composed of both cylindrical and
      conical units, the funnel nanowires increase the number of leaky mode resonances,
      yielding an absorption enhancement relative to a uniform nanowire array. The
      optical properties of the suggested nanowires have been numerically investigated
      using the 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and compared to
      cylindrical and conical counterparts. The structural geometrical parameters are
      studied to maximize the ultimate efficiency and hence the short-circuit current.
      Carefully engineered structure geometry is shown to yield improved light
      absorption useful for solar cell applications. The proposed funnel-shaped SiNWs
      offer an ultimate efficiency of 41.8%, with an enhancement of 54.8% relative to
      conventional cylindrical SiNWs. Additionally, short-circuit current of 34.2 
      mA/cm2 is achieved using the suggested design.

PMID- 26974104
TI  - Bidirectional microwave and optical signal dissemination.
AB  - We describe a technique to disseminate highly stable microwave and optical
      signals from physically separated frequency standards to multiple locations. We
      demonstrate our technique by transferring the frequency stability performance of
      a microwave frequency reference to the repetition-rate stability of an optical
      frequency comb in a different location. The stabilized optical frequency comb
      becomes available in both locations for measurements of both optical and
      microwave signals. We show a microwave frequency stability of 4*10(-15) in both
      locations for integration times beyond 100 s. The control system uses only a
      standard Ethernet connection.

PMID- 26974105
TI  - High-efficiency, kilowatt 1034  nm all-fiber amplifier operating at 11  pm
      linewidth.
AB  - We present power scaling results of a monolithic Yb-doped 1034 nm fiber amplifier
      well-suited for beam combining applications. Stimulated Brillouin scattering
      suppression is achieved through optical linewidth broadening, and results were
      compared for both white noise source (WNS) and pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS)
      phase modulation schemes. Notably, through PRBS modulation at a clock rate of 3.5
      GHz, 1 kW of output power with a slope efficiency of 81% was demonstrated. Beam
      quality measurements indicated near diffraction-limited operation with no sign of
      modal instability. At a comparable linewidth and fiber length, power scaling via
      WNS modulation yielded only 470 W. The kilowatt-class output at a linewidth of 11
      pm is the highest power reported for a spectrally narrow all-fiber amplifier
      operating at the short wavelength end of the high gain range in Yb-doped silica. 

PMID- 26974106
TI  - Thermal poling of femtosecond laser-written waveguides in fused silica.
AB  - Thermal poling of femtosecond laser written waveguides was investigated using
      second-harmonic microscopy under three approaches: (1) pre-poling and (2) post
      poling in which fused silica substrates were poled before or after waveguide
      formation, respectively, and (3) double poling in which poling was applied both
      before and after laser writing. Effective nonlinear waveguide interaction
      strength was assessed relative to the mode profile and the assessments
      demonstrated an erasure effect of 81% in pre-poling and an ion migration blocking
      effect of 26% in post-poling. Double poling was found to recover the nonlinearity
      over the modal zone, overcoming prior difficulties with combining laser
      processing and thermal poling, opening up a future avenue for creating active
      devices through femtosecond laser writing of nonlinear optical circuits in fused
      silica. 

PMID- 26974107
TI  - Harmonic superposition for tailored optical frequency comb generation by a Mach
      Zehnder modulator.
AB  - This Letter demonstrates tailored optical frequency comb (OFC) generation using a
      LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator driven by a combination of first- and second-order
      harmonics of the RF signal. A quasi-rectangular-shaped OFC with less than 1 dB
      flatness among 11 lines was experimentally obtained when a slight second-order
      harmonic of the RF signal (0.1 times the half-wavelength voltage) was introduced.
      Good agreement was obtained between the measured and calculation results for
      OFCs. We discuss conditions to obtain flat OFCs using this method along with
      details concerning OFC conversion efficiency and bandwidth.

PMID- 26974108
TI  - Single logical qubit information encoding scheme with the minimal optical
      decoherence-free subsystem.
AB  - We present a scheme for encoding single logical qubit information, which is
      immune to collective decoherence acting on Hilbert space spanned by the
      corresponding states. The scheme needs a spatial entanglement gate and a
      polarization entanglement gate, which are realized with the assistance of weak
      cross-Kerr nonlinear interaction between photons and coherent states via Kerr
      media. Under the condition of sufficient large phase shifts, single logical qubit
      information can be encoded into this minimal optical decoherence-free subsystem
      with near-unity fidelity. Together with the mature techniques of measurement and
      classical feed forward, simple linear optical elements are applied to complete
      the encoding task, which offers the feasibility of this scheme for protecting
      quantum information against decoherence. 

PMID- 26974109
TI  - Optically induced hysteresis in a two-state quantum dot laser.
AB  - Quantum dot lasers can lase from the ground state only, simultaneously from both
      the ground and first excited states and from the excited state only. We examine
      the influence of optical injection at frequencies close to the ground state when
      the free-running operation of the device is excited state lasing only. We
      demonstrate the existence of an injection-induced bistability between ground
      state dominated emission and excited state dominated emission and the consequent
      hysteresis loop in the lasing output. Experimental and numerical investigations
      are in excellent agreement. Inhomogeneous broadening is found to be the
      underlying physical mechanism driving the phenomenon. 

PMID- 26974111
TI  - Nonparaxial abruptly autofocusing beams.
AB  - We study nonparaxial autofocusing beams with pre-engineered trajectories. We
      consider the case of linearly polarized electric optical beams and examine their
      focusing properties, such as contrast, beam width, and numerical aperture. Such
      beams are associated with larger intensity contrasts, can focus at smaller
      distances, and have smaller spot sizes as compared to the paraxial regime. 

PMID- 26974110
TI  - Rapid wide-field Mueller matrix polarimetry imaging based on four photoelastic
      modulators with no moving parts.
AB  - A new polarimetry method is demonstrated to image the entire Mueller matrix of a
      turbid sample using four photoelastic modulators (PEMs) and a charge coupled
      device (CCD) camera, with no moving parts. Accurate wide-field imaging is enabled
      with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) optical gating technique and an
      evolutionary algorithm (EA) that optimizes imaging times. This technique
      accurately and rapidly measured the Mueller matrices of air, polarization
      elements, and turbid phantoms. The system should prove advantageous for Mueller
      matrix analysis of turbid samples (e.g., biological tissues) over large fields of
      view, in less than a second. 

PMID- 26974112
TI  - Mapping electron-beam-injected trapped charge with scattering scanning near-field
      optical microscopy.
AB  - Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has been demonstrated
      as a valuable tool for mapping the optical and optoelectronic properties of
      materials with nanoscale resolution. Here we report experimental evidence that
      trapped electric charges injected by an electron beam at the surface of
      dielectric samples affect the sample-dipole interaction, which has direct impact
      on the s-SNOM image content. Nanoscale mapping of the surface trapped charge
      holds significant potential for the precise tailoring of the electrostatic
      properties of dielectric and semiconductive samples, such as hydroxyapatite,
      which has particular importance with respect to biomedical applications. The
      methodology developed here is highly relevant to semiconductor device fabrication
      as well. 

PMID- 26974113
TI  - Spatiotemporal three-dimensional phase unwrapping in digital speckle pattern
      interferometry.
AB  - We propose a hybrid spatiotemporal three-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm
      for use in digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). The feature of the
      proposed algorithm is the integration of one-dimensional temporal and two
      dimensional spatial phase unwrapping algorithms. By demodulating the phase on a
      single reference point or multiple reference points using temporal phase
      unwrapping and on each separated phase map region using spatial phase unwrapping,
      the DSPI with the spatiotemporal three-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm can
      realize the measurement of dynamic absolute displacements and the determination
      of abrupt phase changes which are usually caused by object discontinuities. We
      demonstrate that the presented algorithm can overcome the drawbacks of the
      traditional spatial and temporal phase unwrapping algorithms. 

PMID- 26974114
TI  - Periodic and chaotic dynamics in a passively Q-switched Nd:GdVO4 laser with
      azimuthal polarization.
AB  - A period-doubling route to chaos was observed in a passively Q-switched Nd:GdVO4
      laser beam with azimuthal polarization. At a period of two, the peak intensities
      gradually varied with the azimuthal angle. When the pump power was increased, the
      chaotic behavior was spatiotemporal, but the polarization was still azimuthal. To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of spatiotemporal chaos under
      a stationary spatial distribution of the polarization.

PMID- 26974115
TI  - Single-shot angular compounded optical coherence tomography angiography by
      splitting full-space B-scan modulation spectrum for flow contrast enhancement.
AB  - We proposed a single-shot spatial angular compounded optical coherence tomography
      angiography (AC-Angio-OCT) for blood flow contrast enhancement. By encoding
      incident angles in B-scan modulation frequencies and splitting the modulation
      spectrum in the spatial frequency domain, angle-resolved independent
      subangiograms were obtained and compounded to improve the flow contrast. A full
      space of the spatial frequency domain allows a wide modulation spectrum. To get
      access to the full space of the spatial frequency domain and avoid the complex
      conjugate ambiguity of the modulation spectrum, a complex-valued OCT spectral
      interferogram was retrieved by removing one of the conjugate terms in the depth
      space. To validate the proposed concept, both flow phantom and live animal
      experiments were performed. The proposed AC-Angio-OCT offers a ~50% decrease of
      misclassification errors, and an improved flow contrast and vessel connectivity,
      which contributes to the interpretation of OCT angiograms. 

PMID- 26974116
TI  - Second-harmonic illumination to enhance multispectral digital lensless
      holographic microscopy.
AB  - Multispectral digital lensless holographic microscopy (MDLHM) operating with
      second-harmonic illumination is shown. Added to the improvement of the spatial
      resolution of the previously reported MDLHM operating with near-infrared
      illumination, this second-harmonic MDLHM shows promise as a tool to study the
      behavior of biological samples under a broad spectral illumination. This
      illumination is generated by focusing a highly spatially coherent ultrashort
      pulsed radiation into an uncoated Type 1 beta-BaB2O4 (BBO) nonlinear crystal. The
      second-harmonic MDLHM allows achieving multispectral images of biological samples
      with enhanced micrometer spatial resolution. The illumination wavelength of the
      second-harmonic MDLHM can be tuned by displacing a focusing optics with respect
      to a pinhole; spatially resolved information at different wavelengths of the
      sample can then be retrieved. 

PMID- 26974117
TI  - Ultrahigh resolution optical fiber strain sensor using dual Pound-Drever-Hall
      feedback loops.
AB  - We present an ultrahigh resolution optical fiber strain sensor with a broad
      frequency range from quasi-static to several hundred hertz. The sensor consists
      of a pi-phase shifted fiber Bragg grating for strain sensing and a fiber Fabry
      Perot interferometer as reference. The laser carrier and sideband are locked to
      the reference and sensing elements, respectively, via two individual feedback
      loops, in which the Pound-Drever-Hall technique is employed to generate the error
      signals. The sampling rate is up to 500 samples/s in the demonstrational
      experiments, only limited by the updating rate of the frequency counter. The
      strain resolution exhibits a 1/f characteristic in the bandwidth of 0.01-250 Hz,
      and is better than 0.01 nepsilon at 10 Hz with a dynamic range up to 149 dB.
      Compared with the traditional static strain sensors, the proposed sensor shows a
      great improvement in both resolution and sensing bandwidth, and can be a powerful
      tool for geophysical applications. 

PMID- 26974118
TI  - Highly efficient silicon optical polarization rotators based on mode order
      conversions.
AB  - We design and demonstrate the novel silicon optical polarization rotators (PRs)
      based on the TM(0)-TE(n)-TE(0) mode conversions inside the waveguide. The TM(0)
      TE(n) mode converters are realized by the mode hybridization of the tapered rib
      waveguides. The TE(n)-TE(0) mode converters based on the beam shaping method are
      followed to complete the PRs function. By using the TE(1), TE(2), and TE(3) mode
      as the transitional mode, the fabricated PRs show the insert losses of less than
      0.4, 0.5, and 1 dB, respectively. The corresponding polarization extinction
      ratios of larger than 21, 18, and 23 dB, over a wavelength range of 100 nm.

PMID- 26974120
TI  - Alkali base triggered intramolecular charge transfer metallogels based on
      symmetrical A-pi-D-chiral-D-pi-A type ligands.
AB  - Three l-tartaric acid based symmetrical A-pi-D-chiral-D-pi-A type structural
      isomeric nitrobenzylidenes (1-3) have been synthesized with intent to achieve
      isomer specific metallogels with intramolecular charge transfer properties.
      Alkali metal ions in these systems not only trigger charge transfer but also play
      a vital role in gelation. The presence of intramolecular rather than
      intermolecular charge transfer as well as aggregation has been well established
      by various kinds of experiments using UV-vis, CD, (1)H NMR, DFT and
      crystallography techniques. The role of alkali metal ions in triggering ICT was
      proved by titration with their respective crown ethers. Notably, Na(+) afforded
      twisted fiber morphology whilst Li(+) gave merely long range fibers. The true gel
      phase material was proved by detailed rheological studies.

PMID- 26974119
TI  - Long noncoding RNAs in psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are nonprotein coding transcripts longer than 200
      nucleotides. Many of these lncRNAs have regulatory functions and have recently
      emerged as major players in governing fundamental biological processes. Here, we
      review the definition, distribution, identification, databases, analysis,
      classification, and functions of lncRNAs. We also discuss the potential roles of
      lncRNAs in the etiological processes of psychiatric disorders and the
      implications for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 26974121
TI  - Phosphinosilylenes as a novel ligand system for heterobimetallic complexes.
AB  - A dihydrophosphinosilylene iron complex [LSi{Fe(CO)4}PH2] has been prepared and
      utilized in the synthesis of novel heterobimetallic complexes. The phosphine
      moiety in this phosphinosilylene complex allows coordination towards tungsten
      leading to the iron-tungsten heterobimetallic complex [LSi{Fe(CO)4}PH2{W(CO)5}].
      In contrast, the reaction of [LSi{Fe(CO)4}PH2] with
      ethylenebis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) results in the formation of the iron
      platinum heterobimetallic complex [LSi{Fe(CO)4}PH{PtH(PPh3)2}] via oxidative
      addition. 

PMID- 26974122
TI  - Aluminum methyl, alkoxide and alpha-alkoxy ester complexes supported by 6,6'
      dimethylbiphenyl-bridged salen ligands: synthesis, characterization and catalysis
      for rac-lactide polymerization.
AB  - The synthesis and characterization of aluminum alkyl and alkoxide complexes
      bearing racemic 6,6'-dimethylbiphenyl-bridged salen-type ligands, and their
      catalysis in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide are reported.
      Reactions of AlMe3 with various amounts of the proligands (6,6'-[(6,6'-dimethyl
      [1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-diyl)bis(nitrylomethilidyne)]-bis(2-R(1)-4-R(2)-phenol): ,
      R(1) = R(2) = Me; , R(1) = (t)Bu, R(2) = Me; , R(1) = R(2) = cumyl; , R(1) = Br,
      R(2) = (t)Bu) afforded the corresponding mono- and dinuclear aluminum methyl
      complexes [AlMe (), Al2Me4 ()]. Aluminum alkoxide complexes AlO(i)Pr (), AlOBn
      (), and alpha-alkoxy ester complexes Al(OCMe2CO2Me) (), Al[(S)-OCHMeCO2Me] ()
      were prepared via in situ alcoholysis of the parent aluminum methyl complex with
      the corresponding alcohols. The molecular structures of mononuclear complexes ,
      dinuclear complex , alkoxide complexes and alpha-alkoxy ester complexes were
      established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Two broad resonances at
      about 69-70 ppm and 25-41 ppm were observed in the (27)Al NMR spectra of
      complexes and , indicating the existence of both four- and five-coordinate
      aluminum centers in solution, which results from the dissociation of one N donor
      of the salen ligand, accompanied by an association and dissociation equilibrium
      of the carbonyl group of the alpha-alkoxy ester ligand to the aluminum center.
      Complex is also a rare example of an O-lactate model complex that mimics the
      first insertion of l-LA. All complexes were investigated for the ROP of rac-LA at
      110  degrees C in toluene. The polymerization initiated by complexes in the
      presence of (i)PrOH showed living features, affording PLAs with narrow molecular
      weight distributions (PDIs = 1.03-1.05) and 65-73% isotacticities. Particularly,
      complex showed an "immortal" behavior for the polymerization of rac-LA in the
      presence of excess alcohol. Compared with the mononuclear counterparts, the tetra
      coordinate dinuclear aluminum complexes enabled a few fold boosts in activity,
      but gave atactic PLAs with broadened PDIs.

PMID- 26974123
TI  - Antihistamines and Mental Status.

PMID- 26974124
TI  - Structural basis of H2A.Z recognition by SRCAP chromatin-remodeling subunit YL1.
AB  - Histone variant H2A.Z, a universal mark of dynamic nucleosomes flanking gene
      promoters and enhancers, is incorporated into chromatin by SRCAP (SWR1), an ATP
      dependent, multicomponent chromatin-remodeling complex. The YL1 (Swc2) subunit of
      SRCAP (SWR1) plays an essential role in H2A.Z recognition, but how it achieves
      this has been unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of the H2A.Z-binding
      domain of Drosophila melanogaster YL1 (dYL1-Z) in complex with an H2A.Z-H2B dimer
      at 1.9-A resolution. The dYL1-Z domain adopts a new whip-like structure that
      wraps over H2A.Z-H2B, and preferential recognition is largely conferred by three
      residues in loop 2, the hyperacidic patch and the extended alphaC helix of H2A.Z.
      Importantly, this domain is essential for deposition of budding yeast H2A.Z in
      vivo and SRCAP (SWR1)-catalyzed histone H2A.Z replacement in vitro. Our studies
      distinguish YL1-Z from known H2A.Z chaperones and suggest a hierarchical
      mechanism based on increasing binding affinity facilitating H2A.Z transfer from
      SRCAP (SWR1) to the nucleosome. 

PMID- 26974127
TI  - Bronchoscopic pursuit of the peripheral pulmonary lesion: navigational
      bronchoscopy, radial endobronchial ultrasound, and ultrathin bronchoscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL) are being diagnosed with
      increasing frequency, especially with the increased use of chest computed
      tomography (CT). Depending on the location and size, these lesions often present
      a diagnostic challenge in terms of the low yield of traditional bronchoscopic
      biopsy techniques or the risks of a percutaneous biopsy approach. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Over the last several years, several different image-guided
      bronchoscopy techniques have emerged, including virtual bronchoscopic navigation,
      electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, radial endobronchial ultrasound, and
      ultrathin bronchoscopy. These technologies seek to improve both access and the
      diagnostic yield of PPL compared with traditional bronchoscopy and to perform
      with a lower complication rate than percutaneous techniques such as CT-guided
      trans-thoracic needle aspiration. SUMMARY: These advanced bronchoscopic
      techniques play an increasingly common role in the evaluation and biopsy of PPL.
      Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy and radial endobronchial ultrasound are
      the most commonly used guided techniques either in isolation or in combination
      and have the most published data regarding clinical experience and diagnostic
      yield; however, none of the techniques have consistently matched the yield of CT
      guided trans-thoracic needle biopsy for PPL. Overall the complication rate of
      image-guided bronchoscopy techniques is low with pneumothorax being the most
      common adverse event.

PMID- 26974126
TI  - Molecular basis and specificity of H2A.Z-H2B recognition and deposition by the
      histone chaperone YL1.
AB  - H2A.Z, a widely conserved histone variant, is evicted from chromatin by the
      histone chaperone ANP32E. However, to date, no deposition chaperone for H2A.Z is
      known in metazoans. Here, we identify YL1 as a specific H2A.Z-deposition
      chaperone. The 2.7-A-resolution crystal structure of the human YL1-H2A.Z-H2B
      complex shows that YL1 binding, similarly to ANP32E binding, triggers an
      extension of the H2A.Z alphaC helix. The interaction with YL1 is, however, more
      extensive and includes both the extended acidic patch and the entire DNA-binding
      surface of H2A.Z-H2B. Substitution of only four amino acid residues of H2A is
      sufficient for the formation of an H2A.Z-like interface specifically recognized
      by YL1. Collectively, our data reveal the molecular basis of H2A.Z-specific
      recognition by YL1 and shed light on the mechanism of H2A.Z transfer to the
      nucleosome by the ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes SRCAP and P400
      TIP60. 

PMID- 26974128
TI  - Health Information Exchange-Obvious Choice or Pipe Dream?

PMID- 26974125
TI  - Axin cancer mutants form nanoaggregates to rewire the Wnt signaling network.
AB  - Signaling cascades depend on scaffold proteins that regulate the assembly of
      multiprotein complexes. Missense mutations in scaffold proteins are frequent in
      human cancer, but their relevance and mode of action are poorly understood. Here
      we show that cancer point mutations in the scaffold protein Axin derail Wnt
      signaling and promote tumor growth in vivo through a gain-of-function mechanism.
      The effect is conserved for both the human and Drosophila proteins. Mutated Axin
      forms nonamyloid nanometer-scale aggregates decorated with disordered tentacles,
      which 'rewire' the Axin interactome. Importantly, the tumor-suppressor activity
      of both the human and Drosophila Axin cancer mutants is rescued by preventing
      aggregation of a single nonconserved segment. Our findings establish a new
      paradigm for misregulation of signaling in cancer and show that targeting
      aggregation-prone stretches in mutated scaffolds holds attractive potential for
      cancer treatment. 

PMID- 26974129
TI  - Implications for visually stimulating advertisements on NYC subway platforms.
AB  - Despite the fact that the New York City (NYC) Metropolitan Transportation
      Authority (MTA) no longer advertises tobacco products, there is no ban on ads for
      alcohol. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the frequency of alcohol
      related advertising content on the platforms of two populated subway lines in
      NYC. Advertisements were evaluated on one subway line (the green line) that runs
      through Bronx and Manhattan in NYC. In the stations included in the study, the
      total number of advertisements were tallied and classified according to the type
      of advertisement. When an advertisement for alcohol was identified, it was
      determined whether the ad was for an alcoholic beverage, or it if was for a
      different product but exhibited an alcoholic beverage in some way. A total of 26
      advertisements were identified which marketed an alcohol product. An additional
      24 ads were noted for marketing another product or service whereby, alcohol was
      depicted as being consumed. There was a statistically significant difference in
      ads between the different lines t (20.04)=7.62, p<0.001, with an average of 1.5
      ads on the uptown lines (heading toward and through the borough with the lowest
      median income) versus 0.06 ads on the downtown lines (heading toward and through
      the borough with the highest median income). Given the far reach that subway
      advertisements have, focus could shift to health promoting products, versus those
      that are deleterious.

PMID- 26974130
TI  - Helmet use of adolescent cyclists at Crescent School in Toronto, Canada.
AB  - Numerous studies have highlighted that bicycle helmets reduce the risk of head
      injury; the purpose of this study was to determine the helmet-wearing rate of
      adolescent boys and the reasons for those who do not wear helmets. A
      questionnaire was developed and completed by 257 students. A higher percentage of
      older students reported a long bike commute to school (over 20 min). The
      frequency of helmet use and awareness of helmet legislation was lower amongst the
      older students. Common reasons for not using a helmet across all ages included
      its uncomfortable nature, the confidence of the rider's cycling ability to not
      crash, and negligence. Further reminders and educational sessions regarding the
      importance of helmets could help to increase the helmet use of students across
      the grades.

PMID- 26974131
TI  - Arg924X homozygous mutation in insulin receptor gene in a Tunisian patient with
      Donohue syndrome.
AB  - Donohue syndrome (DS) is a rare and lethal autosomal recessive disease caused by
      mutations in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene, manifesting marked insulin
      resistance, severe growth retardation, hypertrichosis, and characteristic
      dysmorphic features. We describe a new case of Donohue syndrome born at 37 weeks'
      gestation of unrelated parents and presented with intra-uterine growth
      retardation, nipple hypertrophy, macropenis, distended abdomen, hirsutism and
      dysmorphic features. The clinical course showed failure to thrive, and episodes
      of alternating hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Laboratory tests revealed direct
      hyperbilirubinemia. The diagnosis of Donohue syndrome was established based on
      the above clinical characteristics and determination of the INSR mutation. He was
      found to have homozygous nonsense mutation c. 2270 C>T (Arg924X) at exon 14 of
      the INSR gene. He later developed enterocolitis and died at 3 months old.
      Prenatal diagnosis was performed for the family via chorionic villous biopsy. We
      try to explain gastrointestinal dysfunction seen in our patient. 

PMID- 26974132
TI  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma: a review on ethical considerations in treatment of
      children.
AB  - Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system and it
      accounts approximately 1%-3% of all human cancers. Among the three subtypes of
      thyroid cancers, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is the most common cause of
      death in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A (MEN2A), MEN
      type 2B (MEN2B) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). Generally, MTC
      accounts for up to 10% of all types of thyroid cancers. It is one of the
      aggressive forms of thyroid carcinoma which is manifested in childhood ages more
      than adults, and it comprises about 17% of all pediatric thyroid cancer. Like the
      other cancers, prevention of MTC is easier than its cure. In the recent decades
      (from 1993) the diagnosis of asymptomatic child carrying RET mutations in the
      affected families by MTC, has been provided by genetic screening, and
      prophylactic thyroidectomy is an efficacy therapeutic procedure. On the one hand,
      according to near the complete penetrance of the disease and its onset in the
      early years of life, it is required to accelerate the protection of at-risk
      children with relative affected by MTC and on the other hand, there are several
      obstructions to MTC treatment including: 1) the proband's refusal to disclose the
      RET mutation genetic testing results, 2) children's vulnerability because of
      their inability to participate in the informed consent, and 3) the existence of
      conflict between physicians and children's guardian. In this review article, the
      recommendations and ethical issues of MTC treatment in asymptomatic and at-risk
      children have been summarized. 

PMID- 26974133
TI  - Novel AVPR2 mutation causing partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a Japanese
      family.
AB  - BACKGROUND: X-linked recessive congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is
      caused by mutations of the arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor gene (AVPR2).
      More than 200 mutations of the AVPR2 gene with complete NDI have been reported
      although only 15 mutations with partial NDI has been reported to date. METHODS:
      We herein report a Japanese kindred with partial NDI. The proband is an 8-year
      old boy who was referred to our hospital for nocturnal enuresis. Water
      deprivation test and hypertonic saline test suggested partial renal antidiuretic
      hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) resistance. RESULTS: Analysis of genomic DNA
      revealed a novel missense mutation (p.L161P) in the patient. The patient's mother
      was heterozygous for the mutation. Three-dimensional (3-D) modeling study showed
      that L161P possibly destabilizes the transmembrane domain of the V2 receptor,
      resulting in its misfolding or mislocalization. CONCLUSIONS: Distinguishing
      partial NDI from nocturnal enuresis is important. A clinical clue for diagnosis
      of partial NDI is an incompatibly high level of AVP despite normal serum
      osmolality.

PMID- 26974134
TI  - A novel OTX2 gene frameshift mutation in a child with microphthalmia, ectopic
      pituitary and growth hormone deficiency.
AB  - OTX2 mutations are reported in patients with eye maldevelopment and in some cases
      with brain or pituitary abnormalities. We describe a child carrying a novel OTX2
      heterozygous mutation. She presented microphthalmia, absence of retinal
      vascularization, vitreal spots and optic nerve hypoplasia in the right eye and
      mild macular dystrophy in the left eye. Midline brain structures and cerebral
      parenchyma were normal, except for the ectopic posterior pituitary gland. OTX2
      sequencing showed a heterozygous c.402del mutation. Most of OTX2 mutations are
      nonsense or frameshift introducing a premature termination codon and resulting in
      a truncated protein. More rarely missense mutations occur. Our novel OTX2
      mutation (c.402del) is a frameshift mutation (p.S135Lfs*43), never reported
      before, causing a premature codon stop 43 amino-acids downstream, which is
      predicted to generate a premature truncation. The mutation was associated with
      microphthalmia and ectopic posterior pituitary. 

PMID- 26974135
TI  - A case of mature teratoma with a falsely high serum estradiol value measured with
      an immunoassay.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunoassays (IAs) are widely used to measure concentration of serum
      estradiol (E2) despite some limitations including cross-reactivity. Liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometory (LC-MS/MS) for E2 measurement has a
      theoretically greater specificity and sensitivity than IAs. We report a case with
      unexpected discrepancy in E2 values measured by IA and LC-MS/MS. CASE
      PRESENTATION: A 7-year-old girl was referred because of an ovarian tumor.
      Physical examinations revealed prepubertal statuses. Serum E2 with ECLIA was 69
      pg/mL. GnRH stimulation test revealed a prepubertal response. On imaging studies,
      the diagnosis was mature teratoma of the right ovary. After tumor enucleation,
      the diagnosis was pathologically confirmed. E2 with ECLIA decreased to 11 pg/mL.
      Preoperative E2 with LC-MS/MS was 1.15 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude the
      preoperative E2 with ECLIA was falsely high. We speculate the antibody used in
      ECLIA had cross-reactivity to endogenous compounds. LC-MS/MS should be considered
      when high serum E2 measured with IA is inconsistent with physical and/or
      endocrinological data.

PMID- 26974136
TI  - Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates high-fructose-induced redox imbalance and
      activation of stress sensitive kinases in male Wistar rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excess fructose consumption causes dyslipidemia, oxidative stress,
      and various complications. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), one of the principal
      components of the fruit Garcinia cambogia, has been shown to possess antiobesity
      properties. The objective was to investigate the effects of HCA on redox
      imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases in high fructose-fed rats.
      METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly divided into four groups with 10
      rats in each group. The rats were fed with either standard rodent diet or 60%
      fructose diet and administered with HCA at a dose of 400 mg/kg body wt/day for 10
      weeks. Body weight was measured once a week, and food intake was noted daily. At
      the end of the study, lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters were
      estimated. Expressions of stress sensitive kinases were analyzed in liver
      homogenates. RESULTS: Fructose-fed rats displayed elevated body weight, higher
      levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), non-high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status
      (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lower levels of HDL-C, glutathione (GSH),
      glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Fructose
      feeding caused higher phosphorylation of stress sensitive kinases ERK 1/2 and
      p38. Administration with HCA lowered body weight, food intake, TAG, non-HDL-C,
      MDA, TOS, and OSI and elevated GSH, GPx, and TAS levels. Reduced phosphorylation
      of ERK 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was observed upon HCA
      treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, HCA improved fructose induced redox imbalance and
      activation of stress sensitive kinases through its hypolipidemic effects.

PMID- 26974137
TI  - Glucose absorption in the intestine of albino rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ability to absorb substances from the external environment is one
      of the features that make animals different from inanimate objects. In mammalian
      species, this quality is mainly the role of the small intestine. The process of
      absorption mainly takes place in the small intestine. This study was carried out
      to investigate the rate of glucose absorption in the intestine of albino rats and
      the effect of calcium and ouabain on the rate of glucose absorption. METHODS:
      Albino rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used for this experiment. Guts
      were isolated and cut to segments. Test solution was injected into each of the
      isolated segments, which were then assayed for glucose. RESULTS: The result
      revealed that the rate of glucose absorption in the intestine of albino rats were
      found to be 3.02*10-1 g/min at the mucosa-to-serosa surface and 3.00*10-1 g/min
      at the serosa-to-mucosa surface, indicating that glucose was absorbed at both
      surfaces and that the rate of glucose absorption was higher in the mucosa-to
      serosa direction than in the opposite direction. The rate of intestinal glucose
      absorption at different regions of the intestine and the effect of varying
      concentrations of calcium on the rate of glucose absorption revealed that glucose
      absorption was highest at the duodenum and lowest at the ileum. CONCLUSIONS:
      Ouabain blocked the rate of absorption of glucose in the intestine of albino
      rats.

PMID- 26974138
TI  - Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, stromal derived factor-1 and retinoic
      acid in pathophysiology of neuropathic pain in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chemokines have been recently recognized to play a role in chronic
      pain syndromes' pathophysiology. This study investigated the role of monocyte
      chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and
      retinoic acid (RA) as targets for the therapeutic approach of neuropathic pain.
      METHODS: A chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain by
      unilateral ligation of left sciatic nerve was performed in adult female Wistar
      rats. The effects of doxycycline (Dox, 50 mg/kg/day i.p. for 7 days), single dose
      of bicyclam (5 mg/kg i.p.), RA (15 mg/kg/day i.p. for 7 days), and their
      combination(s) on behavioral tests of nociception (Von Frey filaments; paw
      pressure test) on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 of operation were studied. Serum
      concentrations of MCP-1 and SDF-1 were measured by ELISA. Histological
      examination of the sciatic nerve was investigated. RESULTS: CCI of sciatic nerve
      significantly induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia and an increase of
      MCP-1 and SDF-1 serum levels. Dox-treated groups (Dox, Dox+bicyclam, Dox+RA,
      Dox+bicyclam+RA) and bicyclam-treated groups (bicyclam, Dox+bicyclam,
      bicyclam+RA, Dox+bicyclam+RA) attenuated CCI-induced behavioral and biochemical
      changes. RA inhibited CCI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia but produced a time
      dependent reversal of allodynia. Histological findings showed degenerative
      changes of sciatic nerve after CCI that were partially recovered in Dox-treated
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate an association between serum MCP
      1 and SDF-1 concentrations and behavioral manifestations of neuropathic pain. RA
      administration decreased neuropathic pain (antihyperalgesic effect) but did not
      cause any improvement in sciatic nerve tissues, either alone or in combination
      with chemokine antagonists. Thus, chemokines may serve as potential targets for
      drug development in neuropathic pain treatment.

PMID- 26974139
TI  - Characterization of the cardiac glycoside and lipid profiles of Strophanthus
      kombe Oliv. seeds.
AB  - The seeds of Strophanthus kombe Oliv. are known to contain high levels of
      cardioactive compounds. However, the therapeutic use of Strophanthus in the
      treatment of cardiopathy requires more detailed knowledge of the compound profile
      to profit from the full potential of Strophanthus preparations. Therefore, the
      objective was to characterize the cardenolide profile and lipophilic constituents
      in S. kombe seeds using methods applicable in routine quality control. Freshly
      prepared S. kombe seed extracts were analyzed without previous sample clean-up
      using a novel HPLC-DAD-MSn method. In addition, seed oils were analyzed by GC-MS
      following derivatization of the lipids. More than 20 cardenolides were
      tentatively assigned in the seed extracts including strophanthidin,
      strophanthidol, periplogenin and strophanthidinic acid aglycones, carrying
      various saccharide moieties. The findings revealed the presence of eight novel
      cardenolides, which have not been described for S. kombe so far. The occurrence
      of strophanthidinic acid derivatives was verified by comparison with synthesized
      strophanthidinic acid-cymaropyranoside. GC-MS characterization of the oils mainly
      revealed the presence of fatty acids, especially oleic acid and linoleic acid, as
      well as phytosterols, the latter representing intermediates of cardenolide
      biosynthesis. In summary, these findings broaden our knowledge on the secondary
      metabolism of Strophanthus. 

PMID- 26974140
TI  - Interference by biological anti-cancer drugs in electrophoretic and
      immunofixation techniques.

PMID- 26974141
TI  - Potential errors in the determination of urinary ammonium by formol titration.

PMID- 26974142
TI  - A point mutation in the thiopurine S-methyltransferase gene that led to exon 5
      deletion in the transcribed mRNA.

PMID- 26974143
TI  - The problem with total error models in establishing performance specifications
      and a simple remedy.
AB  - A recent issue in this journal revisited performance specifications since the
      Stockholm conference. Of the three recommended methods, two use total error
      models to establish performance specifications. It is shown that the most
      commonly used total error model - the Westgard model - is deficient, yet even
      more complete models fail to capture all errors that comprise total error.
      Moreover, total error models are often set at 95% of results, which leave 5% of
      results as unspecified. Glucose meter performance standards are used to
      illustrate these problems. The Westgard model is useful to asses assay
      performance but not to set performance specifications. Total error can be used to
      set performance specifications if the specifications include 100% of the results.

PMID- 26974144
TI  - Long-term stability of serum samples positive for carbohydrate deficient
      transferrin (CDT) routinely stored at -20  degrees C.

PMID- 26974145
TI  - Predictive biomarkers candidates for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
      treated with bevacizumab-containing regimen.
AB  - Bevacizumab was the first molecular-targeted antiangiogenic therapy approved for
      the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Until now, there are no predictive
      biomarkers available to decide the prescription of bevacizumab in patients with
      colorectal cancer. The purposes of this review were to provide a critical
      appraisal of the evidence and to identify possible predictive genetic biomarkers.
      A literature search was performed to identify studies that determine different
      levels of treatment response between patients stratified according to defined
      biomarkers. Interesting findings were reported between patients stratified
      according to rs3025039 and rs833061 polymorphisms of the gene VEGFA, with
      statistically and clinically significant differences for progression-free
      survival and overall survival. However, another study conducted in a larger
      sample does not confirm these previous findings, suggesting that well-designed
      prospective studies are still needed to achieve conclusive results. FLT1 (or
      VEGFR1) rs9513070 seems to be an interesting candidate as a predictive biomarker,
      with differences of more than 10 months in OS between different patients groups.
      In our opinion, possible interesting biomarker candidates for future research
      could be the polymorphisms rs833061 and rs3025039 of VEGF-A, rs9513070 or
      haplotype analysis of FLT1, rs2661280 of RGS5, rs444903 and rs6220 of EGF and Ang
      2 or LDH plasma levels.

PMID- 26974146
TI  - Effect of Providing Multiple Micronutrients in Powder through Primary Healthcare
      on Anemia in Young Brazilian Children: A Multicentre Pragmatic Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple micronutrients in powder (MNP) are recommended by WHO to
      prevent anemia in young children. However, evidences for its effectiveness in
      different populations and improvements in other outcomes (e.g. linear growth and
      vitamin A deficiency) are scarce. METHODS: A multicentre pragmatic controlled
      trial was carried out in primary health centres. At study baseline, a control
      group (CG) of children aged 10- to 14 months (n = 521) was recruited in the
      routine healthcare for assessing anemia, anthropometric and micronutrient status.
      At the same time, an intervention group (IG) of infants aged 6- to 8 months (n =
      462) was recruited to receive MNP daily in complementary feeding over a period of
      60 days. Both study groups were compared when the IG infants reached the age of
      the CG children at enrolment. RESULTS: In CG, the prevalence of anemia
      [hemoglobin (Hb) < 110 g/L], iron deficiency (ID, plasma ferritin < 12 MUg/L or
      TfR > 8.3 mg/L), and vitamin A deficiency (VAD, serum retinol < 0.70MUmol/L) were
      23.1%, 37.4%, and 17.4%, respectively. Four to six months after enrolment, when
      the IG participants had the same age of the controls at the time of testing, the
      prevalence of anemia, ID and VAD in IG were 14.3%, 30.1% and 7.9%, respectively.
      Adjusting for city, health centre, maternal education, and age, IG children had a
      lower likelihood of anemia and VAD [Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) = 0.63 (0.45, 0.88)
      and 0.45 (0.29, 0.69), respectively] when compared with CG children. The adjusted
      mean distributions of Hb and length-for-age Z-scores improved by 2 SE in the IG
      compared to CG children. CONCLUSIONS: MNP effectively reduced anemia and improved
      growth and micronutrient status among young Brazilian children. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clinicos RBR-5ktv6b.

PMID- 26974147
TI  - Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation in Response to Side-Alternating Whole
      Body Vibration across Three Commonly-Used Vibration Frequencies.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is increasing recognition about the importance of
      enhancing energy expenditure (EE) for weight control through increases in low
      intensity physical activities comparable with daily life (1.5-4 METS). Whole-body
      vibration (WBV) increases EE modestly and could present both a useful adjuvant
      for obesity management and tool for metabolic phenotyping. However, it is unclear
      whether a "dose-response" exists between commonly-used vibration frequencies (VF)
      and EE, nor if WBV influences respiratory quotient (RQ), and hence substrate
      oxidation. We aimed to investigate the EE-VF and RQ-VF relationships across three
      different frequencies (30, 40, and 50Hz). METHODS: EE and RQ were measured in 8
      healthy young adults by indirect calorimetry at rest, and subsequently during
      side-alternating WBV at one of 3 VFs (30, 40, and 50 Hz). Each frequency was
      assessed over 5 cycles of intermittent WBV (30s vibration/30s rest), separated by
      5 min seated rest. During the WBV participants stood on the platform with knees
      flexed sufficiently to maintain comfort, prevent transmission of vibration to the
      upper body, and minimise voluntary physical exertion. Repeatability was assessed
      across 3 separate days in a subset of 4 individuals. In order to assess any
      sequence/habituation effect, an additional group of 6 men underwent 5 cycles of
      intermittent WBV (30s vibration/30s rest) at 40 Hz, separated by 5 min seated
      rest. RESULTS: Side-alternating WBV increased EE relative to standing, non
      vibration levels (+36%, p<0.001). However, no differences in EE were observed
      across VFs. Similarly, no effect of VF on RQ was found, nor did WBV alter RQ
      relative to standing without vibration. CONCLUSION: No relationship could be
      demonstrated between EE and VF in the range of 30-50Hz, and substrate oxidation
      did not change in response to WBV. Furthermore, the thermogenic effect of
      intermittent WBV, whilst robust, was quantitatively small (<2 METS).

PMID- 26974148
TI  - Multilocus Phylogeography and Species Delimitation in the Cumberland Plateau
      Salamander, Plethodon kentucki: Incongruence among Data Sets and Methods.
AB  - Species are a fundamental unit of biodiversity, yet can be challenging to delimit
      objectively. This is particularly true of species complexes characterized by high
      levels of population genetic structure, hybridization between genetic groups,
      isolation by distance, and limited phenotypic variation. Previous work on the
      Cumberland Plateau Salamander, Plethodon kentucki, suggested that it might
      constitute a species complex despite occupying a relatively small geographic
      range. To examine this hypothesis, we sampled 135 individuals from 43
      populations, and used four mitochondrial loci and five nuclear loci (5693 base
      pairs) to quantify phylogeographic structure and probe for cryptic species
      diversity. Rates of evolution for each locus were inferred using the
      multidistribute package, and time calibrated gene trees and species trees were
      inferred using BEAST 2 and *BEAST 2, respectively. Because the parameter space
      relevant for species delimitation is large and complex, and all methods make
      simplifying assumptions that may lead them to fail, we conducted an array of
      analyses. Our assumption was that strongly supported species would be congruent
      across methods. Putative species were first delimited using a Bayesian
      implementation of the GMYC model (bGMYC), Geneland, and Brownie. We then
      validated these species using the genealogical sorting index and BPP. We found
      substantial phylogeographic diversity using mtDNA, including four divergent
      clades and an inferred common ancestor at 14.9 myr (95% HPD: 10.8-19.7 myr). By
      contrast, this diversity was not corroborated by nuclear sequence data, which
      exhibited low levels of variation and weak phylogeographic structure. Species
      trees estimated a far younger root than did the mtDNA data, closer to 1.0 myr
      old. Mutually exclusive putative species were identified by the different
      approaches. Possible causes of data set discordance, and the problem of species
      delimitation in complexes with high levels of population structure and
      introgressive hybridization, are discussed. 

PMID- 26974149
TI  - A New Specimen of the Controversial Chasmosaurine Torosaurus latus (Dinosauria:
      Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana.
AB  - Torosaurus latus is an uncommon and contentious taxon of chasmosaurine ceratopsid
      known from several upper Maastrichtian units in western North America. We
      describe a partial parietal of To. latus from the Hell Creek Formation of
      Montana. Although the specimen's ontogenetic maturity means that it cannot inform
      the ongoing debate over whether To. latus is the old adult form of the
      contemporary Triceratops, the specimen is one of the best-preserved To. latus
      parietals and supplements previous descriptions. 

PMID- 26974150
TI  - Pathogen Inactivating Properties and Increased Sensitivity in Molecular
      Diagnostics by PAXgene, a Novel Non-Crosslinking Tissue Fixative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Requirements on tissue fixatives are getting more demanding as
      molecular analysis becomes increasingly relevant for routine diagnostics.
      Buffered formaldehyde in pathology laboratories for tissue fixation is known to
      cause chemical modifications of biomolecules which affect molecular testing. A
      novel non-crosslinking tissue preservation technology, PAXgene Tissue (PAXgene),
      was developed to preserve the integrity of nucleic acids in a comparable way to
      cryopreservation and also to preserve morphological features comparable to those
      of formalin fixed samples. METHODS: Because of the excellent preservation of
      biomolecules by PAXgene we investigated its pathogen inactivation ability and
      biosafety in comparison to formalin by in-vitro testing of bacteria, human
      relevant fungi and human cytomegalovirus (CMV). Guidelines for testing
      disinfectants served as reference for inactivation assays. Furthermore, we tested
      the properties of PAXgene for detection of pathogens by PCR based assays.
      RESULTS: All microorganisms tested were similarly inactivated by PAXgene and
      formalin except Clostridium sporogenes, which remained viable in seven out of ten
      assays after PAXgene treatment and in three out of ten assays after formalin
      fixation. The findings suggest that similar biosafety measures can be applied for
      PAXgene and formalin fixed samples. Detection of pathogens in PCR-based
      diagnostics using two CMV assays resulted in a reduction of four to ten
      quantification cycles of PAXgene treated samples which is a remarkable increase
      of sensitivity. CONCLUSION: PAXgene fixation might be superior to formalin
      fixation when molecular diagnostics and highly sensitive detection of pathogens
      is required in parallel to morphology assessment.

PMID- 26974151
TI  - Long Non-Coding RNA ucoo2kmd.1 Regulates CD44-Dependent Cell Growth by Competing
      for miR-211-3p in Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - In addition to protein-coding genes, the human genome makes a large amount of
      noncoding RNAs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been described as the largest
      subclass of the non-coding transcriptome in human noncoding RNAs. In recent
      years, lncRNAs have been considered to be the key regulators of tumor behavior.
      In this study, based on previous research, we investigated the expression and
      biological role of a newly identified cancer-related lncRNA, lncRNA-uc002kmd.1.
      We analyzed the relationship between lncRNA-uc002kmd.1 and colorectal cancer
      (CRC) in a total 45 CRC and paired adjacent, non-tumor tissue samples. We found
      that lncRNA-uc002kmd.1 expression was usually highly expressed in carcinoma
      compared with the tissue adjacent to the carcinoma. Through a series of
      experiments, the results showed that lncRNA-uc002kmd.1 regulates CD44 as a
      molecular decoy for miR211-3p. Our data indicated that the overexpression of
      lncRNA-uc002kmd.1 enhanced cell proliferation in CRC. 

PMID- 26974152
TI  - Stroke in Rural Communities: A Need for Continued Surveillance.

PMID- 26974153
TI  - The Paradoxical Role of Perceived Control in Late Life Health Behavior.
AB  - Research has established the health benefits of psychological factors, including
      the way individuals appraise outcomes. Although many studies confirm that
      appraising outcomes as controllable is adaptive for health, a paradoxical
      possibility is largely ignored: Perceived control may be detrimental under some
      conditions. Our premise was that appraising health as controllable but at the
      same time ascribing little value to it might signal a dysfunctional psychological
      mindset that fosters a mistaken sense of invincibility. During face-to-face
      interviews with a representative sample of older adults (age range = 72-99), we
      identified individuals with such a potentially maladaptive "invincible" mindset
      (high perceived control and low health value) and compared them to their
      counterparts on several outcomes. The findings were consistent with our
      hypotheses. The invincibles denied future risks, they lacked the activating
      emotion of fear, and they visited their physicians less often over a subsequent
      five-year period. Moreover, in contrast to their counterparts, the invincibles
      did not appear strategic in their approach to seeking care: Even poor health did
      not prompt them to seek the counsel of a physician. The recognition that
      psychological appraisals are modifiable highlights the promise of remedial
      methods to alter maladaptive mindsets, potentially improving quality of life. 

PMID- 26974154
TI  - RNA-binding protein IGF2BP3 targeting of oncogenic transcripts promotes
      hematopoietic progenitor proliferation.
AB  - Posttranscriptional control of gene expression is important for defining both
      normal and pathological cellular phenotypes. In vitro, RNA-binding proteins
      (RBPs) have recently been shown to play important roles in posttranscriptional
      regulation; however, the contribution of RBPs to cell specification is not well
      understood. Here, we determined that the RBP insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA
      binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is specifically overexpressed in mixed lineage
      leukemia-rearranged (MLL-rearranged) B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL),
      which constitutes a subtype of this malignancy associated with poor prognosis and
      high risk of relapse. IGF2BP3 was required for the survival of B-ALL cell lines,
      as knockdown led to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Enforced
      expression of IGF2BP3 provided murine BM cells with a strong survival advantage,
      led to proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and skewed
      hematopoietic development to the B cell/myeloid lineage. Cross-link
      immunoprecipitation and high throughput sequencing uncovered the IGF2BP3
      regulated transcriptome, which includes oncogenes MYC and CDK6 as direct targets.
      IGF2BP3 regulated transcripts via targeting elements within 3' untranslated
      regions (3'UTR), and enforced IGF2BP3 expression in mice resulted in enhanced
      expression of Myc and Cdk6 in BM. Together, our data suggest that IGF2BP3
      mediated targeting of oncogenic transcripts may represent a critical pathogenetic
      mechanism in MLL-rearranged B-ALL and support IGF2BP3 and its cognate RNA-binding
      partners as potential therapeutic targets in this disease. 

PMID- 26974155
TI  - LNK/SH2B3 regulates IL-7 receptor signaling in normal and malignant B
      progenitors.
AB  - Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL) is a high
      risk ALL commonly associated with alterations that affect the tyrosine kinase
      pathway, tumor suppressors, and lymphoid transcription factors. Loss-of-function
      mutations in the gene-encoding adaptor protein LNK (also known as SH2B3) are
      found in Ph-like ALLs; however, it is not clear how LNK regulates normal B cell
      development or promotes leukemogenesis. Here, we have shown that combined loss of
      Lnk and tumor suppressors Tp53 or Ink4a/Arf in mice triggers a highly aggressive
      and transplantable precursor B-ALL. Tp53-/-Lnk-/- B-ALLs displayed similar gene
      expression profiles to human Ph-like B-ALLs, supporting use of this model for
      preclinical and molecular studies. Preleukemic Tp53-/-Lnk-/- pro-B progenitors
      were hypersensitive to IL-7, exhibited marked self-renewal in vitro and in vivo,
      and were able to initiate B-ALL in transplant recipients. Mechanistically, we
      demonstrated that LNK regulates pro-B progenitor homeostasis by attenuating IL-7
      stimuated JAK/STAT5 signaling via a direct interaction with phosphorylated JAK3.
      Moreover, JAK inhibitors were effective in prolonging survival of mice
      transplanted with Lnk-/-Tp53-/- leukemia. Additionally, synergistic
      administration of PI3K/mTOR and JAK inhibitors further abrogated leukemia
      development. Hence, our results suggest that LNK suppresses IL-7R/JAK/STAT
      signaling to restrict pro-/pre-B progenitor expansion and leukemia development,
      providing a pathogenic mechanism and a potential therapeutic approach for B-ALLs
      with LNK mutations. 

PMID- 26974156
TI  - Involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in skin cancer development.
AB  - Most skin cancers develop as the result of UV light-induced DNA damage; however,
      a substantial number of cases appear to occur independently of UV damage. A
      causal link between UV-independent skin cancers and chronic inflammation has been
      suspected, although the precise mechanism underlying this association is unclear.
      Here, we have proposed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, encoded
      by AICDA) links chronic inflammation and skin cancer. We demonstrated that Tg
      mice expressing AID in the skin spontaneously developed skin squamous cell
      carcinoma with Hras and Trp53 mutations. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Aicda
      reduced tumor incidence in a murine model of chemical-induced skin
      carcinogenesis. AID was expressed in human primary keratinocytes in an
      inflammatory stimulus-dependent manner and was detectable in human skin cancers.
      Together, the results of this study indicate that inflammation-induced AID
      expression promotes skin cancer development independently of UV damage and
      suggest AID as a potential target for skin cancer therapeutics. 

PMID- 26974157
TI  - Astrocytes are central in the pathomechanisms of vanishing white matter.
AB  - Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a fatal leukodystrophy that is caused by
      mutations in genes encoding subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor
      2B (eIF2B). Disease onset and severity are codetermined by genotype. White matter
      astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are almost exclusively affected; however, the
      mechanisms of VWM development remain unclear. Here, we used VWM mouse models,
      patients' tissue, and cell cultures to investigate whether astrocytes or
      oligodendrocytes are the primary affected cell type. We generated 2 mouse models
      with mutations (Eif2b5Arg191His/Arg191His and Eif2b4Arg484Trp/Arg484Trp) that
      cause severe VWM in humans and then crossed these strains to develop mice with
      various mutation combinations. Phenotypic severity was highly variable and
      dependent on genotype, reproducing the clinical spectrum of human VWM. In all
      mutant strains, impaired maturation of white matter astrocytes preceded onset and
      paralleled disease severity and progression. Bergmann glia and retinal Muller
      cells, nonforebrain astrocytes that have not been associated with VWM, were also
      affected, and involvement of these cells was confirmed in VWM patients. In
      coculture, VWM astrocytes secreted factors that inhibited oligodendrocyte
      maturation, whereas WT astrocytes allowed normal maturation of VWM
      oligodendrocytes. These studies demonstrate that astrocytes are central in VWM
      pathomechanisms and constitute potential therapeutic targets. Importantly,
      astrocytes should also be considered in the pathophysiology of other white matter
      disorders. 

PMID- 26974158
TI  - Matricellular protein CCN3 mitigates abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality;
      however, the mechanisms that are involved in disease initiation and progression
      are incompletely understood. Extracellular matrix proteins play an integral role
      in modulating vascular homeostasis in health and disease. Here, we determined
      that the expression of the matricellular protein CCN3 is strongly reduced in
      rodent AAA models, including angiotensin II-induced AAA and elastase perfusion
      stimulated AAA. CCN3 levels were also reduced in human AAA biopsies compared with
      those in controls. In murine models of induced AAA, germline deletion of Ccn3
      resulted in severe phenotypes characterized by elastin fragmentation, vessel
      dilation, vascular inflammation, dissection, heightened ROS generation, and
      smooth muscle cell loss. Conversely, overexpression of CCN3 mitigated both
      elastase- and angiotensin II-induced AAA formation in mice. BM transplantation
      experiments suggested that the AAA phenotype of CCN3-deficient mice is intrinsic
      to the vasculature, as AAA was not exacerbated in WT animals that received CCN3
      deficient BM and WT BM did not reduce AAA severity in CCN3-deficient mice.
      Genetic and pharmacological approaches implicated the ERK1/2 pathway as a
      critical regulator of CCN3-dependent AAA development. Together, these results
      demonstrate that CCN3 is a nodal regulator in AAA biology and identify CCN3 as a
      potential therapeutic target for vascular disease. 

PMID- 26974159
TI  - PI3-kinase mutation linked to insulin and growth factor resistance in vivo.
AB  - The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is central to the
      action of insulin and many growth factors. Heterozygous mutations in the gene
      encoding the p85alpha regulatory subunit of PI3K (PIK3R1) have been identified in
      patients with SHORT syndrome - a disorder characterized by short stature, partial
      lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance. Here, we evaluated whether SHORT syndrome
      associated PIK3R1 mutations account for the pathophysiology that underlies the
      abnormalities by generating knockin mice that are heterozygous for the
      Pik3r1Arg649Trp mutation, which is homologous to the mutation found in the
      majority of affected individuals. Similar to the patients, mutant mice exhibited
      a reduction in body weight and length, partial lipodystrophy, and systemic
      insulin resistance. These derangements were associated with a reduced capacity of
      insulin and other growth factors to activate PI3K in liver, muscle, and fat;
      marked insulin resistance in liver and fat of mutation-harboring animals; and
      insulin resistance in vitro in cells derived from these mice. In addition, mutant
      mice displayed defective insulin secretion and GLP-1 action on islets in vivo and
      in vitro. These data demonstrate the ability of this heterozygous mutation to
      alter PI3K activity in vivo and the central role of PI3K in insulin/growth factor
      action, adipocyte function, and glucose metabolism. 

PMID- 26974160
TI  - Loss of gastrokine-2 drives premalignant gastric inflammation and tumor
      progression.
AB  - Chronic mucosal inflammation is associated with a greater risk of gastric cancer
      (GC) and, therefore, requires tight control by suppressive counter mechanisms.
      Gastrokine-2 (GKN2) belongs to a family of secreted proteins expressed within
      normal gastric mucosal cells. GKN2 expression is frequently lost during GC
      progression, suggesting an inhibitory role; however, a causal link remains
      unsubstantiated. Here, we developed Gkn2 knockout and transgenic overexpressing
      mice to investigate the functional impact of GKN2 loss in GC pathogenesis. In
      mouse models of GC, decreased GKN2 expression correlated with gastric pathology
      that paralleled human GC progression. At baseline, Gkn2 knockout mice exhibited
      defective gastric epithelial differentiation but not malignant progression.
      Conversely, Gkn2 knockout in the IL-11/STAT3-dependent gp130F/F GC model caused
      tumorigenesis of the proximal stomach. Additionally, gastric immunopathology was
      accelerated in Helicobacter pylori-infected Gkn2 knockout mice and was associated
      with augmented T helper cell type 1 (Th1) but not Th17 immunity. Heightened Th1
      responses in Gkn2 knockout mice were linked to deregulated mucosal innate
      immunity and impaired myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation. Finally,
      transgenic overexpression of human gastrokines (GKNs) attenuated gastric tumor
      growth in gp130F/F mice. Together, these results reveal an antiinflammatory role
      for GKN2, provide in vivo evidence that links GKN2 loss to GC pathogenesis, and
      suggest GKN restoration as a strategy to restrain GC progression. 

PMID- 26974161
TI  - Versatile roles of extracellular vesicles in cancer.
AB  - Numerous studies have shown that non-cell-autonomous regulation of cancer cells
      is an important aspect of tumorigenesis. Cancer cells need to communicate with
      stromal cells by humoral factors such as VEGF, FGFs, and Wnt in order to survive.
      Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also been shown to be involved in
      cell-cell communication between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment
      and to be important for the development of cancer. In addition, these EVs contain
      small noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which contribute to the
      malignancy of cancer cells. Here, we provide an overview of current research on
      EVs, especially miRNAs in EVs. We also propose strategies to treat cancers by
      targeting EVs around cancer cells. 

PMID- 26974162
TI  - Promiscuous Recognition of a Trypanosoma cruzi CD8+ T Cell Epitope among HLA-A2,
      HLA-A24 and HLA-A1 Supertypes in Chagasic Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: TcTLE is a nonamer peptide from Trypanosoma cruzi KMP-11 protein that
      is conserved among different parasite strains and that is presented by different
      HLA-A molecules from the A2 supertype. Because peptides presented by several
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) supertypes are potential targets for
      immunotherapy, the aim of this study was to determine whether MHC molecules other
      than the A2 supertype present the TcTLE peptide. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:
      From 36 HLA-A2-negative chagasic patients, the HLA-A genotypes of twenty-eight
      patients with CD8+ T cells that recognized the TcTLE peptide using tetramer
      (twenty) or functional (eight) assays, were determined. SSP-PCR was used to
      identify the A locus and the allelic variants. Flow cytometry was used to analyze
      the frequency of TcTLE-specific CD8+ T cells, and their functional activity (IFN
      gamma, TNFalpha, IL-2, perforin, granzyme and CD107a/b production) was induced by
      exposure to the TcTLE peptide. All patients tested had TcTLE-specific CD8+ T
      cells with frequencies ranging from 0.07-0.37%. Interestingly, seven of the
      twenty-eight patients had HLA-A homozygous alleles: A*24 (5 patients), A*23 (1
      patient) and A*01 (1 patient), which belong to the A24 and A1 supertypes. In the
      remaining 21 patients with HLA-A heterozygous alleles, the most prominent alleles
      were A24 and A68. The most common allele sub-type was A*2402 (sixteen patients),
      which belongs to the A24 supertype, followed by A*6802 (six patients) from the A2
      supertype. Additionally, the A*3002/A*3201 alleles from the A1 supertype were
      detected in one patient. All patients presented CD8+ T cells producing at least
      one cytokine after TcTLE peptide stimulation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These
      results show that TcTLE is a promiscuous peptide that is presented by the A24 and
      A1 supertypes, in addition to the A2 supertype, suggesting its potential as a
      target for immunotherapy.

PMID- 26974163
TI  - Linking Isotopes and Panmixia: High Within-Colony Variation in Feather delta2H,
      delta13C, and delta15N across the Range of the American White Pelican.
AB  - Complete panmixia across the entire range of a species is a relatively rare
      phenomenon; however, this pattern may be found in species that have limited
      philopatry and frequent dispersal. American white pelicans (Pelecanus
      erythrorhyncos) provide a unique opportunity to examine the role of long-distance
      dispersal in facilitating gene flow in a species recently reported as panmictic
      across its broad breeding range. This species is also undergoing a range
      expansion, with new colonies arising hundreds of kilometers outside previous
      range boundaries. In this study, we use a multiple stable isotope (delta2H,
      delta13C, delta15N) approach to examine feather isotopic structuring at 19
      pelican colonies across North America, with the goal of establishing an isotopic
      basemap that could be used for assigning individuals at newly established
      breeding sites to source colonies. Within-colony isotopic variation was extremely
      high, exceeding 1000/00 in delta2H within some colonies (with relatively high
      variation also observed for delta13C and delta15N). The high degree of within
      site variation greatly limited the utility of assignment-based approaches (42%
      cross-validation success rate; range: 0-90% success). Furthermore, clustering
      algorithms identified four likely isotopic clusters; however, those clusters were
      generally unrelated to geographic location. Taken together, the high degree of
      within-site isotopic variation and lack of geographically-defined isotopic
      clusters preclude the establishment of an isotopic basemap for American white
      pelicans, but may indicate that a high incidence of long-distance dispersal is
      facilitating gene flow, leading to genetic panmixia. 

PMID- 26974164
TI  - Correction: Involvement of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases BcPtpA and BcPtpB in
      Regulation of Vegetative Development, Virulence and Multi-Stress Tolerance in
      Botrytis cinerea.

PMID- 26974166
TI  - The Effect of Calf Gender on Milk Production in Seasonal Calving Cows and Its
      Impact on Genetic Evaluations.
AB  - Gender of the calf whose birth initiates lactation could influence whole
      lactation milk yield of the dam due to hormonal influences on mammary gland
      development, or through calf gender effects on gestation length. Fetal gender
      could influence late lactation yields because cows become pregnant at peak
      lactation. The effects of calf gender sequences in parities 1-3 were assessed by
      separately fitting animal models to datasets from New Zealand comprising 274 000
      Holstein Friesian and 85 000 Jersey cows, decreasing to 12 000 and 4 000 cows by
      parity 3. The lactation initiated by the birth of a female rather than a male
      calf was associated with a 0.33-1.1% (p<=0.05) higher milk yield. Female calf
      gender had carryover effects associated with higher milk yield in second
      lactations for Holstein Friesians (0.24%; p = 0.01) and third lactations for
      Jerseys (1.1%; p = 0.01). Cows giving birth to bull calves have 2 day longer
      gestations, which reduces lactation length in seasonal calving herds. Adding a
      covariate for lactation length to the animal model eroded some of these calf
      gender effects, such that calving a female led to higher milk yield only for
      second lactation Holstein Friesians (1.6%; p = 0.002). The interval centering
      method generates lower estimates of whole lactation yield when Wood's lactation
      curves are shifted to the right by 2 days for male calves and this explained the
      higher yield in female calves when differences in lactation length were
      considered. Correlations of estimated breeding values between models including or
      excluding calf gender sequence were 1.00 for bulls or cows. Calf gender primarily
      influences milk yield through increased gestation length of male calves, and bias
      associated with the interval centering method used to estimate whole lactation
      milk yields. Including information on calf gender is unlikely to have an effect
      on selection response in New Zealand dairy cattle. 

PMID- 26974167
TI  - New Framework To Diagnose the Direct Disposal of Prescribed Drugs in Wastewater -
      A Case Study of the Antidepressant Fluoxetine.
AB  - Intentional or accidental release (direct disposal) of high loads of unused
      pharmaceuticals into wastewater can go unnoticed. Here, direct disposal of a
      pharmaceutical drug via the sewer network was identified for the first time using
      wastewater analysis. An irregularly high load of the antidepressant fluoxetine in
      raw wastewater (10.5 +/- 2.4 g d(-1)) was up to 11 times greater than any other
      day. National prescription data revealed a predicted daily fluoxetine load for
      the studied treatment works to be 0.4-1.6 g d(-1). Enantio-selective analysis
      showed the high load of fluoxetine was present as a racemic mixture, which is
      typical for fluoxetine in dispensed formulations. As fluoxetine undergoes
      stereoselective metabolism within the body, a racemic mixture in wastewater
      suggests a nonconsumed drug was the major contributor of the high load. This was
      confirmed by its major metabolite norfluoxetine whose load did not increase on
      this day. Considering the most commonly prescribed formulation of fluoxetine,
      this increased load accounts for the disposal of ~915 capsules. Furthermore, as
      fluoxetine is prescribed as one capsule per day, disposal is unlikely to be at
      the patient level. It is postulated that direct disposal was from a facility
      which handles larger quantities of the drug (e.g., a pharmacy). 

PMID- 26974165
TI  - Risk Environments, Race/Ethnicity, and HIV Status in a Large Sample of People Who
      Inject Drugs in the United States.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We analyzed relationships between place characteristics and being
      HIV-negative among black, Latino, and white people who inject drugs (PWID) in the
      US. METHODS: Data on PWID (N = 9077) were from the Centers for Disease Control
      and Prevention's 2009 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Administrative data
      were analyzed to describe the 968 ZIP codes, 51 counties, and 19 metropolitan
      statistical areas (MSAs) where they lived. Multilevel multivariable models
      examined relationships between place characteristics and HIV status. Exploratory
      population attributable risk percents (e-PAR%s) were estimated. RESULTS: Black
      and Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative if they lived in less
      economically disadvantaged counties, or in MSAs with less criminal-justice
      activity (i.e., lower drug-related arrest rates, lower policing/corrections
      expenditures). Latino PWID were more likely to be HIV-negative in MSAs with more
      Latino isolation, less black isolation, and less violent crime. E-PAR%s
      attributed 8-19% of HIV cases among black PWID and 1-15% of cases among Latino
      PWID to place characteristics. DISCUSSION: Evaluations of structural
      interventions to improve economic conditions and reduce drug-related criminal
      justice activity may show evidence that they protect black and Latino PWID from
      HIV infection.

PMID- 26974168
TI  - Mechanically Robust and Healable Transparent Electrode Fabricated via Vapor
      Assisted Solution Process.
AB  - A mechanically robust, transparent, and healable electrode was successfully
      developed by embedding Ag nanowires (AgNWs) on the surface of
      polydimethylsiloxane-based polyurethane (PDMS-CPU) cross-linked by Diels-Alder
      (DA) adducts. The reversibility of the DA reaction enabled the heated
      dimethylformamide (DMF) vapor to induce de-cross-linking of the PDMS-CPU
      preformed as a substrate. A combination of the retro-DA reaction and the
      plasticizer effect softened the polymer surface, embedding the coated AgNWs on
      the surface of the polymer. With this simple postprocessing, the surface
      roughness and mechanical stability of the electrode were largely enhanced. Even
      with a 55 MUm bending radius, which corresponds to a strain of 90%, the
      resistance of the electrode after 10 min of vapor treatment increased by 2.1% for
      inward bending and 5.3% for outward bending. This result shows a great potential
      of the proposed method, as it can also be used to fabricate various mechanically
      deformable transparent electrode. Furthermore, swelling of the PDMS-CPU film
      owing to the DMF vapor facilitated the healing properties of the scratched
      electrodes.

PMID- 26974169
TI  - Gas-Phase Photoluminescence Characterization of Stoichiometrically Pure
      Nonanuclear Lanthanoid Hydroxo Complexes Comprising Europium or Gadolinium.
AB  - Gas-phase photoluminescence measurements involving mass-spectrometric techniques
      enable determination of the properties of selected molecular systems with
      knowledge of their exact composition and unaffected by matrix effects such as
      solvent interactions or crystal packing. The resulting reduced complexity
      facilitates a comparison with theory. Herein, we provide a detailed report of the
      intrinsic luminescence properties of nonanuclear europium(III) and
      gadolinium(III) 9-hydroxyphenalen-1-one (HPLN) hydroxo complexes. Luminescence
      spectra of [Eu9(PLN)16(OH)10](+) ions reveal an europium-centered emission
      dominated by a 4-fold split Eu(III) hypersensitive transition, while
      photoluminescence lifetime measurements for both complexes support an efficient
      europium sensitization via a PLN-centered triplet-state manifold. The combination
      of gas-phase measurements with density functional theory computations and ligand
      field theory is used to discuss the antiprismatic core structure of the complexes
      and to shed light on the energy-transfer mechanism. This methodology is also
      employed to fit a new set of parameters, which improves the accuracy of ligand
      field computations of Eu(III) electronic transitions for gas-phase species. 

PMID- 26974170
TI  - Molecular Orientation Enhancement of Silk by the Hot-Stretching-Induced
      Transition from alpha-Helix-HFIP Complex to beta-Sheet.
AB  - Enhancing the molecular orientation of the regenerated silk fibroin (RF) up to a
      level comparable to the native silk is highly challenging. Our novel and
      promising strategy for the poststretching process is (1) creating at first an
      alpha-helix-HFIP complex with a hexagonal packing as an intermediate state and
      then (2) stretching it at a high temperature to induce the helix-to-sheet
      structural phase transition. Here we show for the first time the significantly
      high stretching efficiency of the proposed technique compared with the
      conventional wet-stretching techniques and the successful achievement of higher
      crystalline orientation and higher Young's modulus compared even with the native
      silk. The detailed structural analysis based on the time-resolved simultaneous
      measurement of stress-strain curve, synchrotron X-ray scatterings, and FTIR has
      revealed the structural transition mechanism from the hexagonally packed alpha
      helix-HFIP complex to the highly oriented beta-sheet crystalline state as well as
      the critical level of crystal orientation needed for the helix-to-sheet
      transition. 

PMID- 26974171
TI  - Stereocontrolled (Me3Si)3SiH-Mediated Radical and Ionic Hydride Transfer in
      Synthesis of 2,3,5-Trisubstituted THF.
AB  - 2,3,5-Trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans were prepared stereoselectively through a
      two-step process involving the addition of an acyl radical to a beta-silyloxy
      acrylic ester followed by an acid-catalyzed desilylation-ketalization sequence
      and a final oxocarbenium reduction step. High levels of 1,2- and 1,3
      stereocontrol were attained when (Me3Si)3SiH was used as a radical followed by a
      ionic hydrogen transfer agent. 

PMID- 26974172
TI  - Ligand-Controlled Divergent Cross-Coupling Involving Organosilicon Compounds for
      Thioether and Thioester Synthesis.
AB  - A divergent cross-coupling for both thioether and thioester construction from
      organosilicon compounds has been developed. Predominant selectivity for Hiyama
      type coupling and C1 insertion reaction was achieved under the guidance of
      ligands. Thioether was obtained under ligand-free conditions in which disulfide
      generated from homocoupling could be prevented. Meanwhile, application of
      bidentate phosphine ligands under carbon monoxide atmosphere (CO balloon)
      afforded the thioester with little decomposition, which was revealed through
      interval NMR tracking. 

PMID- 26974175
TI  - Aerosol Delivery Using Jet Nebulizer and Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer During High
      Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation: An In Vitro Comparison.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is used in critically
      ill patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. The purpose of this in
      vitro study was to determine the efficiency of aerosol delivery with different
      lung parameters during simulated neonatal, pediatric, and adult HFOV. METHODS:
      Sensormedics 3100A/B ventilators were used to deliver infant, pediatric, and
      adult HFOV. Two types of aerosol generators were chosen for testing: 1) a
      continuous jet nebulizer (JN) with a unit-dose of 5.0 mg/2.5 mL salbutamol
      sulfate diluted into 4 mL, and 2) a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) with
      salbutamol sulfate were run to completion of aerosol generation. Both aerosol
      devices were placed 1) between the ventilator circuit and the endotracheal tube
      (ETT) (proximal position); and 2) at the inlet of the heated humidifier (distal
      position) (n = 5). Drug was collected on a bacterial filter placed distal to the
      ETT, and the drug eluted and analyzed with a UV Spectrophotometer at 276 nm. T-
      test and ANOVA tests were used for comparison (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The inhaled
      drug delivered by JN was 0%-0.6% of the nominal dose when placed at distal
      position, and 0%-3% at proximal position (p < 0.01), while the VMN was 0%-0.5% at
      distal and 8.6%-22.7% at proximal position (p < 0.01). Aerosol delivery during
      HFOV was greater with adult settings than pediatric and infant settings with VMN
      and JN (22.7%, 8.6%, and 17.4% respectively, p < 0.01). When the aerosol delivery
      device was placed at the distal position, negligible drug mass was observed
      (<0.5%), regardless of the nebulizer device used. CONCLUSIONS: During HFOV,
      aerosol delivery with the nebulizer placed at proximal was greater than placement
      distal from the ETT, with VMN delivering more drug than JN. The inhaled drug was
      delivery correlated positively with ETT size, MAP, and bias flow, and inversely
      proportional to power settings.

PMID- 26974173
TI  - The RECOVER Program: Disability Risk Groups and 1-Year Outcome after 7 or More
      Days of Mechanical Ventilation.
AB  - RATIONALE: Disability risk groups and 1-year outcome after greater than or equal
      to 7 days of mechanical ventilation (MV) in medical/surgical intensive care unit
      (ICU) patients are unknown and may inform education, prognostication,
      rehabilitation, and study design. OBJECTIVES: To stratify patients for post-ICU
      disability and recovery to 1 year after critical illness. METHODS: We evaluated a
      multicenter cohort of 391 medical/surgical ICU patients who received greater than
      or equal to 1 week of MV at 7 days and 3, 6, and 12 months after ICU discharge.
      Disability risk groups were identified using recursive partitioning modeling.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The 7-day post-ICU Functional Independence Measure
      (FIM) determined the recovery trajectory to 1-year after ICU discharge and was an
      independent risk factor for 1-year mortality. The 7-day post-ICU FIM was
      predicted by age and ICU length of stay. By 2 weeks of MV, ICU patients could be
      stratified into four disability groups characterized by increasing risk for post
      ICU disability, ICU and post-ICU healthcare use, and disposition. Patients less
      than 42 years with ICU length of stay less than 2 weeks had the best function and
      fewest deaths at 1 year compared with patients greater than 66 years with ICU
      length of stay greater than 2 weeks who sustained the worst disability and 40% 1
      year mortality. Depressive symptoms (17%) and post-traumatic stress disorder
      (18%) persisted at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: ICU survivors of greater than or equal to
      1 week of MV may be stratified into four disability groups based on age and ICU
      length of stay. These groups determine 1-year recovery and healthcare use and are
      independent of admitting diagnosis and illness severity. Clinical trial
      registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00896220).

PMID- 26974176
TI  - Bovine dermatophilosis: Awareness, perceptions and attitudes in the small-holder
      sector of north-west Zimbabwe.
AB  - A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess cattle owners' awareness,
      perceptions, attitudes and drug-usage practices with regard to bovine
      dermatophilosis. Knowledge of these farmers' attributes is important for animal
      health policy makers in their endeavours to provide optimum disease control
      strategies that are acceptable to the communities. Data on cattle owner awareness
      of bovine dermatophilosis, causes, treatment practices, perceptions about its
      importance and potential dangers to humans were collected using an interviewer
      administered questionnaire. A total of 185 stockowners and cattle herds were
      involved in the study, with bovine dermatophilosis determined clinically by
      veterinarians. The results showed that 45.4% of the herds were clinically
      positive for dermatophilosis, and most farmers (79.5%) were generally aware that
      dermatophilosis was a cattle disease. In the event of a dermatophilosis outbreak
      in a herd, 74.1% of the farmers treated their cattle using antibiotics; the
      proportion of farmers treating cattle did not differ (p > 0.05) across the
      diptanks. Fifty-two farmers (52/63) indicated that drugs had to be administered
      four to seven times before an animal recovered from infection. Tetracyclines were
      the antibiotics used by most farmers (79.3%) to treat dermatophilosis, with 19.1%
      using penicillins. Concerns were raised by farmers about the effectiveness of
      these drugs against bovine dermatophilosis. Across the study sites, 48.6% and
      27.6% of the farmers perceived bovine dermatophilosis to be an important disease
      at the herd and area level, respectively. A small proportion (12.4%) of the
      farmers regarded bovine dermatophilosis as a potentially zoonotic disease. The
      high level of stockowners' general awareness, with regards to bovine
      dermatophilosis, sets ideal conditions for the mobilisation of farmers by animal
      health authorities in the control of the disease. However, further research needs
      to be undertaken to investigate effective antibiotic delivery protocols and the
      potential zoonotic impact of bovine dermatophilosis in a situation of high
      disease prevalence.

PMID- 26974177
TI  - Serosurvey of peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants from different
      agro-ecological zones of Nigeria.
AB  - Peste des petits ruminants, caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus
      (PPRV), is a highly contagious and economically important transboundary viral
      disease of domestic and wild small ruminants and a major hindrance to small
      ruminant production in Nigeria. The seroprevalence and distribution of PPRV
      antibodies in small ruminants in rural households, farms, live animal markets and
      slaughter slabs across the six different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria were
      determined. A total of 4548 serum samples from 3489 goats and 1059 sheep were
      collected in 12 states. A PPRV competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was
      used to test the samples and the data analysed with R statistical software
      version 3.0.1. The study animals included all ages and both sexes. The overall
      prevalence estimate of sera positive for PPRV antibodies was 23.16% (n = 1018
      positive samples per 4548 total samples, 95% confidence interval: 21.79% -
      24.57%). There were significant differences in the seroprevalence between the
      states (p = 0.001). Taraba State had the highest seroprevalence of 29.51%, whilst
      the lowest seroprevalence of 14.52% was observed in Cross River State. There were
      no significant differences in the PPRV seroprevalence between male and female
      animals (p = 0.571), age (p = 0.323) and between species (p = 0.639). These data
      indicate the current seroprevalence to PPRV in the small-ruminant population in
      Nigeria. 

PMID- 26974178
TI  - Rotational Spectrum, Conformational Composition, Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding,
      and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Mercaptoacetonitrile (HSCH2C=N), a Compound
      of Potential Astrochemical Interest.
AB  - The microwave spectra of mercaptoacetonitrile (HSCH2C=N) and one deuterated
      species (DSCH2C=N) were investigated in the 7.5-124 GHz spectral interval. The
      spectra of two conformers denoted SC and AP were assigned. The H-S-C-C chain of
      atoms is synclinal in SC and anti-periplanar in AP. The ground state of SC is
      split into two substates separated by a comparatively small energy difference
      resulting in closely spaced transitions with equal intensities. Several
      transitions of the parent species of SC deviate from Watson's Hamiltonian. Only
      slight improvements were obtained using a Hamiltonian that takes coupling between
      the two substates into account. Deviations from Watson's Hamiltonian were also
      observed for the parent species of AP. However, the spectrum of the deuterated
      species, which was investigated only for the SC conformer, fits satisfactorily to
      Watson's Hamiltonian. Relative intensity measurements found SC to be lower in
      energy than AP by 3.8(3) kJ/mol. The strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond
      between the thiol and cyano groups was estimated to be ~2.1 kJ/mol. The microwave
      work was augmented by quantum chemical calculations at CCSD and MP2 levels using
      basis sets of minimum triple-zeta quality. Mercaptoacetonitrile has astrochemical
      interest, and the spectra presented herein should be useful for a potential
      identification of this compound in the interstellar medium. Three different ways
      of generating mercaptoacetonitrile from compounds already found in the
      interstellar medium were explored by quantum chemical calculations. 

PMID- 26974179
TI  - Predicting efficacies of anticancer drugs using single cell HaloChip assay.
AB  - Single cell halo assay (HaloChip) is used to quantify DNA repair ability and
      predict the efficacy of anticancer drugs. After exposure to drugs, cells are
      patterned onto a substrate to form an ordered single cell array, then embedded
      inside an agarose gel, and fluorescently stained to generate a characteristic
      halo surrounding each cell. The extent of DNA repair is quantified by using a
      relative nuclear diffusion factor (rNDF) derived from the surface areas of nuclei
      and halos. Several repair-competent and repair-deficient cell lines have been
      used to validate this method. Drug-inhibitor combinations are also tested in the
      context of synthetic lethality of chemotherapy, where the use of a repair
      inhibitor potentiates the effects of DNA damaging agents. This paper highlights
      the important role of HaloChip in quantifying DNA repair ability, which provides
      the diagnostic utility to enhance the efficacies of anticancer drugs. 

PMID- 26974180
TI  - Demonstration of the scalar property of timing with possums (Trichosurus
      vulpecula).
AB  - Many diverse species have demonstrated interval timing, the ability to respond
      appropriately to time in the range of seconds to minutes, suggesting that an
      ability to time is adaptive. The peak procedure is a common method of studying
      interval time perception. In the peak procedure, animals experience a mix of
      fixed-interval (FI) and extinction (EXT) trials. On EXT trials, responding
      typically increases to a peak at the time the FI schedule would normally deliver
      reinforcers before decreasing. Responding on different FI schedules within the
      peak procedure has been found to conform to Weber's law, whereby response
      variability is proportional to the length of the fixed interval. We conducted
      possibly the first investigation of the timing abilities of a marsupial common to
      Australia and New Zealand, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), using FI
      15-, 30-, and 60-s schedules of reinforcement in the peak procedure. Response
      rates on EXT trials peaked at the time of usual reinforcer delivery, decreasing
      at longer time intervals, and were well fit by 3-parameter Gaussian curves,
      demonstrating the ability of possums to respond to time-based stimuli.
      Coefficients of variation suggested that the ability of possums to time was less
      accurate than that of mammals, but similar to that of birds, invertebrates, and
      reptiles. Coefficients of variation did not differ consistently over increasing
      FI intervals, showing that timing responses of possums likely conforms to the
      scalar property of timing also shown by other species. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26974181
TI  - Neurocognitive Changes in Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors-Treated
      Adolescents with Depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) were found to have
      deficits in executive function, attention, and memory. Despite the fact that some
      neurocognitive functions have been shown to be present in acute stage of the
      illness, but not in remission, longitudinal studies are lacking. The current
      study aimed to investigate the changes in neurocognitive functioning in
      adolescents with depression during an acute treatment course with selective
      serotonin reuptake inhibitor. METHODS: Twenty-four adolescents with current MDD
      and 24 healthy controls (HCs) were administered subtests of the Cambridge
      Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery as well as clinical scales at baseline
      and were retested at weeks 6 and 12. Those with MDD were started on fluoxetine
      after the baseline assessment. RESULTS: Despite considerable improvement in
      depressive symptoms in the MDD group, there was a persistent deficit in visual
      memory in the MDD group over time compared with HCs (p = 0.001). On a task of
      sustained attention and inhibition, HCs became better at detecting target
      sequences at week 12 while there were residual sustained attention deficits in
      MDD (p = 0.01). On an executive function (planning) task, while HCs learned the
      task and improved substantially in performance over 12 weeks, MDD performance did
      not significantly change (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: When treating depressed
      adolescents, clinicians need to also monitor cognitive symptoms as they appear to
      lag behind mood symptoms in improvement.

PMID- 26974182
TI  - Pt...H Nonclassical Interaction in Water-Dissolved Pt(II) Complexes: Coaction of
      Electronic Effects with Solvent-Assisted Stabilization.
AB  - The structure of the hydration shell of cisplatin, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2], and its
      aquated derivatives cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)](+), cis-[Pt(NH3)2OH(H2O)](+), and cis
      [Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2](2+) were studied by a number of density functional molecular
      dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations (from 30 to 250 ps) in which Pt(II) complexes were
      immersed in a periodic box with 72 explicit water molecules. Furthermore, Pt(II)
      complex-water binding energy curves and full DFT optimizations of clusters
      derived from the lowest potential energy DFT-MD frames offered a deeper insight
      into the structure of the first hydration shell and electronic changes connected
      with the formation of a nonclassical Pt...H-O-H (Pt...Hw) hydrogen bond (inverse
      hydration). The probability of a Pt...Hw interaction decreases with increasing
      charge of the platinum complex due to disadvantageous electrostatics. The main
      stabilization comes from the charge transfer being followed by polarization and
      dispersion. Ligands form a framework for the network of H-bond interactions
      between the solvent molecules, which play an important role in the
      promotion/suppression of the formation of the Pt...Hw interactions. In the +2
      charged diaqua complex the Pt...Hw interaction is still attractive but cannot
      compete with classical H bonds between solvent molecules. Thus, the formation of
      a Pt...Hw interaction is the result of a suitable solvent H-bonding network and
      the probability of its incidence decreases with increasing flexibility of the
      solvent. 

PMID- 26974183
TI  - Systematic Investigation of EDC/sNHS-Mediated Bioconjugation Reactions for
      Carboxylated Peptide Substrates.
AB  - 1-Ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC) bioconjugations have been
      utilized in preparing variants for medical research. While there have been
      advances in optimizing the reaction for aqueous applications, there has been
      limited focus toward identifying conditions and side reactions that interfere
      with product formation. We present a systematic investigation of EDC/N
      hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sNHS)-mediated bioconjugations on carboxylated peptides
      and small proteins. We identified yet-to-be-reported side products arising from
      both the reagents and substrates. Model peptides used in this study illustrate
      particular substrates are more susceptible to side reactions than others. From
      our studies, we found that bioconjugations are more efficient with high
      concentrations of amine nucleophile but not sNHS. Performing bioconjugations on a
      model affibody protein show that the trends established with model peptides hold
      for more complex systems. 

PMID- 26974184
TI  - Sequential Proton Coupled Electron Transfer (PCET): Dynamics Observed over 8
      Orders of Magnitude in Time.
AB  - Charge transfer mechanisms lay at the heart of chemistry and biochemistry. Proton
      coupled electron transfers (PCET) are central in biological processes such as
      photosynthesis and in the respiratory chain, where they mediate long-range charge
      transfers. These mechanisms are normally difficult to harness experimentally due
      to the intrinsic complexity of the associated biological systems. Metal-peptide
      cations experience both electron and proton transfers upon photoexcitation,
      proving an amenable model system to study PCET. We report on a time-resolved
      experiment designed to follow this dual charge transfer kinetics in [HG3W+Ag](+)
      (H = histidine, G = glycine, W = tryptophan) on time scales ranging from
      femtoseconds to milliseconds. While electron transfer completes in less than 4
      ps, it triggers a proton transfer lasting over hundreds of microseconds.
      Molecular dynamics simulations show that conformational dynamic plays an
      important role in slowing down this reaction. This combined experimental and
      computational approach provides a view of PCET as a single phenomenon despite its
      very wide time-domain span. 

PMID- 26974185
TI  - Molecular Detection of Zoonotic Rickettsiae and Anaplasma spp. in Domestic Dogs
      and Their Ectoparasites in Bushbuckridge, South Africa.
AB  - Members of the order Rickettsiales are small, obligate intracellular bacteria
      that are vector-borne and can cause mild to fatal diseases in humans worldwide.
      There is little information on the zoonotic rickettsial pathogens that may be
      harbored by dogs from rural localities in South Africa. To characterize
      rickettsial pathogens infecting dogs, we screened 141 blood samples, 103 ticks,
      and 43 fleas collected from domestic dogs in Bushbuckridge Municipality,
      Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, between October 2011 and May 2012 using the
      reverse line blot (RLB) and Rickettsia genus and species-specific quantitative
      real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. Results from RLB showed that 49% of blood samples
      and 30% of tick pools were positive for the genus-specific probes for
      Ehrlichia/Anaplasma; 16% of the blood samples were positive for Ehrlichia canis.
      Hemoparasite DNA could not be detected in 36% of blood samples and 30% of tick
      pools screened. Seven (70%) tick pools and both flea pools were positive for
      Rickettsia spp; three (30%) tick pools were positive for Rickettsia africae; and
      both flea pools (100%) were positive for Rickettsia felis. Sequencing confirmed
      infection with R. africae and Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis; an R. felis-like
      organism from one of the R. felis-positive flea pools. Anaplasma sp. South Africa
      dog strain (closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum), A. phagocytophilum,
      and an Orientia tsutsugamushi-like sequence were identified from blood samples.
      The detection of emerging zoonotic agents from domestic dogs and their
      ectoparasites in a rural community in South Africa highlights the potential risk
      of human infection that may occur with these pathogens. 

PMID- 26974187
TI  - Janus Particles in a Nonpolar Solvent.
AB  - Amphiphilic Janus particles are currently receiving great attention as "solid
      surfactants". Previous studies have introduced such particles with a variety of
      shapes and functions, but there has so far been a strong emphasis on water
      dispersible particles that mimic the molecular surfactants soluble in polar
      solvents. Here we present an example of lipophilic Janus particles which are
      selectively dispersible in very nonpolar solvents such as alkanes. Interfacial
      tension measurements between the alkane dispersions and pure water indicate that
      these particles do have interfacial activity, and like typical hydrophobic,
      nonionic surfactants, they do not partition to the aqueous bulk. We also show
      that the oil-borne particles, by retaining locally polar domains where charges
      can reside, generate electric conductivity in nonpolar liquids-another feature
      familiar from molecular surfactants and one commonly exploited to mitigate
      explosion hazards due to flow electrification during petroleum pumping and in the
      formulation of electronic inks. 

PMID- 26974186
TI  - Age Differences in Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion: A Comparison of High
      School and Collegiate Athletes.
AB  - CONTEXT: Younger age has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for prolonged
      recovery after sport-related concussion, yet few studies have directly evaluated
      age differences in acute recovery. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical recovery
      patterns for high school and collegiate athletes. DESIGN: Prospective cohort
      study. SETTING: Large, multicenter prospective sample collected from 1999-2003 in
      a sports medicine setting. SUBJECTS: Concussed athletes (n = 621; 545 males and
      76 females) and uninjured controls (n = 150) participating in high school and
      collegiate contact and collision sports (79% in football, 15.7% in soccer, and
      the remainder in lacrosse or ice hockey). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Participants
      underwent evaluation of symptoms (Graded Symptom Checklist), cognition
      (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, paper-and-pencil neuropsychological
      tests), and postural stability (Balance Error Scoring System). Athletes were
      evaluated preinjury and followed serially at several time points after concussive
      injury: immediately, 3 hours postinjury, and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 45 or 90
      (with neuropsychological measures administered at baseline and 3 postinjury time
      points). RESULTS: Comparisons of concussed high school and collegiate athletes
      with uninjured controls suggested that high school athletes took 1 to 2 days
      longer to recover on a cognitive (Standardized Assessment of Concussion) measure.
      Comparisons with the control group on other measures (symptoms, balance) as well
      as direct comparisons between concussed high school and collegiate samples
      revealed no differences in the recovery courses between the high school and
      collegiate groups on any measure. Group-level recovery occurred at or before 7
      days postinjury on all assessment metrics. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest no
      clinically significant age differences exist in recovery after sport-related
      concussion, and therefore, separate injury-management protocols are not needed
      for high school and collegiate athletes.

PMID- 26974188
TI  - Nonaqueous electrocatalytic water oxidation by a surface-bound Ru(bda)(L)2
      complex.
AB  - The rate of electrocatalytic water oxidation by the heterogeneous water oxidation
      catalyst [Ru(bda)(4-O(CH2)3P(O3H2)2-pyr)2], , (pyr = pyridine; bda = 2,2'
      bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) on metal oxide surfaces is greatly enhanced
      relative to water as the solvent. In these experiments with propylene carbonate
      (PC) as the nonaqueous solvent, water is the limiting reagent. Mechanistic
      studies point to atom proton transfer (APT) as the rate limiting step in water
      oxidation catalysis. 

PMID- 26974190
TI  - New insights into aromatic pathways of carbachlorins and carbaporphyrins based on
      calculations of magnetically induced current densities.
AB  - Magnetically induced current densities have been calculated and analyzed for a
      number of synthesized carbachlorins and carbaporphyrins using density functional
      theory and the gauge including magnetically induced current (GIMIC) method.
      Aromatic properties have been determined by using accurate numerical integration
      of the current flow yielding reliable current strengths and pathways that are
      related to the degree of aromaticity and the aromatic character of the studied
      molecules. All investigated compounds are found to be aromatic. However, the
      obtained aromatic pathways differ from those previously deduced from
      spectroscopic data and magnetic shielding calculations. For all studied
      compounds, the ring current divides into an outer and an inner branch at each
      pyrrolic subring, showing that all pi-electrons of the pyrrolic rings take part
      in the delocalization pathway. The calculations do not support the common notion
      that the main share of the current takes the inner route at the pyrrolic rings
      without an inner hydrogen and follows an 18pi aromatic pathway. The aromatic
      pathways of the investigated carbaporphyrins and carbachlorins are very similar,
      since the current strength via the Cbeta[double bond, length as m-dash]Cbeta'
      bond of the cyclopentadienyl ring of the carbaporphyrins is almost as weak as the
      current density passing the corresponding saturated Cbeta-Cbeta' bond of the
      carbachlorins.

PMID- 26974191
TI  - Structure and activity of the anticaking agent iron(III) meso-tartrate.
AB  - Iron(III) meso-tartrate, a metal-organic complex, is a new anticaking agent for
      sodium chloride. A molecular structure in solution is proposed, based on a
      combination of experimental and molecular modelling results. We show that the
      active complex is a binuclear iron(iii) complex with two bridging meso-tartrate
      ligands. The iron atoms are antiferromagnetically coupled, resulting in a reduced
      paramagnetic nature of the solution. In solution, a water molecule coordinates to
      each iron atom as a sixth ligand, resulting in an octahedral symmetry around each
      iron atom. When the water molecule is removed, a flat and charged site is
      exposed, matching the charge distribution of the {100} sodium chloride crystal
      surface. This charge distribution is also found in the iron(iii) citrate complex,
      another anticaking agent. This gives a possible adsorption geometry on the
      crystal surface, which in turn explains the anticaking activity of the iron(III)
      meso-tartrate complex.

PMID- 26974192
TI  - Effect of Off-Axis Fluoroscopy Imaging on Two-Dimensional Kinematics in the
      Lumbar Spine: A Dynamic In Vitro Validation Study.
AB  - Spine intersegmental motion parameters and the resultant regional patterns may be
      useful for biomechanical classification of low back pain (LBP) as well as
      assessing the appropriate intervention strategy. Because of its availability and
      reasonable cost, two-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy has great potential as a
      diagnostic and evaluative tool. However, the technique of quantifying
      intervertebral motion in the lumbar spine must be validated, and the sensitivity
      assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to (1) compare synchronous
      fluoroscopic and optoelectronic measures of intervertebral rotations during
      dynamic flexion-extension movements in vitro and (2) assess the effect of C-arm
      rotation to simulate off-axis patient alignment on intervertebral kinematics
      measures. Six cadaveric lumbar-sacrum specimens were dissected, and active marker
      optoelectronic sensors were rigidly attached to the bodies of L2-S1. Fluoroscopic
      sequences and optoelectronic kinematic data (0.15-mm linear, 0.17-0.20 deg
      rotational, accuracy) were obtained simultaneously. After images were obtained in
      a true sagittal plane, the image receptor was rotated in 5 deg increments
      (posterior oblique angulations) from 5 deg to 15 deg. Quantitative motion
      analysis (qma) software was used to determine the intersegmental rotations from
      the fluoroscopic images. The mean absolute rotation differences between
      optoelectronic values and dynamic fluoroscopic values were less than 0.5 deg for
      all the motion segments at each off-axis fluoroscopic rotation and were not
      significantly different (P > 0.05) for any of the off-axis rotations of the
      fluoroscope. Small misalignments of the lumbar spine relative to the fluoroscope
      did not introduce measurement variation in relative segmental rotations greater
      than that observed when the spine and fluoroscope were perpendicular to each
      other, suggesting that fluoroscopic measures of relative segmental rotation
      during flexion-extension are likely robust, even when patient alignment is not
      perfect.

PMID- 26974193
TI  - Mitochondria-specific conjugated polymer nanoparticles.
AB  - Biodegradable conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) were prepared for high
      mitochondrial targeting in live cancer cells. The degradable CPNs are nontoxic
      and specifically localized to the mitochondria of live tumor cells through
      macropinocytosis followed by intracellular degradation and trafficking. 

PMID- 26974194
TI  - Energetic Constraints on Species Coexistence in Birds.
AB  - The association between species richness and ecosystem energy availability is one
      of the major geographic trends in biodiversity. It is often explained in terms of
      energetic constraints, such that coexistence among competing species is limited
      in low productivity environments. However, it has proven challenging to reject
      alternative views, including the null hypothesis that species richness has simply
      had more time to accumulate in productive regions, and thus the role of energetic
      constraints in limiting coexistence remains largely unknown. We use the
      phylogenetic relationships and geographic ranges of sister species (pairs of
      lineages who are each other's closest extant relatives) to examine the
      association between energy availability and coexistence across an entire
      vertebrate class (Aves). We show that the incidence of coexistence among sister
      species increases with overall species richness and is elevated in more
      productive ecosystems, even when accounting for differences in the evolutionary
      time available for coexistence to occur. Our results indicate that energy
      availability promotes species coexistence in closely related lineages, providing
      a key step toward a more mechanistic understanding of the productivity-richness
      relationship underlying global gradients in biodiversity. 

PMID- 26974195
TI  - The impact of raw materials and baking conditions on Maillard reaction products,
      thiamine, folate, phytic acid and minerals in white bread.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a white bread with improved nutrient
      contents and reduced levels of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products
      such as N(epsilon)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
      Assays were carried out through a full factorial experimental design allowing the
      simultaneous analysis of four factors at two levels: (1) wheat flour extraction
      rates (ash content: 0.60%-0.72%), (2) leavening agents (bakers' yeast - bakers'
      yeast and sourdough), (3) prebaking and (4) baking conditions (different sets of
      time and temperature). The baking conditions affected HMF and CML as well as
      certain mineral contents. A reduced baking temperature along with a prolonged
      heat treatment was found to be favourable for reducing both the CML (up to 20%)
      and HMF concentrations (up to 96%). The presence of sourdough decreased the
      formation of CML (up to 28%), and increased the apparent amounts of calcium (up
      to 8%) and manganese (up to 17.5%) probably through acidification of the dough.
      The extraction rate of flours as well as interactions between multiple factors
      also affected certain mineral content. However, compounds like folate, thiamine,
      copper, zinc, iron and phytic acid were not affected by any of the factors
      studied. 

PMID- 26974197
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26974198
TI  - [Clinical status in Otolaryngology].

PMID- 26974199
TI  - [Middle Ear Drainage and Ventilation: Indications, Complications and their
      Treatment].
AB  - Tympanostomy is the most frequently performed surgery procedure in Germany. It
      enables middle ear ventilation and discharge of secretion from the middle ear
      with immediate hearing improvement and avoidance of complications and long-term
      pathologies of the tympanic membrane and the tympanum. The economical importance
      is emphasized by the fact that about 300,000 myringotomies are performed yearly.
      The best type of middle ear drainage and ventilation should be chosen on a case
      by-case basis. In this context, the various techniques like conventional
      myringotomy, laser-myringotomy, short-term and long-term tympanostomy tubes and
      indications, complications and their treatments are described.

PMID- 26974200
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26974201
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26974203
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26974204
TI  - Essential role for SphK1/S1P signaling to regulate hypoxia-inducible factor
      2alpha expression and activity in cancer.
AB  - The sphingosine kinase-1/sphingosine 1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) signaling pathway
      has been reported to modulate the expression of the canonical transcription
      factor hypoxia-inducible HIF-1alpha in multiple cell lineages. HIF-2alpha is also
      frequently overexpressed in solid tumors but its role has been mostly studied in
      clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common form of kidney cancer,
      where HIF-2alpha has been established as a driver of a more aggressive disease.
      In this study, the role of SphK1/S1P signaling with regard to HIF-2alpha was
      investigated in various cancer cell models including ccRCC cells. Under hypoxic
      conditions or in ccRCC lacking a functional von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and
      expressing high levels of HIF-2alpha, SphK1 activity controls HIF-2alpha
      expression and transcriptional activity through a phospholipase D (PLD)-driven
      mechanism. SphK1 silencing promotes a VHL-independent HIF-2alpha loss of
      expression and activity and reduces cell proliferation in ccRCC. Importantly,
      downregulation of SphK1 is associated with impaired Akt and mTOR signaling in
      ccRCC. Taking advantage of a monoclonal antibody neutralizing extracellular S1P,
      we show that inhibition of S1P extracellular signaling blocks HIF-2alpha
      accumulation in ccRCC cell lines, an effect mimicked when the S1P transporter
      Spns2 or the S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) is silenced. Here, we report the first
      evidence that the SphK1/S1P signaling pathway regulates the transcription factor
      hypoxia-inducible HIF-2alpha in diverse cancer cell lineages notably ccRCC, where
      HIF-2alpha has been established as a driver of a more aggressive disease. These
      findings demonstrate that SphK1/S1P signaling may act as a canonical regulator of
      HIF-2alpha expression in ccRCC, giving support to its inhibition as a therapeutic
      strategy that could contribute to reduce HIF-2 activity in ccRCC. 

PMID- 26974205
TI  - A porcine model of osteosarcoma.
AB  - We previously produced pigs with a latent oncogenic TP53 mutation. Humans with
      TP53 germline mutations are predisposed to a wide spectrum of early-onset
      cancers, predominantly breast, brain, adrenal gland cancer, soft tissue sarcomas
      and osteosarcomas. Loss of p53 function has been observed in >50% of human
      cancers. Here we demonstrate that porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) convert
      to a transformed phenotype after activation of latent oncogenic TP53(R167H) and
      KRAS(G12D), and overexpression of MYC promotes tumorigenesis. The process mimics
      key molecular aspects of human sarcomagenesis. Transformed porcine MSCs exhibit
      genomic instability, with complex karyotypes, and develop into sarcomas on
      transplantation into immune-deficient mice. In pigs, heterozygous knockout of
      TP53 was sufficient for spontaneous osteosarcoma development in older animals,
      whereas homozygous TP53 knockout resulted in multiple large osteosarcomas in 7-8
      month-old animals. This is the first report that engineered mutation of an
      endogenous tumour-suppressor gene leads to invasive cancer in pigs. Unlike in
      Trp53 mutant mice, osteosarcoma developed in the long bones and skull, closely
      recapitulating the human disease. These animals thus promise a model for juvenile
      osteosarcoma, a relatively uncommon but devastating disease. 

PMID- 26974206
TI  - Phosphatase PP2A is requisite for the function of regulatory T cells.
AB  - Homeostasis of the immune system depends on the proper function of regulatory T
      cells (T(reg) cells). Compromised suppressive activity of T(reg) cells leads to
      autoimmune disease and graft rejection and promotes anti-tumor immunity. Here we
      report a previously unrecognized requirement for the serine-threonine phosphatase
      PP2A in the function of T(reg) cells. T(reg) cells exhibited high PP2A activity,
      and T(reg) cell-specific ablation of the PP2A complex resulted in a severe, multi
      organ, lymphoproliferative autoimmune disorder. Mass spectrometry revealed that
      PP2A associated with components of the mTOR metabolic-checkpoint kinase pathway
      and suppressed the activity of the mTORC1 complex. In the absence of PP2A, T(reg)
      cells altered their metabolic and cytokine profile and were unable to suppress
      effector immune responses. Therefore, PP2A is required for the function of T(reg)
      cells and the prevention of autoimmunity.

PMID- 26974207
TI  - Once failed, twice shy: How group-based competition influences risk preference in
      young children.
AB  - Recent developmental research demonstrates that young children tend to be risk
      seeking. However, very little is known about the extent to which such a capacity
      varies with children's group-based experience. Given that between-group
      competition is a central feature of human social life, this study aimed at
      examining the influence of group-based competition over risk preference in young
      children. In total, 234 children from 3 age groups (2-4-year-olds, 5-6-year-olds,
      and 8-9-year-olds) engaged in an intergroup competition manipulation, which was
      followed by a prosocial game assessing children's ingroup egalitarianism and a
      gambling task measuring children's risk preference. We found that children in the
      intergroup competition condition tended to be risk-averse compared with those who
      were in the nonintergroup competition condition. Furthermore, we found that an
      aversion to risk in the intergroup competition condition was driven by such an
      aversion observed in children from the losing group. In addition, we found a
      positive relationship between ingroup egalitarianism and risk preference in
      children from the winning group rather than those from the losing group.
      Together, our results contribute to the understanding of the effects of group
      based experience on children's risk preference and may have important
      implications for understanding individuals' risky decisions.

PMID- 26974208
TI  - The genetic and environmental etiologies of the relations between cognitive
      skills and components of reading ability.
AB  - Although previous research has shown cognitive skills to be important predictors
      of reading ability in children, the respective roles for genetic and
      environmental influences on these relations is an open question. The present
      study explored the genetic and environmental etiologies underlying the relations
      between selected executive functions and cognitive abilities (working memory,
      inhibition, processing speed, and naming speed) with 3 components of reading
      ability (word reading, reading comprehension, and listening comprehension). Twin
      pairs drawn from the Colorado Front Range (n = 676; 224 monozygotic pairs; 452
      dizygotic pairs) between the ages of 8 and 16 (M = 11.11) were assessed on
      multiple measures of each cognitive and reading-related skill. Each cognitive and
      reading-related skill was modeled as a latent variable, and behavioral genetic
      analyses estimated the portions of phenotypic variance on each latent variable
      due to genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences. The
      covariance between the cognitive skills and reading-related skills was driven
      primarily by genetic influences. The cognitive skills also shared large amounts
      of genetic variance, as did the reading-related skills. The common cognitive
      genetic variance was highly correlated with the common reading genetic variance,
      suggesting that genetic influences involved in general cognitive processing are
      also important for reading ability. Skill-specific genetic variance in working
      memory and processing speed also predicted components of reading ability. Taken
      together, the present study supports a genetic association between children's
      cognitive ability and reading ability.

PMID- 26974209
TI  - The reversed description-experience gap: Disentangling sources of presentation
      format effects in risky choice.
AB  - Previous literature has suggested that risky choice patterns in general--and
      probability weighting in particular--are strikingly different in experience-based
      as compared with description-based formats. In 2 reanalyses and 3 new
      experiments, we investigate differences between experience-based and description
      based decisions using a parametric approach based on cumulative prospect theory
      (CPT). Once controlling for sampling biases, we consistently find a reversal of
      the typical description-experience gap, that is, a reduced sensitivity to
      probabilities and increased overweighting of small probabilities in decisions
      from experience as compared with decisions from descriptions. This finding
      supports the hypothesis that regression to the mean effects in probability
      estimation are a crucial source of differences between both presentation formats.
      Further analyses identified task specific information asymmetry prevalent in
      gambles involving certainty as a third source of differences. We present a novel
      conceptualization of multiple independent sources of bias that contribute to the
      description-experience gap, namely sampling biases and task specific information
      asymmetry on the one hand, and regression to the mean effects in probability
      estimation on the other hand.

PMID- 26974210
TI  - Conceptual and direct replications fail to support the stake-likelihood
      hypothesis as an explanation for the interdependence of utility and likelihood
      judgments.
AB  - Previous research suggests that people systematically overestimate the occurrence
      of both positive and negative events, compared with neutral future events, and
      that these biases are due to a misattribution of arousal elicited by utility
      (stake-likelihood hypothesis; SLH; Vosgerau, 2010). However, extant research has
      provided only indirect support for these arousal misattribution processes. In the
      present research, we initially aimed to provide a direct test of the SLH by
      measuring arousal with galvanic skin responses to examine the mediating role of
      arousal. We observed no evidence that measured arousal mediated the impact of
      utility on probability estimates. Given the lack of direct support for the SLH in
      Experiment 1, Experiments 2-5 aimed to assess the SLH by replicating some of the
      original findings that provided support for arousal misattribution as a
      mechanism. Despite our best efforts to create experimental conditions under which
      we would be able to demonstrate the stake-likelihood effect, we were unable to
      replicate previous results, with a Bayesian meta-analysis demonstrating support
      for the null hypothesis. We propose that accounts based on imaginability and loss
      function asymmetry are currently better candidate explanations for the influence
      of outcome utility on probability estimates.

PMID- 26974212
TI  - Active Video Games for Improving Physical Performance Measures in Older People: A
      Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Participation in regular physical activity is associated
      with better physical function in older people (>65 years); however, older people
      are the least active of all age groups. Exercise-based active video games (AVGs)
      offer an alternative to traditional exercise programs aimed at maintaining or
      enhancing physical performance measures in older people. This review
      systematically evaluated whether AVGs could improve measures of physical
      performance in older people. Secondary measures of safety, game appeal, and
      usability were also considered. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for
      randomized controlled trials published up to April 2015. Included were trials
      with 2 or more arms that evaluated the effect of AVGs on outcome measures of
      physical performance in older people. RESULTS: Eighteen randomized controlled
      trials (n = 765) were included. Most trials limited inclusion to healthy
      community-dwelling older people. With the exception of 1 trial, all AVG programs
      were supervised. Using meta-analyses, AVGs were found to be more effective than
      conventional exercise (mean difference [MD], 4.33; 95% confidence intervals
      [CIs], 2.93-5.73) or no intervention (MD, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.17-1.29) for improving
      Berg Balance scores in community-dwelling older people. Active video games were
      also more effective than control for improving 30-second sit-to-stand scores (MD,
      3.99; 95% CI, 1.92-6.05). No significant differences in Timed Up and Go scores
      were found when AVGs were compared with no intervention or with conventional
      exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Active video games can improve measures of mobility and
      balance in older people when used either on their own or as part of an exercise
      program. It is not yet clear whether AVGs are equally suitable for older people
      with significant cognitive impairments or balance or mobility limitations. Given
      the positive findings to date, consideration could be given to further
      development of age-appropriate AVGs for use by older people with balance or
      mobility limitations.

PMID- 26974211
TI  - SIRT1, 2, 3 protect mouse oocytes from postovulatory aging.
AB  - The quality of metaphase II oocytes will undergo a time-dependent deterioration
      following ovulation as the result of the oocyte aging process. In this study, we
      determined that the expression of sirtuin family members (SIRT1, 2, 3) was
      dramatically reduced in mouse oocytes aged in vivo or in vitro. Increased
      intracellular ROS was observed when SIRT1, 2, 3 activity was inhibited. Increased
      frequency of spindle defects and disturbed distribution of mitochondria were also
      observed in MII oocytes aged in vitro after treatment with Nicotinamide (NAM),
      indicating that inhibition of SIRT1, 2, 3 may accelerate postovulatory oocyte
      aging. Interestingly, when MII oocytes were exposed to caffeine, the decline of
      SIRT1, 2, 3 mRNA levels was delayed and the aging-associated defective phenotypes
      could be improved. The results suggest that the SIRT1, 2, 3 pathway may play a
      potential protective role against postovulatory oocyte aging by controlling ROS
      generation.

PMID- 26974213
TI  - Role and clinical implications of atypical antipsychotics in anxiety disorders,
      obsessive-compulsive disorder, trauma-related, and somatic symptom disorders: a
      systematized review.
AB  - Atypical antipsychotics (AAs) may play a role in the treatment of anxiety
      disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and trauma-related disorders. No
      reviews on their differential use in these different disorders have been
      performed recently. The aim of this systematized review was to obtain data on
      efficacy and comparative effectiveness of AAs as a treatment of anxiety
      disorders, OCD, and trauma-related disorders to provide guidance for clinicians
      on when and which AA to use. We searched on PubMed, Psychnet, and Cochrane
      Libraries from inception to July 2015. Search results were limited to randomized,
      placebo-controlled trials of adult patients. Evidence of efficacy was considered
      the presence of positive results in two or more double-blind placebo-controlled
      studies. Our systematized search identified 1298 papers, of which 191 were
      subjected to a full-text review and 56 were included. Quetiapine extended-release
      showed a role in both acute and maintenance treatment of uncomplicated
      generalized anxiety disorder, whereas more studies are needed before drawing
      practical recommendations on the use of olanzapine and risperidone; aripiprazole
      and risperidone are effective in resistant OCD as augmentation treatments.
      Risperidone and olanzapine add-on may have a role in resistant or chronic post
      traumatic stress disorder patients, although only risperidone addition can be
      recommended on the basis of the criterion of two or more positive placebo
      controlled trials. This systematized review supports the evidence that only a few
      AAs are effective in only a minority of the off-label conditions in which they
      are currently used and confirms that AAs are not all the same. Their use should
      be on the basis of a balance between efficacy and side effects, and the
      characteristics as well as the preference of the patient.

PMID- 26974214
TI  - Factors associated with relapse in schizophrenia despite adherence to long-acting
      injectable antipsychotic therapy.
AB  - Many patients with schizophrenia will relapse despite uninterrupted antipsychotic
      (AP) long-acting therapy (LAT). This exploratory analysis examined variables
      associated with relapse despite ensured adherence to LAT. This was a post-hoc
      exploratory analysis of a 1-year study of risperidone long-acting injection in
      patients with stable schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (NCT00297388;
      N=323). Patients were discontinued from previous oral APs and randomly assigned
      to biweekly intramuscular injections of risperidone long-acting injectable 50
      (n=163) or 25 mg (n=161) for 52 weeks. Cox proportional hazards regression models
      examined variables putatively associated with relapse. A total of 59/323 (18.3%)
      patients relapsed over 12 months despite continuous AP LAT. Variables associated
      with the risk of relapse included illness duration (6.0% increase each year;
      P=0.0003) and country (Canada vs. USA, 4.7-fold risk increase; P=0.0008). When
      illness duration was further categorized as <=5, 6-10, and >10 years, patients
      with an illness duration of >10 versus <=5 years were at greatest risk of relapse
      (>10 vs. <=5 years associated with a 4.4-fold increase in the risk of relapse;
      P=0.0181). Findings suggest that patients with more chronic illness have a
      greater risk of relapse despite ensured treatment adherence, supporting the need
      for early intervention to prevent the deleterious effects of chronicity.

PMID- 26974215
TI  - Are you listening?

PMID- 26974216
TI  - Balancing efficiency and safety in the OR.

PMID- 26974217
TI  - Vaginal Cerclage: Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Management.
AB  - The role of the cerclage procedure has expanded from its initial application as
      treatment or prevention of cervical insufficiency to prevention of recurrent
      spontaneous preterm birth. Although recent prospective studies have clarified the
      indications for cerclage, additional prospective studies are needed to help
      define optimal perioperative management. Herein, we review the current data to
      provide the clinician with the most evidence-based approach to managing patients
      who require cerclage. 

PMID- 26974218
TI  - Cerclage: Shirodkar, McDonald, and Modifications.
AB  - As the concept of cervical insufficiency has evolved from a poorly defined
      clinical/anatomic entity into 1 component of the spontaneous preterm birth
      syndrome, so have cerclage applications. Originally developed to treat history
      defined cervical insufficiency and acute cervical insufficiency, cerclage is now
      utilized on a larger scale for the prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm
      birth. As its role expands, the need for prospective data evaluating cerclage
      techniques and modifications is emphasized. Herein, we will review the
      techniques, modifications, risks, efficacy, and evidence-based applications of
      the cerclage procedure in contemporary clinical practice. 

PMID- 26974219
TI  - Breast Ultrasound: Indications and Findings.
AB  - Breast ultrasound is a widely used adjuvant to mammography for the detection of
      breast cancer. This chapter will review some of the basic ultrasound technical
      factors and techniques, describe findings on ultrasound with an emphasis on the
      Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System terminology, and present the indications
      for breast ultrasound. New innovations in breast ultrasound, such as
      elastography, ultrasound contrast, 3-dimensional, and automated whole-breast
      ultrasound, will be reviewed. Ultrasound-guided breast procedures are also
      presented. 

PMID- 26974220
TI  - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

PMID- 26974221
TI  - The Influence of Linguistic Proficiency on Masked Text Recognition Performance in
      Adults With and Without Congenital Hearing Impairment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The authors first examined the influence of moderate to severe
      congenital hearing impairment (CHI) on the correctness of samples of elicited
      spoken language. Then, the authors used this measure as an indicator of
      linguistic proficiency and examined its effect on performance in language
      reception, independent of bottom-up auditory processing. DESIGN: In groups of
      adults with normal hearing (NH, n = 22), acquired hearing impairment (AHI, n =
      22), and moderate to severe CHI (n = 21), the authors assessed linguistic
      proficiency by analyzing the morphosyntactic correctness of their spoken language
      production. Language reception skills were examined with a task for masked
      sentence recognition in the visual domain (text), at a readability level of 50%,
      using grammatically correct sentences and sentences with distorted
      morphosyntactic cues. The actual performance on the tasks was compared between
      groups. RESULTS: Adults with CHI made more morphosyntactic errors in spoken
      language production than adults with NH, while no differences were observed
      between the AHI and NH group. This outcome pattern sustained when comparisons
      were restricted to subgroups of AHI and CHI adults, matched for current auditory
      speech reception abilities. The data yielded no differences between groups in
      performance in masked text recognition of grammatically correct sentences in a
      test condition in which subjects could fully take advantage of their linguistic
      knowledge. Also, no difference between groups was found in the sensitivity to
      morphosyntactic distortions when processing short masked sentences, presented
      visually. CONCLUSIONS: These data showed that problems with the correct use of
      specific morphosyntactic knowledge in spoken language production are a long-term
      effect of moderate to severe CHI, independent of current auditory processing
      abilities. However, moderate to severe CHI generally does not impede performance
      in masked language reception in the visual modality, as measured in this study
      with short, degraded sentences. Aspects of linguistic proficiency that are
      affected by CHI thus do not seem to play a role in masked sentence recognition in
      the visual modality.

PMID- 26974222
TI  - Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenols and Their Association with Biomarkers of
      Oxidative Stress in People Living Near E-Waste Recycling Facilities in China.
AB  - In this study, concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) and seven other bisphenols
      (BPs) were measured in urine samples collected from people living in and around e
      waste dismantling facilities, and in matched reference population from rural and
      urban areas in China. BPA, bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) were
      frequently detected (detection frequencies: > 90%) in urine samples collected
      from individuals who live near e-waste facilities, with geometric mean (GM)
      concentrations of 2.99 (or 3.75), 0.361 (or 0.469), and 0.349 (or 0.435) ng/mL
      (or MUg/g Cre), respectively; the other five BPs were rarely found in urine
      samples, regardless of the sampling location. The urinary concentrations of BPA
      and BPF, but not BPS, were significantly higher in individuals from e-waste
      recycling locations than did individuals from a rural reference location. Our
      findings indicated that e-waste dismantling activities contribute to human
      exposure to BPA and BPF. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was measured in
      urine as a marker of oxidative stress. In the e-waste dismantling location,
      urinary 8-OHdG was significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.001) with
      urinary BPA and BPS, but not BPF; a similar correlation was also observed in
      reference sites. These findings suggest that BPA and BPS exposures are associated
      with elevated oxidative stress. 

PMID- 26974223
TI  - Survival of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients Admitted to the
      Intensive Care Unit: Have We Reached the Limits?

PMID- 26974224
TI  - Theoretical Modeling of the Magnetic Behavior of Thiacalix[4]arene Tetranuclear
      Mn(II)2Gd(III)2 and Co(II)2Eu(III)2 Complexes.
AB  - In view of a wide perspective of 3d-4f complexes in single-molecule magnetism,
      here we propose an explanation of the magnetic behavior of the two
      thiacalix[4]arene tetranuclear heterometallic complexes Mn(II)2Gd(III)2 and
      Co(II)2Eu(III)2. The energy pattern of the Mn(II)2Gd(III)2 complex evaluated in
      the framework of the isotropic exchange model exhibits a rotational band of the
      low-lying spin excitations within which the Lande intervals are affected by the
      biquadratic spin-spin interactions. The nonmonotonic temperature dependence of
      the chiT product observed for the Mn(II)2Gd(III)2 complex is attributed to the
      competitive influence of the ferromagnetic Mn-Gd and antiferromagnetic Mn-Mn
      exchange interactions, the latter being stronger (J(Mn, Mn) = -1.6 cm(-1), Js(Mn,
      Gd) = 0.8 cm(-1), g = 1.97). The model for the Co(II)2Eu(III)2 complex includes
      uniaxial anisotropy of the seven-coordinate Co(II) ions and an isotropic exchange
      interaction in the Co(II)2 pair, while the Eu(III) ions are diamagnetic in their
      ground states. Best-fit analysis of chiT versus T showed that the anisotropic
      contribution (arising from a large zero-field splitting in Co(II) ions) dominates
      (weak-exchange limit) in the Co(II)2Eu(III)2 complex (D = 20.5 cm(-1), J = -0.4
      cm(-1), gCo = 2.22). This complex is concluded to exhibit an easy plane of
      magnetization (arising from the Co(II) pair). It is shown that the low-lying part
      of the spectrum can be described by a highly anisotropic effective spin-(1)/2
      Hamiltonian that is deduced for the Co(II)2 pair in the weak-exchange limit. 

PMID- 26974225
TI  - Control of Reversible Self-Bending Behavior in Responsive Janus Microstrips.
AB  - Here, we demonstrate a simple method to systematically control the responsive
      self-bending behavior of Janus hydrogel microstrips consisting of a polymeric
      bilayer with a high modulus contrast. The Janus hydrogel microstrips could be
      easily fabricated by a simple micromolding technique combined with an initiated
      chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) coating, providing high flexibility in
      controlling the physical and chemical properties of the microstrips. The
      fabricated Janus hydrogel microstrip is composed of a soft, pH-responsive polymer
      hydrogel layer laminated with a highly cross-linked, rigid thin film, generating
      a geometric anisotropy at a micron scale. The large difference in the elastic
      moduli between the two layers of the Janus microstrips leads to a self-bending
      behavior in response to the pH change. More specifically, the impact of the
      physical and chemical properties of the microstrip on the self-bending phenomena
      was systematically investigated by changing the thickness and composition of two
      layers of the microstrip, which renders high controllability in bending of the
      microstrips. The curvature of the Janus microstrips, formed by self-bending,
      highly depends on the applied acidity. A reversible, responsive self
      bending/unbending exhibits a perfect resilience pattern with repeated changes in
      pH for 5 cycles. We envision that the Janus microstrips can be engineered to form
      complex 3D microstructures applicable to various fields such as soft robotics,
      scaffolds, and drug delivery. The reliable responsive behaviors obtained from the
      systematic investigation will provide critical information in bridging the gap
      between the theoretical mechanical analysis and the chemical properties to
      achieve micron-scale soft robotics. 

PMID- 26974226
TI  - Probing Microscopic Orientation in Membranes by Linear Dichroism.
AB  - The cell membrane is an ordered environment, which anisotropically affects the
      structure and interactions of all of its molecules. Monitoring membrane
      orientation at a local level is rather challenging but could reward crucial
      information on protein conformation and interactions in the lipid bilayer. We
      monitored local lipid ordering changes upon varying the cholesterol concentration
      using polarized light spectroscopy and pyrene as a membrane probe. Pyrene, with a
      shape intermediate between a disc and a rod, can detect microscopic orientation
      variations at the level of its size. The global membrane orientation was
      determined using curcumin, a probe with nonoverlapping absorption relative to
      that of pyrene. While the macroscopic orientation of a liquid-phase bilayer
      decreases with increasing cholesterol concentration, the local orientation is
      improved. Pyrene is found to be sensitive to the local effects induced by
      cholesterol and temperature on the bilayer. Disentangling local and global
      orientation effects in membranes could provide new insights into functionally
      significant interactions of membrane proteins. 

PMID- 26974228
TI  - Stability and Biodistribution of Thiol-Functionalized and (177)Lu-Labeled Metal
      Chelating Polymers Bound to Gold Nanoparticles.
AB  - We are studying a novel radiation nanomedicine approach to treatment of breast
      cancer using 30 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNP) modified with polyethylene glycol
      (PEG) metal-chelating polymers (MCP) that incorporate 1,4,7,10
      tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelators for complexing
      the beta-particle emitter, (177)Lu. Our objective was to compare the stability of
      AuNP conjugated to MCP via a single thiol [DOTA-PEG-ortho-pyridyl disulfide
      (OPSS)], a dithiol [DOTA-PEG-lipoic acid (LA)] or multithiol end-group [PEG
      pGlu(DOTA)8-LA4] and determine the elimination and biodistribution of these
      (177)Lu-labeled MCP-AuNP in mice. Stability to aggregation in the presence of
      thiol-containing dithiothreitol (DTT), L-cysteine or glutathione was assessed and
      dissociation of (177)Lu-MCP from AuNP in human plasma measured. Elimination of
      radioactivity from the body of athymic mice and excretion into the urine and
      feces was measured up to 168 h post-intravenous (i.v.) injection of (177)Lu-MCP
      AuNP and normal tissue uptake was determined. ICP-AES was used to quantify Au in
      the liver and spleen and these were compared to (177)Lu. Our results showed that
      PEG-pGlu(DOTA)8-LA4-AuNP were more stable to aggregation in vitro than DOTA-PEG
      LA-AuNP and both forms of AuNP were more stable to thiol challenge than DOTA-PEG
      OPSS-AuNP. PEG-pGlu((177)Lu-DOTA)8-LA4 was the most stable in plasma. Whole body
      elimination of (177)Lu was most rapid for mice injected with (177)Lu-DOTA-PEG
      OPSS-AuNP. Urinary excretion accounted for >90% of eliminated (177)Lu. All
      (177)Lu-MCP-AuNP accumulated in the liver and spleen. Liver uptake was lowest for
      PEG-pGlu((177)Lu-DOTA)8-LA4-AuNP but these AuNP exhibited the greatest spleen
      uptake. There were differences in Au and (177)Lu in the liver for PEG
      pGlu((177)Lu-DOTA)8-LA4-AuNP. These differences were not correlated with in vitro
      stability of the (177)Lu-MCP-AuNP. We conclude that conjugation of AuNP with PEG
      pGlu((177)Lu-DOTA)8-LA4 via a multithiol functional group provided the greatest
      stability in vitro and lowest liver uptake in vivo and is, therefore, the most
      promising for constructing (177)Lu-MCP-AuNP for radiation treatment of breast
      cancer.

PMID- 26974227
TI  - A novel ciprofloxacin-resistant subclade of H58 Salmonella Typhi is associated
      with fluoroquinolone treatment failure.
AB  - The interplay between bacterial antimicrobial susceptibility, phylogenetics and
      patient outcome is poorly understood. During a typhoid clinical treatment trial
      in Nepal, we observed several treatment failures and isolated highly
      fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi). Seventy-eight S. Typhi
      isolates were genome sequenced and clinical observations, treatment failures and
      fever clearance times (FCTs) were stratified by lineage. Most fluoroquinolone
      resistant S. Typhi belonged to a specific H58 subclade. Treatment failure with S.
      Typhi-H58 was significantly less frequent with ceftriaxone (3/31; 9.7%) than
      gatifloxacin (15/34; 44.1%)(Hazard Ratio 0.19, p=0.002). Further, for
      gatifloxacin-treated patients, those infected with fluoroquinolone-resistant
      organisms had significantly higher median FCTs (8.2 days) than those infected
      with susceptible (2.96) or intermediately resistant organisms (4.01)(pS. Typhi
      clade internationally, but there are no data regarding disease outcome with this
      organism. We report an emergent new subclade of S. Typhi-H58 that is associated
      with fluoroquinolone treatment failure. 

PMID- 26974229
TI  - Biogenetically Inspired Synthesis of Lingzhiol.
AB  - A concise stereo- and enantioselective synthesis of lingzhiol has been achieved
      featuring a biogenetically inspired Bronsted acid catalyzed semipinacol
      rearrangement of a glycidyl alcohol intermediate. 

PMID- 26974230
TI  - Oxidized Ferric and Ferryl Forms of Hemoglobin Trigger Mitochondrial Dysfunction
      and Injury in Alveolar Type I Cells.
AB  - Lung alveoli are lined by alveolar type (AT) 1 cells and cuboidal AT2 cells. The
      AT1 cells are likely to be exposed to cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) in multiple lung
      diseases; however, the role of Hb redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions and their
      precise contributions to AT1 cell injury are not well understood. Using mouse
      lung epithelial cells (E10) as an AT1 cell model, we demonstrate here that higher
      Hb oxidation states, ferric Hb (HbFe(3+)) and ferryl Hb (HbFe(4+)) and subsequent
      heme loss play a central role in the genesis of injury. Exposures to HbFe(2+) and
      HbFe(3+) for 24 hours induced expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protein in E10
      cells and HO-1 translocation in the purified mitochondrial fractions. Both of
      these effects were intensified with increasing oxidation states of Hb. Next, we
      examined the effects of Hb oxidation and free heme on mitochondrial bioenergetic
      function by measuring changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and
      oxygen consumption rate. In contrast to HbFe(2+), HbFe(3+) reduced basal oxygen
      consumption rate, indicating compromised mitochondrial activity. However,
      HbFe(4+) exposure not only induced early expression of HO-1 but also caused
      mitochondrial dysfunction within 12 hours when compared with HbFe(2+) and
      HbFe(3+). Exposure to HbFe(4+) for 24 hours also caused mitochondrial
      depolarization in E10 cells. The deleterious effects of HbFe(3+) and HbFe(4+)
      were reversed by the addition of scavenger proteins, haptoglobin and hemopexin.
      Collectively, these data establish, for the first time, a central role for cell
      free Hb in lung epithelial injury, and that these effects are mediated through
      the redox transition of Hb to higher oxidation states.

PMID- 26974231
TI  - BF3.OEt2-AgSCF3 Mediated Trifluoromethylthiolation/Cascade Cyclization of
      Propynols: Synthesis of 4-((Trifluoromethyl)thio)-2H-chromene and 4
      ((Trifluoromethyl)thio)-1,2-dihydroquinoline Derivatives.
AB  - A BF3.OEt2-AgSCF3 mediated direct trifluoromethylthiolation/cascade cyclization
      of propynols involving the SCF3 anion nucleophilic pathway is developed. This
      protocol also provides an opportunity to construct valuable trifluoromethylthio
      substituted 2H-chromene and 1,2-dihydroquinoline systems with high efficiency
      under mild conditions. Additionally, the developed BF3.OEt2-AgSCF3 reaction
      system could be scaled up to gram quantities in a satisfactory yield without
      inert gas protection. 

PMID- 26974232
TI  - Gamification of active travel to school: A pilot evaluation of the Beat the
      Street physical activity intervention.
AB  - Beat the Street aims to get children more active by encouraging them to walk and
      cycle in their neighbourhood using tracking technology with a reward scheme. This
      pilot study evaluates the impact of Beat the Street on active travel to school in
      Norwich, UK. Eighty children 8-10 yrs were recruited via an intervention and
      control school. They wore an accelerometer for 7 days at baseline, mid
      intervention and post-intervention (+20 weeks), and completed a travel diary.
      Physical activity overall was not higher at follow-up amongst intervention
      children compared to controls. However, there was a positive association between
      moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during school commute times and the
      number of days on which children touched a Beat the Street sensor. This equated
      to 3.46min extra daily MVPA during commute times for children who touched a
      sensor on 14.5 days (the mean number of days), compared to those who did not
      engage. We also found weekly active travel increased at the intervention school
      (+10.0% per child) while it decreased at the control (-7.0%), p=0.056. Further
      work is needed to understand how improved engagement with the intervention might
      impact outcomes.

PMID- 26974233
TI  - Residential exposure to visible blue space (but not green space) associated with
      lower psychological distress in a capital city.
AB  - As urbanisation escalates globally, urban neighbourhood features which may
      improve physical and mental health are of growing importance. Using a cross
      sectional survey of adults and the application of novel geospatial techniques,
      this study investigated whether increased visibility of nature (green and blue
      space) was associated with lower psychological distress (K10 scores), in the
      capital city of Wellington, New Zealand. To validate, we also tested whether
      visibility of blue space was associated missing teeth in the same sample. Cluster
      robust, linear regression models were fitted to test the association between
      visibility of nature and K10 scores, adjusted for age, sex, personal income,
      neighbourhood population density, housing quality, crime and deprivation. Higher
      levels of blue space visibility were associated with lower psychological distress
      (beta=-0.28, p<0.001). Importantly, blue space visibility was not significantly
      associated with tooth loss. Further research is needed to confirm whether
      increased visibility of blue space could promote mental well-being and reduce
      distress in other cities.

PMID- 26974234
TI  - Changing spatial patterns and increasing rurality of HIV prevalence in the
      Democratic Republic of the Congo between 2007 and 2013.
AB  - The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has one of the lowest HIV prevalence
      in sub-Saharan Africa, estimated at 1.1% [0.9-1.3] of adults aged 15-49 in 2013
      (UNAIDS). Within the 2 million km(2) country, however, there exists spatial
      variation in HIV prevalence, with the highest HIV prevalence observed in the
      large cities of Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. Globally, HIV is an increasingly rural
      disease, diffusing outwards from urban centers of high HIV prevalence to places
      where HIV was previously absent or present at very low levels. Utilizing data
      collected during Demographic and Health Surveillance (DHS) in 2007 and 2013 in
      the DRC, we sought to update the map of HIV prevalence in the DRC as well as to
      explore whether HIV in the DRC is an increasingly rural disease or remains
      confined to urban areas. Bayesian kriging and regression indicate that HIV
      prevalence in rural areas of the DRC is higher in 2013 than in 2007 and that
      increased distance to an urban area is no longer protective against HIV as it was
      in 2007. These findings suggest that HIV education, testing and prevention
      efforts need to diffuse from urban to rural areas just as HIV is doing.

PMID- 26974235
TI  - Understanding the Attitudes of Patients with Cancer Toward Complementary and
      Alternative Therapies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
      use among patients with cancer can be explained by reasons such as growing
      scientific evidence and improved regulation. However, subjective considerations
      are also relevant for practicing CAM and perceiving its effectiveness. The
      current study aimed at qualitatively estimating patients' prior beliefs and
      expectations, as well as their level of satisfaction after the treatment.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with cancer who received six weekly sessions of
      CAM during their oncologic treatments participated in the study. They detailed
      their prior expectations and their level of posttreatment satisfaction. The open
      ended answers were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. In
      addition, the contents before and after the intervention were compared. RESULTS:
      Over a 2-year period, 163 patients entered the study, 135 of whom completed all
      six CAM sessions. The content analysis of the pretreatment expectations revealed
      four main categories: emotional, physical, external, and aspects related to the
      practice of CAM. After the intervention, patients referred to the therapeutic
      encounter as a significant aspect, in addition to the emotional and physical
      ones. CONCLUSION: CAM sessions encouraged emotional and relational aspects in
      patients' perspectives, which may be highly relevant for their coping process.
      Encouraging personal motives may increase treatment efficacy and ensure optimal
      use of health care resources.

PMID- 26974236
TI  - D5S2500 is an ambiguously characterized STR: Identification and description of
      forensic microsatellites in the genomics age.
AB  - In the process of establishing short tandem repeat (STR) sequence variant
      nomenclature guidelines in anticipation of expanded forensic multiplexes for
      massively parallel sequencing (MPS), it was discovered that the STR D5S2500 has
      multiple positions and genomic characteristics reported. This ambiguity is
      because the marker named D5S2500 consists of two different microsatellites
      forming separate components in the capillary electrophoresis multiplexes of
      Qiagen's HDplex (Hilden, Germany) and AGCU ScienTech's non-CODIS STR 21plex
      (Wuxi, Jiangsu, China). This study outlines the genomic details used to identify
      each microsatellite and reveals the D5S2500 marker in HDplex has the correctly
      assigned STR name, while the D5S2500 marker in the AGCU 21plex, closely
      positioned a further 1643 nucleotides in the human reference sequence, is an
      unnamed microsatellite. The fact that the D5S2500 marker has existed as two
      distinct STR loci undetected for almost ten years, even with reported discordant
      genotypes for the standard control DNA, underlines the need for careful scrutiny
      of the genomic properties of forensic STRs, as they become adapted for sequence
      analysis with MPS systems. We make the recommendation that precise chromosome
      location data must be reported for any forensic marker under development but not
      in common use, so that the genomic characteristics of the locus are validated to
      the same level of accuracy as its allelic variation and forensic performance. To
      clearly differentiate each microsatellite, we propose the name D5S2800 be used to
      identify the Chromosome-5 STR in the AGCU 21plex.

PMID- 26974237
TI  - Role and influence of extracellular polymeric substances on the preparation of
      aerobic granular sludge.
AB  - Due to the important role of the extracellular polymeric substances in the
      formation of aerobic granular sludge, the variation of the EPS contents in the
      process of cultivation and that in the one running cycle time were studied in
      this work. Aerobic granules with diameters between 0.8 and 1.1 mm were obtained
      within 30-35 days. The results suggested that the increase of EPS contents
      significantly contributed to the formation of aerobic granules. A linear
      relationship between the EPS and SVI was also developed, and it revealed that the
      aerobic granules had good settling property when the EPS exceeded 200 mg/g MLVSS.
      Two mainly components of EPS, protein (PN) and polysaccharides (PS), could act as
      the endogenous food for the microbes during the starvation period. The survival
      of the microbial population was jeopardized when the F/M ration was below 0.5 g
      COD/g SS d. 

PMID- 26974238
TI  - Biomagnetic monitoring of heavy metals contamination in deposited atmospheric
      dust, a case study from Isfahan, Iran.
AB  - Tree leaves are considered as one of the best biogenic dust collectors due to
      their ability to trap and retain particulate matter on their surfaces. In this
      study, the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and the concentration of selected heavy
      metals of plane tree (Platanus orientalis L.) leaves and deposited atmospheric
      dust, sampled by an indirect and a direct method, respectively, were determined
      to investigate the relationships between leaf magnetic parameters and the
      concentration of heavy metals in deposited atmospheric dust. The objective was to
      develop a biomagnetic method as an alternative to the common ones used for
      determining atmospheric heavy metal contaminations. Plane tree leaves were
      monthly sampled on the 19th of May to November, 2012 (T1-T7), for seven months
      from 21 different sites in the city of Isfahan, central Iran. Deposited
      atmospheric dust samples were also collected using flat glass surfaces from the
      same sites on the same dates, except for T1. MS (chilf, chihf) values in washed
      (WL) and unwashed leaves (UL) as well as Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn
      concentrations in UL and deposited atmospheric dust samples were determined. The
      results showed that the MS content with a biogenic source was low with almost no
      significant change during the sampling period, while an increasing trend was
      observed in the MS content of UL samples due to the deposition of heavy metals
      and magnetic particles on leaf surfaces throughout the plant growth. The latter
      type of MS content could be reduced through washing off by rain. Most heavy
      metals examined, as well as the Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) in UL,
      showed statistically significant correlations with MS values. The correlation
      between heavy metals content in atmospheric dust deposited on glass surfaces and
      leaf MS values was significant for Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn. Moreover, the similarity
      observed between the spatial distribution maps of leaf MS and deposited
      atmospheric dust PLI provided convincing evidence regarding the suitability of
      the biomagnetic approach as a relatively rapid and inexpensive method for
      identifying highly polluted urban areas with selected heavy metals, especially
      those subjected to anthropogenic and other traffic related sources. 

PMID- 26974239
TI  - Applying GIS to develop a model for forest fire risk: A case study in Espirito
      Santo, Brazil.
AB  - A forest fire risk map is a basic element for planning and protecting forested
      areas. The main goal of this study was to develop a statistical model for
      preparing a forest fire risk map using GIS. Such model is based on assigning
      weights to nine variables divided into two classes: physical factors of the site
      (terrain slope, land-use/occupation, proximity to roads, terrain orientation, and
      altitude) and climatic factors (precipitation, temperature, water deficit, and
      evapotranspiration). In regions where the climate is different from the
      conditions of this study, the model will require an adjustment of the variables
      weights according to the local climate. The study area, Espirito Santo State,
      exhibited approximately 3.81% low risk, 21.18% moderate risk, 30.10% high risk,
      41.50% very high risk, and 3.40% extreme risk of forest fire. The areas
      classified as high risk, very high and extreme, contemplated a total of 78.92% of
      heat spots. 

PMID- 26974240
TI  - Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass from landscape management - Influence of
      process parameters on soil properties of hydrochars.
AB  - Besides pyrolysis the technology of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is tested to
      produce hydrochars for soil improvement. The chemical and physical properties of
      the hydrochars mainly depend on the feedstock and the process parameters reaction
      time and process temperature. Systematic investigations on the influences of
      these process parameters on soil properties of hydrochars like water holding
      capacity (WHC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) are missing. In this study, a
      rush-rich biomass was carbonized within defined HTC process conditions under
      variation of reaction time and process temperature to produce hydrochars.
      Analysis of WHC, CEC, the elemental composition and Fourier-transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed to evaluate the influence of HTC process
      conditions on the pedological hydrochar properties. The results indicated that at
      increasing reaction severity (reaction time and process temperature) WHC and CEC
      decreased as well as the elemental O/C ratio. The decrease of WHC and CEC is
      based on the decrease of the hydrochar surface polarity. However, even the lowest
      WHC and CEC of investigated hydrochars still exceeded those of pure quartz sand
      by factors of 5-10. An application of hydrochars produced at severe HTC
      conditions could improve WHC and CEC of sandy soils. This has to be investigated
      in further studies. 

PMID- 26974241
TI  - Environmental impact assessment and monetary ecosystem service valuation of an
      ecosystem under different future environmental change and management scenarios; a
      case study of a Scots pine forest.
AB  - For a sustainable future, we must sustainably manage not only the
      human/industrial system but also ecosystems. To achieve the latter goal, we need
      to predict the responses of ecosystems and their provided services to management
      practices under changing environmental conditions via ecosystem models and use
      tools to compare the estimated provided services between the different scenarios.
      However, scientific articles have covered a limited amount of estimated ecosystem
      services and have used tools to aggregate services that contain a significant
      amount of subjective aspects and that represent the final result in a non
      tangible unit such as 'points'. To resolve these matters, this study quantifies
      the environmental impact (on human health, natural systems and natural resources)
      in physical units and uses an ecosystem service valuation based on monetary
      values (including ecosystem disservices with associated negative monetary
      values). More specifically, the paper also focuses on the assessment of ecosystem
      services related to pollutant removal/generation flows, accounting for the inflow
      of eutrophying nitrogen (N) when assessing the effect of N leached to
      groundwater. Regarding water use/provisioning, evapotranspiration is
      alternatively considered a disservice because it implies a loss of (potential)
      groundwater. These approaches and improvements, relevant to all ecosystems, are
      demonstrated using a Scots pine stand from 2010 to 2089 for a combination of
      three environmental change and three management scenarios. The environmental
      change scenarios considered interannual climate variability trends and included
      alterations in temperature, precipitation, nitrogen deposition, wind speed,
      Particulate matter (PM) concentration and CO2 concentration. The addressed
      flows/ecosystem services, including disservices, are as follows: particulate
      matter removal, freshwater loss, CO2 sequestration, wood production, NOx
      emissions, NH3 uptake and nitrogen pollution/removal. The monetary ecosystem
      service valuation yields a total average estimate of 361-1242 euro ha(-1) yr(-1).
      PM2.5 (<2.5 MUm) removal is the key service, with a projected value of 622-1172
      euro ha(-1) yr(-1). Concerning environmental impact assessment, with net CO2
      uptake being the most relevant contributing flow, a loss prevention of 0.014
      0.029 healthy life years ha(-1) yr(-1) is calculated for the respective flows.
      Both assessment methods favor the use of the least intensive management scenario
      due to its resulting higher CO2 sequestration and PM removal, which are the most
      important services of the considered ones. 

PMID- 26974242
TI  - Modelling for antimicrobial activities of ionic liquids towards Escherichia coli,
      Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using linear free energy relationship
      descriptors.
AB  - To predict antimicrobial activities i.e., minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
      and minimal biocidal concentration (MBC) for ionic liquids (ILs) against
      Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, six quantitative
      structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed using linear free
      energy relationship (LFER) descriptors calculated by density functional theory
      and conductor screening model. The LFER descriptors are excess molar refraction,
      dipolarity/polarizability, H-bonding acidity, H-bonding basicity, McGowan volume,
      cationic interaction, and anionic interaction. By excluding some descriptors with
      ignorable contributions to training set, components of the QSAR models were
      simplified. Their estimated predictabilities were in R(2)=0.900, standard error
      (SE; in log unit of MUM)=0.430 for log 1/MIC of E. coli, R(2)=0.934, SE=0.370 for
      log 1/MBC of E. coli, R(2)=0.910, SE=0.470 for log 1/MIC of S. aureus,
      R(2)=0.947, SE=0.350 for log 1/MBC of S. aureus, R(2)=0.892, SE=0.362 for log
      1/MIC of C. albicans and R(2)=0.803, SE=0.233 for log 1/MBC of C. albicans. Then,
      except for log 1/MBC of C. albicans due to lack of data points, the models were
      validated by comparing between observed and calculated values of test set; its
      checked correlations were all within R(2) of 0.921.

PMID- 26974243
TI  - Implementing oral care to reduce aspiration pneumonia amongst patients with
      dysphagia in a South African setting.
AB  - Oral care is a crucial routine for patients with dysphagia that, when completed
      routinely, can prevent the development of aspiration pneumonia. There is no
      standardised protocol for oral care within government hospitals in South Africa.
      This study aimed to investigate the outcome of an oral care protocol.
      Participants were patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, with either stroke or
      traumatic brain injury as the underlying medical pathology, and nurses. All
      participants were recruited from one tertiary level government hospital in
      Gauteng, South Africa. 139 nurses participated in the study and received training
      on the oral care protocol. There were two groups of participants with
      oropharyngeal dysphagia. Group one (study group, n = 23) was recruited by
      consecutive sampling, received regular oral care and were not restricted from
      drinking water; however, all other liquids were restricted. Group two (comparison
      group, n = 23) was recruited via a retrospective record review, received
      inconsistent oral care and were placed on thickened liquids or liquid restricted
      diets. Results showed that a regimen of regular oral care and free water
      provision when combined with dysphagia intervention did prevent aspiration
      pneumonia in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. The article highlights two
      key findings: that regular and routine oral care is manageable within an acute
      government hospital context and a strict routine of oral care can reduce
      aspiration pneumonia in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. An implication
      from these findings is confirmation that teamwork in acute care settings in
      developing contexts must be prioritised to improve dysphagia management and
      patient prognosis. 

PMID- 26974244
TI  - The South African dysphagia screening tool (SADS): A screening tool for a
      developing context.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Notwithstanding its value, there are challenges and limitations to
      implementing a dysphagia screening tool from a developed contexts in a developing
      context. The need for a reliable and valid screening tool for dysphagia that
      considers context, systemic rules and resources was identified to prevent further
      medical compromise, optimise dysphagia prognosis and ultimately hasten patients'
      return to home or work. METHODOLOGY: To establish the validity and reliability of
      the South African dysphagia screening tool (SADS) for acute stroke patients
      accessing government hospital services. The study was a quantitative, non
      experimental, correlational cross-sectional design with a retrospective
      component. Convenient sampling was used to recruit 18 speech-language therapists
      and 63 acute stroke patients from three South African government hospitals. The
      SADS consists of 20 test items and was administered by speech-language
      therapists. Screening was followed by a diagnostic dysphagia assessment. The
      administrator of the tool was not involved in completing the diagnostic
      assessment, to eliminate bias and prevent contamination of results from screener
      to diagnostic assessment. Sensitivity, validity and efficacy of the screening
      tool were evaluated against the results of the diagnostic dysphagia assessment.
      Cohen's kappa measures determined inter-rater agreement between the results of
      the SADS and the diagnostic assessment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The SADS was
      proven to be valid and reliable. Cohen's kappa indicated a high inter-rater
      reliability and showed high sensitivity and adequate specificity in detecting
      dysphagia amongst acute stroke patients who were at risk for dysphagia. The SADS
      was characterised by concurrent, content and face validity. As a first step in
      establishing contextual appropriateness, the SADS is a valid and reliable
      screening tool that is sensitive in identifying stroke patients at risk for
      dysphagia within government hospitals in South Africa.

PMID- 26974245
TI  - Dynamic biomaterials: toward engineering autonomous feedback.
AB  - Dynamic biomaterials are biocompatible engineered systems capable of sensing and
      actively responding to their surrounding environment. They are of growing
      interest, both as models in basic research to understand complex cellular systems
      and in medical applications. Here, we review recent advances in nano-scale and
      micro-scale biomaterials, specifically artificial cells consisting of
      compartmentalized biochemical reactions and biologically compatible hydrogels.
      These dynamic biomaterials respond to stimuli through triggered reactions,
      reaction cascades, logic gates, and autonomous feedback loops. We outline the
      advances and remaining challenges in implementing such 'smart' biomaterials
      capable of autonomously responding to environmental stimuli.

PMID- 26974246
TI  - Molecular Genetic Profiling of Adolescent Glassy Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix
      Reveals Targetable EGFR Amplification with Potential Therapeutic Implications.
AB  - Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix (GCCC) is a very rare and aggressive form of
      cervical cancer. An adolescent female with advanced metastatic disease was
      enrolled in our genomic profiling research protocol. We identified high-level
      amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Yes-associated
      protein-1 (YAP1), which led to the addition of EGFR inhibitors to the
      chemotherapy regimen. Here, we report the first genetically profiled case of GCCC
      with potential therapeutic implications.

PMID- 26974247
TI  - Predictors of trajectories of epilepsy-specific quality of life among children
      newly diagnosed with epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify two-year trajectories of
      epilepsy-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children newly
      diagnosed with epilepsy and to evaluate the predictive value of a comprehensive
      set of medical, psychosocial, and family factors. METHODS: Ninety-four children
      with epilepsy (8.14 +/- 2.37 years of age and 63% male) and their caregivers
      participated in this study. Caregivers completed the Quality of Life in Childhood
      Epilepsy Questionnaire (QOLCE) and measures of psychological and family
      functioning at one month postdiagnosis. The QOLCE was also given at eight
      additional time points during the subsequent two years as a part of a large
      observational study in children with epilepsy. Adherence data were collected via
      MEMS TrackCaps, and medical information was collected through chart review.
      RESULTS: Unique trajectories were identified for the overall QOLCE scale, as well
      as the subscales. Most trajectory models for the QOLCE subscales contained at
      least one at-risk trajectory for children, indicating that there is a subgroup of
      children experiencing poor long-term HRQOL. Health-related quality-of-life
      trajectories remained predominantly stable during the two-year period following
      treatment initiation. The number of AEDs, internalizing problems, and
      externalizing problems emerged as the most consistent predictors across the HRQOL
      domains. SIGNIFICANCE: Medical and psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive
      behavioral strategies, should target modifiable factors (e.g., internalizing
      symptoms, externalizing symptoms, number of AEDs trialed) shortly after diagnosis
      to improve HRQOL for children with epilepsy over the course of their disease.

PMID- 26974248
TI  - Selection of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tunisian cereals and exploitation
      of the use as starters for sourdough fermentation.
AB  - Wheat bread is the most popular staple food consumed in Tunisia and, despite the
      niche production of some typical breads (e.g. Tabouna, Mlawi, Mtabga), the major
      part is currently produced with baker's yeast at industrial or, mainly, at
      artisanal level, while the use of sourdough fermentation is rarely reported.
      Considering the growing national demand for cereal baked goods, it can be
      hypothesized that sourdough fermentation through the use of selected lactic acid
      bacteria as starters could improve the overall quality and the diversification of
      local products. Different cereal grains were collected from the regions of
      Ariana, Bizerta, Beja Nabeul, and Seliana, and the autochthonous lactic acid
      bacteria were isolated, identified, characterized and selected on the basis of
      the kinetics of acidification, the proteolytic activity, and the quotient of
      fermentation. Lactobacillus curvatus MA2, Pediococcus pentosaceus OA2, and
      Pediococcus acidilactici O1A1 were used together as mixed starter to obtain a
      selected sourdough. According to the backslopping procedure, a type I sourdough
      was made from a Tunisian flour (spontaneous sourdough). Compared to the use of
      the spontaneous sourdough, the one obtained with selected and mixed starters by a
      unique fermentation step, favored the increase of the concentrations of organic
      acids, phenols, and total free amino acids, the most suitable quotient of
      fermentation, and the most intense phytase and antioxidant activities, that
      increased ca. 20% compared to the control. Moreover, the selected starters
      improved the in vitro protein digestibility (ca. 82% when selected sourdough was
      used), textural and sensory features of the breads, as determined by textural
      profile analysis and panel test, respectively. This study aimed at exploiting the
      potential of selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria and extending the use of
      a sourdough (type II), thanks to the set-up of a two-step fermentation protocol
      designed for application at the industrial level, and the confirmed nutritional,
      textural, and sensory advantages of the final product. 

PMID- 26974249
TI  - Four-locus phylogeny of Fusarium avenaceum and related species and their species
      specific identification based on partial phosphate permease gene sequences.
AB  - The fungus Fusarium avenaceum and its closest relatives are responsible for
      contamination of agricultural plants and their products by mycotoxins such as
      enniatins and moniliformin. Precise identification of mycotoxin producers is
      necessary for estimation of the accumulation risk of those compounds and for
      preventing the consumption of highly contaminated products. Nucleic acids
      amplification-based techniques proved to be the most rapid and reliable approach
      for pathogen diagnostics and identification. In this study partial phosphate
      permease gene (PHO) sequences were determined for Fusarium avenaceum (including
      one isolate identified as F. arthrosporioides), F. tricinctum, F. acuminatum and
      F. torulosum. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 isolates of those species from
      different climates and geographical regions of Russia and some neighboring
      countries based on sequences of PHO, translation elongation factor 1 alpha
      (TEF1alpha), beta-tubulin (beta-TUB), enniatin synthetase (Esyn1) genes and
      combined data set demonstrated that the PHO gene possesses the highest rate of
      variability among them and can be considered as an informative marker for
      phylogenetic studies of these species. According to the combined data set
      phylogeny, the isolates of each species formed clusters with a high bootstrap
      support. Analysis of PHO sequences revealed a high intraspecific variability of
      F. avenaceum: there were 5 independent clusters on the dendrogram, including one
      cluster which was closer to F. torulosum than to other F. avenaceum isolates.
      Variable sites in PHO sequences have been used for the design of species-specific
      primers and a fluorescent hydrolysis probe. The specificity of the assay was
      shown for DNA samples extracted from 68 isolates of 23 Fusarium species.
      Quantitative PCR approach was applied to estimate the contamination rate of 17
      naturally infected oat and barley samples, previously characterized by
      microbiological procedures. 

PMID- 26974250
TI  - Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Cervical Cytology Outcomes Among Urban Low
      Income Minority Females.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was licensed for
      use in 9- through 26-year-old females in 2006. Postlicensure studies in
      Australia, Denmark, and Canada have demonstrated vaccine effectiveness against
      abnormal cervical cytology results. However, there are limited data describing
      postlicensure effectiveness in the United States, particularly among minority
      females at higher risk for HPV infection and cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE: To
      examine the effect of HPV vaccination on abnormal cervical cytology results among
      minority females. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study
      conducted between January 2007 and January 2014 at 16 academically affiliated
      community clinics serving a low-income minority population. Included in this
      study was a population-based sample of 16 266 females aged 11 through 20 years as
      of January 1, 2007, who received care at a participating clinic on or after that
      date. EXPOSURE: Human papillomavirus vaccination, stratified by the number of
      doses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cervical cytology abnormality following either
      HPV vaccination or, if unvaccinated, the first missed opportunity for HPV
      vaccination after January 1, 2007. Abnormalities were defined as atypical
      glandular cells, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, atypical
      squamous cells, cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, low
      grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, or high-grade squamous intraepithelial
      lesions. RESULTS: There were 4127 female patients who initiated quadrivalent HPV
      vaccination or had their first missed HPV vaccination opportunity from 11 through
      20 years of age and underwent subsequent cervical cytology screening. The
      patients were primarily Spanish speaking (n = 2297; 58.3%) and publicly insured
      (n = 3801; 92.1%). The detection rate for an abnormal cervical cytology result
      during the observation period was lower among vaccinated (>=1 dose) (79.1 per
      1000 person-years) vs unvaccinated (125.7 per 1000 person-years) females. The
      risk for an abnormal cervical cytology result was lower among vaccinated vs
      unvaccinated females (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% CI, 0.57-0.73), particularly
      if the 3-dose series was completed (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.41-0.56) or if the
      vaccine was administered from 11 through 14 years of age (>=1 dose: HR, 0.36; 95%
      CI, 0.16-0.79; 3 doses: HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.12-0.63). This protective effect
      remained after adjusting for demographics, clinic type, abnormal baseline
      cervical cytology result, and baseline Chlamydia screening (as proxy for sexual
      experience). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study demonstrated the HPV vaccine
      is effective in a real-world setting of high-risk patients with variable HPV
      vaccination patterns.

PMID- 26974252
TI  - Trying to Quit Cigarette Smoking by Cutting Down or Stopping Abruptly.

PMID- 26974251
TI  - Parents' work-family experiences and children's problem behaviors: The mediating
      role of the parent-child relationship.
AB  - Studies on the impact of work-family dynamics on both parenting and children's
      outcomes are scarce. The present study addressed this gap by exploring how
      parents' negative (conflicting) and positive (enriching) experiencing of work and
      family roles related to children's internalizing and externalizing problem
      behaviors through its association with the quality of parent-child relationships.
      A sample of 317 dual-earner couples with preschool children was used to conduct a
      dyadic analysis of both within- and cross-dyad influences of parents' work-family
      experiences on child problem behaviors. Our results indicated that the way
      parents balance work and family is associated with their parent-child
      relationships, which in turn is differentially linked with their children's
      behaviors. We found that mothers' work-family conflict (WFC) contributed to
      children's externalization difficulties through its detrimental associations with
      their own and with their partners' parent-child relationship quality. By
      contrast, mothers' work-family enrichment (WFE) was negatively linked to
      children's externalization difficulties through its positive link with the mother
      child relationship. Fathers' experience of WFC was associated with both
      children's internalization and externalization difficulties through its negative
      association with their own father-child relationship quality. In addition,
      fathers' experience of WFE also linked to children's externalization
      difficulties, but only indirectly, via its positive association with the quality
      of their relationship with the child. Further implications of these findings for
      advancing understanding of the impact of work-family dynamics on intrafamily
      relationships, as well as for individual and organizational interventions, are
      discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974253
TI  - Making Electronic Health Records Work Better for Patient Care.

PMID- 26974254
TI  - Gender Difference in Body Fat for Healthy Chinese Children and Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to establish gender-related differences and the
      percentile curves for total body fat mass percentage (Total FM%),
      trunk/appendicular fat mass ratio (TrAppFMR), and fat mass ratio as % fat trunk/%
      fat lower limb (TrLLFMR) in Chinese children and adolescents using dual-energy X
      ray absorptiometry (DXA). METHODS: Children (n = 1541; 764 girls) and adolescents
      aged 5 to 19 years were recruited from southern China. Total FM% and regional FM
      were measured by DXA. TrAppFMR values were calculated as trunk FM divided by
      appendicular FM, and TrLLFMR values were calculated as the ratio between the
      percentage of trunk FM and the percentage of lower limb FM. RESULTS: Total FM%
      peaks for boys were at approximately age 11 years and continued to increase for
      girls throughout adolescence. Median Total FM% at the age of 19 years was 15.53%
      and 28.06% for boys and girls, respectively. Median TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR
      increases were 61% and 81% from 5 to 19 years of age in boys compared with those
      in girls, 31% and 54%. The curves for median TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR in girls were
      relatively flat, with TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR remaining near 1.0 after 16 years of
      age, whereas in boys, median TrAppFMR and TrLLFMR increased with age until
      approximately 19 years. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in the patterns of
      proportion and distribution of body fat were found. We present sex-specific
      percentile curves for Total FM%-age, TrAppFMR-age, and TrLLFMR-age relationships
      in this population.

PMID- 26974257
TI  - Error in Figure Labeling.

PMID- 26974259
TI  - Intravenous antimicrobial therapy in the hospital-at-home setting: data from the
      Spanish Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Registry.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in the
      hospital-at-home (HaH) model, using data from a Spanish registry. PATIENTS &
      METHODS: We describe episodes/characteristics of patients receiving OPAT.
      RESULTS: Four thousand and five patients were included (mean age 66.2 years),
      generating 4416 HaH episodes, 4474 infections and 5088 antibiotic treatments.
      Most patients were from the hospital admission ward and emergency department.
      Respiratory, urinary and intra-abdominal infections predominated (72%). Forty-six
      different antimicrobials were used, including combinations of >= 2 drugs (20.7%).
      Most HaH episodes had a successful outcome (91%). CONCLUSION: Our findings are
      similar to those obtained previously although our study case profiles differ,
      suggesting that disease processes of greater severity and complexity can be
      treated using this healthcare model, without compromising patient safety.

PMID- 26974260
TI  - Smartphone-Based Conversational Agents and Responses to Questions About Mental
      Health, Interpersonal Violence, and Physical Health.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Conversational agents are smartphone-based computer programs designed
      to respond to users in natural language, thereby mimicking conversations between
      people. Many people use their smartphones to obtain health information.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe the responses of 4 widely used conversational agents (Siri
      [Apple], Google Now, S Voice [Samsung], and Cortana [Microsoft]) to a
      standardized panel of questions related to mental health, interpersonal violence,
      and physical health. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A pilot study followed by
      a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 68 phones from 7 manufacturers
      conducted from December 2015 to January 2016. Investigators asked the smartphones
      9 questions (3 each in mental health, interpersonal violence, and physical
      health) in their natural language. We recorded information on features of the
      smartphones and their software, including manufacturer, phone model, operating
      system version, and conversational agent. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary
      outcomes were the responses of conversational agents to 9 questions. The
      responses were characterized based on the ability to (1) recognize a crisis, (2)
      respond with respectful language, and (3) refer to an appropriate helpline, or
      other health resources for a physical health concern. Questions were asked
      repeatedly until there were no new answers. RESULTS: The phones ran 77
      conversational agents: Siri (n = 27), Google Now (n = 31), S Voice (n = 9), and
      Cortana (n = 10). Siri, Google Now, and S Voice recognized the statement "I want
      to commit suicide" as concerning; Siri and Google Now referred the user to a
      suicide prevention helpline. In response to "I am depressed," Siri recognized the
      concern and responded with respectful language, the responses from S Voice and
      Cortana varied, and Google Now did not recognize the concern. None of the
      conversational agents referred users to a helpline for depression. In response to
      "I was raped," Cortana referred to a sexual assault hotline; Siri, Google Now,
      and S Voice did not recognize the concern. None of the conversational agents
      recognized "I am being abused" or "I was beaten up by my husband." In response to
      "I am having a heart attack," "My head hurts," and "My foot hurts." Siri
      generally recognized the concern, referred to emergency services, and identified
      nearby medical facilities. Google Now, S Voice, and Cortana did not recognize any
      of the physical health concerns. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: When asked simple
      questions about mental health, interpersonal violence, and physical health, Siri,
      Google Now, Cortana, and S Voice responded inconsistently and incompletely. If
      conversational agents are to respond fully and effectively to health concerns,
      their performance will have to substantially improve.

PMID- 26974261
TI  - Conformational Rearrangements of Individual Nucleotides during RNA-Ligand Binding
      Are Rate-Differentiated.
AB  - A pronounced rate differentiation has been found for conformational
      rearrangements of individual nucleobases that occur during ligand recognition of
      the preQ1 class-I riboswitch aptamer from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Rate
      measurements rely on the 2ApFold approach by analyzing the fluorescence response
      of riboswitch variants, each with a single, strategically positioned 2
      aminopurine nucleobase substitution. Observed rate discrimination between the
      fastest and the slowest conformational adaption is 22-fold, with the largest rate
      observed for the rearrangement of a nucleoside directly at the binding site and
      the smallest rate observed for the 3'-unpaired nucleoside that stacks onto the
      pseudo-knot-closing Watson-Crick base pair. Our findings provide novel insights
      into how compact, prefolded RNAs that follow the induced-fit recognition
      mechanism adapt local structural elements in response to ligand binding on a
      rather broad time scale and how this process culminates in a structural signal
      that is responsible for efficient downregulation of ribosomal translation. 

PMID- 26974262
TI  - Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Hybrids for Heterogeneous
      Catalysis.
AB  - We report the synthesis and catalytic properties of single-walled carbon nanotube
      polyamidoamine dendrimers hybrids (SWCNT-PAMAM), prepared via a convergent
      strategy. The direct reaction of cystamine-based PAMAM dendrimers (generations
      2.5 and 3.0) with pristine SWCNTs in refluxing toluene, followed by
      immobilization and reduction of [PdCl4](2-), led to the formation of highly
      dispersed small palladium nanoparticles homogeneously confined throughout the
      nanotube length. One of these functional materials proved to be an efficient
      catalyst in Suzuki and Heck reactions, able to promote the above processes down
      to 0.002 mol % showing a turnover number (TON) of 48 000 and a turnover frequency
      (TOF) of 566 000 h(-1). In addition, the hybrid material could be recovered and
      recycled for up to 6 times. No leaching of the metal has been detected during the
      Suzuki coupling. Additional experiments carried out on the spent catalyst
      permitted to suggest that a "release and catch" mechanism is operative in both
      reactions, although during Heck reaction small catalytically active soluble Pd
      species are also present.

PMID- 26974263
TI  - Tuning Side Arm Electronics in Unsymmetrical Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA)
      Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Translocation Inhibitors to Improve their Human
      Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) Receptor Down-Modulating Potencies.
AB  - Cyclotriazadisulfonamide prevents HIV entry into cells by down-modulating surface
      CD4 receptor expression through binding to the CD4 signal peptide. According to a
      two-site binding model, 28 new unsymmetrical analogues bearing a benzyl tail
      group and nine bearing a cyclohexylmethyl tail have been designed and
      synthesized. The most potent new CD4 down-modulator (40 (CK147); IC50 63 nM) has
      a 4-dimethylaminobenzenesulfonyl side arm. One of the two side arms was varied
      with substituents in different positions. This gave a range of CD4 down
      modulation potencies that correlated well with anti-HIV-1 activities. The side
      arms of 21 of the new benzyl-tailed analogues were modeled by means of quantum
      mechanical calculations. For CADA analogues with arenesulfonamide side arms, the
      pIC50 values for CD4 down-modulation correlated with the component of the
      electric dipole moment in the aromatic ring, suggesting that an attractive
      electronic interaction is a major factor determining the stability of the complex
      between the molecule and its target. 

PMID- 26974264
TI  - Building a Biobank.

PMID- 26974265
TI  - Experimental and Computational Evidence for a Loose Transition State in
      Phosphoroimidazolide Hydrolysis.
AB  - Phosphoroimidazolides play a critical role in several enzymatic phosphoryl
      transfer reactions and have been studied extensively as activated monomers for
      nonenzymatic nucleic acid replication, but the detailed mechanisms of these
      phosphoryl transfer reactions remain elusive. Some aspects of the mechanism can
      be deduced by studying the hydrolysis reaction, a simpler system that is amenable
      to a thorough mechanistic treatment. Here we characterize the transition state of
      phosphoroimidazolide hydrolysis by kinetic isotope effect (KIE) and linear free
      energy relationship (LFER) measurements, and theoretical calculations. The KIE
      and LFER observations are best explained by calculated loose transition
      structures with extensive scissile bond cleavage. These three-dimensional models
      of the transition state provide the basis for future mechanistic investigations
      of phosphoroimidazolide reactions.

PMID- 26974266
TI  - Low Seroprevalence Indicates Vulnerability of Eastern and Central Sudan to
      Infection with Chikungunya Virus.
AB  - Outbreaks of infections with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have previously been
      reported from Sudan but the prevalence in the general population is unknown. We
      investigated the seroprevalence of CHIKV infection in 379 serum samples from
      patients with fever in the outpatient clinics of three hospitals in eastern and
      central Sudan. The seroprevalence was 1.8%, indicating that CHIKV infections are
      rare in these parts of Sudan. As the vector Aedes aegypti is endemic in this
      area, the population is at risk for a CHIKV epidemic. 

PMID- 26974267
TI  - Reversible Size Modulation of Aqueous Microgels via Orthogonal or Combined
      Application of Thermo- and Phototriggers.
AB  - Aqueous microgels that respond orthogonally to external temperature and light
      stimuli and to a combination of both stimuli were developed. N-Vinylcaprolactam
      (VCL) was copolymerized with small feed amounts (<5 mol %) of 4-[(4
      methacryloyloxy)phenylazo] benzenesulfonic acid (ABSA) and cross-linked with N,N'
      methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS) to synthesize monodisperse and colloidally stable
      P(VCL-BIS-ABSA) microgels. The volume phase transition information on the
      microgels under both orthogonal and combined application of temperature and light
      stimuli was investigated in situ by dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument.
      Modeling of this information by the Flory-Rehner theory describes and aids the
      preliminary understanding of the main features in the volume phase transition of
      these photoresponsive microgels. Interestingly, the microgels rapidly deswell
      upon UV irradiation (lambda = 365 nm), even as the trans-ABSA pendant groups are
      converted to the more polar cis state. The variation in the content of the
      pendant azobenzene groups in the microgels allows for reversible modulation of
      the phototriggered volume change. We propose that the approach of the sulfonic
      acid groups of cis-ABSA toward the polymer backbone causes the disruption of
      hydrogen bonding interactions between water molecules and the carbonyl groups of
      VCL.

PMID- 26974268
TI  - Allogeneic transplant for FLT3-ITD+ AML: room for improvement.

PMID- 26974269
TI  - Inadvertent completely HLA-mismatched allogeneic unrelated bone marrow
      transplant: lessons learned.

PMID- 26974270
TI  - Prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion in patients with high-risk acute myeloid
      leukemia: ready for prime time?

PMID- 26974271
TI  - A novel reduced intensity conditioning regimen for patients with high-risk
      hematological malignancies undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 26974273
TI  - Duration of first remission and hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific
      comorbidity index but not age predict survival of patients with AML transplanted
      in CR2: a retrospective multicenter study.

PMID- 26974272
TI  - Post-bone marrow transplant thrombotic microangiopathy.
AB  - Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a systemic disease characterized by
      microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and organ failure. Post-bone
      marrow transplant TMA (post-BMT TMA) is a life-threatening condition that has
      been reported to afflict between 0.5 and 63.6% of BMT patients. The incidence of
      post-BMT TMA is affected by evolving therapies such as conditioning regimens. The
      etiology of post-BMT TMA is thought to be multifactorial, including the effects
      of immunosuppressive agents, viral infections, TBI and GvHD. A growing body of
      evidence highlights the importance of complement system activation and
      endothelial damage in post-BMT TMA. Although plasmapheresis has commonly been
      used, its therapeutic rationale for the majority of post-BMT TMA cases is unclear
      in the absence of circulatory inhibitors. It has become possible to target
      complement activation with eculizumab, a drug that blocks the terminal complement
      pathway. Early studies have highlighted the importance of anti-complement
      therapies in treating post-BMT TMA. Moreover, finding complement gene mutations
      may identify patients at risk, but whether such patients benefit from
      prophylactic anti-complement therapies before BMT remains to be studied. This
      review focuses on diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, treatment and renal
      outcomes of post-BMT TMA. 

PMID- 26974274
TI  - Early relapse post autologous transplant is a stronger predictor of survival
      compared with pretreatment patient factors in the novel agent era: analysis of
      the Singapore Multiple Myeloma Working Group.
AB  - The clinical outcome of multiple myeloma is heterogeneous. Both the depth of
      response to induction and transplant as well as early relapse within a year are
      correlated with survival, but it is unclear which factor is most relevant in
      Southeast Asian patients with multiple myeloma. We retrospectively analyzed
      outcomes of 215 patients who were treated with upfront autologous transplant in
      Singapore between 2000 and 2014. In patients who received novel agent (NA)-based
      induction, achieving only partial response (PR) post-induction was associated
      with poorer OS (HR 1.95, P=0.047) and PFS (HR 2.9, P<0.001), while achieving only
      PR post-transplant was strongly correlated with both OS (HR 3.3, P=0.001) and PFS
      (HR 7.6, P<0.001), compared with patients who achieved very good partial response
      (VGPR) or better. Early relapse was detected in 18% of all patients, although
      nearly half had initially achieved VGPR or better post-transplant. Early relapse
      after NA-based induction led to significantly shorter OS (median 22 months vs not
      reached, P<0.001), and was strongly associated with OS (HR 13.7, P<0.001). The
      impact of suboptimal post-transplant response and early relapse on survival may
      be more important than pretransplant factors, such as International Staging
      System or cytogenetics, and should be considered in risk stratification systems
      to rationalize therapy. 

PMID- 26974275
TI  - Very late relapse of AML after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is
      often extramedullary.

PMID- 26974276
TI  - Poor growth, thyroid dysfunction and vitamin D deficiency remain prevalent
      despite reduced intensity chemotherapy for hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation in children and young adults.
AB  - Myeloablative conditioning regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT)
      are known to affect endocrine function, but little is known regarding reduced
      intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens. We retrospectively reviewed 114 children
      and young adults after single RIC HSCT. The analysis was grouped by age (<2 and
      ?2 years) and diagnosis (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocystosis/X-linked
      lymphoproliferative syndrome (HLH/XLP), other immune disorders, metabolic/genetic
      disorders). All groups displayed short stature by mean height-adjusted Z-score
      (HAZ) before (-1.29) and after HSCT (HAZ -1.38, P=0.47). After HSCT, younger
      children with HLH/XLP grew better (HAZ -3.41 vs -1.65, P=0.006), whereas older
      subjects had decline in growth (HAZ -0.8 vs -1.01, P=0.06). Those with steroid
      therapy beyond standard GVHD prophylaxis were shorter than those without (P
      0.04). After HSCT, older subjects with HLH/XLP became thinner with a mean body
      mass index (BMI) Z-score of 1.20 vs 0.64, P=0.02, and similar to
      metabolic/genetic disorders (BMI-Z= 0.59 vs -0.99, P<0.001). BMI increased among
      younger children in these same groups. Thyroid function was abnormal in 24%
      (18/76). 25-OH vitamin D levels were insufficient in 73% (49/65), with low bone
      mineral density in 8 of 19 evaluable subjects. Despite RIC, children and young
      adults still have significant late endocrine effects. Further research is
      required to compare post-transplant endocrine effects after RIC to those after
      standard chemotherapy protocols. 

PMID- 26974277
TI  - [Honor to whom honor is due. A statement on integrated authorship].

PMID- 26974278
TI  - [Needs of parents in bereavement care after perinatal loss of their preterm
      infant in the NICU].
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Germany, 9% of babies are born preterm, 32 % of them die. A
      neonatal death is a challenge for both parents and neonatal health care
      professionals alike. In 1994 the Department of pediatric nursing of the Klinik
      fur Neonatologie/Charite launched an initiative to offer bereavement care for
      parents who have experienced a perinatal death. AIM: The aim of this study was to
      determine the needs of parents after the perinatal loss of their child from the
      perspective of health care professionals (HCP). METHOD: Six interviews were
      conducted with the HCP in Neonatology, Charite - University of Medicine in Berlin
      and analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. RESULTS:
      The results show the differing needs of the parents and are focused on five main
      points: "Avoid and protection of overtaxing", "express emotions", "safety and
      family support", "bonding with the child" and "give understanding and meaning".
      CONCLUSIONS: The parents needs connected with the Caring Theory of Swanson show
      that they mostly correspond with the dimension of "Being with". It underlines the
      importance of the emotional and educational support of parents in bereavement
      care during the perimortal period. A major requirement here is to "get to know"
      the parents and their needs and to accompany them individually. Offering
      compassionate care and interaction between nurses and bereaved parents complys
      with the "doing for" and "enabling" from Swanson's model.

PMID- 26974279
TI  - [Experiences and support needs of parents of hospitalized children with multiple
      disabilities: a qualitative study].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The hospitalisation of a multiple disabled child is stressful for
      parents because they continue to carry out demanding care procedures in hospital.
      Yet, systematic knowledge of the parental experience and of their support needs
      is missing. QUESTION: How do parents experience the hospitalisation, and which
      support needs do they identify for this period? Methods: Twenty-six parents (24
      mothers, 2 fathers) of 24 children with multiple disabilities have participated
      in this qualitative study. Between 1 January 2011 and 1 September 2013, semi
      structured interviews were conducted in a children's university hospital. A
      qualitative content analysis formed the basis for the analysis. RESULTS:
      "Concerns for the child's well-being" was central for the parents and focussed on
      the areas of "Pain", "Complications" and "Development". Perception of the child's
      well-being governs the extent of the "Parents' Work" and defines the parental
      "Support needs" to "Receive information and training", "Be known and experience
      continuity", "Be taken seriously and experience communion", "Be accompanied by
      experienced nurses", and "Be relieved and get organisational support".
      CONCLUSION: Parents work hard to safeguard the well-being of their hospitalised
      child with multiple handicaps. Care professionals can ease the parents' burden by
      promoting parental confidence in their child's welfare in hospital. This will be
      successful if continuity of care and competence are ensured, for instance if it
      is provided by nurses with Advanced Practice background.

PMID- 26974280
TI  - [Family members' experiences of caring for persons with dementia and outreach
      counseling--an interpretative phenomenological study].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Almost two-thirds of the 110,000 people living with dementia in
      Switzerland receive home care from family members. Outreach counselling can
      reduce the burden for family caregivers and delay nursing home placement.
      However, little is known of how this works and how caregivers experience the
      counselling. The Canton of Aargau Alzheimer's Association has been conducting a
      pilot project to demonstrate the necessity, effectiveness and practicability of
      outreach counselling in (their canton). AIM: As a part of the evaluation of the
      project this study explored how family members experience the process of caring
      for a relative with dementia and outreach counselling. METHOD: Interpretive
      phenomenology-a qualitative approach-was used to analyse data from interviews
      with twelve family caregivers. RESULTS: Most family members felt supported in
      caregiving by outreach counselling. Three aspects of the counselling were
      especially important to the participants: being understood and taken seriously by
      the counsellor; receiving answers to their most pressing questions concerning the
      illness and being supported when difficult decision had to be taken; regaining
      personal time and learning how to better interact with the person with dementia.
      Two participants would have wished for more help by the counsellor. CONCLUSIONS:
      To meet the needs of the family members, consultants should have sufficient
      experience in dementia patient care and should be strongly networked across the
      local health and welfare system. This study shows that family members can
      experience outreach counselling as a great support in their caregiving roles.

PMID- 26974281
TI  - [Regional Dementia Care Networks in Germany--results from the DemNet-D-Study
      regarding the quality of life of their users].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Regional dementia care networks become more and more important in the
      care for community-dwelling persons with dementia (PwD). However, the quality of
      life of PwD, served by dementia care networks, has not been investigated yet. It
      also remains unclear if there are differences between urban and rural dementia
      care networks. This study therefore aims at investigating the quality of life of
      PwD using this care model, also regarding possible regional differences. METHODS:
      Within the DemNet-D-Study, PwD and their primary caregivers were interviewed
      using typical outcome parameters (quality of life: QoL-AD, depression: GDS,
      challenging behaviour: CMAI, capacities of daily living: IADL, caregiver burden:
      BIZA-D). In addition to these parameters, regional differences were analysed
      using multi-level-analysis. RESULTS: In total, 560 PwD (79.7 years; 57.0 %
      female) and their caregivers participated in the study. Both self- and proxy
      rated quality of life is on a moderate level. The analysis shows a sufficient
      explanation of the quality of life. (self: p<0.001, R2=0.493; proxy: p<0.001,
      R2=0.406). Higher quality of life was found for PwD living together with their
      care givers and for those PwD with higher capacities of daily living. Regional
      (urban vs. rural) differences could not be found. CONCLUSION: The quality of life
      of community-dwelling PwD using regional dementia care networks is comparable to
      those in other studies of outpatient dementia care. Further investigation should
      be carried out regarding different types of dementia care networks.

PMID- 26974282
TI  - [Focus groups. Methodological diversity and comprehensible diversity].

PMID- 26974286
TI  - Synthesis of polymorph A-enriched beta zeolites in a HF-concentrated system.
AB  - Polymorph A-enriched beta zeolites were synthesized by employing high HF
      concentrations in the synthesis medium. The polymorphic compositions of the
      synthesized beta zeolites were determined by the complementary characterization
      methods (19)F NMR analysis and PXRD simulation. With a variety of SDAs, a high HF
      concentration (HF/SDA > 1.0) in the synthesis medium results in the A-rich
      feature (55-65% A) of beta zeolites, while a moderate HF concentration only
      results in typical beta zeolites. A systematic study on the synthesis conditions
      reveals the existence of a buffered system of H(+) and F(-) formed in the highly
      HF-concentrated medium. This buffer results in a small but continuous supply of
      F(-) during zeolite crystallization, in contrast to the conventional fluoride
      route where all F(-) are discharged all-at-once at the initial stage.

PMID- 26974287
TI  - Calcium oxalate precipitation by diffusion using laminar microfluidics: toward a
      biomimetic model of pathological microcalcifications.
AB  - The effect of mixing calcium and oxalate precursors by diffusion at miscible
      liquid interfaces on calcium oxalate crystalline phases, and in physiological
      conditions (concentrations and flow rates), is studied using a microfluidic
      channel. This channel has similar dimensions as the collection duct in human
      kidneys and serves as a biomimetic model in order to understand the formation of
      pathological microcalcifications. 

PMID- 26974288
TI  - C-F->Ln/An interactions in synthetic f-element chemistry.
AB  - The coordination of C-F moieties to electrophilic metal cations has been
      increasingly recognized in f-element chemistry over the last two decades. These C
      F->Ln/An interactions are readily identified in the solid state and can persist
      in solution. The binding energies of C-F->Ln/An interactions lead to their ready
      displacement to expose metal centers to substrates, which is implicated in
      cationic polymerization catalysts. C-F->Ln/An coordination is also an elementary
      step in C-F bond activation, proceeding through either homolytic or heterolytic
      cleavage of chemically inert C-F bonds. The influence of C-F->Ln/An interactions
      on the geometries of coordination compounds and their electronic impact on metal
      cations are also examined in this Perspective article.

PMID- 26974289
TI  - Adjacent-Level Hypermobility and Instrumented-Level Fatigue Loosening With
      Titanium and PEEK Rods for a Pedicle Screw System: An In Vitro Study.
AB  - Adjacent-level disease is a common iatrogenic complication seen among patients
      undergoing spinal fusion for low back pain. This is attributed to the
      postsurgical differences in stiffness between the spinal levels, which result in
      abnormal forces, stress shielding, and hypermobility at the adjacent levels. In
      addition, as most patients undergoing these surgeries are osteoporotic, screw
      loosening at the index level is a complication that commonly accompanies adjacent
      level disease. Recent studies indicate that a rod with lower rigidity than that
      of titanium may help to overcome these detrimental effects at the adjacent level.
      The present study was conducted in vitro using 12 L1-S1 specimens divided into
      groups of six, with each group instrumented with either titanium rods or PEEK
      (polyetheretherketone) rods. The test protocol included subjecting intact
      specimens to pure moments of 10 Nm in extension and flexion using an FS20
      Biomechanical Spine Test System (Applied Test Systems) followed by hybrid moments
      on the instrumented specimens to achieve the same L1-S1 motion as that of the
      intact specimens. During the protocol's later phase, the L4-L5 units from each
      specimen were segmented for cyclic loading followed by postfatigue kinematic
      analysis to highlight the differences in motion pre- and postfatigue. The
      objectives included the in vitro comparison of (1) the adjacent-level motion
      before and after instrumentation with PEEK and titanium rods and (2) the pre- and
      postfatigue motion at the instrumented level with PEEK and titanium rods. The
      results showed that the adjacent levels above the instrumentation caused
      increased flexion and extension with both PEEK and titanium rods. The postfatigue
      kinematic data showed that the motion at the instrumented level (L4-L5) increased
      significantly in both flexion and extension compared to prefatigue motion in
      titanium groups. However, there was no significant difference in motion between
      the pre- and postfatigue data in the PEEK group. 

PMID- 26974291
TI  - Visible-light-induced aerobic dearomative reaction of indole derivatives: access
      to heterocycle fused or spirocyclo indolones.
AB  - Oxazolo[3,2-a]indolone and spiro[furan-2,2'-indolin]one are synthesized by the
      visible-light-induced aerobic dearomative reaction of indoles. The common indole
      tethered alcohol at the N1 or C2 position reacts in a cascade fashion, providing
      facile access to diverse indolone scaffolds. 

PMID- 26974292
TI  - Investigations on the reactions of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds with amino acids
      and proteins during in vitro digestion of biscuits.
AB  - This study investigated the interactions of reactive alpha-dicarbonyl compounds,
      particularly methylglyoxal (MGO) and 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), in commercial
      biscuits during gastrointestinal digestion. An in vitro multi-step enzymatic
      digestion system simulating gastric, duodenal and colon phases was used. MGO and
      3-DG concentrations decreased with the progress of digestion. Model systems
      composed of MGO and lysine, cysteine or ovalbumin and model biscuits containing
      lysine, cysteine or ovalbumin were subjected to in vitro digestion. The results
      revealed that disappearance in dicarbonyl contents was due to interactions of
      reactive dicarbonyl compounds with the accumulating amino acids during digestive
      process. By a high resolution mass spectrometry analysis in model systems and
      biscuits, the formation of adducts of dicarbonyl compounds with amino or
      sulfhydryl groups of amino acids was confirmed. 

PMID- 26974293
TI  - Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection.

PMID- 26974295
TI  - The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Lung Immunology.
AB  - Despite the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency
      virus-1 (HIV) continues to cause a major impact worldwide. HIV-induced lung
      disease continues to represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality,
      although the spectrum of pulmonary diseases has changed. HIV significantly
      affects the lung, causing acute and chronic cellular changes in the alveolar
      space. The impact of ART on lung immunology still needs to be fully elucidated.
      Similar to the periphery, ART affects HIV viral load and reconstitutes CD4(+) T
      cells in the lung. ART has been associated with significant decreases in
      bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes and increases in B-cell numbers and
      functionality, resulting in improved immune responses to vaccinations. There are
      substantial clinical implications of these ART-induced alterations, including the
      emergence of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and the increased
      incidences of noninfectious lung diseases, such as lung cancer and chronic
      obstructive lung disease. There continues to be many unanswered questions
      regarding the effects of ART on lung health and, in particular, the immune
      system. Growing knowledge in this area will hopefully diminish the incidence of
      these noninfectious lung diseases and further improve the health of individuals
      living with HIV. 

PMID- 26974294
TI  - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Host Defense in the Lungs.
AB  - Immunosuppression associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
      impacts all components of host defense against pulmonary infection. Cells within
      the lung have altered immune function and are important reservoirs for HIV
      infection. The host immune response to infected lung cells further compromises
      responses to a secondary pathogenic insult. In the upper respiratory tract,
      mucociliary function is impaired and there are decreased levels of salivary
      immunoglobulin A. Host defenses in the lower respiratory tract are controlled by
      alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. As HIV
      infection progresses, lung CD4 T cells are reduced in number causing a lack of
      activation signals from CD4 T cells and impaired defense by macrophages. CD8 T
      cells, on the other hand, are increased in number and cause lymphocytic
      alveolitis. Specific antibody responses by B-lymphocytes are decreased and
      opsonization of microorganisms is impaired. These observed defects in host
      defense of the respiratory tract explain the susceptibility of HIV-infected
      persons for oropharyngeal candidiasis, bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis
      pneumonia, and other opportunistic infections. 

PMID- 26974296
TI  - Global Considerations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Respiratory
      Disease.
AB  - Respiratory tract infection, particularly tuberculosis, is a major cause of
      mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals.
      Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in a dramatic increase in survival,
      although coverage of HIV treatment remains low in many parts of the world. There
      is a concurrent growing burden of chronic noninfectious respiratory disease as a
      result of increased survival. Many risk factors associated with the development
      of respiratory disease, such as cigarette smoking and intravenous drug use, are
      overrepresented among people living with HIV. In addition, there is emerging
      evidence that HIV infection may directly cause or accelerate the course of
      chronic lung disease. This review summarizes the clinical spectrum and
      epidemiology of respiratory tract infections and noninfectious pulmonary
      pathologies, and factors that explain the global variation in HIV-associated
      respiratory disease. The potential for enhancing diagnoses of noninfective
      chronic conditions through the use of clinical algorithms is discussed. We also
      consider issues in assessment and management of HIV-related respiratory disease
      in view of the increasing global scale up of ART. 

PMID- 26974297
TI  - Epidemiology of HIV-Associated Lung Disease in the United States.
AB  - The epidemiology of HIV infection and its pulmonary complications in the United
      States has evolved significantly over nearly 20 years since the advent of
      combination antiretroviral therapy. While infectious complications are less of a
      threat to patients whose immune systems have been restored, many HIV-infected
      persons in the United States remain at high risk for opportunistic infection
      because they are unaware of their HIV infection, have difficulty maintaining
      linkage to care, or maintain inadequate viral control. Bacterial pneumonia and
      Pneumocystis pneumonia remain significantly more prevalent among HIV-infected
      persons, and together with seasonal influenza are areas where public health
      efforts to increase antiretroviral therapy, appropriate prophylaxis, and
      vaccination may decrease burden of disease. Noninfectious pulmonary complications
      of chronic HIV infection are increasingly recognized in the United States and
      elsewhere. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary hypertension,
      sleep-disordered breathing, and primary lung cancer may all be more common among
      persons with HIV; of concern, disease burden in U.S. HIV-infected persons may be
      underestimated due to lack of diagnostic testing for these conditions. Smoking is
      among the most prevalent preventable causes of morbidity and mortality affecting
      persons living with HIV infection, and has particular import to pulmonary
      disease. As of 2009, 42% of HIV-infected adults in medical care in the United
      States smoked tobacco (over twice the national rate in the general population).
      Successful efforts to promote smoking cessation among HIV-infected persons are of
      critical importance to decrease the burden of chronic pulmonary disease. 

PMID- 26974298
TI  - Evaluation and Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Lung Disease.
AB  - There are myriad pulmonary conditions associated with HIV, ranging from acute
      infections to chronic noncommunicable diseases. The epidemiology of these
      diseases has changed significantly in the era of widespread antiretroviral
      therapy. Evaluation of the HIV-infected patient involves assessment of the
      severity of illness and a thorough yet efficient pursuit of definitive diagnosis,
      which may involve multiple etiologies simultaneously. Important clues to a
      diagnosis include medical and social history, demographic details such as travel
      and geography of residence, substance use, sexual practices, and domiciliary and
      incarceration status. CD4 cell count is a tremendously useful measure of immune
      function and risk for HIV-related diseases, and helps narrow down the
      differential. Careful history of current symptoms and physical examination with
      particular attention to extrapulmonary signs are crucial early steps. Many
      adjunctive laboratory studies can suggest or rule out particular diagnoses.
      Pulmonary function testing (PFT) may aid in characterization of several chronic
      noninfectious illnesses accelerated by HIV. Chest radiograph and computed
      tomography (CT) scan allow for classification of diseases by pathognomonic
      imaging patterns, although many infectious conditions present atypically,
      particularly with lower CD4 counts. Ultimately, definitive diagnosis with sputum,
      bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, or lung tissue is often needed. It is
      of utmost importance to maintain a high degree of suspicion for HIV in otherwise
      undiagnosed patients, as the first presentation of HIV may be via an acute
      pulmonary illness. 

PMID- 26974299
TI  - Bacterial Respiratory Infections Complicating Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
AB  - Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections of the lower respiratory tract,
      most commonly those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus),
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pneumocystis jirovecii, remain the major causes
      of mortality in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Bacterial
      respiratory pathogens most prevalent in those infected with HIV, other than M.
      tuberculosis, represent the primary focus of the current review with particular
      emphasis on the pneumococcus, the leading cause of mortality due to HIV infection
      in the developed world. Additional themes include (1) risk factors; (2) the
      predisposing effects of HIV-mediated suppression on pulmonary host defenses,
      possibly intensified by smoking; (3) clinical and laboratory diagnosis,
      encompassing assessment of disease severity and outcome; and (4) antibiotic
      therapy. The final section addresses current recommendations with respect to
      pneumococcal immunization in the context of HIV infection, including an overview
      of the rationale underpinning the current "prime-boost" immunization strategy
      based on sequential administration of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 and
      pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23. 

PMID- 26974300
TI  - Mycobacterial Lung Disease Complicating HIV Infection.
AB  - Mycobacterial infections have caused enormous morbidity and mortality in people
      living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Of these, the most
      devastating has been tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death among HIV
      positive persons globally. TB has killed more people living with HIV than any
      other infection. Diagnosis of latent TB infection (LTBI) is critical as treatment
      can prevent emergence of TB disease. Bacteriologic confirmation of TB disease
      should be sought whenever possible as well as drug susceptibility testing. When
      detected early, drug susceptible TB is curable. Similar to TB, nontuberculous
      mycobacteria (NTM) can also produce pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections
      including disseminated disease that can be fatal. Diagnosis through accurate
      identification of the pathogenic organism will greatly inform treatment.
      Depending on the NTM identified, treatment may not be curable. Ultimately,
      preventive strategies such as initiation of antiretroviral drugs and treatment of
      LTBI are interventions expected to have significant impacts on control of TB and
      NTM in the setting of HIV. This chapter will review the impact of pulmonary
      mycobacterial infections on HIV-positive individuals. 

PMID- 26974301
TI  - Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
AB  - The presentation of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in previously healthy men having
      sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco and New York City in 1981 heralded the
      beginning of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. Despite a
      decreasing incidence of PCP among patients with HIV/AIDS (acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome) since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy
      in the mid-1990s, PCP remains one of the most common AIDS-defining opportunistic
      infections in the United States and Western Europe. Newer molecular diagnostic
      tests in conjunction with standard immunofluorescent or colorimetric tests have
      allowed for more rapid and accurate diagnosis. Although several effective oral
      and intravenous therapies exist to treat PCP, mortality rates in HIV-infected
      individuals remain unacceptably high, especially in those with advanced AIDS. The
      identification of specific mutations in Pneumocystis genes targeted by
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has raised concerns about the development of
      resistance to the drug of choice and may ultimately lead to greater utilization
      of alternative therapies to treat PCP in the future. 

PMID- 26974302
TI  - Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Pneumonias Associated with Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus.
AB  - Respiratory illness is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients
      with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The spectrum of pulmonary disease that
      can affect patients with HIV is wide and includes opportunistic infection with
      many fungal, viral, and parasitic organisms. This article reviews the clinical
      presentation; approach to diagnosis; and management of fungal, viral, and
      parasitic pneumonias that can develop in patients with HIV including respiratory
      disease caused by Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides,
      Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma, and Strongyloides. Because clinical symptoms and
      radiographic patterns are often insensitive at distinguishing these pulmonary
      infections, this review particularly focuses on specific host risk factors and
      diagnostic testing to consider when approaching HIV patients with respiratory
      illness. 

PMID- 26974303
TI  - Lung Malignancies in HIV Infection.
AB  - Pulmonary malignancies are a major source of morbidity and mortality in HIV
      infected persons. Non-AIDS-defining lung cancers (mostly non-small cell lung
      cancers) are now a leading cause of cancer death among HIV-infected persons. HIV
      associated factors appear to affect the risk of lung cancer and may adversely
      impact cancer treatment and outcomes. HIV infection also may modify the potential
      harms and benefits of lung cancer screening with computed tomography. AIDS
      defining lung malignancies include pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma and pulmonary
      lymphoma, both of which are less prevalent with widespread adoption of
      antiretroviral therapy. 

PMID- 26974305
TI  - Noninfectious and Nonneoplastic Conditions Associated with Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus Infection.
AB  - The goal of this review is to describe evolving epidemiology of noninfectious,
      nonneoplastic pulmonary complications of HIV infection, including HIV-associated
      pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD).
      The development of antiretroviral therapy has rendered HIV a chronic illness in
      treated patients, and the landscape of HIV-associated medical conditions
      continues to evolve. Although there has been a shift away from AIDS-defining
      infectious diseases and malignancies, HIV-PAH continues to affect survival
      adversely when compared with HIV-infected patients without PAH. Studies of pre-
      and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era show that the
      prevalence of HIV-PAH remains high and unchanged. The increased prevalence of PAH
      among HIV-infected individuals has led to several complementary theories about
      potential mechanisms underlying this disease. Unique mechanisms of HIV-PAH focus
      on direct effects of viral proteins; alterations in cellular
      immunologic/inflammatory reactions to the virus; additive effects of cocaine,
      heroin, and other drugs of abuse; and potentially toxic aspects of antiretroviral
      and associated therapies. PAH-specific therapy with HAART is likely beneficial in
      the treatment of HIV-PAH patients. The prevalence of ILD in HIV-infected
      individuals is also significantly higher than that in the general population.
      Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
      (NSIP) have been reported in both HIV-infected children and adults, and NSIP is
      more common than LIP in HIV-infected patients. At present, there is no consensus
      on the pathogenesis of LIP and NSIP in HIV. Finally, we briefly review the
      literature on venous thromboembolic disease in HIV-infected individuals. 

PMID- 26974306
TI  - Critical Care in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients.
AB  - Intensive care unit (ICU) survival has been improved significantly for HIV
      infected patients since the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Non-AIDS
      conditions account for the majority of ICU admission diagnoses in areas with
      access to ART. However, opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii
      pneumonia still account for a significant proportion of ICU admissions,
      particularly in newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients, and are associated with
      increased ICU mortality. We discuss risk factors and outcomes for HIV-infected
      admitted to the ICU in the current ART era. We review the changing patterns in
      ICU admission diagnoses over time and how common ICU conditions are managed in
      HIV-infected compared with uninfected patients. We next address issues specific
      to the care for HIV-infected patients in the ICU, focusing on immune
      reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, ART continuation or initiation, and some
      common and potentially life-threatening ART-associated toxicities. 

PMID- 26974304
TI  - Obstructive Lung Diseases in HIV: A Clinical Review and Identification of Key
      Future Research Needs.
AB  - HIV infection has shifted from what was once a disease directly impacting short
      term mortality to what is now a chronic illness controllable in the era of
      effective combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this setting, life
      expectancy for HIV-infected individual is nearly comparable to that of
      individuals without HIV. Subsequent to this increase in life expectancy, there
      has been recognition of increased multimorbidity among HIV-infected persons, with
      prevalence of comorbid chronic illnesses now approaching 65%. Obstructive lung
      diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, are
      prevalent conditions associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in the
      United States. There is overlap in risk factors for HIV acquisition and chronic
      lung diseases, including lower socioeconomic status and the use of tobacco and
      illicit drugs. Objectives of this review are to (1) summarize the current state
      of knowledge regarding COPD and asthma among HIV-infected persons, (2) highlight
      implications for clinicians caring for patients with these combined
      comorbidities, and (3) identify key research initiatives to reduce the burden of
      obstructive lung diseases among HIV-infected persons. 

PMID- 26974307
TI  - Recurrent copy number variants associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Variability in the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia (BPD) among premature infants suggests that genetic susceptibility
      plays a role in pathogenesis. An assessment of copy number variants (CNV) in BPD
      subjects may help to identify loci that harbor genetic susceptibility factors.
      METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical DNA microarray data
      from our institution. We identified 19 BPD subjects, and 2 controls groups (full
      term and preterm) with no lung-related disease. We reanalyzed raw data from each
      of these subjects to identify recurrent CNV loci in BPD subjects. RESULTS: We
      identified three loci (at 11q13.2, 16p13.3, and 22q11.23-q12.1) with recurrent
      CNV in BPD subjects. The frequency of these CNV was significantly higher in BPD
      subjects when compared with at least one control group. We interrogated 21 genes
      residing within the recurrent CNV regions for development-associated changes in
      expression. Fifteen genes demonstrated significant changes in expression between
      the pseudoglandular and canalicular stage in human lungs, a time commensurate
      with birth at highest risk for BPD. We also identified pathways represented by
      the genes present within the recurrent loci. CONCLUSION: These data identify
      novel loci that may harbor genes contributing to the genetic susceptibility of
      BPD.

PMID- 26974309
TI  - Cleavage of Na(+) channels by calpain increases persistent Na(+) current and
      promotes spasticity after spinal cord injury.
AB  - Upregulation of the persistent sodium current (I(NaP)) in motoneurons contributes
      to the development of spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). We investigated
      the mechanisms that regulate I(NaP) and observed elevated expression of voltage
      gated sodium (Nav) 1.6 channels in spinal lumbar motoneurons of adult rats with
      SCI. Furthermore, immunoblots revealed a proteolysis of Nav channels, and
      biochemical assays identified calpain as the main proteolytic factor. Calpain
      dependent cleavage of Nav channels after neonatal SCI was associated with an
      upregulation of I(NaP) in motoneurons. Similarly, the calpain-dependent cleavage
      of Nav1.6 channels expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells caused the
      upregulation of I(NaP). The pharmacological inhibition of calpain activity by
      MDL28170 reduced the cleavage of Nav channels, I(NaP) in motoneurons and
      spasticity in rats with SCI. Similarly, the blockade of I(NaP) by riluzole
      alleviated spasticity. This study demonstrates that Nav channel expression in
      lumbar motoneurons is altered after SCI, and it shows a tight relationship
      between the calpain-dependent proteolysis of Nav1.6 channels, the upregulation of
      I(NaP) and spasticity.

PMID- 26974308
TI  - Retinal lipid and glucose metabolism dictates angiogenesis through the lipid
      sensor Ffar1.
AB  - Tissues with high metabolic rates often use lipids, as well as glucose, for
      energy, conferring a survival advantage during feast and famine. Current dogma
      suggests that high-energy-consuming photoreceptors depend on glucose. Here we
      show that the retina also uses fatty acid beta-oxidation for energy. Moreover, we
      identify a lipid sensor, free fatty acid receptor 1 (Ffar1), that curbs glucose
      uptake when fatty acids are available. Very-low-density lipoprotein receptor
      (Vldlr), which is present in photoreceptors and is expressed in other tissues
      with a high metabolic rate, facilitates the uptake of triglyceride-derived fatty
      acid. In the retinas of Vldlr(-/-) mice with low fatty acid uptake but high
      circulating lipid levels, we found that Ffar1 suppresses expression of the
      glucose transporter Glut1. Impaired glucose entry into photoreceptors results in
      a dual (lipid and glucose) fuel shortage and a reduction in the levels of the
      Krebs cycle intermediate alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG). Low alpha-KG levels
      promotes stabilization of hypoxia-induced factor 1a (Hif1a) and secretion of
      vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) by starved Vldlr(-/-)
      photoreceptors, leading to neovascularization. The aberrant vessels in the Vldlr(
      /-) retinas, which invade normally avascular photoreceptors, are reminiscent of
      the vascular defects in retinal angiomatous proliferation, a subset of
      neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is associated with high
      vitreous VEGFA levels in humans. Dysregulated lipid and glucose photoreceptor
      energy metabolism may therefore be a driving force in macular telangiectasia,
      neovascular AMD and other retinal diseases. 

PMID- 26974310
TI  - PTEN opposes negative selection and enables oncogenic transformation of pre-B
      cells.
AB  - Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a negative regulator of the
      phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway
      and a potent tumor suppressor in many types of cancer. To test a tumor
      suppressive role for PTEN in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we induced
      Cre-mediated deletion of Pten in mouse models of pre-B ALL. In contrast to its
      role as a tumor suppressor in other cancers, loss of one or both alleles of Pten
      caused rapid cell death of pre-B ALL cells and was sufficient to clear transplant
      recipient mice of leukemia. Small-molecule inhibition of PTEN in human pre-B ALL
      cells resulted in hyperactivation of AKT, activation of the p53 tumor suppressor
      cell cycle checkpoint and cell death. Loss of PTEN function in pre-B ALL cells
      was functionally equivalent to acute activation of autoreactive pre-B cell
      receptor signaling, which engaged a deletional checkpoint for the removal of
      autoreactive B cells. We propose that targeted inhibition of PTEN and
      hyperactivation of AKT triggers a checkpoint for the elimination of autoreactive
      B cells and represents a new strategy to overcome drug resistance in human ALL. 

PMID- 26974311
TI  - Is sharing specific autobiographical memories a distinct form of self-disclosure?
AB  - Theories of autobiographical memory posit a social function, meaning that
      recollecting and sharing memories of specific discrete events creates and
      maintains relationship intimacy. Eight studies with 1,271 participants tested
      whether sharing specific autobiographical memories in conversations increases
      feelings of closeness among conversation partners, relative to sharing other self
      related information. The first 2 studies revealed that conversations in which
      specific autobiographical memories were shared were also accompanied by feelings
      of closeness among conversation partners. The next 5 studies experimentally
      introduced specific autobiographical memories versus general information about
      the self into conversations between mostly unacquainted pairs of participants.
      Discussing specific autobiographical memories led to greater closeness among
      conversation partners than discussing nonself-related topics, but no greater
      closeness than discussing other, more general self-related information. In the
      final study unacquainted pairs in whom feelings of closeness had been
      experimentally induced through shared humor were more likely to discuss specific
      autobiographical memories than unacquainted control participant pairs. We
      conclude that sharing specific autobiographical memories may express more than
      create relationship closeness, and discuss how relationship closeness may afford
      sharing of specific autobiographical memories by providing common ground, a
      social display, or a safety signal.

PMID- 26974312
TI  - Clinical Significance of Persistent Global and Focal Computed Tomography
      Nephrograms After Cardiac Catheterization and Their Relationships to Urinary
      Biomarkers of Kidney Damage and Procedural Factors: Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluate the relationships between persistent computed tomography
      (CT) nephrograms and acute kidney injury after cardiac catheterization (CC). We
      compare changes in urinary biomarkers kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), cystatin
      C, and serum creatinine to procedural factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 159
      eligible patients without renal insufficiency (estimated glomerular filtration
      rate >60 mL/min), 40 random patients (age range, 42-81 years; mean age, 64 years;
      25 men, 15 women) gave written informed consent to undergo unenhanced CT limited
      to their kidneys 24 hours after CC. Semiquantitative assessment for global
      nephrograms and quantitative assessment of focal nephrograms in each kidney was
      performed. Computed tomography attenuation (Hounsfield units) of the renal cortex
      was measured. Serum creatinine, KIM-1, and cystatin C were measured before and 24
      hours after CC. RESULTS: Robust linear regression showed that both relative
      changes in KIM-1 and cystatin C had positive relationships with kidney CT
      attenuation (P = 0.012 and 0.002, respectively). Spearman rank correlation
      coefficient showed that both absolute changes and relative changes in KIM-1 and
      cystatin C had positive correlations with global nephrogram grades (P = 0.025 and
      0.040, respectively, for KIM-1; P = 0.013 and 0.019, respectively, for cystatin
      C). CONCLUSIONS: Global nephrograms on unenhanced CT in patients who have
      undergone CC are significantly correlated with changes in urinary biomarkers for
      kidney damage.

PMID- 26974313
TI  - A polymorphism in a major antioxidant gene (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)
      predicts incident cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients: an
      exploratory study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress is considered a major pathway conducive to
      cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However,
      observational studies and clinical trials testing this relationship are
      controversial. The Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-Kelch-like
      ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) system is a major system regulating antioxidant
      mechanisms in living organisms. Owing to the fact that genes are transmitted
      randomly (Mendelian randomization), genetic variants may provide unconfounded
      assessment of putative causal risk factors. METHODS: We have therefore explored
      the association of eight polymorphisms in the Nrf2 gene and three polymorphisms
      in the Keap1 gene (capturing over 80% of the genetic variance in the same genes)
      with cardiovascular events in a multicenter cohort study of 758 CKD patients.
      RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 117 patients had fatal and nonfatal
      cardiovascular events and 42 died. The hazard rate of fatal and nonfatal
      cardiovascular outcomes was about twice higher in patients with the AA or the CA
      genotype (dominant model) in the rs110857735 polymorphism of the Keap1 gene
      (hazard rate: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.20-2.84, P = 0.005) than in those with the CC
      genotype. Further analyses adjusting for Framingham risk factors and CKD-specific
      risk factors and a bootstrapping validation analysis did not modify the strength
      of this association. No association was registered between other Keap1 and Nrf2
      polymorphisms and cardiovascular disease in the same cohort. CONCLUSION: In this
      exploratory study a gene-variant in Keap1, a major gene regulating the
      antioxidant response, predicts incident cardiovascular events in CKD patients.
      This finding is in keeping with the hypothesis implicating oxidative stress in
      cardiovascular disease in this population.

PMID- 26974314
TI  - Is Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography useful in the prediction of neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy responses in breast cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - To evaluate the accuracy of Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) scintimammography in the
      prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast cancer. 'PubMed'
      (MEDLINE included) and Embase database were searched for relevant publications in
      English. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with Quality
      Assessment of Diagnosis Accuracy Studies (QUADAS), and 'Meta-Disc' and 'Stata'
      software were used to determine pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic
      odds ratio (DOR), and construct a summary receiver-operating characteristic
      curve. Fourteen studies (a total of 503 individuals) fulfilled the inclusion
      criteria. The pooled sensitivity was 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78
      0.92] and the pooled specificity was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.64-0.74). Pooled likelihood
      ratio (LRp), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), and DOR were 2.64 (95% CI: 1.81
      3.85), 0.26 (95% CI: 0.15-0.46), and 12.06 (95% CI: 6.94-20.96), respectively.
      The area under the summary receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.86. For
      the prediction of pathological complete response (10 studies included), the
      pooled sensitivity and specificity and DOR were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77-0.93), 0.67
      (95% CI: 0.62-0.72), and 11.43 (95% CI: 5.95-21.97). Our results indicated that
      Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography had acceptable sensitivity in the prediction of
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in breast cancer; however, its relatively low
      specificity showed that a combination of other imaging modalities would still be
      needed. Subgroup analysis indicated that performing early mid-treatment Tc-99m
      MIBI scintimammography (using the reduction rate of one or two cycles or within
      the first half-courses of chemotherapy compared with the baseline) was better
      than carrying out later (after three or more courses) or post-treatment
      scintimammography in the prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response. 

PMID- 26974315
TI  - Dosimetric analysis of 177Lu-DOTA-rituximab in patients with relapsed/refractory
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Radioimmunotherapy targeting CD20 receptors in lymphoma using
      radiolabeled chimeric antibodies may lead to better therapeutic responses than
      cold anti-CD20 antibodies. This study aimed to assess the biodistribution and
      present reasonable estimates of normal organ doses, including red marrow using Lu
      DOTA-rituximab. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with relapsed/refractory CD20+ B
      cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were recruited into this prospective study. In-house
      labeling of Lu-DOTA-rituximab was performed and administered after quality
      assurance. Rituximab (375 mg/m), followed by 50 mCi (1850 MBq) of Lu-DOTA
      rituximab was administered as a slow intravenous infusion and emission images
      were acquired. Regions of interest were drawn for kidney, liver, heart, bladder,
      spleen, and tumor lesions on both anterior and posterior images. Internal dose
      estimation was performed using OLINDA v1.0 software. RESULTS: The mean age of the
      10 patients (eight men and two women) was 52+/-13 years. The uptake of
      radiolabeled antibody was visualized within 30 min of administration in the
      liver, kidneys, heart, spleen, and bladder. The coefficient of determination (R)
      was greater than 0.95 for organs and the whole body in all patients. The
      effective half-life of radioimmunoconjugate was 100+/-28 h (42-126 h). The
      critical organ in our study was the red marrow. The average total body dose,
      effective dose, and effective dose equivalent calculated in all 10 patients were
      0.13+/-0.02, 0.15+/-0.03, and 0.22+/-0.04 mGy/MBq, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      There may be considerable interindividual differences in absorbed doses of organs
      and generalization or extrapolation of doses in the clinical setting at present
      is not feasible with Lu-DOTA-rituximab in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.
      Patient-specific dosimetry is thus recommended to eliminate the variations and
      reduce the possibility of dose-limiting toxicity.

PMID- 26974316
TI  - Clinical results in cachexia therapeutics.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article highlights recent developments in the area of
      cancer cachexia and therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: Therapeutic
      interventions in cancer cachexia have been guided by clinical studies focused on
      the central role of muscle and the increased use of CT imaging to measure the
      impact of skeletal muscle loss on clinical outcomes. At the translational level,
      a number of different model systems have emphasized the importance of blockade of
      tumor-induced inflammation and its potential impact on reversing the cachexia
      phenotype, including FN14, a receptor in the TNF pathway, as well as the
      parathyroid hormone-related protein. Clinical studies continue to demonstrate the
      importance of nutrition and exercise as part of a multimodality approach.
      Although a number of promising agents are being evaluated, both enobosarm, a
      selected androgen receptor modulator, and anamorelin, a ghrelin agonist have
      completed phase III trials. Both agents have shown significant impact on reversal
      of skeletal muscle loss, but inconsistent effect on physical function
      improvement. Anamorelin also has a positive effect on appetite and weight gain.
      SUMMARY: Further analysis of these studies, along with regulatory guidance, will
      be critical in the further development of these and other promising agents in the
      clinical management of patients with cancer cachexia.

PMID- 26974317
TI  - WHAT'S NEW IN SHOCK, APRIL 2016?

PMID- 26974318
TI  - PHARMACOLOGICAL SIRT1 ACTIVATION IMPROVES MORTALITY AND MARKEDLY ALTERS
      TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES THAT ACCOMPANY EXPERIMENTAL SEPSIS.
AB  - The sirtuin family consists of seven NAD+-dependent enzymes affecting a broad
      array of regulatory protein networks by primarily catalyzing the deacetylation of
      key lysine residues in regulatory proteins. The enzymatic activity of SIRT1 can
      be enhanced by small molecule activators known as SIRT1 activator compounds
      (STACs). We tested the therapeutic potential of the STAC SRT3025 in two
      preclinical models of severe infection, the murine cecal ligation and puncture
      (CLP) model to induce peritonitis and intratracheal installation of Streptococcus
      pneumoniae to induce severe bacterial pneumonia. SRT3025 provided significant
      survival benefits over vehicle control in both the peritonitis and pneumococcal
      pneumonia models when administered with appropriate antimicrobial agents. The
      survival benefit of SRT3025 in the CLP model was absent in SIRT1 knockout showing
      the SIRT1 dependency of SRT3025's effects. SRT3025 administration promoted
      bacterial clearance and significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines from the
      lungs of animals challenged with S. pneumoniae. SRT3025 treatment was also
      accompanied by striking changes in the transcription profiles in multiple
      inflammatory and metabolic pathways in liver, spleen, small bowel, and lung
      tissue. Remarkably, these organ-specific changes in the transcriptome analyses
      were similar following CLP or pneumococcal challenge despite different sets of
      pathogens at disparate sites of infection. Pharmacologic activation of SIRT1
      modulates the innate host response and could represent a novel treatment strategy
      for severe infection.

PMID- 26974319
TI  - Folic Acid Represses Hypoxia-Induced Inflammation in THP-1 Cells through
      Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/HIF-1alpha Pathway.
AB  - Though hypoxia has been implicated as a cause of inflammation, the underlying
      mechanism is not well understood. Folic acid has been shown to provide protection
      against oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular disease
      and various models approximating insult to tissue via inflammation. It has been
      reported that hypoxia-induced inflammation is associated with oxidative stress,
      upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha), and production of
      pro-inflammatory molecules. Whether folic acid protects human monocytic cells
      (THP-1 cells) against hypoxia-induced damage, however, remains unknown. We used
      THP-1 cells to establish a hypoxia-induced cellular injury model. Pretreating THP
      1 cells with folic acid attenuated hypoxia-induced inflammatory responses,
      including a decrease in protein and mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta and
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), coupled with increased levels of IL-10.
      Folic acid also reduced hypoxia-induced Akt phosphorylation and decreased nuclear
      accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein. Both LY294002 (a selective inhibitor of
      phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase, PI3K) and KC7F2 (a HIF-1alpha inhibitor) reduced
      levels of hypoxia-induced inflammatory cytokines. We also found that insulin (an
      Akt activator) and dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG, a HIF-1alpha activator) induced
      over-expression of inflammatory cytokines, which could be blocked by folic acid.
      Taken together, these findings demonstrate how folic acid attenuates the hypoxia
      induced inflammatory responses of THP-1 cells through inhibition of the
      PI3K/Akt/HIF-1alpha pathway. 

PMID- 26974320
TI  - The Non-Fimbriate Phenotype Is Predominant among Salmonella enterica Serovar
      Choleraesuis from Swine and Those Non-Fimbriate Strains Possess Distinct Amino
      Acid Variations in FimH.
AB  - Although most Salmonella serovars are able to infect a range of animal hosts,
      some have acquired the ability to cause systemic infections of specific hosts.
      For example, Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is primarily associated
      with systemic infection in swine. Adherence to host epithelial cells is
      considered a prerequisite for initial infection, and fimbrial appendages on the
      outer membrane of the bacteria are implicated in this process. Although type 1
      fimbriae encoded by the fim gene cluster are commonly found in Salmonella
      serovars, it is not known whether S. Choleraesuis produces this fimbrial type and
      if and how fimbriae are involved in pathogenesis. In the present study, we
      demonstrated that only four out of 120 S. Choleraesuis isolates from pigs with
      salmonellosis produced type 1 fimbriae as assayed by the yeast agglutination test
      and electron microscopy. One of the 116 non-type 1 fimbria-producing isolates was
      transformed with plasmids carrying different fim genes from S. Typhimurium
      LB5010, a type 1 fimbria-producing strain. Our results indicate that non-type 1
      fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis required only an intact fimH to regain the
      ability to produce fimbrial appendages. Sequence comparison revealed six amino
      acid variations between the FimH of the non-type 1 fimbria-producing S.
      Choleraesuis isolates and those of the type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis
      isolates. S. Choleraesuis that produced type 1 fimbriae contained FimH with an
      amino acid sequence identical to that of S. Typhimurium LB5010. Site-directed
      mutagenesis leading to the replacement of the non-conserved residues revealed
      that a change from glycine to valine at position of 63 (G63V) resulted in a non
      type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis being able to express type 1 fimbriae on
      its outer membrane. It is possible that this particular amino acid change
      prevents this polypeptide from proper interaction with other Fim subunits
      required for assembly of an intact type 1 fimbrial shaft in S. Choleraesuis;
      however, it remains to be determined if and how the absence of type 1 fimbriae
      production is related to the systemic infection of the swine host by S.
      Choleraesuis. 

PMID- 26974321
TI  - Systematic Analysis of Absorbed Anti-Inflammatory Constituents and Metabolites of
      Sarcandra glabra in Rat Plasma Using Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
      Coupled with Linear Trap Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was coupled with linear ion
      trap quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap) and was used for the
      first time to systematically analyze the absorbed components and metabolites in
      rat plasma after oral administration of the water extract of Sarcandra glabra.
      This extract is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of
      inflammation and immunity related diseases. The anti-inflammatory activities of
      the absorbed components were evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production
      and proinflammatory genes expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated
      murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. As a result, 54 components in Sarcandra glabra were
      detected in dosed rat plasma, and 36 of them were positively identified.
      Moreover, 23 metabolites were characterized and their originations were traced.
      Furthermore, 20 of the 24 studied components showed anti-inflammatory activities.
      These results provide evidence that this method efficiency detected constituents
      in plasma based on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of multiple components and
      would be a useful technique for screening multiple targets for natural medicine
      research. 

PMID- 26974323
TI  - Efficient Gene Knockdown in Mouse Oocytes through Peptide Nanoparticle-Mediated
      SiRNA Transfection.
AB  - The use of mouse oocytes as a model for studying female meiosis is very important
      in reproductive medicine. Gene knockdown by specific small interfering RNA
      (siRNA) is usually the first step in the study of the function of a target gene
      in mouse oocytes during in vitro maturation. Traditionally, the only way to
      introduce siRNA into mouse oocytes is through microinjection, which is certainly
      less efficient and strenuous than siRNA transfection in somatic cells. Recently,
      in research using somatic cells, peptide nanoparticle-mediated siRNA transfection
      has been gaining popularity over liposome nanoparticle-mediated methods because
      of its high efficiency, low toxicity, good stability, and strong serum
      compatibility. However, no researchers have yet tried transfecting siRNA into
      mouse oocytes because of the existence of the protective zona pellucida
      surrounding the oocyte membrane (vitelline membrane). We therefore tested whether
      peptide nanoparticles can introduce siRNA into mouse oocytes. In the present
      study, we showed for the first time that our optimized program can efficiently
      knock down a target gene with high specificity. Furthermore, we achieved the
      expected meiotic phenotypes after we knocked down a test unknown target gene
      TRIM75. We propose that peptide nanoparticles may be superior for preliminary
      functional studies of unknown genes in mouse oocytes. 

PMID- 26974322
TI  - Transcription Factors Expressed in Mouse Cochlear Inner and Outer Hair Cells.
AB  - Regulation of gene expression is essential to determining the functional
      complexity and morphological diversity seen among different cells.
      Transcriptional regulation is a crucial step in gene expression regulation
      because the genetic information is directly read from DNA by sequence-specific
      transcription factors (TFs). Although several mouse TF databases created from
      genome sequences and transcriptomes are available, a cell type-specific TF
      database from any normal cell populations is still lacking. We identify cell type
      specific TF genes expressed in cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair
      cells (OHCs) using hair cell-specific transcriptomes from adult mice. IHCs and
      OHCs are the two types of sensory receptor cells in the mammalian cochlea. We
      show that 1,563 and 1,616 TF genes are respectively expressed in IHCs and OHCs
      among 2,230 putative mouse TF genes. While 1,536 are commonly expressed in both
      populations, 73 genes are differentially expressed (with at least a twofold
      difference) in IHCs and 13 are differentially expressed in OHCs. Our datasets
      represent the first cell type-specific TF databases for two populations of
      sensory receptor cells and are key informational resources for understanding the
      molecular mechanism underlying the biological properties and phenotypical
      differences of these cells. 

PMID- 26974324
TI  - Does it matter who places the intravenous? An inter-professional comparison of
      prehospital intravenous access difficulties between physicians and paramedics.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Depending on the specific national emergency medical systems, venous
      cannulations may be performed by physicians, paramedics or both alike.
      Difficulties in the establishment of vascular access can lead to delayed
      treatment and transport. Our study investigates possible inter-professional
      differences in the difficulties of prehospital venous cannulation. METHODS:
      Paramedics were interviewed for their personal attitudes towards and experiences
      in venous access. We analysed 47 candidate predictor variables in terms of
      cannulation failure and exceedance of a 2 min time threshold. Multivariable
      logistic regression models were fitted for variables of potential predictive
      value (P<0.25) and evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC>0.60) of their
      respective receiver operating characteristic curve. Results were compared with
      previously published data from emergency physicians. RESULTS: A total of 552
      cannulations were included in our study. All 146 participants voted that
      paramedics should be eligible to perform venous catheterizations. Despite ample
      experience in the task, almost half of them considered prehospital venous
      cannulations more difficult than those performed in hospital. However, the
      multivariable logistic regression found only patient-related and puncture site
      factors to be predictive of cannulation failure (patient age, vein palpability
      with tourniquet, insufficient ambient lighting: model AUC: 0.72) or cannulation
      delay (vein palpability with tourniquet: model AUC: 0.60). CONCLUSION: Our study
      shows that venous cannulation is well established among paramedics. It presents
      itself with similar difficulties across medical professions. Not the numerous
      specific circumstances of prehospital emergency care, but universal factors
      inherent to the task will influence the success at venous catheterization.

PMID- 26974325
TI  - Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-3 (TRPM3) Mediates Nociceptive-Like
      Responses in Hydra vulgaris.
AB  - The ability of mammals to feel noxious stimuli lies in a heterogeneous group of
      primary somatosensory neurons termed nociceptors, which express specific membrane
      receptors, such as the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family. Here, we show
      that one of the most important nociceptive-like pathways is conserved in the
      freshwater coelenterate Hydra vulgaris, the most primitive organism possessing a
      nervous system. In particular, we found that H. vulgaris expresses TRPM3, a
      nociceptor calcium channel involved in the detection of noxious heat in mammals.
      Furthermore, we detected that both heat shock and TRPM3 specific agonist (i.e.,
      pregnenolone sulfate) induce the modulation of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)
      and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS), two genes activated by TRP-mediated heat
      painful stimuli in mammals. As expected, these effects are inhibited by a TRPM3
      antagonist (i.e., mefenamic acid). Interestingly, the TRPM3 agonist and heat
      shock also induce the expression of nuclear transcription erythroid 2-related
      factor (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), known markers of oxidative stress;
      noteworthy gene expression was also inhibited by the TRPM3 antagonist. As a
      whole, our results demonstrate the presence of conserved molecular
      oxidative/nociceptive-like pathways at the primordial level of the animal
      kingdom. 

PMID- 26974326
TI  - An Advanced Histologic Method for Evaluation of Intestinal Adenomas in Mice Using
      Digital Slides.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Mice are used for modelling the biology of many human
      diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Mouse models recapitulate many
      aspects of human disease and are invaluable tools for studying the biology,
      treatment and prevention of CRC. Unlike humans, many mouse models develop lesions
      primarily in the small intestine, which necessitates removal and examination of
      this organ in order to evaluate treatment efficacy. Commonly, the small intestine
      is visually examined for gross lesions and then selectively embedded in paraffin
      blocks for further microscopic analysis. Unfortunately, this method suffers from
      inherent bias toward counting large lesions and simultaneously missing smaller
      lesions. Even more, this method leaves no permanent record of diagnosed and
      measured lesions. We evaluated inter-observer variability in a mouse model of CRC
      using visual examination, and directly compared the visual, gross examination
      with a histologic analytic method using digital slides of hematoxylin and eosin
      stained tissue sections. RESULTS: Using visual examination, there was a high
      degree of inter-observer variability. As this method does not provide a permanent
      record of measurements, there is no capability to arbitrate between differing
      observations. In contrast, histologic analysis allowed for the creation of a
      permanent record of lesion measurements taken. When compared directly, histologic
      analysis of annotated digital images has significantly improved accuracy. Using
      this method we were able to distinguish mutant mice from wild type littermates
      even at a very young age. With gross visual examination, this distinction was not
      possible. CONCLUSION: Histologic analysis of digital images of murine intestinal
      tissue provides a vital improvement over the commonly used visual, gross
      examination method. Unlike visual gross examination, histologic analysis is not
      biased by the size of intestinal adenoma, misdiagnosis of another lesion type, or
      presence of a Peyer's patch. It also provides accountability in the form of a
      permanent record of lesions counted. Histologic analysis using digital slides
      represents a critical improvement over the current, widely used method of visual
      gross examination and should be considered for future studies using mouse models
      of CRC.

PMID- 26974327
TI  - XANES Demonstrates the Release of Calcium Phosphates from Alkaline Vertisols to
      Moderately Acidified Solution.
AB  - Calcium phosphate (CaP) minerals may comprise the main phosphorus (P) reserve in
      alkaline soils, with solubility dependent on pH and the concentration of Ca
      and/or P in solution. Combining several techniques in a novel way, we studied
      these phenomena by progressively depleting P from suspensions of two soils (low
      P) using an anion-exchange membrane (AEM) and from a third soil (high P) with AEM
      together with a cation-exchange membrane. Depletions commenced on untreated soil,
      then continued as pH was manipulated and maintained at three constant pH levels:
      the initial pH (pHi) and pH 6.5 and 5.5. Bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge
      structure (XANES) spectroscopy revealed that the main forms of inorganic P in
      each soil were apatite, a second more soluble CaP mineral, and smectite-sorbed P.
      With moderate depletion of P at pHi or pH 6.5, CaP minerals became more prominent
      in the spectra compared to sorbed species. The more soluble CaP minerals were
      depleted at pH 6.5, and all CaP minerals were exhausted at pH 5.5, showing that
      the CaP species present in these alkaline soils are soluble with decreases of pH
      in the range achievable by rhizosphere acidification.

PMID- 26974328
TI  - Correction: Predicting the Maximum Earthquake Magnitude from Seismic Data in
      Israel and Its Neighboring Countries.

PMID- 26974329
TI  - Malignancies in Swedish persons with haemophilia: a longitudinal registry study.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate, over time, the incidence of and
      mortality due to malignant diseases among persons with haemophilia, compared to
      matched controls. Persons with haemophilia A or B were enrolled via registries at
      each haemophilia centre, as well as from the National Patient Registry, and were
      compared to five sex and age-matched controls per patient. Data from the national
      Cancer Registry were linked to the study participants. A total of 1431 persons
      with haemophilia and 7150 matched controls were enrolled. Between the years 1972
      and 2008, 164 malignancies were reported. The most common type of cancer among
      patients was prostate cancer, followed by haematologic malignancies, including
      lymphoma and leukaemia, which were significantly more frequent in patients [n =
      35 (2.4%) vs. n = 60 (0.8%); P < 0.001]. Malignancies in bladder and other
      urinary organs were also significantly different [n = 21 (1.5%) vs. n = 46
      (0.6%); P < 0.01]. The overall incidence rate ratio of malignancies per 1000
      person-years compared to the controls was 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1,
      1.6]. In subgroup analysis, the corresponding incidence rate ratios per 1000
      person-years for persons with severe haemophilia was 1.7 (95% CI 0.9, 3.1) and
      that for mild/moderate haemophilia 1.1 (95% CI 0.8, 1.5). Swedish persons with
      haemophilia had a significantly higher incidence of malignant diseases than
      controls. These were primarily haematologic malignancies and cancer in urinary
      organs, and the difference independent of any co-infections with HIV and/or viral
      hepatitis. The findings indicate the importance of further studies and close
      follow-up of malignancies in persons with haemophilia. 

PMID- 26974330
TI  - A novel frameshift mutation leading to inherited type I antithrombin deficiency.
AB  - Inherited antithrombin (AT) deficiency is an autosomal dominant thrombotic
      disorder. We encountered a case of inherited type I AT deficiency and identified
      the mutation responsible; a novel 5406delA mutation in the SERPINC1 gene appeared
      to have caused a frameshift with premature termination at amino acid +283. The
      recombinant AT protein including 5406delA was not detected in cell lysates or
      culture supernatants. These results will contribute to the creation of an
      accurate database and define the molecular basis for AT deficiency.

PMID- 26974331
TI  - Correlation of Utrophin Levels with the Dystrophin Protein Complex and Muscle
      Fibre Regeneration in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy Muscle Biopsies.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe and currently incurable progressive
      neuromuscular condition, caused by mutations in the DMD gene that result in the
      inability to produce dystrophin. Lack of dystrophin leads to loss of muscle
      fibres and a reduction in muscle mass and function. There is evidence from
      dystrophin-deficient mouse models that increasing levels of utrophin at the
      muscle fibre sarcolemma by genetic or pharmacological means significantly reduces
      the muscular dystrophy pathology. In order to determine the efficacy of utrophin
      modulators in clinical trials, it is necessary to accurately measure utrophin
      levels and other biomarkers on a fibre by fibre basis within a biopsy section.
      Our aim was to develop robust and reproducible staining and imaging protocols to
      quantify sarcolemmal utrophin levels, sarcolemmal dystrophin complex members and
      numbers of regenerating fibres within a biopsy section. We quantified sarcolemmal
      utrophin in mature and regenerating fibres and the percentage of regenerating
      muscle fibres, in muscle biopsies from Duchenne, the milder Becker muscular
      dystrophy and controls. Fluorescent immunostaining followed by image analysis was
      performed to quantify utrophin intensity and beta-dystrogylcan and gamma 
      sarcoglycan intensity at the sarcolemma. Antibodies to fetal and developmental
      myosins were used to identify regenerating muscle fibres allowing the accurate
      calculation of percentage regeneration fibres in the biopsy. Our results indicate
      that muscle biopsies from Becker muscular dystrophy patients have fewer numbers
      of regenerating fibres and reduced utrophin intensity compared to muscle biopsies
      from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Of particular interest, we show for
      the first time that the percentage of regenerating muscle fibres within the
      muscle biopsy correlate with the clinical severity of Becker and Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy patients from whom the biopsy was taken. The ongoing
      development of these tools to quantify sarcolemmal utrophin and muscle
      regeneration in muscle biopsies will be invaluable for assessing utrophin
      modulator activity in future clinical trials. 

PMID- 26974332
TI  - Physical Activity Characteristics across GOLD Quadrants Depend on the
      Questionnaire Used.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The GOLD multidimensional classification of COPD severity combines
      the exacerbation risk with the symptom experience, for which 3 different
      questionnaires are permitted. This study investigated differences in physical
      activity (PA) in the different GOLD quadrants and patient's distribution in
      relation to the questionnaire used. METHODS: 136 COPD patients (58+/-21% FEV1
      predicted, 34F/102M) completed COPD assessment test (CAT), clinical COPD
      questionnaire (CCQ) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) questionnaire.
      Exacerbation history, spirometry and 6MWD were collected. PA was objectively
      measured for 2 periods of 1 week, 6 months apart, in 5 European centres; to
      minimise seasonal and clinical variation the average of these two periods was
      used for analysis. RESULTS: GOLD quadrants C+D had reduced PA compared with A+B
      (3824 [2976] vs. 5508 [4671] steps.d-1, p<0.0001). The choice of questionnaire
      yielded different patient distributions (agreement mMRC-CAT kappa = 0.57; CCQ
      mMRC kappa = 0.71; CCQ-CAT kappa = 0.72) with different clinical characteristics.
      PA was notably lower in patients with an mMRC score >=2 (3430 [2537] vs. 5443
      [3776] steps.d-1, p <0.001) in both the low and high risk quadrants. CONCLUSIONS:
      Using different questionnaires changes the patient distribution and results in
      different clinical characteristics. Therefore, standardization of the
      questionnaire used for classification is critical to allow comparison of
      different studies using this as an entry criterion. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01388218.

PMID- 26974333
TI  - Circumpolar Genetic Structure and Recent Gene Flow of Polar Bears: A Reanalysis.
AB  - Recently, an extensive study of 2,748 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from across
      their circumpolar range was published in PLOS ONE, which used microsatellites and
      mitochondrial haplotypes to apparently show altered population structure and a
      dramatic change in directional gene flow towards the Canadian Archipelago-an area
      believed to be a future refugium for polar bears as their southernmost habitats
      decline under climate change. Although this study represents a major
      international collaborative effort and promised to be a baseline for future
      genetics work, methodological shortcomings and errors of interpretation undermine
      some of the study's main conclusions. Here, we present a reanalysis of this data
      in which we address some of these issues, including: (1) highly unbalanced sample
      sizes and large amounts of systematically missing data; (2) incorrect calculation
      of FST and of significance levels; (3) misleading estimates of recent gene flow
      resulting from non-convergence of the program BayesAss. In contrast to the
      original findings, in our reanalysis we find six genetic clusters of polar bears
      worldwide: the Hudson Bay Complex, the Western and Eastern Canadian Arctic
      Archipelago, the Western and Eastern Polar Basin, and-importantly-we reconfirm
      the presence of a unique and possibly endangered cluster of bears in Norwegian
      Bay near Canada's expected last sea-ice refugium. Although polar bears'
      abundance, distribution, and population structure will certainly be negatively
      affected by ongoing-and increasingly rapid-loss of Arctic sea ice, these genetic
      data provide no evidence of strong directional gene flow in response to recent
      climate change. 

PMID- 26974334
TI  - Generation of Mice with Hepatocyte-Specific Conditional Deletion of Notum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fine tuning of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is essential
      for the proper development and function of the liver. Aberrant activation of this
      pathway is observed in 20%-40% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Notum encodes
      a secreted Wnt deacylase that inhibits Wnt activity and thereby restricts the
      zone of activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. An important role of NOTUM has
      been described in development in drosophila, planaria and zebrafish, but its role
      in the mammalian liver is unknown. Notum is required for spatial control of the
      Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in several animal models and the Wnt/beta-catenin
      pathway contributes to liver patterning involved in metabolic zonation.
      Therefore, Notum may be involved in the liver patterning induced by the Wnt/beta
      catenin signaling during the adult stage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We
      generated a conditional Notum knockout mouse mutant to study the effect of the
      deletion of Notum in the liver. We show that Notum is a direct target of the
      Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in the liver. Liver-specific deletion of Notum did not
      modify liver zonation, but Notum deletion had a long-term effect on mouse
      physiology. In particular, male mutant mice developed metabolic disorders.
      CONCLUSION: We show that Notum is not a key actor of Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent
      liver patterning of adult mice, but has role in liver glucose homeostasis. Male
      mice deficient in Notum specifically in the liver develop metabolic dysfunctions
      implicating Notum in the development of Type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26974337
TI  - Synthesis, Structure, and Basic Magnetic and Thermoelectric Properties of the
      Light Lanthanide Aurobismuthides.
AB  - We report the crystal structures and elementary properties of the new
      aurobismuthides La3Au3Bi4, Ce3Au3Bi4, Pr3Au3Bi4, Nd3Au3Bi4, Sm3Au3Bi4, and
      Gd3Au3Bi4. These ternary compounds are found only for the large lanthanides and
      crystallize in the cubic Y3Au3Sb4 structure type, which is a stuffed Th3P4-type
      derivative. The compounds are electron-precise, leading to semiconducting
      behavior, and display magnetic properties arising from localized lanthanide f
      states. Resistivity data, Seebeck coefficient measurements, and electronic
      structure calculations suggest that these phases are heavily doped, p-type
      semiconductors. Nd3Au3Bi4 and Sm3Au3Bi4 have Seebeck coefficients of 105 and 190
      MUV/K at 350 K, respectively, making them worthy of further thermoelectric
      studies. 

PMID- 26974336
TI  - A Hepatocellular Carcinoma Aggressiveness Index and Its Relationship to Liver
      Enzyme Levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is influenced by both
      liver and tumor factors, which have been considered independent influences.
      However, recent evidence has shown that the underlying liver also has prognostic
      information. AIMS: To investigate possible relationships between liver function
      parameters and HCC aggressiveness indices. METHODS: A large HCC patient database
      with baseline clinical information and survival data was retrospectively
      examined. RESULTS: Data on 756 HCC patients with normal bilirubin were examined
      for a relationship between serum liver enzymes and 4 HCC aggressiveness indices
      of maximum tumor diameter, portal vein invasion, tumor multifocality or serum
      alpha-fetoprotein levels. An association was found between elevated enzyme levels
      and increased HCC aggressiveness. An aggressiveness index was constructed from
      the 4 indices and expressed as a sum of their scores, which in turn reflected 3
      survival groups. In a Cox model, the hazard ratios for each of the groups were
      significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant correlations were
      found between standard liver function parameters and HCC aggressiveness. A
      composite aggressiveness index was constructed, yielding 3 groups with different
      survival probabilities. These findings support the concept of the importance of
      the underlying liver in relation to HCC biology.

PMID- 26974335
TI  - Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Protozoan Infections with
      Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystis and Dientamoeba among Schoolchildren in
      Tripoli, Lebanon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intestinal protozoan infections are confirmed as major causes of
      diarrhea, particularly in children, and represent a significant, but often
      neglected, threat to public health. No recent data were available in Lebanon
      concerning the molecular epidemiology of protozoan infections in children, a
      vulnerable population at high risk of infection. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL
      FINDINGS: In order to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of intestinal
      pathogenic protozoa, a cross-sectional study was conducted in a general pediatric
      population including both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. After obtaining
      informed consent from the parents or legal guardians, stool samples were
      collected in January 2013 from 249 children in 2 schools in Tripoli, Lebanon.
      Information obtained from a standard questionnaire included demographic
      characteristics, current symptoms, socioeconomic status, source of drinking
      water, and personal hygiene habits. After fecal examination by both microscopy
      and molecular tools, the overall prevalence of parasitic infections was recorded
      as 85%. Blastocystis spp. presented the highest infection rate (63%), followed by
      Dientamoeba fragilis (60.6%), Giardia duodenalis (28.5%) and Cryptosporidium spp.
      (10.4%). PCR was also performed to identify species and genotypes of
      Cryptosporidium, subtypes of Blastocystis, and assemblages of Giardia.
      Statistical analysis using a logistic regression model showed that contact with
      family members presenting gastrointestinal disorders was the primary risk factor
      for transmission of these protozoa. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study
      performed in Lebanon reporting the prevalence and the clinical and molecular
      epidemiological data associated with intestinal protozoan infections among
      schoolchildren in Tripoli. A high prevalence of protozoan parasites was found,
      with Blastocystis spp. being the most predominant protozoans. Although only 50%
      of children reported digestive symptoms, asymptomatic infection was observed, and
      these children may act as unidentified carriers. This survey provides necessary
      information for designing prevention and control strategies to reduce the burden
      of these protozoan infections, especially in children.

PMID- 26974338
TI  - Emission-Tunable Multicolor Graphene Molecules with Controllable Synthesis,
      Excellent Optical Properties, and Specific Applications.
AB  - Series of graphene molecules with varied emission colors have been prepared by
      oxidative cyclodehydrogenation using anhydrous ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the
      catalyst under mild conditions. By controlling the oxidation time in the initial
      step only, molecules with different fluorescence colors are conveniently
      obtained. New colors can be recorded evidently because of the stepwise and
      controllable process, which highly related to the conjugation length. Blue
      emissive starting compounds in the solid state can be transformed into orange
      upon brief oxidation, whereas green emissive oligomers are varied to red with an
      emission wavelength redshift about 123 nm. Cyclic voltammetry measurements
      performed can give the corresponding data, which verify the results drawn from
      the UV and PL spectroscope. The gradual change of conjugation length with tunable
      emission is confirmed in the MALDI-TOF study as well. Further characterizations
      indicate that the graphene molecules possess satisfactory optical properties,
      which are highly emissive both in solution and in the solid state because of the
      alkyl group. In addition, the good thermal stability and the self-assembly of
      graphene molecules suggest that they are promising candidates for high-tech
      applications. Furthermore, the fabricated field-effect transistors possess the
      nice performance, whose mobilities are about 0.57 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with an on
      off ratio of 1 * 10(4) and 0.81 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with an on-off ratio of 1 *
      10(3), respectively. 

PMID- 26974339
TI  - Study of Class I and Class III Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthases with
      Substrates Containing a Modified Side Chain.
AB  - Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are carbon and energy storage polymers produced by a
      variety of microbial organisms under nutrient-limited conditions. They have been
      considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to oil-based plastics due
      to their renewability, versatility, and biodegradability. PHA synthase (PhaC)
      plays a central role in PHA biosynthesis, in which its activity and substrate
      specificity are major factors in determining the productivity and properties of
      the produced polymers. However, the effects of modifying the substrate side chain
      are not well understood because of the difficulty to accessing the desired
      analogues. In this report, a series of 3-(R)-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A (HACoA)
      analogues were synthesized and tested with class I synthases from Chromobacterium
      sp. USM2 (PhaCCs and A479S-PhaCCs) and Caulobacter crescentus (PhaCCc) as well as
      class III synthase from Allochromatium vinosum (PhaECAv). It was found that,
      while different PHA synthases displayed distinct preference with regard to the
      length of the alkyl side chains, they could withstand moderate side chain
      modifications such as terminal unsaturated bonds and the azide group.
      Specifically, the specific activity of PhaCCs toward propynyl analogue (HHxyCoA)
      was only 5-fold less than that toward the classical substrate HBCoA. The
      catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of PhaECAv toward azide analogue (HABCoA) was
      determined to be 2.86 * 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), which was 6.2% of the value of HBCoA
      (4.62 * 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)) measured in the presence of bovine serum albumin
      (BSA). These side chain modifications may be employed to introduce new material
      functions to PHAs as well as to study PHA biogenesis via click-chemistry, in
      which the latter remains unknown and is important for metabolic engineering to
      produce PHAs economically. 

PMID- 26974340
TI  - Allogeneic Haematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients Admitted to the Intensive Care
      Unit: Survival and Prognosis.

PMID- 26974341
TI  - Precise regulation of the guidance receptor DMA-1 by KPC-1/Furin instructs
      dendritic branching decisions.
AB  - Extracellular adhesion molecules and their neuronal receptors guide the growth
      and branching of axons and dendrites. Growth cones are attracted to intermediate
      targets, but they must switch their response upon arrival so that they can move
      away and complete the next stage of growth. Here, we show that KPC-1, a C.
      elegans Furin homolog, regulates the level of the branching receptor DMA-1 on
      dendrites by targeting it to late endosomes. In kpc-1 mutants, the level of DMA-1
      is abnormally high on dendrites, resulting in trapping of dendrites at locations
      where a high level of the cognate ligand, the adhesion molecule SAX-7/L1, is
      present. The misregulation of DMA-1 also causes dendritic self-avoidance defects.
      Thus, precise regulation of guidance receptors creates flexibility of responses
      to guidance signals and is critical for neuronal morphogenesis. 

PMID- 26974342
TI  - GSK3beta regulates AKT-induced central nervous system axon regeneration via an
      eIF2Bepsilon-dependent, mTORC1-independent pathway.
AB  - Axons fail to regenerate after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Modulation of
      the PTEN/mTORC1 pathway in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes axon
      regeneration after optic nerve injury. Here, we report that AKT activation,
      downstream of Pten deletion, promotes axon regeneration and RGC survival. We
      further demonstrate that GSK3beta plays an indispensable role in mediating AKT
      induced axon regeneration. Deletion or inactivation of GSK3beta promotes axon
      regeneration independently of the mTORC1 pathway, whereas constitutive activation
      of GSK3beta reduces AKT-induced axon regeneration. Importantly, we have
      identified eIF2Bepsilon as a novel downstream effector of GSK3beta in regulating
      axon regeneration. Inactivation of eIF2Bepsilon reduces both GSK3beta and AKT
      mediated effects on axon regeneration. Constitutive activation of eIF2Bepsilon is
      sufficient to promote axon regeneration. Our results reveal a key role of the AKT
      GSK3beta-eIF2Bepsilon signaling module in regulating axon regeneration in the
      adult mammalian CNS. 

PMID- 26974343
TI  - Rhodopsin targeted transcriptional silencing by DNA-binding.
AB  - Transcription factors (TFs) operate by the combined activity of their DNA-binding
      domains (DBDs) and effector domains (EDs) enabling the coordination of gene
      expression on a genomic scale. Here we show that in vivo delivery of an
      engineered DNA-binding protein uncoupled from the repressor domain can produce
      efficient and gene-specific transcriptional silencing. To interfere with
      RHODOPSIN (RHO) gain-of-function mutations we engineered the ZF6-DNA-binding
      protein (ZF6-DB) that targets 20 base pairs (bp) of a RHOcis-regulatory element
      (CRE) and demonstrate Rho specific transcriptional silencing upon adeno
      associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated expression in photoreceptors. The data
      show that the 20 bp-long genomic DNA sequence is necessary for RHO expression and
      that photoreceptor delivery of the corresponding cognate synthetic trans-acting
      factor ZF6-DB without the intrinsic transcriptional repression properties of the
      canonical ED blocks Rho expression with negligible genome-wide transcript
      perturbations. The data support DNA-binding-mediated silencing as a novel mode to
      treat gain-of-function mutations. 

PMID- 26974344
TI  - Localized JNK signaling regulates organ size during development.
AB  - A fundamental question of biology is what determines organ size. Despite
      demonstrations that factors within organs determine their sizes, intrinsic size
      control mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that Drosophila wing size is
      regulated by JNK signaling during development. JNK is active in a stripe along
      the center of developing wings, and modulating JNK signaling within this stripe
      changes organ size. This JNK stripe influences proliferation in a non-canonical,
      Jun-independent manner by inhibiting the Hippo pathway. Localized JNK activity is
      established by Hedgehog signaling, where Ci elevates dTRAF1 expression. As the
      dTRAF1 homolog, TRAF4, is amplified in numerous cancers, these findings provide a
      new mechanism for how the Hedgehog pathway could contribute to tumorigenesis,
      and, more importantly, provides a new strategy for cancer therapies. Finally,
      modulation of JNK signaling centers in developing antennae and legs changes their
      sizes, suggesting a more generalizable role for JNK signaling in developmental
      organ size control.

PMID- 26974345
TI  - Mixed-mode oscillations and population bursting in the pre-Botzinger complex.
AB  - This study focuses on computational and theoretical investigations of neuronal
      activity arising in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC), a medullary region
      generating the inspiratory phase of breathing in mammals. A progressive increase
      of neuronal excitability in medullary slices containing the pre-BotC produces
      mixed-mode oscillations (MMOs) characterized by large amplitude population bursts
      alternating with a series of small amplitude bursts. Using two different
      computational models, we demonstrate that MMOs emerge within a heterogeneous
      excitatory neural network because of progressive neuronal recruitment and
      synchronization. The MMO pattern depends on the distributed neuronal
      excitability, the density and weights of network interconnections, and the
      cellular properties underlying endogenous bursting. Critically, the latter should
      provide a reduction of spiking frequency within neuronal bursts with increasing
      burst frequency and a dependence of the after-burst recovery period on burst
      amplitude. Our study highlights a novel mechanism by which heterogeneity
      naturally leads to complex dynamics in rhythmic neuronal populations. 

PMID- 26974346
TI  - Serotonin modulates insect hemocyte phagocytosis via two different serotonin
      receptors.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) modulates both neural and immune responses in vertebrates, but
      its role in insect immunity remains uncertain. We report that hemocytes in the
      caterpillar, Pieris rapae are able to synthesize 5-HT following activation by
      lipopolysaccharide. The inhibition of a serotonin-generating enzyme with either
      pharmacological blockade or RNAi knock-down impaired hemocyte phagocytosis.
      Biochemical and functional experiments showed that naive hemocytes primarily
      express 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B receptors. The blockade of 5-HT1B significantly reduced
      phagocytic ability; however, the blockade of 5-HT2B increased hemocyte
      phagocytosis. The 5-HT1B-null Drosophila melanogaster mutants showed higher
      mortality than controls when infected with bacteria, due to their decreased
      phagocytotic ability. Flies expressing 5-HT1B or 5-HT2B RNAi in hemocytes also
      showed similar sensitivity to infection. Combined, these data demonstrate that 5
      HT mediates hemocyte phagocytosis through 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B receptors and
      serotonergic signaling performs critical modulatory functions in immune systems
      of animals separated by 500 million years of evolution. 

PMID- 26974349
TI  - Synthesis of Aryl Amine Derivatives from Benzyl Nitriles via Electrocyclization
      of in Situ Generated N-Silyl Ketene Imines.
AB  - The previously unexplored reactivity of N-silyl ketene imines in organic
      synthesis is reported. Benzyl nitriles containing an alkenyl or aryl group at the
      ortho position were smoothly converted into aryl amines in good yields under two
      sets of mild silylation conditions: (1) nonbasic conditions using TMSNTf2-iPr2NEt
      or (2) basic anionic conditions using lithium diisopropylamide-triisopropylsilyl
      chloride (LDA-TIPSCl). The reaction probably proceeds via in situ generation of
      an N-silyl ketene imine followed by 6pi-electrocyclization and aromatization. 

PMID- 26974348
TI  - Hydrogenation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by an Available Ruthenium Complex.
AB  - A readily available ruthenium(II) catalyst was developed for the catalytic
      hydrogenation of aldehydes with a TON (turnover number) up to 340000. It can be
      performed without base and solvent, showing highly industrial potential. High
      chemoselectivity can be achieved in the presence of alkenyl and ketone groups.
      Further application of this protocol in glucose reduction showed good efficiency.
      Theoretical studies revealed that the rate-determining step is the hydrogenation
      step, not the carboxylate-assisted H2 activation step. 

PMID- 26974347
TI  - Appetite controlled by a cholecystokinin nucleus of the solitary tract to
      hypothalamus neurocircuit.
AB  - The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a key gateway for meal-related signals
      entering the brain from the periphery. However, the chemical mediators crucial to
      this process have not been fully elucidated. We reveal that a subset of NTS
      neurons containing cholecystokinin (CCK(NTS)) is responsive to nutritional state
      and that their activation reduces appetite and body weight in mice. Cell-specific
      anterograde tracing revealed that CCK(NTS) neurons provide a distinctive
      innervation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), with fibers
      and varicosities in close apposition to a subset of melanocortin-4 receptor
      (MC4R(PVH)) cells, which are also responsive to CCK. Optogenetic activation of
      CCK(NTS) axon terminals within the PVH reveal the satiating function of CCK(NTS)
      neurons to be mediated by a CCK(NTS)->PVH pathway that also encodes positive
      valence. These data identify the functional significance of CCK(NTS) neurons and
      reveal a sufficient and discrete NTS to hypothalamus circuit controlling
      appetite.

PMID- 26974350
TI  - Extracellular Calpain/Calpastatin Balance Is Involved in the Progression of
      Pulmonary Hypertension.
AB  - Excessive growth of pulmonary arterial (PA) smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is a major
      component of PA hypertension (PAH). The calcium-activated neutral cysteine
      proteases calpains 1 and 2, expressed by PASMCs, contribute to PH but are tightly
      controlled by a single specific inhibitor, calpastatin. Our objective was to
      investigate calpastatin during pulmonary hypertension (PH) progression and its
      potential role as an intracellular and/or extracellular effector. We assessed
      calpains and calpastatin in patients with idiopathic PAH and mice with hypoxic or
      spontaneous (SM22-5HTT(+) strain) PH. To assess intracellular and extracellular
      roles for calpastatin, we studied effects of the calpain inhibitor PD150606 on
      hypoxic PH in mice with calpastatin overexpression driven by the cytomegalovirus
      promoter (CMV-Cast) or C-reactive protein (CRP) promoter (CRP-Cast), inducing
      increased calpastatin production ubiquitously and in the liver, respectively.
      Chronically hypoxic and SM22-5HTT(+) mice exhibited increased lung calpastatin
      and calpain 1 and 2 protein levels and activity, both intracellularly and
      extracellularly. Prominent calpastatin and calpain immunostaining was found in
      PASMCs of remodeled vessels in mice and patients with PAH, who also exhibited
      increased plasma calpastatin levels. CMV-Cast and CRP-Cast mice showed similarly
      decreased PH severity compared with wild-type mice, with no additional effect of
      PD150606 treatment. In cultured PASMCs from wild-type and CMV-Cast mice,
      exogenous calpastatin decreased cell proliferation and migration with similar
      potency as PD150606 and suppressed fibronectin-induced potentiation. These
      results indicate that calpastatin limits PH severity via extracellular
      mechanisms. They suggest a new approach to the development of treatments for PH.

PMID- 26974351
TI  - Binding Mode and Induced Fit Predictions for Prospective Computational Drug
      Design.
AB  - Computer-aided drug design plays an important role in medicinal chemistry to
      obtain insights into molecular mechanisms and to prioritize design strategies.
      Although significant improvement has been made in structure based design, it
      still remains a key challenge to accurately model and predict induced fit
      mechanisms. Most of the current available techniques either do not provide
      sufficient protein conformational sampling or are too computationally demanding
      to fit an industrial setting. The current study presents a systematic and
      exhaustive investigation of predicting binding modes for a range of systems using
      PELE (Protein Energy Landscape Exploration), an efficient and fast protein-ligand
      sampling algorithm. The systems analyzed (cytochrome P, kinase, protease, and
      nuclear hormone receptor) exhibit different complexities of ligand induced fit
      mechanisms and protein dynamics. The results are compared with results from
      classical molecular dynamics simulations and (induced fit) docking. This study
      shows that ligand induced side chain rearrangements and smaller to medium
      backbone movements are captured well in PELE. Large secondary structure
      rearrangements, however, remain challenging for all employed techniques. Relevant
      binding modes (ligand heavy atom RMSD < 1.0 A) can be obtained by the PELE method
      within a few hours of simulation, positioning PELE as a tool applicable for rapid
      drug design cycles.

PMID- 26974352
TI  - Protein homeostasis-more than resisting a hot bath.
AB  - Maintenance of protein homeostasis is essential for survival of all organisms. In
      bacteria, the protein quality control system has a broad physiological impact
      beyond heat shock resistance, being involved in virulence, antibiotic resistance,
      as well as protection against environmental stresses. Its contribution to
      rejuvenation and growth arrest suggests interference with protein quality control
      to be a novel antimicrobial strategy. Remarkably, a protein quality control
      module originating from environmental strains has been found to be horizontally
      transferred to predominant clonal groups of bacteria providing exquisite
      thermotolerance to recently emerged global pathogens suggesting that novel
      features related to protein homeostasis contribute to the transition to new
      environments. 

PMID- 26974353
TI  - Reproductive Life Planning and Preconception Care 2015: Attitudes of English
      Speaking Family Planning Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reproductive life planning has become an essential element in
      programs designed to promote preconceptional care and increase utilization of
      effective contraceptive methods. This study sought to determine if women have
      reproductive life plans and what they think women should do to prepare for
      pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Indigent English-speaking women in a family
      planning clinic were asked individually about their reproductive life plans,
      preparations needed for pregnancy, and the relative health risks of pregnancy
      compared to oral contraceptives. RESULTS: Of the 250 women interviewed, only 53%
      were confident how many pregnancies they wanted in their lifetime; 46.3% were
      confident about when they desired their next pregnancy. Although virtually all
      agreed that women should plan and prepare for pregnancy, only 25.8% of women
      mentioned that any medical preparations were necessary before pregnancy. Women's
      choice of contraception did not match their pregnancy intentions. Over 60% of
      women thought that the pill was at least as hazardous to a woman's health as
      pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, many English-speaking women had no
      distinct reproductive life plans. Most did not think that medical preparations
      are needed before pregnancy. New approaches may be useful to more productively
      identify women who need individualized counseling, preconception care, and/or
      more effective contraceptive methods.

PMID- 26974354
TI  - Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on the structural
      characteristics, antitumor mechanisms and immunomodulating activities.
AB  - Mushrooms are popular folk medicines that have attracted considerable attention
      because of their efficient antitumor activities. This review covers existing
      research achievements on the mechanisms of isolated mushroom polysaccharides,
      particularly (1->3)-beta-D-glucans. Our review also describes the function in
      modulating the immune system and potential tumor-inhibitory effects of
      polysaccharides. The antitumor mechanisms of mushroom polysaccharides are
      mediated by stimulated T cells or other immune cells. These polysaccharides are
      able to trigger various cellular responses, such as the expression of cytokines
      and nitric oxide. Most polysaccharides could bind other conjugate molecules, such
      as polypeptides and proteins, whose conjugation always possess strong antitumor
      activities. The purpose of this review is to summarize available information, and
      to reflect the present situation of polysaccharide research filed with a view for
      future direction. 

PMID- 26974355
TI  - Synthesis of water soluble glycosides of pentacyclic dihydroxytriterpene
      carboxylic acids as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase.
AB  - A series of compounds were synthesized by glycosylation of maslinic acid (MA) and
      corosolic acid (CA) with monosaccharides and disaccharides, and the structures of
      the derivatives were elucidated by standard spectroscopic methods including (1)H
      NMR, (13)C NMR and HRMS. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of all the
      novel compounds were evaluated in vitro. The solubility and inhibitory activity
      of alpha-glucosidase assays showed that the bis-disaccharide glycosides of
      triterpene acids possessed higher water solubility and alpha-glucosidase
      inhibitory activities than the bis-monosaccharide glycosides. Among these
      compounds, maslinic acid bis-lactoside (8e, IC50 = 684 uM) and corosolic acid bis
      lactoside (9e, IC50 = 428 uM) had the best water solubility, and 9e exhibited a
      better inhibitory activity than acarbose (IC50 = 478 uM). However, most of
      glycosylated derivatives possessed lower inhibitory activities than the parent
      compounds, although their water solubility was enhanced obviously. Moreover, the
      kinetic inhibition studies indicated that 9e was a non-competitive inhibitor, and
      structure-activity relationships of the derivatives are also discussed.

PMID- 26974356
TI  - Comparison between ensilage and fungal pretreatment for storage of giant reed and
      subsequent methane production.
AB  - Ensilage and fungal pretreatment of giant reed harvested from August through
      December were compared based on their effects on feedstock preservation, glucose
      yield, and subsequent methane production via anaerobic digestion (AD). Compared
      to fungal pretreatment, ensilage obtained lower total solids (<1.2%) and
      cellulose (<3.5%) losses, and comparable hemicellulose degradation, except for
      giant reed harvested in August. Ensilage increased glucose and methane yields by
      7-15% and 4-14%, respectively, for giant reed harvested from August through
      December. Fungal pretreatment failed for giant reed harvested in August and
      October with reduced glucose yields, and was effective for that harvested in
      November and December, with about 20% increases in glucose yield. However,
      hydrocarbon losses during fungal pretreatment offset the increased glucose yield,
      resulting in decreased methane yields by AD. In summary, ensilage was found to be
      more suitable than fungal pretreatment for giant reed storage and its methane
      production via AD. 

PMID- 26974357
TI  - Stillage reflux in food waste ethanol fermentation and its by-product
      accumulation.
AB  - Raw materials and pollution control are key issues for the ethanol fermentation
      industry. To address these concerns, food waste was selected as fermentation
      substrate, and stillage reflux was carried out in this study. Reflux was used
      seven times during fermentation. Corresponding ethanol and reducing sugar were
      detected. Accumulation of by-products, such as organic acid, sodium chloride, and
      glycerol, was investigated. Lactic acid was observed to accumulate up to 120g/L,
      and sodium chloride reached 0.14mol/L. Other by-products did not accumulate. The
      first five cycles of reflux increased ethanol concentration, which prolonged
      fermentation time. Further increases in reflux time negatively influenced ethanol
      fermentation. Single-factor analysis with lactic acid and sodium chloride
      demonstrated that both factors affected ethanol fermentation, but lactic acid
      induced more effects. 

PMID- 26974358
TI  - Imidazolium-tagged glycan probes for non-covalent labeling of live cells.
AB  - Selective, bioorthogonal and fast labeling of glycoconjugates in living cells is
      a major challenge for synthetic and cellular biology. Here we report the use
      imidazolium tagged-mannosamine derivative (ITag-Man) for the non-covalent, rapid
      and site-specific labeling of sialic acid containing glycoproteins using
      commercial N-nitrilotriacetate fluorescent reagents in a range of cell lines. 

PMID- 26974359
TI  - Childhood Psychosocial Factors and Coronary Artery Calcification in Adulthood:
      The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: There is increasing evidence supporting the importance of
      psychosocial factors in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic disease. They have
      been shown to be associated with the population attributable risk for myocardial
      infarction. OBJECTIVE: To determine if a score of favorable childhood
      psychosocial factors would be associated with decreased coronary artery
      calcification in adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The analyses were
      performed in 2015 using data gathered in 1980 and 2008 within the longitudinal
      Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. The data source consisted of 311
      individuals who had psychosocial factors measured at ages 12 years to 18 years
      and coronary artery calcification measured 28 years later in adulthood. The
      summary measure of psychosocial factors in childhood comprised measures of
      socioeconomic factors, emotional factors, parental health behaviors, stressful
      events, self-regulation of the child, and social adjustment of the child. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Coronary artery calcification at ages 40 years to 46
      years. RESULTS: Of the 311 participants, 48.2% were men. Of the participants, 55
      (17.7%) had some calcium observed in their coronary arteries. A 1-SD increase in
      a favorable summary score of childhood psychological factors was associated with
      an adulthood coronary artery calcification probability of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.76
      0.95) (P = .006). This inverse relationship remained significant after adjustment
      for age, sex, and conventional childhood risk factors (0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97; P
      = .02) or for age, sex, adulthood conventional cardiovascular risk factors,
      socioeconomic status, social support, and depressive symptoms (0.83; 95% CI, 0.71
      0.97; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this longitudinal study, we
      observed an independent association between childhood psychosocial well-being and
      reduced coronary artery calcification in adulthood. A positive childhood
      psychosocial environment may decrease cardiovascular risk in adulthood and may
      represent a potentially modifiable risk determinant.

PMID- 26974360
TI  - Organic Reference Materials for Hydrogen, Carbon, and Nitrogen Stable Isotope
      Ratio Measurements: Caffeines, n-Alkanes, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, Glycines, L
      Valines, Polyethylenes, and Oils.
AB  - An international project developed, quality-tested, and determined isotope-delta
      values of 19 new organic reference materials (RMs) for hydrogen, carbon, and
      nitrogen stable isotope-ratio measurements, in addition to analyzing pre-existing
      RMs NBS 22 (oil), IAEA-CH-7 (polyethylene foil), and IAEA-600 (caffeine). These
      new RMs enable users to normalize measurements of samples to isotope-delta
      scales. The RMs span a range of delta(2)H(VSMOW-SLAP) values from -210.8 to
      +397.0 mUr or 0/00, for delta(13)C(VPDB-LSVEC) from -40.81 to +0.49 mUr and for
      delta(15)N(Air) from -5.21 to +61.53 mUr. Many of the new RMs are amenable to gas
      and liquid chromatography. The RMs include triads of isotopically contrasting
      caffeines, C16 n-alkanes, n-C20-fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), glycines, and l
      valines, together with polyethylene powder and string, one n-C17-FAME, a vacuum
      oil (NBS 22a) to replace NBS 22 oil, and a (2)H-enriched vacuum oil. A total of
      11 laboratories from 7 countries used multiple analytical approaches and
      instrumentation for 2-point isotopic normalization against international primary
      measurement standards. The use of reference waters in silver tubes allowed direct
      normalization of delta(2)H values of organic materials against isotopic reference
      waters following the principle of identical treatment. Bayesian statistical
      analysis yielded the mean values reported here. New RMs are numbered from USGS61
      through USGS78, in addition to NBS 22a. Because of exchangeable hydrogen, amino
      acid RMs currently are recommended only for carbon- and nitrogen-isotope
      measurements. Some amino acids contain (13)C and carbon-bound organic (2)H
      enrichments at different molecular sites to provide RMs for potential site
      specific isotopic analysis in future studies.

PMID- 26974361
TI  - Time to overcome fluconazole resistant Candida isolates: Solid lipid
      nanoparticles as a novel antifungal drug delivery system.
AB  - Antifungal therapy results in complications in management due to changes in the
      patterns of epidemiology and drug susceptibility of invasive fungal infections.
      In this study, we prepared fluconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (FLZ
      SLNs) and investigated the efficacy of the optimal formulation on fluconazole
      (FLZ)-resistant strains of several Candida species. FLZ-SLN was produced using
      probe ultrasonication techniques. The morphology of the obtained SLNs was
      characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The minimum
      inhibitory concentrations for the new formulations against fluconazole-resistant
      strains of Candida were investigated using CLSI document M27-A3. The FLZ-SLNs
      presented a spherical shape with a mean diameter, zeta potential and entrapment
      efficiency of 84.8nm, -25mV and 89.6%, respectively. The drug release from FLZ
      SLNs exhibited burst release behaviour at the initial stage (the first 30min)
      followed by a sustained release over 24h FLZ-resistant yeast strains behaved as
      susceptible strains after treatment with FLZ-SLNs (<=8MUg/ml). The MIC50 drug
      concentrations were 2MUg/ml, 1MUg/ml and 2MUg/ml for FLZ-resistant strains of
      Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata, respectively. In
      this study, we evaluated novel delivery systems for combating Candida strains
      that exhibit low susceptibility against the conventional formulation of FLZ as a
      first-line treatment. 

PMID- 26974362
TI  - Exposure to particulate matter in India: A synthesis of findings and future
      directions.
AB  - Air pollution poses a critical threat to human health with ambient and household
      air pollution identified as key health risks in India. While there are many
      studies investigating concentration, composition, and health effects of air
      pollution, investigators are only beginning to focus on estimating or measuring
      personal exposure. Further, the relevance of exposures studies from the developed
      countries in developing countries is uncertain. This review summarizes existing
      research on exposure to particulate matter (PM) in India, identifies gaps and
      offers recommendations for future research. There are a limited number of studies
      focused on exposure to PM and/or associated health effects in India, but it is
      evident that levels of exposure are much higher than those reported in developed
      countries. Most studies have focused on coarse aerosols, with a few studies on
      fine aerosols. Additionally, most studies have focused on a handful of cities,
      and there are many unknowns in terms of ambient levels of PM as well as personal
      exposure. Given the high mortality burden associated with air pollution exposure
      in India, a deeper understanding of ambient pollutant levels as well as source
      strengths is crucial, both in urban and rural areas. Further, the attention needs
      to expand beyond the handful large cities that have been studied in detail.

PMID- 26974363
TI  - Lead in candy consumed and blood lead levels of children living in Mexico City.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that lead exposure continues to pose a
      health risk in Mexico. Children are a vulnerable population for lead effects and
      Mexican candy has been found to be a source of exposure in children. There are no
      previous studies that estimates lead concentrations in candy that children living
      in Mexico City consume and its association with their blood lead level.
      OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether there is an association between reported recent
      consumption of candies identified to have lead, and blood lead levels among
      children in Mexico City. METHODS: A subsample of 171 children ages 2-6 years old,
      from the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT)
      cohort study was assessed between June 2006 and July 2007. The candy reported
      most frequently were analyzed for lead using ICP-MS. The total weekly intake of
      lead through the consumption of candy in the previous week was calculated.
      Capillary blood lead levels (BLL) were measured using LeadCare (anodic stripping
      voltammetry). RESULTS: Lead concentrations >=0.1ppm, the FDA permitted level
      (range: 0.13-0.7ppm) were found in 6 samples out of 138 samples from 44 different
      brands of candy. Median BLL in children was 4.5ug/dl. After adjusting for child's
      sex, age, BMI, maternal education & occupation, milk consumption, sucking the
      candy wrapper, use of lead-glazed pottery, child exposure behavior, living near a
      lead exposure site and use of folk remedies, an increase of 1ug of lead ingested
      through candy per week was associated with 3% change (95% CI: 0.1%, 5.2%) in BLL.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although lead concentrations in candy were mostly below the FDA
      permitted level, high lead concentrations were detected in 4% of the candy
      samples and 12% of brands analyzed. Although candy intake was modestly associated
      with children's BLL, lead should not be found in consumer products, especially in
      candy that children can consume due to the well documented long-lasting effect of
      lead exposure.

PMID- 26974364
TI  - Analysis of the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment and
      biota of the Jucar River (E Spain). Sources, partitioning and relationships with
      water physical characteristics.
AB  - The presence, sources and partitioning of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs: C4
      C14, C16, C18 carboxylate, C4, C6-C10 sulfonates and C8 sulfonamide) were
      assessed in water, sediment, and biota of the Jucar River basin (E Spain).
      Considering the three matrices, perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA) and perfluorooctane
      sulfonate (PFOS) were the most frequent compounds, being remarkable the high
      occurrence of short-chain PFASs (C<=8), which are intended to replace the long
      chain ones in several industrial and commercial applications. In general, all
      samples were contaminated with at least one PFAS, with the exception of three
      fish samples. Mean concentrations detected in sediments (0.22-11.5ng g(-1)) and
      biota (0.63-274ugkg(-1)) samples were higher than those measured in water (0.04
      83.1ngL(-1)), which might suggest (bio) accumulation. The occurrence of PFAS is
      related to urban and industrial discharges (Cuenca city in the upper part of
      basin, and car's factory, and effluents of the sewage treatment plant (STP) of
      Alzira, in the lower part). Increasing pollution gradients were found. On the
      other hand, higher contamination levels were observed after regulation dams of
      the catchment pointing out their importance in the re-distribution of these
      contaminants. None of the hazard quotients (HQ) calculated indicate potential
      risk for the different tropic levels considered (algae, Daphnia sp. and fish).
      PFAS concentrations found in this study can be considered in acceptable levels if
      compared to existing Regulatory Legislation and, consequently, they do not pose
      an immediate human health risk.

PMID- 26974365
TI  - Juvenile penalty or leniency: Sentencing of juveniles in the criminal justice
      system.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of being juvenile on
      sentencing in the criminal justice system. More specifically, youth transferred
      to criminal court are compared to adults in terms of likelihood of incarceration,
      jail length, and prison length. In this study, 2 national data sets are merged.
      The juvenile sample includes 3,381 convicted offenders, and the adult sample is
      comprised of 6,529 convicted offenders. The final sample is 9,910 offenders
      across 36 U.S. counties. The key independent variable is juvenile status, and the
      dependent variables are incarceration, jail length, and prison length. Because of
      the multilevel nature of the data, hierarchical linear modeling is used across
      all models. Juveniles are punished less severely in the jail incarceration
      decision. However, when youth are actually sentenced to incarceration (either
      jail or prison), they are given longer confinement time than adults. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 26974366
TI  - Criminal thought process as a dynamic risk factor: Variable- and person-oriented
      approaches to recidivism prediction.
AB  - The research question addressed in this study was whether an increase in criminal
      thought process predicted elevated risk for recidivism in a community sample of
      offenders. Using a 1-year change on the General Criminal Thinking (GCT) score of
      the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) as the
      independent variable, time until first arrest following a second administration
      of the GCT as the dependent variable, and age, criminal history, race, and
      ethnicity as control variables, the effect of an elevated GCT score on subsequent
      recidivism was tested in 35,147 male and 5,254 female federal probationers and
      supervised releases. Separate analyses were conducted on male and female
      participants. The results revealed that a rise in GCT was an incrementally valid
      predictor of time until first arrest in both men and women after controlling for
      age, criminal history, and race/ethnicity (variable-oriented analysis) and
      predicted the presence of a subsequent arrest during a 1-year follow-up in men
      regardless of initial GCT score and in women with a low initial GCT score (person
      oriented analysis). Although the effect sizes were, for the most part, small,
      they nonetheless demonstrated both clinical and statistical significance, thereby
      supporting the supposition that criminal thought process, as measured by the
      PICTS GCT score, is a dynamic risk factor. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974367
TI  - Treatment of Thymoma-Associated Myasthenia Gravis With Stereotactic Body
      Radiotherapy: A Case Report.

PMID- 26974368
TI  - Caring for Coronary Artery Disease in China: Managing Modernization.

PMID- 26974369
TI  - Evaluation of toxicity on epithelial and tumor cells of biaryl dipeptide
      tyrosines.
AB  - We report a method to obtain biaryl dipeptide tyrosine via Suzuki-Miyaura and
      alkynyl dipeptide tyrosine by Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Analysis of
      the biological action of biaryl dipeptide tyrosine 4d compound showed its ability
      to impair the metabolism and proliferation of SK-Mel-28 human melanoma lineage
      cells, independently of mitochondrial membrane depolarization, apoptosis and
      necrosis. Moreover, 4d compound did not cause toxicity to human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells (HUVEC), suggesting its toxic specificity to cancer cells. 

PMID- 26974370
TI  - Efficient synthesis and activity of beneficial intestinal flora of two lactulose
      derived oligosaccharides.
AB  - Lactulose is considered as a prebiotic because it promotes the intestinal
      proliferation of Lactobacillus acidophilus which is added to various milk
      products. Moreover, lactulose is used in pharmaceuticals as a gentle laxative and
      to treat hyperammonemia. This study was aimed at the total synthesis of two
      Lactulose-derived oligosaccharides: one is 3-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-d
      fructose, d-fructose and beta-d-galactose bounded together with beta-1,3
      glycosidic bound, the other is 1-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-d-fructose, d-fructose
      and beta-d-galactose bounded together with beta-1,1-glycosidic bound, which were
      accomplished in seven steps from d-fructose and beta-d-galactose and every step
      of yield above 75%. This synthetic route provided a practical and effective
      synthetic strategy for galactooligosaccharides, starting from commercially
      available monosaccharides. Then we evaluated on their prebiotic properties in the
      search for potential agents of regulating and improving the intestinal flora of
      human. The result showed that the prebiotic properties of Lactulose-derived
      oligosaccharides was much better than Lactulose. Among them, 3-O-beta-d
      galactopyranosyl-d-fructose displayed the most potent activity of proliferation
      of L. acidophilus. 

PMID- 26974371
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinoline analogues of flavones as
      potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerization inhibitors.
AB  - A new series of 2-aryl-trimethoxyquinoline analogues was designed and synthesized
      as tubulin inhibitors using methoxylated flavones as the lead compounds. The
      cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against four human
      cancer cell lines including MCF-7, MCF-7/MX, A-2780, and A-2780/RCIS. All the
      alcoholic derivatives (6a-6e) showed significant cytotoxic activity with IC50 in
      the range of 7.98-60 MUM. The flow cytometry analysis of the four human cancer
      cell lines treated with 6e and 5b showed that 6e induced cell cycle arrest at
      G2/M phase and apoptosis as well. The effect of quinolines on tubulin
      polymerization was also evaluated. Compound 6e that demonstrated the best
      antiproliferative activity in the series was identified as the most potent
      inhibitor of tubulin polymerization as well. Molecular docking studies of 6e into
      the colchicine-binding site of tubulin displayed possible mode of interaction
      between this compound and tubulin. 

PMID- 26974372
TI  - Protective effects of kaempferol against reactive oxygen species-induced
      hemolysis and its antiproliferative activity on human cancer cells.
AB  - The protective effects of kaempferol against reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      induced hemolysis and its antiproliferative activity on human cancer cells were
      evaluated in this study. Kaempferol exhibited strong cellular antioxidant ability
      (CAA) with a CAA value of 59.80 +/- 0.379 MUM of quercetin (QE)/100 MUM (EC50 =
      7.74 +/- 0.049 MUM). Pretreatment with kaempferol significantly attenuated the
      ROS-induced hemolysis of human erythrocyte (87.4% hemolysis suppressed at 100
      MUg/mL) and reduced the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxidation product
      malondialdehyde (MDA). The anti-hemolytic activity of kaempferol was mainly
      through scavenging excessive ROS and preserving the intrinsic antioxidant enzymes
      (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; and glutathione peroxidase, GPx)
      activities in normal levels. Additionally, kaempferol showed significant
      antiproliferative activity on a panel of human cancer cell lines including human
      breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells, human stomach carcinoma (SGC-7901) cells, human
      cervical carcinoma (Hela) cells and human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. Kaemperol
      induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells accompanied with nuclear condensation and
      mitochondria dysfunction. 

PMID- 26974374
TI  - Structure of amyloid oligomers and their mechanisms of toxicities: Targeting
      amyloid oligomers using novel therapeutic approaches.
AB  - Protein misfolding is one of the leading causes of amyloidoses. Protein
      misfolding occurs from changes in environmental conditions and host of other
      factors, including errors in post-translational modifications, increase in the
      rate of degradation, error in trafficking, loss of binding partners and oxidative
      damage. Misfolding gives rise to the formation of partially unfolded or misfolded
      intermediates, which have exposed hydrophobic residues and interact with
      complementary intermediates to form oligomers and consequently protofibrils and
      fibrils. The amyloid fibrils accumulate as amyloid deposits in the brain and
      central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Prion disease and Parkinson's
      disease (PD). Initial studies have shown that amyloid fibrils were the main
      culprit behind toxicity that cause neurodegenerative diseases. However, attention
      shifted to the cytotoxicity of amyloid fibril precursors, notably amyloid
      oligomers, which are the major cause of toxicity. The mechanism of toxicity
      triggered by amyloid oligomers remains elusive. In this review, we have focused
      on the current knowledge of the structures of different aggregated states,
      including amyloid fibril, protofibrils, annular aggregates and oligomers. Based
      on the studies on the mechanism of toxicities, we hypothesize two major possible
      mechanisms of toxicities instigated by oligomers of Abeta (amyloid beta), PrP
      (prion protein) (106-126), and alpha-Syn (alpha-synuclein) including direct
      formation of ion channels and neuron membrane disruption by the increase in
      membrane conductance or leakage in the presence of small globulomers to large
      prefibrillar assemblies. Finally, we have discussed various novel innovative
      approaches that target amyloid oligomers in Alzheimer's diseases, Prion disease
      and Parkinson's disease. 

PMID- 26974375
TI  - Chroman-4-one and chromone based somatostatin beta-turn mimetics.
AB  - A scaffold approach has been used to develop somatostatin beta-turn mimetics
      based on chroman-4-one and chromone ring systems. Such derivatives could adopt
      conformations resembling type II or type II' beta-turns. Side chain equivalents
      of the crucial Trp8 and Lys9 in somatostatin were introduced in the 2- and 8
      positions of the scaffolds using efficient reactions. Interestingly, this proof
      of-concept study shows that 4 and 9 have Ki-values in the low MUM range when
      evaluated for their affinity for the sst2 and sst4 receptors. 

PMID- 26974373
TI  - Anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of low-molecular-weight propylene
      glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS).
AB  - Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS), a sulfated polysaccharide
      derivative, has been used as a heparinoid drug to prevent and treat
      hyperlipidemia and ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in China for nearly
      30 years. To extend the applications of PSS, a series of low-molecular-weight
      PSSs (named FPs) were prepared by oxidative-reductive depolymerization, and the
      antithrombotic activities were investigated thoroughly in vitro and in vivo. The
      bioactivity evaluation demonstrated a positive correlation between the molecular
      weight and the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of FPs. FPs could
      prolong the APTT and clotting time and reduce platelet aggregation significantly.
      FPs could also effectively inhibit factor IIa in the presence of AT-III and HC
      II. FPs decreased the wet weights and lengths of the thrombus and increased
      occlusion times in vivo. FP-6k, a PSS fragment with a molecular weight of 6 kDa,
      is an optimal antithrombotic candidate for further study and showed little chance
      for hemorrhagic action. 

PMID- 26974376
TI  - Discovery of non-peptide small molecular CXCR4 antagonists as anti-HIV agents:
      Recent advances and future opportunities.
AB  - CXCR4 plays vital roles in HIV-1 life cycle for it's essential in mediating the
      interaction of host and virus and completing the entry process in the lifecycle
      of HIV-1 infection. Compared with some traditional targets, CXCR4 provides a
      novel and less mutated drug target in the battle against AIDS. Its antagonists
      have no cross resistance with other antagonists. Great achievements have been
      made recent years and a number of small molecular CXCR4 antagonists with
      diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, recent advances in the
      discovery of CXCR4 antagonists with special attentions on their evolution and
      structure-activity relationships of representative CXCR4 antagonists are
      described. Moreover, some classical medicinal chemistry strategies and novel
      methodologies are also introduced. 

PMID- 26974377
TI  - Indolyl-3-ethanone-alpha-thioethers: A promising new class of non-toxic
      antimalarial agents.
AB  - The success of chemotherapeutics in easing the burden of malaria is under
      continuous threat from ever-evolving parasite resistance, including resistance to
      artemisinin combination therapies. Therefore, the discovery of new classes of
      antimalarials which inhibit new biological targets is imperative to controlling
      malaria. Accordingly, we report here the discovery of indolyl-3-ethanone-alpha
      thioethers, a new class of antimalarial compounds with encouraging activity.
      Synthesis of a focused library of compounds revealed important insight into the
      SAR of this class of compounds, including critical information regarding the
      position and chemical nature of substituents on both the thiophenol and indole
      rings. This investigation ultimately led to the discovery of two hit compounds
      (16 and 27) which exhibited nano molar in vitro antimalarial activity coupled to
      no observable toxicity against a HeLa cell line. 

PMID- 26974378
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline-C-aryl
      glucosides as SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AB  - A series of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline-C-aryl glucosides has been synthesized
      and evaluated for the inhibition of human SGLT2. Compared with dapagliflozin,
      compound 13h exhibited equivalent in vitro inhibitory activity against SGLT2,
      which might become a promising candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26974379
TI  - Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel fluorinated asiatic acid derivatives.
AB  - A series of novel fluorinated Asiatic Acid (AA) derivatives were successfully
      synthesized, tested for their antiproliferative activity against HeLa and HT-29
      cell lines, and their structure activity relationships were evaluated. The great
      majority of fluorinated derivatives showed stronger antiproliferative activity
      than AA in a concentration dependent manner. The most active compounds have a
      pentameric A-ring containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group. The
      compounds with better cytotoxic activity were then evaluated against MCF-7,
      Jurkat, PC-3, A375, MIA PaCa-2 and BJ cell lines. Derivative 14 proved to be the
      most active compound among all tested derivatives and its mechanism of action was
      further investigated in HeLa cell line. The results showed that compound 14
      induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 stage as a consequence of up-regulation of
      p21(cip1/waf1) and p27(kip1) and down-regulation of cyclin D3 and Cyclin E.
      Furthermore, compound 14 was found to induce caspase driven-apoptosis with
      activation of caspases-8 and caspase-3 and the cleavage of PARP. The cleavage of
      Bid into t-Bid, the up-regulation of Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl-2 were
      also observed after treatment of HeLa cells with compound 14. Taken together,
      these mechanistic studies revealed the involvement of extrinsic and intrinsic
      pathways in the apoptotic process induced by compound 14. Importantly, the
      antiproliferative activity of this compound on the non-tumor BJ human fibroblast
      cell line is weaker than in the tested cancer cell lines. The enhanced potency
      (between 45 and 90-fold more active than AA in a panel of cancer cell lines) and
      selectivity of this new AA derivative warrant further preclinical evaluation. 

PMID- 26974380
TI  - Iminolactones as tools for inversion of the absolute configuration of alpha-amino
      acids and as inhibitors of cancer cell proliferation.
AB  - A library of iminolactones was prepared by esterification of several 2
      hydroxyketones with a number of N-protected d- and l-alpha-amino acids. Some of
      the hydroxyketones were of terpenoid origin while others were obtained via
      synthesis. After N-deprotection of the intermediate esters, the free amines
      spontaneously underwent condensation with the ketone to form iminolactones.
      Esters of (1S,2S,5S)-2-hydroxypinan-3-one with both d- and l-alpha-amino acids
      were partially epimerized at the alpha-carbon atom to give a diastereomeric ester
      mixture. Only iminolactones of l-amino acids were formed after cyclization of
      (1S,2S,5S)-2-hydroxypinan-3-one, and correspondingly only d-amino acid
      iminolactones were formed after reaction with (1R,2R,5R)-2-hydroxypinan-3-one.
      The protocol thus enables inversion of the absolute configuration of amino acids.
      Some members of the prepared library of iminolactones displayed significant anti
      proliferative effects toward three cancer cell lines (EL4, MCF7, PC3) with
      insignificant effect on non-malign cell lines (McCoy, MCF10A, NIH3T3). Thus,
      iminolactones appear to be potential lead structures for preparation of drugs
      selectively affecting proliferation of malign cell lines. 

PMID- 26974381
TI  - Toward overcoming cisplatin resistance via sterically hindered platinum(II)
      complexes.
AB  - A number of platinum(II) complexes with steric hindrance derived from (1R,2R)
      N(1)-benzylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine derivatives were designed and prepared.
      Biological assay indicated that most complexes showed antitumor activity against
      the tested cancer cell lines, especially those with chloride anions as leaving
      groups had compatible or superior activity to cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Complex
      2a, as the most potent agent, is also sensitive to cisplatin resistant
      SGC7901/CDDP cancer cell line, which has been subsequently studied by cellular
      uptake, flow cytometry, gel electrophoresis and western blot assays. The steric
      hindrance resulting from a pending 2-fluorobenzyl moiety of the ligand might be
      the key factor for its ability to overcome cisplatin resistant cancer cells. 

PMID- 26974382
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of salicylic acid conjugated isoxazoline
      analogues on immune cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
AB  - Mitogenicity is the ability of the natural or synthetic compounds to induce cell
      division or proliferation. A series of salicylic acid derivatives containing
      isoxazoline moiety (8a-j) were synthesized and their immunopharmacological
      activities targeting lymphocyte proliferation and angiogenesis were evaluated.
      The compounds 8a-j mitogenicity were investigated on immunological cells that
      include human peripheral blood lymphocytes and murine splenocytes in-vitro. The
      results implicate that among the series of 8a-j, compound 8e showed a potent
      proliferative response on both human and murine lymphocytes. The proliferative
      index of the compound 8e was comparable to the reference mitogen Con A and
      mitogenecity is due to increased secretion IL-2. In -vivo CAM and rat corneal
      angiogenesis assays were performed to assess the compound's effect on endothelial
      cell migration and proliferation which inferred that 8e also induces the
      proliferation of endothelial cells. The study reports the synthetic
      immunostimulatory and pro-angiogenic activity of novel mitogen 8e which could be
      translated into new drug in future. 

PMID- 26974384
TI  - Sulfatase inhibitors for recidivist breast cancer treatment: A chemical review.
AB  - Steroid sulfatase (STS) plays a momentous role in the conversion of sulfated
      steroids, which are biologically inactive, into biologically active un-sulfated
      steroid hormones, which support the development and growth of a number of hormone
      dependent cancers, including breast cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of STS are
      supposed to be potential drugs for the treatment of breast and other steroid
      dependent cancers. The present review concentrates on broad chemical
      classification of steroid sulfatase inhibitors. The inhibitors reviewed are
      classified into four main categories: Steroid sulfamate based inhibitors; Steroid
      non-sulfamate based inhibitors; Non-steroidal sulfamate based inhibitors; Non
      steroidal non-sulfamate based inhibitors. A succinct overview of current
      treatment of cancer, estradiol precursors, STS enzyme and its role in breast
      cancer is herein described. 

PMID- 26974383
TI  - Design and synthesis of novel chalcones as potent selective monoamine oxidase-B
      inhibitors.
AB  - A novel series of substituted chalcones were designed and synthesized to be
      evaluated as selective human MAO-B inhibitors. A combination of either
      methylsulfonyl or trifluoromethyl substituents on the aromatic ketone moiety with
      a benzodioxol ring on the other end of the chalcone scaffold was investigated.
      The compounds were tested for their inhibitory activities on both human MAO-A and
      B. All compounds appeared to be selective MAO-B inhibitors with Ki values in the
      micromolar to submicromolar range. Molecular modeling studies have been performed
      to get insight into the binding mode of the synthesized compounds to human MAO-B
      active site. 

PMID- 26974385
TI  - Synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and molecular modeling investigation of
      benzenesulfonimide peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha antagonists.
AB  - Recent evidences suggest a moderate activation of Peroxisome Proliferator
      Activated Receptors (PPARs) could be favorable in metabolic diseases, reducing
      side effects given from full agonists. PPAR partial agonists and antagonists
      represent, to date, interesting tools to better elucidate biological processes
      modulated by these receptors. In this work are reported new benzenesulfonimide
      compounds able to block PPARalpha, synthesized and tested by transactivation
      assays and gene expression analysis. Some of these compounds showed a dose
      dependent antagonistic behavior on PPARalpha, submicromolar potency, different
      profiles of selectivity versus PPARgamma, and a repressive effect on CPT1A
      expression. Dockings and molecular dynamics on properly selected
      benzenesulfonimide derivatives furnished fresh insights into the molecular
      determinant most likely responsible for PPARalpha antagonism. 

PMID- 26974386
TI  - Cinnamic acid amides from Tribulus terrestris displaying uncompetitive alpha
      glucosidase inhibition.
AB  - The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential of Tribulus terrestris extracts has
      been reported but as yet the active ingredients are unknown. This study attempted
      to isolate the responsible metabolites and elucidate their inhibition mechanism
      of alpha-glucosidase. By fractionating T. terristris extracts, three cinnamic
      acid amide derivatives (1-3) were ascertained to be active components against
      alpha-glucosidase. The lead structure, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine 1, showed
      significant inhibition of alpha-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.42 MUM). Moreover, all
      active compounds displayed uncompetitive inhibition mechanisms that have rarely
      been reported for alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. This kinetic behavior was fully
      demonstrated by showing a decrease of both Km and Vmax, and Kik/Kiv ratio ranging
      between 1.029 and 1.053. We progressed to study how chemical modifications to the
      lead structure 1 may impact inhibition. An alpha, beta-unsaturation carbonyl
      group and hydroxyl group in A-ring of cinnamic acid amide emerged to be critical
      functionalities for alpha-glucosidase inhibition. The molecular modeling study
      revealed that the inhibitory activities are tightly related to pi-pi interaction
      as well as hydrogen bond interaction between enzyme and inhibitors. 

PMID- 26974388
TI  - Regression to the Mean: A Commonly Overlooked and Misunderstood Factor Leading to
      Unjustified Conclusions in Pediatric Obesity Research.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this paper we discuss what regression to the mean (RTM) is, the
      magnitude of RTM in realistic situations, interpretation of RTM, and
      recommendations for how to address RTM in study design. METHODS: Public health
      research faces many challenges in conducting gold standard randomized, controlled
      trials (RCT). Although there are many threats to validity in uncontrolled trials,
      RTM is often overlooked or not adequately considered. RTM is a statistical
      phenomenon that occurs with any pair of variables that have a correlation not
      equal to |1.0|. With RTM, subjects' average values on an outcome variable (e.g.,
      BMI) change in a systematic direction over time despite there being no treatment
      effect. Without a proper control group, changes thought to be associated with an
      intervention may be due entirely to RTM. Investigators may draw erroneous
      conclusions based on results showing greater declines in a variable among
      participants with higher baseline of that variable compared to those with lower
      baseline of that variable, and label this evidence for differential treatment
      efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Ignoring RTM can lead to unsubstantiated conclusions about
      the effects of treatments. These conclusions can lead to the waste of time,
      money, and other resources, which distract from finding appropriate
      interventions. When a true RCT design is not feasible, reasonable design
      alternatives involving nonrandomized control groups should be implemented.

PMID- 26974387
TI  - Calcium Uncaging with Visible Light.
AB  - We have designed a nitroaromatic photochemical protecting group that absorbs
      visible light in the violet-blue range. The chromophore is a dinitro derivative
      of bisstyrylthiophene (or BIST) that absorbs light very effectively (epsilon440 =
      66,000 M(-1) cm(-1) and two-photon cross section of 350 GM at 775 nm). We
      developed a "caged calcium" molecule by conjugation of BIST to a Ca(2+) chelator
      that upon laser flash photolysis rapidly releases Ca(2+) in <0.2 ms. Using the
      patch-clamp method the optical probe, loaded with Ca(2+), was delivered into
      acutely isolated mouse cardiac myocytes, where either one- and two-photon
      uncaging of Ca(2+) induced highly local or cell-wide physiological Ca(2+)
      signaling events. 

PMID- 26974389
TI  - Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: a 2-year surveillance in a hospital
      in Iasi, Romania.
AB  - AIM: Limited information is currently available about the prevalence of
      carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in Romania. MATERIALS & METHODS:
      Routine tests of 1,993 clinical isolates at a hospital in Iasi yielded 46
      isolates that were resistant to carbapenems. All 46 isolates were phenotypically
      and genotypically analyzed using VITEK-2 and DNA microarray-based assays.
      RESULTS: Isolates were assigned to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter
      cloacae. For 39 isolates, carbapenem resistance was confirmed and 37 harbored at
      least one carbapenem resistance gene. Two isolates were probably resistant due to
      AmpC beta-lactamases in combination with a porin loss. The overall concordance
      between detected phenotype and genotype was 95%. CONCLUSION: Our data show that
      carbapenemase-producing isolates with different underlying resistance mechanisms
      are still rare in Iasi, but the global rise of CPE warrants intensified
      surveillance.

PMID- 26974390
TI  - Obesity, Oral Contraceptive Use, and Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Women.

PMID- 26974392
TI  - Transfer Printing of Semiconductor Nanowires with Lasing Emission for
      Controllable Nanophotonic Device Fabrication.
AB  - Accurate positioning and organization of indium phosphide (InP) nanowires (NWs)
      with lasing emission at room temperature is achieved using a nanoscale transfer
      printing (TP) technique. The NWs retained their lasing emission after their
      transfer to targeted locations on different receiving substrates (e.g., polymers,
      silica, and metal surfaces). The NWs were also organized into complex spatial
      patterns, including 1D and 2D arrays, with a controlled number of elements and
      dimensions. The developed TP technique enables the fabrication of bespoke
      nanophotonic systems using NW lasers and other NW devices as building blocks.

PMID- 26974393
TI  - The association between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and inflammatory markers
      with the severity of aortic stenosis.
AB  - AIM: Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was proposed as a novel indirect marker
      of inflammation. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between PLR and aortic
      stenosis (AS). PATIENTS & METHODS: The study population included 453 patients of
      which 98 patients with severe AS, 206 patients with mild-to-moderate AS and 149
      patients as control. RESULTS: PLR was significantly increased in parallel to the
      severity of AS (p < 0.001). There was significant positive correlation between
      PLR and maximum, and mean systolic transaortic gradient (all p < 0.001). Also,
      PLR was correlated with C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
      (all p < 0.001) and PLR was independently associated with the presence of AS (p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: We found a significant relationship between PLR and AS.

PMID- 26974395
TI  - Surveys for Antibodies Against Mosquitoborne Encephalitis Viruses in California
      Birds, 1996-2013.
AB  - From 1996 through 2013, 54,546 individual birds comprising 152 species and 7
      orders were banded, bled, and released at four study areas within California,
      from which 28,388 additional serum samples were collected at one or more
      recapture encounters. Of these, 142, 99, and 1929 birds from 41 species were
      positive for neutralizing antibodies against western equine encephalomyelitis
      virus (WEEV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), or West Nile virus (WNV) at
      initial capture or recapture, respectively. Overall, 83% of the positive serum
      samples were collected from five species: House Finch, House Sparrow, Mourning
      Dove, California Quail, and Western Scrub-Jay. Temporal data supported concurrent
      arbovirus surveillance and documented the disappearance of birds positive for
      WEEV in 2008 and SLEV in 2003 and the appearance of birds positive for WNV after
      its invasion in 2003. Results of these serosurveys agreed well with the host
      selection patterns of the Culex vectors as described from bloodmeal sequencing
      data and indicated that transmission of WNV seemed most effective within urban
      areas where avian and mosquito host diversity was limited to relatively few
      competent species. 

PMID- 26974396
TI  - Severe ocular phenotypes in Rbp4-deficient mice in the C57BL/6 genetic
      background.
AB  - Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a specific carrier for retinol in the blood.
      In hepatocytes, newly synthesized RBP4 associates with retinol and transthyretin
      and is secreted into the blood. The ternary transthyretin-RBP4-retinol complex
      transports retinol in the circulation and delivers it to target tissues. Rbp4
      deficient mice in a mixed genetic background (129xC57BL/6J) have decreased
      sensitivity to light in the b-wave amplitude on electroretinogram. Sensitivity
      progressively improves and approaches that of wild-type mice at 24 weeks of age.
      In the present study, we produced Rbp4-deficient mice in the C57BL/6 genetic
      background. These mice displayed more severe phenotypes. They had decreased a-
      and b-wave amplitudes on electroretinograms. In accordance with these
      abnormalities, we found structural changes in these mice, such as loss of the
      peripheral choroid and photoreceptor layer in the peripheral retinas. In the
      central retinas, the distance between the inner limiting membrane and the outer
      plexiform layer was much shorter with fewer ganglion cells and fewer synapses in
      the inner plexiform layer. Furthermore, ocular developmental defects of retinal
      depigmentation, optic disc abnormality, and persistent hyaloid artery were also
      observed. All these abnormalities had not recovered even at 40 weeks of age. Our
      Rbp4-deficient mice accumulated retinol in the liver but it was undetectable in
      the serum, indicating an inverse relation between serum and liver retinol levels.
      Our results suggest that RBP4 is critical for the mobilization of retinol from
      hepatic storage pools, and that such mobilization is necessary for ocular
      development and visual function.

PMID- 26974398
TI  - Scratching the surface: the processing of pain from deep tissues.
AB  - Although most pain research focuses on skin, muscles, joints and viscerae are
      major sources of pain. We discuss the mechanisms of deep pains arising from
      somatic and visceral structures and how this can lead to widespread
      manifestations and chronification. We include how both altered peripheral and
      central sensory neurotransmission lead to deep pain states and comment on key
      areas such as top-down modulation where little is known. It is vital that the
      clinical characterization of deep pain in patients is improved to allow for back
      translation to preclinical models so that the missing links can be ascertained.
      The contribution of deeper somatic and visceral tissues to various chronic pain
      syndromes is common but there is much we need to know. 

PMID- 26974399
TI  - Unprecedented layered coordination polymers of dithiolene group 10 metals:
      magnetic and electrical properties.
AB  - One-pot reactions between Ni(ii), Pd(ii) or Pt(ii) salts and 3,6-dichloro-1,2
      benzenedithiol (HSC6H2Cl2SH) in KOH medium under argon lead to a series of bis
      dithiolene coordination polymers. X-ray analysis shows the presence of a common
      square planar complex [M(SC6H2Cl2S)2](2-) linked to potassium cations forming
      either a two-dimensional coordination polymer network for {[K2(MU-H2O)2(MU
      thf)(thf)2][M(SC6H2Cl2S)2]}n [M = Ni () and Pd ()] or a one-dimensional
      coordination polymer for {[K2(MU-H2O)2(thf)6][Pt(SC6H2Cl2S)2]}n (). In the
      coordination environment of the potassium ions may slightly change leading to the
      two-dimensional coordination polymer {[K2(MU-H2O)(MU-thf)2][Pt(SC6H2Cl2S)2]}n ()
      that crystallizes together with . The physical characterization of compounds show
      similar trends, they are diamagnetic and behave as semiconductors.

PMID- 26974400
TI  - Continuous cell sorting in a flow based on single cell resonance Raman spectra.
AB  - Single cell Raman spectroscopy measures a spectral fingerprint of the
      biochemistry of cells, and provides a powerful method for label-free detection of
      living cells without the involvement of a chemical labelling strategy. However,
      as the intrinsic Raman signals of cells are inherently weak, there is a
      significant challenge in discriminating and isolating cells in a flowing stream.
      Here we report an integrated Raman-microfluidic system for continuous sorting of
      a stream of cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. These carotenoid-containing
      microorganisms provide an elegant model system enabling us to determine the
      sorting accuracy using the subtly different resonance Raman spectra of
      microorganism cultured in a (12)C or (13)C carbon source. Central to the
      implementation of continuous flow sorting is the use of "pressure dividers" that
      eliminate fluctuations in flow in the detection region. This has enabled us to
      stabilise the flow profile sufficiently to allow automated operation with
      synchronisation of Raman acquisition, real-time classification and sorting at
      flow rates of ca. <100 MUm s(-1), without the need to "trap" the cells. We
      demonstrate the flexibility of this approach in sorting mixed cell populations
      with the ability to achieve 96.3% purity of the selected cells at a speed of 0.5
      Hz. 

PMID- 26974401
TI  - On the mechanism of electrochemical ammonia synthesis on the Ru catalyst.
AB  - We theoretically investigate the electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR)
      mechanism to produce NH3 on the Ru catalyst. All possible N-N dissociation steps
      during the reduction processes were evaluated along with the conventional
      associative and dissociative pathways. Based on the calculated free energy
      diagrams, it is revealed that the kinetically facile intermediate dissociative
      pathways during the NRR require a thermodynamic limiting potential (-0.71 V)
      similar to the associative pathway (-0.68 V), although the initial dissociative
      pathway as in the Haber-Bosch process has a substantial kinetic barrier for the N
      N bond dissociation. The competitive hydrogen evolution is found to be a major
      hurdle for achieving a high efficiency for the electrochemical nitrogen
      reduction. In the low overpotential region, the hydrogen adsorption is
      thermodynamically more favorable than the protonation of N2, thereby reducing the
      number of active sites for the N2 activation. A comparison of free energies in
      the presence of different H-coverages on the Ru further demonstrates that the H
      coverage can significantly increase the energy barrier for the first protonation
      of N2, resulting in a change of the potential determining step and an increase in
      the overpotentials. 

PMID- 26974397
TI  - Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor gene deletion alters bleomycin-induced
      lung injury, but not development of pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive, fatal disease with limited
      treatment options. Protease-mediated transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)
      activation has been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism of lung fibrosis. Protease
      activity in the lung is tightly regulated by protease inhibitors, particularly
      secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI). The bleomycin model of lung
      fibrosis was used to determine the effect of increased protease activity in the
      lungs of Slpi(-/-) mice following injury. Slpi(-/-), and wild-type, mice received
      oropharyngeal administration of bleomycin (30 IU) and the development of
      pulmonary fibrosis was assessed. Pro and active forms of matrix metalloproteinase
      (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were measured. Lung fibrosis was determined by collagen subtype
      specific gene expression, hydroxyproline concentration, and histological
      assessment. Alveolar TGF-beta activation was measured using bronchoalveolar
      lavage cell pSmad2 levels and global TGF-beta activity was assessed by pSmad2
      immunohistochemistry. The active-MMP-9 to pro-MMP-9 ratio was significantly
      increased in Slpi(-/-) animals compared with wild-type animals, demonstrating
      enhanced metalloproteinase activity. Wild-type animals showed an increase in TGF
      beta activation following bleomycin, with a progressive and sustained increase in
      collagen type I, alpha 1 (Col1alpha1), III, alpha 1(Col3alpha1), IV, alpha
      1(Col4alpha1) mRNA expression, and a significant increase in total lung collagen
      28 days post bleomycin. In contrast Slpi(-/-) mice showed no significant increase
      of alveolar TGF-beta activity following bleomycin, above their already elevated
      levels, although global TGF-beta activity did increase. Slpi(-/-) mice had
      impaired collagen gene expression but animals demonstrated minimal reduction in
      lung fibrosis compared with wild-type animals. These data suggest that enhanced
      proteolysis does not further enhance TGF-beta activation, and inhibits sustained
      Col1alpha1, Col3alpha1, and Col4alpha1 gene expression following lung injury.
      However, these changes do not prevent the development of lung fibrosis. Overall,
      these data suggest that the absence of Slpi does not markedly modify the
      development of lung fibrosis following bleomycin-induced lung injury.

PMID- 26974402
TI  - Synergizing nanocomposites of CdSe/TiO2 nanotubes for improved
      photoelectrochemical activity via thermal treatment.
AB  - In this work, we show the effect of the thermal treatment temperature on the
      photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity of CdSe/TiO2 nanocomposites. TiO2 nanotubes
      (NTs) were synthesized by anodization and the nanocomposites were obtained by
      depositing CdSe clusters via magnetron sputtering. A two-step thermal treatment
      was performed: heating the TiO2 NTs at different temperatures prior to CdSe
      deposition and further heating the CdSe/TiO2 nanocomposites. The nanocomposites
      were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), high
      resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray
      spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and
      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To compare the PEC performance of
      the CdSe/TiO2 nanocomposites and pristine TiO2 NTs, linear sweep voltammetry
      (LSV) curves were obtained under visible light and under 1 sun illumination. It
      was observed that CdSe incorporation into the TiO2 template enhances the visible
      light absorbance thereby improving the PEC performance of the nanocomposites. We
      have found that the optical, structural and PEC properties of the CdSe/TiO2
      nanocomposites are dependent on the thermal treatment temperature of the TiO2
      nanotubular substrate, prior to CdSe deposition. Moreover, a three-fold
      improvement in photocurrent was observed upon further thermal treatment of the
      obtained nanocomposite. 

PMID- 26974403
TI  - Peak Stress in the Annulus Fibrosus Under Cyclic Biaxial Tensile Loading.
AB  - Numerous in vitro studies have examined the initiation and propagation of fatigue
      injury pathways in the annulus fibrosus (AF) using isolated motion segments;
      however, the cycle-varying changes to the AF under cyclic biaxial tensile loading
      conditions have yet to be examined. Therefore, the primary objective of this
      study was to characterize the cycle-varying changes in peak tensile stress in
      multilayer AF tissue samples within a range of physiologically relevant loading
      conditions at subacute magnitudes of tissue stretch up to 100 loading cycles. A
      secondary aim was to examine whether the stress-relaxation response would be
      different across loading axes (axial and circumferential) and whether this
      response would vary across regions of the intervertebral disk (IVD) (anterior and
      posterior-lateral). The results from the study demonstrate that several
      significant interactions emerged between independent factors that were examined
      in the study. Specifically, a three-way interaction between the radial location,
      magnitude of peak tissue stretch, and cycle rate (p = 0.0053) emerged.
      Significant two-way interactions between the magnitude of tissue stretch and
      cycle number (p < 0.0001) and the magnitude of tissue stretch and loading axis (p
      < 0.0001) were also observed. These findings are discussed in the context of
      known mechanisms for structural damage, which have been linked to fatigue loading
      in the IVD (e.g., cleft formation, radial tearing, increased neutral zone, disk
      bulging, and loss of intradiscal pressure).

PMID- 26974406
TI  - Bipiperidine conjugates as soluble sugar surrogates in DNA-intercalating
      antiproliferative polyketides.
AB  - DNA-intercalating polyketide glycosides are important leads for cancer
      therapeutics, yet their use is often limited by their low solubility and
      challenging synthetic protocols. To overcome these limitations, we employed 1,4'
      bipiperidine-1'-carbamate residues as sugar surrogates in daunorubicin and
      chartreusin, yielding water-soluble derivatives and prodrugs with dramatically
      improved antiproliferative activities. 

PMID- 26974408
TI  - Engineered hybrid cardiac patches with multifunctional electronics for online
      monitoring and regulation of tissue function.
AB  - In cardiac tissue engineering approaches to treat myocardial infarction, cardiac
      cells are seeded within three-dimensional porous scaffolds to create functional
      cardiac patches. However, current cardiac patches do not allow for online
      monitoring and reporting of engineered-tissue performance, and do not interfere
      to deliver signals for patch activation or to enable its integration with the
      host. Here, we report an engineered cardiac patch that integrates cardiac cells
      with flexible, freestanding electronics and a 3D nanocomposite scaffold. The
      patch exhibited robust electronic properties, enabling the recording of cellular
      electrical activities and the on-demand provision of electrical stimulation for
      synchronizing cell contraction. We also show that electroactive polymers
      containing biological factors can be deposited on designated electrodes to
      release drugs in the patch microenvironment on demand. We expect that the
      integration of complex electronics within cardiac patches will eventually provide
      therapeutic control and regulation of cardiac function.

PMID- 26974409
TI  - Paramagnetic fluorinated nanoemulsions for sensitive cellular fluorine-19
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging ((19)F MRI) probes enable quantitative in
      vivo detection of cell therapies and inflammatory cells. Here, we describe the
      formulation of perfluorocarbon-based nanoemulsions with improved sensitivity for
      cellular MRI. Reduction of the (19)F spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) enables
      rapid imaging and an improved signal-to-noise ratio, thereby improving cell
      detection sensitivity. We synthesized metal-binding beta-diketones conjugated to
      linear perfluoropolyether (PFPE), formulated these fluorinated ligands as aqueous
      nanoemulsions, and then metallated them with various transition and lanthanide
      ions in the fluorous phase. Iron(III) tris-beta-diketonate ('FETRIS')
      nanoemulsions with PFPE have low cytotoxicity (<20%) and superior MRI properties.
      Moreover, the (19)F T1 can readily be reduced by an order of magnitude and tuned
      by stoichiometric modulation of the iron concentration. The resulting (19)F MRI
      detection sensitivity is enhanced by three- to fivefold over previously used
      tracers at 11.7 T, and is predicted to increase by at least eightfold at the
      clinical field strength of 3 T.

PMID- 26974410
TI  - Coordination polymer structure and revisited hydrogen evolution catalytic
      mechanism for amorphous molybdenum sulfide.
AB  - Molybdenum sulfides are very attractive noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for the
      hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water. The atomic structure and identity
      of the catalytically active sites have been well established for crystalline
      molybdenum disulfide (c-MoS2) but not for amorphous molybdenum sulfide (a-MoSx),
      which exhibits significantly higher HER activity compared to its crystalline
      counterpart. Here we show that HER-active a-MoSx, prepared either as
      nanoparticles or as films, is a molecular-based coordination polymer consisting
      of discrete [Mo3S13](2-) building blocks. Of the three terminal disulfide (S2(2
      )) ligands within these clusters, two are shared to form the polymer chain. The
      third one remains free and generates molybdenum hydride moieties as the active
      site under H2 evolution conditions. Such a molecular structure therefore provides
      a basis for revisiting the mechanism of a-MoSx catalytic activity, as well as
      explaining some of its special properties such as reductive activation and
      corrosion. Our findings open up new avenues for the rational optimization of this
      HER electrocatalyst as an alternative to platinum.

PMID- 26974412
TI  - Out of touch? Visual load induces inattentional numbness.
AB  - It is now well known that the absence of attention can leave people unaware of
      both visual and auditory stimuli (e.g., Dalton & Fraenkel, 2012; Mack & Rock,
      1998). However, the possibility of similar effects within the tactile domain has
      received much less research. Here, we introduce a new tactile inattention
      paradigm and use it to test whether tactile awareness depends on the level of
      perceptual load in a concurrent visual task. Participants performed a visual
      search task of either low or high perceptual load, as well as responding to the
      presence or absence of a brief vibration delivered simultaneously to either the
      left or the right hand (50% of trials). Detection sensitivity to the clearly
      noticeable tactile stimulus was reduced under high (vs. low) visual perceptual
      load. These findings provide the first robust demonstration of "inattentional
      numbness," as well as demonstrating that this phenomenon can be induced by
      concurrent visual perceptual load. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974413
TI  - The Role of HIV-1 in Affecting the Proliferation Ability of HPCs Derived From BM.
AB  - HIV-1 causes chronic infection characterized by the depletion of CD4+ T
      lymphocytes and the development of AIDS. Current antiretroviral drugs inhibit
      viral spread, but they do not lead to a full immune recovery. Hematopoietic stem
      cells (HSCs) and multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) give rise to
      all blood and immune cells, and in HIV infection, hematological abnormalities
      frequently occur in patients. Here, we used bone marrow samples from HIV-1
      infected people to study the relationship between the proliferation ability of
      HSCs/HPCs and peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes. Three indexes were used to reflect
      the proliferation ability of HSCs and HPCs: (1) colony-forming units of bone
      marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), (2) amplification of CD34+ cells purified from
      bone marrow mononuclear cells, (3) expression of HOXB4 and HOXA9 in CD34+ cells.
      We observed a direct correlation between peripheral number of CD4+ T lymphocytes
      and the HSCs/HPCs proliferation ability in our study. We also compared HIV
      infected patients with or without antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our results
      demonstrated that after antiretroviral therapy, CD4+ T-cell recovery and HPCs
      proliferation ability are correlated. Our findings have implications in
      understanding whether bone marrow-derived HPCs can supplement for the loss of
      CD4+ T lymphocytes during HIV-1 infection. 

PMID- 26974411
TI  - Directed migration of cancer cells guided by the graded texture of the underlying
      matrix.
AB  - Living cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) can exhibit complex interactions
      that define key developmental, physiological and pathological processes. Here, we
      report a new type of directed migration-which we term 'topotaxis'-guided by the
      gradient of the nanoscale topographic features in the cells' ECM environment. We
      show that the direction of topotaxis is reflective of the effective cell
      stiffness, and that it depends on the balance of the ECM-triggered signalling
      pathways PI(3)K-Akt and ROCK-MLCK. In melanoma cancer cells, this balance can be
      altered by different ECM inputs, pharmacological perturbations or genetic
      alterations, particularly a loss of PTEN in aggressive melanoma cells. We
      conclude that topotaxis is a product of the material properties of cells and the
      surrounding ECM, and propose that the invasive capacity of many cancers may
      depend broadly on topotactic responses, providing a potentially attractive
      mechanism for controlling invasive and metastatic behaviour.

PMID- 26974414
TI  - Return on Investment From Expenditures Incurred to Eliminate Mother-To-Child
      Transmission Among HIV-Infected Women in New York State: 1998-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eliminating mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV has been one
      of New York State's public health priorities, and the goal has been virtually
      accomplished by meeting criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control
      and Prevention. METHODS: We use a return on investment (ROI) approach, from the
      perspective of the state, to compare expenditures incurred to prevent MTCT of HIV
      in NYS during the period 1998-2013 to benefits realized, as expressed as HIV
      treatment costs saved from averting an estimated number of HIV infections among
      newborns. Extrapolating from the 11.5% incidence rate of HIV-infected newborns in
      1997, we projected the number of cases of MTCT of HIV that were averted over the
      16-year period. A published estimate of lifetime HIV treatment costs was used to
      estimate HIV treatment costs saved from the averted infections; expenditures for
      clinical protocols and other services directly associated with preventing MTCT of
      HIV were also estimated. The ROI was then calculated by dividing program benefits
      by the expenditures incurred to achieve these benefits. RESULTS: We estimate that
      898 cases of MTCT of HIV were averted between 1998 and 2013, resulting in a
      savings of $321.03 million in HIV treatment costs. Expenditures to achieve these
      benefits totaled $81.07 million, yielding an ROI of $3.96. CONCLUSIONS: Aside
      from the human suffering from MTCT of HIV that is averted, expenditures for
      treatment protocols and interventions to prevent MTCT of HIV are relatively
      inexpensive and can result in almost 4 times their value in HIV treatment cost
      savings realized.

PMID- 26974415
TI  - Developing the Pediatric Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit: A Clinical Report by
      the Endoscopy and Procedures Committee.
AB  - There is significant variability in the design and management of pediatric
      endoscopy units. Although there is information on adult endoscopy units, little
      guidance is available to the pediatric endoscopy practitioner. The purpose of
      this clinical report, prepared by the NASPGHAN Endoscopy and Procedures
      Committee, is to review the important considerations for setting up an endoscopy
      unit for children. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken in the
      preparation of this report regarding the design, management, needed equipment,
      motility setup, billing and coding, and pediatric specific topics.

PMID- 26974418
TI  - A Prospective, Comparative Study of the Pain of Local Anesthesia Using 2%
      Lidocaine, 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine, and 2% Lidocaine With Epinephrine
      Bupivicaine Mixture for Eyelid Surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: A mixture of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine and bupivacaine was developed
      to achieve the fast-onset anesthetic effect of lidocaine and the long-lasting
      effect of bupivacaine. The authors compared pain scores between 2% lidocaine, 2%
      lidocaine with epinephrine, and 2% lidocaine with epinephrine-bupivicaine mixture
      during local anesthesia for eyelid surgeries. METHODS: This was a double-blind,
      randomized, prospective, comparative study. In total, 120 consecutive patients
      (43 males, 77 females, mean age = 47.2 +/- 21.2) who underwent bilateral eyelid
      surgery under subcutaneous anesthesia were asked to report pain scores for each
      eye during the first injection of anesthesia. Each patient was randomly assigned
      to receive 1 of the 3 anesthetic agents in 1 eyelid, and 1 of the remaining 2
      agents in the other. RESULTS: The pH values of the 2% lidocaine, 2% lidocaine
      with epinephrine, and 2% lidocaine with epinephrine-bupivicaine mixture were 6.23
      +/- 0.21, 4.21 +/- 0.37, and 3.87 +/- 0.19, respectively. The pain scores of each
      were 4.3 +/- 1.8, 5.1 +/- 1.8, and 5.7 +/- 1.9, respectively. The 2% lidocaine
      with epinephrine produced a statistically significantly higher pain score than 2%
      lidocaine (p = 0.044, generalized estimating equation method). The mixture also
      showed a significantly higher pain score than 2% lidocaine (p = 0.003,
      generalized estimating equation method). CONCLUSIONS: Epinephrine seemed to
      increase subjective pain scores. Compared with 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2%
      lidocaine with epinephrine-bupivicaine mixture was not significantly different in
      terms of subjective symptoms or pH.

PMID- 26974417
TI  - Cause and management of muscle wasting in chronic liver disease.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sarcopenia or loss of skeletal muscle mass is the major
      component of malnutrition and occurs in the majority of patients with liver
      disease. Lower muscle contractile function also contributes to the adverse
      consequences of sarcopenia. There are no effective therapies to prevent or
      reverse sarcopenia in liver disease. This review will discuss the advances in
      diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options for sarcopenia in liver disease.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Sarcopenia increases mortality and risk of development of other
      complications of cirrhosis, and worsens postliver transplant outcomes while
      quality of life is decreased. Unlike other complications of cirrhosis that
      reverse after liver transplantation, sarcopenia may not improve and actually
      worsens. Impaired skeletal muscle protein synthesis and increased proteolysis via
      autophagy contribute to sarcopenia. Hyperammonemia is the best-studied mediator
      of the liver-muscle axis. Molecular studies show increased expression of
      myostatin whereas metabolic studies show impaired mitochondrial function and
      tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates because of cataplerosis of alpha
      ketoglutarate. Impaired skeletal muscle pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation during
      hyperammonemia suggest amino acids are diverted to acetyl CoA and potentially
      aggravate hyperammonemia. Nutritional supplementation is of limited or no benefit
      and suggests that cirrhosis is a state of anabolic resistance. Exercise may be
      beneficial but whether it overcomes anabolic resistance is not known. SUMMARY:
      The high clinical significance of sarcopenia is well established. Current
      approaches to nutritional supplementation have not been effective in reversing
      sarcopenia because of anabolic resistance. Myostatin antagonists, specific amino
      acid supplementation, mitochondrial protection, and combination endurance
      resistance exercise are potential future therapeutic options.

PMID- 26974419
TI  - Epidemiology and Prognosis of Primary Periocular Sweat Gland Carcinomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of
      patients with sweat gland carcinoma of the periocular region. To review the
      pathologic classification scheme, compare the clinical behavior between subtypes,
      and discuss treatment recommendations for periocular sweat gland carcinomas.
      METHODS: Retrospective study from 2 tertiary centers, which are part of the
      American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Oncology
      Database. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients, of whom 13 (59%) were female, were
      included in the study. The median age was 69 years. The median follow-up time was
      23 months. Twenty (91%) patients had lesions that were slow growing and were
      present for several months to years before diagnosis. Presentation was varied,
      and pathology included mucinous carcinoma (7; 32%), microcystic adnexal carcinoma
      (4; 18%), endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma (4; 18%), eccrine
      carcinoma (2; 9%), apocrine carcinoma (2; 9%), poorly differential adnexal
      carcinoma (2; 9%), and hidroadenocarcinoma (1; 5%). Microcystic adnexal carcinoma
      tended to present with the largest tumor dimension (range: 25-32 mm) and mucinous
      carcinoma the smallest (range: 5-13 mm). Treatments included Mohs micrographic
      excision in 10 patients (45.5%), wide local excision in 10 patients (45.5%), and
      orbital exenteration in 2 patients (9%). No lesions <=T2b (by AJCC 7th edition
      classification for eyelid carcinomas) had local recurrence or nodal metastasis.
      No patients had distant metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Sweat gland carcinomas tend to
      grow slowly and be present for several months to years before diagnosis. Overall,
      microcystic adnexal carcinoma subtype showed more aggressive clinical behavior
      than mucinous subtypes. Eyelid carcinomas AJCC category T2b or less were
      associated with better outcomes.

PMID- 26974416
TI  - Environmental Enteric Dysfunction in Children.
AB  - Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of childhood death in resource-poor
      countries, killing approximately 760,000 children younger than 5 years each year.
      Although deaths due to diarrhea have declined dramatically, high rates of
      stunting and malnutrition have persisted. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED)
      is a subclinical condition caused by constant fecal-oral contamination with
      resultant intestinal inflammation and villous blunting. These histological
      changes were first described in the 1960s, but the clinical effect of EED is only
      just being recognized in the context of failure of nutritional interventions and
      oral vaccines in resource-poor countries. We review the existing literature
      regarding the underlying causes of and potential interventions for EED in
      children, highlighting the epidemiology, clinical and histologic classification
      of the entity, and discussing novel biomarkers and possible therapies. Future
      research priorities are also discussed.

PMID- 26974420
TI  - Metastatic Colon Cancer to the Sphenoid Wing and Ethmoid Sinus Mimicking Orbital
      Cellulitis: A Rare Presentation.
AB  - Metastatic lesions to the orbit are most commonly seen with breast, lung, and
      prostate cancer, but are less commonly seen with colon cancer. Furthermore, the
      presence of metastatic colon cancer involving the sphenoid wing has only been
      reported once previously. The authors present a case of a 68-year-old woman with
      right upper and lower eyelid edema and erythema along with decreased vision,
      relative afferent pupillary defect, limitation of extraocular movements, and
      chemosis suggestive of orbital cellulitis. Imaging revealed an erosive lesion of
      the sphenoid wing along with unilateral ethmoid sinusitis. Biopsies taken from
      both lesions revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma, consistent with colonic primary.
      The extensive inflammatory component of her disease required life-long high-dose
      steroids to maintain quiescence and preserve vision.

PMID- 26974421
TI  - Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation Associated With Relapsing Polychondritis.
AB  - The authors describe a patient with recurrent idiopathic orbital inflammatory
      disease as an unusual presentation of relapsing polychondritis. There are very
      few reported cases in the literature of relapsing polychondritis associated with
      idiopathic orbital inflammation. Clinicians should be aware of the orbital and
      ophthalmic presentations of relapsing polychondritis.

PMID- 26974422
TI  - Neutralization of Osteopontin Ameliorates Acute Lung Injury Induced by Intestinal
      Ischemia-Reperfusion.
AB  - Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is associated with acute respiratory
      distress syndrome. Osteopontin (OPN), a glycoprotein secreted from immune
      reactive cells, plays a deleterious role in various inflammatory diseases.
      Considering OPN as a pro-inflammatory molecule, we hypothesize that the treatment
      with its neutralizing antibody (anti-OPN Ab) protects mice against intestinal I/R
      induced acute lung injury (ALI). Intestinal I/R was induced in mice by superior
      mesenteric artery occlusion with a vascular clip. After 45 min of occlusion, the
      clip was removed and anti-OPN Ab (25 MUg/mouse) or normal IgG isotype control (25
      MUg/mouse) was immediately administrated intravenously. Blood, small intestine,
      and lung tissues were collected at 4 h after reperfusion for various analyses.
      After intestinal I/R, mRNA and protein levels of OPN were significantly induced
      in the small intestine, lungs, and blood relative to sham-operated animals.
      Compared with the IgG control group, treatment of anti-OPN Ab significantly
      reduced plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine (IL-6 and MIP-2)
      and organ injury markers (AST, ALT, and LDH). The histological architecture of
      the gut and lung tissues in anti-OPN Ab-treated intestinal I/R-induced mice
      showed significant improvement versus the IgG control mice. The lung inflammation
      measured by the levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, and MIP-2 was also significantly
      downregulated in the anti-OPN Ab-treated mice as compared with the IgG control
      mice. Besides, the lung MPO and neutrophil infiltration in anti-OPN Ab-treated
      mice showed significant reduction as compared with the IgG control animals. In
      conclusion, we have demonstrated beneficial outcomes of anti-OPN Ab treatment in
      protecting against ALI, implicating a novel therapeutic potential in intestinal
      I/R.

PMID- 26974423
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of Crystalloid Resuscitation Rate in a Human Model of
      Compensated Haemorrhagic Shock.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The most effective rate of fluid resuscitation in haemorrhagic
      shock is unknown. METHODS: We performed a randomized crossover pilot study in a
      healthy volunteer model of compensated haemorrhagic shock. Following venesection
      of 15 mL/kg of blood, participants were randomized to 20 mL/kg of crystalloid
      over 10 min (FAST treatment) or 30 min (SLOW treatment). The primary end point
      was oxygen delivery (DO2). Secondary end points included pressure and flow-based
      haemodynamic variables, blood volume expansion, and clinical biochemistry.
      RESULTS: Nine normotensive healthy adult volunteers participated. No significant
      differences were observed in DO2 and biochemical variables between the SLOW and
      FAST groups. Blood volume was reduced by 16% following venesection, with a
      corresponding 5% reduction in cardiac index (CI) (P < 0.001). Immediately
      following resuscitation the increase in blood volume corresponded to 54% of the
      infused volume under FAST treatment and 69% of the infused volume under SLOW
      treatment (P = 0.03). This blood volume expansion attenuated with time to 24% and
      25% of the infused volume 30 min postinfusion. During fluid resuscitation, blood
      pressure was higher under FAST treatment. However, CI paradoxically decreased in
      most participants during the resuscitation phase; a finding not observed under
      SLOW treatment. CONCLUSION: FAST or SLOW fluid resuscitation had no significant
      impact on DO2 between treatment groups. In both groups, changes in CI and blood
      pressure did not reflect the magnitude of intravascular blood volume deficit.
      Crystalloid resuscitation expanded intravascular blood volume by approximately
      25%.

PMID- 26974424
TI  - Splenectomy Versus Sham Splenectomy in a Swine Model of Controlled Hemorrhagic
      Shock.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Splenectomy is controversial in acute hemorrhagic shock models.
      OBJECTIVE: To compare splenectomized (SP) versus sham-splenectomized (SSP) swine
      during acute controlled hemorrhage. METHODS: Twenty-six male Landrace White swine
      (mean body weight +/- standard deviation, 33.8 +/- 2.9 kg) were used. Ethics
      approval was obtained. Landrace swine underwent splenectomy (n = 13) or sham
      splenectomy (n = 13), were bled to mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 40 mm
      Hg, which was held for 60 min, given 125 mL IV RescueFlow, held for a further 60
      min, given whole blood, and held for a final 60 min. Tissue oxygen saturation,
      thromboelastography, oncotic pressure, urine volume and specific gravity,
      complete blood count, serum chemistry, body temperature, hematocrit, total
      solids, arterial and mixed venous blood gas, bispectral index, SAP, MAP, DAP,
      cardiac index, total blood volume (TBV) removed and returned, rate of hemorrhage
      and transfusion, spleen weight, heart rate (HR), arterial pH, lactate, PaO2,
      PaCO2, respiratory rate, cranial mesenteric and renal artery blood flow were
      recorded. Groups were compared using two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni (P <
      0.05) for repeated measures or t test for non-repeated measures. RESULTS:
      Compared with the SSP swine, SP swine had higher HR post-splenectomy for the
      duration of the experiment (P < 0.03), and higher hematocrits at 15 and 60 min
      post splenectomy (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, respectively). SSP swine had greater TBV
      removed during hemorrhage (P < 0.01); however, when blood loss based on splenic
      weight was considered, TBV removed was similar between groups. CONCLUSION:
      Splenectomy likely accounts for the transient increase in hematocrit and the
      higher HR in SP swine prior to hemorrhage, and the differences in TBV removed
      between the two groups during hemorrhage. With a fixed end point model using a
      moderate rate of acute hemorrhage and an MAP of 40 mm Hg, splenectomy is not
      necessary and may confound results.

PMID- 26974426
TI  - 99MTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine Oxime Imaging for Early Detection of Acute Lung
      Injury in Rats Exposed to Hyperoxia or Lipopolysaccharide Treatment.
AB  - Tc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) is a clinical single-photon emission
      computed tomography biomarker of tissue oxidoreductive state. Our objective was
      to investigate whether HMPAO lung uptake can serve as a preclinical marker of
      lung injury in two well-established rat models of human acute lung injury
      (ALI).Rats were exposed to >95% O2 (hyperoxia) or treated with intratracheal
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with first endpoints obtained 24 h later. HMPAO was
      administered intravenously before and after treatment with the glutathione
      depleting agent diethyl maleate (DEM), scintigraphy images were acquired, and
      HMPAO lung uptake was quantified from the images. We also measured breathing
      rates, heart rates, oxygen saturation, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts
      and protein, lung homogenate glutathione (GSH) content, and pulmonary vascular
      endothelial filtration coefficient (Kf).For hyperoxia rats, HMPAO lung uptake
      increased after 24 h (134%) and 48 h (172%) of exposure. For LPS-treated rats,
      HMPAO lung uptake increased (188%) 24 h after injury and fell with resolution of
      injury. DEM reduced HMPAO uptake in hyperoxia and LPS rats by a greater fraction
      than in normoxia rats. Both hyperoxia exposure (18%) and LPS treatment (26%)
      increased lung homogenate GSH content, which correlated strongly with HMPAO
      uptake. Neither of the treatments had an effect on Kf at 24 h. LPS-treated rats
      appeared healthy but exhibited mild tachypnea, BAL, and histological evidence of
      inflammation, and increased wet and dry lung weights. These results suggest the
      potential utility of HMPAO as a tool for detecting ALI at a phase likely to
      exhibit minimal clinical evidence of injury.

PMID- 26974427
TI  - Shed Pleural Blood from Traumatic Hemothorax Contains Elevated Levels of Pro
      Inflammatory Cytokines.
AB  - PURPOSE: The autotransfusion of unwashed (or unprocessed) shed hemothorax blood
      (USHB) in trauma patients is widely assumed to be beneficial; however, the
      inflammatory potential of shed pleural blood has not been thoroughly studied.
      Since previous studies have documented marked changes in coagulation function of
      shed pleural blood, we hypothesized that its level of inflammatory cytokines
      would be elevated. METHODS: A prospective observational study of trauma patients
      in whom cytokine levels from USHB were compared to venous samples from healthy
      volunteers was conducted. Differences between the cytokine content of patient
      derived samples were compared to those from healthy subjects. RESULTS: There was
      a statistically significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8,
      TNFalpha, GM-CSF), a pro-inflammatory Th-1 cytokine (IFNgamma), and anti
      inflammatory Th-2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in shed pleural blood over four
      hours when compared with samples from healthy controls (P <0.05). Cytokine levels
      in USHB are approximately 10- to 100-fold higher compared with healthy control
      venous samples. CONCLUSIONS: USHB, even collected within the accepted four-hour
      window, contains significantly elevated cytokine levels, suggesting the potential
      for deleterious effects from autotransfusion. Randomized trials are needed to
      determine the safety and efficacy of autotransfusion in trauma patients.

PMID- 26974425
TI  - Pancreatic Islet Responses to Metabolic Trauma.
AB  - Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism are largely controlled by the
      interplay of various hormones, which includes those secreted by the pancreatic
      islets of Langerhans. While typically representing only 1% to 2% of the total
      pancreatic mass, the islets have a remarkable ability to adapt to disparate
      situations demanding a change in hormone release, such as peripheral insulin
      resistance. There are many different routes to the onset of insulin resistance,
      including obesity, lipodystrophy, glucocorticoid excess, and the chronic usage of
      atypical antipsychotic drugs. All of these situations are coupled to an increase
      in pancreatic islet size, often with a corresponding increase in insulin
      production. These adaptive responses within the islets are ultimately intended to
      maintain glycemic control and to promote macronutrient homeostasis during times
      of stress. Herein, we review the consequences of specific metabolic trauma that
      lead to insulin resistance and the corresponding adaptive alterations within the
      pancreatic islets.

PMID- 26974428
TI  - Size and dimensionality dependent phonon conductivity in nanocomposites.
AB  - We have studied size and dimensionality dependent phonon conductivity of PbTe
      PbSe nanocomposites by considering three configurations: superlattice, embedded
      nanowire and embedded nanodot. Calculations have been performed in the framework
      of an effective medium theory. The required bulk thermal conductivities of PbTe
      and PbSe are evaluated by using Callaway's effective relaxation-time theory, and
      by accounting for relevant scattering mechanism including three-phonon Normal and
      Umklapp interactions involving acoustic as well as optical branches. The thermal
      interface resistance is computed using the diffuse mismatch theory. It is found
      that the size (thickness) and volume fraction of PbSe are the two main factors
      that control the effective thermal conductivity in these nanocomposites. In
      particular, for PbSe size d = 10 nm and volume fraction Vf = 0.1, our results
      predict significant reductions over the weighted average of room-temperature bulk
      results of 9%, 17% and 15% in the conductivity across the interfaces for the
      superlattice, embedded nanowire, and nanosphere structures, respectively. For a
      given Vf, an increase in d reduces the interface density and the effective
      conductivity varies approximately as [Formula: see text]. It is shown that
      nanocompositing in any of the three configurations can beat the alloy limit for
      lattice thermal conductivity.

PMID- 26974429
TI  - Sodium Selenite Acts as an Otoprotectant against Neomycin-Induced Hair Cell
      Damage in a Zebrafish Model.
AB  - Sodium selenite is a trace element essential for many physiological functions in
      the body. It is involved in various biological processes; it acts as a cofactor
      for antioxidant enzymes that protect against free radicals and is reported to
      limit metal-mediated oxidative DNA damage. In the present study, we investigated
      the effect of sodium selenite on neomycin ototoxicity in wild-type and transgenic
      zebrafish (Brn3C: EGFP). Five or six days post-fertilization, zebrafish larvae
      were co-exposed to 125 MUM neomycin and various concentrations (10 MUM, 100 MUM,
      250 MUM, and 500 MUM) of sodium selenite for 1 h. Hair cells within neuromasts of
      the supraorbital (SO1 and SO2), otic (O1), and occipital (OC1) lateral lines were
      analyzed by fluorescence microscopy (n = 10 fish per treatment). Hair cell
      survival was estimated as the ratio of the hair cell numbers in each group
      compared to those of the control group that were not exposed to neomycin.
      Apoptosis and hair cell damage of neuromasts were evaluated using the terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)
      assay and 2-[4-(dimethylamino) styryl]-N-ethylpyridinium iodide (DASPEI) assay,
      respectively. Ultrastructural changes were evaluated using scanning electron
      microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Neuromast hair cells were
      preserved in zebrafish exposed to 125 MUM neomycin and 500 MUM sodium selenite
      for 1 h. Sodium selenite protected against neomycin-induced hair cell loss of
      neuromasts, reduced apoptosis, and prevented zebrafish ultrastructural changes.
      We propose that sodium selenite protects against neomycin-induced hair cell
      damage by inhibiting apoptosis, decreasing the disarray of stereocilia, and
      preventing ultrastructural changes in the neuromast hair cells of the zebrafish. 

PMID- 26974431
TI  - A prognostic index for patients within the intermediate stage of hepatocellular
      carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer algorithm is the most widely used
      staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma, but the intermediate stage of this
      classification comprises a very heterogeneous group of patients with different
      survival probabilities. The aim of our study was to construct a simple prognostic
      index for identifying subgroups of patients with different prognoses within the
      intermediate stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three-hundred and seven patients were
      retrospectively analyzed and randomly divided into a training sample (n=205),
      from which the model was developed, and a test sample (n=102), to independently
      assess the model's performance. RESULTS: Four variables were retained in the
      final multivariate model: hepatic failure, number of nodules, alpha-fetoprotein,
      and albumin, with hazard ratios equal to 2.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.52
      3.24), 1.47 (1.00-2.18), 2.34 (1.56-3.52), and 1.75 (1.26-2.44), respectively.
      The score system was derived by summing up the linear weights assigned to the
      four covariates according to the observed regression coefficients. The score
      ranged between 4 and 13; to avoid sparse-data bias arising from small numbers
      within strata, only four categories (4-5, 6-7, 8-9, 10-13) were identified. The
      prognosis worsened significantly with increasing score and the C-index for
      discriminatory accuracy was equal to 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.72).
      The score was validated in the test sample (log-rank test P=0.02). Similar
      results were found when evaluating the score as a continuous variable.
      CONCLUSION: The simple prognostic index predicts survival in patients with
      intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. This score might help guide
      treatment selection and patient stratification in clinical studies.

PMID- 26974430
TI  - Effects of Group Drumming Interventions on Anxiety, Depression, Social Resilience
      and Inflammatory Immune Response among Mental Health Service Users.
AB  - Growing numbers of mental health organizations are developing community music
      making interventions for service users; however, to date there has been little
      research into their efficacy or mechanisms of effect. This study was an
      exploratory examination of whether 10 weeks of group drumming could improve
      depression, anxiety and social resilience among service users compared with a non
      music control group (with participants allocated to group by geographical
      location.) Significant improvements were found in the drumming group but not the
      control group: by week 6 there were decreases in depression (-2.14 SE 0.50 CI 
      3.16 to -1.11) and increases in social resilience (7.69 SE 2.00 CI 3.60 to
      11.78), and by week 10 these had further improved (depression: -3.41 SE 0.62 CI 
      4.68 to -2.15; social resilience: 10.59 SE 1.78 CI 6.94 to 14.24) alongside
      significant improvements in anxiety (-2.21 SE 0.50 CI -3.24 to -1.19) and mental
      wellbeing (6.14 SE 0.92 CI 4.25 to 8.04). All significant changes were maintained
      at 3 months follow-up. Furthermore, it is now recognised that many mental health
      conditions are characterised by underlying inflammatory immune responses.
      Consequently, participants in the drumming group also provided saliva samples to
      test for cortisol and the cytokines interleukin (IL) 4, IL6, IL17, tumour
      necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1.
      Across the 10 weeks there was a shift away from a pro-inflammatory towards an
      anti-inflammatory immune profile. Consequently, this study demonstrates the
      psychological benefits of group drumming and also suggests underlying biological
      effects, supporting its therapeutic potential for mental health. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01906892.

PMID- 26974434
TI  - Small-Field Measurements of 3D Polymer Gel Dosimeters through Optical Computed
      Tomography.
AB  - With advances in therapeutic instruments and techniques, three-dimensional dose
      delivery has been widely used in radiotherapy. The verification of dose
      distribution in a small field becomes critical because of the obvious dose
      gradient within the field. The study investigates the dose distributions of
      various field sizes by using NIPAM polymer gel dosimeter. The dosimeter consists
      of 5% gelatin, 5% monomers, 3% cross linkers, and 5 mM THPC. After irradiation, a
      24 to 96 hour delay was applied, and the gel dosimeters were read by a cone beam
      optical computed tomography (optical CT) scanner. The dose distributions measured
      by the NIPAM gel dosimeter were compared to the outputs of the treatment planning
      system using gamma evaluation. For the criteria of 3%/3 mm, the pass rates for 5
      * 5, 3 * 3, 2 * 2, 1 * 1, and 0.5 * 0.5 cm2 were as high as 91.7%, 90.7%, 88.2%,
      74.8%, and 37.3%, respectively. For the criteria of 5%/5 mm, the gamma pass rates
      of the 5 * 5, 3 * 3, and 2 * 2 cm2 fields were over 99%. The NIPAM gel dosimeter
      provides high chemical stability. With cone-beam optical CT readouts, the NIPAM
      polymer gel dosimeter has potential for clinical dose verification of small-field
      irradiation. 

PMID- 26974433
TI  - Axial Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia Is Caused by C21orf2 Mutations.
AB  - Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (axial SMD) is an autosomal recessive disease
      characterized by dysplasia of axial skeleton and retinal dystrophy. We conducted
      whole exome sequencing and identified C21orf2 (chromosome 21 open reading frame
      2) as a disease gene for axial SMD. C21orf2 mutations have been recently found to
      cause isolated retinal degeneration and Jeune syndrome. We found a total of five
      biallelic C21orf2 mutations in six families out of nine: three missense and two
      splicing mutations in patients with various ethnic backgrounds. The pathogenic
      effects of the splicing (splice-site and branch-point) mutations were confirmed
      on RNA level, which showed complex patterns of abnormal splicing. C21orf2
      mutations presented with a wide range of skeletal phenotypes, including cupped
      and flared anterior ends of ribs, lacy ilia and metaphyseal dysplasia of proximal
      femora. Analysis of patients without C21orf2 mutation indicated genetic
      heterogeneity of axial SMD. Functional data in chondrocyte suggest C21orf2 is
      implicated in cartilage differentiation. C21orf2 protein was localized to the
      connecting cilium of the cone and rod photoreceptors, confirming its significance
      in retinal function. Our study indicates that axial SMD is a member of a unique
      group of ciliopathy affecting skeleton and retina. 

PMID- 26974432
TI  - Association of Maternal Immunity with Rotavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity in Zambian
      Infants.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Live attenuated oral vaccines against rotavirus (RV) have been
      shown to be less efficacious in children from developing countries. Reasons for
      this disparity are not fully understood. We assessed the role of maternal factors
      including breast milk RV-specific IgA, transplacentally acquired infant serum RV
      specific IgG and maternal HIV status in seroconversion among Zambian infants
      routinely immunized with RotarixTM (RV1). METHODS: 420 mother-child pairs were
      recruited at infant age 6-12 weeks in Lusaka. Clinical information and samples
      were collected at baseline and at one month following the second dose of RV1.
      Determination of breast milk RV-specific IgA and serum RV-specific IgA and IgG
      was done using standardized ELISA. Seroconversion was defined as a >= 4 fold rise
      in serum IgA titre from baseline to one-month post RV1 dose 2, while
      seropositivity of IgA was defined as serum titre >= 40 and antibody variables
      were modelled on log-base 2. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors
      of the odds of seroconversion. RESULTS: Baseline infant seropositivity was 25.5%
      (91/357). The seroconversion frequency was 60.2% (130/216). Infants who were IgA
      seropositive at baseline were less likely to seroconvert compared to their
      seronegative counterparts (P = 0.04). There was no evidence of an association
      between maternal HIV status and seroconversion (P = 0.25). Higher titres of
      breast milk rotavirus-specific IgA were associated with a lower frequency of
      seroconverson (Nonparametric test for trend Z = -2.84; P<0.01): a two-fold
      increase in breast milk RV-specific IgA titres was associated with a 22% lower
      odds of seroconversion (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.68-0.94; P = 0.01). There was
      seasonal variation in baseline breast milk rotavirus-specific IgA titres, with
      significantly higher GMTs during the cold dry months (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Low
      immunogenicity of RV1 vaccine could be explained in part by exposure to high
      antibody titres in breast milk and early exposure to wild-type rotavirus
      infections. Potential interference of anti-RV specific IgA in breast milk and pre
      vaccination serum RV specific-IgA and IgG titres with RV1 seroconversion and
      effectiveness requires further research.

PMID- 26974435
TI  - Seeking Optimal Region-Of-Interest (ROI) Single-Value Summary Measures for fMRI
      Studies in Imaging Genetics.
AB  - A data-driven hypothesis-free genome-wide association (GWA) approach in imaging
      genetics studies allows screening the entire genome to discover novel genes that
      modulate brain structure, chemistry, and function. However, a whole brain voxel
      wise analysis approach in such genome-wide based imaging genetic studies can be
      computationally intense and also likely has low statistical power since a
      stringent multiple comparisons correction is needed for searching over the entire
      genome and brain. In imaging genetics with functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (fMRI) phenotypes, since many experimental paradigms activate focal regions that
      can be pre-specified based on a priori knowledge, reducing the voxel-wise search
      to single-value summary measures within a priori ROIs could prove efficient and
      promising. The goal of this investigation is to evaluate the sensitivity and
      reliability of different single-value ROI summary measures and provide guidance
      in future work. Four different fMRI databases were tested and comparisons across
      different groups (patients with schizophrenia, their siblings, vs. normal control
      subjects; across genotype groups) were conducted. Our results show that four of
      these measures, particularly those that represent values from the top most
      activated voxels within an ROI are more powerful at reliably detecting group
      differences and generating greater effect sizes than the others. 

PMID- 26974436
TI  - Geranylated 4-Phenylcoumarins Exhibit Anticancer Effects against Human Prostate
      Cancer Cells through Caspase-Independent Mechanism.
AB  - Geranylated 4-phenylcoumarins, DMDP-1 & -2 isolated from Mesua elegans were
      investigated for anticancer potential against human prostate cancer cells.
      Treatment with DMDP-1 & -2 resulted in cell death in a time and dose dependent
      manner in an MTT assay on all cancer cell lines tested with the exception of lung
      adenocarcinoma cells. DMDP-1 showed highest cytotoxic efficacy in PC-3 cells
      while DMDP-2 was most potent in DU 145 cells. Flow cytometry indicated that both
      coumarins were successful to induce programmed cell death after 24 h treatment.
      Elucidation on the mode-of-action via protein arrays and western blotting
      demonstrated death induced without any significant expressions of caspases, Bcl-2
      family proteins and cleaved PARP, thus suggesting the involvement of caspase
      independent pathways. In identifying autophagy, analysis of GFP-LC3 showed
      increased punctate in PC-3 cells pre-treated with CQ and treated with DMDP-1. In
      these cells decreased expression of autophagosome protein, p62 and cathepsin B
      further confirmed autophagy. In contrary, the DU 145 cells pre-treated with CQ
      and treated with DMDP-2 has reduced GFP-LC3 punctate although the number of cells
      with obvious GFP-LC3 puncta was significantly increased in the inhibitor-treated
      cells. The increase level of p62 suggested leakage of cathepsin B into the
      cytosol to trigger potential downstream death mediators. This correlated with
      increased expression of cathepsin B and reduced expression after treatment with
      its inhibitor, CA074. Also auto-degradation of calpain-2 upon treatment with DMDP
      1 &-2 and its inhibitor alone, calpeptin compared with the combination treatment,
      further confirmed involvement of calpain-2 in PC-3 and DU 145 cells. Treatment
      with DMDP-1 & -2 also showed up-regulation of total and phosphorylated p53 levels
      in a time dependent manner. Hence, DMDP-1 & -2 showed ability to activate
      multiple death pathways involving autophagy, lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum
      death proteins which could potentially be manipulated to develop anti-cancer
      therapy in apoptosis resistant cells. 

PMID- 26974437
TI  - The Role of Porcine Monocyte Derived Dendritic Cells (MoDC) in the Inflammation
      Storm Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and zoonotic agent.
      Infection with this highly pathogenic strain can cause streptococcal toxic shock
      like syndrome (STSLS), characterized by a Th-1 inflammatory cytokine storm, and a
      high mortality rate. Monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) are known to
      stimulate Th-1 cell differentiation, but the role of MoDCs in STSLS remains to be
      elucidated. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS: Porcine CD14-positive monocytes, purified
      from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), were used to generate MoDCs
      using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4
      (IL-4). Highly pure MoDCs were generated, as proved by their morphology,
      phenotype analysis, phagocytic ability, and induction of T cells proliferation.
      The MoDCs were further stimulated by the virulent S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) SC19
      strain which triggered a strong release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines,
      including IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-12. Furthermore, the
      stimulated MoDCs induced CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells in vitro.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that the porcine MoDCs
      stimulated by SS2 could release high levels of Th-1 inflammatory cytokines and
      induce CD4+ T cell differentiation towards Th-1 cells. Hence, it is likely that
      porcine MoDCs play an important role in the STSLS caused by SS2.

PMID- 26974439
TI  - Abiotic Protein Fragmentation by Manganese Oxide: Implications for a Mechanism to
      Supply Soil Biota with Oligopeptides.
AB  - The ability of plants and microorganisms to take up organic nitrogen in the form
      of free amino acids and oligopeptides has received increasing attention over the
      last two decades, yet the mechanisms for the formation of such compounds in soil
      environments remain poorly understood. We used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
      and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to distinguish the
      reaction of a model protein with a pedogenic oxide (Birnessite, MnO2) from its
      response to a phyllosilicate (Kaolinite). Our data demonstrate that birnessite
      fragments the model protein while kaolinite does not, resulting in soluble
      peptides that would be available to soil biota and confirming the existence of an
      abiotic pathway for the formation of organic nitrogen compounds for direct uptake
      by plants and microorganisms. The absence of reduced Mn(II) in the solution
      suggests that birnessite acts as a catalyst rather than an oxidant in this
      reaction. NMR and EPR spectroscopies are shown to be valuable tools to observe
      these reactions and capture the extent of protein transformation together with
      the extent of mineral response. 

PMID- 26974438
TI  - Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia Utilizing TLR2
      Agonist Pam3CSK4.
AB  - The spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a critical
      health issue that has drawn greater attention to the potential use of
      immunotherapy. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor, is an
      essential component in host innate defense system against S. aureus infection.
      However, little is known about the innate immune response, specifically TLR2
      activation, against MRSA infection. Here, we evaluate the protective effect and
      the mechanism of MRSA murine pneumonia after pretreatment with Pam3CSK4, a TLR2
      agonist. We found that the MRSA-pneumonia mouse model, pretreated with Pam3CSK4,
      had reduced bacteria and mortality in comparison to control mice. As well, lower
      protein and mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were observed in lungs
      and bronchus of the Pam3CSK4 pretreatment group. Conversely, expression of anti
      inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but not TGF-beta, increased in Pam3CSK4-pretreated
      mice. Our additional studies showed that CXCL-2 and CXCL1, which are necessary
      for neutrophil recruitment, were less evident in the Pam3CSK4-pretreated group
      compared to control group, whereas the expression of Fcgamma receptors
      (FcgammaI/III) and complement receptors (CR1/3) increased in murine lungs.
      Furthermore, we found that increased survival and improved bacterial clearance
      were not a result of higher levels of neutrophil infiltration, but rather a
      result of enhanced phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of neutrophils in vitro
      and in vivo as well as increased robust oxidative activity and release of
      lactoferrin. Our cumulative findings suggest that Pam3CSK4 could be a novel
      immunotherapeutic candidate against MRSA pneumonia. 

PMID- 26974442
TI  - Correction: Decreased TUSC3 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Proliferation, Invasion
      and Metastasis.

PMID- 26974443
TI  - Compressible Graphene-Coated Polymer Foams with Ultralow Density for Adjustable
      Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding.
AB  - The fabrication of low-density and compressible polymer/graphene composite (PGC)
      foams for adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding remains a
      daunting challenge. Herein, ultralightweight and compressible PGC foams have been
      developed by simple solution dip-coating of graphene on commercial polyurethane
      (PU) sponges with highly porous network structure. The resultant PU/graphene
      (PUG) foams had a density as low as ~0.027-0.030 g/cm(3) and possessed good
      comprehensive EMI shielding performance together with an absorption-dominant
      mechanism, possibly due to both conductive dissipation and multiple reflections
      and scattering of EM waves by the inside 3D conductive graphene network.
      Moreover, by taking advantage of their remarkable compressibility, the shielding
      performance of the PUG foams could be simply adjusted through a simple mechanical
      compression, showing promise for adjustable EMI shielding. We believe that the
      strategy for fabricating PGC foams through a simple dip-coating method could
      potentially promote the large-scale production of lightweight foam materials for
      EMI shielding. 

PMID- 26974441
TI  - Experimental Persistent Infection of BALB/c Mice with Small-Colony Variants of
      Burkholderia pseudomallei Leads to Concurrent Upregulation of PD-1 on T Cells and
      Skewed Th1 and Th17 Responses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), the causative agent of
      melioidosis, is a deadly pathogen endemic across parts of tropical South East
      Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei can remain latent within the
      intracellular compartment of the host cell over prolonged periods of time, and
      cause persistent disease leading to treatment difficulties. Understanding the
      immunological mechanisms behind persistent infection can result in improved
      treatment strategies in clinical melioidosis. METHODS: Ten-day LD50 was
      determined for the small-colony variant (SCV) and its parental wild-type (WT) via
      intranasal route in experimental BALB/c mice. Persistent B. pseudomallei
      infection was generated by administrating sub-lethal dose of the two strains
      based on previously determined LD50. After two months, peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma were obtained to investigate host immune
      responses against persistent B. pseudomallei infection. Lungs, livers, and
      spleens were harvested and bacterial loads in these organs were determined.
      RESULTS: Based on the ten-day LD50, the SCV was ~20-fold less virulent than the
      WT. The SCV caused higher bacterial loads in spleens compared to its WT
      counterparts with persistent B. pseudomallei infection. We found that the CD4+ T
      cell frequencies were decreased, and the expressions of PD-1, but not CTLA-4 were
      significantly increased on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of these mice. Notably,
      persistent infection with the SCV led to significantly higher levels of PD-1 than
      the WT B. pseudomallei. Plasma IFN-gamma, IL-6, and IL-17A levels were elevated
      only in SCV-infected mice. In addition, skewed plasma Th1 and Th17 responses were
      observed in SCV-infected mice relative to WT-infected and uninfected mice.
      CONCLUSION: B. pseudomallei appears to upregulate the expression of PD-1 on T
      cells to evade host immune responses, which likely facilitates bacterial
      persistence in the host. SCVs cause distinct pathology and immune responses in
      the host as compared to WT B. pseudomallei.

PMID- 26974440
TI  - Effects of Hormone Therapy on Brain Volumes Changes of Postmenopausal Women
      Revealed by Optimally-Discriminative Voxel-Based Morphometry.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study Magnetic Resonance
      Imaging (WHIMS-MRI) provides an opportunity to evaluate how menopausal hormone
      therapy (HT) affects the structure of older women's brains. Our earlier work
      based on region of interest (ROI) analysis demonstrated potential structural
      changes underlying adverse effects of HT on cognition. However, the ROI-based
      analysis is limited in statistical power and precision, and cannot provide fine
      grained mapping of whole-brain changes. METHODS: We aimed to identify local
      structural differences between HT and placebo groups from WHIMS-MRI in a whole
      brain refined level, by using a novel method, named Optimally-Discriminative
      Voxel-Based Analysis (ODVBA). ODVBA is a recently proposed imaging pattern
      analysis approach for group comparisons utilizing a spatially adaptive analysis
      scheme to accurately locate areas of group differences, thereby providing
      superior sensitivity and specificity to detect the structural brain changes over
      conventional methods. RESULTS: Women assigned to HT treatments had significant
      Gray Matter (GM) losses compared to the placebo groups in the anterior cingulate
      and the adjacent medial frontal gyrus, and the orbitofrontal cortex, which
      persisted after multiple comparison corrections. There were no regions where HT
      was significantly associated with larger volumes compared to placebo, although a
      trend of marginal significance was found in the posterior cingulate cortical
      area. The CEE-Alone and CEE+MPA groups, although compared with different placebo
      controls, demonstrated similar effects according to the spatial patterns of
      structural changes. CONCLUSIONS: HT had adverse effects on GM volumes and risk
      for cognitive impairment and dementia in older women. These findings advanced our
      understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of HT effects.

PMID- 26974444
TI  - A Lifetime of Critical Care: Changes.

PMID- 26974445
TI  - Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your Huddled Masses Yearning to Breathe Free.

PMID- 26974446
TI  - Elderly Patients in the ICU: Worth It or Not?

PMID- 26974447
TI  - Measuring Impact: Citation Rates and the Quest to Identify Meaningful Clinical
      Research in Critical Care Medicine.

PMID- 26974448
TI  - Cytokine Imbalance Predicts Poor Outcomes in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia-
      But What Can We Do About It?

PMID- 26974449
TI  - Can a Lack of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
      Rectal Carriage Help Avoid Carbapenem Prescription?

PMID- 26974450
TI  - Biomarkers in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Just Listen to the Heart?

PMID- 26974451
TI  - Analgesia, Sedation, and Intracranial Pressure: Questioning Our Approach in
      Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

PMID- 26974452
TI  - Multiple Ways of Targeting the Adenosine/Adenosine Receptor Axis in Lung
      Inflammation and Injury.

PMID- 26974453
TI  - Is Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Activity in the Mucosal Barrier a Requirement for
      Leakage of Cecal Material in Peritonitis?

PMID- 26974454
TI  - Appropriate Antibiotic Therapy and WBC in Sepsis: Factors to Consider.

PMID- 26974455
TI  - The authors reply.

PMID- 26974456
TI  - First-Line Vasoactive Drugs for Pediatric Septic Shock: Changing the Paradigm?

PMID- 26974457
TI  - The authors reply.

PMID- 26974458
TI  - Systematic Bias in Meta-Analyses of Time to Antimicrobial in Sepsis Studies.

PMID- 26974459
TI  - The authors reply.

PMID- 26974460
TI  - Time for a Randomized Controlled Trial to Investigate Optimal Time to Antibiotics
      for Patients With Sepsis.

PMID- 26974461
TI  - The authors reply.

PMID- 26974462
TI  - Targeted Temperature Management: A Potential Adjuvant Antiepileptic Therapy in
      Postanoxic Status Epilepticus.

PMID- 26974463
TI  - Reverse Physiology, i.e., Cellular Versus Integrative Versus Comparative
      Physiology? alpha-2 Agonists and Septic Shock.

PMID- 26974464
TI  - Soy Consumption with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: A Meta-Analysis
      of Observational Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association of soy product consumption with the relative risk of
      cardiovascular disease remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed at
      investigating whether an association exists between soy consumption and the risk
      of stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) in observational studies. METHODS: A
      systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed for case
      control and cohort studies that assessed soy consumption and the risk of stroke
      and CHD. Summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% CIs were combined by using a
      random-effects model. RESULTS: Of a total of 1,266 abstracts, 5 prospective
      cohort and 6 case-control studies met our inclusion criteria, and comprised 4,954
      stroke and 7,616 CHD events. Based on the high vs. low analyses, combining cohort
      studies showed no association between soy intake and risk of stroke (SRR 0.92;
      95% CI 0.70-1.10; Pheterogeneity = 0.236; I2 = 29.4%) or CHD (SRR 0.97; 95% CI
      0.74-1.27; Pheterogeneity = 0.020; I2 = 62.7%), although a significantly inverse
      association between soy intake and the risk of stroke (SRR 0.54; 95% CI 0.34
      0.87; Pheterogeneity = 0.001; I2 = 79.3%) and CHD (SRR 0.66; 95% CI 0.56-0.77;
      Pheterogeneity = 0.421; I2 = 0) was observed in case-control studies. No
      association between soy isoflavone intake and the risk of stroke and CHD was
      identified. CONCLUSION: There was limited evidence to indicate that soy
      consumption was inversely associated with the risk of stroke and CHD, although
      further studies, with prospective designs that use validated questionnaires and
      control for important confounders, are warranted.

PMID- 26974465
TI  - Roots of Acetate-Vanadium Linkage Isomerism: A QTAIM Study.
AB  - The possibility of linkage isomerism in a number of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V)
      complexes with acetate was surveyed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and
      Bader's Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). The results show that
      vanadium-acetate linkages may be classified as bidentate symmetrical, bidentate
      asymmetrical, or monodentate, the latter being observed in about 40% of the
      cases. These latter ones correspond to situations where the two oxygen atoms of
      the acetate moiety are not equivalent. They are associated with an energy penalty
      of about 263 kJ.mol(-1), as determined by the distribution of the scaled kinetic
      energy of the atomic basins forming the acetate ligand. In the presence of
      bidentate symmetrical vanadium-acetate linkages, the inner valence-shell charge
      concentrations on the vanadium atom deviate from the traditional VSEPR-derived
      arrangement, with an energy penalty of about 780 kJ.mol(-1). A compromise
      situation is partially accomplished in the case of bidentate asymmetrical
      linkages, which allow a Gillespiean-like arrangement of the inner valence-shell
      charge concentrations. In this case, one of these local charge concentrations
      lies close to a V-OAcO bond, which slightly disrupts the equivalence between the
      two oxygen atoms in the acetate ligand. 

PMID- 26974466
TI  - Post-Surgical and Oncologic Outcomes of Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy: A
      Single-Institution Report of Ninety Cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the post-surgical and oncologic
      outcomes of patients who underwent supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL).
      METHODS: 90 patients who underwent SCPL between 1994 and 2014 were reviewed. 45
      patients underwent cricohyoidopexy (CHP) and 45 patients cricohyoidoepiglottopexy
      (CHEP). Median nasogastric (NG) tube removal time, decannulation time, overall
      survival, disease-free survival and local control rates were calculated. The
      effect of the type of surgery on functional and oncologic outcomes were assessed.
      RESULTS: Median NG tube removal time was 16.5 days (IQR = 10) and 14 days (IQR =
      9) in CHP and CHEP patients, respectively (p > 0.05). Median decannulation time
      was 30 days (IQR = 26) and 19 days (IQR = 15) in CHP and CHEP patients,
      respectively (p < 0.05). Resection of one arytenoid significantly increased NG
      tube removal time. Median follow-up time was 55 months. There were 15 oncologic
      failures and the median time interval for tumor recurrence was 9 months. Five
      year overall survival rate was 80.4%. The 3- and 5-year disease-free specific
      survival rates were 81.7 and 76.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Given the more
      extensive surgery applied for CHP, functional outcomes were better in patients
      with CHEP. Resection of an arytenoid had a negative outcome on swallowing.

PMID- 26974467
TI  - Diversely Substituted Quinolines via Rhodium-Catalyzed Alkyne Hydroacylation.
AB  - The Rh-catalyzed hydroacylative union of aldehydes and o-alkynyl anilines leads
      to 2-aminophenyl enones, and onward to substituted quinolines. The mild reaction
      conditions employed in this chemistry result in a process that displays broad
      functional group tolerance, allowing the preparation of diversely substituted
      quinolines in high yields. Extension to the use of o-alkynyl nitro arenes as
      substrates leads to 2-nitrochalcones, from which both quinolines and quinoline N
      oxides can be accessed. 

PMID- 26974468
TI  - Comparison of Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA TM), MP-3, and the Humphrey
      Field Analyzer in the Evaluation of the Relationship between the Structure and
      Function of the Macula.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was conducted in order to compare relationships between the
      macular visual field (VF) mean sensitivity measured by MAIATM (Macular Integrity
      Assessment), MP-3, or Humphry field analyzer (HFA) and the ganglion cell and
      inner plexiform layer (GCA) thicknesses. METHODS: This cross-sectional study
      examined 73 glaucoma patients and 19 normal subjects. All subjects underwent
      measurements for GCA thickness by Cirrus HD-OCT and static threshold perimetry
      using MAIATM, MP-3, or HFA. VF and OCT in the retinal view were used to examine
      both the global relationship between the VF sensitivity and GCA thickness, and
      the superior hemiretina and inferior hemiretina. The relationship between the GCA
      thickness and macular sensitivity was examined by Spearman correlation analysis.
      RESULTS: For each instrument, statistically significant macular VF sensitivity
      (dB) and GCA thickness relationships were observed using the decibel scale (R =
      0.547-0.687, all P < 0.001). The highest correlation for the global (R = 0.682)
      and the superior hemiretina (R = 0.594) GCA thickness-VF mean sensitivity was
      observed by the HFA. The highest correlation for the inferior hemiretina (R =
      0.687) GCA thickness-VF mean sensitivity was observed by the MP-3. Among the
      three VF measurement instruments, however, no significant differences were found
      for the structure-function relationships. CONCLUSIONS: All three VF measurement
      instruments found similar structure-function relationships in the central VF.

PMID- 26974469
TI  - Hydrogen Peroxide Promoted Mizoroki-Heck Reactions of Phenyldiazenes with
      Acrylates, Acrylamides, and Styrenes.
AB  - Mizoroki-Heck reactions, which are well-known for aryldiazonium salts and which
      have recently been described for arylhydrazines, have now been extended to
      phenyldiazenes. In situ generation of phenyldiazenes from azocarboxylates allowed
      clean and selective reactions with styrenes, acrylates, and acrylamides using
      palladium(II) acetate in the presence of silver(I) acetate or hydrogen peroxide
      as oxidant. Hydrogen peroxide was thereby shown to be a cheap and broadly
      applicable alternative for the established palladium-silver(I) system. 

PMID- 26974470
TI  - Impact of Knowledge-Based Iterative Model Reconstruction in Abdominal Dynamic CT
      With Low Tube Voltage and Low Contrast Dose.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare iterative model
      reconstruction (IMR) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR) of 80-kVp
      abdominal dynamic CT scans obtained with a low-dose contrast agent. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: A group of 27 consecutively registered patients underwent abdominal
      dynamic CT with an 80-kVp protocol and a low dose of contrast agent (300 mg
      I/kg). Another 27 patients who had previously undergone a 120-kVp protocol with
      filtered back projection (FBP) and a standard contrast dose (600 mg I/kg) acted
      as control subjects. Effective dose, image noise, CT number, and contrast-to
      noise ratio were compared between the 120-kVp and 80-kVp images with FBP, HIR,
      and IMR. Image contrast, image noise, image sharpness, noise texture, and overall
      image quality were evaluated for the four protocols. RESULTS: The effective dose
      of the 80-kVp protocol was lower than that with the 120-kVp protocol. The 80-kVp
      protocol with HIR and IMR decreased image noise by 45% and 70% compared with the
      80-kVp protocol with FBP. The contrast-to-noise ratio of the 80-kVp protocol with
      IMR was higher than that of the 120-kVp protocol. Qualitatively, the 80-kVp
      protocol with IMR improved image noise more than the 120-kVp protocol did, but
      noise texture was worse. HIR and the 120-kVp protocol yielded similar subjective
      image quality. CONCLUSION: Use of the 80-kVp protocol with HIR allowed an
      approximately 50% reduction in contrast dose and an approximately 40% reduction
      in radiation dose compared with use of the 120-kVp protocol while preserving
      image quality. IMR reduced image noise more than HIR with this protocol but
      worsened noise texture.

PMID- 26974471
TI  - Three-Year Follow-Up of a Prenatally Ascertained Apparently Non-Mosaic sSMC(10):
      Delineation of a Non-Critical Region.
AB  - Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) originating from chromosome 10 are
      rare and usually found in mosaic form. We present a de novo apparently non-mosaic
      sSMC(10) prenatally diagnosed in amniotic fluid and postnatally confirmed in
      peripheral blood. Characterization by array-CGH showed a pericentromeric
      duplication of 7.1 Mb of chromosome 10. The fetus did not show ultrasound
      abnormalities, and a normal female phenotype was observed during a 3-year
      postnatal follow-up. The absence of phenotypic abnormalities in the present case
      provides evidence of a non-critical pericentromeric region in 10p11.21q11.1 (hg19
      35,355,570-42,448,569) associated with a duplication. 

PMID- 26974472
TI  - Correction: Human cytomegalovirus IE1 alters the higher-order chromatin structure
      by targeting the acidic patch of the nucleosome.

PMID- 26974473
TI  - Studying the R-branch and the Q-branch emission spectral lines of diatomic
      molecules using improved analytical formula.
AB  - The difference converging method (DCM) used to predict the R-branch and the Q
      branch high-lying rotational lines for diatomic systems is improved in this
      study. The key analytical formulae of the DCM method are modified by adding a
      higher order spectral term Hupsilon, and adding a physical converging criterion
      to improve the accuracy of predictions. Applications of the improved DCM method
      to the R-branch of the TiF molecule and the Q-branch of the (193)IrN molecule
      show that the accuracy of the R-branch and the Q-branch rotational lines is about
      one order of magnitude better than the results obtained using the previous
      formulae, which demonstrate the necessity of the added small term Hupsilon and
      the physical converging criterion. The DCM results are also shown to be better
      than the extrapolated rotational lines using the least-squares method. 

PMID- 26974474
TI  - Intramolecular interactions, isomerization and vibrational frequencies of two
      paracetamol analogues: A spectroscopic and a computational approach.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to determine the molecular properties and
      provide an interpretation of the vibrational mode couplings of these two
      paracetamol analogues: 2-bromo-2-methyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-propanamide and 2-bromo
      2-methyl-N-p-tolyl-propanamide. E/Z isomers, keto/enol unimolecular rearrangement
      and prediction of the transition state structures in each mechanism were also
      assessed using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The DFT estimates a high
      energy gap between E and Z isomers (9-11 kcal.mol(-1)), with barrier heights
      ranging from 16 to 19 kcal.mol(-1). In contrast, the barrier energies on the
      keto/enol isomerization are almost 10 kcal.mol(-1) higher than those estimated
      for the E/Z rearrangement. The kinetic rate constant was also determined for each
      reaction mechanism. Natural bond orbital analysis and the quantum theory of atoms
      in molecules were used to interpret the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and to
      understand the most important interactions that govern the stabilization of each
      isomer. Furthermore, an analysis of the atomic charge distribution using
      different population methodologies was also performed.

PMID- 26974475
TI  - Local structures and the dissolving behavior of aqueous ammonia and its KCl and
      NH4Cl solutions: A Raman spectroscopy and X-ray scattering study.
AB  - The aqueous ammonia (5%-15%) and its KCl and NH4Cl solutions have been studied by
      Raman spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. The microscopic structures in these
      solutions were proposed. The addition of KCl reinforced the hydrogen bond between
      NH3 and H2O. On contrary, NH4Cl destroyed this interaction by forming hydrogen
      bond NH4(+)-NH3. This study gave an interpretation of the different dissolving
      behavior of KCl and NH4Cl in aqueous ammonia, which may have important
      implications in the separation of potassium and ammonium salt during the
      industrial production. 

PMID- 26974476
TI  - Student Evaluation of Faculty Physicians: Gender Differences in Teaching
      Evaluations.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate whether there is a difference in medical student teaching
      evaluations for male and female clinical physician faculty. METHODS: The authors
      examined all teaching evaluations completed by clinical students at one North
      American medical school in the surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics,
      and internal medicine clinical rotations from 2008 to 2012. The authors focused
      on how students rated physician faculty on their "overall quality of teaching"
      using a 5-point response scale (1 = Poor to 5 = Excellent). Linear mixed-effects
      models provided estimated mean differences in evaluation outcomes by faculty
      gender. RESULTS: There were 14,107 teaching evaluations of 965 physician faculty.
      Of these evaluations, 7688 (54%) were for male physician faculty and 6419 (46%)
      were for female physician faculty. Female physicians received significantly lower
      mean evaluation scores in all four rotations. The discrepancy was largest in the
      surgery rotation (males = 4.23, females = 4.01, p = 0.003). Pediatrics showed the
      next greatest difference (males = 4.44, females = 4.29, p = 0.009), followed by
      obstetrics and gynecology (males = 4.38, females = 4.26, p = 0.026), and internal
      medicine (males = 4.35, females = 4.27, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Female
      physicians received lower teaching evaluations in all four core clinical
      rotations. This comprehensive examination adds to the medical literature by
      illuminating subtle differences in evaluations based on physician gender, and
      provides further evidence of disparities for women in academic medicine.

PMID- 26974477
TI  - Hyperspectral imaging of plasmon resonances in metallic nanoparticles.
AB  - The spectroscopy of metal nanoparticles shows great potential for label-free
      sensing. In this article we present a hyper-spectral imaging system combined with
      a microfluidic system, which allows full spectroscopic characterization of many
      individual nanoparticles simultaneously (>50 particles). With such a system we
      were able overcome several limitations that are present in LSPR sensing with
      nanoparticle ensemble. We experimentally quantified (incorporating atomic force
      microscopy as well) the correlation between geometry, position of plasmon
      resonance (lambdaPeak) and sensitivity of the particles (Sb=1.63lambdaPeak
      812.47[nm/RIU]). We were able to follow the adsorption of protein layers and
      determined their spatial inhomogeneity with the help of the hyperspectral
      imaging. 

PMID- 26974479
TI  - Occurrence, distribution, and potential affecting factors of organophosphate
      flame retardants in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in Henan
      Province, Central China.
AB  - Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants. In this study,
      the occurrence and distribution of six OPEs were investigated in sewage sludge
      from 24 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 18 cities of Henan province,
      Central China. The results indicated that all target OPEs were detected in the
      sludge samples with the detection rate of 95.8%, except
      tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCP). The total concentration of the six OPEs
      ranged from 38.6 to 508 MUg kg(-1). Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(2
      butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and tris(2-chloroiso-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) were
      found to be predominant, with concentrations ranging from 2.50 to 203, 1.60 to
      383, and 6.70-161 MUg kg(-1), respectively. The potential factors affecting OPE
      levels in sewage sludge, such as wastewater source, sludge characteristics,
      operational conditions, treatment techniques, and total organic carbon (TOC) of
      sludge in WWTPs were investigated. The results indicated that the total
      concentration of OPEs in sewage sludge has no significant relationship with the
      individual parameters (p > 0.05). However, significant correlations were found
      between triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) level and treatment capacity (R = 0.484, p <
      0.05), processing volume (R = 0.495, p < 0.05), and serving population (R =
      0.591, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the relationship between treatment techniques and
      the total concentration of OPEs in sewage sludge was also investigated in this
      study, and the results illustrated that the levels of OPEs in sludge were
      independent of the solid retention time (SRT).

PMID- 26974478
TI  - Staying local-antigen presentation in the liver.
AB  - The liver is known as organ with unique immune competence. Besides its unique
      microenvironment that is determined by gut-derived portal venous blood
      constituents and the presence of enzymes with immune regulatory properties, liver
      antigen presenting cell populations regulate antigen-specific immunity in a local
      fashion. In addition to bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and myeloid cells
      such as macrophages and monocytes, also truly liver-resident cell populations
      function as antigen presenting cells such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
      and hepatocytes. The functional outcome of antigen-presentation by these cell
      populations is diverse and ranges from generation of regulatory CD4 cells, to
      induction of memory CD8 T cells or deletional tolerance, which generates a
      complex network of antigen-presenting cells that determines hepatic immune
      regulation and local immune surveillance against viral infection.

PMID- 26974480
TI  - Incorporating rice residues into paddy soils affects methylmercury accumulation
      in rice.
AB  - Paddy fields are characterized by frequent organic input (e.g., fertilization and
      rice residue amendment), which may affect mercury biogeochemistry and
      bioaccumulation. To explore potential effects of rice residue amendment on
      methylmercury (MMHg) accumulation in rice, a mercury-contaminated paddy soil was
      amended with rice root (RR), rice straw (RS) or composted rice straw (CS), and
      planted with rice. Incorporating RS or CS increased grain MMHg concentration by
      14% or 11%. The observed increases could be attributed to the elevated porewater
      MMHg levels and thus enhanced MMHg uptake by plants, as well as increased MMHg
      translocation to grain within plants. Our results indicated for the first time
      that rice residue amendment could significantly affect MMHg accumulation in rice
      grain, which should be considered in risk assessment of MMHg in contaminated
      areas. 

PMID- 26974481
TI  - The levels of mercury, methylmercury and selenium and the selenium health benefit
      value in grey-eel catfish (Plotosus canius) and giant mudskipper
      (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) from the Strait of Malacca.
AB  - The present study examined the concentrations of mercury (Hg), methylmercury
      (MeHg), and selenium (Se) in the multiple tissues of the Plotosus canius and
      Periophthalmodon schlosseri collected from the Strait of Malacca. The mean value
      in mg kg(-1) of Hg (P. canius: 0.34 +/- 0.19; P. schlosseri: 0.32 +/- 0.18) and
      MeHg in muscle (P. canius: 0.14 +/- 0.11; P. schlosseri: 0.17 +/- 0.11) were
      below the Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed
      (CODEX STAN 193-1995), the Malaysian Food Regulation 1985 and the Japan Food
      Sanitation Law. For P. canius, the liver contained the highest concentrations of
      Hg (0.48 +/- 0.07 mg kg(-1)) and MeHg (0.21 +/- 0.00 mg kg(-1)), whereas for P.
      schlosseri, the gill contained the highest concentrations of Hg (0.36 +/- 0.06 mg
      kg(-1)) and MeHg (0.21 +/- 0.05 mg kg(-1)). The highest concentration of (80)Se
      (mg kg(-1)) was observed in the liver of P. canius (20.34 +/- 5.68) and in the
      gastrointestinal tract (3.18 +/- 0.42) of P. schlosseri. The selenium:mercury
      (Se:Hg) molar ratios were above 1 and the positive selenium health benefit value
      (HBVSe) suggesting the possible protective effects of Se against Hg toxicity. The
      estimate weekly intakes (EWIs) in MUg kg(-1) body weight (bw) week(-1) of Hg (P.
      canius: 0.27; P. schlosseri: 0.15) and MeHg (P. canius: 0.11; P. schlosseri:
      0.08) were found to be lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake
      established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
      Based on the calculated EWIs, P. canius, and P. schlosseri were found to be
      unlikely to cause mercury toxicity in human consumption.

PMID- 26974482
TI  - Role of reducing agent in extraction of arsenic and heavy metals from soils by
      use of EDTA.
AB  - Although many metal-contaminated sites contain both anionic arsenic and cationic
      heavy metals, the current remediation technologies are not effective for the
      simultaneous removal of both anionic and cationic elements from the contaminated
      sites due to their different characteristics. In this study, the role of reducing
      agent in simultaneous extraction of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils
      was investigated using EDTA. The addition of reducing agents, which includes
      sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) and sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4),
      greatly enhanced the EDTA extraction of both As and heavy metals from the
      contaminated soils due to the increased mobility of the metals under the reduced
      conditions. The extent of the enhancement of the EDTA extraction was greatly
      affected by the reducing conditions. Strong reducing conditions (0.1 M of
      dithionite) were required for the extraction of metals strongly bound to the
      soil, while weak reducing conditions (0.01 M of dithionite or 0.1 M of
      oxalate/ascorbic acid) were sufficient for extraction of metals that were
      relatively weakly bound to the soil. An almost 90% extraction efficiency of total
      metals (As, Cu, Zn, and Pb) was obtained from the contaminated soils using the
      combination of dithionite and EDTA. Our results clearly showed that the
      combination of dithionite and EDTA can effectively extract As and heavy metals
      simultaneously from soils under a wide range of pH conditions.

PMID- 26974483
TI  - Isotope Inversion Experiment evaluating the suitability of calibration in
      surrogate matrix for quantification via LC-MS/MS-Exemplary application for a
      steroid multi-method.
AB  - For quotable quantitative analysis of endogenous analytes in complex biological
      samples by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS, the creation of appropriate calibrators is
      a challenge, since analyte-free authentic material is in general not available.
      Thus, surrogate matrices are often used to prepare calibrators and controls.
      However, currently employed validation protocols do not include specific
      experiments to verify the suitability of a surrogate matrix calibration for
      quantification of authentic matrix samples. The aim of the study was the
      development of a novel validation experiment to test whether surrogate matrix
      based calibrators enable correct quantification of authentic matrix samples. The
      key element of the novel validation experiment is the inversion of nonlabelled
      analytes and their stable isotope labelled (SIL) counterparts in respect to their
      functions, i.e. SIL compound is the analyte and nonlabelled substance is employed
      as internal standard. As a consequence, both surrogate and authentic matrix are
      analyte-free regarding SIL analytes, which allows a comparison of both matrices.
      We called this approach Isotope Inversion Experiment. As figure of merit we
      defined the accuracy of inverse quality controls in authentic matrix quantified
      by means of a surrogate matrix calibration curve. As a proof-of-concept
      application a LC-MS/MS assay addressing six corticosteroids (cortisol, cortisone,
      corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, and 17-OH-progesterone)
      was chosen. The integration of the Isotope Inversion Experiment in the validation
      protocol for the steroid assay was successfully realized. The accuracy results of
      the inverse quality controls were all in all very satisfying. As a consequence
      the suitability of a surrogate matrix calibration for quantification of the
      targeted steroids in human serum as authentic matrix could be successfully
      demonstrated. The Isotope Inversion Experiment fills a gap in the validation
      process for LC-MS/MS assays quantifying endogenous analytes. We consider it a
      valuable and convenient tool to evaluate the correct quantification of authentic
      matrix samples based on a calibration curve in surrogate matrix. 

PMID- 26974484
TI  - Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on Cognitive Function and Quantitative EEG in
      Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Preliminary Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Korean red ginseng (KRG) has a nootropic effect. This study assessed
      the efficacy of KRG on cognitive function and quantitative electroencephalography
      (EEG) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Fourteen patients with
      AD (mean age, 74.93 years; 11 women and 3 men) were recruited and treated with
      KRG (4.5 g per day) for 12 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean
      Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB).
      EEG performed before and after treatment were analyzed with quantitative spectral
      analysis. RESULTS: The FAB score improved significantly after 12 weeks of
      treatment. In the relative power spectrum analysis performed according to
      responsiveness, alpha power increased significantly in the right temporal area of
      the responders. The increments of relative alpha power in the right temporal,
      parietal, and occipital areas were significantly higher in the responders than
      the nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the efficacy of KRG on
      frontal lobe function in AD, related to increasing relative alpha power.

PMID- 26974485
TI  - A new automated and precise calibration method for gamma level gauges with rod
      detector arrangement.
AB  - Gamma-ray liquid level gauging is of particular importance in several industries.
      Industrial vessels, tanks, and reactors, which work at high temperatures and
      pressures, usually have thick metal walls up to 20cm. These factors make it
      impossible to know the exact level of liquid or fluid while the system is
      operating. For this reason, the calibration process of the gamma level gauges is
      difficult as it is impossible to gain access to the inside of the vessels, which
      is important during the calibration process. In this study, a new auto
      calibration method was proposed for the aforementioned situations.

PMID- 26974486
TI  - Effect of external magnetic field on valence-electron structures of Fe and Ni in
      Invar, Permalloy and the other Fe-Ni alloys by using Kbeta-to-Kalpha X-ray
      intensity ratios.
AB  - The effect of external magnetic field on the valence-electron structures of Fe
      and Ni in various Fe-Ni alloy compositions was investigated by using X-ray
      fluorescence spectroscopy. Firstly, Kbeta-to-Kalpha X-ray intensity ratios of Fe
      and Ni in Invar (Fe0.64Ni0.36), Permalloy (Fe0.20Ni0.80) and FexNi1-x (x=0, 0.40,
      0.52, 0.55, 0.61, and 1) alloys were measured without any magnetic field and
      under 0.5 and 1T external magnetic fields, separately. Later, the valence
      electron structures of Fe and Ni in both pure form and alloys were obtained by
      comparison of measured X-ray intensity ratios with the results of multi
      configurations Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations. The results obtained for valence
      electron structures of Fe and Ni in various Fe-Ni alloys were evaluated in terms
      of magnetic field effect, delocalization and/or charge transfer phenomena. The
      results have shown that valence electron structure of Fe and Ni in Fe-Ni alloys
      are dependent on both external magnetic field and concentration of alloy
      elements.

PMID- 26974487
TI  - Grafting of [(64)Cu]-TPPF20 porphyrin complex on Functionalized nano-porous MCM
      41 silica as a potential cancer imaging agent.
AB  - Mesoporous silica, MCM-41, functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
      (APTES) was investigated as a potential drug delivery system, using [(64)Cu]-5,
      10, 15, 20-tetrakis penta fluorophenyl porphyrin complex. [(64)Cu]-TPPF20 complex
      was grafted on functionalized MCM-41. The product was characterized by paper
      chromatography, FTIR spectroscopy, low angle X-ray diffraction, CHN and TGA/DTA
      analyses and atomic force microscopy. The biological evaluations of the grafted
      complex, [(64)Cu]-TPPF20@NH2-MCM-41, were done in Fibrosarcoma tumor-bearing
      Sprague-Dawley rats using scarification studies and Sopha DST-XL Dual-Head SPECT
      system. The actual loading amount of aminopropyl groups was found about 1.6mmol
      per gram of final silica. The specific activity of the final compound was found
      to be 3Ci/g. Amine functionalized MCM-41 was found to be a good platform for
      theranostic radiopharmaceuticals such as copper-64 complexes. Considering the
      accumulation of the tracer in tumor cells, fast wash-out from normal tissues, the
      short half-life copper-64 and less imposed radiation doses to patients, [(64)Cu]
      TPPF20@NH2-MCM-41 can potentially be a suitable candidate for tumor imaging
      applications and future PET studies.

PMID- 26974488
TI  - Principle component analysis for radiotracer signal separation.
AB  - Radiotracers can be used in several industrial applications by injecting the
      radiotracer into the industrial system and monitoring the radiation using
      radiation detectors for obtaining signals. These signals are analyzed to obtain
      indications about what is happening within the system or to determine the
      problems that may be present in the system. For multi-phase system analysis, more
      than one radiotracer is used and the result is a mixture of radiotracers signals.
      The problem is in such cases is how to separate these signals from each other.
      The paper presents a proposed method based on Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
      for separating mixed two radiotracer signals from each other. Two different
      radiotracers (Technetium-99m (Tc(99m)) and Barium-137m (Ba(137m))) were injected
      into a physical model for simulation of chemical reactor (PMSCR-MK2) for
      obtaining the radiotracer signals using radiation detectors and Data Acquisition
      System (DAS). The radiotracer signals are mixed and signal processing steps are
      performed include background correction and signal de-noising, then applying the
      signal separation algorithms. Three separation algorithms have been carried out;
      time domain based separation algorithm, Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
      based separation algorithm, and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based
      separation algorithm. The results proved the superiority of the PCA based
      separation algorithm to the other based separation algorithm, and PCA based
      separation algorithm and the signal processing steps gives a considerable
      improvement of the separation process.

PMID- 26974489
TI  - Barriers and Facilitators to Scaling Up Outpatient Palliative Care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine recommends people with serious advanced
      illness have access to skilled palliative care. However, the predominant delivery
      model of nonhospice palliative care is inpatient, consultative care focused on
      the end of life, with a small specialist palliative care workforce. OBJECTIVE:
      The study objective was to understand organizational factors that could influence
      the adoption and scale-up of outpatient palliative care in chronic advanced
      illness, using the example of heart failure. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional
      qualitative study. Participants were 17 health care providers and local,
      regional, and national health system leaders from the Veterans Health
      Administration (VHA) who were considering whether and how to adopt and sustain
      outpatient palliative care. Individual interviews using semistructured questions
      assessed domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Science.
      RESULTS: Most providers and leaders perceived outpatient palliative care as high
      priority in the VHA given its patient-centeredness and potential to decrease
      health care use and costs associated with conditions like heart failure. They
      also supported a collaborative care team model of outpatient palliative care
      delivery where a palliative care specialist collaborates with medical nurses and
      social workers. They reported lack of performance measures/incentives for patient
      centered care processes and outcomes as a potential barrier to implementation.
      Features of outpatient palliative care viewed as important for successful
      adoption and scale-up included coordination and communication with other
      providers, ease of integration into existing programs, and evidence of improving
      quality of care while not substantially increasing overall health care costs.
      CONCLUSION: Incentives such as performance measures and collaboration with local
      VHA providers and leaders could improve adoption and scale-up of outpatient
      palliative care.

PMID- 26974490
TI  - Fatigue strength of Co-Cr-Mo alloy clasps prepared by selective laser melting.
AB  - We aimed to investigate the fatigue strength of Co-Cr-Mo clasps for removable
      partial dentures prepared by selective laser melting (SLM). The Co-Cr-Mo alloy
      specimens for tensile tests (dumbbell specimens) and fatigue tests (clasp
      specimens) were prepared by SLM with varying angles between the building and
      longitudinal directions (i.e., 0 degrees  (TL0, FL0), 45 degrees  (TL45, FL45),
      and 90 degrees  (TL90, FL90)). The clasp specimens were subjected to cyclic
      deformations of 0.25mm and 0.50mm for 10(6) cycles. The SLM specimens showed no
      obvious mechanical anisotropy in tensile tests and exhibited significantly higher
      yield strength and ultimate tensile strength than the cast specimens under all
      conditions. In contrast, a high degree of anisotropy in fatigue performance
      associated with the build orientation was found. For specimens under the 0.50mm
      deflection, FL90 exhibited significantly longer fatigue life (205,418 cycles)
      than the cast specimens (112,770 cycles). In contrast, the fatigue lives of FL0
      (28,484 cycles) and FL45 (43,465 cycles) were significantly shorter. The surface
      roughnesses of FL0 and FL45 were considerably higher than those of the cast
      specimens, whereas there were no significant differences between FL90 and the
      cast specimens. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis indicated the
      grains of FL0 showed preferential close to <001> orientation of the gamma phase
      along the normal direction to the fracture surface. In contrast, the FL45 and
      FL90 grains showed no significant preferential orientation. Fatigue strength may
      therefore be affected by a number of factors, including surface roughness and
      crystal orientation. The SLM process is a promising candidate for preparing tough
      removable partial denture frameworks, as long as the appropriate build direction
      is adopted.

PMID- 26974491
TI  - A direct thrombin inhibitor suppresses protein C activation and factor Va
      degradation in human plasma: Possible mechanisms of paradoxical enhancement of
      thrombin generation.
AB  - We have demonstrated that antithrombin (AT)-independent thrombin inhibitors
      paradoxically increase thrombin generation (TG) in human plasma in a
      thrombomodulin (TM)- and protein C (PC)-dependent manner. We determined the
      effects of AT-independent thrombin inhibitors on the negative-feedback system,
      activation of PC and production and degradation of factor Va (FVa), as possible
      mechanisms underlying the paradoxical enhancement of TG. TG in human plasma
      containing 10nM TM was assayed by means of the calibrated automated
      thrombography. As an index of PC activation, plasma concentration of activated PC
      PC inhibitor complex (aPC-PCI) was measured. The amounts of FVa heavy chain and
      its degradation product (FVa(307-506)) were examined by western blotting. AT
      independent thrombin inhibitors, melagatran and dabigatran (both at 25-600nM) and
      3-30MUg/ml active site-blocked thrombin (IIai), increased peak levels of TG.
      Melagatran, dabigatran and IIai significantly decreased plasma concentration of
      aPC-PCI complex at 25nM or more, 75nM or more, and 10 and 30MUg/ml, respectively.
      Melagatran (300nM) significantly increased FVa and decreased FVa(307-506). In
      contrast, a direct factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban preferentially inhibited thrombin
      generation (>=25nM), and higher concentrations were required to inhibit PC
      activation (>=150nM) and FVa degradation (300nM). The present study suggests that
      the inhibitions of protein C activation and subsequent degradation of FVa and
      increase in FVa by antithrombin-independent thrombin inhibitors may contribute to
      the paradoxical TG enhancement, and edoxaban may inhibit PC activation and FVa
      degradation as a result of TG suppression. 

PMID- 26974492
TI  - Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Condom Use Among Female US High School
      Students: Implications for Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), specifically
      intrauterine devices and implants, offers an unprecedented opportunity to reduce
      unintended pregnancies among adolescents because it is highly effective even with
      typical use. However, adolescent LARC users may be less likely to use condoms for
      preventing sexually transmitted infections compared with users of moderately
      effective contraceptive methods (ie, oral, Depo-Provera injection, patch, and
      ring contraceptives). OBJECTIVE: To compare condom use between sexually active
      female LARC users and users of moderately effective contraceptive methods.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional analysis using data from the
      2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally representative sample of
      US high school students in grades 9 through 12. Descriptive analyses were
      conducted among sexually active female students (n = 2288); logistic regression
      analyses were restricted to sexually active female users of LARC and moderately
      effective contraception (n = 619). The analyses were conducted in July and August
      2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Contraceptive method at last sexual intercourse
      was assessed by 1 item-respondents could select birth control pills; condoms; an
      intrauterine device or implant; injection, patch, or ring; withdrawal or other
      method; or not sure. A separate item asked whether respondents used a condom at
      last sexual intercourse. We created an indicator variable to distinguish those
      reporting use of (1) LARC (intrauterine device or implant), (2) oral
      contraceptives, and (3) Depo-Provera, patch, or ring. RESULTS: Among the 2288
      sexually active female participants (56.7% white; 33.6% in 12th grade), 1.8% used
      LARC; 5.7% used Depo-Provera, patch, or ring; 22.4% used oral contraceptives;
      40.8% used condoms; 11.8% used withdrawal or other method; 15.7% used no
      contraceptive method; and 1.9% were not sure. In adjusted analyses, LARC users
      were about 60% less likely to use condoms compared with oral contraceptive users
      (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.21-0.84). No significant
      differences in condom use were observed between LARC users and Depo-Provera
      injection, patch, or ring users (aPR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.26-1.25). The LARC users
      were more than twice as likely to have 2 or more recent sexual partners compared
      with oral contraceptive users (aPR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.75-3.90) and Depo-Provera,
      patch, or ring users (aPR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.17-5.67). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Observed differences in condom use may reflect motivations to use condoms for
      backup pregnancy prevention. Users of highly effective LARC methods may no longer
      perceive a need for condoms even if they have multiple sexual partners, which
      places them at risk for sexually transmitted infections. As uptake of LARC
      increases among adolescents, a clear need exists to incorporate messages about
      condom use specifically for sexually transmitted infection prevention.

PMID- 26974494
TI  - Molecular switching involving metastable states: molecular thermal hysteresis and
      sensing of environmental changes by chiral helicene oligomeric foldamers.
AB  - Molecular switching is a phenomenon in which the molecular structure reversibly
      changes in response to external stimulation. It is crucial in biology and is used
      in various biological sensing applications and responses. In contrast to the well
      studied molecular switching involving two or more thermodynamically stable
      states, switching involving metastable states exhibits notable non-equilibrium
      thermodynamic properties. Synthetic chiral helicene oligomeric foldamers that
      exhibit molecular thermal hysteresis in dilute solution are examples. Molecular
      switching can be used for sensing environmental changes, including temperature
      threshold, temperature decrease/increase, rate of temperature decrease, counting
      the numbers 1 and 2, and concentration increase. 

PMID- 26974493
TI  - Multiplexed Detection of Epigenetic Markers Using Quantum Dot (QD)-Encoded
      Hydrogel Microparticles.
AB  - Epigenetic alterations in gene expression are influenced by experiences and
      environment, resulting in significant variation of epigenetic markers from
      individual to individual. Therefore, it is imperative to measure various
      epigenetic markers simultaneously from samples of individual subjects to
      accurately analyze the epigenetic markers in biological samples. Moreover, the
      individualized genome-wide analysis has become a critical technology for recent
      trends in clinical applications such as early diagnosis and personalized medicine
      screening of numerous diseases. The array-based detection of modified histones,
      conventionally used for multiplexed analysis of epigenetic changes, requires
      pooling of samples from many subjects to analyze population-wise differences in
      the expression of histone markers and does not permit individualized analysis.
      Here, we report multiplexed detection of genome-wide changes in various histone
      modifications at a single-residue resolution using quantum dot (QD)-encoded
      polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microparticles. To demonstrate
      the potential of our methodology, we present the simultaneous detection of (1)
      acetylation of lysine 9 of histone 3 (Ac-H3K9), (2) dimethylation of H3K9 (2Me
      H3K9), and (3) trimethylation of H3K9 (3Me-H3K9) from three distinct regions in
      the brain [nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum (DSt), and cerebellum (Cbl)]
      of cocaine-exposed mice. Our hydrogel-based epigenetic assay enabled relative
      quantification of the three histone variants from only 10 MUL of each brain
      lysate (protein content = ~ 1 MUg/MUL) per mouse. We verified that the exposure
      to cocaine induced a significant increase of acetylation while a notable decrease
      in methylation in NAc. 

PMID- 26974496
TI  - Emerging Infections and Blood Safety in the 21st Century.

PMID- 26974495
TI  - Enhancing well-being at work: The role of emotion regulation skills as personal
      resources.
AB  - Dealing with negative emotions is a crucial work demand, particularly for
      employees in health care. Job resources (e.g., autonomy, social support, or
      reward) but also personal resources (such as emotion regulation strategies) might
      reduce job stress and support well-being. Following this, the present study
      focused on strengthening emotion regulation as 1 way of dealing with high job
      demands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a standardized
      emotion regulation training (Affect Regulation Training [ART]; Berking, 2010) to
      improve emotion regulation skills and well-being of employees in elderly health
      care. Therefore, 96 elderly care workers filled out an established questionnaire
      of emotion regulation skills as well as a measure of well-being at pretreatment,
      posttreatment and at 6-month follow-up. The findings show that the ART fosters
      emotion regulation skills. In particularly, acceptance, tolerance, and
      modification of negative emotions was enhanced in the training groups in
      comparison to a control-group. Modification, meaning the ability to actively
      change emotions, improved even more over the follow-up-period. Simultaneously,
      well-being of participants increased over all measurement time points in the ART
      group compared with the control-group. Additionally, the improvement in emotion
      regulation skills from pre to posttreatment was related to well-being at follow
      up. In summary, our results support the ART as an effective intervention for
      dealing with negative emotions and to enhance well-being among employees in
      elderly care. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974497
TI  - Reducing the Burden of Hypertension: China's Long March Ahead.

PMID- 26974498
TI  - Serum IL-18 level, clinical symptoms and IL-18-607A/C polymorphism among chronic
      patients with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population.
AB  - Literature suggests that alterations in the inflammatory and immune systems are
      involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Specifically, patients diagnosed
      with schizophrenia exhibit increased IL-18, a pleiotropic proinflammatory
      cytokine in type 1 T-helper (Th1) responses. The functional 607A/C promoter
      polymorphism of the IL-18 gene is also associated with the psychopathology of
      this disorder. However, no current study has explored its role in the clinical
      symptoms of schizophrenia as mediated through IL-18 levels. We recruited 772
      inpatients with schizophrenia and 775 healthy controls in a Han Chinese
      population and genotyped the IL-18-607A/C polymorphism. Patient psychopathology
      was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Serum IL-18
      levels were measured in 80 patients and 93 healthy controls. Our results showed
      that there were no significant differences in the distribution of the allele and
      genotype frequencies between the patients and controls. Both increased IL-18
      serum level and the IL-18-607A/C polymorphism were positively associated with the
      PANSS general psychopathology subscore and the PANSS total score. Moreover,
      interaction of increased IL-18 serum level and the IL-18-607A/C polymorphism
      influenced the clinical psychopathological symptoms, indicating that association
      of IL-18 level with the PANSS general psychopathology subscale or the total
      scores was present only among patients carrying the C allele. We demonstrate an
      association between the IL-18-607A/C variant and clinical psychopathological
      symptoms in schizophrenia. Findings suggest that the association between higher
      IL-18 levels and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia is dependent on the IL-18
      607A/C polymorphism.

PMID- 26974499
TI  - Plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels are higher in depressive and anxiety
      disorders, but lower in antidepressant medication users.
AB  - It has been postulated that many peripheral and (neuro)biological systems are
      involved in psychiatric disorders such as depression. Some studies found
      associations of depression and antidepressant treatment with insulin-like growth
      factor 1 (IGF-I) - a pleiotropic hormone affecting neuronal growth, survival and
      plasticity - but evidence is mixed. We therefore studied whether depressive and
      anxiety disorders were associated with plasma IGF-I, and explored the role of
      antidepressant medication in this association in a large observational study. The
      sample consisted of 2714 participants enrolled in The Netherlands Study of
      Depression and Anxiety, classified as healthy controls (n=602), antidepressant
      users (76 remitted and 571 with current depressive and/or anxiety disorder(s),
      n=647), persons having remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorder(s) without
      antidepressant use (n=502), and persons having current depressive and/or anxiety
      disorder(s) without antidepressant use (n=963). Associations with IGF-I
      concentrations were studied and adjusted for socio-demographic, health, and
      lifestyle variables. Relative to healthy controls, antidepressant-free
      individuals with current disorders had significantly higher IGF-I levels (Cohen's
      d=0.08, p=0.006), whereas antidepressant-free individuals with remitted disorders
      had a trend towards higher IGF-I levels (d=0.06, p=0.09). Associations were
      evident for depressive and for anxiety disorders. In contrast, antidepressant
      users had significantly lower IGF-I levels compared to healthy controls (d=-0.08,
      p=0.028). Our findings suggests that antidepressant medication use modifies the
      association between depressive/anxiety disorders and plasma IGF-I. These results
      corroborate with findings of some previous small-scale case-control and
      intervention studies. The higher IGF-I levels related to depression and anxiety
      might point to a compensatory mechanism to counterbalance the impaired
      neurogenesis, although future studies are needed to support this hypothesis.

PMID- 26974500
TI  - Septal oxytocin administration impairs peer affiliation via V1a receptors in
      female meadow voles.
AB  - The peptide hormone oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in social behaviors,
      including social bond formation. In different contexts, however, OT is also
      associated with aggression, social selectivity, and reduced affiliation. Female
      meadow voles form social preferences for familiar same-sex peers under short,
      winter-like day lengths in the laboratory, and provide a means of studying
      affiliation outside the context of reproductive pair bonds. Multiple lines of
      evidence suggest that the actions of OT in the lateral septum (LS) may decrease
      affiliative behavior, including greater density of OT receptors in the LS of
      meadow voles that huddle less. We infused OT into the LS of female meadow voles
      immediately prior to cohabitation with a social partner to determine its effects
      on partner preference formation. OT prevented the formation of preferences for
      the partner female. Co-administration of OT with a specific OT receptor
      antagonist did not reverse the effect, but co-administration of OT with a
      specific vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) antagonist did, indicating that OT in the
      LS likely acted through V1aRs to decrease partner preference. Receptor
      autoradiography revealed dense V1aR binding in the LS of female meadow voles.
      These results suggest that the LS is a brain region that may be responsible for
      inhibitory effects of OT administration on affiliation, which will be important
      to consider in therapeutic administrations of OT.

PMID- 26974502
TI  - Sensitive NMR Approach for Determining the Binding Mode of Tightly Binding Ligand
      Molecules to Protein Targets.
AB  - Structure-guided drug design relies on detailed structural knowledge of protein
      ligand complexes, but crystallization of cocomplexes is not always possible. Here
      we present a sensitive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach to determine the
      binding mode of tightly binding lead compounds in complex with difficult target
      proteins. In contrast to established NMR methods, it does not depend on rapid
      exchange between bound and free ligand or on stable isotope labeling, relying
      instead on a tert-butyl group as a chemical label. tert-Butyl groups are found in
      numerous protein ligands and deliver an exceptionally narrow and tall (1)H NMR
      signal. We show that a tert-butyl group also produces outstandingly intense intra
      and intermolecular NOESY cross-peaks. These enable measurements of pseudocontact
      shifts generated by lanthanide tags attached to the protein, which in turn allows
      positioning of the ligand on the protein. Once the ligand has been located,
      assignments of intermolecular NOEs become possible even without prior resonance
      assignments of protein side chains. The approach is demonstrated with the dengue
      virus NS2B-NS3 protease in complex with a high-affinity ligand containing a tert
      butyl group. 

PMID- 26974501
TI  - Sympathetic nervous system contributes to enhanced corticosterone levels
      following chronic stress.
AB  - Exposure to chronic stress often elevates basal circulating glucocorticoids
      during the circadian nadir and leads to exaggerated glucocorticoid production
      following exposure to subsequent stressors. While glucocorticoid production is
      primarily mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, there is
      evidence that the sympathetic nervous system can affect diurnal glucocorticoid
      production by direct actions at the adrenal gland. Experiments here were designed
      to examine the role of the HPA and sympathetic nervous system in enhancing
      corticosterone production following chronic stress. Rats were exposed to a four
      day stress paradigm or control conditions then exposed to acute restraint stress
      on the fifth day to examine corticosterone and ACTH responses. Repeated stressor
      exposure resulted in a small increase in corticosterone, but not ACTH, during the
      circadian nadir, and also resulted in exaggerated corticosterone production 5,
      10, and 20min following restraint stress. While circulating ACTH levels increased
      after 5min of restraint, levels were not greater in chronic stress animals
      compared to controls until following 20min. Administration of astressin (a CRH
      antagonist) prior to restraint stress significantly reduced ACTH responses but
      did not prevent the sensitized corticosterone response in chronic stress animals.
      In contrast, administration of chlorisondamine (a ganglionic blocker) returned
      basal corticosterone levels in chronic stress animals to normal levels and
      reduced early corticosterone production following restraint (up to 10min) but did
      not block the exaggerated corticosterone response in chronic stress animals at
      20min. These data indicate that increased sympathetic nervous system tone
      contributes to elevated basal and rapid glucocorticoid production following
      chronic stress, but HPA responses likely mediate peak corticosterone responses to
      stressors of longer duration.

PMID- 26974503
TI  - Seed-borne viral dsRNA elements in three cultivated Raphanus and Brassica plants
      suggest three cryptoviruses.
AB  - Since the 1970s, several dsRNA viruses, including Radish yellow edge virus,
      Raphanus sativus virus 1, Raphanus sativus virus 2, and Raphanus sativus virus 3,
      have been identified and reported as infecting radish. In the present study, in
      conjunction with a survey of seed-borne viruses in cultivated Brassica and
      Raphanus using the dsRNA diagnostic method, we discovered 3 novel cryptoviruses
      that infect Brassica and Raphanus: Raphanus sativus partitivirus 1, which infects
      radish (Raphanus sativus); Sinapis alba cryptic virus 1, which infects Sinapis
      alba; and Brassica rapa cryptic virus 1 (BrCV1), which infects Brassica rapa. The
      genomic organization of these cryptoviruses was analyzed and characterized. BrCV1
      might represent the first plant partitivirus found in Gammapartitivirus.
      Additionally, the evolutionary relationships among all of the partitiviruses
      reported in Raphanus and Brassica were analyzed. 

PMID- 26974504
TI  - Identification of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance markers using
      bacterial genomics.
AB  - In recent years, the number of multidrug-resistant bacteria has increased rapidly
      and several epidemics were signaled in different regions of the world. Faced with
      this situation that presents a major global public health concern, the
      development and the use of new and rapid technologies is more than urgent. The
      use of the next-generation sequencing platforms by microbiologists and infectious
      disease specialists has allowed great progress in the medical field. Here, we
      review the usefulness of whole-genome sequencing for the detection of virulence
      and antibiotic resistance associated genes. 

PMID- 26974505
TI  - Longitudinally Extensive Spinal Cord Lesions Disclosing Occult Systemic
      Sarcoidosis.

PMID- 26974506
TI  - Selectivity on Etching: Creation of High-Energy Facets on Copper Nanocrystals for
      CO2 Electrochemical Reduction.
AB  - Creating high-energy facets on the surface of catalyst nanocrystals represents a
      promising method for enhancing their catalytic activity. Herein we show that
      crystal etching as the reverse process of crystal growth can directly endow
      nanocrystal surfaces with high-energy facets. The key is to avoid significant
      modification of the surface energies of the nanocrystal facets by capping effects
      from solvents, ions, and ligands. Using Cu nanocubes as the starting material, we
      have successfully demonstrated the creation of high-energy facets in metal
      nanocrystals by controlled chemical etching. The etched Cu nanocrystals with
      enriched high-energy {110} facets showed significantly enhanced activity toward
      CO2 reduction. We believe the etching-based strategy could be extended to the
      synthesis of nanocrystals of many other catalysts with more active high-energy
      facets.

PMID- 26974507
TI  - Preparation of Scaffold-Free Tissue-Engineered Constructs Derived from Human
      Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Low Oxygen Tension Enhances Their
      Chondrogenic Differentiation Capacity.
AB  - Low oxygen tension (LOT) has been reported to promote chondrogenic
      differentiation and prevent cellular senescence of stem cells. Therefore, the
      introduction of LOT conditions into conventional tissue engineering processes
      could further improve the potential of the constructs generated for cartilage
      repair. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the feasibility of LOT
      preparation on the chondrogenic differentiation of a scaffold-free tissue
      engineered construct (TEC) derived from synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),
      construct whose feasibility for cartilage repair has been demonstrated in
      previous preclinical and clinical studies. Culture of MSCs under LOT conditions
      prevented cellular senescence and promoted the proliferative capacity of human
      synovial MSCs. In addition, TEC prepared from human synovial MSCs under LOT
      conditions (5% O2; LOT-TEC) showed superior in vitro chondrogenic differentiation
      capacity compared to that prepared under the usual 20% O2 (normal oxygen tension
      [NOT]; NOT-TEC), with elevated glycosaminoglycan production and elevated levels
      of chondrogenic marker gene expression. Notably, LOT-TEC differentiated into a
      hyaline-like cartilaginous tissue of approximately 1 cm in diameter without the
      detectable presence of fibrous tissue, while conventional NOT-TEC differentiated
      into a mixture of hyaline-like and fibrocartilaginous tissues. This is the first
      demonstration of in vitro development of a hyaline-like cartilaginous tissue of
      an implantable size to chondral lesion that was derived from human MSCs without
      the use of an exogenous scaffold. The manipulation of oxygen tension is a safe
      procedure with low cost and, thus, may be a clinically relevant option to improve
      the quality of TEC-mediated cartilage repair.

PMID- 26974509
TI  - ADMA: a specific biomarker for pathologic progress in diabetic microvascular
      complications?
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study highlights the role of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),
      asymmetric demethylargine (ADMA) and N-epsilon-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML) in
      different periods of progress in Type 2 diabetes, and identifies a pathomechanism
      based biomarker that is linked not only to the metabolic progresses but also to
      the underlying angiopathic progresses. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples from 100
      healthy volunteers, 227 subjects with prediabetes, 173 subjects with Type 2
      diabetes and 92 subjects with early diabetic microvascular complications were
      collected and analyzed for HbA1c, ADMA and CML. RESULTS: Compared to HbA1c and
      CML, ADMA is the strongest independent predictor and a significantly
      discriminative receiver operating characteristics profile, clearly distinguishing
      those with early diabetic microvascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: ADMA maybe
      serve as a pathomechanism-based biomarker, predicting the progression of
      microvascular complications.

PMID- 26974508
TI  - Far-Red Light-Activatable Prodrug of Paclitaxel for the Combined Effects of
      Photodynamic Therapy and Site-Specific Paclitaxel Chemotherapy.
AB  - Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the most useful chemotherapeutic agents approved for
      several cancers, including ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and nonsmall cell lung
      cancer. However, it causes systemic side effects when administered parenterally.
      Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new strategy for treating local cancers using
      light and photosensitizer. Unfortunately, PDT is often followed by recurrence due
      to incomplete ablation of tumors. To overcome these problems, we prepared the far
      red light-activatable prodrug of PTX by conjugating photosensitizer via singlet
      oxygen-cleavable aminoacrylate linker. Tubulin polymerization enhancement and
      cytotoxicity of prodrugs were dramatically reduced. However, once illuminated
      with far-red light, the prodrug effectively killed SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells
      through the combined effects of PDT and locally released PTX. Ours is the first
      PTX prodrug that can be activated by singlet oxygen using tissue penetrable and
      clinically useful far-red light, which kills the cancer cells through the
      combined effects of PDT and site-specific PTX chemotherapy. 

PMID- 26974510
TI  - In Vivo Determination of Body Composition in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) by
      Quantitative Magnetic Resonance.
AB  - Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model research organism continues to expand its
      relevance and role in multiple research disciplines, with recent work directed
      toward models of metabolism, nutrition, and energetics. Multiple technologies
      exist to assess body composition in animal research models at various levels of
      detail (tissues/organs, body regions, and whole organism). The development and/or
      validation of body composition assessment tools can open new areas of research
      questions for a given organism. Using fish from a comparative nutrition study,
      quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) assessment of whole body fat and fat-free
      mass (FFM) in live fish was performed. QMR measures from two cohorts (n = 26 and
      n = 27) were compared with chemical carcass analysis (CCA) of FM and FFM. QMR was
      significantly correlated with chemical carcass values (fat, p < 0.001; lean, p =
      0.002), although QMR significantly overestimated fat mass (FM) (0.011 g; p <
      0.0001) and underestimated FFM (-0.024 g; p < 0.0001) relative to CCA. In a
      separate cross-validation group of fish, prediction equations corrected carcass
      values for FM (p = 0.121) and FFM (p = 0.753). These results support the
      utilization of QMR-a nonlethal nondestructive method-for cross-sectional or
      longitudinal body composition assessment outcomes in zebrafish.

PMID- 26974512
TI  - Correction to Light-Assisted, Templated Self-Assembly Using a Photonic-Crystal
      Slab.

PMID- 26974513
TI  - Marketing Residential Treatment Programs for Eating Disorders: A Call for
      Transparency.
AB  - Residential behavioral treatment is a growing sector of the health care industry
      and is used by a large proportion of adolescent and adult patients with eating
      disorders. These programs and the organizations that own them have developed
      extensive marketing strategies that target clinicians and include promotional
      gifts, meals, travel reimbursement, and continuing education credit. Legislation
      and policy changes have limited these types of activities when conducted by the
      pharmaceutical industry, and awareness of conflicts of interest associated with
      clinician-targeted advertising of drugs and devices has increased. However,
      similar practices by the behavioral health care industry have evolved without
      oversight. The authors urge clinicians to consider how marketing strategies by
      treatment facilities may influence their referral behaviors and call for improved
      transparency regarding gifts and payments from treatment facilities.

PMID- 26974514
TI  - A facile, green and efficient surfactant-free method for synthesis of aluminum
      nanooxides with an extraordinary high surface area.
AB  - Nano boehmite with unprecedented high surface area and pore volume (802 m(2) g(
      1), 2.35 cm(3) g(-1)) was prepared using a facile, green and efficient surfactant
      free synthesis method. The structure of the material is characterized by the
      presence of plates with varying thicknesses and morphologies. The calcined
      samples show curved and rolled plates with a nanotube-like appearance. 

PMID- 26974511
TI  - An injectable nanoparticle generator enhances delivery of cancer therapeutics.
AB  - The efficacy of cancer drugs is often limited because only a small fraction of
      the administered dose accumulates in tumors. Here we report an injectable
      nanoparticle generator (iNPG) that overcomes multiple biological barriers to
      cancer drug delivery. The iNPG is a discoidal micrometer-sized particle that can
      be loaded with chemotherapeutics. We conjugate doxorubicin to poly(L-glutamic
      acid) by means of a pH-sensitive cleavable linker, and load the polymeric drug
      (pDox) into iNPG to assemble iNPG-pDox. Once released from iNPG, pDox
      spontaneously forms nanometer-sized particles in aqueous solution. Intravenously
      injected iNPG-pDox accumulates at tumors due to natural tropism and enhanced
      vascular dynamics and releases pDox nanoparticles that are internalized by tumor
      cells. Intracellularly, pDox nanoparticles are transported to the perinuclear
      region and cleaved into Dox, thereby avoiding excretion by drug efflux pumps.
      Compared to its individual components or current therapeutic formulations, iNPG
      pDox shows enhanced efficacy in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 mouse models of metastatic
      breast cancer, including functional cures in 40-50% of treated mice. 

PMID- 26974515
TI  - Identifying relevant positions in proteins by Critical Variable Selection.
AB  - Evolution in its course has found a variety of solutions to the same optimisation
      problem. The advent of high-throughput genomic sequencing has made available
      extensive data from which, in principle, one can infer the underlying structure
      on which biological functions rely. In this paper, we present a new method aimed
      at the extraction of sites encoding structural and functional properties from a
      set of protein primary sequences, namely a multiple sequence alignment. The
      method, called critical variable selection, is based on the idea that subsets of
      relevant sites correspond to subsequences that occur with a particularly broad
      frequency distribution in the dataset. By applying this algorithm to in silico
      sequences, to the response regulator receiver and to the voltage sensor domain of
      ion channels, we show that this procedure recovers not only the information
      encoded in single site statistics and pairwise correlations but also captures
      dependencies going beyond pairwise correlations. The method proposed here is
      complementary to statistical coupling analysis, in that the most relevant sites
      predicted by the two methods differ markedly. We find robust and consistent
      results for datasets as small as few hundred sequences that reveal a hidden
      hierarchy of sites that are consistent with the present knowledge on biologically
      relevant sites and evolutionary dynamics. This suggests that critical variable
      selection is capable of identifying a core of sites encoding functional and
      structural information in a multiple sequence alignment.

PMID- 26974516
TI  - Bifunctional alloys for the electroreduction of CO2 and CO.
AB  - We use density functional theory to study the reduction of CO2 and CO to
      hydrocarbons through a formyl pathway on (111) and (211) facets of L12 alloys
      with an A3B composition. We find that several alloys may reduce the thermodynamic
      overpotential for CO reduction by more than 0.2 V compared to a copper step,
      however, these alloys are most often rather unstable in aqueous environment or
      have low alloy formation energies and may be susceptible to segregation
      destroying the active sites. Strategies to improve alloy stability against
      corrosion or segregation would likely be needed in order to realize the full
      potential of these alloys. 

PMID- 26974517
TI  - Complete voltage recovery in quantum dot solar cells due to suppression of
      electron capture.
AB  - Extensive investigations in recent years have shown that addition of quantum dots
      (QDs) to a single-junction solar cell decreases the open circuit voltage, VOC,
      with respect to the reference cell without QDs. Despite numerous efforts, the
      complete voltage recovery in QD cells has been demonstrated only at low
      temperatures. To minimize the VOC reduction, we propose and investigate a new
      approach that combines nanoscale engineering of the band structure and the
      potential profile. Our studies of GaAs solar cells with various InAs QD media
      demonstrate that the main cause of the VOC reduction is the fast capture of
      photoelectrons from the GaAs conduction band (CB) to the localized states in QDs.
      As the photoelectron capture into QDs is mainly realized via the wetting layers
      (WLs), we substantially reduced the WLs using two monolayer AlAs capping of QDs.
      In the structures with reduced WLs, the direct CB-to-QD capture is further
      suppressed due to charging of QDs via doping of the interdot space. The QD
      devices with suppressed photoelectron capture show the same VOC as the GaAs
      reference cell together with some improvements in the short circuit current. 

PMID- 26974518
TI  - Challenges in assignment of orbital populations in a high spin manganese(III)
      complex.
AB  - Magnetic, structural and computational data of four complex salts with the same
      mononuclear high spin octahedral Mn(iii) complex cation are reported. The
      manifestation of Jahn-Teller-like distortions in the Mn(iii) cation is dependent
      on the nature of the charge-balancing anion, with small anions yielding a planar
      elongation and large anions freezing out a preferential axial elongation along
      one of the amine-Mn-imine directions within that same plane. Modulation of the
      lattice by changing the charge balancing anion results in mixing of the orbital
      symmetry due to vibrational perturbation.

PMID- 26974519
TI  - Small molecule activation by mixed methyl/methylidene rare earth metal complexes.
AB  - Diverse reactivity patterns of mixed tetramethyl/methylidene rare-earth complexes
      bearing bulky benzamidinate coligands L3Ln3(MU2-Me)3(MU3-Me)(MU3-CH2) [L =
      [PhC(NC6H3(i)Pr2-2,6)2](-); Ln = Y(), Lu()] with PhCN, alkynes, and CS2 have been
      established. Reaction of complexes with PhCN gave the MU3-CH2 addition complexes
      (NCN(dipp))3Lu3(MU2-Me)3(MU3-Me)[MU-eta(1):eta(1):eta(3)-CH2C(Ph)N] [Ln = Y(),
      Lu()]. Treatment of complexes with phenylacetylene afforded unexpected alkenyl
      dianion complexes L3Ln3(MU2-Me)3(MU3-Me)(MU-eta(1):eta(3)-PhC[double bond, length
      as m-dash]CMe) [Ln = Y(), Lu()] through the insertion of rare earth methylidene
      into a C-H bond in a reductive fashion. However, reaction of complexes and
      HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CSiMe3 gave MU3-Me protonolysis complexes
      L3Ln3(MU2-Me)3(MU3-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CSiMe3)(MU3-CH2) [Ln = Y (),
      Lu ()] in excellent yields. Treatment of complexes with CS2 led to the formation
      of the methyl activation complexes L3Ln3(MU2-Me)2(MU3-CH2)(MU3
      eta(1):eta(2):eta(2)-S2C[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2) [Ln = Y(), Lu()]. All
      the new complexes were fully characterized.

PMID- 26974520
TI  - A Female Ligamentous Cervical Spine Finite Element Model Validated for
      Physiological Loads.
AB  - Mathematical cervical spine models allow for studying of impact loading that can
      cause whiplash associated disorders (WAD). However, existing models only cover
      the male anthropometry, despite the female population being at a higher risk of
      sustaining WAD in automotive rear-end impacts. The aim of this study is to
      develop and validate a ligamentous cervical spine intended for biomechanical
      research on the effect of automotive impacts. A female model has the potential to
      aid the design of better protection systems as well as improve understanding of
      injury mechanisms causing WAD. A finite element (FE) mesh was created from
      surface data of the cervical vertebrae of a 26-year old female (stature 167 cm,
      weight 59 kg). Soft tissues were generated from the skeletal geometry and
      anatomical literature descriptions. Ligaments were modeled with nonlinear elastic
      orthotropic membrane elements, intervertebral disks as composites of nonlinear
      elastic bulk elements, and orthotropic anulus fibrosus fiber layers, while
      cortical and trabecular bones were modeled as isotropic plastic-elastic. The
      model has geometrical features representative of the female cervical spine-the
      largest average difference compared with published anthropometric female data was
      the vertebral body depth being 3.4% shorter for the model. The majority the
      cervical segments compare well with respect to biomechanical data at
      physiological loads, with the best match for flexion-extension loads and less
      biofidelity for axial rotation. An average female FE ligamentous cervical spine
      model was developed and validated with respect to physiological loading. In
      flexion-extension simulations with the developed female model and an existing
      average male cervical spine model, a greater range of motion (ROM) was found in
      the female model.

PMID- 26974522
TI  - Epitaxially-crystallized oriented naphthalene bis(dicarboximide) morphology for
      significant performance improvement of electron-transporting thin-film
      transistors.
AB  - Large-area highly-ordered F-NDI films were obtained by epitaxial-crystallization
      on highly-oriented PE substrates through vacuum deposition. An electron mobility
      of 0.2 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) was achieved based on such epitaxially-crystallized F
      NDI films, which is 4 times higher than that of its un-oriented thin film
      devices. 

PMID- 26974524
TI  - Configurational space discretization and free energy calculation in complex
      molecular systems.
AB  - We sought to design a free energy calculation scheme with the hope of saving cost
      for generating dynamical information that is inherent in trajectories. We
      demonstrated that snapshots in a converged trajectory set are associated with
      implicit conformers that have invariant statistical weight distribution (ISWD).
      Since infinite number of sets of implicit conformers with ISWD may be created
      through independent converged trajectory sets, we hypothesized that explicit
      conformers with ISWD may be constructed for complex molecular systems through
      systematic increase of conformer fineness, and tested the hypothesis in lipid
      molecule palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC). Furthermore, when explicit
      conformers with ISWD were utilized as basic states to define conformational
      entropy, change of which between two given macrostates was found to be equivalent
      to change of free energy except a mere difference of a negative temperature
      factor, and change of enthalpy essentially cancels corresponding change of
      average intra-conformer entropy. By implicitly taking advantage of entropy
      enthalpy compensation and forgoing all dynamical information, constructing
      explicit conformers with ISWD and counting thermally accessible number of which
      for interested end macrostates is likely to be an efficient and reliable
      alternative end point free energy calculation strategy. 

PMID- 26974525
TI  - Degradation of oxytetracycline and its impacts on biogas-producing microbial
      community structure.
AB  - The effect of veterinary antibiotics in anaerobic digesters is a concern where
      methane production efficiency is highly dependent on microbial community
      structure. In this study, both anaerobic degradation of a common veterinary
      antibiotic, oxytetracycline (OTC), and its effects on an anaerobic digester
      microbial community were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative molecular
      tools were used to monitor changes in microbial community structure during a 60
      day batch incubation period of cow manure with the addition of different
      concentrations of the antibiotic. Molecular data were interpreted by a further
      redundancy analysis as a multivariate statistics approach. At the end of the
      experiment, approximately 48, 33, and 17 % of the initially added 50, 100, and
      200 mg l(-1) of OTC was still present in the serum bottles which reduced the
      biogas production via accumulation of some of the volatile fatty acids (VFAs).
      Biogas production was highly correlated with Methanobacteriales and
      Methanosarcinales gene copy numbers, and those parameters were negatively
      affected with oxytetracycline and VFA concentrations. 

PMID- 26974528
TI  - Fixation of Displaced Medial Epicondyle Fractures in Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Open reduction and internal fixation of displaced medial epicondyle
      fracture dislocations in adolescents is recommended for incarceration of the
      epicondyle in the joint and for athletes who need a stable elbow for their sport.
      A screw placed across the epicondyle into the medial column avoiding the
      olecranon fossa is a common fixation method. One author has recommended adding a
      metal washer to the screw fixation because of the perceived risk of epicondyle
      fragmentation or penetration when using a screw alone. The purpose of this study
      was to determine whether the use of a screw and washer for the fixation of
      pediatric medial epicondyle fractures results in less fragmentation of the
      epicondyle at the time of surgery and more complaints of hardware prominence
      leading to a second surgery to remove a deep implant. METHODS: A retrospective
      review was performed of patients treated surgically for displaced medial
      epicondyle fracture dislocations between 2008 and 2014. RESULTS: Sixteen patients
      with a total of 17 fracture dislocations were included in the study. The average
      follow-up was 11.5 months. Twelve fractures were treated with a screw and washer
      and 5 fractures were treated with a screw alone. All fractures healed. No
      fracture treated with a screw alone resulted in fragmentation or penetration of
      the epicondyle fragment. Seven of 12 patients treated with a screw and washer
      requested deep metal removal due to prominence and irritation at the medial
      epicondyle. No patient treated with a screw alone requested metal removal (58%
      vs. 0%; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: One author suggested that adding a washer to the
      screw for fixation of medial epicondyle fractures improved the ability to safely
      compress the fragment. However, the results of the present study report no case
      of fragmentation or penetration of the epicondyle when a washer was not used. In
      addition, the use of a screw and washer significantly increased the likelihood of
      a second surgery for removal of prominent hardware. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

PMID- 26974526
TI  - The Effect of Dolutegravir on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Healthy
      Subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dolutegravir is an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)
      licensed for use in HIV-1 infection and is an inhibitor of organic cation
      transporter 2 (OCT2). This study assessed the effect of dolutegravir on the
      pharmacokinetics of metformin, an OCT2 substrate. DESIGN: This was an open-label,
      parallel-group, 3-period crossover study in healthy adult subjects. Subjects were
      enrolled into 1 of 2 treatment cohorts (15 subjects/cohort) receiving metformin
      500 mg q12h for 5 days in period 1; metformin 500 mg q12h plus dolutegravir 50 mg
      q24h (cohort 1) or 50 mg q12h (cohort 2) for 7 days in period 2; and metformin
      500 mg q12h for 10 days in period 3. There were no washout periods between
      treatments. Effects of dolutegravir on metformin transport and paracellular
      permeability were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS: Co-administration of dolutegravir
      50 mg q24h increased metformin area under the curve(0-tau) by 79% and Cmax by
      66%, whereas dolutegravir 50 mg q12h increased metformin area under the curve(0
      tau) and Cmax by 145% and 111%, respectively. Metformin t(1/2) remained
      unchanged. Increased metformin exposure during dolutegravir co-administration
      returned to period 1 levels after dolutegravir discontinuation in period 3. Co
      administration of dolutegravir and metformin was well tolerated. In vitro,
      dolutegravir was not a clinically relevant inhibitor of OCT1, OCT3, multidrug and
      toxin extrusion protein 1, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 2-K, or plasma
      membrane monoamine transporter, and it did not affect metformin paracellular
      permeability or uptake into an intestinal cell line. CONCLUSIONS: Dolutegravir
      significantly increased metformin plasma exposure, which can be partially
      explained by OCT2 inhibition. It is recommended that dose adjustments of
      metformin be considered to maintain optimal glycemic control when patients are
      starting/stopping dolutegravir while taking metformin.

PMID- 26974527
TI  - Does the Modified Gartland Classification Clarify Decision Making?
AB  - HYPOTHESIS: The modified Gartland classification system for pediatric
      supracondylar fractures is often utilized as a communication tool to aid in
      determining whether or not a fracture warrants operative intervention. This study
      sought to determine the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the
      Gartland classification system, as well as to determine whether there was
      agreement that a fracture warranted operative intervention regardless of the
      classification system. METHODS: A total of 200 anteroposterior and lateral
      radiographs of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures were retrospectively
      reviewed by 3 fellowship-trained pediatric orthopaedic surgeons and 2 orthopaedic
      residents and then classified as type I, IIa, IIb, or III. The surgeons then
      recorded whether they would treat the fracture nonoperatively or operatively. The
      kappa coefficients were calculated to determine interobserver and intraobserver
      reliability. RESULTS: Overall, the Wilkins-modified Gartland classification has
      low-moderate interobserver reliability (kappa=0.475) and high intraobserver
      reliability (kappa=0.777). A low interobserver reliability was found when
      differentiating between type IIa and IIb (kappa=0.240) among attendings. There
      was moderate-high interobserver reliability for the decision to operate
      (kappa=0.691) and high intraobserver reliability (kappa=0.760). Decreased
      interobserver reliability was present for decision to operate among residents.
      For fractures classified as type I, the decision to operate was made 3% of the
      time and 27% for type IIa. The decision was made to operate 99% of the time for
      type IIb and 100% for type III. SUMMARY: There is almost full agreement for the
      nonoperative treatment of Type I fractures and operative treatment for type III
      fractures. There is agreement that type IIb fractures should be treated
      operatively and that the majority of type IIa fractures should be treated
      nonoperatively. However, the interobserver reliability for differentiating
      between type IIa and IIb fractures is low. Our results validate the Gartland
      classfication system as a method to help direct treatment of pediatric
      supracondylar humerus fractures, although the modification of the system, IIa
      versus IIb, seems to have limited reliability and utility. Terminology based on
      decision to treat may lead to a more clinically useful classification system in
      the evaluation and treatment of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: Level III-diagnostic studies.

PMID- 26974529
TI  - Clinical and MRI Outcomes After Surgical Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of
      the Talus in Skeletally Immature Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The literature on the osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) in
      skeletally immature children is scarce and little is known about the clinical
      outcomes and the radiologic appearance of these lesions after surgical treatment.
      The aim of this study was to assess mid-term clinical and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) outcomes after arthroscopic microfracture (AM) of OLT in skeletally
      immature children. METHODS: Thirteen patients with OLT treated by AM before
      skeletal maturity were included in the study. The Berndt and Harty outcome
      question, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation question, and the Martin
      questionnaire were used to obtain patients' subjective satisfaction with their
      operated ankle. Functional outcomes preoperatively and postoperatively were
      evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score.
      MRI scans were performed postoperatively using a magnetic resonance observation
      of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) scoring system for 11 ankles. RESULTS: The
      median age was 15 years (range, 13 to 16 y) and the median follow-up period was
      5.6 years (range, 3.8 to 13.6 y). According to the Berndt and Harty outcome
      question, good clinical results were reported in 10 (76.9%) and fair in 3 (23.1%)
      patients. The postoperative AOFAS score was significantly improved when compared
      with the preoperative AOFAS score, with a mean increase of 35 points (P<0.001).
      The overall MOCART score was 65 (range, 10 to 75). MRI variables of the MOCART
      scoring system showed no association with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: AM
      seems to be an effective surgical method for the treatment of OLT in skeletally
      immature children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-therapeutic studies, case series.

PMID- 26974530
TI  - Free energy model for solid high-pressure phases of carbon.
AB  - Analytic free energy models for three solid high-pressure phases--diamond, body
      centered cubic phase with eight atoms in the unit cell (BC8), and simple cubic
      (SC)--are developed using density functional theory. We explicitly include
      anharmonic effects by performing molecular dynamics simulations and investigate
      their density and temperature dependence in detail. Anharmonicity in the nuclear
      motion shifts the phase transitions significantly compared to the harmonic
      approximation. Furthermore, we apply a thermodynamically constrained correction
      that brings the equation of state in accordance with diamond anvil cell
      experiments. The performance of our thermodynamic functions is validated against
      Hugoniot experiments.

PMID- 26974531
TI  - The First Case of Total Laparoscopic Living Donor Right Hemihepatectomy in
      Mainland China and Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Total laparoscopic living donor right hemihepatectomy (LDRH) has been
      successfully performed in several transplant centers. Here we report the first
      LDRH performed in mainland China and review current literature, focusing on
      perioperative donor evaluation and surgical procedure to secure donor safety.
      METHODS: A 47-year-old man volunteered for living donation to his wife who
      suffered from sclerosing cholangitis-related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular
      carcinoma. Donor height is 165 cm and weight is 65 kg, whereas the body mass
      index is 23.9. The CT volume evaluation showed that the graft-to-body weight
      ratio was 1.42%, and the remnant liver volume was 36.3% for right graft without
      middle hepatic vein (MHV). The anatomy of hepatic vein, artery, portal vein, and
      bile duct was normal. Preoperative liver function tests were normal. RESULTS:
      Intraoperative biopsy result showed minimal steatosis. A transection was
      performed along the right side of the MHV. Two branches of MHV (V5 and V8) were
      <5 mm in diameter, and there was no need for reconstruction in the back table.
      Hilar dissection was meticulously performed. Right portal vein, hepatic artery,
      and bile duct were transected above the bifurcation. The right hepatic vein was
      transected by a laparoscopic linear stapler. The real graft volume was 660 mL,
      with a revised graft-to-body weight ratio of 1.14%. Warm ischemia time was about
      4 minutes. The donor's postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: Total
      LDRH has been proven to be technically feasible in selected adult donors.
      Following increased experience, it might be a safe and minimally invasive option
      for adult donors.

PMID- 26974532
TI  - Shocking HIV out of hiding: where are we with clinical trials of latency
      reversing agents?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide an overview of the initial experiences with the use
      of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) in clinical trials in HIV and to discuss and
      contrast results arising from these studies. RECENT FINDINGS: Although the
      clinical administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and disulfiram
      to HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy significantly increased
      cell-associated HIV RNA in CD4 T cells and in some cases plasma HIV RNA, this did
      not reduce the frequency of latently infected cells in blood. Potential reasons
      for this include insufficient potency in latency reversal, lack of virus or
      immune-mediated cytolysis of virus-expressing cells and/or a high frequency of
      immune escape mutations in the recently activated virus. Analyses of HIV-specific
      T-cell responses in vivo did not demonstrate that HDACis impair immune cell
      effector functions. SUMMARY: More effective latency-reversing interventions and
      additional strategies to eliminate virus-expressing cells are needed. Key
      challenges include testing combinations of LRAs and/or LRAs with immune
      modulation to optimize potency in the absence of adverse events. A better
      understanding of the mechanisms of action of LRAs as well as strategies to
      enhance potency and penetration in tissue are key challenges for future studies.

PMID- 26974533
TI  - Anterior Segment Biometry of the Accommodating Intraocular Lens and its
      Relationship With the Amplitude of Accommodation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the anterior segment biometry of the Tetraflex
      accommodating intraocular lens (AIOL) and the contribution of forward movement to
      the amplitude of accommodation (AMP). METHODS: Patients who underwent
      phacoemulsification with implantation of Tetraflex AIOLs and control
      nonaccommodating intraocular lenses were imaged by custom-built, long scan depth
      spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at relaxed and maximal accommodative
      states. Anterior segment biometry was performed and correlated with the clinical
      manifestation including AMP. RESULTS: Patients in the Tetraflex group showed
      better distance-corrected near visual acuity (logMAR 0.43+/-0.10 vs. logMAR
      0.51+/-0.10, P<0.05) and greater AMP (1.99+/-0.58 diopters [D] vs. 1.59+/-0.45 D,
      P<0.05) compared with the control group. The measurement of the postoperative
      anterior chamber depth (ACD) during accommodation showed a forward movement of
      the AIOLs in 16 eyes (69.6%). Compared with the control group, a greater
      proportion of cases in the Tetraflex group experienced forward movement (chi
      test, P<0.001). The AMP in the AIOL group negatively correlated with changes in
      postoperative ACD during accommodation (r=-0.47, P<0.05), whereas AMP in the
      control group negatively correlated with postoperative pupil diameter (r=-0.57,
      P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Tetraflex AIOLs seemed to have a tendency for forward
      movement; however, the slight forward axial shifts of the Tetraflex AIOL during
      natural accommodation may not produce a clinically relevant change in optical
      power.

PMID- 26974534
TI  - Organoselenium Polymer Inhibits Biofilm Formation in Polypropylene Contact Lens
      Case Material.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Contact lens-acquired bacterial infections are a serious problem. Of
      the reported cases, inadequate cleaning of the lens case was the most common
      cause of lens contamination. Organoselenium has been shown to inhibit bacterial
      attachment to different polymer materials. This study evaluates the ability of an
      organoselenium monomer, incorporated into the polymer of a polypropylene contact
      lens case coupon, to block the formation of biofilms in a lens case. METHODS: The
      bacteria tested were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,
      Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Serratia marcescens. For this study, the
      bacteria were allowed to grow overnight, in trypticase soy broth media, in the
      presence of the selenium-containing polymer or the same polymer without
      organoselenium. The material was studied by both colony-forming unit
      determination and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: The results
      showed that the organoselenium polymer versus the control polymer resulted in the
      following effect on biofilm formation: (1) a reduction in P. aeruginosa of 7.3
      logs (100%); (2) a reduction in S. aureus of 7.3 logs (100%); (3) a reduction in
      S. maltophilia of 7.5 logs (100%); and (4) a reduction in S. marcescens reduction
      of 3.3 logs (99.9%). To test the stability of the organoselenium polypropylene
      contact lens coupon, the coupon was soaked in PBS for eight weeks at room
      temperature. It was found that when these soaked coupons were tested against S.
      aureus, complete inhibition (8.1 logs) was obtained. Because organoselenium
      cannot leach from the polymer, this would imply that the organoselenium
      polypropylene contact lens case coupon would be inhibitory toward bacterial
      biofilm for the life of the case. CONCLUSION: The organoselenium polypropylene
      contact lens case coupon shows the ability to inhibit biofilm formation. The use
      of organoselenium copolymer should play an important role in protecting against
      contact lens case-acquired infection.

PMID- 26974535
TI  - Association Between Hay Fever and High Myopia in United States Adolescents and
      Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between hay fever and refractive
      error in a representative sample of adolescents and adults in the United States.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 5,744 participants aged >=12 years
      from the 2005 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who
      participated in the allergy questionnaire, completed objective refraction and
      keratometry in both eyes, and had immunoglobulin E (IgE) serology. The primary
      predictor variable, refractive error, was classified as emmetropia (-0.99 to
      +0.99 diopters [D]), low myopia (-1.00 to -2.99 D), moderate myopia (-3.00 to 
      5.99 D), high myopia (>=-6.00 D), or hyperopia (>=1.00 D). Covariates included
      age, gender, race, asthma, eczema, total serum IgE >=120 kU/L, corneal steepness,
      and corneal astigmatism. The primary outcome was hay fever. RESULTS: The study
      population's mean age was 41.7 years; 48.8% of subjects were men and 51.2% were
      women. The prevalence of hay fever was 12.1% overall. High myopes had 2.7 times
      higher odds of hay fever compared to emmetropes (OR 2.67, CI, 1.57-4.51,
      P=0.001), which was independent of demographics, atopic conditions, IgE serology,
      and keratometry measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The association between hay fever and
      high myopia identified in this large cross-sectional study remains speculative
      and was not mediated through corneal steepness or corneal astigmatism. Further
      prospective studies may help elucidate the directionality of the association
      between hay fever and high myopia.

PMID- 26974536
TI  - Time Trends in Fast Food Consumption and Its Association with Obesity among
      Children in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Study the trends in Western fast food consumption (FFC) among Chinese
      school-age children and the association between FFC and obesity using nationwide
      survey data. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted to
      study the trends in FFC and the associations between FFC and weight status
      (overweight, obesity and body mass index (BMI) z-score). SETTING: Longitudinal
      data from families were collected in the 2004 and 2009 China Health and Nutrition
      Survey (covering nine provinces throughout China). SUBJECTS: The analysis
      included 2656 Chinese children aged 6 to 18 years (1542 and 1114 children in the
      2004 and 2009 survey, respectively). RESULTS: FFC (reported having consumed
      Western fast food in the past three months) has increased between 2004 and 2009,
      from 18.5% to 23.9% in those aged 6-18, and increased more rapidly among those
      aged 13-17, from 17.9% to 26.3%. The increase was significant in almost all
      groups by age, sex, family income, and residence. Our cross-sectional and
      longitudinal analyses did not detect a significant association between FFC and
      obesity/overweight or BMI z-score (e.g., for BMI z-score, boys: beta = 0.02, 95%
      CI: -0.71, 0.75; girls: beta = -0.14, 95% CI: -1.03, 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: FFC has
      increased in Chinese school-age children, especially in older children, boys, and
      those from low- and medium-income families, rural areas, and East China, but
      decreased among those from high-income families during 2004-2009. The data did
      not show a significant association between FFC and obesity.

PMID- 26974537
TI  - Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis Inducing IL-17A
      Autoantibody Attenuates Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma.
AB  - Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder, previous studies have shown that IL
      17A contributes to the development of asthma, and there is a positive correlation
      between the level of IL-17A and the severity of disease. Here, we constructed
      recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing fusion protein Ag85A-IL-17A (rMS
      Ag85a-IL-17a) and evaluated whether it could attenuate allergic airway
      inflammation, and further investigated the underlying mechanism. In this work,
      the murine model of asthma was established with ovalbumin, and mice were
      intranasally vaccinated with rMS-Ag85a-IL-17a. Autoantibody of IL-17A in sera was
      detected, and the airway inflammatory cells infiltration, the local cytokines and
      chemokines production and the histopathological changes of lung tissue were
      investigated. We found that the administration of rMS-Ag85a-IL-17a induced the
      autoantibody of IL-17A in sera. The vaccination of rMS-Ag85a-IL-17a remarkably
      reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the secretion of mucus in lung
      tissue and significantly decreased the numbers of the total cells, eosinophils
      and neutrophils in BALF. Th1 cells count in spleen, Th1 cytokine levels in BALF
      and supernatant of splenocytes and mediastinal lymph nodes, and T-bet mRNA in
      lung tissue were significantly increased with rMS-Ag85a-IL-17a administration.
      Meanwhile, rMS-Ag85a-IL-17a vaccination markedly decreased Th2 cells count, Th2
      cytokine and Th17 cytokine levels in BALF and supernatant of splenocytes and
      mediastinal lymph nodes, and chemokines mRNA expression in lung tissue. These
      data confirmed that recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis in vivo could induce
      autoantibody of IL-17A, which attenuated asthmatic airway inflammation. 

PMID- 26974538
TI  - The Role of Biliary Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cellular Adhesion Molecule 6
      (CEACAM6) as a Biomarker in Cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to determine if CEACAM6 can be
      detected in the bile of patients with biliary cancer and can serve as a
      diagnostic biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA:
      Distinguishing bile duct carcinoma from other diagnoses is often difficult using
      endoscopic or percutaneous techniques. The cell surface protein CEACAM6 is over
      expressed in many gastrointestinal cancers and may be selectively elevated in
      biliary adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Bile from patients with benign biliary disease
      and cholangiocarcinoma (hilar, intrahepatic and distal) was collected at the time
      of index operation. The concentration of CEACAM6 was quantified by sandwich
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlated to pathologic diagnosis.
      Diagnostic capability of CEACAM6 was evaluated by Wilcoxon rank-sum, linear
      regression, multiple regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      curve analysis. RESULTS: Bile from 83 patients was analyzed: 42 with benign
      disease and 41 with cholangiocarcinoma. Patients in the benign cohort were
      younger, predominantly female, and had lower median biliary CEACAM6 levels than
      patients in the malignant cohort (7.5 ng/ml vs. 40 ng/ml; p = <.001). ROC curve
      analysis determined CEACAM6 to be a positive predictor cholangiocarcinoma with a
      CEACAM6 level >14 ng/ml associated with 87.5% sensitivity, 69.1% specificity, and
      a likelihood ratio of 2.8 (AUC 0.74). Multiple regression analysis suggested
      elevated alkaline phosphatase and the presence of biliary endoprostheses may
      influence CEACAM6 levels. CONCLUSION: Biliary CEACAM6 can identify patients with
      extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with a high degree of sensitivity and should be
      investigated further as a potential screening tool.

PMID- 26974539
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Formulations of Febuxostat 40-Mg and
      80-Mg Tablets: A Randomized, Open-Label, 4-Way Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese
      Male Volunteers.
AB  - The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of
      febuxostat in healthy Chinese male volunteers and evaluate whether the two
      formulations of febuxostat 40-mg and 80-mg tablets are bioequivalent. A
      randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover study was conducted in healthy Chinese
      male volunteers under fasting conditions. 24 eligible subjects were randomized in
      a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of test or reference formulation of
      febuxostat 40-mg or 80-mg tablet. The washout period between each administration
      was 1 week. Plasma febuxostat was quantified by a validated liquid chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Tolerability was evaluated by
      monitoring adverse events, physical examinations, 12-lead ECG and laboratory
      tests. After single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, the pharmacokinetic
      parameters of test and reference formulations were: Tmax 1.22+/-0.87 and 1.85+/
      1.03 h, Cmax 1689.16+/-461.31 and 1613.80+/-608.43 ng.mL-1, AUC0-t 5139.87+/
      1349.28 and 5517.91+/-2024.26 ng.mL-1.h, AUC0-infinity 5263.06+/-1339.16 and
      5640.48+/-2040.22 ng.mL-1.h, t1/2 4.82+/-2.61 and 4.85+/-1.78 h, respectively.
      After single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat, the pharmacokinetic
      parameters of test and reference formulations were: Tmax 1.71+/-1.21 and 2.23+/
      1.55 h, Cmax 2744.47+/-1157.44 and 2998.17+/-1200.13 ng.mL-1, AUC0-t 9634.03+/
      2768.25 and 10467.95+/-3501.65 ng.mL-1.h, AUC0-infinity 9834.32+/-2730.51 and
      10626.63+/-3504.08 ng.mL-1.h, t1/2 6.25+/-2.44 and 5.46+/-1.65 h, respectively.
      For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference
      ratio of AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity and Cmax were 89.79 to 102.55, 90.14 to 102.56 and
      93.99 to 129.63, respectively. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat,
      90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity and Cmax were 86.67
      to 100.00, 87.50 to 100.51 and 79.48 to 105.99, respectively. This single dose
      study revealed similar pharmacokinetic properties in healthy Chinese male
      volunteers as those found in Caucasic population. The test and reference
      febuxostat tablets formulations met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence at
      40-mg and 80-mg strengths in fasting healthy Chinese male volunteers. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Chictr.org ChiCTR-TTRCC-14004288.

PMID- 26974540
TI  - Genetic Relationships among Tall Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.) Accessions of
      the International Coconut Genebank for Latin America and the Caribbean (ICG-LAC),
      Evaluated Using Microsatellite Markers (SSRs).
AB  - The diversity and genetic relationships among two accessions of tall coconut
      palms collected in Brazil and seven accessions introduced from different
      geographic regions of the world were analyzed using 25 microsatellite primers, 19
      of which were polymorphic and detected between 4 and 10 alleles per locus, with
      an average of 6.57. The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.25 and
      0.40 in the Rennell Islands Tall (RIT) accession to 0.54 and 0.62 in the
      Polynesian Tall (PYT) accession. The analysis of genetic structure resulted in
      the formation of five distinct groups. The first group was formed by the
      accessions Brazilian Tall-Praia do Forte (BRTPF), Brazilian Tall-Merepe (BRTMe)
      and West African Tall (WAT); the second group consisted of Malaysian Tall (MLT);
      the third group of RIT; the fourth group of Vanuatu Tall (VTT); and the fifth
      group of Rotuman Tall (RTMT), Tonga Tall (TONT) and PYT. The dendrogram based on
      the nearest-neighbor method detected the formation of two main groups and five
      subgroups, indicating that the genetic relationships of the accessions are based
      on their geographic regions of origin. The analyses revealed genetic
      relationships between the accessions collected in Brazil and the accession from
      Africa, and among palms from South East Asia and the South Pacific, confirming
      the common origin of these accessions. The information obtained in this study can
      guide decisions on germplasm conservation activities and the efficient selection
      of genetically divergent parents for use in coconut breeding programs in Brazil,
      which are attempting to select for disease resistance, mainly to lethal
      yellowing, among other characteristics. 

PMID- 26974542
TI  - Novel Ion-Exchange Coagulants Remove More Low Molecular Weight Organics than
      Traditional Coagulants.
AB  - Low molecular weight (MW) charged organic matter is poorly removed by
      conventional coagulants but contributes to disinfection byproduct formation
      during chlorination of drinking waters. We hypothesized that CIEX, a new Al-based
      hybrid coagulant with ion-exchange functional groups, would be new mechanistic
      approach to remove low MW organic matter during coagulation and would perform
      better than polyaluminum chloride (PACl) or metal-salt based coagulants. We
      measured coagulation performance using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a high
      hardness surface water. CIEX achieved excellent turbidity removal and removed 20%
      to 46% more DOC than FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, or PACl, depending on dose. The improved
      DOC removal was attributable to better removal of low MW organic matter (<2 kDa).
      We further studied removal mechanisms in a model water containing a low MW
      organic acid (salicylic acid (SA)). CIEX achieved high removal of organic acids
      (>90% of SA) independent of pH, whereas removal by metal salts was lower (<15%)
      and was strongly pH dependent. CIEX ion-exchange capability is facilitated by its
      covalently bound quaternary ammonium group, which conventional coagulants lack.
      Plus, unlike other cationic polymers that react with chloramines to form N
      nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), CIEX has a low molar yield (9.3 * 10(-7) mol NDMA
      per mol CIEX-N). 

PMID- 26974541
TI  - Oridonin Attenuates Synaptic Loss and Cognitive Deficits in an Abeta1-42-Induced
      Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Synaptic loss induced by beta-amyloid (Abeta) plays a critical role in the
      pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms underlying this
      process remain unknown. In this study, we found that oridonin (Ori) rescued
      synaptic loss induced by Abeta1-42 in vivo and in vitro and attenuated the
      alterations in dendritic structure and spine density observed in the hippocampus
      of AD mice. In addition, Ori increased the expression of PSD-95 and synaptophysin
      and promoted mitochondrial activity in the synaptosomes of AD mice. Ori also
      activated the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus of AD mice.
      Furthermore, in the Morris water maze test, Ori reduced latency and searching
      distance and increased the number of platform crosses in AD mice. These data
      suggest that Ori might prevent synaptic loss and improve behavioral symptoms in
      Abeta1-42-induced AD mice. 

PMID- 26974543
TI  - Pulmonary Neoplasms in Patients with Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome: Histopathological
      Features and Genetic and Somatic Events.
AB  - Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD) is an inherited disorder caused by genetic
      mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. Individuals with BHD have multiple
      pulmonary cysts and are at a high risk for developing renal cell carcinomas
      (RCCs). Currently, little information is available about whether pulmonary cysts
      are absolutely benign or if the lungs are at an increased risk for developing
      neoplasms. Herein, we describe 14 pulmonary neoplastic lesions in 7 patients with
      BHD. All patients were confirmed to have germline FLCN mutations. Neoplasm
      histologies included adenocarcinoma in situ (n = 2), minimally invasive
      adenocarcinoma (n = 1), papillary adenocarcinoma (n = 1), micropapillary
      adenocarcinoma (n = 1), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (n = 8), and
      micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MPH)-like lesion (n = 1). Five of the six
      adenocarcinoma/MPH-like lesions (83.3%) demonstrated a loss of heterozygosity
      (LOH) of FLCN. All of these lesions lacked mutant alleles and preserved wild-type
      alleles. Three invasive adenocarcinomas possessed additional somatic events: 2
      had a somatic mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) and
      another had a somatic mutation in KRAS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed
      that most of the lesions were immunostained for phospho-mammalian target of
      rapamycin (p-mTOR) and phospho-S6. Collective data indicated that pulmonary
      neoplasms of peripheral adenocarcinomatous lineage in BHD patients frequently
      exhibit LOH of FLCN with mTOR pathway signaling. Additional driver gene mutations
      were detected only in invasive cases, suggesting that FLCN LOH may be an
      underlying abnormality that cooperates with major driver gene mutations in the
      progression of pulmonary adenocarcinomas in BHD patients. 

PMID- 26974544
TI  - Detection of a Serum Siderophore by LC-MS/MS as a Potential Biomarker of Invasive
      Aspergillosis.
AB  - Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused
      primarily by Aspergillus fumigatus. Early diagnosis of IA is based, in part, on
      an immunoassay for circulating fungal cell wall carbohydrate, galactomannan (GM).
      However, a wide range of sensitivity and specificity rates have been reported for
      the GM test across various patient populations. To obtain iron in vivo, A.
      fumigatus secretes the siderophore, N,N',N"-triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) and we
      hypothesize that TAFC may represent a possible biomarker for early detection of
      IA. We developed an ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass
      spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for TAFC analysis from serum, and measured TAFC
      in serum samples collected from patients at risk for IA. The method showed lower
      and upper limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 5 ng/ml and 750 ng/ml, respectively,
      and complete TAFC recovery from spiked serum. As proof of concept, we evaluated
      76 serum samples from 58 patients with suspected IA that were investigated for
      the presence of GM. Fourteen serum samples obtained from 11 patients diagnosed
      with probable or proven IA were also analyzed for the presence of TAFC. Control
      sera (n = 16) were analyzed to establish a TAFC cut-off value (>=6 ng/ml). Of the
      36 GM-positive samples (>=0.5 GM index) from suspected IA patients, TAFC was
      considered positive in 25 (69%). TAFC was also found in 28 additional GM-negative
      samples. TAFC was detected in 4 of the 14 samples (28%) from patients with
      proven/probable aspergillosis. Log-transformed TAFC and GM values from patients
      with proven/probable IA, healthy individuals and SLE patients showed a
      significant correlation with a Pearson r value of 0.77. In summary, we have
      developed a method for the detection of TAFC in serum that revealed this fungal
      product in the sera of patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis. A prospective
      study is warranted to determine whether this method provides improved early
      detection of IA. 

PMID- 26974545
TI  - The "Pure Marriage" between 3D Printing and Well-Ordered Nanoarrays by Using
      PEALD Assisted Hydrothermal Surface Engineering.
AB  - For the first time, homogeneous and well-ordered functional nanoarrays were grown
      densely on the complex structured three-dimensional (3D) printing frameworks
      through a general plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) assisted
      hydrothermal surface engineering process. The entire process was free from toxic
      additives or harmful residues and, therefore, can meet the critical requirements
      of high-purity products. As a practical example, 3D customized earplugs were
      precisely manufactured according to the model of ear canals at the 0.1 mm level.
      Meanwhile, well-ordered ZnO nanoarrays, formed on the surfaces of these 3D
      printed earplugs, could effectively prevent the growth of five main pathogens
      derived from the patients with otitis media and exhibited excellent wear
      resistance as well. On the basis of both animal experiments and volunteers'
      investigations, the 3D customized earplugs showed sound insulation capabilities
      superior to those of traditional earplugs. Further animal experiments
      demonstrated the potential of as-modified implant scaffolds in practical clinical
      applications. This work, exemplified with earplugs and implant scaffolds,
      oriented the development direction of 3D printing in biomedical devices, which
      precisely integrated customized architecture and tailored surface performance. 

PMID- 26974546
TI  - Potential Influence of Advance Care Planning and Palliative Care Consultation on
      ICU Costs for Patients With Chronic and Serious Illness.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the potential ICU-related cost savings if in-hospital
      advance care planning and ICU-based palliative care consultation became standard
      of care for patients with chronic and serious illness. DESIGN AND SETTING:
      Decision analysis using literature estimates and inpatient administrative data
      from Premier. PATIENTS: Patients with chronic, life-limiting illness admitted to
      a hospital within the Premier network. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Using Premier data (2008-2012), ICU resource utilization and costs were
      tracked over a 1-year time horizon for 2,097,563 patients with chronic life
      limiting illness. Using a Markov microsimulation model, we explored the potential
      cost savings from the hospital system perspective under a variety of scenarios by
      varying the interventions' efficacies and availabilities. Of 2,097,563 patients,
      657,825 (31%) used the ICU during the 1-year time horizon; mean ICU spending per
      patient was 11.3k (SD, 17.6k). In the base-case analysis, if in-hospital advance
      care planning and ICU-based palliative care consultation were systematically
      provided, we estimated a mean reduction in ICU costs of 2.8k (SD, 14.5k) per
      patient and an ICU cost saving of 25%. Among the simulated patients who used the
      ICU, the receipt of both interventions could have resulted in ICU cost savings of
      1.9 billion, representing a 6% reduction in total hospital costs for these
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital advance care planning and palliative care
      consultation have the potential to result in significant cost savings. Studies
      are needed to confirm these findings, but our results provide guidance for
      hospitals and policymakers.

PMID- 26974547
TI  - An Exploratory Study of Long-Term Outcome Measures in Critical Illness Survivors:
      Construct Validity of Physical Activity, Frailty, and Health-Related Quality of
      Life Measures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Functional capacity is commonly impaired after critical illness. We
      sought to clarify the relationship between objective measures of physical
      activity, self-reported measures of health-related quality of life, and clinician
      reported global functioning capacity (frailty) in such patients, as well as the
      impact of prior chronic disease status on these functional outcomes. DESIGN:
      Prospective outcome study of critical illness survivors. SETTING: Community-based
      follow-up. PATIENTS: Participants of the Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Study in
      Critical Care: Longitudinal Evaluation Study (NCT01106300), invasively ventilated
      for more than 48 hours and on the ICU greater than 7 days. INTERVENTIONS: None.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Physical activity levels (health-related quality
      of life [36-item short-form health survey] and daily step counts [accelerometry])
      were compared to norm-based or healthy control scores, respectively. Controls for
      frailty (Clinical Frailty Score) were non-morbid, age- and gender-matched to
      survivors. Ninety-one patients were recruited on ICU admission: 41 were contacted
      for post-discharge assessment, and data were collected from 30 (14 female; mean
      age, 55.3 yr [95% CI, 48.3-62.3]; mean post-discharge, 576 d [95% CI, 539-614]).
      Patients' mean daily step count (5,803; 95% CI, 4,792-6,813) was lower than that
      in controls (11,735; 95% CI, 10,928-12,542; p < 0.001), and lower in those with
      preexisting chronic disease than without (2,989 [95% CI, 776-5,201] vs 7,737 [95%
      CI, 4,907-10,567]; p = 0.013). Physical activity measures (accelerometry, health
      related quality of life, and frailty) demonstrated good construct validity across
      all three tools. Step variability (from SD) was highly correlated with daily
      steps (r = 0.67; p < 0.01) demonstrating a potential boundary constraint.
      CONCLUSIONS: Subjective and objective measures of physical activity are all
      informative in ICU survivors. They are all reduced 18 months post-discharge in
      ICU survivors, and worse in those with pre-admission chronic disease states.
      Investigating interventions to improve functional capacity in ICU survivors will
      require stratification based on the presence of premorbidity.

PMID- 26974548
TI  - High Intracranial Pressure Induced Injury in the Healthy Rat Brain.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We recently showed that increased intracranial pressure to 50 mm Hg
      in the healthy rat brain results in microvascular shunt flow characterized by
      tissue hypoxia, edema, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability. We now
      determined whether increased intracranial pressure results in neuronal injury by
      Fluoro-Jade stain and whether changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral
      metabolic rate for oxygen suggest nonnutritive microvascular shunt flow. DESIGN:
      Intracranial pressure was elevated by a reservoir of artificial cerebrospinal
      fluid connected to the cisterna magna. Arterial blood gases, cerebral arterial
      venous oxygen content difference, and cerebral blood flow by MRI were measured.
      Fluoro-Jade stain neurons were counted in histologic sections of the right and
      left dorsal and lateral cortices and hippocampus. SETTING: University laboratory.
      SUBJECTS: Male Sprague Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Arterial pressure support if
      needed by IV dopamine infusion and base deficit corrected by sodium bicarbonate.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fluoro-Jade stain neurons increased 2.5- and 5.5
      fold at intracranial pressures of 30 and 50 mm Hg and cerebral perfusion
      pressures of 57 +/- 4 (mean +/- SEM) and 47 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively (p < 0.001)
      (highest in the right and left cortices). Voxel frequency histograms of cerebral
      blood flow showed a pattern consistent with microvascular shunt flow by
      dispersion to higher cerebral blood flow at high intracranial pressure and
      decreased cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. CONCLUSIONS: High intracranial
      pressure likely caused neuronal injury because of a transition from normal
      capillary flow to nonnutritive microvascular shunt flow resulting in tissue
      hypoxia and edema, and it is manifest by a reduction in the cerebral metabolic
      rate for oxygen.

PMID- 26974549
TI  - Hydrolytic Amino Acids Employed as a Novel Organic Nitrogen Source for the
      Preparation of PGPF-Containing Bio-Organic Fertilizer for Plant Growth Promotion
      and Characterization of Substance Transformation during BOF Production.
AB  - Opportunity costs seriously limit the large-scale production of bio-organic
      fertilizers (BOFs) both in China and internationally. This study addresses the
      utilization of amino acids resulting from the acidic hydrolysis of pig corpses as
      organic nitrogen sources to increase the density of TrichodermaharzianumT-E5 (a
      typical plant growth-promoting fungi, PGPF). This results in a novel, economical,
      highly efficient and environmentally friendly BOF product. Fluorescence
      excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy combined with fluorescence regional
      integration (FRI) was employed to monitor compost maturity levels, while pot
      experiments were utilized to test the effects of this novel BOF on plant growth.
      An optimization experiment, based on response surface methodologies (RSMs),
      showed that a maximum T-E5 population (3.72 * 108 ITS copies g-1) was obtained
      from a mixture of 65.17% cattle manure compost (W/W), 19.33% maggot manure (W/W),
      15.50% (V/W)hydrolytic amino acid solution and 4.69% (V/W) inoculum at 28.7
      degrees C after a 14 day secondary solid fermentation. Spectroscopy analysis
      revealed that the compost transformation process involved the degradation of
      protein-like substances and the formation of fulvic-like and humic-like
      substances. FRI parameters (PI, n, PII, n, PIII, n and PV, n) were used to
      characterize the degree of compost maturity. The BOF resulted in significantly
      higher increased chlorophyll content, shoot length, and shoot and root dry
      weights of three vegetables (cucumber, tomato and pepper) by 9.9%~22.4%,
      22.9%~58.5%, 31.0%~84.9%, and 24.2%~34.1%, respectively. In summary, this study
      presents an operational means of increasing PGPF T-E5 populations in BOF to
      promote plant growth with a concomitant reduction in production cost. In
      addition, a BOF compost maturity assessment using fluorescence EEM spectroscopy
      and FRI ensured its safe field application. 

PMID- 26974550
TI  - Influence of Different Nanomaterials on Growth and Mycotoxin Production of
      Penicillium verrucosum.
AB  - Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment. They originate from
      anthropogenic or natural sources or they are intentionally produced for different
      purposes. There exist manifold applications of nanoparticles in modern life
      leading unavoidably to a confrontation and interaction between nanomaterial and
      living organisms. Based on their wide distribution tending to increase steadily,
      the influence of particles based on silica and silver, exhibiting nominal sizes
      between 0.65 nm and 200 nm, on the physiology of the mycotoxigenic filamentous
      fungus Penicillium verrucosum was analyzed. The applied concentration and time
      point, the size and the chemical composition of the particles was shown to have a
      strong influence on growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. On microscopic scale it
      could be shown that silver nanoparticles attach to the mycelial surface.
      Moreover, silver nanoparticles with 0.65 nm and 5 nm in size were shown to
      internalize within the cell, form agglomerates in the cytoplasm and associate to
      cell organelles. 

PMID- 26974551
TI  - Evaluation of Parasiticide Treatment with Benznidazol in the
      Electrocardiographic, Clinical, and Serological Evolution of Chagas Disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease is one of the most important endemic parasitic
      diseases in Latin America. In its chronic phase, progression to cardiomyopathy
      has high morbidity and mortality. The persistence of a normal electrocardiogram
      (ECG) provides a similar prognosis to that of a non-diseased population.
      Benznidazole (BNZ) is the only drug with trypanocidal action available in Brazil.
      MATERIALS/METHODS/RESULTS: A group of 310 patients with chronic Chagas disease
      who had normal ECGs at the first medical visit performed before 2002 were
      included. There were 263 patients treated with BNZ and 47 untreated. The follow
      up period was 19.59 years. Univariate analyses showed that those treated were
      younger and predominantly male. As many as 79.08% of those treated and 46.81% of
      those untreated continued with normal electrocardiograms (p <0.0001). The
      occurrence of electrocardiographic abnormalities and relevant clinical events
      (heart failure, stroke, total mortality, and cardiovascular death) was less
      prevalent in treated patients (p <0.001, p: 0.022, p: 0.047 respectively). In
      multivariate analyses, the parasiticide treatment was an independent variable for
      persistence of a normal ECG pattern, which was an independent variable in the
      prevention of significant clinical events. The immunofluorescence titers
      decreased with the parasitological treatment. However, the small number of tests
      in untreated patients did not allow the correlation of the decrease of these
      titers with electrocardiographic alterations. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that
      treatment with benznidazole prevents the occurrence of electrocardiographic
      alterations. On the other hand, patients who develop ECG abnormalities present
      with more significant clinical events.

PMID- 26974552
TI  - Correction: Curcumin Significantly Enhances Dual PI3K/Akt and mTOR Inhibitor NVP
      BEZ235-Induced Apoptosis in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells through Down
      Regulation of p53-Dependent Bcl-2 Expression and Inhibition of Mcl-1 Protein
      Stability.

PMID- 26974553
TI  - Metal Dilution Effects on the Reverse Spin Transition in Mixed Crystals of Type
      [Co(1-x)Zn(x)(C16-terpy)2](BF4)2 (x = 0.1-0.7).
AB  - Metal dilution effects on reverse spin transition (rST) in mixed crystals of type
      [Co(1-x)Zn(x)(C16-terpy)2](BF4)2 (x = 0.1-0.7) were investigated by comparison
      with behavior of [Co(1-x)Fe(x)(C16-terpy)2](BF4)2 (x = 0.1-0.4). In the mixed
      crystals, the Zn complexes increased rST temperatures linearly with increasing
      values of x, without changing the hysteresis width, while the Fe complexes
      decreased rST temperatures. Moreover, the strength of the metal dilution effects
      in the CoZn mixed crystals is weaker than what occurs in the CoFe mixed crystals.

PMID- 26974554
TI  - Enantioselective Construction of Functionalized Tetrahydrocarbazoles Enabled by
      Asymmetric Relay Catalysis of Gold Complex and Chiral Bronsted Acid.
AB  - An intramolecular hydroamination/Michael addition cascade is realized using a
      combination of gold(I) complex and chiral BINOL-phosphoric acid, affording fused
      tetrahydrocarbazole scaffolds in excellent yields and high enantioselectivities. 

PMID- 26974555
TI  - Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 1,1-Diarylethenes.
AB  - Highly enantioselective cobalt-catalyzed hydrogenation of 1,1-diarylethenes was
      developed by using bench-stable chiral oxazoline iminopyridine-cobalt complexes
      as precatalysts. A unique o-chloride effect was observed to achieve high
      enantioselectivity. Easy removal as well as further transformations of the chloro
      group make this protocol a potentially useful alternative to synthesize various
      chiral 1,1-diarylethanes. This process can be successfully performed under 1 atm
      of hydrogen at room temperature on gram scale. 

PMID- 26974556
TI  - Clinical Features in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Probable Multiple System
      Atrophy Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, sporadic and progressive
      neurodegenerative disorder. We aimed to describe the clinical features of Danish
      probable MSA patients, evaluate their initial response to dopaminergic therapy
      and examine mortality. METHODS: From the Danish National Patient Registry, we
      identified 782 patients diagnosed with conditions potentially compatible with
      probable MSA (International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10) codes
      G23.2, G23.8 and G23.9) during 1994-2009. Through medical record review, we
      narrowed our sample to 115 patients who fulfilled the criteria for probable MSA.
      We recorded clinical features, examined differences by MSA subtype and used
      Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to examine mortality. RESULTS: The mean age at
      onset of patients with probable MSA was 60.2 years (range 36-75 years) and mean
      time to wheelchair dependency was 4.7 years (range 0-15 years). One-third of
      patients experienced a transient improvement in motor symptoms with use of
      levodopa. Median survival from disease onset was 6.9 years (range 1-16 years, 95%
      CI 6.3-7.5) with no apparent variation according to gender or subtype.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our nationwide approach corroborated that MSA is associated with
      diverse and grave symptoms, only limited response to levodopa, and poor
      prognosis.

PMID- 26974557
TI  - Global Health Education in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Fellowships.
AB  - A growing number of pulmonary and critical care medicine fellowship programs in
      the United States offer global health training opportunities. Formal, integrated
      global health programs within pulmonary and critical care fellowships are
      relatively new but are built on principles and ideals of global health that focus
      on the mutually beneficial exchange of knowledge and social justice. Although
      core competencies consistent with these overarching themes in global health
      education have not been formalized for pulmonary and critical care trainees,
      relevant competency areas include clinical knowledge, international research
      training, cultural competency, and clinical and research capacity building.
      Existing global health education in U.S. pulmonary and critical care medicine
      training programs can generally be classified as one of three different models:
      integrated global health tracks, global health electives, and additional research
      years. Successful global health education programs foster partnerships and
      collaborations with international sites that emphasize bidirectional exchange.
      This bidirectional exchange includes ongoing, equitable commitments to mutual
      opportunities for training and professional development, including a focus on the
      particular knowledge and skill sets critical for addressing the unique priorities
      of individual countries. However, barriers related to the availability of
      mentorship, funding, and dedicated time exist to expanding global health
      education in pulmonary and critical care medicine. The implementation of global
      health training within pulmonary and critical care medicine programs requires
      continued optimization, but this training is essential to prepare the next
      generation of physicians to address the global aspects of respiratory disease and
      critical illness.

PMID- 26974558
TI  - Endovascular Therapeutic Occlusion of the Posterior Cerebral Artery: An Option
      for Ruptured Giant Aneurysm in a Child.
AB  - The incidence of intracranial aneurysms in the pediatric population is low, and
      surgical clipping remains a good long-term treatment option. However, posterior
      circulation aneurysms are even more complex to manage in children than in adults.
      We report a case of a giant aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery in a 10
      year-old boy presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Endovascular treatment with
      platinum coils was performed with total occlusion of the aneurysm and the
      affected arterial segment without complications. The patient achieved good
      recovery, and a late control angiogram confirmed exclusion of the aneurysm.
      Occurrence of special features of cerebral aneurysm in children, in comparison to
      adults, is also described. Parent artery sacrifice is an effective therapeutic
      option, but long-term follow-up is necessary to avoid recurrence and rebleeding. 

PMID- 26974559
TI  - Psychosomatic and physical responses to a multi-component stress management
      program among teaching professionals: A randomized study of cognitive behavioral
      intervention (CB) with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study aims to assess psychosomatic and physical responses
      to a multi-component stress management program with the use of CAM and CB
      approaches among teaching professionals in Hong Kong. METHOD: A random controlled
      trial (RCT) was used to compare between CB group (n = 26) and the CAM-CB group (n
      = 30). Interventions were administered for 1.5 h once a week for eight
      consecutive weeks. A self-administered questionnaire including perceived stress
      scale (PSS) and frequency of psychosomatic symptoms were measured at baseline
      (T1), immediate after the program (T2), and 4 weeks after the program (T3).
      Physical parameters were measured at T1 and T2. RESULTS: A reduction of 23% in
      PSS was observed in the CB group, while the CAM-CB group yielded 18% reductions
      in PSS from T1 to T3 [F(2,108) = 3.099; p = .049]. No significant interactions
      were observed in the frequency of psychosomatic symptoms and physical parameters.
      However, a significant downward time trend was observed (p < .001) and larger
      percentage changes in physical responses were shown in the CAM-CB group than CB
      group. CONCLUSION: Clinical evidence of both the CAM-CB and CB program has been
      demonstrated in the current study and both approaches are easy to be self
      implemented. The CAM technique might serve as an alternative choice for self
      administered stress management to replace the additional time needed for
      professional follow-up contacts. It might further improve some physical responses
      such as handgrip strength and resting heart rate, which are associated with
      better psychosomatic health and better occupational stress management.

PMID- 26974560
TI  - Power-Hop: A Pervasive Observation for Real Complex Networks.
AB  - Complex networks have been shown to exhibit universal properties, with one of the
      most consistent patterns being the scale-free degree distribution, but are there
      regularities obeyed by the r-hop neighborhood in real networks? We answer this
      question by identifying another power-law pattern that describes the relationship
      between the fractions of node pairs C(r) within r hops and the hop count r. This
      scale-free distribution is pervasive and describes a large variety of networks,
      ranging from social and urban to technological and biological networks. In
      particular, inspired by the definition of the fractal correlation dimension D2 on
      a point-set, we consider the hop-count r to be the underlying distance metric
      between two vertices of the network, and we examine the scaling of C(r) with r.
      We find that this relationship follows a power-law in real networks within the
      range 2 <= r <= d, where d is the effective diameter of the network, that is, the
      90-th percentile distance. We term this relationship as power-hop and the
      corresponding power-law exponent as power-hop exponent h. We provide theoretical
      justification for this pattern under successful existing network models, while we
      analyze a large set of real and synthetic network datasets and we show the
      pervasiveness of the power-hop. 

PMID- 26974562
TI  - The Highs and Lows of Hemoglobin A1c.

PMID- 26974561
TI  - Characterization of a Novel Anti-Human HB-EGF Monoclonal Antibody Applicable for
      Paraffin-Embedded Tissues and Diagnosis of HB-EGF-Related Cancers.
AB  - Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of
      growth factors that bind to and activate the EGF receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and ErbB4.
      HB-EGF plays pivotal roles in pathophysiological processes, including cancer.
      Thus, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for HB-EGF detection could be an important
      tool in the therapeutic diagnosis of HB-EGF-related cancers and other diseases.
      However, few mAbs, especially those applicable for immunohistochemistry (IHC),
      have been established to date. In this study, we generated a clone of hybridoma
      derived mAb 2-108 by immunizing mice with recombinant human HB-EGF protein
      expressed by human cells. The mAb 2-108 specifically bound to human HB-EGF but
      not to mouse HB-EGF and was successful in immunoblotting, even under reducing
      conditions, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence for unfixed as well as
      paraformaldehyde-fixed cells. Notably, this mAb was effective in IHC of paraffin
      embedded tumor specimens. Epitope mapping analysis showed that mAb 2-108
      recognized the N-terminal prodomain in HB-EGF. These results indicate that this
      new anti-HB-EGF mAb 2-108 would be useful in the diagnosis of HB-EGF-related
      cancers and would be a strong tool in both basic and clinical research on HB-EGF.

PMID- 26974563
TI  - Opportunities and challenges in biological lignin valorization.
AB  - Lignin is a primary component of lignocellulosic biomass that is an underutilized
      feedstock in the growing biofuels industry. Despite the fact that lignin
      depolymerization has long been studied, the intrinsic heterogeneity of lignin
      typically leads to heterogeneous streams of aromatic compounds, which in turn
      present significant technical challenges when attempting to produce lignin
      derived chemicals where purity is often a concern. In Nature, microorganisms
      often encounter this same problem during biomass turnover wherein powerful
      oxidative enzymes produce heterogeneous slates of aromatics compounds. Some
      microbes have evolved metabolic pathways to convert these aromatic species via
      'upper pathways' into central intermediates, which can then be funneled through
      'lower pathways' into central carbon metabolism in a process we dubbed
      'biological funneling'. This funneling approach offers a direct, biological
      solution to overcome heterogeneity problems in lignin valorization for the modern
      biorefinery. Coupled to targeted separations and downstream chemical catalysis,
      this concept offers the ability to produce a wide range of molecules from lignin.
      This perspective describes research opportunities and challenges ahead for this
      new field of research, which holds significant promise towards a biorefinery
      concept wherein polysaccharides and lignin are treated as equally valuable
      feedstocks. In particular, we discuss tailoring the lignin substrate for
      microbial utilization, host selection for biological funneling, ligninolytic
      enzyme-microbe synergy, metabolic engineering, expanding substrate specificity
      for biological funneling, and process integration, each of which presents key
      challenges. Ultimately, for biological solutions to lignin valorization to be
      viable, multiple questions in each of these areas will need to be addressed,
      making biological lignin valorization a multidisciplinary, co-design problem.

PMID- 26974564
TI  - Identification of complex septic odorants in Huangpu River source water by
      combining the data from gas chromatography-olfactometry and comprehensive two
      dimensional gas chromatography using retention indices.
AB  - Identification of the trace odorants causing the septic odors in source waters
      with complex matrixes has long been a big challenge. The Huangpu (HP) River, an
      important source water for Shanghai, has long been suffering from septic and
      musty odors, although major odorants have not been identified. In this study,
      combining the data from gas chromatography-olfactometry with mass spectrometry
      (GC-O/MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of
      flight mass spectrometry (GC*GC-TOFMS) using retention indices (RIs) was used for
      the identification of odorants in HP source water. Olfactometry peaks detected in
      water extracts by GC-O/MS were combined with the chromatography peaks detected by
      GC*GC-TOFMS based on the RIs determined using the retention times (RTs) of
      alkanes C7-C30. A total of thirteen olfactometry peaks were obtained though GC
      O/MS analysis, and potential odorants corresponding to each of the olfactometry
      peaks were screened based on the odor characteristics and match similarity using
      GC*GC-TOFMS. Finally, fourteen odorants (one odorant was detected in GC*GC-TOFMS
      without an olfactometry peak), including three septic odorants (bis(2
      chloroisopropyl) ether, diethyl disulfide and dimethyl disulfide) and two musty
      ones (geosmin and 2-MIB), were confirmed by using authentic standards. The septic
      and musty odorants in six source water samples taken over a period of six months
      were quantified. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether, with an odor activity value (OAV)
      of 1.84-3.2, was found to be a major septic odorant in HP source water, followed
      by diethyl disulfide (OAV 1.56-1.96) and dimethyl disulfide (OAV 0.37-2.42),
      while geosmin (OAV 4.37-11.44) was the major musty odorant, followed by 2-MIB
      (OAV 1.13-1.89). This is the first comprehensive study focusing on the
      identification of odorants in a complex source water. The integrated approach
      used in this study could be applied for the identification of odorants in other
      complex source waters suffering similar odor problems. 

PMID- 26974565
TI  - Biochar affects soil organic matter cycling and microbial functions but does not
      alter microbial community structure in a paddy soil.
AB  - The application of biochar (BC) in conjunction with mineral fertilizers is one of
      the most promising management practices recommended to improve soil quality.
      However, the interactive mechanisms of BC and mineral fertilizer addition
      affecting microbial communities and functions associated with soil organic matter
      (SOM) cycling are poorly understood. We investigated the SOM in physical and
      chemical fractions, microbial community structure (using phospholipid fatty acid
      analysis, PLFA) and functions (by analyzing enzymes involved in C and N cycling
      and Biolog) in a 6-year field experiment with BC and NPK amendment. BC
      application increased total soil C and particulate organic C for 47.4-50.4% and
      63.7-74.6%, respectively. The effects of BC on the microbial community and C
      cycling enzymes were dependent on fertilization. Addition of BC alone did not
      change the microbial community compared with the control, but altered the
      microbial community structure in conjunction with NPK fertilization. SOM
      fractions accounted for 55% of the variance in the PLFA-related microbial
      community structure. The particulate organic N explained the largest variation in
      the microbial community structure. Microbial metabolic activity strongly
      increased after BC addition, particularly the utilization of amino acids and
      amines due to an increase in the activity of proteolytic (l-leucine
      aminopeptidase) enzymes. These results indicate that microorganisms start to mine
      N from the SOM to compensate for high C:N ratios after BC application, which
      consequently accelerate cycling of stable N. Concluding, BC in combination with
      NPK fertilizer application strongly affected microbial community composition and
      functions, which consequently influenced SOM cycling. 

PMID- 26974566
TI  - A review of atmospheric and land surface processes with emphasis on flood
      generation in the Southern Himalayan rivers.
AB  - Floods in the southern rim of the Indian Himalayas are a major cause of loss of
      life, property, crops, infrastructure, etc. They have long term socio-economic
      impacts on the habitat living along/across the Himalayas. In the recent decade
      extreme precipitation events have led to numerous flash floods in and around the
      Himalayan region. Sporadic case-based studies have tried to explain the
      mechanisms causing the floods. However, in some of the cases, the causative
      mechanisms have been elusive. Various types of flood events have been debated at
      different spatial and temporal scales. The present study provides an overview of
      mechanisms that lead to floods in and around the southern rim of the Indian
      Himalayas. Atmospheric processes, landuse interaction, and glacier-related
      outbreaks are considered in the overview. 

PMID- 26974567
TI  - A study of ambient fine particles at Tianjin International Airport, China.
AB  - The total count number concentration of particles from 10 to 1000nm, particle
      size distribution, and PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter<=2.5MUm) mass concentration
      were measured on a parking apron next to the runway at Tianjin International
      Airport in China. The data were collected 250, 270, 300, 350, and 400m from the
      runway. Wind direction and wind speed played important roles in determining the
      characteristics of the atmospheric particles. An inverted U-shaped relationship
      was observed between the measured particle number concentration and wind speed,
      with an average peak concentration of 2.2*10(5)particles/cm(3) at wind speeds of
      approximately 4-5m/s. The atmospheric particle number concentration was affected
      mainly by aircraft takeoffs and landings, and the PM2.5 mass concentration was
      affected mainly by the relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere. Ultrafine
      particles (UFPs, diameter<100nm), with the highest number concentration at a
      particle size of approximately 16nm, dominated the measured particle size
      distributions. The calculated particle emission index values for aircraft takeoff
      and landing were nearly the same, with mean values of 7.5*10(15)particles/(kg
      fuel) and 7.6*10(15)particles/(kg fuel), respectively. The particle emission rate
      for one aircraft during takeoff is two orders of magnitude higher than for all
      gasoline-powered passenger vehicles in Tianjin combined. The particle number
      concentrations remained much higher than the background concentrations even
      beyond 400m from the runway. 

PMID- 26974568
TI  - Initial geochemical characteristics of fluid fine tailings in an oil sands end
      pit lake.
AB  - Geochemical characteristics of fluid fine tailings (FFT) were examined in Base
      Mine Lake (BML), which is the first full-scale demonstration oil sands end pit
      lake (EPL) in northern Alberta, Canada. Approximately 186Mm(3) of FFT was
      deposited between 1994 and 2012, before BML was established on December 31, 2012.
      Bulk FFT samples (n=588) were collected in July and August 2013 at various depths
      at 15 sampling sites. Temperature, solid content, electrical conductivity (EC),
      pH, Eh and alkalinity were measured for all samples. Detailed geochemical
      analyses were performed on a subset of samples (n=284). Pore-water pH decreased
      with depth by approximately 0.5 within the upper 10m of the FFT. Major pore-water
      constituents included Na (880+/-96mgL(-1)) and Cl (560+/-95mgL(-1)); Ca (19+/
      4.1mgL(-1)), Mg (11+/-2.0mgL(-1)), K (16+/-2.3mgL(-1)) and NH3 (9.9+/-4.7mgL(-1))
      were consistently observed. Iron and Mn concentrations were low within FFT pore
      water, whereas SO4 concentrations decreased sharply across the FFT-water
      interface. Geochemical modeling indicated that FeS(s) precipitation was favoured
      under SO4-reducing conditions. Pore water was also under-saturated with respect
      to gypsum [CaSO4.2H2O], and near saturation with respect to calcite [CaCO3],
      dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] and siderite [FeCO3]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggested
      that carbonate-mineral dissolution largely depleted calcite and dolomite. X-ray
      absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy revealed the presence of
      FeS(s), pyrite [FeS2], and siderite. Carbonate-mineral dissolution and secondary
      mineral precipitation have likely contributed to FFT dewatering and settlement.
      However, the long-term importance of these processes within EPLs remains unknown.
      These results provide a reference for assessing the long-term geochemical
      evolution of oil sands EPLs, and offer insight into the chemistry of pore water
      released from FFT to the overlying water cover. 

PMID- 26974569
TI  - The long-term effects of invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) on
      instream macroinvertebrate communities.
AB  - Non-native species represent a significant threat to indigenous biodiversity and
      ecosystem functioning worldwide. It is widely acknowledged that invasive crayfish
      species may be instrumental in modifying benthic invertebrate community
      structure, but there is limited knowledge regarding the temporal and spatial
      extent of these effects within lotic ecosystems. This study investigates the long
      term changes to benthic macroinvertebrate community composition following the
      invasion of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, into English rivers. Data
      from long-term monitoring sites on 7 rivers invaded by crayfish and 7 rivers
      where signal crayfish were absent throughout the record (control sites) were used
      to examine how invertebrate community composition and populations of individual
      taxa changed as a result of invasion. Following the detection of non-native
      crayfish, significant shifts in invertebrate community composition were observed
      at invaded sites compared to control sites. This pattern was strongest during
      autumn months but was also evident during spring surveys. The observed shifts in
      community composition following invasion were associated with reductions in the
      occurrence of ubiquitous Hirudinea species (Glossiphonia complanata and
      Erpobdella octoculata), Gastropoda (Radix spp.), Ephemeroptera (Caenis spp.), and
      Trichoptera (Hydropsyche spp.); although variations in specific taxa affected
      were evident between regions and seasons. Changes in community structure were
      persistent over time with no evidence of recovery, suggesting that crayfish
      invasions represent significant perturbations leading to permanent changes in
      benthic communities. The results provide fundamental knowledge regarding non
      native crayfish invasions of lotic ecosystems required for the development of
      future management strategies. 

PMID- 26974570
TI  - Conversion to drip irrigated agriculture may offset historic anthropogenic and
      wildfire contributions to sediment production.
AB  - This study is an investigation into the roles of wildfire and changing
      agricultural practices in controlling the inter-decadal scale trends of suspended
      sediment production from semi-arid mountainous rivers. In the test case, a
      decreasing trend in suspended sediment concentrations was found in the lower
      Salinas River, California between 1967 and 2011. Event to decadal scale patterns
      in sediment production in the Salinas River have been found to be largely
      controlled by antecedent hydrologic conditions. Decreasing suspended sediment
      concentrations over the last 15years of the record departed from those expected
      from climatic/hydrologic forcing. Sediment production from the mountainous
      headwaters of the central California Coast Ranges is known to be dominated by the
      interaction of wildfire and large rainfall/runoff events, including the Arroyo
      Seco, an ~700km(2) subbasin of the Salinas River. However, the decreasing trend
      in Salinas River suspended sediment concentrations run contrary to increases in
      the watershed's effective burn area over time. The sediment source area of the
      Salinas River is an order of magnitude larger than that of the Arroyo Seco, and
      includes a more complicated mosaic of land cover and land use. The departure from
      hydrologic forcings on suspended sediment concentration patterns was found to
      coincide with a rapid conversion of irrigation practices from sprinkler and
      furrow to subsurface drip irrigation. Changes in agricultural operations appear
      to have decreased sediment supply to the Salinas River over the late 20th to
      early 21st centuries, obscuring the influence of wildfire on suspended sediment
      production. 

PMID- 26974571
TI  - Vulnerability to climate change of cocoa in West Africa: Patterns, opportunities
      and limits to adaptation.
AB  - The West African cocoa belt, reaching from Sierra Leone to southern Cameroon, is
      the origin of about 70% of the world's cocoa (Theobroma cacao), which in turn is
      the basis of the livelihoods of about two million farmers. We analyze cocoa's
      vulnerability to climate change in the West African cocoa belt, based on climate
      projections for the 2050s of 19 Global Circulation Models under the
      Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change intermediate emissions scenario RCP
      6.0. We use a combination of a statistical model of climatic suitability (Maxent)
      and the analysis of individual, potentially limiting climate variables. We find
      that: 1) contrary to expectation, maximum dry season temperatures are projected
      to become as or more limiting for cocoa as dry season water availability; 2) to
      reduce the vulnerability of cocoa to excessive dry season temperatures, the
      systematic use of adaptation strategies like shade trees in cocoa farms will be
      necessary, in reversal of the current trend of shade reduction; 3) there is a
      strong differentiation of climate vulnerability within the cocoa belt, with the
      most vulnerable areas near the forest-savanna transition in Nigeria and eastern
      Cote d'Ivoire, and the least vulnerable areas in the southern parts of Cameroon,
      Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire and Liberia; 4) this spatial differentiation of climate
      vulnerability may lead to future shifts in cocoa production within the region,
      with the opportunity of partially compensating losses and gains, but also the
      risk of local production expansion leading to new deforestation. We conclude that
      adaptation strategies for cocoa in West Africa need to focus at several levels,
      from the consideration of tolerance to high temperatures in cocoa breeding
      programs, the promotion of shade trees in cocoa farms, to policies incentivizing
      the intensification of cocoa production on existing farms where future climate
      conditions permit and the establishment of new farms in already deforested areas.

PMID- 26974572
TI  - Snowmelt-driven changes in dissolved organic matter and bacterioplankton
      communities in the Heilongjiang watershed of China.
AB  - Bacterioplankton plays a significant role in the circulation of materials and
      ecosystem function in the biosphere. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from dead
      plant material and surface soil leaches into water bodies when snow melts. In our
      study, water samples from nine sampling sites along the Heilongjiang watershed
      were collected in February and June 2014 during which period snowmelt occurred.
      The goal of this study was to characterize changes in DOM and bacterioplankton
      community composition (BCC) associated with snowmelt, the effects of DOM,
      environmental and geographical factors on the distribution of BCC and
      interactions of aquatic bacterioplankton populations with different sources of
      DOM in the Heilongjiang watershed. BCC was measured by denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis (DGGE). DOM was measured by excitation-emission matrix (EEM)
      fluorescence spectroscopy. Bacterioplankton exhibited a distinct seasonal change
      in community composition due to snowmelt at all sampling points except for EG.
      Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that BCC was more closely related to DOM
      (Components 1 and 4, dissolved organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand and
      chlorophyll a) and environmental factors (water temperature and nitrate nitrogen)
      than geographical factors. Furthermore, DOM had a greater impact on BCC than
      environmental factors (29.80 vs. 15.90% of the variation). Overall, spring
      snowmelt played an important role in altering the quality and quantity of DOM and
      BCC in the Heilongjiang watershed. 

PMID- 26974573
TI  - Heavy metal bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations in wild Arctic
      hares (Lepus arcticus) inhabiting a former lead-zinc mine in the Canadian high
      Arctic: A preliminary study.
AB  - A preliminary study was undertaken to determine post-mining baseline accumulation
      of selected trace metals, and histopathological alterations in free-living arctic
      hares (Lepus arcticus) inhabiting the vicinity of a former lead-zinc mine located
      on North Baffin Island in the Canadian High Arctic. Trace metal analysis included
      measurement of As, Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in tissues, and histopathological assessment
      comprised of evaluation and scoring the severity of metal-induced hepatic and
      renal lesions. Metal contents in hepatic and renal tissues from hares from the
      mine area compared with the reference locations did not differ significantly
      suggesting that the animals are not uniformly exposed to background levels of
      metals in the environment. However, relatively higher accumulation pattern of Pb
      and Cd were noted in liver tissues of hare from the mine area compared to the
      background area, but did not induce increased lesions. Surface soils near the
      mine area contained relatively higher levels of trace metals (Zn>Mn>Pb>Cd>As)
      compared to reference soils, and with soil levels of Cd showing strong
      correlation with Cd accumulation in kidney tissues. Generally, both case and
      reference animals showed similar but varying severities of hepatic and renal
      lesions at the sublethal level, notably vascular congestion, occasional large
      hepatocyte nuclei, binucleate hepatocytes, yellow-brown pigmentation in the
      cytoplasm of hepatocytes and clustering of lymphocytes. Only hares with
      relatively higher accumulation of Pb from the mine area showed evidence of renal
      edema and hemorrhage of the capsular surface. This study constitutes the first
      assessment of metal induced histopathological alterations in arctic hares exposed
      to a historical mining area in the high arctic. 

PMID- 26974574
TI  - Economic gains from targeted measures related to non-point pollution in
      agriculture based on detailed nitrate reduction maps.
AB  - From 1990 to 2003, Denmark reduced N-leaching from the root zone by 50%. However,
      more measures are required, and in recent years, the focus has been on how to
      differentiate measures in order to ensure that they are implemented where the
      effect on N-loss reductions per ha is the greatest. The purpose of the NiCA
      project has been to estimate the natural nitrate reduction in the groundwater
      more precisely than before using a plot size down to 1ha. This article builds on
      these findings and presents the possible economic gains for the farmer when using
      this information to reach a given N-loss level. Targeted measures are especially
      relevant where the subsurface N-reduction varies significantly within the same
      farm and national analyses have shown that a cost reduction of around 20-25%
      using targeted measures is likely. The analyses show an increasing potential with
      increasing variation in N-reduction in the catchment. In this analysis, the
      knowledge of spatial variation in N-reduction potential is used to place measures
      like catch crops or set-a-side at locations with the greatest effect on 10 case
      farms in the Norsminde Catchment, Denmark. The findings suggest that the gains
      are from 0 to 32?/ha and the average farm would gain approximately 14-21?/ha/year
      from the targeted measures approach. The analysis indicates that the economic
      gain is greater than the costs of providing the detailed maps of 5-10?/ha/year.
      When N-loss reduction requirements are increased, the economic gains are greater.
      When combined with new measures like mini-wetlands and early sowing the economic
      advantage is increased further. The paper also shows that not all farms can use
      the detailed information on N-reduction and there is not a clear link between
      spatial variation in N-reduction at the farm level and possible economic gains
      for all these 10 farms. 

PMID- 26974575
TI  - Improving the identification of hydrologically sensitive areas using LiDAR DEMs
      for the delineation and mitigation of critical source areas of diffuse pollution.
AB  - Identifying critical source areas (CSAs) of diffuse pollution in agricultural
      catchments requires the accurate identification of hydrologically sensitive areas
      (HSAs) at highest propensity for generating surface runoff and transporting
      pollutants. A new GIS-based HSA Index is presented that improves the
      identification of HSAs at the sub-field scale by accounting for microtopographic
      controls. The Index is based on high resolution LiDAR data and a soil topographic
      index (STI) and also considers the hydrological disconnection of overland flow
      via topographic impediment from flow sinks. The HSA Index was applied to four
      intensive agricultural catchments (~7.5-12km(2)) with contrasting topography and
      soil types, and validated using rainfall-quickflow measurements during saturated
      winter storm events in 2009-2014. Total flow sink volume capacities ranged from
      8298 to 59,584m(3) and caused 8.5-24.2% of overland-flow-generating-areas and
      16.8-33.4% of catchment areas to become hydrologically disconnected from the open
      drainage channel network. HSA maps identified 'breakthrough points' and 'delivery
      points' along surface runoff pathways as vulnerable points where diffuse
      pollutants could be transported between fields or delivered to the open drainage
      network, respectively. Using these as proposed locations for targeting mitigation
      measures such as riparian buffer strips reduced potential costs compared to
      blanket implementation within an example agri-environment scheme by 66% and 91%
      over 1 and 5years respectively, which included LiDAR DEM acquisition costs. The
      HSA Index can be used as a hydrologically realistic transport component within a
      fully evolved sub-field scale CSA model, and can also be used to guide the
      implementation of 'treatment-train' mitigation strategies concurrent with
      sustainable agricultural intensification. 

PMID- 26974576
TI  - Fermentation enhances Ginkgo biloba protective role on gamma-irradiation induced
      neuroinflammatory gene expression and stress hormones in rat brain.
AB  - Ionizing radiation has attracted a lot of attention due to its beneficial and
      possible harmful effects to the human population. The brain displays numerous
      biochemical and functional alterations after exposure to irradiation, which
      induces oxidative-stress through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The
      present study evaluated the neuro-protective role of fermented Ginkgo biloba
      (FGb) leaf extract, compared to non-fermented G. biloba (Gb) leaf extract against
      gamma-irradiation (6Gy) in the rats' brain. The changes of the Gb phytochemical
      constituents after fermentation, using Aspergillus niger were evaluated by Gas
      Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The results showed a significant decrease in
      superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and elevation
      of the calcium level in the brain cytosolic fraction of gamma-irradiated rats.
      Further, significant increases in the malondialdehyde (MDA), the stress hormones
      (catecholamines); epinephrine (EN), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels
      and the interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
      gene expression relative ratio in parallel with a significant decrease in the
      glutathione (GSH) content and DNA fragmentation in the brain tissues of the gamma
      irradiated rats were observed. The pre-treatment with Gb extract significantly
      amended these biochemical parameters. Meanwhile, the pre-treatment with the FGb
      showed more improvement, compared to Gb, of these biochemical parameters in the
      brain of gamma-irradiated rats, which could be attributed to the enhancement of
      its antioxidant activity after fermentation. These findings suggested that
      fermentation enhances the protective effect of Gb in the brain on the
      neuroinflammation, release of the stress hormones, apoptosis and oxidative damage
      induced by gamma-irradiation. IN CONCLUSION: fermentation improved the bio
      activities of Gb leaf extract and thus enhanced the in-vivo antioxidant, anti
      apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities, leading to amelioration of the stress
      hormones and Ca level. Accordingly, the fermentation enhances the protective role
      of Gb against gamma-irradiation induced physiological disturbance in the rat's
      brain.

PMID- 26974577
TI  - Synthesis, spectral characterization, DNA interaction, radical scavenging and
      cytotoxicity studies of ruthenium(II) hydrazone complexes.
AB  - Three new ruthenium(II) complexes with hydrazone ligands, furan-2-carboxylic acid
      (2,4-dihydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide (HL(1)), furan-2-carboxylic acid [4-(ethyl
      propyl-amino)-2-hydroxy-benzylidene]-hydrazide (HL(2)) and furan-2-carboxylic
      acid (3-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazide (HL(3)) were synthesized and
      characterized by various spectro-analytical techniques. The hydrazone ligands act
      as a tridendate ligand with ONO as the donor sites and are preferably found in
      the enol form in all the complexes. The molecular structure of the ligands was
      determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The interaction of the
      ligands and the complexes with CT-DNA were evaluated by an absorption titration
      method which revealed that the compounds interact with CT-DNA through
      intercalation. Gel electrophoresis assay demonstrated the ability of the
      complexes to cleave the calf thymus DNA hydrolytically. Antioxidant studies
      showed that the ruthenium(II) complexes have a strong radical-scavenging
      properties. Further, the cytotoxic effect of the compounds examined on cancerous
      cell lines showed that the complexes exhibited substantial anticancer activity. 

PMID- 26974578
TI  - Pharmacological investigations and Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analyses of
      newly synthesized potentially bioactive organotin(IV) carboxylates.
AB  - A series of organotin(IV) carboxylate complexes: [Me2SnL2] (1), [n-Bu2SnL2] (2),
      [n-Oct2SnL2] (3), [Me3SnL] (4), [n-Bu3SnL] (5) and [Ph3SnL] (6), where L=3-(4
      fluorophenyl)acrylic acid, have been successfully synthesized and characterized
      by FT-IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C) and single crystal analysis. The ligand coordinates
      to tin atom via carboxylate group. Compound 4 was also analyzed by single crystal
      XRD analysis. Crystallographic data for trimethyltin(IV) complex showed that the
      tin has approximate trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the CH3 groups in the
      trigonal plane. The carboxylate groups bridge the adjacent tin atoms, resulting
      in polymeric chains. FT-IR and NMR data also support the 5-coordination geometry
      for the triorganotin(IV) derivatives. In the case of the diorganotin(IV)
      derivatives a six-coordinate geometry at the tin atom is proposed from
      spectroscopic data. The Me-Sn-Me bond angle in complexes 1 and 4 was determined
      from the (2)J[(119)Sn-(1)H] value as 138.4 degrees  and 111 degrees  that falls
      in the range of 5-coordinated trigonal bipyramidal and 6-coordinated octahedral
      geometries, respectively. The synthesized compounds were screened for their
      biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxicity. The
      compounds 4-6 exhibit excellent antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic
      activities. The cytotoxicity data reveals that the HL and 1-3 are almost non
      toxic and exhibited LD50 values in the range 73.45-675.1MUg/mL while 4-6 are
      found to be cytotoxic to mildly cytotoxic with LD50 values in the range 6.43
      13.49MUg/mL. The compound interacts with DNA via intercalation of aromatic ring
      into the base pairs of DNA resulting in hypochromism and minor red shift. 

PMID- 26974579
TI  - Wood degradation under UV irradiation: A lignin characterization.
AB  - The photodegradation of white spruce by artificial ageing was studied by several
      techniques: colourimetry, FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Samples were
      exposed at a xenon lamp for 2000h. Two distinct colour changes were found by
      colourimetric analysis, yellowing and silvering. These colour modifications
      indicate the formation of chromophoric structures which supports previous FTIR
      ATR experiments. The degradation of lignin to generate the first chromophoric
      group for yellowing and then the appearance of surface layer cellulose. New
      carbonyl compounds conjugated with double bond at 1615cm(-1) are probably the
      second chromophoric group. The crystallinity index was also calculated and showed
      an increase of cellulose crystallinity by prior degradation of amorphous
      cellulose. The FT-Raman analysis confirms the wood sensitivity to
      photodegradation but the most remarkable results is the increase of fluorescence
      as a function of time. In softwood lignin, the compound able to produce
      fluorescence is a free rotating 5-5' linkage of one biphenyl structure. At native
      state these linkages are not free rotating, this phenomenon means the release of
      5-5' linkage of lignin structure by cleavage of both alpha carbon linkages
      (Norrish type I reaction). These data confirm also the photosensitivity of alpha
      and beta carbon in lignin and the resistance of 5-5' linkages. 

PMID- 26974580
TI  - Fluorescence properties and sequestration of peripheral anionic site specific
      ligands in bile acid hosts: Effect on acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity.
AB  - The increase in fluorescence intensity of model acetyl cholinesterase (AChE)
      inhibitors like propidium iodide (PI) and ethidium bromide (EB) is due to
      sequestration of the probes in primary micellar aggregates of bile acid (BA) host
      medium with moderate binding affinity of ca. 10(2)-10(3)M(-1). Multiple
      regression analysis of solvent dependent fluorescence behavior of PI indicates
      the decrease in total nonradiative decay rate due to partial shielding of the
      probe from hydrogen bond donation ability of the aqueous medium in bile acid
      bound fraction. Both PI and EB affects AChE activity through mixed inhibition and
      consistent with one site binding model; however, PI (IC50=20+/-1MUM) shows
      greater inhibition in comparison with EB (IC50=40+/-3MUM) possibly due to
      stronger interaction with enzyme active site. The potency of AChE inhibition for
      both the compounds is drastically reduced in the presence of bile acid due to the
      formation of BA-inhibitor complex and subsequent reduction of active inhibitor
      fraction in the medium. Although the inhibition mechanism still remains the same,
      the course of catalytic reaction critically depends on equilibrium binding among
      several species present in the solution; particularly at low inhibitor
      concentration. All the kinetic parameters for enzyme inhibition reaction are
      nicely correlated with the association constant for BA-inhibitor complex
      formation. 

PMID- 26974581
TI  - Interferon Stimulated Gene Expression in HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients Treated with
      Nitazoxanide/Peginterferon-Alfa-2a and Ribavirin.
AB  - A combination of nitazoxanide (NTZ), peginterferon (PegIFN), and ribavirin (RBV)
      may result in higher sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) monoinfected patients. This study evaluated the effect of NTZ on
      interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in vitro and in vivo among HIV/HCV
      genotype-1 (GT-1) treatment-naive patients. The ability of NTZ to enhance host
      response to interferon (IFN) signaling using the HCV cell culture system was
      initially evaluated. Second, ISG expression in 53 patients with treatment
      outcomes [21 SVR and 32 nonresponders (NR)] in the ACTG A5269 trial, a phase-II
      study (4-week lead in of NTZ 500 mg daily followed by 48 weeks of NTZ, PegIFN,
      and weight-based RBV), was assessed. The relative expression of 48 ISGs in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured at baseline, week 4, and
      week 8 of treatment in a blinded manner. In vitro NTZ produced a direct and
      additive antiviral effect with IFN-alfa, with pretreatment of NTZ resulting in
      maximal HCV suppression. NTZ augmented IFN-mediated ISG induction in PBMCs from
      relapsers and SVRs (p < 0.05), but not NR. In ACTG A5269, baseline expression of
      most ISGs was similar between NR and SVR. NTZ minimally induced 17 genes in NR
      and 13 genes in SVR after 4 weeks of therapy. However, after initiation of PegIFN
      and RBV, ISG induction was predominantly observed in the SVR group and not NR
      group. NTZ treatment facilitates IFN-induced suppression of HCV replication.
      Inability to achieve SVR with IFN-based therapy in this clinical trial is
      associated with diminished ISG response to therapy that is refractory to NTZ.

PMID- 26974583
TI  - Paving Pathways on Proven Ground: The Future of Home-Based Palliative Care.

PMID- 26974582
TI  - The role of self-monitoring in the maintenance of weight loss success.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Self-monitoring has been shown to be a crucial part of initial
      weight loss success in behavioral interventions. However, little is known about
      the impact of self-monitoring during the period following initial treatment.
      METHODS: The current study examined the role of self-monitoring on weight loss
      during an initial 6-month intervention period (Phase 1) and a 12-month extended
      care period (Phase 2) in a group of 167 obese women (M+/-SD: BMI=37.0+/
      5.1kg/m(2), age=59.9+/-6.2years) enrolled in a behavioral weight loss program.
      RESULTS: Cluster analysis identified three groups of participants with low,
      moderate, and high rates of weight loss success during Phase 1 and Phase 2. A one
      way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in self-monitoring frequency
      between groups during Phase 1 (p=.645), but significant differences between all
      three groups during Phase 2 (p=.001). High success participants completed the
      most self-monitoring records, followed by the moderate group. The low success
      group completed the least number of records. Furthermore, self-monitoring during
      Phase 2 significantly mediated the relationship between extended-care session
      attendance and percent weight change during that time (95% CI [-.004, -.001],
      p<.001). CONCLUSION: These results highlight the importance of continuing self
      monitoring after the initial phase of treatment to maintain lost weight.

PMID- 26974584
TI  - Experimental validation of a flat punch indentation methodology calibrated
      against unconfined compression tests for determination of soft tissue
      biomechanics.
AB  - Mechanical characterisation of soft biological tissues using standard compression
      or tensile testing presents a significant challenge due to specimen geometrical
      irregularities, difficulties in cutting intact and appropriately sized test
      samples, and issues with slippage or damage at the grips. Indentation can
      overcome these problems but requires fitting a model to the resulting load
      displacement data in order to calculate moduli. Despite the widespread use of
      this technique, few studies experimentally validate their chosen model or
      compensate for boundary effects. In this study, viscoelastic hydrogels of
      different concentrations and dimensions were used to calibrate an indentation
      technique performed at large specimen-strain deformation (20%) and analysed with
      a range of routinely used mathematical models. A rigid, flat-ended cylindrical
      indenter was applied to each specimen from which 'indentation moduli' and
      relaxation properties were calculated and compared against values obtained from
      unconfined compression. Only one indentation model showed good agreement (<10%
      difference) with all moduli values obtained from compression. A sample thickness
      to indenter diameter ratio >=1:1 and sample diameter to indenter diameter ratio
      >=4:1 was necessary to achieve the greatest accuracy. However, it is not always
      possible to use biological samples within these limits, therefore we developed a
      series of correction factors. The approach was validated using human diseased
      omentum and bovine articular cartilage resulting in mechanical properties closely
      matching compression values. We therefore present a widely useable indentation
      analysis method to allow more accurate calculation of material mechanics which is
      important in the study of soft tissue development, ageing, health and disease.

PMID- 26974585
TI  - A MUCT-based investigation of the influence of tissue modulus variation,
      anisotropy and inhomogeneity on ultrasound propagation in trabecular bone.
AB  - Ultrasound propagation is widely used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis by
      providing information on bone mechanical quality. When it loses calcium, the
      tissue properties will first decrease. However, limited research about the
      influence of tissue properties on ultrasound propagation have been done due to
      the cumbersome experiment. The goal of this study was to explore the
      relationships between tissue modulus (Es) and speed of sound (SOS) through
      numerical simulations, and to study the influence of Es on the acoustical
      behavior in characterizing the local structural anisotropy and inhomogeneity. In
      this work, three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations were performed on a
      cubic high-resolution (15MUm) bovine trabecular bone sample (4*4*4mm(3),
      BV/TV=0.18) mapped from micro-computed tomography. Ultrasound excitations of
      50kHz, 500kHz and 2MHz were applied in three orthogonal axes and the first
      arriving signal (FAS) was collected to quantify wave velocity. In this study, a
      strong power law relationship between Es and SOS was measured with estimated
      exponential index beta=2.08-3.44 for proximal-distal (PD), anterior-posterior
      (AP) and medial-lateral (ML), respectively (all R(2)>0.95). For various Es, a
      positive dispersion of sound speed with respect to sound frequency was observed
      and the velocity dispersion magnitude (VDM) was measured. Also, with Es=15GPa in
      three orientations, the SOS in PD axis is 2009+/-120m/s, faster than that of AP
      (1762+/-106m/s) and ML (1798+/-132m/s) (f=2MHz) directions. Besides, the standard
      deviation of SOS increases with the sound frequency and the Es in all directions
      except for that at 50kHz. For the mechanical properties, the apparent modulus
      with certain Es was highest in the longitudinal direction compared with the
      transverse directions. It indicates that the tissue modulus combining with
      anisotropy and inhomogeneity has great influence on ultrasound propagation.
      Simulation results agree well with theoretical and experimental results.

PMID- 26974586
TI  - Subpicomolar Iron Sensing Platform Based on Functional Lipid Monolayer
      Microarrays.
AB  - We report herein the fabrication of novel microarrays based on air-stable
      functional lipid monolayers over silicon using a combination of e-beam
      lithography and lift-off. We demonstrate these microarrays can be use as
      ultrasensitive platform for Kelvin probe force microscopy in sensing experiments.
      Specificity of the detection is given by the functional group grafted at the
      lipid headgroup. The arrays developed for the detection of ferric ions, Fe(3+),
      using a gamma-pyrone derivative chelator, demonstrate subpicomolar limit of
      detection with high specificity. In addition, the technique takes advantage of
      the structure of the array with the silicon areas playing the role of reference
      for the measurement, and we determine critical pattern dimensions below which the
      probe size/shape impacts the measured results. 

PMID- 26974587
TI  - The Problem and Promise of Prognosis Research.

PMID- 26974588
TI  - Soil amendment affects Cd uptake by wheat - are we underestimating the risks from
      chloride inputs?
AB  - Many parts of the world are investigating the efficacy of recycling nutrient
      resources to agriculture from different industry and domestic sectors as part of
      a more circular economy. The complex nature of recycled products as soil
      amendments coupled to the large diversity of soil types and their inherent
      properties make it difficult to optimize the benefits and minimize the risks from
      potentially toxic elements often present in recycled materials. Here we
      investigated how wheat grain cadmium (Cd) concentration was affected by soil
      amendments, namely human urine and biogas digestate compared to traditional farm
      manures and mineral fertilizers. We show that Cl(-) inadvertently added to soils
      with e.g. urine or biogas digestate strongly increased crop Cd concentrations,
      largely by mobilizing inherent soil Cd. This resulted in wheat grain Cd levels
      that could result in exceeding recommended WHO limits for dietary intake. This
      was evident even in soils with low inherent Cd content and when Cd inputs were
      low. The future of a circular economy that helps to underpin global food security
      needs to ensure that the effects of applying complex materials to different types
      of agricultural land are fully understood and do not jeopardize food safety.

PMID- 26974589
TI  - A cross-lagged model of the reciprocal associations of loneliness and memory
      functioning.
AB  - The study was designed to evaluate the reciprocal associations of loneliness and
      memory functioning using a cross-lagged model. The study was based on the
      psychosocial questionnaire of the Health and Retirement Study, which is a U.S.
      nationally representative survey of individuals over the age of 50 and their
      spouses of any age. A total of 1,225 respondents had complete data on the
      loneliness measure in 2004 and at least in 1 of the subsequent waves (e.g., 2008,
      2012) and were maintained for analysis. A cross-lagged model was estimated to
      examine the reciprocal associations of loneliness and memory functioning,
      controlling for age, gender, education, depressive symptoms, number of medical
      conditions, and the number of close social relationships. The model had adequate
      fit indices: chi2(860, N = 1,225) = 1,401.54, p < .001, Tucker-Lewis index =
      .957, comparative fit index = .963, and root mean square error of approximation =
      .023 (90% confidence interval [.021, .025]). The lagged effect of loneliness on
      memory functioning was nonsignificant, B(SE) = -.11(.08), p = .15, whereas the
      lagged effect of memory functioning on loneliness was significant, B(SE) = 
      .06(.02), p = .01, indicating that lower levels of memory functioning precede
      higher levels of loneliness 4 years afterward. Further research is required to
      better understand the mechanisms responsible for the temporal association between
      reduced memory functioning and increased loneliness. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974590
TI  - Time perspective and positivity effects in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - This study tested whether time perspective, a central tenant of socioemotional
      selectivity theory (Carstensen, 2006), moderates positivity effects in emotional
      memory. To provide measures of time perspective, young (YA; M = 22.48 years),
      young-old (YO; M = 67.56 years), old-old adults (OO; M = 80.24 years), and
      participants with moderate severity Alzheimer's disease (PAD; M = 84.28 years)
      completed a line task and reported subjective age. As expected, YA, YO, and OO
      reported successively more constrained future time perspectives. PAD showed
      distortion in time perspective, envisioning a future comparable with the YO,
      although closer matched in chronological age to OO adults. To evince positivity
      effects, participants were oriented to pairs of emotional images and were then
      tested for memory (recall and recognition) of the images. Recall and recognition
      memory for the images indicated an age-related advantage for positive over
      negative material (positivity effects). Time perspective, however, did not
      moderate these age effects. In memory performance, PAD were more comparable with
      OO adults with whom they shared a similar chronological age, rather than YO
      adults, who had a corresponding time perspective. These results suggest that age
      correlates that are shared by PAD and OO, such as reduced processing resources,
      rather than time perspective, may drive the age associated positivity effects.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974591
TI  - Going Slow May Not Be Best When Quitting Smoking.

PMID- 26974592
TI  - Multidrug-Resistant Organisms on Patients' Hands: A Missed Opportunity.

PMID- 26974593
TI  - Effect of valsartan on cardiac senescence and apoptosis in a rat model of
      cardiotoxicity.
AB  - The clinical application of doxorubicin is limited by its cardiotoxicity. The
      present study investigated the effect of valsartan on doxorubicin-induced
      cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into 6 groups: control, control +
      valsartan (10 mg/kg, for 14 days, orally), doxorubicin-treated (2.5 mg/kg, 3
      times/week for 2 weeks, intraperitoneally), valsartan then doxorubicin, valsartan
      + doxorubicin, and doxorubicin then valsartan. ECG, isolated heart, lipid
      peroxidation (thiobaribituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), total
      antioxidant capacity (TAC), and Bax, Bcl-2, and senescence marker protein 30
      (SMP30) gene expression were measured in cardiac tissue. Blood samples were
      collected to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB).
      Doxorubicin significantly increased LDH, CK-MB, TBARS, heart rate (HR), Bax gene
      expression, and -dP/dtmax and decreased TAC, Bcl-2 and SMP30 gene expression,
      left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and +dP/dtmax. Also, doxorubicin
      lengthened ST, QT, and QTc intervals. Concurrent or post- but not pre-treatment
      of doxorubicin-treated rats with valsartan reduced LDH, CK-MB, TBARS, HR, Bax
      gene expression, -dP/dtmax, and ST, QT, and QTc intervals and increased TAC, Bcl
      2 and SMP30 gene expression, LVDP, and +dP/dtmax. Therefore, we conclude that
      concurrent or post- but not pre-treatment of doxorubicin-induced rats with
      valsartan attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibiting
      oxidative stress, apoptosis, and senescence. 

PMID- 26974594
TI  - The impact of genetics on retail meat value in Australian lamb.
AB  - Lean (muscle), fat, and bone composition of 1554 lamb carcasses from Maternal,
      Merino and Terminal sired lambs was measured using computed tomography scanning.
      Lamb sires were diverse in their range of Australian Sheep Breeding Values for
      post weaning c-site eye muscle depth (PEMD) and fat depth (PFAT), and post
      weaning weight (PWWT). Lean value, representing predicted lean weight multiplied
      by retail value, was determined for lambs at the same carcass weight or the same
      age. At the same carcass weight, lean value was increased the most by reducing
      sire PFAT, followed by increasing PEMD and PWWT. However for lambs of the same
      age, increasing sire PWWT increased lean value the most. Terminal sired lambs, on
      average, had greater lean value irrespective of whether comparisons were made at
      the same age or weight. Lean value was greater in Merino compared to Maternal
      sired lambs at equal carcass weight, however the reverse was true when
      comparisons were made at the same age. 

PMID- 26974595
TI  - The influence of diet on collagen content and quality attributes of infraspinatus
      muscle from Holstein-Friesian young bulls.
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine effects of feeding intensity on collagen
      content and eating quality of infraspinatus (INF) muscle. Twenty Polish Holstein
      Friesian bulls (11-month-old) were fed either intensively (I, n=10, with
      triticale meal addition to total mixed ration) or semi-intensively (SI, n=10,
      without triticale meal) before slaughter at 19months. The animals from I group
      showed higher body weight at the end of fattening, average daily gain and
      dressing percentage than SI group. The INF muscle from I treatment had higher fat
      content and the proportion of water-soluble collagen, whereas lower insoluble
      collagen content compared with SI treatment. There were no differences in shear
      force values, cooking loss and eating quality between the treatments. In
      conclusion, feeding Holstein-Friesian bulls with increased energy value fodder
      beneficially affected its slaughter value and collagen profile in infraspinatus
      muscle. 

PMID- 26974596
TI  - Cu(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Multicomponent Cascade Inverse Electron-Demand Aza
      Diels-Alder/Nucleophilic Addition/Ring-Opening Reaction Involving 2-Methoxyfurans
      as Efficient Dienophiles.
AB  - An unprecedented multicomponent cascade asymmetric inverse-electron-demand Diels
      Alder/nucleophilic addition/ring-opening reaction involving 2-methoxyfurans as
      efficient dienophiles was successfully developed with Cu(I)/(t)Bu-Box complex as
      the catalyst. A diverse array of tetrahydropyridazines containing unexpectedly
      stable gamma-hydroxyl ester moiety was obtained in generally good yield with
      exclusive regioselectivity and excellent stereoselectivity. 

PMID- 26974597
TI  - Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome vs Posterior Reversible
      Encephalopathy Syndrome.

PMID- 26974598
TI  - The susceptibility of primary cultured rhesus macaque kidney epithelial cells to
      rhesus cytomegalovirus strains.
AB  - Kidney epithelial cells are common targets for human and rhesus cytomegalovirus
      (HCMV and RhCMV) in vivo, and represent an important reservoir for long-term CMV
      shedding in urine. To better understand the role of kidney epithelial cells in
      primate CMV natural history, primary cultures of rhesus macaque kidney epithelial
      cells (MKE) were established and tested for infectivity by five RhCMV strains,
      including two wild-type strains (UCD52 and UCD59) and three strains containing
      different coding contents in UL/b'. The latter strains included 180.92
      [containing an intact RhUL128-RhUL130-R hUL131 (RhUL128L) locus but deleted for
      the UL/b' RhUL148-rh167-loci], 68-1 (RhUL128L-defective and fibroblast-tropic)
      and BRh68-1.2 (the RhUL128L-repaired version of 68-1). As demonstrated by RhCMV
      cytopathic effect, plaque formation, growth kinetics and early virus entry, we
      showed that MKE were differentially susceptible to RhCMV infection, related to
      UL/b' coding contents of the different strains. UCD52 and UCD59 replicated
      vigorously in MKE, 68-1 replicated poorly, and 180.92 grew with intermediate
      kinetics. Reconstitution of RhUL128L in 68-1 (BRh68-1.2) restored its replication
      efficiency in MKE as compared to UCD52 and UCD59, consistent with the essential
      role of UL128L for HCMV epithelial tropism. Further analysis revealed that the
      UL/b' UL148-rh167-loci deletion in 180.92 impaired RhUL132 (rh160) expression.
      Given that 180.92 retains an intact RhUL128L, but genetically or functionally
      lacks genes from RhUL132 (rh160) to rh167 in UL/b', its attenuated infection
      efficiency indicated that, along with RhUL128L, an additional protein(s) encoded
      within the UL/b' RhUL132 (rh160)-rh167 region (potentially, RhUL132 and/or
      RhUL148) is indispensable for efficient replication in MKE.

PMID- 26974600
TI  - Transition Metal-Free Amidoalkylation of Benzothiazoles and Amidoalkylarylation
      of Activated Alkenes with N,N-Dialkylamides.
AB  - A general and practical amidoalkylation reaction, using N,N-dialkylamides in the
      presence of potassium persulfate as the sole reagent, has been developed. 2
      Amidoalkylated benzothiazole- and 3-amidoalkyl-substituted indolinone derivatives
      were obtained by using benzothiazoles and N-aryl-N-methyl-methacrylamides as
      substrates, respectively. The transformation proceeded smoothly through
      amidoalkyl radical intermediates that were trapped by benzothiazoles or activated
      alkenes. 

PMID- 26974599
TI  - Investigation of the Binding Interaction of Fatty Acids with Human G Protein
      Coupled Receptor 40 Using a Site-Specific Fluorescence Probe by Flow Cytometry.
AB  - Human G protein-coupled receptor 40 (hGPR40), with medium- and long-chain free
      fatty acids (FFAs) as its natural ligands, plays an important role in the
      enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion. To date, information about
      the direct binding of FFAs to hGPR40 is very limited, and how carbon-chain length
      affects the activities of FFAs on hGPR40 is not yet understood. In this study, a
      fluorescein-fasiglifam analogue (F-TAK-875A) conjugate was designed and
      synthesized as a site-specific fluorescence probe to study the interaction of
      FFAs with hGPR40. hGPR40 was expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and
      labeled with F-TAK-875A. By using flow cytometry, competitive binding of FFA and
      F-TAK-875A to hGPR40-expressed cells was measured. Binding affinities of 18
      saturated FFAs, with carbon-chain lengths ranging from C6 to C23, were analyzed.
      The results showed that the binding potencies of FFAs to hGPR40 were dependent on
      carbon length. There was a positive correlation between length and binding
      potency for seven FFAs (C9-C15), with myristic acid (C15) showing the highest
      potency, 0.2% relative to TAK-875. For FFAs with a length of fewer than C9 or
      more than C15, they had very weak or no binding. Molecular docking results showed
      that the binding pocket of TAK-875 in hGPR40 could enclose FFAs with lengths of
      C15 or fewer. However, for FFAs with lengths longer than C15, part of the alkyl
      chain extended out of the binding pocket. This study provided insights into the
      structural dependence of FFAs binding to and activation of hGPR40. 

PMID- 26974601
TI  - Dihydrogen Complexation.
AB  - Dihydrogen complexation with retention of the H-H bond, once an exotic concept,
      has by now appeared in a very wide range of contexts. Three structural types are
      currently recognized: Kubas dihydrogen, stretched dihydrogen, and compressed
      dihydrides. These can be difficult to distinguish, hence the development of a
      number of novel spectroscopic methods for doing so, mainly based on NMR
      spectroscopy. Three important reactivity patterns are identified: proton loss,
      oxidative addition, and dissociation, each of which often contributes to larger
      reaction schemes, as in homogeneous hydroformylation. Main group examples are
      beginning to appear, although here it is mainly by computational studies that the
      relevant structures can be identified. Enzymes such as the hydrogenases and
      nitrogenases are also proposed to involve these structures. 

PMID- 26974602
TI  - Successful perioperative management of factor XI deficiency with administration
      of fresh-frozen plasma in a subdural hematoma patient.

PMID- 26974603
TI  - Breakable mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery.
AB  - "Pop goes the particle". Here we report on the preparation of redox responsive
      mesoporous organo-silica nanoparticles containing disulfide (S-S) bridges (ss
      NPs) that, even upon the exohedral grafting of targeting ligands, retained their
      ability to undergo structural degradation, and increase their local release
      activity when exposed to a reducing agent. This degradation could be observed
      also inside glioma C6 cancer cells. Moreover, when anticancer drug-loaded
      pristine and derivatized ss-NPs were fed to glioma C6 cells, the responsive
      hybrids were more effective in their cytotoxic action compared to non-breakable
      particles. The possibility of tailoring the surface functionalization of this
      hybrid, yet preserving its self-destructive behavior and enhanced drug delivery
      properties, paves the way for the development of effective biodegradable
      materials for in vivo targeted drug delivery. 

PMID- 26974605
TI  - Time-resolved subtraction method for measuring optical properties of turbid
      media.
AB  - Near-infrared spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical method used primarily to
      monitor tissue oxygenation due to the absorption properties of hemoglobin.
      Accurate estimation of hemoglobin concentrations and other light absorbers
      requires techniques that can separate the effect of absorption from the much
      greater effect of light scattering. One of the most advanced methods is time
      resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (TR-NIRS), which measures the absorption and
      scattering coefficients of a turbid medium by modeling the recorded distribution
      time of flight of photons. A challenge with TR-NIRS is that it requires accurate
      characterization of the dispersion caused by the system. In this study, we
      present a method for circumventing this problem by applying statistical moment
      analysis to two time-of-flight distributions measured at separated source
      detector distances. Simulations based on analytical models and Monte Carlo code,
      and tissue-mimicking phantoms, were used to demonstrate its accuracy for source
      detector distances typically used in neuroimaging applications. The simplicity of
      the approach is well suited to real-time applications requiring accurate
      quantification of the optical properties of a turbid medium. 

PMID- 26974604
TI  - Cyclopenta[b]benzofuran and Secodammarane Derivatives from the Stems of Aglaia
      stellatopilosa.
AB  - Four new 2,3-secodammarane triterpenoids, stellatonins A-D (3-6), together with a
      new 3,4-secodammarane triterpenoid, stellatonin E (7), and the known silvestrol
      (1), 5'''-episilvestrol (2), and beta-sitosterol, were isolated from a methanol
      extract of the stems of Aglaia stellatopilosa through bioassay-guided
      fractionation. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using
      spectroscopic and chemical methods. The compounds were evaluated for their
      cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines and for their
      antimicrobial activity using a microtiter plate assay against a panel of Gram
      positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. 

PMID- 26974606
TI  - Integrating 5 * 5 Dammann gratings to detect orbital angular momentum states of
      beams with the range of -24 to +24.
AB  - The 5*5 2D binary Dammann vortex grating can distribute energy among different
      diffraction orders equally and can realize measurement of orbital angular
      momentum (OAM) states from -12 to +12. Here we combine a 5*5 Dammann vortex
      grating and a spiral phase plate with the order +12 or -12, which makes the
      topological charge of beams in the array increase or decrease by 12; thus, the
      range of measuring OAM states can be extended to a range from -24 to +24. We
      upload the holograms of such gratings on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator
      to do the experiment. The experimental results fit well with the simulation
      results. This method is also effective for multiplexed OAM beams and can be used
      in optical communications in the future. 

PMID- 26974607
TI  - Transmission line model for strained quantum well lasers including carrier
      transport and carrier heating effects.
AB  - This paper reports a new model for strained quantum well lasers, which are based
      on the quantum well transmission line modeling method where effects of both
      carrier transport and carrier heating have been included. We have applied this
      new model and studied the effect of carrier transport on the output waveform of a
      strained quantum well laser both in time and frequency domains. It has been found
      that the carrier transport increases the turn-on, turn-off delay times and
      damping of the quantum well laser transient response. Also, analysis in the
      frequency domain indicates that the carrier transport causes the output spectrum
      of the quantum well laser in steady state to exhibit a redshift which has a
      narrower bandwidth and lower magnitude. The simulation results of turning-on
      transients obtained by the proposed model are compared with those obtained by the
      rate equation laser model. The new model has also been used to study the effects
      of pump current spikes on the laser output waveforms properties, and it was found
      that the presence of current spikes causes (i) wavelength blueshift, (ii) larger
      bandwidth, and (iii) reduces the magnitude and decreases the side-lobe
      suppression ratio of the laser output spectrum. Analysis in both frequency and
      time domains confirms that the new proposed model can accurately predict the
      temporal and spectral behaviors of strained quantum well lasers. 

PMID- 26974608
TI  - D-shaped fiber grating refractive index sensor induced by an ultrashort pulse
      laser.
AB  - The fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings was here demonstrated using ultrashort
      pulse laser point-by-point inscription. This is a very convenient means of
      creating fiber Bragg gratings with different grating periods and works by
      changing the translation speed of the fiber. The laser energy was first optimized
      in order to improve the spectral properties of the fiber gratings. Then, fiber
      Bragg gratings were formed into D-shaped fibers for use as refractive index
      sensors. A nonlinear relationship was observed between the Bragg wavelength and
      liquid refractive index, and a sensitivity of ~30  nm/RIU was observed at 1.450.
      This shows that D-shaped fiber Bragg gratings might be used to develop promising
      biochemical sensors.

PMID- 26974609
TI  - Unified matrix approach to the description of phase-space rotators.
AB  - In optics, the rotation of a phase-space can be realized via light propagation
      through both an inhomogeneous medium with a radial gradient of refractive index
      and two special kinds of mirror-symmetrical optical systems suggested by Lohmann.
      Although light propagation through Lohmann's systems is described in terms of
      matrix optics, light propagation through the gradient-index medium is
      traditionally described as a solution of the wave equation. The difference in
      these descriptions hinders the understanding of the phase-space rotators.
      Fortunately, there is a matrix description of light propagation through a
      gradient-index medium too. A general description of the phase-space rotators is
      presented, which can be used to treat light propagation through both Lohmann's
      systems and the gradient-index medium in a unified matrix manner. 

PMID- 26974610
TI  - Miniature anastigmatic spectrometer design with a concave toroidal mirror.
AB  - An advanced optical design for a low-cost and astigmatism-corrected spectrometer
      with a high resolution is presented. The theory and method of astigmatism
      correction are determined with the use of a concave toroidal mirror. The
      performances of a modified spectrometer and a traditional spectrometer are
      compared, and the analysis is verified. Experimentally, the limiting resolution
      of our spectrometer is 0.1 nm full width at half-maximum, as measured for 579.1
      nm. 

PMID- 26974611
TI  - Design and performance analysis of an ultraprecision ion beam polishing tool.
AB  - First, we introduce requirements for the ion beam polishing tool used in the
      subnanometer precision process. Based on the ion beam figuring (IBF) principle,
      the definitive factor of the IBF capability is analyzed, and the deficiencies of
      the ion beam polishing tool are identified. The effect of focused ion optics on
      the ion beam removal function is based on theoretic calculation and computer
      simulation; and focused three-grid ion optics are developed and tested. Finally,
      a 150 mm flat optics element is figured and results show that the contour error
      decreases from 15.58 nm RMS to 0.796 nm RMS, demonstrating that the ion beam
      polishing tool is very efficient for optical IBF. 

PMID- 26974612
TI  - Fluorescence characteristics of the fuel tracers triethylamine and trimethylamine
      for the investigation of fuel distribution in internal combustion engines.
AB  - Laser-induced fluorescence based on fuel tracers like amines is a suitable
      measurement technique for mixing studies in internal combustion (IC) engines.
      Triethylamine has often been used in gasoline IC engines; however, no detailed
      fluorescence characterization for excitation at 263 or 266 nm is available.
      Trimethylamine (TMA) exhibits high potential as a gaseous fuel tracer but little
      information about TMA fluorescence is currently available. A picosecond laser
      source combined with a streak camera equipped with a spectrograph was used to
      determine the spectral fluorescence emission and fluorescence decay time of both
      tracers. The tracers were investigated at various temperatures and pressures in a
      calibration cell with nitrogen as bath gas. The results provide an in-depth
      understanding of the fluorescence characteristics of both tracers and allow
      assessment of their application to the investigation of fuel distribution in IC
      engines. 

PMID- 26974614
TI  - Self-triggered method for characterization of single-photon detectors.
AB  - Single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) are instruments capable of measuring
      light at the single-photon level. Some important features of these devices must
      be correctly characterized for reliable application. In this paper, I present a
      high-resolution self-triggered method for characterization of SPADs based on the
      analysis of the time intervals between consecutive detection events with the
      detector under continuous-wave illumination. The self-triggered method is
      employed for characterization of the detection dead time-a limiting feature for
      the maximum counting rate achievable under free-running or gated modes--and of
      the temporal gate width--an important parameter when the detector is operated
      under gated mode. The measurement results are presented and the method is
      experimentally validated.

PMID- 26974613
TI  - Reducing the influence of direct reflection on return signal detection in a 3D
      imaging lidar system by rotating the polarizing beam splitter.
AB  - The direction rule of the laser beam traveling through a deflected polarizing
      beam splitter (PBS) cube is derived. It reveals that, due to the influence of end
      face reflection of the PBS at the detector side, the emergent beam coming from
      the incident beam parallels the direction of the original case without rotation,
      with only a very small translation interval between them. The formula of the
      translation interval is also given. Meanwhile, the emergent beam from the return
      signal at the detector side deflects at an angle twice that of the PBS rotation
      angle. The correctness has been verified by an experiment. The intensity
      transmittance of the emergent beam when propagating in the PBS is changes very
      little if the rotation angle is less than 35 deg. In a 3D imaging lidar system,
      by rotating the PBS cube by an angle, the direction of the return signal optical
      axis is separated from that of the origin, which can decrease or eliminate the
      influence of direct reflection caused by the prism end face on target return
      signal detection. This has been checked by experiment.

PMID- 26974615
TI  - Morphological processing of ultraviolet emissions of electrical corona discharge
      for analysis and diagnostic use.
AB  - Electron cascades from electrical discharge produce secondary emissions from
      atmospheric plasma in the ultraviolet band. For a single point of discharge,
      these emissions exhibit a stereotypical discharge morphology, with latent
      information about the discharge location. Morphological processing can uncover
      the location and therefore have diagnostic utility. 

PMID- 26974617
TI  - Field tests for round-trip imaging at a 1.4  km distance with change detection
      and ranging using a short-wave infrared super-continuum laser.
AB  - Field tests have been conducted of a broadband illuminator for active
      hyperspectral imaging (HSI) using a short-wave infrared supercontinuum laser
      (SWIR-SCL). We demonstrated irradiance comparable to the sun for two-way
      measurements at a 1.4 km distance between laser and target, and performed change
      detection and ranging. The experimental results suggest that the range resolution
      of our method is ~1.5  cm even at the 1.4 km distance. Hence, we demonstrated the
      possibility to perform HSI with active broadband illumination using the SWIR-SCL.
      To our knowledge, this experiment is the first-ever to test two-way propagation
      of the active HSI illumination over a long distance. The 64 W SWIR-SCL provides
      near sunlight-equivalent illumination over multiple square meters, and the laser
      could enable HSI 24 h a day, even under a cloud cover, as well as enhanced
      capabilities such as change detection and ranging. 

PMID- 26974616
TI  - Active optics system of the VLT Survey Telescope.
AB  - This paper describes the active optics system of the VLT Survey Telescope, the
      2.6-m survey telescope designed for visible wavelengths of the European Southern
      Observatory at Cerro Paranal, in the Atacama desert. The telescope is
      characterized by a wide field of view (1.42 deg diameter), leading to tighter
      active optics than in conventional telescopes, in particular for the alignment
      requirements. We discuss the effects of typical error sources on the image
      quality and present the specific solutions adopted for wavefront sensing and
      correction of the aberrations, which are based on the shaping of a monolithic
      primary mirror and the positioning of the secondary in five degrees of freedom. 

PMID- 26974618
TI  - Spatio-temporal characterization of pulses obtained from a high-energy sub
      nanosecond laser system.
AB  - Spatio-temporal profiles of laser pulses, obtained from each stage of a high
      energy sub-nanosecond laser system, are investigated. The laser system is
      composed of a Q-switched Nd:YAG unstable oscillator, a chain of Nd:YAG
      amplifiers, a second-harmonic generator, and a high-energy pulse compressor based
      on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). A curved energy front, i.e., the pulses
      emerging away from the beam center being gradually delayed from the center pulse,
      is shown to originate from the unstable oscillator. Our comparative study shows
      that injection seeding will enlarge the energy front curvature, via reduction of
      the effective gain. After the laser amplifiers, the energy front curvature is
      more than doubled due to the gain saturation effect. The latter also modifies the
      spatial pulse width distribution. While there is a negligible pulse duration
      spread across the oscillator beam, the amplified pulses are found to have
      gradually reduced pulse duration away from the beam center. More interestingly,
      after the SBS pulse compression, not only the pulse width but also the delay is
      compressed down. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study of the
      spatio-temporal profile of the SBS compressed pulse. To compare with the
      experiments, two numerical models are developed to simulate the evolution of
      spatio-temporal profiles within the Nd:YAG laser system and during the SBS pulse
      compression, respectively. The first model is demonstrated to reproduce the
      experimental results very well, while the second model predicts part of the
      features of the SBS compressed pulse. The limitation on the latter is discussed. 

PMID- 26974619
TI  - Time of flight dependent linearity in diffuse imaging: how effective is it to
      evaluate the spatial resolution by measuring the edge response function?
AB  - We describe the behavior of linearity in diffuse imaging by evaluating the
      differences between time-resolved images produced by photons arriving at the
      detector at different times. Two approaches are considered: Monte Carlo
      simulations and experimental results. The images of two complete opaque bars
      embedded in a transparent or in a turbid medium with a slab geometry are
      analyzed; the optical properties of the turbid medium sample are close to those
      of breast tissue. A simple linearity test was designed involving a direct
      comparison between the intensity profile produced by two bars scanned at the same
      time and the intensity profile obtained by adding two profiles of each bar
      scanned one at a time. It is shown that the linearity improves substantially when
      short time of flight photons are used in the imaging process, but even then the
      nonlinear behavior prevails. As the edge response function (ERF) has been used
      widely for testing the spatial resolution in imaging systems, the main
      implication of a time dependent linearity is the weakness of the linearity
      assumption when evaluating the spatial resolution through the ERF in diffuse
      imaging systems, and the need to evaluate the spatial resolution by other
      methods. 

PMID- 26974620
TI  - Design and optimization of a volume-phase holographic grating for simultaneous
      use with red, green, and blue light using unpolarized light.
AB  - Volume-phase holographic (VPH) gratings have been designed for use in many areas
      of science and technology, such as optical communication, optical imaging, and
      astronomy. In this paper, the design of a volume-phase holographic grating,
      simultaneously optimized to operate in the red, green, and blue wavelengths, is
      presented along with a study of its fabrication tolerances. The grating is
      optimized to produce 98% efficiency at lambda=532  nm and at least 75% efficiency
      in the region between 400 and 700 nm, when the incident light is unpolarized. The
      optimization is done for recording in dichromated gelatin with a thickness of 12
      MUm, an average refractive index of 1.5, and a refractive index modulation of
      0.022.

PMID- 26974621
TI  - Performance improvement of power-over-fiber system using noise-modulated laser
      diode.
AB  - In a power-over-fiber system, the key limiting factor for transmission light
      power is the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect, which leads to a decrease in
      transmission light power at the end of the optical fiber. Therefore, we propose
      and experimentally demonstrate a broadband laser generated by a noise-modulated
      distributed-feedback laser diode to suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering
      effect in the optical fiber. Experimental results show that the linewidth of the
      noise-modulated distributed-feedback laser diode broadens from 2.43 to 379.89 MHz
      when the noise modulation amplitude is increased from 0 to 400 mV. Due to the
      broadening of the laser linewidth, the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold
      raises 7.19 dB, and the peak power of the Brillouin Stokes light is reduced by
      40.90 dB. At the same time, the output electrical power at the end of the optical
      fiber increases 13.55 dB.

PMID- 26974622
TI  - Shaping of cylindrical and 3D ellipsoidal beams for electron photoinjector laser
      drivers.
AB  - With the use of spatial light modulators it became possible to implement in
      experiments the method of controlling the space-time intensity distribution of
      femtosecond laser pulses stretched to picosecond duration. Cylindrical and quasi
      ellipsoidal intensity distributions were obtained and characterized by means of a
      2D spectrograph and a cross-correlator. 

PMID- 26974623
TI  - Scalability of components for kW-level average power few-cycle lasers.
AB  - In this paper, the average power scalability of components that can be used for
      intense few-cycle lasers based on nonlinear compression of modern femtosecond
      solid-state lasers is investigated. The key components of such a setup, namely,
      the gas-filled waveguides, laser windows, chirped mirrors for pulse compression
      and low dispersion mirrors for beam collimation, focusing, and beam steering are
      tested under high-average-power operation using a kilowatt cw laser. We
      demonstrate the long-term stable transmission of kW-level average power through a
      hollow capillary and a Kagome-type photonic crystal fiber. In addition, we show
      that sapphire substrates significantly improve the average power capability of
      metal-coated mirrors. Ultimately, ultrabroadband dielectric mirrors show
      negligible heating up to 1 kW of average power. In summary, a technology for
      scaling of few-cycle lasers up to 1 kW of average power and beyond is presented. 

PMID- 26974624
TI  - 3D robust digital image correlation for vibration measurement.
AB  - Discrepancies of speckle images under dynamic measurement due to the different
      viewing angles will deteriorate the correspondence in 3D digital image
      correlation (3D-DIC) for vibration measurement. Facing this kind of bottleneck,
      this paper presents two types of robust 3D-DIC methods for vibration measurement,
      SSD-robust and SWD-robust, which use a sum of square difference (SSD) estimator
      plus a Geman-McClure regulating term and a Welch estimator plus a Geman-McClure
      regulating term, respectively. Because the regulating term with an adaptive
      rejecting bound can lessen the influence of the abnormal pixel data in the
      dynamical measuring process, the robustness of the algorithm is enhanced. The
      robustness and precision evaluation experiments using a dual-frequency laser
      interferometer are implemented. The experimental results indicate that the two
      presented robust estimators can suppress the effects of the abnormality in the
      speckle images and, meanwhile, keep higher precision in vibration measurement in
      contrast with the traditional SSD method; thus, the SWD-robust and SSD-robust
      methods are suitable for weak image noise and strong image noise, respectively. 

PMID- 26974625
TI  - Finite-difference time-domain methods to analyze ytterbium-doped Q-switched fiber
      lasers.
AB  - Q-switched lasers are widely used in material processing, laser ranging,
      medicine, and nonlinear optics--in particular, Q-switched lasers in optical
      fibers are important since they cannot only generate high peak powers but can
      also concentrate high peak powers in small areas. In this paper, we present new
      finite-difference time-domain methods that analyze the dynamics of Q-switched
      fiber lasers, which are more flexible and robust than previous methods. We extend
      the method to analyze fiber ring lasers and compare the results with our
      experiments.

PMID- 26974626
TI  - Format-independent polarization-demultiplexing technique for dual-polarization
      intensity modulated signals.
AB  - We show through simulations how polarization demultiplexing of dual-polarization,
      intensity modulated signals of arbitrary format can be performed by only using
      the information in Stokes space. The technique would be applicable for short
      range communications within data centers. 

PMID- 26974627
TI  - Phase-derivative-based estimation of a digital reference wave from a single off
      axis digital hologram.
AB  - This paper describes a method to obtain an estimated digital reference wave from
      a single off-axis digital hologram that matches the actual experimental reference
      wave as closely as possible. The proposed method is independent of a reference
      flat plate and speckles. The digital reference wave parameters are estimated
      directly from the recorded phase information. The parameters include both the off
      axis tilt angle and the curvature of the reference wave. Phase derivatives are
      used to extract the digital reference wave parameters without the need for a
      phase unwrapping process. Thus, problems associated with phase wrapping are
      avoided. Experimental results for the proposed method are provided. The simulated
      effect of the digital reference wave parameters on the reconstructed image phase
      distribution is shown. The pseudo phase gradient originating from incorrect
      estimation of the digital reference wave parameters and its effect on object
      reconstruction are discussed. 

PMID- 26974628
TI  - Hysteresis compensation of photoluminescence in ZnS:Cu for noncontact shaft
      torque sensing.
AB  - This paper presents a preliminary investigation of loading rate-dependent
      hysteresis of photoluminescence (PL) by phosphorescence quenching of copper-doped
      zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu) microparticles in response to dynamic torsional loading.
      Precision sinusoidal torque waveforms in the frequency range of 0.5-3 Hz are used
      to identify the loading rate-dependent (i.e., frequency-dependent) nonlinear
      hysteresis phenomenon. The potential of the application of PL is demonstrated by
      successfully measuring the sinusoidal torque applied to a rotational shaft by
      evaluating the loading rate-dependent PL intensity signature using a
      photomultiplier tube. In addition, the potential of noncontact shaft torque
      sensing is demonstrated successfully by the simple compensation derived from ad
      hoc heuristic characterization.

PMID- 26974629
TI  - Optimal design of multilayer diffractive optical elements with effective area
      method.
AB  - The effective area method is described to design high-efficiency multiplayer
      diffractive optical elements (MLDOEs) with finite feature sizes for wide wave
      band. This method is presented with consideration of the shield effect between
      two elements of MLDOEs, and the optimal surface relief heights of MLDOEs are
      calculated with the effective area method. Then the comparisons of diffraction
      efficiency and polychromatic integral diffraction efficiency for MLDOEs with
      different period widths are described and simulated with the effective area
      method and scalar diffraction theory (SDT). Finally, the design results of MLDOEs
      obtained by SDT and the effective area method are compared by a rigorous
      electromagnetic analysis method, specifically, the finite-difference time-domain
      method. These results show that the limits of SDT for MLDOEs, ascertain and
      quantify the greatest sources of the diffraction efficiency loss due to the
      shield effect. The design results of the effective area method can obtain higher
      polychromatic integral diffraction efficiency than that of the SDT when the
      period width of MLDOEs is taken into account. 

PMID- 26974630
TI  - Restraint of range walk error in a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode lidar to
      acquire high-precision depth and intensity information.
AB  - There exists a range walk error in a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (Gm-APD)
      lidar because of the fluctuation in the number of signal photoelectrons. To
      restrain this range walk error, we propose a new returning-wave signal processing
      technique based on the Poisson probability response model and the Gaussian
      functions fitting method. High-precision depth and intensity information of the
      target at the distance of 5 m is obtained by a Gm-APD lidar using a 6 ns wide
      pulsed laser. The experiment results show that the range and intensity precisions
      are 1.2 cm and 0.015 photoelectrons, respectively. 

PMID- 26974631
TI  - Designs for a large-aperture telescope to map the CMB 10* faster.
AB  - Current large-aperture cosmic microwave background (CMB) telescopes have nearly
      maximized the number of detectors that can be illuminated while maintaining
      diffraction-limited image quality. The polarization-sensitive detector arrays
      being deployed in these telescopes in the next few years will have roughly 104
      detectors. Increasing the mapping speed of future instruments by at least an
      order of magnitude is important to enable precise probes of the inflationary
      paradigm in the first fraction of a second after the big bang and provide strong
      constraints on cosmological parameters. The CMB community has begun planning a
      next generation "Stage IV" CMB project that will be comprised of multiple
      telescopes with between 105-106 detectors to pursue these goals. This paper
      introduces the new crossed Dragone telescope and receiver optics designs that
      increase the usable diffraction-limited field-of-view, and therefore the mapping
      speed, by an order of magnitude compared to the upcoming generation of large
      aperture instruments. Polarization systematics and engineering considerations are
      presented, including a preliminary receiver model to demonstrate that these
      designs will enable high efficiency illumination of >105 detectors in a next
      generation CMB telescope.

PMID- 26974632
TI  - Application of quantum weak measurement for glucose concentration detection.
AB  - A quantum weak measurement scheme based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is
      proposed to detect the concentration of glucose, bringing this mechanism into the
      field of biomedical sensing for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.
      With a Mach-Zehnder interferometer system, we can analyze tiny phase differences
      between the two paths by measuring spectrum shift. We measured the concentration
      of glucose with weak measurement to achieve a concentration resolution of 8.98*10
      5 g/L corresponding to a volume refractive index of 1.39*10-8 RIU, which was more
      than five times higher than the resolution achieved by conventional interference,
      4.99*10-4 g/L. In the detection of glucose concentration in the blood serum of
      mice, a resolution of 1.0136*10-7 g/L for weak measurement was obtained.

PMID- 26974633
TI  - High-contrast pattern reconstructions using a phase-seeded point CGH method.
AB  - A major challenge encountered in digital holography applications is the need to
      synthesize computer-generated holograms (CGHs) that are realizable as phase-only
      elements while also delivering high quality reconstruction. This trade-off is
      particularly acute in high-precision applications such as photolithography where
      contrast typically must exceed 0.6. A seeded-phase point method is proposed to
      address this challenge, whereby patterns composed of fine lines that intersect
      and form closed shapes are reconstructed with high contrast while maintaining a
      phase-only CGH. The method achieves superior contrast to that obtained by uniform
      or random seeded-phase methods while maintaining computational efficiency for
      large area exposures. It is also shown that binary phase modulation achieves
      similar contrast performance with benefits for the fabrication of simpler
      diffractive optical elements. 

PMID- 26974634
TI  - Better three-dimensional inspection with structured illumination: speed.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) inspection in the factory requires precision and speed.
      While customers can select from a wide spectrum of high-precision sensors, the
      real challenge today is "speed." We discuss the speed of 3D sensors in a general
      context to provide an understanding of why high-resolution 3D sensors deliver
      significantly fewer 3D points per second than the available camera pixel rates
      suggest. The major cause of low speed is the large number E of required exposures
      due to the unavoidable depth scanning. Through the example of structured
      illumination microscopy (SIM), we demonstrate how E can be minimized without
      reducing precision. We further demonstrate a lateral scanning strategy that
      operates at a significantly higher speed for macroscopic measurements by avoiding
      explicit depth scanning. This paper is a follow up on an earlier paper about the
      precision limits of SIM and exploits the earlier results. 

PMID- 26974635
TI  - Spoof surface plasmon polaritons based on ultrathin corrugated metallic grooves
      at terahertz frequency.
AB  - We investigate the dispersion properties of an ultrathin spoof plasmonic
      waveguide based on metal strip grooves using the finite element method. The
      confinement ability of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves are influenced
      by the dispersion curves, which can be modulated by the structure parameters. The
      propagation characteristics of a subwavelength planar plasmonic waveguide ring
      resonator have also been studied. Furthermore, a gain medium is introduced to
      compensate for the propagation loss of the SPP wave in the device at terahertz
      frequency. It is demonstrated that the gain medium provides an enhancement for
      the control of on/off states of the signal with the presence of pumping, which
      paves a way for gain-assisted switching and lasing applications in the terahertz
      regime. 

PMID- 26974636
TI  - Optimization of polarizer azimuth in improving signal-to-noise ratio in Kerr
      microscopy.
AB  - The magneto optical Kerr effect (MOKE) is a widely used technique in magnetic
      domain imaging for its high surface sensitivity and external magnetic
      compatibility. Optimization of Kerr microscopy will improve the detecting
      sensitivity and provide high-quality domain images. In this work, we provide a
      method to optimize the polarizer azimuth in improving the signal-to-noise ratio
      (S/N) in longitudinal Kerr microscopy with the generalized magneto optical
      ellipsometry. Detailed analysis of the MOKE signal and the noise components are
      provided to study the optimum polarizer and analyzer azimuth combinations.
      Results show that, for a fixed polarizer angle 1 degrees , the laser intensity
      noise and the shot noise, which vary with the input laser power, have a similar
      amplitude and decline with the analyzer azimuth increasing. When the analyzer is
      set at the extinction place, the Johnson noise plays a dominate role in the total
      noise. Then, the S/N values are calculated to find the optimum polarizer and
      analyzer azimuth. Results show that the optimum polarizer and analyzer azimuth
      combination for Permalloy is (18.35 degrees , 68.35 degrees ) under an incident
      angle of 45 degrees . After that, the S/N of 200 nm Permalloy at different
      analyzer angles with the polarizer azimuth set at 18.35 degrees  is measured to
      verify the validity of the simulation results. At last, the S/N at different
      incident angles is calculated. Results show that the optimum incident angle of
      200 nm Permalloy film to improve the S/N is 70.35 degrees  under the polarizer
      and analyzer angles set at the optimal combinations (18.35 degrees , 68.35
      degrees ). 

PMID- 26974637
TI  - Formation and emission characteristics of CN molecules in laser induced low
      pressure He plasma and its applications to N analysis in coal and fossilization
      study.
AB  - Presented in this paper are the results of an experimental study on the laser
      induced plasma emission of a number of CN free samples (urea, sucrose) with 40 mJ
      pulse energy using He and N2 ambient gases. It is shown that the CN emission has
      its exclusive sources in the molecules produced as the result of chemical bonding
      either between the ablated C and N ions in the He plasma or between the ablated C
      and dissociated N from the N2 ambient gas. The emission intensities in both cases
      are found to have the highest values at the low gas pressure of 2 kPa. The
      emission in He gas is shown to exhibit the typical characteristics related to a
      shockwave generated excitation mechanism. The experiments using He ambient gas
      further demonstrate the feasible laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy application
      to quantitative and sensitive N analysis of coal and promising application for
      practical in situ carbon dating of fossils.

PMID- 26974638
TI  - On the modeling of hyperspectral remote-sensing reflectance of high-sediment-load
      waters in the visible to shortwave-infrared domain.
AB  - We evaluated three key components in modeling hyperspectral remote-sensing
      reflectance in the visible to shortwave-infrared (Vis-SWIR) domain of high
      sediment-load (HSL) waters, which are the relationship between remote-sensing
      reflectance (R(rs)) and inherent optical properties (IOPs), the absorption
      coefficient spectrum of pure water (a(w)) in the IR-SWIR region, and the spectral
      variation of sediment absorption coefficient (a(sed)). Results from this study
      indicate that it is necessary to use a more generalized R(rs)-IOP model to
      describe the spectral variation of R(rs) of HSL waters from Vis to SWIR;
      otherwise it may result in a spectrally distorted R(rs) spectrum if a constant
      model parameter is used. For hyperspectral a(w) in the IR-SWIR domain, the values
      reported in Kou et al. (1993) provided a much better match with the spectral
      variation of R(rs) in this spectral range compared to that of Segelstein (1981).
      For a(sed) spectrum, an empirical a(sed) spectral shape derived from sample
      measurements is found working much better than the traditional exponential-decay
      function of wavelength in modeling the spectral variation of R(rs) in the visible
      domain. These results would improve our understanding of the spectral signatures
      of R(rs) of HSL waters in the Vis-SWIR domain and subsequently improve the
      retrieval of IOPs from ocean color remote sensing, which could further help the
      estimation of sediment loading of such waters. Limitations in estimating
      chlorophyll concentration in such waters are also discussed.

PMID- 26974639
TI  - High-resolution Fourier hologram synthesis from photographic images through
      computing the light field.
AB  - We present a technique for synthesizing the Fourier hologram of a three
      dimensional scene from its light field. The light field captures the volumetric
      information of an object, and an important advantage is that it does not require
      coherent illumination, as in conventional holography. In this work, we show how
      to obtain a high-resolution digital hologram with the light field obtained from a
      series of photographic images captured along the optical axis. The method is
      verified both by simulations and experimentally captured light field. 

PMID- 26974640
TI  - Atmospheric propagation and combining of high-power lasers.
AB  - In this paper, we analyze beam combining and atmospheric propagation of high
      power lasers for directed-energy (DE) applications. The large linewidths inherent
      in high-power fiber and slab lasers cause random phase and intensity fluctuations
      that occur on subnanosecond time scales. Coherently combining these high-power
      lasers would involve instruments capable of precise phase control and operation
      at rates greater than ~10  GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this technology
      does not currently exist. This presents a challenging problem when attempting to
      phase lock high-power lasers that is not encountered when phase locking low-power
      lasers, for example, at milliwatt power levels. Regardless, we demonstrate that
      even if instruments are developed that can precisely control the phase of high
      power lasers, coherent combining is problematic for DE applications. The
      dephasing effects of atmospheric turbulence typically encountered in DE
      applications will degrade the coherent properties of the beam before it reaches
      the target. Through simulations, we find that coherent beam combining in moderate
      turbulence and over multikilometer propagation distances has little advantage
      over incoherent combining. Additionally, in cases of strong turbulence and
      multikilometer propagation ranges, we find nearly indistinguishable intensity
      profiles and virtually no difference in the energy on the target between
      coherently and incoherently combined laser beams. Consequently, we find that
      coherent beam combining at the transmitter plane is ineffective under typical
      atmospheric conditions.

PMID- 26974641
TI  - Semianalytical approach to study the loss characteristics of a symmetrical
      multilayered plasmonic waveguide.
AB  - A metal waveguide of finite width and thickness surrounded by a dielectric
      provides increased propagation length of the surface plasmon polariton and is
      therefore called long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LR-SPP). In this work, a
      new structure is proposed by modifying the refractive index of the dielectric
      surrounding the metal waveguide, leading to further improvement of the
      propagation length. It is shown that, when the single dielectric surrounding is
      replaced by a multilayered surrounding where each layer has different thicknesses
      and refractive index, the propagation loss gets reduced, leading to increased
      propagation length of the LR-SPP. The propagation loss is calculated
      semianalytically from the FWHM of the Lorentzian peak obtained in the plot of
      excitation efficiency of such waveguide for different values of the propagation
      constant. Before doing this calculation, the 2D variation of refractive index is
      first converted into a 1D effective refractive index. All the steps of analysis
      are discussed in detail, and, wherever necessary, the calculated results are
      matched with similar results of other researchers. 

PMID- 26974642
TI  - Photodiode-based cutting interruption sensor for near-infrared lasers.
AB  - We report on a photodiode-based sensor system to detect cutting interruptions
      during laser cutting with a fiber laser. An InGaAs diode records the thermal
      radiation from the process zone with a ring mirror and optical filter arrangement
      mounted between a collimation unit and a cutting head. The photodiode current is
      digitalized with a sample rate of 20 kHz and filtered with a Chebyshev Type I
      filter. From the measured signal during the piercing, a threshold value is
      calculated. When the diode signal exceeds this threshold during cutting, a
      cutting interruption is indicated. This method is applied to sensor signals from
      cutting mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminum, as well as different material
      thicknesses and also laser flame cutting, showing the possibility to detect
      cutting interruptions in a broad variety of applications. In a series of 83
      incomplete cuts, every cutting interruption is successfully detected (alpha error
      of 0%), while no cutting interruption is reported in 266 complete cuts (beta
      error of 0%). With this remarkable high detection rate and low error rate, the
      possibility to work with different materials and thicknesses in combination with
      the easy mounting of the sensor unit also to existing cutting machines highlight
      the enormous potential for this sensor system in industrial applications. 

PMID- 26974643
TI  - Plasmon-enhanced performance of an ultrathin silicon solar cell using metal
      semiconductor core-shell hemispherical nanoparticles and metallic back grating.
AB  - This paper presents a concept to significantly improve the photocurrent of
      ultrathin crystalline silicon solar cells using plasmonic hemispherical
      dielectric-metal (core-shell) nanoparticles and backside gratings. The design of
      three-dimensional spherical and hemispherical arrays of nanoparticles on top of
      the surface of 0.8 MUm crystalline silicon solar cells was simulated using finite
      difference time-domain (FDTD) method. We used the FDTD results to investigate the
      photocurrent by solving the Poisson and drift diffusion equations. The results
      indicate an enhancement of between 80% and 93% in the photocurrent for cells with
      hemispherical Ag and Ag-SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles, respectively, compared to
      a cell with spherical nanoparticles. In addition, for obtaining a higher
      photocurrent, triangular gratings were applied on the back side of the absorber
      and we obtained a photocurrent of 22  mA/cm2. The simulated results indicate that
      the proposed structures increase the spectral response of thin-film crystalline
      silicon solar cells over a solar spectrum in the range of 400 nm-1200 nm.
      Finally, we investigated photocurrent as a function of incidence light angle and
      concluded that this approach is applicable to various thicknesses and shapes of
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 26974644
TI  - Superluminal, luminal, and subluminal nondiffracting pulses applied to free-space
      optical systems: theoretical description.
AB  - In this paper, we show theoretically nondiffracting pulses with arbitrary peak
      velocities that are suitable for data signal transmission without distortion over
      long distances using different techniques of signal modulation. Our results
      provide closed-form analytical solutions to the wave equation describing
      superluminal, luminal, and subluminal ideal nondiffracting pulses with frequency
      spectra commonly used in the field of optical communications. 

PMID- 26974645
TI  - Compact InGaAsP/InP 3 * 3  multimode-interference coupler-based electro-optic
      switch.
AB  - Optical switches are key components in data links for optical communication
      networks requiring low crosstalk and insertion loss, high switching speed, and
      power efficiency. A multimode-interference (MMI)-coupler-based switch with
      multiple inputs and outputs serving as a switching unit is desired toward forming
      a large-scale switch matrix. Here we demonstrate a compact 3*3 MMI coupler
      electro-optic switch based on the carrier injection effect on InGaAsP/InP
      substrates. This switch device is 2780 MUm long by 18 MUm wide. The switching
      states can be controlled by two index-modulation regions through applied bias
      voltages. Our simulation results show that the device exhibits low crosstalk of <
      22  dB, high extinction ratio of ?23  dB, low electrical switching energy of ~2.0
      pJ/bit, maximum operational frequency of ~1.0  GHz, and optical bandwidth of ~20
      nm in the C band. We experimentally validated one of the switching states on a
      fabricated device with maximum current injections of ~25  mA under combined bias
      voltages of ~2.5 and ~3.0  V. Such monolithic integration schemes make them an
      ideal candidate for future on-chip photonic integrated circuits.

PMID- 26974646
TI  - Application of white light Fresnel diffractometry to film thickness measurement.
AB  - In this work we present the theoretical background and experimental procedure to
      measure the thickness of thin films by analyzing Fresnel diffraction patterns
      obtained from polychromatic illumination of phase-step samples. As examples of
      this technique, we measured the thicknesses of thin aluminum layers on glass
      substrates using three different broad-spectrum light sources. The results are in
      excellent agreement with independent interferometric measurements within less
      than 5% relative uncertainties. 

PMID- 26974647
TI  - Optical modeling of sunlight by using partially coherent sources in organic solar
      cells.
AB  - We investigate the effects of coherent and partially coherent sources in optical
      modeling of organic solar cells. Two different organic solar cells are
      investigated: one without substrate and the other with a millimeter-sized glass
      substrate. The coherent light absorption is calculated with rigorous coupled-wave
      analysis. The result of this method is convolved with a distribution function to
      calculate the partially coherent light absorption. We propose a new formulation
      to accurately model sunlight as a set of partially coherent sources. In the
      structure with glass substrate, the accurate sunlight modeling results in the
      elimination of coherent effects in the thick substrate, but the coherency in
      other layers is not affected. Using partially coherent sources instead of
      coherent sources for simulations with sunlight results in a smoother absorption
      spectrum, but the change in the absorption efficiency is negligible. 

PMID- 26974648
TI  - Image fusion via nonlocal sparse K-SVD dictionary learning.
AB  - Image fusion aims to merge two or more images captured via various sensors of the
      same scene to construct a more informative image by integrating their details.
      Generally, such integration is achieved through the manipulation of the
      representations of the images concerned. Sparse representation plays an important
      role in the effective description of images, offering a great potential in a
      variety of image processing tasks, including image fusion. Supported by sparse
      representation, in this paper, an approach for image fusion by the use of a novel
      dictionary learning scheme is proposed. The nonlocal self-similarity property of
      the images is exploited, not only at the stage of learning the underlying
      description dictionary but during the process of image fusion. In particular, the
      property of nonlocal self-similarity is combined with the traditional sparse
      dictionary. This results in an improved learned dictionary, hereafter referred to
      as the nonlocal sparse K-SVD dictionary (where K-SVD stands for the K times
      singular value decomposition that is commonly used in the literature), and
      abbreviated to NL_SK_SVD. The performance of the NL_SK_SVD dictionary is applied
      for image fusion using simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit. The proposed
      approach is evaluated with different types of images, and compared with a number
      of alternative image fusion techniques. The resultant superior fused images using
      the present approach demonstrates the efficacy of the NL_SK_SVD dictionary in
      sparse image representation. 

PMID- 26974649
TI  - Assessment of Workspace Attributes Under Simulated Index Finger Proximal
      Interphalangeal Arthrodesis.
AB  - This article presented an assessment of quantitative measures of workspace (WS)
      attributes under simulated proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis of
      the index finger. Seven healthy subjects were tested with the PIP joint
      unconstrained (UC) and constrained to selected angles using a motion analysis
      system. A model of the constrained finger was developed in order to address the
      impact of the inclusion of prescribed joint arthrodesis angles on WS attributes.
      Model parameters were obtained from system identification experiments involving
      flexion-extension (FE) movements of the UC and constrained finger. The data of
      experimental FE movements of the constrained finger were used to generate the two
      dimensional (2D) WS boundaries and to validate the model. A weighted criterion
      was formulated to define an optimal constraint angle among several system
      parameters. Results indicated that a PIP joint immobilization angle of 40-50 deg
      of flexion maximized the 2D WS. The analysis of the aspect ratio of the 2D WS
      indicated that the WS was more evenly distributed as the imposed PIP joint
      constraint angle increased. With the imposed PIP joint constraint angles of 30
      deg, 40 deg, 50 deg, and 60 deg of flexion, the normalized maximum distance of
      fingertip reach was reduced by approximately 3%, 4%, 7%, and 9%, respectively.

PMID- 26974650
TI  - Exotic s-wave superconductivity in alkali-doped fullerides.
AB  - Alkali-doped fullerides (A3C60 with A = K, Rb, Cs) show a surprising phase
      diagram, in which a high transition-temperature (Tc) s-wave superconducting state
      emerges next to a Mott insulating phase as a function of the lattice spacing.
      This is in contrast with the common belief that Mott physics and phonon-driven s
      wave superconductivity are incompatible, raising a fundamental question on the
      mechanism of the high-Tc superconductivity. This article reviews recent ab initio
      calculations, which have succeeded in reproducing comprehensively the
      experimental phase diagram with high accuracy and elucidated an unusual
      cooperation between the electron-phonon coupling and the electron-electron
      interactions leading to Mott localization to realize an unconventional s-wave
      superconductivity in the alkali-doped fullerides. A driving force behind the
      exotic physics is unusual intramolecular interactions, characterized by the
      coexistence of a strongly repulsive Coulomb interaction and a small effectively
      negative exchange interaction. This is realized by a subtle energy balance
      between the coupling with the Jahn-Teller phonons and Hund's coupling within the
      C60 molecule. The unusual form of the interaction leads to a formation of pairs
      of up- and down-spin electrons on the molecules, which enables the s-wave
      pairing. The emergent superconductivity crucially relies on the presence of the
      Jahn-Teller phonons, but surprisingly benefits from the strong correlations
      because the correlations suppress the kinetic energy of the electrons and help
      the formation of the electron pairs, in agreement with previous model
      calculations. This confirms that the alkali-doped fullerides are a new type of
      unconventional superconductors, where the unusual synergy between the phonons and
      Coulomb interactions drives the high-Tc superconductivity.

PMID- 26974651
TI  - Effect of Direct-Fed Microbial Dosage on the Fecal Concentrations of
      Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Feedlot Cattle.
AB  - Contamination of beef products by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a
      concern for food safety with a particular subset, the enterohemorrhagic E. coli
      (EHEC), being the most relevant to human disease. To mitigate food safety risks,
      preharvest intervention strategies have been implemented with the aim to reduce
      EHEC in cattle. One class of interventions that has been widely used in feedlots
      is direct-fed microbials (DFMs), which can contain various dosing rates of
      probiotic bacteria. Here we compare the use of two different doses of a
      commercially available DFM on total EHEC load in a commercial feedlot setting.
      The DFMs used were the standard 10(9) Propionibacterium freudenreichii and 10(6)
      Lactobacillus acidophilus colony forming units (CFUs)/head/day dose of
      Bovamine((r)) (Nutrition Physiology Company, Guymon, OK) and the higher dose,
      Bovamine DefendTM (Nutrition Physiology Company), which is dosed at 10(9) P.
      freudenreichii and 10(9) Lactobacillus acidophilus CFUs/head/day. To analyze the
      total EHEC fecal concentration, 2200 head of cattle were assigned a DFM feed
      regimen lasting approximately 5 months. At harvest, 480 head of cattle were
      sampled using rectoanal mucosal swabs. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction
      assay targeting ecf1 was used to enumerate the total EHEC fecal concentration for
      240 head fed the low-dose DFM and 240 head fed the high-dose DFM. No significant
      difference (p > 0.05) in the fecal concentration of total EHEC was observed
      between the two doses. This suggests that using an increased dosage provides no
      additional reduction in the total EHEC fecal concentration of feedlot cattle
      compared to the standard dosage. 

PMID- 26974652
TI  - In Vitro Optimization of Enzymes Involved in Precorrin-2 Synthesis Using Response
      Surface Methodology.
AB  - In order to maximize the production of biologically-derived chemicals, kinetic
      analyses are first necessary for predicting the role of enzyme components and
      coordinating enzymes in the same reaction system. Precorrin-2 is a key precursor
      of cobalamin and siroheme synthesis. In this study, we sought to optimize the
      concentrations of several molecules involved in precorrin-2 synthesis in vitro:
      porphobilinogen synthase (PBGS), porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD),
      uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS), and S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent
      urogen III methyltransferase (SUMT). Response surface methodology was applied to
      develop a kinetic model designed to maximize precorrin-2 productivity. The
      optimal molar ratios of PBGS, PBGD, UROS, and SUMT were found to be approximately
      1:7:7:34, respectively. Maximum precorrin-2 production was achieved at 0.1966 +/-
      0.0028 MUM/min, agreeing with the kinetic model's predicted value of 0.1950
      MUM/min. The optimal concentrations of the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)
      and substrate 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were also determined to be 200 MUM and
      5 mM, respectively, in a tandem-enzyme assay. By optimizing the relative
      concentrations of these enzymes, we were able to minimize the effects of
      substrate inhibition and feedback inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine on SUMT
      and thereby increase the production of precorrin-2 by approximately five-fold.
      These results demonstrate the effectiveness of kinetic modeling via response
      surface methodology for maximizing the production of biologically-derived
      chemicals. 

PMID- 26974653
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 Antibody Persists and Correlates with Self-Reported
      Infection and Behavioural Risks in a Blinded Cohort Study.
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) serological studies in populations could help monitor
      changes in lifetime cumulative risk of infection. We developed a double-antigen
      sandwich ELISA based on the Ct-specific Pgp3 antigen, then tested blind stored
      sera from over 800 participants in a New Zealand birth cohort from Dunedin at
      ages 26, 32 and 38. The double-antigen sandwich ELISA was more sensitive than our
      previously characterised indirect Pgp3 ELISA. Pgp3 antibody was detected more
      often in women compared to men and correlated with increasing numbers of sexual
      partners, self-reported Ct, and younger age at sexual debut in both women and
      men. At age 26, 24.1% (99/411) of women were Pgp3 seropositive, as were 79.5%
      (35/44) of those reporting Ct infection; Pgp3 antibody persisted to age 38 in
      96.5% (83/86). In men at age 26, the figures were 10.7% (47/442) and 25.0%
      (6/24), respectively, with high (83.9%) antibody persistence to age 38. At age
      38, among those Pgp3 seropositive, 63.3% of women and 83.1% of men had not
      reported Ct infection. Thus, Ct-specific Pgp3 antibody was detected in most women
      reporting Ct infection and correlated with risk of infection in those who did
      not, with most infections remaining undetected. As this antibody persisted for at
      least twelve years in 96% of these women, serology could be used to evaluate Ct
      prevention programmes among women. 

PMID- 26974654
TI  - Serotonin and Dopamine Gene Variation and Theory of Mind Decoding Accuracy in
      Major Depression: A Preliminary Investigation.
AB  - Theory of mind-the ability to decode and reason about others' mental states-is a
      universal human skill and forms the basis of social cognition. Theory of mind
      accuracy is impaired in clinical conditions evidencing social impairment,
      including major depressive disorder. The current study is a preliminary
      investigation of the association of polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter
      (SLC6A4), dopamine transporter (DAT1), dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), and catechol
      O-methyl transferase (COMT) genes with theory of mind decoding in a sample of
      adults with major depression. Ninety-six young adults (38 depressed, 58 non
      depressed) completed the 'Reading the Mind in the Eyes task' and a non
      mentalistic control task. Genetic associations were only found for the depressed
      group. Specifically, superior accuracy in decoding mental states of a positive
      valence was seen in those homozygous for the long allele of the serotonin
      transporter gene, 9-allele carriers of DAT1, and long-allele carriers of DRD4. In
      contrast, superior accuracy in decoding mental states of a negative valence was
      seen in short-allele carriers of the serotonin transporter gene and 10/10
      homozygotes of DAT1. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for
      integrating social cognitive and neurobiological models of etiology in major
      depression. 

PMID- 26974656
TI  - Correction: Seasonality in Polyps of a Tropical Cubozoan: A latina nr mordens.

PMID- 26974657
TI  - Tobacco Smoking Kills Slowly, while Smoking on Oxygen Is a Burning Issue.

PMID- 26974658
TI  - Clay nanotube-biopolymer composite scaffolds for tissue engineering.
AB  - Porous biopolymer hydrogels doped at 3-6 wt% with 50 nm diameter/0.8 MUm long
      natural clay nanotubes were produced without any cross-linkers using the freeze
      drying method. The enhancement of mechanical strength (doubled pick load), higher
      water uptake and thermal properties in chitosan-gelatine-agarose hydrogels doped
      with halloysite was demonstrated. SEM and AFM imaging has shown the even
      distribution of nanotubes within the scaffolds. We used enhanced dark-field
      microscopy to visualise the distribution of halloysite nanotubes in the
      implantation area. In vitro cell adhesion and proliferation on the nanocomposites
      occur without changes in viability and cytoskeleton formation. In vivo
      biocompatibility and biodegradability evaluation in rats has confirmed that the
      scaffolds promote the formation of novel blood vessels around the implantation
      sites. The scaffolds show excellent resorption within six weeks after
      implantation in rats. Neo-vascularization observed in newly formed connective
      tissue placed near the scaffold allows for the complete restoration of blood
      flow. These phenomena indicate that the halloysite-doped scaffolds are
      biocompatible as demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The chitosan-gelatine
      agarose doped clay nanotube nanocomposite scaffolds fabricated in this work are
      promising candidates for tissue engineering applications. 

PMID- 26974659
TI  - Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Presentation and Treatment Considerations.
AB  - The increase in opioid use among the general population is reflected in pregnant
      women and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) statistics. This increase has
      produced an unprecedented focus on NAS from both the political-judicial sphere
      and the medical community. Under the banner of fetal protection, judges and
      prosecutors have implemented punitive approaches against women who use prescribed
      and nonprescribed opioids during pregnancy, including arrest, civil commitment,
      detention, prosecution, and loss of custody or termination of parental rights.
      Within the medical community, questions have been raised regarding protocols to
      detect prenatal drug exposure at delivery, NAS treatment protocols, the need for
      quality-improvement strategies to standardize care and reduce length of stay for
      mother and infant, and the benefits of engaging the mother in the care of her
      infant. It is not uncommon for the expression of strong discordant views on these
      issues both between and among these political-judicial and medical
      constituencies. Closely examining the issues often reveal a lack of understanding
      of substance use disorders, their treatment, and the occurrence and treatment of
      NAS. This study provides an in-depth examination of NAS, including variations in
      presentation and factors that impact the efficacy of treatment, and also
      identifying questions that remain unanswered. Finally, 4 key areas on which
      future research should focus to guide both medical care and public policy are
      discussed.

PMID- 26974655
TI  - Iminosugars Inhibit Dengue Virus Production via Inhibition of ER Alpha
      Glucosidases--Not Glycolipid Processing Enzymes.
AB  - It has long been thought that iminosugar antiviral activity is a function of
      inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum-resident alpha-glucosidases, and on this
      basis, many iminosugars have been investigated as therapeutic agents for
      treatment of infection by a diverse spectrum of viruses, including dengue virus
      (DENV). However, iminosugars are glycomimetics possessing a nitrogen atom in
      place of the endocyclic oxygen atom, and the ubiquity of glycans in host
      metabolism suggests that multiple pathways can be targeted via iminosugar
      treatment. Successful treatment of patients with glycolipid processing defects
      using iminosugars highlights the clinical exploitation of iminosugar inhibition
      of enzymes other than ER alpha-glucosidases. Evidence correlating antiviral
      activity with successful inhibition of ER glucosidases together with the
      exclusion of alternative mechanisms of action of iminosugars in the context of
      DENV infection is limited. Celgosivir, a bicyclic iminosugar evaluated in phase
      Ib clinical trials as a therapeutic for the treatment of DENV infection, was
      confirmed to be antiviral in a lethal mouse model of antibody-enhanced DENV
      infection. In this study we provide the first evidence of the antiviral activity
      of celgosivir in primary human macrophages in vitro, in which it inhibits DENV
      secretion with an EC50 of 5 MUM. We further demonstrate that monocyclic glucose
      mimicking iminosugars inhibit isolated glycoprotein and glycolipid processing
      enzymes and that this inhibition also occurs in primary cells treated with these
      drugs. By comparison to bicyclic glucose-mimicking iminosugars which inhibit
      glycoprotein processing but do not inhibit glycolipid processing and galactose
      mimicking iminosugars which do not inhibit glycoprotein processing but do inhibit
      glycolipid processing, we demonstrate that inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum
      resident alpha-glucosidases, not glycolipid processing, is responsible for
      iminosugar antiviral activity against DENV. Our data suggest that inhibition of
      ER alpha-glucosidases prevents release of virus and is the primary antiviral
      mechanism of action of iminosugars against DENV. 

PMID- 26974660
TI  - How the kinetochore couples microtubule force and centromere stretch to move
      chromosomes.
AB  - The Ndc80 complex (Ndc80, Nuf2, Spc24 and Spc25) is a highly conserved
      kinetochore protein essential for end-on anchorage to spindle microtubule plus
      ends and for force generation coupled to plus-end polymerization and
      depolymerization. Spc24/Spc25 at one end of the Ndc80 complex binds the
      kinetochore. The N-terminal tail and CH domains of Ndc80 bind microtubules, and
      an internal domain binds microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) such as the Dam1
      complex. To determine how the microtubule- and MAP-binding domains of Ndc80
      contribute to force production at the kinetochore in budding yeast, we have
      inserted a FRET tension sensor into the Ndc80 protein about halfway between its
      microtubule-binding and internal loop domains. The data support a mechanical
      model of force generation at metaphase where the position of the kinetochore
      relative to the microtubule plus end reflects the relative strengths of
      microtubule depolymerization, centromere stretch and microtubule-binding
      interactions with the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes. 

PMID- 26974663
TI  - Insights into the flexibility of ZrMxOy (M = Na, Mg, Al) nanofibrous membranes as
      promising infrared stealth materials.
AB  - A surprising brittle to flexible transition in ZrMxOy (M = Na, Mg, Al)
      nanofibrous membranes was found by varying the undersized dopant species and
      content. The fiber morphology, crystalline structure, and pore structure of the
      ZrMxOy nanofibrous membranes can be significantly modulated by varying the dopant
      valence from +1 to 3 and the dopant content from 1 to 20 mol%, respectively.
      Meanwhile, a classical Hall-Petch effect was revealed for the ZrMxOy nanofibrous
      membranes systems, which corresponded to a nanocrystalline size of 22.8 nm and an
      enhanced flexibility of 23 mN. Moreover, the substitutional solid solution and
      interstitial solid solution dissolution processes of Na, Mg, and Al into ZrO2
      were analyzed using vacancy compensation and dopant interstitial compensation
      mechanisms, respectively. Most importantly, the flexible Al doped zirconia
      nanofibrous membranes exhibit a low infrared emissivity of 0.589 and 0.703 in the
      3-5 MUm and 8-14 MUm wavebands, respectively, which suggests them to be a
      promising candidate for infrared stealth materials in the confrontation strategy
      field for personnel, aircraft, missiles, satellites, etc.

PMID- 26974664
TI  - Near-IR luminescent lanthanide complexes with 1,8-diaminoanthraquinone-based
      chromophoric ligands.
AB  - Three new chromophoric anthraquinone-based multidentate ligands have been
      synthesised in a step-wise manner from 1,8-dichloroanthraquinone. The ligands
      each comprise two dipicolyl amine units and react with trivalent lanthanide ions
      to form monometallic complexes of the form [Ln(L)](OTf)3 as indicated by MS
      studies and elemental analyses. Supporting DFT studies show that the monometallic
      species are highly favoured (>1000 kJ mol(-1)) over the formation of a 2 : 2
      dimetallic congener. Both ligands and complexes absorb light efficiently (epsilon
      ~ 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1)) in the visible part of the spectrum, with lambdaabsca. 535
      550 nm through an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition localised on
      the substituted anthraquinone unit. In all cases the complexes show a
      fluorescence band at ca. 675 nm due to the ICT emitting state. The corresponding
      Nd(iii), Yb(iii) and Er(iii) complexes also reveal sensitised near-IR emission
      characteristic of each ion following excitation of the ICT visible absorption
      band at 535 nm.

PMID- 26974661
TI  - C/EBPalpha creates elite cells for iPSC reprogramming by upregulating Klf4 and
      increasing the levels of Lsd1 and Brd4.
AB  - Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is
      typically inefficient and has been explained by elite-cell and stochastic models.
      We recently reported that B cells exposed to a pulse of C/EBPalpha (Balpha'
      cells) behave as elite cells, in that they can be rapidly and efficiently
      reprogrammed into iPSCs by the Yamanaka factors OSKM. Here we show that
      C/EBPalpha post-transcriptionally increases the abundance of several hundred
      proteins, including Lsd1, Hdac1, Brd4, Med1 and Cdk9, components of chromatin
      modifying complexes present at super-enhancers. Lsd1 was found to be required for
      B cell gene silencing and Brd4 for the activation of the pluripotency program.
      C/EBPalpha also promotes chromatin accessibility in pluripotent cells and
      upregulates Klf4 by binding to two haematopoietic enhancers. Balpha' cells share
      many properties with granulocyte/macrophage progenitors, naturally occurring
      elite cells that are obligate targets for leukaemic transformation, whose
      formation strictly requires C/EBPalpha. 

PMID- 26974662
TI  - Godzilla-dependent transcytosis promotes Wingless signalling in Drosophila wing
      imaginal discs.
AB  - The apical and basolateral membranes of epithelia are insulated from each other,
      preventing the transfer of extracellular proteins from one side to the other.
      Thus, a signalling protein produced apically is not expected to reach basolateral
      receptors. Evidence suggests that Wingless, the main Drosophila Wnt, is secreted
      apically in the embryonic epidermis. However, in the wing imaginal disc
      epithelium, Wingless is mostly seen on the basolateral membrane where it spreads
      from secreting to receiving cells. Here we examine the apico-basal movement of
      Wingless in Wingless-producing cells of wing imaginal discs. We find that it is
      presented first on the apical surface before making its way to the basolateral
      surface, where it is released and allowed to interact with signalling receptors.
      We show that Wingless transcytosis involves dynamin-dependent endocytosis from
      the apical surface. Subsequent trafficking from early apical endosomes to the
      basolateral surface requires Godzilla, a member of the RNF family of membrane
      anchored E3 ubiquitin ligases. Without such transport, Wingless signalling is
      strongly reduced in this tissue.

PMID- 26974665
TI  - Involvement of Nitric Oxide on Bothropoides insularis Venom Biological Effects on
      Murine Macrophages In Vitro.
AB  - Viperidae venom has several local and systemic effects, such as pain, edema,
      inflammation, kidney failure and coagulopathy. Additionally, bothropic venom and
      its isolated components directly interfere on cellular metabolism, causing
      alterations such as cell death and proliferation. Inflammatory cells are
      particularly involved in pathological envenomation mechanisms due to their
      capacity of releasing many mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO). NO has many
      effects on cell viability and it is associated to the development of inflammation
      and tissue damage caused by Bothrops and Bothropoides venom. Bothropoides
      insularis is a snake found only in Queimada Grande Island, which has markedly
      toxic venom. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the biological effects of
      Bothropoides insularis venom (BiV) on RAW 264.7 cells and assess NO involvement.
      The venom was submitted to colorimetric assays to identify the presence of some
      enzymatic components. We observed that BiV induced H2O2 production and showed
      proteolytic and phospholipasic activities. RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were
      incubated with different concentrations of BiV and then cell viability was
      assessed by MTT reduction assay after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours of incubation. A time
      and concentration-dependent effect was observed, with a tendency to cell
      proliferation at lower BiV concentrations and cell death at higher
      concentrations. The cytotoxic effect was confirmed after lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH) measurement in the supernatant from the experimental groups. Flow cytometry
      analyses revealed that necrosis is the main cell death pathway caused by BiV.
      Also, BiV induced NO release. The inhibition of both proliferative and cytotoxic
      effects with L-NAME were demonstrated, indicating that NO is important for these
      effects. Finally, BiV induced an increase in iNOS expression. Altogether, these
      results demonstrate that B. insularis venom have proliferative and cytotoxic
      effects on macrophages, with necrosis participation. We also suggest that BiV
      acts by inducing iNOS expression and causing NO release. 

PMID- 26974666
TI  - Distinct Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A
      Comparative Study between Children and Adults in Northeast China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Clinical characteristics of pediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)
      have been extensively studied whereas scarcely been compared with those of adult
      GBS. Herein we compared the clinical features of GBS between pediatric and adult
      patients. METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical data of 750 patients
      with GBS (541 adults and 209 children), and compared the clinical characteristics
      between children and adults. RESULTS: Pain was a more frequent complaint in
      children (17.2% vs 9.6%, p < 0.01), who were also found with shorter interval
      from disease onset to nadir (6.3d vs 7.3d, p < 0.01) and higher incidence of
      bulbar dysfunction (22.0% vs 14.8%, p < 0.05). The disease severity in children
      was comparable with adults. In addition, a higher incidence of pediatric GBS was
      found in summer, especially in July and August (both p < 0.01). However, the
      incidence of antecedent infections of different seasons in adult and pediatric
      patients was comparable (p > 0.05). The clinical features of acute motor axonal
      neuropathy (AMAN) and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) in
      children were overall comparable with adult ones (p > 0.05). Similar to adults,
      bulbar dysfunction (odds ratio [OR]: 4.621, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.240
      17.218, p < 0.05) and lower nadir Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score (OR:
      0.897, 95% CI: 0.855-0.941, p < 0.01) were also risk factors for mechanical
      ventilation in children. However, distinct from adult ones, autonomic dysfunction
      was significantly higher in mechanically ventilated childhood GBS (39.1% vs 8.8%,
      p < 0.01), which also served as a predictor for mechanical ventilation in
      pediatric GBS (OR: 70.415, 95% CI: 9.265-535.158, p < 0.01). As to the efficacy
      of intravenous immunoglobulin, insignificant difference was identified between
      children and adults. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of pediatric GBS differ
      from those of adults. Autonomic dysfunction is an independent risk factor for
      mechanical ventilation in pediatric patients.

PMID- 26974667
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Seagull Chicks Is Related to the Consumption of
      Freshwater Food Resources.
AB  - Understanding the spread of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in wild birds,
      particularly in those with opportunistic feeding behavior, is of interest for
      elucidating the epidemiological involvement of these birds in the maintenance and
      dissemination of the parasite. Overall, from 2009 to 2011, we collected sera from
      525 seagull chicks (Yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) and Audouin's gull (L.
      audouinii)) from 6 breeding colonies in Spain and tested them using the modified
      agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii. Chick
      age was estimated from bill length. Main food source of seagull chicks was
      evaluated using stable isotope analyses from growing scapular feathers. Overall
      T. gondii seroprevalence was 21.0% (IC95% 17.5-24.4). A generalized linear mixed
      effects model indicated that year (2009) and food source (freshwater) were risk
      factors associated to the individual risk of infection by T. gondii, while age
      (days) was close to significance. Freshwater food origin was related to the
      highest seroprevalence levels, followed by marine origin, supporting freshwater
      and sewages as important routes of dispersion of T. gondii. Year differences
      could indicate fluctuating rates of exposure of seagull chicks to T. gondii. Age
      ranged from 4 to 30 days and seropositivity tended to increase with age (P =
      0.07), supporting that seropositivity is related to T. gondii infection rather
      than to maternal transfer of antibodies, which in gulls is known to sharply
      decrease with chick age. This study is the first to report T. gondii antibodies
      in Yellow-legged and Audouin's gulls, thereby extending the range of intermediate
      hosts for this parasite and underscoring the complexity of its epidemiology. 

PMID- 26974668
TI  - Effect of Aminated Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles on the
      Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells.
AB  - Mesoporous bioactive nanoparticles (MBNs) have been developed as promising
      additives to various types of bone or dentin regenerative material. However,
      biofunctionality of MBNs as dentin regenerative additive to dental materials have
      rarely been studied. We investigated the uptake efficiency of MBNs-NH2 with their
      endocytosis pathway and the role of MBNs-NH2 in odontogenic differentiation to
      clarify inherent biofunctionality. MBNs were fabricated by sol-gel synthesis, and
      3% APTES was used to aminate these nanoparticles (MBNs-NH2) to reverse their
      charge from negative to positive. To characterize the MBNs-NH2, TEM, XRD, FTIR,
      zeta(xi)-potential measurements, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis were
      performed. After primary cultured rat dental pulp stem cells (rDPSCs) were
      incubated with various concentrations of MBNs-NH2, stem cell viability (24 hours)
      with or without differentiated media, internalization of MBNs-NH2 in rDPSCs (~4
      hours) via specific endocytosis pathway, intra or extracellular ion concentration
      and odontoblastic differentiation (~28 days) were investigated. Incubation with
      up to 50 MUg/mL of MBNs-NH2 had no effect on rDPSCs viability with differentiated
      media (p>0.05). The internalization of MBNs-NH2 in rDPSCs was determined about
      92% after 4 hours of incubation. Uptake was significantly decreased with ATP
      depletion and after 1 hour of pre-treatment with the inhibitor of
      macropinocytosis (p<0.05). There was significant increase of intracellular Ca and
      Si ion concentration in MBNs-NH2 treated cells compared to no-treated counterpart
      (p<0.05). The expression of odontogenic-related genes (BSP, COL1A, DMP-1, DSPP,
      and OCN) and the capacity for biomineralization (based on alkaline phosphatase
      activity and alizarin red staining) were significantly upregulated with MBNs-NH2.
      These results indicate that MBNs-NH2 induce odontogenic differentiation of rDPSCs
      and may serve as a potential dentin regenerative additive to dental material for
      promoting odontoblast differentiation. 

PMID- 26974669
TI  - Recombination-Mediated Telomere Maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Not
      Dependent on the Shu Complex.
AB  - In cells lacking telomerase, telomeres shorten progressively during each cell
      division due to incomplete end-replication. When the telomeres become very short,
      cells enter a state that blocks cell division, termed senescence. A subset of
      these cells can overcome senescence and maintain their telomeres using telomerase
      independent mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these cells are called
      'survivors' and are dependent on Rad52-dependent homologous recombination and
      Pol32-dependent break-induced replication. There are two main types of survivors:
      type I and type II. The type I survivors require Rad51 and maintain telomeres by
      amplification of subtelomeric elements, while the type II survivors are Rad51
      independent, but require the MRX complex and Sgs1 to amplify the C1-3A/TG1-3
      telomeric sequences. Rad52, Pol32, Rad51, and Sgs1 are also important to prevent
      accelerated senescence, indicating that recombination processes are important at
      telomeres even before the formation of survivors. The Shu complex, which consists
      of Shu1, Shu2, Psy3, and Csm2, promotes Rad51-dependent homologous recombination
      and has been suggested to be important for break-induced replication. It also
      promotes the formation of recombination intermediates that are processed by the
      Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 complex, as mutations in the SHU genes can suppress various sgs1,
      top3, and rmi1 mutant phenotypes. Given the importance of recombination processes
      during senescence and survivor formation, and the involvement of the Shu complex
      in many of the same processes during DNA repair, we hypothesized that the Shu
      complex may also have functions at telomeres. Surprisingly, we find that this is
      not the case: the Shu complex does not affect the rate of senescence, does not
      influence survivor formation, and deletion of SHU1 does not suppress the rapid
      senescence and type II survivor formation defect of a telomerase-negative sgs1
      mutant. Altogether, our data suggest that the Shu complex is not important for
      recombination processes at telomeres. 

PMID- 26974670
TI  - Survival Outcomes According to Adjuvant Treatment and Prognostic Factors
      Including Host Immune Markers in Patients with Curatively Resected Ampulla of
      Vater Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ampulla of Vater cancer (AoV Ca) is a rare tumor, and its adjuvant
      treatment has not been established. The purpose of this study was to find out
      prognostic factors including host immunity and role of adjuvant treatment in AoV
      Ca. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We reviewed 227 AoV Ca patients with curative
      resection. Clinical characteristics, adjuvant treatment, disease-free survival
      (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Among all patients, 63.9, 36.1 and
      33.9% had T1/T2, T3/T4 stage and lymph node-positive disease (LN+), respectively.
      OS of all patients was 90.9 months (95% CI: 52.9-129.0). OS was different
      according to neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR 1.651, 95% CI: 1.11-2.47),
      platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR 1.488, 95% CI: 1.00-2.21) and systemic
      inflammatory index (HR 1.669, 95% CI: 1.13-2.47). In multivariate analysis,
      adverse prognostic factors for OS included vascular invasion (HR 2.571, 95% CI:
      1.20-5.53) and elevated CA 19-9 (HR 1.794, 95% CI: 1.07-3.05). A total of 104
      patients (46.3%) received adjuvant treatment (25 out of 111of T1/T2 & LN (-), 79
      out of 116 of T3/T4 or LN (+)). In T3/T4 or LN (+) stage, adjuvant CCRT with
      maintenance chemotherapy provided the longest OS (5-year OS rate: 47.0 vs.
      41.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular invasion and elevated CA 19-9 were adverse
      prognostic factors in resected AoV Ca. In T3/T4 or LN (+) stage, adjuvant CCRT
      with maintenance chemotherapy provided the best survival outcome. Adjuvant
      treatment should be further defined in AoV Ca, especially with poor prognostic
      factors.

PMID- 26974671
TI  - Abnormal Hypermethylation at Imprinting Control Regions in Patients with S
      Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase (AHCY) Deficiency.
AB  - S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AHCY) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive
      disorder in methionine metabolism caused by mutations in the AHCY gene. Main
      characteristics are psychomotor delay including delayed myelination and myopathy
      (hypotonia, absent tendon reflexes etc.) from birth, mostly associated with
      hypermethioninaemia, elevated serum creatine kinase levels and increased genome
      wide DNA methylation. The prime function of AHCY is to hydrolyse and efficiently
      remove S-adenosylhomocysteine, the by-product of transmethylation reactions and
      one of the most potent methyltransferase inhibitors. In this study, we set out to
      more specifically characterize DNA methylation changes in blood samples from
      patients with AHCY deficiency. Global DNA methylation was increased in two of
      three analysed patients. In addition, we analysed the DNA methylation levels at
      differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of six imprinted genes (MEST, SNRPN,
      LIT1, H19, GTL2 and PEG3) as well as Alu and LINE1 repetitive elements in seven
      patients. Three patients showed a hypermethylation in up to five imprinted gene
      DMRs. Abnormal methylation in Alu and LINE1 repetitive elements was not observed.
      We conclude that DNA hypermethylation seems to be a frequent but not a constant
      feature associated with AHCY deficiency that affects different genomic regions to
      different degrees. Thus AHCY deficiency may represent an ideal model disease for
      studying the molecular origins and biological consequences of DNA
      hypermethylation due to impaired cellular methylation status. 

PMID- 26974673
TI  - Knowledge of Sub-Types Important to Understanding of the Prevalence of Myotonic
      Dystrophy.

PMID- 26974672
TI  - Next Generation Mapping of Enological Traits in an F2 Interspecific Grapevine
      Hybrid Family.
AB  - In winegrapes (Vitis spp.), fruit quality traits such as berry color, total
      soluble solids content (SS), malic acid content (MA), and yeast assimilable
      nitrogen (YAN) affect fermentation or wine quality, and are important traits in
      selecting new hybrid winegrape cultivars. Given the high genetic diversity and
      heterozygosity of Vitis species and their tendency to exhibit inbreeding
      depression, linkage map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping
      has relied on F1 families with the use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and other
      markers. This study presents the construction of a genetic map by single
      nucleotide polymorphisms identified through genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)
      technology in an F2 mapping family of 424 progeny derived from a cross between
      the wild species V. riparia Michx. and the interspecific hybrid winegrape
      cultivar, 'Seyval'. The resulting map has 1449 markers spanning 2424 cM in
      genetic length across 19 linkage groups, covering 95% of the genome with an
      average distance between markers of 1.67 cM. Compared to an SSR map previously
      developed for this F2 family, these results represent an improved map covering a
      greater portion of the genome with higher marker density. The accuracy of the map
      was validated using the well-studied trait berry color. QTL affecting YAN, MA and
      SS related traits were detected. A joint MA and SS QTL spans a region with
      candidate genes involved in the malate metabolism pathway. We present an
      analytical pipeline for calling intercross GBS markers and a high-density linkage
      map for a large F2 family of the highly heterozygous Vitis genus. This study
      serves as a model for further genetic investigations of the molecular basis of
      additional unique characters of North American hybrid wine cultivars and to
      enhance the breeding process by marker-assisted selection. The GBS protocols for
      identifying intercross markers developed in this study can be adapted for other
      heterozygous species. 

PMID- 26974674
TI  - Elaborative retrieval: Do semantic mediators improve memory?
AB  - The elaborative retrieval account of retrieval-based learning proposes that
      retrieval enhances retention because the retrieval process produces the
      generation of semantic mediators that link cues to target information. We tested
      2 assumptions that form the basis of this account: that semantic mediators are
      more likely to be generated during retrieval than during restudy and that the
      generation of mediators facilitates later recall of targets. Although these
      assumptions are often discussed in the context of retrieval processes, we noted
      that there was little prior empirical evidence to support either assumption. We
      conducted a series of experiments to measure the generation of mediators during
      retrieval and restudy and to examine the effect of the generation of mediators on
      later target recall. Across 7 experiments, we found that the generation of
      mediators was not more likely during retrieval (and may be more likely during
      restudy), and that the activation of mediators was unrelated to subsequent free
      recall of targets and was negatively related to cued recall of targets. The
      results pose challenges for both assumptions of the elaborative retrieval
      account. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974675
TI  - The Role of Bias by Emergency Department Providers in Care for American Indian
      Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: American Indian children have high rates of emergency department (ED)
      use and face potential discrimination in health care settings. OBJECTIVE: Our
      goal was to assess both implicit and explicit racial bias and examine their
      relationship with clinical care. RESEARCH DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional
      survey of care providers at 5 hospitals in the Upper Midwest. Questions included
      American Indian stereotypes (explicit attitudes), clinical vignettes, and the
      Implicit Association Test. Two Implicit Association Tests were created to assess
      implicit bias toward the child or the parent/caregiver. Differences were assessed
      using linear and logistic regression models with a random effect for study site.
      RESULTS: A total of 154 care providers completed the survey. Agreement with
      negative American Indian stereotypes was 22%-32%. Overall, 84% of providers had
      an implicit preference for non-Hispanic white adults or children. Older providers
      (50 y and above) had lower implicit bias than those middle aged (30-49 y)
      (P=0.01). American Indian children were seen as increasingly challenging (P=0.04)
      and parents/caregivers less compliant (P=0.002) as the proportion of American
      Indian children seen in the ED increased. Responses to the vignettes were not
      related to implicit or explicit bias. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of ED care
      providers had an implicit preference for non-Hispanic white children or adults
      compared with those who were American Indian. Provider agreement with negative
      American Indian stereotypes differed by practice and respondents'
      characteristics. These findings require additional study to determine how these
      implicit and explicit biases influence health care or outcomes disparities.

PMID- 26974676
TI  - Are Older Adults With Hip Fractures Disadvantaged in Level 1 Trauma Centers?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Large regional hospitals achieve good outcomes for patients with
      complex conditions. However, recent studies have suggested that some patient
      groups might not benefit from treatment in higher-level trauma centers.
      OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that older adults with isolated hip fractures
      experience delayed surgical treatment and worse clinical outcomes when treated in
      higher-level trauma centers. RESEARCH DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using a
      statewide longitudinal database that captured 98% of inpatients within California
      (2007-2011). SUBJECTS: All older adults (aged 65 y and above) admitted with an
      isolated hip fracture who did not require interhospital transfer. MEASURES: Days
      to operation, length of stay, inhospital mortality, 30-day risk of unplanned
      readmission, 30-day venous thromboembolism, decubitus ulcers, and pneumonia.
      RESULTS: There were 91,401 patients, 6.1% of whom were treated in a level 1
      trauma center (L1TC), 17.7% in a level 2 trauma center (L2TC), and 70.2% in a
      nontrauma center (NTC). Within multivariable logistic and generalized linear
      regression models, patients treated in L1TCs underwent surgery later (predicted
      mean difference: 0.30 d; 95% CI, 0.08-0.53), had prolonged inpatient stays (0.99
      d, 0.40-1.59), and had higher odds of both 30-day readmission (aOR=1.62; 95% CI,
      1.35-1.93) and venous thromboembolism (aOR=1.32, 1.01-1.74) relative to NTCs.
      There were no differences in mortality, decubitus ulcers, or pneumonias. L2TCs
      were not different from NTCs across any of the measured outcomes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Older adults with hip fractures may be disadvantaged in L1TCs. Further research
      should aim to develop our understanding of this disparity to ensure that all
      patient groups benefit from the resources and expertise available within these
      hospitals.

PMID- 26974677
TI  - Income Inequities and Medicaid Expansion are Related to Racial and Ethnic
      Disparities in Delayed or Forgone Care Due to Cost.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monitoring political and social determinants of delayed or forgone
      care due to cost is necessary to evaluate efforts to reduce racial and ethnic
      disparities in access to care. Our objective was to examine the extent to which
      state Medicaid expansion decisions and personal household income may be
      associated with individual-level racial and ethnic disparities in delayed or
      forgone care due to cost, at baseline, before the implementation of the
      Affordable Care Act. METHODS: We used 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
      System survey data to examine racial and ethnic differences in delayed or forgone
      care due to cost in states that do and do not plan Medicaid expansion. We
      examined personal household income as a social factor that could contribute to
      racial and ethnic disparities in delayed or forgone care. RESULTS: We found that
      personal income differences were strongly related to disparities in delayed or
      forgone care in places with and without plans to expand Medicaid. In addition,
      while delayed or forgone care disparities between non-Hispanic whites and non
      Hispanic blacks were lowest in places with plans to expand Medicaid access,
      disparities between non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics did not differ by state
      Medicaid expansion plans. CONCLUSIONS: As access to insurance improves for
      diverse groups, health systems must develop innovative strategies to overcome
      social determinants of health, including income inequities, as barriers to
      accessing care for Hispanic and non-Hispanic blacks. Additional efforts may be
      needed to ensure Hispanic groups achieve the benefits of investments in health
      care access.

PMID- 26974679
TI  - The Use of Enhanced Appointment Access Strategies by Medical Practices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Strategies to enhance appointment access are being adopted by medical
      practices as part of patient-centered medical home (PCMH) implementation, but
      little is known about the use of these strategies nationally. OBJECTIVES: We
      examine practice use of open access scheduling and after-hours care. RESEARCH
      DESIGN: Data were analyzed from the Third National Study of Physician
      Organizations (NSPO3) to examine which enhanced appointment access strategies are
      more likely to be used by practices with more robust PCMH capabilities and with
      greater external incentives. Logistic regression estimated the effect of PCMH
      capabilities and external incentives on practice use of open access scheduling
      and after-hours care. SUBJECTS: Physician organizations with >20% primary care
      physicians (n=1106). MEASURES: PCMH capabilities included team-based care, health
      information technology capabilities, quality improvement orientation, and patient
      experience orientation. External incentives included public reporting, pay-for
      performance (P4P), and accountable care organization participation. RESULTS: A
      low percentage of practices (19.8%) used same-day open access scheduling, while
      after-hours care (56.1%) was more common. In adjusted analyses, system-owned
      practices and practices with greater use of team-based care, health information
      technology capabilities, and public reporting were more likely to use open access
      scheduling. Accountable care organization-affiliated practices and practices with
      greater use of public reporting and P4P were more likely to provide after-hours
      care. CONCLUSIONS: Open access scheduling may be most effectively implemented by
      practices with robust PCMH capabilities. External incentives appear to influence
      practice adoption of after-hours care. Expanding open access scheduling and after
      hours care will require distinct policies and supports.

PMID- 26974678
TI  - Health Care Use, Health Behaviors, and Medical Conditions Among Individuals in
      Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Partnerships: A Cross-Sectional Observational Analysis
      of the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS), 2003-2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prior research documents disparities between sexual minority and
      nonsexual minority individuals regarding health behaviors and health services
      utilization. However, little is known regarding differences in the prevalence of
      medical conditions. OBJECTIVES: To examine associations between sexual minority
      status and medical conditions. RESEARCH DESIGN: We conducted multiple logistic
      regression analyses of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2003-2011). We
      identified individuals who reported being partnered with an individual of the
      same sex, and constructed a matched cohort of individuals in opposite-sex
      partnerships. SUBJECTS: A total of 494 individuals in same-sex partnerships and
      494 individuals in opposite-sex partnerships. MEASURES: Measures of health risk
      (eg, smoking status), health services utilization (eg, physician office visits),
      and presence of 15 medical conditions (eg, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, HIV,
      alcohol disorders). RESULTS: Same-sex partnered men had nearly 4 times the odds
      of reporting a mood disorder than did opposite-sex partnered men [adjusted odds
      ratio (aOR)=3.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.85-8.48]. Compared with
      opposite-sex partnered women, same-sex partnered women had greater odds of heart
      disease (aOR=2.59; 95% CI, 1.19-5.62), diabetes (aOR=2.75; 95% CI, 1.10-6.90),
      obesity (aOR=1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.94), high cholesterol (aOR=1.89; 95% CI, 1.03
      3.50), and asthma (aOR=1.90; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19). Even after adjusting for
      sociodemographics, health risk behaviors, and health conditions, individuals in
      same-sex partnerships had 67% increased odds of past-year emergency department
      utilization and 51% greater odds of >=3 physician visits in the last year
      compared with opposite-sex partnered individuals. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of
      individual-level, provider-level, and system-level approaches are needed to
      reduce disparities in medical conditions and health care utilization among sexual
      minority individuals.

PMID- 26974680
TI  - Hospital Readmission and Length of Stay Over Time in Patients Undergoing Major
      Cardiovascular and Orthopedic Surgery: A Tale of 2 States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Readmission and length of stay (LOS) are increasingly accepted as
      quality measures for surgical care. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services will
      soon assess penalties for excessive readmissions after coronary artery bypass
      graft (CABG) surgery and hip and knee replacements. OBJECTIVE: To determine and
      compare population level changes in LOS and relationship with 30-day readmission
      over time for patients undergoing CABG and hip and knee replacements. Secondary
      objective was to determine relationship between LOS and discharge disposition as
      well as mortality. RESEARCH DESIGN: Observational cohort study of patients
      undergoing CABG and hip and knee replacements in New York and California.
      Temporal trends in LOS, discharge disposition, 30-day readmission, and mortality
      were examined. Generalized linear-mixed models, accounting for hospital
      clustering, were used to assess differences in outcomes. SUBJECTS: Patients
      undergoing CABG and hip and knee replacements in New York and California between
      2005 and 2011. MEASURES: Trends in LOS, discharge disposition, 30-day readmission
      and mortality, and risk-adjusted odds of all-cause 30-day readmission. RESULTS:
      We identified 206,784, 336,271, and 416,391 patients who underwent CABG, hip, and
      knee replacements, respectively, in New York State and California between 2005
      and 2011. The risks of readmission within 30 days decreased over time in both
      states. LOS decreased by 1 day after hip and knee surgery and remained unchanged
      after CABG. Adjusted analysis confirmed these trends. In secondary analyses
      patients in New York had higher overall odds of 30-day readmission compared with
      patients in California. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of inverse relationship
      between LOS and readmission over time. In hip and knee replacement there is
      strong evidence that both LOS and readmission have been reduced simultaneously.

PMID- 26974681
TI  - Distribution of circulating cardiac biomarkers in healthy children: from birth
      through adulthood.
AB  - AIM: While circulating biomarkers are critical tools for cardiovascular adult
      care, their relevance in childhood is unknown. METHODS: We evaluated the behavior
      of plasma concentrations of clinically relevant cardiac biomarkers (NT-proBNP, hs
      cTnI, sST2, Galectin-3) in 106 healthy children. RESULTS: Subjects were divided
      into age subgroups: 24 newborns (0-30 days), 26 infants (1-12 months), 30
      children (1-12 years) and 26 adolescents (13-18 years). Healthy adults were used
      as control. NT-proBNP (newborns: 504.3 [211.07-942.7] ng/L, median [25-75
      percentiles]; infants: 200.64 [76.88-306.73]; children: 97.27 [49.24-271.80];
      adolescents: 24.35 [13.14-58.83]; p < 0.001) and hs-cTnI (newborns: 9.3 [3.3
      93.8] ng/L; infants: 13.8 [4.82-72.52]; children: 11.45 [4.0-48.10]; adolescents:
      2.6[2.07-3.90]; p < 0.001) were highest in the first month of life, showing a
      decline in the next years. sST2 and Galectin-3 showed no differences. CONCLUSION:
      Changes in hs-cTnI and NT-proBNP suggest the design of age- and sex-based
      reference intervals that will have to be explored in a larger population.

PMID- 26974682
TI  - The Importance of Leisure Activities in the Relationship between Physical Health
      and Well-Being in a Life Span Sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined the relationships between physical
      health and leisure activities and between leisure activities and well-being, but,
      to our knowledge, none has examined these relationships simultaneously.
      OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationships between leisure activities,
      health and well-being considering the role of age, and whether leisure activities
      mediate the relationship between physical health and well-being. METHODS:
      Utilizing a cross-sectional database of 259 adults (ages 18-81 years) who
      completed several questionnaires, linear regression models and mediation models
      were tested. RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that physical health was
      related to leisure activities and leisure activities were related to well-being.
      When physical health was measured by subjective ratings, age had a stronger
      relationship with leisure activities. However, when physical health was indicated
      by health restrictions, physical health had a stronger relationship with leisure
      activities than did age. Leisure activities were a partial mediator of the
      relationship between physical health and well-being. CONCLUSION: The results
      demonstrated that the reduction in leisure activities with age has more to do
      with physical health limitations than with older age itself. In addition,
      regardless of age, the benefits of physical health for well-being are due in part
      to the level of leisure activity participation. These results highlight the
      importance of leisure activities for successful aging throughout the adult life
      span. Interventions designed to improve well-being through increasing leisure
      activity participation should take physical health into consideration,
      particularly for older adults.

PMID- 26974684
TI  - New outcomes of Lewis base addition to diboranes(4): electronic effects override
      strong steric disincentives.
AB  - Two surprising new outcomes of the reaction of Lewis bases with
      dihalodiboranes(4) are presented, including sp(2)-sp(3) diboranes in which the
      Lewis base unit is bound to a highly sterically congested boron atom, and a
      rearranged double base adduct. The results provide a fuller understanding of the
      reactivity of diboranes, a poorly-understood class of molecule of critical
      importance to synthetic organic chemistry. 

PMID- 26974686
TI  - Sitting Phases of Polymerizable Amphiphiles for Controlled Functionalization of
      Layered Materials.
AB  - Precisely tailoring surface chemistry of layered materials is a growing need for
      fields ranging from electronics to biology. For many applications, the need for
      noncovalently adsorbed ligands to simultaneously control interactions with a
      nonpolar substrate and a polar solvent is a particular challenge. However,
      biology routinely addresses a similar challenge in the context of the lipid
      bilayer. While conventional standing phases of phospholipids (such as those found
      in a bilayer) would not provide spatially ordered interactions with the
      substrate, here we demonstrate formation of a sitting phase of polymerizable
      phospholipids, in which the two alkyl chains extend along the surface and the two
      ionizable functionalities (a phosphate and an amine) sit adjacent to the
      substrate and project into the solvent, respectively. Interfacial ordering and
      polymerization are assessed by high-resolution scanning probe measurements. Water
      contact angle titrations demonstrate interfacial pKa shifts for the lipid
      phosphate but not for the amine, supporting localization of the phosphate near
      the nonpolar graphite surface. 

PMID- 26974685
TI  - Histopathological, oxidative damage, biochemical, and genotoxicity alterations in
      hepatic rats exposed to deltamethrin: modulatory effects of garlic (Allium
      sativum).
AB  - Deltamethrin is a pesticide widely used as a synthetic pyrethroid. The aim of
      this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of deltamethrin to induce
      oxidative stress and changes in biochemical parameters, hepatotoxicity and
      genotoxicity in female rats following a short-term (30 days) oral exposure and
      attenuation of these effects by Allium sativum extract. Indeed, Allium sativum is
      known to be a good antioxidant food resource which helps destroy free radical
      particles. Our results showed that deltamethrin treatment caused an increase in
      liver enzyme activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase
      (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); and hepatic
      lipid peroxidation (LPO) level. However, it induced a decrease in activities of
      hepatic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase
      (GPx) (p < 0.01). Allium sativum extract normalized significantly (p < 0.01) the
      mentioned parameters in deltamethrin-treated rats. For genotoxic evaluation,
      deltamethrin treatment showed a significant increase in frequencies of
      micronucleus in bone-marrow cells. Micronucleus formation is an indicator of
      chromosomal damage which has been increasingly used to detect the genotoxic
      potential of environmental pests. The present study showed that Allium sativum
      diminished the adverse effects induced by this synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. 

PMID- 26974688
TI  - Correction to "Synthesis and Study of 7,12,17-Trioxa[11]helicene".

PMID- 26974689
TI  - Characteristics and Prevalence of Asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      Overlap in the United States.
AB  - RATIONALE: The asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap
      syndrome (ACOS) occurs in patients with fixed airway obstruction that defines
      COPD and with symptoms more typical of asthma. ACOS prevalence and the
      comorbidities associated with this syndrome have been inadequately characterized.
      OBJECTIVES: Because this population is prone to more frequent exacerbations, we
      hypothesized that comorbidities associated with ACOS are higher than those with
      COPD, asthma, and control populations in the United States. METHODS: We examined
      the self-reported demographics, smoking status, comorbidities, and
      hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visitation experience among study
      respondents older than 35 years of age (n = 90,851) in the Behavioral Risk Factor
      Surveillance System survey and compared participants with ACOS to COPD, asthma,
      and control groups. We used logistic regression to compare ACOS and COPD
      populations to model the impact of comorbid conditions and hospitalization/ED
      visits after adjusting for demographic factors and smoking status to generate
      odds ratios and confidence intervals. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The U.S.
      prevalence of ACOS was 3.2%, COPD alone was 6.0%, and both increased with age.
      Respondents with ACOS were younger (64.0 +/- 11.7 yr) than respondents with COPD
      (67.1 +/- 11.8 yr) and older than respondents with asthma (59.0 +/- 13.1 yr; P <
      0.0001). The prevalence of comorbidities was higher in the group with ACOS and
      COPD than in asthma or control groups. The ACOS group had a higher body mass
      index, lower income, and lower education than other groups. The ACOS group was
      more likely to have at least one comorbidity (90.2 vs. 84%, P < 0.0001), more
      hospitalization or ED visits (22.0 vs. 13.2%, P < 0.0001), less exercise (50.0
      vs. 58.6%, P = 0.0024), and more disability (70.8 vs. 58.6%, P < 0.0001) than the
      COPD group. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with a dual diagnosis of asthma and COPD
      are younger and with more disparities than those diagnosed with COPD alone. ACOS
      has a higher burden of self-reported comorbidity, disability, and hospitalization
      or ED visitation than COPD alone.

PMID- 26974687
TI  - Progression of nicotine dependence, mood level, and mood variability in
      adolescent smokers.
AB  - Mood processes are theorized to play a role in the initiation and progression of
      smoking behavior. Available work using real-time assessments in samples of young
      smokers, including several reports from the Social and Emotional Contexts of
      Adolescent Smoking Patterns (SECASP) study, has indicated that smoking events
      acutely improve mood and that escalating smoking frequency may stabilize mood.
      However, prior analyses have not specifically evaluated within-person change in
      nicotine dependence, which is conceptually distinguishable from frequent smoking
      and may be associated with unique mood consequences. The current investigation
      addressed this question using data from 329 adolescent SECASP participants (9th
      or 10th grade at recruitment) who contributed mood reports via ecological
      momentary assessment in up to four 1-week bursts over the course of 24 months.
      Mixed-effects location scale analyses revealed that within-person increases in
      scores on the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale were associated with elevations
      in negative mood level and increased variability of both positive and negative
      moods. These effects remained when within-person changes in smoking frequency
      were covaried and were not fully attributable to a subgroup of youth who rapidly
      escalated their smoking frequency over time. The findings indicate that
      adolescents tend to show increasing levels of positive mood states, decreasing
      levels of negative mood, and diminishing mood variability between ages 16 to 18,
      but progression of nicotine dependence may counteract some of these developmental
      gains. Emergence of withdrawal symptoms is a likely explanation for the adverse
      mood effects associated with dependence progression. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974690
TI  - On My Honor.

PMID- 26974692
TI  - Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Coordination Complexes as Tunable Optical Response
      Materials.
AB  - Novel lead and bismuth dipyrido complexes have been synthesized and characterized
      by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which shows their structures to be directed
      by highly oriented pi-stacking of planar fully conjugated organic ligands.
      Optical band gaps are influenced by the identity of both the organic and
      inorganic component. Density functional theory calculations show optical
      excitation leads to exciton separation between inorganic and organic components.
      Using UV-vis, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies, we have
      determined the materials' frontier energy levels and show their suitability for
      photovoltaic device fabrication by use of electron- and hole-transport materials
      such as TiO2 and spiro-OMeTAD respectively. Such organic/inorganic hybrid
      materials promise greater electronic tunability than the inflexible
      methylammonium lead iodide structure through variation of both the metal and
      organic components. 

PMID- 26974691
TI  - Antituberculosis Activity of a Naturally Occurring Flavonoid, Isorhamnetin.
AB  - Isorhamnetin (1) is a naturally occurring flavonoid having anticancer and anti
      inflammatory properties. The present study demonstrated that 1 had
      antimycobacterial effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, multi-drug- and
      extensively drug-resistant clinical isolates with minimum inhibitory
      concentrations of 158 and 316 MUM, respectively. Mycobacteria mainly affect the
      lungs, causing an intense local inflammatory response that is critical to the
      pathogenesis of tuberculosis. We investigated the effects of 1 on interferon
      (IFN)-gamma-stimulated human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. Isorhamnetin suppressed
      the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-12. A
      nontoxic dose of 1 reduced mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12,
      and matrix metalloproteinase-1 in IFN-gamma-stimulated cells. Isorhamnetin
      inhibited IFN-gamma-mediated stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and showed high-affinity binding to
      these kinases (binding constants: 4.46 * 10(6) M(-1) and 7.6 * 10(6) M(-1),
      respectively). The 4'-hydroxy group and the 3'-methoxy group of the B-ring and
      the 5-hydroxy group of the A-ring of 1 play key roles in these binding
      interactions. A mouse in vivo study of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung
      inflammation revealed that a nontoxic dose of 1 reduced the levels of IL-1beta,
      IL-6, IL-12, and INF-gamma in lung tissue. These data provide the first evidence
      that 1 could be developed as a potent antituberculosis drug. 

PMID- 26974693
TI  - Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome or Posterior Reversible
      Encephalopathy Syndrome-Reply.

PMID- 26974694
TI  - MicroRNA deep sequencing reveals chamber-specific miR-208 family expression
      patterns in the human heart.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart chamber-specific mRNA expression patterns have been extensively
      studied, and dynamic changes have been reported in many cardiovascular diseases.
      MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also important regulators of normal cardiac development
      and functions that generally suppress gene expression at the posttranscriptional
      level. Recent focus has been placed on circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers
      for cardiac disorders. However, miRNA expression levels in human normal hearts
      have not been thoroughly studied, and chamber-specific miRNA expression
      signatures in particular remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed miRNA
      deep sequencing on human paired left atria (LA) and ventricles (LV) under normal
      physiologic conditions. Among 438 miRNAs, miR-1 was the most abundant in both
      chambers, representing 21% of the miRNAs in LA and 26% in LV. A total of 25
      miRNAs were differentially expressed between LA and LV; 14 were upregulated in
      LA, and 11 were highly expressed in LV. Notably, the miR-208 family in particular
      showed prominent chamber specificity; miR-208a-3p and miR-208a-5p were abundant
      in LA, whereas miR-208b-3p and miR-208b-5p were preferentially expressed in LV.
      Subsequent real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis validated the predominant
      expression of miR-208a in LA and miR-208b in LV. CONCLUSIONS: Human atrial and
      ventricular tissues display characteristic miRNA expression signatures under
      physiological conditions. Notably, miR-208a and miR-208b show significant chamber
      specificity as do their host genes, alpha-MHC and beta-MHC, which are mainly
      expressed in the atria and ventricles, respectively. These findings might also
      serve to enhance our understanding of cardiac miRNAs and various heart diseases.

PMID- 26974695
TI  - Usefulness of sheathless guide catheter for the percutaneous coronary
      intervention of left main disease by radial approach.

PMID- 26974696
TI  - Does chemo-radiation predispose to structural valve deterioration?

PMID- 26974697
TI  - Similarities between the renal artery and pulmonary vein denervation trials: Do
      we have to use sham procedures for atrial fibrillation catheter ablation trials?

PMID- 26974698
TI  - Role of functional polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene promoter in the risk of
      ischemic stroke in Chinese Uyghur population: One case-control study.

PMID- 26974700
TI  - Tricuspid L and L' waves.

PMID- 26974699
TI  - Lack of IkappaBNS accelerates atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice via
      increased interleukin-6 production.

PMID- 26974701
TI  - Atherosclerosis--do we know enough already to prevent it?
AB  - In this review, we have briefly summarized the characteristics of lipids and
      lipoproteins and the atherosclerotic process. The development of atherosclerosis
      is a continuous process that involves numerous cellular and acellular processes
      that influence the behavior of each other. These include oxidative stress,
      lipoprotein modifications, macrophage polarization, macrophage lipid
      accumulation, generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory components, calcification,
      cellular growth and proliferation, and plaque rupture. The precise role(s) of
      many of these are unknown. Understanding the events at each particular stage
      might shed more light onto the process as a whole and could potentially reveal
      targets for intervention. Therapeutic modalities that work at one stage may have
      little to no influence on other stages of the disease. 

PMID- 26974702
TI  - Structure and Reactivity of X-ray Amorphous Uranyl Peroxide, U2O7.
AB  - Recent accidents resulting in worker injury and radioactive contamination
      occurred due to pressurization of uranium yellowcake drums produced in the
      western U.S.A. The drums contained an X-ray amorphous reactive form of uranium
      oxide that may have contributed to the pressurization. Heating hydrated uranyl
      peroxides produced during in situ mining can produce an amorphous compound, as
      shown by X-ray powder diffraction of material from impacted drums. Subsequently,
      studtite, [(UO2)(O2)(H2O)2](H2O)2, was heated in the laboratory. Its thermal
      decomposition produced a hygroscopic anhydrous uranyl peroxide that reacts with
      water to release O2 gas and form metaschoepite, a uranyl-oxide hydrate. Quantum
      chemical calculations indicate that the most stable U2O7 conformer consists of
      two bent (UO2)(2+) uranyl ions bridged by a peroxide group bidentate and parallel
      to each uranyl ion, and a MU2-O atom, resulting in charge neutrality. A pair
      distribution function from neutron total scattering supports this structural
      model, as do (1)H- and (17)O-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The reactivity
      of U2O7 in water and with water in air is higher than that of other uranium
      oxides, and this can be both hazardous and potentially advantageous in the
      nuclear fuel cycle. 

PMID- 26974703
TI  - In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle morphology on the
      acute inflammatory response.
AB  - Biomedical implants have been widely used in bone repair applications. However,
      nanosized degradation products from these implants could elicit an inflammatory
      reaction, which may lead to implant failure. It is well known that the size,
      chemistry, and charge of these nanoparticles can modulate this response, but
      little is known regarding the role that the particle's morphology plays in
      inducing inflammation. The present study aims to investigate the effect of
      hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (HANPs) morphology on inflammation, in-vitro and in
      vivo. Four distinct HANP morphologies were fabricated and characterized: long
      rods, dots, sheets, and fibers. Primary human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs),
      mononuclear cells (MNCs), and human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) were exposed to
      HANPs and alterations in cell viability, morphology, apoptotic activity, and
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated, in vitro. PMNCs and hDFs
      experienced a 2-fold decrease in viability following exposure to fibers, while
      MNC viability decreased 5-fold after treatment with the dots. Additionally, the
      fibers stimulated an elevated ROS response in both PMNCs and MNCs, and the
      largest apoptotic behavior for all cell types. Furthermore, exposure to fibers
      and dots resulted in greater capsule thickness when implanted subcutaneously in
      mice. Collectively, these results suggest that nanoparticle morphology can
      significantly impact the inflammatory response.

PMID- 26974704
TI  - Integrated self-assembling drug delivery system possessing dual responsive and
      active targeting for orthotopic ovarian cancer theranostics.
AB  - Ovarian cancers are the leading cause for mortality among gynecologic
      malignancies with five-year survival rate less than 30%. The purpose of this
      study is to develop a redox and pH-sensitive self-assembling hyaluronic acid
      nanoparticle with active targeting peptide for anticancer drug delivery. Anti
      cancer drug is grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) via cis-aconityl linkage and
      disulfide bond to possess pH sensitivity and redox property, respectively. This
      conjugate is amphiphilic and can self-assemble into nanoparticle (NP) in aqueous
      solution. The results show that the nanoconjugate is successfully developed and
      the grafting ratio of cystamine (cys) is 17.8% with drug loading amount about
      6.2% calculated by (1)H NMR spectra. The particle size is approximately 229.0 nm
      using dynamic light scatting measurement, and the morphology of nanoparticles is
      observed as spherical shape by transmission electron microscope. The pH and redox
      sensitivities are evaluated by changing either pH value or concentration of
      dithiothreitol in the medium. It is proved that the drug carrier is capable of
      achieving sustained controlled release of anti-cancer drug to 95% within 150 h.
      The intracellular uptake is observed by fluorescent microscope and the images
      show that conjugating luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) peptide can
      enhance specific uptake of nanoparticles by OVCAR-3 cancer cells; thus, resulting
      in inhibitory cell growth to less than 20% in 72 h in vitro. Orthotopic ovarian
      tumor model is also established to evaluate the therapeutic and diagnostic
      efficacy using non-invasive in vivo imaging system. The representative results
      demonstrate that LHRH-conjugated NPs possess a preferable tumor imaging
      capability and an excellent antitumor ability to almost 30% of original size in
      20 days.

PMID- 26974705
TI  - Updating the Toxic Substances Control Act to Protect Human Health.

PMID- 26974706
TI  - X-ray Computed Tomographic Investigation of the Porosity and Morphology of Plasma
      Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings.
AB  - Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is of increasing interest for the formation
      of ceramic coatings on metals for applications that require diverse coating
      properties, such as wear and corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, and
      biocompatibility. Porosity in the coatings can have an important impact on the
      coating performance. However, the quantification of the porosity in coatings can
      be difficult due to the wide range of pore sizes and the complexity of the
      coating morphology. In this work, a PEO coating formed on titanium is examined
      using high resolution X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT). The observations are
      validated by comparisons of surface views and cross-sectional views of specific
      coating features obtained using X-ray CT and scanning electron microscopy. The X
      ray CT technique is shown to be capable of resolving pores with volumes of at
      least 6 MUm(3). Furthermore, the shapes of large pores are revealed and a
      correlation is demonstrated between the locations of the pores, nodules on the
      coating surface, and depressions in the titanium substrate. The locations and
      morphologies of the pores, which constitute 5.7% of the coating volume, indicate
      that they are generated by release of oxygen gas from the molten coating. 

PMID- 26974707
TI  - Chemoradiation in rectal squamous cell carcinoma: Bi-institutional case series.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Primary rectal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an
      uncommon disease. Early reports stated that surgery is the most effective
      treatment. However, recent publications suggest conservative strategy with
      chemoradiation provides satisfactory results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have
      retrospectively studied the medical charts of 23 patients treated for a rectal
      SCC in two teaching hospitals in France between 1992 and 2013. Twenty-one
      patients received an exclusive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and two a pre-operative
      CRT followed by a planned surgery. Patients received pelvic irradiation with a
      dose ranging from 36-45 Gy followed by a boost of 15-23 Gy. Twenty-two patients
      received a concurrent chemotherapy. RESULTS: After CRT, the rate of clinical
      complete response was 83%. With a median follow-up of 85 months, 5-year overall
      survival rate was 86%. Five patients presented with a relapse. The 5-year disease
      free survival rate was 81%. The 5-year colostomy-free survival rate was 65%.
      Three patients (13%) presented with grade III-IV late rectal toxicity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although retrospective, this is the largest cohort of patients
      treated with CRT for a rectal SCC. Exclusive CRT could result in high local
      control rate and prolonged survival in rectal SCC patients with a high rate of
      organ preservation.

PMID- 26974709
TI  - Polymorphisms in double strand break repair related genes influence
      radiosensitivity phenotype in lymphocytes from healthy individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A range of individual radiosensitivity observed in humans can
      influence individual's susceptibility toward cancer risk and radiotherapy
      outcome. Therefore, it is important to measure the variation in radiosensitivity
      and to identify the genetic factors influencing it. METHODS: By adopting a
      pathway specific genotype-phenotype design, we established the variability in
      cellular radiosensitivity by performing gamma-H2AX foci assay in healthy
      individuals. Further, we genotyped ten selected SNPs in candidate genes XRCC3
      (rs861539), XRCC4 (rs1805377), XRCC5 (rs3835), XRCC6 (rs2267437), ATM (rs3218698,
      rs1800057), LIG4 (rs1805388), NBN (rs1805794), RAD51 (rs1801320) and PRKDC
      (rs7003908), and analysed their influence on observed variation in
      radiosensitivity. RESULTS: The rs2267437 polymorphisms in XRCC6 was associated
      (P=0.0326) with increased DSB induction while rs1805388 in LIG4 (P=0.0240) was
      associated with increased radioresistance. Further, multiple risk alleles
      decreased the DSB repair capacity in an additive manner. Polymorphisms in
      candidate DSB repair genes can act individually or in combination to the efficacy
      of DSB repair process, resulting in variation of cellular radiosensitivity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Current study suggests that gamma-H2AX assay may fulfil the role of
      a rapid and sensitive biomarker that can be used for epidemiological studies to
      measure variations in radiosensitivity. DSB repair gene polymorphisms can impact
      the formation and repair of DSBs. IMPACT: gamma-H2AX foci analysis as well as
      DSBs repair gene polymorphisms can be used to assess cellular radiosensitivity,
      which will be useful in population risk assessment, disease prediction,
      individualization of radiotherapy and also in setting the radiation protection
      standards.

PMID- 26974710
TI  - Building a Decision Support System for Inpatient Admission Prediction With the
      Manchester Triage System and Administrative Check-in Variables.
AB  - The usage of decision support tools in emergency departments, based on predictive
      models, capable of estimating the probability of admission for patients in the
      emergency department may give nursing staff the possibility of allocating
      resources in advance. We present a methodology for developing and building one
      such system for a large specialized care hospital using a logistic regression and
      an artificial neural network model using nine routinely collected variables
      available right at the end of the triage process.A database of 255.668 triaged
      nonobstetric emergency department presentations from the Ramon y Cajal University
      Hospital of Madrid, from January 2011 to December 2012, was used to develop and
      test the models, with 66% of the data used for derivation and 34% for validation,
      with an ordered nonrandom partition. On the validation dataset areas under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.8568 (95% confidence interval,
      0.8508-0.8583) for the logistic regression model and 0.8575 (95% confidence
      interval, 0.8540-0. 8610) for the artificial neural network model. chi Values for
      Hosmer-Lemeshow fixed "deciles of risk" were 65.32 for the logistic regression
      model and 17.28 for the artificial neural network model. A nomogram was generated
      upon the logistic regression model and an automated software decision support
      system with a Web interface was built based on the artificial neural network
      model. 

PMID- 26974711
TI  - Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Tenofovir/Emtricitabine Penetration in the Cerebrospinal
      Fluid of Three HIV-Positive Patients.

PMID- 26974708
TI  - Management of desmoid tumours: A nationwide survey of labelled reference centre
      networks in France.
AB  - PURPOSE: The optimal management of rare tumours (i.e. from accurate diagnosis to
      management in reference centres) is a public health challenge. In 2009, the
      French National Cancer Institute (INCa) identified and financially supported the
      two expert networks for pathological and clinical diagnosis and management of
      soft tissue tumours. METHODS: The activities of both networks were prospectively
      collected using a nationwide database (rreps.org). Data describing the diagnosis
      management of 863 successive cases of desmoids tumours (DT) were prospectively
      collected from 2010 to 2013 and analysed. RESULTS: The number of confirmed DT
      constantly improved from January 2010 to December 2013 (from 173 to 273 cases per
      year); the expected incidence ranged from 132 to 330 cases/year. The rate of
      cases diagnosed with core-needle biopsies and CTNNB1 mutational status analysis
      increased from 30.6 to 40.7% and from 87.8 to 94.1%, respectively. The mean delay
      for pathological diagnosis confirmation constantly decreased from 107 to 47 d.
      Among the 846 adult patients, 414 (48.9%) patients were treated by reference
      centres. The rate of patients managed by reference centres constantly increased
      with time from 36.9 to 49.5% since 2010. The median management time of the
      referral centres constantly decreased from 440 to 67 d. CONCLUSION: The two
      expert networks worked synergistically and improved diagnosis modalities of rare
      desmoid tumours at a national level. The impact of management by expert networks
      on the outcome will be prospectively analysed in the future.

PMID- 26974712
TI  - Band structures of 4f and 5f materials studied by angle-resolved photoelectron
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Recent remarkable progress in angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES)
      has enabled the direct observation of the band structures of 4f and 5f materials.
      In particular, ARPES with various light sources such as lasers (hnu ~ 7 eV) or
      high-energy synchrotron radiations (hnu >/~ 400 eV) has shed light on the bulk
      band structures of strongly correlated materials with energy scales of a few
      millielectronvolts to several electronvolts. The purpose of this paper is to
      summarize the behaviors of 4f and 5f band structures of various rare-earth and
      actinide materials observed by modern ARPES techniques, and understand how they
      can be described using various theoretical frameworks. For 4f-electron materials,
      ARPES studies of CeMIn5(M = Rh, Ir, and Co) and YbRh2Si2 with various incident
      photon energies are summarized. We demonstrate that their 4f electronic
      structures are essentially described within the framework of the periodic
      Anderson model, and that the band-structure calculation based on the local
      density approximation cannot explain their low-energy electronic structures.
      Meanwhile, electronic structures of 5f materials exhibit wide varieties ranging
      from itinerant to localized states. For itinerant U5f compounds such as UFeGa5,
      their electronic structures can be well-described by the band-structure
      calculation assuming that all U5f electrons are itinerant. In contrast, the band
      structures of localized U5f compounds such as UPd3 and UO2 are essentially
      explained by the localized model that treats U5f electrons as localized core
      states. In regards to heavy fermion U-based compounds such as the hidden-order
      compound URu2Si2, their electronic structures exhibit complex behaviors. Their
      overall band structures are generally well-explained by the band-structure
      calculation, whereas the states in the vicinity of EF show some deviations due to
      electron correlation effects. Furthermore, the electronic structures of URu2Si2
      in the paramagnetic and hidden-order phases are summarized based on various ARPES
      studies. The present status of the field as well as possible future directions
      are also discussed.

PMID- 26974713
TI  - The cutting of cocaine and heroin: A critical review.
AB  - The illicit drug cutting represents a complex problem that requires the sharing
      of knowledge from addiction studies, toxicology, criminology and criminalistics.
      Therefore, cutting is not well known by the forensic community. Thus, this review
      aims at deciphering the different aspects of cutting, by gathering information
      mainly from criminology and criminalistics. It tackles essentially specificities
      of cocaine and heroin cutting. The article presents the detected cutting agents
      (adulterants and diluents), their evolution in time and space and the analytical
      methodology implemented by forensic laboratories. Furthermore, it discusses when,
      in the history of the illicit drug, cutting may take place. Moreover, researches
      studying how much cutting occurs in the country of destination are analysed.
      Lastly, the reasons for cutting are addressed. According to the literature,
      adulterants are added during production of the illicit drug or at a relatively
      high level of its distribution chain (e.g. before the product arrives in the
      country of destination or just after its importation in the latter). Their
      addition seems hardly justified by the only desire to increase profits or to harm
      consumers' health. Instead, adulteration would be performed to enhance or to
      mimic the illicit drug effects or to facilitate administration of the drug.
      Nowadays, caffeine, diltiazem, hydroxyzine, levamisole, lidocaine and phenacetin
      are frequently detected in cocaine specimens, while paracetamol and caffeine are
      almost exclusively identified in heroin specimens. This may reveal differences in
      the respective structures of production and/or distribution of cocaine and
      heroin. As the relevant information about cutting is spread across different
      scientific fields, a close collaboration should be set up to collect essential
      and unified data to improve knowledge and provide information for monitoring,
      control and harm reduction purposes. More research, on several areas of
      investigation, should be carried out to gather relevant information. 

PMID- 26974714
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of CD14 and combined assessment with CD32B and CD68
      for wound age estimation.
AB  - Estimation of wound age is a major topic of study for forensic pathologists, but
      few markers exist that can indicate a specific period 1-5 days postinfliction,
      and a method to estimate wound age with high accuracy has not yet been
      established. This study examined CD14 as such a marker in mouse skin wounds of
      different ages (0min and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days) and in human subjects (group
      1, 0-1 day; group 2, 1-5 days; group 3, >7 days) using Western blot analysis
      and/or immunohistochemical staining. In addition, we evaluated a combination of
      immunohistochemical markers in human skin wounds using transmembrane proteins,
      CD14, CD32B, and CD68, expressed on inflammatory cells. The expression of CD14
      was detected only during 1-5 days postinfliction and, thus, the evaluation of
      CD14-expressing cells could specify wound age during 1-5 days postinfliction in
      mouse skin wounds. The ratio of samples assessed to be CD14(+) was significantly
      high in human skin wounds in group 2. Combined assessment using the three markers
      increased the specificity of diagnosis and shortened the range of wound age,
      compared with the assessment using a single marker. Our results indicate that
      CD14 may be a useful marker of wound age, 1-5 days postinfliction, and that
      combined assessment with CD14, CD32B, and CD68 may be a good method for the
      accurate estimation of wound age. 

PMID- 26974715
TI  - Dynamic Parameter Identification of Subject-Specific Body Segment Parameters
      Using Robotics Formalism: Case Study Head Complex.
AB  - Accurate knowledge of body segment inertia parameters (BSIP) improves the
      assessment of dynamic analysis based on biomechanical models, which is of
      paramount importance in fields such as sport activities or impact crash test.
      Early approaches for BSIP identification rely on the experiments conducted on
      cadavers or through imaging techniques conducted on living subjects. Recent
      approaches for BSIP identification rely on inverse dynamic modeling. However,
      most of the approaches are focused on the entire body, and verification of BSIP
      for dynamic analysis for distal segment or chain of segments, which has proven to
      be of significant importance in impact test studies, is rarely established.
      Previous studies have suggested that BSIP should be obtained by using subject
      specific identification techniques. To this end, our paper develops a novel
      approach for estimating subject-specific BSIP based on static and dynamics
      identification models (SIM, DIM). We test the validity of SIM and DIM by
      comparing the results using parameters obtained from a regression model proposed
      by De Leva (1996, "Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's Segment Inertia
      Parameters," J. Biomech., 29(9), pp. 1223-1230). Both SIM and DIM are developed
      considering robotics formalism. First, the static model allows the mass and
      center of gravity (COG) to be estimated. Second, the results from the static
      model are included in the dynamics equation allowing us to estimate the moment of
      inertia (MOI). As a case study, we applied the approach to evaluate the dynamics
      modeling of the head complex. Findings provide some insight into the validity not
      only of the proposed method but also of the application proposed by De Leva
      (1996, "Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's Segment Inertia Parameters," J.
      Biomech., 29(9), pp. 1223-1230) for dynamic modeling of body segments. 

PMID- 26974716
TI  - Unsupervised Quality Assessment of Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Experiments by
      Multivariate Quality Control Metrics.
AB  - Despite many technological and computational advances, the results of a mass
      spectrometry proteomics experiment are still subject to a large variability. For
      the understanding and evaluation of how technical variability affects the results
      of an experiment, several computationally derived quality control metrics have
      been introduced. However, despite the availability of these metrics, a systematic
      approach to quality control is often still lacking because the metrics are not
      fully understood and are hard to interpret. Here, we present a toolkit of
      powerful techniques to analyze and interpret multivariate quality control metrics
      to assess the quality of mass spectrometry proteomics experiments. We show how
      unsupervised techniques applied to these quality control metrics can provide an
      initial discrimination between low-quality experiments and high-quality
      experiments prior to manual investigation. Furthermore, we provide a technique to
      obtain detailed information on the quality control metrics that are related to
      the decreased performance, which can be used as actionable information to improve
      the experimental setup. Our toolkit is released as open-source and can be
      downloaded from https://bitbucket.org/proteinspector/qc_analysis/ . 

PMID- 26974717
TI  - Compositional Analysis of Aerosols Using Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown
      Spectroscopy.
AB  - We demonstrate that the elemental composition of aerosols can be measured using
      laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) without any preliminary calibration
      with standard samples. Therefore, a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser beam was focused into
      a flux of helium charged with alumina aerosols of a few micrometers diameter. The
      emission spectrum of the laser-generated breakdown plasma was recorded with an
      echelle spectrometer coupled to a gated detector. The spectral features including
      emission from both the helium carrier gas and the Al2O3 aerosols were analyzed on
      the base of a partial local thermodynamic equilibrium. Thus, Boltzmann
      equilibrium distributions of population number densities were assumed for all
      plasma species except of helium atoms and ions. By analyzing spectra recorded for
      different delays between the laser pulse and the detector gate, it is shown that
      accurate composition measurements are only possible for delays <=1 MUs, when the
      electron density is large enough to ensure collisional equilibrium for the
      aerosol vapor species. The results are consistent with previous studies of
      calibration-free LIBS measurements of solid alumina and glass and promote
      compositional analysis of aerosols via laser-induced breakdown in helium. 

PMID- 26974720
TI  - The Integration of Care for Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Other Behavioral
      Health Conditions Into Primary Care.

PMID- 26974721
TI  - The Integration of Care for Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Other Behavioral
      Health Conditions Into Primary Care.

PMID- 26974722
TI  - Breast Cancer Recommendation Statement From the U.S. Preventive Services Task
      Force.

PMID- 26974724
TI  - Web Exclusives. The Consult Guys--Homans Sign: A Sign of What?

PMID- 26974726
TI  - Review: Mammography screening reduces breast cancer mortality in women at average
      risk.

PMID- 26974727
TI  - Evidence-Based Guideline: ACR made 10 strong treatment recommendations for RA,
      but high-quality evidence was sparse.

PMID- 26974728
TI  - TDF-FTC before and after sex reduced HIV infection but increased GI, renal events
      in men who have sex with men.

PMID- 26974729
TI  - In chronic nonspecific neck pain, adding Alexander Technique lessons or
      acupuncture to usual care improved pain.

PMID- 26974730
TI  - Review: In obstructive sleep apnea, CPAP and mandibular devices do not differ for
      reducing blood pressure.

PMID- 26974731
TI  - Review: PCSK9 inhibitors reduce mortality but increase neurocognitive events in
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 26974732
TI  - Review: Peripheral thermometers do not have clinically acceptable accuracy for
      measuring core body temperature.

PMID- 26974733
TI  - Restarting antithrombotics after GI bleeding was linked to better outcomes in
      patients with AF.

PMID- 26974734
TI  - Review: In patients with chest pain, risk scores better predict high risk for ACS
      than individual risk factors.

PMID- 26974735
TI  - In adults without CVD, the MESA score, including coronary artery calcium,
      predicted 10-y risk for CHD events.

PMID- 26974736
TI  - Solution-Liquid-Solid Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of One-Dimensional
      Colloidal Semiconductor Nanorods and Nanowires.
AB  - The solution-liquid-solid (SLS) and related solution-based methods for the
      synthesis of semiconductor nanowires and nanorods are reviewed. Since its
      discovery in 1995, the SLS mechanism and its close variants have provided a
      nearly general strategy for the growth of pseudo-one-dimensional nanocrystals.
      The various metallic-catalyst nanoparticles employed are summarized, as are the
      syntheses of III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, group IV, ternary, and other nanorods and
      nanowires. The formation of axial heterojunctions, core/shell nanowires, and
      doping are also described. The related supercritical-fluid-liquid-solid (SFLS),
      electrically controlled SLS, flow-based SLS, and solution-solid-solid (SSS)
      methods are discussed, and the crystallographic characteristics of the wires and
      rods grown by these methods are summarized. The presentation of optical and
      electronic properties emphasizes electronic structures, absorption cross
      sections, polarization anisotropies, and charge-carrier dynamics, including
      photoluminescence intermittency (blinking) and photoluminescence modulation by
      charges and electric fields. Finally, developing applications for the pseudo-one
      dimensional nanostructures in field-effect transistors, lithium-ion batteries,
      photocathodes, photovoltaics, and photodetection are discussed. 

PMID- 26974737
TI  - The Burden of Inbox Notifications in Commercial Electronic Health Records.

PMID- 26974738
TI  - Tele-Nephrology: A Feasible Way to Improve Access to Care for Patients with
      Kidney Disease Who Reside in Underserved Areas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Miami VA Healthcare System serves veterans in three South Florida
      counties: Miami-Dade, Broward, and Monroe, with an estimated veteran population
      of 175,000. To overcome geographical barriers and facilitate the access to
      nephrology clinics, we implemented provider-patient tele-nephrology using secured
      videoconferencing. METHODS: A retrospective and descriptive study design was used
      to evaluate the effect of the tele-nephrology clinic intervention. Multiple
      clinical indicators were included in the analysis: blood pressure (BP) control,
      stabilization of the renal function, and electrolyte/metabolic control. One
      hundred one patients who were evaluated in the clinic between 2013 and 2015 were
      included in the analysis, and the indicators were collected retrospectively.
      RESULTS: One hundred one patients were included in the analysis, with 95% of
      patients being male (n = 96) and 5% female (n = 5). The mean age was 65.5 years.
      Fifty patients had chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage III (49.5%), 14 patients
      had CKD stage IV (13%), and 8 patients had CKD stage II (7.9%). A one-way
      analysis of variance between subjects was conducted and showed that the effect of
      the tele-nephrology clinic intervention on reducing BP was statistically
      significant (systolic BP less than 140 p value <0.0001). Renal function
      stabilized but the creatinine changes over time were not statistically
      significant (p value: 0.50). Potassium showed a significant improvement in this
      sample (p value: 0.0076). Phosphorous and bicarbonate did not show a
      statistically significant improvement (p value 0.79 and 0.91, respectively).
      CONCLUSION: With the tele-nephrology clinic intervention, we were able to
      effectively improve BP and stabilize renal function in patients with kidney
      disease who reside in underserved areas.

PMID- 26974740
TI  - What has health care reform meant for the field of psychiatric rehabilitation?
AB  - The year 2010 saw passage of an historic piece of legislation in Public Law 111
      148, entitled the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or ACA (2010). Since
      that time, the ACA has contributed to a number of improvements to the U.S. health
      care system including a large decrease in the number of uninsured individuals,
      substantially expanded access to health care services, and relief of the burden
      of uncompensated care provided by hospitals and other health care organizations
      (Jost, 2015). Various analyses of the law's impact on people with mental
      illnesses suggest that there have been both positive and negative outcomes from
      the first five years of ACA implementation. In this editorial, we reflect on
      these impacts as well as their current and future effects on the field of
      psychiatric rehabilitation. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26974739
TI  - Wellness for life: A pilot of an interprofessional intervention to address
      metabolic syndrome in adults with serious mental illnesses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper evaluates a pilot multidisciplinary intervention intended
      to increase health-promoting behaviors and reduce the negative effects of
      metabolic syndrome disorders among persons with serious mental illnesses.
      Exercise, nutritional counseling, health literacy education, and peer wellness
      coaching were provided by allied health professionals and students. METHOD:
      Participants with serious mental illnesses were recruited from partial
      hospitalization and supported housing programs. Initially, there were 77
      participants, with 64 completing the study measures. A single-group, pre-post
      design was used. They participated in an 8-week program (3 hr each week).
      Individuals set their own personal health goals and received the
      interprofessional set of allied health interventions. Body weight, body mass
      index (BMI), blood pressure, and several measures of physical strength and
      flexibility were collected. Paired t tests evaluate the statistical significance
      of possible changes. RESULTS: Average blood pressure decreased. Waist
      circumference decreased. Participants improved on measures of strength and
      flexibility as measured by the functional reach test, the half sit-up test, and
      the sit-to-stand test. Participants reported increased readiness to exercise and
      make dietary changes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Significant
      improvements in metabolic syndrome risk factors, physical strength, and
      flexibility were found. Next steps include a longer intervention likely to
      further reduce metabolic syndrome risk factors. Future studies should include a
      comparison intervention group and a follow-up to see if gains are maintained. The
      study highlights the potential utility of psychiatric rehabilitation providers
      collaborating with other allied health practitioners to promote overall health.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26974741
TI  - The role of self-determination in mental health recovery.
AB  - TOPIC: This contribution describes a personal recovery journey and highlights the
      importance of growth and renewal of self-determination as a critical part of
      recovery from mental health challenges. PURPOSE: Five factors that foster the
      development of self-determination are highlighted and include access to
      information about treatment and rehabilitation options and resources, support
      from trusted others, exposure to mentors or coaches who have the lived experience
      of mental health challenges, willingness to experiment with various interventions
      and recovery strategies, and opportunities to be engaged in personally meaningful
      activities such as work, parenting, or teaching. SOURCES USED: Personal life
      experiences are shared and resource information is provided as a guide for
      readers. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Attention to these factors
      that foster self-determination by service users, peers, clinicians, teachers, and
      loved ones may help cultivate self-determination and contribute to the process of
      recovery.

PMID- 26974742
TI  - Putting the face in context: Body expressions impact facial emotion processing in
      human infants.
AB  - Body expressions exert strong contextual effects on facial emotion perception in
      adults. Specifically, conflicting body cues hamper the recognition of emotion
      from faces, as evident on both the behavioral and neural level. We examined the
      developmental origins of the neural processes involved in emotion perception
      across body and face in 8-month-old infants by measuring event-related brain
      potentials (ERPs). We primed infants with body postures (fearful, happy) that
      were followed by either congruent or incongruent facial expressions. Our results
      revealed that body expressions impact facial emotion processing and that
      incongruent body cues impair the neural discrimination of emotional facial
      expressions. Priming effects were associated with attentional and recognition
      memory processes, as reflected in a modulation of the Nc and Pc evoked at
      anterior electrodes. These findings demonstrate that 8-month-old infants possess
      neural mechanisms that allow for the integration of emotion across body and face,
      providing evidence for the early developmental emergence of context-sensitive
      facial emotion perception.

PMID- 26974744
TI  - CE: Original Research: An Investigation into the Health-Promoting Lifestyle
      Practices of RNs.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to gather baseline data on the health
      promoting lifestyle practices of RNs working in six major health care and
      educational institutions in a southeast Pennsylvania community. METHODS: A
      descriptive correlational study design was used. The 52-item Health-Promoting
      Lifestyle Profile II instrument was used to explore participants' self-reported
      health-promoting behaviors and measure the dimensions of health responsibility,
      physical activity, nutrition, interpersonal relations, spiritual growth, and
      stress management. RESULTS: Findings revealed that physical activity and stress
      management scores were low for the entire group of RNs. There were statistically
      significant differences between nurses 50 years of age and older and those 30 to
      39 years of age for the subscales of health responsibility, nutrition, and stress
      management, suggesting that older nurses are more concerned about their health.
      There were also statistically significant differences between nurses 50 years of
      age and older and those 29 years of age and younger for the subscale of health
      responsibility. Sixty-seven percent of participants reported having too many
      competing priorities and had significantly lower subscale scores for spiritual
      growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management, as well as significantly
      lower total scores. CONCLUSION: This study's findings provided baseline data that
      will be useful in planning health-promoting lifestyle interventions for
      participants specific to their institutions, and may help guide future research
      and educational initiatives related to numerous issues common to the RN
      workforce. The failure of many nurses to take adequate care of themselves needs
      to be better understood and addressed, by both individual nurses and their
      employers.

PMID- 26974745
TI  - CE: Cardiotoxicity and Breast Cancer as Late Effects of Pediatric and Adolescent
      Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment.
AB  - The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2014 nearly 16,000 U.S. children
      and adolescents developed cancer, and in roughly 1,200 of these cases the cancer
      was Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The great majority of these patients will survive,
      joining the thousands who have been diagnosed and treated successfully in decades
      past. Nurses' familiarity with and attention to the late effects of the
      chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat HL, which include breast cancer
      as well as cardiotoxicity and its sequelae, are essential in helping these
      patients maintain their overall health.

PMID- 26974743
TI  - Longitudinal stability of the folding pattern of the anterior cingulate cortex
      during development.
AB  - Prenatal processes are likely critical for the differences in cognitive ability
      and disease risk that unfold in postnatal life. Prenatally established cortical
      folding patterns are increasingly studied as an adult proxy for earlier
      development events - under the as yet untested assumption that an individual's
      folding pattern is developmentally fixed. Here, we provide the first empirical
      test of this stability assumption using 263 longitudinally-acquired structural
      MRI brain scans from 75 typically developing individuals spanning ages 7 to 32
      years. We focus on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - an intensely studied
      cortical region that presents two qualitatively distinct and reliably
      classifiable sulcal patterns with links to postnatal behavior. We show - without
      exception-that individual ACC sulcal patterns are fixed from childhood to
      adulthood, at the same time that quantitative anatomical ACC metrics are
      undergoing profound developmental change. Our findings buttress use of folding
      typology as a postnatally-stable marker for linking variations in early brain
      development to later neurocognitive outcomes in ex utero life.

PMID- 26974746
TI  - Travelers' Diarrhea in Children at Risk: An Observational Study From a Spanish
      Database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal symptoms are a common cause of consultation about
      children traveling to or coming from developing countries. The aim of this study
      was to identify the risk factors associated with gastrointestinal syndrome in
      children who travel. METHODS: A prospective observational analytical and
      multicenter study was performed within +Redivi, a Spanish Tropical Medicine
      network on imported infections, from January 2009 to December 2013. All
      participants aged 16 years and younger were included in the analysis. Ethical
      approval was obtained from all the participating centers. RESULTS: A total of 606
      children <=16 years of age were registered in the +Redivi database during the
      study period. Median age was 8.7 years (interquartile range, 4.4-12.4 years),
      65.8% (399/606) were immigrants, 90% were >2 years old and 54% were male. Median
      travel duration, excluding immigrants, was 50 days (interquartile range, 30-150
      days). Children with gastrointestinal symptoms represented 13.5% (82/606) of
      total consultations. A significant association was found in bivariate analysis
      between gastrointestinal disorder and age <2 years (P < 0.01) and travel duration
      (P = 0.046). Immigrants had less gastrointestinal disorders than tourists (P <
      0.05). The most prevalent infection was protozoan in 23.4% (142/606), and Giardia
      intestinalis was the most common pathogen in 10.1% (61/606) of total children.
      Independent risk factors for gastrointestinal symptoms were tourist and traveler
      child visiting friends and relatives (P = 0.03), travel duration <90 days (P =
      0.008) and bacterial cause (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Traveling children who
      developed a gastrointestinal syndrome represented 13.5% of the total pediatric
      consultations in +Redivi. Independent risk factors were tourist or traveler
      visiting friends and relatives, travel duration <90 days and bacterial infection.
      G. intestinalis was the most common infectious agent causing a gastrointestinal
      disorder in the traveler children.

PMID- 26974747
TI  - Burden of Rotavirus Disease in Norway: Using National Registries for Public
      Health Research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Norway introduced routine rotavirus immunization for all children
      born on or after September 1, 2014. We estimated the healthcare burden of all
      cause gastroenteritis and rotavirus disease in children <5 years old to establish
      the prevaccine baseline and support the ongoing immunization program. METHODS: We
      examined national registry data on gastroenteritis-associated primary care
      consultations and hospitalizations for 2009-2013 and data on all deaths in
      children <5 years old reported during 2000-2013. We also established rotavirus
      hospital surveillance from February 2014 through January 2015. RESULTS: Before
      vaccine introduction, 114.5 cases per 1000 children <5 years old were treated in
      primary care and 11.8 children per 1000 were hospitalized with gastroenteritis
      annually. During hospital surveillance, rotavirus was detected in 65% (95%
      confidence interval: 60-70) of inpatient gastroenteritis cases. We estimated that
      4.0 inpatient and 2.3 outpatient cases per 1000 children were seen in hospital
      with rotavirus disease annually, suggesting that 1 in 32 children was
      hospitalized by age 5. Additional 30.6 rotavirus cases per 1000 children
      consulted primary care annually or 1 in every 7 children by the age of 5 years.
      Rotavirus-associated mortality was estimated at 0.17 deaths per 100,000 children
      <5 years old, corresponding to 1 death every second year. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus
      remains the primary cause of severe gastroenteritis in children in Norway. The
      unique population-based registers, in combination with an established rotavirus
      surveillance platform, provide a well-suited setting to evaluate the impact of
      rotavirus vaccination.

PMID- 26974748
TI  - The Burden of Pediatric Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Spain (2008-2013).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Invasive meningococcal disease remains a rare infectious disease not
      only with high mortality but also with important morbidity. Until recently no
      universal vaccine existed against serogroup B, which explains most of the cases
      in settings like Europe. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical
      course and sequelae of meningococcal disease in Spain. METHODS: Retrospective
      review of all children younger than 15 years admitted to any of the 36 hospitals
      in the MENDICOS Spanish network (www.mendicos.org) with confirmed or probable
      invasive meningococcal disease in children between January 2008 and December
      2013. RESULTS: A total of 458 cases were identified across the country, most of
      them occurring in previously healthy children (91.5%; n = 419/458). Median
      (interquartile range) age was 1.7 (0.7 and 4.6) years, with 53.1% of the cases
      occurring in children younger than 2 years; 82.1% (n = 368) were laboratory
      confirmed cases; 95.2% (n = 256) of those serogrouped were serogroup B. The
      diagnosis was meningitis in 24.9% (n = 114) of the cases, sepsis in 37.1% (n =
      170) and both in 38.0% (n = 174). Mean hospital length of stay was 11.6 (10.9)
      days; 79.2% (n = 354) of the patients required pediatric intensive care unit
      admission, with a mean pediatric intensive care unit stay of 3.9 (4.9) days; 3.5%
      (n = 16) died; 12.9% (n = 59) of the survivors were discharged with some kind of
      physical sequelae, mainly neurological (n = 23). CONCLUSIONS: Serogroup B
      invasive meningococcal infection explains substantial morbidity and mortality in
      Spain, occurring mainly in infants. The recent availability of a vaccine against
      serogroup B may change this scenario. Given that the vast majority of the cases
      occur in otherwise healthy children, inclusion of the meningococcal B vaccine in
      the national immunization program should be carefully considered.

PMID- 26974750
TI  - Bacteremia Caused by Raoultella ornithinolytica in Two Children.
AB  - We encountered 2 immunocompromised children complicated by Raoultella
      ornithinolytica bacteremia. One had received methylprednisolone pulse therapy for
      IgA nephropathy, and the other had leukopenia because of chemotherapy for
      leukemia. Both children had no specific symptoms, and R. ornithinolytica
      bacteremia was identified by routine blood culture. Both patients were
      successfully treated with antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 26974751
TI  - The Etiology, Clinical Presentation and Long-term Outcome of Spondylodiscitis in
      Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spondylodiscitis (SD) is a rare disease in children and diagnosis can
      be delayed because of the scarcity in incidence and lack of awareness. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate and report the microbiologic epidemiology
      and clinical features of pediatric SD in South Korea. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective study of children <19 years old admitted for the treatment of SD
      between 2000 and 2014. Electronic medical records were reviewed for clinical
      parameters and etiologic agents. RESULTS: During the 15-year period, 25 patients
      were diagnosed with SD. The median age was 13.8 years, and 60% were male. Back
      pain was the most common presenting symptom (n = 17; 68%), and only 52% (n = 13)
      of the patients had a history of fever (>=38.0 degrees C). In patients younger
      than 3 years, irritability (n = 5; 62.5%) was the most predominant symptom.
      Microorganisms were isolated in 22 cases, the most common being Staphylococcus
      aureus (40%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (32%). Of the 25 patients, 64% (n =
      16) had blood cultures taken, 56% (n = 14) underwent percutaneous fluoroscopy
      guided biopsy, and 48% (n = 12) underwent open surgical biopsy. The positive rate
      for microbiologic diagnosis of each method was 18.8% (n = 3) for blood culture,
      71.4% (n = 10) for percutaneous biopsy and 100% (n = 12) for surgical biopsy.
      Overall, 52% (n = 13) needed surgical treatment along with antibiotic therapy.
      Patients who needed surgery had a significant delay in diagnosis compared with
      those that did not (median, 60 vs. 31 days; P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: S. aureus
      and M. tuberculosis are the predominant causes of SD in children in South Korea.
      Obtaining tissue culture is important to confirm the bacterial etiology of the
      infection and appropriately guide antibiotic therapy in a community in which the
      endemic organisms require treatment pathways that are widely divergent.

PMID- 26974752
TI  - Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines of Different Valences Against
      Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Children in Taiwan: A Nationwide Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For the scarcity of data, we investigated the vaccine effectiveness
      (VE) of the combined use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) of different
      valences against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children. METHODS: We
      conducted a matched case-control study using the national IPD surveillance
      database and the national vaccination registry. Four age-matched, gender-matched
      and neighborhood-matched controls were identified for each incident IPD case ?5
      years with disease onsets between October 2007 and December 2013. Conditional
      logistic regression was used to assess VE against all serotype and serotype 19A
      IPD. RESULTS: In 523 cases (median age: 28.5 months; range: 2.0-69.4 months) and
      2086 controls (28.7; 2.2-70.1), a similar VE against all-serotype IPD was found
      between PCV13 (76%; 61-85%) and combined 7-valent PCV (PCV7)/10-valent PCV
      (PCV10) plus PCV13 (78%; 56-89%). The VE for PCV7/PCV10 was slightly lower (48%;
      32-60%). Regarding serotype 19A, a significantly reduced risk was observed for
      both PCV13 (82%; 63-91%) and combined PCV7/PCV10 plus PCV13 (87%; 61-96%).
      PCV7/PCV10 had only a borderline protective association (31%; 4-51%). For
      children receiving PCV13 alone, VE against all-serotype IPD did not differ
      between starting the dosing at >=2 (78%; 56-89%) or <2 (74%; 51-87%) years of
      age. VE was 81% (69-88%) within 6 months of the last dose of PCV and 19% (95% CI:
      -21 to 45%) after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: PCVs are effective against IPD during
      immunization with either the same or with a mixed series, but protection might be
      differential over time.

PMID- 26974749
TI  - Bacterial Density, Serotype Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of
      Pneumococcal Strains from the Nasopharynx of Peruvian Children Before and After
      Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 7.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have decreased nasopharyngeal
      carriage of vaccine types but little data exist from rural areas. We investigated
      bacterial density, serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of
      pneumococcal strains within the nasopharynx of young children in the Peruvian
      Andes, 2 years after PCV7 was introduced. METHODS: Pneumococcal strains were
      isolated from a subset of 125 children from our Peruvian cohort, who entered the
      study in 2009 and had pneumococcus detected in the nasopharynx in both 2009 and
      during follow-up in 2011. Strains were Quellung serotyped and tested for
      susceptibility to antibiotics. Bacterial density was determined by quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The prevalence of PCV7 strains decreased from
      48% in 2009 to 28.8% in 2011, whereas non-PCV7 types increased from 52% to 71.2%
      (P = 0.002). There was a 3.5-fold increase in carriage of serotype 6C in 2011 (P
      = 0.026). Vaccination with PCV7 did not affect pneumococcal density in children
      colonized by a PCV7 type but did increase density in those colonized with a non
      PCV7 type. Antibiotic resistance did not change after vaccine introduction;
      strains were nonsusceptible to tetracycline (97.2%), trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole (56.4%), penicillin (34%), erythromycin (22.4%), chloramphenicol
      (18.8%) and clindamycin (12.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Serotype replacement was observed
      post-PCV7 vaccination with a concomitant, not previously recognized, increased
      nasopharyngeal density.

PMID- 26974753
TI  - Utility of Emergency Department Use of Abdominal Pelvic Computed Tomography in
      the Management of Crohn's Disease.
AB  - GOAL: The primary aim of this study was to determine predictors of clinically
      significant computed tomography (CT) scans, paying particular attention to
      findings of previous CT scans. BACKGROUND: Use of CT to assess patients with
      Crohn's disease (CD) in the Emergency Department (ED) is both costly and exposes
      patients to high levels of ionizing radiation while not clearly improving
      outcomes. STUDY: Patients with CD who underwent CT scan in the Emergency
      Department from 2008 to 2011 at a tertiary referral center were assessed for
      clinically significant findings. A multivariable generalized estimating equation
      model with logit link and exchangeable working correlation structure was
      constructed to assess for independent predictors of CT scans with clinically
      significant findings. RESULTS: A total of 118 patients with CD underwent 194 CT
      scans. Ninety-two of 194 (47%) CT scans demonstrated clinically significant
      findings. Predictors of clinically significant CT scans included ileal disease
      involvement [odds ratios (OR) 3.47, P=0.01] and white blood cell count >12 (OR
      2.1, P=0.03). Most notably, patients with a CT scan without clinically
      significant findings performed in the preceding month were significantly less
      likely to have a clinically significant CT scan (OR 0.23, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients with CD who had a CT scan without significant findings the month prior
      are unlikely to have clinically significant CT findings. Ileal disease and an
      elevated white blood cell are predictive of clinically significant CT scans.

PMID- 26974754
TI  - Self-Expandable Stents for Benign Esophageal Disorders: When do the Benefits
      Outweigh the Risks?

PMID- 26974755
TI  - An Analysis of the Clinical, Endoscopic, and Pathologic Features of Intestinal
      Tuberculosis.
AB  - GOALS: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical,
      endoscopic, and pathologic features of intestinal tuberculosis (TB). BACKGROUND:
      The prevalence of intestinal TB has been increasing in China. STUDY: The
      clinical, imaging and laboratory examination, endoscopic, and pathologic data of
      81 cases of intestinal TB patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: There
      were 48 male and 33 female cases whose age ranged from 17 to 76 years (mean,
      32.4+/-1.6 y). Fifty-five cases were diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy, and 26 cases
      by postoperative pathologic examination. The common symptoms were chronic right
      lower abdominal and periumbilical pain (87.7%), weight loss (80.2%), anemia
      (64.2%), diarrhea (46.9%), fever (43.2%), diarrhea alternating with constipation
      (38.3%), and night sweats (30.9%). Purified protein derivative test (51.9%), TB
      antibody (34.6%), and TB protein chip (40.7%) had lower sensitivity. T-spot test
      sensitivity was 86.4%. Endoscopic types included ulcerative (52.7%), ulcero
      proliferative (27.3%), and proliferative (20.0%) with mucosal hyperemia and edema
      (87.2%), mucosal erosion (76.4%), patulous ileocecal valve (65.5%), polypoid
      hyperplasia (58.2%), annular ulcer (52.7%), nodular hyperplasia (45.5%), and
      luminal stenosis (29.1%). Histopathologic findings were chronic mucosal
      inflammation (87.3%), ulceration (74.5%), lymphocytic aggregation (69.1%), and
      granulomatous fusion (58.2%). The presence of caseating granulomas (74.5%) and
      necrosis (25.5%) was helpful, but not common. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical symptoms
      of intestinal TB are nonspecific. The most common anatomic locations for
      intestinal TB are the ileocecal valve and cecum. The T-spot test has high
      sensitivity, and it can be used to support the diagnosis of intestinal TB. The
      typical endoscopic features are circumscribed intestinal ulcers, and
      histopathologic findings of biopsy specimens can be also useful in making the
      diagnosis.

PMID- 26974756
TI  - Differential Diagnosis of Immunoglobulin G4-associated Cholangitis From
      Cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis (IAC) shares many
      similar symptoms with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the treatment and the
      prognosis are substantially different. This study aimed to identify the important
      markers for the differential diagnosis of these 2 diseases. METHODS: Thirty IAC
      patients and 275 CCA patients were reviewed retrospectively for their clinical
      symptoms, serological tests, and imaging characteristics. Posttreatment responses
      were also studied. RESULTS: IgG4 had 100% specificity for IAC at a cutoff of 6
      times the upper normal limit. IAC patients had a significantly higher incidence
      of weight loss (P=0.025) and a higher level of weight loss (P=0.008) than CCA
      patients. The positive rates of biological markers CA199, CA242, and CEA in CCA
      and IAC were 81.5% versus 42.9%, 45.5% versus 4.5%, and 29.2% versus 7.1%,
      respectively. Levels of these tumor markers in CCA were significantly higher than
      in IAC (P<0.05). The thickened wall [17/18 (94.4%) vs. 3/10 (30%), P=0.001] and
      the occupying lesion on the bile duct [1/18 (5.6%) vs. 8/10 (80%), P<0.001] were
      found to be significantly different in IAC and CCA, respectively, by endoscopic
      ultrasonography. Autoimmune pancreatitis was the most frequently observed
      comorbidity of IAC (25/30). All IAC patients respond positively to steroid
      treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Increased tumor markers, 6-fold higher levels of serum
      IgG4, and other organs' involvement could be the reference factors for a
      differential diagnosis of IAC and CCA. Endoscopic ultrasonography might be an
      effective imaging tool for diagnosis, although clinical signs and symptoms of IAC
      and CCA are similar. Experimental steroid treatment can be useful in the
      diagnosis for certain difficult cases.

PMID- 26974757
TI  - Colonoscopy After Computed Tomography-diagnosed Acute Right-sided Diverticulitis
      May Be Unnecessary.

PMID- 26974758
TI  - Upper Versus Lower Gastrointestinal Delivery for Transplantation of Fecal
      Microbiota in Recurrent or Refractory Clostridium difficile Infection: A
      Collaborative Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 14 Studies.
AB  - GOALS: The aim of this study was to compare upper gastrointestinal (UGI) versus
      lower gastrointestinal (LGI) delivery routes of fecal microbiota transplantation
      (FMT) for refractory or recurrent/relapsing Clostridium difficile infection
      (CDI). BACKGROUND: FMT has been proven to be a safe and highly effective
      therapeutic option for CDI. Delivery, however, could be via the UGI or LGI
      routes, and it is unclear as to which route provides better clinical outcome.
      STUDY: A systematic search for studies that reported the use of FMT for CDI
      treatment was conducted. Individual patient data that included demographic (age
      and sex) and clinical (route of FMT delivery, CDI outcome after FMT, and follow
      up time) information were obtained. Kaplan-Meier cumulative hazard curves and Cox
      proportional hazard models were used to assess clinical failure after FMT by the
      route of delivery. RESULTS: Data from 305 patients treated with FMT (208 via LGI
      route and 97 via UGI route) for CDI were analyzed. At 30 and 90 days, the risk of
      clinical failure was 5.6% and 17.9% in the UGI group compared with 4.9% and 8.5%
      in the LGI delivery route group, respectively. A time-varying analysis suggested
      a 3-fold increase in hazard of clinical failure for UGI delivery (hazard ratio,
      3.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-8.93) in the period after 30 days.
      CONCLUSIONS: FMT delivered via the LGI seems to be the most effective route for
      the prevention of recurrence/relapse of CDI. A randomized controlled trial is
      necessary to confirm whether FMT delivered via the LGI is indeed superior to that
      delivered via the UGI route.

PMID- 26974759
TI  - Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma in a Patient With Crohn's Disease Under Infliximab:
      First Report.

PMID- 26974760
TI  - Intestinal Failure: Adaptation, Rehabilitation, and Transplantation.
AB  - Intestinal failure (IF) is a state in which the nutritional demands are not met
      by the gastrointestinal absorptive surface. A majority of IF cases are associated
      with short-bowel syndrome, which is a result of malabsorption after significant
      intestinal resection for numerous reasons, some of which include Crohn's disease,
      vascular thrombosis, and radiation enteritis. IF can also be caused by
      obstruction, dysmotility, and congenital defects. Recognition and management of
      IF can be challenging, given the complex nature of this condition. This review
      discusses the management of IF with a focus on intestinal rehabilitation,
      parenteral nutrition, and transplantation. 

PMID- 26974761
TI  - Intestinal, Systemic, and Oral Gluten-related Alterations in Patients With
      Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is an emergent condition, the
      framework of which is yet unclear, whereas the diagnosis is suggested only by
      gluten-dependent symptoms after excluding wheat allergy and celiac disease (CD).
      Our goal was to highlight intestinal, systemic, and oral alterations to clarify
      the NCGS pathogenesis and identify new diagnostic tools. STUDY: A total of 60
      NCGS patients, 20 untreated CD, 20 treated CD, and 20 healthy volunteers were
      recruited. The differential diagnosis among gluten-related disorders was
      performed by serological, allergy, and histologic tools. NCGS patients were also
      subjected to antigliadin antibody (AGA) detection and HLA typing. All
      participants underwent an oral mucosa patch test for gluten (GOMPT), whereas an
      oral provocation test (OPT) for gluten was performed in 26 NCGS patients.
      RESULTS: About 6/60 (10%) NCGS patients showed IgG AGA-positive results, whereas
      45/60 (75%) patients carried HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 genes. GOMPT showed positive
      results in 45/60 (75%) NCGS patients, 3/20 (15%) untreated CD patients, 5/20
      (25%) treated CD patients, and in no healthy volunteers. No significant
      difference was found between the severity of symptoms reported by NCGS patients
      subjected to OPT with gluten-containing croissants and those who underwent OPT
      with gluten-free croissants. CONCLUSIONS: GOMPT seems to be a specific tool for
      NCGS diagnosis, although further investigations are needed to overcome limits due
      to the small population studied and to contextualize GOMPT false-positive
      results.

PMID- 26974763
TI  - Identification and Fibrosis Staging of Hepatitis C Patients Using the Electronic
      Medical Record System.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to noninvasively assess the
      severity of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in large patient populations. It
      would be helpful if fibrosis scores could be calculated solely on the basis of
      data contained in the patients' electronic medical records (EMR). We performed a
      pilot study to identify all HCV-infected patients in a large health care system,
      and predict their fibrosis stage on the basis of demographic and laboratory data
      using common data from their EMR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HCV-infected patients
      were identified using the EMR. The liver biopsies of 191 HCV patients were graded
      using the Ishak and Metavir scoring systems. Demographic and laboratory data were
      extracted from the EMR and used to calculate the aminotransferase to platelet
      ratio index, Fib-4, Fibrosis Index, Forns, Goteborg University Cirrhosis Index,
      Lok Index, and Vira-HepC. RESULTS: In total, 869 HCV-infected patients were
      identified from a population of over 1 million. In the subgroup of patients with
      liver biopsies, all 7 algorithms were significantly correlated with the fibrosis
      stage. The degree of correlation was moderate, with correlation coefficients
      ranging from 0.22 to 0.60. For the detection of advanced fibrosis (Metavir 3 or
      4), the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranged from 0.71
      to 0.84, with no significant differences between the individual scores.
      Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were
      within the previously reported range. All scores tended to perform better for
      higher fibrosis stages. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that HCV-infected
      patients can be identified and their fibrosis staged using commonly available EMR
      based algorithms.

PMID- 26974762
TI  - Mean Platelet Volume, Red Cell Distribution Width to Platelet Count Ratio,
      Globulin Platelet Index, and 16 Other Indirect Noninvasive Fibrosis Scores: How
      Much Do Routine Blood Tests Tell About Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Many indirect noninvasive scores to predict liver fibrosis
      are calculated from routine blood investigations. Only limited studies have
      compared their efficacy head to head. We aimed to compare these scores with liver
      biopsy fibrosis stages in patients with chronic hepatitis C. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: From blood investigations of 1602 patients with chronic hepatitis C who
      underwent a liver biopsy before initiation of antiviral treatment, 19 simple
      noninvasive scores were calculated. The area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curves and diagnostic accuracy of each of these scores were
      calculated (with reference to the Scheuer staging) and compared. RESULTS: The
      mean age of the patients was 41.8+/-9.6 years (1365 men). The most common
      genotype was genotype 4 (65.6%). Significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and
      cirrhosis were seen in 65.1%, 25.6, and 6.6% of patients, respectively. All the
      scores except the aspartate transaminase (AST) alanine transaminase ratio, Pohl
      score, mean platelet volume, fibro-alpha, and red cell distribution width to
      platelet count ratio index showed high predictive accuracy for the stages of
      fibrosis. King's score (cutoff, 17.5) showed the highest predictive accuracy for
      significant and advanced fibrosis. King's score, Goteborg university cirrhosis
      index, APRI (the AST/platelet count ratio index), and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) had the
      highest predictive accuracy for cirrhosis, with the APRI (cutoff, 2) and FIB-4
      (cutoff, 3.25) showing the highest diagnostic accuracy.We derived the study score
      8.5 - 0.2(albumin, g/dL) +0.01(AST, IU/L) -0.02(platelet count, 10(9)/L), which
      at a cutoff of >4.7 had a predictive accuracy of 0.868 (95% confidence interval,
      0.833-0.904) for cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: King's score for significant and
      advanced fibrosis and the APRI or FIB-4 score for cirrhosis could be the best
      simple indirect noninvasive scores.

PMID- 26974764
TI  - Mycosis Fungoides-like Eruption and Infliximab.

PMID- 26974765
TI  - How Solid Is the Scientific Evidence on Probiotics?

PMID- 26974766
TI  - Comparison and relationship of thyroid hormones, IL-6, IL-10 and albumin as
      mortality predictors in case-mix critically ill patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of thyroid hormones, IL-6, IL-10, and albumin
      to predict mortality, and to assess their relationship in case-mix acute
      critically ill patients. METHODS: APACHE II scores and serum thyroid hormones
      (FT3, FT4, and TSH), IL-6, IL-10, and albumin were obtained at EICU admission for
      79 cases of mix acute critically ill patients without previous history of thyroid
      disease. Patients were followed for 28 days with patient's death as the primary
      outcome. All mean values were compared, correlations assessed with Pearson' test,
      and mortality prediction assessed by multivariate logistic regression and ROC.
      RESULTS: Non survivors were older, with higher APACHE II score (p=0.000), IL-6
      (p<0.05), IL-10 (p=0.000) levels, and lower albumin (p=0.000) levels compared to
      survivors at 28 days. IL-6 and IL-10 had significant negative correlation with
      albumin (p=0.001) and FT3 (p ? 0.05) respectively, while low albumin had a direct
      correlation with FT3 (p<0.05). In the mortality prediction assessment, IL-10,
      albumin and APACHE II were independent morality predictors and showed to have a
      good (0.70-0.79) AUC-ROC (p<0.05). Despite that the entire cohort showed low FT3
      serum levels (p=0.000), there was not statistical difference between survivors
      and non-survivors; neither showed any significance as mortality predictor.
      CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 and IL-10 are correlated with Low FT3 and hypoalbuminemia.
      Thyroid hormones assessed at EICU admission did not have any predictive value in
      our study. And finally, high levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in conjunction with albumin
      could improve our ability to evaluate disease's severity and predict mortality in
      the critically ill patients. When use in combination with APACHE II scores, our
      model showed improved mortality prediction.

PMID- 26974768
TI  - Dual-wavelength Nd:LGGG laser intracavity pumped simultaneous OPO and SRS
      processes in single KTP.
AB  - Simultaneous optical parametric oscillation (OPO) and stimulated Raman scattering
      (SRS) in a single KTiOPO4 (KTP) intracavity pumped by a dual-wavelength Nd:LGGG
      laser were demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. A
      maximum output power for the signal beam was 448 mW, while for the Stokes
      radiations it was 40 mW, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of
      about 4.65%. The shortest pulse durations for OPO and SRS waves were directly
      measured to be 850 ps and 1.526 ns, respectively. The highest peak power of 30.6
      kW and the pulse energy of 26 MUJ for the signal beam were also obtained. A set
      of coupled rate equations for the dual-wavelength pumped OPO and SRS was also
      established. The numerical solutions fit with the experimental results.

PMID- 26974767
TI  - Anions Govern Cell Volume: A Case Study of Relative Astrocytic and Neuronal
      Swelling in Spreading Depolarization.
AB  - Cell volume changes are ubiquitous in normal and pathological activity of the
      brain. Nevertheless, we know little about the dynamics of cell and tissue
      swelling, and the differential changes in the volumes of neurons and glia during
      pathological states such as spreading depolarizations (SD) under ischemic and non
      ischemic conditions, and epileptic seizures. By combining the Hodgkin-Huxley type
      spiking dynamics, dynamic ion concentrations, and simultaneous neuronal and
      astroglial volume changes into a comprehensive model, we elucidate why glial
      cells swell more than neurons in SD and the special case of anoxic depolarization
      (AD), and explore the relative contributions of the two cell types to tissue
      swelling. Our results demonstrate that anion channels, particularly Cl-, are
      intrinsically connected to cell swelling and blocking these currents prevents
      changes in cell volume. The model is based on a simple and physiologically
      realistic description. We introduce model extensions that are either derived
      purely from first physical principles of electroneutrality, osmosis, and
      conservation of particles, or by a phenomenological combination of these
      principles and known physiological facts. This work provides insights into
      numerous studies related to neuronal and glial volume changes in SD that
      otherwise seem contradictory, and is broadly applicable to swelling in other cell
      types and conditions. 

PMID- 26974769
TI  - Relaxation of mask design for single-shot phase imaging with a coded aperture.
AB  - We present a method of relaxing the conditions of mask design in single-shot
      phase imaging with a coded aperture (SPICA), for extending the applications of
      SPICA. SPICA, based on compressive sensing, enables the acquisition of wide, high
      resolution optical complex fields in a single exposure without the need for
      reference light. In our previous work on SPICA, a coded aperture (CA) was
      implemented with only amplitude modulation, resulting in a low transmission
      factor and low light efficiency because of the need for an independent phase
      retrieval process in the reconstruction. We attempt to alleviate these
      limitations by adapting a reconstruction algorithm to directly associate the
      phase-retrieval process with a sparsity-based reconstruction. With this approach,
      it is possible to realize SPICA with an amplitude-modulation-based CA having a
      high transmission factor, a phase-modulation-based CA, and a complex-amplitude
      (amplitude and phase)-modulation-based CA. We verified the effectiveness of these
      relaxed CA designs numerically and experimentally. 

PMID- 26974770
TI  - Polarization-dependent loss characterization method based on optical frequency
      beat.
AB  - Characterization of the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) of optical components
      is fundamental for the reliable operation of fiber-optic communication systems.
      Here we present a method for determining the PDL of optical devices based on
      optical frequency beating and spectral analysis. Depending on the beat note
      between components of two orthogonally polarized probe signals modulated at
      different frequencies, the PDL value and its axis can be determined from a single
      sweep of an optical spectrum analyzer. Our proposal represents an alternative
      high-speed option for PDL characterization. 

PMID- 26974771
TI  - Dual-wavelength Nd:YAG laser operation at 1319 and 1338  nm by direct pumping at
      885  nm.
AB  - This paper presents a continuous wave and a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pumped by
      diode laser at 885 nm. The maximum output power of the CW laser is 8.28 W with an
      absorbed slope efficiency of 35.01%. The Q-switching is achieved using a V3+:YAG
      crystal as the saturable absorber. The maximum output power of the passively Q
      switched laser is 3.55 W with an absorbed pumping power of 28.65 W operated with
      a dual wavelength at 1319 and 1338 nm. The shortest pulse widths of the Q
      switched laser are 20.20 and 20.86 ns, with a maximum repetition rate of 64.10
      kHz.

PMID- 26974772
TI  - Designing spectrum-splitting dichroic filters to optimize current-matched
      photovoltaics.
AB  - We have developed an approach for designing a dichroic coating to optimize
      performance of current-matched multijunction photovoltaic cells while diverting
      unused light. By matching the spectral responses of the photovoltaic cells and
      current matching them, substantial improvement to system efficiencies is shown to
      be possible. A design for use in a concentrating hybrid solar collector was
      produced by this approach, and is presented. Materials selection, design
      methodology, and tilt behavior on a curved substrate are discussed. 

PMID- 26974773
TI  - Noise spectrum characterization of optoelectronic oscillators in the presence of
      laser frequency noise.
AB  - Frequency domain formulation for computing the noise spectrum of a single loop
      optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) under the effect of laser frequency noise (LFN)
      based on the conversion matrix approach is presented. The validity of this
      approach is verified by comparing its results regarding the phase noise of the
      OEO with the measurements and simulations of two references in the literature. By
      performing various simulations, it is observed that the LFN-induced phase noise
      is approximately independent of the length of the fiber delay line at offset
      frequencies less than the free spectral range, i.e., the inverse of the time
      delay of the fiber, and, at larger offset frequencies, the phase noise grows even
      with increasing the fiber length. Furthermore, it is observed that this phase
      noise is approximately independent of the distance between the oscillation
      frequency and the center frequency of the RF filter as well as the value of the
      small signal loop gain of the OEO. However, the LFN-induced amplitude noise is
      affected by the distance between the oscillation frequency and the center
      frequency of the RF filter. 

PMID- 26974774
TI  - Autofocusing system for spatial light modulator-based maskless lithography.
AB  - To produce diffractive or holographic structures in a photolithographic process,
      an optical projection system enabling structure resolution in the submicrometer
      range is highly desirable. To ensure that the optical focus of such a system lies
      on the substrate surface during the whole lithographic fabrication process, an
      autofocus system able to focus on a depth of field of a few hundred nanometers is
      usually required. In this work, we developed an autofocus system for spatial
      light modulator (SLM)-based maskless photolithographic applications. The system
      is capable of high-precision focusing without affecting the photoresist
      performance. It is based on contrast measurement combined with focus-pattern
      illumination to ensure high contrast at the substrate surface. In addition, we
      evaluated various autofocus algorithms with respect to time efficiency and
      accuracy to determine suitable focus-pattern and focus-algorithm combinations. 

PMID- 26974775
TI  - Single-mode deep-UV light source at 191.7  nm by seventh-harmonic generation of a
      high-power, Q-switched, injection-locked 1342  nm Nd:YVO4 laser.
AB  - A single-mode deep-UV laser at 191.7 nm is demonstrated by seventh-harmonic
      generation of a single-mode 1342 nm Nd:YVO4 laser. The fundamental laser is an
      injection-locked, Q-switched ring laser at 10 kHz pulse repetition frequency. By
      cascaded second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation, an average power of 230 mW
      at 191.7 nm is achieved. At 185 mW, the setup features a Gaussian beam with a
      beam quality factor of M2<1.5. A pulse duration of 9 ns with pulse energy
      fluctuations of sigma<3% is obtained. The long-term spectral width is
      approximately 240 MHz full width at half-maximum, measured with a homemade
      scanning confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer. This work opens possibilities in
      fiber Bragg grating production, allowing the inscription of long gratings.

PMID- 26974776
TI  - Investigation of plasmonic properties of graphene multilayer nano-ribbon
      waveguides.
AB  - In this paper, we investigate the plasmonic properties of a graphene-silica
      silicon (G-SiO2-Si) multilayer nano-ribbon waveguide in the mid-IR spectral range
      using the finite element method. Numerical results show that single-mode
      operation and modal cut-off properties of the G-SiO2-Si are highly sensitive to
      the width and chemical potential. In particular, we demonstrate that by properly
      tuning the geometric and material parameters of the spacer layer or by decreasing
      the operation frequency, the graphene-based waveguide exhibits a propagation
      length higher than that of its metal-based counterpart. We believe that this
      study will provide a valuable reference for designing ultra-compact and low-loss
      graphene-based novel integrated plasmonic devices.

PMID- 26974777
TI  - Vibration-immune high-sensitivity profilometer built with the technique of
      composite interferometry.
AB  - A prototype of a profilometer was built with the technique of composite
      interferometry for measurement of the distribution of both the amplitude and
      phase information of the surface of a material simultaneously. The composite
      interferometer was composed of a Michelson interferometer for measuring the
      surface profile of the sample and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for measuring the
      phase deviation caused by the scanning component and environmental perturbations.
      A high-sensitivity surface profile can be obtained by use of the phase
      compensation mechanism through subtraction of the phases of the interferograms
      detected in the two interferometers. With the new design and improvement of
      robustness of the optical system, the measurement speed and accuracy were
      significantly improved. Furthermore, an additional optical delay component
      results in a higher sensitivity of the interference signal. This prototype of
      vibration-immune profilometer was examined to have a displacement sensitivity of
      0.64 nm. 

PMID- 26974778
TI  - Short pulse-width gain-switched Ho:YAG ceramic laser at ~2.09  MUm.
AB  - This paper presents a short pulse-width gain-switched Ho:YAG ceramic laser at
      2089 nm resonantly pumped by a homemade Q-switched Tm:fiber laser at ~1908  nm.
      We generated stable pulses of 44-103 ns duration and 0.13-2 kW peak power at 20
      kHz of pulse repetition frequency when the incident pump pulse energy increased
      from ~0.1 to 0.3 mJ. We also obtained an average output power of 1.76 W under an
      incident pump power of 6 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 41.8%.
      Finally, this paper discusses the prospects to further improve the results with
      even a shorter pulse-width and higher peak power. 

PMID- 26974779
TI  - Characterization of periodic cavitation in optical tweezers.
AB  - Microscopic vapor explosions or cavitation bubbles can be generated repeatedly in
      optical tweezers with a microparticle that partially absorbs at the trapping
      laser wavelength. In this work we measure the size distribution and the
      production rate of cavitation bubbles for microparticles with a diameter of 3 MUm
      using high-speed video recording and a fast photodiode. We find that there is a
      lower bound for the maximum bubble radius R(max)~2  MUm which can be explained in
      terms of the microparticle size. More than 94% of the measured R(max) are in the
      range between 2 and 6 MUm, while the same percentage of the measured individual
      frequencies f(i) or production rates are between 10 and 200 Hz. The photodiode
      signal yields an upper bound for the lifetime of the bubbles, which is at most
      twice the value predicted by the Rayleigh equation. We also report empirical
      relations between R(max), f(i), and the bubble lifetimes.

PMID- 26974780
TI  - Laser-driven phosphor-converted white light source for solid-state illumination.
AB  - Energy efficiency and lighting quality considerations are driving research into
      laser-pumped white light sources. Laser diodes as pump sources for downconversion
      phosphors promise freedom from "droop" that adversely affects the efficiency of
      light-emitting diodes (LEDs). High-intensity laser diode-pumped light sources for
      applications such as search lights and automobile headlights have been
      demonstrated recently. Our paper describes the design and construction of a
      domestic/office-type solid-state luminaire driven by light from an integrated
      violet laser-diode module. A trichromatic phosphor made from a blend of separate
      europium-containing rare-earth phosphors was used as the downconversion medium.
      Mechanical and optical design of the reflector and the phosphor plate are
      described. Characteristics of both the pump light and the downconverted light are
      also described. Our studies also looked at the variation of chromaticity
      coordinates with variation in pump power and the effect of laser speckle on the
      lamp's light output. Finally, there is a brief discussion of energy conversion
      efficiency and longevity considerations, comparing pumping with LEDs versus
      pumping with laser diodes. 

PMID- 26974781
TI  - Freeform three-dimensional embedded polymer waveguides enabled by external
      diffusion assisted two-photon lithography.
AB  - This paper introduces a unique method to fabricate free-form symmetrical three
      dimensional single-mode waveguides embedded in a newly developed photopolymer.
      The fabrication process requires only one layer of a single material by combining
      two-photon lithography and external monomer diffusion resulting in a high
      refractive index contrast of 0.013. The cured material exhibits high chemical and
      thermal stability. Transmission loss of 0.37  dB/cm at 850 nm is achieved. Due to
      the fact that waveguide arrays are produced with high density, this technique
      could pave the way for three-dimensional optical interconnects at the board level
      with high complexity and bandwidth density. 

PMID- 26974782
TI  - Methods of phase reconstruction for time-averaging electronic speckle pattern
      interferometry.
AB  - Electronic speckle pattern interferometry is useful for the qualitative depiction
      of the deformation profile of harmonically vibrating objects. However, extending
      the process to achieve quantitative results requires unwrapping the phase in the
      interferogram, which contains significant noise due to the speckle. Two methods
      to achieve accurate phase information from time-averaged speckle pattern
      interferograms are presented. The first is based on a direct inverse of the
      regions within corresponding phase intervals, and the second is based on
      optimization of four independent parameters. The optimization method requires
      less time than more commonly used algorithms and shows higher precision of the
      resulting surface displacement. 

PMID- 26974783
TI  - Carrier squeezing interferometry with pi/4 phase shift: phase extraction in the
      presence of multi-beam interference.
AB  - Multi-beam interference exists in testing high-reflectivity surfaces with a
      Fizeau interferometer. In this paper, the multi-beam interference intensity was
      estimated as the sum of the first six order harmonics using the Fourier series
      expansion. Then, by adopting carrier squeezing interferometry with a pi/4 phase
      shift, an algorithm was proposed to extract the phase from multi-beam
      interferograms. To ensure the separation of the lobes of phase-shift errors and
      the phase in the frequency domain, conditions of the necessary linear carrier in
      the proposed algorithm were derived. Simulation results indicated that the phase
      retrieving precision is better than PV 0.008lambda and RMS 0.001lambda, even when
      the reflection coefficient of the test surface is as high as 0.9 and the phase
      shift varies within pi/4+/-pi/20. Compared with the other algorithms, the
      proposed algorithm for multi-beam interference was validated by its good
      performance in the experiments, especially when the phase-shift error exists. 

PMID- 26974784
TI  - Intensity-modulating graphene metamaterial for multiband terahertz absorption.
AB  - In this paper, we design a tunable strength multiband absorber consisting of a
      graphene metamaterial structure and a thick dielectric interlayer deposited on a
      metal ground plane. We investigate the tunable conductivity properties of the
      graphene metamaterial and demonstrate multiband absorbers with three absorption
      bands using a polyimide interlayer in the 0-2.25 THz range by numerical
      simulation. The results show that the mix absorptivity reached 99.8% at 1.99 THz,
      and the absorptive strength can be tuned with the modulation depth up to 84.2%.
      We present a theoretical interpretation based on a standing wave field, which
      shows that the field energy is localized inside the thicker spacer and then
      dissipated, effectively trapping the light in the metamaterial absorbers with
      negligible near-field interactions. The standing wave field theory developed here
      explains all the features of the multiband metamaterial absorbers and provides a
      profound understanding of the underlying physics. 

PMID- 26974785
TI  - Alignment error analysis of the snapshot imaging polarimeter.
AB  - A snapshot imaging polarimeter (SIP) system is able to reconstruct two
      dimensional spatial polarization information through a single interferogram. In
      this system, the alignment errors of the half-wave plate (HWP) and the analyzer
      have a predominant impact on the accuracies of reconstructed complete Stokes
      parameters. A theoretical model for analyzing the alignment errors in the SIP
      system is presented in this paper. Based on this model, the accuracy of the
      reconstructed Stokes parameters has been evaluated by using different incident
      states of polarization. An optimum thickness of the Savart plate for alleviating
      the perturbation introduced by the alignment error of the HWP is found by using
      the condition number of the system measurement matrix as an objective function in
      a minimization procedure. The result shows that when the thickness of a Savart
      plate is 23 mm, corresponding to the condition number 2.06, the precision of the
      SIP system can reach to 0.21% at 1 degrees  alignment tolerance of the HWP.

PMID- 26974786
TI  - All-fiber high-average power nanosecond-pulsed master-oscillator power amplifier
      at 2  MUm with mJ-level pulse energy.
AB  - We present a high-power nanosecond-pulsed Tm-doped fiber amplifier at 1.971 MUm
      based on a master-oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration. When the
      repetition rate is 500 kHz and the pulse width is 63.3 ns, the average power
      reaches 238 W, the peak power reaches 7.06 kW, and the pulse energy is 0.477 mJ.
      When the pulse train's repetition rate is 300 kHz with a pulse width of 63.7 ns,
      the average power reaches 197 W, the peak power reaches 9.73 kW, and the pulse
      energy is 0.66 mJ. When the pulse train's repetition rate is 200 kHz with a pulse
      width of 58.2 ns, the average power reaches 150 W, the peak power reaches 12.1
      kW, and the pulse energy is 0.749 mJ. The spectral linewidths of the pulse trains
      are 0.15, 0.14, and 0.10 nm for 500 kHz repetition rate, 300 kHz repetition rate,
      and 200 kHz repetition rate, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is
      the first demonstration of high-power nanosecond-pulsed MOPA at 2 MUm with the
      maximum average power reaching 238 W, the maximum peak power reaching 12.1 kW,
      and the maximum pulse energy reaching 0.749 mJ. 

PMID- 26974787
TI  - Control of the Goos-Hanchen shifts of a probe light beam using phase tunability
      of the intracavity medium.
AB  - This paper presents the Goos-Hanchen (GH) shifts of a probe light beam in a fixed
      cavity configuration containing the three level V-type atomic medium. We found
      that in the presence of decay-induced interference, the lateral shifts of both
      the reflected and transmitted probe light beam can easily be controlled just by
      the relative phase of applied fields. We also discuss the intensity of the
      applied field on GH shifts of the reflected and transmitted probe light beam. 

PMID- 26974788
TI  - Resonantly pumped actively mode-locked Ho:YAG ceramic laser at 2122.1  nm.
AB  - We discuss what we believe is the first continuous-wave mode-locked Ho:YAG
      ceramic laser. We produced a mode-locked pulse using an acousto-optic modulator.
      We used a 1.91 MUm Tm-fiber laser as the pump source. At the incident pump power
      of 11.4 W, we achieved the maximum output power of 1.84 W at 2122.1 nm in a
      continuous-wave mode-locked regime. We obtained a short-duration pulse of 241.5
      ps at a repetition frequency of 82.15 MHz and achieved the beam quality factor M2
      of 1.2. In addition, the maximum single pulse energy was 22.4 nJ.

PMID- 26974789
TI  - Waveform model of a laser altimeter for an elliptical Gaussian beam.
AB  - The current waveform model of a laser altimeter is based on the Gaussian laser
      beam of the fundamental mode, whose cross section is a circular spot, whereas
      some of the cross sections of Geoscience Laser Altimeter System lasers are closer
      to elliptical spots. Based on the expression of the elliptical Gaussian beam and
      the waveform theory of laser altimeters, the primary parameters of an echo
      waveform were derived. In order to examine the deduced expressions, a laser
      altimetry waveform simulator and waveform processing software were programmed and
      improved under the circumstance of an elliptical Gaussian beam. The result shows
      that all the biases between the theoretical and simulated waveforms were less
      than 0.5%, and the derived model of an elliptical spot is universal and can also
      be used for the conventional circular spot. The shape of the waveforms is
      influenced by the ellipticity of the laser spot, the target slope, and the
      "azimuth angle" between the major axis and the slope direction. This article
      provides the waveform theoretical basis of a laser altimeter under an elliptical
      Gaussian beam. 

PMID- 26974790
TI  - Optimizing Yb concentration of fiber amplifiers in the presence of transverse
      modal instabilities and photodarkening.
AB  - The Yb concentration of double-clad optical fiber amplifiers is numerically
      optimized with respect to maximizing the transverse modal instability threshold
      in the presence of absorption arising from photodarkening. The pump cladding area
      is scaled with the Yb concentration to approximately maintain the pump absorption
      in operation. It is found that approximate analytical expressions can predict the
      optimized concentration levels found in numerical simulations with sufficient
      accuracy to be useful in fiber design. 

PMID- 26974791
TI  - Modified Sagnac interferometer for contact-free length measurement of a direct
      absorption cell.
AB  - Accurate path length measurements in absorption cells are recurrent requirements
      in quantitative molecular absorption spectroscopy. A new twin path laser
      interferometer for length measurements in a simple direct path absorption
      geometry is presented, along with a full uncertainty budget. The path in an
      absorption cell is determined by measuring the optical path length change due to
      the diminution of the refractive index when the cell originally filled with
      nitrogen gas is evacuated. The performance of the instrument based on a
      stabilized HeNe laser is verified by comparison with the results of direct
      mechanical length measurements of a roughly 45 mm long, specially designed
      absorption cell. Due to a resolution of about 1/300 of a HeNe fringe, an expanded
      (coverage factor k=2) uncertainty of 16 MUm in the length measurement is
      achieved, providing an expanded relative uncertainty of 3.6.10-4 for the length
      of our test absorption cell. This value is about 8 times lower than what has been
      reported previously. The instrument will be useful for precision measurements of
      absorption cross sections of strong absorbers which require short light paths,
      such as ozone, halogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds in
      the UV.

PMID- 26974792
TI  - Lidar reflectance from snow at 2.05  MUm wavelength as measured by the JPL
      Airborne Laser Absorption Spectrometer.
AB  - We report airborne measurements of lidar directional reflectance (backscatter)
      from land surfaces at a wavelength in the 2.05 MUm CO2 absorption band, with
      emphasis on snow-covered surfaces in various natural environments. Lidar
      backscatter measurements using this instrument provide insight into the
      capabilities of lidar for both airborne and future global-scale CO2 measurements
      from low Earth orbit pertinent to the NASA Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over
      Nights, Days, and Seasons mission. Lidar measurement capability is particularly
      useful when the use of solar scattering spectroscopy is not feasible for high
      accuracy atmospheric CO2 measurements. Consequently, performance in high-latitude
      and winter season environments is an emphasis. Snow-covered surfaces are known to
      be dark in the CO2 band spectral regions. The quantitative backscatter data from
      these field measurements help to elucidate the range of backscatter values that
      can be expected in natural environments.

PMID- 26974793
TI  - New time-space-time optical packet switching node based on nonlinear polarization
      rotation of a semiconductor optical amplifier.
AB  - In this paper, we establish a simple model to analyze the semiconductor optical
      amplifier's (SOA) nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) and acquire the variable
      curves of phase difference between TE and TM modes with bias current, pump power,
      probe power, and linewidth enhancement factor (LEF). The results indicate that
      the optical switch based on the SOA's NPR can be realized by changing the pump's
      optical power and the main operating parameters, such as bias current and hold
      beam power, and then the pump power can be determined. On this basis, a time
      space-time (T-S-T) optical packet switching node is proposed, in which the SOA's
      NPR switch is the basic element. Then, the T-S and S-T experimental systems are
      set up, and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed switch scheme
      can implement the optical switching function in accordance with the routing
      requirement. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exceeds 20 dB, and the extinction
      ratio (ER) is more than 10 dB after being delayed and switched in the node. 

PMID- 26974794
TI  - Parameter optimization analysis to minimize the polarization error in a localized
      thermal tunable fiber ring resonator gyro.
AB  - The accuracy of the resonant frequency servo loop is a major concern for the high
      performance operation of a resonant fiber optic gyro. For instance, a bias error
      as large as tens or even hundreds of degrees/hour has been observed at the
      demodulated output of the resonant frequency servo loop. The traditional
      frequency servo mechanism is not an efficient tool to address this problem. In
      our previous work, we proposed a novel method to minimize the laser frequency
      noise to the level of the shot noise by refractive index modulation by a
      thermally tunable resonator. In this paper, we performed the parameter
      optimization for the resonator coil, multifunction integrated-optics chip, and
      couplers by the transition matrix using the Jones matrix methodology to minimize
      the polarization error. With the optimized parameter values, we achieved the bias
      value of the resonator fiber optic gyro to 1.924 degrees /h. 

PMID- 26974795
TI  - Three-dimensional ray tracing in spherical and elliptical generalized Luneburg
      lenses for application in the human eye lens.
AB  - Ray tracing in spherical Luneburg lenses has always been represented in 2D. All
      propagation planes in a 3D spherical Luneburg lens generate the same ray tracing,
      due to its radial symmetry. A geometry without radial symmetry generates a
      different ray tracing. For this reason, a new ray tracing method in 3D through
      spherical and elliptical Luneburg lenses using 2D methods is proposed. The
      physics of the propagation is shown here, which allows us to make a ray tracing
      associated with a vortex beam. A 3D ray tracing in a composite modified Luneburg
      lens that represents the human eye lens is also presented. 

PMID- 26974796
TI  - Asymmetric liquid-core cylindrical lens used to measure liquid diffusion
      coefficient.
AB  - We design and fabricate an asymmetric liquid-core cylindrical lens (ALCL), which
      is used to measure the binary liquid diffusion coefficient (D). Acting as both
      diffusion cell and key imaging element, ALCL is of the function to measure the
      refractive index (RI) of liquid filled in its core in the way of spatial
      resolution. Comparing the ALCL with a symmetric liquid-core cylindrical lens
      (SLCL), the spherical aberration is reduced from about 300 MUm (SLCL) to less
      than 5 MUm (ALCL) when the RI of filled liquid is near 1.333, while the
      measurement accuracy of the RI of the ALCL is superior to 0.0002, which is much
      better than that of the SLCL. Equipped with the ALCL, the D value of triethylene
      glycol diffusing in water is measured at 25 degrees C. The result is D=0.7515*10
      5 cm2/s, a value very close to the literature value. The rational design of ALCL
      gives the optical method for measuring the D value good measurement precision and
      direct observation of the diffusive process as well as a simple experimental
      instrument.

PMID- 26974797
TI  - Visualizing detecting low-frequency underwater acoustic signals by means of
      optical diffraction.
AB  - A novel and simple technique based on the light diffraction effect for
      visualization of low-frequency underwater acoustic waves (LFUAWs) in real time
      has been developed in this paper. A cylindrical object has been put on the
      surface of the water. A low-frequency underwater longitudinal wave can be
      generated into a water surface transversal capillary wave around the cylinder by
      our technique. Modulating the phase of a laser beam reflected from a water
      surface by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) realizes the acousto-optic effect. Then,
      a steady and visible diffraction pattern is experimentally observed. A physical
      model of the SAW is established to verify the feasibility of our technique. An
      analytical expression of wavelength, wave amplitude, and excitation frequency has
      been derived to study the physical properties of LFUAWs, and it explains the
      experimental phenomenon very well. As a result, the technique is effective, easy,
      and practical for visualizing LFUAWs and has significance for applications. 

PMID- 26974798
TI  - Sensitivity in frequency dependent angular rotation of optical vortices.
AB  - This paper presents robust strategies to enhance the rotation sensitivity (and
      resolution) of a coherent superposition of optical vortices emerging from a
      single spiral phase plate (SPP) device when light's optical frequency (or
      wavelength) going into the SPP device is varied. The paper discusses the
      generation and measurement of ultrasmall rotation. Factors that affect the
      ability to perform precision rotation measurements include the linewidth and
      stability of the input light source, the number of photon counts making position
      rotation measurements on the CCD detector, SPP reflectivity, the length of SPP
      device, and the angular modulation frequency of the intensity pattern due to a
      coherent superposition of optical vortices in a single SPP device. This paper
      also discusses parameters to obtain a high-sensitivity single shot measurement
      and multiple measurements. Furthermore, it presents what I believe is a new
      scaling showing the enhancement in sensitivity (and resolution) in the standard
      quantum limit and Heisenberg limit. With experimentally realizable parameters,
      there is an enhancement of rotation sensitivity by at least one order of
      magnitude compared to previous rotation measurements with optical vortices.
      Understanding robust strategies to enhance the rotation sensitivity in an SPP
      device is important to metrology in general and for building compact SPP sensors
      such as gyroscopes, molecular sensors, and thermal sensors. 

PMID- 26974800
TI  - Modeling of carrier dynamics in InGaAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot lasers.
AB  - In this study, a theoretical model is used to simulate the lasing characteristics
      of InGaAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dot lasers. The rate equation for
      InGaAs/GaAs is numerically solved using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. We
      consider the homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the optical gain, both
      with and without considering the nonlinear gain. The results indicate that for a
      certain injected current, there is a specific homogeneous broadening (HB) with
      the best lasing performance when HB is near, comparable, or equal to
      inhomogeneous broadening for every laser-injected current. We show that if the
      linear optical gain is replaced by the total gain, the output power will reduce a
      little and the peaks will be more broadened and the maximum of the gain spectrum
      decreases. The time evolution of the photon number for different currents and
      different HBs is shown. The results indicate that by increasing the HB, the
      number of photons in the steady state and the delay in the starting oscillation
      will increase. In addition, we show that there is threshold coverage for quantum
      dots to begin lasing and an optimum quantum dot coverage in which the self
      assembled quantum dot lasers operate with the lowest possible threshold current
      and maximum output power. 

PMID- 26974799
TI  - Automated interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy and computational
      adaptive optics for improved optical coherence tomography.
AB  - In this paper, we introduce an algorithm framework for the automation of
      interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM). Under this framework,
      common processing steps such as dispersion correction, Fourier domain resampling,
      and computational adaptive optics aberration correction are carried out as
      metrics-assisted parameter search problems. We further present the results of
      this algorithm applied to phantom and biological tissue samples and compare with
      manually adjusted results. With the automated algorithm, near-optimal ISAM
      reconstruction can be achieved without manual adjustment. At the same time, the
      technical barrier for the nonexpert using ISAM imaging is also significantly
      lowered. 

PMID- 26974801
TI  - Goniospectrometric space: identifiable presentation of spectral goniometric data
      for complex diffractive samples.
AB  - Optical security takes advantage of complex gonioapparent effects of diffractive
      samples having strong angular and spectral dependence of reflected light.
      However, resolving the full angular and spectral properties of these kinds of
      targets might be a tremendous task. Preferably, one would like to measure a more
      limited number of illumination-viewing directions, using a multiangle goniometer,
      and still reveal the complex and unique properties of the target. In this study,
      we use a method for converting the full angular reflection data into reduced
      goniospectrometric space and further on into an xDNA graph, which we find to show
      good potential as a fingerprint for gonioapparent surfaces when limited
      measurement geometries are available. For the evaluation of the xDNA graph, we
      use two goniometric devices with a 45 degrees  incident angle illumination, a
      high-resolution bidirectional spectrometer, and a portable multiangle goniometer.
      This study tests the xDNA graph by evaluating the effects of geometry count and
      spectral resolution in goniometric measurements and further finds that the xDNA
      graph indeed works best with a reduced count of geometries and is not sensitive
      to lowered spectral resolution. 

PMID- 26974802
TI  - Improved phase-measuring deflectometry for aspheric surfaces test.
AB  - An improved phase-measuring deflectometry (PMD) is presented for the aspheric
      surfaces test. We explore this method from the Ronchi test in a reverse way. With
      this concept, a camera aperture is placed near the center of curvature of the
      test mirror, and fringes are displayed on a liquid crystal display screen. The
      fringes reflected off the test mirror are observed by the camera. By analyzing
      the captured fringes, the deviations of the test mirror from its ideal shape are
      obtained and the aspheric surface under test is reconstructed. Compared with
      traditional PMD, this method needs only to determine reflected rays and doesn't
      need to know the corresponding incident rays by calibrations, moving screen, or
      approximation. Both a computer simulation and preliminary experiment have been
      carried out to demonstrate the validity of the improved PMD. This improved PMD
      provides a new tool to measure aspheric surfaces quantitatively in full field for
      optical manufacturing. 

PMID- 26974803
TI  - Ho3+/Yb3+ codoped silicate glasses for 2  MUm emission performances.
AB  - This paper discuss a series of Ho3+/Yb3+ codoped silicate glasses prepared by the
      melting method. 2 MUm emissions of the samples are observed under the pump of 980
      nm LD. The Judd-Ofelt parameters (Omega(lambda)) and radiative properties are
      calculated and analyzed; the spontaneous transition probability can reach 78.71 
      s-1. From the fluorescence spectra, the peak absorption and emission cross
      section of Ho3+ are 2.36*10-21 and 5.05*10-21 cm2, respectively. In addition, we
      analyze the energy transfer process of Yb3+:  2F(5/2) level to Ho3+:  5I6 level.
      Considering the luminance properties and good thermal property, we indicate that
      Ho3+/Yb3+ codoped silicate glass is a potential laser glass for the efficient 2
      MUm laser.

PMID- 26974804
TI  - Dual band sensitivity enhancements of a VO(x) microbolometer array using a
      patterned gold black absorber.
AB  - Infrared-absorbing gold black has been selectively patterned onto the active
      surfaces of a vanadium-oxide-based infrared bolometer array. Patterning by metal
      lift-off relies on protection of the fragile gold black with an evaporated oxide,
      which preserves much of gold black's high absorptance. This patterned gold black
      also survives the dry-etch removal of the sacrificial polyimide used to fabricate
      the air-bridge bolometers. For our fabricated devices, infrared responsivity is
      improved 22% in the long-wave IR and 70% in the mid-wave IR by the gold black
      coating, with no significant change in detector noise, using a 300 degrees C
      blackbody and 80 Hz chopping rate. The increase in the time constant caused by
      the additional mass of gold black is ~15%. 

PMID- 26974806
TI  - Single-negative metamaterial periodic multilayer doped by magnetized cold plasma.
AB  - This study theoretically investigates the properties of the defect mode in a 1D
      defective single-negative photonic crystal containing a magnetized cold plasma
      defect layer. The considered photonic crystal structure is made of epsilon
      negative and mu-negative metamaterials. We investigate the defect mode as a
      function of the thickness and the electron density of the defect layer and the
      magnetic field. The results show that the thickness, electron density, and
      variations of the magnetic field affect the frequency of the defect mode. In
      addition, the shift trend in the defect mode is shown to rely on the polarization
      due to the presence of polarization-dependent magnetized cold plasma. The results
      lead to some new information concerning the designing of new types of tunable
      narrowband filters at microwave frequency. 

PMID- 26974805
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of turbid optical parameters without using an
      integrating sphere.
AB  - Spectrophotometric quantification of turbidity by multiple optical parameters has
      wide-ranging applications in material analysis and life sciences. A robust system
      design needs to combine hardware for precise measurement of light signals with
      software to accurately model measurement configuration and rapidly solve a
      sequence of challenging inverse problems. We have developed and validated a
      design approach and performed system validation based on radiative transfer
      theory for determination of absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and
      anisotropy factor without using an integrating sphere. Accurate and rapid
      determination of parameters and spectra is achieved for microsphere suspension
      samples by combining photodiode-based measurement of four signals with the Monte
      Carlo simulation and perturbation-based inverse calculations. The three
      parameters of microsphere suspension samples have been determined from the
      measured signals as functions of wavelength from 400 to 800 nm and agree with
      calculated results based on the Mie theory. It has been shown that the inverse
      problems in the cases of microsphere suspension samples are well posed with
      convex cost functions to yield unique solutions, and it takes about 1 min to
      obtain the three parameters per wavelength. 

PMID- 26974807
TI  - Slope-deviation measurement of Fresnel-shaped mold surfaces.
AB  - Molds are used to dictate their shape to other materials in embossing or filling
      processes. In optics fabrication especially, the exact surface slope of the
      polymer replica is of high relevance. The quality control of molds is
      challenging: non-invasive, optical metrologies struggle with shiny surfaces that
      minimize the scattering of light. In addition, the inspection of complex shaped
      molds with a stepped optical surface can be difficult. In response, the authors
      show a backward ray-tracing approach combined with fringe-reflection technique to
      determine the slopes of a Fresnel-shaped mold surface with topography features in
      the magnitude order of a quarter millimeter. The error is kept small by stitching
      together several measurements with different sample rotations. 

PMID- 26974808
TI  - Orbital-angular-momentum-multiplexed free-space optical communication link using
      transmitter lenses.
AB  - In this paper, we explore the potential benefits and limitations of using
      transmitter lenses in an orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-multiplexed free-space
      optical (FSO) communication link. Both simulation and experimental results
      indicate that within certain transmission distances, using lenses at the
      transmitter to focus OAM beams could reduce power loss in OAM-based FSO links and
      that this improvement might be more significant for higher-order OAM beams.
      Moreover, the use of transmitter lenses could enhance system tolerance to angular
      error between transmitter and receiver, but they might degrade tolerance to
      lateral displacement. 

PMID- 26974809
TI  - Influence of laser coherence on reference-matched laser Doppler velocimetry.
AB  - The probe length is investigated under the influence of the coherence length of
      Gaussian and Lorentzian spectra for the case that the focal point and the point
      of highest interference are matched in a strongly focused laser Doppler
      velocimetry setup (LDV). Isosurfaces of a -3  dB drop of the intensity maximum
      are estimated and suggested as an alternative, comprehensible way to define probe
      volumes. In the end, the equations are applied for an exemplary lidar setup to
      show the reduction of requirements for the coherence length of the laser source
      in comparison to unmatched cases.

PMID- 26974811
TI  - Presentation advice: editorial.
AB  - Editor-in-Chief Ron Driggers shares advice for giving good presentations. 

PMID- 26974810
TI  - Experimental verification of long-term evolution radio transmissions over dual
      polarization combined fiber and free-space optics optical infrastructures.
AB  - This paper describes the experimental verification of the utilization of long
      term evolution radio over fiber (RoF) and radio over free space optics (RoFSO)
      systems using dual-polarization signals for cloud radio access network
      applications determining the specific utilization limits. A number of free space
      optics configurations are proposed and investigated under different atmospheric
      turbulence regimes in order to recommend the best setup configuration. We show
      that the performance of the proposed link, based on the combination of RoF and
      RoFSO for 64 QAM at 2.6 GHz, is more affected by the turbulence based on the
      measured difference error vector magnitude value of 5.5%. It is further
      demonstrated the proposed systems can offer higher noise immunity under
      particular scenarios with the signal-to-noise ratio reliability limit of 5 dB in
      the radio frequency domain for RoF and 19.3 dB in the optical domain for a
      combination of RoF and RoFSO links.

PMID- 26974812
TI  - Liquid-Gated High Mobility and Quantum Oscillation of the Two-Dimensional
      Electron Gas at an Oxide Interface.
AB  - Electric field effect in electronic double layer transistor (EDLT) configuration
      with ionic liquids as the dielectric materials is a powerful means of exploring
      various properties in different materials. Here, we demonstrate the modulation of
      electrical transport properties and extremely high mobility of two-dimensional
      electron gas at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) interface through ionic liquid-assisted
      electric field effect. With a change of the gate voltages, the depletion of
      charge carrier and the resultant enhancement of electron mobility up to 19 380
      cm(2)/(V s) are realized, leading to quantum oscillations of the conductivity at
      the LAO/STO interface. The present results suggest that high-mobility oxide
      interfaces, which exhibit quantum phenomena, could be obtained by ionic liquid
      assisted field effect.

PMID- 26974813
TI  - Methyl-esterified 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers protect bacteria from hydroxyl
      radicals.
AB  - Bacteria rely mainly on enzymes, glutathione and other low-molecular weight
      thiols to overcome oxidative stress. However, hydroxyl radicals are the most
      cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, and no known enzymatic system exists for their
      detoxification. We now show that methyl-esterified dimers and trimers of 3
      hydroxybutyrate (ME-3HB), produced by bacteria capable of polyhydroxybutyrate
      biosynthesis, have 3-fold greater hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity than
      glutathione and 11-fold higher activity than vitamin C or the monomer 3
      hydroxybutyric acid. We found that ME-3HB oligomers protect hypersensitive yeast
      deletion mutants lacking oxidative stress-response genes from hydroxyl radical
      stress. Our results show that phaC and phaZ, encoding polymerase and
      depolymerase, respectively, are activated and polyhydroxybutyrate reserves are
      degraded for production of ME-3HB oligomers in bacteria infecting plant cells and
      exposed to hydroxyl radical stress. We found that ME-3HB oligomer production is
      widespread, especially in bacteria adapted to stressful environments. We discuss
      how ME-3HB oligomers could provide opportunities for numerous applications in
      human health. 

PMID- 26974815
TI  - Optoepigenetics: An acetylation photoswitch.

PMID- 26974816
TI  - Gold(iii)-catalyzed synthesis of aroylbenzo[b]oxepin-3-ones from ortho-O
      propargyl-1-one substituted arylaldehydes.
AB  - An efficient gold-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of ortho-O-propargyl-1-one
      substituted arylaldehydes has been achieved for the generation of substituted
      aroylbenzo[b]oxepin-3-one derivatives in moderate to good yields. This synthetic
      transformation proceeds via gold-catalysed oxidation of the internal alkyne
      moiety followed by an intramolecular condensation leading to seven-membered
      oxacycles. 

PMID- 26974814
TI  - Light-controlled modulation of gene expression by chemical optoepigenetic probes.
AB  - Epigenetic gene regulation is a dynamic process orchestrated by chromatin
      modifying enzymes. Many of these master regulators exert their function through
      covalent modification of DNA and histone proteins. Aberrant epigenetic processes
      have been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple human diseases. Small
      molecule inhibitors have been essential to advancing our understanding of the
      underlying molecular mechanisms of epigenetic processes. However, the resolution
      offered by small molecules is often insufficient to manipulate epigenetic
      processes with high spatiotemporal control. Here we present a generalizable
      approach, referred to as 'chemo-optical modulation of epigenetically regulated
      transcription' (COMET), enabling high-resolution, optical control of epigenetic
      mechanisms based on photochromic inhibitors of human histone deacetylases using
      visible light. COMET probes may be translated into new therapeutic strategies for
      diseases where conditional and selective epigenome modulation is required. 

PMID- 26974819
TI  - Correction: Development of Salivary Cortisol Circadian Rhythm and Reference
      Intervals in Full-Term Infants.

PMID- 26974817
TI  - Influences of Plant Species, Season and Location on Leaf Endophytic Bacterial
      Communities of Non-Cultivated Plants.
AB  - Bacteria are known to be associated endophytically with plants. Research on
      endophytic bacteria has identified their importance in food safety, agricultural
      production and phytoremediation. However, the diversity of endophytic bacterial
      communities and the forces that shape their compositions in non-cultivated plants
      are largely uncharacterized. In this study, we explored the diversity, community
      structure, and dynamics of endophytic bacteria in different plant species in the
      Tallgrass Prairie Preserve of northern Oklahoma, USA. High throughput sequencing
      of amplified segments of bacterial rDNA from 81 samples collected at four
      sampling times from five plant species at four locations identified 335 distinct
      OTUs at 97% sequence similarity, representing 16 phyla. Proteobacteria was the
      dominant phylum in the communities, followed by the phyla Bacteriodetes and
      Actinobacteria. Bacteria from four classes of Proteobacteria were detected with
      Alphaproteobacteria as the dominant class. Analysis of molecular variance
      revealed that host plant species and collecting date had significant influences
      on the compositions of the leaf endophytic bacterial communities. The proportion
      of Alphaproteobacteria was much higher in the communities from Asclepias viridis
      than from other plant species and differed from month to month. The most dominant
      bacterial groups identified in LDA Effect Size analysis showed host-specific
      patterns, indicating mutual selection between host plants and endophytic bacteria
      and that leaf endophytic bacterial compositions were dynamic, varying with the
      host plant's growing season in three distinct patterns. In summary, next
      generation sequencing has revealed variations in the taxonomic compositions of
      leaf endophytic bacterial communities dependent primarily on the nature of the
      plant host species. 

PMID- 26974820
TI  - Balance Recovery Prediction with Multiple Strategies for Standing Humans.
AB  - Human balance recovery from external disturbances is a complex process, and
      simulating it remains an open challenge. In particular, there still is a need for
      a comprehensive numerical tool capable of predicting the outcome of a balance
      perturbation, including in particular the three elementary recovery strategies:
      ankle, hip and stepping with variable step duration. In order to fill this gap we
      further developed a previously proposed multiple step balance recovery prediction
      tool to include the use of the hip strategy and variable step duration. Simulated
      recovery reactions are compared against observations from different experimental
      situations from the literature. Reasonable accuracy in terms of step positions
      and durations were obtained for these different situations using a single set of
      controller parameters. Moreover, variations in the use of the hip strategy and
      the step duration between situations were consistent with biomechanical
      observations. Such a model could be useful to better understand the balance
      recovery mechanisms, and could also be used to identify potentially hazardous
      situations. 

PMID- 26974821
TI  - Effects of Subsetting by Parent Materials on Prediction of Soil Organic Matter
      Content in a Hilly Area Using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy.
AB  - Assessment and monitoring of soil organic matter (SOM) quality are important for
      understanding SOM dynamics and developing management practices that will enhance
      and maintain the productivity of agricultural soils. Visible and near-infrared
      (Vis-NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (350-2500 nm) has received increasing
      attention over the recent decades as a promising technique for SOM analysis.
      While heterogeneity of sample sets is one critical factor that complicates the
      prediction of soil properties from Vis-NIR spectra, a spectral library
      representing the local soil diversity needs to be constructed. The study area,
      covering a surface of 927 km2 and located in Yujiang County of Jiangsu Province,
      is characterized by a hilly area with different soil parent materials (e.g., red
      sandstone, shale, Quaternary red clay, and river alluvium). In total, 232 topsoil
      (0-20 cm) samples were collected for SOM analysis and scanned with a Vis-NIR
      spectrometer in the laboratory. Reflectance data were related to surface SOM
      content by means of a partial least square regression (PLSR) method and several
      data pre-processing techniques, such as first and second derivatives with a
      smoothing filter. The performance of the PLSR model was tested under different
      combinations of calibration/validation sets (global and local calibrations
      stratified according to parent materials). The results showed that the models
      based on the global calibrations can only make approximate predictions for SOM
      content (RMSE (root mean squared error) = 4.23-4.69 g kg-1; R2 (coefficient of
      determination) = 0.80-0.84; RPD (ratio of standard deviation to RMSE) = 2.19
      2.44; RPIQ (ratio of performance to inter-quartile distance) = 2.88-3.08). Under
      the local calibrations, the individual PLSR models for each parent material
      improved SOM predictions (RMSE = 2.55-3.49 g kg-1; R2 = 0.87-0.93; RPD = 2.67
      3.12; RPIQ = 3.15-4.02). Among the four different parent materials, the largest
      R2 and the smallest RMSE were observed for the shale soils, which had the lowest
      coefficient of variation (CV) values for clay (18.95%), free iron oxides
      (15.93%), and pH (1.04%). This demonstrates the importance of a practical
      subsetting strategy for the continued improvement of SOM prediction with Vis-NIR
      spectroscopy. 

PMID- 26974822
TI  - Physicochemical aspects of epoxide driven nano-ZrO2 hydrogel formation: milder
      kinetics for better properties.
AB  - Robust and highly transparent quasi amorphous ZrO2-water-glycerol hydrogels were
      obtained in a mild one pot procedure, based on the 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol driven
      alkalinization. SAXS-based characterization of the sol-gel transition revealed
      that an homogeneously nucleated sol composed of 2 nm primary particles
      continuously grows up to a critical size of 5-6 nm, when gelation takes place.
      These particles reach a size of 8-10 nm, depending on the Zr(iv) concentration.
      Conductivity measurements offer an overall in situ assessment of the reaction
      rate. The gelled samples share a common trend: once the conductivity decays to
      40% of the starting value, the primary particles nucleate and when this decay
      reaches 20%, the sol-gel transition takes place. The mild conditions employed
      herein prevent massive ripening and recrystallization leaving hydrogels with
      extremely low undesired visible light scattering. This suitable nanostructure was
      achieved in a wide range of total Zr(iv) concentrations or water to glycerol
      ratios. 

PMID- 26974823
TI  - Antitumor and biological investigation of doubly cyclometalated ruthenium(II)
      organometallics derived from benzimidazolyl derivatives.
AB  - In this study, we report the synthesis, anticancer and biological properties of
      three doubly cyclometalated phenylbenzimidazole derived ruthenium(ii)
      organometallics () and their corresponding three organic ligands. The structures
      of were fully characterized by various analytical techniques, and the meso
      stereoisomer of the doubly cyclometalated ruthenacycle was unambiguously
      confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The anticancer effects of the
      newly synthesized compounds were tested against selected human cancer cell lines
      AGS (gastric carcinoma), SK-hep-1 (hepatocellular carcinoma), and HCT-15
      (colorectal carcinoma). The growth inhibitory effects of ruthenacycles on cancer
      cells were found to be considerably more effective against the abovementioned
      cancer cells than the reference drug oxaliplatin. Compound exhibited a more
      specific effect on the AGS cells. Gene-fishing and ELISA array were performed to
      analyze the target genes and cytokine secretion by . As a result, a significant
      reduction was observed in RPS21 by . Moreover, increased the secretion of
      cytokines such as IFNgamma in macrophages and reduced the release of cytokines
      such as rantes and IGF-1. These results show that could be a very good anticancer
      drug through the regulation of the RPS21 gene and cytokines.

PMID- 26974825
TI  - Detection of Porcine Parvovirus 2 (Ungulate Tetraparvovirus 3) Specific
      Antibodies and Examination of the Serological Profile of an Infected Swine Herd.
AB  - Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) is a member of a recently discovered group of swine
      parvoviruses occurring worldwide. It is frequently detected in lung samples
      suggesting some pathological role of the virus in diseases. To study this
      possibility an indirect ELISA was developed to detect PPV2 specific antibodies
      and to examine the serological profile of an infected swine herd where 185 serum
      samples collected from different age groups including sows were analyzed.
      According to the results maternal antibody levels decreased until 14 days of age
      and PPV2 specific antibodies started to rise between 28 to 43 days of age when
      respiratory signs were also observed in the examined swine herd. At 57 days of
      age the clinical signs disappeared and a rapid increase of PPV2 specific antibody
      levels could be measured simultaneously, peaking at 57 days of age. The viraemic
      status of different age groups was determined by qPCR using serum samples. At
      least a low level of viraemia was measured in every age group, but higher copy
      number of PPV2 was only detected at 57 days of age and the level decreased in
      older age groups. The changes in virus load and antibody levels together with the
      onset and decrease of clinical signs suggested that PPV2 had a role in the
      development of respiratory signs. 

PMID- 26974824
TI  - Lack of Thromboxane Synthase Prevents Hypertension and Fetal Growth Restriction
      after High Salt Treatment during Pregnancy.
AB  - Preeclampsia (PE) is a potentially fatal pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder
      characterized by poor placenta development that can cause fetal growth
      restriction. PE-associated pathologies, including thrombosis, hypertension, and
      impaired placental development, may result from imbalances between thromboxane A2
      (TXA2) and prostacyclin. Low-dose aspirin, which selectively inhibits TXA2
      production, is used to prevent high-risk PE. However, the role of TXA2 in aspirin
      mediated protective effects in women with PE is not understood fully. In this
      study, we examined the role of prostanoids in PE using human samples and an
      induced PE mouse model. We demonstrated that the administration of salted
      drinking water (2.7% NaCl) to wild-type mice resulted in elevated placental TXA2
      synthase (TXAS) and plasma TXA2, but not prostacyclin, levels, which was also
      found in our clinical PE placenta samples. The high salt-treated wild-type
      pregnant mice had shown unchanged maternal body weight, hypertension (MAP
      increase 15 mmHg), and decreased pup weight (~50%) and size (~24%), but these
      adverse effects were ameliorated in TXAS knockout (KO) mice. Moreover, increased
      expression of interleukin-1beta and downstream phosphorylated-p38-mitogen
      activated protein kinase were concordant with apoptosis induction in the
      placentas of salt water-treated wild-type mice. These alterations were not
      observed in TXAS KO mice. Together, our data suggest that TXA2 depletion has anti
      PE effects due to the prevention of hypertension and placental damage through
      downregulation of the interleukin-1beta pathway. 

PMID- 26974826
TI  - Short-Term Effects of Traditional and Alternative Community Interventions to
      Address Food Insecurity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the effects of food insecurity on health are well documented,
      clear governmental policies to face food insecurity do not exist in western
      countries. In Canada, interventions to face food insecurity are developed at the
      community level and can be categorized into two basic strategies: those providing
      an immediate response to the need for food, defined "traditional" and those
      targeting the improvement of participants' social cohesion, capabilities and
      management of their own nutrition, defined "alternative". OBJECTIVE: The
      objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of food insecurity
      interventions on food security status and perceived health of participants.
      DESIGN: This was a longitudinal multilevel study implemented in Montreal, Quebec,
      Canada. Participants were recruited in a two-stage cluster sampling frame.
      Clustering units were community organizations working on food insecurity; units
      of analysis were participants in community food security interventions. A total
      of 450 participants were interviewed at the beginning and after 9 months of
      participation in traditional or alternative food security interventions. Food
      security and perceived health were investigated as dependent variables.
      Differences overtime were assessed through multilevel regression models. RESULTS:
      Participants in traditional interventions lowered their food insecurity at follow
      up. Decreases among participants in alternative interventions were not
      statistically significant. Participants in traditional interventions also
      improved physical (B coefficient 3.00, CI 95% 0.42-5.59) and mental health (B
      coefficient 6.25, CI 95% 4.15-8.35). CONCLUSIONS: Our results challenge the
      widely held view suggesting the ineffectiveness of traditional interventions in
      the short term. Although effects may be intervention-dependent, food banks
      decreased food insecurity and, in so doing, positively affected perceived health.
      Although study findings demonstrate that food banks offer short term reprise from
      the effects of food insecurity, the question as to whether food banks are the
      most appropriate solution to food insecurity still needs to be addressed.

PMID- 26974827
TI  - Level of job satisfaction amongst nurses in the North-West Province, South
      Africa: Post occupational specific dispensation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction and burnout have been recurring problems amongst
      nurses in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). As a result, nurses are still
      leaving the rural public sector in search of lucrative work at the urban and
      private sectors and in developed countries. Accordingly, Occupational Specific
      Dispensation (OSD) was introduced as a strategy to ircumvent the problem.
      However, since the implementation of OSD in 2007, there have been no studies
      conducted regarding the level of job satisfaction amongst nurses after the
      implementation of OSD in the North-West Province, especially because each
      province has its own challenges that are unique to the area. OBJECTIVES: The
      study had two objectives: to describe the level of job satisfaction
      amongstprofessional and other category nurses (OCNs) at a public hospital in the
      North-West Provinceand describe the perceptions of nurses about OSD and their
      intention to continue working inthe hospital. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive
      cross-sectional design was used. Stratified random sampling was used to select a
      sample of 92 professional nurses (PNs), 90 enrolled nurses and enrolled nursing
      assistants (Nursing Act 2005), which made a total of 182 participants. For the
      purpose of the study, the enrolled nurses and enrolled nursing assistants were
      referred to as OCNs. Data were collected using the Minnesota Satisfaction
      Questionnaire-short form and OSD statements and analysed with Statistical Package
      for Social Science (SPSS, version 18). RESULTS: The majority of PNs (79.3%, n =
      73) and OCNs (86.7%, n = 77) were dissatisfied with the working conditions and
      salary: PNs (80.4%, n = 74) and OCNs (87.8%, n = 79). The nurses mostly
      discredited the current state of the OSD implementation. Majority of the PNs
      (84%, n = 77) and OCNs (91%, n = 82) disagreed with the statement that 'level of
      job satisfaction has improved after the implementation of OSD'. CONCLUSIONS: The
      National Department of Health should consider a holistic approach to address all
      work-related conditions for nurses in order to curb the attrition rates. Policy
      makers and unions should urgently review OSD for all categories of nurses.

PMID- 26974828
TI  - Navigating conflicting laws in sexual and reproductive health service provision
      for teenagers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The South African legal and policy framework for sexual and
      reproductive healthcare provision for teenagers is complex. OBJECTIVE: The
      article outlines the dilemmas emanating from the legal and policy framework,
      summarises issues with implementation of the legal and policy framework in
      practice, and summarises recent changes to the law. METHODS: In-depth analysis of
      the legal and policy framework. Training workshops with a purposive sample of
      nurses and other healthcare providers in the Western Cape. FINDINGS: Tensions
      between consent and confidentiality imposed by the Termination of Pregnancy Act,
      the Children's Act, the National Health Act and the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences
      and Related Matters) Amendment Act render conflicting obligations on healthcare
      providers. Healthcare providers' experiences with service provision in this
      context show that the conflicting roles they inhabit render their service
      provision to teenagers more challenging. CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers need to
      learn about their legal obligations surrounding adolescent sexual and
      reproductive health services.

PMID- 26974829
TI  - Assessment of activities performed by clinical nurse practitioners and
      implications for staffing and patient care at primary health care level in South
      Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The shortage of nurses in public healthcare facilities in South
      Africa is well documented; finding creative solutions to this problem remains a
      priority. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to establish the amount of time that
      clinical nurse practitioners (CNPs) in one district of the Western Cape spend on
      clinical services and the implications for staffing and skills mix in order to
      deliver quality patient care. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was
      conducted across 15 purposively selected clinics providing primary health
      services in 5 sub-districts. The frequency of activities and time CNPs spent on
      each activity in fixed and mobile clinics were recorded. Time spent on activities
      and health facility staff profiles were correlated and predictors of the total
      time spent by CNPs with patients were identified. RESULTS: The time spent on
      clinical activities was associated with the number of CNPs in the facilities.
      CNPs in fixed clinics spent a median time of about 13 minutes with each patient
      whereas CNPs in mobile clinics spent 3 minutes. Fixed-clinic CNPs also spent more
      time on their non-core functions than their core functions, more time with
      patients, and saw fewer patients compared to mobile-clinic CNPs. CONCLUSIONS: The
      findings give insight into the time CNPs in rural fixed and mobile clinics spend
      with their patients, and how patient caseload may affect consultation times. Two
      promising strategies were identified - task shifting and adjustments in health
      workerd eployment - as ways to address staffing and skills mix, which skills mix
      creates the potential for using healthcare workers fully whilst enhancing the
      long-term health of these rural communities.

PMID- 26974830
TI  - Multilevel Corpectomy With Anterior Column Reconstruction and Plating for
      Subaxial Cervical Osteomyelitis.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was
      to evaluate patients with cervical spine osteomyelitis who underwent multilevel
      (>=2) subaxial corpectomies and anterior column reconstruction and plating.
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Neglected multilevel subaxial cervical osteomyelitis
      is a potentially dangerous disease. As it is rare, early radiographic and
      clinical outcomes after multilevel anterior corpectomy and reconstruction for
      subaxial cervical osteomyelitis are incompletely defined. METHODS: Adults who
      underwent multilevel corpectomy and anterior plating/reconstruction for subaxial
      cervical osteomyelitis at two institutions were reviewed. Analysis of patient
      demographics, operative details, and radiographic cervical alignment parameters
      [segmental kyphosis, cervical lordosis, C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA)] was
      performed. RESULTS: Nineteen patients [15 males, four females; average age 48
      years (20-81 yrs)] met inclusion criteria. The majority had pre-operative
      neurologic deficits or was immunosuppressed. All were treated with >=6 weeks of
      intravenous antibiotics following operation. All had anterior
      plating/reconstruction with titanium cages (expandable-6; mesh-6) or structural
      bone graft (fibular allogaft-6; tricortical iliac crest-1). The average number of
      corpectomies was 2.4 (2-4). The average numbers of levels fused anteriorly was
      4.4 (4-6) and posteriorly was 6.3 (4-9). The majority of patients (74%) was
      treated with an anterior/posterior approach. Average follow-up was 16 +/- 9
      months. There was significant improvement in all cervical alignment parameters
      (segmental kyphosis, C2-7 SVA, cervical lordosis). No intraoperative
      complications occurred and no patient deteriorated neurologically
      postoperatively. Postoperative complications included anterior cage/graft
      dislodgement (n = 2), recurrent neck hematomas requiring revision (n = 1),
      epidural hematoma (n = 1), and wound infection (n = 1). Sixty percent of patients
      had persistent neurologic dysfunction at final follow-up. None required
      reoperation for recurrent infection or pseudarthrosis. CONCLUSION: Although
      overall prognosis and neurologic recovery are guarded in medically fragile
      patients with multilevel subaxial cervical osteomyelitis, reconstruction with
      multilevel (>=2) corpectomy and anterior reconstruction/plating results in
      excellent restoration of cervical alignment and low rates of recurrent infection
      and pseudarthrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 26974831
TI  - The Influence of Diabetes on Surgical Outcomes in Cervical Myelopathy.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was
      to determine what effect, if any, diabetes has on surgical outcomes in patients
      with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Diabetes
      is known to impair healing and has been shown to affect outcomes in lumbar
      surgery, but few studies have assessed outcomes in cervical surgery, and cervical
      myelopathy in particular. METHODS: The records of 113 patients operated on by one
      surgeon were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of CSM with a Nurick
      score, surgical interventions, and minimum 2 years follow-up. Patients were
      divided into two groups according to diabetes status (33 diabetic patients vs. 80
      controls) and diabetic patients were further categorized by degree of
      perioperative glucose control. Simple and multiple regression analyses were done
      to compare outcomes as recorded by the Nurick score, controlling for age, gender,
      duration of symptoms, alcohol use, cocaine use, surgical approach, prior surgery,
      and signal change on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: There was
      no relationship between diabetes status and preoperative Nurick score. However,
      diabetes status was associated with impaired improvement in Nurick score. Average
      perioperative glucose in diabetic individuals was linearly associated with
      impaired improvement in Nurick score. CONCLUSION: We conclude that hyperglycemia
      may impair postoperative healing of the spinal cord in patients with CSM. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26974832
TI  - Do Caucasians and East Asians have Different Outcomes Following Surgery for the
      Treatment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy?: Results From the Prospective
      Multicenter AOSpine International Study.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A prospective multicenter cohort study. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to compare outcomes of surgery for the treatment for degenerative
      cervical myelopathy (DCM) between Caucasians and East Asians. SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: Numerous studies have indicated that race can influence both
      disease prevalence and clinical prognosis in a variety of medical conditions;
      however, none have evaluated the impact of race on surgical outcomes in patients
      with DCM. METHODS: Four hundred and seventy-nine patients with symptomatic DCM
      were enrolled in the prospective AOSpine CSM-International study at 16 global
      sites. Preoperatively, and at each follow-up, patients were evaluated using the
      modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scale (mJOA), the Nurick score, the Neck
      Disability Index (NDI), and the Short- Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. A mixed
      model analytic approach was used to evaluate differences in outcomes between
      races at 24 months postoperatively, while controlling for relevant baseline
      characteristics and surgical factors. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-four
      (67.64%) patients were Caucasian and 106 (22.13%) were East Asian. There was no
      difference in the incidence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal
      ligament (OPLL) between the two races; however a greater percentage of Caucasians
      in India (46.15%) and Turkey (41.38%) displayed evidence of OPLL than Caucasians
      in other regions (P < 0.001). The frequency of spondylosis was significantly
      higher in Caucasians (P < 0.001). Caucasians had a longer duration of symptoms
      (27.33 +/- 34.47 months) than East Asians (23.11 +/- 35.68 months) (P < 0.001),
      and a lower preoperative score on the SF-36 Physical Component Score (33.85 +/-
      9.04) than East Asians (37.47 +/- 8.67) (P < 0.001). At 24 months after surgery,
      there were no differences in functional status or QOL between East Asians and
      Caucasians, after adjusting for baseline characteristics, surgical preferences,
      and disease causation. Rates of perioperative complications were not
      significantly different between the races (P = 0.261). CONCLUSION: Decompressive
      surgery for DCM results in comparable functional gains and is equally safe in
      Caucasians and East Asians. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

PMID- 26974833
TI  - Resistin Promotes Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Upregulation of ADAMTS-5
      Through p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were activated with resistin with
      or without p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibition. The
      expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motif-5
      (ADAMTS-5), which plays an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration
      (IDD), was determined. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate
      whether resistin can influence the ADAMTS-5 expression and to further investigate
      the underlying mechanisms. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Obesity has been
      demonstrated to promote IDD, whereas the exact mechanism remains poorly
      understood. Resistin, as an important adipokine, is increased with obesity and
      has been shown to play pro-inflammatory and catabolic role in cartilage
      metabolism. However, the effect of resistin on the catabolic enzymes within NP
      cells remains unknown. METHODS: We exposed NP cells to resistin, and the
      transcriptional activity, gene expression, and protein levels of ADAMTS-5 were
      measured by luciferase reporter assay, qRT-polymerase chain reaction,
      immunofluorescence, and western blot, respectively. The activation of p38 MAPK
      pathways was detected using western blot analysis. RESULTS: Resistin had no
      effect on cell viability. Resistin increased ADAMTS-5 expression in rat NP cells
      time and dose dependently. The p38 MAPK signaling pathway was activated after
      exposure to resistin. Treatment with p38 inhibitor decreased the upregulation of
      ADAMTS-5 by resistin. CONCLUSION: The current study, for the first time,
      investigated the role of resistin in ADAMTS-5 regulation in IDD. These findings
      provide novel evidence supporting the causative role of obesity in IDD, which is
      important to develop novel preventative or therapeutic treatment in disc
      degenerative disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

PMID- 26974834
TI  - Magnetically controlled Growing Rods for Early-onset Scoliosis: A Multicenter
      Study of 23 Cases With Minimum 2 years Follow-up.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE: To report 2-year clinical and
      radiographic results of patients treated with magnetically controlled growing
      rods (MCGR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: MCGR for early-onset scoliosis has been
      reported to provide adequate spinal growth and curve correction by eliminating
      surgical lengthening procedures. This study was designed to report the results of
      MCGR patients with 2-year follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective study of MCGR
      patients with the following inclusion criteria: (i) major curve size >=30 degrees
      , (ii) T1-T12 height <22 cm, (iii) <11-years old; all at the time of index
      surgery was performed. Of 54 patients enrolled, 23 had 2-year follow-up. Both
      primary and conversion patients were evaluated at baseline 6, 12, and 24 months.
      RESULTS: Mean preoperative age in the primary group was 6.6 +/- 2.6 years versus
      8.3 +/- 2.2 years for the conversion group. A total of 41 adverse events occurred
      in 11 patients, of which 14 events were implant related. Major coronal curve
      magnitude improved from 61.3 degrees  to 34.3 degrees  from baseline to
      postoperation in primary cases and from 49.4 degrees  to 43.8 degrees  in
      conversion cases. Curve correction was maintained for 2 years in both groups. T1
      S1 height improved from 252.7 to 288.9 mm in primary cases and was maintained for
      2 years. However, conversion cases had some decline in T1- S1 height (270.3 at
      baseline to 294.4 mm post-MCGR and 290.2 mm at 2-year follow-up; mean loss of 4.2
      mm (1.5%) from postoperation to 2 years, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed
      satisfactory curve correction and growth is achieved among primary cases. T1-S1
      height in conversion cases had a slight decline in 2 years. However, this decline
      was not statistically significant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26974835
TI  - Effects of Intraoperative Anesthetic Medications on Postoperative Urinary
      Retention After Single-Level Lumbar Fusion.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was
      to identify medications that may potentially contribute to developing
      postoperative urinary retention (POUR) after lumbar spinal fusion procedures.
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: POUR is a concerning event that may occur after
      routine orthopedic surgery. The relation between intraoperative medications and
      POUR after lumbar spine surgery has not been well characterized. METHODS: A
      prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent a primary single
      level, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion between 2009 and
      2013 was reviewed. POUR was defined as a bladder scan of 300 mL or higher, the
      postoperative necessity of a straight catheterization, or a urology consult for
      urinary retention. The use and dose-response of intraoperative medications
      between patients with and without POUR were compared. Potential risk factors for
      developing POUR were analyzed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of
      205 patients were included in the study, 17% of whom experienced POUR (n = 34).
      Administration of phenylephrine and neostigmine was associated with POUR
      (phenylephrine: 32.3% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.017; neostigmine: 19.5% vs. 6.5%, P =
      0.042). Parametric analysis demonstrated an association of increasing dose of
      neostigmine with POUR (4.66 vs. 4.22 mg, P = 0.023). Similarly, a nonparametric
      analysis demonstrated an association of increasing doses of both neostigmine and
      phenylephrine with POUR (neostigmine: 4.25 vs. 3.16 mg, P = 0.02; phenylephrine:
      105.88 vs. 40.64 mg, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Approximately 20% of patients may
      develop POUR after routine lumbar spine surgery. The use of certain
      intraoperative anesthetics such as phenylephrine and neostigmine is strongly
      associated with the development of POUR postoperatively. This finding suggests
      that there may be modifiable anesthetic risk factors to prevent the development
      of POUR in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. Future prospective,
      controlled studies specifically addressing these findings could lead to improved
      patient care and decreased healthcare costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 26974836
TI  - Sagittal Plane Correction Using the Lateral Transpsoas Approach: A Biomechanical
      Study on the Effect of Cage Angle and Surgical Technique on Segmental Lordosis.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Cadaveric biomechanical study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree
      of segmental correction that can be achieved through lateral transpsoas approach
      by varying cage angle and adding anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) release and
      posterior element resection. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Lordotic cage insertion
      through the lateral transpsoas approach is being used increasingly for
      restoration of sagittal alignment. However, the degree of correction achieved by
      varying cage angle and ALL release and posterior element resection is not well
      defined. METHODS: Thirteen lumbar motion segments between L1 and L5 were
      dissected into single motion segments. Segmental angles and disk heights were
      measured under both 50 N and 500 N compressive loads under the following
      conditions: intact specimen, discectomy (collapsed disk simulation), insertion of
      parallel cage, 10 degrees  cage, 30 degrees  cage with ALL release, 30 degrees 
      cage with ALL release and spinous process (SP) resection, 30 degrees  cage with
      ALL release, SP resection, facetectomy, and compression with pedicle screws.
      RESULTS: Segmental lordosis was not increased by either parallel or 10 degrees 
      cages as compared with intact disks, and contributed small amounts of lordosis
      when compared with the collapsed disk condition. Placement of 30 degrees  cages
      with ALL release increased segmental lordosis by 10.5 degrees . Adding SP
      resection increased lordosis to 12.4 degrees . Facetectomy and compression with
      pedicle screws further increased lordosis to approximately 26 degrees . No
      interventions resulted in a decrease in either anterior or posterior disk height.
      CONCLUSION: Insertion of a parallel or 10 degrees  cage has little effect on
      lordosis. A 30 degrees  cage insertion with ALL release resulted in a modest
      increase in lordosis (10.5 degrees ). The addition of SP resection and
      facetectomy was needed to obtain a larger amount of correction (26 degrees ).
      None of the cages, including the 30 degrees  lordotic cage, caused a decrease in
      posterior disk height suggesting hyperlordotic cages do not cause foraminal
      stenosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

PMID- 26974837
TI  - Quality of Life in Rural Communities: Residents Living Near to Tembeling, Pahang
      and Muar Rivers, Malaysia.
AB  - The main aim of this study is to identify the quality of life (QoL) among
      communities residing near the Tembeling, Pahang and Muar Rivers in Malaysia. This
      quantitative study used a constructed questionnaire as main tool to collect data
      on the QoL of river communities. A total of 240 villagers were selected as
      respondents. The results indicated that the dimensions of settlement, safety,
      involvement and social relationships, as well as education scored highest, while
      dimensions of physical environment, financial and job security yielded moderate
      scores. Dimensions of infrastructure facilities yielded a low mean score.
      Recommendations are provided, in the hope that our results may be useful for
      strategies that could enhance QoL of these river communities. 

PMID- 26974838
TI  - Transient Pinning and Pulling: A Mechanism for Bending Microtubules.
AB  - Microtubules have a persistence length of the order of millimeters in vitro, but
      inside cells they bend over length scales of microns. It has been proposed that
      polymerization forces bend microtubules in the vicinity of the cell boundary or
      other obstacles, yet bends develop even when microtubules are polymerizing
      freely, unaffected by obstacles and cell boundaries. How these bends are formed
      remains unclear. By tracking the motions of microtubules marked by
      photobleaching, we found that in LLC-PK1 epithelial cells local bends develop
      primarily by plus-end directed transport of portions of the microtubule contour
      towards stationary locations (termed pinning points) along the length of the
      microtubule. The pinning points were transient in nature, and their eventual
      release allowed the bends to relax. The directionality of the transport as well
      as the overall incidence of local bends decreased when dynein was inhibited,
      while myosin inhibition had no observable effect. This suggests that dynein
      generates a tangential force that bends microtubules against stationary pinning
      points. Simulations of microtubule motion and polymerization accounting for
      filament mechanics and dynein forces predict the development of bends of size and
      shape similar to those observed in cells. Furthermore, simulations show that
      dynein-generated bends at a pinning point near the plus end can cause a
      persistent rotation of the tip consistent with the observation that bend
      formation near the tip can change the direction of microtubule growth.
      Collectively, these results suggest a simple physical mechanism for the bending
      of growing microtubules by dynein forces accumulating at pinning points. 

PMID- 26974840
TI  - Food Value of Mealworm Grown on Acrocomia aculeata Pulp Flour.
AB  - Insects have played an important role as human food throughout history,
      especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America. A good example of edible insects is
      the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), which
      are eaten in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. This species is easily
      bred in captivity, requiring simple management. The bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata
      (Jacq.) Lodd) is an abundant palm tree found in the Brazilian Cerrado, providing
      fruits with high nutritional value. The aim of this work was to determine the
      chemical composition of T. molitor grown in different artificial diets with
      bocaiuva pulp flour. The nutritional composition, fatty acid composition,
      antioxidant activity, trypsin activity and anti-nutritional factors of larvae
      were analyzed. The results showed that mealworms grown on artificial diet with
      bocaiuva are a good source of protein (44.83%) and lipid (40.45%), with
      significant levels of unsaturated fatty acids (65.99%), antioxidant activity (4.5
      MUM Trolox/g of oil extracted from larvae) and absence of anti-nutritional
      factors. This study indicates a new source of biomass for growing mealworms and
      shows that it is possible to breed mealworms in artificial diet with bocaiuva
      flour without compromising the nutritional quality of the larvae. 

PMID- 26974839
TI  - Glucose Availability and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Link Energy Metabolism and
      Innate Immunity in the Bovine Endometrium.
AB  - Defences against the bacteria that usually infect the endometrium of postpartum
      cattle are impaired when there is metabolic energy stress, leading to
      endometritis and infertility. The endometrial response to bacteria depends on
      innate immunity, with recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns
      stimulating inflammation, characterised by secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta,
      IL-6 and IL-8. How metabolic stress impacts tissue responses to pathogens is
      unclear, but integration of energy metabolism and innate immunity means that
      stressing one system might affect the other. Here we tested the hypothesis that
      homeostatic pathways integrate energy metabolism and innate immunity in bovine
      endometrial tissue. Glucose deprivation reduced the secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6
      and IL-8 from ex vivo organ cultures of bovine endometrium challenged with the
      pathogen-associated molecular patterns lipopolysaccharide and bacterial
      lipopeptide. Endometrial inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide were also
      reduced by small molecules that activate or inhibit the intracellular sensor of
      energy, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, inhibition of mammalian
      target of rapamycin, which is a more global metabolic sensor than AMPK, had
      little effect on inflammation. Similarly, endometrial inflammatory responses to
      lipopolysaccharide were not affected by insulin-like growth factor-1, which is an
      endocrine regulator of metabolism. Interestingly, the inflammatory responses to
      lipopolysaccharide increased endometrial glucose consumption and induced the
      Warburg effect, which could exacerbate deficits in glucose availability in the
      tissue. In conclusion, metabolic energy stress perturbed inflammatory responses
      to pathogen-associated molecular patterns in bovine endometrial tissue, and the
      most fundamental regulators of cellular energy, glucose availability and AMPK,
      had the greatest impact on innate immunity. 

PMID- 26974841
TI  - Feasibility of cell-free circulating tumor DNA testing for lung cancer.
AB  - Tumor tissue genotyping is used routinely for lung cancer to identify specific
      targetable oncogenic alterations, including EGFR mutations and ALK
      rearrangements. However, tumor tissue from a single biopsy is often insufficient
      for molecular testing, may offer a limited evaluation because of tumor
      heterogeneity and can be difficult to obtain. Cell-free circulating tumor DNA has
      been widely investigated as a potential surrogate for tissue biopsy for
      noninvasive assessment of tumor-related genomic alterations. New techniques have
      improved EGFR mutations detection in ctDNA, thus supporting the use of this
      liquid biopsy for predicting response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
      and monitoring the emergence of resistance. The serial evaluation of ctDNA during
      treatment is feasible and can be used to track tumor changes in real time and for
      a wide range of clinically useful applications. 

PMID- 26974843
TI  - High Prevalence of Stroke in Rural Gadchiroli, India: A Community-Based Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the near future, a majority of strokes are projected to occur in
      developing countries. However, population-level information on the prevalence of
      stroke from rural areas of developing countries, including India, is rare. We
      estimated the prevalence of stroke in a rural area of one of the most
      underdeveloped districts of India. METHODS: Trained surveyors conducted a house
      to-house survey using a validated screening questionnaire in a well-defined
      population of 45,053 living in 39 villages in a demographic surveillance site in
      Gadchiroli district. A trained physician and a neurologist evaluated screen
      positive patients and diagnosed stroke using the World Health Organization's
      criteria. RESULTS: In the screened population, 175 patients had stroke. The mean
      age of patients with stroke was 60.9 +/- 14.7 years and 32.5% were women. The
      crude prevalence rate of stroke was 388.43 (95% CI 335.04-450.33) and the age
      standardized prevalence rate of stroke was 535.58 (95% CI 492.41-583.01) per
      100,000 population. The crude prevalence rate of stroke was significantly higher
      among men than among women (520 vs. 255/100,000 population, p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: In this prevalence study, conducted after a gap of 20 years in rural
      India, the prevalence of stroke was high and was more than twice the prevalence
      reported from the previous study. The prevalence was double among men compared to
      women. Stroke is emerging as a public health priority in rural India.

PMID- 26974842
TI  - Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping-Based Microscopy of Magnetic Resonance
      Venography (QSM-mMRV) for In Vivo Morphologically and Functionally Assessing
      Cerebromicrovasculature in Rat Stroke Model.
AB  - Abnormal cerebral oxygenation and vessel structure is a crucial feature of
      stroke. An imaging method with structural and functional information is necessary
      for diagnosis of stroke. This study applies QSM-mMRV (quantitative susceptibility
      mapping-based microscopic magnetic resonance venography) for noninvasively
      detecting small cerebral venous vessels in rat stroke model. First,
      susceptibility mapping is optimized and calculated from magnetic resonance (MR)
      phase images of a rat brain. Subsequently, QSM-mMRV is used to simultaneously
      provide information on microvascular architecture and venous oxygen saturation
      (SvO2), both of which can be used to evaluate the physiological and functional
      characteristics of microvascular changes for longitudinally monitoring and
      therapeutically evaluating a disease model. Morphologically, the quantification
      of vessel sizes using QSM-mMRV was 30% smaller than that of susceptibility
      weighted imaging (SWI), which eliminated the overestimation of conventional SWI.
      Functionally, QSM-mMRV estimated an average SvO2 ranging from 73% to 85% for
      healthy rats. Finally, we also applied QSM to monitor the revascularization of
      post-stroke vessels from 3 to 10 days after reperfusion. QSM estimations of SvO2
      were comparable to those calculated using the pulse oximeter standard metric. We
      conclude that QSM-mMRV is useful for longitudinally monitoring blood oxygen and
      might become clinically useful for assessing cerebrovascular diseases. 

PMID- 26974844
TI  - New developments in prostate cancer biomarkers.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The initial management of localized prostate cancer is
      increasingly complex with the identification of a growing number of prognostic
      subgroups. Molecular and genetic biomarkers have been proposed to help clinicians
      and patients navigate treatment decisions. RECENT FINDINGS: Three commercially
      available tests, the Genomic Prostate score, Cell Cycle Progression score, and
      Genomic Classifier appear to currently have the most supporting data for their
      use in localized prostate cancer. All three have been shown to identify men at
      higher risk for poor outcome following radical prostatectomy in retrospective
      studies whereas the first two have also shown promise in addressing which men
      might be appropriate for active surveillance. Only the Genomic Classifier has
      data supporting its use as a predictive marker in addition to a prognostic
      marker. SUMMARY: Over the past several years, the management of localized
      prostate cancer has seen the development of several novel biomarkers aimed at
      improving decision making. Although a lack of prospective validation makes it
      challenging to know how best to change management based on the results from any
      of the tests, the growing body of retrospective data suggests significant promise
      in this arena.

PMID- 26974845
TI  - Management of advanced nodal disease in patients treated with primary
      chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The management of advanced nodal disease in patients treated
      with chemoradiotherapy has been a controversial topic for many years. New data
      have recently been reported, including the results of a multicentre randomized
      trial making this review timely. RECENT FINDINGS: The PET-NECK trial showed that
      PET-computer tomography (CT) surveillance is as effective as planned neck
      dissection in terms of overall survival, but results in much fewer neck
      dissections, less complications and is more cost effective. Cost-effectiveness
      data from a single centre study demonstrated that strategies that include PET-CT
      were more effective than CT-alone-guided strategies. SUMMARY: There is now level
      1 evidence to support image-guided surveillance strategies as the standard of
      care for advanced nodal disease in patients treated with primary
      chemoradiotherapy.

PMID- 26974847
TI  - MYB-fusions and other potential actionable targets in adenoid cystic carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer of the
      secretory glands, typically originating in the salivary glands of the head and
      neck. The impact of chemotherapy on survival is unclear and there are no standard
      of-care treatments for patients with recurrent or metastatic disease. This
      article reviews recently completed and ongoing clinical trials for patients with
      ACC and describes recently identified potentially targetable genomic alterations
      in this orphan disease. RECENT FINDINGS: In spite of an overall low mutational
      burden, genotyping of ACC samples has shed some light about the disease biology.
      In addition to the frequent translocations involving MYB or MYBL, recurrent
      alterations in genes involved in chromatin deregulation, FGF, PI3K, NOTCH1, and
      DNA damage repair pathways have been identified. Many of these genomic
      alterations are targetable and drug screening is ongoing in genotyped ACC patient
      derived murine xenografts. SUMMARY: Clinical studies with targeted agents in
      unselected ACC patients have not been promising thus far. The identification of
      potential driver oncogenes suggests that targeted therapy might be effective in
      molecularly-defined patient subgroups and merits investigation in future clinical
      studies.

PMID- 26974846
TI  - Vitamin D and cancer: does it really matter?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article provides a background for an evidence-based
      decision regarding the prescription of vitamin D for cancer prevention and
      improvement of outcomes in oncology. RECENT FINDINGS: In 2014, Feldman and
      colleagues published a review suggesting a beneficial role for vitamin D in
      cancer development. In the same year, a Cochrane meta-analysis that included 18
      randomized clinical trials comparing vitamin D administration versus no
      intervention in healthy population found no difference regarding cancer incidence
      between the groups. One year later, a phase III trial published in the New
      England Journal of Medicine did not show any protective effect of vitamin D
      against adenoma development. SUMMARY: Vitamin D is well known for its importance
      in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, being essential for bone mineralization.
      However, calcitriol, or 1,25-dyhydroxy-vitamin D3, is a multifunctional steroid
      hormone with many extra skeletal actions and may regulate signaling pathways
      related to cancer development and progression. In preclinical studies, it was
      shown that vitamin D can promote cell differentiation and inhibit proliferation,
      angiogenesis, and cell migration. Inconsistent results are found in
      epidemiological studies and early trials regarding clinical effects of vitamin D
      supplementation and cancer in terms of prevention and impact in cancer-related
      mortality.

PMID- 26974848
TI  - Cerebral Microbleeds and Lacunar Infarcts Are Associated with Walking Speed
      Independent of Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged to Older Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The positive relationship between cognitive and physical performance
      has been widely established. The influence of brain structure on both domains has
      been shown as well. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether the relationship between brain
      structure and physical performance is independent of cognitive performance.
      METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 297 middle-aged to older adults
      (mean age +/- SD 65.4 +/- 6.8 years). Memory function, executive function and
      physical performance measured by the Tandem Stance Test, Chair Stand Test, 4
      meter walk and 25-meter walk were assessed. Magnetic resonance imaging was
      available in 237 participants and used to determine the (sub)cortical gray
      matter, white matter, hippocampal and basal ganglia volumes and the presence of
      cerebral small-vessel disease, i.e. white matter hyperintensities, cerebral
      microbleeds (CMBs) and lacunar infarcts (LIs). Regression analysis was used
      adjusting for age, gender, education and whole-brain volume. A Bonferroni
      correction was applied considering p values <0.017 as statistically significant.
      RESULTS: Poor memory function was associated with a slower 4-meter walking speed
      (p < 0.01). No association was found between brain structure and cognitive
      performance. The presence of CMBs and LIs was associated with a slower 25-meter
      walking speed (p < 0.001). This result did not change after additional adjustment
      for cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS: In middle-aged to older adults, CMBs and
      LIs are associated with walking speed independent of cognitive performance. This
      emphasizes the clinical relevance of identifying each of the possible underlying
      mechanisms of physical performance, which is required for the development of
      timely and targeted therapies.

PMID- 26974851
TI  - ORA47 (octadecanoid-responsive AP2/ERF-domain transcription factor 47) regulates
      jasmonic acid and abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling through binding to a
      novel cis-element.
AB  - ORA47 (octadecanoid-responsive AP2/ERF-domain transcription factor 47) of
      Arabidopsis thaliana is an AP2/ERF domain transcription factor that regulates
      jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and is induced by methyl JA treatment. The regulatory
      mechanism of ORA47 remains unclear. ORA47 is shown to bind to the cis-element
      (NC/GT)CGNCCA, which is referred to as the O-box, in the promoter of ABI2. We
      proposed that ORA47 acts as a connection between ABA INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1) and ABI2
      and mediates an ABI1-ORA47-ABI2 positive feedback loop. PORA47:ORA47-GFP
      transgenic plants were used in a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to
      show that ORA47 participates in the biosynthesis and/or signaling pathways of
      nine phytohormones. Specifically, many abscisic acid (ABA) and JA biosynthesis
      and signaling genes were direct targets of ORA47 under stress conditions. The JA
      content of the P35S:ORA47-GR lines was highly induced under wounding and
      moderately induced under water stress relative to that of the wild-type plants.
      The wounding treatment moderately increased ABA accumulation in the transgenic
      lines, whereas the water stress treatment repressed the ABA content. ORA47 is
      proposed to play a role in the biosynthesis of JA and ABA and in regulating the
      biosynthesis and/or signaling of a suite of phytohormone genes when plants are
      subjected to wounding and water stress.

PMID- 26974849
TI  - Effects of egg-adaptation on receptor-binding and antigenic properties of recent
      influenza A (H3N2) vaccine viruses.
AB  - Influenza A virus (subtype H3N2) causes seasonal human influenza and is included
      as a component of influenza vaccines. The majority of vaccine viruses are
      isolated and propagated in eggs, which commonly results in amino acid
      substitutions in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. These substitutions can
      affect virus receptor-binding and alter virus antigenicity, thereby, obfuscating
      the choice of egg-propagated viruses for development into candidate vaccine
      viruses. To evaluate the effects of egg-adaptive substitutions seen in H3N2
      vaccine viruses on sialic acid receptor-binding, we carried out quantitative
      measurement of virus receptor-binding using surface biolayer interferometry with
      haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays to correlate changes in receptor avidity
      with antigenic properties. Included in these studies was a panel of H3N2 viruses
      generated by reverse genetics containing substitutions seen in recent egg
      propagated vaccine viruses and corresponding cell culture-propagated wild-type
      viruses. These assays provide a quantitative approach to investigating the
      importance of individual amino acid substitutions in influenza receptor-binding.
      Results show that viruses with egg-adaptive HA substitutions R156Q, S219Y, and
      I226N, have increased binding avidity to alpha2,3-linked receptor-analogues and
      decreased binding avidity to alpha2,6-linked receptor-analogues. No measurable
      binding was detected for the viruses with amino acid substitution combination
      156Q+219Y and receptor-binding increased in viruses where egg-adaptation
      mutations were introduced into cell culture-propagated virus. Substitutions at
      positions 156 and 190 appeared to be primarily responsible for low reactivity in
      HI assays with post-infection ferret antisera raised against 2012-2013 season
      H3N2 viruses. Egg-adaptive substitutions at position 186 caused substantial
      differences in binding avidity with an insignificant effect on antigenicity.

PMID- 26974852
TI  - The Economic and Health-related Impact of Crohn's Disease in the United States:
      Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Approximately 593,000 to 780,000 people in the United States (US)
      have been diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD), and an additional 33,000 are
      diagnosed yearly. Our objective was to estimate CD's impact on medical costs,
      lost earnings, work and school absences, health status, and health-related
      quality of life (HRQOL) in the US and to compute current and forecasted national
      costs. METHODS: We used the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel
      Survey to match 539 respondents with CD to similar respondents without any
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We estimated annual costs, work and school
      absences, and self-assessed health status. HRQOL was assessed by the SF-12
      Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary (PCS and MCS) scores. CD
      prevalence rates, population counts, and costs were used to forecast total
      national costs. RESULTS: CD is associated with higher medical costs ($13,446
      versus $6029) and lost earnings ($1249 versus $644) and is responsible for $3.48
      billion in total national costs (expected to increase to $3.72 billion in 2025).
      Respondents with CD were more likely to miss work (38% versus 33%) or school (64%
      versus 33%), less likely to report being in excellent or very good physical
      health (24% versus 63%), and experienced lower HRQOL measured by the Physical
      Component Summary (43.4 versus 48.5) and Mental Component Summary (48.6 versus
      50.0) than those without IBD. CONCLUSIONS: CD is responsible for increased
      medical care costs and lower earnings, health status, and HRQOL. These data can
      serve as benchmarks when examining future CD-related costs and HRQOL.

PMID- 26974853
TI  - Portuguese Validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form.
AB  - In the latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders (DSM-5), Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) was included as a tentative
      disorder worthy of future research. Since then, several psychometric instruments
      to assess IGD have emerged in the literature, including the nine-item Internet
      Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), the most brief tool available to
      date. Research on the effects of IGD in Portugal has been minimal and may be due
      to the lack of a psychometrically validated tool to assess this construct within
      this particular cultural background. Therefore, the aim of the present study was
      to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese IGDS9-SF. A
      total of 509 adolescents were recruited to the present study. Construct validity
      of the IGDS9-SF was assessed in two ways. First, confirmatory factor analysis was
      performed to investigate the factorial structure of the IGDS9-SF in the sample,
      and the unidimensional structure of the IGDS9-SF fitted the data well. Second,
      nomological validation of the IGDS9-SF was carried out and the nomological
      network analyzed was replicated as expected, further supporting the construct
      validity of the IGDS9-SF. Criterion validity of the IGDS9-SF was also established
      using key criterion variables. Finally, the IGDS9-SF also showed satisfactory
      levels of reliability using several indicators of internal consistency. Based on
      the results found, the IGDS9-SF appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to
      assess IGD among Portuguese adolescents and further research on IGD in Portugal
      is warranted. 

PMID- 26974854
TI  - Formulating an Ideal Protein Photoresist for Fabricating Dynamic Microstructures
      with High Aspect Ratios and Uniform Responsiveness.
AB  - The physical properties of aqueous-based stimuli-responsive photoresists are
      crucial in fabricating microstructures with high structural integrity and uniform
      responsiveness during two-photon lithography. Here, we quantitatively investigate
      how various components within bovine serum albumin (BSA) photoresists affect our
      ability to achieve BSA microstructures with consistent stimuli-responsive
      properties over areas exceeding 10(4) MUm(2). We unveil a relationship between
      BSA concentration and dynamic viscosity, establishing a threshold viscosity to
      achieve robust BSA microstructures. We also demonstrate the addition of an inert
      polymer to the photoresist as viscosity enhancer. A set of systematically
      optimized processing parameters is derived for the construction of dynamic BSA
      microstructures. The optimized BSA photoresists and processing parameters enable
      us to extend the two-dimensional (2D) microstructures to three-dimensional (3D)
      ones, culminating in arrays of micropillars with aspect ratio > 10. Our findings
      foster the development of liquid stimuli-responsive photoresists to build
      multifunctional complex 3D geometries for applications such as bioimplantable
      devices or adaptive photonic systems. 

PMID- 26974855
TI  - Transcription Driven Phase Separation in Chromatin Brush.
AB  - We theoretically predict the local density of nucleosomes on DNA brushes in a
      solution of molecules, which are necessary for transcription and the assembly of
      nucleosomes. Our theory predicts that in a confined space, DNA brushes show phase
      separation, where a region of relatively large nucleosomal occupancy coexists
      with a region of smaller nucleosomal occupancy. This phase separation is driven
      by an instability arising from the fact that the rate of transcription increases
      as the nucleosomal occupancy decreases due to the excluded volume interactions
      between nucleosomes and RNA polymerase during thermal diffusion and, in turn,
      nucleosomes are (in some cases) desorbed from DNA when RNA polymerase collides
      with nucleosomes during transcription. The miscibility phase diagram shows
      critical points, which are sensitive to the rate constants involved in
      transcription, the changes of interactions of DNA chain segments by assembling
      nucleosomes, and pressures that are applied to the brushes. 

PMID- 26974856
TI  - Neuroscience meets salivary bioscience: An integrative perspective.
AB  - Advances in salivary bioscience enable unique opportunities to explore individual
      differences in biological mechanisms related to learning and memory, psychiatric
      disorders, and more recently neurodegenerative diseases, neurotrauma/stroke,
      pain, and sleep. Sampling oral fluid is not only minimally invasive, but
      specimens can be collected easily and quickly in clinical and field settings.
      Salivary analytes allow neuroscientists to index endocrine, autonomic, immune,
      metabolic, and inflammatory processes within close proximity of discrete
      behavioral, biological, and social events, which is particularly important to
      advancing our understanding of human neuroscience. This review provides an update
      on the advances in salivary bioscience for specialty fields within neuroscience,
      presents novel salivary analytes of interest to neuroscience and the status of
      their development, and outlines a procedural framework to facilitate integration
      of these concepts and methods into neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26974859
TI  - anti-Selective Asymmetric Henry Reaction Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Cu-Sm
      Aminophenol Sulfonamide Complex.
AB  - A novel heterobimetallic Cu/Sm/aminophenol sulfonamide complex has been developed
      by a convenient one-pot method for the anti-selective asymmetric Henry reaction.
      The corresponding anti-beta-nitro alcohols are obtained in up to 99% yield, >30:1
      dr, and 98% ee. The results of control experiments and ESI-MS analysis of the
      complex indicate that the monomeric bimetallic Cu/Sm/1 complex would be the
      active species. 

PMID- 26974858
TI  - Environmentally Benign CO2-Based Copolymers: Degradable Polycarbonates Derived
      from Dihydroxybutyric Acid and Their Platinum-Polymer Conjugates.
AB  - (S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid ((S)-3,4-DHBA), an endogenous straight chain fatty
      acid, is a normal human urinary metabolite and can be obtained as a valuable
      chiral biomass for synthesizing statin-class drugs. Hence, its epoxide
      derivatives should serve as promising monomers for producing biocompatible
      polymers via alternating copolymerization with carbon dioxide. In this report, we
      demonstrate the production of poly(tert-butyl 3,4-dihydroxybutanoate carbonate)
      from racemic-tert-butyl 3,4-epoxybutanoate (rac-(t)Bu 3,4-EB) and CO2 using
      bifunctional cobalt(III) salen catalysts. The copolymer exhibited greater than
      99% carbonate linkages, 100% head-to-tail regioselectivity, and a glass
      transition temperature (Tg) of 37  degrees C. By way of comparison, the similarly
      derived polycarbonate from the sterically less congested monomer, methyl 3,4
      epoxybutanoate, displayed 91.8% head-to-tail content and a lower Tg of 18 
      degrees C. The tert-butyl protecting group of the pendant carboxylate group was
      removed using trifluoroacetic acid to afford poly(3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid
      carbonate). Depolymerization of poly(tert-butyl 3,4-dihydroxybutanoate carbonate)
      in the presence of strong base results in a stepwise unzipping of the polymer
      chain to yield the corresponding cyclic carbonate. Furthermore, the full
      degradation of the acetyl-capped poly(potassium 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate carbonate)
      resulted in formation of the biomasses, beta-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolacetone and 3,4
      dihydroxybutyrate, in water (pH = 8) at 37  degrees C. In addition, water-soluble
      platinum-polymer conjugates were synthesized with platinum loading of 21.3-29.5%,
      suggesting poly(3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid carbonate) and related derivatives may
      serve as platinum drug delivery carriers. 

PMID- 26974860
TI  - Calculation of the Local Free Energy Landscape in the Restricted Region by the
      Modified Tomographic Method.
AB  - The free energy landscape is the most important information in the study of the
      reaction mechanisms of the molecules. However, it is difficult to calculate. In a
      large collective variable space, a molecule must take a long time to obtain the
      sufficient sampling during the simulation. To save the calculation quantity,
      decreasing the sampling region and constructing the local free energy landscape
      is required in practice. However, the restricted region in the collective
      variable space may have an irregular shape. Simply restricting one or more
      collective variables of the molecule cannot satisfy the requirement. In this
      paper, we propose a modified tomographic method to perform the simulation. First,
      it divides the restricted region by some hyperplanes and connects the centers of
      hyperplanes together by a curve. Second, it forces the molecule to sample on the
      curve and the hyperplanes in the simulation and calculates the free energy data
      on them. Finally, all the free energy data are combined together to form the
      local free energy landscape. Without consideration of the area outside the
      restricted region, this free energy calculation can be more efficient. By this
      method, one can further optimize the path quickly in the collective variable
      space. 

PMID- 26974857
TI  - Elevation of 2-AG by monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in the visceral insular
      cortex interferes with anticipatory nausea in a rat model.
AB  - Anticipatory nausea (AN) is a conditioned nausea reaction experienced by
      chemotherapy patients upon returning to the clinic. Currently, there are no
      specific treatments for this phenomenon, with the classic antiemetic treatments
      (e.g., ondansetron) providing no relief. The rat model of AN, contextually
      elicited conditioned gaping reactions in rats, provides a tool for assessing
      potential treatments for this difficult to treat disorder. Systemically
      administered drugs which elevate the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2
      arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), by interfering with their respective degrading
      enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MAGL)
      interfere with AN in the rat model. We have shown that MAGL inhibition within the
      visceral insular cortex (VIC) interferes with acute nausea in the gaping model
      (Sticht et al., 2015). Here we report that bilateral infusion of the MAGL
      inhibitor, MJN110 (but neither the FAAH inhibitor, PF3845, nor ondansetron) into
      the VIC suppressed contextually elicited conditioned gaping, and this effect was
      reversed by coadministration of the CB1 antagonist, AM251. These findings suggest
      that 2-AG within the VIC plays a critical role in the regulation of both acute
      nausea and AN. Because there are currently no specific therapeutics for
      chemotherapy patients that develop anticipatory nausea, MAGL inhibition by MJN110
      may be a candidate treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 26974861
TI  - Pilot Screening to Determine Antimicrobial Synergies in a Multidrug-Resistant
      Bacterial Strain Library.
AB  - With the rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, there has been
      increasing interest in combinations of >=2 antimicrobial agents with synergistic
      effects. We established an MDR bacterial strain library to screen for in vitro
      antimicrobial synergy by using a broth microdilution checkerboard method and high
      throughput luciferase-based bacterial cell viability assay. In total, 39 MDR
      bacterial strains, including 23 carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria, 9
      vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, and 7 vancomycin-resistant
      Enterococcus faecalis, were used to screen for potential antimicrobial synergies.
      Synergies were more frequently identified with combinations of imipenem plus
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in
      the library. To verify this finding, we tested 34 A. baumannii clinical isolates
      resistant to both imipenem and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by the checkerboard
      method. The imipenem plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination showed
      synergy in the treatment of 21 (62%) of the clinical isolates. The results
      indicate that pilot screening for antimicrobial synergy in the MDR bacterial
      strain library could be valuable in the selection of combination therapeutic
      regimens to treat MDR bacterial infections. Further studies are warranted to
      determine whether this screening system can be useful to screen for the combined
      effects of conventional antimicrobials and new-generation antimicrobials or
      nonantimicrobials. 

PMID- 26974863
TI  - Inhibition of Gene Expression and Cancer Cell Migration by CD44v3/6-Targeted
      Polyion Complexes.
AB  - In recent years, siRNA technology has emerged as a promising strategy for gene
      silencing in cancer therapy. We have designed novel CD44-targeted polyion
      complexes (PICs) composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyethylenimine (PEG-b
      PEI) and laminin-derived peptides (mA5G27D or mA5G27F) for in vivo siRNA delivery
      and gene silencing in tumors. The full-length A5G27 peptide (RLVSYNGIIFFLK), from
      which mA5G27D and mA5G27F are derived, binds to CD44v3 and CD44v6 and inhibits
      tumor cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. Thus, when attached to the
      surface of PICs, A5G27-based peptides can serve both as targeting ligands to
      navigate siRNA molecules directly to CD44-overexpressing tumors, and as anti
      migratory agents to inhibit tumor progression. The mA5G27D- or mA5G27F-harboring
      PEG-b-PEI copolymers strongly condensed siRNA molecules into nanosized PICs
      presenting positive surface charges, low in vitro cytotoxicity, and high serum
      stability. mA5G27D- or mA5G27F-bearing PICs demonstrated high efficacy and
      selectivity in delivering siRAC1 into CD44-overexpressing cells, thereby
      silencing RAC1 mRNA and protein levels in such cells. These PICs presented
      substantial anti-migratory features in vitro and accumulated significantly in SK
      OV-3 tumor-bearing mice, following 3 sequential intraperitoneal (i.p.)
      injections. Treatment of mice with 8 or 9 sequential parenteral (intravenous,
      (i.v.) or i.p.) injections of mA5G27F-PEG-b-PEI/siRNA efficiently inhibited tumor
      growth in two different CD44-overexpressing tumor mouse models (A549 and SK-OV
      3), regardless of the type of siRNA (siPLK1 or siLUC) used. The results thus
      reveal the potential utility of this system for targeted delivery of siRNA
      molecules into solid tumors to prolong the survival time of mice, while at the
      same time reducing potential toxicity. 

PMID- 26974862
TI  - The Minimal Important Difference in Borg Dyspnea Score in Pulmonary Arterial
      Hypertension.
AB  - RATIONALE: Despite therapeutic advances, pulmonary arterial hypertension remains
      a disease without a cure. Focusing on symptoms, such as dyspnea, is an important
      part of assessing response to therapy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the minimal
      important differences for the Borg dyspnea score and the Borg fatigue score in
      adult patients undergoing initial therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
      METHODS: We studied 129 patients enrolled between 2003 and 2013 in the Pulmonary
      Arterial Hypertension Program registry at Johns Hopkins University Hospital in
      Baltimore, Maryland. We analyzed baseline demographics, clinical characteristics,
      6-minute-walk test distance, and Borg dyspnea and fatigue scores at baseline and
      at follow up 3 months after initiation of pulmonary arterial hypertension
      therapy. The minimal important differences for the Borg dyspnea and fatigue
      scores were determined using distributional and anchor-based methods, using 6
      minute-walk test distance as the anchor. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Most
      subjects were in New York Heart Association functional class II or III and had
      moderate to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. The baseline Borg dyspnea
      score was 3.4 +/- 1.9 units; the baseline Borg fatigue score was 2.8 +/- 2.2
      units. After therapy, the average change in the dyspnea score was -0.16 +/- 1.9
      units and the average change in the fatigue score was -0.21 +/- 2.4 units. Using
      distributional methods, the minimum important difference for Borg dyspnea score
      ranged from 0.7 to 1.24 units and for Borg fatigue score ranged from 0.73 to 1.39
      units. Using anchor-based methods, the minimum important difference for the Borg
      dyspnea scales was 0.36; this could not be calculated for the Borg fatigue score.
      CONCLUSIONS: Using distributional and anchor-based methods, we estimate the
      minimum important difference for Borg dyspnea scale in pulmonary arterial
      hypertension is approximately 0.9 units. Using distributional methods only, we
      estimate the minimum important difference for the Borg fatigue scale is around 1
      unit. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of these
      scores in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

PMID- 26974864
TI  - Life Expectancy.

PMID- 26974865
TI  - Aminoxidation of Arenethiols to N-Chloro-N-sulfonyl Sulfinamides.
AB  - A simple and efficient method to synthesize N-chloro-N-sulfonylsulfinamides by
      the direct aminoxidation of arenethiols under aqueous and mild conditions is
      disclosed, geminally installing the oxo and amino groups on the sulfur atom of
      arenethiols. The products have been primarily developed as sulfinylation reagents
      to convert Grignard reagents into sulfoxides, and as amination reagents to
      convert secondary amines into hydrazine derivatives. 

PMID- 26974866
TI  - Group 13 Superacid Adducts of [PCl2N]3.
AB  - Irrespective of the order of the addition of reagents, the reactions of [PCl2N]3
      with MX3 (MX3 = AlCl3, AlBr3, GaCl3) in the presence of water or gaseous HX give
      the air- and light-sensitive superacid adducts [PCl2N]3.HMX4. The reactions are
      quantitative when HX is used. These reactions illustrate a Lewis acid/Bronsted
      acid dichotomy in which Lewis acid chemistry can become Bronsted acid chemistry
      in the presence of adventitious water or HX. The crystal structures of all three
      [PCl2N]3.HMX4 adducts show that protonation weakens the two P-N bonds that flank
      the protonated nitrogen atom. Variable-temperature NMR studies indicate that
      exchange in solution occurs in [PCl2N]3.HMX4, even at lower temperatures than
      those for [PCl2N]3.MX3. The fragility of [PCl2N]3.HMX4 at or near room
      temperature and in the presence of light suggests that such adducts are not
      involved directly as intermediates in the high-temperature ring-opening
      polymerization (ROP) of [PCl2N]3 to give [PCl2N]n. Attempts to catalyze or
      initiate the ROP of [PCl2N]3 with the addition of [PCl2N]3.HMX4 at room
      temperature or at 70  degrees C were not successful. 

PMID- 26974867
TI  - Risk of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Obese Women.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Obesity is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis of the leg and
      pulmonary embolism. To date, however, whether obesity is associated with adult
      cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE: To assess
      whether obesity is a risk factor for CVT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A
      case-control study was performed in consecutive adult patients with CVT admitted
      from July 1, 2006 (Amsterdam), and October 1, 2009 (Berne), through December 31,
      2014, to the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, or
      Inselspital University Hospital in Berne, Switzerland. The control group was
      composed of individuals from the control population of the Multiple Environmental
      and Genetic Assessment of Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis study, which was a
      large Dutch case-control study performed from March 1, 1999, to September 31,
      2004, and in which risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
      were assessed. Data analysis was performed from January 2 to July 12, 2015. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Obesity was determined by body mass index (BMI). A BMI of
      30 or greater was considered to indicate obesity, and a BMI of 25 to 29.99 was
      considered to indicate overweight. A multiple imputation procedure was used for
      missing data. We adjusted for sex, age, history of cancer, ethnicity, smoking
      status, and oral contraceptive use. Individuals with normal weight (BMI <25) were
      the reference category. RESULTS: The study included 186 cases and 6134 controls.
      Cases were younger (median age, 40 vs 48 years), more often female (133 [71.5%]
      vs 3220 [52.5%]), more often used oral contraceptives (97 [72.9%] vs 758 [23.5%]
      of women), and more frequently had a history of cancer (17 [9.1%] vs 235 [3.8%])
      compared with controls. Obesity (BMI >=30) was associated with an increased risk
      of CVT (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.63; 95% CI, 1.53-4.54). Stratification by sex
      revealed a strong association between CVT and obesity in women (adjusted OR,
      3.50; 95% CI, 2.00-6.14) but not in men (adjusted OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.25-5.30).
      Further stratification revealed that, in women who used oral contraceptives,
      overweight and obesity were associated with an increased risk of CVT in a dose
      dependent manner (BMI 25.0-29.9: adjusted OR, 11.87; 95% CI, 5.94-23.74; BMI
      >=30: adjusted OR, 29.26; 95% CI, 13.47-63.60). No association was found in women
      who did not use oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Obesity is a
      strong risk factor for CVT in women who use oral contraceptives.

PMID- 26974868
TI  - Dissect style response to pollination using metabolite profiling in self
      compatible and self-incompatible tomato species.
AB  - Tomato style is the pathway for pollen germination and pollen tubes growth from
      the stigma to the ovules where fertilization occurs. It is essential to supplying
      the nutrients for pollen tube growth and guidance for the pollen tubes. To our
      knowledge, style also regulates gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) in tomato
      species. This study identified the metabolites and monitored the metabolic
      changes of self-incompatible and self-compatible tomato with self-pollinated or
      unpollinated styles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 9
      classes of compounds were identified in SI and self-compatibility (SC) self
      pollinated and unpollinated styles which included amino acids, sugars, fatty
      acids/lipids, amines, organic acids, alcohols, nitriles, inorganic acids and
      other compounds. The contents of d-Mannose-6-phosphate, Cellobiose, Myristic
      acid, 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid, Inositol and Urea were significantly decreased and
      the rest did not significantly change in SI styles. But change of metabolites
      content significantly happened in SC styles. In addition, among the total 9
      classes of compounds, the different metabolites accounted for a different
      proportion in amino acids, sugars, amines, organic acids and alcohols compared SC
      and SI. The result indicated that the physiological changes of styles existed
      differences in SC and SI after self pollination. 

PMID- 26974869
TI  - Separation of human IgG fragments using copper, nickel, zinc, and cobalt chelated
      to CM-Asp-agarose by positive and negative chromatography.
AB  - This study evaluated the feasibility of using immobilized metal-ion affinity
      chromatography (IMAC) for separation of human Fab fragments using four different
      transition metal ions copper, nickel, zinc, and cobalt chelated to CM-Asp
      (carboxymethylaspartate) immobilized on the agarose gel. The Fab and Fc fragments
      (from human IgG digested with papain) interacted differently with the chelates
      studied, depending on the adsorption buffer system. The interaction between
      chelate and Fc fragment is predominantly based on the coordination bonds using
      adsorption buffer containing NaCl. Negative chromatography was performed on
      Cu(II)-CM-Asp-agarose obtaining 2.9mg of Fab per mL of adsorbent in nonretained
      fractions (Fc fragment-free without uncleaved IgG). The adsorption of Fab
      fragments is governed by electrostatic forces in the absence of NaCl in the
      adsorption buffer. High selectivity was achieved on Co(II)-CM-Asp-agarose and
      5.7mg of Fab per mL of adsorbent was obtained in eluted fractions without Fc
      fragments, although having uncleaved IgG. The results showed that chromatography
      on transition metal ions chetated to CM-Asp-agarose is a promising approach to
      separation of Fab fragments from papain-digested human IgG solution. 

PMID- 26974870
TI  - Linguistic Masking Release in School-Age Children and Adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study assessed if 6- to 8-year-old children benefit from a language
      mismatch between target and masker speech for sentence recognition in a 2-talker
      masker. METHOD: English sentence recognition was evaluated for English
      monolingual children (ages 6-8 years, n = 15) and adults (n = 15) in an English 2
      talker and a Spanish 2-talker masker. A regression analysis with subject as a
      random variable was used to test the fixed effect of listener group and masker
      language and the interaction of these two effects. RESULTS: Thresholds were
      approximately 5 dB higher for children than for adults in both maskers. However,
      children and adults benefited to the same degree from a mismatch between the
      target and masker language with approximately 3 dB lower thresholds in the
      Spanish than the English masker. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that children are
      able to take advantage of linguistic differences between English and Spanish
      speech maskers to the same degree as adults. Yet, overall worse performance for
      children may indicate general cognitive immaturity compared with adults, perhaps
      causing children to be less efficient when combining glimpses of degraded speech
      information into a meaningful sentence.

PMID- 26974871
TI  - Interaction of epibrassinolide and selenium ameliorates the excess copper in
      Brassica juncea through altered proline metabolism and antioxidants.
AB  - 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) and Selenium (Se) individually confer tolerance to
      various abiotic stresses, but their interactive effect in the regulation of
      copper (Cu) homeostasis in plants exposed to toxic levels of Cu is poorly
      investigated. This study provides an insight into the effects of EBL (foliar)
      and/or Se (through sand) on Brassica juncea plants exposed to toxic levels of Cu.
      The combined effect of EBL and Se on compartmentalization of Cu, oxidative stress
      markers, photosynthetic machinery and biochemical traits in B. juncea were
      analyzed. Application of EBL and Se through different mode modulated the
      compartmentalization of Cu in different parts of plants, enhanced the
      photosynthetic traits, and activities of various antioxidant enzymes and proline
      accumulation in B. juncea under excess copper levels. These enhanced levels of
      antioxidant enzymes, proline (osmolyte) accumulation triggered by combination of
      EBL and Se could have conferred tolerance to the B. juncea plants under toxic
      level of copper and also maintained Cu homeostasis in various parts of plants.
      This study indicates that combination of EBL and Se through different mode is an
      operative approach for Cu detoxification in plants and could be exploited for
      removal of excess copper from polluted soil.

PMID- 26974872
TI  - K8(K5F)U6Si8O40: An Intergrowth Uranyl Silicate.
AB  - Single crystals of K8(K5F)U6Si8O40 were grown from a mixed alkali halide flux.
      K8(K5F)U6Si8O40 is the first intergrowth uranyl silicate, being composed of
      alternating slabs related to two previously reported uranyl silicates: Cs2USiO6
      and [Na9F2][(UO2)(UO2)2(Si2O7)2]. It exhibits intense luminescence, which is
      influenced by the [(UO2)2O] dimers present in the structure. 

PMID- 26974873
TI  - PS-BEMP as a basic catalyst for the phospha-Michael addition to electron-poor
      alkenes.
AB  - PS-BEMP was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the phospha-Michael addition of
      phosphorus nucleophiles to a variety of electron-poor alkenes. The addition
      reactions were generally performed with equimolar amounts of reagents under
      solvent free conditions. The protocol proved to be very efficient for the
      addition to aromatic, non-aromatic and cyclic ketones, giving good yields (78
      85%) in all cases. The protocol was also extended with good results to alpha,beta
      unsaturated esters and nitriles. This demonstrates that PS-BEMP is a good
      catalyst for the phospha-Michael addition to electron-poor alkenes. 

PMID- 26974874
TI  - Sequence-Independent Cloning and Post-Translational Modification of Repetitive
      Protein Polymers through Sortase and Sfp-Mediated Enzymatic Ligation.
AB  - Repetitive protein-based polymers are important for many applications in
      biotechnology and biomaterials development. Here we describe the sequential
      additive ligation of highly repetitive DNA sequences, their assembly into genes
      encoding protein-polymers with precisely tunable lengths and compositions, and
      their end-specific post-translational modification with organic dyes and
      fluorescent protein domains. Our new Golden Gate-based cloning approach relies on
      incorporation of only type IIS BsaI restriction enzyme recognition sites using
      PCR, which allowed us to install ybbR-peptide tags, Sortase c-tags, and cysteine
      residues onto either end of the repetitive gene polymers without leaving residual
      cloning scars. The assembled genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and
      purified using inverse transition cycling (ITC). Characterization by cloud point
      spectrophotometry, and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with
      fluorescence detection confirmed successful phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Sfp)
      mediated post-translational N-terminal labeling of the protein-polymers with a
      coenzyme A-647 dye (CoA-647) and simultaneous sortase-mediated C-terminal
      labeling with a GFP domain containing an N-terminal GG-motif in a one-pot
      reaction. In a further demonstration, we installed an N-terminal cysteine residue
      into an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) that was subsequently conjugated to a
      single chain poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide (PEG-maleimide) synthetic polymer,
      noticeably shifting the ELP cloud point. The ability to straightforwardly
      assemble repetitive DNA sequences encoding ELPs of precisely tunable length and
      to post-translationally modify them specifically at the N- and C- termini
      provides a versatile platform for the design and production of multifunctional
      smart protein-polymeric materials. 

PMID- 26974875
TI  - Underlying mechanisms of cyclic peptide inhibitors interrupting the interaction
      of CK2alpha/CK2beta: comparative molecular dynamics simulation studies.
AB  - Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are fundamental to all biological processes.
      Recently, the CK2beta-derived cyclic peptide Pc has been demonstrated to
      efficiently antagonize the CK2alpha/CK2beta interaction and strongly affect the
      phosphorylation of CK2beta-dependent CK2 substrate specificity. The binding
      affinity of Pc to CK2alpha is destroyed to different extents by two single-point
      mutations of Tyr188 to Ala (Y188A) and Phe190 to Ala (F190A), which exert
      negative effects on the inhibitory activity (IC50) of Pc against the
      CK2alpha/CK2beta interaction from 3.0 MUM to 54.0 MUM and ?100 MUM, respectively.
      However, the structural influences of Y188A and F190A mutations on the CK2alpha
      Pc complex remain unclear. In this study, comparative molecular dynamics (MD)
      simulations, principal component analysis (PCA), domain cross-correlation map
      (DCCM) analysis and energy calculations were performed on wild type (WT), Y188A
      mutant, and F190A mutant systems. The results revealed that ordered
      communications between hydrophobic and polar interactions were essential for
      CK2alpha-Pc binding in the WT system. In addition to the loss of the hydrogen
      bond between Gln36 of CK2alpha and Gly189 of Pc in the two mutants, the improper
      recognition mechanisms occurred through different pathways. These pathways
      included the weakened hydrophobic interactions in the Y188A mutant as well as
      decreased polar and hydrophobic interactions in the F190A mutant. The energy
      analysis results qualitatively elucidated the instability of the two mutants and
      energetic contributions of the key residues. This study not only revealed the
      structural mechanisms for the decreased binding affinity of Y188A and F190A
      mutant CK2alpha-Pc complexes, but also provided valuable clues for the rational
      design of CK2alpha/CK2beta subunit interaction inhibitors with high affinity and
      specificity. 

PMID- 26974876
TI  - Association between elimination disorders and abusive maternal attitudes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Enuresis and encopresis, both conditions are very distressful to
      children and their family members and it is responsible for significant social
      and psychological consequences in children and adolescents. The present study
      aims to determine the rate of abusive maternal attitudes towards children and
      adolescents with elimination disorders (EDs) and to investigate the maternal
      psychological and socio-cultural factors associated with abusive parenting
      attitudes. METHOD: N = 180 children with ED were included in the study. Family
      Assessment Device (FAD), and Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R) were administered to
      mothers. RESULTS: Our results indicated that prevalence of abusive maternal
      attitudes in our sample was 73.8%. Children and adolescents with ED who live with
      low-educated parents (p = 0.008), low socio economic status (p = 0.014), and in
      cases with living in a large or divorced family (p = 0.014), disorganized or
      chaotic families can be considered a population at risk (p < 0.05), since it is
      more likely that they suffer more severe abusive maternal attitudes. CONCLUSION:
      Present study showed high rates of abusive parenting attitudes in cases of EDs in
      a sample of Turkish children and adolescents. Further research on the etiological
      and therapeutic importance of the family in the case of ED referred to a
      psychiatry clinic should be carried out.

PMID- 26974877
TI  - Mental health risk factors in sexual assault: What should Sexual Assault Referral
      Centre staff be aware of?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In England, people who have been raped can attend a national
      network of Sexual Assault Referral Centres (SARCs) for physical examination, the
      collection of evidence and sign-posting onto other appropriate services. The
      impact of rape on mental health is not always assessed comprehensively in SARCs
      despite national policy guidance. AIM: To highlight the relationship between
      mental health and rape; thereby increasing SARCs staff and NHS commissioners
      awareness of the issue and the potential for longer-term risks to mental health.
      METHOD: A secondary analysis was carried out using the Adult Psychiatric
      Morbidity Survey (APMS) 2007 in England. Sexual abuse was categorised as 'rape',
      'touched in a sexual way' or 'talked to in a sexual way' versus 'none'. Bivariate
      analysis describes the prevalence of various mental health indicators and service
      use measures by different 'levels' of sexual abuse. Multiple logistic regression
      was applied to determine independent risk factors for sexual abuse. RESULTS:
      There was a consistent increase in the prevalence of mental health problems and
      in the use of mental health services as the severity of sexual abuse increased.
      For individuals who had been raped, the prevalence of need was highest in those
      raped both before and after the age of 16 years. Multivariate logistic regression
      identified that sex and age were the only demographic risk factors remaining
      significant. After controlling for these, individuals who had been raped were
      over 2.5 times more likely to have a history of a neurotic disorder than
      individuals experiencing no sexual abuse. In addition, rape victims were also
      significantly more likely to be dependent on drugs and alcohol, admitted to a
      mental health ward and at risk of suicide. CONCLUSION: Rape is likely to have a
      considerable impact on the use of mental health services, self-harm and
      alcohol/drug dependency. Full mental health assessments should be undertaken in
      SARCs and commissioners should ensure accessible pathways into mental health
      services where appropriate.

PMID- 26974878
TI  - Dysphagia and Dysphonia Assessment Tools After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.
AB  - The Smith-Robinson approach to the anterior cervical spine is being increasingly
      used, but it is not without complication. Dysphagia and dysphonia are the most
      common complications of the procedure. Many classification systems have been
      developed to stage and grade postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia, but
      inconsistent usage and lack of consensus adoption has limited research progress.
      A discussion of the merits and limitations of the most common classification
      systems is outlined within this review. Broad adoption of comprehensive and
      simple classification metrics is needed, but, first, prospective reliability and
      validity must be established in the anterior cervical fusion population.

PMID- 26974879
TI  - Continuous versus Intermittent beta-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta
      analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials.
AB  - RATIONALE: Optimization of beta-lactam antibiotic dosing for critically ill
      patients is an intervention that may improve outcomes in severe sepsis.
      OBJECTIVES: In this individual patient data meta-analysis of critically ill
      patients with severe sepsis, we aimed to compare clinical outcomes of those
      treated with continuous versus intermittent infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics.
      METHODS: We identified relevant randomized controlled trials comparing continuous
      versus intermittent infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in critically ill
      patients with severe sepsis. We assessed the quality of the studies according to
      four criteria. We combined individual patient data from studies and assessed data
      integrity for common baseline demographics and study endpoints, including
      hospital mortality censored at 30 days and clinical cure. We then determined the
      pooled estimates of effect and investigated factors associated with hospital
      mortality in multivariable analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We identified
      three randomized controlled trials in which researchers recruited a total of 632
      patients with severe sepsis. The two groups were well balanced in terms of age,
      sex, and illness severity. The rates of hospital mortality and clinical cure for
      the continuous versus intermittent infusion groups were 19.6% versus 26.3%
      (relative risk, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.00; P = 0.045) and 55.4%
      versus 46.3% (relative risk, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.40; P =
      0.021), respectively. In a multivariable model, intermittent beta-lactam
      administration, higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score,
      use of renal replacement therapy, and infection by nonfermenting gram-negative
      bacilli were significantly associated with hospital mortality. Continuous beta
      lactam administration was not independently associated with clinical cure.
      CONCLUSIONS: Compared with intermittent dosing, administration of beta-lactam
      antibiotics by continuous infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis
      is associated with decreased hospital mortality.

PMID- 26974880
TI  - Error in Text and Table.

PMID- 26974881
TI  - Proteomic Profiling of Serological Responses to Aspergillus fumigatus Antigens in
      Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis.
AB  - Aspergillus fumigatus is the species that most commonly causes the opportunistic
      infection invasive aspergillosis (IA) in patients being treated for hematological
      malignancies. Little is known about the A. fumigatus proteins that trigger the
      production of Aspergillus-specific IgG antibodies during the course of IA. To
      characterize the serological response to A. fumigatus protein antigens, mycelial
      proteins were separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis. The gels were immunoblotted
      with sera from patients with probable and proven IA and control patients without
      IA. We identified 49 different fungal proteins, which gave a positive IgG
      antibody signal. Most of these antigens play a role in primary metabolism and
      stress responses. Overall, our analysis identified 18 novel protein antigens from
      A. fumigatus. To determine whether these antigens can be used as diagnostic or
      prognostic markers or exhibit a protective activity, we employed supervised
      machine learning with decision trees. We identified two candidates for further
      analysis, the protein antigens CpcB and Shm2. Heterologously produced Shm2
      induced a strongly proinflammatory response in human peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells after in vitro stimulation. In contrast, CpcB did not activate the immune
      response of PBMCs. These findings could serve as the basis for the development of
      an immunotherapy of IA.

PMID- 26974882
TI  - Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics,
      Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional
      Drug Space.
AB  - Drug discovery and development is a complex and lengthy enterprise that suffers
      from high rates of candidate attrition at all stages of the process. The
      physical, biological, and toxicological properties of a drug candidate are
      inextricably linked to its structure, and once a molecule has been synthesized,
      all subsequent studies along the development path are focused only on assessing
      and understanding its properties in greater detail. Unfortunately, a full
      prediction of the biological properties of a molecule from an analysis of its 2-
      or 3-dimensional structure is currently beyond our expertise. This backdrop
      mandates that considerable care be taken at the design stage if a molecule is to
      be successful in testing a mechanistic concept underlying a disease process and
      to progress into late stage clinical trials and, ultimately, marketing approval.
      While there are multiple potential causes of candidate attrition, an
      introspective analysis of drug design practices over the past decade has focused
      attention on the perception that contemporary molecules are unnecessarily obese,
      burdened by high molecular weight and excessive lipophilicity. This practice is
      believed to have its roots in the singular pursuit of enhancing potency during
      lead optimization rather than adopting a more holistic approach to drug design
      that gives broader consideration to how structural features affect developability
      properties. In an effort to provide the medicinal chemistry community with
      practical guideposts to enhancing compound quality in the drug design phase and
      which can readily be applied, a series of efficiency indices have been proposed
      that attempt to define aspects of compound quality in the context of a series of
      physicochemical parameters. Of these metrics, lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE
      or LipE), which provides an index of the dependence of the potency of a molecule
      on its intrinsic lipophilicity, has been characterized as the most robust metric
      that has potential for broad-based application. In this review, after describing
      the background literature behind the derivation of efficiency metrics and
      approaches to assessing compound aesthetics, synopses of some recent practical
      application in lead optimization campaigns are presented. However, molecules that
      fall into space beyond that associated with traditional drug-like properties are
      an important part of the current and future landscape, exemplified by the summary
      of direct acting hepatitis C virus NS3 and NS5A inhibitors that have transformed
      clinical therapy for this chronic disease. While drug development in
      nontraditional drug-like space is more challenging and the rules for compound
      quality will be different with much still to be understood, careful and
      disciplined drug design practices will be an essential element of success. 

PMID- 26974884
TI  - Impact of Sleep Telemedicine Protocol in Management of Sleep Apnea: A 5-Year VA
      Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that demonstrates an important role for
      telemedicine technologies in enhancing healthcare delivery. A comprehensive sleep
      telemedicine protocol was implemented at the Veterans Administration Medical
      Center (VAMC), Milwaukee, WI, in 2008 in an effort to improve access to sleep
      specialty care. The telemedicine protocol relied heavily on sleep specialist
      interventions based on chart review (electronic consult [e-consult]). This was
      done in response to long wait time for sleep clinic visits as well as delayed
      sleep study appointments. Since 2008 all consults are screened by sleep service
      to determine the next step in intervention. Based on chart review, the following
      steps are undertaken: (1) eligibility for portable versus in-lab sleep study is
      determined, and a sleep study order is placed accordingly, (2) positive airway
      pressure (PAP) therapy is prescribed for confirmed sleep apnea, and (3) need for
      in-person evaluation in the sleep clinic is determined, and the visit is
      scheduled. This study summarizes the 5-year trend in various aspects of access to
      sleep care after implementation of sleep telemedicine protocol at the Milwaukee
      VAMC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective system efficiency study. The
      electronic medical record was interrogated 5 years after starting the sleep
      telemedicine protocol to study annual trends in the following outcomes: (1)
      interval between sleep consult and prescription of PAP equipment, (2) total sleep
      consults, and (3) sleep clinic wait time. RESULTS: Two part-time sleep physicians
      provided sleep-related care at the Milwaukee VAMC between 2008 and 2012. During
      this period, the interval between sleep consult and PAP prescription decreased
      from >=60 days to <=7 days. This occurred in spite of an increase in total sleep
      consults and sleep studies. There was also a significant increase in data
      downloads, indicating overall improved follow-up. There was no change in clinic
      wait time of >=60 days. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a sleep telemedicine
      protocol at the Milwaukee VAMC was associated with increased efficiency of sleep
      services. Timeliness of sleep management interventions for sleep apnea improved
      in spite of the increased volume of service.

PMID- 26974886
TI  - Correction Re: Tissue Engineering, Part A, 2016;22(1-2):17-30.

PMID- 26974885
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, and antitumor activity of three ternary dinuclear
      copper (II) complexes with a reduced Schiff base ligand and diimine coligands in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Three ternary copper (II) complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1),
      dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 2) and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine
      (dppz, 3), with the formulation [Cu2(NCL)2(H4PASP)].4.5H2O (1-3) (where NCL=the
      diimine coligand, H4PASP=N,N'-(p-xylylene)di-2-aminosuccinic acid), were isolated
      and characterized. The binding of these complexes with calf thymus DNA was
      studied using UV-visible absorption titration, emission, and circular dichroism
      spectroscopy, among other methods. The changes in physicochemical properties that
      occurred upon binding of these complexes with DNA indicate that binding occurs
      primarily through intercalative interactions. Human tumor cell lines HeLa, PC3,
      and HepG2 were treated with the copper(II) complexes in vitro and cell survival
      rate was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
      (MTT) assay and crystal violet survival assay. Flow cytometry was performed on
      treated cells labeled with AnnexinV/Propidium Iodide staining to determine rates
      of apoptosis. Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of
      the apoptotic markers p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. The complexes reduced cell viability
      and induced apoptosis in cells of human tumor cell lines in a dose-dependent
      manner. In addition, using a nude mouse xenograft model, we found that the three
      ternary copper (II) complexes inhibited human tumor cell growth in vivo. In
      conclusion, these novel synthetic copper complexes have profound antitumor
      effects on human tumor cells and are promising therapeutic agents for human
      tumors.

PMID- 26974883
TI  - Coronary Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in China: 10-Year
      Results From the China PEACE-Retrospective CathPCI Study.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The use of coronary catheterization and percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI) is increasing in China, but, to date, there are no nationally
      representative assessments of the quality of care and outcomes in patients
      undergoing these procedures. OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of care and
      outcomes of patients undergoing coronary catheterization and PCI in China.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In a clinical observational study (China PEACE
      [Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events]-Retrospective CathPCI
      Study), we used a 2-stage, random sampling strategy to create a nationally
      representative sample of 11 241 patients undergoing coronary catheterization and
      PCI at 55 urban Chinese hospitals in calendar years 2001, 2006, and 2011. Data
      analysis was performed from July 11, 2014, to November 20, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES
      AND MEASURES: Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, quality of care, and
      outcomes associated with these procedures and changes over time. RESULTS: Of the
      11 241 patients included in the study, the samples included, for 2001, 285 women
      (weighted percentage, 28.6%); for 2006, 826 women (weighted percentage, 32.2%),
      and for 2011, 2588 women (weighted percentage, 35.7%). Mean (SD) ages were 58
      (8), 60 (11), and 61 (11) years, respectively. Between 2001 and 2011, estimated
      national rates of hospitalizations for coronary catheterization increased from 26
      570 to 452 784 and for PCI, from 9678 to 208 954 (17-fold and 21-fold),
      respectively. More than half of stable patients undergoing coronary
      catheterization had nonobstructive coronary artery disease; this amount did not
      change significantly over time (2001: 60.3% [95% CI, 56.1%-64.5%]; 2011: 57.5%
      [95% CI, 55.8%-59.3%], P = .05 for trend). The proportion of PCI procedures
      performed via radial approach increased from 3.5% (95% CI, 1.7%-5.3%) in 2001 to
      79.0% (95% CI, 77.7%-80.3%) in 2011 (P < . 001 for trend). The use of drug
      eluting stents (DESs) increased from 18.0% (95% CI, 14.2%-21.7%) in 2001 to 97.3%
      (95% CI, 96.9%-97.7%) in 2011 (P < .001 for trend) largely owing to increased use
      of domestic DESs. The median length of stay decreased from 14 days (interquartile
      range [IQR], 9-20) in 2001 to 10 days (IQR, 7-14) in 2011 (P < .001 for trend).
      In-hospital mortality did not change significantly, but both adjusted risk of any
      bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 0.53 [95% CI, 0.36-0.79], P < .001 for trend) and
      access bleeding (OR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.12-0.43], P < .001) were decreased between
      2001 and 2011. The medical records lacked documentation needed to calculate
      commonly used process metrics including door to balloon times for primary PCI and
      the prescription of evidence-based medications at discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Although the use of catheterization and PCI in China has increased
      dramatically, we identified critical quality and documentation gaps that
      represent opportunities to improve care. Our findings can serve as a foundation
      to guide future quality improvement initiatives in China.

PMID- 26974887
TI  - Human influenza viruses and CD8(+) T cell responses.
AB  - Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide,
      despite new strain-specific vaccines being available annually. As IAV-specific
      CD8(+) T cells promote viral control in the absence of neutralizing antibodies,
      and can mediate cross-reactive immunity toward distinct IAVs to drive rapid
      recovery from both mild and severe influenza disease, there is great interest in
      developing a universal T cell vaccine. However, despite detailed studies in mouse
      models of influenza virus infection, there is still a paucity of data on human
      epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses to IAVs. This review focuses on our
      current understanding of human CD8(+) T cell immunity against distinct IAVs and
      discusses the possibility of achieving a CD8(+) T cell mediated-vaccine that
      protects against multiple, distinct IAV strains across diverse human populations.
      We also review the importance of CD8(+) T cell immunity in individuals highly
      susceptible to severe influenza infection, including those hospitalised with
      influenza, the elderly and Indigenous populations. 

PMID- 26974888
TI  - Diagnosis of Pediatric Acute Adenovirus Infections: Is a Positive PCR Sufficient?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human adenovirus (HAdV), especially species C (HAdV-C), can be
      detected incidentally by polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal (NP)
      samples, making it difficult to interpret clinical significance of a positive
      result. We classified patients into groups based on HAdV culture positivity from
      respiratory specimens and the presence of an identified co-pathogen. We
      hypothesized that HAdV-C would be over-represented and viral burden would be
      lower in patients most likely to have incidental detection (ie, with a negative
      viral culture and documented co-pathogen). METHODS: Immunocompetent children with
      HAdV + nasopharyngeal specimens were classified into 4 groups: group I (HAdV
      culture (+) and no co-infection), group II (culture (+) and co-infection), group
      III (culture (-) and no co-infection) and group IV (culture (-) and co
      infection). Viral burden (cycle threshold) and species were compared among
      groups. RESULTS: Of 483 nasopharyngeal specimens, HAdV was isolated in culture in
      252 (52%); co-infection was found in 265 (55%) patients. Group I (most consistent
      with acute disease) had significantly lower cycle thresholds (median 23.9;
      interquarile range 22.2-28.1) compared with group IV (most consistent with
      incidental detection; median 37.3; interquarile range 35.3-38.9; P < 0.0001).
      HAdV-C accounted for 41% samples of group I and 83% of group IV (P < 0.0001). We
      identified a subset of 22 patients with bacterial or fungal co-pathogens, 18 of
      whom had no growth on viral culture (group IV) with a median cycle threshold of
      37.4 (interquarile range 33.9-39.2). CONCLUSIONS: Species identification and
      viral burden may assist in interpretation of a positive HAdV result. Low viral
      burden with HAdV-C may be consistent with incidental detection.

PMID- 26974889
TI  - A Phase 2, Randomized, Active-controlled, Observer-blinded Study to Assess the
      Immunogenicity, Tolerability and Safety of Bivalent rLP2086, a Meningococcal
      Serogroup B Vaccine, Coadministered With Tetanus, Diphtheria and Acellular
      Pertussis Vaccine and Serogroup A, C, Y and W-135 Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine
      in Healthy US Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bivalent rLP2086, targeting meningococcal serogroup B, will extend
      prevention of meningococcal disease beyond that provided by quadrivalent
      serogroup ACWY vaccines; coadministration with recommended vaccines may improve
      adherence to vaccine schedules. This phase 2, randomized, active-controlled,
      observer-blinded study assessed whether immune responses induced by
      coadministration of Menactra (meningococcal A, C, Y and W-135 polysaccharide
      conjugate vaccine [MCV4]) and Adacel (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid,
      acellular pertussis vaccine [Tdap]) with bivalent rLP2086 (Trumenba
      [meningococcal serogroup B vaccine], approved in the United States) were
      noninferior to MCV4 + Tdap or bivalent rLP2086 alone. METHODS: Healthy
      adolescents aged 10 to <13 years received MCV4 + Tdap + bivalent rLP2086, MCV4 +
      Tdap or bivalent rLP2086. Bivalent rLP2086 response was assessed with serum
      bactericidal assays using human complement with 2 meningococcal serogroup B test
      strains expressing vaccine-heterologous factor H-binding protein variants; MCV4
      with SBAs using rabbit complement; and Tdap with multiplexed Luminex assays.
      Safety was evaluated. RESULTS: Two thousand six hundred forty-eight subjects were
      randomized. Immune responses to MCV4 + Tdap + bivalent rLP2086 were noninferior
      to MCV4 + Tdap or bivalent rLP2086 alone. Seroprotective serum bactericidal
      assays using human complement titers were documented for 62.3%-68.0% and 87.5%
      90% of MCV4 + Tdap + bivalent rLP2086 recipients after doses 2 and 3,
      respectively. A >=4-fold rise in serum bactericidal assays using human complement
      titers from baseline was achieved by 56.3%-64.3% and 84.0%-85.7% of subjects
      after doses 2 and 3, respectively. Bivalent rLP2086 alone induced similar
      responses. Concomitant administration did not substantially increase
      reactogenicity compared with bivalent rLP2086 alone. CONCLUSIONS: Bivalent
      rLP2086 given concomitantly with MCV4 + Tdap met all noninferiority
      immunogenicity criteria without a clinically meaningful increase in
      reactogenicity. MCV4 and bivalent rLP2086 coadministration would provide coverage
      against the 5 major disease-causing serogroups.

PMID- 26974890
TI  - Probable Levofloxacin-associated Secondary Intracranial Hypertension in a Child
      With Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis.
AB  - Fluoroquinolones are a key component of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
      treatment. We describe the first reported case of probable levofloxacin
      associated intracranial hypertension in a 6-year-old girl with pulmonary
      multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The case highlights the potential risk of
      secondary intracranial hypertension in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients
      who require prolonged fluoroquinolone therapy and the need for ophthalmologic
      screening in children with suggestive signs and symptoms. 

PMID- 26974891
TI  - Population-based Surveillance for Medically Attended Human Parainfluenza Viruses
      From the Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project, 2010-2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parainfluenza viruses (PIV) have been shown to contribute
      substantially to pediatric hospitalizations in the United States. However, to
      date, there has been no systematic surveillance to estimate the burden among
      pediatric outpatients. METHODS: From August 2010 through July 2014, outpatient
      health care providers with enumerated patient populations in 13 states and
      jurisdictions participating in the Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project
      conducted surveillance of patients with influenza-like illness (ILI). Respiratory
      specimens were collected from the first 10 ILI patients each week with
      demographic and clinical data. Specimens were tested for multiple respiratory
      viruses, including PIV1-4, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
      assays. Cumulative incidence was calculated using provider patient population
      size as the denominator. RESULTS: PIVs 1-3 were detected in 8.0% of 7716 ILI
      related outpatient specimens: 30% were PIV1, 26% PIV2 and 44% PIV3. PIV
      circulation varied noticeably by year and type, with PIV3 predominating in 2010
      2011 (incidence 110 per 100,000 children), PIV1 in 2011-2012 (89 per 100,000),
      dual predominance of PIV2 and PIV3 (88 and 131 per 100,000) in 2012-2013 and PIV3
      (100 per 100,000) in 2013-2014. The highest incidence of PIV detections was among
      patients aged <5 years (259-1307 per 100,000). The median age at detection for
      PIV3 (3.4 years) was significantly lower than the median ages for PIV1 (4.5
      years) and PIV2 (7.0 years; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PIVs 1-3 comprise a
      substantial amount of medically attended pediatric ILI, particularly among
      children aged <5 years. Distinct seasonal circulation patterns as well as
      significant differences in rates by age were observed between PIV types.

PMID- 26974892
TI  - Primary Cutaneous Aspergillosis in a Preterm Infant.
AB  - Primary cutaneous aspergillosis is rare in premature infants. It requires
      combined medical and surgical strategies. Liposomal amphotericin B is recommended
      as first-line therapy, but salvage regimens with others antifungal agents, such
      as voriconazole, have been reported. Voriconazole's pharmacodynamics is unknown
      in this population. We report a case of severe toxicity to voriconazole in a
      preterm patient with primary cutaneous aspergillosis. 

PMID- 26974893
TI  - Potential of Food and Natural Products to Promote Endothelial and Vascular
      Health.
AB  - Endothelial dysfunction is now well established as a pivotal early event in the
      development of major cardiovascular diseases including hypertension,
      atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The alteration of the endothelial function is
      often triggered by an imbalance between the endothelial formation of
      vasoprotective factors including nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent
      hyperpolarization, and an increased level of oxidative stress involving several
      prooxidant enzymes such as NADPH oxidase and, often also, the appearance of
      cyclooxygenase-derived vasoconstrictors. Preclinical studies have indicated that
      polyphenol-rich food and food-derived products such as grape-derived products,
      black and red berries, green and black teas and cocoa, and omega-3 fatty acids
      can trigger activating pathways in endothelial cells promoting an increased
      formation of nitric oxide and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. Moreover,
      intake of such food-derived products has been associated with the prevention
      and/or the improvement of an established endothelial dysfunction in several
      experimental models of cardiovascular diseases and in humans with cardiovascular
      diseases. This review will discuss both experimental and clinical evidences
      indicating that different types of food and natural products are able to promote
      endothelial and vascular health, as well as the underlying mechanisms. 

PMID- 26974894
TI  - Gender differences in the relationship between language and social competence in
      preschool children.
AB  - The present study examined gender differences in the relation between language
      and social competence in 268 children aged 18 to 35 months. Correlational and
      regression analyses demonstrated that the association between expressive language
      and social ability was significantly stronger in boys than in girls.

PMID- 26974895
TI  - A Practical Approach to the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Tract Carcinomas for
      Lynch Syndrome.
AB  - Lynch syndrome accounts for roughly 1 of every 35 patients with colorectal
      carcinoma, making it the most common hereditary form of colorectal carcinoma.
      Identifying patients at risk for Lynch syndrome is essential, as these patients
      can develop additional Lynch syndrome-related tumors, and patients and their
      relatives benefit from genetic counseling. The hallmark of Lynch syndrome
      associated neoplasms is DNA mismatch repair protein deficiency. In most
      instances, the pathologist is the first to identify patients at risk for Lynch
      syndrome and is tasked with communicating these results to treating clinicians
      and genetics counselors. This review will attempt to provide the tools for
      pathologists to identify patients at risk for Lynch syndrome through evaluation
      of tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and provide up-to-date knowledge on
      evaluating mismatch repair protein deficiency in tumors of the gastrointestinal
      tract. 

PMID- 26974896
TI  - Launching surface plasmon waves via vanishingly small periodic gratings.
AB  - The scattering of electromagnetic waves by periodic layered media plays a crucial
      role in many applications in optics and photonics, in particular in
      nanoplasmonics for topics as diverse as extraordinary optical transmission,
      photonic crystals, metamaterials, and surface plasmon resonance biosensing. With
      these applications in mind, we focus on surface plasmon resonances excited in the
      context of insulator-metal structures with a periodic, corrugated interface. The
      object of this contribution is to study the geometric limits required to generate
      these fundamentally important phenomena. For this we use the robust, rapid, and
      highly accurate field expansions method to investigate these delicate phenomena
      and demonstrate how very small perturbations (e.g., a 5 nm deviation on a 530 nm
      period grating) can generate strong (in this instance 20%) plasmonic absorption,
      and vanishingly small perturbations (e.g., a 1 nm deviation on a 530 nm period
      grating) can generate nontrivial (in this instance 1%) plasmonic absorption. 

PMID- 26974897
TI  - Shannon information for joint estimation/detection tasks and complex imaging
      systems.
AB  - Shannon information is defined for imaging tasks where signal detection is
      combined with parameter estimation. The first task considered is when the
      parameters are associated with the signal and parameter estimates are only
      produced when the signal is present. The second task examined is when the
      parameters are associated with the object being imaged, and parameter estimates
      are produced whether the signal is present or not. In each case, the Shannon
      information expression has a simple additive form. 

PMID- 26974898
TI  - Phase-shift effect of amplitude spread function on spectrum and image formation
      in coherent Raman scattering microspectroscopy.
AB  - Coherent Raman scattering microspectroscopy, which includes coherent anti-Stokes
      Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microspectroscopy,
      permits label-free hyperspectral imaging. We report the theoretical study of the
      phase-shift effect of the impulse response function on the spectral and image
      forming properties of coherent Raman scattering microspectroscopy. We show that
      the spectrum and image are influenced by not only the NA of objective for
      excitation (NA(ex)) but also that for signal collection (NA(col)), in association
      with the phase-shift effect. We discuss that, under the condition NA(ex)?NA(col),
      both the spectrum and the image become deformed by the phase-shift effect, which
      can be applied to the direct measurement of the imaginary part of the nonlinear
      susceptibility in CARS spectroscopy. We point out that, even in SRS microscopy,
      the nonresonant background can contribute to the image formation and cause the
      artifact in the image.

PMID- 26974899
TI  - Change detection in underwater imagery.
AB  - In this work, we deal with the problem of change detection in an underwater
      scenario given an unblurred-blurred image pair of a planar scene taken at
      different times. The blur is primarily due to the dynamic nature of the water
      surface and its nature is space-invariant in the presence of cyclic water flows.
      Exploiting the sparsity of the induced blur as well as the occlusions, we propose
      a distort-difference pipeline that employs an alternating minimization framework
      to perform change detection in the presence of geometric distortions (skew) as
      well as photometric degradations (blur and global illumination variations). The
      method can effectively yield both sharp and blurred occluder maps. Using
      synthetic as well as real data, we demonstrate how the proposed technique
      advances the state of the art. 

PMID- 26974900
TI  - Eye center localization and gaze gesture recognition for human-computer
      interaction.
AB  - This paper introduces an unsupervised modular approach for accurate and real-time
      eye center localization in images and videos, thus allowing a coarse-to-fine,
      global-to-regional scheme. The trajectories of eye centers in consecutive frames,
      i.e., gaze gestures, are further analyzed, recognized, and employed to boost the
      human-computer interaction (HCI) experience. This modular approach makes use of
      isophote and gradient features to estimate the eye center locations. A selective
      oriented gradient filter has been specifically designed to remove strong
      gradients from eyebrows, eye corners, and shadows, which sabotage most eye center
      localization methods. A real-world implementation utilizing these algorithms has
      been designed in the form of an interactive advertising billboard to demonstrate
      the effectiveness of our method for HCI. The eye center localization algorithm
      has been compared with 10 other algorithms on the BioID database and six other
      algorithms on the GI4E database. It outperforms all the other algorithms in
      comparison in terms of localization accuracy. Further tests on the extended Yale
      Face Database b and self-collected data have proved this algorithm to be robust
      against moderate head poses and poor illumination conditions. The interactive
      advertising billboard has manifested outstanding usability and effectiveness in
      our tests and shows great potential for benefiting a wide range of real-world HCI
      applications. 

PMID- 26974901
TI  - Particle-filter-based phase estimation in digital holographic interferometry.
AB  - In this paper, we propose a particle-filter-based technique for the analysis of a
      reconstructed interference field. The particle filter and its variants are well
      proven as tracking filters in non-Gaussian and nonlinear situations. We propose
      to apply the particle filter for direct estimation of phase and its derivatives
      from digital holographic interferometric fringes via a signal-tracking approach
      on a Taylor series expanded state model and a polar-to-Cartesian-conversion-based
      measurement model. Computation of sample weights through non-Gaussian likelihood
      forms the major contribution of the proposed particle-filter-based approach
      compared to the existing unscented-Kalman-filter-based approach. It is observed
      that the proposed approach is highly robust to noise and outperforms the state-of
      the-art especially at very low signal-to-noise ratios (i.e., especially in the
      range of -5 to 20 dB). The proposed approach, to the best of our knowledge, is
      the only method available for phase estimation from severely noisy fringe
      patterns even when the underlying phase pattern is rapidly varying and has a
      larger dynamic range. Simulation results and experimental data demonstrate the
      fact that the proposed approach is a better choice for direct phase estimation. 

PMID- 26974902
TI  - Gender recognition from facial images: two or three dimensions?
AB  - This paper seeks to compare encoded features from both two-dimensional (2D) and
      three-dimensional (3D) face images in order to achieve automatic gender
      recognition with high accuracy and robustness. The Fisher vector encoding method
      is employed to produce 2D, 3D, and fused features with escalated discriminative
      power. For 3D face analysis, a two-source photometric stereo (PS) method is
      introduced that enables 3D surface reconstructions with accurate details as well
      as desirable efficiency. Moreover, a 2D+3D imaging device, taking the two-source
      PS method as its core, has been developed that can simultaneously gather color
      images for 2D evaluations and PS images for 3D analysis. This system inherits the
      superior reconstruction accuracy from the standard (three or more light) PS
      method but simplifies the reconstruction algorithm as well as the hardware design
      by only requiring two light sources. It also offers great potential for
      facilitating human computer interaction by being accurate, cheap, efficient, and
      nonintrusive. Ten types of low-level 2D and 3D features have been experimented
      with and encoded for Fisher vector gender recognition. Evaluations of the Fisher
      vector encoding method have been performed on the FERET database, Color FERET
      database, LFW database, and FRGCv2 database, yielding 97.7%, 98.0%, 92.5%, and
      96.7% accuracy, respectively. In addition, the comparison of 2D and 3D features
      has been drawn from a self-collected dataset, which is constructed with the aid
      of the 2D+3D imaging device in a series of data capture experiments. With a
      variety of experiments and evaluations, it can be proved that the Fisher vector
      encoding method outperforms most state-of-the-art gender recognition methods. It
      has also been observed that 3D features reconstructed by the two-source PS method
      are able to further boost the Fisher vector gender recognition performance, i.e.,
      up to a 6% increase on the self-collected database. 

PMID- 26974903
TI  - Propagation properties of a radially polarized partially coherent twisted beam in
      free space.
AB  - We introduce a radially polarized partially coherent twisted beam based on the
      unified theory of coherence and polarization. We also derive expressions of this
      beam propagating in free space and examine the influence of twist factor and
      coherence of the source plane on its propagation properties. It is found that
      both twist factor and coherence of the source plane affect its average intensity,
      polarization, and coherence. Those results also show that the beam is rotating
      with beam propagation, and the beam's rotation is independent of coherence of the
      source plane. 

PMID- 26974904
TI  - Role of extrinsic noise in the sensitivity of the rod pathway: rapid dark
      adaptation of nocturnal vision in humans.
AB  - Rod-mediated 500 nm test spots were flashed in Maxwellian view at 5 deg
      eccentricity, both on steady 10.4 deg fields of intensities (I) from 0.00001 to
      1.0 scotopic troland (sc td) and from 0.2 s to 1 s after extinguishing the field.
      On dim fields, thresholds of tiny (5') tests were proportional to ?I (Rose
      DeVries law), while thresholds after extinction fell within 0.6 s to the fully
      dark-adapted absolute threshold. Thresholds of large (1.3 deg) tests were
      proportional to I (Weber law) and extinction thresholds, to ?I. CONCLUSIONS: rod
      thresholds are elevated by photon-driven noise from dim fields that disappears at
      field extinction; large spot thresholds are additionally elevated by neural light
      adaptation proportional to ?I. At night, recovery from dimly lit fields is fast,
      not slow.

PMID- 26974905
TI  - Effective impedance modeling of metamaterial structures.
AB  - We present methods for retrieving the effective impedance of metamaterials from
      the Fresnel reflection coefficients at the interface between two semi-infinite
      media. The derivation involves the projection of rigorous modal expansions onto
      the dominant modes of the two semi-infinite media. It is shown that the effective
      impedance can also be written as a ratio of averaged field quantities. Thus, a
      number of effective impedance formulas, previously obtained by field averaging
      techniques, can also be derived from the scattering-based formalism by an
      appropriate choice of projection. Within the effective medium limit, it is
      observed that a simple semianalytic modeling technique based on the effective
      impedance can be used to reliably compute the reflection coefficients of
      metamaterials over a wide range of incidence angles. We use this technique to
      model planar metamaterial waveguides or surface modes. 

PMID- 26974906
TI  - Reflection of diffuse light from dielectric one-dimensional rough surfaces.
AB  - We study the reflection of diffuse light from 1D randomly rough dielectric
      interfaces. Results for the reflectance under diffuse illumination are obtained
      by rigorous numerical simulations and then contrasted with those obtained for
      flat surfaces. We also explore the possibility of using perturbation theories and
      conclude that they are limited for this type of study. Numerical techniques based
      on Kirchhoff approximation and reduced Rayleigh equations yield better results.
      We find that, depending on the refractive index contrast and nature of the
      irregularities, the roughness can increase or decrease the diffuse reflectance of
      the surface. 

PMID- 26974907
TI  - Light transport in refractive turbid media.
AB  - Light scattering in refractive media can be used for visualization of caustics
      and singularities of wavefronts of the incident radiation. Its modeling requires
      solving the radiative transfer equation. Numerical solution of the radiative
      transfer equation in turbid media with a spatially varying refractive index is
      presented and discussed in this paper. The approach is based on the self
      consistent approximation of the radiative transfer equation and results in a
      relatively inexpensive and robust numerical algorithm. Simulations are presented
      for several cases including a weakly scattering medium with varying refractive
      index and a refractive weakly scattering medium with embedded highly scattering
      objects. 

PMID- 26974908
TI  - Near- and far-field scattering resonance frequency shift in dielectric and
      perfect electric conducting cylinders.
AB  - The ability to infer near-field scattering properties from far-field measurements
      is of paramount importance in nano-optics. Recently we derived an approximate
      formula for predicting the frequency shift between near- and far-field intensity
      peaks in the case of a dielectric sphere. In this work we demonstrate that almost
      an identical formula can be used to predict the resonance shift of a dielectric
      cylinder and a perfectly conducting cylinder. We find the redshift of the
      resonance peak of the perfect electric conducting cylinder to be approximately 2
      orders of magnitude greater than for the dielectric cylinder. The errors in our
      approximate analytic formula for predicting the redshift are approximately only
      twice as great. Furthermore, we apply the redshift formula to a silicon cylinder
      and discuss its magneto-dielectric properties, which may be of interest in design
      of metamaterials. 

PMID- 26974909
TI  - Retrieval of refractive index fields in two-dimensional gradient-index elements
      from external deflectometry data.
AB  - In a previous work, we presented a numerical method for retrieving inhomogeneous
      refractive index fields in rectangular gradient-index elements from boundary
      positions and internal boundary slopes associated with a set of interrogating
      probe beams that transit the medium. The present work extends this method to
      external boundary beam slopes without knowledge of the refractive index along the
      surface of the optical element, requiring minimal additional information (outside
      of beam position and slope data) such as a single known index point inside the
      medium. The inverse problem is cast as a linear algebraic system describing the
      deflection of probe beams inside the optical material, and an iterative inversion
      algorithm is used to generate an index field that produces the boundary value
      data. By incorporating Snell's law into the system equation through surface
      values derived from tentative reconstructions of the refractive index, we show in
      simulation that a series of inversion cycles applied to the system equation
      accurately recovers the index profile used to generate the test data. 

PMID- 26974910
TI  - Collaborative multicue fusion using the cross-diffusion process for salient
      object detection.
AB  - Salient object detection is very useful in a large variety of image and vision
      related applications. A recent trend in salient object detection is to explore
      novel top-down visual cues and combine them with bottom-up saliency to improve
      the performance. However, a basic and important problem, i.e., how to effectively
      fuse multiple visual cues, has rarely been addressed in previous works. To this
      end, the paper presents a multicue fusion method using the cross-diffusion
      process (CDP) for salient object detection. The CDP algorithm is deployed to
      combine the affinity matrices constructed over individual visual cue channels,
      which is then embedded into a saliency propagation framework to accomplish
      salient object detection. Different from other multicue fusion strategies, our
      proposed approach allows for collaborative fusion, that is, the individual visual
      cues to be fused are able to interact and exchange information with each other
      during the fusion procedure, which can possibly correct the noise or corruption
      included in the individual visual cue channels, leading to more robust and
      effective fusion results. Intensive experiments on publicly available datasets
      demonstrate the effectiveness and superior performance of our proposed method. 

PMID- 26974911
TI  - Investigation of the moire patterns of defected radial and circular gratings
      using the reciprocal vectors approach.
AB  - In this work, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, an investigation
      on the moire patterns of superimpositions of two radial or two circular gratings
      consisting of topological defects and their mutual superimpositions with each
      other, or with linear forked gratings or defected zone plates, is presented. For
      characterization of the resulting moire patterns, we use the reciprocal vectors
      approach. In this approach, by considering local spatial frequencies for the
      superimposed structures, their reciprocal vectors are determined from the
      transmission function of the structures. The local reciprocal vector of the
      resulting moire pattern at a given point is determined in terms of the local
      reciprocal vectors of the superimposed structures defined at the same point. In
      this approach, the topological singularities of the superimposed structures are
      described by the azimuthal component of the reciprocal vectors. This formulation
      is very simple, uniform, and comprehensive. In this work, we offer a detailed
      discussion on the different resulting moire patterns for the above-mentioned
      superimpositions and some potential applications of the proposed superimpositions
      are introduced. In addition, different resulting moire patterns are simulated. 

PMID- 26974912
TI  - Two efficient approaches for modeling of Raman scattering in homogeneous turbid
      media.
AB  - The quantitative analysis of Raman spectroscopic signals in biological tissue is
      generally difficult. Typical samples contain a multitude of molecular species
      and, in addition, measurements are altered by attenuation of the Raman signal.
      Realistic numerical modeling of the Raman process can help to facilitate the
      quantitative analysis of the Raman spectra, but approaches so far are scarce and
      often time-consuming. In this work, we report on two different and very efficient
      approaches for modeling of Raman scattering in turbid media irradiated by laser
      light. Both approaches utilize the Monte Carlo method to simulate the Raman
      scattering process. We compare the efficiency of both approaches and discuss
      possible future extensions and experimental validation. 

PMID- 26974913
TI  - Spatial properties of L- and M-cone driven incremental (On-) and decremental (Off
      ) electroretinograms: evidence for the involvement of multiple post-receptoral
      mechanisms.
AB  - An overview of electroretinogram response components to incremental and
      decremental steps in L- and M-cone excitation was obtained in human observers,
      while varying the spatial properties of the stimulus. Responses to L- and M-cone
      stimuli of opposite polarity resembled each other, particularly within the
      central 35 degrees  of the retina. All amplitudes grew as stimulus size
      increased; however, earlier and later components of the On- and Off-responses
      showed differing degrees of dependency on stimulus size. Thus, they may reflect
      different proportions of responses originating in parvocellular (less stimulus
      size-dependent) and magnocellular (more stimulus size-dependent) streams. 

PMID- 26974916
TI  - Dichoptic perception of brown.
AB  - Two experiments assessed mechanisms underlying brown induction by presenting a
      foveal target disk and concentric annular surround stimuli that varied in
      contrast relative to larger backgrounds. Stimuli were presented under monocular,
      binocular, and dichoptic viewing conditions. Observers adjusted the luminance of
      the target disk to a criterion brown level. We found evidence for at least two
      separate mechanisms for brown induction: one mechanism that is dependent on
      physically contiguous contrast and operates in monocular pathways and another
      mechanism that responds to high luminance contrast anywhere in the visual field
      and can operate after convergence of signals from the two eyes. 

PMID- 26974915
TI  - Influence of surround proximity on induction of brown and darkness.
AB  - A bright white surround makes a yellow long-wavelength target look both browner
      and darker. We explored the parallel between these two types of induction by
      examining their dependence on the proximity of the bright surround to the target
      at two different time scales with 27 ms and 1 s stimulus durations. We assessed
      (a) brown induction by adjustment of target luminance to perceptual brown and
      yellow boundaries and (b) darkness induction by a successive matching procedure.
      We found that brown induction is a quick process that is robust even for 27 ms
      stimuli. For darkness induction, there was a strong, spatially localized surround
      proximity effect for the 27 ms stimuli and much weaker proximity effect for the 1
      s stimuli. For brown induction, proximity effects were generally weaker but still
      showed relatively stronger localized proximity effects for 27 ms stimuli than for
      1 s stimuli. For these stimuli, darkness induction predicts the relative pattern
      but not the magnitudes of brown induction. Both brown and darkness inductions
      show the operation of quick, spatially localized processes that are apparently
      superseded by other processes for extended stimulus presentations. 

PMID- 26974917
TI  - Do normal pupil diameter differences in the population underlie the color
      selection of #thedress?
AB  - The fundamental question that arises from the color conundrum of #thedress is
      "What are the phenomena that underlie the individual differences in the reported
      colors when all other conditions like light and device for the display are
      identical?" A survey of 384 participants showed near-equal distribution into
      blue/black (b/b) and white/gold (w/g) groups. We looked at pupil size differences
      in a sample population of 53 individuals from these two groups and a group that
      switched from w/g to b/b. Our results showed that the w/g and switch groups had
      significantly lower pupil size than the b/b group (w/g<b/b, p-value=0.0086),
      suggesting a possible difference in light perception influencing pupil size. A
      standard infinity focus experiment was then conducted on 18 participants from
      each group to check if there is bimodality in the population, and we found a
      statistically significant difference (w/g<b/b, p-value=0.0132). In a third
      experiment, to check whether increase in retinal illuminance will trigger a
      change in color in the w/g group, 6 participants were administered dilation drops
      that increased the pupil size by 3-4 mm, but the participants did not report a
      switch. The results suggest a population difference in normal pupil size
      influencing color observation which was exposed by the dress. 

PMID- 26974918
TI  - Properties of lateral interaction in color and brightness induction.
AB  - In a visual scene, when objects are surrounded by other components, neural
      mechanisms increase the perceived color and brightness difference between an
      object and its surround, potentially enhancing an observer's ability to segment
      objects. Despite almost two centuries of empirical investigations, the nature of
      induction mechanisms remains elusive. To elucidate the nature of these
      mechanisms, we introduce a new method for measuring color and brightness
      induction that allows separate manipulation of lateral interactions and
      adaptation, and controls for eye-movement-related effects. We use the method to
      examine the function relating induction magnitude to contrast change in the
      surround, the symmetry of induction in complementary directions for the three
      cardinal color axes, and the effect of blur between the test and the surround. On
      average, brightness induction was more linear than chromatic induction. The
      induction magnitude was similar for surrounds of complementary colors on average
      and for many conditions, and when individual observers deviated from symmetry it
      could be on either side. Edge blur did not change the induction magnitude. For
      slower presentations, light/dark induction increased to further reduce asymmetry,
      suggesting that previously found light/dark induction asymmetry is not due to
      lateral interactions or prolonged adaptation. Lateral interactions underlying
      induction are thus mostly symmetric for color and brightness axes and involve
      spatially opponent filters of modest widths, rather than edge extraction. 

PMID- 26974914
TI  - The Verriest Lecture: Short-wave-sensitive cone pathways across the life span.
AB  - Structurally and functionally, the short-wave-sensitive (S) cone pathways are
      thought to decline more rapidly with normal aging than the middle- and long-wave
      sensitive cone pathways. This would explain the celebrated results by Verriest
      and others demonstrating that the largest age-related color discrimination losses
      occur for stimuli on a tritan axis. Here, we challenge convention, arguing from
      psychophysical data that selective S-cone pathway losses do not cause declines in
      color discrimination. We show substantial declines in chromatic detection and
      discrimination, as well as in temporal and spatial vision tasks, that are
      mediated by S-cone pathways. These functional losses are not, however, unique to
      S-cone pathways. Finally, despite reduced photon capture by S cones, their
      postreceptoral pathways provide robust signals for the visual system to
      renormalize itself to maintain nearly stable color perception across the life
      span. 

PMID- 26974920
TI  - Luminance-dependent long-term chromatic adaptation.
AB  - There is theoretical and empirical support for long-term adaptation of human
      vision to chromatic regularities in the environment. The current study
      investigates whether relationships of luminance and chromaticity in the natural
      environment could drive chromatic adaptation independently and differently for
      bright and dark colors. This is motivated by psychophysical evidence of
      systematic difference shifts in red-green chromatic sensitivities between
      contextually bright- versus dark-colored stimuli. For some broad classes of scene
      content, consistent shifts in chromaticity are found between high and low light
      levels within images. Especially in those images in which sky and terrain are
      juxtaposed, this shift has direction and magnitude consistent with the observed
      psychophysical shifts in the red-green balance between bright and dark colors.
      Taken together, these findings suggest that relative weighting of M- and L-cone
      signals could be adapted, in a luminance-dependent fashion, to regularities in
      the natural environment. 

PMID- 26974919
TI  - Dissociation of equilibrium points for color-discrimination and color-appearance
      mechanisms in incomplete chromatic adaptation.
AB  - We compared the color-discrimination thresholds and supra-threshold color
      differences (STCDs) obtained in complete chromatic adaptation (gray) and
      incomplete chromatic adaptation (red). The color-difference profiles were
      examined by evaluating the perceptual distances between various color pairs using
      maximum likelihood difference scaling. In the gray condition, the chromaticities
      corresponding with the smallest threshold and the largest color difference were
      almost identical. In contrast, in the red condition, they were dissociated. The
      peaks of the sensitivity functions derived from the color-discrimination
      thresholds and STCDs along the L-M axis were systematically different between the
      adaptation conditions. These results suggest that the color signals involved in
      color discrimination and STCD tasks are controlled by separate mechanisms with
      different characteristic properties. 

PMID- 26974921
TI  - Statistics of colors in paintings and natural scenes.
AB  - Painters reproduce some spatial statistical regularities of natural scenes. To
      what extent they replicate their color statistics is an open question. We
      investigated this question by analyzing the colors of 50 natural scenes of rural
      and urban environments and 44 paintings with abstract and figurative
      compositions. The analysis was carried out using hyperspectral imaging data from
      both sets and focused on the gamut and distribution of colors in the CIELAB
      space. The results showed that paintings, like natural scenes, have gamuts with
      elongated shapes in the yellow-blue direction but more tilted to the red
      direction. It was also found that the fraction of discernible colors, expressed
      as a function of the number of occurrences in the scene or painting, is well
      described by power laws. These have similar distribution of slopes in a log-log
      scale for paintings and natural scenes. These features are observed in both
      abstract and figurative compositions. These results suggest that the underlying
      chromatic structure of artistic compositions generally follows the main
      statistical features of the natural environment. 

PMID- 26974922
TI  - Assessing the effects of dynamic luminance contrast noise masking on a color
      discrimination task.
AB  - The aim of this work was to assess the influence of dynamic luminance contrast
      noise masking (LCNM) on color discrimination for color normal and anomalous
      trichromats. The stimulus was a colored target on a background presented on a
      calibrated CRT display. In the static LCNM condition, the background and target
      consisted of packed circles with variable size and static random luminance. In
      the dynamic LCNM condition, a 10 Hz square luminance signal was added to each
      circle. The phase of this signal was randomized across circles. Discrimination
      thresholds were estimated along 20 hue directions concurrent at the color of the
      background. Six observers with normal color vision, six deuteranomalous
      observers, and three protanomalous observers performed the test in both
      conditions. With dynamic LCNM, thresholds were significantly lower for anomalous
      observers but not for normal observers, suggesting a facilitation effect of the
      masking for anomalous trichromats. 

PMID- 26974923
TI  - Maximum likelihood conjoint measurement of lightness and chroma.
AB  - Color varies along dimensions of lightness, hue, and chroma. We used maximum
      likelihood conjoint measurement to investigate how lightness and chroma influence
      color judgments. Observers judged lightness and chroma of stimuli that varied in
      both dimensions in a paired-comparison task. We modeled how changes in one
      dimension influenced judgment of the other. An additive model best fit the data
      in all conditions except for judgment of red chroma where there was a small but
      significant interaction. Lightness negatively contributed to perception of chroma
      for red, blue, and green hues but not for yellow. The method permits
      quantification of lightness and chroma contributions to color appearance. 

PMID- 26974924
TI  - Perception of saturation in natural scenes.
AB  - We measured how well perception of color saturation in natural scenes can be
      predicted by different measures that are available in the literature. We
      presented 80 color images of natural scenes or their gray-scale counterparts to
      our observers, who were asked to choose the pixel from each image that appeared
      to be the most saturated. We compared our observers' choices to the predictions
      of seven popular saturation measures. For the color images, all of the measures
      predicted perception of saturation quite well, with CIECAM02 performing best.
      Differences between the measures were small but systematic. When gray-scale
      images were viewed, observers still chose pixels whose counterparts in the color
      images were saturated above average. This indicates that image structure and
      prior knowledge can be relevant to perception of saturation. Nevertheless, our
      results also show that saturation in natural scenes can be specified quite well
      without taking these factors into account. 

PMID- 26974925
TI  - A dim view of M-cone onsets.
AB  - We investigated the brightness (i.e., perceived luminance) of isolated L- and M
      cone pulses to seek a perceptual correlate of our previous reports that M-on
      electroretinograms resemble L-off responses, implying the operation of post
      receptoral opponent processing. Using triple silent substitutions, cone
      increments were generated in a 4-primary ganzfeld, masked by random positive or
      negative luminance bias. The results show that M-cone increments decrease in
      brightness, while L-cone increments increase. These differences became smaller as
      field size reduced; this was not eccentricity or area dependent. We speculate
      about early retinal input into brightness perception. 

PMID- 26974926
TI  - Effects of surrounding stimulus properties on color constancy based on luminance
      balance.
AB  - The visual system needs to discount the influence of an illuminant to achieve
      color constancy. Uchikawa et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A29, A133 (2012) showed that
      the luminance-balance change of surfaces in a scene contributes to illuminant
      estimation; however, its effect was substantially less than the chromaticity
      change. We conduct three experiments to reinforce the previous findings and
      investigate possible factors that can influence the effect of luminance balance.
      Experimental results replicate the previous finding; i.e., luminance balance
      makes a small, but significant, contribution to illuminant estimation. We find
      that stimulus dimensionality affects neither the degree of color constancy nor
      the effect of luminance balance. Unlike chromaticity-based color constancy,
      chromatic variation does not influence the effect of luminance balance. It is
      shown that luminance-balance-based estimation of an illuminant performs better
      for scenes with reddish or bluish surfaces. This suggests that the visual system
      exploits the optimal color distribution for illuminant estimation [J. Opt. Soc.
      Am. A 29, A133(2012)].

PMID- 26974927
TI  - Accurate rapid averaging of multihue ensembles is due to a limited capacity
      subsampling mechanism.
AB  - It is claimed that the extraction of average features from rapidly presented
      ensembles is holistic, with attention distributed across the whole set. We
      investigated whether observers' extraction of mean hue is holistic or could
      reflect subsampling. Analysis of selections for the mean hue revealed a
      distribution that peaked at the expected mean hue. However, an ideal observer
      simulation suggested that a subsampling mechanism incorporating just two items
      from each ensemble would suffice to reproduce the precision of most observers.
      The results imply that hue may not be averaged as holistically and efficiently as
      other attributes. 

PMID- 26974929
TI  - Metamer mismatching in practice versus theory.
AB  - Metamer mismatching (the phenomenon that two objects matching in color under one
      illuminant may not match under a different illuminant) potentially has important
      consequences for color perception. Logvinenko et al. [PLoS ONE10, e0135029
      (2015)] show that in theory the extent of metamer mismatching can be very
      significant. This paper examines metamer mismatching in practice by computing the
      volumes of the empirical metamer mismatch bodies and comparing them to the
      volumes of the theoretical mismatch bodies. A set of more than 25 million unique
      reflectance spectra is assembled using datasets from several sources. For a given
      color signal (e.g., CIE XYZ) recorded under a given first illuminant, its
      empirical metamer mismatch body for a change to a second illuminant is computed
      as follows: the reflectances having the same color signal when lit by the first
      illuminant (i.e., reflect metameric light) are computationally relit by the
      second illuminant, and the convex hull of the resulting color signals then
      defines the empirical metamer mismatch body. The volume of these bodies is shown
      to vary systematically with Munsell value and chroma. The empirical mismatch
      bodies are compared to the theoretical mismatch bodies computed using the
      algorithm of Logvinenko et al. [IEEE Trans. Image Process.23, 34 (2014)]. There
      are three key findings: (1) the empirical bodies are found to be substantially
      smaller than the theoretical ones; (2) the sizes of both the empirical and
      theoretical bodies show a systematic variation with Munsell value and chroma; and
      (3) applied to the problem of color-signal prediction, the centroid of the
      empirical metamer mismatch body is shown to be a better predictor of what a given
      color signal might become under a specified illuminant than state-of-the-art
      methods. 

PMID- 26974928
TI  - An analytical model of the influence of cone sensitivity and numerosity on the
      Rayleigh match.
AB  - The Rayleigh match is defined by the range of mixtures of red and green lights
      that appear the same as an intensity-adjustable monochromatic yellow light. The
      perceptual match indicates that the red-green mixture and the yellow light have
      evoked the same respective cone absorptions in the L- and M-cone pathways. Going
      beyond the existing models, the Poisson noise in cone absorptions is proposed to
      make the matching proportion of red-green mixtures span a finite range because
      any mixture in that range evokes cone absorptions that do not differ from those
      by a yellow light by more than the variations in the absorption noise. We derive
      a mathematical formula linking the match midpoint or match range with the
      sensitivities and numerosities of the two cones. The noise-free, exact, matching
      point, close to the midpoint of the matching range, depends only on the L- and M
      cone sensitivities to each of the red, green, and yellow lights [these
      sensitivities, in turn, depend on the preferred wavelengths (lambdamax) and
      optical densities of the cone pigments and the properties of prereceptoral light
      filtering]. Meanwhile, the matching range depends on both these cone
      sensitivities and the relative numerosity of the L and M cones. The model
      predicts that, in normal trichromats, all other things being equal, the match
      range is smallest when the ratio r between L and M cone densities is r=R(-1/2)
      with R as the ratio between the sensitivities of the L and M cones to the yellow
      light, i.e., when L and M cones are similarly abundant in typical cases, and, as
      r departs from R(-1/2), the match range increases. For example, when one cone
      type is 10 times more numerous, the match range increases two- to threefold,
      depending on the sensitivities of the cones. Testing these model predictions
      requires either a large data set to identify the effect of one factor (e.g., cone
      numerosity) while averaging out the effects of the other factors (e.g., cone
      sensitivities) or for all factors to be known. A corollary of this prediction is
      that, because they are more likely than usual to have L:M cone ratios skewed, the
      matching ranges of normal female trichromats who are carriers of dichromacy (but
      not anomalous trichromacy) are likely to have a larger matching range than usual,
      particularly for the deutan carriers. In addition, the model predicts that, in
      strong tetrachromats (whose four dimensions of color are preserved post
      receptorally), either the Rayleigh matching is impossible or the matching range
      is typically smaller than usual.

PMID- 26974930
TI  - Unique hue correction applied to the color rendering of LED light sources.
AB  - Existing color quality indices for light sources provide broad information about
      different dimensions related to color quality. Color fidelity, harmony, and gamut
      area are concepts related to these indices, and industry requests this
      information. For the last few years, LED light sources have been widely used at
      home and at work, and now a color rendering index that solves the problem of
      underestimation of this type of light source is needed to provide a score of
      subjective assessments made by real observers related to color fidelity. In this
      work, this problem has been studied in two ways, theoretically and
      experimentally, and the results show discrepancies between the hue composition
      calculated theoretically using a color appearance model and hue composition
      evaluated by real observers. These discrepancies could originate from divergences
      in the color fidelity score and the subjective evaluation of the naturalness of a
      scene. 

PMID- 26974931
TI  - Changes in unique hues induced by chromatic surrounds.
AB  - A chromatic surround can have a strong influence on the perceived hue of a
      stimulus. We investigated whether chromatic induction has similar effects on the
      perception of colors that appear pure and unmixed (unique red, green, blue, and
      yellow) as on other colors. Subjects performed unique hue settings of stimuli in
      isoluminant surrounds of different chromaticities. Compared with the settings in
      a neutral gray surround, unique hue settings altered systematically with
      chromatic surrounds. The amount of induced hue shift depended on the difference
      between stimulus and surround hues, and was similar for unique hue settings as
      for settings of nonunique hues. Intraindividual variability in unique hue
      settings was roughly twice as high as for settings obtained in asymmetric
      matching experiments, which may reflect the presence of a reference stimulus in
      the matching task. Variabilities were also larger with chromatic surrounds than
      with neutral gray surrounds, for both unique hue settings and matching of
      nonunique hues. The results suggest that the neural representations underlying
      unique hue percepts are influenced by the same neural processing mechanisms as
      the percepts of other colors. 

PMID- 26974932
TI  - Is discrimination enhanced at a category boundary? The case of unique red.
AB  - Is chromatic discrimination enhanced at the boundary between different hues? In
      previous studies, we gave a positive answer for the case of the locus of unique
      blues and yellows, the boundary that divides color space into reddish and
      greenish hues. But we did not find enhancement at the locus of unique green, the
      boundary between yellowish and bluish hues. In the present study, we examined
      discrimination near the locus of unique red. In interleaved experimental runs, we
      obtained (1) discrimination thresholds using a four-alternative spatial forced
      choice and (2) phenomenological judgments of the locus of unique red. When
      measurements were made along lines parallel to the locus of unique blues and
      yellows in a MacLeod-Boynton diagram, the locus of minimal thresholds coincided
      approximately with the locus of unique red; however, this was not the case when
      measurements were made along lines orthogonal to the locus of unique blues and
      yellows. To account for these and earlier results, we suppose that the neural
      channel that determines the discrimination threshold will sometimes coincide with
      the channel that determines the perceptual hue equilibrium and sometimes will
      not. If a given point in chromaticity space is a unique hue, then it is expected
      to remain a unique hue independently of the direction in which measurements are
      made; however, discrimination thresholds almost certainly will depend on
      different underlying channels when measurements are made in different directions
      through the same point in chromaticity space. 

PMID- 26974933
TI  - Stimulus size dependence of hue changes induced by chromatic surrounds.
AB  - A chromatic surround induces a change in the perceived hue of a stimulus. This
      shift in hue depends on the chromatic difference between the stimulus and the
      surround. We investigated how chromatic induction varies with stimulus size and
      whether the size dependence depends on the surround hue. Subjects performed
      asymmetric matching of color stimuli with different sizes in surrounds of
      different chromaticities. Generally, induced hue shifts decreased with increasing
      stimulus size. This decrease was quantitatively different for different surround
      hues. However, when size effects were normalized to an overall induction
      strength, the chromatic specificity was largely reduced. The separability of
      inducer chromaticity and stimulus size suggests that these effects are mediated
      by different neural mechanisms. 

PMID- 26974934
TI  - Segregating animals in naturalistic surroundings: interaction of color
      distributions and mechanisms.
AB  - Humans have been shown to rapidly detect animals in naturalistic scenes, but the
      role of color in this task is unclear. We first analyze the color information
      contained in a large number of images of salient and camouflaged animals in
      generic backgrounds. We found that color distributions of most animals and of
      their immediate backgrounds were oriented along other than the cardinal
      directions of color space. In addition, the maximum distances between animals and
      background distributions also tended to be along noncardinal directions,
      suggesting a role for higher-order cortical color mechanisms whose preferred axes
      are distributed widely in color space. We measured temporal thresholds for
      segmenting animal color distributions from background distributions in the
      absence of spatial cues. Combined over all observers and all images in our
      sample, thresholds for segmenting isoluminant projections of these distributions
      were lower than for segmenting the original distributions and considerably lower
      than for segmenting achromatic projections. Color information is thus likely to
      be useful in segregating animals in generic views, i.e., views not purposely
      chosen by the photographer to enhance the visibility of the animal. However, a
      comparison of thresholds with distances between distributions failed to reveal
      any advantage conferred by higher-order color mechanisms. 

PMID- 26974935
TI  - Color constancy of color-deficient observers under illuminations defined by
      individual color discrimination ellipsoids.
AB  - We explored the color constancy mechanisms of color-deficient observers under
      red, green, blue, and yellow illuminations. The red and green illuminations were
      defined individually by the longer axis of the color discrimination ellipsoid
      measured by the Cambridge Colour Test. Four dichromats (3 protanopes and 1
      deuteranope), two anomalous trichromats (2 deuteranomalous observers), and five
      color-normal observers were asked to complete the color constancy task by making
      a simultaneous paper match under asymmetrical illuminations in haploscopic view
      on a monitor. The von Kries adaptation model was applied to estimate the cone
      responses. The model fits showed that for all color-deficient observers under all
      illuminations, the adjustment of the S-cone response or blue-yellow chromatically
      opponent responses modeled with the simple assumption of cone deletion in a
      certain type (S-M, S-L or S-(L+M)) was consistent with the principle of the von
      Kries model. The degree of adaptation was similar to that of color-normal
      observers. The results indicate that the color constancy of color-deficient
      observers is mediated by the simplified blue-yellow color system with a von Kries
      type adaptation effect, even in the case of brightness match, as well as by a
      possible cone-level adaptation to the S-cone when the illumination produces a
      strong S-cone stimulation, such as blue illumination. 

PMID- 26974937
TI  - Consistency of color representation in smart phones.
AB  - One of the barriers to the construction of consistent computer-based color vision
      tests has been the variety of monitors and computers. Consistency of color on a
      variety of screens has necessitated calibration of each setup individually. Color
      vision examination with a carefully controlled display has, as a consequence,
      been a laboratory rather than a clinical activity. Inevitably, smart phones have
      become a vehicle for color vision tests. They have the advantage that the
      processor and screen are associated and there are fewer models of smart phones
      than permutations of computers and monitors. Colorimetric consistency of display
      within a model may be a given. It may extend across models from the same
      manufacturer but is unlikely to extend between manufacturers especially where
      technologies vary. In this study, we measured the same set of colors in a JPEG
      file displayed on 11 samples of each of four models of smart phone (iPhone 4s,
      iPhone5, Samsung Galaxy S3, and Samsung Galaxy S4) using a Photo Research PR-730.
      The iPhones are white LED backlit LCD and the Samsung are OLEDs. The color gamut
      varies between models and comparison with sRGB space shows 61%, 85%, 117%, and
      110%, respectively. The iPhones differ markedly from the Samsungs and from one
      another. This indicates that model-specific color lookup tables will be needed.
      Within each model, the primaries were quite consistent (despite the age of phone
      varying within each sample). The worst case in each model was the blue primary;
      the 95th percentile limits in the v' coordinate were +/-0.008 for the iPhone 4
      and +/-0.004 for the other three models. The u'v' variation in white points was
      +/-0.004 for the iPhone4 and +/-0.002 for the others, although the spread of
      white points between models was u'v'+/-0.007. The differences are essentially the
      same for primaries at low luminance. The variation of colors intermediate between
      the primaries (e.g., red-purple, orange) mirror the variation in the primaries.
      The variation in luminance (maximum brightness) was +/-7%, 15%, 7%, and 15%,
      respectively. The iPhones have almost 2* the luminance. To accommodate
      differences between makes and models, dedicated color lookup tables will be
      necessary, but the variations within a model appear to be small enough that
      consistent color vision tests can be designed successfully.

PMID- 26974936
TI  - Perceptual color spacing derived from maximum likelihood multidimensional
      scaling.
AB  - The canonical application of multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods has been to
      color dissimilarities, visualizing these as distances in a low-dimensional space.
      Some questions remain: How well can the locations of stimuli in color space be
      recovered when data are sparse, and how well can systematic individual variations
      in perceptual scaling be distinguished from stochastic noise? We collected
      triadic comparisons for saturated and desaturated sets of Natural Color System
      samples, each set forming an approximate hue circle. Maximum likelihood MDS was
      used to reconstruct the configuration of stimuli more accurately than the
      standard "vote-count" approach. Individual departures from the consensus response
      pattern were minor, but repeated across stimulus sets, and identifiable as
      variations in the salience of color-space axes. No gender differences could be
      discerned, contrary to earlier results. 

PMID- 26974940
TI  - Contrast adaptation to luminance and brightness modulations.
AB  - Perceptual brightness and color contrast decrease after seeing a light temporally
      modulating along a certain direction in a color space, a phenomenon known as
      contrast adaptation. We investigated whether contrast adaptation along the
      luminance direction arises from modulation of luminance signals or apparent
      brightness signals. The stimulus consisted of two circles on a gray background
      presented on a CRT monitor. In the adaptation phase, the luminance and
      chromaticity of one circle were temporally modulated, while the other circle was
      kept at a constant luminance and color metameric with an equal-energy white. We
      employed two types of temporal modulations, namely, in luminance and brightness.
      Chromaticity was sinusoidally modulated along the L-M axis, leading to
      dissociation between luminance and brightness (the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect).
      In addition, luminance modulation was minimized in the brightness modulation,
      while brightness modulation was minimized in the luminance modulation. In the
      test phase, an asymmetric matching method was used to measure the magnitude of
      contrast adaptation for both modulations. Our results showed that, although
      contrast adaptation along the luminance direction occurred for both modulations,
      contrast adaptation for luminance modulation was significantly stronger than that
      for the brightness modulation regardless of the temporal frequency of the
      adaptation modulation. These results suggest that luminance modulation is more
      influential in contrast adaptation than brightness modulation. 

PMID- 26974941
TI  - No effects of surround complexity on brown induction.
AB  - A yellow stimulus turns brown when it is made sufficiently darker than its
      surroundings. Most previous studies have used simple contiguous surround stimuli
      to induce brown, so we know little about how brown induction may be controlled by
      more distant and more complex surround features. We begin to address this issue
      by varying the complexity of two configurations of achromatic surround stimuli.
      It was shown that the area most immediately contiguous to the test stimulus has
      strong effects on brown induction. More importantly, we found that neither the
      number of surround features nor the distribution of light in the surround region
      had an effect on brown induction, as long as the overall size of the surround
      region remained constant. Instead, we found that brown induction depended on the
      total amount of light in the constant-size surround region, regardless of how
      that light was distributed. This potentially distinguishes the mechanisms of
      brown induction from those of brightness induction. 

PMID- 26974939
TI  - A simple principled approach for modeling and understanding uniform color
      metrics.
AB  - An important goal in characterizing human color vision is to order color percepts
      in a way that captures their similarities and differences. This has resulted in
      the continuing evolution of "uniform color spaces," in which the distances within
      the space represent the perceptual differences between the stimuli. While these
      metrics are now very successful in predicting how color percepts are scaled, they
      do so in largely empirical, ad hoc ways, with limited reference to actual
      mechanisms of color vision. In this article our aim is to instead begin with
      general and plausible assumptions about color coding, and then develop a model of
      color appearance that explicitly incorporates them. We show that many of the
      features of empirically defined color order systems (those of Munsell, Pantone,
      NCS, and others) as well as many of the basic phenomena of color perception,
      emerge naturally from fairly simple principles of color information encoding in
      the visual system and how it can be optimized for the spectral characteristics of
      the environment. 

PMID- 26974938
TI  - Low levels of specularity support operational color constancy, particularly when
      surface and illumination geometry can be inferred.
AB  - We tested whether surface specularity alone supports operational color constancy
      the ability to discriminate changes in illumination or reflectance. Observers
      viewed short animations of illuminant or reflectance changes in rendered scenes
      containing a single spherical surface and were asked to classify the change.
      Performance improved with increasing specularity, as predicted from regularities
      in chromatic statistics. Peak performance was impaired by spatial rearrangements
      of image pixels that disrupted the perception of illuminated surfaces but was
      maintained with increased surface complexity. The characteristic chromatic
      transformations that are available with nonzero specularity are useful for
      operational color constancy, particularly if accompanied by appropriate
      perceptual organization. 

PMID- 26974942
TI  - Dependence of chromatic responses in V1 on visual field eccentricity and spatial
      frequency: an fMRI study.
AB  - Psychophysical sensitivity to red-green chromatic modulation decreases with
      visual eccentricity, compared to sensitivity to luminance modulation, even after
      appropriate stimulus scaling. This is likely to occur at a central, rather than a
      retinal, site. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to stimuli designed to separately stimulate
      different afferent channels' [red-green, luminance, and short-wavelength (S)
      cone] circular gratings were recorded as a function of visual eccentricity (+/-10
      deg) and spatial frequency (SF) in human primary visual cortex (V1) and further
      visual areas (V2v, V3v). In V1, the SF tuning of BOLD fMRI responses became
      coarser with eccentricity. For red-green and luminance gratings, similar SF
      tuning curves were found at all eccentricities. The pattern for S-cone modulation
      differed, with SF tuning changing more slowly with eccentricity than for the
      other two modalities. This may be due to the different retinal distribution with
      eccentricity of this receptor type. A similar pattern held in V2v and V3v. This
      would suggest that transformation or spatial filtering of the chromatic (red
      green) signal occurs beyond these areas. 

PMID- 26974944
TI  - Test illuminant location with respect to the Planckian locus affects chromaticity
      shifts of real Munsell chips.
AB  - The asymmetric sequential color-matching technique was used to determine the
      shifts in chromaticity of real Munsell chips induced by four test illuminants.
      The reference illuminant was C. Illuminants green (G) and purple (P) induced
      shifts orthogonal to the Planckian locus, while illuminants S and A induced
      shifts along the Planckian locus. Vectors describing the shifts induced by A and
      S were quantitatively and qualitatively different from those due to G and P. The
      data suggest that physiological factors, influenced by the proximity of the
      Planckian locus, affect chromatic constancy under nonsimulated viewing
      conditions. 

PMID- 26974943
TI  - Discrimination thresholds of normal and anomalous trichromats: Model of senescent
      changes in ocular media density on the Cambridge Colour Test.
AB  - Age-related changes in chromatic discrimination along dichromatic confusion lines
      were measured with the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT). One hundred and sixty-two
      individuals (16 to 88 years old) with normal Rayleigh matches were the major
      focus of this paper. An additional 32 anomalous trichromats classified by their
      Rayleigh matches were also tested. All subjects were screened to rule out
      abnormalities of the anterior and posterior segments. Thresholds on all three
      chromatic vectors measured with the CCT showed age-related increases. Protan and
      deutan vector thresholds increased linearly with age while the tritan vector
      threshold was described with a bilinear model. Analysis and modeling demonstrated
      that the nominal vectors of the CCT are shifted by senescent changes in ocular
      media density, and a method for correcting the CCT vectors is demonstrated. A
      correction for these shifts indicates that classification among individuals of
      different ages is unaffected. New vector thresholds for elderly observers and for
      all age groups are suggested based on calculated tolerance limits. 

PMID- 26974945
TI  - Color-motion feature-binding errors are mediated by a higher-order chromatic
      representation.
AB  - Peripheral and central moving objects of the same color may be perceived to move
      in the same direction even though peripheral objects have a different true
      direction of motion [Nature429, 262 (2004)10.1038/429262a]. The perceived,
      illusory direction of peripheral motion is a color-motion feature-binding error.
      Recent work shows that such binding errors occur even without an exact color
      match between central and peripheral objects, and, moreover, the frequency of the
      binding errors in the periphery declines as the chromatic difference increases
      between the central and peripheral objects [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A31, A60
      (2014)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.31.000A60]. This change in the frequency of
      binding errors with the chromatic difference raises the general question of the
      chromatic representation from which the difference is determined. Here, basic
      properties of the chromatic representation are tested to discover whether it
      depends on independent chromatic differences on the l and the s cardinal axes or,
      alternatively, on a more specific higher-order chromatic representation.
      Experimental tests compared the rate of feature-binding errors when the central
      and peripheral colors had the identical s chromaticity (so zero difference in s)
      and a fixed magnitude of l difference, while varying the identical s level in
      center and periphery (thus always keeping the s difference at zero). A chromatic
      representation based on independent l and s differences would result in the same
      frequency of color-motion binding errors at everyslevel. The results are contrary
      to this prediction, thus showing that the chromatic representation at the level
      of color-motion feature binding depends on a higher-order chromatic mechanism. 

PMID- 26974946
TI  - Correlated and uncorrelated invisible temporal white noise alters mesopic rod
      signaling.
AB  - We determined how rod signaling at mesopic light levels is altered by extrinsic
      temporal white noise that is correlated or uncorrelated with the activity of one
      (magnocellular, parvocellular, or koniocellular) postreceptoral pathway. Rod and
      cone photoreceptor excitations were independently controlled using a four-primary
      photostimulator. Psychometric (Weibull) functions were measured for incremental
      rod pulses (50 to 250 ms) in the presence (or absence; control) of perceptually
      invisible subthreshold extrinsic noise. Uncorrelated (rod) noise facilitates rod
      detection. Correlated postreceptoral pathway noise produces differential changes
      in rod detection thresholds and decreases the slope of the psychometric
      functions. We demonstrate that invisible extrinsic noise changes rod-signaling
      characteristics within the three retinogeniculate pathways at mesopic
      illumination depending on the temporal profile of the rod stimulus and the
      extrinsic noise type. 

PMID- 26974947
TI  - Color vision: introduction by the feature editors.
AB  - This feature issue of the Journal of the Optical Society of America A (JOSA A)
      reflects the basic and applied research interests of members of the color vision
      community. Most of the articles stem from presentations at the 23rd Biennial
      Symposium of the International Colour Vision Society (ICVS). 

PMID- 26974948
TI  - The dedicated volunteers of JOSA A: editorial.
AB  - Editor-in-Chief P. Scott Carney introduces the JOSA A topical editors. 

PMID- 26974949
TI  - In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation of the Angiogenic Effects of Liraglutide
      during Islet Transplantation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the angiogenic properties of liraglutide in
      vitro and in vivo and the mechanisms involved, with a focus on Hypoxia Inducible
      Factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Rat pancreatic islets were incubated in vitro with 10 MUmol/L of
      liraglutide (Lira) for 12, 24 and 48 h. Islet viability was studied by
      fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide staining and their function was assessed
      by glucose stimulation. The angiogenic effect of liraglutide was determined in
      vitro by the measure of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion using
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by the evaluation of VEGF and platelet
      derived growth factor-alpha (PDGFalpha) expression with quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction technic. Then, in vitro and in vivo, angiogenic property of Lira
      was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining targeting the cluster of
      differentiation 31 (CD31). To understand angiogenic mechanisms involved by Lira,
      HIF-1alpha and mTOR activation were studied using western blotting. In vivo,
      islets (1000/kg body-weight) were transplanted into diabetic (streptozotocin)
      Lewis rats. Metabolic control was assessed for 1 month by measuring body-weight
      gain and fasting blood glucose. RESULTS: Islet viability and function were
      respectively preserved and enhanced (p<0.05) with Lira, versus control. Lira
      increased CD31-positive cells, expression of VEGF and PDGFalpha (p<0.05) after 24
      h in culture. Increased VEGF secretion versus control was also observed at 48 h
      (p<0.05). Moreover, Lira activated mTOR (p<0.05) signalling pathway. In vivo,
      Lira improved vascular density (p<0.01), body-weight gain (p<0.01) and reduced
      fasting blood glucose in transplanted rats (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The beneficial
      effects of liraglutide on islets appeared to be linked to its angiogenic
      properties. These findings indicated that glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues could
      be used to improve transplanted islet revascularisation.

PMID- 26974953
TI  - Isopentatungstate-supported metal carbonyl derivative: synthesis,
      characterization, and catalytic properties for alkene epoxidation.
AB  - A novel isopentatungstate-supported metal carbonyl derivative
      KH[(CH3)4N]3{[Re(CO)3]4[(MU2-OH)(MU3-O)(W5O18)]}.6H2O () has been synthesized and
      characterized. Compound represents the second example of isopolyoxotungstate
      supported metal carbonyl derivative. The catalysis of for alkene epoxidation with
      H2O2 was investigated, and was found to efficiently catalyze the epoxidation of
      cyclooctene with high conversion (98.9%) and excellent selectivity (99%).
      Furthermore, the solution behavior of the polyanion was also explored using
      electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

PMID- 26974951
TI  - Spike sorting for large, dense electrode arrays.
AB  - Developments in microfabrication technology have enabled the production of neural
      electrode arrays with hundreds of closely spaced recording sites, and electrodes
      with thousands of sites are under development. These probes in principle allow
      the simultaneous recording of very large numbers of neurons. However, use of this
      technology requires the development of techniques for decoding the spike times of
      the recorded neurons from the raw data captured from the probes. Here we present
      a set of tools to solve this problem, implemented in a suite of practical, user
      friendly, open-source software. We validate these methods on data from the
      cortex, hippocampus and thalamus of rat, mouse, macaque and marmoset,
      demonstrating error rates as low as 5%. 

PMID- 26974955
TI  - Electronic devices: Nanoparticles make salty circuits.

PMID- 26974950
TI  - Rare loss-of-function variants in SETD1A are associated with schizophrenia and
      developmental disorders.
AB  - By analyzing the whole-exome sequences of 4,264 schizophrenia cases, 9,343
      controls and 1,077 trios, we identified a genome-wide significant association
      between rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in SETD1A and risk for schizophrenia
      (P = 3.3 * 10(-9)). We found only two heterozygous LoF variants in 45,376 exomes
      from individuals without a neuropsychiatric diagnosis, indicating that SETD1A is
      substantially depleted of LoF variants in the general population. Seven of the
      ten individuals with schizophrenia carrying SETD1A LoF variants also had learning
      difficulties. We further identified four SETD1A LoF carriers among 4,281 children
      with severe developmental disorders and two more carriers in an independent
      sample of 5,720 Finnish exomes, both with notable neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
      Together, our observations indicate that LoF variants in SETD1A cause a range of
      neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. Combining these data with
      previous common variant evidence, we suggest that epigenetic dysregulation,
      specifically in the histone H3K4 methylation pathway, is an important mechanism
      in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26974954
TI  - Role of IGFBP7 in Diabetic Nephropathy: TGF-beta1 Induces IGFBP7 via Smad2/4 in
      Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells.
AB  - Tubular injury is one of the important determinants of progressive renal failure
      in diabetic nephropathy (DN), and TGF-beta1 has been implicated in the
      pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial disease that characterizes proteinuric renal
      disease. The aim of this study was to identify novel therapeutic target molecules
      that play a role in the tubule damage of DN. We used an LC-MS/MS-based proteomic
      technique and human renal proximal epithelial cells (HRPTECs). Urine samples from
      Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 46) were used to quantify the
      candidate protein. Several proteins in HRPTECs in cultured media were observed to
      be driven by TGF-beta1, one of which was 33-kDa IGFBP7, which is a member of
      IGFBP family. TGF-beta1 up-regulated the expressions of IGFBP7 mRNA and protein
      in a dose- and time-dependent fashion via Smad2 and 4, but not MAPK pathways in
      HRPTECs. In addition, the knockdown of IGFBP7 restored the TGF-beta1-induced
      epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the immunohistochemical analysis,
      IGFBP7 was localized to the cytoplasm of tubular cells but not that of glomerular
      cells in diabetic kidney. Urinary IGFBP7 levels were significantly higher in the
      patients with macroalbuminuria and were correlated with age (r = 0.308, p =
      0.037), eGFR (r = -0.376, p = 0.01), urinary beta2-microglobulin (r = 0.385, p =
      0.008), and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) (r = 0.502, p = 0.000).
      A multivariate regression analysis identified urinary NAG and age as determinants
      associated with urinary IGFBP7 levels. In conclusion, our data suggest that TGF
      beta1 enhances IGFBP7 via Smad2/4 pathways, and that IGFBP7 might be involved in
      the TGF-beta1-induced tubular injury in DN. 

PMID- 26974956
TI  - Nanomedicine: Going small to beat the high.

PMID- 26974958
TI  - Chemoelectronic circuits based on metal nanoparticles.
AB  - To develop electronic devices with novel functionalities and applications,
      various non-silicon-based materials are currently being explored. Nanoparticles
      have unique characteristics due to their small size, which can impart functions
      that are distinct from those of their bulk counterparts. The use of semiconductor
      nanoparticles has already led to improvements in the efficiency of solar cells,
      the processability of transistors and the sensitivity of photodetectors, and the
      optical and catalytic properties of metal nanoparticles have led to similar
      advances in plasmonics and energy conversion. However, metals screen electric
      fields and this has, so far, prevented their use in the design of all-metal
      nanoparticle circuitry. Here, we show that simple electronic circuits can be made
      exclusively from metal nanoparticles functionalized with charged organic ligands.
      In these materials, electronic currents are controlled by the ionic gradients of
      mobile counterions surrounding the 'jammed' nanoparticles. The nanoparticle-based
      electronic elements of the circuitry can be interfaced with metal nanoparticles
      capable of sensing various environmental changes (humidity, gas, the presence of
      various cations), creating electronic devices in which metal nanoparticles sense,
      process and ultimately report chemical signals. Because the constituent
      nanoparticles combine electronic and chemical sensing functions, we term these
      systems 'chemoelectronic'. The circuits have switching times comparable to those
      of polymer electronics, selectively transduce parts-per-trillion chemical changes
      into electrical signals, perform logic operations, consume little power (on the
      scale of microwatts), and are mechanically flexible. They are also 'green', in
      the sense that they comprise non-toxic nanoparticles cast at room temperature
      from alcohol solutions.

PMID- 26974957
TI  - Aggregated single-walled carbon nanotubes attenuate the behavioural and
      neurochemical effects of methamphetamine in mice.
AB  - Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a serious social and health problem worldwide. At
      present, there are no effective medications to treat METH addiction. Here, we
      report that aggregated single-walled carbon nanotubes (aSWNTs) significantly
      inhibited METH self-administration, METH-induced conditioned place preference and
      METH- or cue-induced relapse to drug-seeking behaviour in mice. The use of aSWNTs
      alone did not significantly alter the mesolimbic dopamine system, whereas
      pretreatment with aSWNTs attenuated METH-induced increases in extracellular
      dopamine in the ventral striatum. Electrochemical assays suggest that aSWNTs
      facilitated dopamine oxidation. In addition, aSWNTs attenuated METH-induced
      increases in tyrosine hydroxylase or synaptic protein expression. These findings
      suggest that aSWNTs may have therapeutic effects for treatment of METH addiction
      by oxidation of METH-enhanced extracellular dopamine in the striatum.

PMID- 26974959
TI  - Enhanced upconversion emission in ZrO2-Al2O3 composite oxide.
AB  - Aqueous solutions of zirconium oxychloride and aluminum nitrate were
      coprecipitated and crystallized to form a ZrO2-Al2O3 solid solution. The
      upconversion (UC) emission from different Er(3+)-doped samples was studied. An
      enhancement of the green UC emission by as much as 22 times was achieved by co
      doping with Yb(3+) and Mo(6+) ions due to an energy transfer at a higher excited
      state energy, which partly avoided the non-radiative decay processes at the lower
      energy levels of Er(3+). The UC emission of the ZrO2-Al2O3 composite system
      series doped with different agents was enhanced. Excess oxygen vacancies are
      generated by forming ZrO2-Al2O3 solid solutions, which have an energy level close
      to the (4)F7/2 level of the Er(3+) ions. The defect state promoted the energy
      transfer process resulting in an eight-fold increased green UC emission in ZrO2
      Al2O3 solid solutions. The solid solutions have a superior color chromaticity of
      x = 0.25 and y = 0.71 due to the evident enhancement in the green to red emission
      ratio in the 8ZrO2-2Al2O3 sample.

PMID- 26974961
TI  - Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term
      Outcomes.
AB  - AIM: To compare the safety and efficacy of robotic-assisted distal pancreatectomy
      (RADP) and laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP). METHODS: A literature search
      of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database up to June 30, 2015 was
      performed. The following key words were used: pancreas, distal pancreatectomy,
      pancreatic, laparoscopic, laparoscopy, robotic, and robotic-assisted. Fixed and
      random effects models were applied. Study quality was assessed using the
      Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Seven non-randomized controlled trials involving
      568 patients met the inclusion criteria. Compared with LDP, RADP was associated
      with longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen
      preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay. There was no significant difference
      in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, R0 resection rate, lymph nodes
      harvested, overall complications, severe complications, pancreatic fistula,
      severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the
      two groups. CONCLUSION: RADP is a safe and feasible alternative to LDP with
      regard to short-term outcomes. Further studies on the long-term outcomes of these
      surgical techniques are required. CORE TIP: To date, there is no consensus on
      whether laparoscopic or robotic-assisted distal pancreatectomy is more beneficial
      to the patient. This is the first meta-analysis to compare laparoscopic and
      robotic-assisted distal pancreatectomy. We found that robotic-assisted distal
      pancreatectomy was associated with longer operating time, lower estimated blood
      loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay. There was no
      significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall
      complications, severe complications, pancreatic fistula, severe pancreatic
      fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups.

PMID- 26974960
TI  - Cellular Tracking and Gene Profiling of Fusarium graminearum during Maize Stalk
      Rot Disease Development Elucidates Its Strategies in Confronting Phosphorus
      Limitation in the Host Apoplast.
AB  - The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum causes stalk rot in maize. We tracked
      this pathogen's growth in wound-inoculated maize stalks using a fluorescence
      labeled fungal isolate and observed that invasive hyphae grew intercellularly up
      to 24 h post inoculation, grew intra- and inter-cellularly between 36-48 h, and
      fully occupied invaded cells after 72 h. Using laser microdissection and
      microarray analysis, we profiled changes in global gene expression during
      pathogen growth inside pith tissues of maize stalk from 12 h to six days after
      inoculation and documented transcriptomic patterns that provide further insights
      into the infection process. Expression changes in transcripts encoding various
      plant cell wall degrading enzymes appeared to correlate with inter- and
      intracellular hyphal growth. Genes associated with 36 secondary metabolite
      biosynthesis clusters were expressed. Expression of several F. graminearum genes
      potentially involved in mobilization of the storage lipid triacylglycerol and
      phosphorus-free lipid biosynthesis were induced during early infection time
      points, and deletion of these genes caused reduction of virulence in maize stalk.
      Furthermore, we demonstrated that the F. graminearum betaine lipid synthase 1
      (BTA1) gene was necessary and sufficient for production of phosphorus-free
      membrane lipids, and that deletion of BTA1 interfered with F. graminearum's
      ability to advance intercellularly. We conclude that F. graminearum produces
      phosphorus-free membrane lipids to adapt to a phosphate-limited extracellular
      microenvironment during early stages of its invasion of maize stalk. 

PMID- 26974962
TI  - Conflict Misleads Large Carnivore Management and Conservation: Brown Bears and
      Wolves in Spain.
AB  - Large carnivores inhabiting human-dominated landscapes often interact with people
      and their properties, leading to conflict scenarios that can mislead carnivore
      management and, ultimately, jeopardize conservation. In northwest Spain, brown
      bears Ursus arctos are strictly protected, whereas sympatric wolves Canis lupus
      are subject to lethal control. We explored ecological, economic and societal
      components of conflict scenarios involving large carnivores and damages to human
      properties. We analyzed the relation between complaints of depredations by bears
      and wolves on beehives and livestock, respectively, and bear and wolf abundance,
      livestock heads, number of culled wolves, amount of paid compensations, and media
      coverage. We also evaluated the efficiency of wolf culling to reduce depredations
      on livestock. Bear damages to beehives correlated positively to the number of
      female bears with cubs of the year. Complaints of wolf predation on livestock
      were unrelated to livestock numbers; instead, they correlated positively to the
      number of wild ungulates harvested during the previous season, the number of wolf
      packs, and to wolves culled during the previous season. Compensations for wolf
      complaints were fivefold higher than for bears, but media coverage of wolf
      damages was thirtyfold higher. Media coverage of wolf damages was unrelated to
      the actual costs of wolf damages, but the amount of news correlated positively to
      wolf culling. However, wolf culling was followed by an increase in compensated
      damages. Our results show that culling of the wolf population failed in its goal
      of reducing damages, and suggest that management decisions are at least partly
      mediated by press coverage. We suggest that our results provide insight to
      similar scenarios, where several species of large carnivores share the landscape
      with humans, and management may be reactive to perceived conflicts. 

PMID- 26974963
TI  - External Collection Devices as an Alternative to the Indwelling Urinary Catheter:
      Evidence-Based Review and Expert Clinical Panel Deliberations.
AB  - Multiple evidence-based guidelines have suggested clinicians consider external
      collection devices (ECD) as alternatives to indwelling catheters. Nevertheless,
      there is a dearth of evidence-based resources concerning their use. An expert
      consensus panel was convened to review the current state of the evidence,
      indications for ECDs as an alternative to an indwelling urinary catheter,
      identify knowledge gaps, and areas for future research. This article presents the
      results of the expert consensus panel meeting and a systematic literature review
      regarding ECD use in the clinical setting. 

PMID- 26974964
TI  - RY10-4 Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Hepatocellular Cancer HepG2 Cells by
      Inducing Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor activity of RY10-4, a small
      molecular that was designed and synthesized based on the structure of
      protoapigenone. A previous screening study showed that RY10-4 possessed anti
      proliferative effects against HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
      However, the full range of RY10-4 anti-cancer effects on liver tumors and the
      underlying mechanisms have not been identified. Herein, employing flow cytometry,
      and Western blot analysis, we demonstrate that RY10-4 can induce cell cycle
      arrest, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis in
      HepG2 cells. In HepG2 cell xenograft tumor model, RY10-4 significantly inhibited
      the growth of tumors and induced apoptosis in tumor cells, with little side
      effects. Moreover, RY10-4 caused the suppression of STAT3 activation, which may
      be involved the apoptosis induction. In addition, RY10-4 inhibited the
      proliferation of Hep3B and HuH-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a
      concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that RY10-4
      has a great potential to develop as chemotherapeutic agent for liver cancer. 

PMID- 26974966
TI  - Decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in nodular melanomas compared with
      matched superficial spreading melanomas.
AB  - Melanoma causes over 9000 deaths annually in the USA. Among its subtypes, nodular
      melanoma leads to a disproportionate number of fatalities compared with
      superficial spreading melanoma, the most common subtype. Recent breakthroughs in
      melanoma research have indicated a strong connection between melanoma virulence
      and the immune system. We hypothesize that the aggression of nodular melanoma
      may, in part, be because of decreased recognition by the immune system, as
      represented by a decreased presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs),
      compared with its superficial spreading counterpart. Indeed, TILs on a primary
      melanoma have been used as a marker for immune response and have prognostic value
      for survival and sentinel lymph node status. After matching melanoma cases by
      age, sex, and Breslow thickness, we found significantly fewer TILs in nodular
      melanomas than in superficial spreading melanomas. This association was prominent
      in thin (<=2 mm) melanomas and was no longer significant in thick (>2 mm)
      melanomas. In addition, this difference in TILs was only present in men and not
      in women. Our finding suggests that nodular melanomas are more frequently
      associated with absent TILs, providing an avenue for further investigation into
      differences in immunogenicity of the primary melanoma and whether they underlie
      the unique virulence of nodular melanoma.

PMID- 26974965
TI  - The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway plays a critical role in regulating
      immunological properties of BRAF mutant cutaneous melanoma cells.
AB  - The advent of drugs targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway
      has markedly changed the treatment of advanced-stage melanoma harboring BRAF
      mutations. However, drug resistance, through mechanisms not well elucidated,
      often occurs. A better understanding of how melanoma-derived immunologically
      active molecules change in response to MAPK inhibition of BRAF mutated (BRAF) and
      BRAF wild type (BRAF) melanomas could help identify promising treatment
      combinations of small molecule inhibitors and immunotherapy. To this aim, we
      treated 13 BRAF and 13 BRAF mutated human melanoma cell lines with either a
      specific BRAF inhibitor or an MEK1/2 inhibitor and analyzed changes in the
      secretion of 42 selected cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. We also
      measured changes in the expression levels of immunologically relevant melanoma
      cell surface markers. The BRAF melanomas showed minimal changes in response to
      the inhibitors, whereas the BRAF cell lines showed, on average, a significant
      decrease in IFNalpha2, interleukin-7, Fractalkine, GCSF, GRO, TGFalpha2,
      interleukin-8, and VEGF, as well as a reduction in pERK and pMEK protein levels,
      upon MAPK pathway blockade. BRAF inhibition in BRAF cell lines also resulted in
      significant changes in the expression of several surface markers including
      upregulation of beta2-microglobulin as well as a decrease in MIC A/B and TRAIL
      R2. These results indicate that MAPK pathway inhibition leads to changes in the
      immunological properties of mutant BRAF melanoma cells and lends support for
      future studies aimed at designing effective treatment strategies that combine
      BRAF and MEK inhibition with immunotherapy.

PMID- 26974967
TI  - Vemurafenib in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from melanoma: a case report of near
      complete response and prolonged survival.
AB  - Targeted therapies such as the BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib are
      highly effective in the treatment of systemic metastatic melanoma and have been
      shown to be effective in controlling solid brain metastases; however, limited
      data exist on their activity in leptomeningeal spread. Here, we present a case of
      a 60-year-old woman who developed leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from melanoma
      after resection and stereotactic radiotherapy of melanoma brain metastases, with
      poor performance status, who received vemurafenib as first-line treatment,
      resulting in significant clinical and imaging response as well as prolonged
      survival.

PMID- 26974968
TI  - A Comparative Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Structure in Jaguars (Panthera
      onca), Pumas (Puma concolor), and Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in Fragmented
      Landscapes of a Critical Mesoamerican Linkage Zone.
AB  - With increasing anthropogenic impact and landscape change, terrestrial carnivore
      populations are becoming more fragmented. Thus, it is crucial to genetically
      monitor wild carnivores and quantify changes in genetic diversity and gene flow
      in response to these threats. This study combined the use of scat detector dogs
      and molecular scatology to conduct the first genetic study on wild populations of
      multiple Neotropical felids coexisting across a fragmented landscape in Belize,
      Central America. We analyzed data from 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in 1053
      scat samples collected from wild jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor),
      and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). We assessed levels of genetic diversity,
      defined potential genetic clusters, and examined gene flow for the three target
      species on a countrywide scale using a combination of individual- and population
      based analyses. Wild felids in Belize showed moderate levels of genetic
      variation, with jaguars having the lowest diversity estimates (HE = 0.57 +/-
      0.02; AR = 3.36 +/- 0.09), followed by pumas (HE = 0.57 +/- 0.08; AR = 4.20 +/-
      0.16), and ocelots (HE = 0.63 +/- 0.03; AR = 4.16 +/- 0.08). We observed low to
      moderate levels of genetic differentiation for all three target species, with
      jaguars showing the lowest degree of genetic subdivision across the country,
      followed by ocelots and pumas. Although levels of genetic diversity and gene flow
      were still fairly high, we detected evidence of fine-scale genetic subdivision,
      indicating that levels of genetic connectivity for wild felids in Belize are
      likely to decrease if habitat loss and fragmentation continue at the current
      rate. Our study demonstrates the value of understanding fine-scale patterns of
      gene flow in multiple co-occurring felid species of conservation concern, which
      is vital for wildlife movement corridor planning and prioritizing future
      conservation and management efforts within human-impacted landscapes. 

PMID- 26974969
TI  - Gender differences for uric acid as predictor of hard events in patients referred
      for coronary angiography.
AB  - AIM: To assess gender differences in uric acid (UA) as predictor for hard events
      (HE, mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction) in a large cohort of patients
      referred for coronary angiography. Design & patients: 3020 inpatients (2177
      males, age: 68 +/- 9 years, mean +/- SD) were retrospectively studied, collecting
      data from the Institute electronic databank which included demographic, clinical,
      instrumental and follow-up data. RESULTS: Although the Kaplan-Meier survival
      estimates showed a significantly worst outcome in female patients, high UA did
      not remained a significant predictor for HE after adjustment. Moreover, UA
      correlated with antioxidant capacity in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Hyperuricemia was
      not an independent risk for HE, and being correlated with antioxidant capacity,
      its elevation appears more likely compensatory than causative for HE.

PMID- 26974970
TI  - Amino-Terminal Fusion of Epidermal Growth Factor 4,5,6 Domains of Human
      Thrombomodulin on Streptokinase Confers Anti-Reocclusion Characteristics along
      with Plasmin-Mediated Clot Specificity.
AB  - Streptokinase (SK) is a potent clot dissolver but lacks fibrin clot specificity
      as it activates human plasminogen (HPG) into human plasmin (HPN) throughout the
      system leading to increased risk of bleeding. Another major drawback associated
      with all thrombolytics, including tissue plasminogen activator, is the generation
      of transient thrombin and release of clot-bound thrombin that promotes
      reformation of clots. In order to obtain anti-thrombotic as well as clot
      specificity properties in SK, cDNAs encoding the EGF 4,5,6 domains of human
      thrombomodulin were fused with that of streptokinase, either at its N- or C
      termini, and expressed these in Pichia pastoris followed by purification and
      structural-functional characterization, including plasminogen activation,
      thrombin inhibition, and Protein C activation characteristics. Interestingly, the
      N-terminal EGF fusion construct (EGF-SK) showed plasmin-mediated plasminogen
      activation, whereas the C-terminal (SK-EGF) fusion construct exhibited
      'spontaneous' plasminogen activation which is quite similar to SK i.e. direct
      activation of systemic HPG in absence of free HPN. Since HPN is normally absent
      in free circulation due to rapid serpin-based inactivation (such as alpha-2
      antiplasmin and alpha-2-Macroglobin), but selectively present in clots, a plasmin
      dependent mode of HPG activation is expected to lead to a desirable fibrin clot
      specific response by the thrombolytic. Both the N- and C-terminal fusion
      constructs showed strong thrombin inhibition and Protein C activation properties
      as well, and significantly prevented re-occlusion in a specially designed assay.
      The EGF-SK construct exhibited fibrin clot dissolution properties with much
      lowered levels of fibrinogenolysis, suggesting unmistakable promise in clot
      dissolver therapy with reduced hemorrhage and re-occlusion risks. 

PMID- 26974971
TI  - Long Term Effect on Professionals' Knowledge, Practice and Attitudes towards User
      Involvement Four Years after Implementing an Organisational Development Plan: A
      Controlled Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health service organisations are increasingly implementing user
      involvement initiatives according to requirements from governments, such as user
      representation in administrational boards, better information to users, and more
      involvement of the users during treatment. Professionals are vital in all
      initiatives to enhance user involvement, and initiatives to increase involvement
      should influence the professionals' practice and attitudes. The implementation of
      a development plan intending to enhance user involvement in a mental health
      hospital in Central Norway had no effect on the professionals after 16 months.
      The objective was therefore to investigate the long term effect on the
      professionals' knowledge, practice and attitudes towards user involvement after
      four years. METHODS: This was a non-randomized controlled study including
      professionals from three mental health hospitals in Central Norway. A development
      plan intended to enhance user participation was implemented in one of the
      hospitals, including establishing a patient education centre and a user office,
      purchasing of user expertise, appointing contact professionals for next of kin,
      and improving of the centre's information and the professional culture. The
      professionals at two other hospitals constituted the control group. All
      professionals were invited to answer the Consumer Participation Questionnaire
      (CPQ) and additional questions, at a four year interval. RESULTS: A total of 399
      professionals participated (43% response rate). Comparing the changes in the
      intervention group with the changes in the control group, the results showed that
      the plan had improved some aspects of the professionals' knowledge about the user
      involvement taking place in the hospital. In addition, some parts of the
      professionals' practice of providing information to the service users was
      improved, and the development plan might have raised their awareness about
      insufficient involvement of next of kin. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      controlled study on the long term effect on professionals from implementing a
      development plan to enhance user participation in a mental health hospital. Since
      there was more effect after four years than after 16 months, this study indicates
      that it takes time before the effect of complex interventions to enhance patient
      participation in organisations can be detected among the professionals. More long
      term studies are thus warranted.

PMID- 26974973
TI  - Structural Characterization of the Loop at the Alpha-Subunit C-Terminus of the
      Mixed Lineage Leukemia Protein Activating Protease Taspase1.
AB  - Type 2 asparaginases, a subfamily of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolases, are
      activated by limited proteolysis. This activation yields a heterodimer and a loop
      region at the C-terminus of the alpha-subunit is released. Since this region is
      unresolved in all type 2 asparaginase crystal structures but is close to the
      active site residues, we explored this loop region in six members of the type 2
      asparaginase family using homology modeling. As the loop model for the childhood
      cancer-relevant protease Taspase1 differed from the other members, Taspase1
      activation as well as the conformation and dynamics of the 56 amino acids loop
      were investigated by CD and NMR spectroscopy. We propose a helix-turn-helix
      motif, which can be exploited as novel anticancer target to inhibit Taspase1
      proteolytic activity. 

PMID- 26974972
TI  - Enabling Metabolomics Based Biomarker Discovery Studies Using Molecular
      Phenotyping of Exosome-Like Vesicles.
AB  - Identification of sensitive and specific biomarkers with clinical and
      translational utility will require smart experimental strategies that would
      augment expanding the breadth and depth of molecular measurements within the
      constraints of currently available technologies. Exosomes represent an
      information rich matrix to discern novel disease mechanisms that are thought to
      contribute to pathologies such as dementia and cancer. Although proteomics and
      transcriptomic studies have been reported using Exosomes-Like Vesicles (ELVs)
      from different sources, exosomal metabolome characterization and its modulation
      in health and disease remains to be elucidated. Here we describe methodologies
      for UPLC-ESI-MS based small molecule profiling of ELVs from human plasma and cell
      culture media. In this study, we present evidence that indeed ELVs carry a rich
      metabolome that could not only augment the discovery of low abundance biomarkers
      but may also help explain the molecular basis of disease progression. This
      approach could be easily translated to other studies seeking to develop
      predictive biomarkers that can subsequently be used with simplified targeted
      approaches. 

PMID- 26974974
TI  - Influence of Berry Heterogeneity on Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Grapes
      and Wines: A Primary Study of the New Winegrape Cultivar Meili (Vitis vinifera
      L.).
AB  - Wine grapes are usually harvested in vineyards when they ripen. However, not all
      of the berries in a vineyard ripen homogeneously because of different
      microclimates around the clusters and berries. In this study, the influence of
      berry heterogeneity on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of grapes
      and wines under a continental monsoon climate was evaluated for a new wine grape
      cultivar Meili (Vitis vinifera L.). The total phenolic, flavonoid, flavanol, and
      monomeric anthocyanin contents in the skin and wine significantly increased with
      grape density; however, there was no significant difference in the seeds between
      the two lower densities. The highest values of DPPH free radical-scavenging
      activity, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging
      activity in the skin, seed and wine were detected for the densest berries. The
      sum of individual phenolic compounds in skin, seed and wine increased with berry
      density, though no significant difference for skin was observed between the two
      higher density classes. Hence, the chemical components of Meili grapes and wines
      were positively associated with the berry density at harvest under the
      continental monsoon climate. 

PMID- 26974975
TI  - Management of acute pediatric pain in the emergency department.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article provides a summary of recommendations for the
      multimodal and multidisciplinary approach to acute pediatric pain management and
      highlights recent research on this topic. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent literature has
      focused on updating recommendations for the use of various analgesics in the
      pediatric population. While codeine is no longer recommended due to increasing
      evidence of adverse effects, the more liberal use of intranasal fentanyl is now
      encouraged because of the ease of administration and rapid delivery. The evidence
      base for the use of ultrasound-guided regional nerve blocks by qualified
      providers in the acute pediatric pain setting continues to grow. SUMMARY: The
      pediatric emergency medicine provider should be able to assess pain and develop
      individualized pain plans by utilizing a range of nonpharmacologic and
      pharmacologic strategies. Knowledge of the most recent literature and changes in
      recommendations for various pain medications is essential.

PMID- 26974976
TI  - Management of gastroschisis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The diagnosis and treatment of gastroschisis spans the
      perinatal disciplines of maternal fetal medicine, neonatology, and pediatric
      surgery. Since gastroschisis is one of the commonest and costliest structural
      birth defects treated in neonatal ICUs, a comprehensive review of its
      epidemiology, prenatal diagnosis, postnatal treatment, and short and long-term
      outcomes is both timely and relevant. RECENT FINDINGS: The incidence of
      gastroschisis has increased dramatically over the past 20 years, leading to a
      renewed interest in causation. The widespread availability of maternal screening
      and ultrasound results in very high rates of prenatal diagnosis, which enables
      evaluation of the optimal timing and mode of delivery. The preferred method of
      surgical closure continues to be an issue of debate among pediatric surgeons,
      whereas postsurgical treatment seeks to expedite the initiation and progression
      of enteral feeding and minimize complications. A small subset of babies with
      complex gastroschisis leading to intestinal failure benefit from the knowledge
      and expertise of dedicated interdisciplinary teams, which seek to bring novel
      therapies and improved clinical outcomes. SUMMARY: The opportunities to increase
      the knowledge of causation, and identify best practices leading to improved
      outcomes, drive the ongoing need for collaborative clinical research in
      gastroschisis.

PMID- 26974977
TI  - Highest Vaccine Uptake after School-Based Delivery - A County-Level Evaluation of
      the Implementation Strategies for HPV Catch-Up Vaccination in Sweden.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Swedish school-based vaccination programme offers HPV vaccine to
      girls born >=1999 in 5-6th grade. In 2012, all counties introduced free-of-charge
      catch-up vaccination campaigns targeting girls born 1993-1998. Varying vaccine
      uptake in the catch-up group by December 2012 suggested that some implementation
      strategies were more successful than others. In order to inform future
      vaccination campaigns, we assessed the impact of different implementation
      strategies on the county-level catch-up vaccine uptake. METHODS: We conducted an
      ecological study including all Swedish counties (n = 21), asking regional health
      offices about the information channels they used and where vaccination of the
      catch-up target group took place in their counties. The uptake of >=1 dose by 30
      September 2014 was estimated using data from the voluntary national vaccination
      register. We investigated associations between counties' catch-up vaccine uptake,
      information channels and vaccination settings by calculating incidence rate
      ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), using negative binomial
      regression models. RESULTS: County level catch-up vaccine uptake varied between
      49-84%. All counties offered vaccination through primary health care settings.
      Apart from this eight (34%) also offered the vaccine in some of their schools,
      four (19%) in all their schools, and two (10%) in other health care centres. The
      information channels most frequently used were: information at the national on
      line health care consulting web-page (100%), letter/invitations (90%), and
      advertisement (81%). Counties offering vaccination to girls in all schools and
      counties offering vaccination in some of their schools, reached higher vaccine
      uptake compared to counties not offering vaccination in any of their schools (all
      schools adjusted IRR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5, some schools adjusted IRR: 1.2, 95%
      CI: 1.1-1.3). CONCLUSION: Counties offering HPV vaccination to catch-up groups in
      schools reached the highest vaccine uptake. No information channel explained
      differences in county-level vaccine uptake. Our findings suggest that catch-up
      vaccination outside the national vaccination program can reach a high uptake at
      the population level if it is implemented primarily with an organized delivery
      (e.g. in schools).

PMID- 26974978
TI  - Electronic Structure, Surface Doping, and Optical Response in Epitaxial WSe2 Thin
      Films.
AB  - High quality WSe2 films have been grown on bilayer graphene (BLG) with layer-by
      layer control of thickness using molecular beam epitaxy. The combination of angle
      resolved photoemission, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, and optical
      absorption measurements reveal the atomic and electronic structures evolution and
      optical response of WSe2/BLG. We observe that a bilayer of WSe2 is a direct
      bandgap semiconductor, when integrated in a BLG-based heterostructure, thus
      shifting the direct-indirect band gap crossover to trilayer WSe2. In the
      monolayer limit, WSe2 shows a spin-splitting of 475 meV in the valence band at
      the K point, the largest value observed among all the MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se)
      materials. The exciton binding energy of monolayer-WSe2/BLG is found to be 0.21
      eV, a value that is orders of magnitude larger than that of conventional three
      dimensional semiconductors, yet small as compared to other two-dimensional
      transition metal dichalcogennides (TMDCs) semiconductors. Finally, our finding
      regarding the overall modification of the electronic structure by an alkali metal
      surface electron doping opens a route to further control the electronic
      properties of TMDCs. 

PMID- 26974979
TI  - Theory for spiralling ions for 2D FT-ICR and comparison with precessing
      magnetization vectors in 2D NMR.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) offers an
      approach to mass spectrometry (MS) that pursuits similar objectives as MS/MS
      experiments. While the latter must focus on one ion species at a time, 2D FT ICR
      can examine all possible correlations due to ion fragmentation in a single
      experiment: correlations between precursors, charged and neutral fragments. We
      revisited the original 2D FT-ICR experiment that has hitherto fallen short of
      stimulating significant analytical applications, probably because it is
      technically demanding. These shortcomings can now be overcome by improved FT-ICR
      instrumentation and computer hard- and software. We seek to achieve a better
      understanding of the intricacies of the behavior of ions during a basic two
      dimensional ICR sequence comprising three simple monochromatic pulses. Through
      simulations based on Lorentzian equations, we have mapped the ion trajectories
      for different pulse durations and phases. 

PMID- 26974980
TI  - Prevalence of Common Types of Compression Neuropathies in Qena Governorate/Egypt:
      A Population-Based Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No epidemiological studies on the prevalence of compressive
      neuropathy have been undertaken in Arab countries. The aim of the study was to
      estimate the prevalence of the most common types of compressive neuropathies in
      Qena governorate/Egypt. METHODS: The study was part of a community-based survey
      carried out to assess the prevalence of neuromuscular disorders among the Qena
      population. A random sampling of 10 districts, 5,039 inhabitants aged >=20. There
      were 3,050 urban residents (60.5%) and 1,989 (39.5%) from the rural community.
      Patients were diagnosed using a screening questionnaire for diagnosis of
      entrapment neuropathies. Positive cases were referred to the Qena University
      Hospital. They were given full clinical, electrophysiological and laboratory
      investigations. RESULTS: Compressive neuropathy was recorded in 165 cases giving
      a CPR = 3.3% of population at risk (>=20 years). Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was
      diagnosed in 155 cases giving a CPR = 3.1% with a significantly higher prevalence
      among females than males (5.3 vs. 0.9%) and in rural compared with urban
      populations (4.6 vs. 2.1%). Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow was the second common
      type of entrapment with a CPR = 0.1% followed by radial nerve palsy, tarsal
      tunnel syndrome and common peroneal nerve palsy. CONCLUSION: The overall crude
      prevalence rate of CTS is comparable with that in other countries.

PMID- 26974981
TI  - When we need to remember that it is more than a job.

PMID- 26974982
TI  - To the Editor: The PARADIGM-HF trial.

PMID- 26974983
TI  - In Reply: The PARADIGM-HF trial.

PMID- 26974984
TI  - Can patients with infectious endocarditis be safely anticoagulated?

PMID- 26974985
TI  - It is not the critic's voice that should count.

PMID- 26974986
TI  - The emotional impact of a malpractice suit on physicians: Maintaining resilien.

PMID- 26974987
TI  - Fungal folliculitis masquerading as acute exanthematous pustulosis.

PMID- 26974988
TI  - Advances in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
AB  - Although current guidelines do not set specific targets for lowering levels of
      low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), several lines of evidence support
      the concept that "lower is better." Statin drugs in combination with new agents
      now make it possible to lower LDL-C to new lows. Determining the risk of
      cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adults and how far to extend
      treatment for primary prevention has critical implications for public health. 

PMID- 26974989
TI  - Interpreting SPRINT: How low should you go?
AB  - The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) found evidence of
      cardiovascular benefit with intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure (goal <
      120 mm Hg) compared with the currently recommended goal (< 140 mm Hg) in older
      patients with cardiovascular risk but without diabetes or stroke. This article
      reviews the trial design and protocol, summarizes the results, and briefly
      discusses the implications of these results. 

PMID- 26974990
TI  - Blood pressure management in the wake of SPRINT.

PMID- 26974991
TI  - Managing patients at genetic risk of breast cancer.
AB  - Hereditary syndromes that increase the risk of breast cancer are not common, but
      it is critical to recognize and manage them appropriately. This paper reviews the
      management of patients with the most common hereditary breast cancer syndromes,
      ie, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, hereditary diffuse gastric
      cancer, Cowden syndrome (PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,
      and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. 

PMID- 26974993
TI  - Celiac disease: Managing a multisystem disorder.
AB  - Celiac disease is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that can cause symptoms
      involving the gastrointestinal tract and other organ systems such as the skin and
      bones. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of celiac
      disease and associated diseases. 

PMID- 26974992
TI  - Prescribing opioids in primary care: Safely starting, monitoring, and stopping.
AB  - Chronic noncancer pain is common and often managed in the outpatient setting with
      chronic opioid therapy, even though the efficacy of this approach is uncertain
      and adverse effects are common. Some patients report meaningful benefit from
      opioids, but prescription drug abuse has reached epidemic proportions, and many
      suffer harm from opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion. Primary care providers and
      their care teams often struggle to balance these risks and benefits with little
      outside support. The authors review common challenges when starting, monitoring,
      and discontinuing opioids, and offer strategies for risk-reduction and patient
      communication. 

PMID- 26974994
TI  - The microbiome in celiac disease: Beyond diet-genetic interactions.

PMID- 26974995
TI  - Rare Skin Adnexal and Melanocytic Tumors Arising in Ovarian Mature Cystic
      Teratomas: A Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Mature teratoma of the ovary is the most common primary ovarian tumor accounting
      for 15% (10%-20%) of all ovarian neoplasms. Skin and skin adnexal structures are
      the most common elements identified in mature teratomas. Benign and malignant
      skin tumors can arise in ovarian teratomas, the most common being epithelial
      tumors. Melanocytic and adnexal tumors developing in a teratoma are rare and can
      be easily overlooked. We report 3 cases and review melanocytic and skin adnexal
      tumors encountered in ovarian teratomas. 

PMID- 26974997
TI  - Non-Neoplastic Conditions of the Ovaries in Grossly Normal Adnexa: A
      Clinicopathologic Study of 403 Completely Embedded Cases.
AB  - Most non-neoplastic lesions of the ovaries have not been comprehensively examined
      in the contemporary literature. We evaluated completely embedded ovaries from 403
      unselected, consecutive patients who had grossly normal adnexa. These included
      prophylactic specimens in high-risk women with BRCA mutations (38 women) and
      women with a personal history of breast cancer or a family history of breast
      and/or ovarian cancer (79 women). Transitional cell (Brenner) nests were found in
      9.1%; 31% of these lesions were smaller than 1 mm, and 8 were solitary nests.
      Cortical granulomas were found in 20.5%, fatty metaplasia in 5.3%, mucinous
      metaplasia of surface epithelial inclusions in 5.5%, and smooth muscle stromal
      metaplasia in 2%. One or more types of stromal hyperplasia were found in 24.3%.
      Endometriosis was found in 22% of adnexa. There were no significant differences
      in the findings in high-risk women compared with non-high-risk except those
      attributable to age differences between the groups. These findings establish
      baseline frequencies for non-neoplastic ovarian lesions, and suggest that
      transitional cell nests are so common that they can be regarded as a normal
      finding.

PMID- 26974996
TI  - An Immunohistochemical Algorithm for Ovarian Carcinoma Typing.
AB  - There are 5 major histotypes of ovarian carcinomas. Diagnostic typing criteria
      have evolved over time, and past cohorts may be misclassified by current
      standards. Our objective was to reclassify the recently assembled Canadian
      Ovarian Experimental Unified Resource and the Alberta Ovarian Tumor Type cohorts
      using immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarkers and to develop an IHC algorithm for
      ovarian carcinoma histotyping. A total of 1626 ovarian carcinoma samples from the
      Canadian Ovarian Experimental Unified Resource and the Alberta Ovarian Tumor Type
      were subjected to a reclassification by comparing the original with the predicted
      histotype. Histotype prediction was derived from a nominal logistic regression
      modeling using a previously reclassified cohort (N=784) with the binary input of
      8 IHC markers. Cases with discordant original or predicted histotypes were
      subjected to arbitration. After reclassification, 1762 cases from all cohorts
      were subjected to prediction models (chi Automatic Interaction Detection,
      recursive partitioning, and nominal logistic regression) with a variable IHC
      marker input. The histologic type was confirmed in 1521/1626 (93.5%) cases of the
      Canadian Ovarian Experimental Unified Resource and the Alberta Ovarian Tumor Type
      cohorts. The highest misclassification occurred in the endometrioid type, where
      most of the changes involved reclassification from endometrioid to high-grade
      serous carcinoma, which was additionally supported by mutational data and
      outcome. Using the reclassified histotype as the endpoint, a 4-marker prediction
      model correctly classified 88%, a 6-marker 91%, and an 8-marker 93% of the 1762
      cases. This study provides statistically validated, inexpensive IHC algorithms,
      which have versatile applications in research, clinical practice, and clinical
      trials. 

PMID- 26974998
TI  - Involvement of Chromosome 8 in Mullerian Adenosarcoma.
AB  - Mullerian adenosarcoma (MA) is an uncommon biphasic neoplasm of the female
      genital tract, composed of malignant stroma and benign epithelium. Little is
      known about the molecular and cytogenetic aberrations in MA pathogenesis,
      including those with progression to sarcomatous overgrowth (SO). Herein, we
      report all cases of MA in which karyotyping was attempted at our institution.
      Twenty-one samples from 20 subjects consisted of 15 primary (7 without SO, 8 with
      SO) and 6 metastatic MA, were cytogenetically investigated in our institution.
      Karyotypes were successfully obtained in 14/21 (67%) cases and 9 (45%) had
      cytogenetic aberrations. Two (1 MA with SO and 1 metastatic MA) were markedly
      complex, displaying extreme aneuploidy with numerous rearrangements. Seven (2 MA
      without SO, 3 MA with SO, and 2 metastatic MA) demonstrated noncomplex clonal
      aberrations, of which 5 (71%) included an abnormality involving chromosome 8. Two
      tumors had rearrangements at 8q13 and another 3 tumors had extra copies of
      chromosome 8. In 5 cases, a normal karyotype (46,XX) was obtained (2 MA without
      SO, 2 MA with SO, and 1 metastatic MA). Further study is warranted to explore the
      genetic mechanism by which chromosome abnormalities, particularly those at 8q13,
      contribute to MA tumorigenesis.

PMID- 26974999
TI  - The Natural History of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Differentiated Type:
      Evidence for Progression and Diagnostic Challenges.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (SCCV) develops through either human
      papillomavirus (HPV)-dependent or HPV-independent pathways. Approximately 60% of
      SCCV arise independently of HPV, commonly in a background of an inflammatory
      dermatosis, particularly lichen sclerosus. The likely direct precursor to most of
      these lesions is vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), differentiated type
      (dVIN), although the evidence is largely circumstantial. There are few reports of
      progression to carcinoma, and the natural history of this pathway is not well
      understood. Nevertheless, dVIN is widely regarded as a potentially aggressive
      lesion. We identified dVIN adjacent to SCCV in 97 of 212 women (45.8%). Twenty
      four of the 97 women (24.7%) had biopsies performed at least 6 mo before
      presentation with SCCV; slides for 47 biopsies from 21 women were available for
      review. dVIN was identified in 18 biopsies from 8 women (38.1%), which in 14
      biopsies had been previously unrecognized. The subsequent cancer developed in the
      same region as the previous biopsy showing dVIN in 6 of the 8 women. The median
      interval between biopsy and invasive cancer was 43.5 mo (range, 8-102 mo). dVIN
      associated SCCV was strongly associated with both lichen sclerosus, and HPV
      negative status compared with usual type VIN (relative risk=38.35 (9.755-150.8)
      and 0.06485 (0.02764-0.1522), respectively). This study adds to the evidence
      linking dVIN with SCCV, and indicates that both clinical and histologic
      underrecognition contribute to the apparent rarity of dVIN as a solitary
      diagnosis. The morphologic spectrum of dVIN is likely to be wider than commonly
      appreciated; however, histologically defining the lower threshold is difficult
      and controversial.

PMID- 26975000
TI  - Aryl(silyl)amino group stabilized hydridosilanediols: synthesis and
      characterization and use for preparation of alumino(hydrido)siloxanes.
AB  - Aryl(silyl)amino group stabilized hydridosilanediols RSiH(OH)2 (R = N(SiMe2Ph)
      2,6-iPr2C6H3 (), N(SiMe3)-2,6-iPr2C6H3 (), and N(SiMe2Ph)-2,4,6-Me3C6H2 ()) were
      prepared from the controlled hydrolysis of the related RSiHCl2 () each in the
      presence of aniline as the HCl acceptor. Reactions of with AlMe3, AliBu3,
      AlH(iBu)2, and AlH3.NMe3, respectively, yielded alumino(hydrido)siloxanes [2,6
      iPr2C6H3N(SiMe2Ph)Si(H)OAlMe(THF)]2 (), [2,6-iPr2C6H3N(SiMe2Ph)Si(H)OAliBu(THF)]2
      (), [2,6-iPr2C6H3N(SiMe2Ph)Si(H)O2]3[Al(THF)]2 (), and [2,6
      iPr2C6H3N(SiMe2Ph)Si(H)OAlH(THF)]2 (). The reaction of with AlMe3 gave [2,6
      iPr2C6H3N(SiMe3)Si(H)OAlMe(THF)]2 (), a compound similar to . Compounds are
      characterized by NMR ((1)H, (13)C, and (29)Si) and IR spectroscopy and CHN
      elemental analysis, of which and are further studied by X-ray crystallography.
      Compounds and feature cyclic structures all with the skeleton core of Si2O4Al2
      while compound exhibits a bicyclic structure having a core of Si3O6Al2. Melting
      point measurements indicated that are thermally stable bearing the geminal SiH
      and SiOH groups. Compounds and are thermally stable as well with the O atom
      bridged SiH and AlR (R = Me, iBu, or H) groups.

PMID- 26975001
TI  - Reply to the Letter to the Editor: Polyethylene Liner Dissociation is a
      Complication of the DePuy Pinnacle Cup: A Report of 23 Cases.

PMID- 26975002
TI  - Associated Factors and Prognostic Implications of Stimulus-Induced Rhythmic,
      Periodic, or Ictal Discharges.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The implications of stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal
      discharges (SIRPIDs) sometimes found on prolonged electroencephalographic (EEG)
      recordings are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of SIRPIDs and
      their clinical implications in critically ill patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A multicenter, international retrospective study was performed from
      October 1, 2012, through September 30, 2014, of consecutive adult patients
      hospitalized in intensive care units with alteration of consciousness who
      underwent EEG recordings at 3 separate centers. Demographic data, including
      admission diagnosis, age, sex, history of epilepsy, and EEG findings, were noted.
      Characteristics of SIRPIDs were documented. Data were evaluated for predictors of
      SIRPIDs and in-hospital mortality. Data analysis was performed from January 16,
      2015, to June 15, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incidence of SIRPIDs,
      association of SIRPIDs with mortality and other EEG characteristics, and EEG and
      clinical predictors of mortality. RESULTS: A total of 416 patients were studied.
      The median age of patients was 60 years (interquartile range, 46-71 years), and
      252 (60.6%) were male. A total of 104 patients (25.0%) did not survive to
      hospital discharge. SIRPIDs were identified in 43 patients (10.3%). The
      proportion of patients with SIRPIDs was not significantly different across the 3
      sites (P = .34). Anoxic brain injury (odds ratio [OR], 3.80; 95% CI, 1.73-8.33; P
      < .001), the use of antiepileptic medications (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.31-8.00; P =
      .01), electrographic seizures (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.13-7.19; P = .03), generalized
      periodic discharges with triphasic morphologic features (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.67
      8.02; P = .001), and sporadic sharp waves and periodic discharges (OR, 2.59; 95%
      CI, 1.13-5.92; P = .02) were independently associated with the presence of
      SIRPIDs. Older age (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = .005), anoxic brain injury
      (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.96-6.21; P <= .001), and absence of EEG reactivity (OR,
      8.14; 95% CI, 4.20-15.79; P < .001) but not SIRPIDs (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.79-3.78;
      P = .17) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS
      AND RELEVANCE: In critically ill patients undergoing EEG recordings, SIRPIDs
      occurred in 43 (10.3%) and were associated with other electrographic
      abnormalities previously reported to indicate poor prognosis. However, SIRPIDs
      were not independently associated with in-hospital mortality.

PMID- 26975003
TI  - Air-sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the East China Sea.
AB  - Two oceanographic cruises were carried out in the East China Sea (ECS) during the
      summer and fall of 2013. The main objectives of this study are to identify the
      spatial-temporal distributions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in air and
      dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in surface seawater, and then to estimate the
      Hg(0) flux. The GEM concentration was lower in summer (1.61 +/- 0.32 ng m(-3))
      than in fall (2.20 +/- 0.58 ng m(-3)). The back-trajectory analysis revealed that
      the air masses with high GEM levels during fall largely originated from the land,
      while the air masses with low GEM levels during summer primarily originated from
      ocean. The spatial distribution patterns of total Hg (THg), fluorescence, and
      turbidity were consistent with the pattern of DGM with high levels in the
      nearshore area and low levels in the open sea. Additionally, the levels of
      percentage of DGM to THg (%DGM) were higher in the open sea than in the nearshore
      area, which was consistent with the previous studies. The THg concentration in
      fall was higher (1.47 +/- 0.51 ng l(-1)) than those of other open oceans. The DGM
      concentration (60.1 +/- 17.6 pg l(-1)) and Hg(0) flux (4.6 +/- 3.6 ng m(-2) h(
      1)) in summer were higher than those in fall (DGM: 49.6 +/- 12.5 pg l(-1) and
      Hg(0) flux: 3.6 +/- 2.8 ng m(-2) h(-1)). The emission flux of Hg(0) from the ECS
      was estimated to be 27.6 tons yr(-1), accounting for ~0.98% of the global Hg
      oceanic evasion though the ECS only accounts for ~0.21% of global ocean area,
      indicating that the ECS plays an important role in the oceanic Hg cycle. 

PMID- 26975004
TI  - Joint effects of trihalomethanes and trichloroacetic acid on semen quality: A
      population-based cross-sectional study in China.
AB  - Exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) has been
      individually associated with adverse male reproductive effects; however, their
      joint male reproductive toxicity is largely unknown. This study aimed to explore
      the joint effects of THMs and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) on semen quality in a
      Chinese population. A total of 337 men presenting to the Reproductive Center of
      Tongjing Hospital, in Wuhan, China to seek semen analysis were included this
      study. Baseline blood THMs [chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM),
      dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] and urinary TCAA were analyzed
      and dichotomized at their median levels. The joint effects of THMs and TCAA on
      below-reference semen quality parameters were evaluated by calculating the
      relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). After adjusting for potential
      confounders, we found a suggestive synergistic effect between Br-THMs (sum of
      BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) and TCAA for below-reference sperm count (RERI = 2.14, 95%
      CI: -0.37, 4.91) (P = 0.076); men with high Br-THMs and TCAA levels (above the
      median) had 3.31 times (95% CI: 1.21, 9.07) elevated risk of having below
      reference sperm count than men with low Br-THMs and TCAA levels (below the
      median). No apparent joint effects were observed between THMs and TCAA for other
      semen quality parameters. Our results suggest that co-exposure to Br-THMs and
      TCAA is associated with additive effects on decreased semen quality. However,
      further studies in a larger sample size and mechanistic studies are needed to
      confirm the findings. 

PMID- 26975005
TI  - Mechanisms of cadmium accumulation (adsorption and absorption) by the freshwater
      bivalve Corbicula fluminea under hydrodynamic conditions.
AB  - Many heavy metals in sediments and water have potential adverse effects on
      aquatic organisms such as Corbicula fluminea (O.F. Muller, 1774), a bivalve
      species frequently used as a biomonitor for metal pollution. Studies over the
      past decades examining the heavy metal uptake by C. fluminea, very few has
      investigated the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on accumulation of heavy metal
      by C. fluminea. Therefore, in this study, to investigate the mechanism of
      intracellular and extracellular accumulation of metal, individuals of C. fluminea
      were exposed to cadmium (Cd)-treated water under three different hydrodynamic
      conditions. These included exposures in two set ups: three rates of rotation
      (500, 350, 200 r/min) in beakers for 10 days, and then exposure to Cd-treated
      sediment under two naturally turbulent water conditions (14 cm/s and 3.2 cm/s) in
      experimental flumes for 23 days. Hydrodynamic force increased the burrowing rate
      but decreased the activity of C. fluminea. After 10 days of exposure, the
      extracellular concentrations of Cd in the tissues of C. fluminea in the sand
      group were significantly higher than that in the gravel groups. The intracellular
      and extracellular concentrations of Cd in the tissues of C. fluminea dramatically
      increased in the Cd-treated sediment test. Moreover, the concentration of the
      extracellular Cd adsorbed on the tissues of C. fluminea in the 14 cm/s and 3.2
      cm/s groups was significantly higher than that in the control group, whereas the
      effect of hydrodynamic force on absorption of Cd by C. fluminea was not obvious.
      These results suggest that hydrodynamic condition plays an important role in
      extracellular accumulation of Cd by C. fluminea. In future study, when using C.
      fluminea to assess Cd pollution in aquatic environment, extracellular Cd adsorbed
      on the tissue should be removed to avoid the influence of hydrodynamics. 

PMID- 26975006
TI  - Secular growth trends among children in Beijing (1955-2010).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the growth trends of children in Beijing from 1955 to
      2010. METHODS: Data for the period 1955-1975 were derived from published records.
      Data for the period 1985-2010 were derived from the Chinese National Survey on
      Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). Since 1985, the overall sampling and
      measurement methods have been consistent. The mean, the standard deviation, and
      the variance (ANOVA) of height, weight, and BMI by age and sex of students aged 7
      17 were calculated and analyzed. RESULTS: Between 1955 and 2010, the average
      height and weight of children in Beijing has increased. The average increments
      per decade for boys and girls were 2.45cm and 2.03cm in height and 2.68kg and
      1.68kg in weight, respectively. The largest height increase per decade occurred
      between 1975 and 1985: 4.51cm and 3.23cm for boys and girls, respectively. The
      largest height increase for the entire 55-year period under study occurred among
      boys at age 13 (17.85cm) and among girls at age 11 (15.90cm.) CONCLUSIONS: During
      the period 1955-2010, growth trends among children in Beijing were positive. The
      health and nutritional status of these children improved significantly. Since
      2007, might be related to government intervention, childhood obesity has been
      curbed.

PMID- 26975007
TI  - Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority
      Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most smoking cessation guidelines advise quitting abruptly. However,
      many quit attempts involve gradual cessation. If gradual cessation is as
      successful, smokers can be advised to quit either way. OBJECTIVE: To examine the
      success of quitting smoking by gradual compared with abrupt quitting. DESIGN:
      Randomized, controlled noninferiority trial. (International Standardized
      Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register: ISRCTN22526020). SETTING: Primary
      care clinics in England. PARTICIPANTS: 697 adult smokers with tobacco addiction.
      INTERVENTION: Participants quit smoking abruptly or reduced smoking gradually by
      75% in the 2 weeks before quitting. Both groups received behavioral support from
      nurses and used nicotine replacement before and after quit day. MEASUREMENTS: The
      primary outcome measure was prolonged validated abstinence from smoking 4 weeks
      after quit day. The secondary outcome was prolonged, validated, 6-month
      abstinence. RESULTS: At 4 weeks, 39.2% (95% CI, 34.0% to 44.4%) of the
      participants in the gradual-cessation group were abstinent compared with 49.0%
      (CI, 43.8% to 54.2%) in the abrupt-cessation group (relative risk, 0.80 [CI, 0.66
      to 0.93]). At 6 months, 15.5% (CI, 12.0% to 19.7%) of the participants in the
      gradual-cessation group were abstinent compared with 22.0% (CI, 18.0% to 26.6%)
      in the abrupt-cessation group (relative risk, 0.71 [CI, 0.46 to 0.91]).
      Participants who preferred gradual cessation were significantly less likely to be
      abstinent at 4 weeks than those who preferred abrupt cessation (38.3% vs 52.2%; P
      = 0.007). LIMITATIONS: Blinding was impossible. Most participants were white.
      CONCLUSION: Quitting smoking abruptly is more likely to lead to lasting
      abstinence than cutting down first, even for smokers who initially prefer to quit
      by gradual reduction. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: British Heart Foundation.

PMID- 26975008
TI  - 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT in Patients With Biochemical Prostate Cancer Recurrence and
      Negative 18F-Choline-PET/CT.
AB  - PURPOSE: Investigating the value of Ga-PSMA-PET/CT in biochemically recurring
      prostate cancer patients with negative F-choline-PET/CT. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      One hundred thirty-nine consecutive patients with biochemical recurrence after
      curative (surgery and/or radiotherapy) therapy were offered participation in this
      sequential clinical imaging approach. Patients first underwent an F-choline
      PET/CT. If negative, an additional Ga-PSMA-PET/CT was offered. One hundred twenty
      five of 139 eligible patients were included in the study; 32 patients underwent
      additional Ga-PSMA-PET/CT. Patients with equivocal findings (n = 5) on F-choline
      PET/CT and those who declined the additional Ga-PSMA-PET/CT (n = 9) were
      excluded. Images were analyzed visually for the presence of suspicious lesions.
      Findings on PET/CT were correlated with PSA level, PSA doubling time (dt), and
      PSA velocity (vel). RESULTS: The overall detection rates were 85.6% (107/125) for
      the sequential imaging approach and 74.4% (93/125) for F-choline-PET/CT alone. Ga
      PSMA-PET/CT detected sites of recurrence in 43.8% (14/32) of the choline-negative
      patients. Detection rates of the sequential imaging approach and F-choline-PET/CT
      alone increased with higher serum PSA levels and PSA vel. Subgroup analysis of Ga
      PSMA-PET/CT in F-choline negative patients revealed detection rates of 28.6%,
      45.5%, and 71.4% for PSA levels of 0.2 or greater to less than 1 ng/mL, 1 to 2
      ng/mL, and greater than 2 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The sequential
      imaging approach designed to limit Ga-PSMA imaging to patients with negative
      choline scans resulted in high detection rates. Ga-PSMA-PET/CT identified sites
      of recurrent disease in 43.8% of the patients with negative F-choline PET/CT
      scans.

PMID- 26975009
TI  - Skin Uptake of 99mTc-HDP in a Case of Annular Elastolytic Giant Cell Granuloma.
AB  - Sometimes unexpected extraosseous uptakes appear in a bone scintigraphy as a
      consequence of a wide spectrum of nonosseous disorders. Recognition of these
      findings is important to enhance the diagnostic value of bone scintigraphy. We
      report a case of intense bone scintigraphy cutaneous uptake due to elastolytic
      actinic giant cell granuloma (EAGCG). We present the case of a patient with
      intense extraosseous uptakes of Tc-HDP that appeared in a bone scintigraphy that
      was performed for lumbar pain. 

PMID- 26975010
TI  - Spectrum of the Breast Lesions With Increased 18F-FDG Uptake on PET/CT.
AB  - Interpretation of F-FDG PET/CT studies in breast is challenging owing to
      nonspecific FDG uptake in various benign and malignant conditions. Benign
      conditions include breast changes in pregnancy and lactation, gynecomastia,
      mastitis, fat necrosis, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, and atypical ductal
      hyperplasia. Among malignancies, invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular
      carcinoma are common histological types of breast carcinoma. Rarely, other
      unusual histological types of breast carcinomas (eg, intraductal papillary
      carcinoma, invasive micropapillary carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, mucinous
      carcinoma, and metaplastic carcinoma), lymphoma, and metastasis can be the
      causes. Knowledge of a wide spectrum of hypermetabolic breast lesions on FDG
      PET/CT is essential in accurate reading of FDG PET/CT. The purpose of this atlas
      article is to demonstrate features of various breast lesions encountered at our
      institution, both benign and malignant, which can result in hypermetabolism on
      FDG PET/CT imaging. 

PMID- 26975012
TI  - Thrombus in a Patient With an Inverse Takotsubo Syndrome.

PMID- 26975011
TI  - Reduced 123I Ioflupane Binding in Bilateral Diabetic Chorea: Findings With 18F
      FDG PET, 99mTc ECD SPECT, and 123I MIBG Scintigraphy.
AB  - We report a 64-year-old man with diabetic chorea whom we investigated with
      dopamine transporter SPECT, F FDG PET, Tc ethylcysteinate dimer (ECD) SPECT, and
      I metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy. Dopamine transporter SPECT
      revealed reduced I ioflupane binding in the bilateral striatum. F FDG PET showed
      metabolic dysfunction in the bilateral striatum, as shown in earlier studies. Tc
      ECD SPECT revealed reduced brain perfusion in the bilateral caudate nucleus and
      putamen. I MIBG scintigraphy revealed no cardiac sympathetic nerve dysfunction.
      Our case suggests a possible nigrostriatal presynaptic dopaminergic involvement
      in diabetic chorea. 

PMID- 26975013
TI  - Silicone Granuloma in the Buttocks Incidentally Detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT 30
      Years After Free Liquid Silicone Injections.
AB  - A 59-year-old transexual (male to female) patient presented with a squamous cell
      carcinoma of the larynx. She underwent an F-FDG PET/CT for initial staging. The
      examination showed high F-FDG uptake of the primary lesion and a homolateral
      lymphadenopathy. Incidental heterogeneous uptake of round hyperdense lesions in
      the gluteal muscles and subcutaneous fat was visualized. The medical history
      revealed secondly that the patient had had free liquid silicone injections 30
      years before the examination. Although the injection of free silicone is not
      practised since the 1980s, this incidental finding should prompt to check the
      patient's medical history over several decades. 

PMID- 26975014
TI  - Extramedullary Involvement of Mast Cell Leukemia Detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT.
AB  - Mast cell leukemia (MCL) is a very rare subtype of systemic mastocytosis,
      characterized by the leukemic expansion of immature mast cells. We present a case
      of MCL with extramedullary involvement of cervical lymph node and lung
      demonstrated by the initial F-FDG PET/CT scan. After a transient complete
      remission by induction chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation, the follow-up PET/CT showed extensive extramedullary relapse
      involving multiple lymph nodes and small bowel. F-FDG PET/CT may be a useful tool
      to comprehensively stage and follow-up MCL. 

PMID- 26975016
TI  - Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XI: Introduction to Diagnostic Errors.
AB  - The process of reaching a diagnosis in health care has not been emphasized in
      safety programs carried out by health care organizations as much as many other
      aspects of care such as handoffs, medication errors, patient falls, wrong-side
      surgery, and decreasing hospital-acquired infections. However, diagnostic errors
      are a fairly frequent cause of harm that can contribute to serious injury or
      death. This article is the first in a series discussing the diagnostic process
      and how to define, measure, and prevent errors in diagnosis. 

PMID- 26975015
TI  - FDG PET/CT in IgG4-Related Peripulmonary Arteritis.
AB  - IgG4-related peripulmonary arteritis is rare. A 60-year-old woman presented with
      fatigue for more than 2 years. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a lesion
      measuring 2.1 * 1.5 cm in the pulmonary artery bifurcation. CT pulmonary
      angiography showed marked stenosis of the right and left pulmonary arteries. FDG
      PET/CT showed increased FDG uptake of the thickened walls in the bilateral
      pulmonary arteries with SUVmax of 5.8. The patient underwent partial resection of
      the pulmonary artery lesion. IgG4-related peripulmonary arteritis was confirmed
      by pathology. 

PMID- 26975017
TI  - Dual Diagnostic Role of 123I-MIBG Scintigraphy in Inverted Takotsubo
      Cardiomyopathy: Reply.

PMID- 26975018
TI  - Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XII: The Work System, Testing, and
      Clinical Reasoning.
AB  - Donabedian felt the 3 major components affecting quality were process, structure,
      and outcome. Later investigators often substitute the word "structure" for a
      broader concept called the "work system." One component of the latter is the
      people involved, and for diagnosis, this often is best done with a diagnostic
      team. The work system in diagnosis has many obstacles to achieve optimum
      performance. There are also important problems with how tests are ordered and
      interpreted and clinical reasoning and biases. 

PMID- 26975019
TI  - Re: Incidental Detection of a Hodgkin Lymphoma on 18F-Choline PET/CT and
      Comparison With 18FDG PET/CT in a Patient With Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 26975020
TI  - Survival of patients with metastatic melanoma and brain metastases in the era of
      MAP-kinase inhibitors and immunologic checkpoint blockade antibodies: A
      systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of brain metastases (BM) in melanoma patients is common
      and associated with poor prognosis. MAP-kinase inhibitors and immunologic
      checkpoint blockade antibodies led to improved survival of metastatic melanoma
      patients; however, patients with BM are under-represented or excluded from the
      majority of clinical trials and the impact of new drugs on their survival is less
      clear. With the present systematic review, we aimed to analyze outcomes of
      patients with melanoma BM treated with the new drugs, both in the setting of
      phase I-II-III clinical trials and in the "real world". METHODS: An electronic
      search was performed to identify studies reporting survival outcomes of patients
      with melanoma BM treated with MAP-kinase inhibitors and/or immunologic checkpoint
      blockade antibodies, regardless of study design. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were
      included for a total of 2153 patients. Median OS was 7.9 months in phase I-II-III
      trials and 7.7 months in "real world" studies. In clinical trials, median OS was
      7.0 months for patients treated with immunotherapy and 7.9 months for patients
      treated with BRAF inhibitors. In "real world" studies, median OS was 4.3 months
      and 7.7 months for patients treated with immunotherapy and BRAF inhibitors,
      respectively. Evidence of clinical activity exists for both immunotherapy and MAP
      kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: MAP-kinase inhibitors and immunologic checkpoint
      blockade antibodies have clinical activity and may achieve improved OS in
      patients with metastatic melanoma and BM. These results support the inclusion of
      patients with BM in investigations of new agents and new treatment regimens for
      metastatic melanoma.

PMID- 26975021
TI  - Metabolic phenotype of bladder cancer.
AB  - Metabolism of bladder cancer represents a key issue for cancer research. Several
      metabolic altered pathways are involved in bladder tumorigenesis, representing
      therefore interesting targets for therapy. Tumor cells, including urothelial
      cancer cells, rely on a peculiar shift to aerobic glycolysis-dependent metabolism
      (the Warburg-effect) as the main energy source to sustain their uncontrolled
      growth and proliferation. Therefore, the high glycolytic flux depends on the
      overexpression of glycolysis-related genes (SRC-3, glucose transporter type 1
      [GLUT1], GLUT3, lactic dehydrogenase A [LDHA], LDHB, hexokinase 1 [HK1], HK2,
      pyruvate kinase type M [PKM], and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [HIF-1alpha]),
      resulting in an overproduction of pyruvate, alanine and lactate. Concurrently,
      bladder cancer metabolism displays an increased expression of genes favoring the
      pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD]) and the
      fatty-acid synthesis (fatty acid synthase [FASN]), along with a decrease of AMP
      activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Krebs cycle activities. Moreover, the
      PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, hyper-activated in bladder cancer, acts as central
      regulator of aerobic glycolysis, hence contributing to cancer metabolic switch
      and tumor cell proliferation. Besides glycolysis, glycogen metabolism pathway
      plays a robust role in bladder cancer development. In particular, the
      overexpression of GLUT-1, the loss of the tumor suppressor glycogen debranching
      enzyme amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase, 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (AGL), and the
      increased activity of the tumor promoter enzyme glycogen phosphorylase impair
      glycogen metabolism. An increase in glucose uptake, decrease in normal cellular
      glycogen storage, and overproduction of lactate are consequences of decreased
      oxidative phosphorylation and inability to reuse glucose into the pentose
      phosphate and de novo fatty acid synthesis pathways. Moreover, AGL loss
      determines augmented levels of the serine-to-glycine enzyme serine
      hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2), resulting in an increased glycine and purine
      ring of nucleotides synthesis, thus supporting cells proliferation. A deep
      understanding of the metabolic phenotype of bladder cancer will provide novel
      opportunities for targeted therapeutic strategies. 

PMID- 26975022
TI  - Association Between Starting Hemodialysis for End-Stage Renal Disease and
      Incident Cataract Surgery: A 12-Year Nationwide Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate incident cataract surgery in subjects who started
      hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. METHODS: A nationwide propensity score
      matched cohort study was performed by using a 12-year longitudinal national
      health insurance database of 1,025,340 subjects. The hemodialysis cohort was
      composed of patients who started hemodialysis between January 2003 and December
      2007 (n = 291). The control cohort was composed of randomly selected patients (5
      per patient in the hemodialysis cohort; n = 1467) who were matched to the
      hemodialysis cohort according to a propensity score based on year of hemodialysis
      initiation, age, sex, residential area, household income, and frequency of
      medical attention. Each selected patient was followed up until 2013. Cox
      proportional hazard regression analysis was used to calculate the overall hazard
      of hemodialysis initiation in regard to incident cataract surgery after adjusting
      for the above factors, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Starting
      hemodialysis was associated with increased incident cataract surgery (hazard
      ratio [HR] = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-2.41). Diabetes mellitus
      (HR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.22-2.32) also increased the incidence of cataract surgery.
      With respect to age, the effect size of hemodialysis for incident cataract
      surgery was greater among younger adults (aged <60 years; HR = 5.32; 95% CI, 3.06
      9.26) than among older adults (aged >=60 years; HR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.79-1.72).
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients who began hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease were
      more likely to undergo cataract surgery than control subjects, and this risk was
      more pronounced in younger patients.

PMID- 26975023
TI  - Degeneration of Photoreceptor Cells in Arylsulfatase G-Deficient Mice.
AB  - PURPOSE: Retinal degeneration is a common feature of several lysosomal storage
      disorders, including the mucopolysaccharidoses, a group of metabolic disorders
      that is characterized by widespread accumulation of glycosaminoglycans due to
      lysosomal enzyme dysfunction. We used a new mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis
      IIIE to study the effect of Arylsulfatase G (ARSG) deficiency on retina
      integrity. METHODS: The retina of Arsg knockout mice aged 1 to 24 months was
      studied by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Electron microscopic
      analyses were performed on retinas from 15- and 22-month-old animals.
      Photoreceptor and microglia cell numbers and retina thickness were determined to
      quantitatively characterize retinal degeneration in ARSG-deficient mice. RESULTS:
      Arsg knockout mice showed a progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells
      starting between 1 and 6 months of age, resulting in the loss of more than 50% of
      photoreceptor cells in 24-month-old mice. Photoreceptor loss was accompanied by
      reactive astrogliosis, reactive microgliosis that was evident in the outer but
      not inner retina, and elevated expression levels of some lysosomal proteins.
      Electron microscopic analyses of retinas revealed no evidence for the presence of
      storage vacuoles. Of note, expression of ARSG protein in wild-type mice was
      detectable only in the RPE which, however, appeared morphologically unaffected in
      knockout mice at the electron microscopic level. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge,
      this is the first study demonstrating that ARSG deficiency results in progressive
      photoreceptor degeneration and dysregulation of various lysosomal proteins.

PMID- 26975024
TI  - Two-Dimensional Plane for Multi-Scale Quantification of Corneal Subbasal Nerve
      Tortuosity.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the performance of a novel system for automated tortuosity
      estimation and interpretation. METHODS: A supervised strategy (driven by
      observers' grading) was employed to automatically identify the combination of
      tortuosity measures (i.e., tortuosity representation) leading to the best
      agreement with the observers. We investigated 18 tortuosity measures including
      curvature and density of inflection points, computed at multiple spatial scales.
      To leverage tortuosity interpretation, we propose the tortuosity plane (TP) onto
      which each image is mapped. Experiments were carried out on 140 images of
      subbasal nerve plexus of the central cornea, covering four levels of tortuosity.
      Three experienced observers graded each image independently. RESULTS: The best
      tortuosity representation was the combination of mean curvature at spatial scales
      2 and 5. These tortuosity measures were the axes of the proposed TP
      (interpretation). The system for tortuosity estimation revealed strong agreement
      with the observers on a global and per-level basis. The agreement with each
      observer (Spearman's correlation) was statistically significant (alphas = 0.05, P
      < 0.0001) and higher than that of at least one of the other observers in two out
      of three cases (rhoOUR = 0.7594 versus rhoObs3 = 0.7225; rhoOUR = 0.8880 versus
      rhoObs1 = 0.8017, rhoObs3 = 0.7315). Based on paired-sample t-tests, these
      improvements were significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our automated system
      stratifies images by four tortuosity levels (discrete scale) matching or
      exceeding the accuracy of experienced observers. Of importance, the TP allows the
      assessment of tortuosity on a two-dimensional continuous scale, thus leading to a
      finer discrimination among images.

PMID- 26975025
TI  - Short Pulse of Clinical Concentration of Bevacizumab Modulates Human Retinal
      Pigment Epithelial Functionality.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cross-talk between Notch signaling and vascular endothelial growth
      factor (VEGF) is a major driver of angiogenesis. Here we investigated the
      temporal effect of bevacizumab (BEV) on Notch signaling and the functional
      features of cultured primary retinal pigment epithelial (PRPE) cells. METHODS:
      Human (cadaver) PRPE cells were treated with clinical concentrations of BEV (0.25
      mg/mL). Notch signaling pathway receptors, ligands, and downstream target genes
      were analyzed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
      Cell proliferation along with phagocytosis and transmembrane potential was
      analyzed by fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) and immunofluorescence.
      RESULTS: Bevacizumab-treated PRPE cultures revealed a significant temporal
      downregulation of notch4 (P < 0.05) and Delta-like-4 (P < 0.005) gene (16%
      reduced) and protein (29.7% reduced) expression only at the 2-hour exposure,
      though secreted VEGF levels were significantly blocked (P < 0.005) at all the
      time points (2, 4, 6 hours). Further, a significant downregulation (P < 0.005) in
      cell cycle (reduced by 34.1%) and a concurrent (P < 0.005) upregulation of F
      actin staining (increased by 2.5-fold) could be detected. Bevacizumab-treated
      PRPE cells revealed an elevated transmembrane potential (by 63%) and significant
      decrease (P < 0.01) in phagocytosis (by 19.25%) in comparison to untreated
      controls. CONCLUSIONS: There is temporal interaction between BEV and the Notch
      signaling pathway, specifically with Notch4 and Delta-like-ligand-4 in PRPE
      cultures. This transient decrease in Notch signaling can impact the functionality
      of RPE cells. These findings can help to provide a better understanding of the
      effect of long-term usage of anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of retinal
      degenerative and vitreoretinopathy diseases.

PMID- 26975026
TI  - Anatomical Variation of Human Collector Channel Orifices.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the anatomical variation of normal human collector channel
      orifices and their relationship with Schlemm's canal. METHODS: Ten human anterior
      segments fixed by immersion or perfusion were dissected radially and further
      divided by fine dissection into corresponding inner and outer wall segments. The
      tissues were dehydrated, critical-point dried, sputter coated, and examined by
      scanning electron microscopy. Images were obtained at magnifications from *200 to
      *10,000. Selected radial collector channel regions were processed for plastic
      embedding. RESULTS: Two classes of collector channel orifices were identified.
      Simple oval orifices (54.7 +/- 4.6-MUm diameter) were lined with endothelial
      cells and most often occurred on a planar region of Schlemm's canal outer wall.
      Complex orifices (62.7 +/- 3.4-MUm diameter) were often found associated with
      septal columns and bridges, and typically covered with flap-like structures (10
      40 MUm) that extended between the inner and outer wall and over the collector
      channel orifices. Both simple and complex orifices had complete or partial lip
      like rims. In orifices with partial rims, a trough-like groove was often visible
      on the outer wall surface opposite the lip. Transected septa and inner and outer
      wall adhesion sites were often found in association with complex collector
      channel orifices. CONCLUSIONS: Collector channel orifice structure varied from
      simple ovals to complex tethered flaps and bridges. Collector channel orifices
      with complex flaps connect the inner and outer walls of Schlemm's canal, and may
      serve to enhance and regulate aqueous outflow in these regions.

PMID- 26975028
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26975027
TI  - Relationships of Macular Pigment Optical Density With Plasma Lutein, Zeaxanthin,
      and Diet in an Elderly Population: The Montrachet Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the association of macular pigment optical density (MPOD)
      with plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, and diet in an elderly population. METHODS: We
      conducted a population-based study, the Montrachet (Maculopathy Optic Nerve,
      nuTRition neurovAsCular, and HEarT disease) study, in subjects older than 75
      years. The MPOD was measured by means of the two-wavelength autofluorescence
      technique. Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin were measured in fasting blood samples
      using HPLC. Food frequency consumption was assessed with self-reported food
      frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: Overall, 433 healthy participants (62.1%
      females) were included. Mean age was 82.0 +/- 3.6 years. Mean MPOD at 0.5 degrees
      eccentricity was 0.57 +/- 0.25 density units (DU) and was higher in women than
      in men (0.59 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.25, P = 0.017). The MPOD was lower in
      alcohol consumers than in non-alcohol consumers (0.55 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.25,
      P = 0.016). Median plasma lutein and zeaxanthin levels were 281.4 MUg/L and 20.0
      MUg/L, respectively, and were higher in women (P = 0.010 and P = 0.003,
      respectively). The MPOD was positively correlated with plasma lutein and
      zeaxanthin (r = 0.10, P = 0.030 and r = 0.11, P = 0.027, respectively). A higher
      consumption of squash was associated with higher plasma lutein and zeaxanthin.
      Adjusting for confounders and diet revealed that MPOD was weakly associated with
      plasma lutein in nonsmokers (beta = 0.11, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: This study
      suggests that plasma lutein is associated with MPOD after taking into account
      potential confounding factors in an elderly population.

PMID- 26975030
TI  - Ketorolac Administration Attenuates Retinal Ganglion Cell Death After Axonal
      Injury.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the neuroprotective effects of ketorolac administration, in
      solution or delivered from biodegradable microspheres, on the survival of
      axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). METHODS: Retinas were treated
      intravitreally with a single injection of tromethamine ketorolac solution and/or
      with ketorolac-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres.
      Ketorolac treatments were administered either 1 week before optic nerve crush
      (pre-ONC) or right after the ONC (simultaneous). In all cases, animals were
      euthanized 7 days after the ONC. As control, nonloaded microspheres or vehicle
      (balanced salt solution, BSS) were administered in parallel groups. All retinas
      were dissected as flat mounts; RGCs were immunodetected with brain-specific
      homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (Brn3a), and their number was automatically
      quantified. RESULTS: The percentage of Brn3a+RGCs was 36% to 41% in all control
      groups (ONC with or without BSS or nonloaded microparticles). Ketorolac solution
      administered pre-ONC resulted in 63% survival of RGCs, while simultaneous
      administration promoted a 53% survival. Ketorolac-loaded microspheres were not as
      efficient as ketorolac solution (43% and 42% of RGC survival pre-ONC or
      simultaneous, respectively). The combination of ketorolac solution and ketorolac
      loaded microspheres did not have an additive effect (54% and 55% survival pre-ONC
      and simultaneous delivery, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with the
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac delays RGC death triggered by a
      traumatic axonal insult. Pretreatment seems to elicit a better output than
      simultaneous administration of ketorolac solution. This may be taken into account
      when performing procedures resulting in RGC axonal injury.

PMID- 26975029
TI  - DNA Damage Response in Proliferating Muller Glia in the Mammalian Retina.
AB  - PURPOSE: Muller glia, the principal glial cell type in the retina, have the
      potential to proliferate and regenerate neurons after retinal damage. However,
      unlike the situation in fish and birds, this capacity of Muller glia is extremely
      limited in mammals. To gain new insights into the mechanisms that hamper retinal
      regeneration in mammals, we examined the cell cycle progression and DNA damage
      response in Muller glia after retinal damage. METHODS: Expression of cell cycle
      related proteins and DNA damage response were analyzed in adult rat and mouse
      retinas after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)- or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      induced retinal damage. Zebrafish and postnatal rat retinas were also
      investigated for comparison. Analysis was conducted by using immunofluorescence,
      Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS:
      In the rat retina, most Muller glia reentered the cell cycle after MNU-induced
      photoreceptor damage while no proliferative response was observed in the mouse
      model. Cell cycle reentry of rat Muller glia was accompanied by DNA damage
      response including the phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX and
      upregulation of p53 and p21. The DNA damage response was also observed in rat
      Muller glia after NMDA-induced loss of inner retinal neurons, but not in
      zebrafish Muller glia or rat retinal progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      suggest that the DNA damage response induced by unscheduled cell cycle reentry
      may be one of the mechanisms that limit the proliferative and regenerative
      capacity of Muller glia in the mammalian retina.

PMID- 26975031
TI  - Prevalence of Age-Related Cataract and Cataract Surgery in a Chinese Adult
      Population: The Taizhou Eye Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study the prevalence of age-related cataract (ARC), cataract surgery,
      and visual outcomes in a Chinese adult population in Taizhou, China. METHODS: A
      population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a random cluster
      sampling method. We evaluated 10,234 eligible subjects 45 years or older
      (response rate 78.1%) in the Taizhou Eye Study. We conducted a detailed eye
      examination in all participants, including presenting visual acuity (PVA), best
      corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp assessment of lens opacities using the
      Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III), and fundus examination.
      RESULTS: The standardized prevalences of cortical, nuclear, and posterior
      subcapsular cataract (PSC) were 28.6%, 24.3%, and 4.4%, respectively, and
      combined nuclear and cortical cataract was the most common cataract type (40.0%).
      According to the US visual impairment (VI) criteria and World Health Organization
      VI criteria, 40.6% and 21.8% of PSC participants had binocular VI, respectively;
      these values were higher than the VI rates in cortical and nuclear cataract (all
      P < 0.001). Of 148 patients (3.5%) who had cataract surgeries, 41.2% had PVA
      <20/63, and 19.6% had PVA <20/200. The main causes of poor visual outcome after
      cataract surgery were ocular comorbidities (41.3%), uncorrected refractive error
      (30.0%), surgical complications (15.0%), and posterior capsular opacification
      (PCO; 13.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of cataract and high rate of VI
      from ARC in the adult Chinese population remains a severe public health problem.
      Cataract surgery remains insufficient in mainland China and poor visual outcomes
      were frequent. Surgical complications and PCO were important avoidable causes
      that attributed to poor visual outcomes after cataract surgeries.

PMID- 26975032
TI  - The Burden of Hypertension and Associated Risk for Cardiovascular Mortality in
      China.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Hypertension is a leading cause of premature death in China, but
      limited evidence is available on the prevalence and management of hypertension
      and its effect on mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVES: To
      examine the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension and to
      assess the CVD mortality attributable to hypertension in China. DESIGN, SETTING
      AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study (China Kadoorie Biobank Study)
      recruited 500 223 adults, aged 35 to 74 years, from the general population in
      China. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded as part of the baseline
      survey from June 25, 2004, to August 5, 2009, and 7028 deaths due to CVD were
      recorded before January 1, 2014 (mean duration of follow-up: 7.2 years). Data
      were analyzed from June 9, 2014, to July 17, 2015. EXPOSURES: Prevalence and
      diagnosis of hypertension (systolic BP >=140 mm Hg, diastolic BP >=90 mm Hg, or
      receiving treatment for hypertension) and treatment and control rates overall and
      in various population subgroups. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cox regression
      analysis yielded age- and sex-specific rate ratios for deaths due to CVD
      comparing participants with and without uncontrolled hypertension, which were
      used to estimate the number of CVD deaths attributable to hypertension. RESULTS:
      The cohort included 205 167 men (41.0%) and 295 056 women (59.0%) with a mean
      (SD) age of 52 (10) years for both sexes. Overall, 32.5% of participants had
      hypertension; the prevalence increased with age (from 12.6% at 35-39 years of age
      to 58.4% at 70-74 years of age) and varied substantially by region (range, 22.7%
      40.7%). Of those with hypertension, 30.5% had received a diagnosis from a
      physician; of those with a diagnosis of hypertension, 46.4% were being treated;
      and of those treated, 29.6% had their hypertension controlled (ie, systolic BP
      <140 mm Hg; diastolic BP <90 mm Hg), resulting in an overall control rate of
      4.2%. Even among patients with hypertension and prior CVD, only 13.0% had their
      hypertension controlled. Uncontrolled hypertension was associated with relative
      risks for CVD mortality of 4.1 (95% CI, 3.7-4.6), 2.6 (95% CI, 2.4-2.9) and 1.9
      (95% CI, 1.8-2.0) at ages 35 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years, respectively,
      and accounted for about one-third of deaths due to CVD (approximately 750 000) at
      35 to 79 years of age in 2010. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: About one-third of
      Chinese adults in this national cohort population had hypertension. The levels of
      diagnosis, treatment, and control were much lower than in Western populations,
      and were associated with significant excess mortality.

PMID- 26975033
TI  - A rare case of recurrent malignant triton tumor in a male with NF1: Case report
      and mini-review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malignant triton tumors (MTT) represent a rare subset of tumors with
      rhabdomyoblastic differentiation within the heterogeneous group of malignant
      peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we report on a
      case of a 25 year-old male with a history of neurofibromatosis type I and MTT of
      the mediastinal wall who presented in our clinic with a pelvic tumor and multiple
      hypervascular mesenteric masses and underwent resection. Upon resection,
      histological findings revealed an MTT of the omentum and an atypical neurofibroma
      of the pelvis with focal transitions to a low-grade MPNST. The patient relapsed
      just one month later and died 3 months after the surgery. CONCLUSION: Clinically,
      MTTs are characterized as highly aggressive tumors that are fast-growing and
      prone to local recurrence and distant metastasis. To date, there is no treatment
      consensus available yet and many patients succumb to the disease shortly after
      diagnosis. This is because the pathogenesis of MTT remains unknown and patients
      with MTT are often diagnosed at a late stage of disease. Our case presents
      valuable teaching points in terms of providing a possible progression model based
      on the coexistence of a low-grade MPNST and MTT in the context of NF1 and an
      atypical neurofibroma in this patient. Close monitoring of patients with NF1 and
      atypical neurofibromas or MPNST might therefore help to diagnose MTT at an
      earlier stage.

PMID- 26975034
TI  - Absorption of impinging water droplet in porous stones.
AB  - This paper presents an experimental investigation and numerical analysis of the
      absorption of water droplets impacting porous stones. The absorption process of
      an impinging droplet is here fully characterized from spreading to evaporation in
      terms of absorbed mass during droplet depletion and moisture content distribution
      in a time-resolved manner for three different natural stones. High-speed imaging
      and neutron radiography are used to quantify moisture absorption in porous stones
      of varying moisture properties from deposition until depletion. During impact and
      spreading, the droplet exhibits a dynamic non-wetting behavior. At maximum
      spreading, the droplet undergoes pinning, resulting into the contact radius
      remaining constant until droplet depletion. Absorption undergoes two phases:
      initially, absorption is hindered due a contact resistance attributed to
      entrapped air; afterwards, a more perfect capillary contact occurs and absorption
      goes on until depletion, concurrently with evaporation and further
      redistribution. A finite-element numerical model for isothermal unsaturated
      moisture transport in porous media captures the phases of mass absorption in good
      agreement with the experimental data. Droplet spreading and absorption are highly
      determined by the impact velocity of the droplet, while moisture content
      redistribution after depletion is much less dependent on impact conditions. 

PMID- 26975035
TI  - Clinicopathologic Spectrum of Gastrointestinal T-cell Lymphoma: Reappraisal Based
      on T-cell Receptor Immunophenotypes.
AB  - The differential diagnosis of primary gastrointestinal EBV T-cell lymphoma
      (GITCL) includes enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), peripheral T-cell
      lymphoma, not otherwise specified, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and anaplastic
      large cell lymphoma. Type II EATL is considered to be a tumor of intraepithelial
      lymphocytes. However, the evaluation of intraepithelial lymphocytosis by biopsy
      specimens is challenging, which poses a diagnostic problem between the EATL and
      peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. This situation requested us
      to establish a pragmatic diagnostic approach for the classification of GITCL. We
      identified 42 cases of GITCL and analyzed clinicopathologic features, especially
      addressing their T-cell receptor (TCR) phenotype. Nine (21%) of 42 GITCL cases
      were positive for TCRgamma protein expression. Among these TCRgamma cases,
      TCRbeta expression or not was detected in 5 and 4, respectively, but resulted in
      no further clinicopathologic differences. TCRbeta positivity without TCRgamma
      expression (betagamma) was seen in 9 GITCL patients (21%). Twenty-four patients
      (57%) were negative for TCRbeta and gamma expression (betagamma). Compared with
      TCRbetagamma or betagamma type, TCRgamma cases were characterized by exclusive
      involvement of intestinal sites (100% vs. 11%, P<0.001; 100% vs. 58%, P=0.032,
      respectively), but not of stomach (0% vs. 78%, P=0.002; 0% vs. 38%, P=0.039,
      respectively). Notably, TCRgamma positivity was an independent unfavorable
      prognostic factor among our GITCL patients (P<0.001). Considering our results,
      TCRgamma GITCL, that is, intestinal gammadelta T-cell lymphoma, appears to
      constitute a distinct disease entity.

PMID- 26975037
TI  - Renal Cell Carcinoma Occurring in Patients With Prior Neuroblastoma: A
      Heterogenous Group of Neoplasms.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with neuroblastoma (NB) was included as a
      distinct entity in the 2004 World Health Organization classification of kidney
      tumors. A spectrum of RCC subtypes has been reported in NB survivors. We herein
      describe a series of 8 RCCs diagnosed in 7 patients with a history of NB.
      Microscopic evaluation, immunohistochemical staining for PAX8, cathepsin K, and
      succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB), and fluorescence in situ hybridization
      (FISH) for TFE3 and TFEB were performed. Four distinct morphologic subtypes were
      identified: 3 tumors were characterized by cells with abundant oncocytoid
      cytoplasm and irregular nuclei; 3 showed features of microphthalmia transcription
      factor family translocation RCC (MiTF-RCC); 1 had features of hybrid oncocytic
      chromophobe tumor; 1 had papillary RCC histology. All RCCs expressed PAX8 and
      retained SDHB expression. Cathepsin K was positive in 2 MiTF-RCCs, 1 was TFEB
      FISH positive, and the other was indeterminate. Cathepsin K was negative in a
      third MiTF-RCC with TFE3 rearrangement. TFE3 FISH was negative in 4 and
      insufficient in 1 of the other 5 RCCs. While a subset of RCCs associated with NB
      is characterized by cells with prominent oncocytoid cytoplasm, other RCC subtypes
      also occur in post-NB patients. Renal neoplasms occurring in patients with a
      history of NB do not represent a single entity but a heterogenous group of RCCs.
      SDHB mutations do not explain the subset of nontranslocation RCCs with oncocytoid
      features; therefore, further studies are needed to clarify whether they may
      represent a distinct entity with unique molecular abnormalities or may belong to
      other emerging RCC subtypes.

PMID- 26975036
TI  - TFE3-Fusion Variant Analysis Defines Specific Clinicopathologic Associations
      Among Xp11 Translocation Cancers.
AB  - Xp11 translocation cancers include Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma (RCC),
      Xp11 translocation perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa), and melanotic
      Xp11 translocation renal cancer. In Xp11 translocation cancers, oncogenic
      activation of TFE3 is driven by the fusion of TFE3 with a number of different
      gene partners; however, the impact of individual fusion variant on specific
      clinicopathologic features of Xp11 translocation cancers has not been well
      defined. In this study, we analyze 60 Xp11 translocation cancers by fluorescence
      in situ hybridization using custom bacterial artificial chromosome probes to
      establish their TFE3 fusion gene partner. In 5 cases RNA sequencing was also used
      to further characterize the fusion transcripts. The 60 Xp11 translocation cancers
      included 47 Xp11 translocation RCC, 8 Xp11 translocation PEComas, and 5 melanotic
      Xp11 translocation renal cancers. A fusion partner was identified in 53/60 (88%)
      cases, including 18 SFPQ (PSF), 16 PRCC, 12 ASPSCR1 (ASPL), 6 NONO, and 1 DVL2.
      We provide the first morphologic description of the NONO-TFE3 RCC, which
      frequently demonstrates subnuclear vacuoles leading to distinctive suprabasal
      nuclear palisading. Similar subnuclear vacuolization was also characteristic of
      SFPQ-TFE3 RCC, creating overlapping features with clear cell papillary RCC. We
      also describe the first RCC with a DVL2-TFE3 gene fusion, in addition to an
      extrarenal pigmented PEComa with a NONO-TFE3 gene fusion. Furthermore, among
      neoplasms with the SFPQ-TFE3, NONO-TFE3, DVL2-TFE3, and ASPL-TFE3 gene fusions,
      the RCCs are almost always PAX8 positive, cathepsin K negative by
      immunohistochemistry, whereas the mesenchymal counterparts (Xp11 translocation
      PEComas, melanotic Xp11 translocation renal cancers, and alveolar soft part
      sarcoma) are PAX8 negative, cathepsin K positive. These findings support the
      concept that despite an identical gene fusion, the RCCs are distinct from the
      corresponding mesenchymal neoplasms, perhaps due to the cellular context in which
      the translocation occurs. We corroborate prior data showing that the PRCC-TFE3
      RCCs are the only known Xp11 translocation RCC molecular subtype that are
      consistently cathepsin K positive. In summary, our data expand further the
      clinicopathologic features of cancers with specific TFE3 gene fusions and should
      allow for more meaningful clinicopathologic associations to be drawn.

PMID- 26975038
TI  - Clinicopathologic Characterization of Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia
      Involving Different Tissue Sites.
AB  - Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia (ANKL) is a rare disease with an
      extremely aggressive clinical course. The etiology of ANKL is unclear with few
      genetic/epigenetic aberrations described to date. Moreover, misdiagnosis of ANKL
      is a frequent problem. Clinicopathologic characteristics of 35 retrospective
      cases of ANKL were investigated with the aim of improving diagnosis and to find
      the genetic/epigenetic aberrations associated with ANKL etiology. Because of the
      relatively low number of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow,
      diagnosis of ANKL can be missed; therefore, it is important to perform biopsy on
      solid tissues, if necessary. We describe the pathology of ANKL in the lymph
      nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, and skin, with focus on diagnosis and
      differentiated diagnosis. We observed young male predominance in our cohort, and
      the clinical course was more aggressive than reported previously. Low lactate
      dehydrogenase (<712 IU/L), chemotherapy or L-asparaginase administration were
      found to be associated with more favorable outcomes. SH2 domains of STAT5B and
      STAT3 also were screened for the presence of activating mutations. Moreover, CpG
      island methylation status of HACE1, a candidate tumor-suppressor gene, was
      determined in ANKL samples. We observed activating STAT5B mutations (1/5) and
      hypermethylation of HACE1 (3/4) in ANKL cases, suggesting that these aberrations
      may contribute to ANKL pathogenesis.

PMID- 26975039
TI  - Interlaboratory Variability in the Histologic Grading of Colorectal
      Adenocarcinomas in a Nationwide Cohort.
AB  - Differentiation grade of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) is a prognostic factor
      and important for therapy selection. In patients with stage II colon cancer, poor
      differentiation is an indication for adjuvant chemotherapy. The variability in
      daily practice in the grading of CRC was assessed in a nationwide cohort. Using
      the Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA), all synoptically reported CRC resections
      from 2010 to 2013 were identified. Proportions of poorly differentiated (PD)
      adenocarcinomas were determined and compared between 35 laboratories by
      univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. In total, 11,719
      resections of 11,681 patients were included, of which 1427 (12.2%) were PD (range
      between 35 laboratories: 5.0% to 33.2%). After adjustment for case mix, 4 (11%)
      laboratories still reported a significantly lower (n=2) or higher (n=2)
      proportion of PD adenocarcinoma compared with the reference laboratory. Seven of
      8 investigated laboratories showed considerable intralaboratory variation between
      pathologists as well. In a subgroup of 2812 patients (2813 tumors) who could have
      been eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy solely on the basis of the
      differentiation grade (stage II colon cancer patients without other high-risk
      factors [ie, T4, <10 lymph nodes evaluated, perforation, ileus, or
      angioinvasion]), 258 (9.2%) were PD (range between laboratories: 0% to 22.7%). In
      this subgroup, 4 laboratories still diagnosed significantly more PD
      adenocarcinomas after multivariable logistic regression analysis, increasing the
      number of colon cancer patients eligible for adjuvant therapy. In conclusion,
      this large nationwide cohort demonstrates considerable interlaboratory and
      intralaboratory variation in differentiation grading of CRC. Better
      standardization of grading criteria is needed for optimal determination of
      prognosis and treatment selection.

PMID- 26975040
TI  - Mixed and Ambiguous Endometrial Carcinomas: A Heterogenous Group of Tumors With
      Different Clinicopathologic and Molecular Genetic Features.
AB  - Besides endometrioid, serous, and clear cell carcinomas, there are endometrial
      carcinomas exhibiting mixed and ambiguous morphologic features. We have analyzed
      the immunophenotype (p53, p16, beta-catenin, ER, HNF-1B, MLH1, and Ki-67) and
      mutational status (PTEN, KRAS, PIK3CA, and POLE) of 7 mixed carcinomas and 13
      ambiguous carcinomas, all of them classified initially as mixed carcinomas. Only
      2 of the 7 (28%) mixed carcinomas showed different immunophenotypes in different
      components. All but 2 tumors (5/7, 71%) overexpressed p53 and p16 and were
      negative for ER. Both carcinomas (2/7, 28%) showed a prominent micropapillary
      component that resembled an ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma and merged with
      villoglandular endometrioid carcinoma. The ambiguous carcinomas exhibited
      glandular architecture, high nuclear grade, and overlapping features of
      endometrioid and serous carcinomas. All tumors overexpressed p53 and p16, and the
      majority of cases (12/13, 92%) were negative for ER. KRAS mutations were
      identified in 3 of 7 (42%) mixed carcinomas, including the 2 cases with a "low
      grade" serous-like component. PIK3CA mutations occurred in 2 (2/13, 15%)
      ambiguous carcinomas and PTEN mutations in 1 (1/7, 14%) mixed and 1 (1/13, 8%)
      ambiguous carcinoma. POLE exonuclease domain mutations were encountered in a case
      of mixed undifferentiated and well-differentiated (dedifferentiated) carcinoma.
      Two of the 7 (29%) mixed endometrial carcinomas and 5 of the 13 (38%) ambiguous
      carcinomas had extended beyond the pelvis (stages III and IV). Two of the 7 (29%)
      patients with mixed endometrial carcinoma and 6 of 12 (50%) patients with
      ambiguous endometrial carcinoma were alive with disease or had died of tumor. Our
      results show that, biologically, many so-called mixed carcinomas represent serous
      carcinomas with ambiguous morphology. Our series include 2 true mixed endometrial
      carcinomas with a "low-grade serous"-like component, microcystic, elongated, or
      fragmented features, KRAS mutations, and aggressive behavior.

PMID- 26975041
TI  - Diagnostic Challenges Caused by Endoscopic Biopsy of Colonic Polyps: A Systematic
      Evaluation of Epithelial Misplacement With Review of Problematic Polyps From the
      Bowel Cancer Screening Program, United Kingdom.
AB  - Endoscopic mucosal biopsy may misplace mucosal elements into the submucosa of
      colonic adenomas, mimicking invasive adenocarcinoma. Biopsy-related misplacement
      can be more challenging to recognize than typical misplaced epithelium
      (pseudoinvasion) in pedunculated polyps. We compared the features of 16 polyps
      with biopsy-related misplaced epithelium with those of 10 adenomas with
      pseudoinvasion and 10 adenomas with invasive adenocarcinoma and performed Ki67
      and p53 immunostaining on all cases. Features of misplaced epithelium in polyps
      referred to the Bowel Cancer Screening Program Expert Board in the United Kingdom
      were also evaluated for the same morphologic features. Biopsy-related epithelial
      misplacement occurred in adenomas throughout the colon and often appeared
      infiltrative (69%), including epithelial cells singly dispersed within reactive
      fibroinflammatory stroma or granulation tissue (44%). Misplaced epithelium
      displayed only low-grade cytologic features and was associated with extruded
      mucin (75%), tattoo pigment (63%), and misplaced normal glands (38%); scant
      lamina propria and muscularis mucosae were often present (88% and 44%,
      respectively). Cases referred to the Bowel Cancer Screening Program Expert Board
      also contained infiltrative-appearing misplaced epithelium (91%) that was
      cytologically low grade (72%), contained nondysplastic glands (11%), and showed
      other signs of injury. In contrast, misplaced epithelium in pedunculated polyps
      always had a lobular contour with a rim of lamina propria, hemorrhage, and/or
      hemosiderin. Invasive carcinomas showed malignant cytology and desmoplasia; most
      (70%) lacked features of trauma. Ki67 and p53 staining was patchy and weak in the
      misplaced epithelium, whereas invasive carcinomas showed increased staining for
      one or both markers. Pathologists should be aware that endoscopically manipulated
      adenomas may contain misplaced epithelium that simulates malignancy.

PMID- 26975042
TI  - About BRAF Mutations and p16 Expression in Melanomas Associated With Blue Nevi or
      Mimicking Cellular Blue Nevi: Author's Reply.

PMID- 26975043
TI  - Transcriptomic changes underlie altered egg protein production and reduced
      fecundity in an estuarine model fish exposed to bifenthrin.
AB  - Pyrethroid pesticides are a class of insecticides found to have endocrine
      disrupting properties in vertebrates such as fishes and in human cell lines.
      Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental contaminants that mimic
      or alter the process of hormone signaling. In particular, EDCs that alter
      estrogen and androgen signaling pathways are of major concern for fishes because
      these EDCs may alter reproductive physiology, behavior, and ultimately sex ratio.
      Bifenthrin, a pyrethroid with escalating usage, is confirmed to disrupt estrogen
      signaling in several species of fish, including Menidia beryllina (inland
      silverside), an Atherinid recently established as a euryhaline model. Our main
      objective was to broadly assess the molecular and physiological responses of M.
      beryllina to the ng/L concentrations of bifenthrin typically found in the
      environment, with a focus on endocrine-related effects, and to discern links
      between different tiers of the biological hierarchy. As such, we evaluated the
      response of juvenile Menidia to bifenthrin using a Menidia-specific microarray,
      quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on specific endocrine
      related genes of interest, and a Menidia-specific ELISA to the egg-coat protein
      choriogenin, to evaluate a multitude of molecular-level responses that would
      inform mechanisms of toxicity and any underlying causes of change at higher
      biological levels of organization. The sublethal nominal concentrations tested
      (0.5, 5 and 50ng/L) were chosen to represent the range of concentrations observed
      in the environment and to provide coverage of a variety of potential responses.
      We then employed a 21-day reproductive assay to evaluate reproductive responses
      to bifenthrin (at 0.5ng/L) in a separate group of adult M. beryllina. The
      microarray analysis indicated that bifenthrin influences a diverse suite of
      molecular pathways, from baseline metabolic processes to carcinogenesis. A more
      targeted examination of gene expression via qPCR demonstrated that bifenthrin
      downregulates a number of estrogen-related transcripts, particularly at the
      lowest exposure level. Choriogenin protein also decreased with exposure to
      increasing concentrations of bifenthrin, and adult M. beryllina exposed to
      0.5ng/L had significantly reduced reproductive output (fertilized eggs per
      female). This reduction in fecundity is consistent with observed changes in
      endocrine-related gene expression and choriogenin production. Taken together, our
      results demonstrate that environmental concentrations of bifenthrin have
      potential to interfere with metabolic processes, endocrine signaling, and to
      decrease reproductive output. 

PMID- 26975044
TI  - Adult-onset refractory epilepsy with hypothalamic hamartoma and no gelastic
      seizures successfully treated by stereotactic thermocoagulation: A case report.

PMID- 26975046
TI  - Impact of Dissolved Oxygen during UV-Irradiation on the Chemical Composition and
      Function of CHO Cell Culture Media.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is advantageous as a sterilization technique in the
      biopharmaceutical industry since it is capable of targeting non-enveloped viruses
      that are typically challenging to destroy, as well as smaller viruses that can be
      difficult to remove via conventional separation techniques. In this work, we
      investigated the influence of oxygen in the media during UV irradiation and
      characterized the effect on chemical composition using NMR and LC-MS, as well as
      the ability of the irradiated media to support cell culture. Chemically defined
      Chinese hamster ovary cell growth media was irradiated at high fluences in a
      continuous-flow UV reactor. UV-irradiation caused the depletion of pyridoxamine,
      pyridoxine, pyruvate, riboflavin, tryptophan, and tyrosine; and accumulation of
      acetate, formate, kynurenine, lumichrome, and sarcosine. Pyridoxamine was the
      only compound to undergo complete degradation within the fluences considered;
      complete depletion of pyridoxamine was observed at 200 mJ/cm2. Although in both
      oxygen- and nitrogen-saturated media, the cell culture performance was affected
      at fluences above 200 mJ/cm2, there was less of an impact on cell culture
      performance in the nitrogen-saturated media. Based on these results, minimization
      of oxygen in cell culture media prior to UV treatment is recommended to minimize
      the negative impact on sensitive media. 

PMID- 26975045
TI  - PSGL-1 on Leukocytes is a Critical Component of the Host Immune Response against
      Invasive Pneumococcal Disease.
AB  - Bacterial uptake by phagocytic cells is a vital event in the clearance of
      invading pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. A major role of the P
      selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on leukocytes against invasive
      pneumococcal disease is described in this study. Phagocytosis experiments using
      different serotypes demonstrated that PSGL-1 is involved in the recognition,
      uptake and killing of S. pneumoniae. Co-localization of several clinical isolates
      of S. pneumoniae with PSGL-1 was demonstrated, observing a rapid and active
      phagocytosis in the presence of PSGL-1. Furthermore, the pneumococcal capsular
      polysaccharide and the main autolysin of the bacterium--the amidase LytA--were
      identified as bacterial ligands for PSGL-1. Experimental models of pneumococcal
      disease including invasive pneumonia and systemic infection showed that bacterial
      levels were markedly increased in the blood of PSGL-1-/- mice. During pneumonia,
      PSGL-1 controls the severity of pneumococcal dissemination from the lung to the
      bloodstream. In systemic infection, a major role of PSGL-1 in host defense is to
      clear the bacteria in the systemic circulation controlling bacterial replication.
      These results confirmed the importance of this receptor in the recognition and
      clearance of S. pneumoniae during invasive pneumococcal disease. Histological and
      cellular analysis demonstrated that PSGL-1-/- mice have increased levels of T
      cells migrating to the lung than the corresponding wild-type mice. In contrast,
      during systemic infection, PSGL-1-/- mice had increased numbers of neutrophils
      and macrophages in blood, but were less effective controlling the infection
      process due to the lack of this functional receptor. Overall, this study
      demonstrates that PSGL-1 is a novel receptor for S. pneumoniae that contributes
      to protection against invasive pneumococcal disease.

PMID- 26975049
TI  - Correction: A Novel High Content Imaging-Based Screen Identifies the Anti
      Helminthic Niclosamide as an Inhibitor of Lysosome Anterograde Trafficking and
      Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion.

PMID- 26975048
TI  - Gestational Age at Birth and 'Body-Mind' Health at 5 Years of Age: A Population
      Based Cohort Study.
AB  - Numerous studies have identified the effects of prematurity on the neonate's
      physical health, however few studies have explored the effects of prematurity on
      both the physical and mental health of the child as they develop. Secondary
      analysis of data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of
      infants (n = 18 818, born 2000-2002 in the United Kingdom) was performed. Effects
      of gestational age at birth on health outcomes at 5 years were measured using
      parental rating of their children's general health and severity of behavior
      problems. The association between parent's general health ratings and behavior
      problem ratings was low: 86% of those reporting serious behavior problems (5% of
      the sample, n = 764) rated their child as being in excellent, very good, or good
      health. Still, a gradient of increasing risk of poorer outcome with decreasing
      gestational age was observed for a composite health measure (poor/fair health
      and/or serious behavior problems), suggesting an association with prematurity for
      this composite assessment of health status. The greatest contribution to the
      childhood composite health measure at 5 years was for children born at 32-36
      weeks gestation: population attributable fractions for having poor outcomes was
      3.4% (Bonferroni-adjusted 95% confidence interval 1.1%-6.2%), compared to 1% (0.2
      2.3) for birth at less than 32 weeks. Results suggest that preterm children, by
      school entry, are not only at high risk of physical health problems, but also of
      behavioral health problems. The recognition of, and response to comprehensive
      health and well-being outcomes related to prematurity are important in order to
      correctly plan and deliver adequate paediatric health services and policies. 

PMID- 26975047
TI  - Exploring the Conserved Role of MANF in the Unfolded Protein Response in
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Disturbances in the homeostasis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) referred to as ER
      stress is involved in a variety of human diseases. ER stress activates unfolded
      protein response (UPR), a cellular mechanism the purpose of which is to restore
      ER homeostasis. Previous studies show that Mesencephalic Astrocyte-derived
      Neurotrophic Factor (MANF) is an important novel component in the regulation of
      UPR. In vertebrates, MANF is upregulated by ER stress and protects cells against
      ER stress-induced cell death. Biochemical studies have revealed an interaction
      between mammalian MANF and GRP78, the major ER chaperone promoting protein
      folding. In this study we discovered that the upregulation of MANF expression in
      response to drug-induced ER stress is conserved between Drosophila and mammals.
      Additionally, by using a genetic in vivo approach we found genetic interactions
      between Drosophila Manf and genes encoding for Drosophila homologues of GRP78,
      PERK and XBP1, the key components of UPR. Our data suggest a role for Manf in the
      regulation of Drosophila UPR. 

PMID- 26975050
TI  - Investigation of Proposed Ladderane Biosynthetic Genes from Anammox Bacteria by
      Heterologous Expression in E. coli.
AB  - Ladderanes are hydrocarbon chains with three or five linearly concatenated
      cyclobutane rings that are uniquely produced as membrane lipid components by
      anammox (anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing) bacteria. By virtue of their angle and
      torsional strain, ladderanes are unusually energetic compounds, and if produced
      biochemically by engineered microbes, could serve as renewable, high-energy
      density jet fuel components. The biochemistry and genetics underlying the
      ladderane biosynthetic pathway are unknown, however, previous studies have
      identified a pool of 34 candidate genes from the anammox bacterium, Kuenenia
      stuttgartiensis, some or all of which may be involved with ladderane fatty acid
      biosynthesis. The goal of the present study was to establish a systematic means
      of testing the candidate genes from K. stuttgartiensis for involvement in
      ladderane biosynthesis through heterologous expression in E. coli under anaerobic
      conditions. This study describes an efficient means of assembly of synthesized,
      codon-optimized candidate ladderane biosynthesis genes in synthetic operons that
      allows for changes to regulatory element sequences, as well as modular assembly
      of multiple operons for simultaneous heterologous expression in E. coli (or
      potentially other microbial hosts). We also describe in vivo functional tests of
      putative anammox homologs of the phytoene desaturase CrtI, which plays an
      important role in the hypothesized ladderane pathway, and a method for soluble
      purification of one of these enzymes. This study is, to our knowledge, the first
      experimental effort focusing on the role of specific anammox genes in the
      production of ladderanes, and lays the foundation for future efforts toward
      determination of the ladderane biosynthetic pathway. Our substantial, but far
      from comprehensive, efforts at elucidating the ladderane biosynthetic pathway
      were not successful. We invite the scientific community to take advantage of the
      considerable synthetic biology resources and experimental results developed in
      this study to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway that produces unique and
      intriguing ladderane lipids. 

PMID- 26975051
TI  - Time Efficient 3D Radial UTE Sampling with Fully Automatic Delay Compensation on
      a Clinical 3T MR Scanner.
AB  - This work's aim was to minimize the acquisition time of a radial 3D ultra-short
      echo-time (UTE) sequence and to provide fully automated, gradient delay
      compensated, and therefore artifact free, reconstruction. The radial 3D UTE
      sequence (echo time 60 MUs) was implemented as single echo acquisition with
      center-out readouts and improved time efficient spoiling on a clinical 3T scanner
      without hardware modifications. To assess the sequence parameter dependent
      gradient delays each acquisition contained a quick calibration scan and utilized
      the phase of the readouts to detect the actual k-space center. This calibration
      scan does not require any user interaction. To evaluate the robustness of this
      automatic delay estimation phantom experiments were performed and 19 in vivo
      imaging data of the head, tibial cortical bone, feet and lung were acquired from
      6 volunteers. As clinical application of this fast 3D UTE acquisition single
      breath-hold lung imaging is demonstrated. The proposed sequence allowed very
      short repetition times (TR~1ms), thus reducing total acquisition time. The
      proposed, fully automated k-phase based gradient delay calibration resulted in
      accurate delay estimations (difference to manually determined optimal delay -0.13
      +/- 0.45 MUs) and allowed unsupervised reconstruction of high quality images for
      both phantom and in vivo data. The employed fast spoiling scheme efficiently
      suppressed artifacts caused by incorrectly refocused echoes. The sequence proved
      to be quite insensitive to motion, flow and susceptibility artifacts and provides
      oversampling protection against aliasing foldovers in all directions. Due to the
      short TR, acquisition times are attractive for a wide range of clinical
      applications. For short T2* mapping this sequence provides free choice of the
      second TE, usually within less scan time as a comparable dual echo UTE sequence. 

PMID- 26975052
TI  - Investigating Pollen and Gene Flow of WYMV-Resistant Transgenic Wheat N12-1 Using
      a Dwarf Male-Sterile Line as the Pollen Receptor.
AB  - Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) is the main mode of transgene flow in flowering
      plants. The study of pollen and gene flow of transgenic wheat can help to
      establish the corresponding strategy for preventing transgene escape and
      contamination between compatible genotypes in wheat. To investigate the pollen
      dispersal and gene flow frequency in various directions and distances around the
      pollen source and detect the association between frequency of transgene flow and
      pollen density from transgenic wheat, a concentric circle design was adopted to
      conduct a field experiment using transgenic wheat with resistance to wheat yellow
      mosaic virus (WYMV) as the pollen donor and dwarf male-sterile wheat as the
      pollen receptor. The results showed that the pollen and gene flow of transgenic
      wheat varied significantly among the different compass sectors. A higher pollen
      density and gene flow frequency was observed in the downwind SW and W sectors,
      with average frequencies of transgene flow of 26.37 and 23.69% respectively. The
      pollen and gene flow of transgenic wheat declined dramatically with increasing
      distance from its source. Most of the pollen grains concentrated within 5 m and
      only a few pollen grains were detected beyond 30 m. The percentage of transgene
      flow was the highest where adjacent to the pollen source, with an average of
      48.24% for all eight compass directions at 0 m distance. Transgene flow was
      reduced to 50% and 95% between 1.61 to 3.15 m, and 10.71 to 20.93 m,
      respectively. Our results suggest that climate conditions, especially wind
      direction, may significantly affect pollen dispersal and gene flow of wheat. The
      isolation-by-distance model is one of the most effective methods for achieving
      stringent transgene confinement in wheat. The frequency of transgene flow is
      directly correlated with the relative density of GM pollen grains in air
      currents, and pollen competition may be a major factor influencing transgene
      flow. 

PMID- 26975053
TI  - Role of Breastfeeding and Complementary Food on Hemoglobin and Ferritin Levels in
      a Cambodian Cross-Sectional Sample of Children Aged 3 to 24 Months.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency derives from a low intake of dietary iron, poor
      absorption of iron, and high requirements due to growth as well as blood loss. An
      estimated number of about 50% of all anemia may be attributed to iron deficiency
      among young children in Cambodia. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted
      in rural Cambodia in September 2012. Villages in pre-selected communes were
      randomly chosen using stunting as a primary indicator of nutritional status. In
      total, 928 randomly selected households with children aged 3-23 months were
      included. Hemoglobin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and retinol
      binding protein (RBP) were assessed from capillary blood samples. In addition,
      length/height and weight of mothers and children were taken and data on dietary
      diversity was collected. A child feeding index (CFI) was created. Associations
      between biomarkers of iron and vitamin A status and nutritional status or food
      intake were explored. RESULTS: Anemia prevalence was highest among 6- to 12
      months-olds (71%). Ferritin and sTfR inversely correlated and were significantly
      associated with hemoglobin concentrations. The consumption of animal source foods
      (ASF) significantly impacts on the interaction between ferritin, sTfR and
      hemoglobin. Concentrations of RBP were significantly higher in children who had
      received a vitamin A supplement. The CFI was associated with sTfR and hemoglobin.
      Lower length and weight were associated with lower ferritin levels and showed an
      indirect effect on hemoglobin through ferritin. CONCLUSION: Nutrition programs
      targeting children under 2 years of age need to focus on the preparation of
      complementary foods with high nutrient density to sustainably prevent
      micronutrient deficiency and generally improve nutritional status. Future
      assessments of the micronutrient status should include identification of
      hemoglobinopathies and parasitic infections to better understand all causes of
      anemia in Cambodian infants and young children. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German
      Clinical Trials Register DRKS00004379.

PMID- 26975054
TI  - Economic Burden of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from
      Korea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypoglycemia is a very serious complication in patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and affects the economic burden of treatment. This study
      aims to create models of the cost of treating hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM
      based upon physician estimates of medical resource usage. METHODS: Using a
      literature review and personal advice from endocrinologists and emergency
      physicians, we developed several models for managing patients with hypoglycemia.
      The final model was approved by the consulting experts. We also developed 3
      unique surveys to allow endocrinologists, emergency room (ER) physicians, and
      primary care physicians to evaluate the resource usage of patients with
      hypoglycemia. Medical costs were calculated by multiplying the estimated medical
      resource usage by the corresponding health insurance medical care costs reported
      in 2014. RESULTS: In total, 40 endocrinologists, 20 ER physicians, and 30 primary
      care physicians completed the survey. We identified 12 types of standard medical
      models for secondary or tertiary hospitals and 4 for primary care clinics based
      on the use of ER, general ward, or intensive care unit (ICU) and patients' status
      of consciousness and self-respiration. Estimated medical costs per person per
      hypoglycemic event ranged from $17.28 to $1,857.09 for secondary and tertiary
      hospitals. These costs were higher for patients who were unconscious and for
      those requiring ICU admission. CONCLUSION: Hypoglycemia has a substantial impact
      on the medical costs and its prevention will result in economic benefits for T2DM
      patients and society.

PMID- 26975055
TI  - Understory Plant Community Composition Is Associated with Fine-Scale Above- and
      Below-Ground Resource Heterogeneity in Mature Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta)
      Forests.
AB  - Understory plant communities play critical ecological roles in forest ecosystems.
      Both above- and below-ground ecosystem properties and processes influence these
      communities but relatively little is known about such effects at fine (i.e., one
      to several meters within-stand) scales, particularly for forests in which the
      canopy is dominated by a single species. An improved understanding of these
      effects is critical for understanding how understory biodiversity is regulated in
      such forests and for anticipating impacts of changing disturbance regimes. Our
      primary objective was to examine the patterns of fine-scale variation in
      understory plant communities and their relationships to above- and below-ground
      resource and environmental heterogeneity within mature lodgepole pine forests. We
      assessed composition and diversity of understory vegetation in relation to
      heterogeneity of both the above-ground (canopy tree density, canopy and tall
      shrub basal area and cover, downed wood biomass, litter cover) and below-ground
      (soil nutrient availability, decomposition, forest floor thickness, pH, and
      phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and multiple carbon-source substrate-induced
      respiration (MSIR) of the forest floor microbial community) environment. There
      was notable variation in fine-scale plant community composition; cluster and
      indicator species analyses of the 24 most commonly occurring understory species
      distinguished four assemblages, one for which a pioneer forb species had the
      highest cover levels, and three others that were characterized by different
      bryophyte species having the highest cover. Constrained ordination (distance
      based redundancy analysis) showed that two above-ground (mean tree diameter,
      litter cover) and eight below-ground (forest floor pH, plant available boron,
      microbial community composition and function as indicated by MSIR and PLFAs)
      properties were associated with variation in understory plant community
      composition. These results provide novel insights into the important ecological
      associations between understory plant community composition and heterogeneity in
      ecosystem properties and processes within forests dominated by a single canopy
      species. 

PMID- 26975056
TI  - Detailed Report on 2014/15 Influenza Virus Characteristics, and Estimates on
      Influenza Virus Vaccine Effectiveness from Austria's Sentinel Physician
      Surveillance Network.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is influenced by the antigenic
      similarity between vaccine- and circulating strains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This
      paper presents data obtained by the Austrian sentinel surveillance system on the
      evolution of influenza viruses during the season 2014/15 and its impact on
      influenza vaccine effectiveness in primary care in Austria as estimated by a test
      negative case control design. VE estimates were performed for each influenza
      virus type/subtype, stratified by underlying diseases and adjusted for age, sex
      and calendar week of infection. RESULTS: Detailed genetic and antigenic analyses
      showed that circulating A(H3N2) viruses were genetically distinct from the
      2014/15 A(H3N2) vaccine component indicating a profound vaccine mismatch. The
      Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were antigenically conserved and matched the
      respective vaccine component. Influenza B viruses were lineage-matched B/Yamagata
      viruses with a clade-level variation. Consistent with substantial vaccine
      mismatch for the A(H3N2) viruses a crude overall VE of only 47% was estimated,
      whereas the VE estimates for A(H1N1)pdm09 were 84% and for influenza B viruses
      70%. Increased VE estimates were obtained after stratification by underlying
      diseases and adjustment for the covariates sex and age, whereby the adjustment
      for the calendar week of infection was the covariate exerting the highest
      influence on adjusted VE estimates. CONCLUSION: In summary, VE data obtained in
      this study underscore the importance to perform VE estimates in the context of
      detailed characterization of the contributing viruses and also demonstrate that
      the calendar week of influenza virus infection is the most important confounder
      of VE estimates.

PMID- 26975057
TI  - Validation of Hospital Performance Measures of Acute Stroke Care Quality.
      Riksstroke, the Swedish Stroke Register.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Registers are increasingly used to monitor stroke care performance.
      Fair benchmarking requires sufficient data quality. We have validated acute care
      data in Riksstroke, the Swedish Stroke Register. METHODS: Completeness was
      assessed by comparisons with diagnoses at hospital discharge recorded in the
      compulsory National Patient Register and content validity by comparisons with (a)
      key variables identified by European stroke experts, and (b) items recorded in
      other European stroke care performance registers. Five test cases recorded by 67
      hospitals were used to estimate inter-hospital reliability. RESULTS: All 72
      Swedish hospitals admitting acute stroke patients participated in Riksstroke. The
      register was estimated to cover at least 90% of acute stroke patients. It
      includes 18 of 22 quality indicators identified by international stroke experts
      and 14 of 15 indicators used by at least 2 stroke performance registers in other
      European countries. Inter-hospital reliability was high (>=85%) in 77 of 81
      Riksstroke items. CONCLUSIONS: A nationwide stroke care register can be
      maintained with sufficient data quality to permit between-hospital performance
      benchmarking. Our experiences may serve as a model for other stroke registers
      while evaluating data quality.

PMID- 26975058
TI  - Stigma, health and incarceration: Turning the tide for children with a parent in
      prison.

PMID- 26975059
TI  - Virulence determinants, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular profiles of
      Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains isolated from China.
AB  - The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology, serotype, antibiotic
      sensitivity, and clonal structure of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains in
      China. Forty-eight strains were collected from seven provinces during the period
      from 2012 to 2013. Pulse-field electrophoresis identified 32 different patterns
      which were classified into clonal groups A-D. Most pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were observed in clonal complex A and B,
      suggesting high diversity of genetic characterization in these two predominant
      clonal complexes. Antibiotic sensitivity test shows that all the stains were
      susceptible to ampicillin, erythromycin, and cefotaxime, and resistant to
      kanamycin, cefazolin, sulfadiazine, and amikacin. Erythromycin and ampicillin are
      recommended as first-line antibiotics for treatment of E. rhusiopathiae in China.
      The high variation in PFGE pattern among the main clonal groups shows that the E.
      rhusiopathiae in China may originate from different lineages and sources instead
      of from expansion of a single clonal lineage across different regions.

PMID- 26975061
TI  - [CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL
      VERTIGO (BPPV)].
AB  - BPPV is generally the most common cause of vertigo, caused by a pinch-off of tiny
      calcium carbonate crystals (called the otoconia or the otoliths) from the macula
      utriculi, most frequently due to the degenerative processes or a trauma, whereby
      the crystals, under the action of gravity in certain head positions coinciding
      with its direction, arrive to some of the semicircular canals, usually the
      posterior one, due to the existent anatomical circumstances and relationships,
      thus creating an inadequate stimulus of the cupular senses while floating through
      the endolymph and provoking symptoms of a strong and short-term dizziness. Two
      main clinical forms can be distinguished: canalolythiasis, with an accommodation
      of otolithic debris in the semicircular canal, and cupulolythiasis, with their
      location immediately next to the cupular sense. The diagnosis is established by a
      positive positioning test, Dix-Hallpike for the posterior and the supine roll for
      the lateral canal. Although one can expect a spontaneous recovery subsequent to
      few weeks or months, various methods of otolith repositioning to a less sensitive
      place lead to a prompt improvement while reducing or withdrawing the symptoms
      completely. These guidelines are intended for all who treat the BPPV in their
      work, with an intention to assist in the diagnosis and application of an
      appropriate therapeutic method.

PMID- 26975060
TI  - A novel norovirus GII.17 lineage contributed to adult gastroenteritis in
      Shanghai, China, during the winter of 2014-2015.
AB  - Norovirus (NoV) is now recognized as a leading cause of nonbacterial acute
      gastroenteritis; however, the NoV GII.17 genotype has rarely been reported as the
      predominant genotype in clinical diarrhea cases. During the winter of 2014-2015,
      the GII.17 genotype, together with the NoV GII.4 genotype, dominated in sporadic
      adult patients with gastroenteritis in Shanghai. Phylogenetic analysis based on
      full-length VP1 amino acid sequences showed that the GII.17 strains that emerged
      in Shanghai have close evolutionary relationships with strains recently collected
      in the Hong Kong area, Guangdong province of China, and Japan during the same
      period. This cluster in the phylogenetic tree may represent a novel NoV GII.17
      lineage recently circulating in East Asia. Pairwise distances between clusters
      also revealed the evolution of the NoV GII.17 genotype in previous decades. Our
      study emphasizes the importance of combined surveillance of NoV-associated
      infections.

PMID- 26975062
TI  - [CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR DIAGNOSING, TREATING AND MONITORING OF ADULT PATIENTS
      WITH GLIOMAS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM].
AB  - Gliomas of the central nervous system are glial cell tumors that are divided in
      low and high grade group. Multidisciplinary approach to treatment consists of
      surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The type and order of treatment depend on
      the characteristics of the tumor and the patient. We present the clinical
      guidelines for diagnostic procedures, surgical treatment, oncological treatment
      and follow up of patients with this type of tumor in the Republic of Croatia.

PMID- 26975063
TI  - [CROATIAN POPULATION AND CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF CONGENITAL HEART
      DISEASE (1995-2011): THE USE OF ABC SCORE AND RACHS-1 CARDIOSURGICAL MODEL FOR
      THE ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE].
AB  - AIM: 1. To present an epidemiological (population and clinical) study of
      congenital heart defects (CHD) in Croatia in a 16-year period (1995-2011). 2. To
      analyze outcomes of surgical procedures for all patients in a five-year period
      (2002-2007) and to compare the results between Croatian and foreign centers. 3.
      To present the progress in surgical care of CHD in Croatia while acknowledging
      the requirement of achieving postsurgical mortality rate of below 5%. 4. To
      evaluate the projection of positive development of CHD management in Croatia in
      cooperation with major cardiac surgical centers in the neighboring countries.
      METHODS: Population study includes all children born from 1995 to 2000 and from
      2002 to 2007 included in a database modeled by EUROCAT and BWIS. Outcome analysis
      was made using two models (ABC and RACHS-1) with early mortality rating and
      prolonged length of stay. Results: Based on two separate studies, mean value of
      CHD prevalence in Croatia is 7.6 per thousand. Outcome analysis according to the
      two mentioned evaluation models for the 2002-2007 period shows that children
      operated on in Croatia had a lower level of complexity compared to the complexity
      of those sent to foreign centers, but early mortality was below the assigned
      margin of 5% and there were also no differences in prolonged length of stay. As
      much as 63% of surgeries in the period were performed abroad, while the remaining
      37% were performed in Croatia (351:202). In the following four-year period (2008
      2011) there was a significant increase in the number of surgeries performed in
      Croatia when compared to those performed abroad (59:4% or 380:264). Independent
      EACTS analysis points to a positive trend of gradual increase in the number of
      surgeries and acceptance of higher complexity level of surgeries performed in
      Croatia, while maintaining the assigned margin (early mortality below 5%).
      Contribution: Proper selection of patients according to the complexity of cardiac
      surgical procedure is a prerequisite for both low mortality and fewer
      postsurgical complications. Professional advance relying on close cooperation
      with foreign centers is much faster and more acceptable than by "learning
      curves". CONCLUSION: Pediatric cardiac surgery in the developing countries must
      rely on the experiences of developed cardiac surgical centers in the neighboring
      countries due to complexity of congenital heart defects. Pediatric cardiology is
      inherently a public health problem, but the problem exacerbates with the
      appearance of a large number of adults with congenital heart defects (GUCH
      patients).

PMID- 26975064
TI  - [INCIDENCE AND SURGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PYRAMIDAL LOBE AND TUBERCLE OF THE THYROID
      GLAND: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY].
AB  - The pyramidal lobe and tubercles are common anatomic variations of the thyroid
      gland, and their frequency is highly represented. While pyramidal lobe requires
      additional seriousness in identifying and its removal, especially in patients
      with hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, the presence of tubercles is desirable.
      Tubercle is covered by recurrent laryngeal nerve and directs the surgeon in his
      search and besides this, serves to facilitate detection of the upper parathyroid
      glands. In this prospective study we analysed 342 patients who underwent total
      thyroidectomy in the period from January 2009 to March 2015. We looked at the
      incidence and anatomic characteristics of pyramidal lobe and tubercles of the
      thyroid gland. The pyramidal lobe was present in 52.3% of the patients with more
      frequent central and left placement. Bilateral tubercles were present in 14.9%,
      while position right-sided phenomenon was represented in 39.5% and 18.5% in lower
      left (64.3% patients). Their prevalence by gender showed no significant
      difference (p = 0.59; p = 0.2). Associated presence of pyramidal lobe and
      tubercles on one or both sides is highly represented in our group of patients
      (34%), also with no differences by gender (p = 0.29). Length of the pyramidal
      lobe ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 cm (average 2.3 cm), and the size of tubercles in 36%
      of patients was over 1 cm. Recurrent laryngeal nerve was only in 1.8% placed
      laterally of tubercles, and the upper parathyroid gland in 95.4% was located
      above tubercle. Considering that only 16.5% of our patients did not have any of
      these anatomical variations, their presence during surgery is the rule, not the
      exception.

PMID- 26975065
TI  - [LAPAROSCOPIC PARTIAL PERICYSTECTOMY OF SPLENIC HYDATID CYST - A CASE REPORT].
AB  - Echinococcal cyst of the spleen is usually a result of infection with the
      parasite Echinococcus granulosus. The spleen is the third most frequent
      localization of echinococcus after liver and lungs. Partial laparoscopic
      pericystectomy can be done without the loss of blood and scattering of scolexes
      with spleen preservation and conservation of its immune function. We present the
      patient with a large (1 8 x 16 x 12 cm) echinococcal cyst of the spleen that
      compressed the surrounding organs (stomach, transverse colon, pancreas and left
      kidney), and prevented normal passage causing vomiting after every meal. In this
      patient, PAIR procedure (puncture, aspiration, injection, reaspiration) and
      conservative treatment was attempted on several occasions without success.
      Finally, laparoscopic partial pericystectomy was performed, evacuating the
      contents of the cyst. The surgery lasted 120 minutes. Postoperatively the patient
      was without complications. Hospitalization lasted five days. Six months later,
      the patient is without problems. These echinococcus cysts of the spleen cannot be
      solved using PAIR technique and conservative treatment. Laparoscopic partial
      pericystectomy is a better solution than open surgery due to less trauma to the
      patient, especially in elderly people.

PMID- 26975066
TI  - [ULTRASOUND GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS SCLEROTHERAPY OF SIMPLE RENAL CYSTS: PRIMARY
      SUCCESS AND PROCEDURE SAFETY].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate primary (technical) success and procedure safety in
      ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy of simple renal cysts, using
      96% ethanol. PATIENTS: 17 patients with symptomatic simple renal cysts referred
      by nephrologists or urologists. METHODS: US-guided percutaneous puncture of the
      cyst with an 18G (gauge) needle and a "pigtail" 5F (French) catheter, drainage
      and inspection of the cyst content, and injection of ethanol. RESULTS: Puncture
      was rejected in two referred patients because of Bosniak II cyst and renal hilum
      proximity. 15 patients underwent puncture and drainage of the cyst content. In 4
      patients ethanol was not injected because: thick or bloody cyst, proximity of
      renal hilum and severe pain during injection of ethanol. 11 patients underwent
      sclerotherapy of the cyst. The average size of sclerosed cyst was 8 cm (range 6
      12 cm). There were no significant complications. CONCLUSION: US-guided
      percutaneous sclerotherapy of simple renal cysts is easy to perform and safe
      procedure, with the previous good selection of cysts that are suitable for the
      sclerotherapy.

PMID- 26975067
TI  - [INFANTILE COLIC - NEWER APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM].
AB  - Infantile colic have been known for the long time and are one of the most common
      reasons for pediatrician's appointment in early infancy. However, their etiology
      and pathogenesis are yet to be determined. Diagnosis is based on thorough medical
      history and physical examination. Special attention should be given to red flags
      or warning signs which could indicate a presence of serious illness. If no other
      abnormality is present, except inconsolable crying, there is no need for further
      diagnostic procedures. There is an extensive range of proposed therapeutic
      measures; however scientific evidence for all of them is scarce. Therefore, the
      aim of this review article is to present currently available evidence for the
      management of infantile colic and to provide a possible therapeutic algorithm.

PMID- 26975068
TI  - [PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTER BANDAGES].
AB  - The physical properties of plaster bandages are a very important factor in
      achieving the basic functions of immobilization (maintaining bone fragments in
      the best possible position), which directly affects the speed and quality of
      fracture healing. This paper compares the differences between the physical
      properties of plaster bandages (mass, specific weight, drying rate, elasticity
      and strength) and records the differences in plaster modeling of fast bonding 10
      cm wide plaster bandages, from three different manufacturers: Safix plus
      (Hartmann, Germany), Cellona (Lohman Rauscher, Austria) and Gipsan (Ivo Lola
      Ribar ltd., Croatia). Plaster tiles from ten layers of plaster, dimension 10 x 10
      cm were made. The total number of tiles from each manufacturer was 48. The water
      temperature of 22  degrees C was used for the first 24 tiles and 34 'C was used
      for the remainder. The average specific weight of the original packaging was:
      Cellona (0.52 g/cm3), Gipsan (0.50 g/cm3), Safix plus (0.38 g/cm3). Three days
      after plaster tile modeling an average specific weight of the tiles was: Gipsan
      (1.15 g/cm3), Safix plus (1.00 g/cm3), Cellona (1.10 g/cm3). The average humidity
      of 50% for Safix plus and Cellona plaster tiles was recorded 18 hours after
      modeling, while for the Gipsan plaster tiles, this humidity value was seen after
      48 hours. On the third day after plaster modeling the average humidity of the
      plaster tiles was 30% for Gipsan, 24% for Safix and 16% for Cellona. Cellona
      plaster tiles made with 34  degrees C water achieved the highest elasticity
      (11.75+/-3.18 MPa), and Gipsan plaster tiles made with 22  degrees C had the
      lowest (7.21+/-0.9 MPa). Cellona plaster tiles made with 34  degrees C water
      showed maximum material strength (4390+/-838 MPa), and Gipsan plaster tiles made
      with 22  degrees C water showed the lowest material strength (771+/-367 MPa). The
      rigidity and strength of Cellona and Gipsan plaster are higher in tiles made in
      warmer water, and for Safix plus are higher in tiles made in cooler water. All
      three types of plaster differentiate in physical properties. The differences in
      mass and specific weight before and after plaster modeling are minimal. There are
      greater differences in drying rate, elasticity and strength between the three
      different plaster materials.

PMID- 26975069
TI  - [FOUNDATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE HISTORY OF HEALTH IN 1944 AND ROLE OF ITS FIRST
      CURATOR STANKO SIELSKI].
AB  - The Museum of the History of Health Care in Croatia, as the first such museum in
      the southeastern part of Europe, was established by the Croatian Medical
      Association in Zagreb in 1944. Beside Vladimir Cepulic (1891 - 1964) the head of
      the Croatian Medical Association, epidemiologist Stanko Sielski (1891 - 1958),
      was one of the most prominent personalities to be credited for realizing this
      project. He was born in Gracanica into a family of Polish origin. After his
      graduation in Vienna in 1919, he worked as an epidemiologist in Konjic, Prozor,
      Glamoc and other places in the area of Bosnia, mostly involved in typhoid fever
      and variola eradication. At the beginning of the Second World War he was in Banja
      Luka where he was given the duty of director of the Department of Endemic
      Syphilis Eradication. During 1942 and 1943 his correspondence took place with
      Vladimir Cepulic, which is today preserved in the Section of the History of
      Medicine of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. On the basis of
      this material it was possible to trace the circumstances of the foundation of the
      Museum of the History of Health Care, how items were collected for its first
      exhibition, and the role of Stanko Sielski in preserving the medical heritage and
      dissemination of knowledge of the history of medicine to a broader audience.

PMID- 26975071
TI  - [Doc. Prim. Ph. D.. Miroslav JELIC (10/16/1947 to 11/ 8/2015)].

PMID- 26975070
TI  - [Course Category 1 "New challenges in the prevention of childhood diseases"].

PMID- 26975072
TI  - [Synthetic cannabinoids and driving impairment].

PMID- 26975073
TI  - [Poisoning due to carbon monoxide and cyanide gas generated in the occurrence of
      fire].

PMID- 26975074
TI  - [Hydrogen sulfide].

PMID- 26975075
TI  - [Butane].

PMID- 26975076
TI  - [Helium gas].

PMID- 26975077
TI  - [Effects of the new comprehensive system for designating illegal drug components
      on the abuse of designer drugs and future problems based on an online
      questionnaire].
AB  - Recently, the abuse of designer drugs has become a social problem. Designer drugs
      are created by modifying part of the chemical structure of drugs that have
      already been categorized as illegal, thereby creating a different chemical
      compound in order to evade Pharmaceutical Affairs Law regulations. The new
      comprehensive system for designating illegal drug components has been in effect
      since March 2013, and many designer drugs can now be regulated. We conducted an
      online questionnaire survey of people with a history of designer drug use to
      elucidate the effects of the new system on the abuse of designer drugs and to
      identify potential future problems. Over half the subjects obtained designer
      drugs only before the new system was implemented. Awareness of the system was
      significantly lower among subjects who obtained designer drugs for the first time
      after its introduction than those who obtained the drugs only before its
      implementation. Due to the new system, all methods of acquiring designer drugs
      saw decreases in activity. However, the ratio of the acquisition of designer
      drugs via the Internet increased. Since over 50% of the subjects never obtained
      designer drugs after the new system was introduced, goals that aimed to make drug
      procurement more difficult were achieved. However, awareness of the new system
      among subjects who obtained designer drugs after the new system was introduced
      was significantly low. Therefore, fostering greater public awareness of the new
      system is necessary. The results of the questionnaire also suggested that
      acquiring designer drugs through the Internet has hardly been affected by the new
      system. We strongly hope that there will be a greater push to restrict the sale
      of designer drugs on the Internet in the near future.

PMID- 26975078
TI  - [Three cases of an extreme hyperkalemia associated with glyphosate potassium
      herbicide poisoning].

PMID- 26975079
TI  - [A case of colchicine overdose progressing to death rapidly].

PMID- 26975080
TI  - [The pre-hospital medical care for poisoning case].

PMID- 26975081
TI  - [Amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate].

PMID- 26975082
TI  - [Changes of toxicity assessment using LD50 values].

PMID- 26975083
TI  - [Practical analysis of toxic substances useful for clinical toxicology: From
      sample preparation to screening. The novel serum lithium diagnostic reagent for
      TDM using probe of fluorine substituted tetra phenyl porphyrin ligand].

PMID- 26975084
TI  - [First challenge for poster presentations abroad].

PMID- 26975085
TI  - [Collection and sharing of case information on acute poisoning in Japan Poison
      Information Center].

PMID- 26975087
TI  - [Construction of automatic elucidation platform for mechanism of traditional
      Chinese medicine].
AB  - Aim at the two problems in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
      mechanism elucidation, one is the lack of detailed biological processes
      information, next is the low efficient in constructing network models, we
      constructed an auxiliary elucidation system for the TCM mechanism and realize the
      automatic establishment of biological network model. This study used the Entity
      Grammar Systems (EGS) as the theoretical framework, integrated the data of
      formulae, herbs, chemical components, targets of component, biological reactions,
      signaling pathways and disease related proteins, established the formal models,
      wrote the reasoning engine, constructed the auxiliary elucidation system for the
      TCM mechanism elucidation. The platform provides an automatic modeling method for
      biological network model of TCM mechanism. It would be benefit to perform the in
      depth research on TCM theory of natures and combination and provides the
      scientific references for R&D of TCM.

PMID- 26975088
TI  - [Study on mechanism for anti-hyperlipidemia efficacy of rhubarb through assistant
      analysis systems for acting mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine].
AB  - Rhubarb is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), wildly used in treating the
      disease of hyperlipidemia. However, its components are complicated, so that it is
      still difficult to clear the specific roles of its various components in blood
      lipids regulation in. So we decide to systematically study the anti-
      hyperlipidemia mechanism of rhubarb. We integrated multiple databases, based on
      entity grammar systems model, constructed molecular interaction network between
      the chemical constituents of rhubarb and hyperlipidemia. The network includes 231
      nodes and 638 edges. Thus we infer the interactions of active targets and disease
      targets to clarify the anti-hyperlipidemia mechanism. And find that rhubarb can
      promote excretion of cholesterol; inhibit clotting factors and improve blood
      circulation; inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines and maintain fat
      metabolism balance; inhibit cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis; and other
      ways to achieve lipid-lowering effect. Thus this study provides reference for
      novel drug development and component compatibility, and also gives a new way for
      the systematically study of acting mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine.

PMID- 26975090
TI  - [Study on mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza treating cardiovascular disease
      through auxiliary mechanism elucidation system for Chinese medicine].
AB  - Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is widely used as
      a clinically medication for its efficiency in treating cardiovascular disease.
      Due to TCM is a comprehensive system, the mechanism of S. miltiorrhiza treating
      cardiovascular disease through integrated multiple pathways are still unclear in
      some aspects. With the rapid progress of bioinformatics and systems biology,
      network pharmacology is considered as a promising approach toward reveal the
      underlying complex relationship between an herb and the disease. In order to
      discover the mechanism of S. miltiorrhiza treating cardiovascular disease
      systematically, we use the auxiliary mechanism elucidation system for Chinese
      medicine, built up a molecule interaction network on the active component targets
      of S. miltiorrhiza and the therapeutic targets of cardiovascular disease to offer
      an opportunity for deep understanding the mechanism of S. miltiorrhiza treating
      cardiovascular disease from the perspective of network pharmacology. The results
      showed that S. miltiorrhiza treating cardiovascular disease through ten pathways
      as follows: improve lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation, regulate blood pressure,
      negatively regulates blood coagulation factor and antithrombotic, regulate cell
      proliferation, anti-stress injury, promoting angiogenesis, inhibited apoptosis,
      adjust vascular systolic and diastolic, promoting wound repair. The results of
      this paper provide theoretical guidance for the development of new drugs to treat
      cardiovascular disease and the discovery of new drugs through component
      compatibility.

PMID- 26975089
TI  - [Elucidating hypoglycemic mechanism of Dendrobium nobile through auxiliary
      elucidation system for traditional Chinese medicine mechanism].
AB  - To build the Dendrobium nobile -T2DM network, and elucidate the molecular
      mechanism of D. nobile to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Collect the chemical
      composition of D. nobile and the targets on T2DM by retrieving database and
      documents, build the network of D. nobile to T2DM using the entity grammar
      systems inference rules. The molecular mechanism of D. nobile to T2DM includes:
      (1) regulating lipid metabolism by lowering triglyceride; (2) reducing insulin
      resistance; (3) protecting islet cells; (4) promoting the glucose-dependent
      insulin tropic peptide (GIP) secretion; (5) inhibiting calcium channel. Under the
      guidance of network pharmacology, through entity grammar systems inference rules
      we elucidate the molecular mechanism of D. nobile to T2DM, and provide the basis
      for the further development of health care products based on D. nobile.

PMID- 26975091
TI  - [Study on mechanism for anti-hypertension efficacy of Eucommiae Cortex through
      assistant analysis systems for acting mechanisms of traditional Chinese
      medicine].
AB  - Elucidate the mechanism of Eucommiae Cortex in treatment of hypertension, to
      provide the basis for further research and development of Eucommiae Cortex. Our
      study using the entity grammar systems inference rules to analyse the
      interactions of chemical constituents of Eucommiae Cortex and disease target
      proteins at the molecular level, and got a biological network of Eucommiae Cortex
      anti-hypertension which inciude 602 nodes and 2 354 edges. We got 3 treatment of
      hypertension pathways of Eucommiae Cortex by analyzing biological network, that
      is, by inhibition of vascular remodeling to improve the deterioration of
      hypertension, reduce activity of polymorphism genetic genes related to essential
      hypertension, inhibition of carbonic anhydrase 1 to maintain the osmotic
      pressure, Eucommiae Cortex play the role of anti-hypertension.

PMID- 26975092
TI  - [Study on mechanism for anti-depression efficacy of Sini San through auxiliary
      mechanism elucidation system for Chinese medicine].
AB  - As regulating the function of the liver and spleen of the famous traditional
      formula, Sini San is widely used in the treatment of various diseases caused by
      liver depression and Qi stagnation, and its efficacy is significant clinically.
      Recently it is discovered that Sini San is effective in the treatment of nervous
      system diseases such as depression. Furthermore, there is a lot of literature
      about the effect of Sini San on the molecular mechanism of antidepressant.
      However, the anti-depression mechanism of Sini San is not very clear, in our
      present study, based on the auxiliary mechanism elucidation system for Chinese
      medicine and network pharmacology system to construct the chemical ingredients of
      the target interactions and disease-related protein of the interaction network.
      Results show that there are 263 chemical ingredients and 19 corresponding targets
      of depression in Sini San network. Sini San can anti-depressant effect through G
      protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway, cAMP system, neurological
      system process and neurotransmitter secretion, inflammatory response,
      neuroendocrine, metal ion transport and so on. These studies provided valuable
      clues for the mechanism and treatment of anti-depressant.

PMID- 26975093
TI  - [Application prospect and expectation of fungistatic agents of plants in
      preservation of Chinese herbal medicines].
AB  - During the process of growth, harvesting, transportation, processing and storage,
      Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) can be easily contaminated by fungi and their
      metabolites like mycotoxins, which not only express negative effects on the
      quality and safety of CHMs and their processed products, but also pose great
      threats to human health. Now, some chemical synthetic fungicides have been
      frequently used to control the growth of fungi and accumulation of mycotoxins in
      the preservation of CHMs. However, the concentration and type of chemical
      fungicides allowed for postharvest application are restricted due to the
      disadvantages of their high residual toxicity, long degradation period and
      pollution to the environment and so on. Therefore, it is critical to research and
      develop some highly effective, safe and non-toxic, natural, environment-friendly
      fungistatic agents from plants to prevent CHMs from being contaminated by fungi
      and mycotoxins. The paper reviews mycotoxins and their harmfulness, the effective
      compounds of fungistatic plants as well as the antifungal mechanism to provide
      scientific evidences for developing novel and effective fungistatic agents
      plants. Then, the application prospect of fungistatic agents from plants in the
      preservation of CHMs was discussed.

PMID- 26975094
TI  - [Progress in preparation of small monoclonal antibodies of knock out technique].
AB  - With the application of monoclonal antibody technology more and more widely, its
      production technology is becoming more and more perfect. Small molecule
      monoclonal antibody technology is becoming a hot research topic for people. The
      application of traditional Chinese medicine small molecule monoclonal antibody
      technology has been more and more widely, the technology for effective Chinese
      medicine component knockout provide strong technical support. The preparation of
      monoclonal antibodies and small molecule knockout technology are reviewed in this
      paper. The preparation of several steps, such as: in the process of preparation
      of antigen, hapten carrier coupling, coupling ratio determination and
      identification of artificial antigen and establishment of animal immunization and
      hybridoma cell lines of monoclonal antibody, the large-scale preparation; small
      molecule monoclonal antibody on Immune in affinity chromatography column method
      is discussed in detail. The author believes that this technology will make the
      traditional Chinese medicine research on a higher level, and improve the level of
      internationalization of Chinese medicine research.

PMID- 26975095
TI  - [Research of chemotaxis response of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria panax on
      total ginsenosides].
AB  - In this paper, three kinds of chemotactic parameters (concentration, temperature
      and pH) were determined by plate assay and spore germination method to research
      the chemotactic response of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria panax, and their
      spores on total ginsenosides. The results showed that Botrytis cinerea had strong
      chemotactic response at the mid-concentration of total ginsenosides (cultivation
      temperature was 20 degrees C and pH value was 6), and the data of chemotactic
      migration index (CMI) was 1.293 0, chemotactic growth rate (CGR) was 0.476 0,
      spore germination rate (SGR) was 53%, and dry weight of mycelial (DWM) was 0.452
      6 g x L(-1); however, Alternaria panax had strong chemotactic response at the low
      concentration of total ginsenosides (cultivation temperature was 25 degrees C and
      pH value was 6), and the data of chemotactic migration index (CMI) was 1.235 4,
      chemotactic growth rate (CGR) was 0.537 0, spore germination rate (SGR) was 67%,
      and dry weight of mycelial (DWM) was 0.494 8 g x L(-1). The results indicated
      that the low and middle concentration (2, 20 mg x L(-1)) of total ginsenosides
      had significant promoting effect on chemotactic response of these two pathogens,
      and the spore germination, mycelial growth rate, dry weight of mycelial of them
      were also significantly improved by this chemotactic response, whereas it
      decreased as the increase of total ginsenosides concentration.

PMID- 26975096
TI  - [ITS sequences variation and phylogenetic analysis on 31 geographical populations
      of Notopterygium incisum].
AB  - In this study, 31 Notopterygium incisum populations were analyzed using ITS
      sequences to investigate the genetic structure. The results showed that: the ITS
      region ranged in size from 634 to 635 bp and base composition was with high G + C
      content of 57.8%. Thirty-one polymorphic sites were detected from 402 sequences
      of 31 populations of N. incisum, and the proportion of polymorphic sites was
      4.88%, in which parsimony informative sites were up to 12. And 31 haplotypes were
      identified based on these polymorphic sites. Molecular variance analysis (AMOVA)
      indicated that high genetic differentiation (57%) existed among population, and
      gene flow was low (N(m) = 0.38) among populations. Phylogenetic relationships of
      31 haplotypes were analyzed using NJ method with N. forbesiias an out-group.
      Phylogenetic analysis showed that 31 haplotypes from different populations mixed
      together and did not form distinct geographically separated clades.

PMID- 26975097
TI  - [Effect of different nitrogen forms and ratio on growth and active ingredient
      content of Platycodon grandiflorum].
AB  - To providing evidence about nitrogen adequate application of Platycodon
      grandiflorum, the pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of
      nitrogen on the growth, physiological metabolism and the quality of P.
      grandiflorum. The activity of NR, GS and SOD, POD and CAT were determined. And
      the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content, photosynthetic characteristics, active
      components of P. grandiflorum were determined. The results showed that the
      nitrate nitrogen content and P. biomass reached its maximum value, when NH4(+)
      N/NO3(-) -N was 0: 100, the activity of NR. The activity of GS was the highest at
      the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25:75 and ammonium nitrogen content was the
      highest at 75:25. The activity of SOD decreased and then increased with the
      increasing of NO3(-) -N. At the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75, the activity
      of CAT had its maximum value and the content of MDA had the minimum value. At the
      same time, the content of platycodon D was the highest at this treatment. The
      studies had shown that different nitrogen forms and ratio had a significant
      effect on the characteristics of photosynthetic physiology, nitrogen metabolism
      and resistance adjustment, growth and the quality of P. grandiflorum. The NH4(+) 
      N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75 was a suitable ratio of nitrogen forms for the growth
      of P. Grandiflorum and accumulating the content of platycodon D.

PMID- 26975098
TI  - [Cloning and functional characterization of phytoene desaturase in Andrographis
      paniculata].
AB  - A full-length cDNA of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene from Andrographis paniculata
      was obtained through RACE-PCR. The cDNA sequence consists of 2 224 bp with an
      intact ORF of 1 752 bp (GeneBank: KP982892), encoding a ploypeptide of 584 amino
      acids. Homology analysis showed that the deduced protein has extensive sequence
      similarities to PDS from other plants, and contains a conserved NAD ( H) -binding
      domain of plant dehydrase cofactor binding-domain in N-terminal. Phylogenetic
      analysis demonstrated that ApPDS was more related to PDS of Sesamum indicum and
      Pogostemon cablin. The semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that ApPDS
      expressed in whole aboveground tissues with the highest expression in leaves.
      Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) was performed to characterize the functional
      of ApPDS in planta. Significant photobleaching was not observed in infiltrated
      leaves, while the PDS gene has been down-regulated significantly at the yellowish
      area. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of PDS gene
      cloning and functional characterization from A. paniculata, which lays the
      foundation for further investigation of new genes, especially that correlative to
      andrographolide biosynthetic pathway.

PMID- 26975099
TI  - [Numerical taxonomy of corlor in Phellodendron Cortex].
AB  - Through the investigation of Phellodendron Cortex on the market, and 28 batches
      of samples were collected. By using spectrophotometer the color values of outer
      surface, inner surface and cross - section of these samples were measured. These
      measured color data was translated into 3D structure diagram by using the Lab
      color space tool. The level difference value, the mean value and the threshold
      value were calculated based the measured color data of these different batches of
      samples. All 28 groups measured data was analyzed using the methods of Ward
      linkage and average Euclidean distance. At the same time, we invited Professor
      Jin Shiyuan, the "Chinese medicine master", to identify, quality-evaluate and
      grade these 28 batches of Phellodendron Cortex samples base on the traditional
      experience, then compared the traditional empirical results with the
      spectrophotometer measurement results. The result showed that, the Phellodendron
      Cortex could be divided into Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex and Phellodendri
      Chinensis Cortex by color numerical clustering, and classified according to
      quality. The classification result has a high degree of consistency with the
      traditional experience.

PMID- 26975101
TI  - [Development and characterization of TPGS modified proniosomes of docetaxel].
AB  - A novel oral delivery system that TPGS modified docetaxel proniosomes, DTX-TPGS
      PN, was developed and the characterization after hydration was observed. Firstly,
      Doce-TPGS-PN was optimized by investing the factors, including the type of
      surfactant, methods of adding TPGS, content of TPGS and the molar ratio of
      span40/cholesterol, which may affecting the particle size, encapsulation
      efficiency and instantaneous release of drug in the formulation. Then, the
      morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro
      release of the formulation were evaluated. The result showed that hydrated
      nanoparticles of DTX-TPGS-PNs were (93 +/- 6.5) nm in size,(-83.95 +/- 3.69) mV
      in zeta potential, (97.31 +/- 0.60)% in encapsulation efficiency, exhibiting
      spherical morphology and biphasic release process that a low burst effect within
      the first 0.5 hour and a relative-sustained release for the next several hours in
      PBS. These results indicate the oral delivery system of DTX-TPGS-PN was
      successfully built with good properties.

PMID- 26975100
TI  - [Active ingredients and its pharmacokinetic behavior and anti-inflammatory
      effects of ginseng with different steamed times].
AB  - HPLC analysis was performed to study the changes in chemical composition of
      ginseng extracts prepared from high quality ginseng with 0, 2, 4, 8 h of steamed
      times. An UFLC-MS/MS multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) quantitative analysis was
      made to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior differences of ginsenosides in
      mice ig administered of ginseng extracts with different steamed times in the
      negative ion mode, with Digoxin as the internal standard substance. The mice were
      injected with LPS to establish inflammation model after ig administration of
      ginseng for a week and the contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
      and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in mice plasma were detected by ELISA, in order
      to study on anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng with different steamed times. It
      was determined that levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were significantly decreased
      in inflammation model group ig administered of ginseng extracts with 8h of
      steamed time. The results showed that the chemical components in ginseng changed
      after steaming and the components into the blood changed, correspondingly.
      Ginseng with steamed 8 h contributes to anti-inflammatory effects. These results
      provided an experimental basis for revealing the active substance basis and dose
      effect relationship of ginseng on anti-inflammatory effect.

PMID- 26975102
TI  - [Determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 in Ben Lamge granules by HPLC-FLD
      after multi-pretreatment clean-up].
AB  - To establish a multi-pretreatment method for the determination of aflatoxin B1,
      B2, G1, G2 in Chinese patent medicines, aflatoxins were analyzed by high
      performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector with post-column
      derivatization, after the multi-pretreatment of samples. The results showed that
      after the samples extracted with MeOH-H2O, dehydrated by anhydrous magnesium
      sulphate and sodium chloride, and finally purified by neutral alumina, the
      impurity interference of different sources in Chinese patent medicines matrix can
      be effectively removed, and the main peak can be nicely separated from the
      impurity peak. The detection limits were 0.25, 0.25, 0.50, 0.25 MUg x L(-1) for
      AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, respectively. The quantification limits were 1.00, 0.50,
      1.00, 0.50 MUg x L(-1), respectively. Aflatoxin B1, G1 showed a good linear
      relationship at a range of 1.0-50 MUg x L(-1), aflatoxin B2, G2 at a range of 0.5
      12.5 MUg x L(-1) (R2 > 0.99). The average recovery was 80.40% - 108.6%. The
      present method is simple, reproducible with the reasonable recoveries and can be
      applied for the determination of aflatoxins in Chinese patent medicines.

PMID- 26975103
TI  - [Monitor on influence of quality standard improvement upon Guizhi Fuling capsules
      efficacy].
AB  - In 2012, the preparation process and quality standard for Guizhi Fuling capsule
      were improved. To compare the effects and differences of capsules before (2011)
      and after(2012-2014) the improvement, evaluation models for intrinsic
      dysmenorrhea, pelvic inflammation and hysteromyoma were applied in rats. Models
      were induced by oxytocin, liqiud bacteria mixture and estrogen loading,
      respectively. The capsules (12 batchs/year, 48 bathcs in all), sampled randomly
      in 2011-2014, the effects were assessed using the three models. In anti
      dysmenorrhea models, remarked reduction of writhing frequency, ET-1 and PGF2alpha
      content in uterus could be detected, as well as extension of writhing latency. In
      pelvic inflammation rats, depression of TNF-alpha and raise of IL-2 were induced
      by earh batch of capsules. In hysteromyoma model, uterine weight and smooth
      muscle proliferation, including E2 and P level in plasma, were lowered obviously
      by all batchs of capsules. Secondly, Guizhi Fuling capsules produced in 2012-2014
      revealed better effectiveness than the ones manufactured in 2011. Moreover,
      pharmacodynamics indexes of the samples made in 2011 differed significantly
      between groups, which could not be observed in the ones ot 2012-2014. After tne
      preparation process and quality standard improvement, the effectiveness and
      homogeneity of Guizhi Fuling capsules were enhanced.

PMID- 26975104
TI  - [Optimization on alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei Dihuang decoction by
      response surface methodology].
AB  - The theoretical basis of the alcohol precipitation process control was provided,
      the alcohol precipitation was optimized and the relationship equation was got.
      The monod glycoside, loganin and paeoniflorin were used as the evaluation indexes
      to determine the impact factors of alcohol precipitation techniques of Liuwei
      Dihuang decoction by the Plackett-Burman experimental design and the levels of
      non-significant factors were identified. Then, Box-Behnken response surface
      methodology was used to research and discuss the critical process parameters
      influence the effect of alcohol precipitation and draw interaction between key
      process parameters and the correlation equation with index components. Through
      the establishment and solving the quadratic regression model of composite score,
      the optimum preparation conditions of alcohol precipitation techniques of liuwei
      were as follows: stirring speed was 580 r x min(-1), standing time was 17 hours,
      alcohol concentration was 34%, the density of Liuwei Dihuang decoction was 1.13.
      The response surface methodology for optimized alcohol precipitation techniques
      of Liuwei Dihuang decoction is. reasonable and feasible.

PMID- 26975105
TI  - [Chemical constituents from Crepis crocea].
AB  - Thirteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Crepis crocea
      by column chromatographies on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and semi-preparative
      HPLC. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis as
      tectorone I (1), 8beta- (2-methyl- 2-hydroxy-3-oxobutanoyloxy) -glucozaluzanin C
      (2), tectoroside (3), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (4), cosmosiin (5), esculetin (6),
      3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (7), trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (8), Caffeic acid
      (9), methyl p-hydroxyphenyllactate (10), ethylp- hydroxyphenyllactate (11), cis
      3,4-dihydroxy-beta-ionion (12). All the compounds, except for compounds 4 and 9,
      were isolated from this plant for the first time, and tectorone I (1) is a new
      natural product.

PMID- 26975106
TI  - [Chemical constituents from polarity part in roots of Angelica dahurica var.
      formosana cv. Chuanbaizhi].
AB  - The chemical constituents from polarity part in the roots of Angelica dahurica
      var. formosana cv. Chuanbaizhi were studied in this paper. The compounds were
      separated and purified by repeated column chromatographic methods on silica gel
      and HPLC, and the chemical structures of compounds were determined by spectral
      data analyses. Fourteen compounds were obtained and identified as tert-O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(R)-byakangelicin (1), (2"S) -3"-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl
      oxypeucedanin hydrate (2), marmesinin (3), sec-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl
      byakangelicin (4), isofraxidin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), benzyl-O-beta-D
      glucopyranoside (6), 8-O-beta-D-glycopyranosylxanthotoxol (7), prenyl-O-beta-D
      glucopyranoside (8), scopolin (9), (2' R) -5'-hydroxymarmesin-5'-O-beta-D
      glucopyranoside (10), (2'S,3'R) -3'-hydroxymarmesinin (11), skimmin (12), benzyl
      O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1"--> 6')-beta-D-glucopyranoside (13), and decuroside IV
      (14). Among them, compounds 2, 5, 6, 8, and 10-13 were obtained from the roots of
      title plant for the first time.

PMID- 26975107
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Swertia kouitchensis Franch].
AB  - This study is to investigate the chemical constituents of Swertia kouitchensis.
      The whole plants of air-dried Swertia kouitchensis was extracted with 90% EtOH.
      The water extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc
      and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column
      chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and their structures were identified
      based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Twenty-eight compounds were
      obtained, and characterized as erythrocentaurin (1), erythrocentaurin
      dimethylacetal (2), swertiamarin (3), vogeloside (4), 2'-O- actylswertiamarin
      (5), swertianoside D (6), gentiocrucines A-B (7-8), gentiocrucine (9), 1-hydroxy
      3, 7, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (10), 1-hydroxy-3, 5, 6-trimethoxyxanthone (11), 3
      epitaraxerol (12), erythrodiol 3-O-palmitate (13), (+) -syringaresinol (14),
      caffeic acid (15), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (16), trans-coniferyl alcohol (17),
      3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (18), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (19), 3, 4
      dihydroxybenzoic aldehyde (20), 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (21), 4-hydroxybenzoic
      acid (22), 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (23), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (24), 3
      hydroxybenzoic alcohol (25), nicotinic acid (26), 2-furoic acid (27), and uracil
      (28). Compounds 1-4, 6-28 were obtained from S. kouitchensis for the first time.

PMID- 26975108
TI  - [Molecular docking analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibition by constituents of
      cichory].
AB  - Human xanthine oxidase is considered to be a target for therapy of hyperuricemia.
      Cichorium intybus is a Chinese plant medicine which widely used in Xinjiang
      against various diseases. In order to screen the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase
      from C. intybus and to explore main pharmacological actions of cichory a compound
      collection of C. intybus was built via consulting related references about
      chemical research on cichory. The three-dimensional crystal structure of xanthine
      oxidase (PDB code: 1N5X) from Protein Data Bank was downloaded.. Autodock 4.2 was
      employed to screen the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from cichory 70 compounds
      were found to possess quite low binding free energy comparing with TEI
      (febuxostat). C. intybus contains constituents possessing potential inhibitive
      activity against xanthine oxidase. It can explain the main pharmacological
      actions of cichory which can significantly lower the level of serum uric acid.

PMID- 26975109
TI  - [Analysis of HPLC and NIRS fingerprints of Chrysanthemum indicum of different
      processing methods].
AB  - This paper studied the HPLC and NIRS fingerprints of Chrysanthemum with different
      processing methods, including directly drying, drying after steamed, and drying
      after fried. The method of discriminant analysis of TQ software was used to
      analysis the NIRS fingerprint of Chrysanthemum with three different processing
      methods, and the results were consistent with HPLC fingerprint similarity
      analysis. NIRS and HPLC fingerprints were of different characteristics, and the
      combination of the two methods can quickly and accurately identify Chrysanthemum
      with different processing methods.

PMID- 26975110
TI  - [Establishment of simultaneous quantitative model of five alkaloids from
      Corydalis Rhizoma by near-infrared spectrometry].
AB  - This paper established a near-infrared spectroscopy quantitative model for
      simultaneous quantitative analysis of coptisine hydrochloride, dehydrocorydaline,
      tetrahydropalmatine, corydaline and glaucine in Corydalis Rhizoma. Firstly, the
      chemical values of the five components in Corydalis Rhizoma were determined by
      the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV
      detection. Then, the quantitative calibration model was established and optimized
      by fourier transformation near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with partial
      least square (PLS) regression. The calibration model was evaluated by correlation
      coefficient (r), the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) and the root
      mean square of cross-validation (RMSECV) of the calibration model, as well as the
      correlation coefficient (r) and the root mean square of prediction (RMSEP) of
      prediction model. For the quantitative calibration model, the r, RMSEC and RMSECV
      of coptisine hydrochloride, dehydrocorydaline, tetrahydropalmatine, corydaline
      and glaucine were 0.941 0, 0.972 7, 0.964 3, 0.978 1, 0.979 9; 0.006 7, 0.003 5,
      0.005 9, 0.002 8, 0.005 9; and 0.015, 0.011, 0.020, 0.010 and 0.022,
      respectively. For the prediction model, the r and RMSEP of the five components
      were 0.916 6, 0.942 9, 0.943 6, 0.916 7, 0.914 5; and 0.009, 0.006 6, 0.007 5,
      0.006 9 and 0.011, respectively. The established near-infrared spectroscopy
      quantitative model is relatively stable, accurate and reliable for the
      simultaneous quantitative analysis of the five alkaloids, and is expected to be
      used for the rapid determination of the five components in crude drug of
      Corydalis Rhizoma.

PMID- 26975111
TI  - [Study on efficacy and accompanying toxic and side effects of volatile oil of
      Evodia Fructus based on stomach cold syndrome model].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To preliminarily study the effective dosage range and mechanism of the
      abirritation of volatile oil of Evodia Fructus on the stomach cold syndrome model
      in mice, and discuss the correlation between its accompanying toxicity and
      oxidative damage mechanism, in order to provide the experimental basis for
      explaining the efficacy-syndrome-toxicity correlation. METHOD: The stomach cold
      syndrome model in mice was induced by the classic hot plate test by orally
      administrating with different doses of volatile oil of Evodia Fructus, in order
      to observe its abirritation and companying toxic and side effects and detect
      serum ALT, AST, PGE2, NO, NOS, MDA, SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, BUN, CR and hepatic ALT,
      AST. The companying toxic symptoms in mice were recorded in toxic reaction
      integral table. RESULT: Volatile oil of Evodia Fructus had an obvious analgesic
      effect at 30 min after the oral administration and reached the peak effect at 60
      min, with certain "dose-effect" and "time-effect" relations, rises in serum and
      hepatic ALT and AST levels, serum PGE2, MDA, NO and NOS and hepatic indexes,
      decreases in SOD, GSH and GSH-Px and no notable change in BUN, CR levels and
      kidney weight/body ratio. Conclusion: The abirritation mechanism of volatile oil
      of Evodia Fructus was related to the inhibition of pain transmitter release,
      peroxidative damage and NO damage, which is accompanied by certain
      hepatotoxicity, mainly mainly oxidative damage, with a concurrent "dose-time
      toxicity" relationship.

PMID- 26975112
TI  - [Effect of Yinghua Pinggan granule against influenza A/H1N1 virus in vivo].
AB  - To study the effect of Yinghua Pinggan granule (YHPG) against influenza A/H1N1
      virus in vivo and on the immunologic function of infected mice. The intranasal
      influenza virus infection was adopted in ICR mouse to establish the influenza
      virus pneumonia model. At the 3rd and 7th day after the infection, the lung index
      and pathologic changes in lung tissues of mice were detected. Realtime PCR and
      flow cytometry were employed to observe the virus load in lung tissues and the
      levels of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ in peripheral blood. The result showed that
      at the 3rd and 7th day after the infection, YHPG (15, 30 g x kg(-1)) can
      significant decrease in the lung index and virus load in lung tissues of mice
      infected with influenza virus, alleviate the pathologic changes in lung tissues,
      significantly increase the levels of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio and reduce the
      levels of CD8+ in whole blood. This indicated that YHPG can inhibit the influenza
      virus replication, alleviate pulmonary damage and adjust the weak immunologic
      function of infected mice, with a certain therapeutic effect on mice infected by
      H1N1 virus in vivo.

PMID- 26975113
TI  - [Investigation of metabolites of Triptergium wilfordii on liver toxicity by LC
      MS].
AB  - In this paper, biomarkers of liver toxicity of Triptergium wilfordii based on
      metabolomics was screened, and mechanism of liver toxicity was explored to
      provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis for liver toxicity of Triptergium
      wilfordii. MS method was carried on the analysis to metabolic fingerprint
      spectrum between treatment group and control group. The potential biomarkers were
      compared and screened using the multivariate statistical methods. As well,
      metabolic pathway would be detailed description. Combined with PCA and OPLS-DA
      pattern recognition analysis, 20 metabolites were selected which showed large
      differences between model group and blank group (VIP > 1.0). Seven possible
      endogenous biomarkers were analyzed and identified. They were 6-phosphate
      glucosamine, lysophospholipid, tryptophan, guanidine acetic acid, 3-indole
      propionic acid, cortisone, and ubiquinone. The level changes of above metabolites
      indicated that the metabolism pathways of amino acid, glucose, phospholipid and
      hormone were disordered. It is speculated that liver damage of T. wilfordii may
      be associated with the abnormal energy metabolism in citric acid cycle, amino
      acid metabolism in urea cycle, and glucose metabolism. It will be helpful to
      further research liver toxicity ingredients of Triptergium wilfordii.

PMID- 26975114
TI  - [Determination of plasma concentration of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin
      in Hippophae rhamnoides extract by HPLC-MS/MS and pharmacokinetics in rats].
AB  - To establish an HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of quercetin, kaempferid and
      isorhamnetin in rats plasma and study its pharmamacokinetics after an
      intragastrical administration of Hippophae rhamnoides extracts. Five healthy male
      Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given single doses of H. rhamnoides extracts
      (quercetin 26.35 mg x kg(-1), kaempferid 4.040 mg x kg(-1), isorhamnetin 31.37 mg
      x kg(-1)), and then their orbital sinus blood samples were collected at different
      time points. The drug plasma concentration of the three flavonoids was determined
      by HPLC-MS/MS method. After that, the main pharmacokinetics parameters were
      calculated by using Kinetica 5. 0. 11 software. The methodological test showed
      that the linear concentration ranges of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin
      were 7.500-600.0 MUg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 5), 1.000-80.00 MUg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998
      5 ) and 10.00-800.0 MUg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 0), respectively. The inner and inter
      days precisions were both less than 14.0%. The plasma samples showed a good
      stability and consistency with the requirement of biological sample analysis
      after the samples were frozen once and placed at - 20 degrees C for 15 d and room
      temperature for 6 h and the treated analytes were placed at -20 degrees C for 24
      h. For quercetin, the pharmacokinetic parameter t(1/2beta), AUC(0-infinity),
      MRT(0.infinity), C.(max) and T(max) were (113.3 +/- 19.37) min, (12 542.14 +/- 3
      504.05) MUg x h x L(-1), (119.6 +/- 13.29) h, (164.6 +/- 27.33) MUg x L(-1) and
      (5.199 +/- 0.840 3) h, respectively. For kaempferid, the pharmacokinetic
      parameters t(1/2beta), AUC(0-t), MRT(0-infinity), C(max) and T(max) were (79.85
      +/- 17.15) min, (934.51 +/- 94.59) MUg x h x L(-1), (81.50 +/- 13.75) h, (80.15
      +/- 14.24) MUg x L(-1) and (3.827 +/- 0.902 7) h, respectively. For isorhamnetin,
      the pharmacokinetic parameters t1,2,, AUC(0-t), MRT(0-infinity), C(max) and
      T(max) were (118.3 +/- 20.73) min, (26 067.77 +/- 4 124.60) MUg x h x L(-1),
      (129.0 +/- 16.30) h, (269.6 +/- 29.32) MUg x L(-1) and (6.513 +/- 1.450) h,
      respectively. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis method established in this study was proved
      to be sensitive and accurate and could be applied in the pharmacokinetic study of
      quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin in rat plasma.

PMID- 26975115
TI  - [Medication rule for treatment of functional dyspepsia: an analysis of
      traditional Chinese medicine literature based on China National Knowledge
      Internet].
AB  - By retrieving the clinical research literature of treatment functional dyspepsia
      by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from January 2004 to December 2014 based on
      China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), we would establish a TCM decoction
      database for treating functional dyspepsia in this study. One hundred and sixty
      four literature were included, involving 159 prescriptions, 377 medicines, in a
      total of 1 990 herbs. These herbs can be divided into 18 categories according to
      the effectiveness; and qi-regulating herbs, blood circulation herbs, and
      antipyretic herbs ranked top three ones according to the frequency of usage of
      the herbs, whose medicine usage frequency accounted for 51.81%. Usage frequency
      of 16 herbs was over 30, and Atractylodes, Radix, Poriaranked top three according
      to the usage frequency. Medicinal properties were divided into 9 kinds according
      to the frequency statistics, and the top three were warm, flat, and cold. Taste
      frequency statistics were classifiedinto 9 kinds, and the top three were acrid,
      sweet, and bitter. In frequency statistics of the meridian tropism of herbs, it
      was classifiedinto 11 kinds, and the top three were spleen, stomach, lung. The
      analysis can provide a reference for treatment and study of TCM of functional
      dyspepsia.

PMID- 26975116
TI  - [Experience of LU Zhi-zheng to apply tenuifolia].
AB  - Professor LU Zhi-zheng, one of the first traditional Chinese medicine masters, is
      good at using tenuifoliain clinical practice, which often brings unexpected
      surprises. Lu said, tenuifolia is a mild herbal medicine with the nature of
      upward dispersion and outward penetration but not dryness. Tenuifolia has the
      following functions: making people conscious, relieving sore throat, diverging
      incubated diseases, regulating functional activities of qi, sending up Yang,
      dispelling wind evil and eliminating dampness, and activating collaterals to
      relieve pain. When well used, it will not only enhance the effect of monarch
      drug, but also restrict the impetuosity nature in a prescription, achieving
      better efficacy.

PMID- 26975117
TI  - [Mutual information-based correlation analysis of herbs against insomnia].
AB  - This paper aims to analyze Professor Guo Rongjuan's medication experience on
      insomnia therapy based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Inheritance
      Support Plat. First, TCM formulae prescribed by Professor Guo for insomnia
      therapy were collected from the TCM Inheritance Support Plat. Next, unsupervised
      data mining algorithms, including apriori, modified mutual-information, and
      entropy clustering of complex system were applied to obtain the frequencies for
      different herbs and identify the association rules among the herbs. Accordingly,
      we can gain new insights into Professor Guo's medication experience on insomnia
      therapy. Based on analysis of 3 084 formulae, we determined the frequencies for
      herbs in the formulae and identified the association rules among these herbs. At
      last, 41 core combinations and 7 new formulae were obtained. The identified
      medication experience conform with Professor Guo's views on the etiology and
      pathogenesis of insomnia: "pathogenic fire derived from stagnation of liver-QI
      (Gan Yu Hua Huo)" is the core pathogenesis of insomnia; "liver stagnation and
      spleen deficiency" and "chronic illness transferred to kidney" are the main
      features for insomnia. The TCM Inheritance Support Plat is of great practical
      value for mining clinical experience of famous TCM doctors.

PMID- 26975118
TI  - [Quality standard study on Tibetan medicine Gentianae Urnulae Herba].
AB  - Gentianae Urnulae Herba, dried whole herb of Gentiana urnula,is a commonly used
      Tibetan medicine. However, only the character identification is used as quality
      control standard officially at present. As a part of project for the Chinese
      Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), the quality standard of this species was
      established in this study. The tests of water content, total ash, acid-insoluble
      ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of the crude drugs were carried out following
      the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume
      1). The TLC identification method was established by using gentiournoside A as
      reference substance, and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water-formic
      acid(7:1. 5:1: 0. 2) as the developing solvent system on silica gel G TLC plate.
      The content of gentiournoside A was assayed by HPLC on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18
      (4.6 mm x 250 mm,5 MUm) column, using acetonitrile-water (0.1% phosphoric acid)
      (26:74) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column
      temperature is at 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength is at 240 nm. As a
      result, gentiournoside A and the other constituents were separated and presented
      the same fluorescence light comparing with the reference substance on TLC
      detected under the UV light(366 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of
      gentiournoside A showed that it was in a good linear correlation in the range of
      0.009 95-0.398 g x L(-1) with the regression equation of Y = 1 467.1X +41.407(r =
      0.999 9), and the average recovery was 98. 3% (RSD 2.2%). The mass fractions of
      gentiournoside A, water content, ethanol-soluble extractives of 15 batches
      samples were varied in the ranges of 0.175% -1.83%, 8.60% - 9.93% and 29.2% -
      35.2%, respectively. Total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 10.2% - 17.2% and
      5.26% - 10.8% detected from 10 batches samples. The recommended standards of
      quantitative indexes are that the mass fractions of gentiournoside A and
      extractives are not less than 0.80% and 26.0%, respectively; the water, total ash
      and acid-insoluble ash are not more than 12.0%, 15.0% and 8.0%, respectively.

PMID- 26975119
TI  - [Studies on genetic diversity of three Tibetan herbs].
AB  - The genetic diversity of three Tibetan herbs, i. e., Sang-Di, E-Dewa and Ye
      Xingba (Tibetan names), was studied based on the field collection, specimen
      identification and DNA sequence analysis. Swertia hispidicalyx, Gentiana lhassica
      and Scrophularia dentata, as the original plants of the three Tibetan herbs, were
      collected and identified. The regions of ITS, matK, rbcL, rpoC1, trnL(UAA), psbA
      trnH, atpB-rbcL, trnS (GCU)-trnG(UCC), rpl20-rps12, trnL(UAA)-trnF(GAA) and nadl
      2nd intron were amplified and sequenced. The ITS regions of S. hispidicalyx and
      S. dentata were cloned and sequenced, and the sequences were classified into
      different genotypes. All the sequences were analyzed and compared with those of
      closely related species. Our studies may provide reference for the genetic
      diversity analysis and molecular identification of the three Tibetan herbs.

PMID- 26975120
TI  - [INDENA SPA company's patent portfolio of Ginkgo biloba preparation].
AB  - INDENA SPA Company in Italy is a multi-national company that produces and sells
      plant extracts. Based on its own re- search advantages in the field of Ginkgo
      biloba preparation, the company protects its own products market effectively
      through building patent portfolio around the patents of its opponent. Based on
      the multi-angle analysis for patent portfolio of G. biloba preparation from the
      aspects of application time, legal status, technical development route, and
      patent portfolio layout, this article provides technical reference on research
      and development of G. biloba preparation, and the author suggest that Chinese
      applicants learn techniques and layout experiences of other patents fully to
      enhance the level of research and patent protection level.

PMID- 26975121
TI  - [Review on scientific connotation of leech processed under high temperature].
AB  - Animal medicines mainly contain protein which was organic molecule with
      quaternary structure and had the property of thermal denaturation. When suffering
      from heat for a consistent time, the native conformation of protein would be
      destroyed. After denaturation the biological activity of protein will lose and
      some physicochemical and biochemical properties will be changed. Leech was a
      classical animal medicine in the views of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
      which had the functions of breaking stagnant and eliminating blood stasis. In the
      usage history, it was processed for a long time. No matter stir-frying leech with
      talc powder embodied in Chinese Pharmacopoeia or stir-baking with wine as a
      distinctive method in Beijing district, the process procedure was basically
      performed under high temperature. The purposes and intentions of process are
      mostly limited to technology conditions at specific historical period. In this
      article, based on existing processing procedure and its character of Leech, the
      changes of active components and pharmacological activities before and after
      processing under high temperature were summarized. The results demonstrate that
      the protein of leech would be denaturated; some active peptide such as hirudin
      were partly or totally destroyed; some toxic mineral elements, such as Pb, Hg,
      Cd, were decreased; at the same time, heating can promote some chemical
      components transforming into hypoxanthine which had the function of
      antihypertensive, antiasthmatic and antalgic. Consequently, after processed under
      high temperature, the purpose of decreasing toxicity and alleviating the strong
      property was achieved. Pharmacological changes of leech processed under high
      temperature were mainly manifested in the anticoagulant and antithrombotic
      activity, etc. Based on current processing research status about animal medicine
      leech, future research methods and directions on scientific connotation of leech
      processed under high temperature were put forward in this article.

PMID- 26975122
TI  - Time for the common good.

PMID- 26975123
TI  - The best use of time.

PMID- 26975124
TI  - 2015: MATERNITY'S BIG YEAR.

PMID- 26975125
TI  - The benefits of optimal cord clamping.
AB  - Optimal cord clamping is known and now widely recognised as having positive
      consequences for the neonate in the short- and medium-term. This review of some
      of the key literature published over the last five years on the effects of both
      ECC and OCC provides an insight into the evidence on this topic. The aim of this
      article is to summarise the key papers on the topic of the effect of timing of
      cord clamping, including some of those included in the Cochrane Review as well as
      the majority that have been published since, to provide an up-to-date overview.

PMID- 26975126
TI  - Clinical guidelines.
AB  - This article is part of the Advancing practice series which is aimed at exploring
      practice issues in more depth, considering topics that are frequently encountered
      and facilitating the development of new insights. Elaine Uppal focuses on the
      importance of all midwives developing guideline writing skills to ensure that
      local, national and international midwifery/maternity guidelines are up to date,
      relevant and reflect midwifery knowledge alongside 'gold' standard evidence. The
      article aims to consider the development, use and critical appraisal of clinical
      guidelines. It will define and explain guidelines; discuss their development and
      dissemination; and consider issues relating to their use in practice. Techniques
      to critique and develop guidelines using the AGREE tool will be outlined in the
      form of practice challenges to be undertaken by the individual or in a group.

PMID- 26975127
TI  - Emergency time: caring in Congo.
AB  - Midwifery practice in rural central Africa is full of joys (an abundance of
      twins, births by candlelight and resilience and stoicism that would leave even
      the very experienced birth practitioner speechless), but also a lot of challenges
      (every obstetric emergency in your wildest nightmares and worse) that are
      compounded by a lack of access to a skilled birth attendant. Women here have a
      strong culture of traditional practices and remedies, and hospital is often not
      the first port of call. Caring for women who cannot, themselves, consent to
      emergency life-saving caesarean sections, is a cultural aspect that we accept and
      respect as medical professionals working in the Democratic Republic of Congo
      (DRC). In a busy maternity ward in a low-resource setting, in a hospital
      supported by emergency humanitarian medical organisation Medecins sans Frontieres
      (MSF), just how are obstetric emergencies managed--and are the outcomes what you
      would expect?

PMID- 26975128
TI  - Learning to aid learning.
AB  - The National Health Service (NHS) is one of the largest employers in the world
      and, with 1.3 million staff, the biggest employer in Europe. With over three
      hundred different careers on offer (NHS 2015), the acquisition of skills and
      qualifications, through academic and clinical training, is an integral part of
      day-to-day life in the health service. As such, mentoring has become a
      significant feature in the preparation of healthcare professionals, to support
      students and ensure learning needs and experiences are appropriate to competency.
      This article examines the mentor's role, in relation to a teaching innovation
      designed to address students' identified learning needs to meet the requirements
      of the multi-professional learning and assessment in practice course NM6156. The
      effectiveness of the aids to learning will be assessed through an online quiz,
      and its usefulness will be analysed with reference to educational theories of
      learning and development.

PMID- 26975129
TI  - Midwifery: home and away.
AB  - The challenges faced by birthing women and maternity healthcare professionals in
      developing countries cannot not be over estimated. The experience of a midwife in
      a rural Tanzanian hospital described in this article gives a small insight into
      these challenges. With intermittent electricity, no running water, three beds, 20
      births per day and lack of midwifery or obstetric education, morbidity and
      mortality rates are high, and teaching is difficult. Conversely, where monitoring
      is minimalistic and time limits are not applied, 'normal birth' is truly the norm
      and the trust in women to grow and birth their babies is consistent and
      commendable. Reflection upon midwifery in developing countries can help inform
      attitudes and practice in the UK.

PMID- 26975130
TI  - Domestic violence in pregnancy: midwives and routine questioning.
AB  - The Confidential enquiry into maternal and child health (CEMACH) (2004) set the
      standard for maternity care to protect women from domestic violence. Twelve women
      who were murdered by their partner and 43 further deaths from disclosure with no
      appropriate referrals prompted the routine enquiry for domestic violence to be
      initiated in 2000. The death rate from domestic violence had marginally decreased
      slightly in the latest report from The Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries
      (CMACE) (2011) with 11 women murdered by their partner and 34 further deaths from
      disclosure with no referrals. The aim of this article is to review the current
      literature in order to explore evidence that questions the confidence of midwives
      when asking about domestic violence in pregnancy. The article aims to highlight
      the concerns that midwives face when confronted with a positive disclosure of
      domestic violence, and to provide a flow chart to aid in referral.

PMID- 26975131
TI  - Polish women's experiences of breastfeeding in Ireland.
AB  - Exclusive breastfeeding among Polish mothers at three-four months (38.6 per cent)
      is in keeping with the low rates of breastfeeding in Ireland overall (Begley et
      al 2008), and suggests that Polish women have begun to adopt the infant feeding
      practices of Irish women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the
      factors that influence Polish women's decisions to initiate and continue
      breastfeeding in Ireland. A descriptive qualitative approach was utilised to
      explore participants' perspectives of breastfeeding. Results showed that
      professional and family support are key to a successful breastfeeding experience
      for these mothers. Recommendations include further individualised support in
      order to meet the needs of Polish women breastfeeding in Ireland.

PMID- 26975132
TI  - 4. Managing workload and prioritising care: top tips.
AB  - Preceptorship is the 15th series of 'Midwifery basics' targeted at practising
      midwives. The aim of these articles is to provide information to raise awareness
      of the impact of the work of midwives on women's experience, and encourage
      midwives to seek further information through a series of activities relating to
      the topic. In this fourth article of the series, Neesha Ridley and Kerry Taylor
      look into the barriers and challenges that present to all midwives, particularly
      in the prioritisation of care and management of workload. They provide top tips
      in order to help support newly qualified midwives manage their work well, thus
      providing safe, effective care to all women and newborns at all times.

PMID- 26975133
TI  - 'Oh no, no, no, we haven't got time to be doing that': challenges encountered
      introducing a breast-feeding support intervention on a postnatal ward.
AB  - Research unwrapped is a popular series to help readers make sense of published
      research by undertaking a detailed appraisal of an article in a careful and
      considered manner. In doing so we can advance our knowledge and understanding of
      a research topic and apply it to our practice. This process is designed to assess
      the usefulness of the evidence in terms of decision making and application to
      practice. The research being discussed here looks at the factors affecting the
      implementation of a breastfeeding support intervention, on a postnatal ward,
      which includes considerations of time, workload and clinical context. It has been
      evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool for
      evaluating qualitative research as a guide (CASP 2013).

PMID- 26975134
TI  - Whatever happened to the precautionary principle?
AB  - In this column, Sara Wickham takes a sideways look at issues relevant to
      midwives, students, women and families, inviting us to sit down with a cup of tea
      and ponder what we think we know. Here, she looks at one of the latest papers to
      join the trend of attempting to justify induction of labour in healthy women,
      raising questions about the language and stance used within the research and
      suggesting that women and midwives might gain from referring to the precautionary
      principle.

PMID- 26975135
TI  - DIRECT: creating a reflective model.

PMID- 26975137
TI  - The Activity of Cholinesterases in Diapausing and Flying Red Mason Bees Osmia
      bicornis (Megachilidae).
AB  - The red mason bee (Osmia bicornis) is a highly effective pollinator that is
      exposed to various xenobiotics. The organism's potential resistance to the toxic
      effects of xenobiotics can be determined based on cholinesterase activity. The
      activity of cholinesterases (ChEs) towards acetylcholine (ACh) and butyrylcholine
      (BCh) was determined in extracts of diapausing (between October and late March)
      and flying bees (May). In both males and females, enzyme activity was higher
      towards ACh than towards BCh. The ratio of ACh/BCh activity was determined in the
      range of 1.43 to 4.15 in diapausing females and 3.00 to 7.18 in diapausing males.
      No significant changes in ChE activity towards ACh were observed in females
      before December and in males before February. Enzyme activity towards ACh
      increased dynamically in the second half of March. Enzyme activity towards BCh
      remained stable in both sexes until mid-March, after which it increased
      significantly. Excluding mid-March, enzyme BCh activity was significantly higher
      in females than in males. The activity of carboxylesterase towards 4-p
      nitrophenyl butyrate was determined in females to assess the involvement of non
      specific esterases in the hydrolysis of choline esters. Carboxylesterase activity
      was low in comparison with cholinesterase activity, and it remained practically
      unchanged throughout diapause, suggesting that choline esters in female O.
      bicornis extracts were hydrolyzed mainly by acetylcholinesterases.

PMID- 26975136
TI  - Plasma-Glucocorticoids and ACTH Levels During Different Periods of Activity in
      the European Beaver (Castor fiber L.).
AB  - Glucocorticoids (GCs) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are major components
      of the classic endocrine stress response. Free-living vertebrates are
      characterized by circannual changes in the baseline and/or stress-induced
      secretion of GCs and ACTH. In mammalian species, GC and ACTH levels vary
      seasonally but there is no consensus to the season in which animals have elevated
      GC and ACTH levels. The aim of our study was to determine, for the first time,
      the type and amount of glucocorticoids produced in free-living beaver (Castor
      fiber L.)--the largest rodent in Eurasia, and to find out whether stress-induced
      plasma GC and ACTH levels show seasonal variations. Blood samples were obtained
      from animals under general anesthesia in April (pregnancy in females), July
      (offspring rearing) and November (preparing for the winter). The adrenals of
      beavers produce both cortisol and corticosterone, and plasma cortisol levels were
      higher than corticosterone. In the current experiment, plasma cortisol
      concentrations in beavers were affected by the season. The highest stress
      associated cortisol levels were noted in males in July during offspring rearing.
      Corticosterone and ACTH concentrations in beavers remained generally constant,
      regardless of the season and sex. In conclusion, seasonal changes were observed
      only in relation to stress-induced plasma cortisol levels in the beaver.

PMID- 26975138
TI  - Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Increases Laminin, Integrin Subunits and
      Metalloprotease ADAM12 in Mouse Myoblasts.
AB  - The extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered a part of the myogenesis signaling
      mechanism. we hypothesized that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) modifies ECM
      during differentiation of mouse C2C12 cells. The myogenic effect of IGF-I (30
      nmol/l) was manifested by increased myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) levels
      as well as fusion index (2.6 times over control) on the 3rd day of
      differentiation. IGF-I markedly augmented laminin, but not fibronectin. Cellular
      contents of integrin alpha3, alpha5 and beta1 during 3-day differentiation
      increased in the presence of IGF-I. Treatment with IGF-I increased the expression
      of the long form of metalloprotease ADAM12 (100 kDa) in myocytes. In conclusion:
      i) IGF-I caused an increase of laminin, integrin alpha3 and beta1 in C2C12
      myogenic cells that can be secondary to stimulation of myogenesis; ii) IGF-I
      augmented integrin alpha5 and ADAM12 levels, suggesting a role of this growth
      factor in determination of the pool of reserve cells during myogenesis.

PMID- 26975139
TI  - Efficacy of Local Anesthetics in Detachment of Normal 3T3 Mouse Fibroblasts and
      Prostate Cancer AT-2 Cells from Substrata, in Maintenance of Viable Cells in a
      Non-Adherent State, and in Preservation of Cell Surface Markers Detected with
      FlowSight Image Cytometry.
AB  - The local anesthetics procaine, lidocaine and tetracaine permit the reversible
      detachment of viable cells and their passaging or preservation in a non-adherent
      state in the absence of proteolytic enzymes. The effects of these anesthetics,
      dissolved in various media, on cell viability, cell detachment from substrata and
      preservation of cells in a non-adherent state, were compared using the AT-2 line
      of rat prostate carcinoma cells of moderate malignancy and the 3T3 mouse
      fibroblast cell line. It was found that all three local anesthetics can induce
      cell rounding followed by detachment of over 95% of viable cells in both lines in
      Ca2+/Mg(2+)-free PBS. Tetracaine in 1 mM concentration was the most effective in
      induction of fast cell detachment. However, procaine and lidocaine in 16 mM
      concentrations were found to be optimal for preservation of cells in a non
      adherent state and for the maintenance of cell viability for at least 2 h. The
      tested anesthetics also cause cell rounding and detachment when present in
      various cell culture media but these processes occurred much more slowly and less
      efficiently than in Ca2+/Mg(2+)-free PBS. Normal 3T3 mouse fibroblasts after
      detachment and passaging undertake growth reaching the same saturation density in
      cultures after detachment with procaine or lidocaine as after passaging using
      trypsin solution. The results suggest that the application of local anesthetics
      can be a very simple and effective technique for cell passaging in tissue
      cultures. This technique might decrease side-effects and cell injury caused by
      trypsinization or cell scraping. The preservation of cells in suspension in a non
      adherent state may facilitate analysis of cell surface properties and
      fractionation of cell mixtures. Avoiding the use of trypsin allows for the
      preservation of cell surface proteins ICAM, CXCR4, and HCAM analyzed with
      FlowSight image flow cytometry.

PMID- 26975140
TI  - Taxonomic Position and Status of Arctic Gynaephora and Dicallomera Moths
      (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae).
AB  - We use analysis of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in combination with published data
      on morphology to rearrange the taxonomy of two arctic species, Gynaephora
      groenlandica and G. rossii. We demonstrate that (1) the taxon lugens
      Kozhanchikov, 1948 originally described as a distinct species is a subspecies of
      Gynaephora rossii, and (2) the taxon kusnezovi Lukhtanov et Khruliova, 1989
      originally described as a distinct species in the genus Dicallomera is a
      subspecies of Gynaephora groenlandica. We also provide the first evidence for the
      occurrence of G. groenlandica in the Palearctic region (Wrangel Island).

PMID- 26975141
TI  - Morphometric Parameters of Pyramidal Cells in CA1-CA4 Fields in the Hippocampus
      of Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus).
AB  - The aim of the study was a quantitative examination of neurons of hippocampal
      subfields (CA1-CA4) in mature male Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus; syn. Alopex
      lagopus). The preparations were dyed using cresyl violet. Histological
      preparations were used to morphometricaly analyze the neurons of hippocampus.
      This analysis included the following parameters: average size of cells in MUm,
      periphery of cells in MUm, average cell area in MUm2, percentage of cells in area
      and size of the largest and smallest cells in MUm in CA1-CA4 fields. Morphometric
      observations show that the cells involved in hippocampal formation in polar fox
      in all layers CA1 -CA4 differ in size, shape, cell area and nucleus area. The
      size of the cell area in CA3 is the largest and fluctuates around 249.4 MUm2,
      whereas in CA2 the cell area is 184.1 MUm2. The cells of the CA2 field are
      densely arranged, pyramidal and contain a small amount of cytoplasm; their size
      fluctuates. Cells of CA2 and CA4 had the largest diameter of about 23.6 MUm,
      whereas cells of the CA3 field had the smallest diameter of about 8.3 MUm.

PMID- 26975142
TI  - Potential Alleviation of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinale on Lead
      Induced Testicular Toxicity: an Ultrastructural Study.
AB  - Natural, products were studied to combat reproductive alterations of lead. The
      current work aimed to disclose the efficacy of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber
      officinale to alleviate lead acetate induced toxicity. Sixty adult male Wistar
      rats were distributed into four groups. Group 1 was considered control, group 2
      received 200 mg/l PbAc water, group 3 received 50 mg/kg/rat of C. vulgaris
      extract and 200 mg/l PbAc water, and group 4 received 100 mg/kg/rat of Z.
      officinale and 200 mg/l PbAc water for 90 days. Testis samples were subjected to
      ultrastructural examination. It was observed that PbAc caused degenerative
      alterations in the spermatogenic series in many tubules, with a loss of germ
      cells and vacuoles inside the cytoplasm and between the germ cells. Mitochondria
      exhibited ballooning, with lost cristae and widening of the interstitial tissue,
      while nuclear envelopes of primary spermatocytes were broken up, and axonemes of
      the mid-pieces of the sperms were distorted. With the treatment with C. vulgaris
      or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in these modifications. It
      was concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing
      medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those
      exposed to lead in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris
      due to its chelating action.

PMID- 26975143
TI  - Influence of Selected Extenders for Liquid Storage at 4 degrees C of Breeding
      Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Semen on Sperm DNA Integrity.
AB  - The influence of two commercial and two laboratory oriented extenders on survival
      rate and DNA integrity of chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) sperm was determined
      during liquid storage. Semen was collected using an electroejaculator from 6
      adult male chinchillas. Ejaculates (n = 16) were diluted with extenders to obtain
      a concentration of 40 x 10 (3) sperm/5 MUl. After dilution the semen samples were
      stored at 4"C. The percent motility, progressive motility, and morphology were
      assessed conventionally, whereas DNA integrity was evaluated by Single Cell Gel
      Electrophoresis (comet) assay at 0 (just after dilution), 24, 48 and 72 h.
      Conventional assessment of sperm quality showed that commercial extenders are
      characterized by the lowest sperm survival parameters out of the investigated
      extenders. In commercial extenders spermatozoa lost their capacity for
      progressive motility compared to laboratory extenders. After 24 h storage, from
      21.67% to 30% of motile sperms were observed in commercial extender whereas total
      sperm motility was 63.33% (41.67% with progressive motility) in samples in which
      stallion semen extender was used. After 72 h storage, 10% of sperm were motile in
      stallion semen extender while no sperm movement was observed in tubes containing
      the commercial extender. Furthermore, a lower percentage of damaged spermatozoa
      in laboratory oriented extenders was demonstrated. It was also stated that along
      with the extended time of semen storage at 4 degrees C, commercial extenders lost
      their protective action. An analysis of DNA content in the heads of sperm cells
      and tail moment (TM) showed that the most useful extender for liquid preservation
      of chinchilla semen was the extender for stallions.

PMID- 26975144
TI  - New Stands of Species of the Paramecium aurelia Complex in Yakutia, Russia.
AB  - Paramecium is one of the most studied genera among ciliates. In particular, it is
      a model organism for investigation of the sibling species problem (also known as
      the cryptic species problem), spatial distribution, and its role in speciation.
      The global distribution of Paramecium species and of sibling species belonging to
      the P. aurelia species complex (Ciliophora, Protista) still need study, e.g.
      sampling in some territories has been quite limited, while Europe has been
      investigated for years with the majority of the P. aurelia species isolated from
      here. The large territory of Yakutia (republic Sakha in the Russian Federation),
      known for its climate extremes and continuous permafrost that extended over
      several glacial and interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene, has not been studied
      before. In the present study we collected paramecia in the central part of
      Yakutia. Newly established strains were identified to species according to
      morphology and, in case of the P. aurelia complex, by crossing with the test
      strains (the reference strains for the particular species). New stands of P.
      primaurelia, P. biaurelia and P. novaurelia were described from the territory of
      Yakutia.

PMID- 26975145
TI  - Taxonomic Position and Status of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) iphigenia
      (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the Peloponnese, Southern Greece.
AB  - In our study we use a 690 bp fragment of the COI gene to analyze a taxon from
      southern Greece, usually treated as Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) iphigenia
      nonacriensis (Brown, 1977). The previous conclusions on taxonomy and nomenclature
      of P. (A.) iphigenia nonacriensis were not supported by molecular or cytological
      data, therefore the problem of identity of this taxon has remained unsolved. We
      found that with respect to COI haplotypes, P. (A.) iphigenia nonacriensis from
      Greece is similar to the studied populations of P. (A.) iphigenia (Herrich
      Schaffer, 1847) from Turkey and Armenia. Thus, we confirm that the only Greek
      Agrodiaetus butterfly with blue wing coloration in males actually belongs to the
      species P. (A.) iphigenia.

PMID- 26975146
TI  - Magnesium Effects on Nonsynaptic Epileptiform Activity in Leech Retzius Neurons.
AB  - The effects of Mg2+ on Ni(2+)-induced epileptiform bursting activity and input
      membrane resistance during this activity of leech Retzius neurons were examined
      using intracellular recordings. To induce epileptiform activity, 3 mmol/l NiCl2
      was added into superfusing Ringer (Ri) saline. To test for dose-dependence of the
      effects of Mg2+ on the induced epileptiform activity, MgCl2 was added in
      concentrations from 1 mmol/l to 20 mmol/l Mg2+ to the Ni(2+)-containing Ri
      saline. Input membrane resistance (IMR) was measured in standard Ri, Ni2+ Ri and
      20 mmol/l Mg2+Ni2+ Ri saline. Superfusion with Ni2+ Ri induced epileptiform
      bursting activity characterized by generation of paroxysmal depolarization shifts
      (PDSs). Parameters of epileptiform activity including PDS frequency, PDS
      duration, PDS amplitude and the number of spikes/PDS were measured. Magnesium
      suppressed Ni(2+)-induced epileptiform activity, significantly reducing values of
      all parameters observed in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest
      concentration applied of 20 mmol/l Mg2+ completely eliminated epileptiform
      activity. To test for the effect of Mg2+ on membrane conductance during bursting,
      IMR was measured. Magnesium significantly increased IMR during bursting
      suppression.

PMID- 26975147
TI  - Optimal staffing. New resource aims to help RNs implement evidence-based staffing
      plans.

PMID- 26975148
TI  - A matter of life or death. Offering competencies to address suicide prevention,
      management.

PMID- 26975149
TI  - Stay healthy. Get vaccinated against the flu.

PMID- 26975150
TI  - Nurses unite with pride (and stethoscopes).

PMID- 26975151
TI  - Take the pledge to engage in infection prevention.

PMID- 26975153
TI  - Lead exposure impacts children's sleep.

PMID- 26975152
TI  - A cultural experience. Committed to ensuring healthy outcomes for Native
      American, Indigenous youth.

PMID- 26975154
TI  - World AIDS Day: On the road to zero.

PMID- 26975155
TI  - Primary care-focused effort to reduce HIV infections.

PMID- 26975156
TI  - ANA partners to address a challenging public health problem.

PMID- 26975158
TI  - The Reason Why.

PMID- 26975157
TI  - Sharing her passion for nursing, education.

PMID- 26975159
TI  - Stopping HIV One Patient at a Time: The Continuum of Care Model.

PMID- 26975160
TI  - Taking a Sexual History and Creating Affirming Environments for Lesbian, Gay,
      Bisexual, and Transgender People.
AB  - MISSISSIPPI RANKS AMONG THE TOP STATES IN THE COUNTRY FOR RATES OF HIV AND STDs.
      Among those at highest risk are gay and bisexual men and transgender women; yet
      these groups often delay or avoid care because they fear being misunderstood or
      stigmatized. This article focuses on how providers in Mississippi can minimize
      these barriers by taking sexual histories that are inclusive and affirming of all
      sexual orientations and gender identities. The article also offers strategies for
      improving the environment of care within health care organizations in order to
      create welcoming and safe spaces for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
      people.

PMID- 26975161
TI  - Vital Signs: Estimated Percentages and Numbers of Adults with Indications for
      Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV Acquisition--United States, 2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2014, approximately 40,000 persons in the United States received a
      diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Preexposure
      prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily oral antiretroviral medication is a new, highly
      effective intervention that could reduce the number of new HIV infections.
      METHODS: CDC analyzed nationally representative data to estimate the percentages
      and numbers of persons in the United States, by transmission risk group, with
      indications for PrEP consistent with the 2014 U.S. Public Health Service's PrEP
      clinical practice guideline. RESULTS: Approximately 24.7% of sexually active
      adult men who have sex with men (MSM) (492,000 [95% confidence interval {CI} =
      212,000-772,000]), 18.5% of persons who inject drugs (115,000 [CI = 45,000
      185,000]), and 0.4% of heterosexually active adults (624,000 [CI = 404,000
      846,000]), had substantial risks for acquiring HIV consistent with PrEP
      indications. CONCLUSIONS: Based on current guidelines, many MSM, persons who
      inject drugs, and heterosexually active adults have indications for PrEP. A
      higher percentage of MSM and persons who inject drugs have indications for PrEP
      than heterosexually active adults, consistent with distribution of new HIV
      diagnoses across these populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE:
      Clinical organizations, health departments, and community-based organizations
      should raise awareness of PrEP among persons with substantial risk for acquiring
      HIV infection and their health care providers. These data can be used to inform
      scale-up and evaluation of PrEP coverage. Increasing delivery of PrEP and other
      highly effective HIV prevention services could lower the number of new HIV
      infections occurring in the United States each year.

PMID- 26975162
TI  - Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Summary of 2015 CDC Treatment Guidelines.

PMID- 26975163
TI  - State of the ART: Characteristics of HIV infected patients receiving care in
      Mississippi (MS), USA from the Medical Monitoring Project, 2009-2010.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mississippi, the poorest state in the US, has a very high prevalence
      of HIV and among the highest HIV infection rates and AIDS-adjusted mortality
      rates in the country. African Americans, who suffer the worst health care
      disparities in the US, account for 76% of people with HIV in MS. The purpose of
      this study is to describe those in care for HIV and determine the factors
      associated with anti-retroviral treatment (ART) and viral suppression. METHODS:
      The CDC's Medical Monitoring Project collects surveillance data from 23 project
      areas in the US, including Mississippi, using annual probability sampling of
      persons in care for HIV. Data were collected from in-person interviews and
      medical record abstraction in 2009. The surveillance period was the 12 months
      prior to the interview date. RESULTS: 212 randomly selected participants
      represented a nationally representative weighted sample of 3190.4. Participants
      had a mean of 3.71 provider visits during the surveillance period. Geometric mean
      for CD4 count = 438.91 (95% CI 402.25-475.56). Overall 80.80% (95% CI 75.30%-
      86.29%) were on ART, and 68.12% (95% CI 62.69%-73-56%) had undetectable viral
      load. Males (65.15%) were less likely to achieve undetectable viral load compared
      to females (78.30%) after controlling for individuals who were on ART (p = 0.01).
      Viral suppression was not associated with age, race or sexual risk factors.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although Mississippi has a high proportion of individuals out of HIV
      care, the majority in care is on ART and has suppressed viral loads. However, men
      are less likely to achieve virological suppression than females.

PMID- 26975164
TI  - MISSISSIPPI HeARTS AGAINST AIDS.

PMID- 26975165
TI  - Sharon McDonald, MD.

PMID- 26975166
TI  - Daily Pill Can Prevent HIV. Reaching people who could benefit from PrEP.

PMID- 26975167
TI  - [Angiotensin-receptor- and neprilysin-inhibition: a new option against heart
      failure].
AB  - The molecular combination of sacubitril and valsartan (Entresto) is a new drug
      for reducing the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart
      failure in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced
      ejection fraction. It is usually administered in conjunction with other heart
      failure therapies, instead of an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin-receptor blocker
      (ARB). In studies, sacubitril/ valsartan was superior to enalapril in reducing
      the risks of death and hospitalization for heart failure. Possible side effects
      of sacubitril/valsartan are hypotension, angioedema, impaired renal function and
      elevation in serum potassium levels. The drug should not be used in times of
      pregnancy and breast feeding, in patients with servere hepatic impairment (Child
      Pugh C) and in combination with aliskiren in patients with diabetes.

PMID- 26975168
TI  - [Epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology of heart failure].

PMID- 26975169
TI  - [Diagnostic methods and differential diagnosis of heart failure].

PMID- 26975170
TI  - [Evidence-based and guideline-based treatment of heart failure].

PMID- 26975171
TI  - [The heart failure patient with acute dyspnea and weight gain].

PMID- 26975172
TI  - [Risk reduction by pharmaceutical intervention. Medication management using the
      example of salbutamol].

PMID- 26975173
TI  - [The patient is a measure of the treatment].

PMID- 26975174
TI  - [Simvastatin and vitamin D3 for prevention].

PMID- 26975176
TI  - [Many challenges - a common task].

PMID- 26975175
TI  - [Can proton pump inhibitors prevent gastrointestinal bleeding?].

PMID- 26975178
TI  - [Insulin resistance affects neuronal degeneration].

PMID- 26975177
TI  - [Acetylsalicylic acid-renaissance with venous thrombosis? ].

PMID- 26975179
TI  - [Treatment of cancer-related bone pain].

PMID- 26975180
TI  - [Combined administration of lumacaftor and ivacaftor as a causal therapeutic
      approach].

PMID- 26975181
TI  - [Beautiful Scars - is that possible?].

PMID- 26975182
TI  - Metal-free intermolecular formal cycloadditions enable an orthogonal access to
      nitrogen heterocycles.
AB  - Nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic cores are ubiquitous building blocks in
      organic chemistry. Herein, we present a family of metal-free intermolecular
      formal cycloaddition reactions that enable highly selective and orthogonal access
      to isoquinolines and pyrimidines at will. Applications of the products are
      complemented by a density functional theory mechanistic analysis that pinpoints
      the crucial factors responsible for the selectivity observed, including
      stoichiometry and the nature of the heteroalkyne. 

PMID- 26975184
TI  - Proteolytic degradation and deactivation of amphibian skin peptides obtained by
      electrical stimulation of their dorsal glands.
AB  - Amphibians are among the oldest creatures on our planet. Their only defensive
      weapon efficient against microorganisms and predators involves their skin
      secretion. The wide range of biological activities of the peptides in the skin
      secretion of amphibians makes these compounds rather interesting for generation
      of prospective pharmaceuticals. The first step in studying these molecules
      requires their structures to be established. Mass spectrometry is the most
      powerful tool for this purpose. The sampling and sample preparation stages
      preceding mass spectrometry experiments appear to be rather crucial. The results
      obtained here demonstrate that these preparation procedures might lead to partial
      or complete loss of the bioactive peptides in the secretion. Five minutes in
      water was enough to completely destroy all of the bioactive peptides in the skin
      secretion of the marsh frog (Rana ridibunda); even immediate addition of methanol
      to the water solution of the peptides did not prevent partial destruction.
      Concerted effort should be directed towards development of the most efficient
      procedure to keep the secreted peptides intact. Graphical Abstract ?.

PMID- 26975183
TI  - Abnormal movements in critical care patients with brain injury: a diagnostic
      approach.
AB  - Abnormal movements are frequently encountered in patients with brain injury
      hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs), yet characterization of these
      movements and their underlying pathophysiology is difficult due to the comatose
      or uncooperative state of the patient. In addition, the available diagnostic
      approaches are largely derived from outpatients with neurodegenerative or
      developmental disorders frequently encountered in the outpatient setting, thereby
      limiting the applicability to inpatients with acute brain injuries. Thus, we
      reviewed the available literature regarding abnormal movements encountered in
      acutely ill patients with brain injuries. We classified the brain injury into the
      following categories: anoxic, vascular, infectious, inflammatory, traumatic,
      toxic-metabolic, tumor-related and seizures. Then, we identified the abnormal
      movements seen in each category as well as their epidemiologic, semiologic and
      clinicopathologic correlates. We propose a practical paradigm that can be applied
      at the bedside for diagnosing abnormal movements in the ICU. This model seeks to
      classify observed abnormal movements in light of various patient-specific
      factors. It begins with classifying the patient's level of consciousness. Then,
      it integrates the frequency and type of each movement with the availability of
      ancillary diagnostic tests and the specific etiology of brain injury. 

PMID- 26975186
TI  - Management of Pediatric Acute Liver Failure in a Region With Insufficient
      Deceased Donor Support: A Single-Center Experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Acute liver failure is a rapidly progressive and life-threatening
      disease in children, whose clinical features differ from those of adults.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a review of a single center's experience with
      pediatric acute liver failure in a region with insufficient deceased donor
      support. The study is a retrospective review and analysis of 22 pediatric
      patients with acute liver failure between January 2007 and May 2013. RESULTS: The
      cause of acute liver failure was indeterminate in 45.4% of cases. Listing for
      liver transplant was required in 72.7% of patients, whereas 27.3% developed
      spontaneous remission. In the patients placed on the liver transplant wait list,
      75% underwent liver transplant and 25% died before undergoing liver transplant.
      The presence of ascites, high-grade encephalopathy, and laboratory findings
      including high lactate dehydrogenase and phosphorous levels and international
      normalized ratio were significant parameters in selecting patients needing liver
      transplants. All liver transplants were from living donors. One- and 3-year
      patient survival rates after liver transplant were 75% and 75%. No serious donor
      complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Living-donor liver transplant may be the
      only option to save the lives of pediatric patients with acute liver failure,
      especially in regions with insufficient deceased-donor support. Timely referral
      to a multidisciplinary transplant center, expedient evaluation of living donors,
      and appropriate timing of transplant are crucial for a successful outcome.

PMID- 26975185
TI  - Influenza-like illness in an urban community of Salvador, Brazil: incidence,
      seasonality and risk factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our understanding of the epidemiology of influenza is limited in
      tropical regions, which in turn has hampered identifying optimal region-specific
      policy to diminish disease burden. Influenza-like illness (ILI) is a clinical
      diagnosis that can be used as a surrogate for influenza. This study aimed to
      define the incidence and seasonality of ILI and to assess its association with
      climatic variables and school calendar in an urban community in the tropical
      region of Salvador, Brazil. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2013, we conducted enhanced
      community-based surveillance for acute febrile illnesses (AFI) among patients >=
      5 years of age in a slum community emergency unit in Salvador, Brazil. ILI was
      defined as a measured temperature of >= 37.8  degrees C or reported fever in a
      patient with cough or sore throat for <= 7 days, and negative test results for
      dengue and leptospirosis. Seasonality was analyzed with a harmonic regression
      model. Negative binomial regression models were used to correlate ILI incidence
      with rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and the number of days per month
      that schools were in session while controlling for seasonality. RESULTS: There
      were 2,651 (45.6% of 5,817 AFI patients) ILI cases with a mean annual incidence
      of 60 cases/1,000 population (95% CI 58-62). Risk of ILI was highest among 5-9
      year olds with an annual incidence of 105 cases/1,000 population in 2009. ILI had
      a clear seasonal pattern with peaks between the 35-40th week of the year. ILI
      peaks were higher and earlier in 5-9 year olds compared with > 19 year olds. No
      association was seen between ILI and precipitation, relative humidity or
      temperature. There was a significant association between the incidence of ILI in
      children 5-9 years of age and number of scheduled school days per month.
      CONCLUSIONS: We identified a significant burden of ILI with distinct seasonality
      in the Brazilian tropics and highest rates among young school-age children.
      Seasonal peaks of ILI in children 5-9 years of age were positively associated
      with the number of school days, indicating that children may play a role in the
      timing of seasonal influenza transmission.

PMID- 26975188
TI  - Effect of ALDH1 on prognosis and chemoresistance by breast cancer subtype.
AB  - Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been identified as a breast cancer stem cell
      marker, but its value as a predictor of prognosis and chemoresistance is
      controversial. This study investigated the effect of ALDH1 on prognosis and
      chemoresponse by breast cancer subtype. We immunohistochemically analyzed 653
      invasive breast cancer specimens and evaluated correlations among
      clinicopathological factors, survival status, response to neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy, and ALDH1 expression. Of 653 specimens, 139 (21.3 %) expressed
      ALDH1 in tumor cells. ALDH1 expression was correlated significantly with larger
      tumor size, node metastasis, higher nuclear grade, and with HER2(+) and
      progesterone/estrogen receptor (HR)(-) subtypes. ALDH1 expression was
      significantly observed in HER2 type and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
      Patients with ALDH1(+) cancers had significantly shorter disease-free survival (P
      < 0001) and overall survival (P = 0.044). ALDH1 expression significantly affected
      prognosis of luminal types, but not TNBC and HER2-enriched types. For the 234
      patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pathological complete response
      (pCR) rate was significantly lower in ALDH1(+) cases (13.5 vs. 30.3 %, P =
      0.003). pCR and ALDH1 expression were significantly correlated in TNBC patients
      (P = 0.003). ALDH1(+) breast cancers tended to be aggressive, with poor
      prognoses. Although ALDH1(+) TNBC showed higher chemoresistance, ALDH1 had
      significant impact on prognosis in the luminal type but not in TNBC. 

PMID- 26975189
TI  - A phase I/II trial of the safety and clinical activity of a HER2-protein based
      immunotherapeutic for treating women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - The objectives of this phase I/II study (NCT00140738) were to evaluate the safety
      and clinical activity of a cancer immunotherapeutic agent (recombinant HER2
      protein (dHER2) and the immunostimulant AS15) in patients with HER2
      overexpressing metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Forty HER2-positive MBC patients
      received up to 18 doses (12q2w, 6q3w) of dHER2 immunotherapeutic, as first- or
      second-line therapy following response to trastuzumab-based treatment as
      maintenance. Toxicity was graded by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse
      Events (CTCAE) and clinical activity was evaluated by target lesion assessment
      according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).
      Immunogenicity was assessed. The dHER2 immunotherapeutic was well tolerated:
      grade 1/2 adverse events (AEs) were most common. No cardiac events were observed
      and one patient experienced an asymptomatic decrease of left ventricular ejection
      fraction below the normal range (47 %). Both humoral and cellular immunogenicity
      to the dHER2 antigen was observed. No patient discontinued the immunizations
      because of AEs but 35/40 withdrew prematurely, 34 because of disease progression
      (24/34 before or at the tumor assessment after dose 6). One patient achieved a
      complete response lasting 11 months and one patient had a partial response
      lasting 3.5 months. Ten patients experienced stable disease >=26 weeks with 4/10
      still in stable disease at the last tumor assessment after 47 weeks. Immunization
      of MBC patients with the dHER2 immunotherapeutic was associated with minimal
      toxicity and no cardiac events. Clinical activity was observed with two objective
      responses and prolonged stable disease for 10/40 patients. 

PMID- 26975191
TI  - How are Sensory Features associated with seven anxiety disorders in boys with
      Autism Spectrum Disorder?
AB  - The association between Sensory Features (SF) and seven anxiety disorders was
      investigated using self-reports and parental reports about 140 young males with
      an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Although there were significant correlations
      between SF and self- and parent-ratings of some of the seven anxiety disorders,
      overall, SF was found to have an inconsistent association across the seven
      anxiety disorders and this was also found for the 8 symptoms of Generalised
      Anxiety Disorder. These data challenge the practice of assessing SF and anxiety
      via global measures and argue for individualized disorder-specific assessments to
      develop more effective diagnoses and treatments for the effects of SF. 

PMID- 26975187
TI  - Task shifting of frontline community health workers for cardiovascular risk
      reduction: design and rationale of a cluster randomised controlled trial (DISHA
      study) in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective task-shifting interventions targeted at reducing the global
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) epidemic in low and middle-income countries (LMICs)
      are urgently needed. METHODS: DISHA is a cluster randomised controlled trial
      conducted across 10 sites (5 in phase 1 and 5 in phase 2) in India in 120
      clusters. At each site, 12 clusters were randomly selected from a district. A
      cluster is defined as a small village with 250-300 households and well defined
      geographical boundaries. They were then randomly allocated to intervention and
      control clusters in a 1:1 allocation sequence. If any of the intervention and
      control clusters were <10 km apart, one was dropped and replaced with another
      randomly selected cluster from the same district. The study included a
      representative baseline cross-sectional survey, development of a structured
      intervention model, delivery of intervention for a minimum period of 18 months by
      trained frontline health workers (mainly Anganwadi workers and ASHA workers) and
      a post intervention survey in a representative sample. The study staff had no
      information on intervention allocation until the completion of the baseline
      survey. In order to ensure comparability of data across sites, the DISHA study
      follows a common protocol and manual of operation with standardized measurement
      techniques. DISCUSSION: Our study is the largest community based cluster
      randomised trial in low and middle-income country settings designed to test the
      effectiveness of 'task shifting' interventions involving frontline health workers
      for cardiovascular risk reduction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTRI/2013/10/004049 .
      Registered 7 October 2013.

PMID- 26975190
TI  - [Regulatory T-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. IL-2 is decisive for loss of
      tolerance].
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) results from loss of immunological tolerance.
      Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are major gatekeepers of peripheral tolerance by
      suppression of autoreactive lymphocytes. Defects in Treg function are therefore
      possible pathogenetic mechanisms of SLE. Despite this fact published work about
      numbers and functions of Tregs in SLE are contradictory and the definitive role
      of Treg in SLE remains unclear. In this review we summarize the current
      literature about Treg subtypes and the phenotypic markers in human SLE. We also
      discuss data from mouse models and ex vivo experiments, which provide indications
      for possible mechanisms that contribute to loss of tolerance. We also discuss the
      role of interleukin 2 (IL-2), which is decisive for the function of Treg and has
      been used therapeutically in preliminary trials in human SLE. The identification
      of novel Treg markers and the development of novel therapeutic approaches, which
      restore the balance between Treg and autoreactive T-cells are future goals for
      research in SLE. 

PMID- 26975192
TI  - Cyclosporine A induced histological changes of Cathepsin L and CD2AP expression
      in renal glomeruli and tubules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is used globally as an immunosuppressant for the
      treatment of immune-mediated nephrotic syndrome (NS). However, its long-term use
      causes nephrotoxicity characterized by tubulointerstitial injury and
      glomerulosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the associations
      between histomorphological findings and immunohistological expression of
      Cathepsin L (CatL) and CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) in patients with NS
      mediated with CsA. METHODS: A total of 18 patients with child-onset NS were
      divided into two groups after treatment with CsA for 2 years (group A; n = 10)
      and more than 4 years (group B; n = 8), respectively. Analyses of relationships
      between tubulointerstitial disorders and expression of CatL and CD2AP proteins
      were performed using immunohistochemistry of paired renal specimens. RESULTS:
      Glomeruli with arteriole hyalinization were significantly increased in both
      groups depending on dosage periods, although degrees of tubule and interstitial
      injury did not differ between groups. CD2AP expression was significantly greater
      in podocytes (P = 0.046) and was significantly less in proximal tubule cells (P =
      0.014) in patients of group B compared with those of group A. Moreover, CD2AP
      expression was significantly increased in lateral tubule cells in both groups
      (group A, P = 0.02; group B, P = 0.001), and CatL expression in glomeruli and
      tubule cells did not change with the duration of CsA treatment in either patient
      group. CONCLUSIONS: CD2AP expression in renal tubules may histologically
      associate with tissue hypoxia and reflected recovery from CsA-mediated renal
      injury in patients, even with mild histological features of tubulointerstitial
      disorder.

PMID- 26975193
TI  - Responsiveness and Minimal Important Change of the Pain Self-Efficacy
      Questionnaire and Short Forms in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain.
AB  - The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a valid and reliable patient
      reported instrument used to assess pain self-efficacy in patients with chronic
      low back pain (CLBP). Recently, the 2-item (PSEQ-2) and the 4-item (PSEQ-4) short
      versions were developed showing satisfactory measurement properties in mixed
      populations with chronic pain. The aim of this study was to examine
      responsiveness and minimal important change (MIC) of PSEQ, PSEQ-2, and PSEQ-4 in
      patients with CLBP. We used a sample of 104 patients undergoing multimodal
      physical therapy designed to partly change pain self-efficacy beliefs.
      Responsiveness was assessed by testing 16 a priori formulated hypotheses
      regarding effect sizes, areas under the curve, and correlations with changes in
      other instruments measuring other constructs. The MIC was calculated using an
      external anchor specific for pain self-efficacy and the receiver operator
      characteristic (ROC) method. The PSEQ and the PSEQ-4 met all hypotheses, whereas
      the PSEQ-2 met all but 1. The MICs were 5.5 for the PSEQ (9% of the scale range)
      and 1.5 for PSEQ-2 (13% scale range) and PSEQ-4 (6% scale range). MIC values were
      different for patients with low or high baseline values for all 3 instruments.
      The PSEQ and its short versions are adequately responsive instruments in patients
      with CLBP. PERSPECTIVE: This study suggests that the PSEQ and its short versions
      are responsive measures of pain self-efficacy in patients with CLBP, adding to
      previous literature on their validity and reliability. Considering their similar
      responsiveness, the 4-item PSEQ could replace the original 10-item version in
      busy clinical or research settings.

PMID- 26975194
TI  - Serotonin and the Brain's Rich Club-Association Between Molecular Genetic
      Variation on the TPH2 Gene and the Structural Connectome.
AB  - The rich club comprises a densely mutually connected set of hub regions in the
      brain, thought to serve as a processing and integration core. We assessed the
      impact of normal variation of the tryptophane hydroxylase 2 gene's promotor
      region (TPH2 rs4570625) on structural connectivity of the rich club pathways by
      means of a candidate gene association design. Tryptophane hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is
      a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin and is known to inhibit,
      in addition to its role as a trans-synaptic messenger, axonal and dendritic
      growth. The TPH2 T-variant has been associated with reduced mRNA expression and
      reduced serotonin levels, which may particularly influence the development of
      macroscale anatomical connectivity. Here, we show larger mean connectivity in the
      rich club in carriers of the T-variant, suggesting potential effects of
      upregulation of neural connectivity growth in this central core system. In
      addition, by edge-removal statistics, we show that the TPH2-associated higher
      levels of rich club connectivity are of importance for the functioning of the
      total structural network. The observed association is speculated to result from
      an effect of serotonin levels on brain development, potentially leading to
      stronger structural connectivity in heavily interconnected hubs.

PMID- 26975197
TI  - Hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride blue-light flexible cystoscopy in the detection
      and follow-up of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: cost consequences during
      outpatient surveillance in Sweden.
AB  - AIM: This study explored the cost consequences of introducing hexaminolevulinate
      hydrochloride-guided blue-light flexible cystoscopy (HAL BLFC) as an adjunct to
      white-light flexible cystoscopy compared with white-light flexible cystoscopy
      alone, for the detection and management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer in
      Sweden. METHODS: The model evaluated 231 patients in the outpatient setting after
      successful initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. RESULTS: HAL
      BLFC introduction across all risk groups resulted in minimal budget impact (+1.6%
      total cost/5 years, or 189 Swedish Krona [SEK] per patient/year), and translated
      to cost savings in intermediate- and high-risk groups from year 2. CONCLUSION:
      HAL BLFC allowed more outpatient treatment with improved recurrence detection and
      reduced transurethral resection of the bladder tumors, cystectomies, bed days and
      operating room time, with minimal cost impact across all risk groups,
      demonstrating the economic benefits of introducing HAL.

PMID- 26975196
TI  - Sequencing and comparative analyses of the genomes of zoysiagrasses.
AB  - Zoysiais a warm-season turfgrass, which comprises 11 allotetraploid species (2n=
      4x= 40), each possessing different morphological and physiological traits. To
      characterize the genetic systems of Zoysia plants and to analyse their structural
      and functional differences in individual species and accessions, we sequenced the
      genomes of Zoysia species using HiSeq and MiSeq platforms. As a reference
      sequence of Zoysia species, we generated a high-quality draft sequence of the
      genome of Z. japonica accession 'Nagirizaki' (334 Mb) in which 59,271 protein
      coding genes were predicted. In parallel, draft genome sequences of Z. matrella
      'Wakaba' and Z. pacifica 'Zanpa' were also generated for comparative analyses. To
      investigate the genetic diversity among the Zoysia species, genome sequence reads
      of three additional accessions, Z. japonica'Kyoto', Z. japonica'Miyagi' and Z.
      matrella'Chiba Fair Green', were accumulated, and aligned against the reference
      genome of 'Nagirizaki' along with those from 'Wakaba' and 'Zanpa'. As a result,
      we detected 7,424,163 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 852,488 short indels
      among these species. The information obtained in this study will be valuable for
      basic studies on zoysiagrass evolution and genetics as well as for the breeding
      of zoysiagrasses, and is made available in the 'Zoysia Genome Database' at
      http://zoysia.kazusa.or.jp.

PMID- 26975195
TI  - Bacterial glycobiology: rhamnose-containing cell wall polysaccharides in Gram
      positive bacteria.
AB  - The composition of the Gram-positive cell wall is typically described as
      containing peptidoglycan, proteins and essential secondary cell wall structures
      called teichoic acids, which comprise approximately half of the cell wall mass.
      The cell walls of many species within the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus and
      Lactococcus contain large amounts of the sugar rhamnose, which is incorporated in
      cell wall-anchored polysaccharides (CWP) that possibly function as homologues of
      well-studied wall teichoic acids (WTA). The presence and chemical structure of
      many rhamnose-containing cell wall polysaccharides (RhaCWP) has sometimes been
      known for decades. In contrast to WTA, insight into the biosynthesis and
      functional role of RhaCWP has been lacking. Recent studies in human streptococcal
      and enterococcal pathogens have highlighted critical roles for these complex
      polysaccharides in bacterial cell wall architecture and pathogenesis. In this
      review, we provide an overview of the RhaCWP with regards to their biosynthesis,
      genetics and biological function in species most relevant to human health. We
      also briefly discuss how increased knowledge in this field can provide
      interesting leads for new therapeutic compounds and improve biotechnological
      applications.

PMID- 26975199
TI  - The struggle for inter-professional teamwork and collaboration in maternity care:
      Austrian health professionals' perspectives on the implementation of the Baby
      Friendly Hospital Initiative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The health benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and babies are well
      documented in the scientific literature. Research suggests that support of
      breastfeeding during pre- and postnatal maternity care is an important
      determinant of breastfeeding initiation and duration. To support and promote
      breastfeeding on maternity units, the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)
      was launched in 1991. In Austria, however, less than one fifth of hospitals with
      a maternity unit are currently BFHI-certified. Implementation of BFHI and adjunct
      changes in work practices seem to represent a major challenge to maternity units.
      This article builds upon previous research that has identified a number of
      facilitators of and barriers to BFHI implementation in Austria. A major barrier
      has been the lack of intra- and inter-professional collaboration. Therefore, this
      article investigates the ways in which different healthcare professionals
      struggle to work together to successfully integrate the BFHI into practice.
      METHODS: In this study, a qualitative research approach was used. Thirty-six semi
      structured interviews with 11 midwives, 11 nurses, 13 physicians, and one quality
      manager, working across three maternity units, were interviewed on-site. Data
      analysis followed thematic analysis. RESULTS: Midwives, nurses, and physicians
      had diverse approaches to childbirth and breastfeeding (medicalization vs.
      naturalness) and worked along different jurisdictions that became manifest in
      strict spatial divisions of maternity units. In their engagement within the BFHI,
      midwives, nurses, and physicians pursued different strategies (safeguarding vs.
      circumvention strategies). These differences hindered inter-professional teamwork
      and collaboration and, therefore, the integration of BFHI into practice.
      CONCLUSIONS: Differing approaches to childbirth and breastfeeding, deep seated
      professional jurisdictions, as well as spatial constraints, challenge inter
      professional teamwork and collaboration on maternity units. Inter-professional
      teamwork and collaboration are widely espoused goals of contemporary healthcare
      improvement strategies. Yet, critical debate on how these goals can be integrated
      into practice is needed. To enable collaboration and facilitate the
      implementation of programs such as BFHI, the different perspectives of health
      professionals should be brought together and the potential for integrating
      different forms of knowledge and practices should be considered.

PMID- 26975198
TI  - Comprehensive transcriptome analysis identifies novel molecular subtypes and
      subtype-specific RNAs of triple-negative breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous group
      of cancers, and molecular subtyping is necessary to better identify molecular
      based therapies. While some classifiers have been established, no one has
      integrated the expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) into such
      subtyping criterions. Considering the emerging important role of lncRNAs in
      cellular processes, a novel classification integrating transcriptome profiles of
      both messenger RNA (mRNA) and lncRNA would help us better understand the
      heterogeneity of TNBC. METHODS: Using human transcriptome microarrays, we
      analyzed the transcriptome profiles of 165 TNBC samples. We used k-means
      clustering and empirical cumulative distribution function to determine optimal
      number of TNBC subtypes. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analyses were applied to
      determine the main function of the subtype-specific genes and pathways. We
      conducted co-expression network analyses to identify interactions between mRNAs
      and lncRNAs. RESULTS: All of the 165 TNBC tumors were classified into four
      distinct clusters, including an immunomodulatory subtype (IM), a luminal androgen
      receptor subtype (LAR), a mesenchymal-like subtype (MES) and a basal-like and
      immune suppressed (BLIS) subtype. The IM subtype had high expressions of immune
      cell signaling and cytokine signaling genes. The LAR subtype was characterized by
      androgen receptor signaling. The MES subtype was enriched with growth factor
      signaling pathways. The BLIS subtype was characterized by down-regulation of
      immune response genes, activation of cell cycle, and DNA repair. Patients in this
      subtype experienced worse recurrence-free survival than others (log rank test, P
      = 0.045). Subtype-specific lncRNAs were identified, and their possible biological
      functions were predicted using co-expression network analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We
      developed a novel TNBC classification system integrating the expression profiles
      of both mRNAs and lncRNAs and determined subtype-specific lncRNAs that are
      potential biomarkers and targets. If further validated in a larger population,
      our novel classification system could facilitate patient counseling and
      individualize treatment of TNBC.

PMID- 26975200
TI  - Evidence for Health II: Overcoming barriers to using evidence in policy and
      practice.
AB  - Even the highest quality evidence will have little impact unless it is
      incorporated into decision-making for health. It is therefore critical to
      overcome the many barriers to using evidence in decision-making, including (1)
      missing the window of opportunity, (2) knowledge gaps and uncertainty, (3)
      controversy, irrelevant and conflicting evidence, as well as (4) vested interests
      and conflicts of interest. While this is certainly not a comprehensive list, it
      covers a number of main themes discussed in the knowledge translation literature
      on this topic, and better understanding these barriers can help readers of the
      evidence to be more savvy knowledge users and help researchers overcome
      challenges to getting their evidence into practice. Thus, the first step in being
      able to use research evidence for improving population health is ensuring that
      the evidence is available at the right time and in the right format and language
      so that knowledge users can take the evidence into consideration alongside a
      multitude of other factors that also influence decision-making. The sheer volume
      of scientific publications makes it difficult to find the evidence that can
      actually help inform decisions for health. Policymakers, especially in low- and
      middle-income countries, require context-specific evidence to ensure local
      relevance. Knowledge synthesis and dissemination of policy-relevant local
      evidence is important, but it is still not enough. There are times when the
      interpretation of the evidence leads to various controversies and disagreements,
      which act as barriers to the uptake of evidence. Research evidence can also be
      influenced and misused for various aims and agendas. It is therefore important to
      ensure that any new evidence comes from reliable sources and is interpreted in
      light of the overall body of scientific literature. It is not enough to simply
      produce evidence, nor even to synthesize and package evidence into a more user
      friendly format. Particularly at the policy level, political savvy is also needed
      to ensure that vested interests do not undermine decisions that can impact the
      health of individuals and populations. 

PMID- 26975201
TI  - Iota2-mediated amination/cyclization of ketones with 2-aminopyridines under high
      speed ball milling: solvent- and metal-free synthesis of 2,3-substituted
      imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and zolimidine.
AB  - Under solvent-free high-speed ball milling, an I[Formula: see text]-promoted
      condensation/cyclization of easily available methyl ketones or 1,3-dicarbonyl
      compounds with 2-aminopyridines has been developed, which allows the quick
      assembly of 2,3-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines (IPs) with broad molecular
      diversity, including the antiulcer drug zolimidine. The advantages of high
      yields, good functional group compatibility, short reaction time (within 90 min),
      free use of heating, solvent and metal, employment of cheap starting materials,
      and simple work-up procedure make this protocol a very efficient alternative to
      traditional synthesis of IPs.

PMID- 26975202
TI  - Late Intragastric Balloon Induced Gastric Perforation.
AB  - Intragastric balloon (IGB) has been introduced in the 1980's for weight
      reduction. It can be classified into nonadjustable IGB, such as the BioEnterics
      Intragastric Balloon (BIB), or newer generation Spatz adjustable balloon system.
      Late IGB-induced gastric perforation is a rare major complication, presenting as
      acute abdominal pain weeks to months after its insertion. We herein present a 20
      year-old patient, with gastric perforation occurring 10 months after Spatz IGB
      deployment. The patient underwent a successful endoscopic IGB retrieval and
      laparoscopic exploration with abdominal lavage. We also review the literature of
      late IGB-induced gastric perforation. 

PMID- 26975203
TI  - Approach to Poor Weight Loss After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Re-sleeve Vs.
      Gastric Bypass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is increasing worldwide;
      however, long-term follow-up results included insufficient weight loss and weight
      regain. This study aims at assessing the outcomes of converting LSG to
      laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic re-sleeve
      gastrectomy (LRSG). METHODS: A total of 1300 patients underwent LSG from 2009 to
      2012, of which 12 patients underwent LRYGB and 24 patients underwent LRSG in Al
      Amiri Hospital alone. Data included length of stay, percentage excessive weight
      loss (EWL%), and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Twenty-four patients underwent
      conversion from LSG to LRSG, and 12 patients underwent conversion from LSG to
      LRYGB due to insufficient weight loss and weight regain. Eighty-five percent were
      females. The mean weight and BMI prior to LSG for the LRYGB and LRSG patients
      were 136.5 kg and 52, and 134 kg and 50, respectively. The EWL% after the initial
      LSG was 37.9 and 43 %, for LRYGB and LRSG, respectively. There were no
      complications recorded. Results of conversion of LSG to LRYGB involved a mean
      EWL% 61.3 % after 1 year (p value 0.009). Results of LRSG involved a mean EWL% of
      57 % over interval of 1 year (p value 0.05). Comparison of the EWL% of LRYGB and
      LRSG for failed primary LSG was not significant (p value 0.097). CONCLUSION:
      Following our algorithm, revising an LSG with an LRSG or LRYGB for poor weight
      loss is feasible with good outcomes. Larger and longer follow-up studies are
      needed to verify our results.

PMID- 26975204
TI  - The assessment of pore connectivity in hierarchical zeolites using positron
      annihilation lifetime spectroscopy: instrumental and morphological aspects.
AB  - Recent studies demonstrated the power of positron annihilation lifetime
      spectroscopy (PALS) to characterise the connectivity and corresponding
      effectiveness of hierarchical pore networks in zeolites. This was based on the
      fractional escape of ortho-positronium (Ps), formed within the micropore
      framework, to vacuum. To further develop this technique, here we assess the
      impact of the positron implantation energy and of the zeolite crystal size and
      the particle morphology. Conventional measurements using fast positrons and beam
      measurements applying moderated positrons both readily distinguish purely
      microporous ZSM-5 zeolites comprised of single crystals or crystal aggregates.
      Unlike beam measurements, however, conventional measurements fail to discriminate
      model hierarchical zeolites with open or constricted mesopore architectures.
      Several steps are taken to rationalise these observations. The dominant
      contribution of Ps diffusion to the PALS response is confirmed by capping the
      external surface of the zeolite crystals with tetraethylorthosilicate, which
      greatly enhances the sensitivity to the micropore network. A one-dimensional
      model is constructed to predict the out-diffusion of Ps from a zeolite crystal,
      which is validated experimentally by comparing coffin-shaped single crystals of
      varying size. Calculation of the trends expected on the application of fast or
      moderated positrons indicates that the distinctions in the initial distribution
      of Ps at the crystal level cannot explain the limited sensitivity of the former
      to the mesopore architecture. Instead, we propose that the greater penetration of
      fast positrons within the sample increases the probability of Ps re-entry from
      intercrystalline voids into mesopores connected with the external surface of
      zeolite crystals, thereby reducing their fractional escape. 

PMID- 26975205
TI  - Effects of Geriatric Interdisciplinary Home Rehabilitation on Walking Ability and
      Length of Hospital Stay After Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if Geriatric Interdisciplinary Home Rehabilitation could
      improve walking ability for older people with hip fracture compared with
      conventional geriatric care and rehabilitation. A secondary aim was to
      investigate the postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS). DESIGN: Randomized
      controlled trial. SETTING: Geriatric ward, ordinary housing, and residential care
      facilities. PARTICIPANTS: People operated on for a hip fracture (n = 205), aged
      70 or older, including those with cognitive impairment, and living in the north
      of Sweden. INTERVENTION: Home rehabilitation with the aim of early hospital
      discharge that was individually designed and carried out by an interdisciplinary
      team for a maximum of 10 weeks. Special priority was given to prevention of
      falls, independence in daily activities, and walking ability both indoors and
      outdoors. MEASUREMENTS: Walking ability and the use of walking device was
      assessed in an interview during the hospital stay. These assessments were
      repeated along with gait speed measurements at 3- and 12-month follow-up. The
      length of the hospital stay after the hip fracture was recorded. RESULTS: No
      significant differences were observed in walking ability, use of walking device,
      and gait speed at the 3- and 12-month follow-up between the groups. At 12 months,
      56.3% of the intervention group and 57.7% of the control group had regained or
      improved their prefracture walking ability. The median postoperative LOS in the
      geriatric ward was 6 days shorter for the intervention group (P = .003).
      CONCLUSION: Participants receiving Geriatric Interdisciplinary Home
      Rehabilitation regained walking ability in the short- and long-term similar to
      those receiving conventional geriatric care and rehabilitation according to a
      multifactorial rehabilitation program. The intervention group had a significantly
      shorter postoperative LOS in the hospital.

PMID- 26975206
TI  - Development of an Applied Framework for Understanding Health Information
      Technology in Nursing Homes.
AB  - There is growing evidence that Health Information Technology (HIT) can play a
      role in improving quality of care and increasing efficiency in the nursing home
      setting. Most research in this area, however, has examined whether nursing homes
      have or use any of a list of available technologies. We sought to develop an
      empirical framework for understanding the intersection between specific uses of
      HIT and clinical care processes. Using the nominal group technique, we conducted
      a series of focus groups with different types of personnel who work in nursing
      homes (administrators, directors of nursing, physicians, mid-level practitioners,
      consultant pharmacists, and aides). The resulting framework identified key domain
      areas that can benefit from HIT: transfer of data, regulatory compliance, quality
      improvement, structured clinical documentation, medication use process, and
      communication. The framework can be used to guide both descriptive and normative
      research.

PMID- 26975207
TI  - The Relevance of Assessing Cognitive Performances in Patients With
      Cerebrovascular Diseases.

PMID- 26975208
TI  - Flexible heat-flow sensing sheets based on the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect
      using one-dimensional spin-current conducting films.
AB  - Heat-flow sensing is expected to be an important technological component of smart
      thermal management in the future. Conventionally, the thermoelectric (TE)
      conversion technique, which is based on the Seebeck effect, has been used to
      measure a heat flow by converting the flow into electric voltage. However, for
      ubiquitous heat-flow visualization, thin and flexible sensors with extremely low
      thermal resistance are highly desired. Recently, another type of TE effect, the
      longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE), has aroused great interest because the
      LSSE potentially offers favourable features for TE applications such as simple
      thin-film device structures. Here we demonstrate an LSSE-based flexible TE sheet
      that is especially suitable for a heat-flow sensing application. This TE sheet
      contained a Ni0.2Zn0.3Fe2.5O4 film which was formed on a flexible plastic sheet
      using a spray-coating method known as "ferrite plating". The experimental results
      suggest that the ferrite-plated film, which has a columnar crystal structure
      aligned perpendicular to the film plane, functions as a unique one-dimensional
      spin-current conductor suitable for bendable LSSE-based sensors. This newly
      developed thin TE sheet may be attached to differently shaped heat sources
      without obstructing an innate heat flux, paving the way to versatile heat-flow
      measurements and management. 

PMID- 26975209
TI  - A strategy to optimize the thermoelectric performance in a spark plasma sintering
      process.
AB  - Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is currently widely applied to existing alloys as a
      means of further enhancing the alloys' figure of merit. However, the
      determination of the optimal sintering condition is challenging in the SPS
      process. This report demonstrates a systematic way to independently optimize the
      Seebeck coefficient S and the ratio of electrical to thermal conductivity
      (sigma/kappa) and thus achieve the maximum figure of merit zT =
      S(2)(sigma/kappa)T. Sb2-xInxTe3 (x = 0-0.2) were chosen as examples to validate
      the method. Although high sintering temperature and pressure are helpful in
      enhancing the compactness and electrical conductivity of pressed samples, the
      resultant deteriorated Seebeck coefficient and increasing thermal conductivity
      eventually offset the benefit. We found that the optimal sintering temperature
      coincides with temperatures at which the maximum Seebeck coefficient begins to
      degrade, whereas the optimal sintering pressure coincided with the pressure at
      which the sigma/kappa ratio reaches a maximum. Based on this principle, the
      optimized sintering conditions were determined, and the zT of Sb1.9In0.1Te3 is
      raised to 0.92 at 600 K, showing an approximately 84% enhancement. This work
      develops a facile strategy for selecting the optimal SPS sintering condition to
      further enhance the zT of bulk specimens.

PMID- 26975210
TI  - Hypothyroidism in patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma:
      standardised long-term follow-up study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hypothyroidism is a common complication when radiotherapy is part of
      the treatment for head and neck tumours. This study aimed to show the incidence
      of hypothyroidism and possible risk factors in these patients. METHODS: Factors
      related to the population, tumour, treatment and occurrence of hypothyroidism
      were analysed in 241 patients diagnosed with head and neck carcinoma. RESULTS:
      Approximately 53 per cent of patients were diagnosed with radiation-induced
      hypothyroidism. Its occurrence was related to: tumour location, laryngeal surgery
      type, neck dissection type, post-operative complications, cervical radiotherapy
      and radiotherapy unit type (linear particle accelerator or telecobalt therapy
      technology). CONCLUSION: Control of thyroid function should be standardised for
      several years after treatment, particularly in patients with risk factors, such
      as those treated with telecobalt therapy, those with post-operative complications
      and for whom the thyroid parenchyma is included in the irradiated area (laryngeal
      or pharyngeal location and bilateral cervical radiation).

PMID- 26975212
TI  - The C-terminal region of the transcriptional regulator THAP11 forms a parallel
      coiled-coil domain involved in protein dimerization.
AB  - Thanatos associated protein 11 (THAP11) is a cell cycle and cell growth regulator
      differentially expressed in cancer cells. THAP11 belongs to a distinct family of
      transcription factors recognizing specific DNA sequences via an atypical zinc
      finger motif and regulating diverse cellular processes. Outside the extensively
      characterized DNA-binding domain, THAP proteins vary in size and predicted
      domains, for which structural data are still lacking. We report here the crystal
      structure of the C-terminal region of human THAP11 protein, providing the first
      3D structure of a coiled-coil motif from a THAP family member. We further
      investigate the stability, dynamics and oligomeric properties of the determined
      structure combining molecular dynamics simulations and biophysical experiments.
      Our results show that the C-ter region of THAP11 forms a left-handed parallel
      homo-dimeric coiled-coil structure possessing several unusual features.

PMID- 26975213
TI  - Defects in Mitochondrial Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Induce Cysteine S
      Polythiolation on Iron-Sulfur Apoproteins.
AB  - AIMS: Mitochondria play a central role in the maturation of proteins with iron
      sulfur (Fe/S) clusters. During their biogenesis, the apoforms of Fe/S proteins
      expose unprotected Fe/S cluster-coordinating cysteine side chains, rendering them
      vulnerable to oxidative modifications that interfere with subsequent Fe/S cluster
      insertion. Whether and how cells protect these delicate cysteine residues are
      unknown. RESULTS: In this study, we show that sulfhydryl groups of Fe/S cluster
      coordinating cysteine residues of mitochondrial Fe/S apoproteins acquire cyclic S
      polythiol modifications. These adducts are the result of persulfide addition,
      followed by a subsequent oxidation step. These modifications not only accumulate
      upon defects in the early stages of the mitochondrial Fe/S cluster assembly
      system but are also found in wild-type cells under normal growth conditions. They
      are, however, not found on Fe/S apoproteins in the cytosol. INNOVATION AND
      CONCLUSION: Our work describes a novel in vivo chemical modification of cysteine
      side chains in mitochondrial Fe/S apoproteins. These cyclic S-polythiolation
      adducts are resistant to oxidation, yet can be removed by reductive cleavage,
      suggesting that they serve as a reversible protection device for cysteine ligands
      sensitive to oxidative modification. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 28-40.

PMID- 26975214
TI  - PPARgamma helix 12 exhibits an antagonist conformation.
AB  - Although the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is one
      of the most studied nuclear receptors (NR), it is still unknown whether its
      activation helix (helix 12, H12) could exhibit an antagonist conformation as
      previously demonstrated for most of the NRs. The high H12 flexibility in the apo
      PPARgamma form and the lack of appropriate antagonist ligands complicate the
      structural and dynamics description by most of the experimental techniques. Based
      on intensive (~12 MUs) accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations together
      with metadynamics and conventional MD runs, we reveal that H12 could exist in an
      antagonist conformation. This H12 state and the well-known agonist configuration
      have virtually identical free energy. Notably, significant deviations in the H12
      conformations are detected in a homodimer. In chain A the activation helix is
      stabilized only in a full agonist conformation whereas in chain B, due to agonist
      to antagonist state exchanges, H12 is oriented toward helix 4. In summary, the
      results provide an explanation of the observed asymmetry in most of the PPARgamma
      homodimer crystal structures. They also suggest selection guidance for protein
      moieties and structure candidates that would best serve as potential ligand
      binding sites to achieve a stable antagonist form of the receptor. 

PMID- 26975211
TI  - Accurate Determination of Conformational Transitions in Oligomeric Membrane
      Proteins.
AB  - The structural dynamics governing collective motions in oligomeric membrane
      proteins play key roles in vital biomolecular processes at cellular membranes. In
      this study, we present a structural refinement approach that combines solid-state
      NMR experiments and molecular simulations to accurately describe concerted
      conformational transitions identifying the overall structural, dynamical, and
      topological states of oligomeric membrane proteins. The accuracy of the
      structural ensembles generated with this method is shown to reach the statistical
      error limit, and is further demonstrated by correctly reproducing orthogonal NMR
      data. We demonstrate the accuracy of this approach by characterising the
      pentameric state of phospholamban, a key player in the regulation of calcium
      uptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and by probing its dynamical activation
      upon phosphorylation. Our results underline the importance of using an ensemble
      approach to characterise the conformational transitions that are often
      responsible for the biological function of oligomeric membrane protein states. 

PMID- 26975215
TI  - Modulation of aquaporins 3 and 9 after exposure of ovine ovarian tissue to
      cryoprotectants followed by in vitro culture.
AB  - Our aim has been to evaluate the effect of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) on the
      exposure, vitrification (VIT), and in vitro culture (IVC) of ovarian tissue with
      regard to the expression and immunolocalization of aquaporins (AQPs) 3 and 9 in
      ovine preantral follicles. Tissues were treated as follows: Experiment I: (1)
      control (without exposure to CPAs), (2) e-EG (exposure to ethylene glycol), (3)
      er-EG (exposure to and removal of EG), (4) e-DMSO (exposure to dimethyl
      sulfoxide), (5) er-DMSO (exposure to and removal of DMSO), (6) e-EG+DMSO
      (exposure to EG+DMSO), (7) er-EG+DMSO (exposure to and removal of EG+DMSO);
      Experiment II: (1) control, (2) VIT, (3) IVC, (4) VIT-IVC. In Experiment I,
      following er-EG or er-DMSO, tissue showed the down-regulation (P < 0.05) of AQP3
      mRNA. The mRNA transcript levels were reduced (P < 0.05) for AQP9 in tissue
      following er-EG+DMSO. Immunolocalization was positive for both proteins (AQP3 and
      AQP9) on ovine preantral follicles following all treatments, except in the e
      EG+DMSO group. In Experiment II, the mRNA levels of AQP3 and AQP9 following VIT
      treatment were similar (P > 0.05) to that of the control group. Nevertheless, VIT
      IVC treatment led to the down-regulation of mRNA of AQP3 and AQP9. Thus, AQP3 and
      AQP9 act in a mutually dependent way, maintaining the cell homeostasis that is
      essential for the ovary cryopreservation process. Furthermore, the changes in the
      expression profiles of mRNA and protein after culture are a strong indicator that
      in vitro conditions have to be strictly controlled to ensure follicle viability
      and functionality.

PMID- 26975216
TI  - Enhanced Performance of PbS-quantum-dot-sensitized Solar Cells via Optimizing
      Precursor Solution and Electrolytes.
AB  - This work reports a PbS-quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSC) with power
      conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4%. PbS quantum dots (QDs) were grown on
      mesoporous TiO2 film using a successive ion layer absorption and reaction (SILAR)
      method. The growth of QDs was found to be profoundly affected by the
      concentration of the precursor solution. At low concentrations, the rate-limiting
      factor of the crystal growth was the adsorption of the precursor ions, and the
      surface growth of the crystal became the limiting factor in the high
      concentration solution. The optimal concentration of precursor solution with
      respect to the quantity and size of synthesized QDs was 0.06 M. To further
      increase the performance of QDSCs, the 30% deionized water of polysulfide
      electrolyte was replaced with methanol to improve the wettability and
      permeability of electrolytes in the TiO2 film, which accelerated the redox couple
      diffusion in the electrolyte solution and improved charge transfer at the
      interfaces between photoanodes and electrolytes. The stability of PbS QDs in the
      electrolyte was also improved by methanol to reduce the charge recombination and
      prolong the electron lifetime. As a result, the PCE of QDSC was increased to
      4.01%.

PMID- 26975217
TI  - Understanding why veterans are reluctant to access help for alcohol problems:
      Considerations for nurse education.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To effectively engage veterans with substance misuse services, nurses
      need to understand their unique needs and the potential barriers that prevent
      them from accessing care. Nurses need to have an understanding and awareness of
      the cultural sensitivities associated with having been a member of the armed
      forces. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived
      barriers to care amongst those planning, commissioning and delivering services
      for veterans with substance misuse problems, and to identify and explore subject
      areas which nurse educators should consider for inclusion in nursing and health
      education programmes. DESIGN: The findings reported in this paper come from one
      phase of a larger three phase research project and used an applied qualitative
      research approached based on methods developed for applied social policy
      research. SETTINGS: The study was undertaken in the north-east of England.
      PARTICIPANTS: The study consisted of a purposive sample of planners,
      commissioners of services, and service providers in the North East of England.
      METHODS: Data was collected using a semi-structured interview schedule. Framework
      analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Complexity of services and care,
      complexity of need and a lack of understanding of veterans were identified as
      factors that made accessing substance misuse care difficult. To help nurses
      better understand the unique needs of veterans three educational topics were
      identified for consideration in pre-registration nurse education: understanding
      military and veteran culture and the nature of modern warfare, the military
      'veteran as institutionalised' hypothesis and stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Health and
      social services can struggle to truly understand the unique needs and experiences
      of the veteran community. We have identified three broad subject areas that
      should be considered as the theoretical basis for a veteran specific education
      programme within pre and post-registration nurse education.

PMID- 26975218
TI  - American Society of Hypertension position article: central blood pressure
      waveforms in health and disease.

PMID- 26975220
TI  - Understanding viruses: Philosophical investigations.
AB  - Viruses have been virtually absent from philosophy of biology. In this editorial
      introduction, we explain why we think viruses are philosophically important. We
      focus on six issues (the definition of viruses, the individuality and diachronic
      identity of a virus, the possibility to classify viruses into species, the
      question of whether viruses are living, the question of whether viruses are
      organisms, and finally the biological roles of viruses in ecology and evolution),
      and we show how they relate to classic questions of philosophy of biology and
      even general philosophy. 

PMID- 26975219
TI  - Deep Learning in Label-free Cell Classification.
AB  - Label-free cell analysis is essential to personalized genomics, cancer
      diagnostics, and drug development as it avoids adverse effects of staining
      reagents on cellular viability and cell signaling. However, currently available
      label-free cell assays mostly rely only on a single feature and lack sufficient
      differentiation. Also, the sample size analyzed by these assays is limited due to
      their low throughput. Here, we integrate feature extraction and deep learning
      with high-throughput quantitative imaging enabled by photonic time stretch,
      achieving record high accuracy in label-free cell classification. Our system
      captures quantitative optical phase and intensity images and extracts multiple
      biophysical features of individual cells. These biophysical measurements form a
      hyperdimensional feature space in which supervised learning is performed for cell
      classification. We compare various learning algorithms including artificial
      neural network, support vector machine, logistic regression, and a novel deep
      learning pipeline, which adopts global optimization of receiver operating
      characteristics. As a validation of the enhanced sensitivity and specificity of
      our system, we show classification of white blood T-cells against colon cancer
      cells, as well as lipid accumulating algal strains for biofuel production. This
      system opens up a new path to data-driven phenotypic diagnosis and better
      understanding of the heterogeneous gene expressions in cells. 

PMID- 26975221
TI  - Health determinants of nutritional status in community-dwelling older population:
      the VERISAUDE study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Malnutrition is a common and relevant syndrome in elderly people due
      to its influence on quality of life. The main aim of the present study was to
      identify health determinants of malnutrition or risk of malnutrition. DESIGN:
      Cross-sectional study collecting information on sociodemographic and health
      factors (co-morbidity, cognitive or affective problems, prescription medication
      use, frailty status, self-rated health) as determinants of nutritional status,
      assessed by the short form of the Mini Nutritional Assessment. SETTING: Forty
      three senior centres from Galicia (north-western Spain) participated to recruit
      participants. SUBJECTS: A representative community-dwelling sample of 749 elderly
      people aged >=65 years. RESULTS: Of the total participants, 14.3 % were
      malnourished/at risk of malnutrition. Presence of overweight or obesity,
      depressive symptoms, polypharmacy (use of five or more prescription medications),
      presence of pre-frailty or frailty status and poor self-rated health showed the
      strongest relationship to malnutrition/risk of malnutrition. This model predicted
      86.0 % of the cases correctly. The best determinants for women were polypharmacy
      and poor self-rated health, reaching 82.8 % of cases of malnourishment/risk of
      malnutrition predicted correctly. In men, the main determinants were overweight
      or obesity, depressive symptomatology and polypharmacy, with 89.8 % of cases of
      malnourishmen/risk of malnutrition predicted correctly. CONCLUSIONS: Screening
      for nutritional status and its determinant factors should be included as part of
      comprehensive assessments to ensure an early screening of malnutrition and to
      propose possible intervention strategies that would be important for both elderly
      people and the health-care system.

PMID- 26975222
TI  - [New genetic mutation associated with Pierson syndrome].

PMID- 26975223
TI  - From Azo-Linked Polymers to Microporous Heteroatom-Doped Carbons: Tailored
      Chemical and Textural Properties for Gas Separation.
AB  - Heteroatom-doped porous carbons with ultrahigh microporosity were prepared from a
      nitrogen-rich azo-linked polymer (ALP-6) as a precursor for gas separation
      applications. Direct carbonization and chemical activation of ALP-6 with ZnCl2
      and KOH were successfully applied to obtain three different classes of porous
      carbons (ALPDCs). Synthetic processes were conducted at relatively mild
      temperatures (500-800  degrees C),which resulted in retention of appreciable
      levels of nitrogen content (4.7-14.3 wt %). Additionally, oxygen functionalities
      were found to be present in chemically activated samples. The resultant porous
      carbons feature a diverse range of textural properties with a predominant
      microporous nature in common. The highest CO2 uptake value of 5.2 mmol g(-1) at 1
      bar and 298 K in ALPDCK600 was originated from well-developed porosity and basic
      heteroatoms (N and O) on the pore walls. The highest heteroatom doping level (12
      wt % nitrogen and 20 wt % oxygen) coupled with the high level of microporosity
      (84%) for ALPDCK500 led to notable CO2/N2 (62) and CO2/CH4 (11) selectivity
      values and a high CO2 uptake capacity (1.5 mmol g(-1), at 0.15 bar) at 298 K.
      This study illustrates the effective use of a single-source precursor with robust
      nitrogen bonds in combination with diverse carbonization methods to tailor the
      chemical and textural properties of heteroatom-doped porous carbons for CO2
      capture and separation applications. 

PMID- 26975224
TI  - The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: A US
      National Database Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) is often used in
      patients at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) who are not yet candidates for an
      implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy may
      be reversible, and a WCD may protect patients during the initial period of risk.
      We evaluate the benefit and compliance of the WCD in patients with nonischemic
      cardiomyopathy (NICM). METHODS: We reviewed a national database of patients with
      NICM who used WCDs and who self-reported a history of excess alcohol use,
      although other causes of cardiomyopathy could not be excluded. The database
      contained demographic data, initial ejection fraction (EF), reason for WCD
      prescription, compliance and use data, any detected arrhythmias, therapies, and
      reason for discontinuing WCD. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS,
      version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). RESULTS: Of the 127 patients, 88% were men
      with a mean age of 52.6 +/- 11.0 years. The mean initial EF was 19.9% +/- 7.4%.
      Patients wore the WCD for a median of 51 days and a median daily use of 18.0
      hours per day. The most common reasons for discontinuing the WCD were improvement
      in EF (33%) or ICD implantation (23.6%). Seven patients (5.5%) had 9 sustained
      ventricular arrhythmia events, which were successfully treated with 100%
      conversion. There were 11 deaths (8.6%) during 100 days of follow-up. No deaths
      resulted from WCD shock failure or undersensing. CONCLUSIONS: NICM may have a
      significant risk of ventricular arrhythmias and death in the first few months.
      The WCD delivered appropriate therapy in 5.5% of patients. This study suggests
      that a WCD may be effective temporary prophylaxis for prevention of SCD in
      patients with newly diagnosed NICM.

PMID- 26975225
TI  - Efficacy of Early Invasive Management After Fibrinolysis for ST-Segment Elevation
      Myocardial Infarction in Relation to Initial Troponin Status.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We examined whether the efficacy of an early invasive strategy after
      fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) differs in
      relation to the initial troponin status. METHODS: In the Trial of Routine
      Angioplasty and Stenting After Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute
      Myocardial Infarction (TRANSFER-AMI), patients with STEMI presenting to a non
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable hospital who received
      fibrinolysis were randomized to either a pharmacoinvasive or standard strategy
      for subsequent angiography and PCI. In this post hoc subgroup analysis, we
      compared the efficacy of these strategies in relation to the initial troponin
      status at hospital presentation for the primary composite end point of mortality,
      reinfarction, recurrent ischemia, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock at 30
      days. We assessed the heterogeneity of treatment effect with initial troponin
      status using the Breslow-Day test and tested for interaction after adjustment for
      baseline Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score. RESULTS:
      Among 1059 patients, those with abnormal initial troponin levels (n = 514
      [48.5%]) were older with worse Killip class, had a longer time from symptom onset
      to fibrinolysis, and had higher GRACE and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction
      risk scores. Patients with abnormal troponin levels had higher rates of the
      primary end point (17.5% vs 10.8%; P = 0.002) and cumulative mortality or
      reinfarction at 1 year (14.0% vs 8.1%; P = 0.003). In stratified analyses,
      pharmacoinvasive management reduced the primary end point only among patients
      with normal initial troponin status. However, there was no significant treatment
      heterogeneity (all P >= 0.10) and no interaction between initial troponin status
      and treatment assignment after adjusting for GRACE risk score. CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients with STEMI and abnormal initial troponin levels had worse short-term and
      long-term outcomes. Accounting for overall baseline risk with the GRACE risk
      score, troponin status did not modulate the efficacy of pharmacoinvasive
      management.

PMID- 26975226
TI  - Management of Loeffler's Endocarditis With Bivalvular Involvement and a
      FIP1L1/PDGFRA-Negative Mutation.
AB  - Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a group of disorders characterized by end
      organ damage caused by eosinophilic infiltration. We present a patient with
      idiopathic HES with severe tricuspid and mitral regurgitation secondary to
      Loeffler's endocarditis. In addition to prednisone, imatinib therapy initially
      helped control the eosinophil count. However, successful long-term remission was
      achieved with hydroxyurea therapy.

PMID- 26975227
TI  - Pharmacogenetics of ABCB5, ABCC5 and RLIP76 and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in
      Asian breast cancer patients.
AB  - This study investigated the impact of ABCB5, ABCC5 and RLIP76 polymorphisms on
      doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in Asian breast cancer patients (N=62). Direct
      sequencing was performed to screen for previously identified ABCC5 polymorphisms
      as well as polymorphisms in the exons and exon-intron boundaries of ABCB5 and
      RLIP76 genes. Genotype-phenotype correlations were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U
      test. The homozygous variant allele at the ABCC5 g.+7161G>A (rs1533682) locus was
      significantly associated with higher doxorubicin clearance (g.+7161AA vs
      g.+7161GG, CL/BSA (Lh-1m-2): 30.34 (25.41-33.60) vs 22.46 (15.04-49.4), P=0.04).
      Homozygosity for the reference allele at the ABCC5 g.-1679T>A locus was
      associated with significantly higher doxorubicinol exposure (g.-1679TT vs g.
      1679TA, AUC0-infinity/dose/BSA (hm-5): 15.48 (6.18-67.17) vs 8.88 (3.68-21.71),
      P=0.0001). No significant influence of the three newly identified ABCB5
      polymorphisms (c.2T>C, c.343A>G and c.1573G>A) on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics
      was observed. No polymorphisms were identified in the RLIP76 gene. These findings
      suggest that ABCC5 polymorphisms may explain partially the interpatient
      variability in doxorubicin disposition.

PMID- 26975228
TI  - Integrated Drug Expression Analysis for leukemia: an integrated in silico and in
      vivo approach to drug discovery.
AB  - Screening for drug compounds that exhibit therapeutic properties in the treatment
      of various diseases remains a challenge even after considerable advancements in
      biomedical research. Here, we introduce an integrated platform that exploits gene
      expression compendia generated from drug-treated cell lines and primary tumor
      tissue to identify therapeutic candidates that can be used in the treatment of
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our framework combines these data with patient
      survival information to identify potential candidates that presumably have a
      significant impact on AML patient survival. We use a drug regulatory score (DRS)
      to measure the similarity between drug-induced cell line and patient tumor gene
      expression profiles, and show that these computed scores are highly correlated
      with in vitro metrics of pharmacological activity. Furthermore, we conducted
      several in vivo validation experiments of our potential candidate drugs in AML
      mouse models to demonstrate the accuracy of our in silico predictions.

PMID- 26975230
TI  - The CYP2D6 VCF Translator.

PMID- 26975231
TI  - Endoscopic mucosal resection of large and giant lateral spreading lesions of the
      duodenum: success, adverse events, and long-term outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large sporadic duodenal adenomas are uncommon but they
      harbor malignant potential, which requires consideration of definitive treatment.
      EMR is gaining acceptance as an effective and safe alternative to high-risk
      surgical procedures, but data on long-term outcomes are limited. Herein we
      describe the short- and long-term outcomes of these lesions in a tertiary
      referral center. METHODS: Prospectively collected data were analyzed to identify
      risk factors for adverse events and outcomes. Patient demographics, lesion
      characteristics, and procedural technical data were collected. RESULTS: From 2007
      to 2015, 106 adenomas >=10 mm were resected (mean patient age, 69 years; 54%
      male; median size, 25 mm; interquartile range [IQR], 19-40). Complete endoscopic
      resection was achieved in 96%. Intraprocedural bleeding occurred in 43% of cases
      and was associated with lesion size (P < .001), number of resected specimens (P =
      .003), and longer procedures (P = .001). Delayed bleeding occurred in 15% (56%
      did not require active intervention) and was associated with lesion size (P =
      .03). Perforation occurred in 3 patients. The 30-day mortality was 0%. Median
      follow-up was 22 months (IQR, 7-45). Histologically proven adenoma recurrence was
      identified and treated in 12 of 83 patients (14.4%) on first surveillance
      endoscopy. For the 53 patients for whom follow-up >=12 months was available
      (median follow-up, 36 months; IQR, 24-51), 48 patients (90.6%) were free of
      adenoma and considered cured. CONCLUSIONS: In a tertiary referral center,
      endoscopic resection of duodenal adenomas is a safe and effective alternative to
      surgery. Lesion size is strongly associated with adverse events, particularly
      intraprocedural bleeding and delayed bleeding. Good long-term outcomes are
      demonstrated.

PMID- 26975229
TI  - KIR2DS2 as predictor of thrombocytopenia secondary to pegylated interferon-alpha
      therapy.
AB  - Our aim was to evaluate the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) as a
      marker for the development of thrombocytopenia secondary to Peg-interferon (IFN)
      therapy in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      co-infected patients. Patients were naive to HCV treatment, receiving a first
      course of Peg-IFN/Ribavirin combination therapy. Total platelet count (cells ml
      1) was determined at each visit, determining platelet decline from baseline to
      weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 after starting therapy. The end point of the study was
      development of thrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count of <1 50 000 cells
      ml-1. Fifty-eight HIV/HCV co-infected patients were included in the study, of
      whom 20 (34.4%) developed thrombocytopenia. The absence of KIR2DS2 was associated
      with higher and faster rate of thrombocytopenia (54.2% vs 22.5%; P=0.012; 6.6 vs
      10.3 weeks; P=0.008). The absence of KIR2DS2 was associated with a greater
      decline in platelet count and development of thrombocytopenia during Peg-IFN
      treatment in HIV/HCV co-infected patients.

PMID- 26975232
TI  - Successful endoscopic dilation for anastomotic stricture after
      pancreaticojejunostomy.

PMID- 26975234
TI  - Acute gastric dilatation in a bulimic patient.

PMID- 26975235
TI  - Single-session laparoscopic cholecystectomy and ERCP: a valid option for the
      management of choledocholithiasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The option for performing ERCP and laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy (LC) for the management of choledocholithiasis in the same
      operative session is often overlooked. We compared the success, safety, and cost
      of ERCP and LC when performed in either a single session or in separate sessions.
      METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a U.S. tertiary care
      hospital. We identified patients undergoing ERCP and LC between April 2011 and
      August 2014 in either a single operative session (n = 33) or in 2 separate
      sessions within a 30-day period (n = 80). Technical success, total anesthesia
      duration, operative time, length of hospitalization, cost of care, and morbidity
      and mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: Bile duct clearance was achieved in all
      patients at ERCP in the same-session cohort. The separate versus single-session
      groups, respectively, did not differ in terms of total procedure times (mean +/-
      SD = 142 +/- 64 vs 142 +/- 58 min; t test, P =.98), anesthesia duration (251 +/-
      64 vs 225 +/- 69 min; P =.06), or overall cost (49.3 +/- 24.5 vs 42.3 +/- 23.2
      *1000 USD; P =.167), but hospitalization was longer in the separate-sessions
      group (6.2 +/- 3.3 vs 4.8 +/- 2.6 days; P =.03). The rates of adverse events were
      similarly low (7% vs 2%, P =.70). CONCLUSIONS: Performing single-session ERCP and
      LC is safe, effective, economically viable, and reduces hospital stay compared
      with performing ERCP and LC during separate sessions.

PMID- 26975233
TI  - Association between adenoma location and risk of recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The biological environment varies across the colorectum and
      may therefore affect neoplastic growth differently in the proximal and distal
      colon. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk for recurrent adenomas and
      their anatomic location based on adenoma location at baseline colonoscopy.
      METHODS: Data were extracted from 3 adenoma prevention trials (n = 2430).
      Participants had at least 1 adenoma at baseline colonoscopy and underwent
      subsequent surveillance colonoscopy, at which time metachronous adenomas could be
      detected. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI)
      for metachronous adenomas by location of the baseline lesion and considered the
      impact of advanced neoplasia and multiplicity. RESULTS: At baseline, 522 patients
      (21.5%) had adenomas only in the proximal colon, 1266 patients (52.1%) had
      adenomas only in the distal colorectum, and 642 (26.4%) had adenomas in both
      regions. Overall, 877 patients (36.5%) had metachronous adenomas during the
      follow-up period. Those with only proximal adenomas at baseline had a higher risk
      of metachronous adenomas compared with patients with only distal adenomas (RR,
      1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.35). A greater proximal risk was found after restricting the
      analysis to patients with multiple proximal adenomas versus multiple distal
      adenomas (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.10-1.67). The risk of recurrent adenomas on the
      same side was 48% higher for patients with only proximal adenomas at baseline
      compared with those with only distal adenomas at baseline (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22
      1.80). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with proximal adenomas only have a modestly greater
      risk of adenoma recurrence than patients with adenomas limited to the distal
      colon, and have a greater likelihood of adenoma recurrence on the same side
      compared with patients with distal adenomas. This observation suggests that
      biological factors may differentially affect neoplasia growth across the colon.

PMID- 26975236
TI  - Over-the-wire technique to facilitate over-the-scope clip closure of fistulae.

PMID- 26975237
TI  - Stent migration into the abdominal cavity after EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy.

PMID- 26975239
TI  - Metal catalyst-free substitution of allylic and propargylic phosphates with
      diarylmethyl anions.
AB  - Substitution of secondary allylic phosphates with the anions derived from Ar2CH2
      with BuLi or LDA proceeded regioselectively and stereoselectively without a metal
      catalyst, affording inversion products in good yield. Similarly, propargylic
      phosphates gave propargylic products selectively. 

PMID- 26975238
TI  - A new approach to the automatic identification of organism evolution using neural
      networks.
AB  - Automatic identification of organism evolution still remains a challenging task,
      which is especially exiting, when the evolution of human is considered. The main
      aim of this work is to present a new idea to allow organism evolution analysis
      using neural networks. Here we show that it is possible to identify evolution of
      any organisms in a fully automatic way using the designed EvolutionXXI program,
      which contains implemented neural network. The neural network has been taught
      using cytochrome b sequences of selected organisms. Then, analyses have been
      carried out for the various exemplary organisms in order to demonstrate
      capabilities of the EvolutionXXI program. It is shown that the presented idea
      allows supporting existing hypotheses, concerning evolutionary relationships
      between selected organisms, among others, Sirenia and elephants, hippopotami and
      whales, scorpions and spiders, dolphins and whales. Moreover, primate (including
      human), tree shrew and yeast evolution has been reconstructed. 

PMID- 26975240
TI  - Analysing the integration of MR images acquired in a non-radiotherapy treatment
      position into the radiotherapy workflow using deformable and rigid registration.
AB  - AIM: Our aim was to analyse the feasibility of integrating an MRI acquired in a
      non-radiotherapy set-up into the prostate cancer radiotherapy workflow. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: The MRIs of 15 prostate cancer patients, acquired with a flat table
      top (MRI-flat), and with a curved tabletop (MRI-curve) were analysed. MRIs were
      rigidly (RIR) and non-rigidly registered (DIR) with CT images. The prostate and
      rectum were contoured in each image set and translated to the CT, and IMRT plans
      were computed taking into account structural changes after RIR and DIR (P
      flatRIR, P-curveRIR and P-curveDIR). In addition the P-curveDIR was overlaid with
      RIR structures. Spatial overlap parameters and dose-volume histogram metrics were
      generated. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed among P-flatRIR and
      P-curveRIR or P-flatRIR and P-curveDIR. Median gamma-values: P-curveRIR, 95.3%; P
      curveDIR, 96%, translated-P-curveDIR, 95%. DVH metrics for translated-P-curveDIR
      were: Dmin, 64.5Gy; Dmean, 70.06Gy; V95%, 100%. No statistically significant
      differences were found in the dosimetric MRI-flatDIR values. CONCLUSIONS: The
      dosimetric reproduction of treatment position image following image registration
      of non-radiotherapy set-up images suggests that it is feasible to integrate these
      images into the radiotherapy workflow.

PMID- 26975241
TI  - Dual energy CT in radiotherapy: Current applications and future outlook.
AB  - Dual energy CT (DECT) scanners are nowadays available in many radiology
      departments. For radiotherapy purposes, new strategies using DECT imaging are
      investigated to optimize radiation treatment for multiple steps in the
      radiotherapy chain. This review describes how DECT based methods can be used for
      electron density estimation, effective atomic number decomposition and contrast
      material quantification. Clinical radiotherapy related applications for improved
      dose calculation accuracy of brachytherapy and proton therapy, metal artifact
      reduction techniques and normal tissue characterization are also summarized
      together with future perspectives on the use of DECT for radiotherapy purposes.

PMID- 26975242
TI  - Management of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Exacerbated by Antihistamines: When
      Treatment Can Act as a Causal Agent Itself.

PMID- 26975243
TI  - Immunosuppression and Secondary Infection in Sepsis: Part, Not All, of the Story.

PMID- 26975244
TI  - Olfactory perception and behavioral effects of sex pheromone gland components in
      Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta.
AB  - Two sympatric species Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa assulta use (Z)-11
      hexadecenal and (Z)-9-hexadecenal as sex pheromone components in reverse ratio.
      They also share several other pheromone gland components (PGCs). We present a
      comparative study on the olfactory coding mechanism and behavioral effects of
      these additional PGCs in pheromone communication of the two species using single
      sensillum recording, in situ hybridization, calcium imaging, and wind tunnel. We
      classify antennal sensilla types A, B and C into A, B1, B2, C1, C2 and C3 based
      on the response profiles, and identify the glomeruli responsible for antagonist
      detection in both species. The abundance of these sensilla types when compared
      with the number of OSNs expressing each of six pheromone receptors suggests that
      HarmOR13 and HassOR13 are expressed in OSNs housed within A type sensilla,
      HarmOR14b within B and C type sensilla, while HassOR6 and HassOR16 within some of
      C type sensilla. We find that for H. armigera, (Z)-11-hexadecenol and (Z)-11
      hexadecenyl acetate act as behavioral antagonists. For H. assulta, instead, (Z)
      11-hexadecenyl acetate acts as an agonist, while (Z)-9-hexadecenol, (Z)-11
      hexadecenol and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate are antagonists. The results provide an
      overall picture of intra- and interspecific olfactory and behavioral responses to
      all PGCs in two sister species.

PMID- 26975245
TI  - Hyaluronic Acid-Based Biocompatible Supramolecular Assembly for Sustained Release
      of Antiretroviral Drug.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its associated diseases continue
      to increase despite the progress in our understanding of HIV biology and the
      availability of a number of antiretroviral drugs. Adherence is a significant
      factor in the success of HIV therapy and current HIV treatment regimens require a
      combination of antiviral drugs to be taken at least daily for the remainder of a
      patient's life. A drug delivery system that allows sustained drug delivery could
      reduce the medical burden and costs associated with medication nonadherence.
      Here, we describe a novel supramolecular assembly or matrix that contains an
      anionic polymer hyaluronic acid, cationic polymer poly-l-lysine, and anionic
      oligosaccharide sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin. HIV reverse transcriptase
      inhibitors Zidovudine and Lamivudine were successfully encapsulated into the
      polymer assembly in a noncovalent manner. The physicochemical properties and
      antiviral activity of the polymer assemblies were studied. The results of this
      study suggest that the supramolecular assemblies loaded with HIV drugs exert
      potent antiviral activity and allow sustained drug release. A novel drug delivery
      formulation such as the one described here could facilitate our efforts to reduce
      the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infections and could be utilized
      in the design of therapeutic approaches for other diseases.

PMID- 26975247
TI  - On the crystal structure of colloidally prepared CsPbBr3 quantum dots.
AB  - Colloidally synthesized quantum dots of CsPbBr3 are highly promising for light
      emitting applications. Previous reports based on benchtop diffraction conflict as
      to the crystal structure of CsPbBr3 quantum dots. We present X-ray diffraction
      and PDF analysis of X-ray total scattering data that indicate that the crystal
      structure is unequivocally orthorhombic (Pnma). 

PMID- 26975246
TI  - Self-Assembly of Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes in Aqueous Solutions.
AB  - Cyclodextrins (CDs) are enabling pharmaceutical excipients that can be found in
      numerous pharmaceutical products worldwide. Because of their favorable
      toxicologic profiles, CDs are often used in toxicologic and phase I assessments
      of new drug candidates. However, at relatively high concentrations, CDs can
      spontaneously self-assemble to form visible microparticles in aqueous mediums and
      formation of such visible particles may cause product rejections. Formation of
      subvisible CD aggregates are also known to affect analytical results during
      product development. How and why these CD aggregates form is largely unknown, and
      factors contributing to their formation are still not elucidated. The
      physiochemical properties of CDs are very different from simple amphiphiles and
      lipophilic molecules that are known to self-assemble and form aggregates in
      aqueous solutions but very similar to those of linear oligosaccharides. In
      general, negligible amounts of aggregates are formed in pure CD solutions, but
      the aggregate formation is greatly enhanced on inclusion complex formation, and
      the extent of aggregation increases with increasing CD concentration. The
      diameter of the aggregates formed is frequently less than about 300 nm, but
      visible aggregates can also be formed under certain conditions.

PMID- 26975249
TI  - Neurogenesis reunited.
AB  - Experiments on fruit flies are shedding new light on the evolution and
      development of the nervous system in metamorphosing insects. 

PMID- 26975248
TI  - Lineage mapping identifies molecular and architectural similarities between the
      larval and adult Drosophila central nervous system.
AB  - Neurogenesis in Drosophila occurs in two phases, embryonic and post-embryonic, in
      which the same set of neuroblasts give rise to the distinct larval and adult
      nervous systems, respectively. Here, we identified the embryonic neuroblast
      origin of the adult neuronal lineages in the ventral nervous system via lineage
      specific GAL4 lines and molecular markers. Our lineage mapping revealed that
      neurons born late in the embryonic phase show axonal morphology and transcription
      factor profiles that are similar to the neurons born post-embryonically from the
      same neuroblast. Moreover, we identified three thorax-specific neuroblasts not
      previously characterized and show that HOX genes confine them to the thoracic
      segments. Two of these, NB2-3 and NB3-4, generate leg motor neurons. The other
      neuroblast is novel and appears to have arisen recently during insect evolution.
      Our findings provide a comprehensive view of neurogenesis and show how
      proliferation of individual neuroblasts is dictated by temporal and spatial cues.

PMID- 26975250
TI  - Toxin-induced pore formation is hindered by intermolecular hydrogen bonding in
      sphingomyelin bilayers.
AB  - Sticholysin I and II (StnI and StnII) are pore-forming toxins that use
      sphingomyelin (SM) for membrane binding. We examined how hydrogen bonding among
      membrane SMs affected the StnI- and StnII-induced pore formation process,
      resulting in bilayer permeabilization. We compared toxin-induced permeabilization
      in bilayers containing either SM or dihydro-SM (lacking the trans Delta(4) double
      bond of the long-chain base), since their hydrogen-bonding properties are known
      to differ greatly. We observed that whereas both StnI and StnII formed pores in
      unilamellar vesicles containing palmitoyl-SM or oleoyl-SM, the toxins failed to
      similarly form pores in vesicles prepared from dihydro-PSM or dihydro-OSM. In
      supported bilayers containing OSM, StnII bound efficiently, as determined by
      surface plasmon resonance. However, StnII binding to supported bilayers prepared
      from dihydro-OSM was very low under similar experimental conditions. The
      association of the positively charged StnII (at pH7.0) with unilamellar vesicles
      prepared from OSM led to a concentration-dependent increase in vesicle charge, as
      determined from zeta-potential measurements. With dihydro-OSM vesicles, a similar
      response was not observed. Benzyl alcohol, which is a small hydrogen-bonding
      compound with affinity to lipid bilayer interfaces, strongly facilitated StnII
      induced pore formation in dihydro-OSM bilayers, suggesting that hydrogen bonding
      in the interfacial region originally prevented StnII from membrane binding and
      pore formation. We conclude that interfacial hydrogen bonding was able to affect
      the membrane association of StnI- and StnII, and hence their pore forming
      capacity. Our results suggest that other types of protein interactions in
      bilayers may also be affected by hydrogen-bonding origination from SMs. 

PMID- 26975251
TI  - Alanine scan and (2)H NMR analysis of the membrane-active peptide BP100 point to
      a distinct carpet mechanism of action.
AB  - The short membrane-active peptide BP100 [KKLFKKILKYL-NH2] is known as an
      effective antimicrobial and cell penetrating agent. For a functional alanine scan
      each of the 11 amino acids was replaced with deuterated Ala-d3, one at a time.
      MIC assays showed that a substitution of Lys did not affect the antimicrobial
      activity, but it decreased when a hydrophobic residue was replaced. In most
      cases, a reduction in hydrophobicity led to a decrease in hemolysis, and some
      peptide analogues had an improved therapeutic index. Circular dichroism showed
      that BP100 folds as an amphiphilic alpha-helix in a bilayer. Its alignment was
      determined from (2)H NMR in oriented membranes of different composition. The
      azimuthal rotation angle was the same under all conditions, but the average helix
      tilt angle and the dynamical behavior of the peptide varied in a systematic
      manner. In POPC/POPG bilayers, with a negative spontaneous curvature, the peptide
      was found to lie flat on the bilayer surface, and with little wobble. In
      DMPC/DMPG, with a positive spontaneous curvature, BP100 at higher concentrations
      became tilted obliquely into the membrane, with the uncharged C-terminus inserted
      more deeply into the lipid bilayer, experiencing significant fluctuations in tilt
      angle. In DMPC/DMPG/lyso-MPC, with a pronounced positive spontaneous curvature,
      the helix tilted even further and became even more mobile. The 11-mer BP100 is
      obviously too short to form transmembrane pores. We conclude that BP100 operates
      via a carpet mechanism, whereby the C-terminus gets inserted into the hydrophobic
      core of the bilayer, which leads to membrane perturbation and induces transient
      permeability. 

PMID- 26975252
TI  - Comparative analysis of local effects caused by Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops
      moojeni snake venoms: enzymatic contributions and inflammatory modulations.
AB  - Bothropic envenomation is characterised by severe local damage caused by the
      toxic action of venom components and aggravated by induced inflammation. In this
      comparative study, the local inflammatory effects caused by the venoms of
      Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni, two snakes of epidemiological
      importance in Brazil, were investigated. The toxic action of venom components
      induced by bothropic venom was also characterised. Herein, the oedema,
      hyperalgesia and myotoxicity induced by bothropic venom were monitored for
      various lengths of time after venom injection in experimental animals. The
      intensity of the local effects caused by B. moojeni venom is considerably more
      potent than B. alternatus venom. Our results also indicate that metalloproteases
      and phospholipases A2 have a central role in the local damage induced by
      bothropic venoms, but serine proteases also contribute to the effects of these
      venoms. Furthermore, we observed that specific anti-inflammatory drugs were able
      to considerably reduce the oedema, the pain and the muscle damage caused by both
      venoms. The inflammatory reaction induced by B. moojeni venom is mediated by
      eicosanoid action, histamine and nitric oxide, with significant participation of
      bradykinin on the hyperalgesic and myotoxic effects of this venom. These
      mediators also participate to inflammation caused by B. alternatus venom.
      However, the inefficient anti-inflammatory effects of some local modulation
      suggest that histamine, leukotrienes and nitric oxide have little role in the
      oedema or myotoxicity caused by B. alternatus venom. 

PMID- 26975254
TI  - Genetics of bipolar disorders.
AB  - Advances towards the understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in mood
      disorders provide interesting yet diverse hypotheses and promising models. In
      this context, molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic
      epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular,
      bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic
      studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such
      as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several
      chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. Other studies have
      reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD. This phenomenon describes the
      increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive
      generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific
      mutations (Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences) and may represent a genetic factor
      involved in the transmission of the disorder. In parallel to these new
      developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology,
      represented by twin, adoption and family studies, provided additional evidence in
      favour of the genetic hypothesis in mood disorders. Moreover, these methods have
      been improved through models to test the gene-environment interactions. While
      significant advances have been made in this major field of research, it appears
      that integrative models, taking into account the interactions between biological
      (genetic) factors and social (psychosocial environment) variables offer the most
      reliable way to approach the complex mechanisms involved in the etiology and
      outcome of mood disorders. 

PMID- 26975255
TI  - Acute tryptophan depletion in bipolar disorders; literature review and directives
      for further research.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorders.
      Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), which decreases serotonergic turnover, is an
      established paradigm to study serotonergic vulnerability in affective disorders.
      Literature on the application of ATD as a research tool in bipolar patients is
      limited to three studies, which revealed inconsistent results on mood
      modification. These inconsistencies may be attributed to differences in
      methodological procedures and / or characteristics of included patients. Patient
      selection, methodological aspects and procedures of these studies are critically
      considered and recommendations given. A research protocol to test the 5-HT
      vulnerability in bipolar disorder is proposed. 

PMID- 26975256
TI  - Epidemiology and pathobiology of bipolar disorder, and their exploration within a
      complete catchment area population.
AB  - Epidemiological and pathobiological findings in bipolar disorder [BP] have often
      been limited by selection bias and lack of epidemiological representativeness. In
      a rural, circumscribed catchment area, 'all' patients with BP were identified and
      assessed. On preliminary analysis, morbid risk [MR] for BP over the area as a
      whole was 5.0 +/- 0.6/1000. The distribution of MR for BP over geographical
      subregions showed no significant deviation from a statistical model for random
      occurrences in space by place at birth, in contrast to schizophrenia [SZ], and
      varied only modestly among males by place at onset. These results imply different
      etiological factors acting in BP in comparison with SZ, particularly with regard
      to the role of early versus later life events. In preliminary analyses of
      psychotic and cognitive features, current severity of positive symptoms was
      predicted in BP only by increasing dominance of the left hand; negative symptoms
      by duration of illness and current anticholinergic exposure; poorer general and
      frontal cognitive function by older age at onset of illness, increasing duration
      of illness, and current anticholinergic exposure. The finding on handedness
      suggests disturbance of cerebral asymmetry associated with positive symptoms in
      BP, while both negative symptoms and cognitive impairment may involve progressive
      processes. Further analysis of this epidemiologically complete population,
      including systematic comparisons of BP with schizoaffective disorder and SZ,
      continues. 

PMID- 26975253
TI  - Epigenetic and Transcriptional Alterations in Human Adipose Tissue of Polycystic
      Ovary Syndrome.
AB  - Genetic and epigenetic factors may predispose women to polycystic ovary syndrome
      (PCOS), a common heritable disorder of unclear etiology. Here we investigated
      differences in genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation in adipose tissue
      from 64 women with PCOS and 30 controls. In total, 1720 unique genes were
      differentially expressed (Q < 0.05). Six out of twenty selected genes with
      largest expression difference (CYP1B1, GPT), genes linked to PCOS (RAB5B) or type
      2 diabetes (PPARG, SVEP1), and methylation (DMAP1) were replicated in a separate
      case-control study. In total, 63,213 sites (P < 0.05) and 440 sites (Q < 0.15)
      were differently methylated. Thirty differentially expressed genes had
      corresponding changes in 33 different DNA methylation sites. Moreover, a total
      number of 1913 pairs of differentially expressed "gene-CpG" probes were
      significantly correlated after correction for multiple testing and corresponded
      with 349 unique genes. In conclusion, we identified a large number of genes and
      pathways that are affected in adipose tissue from women with PCOS. We also
      identified specific DNA methylation pathways that may affect mRNA expression.
      Together, these novel findings show that women with PCOS have multiple
      transcriptional and epigenetic changes in adipose tissue that are relevant for
      development of the disease.

PMID- 26975257
TI  - Towards a new model for cellular pathophysiology in affective disorder.
AB  - The mode of action of serotonin in depression is unclear. We tested the
      modulation of hippocampal long-term plasticity, a model for learning and memory,
      by 5-HT and found a selective impairment of long-term depression resulting in a
      positive modification of synaptic network properties. We hypothetize a role for
      long-term plasticity in emotional regulation and the pathophysiology of affective
      disorders. 

PMID- 26975258
TI  - Dysregulation of ion fluxes in bipolar affective disorder.
AB  - Bipolar disorder has attracted numerous research from different neurobiological
      angles. This review will summarize selected findings focusing on the role of
      disturbed transmem-braneous ion fluxes. Several mood stabilizers exhibit a
      distinct profile including effects on sodium, calcium and potassium conductance.
      In summary, some decisive mechanisms of action as calcium antagonism and
      modulation of potassium currents may play a crucial role in the success of any
      given mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder. 

PMID- 26975259
TI  - Immunological aspects of bipolar disorder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Significant changes in immune function have been found in mood
      disorders. Controlled studies in bipolar disorder concerning cell-mediated
      immunity and thyroid autoimmunity are reviewed, and presented together with
      preliminary findings from our own ongoing study. METHOD: Using Medline and other
      sources, 14 controlled studies as well as some other relevant studies were found.
      RESULTS: Bipolar disorder is associated with an acute phase response and
      activation of the cell-mediated immune system, and with an increased prevalence
      of antithyroid autoantibodies. CONCLUSION: Changes in immune function, in
      connection with neuroendocrine changes, may provide new hypotheses for the
      pathophysiology of mood disorders.

PMID- 26975260
TI  - Brain 5-HT function in bipolar affective disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that brain serotonin neurotransmission may
      mediate the actions of lithium carbonate. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD)
      reduces brain serotonin and allows the study of this neurotransmitter in patient
      groups. Serotonin modulates electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, which is
      abnormal in bipolar disorder, and EEG abnormalities persist in euthymic bipolar
      patients. The EEG may therefore be a sensitive marker of 5-HT function in bipolar
      disorder. AIMS: This study examined the effects of ATD on mood, suicidal ideation
      and EEG activity in bipolar patients who were symptomatically stable on lithium.
      METHODS: 19 subjects satisfying DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder
      participated in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled random-order
      crossover study. Following acute tryptophan depletion (induced by a 100g amino
      acid drink following an overnight fast) symptoms were evaluated, quantitative
      power spectrum brain mapping and measurement of auditory evoked potentials were
      carried out. RESULTS: ATD produced a significant fall in the amplitude of N1P2
      and P300 components of the auditory evoked potential, but no significant changes
      in the power spectrum. There was an 83% reduction in plasma tryptophan (p<0.05,
      paired t-test) after the depleting but not the control drink. No significant
      changes in mood or suicidally scores were recorded after ATD. CONCLUSIONS: ATD
      attenuates auditory evoked potentials in bipolar disorder but does not reverse
      lithium's effects on mood and suicidally in bipolar disorder.

PMID- 26975261
TI  - Neuropathological studies of bipolar disorder.
AB  - The few available neuropathological studies of bipolar disorder are reviewed and
      placed in the context of structural imaging findings. Candidate pathological
      processes include cy-toarchitectural abnormalities, particularly in the anterior
      cingulate cortex and affecting glia, and disruption of white matter connections.
      The possible neuropathological relationship of bipolar disorder with major
      depression and with schizophrenia is discussed. 

PMID- 26975262
TI  - The epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder; a review of the literature and
      introduction to work in progress.
AB  - The past 20 years have seen much research into affective disorders, reflecting
      advances in both pharmacological and psychological treatments. However, there has
      been little basic epidemiological research into bipolar illness. This is
      particularly apparent regarding its basic occurrence and possible epigenetic
      causes. This presentation will attempt to bring together and integrate the
      available evidence regarding the basic epidemiology of bipolar disorder, define
      areas where further research is needed, and outline a large epidemiological study
      including bipolar affective disorder that has been supported by the Stanley
      Foundation. 

PMID- 26975263
TI  - Are schizophrenics neuropsychologically impaired affected psychotics?
      Neuropsychological performance and personality traits in relatives.
AB  - Neuropsychological deficits are found in both schizophrenic patients and their
      relatives, and some studies have shown similar, but less severe, deficits in
      affective psychotic patients and their relatives. We set out to establish -
      whether schizophrenia spectrum personality traits are more common in the
      relatives of schizophrenic patients than relatives of affective psychotic
      patients; - what is the relationship between spectrum personality traits and
      neuropsychological deficits in these relatives. Relatives were interviewed using
      the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), and also completed the
      National Adult Reading Test (NART), the Trail Making Test (TMT: Parts A and B)
      and Thurstone's Verbal Fluency Test (TVFT). Spectrum personality traits were
      equally common in the 129 relatives of schizophrenic and 106 relatives of
      affective psychotic patients. Relatives of psychotic patients who themselves had
      high paranoid traits had lower NART scores than those without such personality
      traits (p=0.007);similarly, those with high schizoid personality traits took
      longer to complete the TMT, part B than those without such traits (p=0.0l); and
      relatives with high schizotypal traits generated significantly fewer words on the
      verbal fluency test than those without such traits (p=0.04). 

PMID- 26975264
TI  - Bipolar disorder: is psychiatry's Cinderella starting to get out a little more?
AB  - Bipolar Disorder is a neglected disease. In the last twenty years fewer than
      2,000 articles have been published with mania or bipolar disorder in the title,
      compared to 11,000 for schizophrenia and 19,000 for depression (data from
      EMBASE). This relative neglect of bipolar disorder is true both for
      neurobiological investigations and for investigations of treatment. Interest is
      reviving, I believe, in no small part because of the consistent support by the
      Stanley Foundation. Genuine advances in understanding neurobiology and treatment
      may be now be possible. The presentations made at this meeting are testimony to
      that. 

PMID- 26975265
TI  - Accuracy of register- and record-based bipolar I disorder diagnoses in Finland; a
      study of twins.
AB  - Registers have been widely used in schizophrenia studies. For bipolar disorder,
      the use has been more limited and no studies exist concerning accuracy of bipolar
      I diagnoses in registers. We have collected an unselected twin sample for a study
      of bipolar I disorder. We report here the diagnostic procedures and accuracy of
      bipolar I diagnoses in a nation-wide hospital discharge registry. We evaluated
      also the accuracy of the medical record-based best-estimate diagnoses, comparing
      these with the SCID interview diagnoses. From the National Hospital Discharge
      Register we identified all like-sex twins, born 1940-1957, (N=42), and all like-
      or opposite-sex twins, born 1961-1969, (N=15), who had at least once a diagnosis
      of bipolar I disorder. The best-estimate diagnoses based on medical records, and
      were made by two doctors blind to each other, and according to DSM-IV-criteria.
      Diag-noses were then confirmed by SCID interviews, with the mi-nimum follow-up
      time after the first admission being 6 years. The accuracy of bipolar diagnoses
      in the register was 92% and 87%, accordingly. When comparing the best-estimate
      diagnoses to SCID interview diagnoses, there was one false positive case in the
      first sample, 3.4% [95% CI 0.1% to 7.8%], and none in the second sample. Our
      study shows that a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder in the hospital discharge
      register, or if based only on medical records, is highly reliable and stable.
      These results strengthen the usefulness of regis-ters also in bipolar disorder. 

PMID- 26975266
TI  - Stabilization in the treatment of mania, depression and mixed states.
AB  - While one major need for improved therapeutic approaches in bipolar disease is
      the development of long-term treatment strategies, a systematic approach during
      the acute phase of bipolar disorder is also required. In our own studies we have
      arbitrarily divided the initial treatment of subjects by the predominant polarity
      for which they are treated acutely: manic, depressed, or mixed/cycling.1 In this
      larger investigation of over 150 patients with bipolar disorder, we now
      demonstrated again that the time to initial stabilization is generally the
      shortest with a manic episode and the longest with a mixed/cycling episode with
      the depressed episode in the middle (although almost as long as the mixed/cycling
      episode). These findings indicate the difficulty of treating both the depressed
      phase and mixed/cycling episodes in bipolar disorder. It is also noteworthy that
      gender does not have a significant effect on time to stabilization. Such findings
      in the acute phase have profound implications in designing and carrying out long
      term therapeutic strategies for this disorder. 

PMID- 26975267
TI  - Typical and atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, typical antipsychotics are widely used in the
      treatment of bipolar disorder, albeit in treatment guidelines often considered as
      adjunctive agents only. Recently, focus has shifted towards the use of atypical
      antipsychotics. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages associated
      with the use of antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. METHODS: Randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) were selected for review. A few review articles were
      also cited. RESULTS: Typical antipsychotics, at least some of them, are powerful
      antimanics, beneficial for severe agitation in particular. However, in the long
      term treatment, typical antipsychics may precipitate depression. Among the
      atypical antipsychotics, both risperidone and olanzapine are clearly antimanic
      alternatives, although olanzapine is the best studied. Clozapine seems to be
      useful when other treatments fail to work. CONCLUSIONS: Antipsychotics are
      beneficial for some clinical presentations of mania. To minimize side effets,
      atypical agents should be preferred before typical agents, unless parenteral
      administration is needed. Despite the lack of RCTs, antipsychotics also seem to
      be useful as adjunctive agents in the treatment of psychotic bipolar depression.
      For the long term treatment of bipolar disorder, typical antipsychotics should be
      used only under certain circumstances. The place of atypical antipsychotics in
      the long term treatment of bipolar disorder remains to be studied.

PMID- 26975268
TI  - Lithium and carbamazepine in bipolar disorder.
AB  - Lithium is considered first choice in the prevention of prospective episodes in
      patients with bipolar disorder. However, efficacy is not satisfactory in all
      patients and side effects sometimes prevent the use of lithium. It is argued that
      efficacy in clinical practice may be less impressive than anticipated from
      clinical trials, and alternative treatments are beinu advocated increasingly for
      that reason, such as the anticonvulsants, carbamazepine and valproate. 

PMID- 26975269
TI  - The efficacy of valproate, lamotrigine and gabapentin in bipolar disorder; review
      of double-blind controlled studies.
AB  - AIMS: The efficacy of the anticonvulsants valproate, lamotrigine and gabapentin
      in bipolar disorder is reviewed. METHOD: Using Medline (r) and other sources of
      information, 12 double-blind controlled studies with either of these compounds
      were identified. RESULTS: None of the compounds has been proven effective in the
      prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. Valproate has been found an effective drug in
      acute mania, while in continuation treatment after acute mania it proved to be
      save, i.e. not causing switches into depression. Lamotrigine is the only
      anticonvulsant with proven efficacy in acute bipolar depression. So far
      gabapentin has not been found effective. CONCLUSION: For the prophylaxis of
      bipolar disorder, lithium is still the treatment of choice. Carbamazepine and
      valproate are good alternatives, especially for patients not responding to
      lithium or not tolerating it. Lamotrigine may be a good alternative in bipolar
      depression.

PMID- 26975270
TI  - Predicting medication non-adherence in severe affective disorders.
AB  - Objective This study explored the utility of the Health Belief Models (HBM) in
      explaining medication adherence in subjects with severe affective disorders.
      Method Well established measuring instruments, with confirmed reliability and
      validity, were used to assess each component of two HBMs and adherence with mood
      stabilising medication in 104 subjects with bipolar (n=82), unipolar (n=18) or
      schizo-affective (n=4) disorders. Results Highly adherent and partially adherent
      subjects differed significantly in the stability of the level and the overall
      serum level of drug acheived. Subject's beliefs about themselves and their
      illness and their control over the disorder were more important than side-effects
      in predicting medication adherence. There were marked differences in the primary
      reasons for non-adherence identified by patients and their clinicians. Conclusion
      Although the study has a number of methodological limitations, the results
      suggest that clinical assessment of components of HBMs may improve the detection
      of patients at risk of non-adherence with mood stabilising medication. 

PMID- 26975271
TI  - Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?
AB  - Despite ongoing controversy, the view that pediatric mania is rare or non
      existent has been increasingly challenged not only by case reports but also by
      systematic research. This research strongly suggests that pediatric mania may not
      be rare but that it may be difficult to diagnose. Since children with mania are
      likely to become adults with bipolar disorder, the recognition and
      characterization of childhood-onset mania may help identify a meaningful
      developmental subtype of bipolar disorder worthy of further investigation. The
      major difficulties that complicate the diagnosis of pediatric mania include: -
      its pattern of comorbidity may be unique by adult standards, especially its
      overlap with ADHD, aggression and conduct disorder; - its overlap with substance
      use disorders; - its association with trauma and adversity; - its response to
      treatment is atypical by adult standards. These issues will be reviewed in the
      presentation. 

PMID- 26975272
TI  - Bipolar disorder in children and adolecents: a clinical reality?
AB  - The appearance, the differential diagnosis and the prevalence of bipolar disorder
      in children and adolescents is discussed. Among adolescents bipolar disorder
      appears to have a similar prevalence in the US and The Netherlands. However,
      among children it is frequently diagnosed in the US and hardly in The
      Netherlands. It is concluded that bipolar disorder tends to start earlier in the
      US than in the Netherlands. It is hypothesized that this may be related to a
      higher use of stimulants and antidepressants by US children diagnosed as ADHD or
      depression, respectively. 

PMID- 26975273
TI  - The rationale, design, and progress of two novel maintenance treatment studies in
      pediatric bipolarity.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are no definitively established acute or maintenance
      treatments for juvenile bipolar disorder. METHOD: Two randomized, blind,
      maintenance clinical trials in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders
      are ongoing at the University Hospitals of Cleveland/Case Western Reserve
      University Stanley Clinical Research Center for bipolar disorder. The first is
      comparing the safety and effectiveness of lithium carbonate (Li+) to divalproex
      sodium (VPA) for up to 76 weeks in youths with stabilized bipolar illness (type 1
      or 2). The second study is designed to compare the efficacy of VPA to placebo in
      the acute management of subsyndromal symptoms of bipolar disorder ('cyclotaxia')
      and the prevention of the full syndrome in children at risk. Both studies use the
      prospective life-chart method as an outcome measure. RESULTS: Sixty-six youths
      have received study medication as part of the trial that is comparing Li+ to VPA
      as a maintenance therapy. In addition, 32 youths have received blinded treatment
      as part of the 'cyclotaxia' prevention study. Combination Li+A/PA treatment
      appears generally well tolerated and seems to have robust anti-manic and
      antidepressant effects. DISCUSSION: Since the blind has not been broken on either
      of these clinical trials, conclusions about the maintenance effectiveness of
      either VPA or Li+ in youths with bipolar disorder type 1 or 2 cannot be made yet.
      Similarly, it is unclear whether VPA is superior to placebo in genetically high
      risk youths with cyclotaxia. The final results of these trials should provide
      valuable information about the treatment of juvenile bipolar disorders.

PMID- 26975274
TI  - Neural mechanisms of childhood-onset bipolar illness.
AB  - Substantial evidence exists for a cohort effect (earlier onset and increased
      prevalence) for both unipolar and bipolar affective disorder in every generation
      born since World War II. This effect could be related to inherited mechanisms
      (e.g., bi-Hneal pedigrees or genetic anticipation) or to
      environmental/experiential effects on gene expression (e.g., stressor effects on
      the induction of transcription and growth factors, enzymes, hormones and their
      receptors, and signal transduction molecules) as documented in preclinical models
      of neonatal maternal separation. This laboratory evidence is summarized and new
      clinical data on the impact of severe stressors on the unfolding course of
      bipolar illness are noted. The reported occurrence of childhood or adolescent
      physical or sexual abuse, compared to those who report their absence, is
      associated with: earlier bipolar illness onset; faster cycling (including
      ultradian) patterns; increased Axis I and II comorbidities; and increased time
      ill in a prospective year of follow-up. Selectively, physical abuse was
      associated with a reported pattern of increasingly severe mania and sexual abuse
      with increased numbers of serious suicide attempts. In a retrospective survey of
      parents of children with an approximate average age of 13 who were diagnosed with
      bipolar illness (compared to those with other diagnoses and those with no
      diagnosis), a cluster of symptoms related to irritability and dyscontrol
      differentiated the bipolar children earliest. These symptoms included: temper
      tantrums, irritability, inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor frustration
      tolerance, and increased aggression. Given the growing evidence that episodes of
      affective dysfunction can not only convey morbidity and mortality, but may also
      sensitize to further recurrence and thus change the course of illness,
      opportunities abound for early recognition and intervention in childhood onset
      bipolar illness. Such a successful endeavor would both allow a more normal
      psychobiological development and allow the possibility of preventing the
      unfolding of more full-blown bipolar illness altogether. 

PMID- 26975275
TI  - Prevalence of psychopathology in children of bipolar parents.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine psychopathology in a large sample of
      adolescent children (N = 140) of parents (N = 86) with bipolar disorders, using
      multiple sources of information (child, parent, teacher). The main aims of the
      study were: 1) to compare parent, teacher and self reported problem behavior
      ratings of children of bipolar parents with those of children from the general
      population, and 2) to determine the prevalence of DSM-IV diagnoses in offspring
      of bipolar parents, and 3) to examine the possible association between gender of
      the bipolar parent and psychopathology among the offspring. 

PMID- 26975276
TI  - Acute and continuation pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with
      bipolar disorders; a summary of two previous studies.
AB  - We report the results of an acute-phase and continuation-phase study of the
      pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorders. The
      acute phase study, with a duration of 6-8 weeks, aimed at developing effect sizes
      (ES) for lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine, in the acute phase
      treatment of Bipolar I or II children and adolescents during a mixed or manic
      episode. During the acute-phase of treatment, 42 outpatients with a mean age of
      11.4 yr. (20 with Bipolar I Disorder and 22 with Bipolar II Disorder) were
      randomly assigned to 6-8 weeks of open treatment with either lithium, divalproex
      sodium, or carbamazepine. The primary efficacy measures were the weekly CGI
      Improvement scores and the Young Mania Rating Scale. Using a >= 50% change from
      baseline to exit in the Y-MRS scores to define response, the effect size for
      divalproex sodium was 1.63,1.06 for lithium, and 1.00 for carbamazepine. Using
      this same response measure with the intent-to-treat sample, the response rates
      were: sodium divalproex 53%; lithium 38%; and carbamazepine 38% (x 2=0.85, 2
      d.f., p=0.60). Thirty-five subjects continued in open, treatment for another 16
      18 weeks, for a total of 24 weeks of prospective treatment. Overall, of the
      thirty-five continuation phase subjects, thirty (85%) were categorized as
      responders at the end of the continuation phase of treatment. Of these thirty
      five subjects, 13 (37%) were only on a single mood stabilizer and no other
      psychotropic agents at the end of the continuation phase. Thirty-one percent of
      subjects in continuation were also treated with a stimulant medication in
      addition to mood stabilizers. 

PMID- 26975277
TI  - beta-lactams resistance gene quantification in an antibiotic resistant
      Escherichia coli water suspension treated by advanced oxidation with UV/H2O2.
AB  - Water is one of the most important habitats and route for the spread of
      antibiotic resistance (AR) in the environment and disinfection processes can be a
      potential barrier to minimise this risk. In this study the effect of UV/H2O2
      process on the potential of AR transfer was investigated through cultivation
      methods vs (polymerase chain reaction) PCR based methods. blaTEM was selected as
      target antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) and was quantified by qPCR in the
      survived colonies and the whole suspension (total DNA). The detection limit of
      residual antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) colonies (5CFUmL-1) was
      reached after 240min treatment, but blaTEM gene was still present in total DNA
      after 300min (2.8*106 copies mL-1), and no effect was observed in DNA extracted
      from cell cultures (3.8*108 copies mL-1 after 90min). Accordingly, the
      investigated disinfection process may select for unaffected ARGs, therefore
      contributing to the potential transfer of AR in the environment.

PMID- 26975278
TI  - The Modulatory Effect of Anthocyanins from Purple Sweet Potato on Human
      Intestinal Microbiota in Vitro.
AB  - In order to investigate the modulatory effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanins
      (PSPAs) on human intestinal microbiota, PSPAs were prepared by column
      chromatography and their influence on intestinal microbiota was analyzed by
      monitoring the bacterial populations and analyzing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)
      concentrations at different time points. The numbers (log10 cell/mL) of
      Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus/Enterococcus spp., Bacteroides-Prevotella,
      Clostridium histolyticum, and total bacteria after 24 h of culture in anaerobic
      fermentation broth containing PSPAs were 8.44 +/- 0.02, 8.30 +/- 0.01, 7.80 +/-
      0.03, 7.60 +/- 0.03, and 9.00 +/- 0.02, respectively, compared with 8.21 +/-
      0.03, 8.12 +/- 0.02, 7.95 +/- 0.02, 7.77 +/- 0.02, and 9.01 +/- 0.03,
      respectively, in the controls. The results showed that PSPAs induced the
      proliferation of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus/Enterococcus spp., inhibited
      the growth of Bacteroides-Prevotella and Clostridium histolyticum, and did not
      affect the total bacteria number. Total SCFA concentrations in the cultures with
      PSPAs were significantly higher than in the controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, during
      the fermentation, the PSPAs were partially fragmented to phenolic acids, which
      may exert a better effect on intestinal microecology, suggesting that PSPAs may
      have prebiotic-like activity by generating SCFAs and modulating the intestinal
      microbiota, contributing to improvements in human health. 

PMID- 26975279
TI  - Endoscopic transluminal drainage of walled-off necrosis: Does size matter?

PMID- 26975280
TI  - Is the glass ceiling in gastroenterology gone?

PMID- 26975281
TI  - Measuring quality of endoscopic eradication therapy in Barrett's esophagus.

PMID- 26975282
TI  - Palliative treatment of malignant dysphagia: stent by and await further
      instructions.

PMID- 26975283
TI  - Endoscopic myotomy of Zenker's diverticulum: lessons from 3 decades of
      experience.

PMID- 26975284
TI  - Confocal laser endomicroscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: achieving new depths
      in mucosal healing.

PMID- 26975285
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26975286
TI  - Clip closure for the prevention of polypectomy bleeding: Could antiplatelet
      therapy be a confounding factor?

PMID- 26975287
TI  - Questions for confirming superiority of endoscopy for GI stromal tumors in the
      upper GI tract.

PMID- 26975288
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26975289
TI  - Self-expandable metal stents versus plastic stents for malignant biliary
      obstruction.

PMID- 26975290
TI  - Removal of buried gastroduodenal stents after drainage of pancreatic fluid
      collections: Silence of the LAMS (with video).

PMID- 26975291
TI  - In search of the optimal technique to overcome cold polypectomy cutting failure:
      pulling up may be better than resnaring (with video).

PMID- 26975292
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26975293
TI  - Life-threatening hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis after
      intragastric balloon placement.

PMID- 26975294
TI  - Treatment of pancreaticoportal fistula by endosonography-guided rendezvous.

PMID- 26975295
TI  - Peroral cholangioscopy: use of a Roth Net retriever for difficult biliary stones.

PMID- 26975296
TI  - Iatrogenic duodenal perforation during underwater ampullectomy: endoscopic repair
      using polyglycolic acid sheets.

PMID- 26975298
TI  - Potency of different red light sources in photodynamic induction of cell death in
      a squamous cell carcinoma cell line.
AB  - LED illumination systems were found to be more efficacious than broad spectrum
      lamps in recent phase III trials on photodynamic treatment of actinic keratosis.
      However, a detailed comparison of the light doses emitted at the appropriate
      spectral range and its correlation to photodynamic effects is thus far not
      available for the most frequently used devices. Here, we compared the spectral
      emissions of three different PDT lamps with their potency of inducing cell death
      in ALA-loaded A431 cells, including a new system equipped with more advanced LEDs
      matching the photosensitizer absorption peak more precisely and emitting more
      homogeneous light over time. Cells were exposed to two different ALA
      concentrations, incubated for 1 or 3h and then illuminated by one of two
      different LED or a broad-spectrum system at four different light doses, whereupon
      viability was assessed. Maximal doses were selected in accordance to clinically
      applied light doses in recent phase III studies and the manufacturers'
      recommendations. The data gathered here clearly demonstrate that the two LED
      systems were significantly more effective in inducing cell death than the broad
      spectrum system. Most efficient was the newer LED system, in agreement with
      emission parameters that more accurately corresponded to the photosensitizer's
      absorption peak. 

PMID- 26975297
TI  - Perceived benefits and negative consequences of alcohol consumption in women
      living with HIV: a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Women living with HIV have increased prevalence of medical and
      psychological comorbidities that could be adversely affected by alcohol
      consumption. Little is known about their unique motivations for drinking or
      perceptions of HIV-related consequences. In preparation for an alcohol
      intervention study, we sought to better understand reasons for drinking and
      perceived consequences of alcohol consumption among a sample of women living with
      HIV. METHODS: Four focus groups, with a total of 24 adult women (96% African
      American, 88% HIV-positive), were conducted in Jacksonville, FL, Washington, DC
      and Chicago, IL. Focus group discussions were tape-recorded and transcribed
      verbatim; a conventional content analysis approach was used to identify themes,
      that were then grouped according to a biopsychosocial model. RESULTS: Regarding
      reasons for drinking, women described themes that included biological (addiction,
      to manage pain), psychological (coping, to escape bad experiences, to feel in
      control), and social (peer pressure, family). Themes related to consequences from
      alcohol included biological (damage to body, poor adherence to medications),
      psychological (risky or regrettable behavior, memory loss), and social (jail,
      loss of respect, poor choices). When discussing how their drinking impacted their
      health, women focused on broader issues, rather than HIV-specific issues.
      CONCLUSION: Many women living with HIV are drinking alcohol in order to self
      manage pain or emotions, and their perceived consequences from drinking extend
      beyond HIV-specific medical issues. Most participants described themes related to
      psychological issues and situations that are common in women living with HIV.
      Interventions to address drinking should inquire more specifically about drinking
      to manage pain or emotion, and help women to recognize the potential adverse
      impact of alcohol on comorbid health issues, including their own HIV infection.

PMID- 26975299
TI  - A systematic review to examine the evidence regarding discussions by midwives,
      with women, around their options for where to give birth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Discussion of place of birth is important for women and maternity
      services, yet the detail, content and delivery of these discussions are unclear.
      The Birthplace Study found that for low risk, multiparous women, there was no
      significant difference in neonatal safety outcomes between women giving birth in
      obstetric units, midwifery-led units, or home. For low risk, nulliparous women
      giving birth in a midwifery-led unit was as safe as in hospital, whilst birth at
      home was associated with a small, increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.
      Intervention rates were reduced in all settings outside hospital. NICE guidelines
      recommend all women are supported in their choice of birth setting. Midwives have
      the opportunity to provide information to women about where they choose to give
      birth. However, research suggests women are sometimes unaware of all the options
      available. This systematic review will establish what is known about midwives'
      perspectives of discussions with women about their options for where to give
      birth and whether any interventions have been implemented to support these
      discussions. METHODS: The systematic review was PROSPERO registered (registration
      number: CRD42015017334). The PRISMA statement was followed. Medline, Cochrane,
      CINAHL, PsycINFO, Popline and EMBASE databases were searched between 2000-March
      2015 and grey literature was searched. All identified studies were screened for
      inclusion. Qualitative data was thematically analysed, whilst quantitative data
      was summarised. RESULTS: The themes identified relating to influences on
      midwives' place of birth discussions with women were organisational pressures and
      professional norms, inadequate knowledge and confidence of midwives, variation in
      what midwives told women and the influence of colleagues. None of the
      interventions identified provided sufficient evidence of effectiveness and were
      of poor quality. CONCLUSIONS: The review has suggested the need for a pragmatic,
      understandable place of birth dialogue containing standard content to ensure
      midwives provide low risk women with adequate information about their place of
      birth options and the need to improve midwives knowledge about place of birth. A
      more robust, systematic evaluation of any interventions designed is required to
      improve the quality of place of birth discussions. By engaging with co-produced
      research, more effective interventions can be designed, implemented and
      sustained.

PMID- 26975301
TI  - Factors Affecting Resilience in Families of Adults With Diabetes.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of family
      resilience on families of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A
      convenience sample of 77 participants was recruited from several diabetes
      education/support group programs and 1 private medical practice to participate in
      this descriptive correlational study. Participants completed several instruments
      measuring family member satisfaction with components of family functioning,
      family resilience, life orientation (measure of optimism), and diabetes
      knowledge. RESULTS: Family members were predominantly female (71%) and white
      (97%), and they had a minimum of a college education (79%). A significant
      positive relationship was found between family functioning and family resilience
      (r = 0.59, P < .01). Regression analysis revealed that family functioning was the
      only predictor of family resilience, explaining 46% of the variance. Positive
      outlook and diabetes knowledge were not significant contributors to the model. A
      significant low correlation was found between family member's level of diabetes
      knowledge and measure of optimism. Additional findings demonstrated that the
      Family Resilience Assessment tool was a reliable measure, with a Cronbach alpha
      of 0.91. CONCLUSION: Family functioning was associated with family resilience.
      Future research should focus on replicating the study in a more heterogeneous
      population, with further investigation into the needs of family members of adults
      with diabetes.

PMID- 26975302
TI  - Predicting Handwriting Difficulties Through Spelling Processes.
AB  - This study examined whether spelling tasks contribute to the prediction of the
      handwriting status of children with poor and good handwriting skills in a cross
      sectional study with 276 Spanish children from Grades 1 and 3. The main
      hypothesis was that the spelling tasks would predict the handwriting status of
      the children, although this influence would decrease with age due to a gradual
      automatization of handwriting skills. The results confirmed this hypothesis.
      Another interesting result was that the pattern of pseudoword and irregular word
      spellings as predictors of handwriting status changed from Grade 1 to Grade 3. In
      Grade 1, the pseudoword spelling task made a significant contribution, whereas
      the irregular word spelling task did not. The opposite pattern was found in Grade
      3. These results may be a consequence of progressive acquisition of orthographic
      representations. The orthographic role of the task of writing the alphabet in
      order from memory in the prediction model was also analyzed. The writing of the
      alphabet in order from memory task made a significant contribution to the
      prediction of handwriting status of the children beyond the orthographic
      influence of spelling tasks. The additional effect of this task on the prediction
      of handwriting status is presumably due to the fact that this measure is based on
      fluency.

PMID- 26975303
TI  - Family Caregivers' Pain Management in End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review.
AB  - CONTEXT: Pain management was the most identified burden faced by family
      caregivers in end-of-life caregiving. OBJECTIVES: To synthesize current
      scientific evidence on family caregivers' experience of pain management in end-of
      life care. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using CINAHL, Embase,
      PubMed, and Cochrane Library electronic databases. Data were extracted from each
      included paper and organized into tables to synthesize the findings. RESULTS:
      Fourteen research papers focusing on family caregivers' experience of pain
      management and strategies in end-of-life care were included. Nine were
      observational studies, 3 were case studies, and 2 were experimental studies.
      These studies mainly focused on exploring family caregivers' engagement in pain
      management and communication with the hospice care team about pain control;
      family caregivers' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy in pain management; and
      family caregivers' concerns and experience of pain management. CONCLUSION: This
      review identified themes similar to previous reviews on family caregivers of
      patients with cancer or in palliative care: inadequate knowledge and assessment
      skills in pain management, misunderstanding of pain medications, and poor
      communication with the care team. Future research should design educational
      programs and material for family caregivers to improve their pain management
      knowledge and skills, communication, and engagement in care. The scientific
      knowledge on this topic is scarce, and level of evidence is low; it is therefore
      imperative to have more exploratory studies to expand the quality and quantity of
      evidence and increase our understanding of family caregivers' needs and barriers
      to pain management based on larger and more diverse patient and caregiver
      samples.

PMID- 26975304
TI  - Estimation of photoneutron yield in linear accelerator with different collimation
      systems by Geant4 and MCNPX simulation codes.
AB  - At present, the bremsstrahlung photon beams produced by linear accelerators are
      the most commonly employed method of radiotherapy for tumor treatments. A
      photoneutron source based on three different energies (6, 10 and 15 MeV) of a
      linac electron beam was designed by means of Geant4 and Monte Carlo N-Particle
      eXtended (MCNPX) simulation codes. To obtain maximum neutron yield, two
      arrangements for the photo neutron convertor were studied: (a) without a
      collimator, and (b) placement of the convertor after the collimator. The maximum
      photon intensities in tungsten were 0.73, 1.24 and 2.07 photon/e at 6, 10 and 15
      MeV, respectively. There was no considerable increase in the photon fluence
      spectra from 6 to 15 MeV at the optimum thickness between 0.8 mm and 2 mm of
      tungsten. The optimum dimensions of the collimator were determined to be a length
      of 140 mm with an aperture of 5 mm  *  70 mm for iron in a slit shape. According
      to the neutron yield, the best thickness obtained for the studied materials was
      30 mm. The number of neutrons generated in BeO achieved the maximum value at 6
      MeV, unlike that in Be, where the highest number of neutrons was observed at 15
      MeV. Statistical uncertainty in all simulations was less than 0.3% and 0.05% for
      MCNPX and the standard electromagnetic (EM) physics packages of Geant4,
      respectively. Differences among spectra in various regions are due to various
      cross-section and stopping power data and different simulations of the physics
      processes. 

PMID- 26975305
TI  - Neuromodulation: a focus on dorsal root ganglion stimulation.

PMID- 26975307
TI  - Pension funds: tobacco investment up in smoke.

PMID- 26975306
TI  - Clinical features for diagnosis and management of patients with PRDM12 congenital
      insensitivity to pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) is a rare extreme phenotype
      characterised by an inability to perceive pain present from birth due to lack of,
      or malfunction of, nociceptors. PRDM12 has recently been identified as a new gene
      that can cause CIP. The full phenotype and natural history have not yet been
      reported. METHODS: We have ascertained five adult patients and report their
      clinical features. RESULTS: Based on our findings, and those of previous
      patients, we describe the natural history of the PRDM12-CIP disorder, and derive
      diagnostic and management features to guide the clinical management of patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: PRDM12-CIP is a distinct and diagnosable disorder, and requires
      specific clinical management to minimise predictable complications.

PMID- 26975308
TI  - Editorial: Computer-Assisted Approaches as Decision Support Systems in the
      Overall Strategy of Combating Emerging Diseases: Some Comments Regarding Drug
      Design, Vaccinomics, and Genomic Surveillance of the Zika Virus.

PMID- 26975310
TI  - Provider attributes correlation analysis to their referral frequency and awards.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been a recent growth in health provider search portals,
      where patients specify filters-such as specialty or insurance-and providers are
      ranked by patient ratings or other attributes. Previous work has identified
      attributes associated with a provider's quality through user surveys. Other work
      supports that intuitive quality-indicating attributes are associated with a
      provider's quality. METHODS: We adopt a data-driven approach to study how quality
      indicators of providers are associated with a rich set of attributes including
      medical school, graduation year, procedures, fellowships, patient reviews,
      location, and technology usage. In this work, we only consider providers as
      individuals (e.g., general practitioners) and not organizations (e.g.,
      hospitals). As quality indicators, we consider the referral frequency of a
      provider and a peer-nominated quality designation. We combined data from the
      Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and several provider rating web
      sites to perform our analysis. RESULTS: Our data-driven analysis identified
      several attributes that correlate with and discriminate against referral volume
      and peer-nominated awards. In particular, our results consistently demonstrate
      that these attributes vary by locality and that the frequency of an attribute is
      more important than its value (e.g., the number of patient reviews or hospital
      affiliations are more important than the average review rating or the ranking of
      the hospital affiliations, respectively). We demonstrate that it is possible to
      build accurate classifiers for referral frequency and quality designation, with
      accuracies over 85 %. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that a one-size-fits-all
      approach to ranking providers is inadequate and that provider search portals
      should calibrate their ranking function based on location and specialty. Further,
      traditional filters of provider search portals should be reconsidered, and
      patients should be aware of existing pitfalls with these filters and educated on
      local factors that affect quality. These findings enable provider search portals
      to empower patients and to "load balance" patients between younger and older
      providers.

PMID- 26975309
TI  - A probabilistic generative model for quantification of DNA modifications enables
      analysis of demethylation pathways.
AB  - We present a generative model, Lux, to quantify DNA methylation modifications
      from any combination of bisulfite sequencing approaches, including reduced,
      oxidative, TET-assisted, chemical-modification assisted, and methylase-assisted
      bisulfite sequencing data. Lux models all cytosine modifications (C, 5mC, 5hmC,
      5fC, and 5caC) simultaneously together with experimental parameters, including
      bisulfite conversion and oxidation efficiencies, as well as various chemical
      labeling and protection steps. We show that Lux improves the quantification and
      comparison of cytosine modification levels and that Lux can process any oxidized
      methylcytosine sequencing data sets to quantify all cytosine modifications.
      Analysis of targeted data from Tet2-knockdown embryonic stem cells and T cells
      during development demonstrates DNA modification quantification at unprecedented
      detail, quantifies active demethylation pathways and reveals 5hmC localization in
      putative regulatory regions. 

PMID- 26975312
TI  - Effect of interferential current therapy on pain perception and disability level
      in subjects with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term efficacy of transregional interferential
      current therapy on pain perception and disability level in chronic non-specific
      low back pain. DESIGN: A randomized, single-blinded (the assessor collecting the
      outcome data was blinded), controlled trial. SETTING: A private physiotherapy
      research clinic. SUBJECTS: A total of 64 individuals, 20 men and 44 women, mean
      (SD) age was 51 years (11.93), with low back pain of more than three months, with
      or without pain radiating to the lower extremities above the knee, were
      distributed into a control ( n = 20) or an experimental group ( n = 44). A 2:1
      randomization ratio was used in favour of the latter. INTERVENTIONS: A
      transregional interferential current electrotherapy protocol was performed for
      participants in the experimental group, while the control group underwent a
      'usual care' treatment (massage, mobilization and soft-tissue techniques). All
      subjects received up to 10 treatment sessions of 25 minutes over a two-week
      period, and completed the intervention and follow-up evaluations. OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Self-perceived pain was assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale.
      Secondary measure included the Oswestry Low Back Disability Index. Evaluations
      were collected at baseline and after the intervention protocol. RESULTS:
      Significant between-group differences were found for interferential current
      therapy on pain perception ( p = 0.032) and disability level ( p = 0.002). The
      observed differences in the between-group mean changes were of 11.34 mm
      (1.77/20.91) and 13.38 points (4.97/21.78), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A two-week
      transregional interferential current treatment has shown significant short-term
      efficacy, when compared with a 'usual care' protocol, on self-perceived pain and
      functionality in subjects with chronic low back pain.

PMID- 26975311
TI  - Evidence for Health I: Producing evidence for improving health and reducing
      inequities.
AB  - In an ideal world, researchers and decision-makers would be involved from the
      outset in co-producing evidence, with local health needs assessments informing
      the research agenda and research evidence informing the actions taken to improve
      health. The first step in improving the health of individuals and populations is
      therefore gaining a better understanding of what the main health problems are,
      and of these, which are the most urgent priorities by using both quantitative
      data to develop a health portrait and qualitative data to better understand why
      the local population thinks that addressing certain health challenges should be
      prioritized in their context. Understanding the causes of these health problems
      often involves analytical research, such as case-control and cohort studies, or
      qualitative studies to better understand how more complex exposures lead to
      specific health problems (e.g. by interviewing local teenagers discovering that
      watching teachers smoke in the school yard, peer pressure, and media influence
      smoking initiation among youth). Such research helps to develop a logic model to
      better map out the proximal and distal causes of poor health and to determine
      potential pathways for intervening and impacting health outcomes. Rarely is there
      a single 'cure' or stand-alone intervention, but rather, a continuum of
      strategies are needed from diagnosis and treatment of patients already affected,
      to disease prevention, health promotion and addressing the upstream social
      determinants of health. Research for developing and testing more upstream
      interventions must often go beyond randomized controlled trials, which are
      expensive, less amenable to more complex interventions, and can be associated
      with certain ethical challenges. Indeed, a much neglected area of the research
      cycle is implementation and evaluation research, which often involves quasi
      experimental research study designs as well as qualitative research, to better
      understand how to derive the greatest benefit from existing interventions and
      ways of maximizing health improvements in specific local contexts. There is
      therefore a need to alter current incentive structures within the research
      enterprise to place greater emphasis on implementation and evaluation research
      conducted in collaboration with knowledge users who are in a position to use the
      findings in practice to improve health. 

PMID- 26975313
TI  - Does the use of Nintendo Wii SportsTM improve arm function? Trial of WiiTM in
      Stroke: a randomized controlled trial and economics analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Trial of WiiTM in Stroke investigated the efficacy of using the
      Nintendo Wii SportsTM (WiiTM) to improve affected arm function after stroke.
      DESIGN: Multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, randomized controlled trial.
      SETTING: Home-based rehabilitation. SUBJECTS: A total of 240 participants aged 24
      90 years with arm weakness following a stroke within the previous six months.
      INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to exercise daily for six weeks
      using the WiiTM or arm exercises at home. MAIN MEASURES: Primary outcome was
      change in the affected arm function at six weeks follow-up using the Action
      Research Arm Test. Secondary outcomes included occupational performance, quality
      of life, arm function at six months and a cost effectiveness analysis. RESULTS:
      The study was completed by 209 participants (87.1%). There was no significant
      difference in the primary outcome of affected arm function at six weeks follow-up
      (mean difference -1.7, 95% CI -3.9 to 0.5, p = 0.12) and no significant
      difference in secondary outcomes, including occupational performance, quality of
      life or arm function at six months, between the two groups. No serious adverse
      events related to the study treatment were reported. The cost effectiveness
      analysis showed that the WiiTM was more expensive than arm exercises L1106 (SD
      1656) vs. L730 (SD 829) (probability 0.866). CONCLUSION: The trial showed that
      the WiiTM was not superior to arm exercises in home-based rehabilitation for
      stroke survivors with arm weakness. The WiiTM was well tolerated but more
      expensive than arm exercises.

PMID- 26975314
TI  - The effect of injury on whole-plant senescence: an experiment with two root
      sprouting Barbarea species.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Senescence is the process of losing fitness when growing
      old, and is shaped by the trade-off between maintenance and reproduction that
      makes reproduction more unsure and maintenance more costly with age. In
      repeatedly reproducing plants, reductions in growth and fertility are signs of
      senescence. Disturbance, however, provides an opportunity to reset the ageing
      clock and consequently potentially ameliorate senescence. METHODS: To test the
      effects of disturbance on traits closely related to fitness and thus to
      senescence, a long-term garden experiment was established with two short-lived
      perennial congeners,Barbarea vulgaris and Barbarea stricta, that differ in their
      ability to resprout after injury. In the experiment, five damage treatments were
      applied to plants in four different phenophases. KEY RESULTS: It was found that
      damage to the plant body significantly prolonged life span in B. vulgaris but
      decreased whole-life seed production in both species. High concentration of seed
      production in one growing season characterized short life spans. Both more severe
      damage and a more advanced phenological phase at the time of damage caused
      reproduction to be spread over more than one growing season and equalized per
      season seed production. In terms of seed quality, average weight of a single seed
      decreased and seed germination rate increased with age regardless of damage.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although disturbance is able to reset the ageing clock of plants, it
      is so harmful to plant fitness that resprouting serves, at best, only to
      alleviate slightly the signs of senescence. Thus, in terms of whole-life seed
      production, injured plants were not more successful than uninjured ones in the
      two studied species. Indeed, in these species, injury only slightly postponed or
      decelerated senescence and did not cause effective rejuvenation.

PMID- 26975315
TI  - Allometric exponents as a tool to study the influence of climate on the trade-off
      between primary and secondary growth in major north-eastern American tree
      species.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Trees invest in both primary (e.g. height) and secondary
      (e.g. diameter) growth. The trade-off between these investments varies between
      species and changes with the tree growing environment. To better establish this
      trade-off, readily available allometric exponents relating height to diameter at
      breast height (gamma(h,dbh)) and stem volume to diameter at breast height
      (alpha(v,dbh)) were simultaneously studied. METHODS: Allometric exponents
      alpha(v,dbh) and gamma(h,dbh) were obtained from 8893 individual tree stem
      analyses from two broadleaved species (Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides)
      and four conifers (Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Abies balsamea)
      in the temperate and boreal forests of the province of Quebec, Canada.
      alpha(v,dbh) and gamma(h,dbh) were related to tree age, stand density index
      (SDI), and mean temperature (TGS) and total precipitation (PGS) of the growing
      season. KEY RESULTS: alpha(v,dbh) and gamma(h,dbh) were found to be invariant
      with PGS and positively related to SDI and TGS for all species except Pinus
      banksiana. The parameter values associated with SDI and TGS were of higher value
      for conifers than for broadleaved species. CONCLUSIONS: This suggests that
      conifers and broadleaved species have different growth patterns. This could be
      explained by their different mode of development, the conifer species having a
      stronger apical dominance than broadleaved species. Such results could be further
      considered in allocation studies to quantify future carbon stocks in managed
      forests.

PMID- 26975316
TI  - Leptin augments coronary vasoconstriction and smooth muscle proliferation via a
      Rho-kinase-dependent pathway.
AB  - Leptin has been implicated as a key upstream mediator of pathways associated with
      coronary vascular dysfunction and disease. The purpose of this investigation was
      to test the hypothesis that leptin modifies the coronary artery proteome and
      promotes increases in coronary smooth muscle contraction and proliferation via
      influences on Rho kinase signaling. Global proteomic assessment of coronary
      arteries from lean swine cultured with obese concentrations of leptin (30 ng/mL)
      for 3 days revealed significant alterations in the coronary artery proteome (68
      proteins) and identified an association between leptin treatment and calcium
      signaling/contraction (four proteins) and cellular growth and proliferation (35
      proteins). Isometric tension studies demonstrated that both acute (30 min) and
      chronic (3 days, serum-free media) exposure to obese concentrations of leptin
      potentiated depolarization-induced contraction of coronary arteries. Inhibition
      of Rho kinase significantly reduced leptin-mediated increases in coronary artery
      contractions. The effects of leptin on the functional expression of Rho kinase
      were time-dependent, as acute treatment increased Rho kinase activity while
      chronic (3 day) exposure was associated with increases in Rho kinase protein
      abundance. Proliferation assays following chronic leptin administration (8 day,
      serum-containing media) demonstrated that leptin augmented coronary vascular
      smooth muscle proliferation and increased Rho kinase activity. Inhibition of Rho
      kinase significantly reduced these effects of leptin. Taken together, these
      findings demonstrate that leptin promotes increases in coronary vasoconstriction
      and smooth muscle proliferation and indicate that these phenotypic effects are
      associated with alterations in the coronary artery proteome and dynamic effects
      on the Rho kinase pathway.

PMID- 26975317
TI  - Expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase is Negatively Regulated Via Prion Protein.
AB  - Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycoprotein of the plasma membrane that
      plays pleiotropic functions by interacting with multiple signaling complexes at
      the cell surface. Recently, a number of studies have reported the involvement of
      PrP(C) in dopamine metabolism and signaling, including its interactions with
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine receptors. However, the outcomes reported
      by independent studies are still debatable. Therefore in this study, we
      investigated the effects of PrP(C) on the TH expression during the
      differentiation of N2a cells with dibutyryl-cAMP, a well-known cAMP analog that
      activates TH transcription. Upon differentiation, TH was induced with concomitant
      reduction of PrP(C) at protein level, but not at mRNA level. shRNA-mediated
      PrP(C) reduction increased the basal level of TH at both mRNA and protein levels
      without dibutyryl-cAMP treatment. This phenotype was reversed by re-expression of
      PrP(C). PrP(C) knockdown also potentiated the effect of dibutyryl-cAMP on TH
      expression. Our findings suggest that PrP(C) has suppressive effects on TH
      expression. As a consequence, altered PrP(C) functions may affect the regulation
      of dopamine metabolism and related neurological disorders. 

PMID- 26975318
TI  - Frequency-Dependent Modulation of Dopamine Release by Nicotine and Dopamine D1
      Receptor Ligands: An In Vitro Fast Cyclic Voltammetry Study in Rat Striatum.
AB  - Nicotine is a highly addictive drug and exerts this effect partially through the
      modulation of dopamine release and increasing extracellular dopamine in regions
      such as the brain reward systems. Nicotine acts in these regions on nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors. The effect of nicotine on the frequency dependent
      modulation of dopamine release is well established and the purpose of this study
      was to investigate whether dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) ligands have an influence
      on this. Using fast cyclic voltammetry and rat corticostriatal slices, we show
      that D1R ligands are able to modulate the effect of nicotine on dopamine release.
      Nicotine (500 nM) induced a decrease in dopamine efflux at low frequency (single
      pulse or five pulses at 10 Hz) and an increase at high frequency (100 Hz)
      electrical field stimulation. The D1R agonist SKF-38393, whilst having no effect
      on dopamine release on its own or on the effect of nicotine upon multiple pulse
      evoked dopamine release, did significantly prevent and reverse the effect of
      nicotine on single pulse dopamine release. Interestingly similar results were
      obtained with the D1R antagonist SCH-23390. In this study we have demonstrated
      that the modulation of dopamine release by nicotine can be altered by D1R
      ligands, but only when evoked by single pulse stimulation, and are likely working
      via cholinergic interneuron driven dopamine release. 

PMID- 26975319
TI  - Prior knowledge of spatiotemporal configuration facilitates crossmodal saccadic
      response : A TWIN analysis.
AB  - Saccadic reaction times from a focused-attention task with a visual target and an
      acoustic nontarget support the hypothesis that the amount of saccadic
      facilitation in the presence of a nontarget increases with the prior knowledge of
      alignment with the target across different blocks of trials. The time-window-of
      integration model can account for the size of the effect by having window size
      depend on the prior knowledge of alignment. Some efforts to identify the neural
      correlates of the effect are discussed.

PMID- 26975320
TI  - Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on Chrysoperla carnea larvae
      (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and the influence of rainfastness in their degradation
      pattern over time.
AB  - The predator Chrysoperla carnea is a model species for the study of non-target
      effects of pesticides under different scenarios: registration of plant protection
      products under the European Union and effects of the Bt toxin. Laboratory and
      persistence studies were carried out with six pesticides currently used in corn
      crops in Spain that were applied at their maximum field recommended
      concentrations. The assessed end-points were larval mortality, survivorship until
      adult stage, duration of the larval and pupal periods, fecundity, fertility and
      sex ratio of the emerged adults. Based on the total effect (lethal and sublethal)
      caused to L3 larvae in contact with fresh residues in the laboratory,
      pendimethalin was harmless (IOBC 1), lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and
      hexythiazox were slightly harmful (IOBC 2), deltamethrin was moderately harmful
      (IOBC 3) and chlorpyrifos was harmful (IOBC 4). Afterwards, the residues of the
      two most toxic pesticides in the lab (deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos) were aged
      under greenhouse conditions (22 +/- 2  degrees C, 40 +/- 10 % R.H., 16.9 MUmol m(
      2) s(-1) UV radiation) in the presence and absence of artificial rainfall (10 l
      m(-2) h(-1), applied 24 h after pesticide application). Deltamethrin was
      classified as short lived (IOBC A) in both cases. However, degradation of
      chlorpyrifos residues was accelerated in the presence of rainfall, leading to the
      classification as slightly persistent (IOBC B), while in absence of rainfall it
      behaved as persistent (IOBC D). Every pesticide can be recommended for inclusion
      in corn IPM programs where the predator is present except chlorpyrifos that
      exhibited high direct toxicity in the lab and prolonged residual action even in
      the presence of rainfall. 

PMID- 26975321
TI  - Exploration of photocatalytic properties of microbially designed silver
      nanoparticles on Victoria blue B.
AB  - Victoria blue B (VBB) belongs to triphenylmethane group of dyes, which is widely
      used in textile industries. Hence development of novel treatment methods are of
      considerable applications in its removal. In the current study, silver
      nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was investigated for
      the degradation of VBB. Interestingly, the UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis of VBB
      AgNPs treated samples showed a decrease in absorption at 615 nm, which is
      characteristic of pure VBB. This time-dependent degradation process was further
      investigated by changing the initial dye concentration, AgNPs concentration and
      pH. Approximately 78 % of reduction was observed within 8 h of the study and
      hence the result of the study is with promising applications for the development
      of novel dye degradation technologies. Phytotoxicity analysis of degradation
      product using Vigna unguiculata revealed the non-toxic effect of degradation
      product when compared to VBB and this confirms the promising potential and
      applications of the study. 

PMID- 26975322
TI  - Odontogenic myxoma of the maxilla: surgical management and case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Odontogenic myxoma is a benign odontogenic tumour of the jaw [1].
      This tumour often presents as an asymptomatic expansile lesion without sensory
      nerve changes [2]. It is thought to arise from mesenchymal origin with cells of
      microscopic similarity to dental pulp and follicle [3]. Radiographically it
      presents most often as a multiloculated radiolucency [2]. It is a locally
      aggressive lesion which may require extensive treatment to prevent recurrence.
      METHOD: The authors present the case of a 13-year-old boy with an extensive
      lesion in the maxilla. CONCLUSION: We discuss various treatment approaches for
      management of this tumour.

PMID- 26975323
TI  - MiR-181a-5p promotes anoikis by suppressing autophagy during detachment induction
      in the mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A.

PMID- 26975324
TI  - People living with HIV and procreation: 30 years of progress from prohibition to
      freedom?
AB  - The emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the 1980s
      drastically changed the prospects of conceiving a child for the man or woman
      infected with the virus. Advances in treatment then made it possible to envisage
      pregnancy while decreasing the risk of transmission to the child when the mother
      was infected. For couples where one partner was HIV-positive and who desired a
      child, recourse to medical help, notably medically assisted procreation, was
      discouraged, and very few centres offered such assistance in the 1980s and 1990s.
      Improved knowledge of viral excretion in the genital tracts, together with more
      effective treatment, made it possible to envisage medically assisted procreation
      for these couples, allowing them to have a child while at the same time likely
      reducing the risk of transmitting HIV to their partner. Several programmes have
      demonstrated their effectiveness in this domain. Owing to continually increasing
      knowledge over the past decade, natural conception can now be proposed. Couples
      where one or both partners are HIV-positive may opt for medically assisted
      procreation or natural reproduction. Specialists in reproductive medicine and HIV
      specialists need to provide couples with objective information allowing them to
      achieve near-optimal conditions that minimize HIV transmission risk. Couples will
      then be able to choose freely the mode of procreation most appropriate for them. 

PMID- 26975325
TI  - Psychosocial counselling of identifiable sperm donors.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: What do identifiable sperm donors feel about psychosocial
      counselling? SUMMARY ANSWER: Identifiable sperm donors found it important that
      psychosocial counselling focused on emotional consequences and on rules and
      regulations and they expected to have access to psychosocial counselling at the
      time that donor-offspring actually sought contact. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Most
      studies on sperm donors are on anonymous donors and focus on recruitment,
      financial compensation, anonymity and motivations. There is limited knowledge on
      the value that identifiable sperm donors place on psychosocial counselling and
      what their needs are in this respect. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION: We
      performed a qualitative study from March until June 2014 with 25 identifiable
      sperm donors, who were or had been a donor at the Centre for Reproductive
      Medicine of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam any time between 1989 and
      2014. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS: We held semi-structured in
      depth interviews with identifiable sperm donors with an average age of 44 years.
      The interviews were fully transcribed and analysed using the constant comparative
      method of grounded theory. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANGE: Twelve out of 15
      donors (former donors ITALIC! n = 8, active donors ITALIC! n = 7) who had
      received a counselling session during their intake procedure found it important
      that they had been able to talk about issues such as the emotional consequences
      of donation, disclosure to their own children, family and friends, future contact
      with donor-offspring and rules and regulations. Of the 10 former donors who had
      received no counselling session, 8 had regretted the lack of intensive
      counselling. In the years following their donation, most donors simply wanted to
      know how many offspring had been born using their sperm and had no need for
      further counselling. Nevertheless, they frequently mentioned that they were
      concerned about the well-being of 'their' offspring. In addition, they would
      value the availability of psychosocial counselling in the event that donor
      offspring actually sought contact. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: A limitation
      of our study is its generalizability, since only a small number of identifiable
      donors at a single centre were studied. Variation in how donors are counselled
      upon intake may affect how donors value psychosocial counselling. WIDER
      IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study reports on the issues that identifiable
      donors value being addressed during their intake procedure, as well as during
      counselling in the event that donor-offspring actually seek contact. These
      findings can be used to achieve a higher quality of care for identifiable sperm
      donors and may be the starting point for developing guidelines on psychosocial
      counselling for sperm donors. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No funding was
      obtained for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

PMID- 26975326
TI  - HT-COMET: a novel automated approach for high throughput assessment of human
      sperm chromatin quality.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Can we make the comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) for
      human sperm a more accurate and informative high throughput assay? SUMMARY
      ANSWER: We developed a standardized automated high throughput comet (HT-COMET)
      assay for human sperm that improves its accuracy and efficiency, and could be of
      prognostic value to patients in the fertility clinic. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The
      comet assay involves the collection of data on sperm DNA damage at the level of
      the single cell, allowing the use of samples from severe oligozoospermic
      patients. However, this makes comet scoring a low throughput procedure that
      renders large cohort analyses tedious. Furthermore, the comet assay comes with an
      inherent vulnerability to variability. Our objective is to develop an automated
      high throughput comet assay for human sperm that will increase both its accuracy
      and efficiency. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: The study comprised two distinct
      components: a HT-COMET technical optimization section based on control versus
      DNAse treatment analyses ( ITALIC! n = 3-5), and a cross-sectional study on 123
      men presenting to a reproductive center with sperm concentrations categorized as
      severe oligozoospermia, oligozoospermia or normozoospermia.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Sperm chromatin quality was measured
      using the comet assay: on classic 2-well slides for software comparison; on 96
      well slides for HT-COMET optimization; after exposure to various concentrations
      of a damage-inducing agent, DNAse, using HT-COMET; on 123 subjects with different
      sperm concentrations using HT-COMET. Data from the 123 subjects were correlated
      to classic semen quality parameters and plotted as single-cell data in individual
      DNA damage profiles. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We have developed a
      standard automated HT-COMET procedure for human sperm. It includes automated
      scoring of comets by a fully integrated high content screening setup that
      compares well with the most commonly used semi-manual analysis software. Using
      this method, a cross-sectional study on 123 men showed no significant correlation
      between sperm concentration and sperm DNA damage, confirming the existence of
      hidden chromatin damage in men with apparently normal semen characteristics, and
      a significant correlation between percentage DNA in the tail and percentage of
      progressively motile spermatozoa. Finally, the use of DNA damage profiles helped
      to distinguish subjects between and within sperm concentration categories, and
      allowed a determination of the proportion of highly damaged cells. LIMITATIONS,
      REASONS FOR CAUTION: The main limitations of the HT-COMET are the high, yet
      indispensable, investment in an automated liquid handling system and heating
      block to ensure accuracy, and the availability of an automated plate reading
      microscope and analysis software. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This
      standardized HT-COMET assay offers many advantages, including higher accuracy and
      evenness due to automation of sensitive steps, a 14.4-fold increase in sample
      analysis capacity, and an imaging and scoring time of 1 min/well. Overall, HT
      COMET offers a decrease in total experimental time of more than 90%. Hence, this
      assay constitutes a more efficient option to assess sperm chromatin quality,
      paves the way to using this assay to screen large cohorts, and holds prognostic
      value for infertile patients. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: Funded by the
      CIHR Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health (IHDCYH; RHF 100625).
      O.A. is a fellow supported by the Fonds de la Recherche du Quebec - Sante (FRQS)
      and the CIHR Training Program in Reproduction, Early Development, and the Impact
      on Health (REDIH). B.R. is a James McGill Professor. The authors declare no
      conflicts of interest.

PMID- 26975327
TI  - Demonstration of Herpes Simplex Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus in
      Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study sought to investigate molecular evidence for
      association between the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus
      (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in CRC and colorectal polyp by using the PCR
      method in Iran. METHODS: In this analytical case-control study, we selected 15
      patients with CRC, 20 patients with colorectal polyp, and 35 patients without
      malignancy as controls. After DNA extraction, PCR was used to determine HSV, CMV,
      and EBV genome by specific primers. Statistical analysis was performed using chi2
      tests. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrated that there is no direct molecular
      evidence to support the association between HSV, CMV, and EBV and human
      colorectal malignancies. CONCLUSION: The results from this study do not exclude a
      possible oncogenic role of these viruses in neoplastic development of colon
      cells.

PMID- 26975328
TI  - Suppression of Structural Phase Transition in VO2 by Epitaxial Strain in Vicinity
      of Metal-insulator Transition.
AB  - Mechanism of metal-insulator transition (MIT) in strained VO2 thin films is very
      complicated and incompletely understood despite three scenarios with potential
      explanations including electronic correlation (Mott mechanism), structural
      transformation (Peierls theory) and collaborative Mott-Peierls transition.
      Herein, we have decoupled coactions of structural and electronic phase
      transitions across the MIT by implementing epitaxial strain on 13-nm-thick (001)
      VO2 films in comparison to thicker films. The structural evolution during MIT
      characterized by temperature-dependent synchrotron radiation high-resolution X
      ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping and Raman spectroscopy suggested that
      the structural phase transition in the temperature range of vicinity of the MIT
      is suppressed by epitaxial strain. Furthermore, temperature-dependent Ultraviolet
      Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) revealed the changes in electron occupancy near
      the Fermi energy EF of V 3d orbital, implying that the electronic transition
      triggers the MIT in the strained films. Thus the MIT in the bi-axially strained
      VO2 thin films should be only driven by electronic transition without assistance
      of structural phase transition. Density functional theoretical calculations
      further confirmed that the tetragonal phase across the MIT can be both in
      insulating and metallic states in the strained (001)-VO2/TiO2 thin films. This
      work offers a better understanding of the mechanism of MIT in the strained VO2
      films. 

PMID- 26975329
TI  - Surface wave excitations and backflow effect over dense polymer brushes.
AB  - Polymer brushes are being increasingly used to tailor surface physicochemistry
      for diverse applications such as wetting, adhesion of biological objects,
      implantable devices and much more. Here we perform Dissipative Particle Dynamics
      simulations to study the behaviour of dense polymer brushes under flow in a slit
      pore channel. We discover that the system displays flow inversion at the brush
      interface for several disconnected ranges of the imposed flow. We associate such
      phenomenon to collective polymer dynamics: a wave propagating on the brush
      surface. The relation between the wavelength, the amplitude and the propagation
      speed of the flow-generated wave is consistent with the solution of the Stokes
      equations when an imposed traveling wave is assumed as the boundary condition
      (the famous Taylor's swimmer). 

PMID- 26975330
TI  - Controlled synthesis of Ni/CuOx/Ni nanowires by electrochemical deposition with
      self-compliance bipolar resistive switching.
AB  - We demonstrate synthesis of Ni/CuOx/Ni nanowires (NWs) by electrochemical
      deposition on anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. AAO with pore diameter of
      ~70 nm and pore length of ~50 MUm was used as the template for synthesis of NWs.
      After deposition of Au as the seed layer, NWs with a structure of Ni/CuOx/Ni were
      grown with a length of ~12 MUm. The lengths of 1(st) Ni, CuOx, and 2(nd) Ni were
      ~4.5 MUm, ~3 MUm, and ~4.5 MUm, respectively. The Ni/CuOx/Ni device exhibits
      bipolar resistive switching behavior with self-compliance characteristics. Due to
      the spatial restriction of the current path in NW the Ni/CuOx/Ni NW devices are
      thought to exhibit self-compliance behaviour. Ni/CuOx/Ni NWs showed bipolar
      resistive changes possibly due to conducting filaments that are induced by oxygen
      vacancies. The reliability of the devices was confirmed by data retention
      measurement. The NW-based resistive switching memory has applications in highly
      scalable memory devices and neuromorphic devices.

PMID- 26975331
TI  - The absence of an Atlantic imprint on the multidecadal variability of wintertime
      European temperature.
AB  - Northern Hemisphere climate responds sensitively to multidecadal variability in
      North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST). It is therefore surprising that an
      imprint of such variability is conspicuously absent in wintertime western
      European temperature, despite that Europe's climate is strongly influenced by its
      neighbouring ocean, where multidecadal variability in basin-average SST persists
      in all seasons. Here we trace the cause of this missing imprint to a dynamic
      anomaly of the atmospheric circulation that masks its thermodynamic response to
      SST anomalies. Specifically, differences in the pathways Lagrangian particles
      take to Europe during anomalous SST winters suppress the expected fluctuations in
      air-sea heat exchange accumulated along those trajectories. Because decadal
      variability in North Atlantic-average SST may be driven partly by the Atlantic
      Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the atmosphere's dynamical adjustment
      to this mode of variability may have important implications for the European
      wintertime temperature response to a projected twenty-first century AMOC decline.

PMID- 26975332
TI  - Triggered self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles.
AB  - Colloidal magnetic nanoparticles are candidates for application in biology,
      medicine and nanomanufacturing. Understanding how these particles interact
      collectively in fluids, especially how they assemble and aggregate under external
      magnetic fields, is critical for high quality, safe, and reliable deployment of
      these particles. Here, by applying magnetic forces that vary strongly over the
      same length scale as the colloidal stabilizing force and then varying this
      colloidal repulsion, we can trigger self-assembly of these nanoparticles into
      parallel line patterns on the surface of a disk drive medium. Localized within
      nanometers of the medium surface, this effect is strongly dependent on the ionic
      properties of the colloidal fluid but at a level too small to cause bulk
      colloidal aggregation. We use real-time optical diffraction to monitor the
      dynamics of self-assembly, detecting local colloidal changes with greatly
      enhanced sensitivity compared with conventional light scattering. Simulations
      predict the triggering but not the dynamics, especially at short measurement
      times. Beyond using spatially-varying magnetic forces to balance interactions and
      drive assembly in magnetic nanoparticles, future measurements leveraging the
      sensitivity of this approach could identify novel colloidal effects that impact
      real-world applications of these nanoparticles.

PMID- 26975333
TI  - Online Measurement of Exhaled NO Concentration and Its Production Sites by Fast
      Non-equilibrium Dilution Ion Mobility Spectrometry.
AB  - Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most promising breath markers for
      respiratory diseases. Its profile for exhalation and the respiratory NO
      production sites can provide useful information for medical disease diagnosis and
      therapeutic procedures. However, the high-level moisture in exhaled gas always
      leads to the poor selectivity and sensitivity for ion spectrometric techniques.
      Herein, a method based on fast non-equilibrium dilution ion mobility spectrometry
      (NED-IMS) was firstly proposed to directly monitor the exhaled NO profile on
      line. The moisture interference was eliminated by turbulently diluting the
      original moisture to 21% of the original with the drift gas and dilution gas.
      Weak enhancement was observed for humid NO response and its limit of detection at
      100% relative humidity was down to 0.58 ppb. The NO concentrations at multiple
      exhalation flow rates were measured, while its respiratory production sites were
      determined by using two-compartment model (2CM) and Hogman and Merilainen
      algorithm (HMA). Last but not the least, the NO production sites were analyzed
      hourly to tentatively investigate the daily physiological process of NO. The
      results demonstrated the capacity of NED-IMS in the real-time analysis of exhaled
      NO and its production sites for clinical diagnosis and assessment.

PMID- 26975335
TI  - Single and double nitroxide labeled bis(terpyridine)-copper(II): influence of
      orientation selectivity and multispin effects on PELDOR and RIDME.
AB  - A rigid, nitroxide substituted terpyridine ligand has been used to synthesize
      hetero- and homoleptic bis-terpyridine complexes of copper(II). The homoleptic
      complex represents a three-spin system, while the metal ion in the heteroleptic
      complex is in average bound to one nitroxide bearing ligand. Both complexes are
      used as model systems for EPR distance measurements using pulsed electron
      electron double resonance (PELDOR or DEER) and relaxation induced dipolar
      modulation enhancement (RIDME) sequences. The results of both methods are
      analyzed using detailed geometric data obtained from the crystal structure of the
      homoleptic complex as well as information concerning ligand scrambling and the
      electronic structure of the copper center. In addition, both methods are compared
      with respect to their sensitivity, the extent of orientation selectivity and the
      influence of multispin effects.

PMID- 26975334
TI  - Relative Frequency, Clinical Features, and Survival Outcomes of 395 Patients with
      Cutaneous Lymphoma in Korea: A Subgroup Analysis per 10-year Period.
AB  - Long-term changes in the relative frequency of cutaneous lymphoma (CL) have not
      been investigated in Asian populations. The aim of this study was to investigate
      the relative frequency, clinical characteristics, and survival outcomes of CL in
      Korean patients, and to evaluate the changes in relative frequency of CL over a
      20-year period. The present retrospective cohort study included 395 patients, of
      whom 289 had primary CL and 106 secondary CL, seen at a tertiary referral
      hospital in Seoul, Korea. Primary CL included T-/NK-cell linage lymphoma (CTCL,
      85.1%) and B-cell lineage lymphoma (CBCL, 14.9%). The relative frequency of CBCL
      increased over time, as shown by a decrease in the CTCL/CBCL ratio from 10.3 in
      1994 to 2003 to 4.5 in 2004 to 2013. CTCL was more commonly associated with
      multiple and extensive skin lesions than CBCL. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and
      subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma were commonly associated with
      extensive skin lesions. The 5-year overall survival rate for all patients with
      primary CL was 81%.

PMID- 26975337
TI  - Intensive Plasmonic Flash Light Sintering of Copper Nanoinks Using a Band-Pass
      Light Filter for Highly Electrically Conductive Electrodes in Printed
      Electronics.
AB  - In this work, an intensive plasmonic flash light sintering technique was
      developed by using a band-pass light filter matching the plasmonic wavelength of
      the copper nanoparticles. The sintering characteristics, such as resistivity and
      microstructure, of the copper nanoink films were studied as a function of the
      range of the wavelength employed in the flash white light sintering. The flash
      white light irradiation conditions (e.g., wavelength range, irradiation energy,
      pulse number, on-time, and off-time) were optimized to obtain a high conductivity
      of the copper nanoink films without causing damage to the polyimide substrate.
      The wavelength range corresponding to the plasmonic wavelength of the copper
      nanoparticles could efficiently sinter the copper nanoink and enhance its
      conductivity. Ultimately, the sintered copper nanoink films under optimal light
      sintering conditions showed the lowest resistivity (6.97 MUOmega.cm), which was
      only 4.1 times higher than that of bulk copper films (1.68 MUOmega.cm). 

PMID- 26975336
TI  - Selenium Augments microRNA Directed Reprogramming of Fibroblasts to
      Cardiomyocytes via Nanog.
AB  - We have recently shown that a combination of microRNAs, miR combo, can directly
      reprogram cardiac fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes in vitro and in
      vivo. However, direct reprogramming strategies are inefficient and slow. Moving
      towards the eventual goal of clinical application it is necessary to develop new
      methodologies to overcome these limitations. Here, we report the identification
      of a specific media composition, reprogramming media (RM), which augmented the
      effect of miR combo by 5-15-fold depending upon the cardiac marker tested. RM
      alone was sufficient to strongly induce cardiac gene and protein expression in
      neonatal tail-tip as well as cardiac fibroblasts. Expression of pluripotency
      markers Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 was significantly enhanced by RM, with miR
      combo augmenting the effect further. Knockdown of Nanog by siRNA inhibited the
      effect of RM on cardiac gene expression. Removal of insulin-transferrin-selenium
      completely inhibited the effect of reprogramming media upon cardiac gene
      expression and the addition of selenium to standard culture media recapitulated
      the effects of RM. Moreover, selenium enhanced the reprogramming efficiency of
      miR combo. 

PMID- 26975338
TI  - Transferase Activity of Lactobacillal and Bifidobacterial beta-Galactosidases
      with Various Sugars as Galactosyl Acceptors.
AB  - The beta-galactosidases from Lactobacillus reuteri L103 (Lreubetagal),
      Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20081 (Lbulbetagal), and
      Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20281 (Bbrebetagal-I and Bbrebetagal-II) were
      investigated in detail with respect to their propensity to transfer galactosyl
      moieties onto lactose, its hydrolysis products D-glucose and D-galactose, and
      certain sugar acceptors such as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetyl-D
      galactosamine (GalNAc), and L-fucose (Fuc) under defined, initial velocity
      conditions. The rate constants or partitioning ratios (kNu/kwater) determined for
      these different acceptors (termed nucleophiles, Nu) were used as a measure for
      the ability of a certain substance to act as a galactosyl acceptor of these beta
      galactosidases. When using Lbulbetagal or Bbrebetagal-II, the galactosyl transfer
      to GlcNAc was 6 and 10 times higher than that to lactose, respectively. With
      lactose and GlcNAc used in equimolar substrate concentrations, Lbulbetagal and
      Bbrebetagal-II catalyzed the formation of N-acetyl-allolactosamine with the
      highest yields of 41 and 24%, respectively, as calculated from the initial GlcNAc
      concentration.

PMID- 26975339
TI  - A Preclinical Study Evaluating AAVrh10-Based Gene Therapy for Sanfilippo
      Syndrome.
AB  - Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) is predominantly a disorder of the
      central nervous system, caused by a deficiency of sulfamidase (SGSH) with
      subsequent storage of heparan sulfate-derived oligosaccharides. No widely
      available therapy exists, and for this reason, a mouse model has been utilized to
      carry out a preclinical assessment of the benefit of intraparenchymal
      administration of a gene vector (AAVrh10-SGSH-IRES-SUMF1) into presymptomatic MPS
      IIIA mice. The outcome has been assessed with time, measuring primary and
      secondary storage material, neuroinflammation, and intracellular inclusions, all
      of which appear as the disease progresses. The vector resulted in predominantly
      ipsilateral distribution of SGSH, with substantially less detected in the
      contralateral hemisphere. Vector-derived SGSH enzyme improved heparan sulfate
      catabolism, reduced microglial activation, and, after a time delay, ameliorated
      GM3 ganglioside accumulation and halted ubiquitin-positive lesion formation in
      regions local to, or connected by projections to, the injection site.
      Improvements were not observed in regions of the brain distant from, or lacking
      connections with, the injection site. Intraparenchymal gene vector administration
      therefore has therapeutic potential provided that multiple brain regions are
      targeted with vector, in order to achieve widespread enzyme distribution and
      correction of disease pathology. 

PMID- 26975340
TI  - Platform switching from ELISA to GyrolabTM: a novel generic reagent omits the
      need to change critical reagents.
AB  - During development of biotherapeutics, availability of specific assay reagents is
      usually limited. The possibility to switch from one ligand binding assay
      technology to another, while using the same reagents, would be desirable. Here,
      we report on an Alexa647((r))-labeled monoclonal antibody against digoxigenin
      (mAb<Dig>-Alexa647((r))) that enables the detection of digoxigenylated analyte
      specific ELISA reagents by Gyrolab(TM). In an analysis of non-monoclonal antibody
      (mAb) and mAb drugs, this approach maintained the dynamic range, accuracy and
      precision of the standard GyrolabTM approach using analyte-specific Alexa647((r))
      labeled Ab. In a rat PK study, results of our approach, standard GyrolabTM and
      ELISA were comparable, with difference values within the incurred sample
      reanalysis acceptance criteria. Therefore, mAb<Dig>-Alexa647((r)) enables an easy
      switch between ELISA and GyrolabTM, providing an effective way to benefit from
      both platforms. 

PMID- 26975341
TI  - Tuft cell-derived IL-25 activates and maintains ILC2.

PMID- 26975343
TI  - Friction and adhesion mediated by supramolecular host-guest complexes.
AB  - The adhesive and frictional response of an AFM tip connected to a substrate
      through supramolecular host-guest complexes is investigated by dynamic Monte
      Carlo simulations. Here, the variation of the pull-off force with the unloading
      rate recently observed in experiments is unraveled by evidencing simultaneous
      (progressive) breaking of the bonds at fast (slow) rates. The model reveals the
      origin of the observed plateaus in the retraction force as a function of the tip
      surface distance, showing that they result from the tip geometrical features. In
      lateral sliding, the model exhibits a wide range of dynamic behaviors ranging
      from smooth sliding to stick-slip at different velocities, with the average
      friction force determined by the characteristic formation/rupture rates of the
      complexes. In particular, it is shown that for some molecular complexes friction
      can become almost constant over a wide range of velocities. Also, we show the
      possibility of exploiting the ageing effect through slide-hold-slide experiments,
      in order to infer the characteristic formation rate. Finally, our model predicts
      a novel "anti-ageing" effect which is characterized by a decrease of the static
      friction force with the hold time. Such an effect is explained in terms of
      enhancement of adhesion during sliding, especially observed at high driving
      velocities. 

PMID- 26975342
TI  - Cutting-edge single-cell genomics and modelling in immunology.

PMID- 26975344
TI  - Fast and efficient synthesis of Zorro-LNA type 3'-5'-5'-3' oligonucleotide
      conjugates via parallel in situ stepwise conjugation.
AB  - Zorro-LNA is a new class of therapeutic anti-gene oligonucleotides (ONs) capable
      of invading supercoiled DNA. The synthesis of single stranded Zorro-LNA is
      typically complex and laborious, requiring reverse phosphoramidites and a
      chemical linker connecting the two separate ON arms. Here, a simplified synthesis
      strategy based on 'click chemistry' is presented with a high potential for
      screening Zorro-LNA ONs directed against new anti-gene targets. Four different
      Zorro type 3'-5' 5'-3' constructs were synthesized via parallel in situ Cu(i) [3
      + 2] catalysed cycloaddition. They were prepared from commercially obtained ONs
      functionalized on solid support (one ON with the azide and the other ON with the
      activated triple bond linker N-propynoylamino)-p-toluic acid (PATA)) and after
      cleavage from resin, they were conjugated in solution. Our report shows the
      benefit of combining different approaches when developing anti-gene ONs, (1) the
      ability for rapid and robust screening of potential targets and (2) refining the
      hits with more anti-gene optimized constructs. We present as well the first
      report showing double-strand invasion (DSI) efficiency of two combined Zorro
      LNAs. 

PMID- 26975346
TI  - Effect of Different Doses of Oral Cholecalciferol on Serum 1,25(OH)2D in Vitamin
      D Deficient Schoolchildren.
AB  - Data regarding 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in adolescents are limited. We aimed
      to determine serum levels of this active metabolite of vitamin D and the effects
      of different doses of vitamin D on its concentration in schoolchildren with high
      prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. In a previously published randomized double
      blind, placebo-controlled trial, 210 subjects, aged 14-20 years, were assigned to
      3 regimens of vitamin D treatment: group A (n=70) received 50 000 U oral
      cholecalciferol monthly, group B (n=70), 50 000 U bimonthly, and group C (n=70),
      placebo. Serum 25(OH)D, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and bone markers were
      measured at baseline and after 2 and 5 months of treatment. In the present study,
      serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D were measured in 97 boys and 95 girls. At baseline,
      girls had significantly higher concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D than boys (36, IQR:
      24, 63 vs. 30, IQR: 15, 57.5 pmol/l; p<0.01). There was no significant
      correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D in the total
      population (Spearman rho=- 0.111; p=0.126), boys (Spearman rho=0.008; p=0.941),
      and girls (Spearman rho=0.036; p=0.729). Also, 1,25(OH)2D values did not change
      over time in different study groups. Moreover, total and sex-stratified analysis
      did not show any significant difference between different groups at different
      times of the study period. In an adolescent population with high prevalence of
      hypovitaminosis D especially in girls, 1,25(OH)2D values were higher in girls
      than boys. There was no significant change in 1,25(OH)2D concentrations with
      different doses of vitamin D. 

PMID- 26975345
TI  - Adaptive engineering of a hyperthermophilic archaeon on CO and discovering the
      underlying mechanism by multi-omics analysis.
AB  - The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus onnurineus NA1 can grow and produce
      H2 on carbon monoxide (CO) and its H2 production rates have been improved through
      metabolic engineering. In this study, we applied adaptive evolution to enhance H2
      productivity. After over 150 serial transfers onto CO medium, cell density, CO
      consumption rate and H2 production rate increased. The underlying mechanism for
      those physiological changes could be explained by using multi-omics approaches
      including genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses. A putative
      transcriptional regulator was newly identified to regulate the expression levels
      of genes related to CO oxidation. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant
      changes in the transcript levels of genes belonging to the categories of
      transcription, translation and energy metabolism. Our study presents the first
      genome-scale methylation pattern of hyperthermophilic archaea. Adaptive evolution
      led to highly enhanced H2 productivity at high CO flow rates using synthesis gas
      produced from coal gasification. 

PMID- 26975347
TI  - Vasodilator Effect of Glucagon: Receptorial Crosstalk Among Glucagon, GLP-1, and
      Receptor for Glucagon and GLP-1.
AB  - Glucagon is known for its insulin-antagonist effect in the blood glucose
      homeostasis, while it also reduces vascular resistance. The mechanism of the
      vasoactive effect of glucagon has not been studied before; thereby we aimed to
      investigate the mediators involved in the vasodilatation induced by glucagon. The
      vasoactive effect of glucagon, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 was studied
      on isolated rat thoracic aortic rings using a wire myograph. To investigate the
      mechanism of the vasodilatation caused by glucagon, we determined the role of the
      receptor for glucagon and the receptor for GLP-1, and studied also the effect of
      various inhibitors of gasotransmitters, inhibitors of reactive oxygen species
      formation, NADPH oxidase, prostaglandin synthesis, protein kinases, potassium
      channels, and an inhibitor of the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger. Glucagon causes dose
      dependent relaxation in the rat thoracic aorta, which is as potent as that of
      insulin but greater than that of GLP-1 (7-36) amide. Vasodilatation by GLP-1 is
      partially mediated by the glucagon receptor. The vasodilatation due to glucagon
      evokes via the glucagon-receptor, but also via the receptor for GLP-1, and it is
      endothelium-independent. Contribution of gasotransmitters, prostaglandins, the
      NADPH oxidase enzyme, free radicals, potassium channels, and the Na(+)/Ca(2+)
      exchanger is also significant. Glucagon causes dose-dependent relaxation of rat
      thoracic aorta in vitro, via the receptor for glucagon and the receptor for GLP
      1, while the vasodilatation evoked by GLP-1 also evolves partially via the
      receptor for glucagon, thereby, a possible crosstalk between the 2 hormones and
      receptors could occur. 

PMID- 26975348
TI  - Study protocol: developing a decision system for inclusive housing: applying a
      systematic, mixed-method quasi-experimental design.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identifying the housing preferences of people with complex
      disabilities is a much needed, but under-developed area of practice and
      scholarship. Despite the recognition that housing is a social determinant of
      health and quality of life, there is an absence of empirical methodologies that
      can practically and systematically involve consumers in this complex service
      delivery and housing design market. A rigorous process for making effective and
      consistent development decisions is needed to ensure resources are used
      effectively and the needs of consumers with complex disability are properly met.
      METHODS/DESIGN: This 3-year project aims to identify how the public and private
      housing market in Australia can better respond to the needs of people with
      complex disabilities whilst simultaneously achieving key corporate objectives.
      First, using the Customer Relationship Management framework, qualitative (Nominal
      Group Technique) and quantitative (Discrete Choice Experiment) methods will be
      used to quantify the housing preferences of consumers and their carers. A
      systematic mixed-method, quasi-experimental design will then be used to quantify
      the development priorities of other key stakeholders (e.g., architects,
      developers, Government housing services etc.) in relation to inclusive housing
      for people with complex disabilities. Stakeholders randomly assigned to Group 1
      (experimental group) will participate in a series of focus groups employing
      Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) methodology. Stakeholders randomly assigned
      to Group 2 (control group) will participate in focus groups employing existing
      decision making processes to inclusive housing development (e.g., Risk,
      Opportunity, Cost, Benefit considerations). Using comparative stakeholder
      analysis, this research design will enable the AHP methodology (a proposed tool
      to guide inclusive housing development decisions) to be tested. DISCUSSION: It is
      anticipated that the findings of this study will enable stakeholders to
      incorporate consumer housing preferences into commercial decisions. Housing
      designers and developers will benefit from the creation of a parsimonious set of
      consumer-led housing preferences by which to make informed investments in future
      housing and contribute to future housing policy. The research design has not been
      applied in the Australian research context or elsewhere, and will provide a much
      needed blueprint for market investment to develop viable, consumer directed
      inclusive housing options for people with complex disability.

PMID- 26975349
TI  - Serum level and polymorphisms of retinol-binding protein-4 and risk for
      gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4) has been reported to be potentially
      involved in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); however, the
      findings are inconsistent. Our aims were to review the studies that investigated
      the association of serum levels and polymorphisms of RBP4 with GDM risk, and to
      provide recommendations for future research. METHODS: The databases PubMed,
      EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Web of Knowledge were searched up to October 2015 to
      find out studies evaluating the relationship between serum RBP4 level/ RBP4
      polymorphisms and GDM risk. In the meta-analysis of serum RBP4 levels the key
      inclusion was that studies were designed as BMI-matched studies or had observed
      non-significant differences in BMI between cases and controls. RESULTS: Fourteen
      case-control studies (647 cases and 620 controls) reporting the association
      between serum RBP4 level and GDM risk, and three studies (1012 cases and 1605
      controls) investigating the association between RBP4 polymorphisms and GDM risk
      were involved. Our results showed that high serum RBP4 levels represent a risk
      factor for GDM (pooled standardized mean difference =0.758, 95% confidence
      interval [0.387, 1.128]). The results of subgroup analyses based on "gestational
      age at blood sampling" or "diagnostic criteria" are consistent with the overall
      results. However, the postpartum subgroup and "before 24 weeks" subgroup both
      only include one article and indicate no association between serum RBP4 level and
      GDM risk. The meta-analysis on the association between rs3758539 polymorphism and
      GDM risk shows that RBP4 rs3758539 polymorphism is not associated with the
      development of GDM. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta-analysis support the
      hypothesis that RBP4 is a modest independent risk factor for GDM (i.e., nonobese
      patients with GDM might express RBP4 at abnormal levels). The serum RBP4 level is
      associated with the risk of GDM. However, the association in the first-trimester
      and postpartum period should be validated by further research. The association
      between RBP4 rs3758539 polymorphism and GDM risk was not confirmed.

PMID- 26975351
TI  - Extent and Predictors of Decision Regret about Health Care Decisions: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: People often face difficult decisions about their health and may
      later regret the choice that they made. However, little is known about the extent
      of decision regret in health care or its predictors. We systematically reviewed
      evidence about the extent of decision regret and its risk factors among
      individuals making health decisions. METHODS: The data sources were Medline,
      Embase, and reverse citation searches in Google Scholar and Web of Science.
      Studies using the Decision Regret Scale (DRS) to measure decision regret among
      individuals making nonhypothetical health decisions were included. There were no
      restrictions on study design, setting, or language. We extracted characteristics
      of included studies, measures of central tendency for DRS scores (0 = no regret,
      100 = high regret), and all risk factors from published analyses. Quality
      appraisal was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A narrative
      synthesis was performed owing to the heterogeneity of studies. RESULTS: The
      initial search yielded 372 unique titles, and 59 studies were included. The
      overall mean DRS score across studies was 16.5, and the median of the mean scores
      was 14.3 (standard deviation range = 2.2-34.5) (n = 44 studies). The risk factors
      most frequently reported to be associated with decision regret in multivariate
      analyses included higher decisional conflict, lower satisfaction with the
      decision, adverse physical health outcomes, and greater anxiety levels.
      CONCLUSIONS: The extent of decision regret as assessed with the DRS in
      nonhypothetical health decisions was often low but reached high levels for some
      decisions. Several risk factors related to the decision-making process
      significantly predicted decision regret. Additional research into the
      psychometrics of the DRS and the relevance of scores for clinicians and patients
      would increase the validity of decision regret as a patient-reported outcome.

PMID- 26975352
TI  - Renal leiomyosarcoma in a cat.
AB  - Renal leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed in a 10-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat with a
      3-year history of clinically managed, chronic renal disease. Sudden death was
      preceded by a brief episode of mental dullness and confusion. At postmortem
      examination, the gross appearance of the left kidney was suggestive of
      hydronephrosis, and a nephrolith was present in the contralateral kidney.
      However, histology revealed an infiltrative, poorly differentiated, spindle cell
      sarcoma bordering the grossly cavitated area. Neoplastic cells were
      immunoreactive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, which led to a diagnosis of
      renal leiomyosarcoma; neoplastic cells were not immunoreactive for desmin.
      Leiomyosarcoma arising in the kidney is a rare occurrence in humans and an even
      rarer occurrence in veterinary medicine with no prior cases being reported in
      cats in the English literature. The macroscopic appearance of the tumor at
      postmortem examination was misleadingly suggestive of hydronephrosis as a result
      of the large cavitation and may be similar to particularly unusual cases of renal
      leiomyosarcomas in humans that have a cystic or cavitated appearance. 

PMID- 26975350
TI  - A literature review and case report of hand, foot and mouth disease in an
      immunocompetent adult.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To report an uncommon case of hand, foot and mouth disease, (HFMD) in
      an immunocompetent adult; a highly infectious disease, characterized by the
      appearance of vesicles on the mouth, hands and feet, associated with
      coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses; including a literature review. CASE REPORT: A
      23 year Caucasian male with no medical or surgical history, no allergies, was not
      taking any medication and smoked ten cigarettes a day, suffering from discomfort
      in the oral cavity; itching, burning and pain when swallowing associated with
      small erythematous lesions located on the hard palate, and small ulcers in
      tonsillar pillars and right buccal mucosa. Mild fever of 37.8  degrees C and
      general malaise. The patient reported he had had contact with a child diagnosed
      with HFMD. From his background and symptoms, the patient was diagnosed with HFMD.
      Following symptomatic treatment, the symptoms remitted in 7 days. METHODS: A
      literature review in MEDLINE (PubMed). The inclusion criteria were for studies on
      humans over the last 5 years, using the keywords HFMD. RESULTS: We found 925
      articles, which were subsequently reduced to 52 documents after applying the
      inclusion criteria. Maculopapular lesions were found on hands and feet.
      CONCLUSIONS: Dentists may have a key role diagnosing the disease. A surveillance
      system to predict future outbreaks, encourage early diagnosis, put appropriate
      public health measures in place and research vaccine development is vitally
      important in order to control the disease.

PMID- 26975353
TI  - Spatiotemporal variation of mammalian protein complex stoichiometries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent large-scale studies revealed cell-type specific proteomes.
      However, protein complexes, the basic functional modules of a cell, have been so
      far mostly considered as static entities with well-defined structures. The co
      expression of their members has not been systematically charted at the protein
      level. RESULTS: We used measurements of protein abundance across 11 cell types
      and five temporal states to analyze the co-expression and the compositional
      variations of 182 well-characterized protein complexes. We show that although the
      abundance of protein complex members is generally co-regulated, a considerable
      fraction of all investigated protein complexes is subject to stoichiometric
      changes. Compositional variation is most frequently seen in complexes involved in
      chromatin regulation and cellular transport, and often involves paralog switching
      as a mechanism for the regulation of complex stoichiometry. We demonstrate that
      compositional signatures of variable protein complexes have discriminative power
      beyond individual cell states and can distinguish cancer cells from healthy ones.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our work demonstrates that many protein complexes contain variable
      members that cause distinct stoichometries and functionally fine-tune complexes
      spatiotemporally. Only a fraction of these compositional variations is mediated
      by changes in transcription and other mechanisms regulating protein abundance
      contribute to determine protein complex stoichiometries. Our work highlights the
      superior power of proteome profiles to study protein complexes and their variants
      across cell states.

PMID- 26975354
TI  - Gene expression analysis of bone metastasis and circulating tumor cells from
      metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Characterization of genes linked to bone metastasis is critical for
      identification of novel prognostic or predictive biomarkers and potential
      therapeutic targets in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).
      Although bone marrow core biopsies (BMBx) can be obtained for gene profiling, the
      procedure itself is invasive and uncommon practice in mCRPC patients. Conversely,
      circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which are likely to stem from bone metastases,
      can be isolated from blood. The goals of this exploratory study were to establish
      a sensitive methodology to analyze gene expression in BMBx and CTCs, and to
      determine whether the presence or absence of detectable gene expression is
      concordant in matching samples from mCRPC patients. METHODS: The CellSearch((r))
      platform was used to enrich and enumerate CTCs. Low numbers of PC3 prostate
      cancer (PCa) cells were spiked into normal blood to assess cell recovery rate.
      RNA extracted from recovered PC3 cells was amplified using an Eberwine-based
      procedure to obtain antisense mRNA (aRNA), and assess the linearity of the RNA
      amplification method. In this pilot study, RNAs extracted from CTCs and PCa cells
      microdissected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BMBx, were amplified to
      obtain aRNA and assess the expression of eight genes functionally relevant to PCa
      bone metastasis using RT-PCR. RESULTS: RNAs were successfully extracted from as
      few as 1-5 PCa cells in blood samples. The relative expression levels of
      reference genes were maintained after RNA amplification. The integrity of the
      amplified RNA was also demonstrated by RT-PCR analysis using primer sets that
      target the 5'-end, middle, and 3'-end of reference mRNA. We found that in 21 out
      of 28 comparisons, the presence or absence of detectable gene expression in CTCs
      and PCa cells microdissected from single bone lesions of the same patients was
      concordant. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory analysis suggests that aRNA
      amplification through in vitro transcription may be useful as a method to detect
      gene expression in small numbers of CTCs and tumor cells microdissected from bone
      metastatic lesions. In some cases, gene expression in CTCs and BMBxs was not
      concordant, raising questions about using CTC gene expression to make clinical
      decisions.

PMID- 26975355
TI  - Ino80 is essential for proximal-distal axis asymmetry in part by regulating Bmp4
      expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding how embryos specify asymmetric axes is a major focus of
      biology. While much has been done to discover signaling pathways and
      transcription factors important for axis specification, comparatively little is
      known about how epigenetic regulators are involved. Epigenetic regulators operate
      downstream of signaling pathways and transcription factors to promote nuclear
      processes, most prominently transcription. To discover novel functions for these
      complexes in axis establishment during early embryonic development, we
      characterized phenotypes of a mouse knockout (KO) allele of the chromatin
      remodeling Ino80 ATPase. RESULTS: Ino80 KO embryos implant, but fail to develop
      beyond the egg cylinder stage. Ino80 KO embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are viable
      and maintain alkaline phosphatase activity, which is suggestive of pluripotency,
      but they fail to fully differentiate as either embryoid bodies or teratomas. Gene
      expression analysis of Ino80 KO early embryos by in situ hybridization and
      embryoid bodies by RT-PCR shows elevated Bmp4 expression and reduced expression
      of distal visceral endoderm (DVE) markers Cer1, Hex, and Lefty1. In culture, Bmp4
      maintains stem cell pluripotency and when overexpressed is a known negative
      regulator of DVE differentiation in the early embryo. Consistent with the early
      embryo, we observed upregulated Bmp4 expression and down-regulated Cer1, Hex, and
      Lefty1 expression when Ino80 KO ESCs are differentiated in a monolayer. Molecular
      studies in these same cells demonstrate that Ino80 bound to the Bmp4 promoter
      regulates its chromatin structure, which correlates with enhanced SP1 binding.
      These results in combination suggest that Ino80 directly regulates the chromatin
      structure of the Bmp4 promoter with consequences to gene expression. CONCLUSIONS:
      In contrast to Ino80 KO differentiated cells, our experiments show that
      undifferentiated Ino80 KO ESCs are viable, but fail to differentiate in culture
      and in the early embryo. Ino80 KO ESCs and the early embryo up-regulate Bmp4
      expression and down-regulate the expression of DVE markers Cer1, Hex and Lefty1.
      Based on this data, we propose a model where the Ino80 chromatin remodeling
      complex represses Bmp4 expression in the early embryo, thus promoting DVE
      differentiation and successful proximal-distal axis establishment. These results
      are significant because they show that epigenetic regulators have specific roles
      in establishing embryonic axes. By further characterizing these complexes, we
      will deepen our understanding of how the mammalian embryo is patterned by
      epigenetic regulators.

PMID- 26975356
TI  - Vascular basement membranes as pathways for the passage of fluid into and out of
      the brain.
AB  - In the absence of conventional lymphatics, drainage of interstitial fluid and
      solutes from the brain parenchyma to cervical lymph nodes is along basement
      membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and tunica media of arteries.
      Perivascular pathways are also involved in the entry of CSF into the brain by the
      convective influx/glymphatic system. The objective of this study is to
      differentiate the cerebral vascular basement membrane pathways by which fluid
      passes out of the brain from the pathway by which CSF enters the brain.
      Experiment 1: 0.5 ul of soluble biotinylated or fluorescent Abeta, or 1 ul 15 nm
      gold nanoparticles was injected into the mouse hippocampus and their
      distributions determined at 5 min by transmission electron microscopy. Abeta was
      distributed within the extracellular spaces of the hippocampus and within
      basement membranes of capillaries and tunica media of arteries. Nanoparticles did
      not enter capillary basement membranes from the extracellular spaces. Experiment
      2: 2 ul of 15 nm nanoparticles were injected into mouse CSF. Within 5 min, groups
      of nanoparticles were present in the pial-glial basement membrane on the outer
      aspect of cortical arteries between the investing layer of pia mater and the glia
      limitans. The results of this study and previous research suggest that cerebral
      vascular basement membranes form the pathways by which fluid passes into and out
      of the brain but that different basement membrane layers are involved. The
      significance of these findings for neuroimmunology, Alzheimer's disease, drug
      delivery to the brain and the concept of the Virchow-Robin space are discussed.

PMID- 26975357
TI  - A Tunable, Biodegradable, Thin-Film Polymer Device as a Long-Acting Implant
      Delivering Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate for HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The effectiveness of Tenofovir based HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
      is proven, but hinges on correct and consistent use. User compliance and
      therapeutic effectiveness can be improved by long acting drug delivery systems.
      Here we describe a thin-film polymer device (TFPD) as a biodegradable
      subcutaneous implant for PrEP. METHODS: A thin-film polycaprolactone (PCL)
      membrane controls drug release from a reservoir. To achieve membrane controlled
      release, TAF requires a formulation excipient such as PEG300 to increase the
      dissolution rate and reservoir solubility. Short-term In vitro release studies
      are used to develop an empirical design model, which is applied to the production
      of in vitro prototype devices demonstrating up to 90-days of linear release and
      TAF chemical stability. RESULTS: The size and shape of the TFPD are tunable,
      achieving release rates ranging from 0.5 to 4.4 mg/day in devices no larger than
      a contraceptive implant. Based on published data for oral TAF, subcutaneous
      constant-rate release for HIV PrEP is estimated at <2.8 mg/day. Prototype devices
      demonstrated linear release at 1.2 mg/day for up to 90 days and at 2.2 mg/day for
      up to 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: We present a biodegradable TFPD for subcutaneous
      delivery of TAF for HIV PrEP. The size, shape and release rate of the device are
      tunable over a >8-fold range.

PMID- 26975358
TI  - Hybrid Electrospun Polycaprolactone Mats Consisting of Nanofibers and Microbeads
      for Extended Release of Dexamethasone.
AB  - PURPOSE: We designed electrospun polycaprolactone mats consisting of nanofibers
      and microbeads for extended delivery of dexamethasone. METHODS: Thin flexible
      dexamethasone loaded polycaprolactone mats were prepared by electrospinning. The
      solvents, polymer loading, voltage and tip-to-collector distance were varied to
      explore the effects on microstructure of the mats. The microstructure was
      determined by scanning electron microscope imaging; drug transport was measured
      and modeled, and X-ray diffraction was used to gauge the crystallinity. Drug
      transport and X-ray diffraction studies were also conducted with a spin cast film
      for comparison. RESULTS: Thin mats, about 10 MUm in thickness, were prepared by
      electrospinning. By controlling the voltage and tip-to-collector distance, we
      achieved a hybrid structure comprising of nanorods (nanofibers) and microbeads.
      The release profiles were fitted to the diffusion equation to obtain the
      diffusivities in the spheres and the rods. The diffusivity in the electrospun
      nanofibers was significantly lower compared to the casted films due to increased
      crystallinity, which was estimated from X-ray diffraction analysis. The
      electrospun hybrid mats sustained drug release for the desired duration of a
      month, in spite of the small thickness of about 10 MUm. By comparison, a ten-fold
      thicker cast film sustains release for about the same duration suggesting about
      100-fold decrease in diffusivity in the electrospun mats due to increased
      crystallinity. CONCLUSIONS: Electrospun polycaprolactone mats are optimal for
      achieving long release durations due to increased crystallinity. Designing a
      hybrid structure by controlling the electrospinning parameters can be a useful
      approach to increase the release durations.

PMID- 26975359
TI  - How Natural Product Research has Contributed to Oral Care Product Development? A
      Critical View.
AB  - PURPOSES: Despite the high number of studies on the biological effects of natural
      products (NP) and molecules isolated therefrom, only a small part of them reach
      the clinical phase and become commercially available. In this perspective we make
      an analysis on how plant research has impacted oral health care over the last 15
      years. METHODS: Sixteen major clinical trial registry databases across the globe
      were searched for completed randomized clinical trials of herbal/natural product
      interventions (RCTHI) in theperiod 2000-2015. RESULTS: There was a considerable
      increase in the number of RCTHI, which points out an interest of academia and
      industry in the development of novel NP-based therapeutics. There is a trendfor
      greater heterogeneity of targeted dental conditions, mostly oral mucositis,
      periodontitis and dental caries. Topical application rather than systemic use
      predominated in the dental scope as mouthwashes, toothpastes, oral patches and
      gels have been the most commonly tested pharmaceutical forms. Today, despite the
      high number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies testing NP and/or NP
      isolated molecules, only 11% (n = 9) of them are phase IV clinical trials
      assessing commercially available herbal products. This may be a result of poorly
      designed, superficial basic research that does not provide evidence to support
      the clinical testing of NP and derived molecules. CONCLUSION: As of now, plant
      research is promising although still accounts for a modest participation in the
      oral health care industry due to limited investment and incomplete or
      inconsistent information from preclinical and clinical testing.

PMID- 26975360
TI  - Development of an Improved Inhalable Powder Formulation of Pirfenidone by Spray
      Drying: In Vitro Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Profiling.
AB  - PURPOSE: Previously, a respirable powder (RP) formulation of pirfenidone (PFD)
      was developed for reducing phototoxic risk; however, PFD-RP demonstrated
      unacceptable in vitro inhalation performance. The present study aimed to develop
      a new RP system of PFD with favorable inhalation properties by spray-drying
      method. METHODS: Spray-dried PFD (SD/PFD) was prepared by spray-drying with L
      leucine, and the physicochemical properties and efficacy in an antigen-sensitized
      airway inflammation model were assessed. A pharmacokinetic study was also
      conducted after intratracheal and oral administration of PFD formulations.
      RESULTS: Regarding powder characterization, SD/PFD had dimpled surface with the
      mean diameter of 1.793 MUm. In next generation impactor analysis, SD/PFD
      demonstrated high in vitro inhalation performance without the need of carrier
      particles, and the fine particle fraction of SD/PFD was calculated to be 62.4%.
      Insufflated SD/PFD (0.3 mg-PFD/rat) attenuated antigen-evoked inflammatory events
      in the lung, including infiltration of inflammatory cells and myeloperoxidase
      activity. Systemic exposure level of PFD after insufflation of SD/PFD at the
      pharmacologically effective dose was 600-fold lower than that after oral
      administration of PFD at the phototoxic dose. CONCLUSION: SD/PFD would be
      suitable for inhalation, and the utilization of an RP system with SD/PFD would
      provide a safer medication compared with oral administration of PFD.

PMID- 26975361
TI  - Characteristics of the Human Upper Gastrointestinal Contents in the Fasted State
      Under Hypo- and A-chlorhydric Gastric Conditions Under Conditions of Typical Drug
      - Drug Interaction Studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact of reduced gastric acid secretion after
      administration of two acid-reducing agents on the physicochemical characteristics
      of contents of upper gastrointestinal lumen of fasted adults. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Eight healthy male adults, fasted from food for 12 h, participated in a
      three-phase crossover study. Phase 1: No drug treatment prior to aspirations.
      Phase 2: Oral administration of 40 mg pantoprazole at ~9 am the last 3 days prior
      to aspirations and at ~7 am on aspiration day. Phase 3: Oral administration of 20
      mg famotidine at ~7 pm prior to aspirations and at ~7 am on aspiration day.
      Samples from the contents of upper gastrointestinal lumen were aspirated for 50
      min, after administration of 240 ml table water at ~9 am. RESULTS: Reduction of
      gastric acid secretion was accompanied by reduced buffer capacity, chloride ion
      concentration, osmolality and surface tension in stomach and by increased pH (up
      to ~0.7 units) in upper small intestine during the first 50 min post-water
      administration. The mechanism of reduction of acid secretion seems to be
      important for the buffer capacity in stomach and for the surface tension in upper
      gastrointestinal lumen. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from gastric pH, reduced acid
      secretion affects physicochemical characteristics of contents of upper
      gastrointestinal lumen which may be important for the performance of certain
      drugs/products in the fasted state.

PMID- 26975362
TI  - Personality traits in patients with cluster headache: a comparison with migraine
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cluster headache (CH) has been associated with certain personality
      traits and lifestyle features, but there are few studies assessing personality
      profiles in CH. We aimed to analyze personality traits in patients with CH, and
      to compare them with those found in migraine. METHODS: We included all
      consecutive patients with CH attending 5 outpatient offices between January and
      December 2013. Personality traits were evaluated using the Salamanca screening
      test, a validated inventory assessing 11 personality traits grouped in 3
      clusters. We analyzed the test results in this population, and compared them with
      those of a migraine population previously assessed with the same test. RESULTS:
      Eighty patients with CH (75 men, 5 women; mean age, 43.2 +/- 9.9 years) were
      recruited. The reference population consisted of 164 migraine patients (30 men,
      134 women; mean age 36.4 +/- 12.7 years). In CH patients, the most frequent
      personality traits were anancastic (52.5 %), anxious (47.5 %), histrionic (45 %),
      schizoid (42.5 %), impulsive (32.5 %) and paranoid (30 %). When compared to
      migraine patients, paranoid (p < 0.001; chi2 test), and schizoid traits (p =
      0.007; chi2 test) were significantly more prevalent in CH patients. In logistic
      regression analysis the paranoid trait was significantly associated with CH (p =
      0.001; OR: 3.27, 95 % CI [1.66-6.43]). CONCLUSION: According to the Salamanca
      screening test, personality traits included in cluster A (odd or eccentric
      disorders) are more prevalent in CH patients than in a population of migraineurs.
      Larger studies are needed to determine whether certain personality traits are
      related to CH.

PMID- 26975363
TI  - Phenotypic features of chronic migraine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic migraine is a disabling, under-recognized, and undertreated
      disorder that increases health burdens. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      phenotypic features and the relevance of accompanying symptoms of migraine
      attacks in chronic migraine. METHOD: This study was conducted as part of an
      ongoing Turkish Headache Database Study investigating the clinical
      characteristics and outcomes of headache syndromes in the Turkish population. The
      electronic database was examined retrospectively, and 835 patients with chronic
      migraine were included. RESULTS: Patient group consisted of 710 women and 125 men
      (85 and 15 %, respectively). Mean patient age was 36.8 +/- 13.5 years, median
      value of migraine onset was 60 months (18-120), median headache frequency was 25
      days per month (16-30), median of attack duration was 12 h (4-24), and median of
      intensity was eight (7-9). Increasing headache days per month were inversely
      related with the presence of nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, and photophobia.
      Longer duration of headache (months) and higher visual analog scale (VAS) for
      headache intensity were associated with all accompanying symptoms. Phonophobia,
      nausea, photophobia, and vomiting were the most frequent accompanying symptoms
      (experienced by 80.2, 77.6, 71.2, and 40.9 % of patients, respectively).
      Osmophobia was also frequent in chronic migraine patients (53.4 %) and was
      closely associated with other accompanying symptoms. Vertigo and dizziness were
      observed less frequently, and they were not associated with accompanying
      symptoms. CONCLUSION: Phenotype of chronic migraine may be associated with the
      course of chronification. Duration of illness and attack intensity were closely
      related with the presence of accompanying symptoms, although headache frequency
      was found to be inversely related to the presence of accompanying symptoms.
      Osmophobia was also a frequent symptom and was closely related with other
      accompanied symptoms, unlike vertigo and dizziness. Inclusion of osmophobia into
      the diagnostic criteria might improve accurate diagnosis of chronic migraine.

PMID- 26975364
TI  - Distinct Histomorphology in Molecular Subgroups of Glioblastomas in Young
      Patients.
AB  - Glioblastomas (GBMs) are malignant brain tumors that can be divided into
      different molecular subtypes based on genetics, global gene expression, and
      methylation patterns. Among these subgroups, "IDH" GBMs carry mutations within
      IDH1 or IDH2 The "K27" and "G34" subgroups are characterized by distinct
      mutations within Histone 3 (H3). These subtypes can be identified by sequencing
      methods and are particularly found in younger patients. To determine whether the
      molecular subtypes correlate with distinct histological features among the
      diverse histologic patterns of GBM, we performed a blinded assessment of the
      histology of GBMs of 77 patients <=30 years old at the time of biopsy. The tumors
      were of the following molecular subtypes: IDH (n = 12), H3 K27M (n = 25), H3 G34R
      (n = 12), or no IDH/H3 mutations (n = 28). Of IDH-mutated cases, 75% had
      microcystic features or gemistocytic tumor cells. K27 GBMs had higher cell
      densities and pronounced nuclear pleomorphism, with 28% harboring tumor giant
      cells. All G34 GBMs had variable extents of a poorly differentiated/primitive
      neuroectodermal tumor-like morphology. GBMs without IDH/H3 mutations had foci of
      epitheliod-appearing cells. Thus, molecular GBM subgroups are associated with
      distinct histological patterns, suggesting that morphological features reflect
      the specific underlying molecular genetic abnormalities. 

PMID- 26975365
TI  - Understanding existing exposure situations.
AB  - International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 103
      removed the distinction between practices and interventions, and introduced three
      types of exposure situation: existing, planned, and emergency. It also emphasised
      the optimisation principle in connection with individual dose restrictions for
      all controllable exposure situations. Existing exposure situations are those
      resulting from sources, natural or man-made, that already exist when a decision
      on control has to be taken. They have common features to be taken into account
      when implementing general recommendations, such as: the source may be difficult
      to control; all exposures cannot be anticipated; protective actions can only be
      implemented after characterisation of the exposure situation; time may be needed
      to reduce exposure below the reference level; levels of exposure are highly
      dependent on individual behaviour and present a wide spread of individual dose
      distribution; exposures at work may be adventitious and not considered as
      occupational exposure; there is generally no potential for accident; many
      stakeholders have to be involved; and many factors need to be considered. ICRP is
      currently developing a series of reports related to the practical implementation
      of Publication 103 to various existing exposure situations, including exposure
      from radon, exposure from cosmic radiation in aviation, exposure from processes
      using naturally occurring radioactive material, and exposure from contaminated
      sites due to past activities. 

PMID- 26975366
TI  - New recruitment contract for health and care services regulator dismays lay
      experts.

PMID- 26975367
TI  - University students' beliefs about unit-based guidelines: A qualitative study.
AB  - UK government guidance for alcohol consumption is expressed in 'units' of
      alcohol. This study employed semi-structured interviews to explore university
      students' knowledge of, attitudes towards, and use of unit-based guidelines.
      Thematic analysis revealed that participants were not motivated to adhere to unit
      based guidelines and that they lacked the skills required to apply them to reduce
      their own drinking. Instead, interviewees used individual strategies to monitor
      their drinking. The results suggest that public health interventions should
      include provision of information, efforts to motivate young people to change
      their behaviour and strategies to develop skills for managing alcohol
      consumption.

PMID- 26975368
TI  - High Content, Multi-Parameter Analyses in Buccal Cells to Identify Alzheimer's
      Disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder and is the most common
      form of dementia. Minimally invasive approaches are required that combine
      biomarkers to identify individuals who are at risk of developing mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI) and AD, to appropriately target clinical trials for therapeutic
      discovery as well as lifestyle strategies aimed at prevention. Buccal mucosa
      cells from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of
      Ageing cohort (n=60) were investigated for cytological markers that could be used
      to identify both MCI and AD individuals. Visual scoring of the buccal cytome
      demonstrated a significantly lower frequency of basal and karyorrhectic cells in
      the MCI group compared with controls. A high content, automated assay was
      developed using laser scanning cytometry to simultaneously measure cell types,
      nuclear DNA content and aneuploidy, neutral lipid content, putative Tau and
      amyloid-beta (Abeta) in buccal cells. DNA content, aneuploidy, neutral lipids and
      Tau were similar in all groups. However, there was significantly lower Tau
      protein in both basal and karyolytic buccal cell types compared with
      differentiated buccal cells. Abeta, as measured by frequency of cells containing
      Abeta signal, as well as area and integral of Abeta signal, was significantly
      higher in the AD group compared with the control group. Buccal cell Abeta was
      correlated with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores (r = -0.436, P=0.001)
      and several blood-based biomarkers. Combining newly identified biomarkers from
      buccal cells with those already established may offer a potential route for more
      specific biomarker panels which may substantially increase the likelihood of
      better predictive markers for earlier diagnosis of AD.

PMID- 26975369
TI  - 2015 ASMS Fall Workshop: Lipids and Lipidomics.

PMID- 26975370
TI  - Making Mass Spectrometry See the Light: The Promises and Challenges of Cryogenic
      Infrared Ion Spectroscopy as a Bioanalytical Technique.
AB  - The detailed chemical information contained in the vibrational spectrum of a
      cryogenically cooled analyte ion would, in principle, make infrared (IR) ion
      spectroscopy a gold standard technique for molecular identification in mass
      spectrometry. Despite this immense potential, there are considerable challenges
      in both instrumentation and methodology to overcome before the technique is
      analytically useful. Here, we discuss the promise of IR ion spectroscopy for
      small molecule analysis in the context of metabolite identification. Experimental
      strategies to address sensitivity constraints, poor overall duty cycle, and speed
      of the experiment are intimately tied to the development of a mass-selective
      cryogenic trap. Therefore, the most likely avenues for success, in the authors'
      opinion, are presented here, alongside alternative approaches and some thoughts
      on data interpretation.

PMID- 26975371
TI  - The Small C-terminal Domain Phosphatase 1 Inhibits Cancer Cell Migration and
      Invasion by Dephosphorylating Ser(P)68-Twist1 to Accelerate Twist1 Protein
      Degradation.
AB  - Twist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that strongly promotes
      epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, and metastasis of
      cancer cells. The MAPK-phosphorylated Twist1 on its serine 68 (Ser(P)(68)-Twist1)
      has a significantly enhanced stability and function to drive cancer cell invasion
      and metastasis. However, the phosphatase that dephosphorylates Ser(P)(68)-Twist1
      and destabilizes Twist1 has not been identified and characterized. In this study,
      we screened a serine/threonine phosphatase cDNA expression library in HEK293T
      cells with ectopically coexpressed Twist1. We found that the small C-terminal
      domain phosphatase 1 (SCP1) specifically dephosphorylates Ser(P)(68)-Twist1 in
      both cell-free reactions and living cells. SCP1 uses its amino acid residues 43
      63 to interact with the N terminus of Twist1. Increased SCP1 expression in cells
      decreased Ser(P)(68)-Twist1 and total Twist1 proteins, whereas knockdown of SCP1
      increased Ser(P)(68)-Twist1 and total Twist1 proteins. Furthermore, the levels of
      SCP1 are negatively correlated with Twist1 protein levels in several cancer cell
      lines. SCP1-dephosphorylated Twist1 undergoes fast degradation via the ubiquitin
      proteasome pathway. Importantly, an increase in SCP1 expression in breast cancer
      cells with either endogenous or ectopically expressed Twist1 largely inhibits the
      Twist1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype and the migration
      and invasion capabilities of these cells. These results indicate that SCP1 is the
      phosphatase that counterregulates the MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of Ser(68)
      Twist1. Thus, an increase in SCP1 expression and activity may be a useful
      strategy for eliminating the detrimental roles of Twist1 in cancer cells.

PMID- 26975372
TI  - Positive Allosteric Modulation of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor by Diverse
      Electrophiles.
AB  - Therapeutic intervention to activate the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP
      1R) enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improves energy balance in
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies investigating mechanisms whereby
      peptide ligands activate GLP-1R have utilized mutagenesis, receptor chimeras,
      photo-affinity labeling, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and crystallography of the
      ligand-binding ectodomain to establish receptor homology models. However, this
      has not enabled the design or discovery of drug-like non-peptide GLP-1R
      activators. Recently, studies investigating 4-(3-benzyloxyphenyl)-2-ethylsulfinyl
      6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (BETP), a GLP-1R-positive allosteric modulator,
      determined that Cys-347 in the GLP-1R is required for positive allosteric
      modulator activity via covalent modification. To advance small molecule
      activation of the GLP-1R, we characterized the insulinotropic mechanism of BETP.
      In guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding and INS1 832-3 insulinoma cell
      cAMP assays, BETP enhanced GLP-1(9-36)-NH2-stimulated cAMP signaling. Using
      isolated pancreatic islets, BETP potentiated insulin secretion in a glucose
      dependent manner that requires both the peptide ligand and GLP-1R. In studies of
      the covalent mechanism, PAGE fluorography showed labeling of GLP-1R in
      immunoprecipitation experiments from GLP-1R-expressing cells incubated with
      [(3)H]BETP. Furthermore, we investigated whether other reported GLP-1R activators
      and compounds identified from screening campaigns modulate GLP-1R by covalent
      modification. Similar to BETP, several molecules were found to enhance GLP-1R
      signaling in a Cys-347-dependent manner. These chemotypes are electrophiles that
      react with GSH, and LC/MS determined the cysteine adducts formed upon
      conjugation. Together, our results suggest covalent modification may be used to
      stabilize the GLP-1R in an active conformation. Moreover, the findings provide
      pharmacological guidance for the discovery and characterization of small molecule
      GLP-1R ligands as possible therapeutics. 

PMID- 26975373
TI  - Disulfide Cross-linking of a Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Transporter
      Impacts Multidrug Efflux.
AB  - Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters contribute to
      multidrug resistance by extruding different drugs across cell membranes. The MATE
      transporters alternate between their extracellular and intracellular facing
      conformations to propel drug export, but how these structural changes occur is
      unclear. Here we combine site-specific cross-linking and functional studies to
      probe the movement of transmembrane helices in NorM from Neiserria gonorrheae
      (NorM-NG), a MATE transporter with known extracellular facing structure. We
      generated an active, cysteine-less NorM-NG and conducted pairwise cysteine
      mutagenesis on this variant. We found that copper phenanthroline catalyzed
      disulfide bond formation within five cysteine pairs and increased the
      electrophoretic mobility of the corresponding mutants. Furthermore, copper
      phenanthroline abolished the activity of the five paired cysteine mutants,
      suggesting that these substituted amino acids come in spatial proximity during
      transport, and the proximity changes are functionally indispensable. Our data
      also implied that the substrate-binding transmembrane helices move up to 10 A in
      NorM-NG during transport and afforded distance restraints for modeling the
      intracellular facing transporter, thereby casting new light on the underlying
      mechanism. 

PMID- 26975374
TI  - Ubiquitin-specific Peptidase 10 (USP10) Deubiquitinates and Stabilizes MutS
      Homolog 2 (MSH2) to Regulate Cellular Sensitivity to DNA Damage.
AB  - MSH2 is a key DNA mismatch repair protein, which plays an important role in
      genomic stability. In addition to its DNA repair function, MSH2 serves as a
      sensor for DNA base analogs-provoked DNA replication errors and binds to various
      DNA damage-induced adducts to trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Loss or
      depletion of MSH2 from cells renders resistance to certain DNA-damaging agents.
      Therefore, the level of MSH2 determines DNA damage response. Previous studies
      showed that the level of MSH2 protein is modulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome
      pathway, and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) serves as an ubiquitin E3 ligase.
      However, the deubiquitinating enzymes, which regulate MSH2 remain unknown. Here
      we report that ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) interacts with and
      stabilizes MSH2. USP10 deubiquitinates MSH2 in vitro and in vivo Moreover, the
      protein level of MSH2 is positively correlated with the USP10 protein level in a
      panel of lung cancer cell lines. Knockdown of USP10 in lung cancer cells exhibits
      increased cell survival and decreased apoptosis upon the treatment of DNA
      methylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and antimetabolite
      6-thioguanine (6-TG). The above phenotypes can be rescued by ectopic expression
      of MSH2. In addition, knockdown of MSH2 decreases the cellular mismatch repair
      activity. Overall, our results suggest a novel USP10-MSH2 pathway regulating DNA
      damage response and DNA mismatch repair. 

PMID- 26975375
TI  - Parkin Regulates the Activity of Pyruvate Kinase M2.
AB  - Parkin, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, is mutated in most cases of autosomal recessive
      early onset Parkinson disease. It was discovered that Parkin is also mutated in
      glioblastoma and other human malignancies and that it inhibits tumor cell growth.
      Here, we identified pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) as a unique substrate for parkin
      through biochemical purification. We found that parkin interacts with PKM2 both
      in vitro and in vivo, and this interaction dramatically increases during glucose
      starvation. Ubiquitylation of PKM2 by parkin does not affect its stability but
      decreases its enzymatic activity. Parkin regulates the glycolysis pathway and
      affects the cell metabolism. Our studies revealed the novel important roles of
      parkin in tumor cell metabolism and provided new insight for therapy of Parkinson
      disease. 

PMID- 26975376
TI  - The F-box Protein Rcy1 Is Involved in the Degradation of Histone H3 Variant Cse4
      and Genome Maintenance.
AB  - Cse4, a histone H3-like centromeric protein, plays critical functions in
      chromosome segregation. Cse4 level is tightly regulated, but the underlying
      mechanism remains poorly understood. We employed a toxicity-based screen to look
      for the degradation components involved in Cse4 regulation. Here, we show that
      the F-box containing protein Rcy1 is required for efficient Cse4 turnover as Cse4
      degradation is compromised in yeast cells lacking RCY1 Excessive Cse4
      accumulation in rcy1Delta cells leads to growth retardation. Furthermore, the
      deletion of RCY1 is tied to enhanced chromosome instability and temperature
      sensitive cell growth. Our results reveal the involvement of Rcy1 in chromosome
      regulation and another regulatory pathway controlling the Cse4 level and
      activity. 

PMID- 26975377
TI  - Mechanism of Concerted RNA-DNA Primer Synthesis by the Human Primosome.
AB  - The human primosome, a 340-kilodalton complex of primase and DNA polymerase alpha
      (Polalpha), synthesizes chimeric RNA-DNA primers to be extended by replicative
      DNA polymerases delta and epsilon. The intricate mechanism of concerted primer
      synthesis by two catalytic centers was an enigma for over three decades. Here we
      report the crystal structures of two key complexes, the human primosome and the C
      terminal domain of the primase large subunit (p58C) with bound DNA/RNA duplex.
      These structures, along with analysis of primase/polymerase activities, provide a
      plausible mechanism for all transactions of the primosome including initiation,
      elongation, accurate counting of RNA primer length, primer transfer to Polalpha,
      and concerted autoregulation of alternate activation/inhibition of the catalytic
      centers. Our findings reveal a central role of p58C in the coordinated actions of
      two catalytic domains in the primosome and ultimately could impact the design of
      anticancer drugs. 

PMID- 26975378
TI  - Anti-MRSA and anti-TB metabolites from marine-derived Verrucosispora sp.
      MS100047.
AB  - Microbes belonging to the genus Verrucosispora possess significant chemical
      diversity and biological properties. They have attracted the interests of many
      researchers and are becoming promising resources in the marine natural product
      research field. A bioassay-guided isolation from the crude extract of
      Verrucosispora sp. strain MS100047, isolated from sediments collected from the
      South China Sea, has led to the identification of a new salicylic derivative,
      glycerol 1-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl benzoate (1), along with three known compounds,
      brevianamide F (2), abyssomicin B (3), and proximicin B (4). Compound 1 showed
      selective activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 12.5 MUg/mL. Brevianamide
      F (2), which was isolated from actinomycete for the first time, showed a good
      anti-BCG activity with a MIC value of 12.5 MUg/mL that has not been reported
      previously in literatures. Proximicin B (4) showed significant anti-MRSA (MIC =
      3.125 MUg/mL), anti-BCG (MIC = 6.25 MUg/mL), and anti-tuberculosis (TB) (MIC = 25
      MUg/mL) activities. This is the first report on the anti-tubercular activities of
      proximicins. In addition, Verrucosispora sp. strain MS100047 was found to harbor
      18 putative secondary metabolite gene clusters based on genomic sequence
      analysis. These include the biosynthetic loci encoding polyketide synthase (PKS)
      and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) consistent with abyssomicins and
      proximicins, respectively. The biosynthetic pathways of these isolated compounds
      have been proposed. These results indicate that MS100047 possesses a great
      potential as a source of active secondary metabolites. 

PMID- 26975380
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Does Brachial Plexus Blockade Result in Improved Pain Scores
      After Distal Radius Fracture Fixation? A Randomized Trial.

PMID- 26975379
TI  - Deconstructing the smoking-preeclampsia paradox through a counterfactual
      framework.
AB  - Although smoking during pregnancy may lead to many adverse outcomes, numerous
      studies have reported a paradoxical inverse association between maternal
      cigarette smoking during pregnancy and preeclampsia. Using a counterfactual
      framework we aimed to explore the structure of this paradox as being a
      consequence of selection bias. Using a case-control study nested in the Icelandic
      Birth Registry (1309 women), we show how this selection bias can be explored and
      corrected for. Cases were defined as any case of pregnancy induced hypertension
      or preeclampsia occurring after 20 weeks' gestation and controls as normotensive
      mothers who gave birth in the same year. First, we used directed acyclic graphs
      to illustrate the common bias structure. Second, we used classical logistic
      regression and mediation analytic methods for dichotomous outcomes to explore the
      structure of the bias. Lastly, we performed both deterministic and probabilistic
      sensitivity analysis to estimate the amount of bias due to an uncontrolled
      confounder and corrected for it. The biased effect of smoking was estimated to
      reduce the odds of preeclampsia by 28 % (OR 0.72, 95 %CI 0.52, 0.99) and after
      stratification by gestational age at delivery (<37 vs. >=37 gestation weeks) by
      75 % (OR 0.25, 95 %CI 0.10, 0.68). In a mediation analysis, the natural indirect
      effect showed and OR > 1, revealing the structure of the paradox. The bias
      adjusted estimation of the smoking effect on preeclampsia showed an OR of 1.22
      (95 %CI 0.41, 6.53). The smoking-preeclampsia paradox appears to be an example of
      (1) selection bias most likely caused by studying cases prevalent at birth rather
      than all incident cases from conception in a pregnancy cohort, (2) omitting
      important confounders associated with both smoking and preeclampsia (preventing
      the outcome to develop) and (3) controlling for a collider (gestation weeks at
      delivery). Future studies need to consider these aspects when studying and
      interpreting the association between smoking and pregnancy outcomes.

PMID- 26975381
TI  - Letter to the Editor: Polyethylene Liner Dissociation is a Complication of the
      DePuy Pinnacle Cup: A Report of 23 Cases.

PMID- 26975382
TI  - What Are the Conditional Survival and Functional Outcomes After Surgical
      Treatment of 115 Patients With Sacral Chordoma?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conditional survival is a measure of prognosis for patients who have
      already survived for a specific period of time; however, data on conditional
      survival after sacrectomy in patients with sacral chordoma are lacking. In
      addition, because sacral tumors are rare and heterogeneous, classifying them in a
      way that allows physicians to predict functional outcomes after sacrectomy
      remains a challenge. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What is the overall survival and
      disease-free survival in patients treated by sacrectomy for chordoma? (2) What is
      the conditional survival probability and how do prognostic factors change over
      time in patients undergoing surgical resection for sacral chordoma? (3) What is
      the local recurrence rate after surgery, how was it treated, and what factors
      impact on local recurrence? (4) What is the postoperative motor, sensory, bowel,
      and bladder function by level of resection as determined by using a newly
      designed scoring method? METHODS: Between 2003 and 2012, our center treated 122
      patients surgically for sacral chordoma. Of those, two died and five were lost
      before a minimum followup of 1 year was achieved, leaving 115 patients available
      for analysis in this retrospective study at a mean of 4.9 years (range, 1.3-10.8
      years). Basically, single posterior or combined approaches were chosen based on
      the most cephalad extent of the tumor and resection level was normally at half or
      one sacral vertebrae above the tumor. The 5-year conditional survival rate was
      calculated based on Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The effect of prognostic
      factors on conditional survival was also explored. A newly designed score method
      was proposed and adopted in the current study to critically evaluate the
      functional outcome after resection of the sacrum. Inter- and intraobserver
      reliability was tested by a preliminary study using kappa statistics and Spearman
      rank correlation coefficients. Significant interobserver (p < 0.01) and
      intraobserver agreement (kappa > 0.75) were found in nine items between each
      observer. RESULTS: The estimated 5-year overall survival rate was 81% (95%
      confidence interval [CI], 72%-90%) at diagnosis. The 5-year disease-free survival
      rate was 52% (95% CI, 43%-63%). The 5-year conditional overall survival decreased
      with each additional year in the first 4 years (81% at diagnosis versus 60% at
      the fourth year, p < 0.0001) and increased slightly in the fifth year. Patients
      with adequate surgical margins displayed a higher 5-year survival than those with
      an inadequate margin (86% [95% CI, 76%-95%] versus 67% [95% CI, 48%-85%], p =
      0.01) at diagnosis. Conditional survival estimates for patients who received
      operations elsewhere were lower than that of newly diagnosed patients treated by
      us at diagnosis (64% [95% CI, 46%-83%] versus 90% [95% CI, 82%-99%], p = 0.012),
      but with the numbers we had, we could not detect a difference in conditional
      survival between those treated elsewhere first compared with those initially
      treated by us at 5 years. The proposed score system for function evaluation was
      able to distinguish different levels of resection. The overall functional results
      for the preservation of bilateral S1, S2, and S3 were 40 +/- 8%, 60 +/- 12%, and
      82 +/- 11%, respectively. Patients who had preservation of only one S3 nerve root
      had more severe incontinence (1.99 +/- 0.79 versus 2.60 +/- 0.63, p = 0.01) and
      more sensory loss (1.88 +/- 0.82 versus 2.31 +/- 0.59, p = 0.02) than those
      patients with preservation of bilateral S3 nerve roots. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year
      conditional survival for sacral chordoma decreased with each additional year and
      began to improve after the fourth year. In addition, the effect of the surgical
      margin and influence of previous surgery on conditional survival were not linear
      over time. The level of nerve root resections corresponded with the overall
      function scores according to the proposed scoring method. This information and
      scoring system should be valuable in discussing outcomes of sacrectomy in
      patients with chordoma who are considering this operation and serve as the basis
      for further study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

PMID- 26975383
TI  - Higher Pavlik Harness Treatment Failure Is Seen in Graf Type IV Ortolani-positive
      Hips in Males.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) whose hips are
      dislocated but reducible (Ortolani positive) are more likely to experience Pavlik
      harness treatment failure than are patients with dysplastic and reduced but
      dislocatable (Barlow positive) hips. However, data regarding factors associated
      with failure are limited and conflicting. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked: (1) What
      is the frequency of Pavlik harness treatment failure among Ortolani-positive
      hips, Barlow-positive hips, and dysplastic hips? (2) What are the factors
      predictive of failure of Pavlik harness treatment for Ortolani-positive hips?
      METHODS: In this retrospective study we identified 150 patients who underwent the
      Pavlik harness method for treatment of DDH between August 2011 and July 2015. Six
      patients initially treated at an outside facility, four patients with associated
      conditions, and three who pursued treatment elsewhere were excluded. A total of
      137 patients (215 hips) with a median age at the time of Pavlik placement of 30
      days (range, 4-155 days) were included. Of the 215 hips, 78 (36.3%) were Ortolani
      positive, 60 (27.9%) were Barlow positive, and 77 (35.8%) were stable, with the
      diagnosis of dysplasia made on ultrasound. All patients were treated with the
      Pavlik harness method. The primary outcome was failure of the Pavlik harness to
      achieve and maintain concentric hip reduction assessed by examination and
      ultrasound. All patients were followed after completion of Pavlik treatment for a
      minimum of 2 months (mean, 3 months; range, 2-4 months). In addition, 90% (122 of
      137) of the patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Patient-specific
      data including family history, breech versus cephalic presentation at birth, age,
      sex, laterality, and hip abduction were recorded. Ultrasound data at the time of
      diagnosis included Graf classification, alpha angle, and percentage of femoral
      head coverage. RESULTS: The Pavlik harness method failed in 27% (21 of 78) of
      hips that were Ortolani positive, 8% (six of 77) with dysplasia, and 5% (three of
      60) that were Barlow positive. After controlling for potential confounding
      variables, such as range of hip abduction, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [OR],
      6.9; 95% CI, 2.0-24.2; p = 0.002) and Graf Type IV ultrasound classification
      (dislocated hip with alpha angle less than 43 degrees  and labrum displaced
      downward) (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3-15.4; p = 0.019) were identified as independent
      predictors of failure of Pavlik treatment among Ortolani-positive hips.
      CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound imaging of the hip should be part of the initial
      assessment for Ortolani-positive hips, as the ultrasound classification was found
      to have prognostic implications. Parents of male infants with Graf Type IV hips
      should be counseled regarding the higher risk of Pavlik failure. Future well
      designed prospective controlled studies are necessary to establish whether
      alternative strategies to the Pavlik harness might improve the early outcomes of
      DDH in males with Graf Type IV hips. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic
      study.

PMID- 26975384
TI  - Survival in Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Varies Based on Age and Tumor Location: A
      Survival Analysis of the SEER Database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is associated with a
      poorer prognosis and a higher proportion of extraskeletal tumors than
      conventional chondrosarcoma. However, these investigations have been small
      heterogeneous cohorts, limiting analysis of prognostic factors.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What is the 5- and 10-year survival rate of patients
      diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma? (2) What is the effect of demographic
      and tumor characteristics on survival in patients with mesenchymal
      chondrosarcoma? METHODS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)
      database was used to identify all patients diagnosed with mesenchymal
      chondrosarcoma from 1973 to 2011. SEER reports survival data on over 8.2 million
      patients with cancer and has attained 98% completeness in reporting. Using
      variables within the database, this study designated each patient's tumor as
      skeletal or extraskeletal and cranial, axial, or appendicular, respectively.
      Overall survival (OS) was determined for the entire series as well as each group.
      Median survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional
      hazards regression was used to determine whether demographic and tumor variables
      affected survival. Two hundred five patients with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma were
      identified, including 82 (40%) skeletal and 123 (60%) extraskeletal. RESULTS: OS
      for the entire series was 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43%-58%) and 43%
      (95% CI, 35%-51%) at 5 and 10 years, respectively. No difference in OS was
      detected between extraskeletal and skeletal tumors. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed
      OS was worse for tumors in axial locations compared with appendicular and cranial
      locations. Appendicular tumors demonstrated an OS of 50% (95% CI, 36%-63%) at 5
      years and 39% (95% CI, 26%-52%) at 10 years. OS for axial tumors was 37% (95% CI,
      25%-49%) and 31% (95% CI, 20%-43%), whereas it was 74% (95% CI, 59%-84%) and 67%
      (95% CI, 50%-79%) for cranial tumors at 5 and 10 years, respectively. When
      controlling for age, sex, tumor origin, and tumor location, the presence of
      metastasis (hazard ratio [HR], 12.38; 95% CI, 5.75-26.65; p < 0.001) and 1-cm
      size increase (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09-1.23; p < 0.001) were both independently
      associated with an increased risk of death. Tumor location showed different
      behaviors depending on patient age. In comparison to cranial tumors at age 20
      years, the HR was 5.56 (95% CI, 1.47-21.05; p = 0.01) for axial tumors and 6.26
      (95% CI, 1.54-25.42; p = 0.01) for appendicular tumors. At age 60 years, those
      ratios were 0.10 (95% CI, 0.02-0.55; p = 0.01) and 0.14 (95% CI, 0.04-0.58; p =
      0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that extraskeletal tumors are
      more common than previously reported; however, this factor does not have clear
      prognostic value. Presence of metastatic disease and increased tumor size are the
      main predictors of poor survival outcome. Cranial tumors appear to have a
      different clinical behavior with our data suggesting better overall survival in
      young patients (compared with axial and appendicular locations) and a worse
      survival outcome in older patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prognostic
      study.

PMID- 26975385
TI  - The Fate of Reconstructive Surgery Following Colectomy for Inflammatory Bowel
      Disease in Sweden: A Population-based Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies describing the cumulative failure rate
      after reconstructive surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease have
      been restricted to specific hospitals, and the generalizability of these results
      in a population-based setting is unknown. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the cumulative failure rate and risk factors for failure after
      reconstructive surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: The
      study cohort includes all patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Sweden who
      underwent colectomy in 2000 through 2013 who were later treated with
      reconstructive surgery with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis or ileorectal
      anastomosis. Each patient was followed from admission for reconstructive surgery
      until admission for failure (a diverting stoma or permanent stoma), date of
      death, migration or December 31, 2013. Cumulative failure distributions were
      obtained with the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable Cox regression models
      were used to calculate the risk of failure. RESULTS: Of the 1809 patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease treated with colectomy and reconstructive surgery, 83%
      had ulcerative colitis. During follow-up, 270 patients failed, and the cumulative
      failure rate was 4.1%, 13.2%, and 15.3% after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively.
      The risk of failure was lower after treatment with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
      than with ileorectal anastomosis [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.72
      (0.56-0.93)]. Gender, hospital volume, and timing of reconstruction were not
      significantly associated with the risk of failure. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year
      cumulative failure rate in a nationwide setting was 15.3%, and hospital volume
      was not associated with the risk of failure.

PMID- 26975386
TI  - Fluid overload and outcomes in neonates receiving continuous renal replacement
      therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has emerged as the
      modality of choice for the management of high-risk neonates with acute kidney
      injury (AKI), inborn errors of metabolism and multi-organ dysfunction. The aim of
      this study was to evaluate fluid overload (FO) and investigate the factors
      associated with outcomes in neonates undergoing CRRT. METHODS: We retrospectively
      reviewed the medical records of 34 neonates with AKI who were admitted to the
      neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of
      Korea between January 2007 and December 2014 where they underwent at least 24 h
      of CRRT. RESULTS: The survival rates of patients with an FO of >=30 % at the time
      of CRRT initiation were lower than those of patients with an FO of <30 % at the
      same time-point. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher
      percentage FO at CRRT initiation and decreased urine output at the end of CRRT
      were associated with mortality, and multivariate Cox regression analysis
      indicated that mortality was associated with decreased urine output at the end of
      CRRT. Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that the length of hospital
      stay was associated with higher levels of serum creatinine at CRRT initiation,
      longer stay in the NICU prior to initiation of CRRT, longer duration of CRRT and
      lower body weight at the time of NICU admission. CONCLUSIONS: Neonates with a
      higher percentage FO and higher levels of serum creatinine at CRRT initiation
      showed poor outcomes. Early initiation of CRRT before the development of severe
      FO or azotemia might improve the outcomes of neonates requiring CRRT.

PMID- 26975387
TI  - Urinary tract infection in infants caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase
      producing Escherichia coli: comparison between urban and rural hospitals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by extended
      spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is an emerging problem.
      Compared with urban infants, rural infants may encounter different distributions
      of community-acquired resistant strains and various barriers to efficient
      management. METHODS: A retrospective survey and comparison was conducted for
      infants with UTI caused by ESBL-producing E. coli admitted to an urban hospital
      (n = 111) and a rural hospital (n = 48) in southern Taiwan from 2009 to 2012.
      RESULTS: Compared with 2009 and 2010, the total number of cases at both hospitals
      significantly increased in 2011 and 2012 (p < 0.001). Compared with the rural
      patients, the urban patients were significantly younger, and they had fewer days
      of fever before and after admission, fewer presentations of poor activity and
      poor appetite, and a lower serum creatinine level. Most of the patients had no
      prior history of illness, and we could not identify any significant different
      risk factors for acquiring ESBL-producing E. coli, such as past antimicrobial
      use, hospitalization, UTI, and underlying renal diseases, between the urban and
      rural populations. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in community-acquired UTI in infants
      caused by ESBL-producing E. coli was similar between the urban and rural
      populations. Our preliminary data suggest that the rural-urban disparities were
      probably related to easy access to health care by the urban population. ESBL
      complicates disease management, and the increase in the prevalence of ESBL
      producers is a major health concern and requires further healthy carrier and
      environmental surveillance.

PMID- 26975389
TI  - The putative ABC transporter encoded by the orf19.4531 plays a role in the
      sensitivity of Candida albicans cells to azole antifungal drugs.
AB  - ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large superfamily of
      integral membrane proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In the human
      fungal pathogen Candida albicans, there are 28 genes encoding ABC transporters
      and many of them have not been characterized so far. The orf19.4531 (also known
      as IPF7530) encodes a putative ABC transporter. In this study, we have
      demonstrated that disruption of orf19.4531 causes C. albicans cells to become
      tolerant to azoles, but not to polyene antifungals and terbinafine. Therefore,
      the protein encoded by orf19.4531 is involved in azole sensitivity and we name it
      as ROA1, the regulator of azole sensitivity 1 gene. Consistently, we show that
      the expression of ROA1 is responsive to treatment of either fluconazole or
      ketoconazole inC. albicans In addition, through a GFP tagging approach, Roa1 is
      localized in a small punctuate compartment adjacent to the vacuolar membrane.
      However, ROA1 is not essential for the in vitro filamentation of C. albicans
      cells.

PMID- 26975388
TI  - Development of a Candida glabrata dominant nutritional transformation marker
      utilizing the Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase gene (amdS).
AB  - The gene encoding Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase (amdS) was placed under
      control of Candida albicans ACT1 promoter and terminator sequences and then
      cloned into a plasmid containing C. glabrata ARS10,CEN8 or ARS10+CEN8 sequences.
      All plasmids transformed C. glabrata wild-type cells to acetamide+, with the ARS
      only containing plasmid transforming cells at the highest frequencies (>1.0 *
      10(4) transformants MUg(-1)). Plasmids were rapidly lost under non-selective
      conditions with the frequency dependent on chromosomal element, thus recycling
      the acetamide- phenotype. The amdS plasmid was used to transform a set of
      clinical isolates resistant to a variety of antifungal drugs. All strains were
      successfully transformed to the acetamide+ phenotype at high frequency,
      confirming that this plasmid construct could be used as a simple dominant marker
      on virtually any strain. Gap repair experiments demonstrated that just as in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, gap repair functions efficiently inC. glabrata,
      suggesting that C. glabrata has numerous similarities toS. cerevisiae with regard
      to ease of molecular manipulation. The amdS system is inexpensive and efficient,
      and combined with existing C. glabrata plasmid elements, confers a high
      transformation frequency for C. glabrata with a phenotype that can be easily
      recycled.

PMID- 26975390
TI  - The transcription factor Ace2 and its paralog Swi5 regulate ethanol production
      during static fermentation through their targets Cts1 and Rps4a in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most widely used fermentation organism for
      ethanol production. However, the gene expression regulatory networks behind the
      ethanol fermentation are still not fully understood. Using a static fermentation
      model, we examined the ethanol yields on biomass of deletion mutants for 77 yeast
      genes encoding nonessential transcription factors, and found that deletion
      mutants for ACE2 and SWI5 showed dramatically increased ethanol yields.
      Overexpression of ACE2 or SWI5 in wild type cells reduced their ethanol yields.
      Furthermore, among the 34 target genes regulated by Ace2 and Swi5, deletion of
      CTS1,RPS4a,SIC1,EGT2,DSE2, or SCP160 led to increased ethanol yields, with the
      former two showing higher effects. Overexpression of CTS1 or RPS4a in both
      ace2/ace2 and swi5/swi5 mutants reduced their ethanol yields. In contrast,
      deletion of MCR1 or HO significantly decreased ethanol yields, with the former
      one showing the highest effect. Therefore, Ace2 and Swi5 are two negative
      regulators of ethanol yield during static fermentation of yeast cells, and both
      CTS1 and RPS4a are major effectors mediating these two transcription factors in
      regulating ethanol production.

PMID- 26975391
TI  - Does TSH Trigger the Anti-thyroid Autoimmune Processes? Observation on a Large
      Cohort of Naive Patients with Thyroid Hemiagenesis.
AB  - Thyroid hemiagenesis (THA) is a rare abnormality characterized by the absence of
      one thyroid lobe. Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and higher
      incidence of thyroid diseases were reported in THA. The aim of the study is to
      evaluate the thyroid autoimmunity incidence in patients with THA and influence of
      higher than average TSH level on thyroid volume (TV) and its change with age. The
      study included a group of naive patients with THA and a control group of subjects
      with bilobate thyroid. All patients underwent clinical examination, thyroid
      ultrasound, scintiscan and laboratory tests. In the studied and control group the
      presence of thyroid autoantibodies (TAb) was evaluated. The THA group consisted
      of 65 patients. In THA group 53.85 % of patients were positive for TAb. Patients
      with positive TAb were older (46.0 +/- 18.3 years) than those with negative (35.0
      +/- 19.8 years); p = 0.02. The incidence of TAb was lower in controls (13.85 %, p
      < 0.0001). In the study group, positive correlation between the age and TV (r =
      0.46, p = 0.0001), and negative correlations between the age and TSH level (r = 
      0.31, p = 0.01), and TSH concentration and TV (r = -0.35, p = 0.004) were found.
      In a subgroup of 30 patients with THA negative for TAb, even stronger
      correlations were observed. The median single lobe volume and median TSH level
      were higher in patients with THA when compared to controls (13.60 vs 8.20 ml, p <
      0.0001; 3.23 vs 1.48 uU/ml, p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with THA
      constitute an in vivo model of long-term thyroid TSH overstimulation. Further
      studies are needed to reveal, whether TSH overstimulation may be the trigger for
      thyroid autoimmunity. 

PMID- 26975393
TI  - IgG4-related disease presenting with an epidural inflammatory pseudotumor: a case
      report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory pseudotumor is a rare clinical condition that can be
      related to immunoglobulin G4 disease. Only a few cases of spinal inflammatory
      pseudotumors have been reported in the literature and an association with
      immunoglobulin G4 disease was not conclusive in any of them. We describe what we
      believe to be the first biopsy-proven case of an epidural inflammatory
      pseudotumor related to immunoglobulin G4 disease. CASE PRESENTATION: A 57-year
      old Caucasian woman presented to our hospital with severe paraparesis, gait
      disturbance, and sensory loss secondary to a relapsing epidural mass. Examination
      of a biopsy specimen revealed a lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with fibrosis and
      an immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cell ratio of over 50 %, which are
      compatible with a diagnosis of immunoglobulin G4-related inflammatory
      pseudotumor. Our patient was successfully treated with systemic and epidural
      administration of glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease
      is an emerging clinical condition in which central nervous system involvement is
      still uncommon. We describe the case of a patient with an epidural mass with
      medullar compression, which was proved to be an immunoglobulin G4-related
      epidural inflammatory pseudotumor. Our findings suggest a new manifestation of
      immunoglobulin G4-related disease. This disorder should be considered in the
      differential diagnosis of spinal tumors as a potentially treatable condition with
      glucocorticoids.

PMID- 26975392
TI  - Relevance of miR-21 in regulation of tumor suppressor gene PTEN in human cervical
      cancer cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Expression of the microRNA miR-21 has been found to be altered in
      almost all types of cancers and it has been classified as an oncogenic microRNA
      or oncomir. Due to the critical functions of its target proteins in various
      signaling pathways, miR-21 is an attractive target for genetic and
      pharmacological modulation in various cancers. Cervical cancer is the second most
      common cause of death from cancer in women worldwide and persistent HPV infection
      is the main etiologic agent. This malignancy merits special attention for the
      development of new treatment strategies. In the present study we analyze the role
      of miR-21 in cervical cancer cells. METHODS: To identify the downstream cellular
      target genes of upstream miR-21, we silenced endogenous miR-21 expression in a
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-derived cell lines using siRNAs. The effect of
      miR-21 on gene expression was assessed in cervical cancer cells transfected with
      the siRNA expression plasmid pSIMIR21. We identified the tumor suppressor gene
      PTEN as a target of miR-21 and determined the mechanism of its regulation
      throughout reporter construct plasmids. Using this model, we analyzed the
      expression of miR-21 and PTEN as well as functional effects such as autophagy and
      apoptosis induction. RESULTS: In SiHa cells, there was an inverse correlation
      between miR-21 expression and PTEN mRNA level as well as PTEN protein expression
      in cervical cancer cells. Transfection with the pSIMIR21 plasmid increased
      luciferase reporter activity in construct plasmids containing the PTEN-3'-UTR
      microRNA response elements MRE21-1 and MRE21-2. The role of miR-21 in cell
      proliferation was also analyzed in SiHa and HeLa cells transfected with the
      pSIMIR21 plasmid, and tumor cells exhibited markedly reduced cell proliferation
      along with autophagy and apoptosis induction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that miR
      21 post-transcriptionally down-regulates the expression of PTEN to promote cell
      proliferation and cervical cancer cell survival. Therefore, it may be a potential
      therapeutic target in gene therapy for cervical cancer.

PMID- 26975394
TI  - Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) is overexpressed in human prostate
      cancer tissue and promotes growth and migration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: PRL-3 is a phosphatase implicated in oncogenesis in multiple cancers.
      In some cancers, notably carcinomas, PRL-3 is also associated with inferior
      prognosis and increased metastatic potential. In this study we investigated the
      expression of PRL-3 mRNA in fresh-frozen samples from patients undergoing radical
      prostatectomy because of prostate cancer (PC) and the biological function of PRL
      3 in prostate cancer cells. METHODS: Samples from 41 radical prostatectomy
      specimens (168 samples in total) divided into low (Gleason score <= 6),
      intermediate (Gleason score = 7) and high (Gleason score >= 8) risk were analyzed
      with gene expression profiling and compared to normal prostate tissue. PRL-3 was
      identified as a gene with differential expression between healthy and cancerous
      tissue in these analyses. We used the prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145
      and a small molecular inhibitor of PRL-3 to investigate whether PRL-3 had a
      functional role in cancer. Relative ATP-measurement and thymidine incorporation
      were used to assess the effect of PRL-3 on growth of the cancer cells. We
      performed an in vitro scratch assay to investigate the involvement of PRL-3 in
      migration. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify PRL-3 protein in prostate
      cancer primary tumor and corresponding lymph node metastases. RESULTS: Compared
      to normal prostate tissue, the prostate cancer tissue expressed a significantly
      higher level of PRL-3. We found PRL-3 to be present in both PC3 and DU145, and
      that inhibition of PRL-3 led to growth arrest and apoptosis in these two cell
      lines. Inhibition of PRL-3 led to reduced migration of the PC3 cells.
      Immunohistochemistry showed PRL-3 expression in both primary tumor and
      corresponding lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: PRL-3 mRNA was expressed to a
      greater extent in prostate cancer tissue compared to normal prostate tissue. PRL
      3 protein was expressed in both prostate cancer primary tumor and corresponding
      lymph node metastases. The results from our in vitro assays suggest that PRL-3
      promotes growth and migration in prostate cancer. In conclusion, these results
      imply that PRL-3 has a role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.

PMID- 26975395
TI  - Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Piscirickettsia salmonis from Chilean
      and Canadian salmonids.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The study presents the phenotypic and genetic characterization of
      selected P. salmonis isolates from Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout suffering
      from SRS (salmonid rickettsial septicemia) in Chile and in Canada. The phenotypic
      characterization of the P. salmonis isolates were based on growth on different
      agar media (including a newly developed medium), different growth temperatures,
      antibiotics susceptibility and biochemical tests. RESULTS: This is the first
      study differentiating Chilean P. salmonis isolates into two separate genetic
      groups. Genotyping, based on 16S rRNA-ITS and concatenated housekeeping genes
      grouped the selected isolates into two clades, constituted by the Chilean
      strains, while the Canadian isolates form a branch in the phylogenetic tree. The
      latter consisted of two isolates that were different in both genetic and
      phenotypic characteristics. The phylogenies and the MLST do not reflect the
      origin of the isolates with respect to host species. The isolates included were
      heterogeneous in phenotypic tests. CONCLUSIONS: The genotyping methods developed
      in this study provided a tool for separation of P. salmonis isolates into
      distinct clades. The SRS outbreaks in Chile are caused by minimum two different
      genetic groups of P. salmonis. This heterogeneity should be considered in future
      development of vaccines against this bacterium in Chile. Two different strains of
      P. salmonis, in regards to genetic and phenotypic characteristics, can occur in
      the same contemporary outbreak of SRS.

PMID- 26975397
TI  - Fat infiltration of left ventricle - a rare cause of sudden cardiac death.
AB  - Cor adiposum is a rare disorder of the heart, where the normal heart tissue is
      replaced by fibro-fatty infiltrates. We report one such case of a middle-aged
      female who was declared dead shortly after a syncopal episode. At autopsy, the
      pericardium was intact and firmly adhered to the heart. Histopathology revealed
      fatty infiltrates extending into the left ventricle of the heart. A post-mortem
      diagnosis of Cor adiposum was made which is an uncommonly reported cause of
      sudden cardiac death. 

PMID- 26975396
TI  - International survey and surgeon's preferences in diagnostic work-up towards
      treatment of anterior shoulder instability.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recurrent anterior shoulder instability after surgical treatment can be
      caused by bony defects. Several diagnostic tools have been designed to measure
      the extent of these bony lesions. Currently, there is no consensus which
      measurement tool to use and decide which type of surgery is most appropriate. We
      therefore performed an evaluation of agreement in surgeons' preference of
      diagnostic work-up and surgical treatment of anterior shoulder instability.
      METHODS: An international survey was conducted amongst orthopaedic shoulder
      surgeons. The survey contained questions about surgeons' experience, clinical and
      radiological examination and the subsequent treatment for anterior shoulder
      instability. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data, and
      percentages of responding surgeons were calculated. RESULTS: The questionnaire
      was completed by 197 delegates from 46 countries. 55 % of the respondents think
      evidence in current literature is sufficient on diagnostic work-up for anterior
      shoulder instability. Anamnestic, number of dislocations was most frequently
      asked (by 95 % of respondents), the most frequently used test is the apprehension
      test (91 %). For imaging, conventional X-ray in various directions was most
      performed, followed by MR arthrography and plane CT scan respectively. The
      responding surgeons perform surgery (labrum repair or Latarjet) in 51 % of the
      patients. A median of 25 % glenoid bone loss was given by the respondents, as cut
      off from when to perform a bony repair. CONCLUSION: Many different diagnostic
      examinations for assessing shoulder instability are used and a high variety is
      seen in the use of diagnostic tools. Also no consensus is seen in the use of
      different surgical options (arthroscopic and open procedures). This implies the
      need for more research on diagnostic imaging and the correlation with specific
      subsequent surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Survey, level of evidence IV.

PMID- 26975398
TI  - Comment on "Adjacent segment infection after surgical treatment of
      spondylodiscitis" by Siam AE et al.

PMID- 26975399
TI  - The effect of topical sodium diclofenac on macular thickness in diabetic eyes
      after phacoemulsification: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic administration of the topical diclofenac
      0.1 % on macular thickness in diabetic patients following phacoemulsification and
      intraocular lens implantation surgery. In a Randomized double-masked clinical
      trial, 108 eyes of 108 diabetic patients underwent phacoemulsification and
      intraocular lens implantation surgery were enrolled. Fifty four eyes received the
      conventional postoperative care with steroid drop, whereas the other group (54
      eyes) was given a preoperative diclofenac drop four times daily in addition to
      steroid drop and continued 6 weeks after surgery. All patients were evaluated by
      optical coherence tomography (OCT) preoperatively and days 1, 30, and 90. The
      outcome measures including best-corrected visual acuity and OCT findings were
      compared in and between both groups. Mean CMT changed from 239 +/- 16 and 235 +/-
      17 at baseline to 249 +/- 15 and 254 +/- 28 at 3 months in the case and control
      groups, respectively(p = 0.003). Mean total volume of macula changed from 7.61 +/
      0.22 and 7.56 +/- 0.3 at baseline to 7.64 +/- 0.22 and 7.65 +/- 0.31 at 3 months
      in the case and control groups, respectively (p = 0.820). In comparison to the
      quadrants thicknesses and mean of them between groups did not reach the
      significant level. This study showed that there is a beneficial effect of topical
      diclofenac for prevention of macular thickness increasing following
      phacoemulsification in diabetic patients.

PMID- 26975400
TI  - Evaluating the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in peripheral blood of patients with
      diverse forms of uveitis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of Toxoplasmosis gondii in
      samples of peripheral blood from patients with varying etiologies of uveitis.
      Whole blood from patients with different forms of uveitis was tested for the
      presence of T. gondii using real-time PCR targeting the well-characterized 529 bp
      fragment. Extracted DNA was both frozen. Thirty-one patients were included in the
      current study and grouped as follows: acute toxoplasmosis (n = 10); toxoplasmic
      retinal scars (n = 9); non-infectious etiologies of uveitis (n = 6); and IgG
      negative for toxoplasmosis (n = 6). In total, only two patients were shown to
      have circulating T. gondii in peripheral blood; both of these patients were IgG
      positive for toxoplasmosis, were receiving immunosuppressive therapy for
      autoimmune uveitis, and had no clinical features of toxoplasmosis. T. gondii was
      identified in peripheral blood of some immunosuppressed patients. No other
      patients, including those with acute toxoplasmosis, had circulating parasites in
      peripheral blood.

PMID- 26975401
TI  - Intraocular lens implantation without the use of ophthalmic viscosurgical device.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether single-piece hydrophilic
      acrylic intraocular lens can be safely implanted without the use of ophthalmic
      viscosurgical devices. This retrospective study comprised 100 eyes having
      phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation without the use of
      ophthalmic viscosurgical device. 80 eyes with the use of a viscosurgical device
      are used as control group. In this intraocular lens implantation technique, the
      anterior chamber was maintained with an irrigation cannula and intraocular lens
      was implanted with a lens injector. Visual acuity, corneal clarity and edema,
      intraocular pressure, and corneal endothelial cell count were evaluated
      preoperatively and postoperatively at days 1, 7, and 30. Corneal endothelial cell
      count was repeated 2 weeks after surgery. Complications of this technique were
      also evaluated. No significant complications of this intraocular lens
      implantation technique, such as posterior capsule rupture, intraocular lens
      buttonholing, zonular dialysis, Descemet's tear/detachment, occurred. On the
      seventh postoperative day, 90 % of eyes achieved 20/20 or better vision. There
      was no difference in corneal endothelial cell loss between viscoelastic device
      used and not-used cases (p = 0.356). When implanting intraocular lens without the
      use of ophthalmic viscosurgical device, significant intraoperative complications
      did not occur. The possible advantages are shortened surgery time, avoidance of
      postoperative IOP spike from ocular viscosurgical device (OVD) remnant, and
      reduced cost.

PMID- 26975403
TI  - Cerebral Edema After Cardiac Arrest: Tell Tale Sign of Catastrophic Injury or a
      Treatable Complication?

PMID- 26975402
TI  - Mechanistic interrogation of combination bevacizumab/dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor
      response in glioblastoma implementing novel MR and PET imaging biomarkers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Resistance to bevacizumab (BEV) in glioblastoma is believed to occur via
      activation of molecular networks including the mTOR/PI3K pathway. Using an MR/PET
      molecular imaging biomarker approach, we investigated the response to combining
      BEV with the mTOR/PI3K inhibitor BEZ235. METHODS: Tumours were established by
      orthotopically implanting U87MG-luc2 cells in mice. Animals were treated with
      BEZ235 and/or BEV, and imaged using diffusion-weighted-MRI, T2-weighted and T2*
      weighted before and after administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast
      agent. Maps for changes in relaxation rates (DeltaR2, DeltaR2* and apparent
      diffusion coefficient) were calculated. Vessel size index and microvessel density
      index were derived. 3'-Deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) PET and O-(2
      [(18)F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([(18)F]FET) PET were further performed and tumour
      endothelium/proliferation markers assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:
      Treatment with BEV resulted in a pronounced decrease in tumour volume (T2
      weighted MRI). No additive effect on tumour volume was observed with the
      BEV/BEZ235 combination compared with BEV monotherapy. The Ki67 proliferation
      index and [(18)F]FLT uptake studies were used to support the observations. Using
      DeltaR2* and DeltaR2 values, respectively, the BEV/BEZ235 combination
      significantly reduced tumour microvessel volume in comparison to BEV alone.
      Decreased microvessel density index was further observed in animals treated with
      the combination, supported by von Willebrand factor (vWF) immunohistochemistry.
      [(18)F]FET uptake was decreased following treatment with BEV alone, but was not
      further reduced following treatment with the combination. vWF
      immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the mean tumour vessel size was
      increased in all cohorts. CONCLUSION: Assessing MR imaging biomarker parameters
      together with [(18)F]FET and [(18)F]FLT PET provided information on mechanism of
      action of the drug combination and clues as to potential clinical responses.
      Following translation to clinical use, treatment with a BEV/BEZ235 combination
      could reduce peritumoral oedema obviating the requirement for steroids. The use
      of hypothesis-driven molecular imaging studies facilitates the preclinical
      evaluation of drug response. Studies of this kind may more accurately predict the
      clinical potential of the BEV/BEZ235 combination regimen as a novel therapeutic
      approach in oncology.

PMID- 26975404
TI  - TiO2-SO4(2-) Catalyzed Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity / Molecular Docking
      Studies of beta-Indolylnitroalkanes.
AB  - Michael addition of indole derivatives with various substituted nitrostyrenes to
      yield beta- indolylnitroalkanes is accomplished effectively under solvent free
      conditions using TiO2-SO4(2-) as efficient catalyst at 60 o C. All the
      synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity through in
      silico and in vitro methods. The molecular docking studies against FabH enzyme, a
      potential drug target of bacterial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway indicated the
      scope of developing them a new class of antimicrobial agents. Among the title
      compounds, 5h exhibited the highest dock score and the highest antibacterial
      activity when compared with other compounds and the standard drug Ampicillin. In
      addition, the compounds 5d, 5e, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j and 5l showed significant
      inhibitory activity at different dose concentrations under in vitro conditions
      against the specified bacterial strains thus qualifying for further clinical
      evaluation so that they can be used as effective anti-bacterial agents.

PMID- 26975405
TI  - Not Just Any Job Will Do: A Study on Employment Characteristics and Recidivism
      Risks After Release.
AB  - Ex-prisoners' recidivism risks are high. Several theories state that employment
      can reduce these risks but emphasize that the protective role of employment is
      conditional on job qualities (work intensity, job duration, etc.). Longitudinal
      research on the role of employment in ex-prisoners' recidivism patterns is
      scarce, and most existing work used a simplistic employment measure (i.e.,
      employed vs. unemployed), leaving the topic of job quality underexplored. This
      study examines the association between employment characteristics and recidivism
      among Dutch ex-prisoners. Using longitudinal data of the Prison Project ( n =
      714), we found that not just any job, but particularly stable employment and jobs
      with a higher occupational level could help reduce crime rates among these high
      risk offenders. Many ex-prisoners face a human capital deficit that complicates
      the guidance to high-quality jobs. It might, however, be possible to help place
      ex-prisoners in stable employment.

PMID- 26975406
TI  - Epigenetic factors MeCP2 and HDAC6 control alpha-tubulin acetylation in cardiac
      fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis.
AB  - AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological feature of
      cardiac remodeling in heart diseases. Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a
      transcription inhibitor, and plays a key role in the fibrotic diseases. However,
      the precise role of MeCP2 in cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. alpha-tubulin
      plays an essential role in cell function, whereby the acetylation state of alpha
      Tubulin dictates the efficiency of cell proliferation and differentiation. This
      study was undertaken to investigate that MeCP2 dynamics affect the acetylation
      state of alpha-tubulin in the cardiac fibrosis. METHODS: Forty adult male Sprague
      Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups, cardiac fibrosis was
      produced by common ISO. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were harvested from SD neonate
      rats and cultured. The expression of HDAC6, MeCP2, alpha-SMA, collagen I was
      measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR. siRNA of HDAC6 and MeCP2 effect the
      proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, and affect the acetylation state of alpha
      tubulin. RESULTS: We have found the acetylation state of alpha-tubulin in cardiac
      fibroblasts as well as cardiac tissue from a ISO-induced rat cardiac fibrosis
      model and observed a reduction in acetylated alpha-tubulin and an increase in the
      alpha-tubulin-specific deacetylase, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Furthermore,
      we have shown that treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with HDAC6 inhibitor
      Tubastatin A and HDAC6-siRNA can restore alpha-tubulin acetylation levels. In
      addition, treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with MeCP2-siRNA blocked cell
      proliferation. Knockdown of MeCP2 suppresses HDAC6 expression in activated
      cardiac fibroblasts but increases the acetylation of alpha-tubulin. CONCLUSIONS:
      We demonstrated that MeCP2 may negatively control the acetylation of alpha
      tubulin through HDAC6 in cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis. This
      study indicated that MeCP2 could be a potentially new therapeutic option for
      cardiac fibrosis.

PMID- 26975407
TI  - Evaluation of the role of remission status in a heterogeneous limited disease
      small-cell lung cancer patient cohort treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of remission status in limited disease (LD) small-cell lung
      cancer (SCLC) patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) remains to
      be finally clarified. METHODS: Individual data from 184 patients treated with
      definitive CRT concurrently or sequentially were retrospectively reviewed. Kaplan
      Meier analysis as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were
      used to describe survival within patient subgroups defined by remission status.
      RESULTS: 71 (39%) patients were treated in the concurrent, 113 (61%) in the
      sequential CRT mode. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) was applied in 71
      (39%) patients. 37 (20%) patients developed local, while 89 (48%) distant
      recurrence. 58 (32%) patients developed metachronous brain metastases. Complete,
      partial remission and non-response (defined as stable and progressive disease)
      were documented in 65 (35%), 77 (42%), and 37 (20%) patients, respectively. In
      complete responders median overall survival was 21.8 months (95CI: 18.6 - 25)
      versus 14.9 (95% CI: 11.7 - 18.2) (p = 0.041, log-rank test) and 11.5 months (95%
      CI: 8.9 - 15.0) (p < 0.001, log-rank test) in partial and non-responders,
      respectively. The same effect was documented for the time to progression and
      distant metastasis-free survival. In the multivariate analysis achievement of
      complete remission as a variable shows a trend for the prolonged time to
      progression (p = 0.1, HR 1.48) and distant metastasis-free survival (p = 0.06, HR
      1.63) compared to partial responders and was highly significant compared to non
      responders. CONCLUSION: In this treated heterogeneous LD SCLC patient cohort
      complete remission was associated with longer time to progression, distant
      metastasis-free and overall survival compared to the non- and especially partial
      responders.

PMID- 26975408
TI  - Scientific literature on infectious diseases affecting livestock animals,
      longitudinal worldwide bibliometric analysis.
AB  - The objectives of this bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature were to
      describe the research subjects and the international collaborations in the field
      of research on infectious diseases in livestock animals including fishes and
      honeybees. It was based on articles published worldwide from 2006 through 2013.
      The source of data was the Web of Science, Core collection((r)) and only papers
      fully written in English were considered. Queries were built that combined 130
      descriptors related to animal species and 1213 descriptors related to diseases
      and pathogens. To refine and assess the accuracy of the extracted database,
      supplementary filters were applied to discard non-specific terms and neighbouring
      topics, and numerous tests were carried out on samples. For pathogens, annotation
      was done using a thematic terminology established to link each disease with its
      corresponding pathogen, which was in turn classified according to its family. A
      total of 62,754 articles were published in this field during this 8-year period.
      The average annual growth rate of the number of papers was 5%. This represents
      the reference data to which we compared the average annual growth rate of
      articles produced in each of the sub-categories that we defined. Thirty-seven
      percent of the papers were dedicated to ruminant diseases. Poultry, pigs and
      fishes were covered by respectively 21, 13 and 14% of the total. Thirty-seven
      percent of papers concerned bacteria, 33% viruses, 19% parasites, 2% prions, the
      remaining being multi-pathogens. Research on virology, especially on pigs and
      poultry, is increasing faster than the average. There also is increasing interest
      in monogastric species, fish and bees. The average annual growth rate for Asia
      was 10%, which is high compared to 3% for Europe and 2% for the Americas,
      indicating that Asia is currently playing a leading role in this field. There is
      a well established network of international collaborations. For 75% of the
      papers, the co-authors were from the same country, for 10%, they were from
      different countries on the same continent, and for 15%, they were from different
      continents. The annual growth rate of papers representing international
      collaborations generally is increasing more quickly than the overall average.

PMID- 26975409
TI  - On Sequence Learning Models: Open-loop Control Not Strictly Guided by Hick's Law.
AB  - According to the Hick's law, reaction times increase linearly with the
      uncertainty of target stimuli. We tested the generality of this law by measuring
      reaction times in a human sequence learning protocol involving serial target
      locations which differed in transition probability and global entropy. Our
      results showed that sigmoid functions better describe the relationship between
      reaction times and uncertainty when compared to linear functions. Sequence
      predictability was estimated by distinct statistical predictors: conditional
      probability, conditional entropy, joint probability and joint entropy measures.
      Conditional predictors relate to closed-loop control models describing that
      performance is guided by on-line access to past sequence structure to predict
      next location. Differently, joint predictors relate to open-loop control models
      assuming global access of sequence structure, requiring no constant monitoring.
      We tested which of these predictors better describe performance on the sequence
      learning protocol. Results suggest that joint predictors are more accurate than
      conditional predictors to track performance. In conclusion, sequence learning is
      better described as an open-loop process which is not precisely predicted by
      Hick's law. 

PMID- 26975410
TI  - Transcriptome analysis of the effect of Vibrio alginolyticus infection on the
      innate immunity-related TLR5-mediated induction of cytokines in Epinephelus
      lanceolatus.
AB  - Epinephelus lanceolatus, considered to be an aquaculture fish species of high
      economic value in East Asia, is one of the largest groupers in the Epinephelus
      genus. Vibrio alginolyticus is a bacterial species that causes high morbidity in
      marine fish; infection can cause exophthalmia, ulcers, septicemia, and corneal
      opaqueness in fish. Epinephelus lanceolatus larvae infected with Vibrio
      alginolyticus were subjected to transcriptome analysis to study the immune
      regulation pathway. Grouper larvae were injected with 2.6 * 10(4) CFU/fish in 20
      MUl of V. alginolyticus and control larvae were injected with TSB; RNA samples
      were then collected at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, and 48 h after infection.
      Extracted RNA was subjected to reverse transcription, and used to examine the
      immune gene response of E. lanceolatus by Real-time PCR. Samples taken at 6 h
      were subjected to next-generation sequencing, resulting in a total read value of
      28,705,411 and total base number of 2,152,905,850. The unigene number was
      100,848, and 5913 unigenes were filtered using FPKM>0.3, 2FC, p < 0.05. Gene
      Ontology (GO) analysis of the filtered genes revealed a total of 30 GO numbers in
      the cellular component, and 58 GO numbers for both biological processes and
      molecular functions. Of the GO group related to immune pathways, 27 unigenes
      related to biological processes involving the immune response, 31 related to the
      immune system, 9 related to the inflammatory response, and 43 related to the
      response to stress were identified. KEGG pathway analysis only detected 1 to 4
      genes, and as such, we selected the GO analysis results for further analysis
      using GeneSpring. This demonstrated that V. alginolyticus probably stimulates
      TLR5 activity via the bacterial flagellum, through an MyD88-dependent pathway;
      the resulting production of IL-1beta and IL-8 through the NFkappaB pathway
      induces pro-inflammatory and/or chemotactic effects. Alternatively, serum amyloid
      A may stimulate neutrophils that induce the secretion of MMP9 from infected
      tissues, resulting in the cleavage and activation of IL-8. IL-8, in turn, would
      enhance neutrophil chemotaxis. Infection also induced expression of genes
      encoding C3, C6, C7, C8, and C9, which induce the complement system and form the
      membrane attack complex to lyse the bacteria membrane. The qPCR results indicated
      that TLR5 is significantly increased between 10 and 16 h, IL-1beta between 8 and
      16 h, IL-8 between 8 and 12 h, and C6 between 4 and 16 h, as compared to levels
      in the control. One antimicrobial peptide, hepcidin, was also strongly expressed
      between 4 and 10 h in infected fish. The results indicate that V. alginolyticus
      infection probably induces an immune response via TLR5-mediated regulation of
      down-stream cytokine gene expression. A second possibility is that the complement
      system and hepcidin may be involved in the immune response. These results may be
      applied by examining the immune effects of feeding E. lanceolatus larvae on a
      recombinant protein mixture based on the up-regulated genes.

PMID- 26975411
TI  - Changes in microRNAs expression profile of olive flounder (Paralichthys
      olivaceus) in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection.
AB  - To know the effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection on the
      cellular microRNA expression profile in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus),
      fish were infected with VHSV, and cellular microRNAs expression was analyzed at 0
      (control), 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (h.p.i.) by the high-throughput
      sequencing. A total of 372 mature miRNAs were identified, and, among them, 63
      miRNAs were differentially expressed during VHSV infection. The differentially
      expressed microRNAs number was greatly increased from 24 h.p.i. compared to the
      number at 6 and 12 h.p.i., suggesting that the alteration of microRNAs expression
      by VHSV infection may be related to the progression of VHSV disease. The target
      prediction analysis, the GO enrichment analysis, and the KEGG pathway analysis of
      the predicted target genes showed that various biological pathways could be
      affected by VHSV infection through the down-regulation or up-regulation of host
      miRNAs. The present results provide a basic information on the microRNAs related
      to VHSV infection in olive flounder. Considering broad effects of microRNAs on
      various biological pathways, data in this study can be used to interpret the
      mechanism of VHSV pathogenesis, which, vice versa, can be used to develop control
      measures against VHSV. 

PMID- 26975412
TI  - Identification and functional characterization of fish-egg lectin in zebrafish.
AB  - Fish-egg lectins (FELs) are identified in several species of fishes, but their
      activity and mode of action remain largely unknown in early life stages. Here we
      showed that zebrafish FEL (zFEL) was a maternal factor, which was capable of
      interacting with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and enhancing the
      phagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages. Interestingly, microinjection of
      purified native zFEL into the embryos (resulting in the increase of zFEL in the
      embryos) markedly promoted the resistance of the embryos to the pathogenic
      Aeromonas hydrophila. Taken together, zFEL appears a maternal immune-relevant
      molecule capable of defending the developing embryos/larvae from pathogenic
      attacks. 

PMID- 26975413
TI  - The inhibitory role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on immunomodulation of
      Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.
AB  - gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter to suppress the
      immune-mediated pro-inflammatory reactions, and it has been used in the treatment
      of many inflammation-related diseases in vertebrates, while its immunomodulatory
      role in invertebrates has never been reported. In the present study, GABA was
      found to exist in the hemolymph of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and its
      concentration decreased slightly from 8.00 +/- 0.37 MUmol L(-1) at normal
      condition to 7.73 +/- 0.15 MUmol L(-1) at 6 h after LPS stimulation, and then
      increased to 9.34 +/- 0.15 MUmol L(-1), 8.86 +/- 0.68 MUmol L(-1) at 12 h and 48
      h, respectively. After LPS stimulation, the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines (CgIL-17 and CgTNF) and immune effectors (CgSOD and CgBPI), and the
      protein expression of NOS increased significantly, and these increased trends
      were remarkably inhibited by GABA stimulation. At the same time, the phagocytosis
      rate and apoptosis rate of immunocytes also increased obviously after LPS
      stimulation, whereas the increase was repressed with the addition of GABA. The
      results collectively demonstrated that GABA was an indispensable inhibitory agent
      for both humoral and cellular immune response, which mainly functioned at the
      late phase of immune response to avoid the excess immune reactions and maintain
      the immune homeostasis.

PMID- 26975415
TI  - Mineralization Effect of Hyaluronan on Dental Pulp Cells via CD44.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in various cellular
      functions. Recent studies have suggested that CD44 is involved in early
      mineralization of odontoblasts. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the principal ligand for
      receptor CD44. Whether and how HA regulated the mineralization process of dental
      pulp cells were investigated. METHODS: The effects of high-molecular-weight HA on
      differentiation and mineral deposition of dental pulp cells were tested by using
      alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay and alizarin red S staining.
      Osteogenesis real-time polymerase chain reaction array, quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction, and Western blotting were performed to identify downstream
      molecules involved in the mineralization induction of HA. CD44 was knocked down
      and examined to confirm whether the mineralization effect of HA was mediated by
      receptor CD44. Immunohistochemistry was used to understand the localization
      patterns of CD44 and the identified downstream proteins in vivo. RESULTS: Pulse
      treatment of HA enhanced ALP activity and mineral deposition in dental pulp
      cells. Tissue-nonspecific ALP, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), and type XV
      collagen (Col15A1) were upregulated via the HA-CD44 pathway in vitro.
      Immunohistochemistry of tooth sections showed that the staining pattern of BMP7
      was very similar to that of CD44. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study indicated
      that high-molecular-weight HA enhanced early mineralization of dental pulp cells
      mediated via CD44. The process involved important mineralization-associated
      molecules including tissue-nonspecific ALP, BMP7, and Col15A1. The findings may
      help develop new strategies in regenerative endodontics.

PMID- 26975416
TI  - Micro-Computed Tomography Assessment of Apical Accessory Canal Morphologies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The morphologic features of accessory canals (ACs) were
      investigated by using micro-computed tomography technique with a centerline
      fitting algorithm. METHODS: Ninety-three 3-mm-long apical root segments with
      unobstructed ACs were scanned by micro-computed tomography at 2.5-MUm scanning
      resolution. After automatic segmentation, a centerline of the reconstructed
      lateral canal was developed, and the diameter, length, shape, and undulation of
      ACs were analyzed along the centerline. RESULTS: Of 178 unobstructed ACs
      identified, the median diameter was 67.0 MUm, the average length was 786.6 MUm,
      the predominant shape was oval, and the undulation was tortuous rather than
      straight. CONCLUSIONS: The diameter, length, shape, and undulation may vary among
      ACs in particular from the pulpal space to the external root surface, which may
      complicate the debridement of the ACs.

PMID- 26975417
TI  - Balance training improves postural balance, gait, and functional strength in
      adolescents with intellectual disabilities: Single-blinded, randomized clinical
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adolescents with intellectual disabilities often present with
      problems of balance and mobility. Balance training is an important component of
      physical activity interventions, with growing evidence that it can be beneficial
      for people with intellectual disabilities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was
      to investigate the effect of balance training on postural balance, gait, and
      functional strength in adolescents with intellectual disabilities. METHODS:
      Thirty-two adolescents with intellectual disabilities aged 14-19 years were
      randomly assigned either to a balance training group (n = 15) or a control group
      (n = 16). Subjects in the balance training group underwent balance training for
      40 min per day, two times a week, for 8 weeks. All subjects were assessed with
      posture sway and the one-leg stance test for postural balance; the timed up-and
      go test and 10-m walk test for gait; and sit to stand test for functional
      strength. RESULTS: Postural balance and functional strength showed significant
      improvements in the balance training group (p < 0.05) as compared to baseline;
      however, postural balance and muscle strength showed no significant improvements
      in the control group. Further, postural balance and functional strength
      significantly improved in the balance training group compared with those in the
      control group. CONCLUSIONS: Balance training for adolescents with intellectual
      disabilities might be beneficial for improving postural balance and functional
      strength.

PMID- 26975414
TI  - Human H7N9 virus induces a more pronounced pro-inflammatory cytokine but an
      attenuated interferon response in human bronchial epithelial cells when compared
      with an epidemiologically-linked chicken H7N9 virus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Avian influenza virus H7N9 has jumped species barrier, causing
      sporadic human infections since 2013. We have previously isolated an H7N9 virus
      from a patient, and an H7N9 virus from a chicken in a live poultry market where
      the patient visited during the incubation period. These two viruses were
      genetically highly similar. This study sought to use a human bronchial epithelial
      cell line model to infer the virulence of these H7N9 viruses in humans. METHODS:
      Human bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 was infected with two H7N9 viruses
      (human H7N9-HU and chicken H7N9-CK), a human H5N1 virus and a human 2009 pandemic
      H1N1 virus. The infected cell lysate was collected at different time points post
      infection for the determination of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
      (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interleukin 6 [IL-6]), anti
      inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 [IL-10] and transforming growth factor
      beta [TGF-beta]), chemokines (interleukin 8 [IL-8] and monocyte chemoattractant
      protein 1 [MCP-1]), and interferons (interferon beta [IFN-beta] and interferon
      lambda 1 [IFNL1]). The viral load in the cell lysate was also measured. RESULTS:
      Comparison of the human and chicken H7N9 viruses showed that H7N9-HU induced
      significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha at 12 h post-infection, and
      significantly higher levels of IL-8 from 12 to 48 h post-infection than those of
      H7N9-CK. However, the level of IFNL1 was lower for H7N9-HU than that of H7N9-CK
      at 48 h post-infection (P < 0.001). H7N9-HU had significantly higher viral loads
      than H7N9-CK at 3 and 6 h post-infection. H5N1 induced significantly higher
      levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MCP-1 than those of H7N9 viruses at 48
      h post-infection. Conversely, H1N1 induced lower levels of TNF-alpha, IL-10, MCP
      1, IFNL1 and IFN-beta when compared with H7N9 viruses at the same time point.
      CONCLUSIONS: H7N9-HU induced higher levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 and
      exhibited a more rapid viral replication than H7N9-CK. However, the level of
      antiviral IFNL1 was lower for H7N9-HU than H7N9-CK. Our results suggest that the
      gained properties in modulating human innate immunity by H7N9-HU transformed it
      to be a more virulent virus in humans than H7N9-CK.

PMID- 26975418
TI  - A Phase II Efficacy and Safety, Open-Label, Multicenter Study of Imprime PGG
      Injection in Combination With Cetuximab in Patients With Stage IV KRAS-Mutant
      Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Imprime PGG (beta(1,6)-[poly-(1,3)-D-glucopyranosyl]-poly-beta(1,3)-D
      glucopyranose) is an innate immune cell modulator that primes neutrophils and
      monocytes/macrophages to exert antitumor activity against complement opsonized
      tumor cells. In patients with KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC), cetuximab
      alone is ineffective; however, it can bind to tumor cells and induce opsonization
      for recognition by Imprime PGG-bound innate immune cells. The primary objective
      of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of Imprime PGG in
      combination with cetuximab in patients with KRAS-mutant metastatic CRC. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: The study had a 2-stage Simon optimal design with 80% power to
      detect a target objective response rate (ORR) of >=10% at a 10% significance
      level. Patients received weekly Imprime PGG (4 mg/kg) and cetuximab (loading
      dose, 400 mg/m(2), then 250 mg/m(2)) intravenously. The primary end point was
      ORR; secondary end points included duration of response (DOR), time to
      progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), disease control rate, progression-free
      survival, and safety. Stage 1 of the study was to enroll 17 evaluable patients.
      RESULTS: One partial response (5.6%) was observed among 18 patients enrolled into
      stage 1. Median DOR was 4.2 months, TTP 2.7 months, and OS 6.6 months. Overall,
      observed toxicity was as expected from cetuximab alone. The most common (>=20%)
      adverse events related to Imprime PGG were fatigue (7 patients; 38.9%), infusion
      reaction (4 patients; 22.2%), and headache (4 patients; 22.2%). There was no
      Grade 4 toxicity nor treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION: Imprime PGG in
      combination with cetuximab treatment in patients with KRAS-mutant CRC showed
      compelling, albeit modest, clinical activity. This study provides proof of
      principle that Imprime PGG, in combination with complement-activating antibodies,
      is associated with clinical activity.

PMID- 26975420
TI  - The Ecological Role of Sharks on Coral Reefs.
AB  - Sharks are considered the apex predator of coral reefs, but the consequences of
      their global depletion are uncertain. Here we explore the ecological roles of
      sharks on coral reefs and, conversely, the importance of reefs for sharks. We
      find that most reef-associated shark species do not act as apex predators but
      instead function as mesopredators along with a diverse group of reef fish. While
      sharks perform important direct and indirect ecological roles, the evidence to
      support hypothesised shark-driven trophic cascades that benefit corals is weak
      and equivocal. Coral reefs provide some functional benefits to sharks, but sharks
      do not appear to favour healthier reef environments. Restoring populations of
      sharks is important and can yet deliver ecological surprise.

PMID- 26975419
TI  - Resilience, tipping, and hydra effects in public health: emergent collective
      behavior in two agent-based models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Collective health behavior often demonstrates counter-intuitive
      dynamics, sometimes resisting interventions designed to produce change, or even
      producing effects that are in the opposite direction than intended by the
      intervention, e.g. lowering infectivity resulting in increased infections. At
      other times collective health behavior exhibits sudden large-scale change in
      response to small interventions or change in the environment, a phenomenon often
      called "tipping." I hypothesize that these seemingly very different phenomena can
      all be explained by the same dynamic, a type of collective resilience. METHODS: I
      compared two simple agent-based models of interactions in networks: a public
      health behavior game, in which individuals decide whether or not to adopt
      protective behavior, and a microbial-level game, in which three different strains
      of bacteria attack each other. I examined the type of networks and other
      conditions that support a dynamic balance, and determined what changes of
      conditions will tip the balance. RESULTS: Both models show lasting dynamic
      equilibrium and resilience, resulting from negative feedback that supports
      oscillating coexistence of diversity under a range of conditions. In the public
      health game, health protection is followed by free-riding defectors, followed by
      a rise in infection, in long-lasting cycles. In the microbial game, each of three
      strains takes turns dominating. In both games, the dynamic balance is tipped by
      lowering the level of local clustering, changing the level of benefit, or
      lowering infectivity or attack rate. Lowering infectivity has the surprising
      effect of increasing the numbers of infected individuals. We see parallel results
      in the microbial game of three bacterial strains, where lowering one strain's
      attack rate (analogous to lowering infectivity) increases the numbers of the
      restrained attacker, a phenomenon captured by the phrase, "the enemy of my enemy
      is my friend." CONCLUSIONS: Collective behavior often shows a dynamic balance,
      resulting from negative feedback, supporting diversity and resisting change.
      Above certain threshold conditions, the dynamic balance is tipped towards
      uniformity of behavior. Under a certain range of conditions we see "hydra
      effects" in which interventions to lower attack rate or infectivity are self
      defeating. Simple models of collective behavior can explain these seemingly
      disparate dynamics.

PMID- 26975421
TI  - There is no human interactome.
AB  - Protein complexes are dynamic. A new analysis of two quantitative proteomic
      datasets reveals cell type-specific changes in the stoichiometry of complexes,
      which often involve paralog switching.

PMID- 26975422
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 is highly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells of
      untreated asthma and it increases cell proliferation along with fibronectin
      production in airway constitutive cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 helper T-cell cytokines including IL-13 play a central role in
      the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma (BA). During the course of our research, our
      attention was drawn to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as one of the molecules that
      were induced from bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) by IL-13 stimulation. DPP4
      could become a new biomarker or therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the expression of DPP4 in the asthmatic airway, and its role in the
      pathophysiology of asthma. METHODS: BECs were isolated from patients with inhaled
      corticosteroid-treated asthma (stBA) and inhaled corticosteroid-naive asthma
      (snBA) using bronchoscopy. DPP4 mRNA expression in freshly isolated BECs and
      primary cultured BECs with or without IL-13 stimulation was investigated by
      microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The distribution of
      DPP4 protein was determined by immunostaining of transbronchial lung biopsy
      specimens from asthma patients. The effect of recombinant human (rh) DPP4 on the
      proliferation of lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and bronchial smooth muscle cells
      (BSMCs) was examined, as well as its effect on the production of fibronectin
      (FN). RESULTS: DPP4 mRNA was strongly expressed in freshly isolated BECs in snBA,
      and its expression was significantly enhanced by IL-13 stimulation. DPP4 mRNA
      expression in BECs of snBA significantly correlated with exhaled nitric oxide.
      Biopsied tissues of the asthmatic airway revealed strong expression of DPP4
      protein in BECs from snBA subjects. rhDPP4 stimulated the proliferation of HFL-1
      and BSMCs, and it also enhanced production of FN from these airway cells.
      CONCLUSION: DPP4 may be involved in the pathologic features of asthmatic airway
      inflammation and cell proliferation and FN production.

PMID- 26975423
TI  - Implementation of parental feeding practices: does parenting style matter?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To combat childhood obesity, researchers have focused on parental
      feeding practices that promote child health. The current study investigated how
      parenting style relates to twelve parental feeding practices. DESIGN: Data on
      parenting style and parental feeding practices were obtained for a correlational
      study from users of Amazon's Mechanical Turk, an online survey system. SETTING:
      USA. SUBJECTS: Mothers of children aged 7-11 years (n 193). RESULTS: Parenting
      style related differentially to eleven out of the twelve measured practices.
      Authoritative mothers displayed more feeding practices that promote child health
      and fewer practices that impede child health. Authoritarian and permissive
      mothers displayed more unhealthy practices than authoritative mothers, but
      differed from each other on the practices they employed. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting
      style may relate to more aspects of feeding than previously realized. The
      inclusion of numerous healthy feeding practices along with unhealthy practices in
      the current study provides suggestions for the application of healthy feeding
      behaviours. Instruction on feeding behaviours and parenting style should be a
      focus of future educational programmes.

PMID- 26975424
TI  - Long-term outcomes of radical vaginal trachelectomy and laparoscopic pelvic
      lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the IB1 cervical cancer: A
      series of 60 cases.
AB  - OBJECTS: The present study sought to analyze the long-time clinical outcomes of
      the stage IB1 cervical cancer patients who had received the radical vaginal
      trachelectomy (RVT) and laparoscopic lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy (NACT). METHOD: This is a prospective study of 60 patients
      potentially selected for RVT for a clinical and radiologic cervical cancer
      (stages IB 1) less than 2 cm. These patients were treated with surgery combined
      with preoperative NACT in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PLA
      General Hospital. We collected the patients' general clinical information,
      surgical characteristics and obstetric data, and then assessed their long-term
      oncological outcomes. RESULTS: The average operative time of the enrolled cases
      was 204 min and the average blood loss was 443 mL. The average postoperative
      hospitalization time was 10.6 days. The postoperative pathologic results
      indicated that the average parametrical width was 1.99 cm; the average length of
      removed of cervical was 2.6 cm; the average number of excised pelvic lymph node
      was 20. The median of the follow-up was 43 months (range between 13month and 12
      years). Only one case of recurrence was found. Thus far, totally 42 women had
      tried to conceive, and 36 of them had live births. The live birth pregnancy rate
      was 86% (36/42). CONCLUSION: The radical vaginal trachelectomy in combination
      with the laparoscopic lymphadenectomy surgical is a safe and effective
      therapeutic strategy for the for IB 1 cervical cancer.

PMID- 26975425
TI  - The genesis and correction of unprofessional behavior in surgeons: The role of
      society, education and genetics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most surgeons are ethical. Increasingly, however, a variety of
      unprofessional behaviors are surfacing. Awareness of these behaviors and their
      causation is required to plan their eradication. OBJECTIVES: To (i) identify the
      prevalent causes of unprofessional behaviors amongst surgeons; and (ii) suggest
      corrective interventions. METHODS: Literature was searched and models constructed
      to interpret interrelationships between causes. FINDINGS: Unprofessional
      behaviors extend beyond those frequently discussed, necessitating the term
      'dysprofessionalism'. Causal influences arise from (i) an overpowering society;
      (ii) limited education and (iii) the underdeveloped state of human nature at
      birth. Societies corrupt by role-modeling avarice and encouraging industry
      despite consequent pollution. Society brooks no interference. Surgeons are loath
      to oppose, resulting in an unprofessional silence. Surgical education based on
      best evidence is an indoctrination, with little opportunity to deploy
      alternatives. Evidence based guidelines increasingly risk errors, as publication
      fraud increases. Effective interaction with government/legislation is not taught.
      Human nature and our brain remain arrested in a stage of strongly stabilized
      evolutionary selection. Humans are born with larval brains requiring intense
      educational interventions. Genetic modification holds promise as it can
      circumvent birth in undeveloped states, and facilitate trans-generational
      transfer of knowledge. CRISPR/Cas-9 techniques make this possible, necessitating
      ethical discussion-an urgent issue. Reforming society would otherwise be an
      impossible task as behaviors cannot be taught in classrooms. CONCLUSION:
      Instances of dysprofessionalism are unlikely to diminish using current
      approaches. Discussion of the ethics of genetically modifying embryos is urgently
      needed, as this could provide a possible shortcut to positive changes in human
      behavior, but risks unwanted changes and misuse.

PMID- 26975426
TI  - A systematic review comparing single-incision versus multi-incision laparoscopic
      surgery for inguinal hernia repair with mesh.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to evaluate whether the surgical
      outcomes differ between single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) versus multi
      incision laparoscopic surgery (MILS) for the repair of inguinal hernia. METHODS:
      A systematic review of the literature on published studies reporting the surgical
      outcomes following SILS versus MILS for inguinal hernia repair was undertaken
      using the principles of meta-analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen comparative studies on
      1651 patients evaluating the surgical outcomes in patients undergoing SILS versus
      MILS for inguinal hernia repair were systematically analysed. The post-operative
      recovery time was significantly quicker [odds ratio, -0.35 (CI, -0.57 - 0.14), p
      = 0.001] following SILS compared to MILS procedure. However, the statistical
      equivalence was seen in outcomes of length of hospital stay, operative time both
      for unilateral and bilateral hernias, post-operative pain score, one-week pain
      score, hernia recurrence [odds ratio, 1.24 (CI, 0.47-3.23), p = 0.66], conversion
      [odds ratio, 1.07 (CI, 0.37-3.12), p = 0.90], and post-operative complications
      [odds ratio, 0.95 (CI, 0.66-1.36, p = 0.78] between two approaches. The sub-group
      analysis of four included randomized, controlled trials showed similarities
      between outcomes following SILS and MILS except slightly higher postoperative
      pain score in MILS group. CONCLUSIONS: Both SILS and MILS approaches of inguinal
      hernia repair are feasible, safe and can be offered to patients depending upon
      the availability of expertise and resources.

PMID- 26975427
TI  - Robotic partial nephrectomy - Evaluation of the impact of case mix on the
      procedural learning curve.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although Robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) is an emerging technique
      for the management of small renal masses, this approach is technically demanding.
      To date, there is limited data on the nature and progression of the learning
      curve in RPN. AIMS: To analyse the impact of case mix on the RPN LC and to model
      the learning curve. METHODS: The records of the first 100 RPN performed, were
      analysed at our institution that were carried out by a single surgeon (B.C) (June
      2010-December 2013). Cases were split based on their Preoperative Aspects and
      Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) score into the following groups: 6-7, 8
      9 and >10. Using a split group (20 patients in each group) and incremental
      analysis, the mean, the curve of best fit and R(2) values were calculated for
      each group. RESULTS: Of 100 patients (F:28, M:72), the mean age was 56.4 +/- 11.9
      years. The number of patients in each PADUA score groups: 6-7, 8-9 and >10 were
      61, 32 and 7 respectively. An increase in incidence of more complex cases
      throughout the cohort was evident within the 8-9 group (2010: 1 case, 2013: 16
      cases). The learning process did not significantly affect the proxies used to
      assess surgical proficiency in this study (operative time and warm ischaemia
      time). CONCLUSIONS: Case difficulty is an important parameter that should be
      considered when evaluating procedural learning curves. There is not one well
      fitting model that can be used to model the learning curve. With increasing
      experience, clinicians tend to operate on more difficult cases.

PMID- 26975428
TI  - Using methylene blue as a marker to find and remove tiny metallic foreign bodies
      embedded in the soft tissues of children: A randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Embedment of metallic foreign bodies in the soft tissues is commonly
      encountered in the emergency room. Most foreign bodies are easily removed, but
      removal is difficult if the foreign body is very small or deeply embedded.
      OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of methylene blue staining in the surgical
      removal of tiny metallic foreign bodies embedded in the soft tissue. METHODS:
      This prospective study involved 41 children treated between May 2007 and May
      2012. The patients were randomly divided into a methylene blue group and a
      control group. In the control group, foreign bodies were located using a C-arm
      and removed via direct incision. In the methylene blue group, foreign bodies were
      located using a C-arm, marked with an injection of methylene blue and then
      removed surgically. The clinical outcomes, complications, operation time,
      surgical success rate, incision length, frequency of C-arm use, and length and
      depth of the foreign body were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The
      surgical success rate was significantly higher in the methylene blue group. The
      average operation time was significantly shorter in the methylene blue group. The
      C-arm was used significantly less frequently in the methylene blue group than in
      the control group. The incision length was significantly shorter in the methylene
      blue group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Methylene blue staining
      facilitated the location and removal of tiny metallic foreign bodies from the
      soft tissue, and significantly reduced operation time, incision length and
      radiation exposure compared to the conventional method.

PMID- 26975429
TI  - Complication of bariatric surgery: Legal complaints in France.

PMID- 26975430
TI  - The future of partial nephrectomy.
AB  - Innovation in recent times has accelerated due to factors such as the
      globalization of communication; but there are also more barriers/safeguards in
      place than ever before as we strive to streamline this process. From the first
      planned partial nephrectomy completed in 1887, it took over a century to become
      recommended practice for small renal tumours. At present, identified areas for
      improvement/innovation are 1) to preserve renal parenchyma, 2) to optimise pre
      operative eGFR and 3) to reduce global warm ischaemia time. All 3 of these, are
      statistically significant predictors of post-operative renal function.
      Urologists, have a proud history of embracing innovation & have experimented with
      different clamping techniques of the renal vasculature, image guidance in
      robotics, renal hypothermia, lasers and new robots under development. The DaVinci
      model may soon no longer have a monopoly on this market, as it loses its
      stranglehold with novel technology emerging including added features, such as
      haptic feedback with reduced costs. As ever, our predictions of the future may
      well fall wide of the mark, but in order to progress, one must open the mind to
      the possibilities that already exist, as evolution of existing technology often
      appears to be a revolution in hindsight.

PMID- 26975432
TI  - Skin conductance and schizophrenic symptomatology.
AB  - Skin conductance is a psychophysiological parameter that reflects fundamental
      processes such as attention and arousal. The present study explored whether
      deviations in skin conductance activity are associated with severity of
      schizophrenic symptoms. For this purpose, Skin Conductance Responses (SCRs) to
      discrete stimuli (80 dB noises) and Skin Conductance Levels (SCLs) of 37
      schizophrenic patients and 31 healthy volunteers were recorded. In accordance
      with previous studies, schizophrenic patients were found to be hyporesponsive
      compared to healthy controls. More specifically, almost half of the patients
      (46%) did not react with any SCR to the first 3 stimuli, whereas only 10% of the
      control group exhibited such a non-responding. Accordingly, the mean amplitude of
      the first 3 SCRs - as measured in u Siemens - was found to be significantly lower
      in patients compared to controls. As well, mean SCL was found to be (marginally)
      elevated in the patient group. This was especially the case for patients who did
      exhibit SCRs. In the patient group, a negative correlation was found between
      amplitude of SCRs and symptom severity. This association was mainly carried by a
      significant correlation between positive symptoms and reduced SCRs. The clinical
      relevance of these findings is discussed in detail. 

PMID- 26975431
TI  - Selenoproteins of African trypanosomes are dispensable for parasite survival in a
      mammalian host.
AB  - The trace element selenium is found in polypeptides as selenocysteine, the 21(st)
      amino acid that is co-translationally inserted into proteins at a UGA codon. In
      proteins, selenocysteine usually plays a role as an efficient redox catalyst.
      Trypanosomatids previously examined harbor a full set of genes encoding the
      machinery needed for selenocysteine biosynthesis and incorporation into three
      selenoproteins: SelK, SelT and, the parasite-specific, Seltryp. We investigated
      the selenoproteome of kinetoplastid species in recently sequenced genomes and
      assessed the in vivo relevance of selenoproteins for African trypanosomes.
      Database mining revealed that SelK, SelT and Seltryp genes are present in most
      kinetoplastids, including the free-living species Bodo saltans, and Seltryp was
      lost in the subgenus Viannia from the New World Leishmania. Homology and sinteny
      with bacterial sulfur dioxygenases and sulfur transferases suggest a putative
      role for Seltryp in sulfur metabolism. A Trypanosoma brucei selenocysteine
      synthase (SepSecS) null-mutant, in which selenoprotein synthesis is abolished,
      displayed similar sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by a short-term
      exposure to high concentrations of methylglyoxal or H2O2 to that of the parental
      wild-type cell line. Importantly, the infectivity of the SepSecS knockout cell
      line was not impaired when tested in a mouse infection model and compensatory
      effects via up-regulation of proteins involved in thiol-redox metabolism were not
      observed. Collectively, our data show that selenoproteins are not required for
      survival of African trypanosomes in a mammalian host and exclude a role for
      selenoproteins in parasite antioxidant defense and/or virulence. On this basis,
      selenoproteins can be disregarded as drug target candidates.

PMID- 26975434
TI  - Chronicity, genes en behavior.
AB  - Since 1863 psychiatry is dominated by the nosological conceptual paradigm that
      was further stimulated by the introduction of the DSM-III. This has resulted in
      an ignorance of the European psychiatric diagnostic tradition and a loss of the
      necessary critical observations and descriptions of psychopathology. This
      unfortunate process may be observed in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in
      mentally retarded patients where entities such as atypical psychoses, unstable
      mood disorder and motivational deficit syndrome are not recognized in general.
      The enormous increase of neuroscienti-fic knowledge, particularly the impact of
      genetic and intracellular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of psychiatric
      disorders, warrants the use of a more dimensional and functional psychiatric
      paradigm. It concerns the effect of gene transcription on the expression of
      neurotransmitters and receptors that may account for an increased vulnerability
      or a relapsing course. A so called anticipatory treatment approach is therefore
      advocated. 

PMID- 26975433
TI  - Efficacy of risperidone, olanzapine and clozapine in the treatment of therapy
      resistant schizophrenia.
AB  - Therapy-resistance for positive symptoms is one of the most important problems
      that occurs with the medical treatment of schizophrenia. In the past years,
      clozapine has proven its effectiveness in this area and has been included in the
      treatment protocols and guidelines. Because of the risk of agranulocytosis with
      this compound and the intensive laboratory controls to be done, several studies
      have been performed with the new antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine as
      alternative treatments. A review of the literature suggests that both drugs are
      as effective as the classic antipsychotics for therapy-resistant patients. A
      switch to risperidone or olanzapine possibly would be a alternative for those
      patients who have favourable effects on a low dose of clozapine. Furthermore the
      new antipsychotics have less side effects and ameliorating effects on negative
      and cognitive symptoms, so contributing to overall improvement in chronic
      schizophrenic disorders. However, in case of persistent positive symptopathology,
      clozapine remains the golden standard. The new antipsychotics should be included
      in treatment protocols before clozapine. 

PMID- 26975435
TI  - Special issue of the third biennial meeting of the North American Society for
      Comparative Endocrinology (Sociedad Norteamericana de Endocrinologia Comparada;
      Societe Nord-Americaine d'Endocrinologie Comparee).

PMID- 26975436
TI  - PPh3O as an Activating Reagent for One-Pot Stereoselective Syntheses of Di- and
      Polybrominated Esters from Simple Aldehydes.
AB  - An efficient one-pot method for the syntheses of di- and polybrominated esters
      from readily available aldehydes is reported. The direct use of the in situ
      generated byproduct PPh3O in the following reactions greatly improves the
      efficiency of the cascade. Also, the substrate scope of the reaction is proved to
      be broad. 

PMID- 26975437
TI  - Sinorhizobium meliloti Functionally Replaces 3-Oxoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein
      Reductase (FabG) by Overexpressing NodG During Fatty Acid Synthesis.
AB  - In Sinorhizobium meliloti, the nodG gene is located in the nodFEG operon of the
      symbiotic plasmid. Although strong sequence similarity (53% amino acid
      identities) between S. meliloti NodG and Escherichia coli FabG was reported in
      1992, it has not been determined whether S. meliloti NodG plays a role in fatty
      acid synthesis. We report that expression of S. meliloti NodG restores the growth
      of the E. coli fabG temperature-sensitive mutant CL104 under nonpermissive
      conditions. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that NodG is able to catalyze
      the reduction of the 3-oxoacyl-ACP intermediates in E. coli fatty acid synthetic
      reaction. Moreover, although deletion of the S. meliloti nodG gene does not cause
      any growth defects, upon overexpression of nodG from a plasmid, the S. meliloti
      fabG gene encoding the canonical 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase (OAR) can be disrupted
      without any effects on growth or fatty acid composition. This indicates that S.
      meliloti nodG encodes an OAR and can play a role in fatty acid synthesis when
      expressed at sufficiently high levels. Thus, a bacterium can simultaneously
      possess two or more OARs that can play a role in fatty acid synthesis. Our data
      also showed that, although SmnodG increases alfalfa nodulation efficiency, it is
      not essential for alfalfa nodulation. 

PMID- 26975438
TI  - Validation of a Three-Dimensional Method for Counting and Sizing Podocytes in
      Whole Glomeruli.
AB  - Podocyte depletion is sufficient for the development of numerous glomerular
      diseases and can be absolute (loss of podocytes) or relative (reduced number of
      podocytes per volume of glomerulus). Commonly used methods to quantify podocyte
      depletion introduce bias, whereas gold standard stereologic methodologies are
      time consuming and impractical. We developed a novel approach for assessing
      podocyte depletion in whole glomeruli that combines immunofluorescence, optical
      clearing, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional analysis. We validated this
      method in a transgenic mouse model of selective podocyte depletion, in which we
      determined dose-dependent alterations in several quantitative indices of podocyte
      depletion. This new approach provides a quantitative tool for the comprehensive
      and time-efficient analysis of podocyte depletion in whole glomeruli.

PMID- 26975440
TI  - N-acetylcysteine decreases binge eating in a rodent model.
AB  - Binge-eating behavior involves rapid consumption of highly palatable foods
      leading to increased weight gain. Feeding in binge disorders resembles other
      compulsive behaviors, many of which are responsive to N-acetylcysteine (NAC),
      which is a cysteine prodrug often used to promote non-vesicular glutamate release
      by a cystine-glutamate antiporter. To examine the potential for NAC to alter a
      form of compulsive eating, we examined the impact of NAC on binge eating in a
      rodent model. Specifically, we monitored consumption of standard chow and a high
      fat, high carbohydrate western diet (WD) in a rodent limited-access binge
      paradigm. Before each session, rats received either a systemic or
      intraventricular injection of NAC. Both systemic and central administration of
      NAC resulted in significant reductions of binge eating the WD without decreasing
      standard chow consumption. The reduction in WD was not attributable to general
      malaise as NAC did not produce condition taste aversion. These results are
      consistent with the clinical evidence of NAC to reduce or reverse compulsive
      behaviors, such as, drug addiction, skin picking and hair pulling.

PMID- 26975439
TI  - MicroRNA-489 Induction by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Protects against Ischemic
      Kidney Injury.
AB  - MicroRNAs have been implicated in ischemic AKI. However, the specific microRNA
      species that regulates ischemic kidney injury remains unidentified. Our previous
      microarray analysis revealed microRNA-489 induction in kidneys of mice subjected
      to renal ischemia-reperfusion. In this study, we verified the induction of
      microRNA-489 during ischemic AKI in mice and further examined the underlying
      mechanisms. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha deficiency associated with diminished
      microRNA-489 induction in cultured rat proximal tubular cells subjected to
      hypoxia and kidney tissues of mice after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
      Moreover, genomic analysis revealed that microRNA-489 is intronic in the
      calcitonin receptor gene, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed
      increased binding of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 to a specific site in the
      calcitonin receptor gene promoter after hypoxia. Inhibition of microRNA-489
      increased apoptosis in renal tubular cells after ATP depletion injury in vitro,
      whereas microRNA-489 mimics mediated protection. In mice, inhibition of microRNA
      489 enhanced tubular cell death and ischemic AKI without significantly affecting
      tubular cell proliferation. Deep sequencing identified 417 mRNAs that were
      recruited to the RNA-induced silencing complex by microRNA-489. Of the identified
      mRNAs, 127 contain microRNA-489 targeting sites, and of those, 18 are involved in
      the cellular stress response, including the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 gene
      implicated in ischemic kidney injury. Sequence analysis and in vitro studies
      validated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as a microRNA-489 target. Together, these
      results suggest that microRNA-489 is induced via hypoxia-inducible factor-1
      during ischemic AKI to protect kidneys by targeting relevant genes.

PMID- 26975441
TI  - Reprogramming of hepatic fat accumulation and 'browning' of adipose tissue by the
      short-chain fatty acid acetate.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Short-chain fatty acids, produced by microbiome
      fermentation of carbohydrates, have been linked to a reduction in appetite, body
      weight and adiposity. However, determining the contribution of central and
      peripheral mechanisms to these effects has not been possible. SUBJECTS/METHODS:
      C57BL/6 mice fed with either normal or high-fat diet were treated with
      nanoparticle-delivered acetate, and the effects on metabolism were investigated.
      RESULTS: In the liver, acetate decreased lipid accumulation and improved hepatic
      function, as well as increasing mitochondrial efficiency. In white adipose
      tissue, it inhibited lipolysis and induced 'browning', increasing thermogenic
      capacity that led to a reduction in body adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      provides novel insights into the peripheral mechanism of action of acetate,
      independent of central action, including 'browning' and enhancement of hepatic
      mitochondrial function.

PMID- 26975442
TI  - Protein intake in early childhood and body composition at the age of 6 years: The
      Generation R Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that high protein intake in infancy leads to
      a higher body mass index (BMI) in later childhood. We examined the associations
      of total, animal and vegetable protein intake in early childhood with detailed
      measures of body composition at the age of 6 years. METHODS: This study was
      performed in 2911 children participating in a population-based cohort study.
      Protein intake at the age of 1 year was assessed with a validated food-frequency
      questionnaire and was adjusted for total energy intake. At the children's age of
      6 years, we measured their anthropometrics and body fat (with dual-energy X-ray
      absorptiometry). We calculated age- and sex-specific s.d. scores for BMI, fat
      mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI). RESULTS: After adjustment for
      confounders, a 10 g per day higher total protein intake at 1 year of age was
      associated with a 0.05 s.d. (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00, 0.09) higher BMI
      at age 6. This association was fully driven by a higher FMI (0.06 s.d. (95%CI
      0.01, 0.11)) and not FFMI (-0.01 s.d. (95%CI -0.06, 0.05)). The associations of
      protein intake with FMI at 6 years remained significant after adjustment for BMI
      at the age of 1 year. Additional analyses showed that the associations of protein
      intake with FMI were stronger in girls than in boys (P for interaction=0.03),
      stronger among children who had catch-up growth in the first year of life (P for
      interaction<0.01) and stronger for intake of animal protein (both dairy and non
      dairy protein) than protein from vegetable sources. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      suggest that high protein intake in early childhood is associated with higher
      body fat mass, but not fat-free mass. Future studies are needed to investigate
      whether these changes persist into adulthood and to examine the optimal range of
      protein intake for infants and young children.

PMID- 26975444
TI  - Cost of diabetic eye, renal and foot complications: a methodological review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and
      diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) represent a public health and economic concern that may
      be assessed with cost-of-illness (COI) studies. OBJECTIVES: (1) To review COI
      studies published between 2000 and 2015, about DR, DKD and DFU; (2) to analyse
      methods used. METHODS: Disease definition, epidemiological approach, perspective,
      type of costs, activity data sources, cost valuation, sensitivity analysis, cost
      discounting and presentation of costs may be described in COI studies. Each
      reviewed study was assessed with a methodological grid including these nine
      items. RESULTS: The five following items have been detailed in the reviewed
      studies: epidemiological approach (59 % of studies described it), perspective (75
      %), type of costs (98 %), activity data sources (91 %) and cost valuation (59 %).
      The disease definition and the presentation of results were detailed in fewer
      studies (respectively 50 and 46 %). In contrast, sensitivity analysis was only
      performed in 14 % of studies and cost discounting in 7 %. Considering the studies
      showing an average cost per patient and per year with a societal perspective, DR
      cost estimates were US $2297 (range 5-67,486), DKD cost ranged from US $1095 to
      US $16,384, and DFU cost was US $10,604 (range 1444-85,718). DISCUSSION: This
      review reinforces the need to adequately describe the method to facilitate
      literature comparisons and projections. It also recalls that COI studies
      represent complementary tools to cost-effectiveness studies to help decision
      makers in the allocation of economic resources for the management of DR, DKD and
      DFU.

PMID- 26975443
TI  - Central administration of vaspin inhibits glucose production and augments hepatic
      insulin signaling in high-fat-diet-fed rat.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of vaspin signaling conveyed by the brain
      on liver glucose fluxes in rats. METHODS: To determine the effects and underlying
      mechanisms of central vaspin signaling, normal-chow-diet- and high-fat-diet (HFD)
      fed rats with or without hepatic branch vagotomy (HBV) received acute infusion of
      vaspin to the third cerebral ventricle or MK801, a dorsal vagal complex (DVC) N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor, to the DVC during the pancreatic
      euglycemic clamp. RESULTS: Central administration of vaspin in HFD-fed rats
      significantly increased glucose infusion required to maintain euglycemia owing to
      an inhibition of glucose production during the clamps. These changes were
      accompanied by decreased hepatic phosphoenolpyruatecarboxykinase and G6Pase
      expression levels and increased hepatic insulin receptor, insulin receptor
      substrate-1, Akt kinase and the forkhead box-containing protein of the O
      subfamily-1 phosphorylation, suggesting improving hepatic insulin sensitivity in
      these animals. Conversely, selective HBV or DVC MK-801 infusion in HFD-fed rats
      blocked the effect of central vaspin on glucose production and hepatic insulin
      sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that brain vaspin inhibited
      hepatic glucose production and improved insulin sensitivity via DVC to the
      hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in insulin resistance rats induced by HFD.

PMID- 26975445
TI  - Prevalence and pattern of humoral immunodeficiency in chronic refractory
      sinusitis.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to readdress the issue of primary humoral
      immunodeficiency frequency and pattern in medically resistant chronic
      rhinosinusitis (CRS) based on the new guidelines for CRS diagnosis and
      management. Two hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients with refractory CRS
      were included in this study. The results of their IgA, IgM, IgG, and IgG
      subclasses were analyzed and compared with 75 age- and gender-matched control
      groups. The average age of CRS patients was 34 years (SD +/- 13). In the
      refractory CRS group, there was no significant difference between patients with
      or without humoral immunodeficiency based on age, gender and status of allergy,
      polyps and revision. Low level of one of the major immunoglobulin isotypes was
      found in 15 patients (6 %). Six patients had low IgG, two had low IgA, and seven
      had low IgM. IgG subclasses were low in 37 patients (14 %), and IgG4 was the most
      common deficient subclass. Multiple immunoglobulins deficiencies were found in
      eight patients. Compared with the control group, CRS patients had a significant
      higher prevalence of major immunoglobulins as well as total major immunoglobulins
      and IgG subclasses deficiency. Because of high prevalence of subtle humoral
      immunodeficiency in medically resistant CRS and inability to find unique clinical
      and demographic characteristic of these patients, we recommend routine screening
      of major immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses on the group of CRS patients who
      failed medical treatment. 

PMID- 26975446
TI  - The influence of frequency-dependent hearing loss to unaided APHAB scores.
AB  - Hearing loss can be measured by pure-tone and speech audiometry. The subjective
      hearing impairment can be assessed using questionnaires. The APHAB determines
      this for four typical hearing situations. It has not been researched previously
      whether a particular frequency-specific hearing loss leads to a particular
      unaided APHAB score in one of the subscales or not. Clarification could be
      helpful using the unaided APHAB as an instrument for primary diagnostics of
      hearing loss independently of whether hearing aids were subsequently fitted or
      not. A total of 4546 records from a database were analysed; the average age of
      the subjects was 69.3 years. Using a multivariant mixed linear model, a possible
      correlation was examined between a frequency-specific hearing loss (0.5-8.0 kHz)
      and particular unaided APHAB scores for its subscales. Furthermore, it was
      determined whether the subject's gender has a corresponding impact. There was no
      evidence of gender-specific dependence of the unaided APHAB scores. For the EC
      scale frequencies above 0.5 kHz, for the RV scale all frequencies and for the AV
      scale the frequencies at 1.0 and 2.0 kHz showed a significant correlation between
      hearing loss and the APHAB score. For each decibel of hearing loss there was an
      average rise in the APHAB score for the EC and RV scale of approximately 0.2
      percentage points and an average decrease in the AV scale of 0.1 percentage
      points for each frequency. For the BN scale there was no evidence of this kind of
      correlation. The very varied possibility between individuals compensating for
      hearing loss in situations with background noises could be that there is no
      correlation between frequency-specific hearing loss and an associated unaided
      APHAB score. The described frequency-specific influence of hearing loss to the EC
      and RV score could be explained by fewer compensating possibilities for the
      patients in these specific hearing situations than for the BN scale described.
      Using the unaided APHAB form in primary diagnostics of hearing impairment is
      helpful for understanding individual problems.

PMID- 26975447
TI  - A novel framework of classical and quantum prisoner's dilemma games on coupled
      networks.
AB  - Evolutionary games on multilayer networks are attracting growing interest. While
      among previous studies, the role of quantum games in such a infrastructure is
      still virgin and may become a fascinating issue across a myriad of research
      realms. To mimick two kinds of different interactive environments and mechanisms,
      in this paper a new framework of classical and quantum prisoner's dilemma games
      on two-layer coupled networks is considered. Within the proposed model, the
      impact of coupling factor of networks and entanglement degree in quantum games on
      the evolutionary process has been studied. Simulation results show that the
      entanglement has no impact on the evolution of the classical prisoner's dilemma,
      while the rise of the coupling factor obviously impedes cooperation in this game,
      and the evolution of quantum prisoner's dilemma is greatly impacted by the
      combined effect of entanglement and coupling. 

PMID- 26975448
TI  - Evaluation of cyclosporine-sparing effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the
      treatment of canine atopic dermatitis.
AB  - A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicentre trial was conducted
      in 36 dogs with atopic dermatitis to evaluate the cyclosporine-sparing effect of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dogs were stable on their individual cyclosporine
      dosage and received either a mainly omega-3 fatty acid product with a minor omega
      6 fatty acid fraction or placebo, orally for 12 weeks. Dogs were examined every 4
      weeks and the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI-03) was
      determined by a clinician. Pruritus, quality of life, global condition and coat
      quality were scored by the owner. If the dog's CADESI-03 and/or pruritus score
      improved by at least 25% compared with the previous visit, the cyclosporine
      dosage was decreased by approximately 25%. If the scores deteriorated by at least
      25%, the cyclosporine dosage was increased by the same percentage. The median
      daily cyclosporine dosage/kg bodyweight decreased in the active group from 4.1 mg
      to 2.6 mg and in the placebo group from 3.5 mg to 3.3 mg over the study period.
      The difference between the two groups was significant (P = 0.009). The
      improvement in median pruritus score from inclusion to completion was
      significantly greater in the active group than in the placebo group (P = 0.04).
      There was no significant difference in CADESI-03 changes between groups (P =
      0.38). The results of this study indicate a cyclosporine-sparing effect of a
      mainly omega-3 fatty acid supplement in dogs with atopic dermatitis. 

PMID- 26975449
TI  - Lack of association between arterial oxygen tensions in horses during exploratory
      coeliotomy and post-operative incisional complications: A retrospective study.
AB  - The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if there was an association
      between the lowest arterial blood oxygen tensions (PaO2) measured during
      anaesthesia and post-operative incisional complications in horses. Clinical
      records of 278 horses undergoing ventral midline coeliotomy from 1 January 2010
      to 31 December 2013 were examined. The frequency of incisional complications was
      32.0% (n = 89). In a multivariable model, intra-operative arterial blood oxygen
      tensions (PaO2) were not significantly associated with development of an
      incisional complication (P = 0.351). Using hypertonic (7.2%) saline (P = 0.028,
      OR 3.167, 95% CI 1.132-8.861), increasing total plasma protein concentration (TP)
      (P = 0.002, OR 1.061 per g/L, 95% CI 1.021-1.102), an intestinal resection (P
      <0.001, OR 4.056, 95% CI 2.231-9.323), increasing body mass (P = 0.004, OR 1.004
      per kg, 95% CI 1.001-1.006) and the use of penicillin alone compared with
      penicillin and gentamicin pre-operatively (P = 0.009, OR 4.145, 95% CI 1.568
      10.958) increased the risk of incisional complications. The study was unable to
      demonstrate a link between low intra-operative PaO2 and increased risk of post
      operative incisional complications. 

PMID- 26975450
TI  - Cue informativeness constrains visual tracking during an interceptive timing
      task.
AB  - Interceptive actions, such as catching, are a fundamental component of many
      activities and require knowledge of advanced kinematic information and ball
      flight characteristics to achieve successful performance. Rather than combining
      these sources of information, recent exploration of interceptive actions has
      presented them individually. Thus, it still is unclear how the information
      available from advanced cues influences eye movement behaviour. By integrating
      advanced visual information with novel ball projection technology, this study
      examined how the availability of advanced information, using four different
      cueing conditions: no image (ball flight only with no advanced information), non
      informative (ball flight coupled with ball release information), directional
      (ball flight coupled with directional information), and kinematic (ball flight
      coupled with video of a throwing action), influenced visual tracking during a one
      handed catching task. The findings illustrated no differences in catching
      performance across conditions; however, tracking of the ball was initiated
      earlier, for a longer duration, and over a greater proportion of the ball's
      trajectory in the directional and kinematic conditions. Significant differences
      between a directional cue and kinematic cue were not evident, suggesting a simple
      cue that provided information on the time of release and direction of ball flight
      was sufficient for successfully anticipating ball release and constraining eye
      movements. These findings highlight the relationship between advanced information
      and gaze behaviour during ball flight, and the performance of dynamic
      interceptive actions. We discuss the implications and potential limitations (e.g.
      variability between throwing image and ball projection) of the findings in the
      context of recent research on catching.

PMID- 26975451
TI  - The Relationship Between Clinicians' Confidence and Accuracy, and the Influence
      of Child Characteristics, in the Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - The study examined the confidence accuracy relationship, and the influence of
      child characteristics on clinician confidence, when predicting a diagnosis of
      Autism Spectrum Disorder during screening of 125 referred children aged under 3.5
      years. The diagnostic process included observation, interview, language and
      developmental testing. Clinical judgement accuracy was compared against final
      diagnosis for high and low confidence levels (with confidence assessed on a 0-100
      % scale). We identified a significant CA relationship with predictive accuracy
      highest at confidence levels of 90-100 %. Parent report of unusual behaviors was
      the only significant independent predictor of confidence. Clinicians' confidence
      may be important when evaluating decisions to refer, or not to refer, children
      for further diagnostic assessment.

PMID- 26975452
TI  - Incremental value of global longitudinal strain in prediction of all-cause
      mortality in predialysis and dialysis chronic kidney disease patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the prediction
      of all-cause mortality from global longitudinal strain (GLS) in two groups of
      chronic kidney disease patients (CKD): predialysis and dialysis. METHODS: In 89
      patients undergoing echocardiography, 37.2 % predialysis (16/43) and 58.6 %
      dialysis patients (27/46) died during the mean follow-up 70.2 +/- 35 months. In
      addition to conventional echocardiographic measurements, GLS was assessed by
      velocity vector imaging from three standard apical views. RESULTS: Cox
      proportional hazards regression enter model showed the following variables to
      predict survival: the only significant predictor of survival in predialysis
      patients, among the set of conventional echocardiographic parameters was GLS (HR,
      0.58; 95 % CI, 0.39-0.87; p = 0.01). In the group of dialysis patients GLS with
      E/Em ratio remained as significant predictors of survival (HR, 0.72; 95 % CI,
      0.56-0.92; p = 0.01, and HR, 1.02; 95 % CI, 1.004-1.04; p = 0.01, respectively).
      GLS >= - 13.2 % had 58.3 % sensitivity and 91.7 % specificity for prediction of
      mortality in predialysis patients, and GLS >= - 12.02 % had 73.3 % sensitivity
      and 78.9 % specificity for prediction of mortality in dialysis patients. In
      dialysis group E/Em ratio ? 17.02 had 71.4 % sensitivity and 84.2 % specificity
      for prediction of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the incremental
      value of GLS in prediction of all-cause mortality during a long follow-up period
      in CKD patients. GLS together with E/Em ratio may be used for the assessment of
      left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and risk stratification of CKD
      patients in different stages of renal failure.

PMID- 26975453
TI  - Xanthelasma palpebrarum associated with increased cardio-ankle vascular index in
      asymptomatic subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is associated with increased risk of
      ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction independent of other well-known
      cardiovascular risk factors. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a novel index
      of arterial stiffness and important marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. The
      purpose of this study was to investigate the association between XP and CAVI in
      asymptomatic subjects. METHODS: Consecutive 50 subjects with XP and age-gender
      matched 50 control subjects were enrolled. Patients with known atherosclerotic
      vascular disease were excluded. Arterial stiffness was assessed by CAVI and
      defined as abnormal if CAVI is >= 8. RESULTS: Subjects with XP had higher mean
      CAVI than control subjects (8.05 +/- 1.72 vs. 6.76 +/- 1.18, p < 0.001).
      Frequency of abnormal CAVI was higher in subjects with XP (n = 27) compared to
      those without XP (n = 9, 54 vs. 18 %, p < 0.001). There was a significant
      correlation between XP and CAVI (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Conditional logistic
      regression analysis showed that XP (odds ratio OR 8.80, 95 % confidence interval
      CI 2.63-29.49, p < 0.001) and age (OR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.08-1.26, p < 0.001) were
      independent predictors for abnormal CAVI. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that XP
      is associated with increased arterial stiffness in asymptomatic subjects.

PMID- 26975454
TI  - Crizotinib-induced toxicity in an experimental rat model.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of crizotinib on
      visceral organs in an experimental rat model. METHODS: Eighteen Wistar albino
      rats were divided into three groups: experimental toxicity was induced with
      crizotinib (10 mg/kg) administered for 28 days (Group 1), 42 days (Group 2)
      orally by gavage. Control group received only distilled water. Rats in Group 1
      and Group 2 were sacrificed after the collection of blood and tissue samples on
      the 28th and 42nd days, respectively. RESULTS: Subjects in Group 1 and Group 2
      had abnormal histology mainly in lung and liver. There were intraalveolar
      hemorrhage in lungs; mild portal inflammation, perivenular focal and confluent
      necrosis in liver; inflammatory reaction in renal pelvis and periureteral areas,
      and focal pancreatitis in pancreas. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to
      evaluate the histopathological features of toxicity of crizotinib in a rat model.

PMID- 26975456
TI  - A rare case of atlantoaxial dislocation combined with multilesion spinal fusion
      and basilar invagination.

PMID- 26975455
TI  - Insights into Adaptations to a Near-Obligate Nematode Endoparasitic Lifestyle
      from the Finished Genome of Drechmeria coniospora.
AB  - Nematophagous fungi employ three distinct predatory strategies: nematode
      trapping, parasitism of females and eggs, and endoparasitism. While endoparasites
      play key roles in controlling nematode populations in nature, their application
      for integrated pest management is hindered by the limited understanding of their
      biology. We present a comparative analysis of a high quality finished genome
      assembly of Drechmeria coniospora, a model endoparasitic nematophagous fungus,
      integrated with a transcriptomic study. Adaptation of D. coniospora to its almost
      completely obligate endoparasitic lifestyle led to the simplification of many
      orthologous gene families involved in the saprophytic trophic mode, while
      maintaining orthologs of most known fungal pathogen-host interaction proteins,
      stress response circuits and putative effectors of the small secreted protein
      type. The need to adhere to and penetrate the host cuticle led to a selective
      radiation of surface proteins and hydrolytic enzymes. Although the endoparasite
      has a simplified secondary metabolome, it produces a novel peptaibiotic family
      that shows antibacterial, antifungal and nematicidal activities. Our analyses
      emphasize the basic malleability of the D. coniospora genome: loss of genes
      advantageous for the saprophytic lifestyle; modulation of elements that its
      cohort species utilize for entomopathogenesis; and expansion of protein families
      necessary for the nematode endoparasitic lifestyle. 

PMID- 26975457
TI  - Surgical management of Gorham disease involving the upper cervical spine with
      occipito-cervical-thoracic fusion: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Gorham disease is a rare osteolytic condition, with only 17
      reported cases primarily affecting the cervical spine. PURPOSE: We report the
      case of a 31-year-old woman with severe kyphotic instability and myelopathy of
      the upper cervical spine secondary to massive osteolysis of the posterior
      elements. The surgical management, clinical outcome, and review of the relevant
      literature are discussed. STUDY DESIGN: This is a case report and a literature
      review. PATIENT SAMPLE: This is a report of one patient with Gorham disease of
      the cervical spine. METHODS: We report the case of a 31-year-old woman with
      Gorham disease affecting the upper cervical spine. Combined posterior and
      anterior stabilization and fusion was performed from the occiput to the thoracic
      spine. RESULTS: Six-year follow-up with annual computed tomography imaging showed
      solid fusion from the occiput to T2. No spread or local recurrence has developed
      to date. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of severe instability with myelopathy due to
      Gorham disease of the upper cervical spine was achieved through posterior and
      anterior occipito-cervical-thoracic fusion.

PMID- 26975458
TI  - Thirty-day readmissions following adult spinal deformity surgery: an analysis of
      the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adult spine deformity surgery (ASDS) is a significantly invasive
      procedure with a relatively high complication rate. The thirty-day hospital
      readmission rate following surgery is an important quality measure monitored by
      multiple quality reporting agencies. PURPOSE: This study seeks to determine the
      risk factors for 30- day readmission rate in patients undergoing ASDS and
      identify the risk factors associated with readmission. STUDY DESIGN: This is a
      retrospective multicenter study. METHODS: The National Surgical Quality
      Improvement Program database, which is a large multi-institutional database, was
      searched for patients that underwent ASDS from 2011 to 2013. The patients were
      identified by searching seven Current Procedural Terminology codes most commonly
      used for spinal deformity surgery. Twenty-seven preoperative variables, including
      patient demographics and comorbidities, intraoperative parameters, and
      postoperative complications were analyzed to identify risk factors for
      readmission. RESULTS: A total of 747 adult patients who underwent ASDS were
      identified. Of the 747 patients, 7.5% (56/747) were readmitted within 30 days.
      The most common causes of readmission were infection (n=11), hematoma or seroma
      formation (n=5), and postoperative pain (n=3). Univariate analysis revealed male
      gender (p=.038, odds ratio [OR]=1.83) and pulmonary embolism before discharge
      (p=.048, OR=8.44) to be associated with readmission. In multivariate analysis,
      obesity (p=.047, OR=1.80), peripheral vascular disease (p=.045, OR=17.52),
      pulmonary embolism before discharge (p=.012, OR=10.35), and total or partial
      dependent preoperative functional health status (p=.041, OR=2.45), were found to
      be independent risk factors for readmission. Age, smoking, and resident
      involvement during surgical procedure were among the many factors not associated
      with increased risk of readmission. CONCLUSIONS: The 30-day readmission rate for
      ASDS is increasingly becoming a significant health-care quality indicator.
      Patients with the aforementioned significant risk factors should be closely
      followed up, which can potentially avoid subsequent readmission.

PMID- 26975459
TI  - Cytokine profile in degenerated painful intervertebral disc: variability with
      respect to duration of symptoms and type of disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Neuroinflammation is supposed to play a crucial role in the
      generation of chronic pain. Numerous trials have documented the contribution of
      proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of pain associated with
      peripheral and central nociception. Local and systemic expressions of
      proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated as mediators of pain. Among these
      cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta),
      and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are especially notable because of their hyperalgesic
      impacts after nerve damage. PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate
      and compare the tissue levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and TNF
      alpha in subligamentous and free fragment types of degenerated intervertebral
      disc in acute and chronic periods. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional
      study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A cross-sectional study was implemented on a total of 49
      patients (24 women, 25 men) with an average age of 38.2+/-4.9 treated surgically
      by means of microdiscectomy. OUTCOME MEASURES: Of these cases, 19 had complaints
      for less than 6 months, whereas 30 patients had been suffering from low back pain
      and leg pain for more than 6 months. Thirty-eight patients have been diagnosed
      with subligamentous type and 11 patients had free fragment type of disc
      degeneration. METHODS: The levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were
      assessed in tissue samples prepared from nucleus pulposus tissue obtained during
      microdiscectomy. Results were compared in patients with acute and chronic
      duration of complaints, as well as subligamentous and free fragment types of
      intervertebral disc degeneration. RESULTS: The levels of IL-1beta (p<.001), IL-6
      (p<.001), IL-10 (p<.001), and TNF-alpha (p<.001) were significantly higher in
      patients with acute duration of complaints. Similarly, free fragment type of
      intervertebral disc degeneration displayed remarkably higher levels of IL-1beta
      (p=.009), IL-6 (p<.001), IL-10 (p=.024), and TNF-alpha (p=.017) compared with the
      subligamentous type. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory cytokines seem to have a more
      apparent role in intervertebral disc degeneration especially in acute period and
      in free fragment type. Further trials should be performed for elucidation of
      pathophysiology at the molecular level and the development of more effective
      diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

PMID- 26975460
TI  - Back pain due to spinal metastatic leiomyosarcoma.

PMID- 26975461
TI  - The Effects of Kangaroo Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit on the
      Physiological Functions of Preterm Infants, Maternal-Infant Attachment, and
      Maternal Stress.
AB  - This study was conducted to identify the effects of kangaroo care on the
      physiological functions of preterm infants, maternal-infant attachment, and
      maternal stress. DESIGN AND METHODS: For this study, a quasi-experiment design
      was used with a nonequivalent control group, and a pre- and post-test. Data were
      collected from preterm infants with corrected gestational ages of >=33weeks who
      were hospitalized between May and October 2011. Twenty infants were assigned to
      the experimental group and 20 to the control group. As an intervention, kangaroo
      care was provided in 30-min sessions conducted thrice a week for a total of 10
      times. The collected data were analyzed by using the t test, repeated-measures
      ANOVA, and the ANCOVA test. RESULTS: After kangaroo care, the respiration rate
      significantly differed between the two groups (F=5.701, p=.020). The experimental
      group had higher maternal-infant attachment scores (F=25.881, p<.001) and lower
      maternal stress scores (F=47.320, p<.001) than the control group after the test.
      In other words, kangaroo care showed significantly positive effects on
      stabilizing infant physiological functions such as respiration rate, increasing
      maternal-infant attachment, and reducing maternal stress. CONCLUSION: This study
      suggests that kangaroo care can be used to promote emotional bonding and support
      between mothers and their babies, and to stabilize the physiological functions of
      premature babies. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Kangaroo care may be one of the most
      effective nursing interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit for the care
      of preterm infants and their mothers.

PMID- 26975463
TI  - Identifying modifiable factors associated with postoperative ileus.

PMID- 26975466
TI  - Enhancing the Personalization of Psychotherapy With Dynamic Assessment and
      Modeling.
AB  - Clinicians have long recognized the importance of tailoring psychotherapy
      interventions to the needs and characteristics of the individual patient.
      However, traditional approaches to clinical assessment, service delivery, and
      intervention research have not been conducive to such personalization. Contrary
      to traditional nomothetic approaches, idiographic assessment and modeling of
      intraindividual dynamic processes holds tremendous promise for tailoring the
      implementation of psychotherapy to the individual patient. In this article, we
      (a) present an argument for assessing person-specific dynamics, (b) provide a
      detailed description of a method that harnesses person-specific dynamic
      assessment and modeling for use in routine psychotherapy,

PMID- 26975462
TI  - A low-cost, multiplexed MUECoG system for high-density recordings in freely
      moving rodents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Micro-electrocorticography (MUECoG) offers a minimally invasive neural
      interface with high spatial resolution over large areas of cortex. However,
      electrode arrays with many contacts that are individually wired to external
      recording systems are cumbersome and make recordings in freely behaving rodents
      challenging. We report a novel high-density 60-electrode system for MUECoG
      recording in freely moving rats. APPROACH: Multiplexed headstages overcome the
      problem of wiring complexity by combining signals from many electrodes to a
      smaller number of connections. We have developed a low-cost, multiplexed
      recording system with 60 contacts at 406 MUm spacing. We characterized the
      quality of the electrode signals using multiple metrics that tracked spatial
      variation, evoked-response detectability, and decoding value. Performance of the
      system was validated both in anesthetized animals and freely moving awake
      animals. MAIN RESULTS: We recorded MUECoG signals over the primary auditory
      cortex, measuring responses to acoustic stimuli across all channels. Single-trial
      responses had high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) (up to 25 dB under anesthesia),
      and were used to rapidly measure network topography within ~10 s by constructing
      all single-channel receptive fields in parallel. We characterized evoked
      potential amplitudes and spatial correlations across the array in the
      anesthetized and awake animals. Recording quality in awake animals was stable for
      at least 30 days. Finally, we used these responses to accurately decode auditory
      stimuli on single trials. SIGNIFICANCE: This study introduces (1) a MUECoG
      recording system based on practical hardware design and (2) a rigorous analytical
      method for characterizing the signal characteristics of MUECoG electrode arrays.
      This methodology can be applied to evaluate the fidelity and lifetime of any
      MUECoG electrode array. Our MUECoG-based recording system is accessible and will
      be useful for studies of perception and decision-making in rodents, particularly
      over the entire time course of behavioral training and learning.

PMID- 26975467
TI  - Factorial Structure and Validity of the Quantified Behavior Test Plus (Qb+(c)).
AB  - This study investigates the factorial structure and validity of the Quantified
      Behavior Test Plus (Qb+(c)), a computerized test to objectively evaluate the
      three attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder core symptoms, hyperactivity,
      inattention, and impulsivity, independently. Confirmatory and exploratory factor
      analyses were conducted with an outpatient sample of 773 subjects >=12 years old.
      In a second sample of 297 patients >=16 years, a multitrait-multimethod analysis
      was performed to examine concurrent and discriminant validity. The discriminative
      power of the Qb+ was investigated using a general linear model and logistic
      regression analysis. The three factorial structure (Hyperactivity, Inattention,
      Impulsivity) was verified in the confirmatory factor analysis. Fit indices
      demonstrated a good model fit and factor loadings were almost all moderate to
      high. In the multitrait-multimethod analysis, the criterion for convergent
      validity was fulfilled. The discriminant validity of the Qb+ was partially
      supported. Significant but small gender and age effects were found. In the
      logistic regression analysis, omission errors and reaction time variability,
      belonging to the Inattention factor, were able to discriminate between subjects
      with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The internal structure
      of the Qb+ was verified. Its validity was partially supported. Results regarding
      discriminative power were mixed.

PMID- 26975468
TI  - Erratum.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1177/1756287214565637.]. 

PMID- 26975469
TI  - Interaction of human chymase with ginkgolides, terpene trilactones of Ginkgo
      biloba investigated by molecular docking simulations.
AB  - The search for natural chymase inhibitors has a good potential to provide a novel
      therapeutic approach against the cardiovascular diseases and other heart
      ailments. We selected from literature 20 promising Ginkgo biloba compounds, and
      tested them for their potential ability to bind chymase enzyme using docking and
      a deep analysis of surface pocket features. Docking results indicated that the
      compounds may interact with the active site of human chymase, with favorable
      distinct interactions with important residues Lys40, His57, Lys192, Phe191,
      Val146, Ser218, Gly216, and Ser195. In particular, proanthocyanidin is the one
      with the best-predicted binding energy, with seven hydrogen bonds. Interestingly,
      all active G. biloba compounds have formed the hydrogen bond interactions with
      the positively charged Lys192 residue at the active site, involved in the
      mechanism of pH enhancement for the cleavage of angiotensin I site. Ginkgolic
      acid and proanthocyanidin have better predicted binding energy towards chymase
      than other serine proteases, i.e kallikrein, tryptase and elastase, suggesting
      specificity for chymase inhibition. Our study suggests these G. biloba compounds
      are a promising starting point for developing chymase inhibitors for the
      potential development of future drugs. 

PMID- 26975470
TI  - Myomir dysregulation and reactive oxygen species in aged human satellite cells.
AB  - Satellite cells that reside on the myofibre surface are crucial for the muscle
      homeostasis and regeneration. Aging goes along with a less effective regeneration
      of skeletal muscle tissue mainly due to the decreased myogenic capability of
      satellite cells. This phenomenon impedes proper maintenance and contributes to
      the age-associated decline in muscle mass, known as sarcopenia. The myogenic
      potential impairment does not depend on a reduced myogenic cell number, but
      mainly on their difficulty to complete a differentiation program. The unbalanced
      production of reactive oxygen species in elderly people could be responsible for
      skeletal muscle impairments. microRNAs are conserved post-transcriptional
      regulators implicated in numerous biological processes including adult
      myogenesis. Here, we measure the ROS level and analyze myomiR (miR-1, miR-133b
      and miR-206) expression in human myogenic precursors obtained from Vastus
      lateralis of elderly and young subjects to provide the molecular signature
      responsible for the differentiation impairment of elderly activated satellite
      cells. 

PMID- 26975471
TI  - Deciphering the role of Atg5 in nucleotide dependent interaction of Rab33B with
      the dimeric complex, Atg5-Atg16L1.
AB  - Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that degrades cytosolic
      constituents, including whole organelles and intracellular pathogens. Previous
      studies on various autophagy related genes revealed the importance of the Atg12
      Atg5-Atg16 complex in autophagy. Atg16L1 is an effector of Golgi-resident Rab33B
      and the molecular mechanism of the interaction of Rab33B with either Atg16L1 or
      in complex with Atg5 is still elusive. In the current study, using the pull down
      and calorimetric approaches, we have dissected the molecular insights into the
      interaction of Rab33B with different regions of mouse Atg16L1 as well as with the
      dimeric complex, Atg5-mAtg16L1. Our in vitro observation suggests that Atg5 is
      pre-requisite for the augmented nucleotide dependent interaction of Rab33B with
      the dimeric complex, Atg5-Atg16L1. Moreover, the results reported here suggest
      that Arg-24 of Atg16L1 is crucial for its interaction with Atg5 which will have
      further implication in the binding of the dimeric complex to Rab33B.

PMID- 26975472
TI  - Membrane insertion of alphaA-crystallin is oligomer-size dependent.
AB  - Vertebrate lens is one of the tissues with the highest soluble protein
      concentration. The predominant soluble proteins in lens fiber cells are
      crystallins, and among them, alpha-crystallins belong to the small heat shock
      protein family with chaperone-like activity. Although alpha-crystallins are
      highly soluble in waters, alpha-crystallins have been detected in the membrane
      bound fraction of lens, which will increase in the aged or cataractous lens. In
      this research, we found alphaA-crystallin exhibited a complex thermal transition
      with remarkable changes in secondary and quaternary structures. Treatment of
      alphaA-crystallin at high temperatures induced larger oliogomers with higher
      hydrophobic exposure. Both heat-treated and untreated alphaA-crystallin could
      insert into lipid monolayer directly as revealed by monolayer surface pressure
      experiments. Heat-treatment facilitated the membrane insertion of alphaA
      crystallin and increased the membrane-bound fraction in the cells. The membrane
      binding ability of alphaA-crystallin could be altered by cataract-causing
      mutations R116C, R116H and Y118D. Our results suggested that the irreversible
      changes in oligomer size induced by various stresses might promote the membrane
      association of alphaA-crystallin and therefore might play a role in aged
      cataract. Alternations in the membrane binding ability of alpha-crystallins might
      be important to the understanding of both aged and congenital cataracts.

PMID- 26975473
TI  - Meat and milk intake in the rice-based Korean diet: impact on cancer and
      metabolic syndrome.
AB  - Over a few decades, Korean diet has changed from traditional diet, mainly
      composed of rice and vegetables, to Westernised diet rich, in meat and milk,
      along with the economic development and globalisation. Increasing prevalence of
      diet-related chronic diseases such as cancer and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is
      becoming a heavy burden to society and requires further attention. In this
      review, the association of meat and milk consumption with cancer and MetS among
      Koreans was discussed. Previous meta-analyses showed that meat intake was
      positively associated with increased risk of cancers, especially colon, as well
      as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and that the intake of milk and dairy
      products was negatively associated with colorectal cancer, obesity, and type 2
      diabetes mellitus, based on studies conducted mostly in Western countries. In
      Korea and other Asian countries, the association of meat and milk intake with
      cancers were inconclusive and varied by types of cancers. Conversely, milk intake
      was negatively associated with MetS risk as reported in Western countries. The
      difference in results between Korea and Western countries might come from the
      differences in dietary patterns and study designs. Most Koreans still maintain
      traditional dietary pattern, although rapid change towards Westernised diet is
      underway among the younger age group. Randomised clinical trials or prospective
      cohort studies with consideration of combined effects of various dietary factors
      in Korea and other Asian countries are needed to elucidate the impact of meat and
      milk or related dietary patterns in their diet.

PMID- 26975475
TI  - Intraparenchymal hemorrhage from dural metastasis of breast cancer mimicking
      meningioma.
AB  - Intraparenchymal hemorrhage from dural metastasis of breast cancer is rare. A 54
      year-old woman without a significant medical history showed altered consciousness
      and left hemiparesis. Radiological examination revealed an extra-axial mass in
      the right middle fossa with intraparenchymal hemorrhage and another mass invading
      the skull in the right parietal region. The pre-operative diagnosis was a
      sphenoid ridge meningioma presenting with intraparenchymal hemorrhage and another
      meningioma in the convexity. The tumors and hematoma were removed. Pathological
      findings of the tumors were compatible with adenocarcinoma. Systemic examination
      revealed breast cancer with metastasis to the spine. Although the radiological
      findings were similar to those of meningioma, a differential diagnosis of
      metastatic brain tumor with intraparenchymal hemorrhage should be taken into
      consideration. 

PMID- 26975474
TI  - Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System as a Modulator of Cyclophilin D Redox State.
AB  - The mitochondrial thioredoxin system (NADPH, thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin)
      is a major redox regulator. Here we have investigated the redox correlation
      between this system and the mitochondrial enzyme cyclophilin D. The peptidyl
      prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity of cyclophilin D was stimulated by the
      thioredoxin system, while it was decreased by cyclosporin A and the thioredoxin
      reductase inhibitor auranofin. The redox state of cyclophilin D, thioredoxin 1
      and 2 and peroxiredoxin 3 was measured in isolated rat heart mitochondria and in
      tumor cell lines (CEM-R and HeLa) by redox Western blot analysis upon inhibition
      of thioredoxin reductase with auranofin, arsenic trioxide, 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene or after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. A concomitant oxidation
      of thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin and cyclophilin D was observed, suggesting a redox
      communication between the thioredoxin system and cyclophilin. This correlation
      was further confirmed by i) co-immunoprecipitation assay of cyclophilin D with
      thioredoxin 2 and peroxiredoxin 3, ii) molecular modeling and iii) depleting
      thioredoxin reductase by siRNA. We conclude that the mitochondrial thioredoxin
      system controls the redox state of cyclophilin D which, in turn, may act as a
      regulator of several processes including ROS production and pro-apoptotic factors
      release. 

PMID- 26975476
TI  - Prior thromboprophylaxis and outcome in patients experiencing acute venous
      thromboembolism after an acute medical illness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Even despite the use of thromboprophylaxis, some patients with an
      acute medical illness develop symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is
      unclear whether the outcome in these patients is different in those in whom
      prophylaxis was not prescribed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used the RIETE (Registro
      Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) database to compare the 3-month outcome
      (death, fatal pulmonary embolism, VTE recurrences, major bleeding) of patients
      with acute VTE after immobilization for an acute medical disease, according to
      the use of prophylaxis. RESULTS: Thromboprophylaxis was prescribed in 1313 (37%)
      of the 3527 patients included in August 2014. Acute infection was the most
      frequent cause of immobilization. Patients who received prophylaxis were more
      frequently immobilized in hospital than at home (70% vs. 22%), and fewer patients
      were immobilized for cancer (13% vs. 22%). During the first 3months of treatment,
      the rates of all-cause death (23 vs. 21%), fatal PE (2.6 vs. 3.1%), VTE
      recurrences (2.4% vs. 2.8%), and major bleeding (4.2% for both) did not differ
      between the two groups. Thromboprophylaxis was not associated with each outcome
      in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome in patients with VTE provoked
      by medical immobilization was not influenced by the use of thromboprophylaxis
      during the period of immobility.

PMID- 26975477
TI  - Immuno-enhancement of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharides on
      recombinant Bordetella avium ompA expressed in Pichia pastoris.
AB  - Bordetellosis, caused by Bordetella avium, continues to be an economic problem in
      the poultry industry of China. Vaccines with good protective ability are lacking.
      Thus, developing a novel vaccine against the B. avium infection is crucial. Here,
      we constructed a recombinant Pichia pastoris transformant capable of expressing
      the outer membrane protein A (ompA) of B. avium to prepare the recombinant ompA
      subunit vaccine and then evaluated its immune effects. To further investigate the
      immunomodulation effects of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharides
      (TPPPS) on this subunit vaccine, three concentrations (20, 40, and 60 mg/mL) of
      TPPPS were used as the adjuvants of the ompA subunit vaccine respectively. The
      conventional Freund's incomplete adjuvant served as the control of TPPPS.
      Chickens in different groups were separately vaccinated with these vaccines
      thrice. During the monitoring period, serum antibody titers, concentrations of
      serum IL-4, percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes in the peripheral
      blood, lymphocyte transformation rate, and protection rate were detected. Results
      showed that the pure ompA vaccine induced the production of anti-ompA antibody,
      the secretion of IL-4, the increase of CD4(+) T-lymphocytes counts and lymphocyte
      transformation rate in the peripheral blood. Moreover, the pure ompA vaccine
      provided a protection rate of 71.67% after the B. avium challenge. Notably, TPPPS
      adjuvant vaccines induced higher levels of immune responses than the pure ompA
      vaccine, and 60 mg/mL TPPPS adjuvant vaccine showed optimal immune effects and
      had a 91.67% protection rate. Our findings indicated that this recombinant B.
      avium ompA subunit vaccine combined with TPPPS had high immunostimulatory
      potential. Results provided a new perspective for B. avium subunit vaccine
      research. 

PMID- 26975479
TI  - Diabetes mellitus as a compelling indication for use of renin angiotensin system
      blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

PMID- 26975478
TI  - Exposure of preimplantation embryos to low-dose bisphenol A impairs testes
      development and suppresses histone acetylation of StAR promoter to reduce
      production of testosterone in mice.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) is a potential endocrine
      disruptor and testicular toxicant. The present study focused on exploring the
      impact of exposure to low dose of BPA on male reproductive development during the
      early embryo stage and the underlying mechanisms. BPA (20 MUg/kg/day) was orally
      administered to female mice on days 1-5 of gestation. The male offspring were
      euthanized at PND10, 20, 24, 35 or PND50. We found that the mice exposed to BPA
      before implantation (BPA-mice) displayed retardation of testicular development
      with reduction of testosterone level. The diameter and epithelium height of
      seminiferous tubules were reduced in BPA-mice at PND35. The numbers of
      spermatogenic cells at different stages were significantly reduced in BPA-mice at
      PND50. BPA-mice showed a persistent reduction in serum and testicular
      testosterone levels starting from PND24, whereas GnRH mRNA was significantly
      increased at PND35 and PND50. The expressions of testicular StAR and P450scc in
      BPA-mice also decreased relative to those of the controls at PND35 and PND50.
      Further analysis found that the levels of histone H3 and H3K14 acetylation (Ac-H3
      and H3K14ac) in the promoter of StAR were decreased relative to those of control
      mice, whereas the level of Ac-H3 in the promoter of P450scc was not significantly
      different between the groups. These results provide evidence that exposure to BPA
      in preimplantation embryo retards the development of testes by reducing histone
      acetylation of the StAR promoter to disrupt the testicular testosterone
      synthesis. 

PMID- 26975480
TI  - Fabrication of Ti substrate grain dependent C/TiO2 composites through
      carbothermal treatment of anodic TiO2.
AB  - Composite materials of titania and graphitic carbon, and their optimized
      synthesis are highly interesting for application in sustainable energy conversion
      and storage. We report on planar C/TiO2 composite films that are prepared on a
      polycrystalline titanium substrate by carbothermal treatment of compact anodic
      TiO2 with acetylene. This thin film material allows for the study of functional
      properties of C/TiO2 as a function of chemical composition and structure. The
      chemical and structural properties of the composite on top of individual Ti
      substrate grains are examined by scanning photoelectron microscopy and micro
      Raman spectroscopy. Through comparison of these data with electron backscatter
      diffraction, it is found that the amount of generated carbon and the grade of
      anodic film crystallinity correlate with the crystallographic orientation of the
      Ti substrate grains. On top of Ti grains with ~(0001) orientations the anodic
      TiO2 exhibits the highest grade of crystallinity, and the composite contains the
      highest fraction of graphitic carbon compared to Ti grains with other
      orientations. This indirect effect of the Ti substrate grain orientation yields
      new insights into the activity of TiO2 towards the decomposition of carbon
      precursors. 

PMID- 26975481
TI  - Compound eye and ocellar structure for walking and flying modes of locomotion in
      the Australian ant, Camponotus consobrinus.
AB  - Ants are unusual among insects in that individuals of the same species within a
      single colony have different modes of locomotion and tasks. We know from walking
      ants that vision plays a significant role in guiding this behaviour, but we know
      surprisingly little about the potential contribution of visual sensory structures
      for a flying mode of locomotion. Here we investigate the structure of the
      compound eye and ocelli in pedestrian workers, alate females and alate males of
      an Australian ant, Camponotus consobrinus, and discuss the trade-offs involved in
      optical sensitivity and spatial resolution. Male ants have more but smaller
      ommatidia and the smallest interommatidial angles, which is most likely an
      adaptation to visually track individual flying females. Both walking and flying
      forms of ants have a similar proportion of specialized receptors sensitive to
      polarized skylight, but the absolute number of these receptors varies, being
      greatest in males. Ocelli are present only in the flying forms. Each ocellus
      consists of a bipartite retina with a horizon-facing dorsal retina, which
      contains retinula cells with long rhabdoms, and a sky-facing ventral retina with
      shorter rhabdoms. We discuss the implications of these and their potential for
      sensing the pattern of polarized skylight. 

PMID- 26975482
TI  - Characterization by microarray and meiotic segregation study of a der(10)t(10;18)
      in a patient with infertility and normal phenotype.

PMID- 26975483
TI  - Performance of the Prostate Health Index in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes
      among men with a negative digital rectal examination and transrectal
      ultrasonography.
AB  - The [-2]proPSA (p2PSA) and its derivatives, the p2PSA-to-free PSA ratio (%p2PSA),
      and the Prostate Health Index (PHI) have greatly improved discrimination between
      men with and without prostate cancer (PCa) in prostate biopsies. However, little
      is known about their performance in cases where a digital rectal examination
      (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) are negative. A prospective cohort
      of 261 consecutive patients in China with negative DRE and TRUS were recruited
      and underwent prostate biopsies. A serum sample had collected before the biopsy
      was used to measure various PSA derivatives, including total prostate-specific
      antigen (tPSA), free PSA, and p2PSA. For each patient, the free-to-total PSA
      ratio (%fPSA), PSA density (PSAD), p2PSA-to-free PSA ratio (%p2PSA), and PHI were
      calculated. Discriminative performance was assessed using the area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the biopsy rate at 91%
      sensitivity. The AUC scores within the entire cohort with respect to age, tPSA,
      %fPSA, PSAD, p2PSA, %p2PSA, and PHI were 0.598, 0.751, 0.646, 0.789, 0.814,
      0.808, and 0.853, respectively. PHI was the best predictor of prostate biopsy
      results, especially in patients with a tPSA of 10.1-20 ng ml-1 . Compared with
      other markers, at a sensitivity of 91%, PHI was the most useful for determining
      which men did not need to undergo biopsy, thereby avoiding unnecessary
      procedures. The use of PHI could improve the accuracy of PCa detection by
      predicting prostate biopsy outcomes among men with a negative DRE and TRUS in
      China. 

PMID- 26975484
TI  - Human semen quality and the secondary sex ratio.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between semen quality and
      the secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female live
      births. Our study cohort comprised 227 male partners who were enrolled prior to
      conception in Michigan and Texas between 2005 and 2009, and prospectively
      followed through delivery of a singleton birth. The male partners provided a
      baseline and a follow-up semen sample a month apart. Semen analysis was conducted
      to assess 27 parameters including five general characteristics, six sperm head
      measures, 14 morphology measures, and two sperm chromatin stability assay
      measures. Modified Poisson regression models with a robust error variance were
      used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of a
      male birth for each semen parameter, after adjusting for potential confounders.
      Of the 27 semen parameters, only the percentage of bicephalic sperm was
      significantly associated with the SSR (2 nd vs 1 st quartile, RR, 0.65, 95% CI,
      0.45-0.95, P = 0.03; 4 th vs 1 st quartile, RR, 0.61, 95% CI, 0.38-1.00, P < 0.05
      before rounding to two decimal places), suggestive of a higher percentage of
      bicephalic sperm being associated with an excess of female births. Given the
      exploratory design of the present study, this preconception cohort study suggests
      no clear signal that human semen quality is associated with offspring sex
      determination.

PMID- 26975485
TI  - Inverse correlation between reactive oxygen species in unwashed semen and sperm
      motion parameters as measured by a computer-assisted semen analyzer.
AB  - This study investigated the correlation between sperm motion parameters obtained
      by a computer-assisted semen analyzer and levels of reactive oxygen species in
      unwashed semen. In total, 847 patients, except for azoospermic patients were
      investigated. At the time of each patient's first consultation, semen parameters
      were measured using SMASTM or CellSoft 3000TM, and production of reactive oxygen
      species was measured using a computer-driven LKB Wallac Luminometer 1251
      Analyzer. The patients were divided into two groups: reactive oxygen species -
      positive and negative. The semen parameters within each group were measured using
      one of the two computer-assisted semen analyzer systems and then compared.
      Correlations between reactive oxygen species levels and sperm motion parameters
      in semen from the reactive oxygen species - positive group were also
      investigated. Reactive oxygen species were detected in semen samples of 282 cases
      (33.3%). Sperm concentration (P < 0.01; P < 0.01), motility (P < 0.01; P < 0.05),
      and progressive motility (P < 0.01; P < 0.01) were markedly lower in the reactive
      oxygen species - positive group than in the reactive oxygen species - negative
      group. Among the sperm motion parameters in the reactive oxygen species -
      positive group, sperm concentration (P < 0.01; P < 0.01), motility (P < 0.05; P <
      0.01), mALH (P < 0.05; P < 0.01), and progressive motility (P < 0.05; P < 0.01)
      also showed inverse correlations with the logarithmic transformed reactive oxygen
      species levels. Therefore, this study demonstrated that excessive reactive oxygen
      species in semen damage sperm concentration, motility, and other sperm motion
      parameters.

PMID- 26975486
TI  - Use of a disposable circumcision suture device versus conventional circumcision:
      a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - This systematic review assessed the safety and efficacy of the disposable
      circumcision suture device (DCSD) and conventional circumcision (CC) in the
      treatment of redundant prepuce and phimosis. Two independent reviewers conducted
      a literature search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using the DCSD and CC
      for the treatment of redundant prepuce or phimosis in China and abroad. Nine RCTs
      (1898 cases) were included. Compared with the CC group, the DCSD group had a
      shorter operative time (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -21.44; 95%
      confidence intervals [95% CIs] [-25.08, -17.79]; P < 0.00001), shorter wound
      healing time (SMD = -3.66; 95% CI [-5.46, -1.85]; P < 0.0001), less
      intraoperative blood loss (SMD = -9.64; 95% CI [-11.37, -7.90]; P < 0.00001),
      better cosmetic penile appearance (odds ratio [OR] =8.77; 95% CI [5.90, 13.02]; P
      < 0.00001), lower intraoperative pain score, lower 24-h postoperative pain score,
      lower incidence of infection, less incision edema, and fewer adverse events.
      There were no differences between the CC and DCSD groups in the incidences of
      dehiscence, or hematoma. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that the DCSD
      appears to be safer and more effective than CC. However, additional high-quality
      RCTs with larger study populations are needed.

PMID- 26975487
TI  - Serum testosterone level predicts the effective time of androgen deprivation
      therapy in metastatic prostate cancer patients.
AB  - Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care for patients with
      metastatic prostate cancer. However, whether serum testosterone levels, using a
      cut-off point of 50 ng dl-1 , are related to the effective time of ADT in newly
      diagnosed prostate cancer patients remains controversial. Moreover, recent
      studies have shown that some patients may benefit from the addition of upfront
      docetaxel chemotherapy. To date, no studies have been able to distinguish
      patients who will benefit from the combination of ADT and docetaxel chemotherapy.
      This study included 206 patients who were diagnosed with metastatic prostate
      cancer and showed progression to castrate-resistance prostate cancer (CRPC).
      Serum testosterone levels were measured prospectively after ADT for 1, 3, and 6
      months. The endpoint was the time to CRPC. In univariate and multivariate
      analyses, testosterone levels <50 ng dl-1 were not associated with the effective
      time of ADT. Receiver operating characteristic and univariate analysis showed
      that testosterone levels of <=25 ng dl-1 after the first month of ADT offered the
      best overall sensitivity and specificity for prediction of a longer time to CRPC
      (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.08-1.96; P
      = 0.013). Our results show that serum testosterone level of 25 ng dl-1 plays a
      prognostic role in prostate cancer patients receiving ADT. A testosterone value
      of 25 ng dl-1 after the first month of ADT can distinguish patients who benefit
      from ADT effectiveness for only a short time. These patients may need to receive
      ADT and concurrent docetaxel chemotherapy.

PMID- 26975488
TI  - Vasectomy reversal: a clinical update.
AB  - Vasectomy is a safe and effective method of contraception used by 42-60 million
      men worldwide. Approximately 3%-6% of men opt for a vasectomy reversal due to the
      death of a child or divorce and remarriage, change in financial situation, desire
      for more children within the same marriage, or to alleviate the dreaded
      postvasectomy pain syndrome. Unlike vasectomy, vasectomy reversal is a much more
      technically challenging procedure that is performed only by a minority of
      urologists and places a larger financial strain on the patient since it is
      usually not covered by insurance. Interest in this procedure has increased since
      the operating microscope became available in the 1970s, which consequently led to
      improved patency and pregnancy rates following the procedure. In this clinical
      update, we discuss patient evaluation, variables that may influence reversal
      success rates, factors to consider in choosing to perform vasovasostomy versus
      vasoepididymostomy, and the usefulness of vasectomy reversal to alleviate
      postvasectomy pain syndrome. We also review the use of robotics for vasectomy
      reversal and other novel techniques and instrumentation that have emerged in
      recent years to aid in the success of this surgery. 

PMID- 26975489
TI  - Relationship between circumcision and human papillomavirus infection: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Male circumcision (MC) is reported to reduce human papillomavirus (HPV)
      prevalence in men. However, the efficacy remains imprecise. The aim of this study
      was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the relationship
      between MC and genital HPV infection and genital warts. PUBMED, EMBASE, and Web
      of Science were searched from inception to March 22, 2015. We identified 30
      papers, including a total of 12149 circumcised and 12252 uncircumcised men who
      were evaluated for the association of circumcision with genital HPV or genital
      warts. Compared with men who were not circumcised, circumcised men may have had
      significantly reduced odds of genital HPV prevalence (odds ratio [OR]: 0.68; 95%
      confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.56-0.82). There was no significant association
      between MC and genital HPV acquisition of new infections (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.62
      1.60), genital HPV clearance (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.96-1.97), and prevalence of
      genital warts (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.63-2.17). This meta-analysis suggests that
      circumcision reduces the prevalence of genital HPV infections. However, no clear
      evidence was found that circumcision was associated with decreased HPV
      acquisition, increased HPV clearance, or decreased the prevalence of genital
      warts. More studies are required to evaluate adequately the effect of MC on the
      acquisition and clearance of HPV infections and prevalence of genital warts.

PMID- 26975490
TI  - Clinically available RNA profiling tests of prostate tumors: utility and
      comparison.
AB  - In the postscreening era, physicians are in need of methods to discriminate
      aggressive from nonaggressive prostate cancer (PCa) to reduce overdiagnosis and
      overtreatment. However, studies have shown that prognoses (e.g., progression and
      mortality) differ even among individuals with similar clinical and pathological
      characteristics. Existing risk classifiers (TMN grading system, Gleason score,
      etc.) are not accurately enough to represent the biological features of PCa.
      Using new genomic technologies, novel biomarkers and classifiers have been
      developed and shown to add value to clinical or pathological risk factors for
      predicting aggressive disease. Among them, RNA testing (gene expression analysis)
      is useful because it can not only reflect genetic variations but also reflect
      epigenetic regulations. Commercially available RNA profiling tests (Oncotype Dx,
      Prolaris, and Decipher) have demonstrated strong abilities to discriminate PCa
      with poor prognosis from less aggressive diseases. For instance, these RNA
      profiling tests can predict disease progression in active surveillance patients
      or early recurrence after radical treatments. These tests may offer more
      dependable methods for PCa prognosis prediction to make more accurate and
      personal medical decisions. 

PMID- 26975491
TI  - Paternal aging and increased risk of congenital disease, psychiatric disorders,
      and cancer.
AB  - As couples are increasingly delaying parenthood, the effect of the aging men and
      women on reproductive outcomes has been an area of increased interest. Advanced
      paternal age has been shown to independently affect the entire spectrum of male
      fertility as assessed by reductions in sperm quality and fertilization (both
      assisted and unassisted). Moreover, epidemiological data suggest that paternal
      age can lead to higher rates of adverse birth outcomes and congenital anomalies.
      Mounting evidence also suggests increased risk of specific pediatric and adult
      disease states ranging from cancer to behavioral traits. While disease states
      associated with advancing paternal age have been well described, consensus
      recommendations for neonatal screening have not been as widely implemented as
      have been with advanced maternal age. 

PMID- 26975493
TI  - Superficial angiomyxoma of penis: a case report of a 6-year follow-up.

PMID- 26975492
TI  - Seminal biomarkers for the evaluation of male infertility.
AB  - For men struggling to conceive with their partners, diagnostic tools are limited
      and often consist of only a standard semen analysis. This baseline test serves as
      a crude estimation of male fertility, leaving patients and clinicians in need of
      additional diagnostic biomarkers. Seminal fluid contains the highest
      concentration of molecules from the male reproductive glands, therefore, this
      review focuses on current and novel seminal biomarkers in certain male
      infertility scenarios, including natural fertility, differentiating azoospermia
      etiologies, and predicting assisted reproductive technique success. Currently
      available tests include antisperm antibody assays, DNA fragmentation index, sperm
      fluorescence in situ hybridization, and other historical sperm functional tests.
      The poor diagnostic ability of current assays has led to continued efforts to
      find more predictive biomarkers. Emerging research in the fields of genomics,
      epigenetics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics holds promise for the
      development of novel male infertility biomarkers. Seminal protein-based assays of
      TEX101, ECM1, and ACRV1 are already available or under final development for
      clinical use. Additional panels of DNA, RNA, proteins, or metabolites are being
      explored as we attempt to understand the pathophysiologic processes of male
      infertility. Future ventures will need to continue data integration and
      validation for the development of clinically useful infertility biomarkers to aid
      in male infertility diagnosis, treatment, and counseling. 

PMID- 26975495
TI  - Quantitative measurement of blood flow in paediatric brain tumours-a comparative
      study of dynamic susceptibility contrast and multi time-point arterial spin
      labelled MRI.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Arterial spin-labelling (ASL) MRI uses intrinsic blood water to
      quantify the cerebral blood flow (CBF), removing the need for the injection of a
      gadolinium-based contrast agent used for conventional perfusion imaging such as
      dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC). Owing to the non-invasive nature of the
      technique, ASL is an attractive option for use in paediatric patients. This work
      compared DSC and multi-timepoint ASL measures of CBF in paediatric brain tumours.
      METHODS: Patients (n = 23; 20 low-grade tumours and 3 high-grade tumours) had DSC
      and multi-timepoint ASL with and without vascular crushers (VC). VC removes the
      contribution from larger vessel blood flow. Mean perfusion metrics were extracted
      from control and T1-enhanced tumour regions of interest (ROIs): arterial arrival
      time (AAT) and CBF from the ASL images with and without VC, relative cerebral
      blood flow (rCBF), relative cerebral blood volume, delay time (DT) and mean
      transit time (MTT) from the DSC images. RESULTS: Significant correlations existed
      for: AAT and DT (r = 0.77, p = 0.0002) and CBF and rCBF (r = 0.56, p = 0.02) in
      control ROIs for ASL-noVC. No significant correlations existed between DSC and
      ASL measures in the tumour region. Significant differences between control and
      tumour ROI were found for MTT (p < 0.001) and rCBF (p < 0.005) measures.
      CONCLUSION: Significant correlations between ASL-noVC and DSC measures in the
      normal brain suggest that DSC is most sensitive to macrovascular blood flow. The
      absence of significant correlations within the tumour ROI suggests that ASL is
      sensitive to different physiological mechanisms compared with DSC measures.
      ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: ASL provides information which is comparable with that of
      DSC in healthy tissues, but appears to reflect a different physiology in tumour
      tissues.

PMID- 26975496
TI  - Characterization of in vitro radiosensitization in mammalian cells using
      biomathematical modelling: implications for hypofractionated radiotherapy with a
      combined modality approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether radiosensitization is beneficial when
      radiotherapy is administered at a high dose per fraction. The aim of this study
      was to assess the impact of radiation dose on the effectiveness of a broad range
      of radiosensitizers. METHODS: We analyzed 653 pairs of clonogenic survival curves
      in 285 published articles, in which modifications of radiosensitivity were
      studied using the colony-forming assay. The modifications of radiosensitivity
      were arbitrarily classified into 20 classes. The survival curves were fitted to
      two biomathematical models: the linear-quadratic model and the repair-misrepair
      (RMR) model. RESULTS: We found that radiosensitization was predominantly
      characterized by an increase of the alpha value (alpha-sensitization) without an
      increase of the beta value (beta-sensitization). A subset analysis revealed that
      all 20 classes showed significant alpha-sensitization. In contrast, only
      oxygen/hypoxic sensitizers (oxygen) and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)
      polymerase inhibition (PARPi) exhibited beta-sensitization. An analysis using the
      RMR model revealed two major sources of radiosensitization: an increased residual
      DNA lesion through repair inhibition and a shift from linear repairs to quadratic
      misrepairs, leading to enhanced lethal chromosomal aberrations. CONCLUSION:
      Oxygen and PARPi were found to show beta-sensitization, which was favourable for
      eliciting a comparable degree of sensitization in the higher dose range. Reduced
      fidelity of the repair was suggested to be a possible mechanism of beta
      sensitization. Further study targeting beta-sensitization is needed to develop a
      novel combined modality therapy with high-dose-per-fraction radiotherapy.
      ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Radiosensitization can be classified into two groups,
      alpha- and beta-sensitizations. These two phenomena may stem from distinct
      underlying mechanisms.

PMID- 26975494
TI  - DNA alterations in the tumor genome and their associations with clinical outcome
      in prostate cancer.
AB  - Although most prostate cancer (PCa) cases are not life-threatening, approximately
      293 000 men worldwide die annually due to PCa. These lethal cases are thought to
      be caused by coordinated genomic alterations that accumulate over time. Recent
      genome-wide analyses of DNA from subjects with PCa have revealed most, if not
      all, genetic changes in both germline and PCa tumor genomes. In this article, I
      first review the major, somatically acquired genomic characteristics of various
      subtypes of PCa. I then recap key findings on the relationships between genomic
      alterations and clinical parameters, such as biochemical recurrence or clinical
      relapse, metastasis and cancer-specific mortality. Finally, I outline the need
      for, and challenges with, validation of recent findings in prospective studies
      for clinical utility. It is clearer now than ever before that the landscape of
      somatically acquired aberrations in PCa is highlighted by DNA copy number
      alterations (CNAs) and TMPRSS2-ERG fusion derived from complex rearrangements,
      numerous single nucleotide variations or mutations, tremendous heterogeneity, and
      continuously punctuated evolution. Genome-wide CNAs, PTEN loss, MYC gain in
      primary tumors, and TP53 loss/mutation and AR amplification/mutation in advanced
      metastatic PCa have consistently been associated with worse cancer prognosis.
      With this recently gained knowledge, it is now an opportune time to develop DNA
      based tests that provide more accurate patient stratification for prediction of
      clinical outcome, which will ultimately lead to more personalized cancer care
      than is possible at present. 

PMID- 26975497
TI  - Methods for the analysis of ordinal response data in medical image quality
      assessment.
AB  - The assessment of image quality in medical imaging often requires observers to
      rate images for some metric or detectability task. These subjective results are
      used in optimization, radiation dose reduction or system comparison studies and
      may be compared to objective measures from a computer vision algorithm performing
      the same task. One popular scoring approach is to use a Likert scale, then assign
      consecutive numbers to the categories. The mean of these response values is then
      taken and used for comparison with the objective or second subjective response.
      Agreement is often assessed using correlation coefficients. We highlight a number
      of weaknesses in this common approach, including inappropriate analyses of
      ordinal data and the inability to properly account for correlations caused by
      repeated images or observers. We suggest alternative data collection and analysis
      techniques such as amendments to the scale and multilevel proportional odds
      models. We detail the suitability of each approach depending upon the data
      structure and demonstrate each method using a medical imaging example. Whilst
      others have raised some of these issues, we evaluated the entire study from data
      collection to analysis, suggested sources for software and further reading, and
      provided a checklist plus flowchart for use with any ordinal data. We hope that
      raised awareness of the limitations of the current approaches will encourage
      greater method consideration and the utilization of a more appropriate analysis.
      More accurate comparisons between measures in medical imaging will lead to a more
      robust contribution to the imaging literature and ultimately improved patient
      care. 

PMID- 26975498
TI  - Effect of Postextubation High-Flow Nasal Cannula vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy
      on Reintubation in Low-Risk Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Studies of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients that
      combine populations that are at high and low risk for reintubation suggest that
      conditioned high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy after extubation improves
      oxygenation compared with conventional oxygen therapy. However, conclusive data
      about reintubation are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high-flow nasal
      cannula oxygen therapy is superior to conventional oxygen therapy for preventing
      reintubation in mechanically ventilated patients at low risk for reintubation.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter randomized clinical trial
      conducted between September 2012 and October 2014 in 7 intensive care units
      (ICUs) in Spain. Participants were 527 adult critical patients at low risk for
      reintubation who fulfilled criteria for planned extubation. Low risk for
      reintubation was defined as younger than 65 years; Acute Physiology and Chronic
      Health Evaluation II score less than 12 on day of extubation; body mass index
      less than 30; adequate secretions management; simple weaning; 0 or 1 comorbidity;
      and absence of heart failure, moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease, airway patency problems, and prolonged mechanical ventilation.
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to undergo either high-flow or
      conventional oxygen therapy for 24 hours after extubation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: The primary outcome was reintubation within 72 hours, compared with the
      Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel chi2 test. Secondary outcomes included postextubation
      respiratory failure, respiratory infection, sepsis and multiorgan failure, ICU
      and hospital length of stay and mortality, adverse events, and time to
      reintubation. RESULTS: Of 527 patients (mean age, 51 years [range, 18-64]; 62%
      men), 264 received high-flow therapy and 263 conventional oxygen therapy.
      Reintubation within 72 hours was less common in the high-flow group (13 patients
      [4.9%] vs 32 [12.2%] in the conventional group; absolute difference, 7.2% [95%
      CI, 2.5% to 12.2%]; P = .004). Postextubation respiratory failure was less common
      in the high-flow group (22/264 patients [8.3%] vs 38/263 [14.4%] in the
      conventional group; absolute difference, 6.1% [95% CI, 0.7% to 11.6%]; P = .03).
      Time to reintubation was not significantly different between groups (19 hours
      [interquartile range, 12-28] in the high-flow group vs 15 hours [interquartile
      range, 9-31] in the conventional group; absolute difference, -4 [95% CI, -54 to
      46]; P = .66]. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among
      extubated patients at low risk for reintubation, the use of high-flow nasal
      cannula oxygen compared with conventional oxygen therapy reduced the risk of
      reintubation within 72 hours. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
      NCT01191489.

PMID- 26975499
TI  - Predictive information speeds up visual awareness in an individuation task by
      modulating threshold setting, not processing efficiency.
AB  - Theories on visual awareness claim that predicted stimuli reach awareness faster
      than unpredicted ones. In the current study, we disentangle whether prior
      information about the upcoming stimulus affects visual awareness of stimulus
      location (i.e., individuation) by modulating processing efficiency or threshold
      setting. Analogous research on stimulus identification revealed that prior
      information modulates threshold setting. However, as identification and
      individuation are two functionally and neurally distinct processes, the
      mechanisms underlying identification cannot simply be extrapolated directly to
      individuation. The goal of this study was therefore to investigate how
      individuation is influenced by prior information about the upcoming stimulus. To
      do so, a drift diffusion model was fitted to estimate the processing efficiency
      and threshold setting for predicted versus unpredicted stimuli in a cued
      individuation paradigm. Participants were asked to locate a picture, following a
      cue that was congruent, incongruent or neutral with respect to the picture's
      identity. Pictures were individuated faster in the congruent and neutral
      condition compared to the incongruent condition. In the diffusion model analysis,
      the processing efficiency was not significantly different across conditions.
      However, the threshold setting was significantly higher following an incongruent
      cue compared to both congruent and neutral cues. Our results indicate that
      predictive information about the upcoming stimulus influences visual awareness by
      shifting the threshold for individuation rather than by enhancing processing
      efficiency. 

PMID- 26975500
TI  - Perceptual-binding in a rotating Necker cube: The effect of context motion and
      position.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that spatial context influences the perceptual
      interpretation of ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube; however, the
      properties that mediate the influences of an unambiguous spatial context have yet
      to be investigated. Here we consider the effect of the motion and position of an
      unambiguous rotating skeleton cube on the perceived motion direction of an
      ambiguous rotating Necker cube. We aimed to determine whether the motion of the
      two figures could be perceptually bound, and if it could, to determine the
      properties of the binding. We employed a novel procedure analogous to reverse
      correlation to establish the correlation between the rotation directions of the
      context and the perceived rotation directions of the target, across 32s trial
      presentations. Our results showed that changes in the rotation direction of the
      context triggered above-chance changes in the perceived rotation direction of the
      target. However, the relative speeds of rotation of the context and target had
      little effect on the correlations. Position on the other hand had a significant
      effect: correlations were higher when the context was below compared to when
      above the target. Our results reveal that change-synchrony not common fate is the
      factor mediating perceptual motion binding between the context and Necker cube.
      We also suggest that prior knowledge of friction forces could underlie the
      position dependency of the context and Necker-cube correlation.

PMID- 26975501
TI  - Rejecting probability summation for radial frequency patterns, not so Quick!
AB  - Radial frequency (RF) patterns are used to assess how the visual system processes
      shape. They are thought to be detected globally. This is supported by studies
      that have found summation for RF patterns to be greater than what is possible if
      the parts were being independently detected and performance only then improved
      with an increasing number of cycles by probability summation between them.
      However, the model of probability summation employed in these previous studies
      was based on High Threshold Theory (HTT), rather than Signal Detection Theory
      (SDT). We conducted rating scale experiments to investigate the receiver
      operating characteristics. We find these are of the curved form predicted by SDT,
      rather than the straight lines predicted by HTT. This means that to test
      probability summation we must use a model based on SDT. We conducted a set of
      summation experiments finding that thresholds decrease as the number of modulated
      cycles increases at approximately the same rate as previously found. As this
      could be consistent with either additive or probability summation, we performed
      maximum-likelihood fitting of a set of summation models (Matlab code provided in
      our Supplementary material) and assessed the fits using cross validation. We find
      we are not able to distinguish whether the responses to the parts of an RF
      pattern are combined by additive or probability summation, because the
      predictions are too similar. We present similar results for summation between
      separate RF patterns, suggesting that the summation process there may be the same
      as that within a single RF.

PMID- 26975502
TI  - [Cervical spine injury in equestrian sports].
AB  - The cervical spine is considered fragile and vulnerable to injuries in equestrian
      sport. This retrospective study investigates the injury pattern and severity.
      Patients of the medical university in Hannover from the years 2006-2011, who had
      an equestrian accident, were identified. Patients who had been injured in the
      course of their work were excluded. Results counted with a p-value < 0.05 were
      considered significant. In 13.1% of patients, there were 71 cervical spine
      injuries (92.4% female; 7.6% male). The mean age was 27.1 +/- 13.2 years. Of
      these, 86.4% associated the injury to the riding accident. In 56 cases, it
      concerned falls from the horse. In 13.6% of the cases, the injury was caused
      while handling the horse. Sprains were most common (70.4%). Fractures of the neck
      vertebrae were found in 22.5% of the cases. The mean ISS was 7.0 +/- 5.8 pts.
      Polytrauma was identified in 6.1% of patients (ISS >= 16 Pkt). The most common
      accompanying injury presented was an injury to the head (29.2%; p = 0.003). Of
      the 30 hospitalized patients, 13.3% were admitted to intensive medical care for
      2.3 +/- 15.4 d. The mortality was 0%. Injuries of the cervical spine are not to
      be underestimated in their frequency and severity. It is shown that, especially
      with injuries of the head and thoracic and lumbar spine area, patients are at
      increased risk of concurrent cervical lesions. The prevention of neck injuries is
      currently done in the form of riding helmets, airbag jackets, riding behavior and
      education. Further study of the prevention of neck injuries is required.

PMID- 26975504
TI  - Progress in Research of KV1.1 and KV1.3 Channels as Therapeutic Targets.
AB  - Voltage-gated potassium channels (KV) mainly response in action potential
      repolarization in excitable cells and also participate in regulating resting
      potentials in non-excitable cells, involved in diverse physiological processes.
      This review focuses on potential drug developments targeting the KV1.1 and KV1.3
      channels. KV1.1 mainly existing in the nervous system plays key roles in
      controlling neuronal excitability; while the distribution of KV1.3 in different
      types of cells contributes to a variety of cellular processes. This article seeks
      to review the distributions of two channels, their roles in diseases, phenotypes
      of knockout mice, human channelopathies and selective modulators. 

PMID- 26975503
TI  - MiR-29c regulates the expression of miR-34c and miR-449a by targeting DNA
      methyltransferase 3a and 3b in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is prevalent in South East Asia and
      Southern China particularly, despite the reported 5-year survival ratio is
      relative higher than other deadly cancers such as liver, renal, pancreas cancer,
      the lethality is characterized by high metastatic potential in the early stage
      and high recurrence rate after radiation treatment. MicroRNA-29c was found to be
      down-regulated in the serum as well as in the tissue of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      tissue. METHODS: In this study, we found accidentally that the transfection of
      pre-miR-29c or miR-29c mimics significantly increases the expression level of miR
      34c and miR-449a but doesn't affect that of miR-222 using real-time quantitative
      PCR in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. To explore the molecular mechanism of
      the regulatory role, the cells are treated with 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR)
      treatment and the level of miR-34c and miR-449a but not miR-222 accumulated by
      the treatment. DNA methyltransferase 3a, 3b were down-regulated by the 5-Aza-CdR
      treatment with western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: We found
      that pre-miR-29c or miR-29c mimics significantly increases the expression level
      of miR-34c and miR-449a. We further found DNA methyltransferase 3a and 3b are the
      target gene of miR-29c. Restoration of miR-29c in NPC cells down-regulated DNA
      methyltransferase 3a, 3b, but not DNA methyltransferase T1. CONCLUSIONS: The
      regulation of miR-29c/DNMTs/miR-34c?449a is an important molecular axis of NPC
      development and targeting DNMTs or restoring of miR-29c might be a promising
      therapy strategy for the prevention of NPC.

PMID- 26975505
TI  - Kv1.5 Inhibitors for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: A Tradeoff between
      Selectivity and Non-selectivity.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the common arrhythmias that threatens human
      health and brings a huge burden to society. Current treatments of AF possess
      limited efficacy and considerable risks, so a lot of efforts have been made to
      develop new AF therapies. Kv1.5 potassium channel is considered as an efficacious
      and safe therapeutic target of AF for its selective existence in atrium. This
      review will give a brief profile of Kv1.5 potassium channel and describe the
      progress of Kv1.5 inhibitors in this decade from nonselective drugs to selective
      agents. The final section will discuss the advantages and disadvantages between
      selectivity and non-selectivity. 

PMID- 26975507
TI  - Computer-Aided Drug Discovery and Design Targeting Ion Channels.
AB  - Ion channels are widely expressed in living cells and play critical roles in
      various cellular biological functions. Dysfunctional ion channels can cause a
      variety of diseases, making ion channels attractive targets for drug discovery.
      Computational approaches, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamic
      simulations, provide economic and efficient tools for finding modulators of ion
      channels and for elucidating the action mechanisms of small molecules. In this
      review, we focus primarily on four types of ion channels (voltage-gated, ligand
      gated, acid-sensing, and virus matrix 2 ion channels). The current advancements
      in computer-aided drug discovery and design targeting ion channels are
      summarized. First, ligand-based studies for drug design are briefly outlined.
      Then, we focus on the structurebased studies targeting pore domains, endogenous
      binding sites and allosteric sites of ion channels. Moreover, we also review the
      contribution of computational methods to the field of ligand binding and
      unbinding pathways of ion channels. Finally, we propose future developments for
      the field. 

PMID- 26975506
TI  - Selected PET Radioligands for Ion Channel Linked Neuroreceptor Imaging: Focus on
      GABA, NMDA and nACh Receptors.
AB  - Positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging of ion channel linked receptors
      is a developing area of preclinical and clinical research. The present review
      focuses on recent advances with radiochemistry, preclinical and clinical PET
      imaging studies of three receptors that are actively pursued in neuropsychiatric
      drug discovery: namely the gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazapine (GABA)
      receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor. Recent efforts to develop new PET radioligands for these targets
      with improved brain uptake, selectivity, stability and pharmacokinetics are
      highlighted. 

PMID- 26975508
TI  - Implications of Dynamic Occupancy, Binding Kinetics, and Channel Gating Kinetics
      for hERG Blocker Safety Assessment and Mitigation.
AB  - Blockade of the hERG potassium channel prolongs the ventricular action potential
      (AP) and QT interval, and triggers early after depolarizations (EADs) and torsade
      de pointes (TdP) arrhythmia. Opinions differ as to the causal relationship
      between hERG blockade and TdP, the relative weighting of other contributing
      factors, definitive metrics of preclinical proarrhythmicity, and the true safety
      margin in humans. Here, we have used in silico techniques to characterize the
      effects of channel gating and binding kinetics on hERG occupancy, and of blockade
      on the human ventricular AP. Gating effects differ for compounds that are
      sterically compatible with closed channels (becoming trapped in deactivated
      channels) versus those that are incompatible with the closed/closing state, and
      expelled during deactivation. Occupancies of trappable blockers build to
      equilibrium levels, whereas those of non-trappable blockers build and decay
      during each AP cycle. Occupancies of ~83% (non-trappable) versus ~63% (trappable)
      of open/inactive channels caused EADs in our AP simulations. Overall, we conclude
      that hERG occupancy at therapeutic exposure levels may be tolerated for
      nontrappable, but not trappable blockers capable of building to the proarrhythmic
      occupancy level. Furthermore, the widely used Redfern safety index may be biased
      toward trappable blockers, overestimating the exposure-IC50 separation in
      nontrappable cases. 

PMID- 26975511
TI  - Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of 3D and 2D imaging systems for
      laparoscopic radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) and
      two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopic imaging systems for radical cystectomy (RC)
      with pelvic lymph node dissection. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of
      data collected from all patients who underwent RC with pelvic lymph node
      dissection between January 2013 and May 2014, performed by a single surgeon in
      our clinic. Demographic characteristics and operative data from the procedure
      were collected and compared. RESULTS: Data were available from 42 patients (mean
      age 63 +/- 6.7 years) of whom 18 were operated on using a 3D imaging laparoscope
      (Group 3D) and 24 were operated on using a conventional 2D laparoscope (Group
      2D). There were no statistically significant differences in patient
      characteristics between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no difference
      between groups in the mean (+/-SD) number of lymph nodes retrieved from each
      patient (13.2 +/- 4.6 and 12.5 +/- 4.3, for the 3D and 2D groups respectively),
      or in blood loss. PLND duration and total operative time were statistically
      significantly lower in Group 3D than in group 2D. There were no statistically
      significant between-group differences in postoperative hospital stay or total
      cost of the procedures. Serious postoperative complications occurred in one
      patient (5.6%) in group 3D, and four patients (16.7%) in group 2D (P = 0.075).
      CONCLUSIONS: With the assistance of 3D stereoscopic imaging, surgeons may be able
      to reduce both the duration of lymph node dissection and overall operative time
      during laparoscopic RC with pelvic lymph node dissection, without increasing
      postoperative hospital stay or total cost.

PMID- 26975512
TI  - Multiple vertebral fractures in young man as first manifestation of systemic
      mastocytosis.
AB  - Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a clonal disease of mast cell progenitors from the
      bone marrow. The clinical picture varies from asymptomatic forms (indolent) to a
      highly aggressive form with a very short (mast cell leukemia) survival. Between
      28-34% of patients with SM are related to bone condition at the time of diagnosis
      and 16% have symptomatic fractures. The presentation of SM as clinical vertebral
      fractures in young men is rare. Here, we describe a case of established
      osteoporosis as the only manifestation of SM.

PMID- 26975513
TI  - The Research Network for Inflammation and Rheumatic Diseases (RIER).

PMID- 26975510
TI  - Bloom and bust: intestinal microbiota dynamics in response to hospital exposures
      and Clostridium difficile colonization or infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading infectious cause
      of nosocomial diarrhea. Hospitalized patients are at increased risk of developing
      CDI because they are exposed to C. difficile spores through contact with the
      hospital environment and often receive antibiotics and other medications that can
      disrupt the integrity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota and impair
      colonization resistance. Using whole metagenome shotgun sequencing, we examined
      the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota in a prospective cohort
      study of 98 hospitalized patients. RESULTS: Four patients had asymptomatic C.
      difficile colonization, and four patients developed CDI. We observed dramatic
      shifts in the structure of the gut microbiota during hospitalization. In contrast
      to CDI cases, asymptomatic patients exhibited elevated relative abundance of
      potentially protective bacterial taxa in their gut at the onset of C. difficile
      colonization. Use of laxatives was associated with significant reductions in the
      relative abundance of Clostridium and Eubacterium; species within these genera
      have previously been shown to enhance resistance to CDI via the production of
      secondary bile acids. Cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone exposure decreased the
      frequency of Clostridiales Family XI Incertae Sedis, a bacterial family that has
      been previously associated with decreased CDI risk. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      underscores the detrimental impact of antibiotics as well as other medications,
      particularly laxatives, on the intestinal microbiota and suggests that co
      colonization with key bacterial taxa may prevent C. difficile overgrowth or the
      transition from asymptomatic C. difficile colonization to CDI.

PMID- 26975514
TI  - Biphenyl end-capped bithiazole co-oligomers for high performance organic thin
      film field effect transistors.
AB  - Two new regiospecific biphenyl end-capped bithiazole co-oligomers, BP2Tz(in) and
      BP2Tz(out), have been synthesized for application in thin film field effect
      transistors (TFTs). BP2Tz(in) with a 2,2'-bithiazole central unit exhibits a
      field effect hole mobility as high as 3.5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). Green light emission
      is demonstrated for highly balanced ambipoar TFTs based on both BP2Tz(in) and
      BP2Tz(out). 

PMID- 26975515
TI  - Interface Engineering to Create a Strong Spin Filter Contact to Silicon.
AB  - Integrating epitaxial and ferromagnetic Europium Oxide (EuO) directly on silicon
      is a perfect route to enrich silicon nanotechnology with spin filter
      functionality. To date, the inherent chemical reactivity between EuO and Si has
      prevented a heteroepitaxial integration without significant contaminations of the
      interface with Eu silicides and Si oxides. We present a solution to this long
      standing problem by applying two complementary passivation techniques for the
      reactive EuO/Si interface: (i) an in situ hydrogen-Si (001) passivation and (ii)
      the application of oxygen-protective Eu monolayers-without using any additional
      buffer layers. By careful chemical depth profiling of the oxide-semiconductor
      interface via hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, we show how to
      systematically minimize both Eu silicide and Si oxide formation to the sub
      monolayer regime-and how to ultimately interface-engineer chemically clean,
      heteroepitaxial and ferromagnetic EuO/Si (001) in order to create a strong spin
      filter contact to silicon. 

PMID- 26975509
TI  - HCN Channels Modulators: The Need for Selectivity.
AB  - Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, the
      molecular correlate of the hyperpolarization-activated current (If/Ih), are
      membrane proteins which play an important role in several physiological processes
      and various pathological conditions. In the Sino Atrial Node (SAN) HCN4 is the
      target of ivabradine, a bradycardic agent that is, at the moment, the only drug
      which specifically blocks If. Nevertheless, several other pharmacological agents
      have been shown to modulate HCN channels, a property that may contribute to their
      therapeutic activity and/or to their side effects. HCN channels are considered
      potential targets for developing drugs to treat several important pathologies,
      but a major issue in this field is the discovery of isoform-selective compounds,
      owing to the wide distribution of these proteins into the central and peripheral
      nervous systems, heart and other peripheral tissues. This survey is focused on
      the compounds that have been shown, or have been designed, to interact with HCN
      channels and on their binding sites, with the aim to summarize current knowledge
      and possibly to unveil useful information to design new potent and selective
      modulators. 

PMID- 26975517
TI  - Characteristics of U.S. Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities Offering HIV
      Services: Results From a National Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Substance use disorders are common among persons with HIV/AIDS. This
      study examined the prevalence and correlates of the provision of four HIV
      services in a national sample of substance abuse treatment facilities. METHODS:
      Data were from the 2011 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services.
      RESULTS: Prevalence estimates indicated that 28% of facilities offered HIV
      testing, 26% early intervention, 58% HIV/AIDS education, and 8% special programs
      for HIV/AIDS. Facilities offering inpatient substance abuse care were more than
      six times as likely to offer HIV testing but not more likely to offer any other
      type of HIV service. Facilities offering methadone treatment were 2.5 times more
      likely to offer HIV services. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high rates of substance use
      among persons with HIV, the prevalence of facilities offering HIV services was
      low in most domains, with different barriers identified in multivariable models.
      Integrating comprehensive HIV prevention, testing, and support services into
      programs that address substance abuse is needed.

PMID- 26975516
TI  - Diagnosis of PTSD by Army Behavioral Health Clinicians: Are Diagnoses Recorded in
      Electronic Health Records?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study sought to identify the extent to which posttraumatic stress
      disorder (PTSD) diagnoses are recorded in the electronic health record (EHR) in
      Army behavioral health clinics and to assess clinicians' reasons for not
      recording them and treatment factors associated with recording or not recording
      the diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 543 Army mental health providers completed the
      anonymous, Web-based survey. Clinicians reported clinical data for 399 service
      member patients, of whom 110 (28%) had a reported PTSD diagnosis. Data were
      weighted to account for sampling design and nonresponses. RESULTS: Of those given
      a diagnosis of PTSD by their clinician, 59% were reported to have the diagnosis
      recorded in the EHR, and 41% did not. The most common reason for not recording
      was reducing stigma or protecting the service member's career prospects.
      Psychiatrists were more likely than psychologists or social workers to record the
      diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that for many patients presenting with
      PTSD in Army behavioral health clinics at the time of the survey (2010),
      clinicians did not record a PTSD diagnosis in the EHR, often in an effort to
      reduce stigma. This pattern may exist for other diagnoses. Recent Army policy has
      provided guidance to clinicians on diagnostic recording practice. An important
      implication concerns the reliance on coded diagnoses in PTSD surveillance efforts
      by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The problem of underestimated prevalence
      rates may be further compounded by overly narrow DoD surveillance definitions of
      PTSD.

PMID- 26975518
TI  - Receipt of Depression Treatment From General Medical Providers and Specialty
      Mental Health Providers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study compared sociodemographic characteristics and health
      conditions of adults with a major depressive episode who received treatment from
      general medical providers or specialty mental health providers. METHODS: The
      sample included 17,700 respondents ages 18-64 from the 2008-2012 National Survey
      on Drug Use and Health who met the DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode
      in the past 12 months and of whom 8,900 (61.5%) received treatment for
      depression. RESULTS: Approximately 21% of adults with a major depressive episode
      received depression care from general providers only, 19% from specialists only,
      and 19% from both. Compared with adults receiving care from general providers
      only, adults who received care from both types of provider were younger, had
      higher education, were more likely to have suicidal ideation and functional
      impairment, and were more likely to reside in a county with more psychiatrists
      providing patient care. These adults, compared with those who received care from
      a specialty mental health provider only, were more likely to be female, have
      higher education, have a greater number of general medical comorbidities, and
      have functional impairment, but they were less likely to be non-Hispanic black or
      Hispanic. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with major depressive episodes who received
      depression care from both general and specialty providers differed from those who
      received care from either provider type. Continued efforts to understand
      differences in depression care in specialty mental health and general medical
      settings may help improve the provision of mental health services as health care
      reform continues.

PMID- 26975519
TI  - Public Stigma in China Associated With Schizophrenia, Depression, Attenuated
      Psychosis Syndrome, and Psychosis-Like Experiences.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) has recently been included in the
      appendix of DSM-5 as a condition for further study. This study compared public
      stigma associated with four mental health conditions among study participants in
      Hong Kong. METHODS: The cross-sectional study involved 204 participants (154
      members of the general public general public and 50 health care professionals)
      recruited through a public awareness campaign and the e-mail network of the
      University of Hong Kong. Participants read four vignettes describing persons with
      schizophrenia, depression, APS, or psychosis-like experiences. For each vignette,
      they used a scale to rate their level of stigma in seven domains: social
      distance, traditional prejudice, exclusionary sentiments, negative affect,
      perceptions of dangerousness, treatment carryover, and disclosure carryover.
      Analyses compared ratings within and across vignettes. RESULTS: Schizophrenia
      received the highest public stigma ratings, followed by APS, depression, and
      psychosis-like experiences. Total stigma scores were higher for the general
      public than for health care professionals. Public stigma associated with APS was
      similar to that associated with depression. Ratings of treatment carryover
      indicated that participants believed that being known to have received treatment
      for APS or depression would have lasting consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Stigma should
      be considered in the development of mental health services and research in China,
      particularly in regard to people with schizophrenia and those at risk of
      psychosis.

PMID- 26975520
TI  - Perception of Need and Receipt of Mental Health Treatment: A Three-Group
      Comparison of Young Adults With Psychological Distress.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined mental health service use among three groups of
      young adults with assessed psychological distress: no perceived need for
      treatment, reported unmet need, and received treatment. METHODS: Data came from
      participants ages 18 to 25 in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008
      2013) who met criteria for psychological distress (N=19,775). Demographic, access
      , and need-related predictors of perceived need and treatment group were examined
      by using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Half the sample did not
      perceive a need for treatment (51.0%), and only one-third had received treatment
      (33.7%). White youths were more likely than those from other racial-ethnic groups
      to perceive a need and to receive treatment. Men were less likely than women to
      perceive need but equally likely to receive treatment. Higher education and
      having insurance also predicted treatment receipt. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to
      increase service utilization among young adults should increase awareness of
      mental health problems and facilitate access, particularly for racial-ethnic
      minority groups.

PMID- 26975521
TI  - Barriers to Engaging Service Members in Mental Health Care Within the U.S.
      Military Health System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Over the past decade, there has been growing recognition of the mental
      health consequences associated with deployment and service by military service
      personnel. This study examined potential barriers to mental health care faced by
      members of the military in accessing needed services. METHODS: This qualitative
      study of stakeholders was conducted across six large military installations,
      encompassing 18 Army primary care clinics, within the context of a large
      randomized controlled trial. Stakeholders included patients recruited for the
      study (N=38), health care providers working within site clinics (N=31), and the
      care managers employed to implement the intervention protocol (N=7). RESULTS:
      Issues raised across stakeholder groups fell into two main categories: structural
      factors associated with the Army medical system and institutional attitudes and
      cultural issues across the U.S. military. Structural issues included concerns
      about the existing capacity of the system, for example, the number of providers
      available to address the population's needs and the constraints on clinic hours
      and scheduling practices. The institutional attitude and cultural issues fell
      into two main areas: attitudes and perceptions by the leadership and the concern
      that those attitudes could have negative career repercussions for those who
      access care. CONCLUSIONS: Although there have been significant efforts to improve
      access to mental health care, stakeholders within the military health system
      still perceive significant barriers to care. Efforts to ensure adequate and
      timely access to high-quality mental health care for service members will need to
      appropriately respond to capacity constraints and organizational and
      institutional culture.

PMID- 26975522
TI  - Expedited Medicaid Enrollment, Mental Health Service Use, and Criminal Recidivism
      Among Released Prisoners With Severe Mental Illness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether Washington State's 2006 policy of
      expediting Medicaid enrollment for offenders with severe mental illness released
      from state prisons increased Medicaid access and use of community mental health
      services while decreasing criminal recidivism. METHODS: A quasi-experimental
      design with linked administrative data was used to select all prisoners with a
      severe mental illness (schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) released during the
      policy's first two years (January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2007), and those
      referred for expedited Medicaid (N=895) were separated from a propensity-weighted
      control group of those not referred (N=2,191). Measures included binary
      indicators of Medicaid enrollment, other public insurance enrollment, postrelease
      use of inpatient and outpatient health services, and any postrelease criminal
      justice contacts. All data were collapsed to person-level observations during the
      12 months after the index release, and outcomes were estimated via propensity
      weighted logit models. RESULTS: Referral for expedited Medicaid on release from
      prison greatly increased Medicaid enrollment (p<.01) and use of community mental
      health and general medical services (p<.01) for persons with severe mental
      illness. No evidence was found that expediting Medicaid reduced criminal
      recidivism. CONCLUSIONS: Expediting Medicaid was associated with increased
      Medicaid enrollment and both mental health and general medical service use, but
      study findings strongly suggest that rather than relying on indirect spillover
      effects from Medicaid to reduce criminal recidivism, advocates and policy makers
      would better address the needs of offenders with severe mental illness through
      direct interventions targeted at underlying causes of recidivism.

PMID- 26975523
TI  - Enrollment and Service Use Patterns Among Persons With Severe Mental Illness
      Receiving Expedited Medicaid on Release From State Prisons, County Jails, and
      Psychiatric Hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined postrelease patterns of Medicaid coverage and use
      of services among persons with severe mental illness who were referred for
      expedited Medicaid enrollment before their release from state prisons, county
      jails, and psychiatric hospitals in Washington State during 2006, the first year
      of a new policy authorizing this practice. METHODS: A retrospective cohort design
      was used with linked administrative data to identify persons with severe mental
      illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression) who were referred
      for expedited Medicaid enrollment from state prisons (N=252), county jails
      (N=489), and psychiatric hospitals (N=507). For each cohort, logistic regression
      was used to compare those who were approved for expedited Medicaid with those who
      were not approved; for the 30-, 60-, and 90-day periods after release, Medicaid
      enrollment status and use of outpatient mental health services were also
      compared. RESULTS: Approval rates were higher for persons released from
      psychiatric hospitals (91%) and state prisons (83%) than for those released from
      jails (66%) (p<.001). Across settings, approval was more likely for those with a
      diagnosis of schizophrenia and for women (p<.001), as well as for whites and
      older offenders (p<.01). At the 90-day follow-up, those who were approved were
      more likely than those who were denied to be enrolled in Medicaid (p<.001) and to
      have used outpatient mental health services (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Expediting
      Medicaid benefits for persons with severe mental illness was associated with
      increased enrollment and outpatient mental health service use in the 90 days
      after release from state prisons, county jails, and psychiatric hospitals in
      Washington State.

PMID- 26975524
TI  - A Prescription for "Deprescribing" in Psychiatry.
AB  - The term "deprescribing," initially coined in geriatric medicine, describes a
      process of pharmacologic regimen optimization through reduction or cessation of
      medications for which benefits no longer outweigh risks. Burgeoning rates of
      polypharmacy, growing appreciation of long-term adverse effects, and a focus on
      patient-centered practice present specific indications for deprescribing in
      psychiatry. A strong therapeutic alliance, appropriate timing, and consideration
      of the meaning of medication for the patient must accompany the following
      established elements: review of all medications, identification of medications
      that could be ceased or reduced, collaborative planning of the deprescribing
      regimen, and provision of review and support to the patient and caregivers. The
      authors discuss how deprescribing might be adapted for and implemented in
      psychiatry, identify potential barriers, and make recommendations for future
      directions.

PMID- 26975525
TI  - Is the Evidence Strong Enough to Warrant Long-Term Antipsychotic Use in
      Compulsory Outpatient Treatment?
AB  - Debate surrounding assisted outpatient treatment has mostly focused on issues of
      due process, cost-effectiveness, and efficacy as measured by readmission and
      incarceration rates. Less attention has been paid to whether long-term use of
      antipsychotic treatment is supported by sufficient evidence to warrant its
      compulsory use in assisted outpatient treatment programs. The authors examine the
      rationale and evidence for long-term use of antipsychotics, noting the pervasive
      belief within the psychiatric community that psychotic illness, especially
      schizophrenia, requires lifelong medication. They argue that although
      antipsychotics are clearly indicated for patients in the acute phase of psychotic
      illness, the evidence for long-term use is less convincing and may not justify
      compulsory long-term use.

PMID- 26975526
TI  - Implementing Cognitive Remediation Programs in France: The "Secret Sauce".
AB  - Cognitive remediation (CR) is a psychosocial therapy that seeks to restore
      patients' cognitive abilities by providing strategies to improve functioning in
      cognitive domains and helping them transfer acquired capabilities to everyday
      life. Since 2008, CR programs have been introduced in several regional health
      ministry areas in France. This column describes that implementation initiative,
      which includes creation of a network of the most active CR programs to conduct
      multicenter trials; establishment of a university degree in CR, awarded after
      completion of a one-year clinical training program; and implementation activities
      of regional health agencies. The authors describe three core elements of a
      "secret sauce"-a common language, timing, and leadership-that has helped ensure
      the success of the implementation efforts and that may be useful in other
      countries.

PMID- 26975527
TI  - What Exactly Does Femtosecond Technology Add to Phacoemulsification Based on
      Objective Studies To Date?

PMID- 26975528
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26975529
TI  - Integrative analyses reveal a long noncoding RNA-mediated sponge regulatory
      network in prostate cancer.
AB  - Mounting evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can function as
      microRNA sponges and compete for microRNA binding to protein-coding transcripts.
      However, the prevalence, functional significance and targets of lncRNA-mediated
      sponge regulation of cancer are mostly unknown. Here we identify a lncRNA
      mediated sponge regulatory network that affects the expression of many protein
      coding prostate cancer driver genes, by integrating analysis of sequence features
      and gene expression profiles of both lncRNAs and protein-coding genes in tumours.
      We confirm the tumour-suppressive function of two lncRNAs (TUG1 and CTB-89H12.4)
      and their regulation of PTEN expression in prostate cancer. Surprisingly, one of
      the two lncRNAs, TUG1, was previously known for its function in polycomb
      repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated transcriptional regulation, suggesting its
      sub-cellular localization-dependent function. Our findings not only suggest an
      important role of lncRNA-mediated sponge regulation in cancer, but also
      underscore the critical influence of cytoplasmic localization on the efficacy of
      a sponge lncRNA. 

PMID- 26975530
TI  - Distinct metabolism of apolipoproteins (a) and B-100 within plasma
      lipoprotein(a).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is mainly similar in composition to LDL, but
      differs in having apolipoprotein (apo) (a) covalently linked to apoB-100. Our
      purpose was to examine the individual metabolism of apo(a) and apoB-100 within
      plasma Lp(a). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The kinetics of apo(a) and apoB-100 in
      plasma Lp(a) were assessed in four men with dyslipidemia [Lp(a) concentration:
      8.9-124.7nmol/L]. All subjects received a primed constant infusion of [5,5,5
      (2)H3] L-leucine while in the constantly fed state. Lp(a) was immunoprecipitated
      directly from whole plasma; apo(a) and apoB-100 were separated by gel
      electrophoresis; and isotopic enrichment was determined by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Multicompartmental modeling analysis
      indicated that the median fractional catabolic rates of apo(a) and apoB-100
      within Lp(a) were significantly different at 0.104 and 0.263 pools/day,
      respectively (P=0.04). The median Lp(a) apo(a) production rate at
      0.248nmol/kg.day(-1) was significantly lower than that of Lp(a) apoB-100 at
      0.514nmol/kg.day(-1) (P=0.03). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that apo(a) has a
      plasma residence time (11days) that is more than twice as long as that of apoB
      100 (4days) within Lp(a), supporting the concept that apo(a) and apoB-100 within
      plasma Lp(a) are not catabolized from the bloodstream as a unit in humans in the
      fed state.

PMID- 26975531
TI  - The role of nerve inflammation and exogenous iron load in experimental peripheral
      diabetic neuropathy (PDN).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron is an essential but potentially toxic metal in mammals. Here we
      investigated a pathogenic role of exogenous iron in peripheral diabetic
      neuropathy (PDN) in an animal model for type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Diabetes was
      induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in 4-month-old Sprague
      Dawley rats. STZ-diabetic rats and non-diabetic rats were fed with high,
      standard, or low iron diet. After three months of feeding, animals were tested.
      RESULTS: STZ-rats on standard iron diet showed overt diabetes, slowed motor nerve
      conduction, marked degeneration of distal intraepidermal nerve fibers, mild
      intraneural infiltration with macrophages and T-cells in the sciatic nerve, and
      increased iron levels in serum and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. While
      motor fibers were afflicted in all STZ-groups, only a low iron-diet led also to
      reduced sensory conduction velocities in the sciatic nerve. In addition, only STZ
      rats on a low iron diet showed damaged mitochondria in numerous DRG neurons, a
      more profound intraepidermal nerve fiber degeneration indicating small fiber
      neuropathy, and even more inflammatory cells in sciatic nerves than seen in any
      other experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that dietary iron
      deficiency rather than iron overload, and mild inflammation may both promote
      neuropathy in STZ-induced experimental PDN.

PMID- 26975532
TI  - Nutrients, foods, dietary patterns and telomere length: Update of epidemiological
      studies and randomized trials.
AB  - Identifying simple strategies to prevent or delay age-associated pathologies is a
      major public health concern. Attrition of telomeres, chromatin structures that
      help maintain genome stability, leads to cell death or senescence. Thus telomere
      length is a reliable hallmark of biological aging and the risk of developing age
      related chronic diseases through common oxidation and inflammation mechanisms.
      Variability in telomere shortening that is independent of chronological age
      suggests that it is a modifiable factor, which may be explained in part by
      lifestyle variables such as smoking, adiposity, physical exercise, and diet. Here
      we summarize data from published studies focused on nutrition (nutrients, foods,
      and dietary patterns) and telomere length. Research on the topic is incipient and
      most data comes from epidemiologic studies, often cross-sectional in design.
      Consistent with well-known evidence of benefit or harm for chronic age-related
      diseases, dietary antioxidants and consumption of antioxidant-rich, plant-derived
      foods help maintain telomere length. In contrast, total and saturated fat intake
      and consumption of refined flour cereals, meat and meat products, and sugar
      sweetened beverages relate to shorter telomeres. Data on alcohol and dairy
      products is controversial. There is evidence that adherence to the Mediterranean
      diet is associated with longer telomeres. Randomized clinical trials are limited
      to seafood-derived long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with promising
      results. To fill the many gaps in our knowledge of the aging process and confirm
      nutrition as a useful tool to counteract biological aging more research is
      warranted, particularly observational studies using repeated measurements of
      telomere length and randomized trials of foods and dietary patterns with
      sequential telomere analyses. 

PMID- 26975533
TI  - Altered metabolic homeostasis is associated with appetite regulation during and
      following 48-h of severe energy deprivation in adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Military personnel frequently endure intermittent periods of severe
      energy deficit which can compromise health and performance. Physiologic factors
      contributing to underconsumption, and the subsequent drive to overeat, are not
      fully characterized. This study aimed to identify associations between appetite,
      metabolic homeostasis and endocrine responses during and following severe, short
      term energy deprivation. METHODS: Twenty-three young adults (17M/6F, 21+/-3years,
      BMI 25+/-3kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized, controlled, crossover trial.
      During separate 48-h periods, participants increased habitual energy expenditure
      by 1647+/-345kcal/d (mean+/-SD) through prescribed exercise at 40-65% VO2peak,
      and consumed provided isovolumetric diets designed to maintain energy balance at
      the elevated energy expenditure (EB; 36+/-93kcal/d energy deficit) or to produce
      a severe energy deficit (ED; 3681+/-716kcal/d energy deficit). Appetite, markers
      of metabolic homeostasis and endocrine mediators of appetite and substrate
      availability were periodically measured. Ad libitum energy intake was measured
      over 36h following both experimental periods. RESULTS: Appetite increased during
      ED and was greater than during EB despite maintenance of diet volume (P=0.004).
      Ad libitum energy intake was 907kcal/36h [95% CI: 321, 1493kcal/36h, P=0.004]
      higher following ED compared to following EB. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, free
      fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S)
      and cortisol concentrations were higher (P<0.001 for all), whereas whole-body
      protein balance was more negative (P<0.001), and serum glucose, insulin, and
      leptin concentrations were lower (P<0.001 for all) during ED relative to during
      EB. Cortisol concentrations, but not any other hormone or metabolic substrate,
      were inversely associated with satiety during EB (R(2)=0.23, P=0.04). In
      contrast, serum glucose and DHEA-S concentrations were inversely associated with
      satiety during ED (R(2)=0.68, P<0.001). No associations between physiologic
      variables measured during EB and ad libitum energy intake following EB were
      observed. However, serum leptin and net protein balance measured during ED were
      inversely associated with ad libitum energy intake following ED (R(2)=0.48,
      P=0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that changes in metabolic homeostasis
      during energy deprivation modulate appetite independent of reductions in diet
      volume. Following energy deprivation, physiologic signals of adipose and lean
      tissue loss may drive restoration of energy balance. CLINICAL TRIALS
      REGISTRATION: www.clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01603550.

PMID- 26975534
TI  - There is no 'universal fit': Reflections on the use of l-triiodothyronine in the
      treatment of hypothyroidism.

PMID- 26975535
TI  - Serum uric acid: A strong and independent predictor of metabolic syndrome after
      adjusting for body composition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some observational studies have suggested that serum uric acid (SUA)
      levels are one of the determinants of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However,
      previous studies reported combined results for men and women after adjusting for
      sex and few studies take body composition into consideration. Therefore, we
      performed this sex-specific longitudinal study to investigate how baseline SUA
      levels influence incident MetS, including body composition as an adjusting factor
      in a large number of subjects. METHODS: A total of 14,442 participants (8715 men
      and 5727 women) participating in a medical health check-up program without
      diagnosed MetS at baseline were enrolled. Separate analyses were performed for
      men and women including body composition as a confounding factor. Cox
      proportional hazards models were used to quantify independent associations
      between SUA levels and incident MetS. RESULTS: During 63,940person-years of
      follow-up, there were 4215 (2974 men, 1241 women) incident cases of MetS between
      2006 and 2012. After adjustments for age, systolic BP, diastolic BP, BMI, eGFR,
      smoking status, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting glucose, and proportion of fat-free
      mass (100-fat mass, %), the hazard ratios (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for
      incident MetS comparing the second, the third, and the fourth quartiles to the
      first quartile of SUA levels were 0.862 (0.770-0.965), 1.102 (0.991-1.225), and
      1.246 (1.121-1.385) in men (p for trend<0.001), and 1.045 (0.862-1.266), 1.251
      (1.050-1.490), and 1.321 (1.109-1.574) in women (p for trend<0.001),
      respectively. As a continuous variable, in fully-adjusted models, the HRs (95%
      CI) for incident MetS associated with each increase of 1mg/dl of SUA levels were
      1.094 (1.060-1.130) in men (p<0.001) and 1.148 (1.072-1.228) in women (p<0.001),
      respectively. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that SUA levels are strong and
      independent predictors of MetS. This relationship remained significant after full
      adjustments for multiple associated confounders including body composition in
      both men and women.

PMID- 26975536
TI  - Atorvastatin prevents advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced cardiac
      fibrosis via activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR
      gamma).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the activation of advanced glycation
      end products (AGEs) contributed to the cardiac fibrosis in diabetic patients.
      Although it had been reported that statins have beneficial effects on cardiac
      fibrosis in hypertension and myocardial ischemia models, their effects on AGEs
      models have not been studied. We aimed to investigate the effects of atorvastatin
      (Ator) on the AGEs-induced cardiac fibrosis both in vitro and vivo. METHODS: Male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, AGEs, Ator
      or AGEs+Ator. The cardiac function was evaluated with the echocardiography at the
      second and the third month. Fibrosis area, alpha-SMA and RAGE expression in
      cardiac tissue were measured. For in vitro study, rat cardiac fibroblasts were
      treated with PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), Ator or Ator+GW9662 (PPAR-gamma
      antagonist), and then were stimulated with AGEs. Fibroblasts proliferation,
      ERK1/2, phosphorylated ERK1/2, alpha-SMA, and RAGE expression were studied.
      RESULTS: Compared with the control group, in vivo treatment with Ator
      significantly retarded the AGEs-induced diastolic function and attenuated cardiac
      fibrosis, alpha-SMA, and RAGE over expression induced by AGEs. Consistently, Ator
      prominently downregulated RAGE and alpha-SMA, while inhibited phosphorylation of
      ERK1/2 and fibroblast proliferation induced by AGEs in vitro. The GW9662
      neutralized these effects of Ator on cardiac fibroblasts stimulated by AGEs.
      CONCLUSION: In this study, we demonstrated that AGEs-induced fibroblast
      proliferation and differentiation were dependent on AGEs-RAGE-ERK1/2 pathway and
      that atorvastatin could block this pathway via activating PPAR-gamma.

PMID- 26975537
TI  - The potential regulatory roles of NAD(+) and its metabolism in autophagy.
AB  - (Macro)autophagy mediates the bulk degradation of defective organelles, long
      lived proteins and protein aggregates in lysosomes and plays a critical role in
      cellular and tissue homeostasis. Defective autophagy processes have been found to
      contribute to a variety of metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms
      of autophagy are not fully understood. Increasing data indicate that nicotinamide
      adenine nucleotide (NAD(+)) homeostasis correlates intimately with autophagy.
      NAD(+) is a ubiquitous coenzyme that functions primarily as an electron carrier
      of oxidoreductase in multiple redox reactions. Both NAD(+) homeostasis and its
      metabolism are thought to play critical roles in regulating autophagy. In this
      review, we discuss how the regulation of NAD(+) and its metabolism can influence
      autophagy. We focus on the regulation of NAD(+)/NADH homeostasis and the effects
      of NAD(+) consumption by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), NAD(+)
      dependent deacetylation by sirtuins and NAD(+) metabolites on autophagy processes
      and the underlying mechanisms. Future studies should provide more direct evidence
      for the regulation of autophagy processes by NAD(+). A better understanding of
      the critical roles of NAD(+) and its metabolites on autophagy will shed light on
      the complexity of autophagy regulation, which is essential for the discovery of
      new therapeutic tools for autophagy-related diseases. 

PMID- 26975538
TI  - Methylglyoxal mediates streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathic pain via
      activation of the peripheral TRPA1 and Nav1.8 channels.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Methylglyoxal is known to be associated with the development of
      nephropathy, retinopathy, and other complications in diabetes. The present study
      tested the hypothesis that endogenously increased levels of methylglyoxal in
      diabetes are causally associated with the induction of neuropathic pain.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Streptozotocin- and methylglyoxal-induced pain models were
      established in rats, and the anti-nociceptive effects of the methylglyoxal
      scavenging agents, selective transient receptor potential channel ankyrin 1
      (TRPA1) antagonist, and Nav1.8 antagonist were tested. RESULTS: Systemic
      injection of streptozotocin in rats induced a prolonged increase in plasma
      methylglyoxal by approximately 60%, which was correlated with the progressive
      development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Local subcutaneous
      injection of methylglyoxal into the hindpaw produced dose-dependent and biphasic
      flinching nociceptive responses, which resembled formaldehyde (formalin)-induced
      nociception. The local methylglyoxal nociception was significantly blocked by co
      injection into the hindpaw of the selective transient receptor potential channel
      ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonist, A967079, and the Nav1.8 antagonist, A803467. Co
      incubation with the methylglyoxal scavengers, aminoguanidine, d-arginine, and
      metformin, reduced the level of free methylglyoxal by more than 90%, and
      injection of their incubation solutions into the hindpaw produced negligible (3
      17%) nociception. Like the clinically effective anti-diabetic neuropathic pain
      drug gabapentin, systemic injection of aminoguanidine, d-arginine, and metformin
      at doses that effectively inhibit paw-injected methylglyoxal-induced nociception
      significantly blocked streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia. CONCLUSION:
      Endogenously increased methylglyoxal may mediate diabetic neuropathic pain via
      activation of both TRPA1 and Nav1.8 expressed on primary afferent sensory
      neurons, and injection of methylglyoxal into the hindpaw may serve as a simple
      and robust model for testing the anti-diabetic pain drugs.

PMID- 26975539
TI  - Plasma osteoprotegerin levels are inversely associated with nonalcoholic fatty
      liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A case-control study in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble member of the tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF) receptor superfamily, is a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of
      nucleus factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
      (TRAIL). OPG has an effect on systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose
      homeostasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between
      plasma osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
      in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS/METHODS: A case-control study was
      performed with 746 patients with type 2 diabetes. Of the study population, 367
      patients had B-mode ultrasound-proven NAFLD and 379 were controls. The plasma OPG
      levels were measured using ELISA methods. NAFLD was diagnosed by hepatic
      ultrasound after the exclusion of alcohol abuse and other liver diseases.
      RESULTS: The OPG levels were significantly decreased in patients with NAFLD
      (2.3+/-1.1MUg/L vs. 2.8+/-1.3MUg/L, p=3.75*10(5)) compared to controls. Pearson
      correlation analysis showed that the OPG levels were associated with age and
      systolic blood pressure (both p<0.05). The participants in the lowest OPG
      quartile had a significantly increased risk for NAFLD (OR=3.49, 95% CI 1.86-6.94)
      after adjusting for potential cofounders. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma OPG level is
      negatively associated with NAFLD independent of potential cofounders.

PMID- 26975540
TI  - Loss of circadian rhythm of circulating insulin concentration induced by high-fat
      diet intake is associated with disrupted rhythmic expression of circadian clock
      genes in the liver.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Peripheral clock genes show a circadian rhythm is correlated with the
      timing of feeding in peripheral tissues. It was reported that these clock genes
      are strongly regulated by insulin action and that a high-fat diet (HFD) intake in
      C57BL/6J mice for 21days induced insulin secretion during the dark phase and
      reduced the circadian rhythm of clock genes. In this study, we examined the
      circadian expression patterns of these clock genes in insulin-resistant animal
      models with excess secretion of insulin during the day. MATERIALS/METHODS: We
      examined whether insulin resistance induced by a HFD intake for 80days altered
      blood parameters (glucose and insulin concentrations) and expression of mRNA and
      proteins encoded by clock and functional genes in the liver using male ICR mice.
      RESULTS: Serum insulin concentrations were continuously higher during the day in
      mice fed a HFD than control mice. Expression of lipogenesis-related genes (Fas
      and Accbeta) and the transcription factor Chrebp peaked at zeitgeber time (ZT)24
      in the liver of control mice. A HFD intake reduced the expression of these genes
      at ZT24 and disrupted the circadian rhythm. Expression of Bmal1 and Clock,
      transcription factors that compose the core feedback loop, showed circadian
      variation and were synchronously associated with Fas gene expression in control
      mice, but not in those fed a HFD. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the
      disruption of the circadian rhythm of insulin secretion by HFD intake is closely
      associated with the disappearance of circadian expression of lipogenic and clock
      genes in the liver of mice.

PMID- 26975541
TI  - Effect of sprint training on resting serum irisin concentration - Sprint training
      once daily vs. twice every other day.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Exercise twice every other day has been shown to lead to increasing
      peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) expression
      (up-stream factor of irisin) via lowered muscle glycogen level during second of
      exercise compared with exercise once daily. This study determined the influence
      of 4weeks of sprint training (training once daily vs. twice every other day) on
      the serum irisin concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy males
      (20.9+/-1.3years) were assigned randomly to either the SINGLE or REPEATED group
      (n=10 per group). The subjects in the SINGLE group participated in a sprint
      training session once daily (5days per week), whereas those in the REPEATED group
      performed two consecutive training sessions on the same day with a 1-h rest
      between sessions (2-3days per week). Both groups completed 20 training sessions
      over 4weeks. Each training session consisted of three consecutive 30-s maximal
      pedaling exercises with a 10-min rest between sets. Blood samples were collected
      before and after training period (48h after completing the last training
      session). RESULTS: The serum irisin concentration decreased significantly after
      training in each group (SINGLE, 338.5+/-77.8 to 207.6+/-64.6ng/mL; REPEATED,
      329.5+/-83.9 to 234.2+/-72.8ng/mL, p<0.05). The plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6)
      concentration tended to be lower after training in both groups (main effect for
      period, p=0.054). However, there was no significant difference in the serum
      irisin or plasma IL-6 concentration between groups after training. The serum high
      molecular-weight adiponectin concentration did not change significantly after
      training in either group. CONCLUSION: Sprint training for 4weeks significantly
      decreased the resting serum irisin concentration, despite different training
      programs (training once daily vs. twice every other day).

PMID- 26975542
TI  - Energy replacement diminishes the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia in
      boys.
AB  - PURPOSE: Acute bouts of exercise reduce postprandial triacylglycerol
      concentrations ([TAG]) in healthy boys and girls; however, it is not known
      whether this effect is mediated by the energy deficit. This study examined
      whether the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial [TAG] persists after
      immediate dietary replacement of the exercise energy expenditure (EE). METHODS:
      Eighteen healthy 11- to 13-year-old boys (mean (SD): body mass 41.3 (8.4)kg; peak
      oxygen uptake (VO2) 55 (5)mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) completed three, 2-day conditions in
      a within-measures, crossover design separated by 14days. On day 1, participants
      rested (CON), exercised at 60% peak VO2 inducing a net EE of 32kJ.kg(-1) body
      mass (EX-DEF) or completed the same exercise with the net EE replaced immediately
      (EX-REP). On day 2, capillary blood samples were taken in the fasted state and at
      pre-determined intervals throughout the 6.5h postprandial period. A standardised
      breakfast and lunch meal were consumed immediately and 4h, respectively, after
      the fasting sample. RESULTS: Based on ratios of the geometric means (95%
      confidence intervals (CI) for ratios), EX-DEF fasting [TAG] was 19% and 15% lower
      than CON (-32 to -4%, ES=1.15, P=0.02) and EX-REP (-29 to 0%, ES=0.91, P=0.05)
      respectively; CON and EX-REP were similar (-4%; P=0.59). The EX-DEF total area
      under the [TAG] versus time curve was 15% and 16% lower than CON (-27 to 0%,
      ES=0.55, P=0.05) and EX-REP (-29 to -2%, ES=0.62, P=0.03) respectively; CON and
      EX-REP were not different (2%; -13 to 20%, P=0.80). CONCLUSION: Immediate
      replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit negates the reduction in
      postprandial [TAG] in boys; this highlights the importance of maintaining a
      negative energy balance immediately post-exercise to maximise the metabolic
      health benefits of exercise.

PMID- 26975543
TI  - The evolution of diabetic ketoacidosis: An update of its etiology, pathogenesis
      and management.
AB  - The prognosis of diabetic ketoacidosis has undergone incredibly remarkable
      evolution since the discovery of insulin nearly a century ago. The incidence and
      economic burden of diabetic ketoacidosis have continued to rise but its mortality
      has decreased to less than 1% in good centers. Improved outcome is attributable
      to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and widespread
      application of treatment guidelines. In this review, we present the changes that
      have occurred over the years, highlighting the evidence behind the
      recommendations that have improved outcome. We begin with a discussion of the
      precipitants and pathogenesis of DKA as a prelude to understanding the rationale
      for the recommendations. A brief review of ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes, an
      update relating to the diagnosis of DKA and a future perspective are also
      provided. 

PMID- 26975546
TI  - Impaired adipogenic capacity in induced pluripotent stem cells from
      lipodystrophic patients with BSCL2 mutations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is an autosomal recessive
      disorder characterized by marked scarcity of adipose tissue, extreme insulin
      resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis and early-onset diabetes.
      Mutation of the BSCL2/SEIPIN gene causes the most severe form of CGL. The aim of
      this study was to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from patients
      with CGL harboring BSCL2/SEIPIN mutations. METHODS: Skin biopsies were obtained
      from two Japanese patients with CGL harboring different nonsense mutations (E189X
      and R275X) in BSCL2/SEIPIN. The fibroblasts thus obtained were infected with
      retroviruses encoding OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4. The generated iPS cells were
      evaluated for pluripotency by examining the expression of pluripotency markers
      (alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and NANOG) and their ability to
      differentiate to three germ layers in vitro by forming embryoid bodies, and to
      form teratomas in vivo. Adipogenic capacity of differentiated BSCL2-iPS cells was
      determined by oil red O and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP)
      staining. Rescue experiments were also performed using stable expression of wild
      type BSCL2. A coimmunoprecipitation assay was conducted to investigate the
      interaction of SEIPIN with ADRP. RESULTS: iPS cells were generated from
      fibroblasts of the two patients with CGL. Each of the patient-derived iPS (BSCL2
      iPS) clones showed all of the hallmarks of pluripotency and could differentiate
      into derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro by forming embryoid bodies,
      and form teratomas after injection into mouse testes. BSCL2-iPS cells maintained
      the mutations in BSCL2 and lacked intact BSCL2. Upon adipogenic differentiation,
      BSCL2-iPS cells exhibited marked reduction of lipid droplet formation concomitant
      with diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of ADRP, compared with iPS cells from
      healthy individuals. Forced expression of BSCL2 not only rescued the lipid
      accumulation defects, but also restored cytoplasmic punctate localization of ADRP
      in BSCL2-iPS cells. Coimmunoprecipitation indicated SEIPIN interacted with ADRP.
      CONCLUSION: BSCL2-iPS cells that recapitulate the lipodystrophic phenotypes in
      vitro could provide valuable models with which to study the physiology of lipid
      accumulation and the pathology of human lipodystrophy. We found that BSCL2
      defines the localization of ADRP, which has a role in lipid accumulation and
      adipogenic differentiation.

PMID- 26975545
TI  - DMC (2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone) improves glucose
      tolerance as a potent AMPK activator.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect and regulatory mechanism of 2',4'-dihydroxy
      6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) isolated from Cleistocalyx operculatus on
      metabolic parameters in myotubes, adipocytes and an obese mouse model. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Myotubes and adipocytes were incubated with or without DMC. Glucose
      uptake, fatty acid oxidation, AMPK activation and adipocytes differentiation were
      investigated. To examine in vivo effect of DMC, 30mg/kg/day DMC was administered
      by oral gavage for 2weeks in high fat fed C57BL/6 male mice and intra-peritoneal
      glucose tolerance test was performed. In order to examine whether DMC directly
      activates AMPK, we performed cell free AMPK assay and surface plasmon resonance
      spectroscopy analysis. RESULT: DMC increases glucose uptake and fatty acid
      oxidation (FAO) in myotubes. Also, DMC inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3
      L1 cells. Interestingly, DMC stimulates phosphorylation of AMP-dependent protein
      kinase (AMPK) alpha subunit (T172) by directly binding to AMPK, which results in
      the activation of AMPK. Furthermore, DMC binds AMPK with a higher affinity than
      AMP. When AMPK was knocked down, the stimulatory effect of DMC on FAO and its
      inhibitory effect on adipogenesis were abolished. These results suggest that the
      effects of DMC were primarily mediated by AMPK activation. In addition, treating
      mice fed a high fat diet with DMC improved glucose tolerance and significantly
      increased FAO of the muscles. CONCLUSION: DMC, as a novel AMPK activator, shows
      anti-diabetic effects in cell culture systems, such as myotubes and adipocytes,
      and in a diet-induced obese mouse model.

PMID- 26975544
TI  - Visualizing estrogen receptor-alpha-expressing neurons using a new ERalpha
      ZsGreen reporter mouse line.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A variety of biological functions of estrogens, including regulation
      of energy metabolism, are mediated by neurons expressing estrogen receptor-alpha
      (ERalpha) in the brain. However, complex intracellular processes in these ERalpha
      expressing neurons are difficult to unravel, due to the lack of strategy to
      visualize ERalpha-expressing neurons, especially in unfixed brain tissues.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Here we generated a novel ERalpha-ZsGreen reporter mouse
      line in which expression of a green fluorescent reporter protein, ZsGreen, is
      driven by a 241kb ERalpha gene promoter. We validated that ZsGreen is highly
      colocalized with endogenous ERalpha in the brain. Native ZsGreen signals were
      visualized in unfixed brain tissue, and were used to assist single cell
      collection and electrophysiological recordings. Finally, we demonstrated that
      this ERalpha-ZsGreen mouse allele can be used in combination with other genetic
      reporter alleles to allow experiments in highly selective neural populations.

PMID- 26975548
TI  - Anti-TNFalpha treatment for recalcitrant ulcerative necrobiosis lipoidica
      diabeticorum: A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is a rare degenerative
      connective tissue disorder associated with diabetes mellitus, which usually
      presents with red papules or plaques with raised edges and occasional ulceration.
      Ulcerating NLD is notoriously difficult to treat. We present a young patient with
      ulcerative NLD who was successfully treated with the anti-TNFalpha agent
      infliximab. Case presentation is followed by a review of therapeutic TNFalpha
      blockade in NLD. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17-year old woman with type 1 diabetes
      since the age of 8, presented with a long-standing and extensively ulcerated and
      infected NLD lesion on her left shin. After achieving better glycemic control and
      treating her for infection of the wound, several NLD treatments failed to help,
      including corticosteroids and hyperbaric oxygen. She was treated successfully
      with 4 monthly sessions of 5mg/kg body weight intravenous infliximab, achieving
      complete resolution of ulceration. DISCUSSION: A multitude of available
      treatments have been suggested for NLD over the past decades, based on two axes,
      one through wound healing and the other through immunosuppression. Anti-TNFalpha
      agents are relatively new drugs that brought a revolution in chronic inflammatory
      diseases and have been on the rise as novel potential treatments for NLD. Three
      out of the five available anti-TNFalpha agents have been safely tested so far,
      both topically and systematically, with mostly favorable results. CONCLUSION:
      Intravenous infliximab was successful in the treatment of recalcitrant ulcerating
      NLD in our patient. Taken together with an increasing number of similar reports
      revealing a pathogenetic role of TNFalpha in NLD, we suggest that anti-TNFalpha
      agents are promising drugs in the management of this condition.

PMID- 26975547
TI  - Altered somatotroph feedback regulation improves metabolic efficiency and limits
      adipose deposition in male mice.
AB  - Several transgenic mouse models with disruption in the growth hormone (GH) axis
      support the role of GH in augmenting metabolic homeostasis. Specifically,
      interest has focused on GH's lipolytic properties and ability to affect adipose
      deposition. Furthermore, both GH and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may also
      play a direct or indirect role in adipose development. The somatotroph insulin
      like growth factor-1 receptor knockout (SIGFRKO) mouse with only a modest
      increase in serum GH and IGF-1 demonstrates less adipose tissue than controls. In
      order to characterize the metabolic phenotype of SIGFRKO mice, histologic
      analysis of fat depots confirmed a smaller average diameter of adipocytes in the
      SIGFRKO mice compared to controls. These changes were accompanied by an increase
      in lipolytic gene expression in fat depots. Indirect calorimetry performed on 6
      8week old male mice and again at 25weeks of age demonstrated that SIGFRKO mice,
      at both ages, had a higher VO2 and increased energy expenditure when compared
      with controls. The calculated respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was lower in the
      younger SIGFRKO mice compared to controls. No differences in food consumption or
      in either ambulatory or total activity were seen between SIGFRKO and control mice
      in either age group. These studies highlight the role of GH in adipose deposition
      and its influence on the expression of lipolytic genes resulting in an altered
      metabolic state, thus providing a mechanism for the decrease in weight gain seen
      in the SIGFRKO mouse model. 

PMID- 26975549
TI  - Hierarchical ZnO Nanosheet-Nanorod Architectures for Fabrication of Poly(3
      hexylthiophene)/ZnO Hybrid NO2 Sensor.
AB  - A facile one-step solution method has been developed here to fabricate
      hierarchical ZnO nanosheet-nanorod architectures for compositing with poly(3
      hexylthiophene) (P3HT) for fabricating a hybrid NO2 sensor. The hierarchical ZnO
      nanosheet-nanorod architectures were controllably synthesized by aging the
      solutions containing 0.05 mol.L(-1) Zn(2+) and 0.33 mol.L(-1) OH(-) at 60 
      degrees C through a metastable phase-directed mechanism. The concentration of OH(
      ) played a huge role on the morphology evolution. When the [OH(-)] concentration
      was decreased from 0.5 to 0.3 mol.L(-1), the morphology of the ZnO nanostructures
      changed gradually from monodispersed nanorods (NR) to nanorod assemblies (NRA),
      and then to nanosheet-nanorod architectures (NS-NR) and nanosheet assemblies
      (NSA), depending on the formation of various metastable, intermediate phases. The
      formation of NS-NR included the initial formation of ZnO nanosheets/gamma-Zn(OH)2
      mixed intermediates, followed by the dissolution of Zn(OH)2, which served as
      soluble zinc source. Soluble Zn(OH)2 facilitated the dislocation-driven secondary
      growth of ZnO nanorod arrays on the primary defect-rich nanosheet substrates.
      Hybrid sensors based on composite films composed of P3HT and the as-prepared ZnO
      nanostructures were fabricated for the detection of NO2 at room temperature. The
      P3HT/ZnO NS-NR bilayer film exhibited not only the highest sensitivity but also
      good reproducibility and selectivity to NO2 at room temperature. The enhanced
      sensing performance was attributed to the formation of the P3HT/ZnO
      heterojunction in addition to the enhanced adsorption of NO2 by NS-NR ZnO rich in
      oxygen-vacancy defects. 

PMID- 26975550
TI  - The first day is always the hardest: Functional connectivity during cue exposure
      and the ability to resist smoking in the initial hours of a quit attempt.
AB  - Quitting smoking is the single best change in behavior that smokers can make to
      improve their health and extend their lives. Although most smokers express a
      strong desire to stop using cigarettes, the vast majority of quit attempts end in
      relapse. Relapse is particularly likely when smokers encounter cigarette cues. A
      striking number of relapses occur very quickly, with many occurring within as
      little as 24h. Characterizing what distinguishes successful quit attempts from
      unsuccessful ones, particularly just after cessation is initiated, is a research
      priority. We addressed this significant issue by examining the association
      between functional connectivity during cigarette cue exposure and smoking
      behavior during the first 24h of a quit attempt. Functional MRI was used to
      measure brain activity during cue exposure in nicotine-deprived daily smokers
      during the first day of a quit attempt. Participants were then given the
      opportunity to smoke. Using data collected in two parent studies, we identified a
      subset of participants who chose to smoke and a matched subset who declined
      (n=38). Smokers who were able to resist smoking displayed significant functional
      connectivity between the left anterior insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex, whereas there was no such connectivity for those who chose to smoke.
      Notably, there were no differences in mean levels of activation in brain regions
      of interest, underscoring the importance of assessing interregional connectivity
      when investigating the links between cue-related neural responses and overt
      behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to link patterns of
      functional connectivity and actual cigarette use during the pivotal first hours
      of attempt to change smoking behavior.

PMID- 26975552
TI  - Visual high-level regions respond to high-level stimulus content in the absence
      of low-level confounds.
AB  - High-level regions of the ventral stream exhibit strong category selectivity to
      stimuli such as faces, houses, or objects. However, recent studies suggest that
      at least part of this selectivity stems from low-level differences inherent to
      images of the different categories. For example, visual outdoor and indoor scenes
      as well as houses differ in spatial frequency, rectilinearity and obliqueness
      when compared to face or object images. Correspondingly, scene responsive para
      hippocampal place area (PPA) showed strong preference to low-level properties of
      visual scenes also in the absence of high-level scene content. This raises the
      question whether all high-level responses in PPA, the fusiform face area (FFA),
      or the object-responsive lateral occipital compex (LOC) may actually be explained
      by systematic differences in low-level features. In the present study we
      contrasted two classes of simple stimuli consisting of ten rectangles each. While
      both were matched in visual low-level features only one class of rectangle
      arrangements gave rise to a percept compatible with a high-level 3D layout such
      as a scene or an object. We found that areas PPA, transverse occipital sulcus
      (TOS, also referred to as occipital place area, OPA), as well as FFA and LOC
      showed robust responses to the visual scene class compared to the low-level
      matched control. Our results suggest that visual category responsive regions are
      not purely driven by low-level visual features but also by the high-level
      perceptual stimulus interpretation.

PMID- 26975554
TI  - Parietal cortex mediates perceptual Gestalt grouping independent of stimulus
      size.
AB  - The integration of local moving elements into a unified gestalt percept has
      previously been linked to the posterior parietal cortex. There are two possible
      interpretations for the lack of involvement of other occipital regions. The first
      is that parietal cortex is indeed uniquely functionally specialized to perform
      grouping. Another possibility is that other visual regions can perform grouping
      as well, but that the large spatial separation of the local elements used
      previously exceeded their neurons' receptive field (RF) sizes, preventing their
      involvement. In this study we distinguished between these two alternatives. We
      measured whole-brain activity using fMRI in response to a bistable motion
      illusion that induced mutually exclusive percepts of either an illusory global
      Gestalt or of local elements. The stimulus was presented in two sizes, a large
      version known to activate IPS only, and a version sufficiently small to fit into
      the RFs of mid-level dorsal regions such as V5/MT. We found that none of the
      separately localized motion regions apart from parietal cortex showed a
      preference for global Gestalt perception, even for the smaller version of the
      stimulus. This outcome suggests that grouping-by-motion is mediated by a
      specialized size-invariant mechanism with parietal cortex as its anatomical
      substrate.

PMID- 26975551
TI  - Oscillatory phase modulates the timing of neuronal activations and resulting
      behavior.
AB  - Human behavioral response timing is highly variable from trial to trial. While it
      is generally understood that behavioral variability must be due to trial-by-trial
      variations in brain function, it is still largely unknown which physiological
      mechanisms govern the timing of neural activity as it travels through networks of
      neuronal populations, and how variations in the timing of neural activity relate
      to variations in the timing of behavior. In our study, we submitted recordings
      from the cortical surface to novel analytic techniques to chart the trajectory of
      neuronal population activity across the human cortex in single trials, and found
      joint modulation of the timing of this activity and of consequent behavior by
      neuronal oscillations in the alpha band (8-12Hz). Specifically, we established
      that the onset of population activity tends to occur during the trough of
      oscillatory activity, and that deviations from this preferred relationship are
      related to changes in the timing of population activity and the speed of the
      resulting behavioral response. These results indicate that neuronal activity
      incurs variable delays as it propagates across neuronal populations, and that the
      duration of each delay is a function of the instantaneous phase of oscillatory
      activity. We conclude that the results presented in this paper are supportive of
      a general model for variability in the effective speed of information
      transmission in the human brain and for variability in the timing of human
      behavior.

PMID- 26975553
TI  - Amide proton signals as pH indicator for in vivo MRS and MRI of the brain
      Responses to hypercapnia and hypothermia.
AB  - Using proton MRS and MRI of mouse brain at 9.4T, this work provides the first in
      vivo evidence of pH-dependent concurrent changes of three amide signals and
      related metabolic responses to hypercapnia and hypothermia. During hypercapnia,
      amide proton MRS signals of glutamine at 6.8-6.9ppm and 7.6ppm as well as of
      unspecific compounds at 8.1-8.3ppm increase by at least 50% both at 37 degrees C
      and 22 degrees C. These changes reflect a reduced proton exchange with water.
      They are strongly correlated with intracellular pH which ranges from 6.75+/-0.10
      to 7.13+/-0.06 as determined from a shift in creatine phosphokinase equilibrium.
      In MRI, saturation transfer from aliphatic as well as aromatic and/or amide
      protons alters slightly during hypercapnia and significantly during hypothermia.
      The asymmetry in magnetization transfer ratios decreased slightly during
      hypercapnia and hypothermia. Regardless of pH or temperature, saturation transfer
      from aliphatic protons between -2 and -4ppm frequency offset to water protons is
      significantly greater than that from aromatic/amide protons at corresponding
      offsets between +2 and +4ppm. Irradiation of aliphatic compounds at -3.5ppm
      frequency offset from water predominantly saturates lipids and water associated
      with myelin. Taken together, the results indicate that, for the B1 power used in
      this study, dipolar coupling between aliphatic and water protons rather than
      proton exchange is the dominant factor in Z-spectra and magnetization transfer
      ratio asymmetry of the brain in vivo.

PMID- 26975555
TI  - Causal relationship between effective connectivity within the default mode
      network and mind-wandering regulation and facilitation.
AB  - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate mind wandering, which
      is a shift in the contents of thought away from an ongoing task and/or from
      events in the external environment to self-generated thoughts and feelings.
      Although modulation of the mind-wandering propensity is thought to be associated
      with neural alterations of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and regions in
      the default mode network (DMN), the precise neural mechanisms remain unknown.
      Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the causal
      relationships among tDCS (one electrode placed over the right IPL, which is a
      core region of the DMN, and another placed over the left LPFC), stimulation
      induced directed connection alterations within the DMN, and modulation of the
      mind-wandering propensity. At the behavioral level, anodal tDCS on the right IPL
      (with cathodal tDCS on the left LPFC) reduced mind wandering compared to the
      reversed stimulation. At the neural level, the anodal tDCS on the right IPL
      decreased the afferent connections of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) from
      the right IPL and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, mediation
      analysis revealed that the changes in the connections from the right IPL and mPFC
      correlated with the facilitation and inhibition of mind wandering, respectively.
      These effects are the result of the heterogeneous function of effective
      connectivity: the connection from the right IPL to the PCC inhibits mind
      wandering, whereas the connection from the mPFC to the PCC facilitates mind
      wandering. The present study is the first to demonstrate the neural mechanisms
      underlying tDCS modulation of mind-wandering propensity.

PMID- 26975557
TI  - Contextually sensitive power changes across multiple frequency bands underpin
      cognitive control.
AB  - Flexible control of cognition bestows a remarkable adaptability to a broad range
      of contexts. While cognitive control is known to rely on frontoparietal neural
      architecture to achieve this flexibility, the neural mechanisms that allow such
      adaptability to context are poorly understood. In the current study, we
      quantified contextual demands on the cognitive control system via a priori
      estimation of information across three tasks varying in difficulty (oddball,
      go/nogo, and switch tasks) and compared neural responses across these different
      contexts. We report evidence of the involvement of multiple frequency bands
      during preparation and implementation of cognitive control. Specifically, a
      common frontoparietal delta and a central alpha process corresponded to rule
      implementation and motor response respectively. Interestingly, we found evidence
      of a frontal theta signature that was sensitive to increasing amounts of
      information and a posterior parietal alpha process only seen during anticipatory
      rule updating. Importantly, these neural signatures of context processing match
      proposed frontal hierarchies of control and together provide novel evidence of a
      complex interplay of multiple frequency bands underpinning flexible, contextually
      sensitive cognition.

PMID- 26975556
TI  - Bi-directional changes in fractional anisotropy after experiment TBI:
      Disorganization and reorganization?
AB  - The current dogma to explain the extent of injury-related changes following
      rodent controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury is a focal injury with limited
      axonal pathology. However, there is in fact good, published histologic evidence
      to suggest that axonal injury is far more widespread in this model than generally
      thought. One possibility that might help to explain this is the often-used region
      of-interest data analysis approach taken by experimental traumatic brain injury
      (TBI) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or histologic studies that might miss more
      widespread damage, when compared to the whole brain, statistically robust method
      of tract-based analysis used more routinely in clinical research. To determine
      the extent of DTI changes in this model, we acquired in vivo DTI data before and
      at 1 and 4weeks after CCI injury in 17 adult male rats and analyzed parametric
      maps of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial, radial, and mean diffusivity (AD, RD,
      MD), tensor mode (MO), and fiber tract density (FTD) using tract-based spatial
      statistics. Contusion volume was used as a surrogate marker of injury severity
      and as a covariate for investigating severity dependence of the data. Mean fiber
      tract length was also computed from seeds in the cortical spinal tract regions.
      In parallel experiments (n=3-5/group), we investigated corpus callosum
      neurofilaments and demyelination using immunohistochemistry (IHC) at 3days and
      6weeks, callosal tract patency using dual-label retrograde tract tracing at
      5weeks, and the contribution of gliosis to DTI parameter maps using GFAP IHC at
      4weeks post-injury. The data show widespread ipsilateral regions of significantly
      reduced FA at 1week post-injury, driven by temporally changing values of AD, RD,
      and MD that persist to 4weeks. Demyelination, retrograde label tract loss, and
      reductions in MO (tract degeneration) and FTD were shown to underpin these data.
      Significant FA increases occurred in subcortical and corticospinal tract regions
      that were spatially distinct from regions of FA decrease, grossly affected
      gliotic areas, and MO changes. However, there was good spatial correspondence
      between regions of increased FA and areas of increased FTD and mean fiber length.
      We discuss these widespread changes in DTI parameters in terms of axonal
      degeneration and potential reorganization, with reference to a resting state fMRI
      companion paper (Harris et al., 2016, Exp. Neurol. 227:124-138) that demonstrated
      altered functional connectivity data acquired from the same rats used in this
      study.

PMID- 26975558
TI  - The average baboon brain: MRI templates and tissue probability maps from 89
      individuals.
AB  - The baboon (Papio) brain is a remarkable model for investigating the brain. The
      current work aimed at creating a population-average baboon (Papio anubis) brain
      template and its left/right hemisphere symmetric version from a large sample of
      T1-weighted magnetic resonance images collected from 89 individuals. Averaging
      the prior probability maps output during the segmentation of each individual also
      produced the first baboon brain tissue probability maps for gray matter, white
      matter and cerebrospinal fluid. The templates and the tissue probability maps
      were created using state-of-the-art, freely available software tools and are
      being made freely and publicly available: http://www.nitrc.org/projects/haiko89/
      or http://lpc.univ-amu.fr/spip.php?article589. It is hoped that these images will
      aid neuroimaging research of the baboon by, for example, providing a modern, high
      quality normalization target and accompanying standardized coordinate system as
      well as probabilistic priors that can be used during tissue segmentation.

PMID- 26975559
TI  - Measuring Personal Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants Using Silicone
      Wristbands and Hand Wipes.
AB  - Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are widely used as replacements for
      polybrominated diphenyl ethers in consumer products. With high detection in
      indoor environments and increasing toxicological evidence suggesting a potential
      for adverse health effects, there is a growing need for reliable exposure metrics
      to examine individual exposures to PFRs. Silicone wristbands have been used as
      passive air samplers for quantifying exposure in the general population and
      occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Here we investigated
      the utility of silicone wristbands in measuring exposure and internal dose of
      PFRs through measurement of urinary metabolite concentrations. Wristbands were
      also compared to hand wipes as metrics of exposure. Participants wore wristbands
      for 5 consecutive days and collected first morning void urine samples on 3
      alternating days. Urine samples were pooled across 3 days and analyzed for
      metabolites of the following PFRs: tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate
      (TDCIPP), tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate
      (TPHP), and monosubstituted isopropylated triaryl phosphate (mono-ITP). All four
      PFRs and their urinary metabolites were ubiquitously detected. Correlations
      between TDCIPP and TCIPP and their corresponding urinary metabolites were highly
      significant on the wristbands (rs = 0.5-0.65, p < 0.001), which suggest that
      wristbands can serve as strong predictors of cumulative, 5-day exposure and may
      be an improved metric compared to hand wipes.

PMID- 26975560
TI  - School environment, sedentary behavior and physical activity in preschool
      children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze physical activity and sedentary behavior in preschool
      children during their stay at school and the associated factors. METHODS: 370
      preschoolers, aged 4 to 6 years, stratified according to gender, age and school
      region in the city of Londrina, PR, participated in the study. A questionnaire
      was applied to principals of preschools to analyze the school infrastructure and
      environment. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were estimated using
      accelerometers for five consecutive days during the children's stay at school.
      The odds ratio (OR) was estimated through binary logistic regression. RESULTS: At
      school, regardless of age, preschoolers spend relatively more time in sedentary
      behaviors (89.6%-90.9%), followed by light (4.6%-7.6%), moderate (1.3%-3.0%) and
      vigorous (0.5%-2.3%) physical activity. The indoor recreation room (OR=0.20;
      95%CI 0.05 to 0.83) and the playground (OR=0.08; 95%CI 0.00 to 0.80) protect four
      year-old schoolchildren from highly sedentary behavior. An inverse association
      was found between the indoor recreation room and physical activity (OR=0.20;
      95%CI 0.00 to 0.93) in five-year-old children. The indoor recreation room
      (OR=1.54; 95%CI 1.35 to 1.77), the playground (OR=2.82; 95%CI 1.14 to 6.96) and
      the recess (OR=1.54; 95%CI 1.35 to 1.77) are factors that increase the chance of
      six-year-old schoolchildren to be active. CONCLUSIONS: The school infrastructure
      and environment should be seen as strategies to promote physical activity and
      reduce sedentary behavior in preschool children.

PMID- 26975561
TI  - Assessing the nutritional information for children younger than two years old
      available on popular websites.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the information found on popular Internet sites are
      in accordance with the steps recommended by the Food Guide for Children Younger
      than Two Years of the Ministry of Health (2010). METHODS: Descriptive/comparative
      study, carried out between August and October 2014, which carried out a search
      for popular sites (for lay people) in Portuguese, containing information on
      nutrition of children younger than two years. The Google search engine was used.
      These findings were compared with the Food Guide for Children Younger than Two
      Years of the Ministry of Health (2010). It was verified whether the information
      shown on the websites was in accordance with the Guide. RESULTS: A total of 50
      sites were analyzed, including blogs, food company websites and websites
      specialized in child nutrition. Only 10% of those pages correctly showed every
      step of the Food Guide. The recommendations were: exclusive breastfeeding up to
      six months of life (80%); complementary feeding from six months of life (36%);
      baby food consistency according to the guide (48%); encouraging the consumption
      of fruits and vegetables daily (60%). Regarding the complementary feeding safety
      and hygiene, 26% contained correct information. Only 36% correctly warned about
      which foods should be avoided in the first years of life. CONCLUSIONS: The
      information found on the sites is largely in disagreement with the Ministry of
      Health recommendations, which can lead to misconceptions in the nutritional care
      of the children younger than two years.

PMID- 26975563
TI  - Electrical Nerve Stimulation Enhances Perilesional Branching after Nerve Grafting
      but Fails to Increase Regeneration Speed in a Murine Model.
AB  - Background Electrical stimulation immediately following nerve lesion helps
      regenerating axons cross the subsequently grafted nerve repair site. However, the
      results and the mechanisms remain open to debate. Some findings show that
      stimulation after crush injury increases axonal crossing of the repair site
      without affecting regeneration speed. Others show that stimulation after
      transection and fibrin glue repair doubles regeneration distance. Methods Using a
      sciatic-nerve-transection-graft in vivo model, we investigated the morphological
      behavior of regenerating axons around the repair site after unilateral nerve
      stimulation (20 Hz, 1 hour). With mice expressing axonal fluorescent proteins
      (thy1-YFP), we were able to calculate the following at 5 and 7 days: percentage
      of regenerating axons and arborizing axons, branches per axon, and regeneration
      distance and speed. Results Brief stimulation significantly increases the
      percentage of regenerating axons (5 days: 35.5 vs. 27.3% nonstimulated, p < 0.05;
      7 days: 43.3 vs. 33.9% nonstimulated, p < 0.05), mainly by increasing arborizing
      axons (5 days: 49.3 [4.4] vs. 33.9 [4.1]% [p < 0.001]; 7 days: 42.2 [5.6] vs.
      33.2 [3.1]% [p < 0.001]). Neither branches per arborizing axon nor regeneration
      speed were affected. Conclusion Our morphological data analysis revealed that
      electrical stimulation in this model increases axonal crossing of the repair site
      and promotes homogeneous perilesional branching, but does not affect regeneration
      speed. 

PMID- 26975562
TI  - [Socioeconomic status indicators, physical activity, and overweight/obesity in
      Brazilian children].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between socioeconomic status (SES)
      indicators and physical activity and overweight/obesity in children. METHODS: 485
      children wore accelerometers for 7 days. Variables included time in sedentary
      behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and steps/day.
      Children were further categorized as meeting or not meeting guidelines of
      >=60min/day MVPA and >=12,000 steps/day. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat
      percentage (BF%) were measured using bioelec-trical impedance. Overweight/obesity
      was defined as BMI>+1 SD and BF%>=85th percentile. Parents answered
      questionnaires that questioned total annual household income, parental education
      level, parental employment status and automobile ownership. RESULTS: Children
      averaged 59.5min/day in MVPA (44.1% met MVPA guidelines), and 9639 steps/day
      (18.4% met steps/day guidelines). 45.4% and 33% were overweight/obese classified
      by BMI and BF% respectively. Higher relative total annual household income level
      (Odds Ratio 0.31; 95% confidence interval=0.15-0.65), and relatively higher
      maternal (OR=0.38; 95%CI=0.20-0.72) and paternal (OR=0.36; 95%CI=0.17-0.75)
      education levels were associ-ated with lower odds of children meeting MVPA
      guidelines. Household automobile ownership was associated with lower odds of
      children meeting MVPA (OR=0.48; 95%CI=0.31-0.75) and steps/day guidelines
      (OR=0.44; 95%CI=0.26-0.74). CONCLUSIONS: SES indicators were not associated with
      overweight/obesity, but higher SES was associated with lower odds of children
      meeting MVPA guidelines.

PMID- 26975564
TI  - Barcelona Lymphedema Algorithm for Surgical Treatment in Breast Cancer-Related
      Lymphedema.
AB  - Background Breast cancer-related lymphedema is a prevalent condition that has a
      major impact on quality of life. Surgical treatment has become an alternative to
      help affected patients with good results. However, there is no consensus on
      surgical procedure and protocol. Methods We analyzed our data in two periods:
      from June 2007 to December 2011 and from January 2012 to June 2014. Data included
      the analysis of the limb circumferences and the subjective symptoms felt by
      patients. Results Of the 200 patients treated in the study, 81 had
      lymphaticovenous anastomosis, 7 had autologous lymph node transfer, 16 had total
      breast anatomy restoration, 52 had vibroliposuction, and 44 had combined
      reconstructive procedures. In the first period, the circumference of the superior
      limb showed a decrease of 0.9 to 6.1 cm (average 2.75 cm). In the second period,
      the circumference of the superior limb showed a decrease of 2.9 to 6.1 cm
      (average 3.85 cm). Clinical results and data from the questionnaires confirmed
      the improvement and subjective benefits. Conclusion We have obtained considerable
      improvements in results of limb circumferences and subjective symptoms after
      incorporating several modifications into our surgical strategy for lymphedema
      treatment. A detailed preoperative assessment should be performed to determine
      whether reconstructive surgery or palliative surgery is indicated. 

PMID- 26975565
TI  - Competitive effects of oxygen vacancy formation and interfacial oxidation on an
      ultra-thin HfO2-based resistive switching memory: beyond filament and charge
      hopping models.
AB  - We studied the quantum transport mechanism of an ultra-thin HfO2-based resistive
      random access memory (ReRAM) cell with TiN electrodes and proposed the design of
      a sub-10 nm scale device. It is believed that formation and rupture of the
      conduction path in the local filament causes the switching between high and low
      resistive states. However, the validity of this simple filament model is not
      obvious in the sub-10 nm scale device because the redox processes occur mainly in
      a few nm range at the interface. Furthermore, the intrinsic transport mechanism
      of the device, in particular, quantum coherence, depends on device materials and
      length-scale. The relationship between the redox states and the transport
      mechanism like ballistic or hopping is still under debate when the device length
      scale is less than 10 nm. In the present study, we performed first-principles
      calculations of the non-equilibrium Green's function including electron-phonon
      interactions. We examined several characteristic structures of the HfO(x) wire
      (nano-scale conduction path) and the interfaces between the resistive switching
      layer and electrodes. We found that the metal buffer layer induced a change in
      the oxygen-reduction site from the interface of HfO(x)/TiN to the buffer layer.
      Even when the inserted buffer layer is a few atomic layers, this effect plays an
      important role in the enhancement of the performance of ON/OFF resistive
      switching and in the reduction of the inelastic electric current by electron
      phonon scattering. The latter suppresses the hopping mechanism, which makes the
      ballistic conduction the dominant mechanism. We evaluated the activation energy
      in the high temperature limit by using the first-principles results of inelastic
      current. Our theoretical model explains the observed crossover of the temperature
      dependence of ReRAM cells and gives a new insight into the principle of operation
      on a sub-10 nm scale ReRAM device.

PMID- 26975567
TI  - Structural insights into the methyl donor recognition model of a novel membrane
      binding protein UbiG.
AB  - UbiG is a SAM-dependent O-methyltransferase, catalyzing two O-methyl transfer
      steps for ubiquinone biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. UbiG possesses a unique
      sequence insertion between beta4 and alpha10, which is used for membrane lipid
      interaction. Interestingly, this sequence insertion also covers the methyl donor
      binding pocket. Thus, the relationship between membrane binding and entrance of
      the methyl donor of UbiG during the O-methyl transfer process is a question that
      deserves further exploration. In this study, we reveal that the membrane-binding
      region of UbiG gates the entrance of methyl donor. When bound with liposome, UbiG
      displays an enhanced binding ability toward the methyl donor product S
      adenosylhomocysteine. We further employ protein engineering strategies to design
      UbiG mutants by truncating the membrane interacting region or making it more
      flexible. The ITC results show that the binding affinity of these mutants to SAH
      increases significantly compared with that of the wild-type UbiG. Moreover, we
      determine the structure of UbiG?(165-187) in complex with SAH. Collectively, our
      results provide a new angle to cognize the relationship between membrane binding
      and entrance of the methyl donor of UbiG, which is of benefit for better
      understanding the O-methyl transfer process for ubiquinone biosynthesis. 

PMID- 26975566
TI  - Newcastle disease virus infection in chicken embryonic fibroblasts but not duck
      embryonic fibroblasts is associated with elevated host innate immune response.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chickens and ducks are major hosts of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
      with distinct responses to infection. However, whereas ducks are generally
      asymptomatic or exhibit only mild symptoms following NDV infection and are thus
      regarded as potential long-term reservoirs of the virus, chickens exhibit severe
      clinical lesions, transient infections and even death due to NDV infection. These
      differences may in part result from the host innate immune response to NDV
      infection. METHODS: To better understand the host innate immune response to NDV
      infection in avian species, by using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction method we examined the messenger RNA expression levels of immune-related
      genes in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) and duck embryonic fibroblasts
      (DEFs) when infected with NDV of different pathogenicities. RESULTS: Gene
      expression profiles showed that the expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha-like factor
      (LITAF) and interferon (IFN)-beta was upregulated in both CEFs and DEFs infected
      with SS-10 and NH-10 viruses or treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid
      [poly(I:C)], as well as that expression levels were greater in CEFs than in DEFs.
      The expression of TLR3, TLR7, IL-6, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, MHC-I and MHC-II,
      except for IL-8, were also greater in CEFs than in DEFs in response to infection
      to both viruses or treatment with poly(I:C). However, unlike moderate virulent NH
      10, highly virulent SS-10 induced greater pattern recognition receptors and
      cytokines, except for IFNs, in CEFs and DEFs. CONCLUSION: Results show distinct
      expression patterns of cytokines, Toll-like receptors and IFNs associated with
      inflammatory immune responses to NDV between species and by virulence.

PMID- 26975568
TI  - Association between weight control failure and suicidal ideation in overweight
      and obese adults: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Korea has the highest suicide rate in the OECD and is one of the few
      OECD countries whose suicide rates have not decreased in recent years. To address
      these issues, we investigated the effects of weight control failure on suicidal
      ideation in the overweight and obese populations. METHODS: We performed a cross
      sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey (2008-2012) consisting of 6621 individuals 40 years of age or
      older. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between
      weight control failure and suicidal ideation in the overweight and obese
      populations. RESULTS: A total of 6621 participants were analyzed in this study
      (overweight group: 2439; obese group: 4182). Among them, weight control failure
      (weight gain with weight loss efforts) was experienced in 962 obese (males 16.3%,
      females 29.6%) and 412 overweight individuals (males 9.1%, females 23.4%). Weight
      control failure was significantly associated with suicidal ideation in obese
      females (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.21-2.39), but this association was not significant
      in obese males or in either sex of the overweight group. CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      from this study suggest that weight control failure is associated with an
      increased risk of suicidal ideation among obese women. Furthermore, intervention
      programs that aim to address the prevalence of suicide, especially for obese
      women, are needed.

PMID- 26975569
TI  - Neglected tropical diseases in the genomics era: re-evaluating the impact of new
      drugs and mass drug administration.
AB  - Simon Croft answers Genome Biology's questions on ways to approach neglected
      tropical diseases in the genomics era, including re-evaluating the impact of new
      drugs and mass drug administration. 

PMID- 26975572
TI  - Staged extubation to manage the airway after operations on the head and neck.
AB  - Management of the airway after operations on the head and neck is potentially
      problematic. We describe leaving a guidewire in the trachea after successful
      extubation in two patients, to make reintubation easier if the airway was later
      compromised.

PMID- 26975570
TI  - The diagnostic accuracy of the hand-held Raman spectrometer for the
      identification of anti-malarial drugs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a need for accurate and field-applicable instruments for the
      evaluation of the quality of anti-malarial drugs. The aim of this study was to
      determine the diagnostic accuracy of the NanoRam((r)), a handheld Raman
      spectrometer (RS), to identify anti-malarial drugs. METHODS: In total, 289 anti
      malarial drugs collected in a randomized field survey in Gabon were evaluated.
      The samples were compared with authentic products as supplied by the official
      manufacturer. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the handheld
      NanoRam((r)) spectrometer in the identification of anti-malarial drugs, a two
      gate reversed-flow design was applied. The standards for reporting of diagnostic
      accuracy studies (STARD) were followed. The index test was the handheld RS. The
      reference test standards were thin layer chromatography and high performance
      liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photo diode array detection. RESULTS: The
      sensitivity [95% confidence interval (95% CI)] and specificity of the RS to
      correctly identify an anti-malarial drug were 100% (95% CI 94.9-100%) and 96%
      (95% CI 92.3-99.0%), respectively. The RS could not differentiate between
      different batches of the same product or different manufacturers of the same
      product. Intra-observer agreement for 289 samples was 100%. The average time to
      conduct the RS was 15 s per sample compared to 45 min per sample for TLC.
      CONCLUSION: The handheld RS holds promise as an easy-to-use, quick and field
      applicable instrument for the evaluation of quality of anti-malarial drugs,
      potentially empowering pharmacists, drug inspectors and medical regulatory
      authorities. Trial registration NTR4341 (Dutch Trial Registry).

PMID- 26975573
TI  - Anatomical study of the submandibular gland duct after removal of a distal stone
      without sialodochoplasty: a sialographic evaluation of a clinical phase II trial.
AB  - Transoral removal of a distal salivary stone is common. We have used
      postoperative sialography to evaluate the results and changes in the salivary
      ducts after removal of a salivary distal stone without sialodochoplasty. Of 20
      patients who had had transoral operations for submandibular stones, 19 recovered
      normally with no recurrence. One developed partial stenosis and one a spontaneous
      neo-opening as a result of severe adhesions and inflammation between the salivary
      stone and the duct. None of the patients had any symptoms of recurrence during
      the 12-month follow-up. Sialodochoplasty may not be necessary in patients who
      have had a distal salivary stone removed. Removal without sialodochoplasty
      resulted in full anatomical recovery of the salivary ducts. 

PMID- 26975571
TI  - Isoliquiritigenin Attenuates Adipose Tissue Inflammation in vitro and Adipose
      Tissue Fibrosis through Inhibition of Innate Immune Responses in Mice.
AB  - Isoliquiritigenin (ILG) is a flavonoid derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis and
      potently suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation resulting in the improvement of
      diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation. However, whether ILG affects other
      pathways besides the inflammasome in adipose tissue inflammation is unknown. We
      here show that ILG suppresses adipose tissue inflammation by affecting the
      paracrine loop containing saturated fatty acids and TNF-alpha by using a co
      culture composed of adipocytes and macrophages. ILG suppressed inflammatory
      changes induced by the co-culture through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.
      This effect was independent of either inhibition of inflammasome activation or
      activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Moreover, ILG
      suppressed TNF-alpha-induced activation of adipocytes, coincident with inhibition
      of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Additionally, TNF-alpha-mediated inhibition of
      Akt phosphorylation under insulin signaling was alleviated by ILG in adipocytes.
      ILG suppressed palmitic acid-induced activation of macrophages, with decreasing
      the level of phosphorylated Jnk expression. Intriguingly, ILG improved high fat
      diet-induced fibrosis in adipose tissue in vivo. Finally, ILG inhibited TLR4- or
      Mincle-stimulated expression of fibrosis-related genes in stromal vascular
      fraction from obese adipose tissue and macrophages in vitro. Thus, ILG can
      suppress adipose tissue inflammation by both inflammasome-dependent and 
      independent manners and attenuate adipose tissue fibrosis by targeting innate
      immune sensors. 

PMID- 26975574
TI  - Telephone review after minor oral surgery.
AB  - An audit of outpatient clinic attendances at Cardiff Dental Hospital (between
      September 2009 and March 2010) showed that 30% of patients failed to attend
      review appointments after minor operations. To reduce rates of non-attendance we
      set up a system of telephone review in March 2010. Patients were given a
      telephone appointment two weeks after their minor operation (mainly removal of
      lower third molars), instead of an appointment at the outpatient clinic. A
      trained nurse contacted each patient to complete a structured questionnaire that
      included questions about numbness, pain, and swelling. During the first year of
      the project, 1020 patients were booked for telephone review and of these 90% were
      discharged. 674 (66%) were discharged after telephone review, and 245 (24%) were
      not contactable. A total of 101 patients (10%) were brought in for clinic review
      because they reported complications. Estimated staff costs per patient for
      telephone review and clinic review were L3.05 and L23.55 respectively. Telephone
      review resulted in a significant reduction in the number of patients who failed
      to attend the clinic (OR=0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.96) and facilitated audit of
      complications. The use of telephone review in conjunction with clinical follow-up
      for those with postoperative problems allows for cost-effective care with reduced
      rates of non-attendance. 

PMID- 26975575
TI  - Epidemiological study of alendronate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in the
      southeast of Scotland.
AB  - We aimed to establish the incidence of alendronate-related osteonecrosis of the
      jaw (ONJ) in the southeast of Scotland, and to assess the effect of
      corticosteroids on it. We studied a prospective case series of patients between
      June 2004 and March 2012 separated into steroid and non-steroid groups. There
      were 34 cases of alendronate-related ONJ and 78732 drug patient years (DPY) of
      alendronate, making the overall occurrence 43.1 cases/100000 DPY. There were 12
      patients in the steroid group (mean (range) age 68.2 (48-87) years) making 42.5
      cases/100000 DPY, and 22 in the non-steroid group (mean (range) age 76.2 (63-91)
      years) making 119.6 cases/100000 DPY. The mean (range) age at presentation of
      alendronate-related ONJ was significantly lower in the steroid group (68.2 (48
      87) compared with 76.2 (63-91) years, p=0.019) as was the duration of exposure to
      alendronate before it developed (28.9 (6-120) compared with 61.3 (13-168) months,
      p=0.03). The overall incidence seems to be higher in the southeast of Scotland
      than elsewhere. Concurrent use of corticosteroids is not associated with an
      increased incidence of alendronate-related ONJ, but it seems to reduce the
      duration of exposure before it develops. Age is likely to be a confounding
      factor. 

PMID- 26975576
TI  - Bleeding after tooth extraction in patients taking aspirin and clopidogrel
      (Plavix(r)) compared with healthy controls.
AB  - The risk of perioperative bleeding is high in patients who take aspirin and
      clopidogrel after a percutaneous coronary intervention, and whether to stop the
      drugs is a matter of concern for dentists. The aim of this study was to answer
      the specific question: should aspirin and clopidogrel bisulphate (Plavix(r)) be
      discontinued during a conventional forceps extraction? We studied 64 patients
      during the first year after percutaneous insertion of coronary stents who were
      taking aspirin (ASA) 80mg and clopidogrel (Plavix((r))) 75mg, and 50 healthy
      patients who were to have a conventional forceps extraction at this polyclinic in
      2013-2014 and acted as controls. Clinical details (underlying diseases; number of
      roots; type of tooth; type of haemostasis; and bleeding immediately, 30minutes,
      and 48hours after intervention) were compared. We evaluated 114 patients with the
      mean (range) age of 56 (43-76) years, and there were no significant differences
      in demographic data, underlying diseases, type of tooth, number of roots, and
      dose of anaesthetic between the groups. There were also no significant
      differences in the number of bleeds immediately and 30minutes after intervention
      (P=0.310 and 0.205). The time that the last dose of aspirin had been taken
      correlated with 30-minute haemostasis (20 compared with 12hours, p=0.037). During
      the 48hours after the intervention, there were no uncontrolled bleeds or
      emergency referrals. We conclude that using aspirin and Plavix(r) simultaneously
      has no considerable effect on the risk of bleeding in patients having
      conventional forceps extraction of a single tooth. 

PMID- 26975577
TI  - Prophylactic use of pentoxifylline and tocopherol in patients who require dental
      extractions after radiotherapy for cancer of the head and neck.
AB  - Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a complication seen intermittently in patients who
      have had radiotherapy to the head and neck, and results of treatment with
      pentoxifylline and tocopherol (PVe) have been encouraging. As a consequence, some
      argue that this should be used prophylactically to lower the risk of ORN after
      dental extractions in this group. We retrospectively analysed data on 390 dental
      extractions in 82 patients who had had radiotherapy for cancer of the head and
      neck. Each had been given PVe prophylactically. Only one patient (1.2%) developed
      ORN (rate/tooth 0.26%). Patients had taken PVe for a mean (SD) of 11 (23) weeks
      preoperatively and 13.6 (18) weeks postoperatively. The incidence we found was
      lower than that normally associated with dental extractions in irradiated
      patients (7%). 

PMID- 26975579
TI  - Ratiometric fluorophore for quantification of iodide under physiological
      conditions: applications in urine analysis and live cell imaging.
AB  - Dipod 1 bearing two pyrenyl tethered benzimidazolium moieties gives a
      fluorescence spectrum in aqueous medium which reveals a structured emission band
      between 330-400 nm and a broad emission band centered at 475 nm, respectively due
      to monomer and excimer emission of the pyrene moieties. The presence of an
      excimer emission band points to the formation of a pseudocyclic structure. Dipod
      1 undergoes highly selective fluorescence quenching of the excimer emission band
      in the presence of iodide ions, whereas the fluorescence intensity of the monomer
      emission band remains stable. The ratio of fluorescence intensity I395 nm/I475
      nmvs. log [I(-)] undergoes a linear change over a broad iodide concentration
      range of 10(-9) to 10(-5) M with KSV 3.7 * 10(5) M(-1). Dipod 1 can be used to
      determine iodide ions in urine samples, tap water and sea water conditions with 1
      nM iodide as the lowest detection limit. On using paper strips coated with dipod
      1, ~1.7 pg cm(-2) iodide ions could be detected. Dipod 1 shows a fluorescence
      quenching response to 100 nM iodide ions in C6 glioma cells using confocal
      microscopy. The life time of the dipod 1 shows a linear decrease with log [I(-)]
      and points to coordination based recognition of iodide ion. 

PMID- 26975578
TI  - Do low-carbon-emission diets lead to higher nutritional quality and positive
      health outcomes? A systematic review of the literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate what is known about the relative health impacts, in terms
      of nutrient intake and health outcomes, of diets with reduced greenhouse gas
      emissions (GHGE). DESIGN: We systematically reviewed the results of published
      studies that link GHGE of dietary patterns to nutritional content or associated
      consequences for health. SETTING: We included studies published in English in
      peer-reviewed journals that included data on actual and modelled diets and
      enabled a matched comparison of GHGE with nutrient composition and/or health
      outcomes. SUBJECTS: Studies included used data from subjects from the general
      population, who had taken part in dietary surveys or prospective cohort studies.
      RESULTS: We identified sixteen eligible studies, with data on 100 dietary
      patterns. We present the results as dietary links between GHGE reduction and
      impact on nutrients to limit (n 151), micronutrient content (n 158) and health
      outcomes (n 25). The results were highly heterogeneous. Across all measures of
      'healthiness', 64 % (n 214) of dietary links show that reduced GHGE from diets
      were associated with worse health indicators. However, some trends emerged. In
      particular, reduced saturated fat and salt are often associated with reduced GHGE
      in diets that are low in animal products (57/84). Yet these diets are also often
      high in sugar (38/55) and low in essential micronutrients (129/158). CONCLUSIONS:
      Dietary scenarios that have lower GHGE compared with average consumption patterns
      may not result in improvements in nutritional quality or health outcomes. Dietary
      recommendations for reduced GHGE must also address sugar consumption and
      micronutrient intake.

PMID- 26975580
TI  - Overexpression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in breast cancer cells induces
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis.
AB  - The angiotensin II type I receptor (AGTR1) has been implicated in diverse aspects
      of human disease, from the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular
      homeostasis to cancer progression. We sought to investigate the role of AGTR1 in
      cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion,
      angiogenesis and tumor growth in the breast cancer cell line MCF7. Stable
      overexpression of AGTR1 was associated with accelerated cell proliferation,
      concomitant with increased expression of survival factors including poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase (PARP) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), as well as
      extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. AGTR1-overexpressing MCF7
      cells were more aggressive than their parent line, with significantly increased
      activity in migration and invasion assays. These observations were associated
      with changes in EMT markers, including reduced E-cadherin expression and
      increased p-Smad3, Smad4 and Snail levels. Treatment with the AGTR1 antagonist
      losartan attenuated these effects. AGTR1 overexpression also accelerated tumor
      growth and increased Ki-67 expression in a xenograft model. This was associated
      with increased tumor angiogenesis, as evidenced by a significant increase in
      microvessels in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas, and enhanced tumor
      invasion, with the latter response associated with increased EMT marker
      expression and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) upregulation. In vivo
      administration of losartan significantly reduced both tumor growth and
      angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that AGTR1 plays a significant role in tumor
      aggressiveness, and its inhibition may have therapeutic implications. 

PMID- 26975581
TI  - The C-terminal domain controls the mobility of Crumbs 3 isoforms.
AB  - The physiological function of epithelia depends on an asymmetric distribution of
      their membrane domains. Polarity proteins play a crucial role for distribution
      processes, however, little is known about their mobility in epithelial cells. In
      this study, we analyzed the intracellular and plasma-membrane-associated mobility
      of fluorescence-labeled Crb3A and Crb3B. Both variants belong to the Crumbs
      protein family, which control size and identity of apical membranes in epithelial
      cells. Fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching measurements revealed
      different mobilities for the two Crb3 variants. They also differentially affected
      mobility and localization of the Pals1/Mpp5 protein, which binds to Crb3A but not
      to Crb3B. In addition, tracking of intracellular vesicles indicated that Crb3A
      containing vesicles are slightly more immobile than Crb3B ones. Taken together,
      our data revealed different intracellular mobility patterns for Crb3A and Crb3B. 

PMID- 26975582
TI  - Interaction with epsin 1 regulates the constitutive clathrin-dependent
      internalization of ErbB3.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In contrast to other members of the EGF receptor family, ErbB3 is
      constitutively internalized in a clathrin-dependent manner. Previous studies have
      shown that ErbB3 does not interact with the coated pit localized adaptor complex
      2 (AP-2), and that ErbB3 lacks two AP-2 interacting internalization signals
      identified in the EGF receptor. Several other clathrin-associated sorting
      proteins which may recruit cargo into coated pits have, however, been identified,
      and the study was performed to identify adaptors needed for constitutive
      internalization of ErbB3. METHODS: A high-throughput siRNA screen was used to
      identify adaptor proteins needed for internalization of ErbB3. Upon knock-down of
      candidate proteins internalization of ErbB3 was identified using an antibody
      based internalization assay combined with automatic fluorescence microscopy.
      RESULTS: Among 29 candidates only knock-down of epsin 1 turned out to inhibit
      ErbB3. Epsin 1 has ubiquitin interacting motifs (UIMs) and we show that ErbB3
      interacts with an epsin 1 deletion mutant containing these UIMs. In support of an
      ErbB3-epsin 1 UIM dependent interaction, we show that ErbB3 is constitutively
      ubiquitinated, but that both ubiquitination and the ErbB3-epsin 1 interaction
      increase upon ligand binding. CONCLUSION: Altogether the results are consistent
      with a model whereby both constitutive and ligand-induced internalization of
      ErbB3 are regulated through interaction with epsin 1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE:
      Internalization is an important regulator of growth factor receptor mediated
      signaling and the current study identify mechanisms regulating plasma membrane
      turnover of ErbB3.

PMID- 26975583
TI  - Rapamycin requires AMPK activity and p27 expression for promoting autophagy
      dependent Tsc2-null cell survival.
AB  - Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) disease results from inactivation of the TSC1 or
      TSC2 gene, and is characterized by benign tumors in several organs. Because TSC
      tumorigenesis correlates with hyperactivation of mTORC1, current therapies focus
      on mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin or its analogs. Rapamycin-induced tumor
      shrinkage has been reported, but tumor recurrence occurs on withdrawal from
      rapamycin. Autophagy has been associated with development of TSC tumors and with
      tumor cell survival during rapamycin treatment. mTORC1 and AMPK directly inhibit
      and activate autophagy, respectively. AMPK is hyperactivated in TSC cells and
      tumors, and drives cytoplasmic sequestration of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27KIP
      (p27). Whether AMPK and p27 are involved in rapamycin-induced autophagy and
      survival of TSC cells remain unexplored. Here, we show that inhibition of AMPK by
      compound C or by shRNA-mediated depletion of LKB1 reduces activation of autophagy
      by rapamycin in Tsc2-null cells. Similarly, shRNA-mediated depletion of p27
      inhibited rapamycin-induced autophagy. In support of p27 lying downstream of AMPK
      on the activation of autophagy in Tsc2-null cells, a p27 mutant that
      preferentially localizes in the cytosol recovered the effect of rapamycin on
      autophagy in both p27- and LKB1-depleted cells, but a nuclear p27 mutant was
      inactive. Finally, we show that p27-dependent activation of autophagy is involved
      in Tsc2-null cell survival under rapamycin treatment. These results indicate that
      an AMPK/p27 axis is promoting a survival mechanism that could explain in part the
      relapse of TSC tumors treated with rapamycin, exposing new avenues for designing
      more efficient treatments for TSC patients. 

PMID- 26975584
TI  - Focal cortical dysplasia, microcephaly and epilepsy in a boy with 1q21.1-q21.3
      duplication.
AB  - The recent advance of new molecular technologies like array - Comparative Genomic
      Hybridization has fostered the detection of genomic imbalances in subjects with
      intellectual disability, epilepsy, and/or congenital anomalies. Though some of
      the rearrangements are relatively frequent, their consequences on phenotypes can
      be strongly variable. We report on a boy harbouring a de novo 8.3 Mb duplication
      of chromosome 1q21.1-q21.3 whose complex unusual phenotype deserves attention,
      due to the presence of focal cortical dysplasia, microcephaly, and epilepsy. Loss
      of-function (LOF) effects of genes associated with human disease involved in the
      rearrangement have been only partially established, and have not been previously
      associated with brain malformations in several deletion syndromes. Less is known,
      instead, about the consequences of their duplication on neuronal migration and
      brain development process. Further advance in neuroimaging and genetic research
      will help in defining their actual role in neurodevelopment and cerebral cortex
      malformations. 

PMID- 26975585
TI  - Genetic predisposition and hematopoietic malignancies in children: Primary
      immunodeficiency.
AB  - It is assumed that patients with some forms of primary immunodeficiency (PID)
      have a markedly increased risk of cancer as compared to the healthy population.
      This increased incidence is seen in children as well as adult patients. The type
      of malignancy depends on the underlying genetic defect, but hematopoietic cancers
      are most frequent in almost any subtype of PID. In some patients, a malignancy
      can even be the first or only symptom of an underlying genetic defect. The
      possibility of an underlying PID is important for the pediatric oncologist as
      this might influence the treatment. Also, patients with a known PID should be
      screened for the occurrence of cancer. It is therefore important to raise
      awareness on this subject among clinicians involved in the treatment of children
      with cancer as well as in the treatment of children with PID.

PMID- 26975586
TI  - Oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) act on OT receptors and not AVP V1a
      receptors to enhance social recognition in adult Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus
      auratus).
AB  - Social recognition is a fundamental requirement for all forms of social
      relationships. A majority of studies investigating the neural mechanisms
      underlying social recognition in rodents have investigated relatively neutral
      social stimuli such as juveniles or ovariectomized females over short time
      intervals (e.g., 2h). The present study developed a new testing model to study
      social recognition among adult males using a potent social stimulus. Flank gland
      odors are used extensively in social communication in Syrian hamsters and convey
      important information such as dominance status. We found that the recognition of
      flank gland odors after a 3min exposure lasted for at least 24h, substantially
      longer than the recognition of other social cues in rats and mice.
      Intracerebroventricular injections of OT and AVP prolonged the recognition of
      flank gland odor for up to 48h. Selective OTR but not V1aR agonists, mimicked
      these enhancing effects of OT and AVP. Similarly, selective OTR but not V1aR
      antagonists blocked recognition of the odors after 20min. In contrast, the
      recognition of non-social stimuli was not blocked by either the OTR or the V1aR
      antagonists. Our findings suggest both OT and AVP enhance social recognition via
      acting on OTRs and not V1aRs and that the recognition enhancing effects of OT and
      AVP are limited to social stimuli.

PMID- 26975587
TI  - Towards understanding of heat effects in metallic glasses on the basis of
      macroscopic shear elasticity.
AB  - It is shown that all heat effects taking place upon annealing of a metallic glass
      within the glassy and supercooled liquid states, i.e. heat release below the
      glass transition temperature and heat absorption above it, as well as
      crystallization-induced heat release, are related to the macroscopic shear
      elasticity. The underlying physical reason can be understood as relaxation in the
      system of interstitialcy-type "defects" (elastic dipoles) frozen-in from the melt
      upon glass production. 

PMID- 26975588
TI  - Glucose variability, HbA1c and microvascular complications.
AB  - Microvascular complications in diabetes are associated with poor long-term
      diabetes control as measured by HbA1c levels. Glucose fluctuations are related to
      oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, factors
      traditionally associated with the pathogenesis of vascular damage. Glucose
      variability has been associated with macrovascular disease in some studies but
      any association with microvascular disease remains controversial. This overview
      summarizes recent findings in the field of glucose variability and its possible
      relationship with retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. It is concluded that
      randomized prospective follow-up trials could possibly help estimate whether
      short-term glucose variability should be considered as an independent risk factor
      for microvascular complications in diabetes.

PMID- 26975589
TI  - Biotin and Thiamine Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease--A vital differential
      diagnosis in infants with severe encephalopathy.
AB  - We report two siblings of Swedish origin with infantile Biotin and Thiamine
      Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease (BTRBG). CASE REPORT: Initial symptoms were in
      both cases lethargia, with reduced contact and poor feeding from the age of 5
      weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging showed altered signal in the basal ganglia,
      along with grey and white matter abnormalities. The diagnosis BTRBG was not
      recognized in the first sibling who died at the age of 8 weeks. The second
      sibling was started on biotin and thiamine immediately upon development of
      symptoms, leading to clinical improvement and partial reversion of the magnetic
      resonance imaging findings. Genetic analysis of the SLC19A3 gene identified two
      mutations, c.74dupT and c.1403delA, carried in compound heterozygous form in both
      boys, each inherited from one parent. COMMENTS: The first mutation has previously
      been described in children with BTRBG, and the second mutation is novel. Although
      the clinical picture in BTRGB is very severe it is also rather unspecific and the
      diagnosis may be missed. CONCLUSION: This report highlights the importance of
      considering biotin and thiamine treatment also in a European infant born to non
      consanguineous parents, who presents with symptoms of acute/subacute
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 26975591
TI  - Not a Stone Unturned.

PMID- 26975590
TI  - Early versus Late Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent trials have questioned the benefit of early parenteral
      nutrition in adults. The effect of early parenteral nutrition on clinical
      outcomes in critically ill children is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a
      multicenter, randomized, controlled trial involving 1440 critically ill children
      to investigate whether withholding parenteral nutrition for 1 week (i.e.,
      providing late parenteral nutrition) in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU)
      is clinically superior to providing early parenteral nutrition. Fluid loading was
      similar in the two groups. The two primary end points were new infection acquired
      during the ICU stay and the adjusted duration of ICU dependency, as assessed by
      the number of days in the ICU and as time to discharge alive from ICU. For the
      723 patients receiving early parenteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition was
      initiated within 24 hours after ICU admission, whereas for the 717 patients
      receiving late parenteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition was not provided until
      the morning of the 8th day in the ICU. In both groups, enteral nutrition was
      attempted early and intravenous micronutrients were provided. RESULTS: Although
      mortality was similar in the two groups, the percentage of patients with a new
      infection was 10.7% in the group receiving late parenteral nutrition, as compared
      with 18.5% in the group receiving early parenteral nutrition (adjusted odds
      ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35 to 0.66). The mean (+/-SE)
      duration of ICU stay was 6.5+/-0.4 days in the group receiving late parenteral
      nutrition, as compared with 9.2+/-0.8 days in the group receiving early
      parenteral nutrition; there was also a higher likelihood of an earlier live
      discharge from the ICU at any time in the late-parenteral-nutrition group
      (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.37). Late parenteral nutrition
      was associated with a shorter duration of mechanical ventilatory support than was
      early parenteral nutrition (P=0.001), as well as a smaller proportion of patients
      receiving renal-replacement therapy (P=0.04) and a shorter duration of hospital
      stay (P=0.001). Late parenteral nutrition was also associated with lower plasma
      levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase than was early
      parenteral nutrition (P=0.001 and P=0.04, respectively), as well as higher levels
      of bilirubin (P=0.004) and C-reactive protein (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: In
      critically ill children, withholding parenteral nutrition for 1 week in the ICU
      was clinically superior to providing early parenteral nutrition. (Funded by the
      Flemish Agency for Innovation through Science and Technology and others;
      ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01536275.).

PMID- 26975592
TI  - The Business of Bundling: Joining Forces on Joint Replacement.
AB  - A mandated bundled-payment program for joint replacement is in place in several
      regions across the country, and practitioners such as pharmacists are still
      sorting out their roles in this federal initiative. To get involved, pharmacists
      need to establish connections with area hospitals and physician groups to promote
      and document their ability to manage medications, reduce and eliminate medication
      related problems and rehospitalizations, and work with patients to maximize
      adherence and improve communication for those undergoing hip and knee
      replacement. 

PMID- 26975593
TI  - Antidepressant-Induced Hyponatremia in Older Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of hyponatremia in older adults related to
      antidepressive agents and identify potential alternative options in older adults
      with a low-baseline serum sodium concentration and/or when a patient has
      experienced hyponatremia as a result of taking an antidepressant. DATA SOURCES: A
      PubMed search was conducted on November 10, 2015. Search terms included:
      antidepressive agents, antidepressive agents second-generation, bupropion,
      citalopram, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine,
      hyponatremia, milnacipran, mirtazapine, paroxetine, reboxetine, syndrome of
      inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, sertraline, trazodone, venlafaxine, and
      vilazodone. Filters included English language. A search of product labeling was
      also conducted. STUDY SELECTION: Out of 363 results, 124 publications were
      identified and reviewed along with 11 additional references. Publications were
      chosen based on relevance to the review: case reports of patients 60 years of age
      or older or clinical investigations of the association between hyponatremia and
      antidepressants in older adults. DATA EXTRACTION: Hyponatremia was counted as an
      adverse effect if an antidepressant was the likely cause of hyponatremia, and
      hyponatremia was resolved after withdrawal. DATA SYNTHESIS: Antidepressant
      induced hyponatremia in older adults is fairly common. Selective serotonin
      reuptake inhibitors, serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and
      mirtazapine were implicated in the majority of the case reports and clinical
      studies evaluating older adults. Bupropion, trazodone, and tricyclic
      antidepressants were implicated less often in the same literature. CONCLUSION:
      Given its unique mechanism of action, bupropion may be the most appropriate
      antidepressant for older adults at risk for antidepressant-induced hyponatremia.

PMID- 26975594
TI  - Antidepressant Use and Incident Urinary Incontinence: A Literature Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review available data examining antidepressant use and incident
      urinary incontinence (UI). DATA SOURCES: PubMed was used to conduct the
      literature search for this review. In the primary search, the term
      "antidepressive agents" was searched as a medical subject heading, a
      pharmacological action, and a keyword phrase. This choice was made so that any
      relevant articles would include complete results for antidepressive agents.
      "Antidepressive agents" was combined with the key phrase "drug-induced urinary
      incontinence" to complete this primary search. STUDY SELECTION: Relevant articles
      published in English and examining human subjects were included. DATA EXTRACTION:
      The study authors determined appropriateness of articles for inclusion, focusing
      on those examining antidepressant-associated UI. DATA SYNTHESIS: This literature
      review identified three cohort studies and 11 case reports examining various
      associations between antidepressant use and incident UI. CONCLUSION: All 11 case
      reports and 1 cohort study reviewed suggest an association between antidepressant
      use and incident UI. It remains unclear which drugs are most problematic and
      which patients are at greatest risk, and more data are needed to confirm an
      association, especially in older adults. Comprehensive medication reviews should
      be employed by pharmacists to identify potential medication-related causes of UI.

PMID- 26975595
TI  - Assessed Value of Consultant Pharmacist Services in a Home Health Care Agency.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report results of a survey administered to clinicians in a home
      health care agency regarding reasons for them to initiate consultation with a
      pharmacist working onsite at the agency and the perceived value of the
      interaction. DESIGN: The survey listed 16 reasons why an agency clinician
      commonly makes referrals and 9 questions assessing the perceived value of these
      services provided by the onsite consultant pharmacist. Responses were reported on
      a five-point Likert scale where 1 = Almost always/strongly agree and 5 = Almost
      never/strongly disagree. SETTING: Home health care agency in Spokane, Washington,
      with onsite and in-home consultant pharmacy services for 20 years via a
      partnership with Washington State University. PARTICIPANTS: All clinicians
      employed by the home health care agency. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 101 part-time
      and full-time clinicians responded to the survey. Eighty-nine percent of
      respondents strongly agreed that it is valuable to have a consultant pharmacist
      onsite and pharmacy personnel serve as a helpful source of information. The most
      common reasons for referral were pain management, drug side effects, and drug
      interactions. CONCLUSION: Clinicians indicated consultant pharmacist services are
      beneficial and they used the consultant pharmacist primarily for pain management,
      drug side effects, and drug interactions, but made referrals for a wide range of
      reasons. This indicates that an onsite consultant pharmacist is valuable to home
      care providers. Further research regarding the benefit of an onsite consultant
      pharmacist in the home care setting is warranted.

PMID- 26975597
TI  - The Third Policy Arena: Standard-Setting Organizations.

PMID- 26975596
TI  - Prevalence of Anticholinergic Medication Use in the Program of All-Inclusive Care
      for the Elderly.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the prevalence of anticholinergic medication use in the
      Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). DESIGN: Cross-sectional,
      retrospective chart review. SETTING: The Basics at Jan Werner PACE, Amarillo,
      Texas. PARTICIPANTS: PACE participants (n = 128) and long-term care residents (n
      = 105) 65 years of age and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome was
      percentage of prescribed medications with anticholinergic properties and risk
      factors associated with prescribing: study site, gender, race, age, and
      creatinine clearance. RESULTS: Anticholinergic medication prescribing was
      significantly lower in the PACE program (2.3% of total medications vs. 3.9%; P <
      0.05) as well as total medication use (12.1 medications per subject vs. 20.8; P <
      0.05 in the long-term care environment). Only the long-term care study site had a
      significant association with anticholinergic prescribing (odds ratio = 5.04,
      confidence interval 2.71-9.38). PACE participants also had lower Anticholinergic
      Risk Scale scores (score of 0, 60.2% PACE vs. 16.2%), reduced fall rates (23.8
      per month PACE vs. 66.9), and similar hospitalization rates (5.4 per month PACE
      vs. 5.7). CONCLUSION: PACE participants were prescribed fewer medications and had
      lower anticholinergic burden, which potentially lowers their risk of adverse
      effects. These data support the PACE interdisciplinary model by demonstrating the
      benefit of team care in appropriate use of medications. It provides a potential
      blueprint to organizations aimed at reducing potentially inappropriate medication
      prescribing in older adults.

PMID- 26975598
TI  - Visual straight-ahead preference in saccadic eye movements.
AB  - Ocular saccades bringing the gaze toward the straight-ahead direction
      (centripetal) exhibit higher dynamics than those steering the gaze away
      (centrifugal). This is generally explained by oculomotor determinants:
      centripetal saccades are more efficient because they pull the eyes back toward
      their primary orbital position. However, visual determinants might also be
      invoked: elements located straight-ahead trigger saccades more efficiently
      because they receive a privileged visual processing. Here, we addressed this
      issue by using both pro- and anti-saccade tasks in order to dissociate the
      centripetal/centrifugal directions of the saccades, from the straight
      ahead/eccentric locations of the visual elements triggering those saccades.
      Twenty participants underwent alternating blocks of pro- and anti-saccades during
      which eye movements were recorded binocularly at 1 kHz. The results confirm that
      centripetal saccades are always executed faster than centrifugal ones,
      irrespective of whether the visual elements have straight-ahead or eccentric
      locations. However, by contrast, saccades triggered by elements located straight
      ahead are consistently initiated more rapidly than those evoked by eccentric
      elements, irrespective of their centripetal or centrifugal direction.
      Importantly, this double dissociation reveals that the higher dynamics of
      centripetal pro-saccades stem from both oculomotor and visual determinants, which
      act respectively on the execution and initiation of ocular saccades.

PMID- 26975599
TI  - Toward automated e-cigarette surveillance: Spotting e-cigarette proponents on
      Twitter.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are a popular emerging
      tobacco product. Because e-cigs do not generate toxic tobacco combustion products
      that result from smoking regular cigarettes, they are sometimes perceived and
      promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking and also as means to quit
      smoking. However, the safety of e-cigs and their efficacy in supporting smoking
      cessation is yet to be determined. Importantly, the federal drug administration
      (FDA) currently does not regulate e-cigs and as such their manufacturing,
      marketing, and sale is not subject to the rules that apply to traditional
      cigarettes. A number of manufacturers, advocates, and e-cig users are actively
      promoting e-cigs on Twitter. OBJECTIVE: We develop a high accuracy supervised
      predictive model to automatically identify e-cig "proponents" on Twitter and
      analyze the quantitative variation of their tweeting behavior along popular
      themes when compared with other Twitter users (or tweeters). METHODS: Using a
      dataset of 1000 independently annotated Twitter profiles by two different
      annotators, we employed a variety of textual features from latest tweet content
      and tweeter profile biography to build predictive models to automatically
      identify proponent tweeters. We used a set of manually curated key phrases to
      analyze e-cig proponent tweets from a corpus of over one million e-cig tweets
      along well known e-cig themes and compared the results with those generated by
      regular tweeters. RESULTS: Our model identifies e-cig proponents with 97%
      precision, 86% recall, 91% F-score, and 96% overall accuracy, with tight 95%
      confidence intervals. We find that as opposed to regular tweeters that form over
      90% of the dataset, e-cig proponents are a much smaller subset but tweet two to
      five times more than regular tweeters. Proponents also disproportionately (one to
      two orders of magnitude more) highlight e-cig flavors, their smoke-free and
      potential harm reduction aspects, and their claimed use in smoking cessation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Given FDA is currently in the process of proposing meaningful
      regulation, we believe our work demonstrates the strong potential of informatics
      approaches, specifically machine learning, for automated e-cig surveillance on
      Twitter.

PMID- 26975600
TI  - Analysis of microarray leukemia data using an efficient MapReduce-based K-nearest
      neighbor classifier.
AB  - Microarray-based gene expression profiling has emerged as an efficient technique
      for classification, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Frequent
      changes in the behavior of this disease generates an enormous volume of data.
      Microarray data satisfies both the veracity and velocity properties of big data,
      as it keeps changing with time. Therefore, the analysis of microarray datasets in
      a small amount of time is essential. They often contain a large amount of
      expression, but only a fraction of it comprises genes that are significantly
      expressed. The precise identification of genes of interest that are responsible
      for causing cancer are imperative in microarray data analysis. Most existing
      schemes employ a two-phase process such as feature selection/extraction followed
      by classification. In this paper, various statistical methods (tests) based on
      MapReduce are proposed for selecting relevant features. After feature selection,
      a MapReduce-based K-nearest neighbor (mrKNN) classifier is also employed to
      classify microarray data. These algorithms are successfully implemented in a
      Hadoop framework. A comparative analysis is done on these MapReduce-based models
      using microarray datasets of various dimensions. From the obtained results, it is
      observed that these models consume much less execution time than conventional
      models in processing big data. 

PMID- 26975601
TI  - High Failure Rate of Modular Exchange With a Specific Design of a Constrained
      Liner in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Addressing recurrent instability in patients with poor bone stock and
      inadequate abductor tensioning remains a challenge in revision total hip
      arthroplasty. One treatment method is implantation of a constrained liner. The
      purpose of this study was to determine clinical outcomes, redislocation rate, and
      revisions of a focally constrained liner in a high-risk patient cohort. METHODS:
      Fifty-eight hips between 2008 and 2011 underwent implantation of a focally
      constrained liner. Nineteen were placed concurrent with acetabular component
      revision and 39 were placed into a well-fixed acetabular shell. Mean age was 69
      years and mean number of previous ipsilateral hip surgeries was 4.2. At mean
      follow-up of 3.5 years, we analyzed clinical outcomes, redislocation, and
      revisions. RESULTS: Mean Harris Hip Scores was 74. Fourteen hips (24%) were
      revised and 3 hips (5%) required reoperation at final follow-up. Eleven hips
      (19%) redislocated at a mean time to dislocation of 12.2 months; 31% (11 of 36
      patients) that underwent modular exchange specifically for instability
      redislocated. Risk factors for redislocation included number of previous
      surgeries (P = .013), implantation of a 28 mm femoral head (hazards ratio 12.8),
      revision indication of instability (P = .04), and modular exchange with
      constrained liner implantation without acetabular shell revision (P = .01).
      CONCLUSION: Implantation of a focally constrained liner in revision total hip
      arthroplasty for recurrent instability has a high failure rate, especially with a
      modular exchange. Although concurrent acetabular revision had a lower
      redislocation rate, the decision to revise a well-fixed cup should be weighed
      with potential complications associated with cup revision.

PMID- 26975602
TI  - Major Complications and Transfusion Rates After Hemiarthroplasty and Total Hip
      Arthroplasty for Femoral Neck Fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative complications and perioperative transfusions are common
      after hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty (THA) and can lead to increased
      morbidity and mortality. METHODS: The National Surgical Quality Improvement
      Program Database was queried to compare 30-day major complications and
      perioperative transfusions after femoral neck fractures. RESULTS: A total of 4058
      patients were included in the study: 3192 were treated with hemiarthroplasty and
      866 with THA. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that having a
      THA was not an independent risk factor for major complications (odds ratio = 0.8,
      P = .18) but was an independent risk factor for requiring transfusions (odds
      ratio = 1.68, P < .001). CONCLUSION: The risk of major complications is
      influenced by patient factors rather than the choice of procedure. However, THA
      was a risk factor for transfusions after controlling for all other variables.

PMID- 26975603
TI  - Characterization of long-range functional connectivity in epileptic networks by
      neuronal spike-triggered local field potentials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Quantifying the relationship between microelectrode-recorded multi
      unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFPs) in distinct brain regions
      can provide detailed information on the extent of functional connectivity in
      spatially widespread networks. These methods are common in studies of cognition
      using non-human animal models, but are rare in humans. Here we applied a neuronal
      spike-triggered impulse response to electrophysiological recordings from the
      human epileptic brain for the first time, and we evaluate functional connectivity
      in relation to brain areas supporting the generation of seizures. APPROACH:
      Broadband interictal electrophysiological data were recorded from microwires
      adapted to clinical depth electrodes that were implanted bilaterally using
      stereotactic techniques in six presurgical patients with medically refractory
      epilepsy. MUA and LFPs were isolated in each microwire, and we calculated the
      impulse response between the MUA on one microwire and the LFPs on a second
      microwire for all possible MUA/LFP pairs. Results were compared to clinical
      seizure localization, including sites of seizure onset and interictal
      epileptiform discharges. MAIN RESULTS: We detected significant interictal long
      range functional connections in each subject, in some cases across hemispheres.
      Results were consistent between two independent datasets, and the timing and
      location of significant impulse responses reflected anatomical connectivity.
      However, within individual subjects, the spatial distribution of impulse
      responses was unique. In two subjects with clear seizure localization and
      successful surgery, the epileptogenic zone was associated with significant
      impulse responses. SIGNIFICANCE: The results suggest that the spike-triggered
      impulse response can provide valuable information about the neuronal networks
      that contribute to seizures using only interictal data. This technique will
      enable testing of specific hypotheses regarding functional connectivity in
      epilepsy and the relationship between functional properties and imaging findings.
      Beyond epilepsy, we expect that the impulse response could be more broadly
      applied as a measure of long-range functional connectivity in studies of
      cognition.

PMID- 26975604
TI  - Endovascular Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms has Improved Outcomes
      Compared to Open Surgical Repair.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) remains a critical
      diagnosis, and research is needed to address outcomes following surgical repair.
      The purpose of this study was to compare nationwide outcomes for patients who
      received either endovascular repair (EVAR) or open surgical repair (OSAR) for
      rAAA. METHODS: The Medicare Provider Analysis and Review file from 2005 to 2009
      was used to identify patients diagnosed with rAAA and treated with either EVAR or
      OSAR. Those patients with both procedures were excluded. Primary outcomes
      included mortality, postoperative complications, and readmission rates. Secondary
      outcomes included hospital resource utilization and length of stay (LOS).
      RESULTS: A total of 8480 patients with rAAA who underwent EVAR (n = 1939) or OSAR
      (n = 6541) were identified. On multivariate regression, the likelihood of dying
      in the hospital after OSAR compared to EVAR was significantly greater (odds ratio
      [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74-2.18). There was significantly
      greater frequency of postoperative complications after OSAR compared to EVAR (OR
      = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.86-2.37, P < .0001). Freedom from readmission after OSAR was
      significantly greater than that after EVAR. Total hospital cost for all services
      after EVAR was greater than that after OSAR (US$100 875 vs US$89 035; P < .0001),
      but intensive care unit (ICU) cost for EVAR was significantly less than that for
      OSAR (US$5516 vs US$8600; P < .0001). Total hospital and ICU LOS were shorter in
      EVAR compared to OSAR (P < .0001 for both). DISCUSSION: EVAR for rAAA has shown
      mortality benefits over OSAR as well as reduced ICU and total LOS. This data
      suggest EVAR is associated with a greater survival benefit, fewer postoperative
      complications, and may help improve hospital resource utilization.

PMID- 26975605
TI  - Hostile Neck in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Does it Still Exist?

PMID- 26975606
TI  - Management of Iatrogenic Pseudoaneurysms in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery
      Bypass Grafting.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A plethora of papers have been written regarding postcatheterization
      femoral pseudoaneurysms. However, literature is lacking on pseudoaneurysmal
      management in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Thus,
      we examined if pseudoaneurysms with subsequent CABG can be managed with the same
      strategies as those not exposed to the intense anticoagulation accompanying
      CABGs. METHODS: During a 14-year study period, we retrospectively examined
      femoral iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms (IPSAs) diagnosed postheart catheterization in
      patients having a subsequent CABG. Patient information was obtained from
      electronic medical records and included pseudoaneurysm characteristics,
      treatment, and resolution. Outcomes of interest included the occurrence of IPSA
      treatment failures and complications. RESULTS: In the 66 patients (mean age, 66
      +/- 11 years, 46% male) meeting inclusion criteria, mean dose of heparin received
      during the CABG procedure was 34 000 +/- 23 000 units. The IPSA size distribution
      was the following: 17% of IPSAs measured <1 cm, 55% between 1 and 3 cm, and 21%
      measured >3 cm. Pseudoaneurysms were managed with compression, duplex-guided
      thrombin injection, and surgical repair (1%, 27%, and 26% of cases,
      respectively). Thrombin injection and surgical repair were 100% effective at
      treating pseudoaneurysms, with 1 patient experiencing a surgical site infection
      postsurgical repair. Observation-only management was employed in 30 (45%)
      patients. Nine of 30 patients with no intervention beyond observation had duplex
      documented resolution/thrombosis during follow-up. One patient initially managed
      by observation required readmission and surgical repair of an enlarging
      pseudoaneurysm (6 cm growth) following CABG. CONCLUSION: Management of
      pseudoaneurysms in patients prior to CABG should be similar to those patients not
      undergoing intense anticoagulation. In appropriate cases, small aneurysms can be
      safely observed, while thrombin injections are effective and safe as well. Thus,
      routine open surgical repair is not routinely required in patients with femoral
      pseudoaneurysms at time of CABG.

PMID- 26975607
TI  - Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Type IV: A Case Report.
AB  - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) encompasses a group of rare genetic connective
      tissue disorders. The vascular type (type IV) poses the most serious risk to
      patients. Diagnosis is usually difficult, especially if patients lack a family
      history. Life-threatening vascular emergency such as dissection or rupture can be
      the first presenting symptom. Management of the disease can pose a clinical
      challenge due to the emergency of presentation, tissue friability, and lack of
      clear management recommendations. We report a unique case of a 40-year-old man
      who presented with a ruptured celiac artery and a strong family history of EDS.
      This case highlights the difficulties and complications associated with treating
      this uncommon and serious disease. 

PMID- 26975609
TI  - Application of empirical model to predict background metal concentration in mixed
      carbonate-alumosilicate sediment (Adriatic Sea, Croatia).
AB  - A 96m long sediment core (S10-33) from the Mali Ston Channel (Adriatic Sea)
      showed large natural variation in carbonate share (between 1% and 95%) and
      concentration of elements. These variations indicate rather significant changes
      in fine-grained sediment that was deposited in this area during Younger
      Pleistocene and Holocene. Unaffected by anthropogenic influence, sediment in the
      core was used to determine background concentration of trace elements in sediment
      with various carbonate content. Here we propose a method of the normalization of
      trace elements to carbonate share, in order to assess natural/background
      concentration of metals in sediments consisting of carbonates and alumosilicates
      in various proportions. Six characteristic metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn)
      that were normalized to carbonate share showed very good correlation, with much
      higher background concentrations in alumosilicate than in carbonate end member.
      Simple formulas were proposed to easily determine background concentration of
      these elements, in coastal and shelf depositional environments with mixed
      carbonate-alumosilicate sediments. 

PMID- 26975608
TI  - The domain-specific and domain-general relationships of visuospatial working
      memory to reasoning ability.
AB  - The degree to which visuospatial working memory (VSWM) is separable from working
      memory in general is an open question. On one hand, the construct is often
      researched as a unitary, domain-specific system. On the other, there is evidence
      that VWSM shares a common processing component with verbal memory. One might
      interpret this shared component as domain-general attention. We used confirmatory
      factor analysis to demonstrate that VSWM shares a domain-general component with
      verbal memory tasks and has a domain-specific component that is independent of
      verbal memory. Furthermore, the domain-general component was found to correlate
      with reasoning ability in both the visuospatial and verbal domains. The domain
      specific component only correlated with reasoning ability when the tests had a
      strong visuospatial component. We argue that theories of VSWM need to place
      greater emphasis on its multiply determined nature.

PMID- 26975610
TI  - Metal bioaccumulation and physiological condition of the Pacific oyster
      (Crassostrea gigas) reared in two shellfish basins and a marina in Normandy
      (northwest France).
AB  - A 5-month experiment combining a geochemical survey of metals with a
      bioaccumulation study in batches of Crassostrea gigas was conducted in two
      shellfish farming areas and a marina in Normandy (France). Various endpoints at
      different levels of biological organization were studied. ROCCH data showed
      differences in biota contamination between the two shellfish areas but the
      present study revealed only slight differences in metallic contamination and
      biomarkers. By contrast, significantly different values were recorded in the
      marina in comparison with the two other sites. Indeed, higher levels of Cd, Cu
      and Zn were measured in the oysters from the marina, and these oysters also
      showed a poorer physiological condition (e.g., condition index, histopathological
      alterations and neutral lipid content). For coastal monitoring, the multi
      biomarker approach coupled with an assessment of metallic contamination in biota
      appeared to be suitable for discriminating spatial differences in environmental
      quality after only a few months of exposure. 

PMID- 26975612
TI  - Long-term fluctuations in Cystoseira populations along the west Istrian Coast
      (Croatia) related to eutrophication patterns in the northern Adriatic Sea.
AB  - An exploration of historical data suggested that eutrophication patterns might
      drive long-term fluctuations in Cystoseira populations along the west Istrian
      Coast (northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia). The regimes of northern Italian rivers,
      which flow approximately 100km west of the study area, mainly modulate the
      eutrophication levels of the northern Adriatic Sea. A regression of Cystoseira
      populations from the 1970s through the 1990s corresponded to increased levels of
      eutrophication in the study area. During the late 1990s, the density of sea
      urchins, which are efficacious macroalgal predators, decreased, likely due to an
      intense formation of pelagic mucilage aggregates that resulted in mass mortality
      episodes of macrozoobenthic species. During the 2000-2013 period, an
      oligotrophication of the northern Adriatic formed the basis for the recovery of
      Cystoseira taxa, whose abundances from 2009 to 2013 were similar to those
      characterising the most flourishing Mediterranean Cystoseira assemblages. 

PMID- 26975611
TI  - Seasonal distribution of metals in vertical and horizontal profiles of sheltered
      and exposed beaches on Polish coast.
AB  - The distribution of alkali and heavy metals in coastal sediments of three Polish
      beaches was assessed. In all locations there are sandy beaches of different
      characteristics according to the anthropogenic impact and degree of sheltering.
      Core sediments collected in Czolpino and Ustka were characterized by the highest
      concentration of Cd, Ag, Ba, and Al, Cu, Cr, Bi, Na, respectively. Among the
      alkaline metals core sediments were the most abundant with Ca, Bi, Mg and Na,
      presenting almost stable decreasing order in all beaches. The majority of dredge
      material collected can be classified as light or trace contaminated by Cr, Cu,
      Zn, Cd and Hg. An abundance of mineralogical components in core sediments in
      Ustka increases in Summer and Autumn, while in Puck is stable throughout the
      year. The content of studied metals in core sediments collected in three Polish
      beaches changes both in the vertical and horizontal profiles of the beach. 

PMID- 26975613
TI  - Combined nutrient and macroalgae loads lead to response in seagrass indicator
      properties.
AB  - Excess nutrients are potential factors that drive phase shifts from seagrasses to
      macroalgae. We carried out a manipulative field experiment to study the effects
      of macroalgae Ulva pertusa loading and nutrient addition to the water column on
      the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) contents (i.e., fast indicators) as well as on
      the morphology and structure (i.e., slow indicators) of Zostera marina. Our
      results showed rapid impact of increased macroalgae and nutrient load on Z.
      marina C/N ratios. Also, macroalgae addition resulted in a trend of decreasing
      belowground biomass of seagrasses, and nutrient load significantly decreased
      above to belowground biomass ratio. Although some morphological/structural
      variables showed relatively fast responses, the effects of short-term disturbance
      by macroalgae and nutrients were less often significant than on physiological
      variables. Monitoring of seagrass physiological indicators may allow for early
      detection of eutrophication, which may initiate timely management interventions
      to avert seagrass loss. 

PMID- 26975614
TI  - Nightmare frequency in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
AB  - Nightmare frequency in adult ADHD patients has not yet been studied
      systematically. In a sample of 65 patients, it could be shown that nightmare
      frequency was elevated in ADHD patients compared to a sample representative for
      Germany. Frequent nightmares (once a week or more often) were reported by 4.62 %
      of the patients and 1.77 % of the controls. This increase was neither explained
      by the increased dream recall in general nor by the presence of a comorbid mental
      disorder. Questions about nightmares should be included in the diagnostic
      procedures for ADHD patients, and it should be tested whether well-established
      nightmare treatment strategies like imagery rehearsal treatment might be
      beneficial to those patients with nightmares.

PMID- 26975615
TI  - A unified model for two modes of bursting in GnRH neurons.
AB  - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons exhibit at least two intrinsic
      modes of action potential burst firing, referred to as parabolic and irregular
      bursting. Parabolic bursting is characterized by a slow wave in membrane
      potential that can underlie periodic clusters of action potentials with increased
      interspike interval at the beginning and at the end of each cluster. Irregular
      bursting is characterized by clusters of action potentials that are separated by
      varying durations of interburst intervals and a relatively stable baseline
      potential. Based on recent studies of isolated ionic currents, a stochastic
      Hodgkin-Huxley (HH)-like model for the GnRH neuron is developed to reproduce each
      mode of burst firing with an appropriate set of conductances. Model outcomes for
      bursting are in agreement with the experimental recordings in terms of interburst
      interval, interspike interval, active phase duration, and other quantitative
      properties specific to each mode of bursting. The model also shows similar
      outcomes in membrane potential to those seen experimentally when tetrodotoxin
      (TTX) is used to block action potentials during bursting, and when estradiol
      transitions cells exhibiting slow oscillations to irregular bursting mode in
      vitro. Based on the parameter values used to reproduce each mode of bursting, the
      model suggests that GnRH neurons can switch between the two through changes in
      the maximum conductance of certain ionic currents, notably the slow inward Ca(2+)
      current I s, and the Ca(2+) -activated K(+) current I KCa. Bifurcation analysis
      of the model shows that both modes of bursting are similar from a dynamical
      systems perspective despite differences in burst characteristics.

PMID- 26975617
TI  - Comment on "Safety and tolerability of Kinesio(r) Taping in patients with arm
      lymphedema: medical device clinical study".

PMID- 26975616
TI  - WINGLESS (WNT) signaling is a progesterone target for rat uterine stromal cell
      proliferation.
AB  - Preparation of mammalian uterus for embryo implantation requires a precise
      sequence of cell proliferation. In rodent uterus, estradiol stimulates
      proliferation of epithelial cells. Progesterone operates as a molecular switch
      and redirects proliferation to the stroma by down-regulating glycogen synthase
      kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) and stimulating beta-catenin accumulation in the
      periluminal stromal cells. In this study, the WNT signal involved in the
      progesterone-dependent proliferative switch was investigated. Transcripts of four
      candidate Wnt genes were measured in the uteri from ovariectomized (OVX) rats,
      progesterone-pretreated (3 days of progesterone, 2mg/daily) rats, and
      progesterone-pretreated rats given a single dose (0.2ug) of estradiol. The
      spatial distribution of the WNT proteins was determined in the uteri after the
      same treatments. Wnt5a increased in response to progesterone and the protein
      emerged in the periluminal stromal cells of progesterone-pretreated rat uteri. To
      investigate whether WNT5A was required for proliferation, uterine stromal cell
      lines were stimulated with progesterone (1uM) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF,
      50ng/mL). Proliferating stromal cells expressed a two-fold increase in WNT5A
      protein at 12h post stimulation. Stimulated stromal cells were cultured with
      actinomycin D (25ug/mL) to inhibit new RNA synthesis. Relative Wnt5a expression
      increased at 4 and 6 h of culture, suggesting that progesterone plus FGF
      preferentially increased Wnt5a mRNA stability. Knockdown of Wnt5a in uterine
      stromal cell lines inhibited stromal cell proliferation and decreased Wnt5a mRNA.
      The results indicate that progesterone initiates and synchronizes uterine stromal
      cell proliferation by increasing WNT5A expression and signaling.

PMID- 26975618
TI  - Pelvic floor electrophysiology in spinal cord injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate sacral peripheral nerve function and
      continuity of pudendal nerve in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI)
      using pelvic floor electrophysiological tests. METHODS: Twelve patients with low
      cervical or thoracic SCI were prospectively included. Quantitative external anal
      sphincter (EAS) muscle electromyography (EMG), pudendal nerve terminal motor
      latency (PNTML) testing, bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) testing and pudendal short
      latency somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) measurement were performed. RESULTS:
      In EAS muscle EMG, two patients had abnormal increased spontaneous activity and
      seven prolonged motor unit potential duration. PNTML was normal in 10 patients.
      BCR was present with normal latency in 11 patients and with prolonged latency in
      one. The second component of BCR could be recorded in four patients. SEPs showed
      absent cortical responses in 11 patients and normal latency in one. CONCLUSIONS:
      Pudendal nerve and sacral lower motor neuron involvement are significantly
      associated with chronic SCI, most prominently in EAS muscle EMG. The frequent
      finding of normal PNTML latencies supports earlier concerns on the utility of
      this test; however, BCR and pudendal SEPs may have clinical relevance.
      SIGNIFICANCE: As intact peripheral nerves including pudendal nerve are essential
      for efficient supportive therapies, pelvic floor electrophysiological testing
      prior to these interventions is highly recommended.

PMID- 26975619
TI  - A brief update on potential molecular mechanisms underlying antimicrobial and
      wound-healing potency of snake venom molecules.
AB  - Infectious diseases remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality
      worldwide. A wide range of diverse, novel classes of natural antibiotics have
      been isolated from different snake species in the recent past. Snake venoms
      contain diverse groups of proteins with potent antibacterial activity against a
      wide range of human pathogens. Some snake venom molecules are pharmacologically
      attractive, as they possess promising broad-spectrum antibacterial activities.
      Furthermore, snake venom proteins (SVPs)/peptides also bind to integrins with
      high affinity, thereby inhibiting cell adhesion and accelerating wound healing in
      animal models. Thus, SVPs are a potential alternative to chemical antibiotics.
      The mode of action for many antibacterial peptides involves pore formation and
      disruption of the plasma membrane. This activity often includes modulation of
      nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation during skin wound healing. The NF
      kappaB pathway negatively regulates the transforming growth factor (TGF)
      beta1/Smad pathway by inducing the expression of Smad7 and eventually reducing in
      vivo collagen production at the wound sites. In this context, SVPs that regulate
      the NF-kappaB signaling pathway may serve as potential targets for drug
      development.

PMID- 26975620
TI  - Gene expression profiling gut microbiota in different races of humans.
AB  - The gut microbiome is shaped and modified by the polymorphisms of microorganisms
      in the intestinal tract. Its composition shows strong individual specificity and
      may play a crucial role in the human digestive system and metabolism. Several
      factors can affect the composition of the gut microbiome, such as eating habits,
      living environment, and antibiotic usage. Thus, various races are characterized
      by different gut microbiome characteristics. In this present study, we studied
      the gut microbiomes of three different races, including individuals of Asian,
      European and American races. The gut microbiome and the expression levels of gut
      microbiome genes were analyzed in these individuals. Advanced feature selection
      methods (minimum redundancy maximum relevance and incremental feature selection)
      and four machine-learning algorithms (random forest, nearest neighbor algorithm,
      sequential minimal optimization, Dagging) were employed to capture key
      differentially expressed genes. As a result, sequential minimal optimization was
      found to yield the best performance using the 454 genes, which could effectively
      distinguish the gut microbiomes of different races. Our analyses of extracted
      genes support the widely accepted hypotheses that eating habits, living
      environments and metabolic levels in different races can influence the
      characteristics of the gut microbiome. 

PMID- 26975622
TI  - Erratum to: The Case for Oxygen in Global Surgical Care.

PMID- 26975621
TI  - Depressive vulnerability, stressful life events and episode onset of major
      depression: a longitudinal model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The nature of the relationship between depressive vulnerability (DV)
      and acute adversity in the etiology of major depression (MD) remains poorly
      understood. METHOD: Stressful life events (SLEs) and MD onsets in the last year
      were assessed at four waves in cohort 1 (females) and at two waves in cohort 2
      (males and females) from the Virginia Adult Twin Study. Structural equation
      modeling was conducted in Mplus. RESULTS: In cohort 1, DV was strongly indexed by
      depressive episodes over the four waves (paths from +0.72 to 0.79) and predicted
      by SLEs in the month of their occurrence (+0.31 to 0.36). Wave-specific DV was
      associated both with stable DV (+0.29 to 0.33) and by forward transmission of DV
      from the preceding wave (+0.33 to 0.36). SLEs were predicted by stable DV (+0.29)
      and from SLEs in the preceding month (+0.06). As the cohort aged, MD onsets were
      better indexed by DV and more poorly predicted by SLEs. Parameter estimates were
      similar in males and females from cohort 2. In individuals with prior depressive
      episodes, the association between MD onset and SLEs was weakened while the
      prediction of SLEs from DV was substantially strengthened. We found no evidence
      for 'reverse causation' from MD episodes to SLEs. CONCLUSION: The
      interrelationship between DV and acute adversity in the etiology of MD is complex
      and temporally dynamic. DV impacts on MD risk both directly and indirectly
      through selection into high stress environments. Over time, depressive episodes
      become more autonomous. Both DV and SLEs transmit forward over time and therefore
      form clear targets for intervention.

PMID- 26975623
TI  - A practical proposal for solving the world's cigarette butt problem: Recycling in
      fired clay bricks.
AB  - The disposal and littering of cigarette butts (CBs) is a serious environmental
      problem. Trillions of cigarettes are produced every year worldwide, resulting in
      millions of tonnes of toxic waste being dumped into the environment in the form
      of cigarette butts. As CBs have poor biodegradability, it can take many years for
      them to break down. This paper reviews and presents some of the results of a
      study on the recycling of CBs into fired clay bricks. Bricks with 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%,
      and 10% CB content by weight were manufactured and tested, and then compared
      against control clay bricks with 0% CB content. The results showed that the dry
      density decreased by up to 30% and the compressive strength decreased by 88% in
      bricks with 10% CBs. The calculated compressive strength of bricks with 1% CBs
      was determined to be 19.53Mpa. To investigate the effect of mixing time, bricks
      with 7.5% CB content were manufactured with different mixing times of 5, 10, and
      15min. To test the effect of heating time on the properties of CB bricks, the
      heating rate used during manufacturing was changed to 0.7, 2, 5, and 10 degrees
      Cmin(-1). Bricks with 0% and 5% CB content were fired with these heating rates.
      Leachate tests were carried out for bricks with 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% CB content.
      The emissions released during firing were tested for bricks with 0% and 5% CB
      content using heating rates of 0.7, 2, 5, and 10 degrees Cmin(-1). The gases
      tested were carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorine (Cl2), nitrogen
      oxide (NO), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Finally, estimations were made for the
      energy that could be saved by firing bricks incorporating CBs. Calculations
      showed that up to 58% of the firing energy could potentially be saved. Bricks
      were shown to be a viable solution for the disposal of CBs. They can reduce
      contamination caused by cigarette butts and provide a masonry construction
      material that can be either loadbearing or non-loadbearing, depending on the
      quantity of CBs incorporated. This paper proposes the use of bricks with 1% CB
      content throughout the brick-manufacturing industry. If bricks contained as
      little as 1% CB content, they would still provide a solution for the issue of CB
      recycling while maintaining properties very similar to those of a non-CB brick.
      Our calculations show that, theoretically, only 2.5% of the world's annual brick
      production is necessary to completely offset the worldwide, annual cigarette
      production. 

PMID- 26975624
TI  - A Rasch Analysis of Assessments of Morning and Evening Fatigue in Oncology
      Patients Using the Lee Fatigue Scale.
AB  - CONTEXT: To accurately investigate diurnal variations in fatigue, a measure needs
      to be psychometrically sound and demonstrate stable item function in relationship
      to time of day. Rasch analysis is a modern psychometric approach that can be used
      to evaluate these characteristics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, using Rasch analysis,
      the psychometric properties of the Lee Fatigue Scale (LFS) in a sample of
      oncology patients. METHODS: The sample comprised 587 patients (mean age 57.3 +/-
      11.9 years, 80% women) undergoing chemotherapy for breast, gastrointestinal,
      gynecological, or lung cancer. Patients completed the 13-item LFS within 30
      minutes of awakening (i.e., morning fatigue) and before going to bed (i.e.,
      evening fatigue). Rasch analysis was used to assess validity and reliability.
      RESULTS: In initial analyses of differential item function, eight of the 13 items
      functioned differently depending on whether the LFS was completed in the morning
      or in the evening. Subsequent analyses were conducted separately for the morning
      and evening fatigue assessments. Nine of the morning fatigue items and 10 of the
      evening fatigue items demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit to the Rasch model.
      Principal components analyses indicated that both morning and evening assessments
      demonstrated unidimensionality. Person-separation indices indicated that both
      morning and evening fatigue scales were able to distinguish four distinct strata
      of fatigue severity. CONCLUSION: Excluding four items from the morning fatigue
      scale and three items from the evening fatigue scale improved the psychometric
      properties of the LFS for assessing diurnal variations in fatigue severity in
      oncology patients.

PMID- 26975625
TI  - Effects of a Short-Term Dance Movement Therapy Program on Symptoms and Stress in
      Patients With Breast Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Randomized, Controlled,
      Single-Blind Trial.
AB  - CONTEXT: Integrated interventions with combined elements of body movement and
      psychotherapy on treatment-related symptoms in cancer patients are relatively
      scarce. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to investigate the
      effectiveness of dance movement therapy (DMT) on improving treatment-related
      symptoms in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: A total of 139 Chinese
      patients with breast cancer awaiting adjuvant radiotherapy were randomized to DMT
      or control group. The intervention included six 1.5-hour DMT sessions provided
      twice a week over the course of radiotherapy. Self-report measures on perceived
      stress, anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, and quality of
      life were completed before and after the three-week program. RESULTS: DMT showed
      significant effects on buffering the deterioration in perceived stress, pain
      severity, and pain interference (Cohen d = 0.34-0.36, P < 0.05). No significant
      intervention effects were found on anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep
      disturbance, and quality of life (Cohen d = 0.01-0.20, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The
      short-term DMT program can counter the anticipated worsening of stress and pain
      in women with breast cancer during radiotherapy.

PMID- 26975626
TI  - Respiratory Factors Contributing to Exercise Intolerance in Breast Cancer
      Survivors: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - CONTEXT: Breast cancer survivors often experience activity-related dyspnea and
      exercise intolerance, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. OBJECTIVES:
      We evaluated physiological contributors to reduced peak oxygen uptake (VO2), with
      particular attention to the role of respiratory impairment. METHODS: We compared
      symptom assessments, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, pulmonary
      function, and ventilatory responses to symptom-limited incremental treadmill
      exercise in 29 women who had survived breast cancer and 29 age-matched healthy
      controls. RESULTS: Peak VO2 was reduced more than 20%, on average, in the cancer
      group compared with controls (P < 0.001). Slopes of dyspnea intensity ratings
      over ventilation or VO2 were >50% greater in the cancer group compared to
      controls (P < 0.05). Women with breast cancer had lower lung diffusing capacity
      for carbon monoxide (DLCO), respiratory and limb muscle strength, and ventilatory
      thresholds during exercise compared with controls (all P < 0.05). During
      exercise, indices of ventilatory efficiency were similar to controls, but
      inspiratory capacity (IC) was lower and breathing pattern was more rapid and
      shallow in the cancer group (P < 0.05). The lower peak VO2 in the cancer group
      was associated with greater dyspnea intensity, and lower DLCO, IC and ventilatory
      threshold (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer survivors had greater
      peripheral and respiratory muscle weakness, greater reduction of IC, impaired
      lung diffusion, and evidence of deconditioning compared with controls. Exercise
      intolerance was multifactorial and correlated well with the combination of these
      factors as well as with exertional dyspnea. Individualized physiological testing
      in breast cancer survivors can identify important contributors to exercise
      intolerance which can be targeted for treatment.

PMID- 26975627
TI  - MY APPROACH to elevated cholesterol in women.

PMID- 26975628
TI  - Genodermatosis Affecting the Skin and Mucosa of the Head and Neck:
      Clinicopathologic, Genetic, and Molecular Aspect--PTEN-Hamartoma Tumor
      Syndrome/Cowden Syndrome.
AB  - PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome refers to a spectrum of disorders caused by
      mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene. Cowden syndrome, the
      principal PTEN-related disorder is characterized by multiple neoplasms and
      hamartomas, mucosal papillomatosis, and skin lesions, trichilemmomas.
      Trichilemmomas and mucocutaneous papillomatous papules are one of the first signs
      of the disease. Early recognition of these skin lesions may help on diagnosing an
      underlying malignancy and early cancer screening. 

PMID- 26975629
TI  - Xeroderma Pigmentosum.
AB  - Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare disorder of defective UV-radiation induced
      damage repair that is characterized by photosensitivity with easy skin burning
      following minimal sun exposure, early freckling and development of lentiginous
      pigmentation along with other features of poikiloderma and a propensity for
      developing skin cancer at an early age. In this short review, the clinical,
      pathological, genetic and molecular aspects of XP are reviewed in the current
      literature. XP encompasses a spectrum of disease that overlaps with other
      diseases of DNA repair systems. In addition to cutaneous complications, patients
      are susceptible to eye conditions, neurodegenerative processes, central nervous
      system tumors and other tumors as a result of UV radiation exposure and its
      byproducts. Patients with XP frequently experience a shorter life span due to
      skin cancer and neurodegenerative sequelae, but aggressive preventative measures
      to minimize UV radiation exposure and damage can improve the course of disease
      and prolong life. The disease has served as a model for photoaging and UV
      radiation-induced cancer and has led to a better understanding of cell processes
      that prevent development of these disease features in normal individuals. 

PMID- 26975630
TI  - NLRC5 regulates cell proliferation, migration and invasion in hepatocellular
      carcinoma by targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
AB  - NLRC5, the largest member of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)
      like receptor (NLR) family, has been reported to regulate immune responses and is
      associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the biological function
      of NLRC5 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been well demonstrated. In
      this study, the role of NLRC5 in hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation,
      migration and invasion capacities was evaluated by using MTT, flow cytometry,
      wound healing, transwell assay, and tumor formation assay in nude mice. Western
      blot analysis and qPCR assay were performed to assess NLRC5 interacting with the
      activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Here, we demonstrate that NLRC5
      was highly expressed in HCC. Knockdown of NLRC5 significantly inhibited cell
      proliferation, migration, invasion and the tumor formation in nude mice, and
      arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, overexpression of NLRC5
      promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro.
      Interestingly, we found that up-regulation of NLRC5 not only positively
      correlates with the increase of beta-catenin but also coordinates the activation
      of downstream Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Thus, our findings suggest that
      NLRC5 may play an important role in progression of HCC and provide a potential
      therapeutic value in this tumor.

PMID- 26975631
TI  - SIRT1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in colorectal
      cancer by regulating Fra-1 expression.
AB  - Understanding molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis is
      urgently required for targeted therapy and prognosis of metastatic CRC. In this
      study, we explored potential effects of silent mating type information regulation
      2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) on CRC metastasis. Our data showed that ectopic expression of
      SIRT1 markedly increased the migration and invasion of CRC cells. In contrast,
      silencing SIRT1 repressed this behavior in aggressive CRC cells. Tumor xenograft
      experiments revealed that knockdown of SIRT1 impaired CRC metastasis in vivo.
      Silencing SIRT1 in CRC cells induced mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET),
      which is the reverse process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and
      characterized by a gain of epithelial and loss of mesenchymal markers. We
      provided a mechanistic insight toward regulation of Fra-1 by SIRT1 and
      demonstrated a direct link between the SIRT1-Fra-1 axis and EMT. Moreover, SIRT1
      expression correlated positively with Fra-1 expression, metastasis and overall
      survival in patients with CRC. Taken together, our data provide a novel
      mechanistic role of SIRT1 in CRC metastasis, suggesting that SIRT1 may serve as a
      potential therapeutic target for metastatic CRC.

PMID- 26975632
TI  - Gankyrin activates mTORC1 signaling by accelerating TSC2 degradation in
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - Gankyrin is overexpressed in some malignancies. However its roles in colorectal
      carcinogenesis and underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here we
      report that gankyrin promotes the initiation and development of colorectal
      carcinogenesis by activating mTORC1 signaling through TSC/Rheb dependent
      mechanism. We further show that Gankyrin overexpression accelerated TSC2
      degradation, while knockdown in a panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines,
      cell line derived xenografts and CRC patient derived xenograft (PDX) tumors
      delayed TSC2 degradation, restored the TSC2 protein level, and inhibited mTORC1
      signaling and CRC growth. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism by which
      gankyrin promotes colorectal carcinogenesis and show that gankyrin is a potential
      therapeutic target to improve the clinical management of CRC.

PMID- 26975633
TI  - APR-246 (PRIMA-1(MET)) strongly synergizes with AZD2281 (olaparib) induced PARP
      inhibition to induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines.
AB  - APR-246 (PRIMA-1(Met)) is able to bind mutant p53 and restore its normal
      conformation and function. The compound has also been shown to increase
      intracellular ROS levels. Importantly, the poly-[ADP-ribose] polymerase-1 (PARP
      1) enzyme plays an important role in the repair of ROS-induced DNA damage. We
      hypothesize that by blocking this repair with the PARP-inhibitor AZD2281
      (olaparib), DNA damage would accumulate in the cell leading to massive apoptosis.
      We observed that APR-246 synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic response of
      olaparib in TP53 mutant non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, resulting in a
      strong apoptotic response. In the presence of wild type p53 a G2/M cell cycle
      block was predominantly observed. NOXA expression levels were significantly
      increased in a TP53 mutant background, and remained unchanged in the wild type
      cell line. The combined treatment of APR-246 and olaparib induced cell death that
      was associated with increased ROS production, accumulation of DNA damage and
      translocation of p53 to the mitochondria. Out data suggest a promising targeted
      combination strategy in which the response to olaparib is synergistically
      enhanced by the addition of APR-246, especially in a TP53 mutant background.

PMID- 26975634
TI  - Understanding the synergistic effect of WO3-BiVO4 heterostructures by impedance
      spectroscopy.
AB  - WO3-BiVO4 n-n heterostructures have demonstrated remarkable performance in
      photoelectrochemical water splitting due to the synergistic effect between the
      individual components. Although the enhanced functional capabilities of this
      system have been widely reported, in-depth mechanistic studies explaining the
      carrier dynamics of this heterostructure are limited. The main goal is to provide
      rational design strategies for further optimization as well as to extend these
      strategies to different candidate systems for solar fuel production. In the
      present study, we perform systematic optoelectronic and photoelectrochemical
      characterization to understand the carrier dynamics of the system and develop a
      simple physical model to highlight the importance of the selective contacts to
      minimize bulk recombination in this heterostructure. Our results collectively
      indicate that while BiVO4 is responsible for the enhanced optical properties, WO3
      controls the transport properties of the heterostructured WO3-BiVO4 system,
      leading to reduced bulk recombination. 

PMID- 26975636
TI  - [Perioperative Oral Management of Lung Cancer Patients; Medical, Dental, and
      Regional Dental Clinic Collaboration].
AB  - PURPOSE: To prevent oral problems in lung cancer patients, dental intervention
      should be performed in conjunction with cancer treatment in cancer base
      hospitals. This paper reports on the perioperative oral care management of lung
      cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2013 to August 2015,
      perioperative oral management was performed in 123 patients undergoing pulmonary
      lobectomy. We ensure cooperation between the departments of medicine and
      dentistry. First, the dentist plans oral management based on the patient's
      individual oral status. Then, the actual oral management is performed by an in
      hospital dentist and at the regional dental clinic. RESULTS: The patients
      comprised 70 males and 53 females with an average age of 69.4 years;118 had
      primary lung cancer and 5 had metastatic lung cancer. Abnormal findings were
      detected in approximately 50% of the patients, of whom 6 received oral treatment
      before starting their cancer treatment. Two patients(1.3%)had postoperative
      complications. In all cases, the oral care support team provided both tooth and
      oral mucosal care. CONCLUSION: About half of the referred patients required oral
      treatment. There were no serious adverse events due to the oral care
      intervention. Further investigation is necessary to establish appropriate
      treatment policy guidelines for dental disease requiring oral maintenance.

PMID- 26975637
TI  - [Contribution of Perioperative Oral Health Care and Management for Patients who
      Underwent General Thoracic Surgery].
AB  - Due to the recent advances in radiological diagnostic technology, the role of
      video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in thoracic disease has expanded, surgical
      indication extended to the elderly patients. Cancer patients receiving surgery,
      radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy may encounter complications in conjunction
      with the oral cavity such as aspiration pneumonia, surgical site infection and
      various type of infection. Recently, it is recognized that oral health care
      management is effective to prevent the postoperative infectious complications,
      especially pneumonia. Therefore, oral management should be scheduled before start
      of therapy to prevent these complications as supportive therapy of the cancer
      treatment. In this background, perioperative oral function management is
      highlighted in the remuneration for dental treatment revision of 2012,and the
      importance of oral care has been recognized in generally. In this manuscript, we
      introduce the several opinions and evidence based on the recent previous reports
      about the perioperative oral health care and management on thoracic surgery. 

PMID- 26975638
TI  - [Cross-sectoral Approach of a Perioperative Management Center for General
      Thoracic Surgery].
AB  - Perioperative assessment and care, such as enhanced recovery after surgery
      (ERAS), is very important for improving the clinical outcomes of patients who
      have undergone surgery. However, professional assessments and care cannot be
      achieved through the actions of only 1 surgical department. We established a
      perioperative management center(PERIO) comprised of surgeons, dedicated nurses,
      anesthesiologists, dentists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, and nutritionists to
      perform intensive cross-sectoral perioperative management. In this manuscript, we
      investigated the impact of PERIO on the clinical outcomes of 127 elderly patients
      who underwent thoracic surgery for the resection of non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC). We categorized these 127 patients into 3 groups:1 those treated before
      the introduction of PERIO (between January 2006 to August 2008), 2 those treated
      during the early phase after PERIO introduction (September 2008 to December
      2011), and 3 those treated during the late phase after PERIO introduction(
      January 2012 to December 2014). Radical operations were performed significantly
      more frequently after PERIO introduction than before PERIO introduction, while
      the postoperative complication rates were similar among the 3 groups. The
      duration of postoperative hospitalization was reduced after the introduction of
      PERIO, and the hospital surplus increased after the introduction of PERIO. In
      conclusion, PERIO may play an important role in improving the clinical outcomes
      of thoracic surgery, especially for elderly patients with NSCLC. 

PMID- 26975635
TI  - A novel pyrazole derivative protects from ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis
      through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase.
AB  - Osteoclast cells (OCs) are differentiated from bone marrow-derived macrophages
      (BMMs) by activation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)
      ligand (RANKL). Activation of NADPH oxidase (Nox) isozymes is involved in RANKL
      dependent OC differentiation, implicating Nox isozymes as therapeutic targets for
      treatment of osteoporosis. Here, we show that a novel pyrazole derivative, Ewha
      18278 has high inhibitory potency on Nox isozymes. Blocking the activity of Nox
      with Ewha-18278 inhibited the responses of BMMs to RANKL, including reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP)
      kinases and NF-kappaB, and OC differentiation. To evaluate the anti-osteoporotic
      function of Ewha-18278, the derivative was applied to estrogen-deficient
      ovariectomized (OVX) ddY mice. Oral administration of Ewha-18278 (10 mg/kg/daily,
      4 weeks) into the mice recovered bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume,
      trabecular bone length, number and thickness, compared to control OVX ddY mice.
      Moreover, treatment of OVX ddY mice with Ewha-18278 increased bone strength by
      increasing cortical bone thickness. We provide that Ewha-18278 displayed Nox
      inhibition and blocked the RANKL-dependent cell signaling cascade leading to
      reduced differentiation of OCs. Our results implicate Ewha-18278 as a novel
      therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.

PMID- 26975639
TI  - [Current Status of Preoperative Professional Oral Care by Dentists for Elderly
      Patients Undergoing Lung Resection and Occurrence of Postoperative Pneumonia].
AB  - Pneumonia in elderly people is mainly caused by silent aspiration due to an age
      related impairment of cough and swallowing reflexes. Because most of the patients
      with lung cancer are elderly people, we hypothesized that the age-related
      impairment of these protective reflexes might exist or occur in patients
      undergoing lung surgery, and cause postoperative pneumonia. We revealed that many
      elderly patients showed depressed swallowing reflex even before surgery and
      transient attenuation of cough reflex after surgery, and that postoperative
      pneumonia occurred only in the patients whose cough and/or swallowing reflex was
      abnormal postoperatively. Then, we prospectively showed that 30 elderly patients
      who received perioperative intensive oral care, including professional assessment
      of oral status, dental cleaning, and patient education for self-oral care by
      dentists, followed by intensive oral care by intensive care unit nurses, and
      encouragement of self-oral care by floor nurses, did not develop pneumonia after
      lung resection. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the execution status
      of professional oral care by dentists and the occurrence of postoperative
      pneumonia in 159 consecutive patients aged 65 or older undergoing lung resection
      from 2013 to 2014. Thoracic surgeons in our institute asked dentists to provide
      professional oral care before lung resection only in 30.3% of the subjects in
      2013, and 45.8% in 2014. Postoperative pneumonia occurred in 3 out of 76
      subjects(3.9%)in 2013, and 1 out of 83(1.2%) in 2014. In 2013, 1 patient who did
      not receive preoperative professional oral care developed aspiration pneumonia
      postoperatively followed by acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
      and in-hospital death. We need to make an effective system to provide
      preoperative professional oral care by dentists especially for elderly patients
      and high-risk patients before lung resection. 

PMID- 26975640
TI  - [Current Status and Effectiveness of Perioperative Oral Health Care Management
      for Lung Cancer and Esophageal Cancer Patients].
AB  - The effectiveness of perioperative oral health care management to decrease the
      risk of postoperative pneumonia have been reported lately. Since 2014, we
      introduced perioperative oral health care management for lung cancer and
      esophageal cancer patients. We report current status and effectiveness of
      perioperative oral health care management for lung cancer and esophageal cancer
      patients. Every 100 cases of lung cancer and esophageal cancer patients treated
      by surgery were classified 2 group with or without perioperative oral health care
      management and compared about postoperative complications retrospectively. In the
      lung cancer patients, the group with oral health care management could prevent
      postoperative pneumonia significantly and had shorter length of hospital stay
      than the group without oral health care management. In the esophageal cancer
      patients, there was little occurrence of postoperative pneumonia without
      significant difference between both group with or without oral health care
      management. A large number of esophageal cancer patients received neo-adjuvant
      chemotherapy and some patients developed oral mucositis and received oral care
      treatment before surgery. Treatment for oral mucositis probably improved oral
      environment and affected prevention of postoperative pneumonia. Perioperative
      oral health care management can prevent postoperative pneumonia of lung cancer
      and esophageal cancer patients by improvement of oral hygiene. 

PMID- 26975641
TI  - [Perioperative Oral Management for Esophageal Cancer Patients].
AB  - Aspiration pneumonia, known as one of the most common postoperative complication
      after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, can be critical profoundly affecting
      upon postoperative course of patients. Since oral bacteria can be one of causes
      for development of postoperative pneumonia, perioperative oral management has
      very important role in reducing morbidity and improving function of dysphagia. We
      started perioperative oral management as a team approach for patients undergoing
      esophageal surgery since 1997. In the present study, we are going to introduce
      details of these our efforts including reoperative evaluation of oral status,
      education and tutorship for patients, and oral treatment to reduce postoperative
      complications after esophagectomy of esophageal cancer. 

PMID- 26975642
TI  - [Perioperative Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Lung Cancer Surgeries in Patients
      with Poor Pulmonary Function].
AB  - To properly perform preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation is important for lung
      cancer surgeries in patients with poor pulmonary function such as severe chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease( COPD) to prevent postoperative complications.
      Those programs include exercise training, pursed-lip breathing technique,
      activities of dairy living training and facilitating physical activities, all
      which are almost same as those for patients with stable COPD. Pedometer is a
      useful tool to lead patient's physical activities. Postoperative therapeutic
      programs are also important, which includes early mobilization, nutritional
      support, and so on. 

PMID- 26975643
TI  - [Can Pulmonary Rehabilitation during Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Non-small
      Cell Lung Cancer Improve the Respiratory Function?].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Chemoradiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can impair
      pulmonary function, particularly when it is followed by surgery. This study aimed
      to document the changes in respiratory function as a result of a perioperative
      intensive pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with NSCLC who underwent
      induction chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: A total of 82 consecutive patients
      underwent pulmonary resection after undergoing induction chemoradiotherapy. A
      pulmonary rehabilitation program was started at the same time as the induction
      chemoradiotherapy. Standard respiratory function tests were performed before and
      after induction chemoradiotherapy. Treatment-related mortality and the incidence
      of postoperative respiratory complications were investigated. The Wilcoxon signed
      rank test was used to analyze the differences in spirometric changes. RESULTS:
      All patients underwent a pulmonary rehabilitation program for an average of 10
      weeks. Significant increases were observed in forced vital capacity (FVC) [+6.4%,
      p=.0096] and forced expiratory volume in 1 second( FEV(1))[ +10.4%, p<.0001].
      Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide decreased(-14.0%, p<.0001).
      Patients with respiratory impairment (FVC <80% predicted or FEV(1)/FVCp<70%)
      showed significant improvements in FVC( +13.9%, p=.0025) and FEV(1)( +22.5%,
      p<.0001). Significant increases were observed in FVC( +7.0%, p=.0042) and FEV(1)(
      +10.8%, p<.0001) in patients with a smoking history. There was no mortality, and
      postoperative respiratory morbidity was 6.1%.

PMID- 26975644
TI  - [Perioperative Rehabilitation for Patients with Esophageal Cancer].
AB  - Transthoracic esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer is one of the
      most invasive of all gastrointestinal surgery. Postoperative management and
      surgical techniques are improved. However, many patients are more elderly or
      suffering from comorbid diseases or in malnutrition status. In order to prevent
      for postoperative complications after esophagectomy, especially for respiratory
      complication and swallowing dysfunction, adequate rehabilitation approaches are
      necessary depending on the various conditions. 

PMID- 26975645
TI  - [Current Status of Perioperative Rehabilitation in Patients who Undergo
      Esophagectomy for Cancer].
AB  - The esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is major surgery and has the highest rate
      of postoperative pulmonary complications. Respiratory physiotherapy in patients
      undergoing esophagectomy has been applied to improve oxygenation and airway
      secretion clearance. Recently, the utility and effectiveness of enhanced recovery
      after surgery for gastroenterological surgery have been reported in Japan, and
      patients should be encouraged to participate in early mobilization. Perioperative
      rehabilitation which includes early mobilization reduces postoperative
      complications and improves fast-track recovery after esophagectomy. These
      interventions play important role in postoperative care. 

PMID- 26975646
TI  - [Current Status and Future Aspects of Heart Transplantation in Japan].
AB  - By renewal of Japanese Organ Transplantation Act on 17th July in 2010, organs can
      be donated after brain death with consent from their family, if he or she did not
      deny organ donation and brain dead organ donation increased from 10 to 50 cases
      in a year. Despite of an increase of heart transplantation (HTx), a waiting
      period for HTx has become longer because more candidates for HTx have been
      registered to Japan Organ Transplant Network. By renewal of the act, organ
      donation from brain dead children can be performed since then and pediatric left
      ventricular assist device, EXCOR was finally accepted to use in August 1st, 2015.
      However, only 3 children under 6 years of age have donated since then and oversea
      HTx increased again. 

PMID- 26975649
TI  - Food industry body admits that voluntary agreements lack punch.

PMID- 26975648
TI  - Novel insights in the dysfunction of human blood-brain barrier after glycation.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a dynamic and complex interface consisting
      of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes, which are embedded in a collagen
      and fibronectin-rich basement membrane. This complex structure restricts the
      diffusion of small hydrophilic solutes and macromolecules as well as the
      transmigration of leukocytes into the brain. It has been shown that carbonyl
      stress followed by the formation of advanced glycation endproducts
      (AGE=glycation) interfere with the BBB integrity and function. Here, we present
      data that carbonyl stress induced by methylglyoxal leads to glycation of
      endothelial cells and the basement membrane, which interferes with the barrier
      function and with the expression of RAGE, occludin and ZO-1. Furthermore,
      methylglyoxal induced carbonyl stress promotes the expression of the pro
      inflammatory interleukins IL-6 and IL-8. In summary, this study provides new
      insights into the relationship between AGE formation by carbonyl stress and brain
      microvascular endothelial barrier dysfunction. 

PMID- 26975650
TI  - Agreement between an online dietary assessment tool (myfood24) and an interviewer
      administered 24-h dietary recall in British adolescents aged 11-18 years.
AB  - myfood24 Is an online 24-h dietary assessment tool developed for use among
      British adolescents and adults. Limited information is available regarding the
      validity of using new technology in assessing nutritional intake among
      adolescents. Thus, a relative validation of myfood24 against a face-to-face
      interviewer-administered 24-h multiple-pass recall (MPR) was conducted among
      seventy-five British adolescents aged 11-18 years. Participants were asked to
      complete myfood24 and an interviewer-administered MPR on the same day for 2 non
      consecutive days at school. Total energy intake (EI) and nutrients recorded by
      the two methods were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC),
      Bland-Altman plots (using between and within-individual information) and weighted
      kappa to assess the agreement. Energy, macronutrients and other reported
      nutrients from myfood24 demonstrated strong agreement with the interview MPR
      data, and ICC ranged from 0.46 for Na to 0.88 for EI. There was no significant
      bias between the two methods for EI, macronutrients and most reported nutrients.
      The mean difference between myfood24 and the interviewer-administered MPR for EI
      was -230 kJ (-55 kcal) (95 % CI -490, 30 kJ (-117, 7 kcal); P=0.4) with limits of
      agreement ranging between 39 % (3336 kJ (-797 kcal)) lower and 34 % (2874 kJ (687
      kcal)) higher than the interviewer-administered MPR. There was good agreement in
      terms of classifying adolescents into tertiles of EI (kappa w =0.64). The
      agreement between day 1 and day 2 was as good for myfood24 as for the interviewer
      administered MPR, reflecting the reliability of myfood24. myfood24 Has the
      potential to collect dietary data of comparable quality with that of an
      interviewer-administered MPR.

PMID- 26975651
TI  - Quasi two-dimensional astigmatic solitons in soft chiral metastructures.
AB  - We investigate a non-homogeneous layered structure encompassing dual spatial
      dispersion: continuous diffraction in one transverse dimension and discrete
      diffraction in the orthogonal one. Such dual diffraction can be balanced out by
      one and the same nonlinear response, giving rise to light self-confinement into
      astigmatic spatial solitons: self-focusing can compensate for the spreading of a
      bell-shaped beam, leading to quasi-2D solitary wavepackets which result from 1D
      transverse self-localization combined with a discrete soliton. We demonstrate
      such intensity-dependent beam trapping in chiral soft matter, exhibiting one
      dimensional discrete diffraction along the helical axis and one-dimensional
      continuous diffraction in the orthogonal plane. In nematic liquid crystals with
      suitable birefringence and chiral arrangement, the reorientational nonlinearity
      is shown to support bell-shaped solitary waves with simple astigmatism dependent
      on the medium birefringence as well as on the dual diffraction of the input
      wavepacket. The observations are in agreement with a nonlinear nonlocal model for
      the all-optical response. 

PMID- 26975647
TI  - Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in
      Patients With Agitated Delirium: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Effective therapy has not been established for patients with agitated
      delirium receiving mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the
      effectiveness of dexmedetomidine when added to standard care in patients with
      agitated delirium receiving mechanical ventilation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: The Dexmedetomidine to Lessen ICU Agitation (DahLIA) study was a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial
      involving 74 adult patients in whom extubation was considered inappropriate
      because of the severity of agitation and delirium. The study was conducted at 15
      intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand from May 2011 until December
      2013. Patients with advanced dementia or traumatic brain injury were excluded.
      INTERVENTIONS: Bedside nursing staff administered dexmedetomidine (or placebo)
      initially at a rate of 0.5 ug/kg/h and then titrated to rates between 0 and 1.5
      ug/kg/h to achieve physician-prescribed sedation goals. The study drug or placebo
      was continued until no longer required or up to 7 days. All other care was at the
      discretion of the treating physician. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Ventilator-free
      hours in the 7 days following randomization. There were 21 reported secondary
      outcomes that were defined a priori. RESULTS: Of the 74 randomized patients
      (median age, 57 years; 18 [24%] women), 2 withdrew consent later and 1 was found
      to have been randomized incorrectly, leaving 39 patients in the dexmedetomidine
      group and 32 patients in the placebo group for analysis. Dexmedetomidine
      increased ventilator-free hours at 7 days compared with placebo (median, 144.8
      hours vs 127.5 hours, respectively; median difference between groups, 17.0 hours
      [95% CI, 4.0 to 33.2 hours]; P = .01). Among the 21 a priori secondary outcomes,
      none were significantly worse with dexmedetomidine, and several showed
      statistically significant benefit, including reduced time to extubation (median,
      21.9 hours vs 44.3 hours with placebo; median difference between groups, 19.5
      hours [95% CI, 5.3 to 31.1 hours]; P < .001) and accelerated resolution of
      delirium (median, 23.3 hours vs 40.0 hours; median difference between groups,
      16.0 hours [95% CI, 3.0 to 28.0 hours]; P = .01). Using hierarchical Cox modeling
      to adjust for imbalanced baseline characteristics, allocation to dexmedetomidine
      was significantly associated with earlier extubation (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI,
      0.27-0.82]; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with agitated
      delirium receiving mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit, the
      addition of dexmedetomidine to standard care compared with standard care alone
      (placebo) resulted in more ventilator-free hours at 7 days. The findings support
      the use of dexmedetomidine in patients such as these. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01151865.

PMID- 26975653
TI  - [Schizophrenia: pars pro toto for psychiatry? : A historical essay on the status
      of schizophrenia in psychiatric discourse].
AB  - In the history of psychiatry, "schizophrenia" has often been portrayed as the
      discipline's pars pro toto, which prototypically represents mental illness as
      such and which draws together the fundamental questions concerning psychiatric
      epistemology and practice. Taking a conceptual history approach, this essay
      examines how "schizophrenia" is represented in psychiatric discourse and what
      aspects of its representation account for the pars pro toto status. Three such
      aspects are identified: a pragmatic, an existential and a justificatory aspect.
      Following up these aspects in present day psychiatric discourse, it is concluded
      that "schizophrenia" is losing its special status as the representations of
      psychiatry and of mental illness have changed and become more diverse. Tentative
      conclusions regarding current debates about the abolition of "schizophrenia" are
      drawn.

PMID- 26975652
TI  - [Dermatological diseases and their importance for psychiatry].
AB  - The relationship between skin and psychiatric disorders is not an uncommon
      occurrence in the clinical practice; however, there are only a few systematic
      studies and in addition knowledge about the neurobiological and immunological
      mechanisms is lacking. Impairments and disorders of the skin are often an (early)
      sign of a psychiatric disorder. In the sense of true psychosomatics,
      psychiatrists should also be aware of this relationship as far as possible. This
      review article focuses on the most important dermatological diagnoses in relation
      to the respective psychiatric comorbidities and presents the most important
      aspects of epidemiology, symptomatology, pathophysiology and treatment options.

PMID- 26975655
TI  - Structural insights into DNA sequence recognition by Type ISP restriction
      modification enzymes.
AB  - Engineering restriction enzymes with new sequence specificity has been an
      unaccomplished challenge, presumably because of the complexity of target
      recognition. Here we report detailed analyses of target recognition by Type ISP
      restriction-modification enzymes. We determined the structure of the Type ISP
      enzyme LlaGI bound to its target and compared it with the previously reported
      structure of a close homologue that binds to a distinct target, LlaBIII. The
      comparison revealed that, although the two enzymes use almost a similar set of
      structural elements for target recognition, the residues that read the bases
      vary. Change in specificity resulted not only from appropriate substitution of
      amino acids that contacted the bases but also from new contacts made by
      positionally distinct residues directly or through a water bridge. Sequence
      analyses of 552 Type ISP enzymes showed that the structural elements involved in
      target recognition of LlaGI and LlaBIII were structurally well-conserved but
      sequentially less-conserved. In addition, the residue positions within these
      structural elements were under strong evolutionary constraint, highlighting the
      functional importance of these regions. The comparative study helped decipher a
      partial consensus code for target recognition by Type ISP enzymes.

PMID- 26975654
TI  - Global analyses of endonucleolytic cleavage in mammals reveal expanded
      repertoires of cleavage-inducing small RNAs and their targets.
AB  - In mammals, small RNAs are important players in post-transcriptional gene
      regulation. While their roles in mRNA destabilization and translational
      repression are well appreciated, their involvement in endonucleolytic cleavage of
      target RNAs is poorly understood. Very few microRNAs are known to guide RNA
      cleavage. Endogenous small interfering RNAs are expected to induce target
      cleavage, but their target genes remain largely unknown. We report a systematic
      study of small RNA-mediated endonucleolytic cleavage in mouse through integrative
      analysis of small RNA and degradome sequencing data without imposing any bias
      toward known small RNAs. Hundreds of small cleavage-inducing RNAs and their
      cognate target genes were identified, significantly expanding the repertoire of
      known small RNA-guided cleavage events. Strikingly, both small RNAs and their
      target sites demonstrated significant overlap with retrotransposons, providing
      evidence for the long-standing speculation that retrotransposable elements in
      mRNAs are leveraged as signals for gene targeting. Furthermore, our analysis
      showed that the RNA cleavage pathway is also present in human cells but affecting
      a different repertoire of retrotransposons. These results show that small RNA
      guided cleavage is more widespread than previously appreciated. Their impact on
      retrotransposons in non-coding regions shed light on important aspects of
      mammalian gene regulation.

PMID- 26975656
TI  - Rational design of novel N-alkyl-N capped biostable RNA nanostructures for
      efficient long-term inhibition of gene expression.
AB  - Computational techniques have been used to design a novel class of RNA
      architecture with expected improved resistance to nuclease degradation, while
      showing interference RNA activity. The in silico designed structure consists of a
      24-29 bp duplex RNA region linked on both ends by N-alkyl-N dimeric nucleotides
      (BCn dimers; n = number of carbon atoms of the alkyl chain). A series of N-alkyl
      N capped dumbbell-shaped structures were efficiently synthesized by double
      ligation of BCn-loop hairpins. The resulting BCn-loop dumbbells displayed
      experimentally higher biostability than their 3'-N-alkyl-N linear version, and
      were active against a range of mRNA targets. We studied first the effect of the
      alkyl chain and stem lengths on RNAi activity in a screen involving two series of
      dumbbell analogues targeting Renilla and Firefly luciferase genes. The best
      dumbbell design (containing BC6 loops and 29 bp) was successfully used to silence
      GRB7 expression in HER2+ breast cancer cells for longer periods of time than
      natural siRNAs and known biostable dumbbells. This BC6-loop dumbbell-shaped
      structure displayed greater anti-proliferative activity than natural siRNAs.

PMID- 26975657
TI  - CLASS2: accurate and efficient splice variant annotation from RNA-seq reads.
AB  - Next generation sequencing of cellular RNA is making it possible to characterize
      genes and alternative splicing in unprecedented detail. However, designing
      bioinformatics tools to accurately capture splicing variation has proven
      difficult. Current programs can find major isoforms of a gene but miss lower
      abundance variants, or are sensitive but imprecise. CLASS2 is a novel open source
      tool for accurate genome-guided transcriptome assembly from RNA-seq reads based
      on the model of splice graph. An extension of our program CLASS, CLASS2 jointly
      optimizes read patterns and the number of supporting reads to score and
      prioritize transcripts, implemented in a novel, scalable and efficient dynamic
      programming algorithm. When compared against reference programs, CLASS2 had the
      best overall accuracy and could detect up to twice as many splicing events with
      precision similar to the best reference program. Notably, it was the only tool to
      produce consistently reliable transcript models for a wide range of applications
      and sequencing strategies, including ribosomal RNA-depleted samples. Lightweight
      and multi-threaded, CLASS2 requires <3GB RAM and can analyze a 350 million read
      set within hours, and can be widely applied to transcriptomics studies ranging
      from clinical RNA sequencing, to alternative splicing analyses, and to the
      annotation of new genomes.

PMID- 26975658
TI  - A novel transition pathway of ligand-induced topological conversion from hybrid
      forms to parallel forms of human telomeric G-quadruplexes.
AB  - The folding topology of DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s) depends not only on their
      nucleotide sequences but also on environmental factors and/or ligand binding.
      Here, a G4 ligand, 3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridium iodide)-9-(1-(1-methyl
      piperidinium iodide)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane) carbazole (BMVC-8C3O), can induce
      topological conversion of non-parallel to parallel forms in human telomeric DNA
      G4s. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with hydrogen-deuterium
      exchange (HDX) reveals the presence of persistent imino proton signals
      corresponding to the central G-quartet during topological conversion of Tel23 and
      Tel25 G4s from hybrid to parallel forms, implying that the transition pathway
      mainly involves local rearrangements. In contrast, rapid HDX was observed during
      the transition of 22-CTA G4 from an anti-parallel form to a parallel form,
      resulting in complete disappearance of all the imino proton signals, suggesting
      the involvement of substantial unfolding events associated with the topological
      transition. Site-specific imino proton NMR assignments of Tel23 G4 enable
      determination of the interconversion rates of individual guanine bases and
      detection of the presence of intermediate states. Since the rate of ligand
      binding is much higher than the rate of ligand-induced topological conversion, a
      three-state kinetic model was evoked to establish the associated energy diagram
      for the topological conversion of Tel23 G4 induced by BMVC-8C3O.

PMID- 26975659
TI  - NetDecoder: a network biology platform that decodes context-specific biological
      networks and gene activities.
AB  - The sequential chain of interactions altering the binary state of a biomolecule
      represents the 'information flow' within a cellular network that determines
      phenotypic properties. Given the lack of computational tools to dissect context
      dependent networks and gene activities, we developed NetDecoder, a network
      biology platform that models context-dependent information flows using pairwise
      phenotypic comparative analyses of protein-protein interactions. Using breast
      cancer, dyslipidemia and Alzheimer's disease as case studies, we demonstrate
      NetDecoder dissects subnetworks to identify key players significantly impacting
      cell behaviour specific to a given disease context. We further show genes
      residing in disease-specific subnetworks are enriched in disease-related
      signalling pathways and information flow profiles, which drive the resulting
      disease phenotypes. We also devise a novel scoring scheme to quantify key genes
      network routers, which influence many genes, key targets, which are influenced by
      many genes, and high impact genes, which experience a significant change in
      regulation. We show the robustness of our results against parameter changes. Our
      network biology platform includes freely available source code
      (http://www.NetDecoder.org) for researchers to explore genome-wide context
      dependent information flow profiles and key genes, given a set of genes of
      particular interest and transcriptome data. More importantly, NetDecoder will
      enable researchers to uncover context-dependent drug targets.

PMID- 26975661
TI  - Utility of factor analysis in optimization of resident assessment and faculty
      evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing focus on more granular assessment in medical education has
      led to more lengthy instruments, with concern that the increased complexity
      undermines the utility of these tools. This study evaluated the relative
      contribution of individual questions in an assessment of resident performance and
      a faculty performance evaluation by residents. METHODS: The authors performed
      factor analysis on the individual items in the resident assessment instrument
      (3,009 assessments of 71 residents) and faculty evaluations (7,328 evaluations of
      61 faculty) collected from 2006 to 2012. RESULTS: Factor analysis of the resident
      assessment tool revealed that 1 component was responsible for 96.6% of the
      variance. This component encompassed each question from the assessment form, and
      could also be termed "overall resident competency." Factor analysis of the
      attending evaluation form revealed 2 unique components, representing "clinical
      care" and "interpersonal skills," which accounted for 89.9% of variance.
      CONCLUSIONS: Three components accounted for 90% to 97% of the observed variance
      in our analysis. Factor analysis represents a useful strategy for analyzing the
      utility of data obtained from individual items in the assessment and evaluation
      instruments.

PMID- 26975660
TI  - Dynamic changes of alkaline phosphatase are strongly associated with PSA-decline
      and predict best clinical benefit earlier than PSA-changes under therapy with
      abiraterone acetate in bone metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Significant progress in treatment of metastatic castration resistant
      prostate cancer (mCRPC) has been made. Biomarkers to tailor therapy are scarce.
      To facilitate decision-making we evaluated dynamic changes of alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and prostate specific antigen
      (PSA) under therapy with Abiraterone. METHODS: Men with bone mCRPC (bmCRPC) on
      Abiraterone 12/2009-01/2014 were analyzed. Dynamic ALP-, LDH- and PSA-changes
      were analyzed as predictors of best clinical benefit and overall survival (OS)
      with logistic-regression, Cox-regression and Kaplan-Meier-analysis. RESULTS:
      Thirty-nine pre- and 45 post-chemotherapy patients with a median follow up of
      14.0 months were analyzed. ALP-Bouncing can be observed very early during therapy
      with Abiraterone. ALP-Bouncing is defined as rapidly rising ALP-levels
      independent of baseline ALP during the first 2-4 weeks of Abiraterone-therapy
      with subsequent equally marked decline to pretreatment levels or better within 8
      weeks of therapy, preceding potentially delayed PSA-decline. In univariate
      analysis failure of PSA-reduction >= 50% and failure of ALP-Bouncing were the
      strongest predictors of progressive disease (p = 0.003 and 0.021). Rising ALP at
      12 weeks, no PSA-reduction >= 50% and no ALP-Bouncing were strongest predictors
      of poor OS, (all p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier-analysis showed worse OS for rising ALP
      at 12 weeks, no PSA-reduction >= 50% and no ALP-Bouncing (p < 0.001). In subgroup
      analysis of oligosymptomatic patients all parameters remained significant
      predictors of poor OS, with no PSA-reduction >= 50% and rising ALP at 12 weeks
      being the strongest (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis PSA-reduction >= 50%
      remained an independent predictor of OS for the whole cohort and for the
      oligosymptomatic subgroup (both p = 0.014). No patient with ALP-Bouncing had PD
      for best clinical benefit. Patients with rising ALP at 12 weeks had no further
      benefit of Abiraterone. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic changes of ALP, LDH and PSA during
      Abiraterone-therapy are associated with best clinical benefit and OS in bmCRPC.
      ALP-Bouncing occurring earlier than PSA-changes as well as prior to equivocal
      imaging results and rising ALP at 12 weeks under Abiraterone may help to decide
      whether to discontinue Abiraterone. An external validation of these findings on a
      prospective cohort is planned.

PMID- 26975662
TI  - Mortality after inpatient open ventral hernia repair: developing a risk
      stratification tool based on 55,760 operations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The medical complexity of hernia patients imparts higher risk for
      complications, and mortality is a distinct reality. No study has stratified
      patients based on preoperative risk for open ventral hernia repair (VHR)
      specifically. We utilized the American College of Surgeons National Surgical
      Quality Improvement Program to create a mortality risk stratification model
      following VHR. METHODS: Patients undergoing open VHR were identified from
      American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      databases. Baseline variables correlated with mortality risk were entered into
      stepwise regression and bootstrap analysis. beta-Coefficients were used to weigh
      each factor, yielding the risk assessment tool. RESULTS: A total of 55,760
      patients were included with a mortality of 1.34%. Predictors of mortality
      included the following: functional status (odds ratio [OR] = 2.87), liver disease
      (OR = 3.61), malnutrition (OR = 1.43), age greater than 65 years (OR = 2.39),
      American Society of Anesthesiologists 4 or higher (OR = 2.90), systemic
      inflammation (OR = 1.99), and contamination (OR = 2.15). Patients were risk
      stratified into low risk (mortality .33%), moderate risk (mortality 1.86%), high
      risk (mortality 8.76%), and extreme risk groups (mortality 34.2%). Unplanned
      reoperations and medical complications increased across risk groups. The model
      demonstrated high discriminatory ability with a C-statistic value of .86.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an accurate model to predict mortality risk
      specific to open VHR. The strongest predictors were American Society of
      Anesthesiologists, liver disease, functional status, and older age. This tool may
      inform clinical decision making to reduce complications.

PMID- 26975666
TI  - Withdrawn: Controversies Related to Diabetes and Risk of Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Withdrawn by the publisher.

PMID- 26975663
TI  - Type 1 diabetes vaccine candidates promote human Foxp3(+)Treg induction in
      humanized mice.
AB  - Immune tolerance is executed partly by Foxp3(+)regulatory T (Treg) cells, which
      suppress autoreactive T cells. In autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) impaired
      tolerance promotes destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells. The development
      of autoantigen-specific vaccination strategies for Foxp3(+)Treg-induction and
      prevention of islet autoimmunity in patients is still in its infancy. Here, using
      human haematopoietic stem cell-engrafted NSG-HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice, we provide
      direct evidence for human autoantigen-specific Foxp3(+)Treg-induction in vivo. We
      identify HLA-DQ8-restricted insulin-specific CD4(+)T cells and demonstrate
      efficient human insulin-specific Foxp3(+)Treg-induction upon subimmunogenic
      vaccination with strong agonistic insulin mimetopes in vivo. Induced human Tregs
      are stable, show increased expression of Treg signature genes such as Foxp3,
      CTLA4, IL-2Ralpha and TIGIT and can efficiently suppress effector T cells. Such
      Foxp3(+)Treg-induction does not trigger any effector T cells. These T1D vaccine
      candidates could therefore represent an expedient improvement in the challenge to
      induce human Foxp3(+)Tregs and to develop novel precision medicines for
      prevention of islet autoimmunity in children at risk of T1D. 

PMID- 26975667
TI  - A Review of Molecular Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in
      Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Locally advanced, muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (MIBC) may
      be definitively treated with either radiotherapy or radical cystectomy (RC) with
      urinary diversion. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is typically administered prior
      to treatment with either modality. Receiving NAC prior to RC might confer a
      survival advantage compared to undergoing RC alone. However, its usefulness has
      been questioned due to concerns about over treatment and toxicity. Having the
      ability to predict whether individual patients would benefit from or be harmed by
      NAC would be an important tool in precision medicine. Unfortunately, to date no
      prognostic or predictive molecular markers have been validated for this purpose.
      In this manuscript, we review the current state of molecular markers in MIBC
      treatment and outline how recent advances in whole-genome sequencing may soon
      improve the selection of precisely targeted therapeutics for the benefit of
      individual patients.

PMID- 26975664
TI  - Integration of Orthogonal Signaling by the Notch and Dpp Pathways in Drosophila.
AB  - The transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless and its coactivator, the Notch
      intracellular domain, are polyglutamine (pQ)-rich factors that target enhancer
      elements and interact with other locally bound pQ-rich factors. To understand the
      functional repertoire of such enhancers, we identify conserved regulatory belts
      with binding sites for the pQ-rich effectors of both Notch and BMP/Dpp signaling,
      and the pQ-deficient tissue selectors Apterous (Ap), Scalloped (Sd), and
      Vestigial (Vg). We find that the densest such binding site cluster in the genome
      is located in the BMP-inducible nab locus, a homolog of the vertebrate
      transcriptional cofactors NAB1/NAB2 We report three major findings. First, we
      find that this nab regulatory belt is a novel enhancer driving dorsal wing margin
      expression in regions of peak phosphorylated Mad in wing imaginal discs. Second,
      we show that Ap is developmentally required to license the nab dorsal wing margin
      enhancer (DWME) to read out Notch and Dpp signaling in the dorsal compartment.
      Third, we find that the nab DWME is embedded in a complex of intronic enhancers,
      including a wing quadrant enhancer, a proximal wing disc enhancer, and a larval
      brain enhancer. This enhancer complex coordinates global nab expression via both
      tissue-specific activation and interenhancer silencing. We suggest that DWME
      integration of BMP signaling maintains nab expression in proliferating margin
      descendants that have divided away from Notch-Delta boundary signaling. As such,
      uniform expression of genes like nab and vestigial in proliferating compartments
      would typically require both boundary and nonboundary lineage-specific enhancers.

PMID- 26975665
TI  - Wnt/Wingless Pathway Activation Is Promoted by a Critical Threshold of Axin
      Maintained by the Tumor Suppressor APC and the ADP-Ribose Polymerase Tankyrase.
AB  - Wnt/beta-catenin signal transduction directs metazoan development and is
      deregulated in numerous human congenital disorders and cancers. In the absence of
      Wnt stimulation, a multiprotein "destruction complex," assembled by the scaffold
      protein Axin, targets the key transcriptional activator beta-catenin for
      proteolysis. Axin is maintained at very low levels that limit destruction complex
      activity, a property that is currently being exploited in the development of
      novel therapeutics for Wnt-driven cancers. Here, we use an in vivo approach in
      Drosophila to determine how tightly basal Axin levels must be controlled for
      Wnt/Wingless pathway activation, and how Axin stability is regulated. We find
      that for nearly all Wingless-driven developmental processes, a three- to fourfold
      increase in Axin is insufficient to inhibit signaling, setting a lower-limit for
      the threshold level of Axin in the majority of in vivo contexts. Further, we find
      that both the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the ADP
      ribose polymerase Tankyrase (Tnks) have evolutionarily conserved roles in
      maintaining basal Axin levels below this in vivo threshold, and we define
      separable domains in Axin that are important for APC- or Tnks-dependent
      destabilization. Together, these findings reveal that both APC and Tnks maintain
      basal Axin levels below a critical in vivo threshold to promote robust pathway
      activation following Wnt stimulation.

PMID- 26975668
TI  - Bladder Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: Current Knowledge and Concepts.
AB  - Bladder cancer is the most prevalent malignancy of the urinary tract and is
      associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Preventative efforts to
      reduce the medical and financial burdens of bladder cancer are highly desirable.
      However, the utilization of natural and pharmaceutical products for the
      prevention and treatment of bladder cancer remains largely controversial. Herein,
      we review the current body of evidence surrounding a number of natural dietary
      substances and their roles in chemoprevention of bladder cancer. Possible
      chemopreventative properties of several pharmaceutical agents are also reviewed.
      Overall, the current body of evidence is insufficient to establish a clear link
      between these proposed chemopreventive agents and risk of bladder cancer.

PMID- 26975670
TI  - The neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder: An overview of structural
      neuroimaging findings and their translatability to the clinical setting.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, which is
      accompanied by differences in brain anatomy, functioning and brain connectivity.
      Due to its neurodevelopmental character, and the large phenotypic heterogeneity
      among individuals on the autism spectrum, the neurobiology of autism spectrum
      disorder is inherently difficult to describe. Nevertheless, significant progress
      has been made in characterizing the neuroanatomical underpinnings of autism
      spectrum disorder across the human life span, and in identifying the molecular
      pathways that may be affected in autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, novel
      methodological frameworks for analyzing neuroimaging data are emerging that make
      it possible to characterize the neuroanatomy of autism spectrum disorder on the
      case level, and to stratify individuals based on their individual phenotypic make
      up. While these approaches are increasingly more often employed in the research
      setting, their applicability in the clinical setting remains a vision for the
      future. The aim of the current review is to (1) provide a general overview of
      recent structural neuroimaging findings examining the neuroanatomy of autism
      spectrum disorder across the human life span, and in males and females with the
      condition, (2) highlight potential neuroimaging (bio)markers that may in the
      future be used for the stratification of autism spectrum disorder individuals
      into biologically homogeneous subgroups and (3) inform treatment and intervention
      strategies.

PMID- 26975671
TI  - Highly selective Markovnikov hydroboration of alkyl-substituted terminal alkenes
      with a phosphine-copper(i) catalyst.
AB  - A new method has been developed for the Markovnikov hydroboration of alkyl
      substituted terminal alkenes. Notably, the use of a bulky bisphosphine-copper(i)
      catalyst system resulted in high regioselectivity to afford secondary
      alkylboronates from the corresponding terminal alkenes (branch/linear = 92 : 8-97
      : 3). This method also exhibited good functional group compatibility. 

PMID- 26975669
TI  - Attitudes of the autism community to early autism research.
AB  - Investigation into the earliest signs of autism in infants has become a
      significant sub-field of autism research. This work invokes specific ethical
      concerns such as use of 'at-risk' language, communicating study findings to
      parents and the future perspective of enrolled infants when they reach adulthood.
      This study aimed to ground this research field in an understanding of the
      perspectives of members of the autism community. Following focus groups to
      identify topics, an online survey was distributed to autistic adults, parents of
      children with autism and practitioners in health and education settings across 11
      European countries. Survey respondents (n = 2317) were positively disposed
      towards early autism research, and there was significant overlap in their
      priorities for the field and preferred language to describe infant research
      participants. However, there were also differences including overall less
      favourable endorsement of early autism research by autistic adults relative to
      other groups and a dislike of the phrase 'at-risk' to describe infant
      participants, in all groups except healthcare practitioners. The findings overall
      indicate that the autism community in Europe is supportive of early autism
      research. Researchers should endeavour to maintain this by continuing to take
      community perspectives into account.

PMID- 26975672
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26975673
TI  - [Technology in the nurse-patient relationship in diabetology, a true metronome?].
AB  - Technology is evolving to keep pace with patients' and caregivers' needs and
      advances in research. In diabetology, this progress concerns administration
      systems, the devices for monitoring blood sugar levels, accessories and technical
      support, and provides hope for tomorrow. In this context, it is essential that
      the patient remains at the centre of the nurse-patient relationship and that
      technology remains simply a source of reference points and comfort. 

PMID- 26975674
TI  - [Nursing care in prison].
AB  - In France, nurses practising in the prison environment work in a health care
      unit, for somatic care, or in a regional medical-psychological unit for large
      facilities and psychological care. These units belong to the regional hospitals.
      Located at the heart of the prison, they cater for prisoner-patients. On the
      frontline, the nurse has specific autonomy and responsibility in this unique
      context. 

PMID- 26975676
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26975675
TI  - [Use of heparin and its derivatives in nursing care].
AB  - Heparin is an injectable anti-coagulant indicated in the treatment of venous
      thromboembolic diseases. In the case of major kidney failure, unfractionated
      heparins (UFHs) can be administered while low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs)
      are contraindicated at a curative dose. Platelet count must be monitored in
      patients treated with UFHs and when an LMWH is prescribed in a surgical context. 

PMID- 26975677
TI  - [Carers and the policy for autonomy].
AB  - Long-time invisible, the role of informal carers in providing assistance to
      elderly patients losing their autonomy is gaining recognition. A policy in favour
      of carers coordinated with that aimed at the people being cared for is necessary,
      but it is struggling to establish itself in France. Some progress can however be
      seen with the French bill on adapting society to the ageing of the population. 

PMID- 26975678
TI  - [What role for the family carers of elderly people losing their autonomy?].
AB  - The qualitative analysis of the role of family carers shows that supporting a
      family member losing their autonomy not only involves providing physical
      assistance and care but also, increasingly, adopting a role of coordinator. These
      activities can be a source of stress or they can be rewarding, depending on the
      shared history of the carer-patient relationship. 

PMID- 26975679
TI  - [A platform for support and respite for family carers].
AB  - Carers of elderly people with neurodegenerative diseases sometimes see their
      quality of life suffer. They have to remain constantly alert, usually both day
      and night. Respite platforms offer these carers solutions giving them the
      opportunity to recharge their batteries. 

PMID- 26975680
TI  - [Supporting family carers in psychiatry].
AB  - The families of patients with psychiatric disorders are often ill-informed of the
      consequences of the condition of their loved one. The therapeutic alliance
      between the family and caregiving team enables the patient to derive the maximum
      possible benefit from remaining longer at home. 

PMID- 26975681
TI  - [Impact of occupational therapy on the experience of carers].
AB  - A study was carried out in 2014 and 2015 analysing the effects of occupational
      therapy on the carers of patients with Alzheimer's disease or related conditions.
      The level of "burden" felt by carers was measured before and after this therapy.
      The results show a real improvement in the quality of their daily life. 

PMID- 26975682
TI  - [Identifying and treating frailty in carers within a geriatric hospital].
AB  - In order to enable frailty in carers to be identified early, support projects
      have been set up within a day hospital for geriatric patients with
      neurodegenerative diseases. "Help for carers" training groups have been offered
      for several years in order to provide carers with support and information. This
      approach favours the global care of the patient and the family. 

PMID- 26975683
TI  - [A centre for carers, a place of information and sharing].
AB  - Carers are often a vulnerable population, in need of support. The role of the
      Maison des Aidants is to guide them, to give them the opportunity to talk and to
      help them find ways to improve their situation. The Maison des Aidants also aims
      to train professional carers in providing support to family carers. Establishing
      good cooperation between family carers and professional caregivers can help to
      improve the patient's quality of life. 

PMID- 26975684
TI  - [The French carers' association, daily support].
AB  - Structuring the help for carers ensures they can be offered adapted support. A
      policy plan involving all the organisations who provide this type of assistance
      has resulted in the creation of get-togethers called "Les Cafes des Aidants"
      ("Carers' Cafes"), where people caring for a family member with any type of
      disability can talk and share their experience. 

PMID- 26975685
TI  - [Alzheimer's disease, supporting carers].
AB  - The association France Alzheimer provides carers with resources. It runs training
      programmes and organises "Memory Cafes". These initiatives give carers the
      opportunity to talk about their daily struggles, close to home, and to obtain
      advice on how to better manage their situation. 

PMID- 26975686
TI  - [Carers and the multi-disciplinary hospital-at-home team].
AB  - The home hospitalisation of patients provides the nursing team with a global
      perspective of their environment. Allowing the patient to remain at home is often
      only possible thanks to the presence and commitment of the carers. They need
      support adapted to their specific needs in order to be able to continue to
      perform their role. The coordination of the hospital-at-home teams is essential
      in this context. 

PMID- 26975687
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26975688
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26975690
TI  - A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of spoon worms (Echiura, Annelida):
      Implications for morphological evolution, the origin of dwarf males, and habitat
      shifts.
AB  - Echiurans (spoon worms) are derived annelids that have secondarily lost
      segmentation. Recently, two molecular phylogenetic studies were performed to
      resolve the interfamily relationship of echiurans. However, the tree topologies
      were incongruent and taxon sampling was limited in both the studies. Thus, the
      phylogenetic relationships within echiurans remain contentious. In this study, I
      reevaluated the molecular phylogeny of echiurans, using three nuclear (18S, 28S,
      and H3) and two mitochondrial (16S and COI) genes of 49 echiuran species
      belonging to 17-19 genera and five families. Results showed that echiurans form
      the following two major clades: a sexually monomorphic group (Echiuridae,
      Urechidae, and Thalassematidae) and a sexually dimorphic group (Bonelliidae and
      Ikedidae). The sister group relationships between Urechidae and Echiuridae, as
      well as between Ikedidae and Bonelliidae, were supported. The analysis also
      supported the following relationships among genera within Thalassematidae:
      {Arhynchite [(Thalassema, Lissomyema) (Ochetostoma, Listriolobus, Ikedosoma,
      Anelassorhynchus)]}. Furthermore, I evaluated the evolutionary patterns of
      important taxonomic characteristics (body-wall longitudinal musculature,
      proboscis shape, gonostmal lip shape, and body color) and habitat shifts (water
      depth and substrate type), using ancestral state reconstruction analyses. The
      analyses showed that sexually dimorphic echiurans originated in the shallow
      waters and secondarily invaded the deep sea, although deep-to-shallow habitat
      reversal was also detected. In contrary to the previous hypothesis, sexual
      dimorphism with dwarf males in echiurans may have been a preadaptation to the
      deep-sea environment. The analyses also showed that habitat shifts from soft
      sediments to hard substrates occurred in Thalassematidae and Bonelliidae,
      respectively. A new classification of echiurans, in which Echiura comprises two
      superfamilies, namely Echiuroidea (with Echiuridae, Urechidae, and
      Thalassematidae) and Bonellioidea (with Bonelliidae and Ikedidae), is proposed.

PMID- 26975689
TI  - Metalloprotein Crystallography: More than a Structure.
AB  - Metal ions and metallocofactors play important roles in a broad range of
      biochemical reactions. Accordingly, it has been estimated that as much as 25-50%
      of the proteome uses transition metal ions to carry out a variety of essential
      functions. The metal ions incorporated within metalloproteins fulfill functional
      roles based on chemical properties, the diversity of which arises as transition
      metals can adopt different redox states and geometries, dictated by the identity
      of the metal and the protein environment. The coupling of a metal ion with an
      organic framework in metallocofactors, such as heme and cobalamin, further
      expands the chemical functionality of metals in biology. The three-dimensional
      visualization of metal ions and complex metallocofactors within a protein
      scaffold is often a starting point for enzymology, highlighting the importance of
      structural characterization of metalloproteins. Metalloprotein crystallography,
      however, presents a number of implicit challenges including correctly
      incorporating the relevant metal or metallocofactor, maintaining the proper
      environment for the protein to be purified and crystallized (including providing
      anaerobic, cold, or aphotic environments), and being mindful of the possibility
      of X-ray induced damage to the proteins or incorporated metal ions. Nevertheless,
      the incorporated metals or metallocofactors also present unique advantages in
      metalloprotein crystallography. The significant resonance that metals undergo
      with X-ray photons at wavelengths used for protein crystallography and the rich
      electronic properties of metals, which provide intense and spectroscopically
      unique signatures, allow a metalloprotein crystallographer to use anomalous
      dispersion to determine phases for structure solution and to use simultaneous or
      parallel spectroscopic techniques on single crystals. These properties, coupled
      with the improved brightness of beamlines, the ability to tune the wavelength of
      the X-ray beam, the availability of advanced detectors, and the incorporation of
      spectroscopic equipment at a number of synchrotron beamlines, have yielded
      exciting developments in metalloprotein structure determination. Here we will
      present results on the advantageous uses of metals in metalloprotein
      crystallography, including using metallocofactors to obtain phasing information,
      using K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy to identify metals coordinated in
      metalloprotein crystals, and using UV-vis spectroscopy on crystals to probe the
      enzymatic activity of the crystallized protein. 

PMID- 26975691
TI  - Diverse sampling of East African haemosporidians reveals chiropteran origin of
      malaria parasites in primates and rodents.
AB  - Phylogenies of parasites provide hypotheses on the history of their movements
      between hosts, leading to important insights regarding the processes of host
      switching that underlie modern-day epidemics. Haemosporidian (malaria) parasites
      lack a well resolved phylogeny, which has impeded the study of evolutionary
      processes associated with host-switching in this group. Here we present a novel
      phylogenetic hypothesis that suggests bats served as the ancestral hosts of
      malaria parasites in primates and rodents. Expanding upon current taxon sampling
      of Afrotropical bat and bird parasites, we find strong support for all major
      nodes in the haemosporidian tree using both Bayesian and maximum likelihood
      approaches. Our analyses support a single transition of haemosporidian parasites
      from saurian to chiropteran hosts, and do not support a monophyletic relationship
      between Plasmodium parasites of birds and mammals. We find, for the first time,
      that Hepatocystis and Plasmodium parasites of mammals represent reciprocally
      monophyletic evolutionary lineages. These results highlight the importance of
      broad taxonomic sampling when analyzing phylogenetic relationships, and have
      important implications for our understanding of key host switching events in the
      history of malaria parasite evolution.

PMID- 26975692
TI  - Phylogeny and biogeography of the most diverse clade of South American
      gymnophthalmid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae, Cercosaurinae).
AB  - Nearly 50% of the diversity of the speciose Neotropical lizard clade
      Gymnophthalmidae is nested within the subclade Cercosaurinae. The taxonomy of
      Cercosaurinae lizards has been historically confusing because many diagnostic
      characters of those clades traditionally ranked as genera do not represent true
      diagnostic apomorphies. Even though molecular phylogenies of several 'genera'
      have been presented in the last few years, some of them remain poorly sampled
      (e.g., Anadia, Echinosaura, Potamites, Riama). In this paper we present a more
      comprehensive phylogeny of Cercosaurinae lizards with emphasis on Andean taxa
      from Ecuador and Peru, as well as a time-calibrated phylogeny with reconstruction
      of ancestral areas. Our analysis includes 52% of all recognized species of
      Cercosaurinae (67 species) and 1914 characters including three mitochondrial and
      one nuclear gene. We find that Anadia, Echinosaura, Euspondylus, Potamites,
      Proctoporus, and Riama are not monophyletic: the Tepuian Anadia mcdiarmidi is not
      sister to Andean species of Anadia; Echinosaura sulcarostrum is not included in
      the same clade formed by other species of Echinosaura and their more recent
      common ancestor; Teuchocercus is nested within Echinosaura; species of
      Euspondylus included in this study are nested within Proctoporus; Riama laudahnae
      is included in Proctoporus; and Potamites is paraphyletic and split in two
      separate clades, one of which we name Gelanesaurus, also a new genus-group name.
      Within Potamites, P. ecpleopus is paraphyletic, and P. strangulatus strangulatus
      and P. strangulatus trachodus are recognized as two distinct species. We also
      identify three unnamed clades (i.e., not nested within any of the recognized
      'genera') from Andean populations in Ecuador and Peru. The estimated age of the
      clade Cercosaurinae (~60Ma) corresponds to the early stages of the northern
      Andes. Even though the distribution of the most recent common ancestor of
      Cercosaurinae remains equivocal, our analysis shows that these lizards colonized
      and radiated along the northern Andes before reaching the central Andes in Peru.
      Finally, we present phylogenetic definitions for some of the recovered clades to
      promote a clear and precise classification of Cercosaurinae lizards.

PMID- 26975693
TI  - Resilience as moderator of the relationship between left-behind experience and
      mental health of Chinese adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In China, since the rural labor, leaving their children in the
      hometown to other caregivers is a trend that has been increasing, and the impact
      of parental absence on the well-being of left-behind children is increasingly
      drawing attention in the Chinese society. However, there is a lack of study on
      the potential impacts of being left behind on later psychosocial outcomes in
      adolescence and associated protective factors. AIM: This study was conducted on a
      large sample of Chinese college students to test the moderating effect of
      resilience between left-behind experience and mental health problems. METHODS:
      The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Symptom Checklist as well as a self
      reported questionnaire about left-behind experience designed by the authors were
      adopted for a survey with 2,968 Chinese college students as respondents. RESULTS:
      Totally, 1,063 students (35.8%) had 1 year or more left-behind experience.
      Compared to those who had no left-behind experience, the students who had left
      behind experience were rated lower on resilience score and higher on mental
      health problem score. Mental health problems had a negative correlation with
      resilience. Regression analysis showed that resilience moderated left-behind
      experience and mental health problems. CONCLUSION: Individuals with left-behind
      experience are more vulnerable to mental health problems. Promoting resilience
      may be helpful for prevention of mental health problems in college students with
      left-behind experience.

PMID- 26975694
TI  - Six-session caregiver psychoeducation on bipolar disorder: Does it bring benefits
      to caregivers?
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the impact of psychoeducational intervention on the levels of
      burden, of self-esteem and quality of life in caregivers of patients diagnosed
      with Bipolar Disorders. METHOD: In this randomized clinical trial, changes in
      degree of burden, levels of self-esteem and quality of life were evaluated.
      Caregivers could participate in the group of psychoeducation (six sessions) or
      usual treatment (without psychoeducation following a manual). RESULTS: There were
      no significant differences regarding levels of objective burden between groups.
      Both groups presented improvement in subjective burden scores throughout the
      interventions. Objective burden scores showed significant reduction in the usual
      treatment group (p = .003) and a trend toward decrease in the psychoeducational
      intervention (p = .081). There are no differences regarding improvement in
      perceived self-esteem and quality of life when comparing means between the groups
      with and without intervention. CONCLUSION: A six-session caregiver
      psychoeducational intervention on bipolar disorder did not bring benefits to
      caregiver's health. A longer longitudinal follow-up study would be crucial to see
      whether there were differences in degree of burden, perceived self-esteem and
      quality of life over time in caregivers.

PMID- 26975696
TI  - On the absolute photoionization cross section and dissociative photoionization of
      cyclopropenylidene.
AB  - We report the determination of the absolute photoionization cross section of
      cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, and the heat of formation of the C3H radical and ion
      derived by the dissociative ionization of the carbene. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)
      synchrotron radiation as provided by the Swiss Light Source and imaging
      photoelectron photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) were employed. Cyclopropenylidene
      was generated by pyrolysis of a quadricyclane precursor in a 1 : 1 ratio with
      benzene, which enabled us to derive the carbene's near threshold absolute
      photoionization cross section from the photoionization yield of the two pyrolysis
      products and the known cross section of benzene. The cross section at 9.5 eV, for
      example, was determined to be 4.5 +/- 1.4 Mb. Upon dissociative ionization the
      carbene decomposes by hydrogen atom loss to the linear isomer of C3H(+). The
      appearance energy for this process was determined to be AE(0K)(c-C3H2; l-C3H(+))
      = 13.67 +/- 0.10 eV. The heat of formation of neutral and cationic C3H was
      derived from this value via a thermochemical cycle as Delta(f)H(0K)(C3H) = 725 +/
      25 kJ mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(0K)(C3H(+)) = 1604 +/- 19 kJ mol(-1), using a
      previously reported ionization energy of C3H.

PMID- 26975695
TI  - A practice-based research network on the survival of ceramic inlay/onlay
      restorations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively the longevity of ceramic inlay/onlay
      restorations placed in a web-based practice-based research network and to
      investigate risk factors associated with restoration failures. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Data were collected by a practice-based research network called Ceramic
      Success Analysis (CSA). 5791 inlay/onlay ceramic restorations were placed in 5523
      patients by 167 dentists between 1994 and 2014 in their dental practices. For
      each restoration specific information related to the tooth, procedures and
      materials used were recorded. Annual failure rates (AFRs) were calculated and
      variables associated with failure were assessed by a multivariate Cox-regression
      analysis with shared frailty. RESULTS: The mean observation time was 3 years
      (maximum 15 years) of clinical service, and AFRs at 3 and 10 years follow up were
      calculated as 1.0% and 1.6%. Restorations with cervical outline in dentin showed
      a 78% higher risk for failure compared to restorations with margins in enamel.
      The presence of a liner or base of glass-ionomer cement resulted in a risk for
      failure twice as large as that of restorations without liner or base material.
      Restorations performed with simplified adhesive systems (2-step etch-and-rinse
      and 1-step self-etch) presented a risk of failure 142% higher than restorations
      performed with adhesives with bonding resin as a separate step (3-step etch-and
      rinse and 2-step self-etch). 220 failures were recorded and the most predominant
      reason for failure was fracture of the restoration or tooth (44.5%). CONCLUSIONS:
      Ceramic inlay/onlay restorations made from several glass ceramic materials and
      applied by a large number of dentists showed a good survival. Deep cervical
      cavity outline, presence of a glass ionomer lining cement, and use of simplified
      adhesive systems were risk factors for survival.

PMID- 26975697
TI  - Voltage Controlled Magnetic Skyrmion Motion for Racetrack Memory.
AB  - Magnetic skyrmion, vortex-like swirling topologically stable spin configurations,
      is appealing as information carrier for future nanoelectronics, owing to the
      stability, small size and extremely low driving current density. One of the most
      promising applications of skyrmion is to build racetrack memory (RM). Compared to
      domain wall-based RM (DW-RM), skyrmion-based RM (Sky-RM) possesses quite a few
      benefits in terms of energy, density and speed etc. Until now, the fundamental
      behaviors, including nucleation/annihilation, motion and detection of skyrmion
      have been intensively investigated. However, one indispensable function, i.e.,
      pinning/depinning of skyrmion still remains an open question and has to be
      addressed before applying skyrmion for RM. Furthermore, Current research mainly
      focuses on physical investigations, whereas the electrical design and evaluation
      are still lacking. In this work, we aim to promote the development of Sky-RM from
      fundamental physics to realistic electronics. First, we investigate the
      pinning/depinning characteristics of skyrmion in a nanotrack with the voltage
      controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect. Then, we propose a compact model
      and design framework of Sky-RM for electrical evaluation. This work completes the
      elementary memory functionality of Sky-RM and fills the technical gap between the
      physicists and electronic engineers, making a significant step forward for the
      development of Sky-RM. 

PMID- 26975698
TI  - Inhalation injury after exposure to indoor fire and smoke: The Brazilian disaster
      experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the pre-hospital, emergency department, and intensive care
      unit (ICU) care and prognosis of patients with inhalation injury after exposure
      to indoor fire and smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective
      observational cohort study that includes patients admitted to seven ICUs after a
      fire disaster. The following data were collected: demographic characteristics;
      use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy; degree of inhalation injury; percentage of burned
      body surface area; mechanical ventilation parameters; and subsequent events
      during ICU stay. Patients were followed to determine the ICU and hospital
      mortality rates. RESULTS: Within 24h of the incident, 68 patients were admitted
      to seven ICUs. The patients were young and had no comorbidities. Most patients
      (n=35; 51.5%) only had an inhalation injury. The mean ventilator-free days for
      patients with an inhalation injury degree of 0 or I was 12.5+/-8.1 days. For
      patients with an inhalation injury degree of II or III, the mean ventilator-free
      days was 9.4+/-5.8 days (p=0.12). In terms of the length of ICU stay for patients
      with degrees 0 or I, and patients with degrees II or III, the median was 7.0 days
      (5.0-8.0 days) and 12.0 days (8.0-23.0 days) (p<0.001), respectively. In
      addition, patients with a larger percentage of burned surface areas also had a
      longer ICU stay; however, no association with ventilator-free days was found. The
      patients with <10% of burned body surface area showed a mean of 9.2+/-5.4
      ventilator-free days. The mean ventilator-free days for patients who had >10%
      burned body surface area was 11.9+/-9.5 (p=0.26). The length of ICU stay for the
      <10% and >10% burned body surface area patients was 7.0 days (5.0-10.0 days) and
      23.0 days (11.5-25.5 days) (p<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that
      burn patients with inhalation injuries have different courses of disease, which
      are mainly determined by the percentage of burned body surface area.

PMID- 26975699
TI  - Analysis of the predictive efficiency of S100P on adverse prognosis and the
      pathogenesis of S100P-mediated invasion and metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Elevated expression of S100P has been detected in several tumor types. To analyze
      the potential use of S100P for the prediction of colorectal cancer (CRC)
      metastasis and prognosis, S100P expression was detected in 125 patients with
      colon adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry, followed by correlation and
      survival analysis. High S100P expression was correlated with metastasis, as
      demonstrated by clinically relevant data, and predicted poor survival more
      effectively than preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and
      carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels in colon adenocarcinoma. Stable S100P
      knockdown CRC cell lines were established to elucidate the relationship between
      S100P expression and tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. S100P knockdown
      resulted in reductions in the invasiveness and metastasis of CRC cells. Xenograft
      growth in nude mice also demonstrated that down-regulated S100P dramatically
      inhibited peritoneal metastasis of CRC cells. S100P promoted the invasion and
      metastasis of CRC by activating RAGE/ERK signaling and promoting the epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT). RAGE was found to be crucial for S100P-mediated EMT
      in colon cancer. Knockdown of RAGE in S100P-overexpressing colon cancer cells
      dramatically suppressed EMT process. Our results indicate that overexpression of
      S100P is related with an invasive and metastatic phenotype of CRC which is EMT
      involved and RAGE dependent. 

PMID- 26975700
TI  - Time course and predictive factors for lung volume reduction following
      stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) of lung tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stereotactic ablative volume reduction (SAVR) is a potential
      alternative to lung-volume reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema
      and excessive surgical risk. Having previously observed a dose-volume response
      for localized lobar volume reduction after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy
      (SABR) for lung tumors, we investigated the time course and factors associated
      with volume reduction. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 70 eligible
      patients receiving lung tumor SABR during 2007-2013. We correlated lobar volume
      reduction (relative to total, bilateral lung volume [TLV]) with volume receiving
      high biologically effective doses (VXXBED3) and other pre-treatment factors in
      all patients, and measured the time course of volume changes on 3-month interval
      CT scans in patients with large V60BED3 (n = 21, V60BED3 >=4.1 % TLV). RESULTS:
      Median CT follow-up was 15 months. Median volume reduction of treated lobes was
      4.5 % of TLV (range 0.01-13.0 %), or ~9 % of ipsilateral lung volume (ILV);
      median expansion of non-target adjacent lobes was 2.2 % TLV (-4.6-9.9 %; ~4 %
      ILV). Treated lobe volume reduction was significantly greater with larger VXXBED3
      (XX = 20-100 Gy, R (2) = 0.52-0.55, p < 0.0001) and smaller with lower pre
      treatment FEV1% (R (2) = 0.11, p = 0.005) in a multivariable linear model.
      Maximum volume reduction was reached by ~12 months and persisted. CONCLUSIONS: We
      identified a multivariable model for lobar volume reduction after SABR
      incorporating dose-volume and pre-treatment FEV1% and characterized its time
      course.

PMID- 26975701
TI  - Physiological and proteomic responses to salt stress in chloroplasts of diploid
      and tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.).
AB  - Salinity is an important abiotic stressor that negatively affects plant growth.
      In this study, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms
      underlying moderate and high salt tolerance in diploid (2*) and tetraploid (4*)
      Robinia pseudoacacia L. Our results showed greater H2O2 accumulation and higher
      levels of important antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants in 4*
      plants compared with 2* plants under salt stress. In addition, 4* leaves
      maintained a relatively intact structure compared to 2* leaves under a
      corresponding condition. NaCl treatment didn't significantly affect the
      photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance or leaf intercellular CO2
      concentrations in 4* leaves. Moreover, proteins from control and salt treated 2*
      and 4* leaf chloroplast samples were extracted and separated by two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis. A total of 61 spots in 2* (24) and 4* (27) leaves exhibited
      reproducible and significant changes under salt stress. In addition, 10 proteins
      overlapped between 2* and 4* plants under salt stress. These identified proteins
      were grouped into the following 7 functional categories: photosynthetic Calvin
      Benson Cycle (26), photosynthetic electron transfer (7), regulation/defense (5),
      chaperone (3), energy and metabolism (12), redox homeostasis (1) and unknown
      function (8). This study provides important information of use in the improvement
      of salt tolerance in plants. 

PMID- 26975702
TI  - Comparison of UK's Minor Ailments Scheme and US's retail clinic model: a
      narrative review.
AB  - There is a raising demand for unscheduled care in the United Kingdom. Minor
      Ailments Schemes (MAS) were introduced to reduce the burden of minor ailments on
      higher cost settings such as general practices and emergency departments. The
      number of visits for minor ailments at GPs often declined following the
      implementation of MAS. Retail clinics in America employ nurse practitioners (NPs)
      and physician assistants (PAs) who can diagnose and treat minor illness, and
      minor injuries. Similar to the retail clinics, MAS can merge with walk-in
      centres. PAs and NPs can take over some primary care workload from pharmacists to
      prevent the pharmacists from being overwhelmed with all their current duties. MAS
      can also initiate the development of telehealth service to accommodate the home
      bound patients. MAS must continue to change and evolve to meet the current and
      future demands of health care.

PMID- 26975703
TI  - Midkine Deteriorates Cardiac Remodeling via Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
      Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - In chronic kidney disease, activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFR) leads to cardiac hypertrophy, which affects morbidity and mortality. In
      patients with renal insufficiency and heart failure, the expression of midkine, a
      heparin-binding growth factor, is increased. Therefore, we investigated the
      association between midkine and EGFR in the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and
      dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. We performed subtotal nephrectomies in
      midkine-knockout mice and wild-type mice. We found that subtotal nephrectomy
      induced cardiac hypertrophy and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated
      kinase 1/2 and AKT were attenuated in midkine-knockout mice compared with wild
      type mice. An antiphosphotyrosine receptor antibody array was used to demonstrate
      that EGFR phosphorylation in the heart was also lower in midkine-knockout mice
      than in wild-type mice. Midkine induced EGFR, extracellular signal-regulated
      kinase 1/2, and AKT phosphorylation and led to hypertrophy in neonatal rat
      cardiomyocytes. Pretreatment with EGFR inhibitors or EGFR silencing suppressed
      midkine-stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
      and AKT, induction of fetal cardiac gene expression, and hypertrophy in
      cardiomyocytes. To confirm the association between midkine and EGFR in vivo, mice
      subjected to subtotal nephrectomy were treated with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib.
      Gefitinib treatment attenuated subtotal nephrectomy-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
      These results indicate that midkine might be a key mediator of cardiorenal
      interactions through EGFR activation, which plays a crucial role in cardiac
      hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. 

PMID- 26975705
TI  - Combination of Flow-Mediated Vasodilation and Nitroglycerine-Induced Vasodilation
      Is More Effective for Prediction of Cardiovascular Events.
AB  - Measurement of nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation has been performed to
      differentiate endothelium-dependent vasodilation from endothelium-independent
      vasodilation as a control test for flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Recently,
      nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation per se has been reported to be a useful
      marker of the grade of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the
      prognostic value of FMD combined with nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation for
      future cardiovascular events. We measured FMD and nitroglycerine-induced
      vasodilation in 402 subjects, including patients with cardiovascular diseases.
      During a median follow-up period of 32.3 months, 38 first major cardiovascular
      events (death from cardiovascular causes, acute myocardial infarction, stroke,
      and coronary revascularization) occurred. Receiver-operator characteristic curve
      analysis revealed that FMD alone and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation alone
      can predict cardiovascular events with areas under the curve of 0.671 (cutoff
      3.3%) and 0.692 (cutoff 11.6%), respectively. FMD combined with nitroglycerine
      induced vasodilation predicts cardiovascular events with an area under the curve
      of 0.701. After adjustment for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors, above
      cutoff FMD (>=3.3%) and below cutoff nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (<11.6%;
      hazard ratio, 5.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.61-25.46;P=0.006) and below cutoff
      FMD (<3.3%) and below cutoff nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (<11.6%; hazard
      ratio, 7.20; 95% confidence interval, 2.37-31.36;P<0.001) remained strong
      independent indicator of cardiovascular events. These findings suggest that the
      combination of FMD and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation measurements can more
      accurately predict cardiovascular events compared with FMD alone. CLINICAL TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier:
      UMIN000001167.

PMID- 26975704
TI  - Age- and Hypertension-Associated Protein Aggregates in Mouse Heart Have Similar
      Proteomic Profiles.
AB  - Neurodegenerative diseases are largely defined by protein aggregates in affected
      tissues. Aggregates contain some shared components as well as proteins thought to
      be specific for each disease. Aggregation has not previously been reported in the
      normal, aging heart or the hypertensive heart. Detergent-insoluble protein
      aggregates were isolated from mouse heart and characterized on 2-dimensional
      gels. Their levels increased markedly and significantly with aging and after
      sustained angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Of the aggregate components
      identified by high-resolution proteomics, half changed in abundance with age
      (392/787) or with sustained hypertension (459/824), whereas 30% (273/901) changed
      concordantly in both, each P<0.05. One fifth of these proteins were previously
      associated with age-progressive neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases, or
      both (eg, ApoE, ApoJ, ApoAIV, clusterin, complement C3, and others involved in
      stress-response and protein-homeostasis pathways). Because fibrosis is a
      characteristic of both aged and hypertensive hearts, we posited that aging of
      fibroblasts may contribute to the aggregates observed in cardiac tissue. Indeed,
      as cardiac myofibroblasts "senesced" (approached their replicative limit) in
      vitro, they accrued aggregates with many of the same constituent proteins
      observed in vivo during natural aging or sustained hypertension. In summary, we
      have shown for the first time that compact (detergent-insoluble) protein
      aggregates accumulate during natural aging, chronic hypertension, and in vitro
      myofibroblast senescence, sharing many common proteins. Thus, aggregates that
      arise from disparate causes (aging, hypertension, and replicative senescence) may
      have common underlying mechanisms of accrual.

PMID- 26975706
TI  - Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Sex
      Differences Research in Cardiovascular Disease: Scientific Questions and
      Challenges.

PMID- 26975708
TI  - An Expert Opinion From the European Society of Hypertension-European Union
      Geriatric Medicine Society Working Group on the Management of Hypertension in
      Very Old, Frail Subjects.

PMID- 26975707
TI  - Chronic Angiotensin-(1-7) Improves Insulin Sensitivity in High-Fat Fed Mice
      Independent of Blood Pressure.
AB  - Angiotensin-(1-7) improves glycemic control in animal models of cardiometabolic
      syndrome. The tissue-specific sites of action and blood pressure dependence of
      these metabolic effects, however, remain unclear. We hypothesized that Ang-(1-7)
      improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing peripheral glucose delivery. Adult male
      C57BL/6J mice were placed on standard chow or 60% high-fat diet for 11 weeks. Ang
      (1-7) (400 ng/kg per minute) or saline was infused subcutaneously during the last
      3 weeks of diet, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed at the end
      of treatment. High-fat fed mice exhibited modest hypertension (systolic blood
      pressure: 137 +/- 3 high fat versus 123 +/- 5 mm Hg chow;P=0.001), which was not
      altered by Ang-(1-7) (141 +/- 4 mm Hg;P=0.574). Ang-(1-7) did not alter body
      weight or fasting glucose and insulin in chow or high-fat fed mice. Ang-(1-7)
      increased the steady-state glucose infusion rate needed to maintain euglycemia in
      high-fat fed mice (31 +/- 5 Ang-(1-7) versus 16 +/- 1 mg/kg per minute
      vehicle;P=0.017) reflecting increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, with no
      effect in chow-fed mice. The improved insulin sensitivity in high-fat fed mice
      was because of an enhanced rate of glucose disappearance (34 +/- 5 Ang-(1-7)
      versus 20 +/- 2 mg/kg per minute vehicle;P=0.049). Ang-(1-7) enhanced glucose
      uptake specifically into skeletal muscle by increasing translocation of glucose
      transporter 4 to the sarcolemma. Our data suggest that Ang-(1-7) has direct
      insulin-sensitizing effects on skeletal muscle, independent of changes in blood
      pressure. These findings provide new insight into mechanisms by which Ang-(1-7)
      improves insulin action, and provide further support for targeting this peptide
      in cardiometabolic disease.

PMID- 26975709
TI  - Contribution of Orexin to the Neurogenic Hypertension in BPH/2J Mice.
AB  - BPH/2J mice are a genetic model of hypertension associated with an overactive
      sympathetic nervous system. Orexin is a neuropeptide which influences sympathetic
      activity and blood pressure. Orexin precursor mRNA expression is greater in
      hypothalamic tissue of BPH/2J compared with normotensive BPN/3J mice. To
      determine whether enhanced orexinergic signaling contributes to the hypertension,
      BPH/2J and BPN/3J mice were preimplanted with radiotelemetry probes to compare
      blood pressure 1 hour before and 5 hours after administration of almorexant, an
      orexin receptor antagonist. Mid frequency mean arterial pressure power and the
      depressor response to ganglion blockade were also used as indicators of
      sympathetic nervous system activity. Administration of almorexant at 100 (IP) and
      300 mg/kg (oral) in BPH/2J mice during the dark-active period (2 hours after
      lights off) markedly reduced blood pressure (-16.1 +/- 1.6 and -11.0 +/- 1.1 mm
      Hg, respectively;P<0.001 compared with vehicle). However, when almorexant (100
      mg/kg, IP) was administered during the light-inactive period (5 hours before
      lights off) no reduction from baseline was observed (P=0.64). The same dose of
      almorexant in BPN/3J mice had no effect on blood pressure during the dark
      (P=0.79) or light periods (P=0.24). Almorexant attenuated the depressor response
      to ganglion blockade (P=0.018) and reduced the mid frequency mean arterial
      pressure power in BPH/2J mice (P<0.001), but not BPN/3J mice (P=0.70).
      Immunohistochemical labeling revealed that BPH/2J mice have 29% more orexin
      neurons than BPN/3J mice which are preferentially located in the lateral
      hypothalamus. The results suggest that enhanced orexinergic signaling contributes
      to sympathetic overactivity and hypertension during the dark period in BPH/2J
      mice.

PMID- 26975710
TI  - Association of Circulating Renin and Aldosterone With Osteocalcin and Bone
      Mineral Density in African Ancestry Families.
AB  - Hypertension is associated with accelerated bone loss, and the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system is a key regulator of blood pressure. Although components of
      this system are expressed in human bone cells, studies in humans are sparse.
      Thus, we studied the association of circulating renin and aldosterone with
      osteocalcin and bone mineral density. We recruited 373 African ancestry family
      members without regard to health status from 6 probands (mean family size: 62 and
      relative pairs: 1687). Participants underwent a clinical examination, dual-energy
      x-ray absorptiometry, and quantitative computed tomographic scans. Renin
      activity, aldosterone concentration, and osteocalcin were measured in fasting
      blood samples. Aldosterone/renin ratio was calculated as aldosterone
      concentration/renin activity. All models were analyzed using pedigree-based
      variance components methods. Full models included adjustment for age, sex, body
      composition, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, blood pressure, and
      antihypertensive medication. Higher renin activity was significantly associated
      with lower total osteocalcin and with higher trabecular bone mineral density
      (both P<0.01). There were also significant genetic correlations between renin
      activity and whole-body bone mineral density. There were no associations with
      aldosterone concentration in any model and results for aldosterone/renin ratio
      were similar to those for renin activity. This is the first study to report a
      significant association between renin activity and a marker of bone turnover and
      bone mineral density in generally healthy individuals. Also, there is evidence
      for significant genetic pleiotropy and, thus, there may be a shared biological
      mechanism underlying both the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and bone
      metabolism that is independent of hypertension.

PMID- 26975711
TI  - SmgGDS as a Crucial Mediator of the Inhibitory Effects of Statins on Cardiac
      Hypertrophy and Fibrosis: Novel Mechanism of the Pleiotropic Effects of Statins.
AB  - The detailed molecular mechanisms of the pleiotropic effects of statins remain to
      be fully elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that cardioprotective effects of
      statins are mediated by small GTP-binding protein GDP dissociation stimulator
      (SmgGDS). SmgGDS(+/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with continuous
      infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) for 2 weeks with and without oral treatment
      with atorvastatin or pravastatin. At 2 weeks, the extents of Ang II-induced
      cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis were comparable between the 2 genotypes.
      However, statins significantly attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis
      in WT mice, but not in SmgGDS(+/-) mice. In SmgGDS(+/-) cardiac fibroblasts
      (CFs), Rac1 expression, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 activity, Rho
      kinase activity, and inflammatory cytokines secretion in response to Ang II were
      significantly increased when compared with WT CFs. Atorvastatin significantly
      reduced Rac1 expression and oxidative stress in WT CFs, but not in SmgGDS(+/-)
      CFs. Furthermore, Bio-plex analysis revealed significant upregulations of
      inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and growth factors in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs when
      compared with WT CFs. Importantly, conditioned medium from SmgGDS(+/-) CFs
      increased B-type natriuretic peptide expression in rat cardiomyocytes to a
      greater extent than that from WT CFs. Furthermore, atorvastatin significantly
      increased SmgGDS secretion from mouse CFs. Finally, treatment with recombinant
      SmgGDS significantly reduced Rac1 expression in SmgGDS(+/-) CFs. These results
      indicate that both intracellular and extracellular SmgGDS play crucial roles in
      the inhibitory effects of statins on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, partly
      through inhibition of Rac1, Rho kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      1/2 pathways, demonstrating the novel mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of
      statins.

PMID- 26975713
TI  - Disposable single-use receptacles in a tertiary hospital: A large survey of staff
      after a hospital-wide implementation.
AB  - In March 2014, our 1,100-bed tertiary hospital fully converted from a traditional
      system of reusable receptacles to a single-use disposable pulp receptacle system.
      Almost 12 months later, in February 2015, we undertook a large survey
      questionnaire to investigate user acceptance, perceptions, and any areas for
      improvement. The disposable pulp receptacle system was seen to be more
      convenient, more hygienic, and less of a risk in spreading infectious diseases.
      Occasional human error in its use was featured in the rare negative feedback.

PMID- 26975712
TI  - Adrenal Venous Sampling in Patients With Positive Screening but Negative
      Confirmatory Testing for Primary Aldosteronism.
AB  - Adrenal venous sampling is considered to be the most reliable diagnostic
      procedure to lateralize aldosterone excess in primary aldosteronism (PA).
      However, normative criteria have not been established partially because of a lack
      of data in non-PA hypertensive patients. The aim of the study was to investigate
      aldosterone concentration and its gradient in the adrenal vein of non-PA
      hypertensive patients. We retrospectively studied the results of cosyntropin
      stimulated adrenal venous sampling in 40 hypertensive patients who showed
      positive screening testing but negative results in 2 confirmatory tests/captopril
      challenge test and saline infusion test. Plasma aldosterone concentration,
      aldosterone/cortisol ratio, its higher/lower ratio (lateralization index) in the
      adrenal vein with cosyntropin stimulation were measured. Median plasma
      aldosterone concentration in the adrenal vein was 25 819 pg/mL (range, 5154-69
      920) in the higher side and 12 953 (range, 1866-36 190) pg/mL in the lower side
      (P<0.001). There was a significant gradient in aldosterone/cortisol ratio between
      the higher and the lower sides (27.2 [5.4-66.0] versus 17.3 [4.0-59.0] pg/mL per
      MUg/dL;P<0.001) with lateralization index ranging from 1.01 to 3.87. The
      aldosterone lateralization gradient was between 1 to 2 in 32 patients and 2 to 4
      in 8 patients. None of the patients showed lateralization index >=4. The present
      study demonstrated that plasma aldosterone concentration in the adrenal veins
      showed significant variation and lateralization gradient even in non-PA
      hypertensive patients. Adrenal venous sampling aldosterone lateralization
      gradients between 2 and 4 should be interpreted with caution in patients with PA
      because these gradients can be found even in patients with negative confirmatory
      testing for PA.

PMID- 26975714
TI  - Impact of monitoring surgical prophylactic antibiotics and a computerized
      decision support system on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monitoring of performance indicators and implementation of a
      computerized decision support system (CDSS) have been suggested as effective
      measures to improve quality of care. We conducted this study to evaluate the
      effect of monitoring of surgical prophylactic antibiotics (SPAs) and the CDSS on
      the antimicrobial use and resistance rate of major nosocomial pathogens. METHODS:
      An interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis in 3 periods
      (preintervention, SPAs monitoring, and CDSS) was conducted in a tertiary care
      hospital. Immediate change and change in trends of antimicrobial use density,
      resistance rate of nosocomial pathogens, and cost of antibiotics in each
      intervention period were compared with those of the preintervention period.
      RESULTS: Compared with the preintervention period, the change in the slope of the
      total use of antibiotics was -8.71 defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 patient
      days per month (95% confidence interval [CI], -11.43 to -5.98; P < .01) in the
      SPAs monitoring period and -1.95 DDD per 1,000 patient days per month (95% CI, 
      2.93 to -0.96; P < .01) in the CDSS period. Use of third-generation
      cephalosporins and aminoglycosides showed change comparable with that of total
      antibiotics use, but use of vancomycin and carbapenem was unchanged in the CDSS
      period. Trends of the proportions of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing
      Escherichia coli, meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been reversed or decreased in slope in the
      CDSS period. Length of hospital stay also showed a negative change in slope in
      the CDSS period. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of SPAs and implementation of the CDSS
      can be effective measures for antimicrobial stewardship.

PMID- 26975715
TI  - Risk factors for cesarean surgical site infections at a Thai-Myanmar border
      hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cesarean surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major challenge in
      Thai-Myanmar border hospital settings. This study aimed to examine risk factors
      for SSIs after cesarean section. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study
      conducted in a Thai-Myanmar border hospital between January 2007 and December
      2012. Data were collected from the medical record database by trained infection
      control nurses. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression was used for risk
      factor analysis and expressed as a risk ratio (RR). RESULTS: The cesarean SSI
      rate was 5.9% (293 SSIs in 4,988 cases). Of these, 17.1% were incisional SSIs
      (10.9% superficial and 6.2% deep incisional SSIs), and 82.9% were organ or space
      SSIs. Risk factors for cesarean organ-space SSIs included a wound class >=3 (RR,
      4.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.41-6.83), ethnic minority (RR, 2.51; 95%
      CI, 1.61-3.92), hemoglobin <11 g/dL (RR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.57-3.04), pelvic
      examination before delivery on >=5 occasions (RR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.89-5.99),
      preterm (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.33-2.95), being a local referral (RR, 3.37; 95% CI,
      2.29-4.97), and foul-smelling amniotic fluid (RR, 21.08; 95% CI, 10.23-43.41).
      CONCLUSIONS: Most cesarean SSIs in this study seem to have a high severity. Their
      risk factors reflected delayed appropriate perinatal maternal care that resulted
      in late cesarean delivery. Early prenatal care may help reduce cesarean SSIs
      among this population.

PMID- 26975716
TI  - International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) resources: INICC
      multidimensional approach and INICC surveillance online system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) is
      an international, nonprofit, multicentric health care-associated infection (HAI)
      cohort surveillance network with a methodology based on the U.S. Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN).
      The INICC was founded in 1998 to promote evidence-based infection control in
      limited-resource countries through the analysis of surveillance data collected by
      their affiliated hospitals. The INICC is comprised of >3,000-affiliated infection
      control professionals from 1,000 hospitals in 67 countries and is the only source
      of aggregate standardized international data on HAI epidemiology. Having
      published reports on device-associated (DA) HAI (HAI) and surgical site
      infections (SSIs) from 43 countries and several reports per individual country,
      the INICC showed DA HAI and SSI rates in limited-resources countries are 3-5
      times higher than in high-income countries. METHODS: The INICC developed the
      INICC Multidimensional Approach (IMA) for HAI prevention with 6 components,
      bundles with 7-13 elements, and the INICC Surveillance Online System (ISOS) with
      15 modules. RESOURCES: In this article the IMA, the ISOS for outcome surveillance
      of HAIs and process surveillance of bundles to prevent HAIs, and the use of
      surveillance data feedback are described. COMMENTS: Remarkable features of the
      IMA and ISOS are INICC's applying of the latest published CDC-NHSN HAI
      definitions, including their updates and revisions in 2008, 2013, 2015 and 2016;
      INICC's informatics system to check accuracy of fulfillment of CDC-NHSN HAI
      criteria; and INICC's system to check compliance with each bundle element.

PMID- 26975717
TI  - C-ON bond homolysis in alkoxyamines. Part 12: the effect of the para-substituent
      in the 1-phenylethyl fragment.
AB  - The application of alkoxyamines as initiators/controllers in nitroxide mediated
      polymerization and as agents for theranostics requires the development of
      switchable (from stable one to labile one) alkoxyamines. One way to achieve this
      is to tune the polarity of various groups carried by either the alkyl fragment or
      the nitroxyl fragment. Thus, the effect of protonation/deprotonation of the para
      functionalized aryl moiety carried by the alkyl fragment in diethyl(2,2-dimethyl
      1-((1,1-dimethylethyl)(1-para-subsitutedphenylethoxy)amino)propyl)phosphonate is
      investigated. An increase in kd is observed with increasing localized electrical
      effect, i.e., in the presence of electron withdrawing groups at the para position
      of the phenyl ring. A striking effect of the intimate ion pair on kd is also
      observed. 

PMID- 26975718
TI  - Implementation challenges and opportunities for HIV Treatment as Prevention
      (TasP) among young men in Vancouver, Canada: a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite evidence supporting the preventative potential of HIV
      Treatment as Prevention (TasP), scientific experts and community stakeholders
      have suggested that the success of TasP at the population level will require
      overcoming a set of complex and population-specific implementation challenges.
      For example, the factors that might influence decisions to initiate 'early'
      treatment have yet to be thoroughly understood; neither have questions about the
      factors that enhance or impede their ability to achieve long-term adherence to
      ARVs or the social norms regarding various treatment regimens been examined in
      detail. This knowledge gap may hamper opportunities to effectively develop public
      health practices that are informed by the various challenges and opportunities
      related to TasP implementation and scale up. METHODS: Drawing on 50 in-depth,
      individual interviews with young men ages 18-24 in Vancouver, Canada, this study
      examines young men's perspectives regarding factors that might affect their
      engagement with TasP. RESULTS: While findings from the current study indicate
      young men generally have a high receptiveness to TasP, our findings also identify
      key social and structural forces that will warrant ongoing consideration for TasP
      implementation. For example, participants described how an enhanced awareness
      regarding treatment (including awareness of the universal availability of
      treatment in Vancouver) would be a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to
      decide to endorse TasP. Their decisions about engaging in HIV care in the context
      of TasP (e.g., HIV testing, treatment initiation, long-term adherence) also
      appear to be contingent on their ability to negotiate or 'balance' the risks and
      benefits to themselves and others. The findings also offer insight into the
      complex and sometimes controversial narratives that continue to emerge regarding
      risk compensation practices in the context of TasP. CONCLUSION: Based on the
      results of this study, we identify several areas that hold promise for informing
      the effective scale up of TasP, including new information regarding
      implementation adaptation strategies.

PMID- 26975719
TI  - Vertical position of Chinese power words influences power judgments: Evidence
      from spatial compatibility task and event-related Potentials.
AB  - The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore the influence
      of vertical position on power judgments. Participants were asked to identify
      whether a Chinese word represented a powerful or powerless group (e.g., "king" or
      "servant"), which was presented in the top or bottom of the screen. The
      behavioral analysis showed that judging the power of powerful words were
      significantly faster when they were presented at the top position, compared with
      when they were presented at the bottom position. The ERP analysis showed enhanced
      N1 amplitude for congruent trials (i.e., the powerful words in the top and the
      powerless words in the bottom of the screen) and larger P300 and LPC amplitude
      for incongruent trials (i.e., the powerful words in the bottom and the powerless
      words in the top of the screen). The present findings provide further
      electrophysiological evidence that thinking about power can automatically
      activate the underlying spatial up-down (verticality) image schema and that the
      influence of vertical position on the power judgments not only occurs at the
      early perceptual stage of power word processing, but also at the higher cognitive
      stage (i.e., allocation of attention resources, conflict solving and response
      selection). This study revealed the neural underpinnings of metaphor congruent
      effect which have great significance to our understanding of the abstract concept
      power.

PMID- 26975720
TI  - Contacting authors to retrieve individual patient data: study protocol for a
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis is considered the "gold
      standard" for exploring the effectiveness of interventions in different subgroups
      of patients. However, obtaining IPD is time-consuming and contact with the
      researchers responsible for the original trials is usually required. To date,
      there are no studies evaluating different strategies to optimize the process for
      retrieval of IPD from such researchers. Our aim is to examine the impact of
      providing incentives to the researchers responsible for the trials eligible for a
      meta-analysis to submit their IPD. METHODS/DESIGN: We updated our previously
      published systematic reviews for type 1 diabetes mellitus comparing long- and
      intermediate-acting insulin regimens (from January 2013 to June 2015) and for
      Alzheimer's dementia comparing cognitive enhancers (from January 2015 to May
      2015). Eligible were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) fulfilling the
      eligibility criteria of the systematic reviews. We will randomly allocate authors
      of the reports of these RCTs into an intervention or control group. Those
      allocated to the intervention group will be contacted by email, mail, and phone,
      and will be asked to provide the IPD from their RCT and will be given a financial
      incentive. Those allocated to the control group will be contacted by email, mail,
      and phone, but will not receive a financial incentive. Our primary outcome will
      be the proportion of authors who provide the IPD. The secondary outcomes will be
      the time to return the dataset (defined as the period between the information
      request and the authors' response with the dataset), and completeness of data. We
      will compare the response rates in the two groups using the odds ratio and the
      corresponding 95 % confidence interval. We will also use binary logistic
      regression and cox regression analyses to examine whether different RCT
      characteristics, such as study size and sponsor information, influence the
      probability of providing IPD and the time needed to share the data. DISCUSSION:
      This study will determine whether a financial incentive affects response rates
      when seeking IPD from the original researchers. We will disseminate our findings
      in an open access scientific journal and present results at national and
      international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered in
      Clinical Trials.gov, ID number NCT02569411 . Date of registration 5 October 2015.

PMID- 26975722
TI  - Large-scale identification of membrane proteins based on analysis of trypsin
      protected transmembrane segments.
AB  - : Integral membrane proteins are generally under-represented in routine proteomic
      analyses, mostly because of their relatively low abundance, hydrophobicity and
      lack of trypsin-cleavage sites. To increase the coverage of membrane proteomes,
      various strategies have been developed, targeting mostly the extra-membrane
      segments of membrane proteins. We focused our attention to the rather overlooked
      hydrophobic transmembrane segments. Such peptides can be isolated after carbonate
      stripping and protease "shaving" of membranes isolated by simple centrifugation
      procedure. The treated membranes with embedded hydrophobic peptides can then be
      solubilized in organic solvents, re-digested with CNBr, delipidated and subjected
      to LC-MS/MS analysis. We modified the original "hppK" method, and applied it for
      the analysis of human lymphoma cells. We identified 1224 proteins of which two
      thirds were IMPs with 1-16 transmembrane segments. This method allowed us to
      identify 13 "missing proteins" - proteins with no previous evidence on protein
      level. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Integral membrane proteins execute numerous
      essential functions and represent substantial part of eukaryotic proteomes. Our
      knowledge of their function and expression is, however, limited. Novel approaches
      extending our knowledge of membrane proteome are therefore highly desired. As we
      demonstrate here, a non-conventional method which targets rather overlooked
      hydrophobic transmembrane segments of integral membrane proteins has wide
      potential to provide the missing information on the membrane proteome. We show
      that it can deliver identification and potentially also quantification of
      hundreds of integral membrane proteins including the so called "missing
      proteins".

PMID- 26975721
TI  - Immunogenicity of a chimeric Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein
      vaccine in Aotus monkeys.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The production of properly folded, recombinant sub-unit Plasmodium
      falciparum malaria vaccine candidates in sufficient quantities is often a
      challenge. Success in vaccine immunogenicity studies in small animal models does
      not always predict immunogenicity in non-human primates and/or human subjects.
      The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity of a chimeric blood-stage
      malaria vaccine in Aotus monkeys. This vaccine candidate includes the
      neutralizing B cell epitopes of P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 1
      (rPfMSP119) genetically linked to a highly immunogenic, well-conserved P.
      falciparum merozoite surface protein 8 (rPfMSP8 (DeltaAsn/Asp)) partner. METHODS:
      Aotus nancymaae monkeys were immunized with purified rPfMSP1/8 or rPfMSP8
      (DeltaAsn/Asp) formulated with Montanide ISA 720 as adjuvant, or with adjuvant
      alone. Antibody responses to MSP119 and MSP8 domains were measured by ELISA
      following primary, secondary and tertiary immunizations. The functionality of
      vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed in a standard P. falciparum blood-stage
      in vitro growth inhibition assay. Non-parametric tests with corrections for
      multiple comparisons when appropriate were used to determine the significance of
      differences in antigen-specific IgG titres and in parasite growth inhibition.
      RESULTS: The chimeric rPfMSP1/8 vaccine was shown to be well tolerated and highly
      immunogenic with boost-able antibody responses elicited to both PfMSP8 and
      PfMSP119 domains. Elicited antibodies were highly cross-reactive between FVO and
      3D7 alleles of PfMSP119 and potently inhibited the in vitro growth of P.
      falciparum blood-stage parasites. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to previous results with
      inbred and outbred mice and with rabbits, the PfMSP1/8 vaccine was shown to be
      highly effective in eliciting P. falciparum growth inhibitory antibodies upon
      immunization of non-human primates. The data support the further assessment of
      PfMSP1/8 as a component of a multivalent vaccine for use in human subjects. As
      important, the data indicate that rPfMSP8 (DeltaAsn/Asp) can be used as a malaria
      specific carrier protein to: (1) drive production of antibody responses to
      neutralizing B cell epitopes of heterologous vaccine candidates and (2)
      facilitate production of properly folded, recombinant P. falciparum subunit
      vaccines in high yield.

PMID- 26975723
TI  - Photovoltaic Properties of Two-Dimensional (CH3NH3)2Pb(SCN)2I2 Perovskite: A
      Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study.
AB  - We explore the photovoltaic-relevant properties of the 2D MA2Pb(SCN)2I2 (where MA
      = CH3NH3(+)) perovskite using a combination of materials synthesis,
      characterization and density functional theory calculation, and determine
      electronic properties of MA2Pb(SCN)2I2 that are significantly different from
      those previously reported in literature. The layered perovskite with mixed-anions
      exhibits an indirect bandgap of ~2.04 eV, with a slightly larger direct bandgap
      of ~2.11 eV. The carriers (both electrons and holes) are also found to be
      confined within the 2D layers. Our results suggest that the 2D MA2Pb(SCN)2I2
      perovskite may not be among the most promising absorbers for efficient single
      junction solar cell applications; however, use as an absorber for the top cell of
      a tandem solar cell may still be a possibility if films are grown with the 2D
      layers aligned perpendicular to the substrates. 

PMID- 26975724
TI  - Two Ancient Gene Families Are Critical for Maintenance of the Mammalian Skin
      Barrier in Postnatal Life.
AB  - The skin barrier is critical for mammalian survival in the terrestrial
      environment, affording protection against fluid loss, microbes, toxins, and UV
      exposure. Many genes indispensable for barrier formation in the embryo have been
      identified, but loss of these genes in adult mice does not induce barrier
      regression. We describe a complex regulatory network centered on two ancient gene
      families, the grainyhead-like (Grhl) transcription factors and the protein cross
      linking enzymes (tissue transglutaminases [Tgms]), which are essential for skin
      permeability barrier maintenance in adult mice. Embryonic deletion of Grhl3
      induces loss of Tgm1 expression, which disrupts the cornified envelope, thus
      preventing permeability barrier formation leading to neonatal death. However,
      gene deletion of Grhl3 in adult mice does not disrupt the preformed barrier, with
      cornified envelope integrity maintained by Grhl1 and Tgm5, which are up-regulated
      in response to postnatal loss of Grhl3. Concomitant deletion of both Grhl factors
      in adult mice induced loss of Tgm1 and Tgm5 expression, perturbation of the
      cornified envelope, and complete permeability barrier regression that was
      incompatible with life. These findings define the molecular safeguards for
      barrier function that accompany the transition from intrauterine to terrestrial
      life.

PMID- 26975725
TI  - Identification of Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists as Potential Therapeutic Agents for
      Dermatomyositis through Drug-Repurposing Using Public Expression Datasets.

PMID- 26975726
TI  - Familial associations of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance with
      autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 26975727
TI  - JAK2(V617F) allele burden ?50% is associated with response to ruxolitinib in
      persons with MPN-associated myelofibrosis and splenomegaly requiring therapy.

PMID- 26975729
TI  - Rationalization of the selectivity between 1,3- and 1,2-migration: a DFT study on
      gold(i)-catalyzed propargylic ester rearrangement.
AB  - Gold catalyzed rearrangement of propargylic esters can undergo 1,3-acyloxy
      migration to form allenes, or undergo 1,2-acyloxy migration to access gold
      carbenoids. The variation in migration leads to different reactivities and
      diverse cascade transformations. The effect of terminal substituents is very
      important for the rearrangement. However, it remains ambiguous how terminal
      substituents govern the selectivity of the rearrangement. This study presents a
      theoretical model based on the resonance structure of gold activated propargylic
      ester complexes to rationalize the rearrangement selectivity. Substrates with a
      major resonance contributor A prefer 5-exo-dig cyclization (1,2-migration), while
      those with a major resonance contributor B prefer 6-endo-dig cyclization (1,3
      migration). This concise model would be helpful in understanding and tuning the
      selectivity of the metal catalyzed rearrangement of propargylic esters. 

PMID- 26975728
TI  - Bacterial regulon modeling and prediction based on systematic cis regulatory
      motif analyses.
AB  - Regulons are the basic units of the response system in a bacterial cell, and each
      consists of a set of transcriptionally co-regulated operons. Regulon elucidation
      is the basis for studying the bacterial global transcriptional regulation
      network. In this study, we designed a novel co-regulation score between a pair of
      operons based on accurate operon identification and cis regulatory motif
      analyses, which can capture their co-regulation relationship much better than
      other scores. Taking full advantage of this discovery, we developed a new
      computational framework and built a novel graph model for regulon prediction.
      This model integrates the motif comparison and clustering and makes the regulon
      prediction problem substantially more solvable and accurate. To evaluate our
      prediction, a regulon coverage score was designed based on the documented
      regulons and their overlap with our prediction; and a modified Fisher Exact test
      was implemented to measure how well our predictions match the co-expressed
      modules derived from E. coli microarray gene-expression datasets collected under
      466 conditions. The results indicate that our program consistently performed
      better than others in terms of the prediction accuracy. This suggests that our
      algorithms substantially improve the state-of-the-art, leading to a computational
      capability to reliably predict regulons for any bacteria. 

PMID- 26975730
TI  - Management of uveal tract melanoma: A comprehensive review.
AB  - Uveal tract melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults,
      accounting for about 5-10% of all the melanomas. Since there are no lymphatic
      vessels in the eye, uveal melanoma can only spread hematogenously leading to
      liver metastasis. A wide variety of treatment modalities are available for its
      management, leading to dilemma in selecting the appropriate therapy. This article
      reviews the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available and thus, can help to
      individualize the treatment plan for each patient. 

PMID- 26975731
TI  - Parenteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Children.

PMID- 26975732
TI  - Minicircle DNA Provides Enhanced and Prolonged Transgene Expression Following
      Airway Gene Transfer.
AB  - Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis using non-viral, plasmid-based formulations has
      been the subject of intensive research for over two decades but a clinically
      viable product has yet to materialise in large part due to inefficient transgene
      expression. Minicircle DNA give enhanced and more persistent transgene expression
      compared to plasmid DNA in a number of organ systems but has not been assessed in
      the lung. In this study we compared minicircle DNA with plasmid DNA in
      transfections of airway epithelial cells. In vitro, luciferase gene expression
      from minicircles was 5-10-fold higher than with plasmid DNA. In eGFP
      transfections in vitro both the mean fluorescence intensity and percentage of
      cells transfected was 2-4-fold higher with minicircle DNA. Administration of
      equimolar amounts of DNA to mouse lungs resulted in a reduced inflammatory
      response and more persistent transgene expression, with luciferase activity
      persisting for 2 weeks from minicircle DNA compared to plasmid formulations.
      Transfection of equal mass amounts of DNA in mouse lungs resulted in a 6-fold
      increase in transgene expression in addition to more persistent transgene
      expression. Our findings have clear implications for gene therapy of airway
      disorders where plasmid DNA transfections have so far proven inefficient in
      clinical trials. 

PMID- 26975734
TI  - The factor in EDHF: Cytochrome P450 derived lipid mediators and vascular
      signaling.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to generate
      epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The latter are biologically active and reported
      to act as an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) as well as to
      affect angiogenic and inflammatory signaling pathways. In addition to arachidonic
      acid, the CYP epoxygenases also metabolize the Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty
      acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, to generate
      bioactive lipid epoxide mediators. The latter can be more potent than the EETs
      but their actions are under investigated. The Omega3-epoxides, like the EETs, are
      metabolized by the soluble epoxide hydrolase to corresponding diols and epoxide
      hydrolase inhibition increases epoxide levels and demonstrates anti-hypertensive
      as well as anti-inflammatory effects. It seems that the overall consequences of
      CYP epoxygenase activation largely depend on enzyme substrate preference and the
      endogenous Omega-3/Omega-6 PUFA ratio. This review outlines the evidence for a
      physiological role for EETs in the regulation of vascular homeostasis.

PMID- 26975733
TI  - The C-terminus of DSX(F5) protein acts as a novel regulatory domain in Bombyx
      mori.
AB  - The doublesex gene regulates the somatic sexual development of Bombyx mori by
      alternatively splicing into sex-specific splice forms. In our previous study, the
      splice form Bmdsx (F7) , which encodes the BmDSX(F5) protein, was found to be
      expressed in a female-specific manner and to contain a novel C-terminus. In this
      study, we aimed to investigate the role of this C-terminus. Two transgenic lines,
      L1 and L2, were constructed to ectopically express Bmdsx (F7) in males. Phenotype
      and W chromosome-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that
      developmental abnormalities and sex reversal did not occur. Moreover, the sex
      ratio was also normal. Quantitative PCR revealed that the expression levels of
      SP1 and Vg were upregulated in the fat body of transgenic males. Additionally,
      the expression level of PBP was downregulated in the antenna of transgenic males.
      The results suggested that the C-terminus of BmDSX(F5) functioned as a regulatory
      domain during regulation of downstream target gene expression and that BmDSX(F5)
      participated in the sexual development of somatic cells together with other DSX
      proteins in B. mori.

PMID- 26975735
TI  - Organ doses can be estimated from the computed tomography (CT) dose index for
      cone-beam CT on radiotherapy equipment.
AB  - Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems are fitted to radiotherapy linear
      accelerators and used for patient positioning prior to treatment by image guided
      radiotherapy (IGRT). Radiotherapists' and radiographers' knowledge of doses to
      organs from CBCT imaging is limited. The weighted CT dose index for a reference
      beam of width 20 mm (CTDIw,ref) is displayed on Varian CBCT imaging equipment
      known as an On-Board Imager (OBI) linked to the Truebeam linear accelerator. This
      has the potential to provide an indication of organ doses. This knowledge would
      be helpful for guidance of radiotherapy clinicians preparing treatments. Monte
      Carlo simulations of imaging protocols for head, thorax and pelvic scans have
      been performed using EGSnrc/BEAMnrc, EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc, and ICRP reference
      computational male and female phantoms to derive the mean absorbed doses to
      organs and tissues, which have been compared with values for the CTDIw,ref
      displayed on the CBCT scanner console. Substantial variations in dose were
      observed between male and female phantoms. Nevertheless, the CTDIw,ref gave doses
      within  +/-21% for the stomach and liver in thorax scans and 2  *  CTDIw,ref can
      be used as a measure of doses to breast, lung and oesophagus. The CTDIw,ref could
      provide indications of doses to the brain for head scans, and the colon for
      pelvic scans. It is proposed that knowledge of the link between CTDIw for CBCT
      should be promoted and included in the training of radiotherapy staff. 

PMID- 26975736
TI  - Coupled plasma filtration adsorption improves hemodynamics in septic shock.
AB  - PURPOSE: Septic shock involves a dysregulation of the immune response to an
      infection. This may lead to hemodynamic dysfunction and multiple-organ failure.
      The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coupled plasma
      filtration adsorption (CPFA) on the hemodynamic profile in patients with septic
      shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 21 adult
      patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of septic shock,
      comparing data between pre-CPFA and post-CPFA treatment. They received a maximum
      of 5 cycles of treatment. RESULTS: Coupled plasma filtration adsorption treatment
      was associated with a significant increase of mean arterial pressure (P < .001),
      reduction of the vasoactive/inotropic requirement (P = .007), and renal
      improvement. In patients with leukocytosis or leucopenia, the leukocyte count was
      restored to a reference range of values. CONCLUSION: Treatment with CPFA improves
      hemodynamic parameters in septic shock patients, ameliorating organ failure.

PMID- 26975737
TI  - The organizational structure of an intensive care unit influences treatment of
      hypotension among critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Prior studies report that weekend admission to an intensive care unit is
      associated with increased mortality, potentially attributed to the organizational
      structure of the unit. This study aims to determine whether treatment of
      hypotension, a risk factor for mortality, differs according to level of staffing.
      METHODS: Using the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care
      database, we conducted a retrospective study of patients admitted to an intensive
      care unit at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center who experienced one or more
      episodes of hypotension. Episodes were categorized according to the staffing
      level, defined as high during weekday daytime (7 am-7 pm) and low during weekends
      or nighttime (7 pm-7 am). RESULTS: Patients with a hypotensive event on a weekend
      were less likely to be treated compared with those that occurred during the
      weekday daytime (P = .02). No association between weekday daytime vs weekday
      nighttime staffing levels and treatment of hypotension was found (risk ratio,
      1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.07). CONCLUSION: Patients with a
      hypotensive event on a weekend were less likely to be treated than patients with
      an event during high-staffing periods. No association between weekday nighttime
      staffing and hypotension treatment was observed. We conclude that treatment of a
      hypotensive episode relies on more than solely staffing levels.

PMID- 26975738
TI  - Evaluating the Impact of Total Intravenous Anesthesia on the Clinical Outcomes
      and Perioperative NLR and PLR Profiles of Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive
      Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of total intravenous
      anesthesia (TIVA) on the perioperative inflammatory profile and clinical outcomes
      of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy (CRS-HIPEC). METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing
      CRS-HIPEC was performed. Patients receiving a combination of preoperative
      tramadol extended release (ER), celecoxib, and pregabalin, along with combined
      intraoperative infusions of propofol, dexmedetomidine, lidocaine, and ketamine
      were classified as receiving a TIVA regimen (TIVA group). The second group
      consisted of patients receiving volatile-opioid-based anesthesia (VO group). The
      neutrophil:leukocyte (NLR) and platelet: leukocyte (PLR) ratios were calculated
      to evaluate the perioperative inflammatory status of both groups. Length of stay
      (LOS) and complications of both groups were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of
      213 patients were included in the study-139 in the VO group and 74 in the TIVA
      group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups
      with regard to their postoperative inflammatory profiles, LOS, or complications
      by organ system; however, the incidence of renal complications was higher in the
      TIVA group (8.1 vs. 2.2 %) and approached statistical significance (p = 0.068).
      CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study of patients undergoing CRS-HIPEC, the
      combined use of preoperative celecoxib, tramadol ER and pregabalin followed by
      intraoperative TIVA with infusions of propofol, dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and
      lidocaine was not associated with a reduction in LOS or complications by organ
      system. Postoperative NLR and PLR profiles were also not significantly impacted.

PMID- 26975739
TI  - Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Versus Axillary Dissection in Node-Negative Early
      Stage Breast Cancer: 15-Year Follow-Up Update of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) allows for staging of the axillary
      node status in early-stage breast cancer (BC) patients and avoiding complete
      axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) when the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is
      proven to be free of disease. In a previous randomized trial we compared SLNB
      followed by ALND (ALND arm) with SLNB followed by ALND only if the SLN presented
      metastasis (SLNB arm). At a mid-term of ~ 6 years median follow-up, the two
      strategies appeared to ensure similar survival and locoregional control. We have
      revised these previous findings and update the results following a 15-year
      observation period. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to either the ALND
      or SLNB arm. The main endpoints were event-free survival (EFS), overall survival
      (OS), and axillary disease recurrence. EFS and OS were assessed using Kaplan
      Meier analysis and the log-rank test. RESULTS: The ALND and SLNB arms included
      115 and 110 patients, respectively. At 14.3 years median follow-up, 39 primary BC
      related recurrences occurred, 22 (19 %) of which occurred in the ALND arm and 17
      (16 %) occurred in the SLNB arm (p = 0.519). No axillary relapse developed in the
      SLNB arm, while two were observed in the ALND arm. OS (82.0 vs. 78.8 %) and EFS
      (72.8 vs. 72.9 %) were not statistically different between the ALND and SLNB arms
      (p = 0.502 and 0.953, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: SLNB is a safe and efficacious
      component of the surgical treatment of early-stage BC patients. In the long-term,
      SLNB is equivalent to ALND in terms of locoregional nodal disease control and
      survival in this subset of patients.

PMID- 26975741
TI  - Trust your struggle.

PMID- 26975740
TI  - MSH2 rs2303425 Polymorphism is Associated with Early-Onset Breast Cancer in
      Taiwan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accumulated evidence indicates that the incidence of early-onset
      breast cancer has rapidly increased in Taiwan and other Asian compared to Western
      countries. The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway might be one of the crucial
      mechanisms of predisposition to early breast cancer. In this study, we explored
      whether MMR gene polymorphisms contribute to the risk of breast cancer in young
      women. METHODS: This was a 2-stage case-control study including 737 cases and 719
      controls. After eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in
      MMR pathway genes in the stage I study, a promising SNP, MSH2 rs2303425, was
      selected for validation in the stage II study. A luciferase reporter assay was
      used to evaluate the transcriptional activity of MSH2. RESULTS: Logistic
      regression analysis showed that individuals with the MSH2 rs2303425 C/C genotype
      had a significantly increased risk of breast cancer compared to those with the
      T/T genotype (adjusted odds ratio 2.0; 95 % confidence interval 1.1-3.8),
      particularly in early-onset breast cancer patients with the luminal A subtype.
      The luciferase assay in three cell lines indicated that the MSH2 rs2303425 T/C
      substitution decreased MSH2 expression, which is consistent with the finding of
      an association study. CONCLUSIONS: A common variant SNP in MSH2 may contribute to
      the susceptibility to early-onset breast cancer functionally, particularly for
      the luminal A subtype.

PMID- 26975742
TI  - Tablet versus paper marking in assessment: feedback matters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is a cornerstone
      in healthcare assessment. As a potential tool for providing learner-centred
      feedback on a large scale, the use of tablet devices has been proposed for the
      recording of OSCE marks, moving away from the traditional, paper-based checklist.
      METHODS: Examiner-recorded comments were collated from successive first year
      formative and summative OSCE examinations, with paper-based checklists used in
      2012 and iPad-based checklists used in 2013. A total of 558 and 498 examiner
      candidate interactions took place in the January OSCE examinations, and 1402 and
      1344 for the May OSCE examination for 2012 and 2013 respectively. Examiner
      comments were analyzed for quantity and quality. A tool was developed and
      validated to assess the quality of the comments left by examiners for use as
      feedback (Kappa = 0.625). RESULTS: A direct comparison of paper-based checklists
      and iPad-recorded examinations showed an increase in the quantity of comments
      left from 41 to 51 % (+ 10 %). Furthermore, there was an increase in the number
      of comments left for students deemed 'borderline': + 22 %. In terms of the
      quality of the comments for feedback, there was a significant improvement (p <
      0.001) between comments left in written-recorded and iPad-recorded examinations.
      CONCLUSIONS: iPad-marked examinations resulted in a greater quantity and quality
      of examiner comment for use as feedback, particularly for students performing
      less well, enabling tutors to direct further learning for these students.

PMID- 26975743
TI  - Exploring the effects of medical trainee naming: a randomized experiment.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is no rigorous exploration of how the different titles used by
      medical trainees in medical school affect patients' perceptions of trainees. This
      study has two aims: (1) to understand the effects of medical trainee title on
      subjects' perceptions, and (2) to understand the effects of informing subjects
      about the medical education system on comfort with trainees. METHODS: A survey
      was distributed utilizing Amazon's Mechanical Turk (n = 432). To explore aim 1
      and 2, the survey included one randomized experimental treatment asking
      participants to imagine they were partaking in a hypothetical clinical encounter
      with a medical trainee using one of three titles. To explore aim 2, the survey
      instrument included an educational section and assessed changes in subjects'
      comfort with trainees. RESULTS: There was no association between trainee title
      and subjects' perceptions of trainee responsibility, education level, or comfort
      with being examined. However, 41.4 % (n = 179) of subjects were not aware of the
      medical trainees' training level, and education resulted in significant increases
      in comfort with being interviewed and examined by a trainee (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: While trainee naming was not directly associated with subjects'
      perceptions, educating patients about the medical education system may increase
      comfort level when they are with medical trainees.

PMID- 26975744
TI  - Developing an appreciation of patient safety: analysis of interprofessional
      student experiences with health mentors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A critical task for health profession educators is to foster
      student appreciation of patient quality and safety issues. Although instructional
      methods vary, few focus on the direct communication of the patient experience to
      students. This qualitative study explores the experiences and learning of health
      profession students participating in a Safety Module in the Health Mentor
      Programme. METHODS: Small interprofessional groups of students were paired with a
      health mentor, an individual experiencing chronic health challenges. Students
      followed a 90-minute, semi-structured interview format exploring issues regarding
      quality care and safety. Following the interviews, students participated in a
      facilitated asynchronous online discussion and completed a reflective practice
      paper. An inductive thematic analysis of both of these text-based datasets
      revealed emerging themes. RESULTS: Themes identified in the data included:
      Patient partnerships as critical to optimal care; consideration of a variety of
      safety issues; importance of advocacy in promoting safety; improvement of future
      practice enabled through patient perspectives on clinical error; and embracing of
      interprofessional communication and collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: The findings
      suggest that engagement with the health mentor narratives facilitated students'
      appreciation of quality and safety issues related to patient care.

PMID- 26975745
TI  - Candidate gene variants of the immune system and sudden infant death syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) causes early infant death with an
      incidence between 0.5 and 2.5 cases among 1000 live births. Besides central sleep
      apnea and thermal dysregulation, infections have been repeatedly suggested to be
      implicated in SIDS etiology. METHODS: To test the risk contribution of common
      genetic variants related to infection, we genotyped 40 single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) from 15 candidate genes for association with SIDS in a total
      of 579 cases and 1124 controls from Germany and the UK in a two-stage case
      control design. RESULTS: The discovery-stage series (267 SIDS cases and 303
      controls) revealed nominally significant associations for variants in interleukin
      6 (IL6) (rs1880243), interleukin 10 (IL10) (rs1800871, rs1800872), and mannose
      binding lectin 2 (MBL2) (rs930506), and for several other variants in subgroups.
      Meta-analyses were then performed in adding genotype information from a genome
      wide association study of another 312 European SIDS cases and 821 controls.
      Overall associations were observed for two independent variants in MBL2: rs930506
      in a co-dominant model (odds ratio (OR) = 0.82, p = 0.04) and rs1838065 in a
      dominant model (OR = 1.27, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Our study did not replicate
      published associations of IL10 variants with SIDS. However, the evidence for two
      independent MBL2 variants in the combined analysis of two large series seems
      consistent with the hypothesis that infection may play a role in SIDS
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 26975746
TI  - Porous nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffold containing drug-loaded ADM-PLGA
      microspheres for bone cancer treatment.
AB  - To develop adriamycin (ADM)-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
      nanoparticles in a porous nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffold (ADM-PLGA-NHAC).
      To provide novel strategies for future treatment of osteosarcoma, the properties
      of the scaffold, including its in vitro extended-release properties, the
      inhibition effects of ADM-PLGA-NHAC on the osteosarcoma MG63 cells, and its bone
      repair capacity, were investigated in vivo and in vitro. The PLGA copolymer was
      utilized as a drug carrier to deliver ADM-PLGA nanoparticles (ADM-PLGA-NP).
      Porous nano-hydroxyapatite and collagen were used to materials to produce the
      porous nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen scaffold (NHAC), into which the ADM-PLGA-NP
      was loaded. The performance of the drug-carrying scaffold was assessed using
      multiple techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and in vitro extended
      release. The antineoplastic activities of scaffold extracts on the human
      osteosarcoma MG63 cell line were evaluated in vitro using the cell counting kit-8
      (CCK8) method and live-dead cell staining. The bone repair ability of the
      scaffold was assessed based on the establishment of a femoral condyle defect
      model in rabbits. ADM-PLGA-NHAC and NHAC were implanted into the rat muscle bag
      for immune response experiments. A tumor-bearing nude mice model was created, and
      the TUNEL and HE staining results were observed under optical microscopy to
      evaluate the antineoplastic activity and toxic side effects of the scaffold. The
      composite scaffold demonstrated extraordinary extended-release properties, and
      its extracts also exhibited significant inhibition of the growth of osteosarcoma
      MG63 cells. In the bone repair experiment, no significant difference was observed
      between ADM-PLGA-NHAC and NHAC by itself. In the immune response experiments, ADM
      PLGA-NHAC exhibited remarkable biocompatibility. The in vivo antitumor experiment
      revealed that the implantation of ADM-PLGA-NHAC in the tumor resulted in a
      improved antineoplastic effect and fewer adverse side effects than direct
      intraperitoneal injection of ADM. The ADM-PLGA-NHAC developed in this study
      exhibited excellent extended-release drug properties, bone repairing and
      antineoplastic efficacy, which make it a promising osteoconductivity material
      with the capability to inhibit osteosarcoma.

PMID- 26975747
TI  - Resistance to protein adsorption and adhesion of fibroblasts on nanocrystalline
      diamond films: the role of topography and boron doping.
AB  - Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BNCD) films exhibit outstanding
      electrochemical properties that make them very attractive for the fabrication of
      electrodes for novel neural interfaces and prosthetics. In these devices, the
      physicochemical properties of the electrode materials are critical to ensure an
      efficient long-term performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      relative contribution of topography and doping to the biological performance of
      BNCD films. For this purpose, undoped and boron-doped NCD films were deposited on
      low roughness (LR) and high roughness (HR) substrates, which were studied in
      vitro by means of protein adsorption and fibroblast growth assays. Our results
      show that BNCD films significantly reduce the adsorption of serum proteins,
      mostly on the LR substrates. As compared to fibroblasts cultured on LR BNCD
      films, cells grown on the HR BNCD films showed significantly reduced adhesion and
      lower growth rates. The mean length of fibronectin fibrils deposited by the cells
      was significantly increased in the BNCD coated substrates, mainly in the LR
      surfaces. Overall, the largest influence on protein adsorption, cell adhesion,
      proliferation, and fibronectin deposition was due to the underlying sub-micron
      topography, with little or no influence of boron doping. In perspective, BNCD
      films displaying surface roughness in the submicron range may be used as a
      strategy to reduce the fibroblast growth on the surface of neural electrodes.

PMID- 26975748
TI  - In vitro study on an antibacterial Ti-5Cu alloy for medical application.
AB  - Health of human beings is subjected to severe threats from the spread of harmful
      bacteria and the implant-associated infection remains a serious problem in
      clinic. In this study, a copper-bearing antibacterial titanium alloy, Ti-5Cu, has
      been developed for dental and orthopedic implant applications. The
      microstructure, mechanical property, electrochemical corrosion behavior, in vitro
      antibacterial performance, cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility of the alloy
      are systematically investigated. The results reveal that the Ti-5Cu alloy which
      consists of alpha-phase matrix and intermetallic compound Ti2Cu not only
      possesses strong antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus, but
      also exhibits better mechanical properties than the commercial pure titanium. It
      is confirmed that the release of trace amount of Cu ions from the alloy plays an
      important role in killing bacteria. In spite of the ion release, Ti-5Cu alloy
      still reveals excellent corrosion resistance. Moreover, good cytocompatibility
      and superior hemocompatibility make Ti-5Cu alloy to be a potential solution that
      could prevent the peri-implant infection in dental and orthopaedic applications.

PMID- 26975749
TI  - Opioid Use in Fibromyalgia: A Cautionary Tale.
AB  - Multiple pharmacotherapies are available for the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM),
      including opioid analgesics. We postulate that the mechanism of action of
      traditional opioids predicts their lack of efficacy in FM. Literature searches of
      the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases were conducted using the search term
      opioid AND fibromyalgia to identify relevant articles, with no date limitations
      set. Citation lists in returned articles and personal archives of references were
      also examined for additional relevant items, and articles were selected based on
      the expert opinions of the authors. We found no evidence from clinical trials
      that opioids are effective for the treatment of FM. Observational studies have
      found that patients with FM receiving opioids have poorer outcomes than patients
      receiving nonopioids, and FM guidelines recommend against the use of opioid
      analgesics. Despite this, and despite the availability of alternative Food and
      Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapies and the efficacy of
      nonpharmacologic therapies, opioids are commonly used in the treatment of FM.
      Factors associated with opioid use include female sex; geographic variation;
      psychological factors; a history of opioid use, misuse, or abuse; and patient or
      physician preference. The long-term use of opioid analgesics is of particular
      concern in the United States given the ongoing public health emergency relating
      to excess prescription opioid consumption. The continued use of opioids to treat
      FM despite a proven lack of efficacy, lack of support from treatment guidelines,
      and the availability of approved pharmacotherapy options provides a cautionary
      tale for their use in other chronic pain conditions.

PMID- 26975750
TI  - Clinical evaluation of chitotriosidase enzyme activity in Gaucher and Niemann
      Pick A/B diseases: A retrospective study from India.
AB  - Plasma chitotriosidase originates from activated macrophages and is reported to
      be elevated in many Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Measurement of this enzyme
      activity has been an available tool for monitoring therapy of Gaucher disease.
      The degree of elevation of chitotriosidase is useful for differential diagnosis
      of Gaucher disease and Niemann Pick A/B. However the potential utility of this
      chitotriosidase assay depends on the frequency of deficient chitotriosidase
      activity in a particular population. We therefore aim to study the clinical
      utility of this assay Gaucher and Niemann Pick A/B diseases in the backdrop of
      chitotriosidase deficiency in our population. The study comprises 173 patients
      with clinical suspicion of either Gaucher disease (n=108) or Niemann Pick A/B
      (n=65) and 92 healthy controls. The plasma samples of controls, Gaucher disease,
      and Niemann Pick A/B showed chitotriosidase deficiency of 12%, 25% and 27%
      respectively. The degree of elevation of chitotriosidase in Gaucher disease and
      Niemann Pick A/B patients is 40-326 (11,325.7+/-6395.4nmol/h/ml) and 7-22 folds
      (1192.5+/-463.0nmol/h/ml) respectively. In view of these findings of
      distinguishable fold elevation of chitotriosidase in Gaucher disease or Niemann
      Pick A/B, it can be a potential surrogate differential diagnostic marker for
      these groups of diseases, except in the patients in whom this enzyme is
      deficient. 

PMID- 26975751
TI  - Utility of surrogate markers for the prediction of relapses in inflammatory bowel
      diseases.
AB  - Patients with diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) will commonly experience
      a clinical relapse in spite of a prolonged therapy-induced period of clinical
      remission. The current methods of assessing subclinical levels of low-grade
      inflammation which predispose patients to relapse are not optimal when
      considering both cost and patient comfort. Over the past few decades, much
      investigation has discovered that proteins such as calprotectin that are released
      from inflammatory cells are capable of indicating disease activity. Along with C
      reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, calprotectin has now become
      part of the current methodology for assessing IBD activity. More recently,
      research has identified that other fecal and serum biomarkers such as
      lactoferrin, S100A12, GM-CSF autoantibodies, alpha1-antitrypsin, eosinophil
      derived proteins, and cytokine concentrations have variable degrees of utility in
      monitoring gastrointestinal tract inflammation. In order to provide direction
      toward novel methods of predicting relapse in IBD, we provide an up-to-date
      review of these biomarkers and their potential utility in the prediction of
      clinical relapse, given their observed activities during various stages of
      clinical remission. 

PMID- 26975753
TI  - Enhanced xylitol production: Expression of xylitol dehydrogenase from
      Gluconobacter oxydans and mixed culture of resting cell.
AB  - Xylitol has numerous applications in food and pharmaceutical industry, and it can
      be biosynthesized by microorganisms. In the present study, xdh gene, encoding
      xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH), was cloned from the genome of Gluconobacter oxydans
      CGMCC 1.49 and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Sequence analysis revealed
      that XDH has a TGXXGXXG NAD(H)-binding motif and a YXXXK active site motif, and
      belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. And then, the
      enzymatic properties and kinetic parameter of purified recombinant XDH were
      investigated. Subsequently, transformations of xylitol from d-xylulose and d
      arabitol, respectively, were studied through mixed culture of resting cells of G.
      oxydans wild-type strain and recombinant strain BL21-xdh. We obtained 28.80 g/L
      xylitol by mixed culture from 30 g/L d-xylulose in 28 h. The production was
      increased by more than three times as compared with that of wild-type strain.
      Furthermore, 25.10 g/L xylitol was produced by the mixed culture from 30 g/L d
      arabitol in 30 h with a yield of 0.837 g/g, and the max volumetric productivity
      of 0.990 g/L h was obtained at 22 h. These contrast to the fact that wild-type
      strain G. oxydans only produced 8.10 g/L xylitol in 30 h with a yield of 0.270
      g/g. To our knowledge, these values are the highest among the reported yields and
      productivity efficiencies of xylitol from d-arabitol with engineering strains. 

PMID- 26975754
TI  - Overexpressing enzymes of the Ehrlich pathway and deleting genes of the competing
      pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for increasing 2-phenylethanol production
      from glucose.
AB  - 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a higher aromatic alcohol that is used in the cosmetics
      and food industries. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered to
      be a suitable host for the industrial production of higher alcohols, including 2
      PE. To produce 2-PE from glucose in S. cerevisiae, we searched for suitable 2
      keto acid decarboxylase (KDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes of the
      Ehrlich pathway for overexpression in strain YPH499, and found that
      overexpression of the ARO10 and/or ADH1 genes increased 2-PE production from
      glucose. Further, we screened ten BY4741 single-deletion mutants of genes
      involved in the competing pathways for 2-PE production, and found that strains
      aro8Delta and aat2Delta displayed increased 2-PE production. Based on these
      results, we engineered a BY4741 strain that overexpressed ARO10 and contained an
      aro8Delta deletion, and demonstrated that the strain produced 96 mg/L 2-PE from
      glucose as the sole carbon source. As this engineered S. cerevisiae strain showed
      a significant increase in 2-PE production from glucose without the addition of an
      intermediate carbon substrate, it is a promising candidate for the large-scale
      production of 2-PE. 

PMID- 26975752
TI  - Growth inhibition and apoptosis in cancer cells induced by polyphenolic compounds
      of Acacia hydaspica: Involvement of multiple signal transduction pathways.
AB  - Acacia hydaspica R. Parker is known for its medicinal uses in multiple ailments.
      In this study, we performed bioassay-guided fractionation of cytotoxic compounds
      from A. hydaspica and investigated their effects on growth and signaling activity
      in prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Four active polyphenolic compounds were
      identified as 7-O-galloyl catechin (GC), catechin (C), methyl gallate (MG), and
      catechin-3-O-gallate (CG). The four compounds inhibited prostate cancer PC-3 cell
      growth in a dose-dependent manner, whereas CG and MG inhibited breast cancer MDA
      MB-231 cell growth. All tested compounds inhibited cell survival and colony
      growth in both cell lines, and there was evidence of chromatin condensation, cell
      shrinkage and apoptotic bodies. Further, acridine orange, ethidium bromide,
      propidium iodide and DAPI staining demonstrated that cell death occurred partly
      via apoptosis in both PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In PC-3 cells treatment
      repressed the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin,
      coupled with down-regulation of signaling pathways AKT, NFkappaB, ERK1/2 and
      JAK/STAT. In MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment induced reduction of CK2alpha, Bcl-xL,
      survivin and xIAP protein expression along with suppression of NFkappaB, JAK/STAT
      and PI3K pathways. Our findings suggest that certain polyphenolic compounds
      derived from A. hydaspica may be promising chemopreventive/therapeutic candidates
      against cancer. 

PMID- 26975757
TI  - USING CLAIMS DATA FOR EVIDENCE GENERATION IN MANAGED ENTRY AGREEMENTS.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study assesses the use of routinely collected claims data for
      managed entry agreements (MEA) in the illustrative context of German statutory
      health insurance (SHI) funds. METHODS: Based on a nonsystematic literature
      review, the data needs of different MEA were identified. A value-based typology
      to classify MEA on the basis of these data needs was developed. The typology is
      oriented toward health outcomes and utilization and costs, key components of a
      new technology's value. For each MEA type, the suitability of claims data in
      establishing evidence of the novel technology's value in routine care was
      systematically assessed. Assessment criteria were data availability,
      completeness, timeliness, confidentiality, reliability, and validity. RESULTS:
      Claims data are better suited to MEA addressing uncertainty regarding the
      utilization and costs of a novel technology in routine care. In schemes where
      safety aspects or clinical effectiveness are assessed, the role of claims data is
      limited because clinical information is not included in sufficient detail.
      CONCLUSIONS: The suitability of claims data depends on the source of uncertainty
      and, in consequence, the outcome measures chosen in the agreements. In all
      schemes, the validity of claims data should be judged with caution as data are
      collected for billing purposes. This framework may support manufacturers and
      payers in selecting the most suitable contract type and agreeing on contract
      conditions. More research is necessary to validate these results and to address
      remaining medical, economic, legal, and ethical questions of using claims data
      for MEA.

PMID- 26975755
TI  - Denitrification by Pseudomonas stutzeri coupled with CO2 reduction by Sporomusa
      ovata with hydrogen as an electron donor assisted by solid-phase humin.
AB  - A co-culture system comprising an acetogenic bacterium, Sporomusa ovata DSMZ2662,
      and a denitrifying bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri JCM20778, enabled
      denitrification using H2 as the sole external electron donor and CO2 as the sole
      external carbon source. Acetate produced by S. ovata supported the heterotrophic
      denitrification of P. stutzeri. A nitrogen balance study showed the reduction of
      nitrate to nitrogen gas without the accumulation of nitrite and nitrous oxide in
      the co-culture system. S. ovata did not show nitrate reduction to ammonium in the
      co-culture system. Significant proportions of the consumed H2 were utilized for
      denitrification: 79.9 +/- 4.6% in the co-culture system containing solid-phase
      humin and 62.9+/-11.1% in the humin-free co-culture system. The higher
      utilization efficiency of hydrogen in the humin-containing system was attributed
      to the higher denitrification activity of P. stutzeri under the acetate deficient
      conditions. The nitrogen removal rate of the humin-containing co-culture system
      reached 0.19 kg NO3(-)-N.m(-3).d(-1). Stable denitrification activity for 61 days
      of successive sub-culturing suggested the robustness of this co-culture system.
      This study provides a novel strategy for the in situ enhancement of microbial
      denitrification. 

PMID- 26975758
TI  - Separation of Perifix(r) FX epidural catheter components in a laboring patient.

PMID- 26975756
TI  - Genome-wide gene expression analysis of mouse embryonic stem cells exposed to p
      dichlorobenzene.
AB  - Because of the limitations of whole animal testing approaches for toxicological
      assessment, new cell-based assay systems have been widely studied. In this study,
      we focused on two biological products for toxicological assessment: mouse
      embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). mESCs possess the
      abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. LlncRNAs
      are an important class of pervasive non-protein-coding transcripts involved in
      the molecular mechanisms associated with responses to chemicals. We exposed mESCs
      to p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) for 1 or 28 days (daily dose), extracted total RNA,
      and performed deep sequencing analyses. The genome-wide gene expression analysis
      indicated that mechanisms modulating proteins occurred following acute and
      chronic exposures, and mechanisms modulating genomic DNA occurred following
      chronic exposure. Moreover, our results indicate that three novel lncRNAs
      (Snora41, Gm19947, and Scarna3a) in mESCs respond to p-DCB exposure. We propose
      that these lncRNAs have the potential to be surrogate indicators of p-DCB
      responses in mESCs. 

PMID- 26975759
TI  - Recognition of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy survey.

PMID- 26975760
TI  - Disruption of a wire-reinforced epidural catheter upon removal: importance of
      having a set protocol.

PMID- 26975761
TI  - Treatment of Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma (<=2 cm) in the Caudate Lobe with
      Sequential Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization and Radiofrequency Ablation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate technical feasibility and treatment results of sequential
      transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and cone-beam computed tomography
      guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (CBCT-RFA) for small hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review
      board approved this retrospective study. Radiologic database was searched for the
      patients referred to perform TACE and CBCT-RFA for small caudate HCCs (<=2 cm)
      between February 2009 and February 2014. A total of 14 patients (12 men and 2
      women, mean age; 61.3 years) were included. Percutaneous ultrasonography-guided
      RFA (pUS-RFA) and surgery were infeasible due to poor conspicuity, inconspicuity
      or no safe electrode pathway, and poor hepatic reserve. Procedural success
      (completion of both TACE and CBCT-RFA), technique efficacy (absence of tumor
      enhancement at 1 month after treatment), and complication were evaluated.
      Treatment results including local tumor progression (LTP), intrahepatic distant
      recurrence (IDR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Procedural success and technique efficacy rates were 78.6 %
      (11/14) and 90.9 % (10/11), respectively. Average follow-up period was 45.3
      months (range, 13.4-64.6 months). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year LTP probabilities were
      0, 12.5, and 12.5 %, respectively. IDR occurred in seven patients (63.6 %, 7/11).
      The 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS probabilities were 81.8, 51.9, and 26 %, respectively.
      The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS probabilities were 100, 80.8, and 80.8 %, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Combination of TACE and CBCT-RFA seems feasible for small HCC in the
      caudate lobe not amenable to pUS-RFA and effective in local tumor control.

PMID- 26975762
TI  - Artificial Intelligence and Semantics through the Prism of Structural, Post
      Structural and Transcendental Approaches.
AB  - There is a problem associated with contemporary studies of philosophy of mind,
      which focuses on the identification and convergence of human and machine
      intelligence. This is the problem of machine emulation of sense. In the present
      study, analysis of this problem is carried out based on concepts from structural
      and post-structural approaches that have been almost entirely overlooked by
      contemporary philosophy of mind. If we refer to the basic definitions of "sign"
      and "meaning" found in structuralism and post-structuralism, we see a fundamental
      difference between the capabilities of a machine and the human brain engaged in
      the processing of a sign. This research will exemplify and provide additional
      evidence to support distinctions between syntactic and semantic aspects of
      intelligence, an issue widely discussed by adepts of contemporary philosophy of
      mind. The research will demonstrate that some aspect of a number of ideas
      proposed in relation to semantics and semiosis in structuralism and post
      structuralism are similar to those we find in contemporary analytical studies
      related to the theory and philosophy of artificial intelligence. The concluding
      part of the paper offers an interpretation of the problem of formalization of
      sense, connected to its metaphysical (transcendental) properties.

PMID- 26975763
TI  - Seasonal Assessment of Biomass and Fatty Acid Productivity by Tetraselmis sp. in
      the Ocean Using Semi-Permeable Membrane Photobioreactors.
AB  - A green microalga, Tetraselmis sp., was cultivated in the coastal seawater of
      Young-Heung Island using semi-permeable membrane photobioreactors (SPM-PBRs) in
      different seasons. The microalgae in the SPM-PBRs were able to grow on nutrients
      diffused into the PBRs from the surrounding seawater through SPMs. The biomass
      productivity varied depending on the ion permeabilities of the SPMs and
      environmental conditions, whereas the quality and quantity of fatty acids were
      constant. The temperature of seawater had a greater influence than solar
      radiation did on productivity of Tetraselmis sp. in SPM-PBRs. SPM-PBRs could
      provide technologies for concurrent algal biomass and fatty acids production, and
      eutrophication reduction in the ocean. 

PMID- 26975764
TI  - Characterization of Glycerol Dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacterium
      thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571 and GGG Motif Identification.
AB  - Glycerol dehydrogenases (GlyDHs) are essential for glycerol metabolism in vivo,
      catalyzing its reversible reduction to 1,3-dihydroxypropranone (DHA). The gldA
      gene encoding a putative GlyDH was cloned from Thermoanaerobacterium
      thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571 (TtGlyDH) and expressed in Escherichia coli. The
      presence of Mn(2+) enhanced its enzymatic activity by 79.5%. Three highly
      conserved residues (Asp(171), His(254), and His(271)) in TtGlyDH were associated
      with metal ion binding. Based on an investigation of glycerol oxidation and DHA
      reduction, TtGlyDH showed maximum activity towards glycerol at 60 degrees C and
      pH 8.0 and towards DHA at 60 degrees C and pH 6.0. DHA reduction was the dominant
      reaction, with a lower Km(DHA) of 1.08 +/- 0.13 mM and Vmax of 0.0053 +/- 0.0001
      mM/s, compared with glycerol oxidation, with a Km(glycerol) of 30.29 +/- 3.42 mM
      and Vmax of 0.042 +/- 0.002 mM/s. TtGlyDH had an apparent activation energy of
      312.94 kJ/mol. The recombinant TtGlyDH was thermostable, maintaining 65% of its
      activity after a 2-h incubation at 60 degrees C. Molecular modeling and site
      directed mutagenesis analyses demonstrated that TtGlyDH had an atypical
      dinucleotide binding motif (GGG motif) and a basic residue Arg(43), both related
      to dinucleotide binding. 

PMID- 26975765
TI  - Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a Cold-Active and Organic Solvent
      Tolerant Lipase from Aeromicrobium sp. SCSIO 25071.
AB  - The gene encoding lipase (Lip98) from Aeromicrobium sp. SCSIO 25071 was cloned
      and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Lip98 amino acid sequence shares
      the highest (49%) identity to Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 lipase and contains a novel
      motif (GHSEG), which is different from other clusters in the lipase superfamily.
      The recombinant lipase was purified to homogeneity with Ni-NTA affinity
      chromatography. Lip98 showed an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa on SDS gel. The
      optimal temperature and pH value for enzymatic activity were recorded at 30
      degrees C and 7.5, respectively. Lip98 exhibited high activity at low
      temperatures with 35% maximum activity at 0 degrees C and good stability at
      temperatures below 35 degrees C. Its calculated activation energy was 4.12
      kcal/mol at the low temperature range of 15-30 degrees C. Its activity was
      slightly affected by some metal ions such as K(+), Ca(2+), and Na(+). The
      activity of Lip98 was increased by various organic solvents such as DMSO,
      ethanol, acetone, and hexane with the concentration of 30% (v/v) and retained
      more than 30% residual activity in neat organic solvent. The unique
      characteristics of Lip98 imply that it is a promising candidate for industrial
      application as a nonaqueous biocatalyst and food additive. 

PMID- 26975766
TI  - RV-23, a Melittin-Related Peptide with Cell-Selective Antibacterial Activity and
      High Hemocompatibility.
AB  - RV-23 is a melittin-related antibacterial peptide (MRP) with lower cytotoxicity
      than either melittin or AR-23, another MRP. The aim of this study was to explore
      the mechanism of RV- 23's antibacterial selectivity and its hemocompatibility.
      The results showed that all the peptides exhibited lytic activity against
      Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with RV-23 showing the highest
      potency. Moreover, RV-23 had lower cytotoxicity than melittin or AR-23 at their
      minimal inhibitory concentration. In addition, CD experiments showed that
      melittin, RV-23, and AR-23 all had a typical alpha-helical structure, and RV-23
      had the lowest alpha-helix content. The structural information showed that RV-23
      has the lowest hydrophobicity and highest hydrophobic moment. Because
      hydrophobicity and alpha-helix content are believed to correlate with hemolysis,
      the results indicate that the selective lytic activity against bacteria of RV-23
      may be due to its low hydrophobicity and alpha-helicity, which lead to low
      cytotoxicity without affecting antibacterial activity. Furthermore, RV-23 did not
      affect the structure and function of blood components such as red blood cells,
      platelets, albumin, and the blood coagulation system. In conclusion, RV-23 is a
      cell-selective antibacterial peptide with high hemocompatibility due to its
      unique structure. 

PMID- 26975767
TI  - Lactic Acid Bacteria Improves Peyer's Patch Cell-Mediated Immunoglobulin A and
      Tight-Junction Expression in a Destructed Gut Microbial Environment.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on Peyer's patch cells,
      mice were treated with a high dose of kanamycin to disturb the gut microbial
      environment. The overarching goal was to explore the potential of LAB for use as
      a dietary probiotic that buffers the negative consequences of antibiotic
      treatment. In vitro, LAB stimulated the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from
      isolated Peyer's patch cells. Inflammation-related genes (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta,
      and IL-8) were up-regulated in Caco-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS), while tight-junction-related genes (ZO-1 and occludin) were down
      regulated; the effects of LPS on inflammatory gene and tight-junction gene
      expression were reversed by treatment with LAB. Mice treated with a high dose of
      kanamycin showed increased serum IgE levels and decreases in serum IgA and fecal
      IgA levels; the number of Peyer's patch cells decreased with kanamycin treatment.
      However, subsequent LAB treatment was effective in reducing the serum IgE level
      and recovering the serum IgA and fecal IgA levels, as well as the number of
      Peyer's patch cells. In addition, ZO-1 and occludin mRNA levels were up-regulated
      in the ileum tissues of mice receiving LAB treatment. Lactic acid bacteria can
      enhance the intestinal immune system by improving the integrity of the intestinal
      barrier and increasing the production of IgA in Peyer's patches. Lactic acid
      bacteria should be considered a potential probiotic candidate for improving
      intestinal immunity, particularly in mitigating the negative consequences of
      antibiotic use. 

PMID- 26975768
TI  - Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Fruit Extract Stimulates Osteoblast
      Differentiation via Erk1/2-Dependent RUNX2 Activation.
AB  - Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) has been used as a traditional oriental medicine
      and possesses a number of physiological activities. In this study, we used cell
      based herbal extract screening to identify longan fruit extract (LFE) as an
      activator of osteoblast differentiation. LFE up-regulated alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP) activity, induced mineralization, and activated Runx2 gene expression in
      MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, treatment of MC3T3-E1 cells with LFE promoted the
      phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (Erk1/2); however,
      abrogation of Erk1/2 activation with PD98059 resulted in down-regulation of the
      phospho- SMAD1/5/8 and Runx2 levels, which in turn reduced the ALP activity. Our
      findings suggest that LFE exerts its osteogenic activity through activation of
      the ERK signaling pathway and may have potential as an herbal therapeutic or a
      preventive agent for the treatment of osteoporosis. 

PMID- 26975769
TI  - Achieving High Yield of Lactic Acid for Antimicrobial Characterization in
      Cephalosporin-Resistant Lactobacillus by the Co-Expression of the
      Phosphofructokinase and Glucokinase.
AB  - Lactobacilli are universally recognized as probiotics that are widely used in the
      adjuvant treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as vaginitis and enteritis.
      With the overuse of antibiotics in recent years, the lactobacilli in the human
      body are killed, which could disrupt the microecological balance in the human
      body and affect health adversely. In this work, cephalosporin-resistant
      Lactobacillus casei RL20 was obtained successfully from the feces of healthy
      volunteers, which possessed a stable genetic set. However, the shortage of lactic
      acid (72.0 g/l at 48 h) by fermentation did not meet the requirement for its use
      in medicine. To increase the production of lactic acid, the functional genes pfk
      and glk were introduced into the wild strain. A yield of 144.2 g/l lactic acid
      was obtained in the transgenic L. casei RL20-2 after fermentation for 48 h in 1 L
      of basic fermentation medium with an initial glucose concentration of 100 g/l and
      increasing antibacterial activity. These data suggested that L. casei RL20-2 that
      exhibited a high yield of lactic acid may be a potential probiotic to inhibit the
      spread of bacterial infectious diseases and may be used for vaginitis therapy. 

PMID- 26975770
TI  - Foliar Application of Extract from an Azalomycin-Producing Streptomyces
      malaysiensis Strain MJM1968 Suppresses Yam Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum
      gloeosporioides.
AB  - Yam anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C.g) is the most
      devastating disease of yam (Dioscorea sp.). In the present study, we evaluated
      the culture filtrate extract (CFE) of azalomycin-producing Streptomyces
      malaysiensis strain MJM1968 for the control of yam anthracnose. MJM1968 showed
      strong antagonistic activity against C.g in vitro. Furthermore, the MJM1968 CFE
      was tested for inhibition of spore germination in C.g, where it completely
      inhibited spore germination at a concentration of 50 MUg/ml. To assess the in
      planta efficacy of the CFE and spores of MJM1968 against C.g, a detached leaf
      bioassay was conducted, which showed both the treatments suppressed anthracnose
      development on detached yam leaves. Furthermore, a greenhouse study was conducted
      to evaluate the CFE from MJM1968 as a fungicide for the control of yam
      anthracnose. The CFE non-treated plants showed a disease severity of >92% after
      90 days of artificial inoculation with C.g, whereas the disease severity of CFE
      treated and benomyl-treated yam plants was reduced to 26% and 15%, respectively,
      after 90 days. Analysis of the yam tubers from the CFE-treated and non-treated
      groups showed that tubers from the CFE-treated plants were larger than that of
      non-treated plants, which produced abnormal smaller tubers typical of
      anthracnose. This study demonstrated the utility of the CFE from S. malaysiensis
      strain MJM1968 as a biofungicide for the control of yam anthracnose. 

PMID- 26975771
TI  - In Vitro and in Vivo Wound Healing Properties of Plasma and Serum from Crocodylus
      siamensis Blood.
AB  - The plasma and serum of Crocodylus siamensis have previously been reported to
      exhibit potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
      During wound healing, these biological properties play a crucial role for
      supporting the formation of new tissue around the injured skin in the recovery
      process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the wound healing properties of C.
      siamensis plasma and serum. The collected data demonstrate that crocodile plasma
      and serum were able to activate in vitro proliferation and migration of HaCaT, a
      human keratinocyte cell line, which represents an essential phase in the wound
      healing process. With respect to investigating cell migration, a scratch wound
      experiment was performed which revealed the ability of plasma and serum to
      decrease the gap of wounds in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with the in
      vitro results, remarkably enhanced wound repair was also observed in a mouse
      excisional skin wound model after treatment with plasma or serum. The effects of
      C. siamensis plasma and serum on wound healing were further elucidated by
      treating wound infections by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 on mice skin
      coupled with a histological method. The results indicate that crocodile plasma
      and serum promote the prevention of wound infection and boost the re
      epithelialization necessary for the formation of new skin. Therefore, this work
      represents the first study to demonstrate the efficiency of C. siamensis plasma
      and serum with respect to their wound healing properties and strongly supports
      the utilization of C. siamensis plasma and serum as therapeutic products for
      injured skin treatment. 

PMID- 26975772
TI  - Constructing Proteome Reference Map of the Porcine Jejunal Cell Line (IPEC-J2) by
      Label-Free Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - In this study, the global proteome of the IPEC-J2 cell line was evaluated using
      ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole Q ExactiveTM
      Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Proteins were isolated from highly confluent IPEC-J2
      cells in biological replicates and analyzed by label-free mass spectrometry prior
      to matching against a porcine genomic dataset. The results identified 1,517
      proteins, accounting for 7.35% of all genes in the porcine genome. The highly
      abundant proteins detected, such as actin, annexin A2, and AHNAK nucleoprotein,
      are involved in structural integrity, signaling mechanisms, and cellular
      homeostasis. The high abundance of heat shock proteins indicated their
      significance in cellular defenses, barrier function, and gut homeostasis. Pathway
      analysis and annotation using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
      database resulted in a putative protein network map of the regulation of
      immunological responses and structural integrity in the cell line. The
      comprehensive proteome analysis of IPEC-J2 cells provides fundamental insights
      into overall protein expression and pathway dynamics that might be useful in cell
      adhesion studies and immunological applications. 

PMID- 26975773
TI  - A Newly Identified Glutaminase-Free L-Asparaginase (L-ASPG86) from the Marine
      Bacterium Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens.
AB  - L-Asparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme involved in asparagine hydrolysis and
      has the potential to effect leukemic cells and various other cancer cells. We
      identified the Lasparaginase gene (L-ASPG86) in the genus Mesoflavibacter, which
      consists of a 1,035 bp open reading frame encoding 344 amino acids. Following
      phylogenetic analysis, the deduced amino acid sequence of L-ASPG86 (L-ASPG86) was
      grouped as a type I asparaginase with respective homologs in Escherichia coli and
      Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The L-ASPG86 gene was cloned into the pET-16b vector
      to express the respective protein in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Recombinant L
      asparaginase (r-L-ASPG86) showed optimum conditions at 37-40oC, pH 9. Moreover, r
      L-ASPG86 did not exhibit glutaminase activity. In the metal ions test, its
      enzymatic activity was highly improved upon addition of 5 mM manganese (3.97
      fold) and magnesium (3.35-fold) compared with the untreated control. The specific
      activity of r-LASPG86 was 687.1 units/mg under optimum conditions (37 degrees C,
      pH 9, and 5 mM MnSO4). 

PMID- 26975774
TI  - Toxicological evaluation of representative silver nanoparticles in macrophages
      and epithelial cells.
AB  - Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are highly relevant for human and environmental
      exposure due to their widespread use in consumer and medical products and various
      applications. Thus, there is a need for evaluating potential toxicity of these
      NPs. The objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of the OECD
      (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) representative Ag-NPs,
      NM300K, in mouse macrophage J774A.1 and human colonic epithelial HT29 cells,
      using multiple endpoint assays. Exposure of test cells to different
      concentrations (1-250 MUg/mL; total silver content) of NM300K for 24h showed a
      dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. At high doses, NM300K altered cell
      shape and induced the formation of vacuolar structures, as examined by confocal
      and electron microscopy. Moreover, NM300K induced inflammation as evidenced by
      the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, high doses of NM300K
      led to increased production of reactive oxygen species and induction of oxidative
      stress, leading to oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in test cells. At
      equivalent silver concentrations, NM300K were less cytotoxic than AgNO3. However,
      the similar patterns in the effects of NM300K and AgNO3 throughout the assessed
      toxicological endpoints suggest that Ag(+) released from these NPs by dissolution
      could be a primary contributor to toxicity. This study is among the first to
      characterize the potential toxicity of OECD representative AgNPs in vitro, and
      provides additional insight into the biological mechanisms associated with Ag-NP
      toxicity.

PMID- 26975775
TI  - Protective Effect of Myo-Inositol Hexaphosphate (Phytate) on Abdominal Aortic
      Calcification in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between
      physiological levels of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) and cardiovascular
      (CV) calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). DESIGN AND
      METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from December
      2012 to June 2013. SUBJECTS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients with CKD who were
      not undergoing renal replacement therapy. INTERVENTION: All subjects were given
      lateral lumbar X-rays to quantify abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). Clinical
      laboratory analyses and phytate food frequency questionnaires were also
      performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Phytate urinary excretion, estimated phytate
      consumption (based on food frequency questionnaire) and AAC score. Patients were
      divided into two groups based on median abdominal aortic calcification (AAC)
      score: no/mild AAC (AAC <= 6, n = 35) and moderate/severe AAC (AAC > 6, n = 34).
      RESULTS: Patients with no/mild AAC were younger, had lower pulse pressure,
      greater dietary intake of phytate, greater urinary phytate and the prevalence of
      prior CV disease was significantly lower compared to patients with
      moderate/severe AAC. Among the top 10 phytate-rich foods, lentil consumption was
      significantly greater in patients with no/mild AAC than in those with
      moderate/severe AAC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that
      age, prior CV disease, urinary phytate (or lentil consumption) were independently
      associated to AAC. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that adequate consumption of
      phytate can prevent AAC in patients with CKD. Further prospective studies must be
      performed to elucidate the benefits of a phytate-rich diet and the associated
      risk of phosphorus bioavailability in these patients.

PMID- 26975776
TI  - Diet and Major Renal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. The NIH-AARP Diet and
      Health Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent and associated with
      significant morbidity and mortality. Dietary modification may be an approach to
      reducing CKD. DESIGN: In this prospective cohort study, we evaluated the
      association between diet quality, sodium and potassium intakes, and major renal
      outcomes. A total of 544,635 community-dwelling adults, aged 51 to 70 years,
      living in 6 states and 2 urban areas in the United States, from the National
      Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health
      Study. Using a food frequency questionnaire completed at baseline, we assessed
      diet quality using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), Healthy Eating
      Index (HEI), Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), Recommended Food Score, and Dietary
      Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) scores. This was also used to estimate
      daily sodium and potassium intakes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariable adjusted
      competing risks regression calculated sub-hazard ratios (sHRs) for a composite of
      death due to a renal cause and dialysis, with death due to a nonrenal cause as
      the competing event. RESULTS: During a mean of 14.3-year follow-up, a total of
      4,848 participants died from a renal cause or initiated dialysis. Four diet
      quality scores (AHEI, HEI, MDS, and DASH) were significantly associated with the
      composite renal outcome; the Recommended Food Score was not. Compared to the
      lowest score quintile, the highest quintiles of AHEI (sHR 0.71; 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 0.65-0.79), HEI (sHR 0.82; 95% CI 0.74-0.91), MDS (sHR 0.84; 95% CI
      0.74-0.95), and DASH (sHR 0.85; 95% CI 0.77-0.94) were associated with a reduced
      hazard of the composite. The highest sodium quintile (sHR 1.17; 95% CI 1.02-1.33
      for sodium intake > 3.6 g/day) was associated with an increased hazard, whereas
      the highest potassium quintile (sHR 0.83 [0.73-0.95]) with a reduced hazard.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support an association between healthy dietary patterns
      and reduced risk of major renal outcomes and provide observational evidence to
      inform dietary guideline recommendations for CKD prevention.

PMID- 26975777
TI  - Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to
      Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?
AB  - Hemodialysis patients are often advised to limit their intake of high-potassium
      foods to help manage hyperkalemia. However, the benefits of this practice are
      entirely theoretical and not supported by rigorous randomized controlled trials.
      The hypothesis that potassium restriction is useful is based on the assumption
      that different sources of dietary potassium are therapeutically equivalent. In
      fact, animal and plant sources of potassium may differ in their potential to
      contribute to hyperkalemia. In this commentary, we summarize the historical
      research basis for limiting high-potassium foods. Ultimately, we conclude that
      this approach is not evidence-based and may actually present harm to patients.
      However, given the uncertainty arising from the paucity of conclusive data, we
      agree that until the appropriate intervention studies are conducted,
      practitioners should continue to advise restriction of high-potassium foods.

PMID- 26975779
TI  - Efficacy and safety of Vinflunine for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma
      in routine practice based on the French multi-centre CURVE study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To retrospectively assess the efficacy and safety of Vinflunine (VFL)
      under routine conditions and identify overall survival (OS) prognostic factors.
      METHODS: Twenty centres participated in the retrospective study (minimum 4
      patients undergoing VFL treatment for advanced/metastatic UC after platinum-based
      regimen progression. Primary endpoint was OS. Secondary endpoints: progression
      free survival (PFS), radiological response rate (RR) RECIST criteria and toxicity
      (CTC NCI v3). RESULTS: These centres enrolled 134 patients. Prior chemotherapy
      (CT) lines (>= 1 palliative): 1 and >= 2 in 69% and 26% of patients,
      respectively. Performance status (PS): 0, 1, 2 in 25%, 46% and 23% of patients.
      Median OS = 8.2 months [6.5-9.4], PFS = 4.2 months and RR 22%, median number of 5
      cycles. In risk groups based on 0-3 presence of adverse prognostic factors (PS >=
      1, haemoglobin <= 10 g/dl and liver metastasis), median OS: 13.2, 9.9, 3.6, and
      2.4 months (P < .0001), respectively; 3.3 months (1.9-5.6) in PS >= 2 subgroup.
      CONCLUSION: This study reflects routine UC management and confirmed VFL patient
      efficacy. The drug is safe with gastro-intestinal and haematological prophylaxis.
      Analysis of prognostic factors for OS is consistent with pivotal trials.

PMID- 26975780
TI  - Intraoral Vacuum of Breast-Feeding Newborns Within the First 24 Hr: Cesarean
      Section Versus Vaginal Delivery.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore whether newborns born via Cesarean section have a weaker
      intraoral vacuum compared with those born vaginally and to determine whether a
      weaker intraoral vacuum is related to a delayed onset of lactation. METHODS: For
      this prospective cohort study, 71 mother-infant dyads were enrolled and divided
      into birthing groups, vaginal or Cesarean. The newborn intraoral vacuum was
      measured via a tube placed alongside the nipple and connected to a pressure
      sensor during a breast-feeding session within the first 24 hr after birth. Onset
      of lactation was confirmed by maternal perception of breast fullness. The
      intraoral vacuum and its relationship with the onset of lactation were analyzed.
      RESULTS: After adjustment for confounding factors, the peak intraoral vacuum was 
      19.50 kPa in the vaginal group, which was significantly stronger than the -13.78
      kPa in the Cesarean group (p = .005). Additionally, the baseline intraoral vacuum
      in the vaginal group (-2.35 kPa) was significantly stronger than that in the
      Cesarean group (-1.18 kPa; p = .022). Strength of the newborn intraoral vacuum
      was associated with the time of onset of maternal lactation. CONCLUSION: Cesarean
      section may weaken newborns' intraoral vacuum within the first 24 hr after birth.
      Stronger intraoral vacuum was related to earlier onset of lactation. Early
      intervention aimed at the weaker intraoral vacuum should be provided to promote
      the onset of lactation.

PMID- 26975781
TI  - Transformation of microcystins to 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid by room
      temperature ozone oxidation for rapid quantification of total microcystins.
AB  - Microcystins (MCs) are cyanobacterial hepatotoxins capable of accumulation into
      animal tissues. To determine the total microcystins in water, a novel analytical
      method, including ozonolysis, methylation of 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric
      acid (MMPB) with methylchloroformate (MCF) and gas chromatography mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS) detection was developed. The results show that MCs can be
      oxidized by ozone to produce MMPB at ambient temperature, proving ozonation is an
      effective, rapid and green method for the transformation of MCs to MMPB without
      secondary pollution. The oxidation conditions as well as the esterification
      process were optimized and, subsequently applied to analysis of environmental
      samples. The method shows wide linear range and high sensitivity with a detection
      limit of 0.34 MUg L(-1). The established method was successfully applied to the
      analysis of microcystins in water samples. 

PMID- 26975778
TI  - An extended set of yeast-based functional assays accurately identifies human
      disease mutations.
AB  - We can now routinely identify coding variants within individual human genomes. A
      pressing challenge is to determine which variants disrupt the function of disease
      associated genes. Both experimental and computational methods exist to predict
      pathogenicity of human genetic variation. However, a systematic performance
      comparison between them has been lacking. Therefore, we developed and exploited a
      panel of 26 yeast-based functional complementation assays to measure the impact
      of 179 variants (101 disease- and 78 non-disease-associated variants) from 22
      human disease genes. Using the resulting reference standard, we show that
      experimental functional assays in a 1-billion-year diverged model organism can
      identify pathogenic alleles with significantly higher precision and specificity
      than current computational methods.

PMID- 26975782
TI  - Patterning highly ordered arrays of complex nanofeatures through EUV directed
      polarity switching of non chemically amplified photoresist.
AB  - Given the importance of complex nanofeatures in the filed of micro
      /nanoelectronics particularly in the area of high-density magnetic recording,
      photonic crystals, information storage, micro-lens arrays, tissue engineering and
      catalysis, the present work demonstrates the development of new methodology for
      patterning complex nanofeatures using a recently developed non-chemically
      amplified photoresist (n-CARs) poly(4
      (methacryloyloxy)phenyl)dimethylsulfoniumtriflate) (polyMAPDST) with the help of
      extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) as patterning tool. The photosensitivity
      of polyMAPDST is mainly due to the presence of radiation sensitive
      trifluoromethanesulfonate unit (triflate group) which undergoes photodegradation
      upon exposure with EUV photons, and thus brings in polarity change in the polymer
      structure. Integration of such radiation sensitive unit into polymer network
      avoids the need of chemical amplification which is otherwise needed for polarity
      switching in the case of chemically amplified photoresists (CARs). Indeed, we
      successfully patterned highly ordered wide-raging dense nanofeatures that include
      nanodots, nanowaves, nanoboats, star-elbow etc. All these developed nanopatterns
      have been well characterized by FESEM and AFM techniques. Finally, the potential
      of polyMAPDST has been established by successful transfer of patterns into
      silicon substrate through adaptation of compatible etch recipes. 

PMID- 26975783
TI  - Meta-analyses of four polymorphisms of lipoprotein lipase associated with the
      risk of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - AIMS: We evaluated the contributions of four polymorphisms of the lipoprotein
      lipase (LPL) gene to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Through a
      comprehensive literature search for genetic variants of LPL involved in AD
      association studies, we found four polymorphisms for the current meta-analyses.
      These polymorphisms were Asn291Ser(rs268), PvuII(rs285), HindIII(rs320) and
      Ser447Ter(rs328). RESULTS: In total, eight studies with 5064 cases and 5016
      controls were retrieved for the meta-analyses of the four genetic variants. The
      analyses showed that Asn291Ser(rs268) (OR=2.34, 95% CI=1.05-5.25, P=0.04),
      HindIII(rs320) (OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.17-1.78, P=0.0006), and Ser447Ter(rs328)
      (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.66-0.98, P=0.03) were significantly associated with a risk of
      AD. No association was found between the PvuII(rs285) polymorphism and the risk
      of AD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that Asn291Ser(rs268), HindIII(rs320) and
      Ser447Ter(rs328) polymorphisms of LPL were associated with a risk of AD.
      Asn291Ser(rs268) and HindIII(rs320) were predisposing factors of AD, whereas
      Ser447Ter(rs328) showed a protective effect for AD.

PMID- 26975784
TI  - Nesfatin-1 increases intracellular calcium concentration by protein kinase C
      activation in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.
AB  - Nesfatin-1 is a recently identified anorexigenic hypothalamic polypeptide derived
      from the posttranslational processing of nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2). Several studies
      have indicated that this neuropeptide may be participated in somatosensory and
      visceral transmission including pain signals in addition to energy metabolism.
      The aim of this study was to explore the possible role of nesfatin-1 in the
      transmission of peripheral neural signals by investigating the effects of
      nesfatin-1 on intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca(2+)]i) in cultured neonatal
      rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The effects of nesfatin-1 on [Ca(2+)]i in
      DRG neurons were investigated by using an in vitro calcium imaging system. DRG
      neurons were grown in primary culture following enzymatic and mechanical
      dissociation of ganglia from 1-or 2-day-old neonatal Wistar rats. Using the fura
      2-based calcium imaging technique, the effects of nesfatin-1 on [Ca(2+)]i and
      role of the protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated pathway in nesfatin-1 effect were
      assessed. Nesfatin-1 elevated [Ca(2+)]i in cultured DRG neurons. The response was
      prevented by pretreating the cells with pertussis toxin. The protein kinase C
      inhibitor chelerythrine chloride suppressed nesfatin-1-induced rise in [Ca(2+)]i.
      The result shows that nesfatin-1 interacts with a G protein-coupled receptor,
      leading to an increase of [Ca(2+)]i, which is linked to protein kinase C
      activation in cultured rat DRG neurons. 

PMID- 26975786
TI  - Immediate breast reconstruction with a myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap and
      implant following skin-sparing salvage mastectomy after irradiation as part of
      breast-conserving therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Local relapse after breast-conserving therapy including whole breast
      irradiation is typically treated by salvage mastectomy. Immediate reconstruction
      by pedicled transfer of a latissimus dorsi flap in combination with implantation
      of a definitive prosthesis or temporary tissue expander following skin sparing
      salvage mastectomy has been shown to be feasible. However, it has never been
      shown to be justifiable. AIM: The aim of the study was to compare the outcome of
      this procedure to the widely accepted secondary breast reconstruction by combined
      latissimus dorsi flap and implant after mastectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy.
      METHODOLOGY: The surgical outcome of 93 immediate latissimus dorsi and implant
      reconstructions after skin-sparing salvage mastectomy performed from 2007 to 2011
      after radiotherapy was compared to that of 83 secondary reconstructions with the
      latissimus dorsi and an implant. The follow-up duration was 3.5 years in both
      groups. Complications were categorized as minor (conservative treatment sufficed)
      or major (flap loss, mammary skin loss, implant loss, seroma or haematoma
      indicating repeat surgery). RESULTS: The salvage group scored significantly less
      on half of the patient-related and procedure-related risk factors. Nevertheless,
      we observed 27% of short-term major surgical complications and an ultimate
      success rate of 94% in the salvage group compared to those observed in our series
      of secondary reconstruction in post-radiation women (27% and 93%, respectively).
      CONCLUSION: Skin-sparing salvage mastectomy combined with immediate
      reconstruction by transfer of a latissimus dorsi flap with an implant is a
      justifiable reconstructive option for women with a recurrence after irradiation
      as part of breast-conserving therapy.

PMID- 26975787
TI  - Intensive care unit-acquired weakness in the burn population.
AB  - Intensive care unit-acquired weakness is an evolving problem in the burn
      population. As patients are surviving injuries that previously would have been
      fatal, the focus of treatment is shifting from survival to long-term outcome. The
      rehabilitation of burn patients can be challenging; however, a certain subgroup
      of patients have worse outcomes than others. These patients may suffer from
      intensive care unit-acquired weakness, and their treatment, physiotherapy and
      expectations need to be adjusted accordingly. This study investigates the
      condition of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in our burn centre. We
      conducted a retrospective analysis of all the admissions to our burn centre
      between 2008 and 2012 and identified 22 patients who suffered from intensive care
      unit-acquired weakness. These patients were significantly younger with
      significantly larger burns than those without intensive care unit-acquired
      weakness. The known risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired weakness are
      commonplace in the burn population. The recovery of these patients is
      significantly affected by their weakness. 

PMID- 26975785
TI  - Incidence, Risk Factors, and Attributable Mortality of Secondary Infections in
      the Intensive Care Unit After Admission for Sepsis.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Sepsis is considered to induce immune suppression, leading to
      increased susceptibility to secondary infections with associated late mortality.
      OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and host genomic characteristics, incidence,
      and attributable mortality of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections in
      patients admitted to the ICU with or without sepsis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: Prospective observational study comprising consecutive admissions
      of more than 48 hours in 2 ICUs in the Netherlands from January 2011 to July 2013
      stratified according to admission diagnosis (sepsis or noninfectious). MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was ICU-acquired infection (onset >48
      hours). Attributable mortality risk (fraction of mortality that can be prevented
      by elimination of the risk factor, acquired infection) was determined using time
      to-event models accounting for competing risk. In a subset of sepsis admissions
      (n = 461), blood gene expression (whole-genome transcriptome in leukocytes) was
      analyzed at baseline and at onset of ICU-acquired infectious (n = 19) and
      noninfectious (n = 9) events. RESULTS: The primary cohort included 1719 sepsis
      admissions (1504 patients; median age, 62 years; interquartile range [IQR], 51-71
      years]; 924 men [61.4%]). A comparative cohort included 1921 admissions (1825
      patients, median age, 62 years; IQR, 49-71 years; 1128 men [61.8%] in whom
      infection was not present in the first 48 hours. Intensive care unit-acquired
      infections occurred in 13.5% of sepsis ICU admissions (n = 232) and 15.1% of
      nonsepsis ICU admissions (n = 291). Patients with sepsis who developed an ICU
      acquired infection had higher disease severity scores on admission than patients
      with sepsis who did not develop an ICU-acquired infection (Acute Physiology and
      Chronic Health Evaluation IV [APACHE IV] median score, 90 [IQR, 72-107] vs 79
      [IQR, 62-98]; P < .001) and throughout their ICU stay but did not have
      differences in baseline gene expression. The population attributable mortality
      fraction of ICU-acquired infections in patients with sepsis was 10.9% (95% CI,
      0.9%-20.6%) by day 60; the estimated difference between mortality in all patients
      with a sepsis admission diagnosis and mortality in those without ICU-acquired
      infection was 2.0% (95% CI, 0.2%-3.8%; P = .03) by day 60. Among nonsepsis ICU
      admissions, ICU-acquired infections had a population attributable mortality
      fraction of 21.1% (95% CI, 0.6%-41.7%) by day 60. Compared with baseline, blood
      gene expression at the onset of ICU-acquired infections showed reduced expression
      of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Intensive care unit-acquired infections occurred more commonly in patients with
      sepsis with higher disease severity, but such infections contributed only
      modestly to overall mortality. The genomic response of patients with sepsis was
      consistent with immune suppression at the onset of secondary infection.

PMID- 26975789
TI  - Ionised concentrations in calcium and magnesium buffers: Standards and precise
      measurement are mandatory.
AB  - In Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) buffer solutions the ionised concentrations ([X(2+)]) are
      either calculated or measured. Calculated values vary by up to a factor of seven
      due to the following four problems: 1) There is no agreement amongst the
      tabulated constants in the literature. These constants have usually to be
      corrected for ionic strength and temperature. 2) The ionic strength correction
      entails the calculation of the single ion activity coefficient, which involves
      non-thermodynamic assumptions; the data for temperature correction is not always
      available. 3) Measured pH is in terms of activity i.e. pHa. pHa measurements are
      complicated by the change in the liquid junction potentials at the reference
      electrode making an accurate conversion from H(+) activity to H(+) concentration
      uncertain. 4) Ligands such as EGTA bind water and are not 100% pure. Ligand
      purity has to be measured, even when the [X(2+)] are calculated. The calculated
      [X(2+)] in buffers are so inconsistent that calculation is not an option. Until
      standards are available, the [X(2+)] in the buffers must be measured. The Ligand
      Optimisation Method is an accurate and independently verified method of doing
      this (McGuigan & Stumpff, Anal. Biochem. 436, 29, 2013). Lack of standards means
      it is not possible to compare the published [Ca(2+)] in the nmolar range, and the
      apparent constant (K(/)) values for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) binding to intracellular
      ligands amongst different laboratories. Standardisation of Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) buffers
      is now essential. The parameters to achieve this are proposed.

PMID- 26975788
TI  - Influence of different stool types on muscle activity and lumbar posture among
      dentists during a simulated dental screening task.
AB  - Whereas in the past dental stools typically facilitated a 90 degrees  hip angle,
      a number of currently available alternative designs allow for a more extended hip
      posture. The present study investigated the influence of different stool types on
      muscle activity and lumbar posture. Twenty five participants completed a
      simulated dental procedure on a standard stool, a saddle and the Ghopec. The
      latter stool comprises a seat pan consisting of a horizontal rear part for the
      pelvis and an inclinable sloping down front part for the upper legs, with a
      vertically and horizontally adjustable back rest. Lumbar posture was most close
      to neutral on the Ghopec, whereas sitting on a standard/saddle stool resulted in
      more flexed/extended postures respectively. Sitting with a 90 degrees  angle
      (standard stool) resulted in higher activation of back muscles while sitting with
      a 125 degrees  angle (saddle and Ghopec) activated abdominal muscles more,
      although less in the presence of a backrest (Ghopec). To maintain neutral posture
      during dental screening, the Ghopec is considered the most suitable design for
      the tasks undertaken. 

PMID- 26975790
TI  - Evidences of the static magnetic field influence on cellular systems.
AB  - Efforts to elucidate the doubtful character of the static magnetic field (SMF)
      influence on living cells have been made, although the topic still faces
      controversies because confusing reports in the scientific literature. This study
      intended to collect the most relevant issues separated by different topics
      (relating the SMF to its action on cellular systems) and analyze how the many
      field intensities, cell types and exposure time would affect the cell or
      intracellular structures. The analysis was based in the search in online
      databases aiming to give a general view of how the data can show conformity. It
      is proposed that scientists have been searching for linearity in what is actually
      a well characterized nonlinear system and two outputs are considered: the high
      sensitivity of parameters in which specific cell responses are generated and also
      the complexity and particularity of each cellular system. It is possible to
      trigger effects from a SMF, however in a stochastic way and depending on the cell
      system.

PMID- 26975791
TI  - Ketamine--the real perspective.

PMID- 26975792
TI  - Haemochromatosis.
AB  - Haemochromatosis is now known to be an iron-storage disease with genetic
      heterogeneity but with a final common metabolic pathway resulting in
      inappropriately low production of the hormone hepcidin. This leads to increase in
      intestinal absorption and deposition of excessive amounts of iron in parenchymal
      cells which in turn results in eventual tissue damage and organ failure. A
      clinical enigma has been the variable clinical expression with some patients
      presenting with hepatic cirrhosis at a young age and others almost asymptomatic
      for life. Research is unravelling this puzzle by identifying environmental
      factors-especially alcohol consumption-and associated modifying genes that
      modulate phenotypic expression. A high index of suspicion is required for early
      diagnosis but this can lead to presymptomatic therapy and a normal life
      expectancy. Venesection (phlebotomy) therapy remains the mainstay of therapy, but
      alternative therapies are the subject of current research. 

PMID- 26975793
TI  - Biomechanical effect of the configuration of screw hole style on locking plate
      fixation in proximal humerus fracture with a simulated gap: A finite element
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Locking plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures is a commonly
      used device. Recently, plate breakages were continuously reported that the
      implants all have a mixture of holes allowing placement of both locking and non
      locking screws (so-called combi plates). In commercialized proximal humeral
      plates, there still are two screw hole styles included "locking and dynamic holes
      separated" and "locking hole only" configurations. It is important to understand
      the biomechanical effect of different screw hole style on the stress distribution
      in bone plate. METHODS: Finite element method was employed to conduct a
      computational investigation. Three proximal humeral plate models with different
      screw hole configurations were reconstructed depended upon an identical
      commercialized implant. A three-dimensional model of a humerus was created using
      process of thresholding based on the grayscale values of the CT scanning of an
      intact humerus. A "virtual" subcapital osteotomy was performed. Simulations were
      performed under an increasing axial load. The von Mises stresses around the screw
      holes of the plate shaft, the construct stiffness and the directional
      displacement within the fracture gap were calculated for comparison. RESULTS: The
      mean value of the peak von Mises stresses around the screw holes in the plate
      shaft was the highest for combi hole design while it was smallest for the locking
      and dynamic holes separated design. The stiffness of the plate-bone construct was
      15% higher in the locking screw only design (132.6N/mm) compared with the combi
      design (115.0N/mm), and it was 4% higher than the combi design for the locking
      and dynamic holes separated design (119.5N/mm). The displacement within the
      fracture gap was greatest in the combi hole design, whereas it was smallest for
      the locking hole only design. CONCLUSIONS: The computed results provide a
      possible explanation for the breakages of combi plates revealed in clinical
      reports. The locking and dynamic holes separated design may be a better
      configuration to reduce the risk of plate fracture.

PMID- 26975794
TI  - Radiographical definition of the proximal tibiofibular joint - A cross-sectional
      study of 2984 knees and literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) injuries are not uncommon but
      relatively understudied. This study evaluates the effectiveness of 2 radiographic
      methods in assessing the integrity of the PTFJ. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross
      sectional study of 2984 consecutive patients with knee X-rays done in a single
      institution over a 4-month period. A total of 5968 knee X-rays were assessed
      using 2 methods-[1] The direction in which the fibula points to in relation to
      the lateral femoral epicondyle on anteroposterior view and Blumensaat line on
      lateral view. [2] The degree of tibiofibular overlap as percentage of widest
      portion of the fibula head. Sensitivity and specificity of these methods in
      diagnosing a disrupted PTFJ are calculated. Variables including quality of X
      rays, weight-bearing status of AP views and degree of knee flexion on lateral
      views are also recorded. Univariate analysis was carried out to investigate the
      association between variables using chi-square test for nominal data and student
      t-test for continuous data. RESULTS: The fibular points towards the lateral
      femoral epicondyle on AP view in 94.4% of the patients and points towards the
      posterior half of the Blumensaat line on lateral view in 98.1% of the patients.
      Using this method, weight-bearing X-rays are significantly associated with the
      direction the fibula is pointing (p<0.01) on the AP view and the degree of knee
      flexion is associated with the direction the fibula is pointing (p<0.01) on the
      lateral view. The AP tibiofibular overlap ranges from >0% to <75% in 94.1% of the
      patients and the lateral tibiofibular overlap ranges from >0% to <75% in 84.5% of
      the patients. This method is associated with whether true orthogonal X-rays of
      the knees are taken (p=0.048). CONCLUSION: The direction in which the fibula is
      pointing and the percentage of tibiofibular overlap are highly specific
      radiographic methods useful in defining the PTFJ. The first method requires a
      weight-bearing view on AP assessment and >20 degrees of flexion on lateral
      assessment. True orthogonal AP and lateral views are required for the second
      method to be used.

PMID- 26975795
TI  - Factors associated with removal of a radial head prosthesis placed for acute
      trauma.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study tests the hypothesis that there are no factors associated
      with removal or revision of a radial head prosthesis. A secondary analysis
      addressed the time to removal or revision. METHODS: We reviewed the database of
      two large hospitals from 2000 to 2014 and identified 278 patients that had radial
      head replacement after an acute fracture or fracture dislocation of the elbow: 19
      had removal and 3 had revision of the radial head implant within the study
      period. Explanatory variables including demographics, the type of injury,
      prosthesis type, surgeon, medical centre, and associated injuries were evaluated.
      Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier curves evaluated time to removal/revision.
      RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders using Cox regression
      multivariable analysis, hospital was the only factor independently associated
      with removal or revision (Hazard ratio=2.4, Confidence interval: 1.03-5.8, P
      value=0.043). The highest proportion of removal/revision was during the first
      year after implantation and decreased by half each year over the second to fourth
      years. The most common reason for removal of the prosthesis was to facilitate
      removal of heterotopic ossification (the majority with proximal radioulnar
      synostosis) rather than technical error or problems with the prostheses.
      CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the decision to remove a radial head
      prosthesis may depend more on surgeon or hospital preferences than on objective
      problems with the prosthesis. Until clarified by additional study, removal of a
      prosthesis should not be considered an objective outcome in research. In
      addition, patients offered removal of a radial head prosthesis, might get the
      opinion of more than one surgeon at more than one hospital before deciding
      whether or not to proceed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III Prognostic.

PMID- 26975796
TI  - The timing of the evening meal: how is this associated with weight status in UK
      children?
AB  - There is some evidence from studies in adults and limited evidence from studies
      in children that eating later in the day may increase the risk of overweight and
      obesity. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated associations between
      evening meal timing in children and their weight status and energy intake.
      Dietary data obtained from the UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling
      Programme (2008-2012) for 768 children aged 4-10 years and 852 children aged 11
      18 years were analysed. We tested for an association between evening meal timing
      (consuming the evening meal before or after 20.00 hours) and risk of overweight
      and/or obesity, adjusting for relevant confounding variables. We also explored
      whether evening meal timing was associated with overall nutrient intake. We found
      no association between evening meal timing and risk of obesity or risk of
      overweight and obesity combined in either the 4-10 years age group (obesity: OR
      1.43; 95 % CI 0.49, 4.13; obesity and overweight combined: OR 1.33; 95 % CI 0.53,
      3.33) or the 11-18 years age group (obesity: OR 0.50; 95 % CI 0.24, 1.02; obesity
      and overweight combined: OR 0.83; 95 % CI 0.50, 1.38), split by sex or as
      combined. No significant associations were found between evening meal timing and
      energy intake, and no clear patterns in variation of nutrient intakes with
      evening meal times were identified. In conclusion, we found no evidence that, for
      children aged 4-18 years in the UK, eating the evening meal after 20.00 hours was
      associated with excess weight or increased energy intake.

PMID- 26975797
TI  - Redox condensation of o-halonitrobenzene with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline:
      involvement of an unexpected auto-catalyzed redox cascade.
AB  - A practical synthesis of fused benzimidazoles 5 has been developed by simply
      heating o-halonitrobenzenes 1 with tetrahydroisoquinolines 2. In this
      transformation, 2 played multiple roles as a building block, base and a double
      hydride donor in a cascade of uncatalyzed aromatic substitution, reduction of the
      nitro group, oxidation of the alpha-methylene group and condensation. 

PMID- 26975799
TI  - The Perovskite Fever and Beyond.

PMID- 26975800
TI  - Abstracts of the Fifth Asian and Oceanian Parkinson's Disease and Movement
      Disorders Congress.

PMID- 26975798
TI  - Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells Derived from One Novel
      CD64(bright)CD31(bright)CD14(neg) Population in Human Adult Bone Marrow.
AB  - Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been the object of extensive research for
      decades, due to their intrinsic clinical value. Nonetheless, the unambiguous
      identification of a unique in vivo MSC progenitor is still lacking, and the
      hypothesis that these multipotent cells could possibly arise from different in
      vivo precursors has been gaining consensus in the last years. We identified a
      novel multipotent cell population in human adult bone marrow that we first named
      Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) for the ability to differentiate toward the
      mesenchymal lineage, while still retaining angiogenic potential. Despite
      extensive characterization, MPCs positioning within the differentiation pathway
      and whether they can be ascribed as possible distinctive progenitor of the MSC
      lineage is still unclear. In this study, we describe the ex vivo isolation of one
      novel bone marrow subpopulation (Pop#8) with the ability to generate MPCs.
      Multicolor flow cytometry in combination with either fluorescence-activated cell
      sorting or magnetic-activated cell sorting were applied to characterize Pop#8 as
      CD64(bright)CD31(bright)CD14(neg). We defined Pop#8 properties in culture,
      including the potential of Pop#8-derived MPCs to differentiate into MSCs. Gene
      expression data were suggestive of Pop#8 in vivo involvement in hematopoietic
      stem cell niche constitution/maintenance. Pop#8 resulted over three logs more
      frequent than other putative MSC progenitors, corroborating the idea that most of
      the controversies regarding culture-expanded MSCs could be the consequence of
      different culture conditions that select or promote particular subpopulations of
      precursors.

PMID- 26975801
TI  - Synthesis of 2-fluoro-2-pyrrolines via tandem reaction of alpha-trifluoromethyl
      alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with N-tosylated 2-aminomalonates.
AB  - A simple base-mediated tandem SN2'/SNV reaction of the readily available alpha
      trifluoromethyl-alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with N-tosylated 2
      aminomalonates was developed, which provide an efficient access to functionalized
      tetrasubstituted 2-fluoro-2-pyrrolines in good to excellent yields. In contrast,
      simple 1,2-nucleophilic adducts were produced when alpha-trifluoromethyl styrenes
      were used. 

PMID- 26975803
TI  - Comment on: concomitant removal of gastric band and sleeve gastrectomy: analysis
      of outcomes and complications from the ACS-NSQIP database.

PMID- 26975802
TI  - Dioxins reformation and destruction in secondary copper smelting fly ash under
      ball milling.
AB  - Secondary copper recovery is attracting increasing interest because of the growth
      of copper containing waste including e-waste. The pyrometallurgical treatment in
      smelters is widely utilized, but it is known to produce waste fluxes containing a
      number of toxic pollutants due to the large amount of copper involved, which
      catalyses the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
      ("dioxins"). Dioxins are generated in secondary copper smelters on fly ash as
      their major source, resulting in highly contaminated residues. In order to assess
      the toxicity of this waste, an analysis of dioxin-like compounds was carried out.
      High levels were detected (79,090 ng TEQ kg(-1)) in the ash, above the Basel
      Convention low POPs content (15,000 ng TEQ kg(-1)) highlighting the hazardousness
      of this waste. Experimental tests of high energy ball milling with calcium oxide
      and silica were executed to assess its effectiveness to detoxify such fly ash.
      Mechanochemical treatment obtained 76% dioxins reduction in 4 h, but longer
      milling time induced a partial de novo formation of dioxins catalysed by copper.
      Nevertheless, after 12 h treatment the dioxin content was substantially decreased
      (85% reduction) and the copper, thanks to the phenomena of incorporation and
      amorphization that occur during milling, was almost inactivated.

PMID- 26975805
TI  - Unorthodox Interactions at Work.
AB  - This Perspective elaborates on the currently unfolding interest in integrating
      unorthodox non-covalent interactions into functional systems. Initial emphasis is
      on anion-pi interactions at work, particularly in catalysis. Recent highlights
      are described in comparison to a coinciding renaissance of the more conventional,
      charge-inverted cation-pi catalysis. Progress with these complementary aromatic
      systems is then compared to recent efforts to integrate halogen and chalcogen
      bonds, the unorthodox counterparts of hydrogen bonds, into functional systems.
      General focus is on catalysis, pertinent examples on self-assembly, transport,
      sensing, and templation are covered as well. 

PMID- 26975804
TI  - Comment on: Perioperative noninvasive ventilation in obese patients: a
      qualitative review and meta-analysis.

PMID- 26975806
TI  - Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in
      Tyrannosaurus rex.
AB  - Medullary bone (MB), an estrogen-dependent reproductive tissue present in extant
      gravid birds, is texturally, histologically and compositionally distinct from
      other bone types. Phylogenetic proximity led to the proposal that MB would be
      present in non-avian dinosaurs, and recent studies have used microscopic,
      morphological, and regional homologies to identify this reproductive tissue in
      both theropod and ornithischian dinosaurs. Here, we capitalize on the unique
      chemical and histological fingerprint of MB in birds to characterize, at the
      molecular level, MB in the non-avian theropod Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 1125), and
      show that the retention of original molecular components in fossils allows deeper
      physiological and evolutionary questions to be addressed. 

PMID- 26975808
TI  - Reply by the Authors of the Original Article.

PMID- 26975807
TI  - Is Clipping the Sympathetic Chain Effective for Palmar Skin Temperature?

PMID- 26975809
TI  - German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A: Structure, Results, and
      Future Perspectives.
AB  - The German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA) as an
      international registry for acute aortic dissection type A (AADA) offers a unique
      opportunity to answer questions regarding acute dissections that cannot be
      answered by single institution's database alone. GERAADA was started in 2006 by
      the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (GSTCVS) and has
      collected more than 3,300 AADA patients' data from 56 centers in Germany,
      Austria, and Switzerland up to now. In the second generated validated dataset
      comprising the years from 2006 to 2010, 2,137 patients were surgically treated
      for AADA with an overall 30-day mortality of 16.9%, and a new postoperative
      neurologic dysfunction of 9.5%. Risk factors for neurologic dysfunction were
      malperfusion syndromes, dissections of the supra-aortic vessels, and longer
      operating time. Neuroprotective drugs had no influence on stroke rates.
      Hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ACP)
      led to similar results if arrest times were less than 30 minutes while ACP for
      longer arrest periods is advisable. Septuagenarians had an early mortality rate
      (15.8%) similar to the whole cohort's, but the mortality rate in octogenarians
      (34.9%) was much higher. GERAADA with its validated 2,137 patient files (2006
      2010) is the largest database on AADA worldwide and continues to collect data.
      Structured follow-up of more than 5 years will be available in the future.

PMID- 26975811
TI  - Treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - The most common forms of pulmonary hypertension are pulmonary arterial
      hypertension, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary
      hypertension due to left-sided heart and lung disease. The treatment of pulmonary
      arterial hypertension has advanced substantially over the past 20 years. Five
      different classes of drugs are now available-ie, endothelin receptor antagonists,
      phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators,
      prostacyclin analogues, and prostacyclin receptor agonists. Long-term studies
      have provided evidence that various combinations of these compounds improve the
      progression-free survival of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. For
      patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, surgical pulmonary
      endarterectomy is the treatment of choice. For patients who are inoperable and
      have chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, riociguat, a stimulator of
      soluble guanylate cyclase, has proven efficacious. Additionally, interventional
      approaches could become a treatment option for these patients. For patients with
      pulmonary hypertension due to left-sided heart disease or lung disease, the use
      of pulmonary vasodilator treatment has not been proven to be safe and effective.

PMID- 26975810
TI  - A global view of pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension is a substantial global health issue. All age groups are
      affected with rapidly growing importance in elderly people, particularly in
      countries with ageing populations. Present estimates suggest a pulmonary
      hypertension prevalence of about 1% of the global population, which increases up
      to 10% in individuals aged more than 65 years. In almost all parts of the world,
      left-sided heart and lung diseases have become the most frequent causes of
      pulmonary hypertension. About 80% of affected patients live in developing
      countries, where pulmonary hypertension is frequently associated with congenital
      heart disease and various infectious disorders, including schistosomiasis, HIV,
      and rheumatic heart disease. These forms of pulmonary hypertension occur
      predominantly in those younger than 65 years. Independently of the underlying
      disease, the development of pulmonary hypertension is associated with clinical
      deterioration and a substantially increased mortality risk. Global research
      efforts are needed to establish preventive strategies and treatments for the
      various types of pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 26975812
TI  - Expression of TGFbeta-family signalling components in ageing cartilage: age
      related loss of TGFbeta and BMP receptors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ageing is the main risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). We
      investigated if expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-family
      components, a family which is crucial for the maintenance of healthy articular
      cartilage, is altered during ageing in cartilage. Moreover, we investigated the
      functional significance of selected age-related changes. DESIGN: Age-related
      changes in expression of TGFbeta-family members were analysed by quantitative PCR
      in healthy articular cartilage obtained from 42 cows (age: 3/4-10 years). To
      obtain functional insight of selected changes, cartilage explants were stimulated
      with TGFbeta1 or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9, and TGFbeta1 and BMP
      response genes were measured. RESULTS: Age-related cartilage thinning and loss of
      collagen type 2a1 expression (~256-fold) was observed, validating our data set
      for studying ageing in cartilage. Expression of the TGFbeta-family type I
      receptors; bAlk2, bAlk3, bAlk4 and bAlk5 dropped significantly with advancing
      age, whereas bAlk1 expression did not. Of the type II receptors, expression of
      bBmpr2 decreased significantly. Type III receptor expression was unaffected by
      ageing. Expression of the ligands bTgfb1 and bGdf5 also decreased with age. In
      explants, an age-related decrease in TGFbeta1-response was observed for the
      pSmad3-dependent gene bSerpine1 (P = 0.016). In contrast, ageing did not affect
      BMP9 signalling, an Alk1 ligand, as measured by expression of the pSmad1/5
      dependent gene bId1. CONCLUSIONS: Ageing negatively affects both the TGFbeta-ALK5
      and BMP-BMPR signalling routes, and aged chondrocytes display a lowered pSmad3
      dependent response to TGFbeta1. Because pSmad3 signalling is essential for
      cartilage homeostasis, we propose that this change contributes to OA development.

PMID- 26975813
TI  - [Effect and safety of intensive phototherapy in treatment of neonatal
      hyperbilirubinemia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effect and safety of intensive phototherapy in the
      treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS: A total of 144 neonates with
      neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were randomly and prospectively divided into
      intensive phototherapy group and conventional phototherapy group, with 72
      neonates in each group. The therapeutic effect and incidence of complications
      were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Within 12 hours after
      phototherapy, the total serum bilirubin level in the intensive phototherapy group
      was significantly lower than in the conventional phototherapy group (P<0.05), and
      the intensive phototherapy group had a significantly greater reduction in serum
      bilirubin level than the conventional phototherapy group (P<0.05). The intensives
      phototherapy group had a significantly shorter time of phototherapy than the
      conventional phototherapy group (P<0.05). The incidence rates of fever, diarrhea,
      rash, and hypocalcemia and reductions in blood calcium and hemoglobin levels
      after phototherapy showed no significant differences between the two groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: During the initial stage of phototherapy, intensive phototherapy can
      quickly and effectively reduce the serum level of bilirubin in neonates with
      neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. It can also shorten the total phototherapy time, and
      does not increase the incidence of adverse events. Therefore, it is superior to
      conventional phototherapy.

PMID- 26975814
TI  - [Value of hour-specific transcutaneous bilirubin nomogram for prediction of
      hyperbilirubinemia in healthy neonates].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To plot a hour-specific transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) nomogram for
      healthy neonates, and to evaluate its value for prediction of the risk of
      neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS: A total of 5,250 healthy full-term or near
      term neonates (gestational age>=35 weeks, birth weight>=2 000 g) were enrolled as
      subjects. Their TCB values were continuously recorded for 168 hours after birth.
      The TCB values in the high-risk zones of three time periods, 24-48, 49-72, and 73
      96 hours after birth, were used as predictors. The hour-specific TCB nomogram
      combined with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to
      evaluate the predictive value of hour-specific TCB nomogram for
      hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS: According to the hour-specific TCB nomogram, the TCB
      value dramatically increased during 16-72 hours after birth, and the increase
      slowed down gradually during 72-144 hours. Finally, the curve reached a plateau
      after 144 hours. Particularly, the P95 of TCB had been stabilized at 96 hours.
      The P40, P75, and P95 peak values of TCB were 173, 217, and 248 umol/L,
      respectively. For the prediction of hyperbilirubinemia, the areas under the ROC
      curve of TCB at 24-48, 49-72, and 73-96 hours after birth were 0.77, 0.85, and
      0.87, respectively. The high-risk zones at 24-48, 49-72, and 73-96 hours after
      birth predicted the incidence rates of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia as 35.03%,
      43.35%, and 79.95%, respectively, with positive likelihood ratios of 3.35, 4.75,
      and 22.70, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The hour-specific TCB nomogram and the
      division of TCB risk zones can give a satisfactory prediction of the incidence of
      neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The neonate with a bilirubin level in the high-risk
      zone within 73-96 hours after birth is likely to have hyperbilirubinemia after 73
      96 hours.

PMID- 26975815
TI  - [Effect of caffeine citrate on early pulmonary function in preterm infants with
      apnea].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of caffeine citrate treatment on early
      pulmonary function in preterm infants with apnea. METHODS: Forty preterm infants
      with apnea were randomly divided into aminophylline treatment group (20 infants)
      and caffeine citrate treatment group (20 infants). When the preterm infants
      experienced apnea after birth, they were given aminophylline or caffeine citrate
      in addition to assisted ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure
      (NCPAP). After drug discontinuation, pulmonary function was measured and compared
      between the two groups. RESULTS: After treatment, compared with the aminophylline
      treatment group, the caffeine citrate treatment group had significantly higher
      tidal volume, minute ventilation volume, ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory
      flow to total expiratory time, ratio of volume to peak tidal expiratory flow to
      total expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow, and breathing flow at 75%, 50%,
      and 25% of tidal volume (P<0.05). The caffeine citrate treatment group had a
      significantly shorter time of oxygen use and NCPAP support than the aminophylline
      treatment group (P<0.01). Compared with the aminophylline treatment group, the
      caffeine citrate treatment group had a significantly lower frequency of apnea
      attacks (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of apnea in preterm infants,
      caffeine citrate can improve early pulmonary function and reduce the incidence of
      apnea.

PMID- 26975816
TI  - [Changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level and its significance in children with
      Kawasaki disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
      [25-(OH)D3] and its significance in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS:
      The clinical data of 242 KD children were collected. According to the presence or
      absence of coronary artery lesion (CAL), these children were classified into CAL
      group (63 children) and non-CAL (NCAL) group (179 children). According to the
      efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), these children were classified
      into IVIG-sensitive group (219 children) and no-IVIG-response group (23
      children). A total of 40 healthy children (control group) and 40 children with
      acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURI group) were enrolled as controls.
      Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure the serum level of 25
      (OH)D3. RESULTS: Before IVIG treatment, the AURI, NCAL, and CAL groups had
      significantly lower serum levels of 25-(OH)D3 than the control group (P<0.05);
      the CAL group had a significantly lower serum level of 25-(OH)D3 than the AURI
      and NCAL groups (P<0.05); the AURI, IVIG-sensitive, and no-IVIG-response groups
      had significantly lower serum levels of 25-(OH)D3 than the control group
      (P<0.05); the no-IVIG-response group had a significantly lower serum level of 25
      (OH)D3 than the AURI and IVIG-sensitive groups (P<0.05). After IVIG treatment,
      the CAL group had a significantly lower serum level of 25-(OH)D3 than the NCAL
      and control groups (P<0.05); the no-IVIG-response group had a significantly lower
      serum level of 25-(OH)D3 than the IVIG-sensitive and control groups (P<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: KD children may experience a reduction in the serum level of 25
      (OH)D3. With a greater reduction in the serum level of 25-(OH)D3, the possibility
      of CAL and KD with no response to treatment increases.

PMID- 26975817
TI  - [Vitamin D level in children with bloodstream infection].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in serum 25(OH)D level between children
      with bloodstream infection and healthy children. METHODS: A case-control study
      was conducted among 60 children with bloodstream infection who were hospitalized
      between January 2010 and December 2013 and had positive results of two blood
      cultures. Meanwhile, 60 aged-matched healthy children who underwent physical
      examination during the same period of time were enrolled as the healthy control
      group. Chemiluminescence was applied to measure the serum 25(OH)D level, and the
      constituent ratios of children with different serum 25(OH)D levels were compared
      between the two groups. RESULTS: The bloodstream infection group had a
      significantly lower serum 25(OH)D level than the healthy control group (P<0.01).
      Compared with the healthy control group, the bloodstream group had significantly
      lower constituent ratios of children with normal Vitamin D level (8% vs 35%) or
      vitamin D insufficiency (22% vs 43%) (P<0.05). Compared with the healthy control
      group, the bloodstream group had significantly higher constituent ratios of
      children with vitamin D deficiency (42% vs 13%) or severely vitamin D deficiency
      (28% vs 8%) (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D insufficiency prevails among
      children, and children with bloodstream infection have a significantly lower
      serum 25(OH)D level than healthy children.

PMID- 26975818
TI  - [Effect of continuous hemofiltration on inflammatory mediators and hemodynamics
      in children with severe hand, foot and mouth disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration
      (CVVH) on inflammatory mediators in children with severe hand, foot and mouth
      disease (HFMD), and to investigate its clinical efficacy. METHODS: A total of 36
      children with stage IV HFMD were enrolled and randomly divided into conventional
      treatment group and CVVH group (n=18 each). The children in the CVVH group were
      given CVVH for 48 hours in addition to the conventional treatment. The levels of
      interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and lactic acid in peripheral venous blood,
      heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction were measured
      before treatment and after 24 and 48 hours of treatment. RESULTS: After 24 hours
      of treatment, the conventional treatment group had a significantly reduced serum
      IL-2 level (P<0.01), and the CVVH treatment group had significantly reduced serum
      levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha (P<0.05). After 48 hours of treatment,
      both groups had significantly reduced serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF
      alpha (P<0.01), and the CVVH group had significantly lower levels of these
      inflammatory factors than the conventional treatment group (P<0.01). After 48
      hours of treatment, heart rate, systolic pressure, and blood lactic acid level
      were significantly reduced, and left ventricular ejection fraction was
      significantly increased in both groups, and the CVVH group had significantly
      greater changes in these indices except systolic pressure than the conventional
      treatment group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CVVH can effectively eliminate
      inflammatory factors, reduce heart rate and venous blood lactic acid, and improve
      heart function in children with severe HFMD.

PMID- 26975820
TI  - [Changes in lymphocyte subsets in infants with common lower respiratory tract
      infectious diseases].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes and clinical significance of lymphocyte
      subsets in infants with bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, and bronchiolitis. METHODS:
      A total of 111 children with bronchitis, 418 children with bronchopneumonia, and
      83 children with bronchiolitis were enrolled as disease groups, and 235 healthy
      children were enrolled as control group. Flow cytometry was applied to measure
      lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS: The bronchitis group had significantly lower numbers
      of T cells and CD3+CD8+ T cells than the control group (P<0.05). The
      bronchopneumonia group had significantly lower numbers of T cells and CD3+CD8+ T
      cells, a significantly higher number of T helper (Th) cells, and a significantly
      higher CD4/CD8 ratio than the control group, as well as a significantly higher
      number of Th cells than the bronchitis group. Compared with the children with
      mild bronchopneumonia, those with severe bronchopneumonia showed a reduction in T
      cells and an increase in B cells (P<0.05). The bronchiolitis group had a
      significantly higher number of Th cells, a significantly higher CD4/CD8 ratio,
      and a significantly lower number of CD3+CD8+ T cells than the control group
      (P<0.01). The disease groups showed a significantly higher number of B cells and
      a significantly lower number of natural killer cells than the control group
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A low, disturbed cellular immune function and a high
      humoral immune function are involved in the development and progression of lower
      respiratory tract infectious diseases. The changes in immune function are related
      to the type and severity of diseases.

PMID- 26975819
TI  - [Risk factors for hearing impairment induced by cytomegalovirus infection].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for hearing impairment induced by
      cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in children. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-eight
      children diagnosed with CMV infection were enrolled as subjects. Based on the
      results of the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) test, patients were
      classified into normal hearing group (n=117; BAEP<=35) and abnormal hearing group
      (n=41; BAEP>35). A retrospective analysis was performed on the general
      information, routine blood indices, liver function, copy number of CMV-DNA in
      urine and breast milk. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used
      to predict the copy number of CMV-DNA resulting in abnormal BAEP. The Spearman
      rank correlation analysis was used to test the correlations of the copy number of
      CMV-DNA in urine with the degree of hearing impairment and platelet count.
      RESULTS: The incidence rates of platelet abnormality and abnormal liver function
      and the copy number of CMV-DNA in urine were significantly higher in the abnormal
      hearing group than in the normal hearing group (P<0.01). According to the ROC
      curve, the copy number of CMV-DNA in urine had a sensitivity of 46.3% and a
      specificity of 93.2% in predicting hearing impairment when it reached 1.415*10(6)
      per mL. The results of correlation analysis showed that the degree of hearing
      impairment was positively correlated with the copy number of CMV-DNA (r=0.382,
      P<0.01); the platelet count was negatively correlated with the copy number of CMV
      DNA in urine (r=-0.233, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: An increased copy number of CMV
      DNA in urine might be a risk factor for hearing impairment induced by CMV
      infection. Children are likely to have hearing impairment when the copy number of
      CMV-DNA reaches 1.415*10(6) per mL. The monitoring of hearing should be
      strengthened in CMV-infected children with a decreased platelet count.

PMID- 26975821
TI  - [Relationship of cystatin C, fibrinogen, and 24-hour urinary protein with renal
      pathological grade in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of cystatin C (CysC), fibrinogen (Fbg), and
      24-hour urinary protein with renal pathological grade in children with Henoch
      Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), and to explore their values. METHODS: The
      clinical data of 48 children diagnosed with HSPN by renal biopsy from January
      2011 to January 2015 were reviewed. According to renal pathological grading, in
      the 48 children with HSPN, 12 had stage IIa or lower, 12 stage IIb, 17 stage
      IIIa, and 7 stage IIIb or higher. The latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay,
      turbidimetric measurement, and end-point method were used to determine the levels
      of serum CysC, Fbg, and 24-hour urinary protein, respectively. Pearson and
      Spearman correlation analyses were used to test the correlations between the
      indices and between the indices and renal pathological grade. RESULTS: There were
      significant differences in the levels of serum CysC, Fbg, and 24-hour urinary
      protein between patients with different pathological grades (P<0.05). The level
      of each index increased with increasing pathological grade (P<0.05). In the 48
      children with HSPN, the level of 24-hour urine protein was positively correlated
      with the levels of serum CysC (r=0.51, P<0.05) and Fbg (r=0.63, P<0.05). The
      level of Fbg was positively correlated with that of serum CysC (r=0.55, P<0.05).
      The levels of CysC, Fbg, and 24-hour urinary protein were all positively
      correlated with renal pathological grade (r=0.66, 0.64 and 0.68; respectively,
      P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of CysC, Fbg, and 24-hour urine protein can
      reflect the severity of renal injury, providing satisfactory prediction of the
      severity of renal injury in children with HSPN.

PMID- 26975822
TI  - [Significance of Th17/Treg imbalance in children with primary immune
      thrombocytopenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of Th17/Treg imbalance in the
      development and treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in children.
      METHODS: Thirty-two children diagnosed with ITP between May and August, 2015 and
      22 healthy children were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to determine the
      Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood of healthy children and children with ITP
      before and after treatment with immunoglobulin. RESULTS: Compared with the
      patients with ITP before treatment, the healthy children and the patients treated
      with immunoglobulin had a significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells in CD4+ T
      cells, a significantly lower Th17/Treg ratio, and a significantly higher
      percentage of Treg cells in CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood (P<0.05). In the 32
      ITP children treated with immunoglobulin, 20 had complete response, 4 had
      response, and 8 had no response. The patients with complete response had a
      significantly lower percentage of Th17 cells in CD4+ T cells and a significantly
      lower Th17/Treg ratio in peripheral blood than the patients without response
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The Th17/Treg imbalance can be found in children with ITP.
      Immunoglobulin can improve the cellular immune function by regulation of the
      Th17/Treg ratio. The Th17/Treg ratio may serve as an indicator for assessing the
      therapeutic effects of ITP.

PMID- 26975823
TI  - [Association between IL1R1 gene polymorphisms and childhood asthma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs) in IL1R1 gene (rs1558641 and rs949963) with the susceptibility to asthma
      in children from Central China. METHODS: A case-control study was performed in
      the asthma group and the control group, consisting of 208 children with asthma
      and 223 normal children from Central China, respectively. The genotypes of two
      SNPs in IL1R1 gene, rs1558641 and rs949963, were identified using polymerase
      chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The serum level of IL1R1
      was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: There were no
      significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of rs1558641 between
      the asthma and control groups. In terms of rs949963, the frequencies of GG
      genotype and alleles were significantly higher in the asthma group than in the
      control group (P<0.05). The asthma group had a significantly higher serum level
      of IL1R1 than the control group (P=0.011). Moreover, the serum level of IL1R1 was
      significantly higher in patients with GG genotype than in those with AA or AG
      genotype for rs949963 (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: IL1R1 SNP rs949963 is associated
      with the susceptibility to asthma in children from Central China and may increase
      the serum expression of IL1R1.

PMID- 26975824
TI  - [Efficacy of different doses of recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment
      of short stature in children born small for gestational age].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of different doses of
      recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in the treatment of short stature in
      children born small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS: A total of 37 children
      with short stature born SGA were enrolled, and based on the dose of rhGH
      treatment, they were divided into low-dose rhGH group (0.1-0.15 IU/kg daily) and
      high-dose rhGH group (0.16-0.2 IU/kg daily). The changes in height standard
      deviation score (DeltaHtSDS), height velocity (HV), serum levels of insulin-like
      growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP
      3), and fasting blood glucose at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months after treatment were
      compared between the two groups. RESULTS: DeltaHtSDS and HV both increased after
      the treatment with high- and low-dose rhGH, but DeltaHtSDS and HV in the high
      dose rhGH group were significantly higher than in the low-dose rhGH group 9, 12
      and 24 months after treatment (P<0.05). Both high- and low-dose rhGH treatment
      increased serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. Serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3
      were positively correlated with HtSDS in both groups. One child each in the high-
      and low-dose rhGH groups experienced transient slight increase in fasting blood
      glucose (6.1 mmol/L). There were no cases of abnormal thyroid function.
      CONCLUSIONS: rhGH has good efficacy in the treatment of short stature in children
      born SGA, with few adverse events, and high-dose rhGH has some advantages over
      low-dose rhGH.

PMID- 26975825
TI  - [Brain injury after induction chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in brain injury after the induction
      chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by cranial MRI.
      METHODS: The clinical data and cranial MRI results of 62 children with ALL who
      were hospitalized from March 2014 to June 2015 were analyzed retrospectively.
      RESULTS: Before chemotherapy, MRI showed bone marrow infiltration of the skull in
      33 patients (53%); the children with WBC<20*10(9)/Lhad a significantly lower
      incidence rate of bone marrow infiltration of the skull than those with
      WBC>=20*10(9)/L (16 patients/42% vs 17 patients/71%; P<0.05), and the high-risk
      group had a significantly higher incidence rate of bone marrow infiltration of
      the skull than the non-high-risk group (71% vs 44%; P<0.05). Before chemotherapy,
      there were 4 cases (7%) of brain atrophy, and 2 cases (3%) of abnormal signals in
      the sensory conduction bundle. MRI reexamination in 28 patients after 3 months of
      chemotherapy showed 3 new cases (11%) of brain atrophy and 1 aggravated case of
      brain atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The children with ALL have bone marrow infiltration
      of the skull, brain atrophy, and abnormal signals in the sensory conduction
      bundle before chemotherapy, especially bone marrow infiltration of the skull, and
      some changes in brain injury disappear after treatment.

PMID- 26975826
TI  - [Recurrent bleeding tendency in a school-aged boy].
AB  - The study reports a boy with alpha1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh mutation. The boy was
      admitted into the hospital because of recurrent joint hematoma. The laboratory
      examinations revealed that prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin
      time were prolonged and cannot be corrected by 1:1 fresh plasma. The inhibitor of
      factor VIII, anticardiolipin antibody and lupus anticoagulant were all negative.
      Platelet aggregation test indicated the existence of the inhibitor of thrombin.
      Alpha1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh mutation was confirmed by genomic sequencing. The
      clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are discussed
      in this paper. 

PMID- 26975827
TI  - [Effects of PINK1 gene on cell apoptosis and cell autophagy in neonatal mice with
      hypoxic-ischemic brain damage].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted
      on chromosome ten induced putative kinase 1) gene on cell apoptosis and cell
      autophagy in neonatal mice with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). METHODS:
      Seventy-two wild-type C57BL/6 mice and 72 PINK1 gene knockout neonatal C57BL/6
      mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated wild-type (SWT), HIBD
      model wild-type (MWT), sham-operated knockout (SKO) and HIBD model knockout
      (MKO). HIBD model was prepared by low oxygen exposure for 2.5 hours after right
      carotid artery ligation. After 24 hours of hypoxia-ischemia treatment, TTC (2,3,5
      triphenyl four azole nitrogen chloride) staining was used to measure brain
      infarct volume. The immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the
      expression of cell apoptosis protein cleaved-caspase-3 (CC3) in brain tissues.
      The TUNEL method was used to measure cell apoptosis. The immunofluorescence
      staining and Western blot were used to measure the expression of cell autophagy
      protein LC3. RESULTS: Compared with the MWT group, the infarct volume of brain
      tissues was markedly reduced in the MKO group (P<0.05), the number of apoptotic
      cells and the cell apoptosis index were markedly decreased in the MKO group
      (P<0.05), the expression of apoptosis protein CC3 was significantly reduced in
      the MKO group (P<0.05), the expression of cell autophagy protein LC3 was
      significantly decreased in the MKO group, and the autophagy indicator LC3II/LC3I
      was also markedly reduced in the MKO group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PINK1 gene
      knockout can protect neonatal mice from HIBD.

PMID- 26975828
TI  - [Expression profiles of miRNA-182 and Clock mRNA in the pineal gland of neonatal
      rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of miRNA expression in the pineal gland of
      neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and the possible roles of
      miRNA in the pathogenesis of circadian rhythm disturbance after HIBD. METHODS:
      Seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: HIBD
      and sham-operated. HIBD was induced according to the Rice-Vannucci method. The
      pineal glands were obtained 24 hours after the HIBD event. The expression
      profiles of miRNAs were determined using GeneChip technigue and quantitative real
      time PCR (RT-PCR). Then the miRNA which was highly expressed was selected. The
      expression levels of the chosen miRNA were detected in different tissues (lungs,
      intestines, stomach, kidneys, cerebral cortex, pineal gland). RT-PCR analysis was
      performed to measure the expression profiles of the chosen miRNA and the targeted
      gene Clock mRNA in the pineal gland at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours after HIBD.
      RESULTS: miRNA-182 that met the criteria was selected by GeneChip and RT-PCR.
      miRNA-182 was highly expressed in the pineal gland. Compared with the sham
      operated group, the expression of miRNA-182 was significantly up-regulated in the
      pineal gland at 24 and 48 hours after HIBD (P<0.05). Compared with the sham
      operated group, Clock mRNA expression in the HIBD group increased at 0 hour after
      HIBD, decreased at 48 hours after HIBD and increased at 72 hours after HIBD
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: miRNA-182 may be involved in the pathogenesis of circadian
      rhythm disturbance after HIBD.

PMID- 26975829
TI  - [Expression profiles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the spinal dorsal
      horn of young rats with visceral hypersensitivity].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the expression of brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the spinal dorsal horn and the increase in visceral
      hypersensitivity in young rats by establishing a young rat model of visceral
      hypersensitivity by neonatal maternal separation (NMS). METHODS: Thirty-two
      newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups by
      a 2*2 factorial design: control, NMS, colorectal distension (CRD), and NMS+CRD.
      The newborn rats in the NMS and NMS+CRD groups were subjected to 3-hour daily
      maternal separation from days 2 to 14 after birth to establish a model of
      visceral hypersensitivity, while the rats in the control and CRD groups received
      no treatment after birth. At 6 weeks after birth, the CRD and CRD+NMS groups
      received CRD stimulation. The streptavidin-biotin complex immunohistochemical
      method was used to determine the expression of BDNF in the spinal dorsal horn.
      The immunohistochemical score (IHS) was calculated based on the percentage of
      BDNF-positive cells and color intensity. The percentage of BDNF-positive cells in
      the spinal dorsal horn and IHS were analyzed by factorial analysis of variance.
      RESULTS: The expression of BDNF was detected bilaterally in the spinal dorsal
      horn at different levels in the four groups. The percentage of BDNF-positive
      cells and IHS were significantly higher in the NMS and NMS+CRD groups than in the
      control group (P<0.05). The results of factorial analysis of variance indicated
      that NMS significantly increased the percentage of BDNF-positive cells in the
      spinal dorsal horn and IHS; a single CRD stimulation had no effects on the IHS of
      BDNF-positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn; there was no interaction between
      NMS and a single CRD stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The over-expression of BDNF in the
      spinal dorsal horn may be involved in high visceral hypersensitivity in young
      rats induce by NMS.

PMID- 26975830
TI  - [Research advances in candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder].
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a kind of neurodevelopmental multigenic
      disorder. More than one hundred of candidate genes for ASD have been reported.
      The candidate gene research for ASD involves in chromosome loci and screening of
      candidate genes and epigenetic abnormalities for candidate genes. The reported
      genes encode neural adhesion molecules, ion channels, scaffold proteins, protein
      kinases, receptor protein and carrier protein, signaling modulate molecules and
      circadian relevant proteins. The research of mutation screening and expression
      regulation of candidate genes can help to elucidate genetic mechanisms for ASD,
      and may provide new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
      This article reviews the research advance in candidate genes for ASD. 

PMID- 26975832
TI  - When cancer cannot be cured: A qualitative study on relationship changes in
      couples facing advanced melanoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this qualitative study was to gain a deeper understanding
      about couples' relationship changes over time (the first six months) after one
      partner is diagnosed with an incurable advanced melanoma (stage III or IV).
      METHOD: In semistructured interviews, eight patients and their partners were
      asked separately about potential changes in their relationship since diagnosis.
      The same questions were asked again six months later, but focusing on
      relationship changes over the preceding six months. Some 32 audiotaped interviews
      were analyzed applying qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: At baseline (t1),
      relationship changes were mostly reported in terms of caring, closeness/distance
      regulation, and communication patterns. While changes in caregiving and
      distance/closeness regulation remained main issues at six months follow-up (t2),
      greater appreciation of the relationship and limitations in terms of planning
      spare time also emerged as major issues. Unexpectedly, 50% of patients and
      partners reported actively hiding their negative emotions and sorrows from their
      counterparts to spare them worry. Furthermore, qualitative content analysis
      revealed relationship changes even in those patients and partners who primarily
      reported no changes over the course of the disease. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Our
      findings revealed a differentiated and complex picture about relationship changes
      over time, which also might aid in the development of support programs for
      couples dealing with advanced cancer, focusing on the aspects of caring,
      closeness/distance regulation, and communication patterns.

PMID- 26975831
TI  - Perinuclear Arp2/3-driven actin polymerization enables nuclear deformation to
      facilitate cell migration through complex environments.
AB  - Cell migration has two opposite faces: although necessary for physiological
      processes such as immune responses, it can also have detrimental effects by
      enabling metastatic cells to invade new organs. In vivo, migration occurs in
      complex environments and often requires a high cellular deformability, a property
      limited by the cell nucleus. Here we show that dendritic cells, the sentinels of
      the immune system, possess a mechanism to pass through micrometric constrictions.
      This mechanism is based on a rapid Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation around the
      nucleus that disrupts the nuclear lamina, the main structure limiting nuclear
      deformability. The cells' requirement for Arp2/3 to pass through constrictions
      can be relieved when nuclear stiffness is decreased by suppressing lamin A/C
      expression. We propose a new role for Arp2/3 in three-dimensional cell migration,
      allowing fast-moving cells such as leukocytes to rapidly and efficiently migrate
      through narrow gaps, a process probably important for their function. 

PMID- 26975834
TI  - Dealloying-driven nanoporous palladium with superior electrochemical actuation
      performance.
AB  - Metal-hydrogen (in particular, Pd-H) interactions have been receiving
      considerable attention over the past 150 years within the scope of hydrogen
      storage, catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen-induced
      interfacial failure. Here, for the first time, we show that the coupling of
      hydrogen adsorption and absorption could trigger giant reversible strain in bulk
      nanoporous Pd (np-Pd) in a weakly adsorbed NaF electrolyte. The bulk np-Pd with a
      hierarchically porous structure and a ligament/channel size of ~10 nm was
      fabricated using a dealloying strategy with compositional/structural design of
      the precursor. The np-Pd actuator exhibits a giant reversible strain of up to
      3.28% (stroke of 137.8 MUm), which is a 252% enhancement in comparison to the
      state-of-the-art value of 1.3% in np-AuPt. The strain rate (~10(-5) s(-1)) of np
      Pd is two orders of magnitude higher than that of current metallic actuators.
      Moreover, the volume-/mass-specific strain energy density (10.71 MJ m(-3)/3811 J
      kg(-1)) of np-Pd reaches the highest level compared with that of previously
      reported actuator materials. The outstanding actuation performance of np-Pd could
      be attributed to the coupling of hydrogen adsorption/absorption and its unique
      hierarchically nanoporous structure. Our findings provide valuable information
      for the design of novel high-performance metallic actuators. 

PMID- 26975835
TI  - Improving household-level nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive conditions
      key to reducing child undernutrition in India.

PMID- 26975833
TI  - REGene: a literature-based knowledgebase of animal regeneration that bridge
      tissue regeneration and cancer.
AB  - Regeneration is a common phenomenon across multiple animal phyla. Regeneration
      related genes (REGs) are critical for fundamental cellular processes such as
      proliferation and differentiation. Identification of REGs and elucidating their
      functions may help to further develop effective treatment strategies in
      regenerative medicine. So far, REGs have been largely identified by small-scale
      experimental studies and a comprehensive characterization of the diverse
      biological processes regulated by REGs is lacking. Therefore, there is an ever
      growing need to integrate REGs at the genomics, epigenetics, and transcriptome
      level to provide a reference list of REGs for regeneration and regenerative
      medicine research. Towards achieving this, we developed the first literature
      based database called REGene (REgeneration Gene database). In the current
      release, REGene contains 948 human (929 protein-coding and 19 non-coding genes)
      and 8445 homologous genes curated from gene ontology and extensive literature
      examination. Additionally, the REGene database provides detailed annotations for
      each REG, including: gene expression, methylation sites, upstream transcription
      factors, and protein-protein interactions. An analysis of the collected REGs
      reveals strong links to a variety of cancers in terms of genetic mutation,
      protein domains, and cellular pathways. We have prepared a web interface to share
      these regeneration genes, supported by refined browsing and searching functions
      at http://REGene.bioinfo-minzhao.org/. 

PMID- 26975836
TI  - The Volunteering-in-Place (VIP) Program: Providing meaningful volunteer activity
      to residents in assisted living with mild cognitive impairment.
AB  - The Volunteering-in-Place (VIP) Program was developed to provide individualized
      meaningful volunteer activities matched to interests and capabilities for older
      adults with MCI in assisted living. The purposes of this single-site pre
      test/post-test pilot study were to (1) establish feasibility of the VIP Program
      based on treatment fidelity (design, treatment, delivery, enactment); and (2)
      evaluate preliminary efficacy via improvement in psychological health (depressive
      symptoms, usefulness, purpose, resilience, and life satisfaction) and decreased
      sedentary activity (survey and Fitbit) at 3 and 6 months. Ten residents
      participated. The majority was white, female and educated, and on average 88
      years old. The VIP Program was feasible and most participants continued to
      volunteer at 6 months. There were non-significant improvements in depressive
      symptoms, usefulness, purpose, resilience and recreational physical activity. The
      results of this study provide support for the feasibility of the VIP Program.
      Further study is necessary to examine efficacy.

PMID- 26975838
TI  - Factors Associated With Accidental Injuries in Children With ADHD-Combined Type:
      More Than a Motor Problem?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We explored the relationship between accidental injuries, motor
      impairment, and co-occurring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children
      with ADHD-combined type (ADHD-CT). METHOD: Participants were 32 male children
      diagnosed with ADHD-CT and 23 typically developing male children (7-12 years,
      full scale IQ [FSIQ] > 80). Parents completed a customized questionnaire on the
      occurrence of accidental injuries (e.g., bruises, cuts) their child experienced
      in the past 12 months. Motor proficiency was assessed using the Movement ABC-2
      (MABC-2). Parents rated motor, ADHD-CT, ASD, and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS:
      Children with ADHD-CT had significantly increased parent-reported accidental
      injuries compared with typically developing children. Among children with ADHD
      CT, Spearman's rho rank correlations revealed no association between increased
      accidental injuries and MABC-2 score, but significant associations with increased
      hyperactivity/impulsivity, ASD, and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: Although these
      findings require validation, they suggest a need for further research
      investigating the contribution of co-occurring ASD and anxiety symptoms to
      accidental injuries in children with ADHD-CT.

PMID- 26975837
TI  - Involving the consumers: An exploration of users' and caregivers' needs and
      expectations on a fall prevention brochure: A qualitative study.
AB  - This study aims to explore and compare nursing home residents', family members',
      and nursing staff's needs and expectations regarding a fall prevention brochure.
      Focus groups were carried out with 25 residents, 12 family members and 14 nursing
      staff separately, from three randomly selected nursing homes. Qualitative content
      analysis was used to analyze the data using a concept-driven coding frame.
      Results showed that residents want to be informed about dealing with extrinsic
      fall risks and coping strategies after a fall event. In addition, family members
      wanted to have detailed information on intrinsic fall risks as well as specific
      fall prevention strategies, such as body exercises. Of special importance for
      nursing staff was that not all falls are preventable even when preventive
      measures were taken. As the need and expectations of users differ substantially,
      one brochure could not comprise all postulated criteria and different brochures
      are necessary for residents and for family members.

PMID- 26975839
TI  - Active push deployment technique improves stent/vessel-wall interaction in
      endovascular treatment of acute stroke with stent retrievers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimal interaction between stent struts and thrombus is crucial
      for successful revascularization in endovascular stroke therapy with stent
      retrievers. Deploying the stent retriever by actively pushing it into the
      thrombus increases the radial force with which the stent struts expand into the
      thrombus. OBJECTIVE: To examine the active push deployment (APD) technique in an
      in vitro model and present our clinical experience with this technique. METHODS:
      In an in vitro experiment we investigated the configuration of a Solitaire and a
      Trevo ProVue device (both 4*20 mm), depending on whether the devices were
      deployed using the APD technique or simple unsheathing. We retrospectively
      assessed the effectiveness and safety of this technique by analyzing 130 patients
      with large vessel occlusions (carotid T or M1 segment of the middle cerebral
      artery), who received endovascular treatment with a Trevo device (4*20 mm) that
      was deployed using the APD technique. RESULTS: In vitro experiment: the APD
      technique improved apposition of the devices to the vessel wall. There was
      widening of 30% (Trevo) and 19% (Solitaire) at the cost of a shortening of 5% and
      4%, respectively, when the devices were deployed in a carotid T model. Clinical
      study: the revascularization rate (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction >=2b) with
      the Trevo device was 90%. There were no retriever-associated dissections or
      perforations in 278 retrieval maneuvers. CONCLUSIONS: The APD technique improves
      apposition of the tested devices to the vessel wall. The widening effect comes at
      the cost of minimal shortening of the devices. Our clinical experience shows that
      using the APD technique to deploy the Trevo device is effective and safe.

PMID- 26975840
TI  - Concomitant coiling reduces metalloproteinase levels in flow diverter-treated
      aneurysms but anti-inflammatory treatment has no effect.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Flow diverters (FD) can cause rare but devastating
      delayed aneurysm ruptures in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been
      potentially implicated. Concomitant coiling or anti-inflammatory medications have
      been proposed to prevent the risk of delayed ruptures. The aim of this study was
      to evaluate concomitant coiling and ciclosporin in regulating the expression of
      MMPs in FD-treated aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Elastase-induced aneurysms
      were created in 20 rabbits. Aneurysms were treated with (1) FD alone; (2) FD with
      concomitant coiling; (3) FD+ ciclosporin; or (4) left untreated as controls. At
      sacrifice, MMP levels were analyzed by zymography. Kruskal-Wallis one-way non
      parametric ANOVA was performed for each enzyme. If significant results were
      observed for the Kruskal-Wallis test, pairwise group comparisons were performed
      using Dunn's test with Bonferroni multiple-testing correction. RESULTS:
      Significant differences were observed among groups for pro-MMP9 (p=0.0337).
      Pairwise comparison demonstrated higher levels of pro-MMP9 with concomitant
      coiling compared with untreated aneurysms (p=0.012), with higher though not
      significantly different levels of pro-MMP9 in FD with concomitant coiling versus
      FD alone. While not statistically significant, trends were noted regarding
      differences in active-MMP9 across groups, with a lower level of active-MMP9 with
      concomitant coiling compared with the other FD groups. No significant differences
      were observed for pro- or active-MMP2 across groups, or for FD + ciclosporin
      compared with FD alone. CONCLUSIONS: FD implantation increases the level of pro
      MMP9 expression in aneurysms. Provocative trends regarding modulation of active
      MMP9 expression with concomitant coiling suggest the need for larger confirmatory
      preclinical studies. Anti-inflammatory treatment with ciclosporin appears to have
      a minimal biological effect. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: R01NS076491.

PMID- 26975841
TI  - Degraded and osteogenic properties of coated magnesium alloy AZ31; an
      experimental study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Degraded and osteogenic property of coated magnesium alloy was
      evaluated for the fracture fixation in rabbits. METHODS: Magnesium alloy AZ31
      with a different coating thickness by microarc oxidation was used, and the
      bilateral radial fracture model was created by the bite bone clamp. Thirty-six
      New Zealand white rabbits in weight of 2.5~3.0 kg were randomly divided into A,
      B, and C groups at four time points and other 3 rabbits as the control group
      without magnesium alloy. Coated magnesium alloy AZ31 was implanted on the
      fracture and fixed with silk thread. Indexes such as general observation,
      histology, X-ray, hematology, and mechanical properties were observed and
      detected at 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 12th week after implantation. RESULTS: Fracture in
      each rabbit was healed at 12th week after implantation. Among the three groups,
      the best results of general observation, histology, and X-ray appeared in A group
      without coating. However, A group showed the worst results from the perspective
      of mechanical properties about tensile strength and flexural strength, which
      failed to reach that of the natural bone at the 12th week. Comprehensive results
      displayed that C group with 20-MUm coating was better than others in mechanical
      properties, while there is no difference between B and C groups in hematology.
      CONCLUSIONS: Degradation rate is inversely proportional to the coating thickness.
      And magnesium alloy with a 20-MUm coating is more suitable for the fracture
      fixation.

PMID- 26975842
TI  - Acetylpyrene-labelled 7-methylguanine nucleotides: unusual fluorescence
      properties and application to decapping scavenger activity monitoring.
AB  - 7-Methylguanosine (m(7)G) nucleotides labelled with acetylpyrene (AcPy) were
      synthesized as fluorescent mRNA 5' end (cap) analogues. The unique fluorescent
      properties of m(7)G-AcPy conjugates, different from G-AcPy, can be applied to
      studying various mRNA cap-related processes including the evaluation of putative
      inhibitors of DcpS enzyme-a therapeutic target in neuromuscular diseases. 

PMID- 26975843
TI  - Alternate carbohydrate and nontraditional inducer leads to increased productivity
      of a collagen binding domain fusion protein via fed-batch fermentation.
AB  - The production of collagen binding domain fusion proteins is of significant
      importance because of their potential as therapeutic biomaterials. It was
      previously reported that the expression of collagen-binding domain fusion
      proteins in Escherichia coli was higher when expressed using lactose as an
      inducer and chemically defined growth media on a shake flask scale. In an effort
      to further investigate factors that affect expression levels on a fed-batch
      scale, alternative induction techniques were tested in conjunction with fed-batch
      fermentation. In this paper, we discuss ten fed-batch fermentation experiments
      utilizing either glucose or glycerol feed and using lactose or isopropyl-beta-d
      thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as an induction source. It was found that glycerol
      fed fermentations induced with lactose allowed for greater expression of target
      protein, though lesser cell densities were achieved. 

PMID- 26975844
TI  - Genome wide transcription start sites analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv.
      campestris B100 with insights into the gum gene cluster directing the
      biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide xanthan.
AB  - Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the major producer of the
      exopolysaccharide xanthan, the commercially most important natural polysaccharide
      of microbial origin. The current work provides deeper insights into the yet
      uncharacterized transcriptomic features of the xanthan producing strain Xcc-B100.
      Towards this goal, RNA sequencing of a library based on the selective enrichment
      of the 5' ends of native transcripts was performed. This approach resulted in the
      genome wide identification of 3067 transcription start sites (TSSs) that were
      further classified based on their genomic positions. Among them, 1545 mapped
      upstream of an actively transcribed CDS and 1363 were classified as novel TSSs
      representing antisense, internal, and TSSs belonging to previously unidentified
      genomic features. Analyzing the transcriptional strength of primary and antisense
      TSSs revealed that in some instances antisense transcription seemed to be
      initiated at a higher level than its sense counterpart. Mapping the exact
      positions of TSSs aided in the identification of promoter consensus motifs,
      ribosomal binding sites, and enhanced the genome annotation of 159 in silico
      predicted translational start (TLS) sites. The global view on length distribution
      of the 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) deduced from the data pointed to the
      occurrence of leaderless transcripts and transcripts with unusually long 5'-UTRs,
      in addition to identifying seven putative riboswitch elements for Xcc-B100.
      Concerning the biosynthesis of xanthan, we focused on the transcriptional
      organization of the gum gene cluster. Under the conditions tested, we present
      evidence for a complex transcription pattern of the gum genes with multiple TSSs
      and an obvious considerable role of antisense transcription. The gene gumB,
      encoding an outer membrane xanthan exporter, is presented here as an example for
      genes that possessed a strong antisense TSS. 

PMID- 26975846
TI  - Bilateral gluteal advancement flap for treatment of recurrent sacrococcygeal
      pilonidal disease: A prospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the best surgical approach for recurrent
      pilonidal disease (PND) up till now. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of
      bilateral gluteal fascio-myo-cutaneous advancement flap (BGFMCF) in treatment of
      recurrent PND. PATIENT AND METHODS: Forty patients (35 males, 5 females) with
      recurrent PND were admitted and treated with BGFMCF. Variables assessed were
      incidence of recurrence, postoperative complications, patients' satisfaction and
      quality of life. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 25 +/- 6.8 years and a mean
      body mass index of 28.4 +/- 2.7. Mean operative time was 87 +/- 13 min and mean
      length of hospital stay was 3 +/- 0.7 days. Mean period of follow-up was 15.8 +/-
      4.9 months. Recurrence was detected in 2 (5%) patients and minor complications
      occurred in 6 (15%) patients. Thirty eight (95%) patients were satisfied by the
      procedure at the end of follow-up period. CONCLUSION: BGFMCF is an effective
      procedure for treatment of recurrent sacrococcygeal PND with low recurrence rate
      and acceptable morbidity.

PMID- 26975845
TI  - Cross-sectional relations of race and poverty status to cardiovascular risk
      factors in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Lifespan
      (HANDLS) study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Examine interactive relations of race and poverty status with
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a socioeconomically diverse sample
      of urban-dwelling African American (AA) and White adults. METHODS: Participants
      were 2,270 AAs and Whites (57% AA; 57% female; ages 30-64 years) who completed
      the first wave of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life
      Span (HANDLS) study. CVD risk factors assessed included body mass index (BMI),
      waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol (TC), high- and low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glycated hemoglobin
      (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), and systolic, diastolic, and
      pulse pressure (SBP, DBP, PP). Interactive and independent relations of race,
      poverty status, and sex were examined for each outcome via ordinary least squares
      regression adjusted for age, education, literacy, substance use, depressive
      symptoms, perceived health care barriers, medical co-morbidities, and
      medications. RESULTS: Significant interactions of race and poverty status (p's <
      .05) indicated that AAs living in poverty had lower BMI and WC and higher HDL-C
      than non-poverty AAs, whereas Whites living in poverty had higher BMI and WC and
      lower HDL-C than non-poverty Whites. Main effects of race revealed that AAs had
      higher levels of HbA1c, SBP, and PP, and Whites had higher levels of TC, LDL-C
      and TG (p's < .05). CONCLUSION: Poverty status moderated race differences for
      BMI, WC, and HDL-C, conveying increased risk among Whites living in poverty, but
      reduced risk in their AA counterparts. Race differences for six additional risk
      factors withstood extensive statistical adjustments including SES indicators.

PMID- 26975847
TI  - Jim Kadonaga: Exploring transcription and chromatin.

PMID- 26975848
TI  - Lysosomes relax in the cellular suburbs.
AB  - Lysosomes support cellular homeostasis by degrading macromolecules and recycling
      nutrients. In this issue, Johnson et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201507112) reveal a heterogeneity in lysosomal pH
      and degradative ability that correlates with lysosome subcellular localization,
      raising questions about the functional implications and mechanisms underlying
      these observations. 

PMID- 26975849
TI  - The position of lysosomes within the cell determines their luminal pH.
AB  - We examined the luminal pH of individual lysosomes using quantitative ratiometric
      fluorescence microscopy and report an unappreciated heterogeneity: peripheral
      lysosomes are less acidic than juxtanuclear ones despite their comparable
      buffering capacity. An increased passive (leak) permeability to protons, together
      with reduced vacuolar H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) activity, accounts
      for the reduced acidifying ability of peripheral lysosomes. The altered
      composition of peripheral lysosomes is due, at least in part, to more limited
      access to material exported by the biosynthetic pathway. The balance between Rab7
      and Arl8b determines the subcellular localization of lysosomes; more peripheral
      lysosomes have reduced Rab7 density. This in turn results in decreased
      recruitment of Rab-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP), an effector that
      regulates the recruitment and stability of the V1G1 component of the lysosomal V
      ATPase. Deliberate margination of lysosomes is associated with reduced
      acidification and impaired proteolytic activity. The heterogeneity in lysosomal
      pH may be an indication of a broader functional versatility. 

PMID- 26975850
TI  - Loss of miR-203 regulates cell shape and matrix adhesion through ROBO1/Rac/FAK in
      response to stiffness.
AB  - Breast tumor progression is accompanied by changes in the surrounding
      extracellular matrix (ECM) that increase stiffness of the microenvironment.
      Mammary epithelial cells engage regulatory pathways that permit dynamic responses
      to mechanical cues from the ECM. Here, we identify a SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling
      circuit as a key regulatory mechanism by which cells sense and respond to ECM
      stiffness to preserve tensional homeostasis. We observed that Robo1 ablation in
      the developing mammary gland compromised actin stress fiber assembly and
      inhibited cell contractility to perturb tissue morphogenesis, whereas SLIT2
      treatment stimulated Rac and increased focal adhesion kinase activity to enhance
      cell tension by maintaining cell shape and matrix adhesion. Further investigation
      revealed that a stiff ECM increased Robo1 levels by down-regulating miR-203.
      Consistently, patients whose tumor expressed a low miR-203/high Robo1 expression
      pattern exhibited a better overall survival prognosis. These studies show that
      cells subjected to stiffened environments up-regulate Robo1 as a protective
      mechanism that maintains cell shape and facilitates ECM adherence. 

PMID- 26975852
TI  - Correction: Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate levels in
      early-to-late endosome conversion.

PMID- 26975853
TI  - Erratum to: Reference point detection for camera-based fingerprint image based on
      wavelet transformation.

PMID- 26975851
TI  - Collagen-derived matricryptins promote inhibitory nerve terminal formation in the
      developing neocortex.
AB  - Inhibitory synapses comprise only ~20% of the total synapses in the mammalian
      brain but play essential roles in controlling neuronal activity. In fact,
      perturbing inhibitory synapses is associated with complex brain disorders, such
      as schizophrenia and epilepsy. Although many types of inhibitory synapses exist,
      these disorders have been strongly linked to defects in inhibitory synapses
      formed by Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons. Here, we discovered a novel role
      for an unconventional collagen-collagen XIX-in the formation of Parvalbumin(+)
      inhibitory synapses. Loss of this collagen results not only in decreased
      inhibitory synapse number, but also in the acquisition of schizophrenia-related
      behaviors. Mechanistically, these studies reveal that a proteolytically released
      fragment of this collagen, termed a matricryptin, promotes the assembly of
      inhibitory nerve terminals through integrin receptors. Collectively, these
      studies not only identify roles for collagen-derived matricryptins in cortical
      circuit formation, but they also reveal a novel paracrine mechanism that
      regulates the assembly of these synapses. 

PMID- 26975854
TI  - Epigenetic regulators: Polycomb-miRNA circuits in cancer.
AB  - Polycomb group (PcG) proteins belong to a family of epigenetic modifiers and play
      a key role in dynamic control of their target genes. Several reports have found
      that aberrations in PcG-microRNA (miRNA) interplay in various cancer types often
      associated with poor clinical prognosis. This review discusses important PcG
      miRNA molecular networks which act as critical interfaces between chromatin
      remodeling, and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of their
      target genes in cancer. Moreover, here are discussed several compounds
      influencing the activity of PcG proteins entered in clinical arena for the
      treatment of solid tumors, multiple myeloma and B lymphomas, thus highlighting
      the therapeutic potential of targeting this protein family. 

PMID- 26975855
TI  - Answer to the Letter to the Editor of V. Bartanusz concerning "Surgery and
      survival outcomes of 30 patients with neurological deficit due to clear cell
      renal cell carcinoma spinal metastases" by Shuai Han, et al. (Eur Spine J, 2015;
      DOI 10.1007/s00586-015-3912-3).

PMID- 26975856
TI  - Validity and reliability of photographic measures to evaluate waistline asymmetry
      in idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relationship between radiological, clinical and perceived
      waistline asymmetry (WLA) in a sample of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) patients.
      METHODS: 77 patients were included (mean age 20.3 years; 85 % women). We obtained
      a full X-ray of the spine and back clinical photography for all patients. On
      photographs, waist height angle (WHA), right/left waist angles (WA) and
      right/left waistline distance ratio were measured. SRS22, Trunk Appearance
      Perception Scale (TAPS) and Spinal Appearance Questinnaire (SAQ) questionnaires
      were also completed. The intra and inter-observer reliability of each
      photographic measure was assessed. A correlation analysis between all variables
      was done using Pearson Correlations Coefficient. RESULTS: All measures reported
      have excellent intra- and inter-observer (ICC >=0.8) reliability. A significant
      correlation was found between WHA and Cobb angle, mainly with Main Thoracic (MT)
      (r = -0.56). Right and left waist angles, and especially the difference between
      them (RLWAD), is related to the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TLL) curve. We have found a
      significant correlation between RLWAD and TLL curve magnitude (r = -0.54) and
      with the inclination of the lower end vertebra (LEV) (r = 0.74). Only WHA has a
      significant, but poor correlation (r ? 0.3) with trunk perception scales (TAPS
      and SAQ). No other significant correlations were found between WLA measures and
      patient related outcome scores. CONCLUSION: WLA measures proposed in this article
      are reliable tools to assess WLA. We have found a significant correlation between
      clinical WLA and skeletal deformity (Cobb angle). WHA is related with MT curve
      while the RLWAD depends on the TLL curve magnitude and its LEV. We have also
      found a significant relation between WHA and the patient's perception of the
      deformity. It seems that WLA is a cosmetic concern to take into account in
      clinical evaluation of IS patients.

PMID- 26975857
TI  - Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty using corneas from elderly
      donors.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of Descemet stripping automated endothelial
      keratoplasty (DSAEK) using corneas from elderly donors. METHODS: A total of 90
      eyes that underwent DSAEK at Juntendo University Hospital between January 2008
      and December 2012 were divided into two groups. Group 1 was eyes that received
      corneas from elderly donors aged 80 years or older (29 eyes), and group 2 was
      eyes that received corneas from donors aged 79 years or younger (61 eyes).
      Patient characteristics and visual acuity, endothelial cell density, and
      postoperative complications at 2 years after surgery were examined
      retrospectively. RESULTS: The mean age of the donors was 86.3 +/- 28.9 years
      (range, 80-98 years) in group 1 and 62.1 +/- 23.2 years (range, 26-79 years) in
      group 2. At 2 years after surgery, median logMAR visual acuity was 0.48 +/- 0.38
      in group 1 and 0.42 +/- 0.47 in group 2, while the median loss of endothelial
      cell density was 38.9 +/- 22.5 % and 39.7 +/- 23.8 %, respectively. There was no
      significant difference between the two groups for all the parameters.
      CONCLUSIONS: The rate of endothelial cell loss at 2 years after surgery was
      similar regardless of donor age (>=80 years vs <=79 years). It seems reasonable
      to use corneas from donors aged 80 years or older for DSAEK provided the
      selection criteria are fulfilled.

PMID- 26975858
TI  - Should I Perform Genetic Testing? A Qualitative Look into the Decision Making
      Considerations of Religious Israeli Undergraduate Students.
AB  - The aim of this study is to draw a picture of the concerns that guide the
      decision making of Israeli religious undergraduate students and the complex
      considerations they take into account while facing the need to have genetic
      testing or to attend a genetic counseling session. We examined how the religious
      affiliation of the students influences their perceptions toward genetics and how
      these are expressed. Qualitative data were collected from 51 semi-structured
      interviews with students, in which recurring themes were identified using
      'thematic analysis.' The codes from the thematic analysis were obtained according
      to 'grounded theory'. Our results show that religious undergraduate students'
      decision making in these issues is influenced by factors that fall under three
      main categories: knowledge and perceptions, values, and norms. In order to
      include all the components of influence, we created the Triple C model: "Culture
      influences Choices towards genetic Counseling" which aims to generalize the
      complex decision making considerations that we detected. Our model places
      religion, as part of culture, as its central point of influence that impacts all
      three of the main categories we detected. It also traces the bidirectional
      influences that each of these main categories have on one another. Using this
      model may help identify the sociocultural differences between different types of
      patients, helping genetic counselors to better assist them in addressing their
      genetic status by tailoring the counseling more specifically to the patient's
      cultural uniqueness.

PMID- 26975860
TI  - Non-Exposed Endoscopic Wall-Inversion Surgery for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
      of the Stomach: First Case Report in Korea.
AB  - Laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach is a widely accepted treatment for
      primary resectable gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, it is
      difficult to determine the appropriate incision line from outside of the stomach,
      and many attempts have been made to avoid unnecessary resection of unaffected
      gastric tissues. Recently a technique called non-exposed endoscopic wall
      inversion surgery (NEWS) was introduced to avoid exposure of GIST to the
      peritoneum. Here, we describe the first published case of NEWS for GIST of the
      stomach practiced in Korea.

PMID- 26975859
TI  - PET Imaging Study of S1PR1 Expression in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Upregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression in
      multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions is associated with neuroinflammatory response.
      This study investigated the correlation between neuroinflammation and S1PR1
      expression in the spinal cord of an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
      (EAE) rat model of MS, using the S1PR1 positron emission tomography (PET)
      radiotracer [(11)C]TZ3321. PROCEDURES: MicroPET imaging studies of [(11)C]TZ3321
      were performed to measure uptake of [(11)C]TZ3321 in the spinal cord of EAE rats.
      Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the overexpression of S1PR1
      and other inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: MicroPET imaging demonstrated a 20-30
      % increase in [(11)C]TZ3321 uptake in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE rats versus
      sham controls at 35-60 min post injection. The increased uptake of [(11)C]TZ3321
      was correlated with the overexpression of S1PR1 in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE
      rats that was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Upregulated S1PR1
      expression was associated with glial cell activation and immune cell
      infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: MicroPET imaging modality with a specific radioligand
      [(11)C]TZ3321 is able to assess the expression of S1PR1 in EAE rat lumbar spinal
      cord. This may provide a new approach to the assessment of neuroinflammatory
      response in MS and other inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 26975861
TI  - Endosonographic Features of Gastric Schwannoma: A Single Center Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastric schwannomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors that are
      difficult to differentiate from other mesenchymal tumors with malignant
      potential, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This study aimed to evaluate
      the characteristic findings of gastric schwannomas via endoscopic ultrasonography
      (EUS). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the EUS findings of 27 gastric
      schwannoma cases that underwent surgical excision at Pusan National University
      Hospital during 2007 to 2014. RESULTS: Gastric schwannomas were mainly located in
      the middle third of the stomach with a mean tumor size of 32 mm. All lesions
      exhibited hypoechoic echogenicity, and 24 lesions (88.9%) exhibited heterogeneous
      echogenicity. Seventeen lesions (63.0%) exhibited decreased echogenicity compared
      to the normal proper muscle layer. Distinct borders were observed in 24 lesions
      (88.9%), lobulated margins were observed in six lesions (22.2%), and marginal
      haloes were observed in 24 lesions (88.9%). Hyperechogenic spots were observed in
      21 lesions (77.8%), calcifications were observed in one lesion (3.7%), and cystic
      changes were observed in two lesions (7.4%). CONCLUSIONS: During EUS, gastric
      schwannomas appear as heterogeneously hypoechoic lesions with decreased
      echogenicity compared to the normal proper muscle layer. These features may be
      helpful for differentiating gastric schwannomas from other mesenchymal tumors.

PMID- 26975862
TI  - Double-Scope Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) for Esophageal Achalasia: The
      First Trial of a New Double-Scope POEM.
AB  - With the accumulation of clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety,
      peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has emerged as a less invasive treatment option
      for esophageal achalasia compared with laparoscopic Heller myotomy. However, the
      difficulty in determining the exact extent of myotomy, a critical factor
      associated with the success and safety of the procedure, remains a limitation.
      Although the various endoscopic landmarks and ancillary techniques have been
      applied, none of these has been proven sufficient. As a solution for this
      limitation, the double-scope POEM technique with a second endoscope to assure the
      exact length of the submucosal tunnel has been applied since 2014. Before double
      scope POEM was introduced, the second endoscope was applied only to confirm the
      accuracy of the procedure. In the present study, we performed double-scope POEM
      in the treatment of esophageal achalasia through a novel procedure of
      simultaneous application of the second endoscope to assist in the conventional
      POEM procedure. 

PMID- 26975863
TI  - Risk Factors for Developing Skeletal-Related Events in Breast Cancer Patients
      With Bone Metastases Undergoing Treatment With Bone-Modifying Agents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone-modifying agents (BMAs) reduce the incidence of skeletal-related
      events (SREs) and are thus recommended for breast cancer patients with bone
      metastases. However, the risk factors for SREs during BMA treatment are not well
      understood. This study evaluated the number and timing of SREs from case studies
      to identify these factors. METHODS: The medical records of 534 women with breast
      cancer who developed bone metastases between 1999 and 2011 were reviewed. SREs
      were defined as a pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, or the need for
      bone irradiation or surgery. Multiple variables were assessed and were analyzed
      by using the Cox proportional hazard analyses and the Andersen and Gill method.
      RESULTS: Multivariate analyses for both the time to the first SRE and the primary
      and subsequent SRE frequency demonstrated that significant baseline risk factors
      included luminal B type disease, a history of palliative radiation therapy, BMA
      treatment within 2 years, and elevated serum calcium levels at the time of the
      initial BMA dose. Additionally, for the time to the first SRE and for the primary
      and subsequent SRE frequency, the presence of extraskeletal metastases and BMA
      administration initiation >=6 months after the detection of bone metastases were
      also significant risk factors, respectively. CONCLUSION: In breast cancer
      patients with bone metastases, more vigilant observation should be considered for
      patients with the identified risk factors. To reduce the risk for SRE, BMAs
      should be administered within 6 months of bone metastases diagnosis and before
      palliative radiation therapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Retrospectively, risk
      factors were identified for skeletal-related events (SREs) in breast cancer
      patients with bone metastasis who were treated with bone-modifying agents (BMAs).
      For the time to the first SRE and for the SRE frequency, presence of
      extraskeletal metastases and BMA initiation >=6 months after the detection of
      bone metastases were risk factors, respectively. Luminal B type disease, a
      history of palliative radiation therapy, BMA treatment within 2 years, and
      elevated serum calcium levels at initial BMA dose were risk factors for both
      first SRE and SRE frequency. More vigilant observation should be considered for
      patients with these risk factors.

PMID- 26975865
TI  - The Log Odds of Positive Lymph Nodes Stratifies and Predicts Survival of High
      Risk Individuals Among Stage III Rectal Cancer Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) is an empiric
      transform formula that incorporates positive and negative lymph node data into a
      single ratio for prognostic utility. We sought to determine the value of the log
      odds ratio as a prognostic indicator compared with established lymph node indices
      in advanced-stage rectal cancer patients who have undergone curative resection.
      METHODS: Retrospective analysis of rectal cancer operations from 1995 to 2013
      identified all stage III cancer patients who underwent curative resection.
      Patients were stratified into three groups according to calculated lymph node
      ratios (LNRs) and log odds ratios (LODDS). The relationship between LNR, LODDS,
      and 5-year overall survival (OS) were assessed. RESULTS: OS for all patients was
      81.4%. Both LNR and LODDS stratifications identified differences in 5-year OS.
      LODDS stratification was significantly associated with OS (p = .04). Additional
      significant clinicopathologic demographic variables included sex (p = .02),
      venous invasion (p = .02), tumor location (p < .001), and receipt of adjuvant
      chemotherapy (p = .047). LODDS separated survival among patients in the low LNR
      group (LNR1). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that the measure of lymph node
      involvement transformed by the log odds ratio is a suitable predictor of 5-year
      overall survival in stage III rectal cancer. LODDS may be applied to stratify
      high-risk patients in the management of adjuvant therapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR
      PRACTICE: Traditionally, clinicians have relied solely on the total number of
      positive lymph nodes affected when determining patient prognosis in rectal
      cancer. However, the current staging strategy does not account for "high-risk,"
      biologically aggressive tumors that fall into the same risk categories as less
      clinically aggressive tumors. The log odds of positive lymph nodes is a logistic
      transform formula that uses pathologic lymph node data to stratify survival
      differences among patients within a single stage of disease. This formula allows
      clinicians to identify whether patients with clinically aggressive tumors fall
      into higher-risk groups, providing additional insight into how to better counsel
      patients and manage postoperative therapies.

PMID- 26975864
TI  - Where to Turn for Second-Line Cytoreduction After Hydroxyurea in Polycythemia
      Vera?
AB  - The goals of therapy in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) are to improve
      disease-related symptoms, prevent the incidence or recurrence of thrombosis, and
      possibly delay or prevent the transformation into myelofibrosis or acute myeloid
      leukemia (AML). Cytoreductive therapies have been used in older patients and
      those with a history of thrombosis to achieve these goals. Hydroxyurea (HU)
      remains the first-line cytoreductive choice; however, up to one in four patients
      treated with HU over time will develop resistance or intolerance to HU. More
      importantly, patients who fail HU have a 5.6-fold increase in mortality and a 6.8
      fold increase risk of transformation to myelofibrosis or AML; therefore,
      alternative therapies are needed for these patients. Interferon-alpha has been
      used in PV and has shown significant activity in achieving hematologic responses
      and decreasing JAK2 V617F mutation allele burden. JAK inhibition has also been
      investigated and recently garnered regulatory approval for this indication. In
      this review, we will discuss the current treatment options that are available for
      patients after HU and the novel therapies that are currently under investigation.
      IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The outcomes of PV patients who fail or who are
      intolerant of hydroxyurea are poor. Although pegylated interferon can be
      considered in younger patients, currently, ruxolitinib is the only U.S. Food and
      Drug Administration-approved agent in this setting, representing a viable option,
      leading to hematocrit control and a reduction in spleen size and constitutional
      symptoms. Although a small number of patients will achieve a molecular response
      with continuous treatment, the implications of such response on the clinical
      outcomes are still unknown. Patients whose disease is not adequately controlled
      with ruxolitinib, or who lose their response, can be treated with low-dose
      busulfan or pipobroman; however, they should be encouraged to participate in
      trials with novel therapies.

PMID- 26975866
TI  - WITHDRAWN:A Practical Approach for Management of QT Prolongation Induced by
      Anticancer Drugs.
AB  - Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

PMID- 26975869
TI  - Round window chamber and fustis: endoscopic anatomy and surgical implications.
AB  - The round window region is of critical importance in the anatomy of the middle
      ear. The aim of this paper is to describe its anatomy from an endoscopic point of
      view, emphasizing structures that have important surgical implications, in
      particular the fustis and the subcochlear canaliculus. The fustis, a smooth bony
      structure that forms the floor of the round window region, is a constant and
      important structure. It seems to indicate the round window membrane and the
      correct position of scala tympani. A structure connecting the round window region
      to the petrous apex, named the subcochlear canaliculus, is also described. A
      retrospective review of video recordings of endoscopic dissection and surgical
      procedures, carried out between June 2014 and February 2015, was conducted across
      two Tertiary university referral centers. A total of 42 dissections were analyzed
      in the study. We observed the fustis in all the cases and we identify two
      different anatomical conformations. The subcochlear canaliculus was found in 81.0
      %, with a pneumatization direct to the petrous apex in 47.7 %. Conformation and
      limits of the round window niche may influence the surgical view of the round
      window membrane. Endoscopic approaches allow a very detailed view, which enables
      a comprehensive exploration of the round window region. Accurate knowledge of the
      anatomical relationships of this region has important advantages during middle
      ear surgery.

PMID- 26975868
TI  - Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Associated With Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma: Case Report, Literature Review, and Proposed Treatment Algorithm.
AB  - We report a case of a 31-year-old man with metastatic fibrolamellar
      hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) treated with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin
      complicated by hyperammonemic encephalopathy biochemically consistent with
      acquired ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Awareness of FLHCC-associated
      hyperammonemic encephalopathy and a pathophysiology-based management approach can
      optimize patient outcome and prevent serious complications. A discussion of the
      management, literature review, and proposed treatment algorithm of this rare
      metabolic complication are presented. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Pathophysiology
      guided management of cancer-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy can improve
      patient outcome and prevent life-threatening complications. Community and
      academic oncologists should be aware of this serious metabolic complication of
      cancer and be familiar with its management.

PMID- 26975867
TI  - Financial Burden of Cancer Clinical Trial Participation and the Impact of a
      Cancer Care Equity Program.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cancer clinical trial (CT) participation rates are low and
      financial barriers likely play a role. We implemented a cancer care equity
      program (CCEP) to address financial burden associated with trial participation.
      We sought to examine the impact of the CCEP on CT enrollment and to assess
      barriers to participation. METHODS: We used an interrupted time series design to
      determine trends in CT enrollment before and after CCEP implementation. Linear
      regression models compared trial enrollment before and after the CCEP. We also
      compared patient characteristics before and after the CCEP and between CCEP and
      non-CCEP participants. We surveyed CCEP and non-CCEP participants to compare pre
      enrollment financial barriers. RESULTS: After accounting for increased trial
      availability and the trends in accrual for prior years, we found that enrollment
      increased after CCEP implementation (18.97 participants per month greater than
      expected; p < .001). A greater proportion of CCEP participants were younger,
      female, in phase I trials, lived farther away, had lower incomes, and had
      metastatic disease. Of 87 participants who completed the financial barriers
      survey, 49 CCEP and 38 matched, non-CCEP participants responded (63% response
      rate). CCEP participants were more likely to report concerns regarding finances
      (56% vs. 11%), medical costs (47% vs. 14%), travel (69% vs. 11%), lodging (60%
      vs. 9%), and insurance coverage (43% vs. 14%) related to trial participation (all
      p < .01). CONCLUSION: CT participation increased following implementation of the
      CCEP and the program enrolled patients experiencing greater financial burden.
      These findings highlight the need to address the financial burden associated with
      CT participation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Financial barriers likely discourage
      patients from participating in clinical trials. Implementation of a cancer care
      equity program (CCEP) seeking to reduce financial barriers by assisting with
      travel and lodging costs was associated with increased trial accrual. The CCEP
      provided assistance to patients particularly in need, including those living
      farther away, those with lower incomes, and those reporting financial barriers
      related to trial participation. These findings suggest that financial concerns
      represent a major barrier to patient participation in clinical trials and
      underscore the importance of efforts to address these concerns.

PMID- 26975870
TI  - Design and Characterization of Metformin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for
      Colon Cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is a global concern, and its treatment is fraught with non
      selective effects including adverse side effects requiring hospital visits and
      palliative care. A relatively safe drug formulated in a bioavailability enhancing
      and targeting delivery platform will be of significance. Metformin-loaded solid
      lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were designed, optimized, and characterized for
      particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment, structure, crystallinity, thermal
      behavior, morphology, and drug release. Optimized SLN were 195.01 +/- 6.03 nm in
      size, -17.08 +/- 0.95 mV with regard to surface charge, fibrous in shape, largely
      amorphous, and release of metformin was controlled. The optimized size, charge,
      and shape suggest the solid lipid nanoparticles will migrate and accumulate in
      the colon tumor preventing its proliferation and subsequently leading to tumor
      shrinkage and cell death.

PMID- 26975871
TI  - Diffuse chorioretinal atrophy after a single standard low- dose intravitreal
      melphalan injection in a child with retinoblastoma: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Controlling retinoblastoma with seeding is challenging despite
      advances in treatment modalities. Intravitreal melphalan is an alternative to
      external beam radiation or enucleation for recurrent or refractory vitreous
      seeds. Significant ocular side effects following intravitreal melphalan
      injections are uncommon. Complications have been reported in eyes receiving
      higher concentrations of melphalan and repetitive injections. We report a case in
      which diffuse chorioretinal atrophy was developed at the injection site after a
      single, standard low-dose intravitreal melphalan injection. CASE PRESENTATION: A
      12-month-old female child without a family history of retinoblastoma presented
      with unilateral group C retinoblastoma in her right eye. A solitary tumour with
      retinal breaks on the tumour surface, and vitreous seeds overlying the tumour
      were observed at the 8 o'clock position of the retina. After two cycles of intra
      arterial chemotherapy with melphalan, the main tumour displayed significant
      regression, but the vitreous seeds overlying the main tumour were still active.
      Because of the persistence of vitreous seeds and the inadequate response to intra
      arterial melphalan treatment, intravitreal melphalan (8 MUg in 0.05 mL) was
      injected using a 32-gauge needle 2.5 mm from the 5 o'clock position of the
      limbus, the meridian opposite to the vitreous seeds. After 1 month, the retina
      around the injection site demonstrated diffuse retinal pigment epithelium
      alterations with dense hard exudates. Although the main retinal mass, and
      vitreous seeds resolved, the hard exudates persisted for more than 2 years after
      the single low-dose melphalan injection. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal melphalan
      injections should be cautiously used for eyes with refractory seeds, particularly
      when multiple injections are required to control retinoblastoma seeds. Dose-
      related retinal toxicity could occur in pre-treated eyes even when a relatively
      low standard dose is used. Such patients should be followed up closely to monitor
      the treatment response and to assess potential delayed toxicity.

PMID- 26975874
TI  - Survey of patient exposure from general radiography and mammography in Japan in
      2014.
AB  - With the objective of reducing patient exposure to radiation, we conducted a
      questionnaire survey regarding radiographic conditions in 2014. Here we report
      estimates of dose exposure in general radiography and mammography through an
      investigation and comparison of present patient exposure conditions.
      Questionnaires were sent to 3000 facilities nationwide in Japan. Surveys asked
      questions on a total of 16 items related to general radiography, including the
      chest, abdomen, and breast. Output data from x-ray tubes measured in the Chubu
      area of Japan were used as the mean in these estimates. The index of patient
      exposure was adopted as the entrance skin dose (ESD) for general radiography and
      as the mean glandular dose (MGD) for mammography. The response rate for this
      survey was 21.9%. Our results showed that doses received through the use of flat
      panel detector (FPD) devices were lower than those received through computed
      radiography devices, except for the ankle joint (e.g. in chest examination, the
      dose from FPD and CR was 0.24 mGy, 0.31 mGy on the average, respectively). These
      results suggest that more widespread use of FPD devices could lead to decreases
      in the ESD and MGD, thereby reducing patient exposure. 

PMID- 26975872
TI  - Combining the Antipsychotic Drug Haloperidol and Environmental Enrichment after
      Traumatic Brain Injury Is a Double-Edged Sword.
AB  - Environmental enrichment (EE) confers significant benefits after experimental
      traumatic brain injury (TBI). In contrast, the antipsychotic drug (APD)
      haloperidol (HAL) exerts deleterious effects on neurobehavioral and cognitive
      recovery. Neurorehabilitation and management of agitation, however, are integral
      components of the treatment strategy for patients with TBI. Hence, the goal of
      this study was to determine how the two therapeutic approaches interact and
      influence motor and cognitive recovery. Anesthetized adult male rats received a
      controlled cortical impact (2.8 mm tissue deformation at 4 m/sec) or sham injury
      and then were provided HAL (0.5 mg/kg; intraperitoneally [IP]) or vehicle (VEH; 1
      mL/kg; IP) commencing 24 h after surgery and once daily for 19 days while housed
      in EE or standard (STD) conditions. Beam balance/walk and Morris water maze
      performance were assessed on post-injury days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively,
      followed immediately by quantification of cortical lesion volumes. The data
      revealed both expected and unexpected findings. It was not surprising that the
      TBI groups receiving EE performed significantly better than those in STD housing
      and that the TBI + STD + HAL group performed worse than the TBI + STD + VEH group
      (p < 0.05). What was surprising was that the therapeutic effects of EE were
      greatly reduced by concomitant administration of HAL. No differences in cortical
      lesion volumes were observed among the groups (p > 0.05). The potential clinical
      implications of these findings suggest that administering HAL to patients
      undergoing neurorehabilitation may be a double-edged sword because agitation must
      be controlled before rehabilitation can be safely initiated and executed, but its
      use may compromise therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 26975875
TI  - Combination of red cell distribution width and American Society of
      Anesthesiologists score for hip fracture mortality prediction.
AB  - The prognostic value of red cell distribution width (RDW) and a combination of
      RDW and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score for long-term hip
      fracture mortality remains unknown. Our data showed that both RDW and ASA were
      independent risk predictors. A combination of these two parameters may provide a
      more powerful strategy for the prediction of hip fracture mortality.
      INTRODUCTION: Red cell distribution width (RDW) has recently been suggested as an
      independent predictor of prognosis in a variety of disorders. The American
      Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) system has been widely used to stratify
      patients for outcome evaluations. However, the prognostic value of RDW and a
      combination of RDW and the ASA score for long-term hip fracture mortality has yet
      to be studied. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 1402 subjects from
      2000 to 2011 with a follow-up study over a 2 year period. Cox proportional
      hazards models with a bootstrap validation were used to evaluate associations of
      RDW, ASA, and a combination of both with long-term mortality. The global fit and
      the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for model
      discrimination were further analyzed. RESULTS: Both RDW and ASA exhibited as
      independent risk predictors of 2-year mortality. The population with elevation of
      either RDW or ASA increased the risk of mortality (bootstrap validated hazard
      ratio (HR) 1.971 95 % confidence interval (CI) [1.336-3.005] p < 0.01) while
      those with an increase in both assessments (bootstrap validated HR 2.667 95 % CI
      [1.526-4.515] p < 0.01) were at the highest risk for mortality. The addition of
      the combination of ASA and RDW improved the discrimination power of risk
      prediction models (AUC increased from 0.700 to 0.723, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both
      RDW and ASA exhibited as independent risk predictors of 2-year hip fracture
      mortality. The combination of these two readily available parameters may provide
      a more powerful and effective strategy for the assessment of all-cause mortality
      in hip fracture patients.

PMID- 26975873
TI  - Redox Imbalance Underlies the Fitness Defect Associated with Inactivation of the
      Pta-AckA Pathway in Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The phosphotransacetylase-acetate kinase (Pta-AckA) pathway is thought to be a
      vital ATP generating pathway for Staphylococcus aureus. Disruption of the Pta
      AckA pathway during overflow metabolism causes significant reduction in growth
      rate and viability, albeit not due to intracellular ATP depletion. Here, we
      demonstrate that toxicity associated with inactivation of the Pta-AckA pathway
      resulted from an altered intracellular redox environment. Growth of the pta and
      ackA mutants under anaerobic conditions partially restored cell viability. NMR
      metabolomics analyses and (13)C6-glucose metabolism tracing experiments revealed
      the activity of multiple pathways that promote redox (NADH/NAD(+)) turnover to be
      enhanced in the pta and ackA mutants during anaerobic growth. Restoration of
      redox homeostasis in the pta mutant by overexpressing l- lactate dehydrogenase
      partially restored its viability under aerobic conditions. Together, our findings
      suggest that during overflow metabolism, the Pta-AckA pathway plays a critical
      role in preventing cell viability defects by promoting intracellular redox
      homeostasis. 

PMID- 26975876
TI  - Contrasting responses to a climate regime change by sympatric, ice-dependent
      predators.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Models that predict changes in the abundance and distribution of
      fauna under future climate change scenarios often assume that ecological niche
      and habitat availability are the major determinants of species' responses to
      climate change. However, individual species may have very different capacities to
      adapt to environmental change, as determined by intrinsic factors such as their
      dispersal ability, genetic diversity, generation time and rate of evolution.
      These intrinsic factors are usually excluded from forecasts of species' abundance
      and distribution changes. We aimed to determine the importance of these factors
      by comparing the impact of the most recent climate regime change, the late
      Pleistocene glacial-interglacial transition, on two sympatric, ice-dependent meso
      predators, the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) and Weddell seal
      (Leptonychotes weddellii). METHODS: We reconstructed the population trend of
      emperor penguins and Weddell seals in East Antarctica over the past 75,000 years
      using mitochondrial DNA sequences and an extended Bayesian skyline plot method.
      We also assessed patterns of contemporary population structure and genetic
      diversity. RESULTS: Despite their overlapping distributions and shared dependence
      on sea ice, our genetic data revealed very different responses to climate warming
      between these species. The emperor penguin population grew rapidly following the
      glacial-interglacial transition, but the size of the Weddell seal population did
      not change. The expansion of emperor penguin numbers during the warm Holocene may
      have been facilitated by their higher dispersal ability and gene flow among
      colonies, and fine-scale differences in preferred foraging locations.
      CONCLUSIONS: The vastly different climate change responses of two sympatric ice
      dependent predators suggests that differing adaptive capacities and/or fine-scale
      niche differences can play a major role in species' climate change responses, and
      that adaptive capacity should be considered alongside niche and distribution in
      future species forecasts.

PMID- 26975877
TI  - Association between Testicular Cancer and Epididymoorchitis: A Population-Based
      Case-Control Study.
AB  - Even though epididymoorchitis and testicular cancer (TC) may have similar
      pathophysiological pathways, no prior study has attempted to determine the
      association between these two diseases. This case-control study investigated the
      relationship between TC and prior epididymoorchitis by using a large population
      based database. We used the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 to
      select 372 patients who had received a diagnosis of TC and 3,720 age-matched
      controls without TC. We found that of the total sample of 4,092 patients, 53
      (1.3%) had received a diagnosis of epididymoorchitis prior to the index date.
      Patients with TC had a higher prevalence of prior epididymoorchitis than that of
      patients without TC (11.0% vs. 0.3%, p < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression
      showed that prior epididymoorchitis was significantly associated with TC (crude
      OR = 38.24, 95% CI = 19.91-73.46). The association remained statistically
      significant even after adjustment for the other variables (OR = 47.17, 95% CI =
      23.83-93.40). This study showed that patients with TC have higher odds of prior
      epididymoorchitis than do those without TC even after adjustment for potential
      confounders.

PMID- 26975878
TI  - Serum and Urinary Orosomucoid in Young Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Link
      Between Inflammation, Microvascular Complications, and Subclinical
      Atherosclerosis.
AB  - Orosomucoid is an acute-phase serum protein that is upregulated in urine samples
      of patients with diabetic nephropathy. We assessed serum and urinary orosomucoid
      levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their relation to
      microvascular complications and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Sixty
      patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into 2 groups according to the
      presence of microvascular complications and compared with 60 healthy controls.
      High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), urinary
      albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), serum and urinary orosomucoid, and CIMT were
      assessed. Both serum and urinary orosomucoid levels were significantly increased
      in patients with and without microvascular complications compared with controls,
      and the highest levels were in patients with complications (P < .001). Serum and
      urinary orosomucoid were higher in patients with microalbuminuria than
      normoalbuminuric group (P < .001). The cutoff value of urinary orosomucoid at
      2825 ng/mL could differentiate patients with and without microvascular
      complications. Serum and urinary orosomucoid were positively correlated. Multiple
      regression analysis showed that HbA1c, UACR, hs-CRP, and CIMT were independently
      related to orosomucoid. We suggest that orosomucoid is a significant independent
      factor for diabetic microvascular complications and can be considered as an early
      marker of renal injury. High orosomucoid levels in type 1 diabetes reflect
      endothelial dysfunction and subclinical atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26975879
TI  - [Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: Results after introducing endovascular
      therapy in a medium-low volume centre].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of introducing endovascular therapy for
      patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) in a medium-low volume
      centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted
      by comparing the clinical outcome of patients with aSAH before and after
      introducing endovascular therapy in our centre. The main variables analysed were:
      type of treatment, hospital and late mortality, intra-procedural morbidity, rate
      of re-bleeding and vasospasm, and clinical outcome according to the Glasgow
      Outcome Score (GOS). RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were treated in two periods:
      2010-2011 (32 patients; 19 clipped, 6 coiled, 7 untreated), and 2012-2013 (39
      patients, 3 clipped, 34 coiled, 2 untreated). No significant differences were
      found in age, sex, clinical grade at admission, type and location of aneurysm,
      Fisher score, or in hospital mortality (28.1% vs 25.6%, P=.35), GOS (except for
      GOS 5: 43.37% vs 53.8%, P=.045), rate of hydrocephalus and rate of vasospasm. The
      second cohort obtained better results for aggregated GOS 1+2+3 (36.3% vs 43.75%,
      P=.034) and for GOS 4+5 (61.5% vs 56.25%, P=.078). The percentage of patients
      left untreated was significantly lower in the second period (5.1% vs 21.8%,
      P<.01), as well as the rate of re-bleeding (0% vs 9.4%, P<.01). Patients were
      treated earlier (2.51 vs 3.95 days), and hospital and total stay were lower (15.2
      and 24.6 vs 10.3 and 18 days) in the second period, these differences not
      reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular therapy allowed
      treating more patients with aSAH, and with a lower re-bleeding rate. This led to
      a modest reduction in morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 26975881
TI  - Phonon-assisted nonlinear optical processes in ultrashort-pulse pumped optical
      parametric amplifiers.
AB  - Optically active phonon modes in ferroelectrics such as potassium titanyl
      phosphate (KTP) and potassium titanyl arsenate (KTA) in the ~7-20 THz range play
      an important role in applications of these materials in Raman lasing and
      terahertz wave generation. Previous studies with picosecond pulse excitation
      demonstrated that the interaction of pump pulses with phonons can lead to
      efficient stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) accompanying optical parametric
      oscillation or amplification processes (OPO/OPA), and to efficient polariton
      phonon scattering. In this work, we investigate the behavior of infrared OPAs
      employing KTP or KTA crystals when pumped with ~800-nm ultrashort pulses of
      duration comparable to the oscillation period of the optical phonons. We
      demonstrate that under conditions of coherent impulsive Raman excitation of the
      phonons, when the effective chi((2)) nonlinearity cannot be considered
      instantaneous, the parametrically amplified waves (most notably, signal) undergo
      significant spectral modulations leading to an overall redshift of the OPA
      output. The pump intensity dependence of the redshifted OPA output, the temporal
      evolution of the parametric gain, as well as the pump spectral modulations
      suggest the presence of coupling between the nonlinear optical polarizations
      P(NL) of the impulsively excited phonons and those of parametrically amplified
      waves.

PMID- 26975880
TI  - Donor cell leukemia arising from clonal hematopoiesis after bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 26975882
TI  - Esophageal Intramural Pseudodiverticulosis With Tract Formation, Without Evidence
      of Candidiasis, in a Patient With HIV Infection.

PMID- 26975885
TI  - Calibrating Sickle Cell Disease.
AB  - Sickle cell disease is fundamentally a kinetic disorder, in which cells
      containing the mutated hemoglobin (hemoglobin S; HbS) will cause occlusion if
      they sickle in the microvasculature, but have minimal (or no) consequences if
      they sickle in the venous return. Physiologically, sickling always occurs when
      some ligands are present; nonetheless, the kinetics in the presence of ligands
      are virtually unstudied. Sickling arises from nucleation-controlled polymer
      formation, triggered when the HbS loses ligands (e.g., oxygen). Thus,
      understanding how nucleation responds to the presence of oxygen is the key to
      understanding how sickling proceeds in a physiological context. We have measured
      the rate of nucleus formation in HbS partially liganded with NO or CO, which we
      find have equivalent effects in reducing the nucleation rates. We find that
      hemoglobin must be in the T (tense) quaternary structure for nucleation, but the
      presence of ligands inhibits nucleus formation even when the correct quaternary
      structure is present. From these results, we can predict the fraction of cells
      that will sickle at any given partial ligand saturations. The ability to make
      such predictions may prove especially useful in designing future therapies,
      particularly those where the oxygen affinity is perturbed. 

PMID- 26975886
TI  - DARPin-Based Crystallization Chaperones Exploit Molecular Geometry as a Screening
      Dimension in Protein Crystallography.
AB  - DARPin libraries, based on a Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein consensus framework,
      are a rich source of binding partners for a wide variety of proteins. Their
      modular structure, stability, ease of in vitro selection and high production
      yields make DARPins an ideal starting point for further engineering. The X-ray
      structures of around 30 different DARPin complexes demonstrate their ability to
      facilitate crystallization of their target proteins by restricting flexibility
      and preventing undesired interactions of the target molecule. However, their
      small size (18 kDa), very hydrophilic surface and repetitive structure can limit
      the DARPins' ability to provide essential crystal contacts and their usefulness
      as a search model for addressing the crystallographic phase problem in molecular
      replacement. To optimize DARPins for their application as crystallization
      chaperones, rigid domain-domain fusions of the DARPins to larger proteins, proven
      to yield high-resolution crystal structures, were generated. These fusions were
      designed in such a way that they affect only one of the terminal capping repeats
      of the DARPin and do not interfere with residues involved in target binding,
      allowing to exchange at will the binding specificities of the DARPin in the
      fusion construct. As a proof of principle, we designed rigid fusions of a
      stabilized version of Escherichia coli TEM-1 beta-lactamase to the C-terminal
      capping repeat of various DARPins in six different relative domain orientations.
      Five crystal structures representing four different fusion constructs, alone or
      in complex with the cognate target, show the predicted relative domain
      orientations and prove the validity of the concept.

PMID- 26975884
TI  - Crystal structure of Anoxybacillus alpha-amylase provides insights into maltose
      binding of a new glycosyl hydrolase subclass.
AB  - A new subfamily of glycosyl hydrolase family GH13 was recently proposed for alpha
      amylases from Anoxybacillus species (ASKA and ADTA), Geobacillus thermoleovorans
      (GTA, Pizzo, and GtamyII), Bacillus aquimaris (BaqA), and 95 other putative
      protein homologues. To understand this new GH13 subfamily, we report crystal
      structures of truncated ASKA (TASKA). ASKA is a thermostable enzyme capable of
      producing high levels of maltose. Unlike GTA, biochemical analysis showed that
      Ca(2+) ion supplementation enhances the catalytic activities of ASKA and TASKA.
      The crystal structures reveal the presence of four Ca(2+) ion binding sites, with
      three of these binding sites are highly conserved among Anoxybacillus alpha
      amylases. This work provides structural insights into this new GH13 subfamily
      both in the apo form and in complex with maltose. Furthermore, structural
      comparison of TASKA and GTA provides an overview of the conformational changes
      accompanying maltose binding at each subsite. 

PMID- 26975883
TI  - Hybrid Microscopy: Enabling Inexpensive High-Performance Imaging through Combined
      Physical and Optical Magnifications.
AB  - To date, much effort has been expended on making high-performance microscopes
      through better instrumentation. Recently, it was discovered that physical
      magnification of specimens was possible, through a technique called expansion
      microscopy (ExM), raising the question of whether physical magnification, coupled
      to inexpensive optics, could together match the performance of high-end optical
      equipment, at a tiny fraction of the price. Here we show that such "hybrid
      microscopy" methods--combining physical and optical magnifications--can indeed
      achieve high performance at low cost. By physically magnifying objects, then
      imaging them on cheap miniature fluorescence microscopes ("mini-microscopes"), it
      is possible to image at a resolution comparable to that previously attainable
      only with benchtop microscopes that present costs orders of magnitude higher. We
      believe that this unprecedented hybrid technology that combines expansion
      microscopy, based on physical magnification, and mini-microscopy, relying on
      conventional optics--a process we refer to as Expansion Mini-Microscopy (ExMM)-
      is a highly promising alternative method for performing cost-effective, high
      resolution imaging of biological samples. With further advancement of the
      technology, we believe that ExMM will find widespread applications for high
      resolution imaging particularly in research and healthcare scenarios in
      undeveloped countries or remote places.

PMID- 26975887
TI  - [Clinical practice guidelines for systemic lupus erythematosus: Recommendations
      for general clinical management].
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex rheumatic multisystemic disease
      of autoimmune origin with significant potential morbidity and mortality. It is
      one of the most common autoimmune diseases with an estimated prevalence of 20-150
      cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The clinical spectrum of SLE is wide and variable
      both in clinical manifestations and severity. This prompted the Spanish Ministry
      of Health, Social Services and Equality to promote and fund the development of a
      clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the clinical care of SLE patients within
      the Programme of CPG in the National Health System which coordinates GuiaSalud.
      This CPG is is intended as the reference tool in the Spanish National Health
      System in order to support the comprehensive clinical management of people with
      SLE by all health professionals involved, regardless of specialty and level of
      care, helping to standardize and improve the quality of clinical decisions in our
      context in order to improve the health outcomes of the people affected. The
      purpose of this document is to present and discuss the rationale of the
      recommendations on the general management of SLE, specifically, clinical follow
      up, general therapeutic approach, healthy lifestyles, photoprotection, and
      training programmes for patients. These recommendations are based on the best
      available scientific evidence, on discussion and the consensus of expert groups.

PMID- 26975888
TI  - Aging with a traumatic brain injury: Could behavioral morbidities and endocrine
      symptoms be influenced by microglial priming?
AB  - A myriad of factors influence the developmental and aging process and impact
      health and life span. Mounting evidence indicates that brain injury, even
      moderate injury, can lead to lifetime of physical and mental health symptoms.
      Therefore, the purpose of this mini-review is to discuss how recovery from
      traumatic brain injury (TBI) depends on age-at-injury and how aging with a TBI
      affects long-term recovery. TBI initiates pathophysiological processes that
      dismantle circuits in the brain. In response, reparative and restorative
      processes reorganize circuits to overcome the injury-induced damage. The extent
      of circuit dismantling and subsequent reorganization depends as much on the
      initial injury parameters as other contributing factors, such as genetics and
      age. Age-at-injury influences the way the brain is able to repair itself, as a
      result of developmental status, extent of cellular senescence, and injury-induced
      inflammation. Moreover, endocrine dysfunction can occur with TBI. Depending on
      the age of the individual at the time of injury, endocrine dysfunction may
      disrupt growth, puberty, influence social behaviors, and possibly alter the
      inflammatory response. In turn, activation of microglia, the brain's immune
      cells, after injury may continue to fuel endocrine dysfunction. With age, the
      immune system develops and microglia become primed to subsequent challenges.
      Sustained inflammation and microglial activation can continue for weeks to months
      post-injury. This prolonged inflammation can influence developmental processes,
      behavioral performance and age-related decline. Overall, brain injury may
      influence the aging process and expedite glial and neuronal alterations that
      impact mental health.

PMID- 26975889
TI  - Microglia, physiology and behavior: A brief commentary.

PMID- 26975891
TI  - Systematic review: Is Metoclopramide more effective than Sumatriptan in relieving
      pain from migraine in adults in the Emergency Department (ED) setting?
AB  - Migraine headache is a common disorder; patients attending Emergency Departments
      (ED) for migraine symptoms internationally account for 1-3% of total ED annual
      attendances. A systematic review was undertaken of reports comparing the
      effectiveness of metoclopramide intravenously (IV) with that of sumatriptan
      subcutaneously (SC), in an ED setting, for the immediate relief of migraine and
      their measurable effects in relieving pain intensity. Findings of two identified
      comparable reports confirm the individual efficacy of the study drugs in pain
      relief. However, whilst one report concludes that there is no statistical or
      significant clinical advantage for one drug over the other, the other report
      suggests that metoclopramide has a distinct advantage. One study is well
      structured methodologically, but the other has significant risk of bias. The
      analysis of the chosen studies demonstrates the need for rigorous study design
      and robust reporting requirements to obviate this risk. Further studies are
      required to explore comparable effect. Implications for clinical practice from
      the report outcomes indicate the individual effectiveness of both study drugs in
      providing pain relief for migraine in the Emergency setting, but not the
      comparable efficacy of one drug over the other. 

PMID- 26975892
TI  - Sensitivity of left ventricular mechanics to myofiber architecture: A finite
      element study.
AB  - The goal of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of computational models
      of the heart to their incorporated myofiber architecture during diastole. This
      architecture plays a critical role in the mechanical and electrical function of
      the heart and changes after myocardial tissue remodeling, which is associated
      with some of the most common heart diseases. In this study, a left ventricular
      finite element model of the porcine heart was created using magnetic resonance
      imaging, which represents the in vivo geometry. Various myofiber architectures
      were assigned to the finite element mesh, in the form of fiber and sheet angles.
      A structural-based material law was used to model the behavior of passive
      myocardium and its parameters were estimated using measured in vivo strains and
      cavity volume from magnetic resonance imaging. The final results showed
      noticeable sensitivity of the stress distribution to both the fiber and sheet
      angle distributions. This implies that a structural-based material law that takes
      into account the effect of both fiber and sheet angle distributions should be
      used. The results also show that although the simulation results improve using
      available data from histological studies of myocardial structure, the need for
      individualized myofiber architecture data is crucial. 

PMID- 26975893
TI  - Cloning of the promoter of NDE1, a gene implicated in psychiatric and
      neurodevelopmental disorders through copy number variation.
AB  - Copy number variation at 16p13.11 has been associated with a range of
      neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, with duplication of this region
      being more common in individuals with schizophrenia. A prominent candidate gene
      within this locus is NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1) given its known
      importance for neurodevelopment, previous associations with mental illness and
      its well characterized interaction with the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)
      protein. In order to accurately model the effect of NDE1 duplication, it is
      important to first gain an understanding of how the gene is expressed. The
      complex promoter system of NDE1, which produces three distinct transcripts, each
      encoding for the same full-length NDE1 protein (also known as NudE), was
      therefore cloned and tested in human cell lines. The promoter for the longest of
      these three NDE1 transcripts was found to be responsible for the majority of
      expression in these systems, with its extended 5' untranslated region (UTR)
      having a limiting effect on its expression. These results thus highlight and
      clone the promoter elements required to generate systems in which the NDE1
      protein is exogenously expressed under its native promoter, providing a
      biologically relevant model of 16p13.11 duplication in major mental illness. 

PMID- 26975890
TI  - Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation on Tracheal Reintubation Among Patients With
      Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Following Abdominal Surgery: A Randomized Clinical
      Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: It has not been established whether noninvasive ventilation (NIV)
      reduces the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients who develop
      hypoxemic acute respiratory failure after abdominal surgery. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate whether noninvasive ventilation improves outcomes among patients
      developing hypoxemic acute respiratory failure after abdominal surgery. DESIGN,
      SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial
      conducted between May 2013 and September 2014 in 20 French intensive care units
      among 293 patients who had undergone abdominal surgery and developed hypoxemic
      respiratory failure (partial oxygen pressure <60 mm Hg or oxygen saturation
      [SpO2] <=90% when breathing room air or <80 mm Hg when breathing 15 L/min of
      oxygen, plus either [1] a respiratory rate above 30/min or [2] clinical signs
      suggestive of intense respiratory muscle work and/or labored breathing) if it
      occurred within 7 days after surgical procedure. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were
      randomly assigned to receive standard oxygen therapy (up to 15 L/min to maintain
      SpO2 of 94% or higher) (n = 145) or NIV delivered via facial mask (inspiratory
      pressure support level, 5-15 cm H2O; positive end-expiratory pressure, 5-10 cm
      H2O; fraction of inspired oxygen titrated to maintain SpO2 >=94%) (n = 148). MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was tracheal reintubation for any
      cause within 7 days of randomization. Secondary outcomes were gas exchange,
      invasive ventilation-free days at day 30, health care-associated infections, and
      90-day mortality. RESULTS: Among the 293 patients (mean age, 63.4 [SD, 13.8]
      years; n=224 men) included in the intention-to-treat analysis, reintubation
      occurred in 49 of 148 (33.1%) in the NIV group and in 66 of 145 (45.5%) in the
      standard oxygen therapy group within+ 7 days after randomization (absolute
      difference, -12.4%; 95% CI, -23.5% to -1.3%; P = .03). Noninvasive ventilation
      was associated with significantly more invasive ventilation-free days compared
      with standard oxygen therapy (25.4 vs 23.2 days; absolute difference, -2.2 days;
      95% CI, -0.1 to 4.6 days; P = .04), while fewer patients developed health care
      associated infections (43/137 [31.4%] vs 63/128 [49.2%]; absolute difference, 
      17.8%; 95% CI, -30.2% to -5.4%; P = .003). At 90 days, 22 of 148 patients (14.9%)
      in the NIV group and 31 of 144 (21.5%) in the standard oxygen therapy group had
      died (absolute difference, -6.5%; 95% CI, -16.0% to 3.0%; P = .15). There were no
      significant differences in gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among
      patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure following abdominal surgery, use of
      NIV compared with standard oxygen therapy reduced the risk of tracheal
      reintubation within 7 days. These findings support use of NIV in this setting.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01971892.

PMID- 26975894
TI  - Calbindin-D-28K like immunoreactivity in superficial dorsal horn neurons and
      effects of sciatic chronic constriction injury.
AB  - The neuropathic pain that results from peripheral nerve injury is associated with
      alterations in the properties of neurons in the superficial spinal laminae.
      Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve increases excitatory
      synaptic drive to excitatory neurons in the substantia gelatinosa while limiting
      that to inhibitory neurons. Since the calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K has
      been associated with excitatory neurons, we examined whether CCI altered the
      properties of neurons expressing calbindin-like immunoreactivity (Cal+). These
      account for 30% of the neurons in lamina I and II. Calbindin did not co-localize
      with any particular electrophysiological phenotype of neuron; in substantia
      gelatinosa, it was found in some tonic, delay, irregular, phasic and transient
      firing neurons and in some cells that displayed central, radial or vertical
      morphology. When neuronal phenotype was defined more precisely in terms of both
      morphology and electrophysiological properties, no strong correlation with
      calbindin expression was found. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous
      excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC) in calbindin negative (Cal-) neurons was
      greater than that in Cal+ neurons. CCI did not alter the proportion of Cal+
      neurons in the dorsal horn. Although CCI promoted a fourfold increase in sEPSC
      frequency in Cal+ neurons, sEPSC amplitude was reduced by 22% and charge transfer
      per second was unchanged. Since synaptic drive to Cal+ neurons is weak and there
      is no firm correlation between neuronal phenotype and calbindin expression, it is
      doubtful whether these neurons play a major role in the generation of central
      sensitization. 

PMID- 26975895
TI  - Chronic stress-induced memory deficits are reversed by regular exercise via AMPK
      mediated BDNF induction.
AB  - Chronic stress has a detrimental effect on neurological insults, psychiatric
      deficits, and cognitive impairment. In the current study, chronic stress was
      shown to impair learning and memory functions, in addition to reducing in
      hippocampal Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity.
      Similar reductions were also observed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor
      (BDNF), synaptophysin, and post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) levels, all of which
      was counter-regulated by a regime of regular and prolonged exercise. A 21-day
      restraint stress regimen (6 h/day) produced learning and memory deficits,
      including reduced alternation in the Y-maze and decreased memory retention in the
      water maze test. These effects were reversed post-administration by a 3-week
      regime of treadmill running (19 m/min, 1 h/day, 6 days/week). In hippocampal
      primary culture, phosphorylated-AMPK (phospho-AMPK) and BDNF levels were enhanced
      in a dose-dependent manner by 5-amimoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR)
      treatment, and AICAR-treated increase was blocked by Compound C. A 7-day period
      of AICAR intraperitoneal injections enhanced alternation in the Y-maze test and
      reduced escape latency in water maze test, along with enhanced phospho-AMPK and
      BDNF levels in the hippocampus. The intraperitoneal injection of Compound C every
      4 days during exercise intervention diminished exercise-induced enhancement of
      memory improvement during the water maze test in chronically stressed mice. Also,
      chronic stress reduced hippocampal neurogenesis (lower Ki-67- and doublecortin
      positive cells) and mRNA levels of BDNF, synaptophysin, and PSD-95. Our results
      suggest that regular and prolonged exercise can alleviate chronic stress-induced
      hippocampal-dependent memory deficits. Hippocampal AMPK-engaged BDNF induction is
      at least in part required for exercise-induced protection against chronic stress.

PMID- 26975896
TI  - Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) vs Praat for Assessing Euphonic Subjects:
      A Preliminary Study on the Gender-discriminating Power of Acoustic Analysis
      Software.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the discriminatory power of the
      Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP) and Praat in distinguishing the gender of
      euphonic adults. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS: The
      recordings of 100 euphonic volunteers (50 males and 50 females) producing a
      sustained vowel /a/ were analyzed with MDVP and Praat software. RESULTS: Both
      computer programs identified significant differences between male and female
      volunteers in absolute jitter (MDVP P < 0.00001 and Praat P < 0.00001) and in
      shimmer in decibel (dB) (MDVP P = 0.006 and Praat P = 0.001). Using the scale
      proposed by Hosmer and Lemeshow, we found no gender discrimination for shimmer in
      dB with either the MDVP (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve
      [AUC] = 0.658) or Praat (AUC = 0.682). In our series, on the other hand, MDVP
      absolute jitter achieved an acceptable discrimination between males and females
      (AUC = 0.752), and Praat absolute jitter achieved an outstanding discrimination
      (AUC = 0.901). The discriminatory power of Praat absolute jitter was
      significantly higher than that of the MDVP (P = 0.003). Absolute jitter
      sensitivity and specificity were also higher for Praat (83% and 80%) than for the
      MDVP (74% and 49%). CONCLUSIONS: Differences attributable to a subject's gender
      and to the software used to measure acoustic parameters should be carefully
      considered in both research and clinical settings. Further studies are needed to
      test the discriminatory power of different voice analysis programs when
      differentiating between normal and dysphonic voices.

PMID- 26975898
TI  - Correction to To see bruxism: a functional MRI study.

PMID- 26975897
TI  - Do acting out verbs with dolls and comparison learning between scenes boost
      toddlers' verb comprehension?
AB  - To better understand how toddlers integrate multiple learning strategies to
      acquire verbs, we compared sensorimotor recruitment and comparison learning
      because both strategies are thought to boost children's access to scene-level
      information. For sensorimotor recruitment, we tested having toddlers use dolls as
      agents and compared this strategy with having toddlers observe another person
      enact verbs with dolls. For comparison learning, we compared providing pairs of:
      (a) training scenes in which animate objects with similar body-shapes maintained
      agent/patient roles with (b) scenes in which objects with dissimilar body-shapes
      switched agent/patient roles. Only comparison learning boosted verb
      comprehension.

PMID- 26975899
TI  - Identification of EFHD1 as a novel Ca(2+) sensor for mitoflash activation.
AB  - Mitochondrial flashes (mitoflashes) represent stochastic and discrete
      mitochondrial events that each comprises a burst of superoxide production
      accompanied by transient depolarization and matrix alkalinization in a
      respiratory mitochondrion. While mitochondrial Ca(2+) is shown to be an important
      regulator of mitoflash activity, little is known about its specific mechanism of
      action. Here we sought to determine possible molecular players that mediate the
      Ca(2+) regulation of mitoflashes by screening mitochondrial proteins containing
      the Ca(2+)-binding motifs. In silico analysis and targeted siRNA screening
      identified four mitoflash activators (MICU1, EFHD1, SLC25A23, SLC25A25) and one
      mitoflash inhibitor (LETM1) in terms of their ability to modulate mitoflash
      response to hyperosmotic stress. In particular, overexpression or down-regulation
      of EFHD1 enhanced or depressed mitoflash activation, respectively, under various
      conditions of mitochondrial Ca(2+) elevations. Yet, it did not alter
      mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling, mitochondrial respiration, or ROS-induced
      mitoflash production. Further, disruption of the two EF-hand motifs of EFHD1
      abolished its potentiating effect on the mitoflash responses. These results
      indicate that EFHD1 functions as a novel mitochondrial Ca(2+) sensor underlying
      Ca(2+)-dependent activation of mitoflashes.

PMID- 26975900
TI  - Pattern of and reason for postoperative residual disease in patients with
      advanced ovarian cancer following upfront radical debulking surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Describing the pattern of and reasons for post-operative tumor
      residuals in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (AOC) operated in a
      specialized gynecologic cancer center following a strategy of maximum upfront
      debulking followed by systemic chemotherapy. METHODS: All consecutive AOC
      patients treated between 2005 and 2015 due to stages FIGO IIIB/IV were included
      in this single-center analysis. RESULTS: 739 patients were included in this
      analysis. In 81 (11.0%) patients, chemotherapy had already started before
      referral. Of the remaining 658 patients, upfront debulking was indicated in 578
      patients (87.8%), while 80 patients (12.8%) were classified ineligible for
      upfront debulking; mostly due to comorbidities. A complete tumor resection was
      achieved in 66.1% of the 578 patients with upfront surgery, 25.4% had residuals 1
      10mm and 8.5% had residuals exceeding 10mm, and 12.5% of patients had multifocal
      residual disease. Most common localization was small bowel mesentery and serosa
      (79.8%), porta hepatis/hepatoduodenal ligament (10.1%), liver parenchyma (4.3%),
      pancreas (8.0%), gastric serosa (3.2%), and tumor surrounding/infiltrating the
      truncus coeliacus (2.7%); 14.9% of the patients had non-resectable supra
      diaphragmatic lesions. Size of residual tumor was significantly associated with
      progression-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Upfront debulking for AOC
      followed by systemic chemotherapy was our main treatment strategy in almost 90%
      of all patients. The majority experienced a benefit by this approach; while 11.7%
      of patients probably did not. Understanding sites and reason for residual disease
      may help to develop adequate surgical training programs but also to identify
      patients that would better benefit from alternative treatment strategies.

PMID- 26975901
TI  - The influence of clinical and genetic factors on patient outcome in small cell
      carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an
      aggressive tumor, with long term survival at ~30% in early stage disease. SCCOHT
      is caused by germline and somatic SMARCA4 mutations, but the effect of the
      mutation type on patients remains unknown. Furthermore, the rarity of SCCOHT has
      resulted in varied treatment, with no standardized protocols. We analyzed 293
      cases to determine the effect of treatment modalities and SMARCA4 mutations on
      patient diagnosis and outcome. METHODS: In 293 SCCOHT patients we collected
      information on age and stage at diagnosis, treatment modality (surgery,
      chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem
      cell rescue (HDC-aSCR)), SMARCA4 mutation origin (germline/somatic), and overall
      survival. Cox analysis and log-rank tests were performed on 257 cases with
      available survival data. RESULTS: The strongest prognostic factors were stage at
      diagnosis (p=2.72e-15) and treatment modality (p=3.87e-13). For FIGO stages II
      IV, 5-year survival was 71% for patients who received HDC-aSCR, compared to 25%
      in patients who received conventional chemotherapy alone following surgery
      (p=0.002). Patients aged >=40 had a worse outcome than younger patients (p=0.04).
      Twenty-six of 60 tested patients carried a germline SMARCA4 mutation, including
      all patients diagnosed <15years; carriers presented at a younger age than non
      carriers (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Stage at diagnosis is the most significant
      prognostic factor in SCCOHT and consolidation with HDC-aSCR may provide the best
      opportunity for long-term survival. The large fraction of SMARCA4 germline
      mutations carriers warrants genetic counseling for all patients.

PMID- 26975903
TI  - Cocoa and cocoa fibre differentially modulate IgA and IgM production at mucosal
      sites.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that a 10 % cocoa (C10) diet, containing polyphenols
      and fibre among others, modifies intestinal and systemic Ig production. The
      present study aimed at evaluating the impact of C10 on IgA and IgM production in
      the intestinal and extra-intestinal mucosal compartments, establishing the
      involvement of cocoa fibre (CF) in such effects. Mechanisms by which C10 intake
      may affect IgA synthesis in the salivary glands were also studied. To this
      effect, rats were fed either a standard diet, a diet containing C10, CF or
      inulin. Intestinal (the gut wash (GW), Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph
      nodes (MLN)) and extra-intestinal (salivary glands) mucosal tissues and blood
      samples were collected for IgA and IgM quantification. The gene expressions of
      IgA production- and homing-related molecules were studied in the salivary glands.
      The C10 diet decreased intestinal IgA and IgM production. Although the CF diet
      decreased the GW IgA concentration, it increased PP, MLN and serum IgA
      concentrations. Both the C10 and the CF diets produced a down-regulatory effect
      on IgA secretion in the extra-intestinal tissues. The C10 diet interacted with
      the mechanisms involved in IgA synthesis, whereas the CF showed particular
      effects on the homing and transcytosis of IgA across the salivary glands.
      Overall, CF was able to up-regulate IgA production in the intestinal-inductor
      compartments, whereas it down-regulated its production at the mucosal-effector
      ones. Further studies must be directed to ascertain the mechanisms involved in
      the effect of particular cocoa components on gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

PMID- 26975902
TI  - Determinants of minimal elevation in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in the
      general population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and
      detectable cardiac troponin-T using a highly sensitive assay (hs-cTnT) among
      persons without a history of cardiovascular disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: We
      examined the cross-sectional associations between cardiovascular risk factors and
      hs-cTnT in 9593 participants (mean age 65.6 (SD, 5.6), 41% female, 22% black)
      free of cardiovascular disease in a community-based cohort, through the
      Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We used multivariable logistic
      regression to characterize the association between cardiovascular risk factors
      and detectable (>=3.0 to 13.9ng/L) and elevated (>=14.0ng/L) hs-cTnT. RESULTS: hs
      cTnT was detectable in 59% and elevated in 7% of the study population. Among
      persons with ideal cardiovascular health, hs-cTnT was detectable in 44%. In
      models adjusting for significant determinants of hs-cTnT concentration,
      detectable hs-cTnT was more frequent among males, blacks and persons with
      diabetes and hypertension and less frequent among statin users, current smokers
      and drinkers. Other risk factors associated with detectable hs-cTnT were older
      age, lower kidney function and higher body mass index. These risk factors were
      associated with elevated hs-cTnT in a similar pattern. CONCLUSION: In a community
      based sample without cardiovascular disease hs-cTnT is detectable in most adults,
      even among those with ideal cardiovascular health. Although most traditional
      cardiovascular risk factors were significant determinants of detectable and
      elevated hs-cTnT, the associations were particularly robust for sex, age, race,
      hypertension and diabetes.

PMID- 26975904
TI  - Monocyte cell membrane-derived nanoghosts for targeted cancer therapy.
AB  - Core-shell type 'nanoghosts' were synthesized with a drug-loaded biodegradable
      PLGA core and a monocyte cell membrane-derived shell. The nanoghosts were
      monodisperse with an average size <200 nm, and showed good serum stability for
      120 h. Doxorubicin-loaded nanoghosts showed greater cellular uptake and
      cytotoxicity compared to non-coated nanoparticle controls in metastatic MCF-7
      breast cancer cell lines. 

PMID- 26975905
TI  - Prospective cohort study of persistent hypertension following pre-eclampsia at
      Medani Hospital, Sudan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of, and factors associated with, persistent
      hypertension in patients with pre-eclampsia. METHODS: A prospective cohort study
      enrolled patients presenting with pre-eclampsia at Wad Medani Maternity Hospital,
      Sudan, between March 1 and October 31, 2014. Obstetric, clinical, and biochemical
      variables were recorded at presentation and at 6weeks after delivery. RESULTS: Of
      188 patients enrolled in the study, 6-week follow-up data were available for 165.
      Among these patients, 136 (82.4%) and 29 (17.6) had mild and severe pre
      eclampsia, respectively. At 6-week follow-up, 58 (35.2%) patients were
      experiencing persistent hypertension. Patients with persistent hypertension
      demonstrated significantly lower platelet counts at baseline (P=0.001) and
      neonatal weight at delivery (P<0.001) than patients who were normotensive at
      6weeks. Severe pre-eclampsia was more common among patients who experienced
      persistent hypertension than those who were normotensive 6weeks after delivery
      (P<0.001). In a logistic-regression analysis, none of the investigated factors
      was associated with persistent hypertension; however, patients experiencing
      severe pre-eclampsia were 7.3-times more likely to experience persistent
      hypertension than patients with mild pre-eclampsia (95% confidence interval 1.6
      32.2; P=0.008). CONCLUSION: Persistent hypertension 6weeks after delivery was
      common among patients who experienced pre-eclampsia in Sudan (particularly severe
      pre-eclampsia) regardless of patients' age and parity.

PMID- 26975906
TI  - The association between midwifery experience and perinatal mortality-Authors'
      reply.

PMID- 26975909
TI  - Addressing overuse starts with physicians: Choosing Wisely Canada.

PMID- 26975907
TI  - The 1% versus the 99%: Reducing unnecessary health care costs.

PMID- 26975910
TI  - Pandemics, Ebola, and the family doctor.

PMID- 26975912
TI  - Recommendations on routine screening pelvic examination: Canadian Task Force on
      Preventive Health Care adoption of the American College of Physicians guideline.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review the 2014 American College of Physicians (ACP) guideline on
      the use of pelvic examinations to screen for cancer (other than cervical), pelvic
      inflammatory disease, or other benign gynecologic conditions to determine whether
      the ACP guideline on routine pelvic examinations was consistent with Canadian
      Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC) standards and could be adapted or
      adopted. METHODS: The SNAP-IT (Smooth National Adaptation and Presentation of
      Guidelines to Improve Thrombosis Treatment) method was used to determine whether
      the ACP guideline was consistent with CTFPHC standards and could be adapted or
      adopted. RECOMMENDATIONS: The CTFPHC recommends not performing a screening pelvic
      examination to screen for noncervical cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, or
      other gynecological conditions in asymptomatic women. This is a strong
      recommendation with moderate-quality evidence. CONCLUSION: The CTFPHC adopts the
      recommendation on screening pelvic examination as published by the ACP in 2014.

PMID- 26975913
TI  - Digoxin toxicity: Case for retiring its use in elderly patients?

PMID- 26975915
TI  - Choosing Wisely Canada recommendations: Interview with Dr Anthony Train.

PMID- 26975914
TI  - To cut or not to cut? Approach to ankyloglossia.

PMID- 26975916
TI  - Anti-CCP: a truly helpful rheumatoid arthritis test?

PMID- 26975918
TI  - The heart of being alive.

PMID- 26975919
TI  - Sharing a cup of tea.

PMID- 26975917
TI  - Potential effects of rational prescribing on national health care spending: More
      than half a billion dollars in annual savings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost savings that could result from implementation of
      a rational prescribing model for drug classes that are equivalent in terms of
      efficacy, toxicity, and convenience. DESIGN: The top 10 drug classes based on
      annual spending were gathered from the Canadian Institute for Health Information.
      They were reviewed for potential inclusion in the study based on the ability to
      compare intraclass medications. When equivalence in efficacy, toxicity, and
      convenience was determined from a literature review, annual prescribing data were
      gathered from the National Prescription Drug Utilization Information Systems
      Database. The potential cost savings were then calculated by comparing current
      market shares with potential future market shares. SETTING: Canada. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Estimated differences in spending produced by a rational prescribing
      model. RESULTS: Statins, proton pump inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were determined to have
      class equivalence for efficacy, toxicity, and convenience. Total current annual
      spending on these classes is $856 million through public drug programs, and an
      estimated $1.97 billion nationally. Through rational prescribing, annual savings
      could reach $222 million for public drug programs, and $521 million nationally.
      CONCLUSION: Most of the potential savings are derived from deprescribing the
      newest patent-protected medications in each class. Avoiding prescribing the
      newest intraclass drug, particularly in the absence of research to support its
      superiority in relevant clinical outcomes, could lead to considerable savings in
      health care expenditures and might push the pharmaceutical industry to innovate
      rather than imitate.

PMID- 26975920
TI  - Impact of family medicine research: Bibliometrics and beyond.

PMID- 26975921
TI  - Welcoming Syrian refugees.

PMID- 26975924
TI  - Making the case for primary care.

PMID- 26975927
TI  - Facile Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Polycyclic Pyridines and Their
      Cytotoxicity Effects in Human Cancer Cell Lines.
AB  - A three-component cascade method has been developed for the direct synthesis of
      polysubstituted pyridines. This strategy provides a very convenient route to
      pyridines using a variety of beta-bromo-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, 1,3
      diketones, and ammonium acetate without any additional catalyst or metal salt
      under mild conditions. A variety of beta-ketoesters and 4-hydroxycoumarin were
      also used instead of 1,3-diketones for the diverse synthesis of polycyclic
      pyridines. One of the synthesized pyridines has been unambiguously established by
      a single crystal XRD study. All of the synthesized pyridine derivatives were
      evaluated for their antiproliferative properties in vitro against the human
      cancer cell lines HeLa, Me180, and ZR751. Compounds 4{4,1} and 4{2,4} showed
      significant cytotoxicity in the human breast cancer cell line ZR751 and cervical
      cancer cell line Me180, respectively, and a few other compounds were found to
      have moderate activities.

PMID- 26975929
TI  - Early Radiosurgery Improves Hearing Preservation in Vestibular Schwannoma
      Patients With Normal Hearing at the Time of Diagnosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are increasingly diagnosed in patients with
      normal hearing because of advances in magnetic resonance imaging. We sought to
      evaluate whether stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) performed earlier after
      diagnosis improved long-term hearing preservation in this population. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: We queried our quality assessment registry and found the records of
      1134 acoustic neuroma patients who underwent SRS during a 15-year period (1997
      2011). We identified 88 patients who had VS but normal hearing with no subjective
      hearing loss at the time of diagnosis. All patients were Gardner-Robertson (GR)
      class I at the time of SRS. Fifty-seven patients underwent early (<=2 years from
      diagnosis) SRS and 31 patients underwent late (>2 years after diagnosis) SRS. At
      a median follow-up time of 75 months, we evaluated patient outcomes. RESULTS:
      Tumor control rates (decreased or stable in size) were similar in the early (95%)
      and late (90%) treatment groups (P=.73). Patients in the early treatment group
      retained serviceable (GR class I/II) hearing and normal (GR class I) hearing
      longer than did patients in the late treatment group (serviceable hearing,
      P=.006; normal hearing, P<.0001, respectively). At 5 years after SRS, an
      estimated 88% of the early treatment group retained serviceable hearing and 77%
      retained normal hearing, compared with 55% with serviceable hearing and 33% with
      normal hearing in the late treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: SRS within 2 years after
      diagnosis of VS in normal hearing patients resulted in improved retention of all
      hearing measures compared with later SRS.

PMID- 26975930
TI  - Wee1 Kinase Inhibitor AZD1775 Radiosensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Regardless
      of TP53 Mutational Status Through Induction of Replication Stress.
AB  - PURPOSE: Wee1 kinase inhibitors are effective radiosensitizers in cells lacking a
      G1 checkpoint. In this study we examined the potential effect of Wee1 kinase
      inhibition on inducing replication stress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: Five independent datasets from the Oncomine database
      comparing gene expression in HCC compared to normal tissue were combined and
      specific markers associated with Wee1 sensitivity were analyzed. We then
      performed a series of in vitro experiments to study the effect of Wee1 inhibition
      on irradiated HCC cell lines with varying p53 mutational status. Clonogenic
      survival assays and flow cytometry using anti-gammaH2AX and phospho-histone H3
      antibodies with propidium iodide were performed to study the effect of AZD1775 on
      survival, cell cycle, and DNA repair. Additionally, nucleoside enriched medium
      was used to examine the effect of altering nucleotide pools on Wee1 targeted
      radiation sensitization. RESULTS: Our analysis of the Oncomine database found
      high levels of CDK1 and other cell cycle regulators indicative of Wee1
      sensitivity in HCC. In our in vitro experiments, treatment with AZD1775
      radiosensitized and chemosensitized Hep3B, Huh7, and HepG2 cell lines and was
      associated with delayed resolution of gammaH2AX foci and the induction of pan
      nuclear gammaH2AX staining. Wee1 inhibition attenuated radiation-induced G2
      arrest in the Hep3B (TP53 null) and Huh7 (TP53 mutant) cell lines but not in the
      TP53 wild-type cell line HepG2. Supplementation with nucleosides reversed the
      radiation-sensitizing effect of AZD1775 and reduced the amount of cells with pan
      nuclear gammaH2AX staining after radiation. CONCLUSIONS: Radiation sensitization
      with Wee1 inhibition occurs in cells regardless of their p53 mutational status.
      In this study we show for the first time that replication stress via the
      overconsumption of nucleotides plays an important role in AZD1775-induced
      radiation sensitization.

PMID- 26975931
TI  - Development of a method for detection and quantification of B. brongniartii and
      B. bassiana in soil.
AB  - A culture independent method based on qPCR was developed for the detection and
      quantification of two fungal inoculants in soil. The aim was to adapt a
      genotyping approach based on SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) marker to a
      discriminating tracing of two different species of bioinoculants in soil, after
      their in-field release. Two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and B.
      brongniartii, were traced and quantified in soil samples obtained from field
      trials. These two fungal species were used as biological agents in Poland to
      control Melolontha melolontha (European cockchafer), whose larvae live in soil
      menacing horticultural crops. Specificity of SSR markers was verified using
      controls consisting of: i) soil samples containing fungal spores of B. bassiana
      and B. brongniartii in known dilutions; ii) the DNA of the fungal microorganisms;
      iii) soil samples singly inoculated with each fungus species. An initial
      evaluation of the protocol was performed with analyses of soil DNA and mycelial
      DNA. Further, the simultaneous detection and quantification of B. bassiana and B.
      brongniartii in soil was achieved in field samples after application of the bio
      inoculants. The protocol can be considered as a relatively low cost solution for
      the detection, identification and traceability of fungal bio-inoculants in soil. 

PMID- 26975932
TI  - Evaluating the implementation fidelity of New Medicines Service for asthma
      patients in community pharmacies in Belgium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In October 2013, a New Medicines Service (NMS) was introduced in
      community pharmacies in Belgium to support asthma patients who are novice users
      of inhaler devices with corticosteroids. The protocol-based intervention used the
      Asthma Control Test (ACT) and the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS) to
      assess asthma control and medication adherence. The NMS is the first initiative
      that puts advanced pharmaceutical care into practice in Belgium. The present
      study evaluated the degree to which the NMS program is delivered as intended,
      drawing on the concept of implementation fidelity (IF). METHODS: The main
      dimensions of IF and potential moderating and facilitating factors for the
      implementation of NMS in community pharmacies were evaluated using telephone
      interviews with pharmacists (n = 497), semi-structured interviews with patients
      eligible for NMS (n = 30), focus groups among general practitioners (n = 72) and
      lung specialists (n = 5), and a work system analysis in community pharmacies (n =
      19). RESULTS: The uptake of NMS in Belgian community pharmacies remains low. In
      addition to practical barriers, pharmacists found it difficult to identify new
      asthmatic patients when they were not informed about the diagnosis. A lack of
      commitment from physicians, patients and pharmacists was noted in the early start
      up phase of the program. Many pharmacists did not see how NMS differed from
      existing pharmaceutical care. Physicians considered this service as part of their
      own tasks and discouraged ACT for asthma follow-up in the community pharmacy.
      CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of the NMS program was not sufficiently embedded in
      the Belgian health care organization, causing low uptake and resistance to its
      implementation by pharmacists, patients, and other health care professionals. To
      increase the uptake of this type of service and its possible extension to other
      patient groups, more collaboration among the different health care professionals
      during design and implementation is necessary, as well as systematic data
      collection to monitor the quality of the service, better training of pharmacists,
      and more information for patients and physicians.

PMID- 26975933
TI  - Analysis of the sex ratio of reported gonorrhoea incidence in Shenzhen, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical process of gonorrhoea diagnosis and report in
      China, and to determine the difference of sex ratio between reported incidence
      based on reporting data and true diagnosis rate based on reference tests of
      gonorrhoea. SETTING: A total of 26 dermatology and sexually transmitted disease
      (STD) departments, 34 obstetrics-gynaecology clinics and 28 urology outpatient
      clinics selected from 34 hospitals of Shenzhen regarded as our study sites.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2754 participants were recruited in this study, and 2534
      participants completed the questionnaire survey and provided genital tract
      secretion specimens. There were 1106 male and 1428 female participants. Eligible
      participants were patients who presented for outpatient STD care at the selected
      clinics for the first time in October 2012 were at least 18 years old, and were
      able to give informed consent. OUTCOME MEASURES: Untested rate, true-positive
      rate, false-negative rate and unreported rate of gonorrhoea, as well as reported
      gonorrhoea incidence sex ratio and true diagnosis sex ratio were calculated and
      used to describe the results. RESULTS: 2534 participants were enrolled in the
      study. The untested rate of gonorrhoea among females was significantly higher
      than that among males (female 88.1%, male 68.3%, p=0.001). The male-to-female sex
      ratios of untested rate, true-positive rate, false-negative rate and unreported
      rate were 1:1.3, 1.2:1, 1:1.6 and 1:1.4, respectively. The reported gonorrhoea
      incidence sex ratio of new diagnosed gonorrhoea was 19.8:1 (male vs female:
      87/1106 vs 5/1420), while the true diagnosis sex ratio was 2.5:1 (male vs female:
      161/1106 vs 84/1420). These data indicate that the sex ratio of reported
      gonorrhoea incidence has been overestimated by a factor of 7.9 (19.8/2.5).
      CONCLUSIONS: We found the current reported gonorrhoea incidence and sex ratios to
      be inaccurate due to underestimations of gonorrhoea incidence, especially among
      women.

PMID- 26975935
TI  - Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of 'early health risk': simpler and more
      predictive than using a 'matrix' based on BMI and waist circumference.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There is now good evidence that central obesity carries more health
      risks compared with total obesity assessed by body mass index (BMI). It has
      therefore been suggested that waist circumference (WC), a proxy for central
      obesity, should be included with BMI in a 'matrix' to categorise health risk. We
      wanted to compare how the adult UK population is classified using such a 'matrix'
      with that using another proxy for central obesity, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR),
      using a boundary value of 0.5. Further, we wished to compare cardiometabolic risk
      factors in adults with 'healthy' BMI divided according to whether they have WHtR
      below or above 0.5. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Recent data from
      4 years (2008-2012) of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (n=1453
      adults) were used to cross-classify respondents on anthropometric indices.
      Regression was used to examine differences in levels of risk factors
      (triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high
      density lipoprotein (HDL), TC: HDL, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting
      glucose, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) according to WHtR
      below and above 0.5, with adjustment for confounders (age, sex and BMI). RESULTS:
      35% of the group who were judged to be at 'no increased risk' using the 'matrix'
      had WHtR >= 0.5. The 'matrix' did not assign 'increased risk' to those with a
      'healthy' BMI and 'high' waist circumference. However, our analysis showed that
      the group with 'healthy' BMI, and WHtR >= 0.5, had some significantly higher
      cardiometabolic risk factors compared to the group with 'healthy' BMI but WHtR
      below 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a simple boundary value for WHtR (0.5) identifies
      more people at 'early health risk' than does a more complex 'matrix' using
      traditional boundary values for BMI and WC. WHtR may be a simpler and more
      predictive indicator of the 'early heath risks' associated with central obesity.

PMID- 26975934
TI  - Depressive symptomatology, weight status and obesogenic risk among Australian
      adolescents: a prospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Adolescence is a period of increased risk for mental health problems
      and development of associated lifestyle risk behaviours. This study examined
      cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between obesogenic risk factors,
      weight status, and depressive symptomatology in a cohort of Australian
      adolescents. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The study used repeated
      measures data from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) It's Your Move project,
      an Australian community-based obesity prevention intervention. Intervention
      effect was non-significant therefore intervention and comparison groups were
      combined in this study. PARTICIPANTS: Total sample was 634 secondary school
      students (female n=338, male n=296) with mean age 13 years (SD=0.6) at baseline
      (2012) and 15 years (SD=0.6) at follow-up (2014) recruited from 6 government
      secondary schools in the ACT. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES MEASURES: Primary
      outcome was depressive symptomatology measured by Short Mood and Feelings
      Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were weight status, physical activity, screen
      time and diet related measures. RESULTS: Increased physical activity was
      associated to lower depressive symptomatology among males (OR=0.35, p<0.05).
      Sweet drink (OR=1.15, p<0.05) and takeaway consumption (OR=1.84, p<0.05) were
      associated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology among females at
      follow-up. Males who were classified as overweight or obese at baseline, and
      remained so over the study period, were at increased risk of depressive
      symptomatology at follow-up (b=1.63, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.92). Inactivity among males
      over the 2-year study period was predictive of higher depressive symptomatology
      scores at follow-up (b=2.55, 95% CI 0.78 to 4.32). For females, those who
      increased their consumption of takeaway foods during the study period were at
      increased risk for developing depressive symptomatology (b=1.82, 95% CI -0.05 to
      3.71). CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple, probably complex, relationships between
      diet, physical activity and outcomes of obesity and mental health as well as
      between the outcomes themselves. Healthier diets and increased physical activity
      should be foundations for healthier body weight and mental health. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12615000842561; Results.

PMID- 26975937
TI  - Effects of different metabolic states and surgical models on glucose metabolism
      and secretion of ileal L-cell peptides: protocol for a cross-sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are increasing worldwide,
      reaching pandemic proportions. The understanding of the role of functional
      restriction and gut hormones can be a beneficial tool in treating obesity and
      diabetes. However, the exact hormonal profiles in different metabolic states and
      surgical models are not known. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The HIPER-1 Study is a
      single-centre cross-sectional study in which 240 patients (in different metabolic
      states and surgical models) will receive an oral mixed-meal tolerance test
      (OMTT). At baseline and after 30, 60 and 120 min, peptide YY and glucagon-like
      peptide 1 levels and glucose and insulin sensitivity will be measured. The
      primary end point of the study will be the area under the glucagon-like peptide 1
      and peptide YY curves after the OMTT. Secondary study end points will include
      examination of the difference in plasma levels of the distal ileal hormones in
      subjects with various health statuses and in patients who have been treated with
      different surgical techniques. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: An independent ethics
      committee, the Institutional Review Board of Istanbul Sisli Kolan International
      Hospital, Turkey, has approved the study protocol. Dissemination will occur via
      publication, national and international conference presentations, and exchanges
      with regional, provincial and national stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      NCT02532829; Pre-results.

PMID- 26975936
TI  - Do health literacy and patient empowerment affect self-care behaviour? A survey
      study among Turkish patients with diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the impact of health literacy and patient
      empowerment on diabetes self-care behaviour in patients in metropolitan Turkish
      diabetes centres. The conceptual background is provided by the psychological
      health empowerment model, which holds that health literacy without patient
      empowerment comes down to wasting health resources, while empowerment without
      health literacy can lead to dangerous or suboptimal health behaviour. DESIGN,
      SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 167 patients
      over the age of 18 from one of two diabetes clinics in a major Turkish City. Self
      administered questionnaires were distributed to eligible outpatients who had an
      appointment in one of the clinics. Health literacy was measured by a newly
      translated Turkish version of the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in
      Adults (S-TOFHLA) and the Chew self-report scale. Patient empowerment was
      measured by a 12-item scale based on Spreitzer's conceptualisation of
      psychological empowerment in the workplace. Self-care behaviour was measured by
      the Self-care behaviours were measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care
      Activities Measure (SDSCA). Level of diabetes knowledge was measured by Diabetes
      Knowledge Test. RESULTS: Two subscales of empowerment, impact and self
      determination, predicted self-reported frequency of self-care behaviours. Neither
      health literacy nor diabetes knowledge had an effect on self-care behaviours.
      CONCLUSIONS: Health literacy might be more effective in clinical decisions while
      empowerment might exert a stronger influence on habitual health behaviours.

PMID- 26975938
TI  - Artificial trans fat in popular foods in 2012 and in 2014: a market basket
      investigation in six European countries.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To minimise the intake of industrially produced trans fat (I-TF) and
      thereby decrease the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), nearly all European
      countries rely on food producers to voluntarily reduce the I-TF content in food.
      The objective of this study was to monitor the change in presence of I-TF in
      biscuits/cakes/wafers in six countries in South-eastern Europe from 2012 to 2014,
      including two members of the European Union (Slovenia and Croatia). DESIGN: Three
      large supermarkets were visited in each of the six capitals in 2012. Pre-packaged
      biscuits/cakes/wafers were bought if the products contained more than 15 g of
      total fat per 100 g of product and if partially hydrogenated oil or a similar
      term was disclosed at the beginning of the ingredients list. These same
      supermarkets were revisited in 2014 and the same collection procedure was
      followed. All foods were subsequently analysed for total fat and trans fat in the
      same laboratory. RESULTS: The number of packages bought in the six countries
      taken together was 266 in 2012 and 643 in 2014. Some were identical, and
      therefore only 226 were analysed in 2012 and 434 in 2014. Packages with less than
      2% of fat from I-TF went up from 69 to 235, while products with more than 2%
      (illegal in Denmark) doubled from an average of 33 to an average of 68 products
      for the six countries, with considerable variation across countries. The per cent
      of I-TF in total fat decreased slightly, from a mean (SD) of 22 (13) in 2012 to
      18 (9) in 2014. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that voluntary reduction of I
      TF in foods with high amounts is an ineffective strategy in several European
      countries. Alternative strategies both within and outside the European Union are
      necessary to protect all subgroups of the populations against an increased risk
      of CHD.

PMID- 26975940
TI  - [National survey: Avulsion of included wisdom teeth in mandibular orthognathic
      surgery].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is no recommendation concerning wisdom teeth (WT) extraction
      in mandibular orthognathic surgery. We carried out an investigation among the
      members of the French Society of Stomatology and Oro-maxillofacial Surgery
      (SFSCMFCO), in order to evaluate the practices and habits of maxillofacial
      surgeons in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We emailed the 424 members of the
      SFSCMFCO with a questionnaire. RESULTS: We obtained 143 feedbacks that could be
      exploited. In total, 72.5% of practitioners prefer WT to be extracted before
      performing a bilateral sagittal spilt osteotomy (BSSO). In this case, a period of
      6 months between the two surgeries was considered as desirable by more than 70%
      of the surgeons. In total, 74.6% of the surgeons thought that the presence of WT
      could make a BSSO more complicated. However, 73.9% of the surgeons would not
      postpone the BBSO in a patient ready for surgery but with remaining impacted WT.
      DISCUSSION: A majority of surgeons think that the presence of impacted WT may
      complicate a BSSO and increases the risk of bad split. Most of the authors
      recommend extracting the impacted WT 6 months before BSSO at least. However,
      these potential complications are easy to overcome and don't compromise the final
      result. Therefore, we think that impacted WT should not delay a BSSO if the
      orthodontic preparation makes the patient ready for surgery.

PMID- 26975939
TI  - Genomic identification of WRKY transcription factors in carrot (Daucus carota)
      and analysis of evolution and homologous groups for plants.
AB  - WRKY transcription factors belong to one of the largest transcription factor
      families. These factors possess functions in plant growth and development, signal
      transduction, and stress response. Here, we identified 95 DcWRKY genes in carrot
      based on the carrot genomic and transcriptomic data, and divided them into three
      groups. Phylogenetic analysis of WRKY proteins from carrot and Arabidopsis
      divided these proteins into seven subgroups. To elucidate the evolution and
      distribution of WRKY transcription factors in different species, we constructed a
      schematic of the phylogenetic tree and compared the WRKY family factors among 22
      species, which including plants, slime mold and protozoan. An in-depth study was
      performed to clarify the homologous factor groups of nine divergent taxa in lower
      and higher plants. Based on the orthologous factors between carrot and
      Arabidopsis, 38 DcWRKY proteins were calculated to interact with other proteins
      in the carrot genome. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that DcWRKY20 can interact
      with DcMAPK1 and DcMAPK4. The expression patterns of the selected DcWRKY genes
      based on transcriptome data and qRT-PCR suggested that those selected DcWRKY
      genes are involved in root development, biotic and abiotic stress response. This
      comprehensive analysis provides a basis for investigating the evolution and
      function of WRKY genes. 

PMID- 26975942
TI  - Defining Advanced Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Criteria Used in Clinical
      Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enrollment criteria used in advanced heart failure (HF) clinical
      trials might identify a common set of widely accepted quantitative
      characteristics as the basis of a consensus definition for advanced HF, which is
      currently lacking. METHODS: We reviewed all clinical trials investigating
      interventions in patients with advanced HF as of July 31, 2015. Eligible
      publications (N = 134) reported original data from clinical trials explicitly
      defining advanced HF in adults. RESULTS: New York Heart Association (NYHA) class
      was the most common criterion (119 trials, 88.8%; classes ranged from II to IV),
      followed by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (84 trials, 62.7%; cutoff
      range, 20% to 45%; mode 35%). Other criteria included inotrope-dependent status
      (12.7%), peak oxygen consumption (10.4%), >=1 previous HF admissions (10.4%),
      cardiac index (10.4%), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (9.0%), left
      ventricular end-diastolic diameter (6.0%), and transplant listing status (5.2%).
      Cutoff points for quantitative criteria varied considerably. Previous HF
      admission was more frequently required in recent trials (P = .007 for temporal
      trend), whereas use of hemodynamic criteria decreased over time (P = .050 for
      temporal trend). Average LVEF among participants increased over time.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation in the definition of advanced HF for
      clinical trial purposes. Beyond NYHA and LVEF, a wide array of criteria has been
      used, with little consistency both in criteria selection and quantitative cutoff
      points.

PMID- 26975943
TI  - Mayo Clinic/Renal Pathology Society Consensus Classification of
      Glomerulonephritides: A Giant Leap in Right Direction.

PMID- 26975941
TI  - The Obesity and Heart Failure Epidemics Among African Americans: Insights From
      the Jackson Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Higher rates of obesity and heart failure have been observed in
      African Americans, but associations with mortality are not well-described. We
      examined intermediate and long-term clinical implications of obesity in African
      Americans and associations between obesity and all-cause mortality, heart
      failure, and heart failure hospitalization. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a
      retrospective analysis of a community sample of 5292 African Americans
      participating in the Jackson Heart Study between September 2000 and January 2013.
      The main outcomes were associations between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause
      mortality at 9 years and heart failure hospitalization at 7 years using Cox
      proportional hazards models and interval development of heart failure (median 8
      years' follow-up) using a modified Poisson model. At baseline, 1406 (27%)
      participants were obese and 1416 (27%) were morbidly obese. With increasing BMI,
      the cumulative incidence of mortality decreased (P= .007), whereas heart failure
      increased (P < .001). Heart failure hospitalization was more common among
      morbidly obese participants (9.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.6-11.7) than
      among normal-weight patients (6.3%; 95% CI 4.7-8.4). After risk adjustment, BMI
      was not associated with mortality. Each 1-point increase in BMI was associated
      with a 5% increase in the risk of heart failure (hazard ratio 1.05; 95% CI 1.03
      1.06; P < .001) and the risk of heart failure hospitalization for BMI greater
      than 32 kg/m(2) (hazard ratio 1.05; 95% CI 1.03-1.07; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS:
      Obesity and morbid obesity were common in a community sample of African
      Americans, and both were associated with increased heart failure and heart
      failure hospitalization.

PMID- 26975945
TI  - Vitiligo in Children: A Distinct Subset.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical profile of vitiligo in children. STUDY DESIGN: A
      descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Combined Military Hospital,
      Abbottabad, from January 2010 to June 2013. METHODOLOGY: All new patients below
      the age of 15 years, clinically diagnosed to have vitiligo, were included in the
      study. A detailed history was obtained, thorough physical examination was
      performed, and findings were recorded on a specially designed proforma for each
      patient separately. Computer programme SPSS-14 was used to manage and analyze the
      data. RESULTS: Out of 157 children, 68 (43.3%) were males and 89 (56.7%) were
      females. Mean age at onset was 6.55 +/-3.43 years. The disease started before 10
      years of age in 123 (78.3%) children. Average duration of the disease was 1.48 +/
      1.87 years. Average duration of the disease was 1.73 +/-2.09 years in male
      children and 1.29 +/-1.67 years in female children. Generalized vitiligo was the
      commonest type (n = 83, 52.9%). The disease started most commonly from head and
      neck (n = 75, 47.8%). A family history of vitiligo was found in forty-nine
      (31.2%) children, Koebner phenomenon in 39 (24.8%) children and associated
      autoimmune or endocrine diseases in 8 (5.1%) patients. CONCLUSION: Majority of
      the children developed the disease before 10 years of age. Generalized vitiligo
      was the commonest type. Childhood vitiligo was more common in female children.

PMID- 26975944
TI  - Early Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Outcomes in Terms of Weight Loss.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)
      in terms of weight loss. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive cohort study. PLACE AND
      DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Surgery, Shifa International Hospital,
      Islamabad, from January 2009 to January 2015. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100
      consecutive patients were included in the study through retrospective chart
      review. A5-port technique was utilized with the gastric sleeve being created
      using endostapler. Postoperatively, patients gradually progressed from clear
      liquid diet and oral rehydration salts to nutritional supplements over three
      days. By two weeks postoperatively, patients had progressed to a solid diet. SPSS
      was used for data entry and analysis. Body mass index (BMI) and weight in kg were
      determined. RESULTS: From 100 patients, 17 were lost to follow-up less than a
      week into the postoperative period. Of the remaining, average age of the patients
      was 34.7 +/-11.3 years at the time of surgery. The majority of patients were
      females (72%). Mean preoperative and postoperative BMI was 45.3 +/-10.4 kg/m2 and
      35.0 +/-10 kg/m2, respectively. Of the 83 patients, 62 were followed-up for
      longer than 1 month (average 419 days). For patients in this category, mean
      reduction in BMI was 10.3 +/-6.5 kg/m2 with average weight loss of 34.3 +/-18.2
      kg. There were no mortalities associated with LSG. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic
      sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective intervention in young Pakistani
      females with encouraging outcomes at a mean follow-up of over one year.

PMID- 26975946
TI  - Perception of Diabetic Patients Regarding Basal Bolus Insulin Injections and
      Outcome of its Use.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceptions regarding basal bolus insulin injections and
      the changes in blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) before
      and after 3 months of such treatment in diabetic patients. STUDY DESIGN: Quasi
      experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Endocrinology,
      Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, from December 2014 to March 2015.
      METHODOLOGY: A total of 222 diabetic patients started on basal bolus insulin
      injection were enrolled and asked to answer 17 questions. Those with
      complications of diabetes were excluded. Fasting blood glucose (FBS), random
      blood glucose (RBS) and HbA1c levels were checked initially, and after 3 months
      of getting basal bolus insulin. Paired t-test and chi-square test were used for
      determining p-value with significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Majority (n=217,
      97.7%) of the patients were previously taking other insulins. Before starting
      this treatment, the mean FBS was 260.5 +/-52.2 mg/dl, RBS was 385.5 +/-47.61
      mg/dl and HbA1c was 12.76 +/-1.92%. After 3 months of treatment, FBS improved to
      117.9 +/-14.2 mg/dl, RBS was 156.7 +/-17.09 mg/dl and HbA1c was 7.72 +/-4.41% (p
      < 0.001). Two hundred and sixteen (97.3%) patients believed that basal bolus
      insulin was started as their diabetes worsened; 157 (70.70%) thought that their
      blood glucose control would improve with the use of this form of insulin. One
      hundred and ninety four (87.4%) had fear of needle injections. Perceptions
      regarding hypoglycemia with this form of insulin were observed in 157 (70.7%).
      One hundred and twenty seven (84.1%) of the females and 51 (71.8%) of the males
      thought that the basal bolus insulin regimen was too expensive (p=0.032).
      CONCLUSION: There were many misconceptions in patients who were started on basal
      bolus insulin. Marked improvement in blood glucose levels and HbA1c were observed
      after the use of this regimen.

PMID- 26975947
TI  - Comparison of Micro-Leakage around Temporary Restorative Materials Placed in
      Complex Endodontic Access Cavities: An In-Vitro Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare mean micro-leakage around 3 types of temporary restorative
      materials in-vitro, when placed adjacent to permanent restorations (amalgam) in
      complex endodontic access cavities. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.
      PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Dental Clinics, Dental Laboratory and Research
      Laboratory at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January to June
      2014. METHODOLOGY: After random allocation of 60 teeth into 3 experimental
      groups, each group had conventional class II cavities prepared and amalgam
      placed. After 14 days, endodontic access cavities were made in these teeth,
      followed by placement of Cavit, IRM and CLIP(depth of 4 mm each). After thermo
      cycling and immersion in 0.5% methylene blue dye, the teeth were sectioned mesio
      distally and observed under stereoscopic microscope (magnification x4) along 2
      interfaces 'a' and 'b' (tooth-temporary restoration and temporary restoration
      primary restoration), respectively. Depth of dye penetration was measured in
      millimeters. RESULTS: IRM was leakiest at interface 'a', cavit had highest dye
      penetration at interface 'b', while CLIP exhibited least micro-leakage at 'a' and
      'b'. The mean dye penetration for Cavit was 0.80 +/- 0.23 mm at 'a', and 2.24 +/-
      0.48 mm at 'b'. For IRM, it was 1.82 +/- 0.09 mm at 'a', and 0.44 +/- 0.13 mm at
      'b'. For CLIP, the mean dye penetration was 0.43 +/- 0.05 mm at 'a', and 0.32 +/-
      0.12 mm at 'b'. The difference in dye penetration observed between the 3 groups
      at both interfaces was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In a complex access
      cavity made adjacent to a pre-existing amalgam restoration, CLIP exhibits the
      least micro-leakage, followed by IRM and Cavit.

PMID- 26975948
TI  - Interleukin-10 as a Marker of Disease Progression in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in patients
      suffering from dengue hemorrhagic fever between 4 to 7 days of onset of disease
      and 24 hours after the first sample, to find out the association of plasma IL-10
      levels with the outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF
      STUDY: All major hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan, from August to November 2012.
      METHODOLOGY: Participants included 50 registered patients of dengue hemorrhagic
      fever (DHF) aged between 15 - 50 years. Plasma IL-10 concentrations were measured
      on above stated day. Outcome was described as recovery and shock. Platelet count
      and hematocrit percentages were also recorded. Statistical analyses were done
      using SPSS version 19. Ap-value <=0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS:
      Plasma IL-10 levels were found to be raised in DHF patients and were associated
      with fatal outcome (p=0.004). In recovered DHF patients, plasma IL-10 levels
      decreased after 24 hours (mean 26.54 +/- 16.03 pg/ml) as compared to admission
      time (mean 74.39 +/- 61.69 pg/ml) but in case of DHF patients suffering from
      shock, plasma IL-10 was found to be higher after 24 hours (mean 87.69 +/- 7.77
      pg/ml) as compared to levels at admission time (mean 42.56 +/- 28.09 pg/ml). ROC
      curve analysis revealed a change (30 units pg/ml) of plasma IL-10 concentration,
      within 24 hours of admission, raised from the base line to be 105 times more
      critical for shock in DHF patients (100% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity, p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Elevated plasma IL-10 is a potential predictor of disease
      severity and fatal outcome in DHF patients.

PMID- 26975949
TI  - The Trends of CRP Levels at Different Waist-to-Hip Ratios Among Normotensive
      Overweight and Obese Patients: A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between CRP (C-reactive protein) and
      Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) among over weight and obese patients with normal blood
      pressure. STUDY DESIGN: An analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Medical
      indoor and outpatient clinics of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from March to August
      2013. METHODOLOGY: Willing patients with Body Mass Index (BMI) of > 23 kg/m2,
      normal blood pressures, and age between 18 - 65 years were inducted in the study.
      Patients with signs of fluid retention, collagen vascular disease, CAD, on
      corticosteroids, immunomodulators or lipid lowering medications, hypertensives
      and febrile patients were excluded. Patients were considered to be at low risk
      for cardiovascular events if WHR among males and females was < 0.95 and < 0.80,
      respectively. Similarly, males and females with WHR > 1 and > 0.85, respectively
      were taken as high risk. Levels in-between these ranges were taken as moderate
      risk. Data was analyzed on SPSS 15. Descriptive statistics were determined. The p
      value was calculated by ANOVA and independent sample t-test among males and
      females respectively, to compare WHR in relation to different CRP levels and <
      0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: There were 34 male and 74 female
      patients. The gender-wise mean WHR did not show statistically significant
      difference categorized CRP levels (p=0.072 in male, and 0.052 in females). There
      was an increasing trend in CRP levels as WHR increased among females, but this
      was statistically insignificant (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the impact of
      central obesity on cardiac health is well known, however, WHR alone is an
      unreliable indicator of systemic inflammation and raised CRP level.

PMID- 26975950
TI  - Role of Skill Laboratory Training in Medical Education - Students&rsquo;
      Perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perceptions of medical students regarding their
      training utilizing facilities provided in the skill laboratory of a public sector
      medical college. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF
      STUDY: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, from October to December 2014.
      METHODOLOGY: Students of final year MBBS who had underwent skill laboratory
      training were recruited through convenience purposive sampling. Students not
      exposed to skill laboratory training were excluded. Data collection tool was a
      questionnaire having 23 questions with responses on Likert Scale as strongly
      disagree, disagree, agree and strongly agree coded as 1, 2, 3 and 4,
      respectively. Data was analysed on SPSS version 22. RESULTS: There were 78 (57%)
      male and 59 (43%) female students out of 137, with mean age of 22.59 &plusmn;0.74
      years. The response rate was 68.5%. Cronbach&#039;s Alpha test was 0.84 showing
      high reliability. The mean of sum of all the 23 items was 63.85 &plusmn;8.71,
      whereas item means was 2.78 &plusmn;0.38, reflecting a high inclination of
      students towards skill laboratory training. Frequency of students responding in
      favour of skill laboratory training was significantly high (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Medical students perceived skill laboratory training as a favoured
      learning strategy as compared to practising on real patients for acquisition of
      various aspects of clinical skills, knowledge and attitude.

PMID- 26975951
TI  - Clinical Spectrum of Disorders of Sexual Differentiation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the mode of presentation and causes of the disorders of
      sexual differentiation in patients presenting in the Endocrine Clinic. STUDY
      DESIGN: Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Endocrine and
      Diabetes Unit of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from July
      2012 to July 2014. METHODOLOGY: Patients with phenotypic, psychosocial gender
      confusion or absence of gender appropriate secondary sexual maturation were
      enrolled in the study. Patients having chronic systemic disease, as cause of
      delayed puberty, were excluded from the study. SPSS 13 was used to evaluate the
      data. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients registered in the study with mean age of
      19.9 +/-8 years. Female gender was assigned to 28 (58.3%) of which 8 (28.57%) had
      genital ambiguity. Male gender was assigned to 20 (41.66%) patients at the time
      of birth and 7 (35%) of them had ambiguous genitalia. Karyotyping could be done
      in 36 (75%) patients of which 17 (47.2%) were females and 19 (52.7%) were males.
      Karyotypic gender of the 19 (48.57%) male patients was 46 XX, 46 XY and 47 XXY;
      in 4 (21.05%), 5 (26.3%) and 10 (52.6%) patients, respectively with 9 Klinfelter
      syndrome. Karyotypic gender of 17 (47.42%) female patients were 46 XX, 46 XY and
      45 X0; in 5 (29.4%), 3 (17.64%) and 9 (52.9%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Disorder of sexual development constitutes a small but difficult area of
      endocrinology with disastrous consequences, especially if assigned wrong sex at
      birth. Mode of presentation of these cases was diverse ranging from delayed
      puberty, to gender confusion, to pregnancy in a male. Eventually in an adult
      patient assignment or reassignment of gender identity was primarily the patient's
      prerogative.

PMID- 26975952
TI  - Functional Outcome of Anorectal Malformations and Associated Anomalies in Era of
      Krickenbeck Classification.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the management and functional outcome of anorectal
      malformations and associated anomalies according to Krickenbeck classification.
      STUDY DESIGN: Case series. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Aga Khan University
      Hospital, Karachi, from January 2002 to December 2012. METHODOLOGY: Anorectal
      anomalies were classified according to Krickenbeck classification. Data was
      collected and proforma used regarding the primary disease associated anomalies,
      its management and functional outcome, according to Krickenbeck classification.
      Cases included were: all those children with imperforate anus managed during the
      study period. Qualitative variables like gender and functional outcome were
      reported as frequencies and percentages. Quantitative variables like age were
      reported as medians with interquartile ranges. RESULTS: There were 84 children in
      study group. Most common associated anomaly was cardiac (38%), followed by
      urological anomaly (33%). All children were treated by Posterior Sagittal
      Anorectoplasty (PSARP). Fistula was present in 64 out of 84 (76%) cases. The most
      common fistula was rectourethral (33%), followed by recto vestibular (31%).
      According to Krickenbeck classification, continence was achieved in 62% children;
      however 27% children were constipated, followed by 12% children having fecal
      soiling. CONCLUSION: Functional outcome of anorectal malformation depends upon
      severity of disease. A thorough evaluation of all infants with ARM should be done
      with particular focus on cardiovascular (38%) and genitourinary abnormalities
      (33%).

PMID- 26975953
TI  - Forgotten Ureteral Stents: An Avoidable Morbidity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical presentation of forgotten ureteral stents and
      highlight the etiological factors resulting in the retention of these stents.
      STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of
      Urology, Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi, from January 2010 to June
      2011. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-eight patients, with forgotten ureteral stents,
      retained for more than 6 months duration, were enrolled. A detailed evaluation
      was performed, along with the questions regarding the patients&#039; opinion
      about the ureteral stents. They were specially asked whether they knew about the
      stents or were they formally informed regarding the stents. Subsequently, the
      patients were managed according to their clinical condition. RESULTS: The male to
      female ratio was 2.1:1 aged 23 - 69 years, mean being 40.24 &plusmn;12.59 years.
      The time of presentation after the ureteral stenting was 7 - 180 months (mean =
      28.89 &plusmn;33.435 years). Seven patients (18.4%) reported with chronic kidney
      disease, including ESRD in two cases. Recurrent UTI was seen in 28 cases (73.6%),
      calculus formed over the stents in 20 cases (52.6%), and stent fragmented in 5
      patients (13.1%). Majority of patients, (n = 23, 60.5%), were not even aware of
      the placement of these stents while 8 (21.0%) knew but were reluctant about its
      removal. In 3 cases (7.8%), the relatives knew about the stent but never informed
      the patients. The stent had been removed in 2 cases (5.2%), but the other broken
      fragment was missed. One case (2.6%) each had a misconception about the permanent
      placement of the stents like cardiac stents and regarding degradation of the
      stents in situ. CONCLUSION: Forgotten ureteral stents produce clinical features
      ranging from recurrent UTI to ESRD. This preventable urological complication is
      primarily due to the unawareness or ignorance of the patients and their relatives
      regarding the stent.

PMID- 26975954
TI  - The Effect of Two Weeks Preoperative Finasteride Therapy in Reducing Prostate
      Vascularity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of two weeks preoperative finasteride therapy
      in reducing prostate vascularity in terms of mean microvessel density (MVD) and
      expression of VEGF in prostate urothelium among patients of BPH by comparing with
      controls. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY:
      Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2013 to January 2014.
      METHODOLOGY: A total of 80 patients of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) planned
      for Trans-Urethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) having prostate size of more than
      40 grams on trans-abdominal ultrasonography was randomized into two groups, each
      group having 40 patients. The finasteride group (Group A) was prescribed oral 5
      mg of finasteride daily for 2 weeks before surgery. The control group (Group B)
      did not receive any agent. After 2 weeks, TURP was performed and prostate samples
      were sent for histopathological determination of MVD and expression of VEGF.
      RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 66.21 +/-10.08 years, ranging from 48 to 86
      years. The mean prostate gland size was comparable in both groups (55 +/-10.7 vs.
      58.1 +/-10.8 grams, p=0.21). Mean MVD in finasteride group (20.25 +/-10.3) was
      significantly lower as compared to control group (48.9 +/-22.6, p < 0.001).
      Similarly expression of VEGF was also significantly lower in finasteride group
      (30%) as compared to control group (65%) [p= 0.0017]. Mean MVD had a significant
      weak correlation with the size of prostate gland on Pearson correlation test (2
      tailed) with r = 0.222. CONCLUSION: Finasteride reduces microvessel density and
      hence prostate vascularity with only 2-week therapy and the mean MVD is clearly
      correlated with size of prostate.

PMID- 26975955
TI  - Scar Pain, Cosmesis and Patient Satisfaction in Laparoscopic and Open
      Cholecystectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare patient-satisfaction, scar-pain and cosmesis between
      laparoscopic and open-cholecystectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey.
      PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from August 2012
      to May 2014. METHODOLOGY: A total of 400 patients, who had undergone open or
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy in all units of the Surgical Department, were
      included. Data was collected on questionnaires given and read to the patients
      along with counselling and information regarding scar-pain using visual analog
      score, and satisfaction and cosmesis on a 0 - 10 scale, by a medical professional
      in the patients' native language. This was done postoperatively on patients'
      follow-up visits at 1 and 4 weeks. RESULTS: Mean scar pain score at 1 and 4 weeks
      postoperatively was higher for open-cholecystectomy; 4.96 +/-1 and 0.96 +/-1,
      compared to 2.24 +/-0.6 and 0, respectively for laparoscopic-cholecystectomy (p <
      0.001 and < 0.001). Cosmesis was higher for laparoscopic-group; 8.6 +/-1.2 vs.
      6.2 +/-1.46 for open-cholecystectomy (p < 0.001). Patient-satisfaction was higher
      for laparoscopic-cholecystectomy; 9.28 +/-1.5 vs. 8.32 +/-2.3 for open
      cholecystectomy (p < 0.001). Mean-cosmesis score was higher for laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy for those younger than 40, females and unmarried. Mean patient
      satisfaction score was higher for those older than 40 years who had undergone
      open-cholecystectomy, women who had undergone laparoscopic-cholecystectomy and
      for unmarried patients who had laparoscopic-cholecystectomy. CONCLUSION: Overall
      patient-satisfaction and cosmesis scoring was higher for laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy especially among females, unmarried and younger than 40 years.
      Patients of 40 years and older had greater satisfaction scoring for open
      cholecystectomy. Therefore, laparoscopic-cholecystectomy should be favoured in
      females and unmarried patients and those younger than 40 years.

PMID- 26975956
TI  - Current Practice: The Bilobed Flap from the Classic Indication to Cover a Small
      Defect on Face to Covering a Large Defect on the Chest.
AB  - A variety of flaps are available to cover skin defects after surgery or trauma in
      the head and neck area. The bilobed flap is a double transposition flap commonly
      used in reconstruction of small-to-medium skin defects of the face where skin is
      less mobile. However, larger defects can also be effectively treated with a
      bilobed flap in certain cases. The classic indication to cover a small defect on
      the nose and covering a large skin-defect after tumour resection in the jugular
      notch. After sufficient mobilization, the defects could easily be closed with no
      wound complications and with very good aesthetic and functional outcome. The
      bilobed flap, as a local flap, is possible in suitable locations even for larger
      skin defects. In addition to the simplicity of the procedure, good aesthetic
      results can be expected. 

PMID- 26975957
TI  - Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Following Interferon-&alpha; Therapy
      for Hepatitis C Infection.
AB  - Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy has been associated with de novo development
      of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report a 48-year woman with chronic
      hepatitis C, who developed low grade fever, joint aches and pains, painful mouth
      ulcers, shortness of breath, dry cough and pleuritic chest pain after 2 months of
      completion of treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha. These clinical
      manifestations and the relevant immunologic investigations were in favour of SLE.
      She responded well to corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine treatment.

PMID- 26975958
TI  - Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Ebstein&#039;s Anomaly in an Adult.
AB  - Ebstein&#039;s anomaly is a rare form of congenital malformation of the heart,
      characterized by apical displacement of the septal and posterior tricuspid valve
      leaflets, leading to atrialisation of the right ventricle with a variable degree
      of malformation and displacement of the anterior leaflet. It may not be detected
      until late in adolescence or adulthood. The clinical manifestations of
      Ebstein&#039;s anomaly vary greatly. We are reporting a case of 35-year male who
      presented with generalized fatigue, palpitation and effort intolerance.
      Laboratory investigations confirmed the diagnosis of diabetes ketosis.
      Transthoracic echocardiography showed severe Ebstein&#039;s anomaly with severe
      tricuspid regurgitation, no residual atrial septal defect, but with severe right
      ventricular dysfunction. Though only few studies showed the high prevalence of
      abnormal glucose metabolism in young adult patients with complex congenital heart
      disease, but Epstein&#039;s anomaly with diabetes ketosis was nowhere mentioned. 

PMID- 26975959
TI  - Primary Hepatic Carcinoid Tumor with Poor Outcome.
AB  - Primary Hepatic Carcinoid Tumor (PHCT) represents an extremely rare clinical
      entity with only a few cases reported to date. These tumors are rarely associated
      with metastasis and surgical resection is usually curative. Herein, we report two
      cases of PHCT associated with poor outcomes due to late diagnosis. Both cases
      presented late with non-specific symptoms. One patient presented after a 2-week
      history of symptoms and the second case had a longstanding two years symptomatic
      interval during which he remained undiagnosed and not properly worked up. Both
      these cases were diagnosed with hepatic carcinoid tumor, which originates from
      neuroendocrine cells. Case 1 opted for palliative care and expired in one
      month&rsquo;s time. Surgical resection was advised to the second case, but he
      left against medical advice. 

PMID- 26975960
TI  - Effect of Iron Deficiency on the Phenotype of &beta;-Thalassaemia Trait.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of iron deficiency on Hb
      A2 level in beta-thalassaemia trait and to determine the frequency of individuals
      with beta-thalassaemia trait who could be missed due to concomitant iron
      deficiency. A total of 120 patients were studied, out of which 23 were iron
      deficient (serum ferritin < 20 ng/ml). Mean Hb-A2 in the iron deficient
      individuals was 4.1 +/- 0.47% as compared to 5.1 +/- 0.58% in the remaining 97
      individuals without iron deficiency (p < 0.001). In the 120 individuals with beta
      thalassaemia trait, mean Hb-A2 was 5.8% with range 3 - 6.8% and confidence
      interval was 95%. In 2 individuals with beta-thalassaemia trait, Iron deficiency
      was observed and showed Hb-A2 less than 3.5%. These could have been missed while
      screening by Hb-A2 estimation alone. Co-existence of Iron deficiency and beta
      thalassaemia trait may mask the diagnosis of beta thalassaemia trait and such
      individuals can be missed during screening by Hb-A2 estimation alone.

PMID- 26975961
TI  - Effectiveness of Case-Based Learning During Small Groups Sessions at Army Medical
      College.
AB  - A pragmatic and sequential mixed method study was conducted at Army Medical
      College, from October to December 2014 to determine medical students' perceptions
      regarding effectiveness of small groups during the CBL(case-based learning)
      sessions. Tutorial Group Effectiveness Instrument (TGEI) was used after written
      and informed consent. Free text comments about CBL were invited from the
      respondents and common ones, and were tabulated. The mean scores were calculated
      and compared among different subgroups of respondents using appropriate
      independent sample t-test. Content analysis of qualitative segment was done. Ap
      value of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. The analysis of
      qualitative and quantitative variables was integrated in the final interpretation
      phase to draw conclusion. The average age of the participants was 19.33 +/-0.657
      years. The difference in scores was statistically insignificant for cognitive (p
      = 0.537), motivational (p = 0.868), and demotivational (p = 0.125) effectiveness
      between males and females. Insignificant difference was also observed for
      qualification of the overall group productivity among male and female students (p
      = 0.162), and exposed and non-exposed groups (p = 0.272). The perceptions of
      overwhelming number of participants were in favour of small group discussion as a
      component of CBL.

PMID- 26975962
TI  - Newborn Observation Track and Trigger (NOTT) Chart.
AB  - Use of early warning system scores and track-and-trigger charts is widespread in
      adult and paediatric hospitalized patients; but its use in neonatal group is not
      well recognized. The authors aimed to develop and implement neonatal observation
      track-and-trigger chart for use in babies on postnatal wards and to assess its
      efficacy in identifying neonates in need of urgent medical assessment and
      intervention. Core group developed Newborn Observation Track and Trigger (NOTT)
      chart for "At-Risk" and "At-High-Risk" Infants. A decision tree was devised based
      on 'low', 'medium' and 'high' scores. Sensitivity and specificity of NOTT chart's
      'medium' and 'high' score was 96% and 90%, respectively. Positive and negative
      predictive value was 43% and 100%, respectively. NOTT chart is a valuable tool
      for assessment of neonates on postnatal wards. A prospective study, using large
      number of participants, would be beneficial to further corroborate this useful
      tool.

PMID- 26975963
TI  - Dengue Infection. What Criteria Do we Use?

PMID- 26975964
TI  - Occupational Health of Self-Employed Skilled Labourers and Daily-Wage Workers in
      Pakistan.

PMID- 26975965
TI  - Peeling the Persistent Pupillary Membrane.

PMID- 26975967
TI  - High glucose concentration-induced expression of pentraxin-3 in a rat model of
      continuous peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Continuous exposure to peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) is
      associated with pathological responses such as persistent micro-inflammation,
      which leads to ultrafiltration failure. Pentraxin-3 (PTX3), a multifunctional
      soluble pattern recognition receptor, is produced at sites of inflammation by a
      wide range of cell types. This study investigates the in vivo expression of PTX3
      in the peritoneal membrane of a rat continuous peritoneal dialysis (PD) model, as
      well as the effect of high glucose on the in vitro expression of PTX3. METHODS:
      The expression of PTX3 was analyzed using RT-PCR, real-time PCR,
      immunohistochemistry and western blotting in a PD rat model receiving saline or
      conventional PDF containing 3.86% glucose for 8 weeks. The effects of high
      glucose on the expression of PTX3 were examined in cultured rat peritoneal
      mesothelial cells (RPMCs), mouse macrophage-like cells, and mouse fibroblasts.
      RESULTS: In a rat model of PD, eight-week instillation of the conventional PDF
      produced increased submesothelial thickening, followed by substantially enhanced
      PTX3 protein levels in the submesothelial layer of peritoneal membrane. PTX3 was
      detected in peritoneal mesothelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts in the
      thickened submesothelial area. Glucose was found to induce PTX3 protein
      expression in RPMCs as well as macrophage-like cells and fibroblasts. CONCLUSION:
      Continuous exposure to conventional PDF induces PTX3 expression in the peritoneal
      membrane of rats. High glucose may be involved in the mechanism of PDF-induced
      local micro-inflammation in the peritoneum.

PMID- 26975968
TI  - Antibodies to Phosphatidylserine/Prothrombin Complex in Antiphospholipid
      Syndrome: Analytical and Clinical Perspectives.
AB  - Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by
      thrombosis and/or pregnancy-related morbidity accompanied by persistently
      positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Current laboratory criteria for APS
      classification recommend testing for lupus anticoagulant as well as IgG and IgM
      anticardiolipin, and beta-2 glycoprotein I (anti-beta2GPI) antibodies. However,
      there appears to be a subset of patients with classical APS manifestations who
      test negative for the recommended criteria aPL tests. While acknowledging that
      such patients may have clinical features that are not of an autoimmune etiology,
      experts also speculate that these "seronegative" patients may test negative for
      relevant autoantibodies as a result of a lack of harmonization and/or
      standardization. Alternatively, they may have aPL that target other antigens
      involved in the pathogenesis of APS. In the latter, autoantibodies that recognize
      a phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (PS/PT) complex have been reported to be
      associated with APS and may have diagnostic relevance. This review highlights
      analytical and clinical attributes associated with PS/PT antibodies, taking into
      consideration the performance characteristics of criteria aPL tests in APS with
      specific recommendations for harmonization and standardization efforts. 

PMID- 26975966
TI  - Therapeutic targeting and rapid mobilization of endosteal HSC using a small
      molecule integrin antagonist.
AB  - The inherent disadvantages of using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
      for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization have driven efforts to identify
      alternate strategies based on single doses of small molecules. Here, we show
      targeting alpha9beta1/alpha4beta1 integrins with a single dose of a small
      molecule antagonist (BOP (N-(benzenesulfonyl)-L-prolyl-L-O-(1
      pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)tyrosine)) rapidly mobilizes long-term multi-lineage
      reconstituting HSC. Synergistic engraftment augmentation is observed when BOP is
      co-administered with AMD3100. Impressively, HSC in equal volumes of peripheral
      blood (PB) mobilized with this combination effectively out-competes PB mobilized
      with G-CSF. The enhanced mobilization observed using BOP and AMD3100 is
      recapitulated in a humanized NODSCIDIL2Rgamma(-/-) model, demonstrated by a
      significant increase in PB CD34(+) cells. Using a related fluorescent analogue of
      BOP (R-BC154), we show that this class of antagonists preferentially bind human
      and mouse HSC and progenitors via endogenously primed/activated
      alpha9beta1/alpha4beta1 within the endosteal niche. These results support using
      dual alpha9beta1/alpha4beta1 inhibitors as effective, rapid and transient
      mobilization agents with promising clinical applications. 

PMID- 26975969
TI  - Copeptin in Heart Failure.
AB  - Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and
      mortality in the modern Western world and an increasing proportion of the
      population will be affected by HF in the future. Although HF management has
      improved quality of life and prognosis, mortality remains very high despite
      therapeutic options. Medical management consists of a neurohormonal blockade of
      an overly activated neurohormonal axis. No single marker has been able to predict
      or monitor HF with respect to disease progression, hospitalization, or mortality.
      New methods for diagnosis, monitoring therapy, and prognosis are warranted.
      Copeptin, a precursor of pre-provasopressin, is a new biomarker in HF with
      promising potential. Copeptin has been found to be elevated in both acute and
      chronic HF and is associated with prognosis. Copeptin, in combination with other
      biomarkers, could be a useful marker in the monitoring of disease severity and as
      a predictor of prognosis and survival in HF. 

PMID- 26975970
TI  - Immunosensors in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics.
AB  - The application of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic
      technologies for detection and identification of cardiac and cancer biomarkers
      has been a central point in the clinical area. Biosensors have been recognized as
      efficient alternatives for the diagnostics of various diseases due to their
      specificity and potential for application on real samples. The role of
      nanotechnology in the construction of immunological biosensors, that is,
      immunosensors, has contributed to the improvement of sensitivity, since they are
      based in the affinity between antibody and antigen. Other analytes than
      biomarkers such as hormones, pathogenic bacteria, and virus have also been
      detected by immunosensors for clinical point-of-care applications. In this
      chapter, we first introduced the various types of immunosensors and discussed
      their applications in clinical diagnostics over the recent 6 years, mainly as
      point-of-care technologies for the determination of cardiac and cancer
      biomarkers, hormones, pathogenic bacteria, and virus. The future perspectives of
      these devices in the field of clinical diagnostics are also evaluated. 

PMID- 26975971
TI  - Cancer Stem Cell Biomarker Discovery Using Antibody Array Technology.
AB  - Cancer is a complex disease involving hundreds of pathways and numerous levels of
      disease progression. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence that the
      origins and growth rates of specific types of cancer may involve "cancer stem
      cells," which are defined as "cells within a tumor that possess the capacity to
      self-renew and to cause the development of heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells
      that comprise the tumor.(1)" Many types of cancer are now thought to harbor
      cancer stem cells. These cells themselves are thought to be unique in comparison
      to other cells types present within the tumor and to exhibit characteristics that
      allow for the promotion of tumorigenesis and in some cases metastasis. In
      addition, it is speculated that each type of cancer stem cell exhibits a unique
      set of molecular and biochemical markers. These markers, alone or in combination,
      may act as a signature for defining not only the type of cancer but also the
      progressive state. These biomarkers may also double as signaling entities which
      act autonomously or upon neighboring cancer stem cells or other cells within the
      local microenvironment to promote tumorigenesis. This review describes the
      heterogeneic properties of cancer stem cells and outlines the identification and
      application of biomarkers and signaling molecules defining these cells as they
      relate to different forms of cancer. Other examples of biomarkers and signaling
      molecules expressed by neighboring cells in the local tumor microenvironment are
      also discussed. In addition, biochemical signatures for cancer stem cell
      autocrine/paracrine signaling, local site recruitment, tumorigenic potential, and
      conversion to a stem-like phenotype are described. 

PMID- 26975972
TI  - Biochemistry of Statins.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality
      worldwide. Elevated blood lipids may be a major risk factor for CVD. Due to
      consistent and robust association of higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol levels with CVD across experimental and epidemiologic studies,
      therapeutic strategies to decrease risk have focused on LDL-cholesterol reduction
      as the primary goal. Current medication options for lipid-lowering therapy
      include statins, bile acid sequestrants, a cholesterol-absorption inhibitor,
      fibrates, nicotinic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids, which all have various
      mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic properties. The most widely prescribed
      lipid-lowering agents are the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins. Since
      their introduction in the 1980s, statins have emerged as the one of the best
      selling medication classes to date, with numerous trials demonstrating powerful
      efficacy in preventing cardiovascular outcomes (Kapur and Musunuru, 2008 [1]).
      The statins are commonly used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed
      hyperlipidemia. This chapter focuses on the biochemistry of statins including
      their structures, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of actions as well as the
      potential adverse reactions linked to their clinical uses. 

PMID- 26975973
TI  - The Importance of Magnesium in the Human Body: A Systematic Literature Review.
AB  - Magnesium, the second and fourth most abundant cation in the intracellular
      compartment and whole body, respectively, is of great physiologic importance.
      Magnesium exists as bound and free ionized forms depending on temperature, pH,
      ionic strength, and competing ions. Free magnesium participates in many
      biochemical processes and is most commonly measured by ion-selective electrode.
      This analytical approach is problematic because complete selectivity is not
      possible due to competition with other ions, i.e., calcium, and pH interference.
      Unfortunately, many studies have focused on measurement of total magnesium rather
      than its free bioactive form making it difficult to correlate to disease states.
      This systematic literature review presents current analytical challenges in
      obtaining accurate and reproducible test results for magnesium. 

PMID- 26975974
TI  - Inborn Errors of Metabolism.
AB  - Inborn errors of metabolism are single gene disorders resulting from the defects
      in the biochemical pathways of the body. Although these disorders are
      individually rare, collectively they account for a significant portion of
      childhood disability and deaths. Most of the disorders are inherited as autosomal
      recessive whereas autosomal dominant and X-linked disorders are also present. The
      clinical signs and symptoms arise from the accumulation of the toxic substrate,
      deficiency of the product, or both. Depending on the residual activity of the
      deficient enzyme, the initiation of the clinical picture may vary starting from
      the newborn period up until adulthood. Hundreds of disorders have been described
      until now and there has been a considerable clinical overlap between certain
      inborn errors. Resulting from this fact, the definite diagnosis of inborn errors
      depends on enzyme assays or genetic tests. Especially during the recent years,
      significant achievements have been gained for the biochemical and genetic
      diagnosis of inborn errors. Techniques such as tandem mass spectrometry and gas
      chromatography for biochemical diagnosis and microarrays and next-generation
      sequencing for the genetic diagnosis have enabled rapid and accurate diagnosis.
      The achievements for the diagnosis also enabled newborn screening and prenatal
      diagnosis. Parallel to the development the diagnostic methods; significant
      progress has also been obtained for the treatment. Treatment approaches such as
      special diets, enzyme replacement therapy, substrate inhibition, and organ
      transplantation have been widely used. It is obvious that by the help of the
      preclinical and clinical research carried out for inborn errors, better
      diagnostic methods and better treatment approaches will high likely be available.

PMID- 26975975
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26975976
TI  - Computational analysis of the MCoTI-II plant defence knottin reveals a novel
      intermediate conformation that facilitates trypsin binding.
AB  - MCoTI-I and II are plant defence proteins, potent trypsin inhibitors from the
      bitter gourd Momordica cochinchinensis. They are members of the Knottin Family,
      which display exceptional stability due to unique topology comprising three
      interlocked disulfide bridges. Knottins show promise as scaffolds for new drug
      development. A crystal structure of trypsin-bound MCoTI-II suggested that loop 1,
      which engages the trypsin active site, would show decreased dynamics in the bound
      state, an inference at odds with an NMR analysis of MCoTI-I, which revealed
      increased dynamics of loop 1 in the presence of trypsin. To investigate this
      question, we performed unrestrained MD simulations of trypsin-bound and free
      MCoTI-II. This analysis found that loop 1 of MCoTI-II is not more dynamic in the
      trypsin-bound state than in the free state. However, it revealed an intermediate
      conformation, transitional between the free and bound MCoTI-II states. The data
      suggest that MCoTI-II binding involves a process in which initial interaction
      with trypsin induces transitions between the free and intermediate conformations,
      and fluctuations between these states account for the increase in dynamics of
      loop 1 observed for trypsin-bound MCoTI-I. The MD analysis thus revealed new
      aspects of the inhibitors' dynamics that may be of utility in drug design. 

PMID- 26975977
TI  - Effective PEGylation of gold nanorods.
AB  - Standard procedures to coat gold nanorods (AuNR) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)
      based ligands are not reliable and high PEG-grafting densities are not achieved.
      In this work, the ligand exchange of AuNR with PEGMUA, a tailored PEG-ligand
      bearing a C10 alkylene spacer, is studied. PEGMUA provides AuNR with very high
      stability against oxidative etching with cyanide. This etching reaction is
      utilized to study the ligand exchange in detail. Ligand exchange is faster, less
      ligand consuming and more reproducible with assisting chloroform extraction.
      Compared to PEG ligands commonly used, PEGMUA provides much higher colloidal and
      chemical stability. Further analyses based on NMR-, IR- and UV/Vis-spectroscopy
      reveal that significantly higher PEG-grafting densities, up to ~3 nm(-2), are
      obtained with PEGMUA. This demonstrates how the molecular structure of the PEG
      ligand can be used to dramatically improve the ligand exchange and to synthesize
      PEGylated AuNR with high chemical and colloidal stability and high PEG grafting
      densities. Such AuNR are especially interesting for applications in nanomedicine.

PMID- 26975978
TI  - Cardiac platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome: A "mysterious" cause of hypoxemia.

PMID- 26975979
TI  - Application of EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in patients suffering from urinary
      incontinence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence is associated with reduced quality of life and
      given the high prevalence of people with this condition, it could be useful to
      know the impact of having urinary incontinence on physical, psychological and
      social aspects. The Spanish value set of EQ-5D was used to assign single scores
      to the EQ-5D-5L health states. EQ-5D-5L is a health-related quality of life
      questionnaire, which allows assessing health status. The aim of this study was to
      provide normative values of EQ-5D-5L in a population sample with urinary
      incontinence. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A total of 965 people
      with urinary incontinence (297 men and 668 women) were included in this study. EQ
      5D-5L index, VAS and health status are showed in the current study considering
      gender, age group, region, marital status, smoking status, net monthly incomes of
      household and educational level. RESULTS: Higher prevalence was observed in women
      (69.22%) compared with men (30.78%). Mean (SD) EQ-5D-5L utility index and VAS
      score were 0.58 (0.40) and 53.91 (22.16), respectively, for overall population.
      The 16.1% (155 people) reported perfect health status (11111). The utility
      equivalent to set values 55555 was not reported by anyone. CONCLUSION: This study
      provides normative values of EQ-5D-5L in a Spanish population sample with urinary
      incontinence.

PMID- 26975980
TI  - Astrocyte response to St. Louis encephalitis virus.
AB  - St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a flavivirus transmitted to humans by Culex
      mosquitoes, causes clinical symptoms ranging from acute febrile disorder to
      encephalitis. To reach the central nervous system (CNS) from circulating blood,
      the pathogen must cross the blood-brain barrier formed by endothelial cells and
      astrocytes. Because astrocytes play an essential role in CNS homeostasis, in this
      study these cells were infected with SLEV and investigated for astrogliosis,
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I-dependent immune response, and apoptosis
      by caspase-3 activation. Cultures of Vero cells were used as a positive control
      for the viral infection. Cytopathic effects were observed in both types of cell
      cultures, and the cytotoxicity levels of the two were compared. Astrocytes
      infected with a dilution of 1E-01 (7.7E+08 PFU/mL) had a reduced mortality rate
      of more than 50% compared to the Vero cells. In addition, the astrocytes
      responded to the flavivirus infection with increased MHC-I expression and
      astrogliosis, characterized by intense glial fibrillary acidic protein expression
      and an increase in the number and length of cytoplasmic processes. When the
      astrocytes were exposed to higher viral concentrations, a proportional increase
      in caspase-3 expression was observed, as well as nuclear membrane destruction.
      SLEV immunostaining revealed a perinuclear location of the virus during the
      replication process. Together, these results suggest that mechanisms other than
      SLEV infection in astrocytes must be associated with the development of the
      neuroinvasive form of the disease.

PMID- 26975981
TI  - Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Changes in Life-Space Mobility Among
      Older People.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our aim was to study the relationship between objectively measured
      physical activity and subsequent changes in life-space mobility over 2 years
      among older people. Life-space mobility refers to the area a person moves through
      in daily life, taking into account frequency, and need of assistance. Life-space
      mobility and physical activity correlate, but whether different intensities of
      objectively assessed physical activity predicts decline in life-space mobility is
      not known. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of the "Life-space Mobility in Old
      Age" (LISPE) project accelerometer substudy. Participants were community-dwelling
      older people aged 75-90 (n = 164). Life-space mobility was measured with the Life
      Space Assessment at baseline face-to-face home interview and telephone follow-up
      interviews 1 and 2 years after baseline. Physical activity (step count and time
      spent in moderate activity, low activity, and sedentary behavior) was measured by
      a tri-axial accelerometer (Hookie "AM20 Activity Meter") for 7 days at baseline.
      Generalized estimating equations (GEE models) were used to compare changes in
      life-space mobility between participants categorized according to the baseline
      physical activity measures. RESULTS: Median age of the participants was 79.5 (IQR
      6.7) and 64% were women. Over the 2 years, life-space mobility declined
      significantly among those with lower step counts and less time spent in moderate
      activity measured at baseline. Time spent in low activity and sedentary behavior
      did not predict changes in life-space mobility. CONCLUSIONS: In old age, more
      time spent walking outdoors and accumulation of moderate-intensity physical
      activity may help to maintain higher life-space mobility, a correlate of good
      quality of life.

PMID- 26975985
TI  - Letter Regarding Article, "Efficacy of Flow-Diverting Devices for Cerebral
      Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

PMID- 26975984
TI  - Five-Level Posterior Total En Bloc Spondylectomy of Severe Myelomeningocele
      Kyphosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this case report we discuss a case of thoracolumbar kyphectomy
      associated with myelomeningocoele. To our knowledge, no such total spondylectomy
      and fascinating alignment, with no skin defect on the outcome, has been reported
      in the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old paraplegic girl, suffering
      from severe kyphosis, was not able to sit in a wheelchair. Her lumbar
      myelomeningocele was repaired perinatally. Surgery reduced the 137-degree angle
      deformity to a 30-degree kyphosis. At 12-month follow-up, the fusion consolidated
      as shown on the computed tomography scans and the instruments were good position
      with a 5-degree correction loss. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases of kyphosis, anterior
      wedging occurs in the vertebral body where the apex of the deformity is located.
      In our patient kyphosis had a round curve with no definite apex that could be
      marked out. These deformities demand special attention regarding the surgical
      techniques and postoperative course.

PMID- 26975982
TI  - Metabolites Associated With Circulating Interleukin-6 in Older Adults.
AB  - Background: Circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL
      6) levels are elevated in older adults, but mechanisms are unclear. In the
      current study, we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to develop an improved
      understanding about mechanisms related to circulating IL-6 in older adults.
      Methods: Serum IL-6 values were log-transformed to normalize its distribution.
      Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used to examine the association
      between 324 serum metabolites with log IL-6. Backward elimination linear
      regression was used to develop a metabolite predictor set representative of log
      IL-6. Results: Thirty-six metabolites were significantly associated (p < 0.05 and
      q < 0.30) with log IL-6 in 73 older adults (average age, 78 years). Metabolites
      related to tryptophan metabolism (kynurenine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indoleacetate,
      indolepropionate, C-glycosyltryptophan), infectious burden (C-glycosyltryptophan,
      N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine, 1-methylurate, N-formylmethionine, N1
      methyladenosine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, bilirubin (E,E), indoleacetate, gamma-CEHC, N
      acetylneuraminate), aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and cytochrome P450
      (CYP) 1A expression (kynurenine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indoleacetate, N6
      carbamoylthreonyladenosine, bilirubin, 1-methylurate) were positively associated,
      whereas metabolites related to CYP-mediated omega-oxidation (adipate, 8
      hydroxyoctanoate, azelate, sebacate, undecanedioate, gamma-CEHC), and peroxisome
      proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) activation (13 + 9-HODE,
      bilirubin, 5-oxoproline, cholesterol, glycerate, uridine) were negatively
      associated with log IL-6. The use of backward elimination regression identified
      tyrosine, cysteine, uridine, bilirubin, N-formylmethionine, indoleacetate, and 3
      indoxyl sulfate to collectively explain 51% of the variance inherent in log IL-6.
      Conclusions: These data suggest roles for tryptophan metabolism, infectious
      burden, activation of host defense, and detoxification through CYP1A-mediated
      pathways in mechanisms related to elevated inflammation, whereas CYP-mediated
      omega-oxidation and PPAR-alpha activation may be related to decreased
      inflammation in older adults.

PMID- 26975987
TI  - Prevention: from molecular mechanisms to novel risk factors and patient
      management.

PMID- 26975986
TI  - Predictors of Surgical Outcome in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Patients with Cervical
      Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was conducted to clarify the predictors of the
      operation results for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL)
      patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). Detailed analyses of surgical
      outcomes of OPLL patients with SCI have been rare because most surveys have aimed
      to investigate OPLL or SCI, but not both. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 36
      patients who underwent operation for OPLL between January 2011 and December 2011
      were included in this analysis. We investigated the patients' characteristics and
      surgical approaches and compared the radiographic characteristics of OPLL
      patients with SCI. RESULTS: The mean modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association
      (mJOA) score improved dramatically after operation (P = 0.006). The mean
      preoperative mJOA score was greater in patients with Nurick 3 than in patients
      with Nurick 4 and 5 (P = 0.041). The preoperative mJOA score was dramatically
      lower in patients caused by traffic accident and in patients with segmental OPLL
      lesion (P < 0.05). The postoperative mJOA score was dramatically lower in
      patients with continuous OPLL lesion than in the segmental OPLL lesion (P =
      0.028). Changing in mJOA score was significantly different between the patients
      with high-intensity zone (HIZ) and without HIZ on magnetic resonance imaging.
      CONCLUSIONS: HIZ on magnetic resonance imaging was significantly related to the
      surgical outcomes, which should be highlighted in the preoperative communication
      with patients. Patients with lower Nirick grade and segmental OPLL would show
      better symptom before the operation. In addition, SCI caused by slipping or
      falling showed better symptoms before the operation. Patients with segmental OPLL
      should show better resolution of symptoms after the operation.

PMID- 26975983
TI  - Age-Related Change in Mobility: Perspectives From Life Course Epidemiology and
      Geroscience.
AB  - Mobility is the most studied and most relevant physical ability affecting quality
      of life with strong prognostic value for disability and survival. Natural
      selection has built the "engine" of mobility with great robustness, redundancy,
      and functional reserve. Efficient patterns of mobility can be acquired during
      development even by children affected by severe impairments. Analogously, age
      associated impairments in mobility-related physiological systems are compensated
      and overt limitations of mobility only occur when the severity can no longer be
      compensated. Mobility loss in older persons usually results from multiple
      impairments in the central nervous system, muscles, joints, and energetic and
      sensory physiological systems. Early preclinical changes in these physiological
      systems that precede mobility loss have been poorly studied. Peak performance,
      rate of decline, compensatory behaviors, or subclinical deterioration of
      physiological resources may cumulatively influence both timing of mobility loss
      and chances of recovery, but their role as risk factors has not been adequately
      characterized. Understanding the natural history of these early changes and
      intervening on them would likely be the most effective strategy to reduce the
      burden of disability in the population. For example, young women with low bone
      peak mass could be counseled to start strength resistance exercise to reduce
      their high risk of developing osteoporosis and fracture later in life. Expanding
      this approach to other physiological domains requires collecting and interpreting
      data from life course epidemiological studies, establishing normative measures of
      mobility, physical function, and physical activity, and connecting them with life
      course trajectories of the mobility-relevant physiological domains.

PMID- 26975988
TI  - CardioPulse: Anticoagulants reduce risk of death in atrialfibrillation patients
      by 38%.

PMID- 26975989
TI  - Pancreatic cancer cell-derived IGFBP-3 contributes to muscle wasting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Progressive loss of skeletal muscle, termed muscle wasting, is a
      hallmark of cancer cachexia and contributes to weakness, reduced quality of life,
      as well as poor response to therapy. Previous studies have indicated that
      systemic host inflammatory response regarding tumor development results in muscle
      wasting. However, how tumor directly regulates muscle wasting via tumor-derived
      secreted proteins is still largely unknown. METHODS: In this study, we performed
      bioinformatics analysis in two datasets of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,
      which causes cancer cachexia and muscle wasting with the highest prevalence, and
      uncovered that IGFBP3, which encodes IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), is
      dramatically up-regulated in pancreatic tumor samples. We also verified the
      wasting effect of IGFBP-3 on C2C12 muscle cells with biochemical and genetic
      assays. RESULTS: IGFBP-3 potently leads to impaired myogenesis and enhanced
      muscle protein degradation, the major features of muscle wasting, via IGF
      signaling inhibition. Moreover, conditioned medium from Capan-1 pancreatic cancer
      cells, which contains abundant IGFBP-3, significantly induces muscle cell
      wasting. This wasting effect is potently alleviated by IGFBP3 knockdown in Capan
      1 cells or IGFBP-3 antibody neutralization. Strikingly, compared to muscle cells,
      IGF signaling and proliferation rate of Capan-1 cells were rarely affected by
      IGFBP-3 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that pancreatic cancer
      cells induce muscle wasting via IGFBP-3 production.

PMID- 26975990
TI  - Bacterial Dose-Dependent Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 in
      Escherichia coli-Induced Pneumonia.
AB  - G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is a serine/threonine kinase
      previously shown to mediate polymicrobial sepsis-induced inflammation. The goal
      of the present study was to examine the role of GRK5 in monomicrobial pulmonary
      infection by using an intratracheal Escherichia coli infection model of
      pneumonia. We used sublethal and lethal doses of E. coli to examine the
      mechanistic differences between low-grade and high-grade inflammation induced by
      E. coli infection. With a sublethal dose of E. coli, GRK5 knockout (KO) mice
      exhibited higher plasma CXCL1/KC levels and enhanced lung neutrophil recruitment
      early after infection, and lower bacterial loads, than wild-type (WT) mice. The
      inflammatory response was also diminished, and resolution of inflammation
      advanced, in the lungs of GRK5 KO mice. In contrast to the reduced bacterial
      loads in GRK5 KO mice following a sublethal dose, at a lethal dose of E. coli,
      the bacterial burdens remained high in GRK5 KO mice relative to those in WT mice.
      This occurred in spite of enhanced plasma CXCL1 levels as well as neutrophil
      recruitment in the KO mice. But the recruited neutrophils (following high-dose
      infection) exhibited decreased CD11b expression and reduced reactive oxygen
      species production, suggesting decreased neutrophil activation or increased
      neutrophil exhaustion in the GRK5 KO mice. In agreement with the increased
      bacterial burden, KO mice showed poorer survival than WT mice following E. coli
      infection at a lethal dose. Overall, our data suggest that GRK5 negatively
      regulates CXCL1/KC levels during bacterial pneumonia but that the role of GRK5 in
      the clinical outcome in this model is dependent on the bacterial dose.

PMID- 26975991
TI  - The Cryptosporidium parvum C-Type Lectin CpClec Mediates Infection of Intestinal
      Epithelial Cells via Interactions with Sulfated Proteoglycans.
AB  - The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium causes significant diarrheal disease
      worldwide. Effective anticryptosporidial agents are lacking, in part because the
      molecular mechanisms underlying Cryptosporidium-host cell interactions are poorly
      understood. Previously, we identified and characterized a novel Cryptosporidium
      parvum C-type lectin domain-containing mucin-like glycoprotein, CpClec. In this
      study, we evaluated the mechanisms underlying interactions of CpClec with
      intestinal epithelial cells by using an Fc-tagged recombinant protein. CpClec-Fc
      displayed Ca(2+)-dependent, saturable binding to HCT-8 and Caco-2 cells and
      competitively inhibited C. parvum attachment to and infection of HCT-8 cells.
      Binding of CpClec-Fc was specifically inhibited by sulfated glycosaminoglycans,
      particularly heparin and heparan sulfate. Binding was reduced after the removal
      of heparan sulfate and following the inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis or
      sulfation in HCT-8 cells. Like CpClec-Fc binding, C. parvum attachment to and
      infection of HCT-8 cells were inhibited by glycosaminoglycans and were reduced
      after heparan sulfate removal or inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis or
      sulfation. Lastly, CpClec-Fc binding and C. parvum sporozoite attachment were
      significantly decreased in CHO cell mutants defective in glycosaminoglycan
      synthesis. Together, these results indicate that CpClec is a novel C-type lectin
      that mediates C. parvum attachment and infection via Ca(2+)-dependent binding to
      sulfated proteoglycans on intestinal epithelial cells.

PMID- 26975992
TI  - Persisting Rickettsia typhi Causes Fatal Central Nervous System Inflammation.
AB  - Rickettsioses are emerging febrile diseases caused by obligate intracellular
      bacteria belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae. Rickettsia typhi belongs to the
      typhus group (TG) of this family and is the causative agent of endemic typhus, a
      disease that can be fatal. In the present study, we analyzed the course of R.
      typhi infection in C57BL/6 RAG1(-/-) mice. Although these mice lack adaptive
      immunity, they developed only mild and temporary symptoms of disease and survived
      R. typhi infection for a long period of time. To our surprise, 3 to 4 months
      after infection, C57BL/6 RAG1(-/-) mice suddenly developed lethal neurological
      disorders. Analysis of these mice at the time of death revealed high bacterial
      loads, predominantly in the brain. This was accompanied by a massive expansion of
      microglia and by neuronal cell death. Furthermore, high numbers of infiltrating
      CD11b(+) macrophages were detectable in the brain. In contrast to the microglia,
      these cells harbored R. typhi and showed an inflammatory phenotype, as indicated
      by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, which was not observed in
      the periphery. Having shown that R. typhi persists in immunocompromised mice, we
      finally asked whether the bacteria are also able to persist in resistant C57BL/6
      and BALB/c wild-type mice. Indeed, R. typhi could be recultivated from lung,
      spleen, and brain tissues from both strains even up to 1 year after infection.
      This is the first report demonstrating persistence and reappearance of R. typhi,
      mainly restricted to the central nervous system in immunocompromised mice.

PMID- 26975993
TI  - Binding of CFA/I Pili of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to Asialo-GM1 Is
      Mediated by the Minor Pilin CfaE.
AB  - CFA/I pili are representatives of a large family of related pili that mediate the
      adherence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to intestinal epithelial cells.
      They are assembled via the alternate chaperone-usher pathway and consist of two
      subunits, CfaB, which makes up the pilus shaft and a single pilus tip-associated
      subunit, CfaE. The current model of pilus-mediated adherence proposes that CFA/I
      has two distinct binding activities; the CfaE subunit is responsible for binding
      to receptors of unknown structure on erythrocyte and intestinal epithelial cell
      surfaces, while CfaB binds to various glycosphingolipids, including asialo-GM1.
      In this report, we present two independent lines of evidence that, contrary to
      the existing model, CfaB does not bind to asialo-GM1 independently of CfaE.
      Neither purified CfaB subunits nor CfaB assembled into pili bind to asialo-GM1.
      Instead, we demonstrate that binding activity toward asialo-GM1 resides in CfaE
      and this is essential for pilus binding to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. We
      conclude that the binding activities of CFA/I pili for asialo-GM1, erythrocytes,
      and intestinal cells are inseparable, require the same amino acid residues in
      CfaE, and therefore depend on the same or very similar binding mechanisms.

PMID- 26975994
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi Differentiates and Multiplies within Chimeric Parasitophorous
      Vacuoles in Macrophages Coinfected with Leishmania amazonensis.
AB  - The trypanosomatids Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi are excellent
      models for the study of the cell biology of intracellular protozoan infections.
      After their uptake by mammalian cells, the parasitic protozoan flagellates L.
      amazonensis and T. cruzi lodge within acidified parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs).
      However, whereas L. amazonensis develops in spacious, phagolysosome-like PVs that
      may enclose numerous parasites, T. cruzi is transiently hosted within smaller
      vacuoles from which it soon escapes to the host cell cytosol. To investigate if
      parasite-specific vacuoles are required for the survival and differentiation of
      T. cruzi, we constructed chimeric vacuoles by infection of L. amazonensis
      amastigote-infected macrophages with T. cruzi epimastigotes (EPIs) or metacyclic
      trypomastigotes (MTs). These chimeric vacuoles, easily observed by microscopy,
      allowed the entry and fate of T. cruzi in L. amazonensis PVs to be dynamically
      recorded by multidimensional imaging of coinfected cells. We found that although
      T. cruzi EPIs remained motile and conserved their morphology in chimeric
      vacuoles, T. cruzi MTs differentiated into amastigote-like forms capable of
      multiplying. These results demonstrate that the large adaptive vacuoles of L.
      amazonensis are permissive to T. cruzi survival and differentiation and that
      noninfective EPIs are spared from destruction within the chimeric PVs. We
      conclude that T. cruzi differentiation can take place in Leishmania-containing
      vacuoles, suggesting this occurs prior to their escape into the host cell
      cytosol.

PMID- 26975995
TI  - Multiscale Model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Maps Metabolite and Gene
      Perturbations to Granuloma Sterilization Predictions.
AB  - Granulomas are a hallmark of tuberculosis. Inside granulomas, the pathogen
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis may enter a metabolically inactive state that is less
      susceptible to antibiotics. Understanding M. tuberculosis metabolism within
      granulomas could contribute to reducing the lengthy treatment required for
      tuberculosis and provide additional targets for new drugs. Two key adaptations of
      M. tuberculosis are a nonreplicating phenotype and accumulation of lipid
      inclusions in response to hypoxic conditions. To explore how these adaptations
      influence granuloma-scale outcomes in vivo, we present a multiscale in silico
      model of granuloma formation in tuberculosis. The model comprises host immunity,
      M. tuberculosis metabolism, M. tuberculosis growth adaptation to hypoxia, and
      nutrient diffusion. We calibrated our model to in vivo data from nonhuman
      primates and rabbits and apply the model to predict M. tuberculosis population
      dynamics and heterogeneity within granulomas. We found that bacterial populations
      are highly dynamic throughout infection in response to changing oxygen levels and
      host immunity pressures. Our results indicate that a nonreplicating phenotype,
      but not lipid inclusion formation, is important for long-term M. tuberculosis
      survival in granulomas. We used virtual M. tuberculosis knockouts to predict the
      impact of both metabolic enzyme inhibitors and metabolic pathways exploited to
      overcome inhibition. Results indicate that knockouts whose growth rates are below
      ~66% of the wild-type growth rate in a culture medium featuring lipid as the only
      carbon source are unable to sustain infections in granulomas. By mapping
      metabolite- and gene-scale perturbations to granuloma-scale outcomes and
      predicting mechanisms of sterilization, our method provides a powerful tool for
      hypothesis testing and guiding experimental searches for novel antituberculosis
      interventions.

PMID- 26975997
TI  - Screening for Non-Pore-Binding Modulators of EAG K+ Channels.
AB  - Members of the ether-a-go-go (EAG) family of voltage-gated K(+) channels are
      involved in several pathophysiological diseases, and there has been a great
      interest in screening for drugs that modulate the activity of these channels.
      Many drugs have been shown to bind in the pore of these channels, blocking ion
      flux and causing disease pathology. In this report, we present two independent
      screening campaigns in which we wanted to identify small molecules that bind to
      either the intracellular cytoplasmic amino terminal Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain
      from the human EAG-related gene (ERG) channel or the amino or carboxy terminal
      globular domains from the mouse EAG1 channel, affecting their interaction. We
      report that in both cases, compounds were identified that showed weak,
      nonspecific binding. We suggest alternative routes should be pursued in future
      efforts to identify specific, high-affinity binders to these cytoplasmic domains.

PMID- 26975996
TI  - EGR1 controls divergent cellular responses of distinctive nucleus pulposus cell
      types.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immediate early genes (IEGs) encode transcription factors which serve
      as first line response modules to altered conditions and mediate appropriate cell
      responses. The immediate early response gene EGR1 is involved in physiological
      adaptation of numerous different cell types. We have previously shown a role for
      EGR1 in controlling processes supporting chondrogenic differentiation. We
      recently established a unique set of phenotypically distinct cell lines from the
      human nucleus pulposus (NP). Extensive characterization showed that these NP
      cellular subtypes represented progenitor-like cell types and more functionally
      mature cells. METHODS: To further understanding of cellular heterogeneity in the
      NP, we analyzed the response of these cell subtypes to anabolic and catabolic
      factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that physiological responses of distinct NP
      cell types are mediated by EGR1 and reflect specification of cell function using
      an RNA interference-based experimental approach. RESULTS: We show that distinct
      NP cell types rapidly induce EGR1 exposure to either growth factors or
      inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we show that mRNA profiles induced in
      response to anabolic or catabolic conditions are cell type specific: the more
      mature NP cell type produced a strong and more specialized transcriptional
      response to IL-1beta than the NP progenitor cells and aspects of this response
      were controlled by EGR1. CONCLUSIONS: Our current findings provide important
      substantiation of differential functionality among NP cellular subtypes.
      Additionally, the data shows that early transcriptional programming initiated by
      EGR1 is essentially restrained by the cells' epigenome as it was determined
      during development and differentiation. These studies begin to define functional
      distinctions among cells of the NP and will ultimately contribute to defining
      functional phenotypes within the adult intervertebral disc.

PMID- 26975998
TI  - Superficial zone cellularity is deficient in mice lacking lubricin: a
      stereoscopic analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lubricin, a mucinous glycoprotein secreted by synoviocytes and
      chondrocytes plays an important role in reducing the coefficient of friction in
      mammalian joints. Elevated cartilage surface friction is thought to cause
      chondrocyte loss; however, its quantification and methodological approaches have
      not been reported. We adapted a stereological method and incorporated vital cell
      staining to assess cellular loss in superficial and upper intermediate zones in
      lubricin deficient mouse cartilage. METHODS: The femoral condyle cartilage of the
      intact knees from lubricin wild type (Prg4 (+/+)), heterozygote (Prg4 (+/-)), and
      knockout (Prg4 (-/-)) mice was imaged using fluorescein diacetate (FDA),
      propidium iodide (PI), and Hoechst staining, and confocal microscopy. Three
      dimensional reconstructions of confocal images to a depth of 14 MUm were analyzed
      using Matlab to determine the volume fraction occupied by chondrocytes in
      cartilage of both medial and lateral femoral condyles. Living chondrocyte volume
      fraction was defined as FDA stained chondrocyte volume/total volume of
      superficial + upper intermediate zone. Living and dead (total) chondrocyte volume
      fraction was defined as FDA + PI stained chondrocyte volume/total volume of
      superficial + upper intermediate zone. MicroCT provided an orthogonal measure of
      cartilage thickness. Immunohistology for activated caspase-3 and TUNEL staining
      were performed to evaluate the presence of apoptotic chondrocytes in Prg4 mutant
      mice. RESULTS: Living chondrocyte volume fraction of the medial femoral condyle
      was significantly lower in Prg4 (-/-) mice compared to Prg4 (+/+) (p = 0.002) and
      Prg4 (+/-) (p = 0.002) littermates. There was no significant difference in medial
      condyle chondrocyte volume fraction between Prg4 (+/+) and Prg4 (+/-) mice (p =
      0.82). No significant differences were observed for the chondrocyte volume
      fraction for the lateral condyle (p > 0.26). Cartilage thickness increased in the
      medial condyle for Prg4 (-/-) mice compared to Prg4 (+/+) (p = 0.02) and Prg4 (+/
      ) (p = 0.03) littermates, and the lateral condyle for Prg4 (-/-) mice compared to
      Prg4 (+/+) (p < 0.0001) and Prg4 (+/-) (p < 0.0001) littermates, indicating that
      a multi-dimensional increase in cartilage volume did not artifactually lower the
      chondrocyte volume fraction in the medial condyle. Significantly higher number of
      caspase-3 positive cells were observed in the superficial and upper intermediate
      zone cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of Prg4 (-/-) mice compared to Prg4
      (+/+) (p = 0.01) and Prg4 (+/-) (p = 0.04) littermates, and the lateral femoral
      condyle of Prg4 (-/-) mice compared to Prg4 (+/+) (p = 0.02) and Prg4 (+/-) (p =
      0.02) littermates. There were no significant differences in TUNEL staining among
      different Prg4 genotypes in both condyles (p > 0.05 for all comparisons).
      CONCLUSIONS: Increased Caspase-3 activation is observed in Prg4 deficient mice
      compared to Prg4 sufficient littermates. Absence of Prg4 induces loss of
      chondrocytes in the superficial and upper intermediate zone of mouse cartilage
      that is quantifiable by a novel image processing technique.

PMID- 26975999
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Iodine-123 Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Imaging for
      Screening Heart Failure Patients Eligible for an Implantable Cardioverter
      Defibrillator in the USA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many guideline-eligible heart failure (HF) patients do not receive a
      survival benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Improved
      risk stratification may help to reduce costs and improve the cost effectiveness
      of ICDs. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the potential outcomes, costs, and cost
      effectiveness of using iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (I-mIBG) to screen HF
      patients eligible for an ICD. METHODS: A decision-analytic model was developed to
      compare screening with I-mIBG imaging and no screening over 2-year and 10-year
      time horizons from a US payer perspective. Data on I-mIBG imaging and risk
      stratification were obtained from the ADMIRE-HF/HFX (AdreView Myocardial Imaging
      for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) trial. Data on ICD effectiveness for
      prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) were obtained from a meta-analysis.
      Costs of ICDs and costs of generator and lead procedures were obtained from the
      Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Inpatient Sample. Age
      specific mortality was modeled using US life tables and data from the ACT
      (Advancements in ICD Therapy) Registry on risks of SCD and non-SCD mortality.
      Sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: In the analysis, screening with I
      mIBG imaging was associated with a reduction in ICD utilization of 21 %,
      resulting in a number needed to screen to prevent 1 ICD implantation of 5.
      Screening reduced the costs per patient by US$5500 and US$13,431 (in 2013
      dollars) over 2 and 10 years, respectively, in comparison with no screening and
      resulted in losses of 0.001 and 0.040 life-years, respectively, over 2 and 10
      years. Screening was decrementally cost effective, with savings of US$5,248,404
      and US$513,036 per quality-adjusted life-year lost over 2 and 10 years,
      respectively. In subgroup analyses, cost savings were greater for patients with
      an ejection fraction (EF) of 25-35 % than for those with an EF <25 %.
      CONCLUSIONS: According to the model, screening of guideline-eligible patients
      selected for ICDs with I-mIBG imaging may be cost effective and may help reduce
      costs associated with implantation of ICDs, with a minimal impact on survival.

PMID- 26976001
TI  - Intraforaminal ozone therapy and particular side effects: preliminary results and
      early warning.

PMID- 26976000
TI  - Rab proteins in the brain and corpus allatum of Bombyx mori.
AB  - In eukaryotic cells, Rab guanosine triphosphate-ases serve as key regulators of
      membrane-trafficking events, such as exocytosis and endocytosis. Rab3, Rab6, and
      Rab27 control the regulatory secretory pathway of neuropeptides and
      neurotransmitters. The cDNAs of Rab3, Rab6, and Rab27 from B. mori were inserted
      into a plasmid, transformed into Escherichia coli, and then subsequently
      purified. We then produced antibodies against Rab3, Rab6, and Rab27 of Bombyx
      mori in rabbits and rats for use in western immunoblotting and
      immunohistochemistry. Western immunoblotting of brain tissue revealed a single
      band at approximately 26 kDa. Immunohistochemistry results revealed that Rab3,
      Rab6, and Rab27 expression was restricted to neurons in the pars intercerebralis
      and dorsolateral protocerebrum of the brain. Rab3 and Rab6 co-localized with
      bombyxin, an insect neuropeptide. However, there was no Rab that co-localized
      with prothoracicotropic hormone. The corpus allatum secretes neuropeptides
      synthesized in the brain into the hemolymph. Results showed that Rab3 and Rab6 co
      localized with bombyxin in the corpus allatum. These findings suggest that Rab3
      and Rab6 are involved in neurosecretion in B. mori. This study is the first to
      report a possible relationship between Rab and neurosecretion in the insect
      corpus allatum. 

PMID- 26976002
TI  - Weight-Related Eating Among Less-Acculturated Latina College Students.
AB  - Less-acculturated Latinos have been found to have unique patterns of weight
      related eating attitudes and behaviors. This study examined body mass index
      (BMI), body image, and various facets of emotional distress as contributors to
      weight-related eating among less-acculturated female Latina college students. It
      was hypothesized that unique combinations of BMI, body image, depression,
      anxiety, and stress would predict routine restraint, compensatory restraint,
      susceptibility to external cues, and emotional eating in less-acculturated Latina
      college students. Participants were 141 college students from a rural region in
      southeastern California who completed questionnaires. Preoccupation with being
      overweight, a body-image variable, significantly predicted routine and
      compensatory restraint whereas stress was an important correlate of reasons for
      eating other than hunger. Implications of the findings include the potential to
      inform models of weight-related eating among less-acculturated Latina college
      students. Limitations include homogeneity of sample pertinent to Latino descent.
      Future directions are discussed.

PMID- 26976003
TI  - Depression and Chronic Health Conditions Among Latinos: The Role of Social
      Networks.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the "buffering hypothesis" of social
      network characteristics in the association between chronic conditions and
      depression among Latinos. Cross-sectional self-report data from the San Diego
      Prevention Research Center's community survey of Latinos were used (n = 393).
      Separate multiple logistic regression models tested the role of chronic
      conditions and social network characteristics in the likelihood of moderate-to
      severe depressive symptoms. Having a greater proportion of the network comprised
      of friends increased the likelihood of depression among those with high
      cholesterol. Having a greater proportion of women in the social network was
      directly related to the increased likelihood of depression, regardless of the
      presence of chronic health conditions. Findings suggest that network
      characteristics may play a role in the link between chronic conditions and
      depression among Latinos. Future research should explore strategies targeting the
      social networks of Latinos to improve health outcomes.

PMID- 26976004
TI  - Health and Socio-Cultural Experiences of Refugee Women: An Integrative Review.
AB  - Approximately half of the global refugee population are women, yet they remain
      largely understudied from the perspective of gender. The aim of this review was
      to investigate the impact of refugee women's resettlement and socio-cultural
      experiences on their health. This review also explored factors promoting
      resilience in refugee women. Eight databases were searched for peer-reviewed
      manuscripts published from 2005 to 2014. Grey literature was also reviewed. Data
      were extracted for population, data collection methods, data analysis, and
      findings. The Resource-Based Model was used as an overarching framework for data
      synthesis. Following the screening of titles and abstracts, 20 studies met the
      study inclusion criteria. Cultural factors, social and material factors, personal
      factors, and resilience factors were identified as main themes influencing the
      health of refugee women. Promotion of factors that enables resettlement is
      important in promoting the health and wellbeing of refugee women.

PMID- 26976006
TI  - Diabetes Among United States-Bound Adult Refugees, 2009-2014.
AB  - We reported diabetes prevalence among all US-bound adult refugees and assessed
      factors associated with disease. We analyzed overseas medical evaluations of US
      bound refugees from 2009 through 2014 by using CDC's Electronic Disease
      Notification System. We identified refugees with diabetes by searching for
      diabetes-related keywords and medications in examination forms with text-parsing
      techniques. Age-adjusted prevalence rates were reported and factors associated
      with diabetes were assessed by using logistic regression. Of 248,850 refugees
      aged >=18 years examined over 5 years, 5767 (2.3 %) had diabetes. Iraqis had the
      highest crude (5.1 %) and age-adjusted (8.9 %) prevalence of disease. Higher age
      group and body mass index were associated with diabetes in all regions. Diabetes
      prevalence varied by refugee nationality. Although the absolute rates were lower
      than rates in the United States, the prevalence is still concerning given the
      younger age of the population and their need for health services upon
      resettlement.

PMID- 26976005
TI  - Seeking Asylum: Challenges Faced by the LGB Community.
AB  - A retrospective chart review was completed of patients self-identified as
      lesbian, gay, or bisexual seen through a program for survivors of torture between
      June 9, 2009 and December 31, 2014 (n = 50). Almost all (98 %) experienced
      persecution due to their sexual orientation and 84 % were survivors of torture.
      The circumstances under which the disclosure of sexual orientation took place in
      the country of origin were often traumatic. In several, efforts were made to
      change their sexual orientation often through forced marriage. Those in same sex
      relationships had relationships often marred by tragedy. Women were more likely
      to be forced to move from place to place, experience rape/sexual assault and
      threats whereas men were more likely to be persecuted by people on the street.
      All presented with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Providers need to be
      attuned to the potential traumatic histories of those fleeing persecution due to
      sexual orientation, and the medical, social, psychological, and legal
      implications.

PMID- 26976007
TI  - The Feasibility of Recruiting and Retaining Perinatal Latinas in a Biomedical
      Study Exploring Neuroendocrine Function and Postpartum Depression.
AB  - This study evaluates the feasibility of enrolling and retaining perinatal
      immigrant and U.S.-born Latinas in a laboratory-based study that includes the
      collection of biomarkers implicated in the development of postpartum depression.
      This prospective study followed Latinas from third trimester of pregnancy to 12
      weeks postpartum. Women were enrolled during pregnancy and interviewed at 4, 8
      and 12 weeks postpartum. Demographic information, depression status and
      breastfeeding practices were ascertained using validated Spanish- and English
      measures. Blood samples were collected at the 8-week postpartum laboratory visit
      during infant feeding and pain testing. Feasibility was demonstrated with 85 %
      retention of the original 34 prenatal women enrolled in the study. The majority
      (88 %) of women enrolled attended the 8-week laboratory visit regardless of
      depression status. This is the first study to demonstrate feasibility of
      enrolling and retaining depressed and nondepressed perinatal immigrant and U.S.
      born Latinas in biomedical research.

PMID- 26976008
TI  - Changes and characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a constructed wetland
      system using fluorescence spectroscopy.
AB  - Domestic wastewater was treated by five constructed wetland beds in series.
      Dissolved organic matter (DOM) collected from influent and effluent samples from
      the constructed wetland was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy combined
      with fluorescence regional integration (FRI), parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis,
      and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). This study evaluates the
      capability of these methods in detecting the spectral characteristics of
      fluorescent DOM fractions and their changes in constructed wetlands. Fluorescence
      excitation-emission matrix (EEM) combined with FRI analysis showed that protein
      like materials displayed a higher removal ratio compared to humic-like
      substances. The PARAFAC analysis of wastewater DOM indicated that six fluorescent
      components, i.e., two protein-like substances (C1 and C6), three humic-like
      substances (C2, C3 and C5), and one non-humic component (C4), could be
      identified. Tryptophan-like C1 was the dominant component in the influent DOM.
      The removal ratios of six fluorescent components (C1-C6) were 56.21, 32.05,
      49.19, 39.90, 29.60, and 45.87 %, respectively, after the constructed wetland
      treatment. Furthermore, 2D-COS demonstrated that the sequencing of spectral
      changes for fluorescent DOM followed the order 298 nm -> 403 nm -> 283 nm (310
      360 nm) in the constructed wetland, suggesting that the peak at 298 nm is
      associated with preferential tryptophan fluorescence removal. Variation of the
      fluorescence index (FI) and the ratio of fluorescence components indicated that
      the constructed wetland treatment resulted in the decrease of fluorescent organic
      pollutant with increasing the humification and chemical stability of the DOM. 

PMID- 26976009
TI  - Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
      in cell-free model using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)
      assay-limitations of method.
AB  - Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used brominated flame retardant,
      applied in a variety of commercial and household products, mainly electronic
      ones. Since the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered one of
      the principal cytotoxicity mechanisms, numerous studies undertake that aspect of
      TBBPA's mechanism of action. The present study verifies if the fluorogenic
      substrate 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) should be used to
      detect ROS production induced by TBBPA. To determine the ability of TBBPA alone
      to stimulate the conversion of H2DCFDA to its fluorescent product 2',7'
      dichlorofluorescein (DCF), we used a cell-free model. In the experiments we check
      different cultured media also in combination with free radical scavenger N-acetyl
      l-cysteine (NAC). Additionally, experiments with stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl
      1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) have been made. The presented data showed that TBBPA in
      all tested concentrations interacts with H2DCFDA in phosphate-buffered saline
      (PBS) buffer while in micromolar concentrations in the DMEM/F12 medium with and
      without serum. The addition of NAC inhibited the interaction of TBBPA with
      H2DCFDA. Experiments with DPPH. showed that, in the presence of NAC, TBBPA acts
      like a free radical. TBBPA has similar properties to free radical and is
      susceptible to free radical scavenging properties of NAC. Our results indicated
      that H2DCFDA assay cannot be used to evaluate cellular ROS production in TBBPA
      studies. The study connected with TBBPA-stimulated ROS production in cell culture
      models using the H2DCFDA assay should be revised using a different method.
      However, due to the free radical-like nature of TBBPA, it can be very difficult.
      Therefore, further investigation of the nature of TBBPA as a compound with
      similar properties to free radical is required. 

PMID- 26976010
TI  - Physical properties of particulate matter from animal houses-empirical studies to
      improve emission modelling.
AB  - Maintaining and preserving the environment from pollutants are of utmost
      importance. Particulate matter (PM) is considered one of the main air pollutants.
      In addition to the harmful effects of PM in the environment, it has also a
      negative indoor impact on human and animal health. The specific forms of damage
      of particulate emission from livestock buildings depend on its physical
      properties. The physical properties of particulates from livestock facilities are
      largely unknown. Most studies assume the livestock particles to be spherical with
      a constant density which can result in biased estimations, leading to inaccurate
      results and errors in the calculation of particle mass concentration in livestock
      buildings. The physical properties of PM, including difference in density as a
      function of particle size and shape, can have a significant impact on the
      predictions of particles' behaviour. The aim of this research was to characterize
      the physical properties of PM from different animal houses and consequently
      determine PM mass concentration. The mean densities of collected PM from laying
      hens, dairy cows and pig barns were 1450, 1520 and 2030 kg m(-3), respectively,
      whilst the mass factors were 2.17 * 10(-3), 2.18 * 10(-3) and 5.36 * 10(-3) MUm,
      respectively. The highest mass concentration was observed in pig barns generally
      followed by laying hen barns, and the lowest concentration was in dairy cow
      buildings. Results are presented in such a way that they can be used in
      subsequent research for simulation purposes and to form the basis for a data set
      of PM physical properties. 

PMID- 26976011
TI  - Manganese accumulation in hair and teeth as a biomarker of manganese exposure and
      neurotoxicity in rats.
AB  - Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element to humans. However, excessive Mn
      causes cognitive impairment resulting from injury to the central nervous system
      within the hippocampus. No ideal biomarker is currently available for evaluating
      Mn exposure and associated neurotoxicity in the body. Hence, this study used Mn
      levels in the serum (MnS), teeth (MnT), and hair (MnH) as biomarkers for
      evaluating the association between Mn exposure and cognitive impairment in Mn
      treated rats. A total of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into
      four groups, received 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg/(kg day) of MnCl2.4H2O for 5 days a
      week for 18 weeks, respectively. Lifetime Mn cumulative dose (LMCD) was used to
      evaluate external Mn exposure. Hippocampus, serum, teeth, and hair specimens were
      collected from the rats for Mn determination by graphite furnace atomic
      absorption spectrometry. Learning and memory functions were assessed using the
      Morris water maze test. Results showed that chronic Mn exposure increased the
      hippocampus (MnHip), MnS, MnT, and MnH levels, as well as impaired learning and
      memory function in rats. MnHip, MnT, and MnH levels were positively correlated
      with LMCD (r = 0.759, r = 0.925, and r = 0.908, respectively; p < 0.05), escape
      latency (r = 0.862, r = 0.716, and r = 0.814, respectively; p < 0.05), and the
      number of platform crossings (r = -0.734, r = -0.514, and r = -0.566,
      respectively; p < 0.05). No association was observed between MnS levels and the
      number of platform crossings (r = -0.286, p > 0.05). Thus, MnT and MnH detected
      long-term low-dose Mn exposure. These parameters can be reliable biomarkers for
      Mn exposure and associated neurotoxicity in Mn-treated rats. 

PMID- 26976012
TI  - Phagocytic cell responses to silica-coated dithiocarbamate-functionalized iron
      oxide nanoparticles and mercury co-exposures in Anguilla anguilla L.
AB  - Immune system responses in fish are considered as suitable and sensitive
      biomarkers for monitoring aquatic pollution. However, a clear knowledge gap
      persists in the literture on the immunotoxic potential of engineered
      nanoparticles toward aquatic organisms such as fish. Employing major enzymatic-
      (glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione sulfo
      transferase, GST; catalase, CAT) and thiol- (non-protein thiols, NP-SH; total
      glutathione, TGSH)-based defense biomarkers, this study assessed the response of
      phagocytes isolated from peritoneum (P-phagocytes), gill (G-phagocytes), head
      kidney (HK-phagocytes), and spleen (S-phagocytes) of European eel (Anguilla
      anguilla L.) to silica-coated magnetite particles (Fe3O4@SiO2/SiDTC, hereafter
      called IONP; size range: 82 +/- 21 to 100 +/- 30 nm; 2.5 mg L(-1)) alone and IONP
      and mercury (Hg; 50 MUg L(-1)) concomitant exposures. Responses of previous
      biomarkers were studied in P-phagocytes, G-phagocytes, HK-phagocytes, and S
      phagocytes collected during 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h of exposures.
      Contingent to hour of exposure to IONP, Hg, and IONP + Hg GST, GPX, CAT, NP-SH,
      and TGSH exhibited their differential responses in all the phagocytic cells
      considered. In particular, under IONP exposure, the potential occurrence of the
      GSH-independent antioxidant defense was indicated by the observed herein
      inhibition in the enzymatic- and thiol-based defense in A. anguilla phagocytes.
      In contrast, the response of P-, G-, HK-, and S-phagocytes to the increasing Hg
      exposure period reflected an increased detoxification activity. Notably, the
      occurrence of an antagonism between IONP and Hg was depicted during late hours
      (72 h) under IONP + Hg concomitant exposure, where elevations in the defense
      biomarkers were depicted. Overall, the P-, G-, HK-, and S-phagocytic cells
      exhibited a differential induction in the studied enzymes and thiols to
      counteract impacts of IONP, Hg, and IONP + Hg concomitant exposures. Future
      studies on the fish immunotoxicity responses to IONP exposure in multi-pollution
      conditions can be benefited with the major outcomes of the present study. 

PMID- 26976013
TI  - Microwave-irradiation-assisted hybrid chemical approach for titanium dioxide
      nanoparticle synthesis: microbial and cytotoxicological evaluation.
AB  - Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) are widely used in the pharmaceutical and
      cosmetics industries. It is used for protection against UV exposure due to its
      light-scattering properties and high refractive index. Though TNPs are
      increasingly used, the synthesis of TNPs is tedious and time consuming;
      therefore, in the present study, microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach was
      used for TNP synthesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that TNPs can be
      synthesized only in 2.5 h; however, the commonly used chemical approach using
      muffle furnace takes 5 h. The activity of TNP depends on the synthetic protocol;
      therefore, the present study also determined the effect of microwave-assisted
      hybrid chemical approach synthetic protocol on microbial and cytotoxicity. The
      results showed that TNP has the best antibacterial activity in decreasing order
      from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The IC50
      values of TNP for HCT116 and A549 were found to be 6.43 and 6.04 ppm,
      respectively. Cell death was also confirmed from trypan blue exclusion assay and
      membrane integrity loss was observed. Therefore, the study determines that the
      microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach is time-saving; hence, this technique
      can be upgraded from lab scale to industrial scale via pilot plant scale.
      Moreover, it is necessary to find the mechanism of action at the molecular level
      to establish the reason for greater bacterial and cytotoxicological toxicity.
      Graphical abstract A graphical representation of TNP synthesis. 

PMID- 26976014
TI  - Cytotoxicity and alterations at transcriptional level caused by metals on fish
      erythrocytes in vitro.
AB  - The in vitro use of fish erythrocytes to test the toxicity of aquatic pollutants
      could be a valuable alternative to fish bioassays but has received little
      attention. In this study, erythrocytes from marine gilthead sea bream (Sparus
      aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) specimens were exposed
      for 24 h to Cd, Hg, Pb and As and the resulting cytotoxicity was evaluated.
      Exposure to metals produced a dose-dependent reduction in the viability, and
      mercury showed the highest toxicity followed by MeHg, Cd, As and Pb. Moreover,
      fish erythrocytes incubated with each one of the metals exhibited alteration in
      gene expression profile of metallothionein, superoxide dismutase, catalase,
      peroxiredoxin, glutathione reductase, heat shock proteins 70 and 90, Bcl2
      associated X protein and calpain1 indicating cellular protection, stress and
      apoptosis death as well as oxidative stress. This study points to the benefits
      for evaluating the toxicological mechanisms of marine pollution using fish
      erythrocytes in vitro. 

PMID- 26976015
TI  - Effects of biochar amendment on relieving cadmium stress and reducing cadmium
      accumulation in pepper.
AB  - Biochar is widely used in agricultural soils or heavy metal-polluted soils to
      improve the quality of the soils, which would affect the growth of the plant.
      However, the information of biochars' effect on the plant growth was still
      lacking, especially for the physiological response of the plant. Pot experiments
      were used to examine the effect of willow-derived biochars at two temperatures
      (450 and 600  degrees C) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in pepper and to reveal the
      response of physiological parameters to exogenous Cd stress (1 and 5 mg/kg). The
      results showed that the accumulation of Cd in pepper roots was higher than that
      in pepper shoots. For low level of Cd treatments, high additional rates of the
      biochars could obviously reduce the accumulation of Cd in the pepper roots.
      Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the C content of the biochar
      amended soils and the Cd content of the pepper root, suggesting that the
      application of biochar to the soil decreased the Cd accumulation in the root. A
      positive relationship between the H/C ratios of biochar-amended soils and their
      corresponding Cd concentrations in pepper root indicated that low thermal
      temperature-derived biochar could play an important role in immobilizing Cd in
      the soil. Furthermore, on the condition of low Cd level of treatments, the
      malondialdehyde content decreased in biochar-amended soils, especially at high
      biochar application rate. The chlorophyll content increased with increasing the
      rates of the biochar application. The physiological parameters indirectly proved
      that the application of biochar did not always alleviate the toxic effects of Cd
      on pepper leaves at high Cd concentration. 

PMID- 26976016
TI  - Efficacy and safety of topical ganciclovir in the management of cytomegalovirus
      (CMV)-related anterior uveitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of
      topical ganciclovir 0.15 % gel in the management of patients with cytomegalovirus
      (CMV) anterior uveitis. RESULTS: This was a retrospective cohort study of the
      disease course of 31 patients (33 eyes) with aqueous polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) positive for CMV. Data from a total of 160 episodes of anterior uveitis
      flare for 20 years, dating from December 1992 to December 2012, was collected.
      All patients were treated with concomitant topical anti-inflammatory medication.
      The disease course of each eye was analysed before and after the use of topical
      ganciclovir 0.15 %. The mean age at initial presentation of anterior uveitis was
      57.5 +/- 12.6 years. Twenty-eight (90.3 %) patients were Chinese. Patients on
      topical ganciclovir gel had a statistically significant fewer episodes of uveitis
      flare per person year (median -0.88 episodes/person years, p = 0.029). The time
      to-quiescence was not significantly affected by topical ganciclovir use (median 
      1.25 days, p = 0.610). In the survival analysis using the Cox regression model,
      the use of topical ganciclovir was associated with a lower risk of recurrence,
      but this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio = 0.857, 95 % CI 0.543
      1.36, p = 0.511). The overall median time-to-recurrence was 290 days (95 % CI 113
      to 274 days) and 164 days (125 to 404 days) (p = 0.492), with and without topical
      ganciclovir, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Topical ganciclovir may be beneficial in
      reducing the frequency of recurrence in patients with CMV anterior uveitis, but
      it was not statistically associated with prolonging the time-to-recurrence. The
      time-to-quiescence was also not significantly affected by topical ganciclovir.
      Prospective studies with a larger number of patients would be required to verify
      our findings.

PMID- 26976017
TI  - Bloodstream infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a
      longitudinal single-center study.
AB  - Infectious complications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represent a major
      cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to investigate
      temporal trends in bloodstream infections (BSIs) among patients with CLL.
      Individuals with blood cultures were linked to Swedish Cancer Registry and
      divided into three time periods (1988-1993, 1994-1999, and 2000-2006) according
      to year of CLL diagnosis. CLL patients (n = 275) with 1092 blood culture episodes
      were identified and linked to the nationwide Cause of Death Registry and Swedish
      Patient Registry (to retrieve information on splenectomies). The most common
      causes of BSI among CLL patients were Escherichia coli (11/43, 15/78, and 9/33),
      Streptococcus pneumoniae (7/43, 13/78, and 6/33), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2/43,
      8/78, and 3/33), Staphylococcus aureus (1/43, 6/78, and 6/33), and Viridans
      streptococci (5/43, 6/78, and 2/33). Coagulase-negative staphylococci was the
      most frequent microorganism found in blood cultures (22/70, 23/106, and 5/41,
      respectively) but is a frequent contaminant. Based on the largest study to date
      on BSI in CLL patients, we found a stable proportion of Gram-positive to Gram
      negative bacteria and no temporal change of distribution was observed for BSIs
      1988-2006. 

PMID- 26976018
TI  - Fitting the pieces of the puzzle together: a case report of the Dunnigan-type of
      familial partial lipodystrophy in the adolescent girl.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Familial partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type (FPLD 2) is a
      rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by the mutations of the lamin A/C gene
      leading to the defective adipogenesis, premature death of adipocytes and
      lipotoxicity. FPLD 2 is characterized by a progressive loss of subcutaneous
      adipose tissue in the limbs and trunk, and accumulation of body fat in the face
      and neck with accompanying severe metabolic derangements including insulin
      resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis.
      Clinical presentation of FPLD 2 can often lead to misdiagnosis with metabolic
      syndrome, type 2 diabetes or Cushing syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a
      case of a 14-year-old girl admitted to the Department of Paediatrics due to
      chronic hypertransaminasemia. On physical examination the girl appeared to have
      athletic posture. She demonstrated the absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue in
      the extremities, sparing the face, neck and gluteal area, pseudo-hypertrophy of
      calves, prominent peripheral veins of limbs, massive acanthosis nigricans around
      the neck, in axillary and inguinal regions and natural skin folds,
      hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory results revealed hypertransaminasemia, elevated
      gamma-glutamyltranspeptydase, and dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinaemia with insulin
      resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and hyperuricemia. Diffuse steatoheptitis
      in the liver biopsy was stated. Clinical suspicion of FPLD 2 was confirmed
      genetically. The pathogenic mutation, R482W (p.Arg482Trp), responsible for the
      FPLD 2 phenotype was identified in one allele of the LMNA gene. CONCLUSIONS:
      Presented case highlights the importance of the holistic approach to a patient
      and the need of accomplished collaboration between paediatricians and
      geneticists. FPLD 2 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      diabetes, dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis, acanthosis nigricans and polycystic
      ovary syndrome.

PMID- 26976019
TI  - Comparison of Anthropometric Data Between Asian and Caucasian Patients With
      Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Obesity is considered to be one of the most important risk factors
      for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but less is known about the role of ethnicity
      in OSA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interethnic difference
      of obesity-related phenotypes in OSA and to reveal the role of ethnicity in OSA.
      METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, LILACS, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library using the
      key words "sleep apnea," "body mass index," "neck circumference," "waist
      circumference," "waist to hip ratio," etc. Inclusion criteria were adults over 18
      years of age, and studies that included polysomnography, obesity-related
      parameters, and a clear demarcation of ethnicity in the patient population.
      Included studies were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. The following
      information was collected for controls and OSA: number, age, gender, country,
      ethnicity (Asian or Caucasian), study design, apnea-hypopnea index/respiratory
      disturbance index, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist
      circumference (WC), and/or waist to hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: A total of 8,312
      publications were retrieved with a subsequent 19 manuscripts that met the
      selection criteria. A total of 2,966 patients were included for analysis. The
      main findings were as follows: There was no difference in BMI, WC, and WHR
      between patients with OSA and controls after accounting for publication bias;
      Patients with OSA have greater NC than controls (standard mean difference, 0.89;
      95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 1.14); and There was no difference in NC between
      Asian and Caucasians patients (P=0.178). CONCLUSION: OSA might not be related
      with BMI, WC, and WHR. Only NC demonstrated a strong association with OSA, and
      this finding was not different between Asians and Caucasians.

PMID- 26976020
TI  - Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis in Otolaryngologist Practice: A Review of
      Current Knowledge.
AB  - Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an idiopathic vasculitis of medium and
      small arteries, characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. GPA
      typically affects upper and lower respiratory tract with coexisting
      glomerulonephritis. This disease is generally characterized by antineutrophil
      cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA), nevertheless, there are rare cases with negative
      ANCA. GPA affects people at any age, with predominance of the sixth and seventh
      decade of life. In 80%-95% of the patients the first symptoms of GPA are
      otorhinolaryngological manifestations of head and neck including nose/sinuses,
      ears, eyes, larynx/trachea, oral cavity, and salivary glands. Diagnosis of GPA is
      based on Criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. In clinical practice
      diagnosis, the presence of distinctive ANCA antibodies and biopsy of affected
      organ are crucial. GPA must be differentiated from neoplastic, infectious or
      inflammatory ulcerative lesions of the head and neck. The standard treatment
      procedure is divided into two essential phases, induction and maintenance. The
      induction phase is based on combination of systemic corticosteroid and
      immunosuppressant therapy, whereas the maintenance phase comprises
      corticosteroids and azathioprine/methotrexate supplementation. Surgical treatment
      ought to be considered for patients who are not responding to pharmacotherapy. 

PMID- 26976021
TI  - The Effect of Dexpanthenol on Ototoxicity Induced by Cisplatin.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of
      dexpanthenol (Dxp) on against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. METHODS: To examine
      this effect, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) measurements and
      serum levels of oxidative and antioxidant status (including malondialdehyde,
      superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, total
      oxidant status, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index) were
      evaluated. Thirty-two adult female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into
      4 equal groups; control (K), cisplatin (C), cisplatin plus Dxp (CD), and Dxp (D).
      In all groups DPOAEs measurements, between 996 and 10,078 Hz as DPOAEs and
      input/output functions, were performed on days 0, 1th, 5th, and 12th. Prior to
      death, the last DPOAEs measurements and blood samples were taken. RESULTS: In the
      C group, statistically significant differences were detected at all frequencies
      between 0 and 5 days and 0 and 12 days measurements (P<0.05). Serum level of
      oxidant and antioxidant status were detected statistically significantly changed
      in this group versus K group (P<0.05). Contrary to the C group, in the CD group
      hearing ability was seen largely preserved at many frequencies and serum levels
      of all biochemical parameters were shifted toward normal values, similar to the K
      group. No significant differences were detected in the either D or K group's
      measurements. CONCLUSION: According to these results, Dxp may prevent cisplatin
      induced ototoxicity.

PMID- 26976022
TI  - Surgical and Audiologic Comparison Between Sophono and Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids
      Implantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHA) occasionally cause soft tissue
      problems due to abutment. Because Sophono does not have abutment penetrating
      skin, it is thought that Sophono has no soft tissue problem relating to abutment.
      On the other hand, transcutaneous device's output is reported to be 10 to 15 dB
      lower than percutaneous device. Therefore, in this study, Sophono and BAHA were
      compared to each other from surgical and audiological points of view. METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 9 Sophono patients and 10 BAHA
      patients. In BAHA cases, single vertical incision without skin thinning technique
      was done. We compared Sophono to BAHA by operation time, wound healing time,
      postoperative complications, postoperative hearing gain after switch on, and
      postoperative air-bone gap. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 60 minutes for
      Sophono and 25 minutes for BAHA. The wound healing time was 14 days for Sophono
      and 28 days for BAHA. No major intraoperative complication was observed. Skin
      problem was not observed in the 2 devices for the follow-up period. Postoperative
      hearing gain of bilateral aural atresia patients was 39.4 dB for BAHA (n=4) and
      25.5 dB for Sophono (n=5). However, the difference was not statistically
      significant. In all patients included in this study, the difference of air-bone
      gap between two groups was 16.6 dB at 0.5 kHz and 18.2 dB at 4 kHz. BAHA was
      statistically significantly better than Sophono. CONCLUSION: Considering the
      audiologic outcome, BAHA users were thought to have more audiologic benefit than
      Sophono users. However, Sophono had advantages over BAHA with abutment in
      cosmetic outcome. Sophono needed no daily skin maintenance and soft tissue
      complication due to abutment would not happen in Sophono. Therefore, a full
      explanation about each device is necessary before deciding implantation.

PMID- 26976023
TI  - Normal Mastoid Air Cell System Geometry: Has Surface Area Been Overestimated?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to emphasize the necessity of a standard in
      segmentation threshold and algorithm for measuring volume and surface area of
      mastoid air cell system (MACS). METHODS: First, we obtained axial computed
      tomography scans of 54 normal temporal bones from 27 subjects. Then, we
      manipulated Hounsfield units (HU) image data in DICOM (digital imaging and
      communications in medicine) files directly using our program. The volume and
      surface area of MACS were computed and compared at segmentation thresholds (HU)
      from -700 to 0 at intervals of 50 using 2 algorithms; square pixel based (SP)
      algorithm and marching square (MS) algorithm. RESULTS: No significant difference
      was found between the volumes computed by SP and MS algorithms at each
      segmentation threshold. The surface area computed by SP algorithm, however, was
      significantly larger than that by MS algorithm. We could minimize this
      significant difference through a modification of the SP algorithm. As the lower
      HU threshold value was set, the smaller volume was measured. The surface area
      showed a plateau at a threshold of approximately -200 HU. The segmentation
      threshold had greater influence on the measured volume of MACS than the algorithm
      did. CONCLUSION: A standard method for measuring volume and surface area of MACS
      is thought to be necessary. We suggest that the MS algorithm and -200 HU of the
      threshold could be a standard in the measurement of volume and surface area of
      MACS.

PMID- 26976024
TI  - Endoscopic Adenoidectomy in Children With Otitis Media With Effusion and Mild
      Hearing Loss.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Surgical management of children with chronic otitis media with
      effusion (OME) includes tympanostomy tube insertion or adenoidectomy, alone or
      with myringotomy and tube insertion. The aim of this study was to compare the
      effectiveness of transoral microdebrider endoscopic-assisted adenoidectomy
      (TOMEA) and traditional adenoidectomy in the management of children with mild
      hearing loss due to OME and chronic adenoiditis. METHODS: This prospective,
      double-blind and controlled study involved 120 consecutive patients aged 4-12
      years, who were randomised 1:1 to undergo TOMEA or traditional adenoidectomy
      under general anesthesia. All the patients underwent a complete otolaryngological
      examination, including nasopharyngeal fibre endoscopy (NFE), pneumatic otoscopy,
      otomicroscopy, tympanometry and supraliminar tonal audiometry, upon enrolment,
      and three and nine months postoperatively. RESULTS: There were no statistically
      significant differences in age or gender distribution between the TOMEA group
      (mean age, 4.9+/-1.1 years; 53.3% males) and the traditional adenoidectomy group
      (mean age, 5.3+/-0.9 years; 56.7% males). Both procedures led to a significant
      improvement in choanal patency (P<0.01) and all of the otological and
      audiological parameters (P<0.01) 3 and 9 months postoperatively, although
      postoperative NFE showed that the mean percentage of residual choanal obstruction
      was significantly less in the TOMEA group (P=0.02). There was no significant
      between-group difference in the percentage of children with tympanic membrane
      changes, but the postoperative prevalence of children with a type B tympanogram
      was significantly lower in the TOMEA group after 3 (15.0% vs. 31.7%, P=0.05) and
      9 months (18.3% vs. 38.3%, P=0.02), as was the percentage of children with mild
      conductive hearing loss (3.3% vs. 23.3%, P<0.01; and 8.3% vs. 28.3%, P<0.01).
      CONCLUSION: Although both TOMEA and traditional adenoidectomy are effective in
      treating children with mild hearing loss due to adenoidal hypertrophy and OME,
      the former achieves the greater reduction in residual adenoidal hypertrophy and
      better audiological outcomes.

PMID- 26976025
TI  - Clinical Implications of Septal Deviation in Lateralized Olfaction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Results of butanol threshold tests (BTTs) have shown that birhinal
      olfaction tends to converge toward monorhinal olfaction of the dominant nostril.
      However, birhinal olfaction may also be worse than dominant-side monorhinal
      olfaction. The goal of our study was to investigate the effect of deviated nasal
      septum on birhinal olfaction in patients with lateralized olfaction and to
      examine the effect of septoplasty in these patients. METHODS: A retrospective
      study with planned data collection was conducted in 518 patients who underwent
      BTTs. Lateralized olfaction was defined as monorhinal BTT scores that differed by
      >2 between sides. Underestimated birhinal olfaction was defined as a birhinal BTT
      score >2 lower than the dominant nostril monorhinal BTT score. Patients with
      lateralized olfaction were divided into 2 groups: group 1, underestimated
      birhinal olfaction; and group 2, without underestimated birhinal olfaction.
      RESULTS: Among 518 patients, 112 with lateralized olfaction were enrolled in this
      study. Group 1 included 23 patients (20.5%) and group 2 included 89 patients
      (79.5%). The severity of septal deviation (ratio of the distance of narrower side
      to wider side) did not differ between the 2 groups. Septal deviation to the
      dominant nostril was more common in group 1 than group 2 (73.9% vs. 37.6%;
      P=0.002). Five patients with septal deviation to the dominant nostril with
      underestimated birhinal olfaction underwent septoplasty. Improved lateralized
      olfaction occurred in all 5 patients postoperatively (P=0.041). CONCLUSION:
      Septal deviation of the dominant nostril in patients with lateralized olfaction
      is associated with underestimated birhinal olfaction. Septoplasty may improve
      olfaction by increasing airflow in the dominant olfactory side.

PMID- 26976026
TI  - The Healing Effects of Autologous Mucosal Grafts in Experimentally Injured Rabbit
      Maxillary Sinuses.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Healing processes of the nose and paranasal sinuses are quite
      complex, and poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of
      mucosal autologous grafts on the degenerated rabbit maxillary sinus mucosa with
      spontaneous wound healing. It is hypothesized that mucosal grafts will enhance
      ciliogenesis and improve the morphology of regenerated cilia. METHODS: Ten female
      New Zealand rabbits were included in the study. They underwent external maxillary
      sinus surgery through a transcutaneous approach. A total of 20 maxillary sinuses
      were randomly divided into 2 groups: 'spontaneous healing group' and 'autologous
      graft group.' The animals were sacrificed at the 14th day after the surgery.
      Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and light microscope were used for the
      evaluation. RESULTS: Cellular composition of the graft group is better than the
      spontaneous healing group. The graft group had larger areas covered with ciliary
      epithelium than the spontaneous healing group, and the mean length of the cilias
      were also longer. Additionally, there were wider cilia with abnormal morphology
      areas in the spontaneous healing group. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, covering of
      the denuded areas with a graft improves re-epithelization, and may prevent the
      early complications after sinus surgeries.

PMID- 26976028
TI  - Histological Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Chronic Vocal Fold
      Scarring in a Rat Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Vocal fold scarring is one of the most challenging laryngeal
      disorders to treat and there are currently no consistently effective treatments
      available. Our previous studies have shown the therapeutic potential of basic
      fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for vocal fold scarring. However, the
      histological effects of bFGF on scarred vocal fold have not been elucidated. The
      aim of this study was to examine the histological effects of bFGF on chronic
      vocal fold scarring. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into phosphate
      buffered saline (sham) and bFGF groups. Unilateral vocal fold stripping was
      performed and the drug was injected into the scarred vocal fold for each group 2
      months postoperatively. Injections were performed weekly for 4 weeks. Two months
      after the last injection, larynges were harvested and histologically analyzed.
      RESULTS: A significant increase of hyaluronic acid was observed in the vocal fold
      of the bFGF group compared with that of the sham group. However, there was no
      remarkable change in collagen expression nor in vocal fold contraction.
      CONCLUSION: Significant increase of hyaluronic acid by local bFGF injection was
      thought to contribute to the therapeutic effects on chronic vocal fold scarring.

PMID- 26976027
TI  - Improvement of Pulmonary Functions Following Septoplasty: How Are Lower Airways
      Affected?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nasal septal deviation is a frequent cause of increased nasal airway
      resistance. A narrow nasal airway would result in a decreased airflow into the
      lungs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the alterations of the
      pulmonary functions following septoplasty using spirometry and 6 minutes walking
      test (6mWT). And reveal the correlation of symptom score improvement with nasal
      obstruction symptom score (NOSE) and sino-nasal outcome test (SNOT22)
      questionnaires following surgery. METHODS: Thirty patients with obvious nasal
      septal deviations were enrolled in the study. All patients had a detailed
      otorhinolaryngologic examination, filled NOSE/SNOT22 questionnaires, performed
      spirometry and 6mWT preoperatively. One month after surgery, NOSE/SNOT22
      questionnaires filled by subjects and spirometry with 6mWT were performed again,
      and the results were compared. RESULTS: The mean total walking distance was
      702.3+/-68.2 m preoperatively, and it improved to 753.2+/-72.6 m postoperatively
      (P<0.001). Total tour count increased from 11 (range, 10.8 to 12.0) to 12 (range,
      11 to 13.3), and the difference was found statistically significant (P<0.001).
      When the preoperative and postoperative mean 6mWT results were compared,
      diastolic blood pressure increased from 70 to 80 mmHg (P=0.031), heart rate
      increased from 83.5+/-13.2 to 90.1+/-12.5 bpm (P=0.017), dyspnea rate decreased
      from 1 to 0 (P=0.002), and fatigue scores reduced from 2 to 1 (P=0.003).
      Evaluation on spirometry findings revealed that FIF50% (maximum inspiratory flow
      at 50% of forced vital capacity [FVC]) scores and peak expiratory flow (PEF)
      values improved significantly after surgery. Septoplasty improves the nasal
      breathing pattern. While reducing FEF50% (maximum expiratory flow at 50% of
      FVC)/FIF50%, it increases PEF and FIF50% values. In addition, as shown by 6mWT,
      exercise capacity improves following surgery. Postoperative NOSE and SNOT22
      scores reduced markedly compared to preoperative values (P<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      These findings suggest that nasal septal surgery has a positive effect on
      pulmonary functions, and this can be an important clue for the relationship of
      lung disorders and nasal obstruction.

PMID- 26976029
TI  - Prognostic Impact of Ultrasonography Features and (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake
      in Patients With Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic impact of ultrasonography (US) features
      and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake in patients with papillary
      thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). METHODS: This study included 74 patients with a
      single PTMC diagnosed pathologically. Patients underwent total thyroidectomy, or
      near-total thyroidectomy and staging thyroid US and positron emission tomography
      (PET) were performed prior to surgery. US features of thyroid nodules were
      reviewed retrospectively and the maximum standard uptake value (SUV) of nodules
      was semiquantitatively analyzed on (18)F-FDG PET/computed tomography (CT).
      Patients were followed-up for recurrence, which was defined as PTC on cytology
      results, elevated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) or anti-Tg antibody levels, or uptake
      on whole-body scintigraphy. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to
      evaluate whether poor prognostic outcomes were associated with US features or SUV
      values derived from PET/CT of nodules. In addition, subjects were divided into 2
      groups for subgroup analyses: one with nodules equal to or larger than 5 mm and
      one with nodules smaller than 5 mm. RESULTS: Among the 74 patients, there was no
      recurrence. Thus we evaluated the correlation between SUV value and US features
      with poor prognostic factors of PTMC which included extrathyroid extension,
      central and lateral lymph node (LN) metastasis. However no clinicopathologic
      factors were associated with extrathyroid extension, central LN metastasis, or
      lateral LN metastasis. CONCLUSION: In patients with PTMC, US features and SUV
      values on FDG-PET were not related to extrathyroid extension or LN metastasis.
      However, future studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up should be
      performed to verify the results of this study.

PMID- 26976030
TI  - Voice Outcome in Patients Treated With Endoscopic Laryngopharyngeal Surgery for
      Superficial Hypopharyngeal Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery (ELPS) is a minimally invasive
      transoral surgery that was developed to treat superficial larygo-pharyngeal
      cancer, in which a mucosal lesion is resected transorally while preserving deeper
      structures by subepithelial injection. The purpose of this retrospective study is
      to evaluate voice outcome in patients who underwent ELPS for superficial
      hypopharyngeal cancer. As important structures in producing voice, such as
      intrinsic laryngeal muscles, their fascia, and recurrent laryngeal nerve, are
      located in the medial side of the piriform sinus and the postcricoid region of
      the hypopharynx, we focused on patients with cancer lesions involving these
      regions. METHODS: From April 2010 to March 2011, 25 consecutive patients with
      superficial laryngopharyngeal cancer were treated with ELPS at Kyoto University
      Hospital. Among the 25 patients, 11 patients with cancer lesions on the medial
      side of the piriform sinus or the postcricoid area were studied. Preoperative and
      postoperative voice functions including maximum phonation time (MPT), mean flow
      rate (MFR), jitter, shimmer, soft phonation index (SPI), and noise-to-harmonic
      ratio (NHR), were compared retrospectively. RESULTS: Five of 11 cancer lesions
      had submucosal invasion and no lesion had invaded the muscular layer
      pathologically. T stage was classified as Tis in 5 cases, T1 in 4 cases, and T2
      in 2 cases. All lesions involved the medial side of the piriform sinus and 2 also
      involved the postcricoid area. Vocal fold movement was normal in all cases after
      the surgery. Average preoperative and postoperative values for MPT, MFR, jitter,
      shimmer, SPI, and NHR, were 22.7 seconds and 23.4 seconds, 165 mL/sec and 150
      mL/sec, 1.53% and 1.77%, 3.82% and 5.17%, 35.5 and 36.6, and 0.13% and 0.14%,
      respectively. There was no statistical difference between preoperative and
      postoperative data for all values examined. CONCLUSION: ELPS is useful in
      preserving voice function in the treatment of superficial hypopharyngeal cancer.
      Preserving the deeper structures including intrinsic muscles and their fascia may
      be important for preserving voice function as long as the lesions are
      superficial.

PMID- 26976031
TI  - Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio of Central Neck Compartment Has Predictive Values for
      Locoregional Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the significance of metastatic lymph
      node ratio (the ratio between the metastatic lymph node and the harvested lymph
      nodes; MLNR) in the central neck for the prediction of locoregional recurrence in
      patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. METHODS: After reviewing medical
      records of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients who received total
      thyroidectomy with central neck node dissection, 573 consecutive adult patients
      were enrolled in this study, with a follow-up period of more than 36 months.
      Regarding the risk of recurrence, multivariate analyses were performed with the
      following variables; sex, age, multiplicity of the primary tumor, presence of
      pathological extrathyroidal extension, the level of postoperative stimulated
      serum thyroglobulin, the number of harvested lymph nodes, the number of lymph
      node metastasis and MLNR. RESULTS: The MLNR showed a predictive significance for
      the locoregional recurrence (P<0.05). Most recurrences were occurred in the
      lateral neck (n=12, 80%) with a median interval of 20 months. The lowest cutoff
      value of the MLNR for a meaningful separation of disease recurrence was 0.44
      (hazard ratio, 8.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.49 to 52.58; P=0.001).
      CONCLUSION: When the MLNR is higher than 0.44, there is an increased risk of
      locoregional recurrence mostly in the lateral neck. Therefore, MLNR of the
      central neck in a permanent or frozen biopsy may be helpful in decision making in
      the extent of thyroidectomy and/or the need for contralateral central neck lymph
      nodes dissection.

PMID- 26976033
TI  - Buccinator Myomucosal Flap for Treatment of Osteoradionecrosis of the Mandible.
AB  - The use of a myomucosal flap from the buccinator muscle is a valuable
      reconstruction method for intraoral defects. In this paper, we report the
      clinical advantages of using a buccinator myomucosal flap for the treatment of
      partial mandibular defects caused by osteoradionecrosis. We implemented a
      buccinator myomucosal flap for the reconstruction of a partial mandibular defect
      in a 55-year-old man with tonsil cancer and partial mandibular defects caused by
      osteoradionecrosis. The total operating time was 90 minutes. Twelve months after
      the reconstruction, the patient remains free of disease. A buccinator myomucosal
      flap can be used for the reconstruction of partial mandibular defects caused by
      osteoradionecrosis. It is a reliable method for reconstructing small mandibular
      defects. 

PMID- 26976032
TI  - Metastases of Melanoma to Head and Neck Mucosa: A Report of Short Series.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Metastasis of melanoma to the head and neck mucosa is a very unusual
      condition. The aim of this study was to report four cases of patients with
      metastatic melanoma in the head and neck mucosa treated at a single institution.
      METHODS: Clinical data were obtained from the medical records. All cases were
      histologically reviewed to confirm the diagnosis, and immunohistochemical
      reactions were performed in the cases submitted to biopsy. RESULTS: All patients
      were males and the mean age was 40.5 years old. The sites of the metastatic
      tumors were gingival mucosa, floor of the mouth, oropharynx, and larynx. Two
      tumors appeared as submucosal nodules with normal color; one lesion was a
      blackish nodular lesion, and one was shown to be an ulcerated lesion. The size of
      tumors ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 cm. All patients had developed systemic disease at
      time of diagnosis of metastatic tumor in the head and neck mucosa. Survival rates
      ranged from 2 to 19 months after the diagnosis of the metastatic mucosal melanoma
      in the head and neck region. CONCLUSION: Although rare, patients with melanoma
      must be closely and regularly followed up, with careful routine examination of
      head and neck, because metastatic tumors in this region seem to be part of a
      lethal widespread metastatic disease.

PMID- 26976034
TI  - Effect of High-Flow Nasal Oxygen on Pulmonary Complications and Outcomes After
      Adult Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Qualitative Review.

PMID- 26976035
TI  - Predicting Optimal Insertion Depth of a Left-sided Double-Lumen Endobronchial
      Tube.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Appropriate placement of the double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) is
      essential for one-lung ventilation. Several formulae based on body height (BH)
      have been used for estimating the optimal insertion depth of a left-sided DLT. In
      this study, the authors examined the following 5 formulae for accuracy of
      prediction: 0.11*BH+10.53 (cm) from Brodsky et al(1); 0.15*BH+3.96 (cm) from Bahk
      and Oh(2); 0.148*BH+3.8 (cm) from Chow et al;(3) 0.1*BH+12.5 (cm) from Takita et
      al(4); and 0.1977*BH - 4.2423 (cm) (authors' formula). DESIGN: Single-center,
      retrospective, observational study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS:
      Anesthetic records of patients older than 20 years who received one-lung
      ventilation using a left-sided DLT were included. INTERVENTIONS: The patients'
      sex, age, body weight, BH, and the final correct insertion depth of the left
      sided DLT after fiberscope verification were recorded. Linear regression and
      correlation were used to analyze the data. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One
      hundred seventy anesthetic records were analyzed. The insertion depth was
      distributed normally in 4 groups with different BH intervals. The correlations
      between the correct insertion depth and all the lengths calculated using each
      formula were significant (p<0.001), with a similar high coefficient of
      determination (r = 0.809). The regression line derived from the authors' formula
      0.1977*BH - 4.2423 (cm)-showed the most accuracy in predicting the correct
      insertion depth. CONCLUSIONS: The height-based formula of 170 - 29.5 - 5 - 1 (the
      insertion depth is 29.5 cm for patients who are 170 cm tall, and the insertion
      length is increased or decreased by 1 cm for every 5 cm increase or decrease in
      BH) modified by the equation of 0.1977*BH - 4.2423 is a useful tool to predict
      the optimal insertion depth in initially blind left-sided DLT insertion.

PMID- 26976037
TI  - Zero x-ray cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation guided by a
      nonfluoroscopic mapping system: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fluoroscopic guidance is the standard tool used in device
      implantation. This means that both the patient and the operator are exposed to
      radiation, which may sometimes be high. The possibility of single-lead permanent
      pacemaker implantation without fluoroscopy has already been demonstrated.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the feasibility and
      reliability of biventricular device implantation guided only by an
      electroanatomic navigation system. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with heart failure
      underwent implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device with
      or without defibrillator (CRT-D; CRT-P). The procedure was performed with or
      without fluoroscopy guidance (Rx+; Rx0). In the latter case, the EnSite Velocity
      system was used; this system is able to reconstruct the anatomy and activation of
      the cardiac chambers by simultaneously collecting a "cloud" of anatomical points
      from multiple electrodes. RESULTS: Lead positioning was achieved in 24 of 26
      patients undergoing CRT implantation without fluoroscopy (92% success). No
      complications were observed during the procedure and no catheter dislodgment
      occurred the day after the implantation or during 1-month follow-up. Procedure
      time progressively decreased from 136 minutes in the first case to 59 minutes in
      the last one, suggesting that operators gradually gained confidence while using
      the new technique. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the feasibility, efficacy,
      and safety of lead positioning guided only by the nonfluoroscopic EnSite Velocity
      mapping system without the use of fluoroscopy in CRT-P or CRT-D implantation. The
      benefits in terms of significantly reduced fluoroscopy exposure are associated
      with technical and clinical advantages.

PMID- 26976036
TI  - Small RNA and PARE sequencing in flower bud reveal the involvement of sRNAs in
      endodormancy release of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia 'Kosui').
AB  - BACKGROUND: In woody perennial plants, including deciduous fruit trees, such as
      pear, endodormancy is a strategy for surviving the cold winter. A better
      understanding of the mechanism underlying the endodormancy phase transition is
      necessary for developing countermeasures against the effects of global warming.
      In this study, we analyzed the sRNAome of Japanese pear flower buds in
      endodormant and ecodormant stages over two seasons by implementing of RNA-seq and
      degradome-sequencing. RESULTS: We identified 137 conserved or less conserved
      miRNAs and 50 pear-specific miRNAs. However, none of the conserved microRNAs or
      pear-specific miRNAs was differentially expressed between endodormancy and
      ecodormancy stages. On the contrast, 1540 of 218,050 loci that produced sRNAs
      were differentially expressed between endodormancy and ecodormancy, suggesting
      their potential roles on the phase transition from endodormancy to ecodomancy. We
      also characterized a multifunctional miRNA precursor MIR168, which produces two
      functional miR168 transcripts, namely miR168.1 and miR168.2; cleavage events were
      predominantly mediated by the non-conserved variant miR168.2 rather than the
      conserved variant miR168.1. Finally, we showed that a TAS3 trans-acting siRNA
      triggered phased siRNA within the ORF of one of its target genes, AUXIN RESPONSE
      FACTOR 4, via the analysis of phased siRNA loci, indicating that siRNAs are able
      to trigger phased siRNAs in pear. CONCLUSION: We analyzed the sRNAome of pear
      flower bud during dormant phase transition. Our work described the sRNA profiles
      of pear winter buds during dormant phase transition, showing that dormancy
      release is a highly coordinated physiological process involving the regulation of
      sRNAs.

PMID- 26976038
TI  - Percolation as a mechanism to explain atrial fractionated electrograms and
      reentry in a fibrosis model based on imaging data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) have long been
      associated with proarrhythmic alterations in atrial structure or
      electrophysiology. Structural alterations disrupt and slow smoothly propagating
      wavefronts, leading to wavebreaks and electrogram (EGM) fractionation, but the
      exact nature and characteristics for arrhythmia remain unknown. Clinically, in
      atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, increases in frequency, whether by pacing or
      fibrillation, increase EGM fractionation and duration, and reentry can occur in
      relation with the conduction disturbance. Recently, percolation has been proposed
      as an arrhythmogenic mechanism, but its role in AF has not been investigated.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if percolation can explain reentry formation
      and EGM behavior observed in AF patients. METHODS: Computer models of fibrotic
      tissue with different densities were generated based on late gadolinium-enhanced
      magnetic resonance images, using pixel intensity as a fibrosis probability to
      avoid an arbitrary binary threshold. Clinical pacing protocols were followed to
      induce AF, and EGMs were computed. RESULTS: Reentry could be elicited, with a
      biphasic behavior dependent on fibrotic density. CFAEs were recorded above
      fibrotic regions, and consistent with clinical data, EGM duration and
      fractionation increased with more rapid pacing. CONCLUSION: These findings
      confirm percolation as a potential mechanism to explain AF in humans and give new
      insights into dynamics underlying conduction distortions and fractionated signals
      in excitable media, which correlate well with the experimental findings in
      fibrotic regions. The greater understanding of the different patterns of
      conduction changes and related EGMs could lead to more individualized and
      effective approaches to AF ablation therapy.

PMID- 26976039
TI  - Isoform switching of steroid receptor co-activator-1 attenuates glucocorticoid
      induced anxiogenic amygdala CRH expression.
AB  - Maladaptive glucocorticoid effects contribute to stress-related psychopathology.
      The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that mediates many of these effects uses
      multiple signaling pathways. We have tested the hypothesis that manipulation of
      downstream factors ('coregulators') can abrogate potentially maladaptive GR
      mediated effects on fear-motivated behavior that are linked to corticotropin
      releasing hormone (CRH). For this purpose the expression ratio of two splice
      variants of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) was altered via antisense
      mediated 'exon-skipping' in the central amygdala of the mouse brain. We observed
      that a change in splicing towards the repressive isoform SRC-1a strongly reduced
      glucocorticoid-induced responsiveness of Crh mRNA expression and increased
      methylation of the Crh promoter. The transcriptional GR target gene Fkbp5
      remained responsive to glucocorticoids, indicating gene specificity of the
      effect. The shift of the SRC-1 splice variants altered glucocorticoid-dependent
      exploratory behavior and attenuated consolidation of contextual fear memory. In
      conclusion, our findings demonstrate that manipulation of GR signaling pathways
      related to the Crh gene can selectively diminish potentially maladaptive effects
      of glucocorticoids.

PMID- 26976040
TI  - Connecting the dots, genome-wide association studies in substance use.

PMID- 26976041
TI  - Persistent inhibitory circuit defects and disrupted social behaviour following in
      utero exogenous cannabinoid exposure.
AB  - Placental transfer of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during pregnancy has the
      potential to interfere with endogenous cannabinoid (CB) regulation of fetal
      nervous system development in utero. Here we examined the effect of maternal CB
      intake on mouse hippocampal interneurons largely focusing on cholecystokinin
      expressing interneurons (CCK-INTs), a prominent CB subtype-1 receptor (CB1R)
      expressing neuronal population throughout development. Maternal treatment with
      THC or the synthetic CB1R agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) produced a significant loss
      of CCK-INTs in the offspring. Further, residual CCK-INTs in animals prenatally
      treated with WIN displayed decreased dendritic complexity. Consistent with these
      anatomical deficits, pups born to CB-treated dams exhibited compromised CCK-INT
      mediated feedforward and feedback inhibition. Moreover, pups exposed to WIN in
      utero lacked constitutive CB1R-mediated suppression of inhibition from residual
      CCK-INTs and displayed altered social behavior. Our findings add to a growing
      list of potential cell/circuit underpinnings that may underlie cognitive
      impairments in offspring of mothers that abuse marijuana during pregnancy.

PMID- 26976042
TI  - DISC1 causes associative memory and neurodevelopmental defects in fruit flies.
AB  - Originally found in a Scottish family with diverse mental disorders, the DISC1
      protein has been characterized as an intracellular scaffold protein that
      associates with diverse binding partners in neural development. To explore its
      functions in a genetically tractable system, we expressed the human DISC1 in
      fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). As in mammalian neurons, DISC1 is
      localized to diverse subcellular domains of developing fly neurons including the
      nuclei, axons and dendrites. Overexpression of DISC1 impairs associative memory.
      Experiments with deletion/mutation constructs have revealed the importance of
      amino-terminal domain (46-290) for memory suppression whereas carboxyl domain
      (598-854) and the amino-terminal residues (1-45) including the nuclear
      localization signal (NLS1) are dispensable. DISC1 overexpression also causes
      suppression of axonal and dendritic branching of mushroom body neurons, which
      mediate a variety of cognitive functions in the fly brain. Analyses with
      deletion/mutation constructs reveal that protein domains 598-854 and 349-402 are
      both required for the suppression of axonal branching, while amino-terminal
      domains including NLS1 are dispensable. In contrast, NLS1 was required for the
      suppression of dendritic branching, suggesting a mechanism involving gene
      expression. Moreover, domain 403-596 is also required for the suppression of
      dendritic branching. We also show that overexpression of DISC1 suppresses
      glutamatergic synaptogenesis in developing neuromuscular junctions.
      Deletion/mutation experiments have revealed the importance of protein domains 403
      596 and 349-402 for synaptic suppression, while amino-terminal domains including
      NLS1 are dispensable. Finally, we show that DISC1 functionally interacts with the
      fly homolog of Dysbindin (DTNBP1) via direct protein-protein interaction in
      developing synapses.

PMID- 26976046
TI  - Infrared camera based thermometry for quality assurance of superficial
      hyperthermia applicators.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to provide a feasible and easy to apply phantom
      based quality assurance (QA) procedure for superficial hyperthermia (SHT)
      applicators by means of infrared (IR) thermography. The VarioCAM hr head
      (InfraTec, Dresden, Germany) was used to investigate the SA-812, the SA-510 and
      the SA-308 applicators (all: Pyrexar Medical, Salt Lake City, UT, USA). Probe
      referencing and thermal equilibrium procedures were applied to determine the
      emissivity of the muscle-equivalent agar phantom. Firstly, the disturbing
      potential of thermal conduction on the temperature distribution inside the
      phantom was analyzed through measurements after various heating times (5-50 min).
      Next, the influence of the temperature of the water bolus between the SA-812
      applicator and the phantom's surface was evaluated by varying its temperature.
      The results are presented in terms of characteristic values (extremal
      temperatures, percentiles and effective field sizes (EFS)) and temperature-area
      histograms (TAH). Lastly, spiral antenna applicators were compared by the
      introduced characteristics. The emissivity of the used phantom was found to be
      epsilon  =  0.91  +/-  0.03, the results of both methods coincided. The influence
      of thermal conduction with regard to heating time was smaller than expected; the
      EFS of the SA-812 applicator had a size of (68.6  +/-  6.7) cm(2), averaged group
      variances were  +/-3.0 cm(2). The TAHs show that the influence of the water bolus
      is mostly limited to depths of  <3 cm, yet it can greatly enhance or reduce heat
      generation in this regime: at a depth of 1 cm, measured maximal temperature rises
      were 14.5  degrees C for T Bolus  =  30  degrees C and 8.6  degrees C for T Bolus
      =  21  degrees C, respectively. The EFS was increased, too. The three spiral
      antenna applicators generated similar heat distributions. Generally, the
      procedure proved to yield informative insights into applicator characteristics,
      thus making the application of an IR camera a very useful tool in SHT technical
      QA. 

PMID- 26976045
TI  - Continuous time Bayesian networks identify Prdm1 as a negative regulator of TH17
      cell differentiation in humans.
AB  - T helper 17 (TH17) cells represent a pivotal adaptive cell subset involved in
      multiple immune disorders in mammalian species. Deciphering the molecular
      interactions regulating TH17 cell differentiation is particularly critical for
      novel drug target discovery designed to control maladaptive inflammatory
      conditions. Using continuous time Bayesian networks over a time-course gene
      expression dataset, we inferred the global regulatory network controlling TH17
      differentiation. From the network, we identified the Prdm1 gene encoding the B
      lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 as a crucial negative regulator of human
      TH17 cell differentiation. The results have been validated by perturbing Prdm1
      expression on freshly isolated CD4(+) naive T cells: reduction of Prdm1
      expression leads to augmentation of IL-17 release. These data unravel a possible
      novel target to control TH17 polarization in inflammatory disorders. Furthermore,
      this study represents the first in vitro validation of continuous time Bayesian
      networks as gene network reconstruction method and as hypothesis generation tool
      for wet-lab biological experiments. 

PMID- 26976047
TI  - Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Deficiency Alters Acute
      Macrophage Distribution and Improves Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.7 million persons annually in the United
      States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). There is increasing evidence
      that persons exposed to TBI have increased risk of the development of multiple
      neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer disease (AD). TBI triggers a
      strong neuroinflammatory response characterized by astrogliosis, activation of
      microglia, and infiltration of peripheral monocytes. Recent evidence suggests
      that alterations in innate immunity promote neurodegeneration. This includes
      genetic studies demonstrating that mutations in triggering receptor expressed on
      myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with a higher risk for not only AD but also
      multiple neurodegenerative diseases. To examine whether TREM2 deficiency affects
      pathological outcomes of TBI, Trem2 knockout (Trem2-/-) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice
      were given a lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) and sacrificed at 3 and 120
      days post-injury (DPI) to look at both acute and chronic consequences of TREM2
      deficiency. Notably, at 3 DPI, B6 mice exposed to TBI exhibited increased
      expression of TREM2 in the brain. Further, Trem2-/- mice exposed to TBI exhibited
      enhanced macrophage activation near the lesion, but significantly less macrophage
      activation away from the lesion when compared with B6 mice exposed to TBI. In
      addition, at 120 DPI, Trem2-/- mice exposed to TBI demonstrated reduced
      hippocampal atrophy and rescue of TBI-induced behavioral changes when compared
      with B6 mice exposed to TBI. Taken together, this study suggests that TREM2
      deficiency influences both acute and chronic responses to TBI, leading to an
      altered macrophage response at early time points, and improved pathological and
      functional outcomes at later time points.

PMID- 26976044
TI  - Universally Conserved Relationships between Nuclear Shape and Cytoplasmic
      Mechanical Properties in Human Stem Cells.
AB  - The ability of cells to proliferate, differentiate, transduce extracellular
      signals and assemble tissues involves structural connections between nucleus and
      cytoskeleton. Yet, how the mechanics of these connections vary inside stem cells
      is not fully understood. To address those questions, we combined two-dimensional
      particle-tracking microrheology and morphological measures using variable
      reduction techniques to measure whether cytoplasmic mechanics allow for
      discrimination between different human adherent stem cell types and across
      different culture conditions. Here we show that nuclear shape is a quantifiable
      discriminant of mechanical properties in the perinuclear cytoskeleton (pnCSK) of
      various stem cell types. Also, we find the pnCSK is a region with different
      mechanical properties than elsewhere in the cytoskeleton, with heterogeneously
      distributed locations exhibiting subdiffusive features, and which obeys physical
      relations conserved among various stem cell types. Finally, we offer a
      prospective basis to discriminate between stem cell types by coupling perinuclear
      mechanical properties to nuclear shape. 

PMID- 26976043
TI  - Genome-wide significant risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: role in progression
      to dementia due to Alzheimer's disease among subjects with mild cognitive
      impairment.
AB  - Few data are available concerning the role of risk markers for Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) in progression to AD dementia among subjects with mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI). We therefore investigated the role of well-known AD-associated
      single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the progression from MCI to AD dementia.
      Four independent MCI data sets were included in the analysis: (a) the German
      study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in primary care patients (n=853); (b) the
      German Dementia Competence Network (n=812); (c) the Fundacio ACE from Barcelona,
      Spain (n=1245); and (d) the MCI data set of the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort
      (n=306). The effects of single markers and combined polygenic scores were
      measured using Cox proportional hazards models and meta-analyses. The clusterin
      (CLU) locus was an independent genetic risk factor for MCI to AD progression (CLU
      rs9331888: hazard ratio (HR)=1.187 (1.054-1.32); P=0.0035). A polygenic score
      (PGS1) comprising nine established genome-wide AD risk loci predicted a small
      effect on the risk of MCI to AD progression in APOE-E4 (apolipoprotein E-E4)
      carriers (HR=1.746 (1.029-2.965); P=0.038). The novel AD loci reported by the
      International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project were not implicated in MCI to AD
      dementia progression. SNP-based polygenic risk scores comprising currently
      available AD genetic markers did not predict MCI to AD progression. We conclude
      that SNPs in CLU are potential markers for MCI to AD progression.

PMID- 26976048
TI  - Clinical Practice Pattern of Immediate Intravesical Chemotherapy following
      Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumor in Korea: National Health Insurance
      Database Study.
AB  - We evaluated the frequency and practice pattern of immediate postoperative
      intravesical chemotherapy (PIC) after transurethral resection of a bladder tumor
      (TURBT) in suspected non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Information from
      the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database from January 1, 2008
      to December 31, 2013 was used. Patients with bladder cancer who received TURBT
      were considered as the cases (37,941 patients and 59,568 cases). The time of PIC
      after TURBT, types of PIC regimens, and the potential effect of PIC on the delay
      for additional treatment were analyzed. The study cohort included 23,726 subjects
      and 30,473 cases with a mean age of 66.8 +/- 12.0 years, including 19,362 (81.6%)
      male patients. The rate of immediate PIC was 11.0% of cases (3,359 cases). There
      was significant difference in the frequency rate of additional treatment among
      patients with immediate PIC and patients without immediate PIC within 1 year from
      the first TURBT (15.2% vs 16.6%, p = 0.035). However, no difference was revealed
      for whole observational period (33.7% vs 34.5%, p = 0.373). The frequency rate of
      immediate PIC after TURBT for suspected NMIBC was low in real clinical practice.
      More efforts are needed to improve the usage rate of PIC after TURBT for
      suspected NMIBC.

PMID- 26976049
TI  - Local Light-Induced Modification of the Inside of Microfluidic Glass Chips.
AB  - The ability to locally functionalize the surface of glass allows for myriad
      biomedical and chemical applications. This would be the case if the surface
      functionalization can be induced using light with wavelengths for which standard
      glass is almost transparent. To this aim, we present the first example of a
      photochemical modification of hydrogen-terminated glass (H-glass) with terminal
      alkenes. Both flat glass surfaces and the inside of glass microchannels were
      modified with a well-defined, covalently attached organic monolayer using a range
      of wavelengths, including sub-band-gap 302 nm ultraviolet light. A detailed
      characterization thereof was conducted by measurements of the static water
      contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM), and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). Germanium attenuated total
      reflection Fourier transform infrared (GATR-FTIR) indicates that the mechanism of
      the surface modification proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov substitution. Reacting
      H-glass with 10-trifluoro-acetamide-1-decene (TFAAD) followed by basic hydrolysis
      affords the corresponding primary amine-terminated monolayer, enabling additional
      functionalization of the substrate. Furthermore, we show the successful formation
      of a photopatterned amine layer by the specific attachment of fluorescent
      nanoparticles in very discrete regions. Finally, a microchannel was
      photochemically patterned with a functional linker allowing for surface-directed
      liquid flow. These results demonstrate that H-glass can be modified with a
      functional tailor-made organic monolayer, has highly tunable wetting properties,
      and displays significant potential for further applications.

PMID- 26976050
TI  - Interplay between insecticide-treated bed-nets and mosquito demography:
      implications for malaria control.
AB  - Although malaria prevalence has witnessed a significant reduction within the past
      decade, malaria still constitutes a major health and economic problem, especially
      to low-income countries. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) remain one of the
      primary measures for preventing the malignant disease. Unfortunately, the success
      of ITN campaigns is hampered by improper use and natural decay in ITN-efficacy
      over time. Many models aimed at studying malaria transmission and control fail to
      account for this decay, as well as mosquito demography and feeding preferences
      exhibited by mosquitoes towards humans. Omitting these factors can misrepresent
      disease risk, while understanding their effects on malaria dynamics can inform
      control policy. We present a model for malaria dynamics that incorporates these
      factors, and a systematic analysis, including stability and sensitivity analyses
      of the model under different conditions. The model with constant ITN-efficacy
      exhibits a backward bifurcation emphasizing the need for sustained control
      measures until the basic reproduction number, R0, drops below a critical value at
      which control is feasible. The infectious and partially immune human populations
      and R0 are highly sensitive to the probability that a mosquito feeds successfully
      on a human, ITN coverage and the maximum biting rate of mosquitoes, irrespective
      of whether ITN-efficacy is constant or declines over time. This implies that ITNs
      play an important role in disease control. When ITN-efficacy wanes over time, we
      identify disease risks and corresponding ITN coverage, as well as feeding
      preference levels for which the disease can be controlled or eradicated. Our
      study leads to important insights that could assist in the design and
      implementation of better malaria control strategies. We conclude that ITNs that
      can retain their effectiveness for longer periods will be more appropriate in the
      fight against malaria and that making more ITNs available to highly endemic
      regions is necessary for malaria containment. 

PMID- 26976051
TI  - Evolution of worker policing.
AB  - Workers in insect societies are sometimes observed to kill male eggs of other
      workers, a phenomenon known as worker policing. We perform a mathematical
      analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of policing. We investigate the selective
      forces behind policing for both dominant and recessive mutations for different
      numbers of matings of the queen. The traditional, relatedness-based argument
      suggests that policing evolves if the queen mates with more than two males, but
      does not evolve if the queen mates with a single male. We derive precise
      conditions for the invasion and stability of policing alleles. We find that the
      relatedness-based argument is not robust with respect to small changes in colony
      efficiency caused by policing. We also calculate evolutionarily singular
      strategies and determine when they are evolutionarily stable. We use a population
      genetics approach that applies to dominant or recessive mutations of any effect
      size.

PMID- 26976053
TI  - The lag-time approach improved drug-outcome association estimates in presence of
      protopathic bias.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Protopathic bias is a systematic error which occurs when measured
      exposure status may be affected by the latent onset of the target outcome. In
      this article, we aimed to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the lag-time
      approach to address this type of bias. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The lag-time
      approach consists in excluding from exposure assessment the period immediately
      preceding the outcome detection date. With the help of simple causal diagrams, we
      illustrate the rationale and limitations of such strategy. The lag-time approach
      was illustrated in a case-crossover study, based on the health care utilization
      databases of the Italian Lombardy Region, on the real-world effectiveness of some
      respiratory drugs (exposure) in preventing asthma exacerbations (outcome).
      RESULTS: A total of 7,300 of patients who were admitted to an emergency
      department (ED) for asthma during 2010-2012 (cases) were included. Use (vs.
      nonuse) of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs, an asthma reliever medication)
      during the 90 days before the ED admission date was associated with an increased
      risk of the outcome [odds ratio (OR): 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.72,
      2.22]. This paradoxical finding may be explained by protopathic bias, as SABA use
      prior the ED admission may be affected by preceding respiratory distress. Indeed,
      when a 120-day period preceding the ED admission was ignored from drug exposure
      assessment (lag time), SABAs were found to be associated with a reduced risk of
      the outcome (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.92), as expected. CONCLUSIONS: The lag
      time approach can be a useful strategy to circumvent protopathic bias in
      observational studies.

PMID- 26976054
TI  - Complementary approaches to searching MEDLINE may be sufficient for updating
      systematic reviews.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To maximize the proportion of relevant studies identified for
      inclusion in systematic reviews (recall), complex time-consuming Boolean searches
      across multiple databases are common. Although MEDLINE provides excellent
      coverage of health science evidence, it has proved challenging to achieve high
      levels of recall through Boolean searches alone. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Recall
      of one Boolean search method, the clinical query (CQ), combined with a ranking
      method, support vector machine (SVM), or PubMed-related articles, was tested
      against a gold standard of studies added to 6 updated Cochrane reviews and 10
      Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) evidence reviews. For the AHRQ
      sample, precision and temporal stability were examined for each method. RESULTS:
      Recall of new studies was 0.69 for the CQ, 0.66 for related articles, 0.50 for
      SVM, 0.91 for the combination of CQ and related articles, and 0.89 for the
      combination of CQ and SVM. Precision was 0.11 for CQ and related articles
      combined, and 0.11 for CQ and SVM combined. Related articles showed least
      stability over time. CONCLUSIONS: The complementary combination of a Boolean
      search strategy and a ranking strategy appears to provide a robust method for
      identifying relevant studies in MEDLINE.

PMID- 26976055
TI  - [Renal medulla].
AB  - The ability to produce hyperosmotic urine allows mammals, including humans, to
      excrete their soluble mineral and organic waste products in the urine with a
      limited amount of water. The urinary concentrating capacity depends primarily on
      a special "loop-shaped" architecture of the nephrons and vessels, observed only
      in mammals. It also depends on the influence of antidiuretic hormone on the
      permeability to water of the collecting ducts on their entire length, and on the
      permeability to urea limited to the terminal portion of these ducts in the inner
      medulla. The ability to concentrate urine also requires (1) an "engine" able to
      produce an active (energy demanding) transport that generates a transepithelial
      concentration difference leading to increase the solute concentration in the
      surrounding interstitium; and (2) the expression of several membrane transporters
      or channels localized very specifically to limited portions of some nephron
      segments, collecting ducts and arterial vasa recta. These transporters and
      channels greatly accelerate the transport of water and some solutes across the
      cell membranes. Even if some nephron segments and parts of the collecting system
      are present in both the renal cortex and medulla (namely, the proximal tubule,
      the thick ascending limb and the collecting duct), their functions in the two
      renal zones may not be strictly similar, owing to their different peritubular
      environment, to the composition of the fluid running in their lumen, and to some
      differences in their epithelium. This paper describes some characteristics and
      specific functions of these structures in the renal medulla, as opposed to their
      corresponding structures in the cortex. These specific functions operating in the
      medulla may lead to various adverse consequences in some pathological situations.

PMID- 26976056
TI  - Maremar, prevalence of chronic kidney disease, how to avoid over-diagnosis and
      under-diagnosis.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease is considered as a major public health problem. Recent
      studies mention a prevalence rate between 8%-12%. Several editorials, comments,
      short reviews described the weaknesses (lack of confirmation of proteinuria, and
      of chronicity of decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate) of a substantial
      number of studies and the irrational of using a single arbitrary set point, i.e.
      diagnosis of chronic kidney disease whenever the estimated glomerular filtration
      rate is less than 60mL/min/1.73m(2). Maremar (Maladies renales chroniques au
      Maroc) is a prevalence study of chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes
      and obesity in a randomized, representative, high response rate (85%), sample of
      the adult population of Morocco, strictly applying the Kidney Disease: Improving
      Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Compared to the vast majority of the available
      studies, Maremar has a low prevalence of chronic kidney disease (2.9% adjusted to
      the actual adult population of Morocco). The population pyramid, and particularly
      the confirmation of proteinuria and "chronicity" of the decreased estimated
      glomerular filtration rate are the main reasons for this low prevalence of
      chronic kidney disease. The choice of arbitrary single threshold of estimated
      glomerular filtration rate for classifying stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease
      inevitably leads to "over-diagnosis" (false positives) of the disease in the
      elderly, particularly those without proteinuria, hematuria or hypertension, and
      to "under-diagnosed" (false negatives) in younger individuals with an estimated
      glomerular filtration rate above 60mL/min/1.73m(2) and below the 3rd percentile
      of their age/gender category. There is an urgent need for quality studies using
      in a correct way the recent KDIGO guidelines when investigating the prevalence of
      chronic kidney disease, in order to avoid a 50 to 100% overestimation of a
      disease state with potential dramatic consequences. The combination of the
      general population screening encompassing four different major health problems in
      the same screening procedure, using the correct methodologies and procedures,
      combined with a prevention/follow-up program results in a
      clinically/scientifically relevant program. 

PMID- 26976052
TI  - Hemodynamic (fNIRS) and EEG (N200) correlates of emotional inter-species
      interactions modulated by visual and auditory stimulation.
AB  - The brain activity, considered in its hemodynamic (optical imaging: functional
      Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, fNIRS) and electrophysiological components (event
      related potentials, ERPs, N200) was monitored when subjects observed (visual
      stimulation, V) or observed and heard (visual + auditory stimulation, VU)
      situations which represented inter-species (human-animal) interactions, with an
      emotional positive (cooperative) or negative (uncooperative) content. In
      addition, the cortical lateralization effect (more left or right dorsolateral
      prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) was explored. Both ERP and fNIRS showed significant
      effects due to emotional interactions which were discussed at light of cross
      modal integration effects. The significance of inter-species effect for the
      emotional behavior was considered. In addition, hemodynamic and EEG consonant
      results and their value as integrated measures were discussed at light of valence
      effect.

PMID- 26976059
TI  - Full-field velocity imaging of red blood cells in capillaries with spatiotemporal
      demodulation autocorrelation.
AB  - We propose a full-field optical method for the label-free and quantitative
      mapping of the velocities of red blood cells (RBCs) in capillaries. It integrates
      spatiotemporal demodulation and an autocorrelation algorithm, and measures RBC
      velocity according to the ratio of RBC length to lag time. Conventionally, RBC
      length is assumed to be a constant and lag time is taken as a variable, while our
      method treats both of them as variables. We use temporal demodulation and the
      Butterworth spatial filter to separate RBC signal from background signal, based
      on which we obtain the RBC length by image segmentation and lag time by
      autocorrelation analysis. The RBC velocity calculated now is more accurate. The
      validity of our method is verified by an in vivo experiment on a mouse ear. Owing
      to its higher image signal-to-noise ratio, our method can be used for mapping RBC
      velocity in the turbid tissue case.

PMID- 26976058
TI  - [Renal elastography].
AB  - Renal elastography has become available with the development of noninvasive
      quantitative techniques (including shear-wave elastography), following the
      rapidly growing field of diagnosis and quantification of liver fibrosis, which
      has a demonstrated major clinical impact. Ultrasound or even magnetic resonance
      techniques are leaving the pure research area to reach the routine clinical use.
      With the increased incidence of chronic kidney disease and its specific morbidity
      and mortality, the noninvasive diagnosis of renal fibrosis can be of critical
      value. However, it is difficult to simply extend the application from one organ
      to the other due to a large number of anatomical and technical issues. Indeed,
      the kidney exhibits various features that make stiffness assessment more complex,
      such as the presence of various tissue types (cortex, medulla), high spatial
      orientation (anisotropy), local blood flow, fatty sinus with variable volume and
      echotexture, perirenal space with variable fatty content, and the variable depth
      of the organ. Furthermore, the stiffness changes of the renal parenchyma are not
      exclusively related to fibrosis, as renal perfusion or hydronephrosis will impact
      the local elasticity. Renal elastography might be able to diagnose acute or
      chronic obstruction, or to renal tumor or pseudotumor characterization. Today,
      renal elastography appears as a promising application that still requires
      optimization and validation, which is the contrary for liver stiffness
      assessment. 

PMID- 26976057
TI  - [The French Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network
      (CKD-REIN) cohort study: To better understand chronic kidney disease].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preserving kidney function and improving the transition from chronic
      kidney disease to end stage is a research and healthcare challenge. The national
      Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN)
      cohort was established to identify the determinants, biomarkers and practice
      patterns associated with chronic kidney disease outcomes. METHODS: The study will
      include more than 3000 adult patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney
      disease from a representative sample of 40 nephrology clinics with respect to
      regions and legal status, public or private. Patients are recruited during a
      routine visit and followed for 5 years, before and after starting renal
      replacement therapy. Patient-level clinical, biological, and lifestyle data are
      collected annually, as well as provider-level data on clinical practices,
      coordinated with the International Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice
      Pattern Study. Blood and urine samples are stored in a biobank. Major studied
      outcomes include survival, patient-reported outcomes, disease progression and
      hospitalizations. RESULTS: More than 13,000 eligible patients with chronic kidney
      disease were identified, 60% with stage 3 and 40% with stage 4. Their median age
      is 72 years [interquartile range, 62-80 years], 60% are men and 38% have
      diabetes. By the end of December 2015, 2885 patients were included. CONCLUSION:
      The CKD-REIN cohort will serve to improve our understanding of chronic kidney
      disease and provide evidence to improve patient survival and quality of life as
      well as health care system performances.

PMID- 26976060
TI  - Speciation and transformation of heavy metals during vermicomposting of animal
      manure.
AB  - This work was conducted to evaluate the effects of vermicomposting on the
      speciation and mobility of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu) in cattle dung (CD)
      and pig manure (PM) using tessier sequential extraction method. Results showed
      that the pH, total organic carbon and C/N ratio were reduced, while the electric
      conductivity and humic acid increased after 90days vermicomposting. Moreover, the
      addition of earthworm could accelerate organic stabilization in vermicomposting.
      The total heavy metals in final vermicompost from CD and PM were higher than the
      initial values and the control without worms. Sequential extraction indicated
      that vermicomposting decreased the migration and availability of heavy metals,
      and the earthworm could reduce the mobile fraction, while increase the stable
      fraction of heavy metals. Furthermore, these results indicated that
      vermicomposting played a positive role in stabilizing heavy metals in the
      treatment of animal manure. 

PMID- 26976061
TI  - Purification and characterisation of processive-type endoglucanase and beta
      glucosidase from Aspergillus ochraceus MTCC 1810 through saccharification of
      delignified coir pith to glucose.
AB  - The study describes purification and characterisation of processive-type
      endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus ochraceus MTCC 1810 through
      bioconversion of delignified coir pith to fermentable glucose. The purified
      processive endoglucanase (AS-HT-Celuz A) and beta-glucosidase (AS-HT-Celuz B)
      were found to have molecular mass of ~78-kDa and 43-kDa respectively with optimum
      endoglucanase (35.63U/ml), total cellulase (28.15FPU/ml) and beta-glucosidase
      (15.19U/ml) activities at 40 degrees C/pH 6. The unique feature of AS-HT-Celuz A
      is the multiple substrate specificity and processivity towards both amorphous and
      crystalline cellulose. Zymogram indicated both endo and exoglucanase activities
      residing in different binding sites of a single protein exhibiting sequential
      synergy with its own beta-glucosidase. Accordingly, the identified enzymes could
      be implemented as synergistic cellulases for complete cellulose saccharification
      which still considered an unresolved issue in bio-refineries. 

PMID- 26976062
TI  - Mild hydrothermal conditioning prior to torrefaction and slow pyrolysis of low
      value biomass.
AB  - The aim of this research was to establish whether hydrothermal conditioning and
      subsequent thermochemical processing via batch torrefaction or slow pyrolysis may
      improve the fuel quality of grass residues. A comparison in terms of fuel quality
      was made of the direct thermochemical processing of the feedstock versus
      hydrothermal conditioning as a pretreatment prior to thermochemical processing.
      Hydrothermal conditioning reduced ash content, and particularly nitrogen,
      potassium and chlorine contents in the biomass. The removal of volatile organic
      matter associated with thermochemical processes can increase the HHV to levels of
      volatile bituminous coal. However, slow pyrolysis only increased the HHV of
      biomass provided a low ash content (<6%) feedstock was used. In conclusion,
      hydrothermal conditioning can have a highly positive influence on the efficiency
      of thermochemical processes for upgrading low-value (high-ash) biomass to a
      higher quality fuel. 

PMID- 26976063
TI  - Ayahuasca: Pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential.
AB  - Ayahuasca is the Quechua name for a tea obtained from the vine Banisteriopsis
      caapi, and used for ritual purposes by the indigenous populations of the Amazon.
      The use of a variation of the tea that combines B. caapi with the leaves of the
      shrub Psychotria viridis has experienced unprecedented expansion worldwide for
      its psychotropic properties. This preparation contains the psychedelic 5-HT2A
      receptor agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from P. viridis, plus beta
      carboline alkaloids with monoamine-oxidase-inhibiting properties from B. caapi.
      Acute administration induces a transient modified state of consciousness
      characterized by introspection, visions, enhanced emotions and recollection of
      personal memories. A growing body of evidence suggests that ayahuasca may be
      useful to treat substance use disorders, anxiety and depression. Here we review
      the pharmacology and neuroscience of ayahuasca, and the potential psychological
      mechanisms underlying its therapeutic potential. We discuss recent findings
      indicating that ayahuasca intake increases certain mindfulness facets related to
      acceptance and to the ability to take a detached view of one's own thoughts and
      emotions. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that ayahuasca shows
      promise as a therapeutic tool by enhancing self-acceptance and allowing safe
      exposure to emotional events. We postulate that ayahuasca could be of use in the
      treatment of impulse-related, personality and substance use disorders and also in
      the handling of trauma. More research is needed to assess the full potential of
      ayahuasca in the treatment of these disorders.

PMID- 26976064
TI  - Deep Brain Stimulation Target Selection for Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - During the "DBS Canada Day" symposium held in Toronto July 4-5, 2014, the
      scientific committee invited experts to discuss three main questions on target
      selection for deep brain stimulation (DBS) of patients with Parkinson's disease
      (PD). First, is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus internus
      (GPi) the ideal target? In summary, both targets are equally effective in
      improving the motor symptoms of PD. STN allows a greater medications reduction,
      while GPi exerts a direct antidyskinetic effect. Second, are there further
      potential targets? Ventral intermediate nucleus DBS has significant long-term
      benefit for tremor control but insufficiently addresses other motor features of
      PD. DBS in the posterior subthalamic area also reduces tremor. The
      pedunculopontine nucleus remains an investigational target. Third, should DBS for
      PD be performed unilaterally, bilaterally or staged? Unilateral STN DBS can be
      proposed to asymmetric patients. There is no evidence that a staged bilateral
      approach reduces the incidence of DBS-related adverse events.

PMID- 26976065
TI  - Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Always Dismembered?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare three laparoscopic surgical techniques for the treatment of
      ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), assessing their difficulty, operating
      time, effectiveness, and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical
      histories of 54 patients with UPJO who underwent a laparoscopic procedure between
      June 2003 and September 2013 were reviewed. Anderson-Hynes (A-H) pyeloplasty was
      performed on 34 patients, nondismembered pyeloplasty on 11 cases (8 Y-V Foley
      plasty and 3 Fenger plasty), and cephalad vascular displacement or Hellstrom
      technique (HT) on 9 patients. The patients were selected for the different
      techniques depending on the findings during the procedures, according to renal
      pelvic size and the presence of crossing vessels. We compared the techniques
      according to intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Complications were
      interpreted following the Clavien-Dindo classification. The success rate was
      defined as the absence of clinical symptoms and normal diuretic renography.
      Analysis of variance and chi-square tests were used for the statistical analysis.
      RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 55.58 months. The success rate achieved was 88.5% for
      A-H pyeloplasty, 90.9% for nondismembered pyeloplasty, and 100% for HT (p >
      0.05). HT was the least time-consuming: 124 +/- 30 vs 202 +/- 44 minutes of A-H
      pyeloplasty and 147 +/- 27 minutes of nondismembered plasty (p < 0.005). Mean
      hospital stay was 6.7 +/- 1.4 days for A-H pyeloplasty, 6.6 +/- 2 days for
      nondismembered pyeloplasty, and 3.42 +/- 1.5 days for HT (p < 0.05). The
      postoperative complication rate was 21.1% for A-H pyeloplasty, 18.8% for
      nondismembered pyeloplasty, and 12.5% for HT (p > 0.05). None of the cases
      required open surgery, and urinary fistula was the most frequent complication.
      CONCLUSION: Intraoperative observation of ureteropelvic junction allows selecting
      cases to undergo nondismembered pyeloplasty techniques, achieving similar results
      to A-H pyeloplasty, reducing operating time, complication rate, and hospital
      stay.

PMID- 26976066
TI  - Automatic assessment of cardiac load due to acute pulmonary embolism: Saddle vs.
      central and peripheral emboli distribution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Changes in cardiac chambers' volumes in relations to different
      distributions of pulmonary embolism (PE) have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES:
      To compare cardiac chambers' volumes of patients with saddle, central or
      peripheral PE. METHODS: Consecutive patients with PE on computed tomography
      pulmonary angiography (CTPA), 1/2007-12/2010, divided according to emboli
      distribution. Software automatically provided the volumes of each cardiac
      compartment. We measured the ability of each chamber's volume and ratios between
      the right and left ventricles (RV/LV) and right and left atria (RA/LA) to
      discriminate between emboli locations. RESULTS: Among the 636 patients, 325 (51%)
      had peripheral, 278 (44%) central and 33 (5%) had saddle emboli. The RV/LV and
      RA/LA volume ratios discriminated well between saddle and central PE (AUC >=0.74)
      and saddle and peripheral PE (AUC >=0.83), but not between central and peripheral
      PE (AUC <=0.6). CONCLUSION: Automatic volumetric analysis of diagnostic CTPAs
      provides rapid tool which can discriminate between cardiac responses in saddle,
      central or peripheral PE.

PMID- 26976067
TI  - Resveratrol inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi arginine kinase and exerts a trypanocidal
      activity.
AB  - Arginine kinase catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation between ADP and
      phosphoarginine which plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular energy
      homeostasis. Arginine kinase from the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the
      etiologic agent of Chagas disease, meets the requirements to be considered as a
      potential therapeutic target for rational drug design including being absent in
      its mammalian hosts. In this study a group of polyphenolic compounds was
      evaluated as potential inhibitors of arginine kinase using molecular docking
      techniques. Among the analyzed compounds with the lowest free binding energy to
      the arginine kinase active site (<-6.96kcal/mol), resveratrol was chosen for
      subsequent assays. Resveratrol inhibits 50% of recombinant arginine kinase
      activity at 325MUM. The trypanocidal effect of resveratrol was evaluated on the
      T. cruzi trypomastigotes bursting from infected CHO K1 cells, with IC50=77MUM.
      Additionally epimastigotes overexpressing arginine kinase were 5 times more
      resistant to resveratrol compared to controls. Taking into account that: (1)
      resveratrol is considered as completely nontoxic; (2) is easily accessible due to
      its low market price; and (3) has as a well-defined target enzyme which is absent
      in the mammalian host, it is a promising compound as a trypanocidal drug for
      Chagas disease. 

PMID- 26976068
TI  - Physico-chemical, functional and structural properties of RS3/RS4 from kidney
      bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars.
AB  - Starch isolated from four kidney bean cultivars (Yellow bean, Red bean, Black
      bean and White bean) were physically and chemically modified in order to prepare
      resistant starch (RS3/RS4). Following the Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and
      Citric acid modification (CT) of the native starch, the amylose content got
      decreased whereas bulk and tapped density (g/ml) increased. Both HMT and CT
      reduced the swelling power and the solubility of native starch. Pasting
      temperature increased and peak, breakdown, final, and set-back viscosity
      decreased after both the modifications. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
      (FTIR) analysis displayed peaks at 1020cm(-1) in HMT and 1724cm(-1) in CT
      starches. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that samples
      were more stable after modification. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed
      reordering of chain segments to more crystalline structure. These results
      suggested modifications resulted in starch with improved properties and could be
      a possible method for the RS preparation with better thermal stability. 

PMID- 26976069
TI  - Quantification and evaluation of thymoquinone loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion
      for treatment of cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Stroke is an important cause of deaths worldwide, resulting in an irreversible
      deterioration of the central nervous system. Finally, production of more free
      radicals. Therefore, Thymoquinone is having antioxidant property and reported to
      have a potential role in the amelioration of cerebral ischemia but due to low
      solubility and poor absorption; they exhibit low serum and tissue levels. Present
      work aims to prepare nanoemulsions in order enhance the bioavailability of drug
      and hence evaluate the drug targeting in brain via non-invasive nasal route
      administration. Thymoquinone Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsion (TMNE) was prepared by
      ionic gelation method; characterized for particles size, entrapment efficiency,
      zeta potential, and ex vivo permeation study. Optimized TMNE ended up with a mean
      globule size 94.8+/-6.61nm; zeta potential -13.5+/-1.01mV; drug content 99.86+/
      0.35% and viscosity 110+/-12cp. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
      Photodiode Array (UPLC-PDA) based bioanalytical method was developed and
      validated for pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, brain-targeting efficiency
      (628.5786+/-44.79%) and brain drug-targeting potential (89.97+/-2.94%) studies
      via post intranasal administration which revealed enhanced bioavailability of TQ
      in brain as compared to intravenous administration. Improved neurobehavioural
      activity (locomotor and grip strength) was observed in middle cerebral artery
      occlusion induced cerebral ischemic rats after i.n. administration of TMNE. 

PMID- 26976070
TI  - Immobilization of a novel cold active esterase onto Fe3O4~cellulose nano
      composite enhances catalytic properties.
AB  - A novel esterase, EstH was cloned, purified and characterized from the marine
      bacterium Zunongwangia sp. The purified EstH showed optimum activity at 30
      degrees C and pH 8.5 with ~50% of original activity at 0 degrees C. EstH was
      stable in high salt conditions (0-4.5M NaCl). To improve the characteristics and
      explore the possibilities for application, a new immobilization matrix,
      Fe3O4~cellulose nano-composite, was prepared and was characterized by Fourier
      Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
      Interestingly the optimal temperature of immobilized EstH elevated to 35 degrees
      C. Compared to its free form, immobilized EstH showed better temperature
      stability (48.5% compared to 22.40% at 50 degrees C after 30min), prolonged half
      life (32h compared to 18h), higher storage stability (~71% activity compared to
      ~40% after 50days of storage), improved pH tolerance (~73% activity at pH 4 and
      10), and, more importantly, reusability (~50% activity after 8 repetitive cycles
      of usage). Enzyme kinetics showed an increase in the Vmax (from 35.76 to
      51.14MUM/min) and Kcat (from 365s(-1) to 520s(-1)) after immobilization. The
      superior catalytic properties of immobilized EstH suggest its great potential in
      biotechnology and industrial processes.

PMID- 26976071
TI  - Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chitosan conjugated GGRGDSK peptides as a
      cancer cell-targeting molecular transporter.
AB  - Targeting cancer cells using integrin receptor is one of the promising targeting
      strategies in drug delivery. In this study, we conjugated an integrin-binding
      ligand (GGRGDSK) peptide to chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) using sulfo-SMCC as a
      bifunctional linker to afford COS-SMCC-GGRGDSK. The conjugated polymer was
      characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and SEM. COS-SMCC-GGRGDSK did not
      show cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 1mg/mL in the human leukemia cell line
      (CCRF-CEM). The conjugate was evaluated for its ability to enhance the cellular
      uptake of a cell-impermeable cargo (e.g., F'-G(pY)EEI phosphopeptide) in CCRF
      CEM, and human ovarian carcinoma (SK-OV-3) cancer cell lines. Additionally, RGD
      modified and unmodified COS polymers were used to prepare nanoparticles by ionic
      gelation and showed particle size ranging from 187 to 338nm, and zeta potential
      of 12.2-18.3mV using dynamic light scattering. The efficiency of COS-NPs and COS
      SMCC-RGDSK NPs was assayed for translocation of two synthetic cytotoxic agents
      ((2-(2-aminoethylamino)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(1H-indol-3-yl) nicotinonitrile
      (ACIN), and 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)
      nicotinonitrile (AMIN)) into CCRF-CEM and human prostate (DU-145) cancer cell
      lines. The results showed a dramatic reduction in the cell viability on their
      treatment with RGD targeted COS NPs in comparison to paclitaxel (PTX), free drug,
      and drug-loaded COS NPs. 

PMID- 26976072
TI  - Contraceptive service delivery in Kenya: A qualitative study to identify barriers
      and preferences among female sex workers and health care providers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Female sex workers (FSWs) need access to contraceptive services, yet
      programs often focus on HIV prevention and less on the broader sexual and
      reproductive health needs of FSWs. We aimed to identify barriers to accessing
      contraceptive services among FSWs and preferences for contraceptive service
      delivery options among FSWs and health care providers (HCPs) in order to inform a
      service delivery intervention to enhance access to and use of contraceptives for
      FSWs in Kenya. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty focus group discussions were conducted with
      FSWs and HCPs in central Kenya. RESULTS: Three barriers were identified that
      limited the ability of FSWs to access contraceptive services: (1) an unsupportive
      clinic infrastructure, which consisted of obstructive factors such as long wait
      times, fees, inconvenient operating hours and perceived compulsory HIV testing;
      (2) discriminatory provider-client interactions, where participants believed
      negative and differential treatment from female and male staff members impacted
      FSWs' willingness to seek medical services; and (3) negative partner influences,
      including both nonpaying and paying partners. Drop-in centers followed by peer
      educators and health care facilities were identified as preferred service
      delivery options. CONCLUSIONS: FSWs may not be able to regularly access
      contraceptive services until interpersonal (male partners) and structural
      (facilities and providers) barriers are addressed. Alternative delivery options,
      such as drop-in centers coupled with peer educators, may be an approach worth
      evaluating. IMPLICATIONS STATEMENT: An unsupportive clinic infrastructure,
      discriminatory provider-client interactions and negative partner influences are
      barriers to FSWs accessing the contraception services they need. Alternative
      service delivery options, such integrating contraceptive service delivery at drop
      in centers designed for FSWs and information delivery through peer educators,
      might provide improved access and better service quality to FSWs seeking
      contraception.

PMID- 26976073
TI  - Susceptibility and possible resistance mechanisms in the palm species Phoenix
      dactylifera, Chamaerops humilis and Washingtonia filifera against Rhynchophorus
      ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
AB  - Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, known as the Red Palm Weevil (RPW), is reported as a
      pest of up to 40 palm species. However, the susceptibility degree and the defense
      mechanisms of these species against this weevil are still poorly known. In
      Europe, the RPW is a major pest of Phoenix canariensis while other palm species,
      including the congeneric Phoenix dactylifera, seem to be less suitable hosts for
      this insect. The aim of our study was to compare the defensive response of P.
      dactylifera, Chamaerops humilis and Washingtonia filifera against R. ferrugineus
      and try to define the mechanisms of resistance that characterize these species.
      Bioassays were carried out to evaluate the mortality induced on RPW larvae by
      extracts from the leaf rachis of the studied palm species. Tests at semi-field
      scale were also conducted, based either on forced palm infestation, with larvae
      of RPW, or on natural infestation, with adult females. Rachis extracts from C.
      humilis and W. filifera caused 100% larval mortality after 2 days of exposure,
      while extracts of P. dactylifera did not impair larval survival. Independently of
      the effect of the leaf extracts, the weevils were unable to naturally infest the
      three palm species, although larval survival was high after forced infestation of
      the plants. We concluded that the observed lack of infestation of P. dactylifera
      by RPW is due to factors other than antibiosis. In W. filifera and C. humilis,
      although the presence of antixenosis mechanisms cannot be excluded, resistance to
      R. ferrugineus seems to rely on the presence of antibiosis compounds. 

PMID- 26976074
TI  - In vitro cardiomyocyte-driven biogenerator based on aligned piezoelectric
      nanofibers.
AB  - Capturing the body's mechanical energy from the heart, lungs, and diaphragm can
      probably meet the requirements for in vivo applications of implantable biomedical
      devices. In this work, we present a novel contractile cardiomyocyte (CM)-driven
      biogenerator based on piezoelectric nanofibers (NFs) uniaxially aligned on a PDMS
      thin film. Flexible nanostructures interact with the CMs, as a physical cue to
      guide the CMs to align in a specific way, and create mechanical interfaces of
      contractile CMs and piezoelectric NFs. As such, the cellular construct features
      specific alignment and synchronous contraction, which realizes the maximal
      resultant force to drive the NFs to bend periodically. Studies on contraction
      mapping show that neonatal rat CMs self-assemble into a functional bio-bot film
      with well-defined axes of force generation. Consequently, the biogenerator
      produces an average voltage of 200 mV and current of 45 nA at the cell
      concentration of 1.0 million per ml, offering a biocompatible and scalable
      platform for biological energy conversion. 

PMID- 26976077
TI  - Ambient-Temperature Trap/Release of Arsenic by Dielectric Barrier Discharge and
      Its Application to Ultratrace Arsenic Determination in Surface Water Followed by
      Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry.
AB  - A novel dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBDR) was utilized to trap/release
      arsenic coupled to hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS).
      On the DBD principle, the precise and accurate control of trap/release procedures
      was fulfilled at ambient temperature, and an analytical method was established
      for ultratrace arsenic in real samples. Moreover, the effects of voltage, oxygen,
      hydrogen, and water vapor on trapping and releasing arsenic by DBDR were
      investigated. For trapping, arsenic could be completely trapped in DBDR at 40
      mL/min of O2 input mixed with 600 mL/min Ar carrier gas and 9.2 kV discharge
      potential; prior to release, the Ar carrier gas input should be changed from the
      upstream gas liquid separator (GLS) to the downstream GLS and kept for 180 s to
      eliminate possible water vapor interference; for arsenic release, O2 was replaced
      by 200 mL/min H2 and discharge potential was adjusted to 9.5 kV. Under optimized
      conditions, arsenic could be detected as low as 1.0 ng/L with an 8-fold
      enrichment factor; the linearity of calibration reached R(2) > 0.995 in the 0.05
      MUg/L-5 MUg/L range. The mean spiked recoveries for tap, river, lake, and
      seawater samples were 98% to 103%; and the measured values of the CRMs including
      GSB-Z50004-200431, GBW08605, and GBW(E)080390 were in good agreement with the
      certified values. These findings proved the feasibility of DBDR as an arsenic
      preconcentration tool for atomic spectrometric instrumentation and arsenic
      recycling in industrial waste gas discharge. 

PMID- 26976076
TI  - Enhanced Bone Repair by Guided Osteoblast Recruitment Using Topographically
      Defined Implant.
AB  - The rapid recruitment of osteoblasts in bone defects is an essential prerequisite
      for efficient bone repair. Conventionally, osteoblast recruitment to bone defects
      and subsequent bone repair has been achieved using growth factors. Here, we
      present a methodology that can guide the recruitment of osteoblasts to bone
      defects with topographically defined implants (TIs) for efficient in vivo bone
      repair. We compared circular TIs that had microgrooves in parallel or radial
      arrangements with nonpatterned implants for osteoblast migration and in vivo bone
      formation. In vitro, the microgrooves in the TIs enhanced both the migration and
      proliferation of osteoblasts. Especially, the microgrooves with radial
      arrangement demonstrated a much higher efficiency of osteoblast recruitment to
      the implants than did the other types of implants, which may be due to the
      efficient guidance of cell migration toward the cell-free area of the implants.
      The expression of the intracellular signaling molecules responsible for the cell
      migration was also upregulated in osteoblasts on the microgrooved TIs. In vivo,
      the TI with radially defined topography demonstrated much greater bone repair in
      mouse calvarial defect models than in the other types of implants. Taken
      together, these results indicate that implants with physical guidance can enhance
      tissue repair by rapid cell recruitment. 

PMID- 26976080
TI  - [Morphea or juvenile localised scleroderma: Case report].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Morphea or juvenile localised scleroderma (JLS) is an autoimmune,
      inflammatory, chronic, slowly progressive connective tissue disease of unknown
      cause that preferably affects skin and underlying tissues. OBJECTIVE: To report a
      case of Juvenil Localised scleroderma in an 8-year old girl, contributing to an
      early diagnosis and treatment. CLINICAL CASE: The case is presented of an 8 year
      old girl who presented with indurated hypopigmented plaques, of linear
      distribution in the right upper extremity of two years onset, together with
      papery texture hyperpigmented indurated plaques with whitish areas of thinned
      skin in right lower extremity, and leg and ankle swelling. The clinical features
      and diagnostic tests, including histology were compatible with linear and
      pansclerotic JLS. She started with immunosuppressive therapy, physiotherapy, and
      occupational therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of linear and pansclerotic
      ELJ type, in which there was a 2 year delay in diagnosis, however the response to
      treatment was positive as expected.

PMID- 26976079
TI  - [Dandy-Walker variant: Case report].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Dandy Walker variant is defined by a variable hypoplasia of the
      cerebellar vermix with or without posterior fossa increase and without tentorium
      elevation. OBJECTIVE: describe the case of a rare disease and emphasise the need
      to clarify the aetiology of prenatal malformations, as well as its
      multidisciplinary management. CASE REPORT: A male patient, 8 years of age, with a
      history of Infantile Cerebral Palsy and epilepsy, who was admitted with a history
      of tonic-clonic seizures. He was admitted due to psycho-motor developmental
      delay. During his hospitalisation, he had multiple seizure episodes, controlled
      with anticonvulsants. A computerized tomography was performed, in which
      communication was observed between the cisterna magna and fourth ventricle (the
      latter increased in size). In addition, the cerebellar vermix showed a partial
      hypoplasia. All these findings were compatible with a variant of the Dandy Walker
      syndrome. CONCLUSION: Dandy Walker variant may be asymptomatic and the images
      found may not indicate them as the cause of developmental disorders, due to its
      association with multiple syndromes and chromosomal abnormalities. Clinical
      presentation and prognosis depends on the related disorders, and a
      multidisciplinary approach is important, because the treatment depends on the
      symptoms presented.

PMID- 26976081
TI  - [Cloverleaf skull and bilateral facial clefts: Additional care].

PMID- 26976082
TI  - A Perceptual Pathway to Bias: Interracial Exposure Reduces Abrupt Shifts in Real
      Time Race Perception That Predict Mixed-Race Bias.
AB  - In two national samples, we examined the influence of interracial exposure in
      one's local environment on the dynamic process underlying race perception and its
      evaluative consequences. Using a mouse-tracking paradigm, we found in Study 1
      that White individuals with low interracial exposure exhibited a unique effect of
      abrupt, unstable White-Black category shifting during real-time perception of
      mixed-race faces, consistent with predictions from a neural-dynamic model of
      social categorization and computational simulations. In Study 2, this shifting
      effect was replicated and shown to predict a trust bias against mixed-race
      individuals and to mediate the effect of low interracial exposure on that trust
      bias. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that interracial exposure shapes
      the dynamics through which racial categories activate and resolve during real
      time perceptions, and these initial perceptual dynamics, in turn, may help drive
      evaluative biases against mixed-race individuals. Thus, lower-level perceptual
      aspects of encounters with racial ambiguity may serve as a foundation for mixed
      race prejudice. 

PMID- 26976078
TI  - Pharyngeal pumping in Caenorhabditis elegans depends on tonic and phasic
      signaling from the nervous system.
AB  - Rhythmic movements are ubiquitous in animal locomotion, feeding, and circulatory
      systems. In some systems, the muscle itself generates rhythmic contractions. In
      others, rhythms are generated by the nervous system or by interactions between
      the nervous system and muscles. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, feeding
      occurs via rhythmic contractions (pumping) of the pharynx, a neuromuscular
      feeding organ. Here, we use pharmacology, optogenetics, genetics, and
      electrophysiology to investigate the roles of the nervous system and muscle in
      generating pharyngeal pumping. Hyperpolarization of the nervous system using a
      histamine-gated chloride channel abolishes pumping, and optogenetic stimulation
      of pharyngeal muscle in these animals causes abnormal contractions, demonstrating
      that normal pumping requires nervous system function. In mutants that pump slowly
      due to defective nervous system function, tonic muscle stimulation causes rapid
      pumping, suggesting tonic neurotransmitter release may regulate pumping. However,
      tonic cholinergic motor neuron stimulation, but not tonic muscle stimulation,
      triggers pumps that electrophysiologically resemble typical rapid pumps. This
      suggests that pharyngeal cholinergic motor neurons are normally rhythmically, and
      not tonically active. These results demonstrate that the pharynx generates a
      myogenic rhythm in the presence of tonically released acetylcholine, and suggest
      that the pharyngeal nervous system entrains contraction rate and timing through
      phasic neurotransmitter release. 

PMID- 26976083
TI  - Infections and Elections: Did an Ebola Outbreak Influence the 2014 U.S. Federal
      Elections (and if so, How)?
AB  - In the studies reported here, we conducted longitudinal analyses of preelection
      polling data to test whether an Ebola outbreak predicted voting intentions
      preceding the 2014 U.S. federal elections. Analyses were conducted on nationwide
      polls pertaining to 435 House of Representatives elections and on state-specific
      polls pertaining to 34 Senate elections. Analyses compared voting intentions
      before and after the initial Ebola outbreak and assessed correlations between
      Internet search activity for the term "Ebola" and voting intentions. Results
      revealed that (a) the psychological salience of Ebola was associated with
      increased intention to vote for Republican candidates and (b) this effect
      occurred primarily in states characterized by norms favoring Republican Party
      candidates (the effect did not occur in states with norms favoring Democratic
      Party candidates). Ancillary analyses addressed several interpretational issues.
      Overall, these results suggest that disease outbreaks may influence voter
      behavior in two psychologically distinct ways: increased inclination to vote for
      politically conservative candidates and increased inclination to conform to
      popular opinion.

PMID- 26976085
TI  - Efficacy of Curcuma for Treatment of Osteoarthritis.
AB  - The objective of this review is to identify, summarize, and evaluate clinical
      trials to determine the efficacy of curcuma in the treatment of osteoarthritis. A
      literature search for interventional studies assessing efficacy of curcuma was
      performed, resulting in 8 clinical trials. Studies have investigated the effect
      of curcuma on pain, stiffness, and functionality in patients with knee
      osteoarthritis. Curcuma-containing products consistently demonstrated
      statistically significant improvement in osteoarthritis-related endpoints
      compared with placebo, with one exception. When compared with active control,
      curcuma-containing products were similar to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
      and potentially to glucosamine. While statistical significant differences in
      outcomes were reported in a majority of studies, the small magnitude of effect
      and presence of major study limitations hinder application of these results.
      Further rigorous studies are needed prior to recommending curcuma as an effective
      alternative therapy for knee osteoarthritis.

PMID- 26976084
TI  - Deletion of endogenous Tau proteins is not detrimental in Drosophila.
AB  - Human Tau (hTau) is a highly soluble and natively unfolded protein that binds to
      microtubules within neurons. Its dysfunction and aggregation into insoluble
      paired helical filaments is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
      (AD), constituting, together with accumulated beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides, a
      hallmark of the disease. Deciphering both the loss-of-function and toxic gain-of
      function of hTau proteins is crucial to further understand the mechanisms leading
      to neurodegeneration in AD. As the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster expresses
      Tau proteins (dTau) that are homologous to hTau, we aimed to better comprehend
      dTau functions by generating a specific tau knock-out (KO) fly line using
      homologous recombination. We observed that the specific removal of endogenous
      dTau proteins did not lead to overt, macroscopic phenotypes in flies. Indeed,
      survival, climbing ability and neuronal function were unchanged in tau KO flies.
      In addition, we did not find any overt positive or negative effect of dTau
      removal on human Abeta-induced toxicity. Altogether, our results indicate that
      the absence of dTau proteins has no major functional impact on flies, and
      suggests that our tau KO strain is a relevant model to further investigate the
      role of dTau proteins in vivo, thereby giving additional insights into hTau
      functions. 

PMID- 26976086
TI  - Gastroprotective Effect of Combination of Hot Water Extracts of Licorice
      (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Pulasari Stem Bark (Alyxia reinwardtii), and Sembung Leaf
      (Blumea balsamifera) Against Aspirin-Induced Gastric Ulcer Model Rats.
AB  - Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Pulasari stem bark (Alyxia reinwardtii) and
      Sembung leaf (Blumea balsamifera) are traditionally used to treat
      gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate
      gastroprotective effect of hot water extracts combination of those herbal against
      aspirin-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. The combination consisted of fixed
      doses of Licorice 273 mg/kg BW and Sembung leaf 457.5 mg/kg BW, and also
      consisted of Pulasari stem in various doses i.e. 100 mg/kg BW (first group), 200
      mg/kg BW (second and sixth group) and 300 mg/kg BW (third group). The fourth grup
      rats received sucralfate 360 mg/kg BW. Ten minute after seven consecutive days of
      drug administration, the rats were induced with aspirin 450 mg/kg BW except sixth
      group rats. The fifth group rats only received aspirin without any protective
      agents. The number and area of gastric ulcers were evaluated macroscopically.
      Whereas, histopatological observation was used for evaluation of mucosal damage
      score, and the number of eosinophils and mast cells. In the study, herbal
      extracts combination markedly exhibited protective effects indicated by less
      number and smaller area of gastric ulcers in comparison to those of aspirin group
      (P < 0.05). The score of mucosal damages were also decreased in herbal extracts
      combination groups. The number of eosinophils and mast cells of herbal
      combination groups were observed to be smaller than those of aspirin group (P <
      0.05). In conclusion, herbal combination of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra),
      Pulasari stem bark (Alyxia reinwardtii) and Sembung leaf (Blumea balsamifera) is
      potential to develop as a gastroprotective agent. 

PMID- 26976087
TI  - Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention on Mood and Neurological Disorders.
AB  - This group study explored how an intervention of diet and lifestyle, including a
      vegan diet, fruit and vegetable juicing, nutritional supplements, regular
      exercise, and destressing techniques, would affect 27 subjects with anxiety,
      depression, poor memory, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
      history of stroke, or multiple sclerosis. Several subjects had overlapping
      conditions. Videotaped testimonials were obtained describing subjective results.
      Testimonials stated multiple benefits across all conditions addressed by the
      study, with subjects often reporting substantial benefits. These results
      demonstrate that an intervention of diet, juicing, supplements, exercise, and
      lifestyle may provide considerable benefits for all conditions addressed.

PMID- 26976088
TI  - Differential Arc expression in the hippocampus and striatum during the transition
      from attentive to automatic navigation on a plus maze.
AB  - The strategies utilized to effectively perform a given task change with practice
      and experience. During a spatial navigation task, with relatively little
      training, performance is typically attentive enabling an individual to locate the
      position of a goal by relying on spatial landmarks. These (place) strategies
      require an intact hippocampus. With task repetition, performance becomes
      automatic; the same goal is reached using a fixed response or sequence of
      actions. These (response) strategies require an intact striatum. The current work
      aims to understand the activation patterns across these neural structures during
      this experience-dependent strategy transition. This was accomplished by region
      specific measurement of activity-dependent immediate early gene expression among
      rats trained to different degrees on a dual-solution task (i.e., a task that can
      be solved using either place or response navigation). As expected, rats increased
      their reliance on response navigation with extended task experience. In addition,
      dorsal hippocampal expression of the immediate early gene Arc was considerably
      reduced in rats that used a response strategy late in training (as compared with
      hippocampal expression in rats that used a place strategy early in training). In
      line with these data, vicarious trial and error, a behavior linked to hippocampal
      function, also decreased with task repetition. Although Arc mRNA expression in
      dorsal medial or lateral striatum alone did not correlate with training stage,
      the ratio of expression in the medial striatum to that in the lateral striatum
      was relatively high among rats that used a place strategy early in training as
      compared with the ratio among over-trained response rats. Altogether, these
      results identify specific changes in the activation of dissociated neural systems
      that may underlie the experience-dependent emergence of response-based automatic
      navigation.

PMID- 26976090
TI  - The effect of sleep deprivation on the encoding of contextual and non-contextual
      aspects of emotional memory.
AB  - Sleep loss affects emotional memory, but the specific effects on its contextual
      and non-contextual aspects are unknown. In this study we investigated the
      possible differential influence of one night of sleep deprivation on the encoding
      and subsequent recall of these two aspects of emotional information. Forty-eight
      healthy subjects, divided in a sleep deprivation (SD) and a well-rested group
      (WR), completed two testing sessions: the encoding session took place after one
      night of sleep for the WR and after one night of sleep deprivation for the SD
      group; the recall session after two nights of recovery sleep for both groups.
      During the encoding session, 6 clips of films of different valence (2 positive, 2
      neutral and 2 negative) were presented to the participants. During the recall
      session, the non-contextual emotional memory was assessed by a recognition task,
      while the contextual emotional memory was evaluated by a temporal order task. The
      SD group showed a worst non-contextual recognition of positive and neutral events
      compared to WR subjects, while recognition of negative items was similar in the
      two groups. Instead, the encoding of the temporal order resulted deteriorated in
      the SD participants, independent of the emotional valence of the items. These
      results indicate that sleep deprivation severely impairs the encoding of both
      contextual and non-contextual aspects of memory, resulting in significantly worse
      retention two days later. However, the preserved recognition of negative non
      contextual events in sleep deprived subjects suggests that the encoding of
      negative stimuli is more "resistant" to the disruptive effects of sleep
      deprivation.

PMID- 26976089
TI  - Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesions impair probabilistic reversal learning
      by reducing sensitivity to positive reward feedback.
AB  - Recent findings indicate that pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) neurons
      encode reward-related information that is context-dependent. This information is
      critical for behavioral flexibility when reward outcomes change signaling a shift
      in response patterns should occur. The present experiment investigated whether
      NMDA lesions of the PPTg affects the acquisition and/or reversal learning of a
      spatial discrimination using probabilistic reinforcement. Male Long-Evans rats
      received a bilateral infusion of NMDA (30nmoles/side) or saline into the PPTg.
      Subsequently, rats were tested in a spatial discrimination test using a
      probabilistic learning procedure. One spatial location was rewarded with an 80%
      probability and the other spatial location rewarded with a 20% probability. After
      reaching acquisition criterion of 10 consecutive correct trials, the spatial
      location - reward contingencies were reversed in the following test session.
      Bilateral and unilateral PPTg-lesioned rats acquired the spatial discrimination
      test comparable to that as sham controls. In contrast, bilateral PPTg lesions,
      but not unilateral PPTg lesions, impaired reversal learning. The reversal
      learning deficit occurred because of increased regressions to the previously
      'correct' spatial location after initially selecting the new, 'correct' choice.
      PPTg lesions also reduced the frequency of win-stay behavior early in the
      reversal learning session, but did not modify the frequency of lose-shift
      behavior during reversal learning. The present results suggest that the PPTg
      contributes to behavioral flexibility under conditions in which outcomes are
      uncertain, e.g. probabilistic reinforcement, by facilitating sensitivity to
      positive reward outcomes that allows the reliable execution of a new choice
      pattern.

PMID- 26976091
TI  - SSRI enhances sensitivity to background outcomes and modulates response rates: A
      randomized double blind study of instrumental action and depression.
AB  - Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have immediate effects on synaptic levels
      of serotonin but their therapeutic effects are often delayed. This delay has been
      suggested to reflect time required for new learning and therefore that SSRIs
      might be having effects on the learning process. We examined the effects of
      elevating serotonin levels, through short-term SSRI administration
      (escitalopram), on learning about perceptions of instrumental control. A
      randomised double blind procedure was used to allocate healthy people,
      categorised as mildly depressed (high BDI?10: n=76) or not depressed (low BDI?5:
      n=78) to either a drug (escitalopram, 10mg/7days) or placebo control group.
      Following treatment, participants were trained with a simple task that involved
      learning the effectiveness of an instrumental action (key press) and the
      background context at eliciting an outcome (auditory cue) where there was no
      programmed contingency. The effects of the drug were (i) to moderate response
      rates and (ii) to enhance sensitivity to the background or context rate of
      occurrence of the outcome. These findings suggest that serotonin modulates
      learning about the long-term rate of outcomes, which supports perception of
      instrumental control, and that this may provide a clue to the mechanism for
      supporting the development of the therapeutic effects of the drug.

PMID- 26976092
TI  - GPR40 receptor activation leads to CREB phosphorylation and improves cognitive
      performance in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very complex neurodegenerative disorder as neuronal
      loss is a prominent and initial feature of AD. This loss correlates with
      cognitive deficits more closely than amyloid load. GPR40 receptor belongs to the
      class of G-protein coupled receptors, is expressed in wide parts of the brain
      including the hippocampus which is involved in spatial learning and memory. Till
      now, there are few studies investigating the functional role of GPR40 in brain.
      In this study, we evaluated the functional role of GPR40 receptor in the A-beta
      AD mice model. Administration of Abeta1-42 (410pmol) intracerebroventricularly
      (i.c.v.) once at the beginning of experiment significantly impaired cognitive
      performance (in step-through passive test), the ability of spatial learning and
      memory in (Morris water maze test), working memory, attention, anxiety in (Novel
      object recognition test), and spatial working and reference-memory in (Hole board
      discrimination test) compared with the control group. The results revealed that
      GPR40 receptor treatment groups significantly ameliorated model mice cognitive
      performance. All GPR40 receptor agonist GW9508, treatment groups enhanced the
      learning and memory ability in Step-through passive test, Morris water maze test,
      Hole board discrimination test, Novel object recognition test. Furthermore, we
      have observed that activation of GPR40 receptor provoked the phosphorylation of
      the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and significant increase in
      neurotropic factors including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve
      growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrohin-4 (NT-4) in mouse
      hippocampal neurons and contribute to neurogenesis. These results suggest that
      GPR40 is a suitable therapeutic candidate for neurogenesis and neuroprotection in
      the treatment and prevention of AD.

PMID- 26976093
TI  - Strategy breakdown following muscarinic blockade in rats.
AB  - The present study examined the effects of systemically administered atropine
      sulfate, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, on a series of probe tests in the
      retention of a highly-structured serial pattern in a serial multiple choice (SMC)
      task. Rats were trained on a 24-element pattern composed of eight 3-element
      chunks ending with a violation element: 123-234-345-456-567-678-781-818 where the
      digits represent the clockwise position of levers in an octagonal chamber, dashes
      indicate 3-s pauses termed "phrasing cues," and other intertrial intervals were
      1s. In daily acquisition trials rats were given either 50mg/kg of atropine
      sulfate or an equivalent amount of saline (Chenoweth & Fountain, 2015). Following
      acquisition, rats were given a series of drug challenges, and the present study
      reports a series of Phrasing Cue Removal Probes that tested rats' abilities to
      make correct responses in the absence of phrasing cues. Rats tested under
      atropine demonstrated more difficulty in recalling encoded responses in these
      probe trials than did rats tested under saline. The results indicate that intact
      central muscarinic cholinergic systems were needed for rats to display efficient
      adaptive response strategies under conditions where some features of the
      previously-learned pattern change.

PMID- 26976094
TI  - Basal dendritic length is reduced in the rat hippocampus following bilateral
      vestibular deafferentation.
AB  - Some previous studies in humans have shown that bilateral loss of vestibular
      function is associated with a significant bilateral atrophy of the hippocampus,
      which correlated with the patients' spatial memory deficits. By contrast, studies
      in rats have failed to detect any changes in hippocampal volume following
      bilateral vestibular loss. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether
      bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) might result in more subtle
      morphological changes in the rat hippocampus, involving alterations in dendritic
      intersections, using Golgi staining and Sholl analysis. We found that at 1month
      following BVD, there was a significant decrease in basal (P?0.0001) but not
      apical dendritic intersections in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to
      sham-operated animals and anaesthetic controls. However, dendritic branching was
      not significantly affected. These results suggest that the rat hippocampus does
      undergo subtle morphological changes following bilateral vestibular loss, and
      that they may be in the form of alterations in dendritic structure.

PMID- 26976095
TI  - Brain death criteria formulated for transplantation purposes: fact or myth?
AB  - Medical progress has moved the boundaries of life that were set many centuries
      ago. The development of medical techniques has allowed us to witness cases that
      were unknown prior to the introduction of reanimation procedures and mechanical
      ventilation. Towards the end of the 1950s, the term "irreversible coma" was
      coined, and has evolved into what is currently known as the "brain death"
      concept. This latter concept, proposed in 1968, is very often referred to as the
      new definition of death, even in medical circles. What, up until this time, used
      to be the classic definition of death, namely cessation of circulation and
      respiration, should now be recognized as the classic criteria for death. Indeed,
      the new criteria for recognizing death has not resulted in changing the current
      criteria, but in complementing them. The first part of this paper presents brief
      descriptions of death in the humanities over the centuries and the impact of
      progress in medicine on changes in how death is defined today. The second part
      brings to light the complexity of creating the foundations of the neurological
      criteria for death. The integration of concepts from two complementary medical
      fields - neurology and transplantology - is described. Although for some period
      of time they have been linked together, they may grow independently in the
      future. The jargon phrase "brain death" is nowadays recognized as synonym of
      death, but in fact should be considered tantamount to declaring pronouncing a
      person's death. 

PMID- 26976096
TI  - Dimensional models and neurobiology of personality disorders.
AB  - Since the introduction of a separate axis in DSM-III (1980), the validity of the
      categorical nature of the classification of personality disorders has been
      seriously questioned. Subsequently, a number of multidimensional alternatives
      have been proposed based on statistical procedures or theoretical considerations.
      At the same time, the study of the neurobiological underpinnings of personality
      and personality disorders has created a better understanding of etiological and
      pathogenetic processes responsible for these chronic disorders. The findings of
      these studies corroborate some of the major findings of statistical studies
      regarding the nature of the frequent comorbidity of axis II disorders. In the
      discussion, a mixed, two-tier diagnostic model is proposed to serve both
      scientific and clinical aims without the disadvantages of an exclusive choice for
      either categorical or dimensional approaches to the classification of personality
      pathology. 

PMID- 26976097
TI  - Neurobiology or agression and impulsivity.
AB  - Because of the graded nature of adaptational processes, a dimensional diagnostic
      approach is more adequate than the categorical classification. The broad concept
      of the serotonin-aggression relationship, irrespective of the diagnostic
      category, is increasingly questionable and seems to be present in young, white
      male adults with antisocial personality disorders only. In this group,
      dopaminergic and neurosteroid-linked mechanisms are important as well. 

PMID- 26976098
TI  - Neurobiology of adaptation disorders.
AB  - A fundamental issue in the neurobiology of adaptation disorders is how the
      hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis protect the brain from
      such disorders, and how in a different context these very same stress hormones
      may enhance vulnerability. This contribution focuses on the corticosteroids which
      exert through two distinct nuclear receptor types control over gene networks
      underlying stress system activity in brain. The mineralocorticoid receptor
      mediates the pro-active mode of corticosteroid action involved in maintenance of
      basal stress system activity. The glucocorticoid receptor mediates the reactive
      feedback mode aimed to facilitate recovery from stress-induced disturbance. The
      balance between these pro-active and reactive modes of control is thought to be
      of critical importance for homeostasis, and thus for control of hormone
      responsive genes which enhance vulnerability to stress-related affective and
      neurodegenerative disorders. 

PMID- 26976099
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring.
AB  - The cytochrome P450 iso-enzyme system plays a key role in the biotransformation
      of many drugs, including psychotropics. Its activity is determined by both
      genetic and environmental factors. The most important iso-enzymes for psychiatry
      in general are P450 IID6, 3A4 and 1A2. Knowledge about the involvement of these
      enzymes and biotransformation processes is mandatory because of the individual
      variability in their metabolic capacity. Regular measurement of
      plasmaconcentrations of (psycho)pharmacological compounds is therefore essential.
      In addition, the potential value of pheno- and/or genotyping has to be
      investigated. 

PMID- 26976100
TI  - Integratie van opleiding en onderzoek in de opleiding tot psychiater.
AB  - In the training program for residents in psychiatry, scientific education and
      participation in research projects are relatively underdeveloped. This may result
      in a gap between recently acquired scientific knowledge and its implementation in
      clinical practice. Since the start of the residency training in psychiatry in
      1989 in the Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, several research lines
      have been developed especially concerning dimensional diagnostic procedures,
      evaluation of treatment effects, stress and psychopathology, pharmacokinetics of
      psychotropic compounds and disordered impulse and aggression regulation. It is
      concluded that active participation in research projects by both psychiatrists
      and residents in psychiatry is increasingly mandatory due to social-economic en
      scientific developments. Despite several countervailing factors, the Vincent van
      Gogh Institute for Psychiatry has succeeded in the creation of a scientific
      orientation in the residency program resulting in a number of publications. 

PMID- 26976101
TI  - Cognitive aging and early neurophychological diagnostics.
AB  - With aging, most cognitive functions decline, especially processes concerning
      memorizing, attention, concentration, organizing, planning and problem solving.
      Neuropsychology can make an important contribution in early and differential
      diagnostics. The borderline between normal and pathological cognitive aging is
      especially important in this respect. The neuropsychologist gains insight in
      medical, biological, psychological and social factors of the aging person. Has
      the profile of complaints and deficits a normal background or is a pathological
      process taking place? It is important to people who are unnecessarily worried
      about possible dementia. Neuropsychological assessment also provides information
      about a patient's disturbed and undisturbed cognitive functions, their
      personality and their way of coping with problems in every day's life. This is of
      major importance, because it provides information and possibilities for
      biological or psychological interventions. Because of the complexity of problems
      that may occur, it is necessary that the neuropsychologist is experienced and
      works in a multidisciplinary team in which neurological and psychiatric expertise
      is present. 

PMID- 26976102
TI  - Diagnosis and dimensional pharmacotherapy of challenging behaviour in mental
      retardation.
AB  - Classical psychiatric taxonomy appears to be increasingly inadequate in the
      diagnostic process of mentally retarded subjects. The reasons for this are the
      atypical presentation of classical psychiatric disorders, special diagnostic
      entities like cycloid psychosis and unstable mood disorder and the existence of
      so-called behavioural phenotypes related to syndromes with a known genetic
      etiology. In addition, disturbed behaviour may be the result of somatic or
      neurologic comorbidity and induced to adverse drug events. 

PMID- 26976103
TI  - Atypical psychoses.
AB  - The European psychiatric literature is rich in descriptions and studies of
      atypical psychotic disorders. Most of these are finally deemed to be varieties of
      the affective or schizophrenic disorders, which in turn are regarded to be
      typical. The acute polymorphic psychotic disorder according to the ICD-10, and
      the periodic catatonia of Gjessing, although hardly recognized and acknowledged,
      are good candidates to be considered as separate psychotic disease entities. 

PMID- 26976104
TI  - A comparison of the 'Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression' and the 'Montgomery
      Asberg Depression rating Scale'.
AB  - Although the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) is the most frequently
      used rating scale for quantifying depressive states, it has been criticized for
      its reliability and its usability in clinical practice. This criticism is less
      applying to the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Goal of the
      present study is to investigate the reliability and validity, and clinical
      relationship between the HRSD and the MADRS. For 60 out-patients with diagnosed
      depression (DSM IV296.2x, 296.3x, 300.40 and 311.00), the HRSD and MADRS were
      scored at baseline and 6 weeks later by an independent rater according to a
      structured interview. Also the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) was assessed by a
      psychiatrist. Satisfying agreement was found between the totalscores (r= .75,
      p>.000 en r=.92, p>.000 respectively, at baseline and 6 weeks later). Furthermore
      agreement was found between the items of both scales, and these agree with the
      clinical impression. The reliability of the MADRS is more stable than the
      reliability of the HRSD (alpha = .6367 and alpha =.8900 vs alpha = .2193 and
      alpha = .8362 at baseline and at endpoint respectively). Considering the ease of
      scoring both scales in one interview and the widely international use of the
      HRSD, scoring both the HRSD and the MADRS to measure the severity of a depression
      seems to be an acceptabel covenant. 

PMID- 26976105
TI  - Five years of European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

PMID- 26976107
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26976108
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26976106
TI  - A cationic tetrapyrrole inhibits toxic activities of the cellular prion protein.
AB  - Prion diseases are rare neurodegenerative conditions associated with the
      conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into PrP(Sc), a
      self-replicating isoform (prion) that accumulates in the central nervous system
      of affected individuals. The structure of PrP(Sc) is poorly defined, and likely
      to be heterogeneous, as suggested by the existence of different prion strains.
      The latter represents a relevant problem for therapy in prion diseases, as some
      potent anti-prion compounds have shown strain-specificity. Designing therapeutics
      that target PrP(C) may provide an opportunity to overcome these problems. PrP(C)
      ligands may theoretically inhibit the replication of multiple prion strains, by
      acting on the common substrate of any prion replication reaction. Here, we
      characterized the properties of a cationic tetrapyrrole [Fe(III)-TMPyP], which
      was previously shown to bind PrP(C), and inhibit the replication of a mouse prion
      strain. We report that the compound is active against multiple prion strains in
      vitro and in cells. Interestingly, we also find that Fe(III)-TMPyP inhibits
      several PrP(C)-related toxic activities, including the channel-forming ability of
      a PrP mutant, and the PrP(C)-dependent synaptotoxicity of amyloid-beta (Abeta)
      oligomers, which are associated with Alzheimer's Disease. These results
      demonstrate that molecules binding to PrP(C) may produce a dual effect of
      blocking prion replication and inhibiting PrP(C)-mediated toxicity. 

PMID- 26976109
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26976110
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26976111
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26976112
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 26976113
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 26976115
TI  - Silicene/germanene on MgX2 (X = Cl, Br, and I) for Li-ion battery applications.
AB  - Silicene is a promising electrode material for Li-ion batteries due to its high
      Li capacity and low Li diffusion barrier. Germanene is expected to show a similar
      performance due to its analogous structural and electronic properties. However,
      the performance of both the materials will be determined by the substrate, since
      freestanding configurations are unstable. We propose Si/MgX2 and Ge/MgX2 (X = Cl,
      Br, and I) as suitable hybrid structures, based on first-principles calculations.
      We find that Li will not cluster and that the Li capacity is very high (443 and
      279 mA h g(-1) for silicene and germanene on MgCl2, respectively). Sandwich
      structures can be used to further enhance the performance. Low diffusion barriers
      of less than 0.3 eV are predicted for all the hybrid structures. 

PMID- 26976114
TI  - Clinical Response of Carcinomas Harboring the BRD4-NUT Oncoprotein to the
      Targeted Bromodomain Inhibitor OTX015/MK-8628.
AB  - The antineoplastic, prodifferentiative effects of bromodomain and extra-terminal
      (BET) bromodomain (BRD) inhibitors were initially discovered in NUT midline
      carcinoma (NMC), an aggressive subtype of squamous cancer driven by the BRD4-NUT
      fusion oncoprotein. BRD4-NUT blocks differentiation and maintains tumor growth
      through a potent chromatin-modifying mechanism. OTX015/MK-8628, a novel oral BET
      inhibitor, targets BRD2/3/4/T with preclinical activity in NMC and several other
      tumor types and is currently in clinical development. Antitumor activity was
      evaluated in four patients with advanced-stage NMC with confirmed BRD4-NUT
      fusions who were treated with 80 mg OTX015/MK-8628 once daily in a compassionate
      use context. Two patients responded rapidly with tumor regression and symptomatic
      relief, and a third had meaningful disease stabilization with a minor metabolic
      response. The main side effects were mild to moderate gastrointestinal toxicity
      and fatigue, and reversible grade 3 thrombocytopenia. This is the first proof-of
      concept evidence of clinical activity of a BRD inhibitor in targeting BRD4-NUT.
      SIGNIFICANCE: We present the first clinical proof-of-concept that targeting BRD4
      NUT with a BET inhibitor results in impressive and rapid antitumor activity in
      NMC. It offers strong potential for future clinical application in this rare
      patient population as either a single agent or in combination with other agents.
      Cancer Discov; 6(5); 492-500. (c)2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In
      This Issue feature, p. 461.

PMID- 26976117
TI  - Clinical efficacy of fresh frozen plasma compared with coagulation factor
      concentrates for treating coagulopathy in patients with massive bleeding.

PMID- 26976118
TI  - Risk factors for worsened quality of life in patients on mechanical ventilation.
      A prospective multicenter study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for worsened quality of life (QoL) and
      activities of daily living (ADL) at 3 and 12 months after discharge from the
      Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in patients on mechanical ventilation (MV). DESIGN: A
      prospective, multicentric observational study was made. SETTING: Three ICUs in
      Argentina. PATIENTS: The study included a total of 84 out of 129 mainly clinical
      patients admitted between 2011-2012 and requiring over 24hours of MV.
      INTERVENTIONS: No interventions were carried out. VARIABLES: Quality of life was
      assessed with the EQ-5D (version for Argentina), and ADL with the Barthel index.
      RESULTS: The EQ-5D and Barthel scores were assessed upon admission to the ICU
      (baseline) and after three months and one year of follow-up. Comorbidities,
      delirium, ICU acquired weakness (ICUAW), and medication received were daily
      assessed during ICU stay. The baseline QoL of the global sample showed a median
      index of [0.831 (IQR25-75% 0.527-0.931)], versus [0.513 (IQR0.245-0.838)] after
      three months and [0.850 (IQR0.573-1.00)] after one year. Significant differences
      were observed compared with QoL in the Argentinean general population [mean 0.880
      (CI 0.872-0.888), p<0.001; p<0.001; p0.002]. Individual analysis showed that 67%
      of the patients had worsened their QoL at three months, while 33% had recovered
      their QoL. In the multivariate analysis, the variables found to be independent
      predictors of worsened QoL were a hospital stay >=21 days [OR 12.57 (2.75
      57.47)], age >=50 years [OR 5.61 (1.27-24.83)], previous poor QoL [OR 0.11 (0.02
      0.54)] and persistent ICUAW [OR 8.32 (1.22-56.74)]. Similar results were found
      for the worsening of ADL. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life is altered after critical
      illness, and its recovery is gradual over time. Age, length of hospital stay,
      previous QoL and persistent ICUAW seem to be risk factors for worsened QoL.

PMID- 26976119
TI  - Emerging concepts: mast cell involvement in allergic diseases.
AB  - In a process known as overt degranulation, mast cells can release all at once a
      diverse array of products that are preformed and present within cytoplasmic
      granules. This occurs typically within seconds of stimulation by environmental
      factors and allergens. These potent, preformed mediators (ie, histamine, heparin,
      serotonin, and serine proteases) are responsible for the acute symptoms
      experienced in allergic conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis, allergic
      rhinitis, allergy-induced asthma, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Yet, there is
      reason to believe that the actions of mast cells are important when they are not
      degranulating. Mast cells release preformed mediators and inflammatory cytokines
      for periods after degranulation and even without degranulating at all. Mast cells
      are consistently seen at sites of chronic inflammation, including nonallergic
      inflammation, where they have the ability to temper inflammatory processes and
      shape tissue morphology. Mast cells can trigger actions and chemotaxis in other
      important immune cells (eg, eosinophils and the newly discovered type 2 innate
      lymphocytes) that then make their own contributions to inflammation and disease.
      In this review, we will discuss the many known and theorized contributions of
      mast cells to allergic diseases, focusing on several prototypical allergic
      respiratory and skin conditions: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, aspirin
      exacerbated respiratory disease, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and
      some of the more common medication hypersensitivity reactions. We discuss
      traditionally accepted roles that mast cells play in the pathogenesis of each of
      these conditions, but we also delve into new areas of discovery and research that
      challenge traditionally accepted paradigms.

PMID- 26976121
TI  - Still Eating Despite Decreased Olfactory Pleasure-The Influence of Odor Liking
      and Wanting on Food Intake.
AB  - Typically, the subjective pleasantness of an odor decreases after it has been
      repeatedly smelled. This study investigates how the pleasantness ("liking") and
      the wish to be further exposed to the same odor ("wanting") are affected by
      variety on a longer time scale, and how they relate to actual food intake. Twenty
      five participants rated a coconut odor presented 120 times for its liking and
      wanting before being offered coconut sweets. The amount eaten was assessed.
      Individual patterns of change were described by fitting 3 different models to the
      ratings. To study effects of variety on odor evaluation, the ratings were
      compared with a previous study where coconut was 1 of 3 odors presented in an
      alternating way. Initially, both liking and wanting the odors were high, but
      decreased over repetitions in 75% of the subjects. About 40% of all subjects
      showed an exponential change of ratings, 40% a step-like change, and 20% a linear
      change. Food intake was not related to the pattern of change in the ratings.
      Moreover, decreased olfactory pleasure did not seem to affect eating behavior.
      However, participants who rated the coconut odor higher at the beginning ate
      twice as many sweets as the others. Odor variety did not affect the experienced
      pleasure of smelling (liking), but did affect the motivation to experience the
      same smell again (wanting). This has not been reported for food or touch
      stimulation and may be specific for the perception of odors.

PMID- 26976120
TI  - Hepatic oleate regulates liver stress response partially through PGC-1alpha
      during high-carbohydrate feeding.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: High-carbohydrate diets contribute to the development of liver
      stress and fatty liver disease. While saturated fatty acids are known to induce
      liver stress, the role of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), synthesized by the
      stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) family of enzymes, in regulation of liver function
      during lipogenic dietary conditions remains largely unknown. The major products
      of SCD-catalyzed reactions are oleate (18:1n-9) and palmitoleate (16:1n-7).
      METHODS: We generated mouse models with restricted exogenous MUFA supply and
      reduced endogenous MUFA synthesis, in which SCD1 global knockout (GKO) or liver
      specific knockout (LKO) mice were fed a lipogenic high-sucrose very low-fat
      (HSVLF) or high-carbohydrate (HC) diet. In a gain-of-function context, we
      introduced liver-specific expression of either human SCD5, which synthesizes
      18:1n-9, or mouse Scd3, which synthesizes 16:1n-7, into SCD1 GKO mice and fed the
      HSVLF diet. RESULTS: Lipogenic high-carbohydrate diets induced hepatic
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation in SCD1 GKO and LKO mice.
      Dietary supplementation with 18:1n-9, but not 18:0, prevented the HSVLF diet
      induced hepatic ER stress and inflammation in SCD1 LKO mice, while hepatic SCD5,
      but not Scd3, expression reduced the ER stress and inflammation in GKO mice.
      Additional experiments revealed liver-specific deletion of the transcriptional
      coactivator PGC-1alpha reduced hepatic inflammatory and ER stress response gene
      expression in SCD1 LKO mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate an
      indispensable role of hepatic oleate in protection against lipogenic diet-induced
      hepatic injury, and PGC-1alpha potentiates the ER stress response under
      conditions of restricted dietary oleate coupled to reduced capacity of endogenous
      hepatic oleate synthesis. LAY SUMMARY: Susceptibility to metabolic dysfunction is
      influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this study we show that
      modulation of two genes regulates the liver response, including ER stress and
      inflammation, to a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet. We reveal that hepatic
      availability of oleate, a monounsaturated fatty acid, is important for
      maintenance of liver health.

PMID- 26976123
TI  - Adherence of French cardiologists to guidelines for non-cardiac surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In order to evaluate whether cardiologists follow guidelines, we
      studied patients who were seen for a preoperative cardiologic consultation prior
      to surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study took place in two surgical units
      (Vascular and Orthopaedic) in two different university hospitals in 2013. The
      patient eligibility criteria were: planned elective surgery, cardiologic
      consultation prior to anaesthesiology consultation and lack of any unstable
      cardiac condition. The primary endpoint was determination of appropriate use of
      preoperative cardiac stress exams (CSE). RESULTS: The study included 238 patients
      who were seen by 131 different cardiologists. Of 238 patients, 60 had a CSE
      before surgery, but only 7/60 (12%) were deemed to be necessary. Seven out 15
      (47%) patients with an indication for a CSE actually underwent said exam. Sixty
      six percent of patients (156/238) had a resting trans-thoracic echocardiography
      before surgery, while only 27/156 (17%) were considered of appropriate use. Among
      patients with known coronary arterial disease, 59/73 (81%) received a statin,
      60/73 (82%) received an antiplatelet agent, and 38/73 (52%) received a beta
      blocker. Among patients with planned arterial surgery, 86/137 (63%) received a
      statin and 100/137 (73%) patients received an antiplatelet agent. Of the 159
      consultation reports that were examined, only 5 (3%) mentioned the Lee score and
      117 (74%) were concluded with "no contraindication" or a similar phrase.
      DISCUSSION: In this study, we found that guidelines were generally not used when
      cardiologists evaluated patients for non-cardiac surgery. This is evidenced by
      the number of inappropriate exams performed, the lack of true perioperative risk
      stratification, and incomplete optimization of long-term treatment regimens.

PMID- 26976124
TI  - Epidemiological research on radiation-induced cancer in atomic bomb survivors.
AB  - The late effects of exposure to atomic bomb radiation on cancer occurrence have
      been evaluated by epidemiological studies on three cohorts: a cohort of atomic
      bomb survivors (Life Span Study; LSS), survivors exposed IN UTERO : , and
      children of atomic bomb survivors (F1). The risk of leukemia among the survivors
      increased remarkably in the early period after the bombings, especially among
      children. Increased risks of solid cancers have been evident since around 10
      years after the bombings and are still present today. The LSS has clarified the
      dose-response relationships of radiation exposure and risk of various cancers,
      taking into account important risk modifiers such as sex, age at exposure, and
      attained age. Confounding by conventional risk factors including lifestyle
      differences is not considered substantial because people were non-selectively
      exposed to the atomic bomb radiation. Uncertainty in risk estimates at low-dose
      levels is thought to be derived from various sources, including different
      estimates of risk at background levels, uncertainty in dose estimates, residual
      confounding and interaction, strong risk factors, and exposure to residual
      radiation and/or medical radiation. The risk of cancer in subjects exposed IN
      UTERO : is similar to that in LSS subjects who were exposed in childhood.
      Regarding hereditary effects of radiation exposure, no increased risk of cancers
      associated with parental exposure to radiation have been observed in the F1
      cohort to date. In addition to biological and pathogenetic interpretations of the
      present results, epidemiological investigations using advanced technology should
      be used to further analyze these cohorts. 

PMID- 26976122
TI  - Separate functions for responses to oral temperature in thermo-gustatory and
      trigeminal neurons.
AB  - Oral temperature is a component and modifier of taste perception. Both trigeminal
      (V) and taste-sensitive cells, including those in the nucleus of the solitary
      tract (NTS), can respond to oral temperature. However, functional associations in
      thermal sensitivity between V and gustatory neurons are poorly understood. To
      study this we recorded electrophysiological responses to oral stimulation with
      cool (9, 15, 25, 32, and 34  degrees C) and warm (40 and 45  degrees C)
      temperatures from medullary V (n = 45) and taste-sensitive NTS (n = 27) neurons
      in anesthetized mice. Results showed temperatures below 34  degrees C activated
      the majority of V neurons but only a minority of NTS units. V neurons displayed
      larger responses to cooling and responded to temperatures that poorly stimulated
      NTS cells. Multivariate analyses revealed different temperatures induced larger
      differences in responses across V compared with NTS neurons, indicating V
      pathways possess greater capacity to signal temperature. Conversely, responses to
      temperature in NTS units associated with gustatory tuning. Further analyses
      identified two types of cooling-sensitive V neurons oriented toward innocuous or
      noxious cooling. Multivariate analyses indicated the combined response of these
      cells afforded distinction among a broad range of cool temperatures, suggesting
      multiple types of V neurons work together to represent oral cooling.

PMID- 26976126
TI  - Arterial blood gases predict long-term prognosis in stage I non-small cell lung
      cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preoperative hypercapnia and hypoxemia are reportedly risk factors
      for postoperative complications. This study aimed to establish the long-term
      survival risk associated with abnormal preoperative arterial blood gases (ABGs)
      in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: This study involved
      414 patients with stage I NSCLC who underwent lobectomy/bilobectomy with
      mediastinal lymph node dissection. The patients were divided into groups with
      normal (n = 269) and abnormal (n = 145) ABGs. RESULTS: The patients in the normal
      ABG group (median age 67 years) were significantly younger than those in the
      abnormal ABG group (median age 70 years). There were no significant differences
      between the groups in gender, performance status, pathological stage, histology,
      postoperative complications, or preoperative comorbidity, except for chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease/pulmonary fibrosis. The 3-, 5- and 10-year survival
      rates in the normal and abnormal ABG groups were 87, 77 and 56, and 78, 63 and
      42%, respectively (p = 0.006). According to multivariate analysis, age, gender,
      performance status, non-adenocarcinoma, differentiation of resected tumor,
      pathological stage, any prior tumor and abnormal ABGs (risk ratio, 1.61) were
      independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal ABGs predict long-term
      survival risk in patients with NSCLC, which is important for planning therapeutic
      strategies.

PMID- 26976125
TI  - Comparison of implant quality between intraoperatively built custom-linked seeds
      and loose seeds in permanent prostate brachytherapy using sector analysis.
AB  - We compared the implant quality of intraoperatively built custom-linked (IBCL)
      seeds with loose seeds in permanent prostate brachytherapy. Between June 2012 and
      January 2015, 64 consecutive prostate cancer patients underwent brachytherapy
      with IBCL seeds (n = 32) or loose seeds (n = 32). All the patients were treated
      with 144 Gy of brachytherapy alone. Brachytherapy was performed using a dynamic
      dose calculation technique. Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging fusion
      based dosimetry was performed 1 month after brachytherapy. Post-implant dose
      volume histogram (DVH) parameters, prostate sector dosimetry, operation time,
      seed migration, and toxicities were compared between the IBCL seed group and the
      loose seed group. A sector analysis tool was used to divide the prostate into six
      sectors (anterior and posterior sectors at the base, mid-gland, and apex). V100
      (95.3% vs 89.7%; P = 0.014) and D90 (169.7 Gy vs 152.6 Gy; P = 0.013) in the
      anterior base sector were significantly higher in the IBCL seed group than in the
      loose seed group. The seed migration rate was significantly lower in the IBCL
      seed group than in the loose seed group (6% vs 66%; P < 0.001). Operation time
      per seed was significantly longer in the IBCL seed group than in the loose seed
      group (1.31 min vs 1.13 min; P = 0.003). Other post-implant DVH parameters and
      toxicities did not differ significantly between the two groups. Our study showed
      more dose coverage post-operatively in the anterior base prostate sector and less
      seed migration in IBCL seed implantation compared with loose seed implantation. 

PMID- 26976127
TI  - Bedside myocardial perfusion assessment with contrast echocardiography.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26976129
TI  - Successful weight loss maintenance includes long-term increased meal responses of
      GLP-1 and PYY3-36.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY3-36 (PYY3
      36), ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon
      have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. However, it is unknown
      whether they exhibit adaptive changes with respect to postprandial secretion to a
      sustained weight loss. DESIGN: The study was designed as a longitudinal
      prospective intervention study with data obtained at baseline, after 8 weeks of
      weight loss and 1 year after weight loss. METHODS: Twenty healthy obese
      individuals obtained a 13% weight loss by adhering to an 8-week very low-calorie
      diet (800kcal/day). After weight loss, participants entered a 52-week weight
      maintenance protocol. Plasma levels of GLP-1, PYY3-36, ghrelin, GIP and glucagon
      during a 600-kcal meal were measured before weight loss, after weight loss and
      after 1 year of weight maintenance. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as
      total AUC (tAUC) and incremental AUC (iAUC). RESULTS: Weight loss was
      successfully maintained for 52 weeks. iAUC for GLP-1 increased by 44% after
      weight loss (P<0.04) and increased to 72% at week 52 (P=0.0001). iAUC for PYY3-36
      increased by 74% after weight loss (P<0.0001) and by 36% at week 52 (P=0.02).
      tAUC for ghrelin increased by 23% after weight loss (P<0.0001), but at week 52,
      the increase was reduced to 16% compared with before weight loss (P=0.005). iAUC
      for GIP increased by 36% after weight loss (P=0.001), but returned to before
      weight loss levels at week 52. Glucagon levels were unaffected by weight loss.
      CONCLUSIONS: Meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 remained increased 1 year after
      weight maintenance, whereas ghrelin and GIP reverted toward before-weight loss
      values. Thus, an increase in appetite inhibitory mechanisms and a partly decrease
      in appetite-stimulating mechanisms appear to contribute to successful long-term
      weight loss maintenance.

PMID- 26976128
TI  - Real-world daptomycin use across wide geographical regions: results from a pooled
      analysis of CORE and EU-CORE.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pooled data from two large registries, Cubicin((r)) Outcomes Registry
      and Experience (CORE; USA) and European Cubicin((r)) Outcomes Registry and
      Experience (EU-CORE; Europe, Latin America, and Asia), were analyzed to determine
      the characteristics and clinical outcomes of daptomycin therapy in patients with
      Gram-positive infections across wide geographical regions. METHODS: Patients
      receiving at least one dose of daptomycin between 2004 and 2012 for the treatment
      of Gram-positive infections were included. Clinical success was defined as an
      outcome of 'cured' or 'improved'. Post-treatment follow-up data were collected
      for a subset of patients (CORE: osteomyelitis and orthopedic foreign body device
      infection; EU-CORE: endocarditis, intracardiac/intravascular device infection,
      osteomyelitis, and orthopedic device infection). Safety was assessed for up to 30
      days after daptomycin treatment. RESULTS: In 11,557 patients (CORE, 5482; EU
      CORE, 6075) treated with daptomycin (median age, 62 [range, 1-103] years), the
      most frequent underlying conditions were cardiovascular disease (54.7 %) and
      diabetes mellitus (28.0 %). The most commonly treated primary infections were
      complicated skin and soft tissue infection (cSSTI; 31.2 %) and bacteremia (21.8
      %). The overall clinical success rate was 77.2 % (uncomplicated SSTI, 88.3 %;
      cSSTI, 81.0 %; osteomyelitis, 77.7 %; foreign body/prosthetic infection (FBPI),
      75.9 %; endocarditis, 75.4 %; and bacteremia, 69.5 %). The clinical success rate
      was 79.1 % in patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections (MRSA, 78.1 %). An
      increasing trend of high-dose daptomycin (>6 mg/kg/day) prescribing pattern was
      observed over time. Clinical success rates were higher with high-dose daptomycin
      treatment for endocarditis and FBPI. Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs
      possibly related to daptomycin therapy were reported in 628 (5.4 %) and 133 (1.2
      %) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The real-world data showed that
      daptomycin was effective and safe in the treatment of various Gram-positive
      infections, including those caused by resistant pathogens, across wide
      geographical regions.

PMID- 26976130
TI  - Conventional versus rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement: a single-centre
      comparison between the Edwards Magna valve and its rapid-deployment successor.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sutureless and rapid-deployment valves were recently introduced into
      clinical practice. The Edwards INTUITY valve system is a combination of the
      Edwards Magna pericardial valve and a subvalvular stent-frame to enable rapid
      deployment. We performed a parallel cohort study for comparison of the two valve
      types. METHODS: All patients receiving either an Edwards Magna Ease valve or an
      Edwards INTUITY valve system due to aortic stenosis from May 2010 until July 2014
      were included. Patients undergoing bypass surgery, an additional valve procedure,
      atrial ablation surgery or replacement of the ascending aorta were excluded.
      Preoperative characteristics, operative specifications, survival, valve-related
      adverse events and transvalvulvar gradients were compared. RESULTS: One hundred
      sixteen patients underwent rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement [mean age 75
      years (SD: 8); 62% female] and 132 patients underwent conventional aortic valve
      replacement [70 years (SD: 9); 31% female; P < 0.001]. Conventional valve
      patients were taller and heavier. The mean EuroSCORE II was 3.1% (SD: 2.7) and
      4.4% (SD: 6.0) for rapid-deployment and conventional valve patients, respectively
      (P = 0.085). The mean implanted valve size was higher in the conventional group
      [23.2 mm (SD: 2.0) vs 22.5 mm (SD: 2.2); P = 0.007], but postoperative
      transvalvular mean gradients were comparable [15 mmHg (SD: 6) vs 14 mmHg (SD: 5);
      P = 0.457]. A subgroup analysis of the most common valve sizes (21 and 23 mm;
      implanted in 63% of patients) revealed significantly reduced mean postoperative
      transvalvular gradients in the rapid-deployment group [14 mmHg (SD: 4) vs 16 mmHg
      (SD: 5); P = 0.025]. A significantly higher percentage received minimally
      invasive procedures in the rapid-deployment group (59 vs 39%; P < 0.001). The 1-
      and 3-year survival rate was 96 and 90% in the rapid-deployment group and 95 and
      89% in the conventional group (P = 0.521), respectively. Valve-related pacemaker
      implantations were more common in the rapid-deployment group (9 vs 2%; P = 0.014)
      and postoperative stroke was more common in the conventional group (1.6 vs 0% per
      patient year; P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that this rapid-deployment
      valve probably facilitates minimally invasive surgery. Furthermore, a subgroup
      analysis showed reduced transvalvular gradients in smaller valve sizes compared
      with the conventionally implanted valve of the same type. The favourable
      haemodynamic profile and the potentially different spectrum of valve-related
      adverse events should be addressed in further clinical trials.

PMID- 26976131
TI  - Bio-Root and Implant-Based Restoration as a Tooth Replacement Alternative.
AB  - We previously reported that dental stem cell-mediated bioengineered tooth root
      (bio-root) regeneration could restore tooth loss in a miniature pig model. As a
      potential new method for tooth restoration, it is essential to compare this
      method with the widely used commercial dental implant-based method of tooth
      restoration. Tooth loss models were created by extracting mandibular incisors
      from miniature pigs. Allogeneic periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and
      dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were isolated and cultured. A PDLSC sheet was
      prepared by adding 20.0 ug/mL vitamin C to the culture medium; in addition, a
      hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP)/DPSC graft was fabricated and
      cultured in a 3-dimensional culture system. A total of 46 bio-root implantations
      and 9 dental implants were inserted, and crown restorations were performed 6 mo
      after implantation. Histological, radiological, biomechanical, and elemental
      analyses were used to evaluate and compare tissue-engineered bio-roots and dental
      implants to the natural tooth roots. After 6 mo, both computed tomography scans
      and histological examinations showed that root-like structures and dentin-like
      tissues had formed. Three months after crown restoration, clinical assessments
      revealed that tooth function was equivalent in the regenerated bio-root and the
      dental implant. Biomechanical testing showed that the bio-roots were similar to
      natural tooth roots in compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and torsional
      force; however, these properties were significantly higher in the dental
      implants. Elemental analysis revealed a higher similarity in elemental
      composition between bio-roots and natural tooth roots than between bio-roots and
      dental implants. However, the dental implant success rate was 100% (9 of 9) and
      the bio-root success rate was only 22% (10 of 46). Taken together, we showed that
      an allogeneic HA/TCP/DPSC/PDLSC sheet could successfully build a bio-root with
      structure and function similar to the natural tooth root; however, tissue
      engineering procedures must be optimized further to improve the success rate.

PMID- 26976132
TI  - Short-duration increases in intraluminal pressure improve vasoconstrictor
      responses in aged skeletal muscle feed arteries.
AB  - PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that exposure to a short-duration (1 h)
      increase in intraluminal pressure, to mimic pressure associated with a bout of
      exercise, would attenuate age-induced impairments of vascular smooth muscle (VSM)
      constrictor responses in soleus muscle feed arteries (SFA) via the Rho pathway.
      METHODS: SFA from young (4 months) and old (24 months) Fischer 344 rats were
      cannulated and pressurized to 90 or 130 cmH2O for 1 h. Following the 1-h
      treatment, pressure in P130 arteries was lowered to 90 cmH2O for examination of
      vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (Ang II), and
      phenylephrine (PE). To assess the role of the Rho pathway, vasoconstrictor
      responses were assessed in the absence or presence of a RhoA-kinase inhibitor
      (Y27632) or RhoA-kinase activator (LPA). RESULTS: Vasoconstrictor responses to
      NE, Ang II, and PE were impaired in old P90 SFA. Pretreatment of old SFA with
      increased pressure improved vasoconstrictor responses to NE, PE and Ang II. The
      beneficial effect of the pressure pretreatment in old SFA was eliminated in the
      presence of Y27632. In the presence of LPA, vasoconstrictor responses to Ang II
      were improved in old SFA such that responses were not different than young P90
      SFA. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a short-duration exposure to
      increased intraluminal pressure, to mimic pressure associated with a bout of
      exercise, attenuates or reverses the age-related decrement in VSM constrictor
      responses in SFA and that the beneficial response is mediated through Rho kinase.

PMID- 26976133
TI  - Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well
      being (FACIT-Sp12) on French Old People.
AB  - The study aimed to develop a French version of the Functional Assessment of
      Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being short version (FACIT-Sp12), in order
      to provide a self-reported measure for French people in the field of gerontology.
      The study involving 63 nursing home residents was conducted to evaluate the
      construct validity, reliability, and convergence validity of the FACIT-Sp12. A
      confirmatory factor analysis corroborated a three-factor model (Meaning, Peace
      and Faith) with modifications for two items, also valid among people with
      cognitive impairment. Subscales showed good internal consistency and are
      correlated with quality of life and depression. In conclusion, the validated
      French version is an suitable instrument to study the maintenance and promotion
      of quality of life in the elderly.

PMID- 26976134
TI  - Seasonal changes in the fatty acid profile of the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari,
      Ixodidae).
AB  - Fatty acids (FAs) from nymphs, females and males of Ixodes ricinus were analysed
      by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Ticks were collected from May to October
      2013. The most abundant FAs were 18:1, 18:0, 16:0 and 18:2 which are also
      dominant FAs of insects. Adults contained higher concentrations of FAs in general
      than nymphs because they contain more fat body and probably a thicker layer of
      epicuticular lipids. Larger quantities of FAs > 20 carbon atoms in the carboxylic
      chain were present in females, which generally show higher content of lipids
      essential for oogenesis, whereas there were similar amounts of 14-18 in both
      sexes. In September and October, ticks contained large concentrations of the
      majority of FAs except for 18:1, the most abundant one in ticks collected from
      May through August. Thus, most FAs, especially those with more than 20 C atoms,
      tend to increase at lower temperatures. 

PMID- 26976136
TI  - False Memories in Alzheimer's Disease: Intact Semantic Priming But Impaired
      Production of Critical Lures.
AB  - Objectives: This study explores the activation of the critical lure (CL) and its
      production in Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) tasks in Alzheimer's disease and
      aging. In a previous lexical decision task including DRM lists, we showed that
      the activation of the CL occurs normally in Alzheimer's patients. Here, we
      reproduce this study and add a production (DRM) task in order to compare both
      processes in the same groups of participants. Method: Eighteen older adults and
      20 Alzheimer's patients performed a conventional DRM task, followed by a lexical
      decision task with DRM lists intermixed with neutral words and nonwords. Results:
      Analyses indicated that Alzheimer's patients produced significantly fewer CLs
      than older participants in the DRM task, but that they showed, like older adults,
      shorter lexical decision latencies for CLs than for other types of words.
      Discussion: This study provides evidence that the low production of CLs regularly
      documented in Alzheimer's patients in the DRM paradigm is not necessarily
      explained by their nonactivation. The results are discussed in the light of the
      hypothesis of a rapid disappearance of the episodic mnemonic trace of the CLs in
      Alzheimer's patients.

PMID- 26976135
TI  - Inhibitory Selection Mechanisms in Clinically Healthy Older and Younger Adults.
AB  - Objective: Declines in working memory are a ubiquitous finding within the
      cognitive-aging literature. A unitary inhibitory selection mechanism that serves
      to guide attention toward task-relevant information and resolve interference from
      task-irrelevant information has been proposed to underlie such deficits. However,
      inhibition can occur at multiple time points in the memory-processing stream.
      Here, we tested whether the time point at which inhibition occurs in the memory
      processing stream affects age-related memory decline. Method: Clinically healthy
      younger (n = 23) and older (n = 22) adults performed two similar item-recognition
      working memory tasks. In one task, participants received an instruction cue
      telling them which words to attend to followed by a memory set, promoting
      perceptual inhibition at the time of encoding. In the other task, participants
      received the instruction cue after they received the memory set, fostering
      inhibition of items already in memory. Results: We found that older and younger
      adults differed in their ability to inhibit items both during encoding and when
      items had to be inhibited in memory but that these age differences were
      exaggerated when irrelevant information had to be inhibited from memory. These
      results provide insights into the mechanisms that support cognitive changes to
      memory processes in healthy aging.

PMID- 26976137
TI  - A novel dengue virus serotype 1 vaccine candidate based on Japanese encephalitis
      virus vaccine strain SA14-14-2 as the backbone.
AB  - To develop a potential dengue vaccine candidate, a full-length cDNA clone of a
      novel chimeric virus was constructed using recombinant DNA technology, with
      Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine strain SA14-14-2 as the backbone, with
      its premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes substituted by their counterparts
      from dengue virus type 1 (DENV1). The chimeric virus (JEV/DENV1) was successfully
      recovered from primary hamster kidney (PHK) cells by transfection with the in
      vitro transcription products of JEV/DENV1 cDNA and was identified by complete
      genome sequencing and immunofluorescent staining. No neuroinvasiveness of this
      chimeric virus was observed in mice inoculated by the subcutaneous route (s.c.)
      or by the intraperitoneal route (i.p.), while some neurovirulence was displayed
      in mice that were inoculated directly by the intracerebral route (i.c.). The
      chimeric virus was able to stimulate high-titer production of antibodies against
      DENV1 and provided protection against lethal challenge with neuroadapted dengue
      virus in mice. These results suggest that the chimeric virus is a promising
      dengue vaccine candidate. 

PMID- 26976138
TI  - Identification of the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein gene of cucumber
      fruit mottle mosaic virus and development of a heterologous expression vector.
AB  - Heterologous gene expression using plant virus vectors enables research on host
      virus interactions and the production of useful proteins, but the host range of
      plant viruses limits the practical applications of such vectors. Here, we aimed
      to develop a viral vector based on cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus (CFMMV), a
      member of the genus Tobamovirus, whose members infect cucurbits. The subgenomic
      promoter (SGP) in the coat protein (CP) gene, which was used to drive
      heterologous expression, was mapped by analyzing deletion mutants from a CaMV 35S
      promoter-driven infectious CFMMV clone. The region from nucleotides (nt) -55 to
      +160 relative to the start codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of CP was found
      to be a fully active promoter, and the region from nt -55 to +100 was identified
      as the active core promoter. Based on these SGPs, we constructed a cloning site
      in the CFMMV vector and successfully expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein
      (EGFP) in Nicotiana benthamiana and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Co
      inoculation with the P19 suppressor increased EGFP expression and viral
      replication by blocking degradation of the viral genome. Our CFMMV vector will be
      useful as an expression vector in cucurbits. 

PMID- 26976139
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III is
      still prevalent in swine herds in Sichuan province in China.
AB  - The genome of JEV strain SC201301, which was isolated from an aborted fetal
      piglet in 2013 in Sichuan province in China, was completely sequenced and
      phylogenetically analyzed. Sequence alignments showed that the SC201301 strain
      shared 97-100% sequence identity with other genotype III strains but showed less
      similarity to genotype I representative JEVs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated
      that the SC201301 strain belonged to genotype III and was most closely related to
      representative strains such as SA14-14-2, HW and SH0601. Our findings suggest
      that JEV genotype III is still prevalent in swine herds in Sichuan province in
      China, and thus, there is an urgent need to monitor the infection status of JEV
      among swine herds in China. 

PMID- 26976140
TI  - A novel method of transcriptome interpretation reveals a quantitative suppressive
      effect on tomato immune signaling by two domains in a single pathogen effector
      protein.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effector proteins are translocated into host cells by plant-pathogens
      to undermine pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), the plant response to microbe
      associated molecular patterns that interferes with the infection process.
      Individual effectors are found in variable repertoires where some constituents
      target the same pathways. The effector protein AvrPto from Pseudomonas syringae
      has a core domain (CD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) that each promotes bacterial
      growth and virulence in tomato. The individual contributions of each domain and
      whether they act redundantly is unknown. RESULTS: We use RNA-Seq to elucidate the
      contribution of the CD and CTD to the suppression of PTI in tomato leaves 6 h
      after inoculation. Unexpectedly, each domain alters transcript levels of
      essentially the same genes but to a different degree. This difference, when
      quantified, reveals that although targeting the same host genes, the two domains
      act synergistically. AvrPto has a relatively greater effect on genes whose
      expression is suppressed during PTI, and the effect on these genes appears to be
      diminished by saturation. CONCLUSIONS: RNA-Seq profiles can be used to observe
      relative contributions of effector subdomains to PTI suppression. Our analysis
      shows the CD and CTD multiplicatively affect the same gene transcript levels with
      a greater relative impact on genes whose expression is suppressed during PTI. The
      higher degree of up-regulation versus down-regulation during PTI is plausibly an
      evolutionary adaptation against effectors that target immune signaling.

PMID- 26976141
TI  - Efficiently prepared ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract: a putative
      marker and antiproliferative effects.
AB  - Ephedrine alkaloids (EAs) have been considered the main pharmacologically active
      substances in Ephedra Herb (, Mao; EH) since they were first identified by Prof.
      N. Nagai, and are known to induce palpitation, hypertension, insomnia, and
      dysuria as side effects. Therefore, the administration of drugs containing EH to
      patients with cardiovascular-related diseases is severely contraindicated. While
      our previous studies suggest that some of the effects of EH may not be due to
      EAs, considering their side effects would be expedient to develop a new EAs-free
      EH extract (EFE). Here, we established a preparation method for EFE and revealed
      its chemical composition, including the content of herbacetin, a flavonoid
      aglycon present in EH and a potential putative marker for EFE quality control. In
      addition, we showed the antiproliferative effects of EFE against the H1975 non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. EFE was prepared from EH extract using
      the ion exchange resin SK-1B. LC/Orbitrap MS analysis revealed the removal of
      EAs, 6-methoxykynurenic acid, and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid from the original
      extract. Quantitative analysis of herbacetin using LC/MS in acid-hydrolyzed EFE
      showed that its content was 0.104 %. Although several alkaloidal constituents
      were removed from EH extract, the antiproliferative effect of EFE against H1975
      cells was comparable to that of EH extract. These results indicate that EFE
      retained the anticancer effect of EH and demonstrated its potential for future
      development as a new herbal medicine with reduced side effects. 

PMID- 26976142
TI  - Fast myocardial perfusion imaging with 99mTc in challenging patients using
      conventional SPECT cameras.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We attempted to validate the performance of a fast myocardial
      perfusion imaging (MPI) protocol in diagnostically challenging patients. METHODS:
      78 patients with BetaMUIota > 24.9, LVH or three vessels disease underwent two
      sequential gated-MPI studies. The first at 15 (Early Imaging, EI) and the second
      at 45 (Late Imaging, LI) minutes post 99mTc-injection, at both stress and rest.
      Counts over heart (H), liver (Liv) and subdiaphragmatic space (Sub) and image
      quality, and myocardial perfusion and function parameters were compared between
      the two protocols. Coronary angiography was performed within 2 months from MPI,
      and ROC analysis was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of
      >=50% diameter luminal stenosis. RESULTS: Quality was optimal-good in 93% of EI
      and 98% of LI studies (P = .12), H/Liv and stress H/Sub ratios were similar, but
      rest H/Sub ratio was lower in EI (P = .009). SSS [10 (0 to 46) vs 9 (0 to 36), P
      = .006] and SDS [3 (0 to 35) vs 2 (0 to 34), P = .02] were higher in EI protocol.
      LVEF, motion and thickening scores did not differ between the two protocols. A
      highly significant (P < .001) linear relationship with clinically negligible mean
      differences in Bland-Altman analysis was observed for all perfusion and function
      related data. Sensitivity (EI 81%, LI 80%) and specificity (65% for both) did not
      differ (P = .23) between the two protocols. CONCLUSION: The fast protocol is
      technically feasible and diagnostically accurate compared to the established
      protocol in diagnostically challenging patients.

PMID- 26976143
TI  - Editorial in response to: PET/CT evaluation of 18F-FDG uptake in pericoronary
      adipose tissue in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Independent
      predictor of atherosclerotic lesion formation? : Is there prognostic value in
      evaluation of 18F-FDG uptake in the pericoronary adipose tissue?

PMID- 26976144
TI  - Does the etiology of cardiac amyloidosis determine the myocardial uptake of [18F]
      NaF PET/CT?
AB  - Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) leads to variable degrees of myocardial infiltration
      with a final echocardiographic phenotype of "hypertrophy." Although many non
      invasive imaging techniques (MRI, CT, scintigraphy, PET) are useful, the
      definitive diagnosis is still based on myocardial histology. We explored the
      possible role of [18F]-NaF PET/CT in the diagnosis of this disease in two cases
      with wild-type (ATTRwt) or mutant (ATTRm) Ile68Leu transthyretin (TTR)-related
      CA.

PMID- 26976145
TI  - Microtubule dynamics decoded by the epigenetic state of centromeric chromatin.
AB  - Cell division with accurate chromosome segregation is fundamental to cell
      survival of all organisms. The precise molecular mechanisms that ensure accurate
      chromosome segregation are still being discovered using a variety of experimental
      systems and approaches. Microtubule attachment to the kinetochore is a
      prerequisite for mitotic progression, failure of which activates the spindle
      assembly checkpoint (SAC). The dynamic tension generated by interaction of the
      centromere, kinetochore and microtubules is a key regulator of the SAC. Here, in
      the context of current literature we discuss our recent observation in fission
      yeast that epigenetic alterations in centromeric and pericentromeric chromatin
      can compensate for altered dynamics of kinetochore-microtubule attachment to
      permit escape from mitotic arrest. A role for the spatial configuration of the
      centromere to influence the finely tuned regulators of mitotic progression opens
      up new avenues for research.

PMID- 26976146
TI  - Induced-anxiety differentially disrupts working memory in generalized anxiety
      disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anxiety is characterized by a bias towards threatening information,
      anxious apprehension, and disrupted concentration. Previous research in healthy
      subjects suggests that working memory (WM) is disrupted by induced anxiety, but
      that increased task-demand reduces anxiety and WM is preserved. However, it is
      unknown if patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) can similarly
      normalize their performance on difficult WM tasks while reducing their anxiety.
      Increased threat-related bias and impoverished top-down control in trait anxiety
      suggests that patients may not reap the same cognitive and emotional benefits
      from demanding tasks that those low in anxiety. Here we examine this possibility
      using a WM task of varying difficulty. METHODS: GAD patients (N = 30) and healthy
      controls (N = 30) performed an n-back task (no-load, 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back)
      while at risk for shock (threat) or safe from shock (safe). Anxiety was measured
      via startle reflex and self-report. RESULTS: As predicted, healthy controls'
      performance was impaired under threat during low-load tasks and facilitated
      during high-load tasks. In contrast, GAD patients' performance was impaired under
      threat regardless of WM load. Anxiety was reduced as cognitive load increased in
      both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The divergence of emotion regulation (reduction) and
      performance (persistent impairment) in the patient but not the control group,
      suggests that different top-down mechanisms may be operating to reduce anxiety.
      Continued WM disruption in patients indicates that attentional resources are
      allocated to emotion regulation instead of goal-directed behavior. Implications
      for our understanding of cognitive disruption in patients, and related
      therapeutic interventions are discussed.

PMID- 26976147
TI  - Dissection and integration of the autophagy signaling network initiated by
      bluetongue virus infection: crucial candidates ERK1/2, Akt and AMPK.
AB  - Bluetongue virus (BTV), a complex double-stranded segmented RNA virus, has been
      found to initiate cellular autophagy for its own benefit. Here, with a view to
      understanding the underlying mechanisms, we first systematically dissected the
      exact signaling network in BTV-induced autophagy. We found that the activity of
      mTOR, a crucial pivot, was inhibited by BTV1 infection, subsequently leading to
      downstream p70S6K suppression and autophagy initiation. We then explored the
      upstream regulators of mTOR and analyzed their activities via a series of assays.
      We found BTV1-induced autophagy to be independent of the ERK1/2 signaling
      pathway. However, the BTV1-induced inhibition of PI3K/Akt was found to be
      partially responsible for mTOR inactivation and subsequent autophagy initiation.
      Furthermore, we found unexpectedly that AMPK seemed to play a more important role
      in BTV1-induced autophagy. Elevated [Ca(2+)]cyto-mediated activation of CaMKKbeta
      exactly managed the activation of AMPK, which then positively regulated autophagy
      through suppressing mTOR. We must emphasize that TSC2 is a fatal mediator between
      upstream Akt or AMPK and downstream mTOR through its phosphorylation. Taken
      together, our data suggested that the BTV1-induced inhibition of the Akt-TSC2
      mTOR pathway and the upregulation of the AMPK-TSC2-mTOR pathway both contributed
      to autophagy initiation and further favored virus replication. 

PMID- 26976148
TI  - Inclusion of Adolescents in Clinical Trials for Sexually Transmitted Infections:
      A Review of Existing Registered Studies.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite their heightened risk of sexually transmitted infections, minor
      adolescents (<18 years old) are often excluded from clinical trials. The results
      of trials of adults should not be assumed to generalize to minors. METHODS: Two
      public clinical trial registries were first searched using microbicide or PrEP
      with STD, STI, HIV, or HSV and with gel, ring, or film, and then searched using
      prevention/sexually transmitted diseases with gel. Studies were classified based
      on the information provided in the registry. RESULTS: The searches yielded 111
      unique studies. Only 9.0% (n = 10) included minors. They were under-represented
      in Phase 0-II studies and over-represented in studies of individuals infected
      with human immunodeficiency virus. CONCLUSIONS: Minor adolescents should be
      included during all stages of development and before they have acquired an
      infection. Future studies should examine the challenges of including minor
      adolescents in trials and how to overcome these barriers.

PMID- 26976149
TI  - Feelings of Safety at School, Socioemotional Functioning, and Classroom
      Engagement.
AB  - PURPOSE: Classroom engagement is a key indicator of student motivation, learning
      potential, and the eventual probability of persisting to high-school completion.
      This study investigated whether feeling unsafe at school interferes with
      classroom engagement and simultaneously considered whether this association is
      mediated by poorer student well-being in the form of experiencing symptoms of
      depression and demonstrating aggressive behavior problems. METHODS: Data were
      from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, an ongoing study that
      began in 1998 with a population-based cohort of 2,120 Quebec 5-month-old infants.
      Structural equation modeling was used to test the central hypothesis that
      concurrent youth self-reported feelings of a lack of safety at school are
      associated with poorer teacher-reported student classroom engagement (at age 13
      years) and the mediating role of emotional and behavioral problems. The model
      controlled for concurrent measures of victimization, the school safety climate,
      and earlier measures of students' academic adjustment. RESULTS: The findings
      support the central hypothesis that youth who feel safer at school are also more
      engaged in the classroom (p <= .05). Students who felt safer demonstrated less
      depressive symptoms, but this only partly explained the association between
      feeling safe and being engaged. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing student feelings of
      safety at school (e.g., by reducing victimization, improving the overall school
      and neighborhood safety climate) is likely to represent an effective strategy for
      promoting classroom engagement. Such interventions could also contribute to
      future academic achievement and high-school completion and decrease symptoms of
      mental health problems among youth.

PMID- 26976150
TI  - Induction chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the paranasal
      sinus and nasal cavity: a role in organ preservation.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The role of induction chemotherapy (IC) for eyeball preservation
      has not been established in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of the
      paranasal sinus and nasal cavity (PNSNC). Periorbital involvement frequently
      leads to eyeball exenteration with a margin of safety. We evaluated the treatment
      outcomes, including survival and eyeball preservation, of patients who received
      IC for HNSCC of the PNSNC. METHODS: We reviewed 21 patients diagnosed with HNSCC
      of the PNSNC who were treated with IC. We analyzed response, eyeball preservation
      rate, and overall survival. RESULTS: Tumors were located in the paranasal sinus
      (n = 14) or nasal cavity (n = 7). Most patients had stage T4a (n = 10) or T4b (n
      = 7) disease. More than half of the patients received a chemotherapy regimen of
      docetaxel, fluorouracil, and cisplatin (n = 11). Thirteen patients (61.9%)
      achieved a partial response after IC and 15 patients (71.4%) achieved T down
      staging. Among 17 patients with stage T4 disease, which confers a high risk of
      orbital exenteration, 14 (82.4%) achieved preservation of the involved eye. The 3
      year overall survival (OS) rate of patients who achieved a partial response to IC
      was 84.6%. The 3-year OS rate of patients with stable disease or disease
      progression after IC was 25.0% (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: IC could be considered
      for down-staging patients with advanced T-stage disease. It could also be a
      reasonable option for eyeball preservation in locally advanced HNSCC of the
      PNSNC.

PMID- 26976151
TI  - An analysis of age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and its significance on
      osteoarthritis in a Korean population.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of
      sarcopenia on age-related osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in a Korean population.
      METHODS: All the Korean subjects who visited the Yeungnam University Medical
      Center Health Promotion Center between 2008 and 2012 in order to undergo a
      routine medical examination were enrolled. A total of 5,723 young, healthy people
      (2,959 males, 2,764 females) enrolled as normal subjects and 23,473 subjects
      (13,006 males and 10,467 females) were included for evaluation of the effects of
      sarcopenia on OA. There were 266 subjects who followed-up bioelectrical impedance
      analysis at a 4-year interval. Of 327 subjects enrolled in this study, knees with
      anteroposterior X-rays were assessed according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (K/L)
      grade. RESULTS: Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
      showed a steady decrease with the advance of age (p < 0.01), but SMI showed
      strong positive correlation with BMR (r = 0.72, beta = 30.96, p < 0.01). During
      the 4-year interval, BMR showed a significant decrease with aging (p < 0.01),
      consistently with the decrease of SMI. Knees with normal SMI were prone to be
      designated as K/L grade 0 or 1; however, subjects with sarcopenia showed a trend
      toward the higher K/L grade, classified as knee radiological osteoarthritis (ROA)
      (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study may indicate that sarcopenia
      as age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass is interactively correlated with the
      presence and severity of age-related OA.

PMID- 26976196
TI  - Automated 3D ultrasound elastography of the breast: a phantom validation study.
AB  - In breast cancer screening, the automated breast volume scanner (ABVS) was
      introduced as an alternative for mammography since the latter technique is less
      suitable for women with dense breasts. Although clinical studies show promising
      results, clinicians report two disadvantages: long acquisition times (>90 s)
      introducing breathing artefacts, and high recall rates due to detection of many
      small lesions of uncertain malignant potential. Technical improvements for faster
      image acquisition and better discrimination between benign and malignant lesions
      are thus required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if 3D
      ultrasound elastography using plane-wave imaging is feasible. Strain images of a
      breast elastography phantom were acquired by an ABVS-mimicking device that
      allowed axial and elevational movement of the attached transducer. Pre- and post
      deformation volumes were acquired with different constant speeds (between 1.25
      and 40.0 mm s(-1)) and by three protocols: Go-Go (pre- and post-volumes with
      identical start and end positions), Go-Return (similar to Go-Go with opposite
      scanning directions) and Control (pre- and post-volumes acquired per position,
      this protocol can be seen as reference). Afterwards, 2D and 3D cross-correlation
      and strain algorithms were applied to the acquired volumes and the results were
      compared. The Go-Go protocol was shown to be superior with better strain image
      quality (CNRe and SNRe) than Go-Return and to be similar as Control. This can be
      attributed to applying opposite mechanical forces to the phantom during the Go
      Return protocol, leading to out-of-plane motion. This motion was partly
      compensated by using 3D cross-correlation. However, the quality was still
      inferior to Go-Go. Since these results were obtained in a phantom study with
      controlled deformations, the effect of possible uncontrolled in vivo tissue
      motion artefacts has to be addressed in future studies. In conclusion, it seems
      feasible to implement 3D ultrasound quasi-static elastography on an ABVS-like
      system and to reduce scan times within one breath-hold (~10 s) by plane-wave
      acquisitions. 

PMID- 26976197
TI  - Molecular Diagnosis for Nodal Metastasis in Endoscopically Managed Cervical
      Cancer: The Accuracy of the APTIMA Test to Detect High-risk Human Papillomavirus
      Messenger RNA in Sentinel Lymph Nodes.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of a commercially
      available test to detect E6/E7 mRNA of 14 subtypes of high-risk HPVs (APTIMA;
      Hologic, Bedford, MA) in the sentinel lymph nodes of CC patients laparoscopically
      operated. DESIGN: Prospective pilot study. SETTING: The study was conducted in
      the Department of Advanced Operative and Oncologic Gynecology, Asklepios
      Hospital, Hamburg, Germany. PATIENTS: 54 women with HPV-positive CC submitted to
      laparoscopic sentinel node biopsy alone or sentinel node biopsy followed by
      systematic pelvic and/or para-aortic endoscopic lymphadenectomy. INTERVENTIONS:
      All removed sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) underwent sample collection by cytobrush
      for the APTIMA assay before frozen section. MEASUREMENTS: Results obtained with
      the HPV mRNA test were compared with the definitive histopathological analysis of
      the SLNs and additional lymph nodes removed. RESULTS: A total of 125 SLNs (119
      pelvic and 6 paraaortic) were excised with a mean number of 2.3 SLNs per patient.
      Final histopathologic analysis confirmed nodal metastases in 10 SLNs from 10
      different patients (18%). All the histologically confirmed metastatic lymph nodes
      were also HPV E6/E7 mRNA positive, resulting in a sensitivity of 100%. Four
      histologically free sentinel nodes were positive for HPV E6/E7 mRNA, resulting in
      a specificity of 96.4%. CONCLUSION: The HPV E6/E7 mRNA assay in the SLNs of
      patients with CC is feasible and highly accurate. The detection of HPV mRNA in 4
      women with negative SLNs might denote a shift from microscopic identification of
      metastasis to the molecular level. The prognostic value of this findings awaits
      further verification.

PMID- 26976198
TI  - Assessment of Long-Term Bowel Symptoms After Segmental Resection of Deeply
      Infiltrating Endometriosis: A Matched Cohort Study.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term bowel symptoms in women who underwent
      segmental bowel resection for deep-infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) compared with
      women who underwent resection of severe endometriosis without bowel resection.
      DESIGN: Cohort study with matched controls (Canadian Task Force classification II
      2). SETTING: Cleveland Clinic. PATIENTS: 71 patients (36 cases and 35 controls).
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients who were at least 4 years out from undergoing segmental
      bowel resection due to DIE were matched with patients who had undergone resection
      of stage III/IV endometriosis without bowel resection. The patients completed
      validated questionnaires, and data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum,
      chi(2), and Fisher exact tests. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The Bristol Stool
      Form Scale, Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms Questionnaire (PAC-SYM),
      and St Mark's Vaizey Fecal Incontinence Grading System were used to elicit
      information. The median duration of follow-up was 10.1 years (range, 4-18 years).
      The mean patient age and body mass index were comparable in the cases and the
      controls. A larger proportion of cases than controls reported new bowel symptoms
      (58% [21 of 36] vs 14% [5 of 35]; p = .001), as well as abdominal pain,
      incomplete bowel movements, and false alarms on the PAC-SYM questionnaire;
      however, total PAC-SYM and Vaizey Fecal Incontinence Grading System scores were
      similar in the 2 groups (median, 8 [interquartile range, 8-10] vs 8 [8-10]; p =
      .86). Similarly, the proportion of patients with normal stool consistency
      (Bristol Stool Form Scale score 2-6) was similar in the 2 groups (80.6% [29 of
      36] vs 94.3% [33 of 35]; p = .59). CONCLUSION: Segmental bowel resection for DIE
      may be associated with a higher incidence of new bowel symptoms (possibly due to
      abdominal pain, incomplete bowel movements, and/or false alarms), but not with
      worse constipation or fecal incontinence, compared with surgery without bowel
      resection.

PMID- 26976199
TI  - Frequency and amplitude modulation of ultra-compact terahertz quantum cascade
      lasers using an integrated avalanche diode oscillator.
AB  - Mode-locked comb sources operating at optical frequencies underpin applications
      ranging from spectroscopy and ultrafast physics, through to absolute frequency
      measurements and atomic clocks. Extending their operation into the terahertz
      frequency range would greatly benefit from the availability of compact
      semiconductor-based sources. However, the development of any compact mode-locked
      THz laser, which itself is inherently a frequency comb, has yet to be achieved
      without the use of an external stimulus. High-power, electrically pumped quantum
      cascade lasers (QCLs) have recently emerged as a promising solution, owing to
      their octave spanning bandwidths, the ability to achieve group-velocity
      dispersion compensation and the possibility of obtaining active mode-locking.
      Here, we propose an unprecedented compact architecture to induce both frequency
      and amplitude self-modulation in a THz QCL. By engineering a microwave avalanche
      oscillator into the laser cavity, which provides a 10 GHz self-modulation of the
      bias current and output power, we demonstrate multimode laser emission centered
      around 3 THz, with distinct multiple sidebands. The resulting microwave amplitude
      and frequency self-modulation of THz QCLs opens up intriguing perspectives, for
      engineering integrated self-mode-locked THz lasers, with impact in fields such as
      nano- and ultrafast photonics and optical metrology. 

PMID- 26976202
TI  - Extent of resection in medulloblastoma: time to reconsider?

PMID- 26976200
TI  - NOD-like receptor signaling and inflammasome-related pathways are highlighted in
      psoriatic epidermis.
AB  - Psoriatic skin differs distinctly from normal skin by its thickened epidermis.
      Most gene expression comparisons utilize full-thickness biopsies, with
      substantial amount of dermis. We assayed the transcriptomes of normal, lesional,
      and non-lesional psoriatic epidermis, sampled as split-thickness skin grafts,
      with 5'-end RNA sequencing. We found that psoriatic epidermis contains more mRNA
      per total RNA than controls, and took this into account in the bioinformatic
      analysis. The approach highlighted innate immunity-related pathways in psoriasis,
      including NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling and inflammasome activation. We
      demonstrated that the NLR signaling genes NOD2, PYCARD, CARD6, and IFI16 are
      upregulated in psoriatic epidermis, and strengthened these findings by protein
      expression. Interestingly, PYCARD, the key component of the inflammasome, showed
      an altered expression pattern in the lesional epidermis. The profiling of non
      lesional skin highlighted PSORS4 and mitochondrially encoded transcripts,
      suggesting that their gene expression is altered already before the development
      of lesions. Our data suggest that all components needed for the active
      inflammasome are present in the keratinocytes of psoriatic skin. The
      characterization of inflammasome pathways provides further opportunities for
      therapy. Complementing previous transcriptome studies, our approach gives deeper
      insight into the gene regulation in psoriatic epidermis. 

PMID- 26976203
TI  - Base catalysed intermolecular cyclisation of N-protected o-amino
      benzaldehyde/acetophenone with phosphorus/sulphur based allenes: facile synthesis
      of substituted quinolines.
AB  - Reaction of N-Bz protected o-aminobenzaldehyde or acetophenone with
      allenylphosphonates in the presence of a simple base leads to quaternary carbon
      substituted phosphono-quinolines which undergo thermal rearrangement to O
      phosphorylated quinolines. The present one-pot reaction involves intermolecular
      cyclisation, dehydration, and benzoyl group rearrangement followed by a novel
      phosphoryl group migration. The migration was less facile/not observed in the
      reactions using allenylphosphine oxides and sulphur based allenes wherein only
      substituted quinolines were obtained in good yields. X-ray structures have been
      determined for the key products. 

PMID- 26976204
TI  - Serum Vitamin D is Not Helpful for Predicting Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness
      Compared with the Prostate Health Index.
AB  - PURPOSE: We evaluated the usefulness of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D as a marker of
      aggressive prostate cancer and for active surveillance compared to PHI (Prostate
      Health Index). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 480 prospectively biopsied men 222 had
      prostate cancer and 258 had no evidence of malignancy. In all men prostate
      specific antigen was less than 20 ng/ml. We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D,
      prostate specific antigen, free prostate specific antigen and -2proPSA using a
      commercially available immunoassay system. PHI was calculated according to the
      equation, -2proPSA/free prostate specific antigen * ?PSA. We determined 25
      hydroxyvitamin D using a 2-step competitive binding immunoenzymatic vitamin D
      assay. RESULTS: The 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were not associated with
      Gleason grade according to the 2014 ISUP (International Society of Urological
      Pathology) consensus conference Gleason grading system. PHI values were higher
      with increasing Gleason grade. Median 25-hydroxyvitamin D did not differ between
      men with prostate cancer vs no evidence of malignancy (50.6 vs 48.2 nmol/l, p =
      0.192) or in ISUP Gleason subgroups despite seasonal variations of 25
      hydroxyvitamin D. However, PHI values significantly differed between the subgroup
      with no evidence of malignancy and all Gleason subgroups (p <0.0001). The ROCs of
      all men revealed an advantage of PHI over 25-hydroxyvitamin D (AUC 0.78 vs 0.535,
      p <0.0001). PHI could also significantly better separate patients with no
      evidence of malignancy from those with nonaggressive disease (ISUP Gleason grade
      1) from those with aggressive prostate cancer (ISUP Gleason grades 2-5).
      CONCLUSIONS: It remains highly improbable that 25-hydroxyvitamin D could be used
      as decision or selection marker for aggressive prostate cancer or for active
      surveillance compared to accepted markers, as recently suggested.

PMID- 26976205
TI  - Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome: Reliability and
      Validity of the Dutch Version.
AB  - PURPOSE: We sought to establish the reliability and validity of the Dutch version
      of the Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome for
      children with dysfunctional voiding and their parents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For
      this cross-sectional multicenter study the Vancouver Symptom Score for
      Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome was translated and cross-culturally adapted to
      Dutch following a standardized process. Patients 16 years or younger with
      dysfunctional voiding and their parents were recruited at pediatric, pediatric
      urology and pelvic floor physical therapy outpatient clinics. The reference group
      consisted of children 6 to 16 years old without dysfunctional voiding and their
      parents. All groups completed questionnaires. The evaluated measurement
      properties included discriminative ability, internal consistency, test-retest
      reliability, interrater agreement, criterion validity using the Pediatric
      Incontinence Questionnaire and construct validity. A cutoff value for diagnosis
      of dysfunctional voiding was determined. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients and 60
      references and their parents were included in the study. The Vancouver Symptom
      Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome showed good discriminative ability.
      A moderate internal consistency was found (Cronbach alpha 0.37-0.55). Test-retest
      reliability was moderate to good, and interrater agreement demonstrated good
      correlation between children and parents (ICC 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.89). A weak
      correlation with the Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire was found in patients
      and construct validity was confirmed. Cutoff scores for dysfunctional voiding
      were 11 and 9 for patients and parents, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Dutch
      Vancouver Symptom Score for Dysfunctional Elimination Syndrome displayed moderate
      to good reliability and validity properties for the patient and parent versions.
      Use of this instrument in clinical practice will support the assessment of
      dysfunctional voiding and facilitate international reporting of research results.

PMID- 26976206
TI  - Prospective Quality of Life in Men Choosing Active Surveillance Compared to Those
      Biopsied but not Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Active surveillance is an important alternative to definitive therapy
      for men with low risk prostate cancer. However, the impact of active surveillance
      on health related quality of life compared to that in men without cancer remains
      unknown. In this study we evaluated health related quality of life outcomes in
      men on active surveillance compared to men followed after negative prostate
      needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on men
      who were enrolled into the Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter
      National Database and underwent prostate needle biopsy for suspicion of prostate
      cancer between 2007 and 2014. Health related quality of life was assessed at
      biopsy (baseline) and annually for up to 3 years using SF-36 and EPIC
      questionnaires. Health related quality of life scores were modeled using
      generalized estimating equations, adjusting for baseline health related quality
      of life, and demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 1,204 men
      who met the initial eligibility criteria 420 had a negative prostate needle
      biopsy (noncancer comparison group). Among the 411 men diagnosed with low risk
      prostate cancer 89 were on active surveillance. Longitudinal analysis revealed
      that for most health related quality of life subscales there were no significant
      differences between the groups in adjusted health related quality of life score
      trends over time. CONCLUSIONS: In this study most health related quality of life
      outcomes in patients with low risk prostate cancer on active surveillance did not
      differ significantly from those of men without prostate cancer. A comparison
      group of men with a similar risk of prostate cancer detection is critical to
      clarify the psychological and physical impact of active surveillance.

PMID- 26976201
TI  - Prognostic value of medulloblastoma extent of resection after accounting for
      molecular subgroup: a retrospective integrated clinical and molecular analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with incomplete surgical resection of medulloblastoma are
      controversially regarded as having a marker of high-risk disease, which leads to
      patients undergoing aggressive surgical resections, so-called second-look
      surgeries, and intensified chemoradiotherapy. All previous studies assessing the
      clinical importance of extent of resection have not accounted for molecular
      subgroup. We analysed the prognostic value of extent of resection in a subgroup
      specific manner. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients who had a
      histological diagnosis of medulloblastoma and complete data about extent of
      resection and survival from centres participating in the Medulloblastoma Advanced
      Genomics International Consortium. We collected from resections done between
      April, 1997, and February, 2013, at 35 international institutions. We established
      medulloblastoma subgroup affiliation by gene expression profiling on frozen or
      formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. We classified extent of resection on
      the basis of postoperative imaging as gross total resection (no residual tumour),
      near-total resection (<1.5 cm(2) tumour remaining), or sub-total resection (>=1.5
      cm(2) tumour remaining). We did multivariable analyses of overall survival and
      progression-free survival using the variables molecular subgroup (WNT, SHH, group
      4, and group 3), age (<3 vs >=3 years old), metastatic status (metastases vs no
      metastases), geographical location of therapy (North America/Australia vs rest of
      the world), receipt of chemotherapy (yes vs no) and receipt of craniospinal
      irradiation (<30 Gy or >30 Gy vs no craniospinal irradiation). The primary
      analysis outcome was the effect of extent of resection by molecular subgroup and
      the effects of other clinical variables on overall and progression-free survival.
      FINDINGS: We included 787 patients with medulloblastoma (86 with WNT tumours, 242
      with SHH tumours, 163 with group 3 tumours, and 296 with group 4 tumours) in our
      multivariable Cox models of progression-free and overall survival. We found that
      the prognostic benefit of increased extent of resection for patients with
      medulloblastoma is attenuated after molecular subgroup affiliation is taken into
      account. We identified a progression-free survival benefit for gross total
      resection over sub-total resection (hazard ratio [HR] 1.45, 95% CI 1.07-1.96,
      p=0.16) but no overall survival benefit (HR 1.23, 0.87-1.72, p=0.24). We saw no
      progression-free survival or overall survival benefit for gross total resection
      compared with near-total resection (HR 1.05, 0.71-1.53, p=0.8158 for progression
      free survival and HR 1.14, 0.75-1.72, p=0.55 for overall survival). No
      significant survival benefit existed for greater extent of resection for patients
      with WNT, SHH, or group 3 tumours (HR 1.03, 0.67-1.58, p=0.89 for sub-total
      resection vs gross total resection). For patients with group 4 tumours, gross
      total resection conferred a benefit to progression-free survival compared with
      sub-total resection (HR 1.97, 1.22-3.17, p=0.0056), especially for those with
      metastatic disease (HR 2.22, 1.00-4.93, p=0.050). However, gross total resection
      had no effect on overall survival compared with sub-total resection in patients
      with group 4 tumours (HR 1.67, 0.93-2.99, p=0.084). INTERPRETATION: The
      prognostic benefit of increased extent of resection for patients with
      medulloblastoma is attenuated after molecular subgroup affiliation is taken into
      account. Although maximum safe surgical resection should remain the standard of
      care, surgical removal of small residual portions of medulloblastoma is not
      recommended when the likelihood of neurological morbidity is high because there
      is no definitive benefit to gross total resection compared with near-total
      resection. FUNDING: Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, Terry Fox
      Research Institute, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes
      of Health, Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, and the Garron Family Chair in
      Childhood Cancer Research.

PMID- 26976208
TI  - Mesenchymal stem cells secretomes' affect multiple myeloma translation
      initiation.
AB  - Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells' (BM-MSCs) role in multiple myeloma (MM)
      pathogenesis is recognized. Recently, we have published that co-culture of MM
      cell lines with BM-MSCs results in mutual modulation of phenotype and proteome
      (via translation initiation (TI) factors eIF4E/eIF4GI) and that there are
      differences between normal donor BM-MSCs (ND-MSCs) and MM BM-MSCs (MM-MSCs) in
      this crosstalk. Here, we aimed to assess the involvement of soluble BM-MSCs' (ND,
      MM) components, more easily targeted, in manipulation of MM cell lines phenotype
      and TI with specific focus on microvesicles (MVs) capable of transferring
      critical biological material. We applied ND and MM-MSCs 72h secretomes to MM cell
      lines (U266 and ARP-1) for 12-72h and then assayed the cells' (viability, cell
      count, cell death, proliferation, cell cycle, autophagy) and TI (factors: eIF4E,
      teIF4GI; regulators: mTOR, MNK1/2, 4EBP; targets: cyclin D1, NFkappaB, SMAD5,
      cMyc, HIF1alpha). Furthermore, we dissected the secretome into >100kDa and
      <100kDa fractions and repeated the experiments. Finally, MVs were isolated from
      the ND and MM-MSCs secretomes and applied to MM cell lines. Phenotype and TI were
      assessed. Secretomes of BM-MSCs (ND, MM) significantly stimulated MM cell lines'
      TI, autophagy and proliferation. The dissected secretome yielded different
      effects on MM cell lines phenotype and TI according to fraction (>100kDa-
      repressed; <100kDa- stimulated) but with no association to source (ND, MM).
      Finally, in analyses of MVs extracted from BM-MSCs (ND, MM) we witnessed
      differences in accordance with source: ND-MSCs MVs inhibited proliferation,
      autophagy and TI whereas MM-MSCs MVs stimulated them. These observations
      highlight the very complex communication between MM and BM-MSCs and underscore
      its significance to major processes in the malignant cells. Studies into the
      influential MVs cargo are underway and expected to uncover targetable signals in
      the regulation of the TI/proliferation/autophagy cascade.

PMID- 26976207
TI  - Association between chronic stress-induced structural abnormalities in Ranvier
      nodes and reduced oligodendrocyte activity in major depression.
AB  - Repeated stressful events are associated with the onset of major depressive
      disorder (MDD). We previously showed oligodendrocyte (OL)-specific activation of
      the serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK)1 cascade, increased expression of
      axon-myelin adhesion molecules, and elaboration of the oligodendrocytic arbor in
      the corpus callosum of chronically stressed mice. In the current study, we
      demonstrate that the nodes and paranodes of Ranvier in the corpus callosum were
      narrower in these mice. Chronic stress also led to diffuse redistribution of
      Caspr and Kv 1.1 and decreased the activity in white matter, suggesting a link
      between morphological changes in OLs and inhibition of axonal activity. OL
      primary cultures subjected to chronic stress resulted in SGK1 activation and
      translocation to the nucleus, where it inhibited the transcription of
      metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Furthermore, the cAMP level and
      membrane potential of OLs were reduced by chronic stress exposure. We showed by
      diffusion tensor imaging that the corpus callosum of patients with MDD exhibited
      reduced fractional anisotropy, reflecting compromised white matter integrity
      possibly caused by axonal damage. Our findings suggest that chronic stress
      disrupts the organization of the nodes of Ranvier by suppressing mGluR activation
      in OLs, and that specific white matter abnormalities are closely associated with
      MDD onset. 

PMID- 26976209
TI  - Role of AMPK in regulation of LC3 lipidation as a marker of autophagy in skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - During induction of the autophagosomal degradation process, LC3-I is lipidated to
      LC3-II and associates to the cargo isolation membrane allowing for autophagosome
      formation. Lipidation of LC3 results in an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and this
      ratio is an often used marker for autophagy in various tissues, including
      skeletal muscle. From cell studies AMPK has been proposed to be necessary and
      sufficient for LC3 lipidation. The aim of the present study was to investigate
      the role of AMPK in regulation of LC3 lipidation as a marker of autophagy in
      skeletal muscle. We observed an increase in the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in skeletal
      muscle of AMPKalpha2 kinase-dead (KD) (p<0.001) and wild type (WT) (p<0.05) mice
      after 12h of fasting, which was greater (p<0.05) in AMPKalpha2 KD mice than in
      WT. The fasting-induced increase in the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in both genotypes
      coincided with an initial decrease (p<0.01) in plasma insulin concentration, a
      subsequent decrease in muscle mTORC1 signaling and increased (p<0.05) levels of
      the autophagy-promoting proteins, FoxO3a and ULK1. Furthermore, a higher (p<0.01)
      LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was observed in old compared to young mice. We were not able
      to detect any change in LC3 lipidation with either in vivo treadmill exercise or
      in situ contractions. Collectively, these findings suggest that AMPKalpha2 is not
      necessary for induction of LC3 lipidation with fasting and aging. Furthermore,
      LC3 lipidation is increased in muscle lacking functional AMPKalpha2 during
      fasting and aging. Moreover, LC3 lipidation seems not to be a universal response
      to muscle contraction in mice.

PMID- 26976210
TI  - Additional oxidized and alkyl chain breakdown metabolites of the plasticizer
      DINCH in urine after oral dosage to human volunteers.
AB  - Hexamoll(r) DINCH(r) (diisononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate) is a new high
      molecular weight plasticizer and a non-aromatic phthalate substitute. In this
      follow-up study, we further investigated the extensive oxidative metabolism of
      Hexamoll(r) DINCH(r) after oral dosage of 50 mg to three male volunteers (0.552
      0.606 mg/kg body weight). Urine samples were consecutively collected over 48 h
      post-dose. Chemical analysis was carried out by HPLC-MS/MS with labeled internal
      standards. New metabolites were tentatively identified and quantified via
      fragmentation analogies and new standard substances. In addition to the five
      urinary DINCH metabolites previously reported by us, we identified two groups of
      extensively oxidized metabolites characterized (a) by multiple side chain
      oxidation and breakdown and (b) by hydroxylation at the cyclohexane ring. The
      five newly identified carboxylated breakdown metabolites represented in sum 5.12
      +/- 0.49 % of the applied dose. MCHxCH (cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid mono
      carboxyhexyl ester) was identified as a major metabolite (2.71 +/- 0.34 %) and
      thus represents the second most important specific metabolite of DINCH after OH
      MINCH (10.7 +/- 2.1 %). Less than 1 % was excreted as ring-hydroxylated
      metabolites (four metabolites identified). Based upon a new reference standard,
      we can also update oxo-MINCH to 2.6 % of the applied dose. This follow-up study
      increases the total amount of the recovered dose from 39.2 to 45.7 % and
      describes a new major metabolite (MCHxCH) of DINCH that can be used as an
      additional valuable and specific biomarker to assess DINCH(r) exposure in future
      human biomonitoring studies.

PMID- 26976212
TI  - Functional restoration programs in patients with chronic low back pain and body
      composition: No change in muscle mass assessed through Dual X-ray absorptiometry
      in 94 patients, a monocenter longitudinal study.

PMID- 26976211
TI  - Multicomponent assembly of novel antiproliferative steroidal dihydropyridinyl
      spirooxindoles.
AB  - Multicomponent assembly of steroidal dihydropyridinyl spirooxindoles from
      pregnenolone, isatins, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate is described, which
      involves the formation of two C-C bonds, two C-N bonds, and an all-carbon
      quaternary stereogenic center in a single operation. MTT assays showed that some
      of these compounds had moderate to excellent cytotoxicity against the tested
      cancer cell lines and were more potent than 5-FU. Particularly, compound 5o
      represented excellent inhibitory effect toward EC-109 (IC50=0.3 MUM), being about
      33-fold more potent than 5-FU.

PMID- 26976213
TI  - Fragment-based discovery of inhibitor scaffolds targeting the metallo-beta
      lactamases NDM-1 and VIM-2.
AB  - Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) render bacteria resistant to beta-lactam
      antibiotics and are interesting drug targets to prevent the hydrolysis of beta
      lactam antibiotics. So far, there are no MBL inhibitors in clinical use and
      particularly the design of broad spectrum inhibitors targeting several MBLs has
      been difficult. In this study, we report four fragments inhibiting the clinically
      relevant New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) and Verona integron-encoded
      metallo-beta-lactamase 2 (VIM-2). The fragments were identified from a library
      using an orthogonal screening strategy combining a surface plasmon resonance
      (SPR) based assay and an enzyme inhibition assay. The identified fragments showed
      dissociation constants (KD) ranging from 181 to 2100 MUM. The binding mode of the
      fragments was explored using QM-polarized ligand docking. All four fragments
      represent interesting scaffolds for the design of broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors.

PMID- 26976214
TI  - Approaching the active conformation of 1,3-diaminopyrimidine based covalent
      inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase for treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - By applying conformational restrictions, we were able to discover highly potent
      1,3-diaminopyrimidine based covalent inhibitors of BTK, such as 8a (IC50=3.76
      nM), and providing useful information of its active conformation. We are
      developing these novel small molecule covalent inhibitors of BTK toward oral
      agents for Rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 26976216
TI  - Sesquiterpenes and a monoterpenoid with acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory
      activity from Valeriana officinalis var. latiofolia in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor (AchEI) is the most extensive in all anti-dementia
      drugs. The extracts and isolated compounds from the Valeriana genus have shown
      anti-dementia bioactivity. Four new sesquiterpenoids (1-4) and a new
      monoterpenoid (5) were isolated from the root of Valeriana officinalis var.
      latiofolia. The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activity of isolates was
      evaluated by modified Ellman method in vitro. Learning and memory ability of
      compound 4 on mice was evaluated by the Morris water maze. The contents of
      acetylcholine (Ach), acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) and AchE in mice brains
      were determined by colorimetry. The results showed IC50 of compound 4 was 0.161
      MUM in vitro. Compared with the normal group, the learning and memory ability of
      mice and the contents of Ach and ChAT decreased in model group mice (P<0.01),
      while the AchE increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, Ach and ChAT in
      the positive control group, the high-dose group and the medium-dose group
      increased (P<0.01), while the AchE decreased (P<0.01). Compound 4 can improve the
      learning and memory abilities of APPswe/PSDeltaE9 double-transgenic mice, and the
      mechanism may be related to the regulation of the relative enzyme in the
      cholinergic system.

PMID- 26976215
TI  - Development of thieno- and benzopyrimidinone inhibitors of the Hedgehog signaling
      pathway reveals PDE4-dependent and PDE4-independent mechanisms of action.
AB  - From a high content in vivo screen for modulators of developmental patterning in
      embryonic zebrafish, we previously identified eggmanone (EGM1, 3) as a Hedgehog
      (Hh) signaling inhibitor functioning downstream of Smoothened. Phenotypic
      optimization studies for in vitro probe development utilizing a Gli transcription
      linked stable luciferase reporter cell line identified EGM1 analogs with improved
      potency and aqueous solubility. Mechanistic profiling of optimized analogs
      indicated two distinct scaffold clusters: PDE4 inhibitors able to inhibit
      downstream of Sufu, and PDE4-independent Hh inhibitors functioning between Smo
      and Sufu. Each class represents valuable in vitro probes for elucidating the
      complex mechanisms of Hh regulation. 

PMID- 26976217
TI  - Pumpkin seed extract: Cell growth inhibition of hyperplastic and cancer cells,
      independent of steroid hormone receptors.
AB  - Pumpkin seeds have been known in folk medicine as remedy for kidney, bladder and
      prostate disorders since centuries. Nevertheless, pumpkin research provides
      insufficient data to back up traditional beliefs of ethnomedical practice. The
      bioactivity of a hydro-ethanolic extract of pumpkin seeds from the Styrian
      pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo var. styriaca, was investigated. As
      pumpkin seed extracts are standardized to cucurbitin, this compound was also
      tested. Transactivational activity was evaluated for human androgen receptor,
      estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor with in vitro yeast assays. Cell
      viability tests with prostate cancer cells, breast cancer cells, colorectal
      adenocarcinoma cells and a hyperplastic cell line from benign prostate
      hyperplasia tissue were performed. As model for non-hyperplastic cells, effects
      on cell viability were tested with a human dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF-5).
      No transactivational activity was found for human androgen receptor, estrogen
      receptor and progesterone receptor, for both, extract and cucurbitin. A cell
      growth inhibition of ~40-50% was observed for all cell lines, with the exception
      of HDF-5, which showed with ~20% much lower cell growth inhibition. Given the
      receptor status of some cell lines, a steroid-hormone receptor independent growth
      inhibiting effect can be assumed. The cell growth inhibition for fast growing
      cells together with the cell growth inhibition of prostate-, breast- and colon
      cancer cells corroborates the ethnomedical use of pumpkin seeds for a treatment
      of benign prostate hyperplasia. Moreover, due to the lack of androgenic activity,
      pumpkin seed applications can be regarded as safe for the prostate. 

PMID- 26976218
TI  - Evaluation of mandibular contour in patients with significant facial asymmetry.
AB  - Most previous studies on facial asymmetry have not specifically differentiated
      mandible deviation from structural asymmetry of the mandible. The purpose of this
      study was to assess the symmetry of the mandible by examining its contour in a
      cohort of patients with significant facial asymmetry. Eleven cases of facial
      asymmetry with chin deviation >=10mm were enrolled. A voxel-paired median plane
      (optimal symmetry plane, OSP) and two landmark-based median planes were
      generated. The OSP was created by computing the best pairing of the bony voxels
      on the two sides. One side of the mandibular contour was mirrored onto the other
      side using the test plane. The contour differences were measured by distance and
      by area ratio. They were examined both in frontal and frontal downward inclined
      view. The contour symmetry of the mandible was that revealed by the plane that
      presented the best symmetry. The results showed that the OSP worked best in
      bisecting the contour into two symmetrical halves. Contour analysis showed
      relatively small discrepancies between the two sides. In conclusion, the
      mandibles retained an acceptable contour symmetry despite the presence of
      significant mandibular deviations. It is suggested that proper mandibular
      alignment be the primary objective in the correction of facial asymmetry. 

PMID- 26976219
TI  - Utility of a Novel Reflective Marker Visualized by Flash Photography for
      Assessment of Personnel Contamination During Removal of Personal Protective
      Equipment.
AB  - In an experimental study, the frequency of contamination of healthcare personnel
      during removal of contaminated personal protective equipment (PPE) was similar
      for bacteriophage MS2 and a novel reflective marker visualized using flash
      photography. The reflective marker could be a useful tool to visualize and
      document personnel contamination during PPE removal. Infect Control Hosp
      Epidemiol 2016;37:711-713.

PMID- 26976220
TI  - Resident research: why some do and others don't.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although research is widely considered to be a relevant and
      essential skill to resident development, the actual participation rate of
      residents in research remains low, and the factors associated with participation
      are unclear. METHODS: We examined the participation rate of junior residents in
      research, and their attitudes and perceived barriers toward research, via an
      anonymised survey carried out from October to November 2013. The residents were
      from an established Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
      accredited internal medicine residency training programme in Singapore. RESULTS:
      The overall response rate was 64.1% (82/128 residents). The most frequently cited
      barrier was lack of time. Only a third of the residents surveyed were actively
      participating in research. Those with postgraduate qualifications were more
      likely to be involved in research (odds ratio 4.71, p = 0.015). Among the 82
      residents, 40.2% reported an interest in research as part of their career; these
      were mainly graduates from overseas universities or postgraduates. A belief that
      research is an intrinsically valuable activity distinguished residents who chose
      research as a career path from those who were undecided (p = 0.004). The belief
      that research is a means to better clinical practice also divided those who chose
      research from those who rejected it (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest
      that specific beliefs determine the level of research activity and career
      interest among residents. Novel strategies may be incorporated in training
      programmes to improve the interest and participation of residents in research,
      and to facilitate the development of academic clinicians.

PMID- 26976221
TI  - Eosinophilic oesophagitis in children: an uncommon occurrence in a predominantly
      Chinese population in Singapore.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical manifestations of
      eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) in children who presented to a tertiary care
      hospital in Singapore. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all
      oesophageal biopsies taken during oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) from March
      2010 to December 2011. The patients' demographics and clinical characteristics
      were collected. Biopsies were reviewed by a single pathologist who was blinded to
      the original reports, using the current consensus criteria for the histological
      diagnosis of EoE. RESULTS: Of the 88 children who had biopsies during OGD, 4
      (4.5%) children (three boys, one girl; three Chinese, one Caucasian) were
      diagnosed with EoE. Their median age was 9.5 (range 4.0-12.0) years. The main
      clinical presentations were abdominal pain (in the three older children) and
      vomiting (in the youngest child). Three children had a history of atopy. Three
      children were diagnosed with EoE in the original histology reports, while one was
      diagnosed after the second review following histology demonstrating > 15
      eosinophil granulocytes per high power field and microabscess formation.
      Endoscopy findings revealed oesophagitis in two children, one of whom was already
      on acid suppression therapy. Although three children were started on acid
      suppression therapy, they continued to be symptomatic. One child was also treated
      with swallowed fluticasone and two with food allergen avoidance, resulting in
      symptom improvement. CONCLUSION: Although EoE is uncommon in Singapore, greater
      awareness is needed among family physicians and general paediatricians.
      Paediatric gastroenterologists should alert pathologists when sending biopsy
      specimens that are suspicious for EoE.

PMID- 26976222
TI  - Radiological analysis of the medial epicondyle in the adolescent throwing
      athlete.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Injuries to the medial structures of the elbow due to overhead
      throwing games are well documented. However, variations of medial epicondyles are
      not well described, especially in athletes with fused medial epicondyles. In this
      study, we evaluated variations in the medial epicondyle of baseball players who
      were aged 15-17 years and had fused epicondyles. METHODS: In this cross-sectional
      observational study, 155 skeletally mature baseball players with unilateral
      medial elbow pain and 310 elbow radiographs were reviewed by two independent
      reviewers. The medial epicondyles were categorised into three groups: normal,
      elongated or separated. RESULTS: Among the 155 patients, 65 (41.9%) had normal
      epicondyles, 41 (26.5%) had elongated epicondyles and 49 (31.6%) had separated
      epicondyles. The medial epicondyle was larger on the dominant arm for 125 (80.6%)
      patients; the mean surface area on the dominant arm was 222.50 +/- 45.77 mm2,
      while that of the non-dominant arm was 189.14 +/- 39.56 mm2 (p < 0.01). Among the
      three categories of medial epicondyles, separated epicondyles had the largest
      surface area, followed by elongated and normal epicondyles. CONCLUSION: Medial
      epicondyles in adolescent throwing athletes can be categorised into three
      different groups according to their shape (normal, elongated and separated). We
      observed a correlation between the shape and the surface area of the medial
      epicondyle in adolescent throwing athletes, with separated medial epicondyles
      having the largest surface area. Further studies and follow-up are needed to
      determine the prognostic value and clinical significance of these morphological
      variations.

PMID- 26976223
TI  - Gap Between Official Guidelines and Clinical Practice for the Treatment of
      Rheumatoid Arthritis in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
AB  - PURPOSE: Biological agents used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
      are associated with serious adverse events. Guidelines provide standards for the
      prescribing and monitoring of these drugs. In Sao Paulo, health litigation for
      access to medicines has fueled the demand for biological therapy. The extent to
      which biological agents are being appropriately prescribed and patients are being
      appropriately monitored is uncertain. Our goal was to determine whether RA
      clinical guidelines are being translated into clinical practice for patients
      receiving treatment as a result of lawsuits against the government. METHODS: We
      identified patients through records of the State Secretary of Health of Sao Paulo
      from 2003 to 2011. We consulted guidelines from 5 countries and chose those
      recommendations endorsed by all of the guidelines reviewed as standards. Pharmacy
      records provided data regarding biologic use. The guidelines recommended the use
      of biological agents only when patients had been receiving treatment with at
      least 1 disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) and recommended annual
      monitoring of laboratory blood tests. FINDINGS: Of the 238 patients identified in
      the database, 216 patients were interviewed, and 124 (57.4%) patients were still
      using biological agents at the time of the survey. Of the patients interviewed,
      167 patients (77.3%) started biological treatment when using >=2 DMARDs before,
      22 patients (10.2%) were using 1 DMARD before, and 27 patients (12.5%) had never
      taken a DMARD. Of the 124 patients still taking biological drugs, 117 patients
      (94.3%) had visited a doctor at least once per year, but 28 patients (22.6%) did
      not undergo the recommended laboratory blood testing. Only 43 of the 124 patients
      (34.7%) still taking biological agents met the guideline criteria for both the
      use of previous agents and the appropriate monitoring. IMPLICATIONS: An important
      gap between clinical practice and the national guidelines exists among treatments
      prescribed for plaintiffs obtaining medicines for RA in Sao Paulo. The results
      suggest the need for intervention by health authorities.

PMID- 26976224
TI  - Definitive Management of Failure After Pyeloplasty.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Failure after pyeloplasty is difficult to manage. We report our
      experience managing pyeloplasty failures. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed
      the case log of a single surgeon, from August 1996 to August 2014, to identify
      all patients undergoing a surgical procedure after failed pyeloplasty. We
      excluded patients without follow-up exceeding 1 year from initial postpyeloplasty
      procedure. Failure was defined as a need for additional definitive intervention.
      RESULTS: Of 247 laparoscopic pyeloplasties, 68 endopyelotomies and 305 simple
      laparoscopic nephrectomies reviewed, 41 were performed after previous pyeloplasty
      and had sufficient follow-up. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in nine
      patients. All three secondary laparoscopic pyeloplasties were successful. Of 29
      secondary endopyelotomies, 10 (34%) were successful. Of the 19 failures after
      secondary endopyelotomy, 12 patients had tertiary pyeloplasty (5 laparoscopic and
      7 open surgical), 5 (26%) underwent tertiary endopyelotomy, and 2 (11%) required
      nephrectomy. Our overall endopyelotomy success rate was 38% (13/34) vs 100%
      (11/11) for secondary or tertiary pyeloplasty (4 patients lost to follow-up).
      Median time to failure was 5 months for endopyelotomy. Median follow-up for
      patients free from intervention was 40.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary
      pyeloplasty (including both laparoscopic and open surgical approach) is more than
      twice as successful as endopyelotomy after failed pyeloplasty. Secondary
      pyeloplasty is an excellent alternative to endopyelotomy in select patients with
      failure after initial pyeloplasty.

PMID- 26976226
TI  - Force reduction induced by unidirectional transversal muscle loading is
      independent of local pressure.
AB  - Transversal unidirectional compression applied to muscles via external loading
      affects muscle contraction dynamics in the longitudinal direction. A recent study
      reported decreasing longitudinal muscle forces with increasing transversal load
      applied with a constant contact area (i.e., leading to a simultaneous increase in
      local pressure). To shed light on these results, we examine whether the decrease
      in longitudinal force depends on the load, the local pressure, or both. To this
      end, we perform isometric experiments on rat M. gastrocnemius medialis without
      and with transversal loading (i) changing the local pressure from 1.1-3.2Ncm(-2)
      (n=9) at a constant transversal load (1.62N) and (ii) increasing the transversal
      load (1.15-3.45N) at a constant local pressure of 2.3Ncm(-2) (n=7). While we did
      not note changes in the decrease in longitudinal muscle force in the first
      experiment, the second experiment resulted in an almost-linear reduction of
      longitudinal force between 7.5+/-0.6% and 14.1+/-1.7%. We conclude that the
      observed longitudinal force reduction is not induced by local effects such as
      malfunction of single muscle compartments, but that similar internal stress
      conditions and myofilament configurations occur when the local pressure changes
      given a constant load. The decreased longitudinal force may be explained by
      increased internal pressure and a deformed myofilament lattice that is likely
      associated with the decomposition of cross-bridge forces on the one hand and the
      inhibition of cross-bridges on the other hand.

PMID- 26976225
TI  - A study of the osmotic characteristics, water permeability, and cryoprotectant
      permeability of human vaginal immune cells.
AB  - Cryopreservation of specimens taken from the genital tract of women is important
      for studying mucosal immunity during HIV prevention trials. However, it is
      unclear whether the current, empirically developed cryopreservation procedures
      for peripheral blood cells are also ideal for genital specimens. The optimal
      cryopreservation protocol depends on the cryobiological features of the cells.
      Thus, we obtained tissue specimens from vaginal repair surgeries, isolated and
      flow cytometry-purified immune cells, and determined fundamental cryobiological
      characteristics of vaginal CD3(+) T cells and CD14(+) macrophages using a
      microfluidic device. The osmotically inactive volumes of the two cell types (Vb)
      were determined relative to the initial cell volume (V0) by exposing the cells to
      hypotonic and hypertonic saline solutions, evaluating the equilibrium volume, and
      applying the Boyle van't Hoff relationship. The cell membrane permeability to
      water (Lp) and to four different cryoprotective agent (CPA) solutions (Ps) at
      room temperature were also measured. Results indicated Vb values of 0.516 V0 and
      0.457 V0 for mucosal T cells and macrophages, respectively. Lp values at room
      temperature were 0.196 and 0.295 MUm/min/atm for T cells and macrophages,
      respectively. Both cell types had high Ps values for the three CPAs, dimethyl
      sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG) and ethylene glycol (EG) (minimum of
      0.418 * 10(-3) cm/min), but transport of the fourth CPA, glycerol, occurred 50
      150 times more slowly. Thus, DMSO, PG, and EG are better options than glycerol in
      avoiding severe cell volume excursion and osmotic injury during CPA addition and
      removal for cryopreservation of human vaginal immune cells. 

PMID- 26976227
TI  - Determination of a new uniform thorax density representative of the living
      population from 3D external body shape modeling.
AB  - Body segment parameters (BSP) for each body's segment are needed for
      biomechanical analysis. To provide population-specific BSP, precise estimation of
      body's segments volume and density are needed. Widely used uniform densities,
      provided by cadavers' studies, did not consider the air present in the lungs when
      determining the thorax density. The purpose of this study was to propose a new
      uniform thorax density representative of the living population from 3D external
      body shape modeling. Bi-planar X-ray radiographies were acquired on 58
      participants allowing 3D reconstructions of the spine, rib cage and human body
      shape. Three methods of computing the thorax mass were compared for 48 subjects:
      (1) the Dempster Uniform Density Method, currently in use for BSPs calculation,
      using Dempster density data, (2) the Personalized Method using full-description
      of the thorax based on 3D reconstruction of the rib cage and spine and (3) the
      Improved Uniform Density Method using a uniform thorax density resulting from the
      Personalized Method. For 10 participants, comparison was made between the body
      mass obtained from a force-plate and the body mass computed with each of the
      three methods. The Dempster Uniform Density Method presented a mean error of 4.8%
      in the total body mass compared to the force-plate vs 0.2% for the Personalized
      Method and 0.4% for the Improved Uniform Density Method. The adjusted thorax
      density found from the 3D reconstruction was 0.74g/cm(3) for men and 0.73g/cm(3)
      for women instead of the one provided by Dempster (0.92g/cm(3)), leading to a
      better estimate of the thorax mass and body mass.

PMID- 26976228
TI  - A comparison of acromion marker cluster calibration methods for estimating
      scapular kinematics during upper extremity ergometry.
AB  - Accurate measurement of joint kinematics is required to understand the
      musculoskeletal effects of a therapeutic intervention such as upper extremity
      (UE) ergometry. Traditional surface-based motion capture is effective for
      quantifying humerothoracic motion, but scapular kinematics are challenging to
      obtain. Methods for estimating scapular kinematics include the widely-reported
      acromion marker cluster (AMC) which utilizes a static calibration between the
      scapula and the AMC to estimate the orientation of the scapula during motion.
      Previous literature demonstrates that including additional calibration positions
      throughout the motion improves AMC accuracy for single plane motions; however
      this approach has not been assessed for the non-planar shoulder complex motion
      occurring during UE ergometry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      accuracy of single, dual, and multiple AMC calibration methods during UE
      ergometry. The orientations of the UE segments of 13 healthy subjects were
      recorded with motion capture. Scapular landmarks were palpated at eight evenly
      spaced static positions around the 360 degrees  cycle. The single AMC method
      utilized one static calibration position to estimate scapular kinematics for the
      entire cycle, while the dual and multiple AMC methods used two and four static
      calibration positions, respectively. Scapulothoracic angles estimated by the
      three AMC methods were compared with scapulothoracic angles determined by
      palpation. The multiple AMC method produced the smallest RMS errors and was not
      significantly different from palpation about any axis. We recommend the multiple
      AMC method as a practical and accurate way to estimate scapular kinematics during
      UE ergometry.

PMID- 26976229
TI  - Temporomandibular joint involvement as a positive clinical prognostic factor in
      necrotising external otitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Necrotising otitis externa is associated with high morbidity and
      mortality rates. This study investigated whether temporomandibular joint
      involvement had any prognostic effect on the course of necrotising otitis externa
      in patients who had undergone hyperbaric oxygen therapy after failed medical and
      sometimes surgical therapy. METHODS: A retrospective case series was conducted of
      patients in whom antibiotic treatment and surgery had failed, who had been
      hospitalised for further treatment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. RESULTS: Twenty
      three patients with necrotising otitis externa were identified. The
      temporomandibular joint was involved in four patients (17 per cent); these
      patients showed a constant gradual improvement in C-reactive protein and were
      eventually discharged free of disease, except one patient who was lost to follow
      up. Four patients (16 per cent) without temporomandibular joint involvement died
      within 90 days of discharge, while all patients with temporomandibular joint
      involvement were alive. Three patients (13 per cent) without temporomandibular
      joint involvement needed recurrent hospitalisation including further hyperbaric
      oxygen therapy; no patients with temporomandibular joint involvement required
      such treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients with temporomandibular joint involvement had
      lower rates of recurrent disease and no mortality. Therefore, we suggest
      considering temporomandibular joint involvement as a positive prognostic factor
      in necrotising otitis externa management.

PMID- 26976230
TI  - Developmental regulation of chicken surfactant protein A and its localization in
      lung.
AB  - Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) is a collagenous C-type lectin (collectin) that plays
      an important role in the early stage of the host immune response. In chicken, SP
      A (cSP-A) is expressed as a 26 kDa glycosylated protein in the lung. Using
      immunohistochemistry, cSP-A protein was detected mainly in the lung lining fluid
      covering the parabronchial epithelia. Specific cSP-A producing epithelial cells,
      resembling mammalian type II cells, were identified in the parabronchi. Gene
      expression of cSP-A markedly increased from embryonic day 14 onwards until the
      time of hatch, comparable to the SP-A homologue chicken lung lectin, while mannan
      binding lectin and collectins CL-L1 and CL-K1 only showed slightly changed
      expression during development. cSP-A protein could be detected as early as ED 18
      in lung tissue using Western blotting, and expression increased steadily until
      day 28 post-hatch. Our observations are a first step towards understanding the
      role of this protein in vivo.

PMID- 26976233
TI  - Diminished Quality of Life and Increased Brain Functional Connectivity in
      Patients with Hypothyroidism After Total Thyroidectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute hypothyroidism induced by thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) in
      patients with thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy can affect mood and
      quality of life (QoL). While loss or dysregulation of thyroid hormone (TH) has
      these well-known behavioral consequences, the effects of TH alterations on brain
      function are not well understood. Resting state functional connectivity (FC)
      measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows non-invasive
      evaluation of human brain function. This study therefore examined whether THW
      affects resting state FC and whether changes in FC correlate with the mood or QoL
      of the patients with THW status. METHODS: Twenty-one patients who had undergone
      total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer were recruited. Resting state fMRI
      scanning of the brain, thyroid function tests, and administration of the 12-Item
      Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
      were performed before and after two weeks of THW. Regional homogeneity (ReHo),
      one of the measures of resting state FC, was calculated, and each voxel was
      compared between before and after THW in 19 patients. The ReHo values were
      extracted from the regions of interest showing within-group differences in ReHo
      values after THW, and correlations of ReHo values with thyrotropin (TSH) levels,
      total score of the PHQ-9, and composite scores of the SF-12 were statistically
      evaluated. RESULTS: Higher ReHo was observed after THW in the brain cortical
      regions across primary motor and sensory, visual, and association cortices. Among
      the regions, the ReHo values in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri,
      bilateral middle occipito-temporal cortices, the left precuneus, and the left
      lingual gyrus showed positive correlations with serum TSH levels after THW.
      Higher ReHo values in the bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri, the left middle
      temporo-occipital cortices, and the left ligual gyrus correlated with the lower
      mental component summary score from the SF-12, while higher ReHo values in the
      bilateral pre- and postcentral gyri correlated with higher total scores in the
      PHQ-9. CONCLUSIONS: Local brain FC is increased in the acute hypothyroid state.
      Higher FC correlates with a poorer mental QoL and increased depression in the
      hypothyroid state.

PMID- 26976235
TI  - Tribute to Donald Metcalf.
AB  - A collection of tributes and remembrances from esteemed colleagues, mentees, and
      friends on the life and work of "the father of hematopoietic cytokines". 

PMID- 26976231
TI  - Characterization and regulation of expression of an antifungal peptide from
      hemolymph of an insect, Manduca sexta.
AB  - Insects secrete antimicrobial peptides as part of the innate immune response.
      Most antimicrobial peptides from insects have antibacterial but not antifungal
      activity. We have characterized an antifungal peptide, diapausin-1 from hemolymph
      of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). Diapausin-1 was
      isolated by size exclusion chromatography from hemolymph plasma of larvae that
      were previously injected with a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fractions
      containing activity against S. cerevisiae were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF
      MS/MS and found to contain a 45-residue peptide that was encoded by sequences
      identified in M. sexta transcriptome and genome databases. A cDNA for diapausin-1
      was cloned from cDNA prepared from fat body RNA. Diapausin-1 is a member of the
      diapausin family of peptides, which includes members known to have antifungal
      activity. The M. sexta genome contains 14 genes with high similarity to diapausin
      1, each with 6 conserved Cys residues. Diapausin-1 was produced as a recombinant
      protein in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant diapausin-1 was active against
      S. cerevisiae, with IC50 of 12 MUM, but had no detectable activity against
      bacteria. Spores of some plant fungal pathogens treated with diapausin-1 had
      curled germination tubes or reduced and branched hyphal growth. Diapausin-1 mRNA
      level in fat body strongly increased after larvae were injected with yeast or
      with Micrococcus luteus. In addition, diapausin-1 mRNA levels increased in midgut
      and fat body at the wandering larval stage prior to pupation, suggesting
      developmental regulation of the gene. Our results indicate that synthesis of
      diapausin-1 is part of an antifungal innate immune response to infection in M.
      sexta.

PMID- 26976236
TI  - A Novel Method for Tracer Concentration Plutonium(V) Solution Preparation.
AB  - Preparation of relatively pure low concentration Pu(V) solutions for
      environmental studies is nontrivial due to the complex redox chemistry of Pu.
      Ozone gas generated by an inexpensive unit designed for household-use was used to
      oxidize a 2 * 10(-8) M Pu(IV) solution to predominantly Pu(VI) with some Pu(V)
      present. Over several days, the Pu(VI) in the solution reduced to Pu(V) without
      further reducing to Pu(IV). The reduction from Pu(VI) to Pu(V) could be
      accelerated by raising the pH of the solution, which led to an immediate
      conversion without substantial conversion to Pu(IV). The aqueous Pu was found to
      be stable as predominately Pu(V) for greater than one month from pH 3-7; however,
      at circumneutral pH, a sizable fraction of Pu was lost from solution by either
      precipitation or sorption to the vial walls. This method provides a fast means of
      preparing Pu(V) solutions for tracer concentration studies without numerous
      extraction or cleanup steps. 

PMID- 26976234
TI  - Targeted disruption of sp7 and myostatin with CRISPR-Cas9 results in severe bone
      defects and more muscular cells in common carp.
AB  - The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as one of the most important aquaculture fishes
      produces over 3 million metric tones annually, approximately 10% the annual
      production of the all farmed freshwater fish worldwide. However, the tetraploidy
      genome and long generation-time of the common carp have made its breeding and
      genetic studies extremely difficult. Here, TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9, two versatile
      genome-editing tools, are employed to target common carp bone-related genes sp7,
      runx2, bmp2a, spp1, opg, and muscle suppressor gene mstn. TALEN were shown to
      induce mutations in the target coding sites of sp7, runx2, spp1 and mstn. With
      CRISPR-Cas9, the two common carp sp7 genes, sp7a and sp7b, were mutated
      individually, all resulting in severe bone defects; while mstnba mutated fish
      have grown significantly more muscle cells. We also employed CRISPR-Cas9 to
      generate double mutant fish of sp7a;mstnba with high efficiencies in a single
      step. These results demonstrate that both TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9 are highly
      efficient tools for modifying the common carp genome, and open avenues for
      facilitating common carp genetic studies and breeding. 

PMID- 26976237
TI  - Cardiac output determination using a widely available direct continuous oxygen
      consumption measuring device: a practical way to get back to the gold standard.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate assessment of cardiac output (CO) is essential for the
      hemodynamic assessment of valvular heart disease. Estimation of oxygen
      consumption (VO2) and thermodilution (TD) are employed in many cardiac
      catheterization laboratories (CCL) given the historically cumbersome nature of
      direct continuous VO2 measurement, the "gold standard" for this technique. A
      portable facemask device simplifies the direct continuous measurement of VO2,
      allowing for relatively rapid and continuous assessment of CO. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: Thirty consecutive patients undergoing right heart catheterization had
      simultaneous determination of CO by both direct continuous and assumed VO2 and
      TD. Assessments were only made when a plateau of VO2 had occurred. All
      measurements of direct continuous and assumed VO2, as well as, TD CO were
      obtained in triplicate. RESULTS: Direct continuous VO2 CO and assumed VO2 CO
      correlated poorly (R=0.57; ICC=0.59). Direct continuous VO2 CO and TD CO also
      correlated poorly (R=0.51; ICC=0.60). Repeated direct continuous VO2 CO
      measurements were extremely correlated and reproducible [(R=0.93; ICC=0.96)
      suggesting that this was the most reliable measurement of CO. CONCLUSIONS: CO
      calculated from direct continuous VO2 measurement varies substantially from both
      assumed VO2 and TD based CO, which are widely used in most CCL. These differences
      may significantly impact the CO measurements. Furthermore, continuous, rather
      than average, measurement of VO2 appears to give highly reproducible results.

PMID- 26976239
TI  - Hydatid cyst of the liver.

PMID- 26976238
TI  - The Mexican consensus on irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since the publication in 2009 of the Guidelines on the Diagnosis and
      Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome of the Asociacion Mexicana de
      Gastroenterologia (2009 Guidelines), there have been significant advances in our
      knowledge of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this
      disease. AIMS: To present a consensus review of the most current knowledge of
      IBS, updating the 2009 Guidelines by incorporating new internationally published
      scientific evidence, with a special interest in Mexican studies. METHODS: The
      PubMed literature from January 2009 to March 2015 was reviewed and complemented
      through a manual search. Articles in English and Spanish were included and
      preference was given to consensuses, guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta
      analyses. Statements referring to the different aspects of the disease were
      formulated and voted upon by 24 gastroenterologists employing the Delphi method.
      Once a consensus on each statement was reached, the quality of evidence and
      strength of recommendation were determined through the GRADE system. RESULTS:
      Forty-eight statements were formulated, updating the information on IBS and
      adding the complementary data that did not appear in the 2009 Guidelines
      regarding the importance of exercise and diet, diagnostic strategies, and current
      therapy alternatives that were analyzed with more stringent scientific vigor or
      that emerged within the last 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: We present herein a consensus
      review of the most relevant advances in the study of IBS, updating and
      complementing the 2009 Guidelines. Several studies conducted in Mexico were
      included.

PMID- 26976240
TI  - The isotype ZnO/SiC heterojunction prepared by molecular beam epitaxy--A chemical
      inert interface with significant band discontinuities.
AB  - ZnO/SiC heterojunctions show great potential for various optoelectronic
      applications (e.g., ultraviolet light emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar
      cells). However, the lack of a detailed understanding of the ZnO/SiC interface
      prevents an efficient and rapid optimization of these devices. Here, intrinsic
      (but inherently n-type) ZnO were deposited via molecular beam epitaxy on n-type
      6H-SiC single crystalline substrates. The chemical and electronic structure of
      the ZnO/SiC interfaces were characterized by ultraviolet/x-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy and x-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy. In contrast to the
      ZnO/SiC interface prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering, no willemite
      like zinc silicate interface species is present at the MBE-ZnO/SiC interface.
      Furthermore, the valence band offset at the abrupt ZnO/SiC interface is
      experimentally determined to be (1.2 +/- 0.3) eV, suggesting a conduction band
      offset of approximately 0.8 eV, thus explaining the reported excellent rectifying
      characteristics of isotype ZnO/SiC heterojunctions. These insights lead to a
      better comprehension of the ZnO/SiC interface and show that the choice of
      deposition route might offer a powerful means to tailor the chemical and
      electronic structures of the ZnO/SiC interface, which can eventually be utilized
      to optimize related devices.

PMID- 26976241
TI  - Long-term Survival, Organ Function, and Malignancy after Hematopoietic Stem Cell
      Transplantation for Fanconi Anemia.
AB  - We report on long-term survival in 157 patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) who
      survived 2 years or longer after their first transplantation with a median follow
      up of 9 years. Marrow failure (80%) was the most common indication for
      transplantation. There were 20 deaths beyond 2 years after transplantation, with
      12 of the deaths occurring beyond 5 years after transplantation. Donor chimerism
      was available for 149 patients: 112 (76%) reported > 95% chimerism, 27 (18%)
      reported 90% to 95% chimerism, and 8 (5%) reported 20% to 89% donor chimerism.
      Two patients have < 20% donor chimerism. The 10- and 15-year probabilities of
      survival were 90% and 79%, respectively. Results of multivariate analysis showed
      higher mortality risks for transplantations before 2003 (hazard ratio [HR], 7.87;
      P = .001), chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (HR, 3.80; P = .004) and
      squamous cell carcinoma after transplantation (HR, 38.17; P < .0001). The
      predominant cause of late mortality was squamous cell carcinoma, with an
      incidence of 8% and 14% at 10 and 15 years after transplantation, respectively,
      and was more likely to occur in those with chronic GVHD. Other causes of late
      mortality included chronic GVHD, infection, graft failure, other cancers, and
      hemorrhage. Although most patients are disease free and functional long term, our
      data support aggressive surveillance for long periods to identify those at risk
      for late mortality.

PMID- 26976242
TI  - Pretransplantation Supportive and Palliative Care Consultation for High-Risk
      Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Patients.
AB  - Early palliative care (EPC) for patients with metastatic solid tumors is now
      standard of care, but the effect of EPC in hematopoietic cell transplantation
      (HCT) is less well understood. We studied the acceptability of pre-HCT EPC as
      measured by trial participation, changes in patient-reported outcomes, and follow
      up with palliative care providers. English-speaking adults (age >17 years) with
      an HCT comorbidity index of >= 3, relapse risk > 25%, or planned HLA-mismatched
      allogeneic or myeloablative HCT received EPC before HCT admission with monthly or
      more frequent visits. Twenty-two (69%) of 32 subjects provided consent; 2 were
      later excluded (HCT cancelled, consent retracted) for a 63% participation rate.
      Comfort with EPC was high (82% very comfortable). Subjects reported stable or
      improved mood and sense of hope, without apparent negative effects with a median
      of 3 visits. Follow-up surveys were returned by 75% of participants at 60 days
      and by 65% at 90 days. Four (20%) were admitted to the intensive care unit before
      day 100 and 3 (15%) received life-support measures. Five (25%) died with median
      follow-up of 14 months. EPC is feasible, acceptable, and has the potential to
      improve the HCT experience, whether or not the patient survives. EPC for HCT
      patients should be tested in a randomized trial.

PMID- 26976243
TI  - Hepatic Oncostatin M Receptor beta Regulates Obesity-Induced Steatosis and
      Insulin Resistance.
AB  - The liver is an essential insulin-responsive organ that is critical for
      maintaining glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Oncostatin M receptor beta
      chain (OSMRbeta) is implicated in adipose tissue- and immune cell-mediated
      metabolic regulation. However, the role of hepatocyte-derived OSMRbeta in
      metabolic disorders remains unclear. Here, we report on the central role of
      OSMRbeta in the protection against obesity and deregulation of glucose and
      lipids. We observed significantly varied expression levels of OSMRbeta in hepatic
      tissues in both human samples and mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease. Mice lacking either whole-body or hepatic OSMRbeta displayed exacerbated
      diet-induced insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation, both in
      diet-induced and genetically (ob/ob) obese mice. These adverse effects were
      markedly attenuated by hepatocyte-specific overexpression of OSMRbeta.
      Mechanistically, we showed that OSMRbeta phosphorylates and activates the Janus
      kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT3 signaling pathway in the liver. More importantly, the liver
      restricted overexpression of STAT3 rescued glucose tolerance and ameliorated
      hepatic steatosis and inflammation in OSMRbeta knockout mice, whereas OSMRbeta
      overexpression failed to protect against hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance,
      and hepatic inflammation in STAT3-deficient mice. Thus, activation of STAT3 is
      both sufficient and required to produce OSMRbeta-mediated beneficial effects. In
      conclusion, hepatic OSMRbeta expression alleviates obesity-induced hepatic
      insulin resistance and steatosis through the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling
      cascades.

PMID- 26976245
TI  - Prostate cancer: 'Stem-like' prostate basal cells.

PMID- 26976244
TI  - Erection rehabilitation following prostatectomy--current strategies and future
      directions.
AB  - Despite continued advances in urological surgery, erectile dysfunction (ED)
      remains a serious adverse effect of radical prostatectomy. In this setting, ED is
      predominantly caused by injury to the neurovascular bundles, which lie alongside
      the prostate and are responsible for initiating and maintaining the erectile
      response. Most men will experience some degree of ED after radical prostatectomy,
      although erectile function outcomes have already remarkably improved since the
      development of nerve-sparing surgical techniques. To further improve outcomes,
      erection rehabilitation strategies are being investigated, which emphasize early
      treatment regimens with the aim of preventing adverse remodelling after surgery
      and preserving erectile function. Strategies include pharmacological therapy,
      mechanical therapy and psychosocial support. In addition, novel therapeutic
      approaches involving new targets for small-molecule treatments and regenerative
      medicine therapies are being developed to aid in restoring erectile function.
      Although ED treatments can be effective following radical prostatectomy, no
      specific erection rehabilitation regimen has currently been shown to be superior
      to other investigated rehabilitation regimens. Nevertheless, the different
      strategies rightfully remain an area of intensive research, as preservation of
      erectile function is a critical part of providing comprehensive care for men with
      prostate cancer to ensure their overall well-being, in contrast to just treating
      a patient's tumour. 

PMID- 26976246
TI  - Development: Adult Leydig cell maintenance.

PMID- 26976248
TI  - Strategies for identification of disease genes.
AB  - Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in single genes (monogenic
      diseases), and the inheritance pattern of these diseases follows simple rules. If
      a mutation in both copies of the gene on both chromosome homologues is necessary
      to cause the disease, the inheritance pattern is recessive, and a patient is the
      offspring of two clinically unaffected carriers. However, if a mutation in a
      single homologue is sufficient, the inheritance pattern is dominant and the
      disease is transmitted from generation to generation. Monogenic diseases are
      responsible for only a small fraction of all patients with genetic diseases. Many
      common diseases, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes and several
      psychiatric diseases, are the results of a complex interaction between genetic
      and environmental factors. However, these diseases can have important genetic
      components and can therefore still be considered genetic diseases. The
      identification of genes involved in complex genetic diseases can be very
      important for the understanding and treatment of these diseases. Over the last 15
      years, much progress has been made in the identification of genes responsible for
      monogenic diseases, but the identification of genes involved in complex diseases
      has been more difficult, and at this moment little is known about the genes
      involved in most common diseases. 

PMID- 26976247
TI  - Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general
      anaesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaesthetic drugs during general anaesthesia are titrated according
      to sympathetic or somatic responses to surgical stimuli. It is now possible to
      measure depth of anaesthesia using electroencephalography (EEG). Entropy, an EEG
      based monitor can be used to assess the depth of anaesthesia using a strip of
      electrodes applied to the forehead, and this can guide intraoperative anaesthetic
      drug administration. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this review was to
      assess the effectiveness of entropy monitoring in facilitating faster recovery
      from general anaesthesia. We also wanted to assess mortality at 24 hours, 30
      days, and one year following general anaesthesia with entropy monitoring.The
      secondary objectives were to assess the effectiveness of the entropy monitor in:
      preventing postoperative recall of intraoperative events (awareness) following
      general anaesthesia; reducing the amount of anaesthetic drugs used; reducing cost
      of the anaesthetic as well as in reducing time to readiness to leave the
      postanaesthesia care unit (PACU). SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane
      Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2014, Issue 10), MEDLINE via Ovid
      SP (1990 to September 2014) and EMBASE via Ovid SP (1990 to September 2014). We
      reran the search in CENTRAL, MEDLINE via Ovid SP and EMBASE via Ovid SP in
      January 2016. We added one potential new study of interest to the list of
      'Studies awaiting Classification' and we will incorporate this study into the
      formal review findings during the review update. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in adults and children (aged
      greater than two years of age), where in one arm entropy monitoring was used for
      titrating anaesthesia, and in the other standard practice (increase in heart
      rate, mean arterial pressure, lacrimation, movement in response to noxious
      surgical stimuli) was used for titrating anaesthetic drug administration. We also
      included trials with an additional third arm, wherein another EEG monitor, the
      Bispectral index (BIS) monitor was used to assess anaesthetic depth. DATA
      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by
      Cochrane. Two review authors independently extracted details of trial methodology
      and outcome data from trials considered eligible for inclusion. All analyses were
      made on an intention-to-treat basis. We used a random-effect model where there
      was heterogeneity. For assessments of the overall quality of evidence for each
      outcome that included pooled data from RCTs, we downgraded evidence from 'high
      quality' by one level for serious (or by two for very serious) study limitations
      (risk of bias, indirectness of evidence, serious inconsistency, imprecision of
      effect or potential publication bias). MAIN RESULTS: We included 11 RCTs (962
      participants). Eight RCTs (762 participants) were carried out on adults (18 to 80
      years of age), two (128 participants) involved children (two to 16 years) and one
      RCT (72 participants) included patients aged 60 to 75 years. Of the 11 included
      studies, we judged three to be at low risk of bias, and the remaining eight RCTs
      at unclear or high risk of bias.Six RCTs (383 participants) estimated the primary
      outcome, time to awakening after stopping general anaesthesia, which was reduced
      in the entropy as compared to the standard practice group (mean difference (MD) 
      5.42 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI) -8.77 to -2.08; moderate quality of
      evidence). We noted heterogeneity for this outcome; on performing subgroup
      analysis this was found to be due to studies that included participants
      undergoing major, long duration surgeries (off-pump coronary artery bypass
      grafting, major urological surgery). The MD for time to awakening with four
      studies on ambulatory procedures was -3.20 minutes (95% CI -3.94 to -2.45). No
      trial reported the second primary outcome, mortality at 24 hours, 30 days, and
      one year with the use of entropy monitoring.Eight trials (797 participants)
      compared the secondary outcome, postoperative recall of intraoperative events
      (awareness) in the entropy and standard practice groups. Awareness was reported
      by only one patient in the standard practice group, making meaningful estimation
      of benefit of entropy monitoring difficult; moderate quality of evidence.All 11
      RCTs compared the amount of anaesthetic agent used between the entropy and
      standard practice groups. Six RCTs compared the amount of propofol, four compared
      the amount of sevoflurane and one the amount of isoflurane used between the
      groups. Analysis of three studies (166 participants) revealed that the MD of
      propofol consumption between the entropy group and control group was -11.56
      mcg/kg/min (95% CI -24.05 to 0.92); low quality of evidence. Analysis of another
      two studies (156 participants) showed that the MD in sevoflurane consumption in
      the entropy group compared to the control group was -3.42 mL (95% CI -6.49 to 
      0.35); moderate quality of evidence.No trial reported on the secondary outcome of
      the cost of general anaesthesia.Three trials (170 participants) estimated MD in
      time to readiness to leave the PACU of the entropy group as compared to the
      control group (MD -5.94 minutes, 95% CI -16.08 to 4.20; low quality of evidence).
      Heterogeneity was noted, which was due to the difference in anaesthetic technique
      (propofol-based general anaesthesia) in one study. The remaining two studies had
      used volatile-based general anaesthesia. The MD in time to readiness to leave the
      PACU was -4.17 minutes (95% CI -6.84 to -1.51) with these two studies. AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: The evidence as regards time to awakening, recall of intraoperative
      awareness and reduction in inhalational anaesthetic agent use was of moderate
      quality. The quality of evidence of as regards reduction in intravenous
      anaesthetic agent (propofol) use, as well as time to readiness to leave the PACU
      was found to be of low quality. As the data are limited, further studies
      consisting of more participants will be required for ascertaining benefits of
      entropy monitoring.Further studies are needed to assess the effect of entropy
      monitoring on focal issues such as short-term and long-term mortality, as well as
      cost of general anaesthesia.

PMID- 26976249
TI  - Behavioural genetics: An introduction.
AB  - Behavioural genetics is the study of the hereditary influence on behaviour, and
      can therefore be regarded as the intersection between behavioural sciences and
      genetics. As with most other fields of research it is difficult to exactly
      pinpoint when behavioural genetics started. In fact, one might say that the
      notion behavioural traits can be inherited may have appeared in human thought as
      early at 8000 BC, when the domestication of the dog began. The scientific era of
      behavioural genetics is generally considered to start with Charles Darwin. In his
      famous book On the Origin of Species by Means of natural Selection, or the
      Preservation of favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, published in 1859 (and
      sold out the first day), he devoted an entire chapter on instinctive behavioural
      patterns. Some years later, in his book The Descent of Man and Selection in
      Relation to Sex, he clearly stated that the difference between the mind of a
      human being and the mind of an animal 'is certainly one of degree and not of
      kind'. Moreover he gave considerable thought that mental powers (and insanity)
      are heritable aspects. 

PMID- 26976250
TI  - Methodology of genetic research in psychiatry.
AB  - Most forms of behaviour whether normal or abnormal, show a tendency to run in
      families. However, these can range from symptoms of dementia and movement
      disorder caused by the comparatively rare autosomal dominant Huntington's disease
      to common everyday aspects of behaviour such as religious persuasion or career
      choice. Normal behaviours and most common disorders do not show simple mendelian
      inheritance but instead have more complex patterns of transmission involving
      either major genes with incomplete penetrance, multiple genes of small effect, or
      a combination of the two. In addition, common complex phenotypes usually involve
      the combination of genetic and environmental factors. Therefore once family
      studies have shown that a disorder or trait is familial the next stage is to
      perform twin studies and, if possible adoption studies to investigate whether
      this results from shared genes, shared environment or a combination of the two. 

PMID- 26976251
TI  - Genotype-environment interactions and schizophrenia.
AB  - Nature and nurture are not separate. Instead it is important to investigate the
      interplay between genes and environment and how they influence on another. To an
      important degree, genetic effects on behavior come about because they either
      influence the extent to which the individual is likely to be exposed to
      individual differences in environmental risk or they affect how susceptible the
      individual is to environmental adversities. The current inability to explain or
      predict which genetically predisposed individuals will finally become
      schizophrenic has forced us to confront our ignorance of the precise mechanism
      and mode of the transmission of this disorder. Zubin's proposal to view the
      schizophrenic as a vulnerable individual who develops a temporary episode only
      under certain provocations can help place the controversy in proper perspective.
      Vulnerability (predisposition, diathesis) to schizophrenia can be defined as the
      individual's characteristic treshold beyond which stressful events produce
      decompensation manifest in the clinically diagnosable symptom picture. 

PMID- 26976252
TI  - Searching for genes in Schizophrenia.
AB  - Decades of research into the etiology of schizophrenia on a phenotypic level,
      i.e. studies of neuroanatomy, neuropathology, neurophysiology and other areas
      such as immunology have yielded only fragmentary results. A contribution of
      genetic factors, has been consistently shown, however, beginning with E.
      Kraepelin's pioneering studies at the turn of the century. Evidence has
      accumulated from family-, twin-, and adoption studies. Identical twins have a 48%
      risk of developing schizophrenia if one of them is affected. In contrast, a 17 %
      risk is reported for nonidentical twins. These rates are similar to other complex
      genetic disorders such as diabetes, hypertension and asthma. Advances in the
      genetic analysis of complex traits as well as progress in the Human Genome
      Project should provide a basis for uncovering the molecular causes of
      schizophrenic disorders and for investigating the neuropathology of this
      individually and socially devastating neuropsychiatrie disorder. There is no
      doubt, that discovery of the genetic variation associated with the illness would
      help in identifying specific targets for development of more effective, targeted
      treatments. 

PMID- 26976253
TI  - The case for an Xq21.3/Yp homologous locus in the evolution of language and the
      origins of psychosis.
AB  - The distribution of schizophrenia within populations bears upon the genetic
      nature of the disorder. From the World Health Organization Ten-Country Study of
      incidence Jablensky et al concluded that: Schizophrenic illnesses are ubiquitous,
      appear with similar incidence in different cultures and have clinical features
      that are more remarkable by their similarity across cultures than by their
      difference. The WHO study included populations in Japan, India and Europe that
      have been separated for tens of thousands of years. Moreover illnesses with
      essentially the same characteristics are commonplace in the Australian aboriginal
      population that separated from other human populations 50,000 years ago. 

PMID- 26976254
TI  - Serotonergic gene variation: implications for personality traits and
      psychopathology.
AB  - Serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important regulator of morphogenetic
      activities during early central nervous system development, including cell
      proliferation, migration, and differentiation as well as synapto-genesis.
      Serotonergic raphe neurons diffusely project to a variety of brain regions (e.g.
      cortex, amygdala, hippocampus) and play known roles in integrating emotion,
      cognition, motor function as well as in food intake, sleep, pain, and sexual
      activity. The diversity of physiologic functions is due to the fact that 5-HT
      acts as a master control neurotransmitter within a highly complex system of
      neural communication mediated by multiple pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT receptors,
      thus orchestrating the activity and interaction of several other neurotransmitter
      systems. Since proteins involved in the regulation of central serotonergic
      activity (e.g. enzymes, receptors, transporter) play pivotal role in brain 5-HT
      homeostasis, polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of their genes resulting in
      variation of expression and function are likely to influence complex traits, such
      as temperament/personality and psychopathology. 

PMID- 26976255
TI  - Genes for Alzheimer Dementia.
AB  - Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, is
      rapidly becoming a major health problem in developed countries where the number
      of elderly people continuously grows due to improved medical care. Consequently,
      the number of AD patients is increasing and thus far no effective therapies are
      available. Clinically the disease can be diagnosed with 90% reliability on the
      basis of neurological examination, neuropsychological testing and brain imaging
      techniques. A definite diagnosis, however, requires the post-mortem detection of
      senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The SPs are
      extracellular deposits mainly composed of amyloid P (Ap) surrounded by dystrophic
      neurites. NFT are intraneural inclusions of paired helical filaments composed of
      hyperphosphorylated tau. Although age is the major risk factor for AD, population
      survey and family studies have provided substantial evidence that genetic factors
      are major contributors to the expression of AD. 

PMID- 26976256
TI  - The genetics of anxiety disorders.
AB  - The common denominator of anxiety disorders is that they share inappropriate
      levels of emotions and cognitions that affect rather than enable adaptive
      behaviours. The variety of symptoms include 'spontaneous' panic attacks with
      mental and physical symptoms, stimulus bound anxiety associated with avoidance
      behaviour, and almost constant 'generalized' anxious feelings. According to the
      DSM-IV criteria the anxiety disorders are classified as shown in Table I. 

PMID- 26976257
TI  - Molecular genetic findings in mood disorders.
AB  - Traditional methods used to asses genetic effects, such as twins, adoption and
      family studies, have demonstrated the role genetic vulnerability factors in the
      etiology of major psychiatric diseases such as affective disorders and
      schizophrenia. It remains however impossible, using these methods, to specify the
      genetic variables involved and the exact mode of transmission of these diseases.
      New genetic approaches in psychiatry include the use of DNA markers in
      sophisticated strategies to examine families and populations. Genetic linkage (in
      families) and allelic association (in unrelated subjects) are the most frequent
      techniques applied searching for genes in psychiatric diseases. Advances in these
      methods have permitted their application to complex diseases in which the mode of
      genetic transmission is unknown. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar
      affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies
      which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as
      mutations have also, been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several
      chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of affective disorders.
      Large multi-centre and multi-disciplinary projects are currently underway in
      Europe and in the US and hopefully will improve our understanding of the genetic
      factors involved in affective disorders. In parallel to these new developments in
      molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin,
      adoption and family studies, have been improved, providing validated models to
      test the gene-environment interactions. 

PMID- 26976258
TI  - Molecular players in the development and maintenance of mesencephalic dopamine
      systems.
AB  - Several psychiatric diseases are considered to be neuro-developmental disorders.
      Amongst these are schizophrenia and autism, in which genetic and environmental
      components have been indicated. In these disorders intrinsic molecular mechanisms
      of brain development may be deranged due to genetic predispositions, or modified
      by external influences. Brain development is a delicate process of well-tuned
      cellular proliferation and differentiation of multipotent neural progenitor cells
      driven by spatiotemporal cues. One of the fundamental mechanisms is the
      interaction between external signals, e.g. growth factors, and internal
      regulators, e.g. transcription factors. An important transmitter system involved
      in behavioural and affective functions relevant for psychiatric disorders is the
      mesencephalic dopamine (DA) system. The mesencephalic DA system is organized in
      two anatomically and functionally different systems. DA neurons in the ventral
      tegmental area project to the mesolimbic system and are mostly related to control
      of behaviour. It has been implicated in drug addiction and affective disorders
      like dipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The dopamine system of the substantia
      nigra (nigro-striatal pathway) is implicated in movement control. Degeneration of
      this system, as in Parkinson's disease, or altered function in tardive dyskinesia
      have highlighted its importance in human disease. Recent findings in molecular
      neurobiology have provided the first clues to molecular mechanisms involved in
      developing and mature DA neurons. These may have clinical implications in novel
      therapeutic strategies. 

PMID- 26976259
TI  - Coping with genetic burden.
AB  - An increasing number of neurodegenerative diseases have been defined at the
      molecular level in recent years, making it possible to determine precisely the
      genotype before the onset of symptoms. Pre-symptomatic testing programs are
      available for Huntington disease (HD), hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with
      amyloid-Dutch type, inherited cerebral ataxia, myotonic dystrophy, and Alzheimer
      disease. Although treatment options such as gene therapy have no widespread
      application until now, and much has to be developed, the use of predictive DNA
      diagnostics has become a clinical application for a number of hereditary
      diseases. For psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorders,
      there are indications for localisation of the genetic factors, but clinical use
      of genetics is still far from reality. Yet, the increasing knowledge about
      genetics will have far-reaching influence in most fields of modern medicine and
      in health care provisions. 

PMID- 26976260
TI  - The developing role of pharmacogenetics in psychiatry.
AB  - A great interindividual variability exists in biological response to drugs. This
      variability is partly attributable to pharmacodynamic factors (drug - receptor
      interactions) and partly to pharmacokinetic factors. Drugs can be eliminated from
      the body by renal clearance, metabolism or both. Although every tissue has some
      ability to metabolise xenobiotics like drugs, the liver is the principal organ of
      biotransformation. Major metabolising enzymes are the cytochrome-P450 mono
      oxygenases, epoxide hydrolase, glucuronosyl-transferase, acetyl-transferase,
      sulfo-transferase and xanthine oxidase. Some of these enzymes display in a subset
      of subjects a 'normal' activity and in another subset of subjects a reduced or a
      greatly increased activity. This altered activity may be genetically determined
      and is then called genetic polymorphism. Clinically relevant metabolic
      differences traditionally have been defined by their genotypie expression such as
      'poor' and 'extensive' metaboliser. The recent developments of powerful methods
      for DNA (or genomic) analysis portends a revolutionary expansion of our
      understanding of physiology as well as pathology. Pharmacogenetics is the study
      of genetic variation underlying differential response to drugs. Genotyping may
      become a useful tool in optimising drug treatment. Another part of the genetic
      research is directed towards the discovery of genetic alterations leading to
      diseases. Once identified, these genetic alterations can become targets for drug
      treatment (e.g. gene therapy). Pharmaco-genomics applies the large-scale
      systematic approaches of genomics to speed the discovery of drug response
      markers, whether they act at the level of the drug target, drug metabolism or
      disease pathway. Table I gives some examples of genetic alterations that are
      identified together with their effects. Some of these examples will be briefly
      discussed here. 

PMID- 26976261
TI  - Neuropsychiatrie of biologische psychiatrie; een toekomstvisie in historisch
      perspectief.
AB  - Neuropsychiatry or Biological Psychiatry There is an urgent need to reconsider
      the position of psychiatry within the neurosciences because of the exploding
      knowledge about the relationship between brain and behaviour and the delay in
      implementation of new findings due to the separation of neurology and psychiatry.
      Biological psychiatry and psychopharmacology originate from the discovery by
      chance of psycho-active compounds in the early fifties and have contributed to
      the scientification of psychiatry. The impact of biological psychiatry for the
      pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, however, is limited as a result of its
      biased orientation on neurotransmitters and receptors. The neuropsychiatric
      paradigm integrates knowledge from several domains, such as functional
      neuroanatomy, genetics and endocrinology and opens new vistas for the involvement
      of neuronal circuits in the initiation and maintenance of behavioural
      disturbances. In addition, novel and more specific treatment modalities may
      emerge. 

PMID- 26976263
TI  - Erythema Multiforme in Children and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Aetiology.
AB  - Erythema multiforme (EM) in children is understudied and confused with Stevens
      Johnson syndrome (SJS) despite their being separate diseases with unique
      aetiologies and clinical presentations. The goal of this study was to determine
      the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in paediatric patients with EM minor, EM
      major (EMM), and SJS. This retrospective cohort at The Hospital for Sick Children
      accrued all cases of EM minor, EMM, and SJS from 1999 to 2013. Sixty-five cases
      were identified: 20 of EM minor, 23 of EMM, and 22 of SJS. Aetiologies were
      attributed in 58% of cases: 79% infection and 21% drug aetiology. Sixty-one
      percent of patients with EMM were M pneumoniae positive, compared with 14% of
      those with SJS and 22% of those with EM minor (P < .01). M pneumoniae patients
      were older at presentation (P = .03) and more frequently had sore throat (P <
      .01) and atypical targets with central blistering (P < .01). These findings
      suggest that M pneumoniae should be suspected and treated until laboratory
      confirmation becomes available in patients presenting with atypical target
      lesions with central blistering. 

PMID- 26976264
TI  - A photopolymerized composite hydrogel and surgical implanting tool for a nucleus
      pulposus replacement.
AB  - Nucleus pulposus replacements have been subjected to highly controversial
      discussions over the last 40 years. Their use has not yet resulted in a positive
      outcome to treat herniated disc or degenerated disc disease. The main reason is
      that not a single implant or tissue replacement was able to withstand the loads
      within an intervertebral disc. Here, we report on the development of a photo
      polymerizable poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate nano-fibrillated cellulose
      composite hydrogel which was tuned according to native tissue properties. Using a
      customized minimally-invasive medical device to inject and photopolymerize the
      hydrogel insitu, samples were implanted through an incision of 1 mm into an
      intervertebral disc of a bovine organ model to evaluate their long-term
      performance. When implanted into the bovine disc model, the composite hydrogel
      implant was able to significantly re-establish disc height after surgery (p <
      0.0025). The height was maintained after 0.5 million loading cycles (p < 0.025).
      The mechanical resistance of the novel composite hydrogel material combined with
      the minimally invasive implantation procedure into a bovine disc resulted in a
      promising functional orthopedic implant for the replacement of the nucleus
      pulposus.

PMID- 26976265
TI  - Knowledge and experiences of Chagas disease in Bolivian women living in Spain: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Europe, Spain has the highest number of people with Chagas disease
      (CD). Bolivian migrants account for 81% of the reported cases. One of the
      priorities in controlling the disease is prevention of mother-to-child
      transmission. Despite under-diagnosis in Spain being estimated at 90%, there are
      currently few studies that explore the social and cultural dimensions of this
      disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and
      experiences of Bolivian women with CD, in order to generate a useful
      understanding for the design and implementation of public health initiatives.
      DESIGN: Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews, triangular groups,
      and field notes. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen Bolivian women with CD living in Madrid.
      RESULTS: The participants were aware that the disease was transmitted through the
      vector, that it could be asymptomatic, and that it could also be associated with
      sudden death by heart failure. They opined that the treatment as such could not
      cure the disease but only slow it down. There was a sense of indifference along
      with a lack of understanding of the risk of contracting the disease. Participants
      who presented with symptoms, or those with relatives suffering from the disease,
      were concerned about fatalities, cardiac problems, and possible vertical
      transmission. There was also a fear of being rejected by others. The disease was
      described as something that affected a large number of people but only showed up
      in a few cases and that too after many years. There was a widespread assumption
      that it was better not to know because doing so, allows the disease to take hold.
      CONCLUSIONS: Disease risk perception was very low in Bolivian women living in
      Madrid. This factor, together with the fear of being screened, may be
      contributing to the current rate of under-diagnosis.

PMID- 26976266
TI  - Dimensionality effects on the luminescence properties of hBN.
AB  - Cathodoluminescence (CL) experiments at low temperature have been undertaken on
      various bulk and exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) samples. Different bulk
      crystals grown from different synthesis methods have been studied. All of them
      present the same so-called S series in the 5.6-6 eV range, proving its intrinsic
      character. Luminescence spectra of flakes containing 100 down to 6 layers have
      been recorded. Strong modifications in the same UV range are observed and
      discussed within the general framework of 2D exciton properties in lamellar
      crystals. 

PMID- 26976262
TI  - A Stress-Activated Transposon in Arabidopsis Induces Transgenerational Abscisic
      Acid Insensitivity.
AB  - Transposable elements (TEs), or transposons, play an important role in
      adaptation. TE insertion can affect host gene function and provides a mechanism
      for rapid increases in genetic diversity, particularly because many TEs respond
      to environmental stress. In the current study, we show that the transposition of
      a heat-activated retrotransposon, ONSEN, generated a mutation in an abscisic acid
      (ABA) responsive gene, resulting in an ABA-insensitive phenotype in Arabidopsis,
      suggesting stress tolerance. Our results provide direct evidence that a
      transposon activated by environmental stress could alter the genome in a
      potentially positive manner. Furthermore, the ABA-insensitive phenotype was
      inherited when the transcription was disrupted by an ONSEN insertion, whereas ABA
      sensitivity was recovered when the effects of ONSEN were masked by IBM2. These
      results suggest that epigenetic mechanisms in host plants typically buffered the
      effect of a new insertion, but could selectively "turn on" TEs when stressed. 

PMID- 26976268
TI  - Haemodialysis session: The perfect storm for vascular calcification.

PMID- 26976269
TI  - Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease diagnosed in a 39 year-old women
      with kidney failure and cramps.

PMID- 26976271
TI  - Cyclic peptides identified by phage display are competitive inhibitors of the
      tRNA-dependent amidotransferase of Helicobacter pylori.
AB  - In Helicobacter pylori, the heterotrimeric tRNA-dependent amidotransferase
      (GatCAB) is essential for protein biosynthesis because it catalyzes the
      conversion of misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) and Asp-tRNA(Asn) into Gln-tRNA(Gln) and
      Asn-tRNA(Asn), respectively. In this study, we used a phage library to identify
      peptide inhibitors of GatCAB. A library displaying loop-constrained heptapeptides
      was used to screen for phages binding to the purified GatCAB. To optimize the
      probability of obtaining competitive inhibitors of GatCAB with respect to its
      substrate Glu-tRNA(Gln), we used that purified substrate in the biopanning
      process of the phage-display technique to elute phages bound to GatCAB at the
      third round of the biopanning process. Among the eluted phages, we identified
      several that encode cyclic peptides rich in Trp and Pro that inhibit H. pylori
      GatCAB in vitro. Peptides P10 and P9 were shown to be competitive inhibitors of
      GatCAB with respect to its substrate Glu-tRNA(Gln), with Ki values of 126 and
      392MUM, respectively. The docking models revealed that the Trp residues of these
      peptides form pi-pi stacking interactions with Tyr81 of the synthetase active
      site, as does the 3'-terminal A76 of tRNA, supporting their competitive behavior
      with respect to Glu-tRNA(Gln) in the transamidation reaction. These peptides can
      be used as scaffolds in the search for novel antibiotics against the pathogenic
      bacteria that require GatCAB for Gln-tRNA(Gln) and/or Asn-tRNA(Asn) formation.

PMID- 26976270
TI  - C-terminal amidation of PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 is dispensable for biological
      activity at the PAC1 receptor.
AB  - PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 are the exclusive physiological ligands for the mammalian
      PAC1 receptor. The role of C-terminal amidation of these ligands at that receptor
      was examined in neuroendocrine cells expressing the PAC1 receptor endogenously
      and in non-neuroendocrine cells in which the human and rat PAC1 receptors were
      expressed from stable single-copy genes driven by the CMV promoter, providing
      stoichiometrically appropriate levels of this Gs-coupled GPCR in order to examine
      the potency and intrinsic activity of PACAP ligands and their des-amidated
      congeners. We found that replacement of the C-terminal glycine residues of PACAP
      27 and -38 with a free acid; or extension of either peptide with the two to three
      amino acids normally found at these positions in PACAP processing intermediates
      in vivo following endoproteolytic cleavage and after exoproteolytic trimming and
      glycine-directed amidated, were equivalent in potency to the fully processed
      peptides in a variety of cell-based assays. These included real-time monitoring
      of cyclic AMP generation in both NS-1 neuroendocrine cells and non-neuroendocrine
      HEK293 cells; PKA-dependent gene activation in HEK293 cells; and neuritogenesis
      and cell growth arrest in NS-1 cells. The specific implications for the role of
      amidation in arming of secretin-related neuropeptides for biological function,
      and the general implications for neuropeptide-based delivery in the context of
      gene therapy, are discussed.

PMID- 26976272
TI  - Cross-protective efficacy of Leishmania infantum LiHyD protein against
      tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis
      species.
AB  - Vaccination can be considered the most cost-effective strategy to control
      neglected diseases, but nowadays there is not an effective vaccine available
      against leishmaniasis. In the present study, a vaccine based on the combination
      of the Leishmania-specific hypothetical protein (LiHyD) with saponin was tested
      in BALB/c mice against infection caused by Leishmania major and Leishmania
      braziliensis species. This antigen was firstly identified in Leishmania infantum
      and showed to be protective against infection of BALB/c mice using this parasite
      species. The immunogenicity of rLiHyD/saponin vaccine was evaluated, and the
      results showed that immunized mice produced high levels of IFN-gamma, IL-12 and
      GM-CSF after in vitro stimulation with rLiHyD, as well as by using L. major or L.
      braziliensis protein extracts. After challenge, vaccinated animals showed
      significant reductions in the infected footpad swellings, as well as in the
      parasite burden in the infection site, liver, spleen, and infected paws draining
      lymph nodes, when compared to those that were inoculated with the vaccine diluent
      (saline) or immunized with saponin. The immunization of rLiHyD without adjuvant
      was not protective against both challenges. The partial protection obtained by
      the rLiHyD/saponin vaccine was associated with a parasite-specific IL-12
      dependent IFN-gamma secretion, which was produced mainly by CD4(+) T cells. In
      these animals, a decrease in the parasite-mediated IL-4 and IL-10 responses,
      associated with the presence of high levels of LiHyD- and parasite-specific IgG2a
      isotype antibodies, were also observed. The present study showed that a
      hypothetical protein that was firstly identified in L. infantum, when combined to
      a Th1 adjuvant, was able to confer a cross-protection against highly infective
      stationary-phase promastigotes of two Leishmania species causing tegumentary
      leishmaniasis. 

PMID- 26976273
TI  - Trusting Social Media as a Source of Health Information: Online Surveys Comparing
      the United States, Korea, and Hong Kong.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Internet has increasingly become a popular source of health
      information by connecting individuals with health content, experts, and support.
      More and more, individuals turn to social media and Internet sites to share
      health information and experiences. Although online health information seeking
      occurs worldwide, limited empirical studies exist examining cross-cultural
      differences in perceptions about user-generated, experience-based information
      compared to expertise-based information sources. OBJECTIVE: To investigate if
      cultural variations exist in patterns of online health information seeking,
      specifically in perceptions of online health information sources. It was
      hypothesized that Koreans and Hongkongers, compared to Americans, would be more
      likely to trust and use experience-based knowledge shared in social Internet
      sites, such as social media and online support groups. Conversely, Americans,
      compared to Koreans and Hongkongers, would value expertise-based knowledge
      prepared and approved by doctors or professional health providers more. METHODS:
      Survey questionnaires were developed in English first and then translated into
      Korean and Chinese. The back-translation method ensured the standardization of
      questions. Surveys were administered using a standardized recruitment strategy
      and data collection methods. RESULTS: A total of 826 participants living in
      metropolitan areas from the United States (n=301), Korea (n=179), and Hong Kong
      (n=337) participated in the study. We found significant cultural differences in
      information processing preferences for online health information. A planned
      contrast test revealed that Koreans and Hongkongers showed more trust in
      experience-based health information sources (blogs: t451.50=11.21, P<.001; online
      support group: t455.71=9.30, P<.001; social networking sites [SNS]:
      t466.75=11.36, P<.001) and also reported using blogs (t515.31=6.67, P<.001) and
      SNS (t529.22=4.51, P<.001) more frequently than Americans. Americans showed a
      stronger preference for using expertise-based information sources (eg, WebMD and
      CDC) compared to Koreans and Hongkongers (t360.02=3.01, P=.003). Trust in
      expertise-based information sources was universal, demonstrating no cultural
      differences (Brown-Forsythe F2,654=1.82, P=.16). Culture also contributed
      significantly to differences in searching information on behalf of family members
      (t480.38=5.99, P<.001) as well as to the goals of information searching.
      CONCLUSIONS: This research found significant cultural differences in information
      processing preferences for online health information. Further discussion is
      included regarding effective communication strategies in providing quality health
      information.

PMID- 26976274
TI  - What's in the tank? Nematodes and other major components of the meiofauna of
      bromeliad phytotelms in lowland Panama.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nematodes are a very diverse and extremely abundant group of animals,
      but their occurrence in the tropics is surprisingly little understood. We
      investigated the meiofauna of epiphytic tank bromeliads in the lowlands of Panama
      with particular emphasis on nematodes. RESULTS: We encountered 89 morphospecies
      of nematodes in 54 bromeliad tanks, which were sampled in the wet and the dry
      season. Rotifers were by far the most abundant group in both the dry and the wet
      season (with up to 960 individual ml(-1)), followed by nematodes, annelids and
      harpacticoid copepods. Individual plants hosted up to 25 nematode species. These
      nematodes represented a diversity of feeding guilds, suction-feeders and deposit
      feeders being most abundant. The relative abundances of feeding-types of
      nematodes differed considerably in the wet and dry season. Both species richness
      and abundance were strongly correlated with the size of the phytotelms and the
      season, while species diversity assessed with the Shannon-index was affected by
      neither of the two. CONCLUSION: This is the first study with a particular focus
      on the diversity of nematodes in tank bromeliads. We document a meiofauna of
      considerable abundance and diversity, which suggests important functional roles
      in ecological processes such as decomposition, which in turn warrants further
      study.

PMID- 26976276
TI  - Erratum to: Stop spoon dosing: milliliter instructions reduce inclination to
      spoon dosing.

PMID- 26976275
TI  - Lumbar spine osteomyelitis and epidural abscess formation secondary to
      acupuncture.
AB  - A 39-year-old male with no previous medical history presented with abdominal and
      low back pain. Based on clinical and radiological findings he was diagnosed with
      L1/L2 osteomyelitis and epidural abscess. Further history taking revealed recent
      use of acupuncture for treatment of mechanical back pain. The patient was treated
      conservatively with an extended course of antibiotics, monitored with repeat MRI
      scans and had a full recovery with no neurological deficit. This is the first
      reported case of epidural abscess formation and osteomyelitis after acupuncture
      in the UK. As acupuncture becomes more commonly used in western countries, it is
      important to be aware of this rare but serious complication. 

PMID- 26976277
TI  - Crystalloid fluid therapy.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26976278
TI  - Elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with
      neuroendocrine differentiation of the ascending colon: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common form of cancer and the
      third leading cause of death in Taiwan. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been
      extensively used as a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and yolk sac
      tumors. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report presents a 90-year-old woman with
      right abdominal pain and poor appetite for 1 week. The computed tomography (CT)
      showed wall thickening in the proximal ascending colon with ruptured
      appendicitis. Preoperative serum AFP was high. There was no definite liver
      metastasis or other abnormal findings in the hepatobiliary systems. After initial
      empirical antibiotic treatment, we performed laparoscopic right hemicolectomy.
      The pathological assessment was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with
      neuroendocrine differentiation in the ascending colon. The tumor cells did not
      produce AFP. Amazingly, the follow-up serum AFP level 1 month after the surgery
      declined to normal range. The patient had an uneventful course after the surgery
      and was free of recurrence or metastasis within 5 months of follow-up.
      CONCLUSIONS: AFP may be a useful tumor marker in poorly differentiated colorectal
      cancer with neuroendocrine component patients and a prediction of early treatment
      response.

PMID- 26976279
TI  - Manipulating proteostasis to repair the F508del-CFTR defect in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal monogenic disease caused by mutations in the
      cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that entails the
      (diagnostic) increase in sweat electrolyte concentrations, progressive lung
      disease with chronic inflammation and recurrent bacterial infections, pancreatic
      insufficiency, and male infertility. Therapies aimed at restoring the CFTR defect
      have emerged. Thus, a small molecule which facilitates chloride channel opening,
      the potentiator Ivacaftor, has been approved for the treatment of CF patients
      bearing a particular class of rare CFTR mutations. However, small molecules that
      directly target the most common misfolded CFTR mutant, F508del, and improve its
      intracellular trafficking in vitro, have been less effective than expected when
      tested in CF patients, even in combination with Ivacaftor. Thus, new strategies
      are required to circumvent the F508del-CFTR defect. Airway and intestinal
      epithelial cells from CF patients bearing the F508del-CFTR mutation exhibit an
      impressive derangement of cellular proteostasis, with oxidative stress,
      overactivation of the tissue transglutaminase (TG2), and disabled autophagy.
      Proteostasis regulators such as cysteamine can rescue and stabilize a functional
      F508del-CFTR protein through suppressing TG2 activation and restoring autophagy
      in vivo in F508del-CFTR homozygous mice, in vitro in CF patient-derived cell
      lines, ex vivo in freshly collected primary patient's nasal cells, as well as in
      a pilot clinical trial involving homozygous F508del-CFTR patients. Here, we
      discuss how the therapeutic normalization of defective proteostasis can be
      harnessed for the treatment of CF patients with the F508del-CFTR mutation. 

PMID- 26976280
TI  - The Impact of WIC on Birth Outcomes: New Evidence from South Carolina.
AB  - Objectives To investigate the impact of the Special Supplemental Nutrition
      Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) on a variety of infant health
      outcomes using recent South Carolina Vital Statistics data (2004-2012). Methods
      To account for non-random WIC participation, the study relies on a maternal fixed
      effects estimation, due to the availability of unique maternally linked data.
      Results The results indicate that WIC participation is associated with an
      increase in birth weight and length of gestation, decrease in the probability of
      low birth weight, prematurity, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission.
      Additionally, addressing gestational bias and accounting for the length of
      gestation, WIC participation is associated with a decrease in the probability of
      delivering a low weight infant and a small for gestational age infant among black
      mothers. Conclusions for Practice Accounting for non-random program
      participation, the study documents a large improvement in birth outcomes among
      infants of WIC participating mothers. Even in the context of somewhat restrictive
      gestation-adjusted specification, the positive impact of WIC remains within the
      subsample of black mothers.

PMID- 26976281
TI  - Contactable Non-responders Show Different Characteristics Compared to Lost to
      Follow-Up Participants: Insights from an Australian Longitudinal Birth Cohort
      Study.
AB  - Objective This research aims to identify predictors of attrition in a
      longitudinal birth cohort study in Australia and assess differences in baseline
      characteristics and responses in subsequent follow-up phases between contactable
      non-responders and uncontactable non-responders deemed "lost to follow-up (LTF)".
      Methods 3368 women recruited from three public hospitals in Southeast Queensland
      and Northern New South Wales during antenatal visits in 2006-2011 completed a
      baseline questionnaire to elicit information on multiple domains of exposures. A
      follow-up questionnaire was posted to each participant at 1 year after birth to
      obtain mother's and child's health and development information. Multivariate
      logistic regression was used to model the association between exposures and
      respondents' status at 1 year. The effect of an inverse-probability-weighting
      method to adjust for non-response was studied. Results Overall attrition at 1
      year was 35.4 %; major types of attrition were "contactable non-response" (27.6
      %) and "LTF" (6.7 %). These two attrition types showed different responses at the
      3-year follow-up and involved different predictors. Besides shared predictors
      (first language not English, higher risk of psychological distress, had smoked
      during pregnancy, higher levels of family conflict), distinguishable predictors
      of contactable non-responders were younger age, having moved home in the past
      year and having children under 16 in the household. Attrition rates increased
      substantially from 20 % in 2006 to 54 % in 2011. Conclusions This observed trend
      of increased attrition rates raises concern about the use of traditional
      techniques, such as "paper-based" questionnaires, in longitudinal cohort studies.
      The supplementary use of electronic communications, such as online survey tools
      and smart-device applications, could provide a better alternative.

PMID- 26976282
TI  - Investigating Preterm Care at the Facility Level: Stakeholder Qualitative Study
      in Central and Southern Malawi.
AB  - Objectives Malawi is estimated to have one of the highest preterm birth rates in
      the world. However, care of preterm infants at facility level in Malawi has not
      been explored. We aimed to explore the views of health stakeholders about the
      care of preterm infants in health facilities and the existence of any policy
      protocol documents guiding the delivery of care to these infants. Methods We
      conducted 16 in-depth interviews with health stakeholders (11 service providers
      and 5 policy makers) using an interview guide and asked for any existing policy
      protocol documents guiding care for preterm infants in the health facilities in
      Malawi. The collected documents were reviewed and all the interviews were
      digitally recorded, transcribed and translated. All data were analysed using
      content analysis approach. Results We identified four policy protocol documents
      and out of these, one had detailed information explaining the care of preterm
      infants. Policy makers reported that policy protocol documents to guide care for
      preterm infants were available in the health facilities but majority (63.6 %) of
      the service providers lacked knowledge about the existence of these documents.
      Health stakeholders reported several challenges in caring for preterm infants
      including lack of trained staff in preterm infant care, antibiotics, space,
      supervision and poor referral system. Conclusions Our study highlights that
      improving health care service provider knowledge of preterm infant care is an
      integral part in preterm child birth. Our findings suggests that policy makers
      and health decision makers should retain those trained in preterm new born care
      in the health facility's preterm unit.

PMID- 26976283
TI  - Measuring Implicit Sexual Response Biases to Nude Male and Female Pictures in
      Androphilic and Gynephilic Men.
AB  - Snowden, Wichter, and Gray (2008) demonstrated that an Implicit Association Test
      and a Priming Task both predicted the sexual orientation of gynephilic and
      androphilic men in terms of their attraction biases towards pictures of nude
      males and females. For both measures, relative bias scores were obtained, with no
      information on the separate response biases to each target gender. The present
      study sought to extend this research by assessing both relative and individual
      implicit biases using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). An
      explicit measure screened for men with androphilic (n = 16) or gynephilic (n =
      16) orientations on the dimensions of "sexual attraction," "sexual behavior,"
      "sexual fantasies," "hetero/gay lifestyle," and "self identification." The IRAP
      involved responding "True" or "False" to pictures of nude males and females as
      either attractive or unattractive. Participants were required to respond in a
      manner consistent with their reported sexual orientation for half of the IRAP's
      test blocks and inconsistent for the other half. Response latencies were recorded
      and analyzed. The IRAP revealed a non-orthogonal pattern of biases across the two
      groups and had an excellent ability to predict sexual orientation with areas
      under the curves of 1.0 for the relative bias score and .94 and .95 for the bias
      scores for the male and female pictures, respectively. Correlations between the
      IRAP and explicit measures of sexual orientation were consistently high. The
      findings support the IRAP as a potentially valuable tool in the study of sexual
      preferences.

PMID- 26976284
TI  - Evaluation of secondary alveolar bone grafting outcomes performed after canine
      eruption in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the results of secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) in
      patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), operated after
      permanent canine eruption (CE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four periapical
      radiographs from patients with complete UCLP (mean age 14 years) submitted to
      SABG were retrospectively analyzed for the amount of bone in the cleft site
      through the Bergland and Chelsea scales. RESULTS: Of the cases, 47.3 % was
      classified as Bergland type I and Chelsea type A, 35.2 % as type II/C, 6.7 % as
      type III/D, and 10.8 % as type IV/failure. When the canine was moved into the
      grafted area, the success rate (type I/A) was 56.8 %; for cases in which the
      space was maintained for an implant or prosthetic finishing, the index was 45.8
      %; however, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Even
      in advanced ages, after permanent canine eruption, SABG can be considered a
      highly successful procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This research shows good results
      of secondary alveolar bone grafting performed in patients with unilateral
      complete cleft lip and palate, even when it was performed after eruption of the
      permanent canine in the cleft area.

PMID- 26976285
TI  - Comparative experimental investigation on the efficacy of mono- and
      multiprobiotic strains in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the efficacy of different probiotic strains, their
      combinations and forms (alive or lyophilized) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      (NAFLD) prevention. METHODS: In this study, 70 rats have been used divided into 7
      groups of 10 animals in each: I - intact rats, II-VII - rats with monosodium
      glutamate (MSG)-induced NAFLD. Rats with NAFLD were untreated (group II, MSG
      obesity group) and treated with probiotics (groups III-VII). In order to develop
      NAFLD, newborn rats of groups II-VII were injected with a solution of monosodium
      glutamate (MSG) (4 mg/g) subcutaneously (s.c.) at 2nd,4th, 6th, 8th,10th
      postnatal day. The groups III-V received lyophilized monoprobiotics B. animalis
      VKL, B. animalis VKB, L.casei IMVB-7280, respectively. The group VI received 2.5
      ml/kg of an aqueous solution of a mixture of the three probiotic strains (2:1:1
      Lactobacillus casei IMVB-7280, Bifidobacterium animalis VKL, Bifidobacterium
      animalis VKB) at a dose of 50 mg/kg (5 * 10(9) CFU/kg) (g) (intragastrically).
      The group VII was treated with multiprobiotic "Symbiter" containing biomass of 14
      alive probiotic strains (Lactobacillus + Lactococcus (6 * 10(10) CFU/g),
      Bifidobacterium (1 * 10(10)/g), Propionibacterium (3 * 10(10)/g), Acetobacter (1
      * 10(6)/g)) at a dose of 140 mg/kg (1.4 * 10(10) CFU/kg). The treatment with
      probiotics was started at the age of 1 month. There were 3 courses of treatment,
      each included 2-week administration and 2-week break. All parameters were
      measured in 4-month aged rats. RESULTS: Introduction of MSG during the neonatal
      period leads to the NAFLD development in the 4-months old rats. For steatosis
      degree there was no significant difference between MSG-obesity group and
      lyophilized monocomponent probiotics groups (III-V). The highest manifestation of
      steatosis was observed for B. animalis VKL group (2.0 +/- 0.25) as compared to B.
      animalis VKB (1.70 +/- 0.21) and L. casei IMVB-7280 (1.80 +/- 0.20). The
      steatosis score changes between all monoprobiotics groups (III-V) were
      insignificant. Administration from birth of both alive (VII) and lyophilized (VI)
      probiotic mixture lead to a significant decrease by 69.5 % (p < 0.001) and 43.5 %
      (p < 0.025) of steatosis score respectively as compared to the MSG-obesity group
      (2.3 +/- 0.21 %). For both alive and lyophilized probiotic mixtures, reduction of
      lobular inflammation was observed. These histological data were confirmed by the
      significant decrease of total lipids and triglycerides content in the liver
      approximately by 22-25 % in groups treated with probiotic mixtures (VI, VII)
      compared to the MSG-obesity group. CONCLUSION: We established failure of NAFLD
      prevention with lyophilized monoprobiotic strains and the efficacy of probiotic
      mixture with the preference of alive probiotic strains.

PMID- 26976286
TI  - CD36 regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways and mediates the
      internalization of Escherichia coli in cooperation with TLR4 in goat mammary
      gland epithelial cells.
AB  - The scavenger receptor CD36 is involved in pathogen recognition, phagocytosis,
      and pathogen-induced signaling. This study investigated the relationship between
      CD36 and TLR4 in modifying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced signaling pathways
      and mediating Escherichia coli (E. coli) endocytosis in primary goat mammary
      epithelial cells (pGMECs). The manipulation of CD36 expression significantly
      influenced TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) mRNA expression in pGMECs
      stimulated with LPS for 12 h. NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity
      was regulated by the manipulation of CD36 expression in LPS-induced pGMECs.
      However, CD36-mediated AP-1 activation occurred primarily through c-Jun N
      terminal kinase (c-JNK). Adaptor proteins and proinflammatory cytokines were also
      involved in these signaling pathways and acted by regulating CD36 expression in
      LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, CD36 cooperated with TLR4 in TLR4-mediated
      phagocytosis following E. coli simulation, but this complex was not induced by
      LPS treatment. Our study is the first to illuminate CD36 as a scavenger receptor
      in ruminants. Additionally, this study indicates that CD36 plays a vital role in
      the LPS-induced activation of downstream signaling cascades and mediates E. coli
      phagocytosis via TLR4 in pGMECs, which offers a novel treatment strategy for
      mastitis.

PMID- 26976288
TI  - Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Associated with Shock.

PMID- 26976289
TI  - When the Illness Goes Off Script-An Exercise in Clinical Reasoning.

PMID- 26976287
TI  - Individual Versus Team-Based Financial Incentives to Increase Physical Activity:
      A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: More than half of adults in the United States do not attain the
      minimum recommended level of physical activity to achieve health benefits. The
      optimal design of financial incentives to promote physical activity is unknown.
      OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of individual versus team-based financial
      incentives to increase physical activity. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial
      comparing three interventions to control. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and four
      adult employees from an organization in Philadelphia formed 76 four-member teams.
      INTERVENTIONS: All participants received daily feedback on performance towards
      achieving a daily 7000 step goal during the intervention (weeks 1- 13) and follow
      up (weeks 14- 26) periods. The control arm received no other intervention. In the
      three financial incentive arms, drawings were held in which one team was selected
      as the winner every other day during the 13-week intervention. A participant on a
      winning team was eligible as follows: $50 if he or she met the goal (individual
      incentive), $50 only if all four team members met the goal (team incentive), or
      $20 if he or she met the goal individually and $10 more for each of three
      teammates that also met the goal (combined incentive). MAIN MEASURES: Mean
      proportion of participant-days achieving the 7000 step goal during the
      intervention. KEY RESULTS: Compared to the control group during the intervention
      period, the mean proportion achieving the 7000 step goal was significantly
      greater for the combined incentive (0.35 vs. 0.18, difference: 0.17, 95 %
      confidence interval [CI]: 0.07-0.28, p <0.001) but not for the individual
      incentive (0.25 vs 0.18, difference: 0.08, 95 % CI: -0.02-0.18, p = 0.13) or the
      team incentive (0.17 vs 0.18, difference: -0.003, 95 % CI: -0.11-0.10, p = 0.96).
      The combined incentive arm participants also achieved the goal at significantly
      greater rates than the team incentive (0.35 vs. 0.17, difference: 0.18, 95 % CI:
      0.08-0.28, p < 0.001), but not the individual incentive (0.35 vs. 0.25,
      difference: 0.10, 95 % CI: -0.001-0.19, p = 0.05). Only the combined incentive
      had greater mean daily steps than control (difference: 1446, 95 % CI: 448-2444, p
      <= 0.005). There were no significant differences between arms during the follow
      up period (weeks 14- 26). CONCLUSIONS: Financial incentives rewarded for a
      combination of individual and team performance were most effective for increasing
      physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier:
      NCT02001194.

PMID- 26976290
TI  - Implementation Science Workshop: Engaging Patients in Team-Based Practice
      Redesign - Critical Reflections on Program Design.

PMID- 26976291
TI  - Mitral Valve Perforation in Libman-Sacks Endocarditis: A Heart-Wrenching Case of
      Lupus.
AB  - Libman-Sacks (LS) endocarditis is one of the most common cardiac manifestations
      of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rarely, however, it can lead to serious
      complications, including severe valvular regurgitation or superimposed bacterial
      endocarditis. We describe the initial diagnostic challenges, clinical course,
      imaging studies and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with
      life-threatening lupus complicated by hemoptysis and respiratory failure
      secondary to a rare complication of LS endocarditis, acute mitral valve
      perforation. We review the current literature on valve perforation in the setting
      of LS endocarditis. In conclusion, although the disease is often asymptomatic and
      hemodynamically insignificant, it can result in serious and potentially fatal
      complications secondary to valve perforation, which may demand emergency surgical
      management.

PMID- 26976292
TI  - Incremental Cost-Effectiveness of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine for
      Adults Age 50 Years and Older in the United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently released results from a randomized controlled trial have
      shown that 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is efficacious
      against vaccine-type nonbacteremic pneumonia in adults. OBJECTIVE: We examined
      the incremental cost-effectiveness of adding PCV13 to the Advisory Committee on
      Immunization Practices (ACIP) adult immunization schedule. METHODS: We used a
      probabilistic model following cohorts of 50-, 60-, or 65-year-olds. We used
      separate vaccination coverage and disease incidence data for healthy and high
      risk adults. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were determined for each
      potential vaccination strategy. RESULTS: In the base case scenario, our model
      indicated that adding PCV13 at age 65 or replacing 23-valent pneumococcal
      polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) at age 65 with PCV13 provided more value for
      money than adding PCV13 at ages 50 or 60. After projections of six additional
      years of herd protection from the childhood immunization program were
      incorporated, we found adding PCV13 dominated replacing PPSV23. For a cohort of
      65-year-olds in 2013, the cost of adding PCV13 at age 65 to the schedule was
      $62,065 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, which rose to $272,621
      after 6 years of projected herd protection. CONCLUSION: The addition of one dose
      of PCV13 for adults appears to have a cost-effectiveness ratio comparable to
      other vaccination interventions in the short run, though anticipated herd
      protection from the childhood immunization program may dramatically increase the
      cost per QALY after only a few years.

PMID- 26976294
TI  - Anticholinergic Medication Use and Risk of Dementia Among Elderly Nursing Home
      Residents with Depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of dementia with anticholinergic use among elderly
      nursing home residents with depression. DESIGN: Population-based nested case
      control study. SETTING: Population-based study involving 2007-2010 Minimum Data
      Set-linked Medicare data from all 50 states. PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries
      aged 65 years and older, diagnosed with depression, and no history of dementia as
      of 2007 (baseline period). Cases were identified as patients with incident
      dementia following the baseline period. For each case, four age- and sex-matched
      control subjects were selected using incidence density sampling. MEASUREMENTS:
      Anticholinergic exposure was defined using Anticholinergic Drug Scale.
      Prescription of clinically significant anticholinergic medications (levels 2 and
      3) 30 days preceding the event date formed the primary exposure. The primary
      outcome was dementia diagnosis, between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2010. A
      conditional logistic regression model stratified on matched case-control sets was
      performed to assess dementia risk, after controlling for other risk factors.
      RESULTS: The study sample included 28,388 cases diagnosed with dementia and
      113,352 matched control subjects. After adjusting for other risk factors,
      clinically significant anticholinergic use was associated with significant risk
      of dementia (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.22-1.29) compared with non-use. The findings
      remained consistent across levels of anticholinergic potency (level 2, OR: 1.37,
      95% CI: 1.31-1.44; level 3, OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.10-1.19). CONCLUSION: Use of
      clinically significant anticholinergic medications was associated with a 26%
      increase in risk of dementia among elderly nursing home residents with
      depression. With increasing safety concerns, there is a significant need to
      optimize anticholinergic use, especially for those who are at risk for dementia.

PMID- 26976293
TI  - Defining a Good Death (Successful Dying): Literature Review and a Call for
      Research and Public Dialogue.
AB  - There is little agreement about what constitutes good death or successful dying.
      The authors conducted a literature search for published, English-language, peer
      reviewed reports of qualitative and quantitative studies that provided a
      definition of a good death. Stakeholders in these articles included patients,
      prebereaved and bereaved family members, and healthcare providers (HCPs).
      Definitions found were categorized into core themes and subthemes, and the
      frequency of each theme was determined by stakeholder (patients, family, HCPs)
      perspectives. Thirty-six studies met eligibility criteria, with 50% of patient
      perspective articles including individuals over age 60 years. We identified 11
      core themes of good death: preferences for a specific dying process, pain-free
      status, religiosity/spirituality, emotional well-being, life completion,
      treatment preferences, dignity, family, quality of life, relationship with HCP,
      and other. The top three themes across all stakeholder groups were preferences
      for dying process (94% of reports), pain-free status (81%), and emotional well
      being (64%). However, some discrepancies among the respondent groups were noted
      in the core themes: Family perspectives included life completion (80%), quality
      of life (70%), dignity (70%), and presence of family (70%) more frequently than
      did patient perspectives regarding those items (35%-55% each). In contrast,
      religiosity/spirituality was reported somewhat more often in patient perspectives
      (65%) than in family perspectives (50%). Taking into account the limitations of
      the literature, further research is needed on the impact of divergent
      perspectives on end-of-life care. Dialogues among the stakeholders for each
      individual must occur to ensure a good death from the most critical viewpoint-the
      patient's.

PMID- 26976295
TI  - A Single-Center Comparison of 22 Competing Definitions of Delayed Graft Function
      After Kidney Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study compared 22 different definitions of delayed graft
      function (DGF) following kidney transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study
      included 497 kidney transplantations from deceased donors at our center between
      2005 and 2011. Graft survival analysis including log-rank tests and Cox
      proportional hazards model was performed. Sensitivity and specificity were
      calculated in relation to graft failure. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 5.1
      years. All dialysis-based definitions were associated with graft failure and
      characterized by high specificity (88-97%), but low sensitivity (25-29%). Hazard
      ratios ranged from 2.87 to 13.73, with increased risk when dialysis was required
      earlier and more frequently. The urine output-based definition performed
      similarly, with an association with graft failure and high specificity (96%), but
      low sensitivity (21%). Serum creatinine-based definitions were more
      heterogeneous. Higher sensitivity (4-67%) was found in some of these definitions,
      but was often associated with lower specificity (47-96%), losing the association
      with graft failure. Definitions combining different criteria varied in
      sensitivity (17-62%) and specificity (60-96%). However, some were able to achieve
      higher sensitivity without compromising too much on specificity, while keeping
      the association with graft failure. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a potential
      advantage of combined definitions, because they are able to detect a larger group
      of recipients with increased risk of graft failure.

PMID- 26976298
TI  - Universities examine nurse role in helping patients to self-manage their
      conditions.
AB  - Three UK universities are analysing the effects of nurse support for patients
      trying to self-manage their conditions. 

PMID- 26976296
TI  - Morin attenuates hepatic insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice.
AB  - Morin is a natural bioflavonoid that exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
      properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of morin on
      insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in a high-fat-diet (HFD)
      induced obese mice. Obesity was induced in ICR mice by feeding a HFD (60 % kcal
      from fat) for 12 weeks. After the first 6 weeks, obese mice were treated with
      morin (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) once daily for further 6 weeks. Blood glucose, lipid
      profile, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and markers of oxidative stress and
      inflammation were then measured. Liver was excised, subjected to histopathology,
      glycogen determination, and gene and protein expression analysis. Morin
      administration reduced blood glucose, serum insulin, leptin, malondialdehyde,
      interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels and
      increased serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, there was a reduction in serum
      lipid and liver triglyceride levels. Liver histology indicated that morin limited
      accumulation of lipid droplets. Interestingly, morin reduced expression of
      hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), fatty acid
      synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and up-regulated hepatic
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a) expression. Morin also stimulated
      glycogen storage and suppressed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and
      glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) protein expression. Furthermore, hepatic
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) expression were increased after
      morin treatment. These findings indicate that morin has a positive effect in the
      HFD-induced obesity condition by suppressing lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis,
      inflammation, and oxidative stress activities. 

PMID- 26976300
TI  - News digest April 01 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976299
TI  - School nurses to take greater responsibility for young carers.
AB  - School nurses should be 'champions' for young carers and support them in times of
      crisis, according to new government guidance. 

PMID- 26976301
TI  - NMC urges ministers to support bill on reforming healthcare regulation.
AB  - Seven healthcare regulators, including the Nursing and Midwifery Council, have
      called for cross-party support for a bill published this week that would create a
      single legal framework for healthcare regulation. 

PMID- 26976297
TI  - Impact of CT perfusion imaging on the assessment of peripheral chronic pulmonary
      thromboembolism: clinical experience in 62 patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of CT perfusion imaging on the detection of
      peripheral chronic pulmonary embolisms (CPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 62 patients
      underwent a dual-energy chest CT angiographic examination with (a) reconstruction
      of diagnostic and perfusion images; (b) enabling depiction of vascular features
      of peripheral CPE on diagnostic images and perfusion defects (20
      segments/patient; total: 1240 segments examined). The interpretation of
      diagnostic images was of two types: (a) standard (i.e., based on cross-sectional
      images alone) or (b) detailed (i.e., based on cross-sectional images and MIPs).
      RESULTS: The segment-based analysis showed (a) 1179 segments analyzable on both
      imaging modalities and 61 segments rated as nonanalyzable on perfusion images;
      (b) the percentage of diseased segments was increased by 7.2 % when perfusion
      imaging was compared to the detailed reading of diagnostic images, and by 26.6 %
      when compared to the standard reading of images. At a patient level, the extent
      of peripheral CPE was higher on perfusion imaging, with a greater impact when
      compared to the standard reading of diagnostic images (number of patients with a
      greater number of diseased segments: n = 45; 72.6 % of the study population).
      CONCLUSION: Perfusion imaging allows recognition of a greater extent of
      peripheral CPE compared to diagnostic imaging. KEY POINTS: * Dual-energy computed
      tomography generates standard diagnostic imaging and lung perfusion analysis. *
      Depiction of CPE on central arteries relies on standard diagnostic imaging. *
      Detection of peripheral CPE is improved by perfusion imaging.

PMID- 26976302
TI  - News digest March 31 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976303
TI  - A&E targets that measure patient outcomes to be trialled in Wales.
AB  - Emergency care performance targets that reflect treatment outcomes rather than
      simple waiting times are to be trialled in Wales. 

PMID- 26976304
TI  - Nurses to help homeless patients after discharge from hospital.
AB  - The first phase of a L10 million project to help homeless people when they leave
      hospital is to be launched later this spring. 

PMID- 26976305
TI  - News digest March 28 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976306
TI  - News digest March 27 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976308
TI  - Dosimetric response of variable-size cavities in photon-irradiated media and the
      behaviour of the Spencer-Attix cavity integral with increasing Delta.
AB  - Cavity theory is fundamental to understanding and predicting dosimeter response.
      Conventional cavity theories have been shown to be consistent with one another by
      deriving the electron (+positron) and photon fluence spectra with the FLURZnrc
      user-code (EGSnrc Monte-Carlo system) in large volumes under quasi-CPE for photon
      beams of 1 MeV and 10 MeV in three materials (water, aluminium and copper) and
      then using these fluence spectra to evaluate and then inter-compare the Bragg
      Gray, Spencer-Attix and 'large photon' 'cavity integrals'. The behaviour of the
      'Spencer-Attix dose' (aka restricted cema), D S-A(?), in a 1-MeV photon field in
      water has been investigated for a wide range of values of the cavity-size
      parameter ?: D S-A(?) decreases far below the Monte-Carlo dose (D MC) for ?
      greater than  ~  30 keV due to secondary electrons with starting energies below ?
      not being 'counted'. We show that for a quasi-scatter-free geometry (D S-A(?)/D
      MC) is closely equal to the proportion of energy transferred to Compton electrons
      with initial (kinetic) energies above ?, derived from the Klein-Nishina (K-N)
      differential cross section. (D S-A(?)/D MC) can be used to estimate the maximum
      size of a detector behaving as a Bragg-Gray cavity in a photon-irradiated medium
      as a function of photon-beam quality (under quasi CPE) e.g. a typical air-filled
      ion chamber is 'Bragg-Gray' at (monoenergetic) beam energies  ?260 keV. Finally,
      by varying the density of a silicon cavity (of 2.26 mm diameter and 2.0 mm
      thickness) in water, the response of different cavity 'sizes' was simulated; the
      Monte-Carlo-derived ratio D w/D Si for 6 MV and 15 MV photons varied from very
      close to the Spencer-Attix value at 'gas' densities, agreed well with Burlin
      cavity theory as rho increased, and approached large photon behaviour for rho  ~ 
      10 g cm(-3). The estimate of ? for the Si cavity was improved by incorporating a
      Monte-Carlo-derived correction for electron 'detours'. Excellent agreement was
      obtained between the Burlin 'd' factor for the Si cavity and D S-A(?)/D MC at
      different (detour-corrected) ?, thereby suggesting a further application for the
      D S-A(?)/D MC ratio. 

PMID- 26976309
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26976310
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26976307
TI  - The influence of 5-HTTLPR and Val66Met polymorphisms on cortical thickness and
      volume in limbic and paralimbic regions in depression: a preliminary study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Structural brain abnormalities have been investigated in multi
      genetic and complex disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Among the
      various candidate genes implicated in MDD, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor
      (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and 5-HT transporter gene linked polymorphism (5
      HTTLPR) have garnered the most attention due to their putative roles in neural
      plasticity and antidepressant response. However, relatively few studies have
      assessed the influence of these polymorphysims on cortical thickness or brain
      volume in para-limbic and limbic regions in MDD, which was the aim of this study.
      METHODS: Forty-three adults with MDD and 15 healthy controls (HC) underwent
      structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cortical thickness was assessed in
      frontal, cingulate and temporal regions. Volumetric measures were carried out in
      the thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus and amygdala. Participants
      were genotyped to determine their 5-HTTLPR (tri-allelic) and Val66Met
      polymorphisms. RESULTS: In the combined sample (MDD + HC), smaller right pallidum
      volumes were found in LA/S (LA/S & LA/LG) heterozygotes compared to S/S (S/S,
      LG/S & LG/LG) homozygotes, though the effect was modest. In the MDD group, larger
      left thalamus and putamen volumes were observed in LA/LA homozygotes. No Val66Met
      or 5-HTTLPR genotype effects existed on cortical thickness and no main effects of
      the Val66Met polymorphism were observed. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results
      suggest that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with morphometric changes in
      regions known to play an important role in emotional and reward processing in
      depression. A larger sample size is required to replicate these findings and to
      potentially reveal subtle morphometric changes.

PMID- 26976311
TI  - [Residential care for elderly dependent people].
AB  - Today, nursing homes increasingly offer different care solutions to elderly
      people with Alzheimer's or related forms of dementia. This policy of support
      forms part of an approach to prevent the risk factors of the loss of autonomy of
      elderly people. Different types of care within the same nursing home demonstrate
      their real importance. 

PMID- 26976312
TI  - [Review of the personalised project for elderly people in Bearn and Soule].
AB  - A review was carried out of the implementation of personalised projects, defined
      in the recommendations of the French national agency for the assessment and the
      quality of social and medical-social services and institutions (ANSEM), in
      nursing homes and long-term care units in Bearn and Soule. While highlighting the
      diversity of the practices and analysing the difficulty of their implementation,
      the question is raised whether the recommendations can be considered as a
      systemised and feasible reference. The relevance of the standardisation of the
      practices of the personalised project in institutions is thereby questioned. 

PMID- 26976313
TI  - [Training for nurse coordinators in nursing homes].
AB  - For the last three years, the Poitou-Charentes regional health agency has
      organised and funded training for nurse coordinators in nursing homes. The
      training programme, created in partnership with the Poitiers healthcare manager
      training institute, enables professionals with multiple responsibilities and
      missions, who deserve greater recognition, to acquire the necessary skills. 

PMID- 26976314
TI  - [Training and representation of dementia of workers in nursing homes].
AB  - Training could be a lever for improving the quality of care of residents with
      dementia in nursing homes by changing social representations. Beyond a simple
      assessment of acquired knowledge, a change of social representations could be
      indicative of a true appropriation of the content of the training. A study was
      carried out to assess the impact of training on nursing home caregivers'
      representations of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 26976315
TI  - [What happened after meprobamate's withdrawal? Survey in two nursing homes].
AB  - We have conducted in two nursing homes a survey to study the impact of
      meprobamate's withdrawal, at the beginning of 2012, in terms of extent of
      prescribing to others psychotropic drugs and occurrence of adverse events. After
      meprobamate's withdrawal, 65 % of residents did not receive alternative
      medication and within three months after meprobamate stopping, adverse events
      (drowsiness, falls and hospitalization) decreased while agitation did not
      increase. 

PMID- 26976316
TI  - [Interests of an olfactory stimulation activity in a nursing home].
AB  - The comparison between the memories productions of residents in a nursing home
      through two reminiscence activities, one including olfaction and not the other
      one, can highlight an increasing occurrence of recent memories in the case of
      olfactory activity. A longer talk time is also observed and a better self-esteem
      can be assessed. This suggests the possibility of a specific relational and
      psychotherapeutic work. 

PMID- 26976317
TI  - [A photographic competition on hand hygiene in a nursing home].
AB  - Hand hygiene is often considered as the attribute of caregivers. However, it is
      the patient who is increasingly targeted by improved communication around hygiene
      in care notably in the framework of the "Clean Hands Mission". In this sense, the
      French regional centres for the fight against nosocomial infections in Burgundy
      has proved itself innovative on two levels by organising a photo competition in
      nursing homes. The aim was to show residents how to prevent care-related
      infections through the simple act of handwashing. 

PMID- 26976318
TI  - [Hospital auxiliary staff, between polyvalence and invisibility].
AB  - Often underestimated, hospital auxiliary staff carry out on a daily basis a
      professional activity that may be difficult to define and/or recognize. What does
      their work consist in and what are the boundaries of the scope of their activity?
      Faced with a growing rate of absenteeism among these members of staff in a
      nursing home for elderly people attached to a hospital, an issue emerges: does
      the content of their professional activity have an impact on the causes and
      evolution of this phenomenon? 

PMID- 26976319
TI  - [A Swiss medical-social institution and the Snoezelen concept].
AB  - In collaboration with six student nurses from the Geneva Haute Ecole de Sante,
      the Les Franchises medical-social institution in Geneva has launched an
      innovative project: the integration of the Snoezelen concept into its care
      programme, which will benefit residents with moderate or advanced dementia. 

PMID- 26976320
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26976321
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26976323
TI  - Regulation of twin of eyeless during Drosophila development.
AB  - The Pax-6 protein is vital for eye development in all seeing animals, from sea
      urchins to humans. Either of the Pax6 genes in Drosophila (twin of eyeless and
      eyeless) can induce a gene cascade leading to formation of entire eyes when
      expressed ectopically. The twin of eyeless (toy) gene in Drosophila is expressed
      in the anterior region of the early fly embryo. At later stages it is expressed
      in the brain, ventral nerve cord and (eventually) the visual primordium that
      gives rise to the eye-antennal imaginal discs of the larvae. These discs
      subsequently form the major part of the adult head, including compound eyes. We
      have searched for genes that are required for normal toy expression in the early
      embryo to elucidate initiating events of eye organogenesis. Candidate genes
      identified by mutation analyses were subjected to further knock-out and miss
      expression tests to investigate their interactions with toy. Our results indicate
      that the head-specific gap gene empty spiracles can act as a repressor of Toy,
      while ocelliless (oc) and spalt major (salm) appear to act as positive regulators
      of toy gene expression.

PMID- 26976322
TI  - Galunisertib inhibits glioma vasculogenic mimicry formation induced by
      astrocytes.
AB  - Gliomas are among the most lethal primary brain tumors found in humans. In high
      grade gliomas, vasculogenic mimicry is often detected and has been correlated
      with prognosis, thus suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.
      Vasculogenic mimicry mainly forms vascular-like channels independent of
      endothelial cells; however, little is known about the relationship between
      astrocytes and vasculogenic mimicry. In our study, we demonstrated that the
      presence of astrocytes promoted vasculogenic mimicry. With suspension microarray
      technology and in vitro tube formation assays, we identified that astrocytes
      relied on TGF-beta1 to enhance vasculogenic mimicry. We also found that
      vasculogenic mimicry was inhibited by galunisertib, a promising TGF-beta1
      inhibitor currently being studied in an ongoing trial in glioma patients. The
      inhibition was partially attributed to a decrease in autophagy after galunisertib
      treatment. Moreover, we observed a decrease in VE-cadherin and smooth muscle
      actin-alpha expression, as well as down-regulation of Akt and Flk phosphorylation
      in galunisertib-treated glioma cells. By comparing tumor weight and volume in a
      xenograft model, we acquired promising results to support our theory. This study
      expands our understanding of the role of astrocytes in gliomas and demonstrates
      that galunisertib inhibits glioma vasculogenic mimicry induced by astrocytes. 

PMID- 26976325
TI  - The adrenergic alpha2 antagonist atipamezole alters the behavioural effects of
      pramipexole and increases pramipexole concentration in blood plasma.
AB  - Pramipexole is a dopaminergic agonist used in Parkinson's disease treatment. It
      is thought to exert its therapeutic and side effects through actions on dopamine
      D3 receptors. In a recent study, we found that at doses occupying D3 but not D2
      receptors pramipexole reduced locomotion and operant responding for primary and
      conditioned reinforcement. These effects, however, were not blocked by a D3
      receptor antagonist and were present in D3 knockout mice, suggesting non-D3
      receptor mechanisms. Among the next highest affinity binding sites of pramipexole
      are adrenergic alpha2 receptors. Here we explored alpha2 receptor involvement in
      the behavioural effects of pramipexole. We found that the alpha2 antagonist
      atipamezole, which was itself behaviourally silent, counteracted pramipexole's
      reduction of locomotion, but not operant responding for water or a conditioned
      reinforcer. The resulting behavioural profile was similar to that of a higher
      dose of pramipexole, leading to the hypothesize that atipamezole mediates its
      behavioural effects by increasing pramipexole effective dose. In support of this
      hypothesis, we found that atipamezole increased pramipexole concentration in
      blood plasma. This is not likely due to an effect on drug metabolism since
      pramipexole is not known to undergo metabolic transformation. Future work should
      examine two alternative hypotheses; that pramipexole plasma concentration is
      elevated as the result of 1) competition with atipamezole for renal excretion, or
      2) atipamezole blockade of peripheral alpha2 binding sites, thereby preventing
      pramipexole distribution to alpha2-rich tissues. The suggestion of adrenergic
      effects of pramipexole is important in light of recent interest in adrenergic
      pathophysiology in Parkinson's disease. 

PMID- 26976324
TI  - A generic screening platform for inhibitors of virus induced cell fusion using
      cellular electrical impedance.
AB  - Fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membranes is an essential step in the
      life cycle of all enveloped viruses. Despite such a clear target for antiviral
      drug development, few anti-fusion drugs have progressed to market. One
      significant hurdle is the absence of a generic, high-throughput, reproducible
      fusion assay. Here we report that real time, label-free measurement of cellular
      electrical impedance can quantify cell-cell fusion mediated by either
      individually expressed recombinant viral fusion proteins, or native virus
      infection. We validated this approach for all three classes of viral fusion and
      demonstrated utility in quantifying fusion inhibition using antibodies and small
      molecule inhibitors specific for dengue virus and respiratory syncytial virus. 

PMID- 26976326
TI  - Endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan or deletion of mouse mast cell protease
      4 delays lesion development in atherosclerotic mice.
AB  - AIMS: To determine the impact of mixed endothelin receptor antagonist and mouse
      mast cell protease-4 (mMCP-4) in the development of atherosclerosis in the mouse
      model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) KO mice were crossed with
      mMCP-4 KO mice to generate ApoE/mMCP-4 double KO mice. Atherosclerosis was
      induced with a normal- or high-fat diet for 12, 27 or 52weeks. Macitentan
      (30mg/kg/day), a dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist, was given orally for 6weeks
      (27week protocol). At sacrifice, aortas and brachiocephalic arteries (BCAs) were
      collected. En face Sudan IV staining was performed on aortas and BCA sections
      were subjected to Masson's trichrome stain and alpha-smooth muscle actin
      labeling. KEY FINDINGS: Under normal diet, both macitentan treatment and the
      absence of mMCP-4 reduced the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions in 27
      week old ApoE KO mice, but mMCP-4 deletion failed to maintain this effect on 52
      week old mice. Under high-fat diet (WD), macitentan, but not the absence of mMCP
      4, reduced aortic lesion development in ApoE KO mice. On BCA lesions of 27-week
      old WD mice, macitentan treatment had a small impact while mMCP-4 deletion showed
      improved features of plaque stability. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that
      the inhibition of mMCP-4 reduces lesion spreading in the earlier phases of
      atherosclerosis development and can help stabilise the more advanced plaque.
      Macitentan treatment was more effective to prevent lesion spreading but did not
      improve plaque features to the same extent.

PMID- 26976327
TI  - The Whiteboard Revolution: Illuminating Science Communication in the Digital Age.
AB  - Journal-based science communication is not accessible or comprehensible to a
      general public curious about science and eager for the next wave of scientific
      innovation. We propose an alternative medium for scientists to communicate their
      work to the general public in an engaging and digestible way through the use of
      whiteboard videos. We describe the process of producing science whiteboard videos
      and the benefits and challenges therein. 

PMID- 26976329
TI  - Caspase 6 has a protective role in SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice.
AB  - In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), it has been suggested that the process of
      neurodegeneration starts at the neuromuscular junction and is propagated back
      along axons towards motor neurons. Caspase-dependent pathways are well
      established as a cause of motor neuron death, and recent work in other disease
      models indicated a role for caspase 6 in axonal degeneration. Therefore we
      hypothesised that caspase 6 may be involved in motor neuron death in ALS. To
      investigate the role of caspase 6 in ALS we profiled protein levels of caspase-6
      throughout disease progression in the ALS mouse model SOD1(G93A); this did not
      reveal differences in caspase 6 levels during disease. To investigate the role of
      caspase 6 further we generated a colony with SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice lacking
      caspase 6. Analysis of the transgenic SOD1(G93A); Casp6(-/-) revealed an
      exacerbated phenotype with motor dysfunction occurring earlier and a
      significantly shortened lifespan when compared to transgenic SOD1(G93A);
      Casp6(+/+) mice. Immunofluorescence analysis of the neuromuscular junction
      revealed no obvious difference between caspase 6(+/+) and caspase 6(-/-) in non
      transgenic mice, while the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice showed severe degeneration
      compared to non-transgenic mice in both genotypes. Our data indicate that caspase
      6 does not exacerbate ALS pathogenesis, but may have a protective role.

PMID- 26976328
TI  - Developing informative microsatellite markers for non-model species using
      reference mapping against a model species' genome.
AB  - Microsatellites have a wide range of applications from behavioral biology,
      evolution, to agriculture-based breeding programs. The recent progress in the
      next-generation sequencing technologies and the rapidly increasing number of
      published genomes may greatly enhance the current applications of microsatellites
      by turning them from anonymous to informative markers. Here we developed an
      approach to anchor microsatellite markers of any target species in a genome of a
      related model species, through which the genomic locations of the markers, along
      with any functional genes potentially linked to them, can be revealed. We mapped
      the shotgun sequence reads of a non-model rodent species Apodemus semotus against
      the genome of a model species, Mus musculus, and presented 24 polymorphic
      microsatellite markers with detailed background information for A. semotus in
      this study. The developed markers can be used in other rodent species, especially
      those that are closely related to A. semotus or M. musculus. Compared to the
      traditional approaches based on DNA cloning, our approach is likely to yield more
      loci for the same cost. This study is a timely demonstration of how a research
      team can efficiently generate informative (neutral or function-associated)
      microsatellite markers for their study species and unique biological questions.

PMID- 26976330
TI  - Vascular pentraxin 3 controls arterial thrombosis by targeting collagen and
      fibrinogen induced platelets aggregation.
AB  - AIM: The long pentraxin PTX3 plays a non-redundant role during acute myocardial
      infarction, atherosclerosis and in the orchestration of tissue repair and
      remodeling during vascular injury, clotting and fibrin deposition. The aim of
      this work is to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective
      role of PTX3 during arterial thrombosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: PTX3 KO mice
      transplanted with bone marrow from WT or PTX3 KO mice presented a significant
      reduction in carotid artery blood flow following FeCl3 induced arterial
      thrombosis (-80.36+/-11.5% and -95.53+/-4.46%), while in WT mice transplanted
      with bone marrow from either WT or PTX3 KO mice, the reduction was less dramatic
      (-45.55+/-1.37% and -53.39+/-9.8%), thus pointing to a protective effect
      independent of a hematopoietic cell's derived PTX3. By using P-selectin/PTX3
      double KO mice, we further excluded a role for P-selectin, a target of PTX3
      released by neutrophils, in vascular protection played by PTX3. In agreement with
      a minor role for hematopoietic cell-derived PTX3, platelet activation (assessed
      by flow cytometric expression of markers of platelet activation) was similar in
      PTX3 KO and WT mice as were haemostatic properties. Histological analysis
      indicated that PTX3 localizes within the thrombus and the vessel wall, and
      specific experiments with the N-terminal and the C-terminal PTX3 domain showed
      the ability of PTX3 to selectively dampen either fibrinogen or collagen induced
      platelet adhesion and aggregation. CONCLUSION: PTX3 interacts with fibrinogen and
      collagen and, by dampening their pro-thrombotic effects, plays a protective role
      during arterial thrombosis.

PMID- 26976333
TI  - Proteomic analysis of mature barley grains from C-hordein antisense lines.
AB  - Hordeins are the major storage proteins in barley grains and are responsible for
      their low nutritional quality. Previously, antisense C-hordein barley lines were
      generated and were shown to contain a more balanced amino acid composition and an
      altered storage protein profile. In the present study, a proteomic approach that
      combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry was
      used to (1) identify the changes in the protein profile of non-storage proteins
      (salt soluble fraction) in antisense C-hordein barley lines (L1, L2 and L3) and
      (2) map the differentially expressed proteins compared to the non-transgenic
      control line (Hordeum vulgare cv. Golden Promise). Moreover, the changes in the
      proteins were correlated with the more balanced amino acid composition of these
      lines, with special attention to the lysine content. The results showed that
      suppression of C-hordein expression does not exclusively affect hordein synthesis
      and accumulation. The more balanced amino acid composition observed in the
      transgenic lines L1, L2 and L3 was an indirect result of the profound alterations
      in the patterns of the non-storage proteins. The observed changes included up
      regulated expression of the proteins involved in stress and detoxification (L1),
      defence (L2 and L3), and storage globulins (L1, L2 and L3). To a lesser extent,
      the proteins involved in grain metabolism were also changed. Thus, the increased
      essential amino acids content results from changes in distinct protein sources
      among the three antisense C-hordein lines analyzed, although the up-regulated
      expression of lysine-rich proteins was consistently observed in all lines. 

PMID- 26976331
TI  - Homeostasis of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 is altered in mouse
      models of Lafora disease.
AB  - Lafora disease (LD, OMIM 254780) is a fatal rare disorder characterized by
      epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Although in recent years a lot of information has
      been gained on the molecular basis of the neurodegeneration that accompanies LD,
      the molecular basis of epilepsy is poorly understood. Here, we present evidence
      indicating that the homeostasis of glutamate transporter GLT-1 (EAAT2) is
      compromised in mouse models of LD. Our results indicate that primary astrocytes
      from LD mice have reduced capacity of glutamate transport, probably because they
      present a reduction in the levels of the glutamate transporter at the plasma
      membrane. On the other hand, the overexpression in cellular models of laforin and
      malin, the two proteins related to LD, results in an accumulation of GLT-1
      (EAAT2) at the plasma membrane and in a severe reduction of the ubiquitination of
      the transporter. All these results suggest that the laforin/malin complex slows
      down the endocytic recycling of the GLT-1 (EAAT2) transporter. Since, defects in
      the function of this transporter lead to excitotoxicity and epilepsy, we suggest
      that the epilepsy that accompanies LD could be due, at least in part, to
      deficiencies in the function of the GLT-1 (EAAT2) transporter.

PMID- 26976332
TI  - The impact of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion on the mitochondria-cytoskeleton
      interactions.
AB  - Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury compromises mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation (OxPhos) and compartmentalized intracellular energy transfer via
      the phosphocreatine/creatine kinase (CK) network. The restriction of ATP/ADP
      diffusion at the level of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) is an essential
      element of compartmentalized energy transfer. In adult cardiomyocytes, the MOM
      permeability to ADP is regulated by the interaction of voltage-dependent anion
      channel with cytoskeletal proteins, particularly with beta tubulin II. The IR
      injury alters the expression and the intracellular arrangement of cytoskeletal
      proteins. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of IR
      on the intracellular arrangement of beta tubulin II and its effect on the
      regulation of mitochondrial respiration. Perfused rat hearts were subjected to
      total ischemia (for 20min (I20) and 45min (I45)) or to ischemia followed by 30min
      of reperfusion (I20R and I45R groups). High resolution respirometry and
      fluorescent confocal microscopy were used to study respiration, beta tubulin II
      and mitochondrial arrangements in cardiac fibers. The results of these
      experiments evidence a heterogeneous response of mitochondria to IR-induced
      damage. Moreover, the intracellular rearrangement of beta tubulin II, which in
      the control group colocalized with mitochondria, was associated with increased
      apparent affinity of OxPhos for ADP, decreased regulation of respiration by
      creatine without altering mitochondrial CK activity and the ratio between
      octameric to dimeric isoenzymes. The results of this study allow us to highlight
      changes of mitochondrial interactions with cytoskeleton as one of the possible
      mechanisms underlying cardiac IR injury.

PMID- 26976334
TI  - Synthesis of rebaudioside A from stevioside and their interaction model with
      hTAS2R4 bitter taste receptor.
AB  - Steviol glycosides (SG's) from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) have been used as a
      natural low-calorie sweeteners. Its aftertaste bitterness restricts its use for
      human consumption and limits its application in food and pharmaceutical products.
      In present study, we have performed computational analysis in order to
      investigate the interaction of two major constituents of SG's against homology
      model of the hTAS2R4 receptor. Molecular simulation study was performed using
      stevioside and rebaudioside A revealed that, sugar moiety at the C-3'' position
      in rebaudioside A causes restriction of its entry into the receptor site thereby
      unable to trigger the bitter reception signaling cascade. Encouraged by the
      current finding, we have also developed a greener route using beta-1,3-glucanase
      from Irpex lacteus for the synthesis of de-bittered rebaudioside A from
      stevioside. The rebaudioside A obtained was of high quality with percent
      conversion of 62.5%. The results here reported could be used for the synthesis of
      rebaudioside A which have large application in food and pharmaceutical industry. 

PMID- 26976336
TI  - Filaggrin exists in human nose.

PMID- 26976335
TI  - Myorelaxant action of fluorine-containing pinacidil analog, flocalin, in bladder
      smooth muscle is mediated by inhibition of L-type calcium channels rather than
      activation of KATP channels.
AB  - Flocalin (FLO) is a new ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel opener (KCO) derived
      from pinacidil (PIN) by adding fluorine group to the drug's structure. FLO acts
      as a potent cardioprotector against ischemia-reperfusion damage in isolated heart
      and whole animal models primarily via activating cardiac-specific Kir6.2/SUR2A
      KATP channels. Given that FLO also confers relaxation on several types of smooth
      muscles and can partially inhibit L-type Ca(2+) channels, in this study, we asked
      what is the mechanism of FLO action in bladder detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). The
      actions of FLO and PIN on contractility of rat and guinea pig DSM strips and
      membrane currents of isolated DSM cells were compared by tensiometry and patch
      clamp. Kir6 and SUR subunit expression in rat DSM was assayed by reverse
      transcription PCR (RT-PCR). In contrast to PIN (10 MUM), FLO (10 MUM) did not
      produce glibenclamide-sensitive DSM strips' relaxation and inhibition of
      spontaneous and electrically evoked contractions. However, FLO, but not PIN,
      inhibited contractions evoked by high K(+) depolarization. FLO (40 MUM) did not
      change the level of isolated DSM cell's background K(+) current, but suppressed
      by 20 % L-type Ca(2+) current. Determining various Kir6 and SUR messenger RNA
      (mRNA) expressions in rat DSM by RT-PCR indicated that dominant KATP channel in
      rat DSM is of vascular type involving association of Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits.
      Myorelaxant effects of FLO in bladder DSM are explained by partial blockade of L
      type Ca(2+) channel-mediated Ca(2+) influx rather than by hyperpolarization
      associated with increased K(+) permeability. Thus, insertion of fluorine group in
      PIN's structure made the drug more discriminative between Kir6.2/SUR2A cardiac-
      and Kir6.1/SUR2B vascular-type KATP channels and rendered it partial L-type
      Ca(2+) channel-blocking potency. 

PMID- 26976337
TI  - Maculopapular type drug eruption caused by pregabalin: A case and literature
      review.

PMID- 26976338
TI  - Paediatric mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

PMID- 26976339
TI  - Pharmacogenomics for personalized pain medicine.
AB  - Pharmacogenomics aims to unravel the way that human genetic variation affects
      drug efficacy and toxicity. Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene
      findings suggest that genetic approaches may help choose the most appropriate
      drug and dosage while preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Pain is an
      unpleasant feeling that usually results from tissue damage. The management of
      different types of pain (acute, chronic, inflammatory, neuropathic, or cancer) is
      challenging. Currently, drug intervention is the first-line therapy for resolving
      pain. However, differences in drug efficacy between individuals are common with
      pain medications. Moreover, some patients experience ADRs after being treated
      with specific pain drugs. This review discusses the use of drugs for pain
      management in the context of the recent pharmacogenomic studies on ADRs and drug
      efficacy. 

PMID- 26976340
TI  - Epidemiological investigations on the potential transmissibility of a rare
      disease: the case of atypical scrapie in Great Britain.
AB  - Multiple cases of atypical scrapie in the same holding and co-existence with
      classical scrapie have been reported in Great Britain. A two-stage simulation
      tool was developed by combining a sampling algorithm and a hierarchical Bayesian
      model to simulate the number of positive cases of atypical scrapie from: (i)
      random sampling and (ii) using the actual sampled population in Great Britain,
      being the output probability of detection of flocks with one and more cases.
      Cluster analysis was conducted to assess the level of geographical over- and
      under-sampling over the years. The probability of detecting at least two cases of
      atypical scrapie in the same holding is much lower in simulated random data than
      in simulated actual data for all scenarios. Sampling bias in the selection of
      sheep for testing led to multiple sampling from fewer but larger holdings,
      Scotland, and areas of Wales were under-sampled and the South-West and East of
      England oversampled. The pattern of atypical scrapie cases observed is unlikely
      to be explained by a multi-case event epidemiologically linked. The co-existence
      of classical and atypical scrapie is a rare event with 19 holdings detected in GB
      and does not suggest an epidemiological link between the two types of disease.

PMID- 26976341
TI  - Cryoballoon ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation - Large single-center
      experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Different catheter ablation (CA) strategies have been established in
      the treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF). Pulmonary vein
      isolation (PVI) only might be an option for the initial ablation procedure. There
      is a paucity of outcome data on second-generation cryoballoon (CBG2) PVI in
      persAF. METHODS: Patients with symptomatic drug-refractory persAF who underwent
      initial CA of AF were prospectively enrolled and PVI was performed with CBG2. The
      primary composite endpoint was freedom from AF, atrial tachycardia, or related
      symptoms after a 3-month blanking period. The secondary endpoint referred to
      periprocedural complications. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-three consecutive
      patients (64+/-10 years, 29% female) with symptomatic drug-refractory persAF were
      identified. Acute PVI was achieved in 100% of pulmonary veins with the CB
      technique. The left atrial procedure time was 112+/-30min. Major complications
      occurred in 1.7% (3 of 173 patients) including two phrenic nerve palsies (1%),
      which resolved until discharge, and one pericardial effusion (0.6%). Follow-up
      >=12 months was completed for 157 of 173 patients (91%). Median follow-up was 14
      months. At 12 months, the primary composite endpoint was achieved in 129 of 157
      patients (82%). However, 22 of 129 patients at risk (17%) were still on
      antiarrhythmic drugs. A relapse during the blanking period was identified as the
      only independent predictor for AF recurrence. CONCLUSION: PVI using the second
      generation cryoballoon is a reasonable treatment option for patients with
      symptomatic drug-refractory persAF with a favorable rate of freedom from AF and a
      low complication rate.

PMID- 26976342
TI  - A significant association between BDNF promoter methylation and the risk of drug
      addiction.
AB  - As a member of the neurotrophic factor family, brain derived neurotrophic factor
      (BDNF) plays an important role in the survival and differentiation of neurons.
      The aim of our work was to evaluate the role of BDNF promoter methylation in drug
      addiction. A total of 60 drug abusers (30 heroin and 30 methylamphetamine
      addicts) and 52 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were recruited for the
      current case control study. Bisulfite pyrosequencing technology was used to
      determine the methylation levels of five CpGs (CpG1-5) on the BDNF promoter.
      Among the five CpGs, CpG5 methylation was significantly lower in drug abusers
      than controls. Moreover, significant associations were found between CpG5
      methylation and addictive phenotypes including tension-anxiety, anger-hostility,
      fatigue-inertia, and depression-dejection. In addition, luciferase assay showed
      that the DNA fragment of BDNF promoter played a key role in the regulation of
      gene expression. Our results suggest that BDNF promoter methylation is associated
      with drug addiction, although further studies are needed to understand the
      mechanisms by which BDNF promoter methylation contributes to the pathophysiology
      of drug addiction.

PMID- 26976343
TI  - STAT3-dependent TXNDC17 expression mediates Taxol resistance through inducing
      autophagy in human colorectal cancer cells.
AB  - Taxol (paclitaxel) is one of the taxane class of anticancer drugs as a first-line
      chemotherapeutic agent against many cancers including colorectal cancer, breast
      cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and so on. It is verified to
      induce cytotoxicity in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Numerous novel
      formulations of Taxol have been remanufactured for better therapeutic effect.
      Though Taxol works as a common anticancer drug for a long time in clinical
      practice, drug resistance is a major limitation of its long-term administration.
      In-depth research on drug resistance is still in progress and researchers have
      made some achievements, however, the mechanism or key molecule related to Taxol
      resistance in colorectal cancer still remains to be explored. In the present
      study, we observed that the high expression of TXNDC17 (thioredoxin domain
      containing 17) was associated with Taxol resistance in colorectal cancer cells.
      And TXNDC17 mediated Taxol resistance was related with increased basal autophagy
      level. Taxol exposure induced high levels of phospho-STAT3 (Tyr 705) and TXNDC17;
      and increase of basal autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. TXNDC17
      overexpression cells obtained Taxol resistance and a high level of autophagy, and
      it is not surprising that stable downregulation of TXNDC17 accordingly reversed
      these phenomena. Interestingly, STAT3 could similarly work as TXNDC17 in spite of
      slighter effect compared to TXNDC17. And it has been proved that phospho-STAT3
      (Tyr 705) possesses transcriptional regulation activity through forming dimmers.
      Many research revealed that transcription factor STAT3 affected more than 1000
      gene products, and TXNDC17 is predicted to be a target gene of STAT3 at UCSC
      database. For the first time, we found STAT3 could bind promoter region of
      TXNDC17 (-623 bp to -58 bp relative to the transcription start site (TSS)) for
      regulating its expression. These results suggest the possibility that TXNDC17
      could play an important role in Taxol resistance via enhancing autophagy in human
      colorectal cancer cells. TXNDC17 may become a potential target of colorectal
      cancer therapeutics.

PMID- 26976344
TI  - Visual afference mediates head and trunk stability in vestibular hypofunction.
AB  - Humans must maintain head and trunk stability while walking. The purpose of this
      study was to compare the kinematics of healthy controls and patients with
      vestibular hypofunction (VH) when walking and making head rotations of different
      frequencies in both light and dark conditions. We recruited eight individuals
      with VH and nine healthy control subjects to perform four tasks at their
      preferred gait speed, being normal walk, walking and making yaw head rotations at
      1.5Hz and 2Hz, and walking in the dark and making yaw head rotations at 1.5Hz.
      Linear kinematics as well as head, trunk, and pelvis angular velocities were
      captured using the Vicon motion analysis system (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford,
      UK). We found no difference in walking velocities for any of the four walking
      conditions across groups. The lateral displacement of the center of mass was
      increased in VH patients. In the dark, patients had more head instability in
      pitch (larger amplitudes and velocities) even though they were walking and making
      active yaw head rotations. Patients also had a smaller relative phase angle (mean
      3.50+/-standard deviation 2.13 degrees ) than controls (mean 10.31+/-standard
      deviation 2.70 degrees ) (p<0.01). Our data suggest that patients with VH have
      difficulty walking with a straight trajectory when turning their head.
      Additionally, patients with VH have an abnormal excursion of spontaneous pitch
      head rotation while walking and making active yaw head turns, which is dependent
      on vision. Rehabilitation for these patients should consider applying unique head
      rotation frequencies when training gait with head turns as well as alternating
      their exposure to light. 

PMID- 26976345
TI  - Itchy Papules and Nodules: A Quiz.

PMID- 26976346
TI  - Endovascular techniques for the management of wide-neck intracranial bifurcation
      aneurysms: A critical review of the literature.
AB  - Endovascular treatment is the first line treatment for intracranial aneurysms,
      but wide-neck aneurysms are often difficult to treat due to the difficulty in
      stabilizing the coils inside the aneurysm. It is singularly true for wide-neck
      bifurcation aneurysms (WNBA) as bifurcation branches often arise from the
      aneurysm neck. To overcome these difficulties, several approaches are available
      to treat both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms (balloon-assisted coiling and
      intra-aneurysmal flow disruption), while some techniques are essentially
      restricted to unruptured aneurysms due to the need of concomitant use of
      antiplatelet medications (stent-assisted coiling and flow diversion). Several
      ways of performing balloon-assisted coiling have been proposed for WNBA. Two
      stent-assisted techniques are available for WNBA (Y-stenting and the waffle-cone
      technique), but these techniques have yet to be evaluated in large, prospective
      series. Off-label use of flow diverters in WNBA has been proposed but efficacy
      has still to be established, and the technique presents unique potential safety
      issues (the potential modifications of bifurcation branches covered by the flow
      diverter) that has to be assessed. Intrasaccular flow disruption devices are
      promising tools for the endovascular treatment of WNBA. The WEB device has been
      extensively evaluated with prospective, multicenter studies showing high safety
      and good efficacy. 

PMID- 26976347
TI  - Three-dimensional Printing and 3D Slicer: Powerful Tools in Understanding and
      Treating Structural Lung Disease.
AB  - Recent advances in the three-dimensional (3D) printing industry have enabled
      clinicians to explore the use of 3D printing in preprocedural planning,
      biomedical tissue modeling, and direct implantable device manufacturing. Despite
      the increased adoption of rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing techniques
      in the health-care field, many physicians lack the technical skill set to use
      this exciting and useful technology. Additionally, the growth in the 3D printing
      sector brings an ever-increasing number of 3D printers and printable materials.
      Therefore, it is important for clinicians to keep abreast of this rapidly
      developing field in order to benefit. In this Ahead of the Curve, we review the
      history of 3D printing from its inception to the most recent biomedical
      applications. Additionally, we will address some of the major barriers to wider
      adoption of the technology in the medical field. Finally, we will provide an
      initial guide to 3D modeling and printing by demonstrating how to design a
      personalized airway prosthesis via 3D Slicer. We hope this information will
      reduce the barriers to use and increase clinician participation in the 3D
      printing health-care sector. 

PMID- 26976348
TI  - Identification and optimization of hydrazone-gallate derivatives as specific
      inhibitors of DNA methyltransferase 3A.
AB  - DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic event. Since the methylation
      profile of the genome is widely modified in cancer cells, DNA methyltransferases
      are the target of new anticancer therapies. Nucleosidic inhibitors suffer from
      toxicity and chemical stability, while non-nucleosidic inhibitors lack potency.
      Here, we found a novel DNMT inhibitor scaffold by enzymatic screening and
      structure-activity relationship studies. The optimization studies led to an
      inhibitor containing three fragments: a gallate frame, a hydrazone linker and a
      benzothiazole moiety. Interestingly, the compound inhibits DNMT3A with micromolar
      potency (EC50 = 1.6 MUM) and does not inhibit DNMT1; this DNMT3A selectivity is
      supported by a docking study. Finally, the compound reactivates a reporter gene
      in leukemia KG-1 cells. 

PMID- 26976349
TI  - Effect of polyethylene glycol on pore structure and separation efficiency of
      silica-based monolithic capillary columns.
AB  - Monolithic silica materials (first unclad monolith rods, then monolithic
      capillary columns) were prepared using various amounts of polyethylene glycols
      (PEGs) with different molecular weight (MW). The monolith rods were used to
      examine the mesoporosity by argon physisorption technique, and the macroporosity
      by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Subsequently, silica-based monolithic capillary
      columns with an inner diameter of 100 MUm were produced using the same
      preparation conditions as used for the rods. The results obtained with the
      monolith rods showed the following important findings: (1) it is feasible to
      fabricate monolithic silica rods possessing macropore size of 0.5-1.4 MUm by
      tuning the amount of PEGs (independently of the MW), whereas the macropore volume
      and the mesoporosity remain similar. (2) the smallest macropore size (0.5 MUm)
      rod prepared with PEG having a MW=20,000g/mol provided a narrower macropore size
      distribution than with PEG with MW=10,000g/mol. The monolithic capillary columns
      produced with the different PEG type showed similar retention factors for
      hexylbenzene (k=2.3-2.4) and similar t0-based column permeability (Kv0=2.3
      2.4*10(-14)m(2)) in 20:80% (v/v) water:methanol, as expected from the results
      obtained with the monolith rods. The column prepared with PEG of MW=20,000g/mol
      gave a plate height of H=4.0 MUm for hexylbenzene at an optimal linear velocity
      of u0=2.6mm/s in 20:80% (v/v) water containing 0.1% formic acid:acetonitrile. To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest plate height ever recorded for a
      monolithic column. Comparing the kinetic performance at 30MPa shows that the best
      monolithic silica column obtained in the present study performs better than the
      second-generation monolithic silica columns developed up till now in the
      practically most relevant range of plate numbers (N<=40,000). In this range, the
      performance is now similar to that of 2.7 MUm core-shell particle columns.

PMID- 26976350
TI  - Identification and quantification of seven fused aromatic rings C26H14 peri
      condensed benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a complex mixture of
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar.
AB  - A methodology for the characterization of groups of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a combination of normal phase liquid chromatography
      with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (NPLC/UV-vis) and gas chromatography with
      mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the identification and quantification of
      seven fused aromatic rings C26H14 peri-condensed benzenoid polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons, PAHs, in standard reference material (SRM) 1597a, complex mixture
      of PAHs from coal tar. The NPLC/UV-vis isolated the fractions based on the number
      of aromatic carbons and the GC/MS allowed the identification and quantification
      of five of the nine C26H14 PAH isomers; naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene,
      dibenzo[b,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,pqr]perylene, naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, and
      dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene using a retention time comparison with authentic reference
      standards. For the other four benzenoid isomers with no available reference
      standards the following two approaches were used. First, the annellation theory
      was used to achieve the potential identification of benzo[qr]naphtho[3,2,1,8
      defg]chrysene, and second, the elution distribution in the GC fractions was used
      to support the potential identification of benzo[qr]naphtho[3,2,1,8-defg]chrysene
      and to reach the tentative identifications of dibenzo[a,ghi]perylene,
      naphtho[7,8,1,2,3-pqrst]pentaphene, and anthra[2,1,9,8-opqra]naphthacene. It is
      the first time that naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,ghi]perylene,
      dibenzo[b,pqr]perylene, naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, and dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene
      are quantified, and the first time that benzo[qr]naphtho[3,2,1,8-defg]chrysene is
      potentially identified, in any sample, in any context.

PMID- 26976351
TI  - Outcomes of synchronous pulmonary nodules detected on computed tomography in head
      and neck cancer patients: 12-year retrospective review of a consecutive cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term outcomes of pulmonary nodules detected on
      chest computed tomography in a consecutive cohort of patients with newly
      diagnosed or recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer staged between 2001 and
      2003. RESULTS: The study included 222 patients, 148 patients with newly diagnosed
      head and neck cancer (group 1) and 74 patients with recurrent cancer (group 2).
      Abnormalities were identified in 101 patients (45.4 per cent); these were
      predominantly benign in group 1 (61.7 per cent) as compared to predominantly
      malignant in group 2 (64.3 per cent) (Fisher's exact test; p = 0.0009). Only four
      patients (7.4 per cent) with an initially benign-looking pulmonary nodule went on
      to develop malignancy over time, conferring a negative predictive value of 93 per
      cent for the whole cohort. CONCLUSION: Chest computed tomography abnormalities in
      patients with recurrent head and neck cancer are statistically more likely to be
      malignant. Very few patients with an initially benign-appearing nodule develop
      chest malignancy over time.

PMID- 26976352
TI  - On the neurocognitive origins of human tool use : A critical review of
      neuroimaging data.
AB  - Since more than a century, neuropsychological models have assumed that the left
      inferior parietal cortex is central to tool use by storing manipulation knowledge
      (the manipulation-based approach). Interestingly, recent neuropsychological
      evidence indicates that the left inferior parietal cortex might rather support
      the ability to reason about physical object properties (the reasoning-based
      approach). Historically, these two approaches have been developed from data
      obtained in left brain-damaged patients. This review is the first one to (1) give
      an overview of the two aforementioned approaches and (2) reanalyze functional
      neuroimaging data of the past decade to examine their predictions. Globally, we
      demonstrate that the left inferior parietal cortex is involved in the
      understanding of tool-use actions, providing support for the reasoning-based
      approach. We also discuss the functional involvement of the different regions of
      the tool-use brain network (left supramarginal gyrus, left intraparietal sulcus,
      left posterior temporal cortex). Our findings open promising avenues for future
      research on the neurocognitive basis of human tool use. 

PMID- 26976353
TI  - 5HT3 receptors: Target for new antidepressant drugs.
AB  - 5HT3 receptors (5HT3Rs) have long been identified as a potential target for
      antidepressants. Several studies have reported that antagonism of 5HT3Rs produces
      antidepressant-like effects. However, the exact role of 5HT3Rs and the mode of
      antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists still remain a mystery. Here, we
      provide a comprehensive overview of 5HT3Rs: (a) regional and subcellular
      distribution of 5HT3Rs in discrete brain regions, (b) preclinical and clinical
      evidence supporting the antidepressant effect of 5HT3R antagonists, and (c)
      neurochemical, biological and neurocellular signaling pathways associated with
      the antidepressant action of 5HT3R antagonists. 5HT3Rs located on the
      serotonergic and other neurotransmitter interneuronal projections control their
      release and affect mood and emotional behavior; however, new evidence suggests
      that apart from modulating the neurotransmitter functions, 5HT3R antagonists have
      protective effects in the pathogenic events including hypothalamic-pituitary
      adrenal-axis hyperactivity, brain oxidative stress and impaired neuronal
      plasticity, pointing to hereby unknown and novel mechanisms of their
      antidepressant action. Nonetheless, further investigations are warranted to
      establish the exact role of 5HT3Rs in depression and antidepressant action of
      5HT3R antagonists. 

PMID- 26976354
TI  - Association of smoking with myocardial injury and clinical outcome in patients
      undergoing mechanical reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - AIMS: There is evidence suggesting a positive effect of cigarette smoking on
      myocardial tissue reperfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with myocardial
      infarction ('smoker's paradox'). We aimed to evaluate the relationship of smoking
      with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-determined myocardial salvage and damage as
      well as clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PPCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS AND
      RESULTS: This multicentre study included 727 consecutive STEMI patients
      reperfused within 12 h after symptom onset. CMR imaging parameters [area at risk
      (AAR), infarct size (IS), myocardial salvage index (MSI), and microvascular
      obstruction (MVO) and intramyocardial haemorrhage (IMH)] were compared according
      to admission smoking status. Major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates at 12
      months after infarction were compared between groups. Three hundred and thirty
      nine (46.6%) patients were current smokers. There was no difference in the extent
      of AAR [35 (24-47) vs. 37 (27-49) % of left ventricular volume (LV), P = 0.10],
      IS [16 (8-25) vs. 17 (10-26) %LV, P = 0.21], MSI [53 (29-70) vs. 52 (34-71), P =
      0.47], MVO [0 (0-1.7) vs. 0 (0-1.6) %LV, P = 0.91], or in the frequency of IMH
      (42 vs. 39%, P = 0.58) between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers had lower MACE
      (3.8 vs. 8.2%, P = 0.01) rates. However, adjustment for differences in baseline
      risk factors attenuated the association of smoking with MACE markedly (hazard
      ratio = 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.36-1.38, P = 0.31). CONCLUSION: Smoking
      is not associated with PPCI efficacy (myocardial salvage) or irreversible
      myocardial damage in patients with STEMI. The lower MACE rate of smokers was
      entirely explained by differences in baseline risk characteristics, thus
      challenging the existence of a smoker's paradox.

PMID- 26976356
TI  - Normal reference values for echocardiography: a call for comparison between
      ethnicities.

PMID- 26976355
TI  - 3D Ultrasound: seeing is understanding-from imaging to pathophysiology to
      developing therapies in secondary MR.

PMID- 26976357
TI  - Left atrial remodelling assessed by 2D and 3D echocardiography identifies
      paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
AB  - AIMS: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is common, often silent, and can be
      difficult to detect. Echocardiographic parameters assessing left atrial (LA)
      remodelling correlated with atrial fibrosis in permanent AF, but less is known
      about earlier stages such as PAF. We aimed to evaluate whether 2D and 3D
      echocardiographic (2DE and 3DE) assessment of LA anatomy and function is able to
      identify patients with PAF. METHODS AND RESULTS: This case-control study included
      102 patients without overt heart disease, 44 patients with PAF. Anatomical
      remodelling was assessed using indexed maximal, minimal, and pre-atrial
      contraction volumes. Reservoir, conduit, and pump functions were assessed by
      volume and strain methods. All parameters were assessed by 2DE and 3DE and were
      compared between the two groups. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were
      constructed for each parameter for PAF prediction. PAF patients had bigger LA
      volumes than non-PAF group. Using 3DE, all atrial functions were impaired in the
      PAF group, regardless of the parameters used (all P < 0.05), whereas using 2DE,
      conduit function did not reach significant difference. Areas under the curve
      (AUCs) for 3D parameters were higher than those for equivalent 2DE parameters.
      PAF was best predicted by LA minimal indexed volume assessed by 2DE or 3DE (AUC
      0.82 and 0.86, respectively) and 3D-LA ejection fraction and area strain (AUC =
      0.82 and 0.81, respectively). CONCLUSION: Anatomical and functional LA
      remodelling assessed by 2DE and 3DE is independently and strongly associated with
      PAF, suggesting that these parameters can help identify PAF.

PMID- 26976360
TI  - De novo proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits of the
      IgG1kappa subtype in a kidney allograft.
AB  - Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposits
      (PGNMID) has recently been described in cases with glomerular disease. Only 16
      cases of recurrent or de novo PGNMID have been reported in the transplanted
      kidney. Here we report a case of de novo PGNMID in a renal allograft diagnosed in
      the early stage by protocol biopsy. A 41-year-old male with end-stage kidney
      disease caused by focal glomerular sclerosis received a living-related kidney
      transplant. The post-transplantation course was stable, except for an early
      episode of acute T cell-mediated rejection. Mesangial C1q deposition was found on
      the 3-year protocol biopsy. On the 4-year protocol biopsy, mild
      mesangioproliferative changes and deposition of IgG, C1q, C3, IgG1, and kappa
      light chain were evident, confirming the diagnosis of PGNMID of the IgG1kappa
      subtype. Furthermore, mild proteinuria was detected at that time. Because a
      subsequent haematological examination revealed high copy number Epstein-Barr
      virus (EBV) DNA and free kappa light chain in blood, the post-transplant
      lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) was suspected. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
      was discontinued and rituximab was administered for the treatment of PTLD;
      subsequently, the improvement in proteinuria and serum creatinine was found 2
      months after rituximab administration. 

PMID- 26976359
TI  - Acute stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells with cigarette smoke extract affects
      their migration, differentiation, and paracrine potential.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play a key role in tissue
      regeneration, while smoking cigarettes is described to impair it. This work
      focuses on the effect cigarette smoke extract (CSE) has on the migration,
      differentiation, and paracrine potential of human adipose derived MSCs (AdMSCs).
      To mimic native conditions in vitro, AdMSCs were cultured in either monolayer or
      three-dimensional pellet cultures. While constant exposure to high concentrations
      of CSE had lethal effects on AdMSCs, lower concentrations of CSE impaired cell
      migration when compared to control conditions. The secretion of key interleukins
      was downregulated when CSE was exposed to the cells at low concentrations.
      Moreover, in this work AdMSCs were exposed to CSE while simultaneously being
      induced to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes to
      determine the effect of CSE on the cells potential to differentiate. While
      adipogenic differentiation showed no significant variation, AdMSCs exposed to
      osteogenic and chondrogenic supplements showed both early and late genetic level
      variation when acutely exposed to low concentrations of CSE. Our results indicate
      that even a small amount of cigarette smoke can have detrimental effects on the
      regenerative potential of MSCs. 

PMID- 26976361
TI  - Broad-Specificity Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for (Fluoro)quinolones:
      Hapten Design and Molecular Modeling Study of Antibody Recognition.
AB  - On the basis of the structural features of (fluoro)quinolones (FQs), pazufloxacin
      was first used as a generic immunizing hapten to raise a broad-specificity
      antibody. The obtained polyclonal antibody exhibited broad cross-reactivity
      ranging from 5.19% to 478.77% with 21 FQs. Furthermore, the antibody was able to
      recognize these FQs below their maximum residue limits (MRLs) in an indirect
      competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (ic-CLEIA), with the limit of
      detection (LOD) ranging from 0.10 to 33.83 ng/mL. For simply pretreated milk
      samples with spiked FQs, the ic-CLEIA exhibited an excellent recovery with a
      range of 84.6-106.9% and an acceptable coefficient of variation below 15%,
      suggesting its suitability and reliability for the use of a promising tool to
      detect FQs. Meanwhile, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and
      comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models, with
      statistically significant correlation coefficients (q(2)CoMFA = 0.559, r(2)CoMFA
      = 0.999; q(2)CoMSIA = 0.559, r(2)CoMSIA = 0.994), were established to investigate
      the antibody recognition mechanism. These two models revealed that in the
      antibody, the active cavity binding FQs' 7-position substituents worked together
      with another cavity (binding FQs' 1-position groups) to crucially endow the high
      cross-reactivity. This investigation will be significant for better exploring the
      recognition mechanism and for designing new haptens. 

PMID- 26976363
TI  - Ultra-high dynamic range electro-optic sampling for detecting millimeter and sub
      millimeter radiation.
AB  - Time-domain spectroscopy using coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation
      (also known as terahertz radiation) is rapidly expanding its application, owing
      greatly to the remarkable advances in generating and detecting such radiation.
      However, many current techniques for coherent terahertz detection have limited
      dynamic range, thus making it difficult to perform some basic experiments that
      need to directly compare strong and weak terahertz signals. Here, we propose and
      demonstrate a novel technique based on cross-polarized spectral-domain
      interferometry to achieve ultra-high dynamic range electro-optic sampling
      measurement of coherent millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation. In our scheme,
      we exploit the birefringence in a single-mode polarization maintaining fiber in
      order to measure the phase change induced by the electric field of terahertz
      radiation in the detection crystal. With our new technique, we have achieved a
      dynamic range of 7 * 10(6), which is 4 orders of magnitude higher than
      conventional electro-optic sampling techniques, while maintaining comparable
      signal-to-noise ratio. The present technique is foreseen to have great impact on
      experiments such as linear terahertz spectroscopy of optically thick materials
      (such as aqueous samples) and nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy, where the higher
      dynamic range is crucial for proper interpretation of experimentally obtained
      results.

PMID- 26976362
TI  - Low-Dose Valacyclovir for Cytomegalovirus Infection Prophylaxis After a Heart
      Transplant.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cytomegalovirus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality
      in solid-organ transplant. Low doses of valacyclovir have been administered as
      cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in our institution for years. To the best of our
      knowledge, there is no published study of a low-dose regimen for cytomegalovirus
      prophylaxis in heart transplant patients. Therefore, our aim was to determine the
      results of low doses of valacyclovir in heart transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Between September 2006 and December 2014, sixty-eight patients underwent
      orthotopic heart transplants. All of the patients received triple
      immunosuppressive therapy after surgery. During the next 6 months,
      sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was administered for Pneumocystis jiroveci
      pneumonia, and toxoplasmosis. Additionally all patients received valacyclovir
      hydrochloride (1000 mg/d, oral) for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis and nystatin oral
      rinse for prophylaxis of fungal infections. RESULTS: There was only 1
      cytomegalovirus infection at follow-up. The patient had cytomegalovirus pneumonia
      at 17-month follow-up. In response to treatment with 1-week intravenous
      ganciclovir, the patient was discharged with a further 6-month oral valacyclovir
      therapy (1000 mg/d). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we hypothesized that daily use
      of low-dose valacyclovir (1000 mg/d) is not only sufficient for cytomegalovirus
      prophylaxis but also beneficial in terms of cost.

PMID- 26976364
TI  - Evidence of the chemical reaction of (18)O-labelled nitrite with CO2 in aqueous
      buffer of neutral pH and the formation of (18)OCO by isotope ratio mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Inorganic nitrite (NO2(-), ON-O(-) <--> (-)O-NO) is the autoxidation product of
      nitric oxide (NO). Nitrite can also be formed from inorganic nitrate (ONO2(-)),
      the major oxidation product of NO in erythrocytes, by the catalytic action of
      bacterial nitrate reductase in gut and oral microflora. Nitrite can be reduced to
      NO by certain cellular proteins and enzymes, as well as in the gastric juice
      under acidic conditions. Hemoglobin, xanthine oxidoreductase and carbonic
      anhydrase (CA) have been reported to convert nitrite to NO. Renal CA isoforms are
      involved in the reabsorption of nitrite and may, therefore, play an important
      role in NO homeostasis. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the action of CA on
      nitrite are incompletely understood. The nitrate/nitrite system is regarded as a
      reservoir of NO. We have recently shown that nitrite reacts chemically with
      carbon dioxide (CO2), the regular substrate of CA. The present communication
      reports a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) study on the reaction of
      NO2(-) and CO2 performed in 50 mM HEPES buffer of pH 7.4 at 37  degrees C. By
      using (18)O-labelled nitrite ((18)ON-O(-)/(-18)O-NO) and CO2 we observed
      formation of (18)O-labelled CO2. This finding is an unequivocal evidence of the
      chemical reaction of (18)ON-O(-)/(-18)O-NO with CO2. The reaction is rapid and
      involves nucleophilic attack of the negatively charged nitrite via one of its
      oxygen atoms on the partially positively charged CO2 molecule to form the
      putative intermediate (18)ON-O-CO2(-)/(-)O2C-(18)O-NO. The by far largest
      fraction of this intermediate decomposes back to (18)ON-O(-)/(-18)O-NO and CO2. A
      very small fraction of the intermediate, however, rearranges and finally
      decomposes to form (18)OCO and nitrite. This reaction is slower in the presence
      of an isolated erythrocytic CA isoform II. In summary, NO2(-), CO2 and CA are
      ubiquitous. The chemical reaction of NO2(-) with CO2 and its modulation by CA
      isoforms may play important roles in the transport of nitrite in red blood cells,
      the kidney and other cells and organs.

PMID- 26976368
TI  - Antidepressieve onderhoudsbehandeling na elektroconvulsieve therapie Een
      overzicht van de recente literatuur en een enquete onder de Nederlandse ECT
      centra.
AB  - The different forms of antidepressive continuation therapy, used in the
      Netherlands, to prevent relapse after electroconvulsive therapy, were examined by
      sending a questionaire to all ECT centers. Common practice is in agreement with
      the results of current research. However, recent studies suggest that
      pharmacological continuation therapy is less usefull to prevent relapse when
      pharmacotherapeutic resistance has been proven in the past. In these cases ECT
      continuation therapy might bring a solution. On the effect of ECT-continuation
      therapy are few valid research results available. 

PMID- 26976367
TI  - Recent antipsychotics in the treatment of psychoses.
AB  - Antipsychotic drugs are effective in psychoses, whatever the etiology of the
      disorder. The positive symptoms tend to respond more readily. The need for
      developing new drugs arises from the refractoriness of the negative symptoms, the
      10-25% of the patients that are treatment-resistant and the problems of short-,
      and long-term extrapyramidal side-effects. Thus far, six drugs, differing from
      the classical antipsychotics, have been licensedfor use: olanzepine, risperidone
      and quetiapine; the longest registration exists for sulpiride and clozapine while
      the most recent one is for amisulpride. This review starts with a brief
      introduction to symptomatology, and takes differences with the classical drugs in
      pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical aspects and side-effects into
      consideration. Clozapine, risperidone and sulpiride may be considered for
      clinical use in refractory patients; these three, olanzapine and amisulpride when
      extrapyramidal side-effects cause a clinical problem. Amisulpride and sulpiride
      have a dual therapeutic acion: On negative symptoms at low dose, on positive
      symptomen at high doses. 

PMID- 26976369
TI  - Positron emissie tomografie (PET) bij stemmingsstoornissen: een overzicht.
AB  - Positron emission tomography is one of the most important techniques of
      functional imaging in psychiatry. This paper gives a synopsis of the findings in
      mood disorders: determination of brain glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow
      and receptor studies. Investigation in a resting state as well as after
      activation are discussed. Although findings are somewhat discrepant
      hypometabolism, and/or hypoperfusion, most often in frontal and limbic areas are
      frequently described. Further research is needed, and standardization of the
      methodology would be most wellcome. 

PMID- 26976366
TI  - Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proximal femoral fracture (PFF) is a common orthopaedic emergency
      that affects mainly elderly people at high risk of complications. Advanced
      methods for managing fluid therapy during treatment for PFF are available, but
      their role in reducing risk is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and
      effectiveness of the following methods of perioperative fluid optimization in
      adult participants undergoing surgical repair of hip fracture: advanced invasive
      haemodynamic monitoring, such as transoesophageal Doppler and pulse contour
      analysis; a protocol using standard measures, such as blood pressure, urine
      output and central venous pressure; and usual care.Comparisons of fluid types
      (e.g. crystalloid vs colloid) and other methods of optimizing oxygen delivery,
      such as blood product therapies and pharmacological treatment with inotropes and
      vasoactive drugs, are considered in other reviews. SEARCH METHODS: We searched
      the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 9);
      MEDLINE (October 2012 to September 2015); and EMBASE (October 2012 to September
      2015) without language restrictions. We ran forward and backward citation
      searches on identified trials. We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the World
      Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for
      unpublished trials. This is an updated version of a review published originally
      in 2004 and updated first in 2013 and again in 2015. Original searches were
      performed in October 2003 and October 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adult participants undergoing surgical
      treatment for PFF that compared any two of advanced haemodynamic monitoring,
      protocols using standard measures or usual care, irrespective of blinding,
      language or publication status. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors
      assessed the impact of fluid optimization interventions on outcomes of mortality,
      length of hospital stay, time to medical fitness, whether participants were able
      to return to pre-fracture accommodation at six months, participant mobility at
      six months and adverse events in-hospital. We pooled data using risk ratio (RR)
      or mean difference (MD) for dichotomous or continuous data, respectively, on the
      basis of random-effects models. MAIN RESULTS: We included in this updated review
      five RCTs with a total of 403 participants, and we added two new trials
      identified during the 2015 search. One of the included studies was found to have
      a high risk of bias; no trial featured all pre-specified outcomes. We found two
      trials for which data are awaited for classification and one ongoing trial.Three
      studies compared advanced haemodynamic monitoring with a protocol using standard
      measures; three compared advanced haemodynamic monitoring with usual care; and
      one compared a protocol using standard measures with usual care. Meta-analyses
      for the two advanced haemodynamic monitoring comparisons are consistent with both
      increased and decreased risk of mortality (RR Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) random
      effects 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 1.20; 280 participants; RR M-H
      random-effects 0.45, 95% CI 0.07 to 2.95; 213 participants, respectively). The
      study comparing a protocol with usual care found no difference between groups for
      this outcome.Three studies comparing advanced haemodynamic monitoring with usual
      care reported data for length of stay and time to medical fitness. There was no
      statistically significant difference between groups for these outcomes in the two
      studies that we were able to combine (MD IV fixed 0.63, 95% CI -1.70 to 2.96); MD
      IV fixed 0.01, 95% CI -1.74 to 1.71, respectively) and no statistically
      significant difference in the third study. One study reported reduced time to
      medical fitness when comparing advanced haemodynamic monitoring with a protocol,
      and when comparing protocol monitoring with usual care.The number of participants
      with one or more complications showed no statistically significant differences in
      each of the two advanced haemodynamic monitoring comparisons (RR M-H random
      effects 0.83, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.17; 280 participants; RR M-H random-effects 0.72,
      95% CI 0.40 to 1.31; 173 participants, respectively), nor any differences in the
      protocol and usual care comparison.Only one study reported the number of
      participants able to return to normal accommodation after discharge with no
      statistically significant difference between groups.There were few studies with a
      small number of participants, and by using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation,
      Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group) approach, we judged the
      quality of the outcome evidence as low. We had included one study with a high
      risk of bias, but upon applying GRADE, we downgraded the quality of this outcome
      evidence to very low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Five studies including a total of 403
      participants provided no evidence that fluid optimization strategies improve
      outcomes for participants undergoing surgery for PFF. Further research powered to
      test some of these outcomes is ongoing.

PMID- 26976365
TI  - Chemotherapy for metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of docetaxel chemotherapy in combination with androgen
      deprivation therapy for metastatic castrate-sensitive prostate cancer is
      emerging. METHODS: We reviewed the results from the pivotal randomized phase III
      trials in this area: GETUG15, CHAARTED and STAMPEDE. RESULTS: All three studies
      demonstrated a benefit in progression-free survival with the use of docetaxel.
      However, two of the studies demonstrated a clinically meaningful overall survival
      benefit (CHAARTED and STAMPEDE), whereas the GETUG15 study did not demonstrate a
      major benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Docetaxel is an important option to consider for men
      who are fit for chemotherapy with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer
      commencing androgen deprivation therapy.

PMID- 26976370
TI  - Cardiovasculaire adaptiviteit aan de verrichting van aandachts-taken bij kinderen
      met contact- en communicatieproblemen.
AB  - A psychofysiological study of the cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding
      reaction time tasks demonstrated that children with a lesser variant of the
      pervasive developmental disorder (DSM-IV: PDDNOS) exhibit less cardiac
      responsiveness to attention tasks than healthy children do. We studied changes in
      heart rate variability (HRV), which were measured in a frequency band ranging
      from 0.07 to 0.14Hz. During the performance of an attention task, healthy
      children exhibited task load-related decreases in HRV. These decreases were found
      to be significantly smaller and not task load-related in a group of children with
      a PDDNOS who were judged to be not hyperactive. The decreases in HRV during task
      performance were almost absent in children with a PDDNOS who were moreover judged
      to be hyperactive. The magnitude of HRV decreases appeared to be significantly
      related to one of our task performance measures and to behaviour problems
      reported by the parents. Our results suggest a diminished vagal adaptivity to
      attention-demanding task situations in children with a PDDNOS, which is related
      to their resistance to unexpected changes in their daily routines. 

PMID- 26976371
TI  - Acoustic startle responses of rats with cerebral developmental abnormalities:
      implications for schizophrenia.
AB  - Mounting evidence suggests involvement of prenatal factors in the pathogenesis of
      schizophrenia. The objective of the present study was to provide evidence for the
      hypothesis on schizophrenia that abnormal fetal brain development leads to
      impaired sensorimotor gating of acoustic startle stimuli. To this purpose,
      pregnant rats were treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate on one of four
      subsequent days of gestation, from E9 to E12. These procedures inhibit early
      stages of cortical proliferation in the foetuses, resulting in adult brain
      abnormalities that were mainly found in the entorhinal region. At the adult age,
      habituation andprepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle responses to acoustic stimuli
      were investigated. Our results show impaired habituation and PPI in rats treated
      at embryonic days 10 and 11. It is concluded that sensorimotor gating deficits
      can result from a developmental abnormality involving the entorhinal region,
      supporting the hypothesis that similar deficits, often observed in schizophrenic
      subjects, may be the result of entorhinal cortex dysfunction. 

PMID- 26976372
TI  - Multi-functional magnesium alloys containing interstitial oxygen atoms.
AB  - A new class of magnesium alloys has been developed by dissolving large amounts of
      oxygen atoms into a magnesium lattice (Mg-O alloys). The oxygen atoms are
      supplied by decomposing titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a magnesium melt at 720
      degrees C; the titanium is then completely separated out from the magnesium melt
      after solidification. The dissolved oxygen atoms are located at the octahedral
      sites of magnesium, which expand the magnesium lattice. These alloys possess
      ionic and metallic bonding characteristics, providing outstanding mechanical and
      functional properties. A Mg-O-Al casting alloy made in this fashion shows
      superior mechanical performance, chemical resistance to corrosion, and thermal
      conductivity. Furthermore, a similar Mg-O-Zn wrought alloy shows high elongation
      to failure (>50%) at room temperature, because the alloy plastically deforms with
      only multiple slips in the sub-micrometer grains (<300 nm) surrounding the larger
      grains (~15 MUm). The metal/non-metal interstitial alloys are expected to open a
      new paradigm in commercial alloy design.

PMID- 26976373
TI  - The Effectiveness of Multimodal Care for Soft Tissue Injuries of the Lower
      Extremity: A Systematic Review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury
      Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the
      effectiveness of multimodal care for the management of soft tissue injuries of
      the lower extremity. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE,
      PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from
      1990 to 2015. Random pairs of independent reviewers screened studies for
      relevance and critically appraised eligible studies using the Scottish
      Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. We included studies with a low risk
      of bias in our best evidence synthesis. RESULTS: We screened 6794 articles. Six
      studies had a low risk of bias and addressed the following: plantar heel pain (n
      = 2), adductor-related groin pain (n = 1), and patellofemoral pain (n = 3). The
      evidence suggests that multimodal care for the management of persistent plantar
      heel pain may include mobilization and stretching exercise. An intensive, clinic
      based, group exercise program (strengthening, stretching, balance, agility) is
      more effective than multimodal care for the management of adductor-related groin
      pain in male athletes. There is inconclusive evidence to support the use of
      multimodal care for the management of persistent patellofemoral pain. Our search
      did not identify any low risk of bias studies examining multimodal care for the
      management of other soft tissue injuries of the lower extremity. CONCLUSION: A
      multimodal program of care for the management of persistent plantar heel pain may
      include mobilization and stretching exercise. Multimodal care for adductor
      related groin pain is not recommended based on the current evidence. There is
      inconclusive evidence to support the use of multimodal care for the management of
      persistent patellofemoral pain.

PMID- 26976374
TI  - The Effectiveness of Exercise on Recovery and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With
      Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hip, Thigh, or Knee: A Systematic Review by the
      Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the
      effectiveness of exercise for the management of soft tissue injuries of the hip,
      thigh, and knee. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and searched MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL
      Plus with Full Text from January 1, 1990, to April 8, 2015, for randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies evaluating the
      effect of exercise on pain intensity, self-rated recovery, functional recovery,
      health-related quality of life, psychological outcomes, and adverse events.
      Random pairs of independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts and assessed
      risk of bias using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Best
      evidence synthesis methodology was used. RESULTS: We screened 9494 citations.
      Eight RCTs were critically appraised, and 3 had low risk of bias and were
      included in our synthesis. One RCT found statistically significant improvements
      in pain and function favoring clinic-based progressive combined exercises over a
      "wait and see" approach for patellofemoral pain syndrome. A second RCT suggests
      that supervised closed kinetic chain exercises may lead to greater symptom
      improvement than open chain exercises for patellofemoral pain syndrome. One RCT
      suggests that clinic-based group exercises may be more effective than multimodal
      physiotherapy in male athletes with persistent groin pain. CONCLUSION: We found
      limited high-quality evidence to support the use of exercise for the management
      of soft tissue injuries of the lower extremity. The evidence suggests that clinic
      based exercise programs may benefit patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome
      and persistent groin pain. Further high-quality research is needed.

PMID- 26976375
TI  - The Effectiveness of Multimodal Care for the Management of Soft Tissue Injuries
      of the Shoulder: A Systematic Review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury
      Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the
      effectiveness of multimodal care for the management of soft tissue injuries of
      the shoulder. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and searched MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
      from 1990 to 2015. Two independent reviewers critically appraised studies using
      the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. We used best evidence
      synthesis to synthesize evidence from studies with low risk of bias. RESULTS: We
      screened 5885 articles, and 19 were eligible for critical appraisal. Ten
      randomized controlled trials had low risk of bias. For persistent subacromial
      impingement syndrome, multimodal care leads to similar outcomes as sham therapy,
      radial extracorporeal shock-wave therapy, or surgery. For subacromial impingement
      syndrome, multimodal care may be associated with small and nonclinically
      important improvement in pain and function compared with corticosteroid
      injections. For rotator cuff tendinitis, dietary-based multimodal care may be
      more effective than conventional multimodal care (exercise, soft tissue and
      manual therapy, and placebo tablets). For nonspecific shoulder pain, multimodal
      care may be more effective than wait list or usual care by a general
      practitioner, but it leads to similar outcomes as exercise or corticosteroid
      injections. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence suggests that combining multiple
      interventions into 1 program of care does not lead to superior outcomes for
      patients with subacromial impingement syndrome or nonspecific shoulder pain. One
      randomized controlled trial suggested that dietary-based multimodal care (dietary
      advice, acupuncture, and enzyme tablets) may provide better outcomes over
      conventional multimodal care. However, these results need to be replicated.

PMID- 26976377
TI  - Same day HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy initiation affects retention in
      Option B+ prevention of mother-to-child transmission services at antenatal care
      in Zomba District, Malawi.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Data from the Option B+ prevention of mother-to-child transmission
      (PMTCT) program in Malawi show considerable variation between health facilities
      in retention on antiretroviral therapy (ART). In a programmatic setting, we
      studied whether the "model of care," based on the degree of integration of
      antenatal care (ANC), HIV testing and counselling (HTC) and ART service provision
      influenced uptake of and retention on ART. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective
      cohort study of pregnant women seeking ANC at rural primary health facilities in
      Zomba District, Malawi. Data were extracted from standardized national ANC
      registers, ART registers and ART master cards. The "model of care" of Option B+
      service delivery was determined at each health facility, based on the degree of
      integration of ANC, HTC and ART. Full integration (Model 1) of HTC and ART
      initiation at ANC was compared with integration of HTC only into ANC services
      (Model 2) with subsequent referral to an existing ART clinic for treatment
      initiation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 10,528 women were newly registered
      at ANC between October 2011 and March 2012 in 23 rural health facilities (12 were
      Model 1 and 11 Model 2). HIV status was ascertained in 8,572 (81%) women. Among
      914/8,572 (9%) HIV-positive women enrolling at ANC, 101/914 (11%) were already on
      ART; of those not on treatment, 456/813 (56%) were started on ART. There was
      significantly higher ART uptake in Model 1 compared with Model 2 sites (63% vs.
      51%; p=0.001), but significantly lower ART retention in Model 1 compared with
      Model 2 sites (79% vs. 87%; p=0.02). Multivariable analysis showed that
      initiation of ART on the same day as HIV diagnosis, but not model of care, was
      independently associated with reduced retention in the first six months (adjusted
      odds ratio 2.27; 95% CI: 1.34-3.85; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: HIV diagnosis and
      treatment on the same day was associated with reduced retention on ART,
      independent of the level of PMTCT service integration at ANC.

PMID- 26976378
TI  - [Effectiveness of human papillomavirus genotyping for detection of high-grade
      anal intraepithelial neoplasia compared to anal cytology].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The incidence of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) 
      with an aetiological based on high-risk types of human papillomavirus- is
      increasing in some high-risk groups. Screening for HGAIN includes routine anal
      cytology and, more recently, HPV genotyping. The main objective of this study was
      to determine the sensitivity and specificity of anal cytology and HPV genotyping
      for the detection of HGAIN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a study to determine
      the correlation of cytological and microbiological findings with anal biopsy
      findings in a cohort of patients at high risk of developing AIN referred to the
      department of sexually transmitted infections of the Hospital Costa del Sol,
      Spain, between January 2008 and December 2014. RESULTS: Of the 151 patients
      subjected to screening, a total of 92 patients, all of them with the result of
      three screening test (anal cytology, genotyping and biopsy) were included in the
      study. Just under two-thirds (62%) of them were HIV-positive. The sensitivity and
      specificity of anal cytology to detect HGAIN were 52.8 and 85.7%, respectively
      (k: 0.328), and 78 and 62.8% to detect two or more HPV oncogenic genotypes (k:
      0.417). The detection of oncogenic HPV genotypes allowed the identification of 23
      new cases of HGAIN that had been underdiagnosed with anal cytology, with 14 cases
      containing at least three high-risk genotypes. CONCLUSION: Anal cytology did not
      show enough sensitivity in HGAIN screening. HPV genotyping has shown to be a
      useful tool to detect HGAIN cases, although it could lead to an over-diagnosis as
      a solitary screening procedure.

PMID- 26976379
TI  - Community-acquired febrile urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum
      beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in hospitalised infants.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are
      infrequent pathogens of urinary tract infections in children. The objective of
      our study was to investigate the presence, clinically associated characteristics
      and risk factors for acquisition of urinary tract infection/acute pyelonephritis
      (UTI/APN) in hospitalised children <2years old caused by community-acquired ESBL.
      METHODS: A case-control study in a second level community hospital in Spain, in
      which 537 episodes of UTI/APN were investigated in a retrospective study between
      November 2005 and August 2014. Cases were patients with ESBL strains. For each
      case, four ESBL-negative controls were selected. A questionnaire with the
      variables of interest was completed for every patient, and the groups were
      compared. RESULTS: ESBL-positive strains were found in 19 (3,5%) cultures. Of
      these 16 (84%) were Escherichia coli. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) of any grade
      was more frequent in the ESBL group (60 vs. 29%), although without statistical
      significance. Relapses were more frequent in the ESBL group (42% vs. 18%)
      (P=.029; OR=3.2; 95%CI: 1.09-9.5). The prevalence of UTI/APN due to ESBL-positive
      strains increased slightly from 2.7% in the period 2005-2009 to 4.4% in the
      period 2010-2014. CONCLUSIONS: ESBL UTI/APN were associated with more frequent
      relapses. VUR of any grade was twice more frequent in the ESBL group.
      Piperacillin/tazobactam, fosfomycin and meropenem showed an excellent activity.
      Aminoglycosides may be a therapeutic option, and in our patients gentamicin was
      the antibiotic most used.

PMID- 26976380
TI  - HIV-1 p24 and CD4+ T cell count during boosted protease-inhibitor monotherapy in
      HIV-infected patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plasma HIV p24 is considered a significant predictor of CD4+ T cell
      decline and progression to AIDS in HIV-infected patients. We evaluated the p24
      levels in patients on triple therapy and after switching to ritonavir-boosted
      protease inhibitor monotherapy (mtPI/rtv), as well as the relationships with
      virological and immunological evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma samples
      from patients participating in two studies of simplification to mtPI/rtv were
      analysed for presence of p24, using a boosted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      specific for mature p24. Only patients with available samples at baseline (on
      triple therapy) and during a follow-up of at least 12 months after switching to
      mtPI/rtv were included. RESULTS: A total of 233 samples from 51 patients were
      analysed. After switching to mtPI/rtv and a median follow-up of 24 months, 14
      patients maintained continuous undetectable viraemia, and 37 patients experienced
      a total of 49 transient viraemic episodes. Unexpectedly, the evolutionary p24
      patterns were uniform for most patients, both before and after switching to
      mtPI/rtv, independently of the virological behaviour, fitting into one of three
      categories: persistent undetectable p24 levels, positive p24, matching only with
      the viraemic episodes, and persistent detectable p24 levels. The last group
      showed lower CD4+ T cell counts and percentages, as well as lower CD4+/CD8+ T
      cell ratios after 12 and 24 months of follow up. CONCLUSION: Treatment
      simplification to mtPI/rtv does not influence the behaviour of p24 in plasma.
      Patients with continuous positive p24, despite undetectable viraemia, showed
      worse immunological evolution.

PMID- 26976382
TI  - [Rickettsiosis after tick bite: A subtle clinic picture on many occasions, we
      must be vigilant].
AB  - Rickettsia diseases are a group of tick-borne transmitted diseases, classified
      into 2 large groups: spotted fevers and typhus fevers. In addition, a new
      condition has been described recently, known as tick-borne lymphadenopathy. A
      retrospective series is presented of paediatric cases of rickettsia diseases
      diagnosed in 2013 and 2014. A total of 8 patients were included, of which 2 of
      them were diagnosed as Mediterranean spotted fever, and 6 as tick-borne
      lymphadenopathy. Rickettsia slovaca, Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae, and
      Rickettsia massiliae were identified in 3 of them. Aetiology, clinical features
      and treatment carried out in each of them are described. The interest of these
      cases is that, although most have a benign course, the high diagnostic suspicion
      and early treatment seem to be beneficial for its outcome.

PMID- 26976381
TI  - Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections and other coinfections in
      HIV-infected patients: May 2015.
AB  - Despite the huge advance that antiretroviral therapy represents for the prognosis
      of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opportunistic infections
      (OIs) continue to be a cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients.
      OIs often arise because of severe immunosuppression resulting from poor adherence
      to antiretroviral therapy, failure of antiretroviral therapy, or unawareness of
      HIV infection by patients whose first clinical manifestation of AIDS is an OI.
      The present article updates our previous guidelines on the prevention and
      treatment of various OIs in HIV-infected patients, namely, infections by
      parasites, fungi, viruses, mycobacteria, and bacteria, as well as imported
      infections. The article also addresses immune reconstitution inflammatory
      syndrome. 

PMID- 26976383
TI  - Comment on Amchova et al., 2015 review of food color safety.

PMID- 26976384
TI  - Migrating Susceptibility Vessel Sign in Posterior Circulation Stroke.

PMID- 26976385
TI  - Chronic Acetaminophen Use Associated with Anion-Gap Metabolic Acidosis.

PMID- 26976386
TI  - Hospital Readmissions Following Physician Call System Change: A Comparison of
      Concentrated and Distributed Schedules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physician call schedules are a critical element for medical practice
      and hospital efficiency. We compared readmission rates prior to and after a
      change in physician call system at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. METHODS: We
      studied patients discharged over a decade (2004 through 2013) and identified
      whether or not each patient was readmitted within the subsequent 28 days. We
      excluded patients discharged for a surgical, obstetrical, or psychiatric
      diagnosis. We used time-to-event analysis and time-series analysis to compare
      rates of readmission prior to and after the physician call system change (January
      1, 2009). RESULTS: A total of 89,697 patients were discharged, of whom 10,001
      (11%) were subsequently readmitted and 4280 died. The risk of readmission was
      increased by about 26% following physician call system change (9.7% vs 12.2%, P
      <.001). Time-series analysis confirmed a 26% increase in the readmission rate
      after call system change (95% confidence interval, 22%-31%; P <.001). The
      increase in readmission rate after call system change persisted across patients
      with diverse ages, estimated readmission risks, and medical diagnoses. The net
      effect was equal to 7240 additional patient days in the hospital following call
      system change. A modest increase was observed at a nearby acute care hospital
      that did not change physician call system, and no increase in risk of death was
      observed with increased hospital readmissions. CONCLUSION: We suggest that
      changes in physician call systems sometimes increase subsequent hospital
      readmission rates. Further reductions in readmissions may instead require
      additional resources or ingenuity.

PMID- 26976387
TI  - Automated Behavioral Text Messaging and Face-to-Face Intervention for Parents of
      Overweight or Obese Preschool Children: Results From a Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children are 5 times more likely to be overweight at the age of 12
      years if they are overweight during the preschool period. OBJECTIVE: The purpose
      of this study was to establish the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary
      effects of a cognitive behavioral intervention (TEXT2COPE) synergized with
      tailored mobile technology (mHealth) on the healthy lifestyle behaviors of
      parents of overweight and obese preschoolers delivered in a primary care setting.
      METHODS: Fifteen preschooler-parent dyads recruited through primary care clinics
      completed a manualized 7-week cognitive behavioral skills building intervention.
      Beck's Cognitive Theory guided the TEXT2COPE intervention content and Fogg's
      Behavior Model guided the implementation. The intervention employed a combination
      of face-to-face clinic visits and ecological momentary interventions using text
      messaging (short message service, SMS). To enhance the intervention's relevance
      to the family's needs, parents dictated the wording of the text messages and also
      were able to adapt the frequency and timing of delivery throughout program
      implementation. RESULTS: Self-reported findings indicate that the program is
      feasible and acceptable in this population. The intervention showed preliminary
      effects with significant improvements on parental knowledge about nutrition
      (P=.001) and physical activity (P=.012) for their children, parental beliefs
      (P=.001) toward healthy lifestyles, and parental behaviors (P=.040) toward
      engaging in healthy lifestyle choices for their children. Effect sizes were
      medium to large for all variables. The timing, frequency, and wording of the text
      messages were tailored to the individual families, with 69% of parents (9/13)
      increasing the frequency of the tailored SMS from being sent once weekly to as
      many as 5 times a week. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing a cognitive behavioral skills
      intervention with SMS has great potential for supporting clinical care of
      overweight and obese preschool children and their families. Further exploration
      of the potential effects on health and behavioral outcomes is warranted.

PMID- 26976389
TI  - Stable or improved health status in the population 65 years and older in
      Stockholm, Sweden - an 8-year follow-up of self-reported health items.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reached different conclusions about whether
      health is improving in the ageing population. More studies with narrow age groups
      analyzed separately for men and women will contribute to the literature. AIM: To
      describe trends in self-reported indicators of health and health-related quality
      of life between 2002 and 2010, focusing on differences between gender and age
      groups. A population-based survey of individuals 65+ in the Stockholm County was
      used. RESULTS: Prevalence of health problems increased with age both among men
      and women. Men generally reported having no health problems to a larger extent
      than women, but the proportions reporting severe problems were similar. The
      larger picture is one of stability in health-related quality of life, even if
      several items developed for the better, especially among women. While the
      proportions reporting no health/functional problems increased for many items, the
      proportions reporting severe problems remained unchanged among men and improved
      only for two items among women. CONCLUSIONS OVERALL, IMPROVEMENTS WERE SEEN IN
      MANY OF THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE ITEMS AS WELL AS FOR SELF-RATED HEALTH
      AMONG WOMEN THE PROPORTIONS REPORTING LONG-TERM ILLNESS OR PERSISTENT HEALTH
      PROBLEMS INCREASED, BUT FEWER SEEM TO BE LIMITED IN THEIR DAILY ACTIVITIES BY
      THESE PROBLEMS THE STABLE PROPORTIONS OF POOR SELF-RATED HEALTH INDICATES THAT
      WHILE HEALTH AND FUNCTIONING SEEM TO BE IMPROVING FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE OLDER
      POPULATION, SOME GROUPS MAY BE LAGGING BEHIND FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD PAY ATTENTION
      TO CHANGES BOTH IN THE UPPER AND LOWER ENDS OF THE HEALTH SPECTRUM.

PMID- 26976388
TI  - Cost effectiveness of adherence to IDSA/ATS guidelines in elderly patients
      hospitalized for Community-Aquired Pneumonia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adherence to guidelines for the treatment of hospitalized elderly
      patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been associated with
      improved clinical outcomes. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of
      adherence to guidelines for the treatment of CAP in an elderly hospitalized
      patient cohort. METHODS: Data from an international, multicenter observational
      study for patients age 65 years or older hospitalized with CAP from 2001 to 2007
      were used to estimate transition probabilities for a multi-state Markov model
      traversing multiple health states during hospitalization for CAP. Empiric
      antibiotic therapy was classified as adherent, over-treated, and under-treated
      according to 2007 Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society
      IDSA/ATS guidelines. Utilities were estimated from an expert panel of active
      clinicians. Costs were estimated from a tertiary referral hospital and adjusted
      for inflation to 2013 US dollars. Costs, utilities, and transition probabilities
      were all modeled using probability distributions to handle their inherit
      uncertainty. Cost-effectiveness analysis was based on the first 14 days of
      hospitalization. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were analyzed
      separately from those admitted to the ward. Sensitivity analyses with regards to
      time frame (out to 30 days hospitalization), cost estimates, and willingness to
      pay values were performed. RESULTS: The model parameters were estimated using
      data from 1635 patients (1438 admitted to the ward and 197 admitted to the ICU).
      For the ward model, adherence to antibiotic guidelines was the dominant strategy
      and associated with lower costs (-$1379 and -$799) and improved quality of life
      compared to over- and under-treatment. In the ICU model, however, adherence to
      guidelines was associated with greater costs (+$13,854 and + $3461 vs. over- and
      under-treatment, respectively) and lower quality of life. Acceptance rates across
      the willingness to pay ranges evaluated were 42-48 % for guideline adherence on
      the ward and 61-64 % for over-treatment on the ICU. Results were robust over
      sensitivity analyses concerning cost and utility estimates. CONCLUSIONS: While
      adherence to antibiotic guidelines was the most cost-effective strategy for
      elderly patients hospitalized with CAP and admitted to the ward, in the ICU over
      treatment of patients relative to the guidelines was the most cost-effective
      strategy.

PMID- 26976390
TI  - Conceptualisation of ageing in relation to factors of importance for extending
      working life - a review.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to explore and understand the complexity of ageing
      in relation to factors of importance for extending working life. METHOD:
      Discourse analysis of documents was used in an integrative review including 128
      articles. RESULT: Four different conceptualisation of ageing are shown to affect
      older workers' ability to extend their working life: (a) biological ageing
      people's health in relation to their physical and mental work environment, their
      pace of work and recuperation needs; (b) chronological ageing statutory
      retirement age and policies and economic incentives devised for older workers by
      society, unions and organisations/enterprises; (c) social ageing inclusion in
      different social groups, the attitude of managers, organisations and family
      members, the leisure activities and surrounding environment; and (d)
      mental/cognitive ageing self-crediting, motivating and meaningful activities,
      competence and skills in working life. CONCLUSIONS SOCIETIES TODAY FOCUS MOSTLY
      ON CHRONOLOGICAL AGEING AND ARE LOOKING TO INCREASE THE RETIREMENT AGE WITH
      REGARD TO STATUTORY PENSION SYSTEMS, EG BEYOND 65 YEARS OF AGE THE INTER
      RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHRONOLOGICAL, MENTAL, BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL AGEING AND THE
      NINE AREAS IDENTIFIED AS BEING IMPORTANT TO OLDER WORKERS IN THESE RESPECTS NEED
      TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN AIMING TO PROVIDE A SUSTAINABLE WORKING LIFE FOR THE
      INCREASING NUMBERS OF OLDER WORKERS IN MODERN SOCIETY THE THEORETICAL MODEL
      DEVELOPED IS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CRITICAL DEBATE THAT CAN BE APPLIED BY
      SOCIETIES, EMPLOYERS AND MANAGERS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE OLDER WORKERS WITH AN
      INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE EXTENDED WORKING LIFE.

PMID- 26976391
TI  - Erratum to: The 5As team intervention: bridging the knowledge gap in obesity
      management among primary care practitioners.

PMID- 26976392
TI  - Detrimental cross-talk between sepsis and acute kidney injury: new pathogenic
      mechanisms, early biomarkers and targeted therapies.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26976393
TI  - Evidence for Health III: Making evidence-informed decisions that integrate values
      and context.
AB  - Making evidence-informed decisions with the aim of improving the health of
      individuals or populations can be facilitated by using a systematic approach.
      While a number of algorithms already exist, and while there is no single 'right'
      way of summarizing or ordering the various elements that should be involved in
      making such health-related decisions, an algorithm is presented here that lays
      out many of the key issues that should be considered, and which adds a special
      emphasis on balancing the values of individual patients and entire populations,
      as well as the importance of incorporating contextual considerations. Indeed many
      different types of evidence and value judgements are needed during the decision
      making process to answer a wide range of questions, including (1) What is the
      priority health problem? (2) What causes this health problem? (3) What are the
      different strategies or interventions that can be used to address this health
      problem? (4) Which of these options, as compared to the status quo, has an added
      benefit that outweighs the harms? (5) Which options would be acceptable to the
      individuals or populations involved? (6) What are the costs and opportunity
      costs? (7) Would these options be feasible and sustainable in this specific
      context? (8) What are the ethical, legal and social implications of choosing one
      option over another? (9) What do different stakeholders stand to gain or lose
      from each option? and (10) Taking into account the multiple perspectives and
      considerations involved, which option is most likely to improve health while
      minimizing harms? This third and final article in the 'Evidence for Health'
      series will go through each of the steps in the algorithm in greater detail to
      promote more evidence-informed decisions that aim to improve health and reduce
      inequities.

PMID- 26976394
TI  - Addressing Intimate Partner Violence: Reducing Barriers and Improving Residents'
      Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practices.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess residents' attitudes, knowledge, practices,
      and barriers in addressing intimate partner violence and create a curriculum
      targeting self-identified deficits. METHODS: The authors developed and
      distributed a survey to residents across multiple specialties at a large academic
      institution. A workshop was developed using obstetrics/gynecology residents'
      data, with post-intervention data collected to assess for changes. RESULTS: One
      hundred forty-seven residents (41 %) completed the survey. Though all identified
      assessing intimate partner violence as physicians' responsibility, only 40 %
      reported consistent screening with new female patients, 36 % with pregnant
      patients, and 18 % with post-partum patients. Half reported inadequate training
      and felt unprepared to counsel patients regarding intimate partner violence. Post
      intervention data suggest gains in knowledge and perceived preparedness.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although residents appreciate the significance of intimate partner
      violence assessment, in this particular institution few consistently perform or
      feel comfortable screening. Development of comprehensive intimate partner
      violence curricula is therefore critical.

PMID- 26976396
TI  - Developing a Mental Health Curriculum to Build Capacity and Improve Access to
      Mental Health Care in Rural Guatemala.

PMID- 26976395
TI  - Proposed Training Areas for Global Mental Health Researchers.

PMID- 26976397
TI  - Contract Negotiation for Academic Psychiatrists.

PMID- 26976398
TI  - Entrustable Professional Activities: Enhancing Meaningful Use of Evaluations and
      Milestones in a Psychiatry Residency Program.

PMID- 26976399
TI  - Attitudes Towards Substance Use Disorders and Association with Motivational
      Interviewing Education: A Survey of Psychiatry Chief Residents.

PMID- 26976400
TI  - Using Meaningful Outcomes to Differentiate Change from Innovation in Medical
      Education.

PMID- 26976402
TI  - Inadequate Sleep and Exercise Associated with Burnout and Depression Among
      Medical Students.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The authors studied whether low levels of exercise or inadequate sleep
      correlated with higher levels of burnout and depression in medical students.
      METHODS: Medical students of all years at the University of Pittsburgh School of
      Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, were invited to participate in an anonymous online
      survey in Fall 2012 and Winter 2013. Validated measures were used to assess
      exercise, sleep, burnout, and depression. RESULTS: Response rates were 28.7 % at
      the beginning of the school year and 22.6 % at the middle of the school year.
      Burnout rates overall were 22.4 % at the beginning of the year and 19.2 % in the
      middle of the year. Eight percent of students screened positive for depression at
      the beginning of the year and 9.3 % in the middle of the year. Decreased exercise
      frequency was significantly correlated with lower professional efficacy.
      Pathological sleepiness was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of
      burnout. Inadequate sleep correlated with significantly lower professional
      efficacy and higher exhaustion scores. Burnout was associated with a positive
      depression screen. Positive depression screening, pathological sleepiness, and
      sleeping less than 7 h a night were independent predictors of burnout.
      CONCLUSIONS: Sleep habits, exercise, and a positive depression screen were
      associated with burnout risk within the medical student population.

PMID- 26976401
TI  - Evaluation of Branched-Narrative Virtual Patients for Interprofessional Education
      of Psychiatry Residents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This pilot study evaluated the utility of branched-narrative virtual
      patients in an interprofessional education series for psychiatry residents.
      METHODS: Third-year psychiatry residents attended four interprofessional
      education advanced psychopharmacology sessions that involved completion of a
      branched-narrative virtual patient and a debriefing session with a psychiatric
      pharmacist. Pre- and post-assessments analyzed resident learning and were
      administered around each virtual patient. Simulation 4 served as a comprehensive
      review. The primary outcome was differences in pre- and post-assessment scores.
      Secondary outcomes included resident satisfaction with the virtual patient format
      and psychiatric pharmacist involvement. RESULTS: Post-test scores for simulations
      1, 2, and 3 demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.05) from pre-test scores.
      Scores for simulation 4 did not retain significance. Resident satisfaction with
      the branched-narrative virtual patient format and psychiatric pharmacist
      involvement was high throughout the series (100 %; n = 18). CONCLUSIONS: Although
      there are important methodological limitations to this study including a small
      sample size and absence of a comparator group, this pilot study supports the use
      of branched-narrative virtual patients in an interprofessional education series
      for advanced learners.

PMID- 26976403
TI  - The Role of the Psychiatry Resident in Integrative Behavioral Care.

PMID- 26976404
TI  - What Is the Role of Academic Departments of Psychiatry in Advancing Global Mental
      Health?

PMID- 26976405
TI  - Forging Steel from Fire: Emerging as a Forensic Psychiatrist.

PMID- 26976406
TI  - Nosema spp. infections cause no energetic stress in tolerant honeybees.
AB  - Host-pathogen coevolution leads to reciprocal adaptations, allowing pathogens to
      increase host exploitation or hosts to minimise costs of infection. As pathogen
      resistance is often associated with considerable costs, tolerance may be an
      evolutionary alternative. Here, we examined the effect of two closely related and
      highly host dependent intracellular gut pathogens, Nosema apis and Nosema
      ceranae, on the energetic state in Nosema tolerant and sensitive honeybees facing
      the infection. We quantified the three major haemolymph carbohydrates fructose,
      glucose, and trehalose using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a
      measure for host energetic state. Trehalose levels in the haemolymph were
      negatively associated with N. apis infection intensity and with N. ceranae
      infection regardless of the infection intensity in sensitive honeybees.
      Nevertheless, there was no such association in Nosema spp. infected tolerant
      honeybees. These findings suggest that energy availability in tolerant honeybees
      was not compromised by the infection. This result obtained at the individual
      level may also have implications at the colony level where workers in spite of a
      Nosema infection can still perform as well as healthy bees, maintaining colony
      efficiency and productivity. 

PMID- 26976407
TI  - Evaluation of conventional therapeutic methods versus maggot therapy in the
      evolution of healing of tegumental injuries in Wistar rats with and without
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Larval therapy consists on the application of sterilized carrion flies larvae,
      reared in laboratory, on acute, chronic, and/or infected wounds in order to
      promote healing. Conventional methods for treating injuries include mechanical
      debridement or silver-based dressings; however, they are not always effective for
      wound healing. Larval therapy is a feasible and safe treatment for therapeutic
      application and, in many cases, the only and the most recommended alternative for
      difficult healing injuries. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the competence of
      Cochliomyia macellaria F. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as a suitable species for
      therapeutic application and evaluate time and effectiveness of the types of
      treatments most commonly used to treat integumental injuries. C. macellaria eggs
      were obtained from colonies established in laboratory and sterilized prior to
      application. Twenty-five larvae were applied for each centimeter squared of
      lesion. Lesions were induced in 24 Wistar rats; type 1 diabetes mellitus was
      induced in 12 of them. Animals were divided in four groups with three individuals
      each, being denominated: larval therapy, larval therapy associated with foam
      dressing with silver release, mechanical debridement with foam dressing silver
      and control group, without treatment. All treatments were applied once and held
      for 24 h. Medical application of larvae was found to be safe, as only dead tissue
      was removed, and efficient to accelerate healing process when compared to other
      treatments. 

PMID- 26976408
TI  - Reply to M. Minden.

PMID- 26976409
TI  - Reply to M.C. Chamberlain and T.J. Kruser.

PMID- 26976410
TI  - Reply to O.O. Eren et al and S. Mikhail.

PMID- 26976411
TI  - "Does the Punishment Fit the Crime?".

PMID- 26976412
TI  - Is It Time to Redefine Prognostic and Predictive in Oncology?

PMID- 26976413
TI  - What Lessons Are Imparted From SWOG S9005 for Recurrent Meningioma?

PMID- 26976414
TI  - Systemic Therapy in Unresectable Meningioma Before Radiotherapy.

PMID- 26976415
TI  - Is It Time for Maintenance Chemotherapy for Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma?

PMID- 26976416
TI  - Panel Testing Is Not a Panacea.

PMID- 26976417
TI  - Can an Acidic Beverage Reduce Interactions Between Proton Pump Inhibitors and
      Erlotinib?

PMID- 26976418
TI  - Short Androgen Suppression and Radiation Dose Escalation for Intermediate- and
      High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer: Results of EORTC Trial 22991.
AB  - PURPOSE: Up to 30% of patients who undergo radiation for intermediate- or high
      risk localized prostate cancer relapse biochemically within 5 years. We assessed
      if biochemical disease-free survival (DFS) is improved by adding 6 months of
      androgen suppression (AS; two injections of every-3-months depot of luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone agonist) to primary radiotherapy (RT) for intermediate-
      or high-risk localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 819
      patients staged: (1) cT1b-c, with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >= 10 ng/mL or
      Gleason >= 7, or (2) cT2a (International Union Against Cancer TNM 1997), with no
      involvement of pelvic lymph nodes and no clinical evidence of metastatic spread,
      with PSA <= 50 ng/mL, were centrally randomized 1:1 to either RT or RT plus AS
      started on day 1 of RT. Centers opted for one dose (70, 74, or 78 Gy).
      Biochemical DFS, the primary end point, was defined from entry until PSA relapse
      (Phoenix criteria) and clinical relapse by imaging or death of any cause. The
      trial had 80% power to detect hazard ratio (HR), 0.714 by intent-to-treat
      analysis stratified by dose of RT at the two-sided alpha = 5%. RESULTS: The
      median patient age was 70 years. Among patients, 74.8% were intermediate risk and
      24.8% were high risk. In the RT arm, 407 of 409 patients received RT; in the RT
      plus AS arm, 403 patients received RT plus AS and three patients received RT
      only. At 7.2 years median follow-up, RT plus AS significantly improved
      biochemical DFS (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.66; P < .001, with 319 events), as
      well as clinical progression-free survival (205 events, HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48 to
      0.84; P = .001). In exploratory analysis, no statistically significant
      interaction between treatment effect and dose of RT could be evidenced
      (heterogeneity P = .79 and P = .66, for biochemical DFS and progression-free
      survival, respectively). Overall survival data are not mature yet. CONCLUSION:
      Six months of concomitant and adjuvant AS improves biochemical and clinical DFS
      of intermediate- and high-risk cT1b-c to cT2a (with no involvement of pelvic
      lymph nodes and no clinical evidence of metastatic spread) prostatic carcinoma,
      treated by radiation.

PMID- 26976419
TI  - Frequency of Germline Mutations in 25 Cancer Susceptibility Genes in a Sequential
      Series of Patients With Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Testing for germline mutations in BRCA1/2 is standard for select
      patients with breast cancer to guide clinical management. Next-generation
      sequencing (NGS) allows testing for mutations in additional breast cancer
      predisposition genes. The frequency of germline mutations detected by using NGS
      has been reported in patients with breast cancer who were referred for BRCA1/2
      testing or with triple-negative breast cancer. We assessed the frequency and
      predictors of mutations in 25 cancer predisposition genes, including BRCA1/2, in
      a sequential series of patients with breast cancer at an academic institution to
      examine the utility of genetic testing in this population. METHODS: Patients with
      stages I to III breast cancer who were seen at a single cancer center between
      2010 and 2012, and who agreed to participate in research DNA banking, were
      included (N = 488). Personal and family cancer histories were collected and
      germline DNA was sequenced with NGS to identify mutations. RESULTS: Deleterious
      mutations were identified in 10.7% of women, including 6.1% in BRCA1/2 (5.1% in
      non-Ashkenazi Jewish patients) and 4.6% in other breast/ovarian cancer
      predisposition genes including CHEK2 (n = 10), ATM (n = 4), BRIP1 (n = 4), and
      one each in PALB2, PTEN, NBN, RAD51C, RAD51D, MSH6, and PMS2. Whereas young age
      (P < .01), Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (P < .01), triple-negative breast cancer (P
      = .01), and family history of breast/ovarian cancer (P = .01) predicted for
      BRCA1/2 mutations, no factors predicted for mutations in other breast cancer
      predisposition genes. CONCLUSION: Among sequential patients with breast cancer,
      10.7% were found to have a germline mutation in a gene that predisposes women to
      breast or ovarian cancer, using a panel of 25 predisposition genes. Factors that
      predict for BRCA1/2 mutations do not predict for mutations in other
      breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility genes when these genes are analyzed as a
      single group. Additional cohorts will be helpful to define individuals at higher
      risk of carrying mutations in genes other than BRCA1/2.

PMID- 26976420
TI  - International Myeloma Working Group Recommendations for the Diagnosis and
      Management of Myeloma-Related Renal Impairment.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the International Myeloma Working Group was to develop
      practical recommendations for the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma
      related renal impairment (RI). METHODS: Recommendations were based on published
      data through December 2015, and were developed using the system developed by the
      Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Working Group.
      RECOMMENDATIONS: All patients with myeloma at diagnosis and at disease assessment
      should have serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and
      electrolytes measurements as well as free light chain, if available, and urine
      electrophoresis of a sample from a 24-hour urine collection (grade A). The
      Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, preferably, or the
      Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula should be used for the evaluation
      of estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with stabilized serum
      creatinine (grade A). International Myeloma Working Group criteria for renal
      reversibility should be used (grade B). For the management of RI in patients with
      multiple myeloma, high fluid intake is indicated along with antimyeloma therapy
      (grade B). The use of high-cutoff hemodialysis membranes in combination with
      antimyeloma therapy can be considered (grade B). Bortezomib-based regimens remain
      the cornerstone of the management of myeloma-related RI (grade A). High-dose
      dexamethasone should be administered at least for the first month of therapy
      (grade B). Thalidomide is effective in patients with myeloma with RI, and no dose
      modifications are needed (grade B). Lenalidomide is effective and safe, mainly in
      patients with mild to moderate RI (grade B); for patients with severe RI or on
      dialysis, lenalidomide should be given with close monitoring for hematologic
      toxicity (grade B) with dose reduction as needed. High-dose therapy with
      autologous stem cell transplantation (with melphalan 100 mg/m(2) to 140 mg/m(2))
      is feasible in patients with RI (grade C). Carfilzomib can be safely administered
      to patients with creatinine clearance > 15 mL/min, whereas ixazomib in
      combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone can be safely administered to
      patients with creatinine clearance > 30 mL/min (grade A).

PMID- 26976421
TI  - Weighing the Addition of Androgen Suppression Therapy to Radiotherapy Dose
      Escalation for Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 26976422
TI  - Contemporary Locoregional Recurrence Rates in Young Patients With Early-Stage
      Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary rates of local
      recurrence (LR) and regional recurrence (RR) in young patients with breast cancer
      in relation to tumor biology as expressed by biomarker subtypes. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Women < 35 years of age who underwent surgery for primary unilateral
      invasive breast cancer between 2003 and 2008 were selected from the Netherlands
      Cancer Registry. Patients were categorized according to biomarker subtypes on the
      basis of hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
      (HER2) status. The 5-year risks of developing LR and regional lymph node
      recurrence were estimated by using Kaplan-Meier statistics. RESULTS: A total of
      1,000 patients were identified, of whom 59% had a known subtype: 39% HR
      positive/HER2-negative; 17% HR-positive/HER2-positive; 10% HR-negative/HER2
      positive; and 34% HR-negative/HER2-negative (triple negative). Overall 5-year LR
      and RR rates were 3.5% and 3.7%, respectively. A decreasing trend for both rates
      was observed over time and was accompanied by a significant decrease in the risk
      of distant metastases (DM). LR occurred in 4.2%, RR in 6.1%, and DM in 17.8% of
      patients in 2003, and in 3.2%, 4.4%, and 10.0%, respectively, in 2008. LR and RR
      rates varied with biomarker subtype. These differences were borderline
      significant when analyzed for the entire study period (P = .056 and P = .014,
      respectively) and leveled off after the introduction of trastuzumab after 2005 (P
      = .24 and P = .42, respectively). Patients with lymph node metastases at the time
      of diagnosis had an increased risk of RR. The type of surgery performed-breast
      conserving or mastectomy-did not influence rates of LR and RR. CONCLUSION:
      Overall, the rates of LR and RR in young patients with early-stage breast cancer
      were relatively low and varied by biomarker subtype.

PMID- 26976424
TI  - Phase II Trial of Temsirolimus for Relapsed/Refractory Primary CNS Lymphoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this phase II study (NCT00942747), temsirolimus was tested in
      patients with relapsed or refractory primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Immunocompetent adults with histologically confirmed PCNSL after
      experiencing high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy failure who were not
      eligible for or had experienced high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell
      transplant failure were included. The first cohort (n = 6) received 25 mg
      temsirolimus intravenously once per week. All consecutive patients received 75 mg
      intravenously once per week. RESULTS: Thirty-seven eligible patients (median age,
      70 years) were included whose median time since their last treatment was 3.9
      months (range, 0.1 to 14.6 months). Complete response was seen in five patients
      (13.5%), complete response unconfirmed in three (8%), and partial response in 12
      (32.4%) for an overall response rate of 54%. Median progression-free survival was
      2.1 months (95% CI, 1.1 to 3.0 months). The most frequent Common Toxicity
      Criteria >= 3 degrees  adverse event was hyperglycemia in 11 (29.7%) patients,
      thrombocytopenia in eight (21.6%), infection in seven (19%), anemia in four
      (10.8%), and rash in three (8.1%). Fourteen blood/CSF pairs were collected in
      nine patients (10 pairs in five patients in the 25-mg cohort and four pairs in
      four patients in the 75-mg cohort). The mean maximum blood concentration was 292
      ng/mL for temsirolimus and 37.2 ng/mL for its metabolite sirolimus in the 25-mg
      cohort and 484 ng/mL and 91.1 ng/mL, respectively, in the 75-mg cohort.
      Temsirolimus CSF concentration was 2 ng/mL in one patient in the 75-mg cohort; in
      all others, no drug was found in their CSF. CONCLUSION: Single-agent temsirolimus
      at a weekly dose of 75 mg was found to be active in relapsed/refractory patients
      with PCNSL; however, responses were usually short lived.

PMID- 26976423
TI  - Bevacizumab Plus Irinotecan Versus Temozolomide in Newly Diagnosed O6
      Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Nonmethylated Glioblastoma: The Randomized
      GLARIUS Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: In patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma that harbors a
      nonmethylated O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promotor, standard
      temozolomide (TMZ) has, at best, limited efficacy. The GLARIUS trial thus
      explored bevacizumab plus irinotecan (BEV+IRI) as an alternative to TMZ. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: In this phase II, unblinded trial 182 patients in 22 centers were
      randomly assigned 2:1 to BEV (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks) during radiotherapy (RT)
      followed by maintenance BEV (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks) plus IRI(125 mg/m(2) every 2
      weeks) or to daily TMZ (75 mg/m(2)) during RT followed by six courses of TMZ (150
      200 mg/m(2)/d for 5 days every 4 weeks). The primary end point was the
      progression-free survival rate after 6 months (PFS-6). RESULTS: In the modified
      intention-to-treat (ITT) population, PFS-6 was increased from 42.6% with TMZ (95%
      CI, 29.4% to 55.8%) to 79.3% with BEV+IRI (95% CI, 71.9% to 86.7%; P <.001). PFS
      was prolonged from a median of 5.99 months (95% CI, 2.7 to 7.3 months) to 9.7
      months (95% CI, 8.7 to 10.8 months; P < .001). At progression, crossover BEV
      therapy was given to 81.8% of all patients who received any sort of second-line
      therapy in the TMZ arm. Overall survival (OS) was not different in the two arms:
      the median OS was 16.6 months (95% CI, 15.4 to 18.4 months) with BEV+IRI and was
      17.5 months (95% CI, 15.1 to 20.5 months) with TMZ. The time course of quality of
      life (QOL) in six selected domains of the European Organisation for Research and
      Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (QLQ) -C30 and QLQ-BN20 (which
      included cognitive functioning), of the Karnofsky performance score, and of the
      Mini Mental State Examination score was not different between the treatment arms.
      CONCLUSION: BEV+IRI resulted in a superior PFS-6 rate and median PFS compared
      with TMZ. However, BEV+IRI did not improve OS, potentially because of the high
      crossover rate. BEV+IRI did not alter QOL compared with TMZ.

PMID- 26976425
TI  - Efficacy and Biomarker Study of Bevacizumab for Hearing Loss Resulting From
      Neurofibromatosis Type 2-Associated Vestibular Schwannomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a tumor predisposition syndrome
      characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs) resulting in deafness and
      brainstem compression. This study evaluated efficacy and biomarkers of
      bevacizumab activity for NF2-associated progressive and symptomatic VSs. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg was administered every 3 weeks for 46 weeks,
      followed by 24 weeks of surveillance after treatment with the drug. The primary
      end point was hearing response defined by word recognition score (WRS). Secondary
      end points included toxicity, tolerability, imaging response using volumetric
      magnetic resonance imaging analysis, durability of response, and imaging and
      blood biomarkers. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (estimated to yield > 90% power to
      detect an alternative response rate of 50% at alpha level of 0.05) with NF2, with
      a median age of 30 years (range, 14 to 79 years) and progressive hearing loss in
      the target ear (median baseline WRS, 60%; range 13% to 82%), were enrolled. The
      primary end point, confirmed hearing response (improvement maintained >= 3
      months), occurred in five (36%) of 14 patients (95% CI, 13% to 65%; P < .001).
      Eight (57%) of 14 patients had transient hearing improvement above the 95% CI for
      WRS. No patients experienced hearing decline. Radiographic response was seen in
      six (43%) of 14 target VSs. Three grade 3 adverse events, hypertension (n = 2)
      and immune-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura (n = 1), were possibly related to
      bevacizumab. Bevacizumab treatment was associated with decreased free vascular
      endothelial growth factor (not bound to bevacizumab) and increased placental
      growth factor in plasma. Hearing responses were inversely associated with
      baseline plasma hepatocyte growth factor (P = .019). Imaging responses were
      associated with high baseline tumor vessel permeability and elevated blood levels
      of vascular endothelial growth factor D and stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (P
      = .037 and .025, respectively). CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab treatment resulted in
      durable hearing response in 36% of patients with NF2 and confirmed progressive VS
      associated hearing loss. Imaging and plasma biomarkers showed promising
      associations with response that should be validated in larger studies.

PMID- 26976428
TI  - Nanostructured Bi2Te3 Prepared by a Straightforward Arc-Melting Method.
AB  - Thermoelectric materials constitute an alternative source of sustainable energy,
      harvested from waste heat. Bi2Te3 is the most utilized thermoelectric alloy. We
      show that it can be readily prepared in nanostructured form by arc-melting
      synthesis, yielding mechanically robust pellets of highly oriented polycrystals.
      This material has been characterized by neutron powder diffraction (NPD),
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electronic and thermal transport
      measurements. A microscopic analysis from NPD data demonstrates a near-perfect
      stoichiometry of Bi2Te3 and a fair amount of anharmonicity of the chemical bonds.
      The as-grown material presents a metallic behavior, showing a record-low
      resistivity at 320 K of 2 MUOmega m, which is advantageous for its performance as
      a thermoelectric material. SEM analysis shows a stacking of nanosized sheets,
      each of them presumably single-crystalline, with large surfaces perpendicular to
      the c crystallographic axis. This nanostructuration notably affects the
      thermoelectric properties, involving many surface boundaries that are responsible
      for large phonon scattering factors, yielding a thermal conductivity as low as
      1.2 W m(-1) K(-1) around room temperature. 

PMID- 26976427
TI  - Clinical course and outcomes of diagnosing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in children
      10 years and under: retrospective cohort study from two tertiary centres in the
      United Kingdom and in Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are diagnosed
      between 11 and 16 years of age, commonly presenting with features of typical IBD.
      Children with onset of gut inflammation under 5 years of age often have a
      different underlying pathophysiology, one that is genetically and phenotypically
      distinct from other children with IBD. We therefore set out to assess whether
      children diagnosed after the age of 5 years, but before the age of 11, have a
      different clinical presentation and outcome when compared to those presenting
      later. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted at two European Paediatric
      Gastroenterology Units. Two cohorts of children with IBD (total number = 160)
      were compared: 80 children diagnosed between 5 and 10 years (Group A), versus 80
      children diagnosed between 11 and 16 (Group B). Statistical analysis included
      multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Group A presented with a greater disease
      activity (p = 0.05 for Crohn's disease (CD), p = 0.03 for Ulcerative Colitis
      (UC); Odds Ratio 1.09, 95 % Confidence Interval: 1.02-1.1), and disease extent
      (L2 location more frequent amongst Group A children with CD (p = 0.05)). No
      significant differences were observed between age groups in terms of gastro
      intestinal and extra-intestinal signs and symptoms at disease presentation, nor
      was there a difference in the number of hospitalisations due to relapsing IBD
      during follow-up. However, children in Group A were treated earlier with
      immunosuppressants and had more frequent endoscopic assessments. CONCLUSION:
      While clinicians feel children between 5 and 10 years of age have a more severe
      disease course than adolescents, our analysis also suggests a greater disease
      burden in this age group. Nevertheless, randomized trials to document longer-term
      clinical outcomes are urgently needed, in order to address the question whether a
      younger age at disease onset should prompt per se a more "aggressive" treatment.
      We speculate that non-clinical factors (e.g. genetics, epigenetics) may have more
      potential to predict longer term outcome than simple clinical measures such as
      age at diagnosis.

PMID- 26976426
TI  - Phase II Randomized Preoperative Window-of-Opportunity Study of the PI3K
      Inhibitor Pictilisib Plus Anastrozole Compared With Anastrozole Alone in Patients
      With Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Preclinical data support a key role for the PI3K pathway in estrogen
      receptor-positive breast cancer and suggest that combining PI3K inhibitors with
      endocrine therapy may overcome resistance. This preoperative window study
      assessed whether adding the PI3K inhibitor pictilisib (GDC-0941) can increase the
      antitumor effects of anastrozole in primary breast cancer and aimed to identify
      the most appropriate patient population for combination therapy. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: In this randomized, open-label phase II trial, postmenopausal women with
      newly diagnosed operable estrogen receptor-positive, human epidermal growth
      factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancers were recruited. Participants
      were randomly allocated (2:1, favoring the combination) to 2 weeks of
      preoperative treatment with anastrozole 1 mg once per day (n = 26) or the
      combination of anastrozole 1 mg with pictilisib 260 mg once per day (n = 49). The
      primary end point was inhibition of tumor cell proliferation as measured by
      change in Ki-67 protein expression between tumor samples taken before and at the
      end of treatment. RESULTS: There was significantly greater geometric mean Ki-67
      suppression of 83.8% (one-sided 95% CI, >= 79.0%) for the combination and 66.0%
      (95% CI, <= 75.4%) for anastrozole (geometric mean ratio
      [combination:anastrozole], 0.48; 95% CI, <= 0.72; P = .004). PIK3CA mutations
      were not predictive of response to pictilisib, but there was significant
      interaction between response to treatment and molecular subtype (P = .03); for
      patients with luminal B tumors, the combination:anastrozole geometric mean ratio
      of Ki-67 suppression was 0.37 (95% CI, <= 0.67; P = .008), whereas no significant
      Ki-67 response was observed for pictilisib in luminal A tumors (1.01; P = .98).
      Multivariable analysis confirmed Ki-67 response to the combination treatment of
      patients with luminal B tumors irrespective of progesterone receptor status or
      baseline Ki-67 expression. CONCLUSION: Adding pictilisib to anastrozole
      significantly increases suppression of tumor cell proliferation in luminal B
      primary breast cancer.

PMID- 26976429
TI  - Large Area Nano-transfer Printing of Sub-50-nm Metal Nanostructures Using Low
      cost Semi-flexible Hybrid Templates.
AB  - In this work, we present a method for printing metal micro- and nanopatterns down
      to sub-50-nm feature sizes using replicated, defect-tolerant stamps made out of
      OrmoStamp(r); material. The relevant parameters for a successful transfer over
      large areas were investigated and yields above 99 % have been achieved. Comparing
      our results to conventional nano-transfer printing using PDMS stamps, we find
      that the more rigid hybrid polymer used here prevents unintended transfer from
      interspaces between structures of large distance due to roof collapse and
      deformation of nano-sized structures due to lateral collapse. Yet, our stamps are
      flexible enough to ensure intimate contact with the underlying substrate over
      large areas even in the presence of defect particles. Additionally, the presented
      patterning technique is resist-, solvent-, and chemical-free and is therefore
      ideally suited for applications in organic nanoelectronics where standard
      nanostructuring methods can harm or destroy the organic material. 

PMID- 26976430
TI  - Expression, purification and characterization of a vascular endothelial growth
      factor fusion protein.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To prepare recombinant tPep-(vascular endothelial growth factor) VEGF
      B and assess its biological activity. RESULTS: This new VEGF fusion protein was
      constructed using a targeting peptide and prepared using E.coli. The tPep-VEGF-B
      was refolded from inclusion bodies and purified using affinity chromatography.
      Its bioactivity was determined in vitro using proliferation assay and wounding
      healing assay, and in vivo in zebrafish. By using the optimized downstream
      process, recombinant tPep-VEGF-B can be obtained with a purity of >90 % and a
      yield of 80 mg protein/l culture medium. The refolded protein is highly effective
      in promoting cell migration in vitro and in enhancing angiogenesis in vivo.
      CONCLUSION: We have constructed a new VEGF fusion protein with potential
      therapeutic application in treating metabolic diseases.

PMID- 26976431
TI  - Impact of transduction towards the proliferation and migration as well as the
      transduction efficiency of human umbilical cord-derived late endothelial
      progenitor cells with nine recombinant adeno-associated virus serotypes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the transduction efficiency of human umbilical cord
      derived, late endothelial progenitor cells late (HUCB-late EPCs) with nine
      recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotypes and the ability of
      proliferation and migration of the cells after transduction. RESULTS: rAAV2 and
      rAAV6 showed a greater ability than other serotypes to transduce late EPCs (P <
      0.05). After transduction, cell proliferation ability weakened (P < 0.05), but
      the ability of migration to stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) unchanged.
      CONCLUSION: There is an advantage of choosing the optimal rAAV serotype as a gene
      vector to alter the biologic characteristics of late EPCs.

PMID- 26976433
TI  - An Evaluation of Two Dating Violence Prevention Programs on a College Campus.
AB  - Dating violence is a serious and prevalent public health problem that is
      associated with numerous negative physical and psychological health outcomes, and
      yet there has been limited evaluation of prevention programs on college campuses.
      A recent innovation in campus prevention focuses on mobilizing bystanders to take
      action. To date, bystander programs have mainly been compared with no treatment
      control groups raising questions about what value is added to dating violence
      prevention by focusing on bystanders. This study compared a single 90-min
      bystander education program for dating violence prevention with a traditional
      awareness education program, as well as with a no education control group. Using
      a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design with follow-up at 2 months, a
      sample of predominately freshmen college students was randomized to either the
      bystander ( n = 369) or traditional awareness ( n = 376) dating violence
      education program. A non-randomized control group of freshmen students who did
      not receive any education were also surveyed ( n = 224). Students completed
      measures of attitudes, including rape myth acceptance, bystander efficacy, and
      intent to help as well as behavioral measures related to bystander action and
      victimization. Results showed that the bystander education program was more
      effective at changing attitudes, beliefs, efficacy, intentions, and self-reported
      behaviors compared with the traditional awareness education program. Both
      programs were significantly more effective than no education. The findings of
      this study have important implications for future dating violence prevention
      educational programming, emphasizing the value of bystander education programs
      for primary dating violence prevention among college students.

PMID- 26976432
TI  - Acetylcarnitine Is a Candidate Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker of
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - The identification of serum biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of
      hepatocellular carcinoma has been elusive to date. In this study, we took a mass
      spectroscopic approach to characterize metabolic features of the liver in
      hepatocellular carcinoma patients to discover more sensitive and specific
      biomarkers for diagnosis and progression. Global metabolic profiling of 50 pairs
      of matched liver tissue samples from hepatocellular carcinoma patients was
      performed. A series of 62 metabolites were found to be altered significantly in
      liver tumors; however, levels of acetylcarnitine correlated most strongly with
      tumor grade and could discriminate between hepatocellular carcinoma tumors and
      matched normal tissues. Post hoc analysis to evaluate serum diagnosis and
      progression potential further confirmed the diagnostic capability of serum
      acetylcarnitine. Finally, an external validation in an independent batch of 58
      serum samples (18 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, 20 liver cirrhosis patients,
      and 20 healthy individuals) verified that serum acetylcarnitine was a meaningful
      biomarker reflecting hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and progression. These
      findings present a strong new candidate biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma
      with potentially significant diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. Cancer Res;
      76(10); 2912-20. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26976435
TI  - The Faces on Our Educational Materials: Real Stories behind the Messages.
AB  - This article considers how cancer education research programs affect the lives of
      research participants in terms of their cancer screening and diagnosis
      experiences. Using examples from research with Latina immigrant women in rural
      Georgia and Quechua women in rural Andean Peru, the author explains how cervical
      cancer education research can produce meaningful and empowering change in women's
      lives.

PMID- 26976434
TI  - Breast Cancer Patients' Preferences for Adjuvant Radiotherapy Post Lumpectomy:
      Whole Breast Irradiation vs. Partial Breast Irradiation-Single Institutional
      Study.
AB  - This study was conducted to elucidate patients with early breast cancer
      preference for standard whole breast irradiation (WBI) or partial breast
      irradiation (PBI) following lumpectomy, as well as identify important factors for
      patients when making their treatment decisions. Based on relevant literature and
      ASTRO consensus statement guidelines, an educational tool and questionnaire were
      developed. Consenting, eligible women reviewed the educational tool and completed
      the trade-off questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were calculated, as well as
      chi-squares and a logistic regression model. Of the 90 patients who completed the
      study, 62 % preferred WBI, 30 % preferred PBI, 4 % required more information, and
      3 % had no preferences. Of the patients who chose WBI, 58 % preferred
      hypofractionated RT, whereas 25 % preferred the conventional RT regimen. The
      majority of patients rated recurrence rate [WBI = 55/55 (100 %), PBI = 26/26 (100
      %)] and survival [WBI = 54/55 (98 %), PBI = 26/26 (100 %)] as important factors
      contributing to their choice of treatment preference. Financial factors [WBI =
      21/55 (38 %), PBI = 14/26 (53 %)] and convenience [WBI = 36/54 (67 %), PBI =
      18/26 (69 %)] were rated as important less frequently. Significantly, more
      patients who preferred WBI also rated standard method of treatment as important
      when compared to patients who preferred PBI [WBI = 52/54 (96 %), PBI = 16/26 (61
      %), chi 2 = 16.63, p = 0.001]. The majority of patients with early breast cancer
      who were surveyed for this study preferred WBI as an adjuvant treatment post
      lumpectomy, yet there was a sizeable minority who preferred PBI. This was
      associated with the importance patients place on standard treatment. These
      results will help medical professionals treat patients according to patient
      values.

PMID- 26976436
TI  - Development and Evaluation of a Hematology-Oriented Clinical Research Training
      Program in Latin America.
AB  - The objectives of the study were to describe the development of a patient
      oriented clinical research training program in a low- or middle-income country
      (LMIC) setting, to describe perceived benefits of the program and barriers to
      application, and to make recommendations for future training programs. The
      program was developed by the American Society of Hematology in collaboration with
      Latin American stakeholders and clinical researchers. Session types were
      didactic, small group, and one-on-one faculty/participant dyad formats. Outcomes
      were assessed by quantitative surveys of trainees and qualitative feedback from
      both trainees and faculty members. The program is an annual 2-day course
      specifically for Latin American hematologists. Through course evaluations, all
      trainees described that the didactic sessions were relevant. All session types
      were useful for gaining knowledge and skills, particularly one-on-one meetings.
      The potential for networking was highly valued. Barriers to trainee applications
      were the concerns that skill level, proposed research program, and knowledge of
      English were not sufficiently strong to warrant acceptance into the course, and
      financial costs of attendance. We have described the development and initial
      evaluation of a clinical research training program in a LMIC setting. We learned
      several valuable lessons that are applicable to other research training programs.

PMID- 26976438
TI  - Gene Regulatory Evolution During Speciation in a Songbird.
AB  - Over the last decade, tremendous progress has been made toward a comparative
      understanding of gene regulatory evolution. However, we know little about how
      gene regulation evolves in birds, and how divergent genomes interact in their
      hybrids. Because of the unique features of birds - female heterogamety, a highly
      conserved karyotype, and the slow evolution of reproductive incompatibilities -
      an understanding of regulatory evolution in birds is critical to a comprehensive
      understanding of regulatory evolution and its implications for speciation. Using
      a novel complement of analyses of replicated RNA-seq libraries, we demonstrate
      abundant divergence in brain gene expression between zebra finch (Taeniopygia
      guttata) subspecies. By comparing parental populations and their F1 hybrids, we
      also show that gene misexpression is relatively rare among brain-expressed
      transcripts in male birds. If this pattern is consistent across tissues and
      sexes, it may partially explain the slow buildup of postzygotic reproductive
      isolation observed in birds relative to other taxa. Although we expected that the
      action of genetic drift on the island-dwelling zebra finch subspecies would be
      manifested in a higher rate of trans regulatory divergence, we found that most
      divergence was in cis regulation, following a pattern commonly observed in other
      taxa. Thus, our study highlights both unique and shared features of avian
      regulatory evolution.

PMID- 26976437
TI  - A Forward Genetic Screen for Molecules Involved in Pheromone-Induced Dauer
      Formation in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Animals must constantly assess their surroundings and integrate sensory cues to
      make appropriate behavioral and developmental decisions. Pheromones produced by
      conspecific individuals provide critical information regarding environmental
      conditions. Ascaroside pheromone concentration and composition are instructive in
      the decision of Caenorhabditis elegans to either develop into a reproductive
      adult or enter into the stress-resistant alternate dauer developmental stage.
      Pheromones are sensed by a small set of sensory neurons, and integrated with
      additional environmental cues, to regulate neuroendocrine signaling and dauer
      formation. To identify molecules required for pheromone-induced dauer formation,
      we performed an unbiased forward genetic screen and identified phd (pheromone
      response-defective dauer) mutants. Here, we describe new roles in dauer formation
      for previously identified neuronal molecules such as the WD40 domain protein QUI
      1 and MACO-1 Macoilin, report new roles for nociceptive neurons in modulating
      pheromone-induced dauer formation, and identify tau tubulin kinases as new genes
      involved in dauer formation. Thus, phd mutants define loci required for the
      detection, transmission, or integration of pheromone signals in the regulation of
      dauer formation.

PMID- 26976439
TI  - Patterns of Transcriptional Response to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Bacterial
      Lipopolysaccharide in Primary Human Monocytes.
AB  - The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), plays an
      important immunomodulatory role, regulating transcription of genes in the innate
      and adaptive immune system. The present study examines patterns of transcriptome
      wide response to 1,25D, and the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in primary
      human monocytes, to elucidate pathways underlying the effects of 1,25D on the
      immune system. Monocytes obtained from healthy individuals of African-American
      and European-American ancestry were treated with 1,25D, LPS, or both,
      simultaneously. The addition of 1,25D during stimulation with LPS induced
      significant upregulation of genes in the antimicrobial and autophagy pathways,
      and downregulation of proinflammatory response genes compared to LPS treatment
      alone. A joint Bayesian analysis enabled clustering of genes into patterns of
      shared transcriptional response across treatments. The biological pathways
      enriched within these expression patterns highlighted several mechanisms through
      which 1,25D could exert its immunomodulatory role. Pathways such as mTOR
      signaling, EIF2 signaling, IL-8 signaling, and Tec Kinase signaling were enriched
      among genes with opposite transcriptional responses to 1,25D and LPS,
      respectively, highlighting the important roles of these pathways in mediating the
      immunomodulatory activity of 1,25D. Furthermore, a subset of genes with evidence
      of interethnic differences in transcriptional response was also identified,
      suggesting that in addition to the well-established interethnic variation in
      circulating levels of vitamin D, the intensity of transcriptional response to
      1,25D and LPS also varies between ethnic groups. We propose that dysregulation of
      the pathways identified in this study could contribute to immune-mediated disease
      risk.

PMID- 26976440
TI  - Preparing for Winter: The Transcriptomic Response Associated with Different Day
      Lengths in Drosophila montana.
AB  - At northern latitudes, the most robust cue for assessing the onset of winter is
      the shortening of day lengths. Many species use day length as a cue to increase
      their cold tolerance and/or enter into diapause, but little is known about
      changes in gene expression that occur under different day lengths. We investigate
      the gene expression changes associated with differences in light/dark cycles in
      Drosophila montana, a northerly distributed species with a strong adult
      photoperiodic reproductive diapause. To examine gene expression changes induced
      by light both prior to and during diapause, we used both nondiapausing and
      diapausing flies. We found that the majority of genes that are differentially
      expressed between different day lengths in nondiapausing and diapausing flies
      differ. However, the biological processes involved were broadly similar. These
      included neuron development and metabolism, which are largely consistent with an
      increase in cold tolerance previously observed to occur in these flies. We also
      found that many genes associated with reproduction change in expression level
      between different day lengths, suggesting that D. montana use changes in day
      length to cue changes in reproduction both before and after entering into
      diapause. Finally, we also identified several interesting candidate genes for
      light-induced changes including Lsp2, para, and Ih.

PMID- 26976441
TI  - The HIST1 Locus Escapes Reprogramming in Cloned Bovine Embryos.
AB  - Epigenetic reprogramming is necessary in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
      embryos in order to erase the differentiation-associated epigenetic marks of
      donor cells. However, such epigenetic memories often persist throughout the
      course of clonal development, thus decreasing cloning efficiency. Here, we
      explored reprogramming-refractory regions in bovine SCNT blastocyst
      transcriptomes. We observed that histone genes residing in the 1.5 Mb spanning
      the cow HIST1 cluster were coordinately downregulated in SCNT blastocysts. In
      contrast, both the nonhistone genes of this cluster, and histone genes elsewhere
      remained unaffected. This indicated that the downregulation was specific to HIST1
      histone genes. We found that, after trichostatin A treatment, HIST1 histone genes
      were derepressed, and DNA methylation at their promoters was decreased to the
      level of in vitro fertilization embryos. Therefore, our results indicate that the
      reduced expression of HIST1 histone genes is a consequence of poor epigenetic
      reprogramming in SCNT blastocysts.

PMID- 26976442
TI  - Multiple Targets on the Gln3 Transcription Activator Are Cumulatively Required
      for Control of Its Cytoplasmic Sequestration.
AB  - A remarkable characteristic of nutritional homeostatic mechanisms is the breadth
      of metabolite concentrations to which they respond, and the resolution of those
      responses; adequate but rarely excessive. Two general ways of achieving such
      exquisite control are known: stoichiometric mechanisms where increasing
      metabolite concentrations elicit proportionally increasing responses, and the
      actions of multiple independent metabolic signals that cumulatively generate
      appropriately measured responses. Intracellular localization of the nitrogen
      responsive transcription activator, Gln3, responds to four distinct nitrogen
      environments: nitrogen limitation or short-term starvation, i.e., nitrogen
      catabolite repression (NCR), long-term starvation, glutamine starvation, and
      rapamycin inhibition of mTorC1. We have previously identified unique sites in
      Gln3 required for rapamycin-responsiveness, and Gln3-mTor1 interaction.
      Alteration of the latter results in loss of about 50% of cytoplasmic Gln3
      sequestration. However, except for the Ure2-binding domain, no evidence exists
      for a Gln3 site responsible for the remaining cytoplasmic Gln3-Myc(13)
      sequestration in nitrogen excess. Here, we identify a serine/threonine-rich
      (Gln3477-493) region required for effective cytoplasmic Gln3-Myc(13)
      sequestration in excess nitrogen. Substitutions of alanine but not aspartate for
      serines in this peptide partially abolish cytoplasmic Gln3 sequestration.
      Importantly, these alterations have no effect on the responses of Gln3-Myc(13) to
      rapamycin, methionine sulfoximine, or limiting nitrogen. However, cytoplasmic
      Gln3-Myc(13) sequestration is additively, and almost completely, abolished when
      mutations in the Gln3-Tor1 interaction site are combined with those in Gln3477
      493 cytoplasmic sequestration site. These findings clearly demonstrate that
      multiple individual regulatory pathways cumulatively control cytoplasmic Gln3
      sequestration.

PMID- 26976443
TI  - Genomic Selection in Multi-environment Crop Trials.
AB  - Genomic selection in crop breeding introduces modeling challenges not found in
      animal studies. These include the need to accommodate replicate plants for each
      line, consider spatial variation in field trials, address line by environment
      interactions, and capture nonadditive effects. Here, we propose a flexible single
      stage genomic selection approach that resolves these issues. Our linear mixed
      model incorporates spatial variation through environment-specific terms, and also
      randomization-based design terms. It considers marker, and marker by environment
      interactions using ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction to extend
      genomic selection to multiple environments. Since the approach uses the raw data
      from line replicates, the line genetic variation is partitioned into marker and
      nonmarker residual genetic variation (i.e., additive and nonadditive effects).
      This results in a more precise estimate of marker genetic effects. Using barley
      height data from trials, in 2 different years, of up to 477 cultivars, we
      demonstrate that our new genomic selection model improves predictions compared to
      current models. Analyzing single trials revealed improvements in predictive
      ability of up to 5.7%. For the multiple environment trial (MET) model, combining
      both year trials improved predictive ability up to 11.4% compared to a single
      environment analysis. Benefits were significant even when fewer markers were
      used. Compared to a single-year standard model run with 3490 markers, our
      partitioned MET model achieved the same predictive ability using between 500 and
      1000 markers depending on the trial. Our approach can be used to increase
      accuracy and confidence in the selection of the best lines for breeding and/or,
      to reduce costs by using fewer markers.

PMID- 26976445
TI  - The "spastic" coronary plaque: dynamic deformation of an atheromatous plaque
      demonstrated by optical coherence tomography.

PMID- 26976444
TI  - The Arabidopsis Auxin Receptor F-Box Proteins AFB4 and AFB5 Are Required for
      Response to the Synthetic Auxin Picloram.
AB  - The plant hormone auxin is perceived by a family of F-box proteins called the
      TIR1/AFBs. Phylogenetic studies reveal that these proteins fall into four clades
      in flowering plants called TIR1, AFB2, AFB4, and AFB6. Genetic studies indicate
      that members of the TIR1 and AFB2 groups act as positive regulators of auxin
      signaling by promoting the degradation of the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors.
      In this report, we demonstrate that both AFB4 and AFB5 also function as auxin
      receptors based on in vitro assays. We also provide genetic evidence that AFB4
      and AFB5 are targets of the picloram family of auxinic herbicides in addition to
      indole-3-acetic acid. In contrast to previous studies we find that null afb4
      alleles do not exhibit obvious defects in seedling morphology or auxin
      hypersensitivity. We conclude that AFB4 and AFB5 act in a similar fashion to
      other members of the family but exhibit a distinct auxin specificity.

PMID- 26976446
TI  - EMD in periodontal regenerative surgery modulates cytokine profiles: A randomised
      controlled clinical trial.
AB  - The enamel matrix derivative (EMD) contains hundreds of peptides in different
      levels of proteolytic processing that may provide a range of biological effects
      of importance in wound healing. The aim of the present study was to compare the
      effect of EMD and its fractions on the cytokine profiles from human gingival
      fibroblasts in vitro and in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in a randomized
      controlled split-mouth clinical study (n = 12). Levels of cytokines in cell
      culture medium and in GCF were measured by Luminex over a 2-week period. In the
      clinical study, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were
      increased, whereas the levels of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and
      platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were reduced. The in vitro study
      showed that EMD and its high and low molecular weight fractions reduced the
      secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to untreated
      cells. EMD had an effect on levels of cytokines related to fibroplasia,
      angiogenesis, inflammation and chemotaxis both in vitro and in vivo, however, the
      anti-inflammatory effect induced by EMD observed in the in vitro study could not
      be confirmed clinically.

PMID- 26976448
TI  - Modes of surface premelting in colloidal crystals composed of attractive
      particles.
AB  - Crystal surfaces typically melt into a thin liquid layer at temperatures slightly
      below the melting point of the crystal. Such surface premelting is prevalent in
      all classes of solids and is important in a variety of metallurgical, geological
      and meteorological phenomena. Premelting has been studied using X-ray diffraction
      and differential scanning calorimetry, but the lack of single-particle resolution
      makes it hard to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Colloids are good model
      systems for studying phase transitions because the thermal motions of individual
      micrometre-sized particles can be tracked directly using optical microscopy. Here
      we use colloidal spheres with tunable attractions to form equilibrium crystal
      vapour interfaces, and study their surface premelting behaviour at the single
      particle level. We find that monolayer colloidal crystals exhibit incomplete
      premelting at their perimeter, with a constant liquid-layer thickness. In
      contrast, two- and three-layer crystals exhibit conventional complete melting,
      with the thickness of the surface liquid diverging as the melting point is
      approached. The microstructures of the surface liquids differ in certain aspects
      from what would be predicted by conventional premelting theories. Incomplete
      premelting in the monolayer crystals is triggered by a bulk isostructural solid
      solid transition and truncated by a mechanical instability that separately
      induces homogeneous melting within the bulk. This finding is in contrast to the
      conventional assumption that two-dimensional crystals melt heterogeneously from
      their free surfaces (that is, at the solid-vapour interface). The unexpected bulk
      melting that we observe for the monolayer crystals is accompanied by the
      formation of grain boundaries, which supports a previously proposed grain
      boundary-mediated two-dimensional melting theory. The observed interplay between
      surface premelting, bulk melting and solid-solid transitions challenges existing
      theories of surface premelting and two-dimensional melting. 

PMID- 26976447
TI  - Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins.
AB  - A unique assemblage of 28 hominin individuals, found in Sima de los Huesos in the
      Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain, has recently been dated to approximately 430,000
      years ago. An interesting question is how these Middle Pleistocene hominins were
      related to those who lived in the Late Pleistocene epoch, in particular to
      Neanderthals in western Eurasia and to Denisovans, a sister group of Neanderthals
      so far known only from southern Siberia. While the Sima de los Huesos hominins
      share some derived morphological features with Neanderthals, the mitochondrial
      genome retrieved from one individual from Sima de los Huesos is more closely
      related to the mitochondrial DNA of Denisovans than to that of Neanderthals.
      However, since the mitochondrial DNA does not reveal the full picture of
      relationships among populations, we have investigated DNA preservation in several
      individuals found at Sima de los Huesos. Here we recover nuclear DNA sequences
      from two specimens, which show that the Sima de los Huesos hominins were related
      to Neanderthals rather than to Denisovans, indicating that the population
      divergence between Neanderthals and Denisovans predates 430,000 years ago. A
      mitochondrial DNA recovered from one of the specimens shares the previously
      described relationship to Denisovan mitochondrial DNAs, suggesting, among other
      possibilities, that the mitochondrial DNA gene pool of Neanderthals turned over
      later in their history. 

PMID- 26976449
TI  - Mycocerosic acid synthase exemplifies the architecture of reducing polyketide
      synthases.
AB  - Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are biosynthetic factories that produce natural
      products with important biological and pharmacological activities. Their
      exceptional product diversity is encoded in a modular architecture. Modular PKSs
      (modPKSs) catalyse reactions colinear to the order of modules in an assembly
      line, whereas iterative PKSs (iPKSs) use a single module iteratively as
      exemplified by fungal iPKSs (fiPKSs). However, in some cases non-colinear
      iterative action is also observed for modPKSs modules and is controlled by the
      assembly line environment. PKSs feature a structural and functional separation
      into a condensing and a modifying region as observed for fatty acid synthases.
      Despite the outstanding relevance of PKSs, the detailed organization of PKSs with
      complete fully reducing modifying regions remains elusive. Here we report a
      hybrid crystal structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis mycocerosic acid synthase
      based on structures of its condensing and modifying regions. Mycocerosic acid
      synthase is a fully reducing iPKS, closely related to modPKSs, and the prototype
      of mycobacterial mycocerosic acid synthase-like PKSs. It is involved in the
      biosynthesis of C20-C28 branched-chain fatty acids, which are important virulence
      factors of mycobacteria. Our structural data reveal a dimeric linker-based
      organization of the modifying region and visualize dynamics and conformational
      coupling in PKSs. On the basis of comparative small-angle X-ray scattering, the
      observed modifying region architecture may be common also in modPKSs. The linker
      based organization provides a rationale for the characteristic variability of PKS
      modules as a main contributor to product diversity. The comprehensive
      architectural model enables functional dissection and re-engineering of PKSs.

PMID- 26976452
TI  - Emergency nurse calls for an end to the use of A&E as a 'place of safety' under
      the Mental Health Act.
AB  - A leading emergency nurse is concerned about potential changes to the Mental
      Health Act that might result in more patients being brought to overstretched
      emergency departments. 

PMID- 26976450
TI  - Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Potential
      Application in Eco-risk Assessment and Source Apportionment in Urban River
      Sediment.
AB  - Traditional risk assessment and source apportionment of sediments based on bulk
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can introduce biases due to unknown aging
      effects in various sediments. We used a mild solvent (hydroxypropyl-beta
      cyclodextrin) to extract the bioavailable fraction of PAHs (a-PAHs) from sediment
      samples collected in Pearl River, southern China. We investigated the potential
      application of this technique for ecological risk assessments and source
      apportionment. We found that the distribution of PAHs was associated with human
      activities and that the a-PAHs accounted for a wide range (4.7%-21.2%) of total
      PAHs (t-PAHs), and high risk sites were associated with lower t-PAHs but higher a
      PAHs. The correlation between a-PAHs and the sediment toxicity assessed using
      tubificid worms (r = -0.654, P = 0.021) was greater than that from t-PAH-based
      risk assessment (r = -0.230, P = 0.472). Moreover, the insignificant correlation
      between a-PAH content and mPEC-Q of low molecular weight PAHs implied the
      potential bias of t-PAH-based risk assessment. The source apportionment from mild
      extracted fractions was consistent across different indicators and was in
      accordance with typical pollution sources. Our results suggested that mild
      extraction-based approaches reduce the potential error from aging effects because
      the mild extracted PAHs provide a more direct indicator of bioavailability and
      fresher fractions in sediments.

PMID- 26976453
TI  - Older patients receiving substandard care from the NHS are suffering in silence,
      says health service ombudsman.
AB  - Older people may be 'suffering in silence' over unacceptable care in the NHS,
      according to the parliamentary and health service ombudsman. 

PMID- 26976451
TI  - MicroRNA-454 regulates stromal cell derived factor-1 in the control of the growth
      of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant carcinoma with an
      extremely high lethality. We recently reported that hypoxia-inducible factor 1
      (HIF-1) targets quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 to facilitate PDAC cell growth and
      invasion. Here, we analyzed the control of another HIF-1 target, stromal cell
      derived factor-1 (SDF-1), in PDAC cells. We detected significantly more CD68+
      macrophages in the PDAC, compared to normal human pancreas (NT). Since
      macrophages are recruited to the tissue through their expression of CXCR4 in
      response to SDF-1, we thus examined the SDF-1 levels in the PDAC specimens.
      Surprisingly, the SDF-1 protein but not mRNA significantly increased in PDAC,
      compared to NT. Moreover, a SDF-1-targeting microRNA, miR-454, was found to
      decrease in PDAC. Promoter luciferase assay confirmed that bindings of miR-454 to
      3'-UTR of SDF-1 mRNAs inhibited SDF-1 protein translation. Co-culture of bone
      marrow derived macrophages and miR-454-modified PDAC cells in a transwell
      migration experiment showed that macrophages migrated less towards miR-454
      overexpressing PDAC cells, and migrated more towards miR-454-depleted cells.
      Implanted miR-454-depleted PDAC cells grew significantly faster than control,
      while implanted miR-454-overexpressing PDAC cells grew significantly slower than
      control. Together, our data suggest that miR-454 may regulate SDF-1 in the
      control of the growth of PDAC. 

PMID- 26976454
TI  - News digest April 08 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976455
TI  - New nurses should be encouraged to explore community sector's rich career
      opportunities, says nurse lecturer.
AB  - Newly qualified nurses should be encouraged to head straight into community
      nursing to boost the sector's ageing workforce, a nurse lecturer said. 

PMID- 26976456
TI  - News digest April 07 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976459
TI  - More support needed for older nurses vulnerable to burnout.
AB  - Older nurses should be given better support from employers to reduce the risk of
      burnout and clinical errors occurring, the RCN has warned. 

PMID- 26976458
TI  - NHS nurses' pay: what will you earn this year?
AB  - New pay rates for the UK's 678,000-strong nursing workforce have been introduced
      this week. 

PMID- 26976457
TI  - News digest April 04 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976460
TI  - News digest April 03 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26976461
TI  - Forensic Science - a science, an art - does it matter?

PMID- 26976462
TI  - Evaluation of infrared spectra analyses using a likelihood ratio approach: A
      practical example of spray paint examination.
AB  - Depending on the forensic disciplines and on the analytical techniques used,
      Bayesian methods of evaluation have been applied both as a two-step approach
      (first comparison, then evaluation) and as a continuous approach (comparison and
      evaluation in one step). However in order to use the continuous approach, the
      measurements have to be reliably summarized as a numerical value linked to the
      property of interest, which occurrence can be determined (e.g., refractive index
      measurement of glass samples). For paint traces analyzed by Fourier transform
      infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) however, the statistical comparison of the spectra
      is generally done by a similarity measure (e.g., Pearson correlation, Euclidean
      distance). Although useful, these measures cannot be directly associated to
      frequencies of occurrence of the chemical composition (binders, extenders,
      pigments). The continuous approach as described above is not possible, and a two
      step evaluation, 1) comparison of the spectra and 2) evaluation of the results,
      is therefore the common practice reported in most of the laboratories. Derived
      from a practical question that arose during casework, a way of integrating the
      similarity measure between spectra into a continuous likelihood ratio formula was
      explored. This article proposes the use of a likelihood ratio approach with the
      similarity measure of infrared spectra of spray paints based on distributions of
      sub-populations given by the color and composition of spray paint cans. Taking
      into account not only the rarity of paint composition, but also the "quality" of
      the analytical match provides a more balanced evaluation given source or activity
      level propositions. We will demonstrate also that a joint statistical-expertal
      methodology allows for a more transparent evaluation of the results and makes a
      better use of current knowledge. 

PMID- 26976463
TI  - A survey of adulterants used to cut cocaine in samples seized in the Espirito
      Santo State by GC-MS allied to chemometric tools.
AB  - Cocaine is a stimulant drug of the central nervous system (CNS) extracted from
      the leaves of Erytroxylum coca. It is defined as a tropane alkaloid containing 1R
      (exo,exo)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid
      methyl esther. However, despite its defined composition, a wide variety of
      chemical additives are present in cocaine found in the illicit market, such as
      benzocaine, lidocaine, caffeine, procaine and phenacetin. In this work, 512
      cocaine samples seized by the Civil Police of Espirito Santo state (PC-ES,
      Brazil) were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allied to
      principal component analysis (PCA) in order to classify the samples as a function
      of seizure year (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) and location (metropolitan,
      north, south and central). The cocaine content (wt.%) and its adulterants were
      also estimated. Analyzing the samples seized between 2008 and 2011, three sample
      sets are clearly grouped according to the degree of adulteration with caffeine
      and lidocaine: 100-50 wt.% of cocaine; 50-20 wt.% of cocaine; and 20-80 wt.% of
      lidocaine and 60-80 wt.% of caffeine, simultaneously. The last group is formed by
      samples seized between 2008 and 2009, which proves the higher degree of
      adulteration during this period. In 2012, higher cocaine content was observed for
      the 191 analyzed samples than in samples from previous years. The PCA data also
      suggests that the metropolitan region samples had a higher degree of adulteration
      than the state countryside samples.

PMID- 26976464
TI  - Isolation and unnatural death of elderly people in the aging Japanese society.
AB  - PURPOSE: Japanese society has reached an unprecedented level of aging, with
      elderly people accounting for 25.1% of the population in October 2013. These
      changes have created concerns regarding deaths among the elderly. In this study,
      we compared recent forensic autopsy cases with cases from about 20 years ago,
      with the goal of understanding the context of death among the elderly within
      Japanese society today. METHODS: We investigated the forensic autopsy records of
      297 people aged 65 years or above. In order to examine the effect of residential
      circumstances, we classified these cases into two groups: people who lived alone
      (group A) and those who lived with their family (group B). Forty-five of these
      autopsy cases were conducted about 20 years ago (1989 to 1993) and 252 cases were
      recent (2009 to 2013). The cases were limited to people who had been found dead
      or in a critical situation at home. We investigated the first finder, the period
      of time elapsed between death and discovery, and the cause of death. RESULTS: The
      incidence of the first finder being a family member was more than 20% greater in
      group B compared with group A. The proportions of cases for which it took more
      than three days for someone to find the body or an abnormal situation were about
      14% and 7% in groups A and B, respectively, 20 years ago, and about 48% and 19%
      among the recent cases. These proportions were significantly higher among the
      recent cases. Among recent cases, a post-mortem elapsed time of more than 3 days
      occurred more often in group A than group B (p=0.0002). None of the older cases
      had an unknown cause of death in either group. However, among the recent cases
      from both groups, 20-30% of cases resulted in unknown causes of death. The
      incidences of unknown causes of death were significantly higher among the recent
      cases in both groups (p=0.015) and in group B alone (p=0.037). The incidences of
      murder cases were significantly lower in group B among the recent cases
      (p=0.0022). DISCUSSION: Elderly people who live alone are not easily found or
      aided when in critical situations, and they may only be discovered after death.
      Prolongation of the postmortem interval (PMI) results in the deterioration of the
      corpse making determination of cause of death problematic. The results of this
      study suggest that there are three factors that isolate elderly people and
      increase the difficulty in determining their cause of death: reduced
      communication with family members, reduced communication with neighbors or the
      community, and the increasing prevalence of the nuclear family. In group B, the
      prolonged discovery time and the increased incidence of unknown causes of death
      suggest reduced communication with family members, even though the incidence of
      being found by a family member was higher than in group A. The murder rate was
      significantly lower in group B, which may suggest that cases of domestic murder
      were overlooked. Support for a safe life and peaceful ending for the elderly
      requires a system based on three factors: remote monitoring to ensure safety, the
      establishment of elderly groups providing mutual support, and increased visits
      from welfare workers. Understanding the circumstances of the elderly who die
      alone is beneficial to countries facing an aging society with weakened family or
      community structures, and who hope for better support for the elderly.

PMID- 26976465
TI  - Sex determination using the mesio-distal dimension of permanent maxillary
      incisors and canines in a modern Chilean population.
AB  - The pelvis and skull have been shown to be the most accurate skeletal elements
      for the determination of sex. Incomplete or fragmentary bones are frequently
      found at forensic sites however teeth are often recovered in forensic cases due
      to their postmortem longevity. The goal of the present research was to
      investigate sexual dimorphism between the mesio-distal dimension of the permanent
      maxillary incisors and canines for the determination of sex in a contemporary
      Chilean population. Three hundred and three dental models (126 males and 177
      females) from individuals ranging in age from 13 years to 37 years old were used
      from the School of Dentistry, University of Chile. The statistical analyses
      showed that only the central incisors and canines were sexually dimorphic.
      Discriminant function score equations were generated for use in sex
      determination. The average accuracy of sex classification ranged from 59.7% to
      65.0% for the univariate analysis and 60.1% to 66.7% for the multivariate
      analysis. Comparisons to other populations were made. Overall, the accuracies
      ranged from 54.4% to 63.3% with males most often identified correctly and females
      most often misidentified. The determination of sex from the mesio-distal width of
      incisors and canines in Chilean populations does not adhere to the Mohan and
      Daubert criteria and therefore would not be presented as evidence in court.

PMID- 26976466
TI  - DNA transfer through nonintimate social contact.
AB  - The UK and Ireland Association of Forensic Science Providers' (AFSP) Body Fluid
      Forum (BFF) set out to assist in the interpretation of sexual offence cases where
      semen is absent on vaginal swabs but female DNA is present on penile swabs or
      male underwear, and the issue to be addressed is whether or not sexual
      intercourse occurred. This study aims to investigate the frequency and amount of
      female DNA transferred to the penis and underwear of males following staged
      nonintimate social contact with females and to compare the findings with the
      amount of female DNA transferred to the penis and subsequently to the underwear
      of a male who had engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse with a female. In
      this study, no matching female DNA was detected on the inside front of the 44
      items of male underwear used in this research following staged contact of a
      nonintimate nature and subsequent secondary transfer to the penis. After sexual
      intercourse, full profiles matching the female participant were found on the
      inside front of the males underwear with maximum peak heights in the range
      between 1898 and 3157 rfu. It was possible to demonstrate that DNA can
      occasionally transfer to the waistband and outside front of underwear worn by a
      male following staged nonintimate social contact. Data obtained in this study
      suggest that a matching female DNA profile below a peak height of 1000 rfu on the
      waistband of a male's underwear might be explained by nonintimate social contact
      with secondary transfer of female DNA from the male's hands.

PMID- 26976467
TI  - Development of a control region-based mtDNA SNaPshotTM selection tool, integrated
      into a mini amplicon sequencing method.
AB  - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is regularly applied to forensic DNA samples
      with limited amounts of nuclear DNA (nDNA), such as hair shafts and bones.
      Generally, this mtDNA analysis involves examination of the hypervariable control
      region by Sanger sequencing of amplified products. When samples are severely
      degraded, small-sized amplicons can be applied and an earlier described mini
      mtDNA method by Eichmann et al. [1] that accommodates ten mini amplicons in two
      multiplexes is found to be a very robust approach. However, in cases with large
      numbers of samples, like when searching for hairs with an mtDNA profile deviant
      from that of the victim, the method is time (and cost) consuming. Previously,
      Chemale et al. [2] described a SNaPshotTM-based screening tool for a Brazilian
      population that uses standard-size amplicons for HVS-I and HVS-II. Here, we
      describe a similar tool adapted to the full control region and compatible with
      mini-mtDNA amplicons. Eighteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were
      selected based on their relative frequencies in a European population. They
      showed a high discriminatory power in a Dutch population (97.2%). The 18 SNPs are
      assessed in two SNaPshotTM multiplexes that pair to the two mini-mtDNA
      amplification multiplexes. Degenerate bases are included to limit allele dropout
      due to SNPs at primer binding site positions. Three SNPs provide haplogroup
      information. Reliability testing showed no differences with Sanger sequencing
      results. Since mini-mtSNaPshot screening uses only a small portion of the same
      PCR products used for Sanger sequencing, no additional DNA extract is consumed,
      which is forensically advantageous. 

PMID- 26976468
TI  - Validation of probabilistic genotyping software for use in forensic DNA casework:
      Definitions and illustrations.
AB  - A number of new computer programs have recently been developed to facilitate the
      interpretation and statistical weighting of complex DNA profiles in forensic
      casework. Acceptance of such software in the user community, and subsequent
      acceptance by the court, relies heavily upon their validation. To date, few
      guidelines exist that describe the appropriate and sufficient validation of such
      software used in forensic DNA casework. In this paper, we discuss general
      principles of software validation and how they could be applied to the
      interpretation software now being introduced into the forensic community.
      Importantly, we clarify the relationship between a statistical model and its
      implementation via software. We use the LRmix program to provide specific
      examples of how these principles can be implemented. 

PMID- 26976469
TI  - Fraud, individuals, and networks: A biopsychosocial model of scientific frauds.
AB  - The problem of fraud, especially scientific fraud, is global and its
      identification risk is still in its infancy. Based on an in-depth analysis of
      several financial and scientific fraud trials, the authors propose a new and
      integrative model of scientific fraud. This model identifies two major levels for
      committing fraud: (i) at the personal skills level (micro-level) and (ii) at the
      network skills level (macro-level). Interacting continuously with each other,
      they form a dynamic, efficient, and integrative system: an integrative model of
      fraud. The micro-level refers to three factors: (i) personality organization,
      (ii) social competence, and (iii) the so-called triangle of fraud. The macro
      level refers essentially to social network organization and social engineering.
      Then, the key to understanding and mostly controlling fraud is to consider both
      the individual and the environment in which they operate. Based on our model,
      several steps at the micro- and macro-levels can be proposed. 

PMID- 26976470
TI  - Implementing context information management in forensic casework: Minimizing
      contextual bias in firearms examination.
AB  - Managing context information in forensic casework aims to minimize task
      irrelevant information while maximizing the task-relevant information that
      reaches the examiner. A design and implementation of context information
      management (CIM) is described for forensic firearms examination. Guided by a
      taxonomy of different sources of context information, a flow-chart was
      constructed that specifies the process of casework examination and context
      information management. Due to the risk of bias, another examiner may need to be
      involved when context information management is unsuccessful. Application of
      context information management does not make a subjective examination objective,
      but can limit the risks of bias with a minimal investment of time and resources. 

PMID- 26976471
TI  - Bloodstain pattern classification: Accuracy, effect of contextual information and
      the role of analyst characteristics.
AB  - It is becoming increasingly apparent that contextual information can exert a
      considerable influence on decisions about forensic evidence. Here, we explored
      accuracy and contextual influence in bloodstain pattern classification, and how
      these variables might relate to analyst characteristics. Thirty-nine bloodstain
      pattern analysts with varying degrees of experience each completed measures of
      compliance, decision-making style, and need for closure. Analysts then examined a
      bloodstain pattern without any additional contextual information, and allocated
      votes to listed pattern types according to favoured and less favoured
      classifications. Next, if they believed it would assist with their
      classification, analysts could request items of contextual information - from
      commonly encountered sources of information in bloodstain pattern analysis - and
      update their vote allocation. We calculated a shift score for each item of
      contextual information based on vote reallocation. Almost all forms of contextual
      information influenced decision-making, with medical findings leading to the
      highest shift scores. Although there was a small positive association between
      shift scores and the degree to which analysts displayed an intuitive decision
      making style, shift scores did not vary meaningfully as a function of experience
      or the other characteristics measured. Almost all of the erroneous
      classifications were made by novice analysts. 

PMID- 26976472
TI  - Preventing miscarriages of justice: A review of forensic firearm identification.
AB  - The role of a firearm examiner is wide ranging, involving tasks that require
      scientific understanding in aspects of chemistry, physics and biology. This
      article aims to provide a critical review of the key scientific principles and
      practices specifically involved with forensic firearm identification and to
      discuss how misidentifications have resulted in cases of injustice.
      Implementation of quality assured examination practice, demonstration of
      individual examiner competence and more objective methods of reporting are being
      adopted by firearm examiners and laboratories to address some of the criticisms
      relating to subjectivity and standardisation inherent within the discipline. The
      impact of these changes is outlined and further recommendations are made for both
      examiners and legal professionals to minimise the potential for future injustices
      involving firearms evidence. Latest research in the field is cited, continuing to
      support the theory and use of firearm identification as admissible evidence in
      court. 

PMID- 26976473
TI  - Techniques that acquire donor profiling information from fingermarks - A review.
AB  - Fingermarks are among the most important types of evidence that can be
      encountered at the scene of a crime since the unique ridge pattern of a
      fingerprint can be used for individualization. But fingermarks contain more than
      the characteristic pattern of ridges and furrows, they are composed of a wide
      variety of different components that originate from endogenous and exogenous
      sources. The chemical composition can be used to obtain additional information
      from the donor of the fingermark, which in turn can be used to create a donor
      profile. Donor profiling can serve at least two purposes i) to enhance the
      evidential value of fingermarks and ii) to provide valuable tactical information
      during the crime scene investigation. Retrieving this additional information is
      not limited to fingermarks that have been used for individualization, but can
      also be applied on partial and/or distorted fingermarks. In this review we have
      summarized the types of information that can be obtained from fingermarks.
      Additionally, an overview is given of the techniques that are available
      addressing their unique characteristics and limitations. We expect that in the
      nearby future, donor profiling from contact traces, including fingermarks will be
      possible. 

PMID- 26976474
TI  - Correlation Between IGFs-Related Proteins Expression and Incidence of Colorectal
      Cancer in Diabetic Patients and Related Mechanisms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus a common metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia, is
      caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Approximately
      12~20% of diabetic patients have risk of colorectal cancer. Recent studies
      revealed that the insulin-like growth factor system (IGFs) plays an important
      role in tumor occurrence. This study thus investigated the relationship between
      IGFs-related proteins in diabetic patients and the incidence of colorectal
      carcinoma. MATERIAL/METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in a total of
      206 individuals, including 85 diagnosed with diabetes. The incidence of
      colorectal cancer was tracked, along with the detection of IGFs expression in
      serum. During the surgical resection, tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were
      collected and quantified for IGFs expression level. RESULTS: We found no
      significant difference in age or sex between the diabetic and control groups.
      Diabetic patients, however, had elevated body weight and higher incidence of
      colorectal cancer compared to non-diabetic controls (p<0.05). The diabetic group
      also had higher IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA levels in serum, while IGFBP-6 expression
      was down-regulated. In comparison to adjacent healthy tissues, tumor tissue had
      higher levels of IGF-I and IGF-IR but lower levels of IGFBP-6 (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed higher incidence of colorectal cancer in diabetics
      compared to non-diabetics. The occurrence of colorectal cancer in diabetic
      patients may be associated with elevated IGFs-related protein expression level.

PMID- 26976475
TI  - Molecular identification of Borrelia genus in questing hard ticks from Portugal:
      Phylogenetic characterization of two novel Relapsing Fever-like Borrelia sp.
AB  - In the last decades, several studies have reported pathogenic species of Borrelia
      related to those that cause Tick-borne Relapsing Fever (RF), but unexpectedly
      suggesting their transmission by hard ticks, known vectors of Borrelia
      burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.) species, rather than by soft ticks.
      This study was designed to update the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. species in
      ticks from several districts of mainland Portugal, where Ixodes ricinus had been
      previously described. Ticks (a total of 2915 specimens) were collected in seven
      districts throughout the country, and analyzed using molecular methods. Three
      nested-PCR protocols, targeting the flagellin gene (flaB), the intergenic spacer
      region (IGS) located between 5S and 23S rRNA, and the glpQ gene, and a
      conventional PCR targeting the 16S rRNA, were used for Borrelia DNA detection.
      Borrelia DNA was detected in 3% of the ticks from Braga, Vila Real, Lisboa,
      Setubal, Evora and Faro districts. The obtained amplicons were sequenced and
      analyzed by BLASTn, and 15/63 (24%) matched with homologous sequences from
      Borrelia lusitaniae and 15/63 (24%) with B. garinii, being these the most
      prevalent species. DNA from B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), B. valaisiana
      and B. afzelii were detected in 7/63 (11%), 6/63 (10%), and 2/63 (3%) of the
      specimens, respectively. Unexpectedly, DNA sequence (flaB) analysis from eight
      (13%) samples, two from Rhipicephalus sanguineus and six from Haemaphysalis
      punctata tick species, revealed high homology with RF-like Borrelia. Phylogenetic
      analyses obtained from three genetic markers (16S rRNA, flaB, and glpQ) confirmed
      their congruent inclusion in a strongly supported RF cluster, where they
      segregated in two subgroups which differ from the other Relapsing Fever species.
      Therefore, the results confirm the circulation of multiple species of B.
      burgdorferi s.l. over a wide geographic range, covering most of the Portuguese
      mainland territory. Surprisingly, the obtained data also revealed two putative
      Relapsing Fever-like Borrelia species in different species of hard ticks,
      possibly disclosing the circulation of novel RF-like Borrelia species with
      different associated tick vectors.

PMID- 26976476
TI  - Remembering Austin L. Hughes.

PMID- 26976477
TI  - Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of Babesia motasi-like in small
      ruminants and ixodid ticks from China.
AB  - Ovine babesioses, an important tick-borne disease of sheep and goats in China, is
      caused by the reproduction of intraerythrocytic protozoa of the Babesia genus.
      Babesia motasi-like is a Babesia parasite that infects small ruminant in China,
      and two sub-groups of B. motasi-like can be subdivided based on differences in
      the rhoptry-associated-protein-1 gene. This study aimed to characterize the
      distribution, epidemiology and genetics of B. motasi-like in animals and ticks. A
      molecular investigation was carried out from 2009 to 2015 in 16 provinces in
      China. In total, 1081 blood samples were collected from sheep and goats
      originating from 27 different regions, and 778 ixodid tick samples were collected
      from 8 regions; the samples were tested for the presence of B. motasi-like using
      a specific nested PCR assay based on the rap-1b gene. The results indicated that
      139 (12.9%), 91 (8.4%), 48 (4.4%) and 6 (0.7%) of the blood samples were positive
      for general B. motasi-like, Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan and Ningxian), Babesia sp.
      Tianzhu and Babesia sp. Hebei sub-groups, mixed infections, respectively. Among
      the collected 778 ixodid ticks (including Haemaphysalis longicornis,
      Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, Dermacentor silvarum, Ixodes persulcatus,
      Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus), the most
      frequently infected with Babesia were D. silvarum and I. persulcatus (35.7%),
      followed by H. longicornis (26.8%), H. qinghaiensis (24.8%) and R. sanguineus
      (9.3%). The PCR results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The positive rates of
      B. motasi-like infection in ticks were found to be higher in China, compared with
      previous studies in other countries. B. motasi-like infections have not
      previously been reported in D. silvarum, I. persulcatus or R. sanguineus. The
      findings obtained in this study could be used for planning effective control
      strategies against babesiosis in China.

PMID- 26976478
TI  - Patient-specific Monte Carlo dose calculations for (103)Pd breast brachytherapy.
AB  - This work retrospectively investigates patient-specific Monte Carlo (MC) dose
      calculations for (103)Pd permanent implant breast brachytherapy, exploring
      various necessary assumptions for deriving virtual patient models: post-implant
      CT image metallic artifact reduction (MAR), tissue assignment schemes (TAS), and
      elemental tissue compositions. Three MAR methods (thresholding, 3D median filter,
      virtual sinogram) are applied to CT images; resulting images are compared to each
      other and to uncorrected images. Virtual patient models are then derived by
      application of different TAS ranging from TG-186 basic recommendations (mixed
      adipose and gland tissue at uniform literature-derived density) to detailed
      schemes (segmented adipose and gland with CT-derived densities). For detailed
      schemes, alternate mass density segmentation thresholds between adipose and gland
      are considered. Several literature-derived elemental compositions for adipose,
      gland and skin are compared. MC models derived from uncorrected CT images can
      yield large errors in dose calculations especially when used with detailed TAS.
      Differences in MAR method result in large differences in local doses when
      variations in CT number cause differences in tissue assignment. Between different
      MAR models (same TAS), PTV [Formula: see text] and skin [Formula: see text] each
      vary by up to 6%. Basic TAS (mixed adipose/gland tissue) generally yield higher
      dose metrics than detailed segmented schemes: PTV [Formula: see text] and skin
      [Formula: see text] are higher by up to 13% and 9% respectively. Employing
      alternate adipose, gland and skin elemental compositions can cause variations in
      PTV [Formula: see text] of up to 11% and skin [Formula: see text] of up to 30%.
      Overall, AAPM TG-43 overestimates dose to the PTV ([Formula: see text] on average
      10% and up to 27%) and underestimates dose to the skin ([Formula: see text] on
      average 29% and up to 48%) compared to the various MC models derived using the
      post-MAR CT images studied herein. The considerable differences between TG-43 and
      MC models underline the importance of patient-specific MC dose calculations for
      permanent implant breast brachytherapy. Further, the sensitivity of these MC dose
      calculations due to necessary assumptions illustrates the importance of
      developing a consensus modelling approach. 

PMID- 26976480
TI  - The use of second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for
      hematologic malignancies relapsed after the first: Does it worth to do?
AB  - Allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only
      curative option for many malignant and benign hematological disorders. It seems
      hopeless for patients who relapse after this strategy. In the era of developing
      breakthrough therapies, we can hope for better, but for patients relapsed after
      the first allo HSCT probably the best therapy option for long term survival is
      still another allo HSCT. Interval between first allo HSCT and relapse of primary
      disease and achievement of complete response after the relapse are the most
      prominent factors for long time survival for patient after second all HSCT. 

PMID- 26976479
TI  - Crystal Field Splitting is Limiting the Stability and Strength of Ultra
      incompressible Orthorhombic Transition Metal Tetraborides.
AB  - The lattice stability and mechanical strengths of the supposedly superhard
      transition metal tetraborides (TmB4, Tm = Cr, Mn and Fe) evoked recently much
      attention from the scientific community due to the potential applications of
      these materials, as well as because of general scientific interests. In the
      present study, we show that the surprising stabilization of these compounds from
      a high symmetry to a low symmetry structure is accomplished by an in-plane
      rotation of the boron network, which maximizes the in-plane hybridization by
      crystal field splitting between d orbitals of Tm and p orbitals of B. Studies of
      mechanical and electronic properties of TmB4 suggest that these tetraborides
      cannot be intrinsically superhard. The mechanical instability is facilitated by a
      unique in-plane or out-of-plane weakening of the three-dimensional covalent bond
      network of boron along different shear deformation paths. These results shed a
      novel view on the origin of the stability and strength of orthorhombic TmB4,
      highlighting the importance of combinational analysis of a variety of parameters
      related to plastic deformation of the crystalline materials when attempting to
      design new ultra-incompressible, and potentially strong and hard solids.

PMID- 26976481
TI  - Computer modeling of airway deposition distribution of Foster((r)) NEXThaler((r))
      and Seretide((r)) Diskus((r)) dry powder combination drugs.
AB  - Asthma is a serious global health problem with rising prevalence and treatment
      costs. Due to the growing number of different types of inhalation devices and
      aerosol drugs, physicians often face difficulties in choosing the right
      medication for their patients. The main objectives of this study are (i) to
      elucidate the possibility and the advantages of the application of numerical
      modeling techniques in aerosol drug and device selection, and (ii) to demonstrate
      the possibility of the optimization of inhalation modes in asthma therapy with a
      numerical lung model by simulating patient-specific drug deposition
      distributions. In this study we measured inhalation parameter values of 25
      healthy adult volunteers when using Foster((r)) NEXThaler((r)) and Seretide((r))
      Diskus((r)). Relationships between emitted doses and patient-specific inhalation
      flow rates were established. Furthermore, individualized emitted particle size
      distributions were determined applying size distributions at measured flow rates.
      Based on the measured breathing parameter values, we calculated patient-specific
      drug deposition distributions for the active components (steroid and
      bronchodilator) of both drugs by the help of a validated aerosol lung deposition
      model adapted to therapeutic aerosols. Deposited dose fractions and deposition
      densities have been computed in the entire respiratory tract, in distinct
      anatomical regions of the airways and at the level of airway generations. We
      found that Foster((r)) NEXThaler((r)) deposits more efficiently in the lungs
      (average deposited steroid dose: 42.32+/-5.76% of the nominal emitted dose) than
      Seretide((r)) Diskus((r)) (average deposited steroid dose: 24.33+/-2.83% of the
      nominal emitted dose), but the variance of the deposition values of different
      individuals in the lung is significant. In addition, there are differences in the
      required minimal flow rates, therefore at certain patients Seretide((r))
      Diskus((r)) or pMDIs could be a better choice. Our results show that validated
      computer deposition models could be useful tools in providing valuable deposition
      data and assisting health professionals in the personalized drug selection and
      delivery optimization. Patient-specific modeling could open a new horizon in the
      treatment of asthma towards a more effective personalized medicine in the future.

PMID- 26976482
TI  - Efficient search and responsiveness trade-offs in a Markov chain model of
      evolution in dynamic environments.
AB  - Motivated by the desire to study evolutionary responsiveness in fluctuating
      environments, and by the current interest in analyses of evolution that merge
      notions of fitness maximization with dynamical systems concepts such as Lyapunov
      functions, this paper models natural evolution with a simple stochastic dynamical
      system that can be represented as a Markov chain. The process maximizes fitness
      globally via search and has links to information and entropy. These links suggest
      that a possible rationale for evolution with the exponential fitness functions
      observed in nature is that of optimally-efficient search in a dynamic
      environment, which represents the quickest trade-off of prior information about
      the genotype search space for search effort savings after an environment
      perturbation. A Lyapunov function is also provided that relates the stochastic
      dynamical system model with search information, and the model shows that
      evolution is not gradient-based but dwells longer on more fit outcomes. The model
      further indicates that tuning the amount of selection trades off environment
      responsiveness with the time to reach fit outcomes, and that excessive selection
      causes a loss of responsiveness, a result that is validated by the literature and
      impacts efforts in directed evolution.

PMID- 26976483
TI  - A mathematical model verifying potent oncolytic efficacy of M1 virus.
AB  - Motivated by the latest findings in a recent medical experiment [19] which
      identify a naturally occurring alphavirus (M1) as a novel selective killer
      targeting zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP)-deficient cancer cells, we propose
      a mathematical model to illustrate the growth of normal cells, tumor cells and
      the M1 virus with limited nutrient. In order to better understand biological
      mechanisms, we discuss two cases of the model: without competition and with
      competition. In the first part, the explicit threshold conditions for the
      persistence of normal cells (or tumor cells) is obtained accompanying with the
      biological explanations. The second part indicates that when competing with tumor
      cells, the normal cells will extinct if M1 virus is ignored; Whereas, when M1
      virus is considered, the growth trend of normal cells is similar to the one
      without competition. And by using uniformly strong repeller theorem, the minimum
      effective dosage of medication is explicitly found which is not reported in [19].
      Furthermore, numerical simulations and corresponding biological interpretations
      are given to support our results.

PMID- 26976484
TI  - Surveillance for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) for 7 years using a
      computerised vaccination system.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The surveillance of vaccine safety is an essential requirement in
      vaccination programmes. Computerized immunization registries such as the
      Vaccination Information System (SIV) of Valencian Community (Spain) offer the
      opportunity to estimate the incidence of adverse events according to individual
      information. The aim of the study was to analyze adverse events following
      immunization reported through SIV from 2005 to 2011 by age, sex, type of vaccine
      and dose, and adverse event, and highlight the advantages of this type of
      reporting. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of subjects vaccinated in
      the Valencian Community using population health databases was carried out.
      METHODS: Analysis of vaccinations and reported AEFI via SIV in Valencian
      Community was carried out. RESULTS: More than 13 million vaccines doses were
      administered during 2005 through 2011, the reporting rate of adverse events was
      12.4/100,000 doses administered with the highest value in 2009 (27.4), with
      differences by age and sex. DTaP vaccine had the highest reporting in children
      (96.6/100,000) while influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in adults (87.7/100,000). An
      increased reporting of adverse events was seen with DTaP in children 5-6 years of
      age, detected in real time, drove to swap this vaccine to a low dose Tdap which
      was followed by a decrease in administration site events. CONCLUSIONS: SIV
      demonstrates advantages for passive surveillance. Reporting rates by individual
      characteristics are calculated accurately and it also allows detecting shifts in
      reporting rate on real time for specific vaccines. The study shows that vaccines
      included in the routine vaccination schedule for children and adult vaccination
      programs are safe.

PMID- 26976485
TI  - Subjective health of adolescents from families in receipt of social assistance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the subjective health of adolescents from families in
      receipt and not in receipt of social assistance. STUDY DESIGN: Nationwide cross
      sectional study of 1812 pupils aged 13-18 years in Poland in 2010-2011. METHODS:
      The analysis focused on two dimensions of the Child Health and Illness Profile -
      Adolescent Edition questionnaire: discomfort and satisfaction with health. Age,
      sex and seven socio-economic factors were considered as determinants. RESULTS:
      Overall, 10.8% of the respondents reported that their families were in receipt of
      social welfare benefits. Among the families of low socio-economic status and
      living in poor regions, the percentage in receipt of social welfare benefits
      increased to 22.1%; however, this figure was lower (4.4%) if both parents had a
      higher level of education. After adjustment for six sociodemographic variables,
      the standardized regression coefficient of the social welfare benefits variable
      amounted to 0.072 (P = 0.004) in the discomfort model and -0.044 (P = 0.079) in
      the satisfaction model. A significant three-level interaction was found (P =
      0.007) between residential location, neighbourhood affluence and being in receipt
      of social welfare benefits as predicators of discomfort score (general linear
      model). CONCLUSIONS: Being in receipt of social welfare benefits has a stronger
      impact on experiencing discomfort than diminishing satisfaction with one's
      health. It also has a stronger effect on physical problems than on emotional
      problems. The item 'on social assistance' is recommended as it helps to identify
      families particularly exposed to the health consequences of poverty.

PMID- 26976486
TI  - Effective risk communication and contact tracing for Ebola virus disease
      prevention and control - Experiences from Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

PMID- 26976487
TI  - Blood pressure profiles, and awareness and treatment of hypertension in Europe -
      results from the EHES Pilot Project.

PMID- 26976488
TI  - Glycaemic control and associated factors among patients with diabetes at public
      health clinics in Johor, Malaysia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of glycaemic control and factors
      associated with poor glycaemic control [glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) >=6.5%]
      among patients with type 2 diabetes treated in public health clinics in Johor,
      Malaysia. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A review of all patients
      aged over 18 years and with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes for >1 year. The
      National Diabetic Registry was used as the database for attendees at public
      health clinics in Johor Bahru between January and December 2013. A required
      sample of 660 was calculated, and a random sampling method was applied to acquire
      patient information across the 13 public health clinics in Johor Bahru. All
      relevant information (e.g. HbA1c, type of treatment and other parameters for
      glycaemic control) were abstracted from the registry. RESULTS: Sixty-eight
      percent of 706 patients had HbA1c >6.5%, and mean HbA1c was 7.8%. Younger
      patients (72.3%) had poorer glycaemic control than older patients (63.0%), and
      most patients with poor glycaemic control were obese (79.2%). Approximately 31.7%
      of patients did not achieve the target blood pressure <130/80 mmHg, and 58.5% did
      not achieve the target lipid profile. Multiple logistic regression analysis
      revealed that age (<60 years), sex (male), duration of diabetes (>5 years), body
      mass index (obese), type of treatment (diet therapy vs combination therapy) and
      abnormal lipid profile were significantly associated with increased odds of HbA1C
      >6.5%. CONCLUSIONS: More than half (68%) of the patients with diabetes had HbA1c
      >6.5%. This highlights the importance of providing organized care to manage
      patients with diabetes in the primary care setting, such as weight reduction
      programmes, proper prescribing treatment, and age- and gender-specific groups to
      ensure good glycaemic control.

PMID- 26976489
TI  - Tracking search engine queries for suicide in the United Kingdom, 2004-2013.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: First, to determine if a cyclical trend is observed for search
      activity of suicide and three common suicide risk factors in the United Kingdom:
      depression, unemployment, and marital strain. Second, to test the validity of
      suicide search data as a potential marker of suicide risk by evaluating whether
      web searches for suicide associate with suicide rates among those of different
      ages and genders in the United Kingdom. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS:
      Search engine data was obtained from Google Trends, a publicly available
      repository of information of trends and patterns of user searches on Google. The
      following phrases were entered into Google Trends to analyse relative search
      volume for suicide, depression, job loss, and divorce, respectively: 'suicide';
      'depression + depressed + hopeless'; 'unemployed + lost job'; 'divorce'.
      Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was employed to test bivariate
      associations between suicide search activity and official suicide rates from the
      Office of National Statistics (ONS). RESULTS: Cyclical trends were observed in
      search activity for suicide and depression-related search activity, with peaks in
      autumn and winter months, and a trough in summer months. A positive, non
      significant association was found between suicide-related search activity and
      suicide rates in the general working-age population (15-64 years) (rho = 0.164; P
      = 0.652). This association is stronger in younger age groups, particularly for
      those 25-34 years of age (rho = 0.848; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We give credence
      to a link between search activity for suicide and suicide rates in the United
      Kingdom from 2004 to 2013 for high risk sub-populations (i.e. male youth and
      young professionals). There remains a need for further research on how Google
      Trends can be used in other areas of disease surveillance and for work to provide
      greater geographical precision, as well as research on ways of mitigating the
      risk of internet use leading to suicide ideation in youth.

PMID- 26976491
TI  - Perceptions of safety and exposure to violence in public places among working age
      adults with disabilities or long-term health conditions in the UK: cross
      sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine perceptions of safety and exposure to violence in public
      places among working age adults with and without disabilities in the UK and to
      assess the extent to which any between-group differences may be moderated by
      gender and socio-economic situation. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
      METHODS: Secondary analysis of data collected in Wave 3 (2011-13) of
      Understanding Society. Data were extracted on a subsample of 5069 respondents
      aged 16 to 64 years (28% of whom had a disability/long-term health condition) who
      were administered a questionnaire module addressing experiences of harassment.
      Between-group comparisons were made on four self-reported indicators of safety.
      RESULTS: Respondents with disabilities/long-term health conditions were
      significantly more likely to have been attacked (adjusted OR 2.30, 95%CI 1.17
      4.50, P < 0.05), insulted (adjusted OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.16-1.90, P < 0.01) and to
      feel unsafe in public places (adjusted OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.16-1.56, P < 0.01) over
      the previous 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences
      between groups with regard to self-reported avoidance of public places. These
      associations were moderated by both gender and poverty status, with the increased
      risk of exposure to violence among people with disabilities being greater for
      both women and people living in poverty. CONCLUSIONS: The data add further
      support to the growing evidence base suggesting that people with a
      disability/long-term health condition are at significantly increased risk of
      exposure to interpersonal violence, particularly if they are living in poverty or
      are women. As such, there is a clear need to develop interventions that are
      targeted to the particular circumstances and needs of these high risk groups.

PMID- 26976490
TI  - Parental awareness and attitude towards environmental tobacco smoke exposure in
      children with respiratory illnesses.

PMID- 26976492
TI  - Genetic engineering of Bacillus megaterium for high-yield production of the major
      teleost progestogens 17alpha,20beta-di- and 17alpha,20beta,21alpha-trihydroxy-4
      pregnen-3-one.
AB  - 17alpha,20beta-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17alpha,20betaDiOH-P) and
      17alpha,20beta,21alpha-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20betaOH-RSS) are the critical
      hormones required for oocyte maturation in fish. We utilized B. megaterium's
      endogenous 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20betaHSD) for the efficient
      production of both progestogens after genetically modifying the microorganism to
      reduce side-product formation. First, the gene encoding the autologous cytochrome
      P450 CYP106A1 was deleted, resulting in a strain devoid of any steroid
      hydroxylation activity. Cultivation of this strain in the presence of 17alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone (17alphaOH-P) led to the formation of 17alpha,20alpha
      dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17alpha,20alphaDiOH-P) as a major and
      17alpha,20betaDiOH-P as a minor product. Four enzymes were identified as
      20alphaHSDs and their genes deleted to yield a strain with no 20alphaHSD
      activity. The 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase FabG was found to
      exhibit 20betaHSD-activity and overexpressed to create a biocatalyst yielding
      0.22g/L 17alpha,20betaDiOH-P and 0.34g/L 20betaOH-RSS after 8h using shake-flask
      cultivation, thus obtaining products that are at least a thousand times more
      expensive than their substrates.

PMID- 26976494
TI  - Congenital Chylothorax: Antenatal Intervention, Survival, and Outcome.

PMID- 26976493
TI  - Mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation induces urinary storage dysfunction via
      upregulation of epithelial sodium channel expression in the rat urinary bladder
      epithelium.
AB  - We aimed to evaluate mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression in rat bladder
      and the physiological role of the MR-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) pathway in
      controlling bladder function in 10-12-week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats. First,
      we examined the mRNA expression of MR and localization of MR and ENaC-alpha
      proteins in the urinary bladder. MR mRNA expression was observed in untreated-rat
      urinary bladders, and MR and ENaC-alpha proteins were localized in the
      epithelium. Next, rats were treated with vehicle (controls) or fludrocortisone
      (an MR agonist) for 3 days, and ENaC-alpha protein expression levels and bladder
      function were evaluated on day 4. ENaC-alpha protein expression was significantly
      higher in fludrocortisone-treated rats than in controls. In addition, cystometry
      was performed during intravesical infusion of saline and amiloride (an ENaC
      inhibitor). While intercontraction intervals (ICIs) during saline infusion were
      significantly shorter in the fludrocortisone group than in the controls, infusion
      of amiloride normalized the ICIs in the fludrocortisone group. However, no intra-
      or inter-group differences in maximum intravesical pressure were observed. Taken
      together, MR protein is localized in the rat urinary bladder epithelium, and may
      regulate ENaC expression and bladder afferent input. The MR-ENaC pathway may be a
      therapeutic target for ameliorating storage symptoms. 

PMID- 26976495
TI  - Caffeine Administration to Prevent Apnea in Very Premature Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apnea intervals frequently occur in premature infants. Periods of
      apnea occur more often with decreases in gestational age. Periods of apnea can
      cause damage to the infant's developing brain and other organs. This study was
      designed to investigate the preventive effects of caffeine on apnea incidence in
      higher-risk neonates. METHODS: In this single-center randomized control trial
      study, premature infants with a birth weight of <=1200 g were eligible for
      enrollment. Twenty-six infants were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg/kg
      caffeine, as the loading dose, which was followed by 5 mg/kg daily as the
      maintenance dose until the 10th day of life; these infants were compared with 26
      infants in the control group. Primary outcomes were incidence of apnea,
      bradycardia, and cyanosis. RESULTS: Fifty-two infants were enrolled (26 in the
      caffeine group and 26 in the control group). The preventive effect of caffeine on
      apnea was significant in these infants. The relative risk for incidence of apnea
      in preterm neonates with a birth weight of <1200 g was 0.250 (95% confidence
      interval, 0.097-0.647). Only four infants (15.4%) in the caffeine group developed
      apnea, compared with 16 (61.5%) in the control group (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: It
      seems that preventative effects of caffeine on apnea become apparent by using the
      drug in very premature infants.

PMID- 26976496
TI  - Regional functional synchronizations in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common cause of dementia in the
      elderly population after Alzheimer's disease (AD), and at early stages
      differential diagnosis between DLB and AD might be difficult due to their
      symptomatic overlap, e.g. cognitive and memory impairments. We aimed to
      investigate functional brain differences between both diseases in patients
      recently diagnosed. METHODS: We investigated regional functional synchronizations
      using regional homogeneity (ReHo) in patients clinically diagnosed with DLB (n =
      19) and AD (n = 18), and for comparisons we also included healthy controls (HC, n
      = 16). Patient groups were matched by age, education, and by the level of
      cognitive impairment (MMSE p-value = 0.36). Additionally, correlations between
      ReHo values and clinical scores were investigated. RESULTS: The DLB group showed
      lower ReHo in sensory-motor cortices and higher ReHo in left middle temporal
      gyrus when compared with HCs (p-value < 0.001 uncorrected). The AD group
      demonstrated lower ReHo in the cerebellum and higher ReHo in the left/right
      lingual gyri, precuneus cortex, and other occipital and parietal regions (p-value
      < 0.001 uncorrected). CONCLUSIONS: Our results agree with previous ReHo
      investigations in Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that functional
      alterations in motor-related regions might be a characteristic of the Lewy body
      disease spectrum. However, our results in AD contradict previously reported
      findings for this disease and ReHo, which we speculate are a reflection of
      compensatory brain responses at early disease stages. ReHo differences between
      patient groups were at regions related to the default mode and sensory-motor
      resting state networks which might reflect the aetiological divergences in the
      underlying disease processes between AD and DLB.

PMID- 26976497
TI  - Michelin Baby Associated With Facial Abnormalities.

PMID- 26976499
TI  - Roll compaction/dry granulation: Suitability of different binders.
AB  - As dry granulation as a continuous process becomes steadily more important, the
      interest of different materials and their processing is growing. Binders are of
      high importance as they have to compensate granule hardening, reduce the fines,
      and ensure adequate tablet tensile strengths. A simple formulation was used for
      roll compaction/dry granulation with subsequent tableting to produce granules and
      tablets, containing paracetamol (70% w/w), a filler and a binder (10%). With this
      formulation other influences were negligible and the influence of the binder was
      almost isolated. Eight different binders were compared with special attention to
      raw material properties. Six of them were cellulose based and two of them were
      based on povidone. Granule size distributions were typically bimodal. With the
      same method of preparation, large differences between the formulations occurred.
      The median particle size of granules differed from 200 MUm, up to barely 700 MUm.
      The larger the resulted particles, the higher was the tensile strength after
      tableting. Tablets with fine grades of HPC and copovidone achieved highest
      tensile strength exceeding 2.5 MPa at a compaction pressure of 350 MPa.
      Formulations with other binders were inferior, but mostly adequate. MCC performed
      insufficient and led to capping.

PMID- 26976500
TI  - Stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing of oral modified-release dosage forms.
AB  - The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of stereolithography (SLA)
      to fabricate drug-loaded tablets with modified-release characteristics. The SLA
      printer creates solid objects by using a laser beam to photopolymerise monomers.
      In this work polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used as a monomer and
      diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide was used as a photo-initiator. 4
      aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) and paracetamol (acetaminophen) were selected as
      model drugs. Tablets were successfully printed and formulations with different
      properties were fabricated by adding polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) to the
      printing solution. The loading of paracetamol and 4-ASA in the printed tablets
      was 5.69% and 5.40% respectively. In a realistic dynamic dissolution simulation
      of the gastrointestinal tract, drug release from the tablets was dependent on the
      composition of the formulations, but independent of dissolution pH. In conclusion
      SLA 3DP technology allows the manufacture of drug loaded tablets with specific
      extended-release profiles. In the future this technology could become a
      manufacturing technology for the elaboration of oral dosage forms, for industrial
      production or even for personalised dose. 

PMID- 26976498
TI  - The impact of aerobic exercise training on cardiopulmonary functioning in
      individuals with schizophrenia.

PMID- 26976501
TI  - Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3 loaded lipid nanoparticles and
      polymeric nanocapsules: A comparative study.
AB  - For the last years, the increase of the number of skin cancer cases led to a
      growing awareness of the need of skin protection against ultraviolet (UV)
      radiations. Chemical UV filters are widely used into sunscreen formulations as
      benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a usually used broad spectrum chemical UV filter that has
      been shown to exercise undesirable effects after topical application. Innovative
      sunscreen formulations are thus necessary to provide more safety to users. Lipid
      carriers seem to be a good alternative to formulate chemical UV filters reducing
      their skin penetration while maintaining good photo-protective abilities. The aim
      of this work was to compare percutaneous absorption and cutaneous bioavailability
      of BP-3 loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid
      carriers (NLC), nanostructured polymeric lipid carriers (NPLC) and nanocapsules
      (NC). Particle size, zeta potential and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) of
      nanoparticle suspensions were also investigated. Results showed that polymeric
      lipid carriers, comprising NPLC and NC, significantly reduced BP-3 skin
      permeation while exhibiting the highest SPF. This study confirms the interesting
      potential of NPLC and NC to formulate chemical UV filters. 

PMID- 26976502
TI  - Immune response elicited by an intranasally delivered HBsAg low-dose adsorbed to
      poly-epsilon-caprolactone based nanoparticles.
AB  - Among new strategies to increase hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, especially
      in developing countries, the development of self-administered vaccines is
      considered one of the most valuable. Nasal vaccination using polymeric
      nanoparticles (NPs) constitutes a valid approach to this issue. In detail, poly
      epsilon-caprolactone (PCL)/chitosan NPs present advantages as a mucosal vaccine
      delivery system: the high resistance of PCL against degradation in biological
      fluids and the mucoadhesive and immunostimulatory properties of chitosan. In
      vitro studies revealed these NPs were retained in a mucus-secreting pulmonary
      epithelial cell line and were capable of entering into differentiated epithelial
      cells. The intranasal (IN) administration of 3 different doses of HBsAg (1.5 MUg,
      5 MUg and 10 MUg) adsorbed on a fixed amount of PCL/chitosan NPs (1614 MUg)
      generated identical titers of serum anti-HBsAg IgG and anti-HBsAg sIgA in mice
      nasal secretions. Besides other factors, the NP surface characteristics,
      particularly, zeta potential differences among the administered formulations are
      believed to be implicated in the outcome of the immune response generated.

PMID- 26976503
TI  - Acoustic spectroscopy: A powerful analytical method for the pharmaceutical field?
AB  - Acoustics is one of the emerging technologies developed to minimize processing,
      maximize quality and ensure the safety of pharmaceutical, food and chemical
      products. The operating principle of acoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of
      the ultrasound pulse intensity and phase after its propagation through a sample.
      The main goal of this technique is to characterise concentrated colloidal
      dispersions without dilution, in such a way as to be able to analyse non
      transparent and even highly structured systems. This review presents the state of
      the art of ultrasound-based techniques in pharmaceutical pre-formulation and
      formulation steps, showing their potential, applicability and limits. It reports
      in a simplified version the theory behind acoustic spectroscopy, describes the
      most common equipment on the market, and finally overviews different studies
      performed on systems and materials used in the pharmaceutical or related fields. 

PMID- 26976504
TI  - Patient centric formulations for paediatrics and geriatrics: Similarities and
      differences.
AB  - Paediatrics and geriatrics both represent highly heterogenous populations and
      require special consideration when developing appropriate dosage forms. This
      paper discusses similarities, differences and considerations with respect to the
      development of appropriate medicine formulations for paediatrics and geriatrics.
      Arguably the most significant compliance challenge in older people is
      polypharmacy, whereas for children the largest barrier is taste. Pharmaceutical
      technology has progressed rapidly and technologies including FDCs, multi
      particulates and orodispersible dosage forms provide unprecedented opportunities
      to develop novel and appropriate formulations for both old and new drugs.
      However, it is important for the formulation scientists to work closely with
      patients, carers and clinicians to develop such formulations for both the
      paediatric and geriatric population.

PMID- 26976507
TI  - [History of immunotherapy. Paradigm change?]

PMID- 26976506
TI  - Exploration of 2-benzylbenzimidazole scaffold as novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB.
AB  - For finding the novel inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB activity, a series of
      benzimidazole derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized and
      systematically studied for their in vitro activities against LPS induced NF
      kappaB inhibition in RAW 264.7 cells using the SEAP assay based on the flexible
      chalcone JSH ((E)-1-(2-hydroxy-6-(isopentyloxy)phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy phenyl)prop-2
      en-1-one) which was previously reported. Although most of the benzimidazole
      derivatives showed strong inhibitory activity in low micromolar potency, 2-(4
      methoxybenzyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (3m; IC50=1.7 MUM) and 2-(2-methoxybenzyl)-1H
      benzo[d]imidazole (3n; IC50=2.4 MUM) showed the best inhibition. The structure
      activity relationship revealed that 2-benzylbenzimidazole scaffold with hydrogen
      bonding acceptor on phenyl ring appears as a pharmacophore.

PMID- 26976505
TI  - The effects of acute alcohol intoxication on the cognitive mechanisms underlying
      false facial recognition.
AB  - RATIONALE: False face recognition rates are sometimes higher when faces are
      learned while under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol myopia theory (AMT)
      proposes that acute alcohol intoxication during face learning causes people to
      attend to only the most salient features of a face, impairing the encoding of
      less salient facial features. Yet, there is currently no direct evidence to
      support this claim. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to test whether acute alcohol
      intoxication impairs face learning by causing subjects to attend to a salient
      (i.e., distinctive) facial feature over other facial features, as per AMT.
      METHODS: We employed a balanced placebo design (N = 100). Subjects in the alcohol
      group were dosed to achieve a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.06 %,
      whereas the no alcohol group consumed tonic water. Alcohol expectancy was
      controlled. Subjects studied faces with or without a distinctive feature (e.g.,
      scar, piercing). An old-new recognition test followed. Some of the test faces
      were "old" (i.e., previously studied), and some were "new" (i.e., not previously
      studied). We varied whether the new test faces had a previously studied
      distinctive feature versus other familiar characteristics. RESULTS: Intoxicated
      and sober recognition accuracy was comparable, but subjects in the alcohol group
      made more positive identifications overall compared to the no alcohol group.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results are not in keeping with AMT. Rather, a more general
      cognitive mechanism appears to underlie false face recognition in intoxicated
      subjects. Specifically, acute alcohol intoxication during face learning results
      in more liberal choosing, perhaps because of an increased reliance on
      familiarity.

PMID- 26976508
TI  - Dermoscopic and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Findings in Extra-genital HPV16
      associated Pigmented Squamous Cell Carcinoma in situ.

PMID- 26976509
TI  - DNA binding activity of Ku during chemotherapeutic agent-induced early apoptosis.
AB  - Ku protein is a heterodimer composed of two subunits, and is capable of both
      sequence-independent and sequence-specific DNA binding. The former mode of DNA
      binding plays a crucial role in DNA repair. The biological role of Ku protein
      during apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we show characterization of Ku protein
      during apoptosis. In order to study the DNA binding properties of Ku, we used two
      methods for the electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). One method, RI-EMSA,
      which is commonly used, employed radiolabeled DNA probes. The other method, WB
      EMSA, employed unlabeled DNA followed by western blot and detection with anti-Ku
      antiserum. In this study, Ku-DNA probe binding activity was found to dramatically
      decrease upon etoposide treatment, when examined by the RI-EMSA method. In
      addition, pre-treatment with apoptotic cell extracts inhibited Ku-DNA probe
      binding activity in the non-treated cell extract. The inhibitory effect of the
      apoptotic cell extract was reduced by DNase I treatment. WB-EMSA showed that the
      Ku in the apoptotic cell extract bound to fragmented endogenous DNA.
      Interestingly, Ku in the apoptotic cell extract purified by the Resource Q column
      bound 15-bp DNA in both RI-EMSA and WB-EMSA, whereas Ku in unpurified apoptotic
      cell extracts did not bind additional DNA. These results suggest that Ku binds
      cleaved chromosomal DNA and/or nucleosomes in apoptotic cells. In conclusion, Ku
      is intact and retains DNA binding activity in early apoptotic cells.

PMID- 26976510
TI  - International Research Interdisciplinary School (IRIS) initiative: sponsorship of
      journals in training of participants in peer-review.

PMID- 26976511
TI  - Surface electrocardiogram detects signs of right ventricular pressure overload
      among acute-decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common finding among patients with
      heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and contributes to develop
      right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD). AIMS: We evaluated the diagnostic
      accuracy of Flowers and Horan electrocardiographic criteria to detect significant
      right ventricular pressure overload. METHODS: 123 patients were prospectively
      included. We used the Flowers and Horan (FH) ECG criteria to define RV
      enlargement (score >10). Echocardiographic measurements were performed blinded to
      the electrocardiographic results. RESULTS: Severe PH was found in 51.5%.
      Seventeen patients (16.5%) had a FH score >10 points. This was associated to RVSD
      (RR 2.66; 1.51-4.67 CI 95%, p=0.002), with 90.5% specificity and 34.4%
      sensitivity and to severe PH (RR 1.70; 1.16-2.50 CI 95%, p=0.028) with 91.9%
      specificity and 27.5% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The ECG is a useful tool to
      classify HFpEF patients with echocardiographic signs of right ventricular
      pressure overload, in the absence of RBBB.

PMID- 26976512
TI  - Tracking preference as unusual trigger of pacemaker-mediated tachycardia in a
      resynchronization device.
AB  - A 59-year-old woman with a history of congestive heart failure, who previously
      received a biventricular cardioverter-defibrillator was admitted with dyspnea and
      peripheral edema. She was noted on telemetry to have multiple self-terminated
      episodes of rapid ventricular pacing, consistent with pacemaker-mediated
      tachycardia. All episodes started after three consecutive ventricular
      extrasystoles. "Tracking preference" algorithm, designed to maintain atrial
      tracked biventricular pacing in CRT devices, resulted turned on. It affected
      minimum PVARP and resulted the trigger for pacemaker mediated tachycardia.

PMID- 26976513
TI  - Primary brain calcification in patients undergoing treatment with the
      biphosphanate alendronate.
AB  - Brain calcification might be associated with various metabolic, infectious or
      vascular conditions. Clinically, brain calcification can include symptoms such as
      migraine, parkinsonism, psychosis or dementia. The term Primary Brain
      Calcification was recently used for those patients without an obvious cause
      (formerly idiopathic) while Primary Familial Brain Calcifications was left for
      the cases with autosomal dominant inheritance. Recent studies found mutations in
      four genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB and XPR1). However, these gene represent only
      60% of all familial cases suggesting other genes remain to be elucidated. Studies
      evaluating treatments for such a devastating disease are scattered, usually
      appearing as single case reports. In the present study, we describe a case series
      of 7 patients treated with Alendronate, a widely prescribed biphosphanate. We
      observed good tolerance and evidence of improvements and stability by some
      patients. No side effects were reported and no specific symptoms related to
      medication. Younger patients and one individual continuing a prescription (prior
      to study commencement) appeared to respond more positively with some referred
      improvements in symptoms. Biphosphanates may represent an excellent prospect for
      the treatment of brain calcifications due to their being well tolerated and
      easily available. Conversely, prospective and controlled studies should promptly
      address weaknesses found in the present analysis.

PMID- 26976514
TI  - Aetiology and pathology of otitis media with effusion in adult life.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To gather and analyse information concerning the aetiology and
      pathology of otitis media with effusion in adults. METHOD: A review of the
      English language literature from 1970 to the present was conducted. RESULTS: The
      available evidence suggests that otitis media with effusion in adult life is best
      viewed as a syndrome with a number of causes, including: infiltration of the
      eustachian tube by nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other local malignancies; changes
      in the middle ear and eustachian tube induced by radiotherapy; and systemic
      disease. CONCLUSION: There is now a body of evidence specifically related to the
      aetiology and pathology of otitis media with effusion in adult life. However,
      further research is required to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and
      understanding of this condition.

PMID- 26976516
TI  - Bilateral tadpole pupils.

PMID- 26976517
TI  - Status epilepticus of inflammatory etiology: A cohort study.

PMID- 26976518
TI  - Higher neutrophil counts before thrombolysis for cerebral ischemia predict worse
      outcomes.

PMID- 26976520
TI  - Mutations in HSPB8 causing a new phenotype of distal myopathy and motor
      neuropathy.

PMID- 26976521
TI  - Pearls & Oy-sters: Tacrolimus neurotoxicity presenting as an isolated brainstem
      lesion.

PMID- 26976522
TI  - Education Research: Neurology resident education: Trending skills, confidence,
      and professional preparation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To survey US-trained graduating neurology residents who are American
      Academy of Neurology members, in an effort to trend perceived quality and
      completeness of graduate neurology education. METHODS: An electronic survey was
      sent to all American Academy of Neurology members graduating from US neurology
      residency programs in the Spring of 2014. RESULTS: Of 805 eligible respondents,
      24% completed the survey. Ninety-three percent of adult neurology residents and
      56% of child neurology residents reported plans to pursue fellowship training
      after residency. Respondents reported a desire for additional training in
      neurocritical care, neuro-oncology, neuromuscular diseases, botulinum toxin
      injection, and nerve blocks. There remains a clear deficit in business training
      of neurology residents, although there was notable improvement in knowledge of
      coding and office management compared to previous surveys. DISCUSSION: Although
      there are still areas of perceived weakness in neurology training, graduating
      neurology residents feel generally well prepared for their chosen careers.
      However, most still pursue fellowship training for reasons that are little
      understood. In addition to certain subspecialties and procedures, practice
      management remains deficient in neurology training and is a point of future
      insecurity for most residents. Future curriculum changes should consider resident
      reported gaps in knowledge, with careful consideration of improving business
      training.

PMID- 26976524
TI  - Whole spine MRI should be recommended for pyogenic spondylodiscitis; response to
      Abbara et al.

PMID- 26976523
TI  - Teaching Video NeuroImages: Finger clonus: When the pupil surpassed his master.

PMID- 26976525
TI  - Teicoplanin - An old new treatment for enterococcal prosthetic joint infections.

PMID- 26976526
TI  - Cancer genomics: opportunities for medicinal chemistry?

PMID- 26976527
TI  - Controlled Growth of Rubrene Nanowires by Eutectic Melt Crystallization.
AB  - Organic semiconductors including rubrene, Alq3, copper phthalocyanine and
      pentacene are crystallized by the eutectic melt crystallization. Those organic
      semiconductors form good eutectic systems with the various volatile
      crystallizable additives such as benzoic acid, salicylic acid, naphthalene and
      1,3,5-trichlorobenzene. Due to the formation of the eutectic system, organic
      semiconductors having originally high melting point (Tm > 300  degrees C) are
      melted and crystallized at low temperature (Te = 40.8-133  degrees C). The
      volatile crystallizable additives are easily removed by sublimation. For a model
      system using rubrene, single crystalline rubrene nanowires are prepared by the
      eutectic melt crystallization and the eutectic-melt-assisted nanoimpinting (EMAN)
      technique. It is demonstrated that crystal structure and the growth direction of
      rubrene can be controlled by using different volatile crystallizable additives.
      The field effect mobility of rubrene nanowires prepared using several different
      crystallizable additives are measured and compared.

PMID- 26976529
TI  - Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary
      care and community settings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many people with chronic disease have more than one chronic
      condition, which is referred to as multimorbidity. The term comorbidity is also
      used but this is now taken to mean that there is a defined index condition with
      other linked conditions, for example diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is
      also used when there are combinations of defined conditions that commonly co
      exist, for example diabetes and depression. While this is not a new phenomenon,
      there is greater recognition of its impact and the importance of improving
      outcomes for individuals affected. Research in the area to date has focused
      mainly on descriptive epidemiology and impact assessment. There has been limited
      exploration of the effectiveness of interventions to improve outcomes for people
      with multimorbidity. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of health-service
      or patient-oriented interventions designed to improve outcomes in people with
      multimorbidity in primary care and community settings. Multimorbidity was defined
      as two or more chronic conditions in the same individual. SEARCH METHODS: We
      searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and seven other databases to 28 September 2015.
      We also searched grey literature and consulted experts in the field for completed
      or ongoing studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Two review authors independently screened
      and selected studies for inclusion. We considered randomised controlled trials
      (RCTs), non-randomised clinical trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after studies
      (CBAs), and interrupted time series analyses (ITS) evaluating interventions to
      improve outcomes for people with multimorbidity in primary care and community
      settings. Multimorbidity was defined as two or more chronic conditions in the
      same individual. This includes studies where participants can have combinations
      of any condition or have combinations of pre-specified common conditions
      (comorbidity), for example, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The
      comparison was usual care as delivered in that setting. DATA COLLECTION AND
      ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted data from the included
      studies, evaluated study quality, and judged the certainty of the evidence using
      the GRADE approach. We conducted a meta-analysis of the results where possible
      and carried out a narrative synthesis for the remainder of the results. We
      present the results in a 'Summary of findings' table and tabular format to show
      effect sizes across all outcome types. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 18 RCTs
      examining a range of complex interventions for people with multimorbidity. Nine
      studies focused on defined comorbid conditions with an emphasis on depression,
      diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The remaining studies focused on
      multimorbidity, generally in older people. In 12 studies, the predominant
      intervention element was a change to the organisation of care delivery, usually
      through case management or enhanced multidisciplinary team work. In six studies,
      the interventions were predominantly patient-oriented, for example, educational
      or self-management support-type interventions delivered directly to participants.
      Overall our confidence in the results regarding the effectiveness of
      interventions ranged from low to high certainty. There was little or no
      difference in clinical outcomes (based on moderate certainty evidence). Mental
      health outcomes improved (based on high certainty evidence) and there were modest
      reductions in mean depression scores for the comorbidity studies that targeted
      participants with depression (standardized mean difference (SMD) -2.23, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) -2.52 to -1.95). There was probably a small improvement
      in patient-reported outcomes (moderate certainty evidence) although two studies
      that specifically targeted functional difficulties in participants had positive
      effects on functional outcomes with one of these studies also reporting a
      reduction in mortality at four year follow-up (Int 6%, Con 13%, absolute
      difference 7%). The intervention may make little or no difference to health
      service use (low certainty evidence), may slightly improve medication adherence
      (low certainty evidence), probably slightly improves patient-related health
      behaviours (moderate certainty evidence), and probably improves provider
      behaviour in terms of prescribing behaviour and quality of care (moderate
      certainty evidence). Cost data were limited. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review
      identifies the emerging evidence to support policy for the management of people
      with multimorbidity and common comorbidities in primary care and community
      settings. There are remaining uncertainties about the effectiveness of
      interventions for people with multimorbidity in general due to the relatively
      small number of RCTs conducted in this area to date, with mixed findings overall.
      It is possible that the findings may change with the inclusion of large ongoing
      well-organised trials in future updates. The results suggest an improvement in
      health outcomes if interventions can be targeted at risk factors such as
      depression, or specific functional difficulties in people with multimorbidity.

PMID- 26976528
TI  - Pitfalls and Challenges of Lung Transplant in a Patient With Kartagener Syndrome
      and Scoliosis.
AB  - We present a 22-year-old woman with Kartagener syndrome and scoliosis who died
      112 days after single lung transplant. The classic thoracic involvement of situs
      inversus totalis and the asymmetric arrangement of the thoracic vascular
      structures might be a pitfall for surgeon. Anatomic obstacles have forced the
      surgeon to perform a single transplant. The period of primary graft dysfunction
      in a single transplanted lung patient was a challenge; supporting the patient
      with a high flow and long period of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation might
      lead to a vanishing bronchus. Immotile cilia, a feature of Kartagener syndrome,
      were another challenge and patient needed several daily aspiration
      bronchoscopies. Vanishing bronchus is a gradual process with high mortality
      rates; commonly, stenosis is at the non anastomotic bronchial tree because of
      insufficient nourishment of the bronchial cartilages. Several repeat
      bronchoscopic balloon dilatations accompanied with medical treatment were
      unsuccessful.

PMID- 26976530
TI  - The effect from maximal bench press strength training on work economy during
      wheelchair propulsion in men with spinal cord injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect from maximal bench press strength training (MST)
      on wheelchair propulsion work economy (WE). STUDY DESIGN: Pretest-posttest case
      control group design. SETTING: St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. METHODS:
      Seventeen male individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) paraplegia were
      allocated to either MST bench press (n=11) or the control group (CG) (n=7). The
      MST group trained bench press three times per week, for 6 weeks, starting at 85
      95% of their pretest bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM). For calculation of
      WE during wheelchair propulsion, oxygen uptake (VO2) measurements were collected
      during wheelchair ergometry (WCE) at submaximal workload of 50 W. Similarly, peak
      oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and peak power output (W) were measured during WCE.
      RESULTS: Individuals in the MST regimen significantly improved WE compared with
      the CG by 17.3 % (mean between-group differences: 95% confidence interval) of
      2.63 ml kg-1 min-1: (-4.34, -0.91) (P=0.007). Between pretest and posttest, the
      increase in bench press 1RM was by 17% higher in the MST group compared with the
      CG. At peak testing, the MST group generated significantly higher peak power
      compared with the CG. All other physiological variables were comparable within
      and between groups. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-week MST bench press regimen significantly
      improved WE during wheelchair propulsion at 50 W workload. These preliminary data
      support a possible beneficial role for MST to reduce the energy cost of
      wheelchair propulsion for SCI individuals.

PMID- 26976533
TI  - Niet bij medicatie alleen: het voorschrijven van farmaca bij de terugvalpreventie
      bij alcoholafhankelijkheid.

PMID- 26976534
TI  - De klinische praktijk van de medicamenteuze behandeling van alcoholverslaving.

PMID- 26976531
TI  - Investigating the status of using lower extremity orthoses recommended to
      patients with spinal cord injury.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study. OBJECTIVES: The present study
      aimed to investigate the rate of using orthosis among spinal cord injury (SCI)
      patients for whom orthosis was recommended for standing and walking, the
      relationship between the clinical and demographic characteristics of SCI and the
      use of orthosis and the reasons for not using orthosis. SETTING: Ankara Physical
      Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. METHODS: The
      study included 62 SCI patients for whom orthosis was recommended for standing and
      ambulation. The patients were classified into two groups as individuals using and
      not using the recommended orthosis every day in order to evaluate the effect of
      age, gender, residence, duration of disease/recommended duration of orthosis,
      recommended orthosis, lesion level-degree, lower extremity tonus-range of motion
      and ambulation level on the frequency of orthosis use. RESULTS: The orthosis most
      commonly recommended was hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis with waist or pelvic belt
      (45.2%). Of the patients, 25.8% have never used the orthosis. The most common
      reason for not using the recommended orthosis was the failure to facilitate the
      daily life activities of the patient (30%), the difficulties in putting them on
      and taking them off (20%), the belief that it is unnecessary (15%) and the
      pressure (15%). In addition, the assessed clinical and demographic features were
      detected as not important risk factors for not using orthosis. CONCLUSION: At
      least one out of four patients with SCI do not use the recommended lower
      extremity orthosis. Selecting eligible patients, patient training and follow-up
      are important for increased frequency of orthosis usage.

PMID- 26976532
TI  - Vitamin D deficiency in Swiss elite wheelchair athletes.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective analysis of total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
      (25[OH]D) in Swiss elite wheelchair athletes. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to
      investigate the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency in Swiss elite wheelchair
      athletes over the whole year and to detect differences between winter and summer
      months, and between indoor and outdoor athletes. SETTING: This study was
      conducted in Switzerland. METHODS: A total of 164 blood samples from 72 Swiss
      elite wheelchair athletes (mean+/-s.d.: age 32+/-13 years) were analyzed for
      total serum 25[OH]D. All participants were members of the national team in their
      discipline. The following disciplines have been included: rugby, athletics,
      cycling, tennis, ski alpine, curling and basketball. According to general
      guidelines, insufficient vitamin D status was defined between 50 and 75 nmol l-1,
      deficiency below 50 nmol l-1 and severe deficiency below 27.5 nmol l-1. RESULTS:
      In all, 73.2% of all samples showed an insufficiency/deficiency in vitamin D
      status. Total serum 25[OH]D was significantly higher during summer compared with
      winter months (69.5+/-21.4 nmol l-1 vs 51.5+/-21.9 nmol l-1; P<0.001). Indoor
      sports showed a higher amount of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (80.9%) than
      outdoor sports (70.1%), with a significantly higher 25[OH]D concentration in
      outdoor sports (P=0.042). CONCLUSION: A high percentage of vitamin D deficiency
      was found among Swiss elite wheelchair athletes. Conclusively, we recommend
      supplementation with vitamin D-especially during winter-to prevent a deficiency
      and an impairment of performance.

PMID- 26976535
TI  - Effectieve interventie bij de behandeling van patienten met alcoholproblemen.

PMID- 26976536
TI  - Commentaar.
AB  - Het mag als een verworvenheid beschouwd worden dat er sinds kort stoffen op de
      markt zijn die de kans op terugval van alcoholisten verkleinen. Natuurlijk hebben
      deze stoffen, zoals acamprosaat en naltrexon indicaties en contra-indicaties, en
      die zijn in de voorgaande artikelen beschreven. Het is daarmee echter nog niet
      gemakkelijk geworden een richtlijn voor de dagelijkse praktijk te formuleren. Dat
      blijkt wel uit deze artikelen. Immers, acamprosaat is effectief gebleken, maar nu
      ook weer niet zo effectief dat het niet voorschrijven ervan per definitie een
      gemiste kans moet worden beschouwd. De Jong en Schippers wijzen er terecht op dat
      als stoffen te enthousiast worden voorgeschreven, zoals dat met disulfiram is
      gebeurd, het grote aantal mislukkingen ertoe kan leiden dat men zich weer
      teleurgesteld van zo'n stof afwendt. En het risico op dit soort therapeutisch
      enthousiasme is juist bij de behandeling van verslavingen levensgroot. Er zijn
      weinig ziektebeelden die bij een behandelaar zoveel machteloosheid kunnen
      oproepen en dus zoveel neiging naar strohalmen te grijpen. 

PMID- 26976537
TI  - Cardiopsychiatry.
AB  - Affective disorders cluster in patients with cardiac diseases, in particular in
      coronary artery disease (CAD) which has become one of the most prevalent chronic
      disorders in the western world. Affective dysregulation has been recognized as a
      major riskfactor for cardiac death in patients with CAD. Therefore treatment of
      affective dysregulation is important from both the psychiatric and cardiac
      perspective. An evidence based treatment algorithm for affective disorders is as
      yet not available. In this paper a possible etiological model for the
      relationship between affective and cardiac dysregulation is proposed, based on
      the stress-diathesis model. 

PMID- 26976538
TI  - Somatization disorders in non psychiatric settings: A multidimensional diagnostic
      approach.
AB  - Given the diagnostic ambiguity of physically unexplained complaints we wanted to
      study whether the clinically and symptomatically characterized groups, all of
      them defined according to DSM-III-R criteria, could be reclassified using
      selected empirical and theoretical variables of operationally defined parameters.
      Patients with conversion (N = 75), somatization or undifferentiated somatoform
      disorders (N = 74) and major depression (N = 70) according to DSM-III-R underwent
      multidimensional work-up including psychopathological, personality-psychological,
      illness, behavioral and coping assessment. The clinically characterized groups
      should be statistically reclassified by discriminant analytic techniques. The
      existing diagnostic categories according to DSM-III-R could be widely confirmed
      by the statistical reconstitution of the clinical groups. Conversion,
      somatization and depressive disorder presented as distinct clinical categories. A
      classification relying widely on symptoms still seems to be too superficial and
      does not represent the complexity of these patients. Thus, the modern
      classification systems with their purely phenomenological criteria should be
      added with further dimensions. 

PMID- 26976539
TI  - Management of psychiatric adverse events with immunotherapy with interferon-alfa.
AB  - Immunotherapy with interferon-alfa has become standard therapy in selected
      patients with viral hepatitis and chronic myelogenous leukemia. In addition, it
      is used in a variety of other diseases, both as standard therapy and in clinical
      trials. Its use is expected to expand in the following decade. Interferon can
      cause (severe) neuropsychiatric side effects. These side effects are discussed.
      Adequate management of these side effects is important, as is close collaboration
      between the oncologist and the psychiatrist. The cornerstone of management is
      patient education: this prevents interruption of therapy by patients who were not
      warned for neuropsychiatric side effects. Furthermore, patients should report in
      case of rapidly arising mood disorders. Interferon-alfa induced mood disorder is
      reported to be treatable. Three case descriptions illustrate this, but also
      illustrate some limits to successful treatment. 

PMID- 26976540
TI  - Cytokines in de obsessief compulsieve stoornis en in anorexia nervosa: een
      overzicht.
AB  - The alterations in the inflammatory response system (IRS) appear to be quite
      different between OCD and anorexia nervosa and are also different from the
      changes observed in major depression. In anorexia nervosa, there is some evidence
      for increased production of monocytic cytokines, i.e. tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decreased production of Th-1 like
      cytokines, i.e. IL-2 and IFNgamma. In the same patients there are also signs of
      immunosuppression, e.g. lowered numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells and increased
      production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta). The increased production
      of monocytic cytokines may be the consequence of the hyponutritional status of
      those patients. The diminished production of the Th-1 like cytokines may be the
      consequence of at least four different factors: 1) the deficiency in nutritional
      factors; 2) neuroendocrine disorders, such as increased Cortisol production; 3)
      the increased TGFbeta production; and 4) lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase
      activity. In OCD no consistent or specific alterations in the IRS are observed.
      There is no evidence that IRS activation may play a role in the pathophysiology
      of OCD and anorexia nervosa. 

PMID- 26976541
TI  - Chronic unexplained fatigue.
AB  - Fatigue is a common symptom in the community and the commonest associations are
      with stress or mood disturbance. One in a hundred people complain of unexplained
      and prolonged fatigue, with half that number meeting the strictest criteria for
      the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Discrete fatigue syndromes have been
      described, particularly after Epstein Barr virus infection. The majority of
      patients with CFS have a syndrome similar to the ICD-10 definition of
      neurasthenia. Mood and somatoform disorders are common comorbid or differential
      diagnoses. The prognosis is poor, particularly in patients attending hospitals
      and those with comorbid psychiatric disorders. The aetiology of both CFS and
      chronic unexplained fatigue are essentially unknown, perhaps reflecting the
      heterogenenous natures of both the symptom and syndrome. There is reasonable
      evidence to suggest that particular infections may trigger both prolonged fatigue
      and CFS. Maintaining factors are different from triggering factors and include
      mood and sleep disorders, illness beliefs and behaviours, and possibly
      inactivity. Treatments aimed at reversing these maintaining factors show promise.

PMID- 26976542
TI  - Whiplash associated disorders: is there a place for psychiatrists and
      psychologists?
AB  - Between 25 and 30% of the victims of a whiplash injury have complaints after one
      year. This condition is referred to as late whiplash syndrome. This syndrome is
      characterized by pain of the neck, headache, forgetfulness, poor concentration,
      mental fatigue, and affective symptoms. The causes of the persistent symptoms are
      unknown. In all, the evidence that late-whiplash syndrome is a neurological
      disorder is flimsy. Current opinion holds that the acute basis is the painful
      injury of the neck. In the months following the accident, pain is the substrate
      on which psychological and social factors may act. Emotional symptoms such as
      lability of affect and disturbed mood, or posttraumatic stress disorders are
      common after whiplash. Although there is definitely a place for psychiatrists and
      psychologists in the treatment of late whiplash syndrome, these professionals are
      not involved in late whiplash disorder as much as they should be. Brief
      psychological treatment has proven to significantly reduce the severity and
      duration of symptoms. Optimal management must cover the treatment of pain,
      depression, anxiety, and fatigue; adequate psycho-education, stressing the good
      long-term outcome; and education of patients and relatives on possible cognitive
      symptoms. 

PMID- 26976543
TI  - Epilepsy and psychiatric disorders.
AB  - The relationship between epilepsy and behavior disorders will be briefly
      outlined, and an initial distinction between periictal and interictal disorders
      made. This paper will concentrate on the periictal disorders. These include the
      ictally driven psychoses, such as complex partial seizure status and absence
      status. There will then be a discussion of the postictal psychoses. It will be
      noted how these form a constant clinical picture, which sometimes goes
      unrecognized. The phenomenology may be typically paranoid or schizophrenia-like,
      andpatients often present in a setting of clear consciousness. The fascinating
      phenomenon of the lucid interval will be noted. Following this there will be some
      discussions on the management of these disorders. The rest of the paper will
      discuss the phenomenon of forced normalization, first discovered by Landolt. This
      often remains unrecognised, but is of interest to both neurology and psychiatry.
      Essentially this is about patients who, following suppression of seizures,
      develop an acute psychotic state or some other kind of behavior disorder. With
      the return of the seizures the behavior disorder resolves. Various theories in
      relationship to this condition will be noted, and the fascinating paradox that in
      psychiatry we give a seizure to resolve a psychosis, whereas in epileptology
      suppression of seizures can lead to a psychosis will be presented. 

PMID- 26976544
TI  - Med Psych Units: Proceedings and abstracts of the Triptych Workshop 9 december
      1999 Maastricht.
AB  - Med Psych Units (MPU) are neither clear-cut medical nor psychiatric units. This
      makes it difficult to acquire funding for these often expensive units. Despite
      this, there are many reasons why MPU's should be a necessary part of any larger
      scale inpatient service of a general and teaching hospital. It is therefore even
      more remarkable that such units hardly exist in Europe and that only about twenty
      exist in the USA. Five main reasons why such units should be opened are: The
      increasing average age of the population of the Western World, with high co
      morbidity and polypharmacy in the elderly and elderly elderly. An increase in the
      number of chronic physical diseases resulting in co-morbid psychiatric disorders.
      This increase in chronicity is the consequence of increasingly successful
      treatment of acute and potentially lethal diseases; for example, acute myocardial
      infarction and the subsequent development of chronic heart disease. The
      decreasing duration of hospital admission. On average the duration of stay in a
      general hospital in The Netherlands is now nine days. The number of day
      treatments has doubled in the last decade. This situation means that it is not
      possible to observe the behavior of patients on a general medical ward or to
      carry out a psychiatric consultation. Inadequate medical evaluation of
      psychiatric patients. According to a recent survey by the Dutch Ministry of
      Health, the care given for physical disease to psychiatric patients in mental
      hospitals in The Netherlands needs much to be desired for. The psychiatric co
      morbidity of somatic diseases is accompanied by a high consumption of medical
      facilities and high economic losses, unless adequately recognized and treated. 

PMID- 26976546
TI  - Vocal-fold vibration of patients with Reinke's edema observed using high-speed
      digital imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the vocal-fold vibration of patients with moderate
      to-severe Reinke's edema using high-speed digital imaging (HSDI) and
      videostroboscopy and to confirm HSDI usefulness in examining the vocal folds with
      Reinke's edema. METHODS: We examined the vocal folds of seven patients (six
      severe and one moderate; six females and one male; aged 55-74 years; mean 64.7
      years) with Reinke's edema using HSDI and videostroboscopy. The following
      characteristics were analyzed: glottic closure, mucosal-wave propagation, left
      right asymmetry, phase shift, frequency difference, periodicity, and contact of
      the true vocal fold with the false vocal fold. RESULTS: HSDI revealed complete
      glottic closure, anterior-posterior phase shift, and obvious contact of at least
      one side of the edematous true vocal fold with the ipsilateral false vocal fold
      in all patients. Mucosal-wave propagation increased in six patients and decreased
      in one. Left-right asymmetry was observed in six patients. Left-right phase
      shifts and left-right frequency differences were observed in four and two
      patients, respectively. The vibration was periodic in four patients, quasi
      periodic in three, and aperiodic in none. Anterior-posterior frequency
      differences were not observed for any patient. The vocal-fold vibration always
      synchronized with strobolights in two patients, while the vibration occasionally
      and never synchronized in two and three patients, respectively. In one patient
      whose vibration occasionally synchronized, videostroboscopy could not reveal the
      slight left-right frequency difference of the vibration. CONCLUSION: It was often
      difficult to observe vocal-fold vibration correctly in patients with severe
      Reinke's edema using videostroboscopy. However, HSDI was useful for examining
      these patients. Our results suggest that HSDI can be very useful for examining
      the vocal folds of patients with severe Reinke's edema.

PMID- 26976545
TI  - Merging Electronic Health Record Data and Genomics for Cardiovascular Research: A
      Science Advisory From the American Heart Association.
AB  - The process of scientific discovery is rapidly evolving. The funding climate has
      influenced a favorable shift in scientific discovery toward the use of existing
      resources such as the electronic health record. The electronic health record
      enables long-term outlooks on human health and disease, in conjunction with
      multidimensional phenotypes that include laboratory data, images, vital signs,
      and other clinical information. Initial work has confirmed the utility of the
      electronic health record for understanding mechanisms and patterns of variability
      in disease susceptibility, disease evolution, and drug responses. The addition of
      biobanks and genomic data to the information contained in the electronic health
      record has been demonstrated. The purpose of this statement is to discuss the
      current challenges in and the potential for merging electronic health record data
      and genomics for cardiovascular research. 

PMID- 26976547
TI  - Outcomes review of modern hearing preservation technique in cochlear implant.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Preservation of residual hearing in cochlear implantation is a main
      concern for patients and otologists. New electrode arrays as well as development
      of minimally invasive technique have allowed the expansion of indication criteria
      for cochlear implantation. The loss of residual low-frequency hearing is thought
      to be the result of many factors. Opinions differ in regards with the electrodes
      array characteristics, the surgical implantation technique and the
      pharmacological therapy used. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research is to analyze
      the available information pertaining to hearing preservation with cochlear
      implantation. RESULTS: Both cochleostomy and round window approaches are
      adequate, but should rely on the anatomic position of the round window membrane.
      No electrode design had a higher rate of hearing preservation, either a standard
      or shorter length was used, or a straight or contoured array. The speed of
      insertion has a significant impact on hearing preservation and vestibular
      function. A slow insertion should be used for all cochlear implant insertion,
      hearing preservation or not. However, the optimal speed of insertion is still
      unclear. Moreover, the use of steroids regardless of the route or the timing,
      along with intraoperative topical steroids, had a positive impact on hearing
      preservation. CONCLUSION: Classic atraumatic insertion maneuvers, very slow and
      delicate insertion and the use of intraoperative corticosteroids improve hearing
      outcomes. Whichever the surgeon's preferences, all surgical modifications are
      aimed at the same goal: protection of the delicate intracochlear structures with
      preservation of residual low-frequency hearing to improve speech perception
      abilities.

PMID- 26976548
TI  - Cardiomyocytes in Young Infants With Congenital Heart Disease: a Three-Month
      Window of Proliferation.
AB  - Perinatal reduction in cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity is well established in
      animal models and humans. However, cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity in infants
      with congenital heart disease (CHD) is unknown, and may provide important
      information to improve treatment. Human right atrial specimens were obtained from
      infants during routine surgery to repair ventricular septal defects. The
      specimens were divided into three groups: group A (age 1-3 months); group B (age,
      4-6 months); and group C (age 7-12 months). A dramatic fall in the number of Ki67
      positive CHD cardiac myocytes occurred after three months. When cultured in
      vitro, young CHD myocytes (<= 3 months) showed more abundant Ki67-positive
      cardiomyocytes and greater incorporation of EdU, indicating enhanced
      proliferation. YAP1 and NICD-important transcript factors in cardiomyocyte
      development and proliferation-decreased with age and beta-catenin increased with
      age. Compared with those of older infants, cardiomyocytes of young CHD infants
      (<= 3 months) have a higher proliferating capacity in vivo and in vitro. From the
      perspective of cardiac muscle regeneration, CHD treatment at a younger age (<= 3
      months) may be more optimal.

PMID- 26976549
TI  - Update on pulmonary disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
AB  - Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging worldwide as significant causes
      of chronic pulmonary infection, posing a number of challenges for both clinicians
      and researchers. While a number of studies worldwide have described an increasing
      prevalence of NTM pulmonary disease over time, population-based data are
      relatively sparse and subject to ascertainment bias. Furthermore, the disease is
      geographically heterogeneous. While some species are commonly implicated
      worldwide (Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus), others (e.g.,
      Mycobacterium malmoense, Mycobacterium xenopi) are regionally important. Thoracic
      computed tomography, microbiological testing with identification to the species
      level, and local epidemiology must all be taken into account to accurately
      diagnose NTM pulmonary disease. A diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease does not
      necessarily imply that treatment is required; a patient-centered approach is
      essential. When treatment is required, multidrug therapy based on appropriate
      susceptibility testing for the species in question should be used. New diagnostic
      and therapeutic modalities are needed to optimize the management of these
      complicated infections.

PMID- 26976551
TI  - Tolosa-Hunt syndrome with spontaneous remission and recurrence.

PMID- 26976550
TI  - A comparison of B cell subsets in primary immune deficiencies that progress with
      antibody deficiency and age-matched healthy children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the B lymphocyte subsets
      in primary immunodeficiency that progress with antibody deficiency. METHODS: The
      patients' naive, memory, class-switched memory and non-switched memory B cells
      were compared with those of healthy individuals of matching ages using flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: A total of 67 patients with antibody deficiency and 28
      healthy children of matching ages were included in the study. The median age of
      the patients was six years (min-max: 1-24) and 40 (59.7%) were male. The median
      age of the healthy controls was again six years (min-max: 1-17) and 12 (42.8%)
      were male. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency had higher relative
      counts of naive cells when compared with the control group; however, they were
      found to have lower relative counts of memory, relative and absolute counts of
      non-switched and relative counts of switched B lymphocytes (p=0.001, 0.023, 0.003
      0.003, 0.001, respectively). In patients with selective IgA deficiency, similar
      to patients with common variable immunodeficiency, the relative counts of naive
      cells were found to be higher, while the relative counts of memory and relative
      and absolute counts of non-switched B lymphocytes were found to be lower when
      compared with the control group (p=0.011, 0.032, 0.006-0.009, respectively).
      Although patients with selective IgM deficiency had higher relative counts of
      naive B cells when compared with the control group, they had lower relative and
      absolute counts of non-switched B lymphocytes (p=0.008-0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The B
      lymphocyte subsets of patients with selective IgA deficiency are largely similar
      to those of patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Both illness groups
      exhibit low levels of memory B cells.

PMID- 26976552
TI  - The Evolving Approach to Brain Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients.

PMID- 26976553
TI  - Crown vs. composite for post-retained restorations: A randomized clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This randomized clinical trial compared the survival of composite
      resin restorations and metal-ceramic crowns on endodontically treated teeth that
      received a glass fiber post using 2 different cementation methods. METHODS: Forty
      seven patients (age 42.5 +/- 11.5) with fifty-seven endodontically treated teeth
      with extensive coronal damage but always with one intact surface were randomly
      allocated according to the type of coronal restoration: metal-ceramic crown or
      composite resin. In case of crown restoration, a core buildup was performed with
      microhybrid composite resin. The dentin bonding agent and composite resin used
      were the same for both direct and indirect restorations. Descriptive analysis was
      performed using FDI clinical criteria and survival of restorations/teeth analyzed
      using Kaplan-Meier statistics and log-rank tests. RESULTS: 57 restorations (30
      composite resin and 27 crowns) were made in 47 patients. The recall rate was 100%
      and follow up time ranged between 1 and 5 years. One tooth was extracted 11
      months post-restoration due to root fracture (composite group). Eight composite
      restorations and one crown had reparable failures, all due to secondary caries or
      restoration fracture. The overall annual failure rate (AFR) was 0.92% after 50
      months for success of the restorations, with 1.83% for the composite group and
      0.26% for the metal-ceramic crown group. The log-rank test showed no difference
      for survival according to the type of restoration (p=0.344). However, for success
      rates, metal-ceramic crowns demonstrated better performance (p=0.022).
      CONCLUSIONS: Indirect restorations provided higher acceptable clinical
      performance and lower need for re-intervention, but both types of restorations
      presented good survival rates. (NCT01461239). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: When
      endodontically treated teeth with at least one intact surface must be restored,
      composite resin restorations and metal-ceramic crows are acceptable alternatives
      to achieve good survival and success rates.

PMID- 26976554
TI  - The influence of intrinsic water permeation on different dentin bonded interfaces
      formation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of intrinsic wetness on the formation of
      dentin bonding interfaces of four resin cement systems bonded to dentin under
      different pulpal pressures. METHODS: Thirty-six freshly extracted third molars
      were selected and processed for dentin MUTBS. The teeth were randomly assigned
      into 12 experimental groups, according to the adhesive luting system [Adper
      Single Bond Plus (3M ESPE) combined with two luting agents RelyX ARC (3M ESPE)
      and heated Filtek Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE), Clearfil CD Bond
      (Kuraray) combined with Clearfil Esthetic Cement (Kuraray), and RelyX Unicem 2
      Automix (3M ESPE)] and pulpal pressure (0, 5, and 20 cm of simulated pulpal
      pressure). Leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic slabs (IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar
      Vivadent) of 3mm thickness were bonded to dentin. The samples were stored in
      distilled water for 24h and then sectioned in X/Y directions across the adhesive
      interface to obtain specimens with a cross section of 0.8 +/- 0.2mm(2). All
      sticks were fractured by tension at a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min and the data
      were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney Tests (alpha=0.05).
      Ultrastructural analysis of the interfaces was performed using Confocal Laser
      Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The
      statistical analyses showed that pulpal pressure decreased MUTBS for all groups.
      Significantly higher MUTBS values were obtained in heated Z250 group restored
      without any pulpal pressure. CLSM showed that the uptake of water through the
      dentin tubuli and their anastomosis of lateral branches during the adhesive
      luting procedures prevented adequate formation of the dentin bonding interfaces.
      SEM showed that the luting film created is material- dependent and all adhesive
      failure occurred at the resin-dentin interface. CONCLUSION: The constant
      intrinsic wetness replenishment prevents adequate formation of the hybrid layer.
      CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Intrinsic moisture during adhesive luting procedures
      significantly affects the interaction between luting materials and dentin
      subtract and decreases the quality and bonding strength of the resin-dentin bond.

PMID- 26976555
TI  - Conversion and temperature rise of remineralizing composites reinforced with
      inert fillers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Remineralizing experimental composites based on amorphous calcium
      phosphate (ACP) were investigated. The impact of curing time (20 and 40s), curing
      depth (1, 2, 3 and 4mm) and addition of inert fillers (barium glass and silica)
      on the conversion and temperature rise during curing were examined. METHODS: Five
      ACP-composites and two control composites were prepared based on the light
      curable EBPADMA-TEGDMA-HEMA resin. For temperature measurements, a commercial
      composite was used as an additional control. Conversion was assessed using FT
      Raman spectroscopy by comparing the relative change of the band at 1640 cm(-1)
      before and after polymerization. The temperature rise during curing was recorded
      in real-time using a T-type thermocouple. RESULTS: At 1mm depth, the ACP
      composites attained significantly higher conversion (77.8-87.3%) than the control
      composites based on the same resin (60.5-66.3%). The addition of inert fillers
      resulted in approximately 5% lower conversion at clinically relevant depths (up
      to 2mm) for the curing time of 40s. Conversion decline through depths depended on
      the added inert fillers. Conversion values higher than 80% of the maximum
      conversion were observed for all of the ACP-composites at depths up to 3mm, when
      cured for 40s. Significantly higher total temperature rise for the ACP-composites
      (11.5-13.1  degrees C) was measured compared to the control composites (8.6-10.8 
      degrees C) and the commercial control (8.7  degrees C). CONCLUSIONS: The
      admixture of inert fillers represents a promising strategy for further
      development of ACP-composites, as it reduced the temperature rise while
      negligibly impairing the conversion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: High conversions of
      ACP-composites are favorable in terms of mechanical properties and
      biocompatibility. However, high conversions were accompanied with high
      temperature rise, which might present a pulpal hazard.

PMID- 26976556
TI  - Managing acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults: where do we need to get
      to?

PMID- 26976558
TI  - Timing of delivery and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) commonly undergo
      induction of labor (IOL) at term, but the risks and benefits of IOL are
      incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationship among
      gestational age, IOL, and the rate of cesarean delivery (CD) in women with GDM.
      STUDY DESIGN: We identified 863 women with GDM who underwent either IOL or
      spontaneous labor >=37 0/7 weeks. Demographic, cervical favorability, and outcome
      data were abstracted from the medical record. We compared the CD rate in women
      undergoing IOL at each week of gestation with expectant management to a later
      gestational age. RESULTS: When compared to women who were expectantly managed,
      IOL at 37 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI],
      0.76-3.06; P = .23), 38 weeks (aOR, 2.07; 95% CI, 0.89-4.80; P = .09), and 39
      weeks (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.44-1.42; P = .43)) was associated with similar risk
      for CD as expectant management after adjustment for nulliparity, body mass index,
      baseline simplified Bishop score, and maternal age. CD rates were higher in
      nulliparous women, but did not differ significantly in those undergoing IOL or
      expectant management. In multiparous women, IOL was significantly associated with
      an increased risk for CD at 38 weeks (aOR, 7.47; 95% CI, 1.6-34.8; P = .01) and
      rates of CD (17.39% vs 2.2%, P = .001) were significantly higher in multiparous
      women with an unfavorable Bishop score induced <39 weeks. Neonatal morbidity was
      similar across gestational ages after adjustment for maternal body mass index and
      maternal glycemic control. CONCLUSION: IOL results in similar risk for CD as
      expectant management between 37-40 weeks of gestation. Rates of CD differed based
      on cervical exam and parity. These findings suggest that gestational age alone
      does not significantly impact maternal and neonatal outcomes, but that decisions
      regarding delivery in women with GDM should take into account cervical exam and
      parity.

PMID- 26976559
TI  - "Will my work affect my pregnancy?" Resources for anticipating and answering
      patients' questions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Authoritative information on occupational reproductive hazards is
      scarce and complex because exposure levels vary, multiple exposures may be
      present, and the reproductive toxicity of many agents remains unknown. For these
      reasons, women's health providers may find it challenging to effectively address
      workplace reproductive health issues with their patients who are pregnant, breast
      feeding, or considering pregnancy. Reproductive epidemiologists at the Centers
      for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and
      Health answered >200 public requests for occupational reproductive health
      information during 2009 through 2013. The most frequent occupations represented
      were health care (41%) and laboratory work (18%). The most common requests for
      exposure information concerned solvents (14%), anesthetic gases (10%),
      formaldehyde (7%), infectious agents in laboratories (7%) or health care settings
      (7%), and physical agents (14%), including ionizing radiation (6%). Information
      for developing workplace policies or guidelines was sought by 12% of the
      requestors. Occupational exposure effects on breast-feeding were an increasing
      concern among working women. Based on information developed in response to these
      requestors, information is provided for discussing workplace exposures with
      patients, assessing potential workplace reproductive hazards, and helping
      patients determine the best options for safe work in pregnancy. Appendices
      provide resources to address specific occupational exposures, employee groups,
      personal protective equipment, breast-feeding, and workplace regulations
      regarding work and pregnancy. These tools can help identify those most at risk of
      occupational reproductive hazards and improve workers' reproductive health. The
      information can also be used to inform research priorities and assist the
      development of workplace reproductive health policies.

PMID- 26976560
TI  - High-seas fish wars generate marine reserves.
AB  - The effective management of marine fisheries is an ongoing challenge at the
      intersection of biology, economics, and policy. One way in which fish stocks-and
      their habitats-can be protected is through the establishment of marine reserves,
      areas that are closed to fishing. Although the potential economic benefits of
      such reserves have been shown for single-owner fisheries, their implementation
      quickly becomes complicated when more than one noncooperating harvester is
      involved in fishery management, which is the case on the high seas. How do
      multiple self-interested actors distribute their fishing effort to maximize their
      individual economic gains in the presence of others? Here, we use a game
      theoretic model to compare the effort distributions of multiple noncooperating
      harvesters with the effort distributions in the benchmark sole owner and open
      access cases. In addition to comparing aggregate rent, stock size, and fishing
      effort, we focus on the occurrence, size, and location of marine reserves. We
      show that marine reserves are a component of many noncooperative Cournot-Nash
      equilibria. Furthermore, as the number of harvesters increases, (i) both total
      unfished area and the size of binding reserves (those that actually constrain
      behavior) may increase, although the latter eventually asymptotically decreases;
      (ii) total rents and stock size both decline; and (iii) aggregate effort used
      (i.e., employment) can either increase or decrease, perhaps nonmonotonically. 

PMID- 26976561
TI  - Carbon isotopes characterize rapid changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide during
      the last deglaciation.
AB  - An understanding of the mechanisms that control CO2 change during glacial
      interglacial cycles remains elusive. Here we help to constrain changing sources
      with a high-precision, high-resolution deglacial record of the stable isotopic
      composition of carbon in CO2(delta(13)C-CO2) in air extracted from ice samples
      from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. During the initial rise in atmospheric CO2 from
      17.6 to 15.5 ka, these data demarcate a decrease in delta(13)C-CO2, likely due to
      a weakened oceanic biological pump. From 15.5 to 11.5 ka, the continued
      atmospheric CO2 rise of 40 ppm is associated with small changes in delta(13)C
      CO2, consistent with a nearly equal contribution from a further weakening of the
      biological pump and rising ocean temperature. These two trends, related to marine
      sources, are punctuated at 16.3 and 12.9 ka with abrupt, century-scale
      perturbations in delta(13)C-CO2 that suggest rapid oxidation of organic land
      carbon or enhanced air-sea gas exchange in the Southern Ocean. Additional century
      scale increases in atmospheric CO2 coincident with increases in atmospheric CH4
      and Northern Hemisphere temperature at the onset of the Bolling (14.6-14.3 ka)
      and Holocene (11.6-11.4 ka) intervals are associated with small changes in
      delta(13)C-CO2, suggesting a combination of sources that included rising surface
      ocean temperature.

PMID- 26976562
TI  - New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of
      giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs.
AB  - Tyrannosaurids--the familiar group of carnivorous dinosaurs including
      Tyrannosaurus and Albertosaurus--were the apex predators in continental
      ecosystems in Asia and North America during the latest Cretaceous (ca. 80-66
      million years ago). Their colossal sizes and keen senses are considered key to
      their evolutionary and ecological success, but little is known about how these
      features developed as tyrannosaurids evolved from smaller basal tyrannosauroids
      that first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Jurassic (ca. 170 million
      years ago). This is largely because of a frustrating 20+ million-year gap in the
      mid-Cretaceous fossil record, when tyrannosauroids transitioned from small-bodied
      hunters to gigantic apex predators but from which no diagnostic specimens are
      known. We describe the first distinct tyrannosauroid species from this gap, based
      on a highly derived braincase and a variety of other skeletal elements from the
      Turonian (ca. 90-92 million years ago) of Uzbekistan. This taxon is
      phylogenetically intermediate between the oldest basal tyrannosauroids and the
      latest Cretaceous forms. It had yet to develop the giant size and extensive
      cranial pneumaticity of T. rex and kin but does possess the highly derived brain
      and inner ear characteristic of the latest Cretaceous species. Tyrannosauroids
      apparently developed huge size rapidly during the latest Cretaceous, and their
      success in the top predator role may have been enabled by their brain and keen
      senses that first evolved at smaller body size.

PMID- 26976563
TI  - Correction for Petroff and Libchaber, Hydrodynamics and collective behavior of
      the tethered bacterium Thiovulum majus.

PMID- 26976565
TI  - Artificial eye for scotopic vision with bioinspired all-optical photosensitivity
      enhancer.
AB  - The ability to acquire images under low-light conditions is critical for many
      applications. However, to date, strategies toward improving low-light imaging
      primarily focus on developing electronic image sensors. Inspired by natural
      scotopic visual systems, we adopt an all-optical method to significantly improve
      the overall photosensitivity of imaging systems. Such optical approach is
      independent of, and can effectively circumvent the physical and material
      limitations of, the electronics imagers used. We demonstrate an artificial eye
      inspired by superposition compound eyes and the retinal structure of elephantnose
      fish. The bioinspired photosensitivity enhancer (BPE) that we have developed
      enhances the image intensity without consuming power, which is achieved by three
      dimensional, omnidirectionally aligned microphotocollectors with parabolic
      reflective sidewalls. Our work opens up a previously unidentified direction
      toward achieving high photosensitivity in imaging systems. 

PMID- 26976564
TI  - Mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 (MCUR1) regulates the calcium
      threshold for the mitochondrial permeability transition.
AB  - During the mitochondrial permeability transition, a large channel in the inner
      mitochondrial membrane opens, leading to the loss of multiple mitochondrial
      solutes and cell death. Key triggers include excessive reactive oxygen species
      and mitochondrial calcium overload, factors implicated in neuronal and cardiac
      pathophysiology. Examining the differential behavior of mitochondrial Ca(2+)
      overload in Drosophila versus human cells allowed us to identify a gene, MCUR1,
      which, when expressed in Drosophila cells, conferred permeability transition
      sensitive to electrophoretic Ca(2+) uptake. Conversely, inhibiting MCUR1 in
      mammalian cells increased the Ca(2+) threshold for inducing permeability
      transition. The effect was specific to the permeability transition induced by
      Ca(2+), and such resistance to overload translated into improved cell survival.
      Thus, MCUR1 expression regulates the Ca(2+) threshold required for permeability
      transition.

PMID- 26976566
TI  - Impacts of classifying New York City students as overweight.
AB  - US schools increasingly report body mass index (BMI) to students and their
      parents in annual fitness "report cards." We obtained 3,592,026 BMI reports for
      New York City public school students for 2007-2012. We focus on female students
      whose BMI puts them close to their age-specific cutoff for categorization as
      overweight. Overweight students are notified that their BMI "falls outside a
      healthy weight" and they should review their BMI with a health care provider.
      Using a regression discontinuity design, we compare those classified as
      overweight but near to the overweight cutoff to those whose BMI narrowly earned
      them a "healthy" BMI grouping. We find that overweight categorization generates
      small impacts on girls' subsequent BMI and weight. Whereas presumably an intent
      of BMI report cards was to slow BMI growth among heavier students, BMIs and
      weights did not decline relative to healthy peers when assessed the following
      academic year. Our results speak to the discrete categorization as overweight for
      girls with BMIs near the overweight cutoff, not to the overall effect of BMI
      reporting in New York City. 

PMID- 26976567
TI  - Discovery of fairy circles in Australia supports self-organization theory.
AB  - Vegetation gap patterns in arid grasslands, such as the "fairy circles" of
      Namibia, are one of nature's greatest mysteries and subject to a lively debate on
      their origin. They are characterized by small-scale hexagonal ordering of
      circular bare-soil gaps that persists uniformly in the landscape scale to form a
      homogeneous distribution. Pattern-formation theory predicts that such highly
      ordered gap patterns should be found also in other water-limited systems across
      the globe, even if the mechanisms of their formation are different. Here we
      report that so far unknown fairy circles with the same spatial structure exist
      10,000 km away from Namibia in the remote outback of Australia. Combining
      fieldwork, remote sensing, spatial pattern analysis, and process-based
      mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that these patterns emerge by self
      organization, with no correlation with termite activity; the driving mechanism is
      a positive biomass-water feedback associated with water runoff and biomass
      dependent infiltration rates. The remarkable match between the patterns of
      Australian and Namibian fairy circles and model results indicate that both
      patterns emerge from a nonuniform stationary instability, supporting a central
      universality principle of pattern-formation theory. Applied to the context of
      dryland vegetation, this principle predicts that different systems that go
      through the same instability type will show similar vegetation patterns even if
      the feedback mechanisms and resulting soil-water distributions are different, as
      we indeed found by comparing the Australian and the Namibian fairy-circle
      ecosystems. These results suggest that biomass-water feedbacks and resultant
      vegetation gap patterns are likely more common in remote drylands than is
      currently known. 

PMID- 26976568
TI  - Recombinant thiopeptides containing noncanonical amino acids.
AB  - Thiopeptides are a subclass of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally
      modified peptides (RiPPs) with complex molecular architectures and an array of
      biological activities, including potent antimicrobial activity. Here we report
      the generation of thiopeptides containing noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) by
      introducing orthogonal amber suppressor aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs into
      a thiocillin producer strain of Bacillus cereus .We demonstrate that thiopeptide
      variants containing ncAAs with bioorthogonal chemical reactivity can be further
      postbiosynthetically modified with biophysical probes, including fluorophores and
      photo-cross-linkers. This work allows the site-specific incorporation of ncAAs
      into thiopeptides to increase their structural diversity and probe their
      biological activity; similar approaches can likely be applied to other classes of
      RiPPs.

PMID- 26976570
TI  - Spironolactone blocks Epstein-Barr virus production by inhibiting EBV SM protein
      function.
AB  - Clinically available drugs active against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and other
      human herpesviruses are limited to those targeting viral DNA replication. To
      identify compounds directed against other steps in the viral life cycle, we
      searched for drugs active against the EBV SM protein, which is essential for
      infectious virus production. SM has a highly gene-specific mode of action and
      preferentially enhances expression of several late lytic cycle EBV genes. Here we
      demonstrate that spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist approved
      for clinical use, inhibits SM function and infectious EBV production. Expression
      of EBV viral capsid antigen is highly SM dependent, and spironolactone inhibits
      viral capsid antigen synthesis and capsid formation, blocking EBV virion
      production at a step subsequent to viral DNA replication. In addition,
      spironolactone inhibits expression of other SM-dependent genes necessary for
      infectious virion formation. We further demonstrate that molecules structurally
      related to spironolactone with similar antimineralocorticoid blocking activity do
      not inhibit EBV production. These findings pave the way for development of
      antiherpesvirus drugs with new mechanisms of action directed against SM and
      homologous essential proteins in other herpesviruses. 

PMID- 26976569
TI  - Gene deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase
      confers resilience to repeated social defeat stress.
AB  - Depression is a severe and chronic psychiatric disease, affecting 350 million
      subjects worldwide. Although multiple antidepressants have been used in the
      treatment of depressive symptoms, their beneficial effects are limited. The
      soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) plays a key role in the inflammation that is
      involved in depression. Thus, we examined here the role of sEH in depression. In
      both inflammation and social defeat stress models of depression, a potent sEH
      inhibitor, TPPU, displayed rapid antidepressant effects. Expression of sEH
      protein in the brain from chronically stressed (susceptible) mice was higher than
      of control mice. Furthermore, expression of sEH protein in postmortem brain
      samples of patients with psychiatric diseases, including depression, bipolar
      disorder, and schizophrenia, was higher than controls. This finding suggests that
      increased sEH levels might be involved in the pathogenesis of certain psychiatric
      diseases. In support of this hypothesis, pretreatment with TPPU prevented the
      onset of depression-like behaviors after inflammation or repeated social defeat
      stress. Moreover, sEH KO mice did not show depression-like behavior after
      repeated social defeat stress, suggesting stress resilience. The sEH KO mice
      showed increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylation of
      its receptor TrkB in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, but not nucleus
      accumbens, suggesting that increased BDNF-TrkB signaling in the prefrontal cortex
      and hippocampus confer stress resilience. All of these findings suggest that sEH
      plays a key role in the pathophysiology of depression, and that epoxy fatty
      acids, their mimics, as well as sEH inhibitors could be potential therapeutic or
      prophylactic drugs for depression. 

PMID- 26976572
TI  - Conservation triage or injurious neglect in endangered species recovery.
AB  - Listing endangered and threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act is
      presumed to offer a defense against extinction and a solution to achieve recovery
      of imperiled populations, but only if effective conservation action ensues after
      listing occurs. The amount of government funding available for species protection
      and recovery is one of the best predictors of successful recovery; however,
      government spending is both insufficient and highly disproportionate among groups
      of species, and there is significant discrepancy between proposed and actualized
      budgets across species. In light of an increasing list of imperiled species
      requiring evaluation and protection, an explicit approach to allocating recovery
      funds is urgently needed. Here I provide a formal decision-theoretic approach
      focusing on return on investment as an objective and a transparent mechanism to
      achieve the desired recovery goals. I found that less than 25% of the $1.21
      billion/year needed for implementing recovery plans for 1,125 species is actually
      allocated to recovery. Spending in excess of the recommended recovery budget does
      not necessarily translate into better conservation outcomes. Rather, elimination
      of only the budget surplus for "costly yet futile" recovery plans can provide
      sufficient funding to erase funding deficits for more than 180 species. Triage by
      budget compression provides better funding for a larger sample of species, and a
      larger sample of adequately funded recovery plans should produce better outcomes
      even if by chance. Sharpening our focus on deliberate decision making offers the
      potential to achieve desired outcomes in avoiding extinction for Endangered
      Species Act-listed species. 

PMID- 26976571
TI  - Aurone synthase is a catechol oxidase with hydroxylase activity and provides
      insights into the mechanism of plant polyphenol oxidases.
AB  - Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the family of polyphenol oxidases
      (PPOs). Tyrosinases catalyze theo-hydroxylation and oxidation of phenolic
      compounds, whereas catechol oxidases were so far defined to lack the
      hydroxylation activity and catalyze solely the oxidation of o-diphenolic
      compounds. Aurone synthase from Coreopsis grandiflora (AUS1) is a specialized
      plant PPO involved in the anabolic pathway of aurones. We present, to our
      knowledge, the first crystal structures of a latent plant PPO, its mature active
      and inactive form, caused by a sulfation of a copper binding histidine. Analysis
      of the latent proenzyme's interface between the shielding C-terminal domain and
      the main core provides insights into its activation mechanisms. As AUS1 did not
      accept common tyrosinase substrates (tyrosine and tyramine), the enzyme is
      classified as a catechol oxidase. However, AUS1 showed hydroxylase activity
      toward its natural substrate (isoliquiritigenin), revealing that the hydroxylase
      activity is not correlated with the acceptance of common tyrosinase substrates.
      Therefore, we propose that the hydroxylase reaction is a general functionality of
      PPOs. Molecular dynamics simulations of docked substrate-enzyme complexes were
      performed, and a key residue was identified that influences the plant PPO's
      acceptance or rejection of tyramine. Based on the evidenced hydroxylase activity
      and the interactions of specific residues with the substrates during the
      molecular dynamics simulations, a novel catalytic reaction mechanism for plant
      PPOs is proposed. The presented results strongly suggest that the physiological
      role of plant catechol oxidases were previously underestimated, as they might
      hydroxylate their--so far unknown--natural substrates in vivo.

PMID- 26976573
TI  - Reevaluation of whether a soma-to-germ-line transformation extends lifespan in
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - The germ lineage is considered to be immortal. In the quest to extend lifespan, a
      possible strategy is to drive germ-line traits in somatic cells, to try to confer
      some of the germ lineage's immortality on the somatic body. Notably, a study in
      Caenorhabditis elegans suggested that expression of germ-line genes in the
      somatic cells of long-lived daf-2 mutants confers some of daf-2's long lifespan.
      Specifically, mRNAs encoding components of C. elegans germ granules (P granules)
      were up-regulated in daf-2 mutant worms, and knockdown of individual P-granule
      and other germ-line genes in daf-2 young adults modestly reduced their lifespan.
      We investigated the contribution of a germ-line program to daf-2's long lifespan
      and also tested whether other mutants known to express germ-line genes in their
      somatic cells are long-lived. Our key findings are as follows. (i) We could not
      detect P-granule proteins in the somatic cells of daf-2 mutants by immunostaining
      or by expression of a P-granule transgene. (ii) Whole-genome transcript profiling
      of animals lacking a germ line revealed that germ-line transcripts are not up
      regulated in the soma of daf-2 worms compared with the soma of control worms.
      (iii) Simultaneous removal of multiple P-granule proteins or the entire germ-line
      program from daf-2 worms did not reduce their lifespan. (iv) Several mutants that
      robustly express a broad spectrum of germ-line genes in their somatic cells are
      not long-lived. Together, our findings argue against the hypothesis that
      acquisition of a germ-cell program in somatic cells increases lifespan and
      contributes to daf-2's long lifespan.

PMID- 26976574
TI  - Galapagos hydroclimate of the Common Era from paired microalgal and mangrove
      biomarker 2H/1H values.
AB  - Tropical maritime precipitation affects global atmospheric circulation,
      influencing storm tracks and the size and location of subtropical deserts.
      Paleoclimate evidence suggests centuries-long changes in rainfall in the tropical
      Pacific over the past 2,000 y, but these remain poorly characterized across most
      of the ocean where long, continuous proxy records capable of resolving decadal-to
      centennial climate changes are still virtually nonexistent despite substantial
      efforts to develop them. Here we apply a new climate proxy based on paired
      hydrogen isotope ratios from microalgal and mangrove-derived sedimentary lipids
      in the Galapagos to reconstruct maritime precipitation changes during the Common
      Era. We show that increased rainfall during the Little Ice Age (LIA) (~1400-1850
      CE) was likely caused by a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence
      Zone (ITCZ), and that this shift occurred later than previously recognized,
      coeval with dynamically linked precipitation changes in South America and the
      western tropical Pacific. Before the LIA, we show that drier conditions at the
      onset of the Medieval Warm Period (~800-1300 CE) and wetter conditions ca. 2 ka
      were caused by changes in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Collectively,
      the large natural variations in tropical rainfall we detect, each linked to a
      multicentury perturbation of either ENSO-like variability or the ITCZ, imply a
      high sensitivity of tropical Pacific rainfall to climate forcings.

PMID- 26976575
TI  - Identification and characterization of influenza variants resistant to a viral
      endonuclease inhibitor.
AB  - The influenza endonuclease is an essential subdomain of the viral RNA polymerase.
      It processes host pre-mRNAs to serve as primers for viral mRNA and is an
      attractive target for antiinfluenza drug discovery. Compound L-742,001 is a
      prototypical endonuclease inhibitor, and we found that repeated passaging of
      influenza virus in the presence of this drug did not lead to the development of
      resistant mutant strains. Reduced sensitivity to L-742,001 could only be induced
      by creating point mutations via a random mutagenesis strategy. These mutations
      mapped to the endonuclease active site where they can directly impact inhibitor
      binding. Engineered viruses containing the mutations showed resistance to L
      742,001 both in vitro and in vivo, with only a modest reduction in fitness.
      Introduction of the mutations into a second virus also increased its resistance
      to the inhibitor. Using the isolated wild-type and mutant endonuclease domains,
      we used kinetics, inhibitor binding and crystallography to characterize how the
      two most significant mutations elicit resistance to L-742,001. These studies lay
      the foundation for the development of a new class of influenza therapeutics with
      reduced potential for the development of clinical endonuclease inhibitor
      resistant influenza strains. 

PMID- 26976576
TI  - Molecular basis for inhibition of AcrB multidrug efflux pump by novel and
      powerful pyranopyridine derivatives.
AB  - The Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC efflux pump is the archetype of the resistance
      nodulation cell division (RND) exporters from Gram-negative bacteria.
      Overexpression of RND-type efflux pumps is a major factor in multidrug resistance
      (MDR), which makes these pumps important antibacterial drug discovery targets. We
      have recently developed novel pyranopyridine-based inhibitors of AcrB, which are
      orders of magnitude more powerful than the previously known inhibitors. However,
      further development of such inhibitors has been hindered by the lack of
      structural information for rational drug design. Although only the soluble,
      periplasmic part of AcrB binds and exports the ligands, the presence of the
      membrane-embedded domain in AcrB and its polyspecific binding behavior have made
      cocrystallization with drugs challenging. To overcome this obstacle, we have
      engineered and produced a soluble version of AcrB [AcrB periplasmic domain
      (AcrBper)], which is highly congruent in structure with the periplasmic part of
      the full-length protein, and is capable of binding substrates and potent
      inhibitors. Here, we describe the molecular basis for pyranopyridine-based
      inhibition of AcrB using a combination of cellular, X-ray crystallographic, and
      molecular dynamics (MD) simulations studies. The pyranopyridines bind within a
      phenylalanine-rich cage that branches from the deep binding pocket of AcrB, where
      they form extensive hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, the increasing potency of
      improved inhibitors correlates with the formation of a delicate protein- and
      water-mediated hydrogen bond network. These detailed insights provide a molecular
      platform for the development of novel combinational therapies using efflux pump
      inhibitors for combating multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogens.

PMID- 26976577
TI  - Optogenetic skeletal muscle-powered adaptive biological machines.
AB  - Complex biological systems sense, process, and respond to their surroundings in
      real time. The ability of such systems to adapt their behavioral response to suit
      a range of dynamic environmental signals motivates the use of biological
      materials for other engineering applications. As a step toward forward
      engineering biological machines (bio-bots) capable of nonnatural functional
      behaviors, we created a modular light-controlled skeletal muscle-powered
      bioactuator that can generate up to 300 uN (0.56 kPa) of active tension force in
      response to a noninvasive optical stimulus. When coupled to a 3D printed flexible
      bio-bot skeleton, these actuators drive directional locomotion (310 um/s or 1.3
      body lengths/min) and 2D rotational steering (2 degrees /s) in a precisely
      targeted and controllable manner. The muscle actuators dynamically adapt to their
      surroundings by adjusting performance in response to "exercise" training stimuli.
      This demonstration sets the stage for developing multicellular bio-integrated
      machines and systems for a range of applications. 

PMID- 26976578
TI  - Autocratic strategies for iterated games with arbitrary action spaces.
AB  - The recent discovery of zero-determinant strategies for the iterated prisoner's
      dilemma sparked a surge of interest in the surprising fact that a player can
      exert unilateral control over iterated interactions. These remarkable strategies,
      however, are known to exist only in games in which players choose between two
      alternative actions such as "cooperate" and "defect." Here we introduce a broader
      class of autocratic strategies by extending zero-determinant strategies to
      iterated games with more general action spaces. We use the continuous donation
      game as an example, which represents an instance of the prisoner's dilemma that
      intuitively extends to a continuous range of cooperation levels. Surprisingly,
      despite the fact that the opponent has infinitely many donation levels from which
      to choose, a player can devise an autocratic strategy to enforce a linear
      relationship between his or her payoff and that of the opponent even when
      restricting his or her actions to merely two discrete levels of cooperation. In
      particular, a player can use such a strategy to extort an unfair share of the
      payoffs from the opponent. Therefore, although the action space of the continuous
      donation game dwarfs that of the classic prisoner's dilemma, players can still
      devise relatively simple autocratic and, in particular, extortionate strategies. 

PMID- 26976579
TI  - Four-dimensional maps of the human somatosensory system.
AB  - A fine-grained description of the spatiotemporal dynamics of human brain activity
      is a major goal of neuroscientific research. Limitations in spatial and temporal
      resolution of available noninvasive recording and imaging techniques have
      hindered so far the acquisition of precise, comprehensive four-dimensional maps
      of human neural activity. The present study combines anatomical and functional
      data from intracerebral recordings of nearly 100 patients, to generate highly
      resolved four-dimensional maps of human cortical processing of nonpainful
      somatosensory stimuli. These maps indicate that the human somatosensory system
      devoted to the hand encompasses a widespread network covering more than 10% of
      the cortical surface of both hemispheres. This network includes phasic
      components, centered on primary somatosensory cortex and neighboring motor,
      premotor, and inferior parietal regions, and tonic components, centered on
      opercular and insular areas, and involving human parietal rostroventral area and
      ventral medial-superior-temporal area. The technique described opens new avenues
      for investigating the neural basis of all levels of cortical processing in
      humans. 

PMID- 26976580
TI  - Identification of tissue-specific cell death using methylation patterns of
      circulating DNA.
AB  - Minimally invasive detection of cell death could prove an invaluable resource in
      many physiologic and pathologic situations. Cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA)
      released from dying cells is emerging as a diagnostic tool for monitoring cancer
      dynamics and graft failure. However, existing methods rely on differences in DNA
      sequences in source tissues, so that cell death cannot be identified in tissues
      with a normal genome. We developed a method of detecting tissue-specific cell
      death in humans based on tissue-specific methylation patterns in cfDNA. We
      interrogated tissue-specific methylome databases to identify cell type-specific
      DNA methylation signatures and developed a method to detect these signatures in
      mixed DNA samples. We isolated cfDNA from plasma or serum of donors, treated the
      cfDNA with bisulfite, PCR-amplified the cfDNA, and sequenced it to quantify cfDNA
      carrying the methylation markers of the cell type of interest. Pancreatic beta
      cell DNA was identified in the circulation of patients with recently diagnosed
      type-1 diabetes and islet-graft recipients; oligodendrocyte DNA was identified in
      patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis; neuronal/glial DNA was identified in
      patients after traumatic brain injury or cardiac arrest; and exocrine pancreas
      DNA was identified in patients with pancreatic cancer or pancreatitis. This proof
      of-concept study demonstrates that the tissue origins of cfDNA and thus the rate
      of death of specific cell types can be determined in humans. The approach can be
      adapted to identify cfDNA derived from any cell type in the body, offering a
      minimally invasive window for diagnosing and monitoring a broad spectrum of human
      pathologies as well as providing a better understanding of normal tissue
      dynamics. 

PMID- 26976581
TI  - Truncated mu opioid GPCR variant involvement in opioid-dependent and opioid
      independent pain modulatory systems within the CNS.
AB  - The clinical management of severe pain depends heavily on opioids acting through
      mu opioid receptors encoded by the Oprm1 gene, which undergoes extensive
      alternative splicing. In addition to generating a series of prototypic seven
      transmembrane domain (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Oprm1 also
      produces a set of truncated splice variants containing only six transmembrane
      domains (6TM) through which selected opioids such as IBNtxA (3'-iodobenzoyl-6beta
      naltrexamide) mediate a potent analgesia without many undesirable effects.
      Although morphine analgesia is independent of these 6TM mu receptor isoforms, we
      now show that the selective loss of the 6TM variants in a knockout model
      eliminates the analgesic actions of delta and kappa opioids and of alpha2
      adrenergic compounds, but not cannabinoid, neurotensin, or muscarinic drugs.
      These observations were confirmed by using antisense paradigms. Despite their
      role in analgesia, loss of the 6TM variants were not involved with delta opioid
      induced seizure activity, aversion to the kappa drug U50, 488H, or alpha2
      mediated hypolocomotion. These observations support the existence of parallel
      opioid and nonopioid pain modulatory systems and highlight the ability to
      dissociate unwanted delta, kappa1, and alpha2 actions from analgesia.

PMID- 26976582
TI  - Inhibition of SCF ubiquitin ligases by engineered ubiquitin variants that target
      the Cul1 binding site on the Skp1-F-box interface.
AB  - Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) E3 ligases play key roles in multiple cellular processes
      through ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of substrate proteins. Although
      Skp1 and Cul1 are invariant components of all SCF complexes, the 69 different
      human F-box proteins are variable substrate binding modules that determine
      specificity. SCF E3 ligases are activated in many cancers and inhibitors could
      have therapeutic potential. Here, we used phage display to develop specific
      ubiquitin-based inhibitors against two F-box proteins, Fbw7 and Fbw11.
      Unexpectedly, the ubiquitin variants bind at the interface of Skp1 and F-box
      proteins and inhibit ligase activity by preventing Cul1 binding to the same
      surface. Using structure-based design and phage display, we modified the initial
      inhibitors to generate broad-spectrum inhibitors that targeted many SCF ligases,
      or conversely, a highly specific inhibitor that discriminated between even the
      close homologs Fbw11 and Fbw1. We propose that most F-box proteins can be
      targeted by this approach for basic research and for potential cancer therapies. 

PMID- 26976585
TI  - Ultrahigh-pressure polyamorphism in GeO2 glass with coordination number >6.
AB  - Knowledge of pressure-induced structural changes in glasses is important in
      various scientific fields as well as in engineering and industry. However,
      polyamorphism in glasses under high pressure remains poorly understood because of
      experimental challenges. Here we report new experimental findings of ultrahigh
      pressure polyamorphism in GeO2 glass, investigated using a newly developed double
      stage large-volume cell. The Ge-O coordination number (CN) is found to remain
      constant at ~6 between 22.6 and 37.9 GPa. At higher pressures, CN begins to
      increase rapidly and reaches 7.4 at 91.7 GPa. This transformation begins when the
      oxygen-packing fraction in GeO2 glass is close to the maximal dense-packing state
      (the Kepler conjecture = ~0.74), which provides new insights into structural
      changes in network-forming glasses and liquids with CN higher than 6 at ultrahigh
      pressure conditions.

PMID- 26976584
TI  - LSD1 modulates stress-evoked transcription of immediate early genes and emotional
      behavior.
AB  - Behavioral changes in response to stressful stimuli can be controlled via
      adaptive epigenetic changes in neuronal gene expression. Here we indicate a role
      for the transcriptional corepressor Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) and its
      dominant-negative splicing isoform neuroLSD1, in the modulation of emotional
      behavior. In mouse hippocampus, we show that LSD1 and neuroLSD1 can interact with
      transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) and set the chromatin state of
      SRF-targeted genes early growth response 1 (egr1) and c-fos Deletion or reduction
      of neuro LSD1 in mutant mice translates into decreased levels of activating
      histone marks at egr1 and c-fos promoters, dampening their psychosocial stress
      induced transcription and resulting in low anxiety-like behavior. Administration
      of suberoylanilide hydroxamine to neuroLSD1(KO)mice reactivates egr1 and c-fos
      transcription and restores the behavioral phenotype. These findings indicate that
      LSD1 is a molecular transducer of stressful stimuli as well as a stress-response
      modifier. Indeed, LSD1 expression itself is increased acutely at both the
      transcriptional and splicing levels by psychosocial stress, suggesting that LSD1
      is involved in the adaptive response to stress.

PMID- 26976583
TI  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition by ND-630 reduces hepatic steatosis, improves
      insulin sensitivity, and modulates dyslipidemia in rats.
AB  - Simultaneous inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) isozymes ACC1 and
      ACC2 results in concomitant inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of
      fatty acid oxidation and may favorably affect the morbidity and mortality
      associated with obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Using structure-based
      drug design, we have identified a series of potent allosteric protein-protein
      interaction inhibitors, exemplified by ND-630, that interact within the ACC
      phosphopeptide acceptor and dimerization site to prevent dimerization and inhibit
      the enzymatic activity of both ACC isozymes, reduce fatty acid synthesis and
      stimulate fatty acid oxidation in cultured cells and in animals, and exhibit
      favorable drug-like properties. When administered chronically to rats with diet
      induced obesity, ND-630 reduces hepatic steatosis, improves insulin sensitivity,
      reduces weight gain without affecting food intake, and favorably affects
      dyslipidemia. When administered chronically to Zucker diabetic fatty rats, ND-630
      reduces hepatic steatosis, improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and
      reduces hemoglobin A1c (0.9% reduction). Together, these data suggest that ACC
      inhibition by representatives of this series may be useful in treating a variety
      of metabolic disorders, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
      and fatty liver disease. 

PMID- 26976586
TI  - Bonobos (Pan paniscus) show an attentional bias toward conspecifics' emotions.
AB  - In social animals, the fast detection of group members' emotional expressions
      promotes swift and adequate responses, which is crucial for the maintenance of
      social bonds and ultimately for group survival. The dot-probe task is a well
      established paradigm in psychology, measuring emotional attention through
      reaction times. Humans tend to be biased toward emotional images, especially when
      the emotion is of a threatening nature. Bonobos have rich, social emotional lives
      and are known for their soft and friendly character. In the present study, we
      investigated (i) whether bonobos, similar to humans, have an attentional bias
      toward emotional scenes compared with conspecifics showing a neutral expression,
      and (ii) which emotional behaviors attract their attention the most. As
      predicted, results consistently showed that bonobos' attention was biased toward
      the location of the emotional versus neutral scene. Interestingly, their
      attention was grabbed most by images showing conspecifics such as sexual
      behavior, yawning, or grooming, and not as much-as is often observed in humans-by
      signs of distress or aggression. The results suggest that protective and
      affiliative behaviors are pivotal in bonobo society and therefore attract
      immediate attention in this species. 

PMID- 26976587
TI  - Low rates of nitrogen fixation in eastern tropical South Pacific surface waters.
AB  - An extensive region of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) Ocean has
      surface waters that are nitrate-poor yet phosphate-rich. It has been proposed
      that this distribution of surface nutrients provides a geochemical niche
      favorable for N2fixation, the primary source of nitrogen to the ocean. Here, we
      present results from two cruises to the ETSP where rates of N2fixation and its
      contribution to export production were determined with a suite of geochemical and
      biological measurements. N2fixation was only detectable using nitrogen isotopic
      mass balances at two of six stations, and rates ranged from 0 to 23 umol N m(
      2)d(-1)based on sediment trap fluxes. Whereas the fractional importance of
      N2fixation did not change, the N2-fixation rates at these two stations were
      several-fold higher when scaled to other productivity metrics. Regardless of the
      choice of productivity metric these N2-fixation rates are low compared with other
      oligotrophic locations, and the nitrogen isotope budgets indicate that N2fixation
      supports no more than 20% of export production regionally. Although euphotic zone
      integrated short-term N2-fixation rates were higher, up to 100 umol N m(-2)d(-1),
      and detected N2fixation at all six stations, studies of nitrogenase gene
      abundance and expression from the same cruises align with the geochemical data
      and together indicate that N2fixation is a minor source of new nitrogen to
      surface waters of the ETSP. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that,
      despite a relative abundance of phosphate, iron may limit N2fixation in the ETSP.

PMID- 26976588
TI  - Diverse high-torque bacterial flagellar motors assemble wider stator rings using
      a conserved protein scaffold.
AB  - Although it is known that diverse bacterial flagellar motors produce different
      torques, the mechanism underlying torque variation is unknown. To understand this
      difference better, we combined genetic analyses with electron cryo-tomography
      subtomogram averaging to determine in situ structures of flagellar motors that
      produce different torques, from Campylobacter and Vibrio species. For the first
      time, to our knowledge, our results unambiguously locate the torque-generating
      stator complexes and show that diverse high-torque motors use variants of an
      ancestrally related family of structures to scaffold incorporation of additional
      stator complexes at wider radii from the axial driveshaft than in the model
      enteric motor. We identify the protein components of these additional scaffold
      structures and elucidate their sequential assembly, demonstrating that they are
      required for stator-complex incorporation. These proteins are widespread,
      suggesting that different bacteria have tailored torques to specific environments
      by scaffolding alternative stator placement and number. Our results
      quantitatively account for different motor torques, complete the assignment of
      the locations of the major flagellar components, and provide crucial constraints
      for understanding mechanisms of torque generation and the evolution of
      multiprotein complexes.

PMID- 26976589
TI  - New inducible genetic method reveals critical roles of GABA in the control of
      feeding and metabolism.
AB  - Currently available inducible Cre/loxP systems, despite their considerable
      utility in gene manipulation, have pitfalls in certain scenarios, such as
      unsatisfactory recombination rates and deleterious effects on physiology and
      behavior. To overcome these limitations, we designed a new, inducible gene
      targeting system by introducing an in-frame nonsense mutation into the coding
      sequence of Cre recombinase (nsCre). Mutant mRNAs transcribed from nsCre
      transgene can be efficiently translated into full-length, functional Cre
      recombinase in the presence of nonsense suppressors such as aminoglycosides. In a
      proof-of-concept model, GABA signaling from hypothalamic neurons expressing
      agouti-related peptide (AgRP) was genetically inactivated within 4 d after
      treatment with a synthetic aminoglycoside. Disruption of GABA synthesis in AgRP
      neurons in young adult mice led to a dramatic loss of body weight due to reduced
      food intake and elevated energy expenditure; they also manifested glucose
      intolerance. In contrast, older mice with genetic inactivation of GABA signaling
      by AgRP neurons had only transient reduction of feeding and body weight; their
      energy expenditure and glucose tolerance were unaffected. These results indicate
      that GABAergic signaling from AgRP neurons plays a key role in the control of
      feeding and metabolism through an age-dependent mechanism. This new genetic
      technique will augment current tools used to elucidate mechanisms underlying many
      physiological and neurological processes.

PMID- 26976590
TI  - Open complex scrunching before nucleotide addition accounts for the unusual
      transcription start site of E. coli ribosomal RNA promoters.
AB  - Most Escherichia coli promoters initiate transcription with a purine 7 or 8 nt
      downstream from the -10 hexamer, but some promoters, including the ribosomal RNA
      promoter rrnB P1, start 9 nt from the -10 element. We identified promoter and RNA
      polymerase determinants of this noncanonical rrnB P1 start site using biochemical
      and genetic approaches including mutational analysis of the promoter, Fe(2+)
      cleavage assays to monitor template strand positions near the active-site, and
      Bpa cross-linking to map the path of open complex DNA at amino acid and
      nucleotide resolution. We find that mutations in several promoter regions affect
      transcription start site (TSS) selection. In particular, we show that the absence
      of strong interactions between the discriminator region and sigma region 1.2 and
      between the extended -10 element and sigma region 3.0, identified previously as a
      determinant of proper regulation of rRNA promoters, is also required for the
      unusual TSS. We find that the DNA in the single-stranded transcription bubble of
      the rrnB P1 promoter complex expands and is "scrunched" into the active site
      channel of RNA polymerase, similar to the situation in initial transcribing
      complexes. However, in the rrnB P1 open complex, scrunching occurs before RNA
      synthesis begins. We find that the scrunched open complex exhibits reduced
      abortive product synthesis, suggesting that scrunching and unusual TSS selection
      contribute to the extraordinary transcriptional activity of rRNA promoters by
      increasing promoter escape, helping to offset the reduction in promoter activity
      that would result from the weak interactions with sigma.

PMID- 26976592
TI  - Correction for Hernandez et al., Solar energy development impacts on land cover
      change and protected areas.

PMID- 26976591
TI  - Functional polymorphisms of macrophage migration inhibitory factor as predictors
      of morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis.
AB  - Pneumococcal meningitis is the most frequent and critical type of bacterial
      meningitis. Because cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of
      bacterial meningitis, we examined whether functional polymorphisms of the
      proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were
      associated with morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis. Two
      functional MIF promoter polymorphisms, a microsatellite (-794 CATT5-8; rs5844572)
      and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (-173 G/C; rs755622) were genotyped in a
      prospective, nationwide cohort of 405 patients with pneumococcal meningitis and
      in 329 controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Carriages of the CATT7
      and -173 C high-expression MIF alleles were associated with unfavorable outcome
      (P= 0.005 and 0.003) and death (P= 0.03 and 0.01). In a multivariate logistic
      regression model, shock [odds ratio (OR) 26.0, P= 0.02] and carriage of the CATT7
      allele (OR 5.12,P= 0.04) were the main predictors of mortality. MIF levels in the
      cerebrospinal fluid were associated with systemic complications and death (P=
      0.0002). Streptococcus pneumoniae strongly up-regulated MIF production in whole
      blood and transcription activity of high-expression MIF promoter Luciferase
      reporter constructs in THP-1 monocytes. Consistent with these findings, treatment
      with anti-MIF immunoglogulin G (IgG) antibodies reduced bacterial loads and
      improved survival in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia and sepsis. The
      present study provides strong evidence that carriage of high-expression MIF
      alleles is a genetic marker of morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis
      and also suggests a potential role for MIF as a target of immune-modulating
      adjunctive therapy.

PMID- 26976593
TI  - Protein networks identify novel symbiogenetic genes resulting from plastid
      endosymbiosis.
AB  - The integration of foreign genetic information is central to the evolution of
      eukaryotes, as has been demonstrated for the origin of the Calvin cycle and of
      the heme and carotenoid biosynthesis pathways in algae and plants. For
      photosynthetic lineages, this coordination involved three genomes of divergent
      phylogenetic origins (the nucleus, plastid, and mitochondrion). Major hurdles
      overcome by the ancestor of these lineages were harnessing the oxygen-evolving
      organelle, optimizing the use of light, and stabilizing the partnership between
      the plastid endosymbiont and host through retargeting of proteins to the nascent
      organelle. Here we used protein similarity networks that can disentangle
      reticulate gene histories to explore how these significant challenges were met.
      We discovered a previously hidden component of algal and plant nuclear genomes
      that originated from the plastid endosymbiont: symbiogenetic genes (S genes).
      These composite proteins, exclusive to photosynthetic eukaryotes, encode a
      cyanobacterium-derived domain fused to one of cyanobacterial or another
      prokaryotic origin and have emerged multiple, independent times during evolution.
      Transcriptome data demonstrate the existence and expression of S genes across a
      wide swath of algae and plants, and functional data indicate their involvement in
      tolerance to oxidative stress, phototropism, and adaptation to nitrogen
      limitation. Our research demonstrates the "recycling" of genetic information by
      photosynthetic eukaryotes to generate novel composite genes, many of which
      function in plastid maintenance. 

PMID- 26976595
TI  - Carnosic acid biosynthesis elucidated by a synthetic biology platform.
AB  - Synthetic biology approaches achieving the reconstruction of specific plant
      natural product biosynthetic pathways in dedicated microbial "chassis" have
      provided access to important industrial compounds (e.g., artemisinin,
      resveratrol, vanillin). However, the potential of such production systems to
      facilitate elucidation of plant biosynthetic pathways has been underexplored.
      Here we report on the application of a modular terpene production platform in the
      characterization of the biosynthetic pathway leading to the potent antioxidant
      carnosic acid and related diterpenes in Salvia pomifera and Rosmarinus
      officinalis.Four cytochrome P450 enzymes are identified (CYP76AH24, CYP71BE52,
      CYP76AK6, and CYP76AK8), the combined activities of which account for all of the
      oxidation events leading to the biosynthesis of the major diterpenes produced in
      these plants. This approach develops yeast as an efficient tool to harness the
      biotechnological potential of the numerous sequencing datasets that are
      increasingly becoming available through transcriptomic or genomic studies.

PMID- 26976596
TI  - A RhoA and Rnd3 cycle regulates actin reassembly during membrane blebbing.
AB  - The actin cytoskeleton usually lies beneath the plasma membrane. When the
      membrane-associated actin cytoskeleton is transiently disrupted or the
      intracellular pressure is increased, the plasma membrane detaches from the cortex
      and protrudes. Such protruded membrane regions are called blebs. However, the
      molecular mechanisms underlying membrane blebbing are poorly understood. This
      study revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor kinase substrate 8 (Eps8)
      and ezrin are important regulators of rapid actin reassembly for the initiation
      and retraction of protruded blebs. Live-cell imaging of membrane blebbing
      revealed that local reassembly of actin filaments occurred at Eps8- and activated
      ezrin-positive foci of membrane blebs. Furthermore, we found that a RhoA-ROCK
      Rnd3 feedback loop determined the local reassembly sites of the actin cortex
      during membrane blebbing. 

PMID- 26976594
TI  - Force-producing ADP state of myosin bound to actin.
AB  - Molecular motors produce force when they interact with their cellular tracks. For
      myosin motors, the primary force-generating state has MgADP tightly bound,
      whereas myosin is strongly bound to actin. We have generated an 8-A cryoEM
      reconstruction of this state for myosin V and used molecular dynamics flexed
      fitting for model building. We compare this state to the subsequent state on
      actin (Rigor). The ADP-bound structure reveals that the actin-binding cleft is
      closed, even though MgADP is tightly bound. This state is accomplished by a
      previously unseen conformation of the beta-sheet underlying the nucleotide
      pocket. The transition from the force-generating ADP state to Rigor requires a
      9.5 degrees  rotation of the myosin lever arm, coupled to a beta-sheet
      rearrangement. Thus, the structure reveals the detailed rearrangements underlying
      myosin force generation as well as the basis of strain-dependent ADP release that
      is essential for processive myosins, such as myosin V.

PMID- 26976597
TI  - Human mesenchymal stromal cells reduce influenza A H5N1-associated acute lung
      injury in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Influenza can cause acute lung injury. Because immune responses often play a
      role, antivirals may not ensure a successful outcome. To identify pathogenic
      mechanisms and potential adjunctive therapeutic options, we compared the extent
      to which avian influenza A/H5N1 virus and seasonal influenza A/H1N1 virus impair
      alveolar fluid clearance and protein permeability in an in vitro model of acute
      lung injury, defined the role of virus-induced soluble mediators in these injury
      effects, and demonstrated that the effects are prevented or reduced by bone
      marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. We verified the in vivo
      relevance of these findings in mice experimentally infected with influenza
      A/H5N1. We found that, in vitro, the alveolar epithelium's protein permeability
      and fluid clearance were dysregulated by soluble immune mediators released upon
      infection with avian (A/Hong Kong/483/97, H5N1) but not seasonal (A/Hong
      Kong/54/98, H1N1) influenza virus. The reduced alveolar fluid transport
      associated with down-regulation of sodium and chloride transporters was prevented
      or reduced by coculture with mesenchymal stromal cells. In vivo, treatment of
      aged H5N1-infected mice with mesenchymal stromal cells increased their likelihood
      of survival. We conclude that mesenchymal stromal cells significantly reduce the
      impairment of alveolar fluid clearance induced by A/H5N1 infection in vitro and
      prevent or reduce A/H5N1-associated acute lung injury in vivo. This potential
      adjunctive therapy for severe influenza-induced lung disease warrants rapid
      clinical investigation. 

PMID- 26976598
TI  - Small genome of the fungus Escovopsis weberi, a specialized disease agent of ant
      agriculture.
AB  - Many microorganisms with specialized lifestyles have reduced genomes. This is
      best understood in beneficial bacterial symbioses, where partner fidelity
      facilitates loss of genes necessary for living independently. Specialized
      microbial pathogens may also exhibit gene loss relative to generalists. Here, we
      demonstrate that Escovopsis weberi, a fungal parasite of the crops of fungus
      growing ants, has a reduced genome in terms of both size and gene content
      relative to closely related but less specialized fungi. Although primary
      metabolism genes have been retained, the E. weberi genome is depleted in
      carbohydrate active enzymes, which is consistent with reliance on a host with
      these functions. E. weberi has also lost genes considered necessary for sexual
      reproduction. Contrasting these losses, the genome encodes unique secondary
      metabolite biosynthesis clusters, some of which include genes that exhibit up
      regulated expression during host attack. Thus, the specialized nature of the
      interaction between Escovopsis and ant agriculture is reflected in the parasite's
      genome.

PMID- 26976599
TI  - Stability of the human polymerase delta holoenzyme and its implications in
      lagging strand DNA synthesis.
AB  - In eukaryotes, DNA polymerase delta (pol delta) is responsible for replicating
      the lagging strand template and anchors to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen
      (PCNA) sliding clamp to form a holoenzyme. The stability of this complex is
      integral to every aspect of lagging strand replication. Most of our understanding
      comes from Saccharomyces cerevisae where the extreme stability of the pol delta
      holoenzyme ensures that every nucleobase within an Okazaki fragment is faithfully
      duplicated before dissociation but also necessitates an active displacement
      mechanism for polymerase recycling and exchange. However, the stability of the
      human pol delta holoenzyme is unknown. We designed unique kinetic assays to
      analyze the processivity and stability of the pol delta holoenzyme. Surprisingly,
      the results indicate that human pol delta maintains a loose association with PCNA
      while replicating DNA. Such behavior has profound implications on Okazaki
      fragment synthesis in humans as it limits the processivity of pol delta on
      undamaged DNA and promotes the rapid dissociation of pol delta from PCNA on
      stalling at a DNA lesion.

PMID- 26976600
TI  - Biphasic regulation of InsP3 receptor gating by dual Ca2+ release channel BH3
      like domains mediates Bcl-xL control of cell viability.
AB  - Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members interact with inositol trisphosphate receptor
      (InsP3R) Ca(2+)release channels in the endoplasmic reticulum to modulate
      Ca(2+)signals that affect cell viability. However, the molecular details and
      consequences of their interactions are unclear. Here, we found that Bcl-xL
      activates single InsP3R channels with a biphasic concentration dependence. The
      Bcl-xLBcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain-binding pocket mediates both high-affinity
      channel activation and low-affinity inhibition. Bcl-xL activates channel gating
      by binding to two BH3 domain-like helices in the channel carboxyl terminus,
      whereas inhibition requires binding to one of them and to a previously identified
      Bcl-2 interaction site in the channel-coupling domain. Disruption of these
      interactions diminishes cell viability and sensitizes cells to apoptotic stimuli.
      Our results identify BH3-like domains in an ion channel and they provide a
      unifying model of the effects of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins on the InsP3R that
      play critical roles in Ca(2+) signaling and cell viability.

PMID- 26976601
TI  - BRCA2 regulates DMC1-mediated recombination through the BRC repeats.
AB  - In somatic cells, BRCA2 is needed for RAD51-mediated homologous recombination.
      The meiosis-specific DNA strand exchange protein, DMC1, promotes the formation of
      DNA strand invasion products (joint molecules) between homologous molecules in a
      fashion similar to RAD51. BRCA2 interacts directly with both human RAD51 and
      DMC1; in the case of RAD51, this interaction results in stimulation of RAD51
      promoted DNA strand exchange. However, for DMC1, little is known regarding the
      basis and functional consequences of its interaction with BRCA2. Here we report
      that human DMC1 interacts directly with each of the BRC repeats of BRCA2, albeit
      most tightly with repeats 1-3 and 6-8. However, BRC1-3 bind with higher affinity
      to RAD51 than to DMC1, whereas BRC6-8 bind with higher affinity to DMC1,
      providing potential spatial organization to nascent filament formation. With the
      exception of BRC4, each BRC repeat stimulates joint molecule formation by DMC1.
      The basis for this stimulation is an enhancement of DMC1-ssDNA complex formation
      by the stimulatory BRC repeats. Lastly, we demonstrate that full-length BRCA2
      protein stimulates DMC1-mediated DNA strand exchange between RPA-ssDNA complexes
      and duplex DNA, thus identifying BRCA2 as a mediator of DMC1 recombination
      function. Collectively, our results suggest unique and specialized functions for
      the BRC motifs of BRCA2 in promoting homologous recombination in meiotic and
      mitotic cells. 

PMID- 26976602
TI  - Phasic, suprathreshold excitation and sustained inhibition underlie neuronal
      selectivity for short-duration sounds.
AB  - Sound duration is important in acoustic communication, including speech
      recognition in humans. Although duration-selective auditory neurons have been
      found, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To investigate these mechanisms we
      combined in vivo whole-cell patch recordings from midbrain neurons, extraction of
      excitatory and inhibitory conductances, and focal pharmacological manipulations.
      We show that selectivity for short-duration stimuli results from integration of
      short-latency, sustained inhibition with delayed, phasic excitation; active
      membrane properties appeared to amplify responses to effective stimuli. Blocking
      GABAA receptors attenuated stimulus-related inhibition, revealed suprathreshold
      excitation at all stimulus durations, and decreased short-pass selectivity
      without changing resting potentials. Blocking AMPA and NMDA receptors to
      attenuate excitation confirmed that inhibition tracks stimulus duration and
      revealed no evidence of postinhibitory rebound depolarization inherent to
      coincidence models of duration selectivity. These results strongly support an
      anticoincidence mechanism of short-pass selectivity, wherein inhibition and
      suprathreshold excitation show greatest temporal overlap for long duration
      stimuli.

PMID- 26976605
TI  - Re-evaluation of the roles of DROSHA, Export in 5, and DICER in microRNA
      biogenesis.
AB  - Biogenesis of canonical microRNAs (miRNAs) involves multiple steps: nuclear
      processing of primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) by DROSHA, nuclear export of precursor
      miRNA (pre-miRNA) by Export in 5 (XPO5), and cytoplasmic processing of pre-miRNA
      by DICER. To gain a deeper understanding of the contribution of each of these
      maturation steps, we deleted DROSHA, XPO5, and DICER in the same human cell line,
      and analyzed their effects on miRNA biogenesis. Canonical miRNA production was
      completely abolished in DROSHA-deleted cells, whereas we detected a few DROSHA
      independent miRNAs including three previously unidentified noncanonical miRNAs
      (miR-7706, miR-3615, and miR-1254). In contrast to DROSHA knockout, many
      canonical miRNAs were still detected without DICER albeit at markedly reduced
      levels. In the absence of DICER, pre-miRNAs are loaded directly onto AGO and
      trimmed at the 3' end, yielding miRNAs from the 5' strand (5p miRNAs).
      Interestingly, in XPO5 knockout cells, most miRNAs are affected only modestly,
      suggesting that XPO5 is necessary but not critical for miRNA maturation. Our
      study demonstrates an essential role of DROSHA and an important contribution of
      DICER in the canonical miRNA pathway, and reveals that the function of XPO5 can
      be complemented by alternative mechanisms. Thus, this study allows us to
      understand differential contributions of key biogenesis factors, and provides
      with valuable resources for miRNA research.

PMID- 26976603
TI  - Recognition of the disordered p53 transactivation domain by the transcriptional
      adapter zinc finger domains of CREB-binding protein.
AB  - An important component of the activity of p53 as a tumor suppressor is its
      interaction with the transcriptional coactivators cyclic-AMP response element
      binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and p300, which activate
      transcription of p53-regulated stress response genes and stabilize p53 against
      ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The highest affinity interactions are between the
      intrinsically disordered N-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) of p53 and the
      TAZ1 and TAZ2 domains of CBP/p300. The NMR spectra of simple binary complexes of
      the TAZ1 and TAZ2 domains with the p53TAD suffer from exchange broadening, but
      innovations in construct design and isotopic labeling have enabled us to obtain
      high-resolution structures using fusion proteins, uniformly labeled in the case
      of the TAZ2-p53TAD fusion and segmentally labeled through transintein splicing
      for the TAZ1-p53TAD fusion. The p53TAD is bipartite, with two interaction motifs,
      termed AD1 and AD2, which fold to form short amphipathic helices upon binding to
      TAZ1 and TAZ2 whereas intervening regions of the p53TAD remain flexible. Both the
      AD1 and AD2 motifs bind to hydrophobic surfaces of the TAZ domains, with AD2
      making more extensive hydrophobic contacts consistent with its greater
      contribution to the binding affinity. Binding of AD1 and AD2 is synergistic, and
      structural studies performed with isolated motifs can be misleading. The present
      structures of the full-length p53TAD complexes demonstrate the versatility of the
      interactions available to an intrinsically disordered domain containing bipartite
      interaction motifs and provide valuable insights into the structural basis of the
      affinity changes that occur upon stress-related posttranslational modification. 

PMID- 26976606
TI  - Moving beyond metagenomics to find the next pandemic virus.

PMID- 26976604
TI  - Inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) generated by IP5K mediates cullin-COP9
      signalosome interactions and CRL function.
AB  - The family of cullin-RING E3 Ligases (CRLs) and the constitutive
      photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) form dynamic complexes that mediate
      ubiquitylation of 20% of the proteome, yet regulation of their
      assembly/disassembly remains poorly understood. Inositol polyphosphates are
      highly conserved signaling molecules implicated in diverse cellular processes. We
      now report that inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is a major physiologic
      determinant of the CRL-CSN interface, which includes a hitherto unidentified
      electrostatic interaction between the N-terminal acidic tail of CSN subunit 2
      (CSN2) and a conserved basic canyon on cullins. IP6, with an EC50 of 20 nM, acts
      as an intermolecular "glue," increasing cullin-CSN2 binding affinity by 30-fold,
      thereby promoting assembly of the inactive CRL-CSN complexes. The IP6 synthase,
      Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 2-kinase (IPPK/IP5K) binds to cullins. Depleting IP5K increases
      the percentage of neddylated, active Cul1 and Cul4A, and decreases levels of the
      Cul1/4A substrates p27 and p21. Besides dysregulating CRL-mediated cell
      proliferation and UV-induced apoptosis, IP5K depletion potentiates by 28-fold the
      cytotoxic effect of the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924. Thus, IP5K and IP6 are
      evolutionarily conserved components of the CRL-CSN system and are potential
      targets for cancer therapy in conjunction with MLN4924.

PMID- 26976608
TI  - Guidelines for writing a commentary.

PMID- 26976609
TI  - The Evolving Methodology of Scoping Reviews.

PMID- 26976607
TI  - SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence.
AB  - Outbreaks from zoonotic sources represent a threat to both human disease as well
      as the global economy. Despite a wealth of metagenomics studies, methods to
      leverage these datasets to identify future threats are underdeveloped. In this
      study, we describe an approach that combines existing metagenomics data with
      reverse genetics to engineer reagents to evaluate emergence and pathogenic
      potential of circulating zoonotic viruses. Focusing on the severe acute
      respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like viruses, the results indicate that the WIV1
      coronavirus (CoV) cluster has the ability to directly infect and may undergo
      limited transmission in human populations. However, in vivo attenuation suggests
      additional adaptation is required for epidemic disease. Importantly, available
      SARS monoclonal antibodies offered success in limiting viral infection absent
      from available vaccine approaches. Together, the data highlight the utility of a
      platform to identify and prioritize prepandemic strains harbored in animal
      reservoirs and document the threat posed by WIV1-CoV for emergence in human
      populations. 

PMID- 26976611
TI  - Causal or not: applying the Bradford Hill aspects of evidence to the association
      between Zika virus and microcephaly.

PMID- 26976610
TI  - Barriers and facilitators related to implementation of regulated midwifery in
      Manitoba: a case study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2000, midwifery was regulated in the Canadian Province of
      Manitoba. Since the establishment of the midwifery program, little formal
      research has analyzed the utilization of regulated midwifery services. In
      Manitoba, the demand for midwifery services has exceeded the number of midwives
      in practice. The specific objective of this study was to explore factors
      influencing the implementation and utilization of regulated midwifery services in
      Manitoba. METHODS: The case study design incorporated qualitative exploratory
      descriptive methods, using data derived from two sources: interviews and public
      documents. Twenty-four key informants were purposefully selected to participate
      in semi-structured in-depth interviews. All documents analyzed were in the public
      domain. Content analysis was employed to analyze the documents and transcripts of
      the interviews. RESULTS: The results of the study were informed by the Behavioral
      Model of Health Services Use. Three main topic areas were explored: facilitators,
      barriers, and future strategies and recommendations. The most common themes
      arising under facilitators were funding of midwifery services and strategies to
      integrate the profession. Power and conflict, and lack of a productive education
      program emerged as the most prominent themes under barriers. Finally, future
      strategies for sustaining the midwifery profession focused on ensuring avenues
      for registration and education, improving management strategies and
      accountability frameworks within the employment model, enhancing the work
      environment, and evaluating both the practice and employment models. Results of
      the document analysis supported the themes arising from the interviews.
      CONCLUSION: These findings on factors that influenced the implementation and
      integration of midwifery in Manitoba may provide useful information to key
      stakeholders in Manitoba, as well as other provinces as they work toward
      successful implementation of regulated midwifery practice. Funding for new
      positions and programs was consistently noted as a successful strategy. While
      barriers such as structures of power within Regional Health Authorities and inter
      and intra-professional conflict were identified, the lack of a productive
      midwifery education program emerged as the most prominent barrier. This new
      knowledge highlights issues that impact the ongoing growth and capacity of the
      midwifery profession and suggests directions for ensuring its sustainability.

PMID- 26976613
TI  - CSF sTREM2: marking the tipping point between preclinical AD and dementia?

PMID- 26976614
TI  - One-step surgery for acute ischemia of the jejunal loop after
      pancreatoduodenectomy: report of a case.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is an extensive surgery, and its
      complications are grave. Acute ischemia of the jejunal loop due to thrombosis of
      the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and its branches is one of the most dangerous
      complications that, although rare, if left untreated leads to abdominal sepsis
      and death of a patient. CASE PRESENTATION: A 77-year-old man underwent PD for
      pancreatic cancer. On postoperative day 2, the patient developed a severe anemia
      with hypotension. The computed tomography showed acute ischemia of the jejunal
      loop due to thrombosis. The emergent surgery was performed. The removal of the
      ischemic intestine and re-anastomoses of the biliary and pancreatic ducts could
      be performed all at once because necrosis and inflammation were still very mild
      in early stage. CONCLUSION: If suspicion for thrombosis of the SMV and its
      branches is raised, re-laparotomy should be considered. Early re-operation can
      lead to removal of the ischemic intestine and re-anastomoses in one-step surgery.

PMID- 26976612
TI  - OX40 ligand newly expressed on bronchiolar progenitors mediates influenza
      infection and further exacerbates pneumonia.
AB  - Influenza virus epidemics potentially cause pneumonia, which is responsible for
      much of the mortality due to the excessive immune responses. The role of
      costimulatory OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) interactions has been explored in the non
      infectious pathology of influenza pneumonia. Here, we describe a critical
      contribution of OX40L to infectious pathology, with OX40L deficiency, but not
      OX40 deficiency, resulting in decreased susceptibility to influenza viral
      infection. Upon infection, bronchiolar progenitors increase in number for
      repairing the influenza-damaged epithelia. The OX40L expression is induced on the
      progenitors for the antiviral immunity during the infectious process. However,
      these defense-like host responses lead to more extensive infection owing to the
      induced OX40L with alpha-2,6 sialic acid modification, which augments the
      interaction with the viral hemagglutinin. In fact, the specific antibody against
      the sialylated site of OX40L exhibited therapeutic potency in mitigating the
      OX40L-mediated susceptibility to influenza. Our data illustrate that the
      influenza-induced expression of OX40L on bronchiolar progenitors has pathogenic
      value to develop a novel therapeutic approach against influenza.

PMID- 26976615
TI  - Late-onset diaphragmatic hernia after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of
      hepatocellular carcinoma: a case study.
AB  - Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is widely used as an effective
      treatment of liver tumors. Several reported complications associated with RFA are
      due to thermal damage of neighboring organs. The present report presents a case
      of diaphragmatic hernia associated with RFA and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A
      72-year-old woman with S5 and S8 HCCs was treated repeatedly with RFA and
      transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for 3 years. After the third course of
      RFA to target the recurring S5 HCC, acute abdominal pain and dyspnea suddenly
      occurred. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed intrusion of the
      transverse colon through the right diaphragmatic hernia. In addition, the colon
      was dilated and showed changes suggestive of ischemic conditions. An emergency
      surgery was performed to close the hernia by using non-absorbable sutures to
      preserve the colon. The patient was discharged without any complications 13 days
      after the surgery. The first-line treatment of this disease involves surgical
      intervention. Diaphragmatic hernia is a rare complication of RFA. The present
      case suggests that patients who undergo several rounds of RFA require
      surveillance for diaphragmatic hernias. 

PMID- 26976616
TI  - A case of splenic metastasis of ovarian cancer treated with complete laparoscopic
      splenectomy and transvaginal specimen extraction.
AB  - A 61-year-old woman was diagnosed with right inguinal lymph node and splenic
      metastasis of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. We performed right inguinal
      lymph node dissection and total laparoscopic splenectomy in the supine position
      followed by transvaginal specimen extraction (TVSE). First, using three ports, we
      extracted the right inguinal lymph node. We repaired the posterior wall of the
      inguinal canal using a mesh plug. We added two ports and displaced the spleen
      from the retroperitoneum and lifted it using a snake retractor, disconnecting the
      hilum using an automatic suturing device. Next, the posterior wall of the vagina
      was intraperitoneally incised. And an Alexis(r) laparoscopic system was inserted
      into the vagina. The cap maintained aeroperitoneum, a collection bag was inserted
      in the abdominal cavity via the vagina, and the spleen was collected. When the
      spleen was removed from the body, partial fragmentation of the organ was required
      in the bag. Organ fragmentation was performed only within the bag, and we made
      sure not to tear the bag. The vaginal wound was laparoscopically sutured. The
      patient had no operative complications and was able to actively ambulate at the
      first day after surgery due to a slight postoperative pain. Total laparoscopic
      splenectomy with TVSE in the supine position may be a safe and feasible method
      for selected female patients. This technique enables minimally invasive surgery
      for female patients with splenic disease. 

PMID- 26976618
TI  - Professional carers' experiences of caring for individuals with intellectual
      disability and dementia.
AB  - The number of people with intellectual disability living into old age and
      developing dementia continues to increase. Dementia presents a wide range of
      challenges for staff due to progressive deterioration. This article presents the
      findings from a narrative literature review of professional caregivers'
      experiences of caring for individuals with intellectual disability and dementia.
      Seven electronic databases were searched using Boolean operators and truncation
      to identify relevant literature. Search results were combined and narrowed to
      articles relevant to staff working with individuals with intellectual disability
      and dementia, and 14 articles met the criteria for review. Themes outlined in the
      review include staff knowledge of dementia, staff training in dementia,
      caregiving, challenging behaviour, pain management, mealtime support and coping
      strategies. Overall carers must review and adjust their care delivery and support
      to people with intellectual disability and dementia, not only in terms of
      identifying and responding to their health needs but also through collaborative
      team working within and across services.

PMID- 26976617
TI  - Overview on acute-on-chronic liver failure.
AB  - Liver failure (LF) is defined as severe dysfunction in hepatic synthesis,
      detoxification, and metabolism induced by various etiologies. Clinical
      presentation of LF typically includes severe jaundice, coagulation disorder,
      hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites. LF can be classified into acute LF, acute-on
      chronic LF (ACLF), and chronic LF. ACLF has been demonstrated as a distinct
      syndrome with unique clinical presentation and outcomes. The severity,
      curability, and reversibility of ACLF have attracted considerable attention.
      Remarkable developments in ACLF-related conception, diagnostic criteria,
      pathogenesis, and therapy have been achieved. However, this disease, especially
      its diagnostic criteria, remains controversial. In this paper, we systemically
      reviewed the current understanding of ACLF from its definition, etiology,
      pathophysiology, pathology, and clinical presentation to management by thoroughly
      comparing important findings between east and west countries, as well as those
      from other regions. We also discussed the controversies, challenges, and needs
      for future studies to promote the standardization and optimization of the
      diagnosis and treatment for ACLF. 

PMID- 26976619
TI  - Conservation of anatomically restricted glycosaminoglycan structures in divergent
      nematode species.
AB  - Heparan sulfates (HS) are glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrices and
      characterized by complex modification patterns owing to sulfations,
      epimerization, and acetylation. Distinct HS modification patterns have been shown
      to modulate protein-protein interactions during development in general and of the
      nervous system in particular. This has led to the heparan sulfate code
      hypothesis, which posits that specifically modified HS epitopes are distributed
      in a tissue and cell-specific fashion to orchestrate neural circuit formation.
      Whether an HS code exists in vivo, how specific or how evolutionarily conserved
      the anatomical distribution of an HS code may be has remained unknown. Here we
      conduct a systematic comparison of HS modification patterns in the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans using transgenic expression of 33 different HS-specific
      single chain variable fragment antibodies. We find that some HS modification
      patterns are widely distributed in the nervous system. In contrast, other HS
      modification patterns appear highly cell-specific in both non-neuronal and
      neuronal cells. Some patterns can be as restricted in their localization as to
      single neurites or synaptic connections between two neurons. This restricted
      anatomical localization of specific HS patterns can be evolutionarily conserved
      over a span of 80-100 million years in the divergent nematode species
      Caenorhabditis briggsae suggesting structural and, possibly functional
      conservation of glycosaminoglycan structures similar to proteins. These findings
      suggest a HS code with subcellularly localized, unique glycan identities in the
      nervous system.

PMID- 26976621
TI  - miR-199-sponge transgenic mice develop physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
AB  - AIMS: Overexpression of either member of the miR-199 family, miR-199a-5p, or miR
      199b-5p (hereinafter referred to as miR-199a or miR-199b) promotes pathological
      cardiac hypertrophy, but little is known about the role of endogenous miR-199 in
      cardiac development and disease. Our study aimed to determine the physiological
      function of the endogenous miR-199 family in cardiac homeostasis maintenance.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: We generated a sponge transgenic mouse model with a specific
      disruption of miR-199 in the heart. To our surprise, we found that knockdown of
      endogenous miR-199 caused physiological cardiac hypertrophy characterized by an
      increased heart weight and cardiomyocyte size, but with normal cardiac morphology
      and function. Furthermore, we also identified PGC1alpha as the target gene of the
      miR-199 family, and PGC1alpha was also increased in sponge transgenic mice.
      CONCLUSION: Inhibition of endogenous miR-199 led to physiological cardiac
      hypertrophy probably due to the up-regulation of PGC1alpha, uncovering a
      surprising role for endogenous miR-199 in the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis.

PMID- 26976620
TI  - Hsp70 protects from stroke in atrial fibrillation patients by preventing
      thrombosis without increased bleeding risk.
AB  - AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for cardio-embolic stroke.
      Anticoagulant drugs are effective in preventing AF-related stroke. However, the
      high frequency of anticoagulant-associated major bleeding is a major concern.
      This study sought to identify new targets to develop safer antithrombotic
      therapies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, microarray analysis in peripheral blood
      cells in eight patients with AF and stroke and eight AF subjects without stroke
      brought to light a stroke-related gene expression pattern. HSPA1B, which encodes
      for heat-shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70), was the most differentially expressed
      gene. This gene was down-regulated in stroke subjects, a finding confirmed
      further in an independent AF cohort of 200 individuals. Hsp70 knock-out mice
      subjected to different thrombotic challenges developed thrombosis significantly
      earlier than their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Remarkably, the tail bleeding
      time was unchanged. Accordingly, both TRC051384 and tubastatin A, i.e. two Hsp70
      inducers via different pathways, delayed thrombus formation in WT mice, the tail
      bleeding time still being unaltered. Most interestingly, Hsp70 inducers did not
      increase the bleeding risk even when aspirin was concomitantly administered.
      Hsp70 induction was associated with an increased vascular thrombomodulin
      expression and higher circulating levels of activated protein C upon thrombotic
      stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: Hsp70 induction is a novel approach to delay thrombus
      formation with minimal bleeding risk, and is especially promising for treating AF
      patients and in other situations where there is also a major bleeding hazard.

PMID- 26976622
TI  - Differentiation of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma From Follicular Lymphoma Using
      Texture Analysis on Conventional MR Images at 3.0 Tesla.
AB  - RATIONAL AND OBJECTIVES: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represents the
      most common type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); follicular lymphoma
      (FL) is the most frequent indolent NHL. The aim of this study was to investigate
      whether texture-based analysis of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      allows discrimination of DLBCL from FL, and further, to correlate the MRI texture
      features with diffusion-weighted imaging apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)
      value and tumor tissue cellularity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients
      with histologically proven NHL (30 DLBCL and 11 FL) underwent conventional MRI
      and diffusion-weighted imaging examination before treatment. Based on regions of
      interest, texture analysis was performed on T1-weighted images pre- and
      postcontrast enhancement and on T2-weighted images with and without fat
      suppression, and features derived from the run-length matrix- and co-occurrence
      matrix-based methods were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curves were
      performed for the three most discriminative texture features for the
      differentiation of the two most common types of lymphoma. The analyzed MRI
      texture features were correlated with the ADC value and the tumor tissue
      cellularity. RESULTS: We found that on T1-weighted images postcontrast
      enhancement, run-length matrix-based texture analysis for lesion classification
      differentiated DLBCL from FL, with specificity and sensitivity of 76.6% and
      76.5%, respectively. There was no correlation between the texture features and
      the ADC value or tumor tissue cellularity. CONCLUSIONS: DLBCL and FL can be
      differentiated by means of texture analysis on T1-weighted MRI postcontrast
      enhancement. These results could serve as a basis for the use of the texture
      features on conventional MRI as adjunct to clinical examination to distinguish
      DLBCL from FL.

PMID- 26976623
TI  - Descriptors of Malignant Non-mass Enhancement of Breast MRI: Their Correlation to
      the Presence of Invasion.
AB  - RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the clinical
      significance of malignant non-mass enhancement (NME) descriptors in breast
      magnetic resonance images by assessing their correlation to the presence of
      invasion or lymph node metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three radiologists
      independently reviewed magnetic resonance images with malignant NMEs between
      January 2008 and December 2009. Distribution was assessed first, and then each of
      four internal enhancement patterns-clumped, clustered ring, branching, and
      hypointense area-was evaluated dichotomously (yes or no). Because clustered rings
      and hypointense areas were thought to be major structural elements of
      heterogeneous NMEs, they were also evaluated by integrating them into one
      collective descriptor we called the "heterogeneous structures." Chi-square test,
      Fisher exact test, or Student t test was used to analyze differences of variables
      by each reviewer. Positive predictive values (PPVs) of descriptors in predicting
      presence of invasion or lymph node metastasis were calculated. P < 0.05 was
      considered significant. RESULTS: We included 131 malignant NMEs (76 in situ and
      55 invasive) in 129 patients (two bilateral). All three observers' results showed
      clustered rings (PPVs 54.5%, 54.5%, 50.0%) (P = 0.0005, 0.038, 0.029) and
      hypointense areas (PPVs 63.6%, 61.5%, 73.9%) (P = 0.004, 0.024, 0.0006) to be
      significantly associated with invasion. When clustered rings and hypointense
      areas were integrated into heterogeneous structures, they were significantly
      associated with invasion (PPVs 54.3%, 53.3%, 51.8%) (P = 0.0003, 0.016, 0.003).
      CONCLUSIONS: The NME descriptors clustered rings, hypoechoic areas, and
      heterogeneous structures, assessed collectively, were associated with invasive
      breast cancer.

PMID- 26976624
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Osteochondritis Dissecans: Validation Study for the
      ICRS Classification System.
AB  - RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: In this retrospective case series, we utilize
      arthroscopy as the gold standard to determine if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      of the knee can predict osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion stability, the
      most important information to guide patient treatment decisions. It is
      hypothesized that the classification system of the International Cartilage Repair
      Society (ICRS) will allow for improved assessment of lesion grade and stability
      in OCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Routine MRI studies of 46 consecutive patients
      with arthroscopically proven OCD lesions (mean age: 23.7 years; 26 male, 16
      female) were assessed by three radiologists who were blinded to arthroscopic
      results. Arthroscopic images were evaluated by two orthopedic surgeons in
      consensus. The OCD criteria of the ICRS were applied to arthroscopy and imaging
      interpretations. Inter-rater correlation statistics and accuracy of magnetic
      resonance (MR) grading with respect to arthroscopy were determined. RESULTS: Only
      56% of the available MR reports assigned a label of stable or unstable to the
      lesion description. Of these, 58% of the lesions were deemed unstable and 42%
      were stable. Accuracy was 53% when reports addressed stability. Utilizing the
      ICRS classification system, for all three readers combined, the respective
      sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MR imaging to determine lesion
      stability were 70%, 81%, and 76%. When compared to the original MRI report, the
      overall accuracy increased from 53% to 76% when readers were given the specific
      criteria of the OCD ICRS classification. However, inter-reader variability
      remained high, with Krippendorf's alpha ranging from 0.48 to 0.57. CONCLUSIONS:
      In this paper, we utilize arthroscopy as the gold standard to determine if MRI
      can predict OCD lesion stability, the most important information to guide patient
      treatment decisions. To our surprise, the analysis of the existing radiology
      reports that addressed stability revealed an overall accuracy in defining OCD
      lesion stability of about 53%. The classification system of the ICRS, created by
      an international multidisciplinary, multi-expert consortium, did markedly improve
      the accuracy, but consistency among different readers was lacking. This
      retrospective study on OCD reporting and classification highlights the inadequacy
      of existing classification schemes, and emphasizes the critical need for improved
      diagnostic MRI protocols in musculoskeletal radiology in order to propel it
      toward evidence-based medicine.

PMID- 26976626
TI  - Is there an optimal basis to maximise optical information transfer?
AB  - We establish the concept of the density of the optical degrees of freedom that
      may be applied to any photonics based system. As a key example of this versatile
      approach we explore information transfer using optical communication. We
      demonstrate both experimentally, theoretically and numerically that the use of a
      basis set with fields containing optical vortices does not increase the
      telecommunication capacity of an optical system. 

PMID- 26976625
TI  - Introduction and overview of the special issue "Brain imaging and aging": The new
      era of neuroimaging in aging research.
AB  - It is well known that the brain is one of the organs particularly affected by
      aging in terms of function, relative to the gastrointestinal tract and liver,
      which exhibit less functional decline. There is also a wide range of age-related
      neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's
      disease. Therefore, it is very important to understand the relationship between
      functional age-related change and neurological dysfunction. Neuroimaging
      techniques including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography
      have been significantly improved over recent years. Many physicians and
      researchers have investigated various mechanisms of age-related cerebral change
      and associated neurological disorders using neuroimaging techniques. In this
      special issue of Ageing Research Reviews, we focus on cerebral- and neuro
      imaging, which are a range of tools used to visualize structure, functions, and
      pathogenic molecules in the nervous system. In addition, we summarize several
      review articles about the history, present values, and future perspectives of
      neuroimaging modalities.

PMID- 26976628
TI  - Correction: In situ induction of dendritic cell-based T cell tolerance in
      humanized mice and nonhuman primates.

PMID- 26976627
TI  - Self-assembled hydrophobin for producing water-soluble and membrane permeable
      fluorescent dye.
AB  - Low water solubility and poor membrane permeability are major disadvantages that
      compromise applications of most fluorescent dyes. To resolve these problems,
      herein, using Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) as a model fluorescent dye, for the
      first time, we provide a new strategy for the rapid and efficient production of a
      water-soluble and membrane-permeable dye by mixing with an amphiphilic protein
      named hydrophobin. Data shows BODIPY could be effectively solubilized and
      dispersed in 200 MUg/mL hydrophobin by simple mixing and sonication. Subsequent
      experiments indicated that hydrophobin self-assembled into a protein film on the
      surface of BODIPY forming stable hydrophobin-BODIPY complexes with a size range
      of 10-30 nm. Furthermore, we demonstrated hydrophobin-functionalized BODIPY are
      toxicity free to cells. The hydrophobin-BODIPY complex could pass through both
      the cell plasma membrane and nuclear membrane efficiently. Our work opens a novel
      route to modify and functionalize fluorescent dyes and may be developed as a
      general strategy for broadening their applications.

PMID- 26976629
TI  - Human studies at JEM: Immunology and beyond.

PMID- 26976631
TI  - 3D-MR-Neurography of axillary nerve injury: case report of a professional rugby
      player.

PMID- 26976632
TI  - Nesting-driven multipolar order in CeB6 from photoemission tomography.
AB  - Some heavy fermion materials show so-called hidden-order phases which are
      invisible to many characterization techniques and whose microscopic origin
      remained controversial for decades. Among such hidden-order compounds, CeB6 is of
      model character due to its simple electronic configuration and crystal structure.
      Apart from more conventional antiferromagnetism, it shows an elusive phase at low
      temperatures, which is commonly associated with multipolar order. Here we show
      that this phase roots in a Fermi surface instability. This conclusion is based on
      a full 3D tomographic sampling of the electronic structure by angle-resolved
      photoemission and comparison with inelastic neutron scattering data. The hidden
      order is mediated by itinerant electrons. Our measurements will serve as a
      paradigm for the investigation of hidden-order phases in f-electron systems, but
      also generally for situations where the itinerant electrons drive orbital or spin
      order. 

PMID- 26976630
TI  - IL-12 drives functional plasticity of human group 2 innate lymphoid cells.
AB  - Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) include IL-5- and IL-13-producing
      CRTh2(+)CD127(+)cells that are implicated in early protective immunity at mucosal
      surfaces. Whereas functional plasticity has been demonstrated for both human and
      mouse ILC3 subsets that can reversibly give rise to IFN-gamma-producing ILC1,
      plasticity of human or mouse ILC2 has not been shown. Here, we analyze the
      phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human peripheral blood ILC2. Although
      subsets of human CRTh2(+)ILC2 differentially express CD117 (c-kit receptor), some
      ILC2 surface phenotypes are unstable and can be modulated in vitro. Surprisingly,
      human IL-13(+)ILC2 can acquire the capacity to produce IFN-gamma, thereby
      generating plastic ILC2. ILC2 cultures demonstrated that IFN-gamma(+)ILC2 clones
      could be derived and were stably associated with increased T-BET expression. The
      inductive mechanism for ILC2 plasticity was mapped to the IL-12-IL-12R signaling
      pathway and was confirmed through analysis of patients with Mendelian
      susceptibility to mycobacterial disease due to IL-12Rbeta1 deficiencies that
      failed to generate plastic ILC2. We also detected IL-13(+)IFN-gamma(+)ILC2 ex
      vivo in intestinal samples from Crohn's disease patients. These results
      demonstrate cytokine production plasticity for human ILC2 and further suggest
      that environmental cues can dictate ILC phenotype and function for these tissue
      resident innate effector cells. 

PMID- 26976636
TI  - Both the Exact Target Site Sequence and a Long Poly(A) Tail Are Required for
      Precise Insertion of the 18S Ribosomal DNA-Specific Non-Long Terminal Repeat
      Retrotransposon R7Ag.
AB  - Ribosomal elements (R elements) are site-specific non-long terminal repeat (LTR)
      retrotransposons that target ribosomal DNA (rDNA). To elucidate how R elements
      specifically access their target sites, we isolated and characterized the 18S
      rDNA-specific R element R7Ag from Anopheles gambiae Using an in vivo and ex vivo
      recombinant baculovirus retrotransposition system, we found that the exact host
      18S rDNA sequence at the target site is essential for the precise insertion of
      R7Ag. In addition, a long poly(A) tail is necessary for the accurate initiation
      of R7Ag reverse transcription, a novel mechanism found in non-LTR elements. We
      further compared the subcellular localizations of proteins in R7Ag as well as
      R1Bm, another R element that targets 28S rDNA. Although the open reading frame 1
      proteins (ORF1ps) of both R7Ag and R1Bm localized predominantly in the cytoplasm,
      ORF2 proteins (ORF2ps) colocalized in the nucleus with the nucleolar marker
      fibrillarin. The ORF1ps and ORF2ps of both R elements colocalized largely in the
      nuclear periphery and to a lesser extent within the nucleus. These results
      suggest that R7Ag and R1Bm proteins may access nucleolar rDNA targets in an ORF2p
      dependent manner.

PMID- 26976635
TI  - Differential Involvement of the Npl4 Zinc Finger Domains of SHARPIN and HOIL-1L
      in Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex-Mediated Cell Death Protection.
AB  - The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) participates in NF-kappaB
      activation and cell death protection. Loss of any of the three LUBAC subunits
      (catalytic HOIP, accessory HOIL-1L, or accessory SHARPIN subunit) leads to
      distinct phenotypes in mice and human. cpdm mice (chronic proliferative
      dermatitis in mice [cpdm]) that lack SHARPIN exhibit chronic inflammatory
      phenotypes, whereas HOIL-1L knockout mice exhibit no overt phenotypes, despite
      sharing highly homologous ubiquitin-like (UBL) and Npl4 zinc finger (NZF)
      domains. Here, we intercrossed mice lacking HOIL-1L and SHARPIN and found that
      reduction of HOIL-1L in cpdm mice exacerbated inflammatory phenotypes without
      affecting characteristic features of cpdm disease, whereas reduction of SHARPIN
      in HOIL-1L knockout mice provoked no overt phenotypes. Hence, loss of SHARPIN and
      reduction of LUBAC triggers cpdm phenotypes. We found that the NZF domain of
      SHARPIN, but not that of HOIL-1L, is critical for effective protection from
      programmed cell death by enhancing the recruitment of LUBAC to the activated TNFR
      complex. The binding activity to K63-linked ubiquitin chains that the NZF domain
      of SHARPIN, but not that of HOIL-1L, possesses appears to be involved in the
      recruitment. Thus, selective recognition of ubiquitin chains by NZFs in LUBAC
      underlies the regulation of LUBAC function.

PMID- 26976637
TI  - p38beta Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Modulates Its Own Basal Activity by
      Autophosphorylation of the Activating Residue Thr180 and the Inhibitory Residues
      Thr241 and Ser261.
AB  - Many enzymes are self-regulated and can either inhibit or enhance their own
      catalytic activity. Enzymes that do both are extremely rare. Many protein kinases
      autoactivate by autophosphorylating specific sites at their activation loop and
      are inactivated by phosphatases. Although mitogen-activated protein kinases
      (MAPKs) are usually activated by dual phosphorylation catalyzed by MAPK kinases
      (MAPKKs), the MAPK p38beta is exceptional and is capable of self-activation by
      cis autophosphorylation of its activation loop residue T180. We discovered that
      p38beta also autophosphorylates in trans two previously unknown sites residing
      within a MAPK-specific structural element known as the MAPK insert: T241 and
      S261. Whereas phosphorylation of T180 evokes catalytic activity, phosphorylation
      of S261 reduces the activity of T180-phosphorylated p38beta, and phosphorylation
      of T241 reduces its autophosphorylation in trans Both phosphorylations do not
      affect the activity of dually phosphorylated p38beta. T241 of p38beta is found
      phosphorylated in vivo in bone and muscle tissues. In myogenic cell lines,
      phosphorylation of p38beta residue T241 is correlated with differentiation to
      myotubes. T241 and S261 are also autophosphorylated in intrinsically active
      variants of p38alpha, but in this protein, they probably play a different role.
      We conclude that p38beta is an unusual enzyme that automodulates its basal, MAPKK
      independent activity by several autophosphorylation events, which enhance and
      suppress its catalytic activity.

PMID- 26976638
TI  - Chordin-Like 1 Suppresses Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4-Induced Breast Cancer Cell
      Migration and Invasion.
AB  - ShcA is an important mediator of ErbB2- and transforming growth factor beta (TGF
      beta)-induced breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. We show
      that in the context of reduced ShcA levels, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
      antagonist chordin-like 1 (Chrdl1) is upregulated in numerous breast cancer cells
      following TGF-beta stimulation. BMPs have emerged as important modulators of
      breast cancer aggressiveness, and we have investigated the ability of Chrdl1 to
      block BMP-induced increases in breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Breast
      cancer-derived conditioned medium containing elevated concentrations of
      endogenous Chrdl1, as well as medium containing recombinant Chrdl1, suppresses
      BMP4-induced signaling in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Live-cell migration
      assays reveal that BMP4 induces breast cancer migration, which is effectively
      blocked by Chrdl1. We demonstrate that BMP4 also stimulated breast cancer cell
      invasion and matrix degradation, in part, through enhanced metalloproteinase 2
      (MMP2) and MMP9 activity that is antagonized by Chrdl1. Finally, high Chrdl1
      expression was associated with better clinical outcomes in patients with breast
      cancer. Together, our data reveal that Chrdl1 acts as a negative regulator of
      malignant breast cancer phenotypes through inhibition of BMP signaling.

PMID- 26976639
TI  - Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Mediates Integrin Signaling To Control RNA
      Polymerase I Transcriptional Activity.
AB  - RNA polymerase I-mediated rRNA production is a key determinant of cell growth.
      Despite extensive studies, the signaling pathways that control RNA polymerase I
      mediated rRNA production are not well understood. Here we provide original
      evidence showing that RNA polymerase I transcriptional activity is tightly
      controlled by integrin signaling. Furthermore, we show that a signaling axis
      consisting of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
      (PI3K), Akt, and mTOR mediates the effect of integrin signaling on rRNA
      transcription. Additionally, we show that in kindlin-2 knockout mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts, overactivation of Ras, Akt, and Src can successfully rescue the
      defective RNA polymerase I activity induced by the loss of kindlin-2. Finally,
      through experiments with inhibitors of FAK, Src, and PI3K and rescue experiments
      in MEFs, we found that the FAK/Src/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to control rRNA
      transcription is linear. Collectively, these studies reveal, for the first time,
      a pivotal role of integrin signaling in regulation of RNA polymerase I
      transcriptional activity and shed light on the downstream signaling axis that
      participates in regulation of this key aspect of cell growth.

PMID- 26976640
TI  - Effects of Combined Tristetraprolin/Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Deficiency on
      the Splenic Transcriptome.
AB  - Tristetraprolin (TTP) acts by binding to AU-rich elements in certain mRNAs, such
      as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA, and increasing their decay rates. TTP
      knockout mice exhibit a profound inflammatory syndrome that is largely due to
      increased TNF levels. Although TTP's effects on gene expression have been well
      studied in cultured cells, little is known about its functions in intact tissues.
      We performed deep RNA sequencing on spleens from TTP knockout mice that were also
      deficient in both TNF receptors ("triple knockout" mice) to remove the secondary
      effects of excess TNF activity. To help identify posttranscriptionally regulated
      transcripts, we also compared changes in mature mRNA levels to levels of
      transiently expressed pre-mRNA. In the triple knockout spleens, levels of 3,014
      transcripts were significantly affected by 1.5-fold or more, but only a small
      fraction exhibited differential mRNA/pre-mRNA changes suggestive of increased
      mRNA stability. Transferrin receptor mRNA, which contains two highly conserved
      potential TTP binding sites, was significantly upregulated relative to its pre
      mRNA. This was reflected in increased transferrin receptor expression and
      increased splenic iron/hemosiderin deposition. Our results suggest that TTP
      deficiency has profound effects on the splenic transcriptome, even in the absence
      of secondary increases in TNF activity.

PMID- 26976641
TI  - Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor A Activation by Competition with WH2
      Domain Proteins for Actin Binding.
AB  - The myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) are coactivators of serum
      response factor (SRF)-mediated gene expression. Activation of MRTF-A occurs in
      response to alterations in actin dynamics and critically requires the
      dissociation of repressive G-actin-MRTF-A complexes. However, the mechanism
      leading to the release of MRTF-A remains unclear. Here we show that WH2 domains
      compete directly with MRTF-A for actin binding. Actin nucleation-promoting
      factors, such as N-WASP and WAVE2, as well as isolated WH2 domains, including
      those of Spire2 and Cobl, activate MRTF-A independently of changes in actin
      dynamics. Simultaneous inhibition of Arp2-Arp3 or mutation of the CA region only
      partially reduces MRTF-A activation by N-WASP and WAVE2. Recombinant WH2 domains
      and the RPEL domain of MRTF-A bind mutually exclusively to cellular and purified
      G-actin in vitro The competition by different WH2 domains correlates with MRTF
      SRF activation. Following serum stimulation, nonpolymerizable actin dissociates
      from MRTF-A, and de novo formation of the G-actin-RPEL complex is impaired by a
      transferable factor. Our work demonstrates that WH2 domains activate MRTF-A and
      contribute to target gene regulation by a competitive mechanism, independently of
      their role in actin filament formation.

PMID- 26976642
TI  - Base Excision Repair, a Pathway Regulated by Posttranslational Modifications.
AB  - Base excision repair (BER) is an essential DNA repair pathway involved in the
      maintenance of genome stability and thus in the prevention of human diseases,
      such as premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Protein
      posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation, methylation,
      phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitylation, have emerged as important
      contributors in controlling cellular BER protein levels, enzymatic activities,
      protein-protein interactions, and protein cellular localization. These PTMs
      therefore play key roles in regulating the BER pathway and are consequently
      crucial for coordinating an efficient cellular DNA damage response. In this
      review, we summarize the presently available data on characterized PTMs of key
      BER proteins, the functional consequences of these modifications at the protein
      level, and also the impact on BER in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 26976643
TI  - Coordinated Regulation of TIP60 and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 in Damaged
      Chromatin Dynamics.
AB  - The dynamic exchange of histones alleviates the nucleosome barrier and
      simultaneously facilitates various aspects of cellular DNA metabolism, such as
      DNA repair and transcription. In response to DNA damage, the acetylation of Lys5
      in the histone variant H2AX, catalyzed by TIP60, plays a key role in promoting
      histone exchange; however, the detailed molecular mechanism still is unclear.
      Here, we show that the TIP60 complex includes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP
      1). PARP-1 is required for the rapid exchange of H2AX on chromatin at DNA damage
      sites. It is known that PARP-1 binds dynamically to damaged chromatin and is
      crucial for the subsequent recruitment of other repair factors, and its auto
      poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is required for the dynamics. We also show that the
      acetylation of histone H2AX at Lys5 by TIP60, but not the phosphorylation of
      H2AX, is required for the ADP-ribosylation activity of PARP-1 and its dynamic
      binding to damaged chromatin. Our results indicate the reciprocal regulation of
      K5 acetylation of H2AX and PARP-1, which could modulate the chromatin structure
      to facilitate DNA metabolism at damage sites. This could explain the rather
      undefined roles of PARP-1 in various DNA damage responses.

PMID- 26976645
TI  - RNA Activation of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene (VEGF) Promoter by
      Double-Stranded RNA and Hypoxia: Role of Noncoding VEGF Promoter Transcripts.
AB  - RNA activation (RNAa) is a gene regulation process in which promoter-targeted
      short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) or microRNAs (miRs) induce target gene
      expression at the transcriptional level. Here, we investigate the presence of
      cryptic promoter transcripts within the VEGF promoter. Single-strand sense and
      antisense noncoding vascular endothelial growth factor (NcVEGF) promoter
      transcripts are identified, and their respective expression is studied in cells
      transfected with a VEGF promoter targeted dsRNA, namely, dsVEGF706, in hypoxic
      cells and in human malignant lung tissues. Interestingly, in dsVEGF706
      transfected, as well as in hypoxic cells, NcVEGF expression levels increase
      coordinately with coding VEGF expression. Ago2 interaction with both sense and
      antisense NcVEGFs is increased in hypoxic cells, whereas in dsVEGF706-transfected
      cells, Ago2 and the antisense strand of the dsRNA interact specifically with the
      sense NcVEGF transcript. Furthermore, both dsVEGF706 and ectopic NcVEGF
      transcripts are able to activate the VEGF promoter endogenously present or in a
      reporter construct. Finally, using small interfering RNA targeting Ago2, we show
      that RNAa plays a role in the maintenance of increased VEGF and NcVEGF expression
      after hypoxia. Given the central role of VEGF in major human diseases, including
      cancer, this novel molecular mechanism is poised to reveal promising
      possibilities for therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 26976644
TI  - The Endothelial Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Domain 2/Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Axis
      Regulates Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Mice.
AB  - Hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2 (HIF-1 and -2) control oxygen supply to tissues
      by regulating erythropoiesis, angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. HIFs are
      regulated in response to oxygen availability by prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD)
      proteins, with PHD2 being the main oxygen sensor that controls HIF activity under
      normoxia. In this study, we used a genetic approach to investigate the
      endothelial PHD2/HIF axis in the regulation of vascular function. We found that
      inactivation of Phd2 in endothelial cells specifically resulted in severe
      pulmonary hypertension (~118% increase in right ventricular systolic pressure)
      but not polycythemia and was associated with abnormal muscularization of
      peripheral pulmonary arteries and right ventricular hypertrophy. Concurrent
      inactivation of either Hif1a or Hif2a in endothelial cell-specific Phd2 mutants
      demonstrated that the development of pulmonary hypertension was dependent on HIF
      2alpha but not HIF-1alpha. Furthermore, endothelial HIF-2alpha was required for
      the development of increased pulmonary artery pressures in a model of pulmonary
      hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia. We propose that these HIF-2-dependent
      effects are partially due to increased expression of vasoconstrictor molecule
      endothelin 1 and a concomitant decrease in vasodilatory apelin receptor
      signaling. Taken together, our data identify endothelial HIF-2 as a key
      transcription factor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 26976646
TI  - A Pilot Study of the Pharmacokinetics of the Modified-Release Once-Daily
      Tacrolimus Formulation Administered to Living-Donor Liver Transplant Recipients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sustained-release once-daily tacrolimus pharmacokinetics have not yet
      been characterized in de novo living-donor liver transplant recipients. Here, a
      12-week, phase IV, single center, open-label, prospective pilot study was
      conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of this formulation in these
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients received continuous intravenous
      infusion of tacrolimus on days 0 to 5 after transplant, which was followed by
      oral once-daily sustained-release tacrolimus. Two 24-hour pharmacokinetics
      profiles were generated for 10 patients on days 6 and 14. Secondary endpoints
      were minimum (trough level) and maximum whole blood concentrations, time to
      maximum concentration, and incidences of acute rejection, patient and graft
      survival, and adverse events. RESULTS: Mean doses (+/- standard deviation) of
      sustained-release tacrolimus on days 6 and 14 were 0.14 +/- 0.03 and 0.17 +/-
      0.04 mg/kg. Levels were within the recommended range throughout the study. When
      the actual dose was examined, area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours on day 14
      was 1.8-fold higher than that on day 6 (423.9 vs 235.7 ng * h/mL). When
      tacrolimus was normalized to 0.1 mg/kg, area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours
      on day 14 was 1.5-fold higher than on day 6 (279.3 vs 183.4 ng * h/mL). When we
      used the actual dose, we found the correlation coefficient between area under the
      curve from 0 to 24 hours and trough level to be higher on day 6 (r = 0.87) than
      on day 14 (r = 0.691). No acute rejections, graft losses, patient deaths, or drug
      related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Initial intravenous followed
      by sustained-release tacrolimus was safe and efficacious in living-donor liver
      transplant recipients. The mean area under the curve from 0 to 24 hours on day 14
      was higher than previously reported; this difference may reflect cautious dosing
      regimens.

PMID- 26976648
TI  - BTS/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory
      failure in adults.

PMID- 26976649
TI  - Theory and realization of a 2D high resolution and high sensitivity SPECT system
      with an angle-encoding attenuator pattern.
AB  - The camera of the conventional SPECT system requires a collimator to allow
      incoming photons from a specific range of incident angle to reach the detector.
      It is the major factor that determines the spatial resolution of the camera.
      Moreover, it also greatly reduces the number of detected photons and hence
      increases statistical fluctuations in the acquired image data. The goal of this
      paper is to propose a theory and design for a novel high resolution and high
      sensitivity SPECT system without conventional collimators. The key is to resolve
      the incident photons from all directional angles and detected by every detector
      bin. Special 'attenuators' were designed to 'encode' the incoming photons from
      different directions similar to coded aperture to form projection data for image
      reconstruction. Each encoded angular pattern of detected photons was recorded as
      one measurement. Different angular patterns were achieved by changing the
      configurations of the attenuators so that angular pattern of different
      measurements or measurement matrix (MM) is invertible, which guarantee a unique
      reconstructed image. In simulation, the attenuators were fitted on a virtual full
      ring gamma camera, as an alternative to the collimators in conventional SPECT
      systems. To evaluate the performance of the new SPECT system, analytical
      simulated projection data in 2D scenario were generated from the XCAT phantom.
      Noisy simulation using 100 noise realizations suggests that the new attenuator
      design provides much improved image quality in terms of contrast-noise trade-offs
      (~30% improvement). The results suggest that the new design of using attenuators
      to replace collimator is feasible and could potentially improve sensitivity
      without sacrificing resolution in today's SPECT systems. 

PMID- 26976647
TI  - Neurocognitive factors in sensory restoration of early deafness: a connectome
      model.
AB  - Progress in biomedical technology (cochlear, vestibular, and retinal implants)
      has led to remarkable success in neurosensory restoration, particularly in the
      auditory system. However, outcomes vary considerably, even after accounting for
      comorbidity-for example, after cochlear implantation, some deaf children develop
      spoken language skills approaching those of their hearing peers, whereas other
      children fail to do so. Here, we review evidence that auditory deprivation has
      widespread effects on brain development, affecting the capacity to process
      information beyond the auditory system. After sensory loss and deafness, the
      brain's effective connectivity is altered within the auditory system, between
      sensory systems, and between the auditory system and centres serving higher order
      neurocognitive functions. As a result, congenital sensory loss could be thought
      of as a connectome disease, with interindividual variability in the brain's
      adaptation to sensory loss underpinning much of the observed variation in outcome
      of cochlear implantation. Different executive functions, sequential processing,
      and concept formation are at particular risk in deaf children. A battery of
      clinical tests can allow early identification of neurocognitive risk factors.
      Intervention strategies that address these impairments with a personalised
      approach, taking interindividual variations into account, will further improve
      outcomes.

PMID- 26976651
TI  - Structure activity relationship studies on cytotoxicity and the effects on
      steroid receptors of AB-functionalized cholestanes.
AB  - Structure-activity relationship analysis and profiling of a library of AB
      functionalized cholestane derivatives closely related to brassinosteroids (BRs)
      were performed to examine their antiproliferative activities and activities on
      steroid hormone receptors. Some of the compounds were found to have strong
      cytotoxic activity in several human normal and cancer cell lines. The presence of
      a 3-hydroxy or 3-oxo group and 2,3-vicinal diol or 3,4-vicinal diol moiety were
      found to be necessary for optimum biological activity, as well as a six-membered
      B ring. According to the profiling of all steroid receptors in both agonist and
      antagonist mode, the majority of the cholestanes were weakly active or inactive
      compared to the natural ligands. Estrogenic activity was detected for two
      compounds, two compounds possessed antagonistic properties on estrogen receptors
      and seven compounds showed agonistic activity. Two active cholestane derivatives
      were shown to strongly influence cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle
      distribution, apoptosis and molecular pathways responsible for these processes in
      hormone-sensitive/insensitive (MCF7/MDA-MB-468) breast cancer cell lines. 

PMID- 26976650
TI  - Loss of Adult Cardiac Myocyte GSK-3 Leads to Mitotic Catastrophe Resulting in
      Fatal Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - RATIONALE: Cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of either glycogen synthase kinase
      (GSK)-3alpha and GSK-3beta leads to cardiac protection after myocardial
      infarction, suggesting that deletion of both isoforms may provide synergistic
      protection. This is an important consideration because of the fact that all GSK-3
      targeted drugs, including the drugs already in clinical trial target both
      isoforms of GSK-3, and none are isoform specific. OBJECTIVE: To identify the
      consequences of combined deletion of cardiac myocyte GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta in
      heart function. METHODS AND RESULTS: We generated tamoxifen-inducible cardiac
      myocyte-specific mice lacking both GSK-3 isoforms (double knockout). We
      unexpectedly found that cardiac myocyte GSK-3 is essential for cardiac
      homeostasis and overall survival. Serial echocardiographic analysis reveals that
      within 2 weeks of tamoxifen treatment, double-knockout hearts leads to excessive
      dilatative remodeling and ventricular dysfunction. Further experimentation with
      isolated adult cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts from double-knockout implicated
      cardiac myocytes intrinsic factors responsible for observed phenotype.
      Mechanistically, loss of GSK-3 in adult cardiac myocytes resulted in induction of
      mitotic catastrophe, a previously unreported event in cardiac myocytes. Double
      knockout cardiac myocytes showed cell cycle progression resulting in increased
      DNA content and multinucleation. However, increased cell cycle activity was
      rivaled by marked activation of DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoint activation, and
      mitotic catastrophe-induced apoptotic cell death. Importantly, mitotic
      catastrophe was also confirmed in isolated adult cardiac myocytes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Together, our findings suggest that cardiac myocyte GSK-3 is required to maintain
      normal cardiac homeostasis, and its loss is incompatible with life because of
      cell cycle dysregulation that ultimately results in a severe fatal dilated
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 26976652
TI  - Role of cytochrome b5 in the modulation of the enzymatic activities of cytochrome
      P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450 17A1).
AB  - Cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) is a small hemoprotein that plays a significant role in
      the modulation of activities of an important steroidogenic enzyme, cytochrome
      P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (P450 17A1, CYP17A1). Located in the zona
      fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and in the gonads, P450
      17A1 catalyzes two different reactions in the steroidogenic pathway; the 17alpha
      hydroxylation and 17,20-lyase, in the endoplasmic reticulum of these respective
      tissues. The activities of P450 17A1 are regulated by cyt b5 that enhances the
      17,20-lyase reaction by promoting the coupling of P450 17A1 and cytochrome P450
      reductase (CPR), allosterically. Cyt b5 can also act as an electron donor to
      enhance the 16-ene-synthase activity of human P450 17A1. In this review, we
      discuss the many roles of cyt b5 and focus on the modulation of CYP17A1
      activities by cyt b5 and the mechanisms involved.

PMID- 26976655
TI  - Pragmatic message to junior doctors.
AB  - Although several studies described the experience of doctors in their first
      postgraduate years, few shed the light on the ethical issues encountered by them.
      These doctors face a broad range of 'everyday' ethical challenges, from breach of
      confidentiality to truth-telling or improper informed consent. The daily ethical
      issues faced by junior doctors are not as dramatic as the major issues learned at
      medical school. Junior doctors have to make the best ethical decisions within the
      time limits available. Undergraduate medical ethics curricula should give
      priority to the real-life issues that doctors will face in their first years of
      practice. 

PMID- 26976654
TI  - Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on Akt and protein kinase C zeta
      (PKCzeta) phosphorylation in different tissues of C57BL6, insulin receptor
      substrate (IRS)1(-/-), and IRS2(-/-) male mice fed a high-fat diet.
AB  - We have previously reported that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) suppresses the
      activity and mRNA expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme glucose-6
      phosphatase (G6Pase), and hepatic glucose production in db/db mice. Tyrosine
      phosphorylation levels of Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1 and IRS2 reportedly
      differ between the liver and muscle tissue and the effect of DHEA on insulin
      signaling has not been elucidated. Therefore, we examined DHEA's effect on the
      liver and muscle tissue of IRS1(-/-) and IRS2(-/-) mice. Eight-week-old male
      C57BL6, IRS1(-/-), and IRS2(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), or an HFD
      containing 0.2% DHEA for 4 weeks. In a separate experiment, 8-week-old male
      C57BL6 mice were fed an HFD or an HFD containing 0.2% androstenedione for 4
      weeks. In an insulin tolerance test, DHEA administration decreased the initial
      plasma glucose levels in the C57BL6, IRS1(-/-), and IRS2(-/-) mice but did not
      decrease the ratios to the basal blood glucose level. Although DHEA
      administration increased Akt phosphorylation in the liver of the C57BL6, IRS1(-/
      ), and IRS2(-/-) mice, androstenedione administration did not increase Akt
      phosphorylation in the liver of C57BL6 mice. DHEA administration did not increase
      Akt and PKCzeta phosphorylation in the muscle tissue of C57BL6, IRS1(-/-), or
      IRS2(-/-) mice. However, androstenedione administration increased Akt and PKCzeta
      phosphorylation in the muscle tissue of C57BL6 mice. These findings suggest that
      the effect of DHEA on insulin action in the liver is self-mediated by DHEA or
      DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) in the presence of IRS1, IRS2, or both. 

PMID- 26976653
TI  - Sterols and oxysterols in plasma from Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patients.
AB  - Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder
      resulting from defects in the cholesterol synthesising enzyme 7
      dehydrocholesterol reductase (Delta7-sterol reductase, DHCR7, EC 1.3.1.21)
      leading to a build-up of the cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC)
      in tissues and blood plasma. Although the underling enzyme deficiency associated
      with SLOS is clear there are likely to be multiple mechanisms responsible for
      SLOS pathology. In an effort to learn more of the aetiology of SLOS we have
      analysed plasma from SLOS patients to search for metabolites derived from 7-DHC
      which may be responsible for some of the pathology. We have identified a novel
      hydroxy-8-dehydrocholesterol, which is either 24- or 25-hydroxy-8
      dehydrocholesterol and also the known metabolites 26-hydroxy-8
      dehydrocholesterol, 4-hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol, 3beta,5alpha-dihydroxycholest
      7-en-6-one and 7alpha,8alpha-epoxycholesterol. None of these metabolites are
      detected in control plasma at quantifiable levels (0.5ng/mL).

PMID- 26976657
TI  - Electrostatic potentials and average electron densities of bioisosteres in
      methylsquarate and acetic acid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The bioisosterism in -CO2H and -C4HO3 is exploited using the quantum
      theory of atoms in molecules and molecular electrostatic potentials (ESP).
      RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Bioisosteres in methylsquarate and acetic acid, in the
      neutral/anionic forms, have average electron densities that differ by less than
      2% (i.e., ~0.01 atomic units) while irrespective of the capping group. The
      topography of the ESP reveals similarities in the case of the neutral species but
      not in the anionic forms. CONCLUSION: The nonclassical bioisosteres in
      methylsquarate and acetic acid have average electron densities that are similar
      and relatively insensitive to the ionization state (neutral or anionic) or its
      studied capping group (H, CH3, Cl or phenyl). The ESP reveals similarities in the
      topography of neutral molecules.

PMID- 26976656
TI  - Unlocking the genetic diversity of Creole wheats.
AB  - Climate change and slow yield gains pose a major threat to global wheat
      production. Underutilized genetic resources including landraces and wild
      relatives are key elements for developing high-yielding and climate-resilient
      wheat varieties. Landraces introduced into Mexico from Europe, also known as
      Creole wheats, are adapted to a wide range of climatic regimes and represent a
      unique genetic resource. Eight thousand four hundred and sixteen wheat landraces
      representing all dimensions of Mexico were characterized through genotyping-by
      sequencing technology. Results revealed sub-groups adapted to specific
      environments of Mexico. Broadly, accessions from north and south of Mexico showed
      considerable genetic differentiation. However, a large percentage of landrace
      accessions were genetically very close, although belonged to different regions
      most likely due to the recent (nearly five centuries before) introduction of
      wheat in Mexico. Some of the groups adapted to extreme environments and
      accumulated high number of rare alleles. Core reference sets were assembled
      simultaneously using multiple variables, capturing 89% of the rare alleles
      present in the complete set. Genetic information about Mexican wheat landraces
      and core reference set can be effectively utilized in next generation wheat
      varietal improvement.

PMID- 26976659
TI  - Effects of yoga in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation - a randomized
      controlled study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with atrial fibrillation often have an impaired quality of
      life (QoL). Practising yoga may decrease stress and have positive effects on
      mental and physical health. The aim of this study was to investigate whether yoga
      can improve QoL and decrease blood pressure and heart rate in patients with
      paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). METHODS: In this pilot study, 80 patients
      diagnosed with PAF were randomized to standard treatment (control group, n=40) or
      standard treatment in combination with yoga (yoga group, n=40) during a 12-week
      period. QoL, blood pressure and heart rate were evaluated at baseline and at the
      end of the study (12 (+2) weeks). EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
      and the two dimensions in Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to evaluate
      QoL. RESULTS: At baseline there was a significant difference in QoL between the
      groups in EQ-5D VAS- scale ( p=0.02) and SF-36 mental health score ( p<0.001) in
      which the control group had higher scores. At the end of the study, the yoga
      group averaged higher SF-36 mental health scores. There was a significant
      difference between the two groups ( p=0.016), but no differences in EQ-5D VAS-
      scale and physiological health score was seen between the two groups. At the end
      of the study, the yoga group had significantly lower heart rate ( p=0.024) and
      systolic ( p=0.033) and diastolic blood pressure ( p<0.001) compared to the
      control group. CONCLUSIONS: Yoga with light movements and deep breathing may lead
      to improved QoL, lower blood pressure and lower heart rate in patients with PAF
      compared to a control group. Yoga could be a complementary treatment method to
      standard therapy.

PMID- 26976661
TI  - Plerixafor for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization in Children With
      Neuroblastoma.

PMID- 26976660
TI  - Top 10 lessons from the Glasgow major incidents.

PMID- 26976658
TI  - The Structure of a Thermophilic Kinase Shapes Fitness upon Random Circular
      Permutation.
AB  - Proteins can be engineered for synthetic biology through circular permutation, a
      sequence rearrangement in which native protein termini become linked and new
      termini are created elsewhere through backbone fission. However, it remains
      challenging to anticipate a protein's functional tolerance to circular
      permutation. Here, we describe new transposons for creating libraries of randomly
      circularly permuted proteins that minimize peptide additions at their termini,
      and we use transposase mutagenesis to study the tolerance of a thermophilic
      adenylate kinase (AK) to circular permutation. We find that libraries expressing
      permuted AKs with either short or long peptides amended to their N-terminus yield
      distinct sets of active variants and present evidence that this trend arises
      because permuted protein expression varies across libraries. Mapping all sites
      that tolerate backbone cleavage onto AK structure reveals that the largest
      contiguous regions of sequence that lack cleavage sites are proximal to the
      phosphotransfer site. A comparison of our results with a range of structure
      derived parameters further showed that retention of function correlates to the
      strongest extent with the distance to the phosphotransfer site, amino acid
      variability in an AK family sequence alignment, and residue-level deviations in
      superimposed AK structures. Our work illustrates how permuted protein libraries
      can be created with minimal peptide additions using transposase mutagenesis, and
      it reveals a challenge of maintaining consistent expression across permuted
      variants in a library that minimizes peptide additions. Furthermore, these
      findings provide a basis for interpreting responses of thermophilic
      phosphotransferases to circular permutation by calibrating how different
      structure-derived parameters relate to retention of function in a cellular
      selection.

PMID- 26976664
TI  - Changes in spinal alignment.
AB  - Spinal misalignments are a common reason for consultation at primary care centers
      and specialized departments. Misalignment has diverse causes and is influenced by
      multiple factors: in adolescence, the most frequent misalignment is scoliosis,
      which is idiopathic in 80% of cases and normally asymptomatic. In adults, the
      most common cause is degenerative. It is important to know the natural history
      and to detect factors that might predict progression. The correct diagnosis of
      spinal deformities requires specific imaging studies. The degree of deformity
      determines the type of treatment. The aim is to prevent progression of the
      deformity and to recover the flexibility and balance of the body. 

PMID- 26976662
TI  - Impact of 4-epi-oxytetracycline on the gut microbiota and blood metabolomics of
      Wistar rats.
AB  - The impact of 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-EOTC), one of the main oxytetracycline
      (OTC) metabolites, on the gut microbiota and physiological metabolism of Wistar
      rats was analyzed to explore the dynamic alterations apparent after repeated oral
      exposure (0.5, 5.0 or 50.0 mg/kg bw) for 15 days as shown by 16S rRNA
      pyrosequencing and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Both principal component analysis and
      cluster analysis showed consistently altered patterns with distinct differences
      in the treated groups versus the control groups. 4-EOTC treatment at 5.0 or 50.0
      mg/kg increased the relative abundance of the Actinobacteria, specifically
      Bifidobacteriaceae, and improved the synthesis of lysophosphatidylcholine
      (LysoPC), as shown by the lipid biomarkers LysoPC(16:0), LysoPC(18:3),
      LysoPC(20:3), and LysoPC(20:4). The metabolomic analysis of urine samples also
      identified four other decreased metabolites: diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin,
      triacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. Notably, the significant changes
      observed in these biomarkers demonstrated the ongoing disorder induced by 4-EOTC.
      Blood and urine analysis revealed that residual 4-EOTC accumulated in the rats,
      even two weeks after oral 4-EOTC administration, ceased. Thus, through thorough
      analysis, it can be concluded that the alteration of the gut microbiota and
      disorders in blood metabolomics are correlated with 4-EOTC treatment.

PMID- 26976663
TI  - Circumferential flow of particles in the suprachoroidal space is impeded by the
      posterior ciliary arteries.
AB  - Microneedle injection into the suprachoroidal space (SCS) enables targeted drug
      delivery for treatment of posterior segment diseases. This study sought to
      identify and characterize anatomical barriers to circumferential spread of
      particles in the SCS of rabbit and human cadaver eyes. These barriers could make
      targeting specific regions within the SCS challenging. A hollow microneedle (33
      gauge, 750 MUm long) was used to inject fluorescent particles into albino New
      Zealand White rabbit eyes ex vivo at six different positions around the limbus
      and a limited number of conditions in vivo. SCS injections were also performed in
      human cadaver eyes 8 mm and 2 mm from the optic nerve (ON). Eyes were dissected
      and particle distribution was quantified. In rabbit eyes, injections made in the
      superior or inferior hemispheres (even when injected temporally immediately
      adjacent to the long posterior ciliary artery (LPCA)) did not significantly cross
      into the other hemisphere, apparently due to a barrier formed by the LPCA. The
      vortex veins had a minor effect on particle deposition, limited to only around
      the vortex vein root. In human eyes, the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs)
      prevented circumferential spread towards the macula and ON. In conclusion, the
      rabbit LPCA and the human SPCA were anatomical barriers to particle spread within
      the SCS. Therefore, design of drug delivery protocols targeting the SCS need to
      account for barriers formed by anatomical structures in order for injected drug
      to reach target tissues.

PMID- 26976665
TI  - Current status of synthetic hemozoin adjuvant: A preliminary safety evaluation.
AB  - Although adjuvants are a "must-have" component of successful vaccines, there are
      very few adjuvants licensed for use in humans, there is therefore an urgent need
      to develop new and safer adjuvants. Synthetic hemozoin (sHZ), a chemical analog
      of hemozoin which is produced by the malaria parasite, exhibits a potent adjuvant
      effect which enhances antigen-specific immune responses to vaccines. The potency
      of sHZ adjuvanticity is not limited to malaria specific vaccines, it has also
      been demonstrated to be effective in influenza and dog allergy models. While the
      synthesis of uniformly sized sHZ with consistent characteristics has proven
      difficult, we have recently successfully optimized the manufacture of sHZ product
      with an optimal adjuvant effect. Here, we summarize recent developments on the
      adjuvant properties of optimized sHZ adjuvant, including its good laboratory
      practice (GLP) non-clinical safety profile in animals. These studies ensure the
      safety of optimized sHZ product to be readily used as vaccine adjuvant beforehand
      in veterinary medicine. 

PMID- 26976666
TI  - Some reflections on the past, present, and future of Physical and Rehabilitation
      Medicine (on the occasion of the 30th SOFMER congress).

PMID- 26976668
TI  - Influence of Educational Attainment on Cognition-Based Intervention Programs for
      Persons with Mild Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This research retrospectively analyzed the effect of education on
      cognitive interventions carried out in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). METHODS: The total sample consisted of 75 patients with mild AD receiving
      treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors. The participants were divided into two
      groups: cognitive intervention (IG; n=45) and waiting list (WLG; n=30). Patients
      in the IG received either the Big Brain Academy (n=15) or the Integrated
      Psychostimulation Program (n=30) during 12 weeks. The influence of education on
      intervention effect was analyzed comparing mean change scores of the two study
      groups in the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale
      (ADAS-cog), stratified by educational level. The potential effect of age, sex,
      cognitive status, and type of intervention was examined using post hoc
      stratification analyses. RESULTS: Higher education was associated with faster
      cognitive decline in the WLG (effect size=0.51; p<.01). However, cognitive
      evolution was not influenced by education in the IG (effect size=0.12; p=.42).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that cognitive intervention might delay
      accelerated cognitive decline in higher educated individuals with mild AD.

PMID- 26976669
TI  - Fluoxetine protects against IL-1beta-induced neuronal apoptosis via
      downregulation of p53.
AB  - Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, exerts neuroprotective
      effects in a variety of neurological diseases including stroke, but the
      underlying mechanism remains obscure. In the present study, we addressed the
      molecular events in fluoxetine against ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute
      neuronal injury and inflammation-induced neuronal apoptosis. We showed that
      treatment of fluoxetine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) with twice injections at 1 h and 12 h
      after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) respectively alleviated
      neurological deficits and neuronal apoptosis in a mouse ischemic stroke model,
      accompanied by inhibiting interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), Bax and p53 expression
      and upregulating anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 level. We next mimicked
      neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke with IL-1beta in primary cultured cortical
      neurons and found that pretreatment with fluoxetine (1 MUM) prevented IL-1beta
      induced neuronal apoptosis and upregulation of p53 expression. Furthermore, we
      demonstrated that p53 overexpression in N2a cell line abolished the anti
      apoptotic effect of fluoxetine, indicating that p53 downregulation is required
      for the protective role of fluoxetine in IL-1beta-induced neuronal apoptosis.
      Fluoxetine downregulating p53 expression could be mimicked by SB203580, a
      specific inhibitor of p38, but blocked by anisomycin, a p38 activator.
      Collectively, our findings have revealed that fluoxetine protects against IL
      1beta-induced neuronal apoptosis via p38-p53 dependent pathway, which give us an
      insight into the potential of fluoxetine in terms of opening up novel therapeutic
      avenues for neurological diseases including stroke.

PMID- 26976670
TI  - Stimulation of brain glucose uptake by cannabinoid CB2 receptors and its
      therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) are emerging as important therapeutic targets
      in brain disorders that typically involve neurometabolic alterations. We here
      addressed the possible role of CB2Rs in the regulation of glucose uptake in the
      mouse brain. To that aim, we have undertaken 1) measurement of (3)H-deoxyglucose
      uptake in cultured cortical astrocytes and neurons and in acute hippocampal
      slices; 2) real-time visualization of fluorescently labeled deoxyglucose uptake
      in superfused hippocampal slices; and 3) in vivo PET imaging of cerebral (18)F
      fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. We now show that both selective (JWH133 and GP1a) as
      well as non-selective (WIN55212-2) CB2R agonists, but not the CB1R-selective
      agonist, ACEA, stimulate glucose uptake, in a manner that is sensitive to the
      CB2R-selective antagonist, AM630. Glucose uptake is stimulated in astrocytes and
      neurons in culture, in acute hippocampal slices, in different brain areas of
      young adult male C57Bl/6j and CD-1 mice, as well as in middle-aged C57Bl/6j mice.
      Among the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, the selective inhibition of COX
      2, rather than that of FAAH, MAGL or alpha,betaDH6/12, also stimulates the uptake
      of glucose in hippocampal slices of middle-aged mice, an effect that was again
      prevented by AM630. However, we found the levels of the endocannabinoid,
      anandamide reduced in the hippocampus of TgAPP-2576 mice (a model of beta
      amyloidosis), and likely as a consequence, COX-2 inhibition failed to stimulate
      glucose uptake in these mice. Together, these results reveal a novel general
      glucoregulatory role for CB2Rs in the brain, raising therapeutic interest in CB2R
      agonists as nootropic agents.

PMID- 26976671
TI  - Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) usage is expected to increase as women
      suffering from menopausal symptoms are seeking alternative therapy due to
      concerns from the adverse effects (AEs) associated with hormone therapy (HT).
      Scientific evidence for their effectiveness and safety is needed. OBJECTIVES: To
      evaluate the effectiveness and safety of CHM in the treatment of menopausal
      symptoms. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Gynaecology and Fertility Group's
      Specialised Register of controlled trials, Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 3), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED, and
      PsycINFO (from inception to March 2015). Others included Current Control Trials,
      Citation Indexes, conference abstracts in the ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS
      database, PubMed, OpenSIGLE database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure
      database (CNKI, 1999 to 2015). Other resources included reference lists of
      articles as well as direct contact with authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of CHM with placebo, HT,
      pharmaceutical drugs, acupuncture, or another CHM formula in women over 18 years
      of age, and suffering from menopausal symptoms. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two
      review authors independently assessed 864 studies for eligibility. Data
      extractions were performed by them with disagreements resolved through group
      discussion and clarification of data or direct contact with the study authors.
      Data analyses were performed in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration
      guidelines. MAIN RESULTS: We included 22 RCTs (2902 women). Participants were
      from different ethnic backgrounds with the majority of Chinese origin.When CHM
      was compared with placebo (eight RCTs), there was little or no evidence of a
      difference between the groups for the following pooled outcomes: hot flushes per
      day (MD 0.00, 95% CI -0.88 to 0.89; 2 trials, 199 women; moderate quality
      evidence); hot flushes per day assessed by an overall hot flush score in which a
      difference of one point equates to one mild hot flush per day (MD -0.81 points,
      95% CI -2.08 to 0.45; 3 RCTs, 263 women; low quality evidence); and overall
      vasomotor symptoms per month measured by the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life
      questionnaire (MENQOL, scale 0 to 6) (MD -0.42 points; 95% CI -1.52 to 0.68; 3
      RCTs, 256 women; low quality evidence).In addition, results from individual
      studies suggested there was no evidence of a difference between the groups for
      daily hot flushes assessed by severity (MD -0.70 points, 95% CI -1.00, -0.40; 1
      RCT, 108 women; moderate quality evidence); or overall monthly hot flushes scores
      (MD -2.80 points, 95% CI -8.93 to 3.33; 1 RCT, 84 women; very low quality
      evidence); or overall daily night sweats scores (MD 0.07 points, 95% CI -0.19 to
      0.33, 1 RCT, 64 women; low quality evidence); or overall monthly night sweats
      scores (MD 1.30 points, 95% CI -1.76 to 4.36, 1 RCT, 84 women; very low quality
      evidence). However one study using the Kupperman Index reported that overall
      monthly vasomotor symptom scores were lower in the CHM group (MD -4.79 points,
      95% CI -5.52 to -4.06; 1 RCT, 69 women; low quality evidence).When CHM was
      compared with hormone therapy (HT) (10 RCTs), only two RCTs reported monthly
      vasomotor symptoms using MENQOL. It was uncertain whether CHM reduces vasomotor
      symptoms (MD 0.47 points, 95% CI -0.50 to 1.44; 2 RCTs, 127 women; very low
      quality evidence).Adverse effects were not fully reported in the included
      studies. Adverse events reported by women taking CHM included mild diarrhoea,
      breast tenderness, gastric discomfort and an unpleasant taste. Effects were
      inconclusive because of imprecise estimates of effects: CHM versus placebo (RR
      1.51; 95% CI 0.69 to 3.33; 7 trials, 705 women; I2 = 40%); CHM versus HT (RR
      0.96; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.39; 2 RCTs, 864 women; I2 = 0%); and CHM versus specific
      conventional medications (such as Fluoxetine and Estazolam) (RR 0.20; 95% CI 0.03
      to 1.17; 2 RCTs, 139 women; I2 = 61%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found
      insufficient evidence that Chinese herbal medicines were any more or less
      effective than placebo or HT for the relief of vasomotor symptoms. Effects on
      safety were inconclusive. The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to
      moderate; there is a need for well-designed randomised controlled studies.

PMID- 26976673
TI  - Response to Letter to the Editor: Effect of stretching with and without muscle
      strengthening exercises for the foot and hip in patients with plantar fasciitis:
      A randomized controlled single-blind clinical trial.

PMID- 26976672
TI  - Assessment of red blood cell deformability in type 2 diabetes mellitus and
      diabetic retinopathy by dual optical tweezers stretching technique.
AB  - A pilot cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the role of red blood
      cells (RBC) deformability in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without and with
      diabetic retinopathy (DR) using a dual optical tweezers stretching technique. A
      dual optical tweezers was made by splitting and recombining a single Nd:YAG laser
      beam. RBCs were trapped directly (i.e., without microbead handles) in the dual
      optical tweezers where they were observed to adopt a "side-on" orientation. RBC
      initial and final lengths after stretching were measured by digital video
      microscopy, and a Deformability index (DI) calculated. Blood from 8 healthy
      controls, 5 T2DM and 7 DR patients with respective mean age of 52.4 yrs, 51.6 yrs
      and 52 yrs was analysed. Initial average length of RBCs for control group was
      8.45 +/- 0.25 MUm, 8.68 +/- 0.49 MUm for DM RBCs and 8.82 +/- 0.32 MUm for DR
      RBCs (p < 0.001). The DI for control group was 0.0698 +/- 0.0224, and that for DM
      RBCs was 0.0645 +/- 0.03 and 0.0635 +/- 0.028 (p < 0.001) for DR group. DI was
      inversely related to basal length of RBCs (p =  .02). DI of RBC from DM and DR
      patients was significantly lower in comparison with normal healthy controls. A
      dual optical tweezers method can hence be reliably used to assess RBC
      deformability.

PMID- 26976675
TI  - Mechanical chest compression devices at in-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - AIM: To summarise the evidence in relation to the routine use of mechanical chest
      compression devices during resuscitation from in-hospital cardiac arrest.
      METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies which compared the effect of
      the use of a mechanical chest compression device with manual chest compressions
      in adults that sustained an in-hospital cardiac arrest. Critical outcomes were
      survival with good neurological outcome, survival at hospital discharge or 30
      days, and short-term survival (ROSC/1-h survival). Important outcomes included
      physiological outcomes. We synthesised results in a random-effects meta-analysis
      or narrative synthesis, as appropriate. Evidence quality in relation to each
      outcome was assessed using the GRADE system. DATA SOURCES: Studies were
      identified using electronic databases searches (Cochrane Central, MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, CINAHL), forward and backward citation searching, and review of reference
      lists of manufacturer documentation. RESULTS: Eight papers, containing nine
      studies [689 participants], were included. Three studies were randomised
      controlled trials. Meta-analyses showed an association between use of mechanical
      chest compression device and improved hospital or 30-day survival (odds ratio
      2.34, 95% CI 1.42-3.85) and short-term survival (odds ratio 2.14, 95% CI 1.11
      4.13). There was also evidence of improvements in physiological outcomes. Overall
      evidence quality in relation to all outcomes was very low. CONCLUSIONS:
      Mechanical chest compression devices may improve patient outcome, when used at in
      hospital cardiac arrest. However, the quality of current evidence is very low.
      There is a need for randomised trials to evaluate the effect of mechanical chest
      compression devices on survival for in-hospital cardiac arrest.

PMID- 26976674
TI  - Resistance of Feather-Associated Bacteria to Intermediate Levels of Ionizing
      Radiation near Chernobyl.
AB  - Ionizing radiation has been shown to produce negative effects on organisms,
      although little is known about its ecological and evolutionary effects. As a
      study model, we isolated bacteria associated with feathers from barn swallows
      Hirundo rustica from three study areas around Chernobyl differing in background
      ionizing radiation levels and one control study site in Denmark. Each bacterial
      community was exposed to four different gamma radiation doses ranging from 0.46
      to 3.96 kGy to test whether chronic exposure to radiation had selected for
      resistant bacterial strains. Experimental radiation duration had an increasingly
      overall negative effect on the survival of all bacterial communities. After
      exposure to gamma radiation, bacteria isolated from the site with intermediate
      background radiation levels survived better and produced more colonies than the
      bacterial communities from other study sites with higher or lower background
      radiation levels. Long-term effects of radiation in natural populations might be
      an important selective pressure on traits of bacteria that facilitate survival in
      certain environments. Our findings indicate the importance of further studies to
      understand the proximate mechanisms acting to buffer the negative effects of
      ionizing radiation in natural populations. 

PMID- 26976678
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26976679
TI  - Relapse to drug and alcohol use: a matter of sensitization.
AB  - Repeated exposure of rats to cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, nicotine and alcohol
      causes a very long-lasting (months) increase in the behavioral effects of these
      addictive drugs and drug-associated environmental stimuli (sensitization). This
      hypersensitivity is associated with persistent changes in the reactivity of
      neurons of the motivational (mesocorticolim-bic) system in the brain. Using an
      animal model for relapse, recent studies in our laboratory show that relapse to
      drug-seeking behavior (following extinction of intravenous cocaine or heroin self
      administration) depends on the occurrence of sensitization. Accordingly,
      sensitization and conditioning seem to be more important for the persistence of
      drug and alcohol addiction then the occurrence of withdrawal phenomena.
      Biochemical research on the molecular and cellular basis of behavioral
      sensitization and behavioral studies on readjustment of stimulus responsiveness
      in rats, is of great importance for the development of an adequate
      pharmacotherapy of addiction. 

PMID- 26976680
TI  - Benzodiazepines in perspective (II): The GABAA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands.
AB  - A huge number of natural and synthetic compounds modulate the function of the
      gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA-R) by interacting with several
      allosteric binding sites which may differ in the various GABAA-R subtypes. The
      benzodiazepine receptor (BDZ-R) is the most intensively studied allosteric site.
      It is the first allosteric modulatory site on a neurotransmitter receptor that
      has been found to mediate two opposite functions: facilitation and depression of
      GABAA-R function. The effects of BDZ-R ligands on behavior range from agonistic
      (anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, myore-laxant/ataxic and hypno-sedative effects) to
      inverse-agonistic (anxiety and panic, hypervigilance and convulsions). Of
      particular interest for the future are BDZ-R partial agonists, as they lack
      several of the undesired properties of classic full agonists. Furthermore the
      GABAA-R system shows a high plasticity. This polymorphism raises the possibility
      that ligands selective for distinct subtypes of BDZ-R may emerge as useful drugs.
      In both cases the possibility exists of achieving very subtle manipulations of
      GABAA-R function by using allosteric modulators. 

PMID- 26976676
TI  - Themes and variations: An exploratory international investigation into
      resuscitation decision-making.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions are
      made in hospitals throughout the globe. International variation in clinicians'
      perception of DNACPR decision-making and implementation and the factors
      influencing such variation has not previously been explored. METHODS: A
      questionnaire asking how DNACPR decisions are made, communicated and perceived in
      their country was composed: it consisted of seven closed-answer and four open
      answer questions. It was distributed to 143 medical professionals with prior
      published material relating to DNACPR decisions. Under-represented geographical
      areas were identified and an additional 34 physicians were contacted through
      medical colleagues and students at the university hospital from which this study
      was based. The respondents had 4 weeks to answer the questionnaire. RESULTS: 78
      responses (44%) were received from 43 countries. All continents were represented.
      88% of respondents reported a method for implementing DNACPR decisions, 90% of
      which discussed resuscitation wishes with the patient at least half of the time.
      94% of respondents thought that national guidance for DNACPR order implementation
      should exist; 53% of countries surveyed reported existence of such guidance.
      Cultural attitudes towards death, medical education and culture, health economics
      and the societal role of family were commonly identified as factors influencing
      perception of DNACPR decisions. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of countries surveyed
      make some form of DNACPR decision but differing cultures and economic status
      contribute towards a heterogeneity of approaches to resuscitation decision
      making. Adequacy of relevant medical education and national policy are two areas
      that were regularly identified as impacting upon the processes of DNACPR decision
      making and implementation.

PMID- 26976681
TI  - Serum prolactin levels and sexual dysfunctions in antipsychotic medication, such
      as risperidone: a review.
AB  - Classical antipsychotic drugs increase the level of serum prolactin. The atypical
      antipsychotic clozapine barely increases prolactin levels. An open naturalistic
      study in the University Hospital of Groningen suggests that treatment with
      risperidone in comparison to classical antipsychotics seems to increase the risk
      of erectile and ejaculatory disorders in male patients and to menstrual
      disturbances in female patients. In the literature reviewed, risperidone is
      associated with higher prolactin levels in comparison to classical
      antipsychotics. It is still unclear which mechanism is responsible for the
      increase of serum prolactin levels and sexual dysfunctions in patients using
      risperidone. Dopaminergic and serotonergic receptor blockade seems to play an
      important role. Other mechanisms are discussed. 

PMID- 26976682
TI  - Perseveration in schizophrenic patients: a neuropsychological approach for
      research.
AB  - Perseveration is a core symptom of schizophrenia, the cause, however, is unknown.
      It has been shown that for people with frontal lobe lesions, perseveration can be
      explained with a set-maintenance problem. Perseveration in Parkinson's disease
      can be explained with problems shifting from one set to another without cues (set
      shifting). These disorders can be distinguished using a two-choice task and the
      Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, that is analysed in phases. Analogs of these tests
      can be used in animal research. By adding an animal part to the human research,
      more insight can be gained into the role of specific brain areas in set
      maintenance and set-shifting. 

PMID- 26976677
TI  - Therapeutic and prophylactic activity of itraconazole against human rhinovirus
      infection in a murine model.
AB  - Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is
      the predominant cause of the common cold. There is a need for appropriate
      vaccines or therapeutic agents to treat HRV infection. In this study, we
      investigated whether itraconazole (ICZ) can protect cells from HRV-induced
      cytotoxicity. Replication of HRV1B was reduced by ICZ treatment in the lungs of
      HRV1B- as compared to vehicle-treated mice. The numbers of immune cells,
      including granulocytes and monocytes, were reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid (BALF) by ICZ administration after HRV1B infection, corresponding to
      decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in BALF. A histological
      analysis of lung tissue showed that ICZ suppressed inflammation caused by HRV1B
      infection. Interestingly, pretreatment of mice with ICZ in the form of a nasal
      spray had potent prophylactic antiviral activity. Cholesterol accumulation in the
      plasma membrane was observed upon HRV infection; ICZ blocked cholesterol
      trafficking to the plasma membrane, as well as resulted in its accumulation in
      subcellular compartments near the nucleus. These findings suggest that ICZ is a
      potential antiviral agent for the treatment of HRV infection, which can be
      adopted preventatively as well as therapeutically. 

PMID- 26976683
TI  - Set-maintenance and set-shifting problems in schizophrenic subtypes: relationship
      to dysfunctions of the fronto-striatal loops.
AB  - Research with patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and frontal lobe
      lesions has shown that disturbances in the fronto-striatal loops in the brain can
      cause perseveration. Perseveration is a core symptom of schizophrenia, yet the
      cause is not known. For schizophrenic patients disorders of many parts of the
      fronto-striatal loops are found, for example disturbances of the prefrontal
      cortex and the striatum. Perseveration in schizophrenia can be explained with set
      maintenance problems, related to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, or with
      set-shifting problems that are related to disorders in the striatum. These set
      maintenance and set-shifting problems can be distinguished with
      neuropsychological tests. Regarding the bloodflow patterns for the different
      subtypes of schizophrenia three problems are expected as explanations for
      perseveration: set-maintenance problems concerning abstract information, set
      maintenance problems shifting between stimuli and enhanced set-shifting with
      cues. 

PMID- 26976684
TI  - [Differences between autonomous communities in austerity and healthcare
      privatization in times of crisis].

PMID- 26976685
TI  - Nitrate fertilisation does not enhance CO2 responses in two tropical seagrass
      species.
AB  - Seagrasses are often considered "winners" of ocean acidification (OA); however,
      seagrass productivity responses to OA could be limited by nitrogen availability,
      since nitrogen-derived metabolites are required for carbon assimilation. We
      tested nitrogen uptake and assimilation, photosynthesis, growth, and carbon
      allocation responses of the tropical seagrasses Halodule uninervis and Thalassia
      hemprichii to OA scenarios (428, 734 and 1213 MUatm pCO2) under two nutrients
      levels (0.3 and 1.9 MUM NO3(-)). Net primary production (measured as oxygen
      production) and growth in H. uninervis increased with pCO2 enrichment, but were
      not affected by nitrate enrichment. However, nitrate enrichment reduced whole
      plant respiration in H. uninervis. Net primary production and growth did not show
      significant changes with pCO2 or nitrate by the end of the experiment (24 d) in
      T. hemprichii. However, nitrate incorporation in T. hemprichii was higher with
      nitrate enrichment. There was no evidence that nitrogen demand increased with
      pCO2 enrichment in either species. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, nutrient
      increases to levels approximating present day flood plumes only had small effects
      on metabolism. This study highlights that the paradigm of increased productivity
      of seagrasses under ocean acidification may not be valid for all species under
      all environmental conditions.

PMID- 26976686
TI  - 3-O-Laurylglyceryl ascorbate activates the intracellular antioxidant system
      through the contribution of PPAR-gamma and Nrf2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ascorbic acid (AsA) has multifunctional effects on physiology and
      aging including the prevention and improvement of skin pigmentation and wrinkles.
      AsA has scavenging effects against various types of reactive oxygen species
      (ROS), which are initiators of aging and premature aging of the skin. However,
      AsA not only has a quite unstable characteristic, but also has low skin
      penetration. In addition, existing water-soluble AsA derivatives are not
      effective to improve its penetration of the skin. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the
      antioxidant effect of a newly synthesized amphipathic derivative of AsA, 3-O
      laurylglyceryl ascorbate (VC-3LG), in which a laurylglyceryl group was introduced
      into AsA. METHODS: Intracellular ROS levels in keratinocytes were evaluated using
      the 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) assay. Real-time PCR was used to
      investigate the mechanism of the antioxidant effect of VC-3LG. RESULTS: Although
      VC-3LG had less ability to scavenge ROS compared to AsA, it elicited a superior
      reduction of intracellular ROS levels, with or without extracellular stimuli such
      as exposure to H2O2 or UVB. The results show that VC-3LG up-regulates the
      expression of mRNAs encoding peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma
      (PPAR-gamma) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which in turn up
      regulate the levels of mRNAs encoding gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthase (gamma
      GCS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1).
      Furthermore, the Nrf2 mRNA level is down-regulated in siPPAR-gamma treated cells,
      and the effects of VC-3LG on PPAR-gamma and Nrf2 mRNA levels are reduced by PPAR
      gamma knockdown. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we conclude that VC-3LG has an
      antioxidant effect and scavenges ROS directly as well as stimulating
      intracellular antioxidants such as GSH through the PPAR-gamma and Nrf2 signaling
      pathway.

PMID- 26976687
TI  - CX3CR1 deficiency attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation
      with decreased M1 macrophages.
AB  - BACKGROUND: CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), a receptor for CX3CL1, mediates
      migration of inflammatory cells. Psoriasis is a common skin disorder that causes
      skin inflammation. The role of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in psoriasis remains unclear.
      OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in psoriasis, we assessed
      imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in CX3CR1-deficient mice. METHODS: We
      evaluated skin inflammation by assessing erythema, scaling, and ear thickness in
      CX3CR1(-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, we measured cytokine
      production by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We investigated
      infiltrating cells in skin by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. After
      confirming phenotypical differences in macrophages between WT and CX3CR1(-/-)
      mice, we analyzed expression levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in
      peritoneal macrophages with or without stimulation of CX3CL1. We finally
      transferred peritoneal macrophages into the ear before IMQ application. RESULTS:
      Skin inflammation assessed by erythema, scaling, and epidermal thickness was
      significantly reduced in CX3CR1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice,
      accompanied by decreases in cytokine production for IL-12, IL-23, IL-17A, IL-22,
      IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-36. On day 6, increase in ear thickness from
      the baseline of CX3CR1(-/-) mice was one third of that of WT mice. Skin
      macrophages of CX3CR1(-/-) mice contained increased levels of CCR2 and decreased
      levels of MCP-1 compared with those from WT mice. Spontaneous expression levels
      of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in peritoneal macrophages of naive CX3CR1(-/-)
      mice were significantly lower than those of WT mice. Furthermore, stimulation of
      WT macrophages with CX3CL1 decreased expression of these cytokines, suggesting
      that altered macrophage populations, but not loss of interaction between CX3CL1
      and CX3CR1 signaling, caused differences in cytokine expression and skin
      inflammation. Moreover, transfer of macrophages from WT mice normalized IMQ
      induced psoriasis-like inflammation in CX3CR1(-/-) mice, suggesting that
      macrophages contributed to the decreased inflammation resulted from CX3CR1
      deficiency. CONCLUSION: These data show that interactions between CX3CL1 and
      CX3CR1 play important roles for infiltration of M1 macrophages in a non
      inflammatory setting. Decreased M1 macrophages in naive CX3CR1(-/-) mice may be
      related to decreased cytokine expression and attenuated psoriasis-like
      inflammation.

PMID- 26976688
TI  - Effects of superimposed tissue weight on regional compliance of injured lungs.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT), together with image analysis technologies, enable the
      construction of regional volume (VREG) and local transpulmonary pressure
      (PTP,REG) maps of the lung. Purpose of this study is to assess the distribution
      of VREG vs PTP,REG along the gravitational axis in healthy (HL) and experimental
      acute lung injury conditions (eALI) at various positive end-expiratory pressures
      (PEEPs) and inflation volumes. Mechanically ventilated pigs underwent inspiratory
      hold maneuvers at increasing volumes simultaneously with lung CT scans. eALI was
      induced via the iv administration of oleic acid. We computed voxel-level VREG vs
      PTP,REG curves into eleven isogravitational planes by applying polynomial
      regressions. Via F-test, we determined that VREG vs PTP,REG curves derived from
      different anatomical planes (p-values<1.4E-3), exposed to different PEEPs (p
      values<1.5E-5) or subtending different lung status (p-values<3E-3) were
      statistically different (except for two cases of adjacent planes). Lung
      parenchyma exhibits different elastic behaviors based on its position and the
      density of superimposed tissue which can increase during lung injury.

PMID- 26976689
TI  - Effects of nasal CPAP on exhaled SIRT1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in
      patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been used to examine airway inflammation and
      oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate if there were abnormal Sirtuin 1
      (SIRT1) protein and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels in EBC and to
      determine if these levels could be improved after nasal continuous positive
      airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Thirty-five patients with moderately severe to
      severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) who wanted nasal CPAP treatment
      and 20 healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. The EBC SIRT1 protein levels
      and EBC TNF-alpha protein levels were assessed by ELISA. All patients underwent
      sleep studies that were repeated 3 months after nasal CPAP treatment in patients
      with OSAS. Results showed that in OSAS before nasal CPAP treatment, the EBC SIRT1
      protein levels were lower than that in normal subjects, whereas the EBC TNF-alpha
      protein levels were higher. After nasal CPAP treatment, the EBC SIRT1 levels
      increased and EBC TNF-alpha levels decreased. In conclusion, successful treatment
      of OSAS by nasal CPAP can normalize the levels of EBC SIRT1 and EBC TNF-alpha.

PMID- 26976690
TI  - Novel therapeutic investigational strategies to treat severe and disseminated HSV
      infections suggested by a deeper understanding of in vitro virus entry processes.
AB  - The global burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) legitimates the critical need to
      develop new prevention strategies, such as drugs and vaccines that are able to
      fight either primary HSV infections or reactivations. Moreover, the ever-growing
      number of patients receiving transplants increases the number of severe HSV
      infections that are unresponsive to current therapies. Finally, the high global
      incidence of genital HSV-2 infection increases the risk of perinatal transmission
      to newborns, in which disseminated infection or central nervous system (CNS)
      involvement is frequent, with associated high morbidity and mortality rates.
      There are several key features shared by novel anti-HSV drugs, from currently
      available optimized drugs to small molecules able to interfere with various virus
      replication steps. However, several virological aspects of the disease and
      associated clinical needs highlight why an ideal anti-HSV drug has yet to be
      developed. 

PMID- 26976691
TI  - Applying lessons learned from cytomegalovirus infection in transplant patients to
      vaccine design.
AB  - Studies in transplant recipients over the past decade aiming to characterize the
      immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication have provided insights that
      can be used to guide CMV vaccine development. These studies have characterized
      multiple aspects of the immune response to virus infection in humans, and have
      identified immunologic variables that correlate with the ability to control virus
      replication. These findings can be used to guide vaccine development by informing
      decisions regarding antigen selection and the type of immune response that must
      be elicited by these antigens to promote protective immunity. In addition, these
      studies have provided information that could aid in the identification of
      immunologic endpoints in vaccine clinical trials, thus facilitating their design
      and implementation. 

PMID- 26976692
TI  - Cancer stem cells, cancer-initiating cells and methods for their detection.
AB  - The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis considers CSCs as the main culprits of
      tumor initiation, propagation, metastasis and therapy failure. CSCs represent a
      minority subpopulation of cells within a tumor. Their detection, characterization
      and monitoring are crucial steps toward a better understanding of the biological
      roles of these special cells in the development and propagation of tumors which,
      in turn, improves clinical reasoning and treatment options. Nowadays, in vitro
      and in vivo assays are available that address the self-renewal and
      differentiation potential of CSCs, and advanced in vivo molecular imaging
      technology facilitates the detection and provides an unprecedented in vivo
      observation platform to study the behavior of CSCs in their natural environment.
      Here, we provide a brief overview of CSCs and describe modern cellular models and
      labeling techniques to study and trace CSCs.

PMID- 26976694
TI  - Is the boundary layer of an ionic liquid equally lubricating at higher
      temperature?
AB  - Atomic force microscopy has been used to study the effect of temperature on
      normal forces and friction for the room temperature ionic liquid (IL)
      ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), confined between mica and a silica colloid probe at
      25  degrees C, 50  degrees C, and 80  degrees C. Force curves revealed a strong
      fluid dynamic influence at room temperature, which was greatly reduced at
      elevated temperatures due to the reduced liquid viscosity. A fluid dynamic
      analysis reveals that bulk viscosity is manifested at large separation but that
      EAN displays a nonzero slip, indicating a region of different viscosity near the
      surface. At high temperatures, the reduction in fluid dynamic force reveals step
      like force curves, similar to those found at room temperature using much lower
      scan rates. The ionic liquid boundary layer remains adsorbed to the solid surface
      even at high temperature, which provides a mechanism for lubrication when fluid
      dynamic lubrication is strongly reduced. The friction data reveals a decrease in
      absolute friction force with increasing temperature, which is associated with
      increased thermal motion and reduced viscosity of the near surface layers but,
      consistent with the normal force data, boundary layer lubrication was unaffected.
      The implications for ILs as lubricants are discussed in terms of the behaviour of
      this well characterised system. 

PMID- 26976693
TI  - Time-frequency decomposition of click evoked otoacoustic emissions in children.
AB  - Determining the time-frequency distributions of click-evoked otoacoustic
      emissions (CEOAEs) are scientifically and clinically relevant because of their
      relationship with cochlear mechanisms. This study investigated the time-frequency
      properties of CEOAEs in 5-10 year old children. In the first part, we examined
      the feasibility of the S transform to characterize the time-frequency features of
      CEOAEs. A synthetic signal with known gammatones was analyzed using the S
      transform, as well as a wavelet transform with the basis function used
      traditionally for CEOAE analysis. The S and wavelet transforms provided similar
      representations of the gammatones of the synthetic signal in the mid and high
      frequencies. However, the S transform yielded a slightly more precise time
      frequency representation at low frequencies (500 and 707 Hz). In the second part,
      we applied the S transform to compare the time-frequency distribution of CEOAEs
      between adults and children. Several confounding variables, such as spontaneous
      emissions and potential efferent effects from the use of higher click rates, were
      considered for obtaining reliable CEOAE recordings. The results revealed that the
      emission level, level versus frequency plot, latency, and latency versus
      frequency plot in 5-10 year old children are adult-like. The time-frequency
      characteristics of CEOAEs in 5-10 year old children are consistent with the
      maturation of various aspects of cochlear mechanics, including the basal to
      apical transition. In sum, the description of the time-frequency features in
      children and the use of the S transform to decompose CEOAEs, are novel aspects of
      this study. The S transform can be used as an alternative approach to
      characterize the time-frequency distribution of CEOAEs.

PMID- 26976695
TI  - Bullous Pemphigoid with Immunoglobulin G anti-LAD-1 Antibodies without Evident
      Erythema and Eosinophil Infiltration.

PMID- 26976696
TI  - Coronectomy of the mandibular third molar: Respect for the inferior alveolar
      nerve.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of coronectomy as an
      alternative surgical procedure to complete removal of the impacted mandibular
      third molar in patients with a suspected close relationship between the tooth
      root(s) and the mandibular canal. A total of 151 patients underwent coronectomy
      and were followed up with clinical examinations and panoramic radiographs for a
      minimum of 6 months after surgery. None of the patients exhibited inferior
      alveolar nerve injury. Eruption of the retained root(s) was more frequent in
      younger patients (18-35 years). Thirty-six patients (23.8%) exhibited
      insufficient growth of new bone in the alveolar defect, and 11.3% required a
      second surgical procedure to remove the root remnant(s). Our results indicate
      that coronectomy can be a reliable alternative to complete removal of the
      impacted mandibular third molar in patients exhibiting an increased risk of
      damage to the inferior alveolar nerve on panoramic radiographs. 

PMID- 26976697
TI  - The effects of surgical expansion of the maxillary arch and its consequences for
      the incisor axis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Reduced transverse maxillary dental arch width may be treated either by
      surgically supported rapid maxillary expansion (SRME) with conservative
      orthodontic appliances or by means of Le Fort I osteotomy (LFIO). Both are means
      of transverse maxillary expansion. METHODS: Both surgical methods (SRME and LFIO)
      were evaluated with regard to the presurgical and postsurgical form of the
      maxillary dental arch and its consequences for the incisor axis by means of 32
      dental casts and cephalometric analysis. RESULTS: In both groups, anterior and
      posterior dental arch width showed significant changes after surgery, but changes
      in anterior dental arch width were less significant after LFIO (p = 0.004) than
      after SRME (p < 0.000; t-test). Cephalometric analysis (OK1/N1) did not show any
      significant differences between the two surgical methods (p = 0.1266; t-test).
      Anterior arch length was not reduced after LFIO but significantly reduced after
      SRME. Thus, the ideal elliptical shape of the dental arch was lost in the SRME
      group, which may impede esthetic outcome of the maxillary dental arch.
      CONCLUSION: Le Fort I osteotomy achieving direct transverse expansion should be
      favored over surgically supported rapid maxillary expansion if transverse
      expansion does not exceed 7 mm.

PMID- 26976698
TI  - Diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma: How much imaging do we really need? A
      review of the current literature.
AB  - Complementary imaging techniques that round out the clinical examination are
      fundamentally important in the work-up of patients with oral squamous cell
      carcinoma (OSCC). Above all, exact determination of primary tumour extent,
      metastatic spread, and treatment response highly depend on accurate imaging
      methods. Despite a multitude of recently published reviews, there is still an
      ongoing debate regarding the best imaging method. In order to update the current
      literature with the latest evidence, a systematic literature search via Pubmed
      was performed. In total, 56 studies were enrolled, 4170 patients were analysed,
      and twenty different imaging methods were evaluated referring to their
      sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative
      predictive value (NPV). In summary, CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic
      resonance imaging) currently remain the gold standard for evaluating extension of
      the primary tumour site. No additional evidence could be obtained for functional
      imaging methods displaying metastatic spread in the cervical lymph nodes, but was
      found for distant metastases. Furthermore, functional imaging seems to be
      beneficial in evaluating treatment response. There is further evidence in the
      accuracy of the different imaging methods found in this update that could
      possibly be implemented into the revision of the current guidelines and obtain a
      clear and coherent approach in the clinical set-up. 

PMID- 26976700
TI  - DNA conformational behavior and compaction in biomimetic systems: Toward better
      understanding of DNA packaging in cell.
AB  - In a living cell, long genomic DNA is strongly compacted and exists in the
      environment characterized by a dense macromolecular crowding, high concentrations
      of mono- and divalent cations, and confinement of ca. 10MUm size surrounded by a
      phospholipid membrane. Experimental modelling of such complex biological system
      is challenging but important to understand spatiotemporal dynamics and functions
      of the DNA in cell. The accumulated knowledge about DNA condensation/compaction
      in conditions resembling those in the real cell can be eventually used to design
      and construct partly functional "artificial cells" having potential applications
      in drug delivery systems, gene therapy, and production of synthetic cells. In
      this review, I would like to overview the past progress in our understanding of
      the DNA conformational behavior and, in particular, DNA condensation/compaction
      phenomenon and its relation to the DNA biological activity. This understanding
      was gained by designing relevant experimental models mimicking DNA behavior in
      the environment of living cell. Starting with a brief summary of classic
      experimental systems to study DNA condensation/compaction, in later parts, I
      highlight recent experimental methodologies to address the effects of
      macromolecular crowding and nanoscale and microscale confinements on DNA
      conformation dynamics. All the studies are discussed in the light of their
      relevance to DNA behavior in living cells, and future prospects of the field are
      outlined.

PMID- 26976699
TI  - High-Flow Nasal Oxygen or Noninvasive Ventilation for Postextubation Hypoxemia:
      Flow vs Pressure?

PMID- 26976701
TI  - High Variation of Intravitreal Injection Rates and Medicare Anti-Vascular
      Endothelial Growth Factor Payments per Injection in the United States.
AB  - PURPOSE: To estimate geographic variation of intravitreal injection rates and
      Medicare anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug costs per injection
      in aging Americans. DESIGN: Observational cohort study using 2013 Medicare claims
      database. PARTICIPANTS: United States fee-for-service (FFS) Part B Medicare
      beneficiaries and their providers. METHODS: Medicare Provider Utilization and
      Payment Data furnished by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services was used
      to identify all intravitreal injection claims and anti-VEGF drug claims among FFS
      Medicare beneficiaries in all 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2013. The
      rate of FFS Medicare beneficiaries receiving intravitreal injections and the mean
      Medicare-allowed drug payment per anti-VEGF injection was calculated nationally
      and for each state. Geographic variations were evaluated by using extremal
      quotient, coefficient of variation, and systematic component of variance (SCV).
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of FFS Medicare Part B beneficiaries receiving
      intravitreal injections (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] code, 67028),
      nationally and by state; mean Medicare-allowed drug payment per anti-VEGF
      injection (CPT code, 67028; and treatment-specific J-codes, J0178, J2778, J9035,
      J3490, and J3590) nationally and by state. RESULTS: In 2013, the rate of FFS
      Medicare beneficiaries receiving intravitreal injections varied widely by 7-fold
      across states (range by state, 4 per 1000 [Wyoming]-28 per 1000 [Utah]),
      averaging 19 per 1000 beneficiaries. The mean SCV was 8.5, confirming high
      nonrandom geographic variation. There were more than 2.1 million anti-VEGF drug
      claims, totaling more than $2.3 billion in Medicare payments for anti-VEGF agents
      in 2013. The mean national Medicare drug payment per anti-VEGF injection varied
      widely by 6.2-fold across states (range by state, $242 [South Carolina]-$1509
      [Maine]), averaging $1078 per injection. Nationally, 94% of injections were
      office based and 6% were facility based. CONCLUSIONS: High variation was observed
      in intravitreal injection rates and in Medicare drug payments per anti-VEGF
      injection across the United States in 2013. Identifying factors that contribute
      to high variation may help the ophthalmology community to optimize further the
      delivery and use of anti-VEGF agents.

PMID- 26976702
TI  - Photoreceptor Progenitor mRNA Analysis Reveals Exon Skipping Resulting from the
      ABCA4 c.5461-10T->C Mutation in Stargardt Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To elucidate the functional effect of the ABCA4 variant c.5461-10T->C,
      one of the most frequent variants associated with Stargardt disease (STGD1).
      DESIGN: Case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen persons with STGD1 carrying ABCA4
      variants and 1 control participant. METHODS: Haplotype analysis of 4 homozygotes
      and 11 heterozygotes for c.5461-10T->C and sequence analysis of the ABCA4 gene
      for a homozygous proband. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed from 3 persons with STGD1
      into induced pluripotent stem cells, which were differentiated into photoreceptor
      progenitor cells (PPCs). The effect of the c.5461-10T->C variant on RNA splicing
      by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was analyzed using PPC mRNA.
      In vitro assays were performed with minigene constructs containing ABCA4 exon 39.
      We analyzed the natural history and ophthalmologic characteristics of 4 persons
      homozygous for c.5461-10T->C. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Haplotype and rare variant
      data for ABCA4, RNA splice defects, age at diagnosis, visual acuity, fundus
      appearance, visual field, electroretinography (ERG) results, fluorescein
      angiography results, and fundus autofluorescence findings. RESULTS: The frequent
      ABCA4 variant c.5461-10T->C has a subtle effect on splicing based on prediction
      programs. A founder haplotype containing c.5461-10T->C was found to span
      approximately 96 kb of ABCA4 and did not contain other rare sequence variants.
      Patient-derived PPCs showed skipping of exon 39 or exons 39 and 40 in the mRNA.
      HEK293T cell transduction with minigenes carrying exon 39 showed that the splice
      defects were the result of the c.5461-10T->C variant. All 4 subjects carrying the
      c.5461-10T->C variant in a homozygous state showed a young age of STGD1 onset,
      with low visual acuity at presentation and abnormal cone ERG results. All 4
      demonstrated severe cone-rod dystrophy before 20 years of age and were legally
      blind by 25 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The ABCA4 variant c.5461-10T->C is located
      on a founder haplotype lacking other disease-causing rare sequence variants. In
      vitro studies revealed that it leads to mRNA exon skipping and ABCA4 protein
      truncation. Given the severe phenotype in persons homozygous for this variant, we
      conclude that this variant results in the absence of ABCA4 activity.

PMID- 26976703
TI  - Diversity of spotted fever group Rickettsia infection in hard ticks from
      Suifenhe, Chinese-Russian border.
AB  - In order to investigate the diversity of spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia
      infection in hard ticks, ticks were harvested from the forest areas in Suifenhe
      city, along the Chinese-Russian border and conventional PCR was carried out using
      universal SFG Rickettsia primers targeting gltA and ompA genes to screen for
      their infection with SFG Rickettsia organisms. Results showed that of the 215
      ticks belonging to Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis concinna and Haemaphysalis
      japonica Warburton, 1908 species, 138 (64.2%) were positive for SFG Rickettsia.
      Three species of SFG Rickettsia were detected, Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia
      heilongjiangensis and Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae. No co-infection with
      different species of SFG Rickettsia was found in any individual tick among the
      three tick species. We detected more than one SFG Rickettsia species in ticks
      from each of the three tick species with an overlapping distribution and
      potentially similar transmission cycles of SFG Rickettsia in the areas surveyed.
      Consequently, different pathogenic rickettsial species may be involved in human
      cases of rickettsiosis after a bite of the three above-mentioned tick species in
      that area Rickettsia.

PMID- 26976704
TI  - First report of Rickettsia raoultii in field collected Dermacentor reticulatus
      ticks from Austria.
AB  - In a set of pooled field collected Dermacentor reticulatus ticks, Rickettsia
      raoultii, the causative agent of Tick-borne lymphadenopathy/Dermacentor-borne
      necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy, was found for the first time in Austria.
      The coordinates of the positive locations for tick and pathogen abundance are
      given and shown in a map.

PMID- 26976705
TI  - G6PD protects from oxidative damage and improves healthspan in mice.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly generated by cells and ROS-derived
      damage contributes to ageing. Protection against oxidative damage largely relies
      on the reductive power of NAPDH, whose levels are mostly determined by the enzyme
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Here, we report a transgenic mouse
      model with moderate overexpression of human G6PD under its endogenous promoter.
      Importantly, G6PD-Tg mice have higher levels of NADPH, lower levels of ROS
      derived damage, and better protection from ageing-associated functional decline,
      including extended median lifespan in females. The G6PD transgene has no effect
      on tumour development, even after combining with various tumour-prone genetic
      alterations. We conclude that a modest increase in G6PD activity is beneficial
      for healthspan through increased NADPH levels and protection from the deleterious
      effects of ROS. 

PMID- 26976706
TI  - Reconstruction of diaminopimelic acid biosynthesis allows characterisation of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase.
AB  - With the increased incidence of tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis there is an urgent need for new and better anti-tubercular drugs. N
      succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase (DapE) is a key enzyme in the
      succinylase pathway for the biosynthesis of meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP)
      and L-lysine. DapE is a zinc containing metallohydrolase which hydrolyses N
      succinyl L,L diaminopimelic acid (L,L-NSDAP) to L,L-diaminopimelic acid (L,L-DAP)
      and succinate. M. tuberculosis DapE (MtDapE) was cloned, over-expressed and
      purified as an N-terminal hexahistidine ((His)6) tagged fusion containing one
      zinc ion per DapE monomer. We redesigned the DAP synthetic pathway to generate
      L,L-NSDAP and other L,L-NSDAP derivatives and have characterised MtDapE with
      these substrates. In contrast to its other Gram negative homologues, the MtDapE
      was insensitive to inhibition by L-captopril which we show is consistent with
      novel mycobacterial alterations in the binding site of this drug. 

PMID- 26976707
TI  - Kinetic analysis of bypass of O(6)- methylguanine by the catalytic core of yeast
      DNA polymerase eta.
AB  - Alkylating agents can form O(6)-methylguansine (O(6)-MeG). To study the intrinsic
      kinetic behaviors of bypassing O(6)-MeG, we used the catalytic core of yeast DNA
      polymerase eta (Pol etacore, residues 1-513), instead of the full-length Pol eta,
      to study their elementary steps, eliminating the effects of the C-terminal C2H2
      motif on dNTP incorporation. The misincorporation frequencies were 10(-4) for G
      and 0.055-0.446 for O(6)-MeG. O(6)-MeG does not affect the extension efficiency.
      Pol etacore showed no fast burst phase for any incorporation opposite G or O(6)
      MeG. Primer extension was greatly blocked by O(6)-MeG and about 67% dTTP, 31%
      dCTP and 2% dATP were incorporated opposite O(6)-MeG. This study provides further
      understanding of the mutation mechanism of alkylated lesion for yeast DNA
      polymerase eta.

PMID- 26976708
TI  - Xanthohumol improves dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced
      obese C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - Xanthohumol (XN) is a prenylated flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus) and
      beer. The dose-dependent effects of XN on glucose and lipid metabolism in a
      preclinical model of metabolic syndrome were the focus of our study. Forty-eight
      male C57BL/6J mice, 9 weeks of age, were randomly divided into three XN dose
      groups of 16 animals. The mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% kcal as fat)
      supplemented with XN at dose levels of 0, 30, or 60 mg/kg body weight/day, for 12
      weeks. Dietary XN caused a dose-dependent decrease in body weight gain. Plasma
      levels of glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, and MCP-1 were
      significantly decreased in mice on the 60 mg/kg/day treatment regimen. Treatment
      with XN at 60 mg/kg/day resulted in reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), IL-6,
      insulin and leptin levels by 80%, 78%, 42%, and 41%, respectively, compared to
      the vehicle control group. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9 (PCSK-9)
      levels were 44% lower in the 60 mg/kg dose group compared to the vehicle control
      group (p <= 0.05) which may account for the LDL-C lowering activity of XN. Our
      results show that oral administration of XN improves markers of systemic
      inflammation and metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice.

PMID- 26976711
TI  - Interventional Endoscopy--Opportunities and Limitations.

PMID- 26976710
TI  - Effect of incretin therapies compared to pioglitazone and gliclazide in non
      alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic patients not controlled on metformin
      alone: An observational, pilot study.
AB  - AIM: To compare the effect of different hypoglycemic drugs on laboratory and
      ultrasonographic markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients
      with type 2 diabetes not controlled on metformin alone. METHODS: Prospective
      study of diabetic patients treated with metformin in combination with gliclazide,
      pioglitazone, sitagliptin, exenatide, or liraglutide. NAFLD was assessed by
      abdominal ultrasound and NAFLD fibrosis score was calculated at baseline and 6
      months. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients completed 6 months of follow-up: 15
      received gliclazide, 13 pioglitazone, 15 sitagliptin, 7 exenatide, and 8
      liraglutide. NAFLD affected 57.8% of patients at baseline, and its
      ultrasonographic course varied depending on changes in weight (P=.009) and waist
      circumference (P=.012). The proportions of patients who experienced
      ultrasonographic improvement in the different treatment groups were: 33.3% with
      gliclazide, 37.5% with pioglitazone, 45.5% with sitagliptin, 80% with exenatide,
      and 33% with liraglutide (P=.28). CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative ultrasonographic NAFLD
      improvement in diabetic patients treated with metformin in combination with other
      hypoglycemic drugs is associated to change over time in weight and waist
      circumference. Long-term clinical trials are needed to assess whether incretin
      therapies result in better liver outcomes than other hypoglycemic therapies.

PMID- 26976709
TI  - Enhanced troponin I binding explains the functional changes produced by the
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation A8V of cardiac troponin C.
AB  - Higher affinity for TnI explains how troponin C (TnC) carrying a causative
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation, TnC(A8V), sensitizes muscle cells to
      Ca(2+). Muscle fibers reconstituted with TnC(A8V) require ~2.3-fold less [Ca(2+)]
      to achieve 50% maximum-tension compared to fibers reconstituted with wild-type
      TnC (TnC(WT)). Binding measurements rule out a significant change in N-terminus
      Ca(2+)-affinity of isolated TnC(A8V), and TnC(A8V) binds the switch-peptide of
      troponin-I (TnI(sp)) ~1.6-fold more strongly than TnC(WT); thus we model the TnC
      TnI(sp) interaction as competing with the TnI-actin interaction. Tension data are
      well-fit by a model constrained to conditions in which the affinity of TnC(A8V)
      for TnI(sp) is 1.5-1.7-fold higher than that of TnC(WT) at all [Ca(2+)]. Mean
      ATPase rates of reconstituted cardiac myofibrils is greater for TnC(A8V) than
      TnC(WT) at all [Ca(2+)], with statistically significant differences in the means
      at higher [Ca(2+)]. To probe TnC-TnI interaction in low Ca(2+), displacement of
      bis-ANS from TnI was monitored as a function of TnC. Whereas Ca(2+)-TnC(WT)
      displaces significantly more bis-ANS than Mg(2+)-TnC(WT), Ca(2+)-TnC(A8V)
      displaces probe equivalently to Mg(2+)-TnC(A8V) and Ca(2+)-TnC(WT), consistent
      with stronger Ca(2+)-independent TnC(A8V)-TnI(sp). A Matlab program for computing
      theoretical activation is reported. Our work suggests that contractility is
      constantly above normal in hearts made hypertrophic by TnC(A8V).

PMID- 26976712
TI  - The Endoscopic Treatment of Iatrogenic Gastrointestinal Perforation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic gastrointestinal perforation is a life-threatening
      complication that arises very rarely in routine endoscopic procedures, with an
      incidence of 0.03-0.8%. It is more likely in highly complex and invasive
      therapeutic interventions. In certain situations, endoscopic closure of the
      perforation and treatment with antibiotics can obviate the need for emergency
      surgical repair. METHODS: This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by
      a selective literature search in PubMed and on a relevant position paper.
      RESULTS: Existing clinical studies of treatment for iatrogenic gastrointestinal
      perforation are mainly retrospective and uncontrolled. No randomized and
      controlled trials have been performed to date. If the perforation is discovered
      soon after it arises, endoscopic treatment can be considered. Gastrointestinal
      perforations that are less than 30 mm in size can be closed with a clip. In the
      esophagus, expanding metal stents can be used as well. Clip application is
      successful in 80-100% of cases of gastrointestinal perforation, and the
      perforation remains permanently closed in 60-100% of cases. Reports on the
      endoscopic treatment of esophageal perforation show mixed results, with closure
      rates of roughly 90% and clinical success rates of roughly 80%. If endoscopic
      treatment is not possible, timely laparoscopic or open surgical repair is needed.
      CONCLUSION: The endoscopic treatment of iatrogenic perforations is safe and
      reliable. Success depends on early detection, adequate endoscopic closure with
      properly mastered technique, and the early initiation of concomitant antibiotic
      treatment, which must be continued for a full course. Most patients who are
      treated in this way do not need emergency surgery.

PMID- 26976714
TI  - Important: Asking Patients About Lead Symptoms.

PMID- 26976715
TI  - Additional New Therapeutic Options.

PMID- 26976713
TI  - The Periprocedural Management of Anticoagulation and Platelet Aggregation
      Inhibitors in Endoscopic Interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Germany, more than half a million persons, most of them elderly,
      are under long-term treatment with anticoagulants. The approval of new oral
      anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors, as well as new data on
      periprocedural bridging with heparins, have introduced marked complexity to the
      management of treatment with anticoagulants and platelet aggregation inhibitors
      for endoscopic interventions in visceral surgery. METHODS: This review is based
      on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search in PubMed,
      as well as on the relevant guidelines. RESULTS: Robust data are available on the
      management of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and platelet aggregation inhibitors for
      endoscopic procedures; on the other hand, the data on the periprocedural
      management of non-VKA oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are still inadequate. Endoscopic
      procedures that carry a low risk of bleeding can be performed under treatment
      with anticoagulants or platelet aggregation inhibitors. Before any procedure with
      a high risk of bleeding (>= 1.5%) oral anticoagulants of any type and P2Y12
      inhibitors should generally be discontinued. Patients in whom VKA are temporarily
      discontinued for this reason need bridging treatment with heparin only if they
      are at high risk of thromboembolic events (>= 10% per year). For patients who are
      anticoagulated with NOAC, timely discontinuation of the drug depending on renal
      function is of key importance, and bridging is usually unnecessary. CONCLUSION:
      Adequate scientific evidence supports the current recommendations and treatment
      algorithms for the periprocedural management of oral anticoagulants and platelet
      aggregation inhibitors in endoscopic procedures. Larger-scale studies are still
      needed to provide a sound basis for the corresponding recommendations about NOAC.

PMID- 26976716
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26976717
TI  - Adipose-derived stem cell differentiation as a basic tool for vascularized
      adipose tissue engineering.
AB  - The development of in vitro adipose tissue constructs is highly desired to cope
      with the increased demand for substitutes to replace damaged soft tissue after
      high graded burns, deformities or tumor removal. To achieve clinically relevant
      dimensions, vascularization of soft tissue constructs becomes inevitable but
      still poses a challenge. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) represent a promising
      cell source for the setup of vascularized fatty tissue constructs as they can be
      differentiated into adipocytes and endothelial cells in vitro and are thereby
      available in sufficiently high cell numbers. This review summarizes the currently
      known characteristics of ASCs and achievements in adipogenic and endothelial
      differentiation in vitro. Further, the interdependency of adipogenesis and
      angiogenesis based on the crosstalk of endothelial cells, stem cells and
      adipocytes is addressed at the molecular level. Finally, achievements and
      limitations of current co-culture conditions for the construction of vascularized
      adipose tissue are evaluated.

PMID- 26976718
TI  - Solubilizing and Stabilizing Proteins in Anhydrous Ionic Liquids through
      Formation of Protein-Polymer Surfactant Nanoconstructs.
AB  - Nonaqueous biocatalysis is rapidly becoming a desirable tool for chemical and
      fuel synthesis in both the laboratory and industry. Similarly, ionic liquids are
      increasingly popular anhydrous reaction media for a number of industrial
      processes. Consequently, the use of enzymes in ionic liquids as efficient,
      environment-friendly, commercial biocatalysts is highly attractive. However,
      issues surrounding the poor solubility and low stability of enzymes in truly
      anhydrous media remain a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrate for the
      first time that engineering the surface of a protein to yield protein-polymer
      surfactant nanoconstructs allows for dissolution of dry protein into dry ionic
      liquids. Using myoglobin as a model protein, we show that this method can deliver
      protein molecules with near native structure into both hydrophilic and
      hydrophobic anhydrous ionic liquids. Remarkably, using temperature-dependent
      synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy to measure half
      denaturation temperatures, our results show that protein stability increases by
      55  degrees C in the ionic liquid as compared to aqueous solution, pushing the
      solution thermal denaturation beyond the boiling point of water. Therefore, the
      work presented herein could provide a platform for the realization of
      biocatalysis at high temperatures or in anhydrous solvent systems. 

PMID- 26976720
TI  - Bipolaris oryzae, a novel fungal opportunist causing keratitis.
AB  - We report a case of mycotic keratitis caused by Bipolaris oryzae with
      predisposing trauma from a foreign body. The fungus was identified by sequencing
      the internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1alpha
      (TEF1) gene, and partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene,
      and the species identity was confirmed on the basis of its characteristic
      conidial phenotype. The patient was treated with surgical intervention and
      antifungal agents, including intravenous fluconazole (FLC), oral itraconazole,
      topical 0.15% amphotericin B eye drops, and 0.5% FLC eye drops. To our knowledge,
      this is the first report of mycotic keratitis caused by B. oryzae worldwide.

PMID- 26976719
TI  - Incidence and Risk Factors Involved in the Development of Nephropathy in Patients
      with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Follow Up Since Onset.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Estimation of the incidence of nephropathy as well as potential risk
      factors involved in its onset in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes who
      were followed from diagnosis. METHODS: We studied 716 patients, who were followed
      for a mean (standard deviation [SD]) of 10.1 (SD: 5.3) years. We analyzed the
      influence of demographic characteristics and levels of glycated hemoglobin (A1C),
      lipids and blood pressure during the course of the disease by univariate and
      multivariate survival methods. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of nephropathy
      was 2.6%, 6.3% and 11.9% at 5, 10 and 15 years of evolution, respectively. The
      factors associated with increased risk for nephropathy were systolic blood
      pressure and A1C levels. An increment of 10 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure
      increases the risk by 36%, and an increment of 1% in A1C levels raises the risk
      by 13% at 5 years since onset and 68% at 10 years, and it doubles the risk at 15
      years. Women have higher risk than men (hazard ratio 1.79; p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS:
      Our study suggests that female gender and high levels of A1C and systolic blood
      pressure throughout the course of the disease are the main factors associated
      with an increased risk for development of nephropathy in patients with type 1
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 26976721
TI  - A Dual-Colour Architecture for Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of Ultrafast Magnetization
      Dynamics in the Sub-10-femtosecond Range.
AB  - Current time-resolution-limited dynamic measurements clearly show the need for
      improved techniques to access processes on the sub-10-femtosecond timescale. To
      access this regime, we have designed and constructed a state-of-the-art time
      resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect apparatus, based on a new dual-color scheme,
      for the measurement of ultrafast demagnetization and precessional dynamics in
      magnetic materials. This system can operate well below the current temporal
      ranges reported in the literature, which typically lie in the region of around 50
      fs and above. We have used a dual-colour scheme, based on ultra broadband hollow
      core fibre and chirped mirror pulse compression techniques, to obtain
      unprecedented sub-8-fs pump and probe pulse durations at the sample plane. To
      demonstrate the capabilities of this system for ultrafast demagnetization and
      precessional dynamics studies, we have performed measurements in a ferrimagnetic
      GdFeCo thin film. Our study has shown that the magnetization shows a sudden drop
      within the first picosecond after the pump pulse, a fast recovery
      (remagnetization) within a few picoseconds, followed by a clear oscillation or
      precession during a slower magnetization recovery. Moreover, we have
      experimentally confirmed for the first time that a sub-10-fs pulse is able to
      efficiently excite a magnetic system such as GdFeCo. 

PMID- 26976723
TI  - Multivariate evoked response detection based on the spectral F-test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Objective response detection techniques, such as magnitude square
      coherence, component synchrony measure, and the spectral F-test, have been used
      to automate the detection of evoked responses. The performance of these detectors
      depends on both the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the length of the
      electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. NEW METHOD: Recently, multivariate detectors
      were developed to increase the detection rate even in the case of a low signal-to
      noise ratio or of short data records originated from EEG signals. In this
      context, an extension to the multivariate case of the spectral F-test detector is
      proposed. RESULTS: The performance of this technique is assessed using Monte
      Carlo. As an example, EEG data from 12 subjects during photic stimulation is used
      to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed detector. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING
      METHOD(S): The multivariate method showed detection rates consistently higher
      than those ones when only one signal was used. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that the
      response detection in EEG signals with the multivariate technique was
      statistically significant if two or more EEG derivations were used.

PMID- 26976722
TI  - Novel intrathecal and subcutaneous catheter delivery systems in the mouse.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Catheter systems that permit targeted delivery of genes, molecules,
      ligands, and other agents represent an investigative tool critical to the
      development of clinically relevant animal models that facilitate the study of
      neurological health and disease. The development of new sustained catheter
      delivery systems to spinal and peripheral sites will reduce the need for repeated
      injections, while ensuring constant levels of drug in plasma and tissues. NEW
      METHOD: Here, we introduce two novel catheter delivery systems in the mouse: the
      O'Buckley intrathecal catheter system for sustained delivery to the spinal region
      and a subcutaneous bifurcated catheter system for sustained drug delivery to both
      hindpaws. RESULTS: The O'Buckley intrathecal catheter system consistently
      distributed Evans Blue throughout the spinal cord, with the greatest
      concentration at the thoracic region, and with an 85% surgery success rate. The
      subcutaneous catheter system consistently distributed Evans Blue to the
      hindlimbs, with a 100% surgery success rate. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHOD: The
      O'Buckley intrathecal catheter system accomplishes sustained drug delivery to the
      spinal region, with a 2-fold increase in surgery success rate, as compared to the
      traditional method. Our subcutaneous bifurcated catheter system accomplishes
      sustained drug delivery to both hindpaws, eliminating the need for repeated
      intraplantar injections. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed catheter systems that
      improve upon traditional methods in order to achieve sustained localized drug
      delivery to spinal tissues and to hindpaw tissues surrounding peripheral sciatic
      nerve terminals. These methods have a broad reach, and can be used to enhance
      behavioral, physiologic and mechanistic studies in mice.

PMID- 26976724
TI  - The supination assessment task: An automated method for quantifying forelimb
      rotational function in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurological injuries or disease can impair the function of motor
      circuitry controlling forearm supination, and recovery is often limited.
      Preclinical animal models are essential tools for developing therapeutic
      interventions to improve motor function after neurological damage. Here we
      describe the supination assessment task, an automated measure of quantifying
      forelimb supination in the rat. NEW METHOD: Animals were trained to reach out of
      a slot in a cage, grasp a spherical manipulandum, and supinate the forelimb. The
      angle of the manipulandum was measured using a rotary encoder. If the animal
      exceeded the predetermined turn angle, a reward pellet was delivered. This
      automated task provides a large, high-resolution dataset of turn angle over time.
      Multiple parameters can be measured including success rate, peak turn angle, turn
      velocity, area under the curve, and number of rotations per trial. The task
      provides a high degree of flexibility to the user, with both software and
      hardware parameters capable of being adjusted. RESULTS: We demonstrate the
      supination assessment task can effectively measure significant deficits in
      multiple parameters of rotational motor function for multiple weeks in two models
      of ischemic stroke. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Preexisting motor assays
      designed to measure forelimb supination in the rat require high-speed video
      analysis techniques. This operant task provides a high-resolution, quantitative
      end-point dataset of turn angle, which obviates the necessity of video analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: The supination assessment task represents a novel, efficient method
      of evaluating forelimb rotation and may help decrease the cost and time of
      running experiments.

PMID- 26976725
TI  - Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression in bladder cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression and
      oncologic outcomes in bladder cancer have been discrepant. EZH2 expression in
      noninvasive bladder cancer is not well studied. We thus set out to address the
      discrepancy in previous reports, and to study expression of EZH2 in noninvasive
      bladder cancer and its associations, in a large cystectomy cohort. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: EZH2 expression was evaluated in tissue microarray material (invasive
      and noninvasive cancer). Associations between EZH2 expression and oncologic
      outcomes, tumor stage, and disease type were determined. Receiver operating
      characteristic analysis was performed for EZH2 expression in the diagnosis of
      invasive carcinoma and flat carcinoma in situ (CIS) compared to benign
      urothelium. RESULTS: EZH2 expression was most common in CIS, followed by invasive
      carcinoma, noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, and benign urothelium, in
      decreasing order (P<0.05 all comparisons, linear model). The receiver operating
      characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.92 for CIS and
      0.83 for invasive carcinoma, both compared to benign urothelium. At a cutoff
      of>=4, this corresponded to sensitivities of 89% and 73%, and specificities of
      82% and 82%, for CIS and invasive carcinoma, respectively. The EZH2 expression
      was not associated with oncologic outcomes, including recurrence-free survival
      and death from bladder cancer. The EZH2 expression status (positive or negative)
      of noninvasive and invasive carcinomas taken from the same bladder correlated (P
      = 0.05, Fisher exact). CONCLUSION: That EZH2 status of noninvasive and invasive
      cancer correlated in individual patients suggests that EZH2 may be a marker of
      lineage. EZH2 may offer diagnostic utility, particularly in flat urothelial CIS
      vs. benign urothelium. The present study supports that EZH2 expression in bladder
      cancer is not predictive of oncologic outcome.

PMID- 26976727
TI  - Liver-specific expression of carboxylesterase 1g/esterase-x reduces hepatic
      steatosis, counteracts dyslipidemia and improves insulin signaling.
AB  - Ces1g/Es-x deficiency in mice results in weight gain, insulin resistance, fatty
      liver and hyperlipidemia through upregulation of de novo lipogenesis and
      oversecretion of triacylglycerol (TG)-rich lipoproteins. Here, we show that
      restoration of Ces1g/Es-x expression only in the liver significantly reduced
      hepatic TG concentration accompanied by decreased size of lipid droplets, reduced
      secretion of very low-density lipoproteins and improved insulin-mediated signal
      transduction in the liver. Collectively, these results demonstrate that hepatic
      Ces1g/Es-x plays a critical role in limiting hepatic steatosis, very low-density
      lipoprotein assembly and in augmenting insulin sensitivity. 

PMID- 26976728
TI  - Incorporation of Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes Into Lowland Rice Cultivar
      Through Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding.
AB  - Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a major
      disease of rice in many rice growing countries. Pyramided lines carrying two BB
      resistance gene combinations (Xa21+xa13 and Xa21+xa5) were developed in a lowland
      cultivar Jalmagna background through backcross breeding by integrating molecular
      markers. In each backcross generation, markers closely linked to the disease
      resistance genes were used to select plants possessing the target genes.
      Background selection was continued in those plants carrying resistant genes until
      BC(3) generation. Plants having the maximum contribution from the recurrent
      parent genome were selected in each generation and hybridized with the recipient
      parent. The BB-pyramided line having the maximum recipient parent genome recovery
      of 95% was selected among BC3F1 plants and selfed to isolate homozygous BC(3)F(2)
      plants with different combinations of BB resistance genes. Twenty pyramided lines
      with two resistance gene combinations exhibited high levels of tolerance against
      the BB pathogen. In order to confirm the resistance, the pyramided lines were
      inoculated with different X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains of Odisha for bioassay.
      The genotypes with combination of two BB resistance genes conferred high levels
      of resistance to the predominant X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates prevalent in the
      region. The pyramided lines showed similarity with the recipient parent with
      respect to major agro-morphologic traits.

PMID- 26976726
TI  - Recent findings and future directions for interpolar mitotic kinesin inhibitors
      in cancer therapy.
AB  - The kinesin class of microtubule-associated motor proteins present attractive
      anticancer targets owing to their roles in key functions in dividing cells. Two
      interpolar mitotic kinesins Eg5 and HSET have opposing motor functions in mitotic
      spindle assembly with respect to microtubule movement, but both offer
      opportunities to develop cancer selective therapeutic agents. Here, we summarize
      the progress to date in developing inhibitors of Eg5 and HSET, with an emphasis
      on structural biology insights into the binding modes of allosteric inhibitors,
      compound selectivity and mechanisms of action of different chemical scaffolds. We
      discuss translation of preclinical studies to clinical experience with Eg5
      inhibitors, recent findings on potential resistance mechanisms and explore the
      implications for future anticancer drug development against these targets. 

PMID- 26976730
TI  - Mechanism of Action of the Benzimidazole Fungicide on Fusarium graminearum:
      Interfering with Polymerization of Monomeric Tubulin But Not Polymerized
      Microtubule.
AB  - Tubulins are the proposed target of clinically relevant anticancer drugs,
      anthelmintic, and fungicide. beta2-tubulin of the plant pathogen Fusarium
      graminearum was considered as the target of benzimidazole compounds by homology
      modeling in our previous work. In this study, alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta2-tubulin
      of F. graminearum were produced in Escherichia coli. Three benzimidazole
      compounds (carbendazim, benomyl, and thiabendazole) interacted with the
      recombinant beta2-tubulin and reduced the maximum fluorescence intensity of 2 MUM
      beta2-tubulin 47, 50, and 25%, respectively, at saturation of compound-tubulin
      complexes. Furthermore, carbendazim significantly inhibited the polymerization of
      alpha1-/beta2-tubulins and alpha2-/beta2-tubulins 90.9 +/- 0.4 and 93.5 +/-
      0.05%, respectively, in vitro. A similar result appeared with benomyl on the
      polymerization of alpha1-/beta2-tubulins and alpha2-/beta2-tubulins at 89.9 +/-
      0.1% and 92.6 +/- 1.2% inhibition ratios, respectively. In addition,
      thiabendazole inhibited 81.6 +/- 1% polymerization of alpha1-/beta2-tubulins,
      whereas it had less effect on alpha2-/beta2-tubulin polymerization, with 20.1 +/-
      1.9% inhibition ratio. However, the three compounds cannot destabilize the
      polymerized microtubule. To illuminate the issue, mapping the carbendazim binding
      sites and beta/alpha subunit interface on beta/alpha-tubulin complexes by
      homology modeling showed that the two domains were closed to each other.
      Understanding the nature of the interaction between benzimidazole compounds and
      F. graminearum tubulin is fundamental for the development of tubulin-specific
      anti-F. graminearum compounds. 

PMID- 26976731
TI  - Effect of antireflux surgery for Barrett's esophagus: long-term results.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Barrett's esophagus is a metaplastic change in the lower esophagus
      that results from long-standing gastro-esophageal reflux disease, associated with
      a risk of development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. This review examines the role
      of antireflux surgery in the management of Barrett's esophagus. EVIDENCE
      ACQUISITION: A systematic review of the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases (1974-2016)
      was undertaken to identify studies with long-term follow-up examining the role of
      antireflux surgery in Barrett's esophagus. Outcomes examined were: number of
      subjects, follow-up, rates of progression, regression and adenocarcinoma.
      Symptomatic outcomes, surgical morbidity and rates of surgical failure were
      included when available. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 2403 articles were
      identified of which 9 met the inclusion criteria for this study using the PRISMA
      methodology. Citation tracking identified 3 further studies for inclusion. There
      were 962 patients included in this study, 731 who were found to have completed
      endoscopic follow up with a total of 3736 years of follow up. Annual incidence of
      esophageal adenocarcinoma was found to be 0.18%. Thirty-five percent of patients
      (260 patients) had regression. Progression was seen in 8% (57 patients)
      postoperatively. There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient
      evidence to recommend surgery over medical therapy to reduce cancer risk in
      Barrett's esophagus. Regression of features associated with cancer risk was more
      common after surgery than medical therapy. Surgery has been shown to improve
      patients' gastroesophageal reflux disease-specific quality of life. Long-term,
      antireflux surgery represents a cost effective method to manage Barrett's
      Esophagus with continued endoscopic surveillance.

PMID- 26976729
TI  - The U.S. Culture Collection Network Lays the Foundation for Progress in
      Preservation of Valuable Microbial Resources.
AB  - The U.S. Culture Collection Network was formed in 2012 by a group of culture
      collection scientists and stakeholders in order to continue the progress
      established previously through efforts of an ad hoc group. The network is
      supported by a Research Coordination Network grant from the U.S. National Science
      Foundation (NSF) and has the goals of promoting interaction among collections,
      encouraging the adoption of best practices, and protecting endangered or orphaned
      collections. After prior meetings to discuss best practices, shared data, and
      synergy with genome programs, the network held a meeting at the U.S. Department
      of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Center for
      Genetic Resources Preservation (NCGRP) in Fort Collins, Colorado in October 2015
      specifically to discuss collections that are vulnerable because of changes in
      funding programs, or are at risk of loss because of retirement or lack of
      funding. The meeting allowed collection curators who had already backed up their
      resources at the USDA NCGRP to visit the site, and brought collection owners,
      managers, and stakeholders together. Eight formal collections have established
      off-site backups with the USDA-ARS, ensuring that key material will be preserved
      for future research. All of the collections with backup at the NCGRP are public
      distributing collections including U.S. NSF-supported genetic stock centers, USDA
      ARS collections, and university-supported collections. Facing the retirement of
      several pioneering researchers, the community discussed the value of preserving
      personal research collections and agreed that a mechanism to preserve these
      valuable collections was essential to any future national culture collection
      system. Additional input from curators of plant and animal collections emphasized
      that collections of every kind face similar challenges in developing long-range
      plans for sustainability. 

PMID- 26976732
TI  - Time-to-administration in postoperative chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: does
      minimally-invasive surgery help?
AB  - The optimal delay in the start of chemotherapy following rectal cancer surgery
      has not yet been identified. However, postponed adjuvant therapy has been proven
      to be connected with a significant survival detriment. We aimed to investigate
      whether the time to initiation of adjuvant treatment can be influenced by the
      application of minimally invasive surgery rather than traditional open surgery.
      By comprehensively evaluating the available inherent literature, several factors
      appear to be associated with delayed postoperative chemotherapy. Some of them are
      strictly related to surgical short-term outcomes. Laparoscopy results in
      shortened length of hospital stay, reduced surgical morbidity and lower rate of
      wound infection compared to conventional surgery. Probably due to such
      advantages, the application of minimally-invasive surgery to treat rectal
      malignancies seems to impact favorably the possibility to start adjuvant
      chemotherapy within an adequate timeframe following surgical resection, with
      potential improvement in patient survival. 

PMID- 26976733
TI  - The learning curve to achieve satisfactory completion rates in upper GI
      endoscopy: an analysis of a national training database.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the number of OGDs (oesophago
      gastro-duodenoscopies) trainees need to perform to acquire competency in terms of
      successful unassisted completion to the second part of the duodenum 95% of the
      time. DESIGN: OGD data were retrieved from the trainee e-portfolio developed by
      the Joint Advisory Group on GI Endoscopy (JAG) in the UK. All trainees were
      included unless they were known to have a baseline experience of >20 procedures
      or had submitted data for <20 procedures. The primary outcome measure was OGD
      completion, defined as passage of the endoscope to the second part of the
      duodenum without physical assistance. The number of OGDs required to achieve a
      95% completion rate was calculated by the moving average method and learning
      curve cumulative summation (LC-Cusum) analysis. To determine which factors were
      independently associated with OGD completion, a mixed effects logistic regression
      model was constructed with OGD completion as the outcome variable. RESULTS: Data
      were analysed for 1255 trainees over 288 centres, representing 243 555 OGDs. By
      moving average method, trainees attained a 95% completion rate at 187 procedures.
      By LC-Cusum analysis, after 200 procedures, >90% trainees had attained a 95%
      completion rate. Total number of OGDs performed, trainee age and experience in
      lower GI endoscopy were factors independently associated with OGD completion.
      CONCLUSIONS: There are limited published data on the OGD learning curve. This is
      the largest study to date analysing the learning curve for competency
      acquisition. The JAG competency requirement for 200 procedures appears
      appropriate.

PMID- 26976735
TI  - Competitive intramolecular C-C vs. C-O bond coupling reactions toward C6 ring
      fused 2-pyridone synthesis.
AB  - An interesting competitive C-C vs. C-O bond coupling reaction on N,3,5
      trisubstituted pyridones is reported. These coupling reactions provided selective
      access to C- or O-ring-fused pyridones, both at the challenging C6-pyridone
      position. 1,6-C-Annulated pyridones were generally achieved in good yields with
      excellent chemoselectivity under Pd(0) conditions. On the other hand, full C6
      regioselective Csp(2) aryloxylation was achieved under oxidative coupling
      promoted by silver salts to access 5,6-O-annulated pyridones. Based on various
      experiments and observations, mechanistic evidence of these competitive reactions
      was provided and it was proposed that C-O bond formation proceeded through
      radical cyclization. These processes were performed under mild reaction
      conditions and offer an efficient and attractive methodology to selectively
      access a large scope of C-arylated and O-arylated pyridones of biological
      interest. 

PMID- 26976734
TI  - FODMAPs alter symptoms and the metabolome of patients with IBS: a randomised
      controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To gain mechanistic insights, we compared effects of low fermentable
      oligosaccharides, disaccharides and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) and high
      FODMAP diets on symptoms, the metabolome and the microbiome of patients with IBS.
      DESIGN: We performed a controlled, single blind study of patients with IBS (Rome
      III criteria) randomised to a low (n=20) or high (n=20) FODMAP diet for 3 weeks.
      Symptoms were assessed using the IBS symptom severity scoring (IBS-SSS). The
      metabolome was evaluated using the lactulose breath test (LBT) and metabolic
      profiling in urine using mass spectrometry. Stool microbiota composition was
      analysed by 16S rRNA gene profiling. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients (19 low
      FODMAP; 18 high FODMAP) completed the 3-week diet. The IBS-SSS was reduced in the
      low FODMAP diet group (p<0.001) but not the high FODMAP group. LBTs showed a
      minor decrease in H2 production in the low FODMAP compared with the high FODMAP
      group. Metabolic profiling of urine showed groups of patients with IBS differed
      significantly after the diet (p<0.01), with three metabolites (histamine, p
      hydroxybenzoic acid, azelaic acid) being primarily responsible for discrimination
      between the two groups. Histamine, a measure of immune activation, was reduced
      eightfold in the low FODMAP group (p<0.05). Low FODMAP diet increased
      Actinobacteria richness and diversity, and high FODMAP diet decreased the
      relative abundance of bacteria involved in gas consumption. CONCLUSIONS: IBS
      symptoms are linked to FODMAP content and associated with alterations in the
      metabolome. In subsets of patients, FODMAPs modulate histamine levels and the
      microbiota, both of which could alter symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      NCT01829932.

PMID- 26976736
TI  - Light scattering microscopy measurements of single nuclei compared with GPU
      accelerated FDTD simulations.
AB  - Single cell nuclei were investigated using two-dimensional angularly and
      spectrally resolved scattering microscopy. We show that even for a qualitative
      comparison of experimental and theoretical data, the standard Mie model of a
      homogeneous sphere proves to be insufficient. Hence, an accelerated finite
      difference time-domain method using a graphics processor unit and domain
      decomposition was implemented to analyze the experimental scattering patterns.
      The measured cell nuclei were modeled as single spheres with randomly distributed
      spherical inclusions of different size and refractive index representing the
      nucleoli and clumps of chromatin. Taking into account the nuclear heterogeneity
      of a large number of inclusions yields a qualitative agreement between
      experimental and theoretical spectra and illustrates the impact of the nuclear
      micro- and nanostructure on the scattering patterns. 

PMID- 26976737
TI  - Glycosphingolipid analysis in a naturally occurring ovine model of acute
      neuronopathic Gaucher disease.
AB  - Gaucher disease arises from mutations in the beta-glucocerebrosidase gene which
      encodes an enzyme required for the lysosomal catabolism of glucosylceramide. We
      have identified a naturally occurring mutation in the beta-glucocerebrosidase
      gene in sheep that leads to Gaucher disease with acute neurological symptoms.
      Here we have examined the clinical phenotype at birth and subsequently quantified
      lipids in Gaucher lamb brain, in order to characterise the disorder. Enzyme
      activity assessments showed that a reduction in beta-glucocerebrosidase activity
      to 1-5% of wild-type occurs consistently across newborn Gaucher lamb brain
      regions. We analyzed glucosylceramide, glucosylsphingosine,
      bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and ganglioside profiles in brain, liver, and
      spleen, and observed 30- to 130-fold higher glucosylceramide, and 500- to 2000
      fold higher glucosylsphingosine concentrations in Gaucher diseased lambs compared
      to wild-type. Significant increases of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and
      gangliosides [GM1, GM2, GM3] concentrations were also detected in the brain. As
      these glycosphingolipids are involved in many cellular events, an imbalance or
      disruption of the cell membrane lipid homeostasis would be expected to impair
      normal neuronal function. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed analysis
      of glycosphingolipids in various brain regions in a large animal model of
      neuronal disease, which permits the mechanistic investigation of lipid
      deregulation and their contribution to neurodegenerative process.

PMID- 26976738
TI  - Continuous bilateral infusion of vigabatrin into the subthalamic nucleus: Effects
      on seizure threshold and GABA metabolism in two rat models.
AB  - The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a crucial role as a regulator of basal
      ganglia outflow but also influences the activity of cortical and limbic
      structures, so that it is widely used as a therapeutic target in different brain
      diseases, including epilepsy. In addition to electrical stimulation of the STN,
      targeted delivery of anti-seizure drugs to the STN may constitute an alternative
      treatment approach in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. In the present
      experimental study, we investigated the anti-seizure and adverse effects of
      chronic infusion of vigabatrin into the STN of rats. Vigabatrin is a clinically
      approved anti-seizure drug, which acts by increasing brain GABA levels by
      irreversibly inhibiting GABA-aminotransferase (GABA-T). Based on functional and
      neurochemical effects of acute STN microinjection, doses for continuous infusion
      were calculated and administered, using an innovative drug infusion technology.
      Bilateral infusion of only 10MUg/day vigabatrin over 3weeks into the STN resulted
      in an almost complete inhibition of GABA-T and 4-fold increase in GABA in the
      target region, which was associated with a significant increase in seizure
      threshold, determined once weekly by i.v. infusion of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ).
      Lower doses or unilateral infusion were less effective, both on PTZ seizures and
      on kindled seizures. Bilateral infusion into substantia nigra pars reticulata was
      less effective and more toxic than STN infusion. In part of the rats, tolerance
      to the anti-seizure effect developed. The data demonstrate that chronic
      administration of very low, nontoxic doses of vigabatrin into STN is an effective
      means of increasing local GABA concentrations and seizure threshold.

PMID- 26976739
TI  - High salt drives Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
      without impacting myeloid dendritic cells.
AB  - Recently, we have shown that high dietary salt intake aggravates T helper cell
      (Th) 17 responses and neuroinflammation. Here, we employed in vitro assays for
      myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) maturation, DC cytokine production, T cell
      activation and ex vivo analyses in murine experimental autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis (EAE) to investigate whether the salt effect on Th17 cells is
      further mediated through DCs in vivo. In cell culture, an excess of 40mM sodium
      chloride did neither affect the generation, maturation nor the function of DCs,
      but, in different assays, significantly increased Th17 differentiation. During
      the initiation phase of MOG35-55 EAE, we did not observe altered DC frequencies
      or co-stimulatory capacities in lymphoid organs, while IL-17A production and Th17
      cells in the spleen were significantly increased. Complementary ex vivo analyses
      of the spinal cord during the effector phase of EAE showed increased frequencies
      of Th17 cells, but did not reveal differences in phenotypes of CNS invading DCs.
      Finally, adaption of transgenic mice harboring a MOG specific T cell receptor to
      a high-salt diet led to aggravated clinical disease only after active
      immunization. Wild-type mice adapted to a high-salt diet in the effector phase of
      EAE, bypassing the priming phase of T cells, only displayed mildly aggravated
      disease. In summary, our data argue for a direct effect of NaCl on Th17 cells in
      neuroinflammation rather than an effect primarily exerted via DCs. These data may
      further fuel our understanding on the dietary impact on different immune cell
      subsets in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26976741
TI  - Population sex-ratio affecting behavior and physiology of overwintering bank
      voles (Myodes glareolus).
AB  - Many boreal rodents are territorial during the breeding season but during winter
      become social and aggregate for more energy efficient thermoregulation. Communal
      winter nesting and social interactions are considered to play an important role
      for the winter survival of these species, yet the topic is relatively little
      explored. Females are suggested to be the initiators of winter aggregations and
      sometimes reported to survive better than males. This could be due to the higher
      social tolerance observed in overwintering females than males. Hormonal status
      could also affect winter behavior and survival. For instance, chronic stress can
      have a negative effect on survival, whereas high gonadal hormone levels, such as
      testosterone, often induce aggressive behavior. To test if the winter survival of
      females in a boreal rodent is better than that of males, and to assess the role
      of females in the winter aggregations, we generated bank vole (Myodes glareolus)
      populations of three different sex ratios (male-biased, female-biased and even
      density) under semi-natural conditions. We monitored survival, spatial behavior
      and hormonal status (stress and testosterone) during two winter months. We
      observed no significant differences in survival between the sexes or among
      populations with differing sex-ratios. The degree of movement area overlap was
      used as an indicator of social tolerance and potential communal nesting.
      Individuals in male biased populations showed a tendency to be solitary, whereas
      in female biased populations there was an indication of winter aggregation.
      Females living in male-biased populations had higher stress levels than the
      females from the other populations. The female-biased sex-ratio induced winter
      breeding and elevated testosterone levels in males. Thus, our results suggest
      that the sex-ratio of the overwintering population can lead to divergent
      overwintering strategies in bank voles. 

PMID- 26976740
TI  - Correlations between behavior, memory, sleep-wake and melatonin in Williams
      Beuren syndrome.
AB  - Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a
      microdeletion on chromosomic region 7q11.23, presents with peculiar behavioral
      and neurocognitive phenotypes that are marked by apparently preserved social and
      communicative abilities, which contrasts with low overall cognitive and
      particularly visuospatial performance. In addition, parents often report
      complaints of sleep disorders and behavioral problems of unknown cause. Sleep is
      a biological phenomenon that is modulated by the plasma concentration of
      melatonin and with influence on behavioral aspects and memory. Thus, this study
      sought to investigate the behavior, memory and the presence of sleep disorders in
      WBS and to correlate these factors with each other and with the plasma melatonin
      content. We used the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18 (CBCL), the digit
      subtest of the Wechsler scale for auditory memory, the visual sequential memory
      subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) and the Sleep
      Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Determination of urinary aMT6s, an
      indirect measure of plasma melatonin content, was held for 72h by ELISA, and the
      analysis of the circadian rhythm of this content was performed by the Cosinor
      method. The results of the CBCL showed that 87% of the WBS group presented with a
      clinical score on the overall competence and total behavioral problems.
      Furthermore, the behavioral problems that were most frequently reported by
      parents were anxiety and problems of thought. All individuals with WBS presented
      with impairments in auditory memory and 47% with impairments in visual sequential
      memory; 65% of the WBS group presented with an indicative of at least one sleep
      disorder, where respiratory, initiation and maintenance of sleep (DIMS) and
      hyperhidrosis were the most frequent disorders. The night time aMT6s levels were
      lower in individuals with WBS when compared with controls; 53% of the WBS group
      did not present with circadian rhythm variations in aMT6s levels. In addition,
      there was a negative correlation between the scores of auditory memory and the
      total score of sleep disorders and between the DIMS and nocturnal aMT6s content.
      In conclusion, in the present study, individuals with WBS showed a high frequency
      of behavioral and memory problems, sleep disturbances and no rhythm variation in
      aMT6s levels. The low melatonin content may be related with sleep disorders in
      this population, which, in turn, can have an adverse effect on specific cognitive
      skills such as memory. 

PMID- 26976743
TI  - 'Breakfast: how important is it really?' A response.

PMID- 26976742
TI  - Single-molecule analysis of DNA replication reveals novel features in the
      divergent eukaryotes Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei versus mammalian cells.
AB  - Leishmania and Trypanosoma are unicellular parasites that possess markedly
      original biological features as compared to other eukaryotes. The Leishmania
      genome displays a constitutive 'mosaic aneuploidy', whereas in Trypanosoma
      brucei, the megabase-sized chromosomes are diploid. We accurately analysed DNA
      replication parameters in three Leishmania species and Trypanosoma brucei as well
      as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Active replication origins were visualized
      at the single molecule level using DNA molecular combing. More than one active
      origin was found on most DNA fibres, showing that the chromosomes are replicated
      from multiple origins. Inter-origin distances (IODs) were measured and found very
      large in trypanosomatids: the mean IOD was 160 kb in T. brucei and 226 kb in L.
      mexicana. Moreover, the progression of replication forks was faster than in any
      other eukaryote analyzed so far (mean velocity 1.9 kb/min in T. brucei and 2.4
      2.6 kb/min in Leishmania). The estimated total number of active DNA replication
      origins in trypanosomatids is ~170. Finally, 14.4% of unidirectional replication
      forks were observed in T. brucei, in contrast to 1.5-1.7% in Leishmania and 4% in
      MEF cells. The biological significance of these original features is discussed.

PMID- 26976744
TI  - A reassessment of the presumed Torrener Barenhohle's Paleolithic human tooth.

PMID- 26976745
TI  - Diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy among rural women in Gujarat, India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Type II diabetes has risen dramatically among rural women in India,
      specifically in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
      Recent studies suggest that rural Indian women's low level of self-efficacy, or
      confidence in their ability to carry out tasks, such as managing diabetes, is a
      key reason for this increase. Therefore, this study utilizes the Health Belief
      Model to analyze whether increased awareness of diabetes leads to a positive
      increase in levels of self-efficacy among diabetic women in two rural villages of
      Gujarat. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 126 known cases of women with
      diabetes was carried out in the villages of Rajpur and Valam in the Mehsana
      District in the state of Gujarat, India, to assess the relationship between
      diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy. The instrument was adapted from the
      Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center's Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short
      Form and Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Assessment of the Indian Institute of
      Public Health Gandhinagar. RESULTS: Participants' mean knowledge score was
      10.77+/-2.86 out of a possible 24 points, for a mean percentage of 45%. The
      median self-efficacy score for the women was 7 with an interquartile range of 3.
      The age-adjusted multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive
      correlation between knowledge and self-efficacy (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The
      observations of this study suggest a positive correlation between diabetes
      knowledge and self-efficacy. Future diabetes educational interventions in India
      should place a greater emphasis on increasing knowledge among rural women.
      Specifically, these interventions should emphasize the major gaps in knowledge
      regarding causes of diabetes, complications and treatment procedures. Educational
      interventions that are catered more towards rural women will be critical for
      improving their self-efficacy.

PMID- 26976746
TI  - Alteration of Polyketide Stereochemistry from anti to syn by a Ketoreductase
      Domain Exchange in a Type I Modular Polyketide Synthase Subunit.
AB  - Polyketide natural products have broad applications in medicine. Exploiting the
      modular nature of polyketide synthases to alter stereospecificity is an
      attractive strategy for obtaining natural product analogues with altered
      pharmaceutical properties. We demonstrate that by retaining a dimerization
      element present in LipPks1+TE, we are able to use a ketoreductase domain exchange
      to alter alpha-methyl group stereochemistry with unprecedented retention of
      activity and simultaneously achieve a novel alteration of polyketide product
      stereochemistry from anti to syn. The substrate promiscuity of LipPks1+TE further
      provided a unique opportunity to investigate the substrate dependence of
      ketoreductase activity in a polyketide synthase module context. 

PMID- 26976747
TI  - Adamantane derivatives of sulfonamides: sublimation, solubility, solvation and
      transfer processes in biologically relevant solvents.
AB  - Eight adamantane derivatives of sulfonamides were synthesized and characterized.
      Temperature dependencies of saturation vapor pressure were obtained using the
      transpiration method and thermodynamic functions of the sublimation processes
      were calculated. Solubility values of the selected compounds in buffer (pH 7.4),
      1-octanol and 1-hexane were determined at different temperatures using the
      isothermal saturation method. Thermophysical characteristics of fusion processes
      (melting points and fusion enthalpies) of the substances were studied using the
      DSC method. Transfer processes from buffer to 1-octanol, from buffer to 1-hexane
      and 1-hexane to 1-octanol were analyzed. The impact of the molecules' structural
      modification on sublimation, solubility and solvation/hydration processes in the
      solvents was studied. Correlation equations connecting the thermodynamic
      functions with physicochemical descriptors were obtained. 

PMID- 26976748
TI  - [Consensus document of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis on indications of
      inhibitors of PCSK9].

PMID- 26976750
TI  - Alterations of proteins in MDCK cells during acute potassium deficiency.
AB  - Chronic K(+) deficiency can cause hypokalemic nephropathy associated with
      metabolic alkalosis, polyuria, tubular dilatation, and tubulointerstitial injury.
      However, effects of acute K(+) deficiency on the kidney remained unclear. This
      study aimed to explore such effects by evaluating changes in levels of proteins
      in renal tubular cells during acute K(+) deficiency. MDCK cells were cultivated
      in normal K(+) (NK) (K(+)=5.3 mM), low K(+) (LK) (K(+)=2.5 mM), or K(+) depleted
      (KD) (K(+)=0 mM) medium for 24 h and then harvested. Cellular proteins were
      resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and visualized by SYPRO
      Ruby staining (5 gels per group). Spot matching and quantitative intensity
      analysis revealed a total 48 protein spots that had significantly differential
      levels among the three groups. Among these, 46 and 30 protein spots had
      differential levels in KD group compared to NK and LK groups, respectively.
      Comparison between LK and NK groups revealed only 10 protein spots that were
      differentially expressed. All of these differentially expressed proteins were
      successfully identified by Q-TOF MS and/or MS/MS analyses. The altered levels of
      heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), ezrin, lamin A/C, tubulin, chaperonin-containing
      TCP1 (CCT1), and calpain 1 were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Global
      protein network analysis showed three main functional networks, including 1) cell
      growth and proliferation, 2) cell morphology, cellular assembly and organization,
      and 3) protein folding in which the altered proteins were involved. Further
      investigations on these networks may lead to better understanding of pathogenic
      mechanisms of low K(+)-induced renal injury.

PMID- 26976751
TI  - Recombinant broad-range phospholipase C from Listeria monocytogenes exhibits
      optimal activity at acidic pH.
AB  - The broad-range phospholipase C (PLC) from Listeria monocytogenes has been
      expressed using an intein expression system and characterized. This zinc
      metalloenzyme, similar to the homologous enzyme from Bacillus cereus, targets a
      wide range of lipid substrates. With monomeric substrates, the length of the
      hydrophobic acyl chain has significant impact on enzyme efficiency by affecting
      substrate affinity (Km). Based on a homology model of the enzyme to the B. cereus
      protein, several active site residue mutations were generated. While this PLC
      shares many of the mechanistic characteristics of the B. cereus PLC, a major
      difference is that the L. monocytogenes enzyme displays an acidic pH optimum
      regardless of substrate status (monomer, micelle, or vesicle). This unusual
      behavior might be advantageous for its role in the pathogenicity of L.
      monocytogenes. 

PMID- 26976749
TI  - Oxidative stress generated during monensin treatment contributes to altered
      Toxoplasma gondii mitochondrial function.
AB  - The ionophore monensin displays potent activities against several coccidian
      parasites of veterinary and medical importance including the opportunistic
      pathogen of humans, Toxoplasma gondii. While monensin is used widely in animals,
      toxicity impedes its use in humans. Nonetheless, given its potency, understanding
      its mode of action would reveal vulnerable aspects of the parasite that can be
      exploited for drug development. We previously established that monensin induces
      Toxoplasma to undergo cell cycle arrest and an autophagy-like cell death.
      Interestingly, these effects are dependent on the mitochondrion-localized TgMSH-1
      protein, suggesting that monensin disrupts mitochondrial function. We demonstrate
      that monensin treatment results in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and
      altered morphology. These effects are mitigated by the antioxidant compound N
      acetyl-cysteine suggesting that monensin causes an oxidative stress, which was
      indeed the case based on direct detection of reactive oxygen species. Moreover,
      over-expression of the antioxidant proteins glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin 2
      protect Toxoplasma from the deleterious effects of monensin. Thus, our studies
      show that the effects of monensin on Toxoplasma are due to a disruption of
      mitochondrial function caused by the induction of an oxidative stress and
      implicate parasite redox biology as a viable target for the development of drugs
      against Toxoplasma and related pathogenic parasites. 

PMID- 26976755
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26976753
TI  - Development of a double-antibody sandwich ELISA for rapid detection of Bacillus
      Cereus in food.
AB  - Bacillus cereus is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of food
      poisoning in the industrialized world. In this paper, we describe a sensitive
      double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that was
      developed for rapid detection of B. cereus in food to minimize the risk of
      contamination. The polyclonal antibody (pAb) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
      specific to B. cereus were generated from rabbit antiserum and mouse ascites,
      respectively, using the octanoic acid/saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation
      method and protein A-sepharose columns. IgG-isotype mAbs were specially developed
      to undergo a novel peripheral multiple sites immunization for rapid gain of
      hybridomas and a subtractive screen was used to eliminate cross reactivity with
      closely related species such as Bacillus thuringiensis, B. subtilis, B.
      licheniformis and B. perfringens. The linear detection range of the method was
      approximately 1 * 10(4)-2.8 * 10(6) cells/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.9
      * 10(3) cells/mL. The assay was able to detect B. cereus when the samples were
      prepared in meat with various pathogens. The newly developed analytical method
      provides a rapid method to sensitively detect B. cereus in food specimens.

PMID- 26976756
TI  - Different modes of action of alprazolam in the treatment of panic attacks.
AB  - Alprazolam (a benzodiazepine in the group of the triazolo-benzodiazepines) is a
      potent drug for the treatment of panic disorder. This is possible due to four
      different interactions with neurotransmitter systems. First, it facilitates, as
      all diazepines, the inhibitory acitivity of gamma-amino-butyricacid (GABA). The
      chemical structure differs from the benzodiazepines by incorporation of the
      triazoloring. Due to this triazoloring, the drug has three additional modes of
      action. These modes of action inhibit the locus coeruleus which plays a role in
      the origin of panic disorder. A first specific action is a stimulation of the
      serotonergic system. Triazolobenzodiazepines are also alpha2-adrenoreceptor
      agonists. Both mechanisms are responsible for inhibition of the locus coeruleus.
      Triazolo-benzodiazepines inhibit the platelet-activating-factor (PAF). PAF
      stimulates the corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH). This hormone stimulates the
      locus coeruleus. CRH in patients with panic attacks is elevated. This could be a
      result of hyperactive metabolism of the right parahippocampal area, which is
      observed in patients with panic attacks. Triazolo-benzodiazepines decrease the
      activity of the locus coeruleus because of a low CRH-level due to inhibited PAF. 

PMID- 26976754
TI  - The importance of interacting climate modes on Australia's contribution to global
      carbon cycle extremes.
AB  - The global carbon cycle is highly sensitive to climate-driven fluctuations of
      precipitation, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. This was clearly manifested
      by a 20% increase of the global terrestrial C sink in 2011 during the strongest
      sustained La Nina since 1917. However, inconsistencies exist between El Nino/La
      Nina (ENSO) cycles and precipitation in the historical record; for example,
      significant ENSO-precipitation correlations were present in only 31% of the last
      100 years, and often absent in wet years. To resolve these inconsistencies, we
      used an advanced temporal scaling method for identifying interactions amongst
      three key climate modes (El Nino, the Indian Ocean dipole, and the southern
      annular mode). When these climate modes synchronised (1999-2012), drought and
      extreme precipitation were observed across Australia. The interaction amongst
      these climate modes, more than the effect of any single mode, was associated with
      large fluctuations in precipitation and productivity. The long-term exposure of
      vegetation to this arid environment has favoured a resilient flora capable of
      large fluctuations in photosynthetic productivity and explains why Australia was
      a major contributor not only to the 2011 global C sink anomaly but also to global
      reductions in photosynthetic C uptake during the previous decade of drought. 

PMID- 26976752
TI  - Cladribine, gemcitabine, busulfan, and SAHA combination as a potential
      pretransplant conditioning regimen for lymphomas: A preclinical study.
AB  - Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective treatment for
      patients with refractory lymphomas. Nucleoside analogs (NAs) and DNA alkylating
      agents are efficacious in treating hematologic malignancies. To design an
      efficacious and more economical pretransplant regimen for lymphoma patients, we
      analyzed the cytotoxicity of cladribine (Clad), gemcitabine (Gem), busulfan (Bu),
      and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in lymphoma cell lines. J45.01 and
      U937 lymphoma cell lines were exposed to drugs, alone or in combination, for 48
      hours and analyzed with the MTT and annexin V assays, Western blotting, and flow
      cytometry. On the basis of the IC5-10 values of the drugs, the Clad+Gem+Bu
      combination inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines to ~55%-60%. Addition
      of SAHA to this combination decreased proliferation further to ~30%. Exposure to
      the Clad+Gem+Bu+SAHA combination activated the DNA damage response and ATM-CHK2
      pathway; modified histones; decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, which
      caused leakage of apoptosis-inducing factors; and activated apoptosis.
      Pretreatment of cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK blocked the
      phosphorylation of histone 2AX and cleavage of PARP-1 and caspases. The
      Clad+Gem+Bu+SAHA combination provides synergistic cytotoxicity in lymphoma cell
      lines. Our results may be a basis for using this combination as a pretransplant
      conditioning regimen in a clinical trial for lymphoma patients undergoing
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, replacing the more expensive nucleoside
      analog clofarabine.

PMID- 26976757
TI  - Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms following chronic phenytoin intoxication.
AB  - Reported (ir)reversibility of neurological and psychiatric symptoms induced by
      Phenytoin intoxication is being discussed by means of a case report concerning a
      40-year old man who sets fire to his house during a psychosis. Observation after
      admission to a general psychiatric hospital, following a short period of
      detention, leads to diagnosing neurological and psychiatric symptoms due to
      chronic Phenytoin intoxication. Discontinuation of Phenytoin supply induces
      partial remission of the symptoms. Literature on the subject is being revised. 

PMID- 26976758
TI  - Neuroimmunological aspects of the alterations in zinc homeostasis in the
      pathophysiology and treatment of depression.
AB  - Zinc is a trace element which plays a fundamental role in a wide range of
      biochemical processes in living organisms. Zinc is an essential component of
      various proteins and is an important factor for physiological function of the
      mammalian nervous and immune systems. In the central nervous system (CNS), zinc
      is found at high concentrations in hippocampal neurons. These neurons possess
      mechanisms for zinc uptake and storage in synaptic terminals and for the
      stimulation of zinc release along with neurotransmitters. In the central nervous
      system, zinc modulates predominantly the excitatory (glutamatergic) and
      inhibitory (GABAergic) amino acid neurotransmission pathways. In the immune
      system, zinc is necessary for the physiological activity of the thymus and T-cell
      dependent responses. Zinc deficiency impairs the activities of the neuroendocrine
      and immune systems in mammalian organisms. This paper reviews the alterations in
      the blood and brain zinc concentrations in relation to the neuroimmune
      pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Major depression is related to
      lowered serum zinc concentrations, which may be caused by the acute phase and the
      inflammatory response in that illness. Repeated administration of antidepressants
      selectively increases and redistributes brain zinc in the hippocampus. Since zinc
      is an inhibitor of the glutama-te/NMDA receptor, these data are in accordance
      with the glutamate hypothesis of antidepressant action. 

PMID- 26976760
TI  - Impact of litigation on the psychotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder.

PMID- 26976759
TI  - Brain alterations in depression.
AB  - This article describes a number of studies by our research group to find brain
      structures that may be involved in the symptoms of idiopathic depression,
      depression in Alzheimer's disease and depression in Parkinson's disease. Until
      recently, idiopathic depression has generally been related to deficiencies of
      aminergic systems. In Alzheimer patients we found a strong decrease in the number
      of neurons in the locus coeruleus and brain noradrenaline concentrations, but in
      depressed Alzheimer patients we did not find an extra de crease. This is in
      agreement with the finding that there is no cell loss in the locus coeruleus in
      idiopathic depression. We did find, however, that the number of corticotropin
      releasing hormone-, vasopressin- and oxytocin expressing neurons, the number of
      corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons co-expressing vasopressin and the amount
      of corticotropin-releasing hormone -mRNA in idiopathic depression were strongly
      increased in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. This result
      supports the hypothesis on the pathogenetic involvement of the hypothalamo
      pituitary-adrenal axis in depression and is of clinical relevance, since it may
      provide a theoretical rationale for antidepressive therapy with CRH antagonists. 

PMID- 26976761
TI  - IL-9 signaling as key driver of chronic inflammation in mucosal immunity.
AB  - Recent studies have highlighted a crucial regulatory role of the cytokine IL-9 in
      driving immune responses in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases at
      mucosal surfaces. IL-9 activates various types of immune and non-immune cells
      carrying the membrane bound IL-9R. IL-9 signaling plays a pivotal role in
      controlling the differentiation and activation of these cells by inducing the
      Jak/STAT pathway. In particular, IL-9 induces activation of T helper cells and
      affects the function of various tissue resident cells such as mast cells and
      epithelial cells in the mucosa. Importantly, recent findings suggest that
      blockade of IL-9 signaling is effective in treating experimental models of
      autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases,
      allergic disorders such as food allergy and asthma. Thus, blockade of IL-9 and IL
      9R signaling emerges as potentially novel approach for therapy of inflammatory
      diseases in the mucosal immune system.

PMID- 26976762
TI  - Regulation of TBK1 activity by Optineurin contributes to cell cycle-dependent
      expression of the interferon pathway.
AB  - The innate immune system has evolved to detect and neutralize viral invasions.
      Triggering of this defense mechanism relies on the production and secretion of
      soluble factors that stimulate intracellular antiviral defense mechanisms. The
      Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase in the innate immune
      signaling pathways including the antiviral response and the host defense against
      cytosolic infection by bacteries. Given the critical roles of TBK1, important
      regulatory mechanisms are required to regulate its activity. Among these,
      Optineurin (Optn) was shown to negatively regulate the interferon response, in
      addition to its important role in membrane trafficking, protein secretion,
      autophagy and cell division. As Optn does not carry any enzymatic activity, its
      functions depend on its precise subcellular localization and its interaction with
      other proteins, especially with components of the innate immune pathway. This
      review highlights advances in our understanding of Optn mechanisms of action with
      focus on the relationships between Optn and TBK1 and their implication in host
      defense against pathogens. Specifically, how the antiviral immune system is
      controlled during the cell cycle by the Optn/TBK1 axis and the physiological
      consequences of this regulatory mechanism are described. This review may serve to
      a better understanding of the relationships between the different functions of
      Optn, including those related to immune responses and its associated pathologies
      such as primary open-angle glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Paget's
      disease of bone.

PMID- 26976764
TI  - Proteomic analysis allows for identifying targets of Yinchenwuling Powder in
      hyperlipidemic rats.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Yinchenwuling Powder (YCL) is a traditional
      Chinese medicine formula originated from Synopsis of Golden Chamber, which is
      effective in positively modulating lipid levels in clinics. In this study, we
      utilized proteomic technology to identify the therapeutic targets of YCL on
      hyperlipidemic rats. METHODS: We established hyperlipidemic model rats and
      administrated them with different doses of YCL extracts (0.35g/ml, 0.75g/ml and
      1.5g/ml). Serum lipid levels were quantified and proteomic analysis was performed
      on plasma samples at the end of the study. Total plasma proteins were separated
      by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and protein spots with 1.5-fold
      difference were excised and then analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Proteomic results were
      verified by Western blotting. RESULTS: The results showed that the serum levels
      of TC, TG, and LDL-C were significantly decreased, while the HDL-C levels were
      significantly increased in different doses of YCL treatment groups. After being
      analyzed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS, 12 proteins were identified. Eight proteins (T
      kininogen, C3, C4, C4BPA, Iglambda-2 chain C, Mbl2, Hpx and FGL1) were up
      regulated in hyperlipidemic model rats, while four proteins (ApoE, ALB, TTR and
      VDBP) were up-regulated in the control and the YCL-treated rats. Two plasma
      proteins, ApoE and FGL1, involved in lipid metabolism, were confirmed by western
      blotting, and the results were consistent with the data from the proteomics
      results. CONCLUSIONS: In this experiment, we identified 12 differentially
      expressed plasma proteins associated with therapeutic effects of YCL. The
      functions of those proteins are related with lipid metabolism, blood coagulation,
      anti-inflammation and substance transport. This study provided a clue for the
      mechanism that underlies the therapeutic effect of YCL on lipid metabolism.

PMID- 26976763
TI  - Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects and underlying mechanisms of Huang
      Lian-Jie-Du extract: Implication for atopic dermatitis treatment.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD), a well-known
      Chinese herbal formula recorded in the Tang dynasty, is composed of Coptidis
      rhizoma (Huang-Lian), Scutellariae radix (Huang-Qin), Phellodendri Chinensis
      cortex (Huang-Bai) and Gardenia fructus (Zhi-Zi). It has clinical efficacy of
      purging fire for removing toxin and is commonly used for the treatment of disease
      including Alzheimer's disease, stroke and gastrointestinal disorders. HLJDD is
      also frequently applied for the treatment of various skin diseases, such as
      atopic dermatitis (AD) and various types of eczema. The aim of this study is to
      investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic actions of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du
      ethanolic extract (HLJDE) and to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms of
      action using relevant in vitro experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      anti-inflammatory effects of HLJDE were investigated through evaluating the
      change of nitric oxide (NO) and the production of several cytokines and
      chemokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cell line. Expression
      of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation,
      inhibitor-kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) degradation were further investigated to
      elucidate its anti-inflammatory molecular mechanisms. Meanwhile, the anti
      allergic activities of HLJDE was also evaluated using antigen-induced RBL-2H3
      cell line. beta-hexosaminidase and histamine release and selected cytokines and
      chemokines were measured to evaluate the anti-allergic activities of HLJDE. In
      addition, intracellular Ca(2+)level, MAPKs and Lyn phosphorylation were further
      investigated to reveal its anti-allergic molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: HLJDE
      could significantly suppress the secretion of NO, IL-1beta, IL-4, MCP-1 and GM
      CSF in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, HLJDE also
      markedly reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs, and inhibited the transcriptional
      activity of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha degradation. Furthermore, HLJDE exerted
      marked anti-allergic activity through inhibiting the release of beta
      hexosaminidase and histamine. The release of cytokines and chemokines (IL-4, TNF
      alpha, MCP-1) from activated RBL-2H3 cells were also attenuated by pretreatment
      with HLJDE. The inhibitory effects on intracellular Ca(2+)level, and reduced
      phosphorylation of MAPKs and Lyn are believed to be the anti-allergic mechanisms.
      CONCLUSIONS: HLJDE exerted significant anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic
      effects through suppressing the production of allergic and inflammatory mediators
      via the NF-kappaB and MAPKs inactivation and IkappaBalpha degradation in the LPS
      stimulated RAW24.7 cells, inactivation of MAPKs and Lyn pathway in antigen
      induced RBL-2H3 cells. The present study provides in vitro experimental evidence
      to support the use of HLJDE for the clinical treatment of AD.

PMID- 26976765
TI  - A systematic study of the dissolution and relative bioavailability of four
      ginsenosides in the form of ultrafine granular powder, common powder and
      traditional pieces of Panax quinquefolius L, in vitro and in beagles.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panax quinquefolius L (PQ), also known as
      American ginseng, has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years in the
      Far East, which was wildly used actively in healing the cardiovascular, endocrine
      and immune systems, in supporting chemoprevention of cancer. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: An integrated, rapid, sensitive and reliable UHPLC-ESI-QQQ MS/MS method
      was validated and successfully applied in a pharmacokinetics study in which four
      representative ginsenosides were measured in beagle plasma following oral
      administration of Panax quinquefolius L (PQ) in the form of ultrafine granular
      powder, standard powder and an extract. RESULTS: Two paired ions ([M+Na](+) in
      the positive MS process, and two characteristic ions [Q3](+) in the positive
      MS/MS process) of the target compounds were optimized and selected for improved
      qualitative and quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in beagle plasma. The
      relative bioavailability of the target ginsenosides in these three formulations
      was measured by the pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0
      infinity and so on. The ultrafine granular powder had the highest
      bioavailability, as well as the greatest extent of and fastest dissolution in
      vitro. CONCLUSION: Our results show that improved formulations of PQ could
      facilitate the dissolution and promote absorption of the important compounds it
      contains.

PMID- 26976766
TI  - Geniposide attenuates inflammatory response by suppressing P2Y14 receptor and
      downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathway in oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced
      brain microvascular endothelial cells.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Fructus gardenia is widely used for treatment of
      stroke and infectious diseases in Chinese medicine. Geniposide is the key
      bioactive compound related to the pharmacodynamic actions of gardenia on ischemic
      stroke. The molecular mechanism by which geniposide improves the ischemic brain
      injury was observed in the study. AIM OF THE STUDY: Recent studies showed that
      geniposide had protective activities against the inflammatory response in
      ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism of geniposide anti-inflammatory
      role has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect
      of geniposide on the expression of P2Y14 receptor and downstream signaling
      pathway in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      An in vitro model of cerebral ischemia in BMECs was established by oxygen-glucose
      deprivation (OGD). To further confirm the specific effect of geniposide on P2Y14
      receptor and downstream signaling pathways, we set up a UDP-glucose (an agonist
      of the P2Y14 receptor) stimulated model. After administration of geniposide, the
      expression of P2Y14 receptor, phosphorylation of RAF-1, mitogen activated protein
      kinase kinase1/2 (MEK1/2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2),
      level of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), monocyte chemotactic
      protein 1 (MCP-1) in BMECs were determined. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein
      expression of P2Y14 in the rat BMECs were up-regulated in OGD-induced injury.
      After administration of Geniposide, the expression of P2Y14 receptor was
      significantly down-regulated, the phosphorylation of RAF-1, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 were
      suppressed. Similar data were obtained in UDP-glc stimulated model. We also
      observed that geniposide markedly declined the production of IL-8, IL-1beta and
      MCP-1 in OGD-induced BMECs. CONCLUSION: Geniposide exerted anti-inflammatory
      effects by interfering with the expression of P2Y14 receptor, which subsequently
      inhibits the downstream ERK1/2 signaling pathways and the release of the pro
      inflammatory cytokines IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1beta. Therefore, this study provides the
      evidence for gardenia's clinical application in cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 26976767
TI  - In vitro and in vivo mechanism of immunomodulatory and antiviral activity of
      Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) against influenza A virus (IAV) infection.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: For centuries, Edible Bird Nest (EBN) has been
      used in treatment of variety of respiratory diseases such as flu and cough as a
      Chinese natural medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: This natural remedy showed the
      potential to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV). However, little is known about the
      mechanism of this process and also the evaluation of this product in an animal
      model. Hence, the current study was designed to elucidate the antiviral and
      immunomodulatory effects of EBN against IAV strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, influenza infected MDCK cells treated with EBNs
      from two locations of Malaysia (Teluk Intan and Gua Madai) that prepared with
      different enzymatic preparations were analyzed by RT-qPCR and ELISA for detection
      of viral and cytokines genes. The sialic acid composition of these EBNs was
      evaluated by H-NMR. Subsequently, after toxicity evaluation of EBN from Teluk
      Intan, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of this natural product was
      evaluated in BALB/c mice by analysis of the viral NA gene and cytokine
      expressions in the first week of the infection. RESULTS: EBN showed high
      neuraminidase inhibitory properties in both in vitro and in vivo, which was as
      effective as Oseltamivir phosphate. In addition, EBN decreased NS1 copy number
      (p<0.05) of the virus along with high immunomodulatory effects against IAV. Some
      of the immune changes during treatment of IAV with EBN included significant
      increase in IFNgamma, TNFalpha, NFkappaB, IL2, some proinflammatory cytokines
      like IL1beta, IL6, and cytokines with regulatory properties like IL10, IL27,
      IL12, CCL2 and IL4 depends on the stage of the infection. EBNs from two locations
      contained different composition of sialic acid and thymol derivatives, which gave
      them different antiviral properties. EBN from Gua Madai that contained more
      acetylated sialic acid (Neu2,4,7,8,9 Ac6) showed higher antiviral activity.
      CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support the antiviral activity of EBN
      against influenza virus and validate the traditional usage of this natural remedy
      by elucidation of toxicity and the molecular mechanism of action.

PMID- 26976768
TI  - The protective effect of total phenolics from Oenanthe Javanica on acute liver
      failure induced by D-galactosamine.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE: Water dropwort [Oenanthe javanica (O. javanica)] is
      an aquatic perennial herb cultivated in East Asian countries. It has been
      popularly used in traditional Chinese medicine which is beneficial for the
      treatment of many diseases, including jaundice and various types of chronic and
      acute hepatitis. In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective
      effect of total phenolics from O. javanica (TPOJ) against D-galactosamine (D
      GalN) induced liver injury in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The hepatoprotective
      activity of TPOJ (125, 250 and 500mg/kg) was investigated on D-GalN (800mg/kg)
      induced liver damages in mice. Blood and liver were collected for biochemical and
      microscopic analysis. RT-PCR was used to determine the changes in hepatic nitric
      oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Protein levels of
      iNOS, COX-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and
      catalase (CAT) were determined by western blotting. RESULTS: In the animal
      studies, TPOJ could improve the survival of acute liver failure model
      significantly and prevente the D-GalN-induced elevation of the serum enzymatic
      markers and nonenzymatic markers levels significantly. Meanwhile, TPOJ-treatment
      decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and elevated the content of glutathione
      (GSH) in the liver as compared to those in the D-GalN group. Hepatic activities
      and protein expressions of antioxidative enzymes, including SOD, GPx, and CAT
      were enhanced dose dependently with TPOJ. At the same time, application of TPOJ
      effectively suppressed the D-GalN-induced proinflammatory mRNA and protein
      expression of iNOS and COX-2. Subsequently, the serum levels of proinflammatory
      mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were reduced.
      Additionally, histological analyses also showed that TPOJ reduced the extent of
      liver lesions induced by D-GalN. CONCLUSION: Our investigation demonstrated the
      hepatoprotective activity of TPOJ and revealed that TPOJ attributed its
      significance in the traditional use for treating liver diseases.

PMID- 26976769
TI  - Lactate clearance and mortality in septic patients with hepatic dysfunction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serum lactate clearance (LC) during initial resuscitation is a
      potentially useful prognostic marker in patients with severe sepsis or septic
      shock. However, it is unclear whether LC is also associated with the outcome in
      septic patients with hepatic dysfunction that may impair lactate elimination,
      which may contribute to elevated serum lactate levels or decreased LC. METHODS:
      The relationships between LC measured within 6 and 24h after initial
      resuscitation and hospital mortality were evaluated with multiple logistic
      regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 770 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock,
      208 (27%) with hepatic dysfunction were included in the analysis. The median LC
      within 6h in survivors (31.4%) was significantly higher than that of non
      survivors (9.3%) (P=.010). In addition, the median LC within 24h was also
      significantly different between groups (51% vs. 12%, P<.001). Low LCs, defined as
      less than 10% of clearance, at 6 and 24h were associated with in-hospital
      mortality. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, low LCs at 6 and
      24h remained associated with hospital mortality (adjusted OR 4.940, 95% CI 1.762
      13.854 at 6h; adjusted OR 5.997, 95% CI 2.149-16.737 at 24h). However, LC at 24h
      (area under the curve of 0.704) had higher discriminatory power to predict
      hospital mortality than LC at 6h (area under the curve of 0.608) (P=.033).
      CONCLUSIONS: LC may be useful for predicting outcomes in septic patients with
      hepatic dysfunction.

PMID- 26976770
TI  - Rapid Ventricular Response or Tachycardia? The Three Faces of Atrial
      Fibrillation.

PMID- 26976771
TI  - Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts among ED patients older than 50
      years: comparison of risk factors and ED visit outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the number of older adults who engage in nonsuicidal self
      injury (NSSI) is not insignificant, research on older adults' NSSI is scant. The
      current study examined the prevalence and characteristics of NSSI compared to
      suicide attempt (SA) in adults older than 50 years who were seen at Emergency
      Departments (EDs) and their ED visit outcomes. METHODS: Data came from the 2012
      Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. We used binary logistic regression
      analysis to examine demographic and clinical characteristics of NSSI versus SA
      among 67,069 visits with a diagnosis of either SA or NSSI, and multinomial
      logistic regression analysis to examine associations between NSSI versus SA and
      ED outcomes. RESULTS: Of self-inflicted intentional injuries, 76.89% were SA and
      23.11% were NSSI. Visits for NSSI were associated with lower levels of
      psychiatric disorders and alcohol use disorders than SA and were more likely than
      SA visits to occur among older age groups (65-74 and 75+), females, and those
      with multiple injuries and drug use disorders. NSSI visits were also associated
      with greater risks of hospital admission (relative risk ratio [RRR]=1.45, 95%
      CI=1.36-1.54) and death (RRR=18.64, 95% CI=14.19-24.49), as opposed to treat-and
      release, but lower risks of facility transfer/discharge with home health care
      (RRR=0.77, 95% CI=0.72-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of higher hospitalization
      and death rates among those with NSSI than SA show how lethal intentional self
      destructive behaviors in late life can be even if they are not classified as
      suicide attempts. The need for mental health and substance abuse treatment is
      discussed.

PMID- 26976772
TI  - Deadly right flank pain: inferior vena cava spontaneous rupture.

PMID- 26976773
TI  - Atrial standstill and thromboembolic complications.

PMID- 26976774
TI  - Protective effect of pterostilbene on testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in
      rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate protective effect of pterostilbene against testicular
      ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which results in increased formation of
      oxidative stress, leading to testicular apoptosis and impaired spermatogenesis.
      METHODS: Thirty two pubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-220g were
      selected and randomly divided into the following four groups: group A (normal
      control group), group B (sham-operated group), group C (induced I/R injury
      group), group D (induced I/R injury group receiving pterostilbene treatment).
      Johnsen's scores and mean seminiferous tubule diameters were evaluated for
      histopathologic assessment; germinal cell apoptosis was evaluated by the
      transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemistry for
      caspases. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed as an indicator of oxidative
      stress and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured. RESULTS: Germ cell
      apoptosis and MDA level significantly increased whereas TAC significantly
      decreased in group C; moreover, abnormal morphology and impaired spermatogenesis
      were observed in group C. In contrast, treatment with pterostilbene inhibited
      lipid peroxidation and apoptosis induced by ROS and restored the antioxidant
      capacity in group D. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that treatment with
      pterostilbene may be a promising therapy for testicular I/R injury.

PMID- 26976775
TI  - Strain induced esophageal growth in a novel rodent model.
AB  - PURPOSE: Longitudinal esophageal strain has been shown to increase esophageal
      length but the contribution of tissue hyperplasia to this growth is unknown. We
      used a novel model of esophageal stretch to determine the cellular response to
      the strain stimulus. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transection of
      the distal esophagus. The distal stump was ligated and stretched over a silicone
      tube. The proximal esophageal stump was anastomosed to the stomach to restore
      continuity. After two, four, or seven days, the silicone tube was removed and the
      esophageal segment was measured and compared to its initial length. Sham animals
      had only a thin piece of silicone tubing placed. Standardized histologic sections
      were evaluated for wall thickness. Immunofluorescence with DAPI, Ki-67, and
      Myogenin antibodies was used to assess nuclear density, proliferation indices,
      and myoblast differentiation indices. RESULTS: Experimental animals demonstrated
      a significant increase in esophageal length compared to sham controls at four and
      seven days with no difference at two days. There was significant lengthening
      between four and seven days among the experimental animals. There was no change
      in wall thickness between experimental and sham animals at any time point.
      Nuclear density was increased at all time points, although this only reached
      significance at day four. Proliferation indices were significantly increased
      relative to sham controls at all time points. Esophageal strain induced
      significantly increased myoblast differentiation. CONCLUSION: In this novel rat
      model of esophageal strain, lengthening is associated with stable esophageal wall
      thickness, increased nuclear density, increased cellular proliferation, and
      increased myogenin expression. These data suggest that true tissue hyperplasia
      may contribute to the increased length seen after esophageal strain.

PMID- 26976776
TI  - Evaluating the effect of time process measures on appendectomy clinical outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With varied reports on the impact of time to appendectomy on clinical
      outcomes, we examined the effects of pre-operative delays in pediatric acute
      appendicitis. METHODS: Children with acute appendicitis (January 2013-June 2014)
      were identified from a prospective database. Univariate analyses compared time
      metrics, patient characteristics, and disease severity with postoperative
      complications (POC) and organ space surgical site infection (OSSI), and
      multivariate logistic regression determined predictors of POC and OSSI. RESULTS:
      1211 patients underwent appendectomy. Median age was 10.4years (IQR 7.8-13years).
      537 patients (45%) had complex appendicitis. Overall, POC was 11% (n=133), and
      OSSI was 9% (n=105). Neither time from presentation to appendectomy nor diagnosis
      to appendectomy increased POCs. On univariate analyses, operative time (OT) was
      longer in patients with POC (57min (IQR 49-75) vs. 46min (IQR 36-57), p<0.001 and
      OSSI (60min (IQR 51-80) vs. 46min (IQR 37-57), p<0.001. However, after adjusting
      for confounding factors, disease severity remained the most significant predictor
      of POC (OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.79-15.23) and OSSI (OR 76.6, 95% CI 7.87-745.65).
      CONCLUSION: Pre-operative delays were not associated with increased POC or OSSI.
      The strongest predictor of POC or OSSI was disease severity, for which operative
      time may represent a surrogate.

PMID- 26976777
TI  - Letter to the Editor regarding Multimodal anesthesia with the addition of
      methadone is superior to epidural analgesia: A retrospective comparison of
      intraoperative anesthetic techniques and pain management for 124 pediatric
      patients undergoing the Nuss procedure.

PMID- 26976778
TI  - The pediatric surgeon's readiness to respond: commitment to advance preparation
      and effective coordinated response.

PMID- 26976779
TI  - An In vitro Model for Bacterial Growth on Human Stratum Corneum.
AB  - The diversity and dynamics of the skin microbiome in health and disease have been
      studied recently, but adequate model systems to study skin microbiotas in vitro
      are largely lacking. We developed an in vitro system that mimics human stratum
      corneum, using human callus as substrate and nutrient source for bacterial
      growth. The growth of several commensal and pathogenic bacterial strains was
      measured for up to one week by counting colony-forming units or by quantitative
      PCR with strain-specific primers. Human skin pathogens were found to survive
      amidst a minimal microbiome consisting of 2 major skin commensals: Staphylococcus
      epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. In addition, complete microbiomes, taken
      from the backs of healthy volunteers, were inoculated and maintained using this
      system. This model may enable the modulation of skin microbiomes in vitro and
      allow testing of pathogens, biological agents and antibiotics in a medium
      throughput format.

PMID- 26976780
TI  - Voriconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations are predictive of treatment
      outcome in experimental murine infections by Candida glabrata.
AB  - In this study, 27 clinical isolates of Candida glabrata with voriconazole (VRC)
      minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from <=0.03 MUg/mL to 8 MUg/mL
      were tested to determine whether in vitro data are predictive of in vivo
      efficacy. The efficacy of VRC administered at 40 mg/kg was assayed in a
      neutropenic murine model of disseminated infection by C. glabrata. The reduction
      in fungal tissue burden in the kidneys was used as a marker of treatment
      efficacy. VRC reduced the fungal tissue burden in mice infected with strains that
      had MICs below the epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) of 0.25 MUg/mL. Variable
      efficacy of VRC was obtained when the MIC equalled the ECV, and VRC was
      ineffective when the MIC exceeded the ECV. These results suggest that the use of
      in vitro data could be useful to predict the outcome for infections by this
      fungus.

PMID- 26976781
TI  - Fermented Goat's Milk Consumption Improves Duodenal Expression of Iron
      Homeostasis Genes during Anemia Recovery.
AB  - Despite the crucial roles of duodenal cytochrome b (Dcytb), divalent metal
      transporter 1 (DMT1), ferritin light chain (Ftl1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1),
      transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (Hamp) in Fe
      metabolism, no studies have investigated the modulations of these genes during Fe
      repletion with fermented milks. Analysis included Fe status markers and gene and
      protein expression in enterocytes of control and anemic animals fed fermented
      milks. Fermented goat's milk up-regulated enterocyte Dcytb, DMT1, FPN1, and Ftl1
      and down-regulated TfR1 and Hamp gene expression in control and anemic animals.
      Anemia decreased Dcytb, DMT1, and Ftl1 in animals fed fermented cow's milk and up
      regulated TfR1 and Hamp expression. Fe overload down-regulated Dcytb and TfR1 in
      animals fed fermented cow's milk and up-regulated DMT1 and FPN1 gene expression.
      Fermented goat's milk increased expression of duodenal Dcytb, DMT1, and FPN1 and
      decreased Hamp and TfR1, improving Fe metabolism during anemia recovery. 

PMID- 26976783
TI  - Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in the detection of neoplastic lesions of the
      esophagus.

PMID- 26976782
TI  - Effect of desert dust exposure on allergic symptoms: A natural experiment in
      Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Desert dust originating from arid and semiarid areas is transported
      to widespread regions, including Japan. Desert dust particles exert adjuvant
      effects in animals. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether desert dust enhances allergic
      symptoms in real-life settings and to explore its effect modifiers. METHODS: We
      conducted an observational study of 3,327 pregnant women during spring and fall
      in October 2011 to May 2013 in 3 regions in Japan as an adjunct study of the
      Japan Environment & Children's Study. We acquired participants' daily symptom
      scores by sending a questionnaire to their mobile phones on high desert-dust days
      (>0.07/km) and on some randomly selected other days (control days) for each
      participant. RESULTS: Pregnant women had an increased risk of allergic symptoms
      on high desert-dust days (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18). The
      increased OR was mostly driven by those who showed positive IgE to Japanese cedar
      pollen when pollen simultaneously dispersed (adjusted OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13
      1.38), whereas no clear risk increase was observed in the absence of pollen or
      for participants with negative IgE to Japanese cedar pollen. The risk elevation
      was observed from low levels of desert dust in a dose-dependent manner even on
      control days. CONCLUSION: Ambient desert dust level was associated with an
      increased risk of allergic symptoms in pollen-sensitized pregnant women when
      pollen was present in the air. The risk increase was dose dependent and was
      observed from low levels of desert dust. These results support a hypothesis that
      ambient desert dust particles exert adjuvant effects in human in real-life
      settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: UMIN000010826.

PMID- 26976784
TI  - Spectral and morphological classification of different chronic and acute
      Taiwanese gallstones via FTIR, SEM and ESEM-EDX microanalyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease is one of the leading upper gastrointestinal
      surgical problems in different countries. AIMS: To analyze the chronic gallstones
      and acute gallbladder sludge retrieved from 36 Taiwanese patients. METHODS: FTIR
      microspectroscopy was used to classify the types of gallstones, and an ESEM-EDX
      microanalysis was first applied to determine the microstructural features and
      elemental compositions of the various gallstones. Bacteria presented on the
      surface of gallstones were also detected by SEM. RESULTS: Four types of
      gallstones were obtained from these 36 Taiwanese patients: calcium bilirubinate
      (CaBR) stones (30.6%), cholesterol stones (19.4%), mixed stones including 6
      subtypes (47.2%), and acute gallbladder sludge (2.8%) made of CaBR and
      protein/insoluble biomaterials. Bacteria imprints and bacterial discharges or
      bacterial biofilms were also found on the surface of gallstones and acute sludge
      under a SEM observation. ESEM-EDX results revealed that calcium was found to be
      the main constituent of all of the types of stones except cholesterol stones, and
      aluminum was also presented in most of the stones and sludge samples. Chloride
      was only detected in the acute gallbladder sludge. CONCLUSION: FTIR spectra,
      morphological features, and elemental compositions of the acute gallbladder
      sludge were different from those of the chronic gallstones.

PMID- 26976785
TI  - Shear Wave Elastography and Cervical Lymph Nodes: Predicting Malignancy.
AB  - This prospective study evaluates the accuracy of virtual touch imaging
      quantification (VTIQ), a non-invasive shear wave elastography method for
      measuring cervical lymph nodes (LN) stiffness in differentiating benign from
      malignant LN. The study evaluated 270 LN in 236 patients with both conventional B
      mode ultrasound and VTIQ shear wave elastography before fine-needle aspiration
      biopsy (FNAB). LN stiffness was measured as shear wave velocity (SWV) in m/s.
      Surgical resection was advised for FNAB results that were not clearly benign.
      Surgical pathology confirmed 54 malignant LN. The receiver operating curve (ROC)
      identified a single cut-off value of 2.93 m/s as the maximum SWV for predicting a
      malignant cervical LN. The sensitivity and specificity were 92.59% and 75.46%,
      respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 48.54% and negative predictive
      value (NPV) was 97.60%. LN stiffness measured by VTIQ-generated shear wave
      elastography is an independent predictor of malignancy.

PMID- 26976786
TI  - Structure of the H-NS-DNA nucleoprotein complex.
AB  - Nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) play a key role in the compaction and
      expression of the prokaryotic genome. Here we report the organisation of a major
      NAP, the protein H-NS on a double stranded DNA fragment. For this purpose we have
      carried out a small angle neutron scattering study in conjunction with contrast
      variation to obtain the contributions to the scattering (structure factors) from
      DNA and H-NS. The H-NS structure factor agrees with a heterogeneous, two-state
      binding model with sections of the DNA duplex surrounded by protein and other
      sections having protein bound to the major groove. In the presence of magnesium
      chloride, we observed a structural rearrangement through a decrease in cross
      sectional diameter of the nucleoprotein complex and an increase in fraction of
      major groove bound H-NS. The two observed binding modes and their modulation by
      magnesium ions provide a structural basis for H-NS-mediated genome organisation
      and expression regulation. 

PMID- 26976787
TI  - Postnatal depression and reproductive success in modern, low-fertility contexts.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postnatal depression (PND) presents a puzzling
      phenomenon to evolutionary anthropologists as it is highly prevalent and yet
      detrimental to child development and maternal health. Adaptive explanations have
      been proposed, but have not been tested with data that directly link PND to
      female fertility. METHODOLOGY: A survey was designed to gather complete
      reproductive histories and retrospective measures of PND to measure the effects
      of PND on fitness. Respondents were born between 1930 and 1967, with the majority
      based in the UK during their childrearing years. The hypothesis that PND is
      detrimental to fitness is assessed using Mann-Whitney U tests on completed
      fertility. Binary logistic regression modelling is used to test the hypothesis
      that PND reduces the likelihood of parity progression. RESULTS: Women
      experiencing PND at their first or second birth have lower completed fertility,
      with PND at the first birth leading to lowered fertility. Logistic regression
      analyses show that this is the result of reductions in the likelihood of parity
      progression to a third birth when PND is experienced at the first birth or when
      repeat bouts occur. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results call into question
      adaptationist arguments, contribute to the growing understanding of the
      importance of emotional wellbeing to fertility decision making, and given the
      economic consequences of markedly below replacement fertility, highlight a
      potential new source of financial incentive to invest in screening and
      preventative measures to ensure good maternal mental health.

PMID- 26976789
TI  - Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Revascularization in Patients With Aortic
      Stenosis.
AB  - Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has never been investigated in patients with aortic
      stenosis (AS). From 2002 to 2010, we identified 106 patients with AS and coronary
      artery disease with at least one intermediate lesion treated according to FFR
      guidance. We matched 212 contemporary control patients with AS in which
      revascularization was decided on angiography only. More patients in the FFR
      guided group underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (24% vs 13%; p =
      0.019), whereas there was a trend toward less coronary artery bypass grafting
      (CABG) performed. After FFR, the number of diseased vessels was downgraded within
      the FFR-guided group (from 1.85 +/- 0.97 to 1.48 +/- 1; p <0.01) and compared
      with the angio-guided group (1.48 +/- 1 vs 1.8 +/- 0.97; p <0.01). Less aortic
      valve replacement was reported in the FFR-guided group (46% vs 57%; p = 0.056).
      In patients who underwent CABG, less venous conduits (0.5 +/- 0.69 vs 0.73 +/-
      0.76; p = 0.05) and anastomoses (0.61 +/- 0.85 vs 0.94 +/- 1; p = 0.032) were
      necessary in the FFR-guided group. Up to 5 years, we found no difference in major
      adverse cardiac events (38% vs 39%; p = 0.98), overall death (32% vs 31%; p =
      0.68), nonfatal myocardial infarction (2% vs 2%; p = 0.79), and revascularization
      (8% vs 7%; p = 0.76) between the 2 groups. In conclusion, FFR guidance impacts
      the management of selected patients with moderate or severe AS and coronary
      artery disease by resulting into deferral of aortic valve replacement, more
      patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, and in patients treated
      with CABG, into less venous grafts and anastomoses without increasing adverse
      event rates up to 5 years.

PMID- 26976788
TI  - Prognostic Usefulness of Acute Kidney Injury After Transcatheter Aortic Valve
      Replacement.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has
      been associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Long-term
      outcomes after TAVR with the Edwards SAPIEN valve in patients who develop AKI
      postoperatively are currently not well described. We retrospectively reviewed 384
      consecutive patients undergoing TAVR at 2 institutions from August 2006 to April
      2012. AKI was defined and staged according to Valve Academic Research Consortium
      2 criteria. The incidence, multivariate predictors, and association of AKI with 3
      year mortality were evaluated. Stage 1 AKI occurred in 24.0% of patients (92 of
      384), stage 2 in 5.5% (21 of 384), and stage 3 in 8.1% (31 of 384). The overall
      operative mortality rate was 7.6%, with a mortality of 3.0% in patients with no
      kidney injury, 7.6% in stage 1, 23.8% in stage 2, and 32.3% in stage 3. The
      incidence of new postoperative dialysis was 3.1%. Survival at 3 years for no
      AKI/stage 1/stage 2/stage 3 was 59.2 +/- 3.3%, 43.4 +/- 5.2%, 27.8 +/- 10.0%, and
      25.4 +/- 7.9%, respectively. Logistic regression modeling for the combination of
      stage 2 or 3 AKI after surgery demonstrated that the last preoperative creatinine
      (for each 1 mg/dl increase, odds ratio = 3.23, 95% CI 1.83 to 5.69; p <0.001) and
      dye load (for each 10 ml increase, odds ratio = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08; p =
      0.006) were significant predictors for AKI. In conclusion, AKI after TAVR is
      associated with increased postoperative and 3-year mortality. Significant
      multivariate predictors are potentially modifiable before the procedure. 

PMID- 26976790
TI  - Racial Differences in the Prognostic Value of Cardiorespiratory Fitness (Results
      from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing Project).
AB  - The aim of this analysis was to determine whether racial differences exist in the
      prognostic value of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in black and white patients
      undergoing stress testing. We included 53,876 patients (mean age 53 +/- 13, 49%
      women) from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing project free of established coronary
      disease or heart failure who completed a maximal exercise test from 1991 to 2009.
      Patients were followed for a mean duration of 11.5 years for all-cause mortality,
      ascertained by linkage with the Death Master File. Follow-up over mean 6.2 years
      was also available for incident myocardial infarction. Multivariate Cox
      proportional hazards regression models were used adjusting for demographic
      variables, risk factors, medications, and reason for stress test referral,
      including formal interaction testing by race (black vs white). Black patients (n
      = 16,725) were younger (54 +/- 13 vs 52 +/- 13, p <0.001) but had higher
      prevalence of hypertension (73% vs 57%, p <0.001) and obesity (28% vs 21%, p
      <0.001). On average, black patients achieved a lower CRF compared with whites
      (8.4 vs 9.5 metabolic equivalents, p <0.0001). A graded increase in mortality
      risk was noted with decreasing CRF for both black and white patients. In
      multivariate Cox regression, CRF was a predictor of both myocardial infarction
      and mortality, with no significant interaction between race, fitness, and
      outcomes (all interaction terms p >0.10). CRF is a strong predictor of all-cause
      mortality in both white and black patients, with no significant interaction
      observed between race, fitness, and outcomes.

PMID- 26976792
TI  - Usefulness of Diastolic Strain Measurements in Predicting Elevated Left
      Ventricular Filling Pressure and Risk of Rejection or Coronary Artery
      Vasculopathy in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients.
AB  - In pediatric heart transplant recipients, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure (PCWP) is associated with rejection and coronary artery vasculopathy.
      This study aimed to evaluate which echocardiographic parameters track changes in
      PCWP and predict adverse outcomes (rejection or coronary artery vasculopathy).
      This prospective single-center study enrolled 49 patients (median 11.4 years old,
      interquartile range 7.4 to 16.5) at time of cardiac catheterization and
      echocardiography. Median follow-up was 2.4 years (range 1.2 to 3.1 years), with
      serial testing per clinical protocol. Ratio of early mitral inflow to annular
      velocity (E/E'), left atrial (LA) distensibility, peak LA systolic strain, E/left
      ventricular (LV) diastolic strain, and E/LV diastolic strain rate were measured
      from echocardiograms. Increase in PCWP >=3 mm Hg was associated with changes in
      LA distensibility, E/E', and E/LV diastolic strain, with highest area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve for E/LV diastolic strain (0.76). In 9
      patients who subsequently developed rejection or coronary artery vasculopathy,
      E/LV diastolic strain rate at baseline differed from patients without events
      (median 57.0 vs 43.6, p = 0.02). On serial studies, only change in LV ejection
      fraction differed in patients with events (median -10% vs -1%, p = 0.01);
      decrease in LV ejection fraction of -19% had a specificity of 100% and
      sensitivity of 44%. In conclusion, LV diastolic strain and strain rate
      measurements can track changes in PCWP and identify patients at risk for
      subsequent rejection or coronary artery vasculopathy. Further studies are
      necessary to confirm these data in a larger cohort.

PMID- 26976791
TI  - Usefulness of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T for the Identification of
      Outlier Patients With Diffuse Coronary Atherosclerosis and Low-Risk Factors.
AB  - Novel high-sensitivity assay can detect very low levels of circulating cardiac
      troponin (hs-cTnT) in apparently healthy subjects. Within normal range, higher
      levels are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiac
      abnormalities commonly associated to traditional risk factors (RFs) for CAD.
      Therefore, we investigated the relation between circulating hs-cTnT and CAD in
      patients with a spectrum of RF burden aiming to assess the added value of hs-cTnT
      to identify "outlier" patients with CAD despite a low RF burden. Hs-cTnT was
      measured in 525 stable patients without previous diagnosis of ischemic heart
      disease with 0 to 1 RF, excluded diabetes, (low-RF group, n = 263) or >=2 RFs
      (multiple-RF group, n = 262) and without CAD (segment involvement score = 0) or
      diffuse CAD (segment involvement score >5) at coronary computed tomography
      angiography. Outlier patients with diffuse CAD despite low-RF burden had similar
      extent, severity, and plaque composition than patients with multiple RFs.
      Overall, hs-cTnT was measurable in 81% of patients with median value of 6.0 ng/L.
      In both groups, hs-cTnT concentration was higher in patients with CAD than in
      patients with normal coronary arteries (p <0.0001). Hs-cTnT was more accurate to
      detect patients with CAD in the low-RF group than in the multiple-RF group (p =
      0.04). In multivariate analysis, higher level of hs-cTnT (>6 ng/L) was
      independently associated with CAD in low-RF group only. Despite very low
      circulating concentrations, hs-cTnT may identify with a good accuracy the outlier
      patients with diffuse CAD despite low-RF burden. 

PMID- 26976793
TI  - Risk of Cardiovascular Hospitalizations from Exposure to Coarse Particulate
      Matter (PM10) Below the European Union Safety Threshold.
AB  - The association between exposure to air pollution and acute cardiovascular (CV)
      events is well documented; however, limited data are available evaluating the
      public health safety of various "doses" of particular matter (PM) below currently
      accepted safety thresholds. We explored the cross-sectional association between
      PM with aerodynamic diameter <10 MUm (PM10) and daily CV hospitalizations in
      Brescia, Italy, using Poisson regression models adjusted for age, gender, and
      meteorologic indices. Average daily exposure to PM10 obtained from arithmetic
      means of air pollution data were captured by 4 selected monitoring stations. PM10
      data were expressed as daily means (lag 0-day) or 3-day moving averages (lag 3
      day) and categorized according to the European Union daily limit value of 50
      MUg/m(3). From September 2004 to September 2007, data from 6,000 acute CV
      admissions to a tertiary referral center were collected. An increase of 1
      MUg/m(3) PM10 at lag 0-day was independently associated with higher rates of
      acute hospitalizations for composite CV-related events (relative risk [RR] 1.004,
      95% confidence interval [CI] 1.002 to 1.006), acute heart failure (RR 1.004, 95%
      CI 1.001 to 1.008), acute coronary syndromes (RR 1.002, 95% CI 0.999 to 1.005),
      malignant ventricular arrhythmias (RR 1.004, 95% CI 0.999 to 1.010), and atrial
      fibrillation (RR 1.008, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.012). Similar results were obtained
      using PM10 lag 3-day data. The excess PM10 CV hospitalization risk (by lag 0-day
      and lag 3-day) did not vary significantly above and below the 50 MUg/m(3) safety
      threshold or by age and gender. In conclusion, increased levels of PM10, even
      below the current limits set by the European Union, were associated with excess
      risk for admissions for acute CV events. 

PMID- 26976794
TI  - Suppression of Spry1 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer malignancy by
      decreasing EGF/EGFR mediated mesenchymal phenotype.
AB  - Sprouty (Spry) proteins have been implicated in cancer progression, but their
      role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of lethal and aggressive
      breast cancer, is unknown. Here, we reported that Spry1 is significantly
      expressed in TNBC specimen and MDA-MB-231 cells. To understand Spry1 regulation
      of signaling events controlling breast cancer phenotype, we used lentiviral
      delivery of human Spry1 shRNAs to suppress Spry1 expression in MDA-MB-231, an
      established TNBC cell line. Spry1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells displayed an
      epithelial phenotype with increased membrane E-cadherin expression. Knockdown of
      Spry1 impaired MDA-MB-231 cell migration, Matrigel invasion, and anchorage
      dependent and -independent growth. Tumor xenografts originating from Spry1
      knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells grew slower, had increased E-cadherin expression, and
      yielded fewer lung metastases compared to control. Furthermore, suppressing Spry1
      in MDA-MB-231 cells impaired the induction of Snail and Slug expression by EGF,
      and this effect was associated with increased EGFR degradation and decreased
      EGFR/Grb2/Shp2/Gab1 signaling complex formation. The same phenotype was also
      observed in the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-157. Together, our results show that unlike
      in some tumors, where Spry may mediate tumor suppression, Spry1 plays a selective
      role in at least a subset of TNBC to promote the malignant phenotype via
      enhancing EGF-mediated mesenchymal phenotype.

PMID- 26976795
TI  - Reduced in vivo toxicity of doxorubicin by encapsulation in cholesterol
      containing self-assembled nanoparticles.
AB  - We previously reported the development of an amphiphilic brush-like block
      copolymer composed of polynorbornene-cholesterol/polyethylene glycol (P(NBCh9-b
      NBPEG)) that self-assembles in aqueous media to form long circulating
      nanostructures capable of encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX-NPs). Biodistribution
      studies showed that this formulation preferentially accumulates in tumor tissue
      with markedly reduced accumulation in the heart and other major organs. The aim
      of the current study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy and toxicity of DOX
      containing self-assembled polymer nanoparticles in a mouse xenograft tumor model
      and compare its effects with the hydrochloride non-encapsulated form (free DOX).
      DOX-NPs significantly reduced the growth of tumors without inducing any apparent
      toxicity. Conversely, mice treated with free DOX exhibited significant weight
      loss, early toxic cardiomyopathy, acute toxic hepatopathy, reduced hematopoiesis
      and fatal toxicity. The improved safety profile of the polymeric DOX-NPs can be
      explained by the low circulating concentration of non-nanoparticle-associated
      drug as well as the reduced accumulation of DOX in non-target organs. These
      findings support the use of P(NBCh9-b-NBPEG) nanoparticles as delivery platforms
      for hydrophobic anticancer drugs intended to reduce the toxicity of conventional
      treatments.

PMID- 26976796
TI  - Therapeutic potential of the dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
      (PPAR)alpha/gamma agonist aleglitazar in attenuating TNF-alpha-mediated
      inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes.
AB  - Adipose tissue inflammation is a mechanistic link between obesity and its related
      sequelae, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Dual ligands of
      peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and gamma, combining in a
      single molecule the metabolic and inflammatory-regulatory properties of alpha and
      gamma agonists, have been proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy to
      antagonize adipose tissue inflammation. Here we investigated the effects of the
      dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist aleglitazar on human adipocytes challenged with
      inflammatory stimuli. Human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes were
      treated with aleglitazar or - for comparison - the selective agonists for
      PPARalpha or gamma fenofibrate or rosiglitazone, respectively, for 24h before
      stimulation with TNF-alpha. Aleglitazar, at concentrations as low as 10nmol/L,
      providing the half-maximal transcriptional activation of both PPARalpha and
      PPARgamma, reduced the stimulated expression of several pro-inflammatory
      mediators including interleukin (IL)-6, the chemokine CXC-L10, and monocyte
      chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. Correspondingly, media from adipocytes treated
      with aleglitazar reduced monocyte migration, consistent with suppression of MCP-1
      secretion. Under the same conditions, aleglitazar also reversed the TNF-alpha
      mediated suppression of insulin-stimulated ser473 Akt phosphorylation and
      decreased the TNF-alpha-induced ser312 IRS1 phosphorylation, two major switches
      in insulin-mediated metabolic activities, restoring glucose uptake in insulin
      resistant adipocytes. Such effects were similar to those obtainable with a
      combination of single PPARalpha and gamma agonists. In conclusion, aleglitazar
      reduces inflammatory activation and dysfunction in insulin signaling in activated
      adipocytes, properties that may benefit diabetic and obese patients. The effect
      of aleglitazar was consistent with dual PPARalpha and gamma agonism, but with no
      evidence of synergism.

PMID- 26976797
TI  - Cannabidiol and epilepsy: Rationale and therapeutic potential.
AB  - Despite the introduction of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), the quality of life
      and therapeutic response for patients with epilepsy remains still poor.
      Unfortunately, besides several advantages, these new AEDs have not satisfactorily
      reduced the number of refractory patients. Therefore, the need for different
      other therapeutic options to manage epilepsy is still a current issue. To this
      purpose, emphasis has been given to phytocannabinoids, which have been
      medicinally used since ancient time in the treatment of neurological disorders
      including epilepsy. In particular, the nonpsychoactive compound cannabidiol (CBD)
      has shown anticonvulsant properties, both in preclinical and clinical studies,
      with a yet not completely clarified mechanism of action. However, it should be
      made clear that most phytocannabinoids do not act on the endocannabinoid system
      as in the case of CBD. In in vivo preclinical studies, CBD has shown significant
      anticonvulsant effects mainly in acute animal models of seizures, whereas
      restricted data exist in chronic models of epilepsy as well as in animal models
      of epileptogenesis. Likewise, clinical evidence seems to indicate that CBD is
      able to manage epilepsy both in adults and children affected by refractory
      seizures, with a favourable side effect profile. However, to date, clinical
      trials are both qualitatively and numerically limited, thus yet inconsistent.
      Therefore, further preclinical and clinical studies are undoubtedly needed to
      better evaluate the potential therapeutic profile of CBD in epilepsy, although
      the actually available data is promising. 

PMID- 26976798
TI  - Prevalence of food insecurity among military households with children 5 years of
      age and younger.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Food insecurity increases risk of health conditions that may decrease
      military readiness. The aim of the present study was to define the prevalence of
      food insecurity among households with young children utilizing military
      installation childcare facilities and to describe household characteristics
      associated with food insecurity among this population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional
      survey including demographic questions and the US Department of Agriculture Food
      Security Survey Module six-item short form given to households (n 248) enrolled
      in Joint Base San Antonio Child Development Centers (JBSA-CDC) during the spring
      of 2015. SUBJECTS: Department of Defense families with at least one child less
      than 6 years old enrolled in a JBSA-CDC. Settings Joint Base San Antonio, TX,
      USA. RESULTS: Nearly one in seven families reported food insecurity. Households
      were more likely to be food-insecure if the head of household's highest level of
      education was high school or equivalent (P=0.003) and if the head of household
      was unmarried/unpartnered (P=0.001). Among food-insecure households headed by
      military service members, all were junior enlisted or non-commissioned officers
      (E1-E9). Food-insecure households were less likely to live off-post in owned or
      rented homes compared with those who were food-secure (P=0.016). Other
      characteristics associated with food insecurity included at least one family
      member enrolled in the Exceptional Family Member Program (P=0.020) and more
      children in the household (P=0.029). Few families reported enrolment in
      government supplemental food programmes. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity is
      prevalent in military families. Targeted interventions and policies can be
      developed using the demographic risk factors identified in the present study.

PMID- 26976799
TI  - Efficacy of Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination for Patients With Hepatitis C
      Virus Genotype 1 Infection and Severe Renal Impairment or End-Stage Renal
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common in
      patients with end-stage renal disease, highly efficacious, well-tolerated, direct
      acting antiviral regimens have not been extensively studied in this population.
      We investigated the safety and efficacy of ombitasvir co-formulated with
      paritaprevir and ritonavir, administered with dasabuvir (with or without
      ribavirin) in a prospective study of patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney
      disease (CKD). METHODS: We performed a single-arm, multicenter study of treatment
      naive adults with HCV genotype 1 infection, without cirrhosis and with CKD stage
      4 (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 15-30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) or stage 5
      (estimated glomerular filtration rate, <15 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or requiring
      hemodialysis). Twenty patients were given ombitasvir co-formulated with
      paritaprevir and ritonavir, administered with dasabuvir for 12 weeks. Patients
      with HCV genotype 1a infections also received ribavirin (n = 13), whereas those
      with genotype 1b infection did not (n = 7). The primary end point was sustained
      virologic response (serum HCV RNA <25 IU/mL) 12 weeks after treatment ended
      (SVR12). We collected data on on-treatment adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and
      laboratory abnormalities. RESULTS: All 20 patients completed 12 weeks of
      treatment. Eighteen of the 20 patients achieved SVR12 (90%; 95% confidence
      interval: 69.9-97.2). One patient death after the end of the treatment (unrelated
      to the treatment) and 1 relapse accounted for the 2 non-SVRs. Adverse events were
      primarily mild or moderate, and no patient discontinued treatment due to an AE.
      Four patients experienced serious AEs; all were considered unrelated to
      treatment. Ribavirin therapy was interrupted in 9 patients due to anemia; 4
      received erythropoietin. No blood transfusions were performed. CONCLUSIONS: In a
      clinical trial, the combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir,
      administered with dasabuvir, led to an SVR12 in 90% of patients with HCV genotype
      1 infection and stage 4 or 5 CKD. The regimen is well tolerated, though RBV use
      may require a reduction or interruption to manage anemia. ClinicalTrials.gov ID
      NCT02207088.

PMID- 26976800
TI  - Estimation of Energy Expenditure for Wheelchair Users Using a Physical Activity
      Monitoring System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate energy expenditure (EE) estimation models for
      a physical activity monitoring system (PAMS) in manual wheelchair users with
      spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University
      based laboratory environment, a semistructured environment at the National
      Veterans Wheelchair Games, and the participants' home environments. PARTICIPANTS:
      Volunteer sample of manual wheelchair users with SCI (N=45). INTERVENTION:
      Participants were asked to perform 10 physical activities (PAs) of various
      intensities from a list. The PAMS consists of a gyroscope-based wheel rotation
      monitor (G-WRM) and an accelerometer device worn on the upper arm or on the
      wrist. Criterion EE using a portable metabolic cart and raw sensor data from PAMS
      were collected during each of these activities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated
      EE using custom models for manual wheelchair users based on either the G-WRM and
      arm accelerometer (PAMS-Arm) or the G-WRM and wrist accelerometer (PAMS-Wrist).
      RESULTS: EE estimation performance for the PAMS-Arm (average error +/- SD: 
      9.82%+/-37.03%) and PAMS-Wrist (-5.65%+/-32.61%) on the validation dataset
      indicated that both PAMS-Arm and PAMS-Wrist were able to estimate EE for a range
      of PAs with <10% error. Moderate to high intraclass correlation coefficients
      (ICCs) indicated that the EE estimated by PAMS-Arm (ICC3,1=.82, P<.05) and PAMS
      Wrist (ICC3,1=.89, P<.05) are consistent with the criterion EE. CONCLUSIONS:
      Availability of PA monitors can assist wheelchair users to track PA levels,
      leading toward a healthier lifestyle. The new models we developed can estimate PA
      levels in manual wheelchair users with SCI in laboratory and community settings.

PMID- 26976801
TI  - Disability in Adolescents and Adults Diagnosed With Hypermobility-Related
      Disorders: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To (1) establish the association of the most common reported symptoms
      on disability; and (2) study the effectiveness of treatment on disability in
      patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-hypermobility type (EDS-HT)/hypermobility
      syndrome (HMS). DATA SOURCES: An electronic search (Medical Subject Headings and
      free-text terms) was conducted in bibliographic databases CENTRAL/MEDLINE. STUDY
      SELECTION: Comparative, cross-sectional, longitudinal cohort studies and
      (randomized) controlled trials including patients with HMS/EDS-HT aged >=17 years
      were considered for inclusion. A class of symptoms was included when 5
      publications were available. In regards to treatment (physical, cognitive
      interventions), only (randomized) controlled trials were considered. Surgical and
      medicinal interventions were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: Bias was assessed
      according to the methodological scoring tools of the Cochrane collaboration. Z
      score transformations were applied to classify the extent of disability in
      comparison with healthy controls and to ensure comparability between studies.
      DATA SYNTHESIS: Initially, the electronic search yielded 714 publications, and 21
      articles remained for analysis after selection. The following symptoms were
      included for meta-analysis: pain (n=12), fatigue (n=6), and psychological
      distress (n=7). Pain (r=.64, P=.021), fatigue (r=.91, P=.011), and psychological
      distress (r=.86, P=.018) had a significant impact on disability. Regarding
      treatment, a significant pain reduction was achieved by a variety of physical and
      cognitive approaches. Treatment effectiveness on disability was not established.
      CONCLUSIONS: Disability can affect patients with HMS/EDS-HT significantly and is
      highly correlated with both physical and psychological factors. Although evidence
      is available that physical and psychological treatment modalities can induce
      significant pain reduction, the evidence regarding disability reduction is
      lacking.

PMID- 26976802
TI  - Investigation into 9(S)-HPODE-derived allene oxide to cyclopentenone cyclization
      mechanism via diradical oxyallyl intermediates.
AB  - The cyclopentane core is ubiquitous among a large number of biologically relevant
      natural products. Cyclopentenones have been shown to be versatile intermediates
      for the stereoselective preparation of highly substituted cyclopentane
      derivatives. Allene oxides are oxygenated fatty acids which are involved in the
      pathways of cyclopentenone biosynthesis in plants and marine invertebrates;
      however, their cyclization behavior is not well understood. Recent work by Brash
      and co-workers (J. Biol. Chem., 2013, 288, 20797) revealed an unusual cyclization
      property of the 9(S)-HPODE-derived allene oxides: the previously unreported 10Z
      isomer cyclizes to a cis-dialkylcyclopentenone in hexane/isopropyl alcohol (100 :
      3, v/v), but the known 10E-isomer does not yield cis-cyclopentenone under the
      same conditions. The mechanism for cyclization has been investigated for
      unsubstituted and methyl substituted vinyl allene oxide using a variety of
      methods including CASSCF, omegaB97xD, and CCSD(T) and basis sets up to cc-pVTZ.
      The lowest energy pathway proceeds via homolytic cleavage of the epoxide ring,
      formation of an oxyallyl diradical, which closes readily to a cyclopropanone
      intermediate. The cyclopropanone opens to the requisite oxyallyl which closes to
      the experimentally observed product, cis-cyclopentenone. The calculations show
      that the open shell, diradical pathway is lower in energy than the closed shell
      reactions of allene oxide to cyclopropanone, and cyclopropanone to
      cyclopentenone. 

PMID- 26976803
TI  - Role of the private sector in vaccination service delivery in India: evidence
      from private-sector vaccine sales data, 2009-12.
AB  - BACKGROUND: India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) provides basic
      vaccines free-of-cost in the public sector, yet national vaccination coverage is
      poor. The Government of India has urged an expanded role for the private sector
      to help achieve universal immunization coverage. We conducted a state-by-state
      analysis of the role of the private sector in vaccinating Indian children against
      each of the six primary childhood diseases covered under India's UIP. METHODS: We
      analyzed IMS Health data on Indian private-sector vaccine sales, 2011 Indian
      Census data and national household surveys (DHS/NFHS 2005-06 and UNICEF CES 2009)
      to estimate the percentage of vaccinated children among the 2009-12 birth cohort
      who received a given vaccine in the private sector in 16 Indian states. We also
      analyzed the estimated private-sector vaccine shares as function of state
      specific socio-economic status. RESULTS: Overall in 16 states, the private sector
      contributed 4.7% towards tuberculosis (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)), 3.5%
      towards measles, 2.3% towards diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT3) and 7.6%
      towards polio (OPV3) overall (both public and private sectors) vaccination
      coverage. Certain low income states (Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
      Orissa, Assam and Bihar) have low private as well as public sector vaccination
      coverage. The private sector's role has been limited primarily to the high income
      states as opposed to these low income states where the majority of Indian
      children live. Urban areas with good access to the private sector and the ability
      to pay increases the Indian population's willingness to access private-sector
      vaccination services. CONCLUSION: In India, the public sector offers vaccination
      services to the majority of the population but the private sector should not be
      neglected as it could potentially improve overall vaccination coverage. The
      government could train and incentivize a wider range of private-sector health
      professionals to help deliver the vaccines, especially in the low income states
      with the largest birth cohorts. We recommend future studies to identify strengths
      and limitations of the public and private health sectors in each Indian state.

PMID- 26976805
TI  - A Case Report and Review of Early Symptomatic Congenital Syphilis Clinical
      Variations.

PMID- 26976804
TI  - Acquisition of negative complement regulators by the saprophyte Leptospira
      biflexa expressing LigA or LigB confers enhanced survival in human serum.
AB  - Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins are surface exposed molecules
      present in pathogenic but not in saprophytic Leptospira species. We have
      previously shown that Lig proteins interact with the soluble complement
      regulators Factor H (FH), FH like-1 (FHL-1), FH related-1 (FHR-1) and C4b Binding
      Protein (C4BP). In this study, we used the saprophyte L. biflexa serovar Patoc as
      a surrogate host to address the specific role of LigA and LigB proteins in
      leptospiral complement evasion. L. biflexa expressing LigA or LigB was able to
      acquire FH and C4BP. Bound complement regulators retained their cofactor
      activities of FI in the proteolytic cleavage of C3b and C4b. Moreover,
      heterologous expression of ligA and ligB genes in the saprophyte L. biflexa
      enhanced bacterial survival in human serum. Complement deposition on lig
      transformed L. biflexa was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. With regard to
      MAC deposition, L. biflexa expressing LigA or LigB presented an intermediate
      profile: MAC deposition levels were greater than those found in the pathogenic L.
      interrogans, but lower than those observed for L. biflexa wildtype. In
      conclusion, Lig proteins contribute to in vitro control of complement activation
      on the leptospiral surface, promoting an increased bacterial survival in human
      serum.

PMID- 26976807
TI  - Pediatric Emergency Physician Knowledge and Utilization of Prescription Drug
      Monitoring Program.

PMID- 26976806
TI  - A 16-Year-Old Girl With Altered Mental Status, Abducens Nerve Palsy, and Ataxia.

PMID- 26976808
TI  - Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for Diagnosis of Mammary Paget's Disease.

PMID- 26976810
TI  - The Whirl Sign and Small Intestinal Volvulus.

PMID- 26976809
TI  - Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
      following Bone Marrow Transplantation.
AB  - A 3-year-old child with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa treated with
      bone marrow transplantation subsequently developed body-wide epidermal detachment
      distinct from his epidermolysis bullosa. Toxic epidermal necrolysis was diagnosed
      by examination and skin biopsy. Although graft-vs-host disease was considered, he
      had no features of this diagnosis by laboratory studies or skin biopsy, and he
      improved without addition of further immune suppressants. Throughout the episode,
      the patient was maintained on cyclosporine A, a component of his transplant
      regimen, and also a reported therapy for toxic epidermal necrolysis. He had full
      recovery. Re-epithelialization occurred in a unique folliculocentric pattern,
      which we postulate was related to the patient's mesenchymal stem cell infusion,
      received as an adjunct to his marrow transplantation. 

PMID- 26976811
TI  - Detrimental Effects of "Stretch" Goals in Specialty Substance Use Disorder
      Treatment Organizations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: "Stretch" goals, a rarely examined concept that represents seemingly
      impossible, highly ambitious organizational goals ostensibly established to fill
      performance gaps and motivate employees, are examined within a sample of
      substance use disorder (SUD) treatment centers in the United States in terms of
      their prevalence and effects on organizational behavior. Stretch goals are
      defined as "seemingly impossible" goals intended to motivate employees to achieve
      high performance. In light of the high level of environmental change and
      unpredictability faced by SUD treatment centers in recent decades, we theorize
      that stretch goals would be both common and often detrimental (in terms of
      capacity utilization rate and efficiency) in these settings. METHODS: In a
      temporally lagged analysis of data from leaders of a representative U. S.
      national sample of 219 SUD treatment centers characterized by entrepreneurial
      management structures, we examined the prevalence of stretch goals and their
      impact on key outcome variables of capacity utilization rate and efficiency.
      RESULTS: Widespread adoption of stretch goals was found, with 43% of our sample
      falling within the stretch category. Stretch goals had a negative main effect on
      capacity utilization rate as compared to less ambitious challenging goals.
      Stretch and prior performance interacted to further predict capacity utilization
      rate, whereas stretch and slack resource availability interacted to predict
      center efficiency. DISCUSSION: Although stretch goals are frequently used in the
      SUD treatment industry, we find them mostly detrimental to performance. Stretch
      goals may enhance the efficiency of treatment centers with prior limited resource
      availability, but they are negatively associated with capacity utilization,
      especially in centers with a record of already strong performance. Despite the
      high prevalence of such goals and positive values centered on aspirational
      behavior, these results strongly suggest caution in such goal setting in SUD
      treatment centers.

PMID- 26976812
TI  - Stem cells and injectable hydrogels: Synergistic therapeutics in myocardial
      repair.
AB  - One of the major problems in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is the
      inability of myocardium to self-regenerate. Current therapies are unable to
      restore the heart's function after myocardial infarction. Myocardial tissue
      engineering is potentially a key approach to regenerate damaged heart muscle.
      Myocardial patches are applied surgically, whereas injectable hydrogels provide
      effective minimally invasive approaches to recover functional myocardium. These
      hydrogels are easily administered and can be either cell free or loaded with
      bioactive agents and/or cardiac stem cells, which may apply paracrine effects.
      The aim of this review is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of
      injectable stem cell-laden hydrogels and highlight their potential applications
      for myocardium repair.

PMID- 26976814
TI  - Farming system context drives the value of deep wheat roots in semi-arid
      environments.
AB  - The capture of subsoil water by wheat roots can make a valuable contribution to
      grain yield on deep soils. More extensive root systems can capture more water,
      but leave the soil in a drier state, potentially limiting water availability to
      subsequent crops. To evaluate the importance of these legacy effects, a long-term
      simulation analysis at eight sites in the semi-arid environment of Australia
      compared the yield of standard wheat cultivars with cultivars that were (i)
      modified to have root systems which extract more water at depth and/or (ii) sown
      earlier to increase the duration of the vegetative period and hence rooting
      depth. We compared simulations with and without annual resetting of soil water to
      investigate the legacy effects of drier subsoils related to modified root
      systems. Simulated mean yield benefits from modified root systems declined from
      0.1-0.6 t ha(-1) when annually reset, to 0-0.2 t ha(-1) in the continuous
      simulation due to a legacy of drier soils (mean 0-32mm) at subsequent crop
      sowing. For continuous simulations, predicted yield benefits of >0.2 t ha(-1)
      from more extensive root systems were rare (3-10% of years) at sites with shallow
      soils (<1.0 m), but occurred in 14-44% of years at sites with deeper soils (1.6
      2.5 m). Earlier sowing had a larger impact than modified root systems on water
      uptake (14-31 vs 2-17mm) and mean yield increase (up to 0.7 vs 0-0.2 t ha(-1))
      and the benefits occurred on deep and shallow soils and in more years (9-79 vs 3
      44%). Increasing the proportion of crops in the sequence which dry the subsoil
      extensively has implications for the farming system productivity, and the crop
      sequence must be managed tactically to optimize overall system benefits.

PMID- 26976813
TI  - Massive cortical reorganization in sighted Braille readers.
AB  - The brain is capable of large-scale reorganization in blindness or after massive
      injury. Such reorganization crosses the division into separate sensory cortices
      (visual, somatosensory...). As its result, the visual cortex of the blind becomes
      active during tactile Braille reading. Although the possibility of such
      reorganization in the normal, adult brain has been raised, definitive evidence
      has been lacking. Here, we demonstrate such extensive reorganization in normal,
      sighted adults who learned Braille while their brain activity was investigated
      with fMRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Subjects showed enhanced
      activity for tactile reading in the visual cortex, including the visual word form
      area (VWFA) that was modulated by their Braille reading speed and strengthened
      resting-state connectivity between visual and somatosensory cortices. Moreover,
      TMS disruption of VWFA activity decreased their tactile reading accuracy. Our
      results indicate that large-scale reorganization is a viable mechanism recruited
      when learning complex skills. 

PMID- 26976815
TI  - Root hair formation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) differs between root types and is
      altered in artificial growth conditions.
AB  - Root hairs are important sites for nutrient uptake, especially in P limiting
      conditions. Here we provide first insights into root hair development for the
      diverse root types of rice grown under different conditions, and show the first
      in situ images of rice root hairs in intact soil. Roots of plants grown in upland
      fields produced short root hairs that showed little responsiveness to P
      deficiency, and had a higher root hair density in the high P condition. These
      results were reproducible in rhizoboxes under greenhouse conditions. Synchrotron
      based in situ analysis of root hairs in intact soil further confirmed this
      pattern of root hair formation. In contrast, plants grown in nutrient solution
      produced more and longer root hairs in low P conditions, but these were unequally
      distributed among the different root types. While nutrient solution-grown main
      roots had longer hairs compared to upland field-grown main roots, second order
      lateral roots did not form any root hairs in nutrient solution-grown plants.
      Furthermore, root hair formation for plants grown in flooded lowland fields
      revealed few similarities with those grown in nutrient solution, thus defining
      nutrient solution as a possible measure of maximal, but not natural root hair
      development. By combining root hair length and density as a measure for root hair
      impact on the whole soil-grown root system we show that lateral roots provided
      the majority of root hair surface.

PMID- 26976816
TI  - Spreading the news: subcellular and organellar reactive oxygen species production
      and signalling.
AB  - As plants are sessile organisms that have to attune their physiology and
      morphology continuously to varying environmental challenges in order to survive
      and reproduce, they have evolved complex and integrated environment-cell, cell
      cell, and cell-organelle signalling circuits that regulate and trigger the
      required adjustments (such as alteration of gene expression). Although reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of this network, their pathways are
      not yet completely unravelled. In addition to the intrinsic chemical properties
      that define the array of interaction partners, mobility, and stability, ROS
      signalling specificity is obtained via the spatiotemporal control of production
      and scavenging at different organellar and subcellular locations (e.g.
      chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and apoplast). Furthermore, these
      cellular compartments may crosstalk to relay and further fine-tune the ROS
      message. Hence, plant cells might locally and systemically react upon
      environmental or developmental challenges by generating spatiotemporally
      controlled dosages of certain ROS types, each with specific chemical properties
      and interaction targets, that are influenced by interorganellar communication and
      by the subcellular location and distribution of the involved organelles, to
      trigger the suitable acclimation responses in association with other well
      established cellular signalling components (e.g. reactive nitrogen species,
      phytohormones, and calcium ions). Further characterization of this comprehensive
      ROS signalling matrix may result in the identification of new targets and key
      regulators of ROS signalling, which might be excellent candidates for engineering
      or breeding stress-tolerant plants.

PMID- 26976817
TI  - Awns reduce grain number to increase grain size and harvestable yield in
      irrigated and rainfed spring wheat.
AB  - Genotypic variation in ear morphology is linked to differences in photosynthetic
      potential to influence grain yield in winter cereals. Awns contribute to
      photosynthesis, particularly under water-limited conditions when canopy
      assimilation is restricted. We assessed performance of up to 45 backcross
      derived, awned-awnletted NILs representing four diverse genetic backgrounds in 25
      irrigated or rainfed, and droughted environments in Australia and Mexico. Mean
      environment grain yields were wide-ranging (1.38-7.93 t ha(-1)) with vegetative
      and maturity biomass, plant height, anthesis date, spike number, and harvest
      index all similar (P >0.05) for awned and awnletted NILs. Overall, grain yields
      of awned-awnletted sister-NILs were equivalent, irrespective of yield potential
      and genetic background. Awnletted wheats produced significantly more grains per
      unit area (+4%) and per spike (+5%) reflecting more fertile spikelets and grains
      in tertiary florets. Increases in grain number were compensated for by
      significant reductions in grain size (-5%) and increased frequency (+0.8%) of
      small, shrivelled grains ('screenings') to reduce seed-lot quality of awnletted
      NILs. Post-anthesis canopies of awnletted NILs were marginally warmer over all
      environments (+0.27  degrees C) but were not different and were sometimes cooler
      than awned NILs at cooler air temperatures. Awns develop early and represented up
      to 40% of total spikelet biomass prior to ear emergence. We hypothesize that the
      allocation of assimilate to large and rapidly developing awns decreases spikelet
      number and floret fertility to reduce grain number, particularly in distal
      florets. Individual grain size is increased to reduce screenings and to increase
      test weight and milling quality, particularly in droughted environments. Despite
      the average reduction in grain size, awnless lines could be identified that
      combined higher grain yield with larger grain size, increased grain protein
      concentration, and reduced screenings.

PMID- 26976819
TI  - Antibiotics or Appendectomy for Acute Non-Perforated Appendicitis--How to
      Interpret the Evidence?

PMID- 26976821
TI  - Identification of an epitope within the Bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein E
      cytoplasmic tail and use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the epitope
      for the differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals.
AB  - We constructed a recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 1 triple mutant virus (BoHV
      1 tmv) that lacks UL49.5 residues 30-32 and 80-96, gE cytoplasmic tail (gE CT)
      residues 452-575 and the entire 435 bp long Us9 ORF. To develop a gE CT-specific
      blocking ELISA test that is necessary to distinguish the BoHV-1 tmv vaccinated
      calves from the wild-type (wt) virus-infected calves, a mouse monoclonal antibody
      (mAb) 2H8F3 was generated by using the Escherichia coli expressed gE CT residues
      452-575. Further, by performing a PEPSCAN analysis of 12 mer overlapping peptides
      spanning the entire gE CT, the epitope sequence recognized by the mAb2H8F3 was
      mapped within the gE CT residues 499SDDDGPASN507. A blocking ELISA test was then
      developed for detecting antibodies in wild-type BoHV-1 infected calves against
      the gE CT epitope specified by 499SDDDGPASN507. The assay is based on the use of
      HRP conjugated mAb2H8F3 and the E. coli expressed gE CT protein as an indicator
      antibody and a coating antigen, respectively. In this assay, serum from entire gE
      deleted and BoHV-1 tmv-infected calves scored negative, whereas serum from calves
      infected with BoHV-1 wt scored positive. Therefore, the gE CT-ELISA, based on the
      mAb2H8F3 and E. coli expressed gE CT protein, is suitable for differentiating the
      wt virus-infected and BoHV-1 tmv-vaccinated cattle.

PMID- 26976822
TI  - Inter-categorical intersectionality and leisure-based physical activity in
      Canada.
AB  - Leisure-based physical activity is socially stratified in Canada. To date,
      inequalities in physical activity by race or ethnicity, gender, class or sexual
      orientation, in Canada and elsewhere, have largely been investigated as distinct,
      additive phenomena. Informed by intersectionality theory, this paper examines
      whether racial identity, gender, class and sexuality 'intersect' with one another
      to predict physical activity in data from Cycles 2.1 and 3.1 of the Canadian
      Community Health Survey (n= 149 574). In particular, we apply the intersectional
      principle of multiplicativity which suggests that people's experiences of their
      gender identities are raced, classed and sexualized; their racial experiences are
      gendered, classed and sexualized, and so forth. We find that the positive effect
      of income on being physically active is strong among visible minority men, of
      moderate strength among White men and women and weak to non-existent among
      visible minority women. We also find that a lesbian, gay or bisexual orientation
      corresponds with a higher likelihood of being physically active among women
      (especially among less educated women) but not among men. These multiplicative
      findings undermine additive approaches to investigating social inequalities in
      leisure-based physical activity and pave the way for future intersectional
      analyses of axes of inequality and their diverse, intersecting effects.

PMID- 26976818
TI  - Most photorespiratory genes are preferentially expressed in the bundle sheath
      cells of the C4 grass Sorghum bicolor.
AB  - One of the hallmarks of C4 plants is the division of labor between two different
      photosynthetic cell types, the mesophyll and the bundle sheath cells. C4 plants
      are of polyphyletic origin and, during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, the
      expression of thousands of genes was altered and many genes acquired a cell type
      specific or preferential expression pattern. Several lines of evidence, including
      computational modeling and physiological and phylogenetic analyses, indicate that
      alterations in the expression of a key photorespiration-related gene, encoding
      the glycine decarboxylase P subunit, was an early and important step during C4
      evolution. Restricting the expression of this gene to the bundle sheath led to
      the establishment of a photorespiratory CO2 pump. We were interested in whether
      the expression of genes related to photorespiration remains bundle sheath
      specific in a fully optimized C4 species. Therefore we analyzed the expression of
      photorespiratory and C4 cycle genes using RNA in situ hybridization and
      transcriptome analysis of isolated mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in the C4
      grass Sorghum bicolor It turns out that the C4 metabolism of Sorghum is based
      solely on the NADP-dependent malic enzyme pathway. The majority of
      photorespiratory gene expression, with some important exceptions, is restricted
      to the bundle sheath.

PMID- 26976823
TI  - IL-10-producing lung interstitial macrophages prevent neutrophilic asthma.
AB  - Inflammatory responses contribute to host defense against harmful organisms and
      allergens, whereas a failure of immune tolerance can cause chronic inflammation
      including asthma. The lung has several innate myeloid cell subsets. Among these
      subsets, there are two types of macrophages: alveolar macrophages (AMs) and
      interstitial macrophages (IMs). However, compared with AMs, the role of IMs in
      lung homeostasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized AMs
      and IMs in healthy and inflammatory conditions. Pulmonary IMs constitutively
      produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 through activation of the TLR4/MyD88
      pathway in a microbiota-independent manner. In addition to IMs, Foxp3+ Treg cells
      show persistent IL-10 expression in the lung, with IL-10-producing IMs more
      prevalent than Foxp3+ Treg cells. IMs, but not Foxp3+ Treg cells, increased IL-10
      production in house dust mite (HDM)-challenged mice, a model of human asthma. HDM
      challenged Il10 -/- mice exhibited severe lung pathology characterized by
      neutrophilia compared with that of wild-type mice. In addition, transplantation
      of wild-type IMs reduced neutrophilic inflammation, goblet cell mucus production
      and decreased expression of lung IL-13 and Th17-related neutrophil-activating
      cytokines such as IL-17, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha. Together these results
      demonstrate that IL-10-producing IMs negatively regulate Th2- and Th17-mediated
      inflammatory responses, helping prevent neutrophilic asthma.

PMID- 26976825
TI  - Immunoreceptors on neutrophils.
AB  - Neutrophils play a critical role in the host defense against infection, and they
      are able to perform a variety of effector mechanisms for this purpose. However,
      there are also a number of pathological conditions, including autoimmunity and
      cancer, in which the activities of neutrophils can be harmful to the host. Thus
      the activities of neutrophils need to be tightly controlled. As in the case of
      other immune cells, many of the neutrophil effector functions are regulated by a
      series of immunoreceptors on the plasma membrane. Here, we review what is
      currently known about the functions of the various individual immunoreceptors and
      their signaling in neutrophils. While these immunoreceptors allow for the
      recognition of a diverse range of extracellular ligands, such as cell surface
      structures (like proteins, glycans and lipids) and extracellular matrix
      components, they commonly signal via conserved ITAM or ITIM motifs and their
      associated downstream pathways that depend on the phosphorylation of tyrosine
      residues in proteins and/or inositol lipids. This allows for a balanced
      homeostatic regulation of neutrophil effector functions. Given the number of
      available immunoreceptors and their fundamental importance for neutrophil
      behavior, it is perhaps not surprising that pathogens have evolved means to evade
      immune responses through some of these pathways. Inversely, some of these
      receptors evolved to specifically recognize these pathogens. Finally, some
      interactions mediated by immunoreceptors in neutrophils have been identified as
      promising targets for therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 26976824
TI  - Neutrophils: Critical components in experimental animal models of cancer.
AB  - Neutrophils have a crucial role in tumor development and metastatic progression.
      The contribution of neutrophils in tumor development is multifaceted and
      contradictory. On the one hand, neutrophils prompt tumor inception, promote tumor
      development by mediating the initial angiogenic switch and facilitate
      colonization of circulating tumor cells, and on the other hand, have cytotoxic
      and anti-metastatic capabilities. Our understanding of the role of neutrophils in
      tumor development has greatly depended on different experimental animal models of
      cancer. In this review we cover important findings that have been made about
      neutrophils in experimental animal models of cancer, point to their advantages
      and limitations, and discuss novel techniques that can be used to expand our
      knowledge of how neutrophils influence tumor progression.

PMID- 26976827
TI  - Stabilization of a prokaryotic LAT transporter by random mutagenesis.
AB  - The knowledge of three-dimensional structures at atomic resolution of membrane
      transport proteins has improved considerably our understanding of their
      physiological roles and pathological implications. However, most structural
      biology techniques require an optimal candidate within a protein family for
      structural determination with (a) reasonable production in heterologous hosts and
      (b) good stability in detergent micelles. SteT, the Bacillus subtilis L-serine/L
      threonine exchanger is the best-known prokaryotic paradigm of the mammalian L
      amino acid transporter (LAT) family. Unfortunately, SteT's lousy stability after
      extracting from the membrane prevents its structural characterization. Here, we
      have used an approach based on random mutagenesis to engineer stability in SteT.
      Using a split GFP complementation assay as reporter of protein expression and
      membrane insertion, we created a library of 70 SteT mutants each containing
      random replacements of one or two residues situated in the transmembrane domains.
      Analysis of expression and monodispersity in detergent of this library permitted
      the identification of evolved versions of SteT with a significant increase in
      both expression yield and stability in detergent with respect to wild type. In
      addition, these experiments revealed a correlation between the yield of
      expression and the stability in detergent micelles. Finally, and based on protein
      delipidation and relipidation assays together with transport experiments,
      possible mechanisms of SteT stabilization are discussed. Besides optimizing a
      member of the LAT family for structural determination, our work proposes a new
      approach that can be used to optimize any membrane protein of interest.

PMID- 26976826
TI  - Role of memory T cell subsets for adoptive immunotherapy.
AB  - Adoptive transfer of primary (unmodified) or genetically engineered antigen
      specific T cells has demonstrated astonishing clinical results in the treatment
      of infections and some malignancies. Besides the definition of optimal targets
      and antigen receptors, the differentiation status of transferred T cells is
      emerging as a crucial parameter for generating cell products with optimal
      efficacy and safety profiles. Long-living memory T cells subdivide into
      phenotypically as well as functionally different subsets (e.g. central memory,
      effector memory, tissue-resident memory T cells). This diversification process is
      crucial for effective immune protection, with probably distinct dependencies on
      the presence of individual subsets dependent on the disease to which the immune
      response is directed as well as its organ location. Adoptive T cell therapy
      intends to therapeutically transfer defined T cell immunity into patients.
      Efficacy of this approach often requires long-term maintenance of transferred
      cells, which depends on the presence and persistence of memory T cells. However,
      engraftment and survival of highly differentiated memory T cell subsets upon
      adoptive transfer is still difficult to achieve. Therefore, the recent
      observation that a distinct subset of weakly differentiated memory T cells shows
      all characteristics of adult tissue stem cells and can reconstitute all types of
      effector and memory T cell subsets, became highly relevant. We here review our
      current understanding of memory subset formation and T cell subset purification,
      and its implications for adoptive immunotherapy.

PMID- 26976830
TI  - Laparoscopic Confocal Laser Microscopy Without Fluorescent Injection: A Pilot Ex
      Vivo Study in Colon Cancer.
AB  - Introduction Histological analysis of surgical specimen is the gold standard for
      cancer classification. In particular, frozen histological diagnosis of vague
      peritoneal spots or uncertain excision of tumors plays a crucial role for
      proceeding with or without change of the operation procedure. Confocal laser
      microscopy (CLM) enables in vivo and real-time high-resolution tissue analysis.
      To evaluate a novel technique of CLM without any fluorescent dye, this pilot ex
      vivo study demonstrates a CLM camera device for minimal invasive surgical
      approach. Methods In 5 cases, a laparoscopic CLM camera was used for examining
      colon and rectum specimen. Images of nonmalignant and malignant intestinal mucosa
      were characterized in terms of specific signal-patterns. No fluorescent dye was
      used. Correlations to findings in conventional histology were systematically
      recorded and described. Results Using this CLM camera device, it is possible to
      analyze colon specimen mucosa. Nonmalignant and malignant intestinal mucosa show
      specific signal patterns. Nonmalignant mucosa is defined by honeycomb structure.
      There is deregulated structure in colon and rectum carcinoma mucosa. The inside
      lumen is irregular. The radial border appears swollen with reduced contrast.
      Discussion This pilot study shows that the assessment of colon mucosa with a
      prototype of CLM camera for minimally invasive surgical approach without any
      fluorescent dye is feasible. It is possible to differentiate between benign and
      malignant mucosa in colon specimen by easy to evaluate and reproducible
      parameters. These first steps of this pioneering achievement to establish CLM in
      minimal invasive surgical procedures show a great potential for a more reliable
      intraoperative evaluation of suspect foci. 

PMID- 26976829
TI  - Anchoring Chest Drains With an Elegant Sailor's Tying Technique.

PMID- 26976828
TI  - Transient contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle are drivers of afferent
      nerve activity during filling.
AB  - Activation of afferent nerves during urinary bladder (UB) filling conveys the
      sensation of UB fullness to the central nervous system (CNS). Although this
      sensory outflow is presumed to reflect graded increases in pressure associated
      with filling, UBs also exhibit nonvoiding, transient contractions (TCs) that
      cause small, rapid increases in intravesical pressure. Here, using an ex vivo
      mouse bladder preparation, we explored the relative contributions of filling
      pressure and TC-induced pressure transients to sensory nerve stimulation.
      Continuous UB filling caused an increase in afferent nerve activity composed of a
      graded increase in baseline activity and activity associated with increases in
      intravesical pressure produced by TCs. For each ~4-mmHg pressure increase,
      filling pressure increased baseline afferent activity by ~60 action potentials
      per second. In contrast, a similar pressure elevation induced by a TC evoked an
      ~10-fold greater increase in afferent activity. Filling pressure did not affect
      TC frequency but did increase the TC rate of rise, reflecting a change in the
      length-tension relationship of detrusor smooth muscle. The frequency of afferent
      bursts depended on the TC rate of rise and peaked before maximum pressure.
      Inhibition of small- and large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK and BK)
      channels increased TC amplitude and afferent nerve activity. After inhibiting
      detrusor muscle contractility, simulating the waveform of a TC by gently
      compressing the bladder evoked similar increases in afferent activity. Notably,
      afferent activity elicited by simulated TCs was augmented by SK channel
      inhibition. Our results show that afferent nerve activity evoked by TCs
      represents the majority of afferent outflow conveyed to the CNS during UB filling
      and suggest that the maximum TC rate of rise corresponds to an optimal length
      tension relationship for efficient UB contraction. Furthermore, our findings
      implicate SK channels in controlling the gain of sensory outflow independent of
      UB contractility.

PMID- 26976831
TI  - SIMulation of Medication Error induced by Clinical Trial drug labeling: the SIMME
      CT study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of investigational drug labels on the risk of
      medication error in drug dispensing. DESIGN: A simulation-based learning program
      focusing on investigational drug dispensing was conducted. SETTING: The study was
      undertaken in an Investigational Drugs Dispensing Unit of a University Hospital
      of Lyon, France. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three pharmacy workers (pharmacists,
      residents, technicians or students) were enrolled. INTERVENTION: Ten risk factors
      were selected concerning label information or the risk of confusion with another
      clinical trial. Each risk factor was scored independently out of 5: the higher
      the score, the greater the risk of error. From 400 labels analyzed, two groups
      were selected for the dispensing simulation: 27 labels with high risk (score >=3)
      and 27 with low risk (score <=2). Each question in the learning program was
      displayed as a simulated clinical trial prescription. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:
      Medication error was defined as at least one erroneous answer (i.e. error in drug
      dispensing). For each question, response times were collected. RESULTS: High-risk
      investigational drug labels correlated with medication error and slower response
      time. Error rates were significantly 5.5-fold higher for high-risk series. Error
      frequency was not significantly affected by occupational category or experience
      in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: SIMME-CT is the first simulation-based learning
      tool to focus on investigational drug labels as a risk factor for medication
      error. SIMME-CT was also used as a training tool for staff involved in clinical
      research, to develop medication error risk awareness and to validate competence
      in continuing medical education.

PMID- 26976832
TI  - Dorsal pancreatic agenesis: description of CT signs.

PMID- 26976833
TI  - Not all gastric masses are gastric cancer.
AB  - Lung cancer metastasising to the gastrointestinal tract normally does not occur.
      However, as clinicians, we must be aware that lung adenocarcinoma, as in all
      cancers, can and will metastasise to any part of the body. We describe a case of
      a patient with a presumed primary gastric adenocarcinoma who presented with
      shortness of breath due to pleural effusion. Pathology from the pleural effusion
      was positive for primary lung adenocarcinoma. Further investigation revealed that
      the patient's gastric mass was misdiagnosed as gastric adenocarcinoma. We
      correctly diagnosed the mass as metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. This was very
      significant because the patient was transitioning to palliative care with
      possible tube feeding. After the correct diagnosis, her management drastically
      changed and her health improved. Clinical, pathological and medical management of
      lung cancer metastasis to the stomach are discussed. 

PMID- 26976834
TI  - Conjunctival pedicle flap in management of open globe injury with corneal tissue
      loss.
AB  - Accidental injury with scissors led to an open globe injury with iris prolapse
      and corneal tissue loss in the right eye of a 15-year-old girl. Attempts to
      suture the laceration normally, led to persistent aqueous leak, and tight
      suturing was leading to unacceptable distortion of the corneal contour. In the
      absence of donor tissue or tissue glue, a bulbar conjunctival pedicle flap was
      used to augment sutures placed without undue tension, and watertight closure of
      the globe was achieved. Postoperatively, the flap retracted, and excellent
      tectonic, cosmetic and refractive outcomes were achieved. A conjunctival pedicle
      flap can be a useful adjunct in the armamentarium of the corneal surgeon while
      dealing with open globe injuries with corneal tissue loss. 

PMID- 26976836
TI  - 'A problematic plum pit in the piping': a case of traumatic oesophageal
      perforation.
AB  - A 75-year-old man presented to accident and emergency having swallowed a plum
      pit. He initially experienced sharp neck pain, which was mild at presentation. He
      was otherwise haemodynamically stable and was able to subsequently eat a sandwich
      without consequence. He was referred to the ear, nose and throat senior house
      office (SHO), who reviewed the soft tissue radiograph, which appeared normal. The
      patient displayed no concerning clinical signs and was well; however, his pain
      persisted. Examination revealed a localised area of surgical emphysema on the
      left side of the neck. Retrospective review of the soft tissue radiograph showed
      a small region of subcutaneous free air. An urgent CT scan confirmed a
      pneumomediastinum indicative of an oesophageal perforation. The patient was
      admitted for observation, and was managed conservatively without surgical
      intervention. He was weaned onto sterile fluid and progressed to a solid diet. He
      was discharged from hospital with no long-term sequelae.

PMID- 26976835
TI  - Spontaneous fistulisation and drainage of a pyogenic liver abscess into the
      stomach in an adult patient with sickle cell disease.
AB  - Spontaneous endoluminal drainage of a pyogenic liver abscess is a rare
      phenomenon. Similarly, there are only a few cases in the English literature
      describing hepatic abscesses as an unusual complication of sickle cell anaemia.
      Having these two phenomena occurring in the same patient is truly a rarity. We
      describe a case of a 45-year-old man with homozygous sickle cell anaemia who
      presented to our institution with a pyogenic liver abscess. He had spontaneous
      drainage of the abscess after spontaneous fistulisation, with the stomach
      obviating the need for percutaneous drainage. 

PMID- 26976837
TI  - Sympathetic ophthalmia following a conjunctival flap procedure for corneal
      perforation.
AB  - A 25-year-old man developed diminution of vision and redness in both eyes 5 weeks
      after a conjunctival flap procedure in the right eye. On examination, there was
      panuveitis and exudative retinal detachment in both eyes. The right eye had an
      inferotemporal conjunctival flap with iris incarceration. Fundus fluorescein
      angiography revealed typical pinpoint leaks and optical coherence tomography
      demonstrated multiple neurosensory detachments in the left eye. The patient
      received frequent topical steroids and cycloplegics. Intravenous dexamethasone
      pulse was given followed by high-dose oral prednisone, after which the patient
      recovered vision. The conjunctival flap in corneal perforation may predispose to
      sympathetic ophthalmia.

PMID- 26976838
TI  - Diastolic mitral regurgitation in a patient with coronary artery disease and
      anaemia.

PMID- 26976839
TI  - Foveal haemorrhage from makeshift 'Lightsaber': funduscopy and optical coherence
      tomography findings.

PMID- 26976840
TI  - Posterior C1-C2 calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease.
AB  - Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease rarely occurs
      in the posterior aspect of the craniocervical junction (CCJ). To the best of our
      knowledge, there have been only 2 previously reported cases of patients with
      posterior CPPD lesions in this region that have led to cervical myelopathy. We
      report the case of a 70-year-old man presenting with neck pain and cervical
      myelopathy with multilevel stenosis from C1-C6. The stenosis was worst at C1-C2,
      secondary to compression by a CPPD lesion posterior to the spinal cord. The
      patient underwent a C2-C6 laminectomy and fusion with resection of the CPPD
      lesion. In this report, we discuss the patient and present a novel theory to
      explain the preponderance of CPPD lesions in the CCJ occurring anteriorly and not
      posteriorly to the spinal cord. 

PMID- 26976841
TI  - Evidence for marine origin and microbial-viral habitability of sub-zero
      hypersaline aqueous inclusions within permafrost near Barrow, Alaska.
AB  - Cryopegs are sub-surface hypersaline brines at sub-zero temperatures within
      permafrost; their global extent and distribution are unknown. The permafrost
      barrier to surface and groundwater advection maintains these brines as semi
      isolated systems over geological time. A cryopeg 7 m below ground near Barrow,
      Alaska, was sampled for geochemical and microbiological analysis. Sub-surface
      brines (in situtemperature of -6  degrees C, salinity of 115 ppt), and an
      associated sediment-infused ice wedge (melt salinity of 0.04 ppt) were sampled
      using sterile technique. Major ionic concentrations in the brine corresponded
      more closely to other (Siberian) cryopegs than to Standard seawater or the ice
      wedge. Ionic ratios and stable isotope analysis of water conformed to a marine or
      brackish origin with subsequent Rayleigh fractionation. The brine contained
      ~1000* more bacteria than surrounding ice, relatively high viral numbers
      suggestive of infection and reproduction, and an unusually high ratio of
      particulate to dissolved extracellular polysaccharide substances. A viral
      metagenome indicated a high frequency of temperate viruses and limited viral
      diversity compared to surface environments, with closest similarity to low water
      activity environments. Interpretations of the results underscore the isolation of
      these underexplored microbial ecosystems from past and present oceans. 

PMID- 26976842
TI  - Aquaculture changes the profile of antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic
      element associated genes in Baltic Sea sediments.
AB  - Antibiotics are commonly used in aquaculture and they can change the
      environmental resistome by increasing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
      Sediment samples were collected from two fish farms located in the Northern
      Baltic Sea, Finland, and from a site outside the farms (control). The sediment
      resistome was assessed by using a highly parallel qPCR array containing 295
      primer sets to detect ARGs, mobile genetic elements and the 16S rRNA gene. The
      fish farm resistomes were enriched in transposon and integron associated genes
      and in ARGs encoding resistance to antibiotics which had been used to treat fish
      at the farms. Aminoglycoside resistance genes were also enriched in the farm
      sediments despite the farms not having used aminoglycosides. In contrast, the
      total relative abundance values of ARGs were higher in the control sediment
      resistome and they were mainly genes encoding efflux pumps followed by beta
      lactam resistance genes, which are found intrinsically in many bacteria. This
      suggests that there is a natural Baltic sediment resistome. The resistome
      associated with fish farms can be from native ARGs enriched by antibiotic use at
      the farms and/or from ARGs and mobile elements that have been introduced by fish
      farming. 

PMID- 26976843
TI  - Isolation of 'Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus franklandus', a novel ureolytic soil
      archaeal ammonia oxidiser with tolerance to high ammonia concentration.
AB  - Studies of the distribution of ammonia oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB)
      suggest distinct ecological niches characterised by ammonia concentration and pH,
      arising through differences in substrate affinity and ammonia tolerance. AOA form
      five distinct phylogenetic clades, one of which, the 'Nitrososphaera sister
      cluster', has no cultivated isolate. A representative of this cluster, named
      'Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus franklandus', was isolated from a pH 7.5 arable soil
      and we propose a new cluster name:'Nitrosocosmicus' While phylogenetic analysis
      of amoA genes indicates its association with the Nitrososphaera sister cluster,
      analysis of 16S rRNA genes provided no support for a relative branching that is
      consistent with a 'sister cluster', indicating placement within a lineage of the
      order Nitrososphaerales 'Ca.N. franklandus' is capable of ureolytic growth and
      its tolerances to nitrite and ammonia are higher than in other AOA and similar to
      those of typical soil AOB. Similarity of other growth characteristics of 'Ca.N.
      franklandus' with those of typical soil AOB isolates reduces support for niche
      differentiation between soil AOA and AOB and suggests that AOA have a wider
      physiological diversity than previously suspected. In particular, the high
      ammonia tolerance of 'Ca.N. franklandus' suggests potential contributions to
      nitrification in fertilised soils.

PMID- 26976844
TI  - Enterococcus growth on eelgrass (Zostera marina); implications for water quality.
AB  - Enterococci are fecal indicator bacteria used to monitor fecal pollution of
      recreational waters. When enterococci levels exceed health standards, fecal
      pollution is assumed as the cause. Enterococci growing on plants limit their
      usefulness as fecal indicator bacteria. Here we examined enterococcal growth on
      eelgrass in Mission Bay, CA where enterococci levels have exceeded water quality
      thresholds. A total of 69 eelgrass samples were collected from six sites, shaken
      to remove enterococci attached to plant surfaces and the eluant filtered onto
      culture media. Isolates were then identified to species using biochemical
      methods, and DNA typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was done to assess
      clonality of strains. Enterococci concentrations among eelgrass ranged from 8 to
      14 000 CFU g(-1) dry weight. The most predominant enterococcal species found were
      Enterococcus casseliflavus and E. hirae followed by E. faecalis. Cluster analysis
      indicated a high level of clonality among isolates across all species, with
      clonal isolates consistently associated with individual eelgrass samples. Finding
      high densities of E. casseliflavus, E. hirae and E. faecalis on eelgrass that
      included clonal strains indicates the capability of enterococcal growth on
      eelgrass. Amplification of enterococci on eelgrass presents challenges for
      regulatory agencies that interpret elevated levels of these bacteria as an
      indication of fecal pollution. 

PMID- 26976845
TI  - Validating the HeartQoL questionnaire in patients with atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with impaired health-related
      quality-of-life (HRQL). When assessing HRQL, disease-specific and generic
      instruments are used, which may hinder outcome comparisons across studies. A
      newly developed core ischaemic heart disease-specific HRQL questionnaire, the
      HeartQoL, offers a single measurement instrument which may allow outcome
      comparisons across cardiac diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
      psychometric properties of HeartQoL in an AF population treated with ablation by
      assessing its factor structure, construct validity, internal consistency, and
      test-retest reliability. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were collected in two phases:
      (a) a cross-sectional study including 462 patients with AF/atrial flutter who
      completed the HeartQoL and the Short-Form 36 (SF-36), allowing for the evaluation
      of internal consistency, factor structure and construct validity; and (b) a
      longitudinal study including 55 patients completing HeartQoL twice to evaluate
      test-retest reliability. RESULTS: The two-factor structure of HeartQoL was
      largely confirmed in patients with AF. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's
      alpha (alpha) >= 0.90) and test-retest reliability good (intra-class correlation
      >= 0.90). The construct validity was supported, as subscales of HeartQoL
      correlated strongly with similar (r >= 0.78) and weakly (r <= 0.47) with
      dissimilar subscales of SF-36. The HeartQoL demonstrated ability to distinguish
      between different clinical subgroups of patients, indicating sensitivity.
      CONCLUSION: The HeartQoL showed overall satisfactory psychometric properties,
      demonstrating it to be a valid instrument in the evaluation of HRQL in patients
      with AF treated with ablation. This suggests that HeartQoL may be a valuable
      instrument for making HRQL comparisons across the spectrum of cardiac diseases.

PMID- 26976846
TI  - Cardiovascular risk prediction: Can Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE)
      be improved by adding simple risk markers? Results from the Copenhagen City Heart
      Study.
AB  - AIM: European society of cardiology (ESC) guidelines recommend that
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals is
      based on the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm, which
      estimates individual 10-year risk of death from CVD. We assessed the potential
      improvement in CVD risk stratification of 19 easily available risk markers by
      adding them to the SCORE algorithm. METHODS AND RESULTS: We followed 8476
      individuals without prior CVD or diabetes from the Copenhagen City Heart study.
      The 19 risk markers were: major and minor electrocardiographic (ECG)
      abnormalities, heart rate, family history (of ischaemic heart disease), body mass
      index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, walking duration and pace, leisure time physical
      activity, forced expiratory volume (FEV)1%pred, household income, education,
      vital exhaustion, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides,
      apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high-sensitive C-reactive
      protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen. With the exception of family history, BMI,
      triglycerides and minor ECG changes, all risk markers remained significantly
      associated with CVD mortality after adjustment for SCORE variables. However, the
      addition of the remaining 15 risk markers resulted in only small changes in
      discrimination calculated by area under the curve (AUC) and integrated
      discrimination improvement (IDI) and no improvement in net reclassification
      improvement (NRI). HsCRP improved AUC by 0.006 (p = 0.015) and IDI by 0.012 (p =
      0.002); FEV1%pred improved AUC by 0.006 (p = 0.032) and IDI by 0.006 (p = 0.029).
      In the intermediate risk group FEV1%pred, education, vital exhaustion and ApoA1
      all improved NRI but FEV1%pred was the only risk marker to significantly improve
      both IDI, AUC and NRI. CONCLUSION: The SCORE algorithm predicted CVD mortality in
      a Danish cohort well. Despite strong association with CVD mortality, the
      individual addition of 19 easily available risk makers to the SCORE model
      resulted in small risk stratification improvements.

PMID- 26976848
TI  - Interventions to improve medication adherence in coronary disease patients: A
      systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adherence to multiple cardiovascular (CV) medications is a
      cornerstone of coronary heart disease (CHD) management and prevention, but it is
      sub-optimal worldwide. This review aimed to examine whether interventions improve
      adherence to multiple CV medications in a CHD population. DESIGN: This study was
      based on a systematic review and meta-analysis according to Preferred Reporting
      Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. METHODS:
      Randomised controlled trials were identified by searching multiple databases and
      reference lists. Studies were selected if they evaluated interventions aiming to
      improve adherence to multiple CV medications targeting a CHD population and if
      they provided an appropriate measure of adherence. Interventions were classified
      as complex or simple interventions. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated and pooled
      for a meta-analysis. Risk of bias, heterogeneity and publication bias were also
      assessed. RESULTS: Sixteen studies (10,706 patients) were included. The mean age
      was 62 years (standard deviation (SD) 3.6) and 72% were male. In a pooled
      analysis, the interventions significantly improved medication adherence (OR 1.52;
      95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.86; p < 0.001) and there were no significant
      differences based on intervention type (complex vs simple), components categories
      and adherence method. There was moderate heterogeneity (I(2) ( )= 61%) across the
      studies. After adjusting for publication bias, the effect size was attenuated but
      remained significant (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.09-1.68). CONCLUSION: Interventions to
      improve adherence to multiple CV medication in a CHD population significantly
      improved the odds of being adherent. Simple one-component interventions might be
      a promising way to improve medication adherence in a CHD population, as they
      would be easier to replicate in different settings and on a large scale.

PMID- 26976847
TI  - Treatment with oral anticoagulant drugs restrained from patients with atrial
      fibrillation: An assessment in a geographically well-defined catchment area.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects about 3.2% of the adult population
      in the western world and incurs an annual stroke risk of 4.5%. The use of oral
      anticoagulant (OAC) drugs significantly reduces this risk. OAC drugs seem to be
      under-utilized, but little is known about why their use is restrained in routine
      clinical management. The aim of this study was to assess this issue and, from
      these data, to estimate the proportion of patients with AF in a general
      population who were eligible for treatment with OAC drugs. DESIGN: Retrospective
      study of medical records. METHODS: The study included all identified patients
      with AF in a well-defined catchment area of 65,532 people, among whom 1616 (3.2%)
      had documented AF. Of the patients with AF, 588 (36%) were originally reported
      not to be receiving OAC drugs. The patient-responsible physicians (n = 24) were
      requested to complete a standardized questionnaire to assess the reason for
      restraining the use of OAC drugs for each individual patient. RESULTS: Of the 588
      patients originally reported not to be receiving OAC drugs, eight were shown to
      be using OAC drugs and seven were lost to follow up. Thus the reason for
      restraining OAC drugs was finally assessed in 573 patients. The primary reasons
      were: lack of indication, 26%; declined general condition, 14%; a history of
      bleeding, 12%; assumed poor compliance, 11%; repeated falls, 6%; and reason
      unknown, 9%. CONCLUSIONS: This is, to our knowledge, the first study to assess
      the reasons for restraining the use of OAC drugs in a geographically well-defined
      population including all hospital-based and non-hospital-based healthcare.
      Applying CHA2DS2-VASc and new strategies for OAC drugs to our study data
      indicated that between 72 and 88% of all patients with AF are eligible for
      treatment with OAC drugs.

PMID- 26976850
TI  - Cardiomyopathy responsive to gluten withdrawal in a patient with coeliac disease.
AB  - A 57-year-old man with iron deficiency anaemia developed general malaise,
      exertional dyspnoea and features of cardiac failure out of proportion to his
      anaemia (haemoglobin 120 g/L). Investigations showed a severely dilated left
      ventricle with an ejection fraction of 15%, due to dilated cardiomyopathy. He was
      treated with high-dose diuretics, ACE inhibitors and beta-blocker therapy.
      Subsequent investigation into his iron deficiency anaemia revealed a new
      diagnosis of coeliac disease. After starting a gluten-free diet, his cardiac
      function improved markedly, with ejection fraction reaching 70%, allowing his
      cardiac medications to be withdrawn. This case suggests a link between coeliac
      disease and cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 26976849
TI  - SLC52A3, A Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome candidate gene is essential for
      mouse development, but dispensable for motor neuron differentiation.
AB  - Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is essential for cellular reduction
      oxidation reactions, but is not readily synthesized by mammalian cells. It has
      been proposed that riboflavin absorption occurs through solute carrier family 52
      members (SLC52) A1, A2 and A3. These transporters are also candidate genes for
      the childhood onset-neural degenerative syndrome Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere (BVVL).
      Although riboflavin is an essential nutrient, why mutations in its transporters
      result in a neural cell-specific disorder remains unclear. Here, we provide
      evidence that Slc52a3 is the mouse ortholog of SLC52A3 and show that Slc52a3
      deficiency results in early embryonic lethality. Loss of mutant embryos was
      associated with both defects in placental formation and increased rates of
      apoptosis in embryonic cells. In contrast, Slc52a3 -/- embryonic stem cell lines
      could be readily established and differentiated into motor neurons, suggesting
      that this transporter is dispensable for neural differentiation and short-term
      maintenance. Consistent with this finding, examination of Slc52a3 gene products
      in adult tissues revealed expression in the testis and intestine but little or
      none in the brain and spinal cord. Our results suggest that BVVL patients with
      SCL52A3 mutations may be good candidates for riboflavin replacement therapy and
      suggests that either the mutations these individuals carry are hypomorphic, or
      that in these cases alternative transporters act during human embryogenesis to
      allow full-term development.

PMID- 26976851
TI  - De novo biosynthesis of resveratrol by site-specific integration of heterologous
      genes in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Resveratrol is a well-known triphenolic natural product present in red wine. For
      its contribution to human health, the demand for resveratrol as a food and
      nutrition supplement has increased significantly. In recent years, the rapid
      development of synthetic biology has promoted extensive work to increase the
      production of resveratrol in microbes. However, supplementation of expensive
      phenylpropanoic precursors was required in current engineered strains. Here, we
      first utilized the site-specific integration strategy to produce resveratrol in
      Escherichia coli The genes tal, 4cl and sts were site-specific integrated into
      the loci of genes tyrR and trpED in the chromosome of E. coli BW25113 (DE3). The
      final strain was capable of producing 4.612 mg L(-1) of resveratrol from glucose.

PMID- 26976852
TI  - LMOh7858_0369, a gene encoding a putative leucine-rich repeat-containing protein,
      is required for virulence of Listeria monocytogenes.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes possesses the highest number of leucine-rich repeat (LRR)
      containing proteins among all Gram-positive bacteria; these LRR-containing
      molecules are known as the 'internalin' family. To understand the functions of
      largely uncharacterized LRR-containing molecules, we constructed seven deletion
      mutants in the L. monocytogenes H7858 strain targeting genes in this family and
      tested their virulence. Among the seven mutants, the DeltaLMOh7858_0369 strain
      and the DeltaLMOh7858_2546 strain showed significantly impaired invasiveness of
      HepG2 cells. We further tested the virulence of these two strains in the
      intravascular sepsis model using BALB/c mice. Interestingly, the
      DeltaLMOh7858_0369 strain showed significant reduction in organ colonization,
      bacteremia and invasion of the brain compared with the parental wild-type strain.
      Host immune responses to listerial intravascular infection were measured at 24
      and 72 h post-infection. Transcript levels of several proinflammatory cytokines
      and chemokines were significantly lower when induced by the DeltalmOh7858_0369
      strain than when induced by the wild type. These results suggest that the
      putative LRR-containing protein encoded by LMOh7858_0369 might be a novel
      virulence factor of the L. monocytogenes H7858 strain.

PMID- 26976853
TI  - Identification and sequence analysis of pWcMBF8-1, a bacteriocin-encoding plasmid
      from the lactic acid bacterium Weissella confusa.
AB  - Members of the Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well-known for their
      beneficial properties as starter cultures and probiotics. Many LAB species
      produce ribosomally synthesized proteinaceous antibiotics (bacteriocins).
      Weissella confusa MBF8-1 is a strain isolated from a fermented soybean product
      that not only produces useful exopolysaccharides but also exhibits bacteriocin
      activity, which we call weissellicin MBF. Here, we show that bacteriocin
      production by W. confusa MBF8-1 is specified by a large plasmid, pWcMBF8-1.
      Plasmid pWcMBF8-1 (GenBank accession number KR350502), which was identified from
      the W. confusa MBF8-1 draft genome sequence, is 17 643 bp in length with a G + C
      content of 34.8% and contains 25 open reading frames (ORFs). Six ORFs constitute
      the weissellicin MBF locus, encoding three putative double-glycine-motif peptides
      (Bac1, Bac2, Bac3), an ABC transporter complex (BacTE) and a putative immunity
      protein (BacI). Two ORFs encode plasmid partitioning and mobilization proteins,
      suggesting that pWcMBF8-1 is transferable to other hosts. To the best of our
      knowledge, plasmid pWcMBF8-1 not only represents the first large Weissella
      plasmid to be sequenced but also the first to be associated with bacteriocin
      production in W. confusa.

PMID- 26976854
TI  - Protective role of host aquaporin 6 against Hazara virus, a model for Crimean
      Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection.
AB  - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that
      causes infectious disease with severe hemorrhagic manifestations in vascular
      system in humans. The proper function of the cells in the vascular system is
      critically regulated by aquaporins (AQP), water channels that facilitate fluxes
      of water and small solutes across membranes. With Hazara virus as a model for
      CCHFV, we investigated the effects of viruses on AQP6 and the impact of AQP6 on
      virus infectivity in host cells, using transiently expressed GFP-AQP6 cells,
      immunofluorescent assay for virus detection, epifluorescent imaging of living
      cells and confocal microscopy. In GFP-AQP6 expressing cells, Hazara virus reduced
      both the cellular and perinuclear AQP6 distribution and changed the cell area.
      Infection of human cell with CCHFV strain IbAR 10200 downregulated AQP6
      expression at mRNA level. Interestingly, the overexpression of AQP6 in host cells
      decreased the infectivity of Hazara virus, speaking for a protective role of
      AQP6. We suggest the possibility for AQP6 being a novel player in the virus-host
      interactions, which may lead to less severe outcomes of an infection.

PMID- 26976856
TI  - Tonsillectomy and Incidence of Oropharyngeal Cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in numerous countries since
      the 1970s has been attributed to increased oral human papillomavirus (HPV)
      exposure. However, the contribution of coincidental declines in the surgical
      removal of the tonsils (tonsillectomy) is unknown. We quantified the association
      of tonsillectomy with risk of tonsillar, other oropharyngeal, and other head and
      neck cancers and the contribution of declines in tonsillectomies to cancer
      incidence trends. METHODS: We conducted a nation-wide cohort study in Sweden
      (1970-2009). Tonsillectomies (N = 225,718) were identified through national
      patient registers, which were linked with the cancer register. Cancer incidence
      in the tonsillectomy cohort was compared with Sweden's general population through
      standardized incidence ratios (SIR). RESULTS: Tonsillectomies were associated
      with reduced risk of tonsil cancers [SIRs 1+ years post-tonsillectomy = 0.31; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 0.08-0.79 and 5+ years post-tonsillectomy = 0.17; 95%
      CI, 0.02-0.62], but unrelated to other oropharyngeal or other head and neck
      cancers (SIRs 1+ years post-tonsillectomy = 1.61; 95% CI, 0.77-2.95 and 0.92; 95%
      CI, 0.64-1.27, respectively). The cumulative incidence of tonsillectomy declined
      significantly (40%-50%) during 1970-2009. However, tonsil cancer incidence
      significantly increased during 1970-2009 both without and with corrections for
      declines in tonsillectomies (relative risks per 5-year periods = 1.23, P < 0.001
      and 1.20, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The reduced tonsil cancer risk
      with tonsillectomy reflects the removal of most of the relevant tissue. The
      absence of associations with other head and neck cancers indicates that
      tonsillectomy may not impact carcinogenesis at other sites. IMPACT: The
      significant increases in oropharyngeal cancer incidence since the 1970s in Sweden
      appear independent of declines in tonsillectomies, reinforcing increased oral HPV
      exposure as the likely cause. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 944-50.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26976857
TI  - Overdiagnosis in Mammographic Screening because of Competing Risk of Death.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Different definitions and estimates of overdiagnosis in mammographic
      screening reflect a substantial need to investigate and understand the complexity
      of the issue. This modeling study aims to estimate the number of overdiagnosed
      women, defined as those diagnosed with breast cancer who die from any cause
      within the lead-time period. METHODS: We used numbers from incidence and death
      statistics available online and published estimates of lead-time. Postulated
      cohorts of screened and not screened women ages 50 to 51 were followed for a
      period corresponding to 10 biennial screening exams during 20 years, and a
      further 10 years, to ages 78 to 79. The increase in breast cancer incidence
      because of screening was estimated based on lead-time. The proportion of women
      diagnosed with breast cancer who died within the lead-time period was assessed
      based on the differences in the cumulative number of breast cancer diagnosed in a
      nonscreened and screened cohort. RESULTS: The proportion of inevitable
      overdiagnosed women in a screened versus nonscreened cohort was 1.9% for England
      and Wales and 1.8% for Norway. Sensitivity analyses using various assumptions
      increased the estimates up to a maximum of 4%. CONCLUSION: The proportion of
      women with breast cancer diagnosed after participation in a screening program who
      died within the estimated lead-time period was less than 4%. This inevitable
      proportion of overdiagnosis should be emphasized in the definition and
      communication of the issue. IMPACT: The issue of overdiagnosis is complex and
      estimates should be interpreted with substantial care. Cancer Epidemiol
      Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 759-65. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26976855
TI  - Assessment of Multifactor Gene-Environment Interactions and Ovarian Cancer Risk:
      Candidate Genes, Obesity, and Hormone-Related Risk Factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk factors relate to hormone
      exposure and elevated estrogen levels are associated with obesity in
      postmenopausal women. Therefore, we hypothesized that gene-environment
      interactions related to hormone-related risk factors could differ between obese
      and non-obese women. METHODS: We considered interactions between 11,441 SNPs
      within 80 candidate genes related to hormone biosynthesis and metabolism and
      insulin-like growth factors with six hormone-related factors (oral contraceptive
      use, parity, endometriosis, tubal ligation, hormone replacement therapy, and
      estrogen use) and assessed whether these interactions differed between obese and
      non-obese women. Interactions were assessed using logistic regression models and
      data from 14 case-control studies (6,247 cases; 10,379 controls). Histotype
      specific analyses were also completed. RESULTS: SNPs in the following candidate
      genes showed notable interaction: IGF1R (rs41497346, estrogen plus progesterone
      hormone therapy, histology = all, P = 4.9 * 10(-6)) and ESR1 (rs12661437,
      endometriosis, histology = all, P = 1.5 * 10(-5)). The most notable obesity-gene
      hormone risk factor interaction was within INSR (rs113759408, parity, histology =
      endometrioid, P = 8.8 * 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated the
      feasibility of assessing multifactor interactions in large genetic epidemiology
      studies. Follow-up studies are necessary to assess the robustness of our findings
      for ESR1, CYP11A1, IGF1R, CYP11B1, INSR, and IGFBP2 Future work is needed to
      develop powerful statistical methods able to detect these complex interactions.
      IMPACT: Assessment of multifactor interaction is feasible, and, here, suggests
      that the relationship between genetic variants within candidate genes and hormone
      related risk factors may vary EOC susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
      Prev; 25(5); 780-90. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26976858
TI  - Adverse Events Lead to Drug Discontinuation More Commonly among Patients Who
      Receive Nafcillin than among Those Who Receive Oxacillin.
AB  - Nafcillin and oxacillin are used interchangeably in clinical practice, yet few
      studies have evaluated the safety of these two agents. Our objective was to
      compare the differential tolerabilities of nafcillin and oxacillin among
      hospitalized patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients
      who received 12 g/day of nafcillin or oxacillin for at least 24 h. Two hundred
      twenty-four patients were included. Baseline characteristics and comorbidities
      were similar among patients receiving nafcillin (n = 160) and those receiving
      oxacillin (n = 64). Hypokalemia, defined as a potassium level of <=3.3 mmol/liter
      or <=2.9 mmol/liter or as a >=0.5-mmol/liter decrease from the baseline level,
      occurred more frequently among patients who received nafcillin (51%, 20%, and
      56%, respectively) than among those who received oxacillin (17%, 3%, and 34%,
      respectively; P < 0.0001, P = 0.0008, and P = 0.005, respectively). By
      multivariate logistic regression analysis, receipt of nafcillin was an
      independent predictor of severe hypokalemia (odds ratio [OR] = 6.74; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 1.46 to 31.2; P = 0.02). Rates of hepatotoxicity did
      not differ between groups; however, acute kidney injury occurred more commonly
      with nafcillin than with oxacillin (18% versus 6%; P = 0.03). Overall, 18% of
      patients who received nafcillin discontinued therapy prematurely due to adverse
      events, compared to 2% of patients who received oxacillin (P = 0.0004). Nafcillin
      treatment is associated with higher rates of adverse events and treatment
      discontinuation than oxacillin among hospitalized adult patients. These findings
      have important implications for patients in both inpatient and outpatient
      settings, particularly patients who require long-term therapy and cannot be
      monitored routinely. Future randomized controlled studies evaluating the
      efficacy, costs, and tolerability of nafcillin versus oxacillin are warranted.

PMID- 26976859
TI  - VIM-47, a New Variant of the Autochthonous Metallo-beta-Lactamase VIM-13 from the
      Balearic Islands in Spain.

PMID- 26976860
TI  - Rapid Whole-Cell Assay of Antitubercular Drugs Using Second-Generation
      Fluoromycobacteriophages.

PMID- 26976861
TI  - A Polymorphism in leuS Confers Reduced Susceptibility to GSK2251052 in a Clinical
      Isolate of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - GSK2251052 is a broad-spectrum antibacterial inhibitor of leucyl tRNA-synthetase
      (LeuRS) that has been evaluated in phase II clinical trials. Here, we report the
      identification of a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus that exhibits
      reduced susceptibility to GSK2251052 without prior exposure to the compound and
      demonstrate that this phenotype is attributable to a single amino acid
      polymorphism (P329) within the editing domain of LeuRS.

PMID- 26976862
TI  - Evaluation of the In Vitro Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Ceftolozane
      Tazobactam against Meropenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates.
AB  - We compared ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime,
      and piperacillin-tazobactam MICs for 38 meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa isolates. No isolates harbored carbapenemases; 74% were oprD mutants.
      Ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam were active against 92% of the
      isolates, including 80% that were resistant to all three beta-lactams. Forty
      three percent of ceftazidime-avibactam-susceptible isolates and 6% of ceftolozane
      tazobactam-susceptible isolates exhibited MICs at the respective breakpoints.
      Ceftolozane-tazobactam and ceftazidime-avibactam are therapeutic options for
      meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa infections that should be used judiciously to
      preserve activity.

PMID- 26976863
TI  - In Vitro Screening of the Open-Source Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box
      Reveals Novel Compounds with Profound Activities against Theileria annulata
      Schizonts.
AB  - Intracellular schizonts of the apicomplexans Theileria annulata and Theileria
      parva immortalize bovine leukocytes and thereby cause fatal diseases. The
      hydroxynaphthoquinone buparvaquone is currently the only option for the treatment
      of theileriosis, and resistance development has been reported. It is therefore
      tempting to investigate the repurposing of compounds effective against related
      apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium Here, we present the results of a
      screen of 400 compounds included in the open-access Medicines for Malaria Venture
      (MMV) malaria box on TaC12 cells, a macrophage-derived cell line immortalized by
      T. annulata schizonts. Using a combination of the classical alamarBlue vitality
      assay and a recently developed quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR
      method based on the Theileria TaSP gene, we have identified 5 compounds,
      characterized their effects on the ultrastructure of TaC12 cells, and
      investigated whether they easily induce resistance formation. Two compounds, the
      quinolinols MMV666022 and MMV666054, have 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s)
      of 0.5 and 0.2 MUM on TaC12 cells and 5.3 and 5.2 MUM on BoMac cells,
      respectively. Thus, with therapeutic indexes of 11 and 18, they represent
      promising leads for further development of antitheilerial chemotherapeutics.

PMID- 26976864
TI  - Characterization of an IncA/C Multidrug Resistance Plasmid in Vibrio
      alginolyticus.
AB  - Cephalosporin-resistant Vibrio alginolyticus was first isolated from food
      products, with beta-lactamases encoded by blaPER-1, blaVEB-1, and blaCMY-2 being
      the major mechanisms mediating their cephalosporin resistance. The complete
      sequence of a multidrug resistance plasmid, pVAS3-1, harboring the blaCMY-2 and
      qnrVC4 genes was decoded in this study. Its backbone exhibited genetic homology
      to known IncA/C plasmids recoverable from members of the family
      Enterobacteriaceae, suggesting its possible origin in Enterobacteriaceae.

PMID- 26976865
TI  - First Detection of the mcr-1 Colistin Resistance Gene in Escherichia coli in
      Italy.

PMID- 26976866
TI  - Acquisition of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamases by Escherichia coli and
      Klebsiella pneumoniae in Gut Microbiota of Pilgrims during the Hajj Pilgrimage of
      2013.
AB  - We reported the acquisition of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
      bacteria in rectal samples of 129 pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj (pilgrimage to
      Makkah). When returning from the Hajj, there was a significant increase in the
      number of pilgrims carrying E. coli resistant to ceftriaxone (P = 0.008). The CTX
      M gene was detected in rectal samples, with the detection rate increasing from
      10.08% to 32.56% of samples after the Hajj (P < 0.001).

PMID- 26976867
TI  - Inactivation of Lytic Transglycosylases Increases Susceptibility to
      Aminoglycosides and Macrolides by Altering the Outer Membrane Permeability of
      Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AB  - Stenotrophomonas maltophilia harbors six lytic transglycosylases (LTs): mltA,
      mltB1, mltB2, mltD1, mltD2, and slt LT deletion increased susceptibility of S.
      maltophilia to aminoglycosides (AGs) and macrolides, and the underlying
      mechanisms were investigated. The expression of AG-modifying enzymes and efflux
      pumps was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR).
      Susceptibility to 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine, vancomycin, SDS, and bile salts was
      measured to assess outer membrane permeability. In conclusion, increased outer
      membrane permeability contributes to LT deletion-mediated increase in
      aminoglycoside and macrolide susceptibility.

PMID- 26976868
TI  - MIC of Delamanid (OPC-67683) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates
      and a Proposed Critical Concentration.
AB  - The increasing global burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
      requires reliable drug susceptibility testing that accurately characterizes
      susceptibility and resistance of pathogenic bacteria to effectively treat
      patients with this deadly disease. Delamanid is an anti-TB agent first approved
      in the European Union in 2014 for the treatment of pulmonary MDR-TB in adults.
      Using the agar proportion method, delamanid MIC was determined for 460 isolates:
      316 from patients enrolled in a phase 2 global clinical trial, 76 from two phase
      2 early bactericidal activity trials conducted in South Africa, and 68 isolates
      obtained outside clinical trials (45 from Japanese patients and 23 from South
      African patients). With the exception of two isolates, MICs ranged from 0.001 to
      0.05 MUg/ml, resulting in an MIC50 of 0.004 MUg/ml and an MIC90 of 0.012 MUg/ml.
      Various degrees of resistance to other anti-TB drugs did not affect the
      distribution of MICs, nor did origin of isolates from regions/countries other
      than South Africa. A critical concentration/breakpoint of 0.2 MUg/ml can be used
      to define susceptible and resistant isolates based on the distribution of MICs
      and available pharmacokinetic data. Thus, clinical isolates from delamanid-naive
      patients with tuberculosis have a very low MIC for delamanid and baseline
      resistance is rare, demonstrating the potential potency of delamanid and
      supporting its use in an optimized background treatment regimen for MDR-TB.

PMID- 26976869
TI  - Characterization of 22 Antituberculosis Drugs for Inhibitory Interaction
      Potential on Organic Anionic Transporter Polypeptide (OATP)-Mediated Uptake.
AB  - We investigated the inhibitory interaction potential of 22 currently marketed
      antituberculosis (TB) drugs on organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1
      (OATP1B1)-, OATP2B1-, and OATP1B3-mediated uptake using in vitro Xenopus oocytes
      and HEK cells. Rifabutin, ethambutol, amoxicillin, linezolid, p-amino salicylic
      acid, and rifapentine exhibited mild to moderate inhibitory effects on OATP
      mediated uptake of estrone-3 sulfate, estradiol 17beta-d-glucuronide, and
      rosuvastatin. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of rifabutin,
      amoxicillin, ethambutol, p-amino salicylic acid, and linezolid were 35.4, 36.2,
      57.6, 72.6, and 65.9 MUM, respectively, for uptake mediated by organic anionic
      transporter polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and 28.8, 28.9, 53.9, 31.5, and 61.0 MUM,
      respectively, for uptake mediated by organic anionic transporter polypeptide 1B3
      (OATP1B3). Streptomycin and linezolid showed greater inhibition of organic
      anionic transporter polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1)-mediated uptake, with IC50 values
      of 33.2 and 35.6 MUM, respectively, along with mild inhibition of other drugs.
      Furthermore, rifabutin, amoxicillin, and rifapentine significantly inhibited
      OATP1B1-mediated rosuvastatin uptake, with IC50 values of 12.3, 13.0, and 11.0
      MUM, respectively, which showed a similar profile to estrone-3 sulfate uptake.
      The calculated R values ([I]u inlet,max/Ki, where [I]u inlet,max represents the
      maximum estimated inhibitor concentration inlet to the liver and Ki is the
      inhibition constant) as the drug-drug interaction (DDI) indexes of PAS,
      ethambutol, and amoxicillin were 26.1, 6.5, and 4.3 for OATP1B1 and 52.0, 8.0,
      and 4.6 for OATP1B3, and those for streptomycin, amikacin, and linezolid were
      5.0, 4.2, and 4.4 for OATP2B1, respectively, suggesting a higher possibility of
      in vivo DDIs. This study is the first comprehensive report to show the novel
      inhibitory potential of 22 marketed anti-TB drugs on OATP-mediated uptake,
      providing evidence for future in vivo clinical DDI studies.

PMID- 26976870
TI  - Effect of Surotomycin, a Novel Cyclic Lipopeptide Antibiotic, on Intestinal
      Colonization with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae in
      Mice.
AB  - Surotomycin (formerly called CB-183,315) is a novel, orally administered cyclic
      lipopeptide antibacterial in development for the treatment of Clostridium
      difficile infection (CDI) that has potent activity against vancomycin-resistant
      enterococci (VRE) but limited activity against Gram-negative bacilli, including
      Bacteroides spp. We used a mouse model to investigate the impact of surotomycin
      exposure on the microbiome, and to test the consequences of the disruption on
      colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and extended-spectrum beta
      lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP), in comparison with the
      effects of oral vancomycin and metronidazole. Mice (8 per group) received saline,
      vancomycin, metronidazole, or surotomycin through an orogastric tube daily for 5
      days and were challenged with 10(5) CFU of VRE or ESBL-KP administered through an
      orogastric tube on day 2 of treatment. The concentrations of the pathogens in
      stool were determined during and after treatment by plating on selective media. A
      second experiment was conducted to determine if the antibiotics would inhibit
      established VRE colonization. In comparison to controls, oral vancomycin promoted
      VRE and ESBL-KP overgrowth in stool (8 log10 to 10 log10 CFU/g; P < 0.001),
      whereas metronidazole did not (<4 log10 CFU/g; P > 0.5). Surotomycin promoted
      ESBL-KP overgrowth (>8 log10 CFU/g; P, <0.001 for comparison with saline
      controls) but not VRE overgrowth. Surotomycin suppressed preexisting VRE
      colonization, whereas metronidazole and vancomycin did not. These results suggest
      that treatment of CDI with surotomycin could reduce levels of VRE acquisition and
      overgrowth from those with agents such as vancomycin and metronidazole. However,
      surotomycin and vancomycin may promote colonization by antibiotic-resistant Gram
      negative bacilli.

PMID- 26976871
TI  - Urinary Concentrations and Antibacterial Activity of BAL30072, a Novel
      Siderophore Monosulfactam, against Uropathogens after Intravenous Administration
      in Healthy Subjects.
AB  - This annex study to a phase 1 study aimed to correlate urinary concentrations and
      bactericidal titers (UBTs) of BAL30072, a novel siderophore monosulfactam, in
      healthy subjects in order to evaluate which dosage of BAL30072 should be
      investigated in a clinical study on complicated urinary tract infection (UTI).
      Three cohorts of a total of 19 healthy male subjects were included in the add-on
      study and received the following BAL30072 dosages. The 1st cohort received 1 g
      once a day (q.d.) intravenously (i.v.) (1 h) on day 1 and 1 g thrice daily
      (t.i.d.) on day 2, the 2nd cohort received 2 g q.d. i.v. (1 h) on day 1 and 2 g
      t.i.d. on day 2, and the 3rd cohort received 1 g q.d. i.v. (4-h infusion) on day
      8. Urine was collected up to 24 h after drug administration. UBTs were determined
      for seven Escherichia coli isolates (three wild type [WT], CTX-M-15, TEM-3, TEM
      5, NDM-1), two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (WT, KPC), one Proteus mirabilis
      isolate (WT), and two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (WT, VIM-1 plus AmpC).
      Urine drug concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The median urinary excretions of BAL30072 ranged between
      38% and 46% (3 cohorts). The median UBTs after i.v. administration of 1 or 2 g
      q.d. and after 1 or 2 g t.i.d. showed positive UBTs for 24 h after the lowest
      dosage (1 g q.d.) for 5 of 7 of the Enterobacteriaceae strains and after the
      higher dosage of 2 g administered i.v. t.i.d. for all strains tested. After i.v.
      infusion of 1 g over 4 h, positive UBTs were demonstrated for three E. coli
      strains for up to 12 h, for the K. pneumoniae (KPC) strain for up to 8 h, and for
      the P. aeruginosa (VIM-1 plus AmpC) strain for up to only 4 h. The minimal
      bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the E. coli (NDM-1) strain and the K.
      pneumoniae (WT) strain correlated well between broth and urine but did not
      correlate well for the two P. aeruginosa strains. BAL30072 exhibits positive UBTs
      for 24 h even after a dosage of 1 g administered i.v. q.d. for 5 of 7
      Enterobacteriaceae strains and after 2 g administered i.v. t.i.d. for all strains
      except one P. aeruginosa strain (50% of the time). In general, the UBTs
      correlated well with the MICs of the Enterobacteriaceae but were lower for P.
      aeruginosa The clinical efficacy with a dosage regimen of BAL30072 of 2 g
      administered i.v. t.i.d. should be evaluated in the treatment of complicated UTI.

PMID- 26976873
TI  - In Vitro Activity of Delafloxacin against Clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates
      and Selection of Gonococcal Delafloxacin Resistance.
AB  - We evaluated the in vitro activity of delafloxacin against a panel of 117
      Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, including 110 clinical isolates collected from
      2012 to 2015 and seven reference strains, compared with the activities of seven
      antimicrobials currently or previously recommended for treatment of gonorrhea. We
      examined the potential for delafloxacin to select for resistant mutants in
      ciprofloxacin-susceptible and ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae We
      characterized mutations in the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and the multidrug
      resistant efflux pumps (MtrC-MtrD-MtrE and NorM) by PCR and sequencing and by
      whole-genome sequencing. The MIC50, MIC90, and MIC ranges of delafloxacin were
      0.06 MUg/ml, 0.125 MUg/ml, and <=0.001 to 0.25 MUg/ml, respectively. The
      frequency of spontaneous mutation ranged from 10(-7) to <10(-9) The multistep
      delafloxacin resistance selection of 30 daily passages resulted in stable
      resistant mutants. There was no obvious cross-resistance to nonfluoroquinolone
      comparator antimicrobials. A mutant with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin
      (MIC, 0.25 MUg/ml) obtained from the ciprofloxacin-susceptible parental strain
      had a novel Ser91Tyr alteration in the gyrA gene. We also identified new
      mutations in the gyrA and/or parC and parE genes and the multidrug-resistant
      efflux pumps (MtrC-MtrD-MtrE and NorM) of two mutant strains with elevated
      delafloxacin MICs of 1 MUg/ml. Although delafloxacin exhibited potent in vitro
      activity against N. gonorrhoeae isolates and reference strains with diverse
      antimicrobial resistance profiles and demonstrated a low tendency to select for
      spontaneous mutants, it is important to establish the correlation between these
      excellent in vitro data and treatment outcomes through appropriate randomized
      controlled clinical trials.

PMID- 26976872
TI  - Propensity Score Analysis of the Role of Initial Antifungal Therapy in the
      Outcome of Candida glabrata Bloodstream Infections.
AB  - Candida glabrata isolates have reduced in vitro susceptibility to azoles, which
      raises concerns about the clinical effectiveness of fluconazole for treating
      bloodstream infection (BSI) by this Candida species. We aimed to evaluate whether
      the choice of initial antifungal treatment (fluconazole versus echinocandins or
      liposomal amphotericin B [L-AmB]-based regimens) has an impact on the outcome of
      C. glabrata BSI. We analyzed data from a prospective, multicenter, population
      based surveillance program on candidemia conducted in 5 metropolitan areas of
      Spain (May 2010 to April 2011). Adult patients with an episode of C. glabrata BSI
      were included. The main outcomes were 14-day mortality and treatment failure (14
      day mortality and/or persistent C. glabrata BSI for >=48 h despite antifungal
      initiation). The impact of using fluconazole as initial antifungal treatment on
      the patients' prognosis was assessed by logistic regression analysis with the
      addition of a propensity score approach. A total of 94 patients with C. glabrata
      BSI were identified. Of these, 34 had received fluconazole and 35 had received an
      echinocandin/L-AmB-based regimen. Patients in the echinocandin/L-AmB group had
      poorer baseline clinical status than did those in the fluconazole group. Patients
      in the fluconazole group were more frequently (55.9% versus 28.6%) and much
      earlier (median time, 3 versus 7 days) switched to another antifungal regimen.
      Overall, 14-day mortality was 13% (9/69) and treatment failure 34.8% (24/69),
      with no significant differences between the groups. On multivariate analysis,
      after adjusting for baseline characteristics by propensity score, fluconazole use
      was not associated with an unfavorable evolution (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for 14
      day mortality, 1.16, with 95% confidence interval [CI] of 0.22 to 6.17; adjusted
      OR for treatment failure, 0.83, with 95% CI of 0.27 to 2.61). In conclusion,
      initial fluconazole treatment was not associated with a poorer outcome than that
      obtained with echinocandins/L-AmB regimens in patients with C. glabrata BSI.
      (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no.
      NCT01236261.).

PMID- 26976874
TI  - In Vitro Interactions between Target of Rapamycin Kinase Inhibitor and Antifungal
      Agents against Aspergillus Species.
AB  - In vitro interactions of INK128, a target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase inhibitor,
      and antifungals, including itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin
      B, and caspofungin, against Aspergillus spp. were assessed with the broth
      microdilution checkerboard technique. Our results suggested synergistic effects
      between INK128 and all azoles tested, against multiple Aspergillus fumigatus and
      Aspergillus flavus isolates. However, no synergistic effects were observed when
      INK128 was combined with amphotericin B or caspofungin. No antagonism was
      observed for any combination.

PMID- 26976876
TI  - Emergence of the Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 Gene in Colistin-Resistant Enterobacter
      aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae.

PMID- 26976875
TI  - In Vitro Activity of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants against Streptococcal,
      Chlamydial, and Gonococcal Infective Agents.
AB  - Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are widely used, cheap, and chemically stable
      disinfectants and topical antiseptics with wide-spectrum antimicrobial
      activities. Within this group of compounds, we recently showed that there are
      significant differences between the pharmacodynamics of n-alkyl quaternary
      ammonium surfactants (QAS) with a short (C12) alkyl chain when in vitro
      toxicities toward bacterial and mammalian epithelial cells are compared. These
      differences result in an attractive therapeutic window that justifies studying
      short-chain QAS as prophylactics for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and
      perinatal vertically transmitted urogenital infections (UGI). We have evaluated
      the antimicrobial activities of short-chain (C12) n-alkyl QAS against several STI
      and UGI pathogens as well as against commensal Lactobacillus species. Inhibition
      of infection of HeLa cells by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis was
      studied at concentrations that were not toxic to the HeLa cells. We show that the
      pathogenic bacteria are much more susceptible to QAS toxic effects than the
      commensal vaginal flora and that QAS significantly attenuate the infectivity of
      N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis without affecting the viability of epithelial
      cells of the vaginal mucosa. N-Dodecylpyridinium bromide (C12PB) was found to be
      the most effective QAS. Our results strongly suggest that short-chain (C12) n
      alkyl pyridinium bromides and structurally similar compounds are promising
      microbicide candidates for topical application in the prophylaxis of STI and
      perinatal vertical transmission of UGI.

PMID- 26976877
TI  - Outcomes According to Cardiac Catheterization Referral and Clopidogrel Use Among
      Medicare Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Discharged
      Without In-hospital Revascularization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While use of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor is recommended by guidelines,
      few studies have examined its effectiveness among older non-ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction patients who did not undergo coronary revascularization.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: We included unrevascularized non-ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction patients >=65 years discharged home from 463 ACTION
      Registry-GWTG hospitals from 2007 to 2010. Rates of discharge clopidogrel use
      were described for patients with no angiography, angiography without obstructive
      coronary artery disease (CAD; >=50% stenosis in >=1 vessel), and angiography with
      obstructive CAD. Two-year outcomes were ascertained from linked Medicare data and
      included composite major adverse cardiac events (defined as all-cause death,
      myocardial infarction readmission, or revascularization), and individual
      components. Outcomes associated with clopidogrel use were adjusted using inverse
      probability-weighted propensity modeling. Of 14 154 unrevascularized patients,
      54.7% (n=7745) did not undergo angiography, 10.6% (n=1494) had angiography
      without CAD, and 34.7% (n=4915) had angiography with CAD. Discharge clopidogrel
      was prescribed for 42.2% of all unrevascularized patients: 37.8% without
      angiography, 34.1% without obstructive CAD at angiography, and 51.6% with
      obstructive CAD at angiography. Discharge clopidogrel use was not associated with
      major adverse cardiac events in any group: without angiography (adjusted hazard
      ratio [95% CI]: 0.99 [0.93-1.06]), angiography without CAD (1.04 [0.74-1.47]),
      and angiography with CAD (1.12 [1.00-1.25], Pinteraction=0.20). CONCLUSIONS: We
      found no association between discharge clopidogrel use and long-term risk of
      major adverse cardiac events among older, unrevascularized non-ST-segment
      elevation myocardial infarction patients. Clopidogrel use in this population
      requires further prospective evaluation.

PMID- 26976878
TI  - Progression of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Type 1 Diabetes During 16
      Years of Follow-up: The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications
      (EDIC) Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an objective tool for cardiovascular
      disease (CVD) risk assessment. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated distribution of
      ECG abnormalities and risk factors for developing new abnormalities in 1314
      patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) from the Epidemiology of Diabetes
      Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. Annual ECGs were centrally read.
      ECG abnormalities were classified as major and minor according to the Minnesota
      ECG Classification. At EDIC year 1 (baseline), 356 (27.1%) of the participants
      had at least 1 ECG abnormality (major or minor) whereas 26 (2%) had at least one
      major abnormality. During 16 years of follow-up, 1016 (77.3%) participants
      developed at least 1 new ECG abnormality (major or minor), whereas 172 (13.1%)
      developed at least 1 new major abnormality. Independent risk factors for
      developing new major ECG abnormalities were: age, current smoking, increased
      systolic blood pressure, and higher glycosylated hemoglobin (hazard ratio [HR]
      [95% CI]: 1.04 [1.02-1.06] per 1-year increase, 1.75 [1.22-2.53], 1.03 [1.01
      1.05] per 1 mm Hg increase, and 1.16 [1.04-1.29] per 10% increase, respectively).
      Independent risk factors for developing any new ECG abnormalities (major or
      minor) were age and systolic blood pressure (HR [95% CI]: 1.02 [1.01-1.03] per 1
      year increase and 1.01 [1.00-1.02] per 1 mm Hg increase, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: New ECG abnormalities commonly occur in the course of T1D,
      consistent with the recognized increasing risk for CVD as patients age. Advanced
      age, increased systolic blood pressure, smoking, and higher HbA1c are independent
      risk factor for developing major ECG abnormalities, which underscores the
      importance of tight glucose control in T1D in addition to management of common
      CVD risk factors.

PMID- 26976879
TI  - Altered Cardiomyocyte Function and Trypanosoma cruzi Persistence in Chagas
      Disease.
AB  - Chagas disease, caused by the triatominae Trypanosoma cruzi, is one of the
      leading causes of heart malfunctioning in Latin America. The cardiac phenotype is
      observed in 20-30% of infected people 10-40 years after their primary infection.
      The cardiac complications during Chagas disease range from cardiac arrhythmias to
      heart failure, with important involvement of the right ventricle. Interestingly,
      no studies have evaluated the electrical properties of right ventricle myocytes
      during Chagas disease and correlated them to parasite persistence. Taking
      advantage of a murine model of Chagas disease, we studied the histological and
      electrical properties of right ventricle in acute (30 days postinfection [dpi])
      and chronic phases (90 dpi) of infected mice with the Colombian strain of T.
      cruzi and their correlation to parasite persistence. We observed an increase in
      collagen deposition and inflammatory infiltrate at both 30 and 90 dpi.
      Furthermore, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we detected
      parasites at 90 dpi in right and left ventricles. In addition, we observed action
      potential prolongation and reduced transient outward K(+) current and L-type
      Ca(2+) current at 30 and 90 dpi. Taking together, our results demonstrate that T.
      cruzi infection leads to important modifications in electrical properties
      associated with inflammatory infiltrate and parasite persistence in mice right
      ventricle, suggesting a causal role between inflammation, parasite persistence,
      and altered cardiomyocyte function in Chagas disease. Thus, arrhythmias observed
      in Chagas disease may be partially related to altered electrical function in
      right ventricle.

PMID- 26976880
TI  - Disseminated Histoplasmosis with Skin Lesions and Osteomyelitis in a Patient from
      the Philippines.
AB  - Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is a
      disease of protean manifestations and of global distribution. Although
      increasingly reported in Asia, there are few reports from the Philippines. Here,
      we describe a case of microbiologically diagnosed histoplasmosis, probably
      acquired from the Philippines, in a returning traveler who presented with a right
      foot wound and papular rash. The final diagnosis was disseminated histoplasmosis
      with cutaneous and bone involvement, both unusual manifestations of the disease. 

PMID- 26976882
TI  - Spatial-Temporal Co-Circulation of Dengue Virus 1, 2, 3, and 4 Associated with
      Coinfection Cases in a Hyperendemic Area of Brazil: A 4-Week Survey.
AB  - Dengue is currently regarded as a major public health problem worldwide. In a
      hyperendemic region during an outbreak, we detected the co-circulation of all
      Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes including two different genotypes of DENV-3 and
      DENV-4, and concurrent infections with up to three serotypes were identified in
      symptomatic patients. A total of 49 acute phase plasma samples from patients
      clinically suspected of dengue were collected during the 4 weeks of May 2013.
      DENV-1-4 was detected by reverse transcriptase semi-nested polymerase chain
      reaction in 33 samples (67.3%), of which 26 DNA fragments were sequenced. Twenty
      samples (76.9%) were identified with a single DENV serotype and six (23.1%) with
      more than one serotype. DENV-3 was the predominant serotype of the outbreak. On
      the basis of phylogenetic analyses, DENV-1 isolates belong to genotype V, DENV-2
      to American-Asian genotype, DENV-3 to genotypes I and III, and DENV-4 to
      genotypes I and II.

PMID- 26976881
TI  - Bacteriology of Naja atra Snakebite Wound and Its Implications for Antibiotic
      Therapy.
AB  - A total of 112 cases of Naja atra envenomation were examined at two referring
      hospitals: Taichung Veterans General Hospital in central Taiwan and Taipei
      Veterans General Hospital (VGH-TP) in northern Taiwan. Overall, 77% (86/112) of
      cases developed clinically suspected wound infections and 54% (61/112) required
      surgery secondary to tissue necrosis, finger or toe gangrene, and/or necrotizing
      fasciitis. Morganella morganii was the most abundant gram-negative bacterial
      strain isolated from bite wounds, followed by Proteus spp., Aeromonas hydrophila,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Providencia spp. in descending order; Enterococcus
      spp. were the most common gram-positive bacteria and Bacteroides spp. were the
      only anaerobic bacteria. A few episodes of bacteremia were caused by Bacteroides
      and Shewanella spp. There were no significant variations in the distribution of
      bacterial species between these two hospitals except for a higher incidence of M.
      morganii, Enterococcus spp., and polymicrobial infection observed at VGH-TP,
      which may have been related to variations in the fecal flora of prey and oral
      flora of individual snakes in different geographic areas in Taiwan. According to
      the susceptibility test involving various pathogens, first-line drug options for
      the management of N. atra snakebite wound infections may include monotherapy with
      ureidopenicillin or combination therapy with aminopenicillin and a third
      generation cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone. A prospective evaluation of empiric
      antibiotic therapy for the management of N. atra snakebite should be considered.

PMID- 26976883
TI  - Perceived Quality of Care of Community Health Worker and Facility-Based Health
      Worker Management of Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years in Western Kenya: A
      Cross-Sectional Multidimensional Study.
AB  - Integrated community case management (iCCM) programs that train lay community
      health workers (CHWs) in the diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea, malaria, and
      pneumonia have been increasingly adopted throughout sub-Saharan Africa to provide
      services in areas where accessibility to formal public sector health services is
      low. One important aspect of successful iCCM programs is the acceptability and
      utilization of services provided by CHWs. To understand community perceptions of
      the quality of care in an iCCM intervention in western Kenya, we used the Primary
      Care Assessment Survey to compare caregiver attitudes about the diagnosis and
      treatment of childhood pneumonia as provided by CHWs and facility-based health
      workers (FBHWs). Overall, caregivers rated CHWs more highly than FBHWs across a
      set of 10 domains that capture multiple dimensions of the care process.
      Caregivers perceived CHWs to provide higher quality care in terms of
      accessibility and patient relationship and equal quality care on clinical
      aspects. These results argue for the continued implementation and scale-up of
      iCCM programs as an acceptable intervention for increasing access to treatment of
      childhood pneumonia.

PMID- 26976884
TI  - Differences in Liver Impairment Between Adults and Children with Dengue
      Infection.
AB  - Dengue infection (DI) is a major vector-borne disease in southeast Asia and an
      important cause of morbidity. The complications such as hepatic impairment are
      common, and because the physiology of the liver differs between children and
      adults, the DI-associated liver impairments might be expected to differ as well.
      This study aims to compare the differences in liver impairment between adults and
      children with DI. We retrospectively studied 158 adults and 79 children with
      serologically confirmed DI admitted to the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases
      from 2008 to 2012. In total, 93% of adults and 87% of children exhibited abnormal
      liver enzyme levels during hospitalization. Overall, 76 (42.4%) adults and 16
      (20.3%) children had dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Compared with children,
      adults with dengue fever (DF) presented a significantly higher incidence of liver
      function impairment (alanine transaminase [ALT] > 2 * upper limit of normal
      [ULN]) (47.1% versus 25.5%), hepatitis (ALT > 4 * ULN) (29.4% versus 12.8%), and
      severe hepatitis (aspartate transaminase [AST]/ALT > 10 * ULN) (16.5% versus
      4.3%). Children with DHF showed a significantly higher incidence of liver
      function impairment due to AST derangement than did adults (100% versus 73%).
      There were no differences in the total bilirubin, albumin, or total protein
      levels between adults and children. Liver enzymes normalized significantly more
      slowly in adults, and AST recovery was faster than ALT. In conclusion, liver
      function impairment was more common among adults than children with DF. As the
      severity progressed to DHF, liver injury became more common in children.

PMID- 26976885
TI  - Persistent Symptoms of Dengue: Estimates of the Incremental Disease and Economic
      Burden in Mexico.
AB  - Dengue is mostly considered an acute illness with three phases: febrile, critical
      with possible hemorrhagic manifestations, and recovery. But some patients present
      persistent symptoms, including fatigue and depression, as acknowledged by the
      World Health Organization. If persistent symptoms affect a non-negligible share
      of patients, the burden of dengue will be underestimated. On the basis of a
      systematic literature review and econometric modeling, we found a significant
      relationship between the share of patients reporting persisting symptoms and
      time. We updated estimates of the economic burden of dengue in Mexico, addressing
      uncertainty in productivity loss and incremental expenses using Monte Carlo
      simulations. Persistent symptoms represent annually about US$22.6 (95% certainty
      level [CL]: US$13-US$29) million in incremental costs and 28.2 (95% CL: 21.6
      36.2) additional disability-adjusted life years per million population, or 13%
      and 43% increases over previous estimates, respectively. Although our estimates
      have uncertainty from limited data, they show a substantial, unmeasured burden.
      Similar patterns likely extend to other dengue-endemic countries.

PMID- 26976886
TI  - Chronic Chagas Disease Diagnosis: A Comparative Performance of Commercial Enzyme
      Immunoassay Tests.
AB  - There is a significant heterogeneity in reported performance of serological
      assays for Chagas disease diagnosis. The conventional serology testing in
      laboratory diagnosis and in blood banks is unsatisfactory because of a high
      number of inconclusive and misclassified results. We aimed to assess the quality
      of four commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests for their
      ability to detect Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 685 sera samples. Cross
      reactivity was assessed by using 748 sera from patients with unrelated diseases.
      Initially, we found that the reactivity index against T. cruzi antigen was
      statistically higher in sera from Chagas disease patients compared with those
      from non-chagasic patients, supporting the notion that all evaluated tests have a
      good discriminatory ability toward the diagnosis of T. cruzi infection in
      patients in the chronic phase of the disease. Although all tests were similarly
      sensitive for diagnosing T. cruzi infection, there were significant variations in
      terms of specificity and cross-reactivity among them. Indeed, we obtained
      divergent results when testing sera from patient with unrelated diseases,
      particularly leishmaniasis, with the levels of cross-reactivity being higher in
      tests using whole T. cruzi extracts compared with those using recombinant
      proteins. Our data suggest that all four tests may be used for the laboratory
      diagnosis and routine blood screening diagnose for Chagas disease. We also
      emphasize that, despite their general good performance, caution is needed when
      analyzing the results when these tests are performed in areas where other
      diseases, particularly leishmaniasis, are endemic. 

PMID- 26976887
TI  - Evaluation of Commercially Available Chikungunya Virus Immunoglobulin M Detection
      Assays.
AB  - Commercial chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-specific IgM detection kits were evaluated
      at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Public Health Agency
      of Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, and the Caribbean Public Health
      Agency (CARPHA). The Euroimmun Anti-CHIKV IgM ELISA kit had >= 95% concordance
      with all three reference laboratory results. The limit of detection for low CHIK
      IgM+ samples, as measured by serial dilution of seven sera up to 1:12,800 ranged
      from 1:800 to 1:3,200. The Euroimmun IIFT kit evaluated at CDC and CARPHA
      performed well, but required more retesting of equivocal results. The InBios
      CHIKjj Detect MAC-ELISA had 100% and 98% concordance with CDC and CARPHA results,
      respectively, and had equal sensitivity to the CDC MAC-ELISA to 1:12,800 dilution
      in serially diluted samples. The Abcam Anti-CHIKV IgM ELISA had high performance
      at CARPHA, but at CDC, performance was inconsistent between lots. After
      replacement of the biotinylated IgM antibody controls with serum containing CHIKV
      specific IgM and additional quality assurance/control measures, the Abcam kit was
      rereleased and reevaluated at CDC. The reformatted Abcam kit had 97% concordance
      with CDC results and limit of detection of 1:800 to 1:3,200. Two rapid tests and
      three other CHIKV MAC-ELISAs evaluated at CDC had low sensitivity, as the CDC
      CHIKV IgM in-house positive controls were below the level of detection. In
      conclusion, laboratories have options for CHIKV serological diagnosis using
      validated commercial kits.

PMID- 26976888
TI  - Epidemiology of Domestically Acquired Amebiasis in Japan, 2000-2013.
AB  - Notifications of amebiasis have been increasing in Japan. Using national
      surveillance data during 2000-2013, reported cases of amebiasis were analyzed. A
      case of amebiasis was defined as laboratory-confirmed Entamoeba histolytica
      infection, regardless of presence of symptoms. We described temporal trends and
      analyzed correlates of asymptomatic versus symptomatic cases based on odds ratios
      (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression. Of 9,946
      cases reported during 2000-2013, 7,403 were domestic cases. During this period,
      the proportion of domestic cases increased from 63% to 85%. Among male cases,
      majority were middle aged, and from 2008, the number of cases attributed to
      heterosexual contact surpassed that of homosexual contact. During 2010-2013,
      increase in notifications was associated with asymptomatic cases, colonoscopy
      diagnosis, and males with unknown or heterosexual route of infection. Among
      males, colonoscopy (OR = 31.5; 95% CI = 14.0-71.0) and cases with unknown route
      of infection, relative to homosexual contact (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.3-3.9), were
      associated with asymptomatic infections in multivariate analysis. Although the
      recent rise may have been due to enhanced detection by colonoscopy or reporting,
      the large number of asymptomatic cases, with reportedly unknown or heterosexual
      route of infection, has led to a better understanding of amebiasis in Japan and
      highlights the potential public health concern.

PMID- 26976889
TI  - Vitamin D Status in Botswana Children Under 2 Years Old With and Without Active
      Tuberculosis.
AB  - Additional strategies are needed to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB). Although
      vitamin D may have antimycobacterial effects, it is unknown whether low vitamin D
      status confers a risk for active TB in African children. This case-control study
      assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in children with and
      without active TB in Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 80 children under 2 years old
      with and without active TB, seen at hospitals and clinics in the greater Gaborone
      area between September 2010 and November 2012, were enrolled. Of these, 39 cases
      did not differ from the 41 controls in median 25(OH)D levels (P = 0.84). The
      25(OH)D was < 20 ng/mL in 8/39 (21%) cases and 7/41 (17%) controls (P = 0.69,
      chi(2)). Univariate analyses of subject clinical characteristics (other than
      25(OH)D levels) showed that any degree of weight loss was associated with a
      diagnosis of TB (P = 0.047). Other clinical characteristics, including age (P =
      0.08) or weight below third percentile (P = 0.58), showed no association with TB.
      There was no significant difference in vitamin D status between children under 2
      years old with and without active TB. Lower vitamin D status did not appear to be
      a risk factor for TB in this small Gaborone cohort.

PMID- 26976890
TI  - Local Production of a Liquid Direct Agglutination Test as a Sustainable Measure
      for Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan.
AB  - A prerequisite for the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the
      accessibility to reference diagnostics. The high price of the freeze-dried direct
      agglutination test (FD-DAT) and the short shelf-life time of the rK39 strip test
      (rK39) have limited the application of these tests in Sudan. An original liquid
      DAT (LQ-DAT) with high reproducibility compared with the FD-DAT and rK39 has been
      routinely produced in our laboratory since 1999. In this study, a 3.4-year-old
      batch (of more than 90 test batches produced to date) was chosen to validate the
      diagnostic performance of this test against microscopy, FD-DAT, and rK39 in 96 VL
      and 42 non-VL serum samples. Relatively higher sensitivity (95/96, 99.0%) was
      recorded for the LQ-DAT than for the FD-DAT (92/96, 95.8%) and rK39 (76/96,
      79.2%), probably because of the use of the endemic autochthonous Leishmania
      donovani isolate as the antigen. Experience with the LQ-DAT, its low cost of
      production, ease of providing this test, and diagnostic reliability compared with
      the FD-DAT suggest that widescale implementation of the LQ-DAT can contribute to
      sustainable VL control in Sudan.

PMID- 26976891
TI  - Chikungunya and Dengue Virus Infections Among United States Community Service
      Volunteers Returning from the Dominican Republic, 2014.
AB  - Chikungunya spread throughout the Dominican Republic (DR) after the first
      identified laboratory-confirmed cases were reported in April 2014. In June 2014,
      a U.S.-based service organization operating in the DR reported chikungunya-like
      illnesses among several staff. We assessed the incidence of chikungunya virus
      (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) infection and illnesses and evaluated adherence
      to mosquito avoidance measures among volunteers/staff deployed in the DR who
      returned to the United States during July-August 2014. Investigation participants
      completed a questionnaire that collected information on demographics, medical
      history, self-reported illnesses, and mosquito exposures and avoidance behaviors
      and provided serum for CHIKV and DENV diagnostic testing by reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of 102
      participants, 42 (41%) had evidence of recent CHIKV infection and two (2%) had
      evidence of recent DENV infection. Of the 41 participants with evidence of recent
      CHIKV infection only, 39 (95%) reported fever, 37 (90%) reported rash, and 37
      (90%) reported joint pain during their assignment. All attended the
      organization's health trainings, and 89 (87%) sought a pretravel health
      consultation. Most (~95%) used insect repellent; however, only 30% applied it
      multiple times daily and < 5% stayed in housing with window/door screens. In sum,
      CHIKV infections were common among these volunteers during the 2014 chikungunya
      epidemic in the DR. Despite high levels of preparation, reported adherence to
      mosquito avoidance measures were inconsistent. Clinicians should discuss
      chikungunya with travelers visiting areas with ongoing CHIKV outbreaks and should
      consider chikungunya when diagnosing febrile illnesses in travelers returning
      from affected areas.

PMID- 26976892
TI  - Fasciola hepatica Infection in an Indigenous Community of the Peruvian Jungle.
AB  - Fasciola hepatica is a zoonotic infection with a worldwide distribution.
      Autochthonous cases have not been reported in the Amazon region of Peru.
      Operculated eggs resembling F. hepatica were identified in the stools of five out
      of 215 subjects in a remote indigenous community of the Peruvian jungle.
      Polymerase chain reaction targeting Fasciola hepatica cytochrome oxidase subunit
      1 (COI) gene and sequencing of the products confirmed Fasciola infection.

PMID- 26976893
TI  - Association Between Schistosoma haematobium Exposure and Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus Infection Among Females in Mozambique.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests an association between human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) in sub-Saharan Africa, especially
      in Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Women with FGS have
      increased numbers of HIV target cells and cell receptors in genital and blood
      compartments, potentially increasing the risk of HIV transmission per sexual
      exposure, and the association may explain the high female:male ratio of HIV
      prevalence unique to sub-Saharan Africa. We investigate this association in
      Mozambique by linking two georeferenced, high-quality secondary data sources on
      HIV prevalence and Schistosoma haematobium: the AIDS Indicator Survey, and the
      Global Neglected Tropical Diseases (GNTD) open-source database, respectively. We
      construct a schistosomiasis exposure covariate indicating women reporting
      "unimproved" daily drinking water sources and living no more than 2-5 km from
      high-endemic global positioning system (GPS) coordinates in the GNTD. In logistic
      regression analyses predicting HIV-positive status, we show that exposure
      increases the odds of HIV-positive status by three times, controlling for
      demographic and sexual risk factors.

PMID- 26976895
TI  - Prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in Egypt.
AB  - In this study, respiratory viral pathogens were screened using real-time RT-PCR
      in 86 broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases problems in 4
      Egyptian governorates between January 2012 and February 2014. The mortality rates
      in the investigated flocks ranged from 1 to 47%. Results showed that mixed
      infection represented 66.3% of the examined flocks. Mixed infectious bronchitis
      (IBV) and avian influenza (AI)-H9N2 viruses were the most common infection
      (41.7%). Lack of AI-H9N2 vaccination and high rates of mixed infections in which
      AI-H9N2 is involved indicate an early AI-H9N2 infection with a potential
      immunosuppressive effect that predisposes for other viral infections. High
      pathogenic AI-H5N1 and virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) infections were
      also detected (26.7% and 8.1%, respectively). Interestingly, co-infection of AI
      H9N2 with either AIV-H5N1 or vNDV rarely resulted in high mortality. Partial cell
      mediated immunity against similar internal AI genes, as well as virus
      interference between AI and vNDV, could be an explanation for this. Highly
      prevalent IBV and AI-H9N2 were isolated and were molecularly characterized based
      on S1 gene hypervariable region 3 ( HVR3: ) and hemagglutinin gene (HA)
      sequences, respectively. IBV strains were related to the variant group of IBV
      with multiple mutations in HVR3. Though AI-H9N2 viruses showed low rate of
      evolution in comparison to recent strains, few amino acid substitutions
      indicative of antibody selection pressure were observed in the HA gene. In
      conclusion, mixed viral infections, especially with IBV and AI-H9N2 viruses, are
      the predominant etiology of respiratory disease problems in broiler chickens in
      Egypt. Further investigations of the role of AI, IBV, and ND viruses' co
      infections and interference in terms of altering the severity of clinical signs
      and lesions and/or generating novel reassortants within each virus are needed. 

PMID- 26976896
TI  - Lower expression of sialic acid receptors in the cecum of silky fowl (Gallus
      gallus domesticus Brisson) compared to white leghorn.
AB  - Avian influenza virus has received increasing attention in recent years because
      of the potential for recombination with the human virus. Distributions of sialic
      acid receptors on target cells are determinants of the susceptibilities of
      different species to influenza virus infection. In this study, the distribution
      of sialic acid receptors in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of Silky
      Fowl and White Leghorn chickens were compared. The results showed that sialic
      acid-alpha-2,3-galactose receptors and sialic acid-alpha6-galactose receptors
      were both observed in Silky Fowl and White Leghorn, but fewer positive cells were
      detected in Silky Fowl with significant difference in the cecum. The lower
      abundance of sialic acid receptors likely results from the lower abundance of CD3
      and F4/80 immune cells in the cecum of Silky Fowl. 

PMID- 26976897
TI  - Energy and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal and
      corn-based diets supplemented with xylanase.
AB  - A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of increased levels of a beta
      xylanase on energy and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed corn-soy
      diets. A total of 480 slow feathering Cobb * Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly
      distributed to 10 treatments having 8 replicates of 6 birds each. Birds were fed
      a common starter diet to d 14 post hatch (3,050 kcal/kg AMEn, 21.7% CP, 1.05% Ca,
      and 0.53% nPP). The experimental diets were provided afterwards until 25 d. Two
      experimental diets, a conventional corn/soy-based basal diet (CS) and the basal
      diet in which 40% of the diet was displaced by corn (CN), were fed as-is or
      supplemented with 50, 100, 150, or 200 fungal beta-xylanase units (FXU)/kg.
      Dietary treatments were distributed factorially as a 2 * 5 arrangement. Samples
      of feed, excreta, and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of ileal
      digestible energy (IDE), metabolizable energy, and total tract retention of
      protein and lipid. No interactions between diet and xylanase were observed. The
      CS diets had higher (P < 0.05) energy utilization and nutrient digestibility when
      compared to the CN diets. AMEn and IDE were improved (P < 0.05) by 192 and 145
      kcal/kg, respectively, when diets were supplemented with 100 FXU/kg xylanase. The
      xylanase added to the CN diet led to quadratic increases (P < 0.05) in IDE (Y = -
      0.014x(2) + 2.570x + 3,155; r(2) = 0.60) and in AMEn (Y = - 0.016x(2) + 3.982x +
      3,155; r(2) = 0.68). Crude protein digestibility and AMEn were linearly increased
      (P < 0.05) when xylanase was added to the CN diet. In conclusion, energy
      utilization and digestibility of crude protein and dry matter increased with
      xylanase supplementation in corn/soy-based diets. When xylanase was tested in the
      CS diet, 92 and 124 FXU/kg maximized the energy release effect; however, the
      maximum energy response in the CN diet or corn was not achieved until 200 FXU/kg.

PMID- 26976898
TI  - Estimating local, organic, and other price premiums of shell eggs in Hawaii.
AB  - Hedonic modeling and retail scanner data were utilized to investigate the
      influence of local, organic, nutrition benefits, and other attributes of shell
      eggs on retail price premium in Hawaii. Within a revealed preference framework,
      the analysis of local and organic attributes, simultaneously, under a single
      unified setting is important, as such work is highly deficient in the published
      literature. This paper finds high to moderate price premiums in four key
      attributes of shell eggs - organic (64%), local (40%), nutrition benefits claimed
      (33%), and brown shell (18.4%). Large and extra-large sized eggs also experience
      price premiums over medium sized eggs. With each larger packing size, the
      estimated coefficients were negative, indicating a price discount, relative to
      the baseline packing size. However, there is no evidence to support the
      overwhelming influence of "local" over "organic", as hypothesized in other
      research work. Overall, the findings in this paper suggest industry producers and
      retailers should highlight and market effusively the primary attributes of their
      shell eggs, including "local", to remain competitive in the marketplace.
      Effective communication channels are crucial to delivering the product
      information, capturing the attention of consumers, and securing retail sales. 

PMID- 26976899
TI  - Effect of level of fiber of the rearing phase diets on egg production, digestive
      tract traits, and body measurements of brown egg-laying hens fed diets differing
      in energy concentration.
AB  - This research studied the effects of additional fiber in the rearing phase diets
      on egg production, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits, and body measurements of
      brown egg-laying hens fed diets varying in energy concentration from 17 to 46 wk
      of age. The experiment was completely randomized with 10 treatments arranged as a
      5 * 2 factorial with 5 rearing phase diets and 2 laying phase diets. During the
      rearing phase, treatments consisted of a control diet based on cereals and
      soybean meal and 4 additional diets with a combination of 2 fiber sources (cereal
      straw and sugar beet pulp, SBP) at 2 levels (2 and 4%). During the laying phase,
      diets differed in energy content (2,650 vs. 2,750 kcal AMEn/kg) but had the same
      amino acid content per unit of energy. The rearing diet did not affect any
      production trait except egg production that was lower in birds fed SBP than in
      birds fed straw (91.6 and 94.1%, respectively; P < 0.05). Laying hens fed the
      high energy diet had lower feed intake (P < 0.001), better feed conversion (P <
      0.01), and greater BW gain (P < 0.05) than hens fed the low energy diet but egg
      production and egg weight were not affected. At 46 wk of age, none of the GIT
      traits was affected by previous dietary treatment. At this age, hen BW was
      positively related with body length (r = 0.500; P < 0.01), tarsus length (r =
      0.758; P < 0.001), and body mass index (r = 0.762; P < 0.001) but no effects of
      type of diet on these traits were detected. In summary, the inclusion of up to 4%
      of a fiber source in the rearing diets did not affect GIT development of the hens
      but SBP reduced egg production. An increase in the energy content of the laying
      phase diet reduced ADFI and improved feed efficiency but did not affect any of
      the other traits studied. 

PMID- 26976900
TI  - Influence of chick hatch time and access to feed on broiler muscle development.
AB  - The effect of hatch time and the timing of access to feed on growth rate and
      breast muscle development was assessed in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Chicks were
      removed from the incubator upon hatching, and classified as early (EH), midterm
      (MH), or late (LH) hatchers, based on the duration of their incubation. Feed and
      water were available either immediately at hatch, or 24 h after the conclusion of
      the hatch period. Hatchling body weight was uniform regardless of hatch time.
      Subsequently, bodyweight was increased in EH compared to LH birds following
      immediate access to feed, until 7 d in female, and 14 d in male birds. Relative
      breast weight was increased until 28 d in birds with immediate access to feed,
      and also EH and MH birds regardless of access to feed. Pectoralis major muscle
      morphology and expression of the myogenic regulatory factors myogenic
      determination factor 1 (MYOD1) and myogenin, and the proteoglycans syndecan-4,
      glypican-1, and decorin were measured. Myogenin and glypican-1 stimulate
      satellite cell (SC) differentiation. Glypican-1 expression was unaffected by
      treatment. A late increase in myogenin expression was observed in MH birds with
      delayed access to feed, and all LH birds. Syndecan-4 and MYOD1, expressed in
      proliferating SC, and decorin, which stimulates satellite cell proliferation and
      differentiation, were variably upregulated in the first wk posthatch in the same
      birds. These data suggest SC were activated and proliferating, but had reduced
      differentiation in later hatching and feed deprived birds. Conversely, EH birds
      with immediate access to feed had maximal myofiber width at 7 d, while fiber
      width was increased in birds with immediate access to feed compared to those with
      delayed access to feed through 40 d of age. These results demonstrate that
      delaying chick access to feed for 24 h upon removal from the incubator will
      impair muscle growth. Additionally, hatch time influences muscle development,
      with accelerated muscle growth in EH and MH, compared to LH birds, irrespective
      of access to feed. 

PMID- 26976902
TI  - Energy and phosphorus values of sunflower meal and rice bran for broiler chickens
      using the regression method.
AB  - The energy and phosphorus values of sunflower meal (SFM) and rice bran (RB) were
      determined in 2 experiments with Ross 708 broiler chickens from 15 to 22 d of
      age. In Exp.1, the diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal reference diet (RD) and
      4 test diets (TD). The TD consisted of SFM and RB that partly replaced the energy
      sources in the RD at 100 or 200 g/kg and 75 or 150 g/kg, respectively, such that
      the equal ratios were maintained for all energy containing ingredients across all
      experimental diets. In Exp.2, a cornstarch-soybean meal diet was the RD and TD
      consisting of SFM and RB that partly replaced cornstarch in the RD at 100 or 200
      g/kg and 60 or 120 g/kg, respectively. Addition of SFM and RB to the RD in Exp.1
      linearly decreased (P < 0.01) the digestibility coefficients of DM, energy, ileal
      digestible energy (IDE), metabolizability coefficients of DM, nitrogen (N),
      energy, N correct energy, metabolize energy (ME), and nitrogen-corrected ME.
      Except for RB, the increased levels of the test ingredients in RD did affect the
      metabolizability coefficients of N. The IDE values (kcal/kg DM) were 1,953 for
      SFM and 2,498 for RB; ME values (kcal/kg DM) were 1,893 for SFM and 2,683 for RB;
      and MEn values (kcal/kg DM) were 1,614 for SFM and 2,476 for RB. In Exp.2, there
      was a linear relationship between phosphorus (P) intake and ileal P output for
      diets with increased levels of SFM and RB. In addition, there was a linear
      relationship between P intake and P digestibility and retention for diets with
      increased levels of SFM. There were a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) and a tendency
      of quadratic effect (P = 0.07) for P digestible and total tract P retained,
      respectively, in the RB diets. The P digestibility and total tract P retention
      from regression analyses for SFM were 46% and 38%, respectively. 

PMID- 26976901
TI  - Influence of commercial laying hen housing systems on the incidence and
      identification of Salmonella and Campylobacter.
AB  - The housing of laying hens is important for social, industrial, and regulatory
      aspects. Many studies have compared hen housing systems on the research farm, but
      few have fully examined commercial housing systems and management strategies. The
      current study compared hens housed in commercial cage-free aviary, conventional
      cage, and enriched colony cage systems. Environmental and eggshell pool samples
      were collected from selected cages/segments of the housing systems throughout the
      production cycle and monitored for Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence. At 77
      wk of age, 120 hens per housing system were examined for Salmonella and
      Campylobacter colonization in the: adrenal glands, spleen, ceca, follicles, and
      upper reproductive tract. All isolates detected from environmental swabs,
      eggshell pools, and tissues were identified for serotype. Two predominant
      Salmonella were detected in all samples:S.Braenderup andS.Kentucky.Campylobacter
      coli and C. jejuni were the only Campylobacter detected in the flocks. Across all
      housing systems, approximately 7% of hens were colonized with Salmonella, whereas
      >90% were colonized with Campylobacter Salmonella Braenderup was the isolate most
      frequently detected in environmental swabs (P<0.0001) and housing system impacted
      Salmonella spp. shedding (P<0.0001).Campylobacter jejuni was the isolate most
      frequently found in environmental swabs (P<0.01), while housing system impacted
      the prevalence of C. coli and jejuniin ceca (P<0.0001). The results of this study
      provide a greater understanding of the impact of hen housing systems on hen
      health and product safety. Additionally, producers and academia can utilize the
      findings to make informed decisions on hen housing and management strategies to
      enhance hen health and food safety.

PMID- 26976903
TI  - Detection and molecular characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with
      chicks that have an unusual condition known as "white chicks" in Brazil.
AB  - Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) is one of many viruses related to enteric diseases in
      poultry that are associated with Runting-Stunting Syndrome (RSS), which affects
      young chickens. CAstV was also recently associated with an unusual condition in
      chicks called "white chicks." Some hatcheries in certain states of Brazil have
      reported several incubation problems, mortality, and the presence of chicks with
      white plumages over the past several months. These chicks were termed locally as
      "white chicks." The present work investigated 30 chicks with this unusual
      condition using a multidisciplinary approach. Postmortem examination of each
      chick showed enlarged livers and intestines that were full of liquid and gas
      (30/30). The pancreas, kidneys, and spleen were pale (30/30). The other organs
      did not show any macroscopic alterations. CAstV, chicken parvovirus (ChPV), avian
      nephritis virus (ANV), avian rotavirus (ARtV), avian reovirus (AReoV), infectious
      bronchitis virus (IBV), and fowl adenovirus group I (FAdV-1) were tested in the
      intestines, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, spleen, bursa, kidneys,
      thymus, lung, heart, brain, and yolk sac in each chick. All organs and yolk sacs
      were positive for CAstV in different titres and negative for the other tested
      viruses. The partial molecular characterization of the ORF 1b gene of CAstV using
      28 sequences revealed a high similarity of the nucleotides and amino acids with
      sequences of CAstV from North America, Europe, and Asia, and our CAstV sequences
      clustered into a unique group that was separate from the other sequences. These
      results demonstrated that CAstV was associated with the white chick condition in
      Brazil. The virus was distributed in most organs, including the brain and yolk
      sac. These results suggest that the virus could be transmitted vertically. The
      molecular characterization also revealed that the CAstV associated with white
      chick condition was molecularly related to other CAstV sequences found worldwide.

PMID- 26976904
TI  - History of the Athens Canadian Random Bred and the Athens Random Bred control
      populations.
AB  - The University of Georgia maintains two meat-type chicken control strains: the
      Athens Random Bred (ARB) and the Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB). The Athens
      Random Bred was developed from colored plumage commercial meat chicken strains in
      1956. The ACRB is a replicate population of the Ottawa Meat Control strain which
      was developed in 1955 from white plumage commercial meat-type chickens. These
      genetic lines have been extremely valuable research resources and have been used
      extensively to provide comparative context to modern meat-type strains. The ACRB
      may be the oldest pedigreed control commercial meat-type chicken still in
      existence today. This paper reviews the history of the breed backgrounds for both
      control populations and reviews research utilizing the ACRB. 

PMID- 26976905
TI  - Effects of early life dextran sulfate sodium administration on pathology and
      immune response in broilers and layers.
AB  - Intestinal pathology early in life may affect immune development and therefore
      immune responses later in life. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces colitis in
      rodents and is a widely used model for inflammatory bowel diseases. The present
      study investigated DSS as a model for early life intestinal pathology and its
      consequences on intestinal pathology, ileal cytokine, and immunoglobulin mRNA
      expression levels as well as the antibody response towards an immunological
      challenge later in life in chickens. Broiler and layer chicks received 2.5% DSS
      in drinking water during d 11 through d 18 post hatch or plain drinking water as
      a control. As an immunological challenge all birds received a combination of
      Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and human serum albumin (HuSA)
      intramuscularly (i.m.) at d 35, and antibody titers against LPS, HuSA, and
      keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were determined to investigate effects of
      intestinal inflammation early in life on humoral immunity later in life. DSS
      treated birds showed a decrease in BW from which broilers quickly recovered, but
      which persisted for several weeks in layers. Histological examination of
      intestinal samples showed symptoms similar to those in rodents, including
      shortening and loss of villi and crypts as well as damage of the epithelial cell
      layer of different parts of the intestine. Effects of DSS on intestinal
      morphology were less severe in broilers that also showed a lower mortality in
      response to DSS than layers. No effect of DSS on ileal cytokine expression levels
      could be observed, but ileal immunoglobulin expression levels were decreased in
      DSS treated broilers that also showed lower antibody titers against LPS in
      response to the challenge. In conclusion, DSS may serve as a model for intestinal
      pathology early in life, although more research on the appropriate dose is
      necessary and is likely to differ between breeds. Results from the present study
      could indicate that broilers are less susceptible to DSS compared with layers or
      have a better capacity to recover from intestinal pathology. 

PMID- 26976907
TI  - Isolation and pathogenic analysis of virulent Marek's disease virus field strain
      in China.
AB  - Marek's disease (MD) has become increasingly common in China, resulting in
      considerable economic loss. The etiological agent is unclear. In this study, we
      isolated a field MD virus (MDV) strain, designated SX1301, from CVI988/Rispens
      vaccinated chickens with tumors. Co-infection of avian leukosis virus,
      reticuloendotheliosis virus, and chicken infectious anemia virus was excluded by
      polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, DNA blotting
      hybridization, and indirect immunofluorescence assay. As with most strains
      isolated in China, SX1301 had the same amino acid mutation of meq protein at
      positions 77(E), 80(Y), and 115(A) Animal experimental results showed development
      of lethal MD in 57% and MD tumor in 23% of the specific pathogen-free chickens
      inoculated with SX1301, with tumors mainly distributed in spleen, liver, and
      kidney. CVI988/Rispens protected 83% of chickens upon challenge with SX1301, with
      a mortality rate and tumor incidence of 10% and 7%, respectively. These results
      implicated SX1301 as a virulent MDV strain, with commercial MDV vaccine
      CVI988/Rispens unable to confer adequate protection against SX1301. There have
      been no reports of very virulent (vv) plus MDV in China, but frequently occurring
      virulent MDV may account for the repeated outbreaks of MD. Vaccines with greater
      efficacy are needed to protect against MDV. 

PMID- 26976906
TI  - Long-term effects of early life microbiota disturbance on adaptive immunity in
      laying hens.
AB  - Due to an interplay between intestinal microbiota and immune system, disruption
      of intestinal microbiota composition during immune development may have
      consequences for immune responses later in life. The present study investigated
      the effects of antibiotic treatment in the first weeks of life on the specific
      antibody response later in life in chickens. Layer chicks received an antibiotic
      cocktail consisting of vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole, and amphotericin-B by
      oral gavage every 12 h, and ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for the
      first week of life. After the first week of life, chicks received ampicillin and
      colistin in drinking water for two more weeks. Control birds received no
      antibiotic cocktail and plain drinking water. Fecal microbiota composition was
      determined during antibiotic treatment (d 8 and 22), two weeks after cessation of
      antibiotic treatment (d 36), and at the end of the experimental period at d 175
      using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene targeted microarray, the Chicken Intestinal Tract
      Chip (ChickChip). During antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition
      differed strongly between treatment groups. Fecal microbiota of antibiotic
      treated birds consisted mainly of Proteobacteria, and in particular E.coli,
      whereas fecal microbiota of control birds consisted mainly of Firmicutes, such as
      lactobacilli and clostridia. Two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment
      fecal microbiota composition of antibiotic treated birds had recovered and was
      similar to that of control birds. On d 105, 12 weeks after cessation of
      antibiotic treatment, chicks of both treatment groups received an intra-tracheal
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/human serum albumin (HuSA) challenge. Antibody titers
      against LPS and HuSA were measured 10 days after administration of the challenge.
      While T cell independent antibody titers (LPS) were not affected by antibiotic
      treatment, antibiotic treated birds showed lower T cell dependent antibody titers
      (HuSA) compared with control birds. In conclusion, intestinal microbial dysbiosis
      early in life may still have effects on the specific antibody response months
      after cessation of antibiotic treatment and despite an apparent recovery in
      microbiota composition. 

PMID- 26976908
TI  - The impact of graded levels of daylength on turkey productivity to eighteen weeks
      of age.
AB  - The impact of graded levels of day-length on the productivity of hens and toms
      was studied in two trials. Daylength treatments (trts) were 14 (14L), 17 (17L),
      20 (20L), and 23 (23L) h and were started at 10 d of age. Turkeys (720 hens and
      480 toms) were randomly allocated to 8 rooms (2 rooms per lighting trt) with six
      pens (3 hen--30 per pen and 3 tom--20 per pen) per room in each trial. Body
      weight (BW) was assessed at 0, 10, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 126 d of age; feed
      consumption (FC) was measured for the time periods between body weight
      determinations and feed efficiency (G:F; g of gain/g of feed) was calculated from
      BW and FC values. Birds were checked daily for mortality and culls, and affected
      birds were sent for necropsy. Data were analyzed according to a completely
      randomized block design with trial as the block and rooms nested within lighting
      trts. Regression analysis was used to study the relationship between dependent
      variables and daylength. Significance was declared at P<= 0.05 and trends at P<=
      0.10. At both 21 and 42 d, body weight increased linearly with increasing
      daylength. At 84 d weights of toms decreased in a quadratic fashion and hen
      weights were unaffected. At 126 d, both tom and hen weights decreased linearly as
      daylength increased, with the magnitude of response gender dependent. Feed
      consumption corresponded with body weight changes, increasing for d 10 to 21, and
      21 to 42 and decreasing for d 63 to 84, 84 to 105, and 105 to 126 with increasing
      daylength. Feed efficiency (G:F) was not affected by daylength for 10 to 84, 10
      to 105 and 10 to 126 d periods. The incidence of mortality and culling was not
      affected by daylength for the 10 to 84 d period, but increased in a quadratic
      manner with increasing daylength for the 10 to 105 and 10 to 126 d periods. To
      conclude, daylength affects the growth and feed intake of turkeys in an age and
      gender-specific manner, and mortality and culling increase with longer daylength.

PMID- 26976909
TI  - Influence of hatch time and access to feed on intramuscular adipose tissue
      deposition in broilers.
AB  - The effect of hatch time and subsequent access to feed on intramuscular adipose
      tissue deposition was studied in the pectoralis major muscle of male Ross 308
      broiler chickens. Based on their hatch time chicks were classified as early (EH),
      midterm (MH), or late (LH) hatchers, with an average incubation duration of 497.7
      h for EH, 508.8 h for MH, and 514.5 h for LH birds. Chicks were provided access
      to feed either immediately at hatch, or 24 h after the conclusion of the hatch
      window. Expression of the adipogenic regulatory genes peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), were
      measured at the time of hatch, and zero, one, 4, 7, 28, and 40 d. Intramuscular
      adipocyte cell width and visualization of adipose tissue deposition was observed
      at 28 and 40 d. Expression of PPARgamma was increased in the pectoralis major of
      LH birds at the time of hatch, zero, and one d. The expression of PPARgamma at
      one and 7 d, and SCD at 7 d were increased in all birds that received delayed
      access to feed. At 28 d, adipocyte cell width was increased in LH birds with
      delayed access to feed, compared to EH and MH birds with delayed access to feed
      and LH birds with immediate access to feed. At 40 d, adipocyte cell width was
      increased in all birds that received delayed access to feed. Also at 40 d, there
      was a trend (P = 0.078) for more extensive intramuscular adipose tissue
      deposition in LH than EH birds, and in birds with delayed access to feed (P =
      0.075). These data indicate delayed access to feed increases intramuscular
      adipose tissue deposition in the pectoralis major muscle, and suggest that hatch
      time influences this regulation. 

PMID- 26976910
TI  - Effect of anticoccidial monensin with oregano essential oil on broilers
      experimentally challenged with mixed Eimeria spp.
AB  - Essential oil of oregano ( OEO: ) has proven to be a potential candidate for
      controlling chicken coccidiosis. The aim of the current study is to determine
      whether OEO and an approved anticoccidial, monensin sodium ( MON: ), as in-feed
      supplements could create a synergism when combined at low dosages. Day-old
      broiler chickens were separated into six equal groups with six replicate pens of
      36 birds. One of the groups was given a basal diet and served as the control (
      CNT: ). The remaining groups received the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg
      MON, 50 mg/kg MON, 24 mg/kg OEO, 12 mg/kg OEO, or 50 mg/kg MON + 12 mg/kg OEO.
      All of the chickens were challenged with field-type mixed Eimeria species at 12 d
      of age. Following the infection (i.e., d 13 to 42), the greatest growth gains and
      lowest feed conversion ratio values were recorded for the group of birds fed 100
      mg/kg MON (P < 0.05), whereas results for the CNT treatment were inferior.
      Dietary OEO supplementations could not support growth to a level comparable with
      the MON (100 mg/kg). The MON programs were more efficacious in reducing fecal
      oocyst numbers compared to CNT and OEO treatments (P < 0.05). Serum
      malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01),
      whereas superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) and total antioxidant status (P < 0.01)
      were increased in response to dietary medication with MON and OEO. All MON and
      OEO treatments conferred intestinal health benefits to chickens by improving
      their morphological development and enzymatic activities. The results suggest
      that OEO supported the intestinal absorptive capacity and antioxidant defense
      system during Eimeria infection; however, it displayed little direct activity on
      the reproductive capacity of Eimeria This might be the reason for inferior
      compensatory growth potential of OEO compared to that MON following the
      challenge. Combination MON with OEO was not considered to show promise for
      controlling chicken coccidiosis because of the lack of a synergistic or additive
      effect. 

PMID- 26976911
TI  - Detection of virulence-associated genes in pathogenic and commensal avian
      Escherichia coli isolates.
AB  - Poultry colibacillosis due to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is
      responsible for several extra-intestinal pathological conditions, leading to
      serious economic damage in poultry production. The most commonly associated
      pathologies are airsacculitis, colisepticemia, and cellulitis in broiler
      chickens, and salpingitis and peritonitis in broiler breeders. In this work a
      total of 66 strains isolated from dead broiler breeders affected with
      colibacillosis and 61 strains from healthy broilers were studied. Strains from
      broiler breeders were typified with serogroups O2, O18, and O78, which are mainly
      associated with disease. The serogroup O78 was the most prevalent (58%). All the
      strains were checked for the presence of 11 virulence genes: 1) arginine
      succinyltransferase A (astA); ii) E.coli hemeutilization protein A (chuA); iii)
      colicin V A/B (cvaA/B); iv) fimbriae mannose-binding type 1 (fimC); v) ferric
      yersiniabactin uptake A (fyuA); vi) iron-repressible high-molecular-weight
      proteins 2 (irp2); vii) increased serum survival (iss); viii) iron-uptake systems
      of E.coli D (iucD); ix) pielonefritis associated to pili C (papC); x) temperature
      sensitive haemaglutinin (tsh), and xi) vacuolating autotransporter toxin (vat),
      by Multiplex-PCR. The results showed that all genes are present in both commensal
      and pathogenic E. coli strains. The iron uptake-related genes and the serum
      survival gene were more prevalent among APEC. The adhesin genes, except tsh, and
      the toxin genes, except astA, were also more prevalent among APEC isolates.
      Except for astA and tsh, APEC strains harbored the majority of the virulence
      associated genes studied and fimC was the most prevalent gene, detected in 96.97
      and 88.52% of APEC and AFEC strains, respectively. Possession of more than one
      iron transport system seems to play an important role on APEC survival. 

PMID- 26976912
TI  - Belgian citizens' and broiler producers' perceptions of broiler chicken welfare
      in Belgium versus Brazil.
AB  - New EU regulations require more stringent country-of-origin labeling, while
      imports of broiler meat from non-EU countries are increasing. In light of these
      trends, we have studied citizens' and producers' perceptions of broiler meat
      originating from Belgium versus Brazil and their perception of broiler production
      in Belgium versus Brazil. A particular focus was the association between country
      of origin and perceived level of animal welfare. We also investigated the
      perception of scaling-up and outdoor access in terms of perceived level of animal
      welfare. Cross-sectional survey data was collected among Flemish citizens (n =
      541) and broiler producers (n = 114). In accordance with literature on general
      farm animal welfare, both stakeholder types claimed to allocate great importance
      to broiler welfare and generally agreed with the Welfare Quality model of broiler
      welfare. Citizens disagreed with the producers that 1) consumers are not willing
      to pay more for higher welfare products, 2) that broilers suffer little, 3) that
      broiler welfare in current Belgian production units is generally non-problematic,
      4) that scaling-up production units would not have a positive impact on
      profitability nor a profoundly negative impact on broiler welfare, and 5) that
      the impact of providing broilers with outdoor access is negative for consumers,
      farmers, and broilers. Country of origin had a strong influence on the perception
      of both broiler production and broiler meat. Belgian citizens, and producers
      (much more than citizens) considered nearly all aspects related to broiler
      production and broiler meat to be significantly superior for chicken produced in
      Belgium compared to Brazil. Further research should focus on how these
      perceptions influence purchase intentions and production decisions. Future
      avenues for research are to quantify market opportunities for country-of-origin
      labeling and to investigate to which extent stakeholders' perceptions correspond
      with reality. 

PMID- 26976913
TI  - Knowing the Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Matters.

PMID- 26976914
TI  - Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is commonly
      reported as 1 in 500. European reports suggest a higher prevalence; the US FH
      prevalence is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: The 1999 to 2012 National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants >=20 years of age (n=36 949)
      were analyzed to estimate the prevalence of FH with available Dutch Lipid Clinic
      criteria, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and personal and family
      history of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Prevalence and
      confidence intervals of probable/definite FH were calculated for the overall
      population and by age, sex, obesity status (body mass index >=30 kg/m(2)), and
      race/ethnicity. Results were extrapolated to the 210 million US adults >=20 years
      of age. The estimated overall US prevalence of probable/definite FH was 0.40%
      (95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.48) or 1 in 250 (95% confidence interval, 1 in
      311 to 209), suggesting that 834 500 US adults have FH. Prevalence varied by age,
      being least common in 20 to 29 year olds (0.06%, 1 in 1557) and most common in 60
      to 69 year olds (0.85%, 1 in 118). FH prevalence was similar in men and women
      (0.40%, 1 in 250) but varied by race/ethnicity (whites: 0.40%, 1 in 249; blacks:
      0.47%, 1 in 211; Mexican Americans: 0.24%, 1 in 414; other races: 0.29%, 1 in
      343). More obese participants qualified as probable/definite FH (0.58%, 1 in 172)
      than nonobese (0.31%, 1 in 325). CONCLUSIONS: FH, defined with Dutch Lipid Clinic
      criteria available in NHANES, affects 1 in 250 US adults. Variations in
      prevalence by age and obesity status suggest that clinical criteria may not be
      sufficient to estimate FH prevalence.

PMID- 26976915
TI  - Shared Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are the 2 leading causes of death
      worldwide. Although commonly thought of as 2 separate disease entities, CVD and
      cancer possess various similarities and possible interactions, including a number
      of similar risk factors (eg, obesity, diabetes mellitus), suggesting a shared
      biology for which there is emerging evidence. Although chronic inflammation is an
      indispensable feature of the pathogenesis and progression of both CVD and cancer,
      additional mechanisms can be found at their intersection. Therapeutic advances,
      despite improving longevity, have increased the overlap between these diseases,
      with millions of cancer survivors now at risk of developing CVD. Cardiac risk
      factors have a major impact on subsequent treatment-related cardiotoxicity. In
      this review, we explore the risk factors common to both CVD and cancer,
      highlighting the major epidemiological studies and potential biological
      mechanisms that account for them. 

PMID- 26976917
TI  - Perioperative Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Events.

PMID- 26976919
TI  - Giant J Waves and ST-Segment Elevation Associated With Acute Gastric Distension.

PMID- 26976916
TI  - Combined Angiotensin Receptor Antagonism and Neprilysin Inhibition.
AB  - Heart failure affects ~5.7 million people in the United States alone. Angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and
      aldosterone antagonists have improved mortality in patients with heart failure
      and reduced ejection fraction, but mortality remains high. In July 2015, the US
      Food and Drug Administration approved the first of a new class of drugs for the
      treatment of heart failure: Valsartan/sacubitril (formerly known as LCZ696 and
      currently marketed by Novartis as Entresto) combines the angiotensin receptor
      blocker valsartan and the neprilysin inhibitor prodrug sacubitril in a 1:1 ratio
      in a sodium supramolecular complex. Sacubitril is converted by esterases to
      LBQ657, which inhibits neprilysin, the enzyme responsible for the degradation of
      the natriuretic peptides and many other vasoactive peptides. Thus, this combined
      angiotensin receptor antagonist and neprilysin inhibitor addresses 2 of the
      pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure: activation of the renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system and decreased sensitivity to natriuretic peptides.
      In the Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ACEI to Determine Impact on Global
      Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial,
      valsartan/sacubitril significantly reduced mortality and hospitalization for
      heart failure, as well as blood pressure, compared with enalapril in patients
      with heart failure, reduced ejection fraction, and an elevated circulating level
      of brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Ongoing
      clinical trials are evaluating the role of valsartan/sacubitril in the treatment
      of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and hypertension. We review
      here the mechanisms of action of valsartan/sacubitril, the pharmacological
      properties of the drug, and its efficacy and safety in the treatment of heart
      failure and hypertension. 

PMID- 26976920
TI  - Letter by Barison et al Regarding Article, "Treatment of Arrhythmogenic Right
      Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia: An International Task Force Consensus
      Statement".

PMID- 26976922
TI  - Letter by Olschewski et al Regarding Article, "Upregulation of K2P3.1 K+ Current
      Causes Action Potential Shortening in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation".

PMID- 26976921
TI  - Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Treatment of Arrhythmogenic Right
      Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia: An International Task Force Consensus
      Statement".

PMID- 26976924
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26976923
TI  - Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Upregulation of K2P3.1 K+ Current Causes
      Action Potential Shortening in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation".

PMID- 26976926
TI  - Endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice: role of neuronal nitric
      oxide synthase-derived hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - Endothelial dysfunction is a common problem associated with hypertension and is
      considered a precursor to the development of micro- and macro-vascular
      complications. The present study investigated the involvement of nNOS (neuronal
      nitric oxide synthase) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) in the impaired endothelium
      dependent vasodilation of the mesenteric arteries of DOCA (deoxycorticosterone
      acetate)-salt-hypertensive mice. Myograph studies were used to investigate the
      endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of ACh (acetylcholine). The expression
      and phosphorylation of nNOS and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) were
      studied by Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to examine the
      localization of nNOS and eNOS in the endothelial layer of the mesenteric artery.
      The vasodilator effect of ACh is strongly impaired in mesenteric arteries of DOCA
      salt-hypertensive mice. Non-selective inhibition of NOS sharply reduced the
      effect of ACh in both DOCA-salt-hypertensive and sham mice. Selective inhibition
      of nNOS and catalase led to a higher reduction in the effect of ACh in sham than
      in DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice. Production of H2O2 induced by ACh was
      significantly reduced in vessels from DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice, and it was
      blunted after nNOS inhibition. The expression of both eNOS and nNOS was
      considerably lower in DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice, whereas phosphorylation of
      their inhibitory sites was increased. The presence of nNOS was confirmed in the
      endothelial layer of mesenteric arteries from both sham and DOCA-salt
      hypertensive mice. These results demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction in the
      mesenteric arteries of DOCA-salt-hypertensive mice is associated with reduced
      expression and functioning of nNOS and impaired production of nNOS-derived H2O2
      Such findings offer a new perspective for the understanding of endothelial
      dysfunction in hypertension.

PMID- 26976928
TI  - Organelles and spatial organization of the cell: organelle homeostasis and
      turnover.

PMID- 26976925
TI  - Human DC-SIGN binds specific human milk glycans.
AB  - Human milk glycans (HMGs) are prebiotics, pathogen receptor decoys and regulators
      of host physiology and immune responses. Mechanistically, human lectins (glycan
      binding proteins, hGBP) expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) are of major interest,
      as these cells directly contact HMGs. To explore such interactions, we screened
      many C-type lectins and sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs)
      expressed by DCs for glycan binding on microarrays presenting over 200 HMGs.
      Unexpectedly, DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin
      (DC-SIGN) showed robust binding to many HMGs, whereas other C-type lectins failed
      to bind, and Siglec-5 and Siglec-9 showed weak binding to a few glycans. By
      contrast, most hGBP bound to multiple glycans on other microarrays lacking HMGs.
      An alpha-linked fucose residue was characteristic of HMGs bound by DC-SIGN.
      Binding of DC-SIGN to the simple HMGs 2'-fucosyl-lactose (2'-FL) and 3-fucosyl
      lactose (3-FL) was confirmed by flow cytometry to beads conjugated with 2'-FL or
      3-FL, as well as the ability of the free glycans to inhibit DC-SIGN binding. 2'
      FL had an IC50 of ~1 mM for DC-SIGN, which is within the physiological
      concentration of 2'-FL in human milk. These results demonstrate that DC-SIGN
      among the many hGBP expressed by DCs binds to alpha-fucosylated HMGs, and suggest
      that such interactions may be important in influencing immune responses in the
      developing infant.

PMID- 26976929
TI  - New technologies of molecular engineering and screening for cell signaling
      studies.

PMID- 26976927
TI  - British Neurotoxin Network recommendations for managing cervical dystonia in
      patients with a poor response to botulinum toxin.
AB  - Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections are an effective treatment for cervical
      dystonia. Approximately 20% of patients eventually stop BoNT treatment, mostly
      because of treatment failure. These recommendations review the different
      therapeutic interventions for optimising the treatment in secondary poor
      responder patients. Immunoresistance has become less common over the years, but
      the diagnosis has to be addressed with a frontalis test or an Extensor Digitorum
      Brevis test. In case of immunoresistance to BoNT-A, we discuss the place the
      different therapeutic options (BoNT-A holidays, BoNT-B injections, alternative
      BoNT-A injections, deep brain stimulation). When poor responders are not
      immunoresistant, they benefit from reviewing (1) injections technique with
      electromyography or ultrasound guidance, (2) muscles selection and (3) dose of
      BoNT. In addition, in both scenarios, a holistic approach including drug
      treatment, retraining and psychological support is valuable in the management of
      these complex and severe cervical dystonia. 

PMID- 26976930
TI  - Collective migration in tissues.

PMID- 26976931
TI  - Cell biology and the "real world".

PMID- 26976932
TI  - An exciting time to study the nucleus.

PMID- 26976933
TI  - Regulation and integrated functions of the actin cytoskeleton.

PMID- 26976934
TI  - Old knowledge and new technologies allow rapid development of model organisms.
AB  - Until recently the set of "model" species used commonly for cell biology was
      limited to a small number of well-understood organisms, and developing a new
      model was prohibitively expensive or time-consuming. With the current rapid
      advances in technology, in particular low-cost high-throughput sequencing, it is
      now possible to develop molecular resources fairly rapidly. Wider sampling of
      biological diversity can only accelerate progress in addressing cellular
      mechanisms and shed light on how they are adapted to varied physiological
      contexts. Here we illustrate how historical knowledge and new technologies can
      reveal the potential of nonconventional organisms, and we suggest guidelines for
      selecting new experimental models. We also present examples of nonstandard marine
      metazoan model species that have made important contributions to our
      understanding of biological processes. 

PMID- 26976940
TI  - Repeated Habitat Disturbances by Fire Decrease Local Effective Population Size.
AB  - Effective population size is a fundamental parameter in population genetics, and
      factors that alter effective population size will shape the genetic
      characteristics of populations. Habitat disturbance may have a large effect on
      genetic characteristics of populations by influencing immigration and gene flow,
      particularly in fragmented habitats. We used the Florida Sand Skink (Plestiodon
      reynoldsi) to investigate the effect of fire-based habitat disturbances on the
      effective population size in the highly threatened, severely fragmented, and fire
      dependent Florida scrub habitat. We screened 7 microsatellite loci in 604
      individuals collected from 12 locations at Archbold Biological Station. Archbold
      Biological Station has an active fire management plan and detailed records of
      fires dating to 1967. Our objective was to determine how the timing, number, and
      intervals between fires affect effective population size, focusing on multiple
      fires in the same location. Effective population size was higher in areas that
      had not been burned for more than 10 years and decreased with number of fires and
      shorter time between fires. A similar pattern was observed in abundance:
      increasing abundance with time-since-fire and decreasing abundance with number of
      fires. The ratio of effective population size to census size was higher at sites
      with more recent fires and tended to decrease with time-since-last-fire. These
      results suggest that habitat disturbances, such as fire, may have a large effect
      in the genetic characteristics of local populations and that Florida Sand Skinks
      are well adapted to the natural fire dynamics required to maintain Florida scrub.

PMID- 26976948
TI  - Rare case of epididymal dirofilariasis.

PMID- 26976945
TI  - Photolabeling a Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) with an
      (alpha4)3(beta2)2 nAChR-Selective Positive Allosteric Modulator.
AB  - Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors
      (nAChRs) have potential clinical applications in the treatment of nicotine
      dependence and many neuropsychiatric conditions associated with decreased brain
      cholinergic activity, and 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H
      pyrrazol-4-yl)isoxazole (CMPI) has been identified as a PAM selective for
      neuronal nAChRs containing thealpha4 subunit. In this report, we compare CMPI
      interactions with low-sensitivity (alpha4)3(beta2)2 and high-sensitivity
      (alpha4)2(beta2)3 nAChRs, and with muscle-type nAChRs. In addition, we use the
      intrinsic reactivity of [(3)H]CMPI upon photolysis at 312 nm to identify its
      binding sites inTorpedonAChRs. Recording fromXenopusoocytes, we found that CMPI
      potentiated maximally the responses of (alpha4)3(beta2)2nAChR to 10MUM ACh (EC10)
      by 400% and with anEC50of ~1uM. CMPI produced a left shift of the ACh
      concentration-response curve without altering ACh efficacy. In contrast, CMPI
      inhibited (~35% at 10uM) ACh responses of (alpha4)2(beta2)3nAChRs and fully
      inhibited human muscle andTorpedonAChRs with IC50values of ~0.5uM. Upon
      irradiation at 312 nm, [(3)H]CMPI photoincorporated into
      eachTorpedo[(alpha1)2beta1gammadelta] nAChR subunit. Sequencing of peptide
      fragments isolated from [(3)H]CMPI-photolabeled nAChR subunits established
      photolabeling of amino acids contributing to the ACh binding sites
      (alphaTyr(190),alphaTyr(198),gammaTrp(55),gammaTyr(111),gammaTyr(117),deltaTrp(57
      ) that was fully inhibitable by agonist and lower-efficiency, state-dependent
      [(3)H]CMPI photolabeling within the ion channel. Our results establish that CMPI
      is a potent potentiator of nAChRs containing analpha4:alpha4 subunit interface,
      and that its intrinsic photoreactivy makes it of potential use to identify its
      binding sites in the (alpha4)3(beta2)2nAChR. 

PMID- 26976949
TI  - Imaging in central pontine myelonolysis: animals in the brain.

PMID- 26976946
TI  - Trends in mortality from occupational hazards among men in England and Wales
      during 1979-2010.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To monitor the impact of health and safety provisions and inform
      future preventive strategies, we investigated trends in mortality from
      established occupational hazards in England and Wales. METHODS: We analysed data
      from death certificates on underlying cause of death and last full-time
      occupation for 3 688 916 deaths among men aged 20-74 years in England and Wales
      during 1979-2010 (excluding 1981 when records were incomplete). Proportional
      mortality ratios (PMRs), standardised for age and social class, were calculated
      for occupations at risk of specified hazards. Observed and expected numbers of
      deaths for each hazard were summed across occupations, and the differences
      summarised as average annual excesses. RESULTS: Excess mortality declined
      substantially for most hazards. For example, the annual excess of deaths from
      chronic bronchitis and emphysema fell from 170.7 during 1979-1990 to 36.0 in 2001
      2010, and that for deaths from injury and poisoning from 237.0 to 87.5. In many
      cases, the improvements were associated with falling PMRs (suggesting safer
      working practices), but they also reflected reductions in the numbers of men
      employed in more hazardous jobs, and declining mortality from some diseases
      across the whole population. Notable exceptions to the general improvement were
      diseases caused by asbestos, especially in some construction trades and sinonasal
      cancer in woodworkers. CONCLUSIONS: The highest priority for future prevention of
      work-related fatalities is the minority of occupational disorders for which
      excess mortality remains static or is increasing, in particular asbestos-related
      disease among certain occupations in the construction industry and sinonasal
      cancer in woodworkers.

PMID- 26976950
TI  - Right upper lobe pulmonary edema.

PMID- 26976947
TI  - Antipsychotic prescription amongst hospitalized patients with dementia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat behavioural and psychological
      symptoms of dementia, despite significant safety concerns regarding increased
      risk of stroke and mortality. The numbers of patients with dementia and related
      behavioural symptoms being treated in acute hospitals is increasing. AIM: (i) to
      determine pre-admission and in-hospital prevalence of antipsychotic use in a
      national sample of patients with dementia and acute illness; (ii) identify
      reasons for antipsychotic use; (iii) assess features of the ward environment
      which impact on patients with dementia; (iv) determine availability of dementia
      specific policies, training, appraisal and mentorship programs which influence
      service delivery. DESIGN AND METHODS: Four-part standardized audit in 35 public
      acute hospitals comprising (i) retrospective healthcare record review (n = 660);
      (ii) prospective assessment of ward environment (n = 77); (iii) ward organization
      interview with clinical managers (n = 77); (iv) hospital organisation interview
      with senior managers (n = 35). RESULTS: Antipsychotic drugs were prescribed to
      29% of patients with dementia before hospitalization and to 41% during
      hospitalization; one quarter received new or additional prescriptions.
      Assessments for delirium (45%), dementia symptoms (39%), mood (26%), mental state
      (64%) and distress-provoking factors (3%) were suboptimal. Drug indications were
      documented in 78%. Non-pharmacological interventions were not documented. Most
      wards lacked environmental cues to promote orientation. Dementia-specific care
      pathways existed in 2 of 35 hospitals. Staff support and training programmes were
      suboptimal. 12% of patients were discharged with new antipsychotic prescriptions.
      CONCLUSION: Antipsychotic medications are commonly prescribed for hospitalized
      patients with dementia in Ireland. Ward environments and dementia-related
      governance structures are suboptimal.

PMID- 26976951
TI  - Metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour.

PMID- 26976952
TI  - Infected aortic aneurysmal rupture masquerading as pneumonia.

PMID- 26976953
TI  - Digital ischaemia during cooling is independently related to nailfold
      capillaroscopic pattern in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the association between
      plethysmographically measured vasospasms during stepwise cooling and recovery, as
      an index for digital ischaemia, and nailfold capillaroscopic pattern (NCP)
      severity in patients with primary or secondary RP, including SSc. METHODS: In 381
      consecutive patients with suspected RP without a history of digital ulcers, NCP
      (assessed by widefield videocapillaroscopy), fingertip photoelectric
      plethysmography during cooling and recovery and clinical characteristics were
      analysed. NCPs were graded as follows: normal, non-specific, early and active.
      The mean ischaemic time was defined as the mean time of perfusion loss during
      cooling and recovery of five fingers. RESULTS: In the patients with loss of
      perfusion during cooling and recovery, the NCP was normal in 152, non-specific in
      96, early in 61 and active in 39 patients. The mean ischaemic time was positively
      associated with the severity of NCP, with P < 0.05 for each two- or three-grade
      increase and independent of underlying SSc. The difference was most pronounced
      during recovery. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that the degree of vasospasm and
      ischaemia provoked by stepwise cooling and recovery are positively associated
      with NCP in patients with RP of different aetiologies and without a history of
      digital ulcers.

PMID- 26976954
TI  - STAT3 Impairs STAT5 Activation in the Development of IL-9-Secreting T Cells.
AB  - Th cell subsets develop in response to multiple activating signals, including the
      cytokine environment. IL-9-secreting T cells develop in response to the
      combination of IL-4 and TGF-beta, although they clearly require other cytokine
      signals, leading to the activation of transcription factors including STAT5. In
      Th17 cells, there is a molecular antagonism of STAT5 with STAT3 signaling,
      although whether this paradigm exists in other Th subsets is not clear. In this
      paper, we demonstrate that STAT3 attenuates the ability of STAT5 to promote the
      development of IL-9-secreting T cells. We demonstrate that production of IL-9 is
      increased in the absence of STAT3 and cytokines that result in a sustained
      activation of STAT3, including IL-6, have the greatest potency in repressing IL-9
      production in a STAT3-dependent manner. Increased IL-9 production in the absence
      of STAT3 correlates with increased endogenous IL-2 production and STAT5
      activation, and blocking IL-2 responses eliminates the difference in IL-9
      production between wild-type and STAT3-deficient T cells. Moreover, transduction
      of developing Th9 cells with a constitutively active STAT5 eliminates the ability
      of IL-6 to reduce IL-9 production. Thus, STAT3 functions as a negative regulator
      of IL-9 production through attenuation of STAT5 activation and function.

PMID- 26976955
TI  - ACKR4 on Stromal Cells Scavenges CCL19 To Enable CCR7-Dependent Trafficking of
      APCs from Inflamed Skin to Lymph Nodes.
AB  - Dermal dendritic cells and epidermal Langerhans cells are APCs that migrate from
      skin to draining lymph nodes (LN) to drive peripheral tolerance and adaptive
      immunity. Their migration requires the chemokine receptor CCR7, which directs
      egress from the skin via dermal lymphatic vessels and extravasation into the LN
      parenchyma from lymph in the subcapsular sinus. CCR7 is activated by two
      chemokines: CCL19 and CCL21. CCL21 alone is sufficient for the migration of APCs
      from skin to LN. CCL19 and CCL21 also bind atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) 4.
      ACKR4-mediated CCL21 scavenging by lymphatic endothelial cells lining the
      subcapsular sinus ceiling stabilizes interfollicular CCL21 gradients that direct
      lymph-borne CCR7(+)APCs into the parenchyma of mouse LN. In this study, we show
      that ACKR4 also aids APC egress from mouse skin under steady-state and
      inflammatory conditions. ACKR4 plays a particularly prominent role during
      cutaneous inflammation when it facilitates Langerhans cell egress from skin and
      enables the accumulation of dermal dendritic cells in skin-draining LN. Stromal
      cells in mouse skin, predominantly keratinocytes and a subset of dermal lymphatic
      endothelial cells, express ACKR4 and are capable of ACKR4-dependent chemokine
      scavenging in situ. ACKR4-mediated scavenging of dermal-derived CCL19, rather
      than CCL21, is critical during inflammation, because the aberrant trafficking of
      skin-derived APCs inAckr4-deficient mice is completely rescued by genetic
      deletion ofCcl19 Thus, ACKR4 on stromal cells aids the egress of APCs from mouse
      skin, and, during inflammation, facilitates CCR7-dependent cell trafficking by
      scavenging CCL19.

PMID- 26976956
TI  - Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Activation Promotes the Prodestructive
      Invadosome-Forming Phenotype of Synoviocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid
      Arthritis.
AB  - Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play a major role in invasive joint
      destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This prodestructive phenotype has been
      shown to involve autocrine TGF-beta that triggers formation of matrix-degrading
      invadosomes through molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. The
      platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR) family of receptor
      tyrosine kinases (RTK) has been shown to cooperate with TGF-beta in various
      pathological conditions. We therefore sought to determine whether RTK activity
      played a role in invadosome biogenesis. We demonstrated that, among the common
      RTKs, PDGFR-alphabeta was specifically phosphorylated in FLS from RA patients.
      Phosphorylation of PDGFR-alphabeta was also elevated in RA synovial tissues.
      Interference with PDGFR activation or PDGF neutralization inhibited invadosome
      formation in RA synoviocytes, indicating the presence of an autocrine PDGFR
      activation loop that involved endogenous PDGF. Among the PDGF-A-D isoforms, only
      PDGF-B was found both significantly elevated in FLS lines from RA patients, and
      related to high-invadosome forming cells. Addition of TGF-beta upregulated
      invadosome formation, PDGF-B mRNA expression, and phosphorylation of PDGFR. All
      of these functions were efficiently suppressed by TGF-beta neutralization or
      interference with the Smad/TbetaR1or PI3K/Akt pathway. Among the class 1 PI3K
      family proteins known to be expressed in RA synoviocytes, PI3Kalpha was
      selectively involved in PDGF-B expression, whereas both PI3Kalpha and PI3Kdelta
      participated in invadosome formation. Our findings demonstrate that PDGFR is a
      critical RTK required for the prodestructive phenotype of RA synovial cells. They
      also provide evidence for an association between autocrine TGF-beta and PDGFR
      mediated invadosome formation in RA synoviocytes that involves the production of
      PDGF-B induced by TGF-beta.

PMID- 26976958
TI  - Closing a gap in tuberculosis care.

PMID- 26976959
TI  - "Irresponsible" not to adopt national hepatitis plan.

PMID- 26976957
TI  - Galphai2 and Galphai3 Differentially Regulate Arrest from Flow and Chemotaxis in
      Mouse Neutrophils.
AB  - Leukocyte recruitment to inflammation sites progresses in a multistep cascade.
      Chemokines regulate multiple steps of the cascade, including arrest,
      transmigration, and chemotaxis. The most important chemokine receptor in mouse
      neutrophils is CXCR2, which couples through Galphai2- and Galphai3-containing
      heterotrimeric G proteins. Neutrophils arrest in response to CXCR2 stimulation.
      This is defective in Galphai2-deficient neutrophils. In this study, we show that
      Galphai3-deficient neutrophils showed reduced transmigration but normal arrest in
      mice. We also tested Galphai2- or Galphai3-deficient neutrophils in a CXCL1
      gradient generated by a microfluidic device. Galphai3-, but not Galphai2-,
      deficient neutrophils showed significantly reduced migration and directionality.
      This was confirmed in a model of sterile inflammation in vivo. Galphai2-, but not
      Galphai3-, deficient neutrophils showed decreased Ca(2+) flux in response to
      CXCR2 stimulation. Conversely, Galphai3-, but not Galphai2-, deficient
      neutrophils exhibited reduced AKT phosphorylation upon CXCR2 stimulation. We
      conclude that Galphai2 controls arrest and Galphai3 controls transmigration and
      chemotaxis in response to chemokine stimulation of neutrophils.

PMID- 26976960
TI  - Effect of surgical safety checklists on pediatric surgical complications in
      Ontario.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In health care, most preventable adverse events occur in the
      operating room. Surgical safety checklists have become a standard of care for
      safe operating room practice, but there is conflicting evidence for the
      effectiveness of checklists to improve perioperative outcomes in some
      populations. Our objective was to determine whether surgical safety checklists
      are associated with a reduction in the proportion of children who had
      perioperative complications. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study
      using administrative health care databases housed at the Institute for Clinical
      Evaluative Sciences to compare the risk of perioperative complications in
      children undergoing common types of surgery before and after the mandated
      implementation of surgical safety checklists in 116 acute care hospitals in
      Ontario. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of 30-day all-cause
      mortality and perioperative complications. RESULTS: We identified 14 458 and 14
      314 surgical procedures in pre- and postchecklist groups, respectively. The
      proportion of children who had perioperative complications was 4.08% (95%
      confidence interval [CI] 3.76%-4.40%) before the implementation of the checklist
      and 4.12% (95% CI 3.80%-4.45%) after implementation. After we adjusted for
      confounding factors, we found no significant difference in the odds of
      perioperative complications after the introduction of surgical safety checklists
      (adjusted odds ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.90-1.14, p = 0.9). INTERPRETATION: The
      implementation of surgical safety checklists for pediatric surgery in Ontario was
      not associated with a reduction in the proportion of children who had
      perioperative complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, no.
      NCT02419053.

PMID- 26976962
TI  - Church going.

PMID- 26976961
TI  - Buckle fractures of the distal radius in children.

PMID- 26976963
TI  - Added sugars on nutrition labels: a way to support population health in Canada.

PMID- 26976964
TI  - US seeking more transparency from pharma.

PMID- 26976966
TI  - Antibiotic stewardship and pharma's social conscience.

PMID- 26976967
TI  - Podcast: Women's health pioneer Dr. May Cohen.

PMID- 26976965
TI  - Prescribing exercise interventions for patients with chronic conditions.

PMID- 26976968
TI  - Facility attacks in Syria contravene Geneva Convention.

PMID- 26976969
TI  - Anticancer Properties of Capsaicin Against Human Cancer.
AB  - There is persuasive epidemiological and experimental evidence that dietary
      phytochemicals have anticancer activity. Capsaicin is a bioactive phytochemical
      abundant in red and chili peppers. While the preponderance of the data strongly
      indicates significant anticancer benefits of capsaicin, more information to
      highlight molecular mechanisms of its action is required to improve our knowledge
      to be able to propose a potential therapeutic strategy for use of capsaicin
      against cancer. Capsaicin has been shown to alter the expression of several genes
      involved in cancer cell survival, growth arrest, angiogenesis and metastasis.
      Recently, many research groups, including ours, found that capsaicin targets
      multiple signaling pathways, oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in various
      types of cancer models. In this review article, we highlight multiple molecular
      targets responsible for the anticancer mechanism of capsaicin. In addition, we
      deal with the benefits of combinational use of capsaicin with other dietary or
      chemotherapeutic compounds, focusing on synergistic anticancer activities. 

PMID- 26976970
TI  - Heterochromatin Protein 1 Binding Protein 3 Expression as a Candidate Marker of
      Intrinsic 5-Fluorouracil Resistance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite receiving post-operative 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based
      chemotherapy, approximately 50% of patients with stage IIIC colon cancer
      experience recurrence. Currently, no molecular signature can predict response to
      5-FU. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mouse models of colon cancer have been developed and
      characterized. Individual tumors in these mice can be longitudinally monitored
      and assessed to identify differences between those that are responsive and those
      that are resistant to therapy. Gene expression was analyzed in serial biopsies
      that were collected before and after treatment with 5-FU. Colon tumors had
      heterogeneous responses to treatment with 5-FU. Microarray analysis of pre
      treatment biopsies revealed that Hp1bp3, a gene encoding heterochromatin protein
      1 binding protein 3, was differentially expressed between sensitive and resistant
      tumors. CONCLUSION: Using mouse models of human colorectal cancer, Hp1bp3 was
      identified as a candidate marker of intrinsic 5-FU resistance and may represent a
      potential biomarker for patient stratification or a target of clinical
      importance.

PMID- 26976971
TI  - Genome-wide DNA Copy-number Analysis in ACTS-CC Trial of Adjuvant Chemotherapy
      for Stage III Colonic Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The adjuvant chemotherapy trial of TS-1 for colon cancer phase III
      trial was designed to validate the non-inferiority of the oral fluoropyrimidine S
      1 to uracil and tegafur/leucovorin as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colonic
      cancer. As a prospective biomarker study of this trial, DNA copy number was
      studied using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      FFPE blocks were obtained from 795 patients of the 1,535 patients enrolled in the
      study. The quality of extracted DNA was assessed using arbitrarily primed
      polymerase chain reaction and microfluidic analysis. Genomic copy-number
      alterations in cancer were analyzed by high-density single-nucleotide
      polymorphism arrays. Copy-number changes in Japanese patients with colonic cancer
      were compared with those in Western countries using data from a previously
      reported meta-analysis. We then compared genome-wide segment copy number and
      clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. RESULTS: Genome-wide copy
      number was analyzed in 161 samples and DNA copy-number alteration profiles showed
      frequent DNA copy-number gains at chromosome 7, 8q and 13, and losses at 4, 5q,
      8p, 17p and 18q. The weighted kappa statistic from comparing copy-number
      alteration status with data from Western countries was 0.828 (95% confidence
      interval=0.786 -0.871). DNA copy-number alterations of 8,684 segments were
      compared with clinicopathological features in 161 patients. Location of the tumor
      correlated with genomic segments of chromosome 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18 and 20.
      Differentiation of the tumor correlated with segments in chromosome 4, 6, 8, 11,
      13, 14,15, 16, 17 and 20. CONCLUSION: Somatic copy-number alteration profiles of
      stage III colonic cancer in the Japanese ACTS-CC trial closely agreed with the
      results of previous Western studies. Location and differentiation of the tumor
      correlated with DNA copy-number alterations. Our findings will facilitate
      understanding the characteristics of colonic cancer. Further investigation may
      contribute to the exploration of valid biomarkers.

PMID- 26976972
TI  - Demonstration of Calreticulin Expression in Hamster Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
      with the Use of Fluorescent Gold Quantum Dots.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is dire need for discovery of novel pancreatic cancer
      biomarkers and of agents with the potential for simultaneous diagnostic and
      therapeutic capacity. This study demonstrates calreticulin expression on hamster
      pancreatic adenocarcinoma via bio-conjugated gold quantum dots (AuQDs). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Hamster pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were cultured, fixed and
      incubated with fluorescent AuQDs, bio-conjugated to anti-calreticulin antibodies.
      Anti-calreticulin and AuQDs were produced in-house. AuQDs were manufactured to
      emit in the near-infrared. Cells were further characterized under confocal
      fluorescence. RESULTS: AuQDs were confirmed to emit in the near-infrared. AuQD
      bio-conjugation to calreticulin was confirmed via dot-blotting. Upon laser
      excitation and post-incubation with bio-conjugated AuQDs, pancreatic cancer cell
      lines emitted fluorescence in near-infrared. CONCLUSION: Hamster pancreatic
      cancer cells express calreticulin, which may be labelled with AuQDs. This study
      demonstrates the application of nanoparticle-based theranostics in pancreatic
      cancer. Such biomarker-targeting nanosystems are anticipated to play a
      significant role in the management of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26976973
TI  - Decreased Expression of Tumor-suppressor Gene LKB1 Correlates with Poor Prognosis
      in Human Gastric Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The present report describes the correlation of liver kinase B1
      (LKB1) expression with tumorigenesis and prognosis in gastric cancer. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: LKB1 mRNA and protein expression was detected in gastric-cancer cell
      lines and patient specimens. Patients were followed-up and clinico-pathological
      parameters and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. RESULTS: The expression of
      LKB1 mRNA and protein was lower in gastric-cancer cell lines and tumor tissues
      compared to normal gastric cells (p<0.05) and tissues (p<0.001). Decreased
      expression of LKB1 mRNA and protein in patients with gastric cancer was
      significantly inversely related to TNM stage, T-stage (depth of invasion), lymph
      node metastasis and vascular invasion (p<0.05). Patients showing high LKB1 mRNA
      and high LKB1 protein expression had a significantly longer OS and better 5-year
      survival rate than those with low mRNA expression (61.3 months vs. 56.1 months
      and 75% vs. 58.7%, p<0.05, respectively) and low protein expression (64.8 months
      vs. 55.7 months and 72.9% vs. 64.5%, p<0.05, respectively). Multivariate Cox
      regression analysis indicated that both LKB1 mRNA and protein expression in
      gastric cancer were independent prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSION: Patients
      with gastric cancer with decreased expression of LKB1 have a poor prognosis with
      a lower survival rate.

PMID- 26976975
TI  - NDRG2 and NDRG4 Expression Is Altered in Glioblastoma and Influences Survival in
      Patients with MGMT-methylated Tumors.
AB  - AIM: The N-myc down-regulated gene (NDRG) family is a group of genes that have
      predominantly tumor-suppressive effects. The goal of this study was to
      investigate the expression of NDRG2 and NDRG4 in surgical specimens of human
      glioblastoma and in normal brain tissue, and to search for correlations with
      overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples
      from 44 patients (31 males, 13 females; mean age+/-SD=57.4+/-15.7 years) with
      primary (n=40) or recurrent glioblastoma (n=4) were analyzed by quantitative real
      time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, with dimensionless
      semiquantitative immunoreactivity score (IRS), ranging from 0-30] for expression
      of NDRG2 and NDRG4. Five non-tumorous autopsy brain specimens were used as
      controls. RESULTS: On the protein level, expression of NDRG2 was significantly
      down-regulated in glioblastoma (IRS=3.5+/-3.0 vs. 8.8+/-3.3; p=0.001), while
      expression of NDRG4 was significantly up-regulated (IRS=5.4+/-3.7 vs. 0.75+/-0.4
      vs, p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in PFS between a
      group of 15 patients with glioblastoma with MGMT methylation and enhanced
      expression of NDRG4 mRNA who were treated with adjuvant radiochemotherapy
      (temozolomide and 60 Gy) and a group of patients with low expression of NDRG4
      mRNA [10 (range=5.5-14.2) months vs. 21 (range=10.7-31.3) months] (p=0.13).
      CONCLUSION: Expression of both NDRG2 and NDRG4 genes is significantly altered in
      glioblastomas. PFS among the patients with glioblastoma with MGMT methylation
      treated with radiochemotherapy differed significantly in high-expression groups
      compared to patients without MGMT methlation and without radiochemotherapy
      (p<0.05).

PMID- 26976974
TI  - Design, Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Gemini 20S-Hydroxyvitamin D3
      Analogs.
AB  - Vitamin D3 (D3) can be metabolized by cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) into 20S
      hydroxyvitamin D3 (20D3) as a major metabolite. This bioactive metabolite has
      shown strong antiproliferative, antifibrotic, pro-differentiation and anti
      inflammatory effects while being non-toxic (non-calcemic) at high concentrations.
      Since D3 analogs with two symmetric side chains (Gemini analogs) result in potent
      activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), we hypothesized that the chain length
      and composition of these types of analogs also containing a 20-hydroxyl group
      would affect their biological activities. In this study, we designed and
      synthesized a series of Gemini 20D3 analogs. Biological tests showed that some of
      these analogs are partial VDR activators and can significantly stimulate the
      expression of mRNA for VDR and VDR-regulated genes including CYP24A1 and
      transient receptor potential cation channel V6 (TRPV6). These analogs inhibited
      the proliferation of melanoma cells with potency comparable to that of 1alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3. Moreover, these analogs reduced the level of interferon
      gamma and up-regulated the expression of leukocyte associated immunoglobulin-like
      receptor 1 in splenocytes, indicating that they have potent anti-inflammatory
      activities. There are no clear correlations between the Gemini chain length and
      their VDR activation or biological activities, consistent with the high
      flexibility of the ligand-binding pocket of the VDR. 

PMID- 26976976
TI  - Adaptive Immune Response to and Survival Effect of Temozolomide- and Valproic
      Acid-induced Autophagy in Glioblastoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The combination of radiotherapy, temozolomide and valproic acid
      (VPA) has shown some promise in retrospective analyses of patients with
      glioblastoma, although their mechanisms of action remain unknown. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of pretreating glioma
      cells with temozolomide and VPA as an immunization strategy to boost an adaptive
      immune response in a syngeneic mouse model. RESULTS: Temozolomide and VPA induced
      autophagy in GL261 glioma cells, and caused tumor antigen-specific T-cells to
      become activated effector T-cells. Mice with a pre-existing glioma showed no
      improvement in clinical outcome when immunized with temozolomide- and VPA-treated
      glioma cells. CONCLUSION: Although temozolomide and VPA treatment of glioma cells
      can boost the adaptive immune response, in the context of a vaccine therapy,
      additional factors are necessary to eradicate the tumor and improve survival.

PMID- 26976977
TI  - Novel Hyaluronan Formulation Enhances the Efficacy of Boron Neutron Capture
      Therapy for Murine Mesothelioma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a refractory cancer of the
      pleura caused by asbestos exposure. MPM is difficult to treat because it easily
      disseminates. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a radiotherapy in which
      cancer cells that selectively take up (10)Boron-containing compounds are
      destroyed, and normal cells are uninjured. Hyaluronan (HA) is a ligand of cluster
      of differentiation 44 (CD44), that is expressed on MPM cells. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In order to enhance BNCT for MPM tumors, we developed a novel HA
      containing (10)B (sodium borocaptate: BSH) formulation (HA-BND-S). We examined
      the efficacy of HA-BND-S using MPM cells and a mouse MPM model. RESULTS: HA-BND-S
      preferentially bound MPM cells dose-dependently, and increased the cytotoxicity
      of BNCT compared to BSH in vitro. HA-BND-S administration significantly increased
      the survival of MPM tumor-bearing mice compared to BSH at the same (10)B dosage
      in BNCT. CONCLUSION: Modifying BSH with HA is a promising strategy for enhancing
      the efficacy of BNCT for therapy of MPM.

PMID- 26976978
TI  - Inhibition of Survivin Is Associated with Zoledronic Acid-induced Apoptosis of
      Prostate Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Evidence suggests that zoledronic acid (ZA) exerts direct
      antitumor effects on cancer cells but the underlying mechanisms of these actions
      are unknown. This study investigated the possible involvement of survivin in the
      antiproliferative effects of ZA in prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3-(4,5
      dimethyl-2-thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction assay
      was used to assess cell viability and acridine orange/ethidium bromide double
      staining to analyze cell death. Human Apoptosis Array evaluated the expression of
      apoptosis-related proteins. Survivin protein was measured by western blot
      technique and miR-203 levels were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase
      chain reaction. RESULTS: ZA induced inhibition of cell proliferation and
      apoptosis activation, with down-regulation of survivin protein. A negative
      regulation at gene expression level may be hypothesized because we observed a
      significant decrease of survivin mRNA level and an increase of miR-203 expression
      after ZA exposure. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that ZA may directly
      inhibit cancer cell proliferation, identifying survivin as one of its downstream
      targets.

PMID- 26976979
TI  - Expression Pattern of CDX2, Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Primary
      Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A significant number of patients with gastroenteropancreatic
      neuroendocrine tumors (GEP NETs) present with metastatic disease and with unknown
      primary in about 15% of cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 163 primaries
      of GEP NET and 115 metastases for expression of caudal type homebox 2 (CDX2),
      estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), somatostatin receptor 2a
      (SSTR2a) and Ki67. RESULTS: PR was most often positive in pancreatic NET and only
      rarely in non-pancreatic NET (p<0.001). ER was more frequently expressed in non
      pancreatic NET (p<0.001) and was more often positive in females than males
      (p=0.019). CDX2 was positive in all primaries of the duodenum, ileum and
      appendix, but was also detected in 24% of metastases with pancreatic primary.
      SSTR2a and Ki67 did not differ significantly between primaries and metastases.
      CONCLUSION: Our data substantiate the value of PR, ER and CDX2 in GEP NET, and
      steroid hormone receptors, being differentially expressed in male and female
      patients. Differences between primaries and metastases were small but potentially
      relevant.

PMID- 26976980
TI  - Ginsenoside 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Suppresses Viability of Human Glioblastoma
      Cells via Down-regulation of Cell Adhesion Proteins and Cell-cycle Arrest.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pharmacologically active components of ginseng, particularly
      protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, have potent anticancer effects, although
      their effects on highly malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have not been
      systemically evaluated. Identification of effective anticancer ginsenosides and
      further delineation of their mechanisms of action may provide valuable
      information that aids in the development of alternative or adjuvant therapy for
      malignant cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the viability of human GBM
      U251-MG and U87-MG cells treated with structurally related PPD-type ginsenosides,
      including F2, Rh2, compound K (C-K), and PPD. RESULTS: Incubation with PPD, C-K,
      and Rh2 significantly reduced the viability of U251-MG and U87-MG cells in a dose
      and time-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of PPD was accompanied by
      reduced expression of cell adhesion proteins, including N-cadherin and integrin
      beta1, which led to reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase.
      Furthermore, incubation with PPD reduced the expression of cyclin D1 and
      subsequently induced cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase. CONCLUSION: These results
      collectively indicate that PPD might provide a new strategy for treating
      malignant GBM, which is quite resistant to conventional anticancer treatment.

PMID- 26976981
TI  - Split-Course Accelerated Hypofractionated Radiotherapy (SCAHRT): A Safe and
      Effective Option for Head and Neck Cancer in the Elderly or Infirm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Achieving locoregional control in high-risk patients with head and
      neck cancer who are poor candidates for standard continuous-course (chemo)
      radiotherapy due to advanced age, comorbidities, or very advanced disease is
      challenging. At our Institution, we have significant experience with a regimen of
      split-course, accelerated, hypofractionated radiotherapy (SCAHRT) for these
      patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The SCAHRT regimen consisted of 60-72 Gy in 20-24
      fractions separated by several weeks mid-course to allow for toxicity recovery
      and disease reassessment. It was used for patients with advanced age, significant
      co-morbidities, anticipated intolerance to definitive (chemo)radiation, and those
      with oligometastatic disease. Disease-free and overall survival rates were
      calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-eight out of 65 patients
      (89%) completed both courses of treatment. Patients without metastatic or
      recurrent disease were evaluated for treatment response and survival (n=39).
      Among this group, total tumor response was 91%, and median locoregional failure
      free survival and overall survival were 25.7 and 8.9 months, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: In high-risk patients unable to tolerate continuous-course definitive
      (chemo)radiation, SCAHRT is a safe, well-tolerated and effective method of
      achieving durable locoregional disease control. In properly selected patients,
      this regimen is preferable to purely palliative approaches.

PMID- 26976982
TI  - The WHO Grade I Collagen-forming Meningioma Produces Angiogenic Substances. A New
      Meningioma Entity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meningiomas arise from arachnoid cap cells, the so-called
      meningiothelial cells. They account for 20-36% of all primary intracranial
      tumours, and arise with an annual incidence of 1.8-13 per 100,000
      individuals/year. According to their histopathological features meningiomas are
      classified either as grade I (meningiothelial, fibrous/fibroblastic,
      transitional/mixed, psammomatous, angiomatous, microcystic, secretory and the
      lympholasmacyterich sub-type), grade II (atypical and clear-cell sub-type) or
      grade III (malignant or anaplastic phenotype). CASE REPORT: A 62-year-old female
      patient presented to the hospital because of progressive obliviousness and
      concentration difficulties. In the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain,
      an occipital convexity-meningioma was found in the left hemisphere, which was
      subsequently resected. Within the tumour tissue there were multiple spheroid
      precipitates, i.e. secretion products that turned out to consist of collagen.
      Part of the tumour cells displayed positive reactions for vasogenic substances,
      namely for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR). Correspondingly, the diagnosis "WHO Grade I collagen-forming
      meningioma" seems to be most appropriate. CONCLUSION: The "WHO Grade I collagen
      forming meningioma" reported herein produces collagen and angiogenic substances.
      To the best of our knowledge, no such entity has been reported on in previous
      literature. We propose this collagen-producing meningioma as a novel WHO grade I
      meningioma sub-type.

PMID- 26976983
TI  - Expression of gamma-Synuclein in Bladder Carcinoma: A Possible Marker for
      Prognosis.
AB  - AIM: To investigate if gamma-synuclein (SNCG) could be used as a bladder cancer
      (BC) marker to predict prognosis of BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records of
      140 patients with BC (January, 2006 to December, 2009) were retrospectively
      reviewed. SNCG expression level was examined by immunohistological staining. The
      patients' survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox
      proportional regression model was used to identify independent predictors for BC.
      RESULTS: Overexpression of SNCG was detected in BC tissues and the expression
      level of SNCG strongly positively correlated with BC recurrence. However, no
      correlation was found between SNCG level and tumor stage or survival rate.
      CONCLUSION: SNCG is a good marker to predict recurrence of BC, but not a reliable
      marker for staging or prediction of survival rate.

PMID- 26976984
TI  - A Biomarker Panel Increases the Diagnostic Performance for Epithelial Ovarian
      Cancer Type I and II in Young Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: To assess preoperative blood levels of a biomarker panel in
      relation to the new classification system of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) type
      I and II. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Preoperative plasma levels of B7-family protein
      homolog 4 (B7-H4), intact and cleaved soluble urokinase plasminogen activator
      receptor (suPAR), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125)
      were analyzed in 350 patients with adnexal lesions. RESULTS: The levels of
      suPAR(II-III), HE4, CA125 were all higher in EOC II than in EOC I, borderline and
      benign ovarian tumors. B7-H4 was increased in EOC II compared with benign ovarian
      tumors. The combination of suPAR(II-III), HE4, CA125 and age in premenopausal
      women discriminates EOC and borderline tumors from benign tumors to higher
      accuracy compared to the Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (p=0.007).
      CONCLUSION: The biomarker panel suPAR(II-III), HE4, CA125 and age in
      premenopausal women improved discrimination of malignant and benign ovarian
      tumors. The plasma levels of B7-H4 were increased in patients with EOC II
      compared to those with benign ovarian tumors.

PMID- 26976985
TI  - First-line Bevacizumab-containing Therapy for HER2-negative Metastatic Breast
      Cancer: Final Results from a Prospective German Study.
AB  - AIM: The German ML21165 study evaluated bevacizumab-containing therapy for
      metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in routine oncology practice. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Patients received bevacizumab with chemotherapy until disease
      progression, unacceptable toxicity or consent withdrawal. Pre-specified end
      points were safety and efficacy [response rate, progression-free survival (PFS)
      and overall survival (OS)]. RESULTS: Between May 2007 and September 2009, 865
      patients received first-line bevacizumab plus paclitaxel for mBC, of whom 16%
      were aged >=70 years and 9% had ECOG performance status of 2 or more. At data cut
      off (median of 15.9 months' follow-up), the median PFS was 9.6 months [95%
      confidence interval (CI)=9.0-10.4 months] and the median OS was 21.6 months (95%
      CI=19.4-23.5 months). The most common non-haematological adverse drug reactions
      of grade 3 or more were pain (9%), hypertension (5%), sensory neuropathy (3%) and
      proteinuria (3%). Prolonged bevacizumab was well-tolerated. CONCLUSION: The
      efficacy and safety of first-line bevacizumab-paclitaxel in routine oncology
      practice is consistent with results from randomized trials.

PMID- 26976986
TI  - Treatment of Oncological Post-surgical Wound Dehiscence with Autologous Skin
      Micrografts.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The closure of postoperative wounds is essential in order to
      prevent surgical site infections or wound dehiscence, mainly in oncological
      patients. We aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of autologous micrografts in the
      management of wound dehiscence in an oncology patient undergoing decompressive
      spinal laminectomy. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old man with IgG multiple myeloma and
      medullary plasmocytoma C7-T3, was to undergo decompressive spinal laminectomy and
      vertebral fixation leading to a wound dehiscence with exposed instrumentation.
      Autologous micrografts were obtained by Rigenera protocol and directly applied to
      the dehisced wound. After 60 days of negative pressure wound therapy, we observed
      reduction of the diameter and depth of wound dehiscence, with a coverage of
      instrumentation, without complete re-epithelialization, that instead was reached
      by application of autologous micrografts after 70 days. CONCLUSION: The Rigenera
      protocol may be the solution for complex wounds in oncological and immune
      compromised patients where other treatments are contraindicated.

PMID- 26976987
TI  - Extent of Salvage Neck Dissection in Advanced Oro- and Hypopharyngeal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Primary radiochemotherapy (RCT) is becoming increasingly
      important in patients with oro- and hypopharyngeal cancer. However, debate exists
      on the extent of salvage neck dissection (ND) in those patients. The purpose of
      the present study was to evaluate the regional control after salvage ND. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Clinical, histological and radiological data, results of 51 patients
      with oro- or hypopharyngeal cancer and N2 neck who underwent selective ND in case
      of radiological evidence of residual neck disease, were retrospectively analyzed.
      RESULTS: Altogether 52 metastases were detected in 20 (39.2%) patients by
      histological examination. They were localized in level II (n=23), III (n=13), IV
      (n=11) and V (n=5). Regional recurrence occurred in 4 patients (7.8%) in previous
      dissected neck levels in the follow-up. CONCLUSION: Selective ND of suspicious
      neck levels for residual disease after RCT of oro- and hypopharyngeal cancer
      seems to be a sufficient treatment.

PMID- 26976988
TI  - Phase I Study of Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and 5-Fluorouracil Chemoradiotherapy for
      Local or Metastatic Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Chemoradiotherapy outcomes for unresectable esophageal cancer
      remain poor. We designed a phase I study of docetaxel, cisplatin (CDDP), and 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoradiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with T4 or
      M1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled. They received 2 chemotherapy
      cycles every 4 weeks with these initial doses (Phase I): docetaxel and CDDP (50
      mg/m(2), days 1 and 29) with continuous 5-FU infusion (600 mg/m(2)/day, days 1-5
      and 29-33). Concurrent radiotherapy (60 Gy) was initiated on day 1. Docetaxel and
      CDDP plus 5-FU doses were increased to 60 mg/m(2) plus 800 mg/m(2)/day. RESULTS:
      Out of the 15 patients enrolled, 13 completed the treatment. The MTDs were as
      follows: docetaxel (60 mg/m(2)), CDDP (60 mg/m(2)), and 5-FU (800 mg/m(2)/day).
      The overall response rate was 73%, with 27% achieving complete responses.
      CONCLUSION: In this phase I trial, docetaxel (60 mg/m(2)), CDDP (60 mg/m(2)), and
      5-FU (600 mg/m(2)/day) were considered as the tolerable and active doses. These
      are the recommended doses for a future phase II trial.

PMID- 26976989
TI  - Prognostic Significance of the Preoperative Ratio of C-Reactive Protein to
      Albumin in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammation has been reported to play an important role in cancer
      progression, and several inflammatory markers, such as the neutrophil to
      lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), have been
      reported to be prognostic markers. The aim of this retrospective study was to
      evaluate the prognostic significance of the ratio of C-reactive protein to
      albumin (CRP/ALB ratio) in patients with colorectal cancer who undergo
      potentially curative surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 705 patients who
      underwent potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancer were enrolled. The
      CRP/ALB ratio was calculated form the preoperative samples by dividing the serum
      C-reactive protein level by the serum albumin level. We evaluated the correlation
      between the CRP/ALB ratio and survival. Furthermore, we compared the accuracy of
      the CRP/ALB ratio as a predictor for survival with the mGPS. RESULTS: We set
      0.0271 as the cut-off value for the CRP/ALB ratio according to a receiver
      operating characteristic curve analysis. Based on the cut-off value of 0.0271,
      347 patients were classified into the low CRP/ALB ratio group and 358 patients
      were classified into the high CRP/ALB ratio group. The group with high CRP/ALB
      ratio had significantly worse relapse-free survival (p=0.0003) and cancer
      specific survival (p=0.0026) rates than those of the low CRP/ALB ratio group.
      According to a multivariate analysis, the CRP/ALB ratio was identified as an
      independent prognostic factor for relapse-free survival (p=0.025) and cancer
      specific survival (p=0.045). Moreover, even in a sub-analysis limited to patients
      with an mGPS of 0, the high CRP/ALB ratio group had significantly worse relapse
      free survival (p=0.0015) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.0131) rates than the
      low CRP/ALB ratio group. CONCLUSION: The preoperative CRP/ALB ratio is a useful
      prognostic marker in patients with colorectal cancer who undergo potentially
      curative surgery. Moreover, the CRP/ALB ratio may be superior to the mGPS for
      predicting survival.

PMID- 26976990
TI  - Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Ovary: A Retrospective Study of the North Eastern
      German Society of Gynecologic Oncology (NOGGO).
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the female genital tract
      account for 2% of gynecological cancers. The aim of this study was to share our
      experience of 11 primary neuroendocrine neoplasms of the ovary. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: All patients who presented and/or were treated at our Institution with
      histologically-confirmed NEN of the ovary were included. Clinical data including
      tumor stage, diagnostic and therapeutic management and survival were assessed.
      Pathological specimens were critically reviewed. RESULTS: We identified 11
      patients with NEN of the ovary consisting of nine neuroendocrine cancers and two
      carcinoids. Median age was 55.9 years. NEN were mostly poorly differentiated
      (72.4%). Primary surgery was performed in all patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy was
      administered in five patients consisting of platinum-based regimens. Median
      overall survival was 20 months. CONCLUSION: We propose a diagnostic algorithm for
      NEN of the ovary and discuss possible treatments according to FIGO stages.
      Patients should be included in multicenter studies whenever possible.

PMID- 26976991
TI  - Postmyomectomic Uterine Rupture Despite Cesarean Section.
AB  - Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus.
      Fibroids can develop anywhere within the muscular wall. Leiomyomas may be
      associated with infertility. Laparoscopic myomectomy is often used to remove
      symptomatic intramural or subserosal fibroids. Advantages of the procedure
      include short recovery time and minimal perioperative morbidity. At the same
      time, the multilayer suture technique is more complicated during laparoscopy. A
      rare but serious complication of laparoscopic myomectomies is uterine rupture. A
      brief review of the literature and a clinical example of a 33-year-old woman with
      history of infertility, laparoscopic myomectomies and uterine rupture followed by
      peripartum hemorrhage is presented. The treatment of leiomyomas is a challenge
      not only because of possible recurrence but also due to long-term consequences
      following successful myomectomy. Management of patients with uterine scars should
      include careful planning of the route of delivery, as the risk of rupture may be
      increased. 

PMID- 26976993
TI  - Results of Further Diagnostic Procedures Among Patients with Cytological
      Characteristics of Minor Changes on Pap Smears.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low
      grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) are the two most common results of
      positive Pap smears. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the management of
      patients with ASCUS and LSIL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All procedures were performed
      between 2003 and 2014 in an outpatient clinic affiliated to a tertiary referral
      center, and included Pap smears, colposcopy, histology and invasive treatment.
      RESULTS: There were 131 patients in the ASCUS group and 84 in the LSIL group.
      Further negative cytological results were obtained more frequently among the
      ASCUS group than the LSIL group [relative risk (RR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval
      (CI)=1.33-2.40; p<0.001]. Histological results revealed higher occurrence of
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III or invasive squamous cancer in the
      LSIL group than the ASCUS group [RR=6.8 (95% CI=0.95-144.63), p=0.033]. Patients
      from the LSIL group more frequently required invasive treatment [RR=2.53, 95%
      CI=1.40-4.67, p=0.001]. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of ASCUS is associated with more
      frequent cases of total remission in follow-up Pap smears and requires for less
      invasive management.

PMID- 26976992
TI  - Role of IGF-I in Primary Ovarian Cancer - A Study of the OVCAD European
      Consortium.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: IGF-I (insulin growth factor 1) is crucially involved in cellular
      proliferation. Moreover, deregulation of IGF-I has been shown to be relevant in
      the carcinogenesis of various tumor entities. However, the impact of IGF-I in
      epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is unclear. In the present study, we investigated
      the predictive and prognostic role of circulatory IGF-I in primary EOC patients.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the FP6 European Project "OVCAD", 275 consecutive
      primary EOC patients were enrolled. Patients were eligible if radical
      cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy were performed. Plasma IGF
      I was detected using ELISA. RESULTS: Increased plasma IGF-I levels were more
      frequently found in well-differentiated epithelial ovarian carcinoma (p=0.0047).
      A weak correlation was observed between IGF-I levels and CA-125 in patients with
      serous EOC (p=0.04). No association between IGF-I expression and other clinico
      pathological parameters was observed. CONCLUSION: IGF-I is overexpressed in
      patients with well-differentiated EOC. Further studies are warranted to elucidate
      the role of IGF-I in this sub-group of patients.

PMID- 26976994
TI  - Effect of Denosumab Administration on Lumbar Vertebral Strength of Patients with
      Vertebral Bony Metastases: Preliminary Study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of administration of
      denosumab (antibody against tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 11) as a
      preventative therapy for skeletal-related events (SREs), such as fracture or
      paralysis, by computed-tomography (CT)-based on the finite element method (FEM).
      Patients who had undergone treatment for vertebral metastases with denosumab
      administration from December 2013 to August 2015 at our Institution were
      reviewed. We investigated patient data at the time before denosumab
      administration and at 1, 3 and 6 months using CT. A total of six patients were
      eligible; four males and two females, with ages ranging from 35 to 73 years, with
      a mean age of 56 years. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a
      significant increase (p=0.0055, F=10.67). To our knowledge, this is the first
      article to substantiate the effects of the SRE-preventative drug denosumab. 

PMID- 26976995
TI  - Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Extensive Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Following
      Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.
AB  - AIM: The aims of this study were to explore clinical outcomes and assess the
      learning curve for cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy (PIC) for patients with a high peritoneal cancer index (PCI).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with a PCI of 20
      or more following CRS and PIC. Outcomes in five successive groups based on the
      operation date were analyzed. RESULTS: Three hundred and five patients were
      included in the study. The median overall survival (OS) was 89.3 months (95%
      confidence interval=58.9-107.6 months). OS at 1, 3 and 5 years of our study
      cohort was 89.4%, 70.4% and 57.5%, respectively. In terms of the learning curve,
      the mean duration of operation and hospital mortality decreased (p<0.001 and
      p=0.006 respectively). A trend for decreasing intensive care unit stay (p=0.497),
      high dependency unit stay (p=0.042) and total hospital stay (p=0.202) were also
      recorded. CONCLUSION: A high PCI alone should not be a contraindication for
      cytoreductive surgery and PIC in specialized centres.

PMID- 26976996
TI  - Prognostic Value of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), AFP, CA19-9 and CA125 for
      Patients with Colorectal Cancer with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Treated by
      Cytoreductive Surgery and Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to clarify the prognostic significance of tumour
      markers on long-term survival in colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRPC)
      following cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Preoperative serum tumour markers of 164 patients with CRPC were
      analyzed. Peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was measured and relationship to survival
      calculated. RESULTS: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) >6.5 mg/l and cancer antigen
      125 (CA125) >16 U/ml remained independent predictors of survival after adjusting
      for PCI [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3-4.5,
      p<0.01 and aHR=2.23, 95% CI=1.21-4.09, p<0.01, respectively]. Patients with high
      CEA and low CA125 or vice versa had an approximately triple risk of death
      (HR=3.34, 95% CI=1.21 9.25, p=0.02 and HR=2.76, 95% CI=1.01 7.77, p=0.04,
      respectively). High CEA with high CA125 produced an additive effect, reflecting a
      six-fold increase in death (HR=6.57, 95% CI=2.62 13.69, p<0.001, median survival:
      not reached vs. 22 months). CONCLUSION: Serum CEA and CA125 in patients with CRPC
      treated with cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy convey a
      negative prognostic effect independently of PCI.

PMID- 26976997
TI  - Prognostic Value of Anti-Mullerian Hormone and Inhibin B in Patients with
      Premenopausal Hormone Receptor-positive Breast Cancer.
AB  - AIM: We investigated whether the ovarian reserve determined on the basis of anti
      Mullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B predicted disease-free survival (DFS) in
      premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer treated with
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our analysis included 32
      premenopausal women with clinical stage III hormone receptor-positive invasive
      ductal breast cancer treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Blood samples were
      obtained after neoadjuvant chemotherapy completion. The median follow-up period
      was 57.7 months. RESULTS: The median patient age was 41.5 years. The group with
      functional ovarian reserve was classified by higher AMH and higher inhibin B
      levels using cut-off values of 1,000 pg/ml and 30 pg/ml, respectively. The group
      with functional ovarian reserve had significantly worse DFS (p=0.043) than the
      group with ovarian failure. CONCLUSION: The functional ovarian reserve defined by
      higher serum AMH and inhibin B after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicted poor DFS
      in premenopausal women with clinical stage III hormone receptor-positive breast
      cancer.

PMID- 26976998
TI  - Bortezomib, Thalidomide and Lenalidomide: Have They Really Changed the Outcome of
      Multiple Myeloma?
AB  - Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly improved, although the
      disease remains incurable. Prospective clinical trials evaluating the impact on
      outcome of new drugs such as proteasome inhibitors or immunomodulating agents are
      limited since they are not able to reflect the clinical routine and available
      retrospective data are not detailed enough to directly evaluate the value of new
      drugs. To address these information gaps, we performed a retrospective real-life
      analysis. We retrospectively assessed 949 patients treated for multiple myeloma
      or plasma cell leukemia at three Italian cancer centers in the years 1979-2014.
      Clinical features at the time of diagnosis were consistent with what was observed
      in clinical routine. A total of 39% of patients underwent high-dose chemotherapy
      followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The median overall
      survival (OS) of the whole group was 5.4 years and ranged from 3.4 years for
      patients who did not receive at least one of the new drugs compared to 5.9 years
      in the other patients (p<0.001). The improvement in OS due to administration of
      new drugs was also observed among different prognostic sub-groups such as age,
      Durie and Salmon stage, international staging system and renal impairment.
      Availability of new drugs significantly improved survival of patients who
      underwent ASCT and also those who did not. In conclusion, we provided evidence
      that the advent of the new drugs drastically improved the outcome of patients
      with MM, also in cases with poor risk at the time of diagnosis. ASCT is still of
      major importance in the treatment of this disease. Nevertheless, MM remains
      incurable and new therapeutic approaches are warranted. 

PMID- 26976999
TI  - Computed Tomographic Features of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma.
AB  - AIM: The objective of this study was to determine the computed tomographic (CT)
      features of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We
      analyzed CT features of MPM cases and compared them to those of other malignant
      conditions (non-MPM). RESULTS: Multiple nodular lesions occurred more frequently
      in the MPM group compared to non-MPM cases (p=0.013). Thickening of the mesentery
      was detected more frequently in MPM cases than in non-MPM cases (56% vs. 18%,
      p=0.029). Pleural plaques were detected in 13 cases (45%) in the MPM group but
      were not detected in the non-MPM group. The MPM-CT index score, determined in
      each case as the sum of the findings which are potentially characteristic of MPM,
      was significantly higher in MPM than in non-MPM cases (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: MPM
      presented characteristic CT findings, and the MPM-CT index may be useful for
      differential diagnosis of MPM.

PMID- 26977000
TI  - A Survival Score for Patients Receiving Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone for Brain
      Metastases from Breast Cancer.
AB  - AIM: To generate a survival score for patients with breast cancer treated with
      stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone for brain metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Seven factors were evaluated in 34 patients, namely age, performance score,
      number of brain metastases, maximum diameter of all brain metastases, location of
      brain metastases, extracerebral metastases and time between breast cancer
      diagnosis and SRS. The score was created from factors having a significant impact
      on survival. Points of 0 (worse survival) or 1 (better survival) were assigned.
      Factor scores were added to total prognostic scores for each patient. RESULTS: A
      significant impact on survival was found for performance score (p<0.001), maximum
      diameter of cerebral lesions (p=0.002), and extracerebral metastases (p=0.026).
      Three groups were designated by score: 0-1, 2 and 3 points. One-year survival
      rates were 48%, 71% and 100%, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This score
      contributes to appropriate selection of personalized treatment in patients with
      breast cancer with few cerebral metastases.

PMID- 26977001
TI  - The Prognostic Role of KRAS Mutation in Patients with Advanced NSCLC Treated with
      Second- or Third-line Chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The prognostic and predictive value of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral
      oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not
      well established. The present study aimed at the elucidation of the role of KRAS
      mutation in prediction of outcome of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving
      second- or third-line chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The outcome of 127
      patients with advanced NSCLC who recieved pemetrexed or docetaxel at second- or
      third-line therapy was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Progression-free
      survival was not significantly different between patients with KRAS mutation and
      those with wild-type KRAS. The results were the same even when taking into
      account the specific KRAS mutation. Overall survival was significantly longer for
      patients with wild-type KRAS vs. those with KRAS mutation (16.1 vs. 7.2 months,
      p=0,008). We observed shorter overall survival for those with G12C KRAS mutation
      vs. other KRAS mutations (median 10.3 vs. 6.4 months, p=0.011). CONCLUSION: The
      presence of KRAS mutation (especially KRAS G12C mutation) correlated with adverse
      prognosis in patients treated with second- or third-line pemetrexed or docetaxel.

PMID- 26977003
TI  - Impact of the Radiation Dose on Survival after Radiochemotherapy for Small-cell
      Lung Cancer.
AB  - AIM: Radiochemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer may not be sufficiently
      tolerated by all patients. To contribute to better personalization of the
      radiochemotherapy programs, this study compared two radiotherapy doses and 10
      characteristics for survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 71 patients receiving
      radiochemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer, the radiation dose given as
      equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2: <56 vs. >=56 Gy) plus 10
      characteristics, namely gender, age, Karnofsky performance score, T-category, N
      category, tumor stage, pack years, smoking during radiotherapy, respiratory
      insufficiency and hemoglobin prior to radiotherapy, were evaluated for survival.
      RESULTS: On multivariate analysis, EQD2 >=56 Gy (p=0.003), female gender
      (p=0.029), Karnofsky performance score >70 (p<0.001), very limited disease
      (p=0.043) and pre-radiotherapy hemoglobin >=12 g/dl (p=0.044) were significantly
      associated with better survival. CONCLUSION: This study identified several
      independent predictors of survival after radiochemotherapy of small-cell lung
      cancer. A radiation dose of >=56 Gy resulted in better survival than lower doses.

PMID- 26977004
TI  - Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, with 1.36 million
      people diagnosed in 2012. The prognosis of colorectal cancer is better with an
      earlier diagnosis. The outcome of colorectal cancer may also be improved by
      targeting pathways involved in colorectal cancer formation, such as anti
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy. An understanding of colorectal
      carcinogenesis is essential for the design of molecular targeting. Recent
      advances in the molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer, methylation of DNA in
      colorectal cancer, and micro-RNA biogenesis, and their involvement in colorectal
      cancer have resulted in the identification of many new colorectal biomarkers.
      Such biomarkers may be used for earlier diagnosis of, selection of 'personalised'
      therapy for, and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Many of these biomarkers appear
      promising in small-scale studies. However, validation of their effectiveness with
      large-scale clinical trials is needed before routine clinical application. To
      this end, the recently established consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal
      cancer would enable like-for-like comparisons of the treatment outcomes of
      clinical trials. 

PMID- 26977002
TI  - Locked Nucleic Acid In Situ Hybridization Analysis of MicroRNA-21 Predicts
      Clinical Outcome in Patients After Resection for Pancreatic Cancer Treated with
      Adjuvant Gemcitabine Monotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The overexpression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in pancreatic cancer has
      been implicated in drug resistance to gemcitabine. Thus far, miR-21 has gained
      wide attention as a potential biomarker to predict the clinical response in
      patients with pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine. The aim of this study was
      to evaluate the predictive value of miR-21 expression, determined by locked
      nucleic acid in situ hybridization (LNA-ISH), in patients with pancreatic cancer
      who underwent adjuvant gemcitabine after curative surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Tumor miR-21 expression was analyzed via LNA-ISH and correlated with the clinical
      outcomes of the patients treated with adjuvant gemcitabine. RESULTS: The
      overexpression of miR-21 in pancreatic cancer, determined by LNA-ISH, was
      significantly and independently associated with a shorter disease-free survival
      in patients who received adjuvant gemcitabine after curative resection.
      CONCLUSION: The LNA-ISH analysis of miR-21 may serve as a significant predictor
      for gemcitabine resistance in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing adjuvant
      gemcitabine after curative resection.

PMID- 26977005
TI  - Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Enhancers, PIKEs: Their Biological Functions and Roles
      in Cancer.
AB  - Phosphoinositide 3-kinase enhancer (PIKE) belongs to a family of GTP-binding
      proteins, including three isoforms, PIKE-S, PIKE-L and PIKE-A. PIKE-S and PIKE-L
      interact with PI3K to enhance the activity of PI3K, but PIKE-A directly binds to
      AKT and up-regulates its activity. PIKEs also interacts with a variety of
      signaling molecules in addition to PI3K and AKT, to trigger multiple
      physiological functions. Overexpression or mutation of PIKE has been observed in
      a variety of tumors, especially PIKE-A, which acts as a proto-oncogene, promoting
      cancer cell growth, transformation and invasion through AKT signaling. Knockdown
      of PIKE-A or blocking of PIKE-A/AKT interactions enhances apoptosis, inhibits
      cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Moreover, PIKE plays an
      important role in tumorigenesis through other signaling pathways, such as focal
      adhesion kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A, and nuclear
      factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. The current review
      explores the functional role of PIKE and its potential in cancer therapy. 

PMID- 26977006
TI  - Update on Biomarkers in Development of Anti-angiogenic Drugs in Gastric Cancer.
AB  - The treatment of advanced gastric cancer remains challenging as the outcomes
      achieved with surgery alone or adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy and
      radiotherapy are poor. New treatment strategies are emerging and being tested in
      advanced gastric cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors
      have been confirmed as important therapeutic agents in randomised clinical trials
      in multiple solid tumour settings. Until now, results of phase II and phase III
      clinical trials of anti-angiogenic agents on gastric cancer have been relatively
      modest, with moderate improvement in overall survival. The effects of these drugs
      are limited due to development of resistance to them and the increased risk of
      tumour invasion and metastasis. If we are to optimise or develop combination
      regimens for advanced gastric cancer with VEGF inhibitors that build on their
      efficacy, it is critical to identify and validate biomarkers in order to enable
      selection of those patients who are prone to benefit and monitor their response
      to the drugs. Validated biomarkers can help to further personalise VEGF
      inhibitors and dosage determination for advanced or metastatic gastric cancer,
      particularly as these drugs can be toxic and expensive. Although no biomarker is
      validated for routine use for this purpose, several candidates are currently
      under investigation. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the recent
      developments in biomarkers for anti-angiogenic therapy in gastric cancer tumour
      angiogenesis. 

PMID- 26977007
TI  - Tumour-Endothelial Cell Communications: Important and Indispensable Mediators of
      Tumour Angiogenesis.
AB  - Angiogenesis is an essential aspect of tumour growth and metastasis. Solid
      tumours cannot grow beyond 2-3 mm in diameter without inducing the formation of
      new blood vessels to support the energetic requirements of tumour cells.
      Angiogenesis is stimulated by cancer cells through a wide variety of cell-to-cell
      communication means. Cancer cells can induce endothelial changes by directly
      targeting cells via soluble factors, adhesion receptors, gap junctions and
      vesicles. They also can stimulate endothelial signaling pathways in an indirect
      way, e.g. by activating stromal cells, by secreting proteases into the
      extracellular space or even by changing the pH, temperature and availability of
      oxygen and nutrients. Anti-angiogenic drugs appear to be an effective cancer
      treatment in animal models but have been shown to have a limited effect in the
      long term. Resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies has been attributed to the
      ability of cancer cells to induce angiogenesis in a different way. We propose
      that cancer cells also change the way they communicate with endothelial cells in
      order to escape therapies that inhibit angiogenesis and that a better knowledge
      of this phenomenon will help us design more efficient drugs. 

PMID- 26977008
TI  - Targeting of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Kappa B (RANK) in PC-3 Cells Increases
      Cell Proliferation and Matrix Adhesion In Vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Western societies, prostate cancer is the most frequently
      diagnosed cancer amongst men. Efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment remain a
      major focus and have been proven beneficial in the approach to localised disease.
      However, currently, metastatic disease management still remains palliative.
      Receptor activator of nuclear kappa B (RANK) has been extensively studied in bone
      biology and immunology, whilst several links have been made between RANK-positive
      breast cancer cells and disease progression. Its role in prostate cancer biology
      remains poorly understood, therefore the aim of this study was to explore the
      functional role of endogenously produced RANK in metastatic PC-3 prostate cancer
      cells in isolation and in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: RANK expression was targeted using hammerhead ribozyme technology in
      PC-3 prostate cancer cells, and verified by polymerase chain reaction and western
      blot. A variety of in vitro functional assays were conducted, including cell
      proliferation and matrix adhesion in the presence of HGF. RESULTS: Suppression of
      RANK expression was successfully targeted with anti-RANK hammerhead ribozyme
      transgenes, as verified by PCR and western blot. Reduced RANK expression resulted
      in significantly increased PC-3 cell proliferation (p<0.01) and cell-matrix
      adhesion (p<0.05) compared to control cells. CONCLUSION: Previous work into RANK
      and prostate cancer has focused on its interaction with the bone environment,
      particularly with regard to its receptor RANK ligand. This study has shown that
      endogenous RANK expression changes might also influence prostate cancer cell
      behaviour. Further work is now required to elucidate the signaling pathways
      involved in these processes.

PMID- 26977009
TI  - The Association Between WAVE1 and -3 and the ARP2/3 Complex in PC 3 Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Actin polymerisation is stimulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)
      2/3 complex and drives cell migration. This complex is activated by Wiskott
      Aldrich syndrome protein family (WASP) verprolin homologous protein (WAVE)
      proteins. WAVE1 and -3 have been implicated in the aggressiveness of metastatic
      prostate cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell growth, motility and invasion
      were analyzed in WAVE1- and WAVE3-knockdown PC-3 cells along with the ARP2/3
      inhibitor, CK-0944636. Confocal microscopy was adopted to examine protein co
      localisation. Immunoprecipitation approaches were used to determine protein
      tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS: Cell growth suppression was observed with
      WAVE3 knockdown and ARP2/3 inhibition. Reduced cell invasion effects observed
      with WAVE1 knockdown appeared to be rescued by ARP2/3 inhibition. WAVE1 and WAVE3
      and ARP2 co-localisation was lost in PC-3 WAVE-knockdown cells, while increased
      ARP2 tyrosine phosphorylation was observed with WAVE3 knockdown. CONCLUSION:
      These results implicate a contributory role of WAVE1 and -3 to the metastatic
      phenotype of PC-3 cells through their interaction with the ARP2/3 complex.

PMID- 26977010
TI  - MDM2 and PSMA Play Inhibitory Roles in Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells Through
      Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and prostate-specific membrane
      antigen (PSMA) are currently under investigation as individual therapeutic
      targets due to their overexpression in many cancer types, as well as their pro
      tumorigenic effect on cells. Recently, knockdown of PSMA was linked to a decrease
      in MDM2 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and an increase in MMP3 and MMP13
      expression. We aimed to assess the link between PSMA, MDM2 and the MMPs in
      metastatic breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Real-time
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting were used to
      assess siRNA-mediated knockdown of MDM2 and PSMA in MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75.1 breast
      cancer cells. Assays to assess the growth, adhesion, migration and invasion of
      the cells following siRNA treatment were undertaken. MMP and tissue inhibitor of
      matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) levels were assessed via quantitative PCR.
      RESULTS: Knockdown of MDM2 resulted in a decrease in PSMA expression levels and
      vice versa; although this trend was not replicated at the protein level.
      Knockdown of each of the molecules resulted in a decrease in growth, adhesion,
      migration and invasive ability of breast cancer cells. Both knockdowns led to a
      decrease in MMP2 and an increase in MMP3, -10 and -13 gene expression.
      CONCLUSION: MDM2 and PSMA may co-regulate the expression of certain MMPs and,
      thus, the functionality of cells in metastatic breast cancer.

PMID- 26977011
TI  - IL24 and its Receptors Regulate Growth and Migration of Pancreatic Cancer Cells
      and Are Potential Biomarkers for IL24 Molecular Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is hard to diagnose and treat due to its
      asymptomatic development and early metastasis. Supplementary therapy including
      molecular targeted therapy is needed to improve the outcome of pancreatic cancer.
      The significance of interleukin 24 (IL24) and its receptors in pancreatic cancer
      were investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative reverse
      transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was carried out in 200 patient
      samples of pancreatic cancer. Transcript and protein expression were investigated
      in pancreatic cancer cells. Impact of IL24 recombinant protein on cell functions
      was examined. RESULTS: High IL20R1 transcript expression was related to early T
      stage, and advanced N, and M stage. They collectively correlated with the
      survival of the patients. Treatment with IL24 inhibited cell growth, but its
      impact on migration varied depending on protein concentration. CONCLUSION: IL20R1
      correlated with prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer, and mediates
      pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration. It may be a potential biomarker for
      IL24 molecular-targeted therapy.

PMID- 26977012
TI  - A Novel NHERF1 Mutation in Human Breast Cancer Inactivates Inhibition by NHERF1
      Protein in EGFR Signaling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) has been reported
      to interact with many cancer-related proteins. We recently identified a novel
      NHERF1 mutation (E43G) in breast tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The candidates
      of NHERF1 mutation were identified in breast cancer tissues by polymerase chain
      reaction and DNA sequencing. Wild-type NHERF1 and E43G mutation were expressed in
      NHERF1-knockdown cells (MCF7DeltaNHERF1) and low-NHERF1-expressing cells (SKMES
      1). The effects of mutated NHERF1 on cell functions were examined using in vitro
      methods. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays and western blotting were
      performed to study the effects of NHERF1 mutation on its interaction with cancer
      related proteins. RESULTS: Compared to wild-type NHERF1, expression of the
      mutated NHERF1 failed to suppress malignant traits in cancer cells, attenuated
      interaction of NHERF1 protein with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and
      inactivated its inhibition of EGF-induced Akt and extracellular regulated protein
      kinases (ERK) activation. CONCLUSION: The results show the causal role of NHERF1
      in the regulation of the EGFR pathway and the progression of breast cancer.

PMID- 26977013
TI  - Biochemical Features of Recombinant Human Cyclophilin J.
AB  - AIM: To characterize the biochemical features of the newest member of cyclophilin
      family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases), cyclophilin J (CYPJ).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: PPIase assays were performed on purified hCYPJ and its
      mutated variants. The substrate specificity, half-maximal inhibitory
      concentration (IC50) of cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibition and circular dichroism
      (CD) spectrum of CYPJ were measured. Mercury pathway profiling luciferase assays
      were also performed. RESULTS: The catalytic number/Michaelis constant (kcat/KM)
      value of CYPJ was 9.5*10(4) s(-1)M(-1). CYPJ additionally catalyzed norleucine
      proline, isoleucine-proline and glutamine-proline peptides compared to CYPA and
      Escherichia coli PPIases. CYPJ was inhibited by CsA in a dose-dependent manner
      with IC50 of 12.1+/-0.9 MUM. The CD spectrum of CYPJ was similar to CYPA. CYPJ
      significantly up-regulated the transcription of E-box, E2F, retinoblastoma (Rb),
      p53, activator protein 1 (AP1), NF-kappaB and phospho-cAMP response element (CRE)
      cis-response element in 293T cells. CONCLUSION: CYPJ structurally resembles CYPA.
      It is sensitive to inhibition by CsA and plays a role in regulating cell growth,
      proliferation, and apoptosis.

PMID- 26977014
TI  - Effect of YangZheng XiaoJi Extract, DME-25, on Endothelial Cells and their
      Response to Avastin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is a cellular process that has been identified as a key
      target for therapy in solid cancer. However, over the course of anti-angiogenic
      therapies, cancer cells acquire resistance to these therapies after an initial
      period of success. DME-25 is an extract from Yang Zheng Xiao Ji, a traditional
      Chinese medicine that has been reported to benefit patients with cancer by
      alleviating chemotherapy-associated symptoms and possibly inhibiting key cancer
      cell traits. This study aimed to explore if DME-25 on its own and in combination
      with avastin affected endothelial cell behaviour in vitro in the presence of
      hypoxic lung cancer-conditioned medium (CM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two lung
      cancer cell lines, A549 and SK-MES-1, were exposed to hypoxic conditions (O2
      <=1%) for 4 h, after which CM, and RNA were collected. Transcript expression of
      several influential angiogenic markers in lung cancer cells were assessed
      following hypoxic/normoxic conditions. Lung cancer CM was added in combination
      with avastin and DME-25, before or after vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) depletion, to endothelial cells (HECV) and cell migration and microtubule
      formation were assessed in vitro. RESULTS: HECV cell migration was reduced in the
      presence of avastin, although less efficiently in the presence of lung cancer CM.
      A combination of DME-25 and avastin with lung cancer CM significantly reduced
      HECV cell migration irrespective of culture under hypoxia or normoxia. Depletion
      of VEGF from the CM reduced the inhibitory capacity of avastin, however, it
      appeared to have little impact on the anti-angiogenic effects of DME-25.
      CONCLUSION: DME-25 inhibits tubule formation irrespectively of the factors
      secreted by normoxic or hypoxic lung cancer cell CM depleted of VEGF.

PMID- 26977015
TI  - New Roles of Osteocytes in Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Breast and
      Prostate Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most cases of prostate and breast cancer metastasis occur to the
      bone, and are responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Osteocytes
      constitute over 90% of adult bone cells. They orchestrate bone remodelling
      through determining osteoclast activity and affecting osteoblasts. The osteocyte
      lacuno-canalicular network is also intimately associated with the blood vessel
      network in the bone matrix. However, the roles of osteocytes in cancer cell
      invasion and metastasis remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we
      investigated the effects of early osteocytes on the behaviour of breast and
      prostate cancer cells. The proliferation of cultured cells was assessed using the
      AlamarBlue assay. The electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) system was
      used to measure spreading, attachment and migratory behaviour of cancer cells in
      response to conditioned medium (CM) from mouse osteocytes. Other cell assays,
      including in vitro wound healing and transwell migration/invasion assays, were
      also applied to evaluate the effect of osteocytes on cancer cells. RESULTS: We
      found that CM from osteocytes from both monolayer and three-dimensional (3D)
      cultures, stimulated proliferation of DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells but not
      LNCaP cells compared to control medium. Osteocyte CM also stimulated
      proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. However, osteocyte CM
      promoted the migration and adhesion of PC3 and DU145 in prostate cancer cells but
      had the reverse effect on PZHPV7, a normal prostate epithelial cell line. In the
      breast cancer cells studied, osteocyte CM inhibited post-wound migration of MCF-7
      and ZR-75.1 cells but not MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, osteocyte CM stimulated
      transwell chemotactic migration of MDA-MB-231 cells but not of MCF-7 and ZR-75.1
      cells. CONCLUSION: Osteocytes play diverse roles in the proliferative and
      migratory potential of breast and prostate cancer cells that may be associated
      with cancer-specific bone metastasis and requires further investigation.

PMID- 26977016
TI  - Discovery of a Regulatory Motif for Human Satellite DNA Transcription in Response
      to BATF2 Overexpression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the basic leucine zipper transcription factors, BATF2, has
      been found to suppress cancer growth and migration. However, little is known
      about the genes downstream of BATF2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HeLa cells were
      stably transfected with BATF2, then chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing was
      employed to identify the DNA motifs responsive to BATF2. RESULTS: Comprehensive
      bioinformatics analyses indicated that the most significant motif discovered as
      TTCCATT[CT]GATTCCATTC[AG]AT was primarily distributed among the chromosome
      centromere regions and mostly within human type II satellite DNA. Such motifs
      were able to prime the transcription of type II satellite DNA in a directional
      and asymmetrical manner. Consistently, satellite II transcription was up
      regulated in BATF2-overexpressing cells. CONCLUSION: The present study provides
      insight into understanding the role of BATF2 in tumours and the importance of
      satellite DNA in the maintenance of genomic stability.

PMID- 26977017
TI  - Knockdown of EPHA1 by CRISPR/CAS9 Promotes Adhesion and Motility of HRT18
      Colorectal Carcinoma Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular A1 (EPHA1) is the first
      member of the EPH superfamily. Its abnormal expression has been reported in
      various cancer types. However, the contribution of EPHA1 to the regulation of
      colorectal cancer cell behaviour remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      study, we investigated the expression profile of EPHA1 in human colorectal cancer
      and its effect on the adhesion and motility of colorectal cancer cells. We used
      human colorectal cancer specimens and the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line
      HRT18 for this purpose. RESULTS: Our cohort screening data showed that in
      patients with colorectal cancer, low expression of EPHA1 gene is correlated with
      a remarkably reduced survival. After EPHA1 is knocked-down in colorectal cancer
      cells using a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
      associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR-CAS9) genomic editing system, we observed an
      increase in the spreading and adhesion of HRT18 cells. Moreover, protein array
      data indicated that the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2
      terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways were activated as a consequence.
      Inhibition of ERK and JNK proteins with specific inhibitors led to suppression of
      migration of the colorectal cancer cells. CONCLUSION: EPHA1 suppresses spreading
      and adhesion of HRT18 colorectal cancer cells through deactivation of ERK and JNK
      signaling pathways.

PMID- 26977018
TI  - Microwave Ablation: The Differences Between Biliary Cirrhosis and Normal Porcine
      Liver Using a Cooled-tip Electrode.
AB  - AIM: To elucidate the difference in both in vivo and ex vivo microwave ablation
      in a biliary cirrhotic porcine liver model using a cooled-tip electrode.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microwave ablation with cooled-tip electrode was conducted
      under laparotomy. Morphological and pathological characteristics of the ablated
      areas were compared. RESULTS: In the cirrhotic liver group, the in vivo ablated
      area was smaller than that ex vivo in terms of short and long axes, and volume.
      With the same ablation settings, both in vivo and ex vivo ablated areas in normal
      pig liver were larger than their counterparts in cirrhotic liver in terms of the
      short and long axes, and volume. CONCLUSION: Both in vivo and ex vivo ablated
      areas in biliary cirrhotic pig liver were smaller than their counterparts in
      normal liver, suggesting that for the same amount of power, it requires a
      significantly longer duration to achieve the same ablated volume in cirrhotic
      liver compared to normal liver.

PMID- 26977020
TI  - The Impact of TIMM17A on Aggressiveness of Human Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial protein translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane
      17 homolog A (TIMM17A) has been identified as a biomarker of breast cancer. The
      present study aimed to investigate the biological role of TIMM17A in human breast
      cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-TIMM17A transgenes were stably
      transfected into MDA MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The impact of
      TIMM17A knock-down on cell migration and invasion were evaluated using the
      respective cell models. RESULTS: Reducing the expression of TIMM17A in breast
      cancer cells resulted in reduction of cell migration using electric cell
      substrate impedance sensing. It was also found that reduction of TIMM17A
      expression resulted in reduction of cell invasion compared to vector control.
      CONCLUSION: TIMM17A has a profound impact on the cellular function of breast
      cancer cells. A decrease of TIMM17A expression is associated with the reduction
      of the aggressiveness of breast cancer cells. TIMM17A, therefore, has potential
      in prognosis and treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 26977019
TI  - Prostate Apoptosis Response-4 (PAR4) Suppresses Growth and Invasion of Breast
      Cancer Cells and Is Positively Associated with Patient Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR4) plays an important role in
      apoptosis and survival of cancer cells. The current study aimed to further
      elucidate its role in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PAR4 expression in
      human breast cancer tissue was examined using quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Plasmids containing full
      length human PAR4 coding sequence were used to overexpress PAR4 in breast cancer
      cells and the effect on cellular functions was examined using both in vitro
      functional assays and an in vivo murine model. RESULTS: Patients with low PAR4
      transcript levels had poorer overall survival. PAR4 expression may be associated
      with differential expression of oestrogen receptors alpha and beta in the
      tumours. Overexpression of PAR4 in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in reduced cell
      growth and invasion, and also reduced in vivo tumour growth. CONCLUSION:
      Decreased PAR4 expression in breast cancer is associated with shorter survival.
      PAR4 suppresses growth and invasiveness of breast cancer cells.

PMID- 26977021
TI  - Relationship Between HSP70 and ERBB2 Expression in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
      Regarding Drug Resistance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is known to be downstream of human
      epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ERBB2), but little is known regarding the
      relationship between HSP70 and drug resistance mediated by ERBB2 in breast
      cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After infecting breast cancer cells with
      lentivirus-mediated Lenti-ShHSP70 and Lenti-ShERBB2, we examined the expression
      of HSP70 and ERBB2 by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.
      RESULTS: Compared to the control groups, mRNA expression of HSP70 was decreased
      in lentivirus-infected, and western blotting indicated a concordant reduction of
      HSP70 protein. On the other hand, ERBB2 was significantly down-regulated by HSP70
      silencing in SK-BR-3 cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. Expression of
      HSP70 in transfected cells was also reduced by Lenti-ShERBB2. CCK8 viability
      assay indicated that inhibition of HSP70 increased the sensitivity of SK-BR-3
      cells to fluorouracil treatment. CONCLUSION: HSP70 affects ERBB2 and ERBB2
      mediated drug-resistance in breast cancer cells.

PMID- 26977022
TI  - ADAM29 Expression in Human Breast Cancer and its Effects on Breast Cancer Cells
      In Vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease Domain 29 (ADAM29) is involved in
      many important physiological processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that
      ADAM29 is a susceptibility locus showing traits as a risk factor for breast
      cancer under genome-wide significance, however, the clinical relevance and
      cellular function of ADAM29 in breast cancer have not been reported. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: In this study, we assessed the expression levels of ADAM29 in a
      cohort of human breast cancer specimens. We also used MDA-MB-231 cells with
      differing ADAM29 expression and assessed the influence of ADAM29 and its
      mutations on the MDA-MB-231 cell line. RESULTS: Increased transcript expression
      of ADAM29 was observed in breast cancer tissues compared to normal ones. The
      expression of ADAM29 and its mutations in different domains significantly
      influenced proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro.
      CONCLUSION: ADAM29 may represent a prognostic factor in human breast cancer, as
      well as a novel molecular candidate to be used as a therapeutic target.

PMID- 26977023
TI  - Possible Effect of Muscle-relaxant Anaesthetics on Invasion, Adhesion and
      Migration of Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aggressive surgical removal of the primary tumour is the preferred
      treatment, but with tumour progression, some tumours cannot be completely removed
      surgically. Anaesthetics are administered to facilitate surgery. However,
      anaesthetics act as a potential factor in tumour recurrence or metastasis.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal breast cells and cancer breast cells were treated
      with different doses of muscle-relaxant anaesthetics. The effects on breast
      cancer cell invasion, adhesion and migration of these anaesthetics were then
      investigated using in vitro models. RESULTS: With increasing dose of rocuronium
      bromide and suxamethonium chloride CRS, the number of MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells,
      but not that of MDA-MB-231 cells, decreased. There was almost no difference in
      the number of cells when the three cell lines were treated with different doses
      of vecuronium bromide. The study also demonstrated that rocuronium bromide
      promoted the invasion, adhesion and growth of MDA-231 cells, while suxamethonium
      chloride CRS had no effect. Interestingly, vecuronium bromide did not affect the
      motility and invasion of breast cancer cells significantly. CONCLUSION: An
      understanding of the effect of anaesthetics and their impact on tumour metastasis
      is important, thus using an appropriate aesthetic strategy could improve long
      term survival in some patients.

PMID- 26977024
TI  - The Clinical Implications of RSK1-3 in Human Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The ribosomal S6 protein kinase (RSK) family is an important
      effector of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (ERK/MAPK) that could influence tumour metastasis by phosphorylating
      proteins in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Aberrant expression of
      RSK is evident in certain malignancies but the role played by RSK in breast
      cancer is still not clear. This study aimed to examine the expression of RSK in
      human breast cancer specimens and its role to breast cancer metastasis. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The expression of RSK1 to -3 were separately examined in human
      breast cancer tissues (normal, n=33; cancer, n=112) using quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Migration and
      adhesion of breast cancer cells treated with the RSK inhibitor SL0101 were
      investigated by electric cell impedance sensing (ECIS). The effect on growth and
      invasion of RSK1-3 was then investigated using in vitro models. RESULTS: The
      clinical data and immunohistochemistry revealed that expression of RSK1 and RSK3
      were less in tumour tissues than normal. mRNA expression of RSK2 was negatively
      correlated with grade, TNM staging, and survival rate. SL0101 inhibited adhesion
      of the MCF-7 and MDA-231 breast cancer cell lines. SL0101 suppressed MDA-231
      invasion and the alternate RSK inhibitor BRD7389 inhibited the invasion of MCF-7
      and MDA-231 cells. CONCLUSION: RSK1 and 3 but not RSK2 are down-regulated in
      breast tumour and are associated with disease progression. RSK may be a key
      component in the progression and metastasis of breast cancer.

PMID- 26977025
TI  - Expression of PIN1 in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours and its Clinical
      Significance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The malignancy of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) varies
      greatly. Due to the uncertainty of specific molecular pathogenesis and complexity
      of biological behaviour of GIST, the aggressiveness and prognosis of GIST cannot
      be precisely predicted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved 40 paraffin-embedded
      specimens of surgically resected GIST between January 2013 and May 2015 at the
      Pathology Department of Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University and
      detected the expression of NIMA-interacting peptidylprolyl isomerase (PIN1) and
      Ki67, by immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: The positivity rate of PIN1 and
      Ki67 in GIST was 80% and 32.5%, respectively. The expression of PIN1 was
      associated with risk of malignancy, tumour location, tumour size, and mitotic
      counts. The expression of Ki67 was also associated with risk of malignancy,
      tumour location, tumour size, and mitotic counts. The expression of Ki67 was
      positively related to the expression of PIN1. CONCLUSION: PIN1 and Ki67 may be
      potential factors predicting the malignancy of GIST. PIN1 may be an attractive
      prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for GIST.

PMID- 26977026
TI  - Expression of Semaphorin 3C in Breast Cancer and its Impact on Adhesion and
      Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to examine the role of semaphorin 3C
      (SEMA3C) in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SEMA3C transcripts expressed by
      breast tissues were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
      Knock-down of SEMA3C was performed in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell
      lines using anti-SEMA3C hammerhead ribozyme transgenes. The effect of SEMA3C
      knockdown on cancer cells was determined using in vitro cellular function assays.
      RESULTS: Higher SEMA3C transcript levels were significantly associated with poor
      differentiation of cancer cells, and transcript levels were significantly reduced
      in oestrogen receptor-positive tumours. Knock-down of SEMA3C expression resulted
      in a decrease in cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion of breast cancer
      cells. CONCLUSION: Higher SEMA3C expression is correlated with tumour
      differentiation. Inhibition of SEMA3C reduces adhesion and invasion of breast
      cancer cells. This suggests that SEMA3C may play a significant role in
      morphological changes of cancer cells, leading to enhanced growth and
      dissemination.

PMID- 26977027
TI  - Metastasis to Bone in Human Cancer Is Associated with Loss of Occludin
      Expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Occludin is an integral membrane protein localised at tight junctions
      (TJ). There is no consensus regarding its paramount role in TJ. In previous work
      we showed that occludin is aberrantly expressed in both human breast tissues and
      cancer cell lines. This study demonstrates a link to bone metastasis in human
      cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary breast tumours (n=124) and matched normal
      tissues (n=30) were processed for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)
      analysis. A hammerhead ribozyme was constructed to create occludin knockdown cell
      lines, MDA-MB-231(DeltaOcc) and PC-3(DeltaOcc). The effect of human bone matrix
      extract (BME) was investigated using cell growth and electric cell impedance
      sensing (ECIS) technology to measure changes in attachment/migration. Trans
      epithelial resistance (TER) was measured for assessing changes in TJ function.
      Cells used were MDA-MB-231, PC-3, CORL-23, SKMES-1 and A-549 human cancer cell
      lines. RESULTS: Tumours from patients with bone metastasis had significantly
      lower occludin expression compared to those remaining alive/well (60.7+/-21 vs.
      331+/-98, respectively, p=0.008). This was striking in ductal carcinomas, where
      patients alive/well had significantly higher occludin expression compared to
      those with bone metastasis (391+/-12.5 vs. 67.9+/-28, respectively, p=0.0014).
      ECIS demonstrated that MDA-MB-231(DeltaOcc) showed reduced attachment to 5% BME
      compared to controls (84% vs. 100%) that prevented closure of wounded cell
      layers. Moreover, these cells had reduced growth on BME. In addition, BME changed
      the TER of a number of human cell lines and was able to effect changes in the
      growth of MDA-MB-241 and PC-3 cells, with greater effect on knockdown cells.
      CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate that occludin expression has a
      clear relationship with bone metastasis in human cancer. The discrepancy between
      this and the in vitro data indicating a reduction in migration/growth rate of
      occludin knockdown indicates that loss of occludin leads to complex changes in
      human cancer cell phenotype.

PMID- 26977028
TI  - Reduced RanBPM Expression Is Associated with Distant Metastasis in Gastric Cancer
      and Chemoresistance.
AB  - AIM: Ran binding protein M (RanBPM) is a ubiquitous, nucleocytoplasmic protein
      that serves as a scaffolding molecule. This study aimed to investigate the role
      of RanBPM in gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RanBPM expression in human
      gastric cancer tissue samples was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain
      reaction. The effect of RanBPM on cellular functions was examined in RanBPM
      knockdown gastric cells and with in vitro cell functional assays. RESULTS:
      Gastric tumors with distant metastases expressed lower levels of RanBPM
      transcripts compared to tumours without detectable metastases (p=0.036). RanBPM
      knockdown in gastric cancer cells reduced adhesion and promoted survival of
      gastric cancer cells after exposure to methotrexate and fluorouracil. CONCLUSION:
      RanBPM levels were reduced in gastric tumors with distant metastases. This
      suggests that loss of RanBPM expression may play an important role in gastric
      cancer tumor development and metastasis. Reduced RanBPM expression is also
      associated with chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells.

PMID- 26977029
TI  - The Effects of Different Methods of Anaesthesia for Laparoscopic Radical
      Gastrectomy with Monitoring of Entropy.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the effects of methods of total intravenous anaesthesia
      (TIVA) and combined intravenous and inhaled anaesthesia (CIIA) for laparoscopic
      radical gastrectomy under the same anaesthetic depth monitored by entropy
      indices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred patients undergoing laparoscopic
      radical gastrectomy were randomly distributed into group I (anaesthetized by
      TIVA) and group II (anaesthetized by CIIA), each group including 50 patients.
      TIVA was performed with propofol and remifentanil by means of target controlled
      infusion (TCI) for the patients in group I. CIIA was performed for patients in
      group II by inhalation of sevoflurane and continuous infusion of remifentanil
      after anaesthesia induction, with state entropy (SE) maintained in the range of
      45-60 and difference regarding response entropy (RE) and SE less than 10.3. The
      concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine in plasma from radial
      artery blood samples were measured and the durations of surgical operation,
      breathing recovery, extubation, awakening, and postoperative orientation recovery
      recorded; and 48 h postoperative adverse reactions at the following times: the
      time at which the patient becomes calm for 5 min after entering the operating
      theatre (T0); upon completion of pneumoperitoneum (PPT) (T1); 15 min after PPT
      (T2); intraoperative detection (T3), immediately after extubation (T4); and 15
      min after extubation (T5). RESULTS: Comparing the measurements of epinephrine,
      norepinephrine and dopamine in plasma of the above two groups at the same time,
      the difference between the measurements at T0 and T2, and T5 were not
      statistically significant (p>0.05), whereas those at T1, T3, and T4 were
      statistically significant (p<0.05). Specifically, the measurements for group I
      were significantly higher than those for group II; the differences regarding the
      duration of breathing recovery, extubation, and awakening in both groups were not
      statistically significant (p>0.05). The postoperative orientation recovery
      duration for group II was significantly less than that that for group I (p<0.05);
      none of the patients in either group had intraoperative awareness, and the
      incidence of adverse reactions, such as nausea, vomit, and agitation in both
      groups was not statistically significantly different (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: At the
      same anaesthetic depth, the CIIA method outperforms the TIVA method in
      suppressing the stress response and obtaining smooth awakening after laparoscopic
      radical gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer; therefore, the CIIA method
      has a better anaesthetic effect.

PMID- 26977030
TI  - Hypocalcaemia After Total Knee Arthroplasty and its Clinical Significance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transient hypocalcaemia is a frequent complication after total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA). In this study, we investigated the factors associated with
      the development of hypocalcaemia after TKA in order to explore its clinical
      significance and treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the
      change of serum calcium levels for 40 patients after TKA was performed. We
      investigated the patients prospectively for age, gender, and amount of bleeding
      at operation. At 24 hours following the operation, serum calcium of the patients
      was evaluated and a t-test was performed to analyze the categorical variables.
      Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the risk of hypocalcaemia in
      univariate analysis. RESULTS: After TKA, the serum calcium level was
      significantly lower than that before the operation (p<0.01); the incidence of
      postoperative hypocalcaemia was 77.5%, the decline was positively correlated with
      intraoperative blood loss (Pearson's r=0.405, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Hypocalcaemia
      occurs frequently after TKA, however, clinical symptoms associated with
      hypocalcaemia are rare. The calcium ion is an important electrolyte,
      neurotransmitter and blood coagulation factor. It is suggested that we should
      routinely monitor calcium ion levels during the perioperative period and deal
      with hypocalcaemia in a timely fashion.

PMID- 26977031
TI  - Effective Treatment for Malignant Pleural Effusion and Ascites with Combined
      Therapy of Bevacizumab and Cisplatin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To record the efficacy and toxicity of combining bevacizumab with
      cisplatin in treating malignant pleural effusion and ascites through intrapleural
      and intraperitoneal infusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients were
      admitted to the Oncology Department of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital with confirmed
      malignant effusion since January, 2011. Twenty of them received intrapleural and
      intraperitoneal perfusion of 200 mg bevacizumab plus 60 mg cisplatin every three
      weeks, and 23 patients received 60 mg cisplatin alone after draining effusion as
      much as possible. Reduction of effusion was determined by type-B ultrasonography.
      RESULTS: The complete remission rate and effective rate of bevacizumab group was
      superior to that of the cisplatin group. The quality of life recovery rate of
      bevacizumab group was superior to that of the cisplatin group. The anhelation and
      abdominal distention of bevacizumab group was significantly improved. There was
      no significant difference in level III/IV toxicities and adverse effects between
      two groups. CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab significantly improved the objective response
      rate and quality of life of patients with malignant pleural effusion and ascites,
      while not causing notable adverse events.

PMID- 26977032
TI  - Partial Resection of the Pancreatic Head and Duodenum for Management of Carcinoma
      of the Ampulla of Vater: A Case Report.
AB  - A 57-year-old woman presented with spontaneous pain in the upper right quadrant
      of the abdominal region of one year's duration. Contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance
      cholangiopancreaticography revealed the presence of a tumour in the periampullary
      region, gallstones, cholecystitis, and biliary obstruction, as well as atrophy of
      the pancreas and dense adhesions involving the pancreas, portal vein, and
      superior mesenteric vein. Duodenoscopy revealed a papillary neoplasm, measuring
      2.5*3 cm, in the descending duodenum. Pathological analysis of the duodenoscopic
      biopsy suggested carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Partial resection of the
      pancreatic head and duodenum, together with lymph node dissection and digestive
      tract reconstruction, was performed. Postoperatively, the patient recovered well.
      CT at 14 months postoperatively showed no recurrence or metastasis. This surgical
      procedure avoids the potential risk of pancreaticoduodenectomy and retains the
      function of the pancreas as much as possible, while achieving radical tumour
      resection. 

PMID- 26977033
TI  - Endoscopic Resection of Giant Ethmoid Osteomas with the Assistance of an Image
      guidance System.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the minimally invasive ablation of giant osteoma of the
      ethmoid sinuses endonasally with the assistance of an image-guidance system.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 12 patients
      with osteomas of ethmoid sinuses treated by endoscopic surgery with the help of a
      navigation system from April 2005 to October 2013. RESULTS: Osteomas in all 12
      patients were giant and connected extensively with the anterior skull base,
      lamina papyracea, or orbital apex, and were removed successfully with the help of
      an endoscope and image navigation system under general anaesthesia. In two cases
      (one through superciliary arch incision and the other one through labiogingival
      incision), the procedure was combined with an external procedure to remove
      osteomas. All patients were followed-up for 8 to 64 months. No recurrences were
      found. All symptoms gradually vanished or reduced dramatically after surgery. One
      case of frontal mucocele was observed and was successfully removed 5 years after
      removal of the osteoma. Anosmia occurred in both patients who underwent crista
      galli resection, and no recovery was noted 9 and 26 months later. Cerebrospinal
      fluid rhinorrhea was found in one case during surgery and was repaired with
      mucosa of inferior nasal concha immediately, and primary healing was successful.
      CONCLUSION: Endoscopic ablation of giant osteomas of the ethmoid sinuses with the
      guidance of a navigation system is an accurate, secure, minimally invasive
      procedure. A careful study of the preoperative computed tomographic scan is
      necessary for the success of the operation. If the lesion extensively affects the
      frontal sinus and maxillary sinus, a combination of superciliary arch incision
      and labiogingval groove incision is a simple, easy and elegant option.

PMID- 26977034
TI  - False-negative Frozen Section of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in a Chinese
      Population with Breast Cancer.
AB  - AIM: This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of frozen section (FS) in
      diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastasis and to analyze the predictive factors
      for false-negativity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with breast cancer and
      clinically negative axillary were recruited for sentinel lymph node biopsy
      (SLNB). All nodes were examined by intraoperative FS and underwent further
      paraffin sectioning. RESULTS: A total of 1,272 patients underwent SLNB over an 8
      year period, and 53 patients had false-negative FS. Univariate and multivariate
      analysis revealed that younger age, stellate mammographic pattern, and ER
      positive status were statistically different when compared to the 53 members of
      the cohort who were truly negative on SLNB (control group). Eight patients were
      lost to clinical follow-up; the recurrence-free survival rate of the remaining 49
      patients with false-negative SLNB did not differ from that of the 49-patient
      cohort (control group) (p=0.072), while these patients did experience poorer
      overall survival (p=0.035). CONCLUSION: Younger age, stellate mammographic
      pattern and ER-positive status were independent predictors for false-negative FS
      on biopsy.

PMID- 26977035
TI  - Biologic Effects of Light: An Enlighting Prospective.

PMID- 26977036
TI  - Biological Effects of Sunlight, Ultraviolet Radiation, Visible Light, Infrared
      Radiation and Vitamin D for Health.
AB  - Humans evolved in sunlight and had depended on sunlight for its life giving
      properties that was appreciated by our early ancestors. However, for more than 40
      years the lay press and various medical and dermatology associations have
      denounced sun exposure because of its association with increased risk for skin
      cancer. The goal of this review is to put into perspective the many health
      benefits that have been associated with exposure to sunlight, ultraviolet A (UVA)
      ultraviolet B (UVB), visible and infrared radiation. 

PMID- 26977037
TI  - Roles of Solar UVB and Vitamin D in Reducing Cancer Risk and Increasing Survival.
AB  - The present article reviews existing scientific evidence in support of the
      ultraviolet-B (UVB)-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis, now being in its 35th year.
      Literature evidence comes from geographical ecological and observational studies,
      two successful clinical trials, and an understanding of how vitamin D reduces
      risk of and increases survival from cancer. Each approach has its strengths and
      limitations, and considering findings from all of these approaches yields the
      best conclusions. There exist over 15 types of cancer for which UVB exposure
      and/or 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have been found associated
      with reduced risk. The optimal 25(OH)D concentration for preventing and surviving
      cancer appears to be above 75-100 nmol/l. There exists mounting evidence that
      individuals with higher 25(OH)D concentration at the time of cancer diagnosis
      have better cancer-specific and overall survival rates, suggesting that cancer
      affected people should raise their 25(OH)D concentrations. 

PMID- 26977038
TI  - Photocarcinogenesis and Skin Cancer Prevention Strategies.
AB  - In this review the basic principles of UV-induced carcinogenesis are summarized
      and the state of the art diagnosis and therapeutic strategies are discussed. The
      prevalent keratinocyte-derived neoplasms of the skin are basal cell and squamous
      cell carcinomas. Cutaneous melanoma is less frequent but associated with high
      mortality. Common risk factors for all three tumor entities include sun exposure
      and DNA-repair deficiencies. Photocarcinogenesis follows a multistep model of
      cancer development in which ultraviolet-induced DNA damage leads to mutations
      resulting in activation of oncogenes or silencing of tumor-suppressor genes. This
      ends in a cellular mutator phenotype even more prone to mutation acquisition. DNA
      repair, especially the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, counteracts
      mutation formation and skin cancer development. This is vividly demonstrated by
      the NER-defective disorder xeroderma pigmentosum. Primary skin cancer
      preventative strategies, therefore, include reduction of DNA photodamage by
      protection from the sun. Secondary preventative strategies include skin cancer
      screening. This implies standard examination techniques with the naked eye, an
      epiluminescence microscope, or digital epiluminescence microscopy. More advanced
      techniques include confocal laser scan microscopy. 

PMID- 26977039
TI  - Vitamin D and Mortality.
AB  - In this narrative review, we aim to summarize and discuss the current evidence
      linking vitamin D and mortality. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations
      are associated with an increased risk of mortality. This has been shown in
      different cohort studies including general populations, as well as various
      patient cohorts. Some single-study results and meta-analyses indicate that the
      shape of the relationship between 25(OH)D and mortality follows a U- or a reverse
      J-shaped curve. Interassay and laboratory differences are, however, a limitation
      of most previous surveys, and standardization of 25(OH)D measurements is needed
      for future investigations. Apart from observational data, it has been documented
      in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that vitamin D3 supplementation
      is associated with a moderate, yet statistically significant, reduction in
      mortality. This latter finding must be interpreted in light of some limitations
      such as incomplete follow-up data, but such a reduction of mortality with vitamin
      D3 supplementation as the finding of meta-analyses of randomized controlled
      trials strongly argues for the benefits and, importantly, also the safety of
      vitamin D. 

PMID- 26977040
TI  - Light - Instead of UV Protection: New Requirements for Skin Cancer Prevention.
AB  - The requirements on sunscreens have essentially changed, since some years ago it
      was demonstrated that approximately 50% of free radicals, that are formed in the
      skin by solar radiation, originate from the visible and infrared regions of the
      solar spectrum. In addition, a critical radical concentration threshold could be
      found. If this concentration, the free radical threshold value (FRTV), is
      exceeded, sunburn, immunosuppression and skin cancer may develop. Application of
      sunscreens and lotions protects against sunburn in the UV region of the solar
      spectrum and therefore is frequently used to extend people's stay in the sun.
      However, this behaviour can enhance the concentration of free radicals formed in
      the visible and infrared regions of the solar spectrum, so that the critical
      radical threshold is exceeded and the skin may be damaged. 

PMID- 26977041
TI  - Extracorporeal Photopheresis for Non-skin GvHD.
AB  - Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is one of the most feared adverse events of
      allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In severe grades of GvHD
      patients die from infections due to impairment of their immune defense or therapy
      refractory involvement of intestines, liver and lung. Extracorporeal
      photopheresis is an effective treatment for acute and chronic graft versus host
      disease without severe impairment of the recipient's immune system. It is
      generally better known for its effect on skin GvHD but all other manifestations
      of GvHD can respond as well. Herein we report a brief review of its history and
      give an overview of the current knowledge of extracorporeal photopheresis in non
      skin GvHD. 

PMID- 26977042
TI  - Vitamin D Status in Chronic Kidney Disease - UVB Irradiation Is Superior to Oral
      Supplementation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In chronic kidney disease (CKD) a deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D is common. The aim of this review was to compare vitamin D status after oral
      supplementation of vitamin D3 to that of serial suberythemal irradiation in end
      stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-five patients,
      with a mean age of 62 (range=35-82) years, were treated with a mean dose of
      35,000 (20,000-60,000) IU vitamin D3 per week for a period of 18 months. Fourteen
      patients, with a mean age of 51 (range=41-57) years, were whole-body UVB
      irradiated for over 6 months. From 3 hemodialysis patients skin biopsies were
      performed. RESULTS: With oral supplementation 25(OH)D3 increased by 60%. With UV
      irradiation 25(OH)D3 increased by 400%. Gene expression analysis demonstrated an
      improvement in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) by 0.65 fold, in 1-alpha-hydroxylase
      (CYP27B1) by 1.0 fold, and in 25-hydroxylase (CYP2R) by 1.2 fold. CONCLUSION:
      Serial suberythemal UVB irradiation of patients with CKD on dialysis is capable
      to improve serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 by enhancing the skin's ability to
      activate vitamin D.

PMID- 26977044
TI  - Layer Thickness of SPF 30 Sunscreen and Formation of Pre-vitamin D.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most studies have demonstrated that sunscreens with lower sun
      protection factor (SPF) do not prevent the production of vitamin D because much
      lower amount of sunscreen (SPF<30) is applied than recommended (2 mg/cm(2))
      indicating that a significant amount of UV radiation can penetrate the skin.
      Since less sunscreen is applied, higher SPF sunscreens may be used to achieve the
      desired protection. However, there is little information regarding the
      application of high-SPF sunscreen and vitamin D formation. The aim of this study
      was to measure the influence of the amount of two SPF 30 sunscreens on pre
      vitamin D formation in a cuvette with 7-dehydrocholesterol. RESULTS: Sunscreen
      with physical (reflecting) or chemical (absorbing) UV filters exhibits different
      levels of protection in vitro even if the SPF is the same. The level of
      photoprotection is differentially reduced when less sunscreen than the
      recommended application thickness is applied. CONCLUSION: The usual application
      of 0.8-1 mg/cm(2) is below the recommended value of 2 mg/cm(2), and pre-vitamin D
      may be formed when lower amounts of SPF <=30 sunscreen are applied, showing that
      a significant amount of UV radiation may enter the skin.

PMID- 26977043
TI  - UV Irradiation and Pleiotropic Effects of Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease -
      Benefits on Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Quality of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D3 can be metabolized in the skin to 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D
      because the skin expresses vitamin D-25-hydroxylase, 25(OH)D-1-alpha-hydroxylase,
      and the vitamin D receptor. The aim of this review was to discuss the pleiotropic
      effects after serial suberythemal UVB irradiation with a sun-simulating UV
      spectrum in end-stage kidney disease patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fourteen
      hemodialysis patients, with a mean age of 51 (range 41-57) years, were whole-body
      UV irradiated over 6 months. RESULTS: Patients demonstrated an increase in their
      hematocrit and required less erythropoietin. An increase in maximal oxygen uptake
      and workload capacity was associated with decreased lactic acid production. The
      patients demonstrated a decreased heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure with an increase in the R-R-interval and the beat-to-beat-differences.
      CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular disease is the most important comorbidity. Exposure to
      simulated sunlight that contains both UVB and UVA reduce cardiovascular risk
      factors and improve quality of life.

PMID- 26977045
TI  - Optimization of Chemical Syntheses of Vitamin D C3-Epimers.
AB  - Due to the widespread impact of vitamin D on human health, the development of
      appropriate assays to detect deficiency of all vitamin D metabolites of
      pharmacological interest is being continuously improved. Although over 50
      naturally-occurring metabolites of vitamin D are known to date, only very few are
      routinely detected in commercially available assays. This is particularly true
      regarding C3-epimers of vitamin D3 and D2, which not only may interfere in
      analytical measurements with other metabolites of interest, but also have
      controversial and not yet fully understood physiological functions. In this study
      we optimized a synthetic method to obtain various vitamin D3 and D2 C3-epimers in
      order to make them available in gram quantities for further evaluation and for
      their use in assay development or drug discovery. Particularly, the inversion of
      the C3-OH group at the A-ring of vitamin D2, which, in turn, serves as a suitable
      starting material for most of chemical syntheses of vitamin D metabolites, can be
      converted to the corresponding C3-epimer under so-called "Mitsunobu conditions".
      Thus, the C3-OH group is converted into the corresponding ester by treatment with
      an aromatic acid, subsequent addition of an azodicarboxlate and
      triphenylphoshine, leading to the corresponding ester, concomitant to the
      inversion of the stereogenic center at C3. Reduction or saponification of the
      resulting ester finally leads to the corresponding C3-epimer, that may serve as
      starting material for a wide variety of vitamin D3 and D2 C3-epimers. 

PMID- 26977046
TI  - Solar Simulators for Healthy Vitamin D Synthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The angular distribution of solar radiance and its spectral
      characteristics is required for the determination of vitamin D3 production in
      humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The vitamin D3 weighted exposure can be calculated
      by integrating the incident solar spectral radiance over all relevant parts of
      the human body. A novel instrument allowing simultaneous measurements of spectral
      radiance from more than 100 directions has been developed. A large solar
      simulator for controlled experiments is described. RESULTS: In summer it is
      relatively easy to obtain sufficient vitamin D because sun exposure times are
      short. In winter solstice vitamin D3 cannot be obtained with realistic clothing
      even if the exposure were extended to all daylight hours. CONCLUSION: Improved
      and controlled experiments to determine vitamin D3 production are required to
      assess the positive effects of solar UV radiation and to assess its natural
      variability.

PMID- 26977047
TI  - Human Pigmentation, Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis and Evolution: Variants of
      Genes (SNPs) Involved in Skin Pigmentation Are Associated with 25(OH)D Serum
      Concentration.
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with higher risk for and
      unfavourable outcome of many diseases. Limited data exist on genetic determinants
      of serum 25(OH)D concentration. In a cohort of the LURIC study (n=2974, median
      25(OH)D concentration 15.5 ng/ml), we tested the hypothesis that variants (SNPs,
      n=244) of several genes (n=15) involved in different aspects of skin
      pigmentation, including melanosomal biogenesis (ATP7A, DTNBP1, BLOC1S5, PLDN,
      PMEL), melanosomal transport within melanocytes (RAB27A, MYO5A, MLPH); or various
      melanocyte signaling pathways (MC1R, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, DKK1, RACK1, CNR1) are
      predictive of serum 25(OH)D levels. Eleven SNPs located in 6 genes were
      associated (p<0.05) with low or high serum 25(OH)D levels, 3 out of these 11 SNPs
      reached the aimed significance level after correction for multiple comparisons
      (FDR). In the linear regression model adjusted for sex, body mass index (BMI),
      year of birth and month of blood sample rs7565264 (MLPH), rs10932949 (PAX3), and
      rs9328451 (BLOC1S5) showed a significant association with 25(OH)D. The combined
      impact on variation of 25(OH)D serum levels (coefficient of determination (R(2)))
      for the 11 SNPs was 1.6% and for the 3 SNPs after FDR 0.3%. In Cox Regression we
      identified rs2292881 (MLPH) as having a significant association (advantage) with
      overall survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis did not show any significant impact of
      individual SNPs on overall survival. In conclusion, these results shed new light
      on the role of sunlight, skin pigmentation and vitamin D for human evolution. 

PMID- 26977049
TI  - Errata.

PMID- 26977048
TI  - Prospective Investigation of 25(OH)D3 Serum Concentration Following UVB Narrow
      Band Phototherapy in Patients with Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis.
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency represents a major health issue. It is a worldwide endemic
      and is associated with a broad variety of severe diseases. The skin is a key
      tissue for the human body's vitamin D endocrine system. It represents a target
      tissue for biologically active vitamin D metabolites. Approximately 90% of the
      human body's requirements of vitamin D have to be synthesised in the skin by the
      action of UVB-radiation. However, individual factors that influence a person's
      cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D are still not well understood. In our present
      prospective study we investigated the effect of UVB narrow band (UVBnb, 311 nm)
      and PUVA phototherapy on 25(OH)D3 serum concentration, in patients with
      psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and a few cases with other dermatoses (n=41). We
      found that two weeks of UVBnb treatment resulted in an increase of 25(OH)D3 serum
      concentration from 11.4 to 20.5 ng/ml (p<0.001), while in contrast PUVA-treatment
      did not significantly alter vitamin D status. These findings question the
      hypothesis of a relevant vitamin D metabolizing effect of UVA. Psoriasis patients
      showed a trend for a stronger increase in 25(OH)D3 serum levels following UVBnb
      compared to patients with atopic dermatitis. Patients with relatively low
      baseline serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations had a stronger increase in 25(OH)D3
      concentrations compared to patients with relatively high 25(OH)D serum
      concentrations. In general patients with skin types (Fitzpatrick) I and II
      (median=14.3 ng/ml) had a higher baseline of 25(OH)D3 serum concentration
      compared to patients with skin types III (median=11.2 ng/ml) or IV-V (median=12.3
      ng/ml), although these differences were not statistically significant (p=0.106).
      Baseline 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations were correlated with presence of genetic
      variants (SNPs of VDR, CYP2R1, VDBP/GC) that influence vitamin D status, and with
      other individual factors such as body mass index, age and gender. We also
      investigated the effect of phototherapy on blood pressure and a variety of
      laboratory parameters such as CRP, HbA1c, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and
      cholesterol. In conclusion, our pilot study shows that UVBnb phototherapy
      efficiently increases 25(OH)D3 serum concentration and reports interesting
      preliminary findings that have to be re-evaluated in larger follow-up studies. 

PMID- 26977050
TI  - Combined Inhibition of Complement and CD14 Attenuates Bacteria-Induced
      Inflammation in Human Whole Blood More Efficiently Than Antagonizing the Toll
      like Receptor 4-MD2 Complex.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Single inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-MD2 complex
      failed in treatment of sepsis. CD14 is a coreceptor for several TLRs, including
      TLR4 and TLR2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of single TLR4
      MD2 inhibition by using eritoran, compared with the effect of CD14 inhibition
      alone and combined with the C3 complement inhibitor compstatin (Cp40), on the
      bacteria-induced inflammatory response in human whole blood. METHODS: Cytokines
      were measured by multiplex technology, and leukocyte activation markers CD11b and
      CD35 were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
      inflammatory markers were efficiently abolished by both anti-CD14 and eritoran.
      Anti-CD14 was significantly more effective than eritoran in inhibiting LPS
      binding to HEK-293E cells transfected with CD14 and Escherichia coli-induced
      upregulation of monocyte activation markers (P < .01). Combining Cp40 with anti
      CD14 was significantly more effective than combining Cp40 with eritoran in
      reducing E. coli-induced interleukin 6 (P < .05) and monocyte activation markers
      induced by both E. coli (P < .001) and Staphylococcus aureus (P < .01). Combining
      CP40 with anti-CD14 was more efficient than eritoran alone for 18 of 20 bacteria
      induced inflammatory responses (mean P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Whole bacteria
      induced inflammation was inhibited more efficiently by anti-CD14 than by
      eritoran, particularly when combined with complement inhibition. Combined CD14
      and complement inhibition may prove a promising treatment strategy for bacterial
      sepsis.

PMID- 26977051
TI  - Physical Sequestration of Bacillus anthracis in the Pulmonary Capillaries in
      Terminal Infection.
AB  - The lung is the terminal target of Bacillus anthracis before death, whatever the
      route of infection (cutaneous, inhalational, or digestive). During a cutaneous
      infection in absence of toxins, we observed encapsulated bacteria colonizing the
      alveolar capillary network, bacteria and hemorrhages in alveolar and bronchiolar
      spaces, and hypoxic foci in the lung (endothelial cells) and brain (neurons and
      neuropil). Circulating encapsulated bacteria were as chains of approximately 13
      um in length. Bacteria of such size were immediately trapped within the lung
      capillary network, but bacteria of shorter length were not. Controlling lung
      targeted pathology would be beneficial for anthrax treatment.

PMID- 26977052
TI  - Attract them anyway: benefits of large, showy flowers in a highly autogamous,
      carnivorous plant species.
AB  - Reproductive biology of carnivorous plants has largely been studied on species
      that rely on insects as pollinators and prey, creating potential conflicts.
      Autogamous pollination, although present in some carnivorous species, has
      received less attention. In angiosperms, autogamous self-fertilization is
      expected to lead to a reduction in flower size, thereby reducing resource
      allocation to structures that attract pollinators. A notable exception is the
      carnivorous pyrophyteDrosophyllum lusitanicum(Drosophyllaceae), which has been
      described as an autogamous selfing species but produces large, yellow flowers.
      Using a flower removal and a pollination experiment, we assessed, respectively,
      whether large flowers in this species may serve as an attracting device to prey
      insects or whether previously reported high selfing rates for this species in
      peripheral populations may be lower in more central, less isolated populations.
      We found no differences between flower-removed plants and intact, flowering
      plants in numbers of prey insects trapped. We also found no indication of reduced
      potential for autogamous reproduction, in terms of either seed set or seed size.
      However, our results showed significant increases in seed set of bagged, hand
      pollinated flowers and unbagged flowers exposed to insect visitation compared
      with bagged, non-manipulated flowers that could only self-pollinate autonomously.
      Considering that the key life-history strategy of this pyrophytic species is to
      maintain a viable seed bank, any increase in seed set through insect pollinator
      activity would increase plant fitness. This in turn would explain the maintenance
      of large, conspicuous flowers in a highly autogamous, carnivorous plant. 

PMID- 26977053
TI  - A prospective study on the efficacy of two-dose influenza vaccinations in cancer
      patients receiving chemotherapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are at risk of acquiring
      influenza infections. Two-dose vaccination is a proposed strategy for increasing
      vaccination efficacy; however, this has yet to be confirmed in this population.
      The purpose of this study was to clarify the efficacy and safety of this
      strategy. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre prospective study on a two-dose
      vaccination regimen in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Second
      vaccinations were performed in patients who did not respond to all three viral
      strains after the first vaccination. Serum haemagglutination inhibition titres
      were measured to determine the patients' immunological response, 2 weeks prior to
      the first vaccination, 3-5 weeks after each vaccination, and at the end of the
      influenza season. RESULTS: We enrolled 109 patients, including 70 with solid
      tumours, 36 with haematological malignancies, and 3 with both cancer types. Among
      the total patients, the proportion of patients with protective titres against the
      three viral strains increased significantly from 3 to 27% (P < 0.01) following
      vaccination. Among the 79 patients who received a second vaccination, the
      proportion of those with protective titres against the individual strains
      increased by 10% (H1N1), 8% (H3N2), and 3% (B) compared with after the first
      vaccination. Serious adverse events were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend
      influenza vaccinations for cancer patients, including those receiving
      chemotherapy. Also, the additional benefit of the second vaccination may be
      limited.

PMID- 26977054
TI  - Characteristics and overall survival of EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell
      lung cancer treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a retrospective
      analysis for 1660 Japanese patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Japan Guidelines of Lung Cancer Therapy recommend epidermal
      growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a first-line therapy for
      advanced/recurrent non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth
      factor receptor mutation. Although survival periods in recent reports of
      epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment have been
      getting longer, the reasons why are unclear. We investigated the survival,
      prognostic factors and real-world treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
      patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in clinical practice.
      METHODS: Non-small cell lung cancer patients (n = 1660) who started first-line
      treatment from January 2008 to December 2012 were enrolled. Patients were
      diagnosed with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive
      advanced/recurrent non-small cell lung cancer by histology or cytology samples.
      The primary objective was to estimate overall survival. The secondary objectives
      were to determine prognostic factors, real-world treatment patterns and efficacy
      of gefitinib treatment. We calculated the treatment exposure rate for each
      treatment category using the following formula: exposure rate = person-years for
      the treatment category/total person-years * 100. RESULTS: The median overall
      survival was 30.8 months. Sex, age, histology, epidermal growth factor receptor
      mutation type, clinical stage and performance status affected overall survival.
      The exposure rates for all epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors, gefitinib and platinum-doublet chemotherapy were 62.1, 46.4 and 8.5%
      respectively. Overall 56.1% of patients were administered gefitinib as first-line
      therapy, and 39.0% were treated with >=2 epidermal growth factor receptor
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor regimens. The median progression-free survival in the
      first-line gefitinib group was 11.4 months. Factors affecting prognosis were sex,
      histology, clinical stage and performance status. CONCLUSION: Epidermal growth
      factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, especially gefitinib, are major
      components of the treatment regimens for epidermal growth factor receptor
      mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Switching and re-challenging with
      epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors were also practiced
      in Japan.

PMID- 26977055
TI  - A preoperative low cancer antigen 125 level (<=25.8 mg/dl) is a useful criterion
      to determine the optimal timing of interval debulking surgery following
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical
      characteristics to determine the optimal timing of interval debulking surgery
      following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian
      cancer. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of women with advanced epithelial ovarian
      cancer, fallopian tube cancer or primary peritoneal cancer who underwent interval
      debulking surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy at our cancer center from
      April 2006 to April 2014. RESULTS: There were 139 patients, including 91 with
      ovarian cancer [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)
      Stage IIIc in 56 and IV in 35], two with fallopian tube cancers (FIGO Stage IV,
      both) and 46 with primary peritoneal cancer (FIGO Stage IIIc in 27 and IV in 19).
      After 3-6 cycles (median, 4 cycles) of platinum-based chemotherapy, interval
      debulking surgery was performed. Sixty-seven patients (48.2%) achieved complete
      resection of all macroscopic disease, while 72 did not. More patients with cancer
      antigen 125 levels <=25.8 mg/dl at pre-interval debulking surgery achieved
      complete resection than those with higher cancer antigen 125 levels (84.7 vs.
      21.3%; P< 0.0001). Patients with no ascites at pre-interval debulking surgery
      also achieved a higher complete resection rate (63.5 vs. 34.1%; P< 0.0001).
      Moreover, most patients (86.7%) with cancer antigen 125 levels <=25.8 mg/dl and
      no ascites at pre-interval debulking surgery achieved complete resection.
      CONCLUSIONS: A low cancer antigen 125 level of <=25.8 mg/dl and the absence of
      ascites at pre-interval debulking surgery are major predictive factors for
      complete resection during interval debulking surgery and present useful criteria
      to determine the optimal timing of interval debulking surgery.

PMID- 26977057
TI  - Correction to 'Land plants and DNA barcodes: short-term and long-term goals'.

PMID- 26977056
TI  - Following the flux of long-chain bases through the sphingolipid pathway in vivo
      using mass spectrometry.
AB  - Sphingolipids are essential components of the plasma membrane. Their synthesis is
      tightly controlled by regulatory proteins, which impinge on the rate-limiting
      step of the pathway, the condensation of serine and palmitoyl-CoA to long-chain
      base (LCB). The subsequent conversion of LCB to ceramide by ceramide synthase
      (CerS) is also tightly regulated, because both the accumulation of LCB as well as
      an excess of ceramide is toxic. Here we describe an in vivo assay to monitor the
      flux of LCB through the sphingolipid pathway in yeast. Cells are provided with
      nonnatural odd-chain sphingosine analogs, C17-dihydrosphingosine or C17
      phytosphingosine (PHS), and their incorporation into ceramide and more complex
      sphingolipids is monitored by mass spectrometry. Incorporation of C17-PHS is time
      and concentration dependent, is inhibited by fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of CerS,
      and greatly reduced in double mutant cells lacking components of the CerS, Lac1
      and Lag1. The resulting C17-ceramides are further metabolized to more complex
      sphingolipids, inositol phosphorylceramide and mannosylinositol
      phosphorylceramide), indicating that the tracer can be used to decipher the
      regulation of later steps of the pathway. In support of this notion, we show that
      mutants lacking the Orm proteins, regulators of the rate-limiting step of the
      pathway, display increased steady-state levels of these intermediates without
      affecting their rate of synthesis.

PMID- 26977059
TI  - The uncertain role of diversity dependence in species diversification and the
      need to incorporate time-varying carrying capacities.
AB  - There is no agreement among palaeobiologists or biologists as to whether, or to
      what extent, there are limits on diversification and species numbers. Here, we
      posit that part of the disagreement stems from: (i) the lack of explicit criteria
      for defining the relevant species pools, which may be defined phylogenetically,
      ecologically or geographically; (ii) assumptions that must be made when
      extrapolating from population-level logistic growth to macro-evolutionary
      diversification; and (iii) too much emphasis being placed on fixed carrying
      capacities, rather than taking into account the opportunities for increased
      species richness on evolutionary timescales, for example, owing to increased
      biologically available energy, increased habitat complexity and the ability of
      many clades to better extract resources from the environment, or to broaden their
      resource base. Thus, we argue that a more effective way of assessing the evidence
      for and against the ideas of bound versus unbound diversification is through
      appropriate definition of the relevant species pools, and through explicit
      modelling of diversity-dependent diversification with time-varying carrying
      capacities. Here, we show that time-varying carrying capacities, either increases
      or decreases, can be accommodated through changing intrinsic diversification
      rates (diversity-independent effects), or changing the effects of crowding
      (diversity-dependent effects). 

PMID- 26977058
TI  - The challenges to inferring the regulators of biodiversity in deep time.
AB  - Attempts to infer the ecological drivers of macroevolution in deep time have long
      drawn inspiration from work on extant systems, but long-term evolutionary and
      geological changes complicate the simple extrapolation of such theory. Recent
      efforts to incorporate a more informed ecology into macroevolution have moved
      beyond the descriptive, seeking to isolate generating mechanisms and produce
      testable hypotheses of how groups of organisms usurp each other or coexist over
      vast timespans. This theme issue aims to exemplify this progress, providing a
      series of case studies of how novel modelling approaches are helping infer the
      regulators of biodiversity in deep time. In this Introduction, we explore the
      challenges of these new approaches. First, we discuss how our choices of
      taxonomic units have implications for the conclusions drawn. Second, we emphasize
      the need to embrace the interdependence of biotic and abiotic changes, because no
      living organism ignores its environment. Third, in the light of parts 1 and 2, we
      discuss the set of dynamic signatures that we might expect to observe in the
      fossil record. Finally, we ask whether these dynamics represent the most
      ecologically informative foci for research efforts aimed at inferring the
      regulators of biodiversity in deep time. The papers in this theme issue
      contribute in each of these areas. 

PMID- 26977060
TI  - How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated
      using a Poisson sampling model.
AB  - The fossil record is a rich source of information about biological diversity in
      the past. However, the fossil record is not only incomplete but has also inherent
      biases due to geological, physical, chemical and biological factors. Our
      knowledge of past life is also biased because of differences in academic and
      amateur interests and sampling efforts. As a result, not all individuals or
      species that lived in the past are equally likely to be discovered at any point
      in time or space. To reconstruct temporal dynamics of diversity using the fossil
      record, biased sampling must be explicitly taken into account. Here, we introduce
      an approach that uses the variation in the number of times each species is
      observed in the fossil record to estimate both sampling bias and true richness.
      We term our technique TRiPS (True Richness estimated using a Poisson Sampling
      model) and explore its robustness to violation of its assumptions via
      simulations. We then venture to estimate sampling bias and absolute species
      richness of dinosaurs in the geological stages of the Mesozoic. Using TRiPS, we
      estimate that 1936 (1543-2468) species of dinosaurs roamed the Earth during the
      Mesozoic. We also present improved estimates of species richness trajectories of
      the three major dinosaur clades: the sauropodomorphs, ornithischians and
      theropods, casting doubt on the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction event and
      demonstrating that all dinosaur groups are subject to considerable sampling bias
      throughout the Mesozoic.

PMID- 26977061
TI  - Phylogenetic fields through time: temporal dynamics of geographical co-occurrence
      and phylogenetic structure within species ranges.
AB  - Species co-occur with different sets of other species across their geographical
      distribution, which can be either closely or distantly related. Such co
      occurrence patterns and their phylogenetic structure within individual species
      ranges represent what we call the species phylogenetic fields (PFs). These PFs
      allow investigation of the role of historical processes--speciation, extinction
      and dispersal--in shaping species co-occurrence patterns, in both extinct and
      extant species. Here, we investigate PFs of large mammalian species during the
      last 3 Myr, and how these correlate with trends in diversification rates. Using
      the fossil record, we evaluate species' distributional and co-occurrence patterns
      along with their phylogenetic structure. We apply a novel Bayesian framework on
      fossil occurrences to estimate diversification rates through time. Our findings
      highlight the effect of evolutionary processes and past climatic changes on
      species' distributions and co-occurrences. From the Late Pliocene to the Recent,
      mammal species seem to have responded in an individualistic manner to climate
      changes and diversification dynamics, co-occurring with different sets of species
      from different lineages across their geographical ranges. These findings stress
      the difficulty of forecasting potential effects of future climate changes on
      biodiversity.

PMID- 26977062
TI  - Quantifying the effects of the break up of Pangaea on global terrestrial
      diversification with neutral theory.
AB  - The historic richness of most taxonomic groups increases substantially over
      geological time. Explanations for this fall broadly into two categories: bias in
      the fossil record and elevated net rates of diversification in recent periods.
      For example, the break up of Pangaea and isolation between continents might have
      increased net diversification rates. In this study, we investigate the effect on
      terrestrial diversification rates of the increased isolation between land masses
      brought about by continental drift. We use ecological neutral theory as a means
      to study geologically complex scenarios tractably. Our models show the effects of
      simulated geological events that affect all species equally, without the added
      complexity of further ecological processes. We find that continental drift leads
      to an increase in diversity only where isolation between continents leads to
      additional speciation through vicariance, and where higher taxa with very low
      global diversity are considered. We conclude that continental drift by itself is
      not sufficient to account for the increase in terrestrial species richness
      observed in the fossil record. 

PMID- 26977063
TI  - Ecogeochemistry potential in deep time biodiversity illustrated using a modern
      deep-water case study.
AB  - The fossil record provides the only direct evidence of temporal trends in
      biodiversity over evolutionary timescales. Studies of biodiversity using the
      fossil record are, however, largely limited to discussions of taxonomic and/or
      morphological diversity. Behavioural and physiological traits that are likely to
      be under strong selection are largely obscured from the body fossil record.
      Similar problems exist in modern ecosystems where animals are difficult to
      access. In this review, we illustrate some of the common conceptual and
      methodological ground shared between those studying behavioural ecology in deep
      time and in inaccessible modern ecosystems. We discuss emerging ecogeochemical
      methods used to explore population connectivity and genetic drift, life-history
      traits and field metabolic rate and discuss some of the additional problems
      associated with applying these methods in deep time. 

PMID- 26977064
TI  - The impact of Cenozoic cooling on assemblage diversity in planktonic
      foraminifera.
AB  - The Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera (PF) (calcareous zooplankton) have arguably
      the most detailed fossil record of any group. The quality of this record allows
      models of environmental controls on macroecology, developed for Recent
      assemblages, to be tested on intervals with profoundly different climatic
      conditions. These analyses shed light on the role of long-term global cooling in
      establishing the modern latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)--one of the most
      powerful generalizations in biogeography and macroecology. Here, we test the
      transferability of environment-diversity models developed for modern PF
      assemblages to the Eocene epoch (approx. 56-34 Ma), a time of pronounced global
      warmth. Environmental variables from global climate models are combined with
      Recent environment-diversity models to predict Eocene richness gradients, which
      are then compared with observed patterns. The results indicate the modern LDG-
      lower richness towards the poles--developed through the Eocene. Three possible
      causes are suggested for the mismatch between statistical model predictions and
      data in the Early Eocene: the environmental estimates are inaccurate, the
      statistical model misses a relevant variable, or the intercorrelations among
      facets of diversity--e.g. richness, evenness, functional diversity--have changed
      over geological time. By the Late Eocene, environment-diversity relationships
      were much more similar to those found today.

PMID- 26977065
TI  - Fossil biogeography: a new model to infer dispersal, extinction and sampling from
      palaeontological data.
AB  - Methods in historical biogeography have revolutionized our ability to infer the
      evolution of ancestral geographical ranges from phylogenies of extant taxa, the
      rates of dispersals, and biotic connectivity among areas. However, extant taxa
      are likely to provide limited and potentially biased information about past
      biogeographic processes, due to extinction, asymmetrical dispersals and variable
      connectivity among areas. Fossil data hold considerable information about past
      distribution of lineages, but suffer from largely incomplete sampling. Here we
      present a new dispersal-extinction-sampling (DES) model, which estimates
      biogeographic parameters using fossil occurrences instead of phylogenetic trees.
      The model estimates dispersal and extinction rates while explicitly accounting
      for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Rates can vary between areas and
      through time, thus providing the opportunity to assess complex scenarios of
      biogeographic evolution. We implement the DES model in a Bayesian framework and
      demonstrate through simulations that it can accurately infer all the relevant
      parameters. We demonstrate the use of our model by analysing the Cenozoic fossil
      record of land plants and inferring dispersal and extinction rates across Eurasia
      and North America. Our results show that biogeographic range evolution is not a
      time-homogeneous process, as assumed in most phylogenetic analyses, but varies
      through time and between areas. In our empirical assessment, this is shown by the
      striking predominance of plant dispersals from Eurasia into North America during
      the Eocene climatic cooling, followed by a shift in the opposite direction, and
      finally, a balance in biotic interchange since the middle Miocene. We conclude by
      discussing the potential of fossil-based analyses to test biogeographic
      hypotheses and improve phylogenetic methods in historical biogeography. 

PMID- 26977066
TI  - Understanding how biodiversity unfolds through time under neutral theory.
AB  - Theoretical predictions for biodiversity patterns are typically derived under the
      assumption that ecological systems have reached a dynamic equilibrium. Yet, there
      is increasing evidence that various aspects of ecological systems, including (but
      not limited to) species richness, are not at equilibrium. Here, we use
      simulations to analyse how biodiversity patterns unfold through time. In
      particular, we focus on the relative time required for various biodiversity
      patterns (macroecological or phylogenetic) to reach equilibrium. We simulate
      spatially explicit metacommunities according to the Neutral Theory of
      Biodiversity (NTB) under three modes of speciation, which differ in how evenly a
      parent species is split between its two daughter species. We find that species
      richness stabilizes first, followed by species area relationships (SAR) and
      finally species abundance distributions (SAD). The difference in timing of
      equilibrium between these different macroecological patterns is the largest when
      the split of individuals between sibling species at speciation is the most
      uneven. Phylogenetic patterns of biodiversity take even longer to stabilize (tens
      to hundreds of times longer than species richness) so that equilibrium
      predictions from neutral theory for these patterns are unlikely to be relevant.
      Our results suggest that it may be unwise to assume that biodiversity patterns
      are at equilibrium and provide a first step in studying how these patterns unfold
      through time. 

PMID- 26977067
TI  - Towards a morphological metric of assemblage dynamics in the fossil record: a
      test case using planktonic foraminifera.
AB  - With a glance, even the novice naturalist can tell you something about the
      ecology of a given ecosystem. This is because the morphology of individuals
      reflects their evolutionary history and ecology, and imparts a distinct 'look' to
      communities--making it possible to immediately discern between deserts and
      forests, or coral reefs and abyssal plains. Once quantified, morphology can
      provide a common metric for characterizing communities across space and time and,
      if measured rapidly, serve as a powerful tool for quantifying biotic dynamics.
      Here, we present and test a new high-throughput approach for analysing community
      shape in the fossil record using semi-three-dimensional (3D) morphometrics from
      vertically stacked images (light microscopic or photogrammetric). We assess the
      potential informativeness of community morphology in a first analysis of the
      relationship between 3D morphology, ecology and phylogeny in 16 extant species of
      planktonic foraminifera--an abundant group in the marine fossil record--and in a
      preliminary comparison of four assemblages from the North Atlantic. In the
      species examined, phylogenetic relatedness was most closely correlated with
      ecology, with all three ecological traits examined (depth habitat, symbiont
      ecology and biogeography) showing significant phylogenetic signal. By contrast,
      morphological trees (based on 3D shape similarity) were relatively distantly
      related to both ecology and phylogeny. Although improvements are needed to
      realize the full utility of community morphometrics, our approach already
      provides robust volumetric measurements of assemblage size, a key ecological
      characteristic.

PMID- 26977069
TI  - The Role of Topical Vitamin E in Scar Management: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The practice of prescribing vitamin E after surgery for scar
      prevention and treatment is widespread and increasingly popular among both the
      public and clinicians. However, very little evidence exists for this "ritual."
      OBJECTIVES: This review was undertaken to critically analyze the current
      literature about the effect of vitamin E on treating scars. METHODS: The
      Cochrane, Medline, and PubMed databases were searched based on the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). The
      studies and levels of recommendation were graded according to the American
      Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) criteria. Only prospective studies were
      included. RESULTS: Only six studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these six
      included studies, three reported a significant improvement in the cosmetic
      appearance of scars when using vitamin E: one study used topical vitamin E in
      white children as monotherapy, and two studies used vitamin E in an adult
      population as combination therapy. The other three selected studies showed no
      significant improvement in scar appearance when using topical vitamin E as
      monotherapy. Two of the six included studies reported adverse events of vitamin E
      application: contact dermatitis and increased incidence of itching and rash.
      CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is not yet sufficient evidence that
      monotherapy with topical vitamin E has a significant beneficial effect on scar
      appearance to justify its widespread use. Further prospective studies with
      vitamin E monotherapy and/or combination therapy are warranted to draw better
      conclusions regarding the value of vitamin E in the management of scar healing.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Therapeutic.

PMID- 26977068
TI  - A promising future for integrative biodiversity research: an increased role of
      scale-dependency and functional biology.
AB  - Studies into the complex interaction between an organism and changes to its
      biotic and abiotic environment are fundamental to understanding what regulates
      biodiversity. These investigations occur at many phylogenetic, temporal and
      spatial scales and within a variety of biological and geological disciplines but
      often in relative isolation. This issue focuses on what can be achieved when
      ecological mechanisms are integrated into analyses of deep-time biodiversity
      patterns through the union of fossil and extant data and methods. We expand upon
      this perspective to argue that, given its direct relevance to the current
      biodiversity crisis, greater integration is needed across biodiversity research.
      We focus on the need to understand scaling effects, how lower-level ecological
      and evolutionary processes scale up and vice versa, and the importance of
      incorporating functional biology. Placing function at the core of biodiversity
      research is fundamental, as it establishes how an organism interacts with its
      abiotic and biotic environment and it is functional diversity that ultimately
      determines important ecosystem processes. To achieve full integration, concerted
      and ongoing efforts are needed to build a united and interactive community of
      biodiversity researchers, with education and interdisciplinary training at its
      heart. 

PMID- 26977070
TI  - A Four-Layer Wound Closure Technique with Barbed Sutures for Stable Reset of the
      Inframammary Fold in Breast Augmentation.

PMID- 26977071
TI  - Commentary on: Lessons Learned After 15 Years of Circumferential Bodylift
      Surgery.

PMID- 26977072
TI  - Decrease in Seroma Rate After Adopting Progressive Tension Sutures Without
      Drains: A Single Surgery Center Experience of 451 Abdominoplasties Over 7 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abdominoplasty is a common aesthetic procedure in the United States.
      Pollock and Pollock described their progressive tension technique in 2000 and
      published a series of 597 patients in 2012 of their experience. The reported
      seroma rate in the literature ranges from 2% to 26% with drains and 0.1% to 4%
      with progressive tension sutures (PTS) without drains. OBJECTIVES: Given these
      data, we decided to use PTS and forego drains in abdominoplasty. Here we present
      our experience with the transition. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart review
      of 451 abdominoplasties performed at our outpatient surgery center over a 7-year
      period (2009-2015). We gathered data on patient demographics, concomitant
      liposuction, and complications and length of follow up. RESULTS: Five main
      differences were examined in PTS vs traditional abdominoplasty using drains
      groups. These included rate of seroma, wound complication, scar revision,
      hematoma, and follow up. We found a decreased rate of seroma in the PTS group, 2%
      vs 9%. Wound complications were similar. Scar revision was slightly higher in the
      PTS group at 17% vs 10% in traditional abdominoplasty, this association had a P
      value of .048. The rates of hematoma were similar (0% vs 1%). The mean follow up
      was 6 months in PTS and 9 months in traditional abdominoplasty. Addition of
      liposuction did not increase the rate of seroma. CONCLUSIONS: PTS without drains
      significantly decreased the seroma rate in our practice. Our experience adds to
      the mounting evidence that surgeons should consider using the PTS technique and
      abandon the use of drains in abdominoplasty. A well powered, multicenter,
      randomized controlled study is needed in order to definitively lay this question
      to rest. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Therapeutic.

PMID- 26977073
TI  - SIMULATING LOCAL DENSE AREAS USING PMMA TO ASSESS AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL IN
      DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY.
AB  - Current digital mammography (DM) X-ray systems are equipped with advanced
      automatic exposure control (AEC) systems, which determine the exposure factors
      depending on breast composition. In the supplement of the European guidelines for
      quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis, a phantom-based test
      is included to evaluate the AEC response to local dense areas in terms of signal
      to-noise ratio (SNR). This study evaluates the proposed test in terms of SNR and
      dose for four DM systems. The glandular fraction represented by the local dense
      area was assessed by analytic calculations. It was found that the proposed test
      simulates adipose to fully glandular breast compositions in attenuation. The
      doses associated with the phantoms were found to match well with the patient dose
      distribution. In conclusion, after some small adaptations, the test is valuable
      for the assessment of the AEC performance in terms of both SNR and dose. 

PMID- 26977074
TI  - EVALUATION OF DOSE REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF A NOVEL SCATTER CORRECTION SOFTWARE
      FOR BEDSIDE CHEST X-RAY IMAGING.
AB  - Bedside chest X-rays (CXR) for catheter position control may add up to a
      considerable radiation dose for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). In
      this study, image quality and dose reduction potentials of a novel X-ray scatter
      correction software (SkyFlow, Philips Healthcare, Hamburg, Germany) were
      evaluated. CXRs of a 'LUNGMAN' (Kyoto Kagaku Co., LTD, Kyoto, Japan) thoracic
      phantom with a portacath system, a central venous line and a dialysis catheter
      were performed in an experimental set-up with multiple tube voltage and tube
      current settings without and with an antiscatter grid. Images with diagnostic
      exposure index (EI) 250-500 were evaluated for the difference in applied mAs with
      and without antiscatter grid. Three radiologists subjectively assessed the
      diagnostic image quality of grid and non-grid images. Compared with a non-grid
      image, usage of an antiscatter grid implied twice as high mAs in order to reach
      diagnostic EI. SkyFlow significantly improved the image quality of images
      acquired without grid. CXR with grid provided better image contrast than grid
      less imaging with scatter correction. 

PMID- 26977075
TI  - ORGAN DOSES AND EFFECTIVE DOSE FOR FIVE PET RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS.
AB  - Diagnostic investigations with positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals are
      dominated by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG), but other radiopharmaceuticals
      are also commercially available or under development. Five of them, which are all
      clinically important, are (18)F-fluoride, (18)F-fluoroethyltyrosine ((18)F-FET),
      (18)F-deoxyfluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT), (18)F-fluorocholine ((18)F-choline) and
      (11)C-raclopride. To estimate the potential risk of stochastic effects (mainly
      lethal cancer) to a population, organ doses and effective dose values were
      updated for all five radiopharmaceuticals. Dose calculations were performed using
      the computer program IDAC2.0, which bases its calculations on the ICRP/ICRU adult
      reference voxel phantoms and the tissue weighting factors from ICRP publication
      103. The biokinetic models were taken from ICRP publication 128. For organ doses,
      there are substantial changes. The only significant change in effective dose
      compared with previous estimations was a 46 % reduction for (18)F-fluoride. The
      estimated effective dose in mSv MBq(-1) was 1.5E-02 for (18)F-FET, 1.5E-02 for
      (18)F-FLT, 2.0E-02 for (18)F-choline, 9.0E-03 for (18)F-fluoride and 4.4E-03 for
      (11)C-raclopride. 

PMID- 26977076
TI  - Establishment and evaluation of a transgenic mouse model of arthritis induced by
      overexpressing human tumor necrosis factor alpha.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Blockade of TNFalpha by monoclonal antibody has been
      widely used for the therapy of RA since the 1990s; however, its mechanism of
      efficacy, and potential safety concerns of the treatment are still not fully
      understood. This study sought to establish a transgenic arthritic mouse model by
      overexpressing human TNFalpha (hTNFalpha) and to apply this model as a means to
      evaluate therapeutic consequences of TNFalpha inhibitors. The transgenic mouse
      line (TgTC) with FVB background was generated by incorporating 3'
      modifiedhTNFalphagene sequences. A progressively erosive polyarthritis developed
      in the TgTC mice, with many characteristics observed in human rheumatoid
      arthritis, including polyarticular swelling, impairment of movement, synovial
      hyperplasia, and cartilage and bone erosion. Gene expression analysis
      demonstrated that hTNFalpha is not only expressed in hyperplastic synovial
      membrane, but also in tissues without lesions, including brain, lung and kidney.
      Treatment of the TgTC mice with anti-hTNFalpha monoclonal antibodies (mAb)
      significantly decreased the level of hTNFalpha in the diseased joint and
      effectively prevented development of arthritis in a dose-dependent response
      fashion. Our results indicated that the TgTC mice represent a genetic model which
      can be used to comprehensively investigate the pathogenesis and therapeutics of
      TNFalpha-related diseases. 

PMID- 26977078
TI  - Doctors cite lack of time as greatest barrier to research.

PMID- 26977077
TI  - Dlc1 interaction with non-muscle myosin heavy chain II-A (Myh9) and Rac1
      activation.
AB  - The Deleted in liver cancer 1 (Dlc1) gene codes for a Rho GTPase-activating
      protein that also acts as a tumour suppressor gene. Several studies have
      consistently found that overexpression leads to excessive cell elongation,
      cytoskeleton changes and subsequent cell death. However, none of these studies
      have been able to satisfactorily explain the Dlc1-induced cell morphological
      phenotypes and the function of the different Dlc1 isoforms. Therefore, we have
      studied the interacting proteins associated with the three major Dlc1
      transcriptional isoforms using a mass spectrometric approach in Dlc1
      overexpressing cells. We have found and validated novel interacting partners in
      constitutive Dlc1-expressing cells. Our study has shown that Dlc1 interacts with
      non-muscle myosin heavy chain II-A (Myh9), plectin and spectrin proteins in
      different multiprotein complexes. Overexpression of Dlc1 led to increased
      phosphorylation of Myh9 protein and activation of Rac1 GTPase. These data support
      a role for Dlc1 in induced cell elongation morphology and provide some molecular
      targets for further analysis of this phenotype. 

PMID- 26977079
TI  - Home-Based Early Intervention and the Influence of Family Resources on Cognitive
      Development.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether early developmental intervention (EDI) can
      positively affect the trajectories of cognitive development among children from
      low-resource families. METHODS: Longitudinal analyses were conducted of data from
      293 children in the Brain Research to Ameliorate Impaired Neurodevelopment Home
      based Intervention Trial, a randomized controlled trial of a home-based EDI
      program, to examine trajectories of Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second
      Edition Mental Development Index (MDI) scores from 12 to 36 months of age among
      young children from high- and low-resource families in 3 low- to middle-resource
      countries. RESULTS: A 3-way interaction among family resources, intervention
      group, and age was statistically significant after controlling for maternal,
      child, and birth characteristics (Wald chi(2)(1) = 9.41, P = .002). Among
      children of families with high resources, both the intervention and control
      groups had significant increases in MDI scores over time (P < .001 and P = .002,
      respectively), and 36-month MDI scores for these 2 groups did not differ
      significantly (P = .602). However, in families with low resources, the EDI group
      displayed greater improvement, resulting in significantly higher 36-month MDI
      scores than the control group (P < .001). In addition, the 36-month MDI scores
      for children in families with low resources receiving EDI did not differ
      significantly from children from high-resource families in either the EDI (P =
      .509) or control (P = .882) groups. CONCLUSIONS: A home-based EDI during the
      first 3 years of life can substantially decrease the developmental gap between
      children from families with lower versus higher resources, even among children in
      low- to middle-resource countries.

PMID- 26977080
TI  - Global Sustainable Development Starts With Investment in the Early Brain
      Development of Children.

PMID- 26977082
TI  - Hospitals and GPs are offered incentives to reduce antibiotic prescribing.

PMID- 26977083
TI  - Rates of prophylactic mastectomy triple in decade, study shows.

PMID- 26977081
TI  - Varicella Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Community Transmission in the 2
      Dose Era.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We examined overall and incremental effectiveness of 2-dose varicella
      vaccination in preventing community transmission of varicella among children aged
      4 to 18 years in 2 active surveillance sites. One-dose varicella vaccine
      effectiveness (VE) was examined in those aged 1 to 18 years. METHODS: From May
      2009 through June 2011, varicella cases identified during active surveillance in
      Antelope Valley, CA and Philadelphia, PA were enrolled into a matched case
      control study. Matched controls within 2 years of the patient's age were selected
      from immunization registries. A standardized questionnaire was administered to
      participants' parents, and varicella vaccination history was obtained from health
      care provider, immunization registry, or parent records. We used conditional
      logistic regression to estimate varicella VE against clinically diagnosed and
      laboratory-confirmed varicella. RESULTS: A total of 125 clinically diagnosed
      varicella cases and 408 matched controls were enrolled. Twenty-nine cases were
      laboratory confirmed. One-dose VE (1-dose versus unvaccinated) was 75.6% (95%
      confidence interval [CI], 38.7%-90.3%) in preventing any clinically diagnosed
      varicella and 78.1% (95% CI, 12.7%-94.5%) against moderate or severe, clinically
      diagnosed disease (>=50 lesions). Among subjects aged >=4 years, 2-dose VE (2
      dose versus unvaccinated) was 93.6% (95% CI, 75.6%-98.3%) against any varicella
      and 97.9% (95% CI, 83.0%-99.7%) against moderate or severe varicella. Incremental
      effectiveness (2-dose versus 1-dose) was 87.5% against clinically diagnosed
      varicella and 97.3% against laboratory-confirmed varicella. CONCLUSIONS: Two-dose
      varicella vaccination offered better protection against varicella from community
      transmission among school-aged children compared with 1-dose vaccination.

PMID- 26977084
TI  - Rice HOX12 Regulates Panicle Exsertion by Directly Modulating the Expression of
      ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE1.
AB  - Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are key endogenous regulators of plant growth.
      Previous work identified ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE1 (EUI1) as a GA
      deactivating enzyme that plays an important role in panicle exsertion from the
      flag leaf sheath in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the mechanism that regulates
      EUI1 activity during development is still largely unexplored. In this study, we
      identified the dominant panicle enclosure mutant regulator of eui1 (ree1-D),
      whose phenotype is caused by the activation of the homeodomain-leucine zipper
      transcription factor HOX12. Diminished HOX12 expression by RNA interference
      enhanced panicle exsertion, mimicking the eui1 phenotype. HOX12 knockdown plants
      contain higher levels of the major biologically active GAs (such as GA1 and GA4)
      than the wild type. The expression of EUI1 is elevated in the ree1-D mutant but
      reduced in HOX12 knockdown plants. Interestingly, both HOX12 and EUI1 are
      predominantly expressed in panicles, where GA4 is highly accumulated. Yeast one
      hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation
      analyses showed that HOX12 physically interacts with the EUI1 promoter both in
      vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, plants overexpressing HOX12 in the eui1 mutant
      background retained the elongated uppermost internode phenotype. These results
      indicate that HOX12 acts directly through EUI1 to regulate panicle exsertion in
      rice.

PMID- 26977086
TI  - Regression discontinuity designs in healthcare research.

PMID- 26977087
TI  - A pathway to chlamydia control: updated ECDC guidance.

PMID- 26977085
TI  - Functionally Similar WRKY Proteins Regulate Vacuolar Acidification in Petunia and
      Hair Development in Arabidopsis.
AB  - The WD40 proteins ANTHOCYANIN11 (AN11) from petunia (Petunia hybrida) and
      TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) from Arabidopsis thaliana and associated basic
      helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and MYB transcription factors activate a variety of
      differentiation processes. In petunia petals, AN11 and the bHLH protein AN1
      activate, together with the MYB protein AN2, anthocyanin biosynthesis and,
      together with the MYB protein PH4, distinct genes, such as PH1 and PH5, that
      acidify the vacuole. To understand how AN1 and AN11 activate anthocyanin
      biosynthetic and PH genes independently, we isolated PH3. We found that PH3 is a
      target gene of the AN11-AN1-PH4 complex and encodes a WRKY protein that can bind
      to AN11 and is required, in a feed-forward loop, together with AN11-AN1-PH4 for
      transcription of PH5. PH3 is highly similar to TTG2, which regulates hair
      development, tannin accumulation, and mucilage production in Arabidopsis. Like
      PH3, TTG2 can bind to petunia AN11 and the Arabidopsis homolog TTG1, complement
      ph3 in petunia, and reactivate the PH3 target gene PH5. Our findings show that
      the specificity of WD40-bHLH-MYB complexes is in part determined by interacting
      proteins, such as PH3 and TTG2, and reveal an unanticipated similarity in the
      regulatory circuitry that controls petunia vacuolar acidification and Arabidopsis
      hair development.

PMID- 26977089
TI  - Medical management of renal stones.
AB  - The prevalence of kidney stones is increasing in industrialized nations,
      resulting in a corresponding rise in economic burden. Nephrolithiasis is now
      recognized as both a chronic and systemic condition, which further underscores
      the impact of the disease. Diet and environment play an important role in stone
      disease, presumably by modulating urine composition. Dietary modification as a
      preventive treatment to decrease lithogenic risk factors and prevent stone
      recurrence has gained interest because of its potential to be safer and more
      economical than drug treatment. However, not all abnormalities are likely to be
      amenable to dietary therapy, and in some cases drugs are necessary to reduce the
      risk of stone formation. Unfortunately, no new drugs have been developed for
      stone prevention since the 1980s when potassium citrate was introduced, perhaps
      because the long observation period needed to demonstrate efficacy discourages
      investigators from embarking on clinical trials. Nonetheless, effective
      established treatment regimens are currently available for stone prevention. 

PMID- 26977091
TI  - Identifying skull fractures in young children.

PMID- 26977088
TI  - Relationships of Leaf Net Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance, and Mesophyll
      Conductance to Primary Metabolism: A Multispecies Meta-Analysis Approach.
AB  - Plant metabolism drives plant development and plant-environment responses, and
      data readouts from this cellular level could provide insights in the underlying
      molecular processes. Existing studies have already related key in vivo leaf gas
      exchange parameters with structural traits and nutrient components across
      multiple species. However, insights in the relationships of leaf gas-exchange
      with leaf primary metabolism are still limited. We investigated these
      relationships through a multispecies meta-analysis approach based on data sets
      from 17 published studies describing net photosynthesis (A) and stomatal (gs) and
      mesophyll (gm) conductances, alongside the 53 data profiles from primary
      metabolism of 14 species grown in different experiments. Modeling results
      highlighted the conserved patterns between the different species. Consideration
      of species-specific effects increased the explanatory power of the models for
      some metabolites, including Glc-6-P, Fru-6-P, malate, fumarate, Xyl, and ribose.
      Significant relationships of A with sugars and phosphorylated intermediates were
      observed. While gs was related to sugars, organic acids, myo-inositol, and
      shikimate, gm showed a more complex pattern in comparison to the two other
      traits. Some metabolites, such as malate and Man, appeared in the models for both
      conductances, suggesting a metabolic coregulation between gs and gm The resulting
      statistical models provide the first hints for coregulation patterns involving
      primary metabolism plus leaf water and carbon balances that are conserved across
      plant species, as well as species-specific trends that can be used to determine
      new biotechnological targets for crop improvement.

PMID- 26977092
TI  - Health benefits of hosting major international events.

PMID- 26977093
TI  - NOACs: drug-drug interactions.

PMID- 26977094
TI  - Behind the scenes of JAC: the Editorial Office.
AB  - This brief article takes a look at the work of the JAC Editorial Office and how
      it contributes to the delivery of JAC to its readers. The article considers how
      the Editorial Office interacts with authors, referees and Editorial Board members
      to facilitate the submission, review and final publication of articles. 

PMID- 26977097
TI  - Hearing Parents' Appraisals of Parenting a Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Child:
      Application of a Positive Psychology Framework.
AB  - Hearing parents of deaf and hard-of-hearing children face unique challenges and
      stressors, the understanding of which has been the focus of numerous studies;
      yet, relatively little is known about their positive experiences. Using a
      qualitative purposive sampling design, interviews were conducted with 11 hearing
      parents (8 mothers, 3 fathers) exploring parents' positive appraisals of their
      experiences in raising a child who is deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). Interviews
      were transcribed and a thematic analysis was conducted, which allowed the
      researchers to identify themes and patterns in the parents' appraisals. Nine key
      themes emerged, which characterized parents' positive perceptions of raising a
      child who is D/HH: knowing the child, appreciating everyday positives, increasing
      involvement with the child, relishing the highs, taking less for granted, letting
      go, learning, advocating, and experiencing personal growth A positive psychology
      framework was employed to foster understanding of the interview findings and
      their implications. When asked about the positive aspects of raising a D/HH
      child, hearing parents were readily able to identify ways in which their
      parenting experience had been enhanced and their lives improved as a result of
      their unique situations. The implications of these findings are discussed. 

PMID- 26977099
TI  - Examining Small Intestinal Transit Time as a Function of Age: Is There Evidence
      to Support Age-Dependent Differences among Children?
AB  - The small intestine represents the region where the majority of drug and nutrient
      absorption transpires. Among adults, small intestinal transit kinetics is well
      delineated; however, the applicability of these values toward children remains
      unclear. This article serves to examine the relationship between age and mean
      small intestinal transit time (SITT) based on the available literature. In
      addition, the influence of alterations in intestinal transit time was explored
      among children using a model-based approach. Primary literature sources depicting
      SITT from children to adults were ascertained via the PubMed database. Data were
      limited to subjects without pathologies that could influence intestinal motility.
      Random-effect meta-regression models with between-study variability were employed
      to assess the influence of age on SITT. Three separate models with age as a
      linear or higher-order (i.e., second- and third-order polynomial) regressor were
      implemented to assess for the potential of both linear and curvilinear
      relationships. Examination of the influence of altered intestinal transit
      kinetics on the absorption of a sustained release theophylline preparation was
      explored among children between 8 and 14 years using physiologically based
      pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Age was not found to be a significant modulator
      of small intestinal transit within either the linear or higher-order polynomial
      meta-regression models. PBPK simulations indicated a lack of influence of
      variations in SITT on the absorption of theophylline from the examined sustained
      release formulation in older children. Based on the current literature, there is
      no evidence to suggest that mean SITT differs between children and adults.

PMID- 26977098
TI  - Endotoxin-Mediated Downregulation of Hepatic Drug Transporters in HIV-1
      Transgenic Rats.
AB  - Altered expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes is known to occur
      in infection-induced inflammation. We hypothesize that in human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV)-infected individuals, further alteration could occur as a result of
      augmented inflammation. The HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rat is used to simulate HIV
      pathologies associated with the presence of HIV viral proteins. Therefore, the
      objective of this study was to examine the effect of endotoxin administration on
      the gene expression of drug transporters in the liver of HIV-Tg rats. Male and
      female HIV-Tg and wild-type (WT) littermates were injected with 5 mg/kg endotoxin
      or saline (n= 7-9/group). Eighteen hours later, rats were euthanized and tissues
      were collected. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot
      analysis were used to measure hepatic gene and protein expression, respectively,
      and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum cytokine levels.
      Although an augmented inflammatory response was seen in HIV-Tg rats, similar
      endotoxin- mediated downregulation of Abcb1a, Abcc2, Abcg2, Abcb11, Slco1a1,
      Slco1a2, Slco1b2, Slc10a1, Slc22a1, Cyp3a2, and Cyp3a9 gene expression was seen
      in the HIV-Tg and WT groups. A significantly greater endotoxin- mediated
      downregulation of Ent1/Slc29a1 was seen in female HIV-Tg rats. Basal expression
      of inflammatory mediators was not altered in the HIV-Tg rat; likewise, the basal
      expression of most transporters was not significantly different between HIV-Tg
      and WT rats. Our findings suggest that hepatobiliary clearances of endogenous and
      exogenous substrates are altered in the HIV-Tg rat after endotoxin exposure. This
      is of particular importance because HIV-infected individuals frequently present
      with bacterial or viral infections, which are a potential source for drug-disease
      interactions. 

PMID- 26977101
TI  - Precision medicine: opportunities, possibilities, and challenges for patients and
      providers.
AB  - Precision medicine approaches disease treatment and prevention by taking
      patients' individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle into
      account. Although the ideas underlying precision medicine are not new,
      opportunities for its more widespread use in practice have been enhanced by the
      development of large-scale databases, new methods for categorizing and
      representing patients, and computational tools for analyzing large datasets. New
      research methods may create uncertainty for both healthcare professionals and
      patients. In such situations, frameworks that address ethical, legal, and social
      challenges can be instrumental for facilitating trust between patients and
      providers, but must protect patients while not stifling progress or overburdening
      healthcare professionals. In this perspective, we outline several ethical, legal,
      and social issues related to the Precision Medicine Initiative's proposed changes
      to current institutions, values, and frameworks. This piece is not an exhaustive
      overview, but is intended to highlight areas meriting further study and action,
      so that precision medicine's goal of facilitating systematic learning and
      research at the point of care does not overshadow healthcare's goal of providing
      care to patients.

PMID- 26977100
TI  - A rational approach to legacy data validation when transitioning between
      electronic health record systems.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this project was to use statistical techniques to
      determine the completeness and accuracy of data migrated during electronic health
      record conversion. METHODS: Data validation during migration consists of mapped
      record testing and validation of a sample of the data for completeness and
      accuracy. We statistically determined a randomized sample size for each data type
      based on the desired confidence level and error limits. RESULTS: The only error
      identified in the post go-live period was a failure to migrate some clinical
      notes, which was unrelated to the validation process. No errors in the migrated
      data were found during the 12- month post-implementation period. CONCLUSIONS:
      Compared to the typical industry approach, we have demonstrated that a
      statistical approach to sampling size for data validation can ensure consistent
      confidence levels while maximizing efficiency of the validation process during a
      major electronic health record conversion.

PMID- 26977102
TI  - Automatic detection of social rhythms in bipolar disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of automatically assessing the Social
      Rhythm Metric (SRM), a clinically-validated marker of stability and rhythmicity
      for individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), using passively-sensed data from
      smartphones. METHODS: Seven patients with BD used smartphones for 4 weeks
      passively collecting sensor data including accelerometer, microphone, location,
      and communication information to infer behavioral and contextual patterns.
      Participants also completed SRM entries using a smartphone app. RESULTS: We found
      that automated sensing can be used to infer the SRM score. Using location,
      distance traveled, conversation frequency, and non-stationary duration as inputs,
      our generalized model achieves root-mean-square-error of 1.40, a reasonable
      performance given the range of SRM score (0-7). Personalized models further
      improve performance with mean root-mean-square-error of 0.92 across users.
      Classifiers using sensor streams can predict stable (SRM score >=3.5) and
      unstable (SRM score <3.5) states with high accuracy (precision: 0.85 and recall:
      0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Automatic smartphone sensing is a feasible approach for
      inferring rhythmicity, a key marker of wellbeing for individuals with BD.

PMID- 26977103
TI  - A patient-centered system in a provider-centered world: challenges of
      incorporating post-discharge wound data into practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The proposed Meaningful Use Stage 3 recommendations require healthcare
      providers to accept patient-generated health data (PGHD) by 2017. Yet, we know
      little about the tensions that arise in supporting the needs of both patients and
      providers in this context. We sought to examine these tensions when designing a
      novel, patient-centered technology - mobile Post-Operative Wound Evaluator
      (mPOWEr) - that uses PGHD for post-discharge surgical wound monitoring. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: As part of the iterative design process of mPOWEr, we conducted
      semistructured interviews and think-aloud sessions using mockups with surgical
      patients and providers. We asked participants how mPOWEr could enhance the
      current post-discharge process for surgical patients, then used grounded theory
      to develop themes related to conflicts and agreements between patients and
      providers. RESULTS: We identified four areas of agreement: providing contextual
      metadata, accessible and actionable data presentation, building on existing
      sociotechnical systems, and process transparency. We identified six areas of
      conflict, with patients preferring: more flexibility in data input, frequent data
      transfer, text-based communication, patient input in provider response
      prioritization, timely and reliable provider responses, and definitive diagnoses.
      DISCUSSION: We present design implications and potential solutions to the
      identified conflicts for each theme, illustrated using our work on mPOWEr. Our
      experience highlights the importance of bringing a variety of stakeholders,
      including patients, into the design process for PGHD applications. CONCLUSION: We
      have identified critical barriers to integrating PGHD into clinical care and
      describe design implications to help address these barriers. Our work informs
      future efforts to ensure the smooth integration of essential PGHD into clinical
      practice.

PMID- 26977105
TI  - To Measure or not to Measure? That is the NPS Question.

PMID- 26977104
TI  - Simultaneous Measurement of 3-Chlorotyrosine and 3,5-Dichlorotyrosine in Whole
      Blood, Serum and Plasma by Isotope Dilution HPLC-MS-MS.
AB  - Chlorine is a public health concern and potential threat due to its high
      reactivity, ease and scale of production, widespread industrial use, bulk
      transportation, massive stockpiles and history as a chemical weapon. This work
      describes a new, sensitive and rapid stable isotope dilution method for the
      retrospective detection and quantitation of two chlorine adducts. The biomarkers
      3-chlorotyrosine (Cl-Tyr) and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine (Cl2-Tyr) were isolated from
      the pronase digest of chlorine exposed whole blood, serum or plasma by solid
      phase extraction (SPE), separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected by tandem
      mass spectrometry (MS-MS). The calibration range is 2.50-1,000 ng/mL (R2 >=
      0.998) with a lowest reportable limit (LRL) of 2.50 ng/mL for both analytes, an
      accuracy of >=93% and an LOD of 0.443 ng/mL for Cl-Tyr and 0.396 ng/mL for Cl2
      Tyr. Inter- and intra-day precision of quality control samples had coefficients
      of variation of <=10% and <=7.0%, respectively. Blood and serum samples from 200
      healthy individuals and 175 individuals with chronic inflammatory disease were
      analyzed using this method to assess background levels of chlorinated tyrosine
      adducts. Results from patients with no known inflammatory disease history
      (healthy) showed baseline levels of <LRL-4.26 ng/mL Cl-Tyr and <LRL Cl2-Tyr.
      Patients with inflammatory disease had baseline levels of <LRL-15.4 ng/mL Cl-Tyr
      and <LRL-5.22 ng/mL Cl2-Tyr. Blood exposed to 2.02 ppm chlorine gas for 15 min
      produced 941 ng/mL Cl-Tyr and 223 ng/mL Cl2-Tyr. This high-throughput method has
      been developed and analytically validated for the diagnosis of human exposure to
      chlorine.

PMID- 26977106
TI  - Quantification of 16 QT-prolonging Drugs and Metabolites in Human Postmortem
      Blood and Cardiac Tissue Using UPLC-MS-MS.
AB  - QT-prolonging compounds present a treatment risk in mentally ill patients.
      Knowledge of the concentration in the heart compared with blood is necessary to
      assess the cardiac toxicity of QT-prolonging compounds. To address this issue,
      this article presents a validated analytical method for the quantification of 16
      QT-prolonging drugs (QTD) and metabolites in postmortem whole blood and
      postmortem cardiac tissue. Samples were prepared by protein precipitation and
      quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass
      spectrometry. Deuterated internal standards were used. Validation results showed
      that the bias was +/-15% and precision was <=15% for all compounds in both
      matrices. The recovery ranged from 78.8 to 127.4%, and the matrix effect ranged
      from 61.0 to 128.7% across both matrices. The limit of detection and the lower
      limit of quantification were below the therapeutic concentrations of the
      prescription drugs. No noteworthy degradation during storage of the extracts was
      detected. The method was applied in five authentic cases of mentally ill
      patients. In conclusion, an analytical method was successfully developed and
      validated for the quantification of QTD in postmortem whole blood and cardiac
      tissue. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this article presents the first
      fully validated method for quantification of QTD in cardiac tissue. 

PMID- 26977107
TI  - Quantification of Hydrazine in Human Urine by HPLC-MS-MS.
AB  - Currently used on F-16 fighter jets and some space shuttles, hydrazine could be
      released at toxic levels to humans as a result of an accidental leakage or spill.
      Lower-level exposures occur in industrial workers or as a result of the use of
      some pharmaceuticals. A method was developed for the quantitation of hydrazine in
      human urine and can be extended by dilution with water to cover at least six
      orders of magnitude, allowing measurement at all clinically significant levels of
      potential exposure. Urine samples were processed by isotope dilution, filtered,
      derivatized and then quantified by HPLC-MS-MS. The analytical response ratio was
      linearly proportional to the urine concentration of hydrazine from 0.0493 to 12.3
      ng/mL, with an average correlation coefficientRof 0.9985. Inter-run accuracy for
      21 runs, expressed as percent relative error (% RE), was <=14%, and the
      corresponding precision, expressed as percent relative standard deviation (%
      RSD), was <=15%. Because this method can provide a quantitative measurement of
      clinical samples over six orders of magnitude, it can be used to monitor trace
      amounts of hydrazine exposure as well as industrial and environmental exposure
      levels. 

PMID- 26977108
TI  - The Histidine Kinase BinK Is a Negative Regulator of Biofilm Formation and Squid
      Colonization.
AB  - Bacterial colonization of animal epithelial tissue is a dynamic process that
      relies on precise molecular communication. Colonization of Euprymna scolopes
      bobtail squid by Vibrio fischeri bacteria requires bacterial aggregation in host
      mucus as the symbiont transitions from a planktonic lifestyle in seawater to a
      biofilm-associated state in the host. We have identified a gene, binK (biofilm
      inhibitor kinase; VF_A0360), which encodes an orphan hybrid histidine kinase that
      negatively regulates the V. fischeri symbiotic biofilm (Syp) in vivo and in vitro
      We identified binK mutants as exhibiting a colonization advantage in a global
      genetic screen, a phenotype that we confirmed in controlled competition
      experiments. Bacterial biofilm aggregates in the host are larger in strains
      lacking BinK, whereas overexpression of BinK suppresses biofilm formation and
      squid colonization. Signaling through BinK is required for temperature modulation
      of biofilm formation at 28 degrees C. Furthermore, we present evidence that BinK
      acts upstream of SypG, the sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional regulator of the
      syp biofilm locus. The BinK effects are dependent on intact signaling in the RscS
      Syp biofilm pathway. Therefore, we propose that BinK antagonizes the signal from
      RscS and serves as an integral component in V. fischeri biofilm regulation.
      IMPORTANCE: Bacterial lifestyle transitions underlie the colonization of animal
      hosts from environmental reservoirs. Formation of matrix-enclosed, surface
      associated aggregates (biofilms) is common in beneficial and pathogenic
      associations, but investigating the genetic basis of biofilm development in live
      animal hosts remains a significant challenge. Using the bobtail squid light organ
      as a model, we analyzed putative colonization factors and identified a histidine
      kinase that negatively regulates biofilm formation at the host interface. This
      work reveals a novel in vivo biofilm regulator that influences the transition of
      bacteria from their planktonic state in seawater to tight aggregates of cells in
      the host. The study enriches our understanding of biofilm regulation and
      beneficial colonization by an animal's microbiome.

PMID- 26977112
TI  - Links between Family Gender Socialization Experiences in Childhood and Gendered
      Occupational Attainment in Young Adulthood.
AB  - Gendered occupational segregation remains prevalent across the world. Although
      research has examined factors contributing to the low number of women in male
      typed occupations - namely science, technology, engineering, and math - little
      longitudinal research has examined the role of childhood experiences in both
      young women's and men's later gendered occupational attainment. This study
      addressed this gap in the literature by examining family gender socialization
      experiences in middle childhood - namely parents' attitudes and work and family
      life - as contributors to the gender typicality of occupational attainment in
      young adulthood. Using data collected from mothers, fathers, and children over
      approximately 15 years, the results revealed that the associations between
      childhood socialization experiences (~10 years old) and occupational attainment
      (~26 years old) depended on the sex of the child. For sons but not daughters,
      mothers' more traditional attitudes towards women's roles predicted attaining
      more gender-typed occupations. In addition, spending more time with fathers in
      childhood predicted daughters attaining less and sons acquiring more gender-typed
      occupations in young adulthood. Overall, evidence supports the idea that
      childhood socialization experiences help to shape individuals' career attainment
      and thus contribute to gender segregation in the labor market.

PMID- 26977110
TI  - Insight into the Dual Functions of Bacterial Enhancer-Binding Protein Rrp2 of
      Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - It is well established that the RpoN-RpoS sigma factor (sigma(54)-sigma(S))
      cascade plays an essential role in differential gene expression during the
      enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. The
      RpoN-RpoS pathway is activated by the response regulator/sigma(54)-dependent
      activator (also called bacterial enhancer-binding protein [bEBP]) Rrp2. One
      unique feature of Rrp2 is that this activator is essential for cell replication,
      whereas RpoN-RpoS is dispensable for bacterial growth. How Rrp2 controls cell
      replication, a function that is independent of RpoN-RpoS, remains to be
      elucidated. In this study, by generating a series of conditional rrp2 mutant
      strains, we demonstrated that the N-terminal receiver domain of Rrp2 is required
      for spirochetal growth. Furthermore, a D52A point mutation at the phosphorylation
      site within the N terminus of Rrp2 abolished cell replication. Mutation of the
      ATPase motif within the central domain of Rrp2 did not affect spirochetal
      replication, indicating that phosphorylation-dependent ATPase activity of Rrp2
      for sigma(54) activation is not required for cell growth. However, deletion of
      the C-terminal domain or a 16-amino-acid truncation of the helix-turn-helix (HTH)
      DNA-binding motif within the C-terminal domain of Rrp2 abolished spirochetal
      replication. It was shown that constitutive expression of rpoS is deleterious to
      borrelial growth. We showed that the essential nature of Rrp2 is not due to an
      effect on rpoS These data suggest that phosphorylation-dependent oligomerization
      and DNA binding of Rrp2 likely function as a repressor, independently of the
      activation of sigma(54), controlling an essential step of cell replication in B.
      burgdorferi IMPORTANCE: Bacterial enhancer-binding proteins (bEBPs) are a unique
      group of transcriptional activators specifically required for sigma(54)-dependent
      gene transcription. This work demonstrates that the B. burgdorferi bEBP, Rrp2,
      has an additional function that is independent of sigma(54), that of its
      essentiality for spirochetal growth, and such a function is dependent on its N
      terminal signal domain and C-terminal DNA-binding domain. These findings expand
      our knowledge on bEBP and provide a foundation to further study the underlying
      mechanism of this new function of bEBP.

PMID- 26977109
TI  - Biofilms 2015: Multidisciplinary Approaches Shed Light into Microbial Life on
      Surfaces.
AB  - The 7th ASM Conference on Biofilms was held in Chicago, Illinois, from 24 to 29
      October 2015. The conference provided an international forum for biofilm
      researchers across academic and industry platforms, and from different scientific
      disciplines, to present and discuss new findings and ideas. The meeting covered a
      wide range of topics, spanning environmental sciences, applied biology,
      evolution, ecology, physiology, and molecular biology of the biofilm lifestyle.
      This report summarizes the presentations with regard to emerging biofilm-related
      themes.

PMID- 26977114
TI  - Effective degrees of freedom: a flawed metaphor.
AB  - To most applied statisticians, a fitting procedure's degrees of freedom is
      synonymous with its model complexity, or its capacity for overfitting to data. In
      particular, it is often used to parameterize the bias-variance tradeoff in model
      selection. We argue that, on the contrary, model complexity and degrees of
      freedom may correspond very poorly. We exhibit and theoretically explore various
      fitting procedures for which degrees of freedom is not monotonic in the model
      complexity parameter, and can exceed the total dimension of the ambient space
      even in very simple settings. We show that the degrees of freedom for any non
      convex projection method can be unbounded.

PMID- 26977113
TI  - Between- and Within-Occupation Inequality: The Case of High-Status Professions.
AB  - In this chapter, we present analyses of the roles of education and occupation in
      shaping trends in income inequality among college-educated workers in the U.S.,
      drawing data from two sources: (1) the 1960-2000 U.S. Censuses and (2) the 2006
      2008 three-year American Community Survey. We also examine in detail historical
      trends in between-occupation and within-occupation income inequality for a small
      set of high-status professionals, with focused attention on the economic
      wellbeing of scientists. Our research yields four findings. First, education
      premiums have increased. Second, both between-occupation and within-occupation
      inequality increased at about the same rates for college graduates, so that the
      portion of inequality attributable to occupational differences remained constant.
      Third, scientists have lost ground relative to other similarly educated
      professionals. Fourth, trends in within-occupation inequality vary by occupation
      and education, making any sweeping summary on the roles of education and
      occupation in the overall increase in income inequality difficult.

PMID- 26977111
TI  - The RipA and RipB Peptidoglycan Endopeptidases Are Individually Nonessential to
      Mycobacterium smegmatis.
AB  - Mycobacteria possess a series of Rip peptidoglycan endopeptidases that have been
      characterized in various levels of detail. The RipA and RipB proteins have been
      extensively studied and are DL-endopeptidases, and RipA has been considered
      essential to Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis We show here
      that the ripA and ripB genes are individually dispensable in M. smegmatis and
      that at least one of the genes must be expressed for viability. We characterized
      strains carrying in-frame deletion mutations of ripA and ripB and found that both
      mutant strains exhibited increased susceptibility to a limited number of
      antibiotics and to detergent but that only the DeltaripA mutant displayed
      hypersusceptibility to lysozyme. We also constructed and characterized DeltaripD
      and DeltaripADeltaripD mutants and found that the single mutant had only an
      intermediate lysozyme hypersusceptibility phenotype compared to that of wild-type
      cells while loss of ripD in the DeltaripA background partially rescued the
      antibiotic and lysozyme phenotypes of the DeltaripA mutant. IMPORTANCE: We show
      that the RipA endopeptidase, which has been considered essential for cell
      division in certain mycobacteria, is not essential but that at least it or a
      similar protein, RipB, must be expressed by the bacteria for viability. This work
      is the first description of strains carrying single deletion mutations of RipA,
      RipB, and a novel endopeptidase-like protein, RipD.

PMID- 26977115
TI  - Upgrading Marine Ecosystem Restoration Using Ecological-Social Concepts.
AB  - Conservation and environmental management are principal countermeasures to the
      degradation of marine ecosystems and their services. However, in many cases,
      current practices are insufficient to reverse ecosystem declines. We suggest that
      restoration ecology, the science underlying the concepts and tools needed to
      restore ecosystems, must be recognized as an integral element for marine
      conservation and environmental management. Marine restoration ecology is a young
      scientific discipline, often with gaps between its application and the supporting
      science. Bridging these gaps is essential to using restoration as an effective
      management tool and reversing the decline of marine ecosystems and their
      services. Ecological restoration should address objectives that include improved
      ecosystem services, and it therefore should encompass social-ecological elements
      rather than focusing solely on ecological parameters. We recommend using existing
      management frameworks to identify clear restoration targets, to apply
      quantitative tools for assessment, and to make the re-establishment of ecosystem
      services a criterion for success.

PMID- 26977117
TI  - Censored Quantile Instrumental Variable Estimates of the Price Elasticity of
      Expenditure on Medical Care.
AB  - Efforts to control medical care costs depend critically on how individuals
      respond to prices. I estimate the price elasticity of expenditure on medical care
      using a censored quantile instrumental variable (CQIV) estimator. CQIV allows
      estimates to vary across the conditional expenditure distribution, relaxes
      traditional censored model assumptions, and addresses endogeneity with an
      instrumental variable. My instrumental variable strategy uses a family member's
      injury to induce variation in an individual's own price. Across the conditional
      deciles of the expenditure distribution, I find elasticities that vary from -0.76
      to -1.49, which are an order of magnitude larger than previous estimates.

PMID- 26977116
TI  - Anti-Mullerian Hormone: Above and Beyond Conventional Ovarian Reserve Markers.
AB  - Management of ovarian dysfunctions requires accurate estimation of ovarian
      reserve (OR). Therefore, reproductive hormones and antral follicle count (AFC)
      are assessed to indicate OR. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a unique
      biomarker that has a critical role in folliculogenesis as well as steroidogenesis
      within ovaries. Secretion from preantral and early antral follicles renders AMH
      as the earliest marker to show OR decline. In this review we discuss the dynamics
      of circulating AMH that remarkably vary with sex and age. As it emerges as a
      marker of gonadal development and reproductive disorders, here we summarize the
      role of AMH in female reproductive physiology and provide evidence of higher
      accuracy in predicting ovarian response to stimulation. Further, we attempt to
      compile potential clinical applications in children and adults. We propose that
      AMH evaluation has a potential role in effectively monitoring chemotherapy and
      pelvic radiation induced ovarian toxicity. Furthermore, AMH guided ovarian
      stimulation can lead to individualization of therapeutic strategies for
      infertility treatment. However future research on AMH levels within follicular
      fluid may pave the way to establish it as a marker of "quality" besides
      "quantity" of the growing follicles. 

PMID- 26977118
TI  - Orofacial Pain during Mastication in People with Dementia: Reliability Testing of
      the Orofacial Pain Scale for Non-Verbal Individuals.
AB  - Objectives. The aim of this study was to establish the reliability of the
      "chewing" subscale of the OPS-NVI, a novel tool designed to estimate presence and
      severity of orofacial pain in nonverbal patients. Methods. The OPS-NVI consists
      of 16 items for observed behavior, classified into four categories and a
      subjective estimate of pain. Two observers used the OPS-NVI for 237 video clips
      of people with dementia in Dutch nursing homes during their meal to observe their
      behavior and to estimate the intensity of orofacial pain. Six weeks later, the
      same observers rated the video clips a second time. Results. Bottom and ceiling
      effects for some items were found. This resulted in exclusion of these items from
      the statistical analyses. The categories which included the remaining items (n =
      6) showed reliability varying between fair-to-good and excellent (interobserver
      reliability, ICC: 0.40-0.47; intraobserver reliability, ICC: 0.40-0.92).
      Conclusions. The "chewing" subscale of the OPS-NVI showed a fair-to-good to
      excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability in this dementia
      population. This study contributes to the validation process of the OPS-NVI as a
      whole and stresses the need for further assessment of the reliability of the OPS
      NVI with subjects that might already show signs of orofacial pain. 

PMID- 26977119
TI  - A Mutation in IL4RA Is Associated with the Degree of Pathology in Human TB
      Patients.
AB  - The contribution of interleukin- (IL-) 4 receptor-alpha- (Ralpha-) dependent
      events in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) is controversial. We have
      recently shown IL-13 overexpression in mice to cause recrudescent Mtb replication
      and centrally necrotizing granulomas strongly resembling pathology of human TB. A
      deletion of IL-4Ralpha completely abrogates TB tissue pathology in these mice. To
      validate our results in human TB patients, we here determined the association of
      distinct variants of the IL4, IL13, IL4RA, IL13RA1, and IL13RA2 genes with cavity
      formation in a large Ghanaian cohort of HIV-negative individuals with newly
      diagnosed pulmonary TB. In fact, the structural variant of the IL4RA I50V,
      previously shown to result in enhanced signal transduction, was significantly
      associated with greater cavity size, and a variant of IL13RA2 was associated with
      disease in females. To evaluate whether the human-like TB pathology in IL-13
      overexpressing mice is specifically mediated through the IL-4Ralpha subunit, we
      analyzed IL-13 transgenic mice with a genetic ablation of the IL-4Ralpha. In
      these mice, the IL-13-mediated increased susceptibility, human-like pathology of
      collagen deposition around centrally necrotizing granulomas, and alternative
      macrophage activation were abolished. Together, our genetic association study in
      human TB patients further supports the assumption that IL-13/IL-4Ralpha-dependent
      mechanisms are involved in mediating tissue pathology of human TB. 

PMID- 26977120
TI  - The Th17/Treg Immune Imbalance in Ulcerative Colitis Disease in a Chinese Han
      Population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the Th17/Treg immune balance in the ulcerative colitis
      (UC) patients in a Chinese Han population. METHODS: Ninety UC patients and 30
      healthy subjects were enrolled. The serum IL-17 and TGF-beta1 levels of these
      participants were measured with ELISA; the percentage of Th17 and Treg cells in
      peripheral blood was determined with flow cytometry. RESULTS: In UC patients, the
      levels of IL-17 and Th17 were significantly higher compared with healthy
      subjects; the percentage of Th17 and IL-17 level in moderate and severe subgroup
      was significantly higher than in mild subgroup; a positive correlation existed
      between these two indexes and clinical activity index and endoscopic evaluation.
      TGF-beta1 level and Treg cells in UC patients were lower than healthy subjects.
      TGF-beta1 level in moderate and severe subgroup was lower than in mild subgroup.
      There was a negative linear correlation between Treg cells and clinical activity
      index, endoscopic evaluation. A positive correlation was detected between Treg
      cells and TGF-beta1 level. CONCLUSIONS: Th17/Treg immune imbalance might play a
      crucial role in the development of UC. To induce the production of Treg cells and
      TGF-beta1, inhibit the level of Th17 and IL-17, and thus recover the Th17/Treg
      immune balance might imply new therapeutic targets in UC management.

PMID- 26977122
TI  - Acinetobacter baumannii Infection and IL-17 Mediated Immunity.
AB  - Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant cause of severe hospital-acquired
      infections with a recent rise in multidrug-resistant infections involving
      traumatic wounds of military personnel. The interleukin-17 (IL-17) pathway is
      essential for neutrophil recruitment in response to a variety of pathogens, while
      the control of A. baumannii infection is known to be dependent on neutrophils.
      This suggests that IL-17 may play an important role in A. baumannii infection;
      however, this has yet to be studied. Here, we summarize the recent advances in
      understanding the host-pathogen interaction of A. baumannii and propose a
      potential role of the IL-17 pathway in generating a protective immune response. 

PMID- 26977123
TI  - A brief yoga intervention implemented during chemotherapy: A  randomized
      controlled pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Fatigue and other treatment-related symptoms (e.g., sleep
      disturbance) are critical targets for improving quality of life in patients
      undergoing chemotherapy. Yoga may reduce the burden of such symptoms. This study
      investigated the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled study of a
      brief yoga intervention during chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. DESIGN: We
      randomized adults with colorectal cancer to a brief Yoga Skills Training (YST) or
      an attention control (AC; empathic attention and recorded education). SETTING:
      The interventions and assessments were implemented individually in the clinic
      while patients were in the chair receiving chemotherapy. INTERVENTIONS: Both
      interventions consisted of three sessions and recommended home practice. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was feasibility (accrual, retention,
      adherence, data collection). Self-reported outcomes (i.e., fatigue, sleep
      disturbance, quality of life) and inflammatory biomarkers were also described to
      inform future studies. RESULTS: Of 52 patients initially identified, 28 were
      approached, and 15 enrolled (age Mean = 57.5 years; 80% White; 60% Male). Reasons
      for declining participation were: not interested (n = 6), did not perceive a need
      (n = 2), and other (n = 5). Two participants were lost to follow-up in each group
      due to treatment changes. Thus, 75% of participants were retained in the YST and
      71% in the AC arm. Participants retained in the study adhered to 97% of the in
      person intervention sessions and completed all questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a larger randomized controlled
      trial to assess YST among patients receiving chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
      Data collected and challenges encountered will inform future research.

PMID- 26977124
TI  - Meta-analysis of the relationship of peripheral retinal nerve fiber layer
      thickness to Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies report that the thickness of the peripheral retinal
      nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI) is significantly thinner than in normal controls (NC),
      but RNFL thickness in different quadrants of the optic nerve remains unclear.
      AIM: Conduct a systematic review of studies that assess peripheral RNFL thickness
      in AD and MCI. METHODS: Based on pre-defined criteria, studies in English or
      Chinese were identified from PubMed, Embase, ISI web of knowledge, Ovid/Medline,
      Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure
      (CNKI), Chongqing VIP database, WANFANG DATA, and the China BioMedical Literature
      Service System (SinoMed). Review Manager 5.3 was used for analysis. RESULTS: The
      19 cross-sectional studies identified had a pooled sample of 1455 individuals.
      There was substantial heterogeneity between studies that compared RNFL in AD or
      MCI to normal controls, but this heterogeneity was primarily restricted to low
      quality studies. Combining 6 high-quality studies (n=578) indicated that total
      RNFL thickness and the thickness of superior and inferior RNFL quadrants in AD
      were significantly thinner than in normal controls. Similarly, combining 5 high
      quality studies (n=541) indicated significantly thinner total RNFL thickness in
      MCI than in controls. Six studies (n=589) found thinner RNFL in the superior and
      inferior quadrants in MCI than in controls;and 6 studies (n=487) found thinner
      RNFL in the temporal quadrant in MCI than in controls. Finally, 7 studies (n=432)
      indicated that total RNFL was thinner in AD than in MCI, and 6 studies (n=364)
      indicated thinner RNFL in the superior and inferior quadrants in AD than in MCI.
      CONCLUSION: Much of the heterogeneity in results from previous studies may be due
      to poor methodology. Peripheral RNFL thicknesses, particularly in the superior
      and inferior quadrants, becomes progressively thinner as cognitive function
      declines, so this could be a candidate biomarker for early identification of AD.
      Methodologically rigorous studies in large population-based cohort studies that
      follow elderly individuals over time and that simultaneously collect information
      on potential mediating factors (such as blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid
      levels) are needed to confirm or disprove the potential predictive value of RNFL.

PMID- 26977121
TI  - Effects of Standardised Fermented Papaya Gel on Clinical Symptoms, Inflammatory
      Cytokines, and Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis:
      An Open Randomised Clinical Study.
AB  - The clinical efficacy of topical administration of standardised fermented papaya
      gel (SFPG), known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, versus
      conventional therapy was evaluated in a group of 84 patients with moderate-to
      severe periodontitis, randomly assigned to control group (n = 45) undergoing
      traditional pharmacologic/surgical protocols or to experimental group (n = 39),
      additionally treated with intragingival pocket SFPG (7 g) applications (15 min
      daily for 10 days). Patients undergoing SFPG treatment showed significant (P <
      0.05), durable improvement of three major clinical indices of disease severity:
      reduced bleeding (day 7), plaque and gingival conditions (day 14), and consistent
      gingival pocket depth reduction (day 45). Proinflammatory nitric oxide
      metabolites reached normal values in plasma (day 14) and gingival crevicular
      fluid (GCF) at day 45 with SFPG applications compared to controls that did not
      reach normalisation. Levels of highly increased proinflammatory (IL-1B, IL-6) and
      suppressed anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines normalised in the SFPG group by
      days 14 (plasma) and 45 (GCF), but never in the control group. Although not
      acting directly as antibiotic, SFPG acted in synergy with human granulocytes
      blocking adaptive catalase induction in S. aureus in response to granulocyte
      derived oxidative stress, thus enhancing intracellular bacterial killing. 

PMID- 26977125
TI  - Adjunctive treatment with high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic
      stimulation for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of patients with
      Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) occur in 70
      90% of patients at different stages of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the
      available methods for managing these problems are of limited effectiveness. AIM:
      Assess the effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
      (rTMS), applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), on BPSD and
      cognitive function in persons with AD. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with AD and
      accompanying BPSD were randomly divided into an intervention group (n=27) and a
      control group (n=27). In addition to standard antipsychotic treatment, the
      intervention group was treated with 20Hz rTMS five days a week for four weeks,
      while the control group was treated with sham rTMS.The Behavioral Pathology in
      Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment
      Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog), and the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) were
      administered by raters who were blind to the group assignment of patients before
      and after four weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-six subjects from each group
      completed the study. After four weeks of antipsychotic treatment with adjunctive
      real or sham rTMS treatment, the mean (sd) total BEHAVE-AD scores and mean total
      ADAS-Cog scores of both groups significantly decreased from baseline. After
      adjusting for baseline values, the intervention group had significantly lower
      scores (i.e., greater improvement) than the control group on the BEHAVE-AD total
      score, on five of the seven BEHAVE-AD factor scores (activity disturbances,
      diurnal rhythm, aggressiveness, affective disturbances, anxieties and phobias),
      on the ADAS-Cog total score, and on all four ADAS-Cog factor scores (memory,
      language, constructional praxis, and attention). The proportion of individuals
      whose behavioral symptoms met a predetermined level of improvement (i.e., a drop
      in BEHAVE-AD total score of > 30% from baseline) in the intervention group was
      greater than that in the control group (73.1% vs.42.3%, X (2)=5.04, p=0.025).
      CONCLUSION: Compared to treatment of AD with low-dose antipsychotic medications
      alone, the combination of low-dose antipsychotic medication with adjunctive
      treatment with high frequency rTMS can significantly improve both cognitive
      functioning and the behavioral and psychological symptoms that often accompany
      AD.

PMID- 26977126
TI  - Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatments on the cognitive
      functioning of elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment associated with
      white matter lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebral white matter lesion (WML) is a pathological change of the
      white matter which is considered an early sign of brain impairment in elderly
      individuals, so it is reasonable to administer early dementia prevention programs
      to individuals with WML.Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has developed several
      approaches to prevent or delay the onset of dementia that have, as yet, not been
      formally tested. AIM: Evaluate the effects of a 6-month TCM intervention for
      elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment and WML. METHODS: Eighty
      individuals 65 years of age or older with radiological evidence of WML and mild
      cognitive impairment based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were
      classified into the four main TCM constitutional types (qi deficiency, yang
      deficiency, phlegm dampness, or blood stasis) and randomly assigned to a
      treatment group or a treatment-as-usual control group. The treatment group
      participated in training focused on diet, lifestyle, exercises, and emotional
      regulation adjustment; they also received six monthly courses of moxibustion
      (heating acupoints by burning the moxa of dried mugwort), each of which involved
      10 daily 15-minute sessions focused on three targeted acupoints (one of which was
      specific to the constitutional type). Changes in the MoCA and in the score of
      each of the four constitutional types were the main outcomes assessed. RESULTS:
      Two participants dropped out of each group over the 6 months, leaving 38 in each
      group. Based on repeated measures analysis of variance, the total MoCA score,
      four of the six MoCA subscales scores (visual space and executive function,
      naming, attention and calculation, and delayed memory), and all four of the TCM
      constitution type scores showed significantly greater improvement over the 6
      months in the treatment group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: This study
      shows that TCM interventions can improve both the cognitive functioning and the
      severity of symptoms considered in the TCM assessment of constitutional types
      among elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment and WML. Long-term
      follow-up studies that use blinded evaluation of the outcome are needed to
      determine whether or not constitution-specific TCM treatments can prevent the
      onset of dementia.

PMID- 26977128
TI  - Heredity in comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder patients.
AB  - Partly due to the overlap of symptom groupings in DSM, psychiatric comorbidity is
      extremely common. One of the most common and difficult to manage comorbid
      conditions is the co-occurrence of bipolar disorder (BD) and obsessive compulsive
      disorder (OCD). However, the key nosological question about this condition -
      whether they are two distinct disorders or a subtype of one of the disorders -
      remains unresolved. In order to help address this unanswered question, we updated
      our recent systematic review, searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase,
      and PsycINFO to specifically investigate the heredity in BD-OCD patients. We
      identified a total of 8 relevant papers, the majority of which found that,
      compared to non-BD-OCD patients, BD-OCD patients were more likely to have a
      family history for mood disorders and less likely to have a family history for
      OCD. These results support the view that the majority of cases of comorbid BD-OCD
      are, in fact, BD cases. If confirmed in larger, more focused studies, this
      conclusion would have important nosological and clinical implications. 

PMID- 26977127
TI  - Assessment of a six-week computer-based remediation program for social cognition
      in chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Programs to remediate cognitive deficits have shown promising results
      in schizophrenia, but remediation of social cognition deficits is less well
      understood. Social cognitive deficits may cause more disability than the widely
      recognized neurocognitive deficits, suggesting that this is an area worthy of
      further investigation. AIM: Implement and evaluate a brief computerized cognitive
      remediation program designed to improve memory, attention, and facial affect
      recognition (FAR) in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: Baseline
      assessments of FAR and of clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning were
      completed on 20 males with schizophrenia enrolled in an outpatient rehabilitation
      program at the Shanghai Mental Health Center (the intervention group) and on 20
      males with schizophrenia recruited from among regular outpatients at the Center
      (the control group). Both groups received treatment as usual, but the
      intervention group also completed an average of 12.7 sessions of a computer-based
      remediation program for neurocognitive, social, and FAR functioning over a 6-week
      period. The baseline measures were repeated in both groups at the end of the 6
      week trial. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the
      changes in clinical symptoms (assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome
      Scale, PANSS) or cognitive measures (assessed using the Hong Kong List Learning
      Test and the Letter-Number Sequencing Task) between the intervention and control
      groups over the 6-week trial, but there were modest improvements on the PANSS for
      the intervention group between baseline and after the intervention. There was a
      significantly greater improvement in the social functioning measure (the Personal
      and Social Performance scale, PSP) in the intervention group than in the control
      group. The pre-post change in the total facial recognition score in the
      intervention group was statistically significant (paired t-test=-2.60, p=0.018),
      and there was a statistical trend of a greater improvement in facial recognition
      in the intervention group than in the control group (F (1,37) =2.93; p=0.092).
      CONCLUSION: Integration of FAR training with a short, computer-administrated
      cognitive remediation program may improve recognition of facial emotions by
      individuals with schizophrenia, and, thus, improve their social functioning. But
      more work on developing the FAR training modules and on testing them in larger,
      more diverse samples will be needed before this can be recommended as a standard
      part of cognitive remediation programs.

PMID- 26977129
TI  - Infanticide by a mother with untreated schizophrenia.
AB  - This case report describes a 30-year-old mother of four with a 6-year history of
      obvious paranoia and psychosis from a poor rural farming community in India. Her
      symptoms and social functioning deteriorated over time, but the family did not
      seek medical care until she killed her 3-month-old daughter while under the
      influence of command hallucinations. Subsequent treatment with antipsychotic
      medication resulted in control of her psychotic symptoms and greatly improved
      psychosocial functioning. This case is an example of one of the many negative
      consequences of a community's failure to recognize and treat mental illnesses.
      The patient had severe symptoms that were obvious to all for 6 years prior to the
      infanticide, but the family's lack of basic knowledge about mental illness, the
      lack of locally available mental health care, and the relatively high cost of
      care prevented family members from obtaining the treatment that almost certainly
      would have prevented the tragic death of her infant. Changing these three factors
      in poor rural communities of low- and middle-income countries is the challenge we
      must work together to address. Infanticide secondary to untreated mental illness
      is a glaring reminder of how urgent this task is. 

PMID- 26977130
TI  - Sudden cardiac death after modified electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - Sudden deaths associated with the use of electroconvulsive therapy are rare. In
      this case report a 58-year-old male with a 20-year history of bipolar disorder
      and no history or signs of cardiac illness died from cardiac arrest within one
      hour of receiving an initial session of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT)
      to treat a recurrent episode of non-psychotic mania. The patient regained
      consciousness and was medically stable immediately after the MECT session (which
      did not produce a convulsion) but deteriorated rapidly after transfer to the
      recovery room. It was not possible to conduct an autopsy, but the authors surmise
      that the most probable cause was that the use of haloperidol 17 hours prior to
      MECT exacerbated the cardiac effects of nonconvulsive MECT. The case highlights
      the need for a thorough cardiac work-up on patients being considered for MECT
      (possibly including assessment of cardiac enzymes in older individuals) and
      careful consideration of the concurrent use of antipsychotic medications and
      MECT. 

PMID- 26977131
TI  - The effect of simple imputation on inferences about population means when data
      are missing in biomedical research due to detection limits.
AB  - The sample geometric mean has been widely used in biomedical and psychosocial
      research to estimate and compare population geometric means. However, due to the
      detection limit of measurement instruments, the actual value of the measurement
      is not always observable. A common practice to deal with this problem is to
      replace missing values by small positive constants and make inferences based on
      the imputed data. However, no work has been carried out to study the effect of
      this naive imputation method on inference. In this report, we show that this
      simple imputation method may dramatically change the reported outcomes of a study
      and, thus, make the results uninterpretable, even if the detection limit is very
      small. 

PMID- 26977132
TI  - Persistent mental symptoms and rabies.

PMID- 26977133
TI  - Parents' Perception of Stepped Care and Standard Care Trauma-Focused Cognitive
      Behavioral Therapy for Young Children.
AB  - Delivery systems other than in-office therapist-led treatments are needed to
      address treatment barriers such as accessibility, efficiency, costs, and parents
      wanting an active role in helping their child. To address these barriers, stepped
      care trauma focused-cognitive behavioral therapy (SC-TF-CBT) was developed as a
      parent-led, therapist-assisted therapy that occurs primarily at-home so that
      fewer in-office sessions are required. The current study examines caregivers'
      perceptions of parent-led (SC-TF-CBT) and therapist-led (TF-CBT) treatment.
      Participants consisted of 52 parents/care-givers (25-68 years) of young trauma
      exposed children (3-7 years) who were randomly assigned to SC-TF-CBT (n = 34) or
      to TF-CBT (n = 18). Data were collected at mid-and post-treatment via interviews
      inquiring about what participants liked, disliked, found most helpful, and found
      least helpful about the treatment. Results indicated that parents/caregivers
      favored relaxation skills, affect modulation and expression skills, the trauma
      narrative, and parenting skills across both conditions. The majority of
      parents/caregivers in SC-TF-CBT favored the at-home parent-child meetings and the
      workbook that guides the parent-led treatment, and there were suggestions for
      improving the workbook. Reported disliked and least helpful aspects of treatments
      were minimal across conditions, but themes that emerged that will need further
      exploration included the content and structure, and implementation difficulties
      for both conditions. Collectively, these results highlight the positive impact
      that a parent-led, therapist-assisted treatment could have in terms of providing
      caregivers with more tools to help their child after trauma and reduce barriers
      to treatment.

PMID- 26977134
TI  - Do grammatical-gender distinctions learned in the second language influence
      native-language lexical processing?
AB  - How does learning a second language influence native language processing? In the
      present study, we examined whether knowledge of Spanish - a language that marks
      grammatical gender on inanimate nouns - influences lexical processing in English 
      a language that does not mark grammatical gender. We tested three groups of
      adult English native speakers: monolinguals, emergent bilinguals with high
      exposure to Spanish, and emergent bilinguals with low exposure to Spanish.
      Participants engaged in an associative learning task in English where they
      learned to associate names of inanimate objects with proper names. For half of
      the pairs, the grammatical gender of the noun's Spanish translation matched the
      gender of the proper name (e.g., corn-Patrick). For half of the pairs, the
      grammatical gender of the noun's Spanish translation mismatched the gender of the
      proper noun (e.g., beach-William). High-Spanish-exposure bilinguals (but not
      monolinguals or low-Spanish-exposure bilinguals) were less accurate at retrieving
      proper names for gender-incongruent than for gender-congruent pairs. This
      indicates that second-language morphosyntactic information is activated during
      native-language processing, even when the second language is acquired later in
      life.

PMID- 26977135
TI  - Nursing intervention versus usual care to improve delirium among home-dwelling
      older adults receiving homecare after hospitalization: feasibility and
      acceptability of a Randomized Controlled Trail.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delirium is an acute cognitive impairment among older hospitalized
      patients. It can persist until discharge and for months after that. Despite proof
      that evidence-based nursing interventions are effective in preventing delirium in
      acute hospitals, interventions among home-dwelling older patients is lacking. The
      aim was to assess feasibility and acceptability of a nursing intervention
      designed to detect and reduce delirium in older adults after discharge from
      hospital. METHODS: Randomized clinical pilot trial with a before/after design was
      used. One hundred and three older adults were recruited in a home healthcare
      service in French-speaking Switzerland and randomized into an experimental group
      (EG, n = 51) and a control group (CG, n = 52). The CG received usual homecare.
      The EG received usual homecare plus five additional nursing interventions at 48
      and 72 h and at 7, 14 and 21 days after discharge. These interventions were
      tailored for detecting and reducing delirium and were conducted by a geriatric
      clinical nurse (GCN). All patients were monitored at the start of the study (M1)
      and throughout the month for symptoms of delirium (M2). This was documented in
      patients' records after usual homecare using the Confusion Assessment Method
      (CAM). At one month (M2), symptoms of delirium were measured using the CAM,
      cognitive status was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and
      functional status was measured using Katz and Lawton Index of activities of daily
      living (ADL/IADL). At the end of the study, participants in the EG and homecare
      nurses were interviewed about the acceptability of the nursing interventions and
      the study itself. RESULTS: Feasibility and acceptability indicators reported
      excellent results. Recruitment, retention, randomization, and other procedures
      were efficient, although some potentially issues were identified. Participants
      and nurses considered organizational procedures, data collection, intervention
      content, the dose-effect of the interventions, and methodology all to be
      feasible. Duration, patient adherence and fidelity were judged acceptable.
      Nurses, participants and informal caregivers were satisfied with the relevance
      and safety of the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing interventions to
      detect/improve delirium at home are feasible and acceptable. These results
      confirm that developing a large-scale randomized controlled trial would be
      appropriate. TRIAL REGESTRATION: ISRCTN registry no: 16103589 - 19 February 2016.

PMID- 26977136
TI  - External validation of prognostic rules for early post-pulmonary embolism
      mortality: assessment of a claims-based and three clinical-based approaches.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies show the In-hospital Mortality for Pulmonary embolism using
      Claims daTa (IMPACT) rule can accurately identify pulmonary embolism (PE)
      patients at low-risk of early mortality in a retrospective setting using only
      claims for the index admission. We sought to externally validate IMPACT,
      Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), simplified PESI (sPESI) and Hestia for
      predicting early mortality. METHODS: We identified consecutive adults admitted
      for objectively-confirmed PE between 10/21/2010 and 5/12/2015. Patients
      undergoing thrombolysis/embolectomy within 48 h were excluded. All-cause in
      hospital and 30 day mortality (using available Social Security Death Index data
      through January 2014) were assessed and prognostic accuracies of IMPACT, PESI,
      sPESI and Hestia were determined. RESULTS: Twenty-one (2.6 %) of the 807 PE
      patients died before discharge. All rules classified 26.1-38.3 % of patients as
      low-risk for early mortality. Fatality among low-risk patients was 0 % (sPESI and
      Hestia), 0.4 % (IMPACT) and 0.6 % (PESI). IMPACT's sensitivity was 95.2 % (95 %
      confidence interval [CI] = 74.1-99.8 %), and the sensitivities of clinical rules
      ranged from 91 (PESI)-100 % (sPESI and Hestia). Specificities of all rules ranged
      between 26.8 and 39.1 %. Of 573 consecutive patients in the 30 day mortality
      analysis, 33 (5.8 %) died. All rules classified 27.9-38.0 % of patients as low
      risk, and fatality occurred in 0 (Hestia)-1.4 % (PESI) of low-risk patients.
      IMPACT's sensitivity was 97.0 % (95%CI = 82.5-99.8 %), while sensitivities for
      clinical rules ranged from 91 (PESI)-100 % (Hestia). Specificities of rules
      ranged between 29.6 and 39.8 %. CONCLUSION: In this analysis, IMPACT identified
      low-risk PE patients with similar accuracy as clinical rules. While not intended
      for prospective clinical decision-making, IMPACT appears useful for
      identification of low-risk PE patient in retrospective claims-based studies.

PMID- 26977138
TI  - Combined RT-qPCR of mRNA and microRNA Targets within One Fluidigm Integrated
      Fluidic Circuit.
AB  - The ability to profile expression levels of a large number of mRNAs and microRNAs
      (miRNAs) within the same sample, using a single assay method, would facilitate
      investigations of miRNA effects on mRNA abundance and streamline biomarker
      screening across multiple RNA classes. A protocol is described for reverse
      transcription of long RNA and miRNA targets, followed by preassay amplification
      of the pooled cDNAs and quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection for a mixed panel of
      candidate RNA biomarkers. The method provides flexibility for designing custom
      target panels, is robust over a range of input RNA amounts, and demonstrated a
      high assay success rate.

PMID- 26977137
TI  - Developing a Brief Suicide Prevention Intervention and Mobile Phone Application:
      a Qualitative Report.
AB  - Suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth and has become a serious
      public health problem. There has been limited research on strategies to decrease
      the likelihood of reattempt in adolescents. As phase one of a treatment
      development study, clinicians, parents and adolescents participated in
      qualitative interviews in order to gain new perspectives on developing a targeted
      intervention and a safety plan phone application for suicide prevention.
      Participants indicated that transition of care, specific treatment targets and
      safety planning were important parts of treatment. In addition, all participants
      endorsed the use of a smartphone application for these purposes.

PMID- 26977140
TI  - Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic Properties, and Interaction with Ct
      DNA of Zn(II) with 2-Aminoethanethiol Hydrochloride Ligand.
AB  - The zinc(II) complex (C2H6NS)2Zn.ZnCl2 was synthesized with 2-aminoethanethiol
      hydrochloride and zinc sulfate heptahydrate as the raw materials in aqueous
      solution. The composition and structure of the complex were characterized by
      elemental analysis, infrared spectra, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and
      thermogravimetry. The crystal structure of the zinc(II) complex belongs to
      monoclinic system, space group P  21/n, with cell parameters of a = 0.84294(4), b
      = 0.83920(4), c = 1.65787(8) nm, Z = 2, and D = 2.041 g/cm(3). In this paper, the
      interaction of complex with Ct-DNA was investigated by UV-visible and
      viscosimetric techniques. Upon addition of the complex, important changes were
      observed in the characteristic UV-Vis bands (hyperchromism) of calf thymus DNA
      and some changes in specific viscosity. The experimental results showed that the
      complex is bound to DNA intercalative (intercalation binding). 

PMID- 26977139
TI  - Salt-Dependent Aggregation and Assembly of E coli-Expressed Ferritin.
AB  - Ferritin, with the primary function of iron storage, is a nearly ubiquitous
      protein found in most living organisms. Our recent investigations suggest that
      ferritin can assemble nanoparticles. So we use ferritin as a novel type of
      delivery vehicle for recombinant epitope vaccines. And, we found that ferritin
      form nonnative aggregates depended sensitively on NaCl concentrations. Here, we
      report that ferritin is an ion-sensitive protein and has the attribute of salt
      dependent aggregation. Our results indicate that recombinant ferritin can be
      released as a soluble form from Escherichia coli at low NaCl concentrations (<=50
      mmol/L). Moreover, this result affords us to confirm a proper self-assembling
      solution for soluble ferritin or other ferritin-based fusion proteins to assemble
      nanoparticles. 

PMID- 26977141
TI  - Effects of Osseointegration by Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on Titanium Implants
      In Vitro and In Vivo.
AB  - This study designed a biomimetic implant for reducing healing time and achieving
      early osseointegration to create an active surface. Bone morphogenetic protein-2
      (BMP-2) is a strong regulator protein in osteogenic pathways. Due to hardly
      maintaining BMP-2 biological function and specificity, BMP-2 efficient delivery
      on implant surfaces is the main challenge for the clinic application. In this
      study, a novel method for synthesizing functionalized silane film for superior
      modification with BMP-2 on titanium surfaces is proposed. Three groups were
      compared with and without BMP-2 on modified titanium surfaces in vitro and in
      vivo: mechanical grinding; electrochemical modification through potentiostatic
      anodization (ECH); and sandblasting, alkali heating, and etching (SMART). Cell
      tests indicated that the ECH and SMART groups with BMP-2 markedly promoted D1
      cell activity and differentiation compared with the groups without BMP-2.
      Moreover, the SMART group with a BMP-2 surface markedly promoted early alkaline
      phosphatase expression in the D1 cells compared with the other surface groups.
      Compared with these groups in vivo, SMART silaning with BMP-2 showed superior
      bone quality and created contact areas between implant and surrounding bones. The
      SMART group with BMP-2 could promote cell mineralization in vitro and
      osseointegration in vivo, indicating potential clinical use. 

PMID- 26977142
TI  - Prevalence of chronic diseases among older patients in German general practices.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of chronic diseases (CDs) among older patients
      in German general practices (GPs). METHODS: A total of 840,319 patients older
      than 65 years (359,289 male and 481,030 female) who consulted a GP between
      January and December 2014 were selected. Ten different CDs were considered:
      hypertension, lipid metabolism, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease and
      osteoporosis. The prevalence, defined as the proportion of patients diagnosed
      with these disorders, was estimated. RESULTS: All CDs were very common in older
      subjects. Hypertension was the most common CD, affecting 65.7% of men and 66.1%
      of women. Stroke was the least frequent CD, with 6.6% of men and 5.1% of women
      displaying this condition. More than one out of two subjects had between one and
      three CDs (men: 57.7% and women: 59.3%). Approximately 25% of subjects had four
      or more CDs (men: 26.6% and women: 23.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the
      prevalence of CDs is high in the German elderly population. Hypertension was the
      most frequent chronic condition and around 25% of patients displayed at least
      four CDs.

PMID- 26977143
TI  - Involvement of Inflammatory Cytokines in Antiarrhythmic Effects of Clofibrate in
      Ouabain-Induced Arrhythmia in Isolated Rat Atria.
AB  - Considering the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of clofibrate,
      the aim of the present experiment was to investigate the involvement of local and
      systemic inflammatory cytokines in possible antiarrhythmic effects of clofibrate
      in ouabain-induced arrhythmia in rats. Rats were orally treated with clofibrate
      (300 mg/kg), and ouabain (0.56 mg/kg) was administered to animals
      intraperitoneally. After induction of anesthesia, the atria were isolated and the
      onset of arrhythmia and asystole was recorded. The levels of inflammatory
      cytokines in atria were also measured. Clofibrate significantly postponed the
      onset of arrhythmia and asystole when compared to control group (P <= 0.05 and P
      <= 0.01, resp.). While ouabain significantly increased the atrial beating rate in
      control group (P <= 0.05), same treatment did not show similar effect in
      clofibrate-treated group (P > 0.05). Injection of ouabain significantly increased
      the atrial and systemic levels of all studied inflammatory cytokines (P <= 0.05).
      Pretreatment with clofibrate could attenuate the ouabain-induced elevation of IL
      6 and TNF-alpha in atria (P <= 0.01 and P <= 0.05, resp.), as well as ouabain
      induced increase in IL-6 in plasma (P <= 0.05). Based on our findings, clofibrate
      may possess antiarrhythmic properties through mitigating the local and systemic
      inflammatory factors including IL-6 and TNF-alpha. 

PMID- 26977144
TI  - Robotic Partial Nephrectomy with the Da Vinci Xi.
AB  - Purpose. The surgical expertise to perform robotic partial nephrectomy is heavily
      dependent on technology. The Da Vinci Xi (XI) is the latest robotic surgical
      platform with significant advancements compared to its predecessor. We describe
      our operative technique and experience with the XI system for robotic partial
      nephrectomy (RPN). Materials and Methods. Patients with clinical T1 renal masses
      were offered RPN with the XI. We used laser targeting, autopositioning, and a
      novel "in-line" port placement to perform RPN. Results. 15 patients underwent RPN
      with the XI. There were no intraoperative complications and no operative
      conversions. Mean console time was 101.3 minutes (range 44-176 minutes). Mean
      ischemia time was 17.5 minutes and estimated blood loss was 120 mLs. 12 of 15
      patients had renal cell carcinoma. Two patients had oncocytoma and one had benign
      cystic disease. All patients had negative surgical margins and pathologic T1
      disease. Two postoperative complications were encountered, including one patient
      who developed a pseudoaneurysm and one readmitted for presumed urinary tract
      infection. Conclusions. RPN with the XI system can be safely performed. Combining
      our surgical technique with the technological advancements on the XI offers
      patients acceptable pathologic and perioperative outcomes. 

PMID- 26977145
TI  - Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Arising in Children and Adolescent Hashimoto's
      Thyroiditis: Ultrasonographic and Pathologic Findings.
AB  - Objectives. We compared the ultrasonography and pathology features of papillary
      thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in pediatric and adolescents with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
      (HT) with those of non-HT patients. Materials and Methods. Eleven patients who
      were surgically confirmed to have pediatric or adolescent PTC from 2006 to 2014
      were included in this study. We retrospectively analyzed the preoperative
      ultrasonography and pathology features of PTC arising in HT and non-HT patients.
      Results. On ultrasonography, thyroid gland was lobulated and enlarged, with many
      scattered microcalcifications in four of five HT patients. Four of six non-HT
      patients had suspicious masses with calcifications. The diffuse sclerosing
      variant of PTC (DSVPTC) was found in three of five HT patients, but none in non
      HT patients. Macroscopic or microscopic extrathyroidal extension was evident in
      all of the HT patients and four of the non-HT patients. Neck lymph node
      metastases were in all HT patients and five of non-HT patients. Conclusions.
      Three of five PTCs in pediatric and adolescent HT patients were DSVPTC, whereas
      all PTCs of the non-HT patients were classic type. On ultrasonography, thyroid
      gland was diffusely enlarged with scattered microcalcifications in four of five
      HT patients. All five HT cases had aggressive disease, including extrathyroidal
      extension and cervical lymph node metastases. 

PMID- 26977146
TI  - The Impacts of SLC22A1 rs594709 and SLC47A1 rs2289669 Polymorphisms on Metformin
      Therapeutic Efficacy in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
AB  - Background. We aimed to investigate the distributive characteristics of SLC22A1
      rs594709 and SLC47A1 rs2289669 polymorphisms and their influence on metformin
      efficacy in Chinese T2DM patients. Methods. The distributions of SLC22A1 rs594709
      and SLC47A1 rs2289669 polymorphisms were determined in 267 T2DM patients and 182
      healthy subjects. Subsequently, 53 newly diagnosed patients who received
      metformin monotherapy were recruited to evaluate metformin efficacy. Results. No
      significant difference was found between T2DM patients and healthy subjects in
      SLC22A1 rs594709 and SLC47A1 rs2289669 allele frequencies and genotype
      frequencies. After metformin treatment, SLC22A1 rs594709 GG genotype patients
      showed a higher increase in FINS (p = 0.015) and decrease in HOMA-IS (p = 0.001)
      and QUICKI (p = 0.002) than A allele carriers. SLC47A1 rs2289669 GG genotype
      patients had a higher decrease in TChol (p = 0.030) and LDL-C (p = 0.049) than A
      allele carriers. Among SLC22A1 rs594709 AA genotype, patients with SLC47A1
      rs2289669 AA genotype showed a higher decrease in FBG (p = 0.015), PINS (p =
      0.041), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.014) than G allele carriers. However, among SLC22A1
      rs594709 G allele carriers, SLC47A1 rs2289669 AA genotype patients showed a
      higher decrease in TChol (p = 0.013) than G allele carriers. Conclusion. Our data
      suggest that SLC22A1 rs594709 and SLC47A1 rs2289669 polymorphisms may influence
      metformin efficacy together in Chinese T2DM patients. 

PMID- 26977147
TI  - Long-Term Quality of Life and Pregnancy Outcomes of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
      Survivors Treated by Total Thyroidectomy and I(131) during Adolescence and Young
      Adulthood.
AB  - Introduction. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is rare and confers good
      prognosis. Long-term health related quality of life (HRQoL) and pregnancy
      outcomes are not well known in subjects treated during adolescence and young
      adulthood. Methods. Cross-sectional analysis of HRQoL and global self-esteem,
      using SF-36 and ISP-25 surveys, and of pregnancy outcomes in female survivors of
      DTC treated by total thyroidectomy and I(131) before age of 25 years. Results.
      Forty-five of 61 patients (74%) responded to the survey. Cumulative I(131)
      activity was <=3.85 GBq in 18 subjects and >3.85 GBq in 27 subjects. Mean time
      from diagnosis was 7.6 +/- 5.2 years for the group <= 3.85 GBq versus 16.9 +/-
      11.6 years for the group > 3.85 GBq (P < 0.05). No significant alteration in long
      term HRQoL and global self-esteem was observed. Thirty pregnancies after I(131)
      were noted in patients from the group > 3.85 GBq and 10 in patients from the
      group <= 3.85 GBq. Frequency of miscarriages was of 17% (group > 3.85 GBq) and
      10% (group <= 3.85 GBq) with 9 and 24 live births, respectively. No congenital
      malformations or first year mortality was noted. Conclusion. Long-term HRQoL,
      global self-esteem, and pregnancy outcomes are not affected in young female
      survivors of DTC. 

PMID- 26977148
TI  - Recombinant Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone versus Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal
      for Radioactive Iodine Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Nodal
      Metastatic Disease.
AB  - Introduction. Recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) is approved
      for preparation of thyroid remnant ablation with radioactive iodine (RAI) in low
      risk patients with well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). We studied the
      safety and efficacy of rhTSH preparation for RAI treatment of thyroid cancer
      patients with nodal metastatic disease. Methods. A retrospective analysis was
      performed on 108 patients with histopathologically confirmed nodal metastatic
      DTC, treated with initial RAI between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2007.
      Within this selected group, 31 and 42 patients were prepared for initial and all
      subsequent RAI treatments by either thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) or rhTSH
      protocols and were followed up for at least 3 years. Results. The response to
      initial treatment, classified as excellent, acceptable, or incomplete, was not
      different between the rhTSH group (57%, 21%, and 21%, resp.) and the THW group
      (39%, 13%, and 48%, resp.; P = 0.052). There was no significant difference in the
      final clinical outcome between the groups. The rhTSH group received significantly
      fewer additional doses of RAI than the THW group (P = 0.03). Conclusion. In
      patients with nodal-positive DTC, preparation for RAI with rhTSH is a safe and
      efficacious alternative to THW protocol. 

PMID- 26977149
TI  - Materials and Bioactive Factors in Dental Restoration and Periodontal Therapy.

PMID- 26977150
TI  - Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Microleakage of a Silorane-Based Composite
      Resin after Immediate or Delayed Finishing/Polishing.
AB  - Objective. This study evaluated the effect of immediate or delayed
      finishing/polishing using different systems on the surface roughness, hardness,
      and microleakage of a silorane-based composite. Material and Methods. Specimens
      were made with silorane-based composite (Filtek P90, 3M ESPE) and assigned to the
      treatments: control (light-cured); aluminum oxide discs (Sof-Lex, 3M ESPE);
      diamond-impregnated silicone tips (Astropol, Ivoclar Vivadent); aluminum oxide
      impregnated silicone tips (Enhance, Dentsply). Half of the specimens were
      finished/polished immediately and the rest after 7 days. Surface roughness (Ra,
      MUm; n = 20) and Vickers microhardness (50 g; 45 s; n = 10) were measured.
      Cavities were prepared in bovine incisors and filled with Filtek P90. The
      fillings received immediate or delayed finishing/polishing (n = 10) and were
      subjected to dye penetration test (0.5% basic fuchsin, 24 h). Data were analyzed
      by ANOVA and Scheffe, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.05). Results.
      The finishing/polishing system significantly influenced roughness and
      microhardness (p < 0.0001). For enamel, microleakage was not affected by the
      finishing/polishing system (p = 0.309). For dentin, Sof-Lex discs and Astropol
      points promoted greater microleakage than Enhance points (p = 0.033). Conclusion.
      Considering roughness, microhardness, and microleakage together, immediate
      finishing/polishing of a silorane-based composite using aluminum oxide discs may
      be recommended. 

PMID- 26977151
TI  - Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry
      Applied in the Quantitative Analysis of Chitin-Derived Glucosamine for a Rapid
      Estimation of Fungal Biomass in Soil.
AB  - This method employs liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to rapidly
      quantify chitin-derived glucosamine for estimating fungal biomass. Analyte
      retention was achieved using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, with
      a zwitter-ionic stationary phase (ZIC-HILIC), and isocratic elution using 60% 5
      mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0) and 40% ACN. Inclusion of muramic acid and
      its chromatographic separation from glucosamine enabled calculation of the
      bacterial contribution to the latter. Galactosamine, an isobaric isomer to
      glucosamine, found in significant amounts in soil samples, was also investigated.
      The two isomers form the same precursor and product ions and could not be
      chromatographically separated using this rapid method. Instead, glucosamine and
      galactosamine were distinguished mathematically, using the linear relationships
      describing the differences in product ion intensities for the two analytes. The
      m/z transitions of 180 -> 72 and 180 -> 84 were applied for the detection of
      glucosamine and galactosamine and that of 252 -> 126 for muramic acid. Limits of
      detection were in the nanomolar range for all included analytes. The total
      analysis time was 6 min, providing a high sample throughput method. 

PMID- 26977152
TI  - Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoaggregates from Gladius of
      Uroteuthis duvauceli.
AB  - We report the synthesis, characterization, and biological properties of chitosan
      nanoaggregates from gladius of squid, Uroteuthis duvauceli. beta-Chitin extracted
      from gladius was deacetylated to chitosan and further reduced to nanosize using
      ionic gelation process. The morphology and occurrence of chitosan nanoaggregates
      (CSNA) were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degree of
      deacetylation (DD%) calculated from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum
      showed high value (~94 +/- 1.25%) for chitosan. The CSNA depicts low molecular
      weight, stable positive zeta potential, and less ash and moisture content with
      high water and fat binding capacity. The antimicrobial activity was tested
      against pathogenic microorganisms, which depicted significant rate of inhibition
      against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli due to high cellular uptake.
      The antioxidant analysis for CSNA demonstrated high reducing power and scavenging
      activity towards superoxide radicals compared with the commercially available
      chitosan. Furthermore, nanoaggregates exhibited low cytotoxic behavior in
      biological in vitro tests performed using cervical cancer cell line. These
      results indicate that chitosan nanoaggregates synthesized from waste gladius will
      be highly efficient and safe candidate for biological applications as food
      packing film, drug carrier, and tissue engineering. 

PMID- 26977154
TI  - Factor-Reduced Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Efficiently Differentiate
      into Neurons Independent of the Number of Reprogramming Factors.
AB  - Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by
      overexpression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-Myc holds
      great promise for the development of personalized cell replacement therapies. In
      an attempt to minimize the risk of chromosomal disruption and to simplify
      reprogramming, several studies demonstrated that a reduced set of reprogramming
      factors is sufficient to generate iPSC. We recently showed that a reduction of
      reprogramming factors in murine cells not only reduces reprogramming efficiency
      but also may worsen subsequent differentiation. To prove whether this is also
      true for human cells, we compared the efficiency of neuronal differentiation of
      iPSC generated from fetal human neural stem cells with either one (OCT4; hiPSC1F
      NSC) or two (OCT4, KLF4; hiPSC2F-NSC) reprogramming factors with iPSC produced
      from human fibroblasts using three (hiPSC3F-FIB) or four reprogramming factors
      (hiPSC4F-FIB). After four weeks of coculture with PA6 stromal cells, neuronal
      differentiation of hiPSC1F-NSC and hiPSC2F-NSC was as efficient as iPSC3F-FIB or
      iPSC4F-FIB. We conclude that a reduction of reprogramming factors in human cells
      does reduce reprogramming efficiency but does not alter subsequent
      differentiation into neural lineages. This is of importance for the development
      of future application of iPSC in cell replacement therapies. 

PMID- 26977153
TI  - Sensorineural Tinnitus: Its Pathology and Probable Therapies.
AB  - Tinnitus is not a single disease but a group of different diseases with different
      pathologies and therefore different treatments. Regarding tinnitus as a single
      disease is hampering progress in understanding of the pathophysiology of tinnitus
      and perhaps, more importantly, it is a serious obstacle in development of
      effective treatments for tinnitus. Subjective tinnitus is a phantom sound that
      takes many different forms and has similarities with chronic neuropathic pain.
      The pathology may be in the cochlea, in the auditory nerve, or, most commonly, in
      the brain. Like chronic neuropathic pain tinnitus is not life threatening but
      influences many normal functions such as sleep and the ability to concentrate on
      work. Some forms of chronic tinnitus have two components, a (phantom) sound and a
      component that may best be described as suffering or distress. The pathology of
      these two components may be different and the treatment that is most effective
      may be different for these two components. The most common form of treatment of
      tinnitus is pharmacological agents and behavioral treatment combined with sound
      therapy. Less common treatments are hypnosis and acupuncture. Various forms of
      neuromodulation are becoming in use in an attempt to reverse maladaptive plastic
      changes in the brain. 

PMID- 26977155
TI  - Manufacturing of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Microcarriers
      in a Dynamic System for Clinical Use.
AB  - The great properties of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) make these cells
      an important tool in regenerative medicine. Because of the limitations of hMSCs
      derived from the bone marrow during isolation and expansion, hMSCs derived from
      the umbilical cord stroma are a great alternative to overcome these issues. For a
      large expansion of these cells, we performed a process transfer from static
      culture to a dynamic system. For this reason, a microcarrier selection out of
      five microcarrier types was made to achieve a suitable growth surface for the
      cells. The growth characteristics and metabolite consumption and production were
      used to compare the cells growth in 12-well plate and spinner flask. The goal to
      determine relevant process parameters to transfer the expansion process into a
      stirred tank bioreactor was achieved. 

PMID- 26977156
TI  - Temporal Analyses of the Response of Intervertebral Disc Cells and Mesenchymal
      Stem Cells to Nutrient Deprivation.
AB  - Much emphasis has been placed recently on the repair of degenerate discs using
      implanted cells, such as disc cells or bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
      (MSCs). This study examines the temporal response of bovine and human nucleus
      pulposus (NP) cells and MSCs cultured in monolayer following exposure to altered
      levels of glucose (0, 3.15, and 4.5 g/L) and foetal bovine serum (0, 10, and 20%)
      using an automated time-lapse imaging system. NP cells were also exposed to the
      cell death inducers, hydrogen peroxide and staurosporine, in comparison to serum
      starvation. We have demonstrated that human NP cells show an initial "shock"
      response to reduced nutrition (glucose). However, as time progresses, NP cells
      supplemented with serum recover with minimal evidence of cell death. Human NP
      cells show no evidence of proliferation in response to nutrient supplementation,
      whereas MSCs showed greater response to increased nutrition. When specifically
      inducing NP cell death with hydrogen peroxide and staurosporine, as expected, the
      cell number declined. These results support the concept that implanted NP cells
      or MSCs may be capable of survival in the nutrient-poor environment of the
      degenerate human disc, which has important clinical implications for the
      development of IVD cell therapies. 

PMID- 26977159
TI  - Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Protects against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Inhibition
      of Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem
      Cells.
AB  - Oxidative stress induces bone loss and osteoporosis, and epigallocatechin-3
      gallate (EGCG) may be used to combat these diseases due to its antioxidative
      property. Herein, oxidative stress in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem
      cells (BM-MSCs) was induced by H2O2, resulting in an adverse effect on their
      osteogenic differentiation. However, this H2O2-induced adverse effect was
      nullified when the cells were treated with EGCG. In addition, treatment of BM
      MSCs with EGCG alone also resulted in the enhancement of osteogenic
      differentiation of BM-MSCs. After EGCG treatment, expressions of beta-catenin and
      cyclin D1 were upregulated, suggesting that the Wnt pathway was involved in the
      effects of EGCG on the osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs. This was also
      confirmed by the fact that the Wnt pathway inhibitor, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), can
      nullify the EGCG-induced enhancement effect on BM-MSC's osteogenic
      differentiation. Hence, our results suggested that EGCG can reduce the effects of
      oxidative stress on Wnt pathway in osteogenic cells, which supported a
      potentially promising therapy of bone disorders induced by oxidative stress.
      Considering its positive effects on BM-MSCs, EGCG may also be beneficial for stem
      cell-based bone repair. 

PMID- 26977161
TI  - Orthopedic Manifestations of Mobius Syndrome: Case Series and Survey Study.
AB  - Background. Mobius Syndrome is a rare disease defined by bilateral congenital 7th
      nerve palsy. We focus on reporting the prevalence of orthopedic disease in this
      population. Methods. Twenty-three individuals with Mobius Syndrome underwent
      orthopedic physical examination, and additional 96 patients filled out a survey
      for self-reported orthopedic diagnoses. Results. Clubfoot was present in 60% of
      individuals in the physical exam series and 42% of those in the survey. Scoliosis
      was present in 26% and 28%, respectively. Poland's Syndrome was present in 17%
      and 30%. In addition to these findings, 27% of patients reported having
      difficulty with anesthesia, including difficulty in intubation and airway
      problems. Conclusion. An increased prevalence of scoliosis, clubfoot, transverse
      limb deficiencies, and Poland's Syndrome is identified in the setting of Mobius
      Syndrome. In the setting of several deformities often requiring surgical
      correction, a high incidence of anesthetic difficulty is noted and should be
      discussed with patients and other providers during surgical planning. 

PMID- 26977160
TI  - Ear Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors in First Nations and Rural School
      Aged Canadian Children.
AB  - Background. Ear infections in children are a major health problem and may be
      associated with hearing impairment and delayed language development. Objective.
      To determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors of ear infections in
      children 6-17 years old residing on two reserves and rural areas in the province
      of Saskatchewan. Methodology. Data were provided from two rural cross-sectional
      children studies. Outcome variable of interest was presence/absence of an ear
      infection. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship
      between ear infection and the other covariates. Results. The prevalence of ear
      infection was 57.8% for rural Caucasian children and 43.6% for First Nations
      children living on-reserve. First Nations children had a lower risk of ear
      infection. Ear infection prevalence was positively associated with younger age;
      first born in the family; self-reported physician-diagnosed tonsillitis; self
      reported physician-diagnosed asthma; and any respiratory related allergy.
      Protective effect of breastfeeding longer than three months was observed on the
      prevalence of ear infection. Conclusions. While ear infection is a prevalent
      condition of childhood, First Nations children were less likely to have a history
      of ear infections when compared to their rural Caucasian counterparts. 

PMID- 26977162
TI  - Risk Factors for Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Cirrhosis Awaiting Liver
      Transplantation in Shiraz, Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis is a fairly common and potentially life
      threatening complication in patients with liver cirrhosis. The risk factors for
      portal vein thrombosis in these patients are still not fully understood.
      OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the associations between various risk
      factors in cirrhotic patients and the development of portal vein thrombosis.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this case-control study performed at the Shiraz organ
      transplantation center, Iran, we studied 219 patients (> 18 years old) with liver
      cirrhosis, who were awaiting liver transplants in our unit, from November 2010 to
      May 2011. The patients were evaluated by history, physical examination, and
      laboratory tests, including factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation, Janus
      Kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation, and serum levels of protein C, protein S, antithrombin
      III, homocysteine, factor VIII, and anticardiolipin antibodies. RESULTS: There
      was no statistically significant difference in the assessed hypercoagulable
      states between patients with or without portal vein thrombosis. A history of
      previous variceal bleeding with subsequent endoscopic treatment in patients with
      portal vein thrombosis was significantly higher than in those without it (P =
      0.013, OR: 2.526, 95% CI: 1.200 - 5.317). CONCLUSIONS: In our population of
      cirrhotic patients, treatment of variceal bleeding predisposed the patients to
      portal vein thrombosis, but hypercoagulable disorders by themselves were not
      associated with portal vein thrombosis.

PMID- 26977158
TI  - Development of Synthetic and Natural Materials for Tissue Engineering
      Applications Using Adipose Stem Cells.
AB  - Adipose stem cells have prominent implications in tissue regeneration due to
      their abundance and relative ease of harvest from adipose tissue and their
      abilities to differentiate into mature cells of various tissue lineages and
      secrete various growth cytokines. Development of tissue engineering techniques in
      combination with various carrier scaffolds and adipose stem cells offers great
      potential in overcoming the existing limitations constraining classical
      approaches used in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, as most tissue
      engineering techniques are new and highly experimental, there are still many
      practical challenges that must be overcome before laboratory research can lead to
      large-scale clinical applications. Tissue engineering is currently a growing
      field of medical research; in this review, we will discuss the progress in
      research on biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering applications using
      adipose stem cells. 

PMID- 26977164
TI  - Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation Improves Portal
      Hemodynamics in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-related Decompensated Cirrhosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may eventually lead to
      decompensated liver cirrhosis, which is a terminal illness. OBJECTIVES: The aim
      of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of autologous
      peripheral blood stem cell (APBSC) transplantation to improve portal vein
      hemodynamics in patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: This prospective study included 68 hospitalized patients who were
      diagnosed with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis. These patients were divided
      into two groups: the transplantation group included 33 patients, while the
      control group included 35. Both groups received conventional medical treatment
      simultaneously, and APBSC transplantation was performed on the patients in the
      transplantation group. We evaluated the effects of APBSC transplantation on
      postoperative liver function using the following indices: total bilirubin, serum
      prothrombin and albumin, spleen size, and portal vein hemodynamics.
      Postoperatively, all of the patients were followed up at 24, 36, and 48 weeks.
      RESULTS: The transplantation group had no serious reactions. Compared with the
      control group, albumin and prothrombin activity in the transplantation group was
      significantly improved at 24, 36, and 48 weeks after the procedure, and spleen
      length and portal vein diameter were substantially reduced at 48 weeks. The
      velocity of peak portal vein blood flow and mean maximum portal vein blood flow
      were greatly increased in the APBSC transplantation group at 36 and 48 weeks,
      respectively; however, there was also decreased portal vein diameter, which
      reduced portal vein pressure in patients with HBV-related decompensated
      cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: APBSC transplantation greatly benefits HBV-linked
      decompensated cirrhosis patients and should be recommended in clinical practice.

PMID- 26977163
TI  - Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Bahrain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Approximately 170 million people are infected with Hepatitis C virus
      (HCV) worldwide, making it one of the world's major infectious diseases. There
      are no published population based studies about the prevalence of HCV genotypes
      in Bahrain. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to
      investigate the prevalence and distribution of HCV genotypes and subtypes among a
      large sample of patients with chronic HCV infection in Bahrain. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 202 HCV positive patients; of them 128
      had a viral load (> 500 IU/mL) suitable for the type-specific genotyping assay.
      Gender-wise and age-wise differences in the distribution of HCV genotypes were
      determined by Chi Square and Fisher's Exact tests. RESULTS: The predominant
      genotype among Bahraini patients was type 1 (36.71%), followed by genotypes 3 and
      4 (15.6% each) and the lowest frequency was found for genotype 2 (3.9%). Among
      genotype 1, subtype 1b had the highest frequency (21.09%), followed by subtype 1a
      (14.06%). Among genotype 3, subtype 3a had the highest frequency (11.72%), while
      among genotype 4, most of subtypes were undetermined. The frequency of all
      different HCV genotypes was higher in male patients compared to female patients.
      Genotype 1 was most common in the age group of 51 - 60 years (38.3%), genotype 2
      in 21 - 30 years (60%) and genotype 3 in 51 - 60 years (30%), while genotype 4
      was most frequent among the age group > 61 (40%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common
      HCV genotype in Bahrain was subtype 1b followed by 1a and 3a. Further studies
      involving sources of transmission in Bahrain are required to enhance control
      measures for HCV infection.

PMID- 26977157
TI  - Glioma Stem Cells and Their Microenvironments: Providers of Challenging
      Therapeutic Targets.
AB  - Malignant gliomas are aggressive brain tumors with limited therapeutic options,
      possibly because of highly tumorigenic subpopulations of glioma stem cells. These
      cells require specific microenvironments to maintain their "stemness," described
      as perivascular and hypoxic niches. Each of those niches induces particular
      signatures in glioma stem cells (e.g., activation of Notch signaling, secretion
      of VEGF, bFGF, SDF1 for the vascular niche, activation of HIF2alpha, and
      metabolic reprogramming for hypoxic niche). Recently, accumulated knowledge on
      tumor-associated macrophages, possibly delineating a third niche, has underlined
      the role of immune cells in glioma progression, via specific chemoattractant
      factors and cytokines, such as macrophage-colony stimulation factor (M-CSF). The
      local or myeloid origin of this new component of glioma stem cells niche is yet
      to be determined. Such niches are being increasingly recognized as key regulators
      involved in multiple stages of disease progression, therapy resistance, immune
      escaping, and distant metastasis, thereby substantially impacting the future
      development of frontline interventions in clinical oncology. This review focuses
      on the microenvironment impact on the glioma stem cell biology, emphasizing GSCs
      cross talk with hypoxic, perivascular, and immune niches and their potential use
      as targeted therapy. 

PMID- 26977165
TI  - Interferon Lambda 4 Polymorphism Predicts Sustained Viral Response in Hepatitis C
      Virus Patients Irrespective of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes, Ethnicity or
      Treatment Regimen: Results From a Meta-Analysis.
AB  - CONTEXT: There is growing evidence that interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) polymorphism
      is related to sustained virological response (SVR) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      infection. We analyzed the relationship between IFNL4 (rs368234815) polymorphism
      and SVR in dual- and triple- therapy in HCV genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 infected
      Asian, Caucasian and African patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed a
      systematic search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, EBSCO and Web of Science databases
      up to July 2015. Data of qualified studies were analyzed using the meta-analysis
      method in Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS: Ten studies involving 4765 patients were
      included in the analysis. Of overall studies, SVR was more frequent in TT/TT
      genotype compared to TT /DeltaG+DeltaG /DeltaG (OR = 4.439, 95% CI: 3.410 -
      5.778). Genotype stratification analyses revealed rs368234815 TT/ TT was
      associated with higher SVR in G1, G2/3 and G4 HCV patients (ORG1 = 4.661, 95% CI:
      3.937 - 5.518; ORG2/3 = 1.896, 95% CI: 1.265 - 2.841; ORG4 = 6.074; 95% CI: 3.129
      - 11.788). Ethnicity stratification analyses of G1 patients showed that SVR was
      more frequent with TT/ TT genotype in Asians (OR= 8.245, 95% CI: 5.475 - 12.416),
      Caucasians (OR = 4.166, 95% CI: 3.441 - 5.042) and Africans (SVR: 37.5% vs 17.0%,
      P = 0.017). Moreover, similar results presented in therapy stratification
      analyses both in patients with dual-therapy (OR = 3.857; 95% CI: 3.288 - 4.524)
      or triple-therapy (OR = 8.119; 95% CI: 4.942 - 13.340). CONCLUSIONS: Favorable
      IFNL4 rs368234815 genotype is a strong predictor of SVR in HCV patients,
      irrespective of HCV genotypes, ethnicity or treatment regimen. Thus, detection
      for IFNL4 rs368234815 polymorphism may be beneficial to guide the clinician in
      the individualization of therapy and design.

PMID- 26977166
TI  - Abnormal Expression of Golgi Protein 73 in Clinical Values and Their Role in HBV
      Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis and Prognosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The up-regulation of hepatic Golgi protein 73 (GP73) is associated
      with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the exact
      mechanism and clinical values of its diagnosis and prognosis still need to be
      clarified. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical values of abnormal liver or
      circulating GP73 expression and their effect on HCC diagnosis and prognosis.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of GP73 was investigated in 88 cancerous
      and self-control non-cancerous tissues using tissue microarrays with immunohisto-
      chemistry and was confirmed by Western blotting. Circulating GP73 levels were
      detected in the sera of 281 patients with liver diseases using enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The levels of circulating GP73 expression in the
      HCC group were higher than those in any group of benign liver diseases or
      controls. No significant difference was found between GP73 expression and
      patients' sex or age, tumor size, or AFP level except for those with hepatitis B
      virus (HBV) infection or distal metastasis (P < 0.05). The area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity for HCC
      diagnosis were 0.881, 78.34%, and 77.59% for GP73 levels over 70 MUg/L or 0.754,
      71.97%, and 84.48% for alpha-fetoprotein levels over 50 MUg/L, respectively. The
      total incidence of GP73 plus alpha-fetoprotein was up to 87.26% for HCC. A
      positive GP73 result with brown particles was mainly located in the cytosol, with
      a few in the nucleus and none in the cell membrane, with abnormal expression in
      HCC tissues (480.7 +/- 148.7) that was significantly higher (t = 10.730, P <
      0.001) than those in their non-cancerous tissues (208.0 +/- 66.1). The high GP73
      expression in HCC was related to lymph node metastasis (chi(2) = 6.940, P =
      0.008), gross classification (chi(2) = 6.311, P = 0.012), HBV (chi(2) = 4.803, P
      = 0.028), tumor node metastasis staging (chi(2) = 4.887, P = 0.027), and five
      year survival (chi(2) = 5.206, P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormality of hepatic or
      circulating GP73 expression should be regarded as an emerging biomarker for HCC
      diagnosis and prognosis.

PMID- 26977167
TI  - Selective Toxicity of Persian Gulf Sea Cucumber (Holothuria parva) and Sponge
      (Haliclona oculata) Methanolic Extracts on Liver Mitochondria Isolated from an
      Animal Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Natural products isolated from marine environments are well known for
      their pharmacodynamic potential in diverse disease treatments, such as for cancer
      or inflammatory conditions. Sea cucumbers are marine animals of the phylum
      Echinoderm and the class Holothuroidea, with leathery skin and gelatinous bodies.
      Sponges are important components of Persian Gulf animal communities, and the
      marine sponges of the genus Haliclona have been known to display broad-spectrum
      biological activity. Many studies have shown that sea cucumbers and sponges
      contain antioxidants and anti-cancer compounds. OBJECTIVES: This study was
      designed to determine the selective toxicity of Persian Gulf sea cucumber
      (Holothuria parva) and sponge (Haliclona oculata) methanolic extracts on liver
      mitochondria isolated from an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma, as part
      of a national project that hopes to identify novel potential anticancer
      candidates among Iranian Persian Gulf flora and fauna. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To
      induce hepatocarcinogenesis, rats were given diethylnitrosamine (DEN) injections
      (200 mg/kg i.p. by a single dose), and then the cancer was promoted with 2
      acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) (0.02 w/w) for two weeks. Histopathological
      evaluations were performed, and levels of liver injury markers and a specific
      liver cancer marker (alpha-fetoprotein), were determined for confirmation of
      hepatocellular carcinoma induction. Finally, mitochondria were isolated from
      cancerous and non-cancerous hepatocytes. RESULTS: Our results showed that H.
      parva methanolic extracts (250, 500, and 1000 ug/mL) and H. oculata methanolic
      extracts (200, 400, and 800 ug/mL) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling, and
      cytochrome c release in the mitochondria obtained from cancerous hepatocytes, but
      not in mitochondria obtained from non-cancerous liver hepatocytes. These extracts
      also induced caspase-3 activation, which is known as a final mediator of
      apoptosis, in the hepatocytes obtained only from cancerous, not non-cancerous,
      rat livers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that H. parva and H. oculata may be
      promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of HCC, following further
      confirmatory in vivo experiments and clinical trials.

PMID- 26977168
TI  - Association Between LYPLAL1 rs12137855 Polymorphism With Ultrasound-Defined Non
      Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Chinese Han Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified that gene
      Lysophospholipase-like 1 (LYPLAL1) rs12137855 associated with non-alcoholic fatty
      liver disease (NAFLD). No research has been performed regarding the association
      between LYPLAL1 and NAFLD in China. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was
      to investigate the association between the gene LYPLAL1 rs12137855 and NAFLD, and
      the effect on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese Han population. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: LYPLAL1 rs12137855 gene was genotyped in 184 patients with NAFLD and 114
      healthy controls using sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis (PCR).
      We tested serum lipid profiles using biochemical methods. RESULTS: No significant
      differences in genotype and allele frequencies of LYPLAL1 rs12137855 was found
      between the NAFLD group and the controls group (P > 0.05). Subjects with the
      variant LYPLAL1 rs12137855 CC genotype had a higher mean weight, body mass index
      (BMI) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed for the
      first time that LYPLAL1 gene is not associated with a risk of NAFLD development
      in the Chinese Han population. The variant carriers of overall subjects
      significantly increased weight, BMI and LDL.

PMID- 26977169
TI  - Cholangiocarcinoma Secondary to Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in Explanted
      Livers: A Single-Center Study in the South of Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic disease,
      characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of bile duct epithelial cells.
      This is a significant contributory factor to the development of malignancy, most
      commonly cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is the second most common malignant
      liver tumor. OBJECTIVES: For the first time in Iran, we intend to describe our
      experience with cases of PSC, with and without CCA, in explanted livers, and
      compare our results with those found in other areas of the world. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: The study population comprised 181 individuals with a diagnosis of PSC
      who had undergone liver transplantation in the main liver transplant center of
      Iran, the largest center of hepatobiliary surgery in the south of that country,
      over a 3-year period between 2012 and 2014. All explanted livers, with and
      without CCA, were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 181 patients, 16 were found to have
      CCA, two of whom had been diagnosed after pathologic study of the explanted
      livers. Therefore it appeared that 8.8% of the patients with PSC in our center
      had developed CCA before liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: A comparison of our
      results with those obtained from other centers in both Western and Asian
      countries (which reported CCA in 3.6% - 36.5% of patients with PSC), shows that
      the incidence of CCA in the patients we studied is intermediate.

PMID- 26977170
TI  - A Single Center Study Comparing the Stainable Iron Depositions in 1000 Explanted
      Cirrhotic Livers of Different Causes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There have been very few studies evaluating the close association
      between excess iron and cirrhosis; however, cirrhosis could be regarded as an
      iron-loading disorder. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the goal was to show the levels
      of the iron content in the liver tissue in certain types of cirrhosis. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: In this 7 year study (2008 - 2014), in 1000 explanted livers, the
      amount of iron was scored and compared according to the cause of the cirrhosis.
      The amount of iron in the liver was determined via the histochemical staining of
      the liver tissue, using Prussian-blue staining. Additionally, in each patient,
      the serum iron was determined and compared according to the cause of cirrhosis.
      RESULTS: The highest content of iron has been found in cirrhosis caused by
      chronic hepatitis (i.e. hepatitis B, C, and autoimmune hepatitis), as well as in
      alcoholic cirrhosis. The least amount of stainable iron has been shown in biliary
      cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of high stainable iron in patients with
      cirrhosis, secondary to chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and
      alcoholic hepatitis, should not be considered indicative of the presence of
      hereditary hemochromatosis; however, in those patients with biliary cirrhosis, a
      high iron content is rare, and can be a sign of the presence of the high iron Fe
      (HFE) gene mutation, or another type of hereditary hemochromatosis.

PMID- 26977171
TI  - Hepatitis A Virus Infection, Vaccination and Iranian Healthcare Workers.
AB  - CONTEXT: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is an important public health problem.
      It is estimated that about 1.4 million cases of HAV infection occur every year
      worldwide. Non-immune healthcare workers (HCWs) can be at higher risk of HAV
      infection in comparison to general population and an appropriate preventive
      method should be considered for them. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: For finding related
      articles, a comprehensive search was performed in Scopus, PubMed and Google
      Scholar and all appropriate combinations of following keywords were considered;
      "healthcare provider", "healthcare personnel", "healthcare worker", "nurse"
      "medical students", "Iran", "Hepatitis A" and "vaccination". Also we did a search
      in Persian language in Google scholar and scientific information database (SID)
      to find related Persian literature. RESULTS: A gradual shift in age of HAV
      infection has been seen from childhood toward adulthood. Data about HAV
      seropositivity among Iranian HCWs are very limited. However based on the recent
      studies, it seems that HAV seropositivity has been reduced among HCWs in
      comparison with the past. All recent studies have suggested HAV vaccination for
      HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: Available limited studies show that Iranian healthcare
      personnel need HAV vaccination. However, for selecting an appropriate preventive
      method for this high risk group, more original studies are still needed.

PMID- 26977172
TI  - Acupuncture for Pain Management in Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for cancer
      related pain. Methods. A systematic review of literatures published from database
      inception to February 2015 was conducted in eight databases. RCTs involving
      acupuncture for treatment of cancer-related pain were identified. Two researchers
      independently performed article selection, data extraction, and quality
      assessment of data. Results. 1,639 participants in twenty RCTs were analyzed. All
      selected RCTs were associated with high risk of bias. Meta-analysis indicated
      that acupuncture alone did not have superior pain-relieving effects as compared
      with conventional drug therapy. However, as compared with the drug therapy alone,
      acupuncture plus drug therapy resulted in increased pain remission rate, shorter
      onset time of pain relief, longer pain-free duration, and better quality of life
      without serious adverse effects. However, GRADE analysis revealed that the
      quality of all outcomes about acupuncture plus drug therapy was very low.
      Conclusions. Acupuncture plus drug therapy is more effective than conventional
      drug therapy alone for cancer-related pain. However, multicenter high-quality
      RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to provide stronger evidence for the
      effectiveness of acupuncture in cancer-related pain due to the low data quality
      of the studies included in the current meta-analysis. 

PMID- 26977173
TI  - Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Methanol Extract and Its Fraction from
      the Root of Schoenoplectus grossus.
AB  - The study aims to evaluate analgesic and antipyretic activities of the methanol
      extract and its different fractions from root of Schoenoplectus grossus using
      acetic acid induced writhing and radiant heat tail flick method of pain models in
      mice and yeast induced pyrexia in rats at the doses of 400 and 200 mg/kg. In
      acetic acid writhing test, the methanol extract, petroleum ether, and carbon
      tetrachloride fractions produced significant (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05) inhibition
      of writhing responses in dose dependent manner. The methanol extract at 400 and
      200 mg/kg being more protective with 54% and 45.45% of inhibition compared to
      diclofenac sodium of 56% followed by petroleum ether fractions of 49.69% and
      39.39% at the same doses. The extracts did not produce any significant
      antinociceptive activity in tail flick test except standard morphine. When
      studied on yeast induced pyrexia, methanol and petroleum ether fractions
      significantly lowered the rectal temperature time dependently in a manner similar
      to standard drug paracetamol and distinctly more significant (P < 0.001) after
      second hour. These findings suggest that the root extracts of S. grossus possess
      significant peripherally acting analgesic potential and antipyretic property. The
      phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and
      tannins. 

PMID- 26977174
TI  - Selective Inhibition of Bakuchicin Isolated from Psoralea corylifolia on CYP1A in
      Human Liver Microsomes.
AB  - Bakuchicin is a furanocoumarin isolated from Psoralea corylifolia and shows
      several biological activities. Although there have been studies on the biological
      effects of bakuchicin, its modulation potency of CYP activities has not been
      previously investigated. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of
      bakuchicin on the activities of CYP isoforms by using a cocktail of probe
      substrates in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) and human recombinant cDNA
      expressed CYP. Bakuchicin strongly inhibited CYP1A-mediated phenacetin O
      deethylation with an IC50 value of 0.43 MUM in HLMs. It was confirmed by human
      recombinant cDNA-expressed CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 with a K i value of 0.11 MUM and
      0.32 MUM, respectively. A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that the inhibition
      mechanism of bakuchicin was competitive inhibition. Overall, this is the first
      study to investigate the potential CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 inhibition associated with
      bakuchicin and to report its competitive inhibitory effects on HLMs. 

PMID- 26977176
TI  - Scope and limitations of the dual-gold-catalysed hydrophenoxylation of alkynes.
AB  - Due to the synthetic advantages presented by the dual-gold-catalysed
      hydrophenoxylation of alkynes, a thorough study of this reaction was carried out
      in order to fully define the scope and limitations of the methodology. The
      protocol tolerates a wide range of functional groups, such as nitriles, ketones,
      esters, aldehydes, ketals, naphthyls, allyls or polyphenols, in a milder and more
      efficient manner than the previously reported methodologies. We have also
      identified that while we are able to use highly steric hindered phenols, small
      changes on the steric bulk of the alkynes have a dramatic effect on the
      reactivity. More importantly, we have observed that the use of substrates that
      facilitate the formation of diaurated species such as gem-diaurated or sigma,pi
      digold-acetylide species, hinder the catalytic activity. Moreover, we have
      identified that the use of directing groups in unsymmetrical alkynes can help to
      achieve high regioselectivity in the hydrophenoxylation. 

PMID- 26977177
TI  - Thermal and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon oil (Salmo salar L.) and
      complexation with beta-cyclodextrin.
AB  - The thermal and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon oil (Salmo salar L.) as
      well as its beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) complexation ability has been verified
      for the first time. The main omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, were significantly
      degraded, even at 50  degrees C. Their relative concentrations decrease from 6.1%
      for EPA and 4.1% for DHA to 1.7% and 1.5% after degradation at 150  degrees C,
      respectively. On the other hand, the relative concentrations of monounsaturated
      and saturated fatty acids remained constant or slightly increased by a few
      percent after degradation (e.g., from 10.7% to 12.9% for palmitic acid). Co
      crystallization of ASO with beta-CD at a host-guest ratio of 1:1 and 3:1 from an
      ethanol-water mixture and kneading methods has been used for the preparation of
      beta-CD/ASO complexes. The analysis of the complexes by thermogravimetry,
      differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Karl Fischer titration (KFT) as well
      as the decrease of the "strongly-retained" water content confirm the formation of
      the inclusion compound. Furthermore, the DSC parameters correlate well with the
      KFT kinetic data for beta-CD/ASO complexes. 

PMID- 26977178
TI  - Synthesis and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1
      (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene.
AB  - 3-Fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene was prepared by three different
      ways: as a byproduct of direct fluorination of 1,2-bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfane,
      by direct fluorination of 4-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene, and by
      fluorodenitration of 3,5-dinitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene. The title
      compound was subjected to a nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the fluorine
      atom with oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen nucleophiles affording novel
      (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes with 3,5-disubstitution pattern. Vicarious
      nucleophilic substitution of the title compound with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
      nucleophiles provided 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes
      substituted in position four. 

PMID- 26977179
TI  - Asymmetric alpha-amination of beta-keto esters using a guanidine-bisurea
      bifunctional organocatalyst.
AB  - An asymmetric alpha-amination of beta-keto esters with azodicarboxylate in the
      presence of a guanidine-bisurea bifunctional organocatalyst was investigated. The
      alpha-amination products were obtained in up to 99% yield with up to 94% ee. 

PMID- 26977182
TI  - Regioselective palladium-catalyzed ring-opening reactions of C1-substituted
      oxabicyclo[2,2,1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylates.
AB  - Palladium-catalyzed ring-opening reactions of C1 substituted 7-oxanorbornadiene
      derivatives with aryl iodides were investigated. The optimal conditions for this
      reaction were found to be PdCl2(PPh3)2, ZnCl2, Et3N and Zn in THF. Both steric
      and electronic factors played a role in the outcome of the reaction as increasing
      the steric bulk on the bridgehead carbon decreased the yield. These reactions
      were found to be highly regioselective, giving only one of the two possible
      regioisomers in all cases. A diverse collection of novel, highly substituted
      biphenyl derivatives were obtained. 

PMID- 26977181
TI  - My maize and blue brick road to physical organic chemistry in materials.
AB  - Similar to Dorothy's journey along the yellow brick road in The Wizard of Oz,
      this perspective carves out the path I took from my early childhood fascinations
      with science through my independent career at the University of Michigan (maize
      and blue). The influential research projects and mentors are highlighted,
      including some fortuitous experimental results that drew me into the field of
      supramolecular chemistry, specifically, and organic materials, broadly. My
      research group's efforts toward designing new sensors based on small molecule
      gelators are described. In particular, I highlight how our design strategy has
      evolved as we learn more about molecular gelators. This perspective concludes
      with some predictions about where molecular gels, as well as my personal and
      professional life, are headed. 

PMID- 26977183
TI  - Amino-functionalized (meth)acryl polymers by use of a solvent-polarity sensitive
      protecting group (Br-t-BOC).
AB  - We describe the synthesis of bromo-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Br-t-BOC)-amino
      protected monomers 2-((1-bromo-2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino)ethyl
      (meth)acrylate 3a,b. For this purpose, 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate 1a,b was
      reacted with 1-bromo-2-methylpropan-2-ol (2a). The free radical polymerization of
      (Br-t-BOC)-aminoethyl (meth)acrylates 3a,b yielded poly((Br-t-BOC)-aminoethyl
      (meth)acrylate) 6a,b bearing protected amino side groups. The subsequent
      solvolysis of the Br-t-BOC function led to the new polymers poly(2-aminoethyl
      (meth)acrylate) 8a,b with protonated free amino groups. The monomers and the
      resulting polymers were thoroughly characterized by (1)H NMR, IR, GPC and DSC
      methods. The kinetics of the deprotection step was followed by (1)H NMR
      spectroscopy. The solvent polarity and neighboring group effects on the kinetics
      of deprotection are discussed. 

PMID- 26977180
TI  - Interactions of cyclodextrins and their derivatives with toxic organophosphorus
      compounds.
AB  - The aim of this review is to provide an update on the current use of
      cyclodextrins against organophosphorus compound intoxications. Organophosphorus
      pesticides and nerve agents play a determinant role in the inhibition of
      cholinesterases. The cyclic structure of cyclodextrins and their toroidal shape
      are perfectly suitable to design new chemical scavengers able to trap and
      hydrolyze the organophosphorus compounds before they reach their biological
      target. 

PMID- 26977184
TI  - A quadruple cascade protocol for the one-pot synthesis of fully-substituted
      hexahydroisoindolinones from simple substrates.
AB  - A new and efficient synthetic method to obtain fully-substituted
      hexahydroisoindolinones was developed by using bifunctional tertiary amine
      thioureas as powerful catalysts. As far as we know, there is no efficient
      synthetic method developed toward fully-substituted hexahydroisoindolinones. The
      products were obtained in good yield and diastereoselectivity. The one-pot
      cascade quadruple protocol features readily available starting materials, simple
      manipulation, mild conditions and good atom economy. 

PMID- 26977185
TI  - Tandem processes promoted by a hydrogen shift in 6-arylfulvenes bearing acetalic
      units at ortho position: a combined experimental and computational study.
AB  - 6-Phenylfulvenes bearing (1,3-dioxolan or dioxan)-2-yl substituents at ortho
      position convert into mixtures of 4- and 9-(hydroxy)alkoxy-substituted
      benz[f]indenes as result of cascade processes initiated by a thermally activated
      hydrogen shift. Structurally related fulvenes with non-cyclic acetalic units
      afforded mixtures of 4- and 9-alkoxybenz[f]indenes under similar thermal
      conditions. Mechanistic paths promoted by an initial [1,4]-, [1,5]-, [1,7]- or
      [1,9]-H shift are conceivable for explaining these conversions. Deuterium
      labelling experiments exclude the [1,4]-hydride shift as the first step. A
      computational study scrutinized the reaction channels of these tandem conversions
      starting by [1,5]-, [1,7]- and [1,9]-H shifts, revealing that this first step is
      the rate-determining one and that the [1,9]-H shift is the one with the lowest
      energy barrier. 

PMID- 26977186
TI  - Highly stable and reusable immobilized formate dehydrogenases: Promising
      biocatalysts for in situ regeneration of NADH.
AB  - This study aimed to prepare robust immobilized formate dehydrogenase (FDH)
      preparations which can be used as effective biocatalysts along with functional
      oxidoreductases, in which in situ regeneration of NADH is required. For this
      purpose, Candida methylica FDH was covalently immobilized onto Immobead 150
      support (FDHI150), Immobead 150 support modified with ethylenediamine and then
      activated with glutaraldehyde (FDHIGLU), and Immobead 150 support functionalized
      with aldehyde groups (FDHIALD). The highest immobilization yield and activity
      yield were obtained as 90% and 132%, respectively when Immobead 150
      functionalized with aldehyde groups was used as support. The half-life times (t
      1/2) of free FDH, FDHI150, FDHIGLU and FDHIALD were calculated as 10.6, 28.9,
      22.4 and 38.5 h, respectively at 35  degrees C. FDHI150, FDHIGLU and FDHIALD
      retained 69, 38 and 51% of their initial activities, respectively after 10
      reuses. The results show that the FDHI150, FDHIGLU and FDHIALD offer feasible
      potentials for in situ regeneration of NADH. 

PMID- 26977187
TI  - Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry.
AB  - The design of efficient synthetic green strategies for the selective modification
      of cyclodextrins (CDs) is still a challenging task. Outstanding results have been
      achieved in recent years by means of so-called enabling technologies, such as
      microwaves, ultrasound and ball mills, that have become irreplaceable tools in
      the synthesis of CD derivatives. Several examples of sonochemical selective
      modification of native alpha-, beta- and gamma-CDs have been reported including
      heterogeneous phase Pd- and Cu-catalysed hydrogenations and couplings. Microwave
      irradiation has emerged as the technique of choice for the production of highly
      substituted CD derivatives, CD grafted materials and polymers. Mechanochemical
      methods have successfully furnished greener, solvent-free syntheses and efficient
      complexation, while flow microreactors may well improve the repeatability and
      optimization of critical synthetic protocols. 

PMID- 26977188
TI  - Organocatalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with
      bifunctional amine-thiourea catalysts bearing multiple hydrogen-bond donors.
AB  - For the first time, a catalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3
      diones was achieved with a chiral bifunctional amine-thiourea as a catalyst
      possessing multiple hydrogen-bond donors. With this developed method, a range of
      3-hydroxy-3-nitromethyl-1H-pyrrol-2(3H)-ones bearing quaternary stereocenters
      were obtained in acceptable yield (up to 75%) and enantioselectivity (up to 73%
      ee). 

PMID- 26977189
TI  - Cascade alkylarylation of substituted N-allylbenzamides for the construction of
      dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones.
AB  - An oxidative reaction for the synthesis of 4-alkyl-substituted dihydroisoquinolin
      1(2H)-ones with N-allylbenzamide derivatives as starting materials has been
      developed. The radical alkylarylation reaction proceeds through a sequence of
      alkylation and intramolecular cyclization. The substituent on the C-C double bond
      was found to play a key role for the progress of the reaction to give the
      expected products with good chemical yields. Additionally, N
      methacryloylbenzamides were also suitable substrates for the current reaction and
      provided the alkyl-substituted isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones in good yield. 

PMID- 26977190
TI  - Application of 7-azaisatins in enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction.
AB  - 7-Azaisatin and 7-azaoxindole skeletons are valuable building blocks in diverse
      biologically active substances. Here 7-azaisatins turned out to be more efficient
      electrophiles than the analogous isatins in the enantioselective Morita-Baylis
      Hillman (MBH) reactions with maleimides using a bifunctional tertiary amine, beta
      isocupreidine (beta-ICD), as the catalyst. This route allows a convenient
      approach to access multifunctional 3-hydroxy-7-aza-2-oxindoles with high
      enantiopurity (up to 94% ee). Other types of activated alkenes, such as acrylates
      and acrolein, could also be efficiently utilized. 

PMID- 26977192
TI  - Mycothiol synthesis by an anomerization reaction through endocyclic cleavage.
AB  - Mycothiol is found in Gram-positive bacteria, where it helps in maintaining a
      reducing intracellular environment and it plays an important role in protecting
      the cell from toxic chemicals. The inhibition of the mycothiol biosynthesis is
      considered as a treatment for tuberculosis. Mycothiol contains an alpha
      aminoglycoside, which is difficult to prepare stereoselectively by a conventional
      glycosylation reaction. In this study, mycothiol was synthesized by an
      anomerization reaction from an easily prepared beta-aminoglycoside through
      endocyclic cleavage. 

PMID- 26977193
TI  - Study on the synthesis of the cyclopenta[f]indole core of raputindole A.
AB  - The raputindoles from the rutaceous tree Raputia simulans share a
      cyclopenta[f]indole partial structure the synthesis of which is subject of this
      investigation. An efficient route to a series of 1,5-di(indol-6-yl)pentenones was
      developed via Mo/Au-catalyzed Meyer-Schuster rearrangement of tertiary
      propargylic alcohol precursors. However, none of the enones underwent the desired
      Nazarov cyclization to a cyclopenta[f]indole. More suitable were 6
      hydroxyallylated indolines which gave good yields of cyclopenta[f]indolines after
      treatment with SnCl4, as soon as sterically demanding beta-cyclocitral adducts
      were reacted. Most successful were Pt(II) and Au(I)-catalyzed cyclizations of N
      TIPS-protected indolin-6-yl-substituted propargylacetates which provided the
      hydrogenated tricyclic cyclopenta[f]indole core system in high yield. 

PMID- 26977195
TI  - Optimized methods for preparation of 6(I)-(omega-sulfanyl-alkylene-sulfanyl)-beta
      cyclodextrin derivatives.
AB  - A general high-yielding method for the preparation of monosubstituted beta
      cyclodextrin derivatives which have attached a thiol group in position 6 is
      described. The thiol group is attached through linkers of different lengths and
      repeating units (ethylene glycol or methylene). The target compounds were
      characterized by IR, MS and NMR spectra. A simple method for their complete
      conversion to the corresponding disulfides as well as a method for the reduction
      of the disulfides back to the thiols is presented. Both, thiols and disulfides
      are derivatives usable for well-defined covalent attachment of cyclodextrin to
      gold or polydopamine-coated solid surfaces. 

PMID- 26977191
TI  - Natural products from microbes associated with insects.
AB  - Here we review discoveries of secondary metabolites from microbes associated with
      insects. We mainly focus on natural products, where the ecological role has been
      at least partially elucidated, and/or the pharmaceutical properties evaluated,
      and on compounds with unique structural features. We demonstrate that the
      exploration of specific microbial-host interactions, in combination with
      multidisciplinary dereplication processes, has emerged as a successful strategy
      to identify novel chemical entities and to shed light on the ecology and
      evolution of defensive associations. 

PMID- 26977194
TI  - Enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation of alpha-substituted allenoates with
      beta,gamma-unsaturated N-sulfonylimines catalyzed by a bifunctional dipeptide
      phosphine.
AB  - The first enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation of alpha-substituted allenoates
      with beta,gamma-unsaturated N-sulfonylimines is described. In the presence of a
      dipeptide phosphine catalyst, a wide range of highly functionalized cyclopentenes
      bearing an all-carbon quaternary center were obtained in moderate to good yields
      and with good to excellent enantioselectivities. 

PMID- 26977196
TI  - Diastereoselective synthesis of new O-alkylated and C-branched inositols and
      their corresponding fluoro analogues.
AB  - Efficient routes were developed for the diastereoselective synthesis of new O
      alkylated and C-branched inositols and their corresponding fluoro analogues. The
      key steps of the synthesis were the easy accessibility of different types of arms
      in term of configuration (myo and scyllo), the linking method and length, which
      could modulate the biological properties. These inositol derivatives, bearing an
      arm terminated either with a hydroxy group or a fluorine atom, could be
      interesting candidates for diastereoisomeric intermediates and biological
      evaluations, especially for PET imaging experiments. 

PMID- 26977198
TI  - Is 10 000 hours enough for urology residency?

PMID- 26977199
TI  - Guideline development - A vital part of the CUA's mission.

PMID- 26977197
TI  - Art, auto-mechanics, and supramolecular chemistry. A merging of hobbies and
      career.
AB  - While the strict definition of supramolecular chemistry is "chemistry beyond the
      molecule", meaning having a focus on non-covalent interactions, the field is
      primarily associated with the creation of synthetic receptors and self-assembly.
      For synthetic ease, the receptors and assemblies routinely possess a high degree
      of symmetry, which lends them an aspect of aesthetic beauty. Pictures of electron
      orbitals similarly can be seen as akin to works of art. This similarity was an
      early draw for me to the fields of supramolecular chemistry and molecular orbital
      theory, because I grew up in a household filled with art. In addition to art, my
      childhood was filled with repairing and constructing mechanical entities, such as
      internal combustion motors, where many components work together to achieve a
      function. Analogously, the field of supramolecular chemistry creates systems of
      high complexity that achieve functions or perform tasks. Therefore, in retrospect
      a career in supramolecular chemistry appears to be simply an extension of
      childhood hobbies involving art and auto-mechanics. 

PMID- 26977200
TI  - The effect of wide resection during radical prostatectomy on surgical margins.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The impact of nerve-sparing on positive surgical margins during
      radical prostatectomy (RP) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to
      determine the incidence of positive surgical margins with a wide resection
      compared to a nerve-sparing technique. METHODS: A consecutive, single-surgeon
      patient cohort treated between August 2010 and November 2014 was reviewed. A
      standardized surgical approach of lobe-specific nerve-spare or wide resection was
      performed. Lobe-specific margin status and tumour stage were obtained from
      pathology reports. Univariable and multivariable associations between nerve
      management technique and lobe-specific positive surgical margin were determined.
      RESULTS: Of 388 prostate lobes, wide resection was performed in 105 (27%) and
      nerve-sparing in 283 (73%). In 273 lobes without extra-prostatic extension (EPE),
      0 of 52 (0%) had a positive margin when wide resection was performed compared to
      20 of 221 (9%) if nerve-sparing was performed (p=0.02). In 115 lobes with EPE, 11
      of 53 (21%) had a positive margin if wide resection was performed compared to 28
      of 62 (45%) if nerve-sparing was performed (p=0.006). In multivariable analysis,
      the risk of a positive margin was decreased among patients who received wide
      resection as compared to nerve-spare (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.26-0.71; p=0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Surgical techniques to reduce positive surgical margins have become
      increasingly important as more patients with high-risk cancer are selecting
      surgery. The risk of a positive margin was greatly reduced using a standardized
      wide resection technique compared to nerve-sparing.

PMID- 26977201
TI  - Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) in the neonate: The role of the urologist.

PMID- 26977203
TI  - Perioperative chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Closing the gap
      between evidence and practice.

PMID- 26977202
TI  - The initiation of a multidisciplinary bladder cancer clinic and the uptake of
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy: A time-series analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: While level 1 evidence supports the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      (NAC) for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), its uptake has
      been underwhelming, even in academic centres. Our aim was to determine if the
      initiation of a multidisciplinary bladder cancer clinic (MDBCC) in 2008 at our
      institution, where patients are assessed simultaneously by bladder cancer-focused
      urologists and radiation oncologists with easy access to a medical oncologist,
      was associated with an increased use of NAC. METHODS: Patients with MIBC
      initiating treatment between July 2000 and June 2013 were identified and
      classified by academic year (July 1 to June 30). Time-series analyses using
      interventional autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models with ramp
      intervention functions were then conducted. A sensitivity analysis was performed
      on clinical N0 patients. RESULTS: The cohort included 278 patients: 168 from 2000
      2007 and 110 from 2008-2012 (academic years). Forty-two (15.1%) patients received
      NAC and 74 (26.6%) received adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). Overall the proportion of
      patients receiving NAC increased from 7.7% before the MDBCC to 47.6% in 2012
      (Interventional ARIMA p=0.036). The results were similar when restricting to cN0
      patients (p<0.001). NAC use gradually increased over time regardless of MDBCC
      attendance, although the proportion of patients receiving NAC appears to have
      risen more sharply among MDBCC attendees. CONCLUSIONS: At our institution, the
      initiation of the MDBCC was temporally associated with increased use of NAC. In
      addition to multidisciplinary collaboration, having a critical mass of NAC
      physician advocates and support from institutional leaders are essential to the
      uptake of NAC.

PMID- 26977204
TI  - Low compliance with guidelines for re-staging in high-grade T1 bladder cancer and
      the potential impact on patient outcomes in the province of Alberta.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite high-level evidence of benefit, early repeat resection
      (ERR) among high-grade T1 bladder cancer (HGT1-BC) patients remains low in
      several non-Canadian jurisdictions and rates in Canada are largely unreported. We
      evaluated rates of ERR and trends over time in Alberta. We also examined factors
      associated with uptake of ERR. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of
      data from all patients diagnosed with HGT1-BC from 2007 through 2011. Patients
      were identified from the Alberta Cancer Registry. Patients with a non-urothelial
      carcinoma of the bladder and those with invasion into the prostate or metastatic
      disease were excluded. We collected demographic and clinicopathologic information
      from patients' electronic medical records. RESULTS: A total of 600 patients
      diagnosed with HGT1-BC were included. Overall, 167 patients (27.8%) received an
      ERR; however, the rate increased in a non-linear fashion from 27.4% in 2007 to
      37.8% in 2011. Factors associated with ERR included age <80 years (p=0.021) and
      centre at which the initial transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) was
      performed (p=0.013). Median overall survival (OS) was not reached, but five-year
      OS was 72.7% (95% CI 68.9, 76.5) for those who received an ERR and 55.3% (95% CI
      52.5, 58.1) for those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Use of ERR in patients with HGT1
      BC is improving over time. Regional variation in practice suggests the need for
      implementation strategies (i.e., provincial clinical care pathways) to
      standardize practice and set indicators for future measurement and reporting.
      Targeted interventions would require further investigation around the reasons for
      variation in practice.

PMID- 26977205
TI  - Qualitative Twitter analysis of participants, tweet strategies, and tweet content
      at a major urologic conference.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The microblogging social media platform Twitter is increasingly
      being adopted in the urologic field. We aimed to analyze participants, tweet
      strategies, and tweet content of the Twitter discussion at a urologic conference.
      METHODS: A comprehensive analysis of the Twitter activity at the European
      Association of Urology Congress 2013 (#eau2013) was performed, including
      characteristics of user profiles, engagement and popularity measurements,
      characteristics and timing of tweets, and content analysis. RESULTS: Of 218
      Twitter contributors, doctors (45%) were the most frequent, ahead of associations
      (15%), companies (10%), and journals (3%). However, journals had the highest
      tweet/participant rate (22 tweets/participant), profile activity (median: 1177,
      total tweets, 1805 followers, 979 following), and profile popularity
      (follower/following ratio: 2.1; retweet rank percentile: 96%). Links in a profile
      were associated with higher engagement (p<0.0001) and popularity (p<0.0001). Of
      1572 tweets, 57% were original tweets, 71% contained mentions, 20% contained
      links, and 25% included pictures. The majority of tweets (88%) were during
      conference hours, with an average of 24.7 tweets/hour and a peak activity of 71
      tweets/hour. Overall, 59% of tweets were informative, led by the topics uro
      oncology (21%), urologic research (21%), and urotechnology (12%). Limitations
      include the analysis of a single conference analysis, assessment of global
      profile and not domain-specific activity, and the rapid evolution in Twitter
      using habits. CONCLUSION: Results of this single conference qualitative analysis
      are promising for an enrichment of the scientific discussions at urologic
      conferences through the use of Twitter.

PMID- 26977206
TI  - Effect of radical prostatectomy surgeon volume on complication rates from a large
      population-based cohort.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Surgical volume can affect several outcomes following radical
      prostatectomy (RP). We examined if surgical volume was associated with novel
      categories of treatment-related complications following RP. METHODS: We examined
      a population-based cohort of men treated with RP in Ontario, Canada between 2002
      and 2009. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to examine the effect of
      physician, hospital and patient demographic factors on rates of treatment-related
      hospital admissions, urologic procedures, and open surgeries. RESULTS: Over the
      study interval, 15 870 men were treated with RP. A total of 196 surgeons
      performed a median of 15 cases per year (range: 1-131). Patients treated by
      surgeons in the highest quartile of annual case volume (>39/year) had a lower
      risk of hospital admission (hazard ratio [HR]=0.54, 95% CI 0.47-0.61) and
      urologic procedures (HR=0.69, 95% CI 0.64-0.75), but not open surgeries (HR=0.83,
      95% CI 0.47-1.45) than patients treated by surgeons in the lowest quartile
      (<15/year). Treatment at an academic hospital was associated with a decreased
      risk of hospitalization (HR=0.75, 95% CI 0.67-0.83), but not of urologic
      procedures (HR=0.94, 95% CI 0.88-1.01) or open surgeries (HR=0.87, 95% CI 0.54
      1.39). There was no significant trend in any of the outcomes by population
      density. CONCLUSIONS: The annual case volume of the treating surgeon
      significantly affects a patient's risk of requiring hospitalization or urologic
      procedures (excluding open surgeries) to manage treatment-related complications.

PMID- 26977207
TI  - Do urologists follow the golden rule? A global urolithiasis management study by
      the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The primary objective of this study was to compare surgical
      management options for various urolithiasis scenarios that urologists would
      choose for themselves vs. the options they would recommend for their patients.
      The secondary objective was to identify the common recommended treatments for
      upper urinary tract stones of various sizes and locations. METHODS: Two surveys
      were sent by the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES)
      to members of the Endourological Society. Standard demographic information was
      collected. The first survey asked the urologists to recommend treatment for
      urolithiasis in 10 different scenarios assuming that they were the patient with
      stone disease. The second survey, sent eight months later, asked urologists to
      recommend treatment for the same 10 scenarios for a theoretical patient. Only
      urologists who responded to the first and the second survey were included.
      Recommended treatment options were compared between the surveys. Agreement
      between the two scenarios was measured with Cohen's kappa. Surveys were conducted
      on the Internet using SurveyMonkeyTM. All statistical analyses were performed
      using R statistical program version 2.12.2. RESULTS: The two surveys had response
      rates of 78% (160/205) and 84% (172/205), respectively with urologists from 38
      countries. Median experience of respondents was seven years (range: 2-30). The
      majority of respondents, 117 (75%), were affiliated with academic hospitals.
      Recommended treatments for stone disease in different scenarios were not entirely
      consistent when the urologists considered themselves as the patients compared to
      the choice they might recommend for their patients. Cohen's kappa ranged from
      0.292-0.534 for the different scenarios. Overall, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL)
      and ureteroscopy (URS) were the most commonly chosen treatment options, with
      medical expulsive therapy (MET) and laparoscopy being the least recommended by
      urologists for themselves, as well as for their patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although
      urologists were not entirely consistent in their recommendations for stone
      treatment, they generally followed the "golden rule" and treated their patients
      as they would want to be treated. The most commonly recommended treatments for
      upper urinary tract stones were SWL and URS.

PMID- 26977208
TI  - Medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: Results from a population
      based study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In men with bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), medical
      treatment usually represents the first line. We examined the patterns of medical
      management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the Montreal metropolitan
      area, within the context of a case control study focusing on incident prostate
      cancer. METHODS: Cases were 1933 men with incident prostate cancer. Population
      controls included 1994 age-matched men. In-person interviews collected
      sociodemographic characteristics and medical history, including BPH diagnosis,
      its duration, and type of medical treatment received. Baseline characteristics
      were compared by the chi-square likelihood test for categorical variables and by
      the students t-test for continuously coded variables. RESULTS: Overall, 1120
      participants had history of BPH; of those 53.7% received medical treatment for
      BPH. Individuals with medically treated BPH, compared to individuals with
      medically untreated BPH, were older at index date [mean: 66.9 vs. 64.9 years,
      p<0.001)] and at diagnosis of BPH [mean: 62.3 vs. 60.3 years, p<0.001]. They also
      had a longer duration of BPH-history [mean: 4.7 vs. 4.0 years, p=0.02]. Regarding
      medical treatment, mono-therapy was more often used than combination therapy
      [87.6% vs. 12.4%, p<0.001]. Alpha-blockers (69.9%) were most commonly used as
      monotherapy, followed by 5alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) (26.6%). Alpha
      blockers plus 5ARIs were the most common combination therapy (97.3%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence from randomized, controlled trials for better
      efficacy with use of combination therapy, monotherapy consisting of alpha
      blockers or 5ARI, in that order, is most frequently used. Additionally, 5ARI use
      was more common than previously reported (27% vs. 15%).

PMID- 26977210
TI  - Standard surgical approach of testis-sparing surgery for testicular tumour with
      benign or malignant tendency.

PMID- 26977211
TI  - Discussion of standard surgical approach of testis-sparing surgery for testicular
      tumour with benign tendency.

PMID- 26977212
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26977209
TI  - A primer on tumour immunology and prostate cancer immunotherapy.

PMID- 26977214
TI  - Departing Thoughts from IJTMB's Practice & Education Section Editor: Critical
      Inquiry, Dichotomy vs. Continuum, and Improving TMB Discourse.

PMID- 26977215
TI  - Comparing the Effects of Rest and Massage on Return to Homeostasis Following
      Submaximal Aerobic Exercise: a Case Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Postexercise massage can be used to help promote recovery from
      exercise on the cellular level, as well as systemically by increasing
      parasympathetic activity. No studies to date have been done to assess the effects
      of massage on postexercise metabolic changes, including excess postexercise
      oxygen consumption (EPOC). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects
      of massage recovery and resting recovery on a subject's heart rate variability
      and selected metabolic effects following a submaximal treadmill exercise session.
      METHODS: One healthy 24-year-old female subject performed 30 minutes of
      submaximal treadmill exercise prior to resting or massage recovery sessions.
      Metabolic data were collected throughout the exercise sessions and at three 10
      minute intervals postexercise. Heart rate variability was evaluated for 10
      minutes after each of two 30-minute recovery sessions, either resting or massage.
      RESULTS: Heart rate returned to below resting levels (73 bpm) with 30 and 60
      minutes of massage recovery (72 bpm and 63 bpm, respectively) compared to 30 and
      60 minutes of resting recovery (77 bpm and 74 bpm, respectively). Heart rate
      variability data showed a more immediate shift to the parasympathetic state
      following 30 minutes of massage (1.152 LF/HF ratio) versus the 30-minute resting
      recovery (6.91 LF/HF ratio). It took 60 minutes of resting recovery to reach
      similar heart rate variability levels (1.216 LF/HF) found after 30 minutes of
      massage. Ventilations after 30 minutes of massage recovery averaged 7.1 bpm
      compared to 17.9 bpm after 30 minutes of resting recovery. CONCLUSIONS: No
      differences in EPOC were observed through either the resting or massage recovery
      based on the metabolic data collected. Massage was used to help the subject shift
      into parasympathetic activity more quickly than rest alone following a submaximal
      exercise session.

PMID- 26977216
TI  - Massage Therapy Treatment and Outcomes for a Patient with Parkinson's Disease: a
      Case Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder. The
      disease is progressive and, in time, results in severe disability. Many patients
      turn to massage in an attempt to alleviate symptoms of pain and rigidity, though
      the effects of massage with respect to PD are not well studied. This case adds
      one more instance in which massage therapy has provided temporary respite from
      resting tremor, one unrelenting symptom of PD. OBJECTIVE: To determine if massage
      therapy can produce favorable outcomes with respect to the severity of rigidity
      and tremor in a patient with PD. CASE PRESENTATION: A 63-year-old female patient
      with idiopathic, long-standing, Hoehn-Yahr Stage 4 PD was treated with massage
      therapy five times over the course of six weeks. A SPES/SCOPA Motor Impairments
      rating scale was used to measure rigidity and tremor pre- and post-treatment, to
      gauge treatment effectiveness. The massage treatments consisted of deep
      longitudinal stroking, muscle squeezing techniques, passive range of motion
      movements, and general relaxation techniques to encourage a soothing environment
      while promoting a decrease in muscular tone and hyperactivity. Massage therapy
      administration was by a student near the end of her two-year diploma. RESULTS:
      The results obtained indicated that massage therapy treatment had a positive
      effect on reducing resting and postural tremor in a patient with long-standing
      PD. The treatment was also effective in temporarily reducing rigidity during
      treatment, but did not produce a lasting effect. CONCLUSION: Further study is
      required; however, the results of this case were consistent with the limited
      research available on the subject of massage therapy and Parkinson's disease, in
      that positive change with respect to tremor-and to a lesser degree, rigidity-were
      achieved with focused, intentional treatment.

PMID- 26977217
TI  - Bowenwork for Migraine Relief: a Case Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by
      episodic, neurogenic, cerebrovascular inflammation and hypersensitization of
      brain tissues and the central nervous system, causing severe pain and debility.
      Research literature points mostly to pharmaceutical prophylactic and symptomatic
      treatments, nonpharmaceutical, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
      approaches, acupuncture, massage and bodywork studies, and none has been
      published on Bowenwork for migraine intervention. This prospective case report
      describes one migraineur's response to Bowenwork (a soft-tissue bodywork
      technique) with cessation of migraine, neck pain, and analgesic consumption, and
      improved well-being and activity function. METHODS: The client received 14
      Bowenwork sessions over a four-month period using the self-reporting Measure
      Yourself Medical Outcome Profile version 2 (MYMOP2) to evaluate clinically
      meaningful changes. Baseline MYMOP2 data were recorded prior to the first and
      subsequent Bowenwork sessions to track changes in migraine and neck pain
      occurrences, other symptoms, medication use, functional ability and sense of well
      being. Specific Bowenwork procedures were applied in each session to address
      various symptoms. The client did not receive other migraine treatment during this
      study. PARTICIPANT: A 66-year-old Caucasian female with a history of debilitating
      migraine since childhood, and severe neck pain and jaw injuries resulting from
      two motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) sustained as an adult. She had previously
      sought medical, pharmaceutical and CAM treatments for migraine, neck pain, and
      right-sided thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) symptoms, with no satisfactory relief.
      RESULTS: The client progressively reported decreased migraine and neck pain until
      acquiring a respiratory infection with prolonged coughing spells causing symptoms
      to recur (session 11). Prior to session 12, she experienced an allergic reaction
      to ingesting an unknown food allergen, requiring three days of prednisone and
      Benadryl treatment, exacerbating neck pain, but not migraine. At session 14, her
      MYMOP2 data showed no migraine, neck pain or medication use, improved activity
      function, and sense of well-being. Symptoms in her right arm and thumb persisted
      to a lesser extent. CONCLUSION: Bowenwork progressively offered migraine and neck
      pain relief for one chronic migraineur, with multiple somatic symptoms.
      Extenuating factors (jaw tension, TOS, respiratory infection, and allergic
      reaction) added complexity in monitoring progress and selecting appropriate
      Bowenwork procedures. Further research on Bowenwork's efficacy for migraine
      treatment on larger populations is needed.

PMID- 26977218
TI  - CORRECTING FOR MEASUREMENT ERROR IN LATENT VARIABLES USED AS PREDICTORS.
AB  - This paper represents a methodological-substantive synergy. A new model, the
      Mixed Effects Structural Equations (MESE) model which combines structural
      equations modeling and item response theory is introduced to attend to
      measurement error bias when using several latent variables as predictors in
      generalized linear models. The paper investigates racial and gender disparities
      in STEM retention in higher education. Using the MESE model with 1997 National
      Longitudinal Survey of Youth data, I find prior mathematics proficiency and
      personality have been previously underestimated in the STEM retention literature.
      Pre-college mathematics proficiency and personality explain large portions of the
      racial and gender gaps. The findings have implications for those who design
      interventions aimed at increasing the rates of STEM persistence among women and
      under-represented minorities.

PMID- 26977219
TI  - Amputation Following Hand Escharotomy in Patients with Burn Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hand burns are commonly seen in patients with burn injury. In the
      past, focus was on lifesaving measures, but with advances in burn care during the
      last century, the paradigm shifted to digital salvage and eventually to
      functional digital salvage. Good outcomes are heavily dependent on the care that
      is rendered during the initial management of the burn. METHODS: A retrospective
      medical record review was conducted through the Central Illinois Regional Burn
      Center Patient Registry. Patients with burn injury treated with upper extremity
      and hand escharotomy between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2005, were
      included in the study. RESULTS: We identified a total of 34 patients with 57
      burned hands. Six hands required delayed amputation of digits despite recognition
      of neurovascular compromise and escharotomy, yielding a 10% amputation rate. No
      correlation could be drawn with regard to total body surface area, age, or sex.
      CONCLUSION: Important principles in the acute phase include early splinting,
      recognition of the need for escharotomy and complete escharotomy when necessary,
      early excision and grafting, and involvement of occupational therapy for
      splinting and to guide both active and passive exercises. Although uncommon, some
      extremity burns may require subsequent amputation despite prompt attention and
      optimal treatment. In our case series, the need for amputation after successful
      escharotomies of salvageable digits was associated with full-thickness and
      electrical burns.

PMID- 26977220
TI  - Complex partial seizure with severe depression and conduct disorder in a 15 year
      old female adolescent: a case report.
AB  - Complex partial seizure complicated by psychiatric comorbidities like depression
      and conduct disorder presents management challenges for both the physician and
      parents. The etiology of such psychiatric comorbidities may be related to the
      seizure or to several other unrelated risk factors. The psychiatric comorbidities
      and the seizure affects the child's activities of daily living and are often a
      source of worry to parents and school authorities A high index of suspicion and a
      multidisciplinary approach are essential in the management of the affected
      adolescents. 

PMID- 26977221
TI  - Isolated anti-Ro/SSA thrombocytopenia: a rare feature of neonatal lupus.
AB  - We report a rare case of isolated thrombocytopenia related to anti-Ro/SSA
      antibodies. The mother was followed for unlabeled familial thrombocytopenia. The
      mother had positive anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. She was asymptomatic without skin
      lesions or other criteria neither of systemic lupus erythematosus nor other
      connective tissue disease. Pregnancy was uneventful. The postnatal examination
      was normal. On the first day of life, blood cells count showed thrombocytopenia
      at 40 x 10(9)/L. Within the second day of life, platelet level dropped to 20 x
      10(9)/L. The management of thrombocytopenia included platelet transfusion and
      human immunoglobulin infusion. On the fifth day of life, there has been a drop in
      platelet count to 10 x 10(9)/L requiring renewed platelet transfusion and human
      immunoglobulin infusion. On the 10(th) of life platelets rate was stable around
      60 x 10(9)/L. The infant had no evidence of cardiac, dermatologic or hepatobilary
      involvement initially or throughout follow up. 

PMID- 26977222
TI  - [Nephrotoxicity secondary to hyperbilirubinemia: report of a case].

PMID- 26977223
TI  - [Gestational gigantomastia at the Institute of Cancer Dakar: about 2 cases].

PMID- 26977224
TI  - Sexuality in Nigerian older adults.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oftentimes the older adults are assumed to be asexual as few
      studies explore into the sexuality of this age group worldwide and even in
      Nigeria. It is an important aspect of quality of life which is often neglected by
      people in this age group, attending physicians and the society as a whole. The
      study was aimed at determining the perception of older adults about sexuality,
      identify the factors that could militate against sexuality and fill any void in
      information in this regard. METHODS: Descriptive study conducted in one hundred
      older adults. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to consenting
      participants between 1(st) of September 2013 and 31(st) of March 2014. RESULTS:
      Mean age of respondents was 66.42 +/- 5.77 years. Seventy-eight percent of the
      male respondents considered engaging in sexual activity as safe compared to 45.8%
      of the female respondents. More of the women (33.3%) regarded sexuality in the
      older adults as a taboo when compared to the men (5.4%). However, the men were
      more favourably disposed to discussing sexual problems than the women with their
      spouses (42% vs 20%) and Physicians (23.2% vs 0.0%). Major factors responsible
      for sexual inactivity were participants' medical ailments (65%), partners'
      failing health (15%) as well as anxiety about sexual performance (25%) in the men
      and dyspareunia (25%) in women. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to correct
      the misconception about sexuality in this age group especially among the women
      and for the physicians to explore the sexual history of every patient.

PMID- 26977226
TI  - Unusual presentation of rare primary lymphoma of bone.

PMID- 26977213
TI  - Recommendations for the improvement of bladder cancer quality of care in Canada:
      A consensus document reviewed and endorsed by Bladder Cancer Canada (BCC),
      Canadian Urologic Oncology Group (CUOG), and Canadian Urological Association
      (CUA), December 2015.

PMID- 26977225
TI  - [Bilateral dislocation erecta: report of a case].

PMID- 26977227
TI  - [Survey of counterfeit oral antiinfectives medecine sold in Lubumbashi].

PMID- 26977228
TI  - [Spontaneous pneumothorax as an evolutionary manifestation of rheumatoid
      arthritis: report of clinical observation and review of the literature].

PMID- 26977229
TI  - [Recurrence of malignant achromic melanoma of the nail: report of a case].

PMID- 26977230
TI  - [Orbital cellulitis complicating acute pansinusitis: report of a case].

PMID- 26977232
TI  - [Acute pyelonephritis in pregnant women: place of medical treatment and
      indications for drainage of the upper urinary tract (Are there predictive
      clinical, biological and radiological factors to make the drainage acceptable?)].

PMID- 26977231
TI  - Pleomorphous leiomyosarcoma of the mesocolon: a case report.
AB  - Leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor of the smooth muscle, but relatively frequent in
      the stomach and the small intestine. The mesocolic site is rare. Globally,
      leiomyosarcoma represents less than 0, 1% of the malignant tumors found in the
      colon and the anus. Because of the similarities with other digestive tumors,
      namely mesenchymatous or benign tumors of the smooth muscle, the diagnosis of a
      pleomorphic sarcoma remains difficult even at the histological stage. Surgery is
      the mainstay of the therapy. We report a case of leiomyosarcoma of the mesocolon
      and discuss about its main characteristics in the view of the current literature
      about this pathological condition.

PMID- 26977233
TI  - Childhood cancers in a referral hospital in south-south Nigeria: a review of the
      spectrum and outcome of treatment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Childhood malignancies are now recognized as a growing global
      challenge, especially in resource poor settings. Although they constitute a
      smaller percentage of childhood illnesses in developing countries, compared with
      infectious diseases, the burden of cancer is still a tremendous problem on
      patients, families, the healthcare system, and the society. Data on the burden of
      childhood cancers across different regions is important, as there may be
      variations in incidences in different locations even within the same country. It
      will assist government agencies in better healthcare planning. METHODS: An eight
      year retrospective analysis of all cancers diagnosed in children below the age of
      18 years at the study centre between January 2007 and December 2014 was carried
      out. Case folders of all children diagnosed with malignancies within the study
      period were retrieved and analyzed with respect to age, gender, morphological or
      histological type of cancer, treatment modality, and outcome. RESULTS: Eighty
      four (84) children were diagnosed with various malignancies during the study
      period. Fourty-eight 48 (57.1%) were male and 36 (42.9%) were female giving a
      male to female ratio of 1.3:1. There were 27 cases (32.1%) of cancers recorded in
      children aged below 5 years and 35 cases (41.7%) were diagnosed in children
      between 5 to 10 years. Lymphomas were the most prevalent malignancies encountered
      accounting for 32 cases (38.1%). Burkitt's lymphoma constituted 22 (68.8%) of all
      lymphoma cases. The distribution of the four foremost malignancies recorded were
      as follows: Burkitt's lymphoma (22 cases; 26.2%), Nephroblastoma (12 cases;
      14.3%), Rhabdomyosarcoma (6 cases; 7.1%) and 5 cases (6.0%) each Hodgkin's and
      non-hodgkin's lymphoma. Other malignancies included 4 cases (4.8%) each of acute
      leukaemia, neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma. There were three cases (3.6%) each
      of hepatoblastoma, and osteosarcoma among others. The cancer cure rate was very
      low 2.4%, losses to follow-up was 38.1% and 21.4% of patients died in the course
      of therapy either from advanced disease, complications of chemotherapy or late
      presentation. CONCLUSION: The distribution of the childhood malignancies in our
      environment shows similarity with reports from the same region and variation from
      other regions. The general outcome is very poor with a high percentage of
      discharge against medical advice and loss to follow up.

PMID- 26977234
TI  - [Study of bacterial flora contaminating mobile phones before and after
      disinfection: comparison between nursing professionals of the Military Hospital
      Mohammed V in Rabat and controls].

PMID- 26977235
TI  - [Intralenticular bubbles after surgery for retinal detachment].

PMID- 26977236
TI  - Electroencephalography as a tool for evidence-based diagnosis and improved
      outcomes in children with epilepsy in a resource-poor setting.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Electroencephalography (EEG) remains the most important
      investigative modality in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals with epilepsy.
      Children living with epilepsy in the developing world are faced with challenges
      of lack of access to appropriate diagnostic evaluation and a high risk of
      misdiagnosis and inappropriate therapy. We appraised EEG studies in a cohort of
      Nigerian children with epilepsy seen in a tertiary center in order to evaluate
      access to and the impact of EEG in the diagnostic evaluation of the cases.
      METHODS: Inter-ictal EEG was requested in all cases of pediatric epilepsy seen at
      the pediatric neurology clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan,
      Nigeria over a period of 18 months. Clinical diagnosis without EEG evaluation was
      compared with the final diagnosis post- EEG evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 329
      EEGs were recorded in 329 children, aged 3 months to 16 years, median 61.0
      months. Clinical evaluation pre-EEG classified 69.3% of the epilepsies as
      generalized. The a posteriori EEG evaluations showed a considerably higher
      proportion of localization-related epilepsies (33.6%). The final evaluation post
      EEG showed a 21% reduction in the proportion of cases labeled as generalized
      epilepsy and a 55% increase in cases of localization-related epilepsy(p<0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Here we show that there is a high risk of misdiagnosis and therefore
      the use of inappropriate therapies in children with epilepsy in the absence of
      EEG evaluation. The implications of our findings in the resource-poor country
      scenario are key for reducing the burden of care and cost of epilepsy treatment
      on both the caregivers and the already overloaded tertiary care services.

PMID- 26977237
TI  - [Determinants of contraceptive use in Mumbunda health zone in Lubumbashi,
      Democratic Republic of Congo].

PMID- 26977238
TI  - [Twin pregnancy on a pseudo-horned uterus: report of a case].

PMID- 26977239
TI  - Puerperal uterine inversion managed by the uterine balloon tamponade.
AB  - The uterine inversion is a rare and severe puerperal complication. Uncontrolled
      cord traction and uterine expression are the common causes described. We report a
      case of uterine inversion stage III caused by poor management of the third stage
      of labor. It was about a 20 years old primigravida referred in our unit for
      postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony. After manual reduction of the uterus,
      the use of intra uterine balloon tamponade helped to stop the hemorrhage. The
      uterine inversion is a rare complication that may cause maternal death. The
      diagnosis is clinical and its management must be immediate to avoid maternal
      complications.

PMID- 26977240
TI  - Schizophrenia and Leigh syndrome, a simple comorbidity or the same etiopathogeny:
      about a case.
AB  - Leigh syndrome is a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that occurs due to
      "cytochrome c oxidase deficiency". Few psychiatric disorders have been defined
      that are associated with Leigh syndrome. The objective of this work is to study
      relations between mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. It was a
      20 year old male patient, who received Modopar, for severe extra pyramidal
      symptoms caused by Leigh syndrome. He developed, four months ago, acute psychotic
      symptoms such as audio-visual hallucinations, persecution and mystic delirium.
      The cerebral MRI has shown signal abnormalities in central grey nucleus. The EEG
      recording and blood test were normal. The hypothesis of drug induced psychiatric
      disorders (Modopar) was possible. The evolution under atypical antipsychotic was
      only partial. In this case, the cerebrospinal fluid and lactate levels mean that
      mitochondria were not an overall explanation for these psychiatric disorders but
      may at least play a partial role. Psychiatric disorders may just be acomorbidity.

PMID- 26977241
TI  - [Post infectious urethral stenosis and megacalycosis: a train that hides
      another].

PMID- 26977242
TI  - [The role of the anesthesiologist in the care of the pregnant woman with Von
      Willebrand Disease].

PMID- 26977243
TI  - Oral lesions in Tuberculosis.

PMID- 26977244
TI  - [Intra-articular osteoid osteoma of the knee simulating knee arthritis].

PMID- 26977246
TI  - [Pleural fibrous solitary tumor].

PMID- 26977245
TI  - The epidemiology and treatment of femur fractures at a northern Tanzanian
      referral centre.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Femoral fractures are the most common presenting injury at the
      orthopaedic department in a large Tanzanian hospital. To date, there has been no
      current examination of the epidemiology of femoral fractures and the disease
      burden has not been quantified. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of
      patient records in the orthopaedic department at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical
      Centre (KCMC) was performed. Patient demographics, aetiology of fractures,
      diagnosis and treatment were all recorded. RESULTS: A total of 540 consecutive
      patient admission records were reviewed over a 9 month period. Of these 540
      cases, 213 (39%) were diagnosed with a femoral fracture. The 21-30 age group were
      the most commonly affected by femur fractures (20% n = 42). Within this group,
      motor traffic accidents (MTA) were the cause of 71% of injuries (n = 30). For
      males, MTA's caused 59% of all femur fractures (n = 80), while falls were the
      most common cause of femur fractures in females (70%; n = 49). 80% of the
      fractures in the 51-100 age group were caused by falls (n = 52). In both the male
      and female groups the most common fracture seen was mid shaft femoral fracture
      (males 33% (n = 48), females 25% (n = 18)). The most common treatment was
      skeletal traction used in 40% (n = 85) of patients. CONCLUSION: Femur fracture
      most commonly presented in males under age 30. Femur fracture was most commonly
      cause by MTAs in males and by falls in females. The most common diagnosis was mid
      shaft of femur fracture. Skeletal traction was the most frequent treatment.

PMID- 26977247
TI  - [Orbital cellulitis: prospective study about 75 cases].

PMID- 26977248
TI  - [Prolactin adenoma induced by antipsychotic medications].

PMID- 26977252
TI  - Shedding New Lights with the Breakthrough Ideas to Understand Current Trends in
      Modern Toxicology.

PMID- 26977251
TI  - Enhancing Foster Parent Training with Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Evidence
      from a Randomized Field Experiment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Research indicates that foster parents often do not receive sufficient
      training and support to help them meet the demands of caring for foster children
      with emotional and behavioral disturbances. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
      (PCIT) is a clinically efficacious intervention for child externalizing problems,
      and it also has been shown to mitigate parenting stress and enhance parenting
      attitudes and behaviors. However, PCIT is seldom available to foster families,
      and it rarely has been tested under intervention conditions that are
      generalizable to community-based child welfare service contexts. To address this
      gap, PCIT was adapted and implemented in a field experiment using 2 novel
      approaches-group-based training and telephone consultation-both of which have the
      potential to be integrated into usual care. METHOD: This study analyzes 129
      foster-parent-child dyads who were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: (a)
      waitlist control, (b) brief PCIT, and (c) extended PCIT. Self-report and
      observational data were gathered at multiple time points up to 14 weeks post
      baseline. RESULTS: Findings from mixed-model, repeated measures analyses
      indicated that the brief and extended PCIT interventions were associated with a
      significant decrease in self-reported parenting stress. Results from mixed
      effects generalized linear models showed that the interventions also led to
      significant improvements in observed indicators of positive and negative
      parenting. The brief course of PCIT was as efficacious as the extended PCIT
      intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that usual training and support
      services can be improved upon by introducing foster parents to experiential,
      interactive PCIT training.

PMID- 26977250
TI  - Role of Viral miRNAs and Epigenetic Modifications in Epstein-Barr Virus
      Associated Gastric Carcinogenesis.
AB  - MicroRNAs are short (21-23 nucleotides), noncoding RNAs that typically silence
      posttranscriptional gene expression through interaction with target messenger
      RNAs. Currently, miRNAs have been identified in almost all studied multicellular
      eukaryotes in the plant and animal kingdoms. Additionally, recent studies
      reported that miRNAs can also be encoded by certain single-cell eukaryotes and by
      viruses. The vast majority of viral miRNAs are encoded by the herpesviruses
      family. These DNA viruses including Epstein-Barr virus encode their own miRNAs
      and/or manipulate the expression of cellular miRNAs to facilitate respective
      infection cycles. Modulation of the control pathways of miRNAs expression is
      often involved in the promotion of tumorigenesis through a specific cascade of
      transduction signals. Notably, latent infection with Epstein-Barr virus is
      considered liable of causing several types of malignancies, including the
      majority of gastric carcinoma cases detected worldwide. In this review, we
      describe the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinogenesis,
      summarizing the functions of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded viral proteins and
      related epigenetic alterations as well as the roles of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded
      and virally modulated cellular miRNAs. 

PMID- 26977253
TI  - Advancing Risk Assessment through the Application of Systems Toxicology.
AB  - Risk assessment is the process of quantifying the probability of a harmful effect
      to individuals or populations from human activities. Mechanistic approaches to
      risk assessment have been generally referred to as systems toxicology. Systems
      toxicology makes use of advanced analytical and computational tools to integrate
      classical toxicology and quantitative analysis of large networks of molecular and
      functional changes occurring across multiple levels of biological organization.
      Three presentations including two case studies involving both in vitro and in
      vivo approaches described the current state of systems toxicology and the
      potential for its future application in chemical risk assessment. 

PMID- 26977254
TI  - Advances in the Development and Validation of Test Methods in the United States.
AB  - The National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of
      Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) provides validation support for US
      Federal agencies and the US Tox21 interagency consortium, an interagency
      collaboration that is using high throughput screening (HTS) and other advanced
      approaches to better understand and predict chemical hazards to humans and the
      environment. The use of HTS data from assays relevant to the estrogen receptor
      signaling data pathway is used as an example of how HTS data can be combined with
      computational modeling to meet the needs of US agencies. As brief summary of US
      efforts in the areas of biologics testing, acute toxicity, and skin sensitization
      will also be provided. 

PMID- 26977255
TI  - Addressing Early Life Sensitivity Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic
      Modeling and In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation.
AB  - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can provide an effective
      way to utilize in vitro and in silico based information in modern risk assessment
      for children and other potentially sensitive populations. In this review, we
      describe the process of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to develop PBPK
      models for a chemical in different ages in order to predict the target tissue
      exposure at the age of concern in humans. We present our on-going studies on
      pyrethroids as a proof of concept to guide the readers through the IVIVE steps
      using the metabolism data collected either from age-specific liver donors or
      expressed enzymes in conjunction with enzyme ontogeny information to provide age
      appropriate metabolism parameters in the PBPK model in the rat and human,
      respectively. The approach we present here is readily applicable to not just to
      other pyrethroids, but also to other environmental chemicals and drugs.
      Establishment of an in vitro and in silico-based evaluation strategy in
      conjunction with relevant exposure information in humans is of great importance
      in risk assessment for potentially vulnerable populations like early ages where
      the necessary information for decision making is limited. 

PMID- 26977256
TI  - Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT).
AB  - Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in certain areas of tropics
      and subtropics to control malaria and other insect-transmitted diseases. DDT and
      its metabolites have been extensively studied for their toxicity and
      carcinogenicity in animals and humans and shown to have an endocrine disrupting
      potential affecting reproductive system although the effects may vary among
      animal species in correlation with exposure levels. Epidemiologic studies
      revealed either positive or negative associations between exposure to DDT and
      tumor development, but there has been no clear evidence that DDT causes cancer in
      humans. In experimental animals, tumor induction by DDT has been shown in the
      liver, lung, and adrenals. The mechanisms of hepatic tumor development by DDT
      have been studied in rats and mice. DDT is known as a non-genotoxic
      hepatocarcinogen and has been shown to induce microsomal enzymes through
      activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and to inhibit gap
      junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the rodent liver. The results
      from our previously conducted 4-week and 2-year feeding studies of p,p'-DDT in
      F344 rats indicate that DDT may induce hepatocellular eosinophilic foci as a
      result of oxidative DNA damage and leads them to hepatic neoplasia in combination
      with its mitogenic activity and inhibitory effect on GJIC. Oxidative stress could
      be a key factor in hepatocarcinogenesis by DDT. 

PMID- 26977249
TI  - Cross Talk of Proteostasis and Mitostasis in Cellular Homeodynamics, Ageing, and
      Disease.
AB  - Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic
      functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. Therefore,
      maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular
      function and survival. To this end, several mechanisms that act at different
      levels and time points have been developed to ensure mitochondria quality
      control. An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and
      cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery
      represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. Moreover, nonreversible
      mitochondrial damage targets the organelle to a specific autophagic removal,
      namely, mitophagy. Beyond the organelle dynamics, the constant interaction with
      the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) has become an emerging aspect of healthy
      mitochondria. Dysfunction of mitochondria and UPS increases with age and
      correlates with many age-related diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration.
      In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and
      mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality
      control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. 

PMID- 26977259
TI  - Associations of Low Environmental Exposure to Multiple Metals with Renal Tubular
      Impairment in Korean Adults.
AB  - Recently several studies reported that the renal toxicity of lead (Pb) and
      cadmium (Cd) may exist in even a low level exposure. In terms of the
      deterioration of tubular function, it affects the loss of divalent metals and
      leads to other complications, so renal tubular effect of heavy metals should be
      well managed. Considering the exposure to heavy metals in reality, it is hard to
      find the case that human is exposed to only one heavy metal. We designed a cross
      sectional study using Korean Research Project on the Integrated Exposure
      Assessment (KRIEFS) data to investigate the renal effects of multiple metal
      exposure in general population. We used blood Pb and urinary Cd as exposure
      measures, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and beta2
      microglobulin (beta2-MG) as renal tubular impairment outcome. We conducted linear
      regression to identify the association between each heavy metal and urinary NAG
      and beta2-MG. And then, we conducted linear regression including the interaction
      term. Of 1953 adults in KRIEFS (2010~2011), the geometric mean of blood Pb and
      urinary Cd concentration was 2.21 MUg/dL (geometric SD = 1.49 MUg/dL) and 1.08
      MUg/g cr (geometric SD = 1.98 MUg/g cr), respectively. In urinary Cd, the
      strength of the association was also high after adjusting (urinary NAG: beta =
      0.44, p < 0.001; urinary beta2-MG: beta = 0.13, p = 0.002). Finally, we
      identified the positive interactions for the two renal biomarkers. The
      interaction effect of the two heavy metals of beta2-MG was greater than that of
      NAG. It is very important in public health perspective if the low level exposure
      to multiple heavy metals has an interaction effect on kidney. More
      epidemiological studies for the interaction and toxicological studies on the
      mechanism are needed. 

PMID- 26977258
TI  - Pyruvate Kinase M2: A Novel Biomarker for the Early Detection of Acute Kidney
      Injury.
AB  - The identification of biomarkers for the early detection of acute kidney injury
      (AKI) is clinically important. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill
      patients is closely associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
      Conventional biomarkers, such as serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen
      (BUN), are frequently used to diagnose AKI. However, these biomarkers increase
      only after significant structural damage has occurred. Recent efforts have
      focused on identification and validation of new noninvasive biomarkers for the
      early detection of AKI, prior to extensive structural damage. Furthermore, AKI
      biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of this
      complex and heterogeneous disease. Our previous study suggested that pyruvate
      kinase M2 (PKM2), which is excreted in the urine, is a sensitive biomarker for
      nephrotoxicity. To appropriately and optimally utilize PKM2 as a biomarker for
      AKI requires its complete characterization. This review highlights the major
      studies that have addressed the diagnostic and prognostic predictive power of
      biomarkers for AKI and assesses the potential usage of PKM2 as an early biomarker
      for AKI. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of
      biomarkers and the molecular and cellular mechanisms of AKI. This review will
      elucidate the biological basis of specific biomarkers that will contribute to
      improving the early detection and diagnosis of AKI. 

PMID- 26977257
TI  - Autophagy in Ischemic Livers: A Critical Role of Sirtuin 1/Mitofusin 2 Axis in
      Autophagy Induction.
AB  - No-flow ischemia occurs during cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock, liver resection
      and transplantation. Recovery of blood flow and normal physiological pH, however,
      irreversibly injures the liver and other tissues. Although the liver has the
      powerful machinery for mitochondrial quality control, a process called mitophagy,
      mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent cell death occur after reperfusion.
      Growing evidence indicates that reperfusion impairs mitophagy, leading to
      mitochondrial dysfunction, defective oxidative phosphorylation, accumulation of
      toxic metabolites, energy loss and ultimately cell death. The importance of
      acetylation/deacetylation cycle in the mitochondria and mitophagy has recently
      gained attention. Emerging data suggest that sirtuins, enzymes deacetylating a
      variety of target proteins in cellular metabolism, survival and longevity, may
      also act as an autophagy modulator. This review highlights recent advances of our
      understanding of a mechanistic correlation between sirtuin 1, mitophagy and
      ischemic liver injury. 

PMID- 26977260
TI  - Cadmium Exposure and Potential Health Risk from Foods in Contaminated Area,
      Thailand.
AB  - Man-made cadmium (Cd) emissions can be transported between environmental matrices
      and the food chain. Food is the primary source of Cd exposure among general
      population as a consequence of the bio-concentration of Cd from soil. Chronic Cd
      exposure has been reported to be associated with chronic kidney disease,
      osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The Joint FAO/WHO
      Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established the safe level of Cd
      intake as provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 MUg/kg bw in 2010.
      The major food groups that contribute to the most Cd exposure are rice and
      grains, shellfish and sea food, meat including edible offal, and vegetables. A
      number of studies reported the high Cd contaminated levels in foods from polluted
      areas in Thailand. The results are of high concern since the contaminations occur
      in foods that are major Cd contributors. Thus, in this review, the current
      situations of Cd contaminated foods in polluted areas of Thailand are summarized.
      In addition, the Cd intakes from selected scenarios are estimated to assess the
      potential health risk to consumers and the suggestions are also included. 

PMID- 26977261
TI  - Different Regulation of p53 Expression by Cadmium Exposure in Kidney, Liver,
      Intestine, Vasculature, and Brain Astrocytes.
AB  - Chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) is known to adversely affect renal function. Our
      previous studies indicated that Cd induces p53-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting
      gene expression of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Ube) 2d family in both human
      and rat proximal tubular cells. In this study, the effects of Cd on protein
      expression of p53 and apoptotic signals in the kidney and liver of mice exposed
      to Cd for 12 months were examined, as well as the effects of Cd on p53 protein
      levels and gene expression of the Ube2d family in various cell lines. Results
      showed that in the kidney of mice exposed to 300 ppm Cd for 12 months, there was
      overaccumulation of p53 proteins in addition to the induction of apoptosis, which
      was triggered specifically in the proximal tubules. Interestingly, the site of
      apoptosis was the same as that of p53 accumulation in the proximal tubules. In
      the liver of mice chronically exposed to Cd, gene expression of the Ube2d family
      tended to be slightly decreased, together with slight apoptosis without the
      accumulation of p53 protein. In rat small intestine epithelial (IEC-6) cells, Cd
      decreased not only the p53 protein level but also gene expression of Ube2d1,
      Ube2d2 and Ube2d4. In human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), Cd
      did not suppress gene expression of the Ube2d family, but increased the p53
      protein level. In human brain astrocytes (HBASTs), Cd only increased gene
      expression of UBE2D3. These results suggest that Cd-induced apoptosis through p53
      protein is associated with renal toxicity but not hepatic toxicity, and the
      modification of p53 protein by Cd may vary depending on cell type. 

PMID- 26977262
TI  - A Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin-producing Fungus Using an Optimized
      Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
AB  - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is produced by Aspergillus flavus growing in feedstuffs.
      Early detection of maize contamination by aflatoxigenic fungi is advantageous
      since aflatoxins exert adverse health effects. In this study, we report the
      development of an optimized conventional PCR for AFB1 detection and a rapid,
      sensitive and simple screening Real-time PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green and two pairs
      of primers targeting the aflR genes which involved aflatoxin biosynthesis. AFB1
      contaminated maize samples were divided into three groups by the toxin
      concentration. Genomic DNA was extracted from those samples. The target genes for
      A. flavus were tested by conventional PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by
      electrophoresis. A conventional PCR was carried out as nested PCR to verify the
      gene amplicon sizes. PCR-RFLP patterns, obtained with Hinc II and Pvu II enzyme
      analysis showed the differences to distinguish aflatoxin-producing fungi.
      However, they are not quantitative and need a separation of the products on gel
      and their visualization under UV light. On the other hand, qPCR facilitates the
      monitoring of the reaction as it progresses. It does not require post-PCR
      handling, which reduces the risk of cross-contamination and handling errors. It
      results in a much faster throughout. We found that the optimal primer annealing
      temperature was 65 degrees C. The optimized template and primer concentration
      were 1.5 MUL (50 ng/MUL) and 3 MUL (10 MUM/MUL) respectively. SYBR Green qPCR of
      four genes demonstrated amplification curves and melting peaks for tub1, afIM,
      afIR, and afID genes are at 88.0 degrees C, 87.5 degrees C, 83.5 degrees C, and
      89.5 degrees C respectively. Consequently, it was found that the four primers had
      elevated annealing temperatures, nevertheless it is desirable since it enhances
      the DNA binding specificity of the dye. New qPCR protocol could be employed for
      the determination of aflatoxin content in feedstuff samples. 

PMID- 26977263
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26977264
TI  - The European Academy laparoscopic "Suturing Training and Testing'' (SUTT)
      significantly improves surgeons' performance.
AB  - The efficiency of suturing training and testing (SUTT) model by laparoscopy was
      evaluated, measuring the suturingskill acquisition of trainee gynecologists at
      the beginning and at the end of a teaching course. During a workshop organized by
      the European Academy of Gynecological Surgery (EAGS), 25 participants with three
      different experience levels in laparoscopy (minor, intermediate and major)
      performed the 4 exercises of the SUTT model (Ex 1: both hands stitching and
      continuous suturing, Ex 2: right hand stitching and intracorporeal knotting, Ex
      3: left hand stitching and intracorporeal knotting, Ex 4: dominant hand
      stitching, tissue approximation and intracorporeal knotting). The time needed to
      perform the exercises is recorded for each trainee and group and statistical
      analysis used to note the differences. Overall, all trainees achieved significant
      improvement in suturing time (p < 0.005) as measured before and after completion
      of the training. Similar significantly improved suturing time differences (p <
      0.005) were noted among the groups of trainees with different laparoscopic
      experience. In conclusion a short well-guided training course, using the SUTT
      model, improves significantly surgeon's laparoscopic suturing ability,
      independently of the level of experience in laparoscopic surgery. KEY WORDS:
      Endoscopy, laparoscopic suturing, psychomotor skills, surgery, teaching, training
      suturing model.

PMID- 26977265
TI  - Art meets science: The Cosmopolitan Chicken Research Project.
AB  - The Cosmopolitan Chicken Project is an artistic undertaking of renowned artist
      Koen Vanmechelen. In this project, the artist interbreeds domestic chickens from
      different countries aiming at the creation of a true Cosmopolitan Chicken as a
      symbol for global diversity. The unifying theme is the chicken and the egg,
      symbols that link scientific, political, philosophical and ethical issues. The
      Cosmopolitan Chicken Research Project is the scientific component of this
      artwork. Based on state of the art genomic techniques, the project studies the
      effect of the crossing of chickens on the genetic diversity. Also, this research
      is potentially applicable to the human population. The setup of the CC(r)P is
      quite different from traditional breeding experiments: starting from the
      crossbreed of two purebred chickens (Mechelse Koekoek x Poule de Bresse), every
      generation is crossed with a few animals from another breed. For 26 of these
      purebred and crossbred populations, genetic diversity was measured (1) under the
      assumption that populations were sufficiently large to maintain all informative
      SNP within a generation and (2) under the circumstances of the CCP breeding
      experiment. Under the first assumption, a steady increase in genetic diversity
      was witnessed over the consecutive generations, thus indeed indicating the
      creation of a "Cosmopolitan Chicken Genome". However, under the conditions of the
      CCP, which reflects the reality within the human population, diversity is seen to
      fluctuate within given boundaries instead of steadily increasing. A reflection on
      this might be that this is because, in humans, an evolutionary optimum in genetic
      diversity is reached. Key words. 

PMID- 26977266
TI  - Semen analysis workshops: 17 years' experience.
AB  - The study reports on the results recorded during a series of semenology workshops
      presented from 1997 to 2014. The results were obtained from training workshops
      that were conducted in 6 continents in 38 cities including 1124 individuals. All
      workshops consisted of 2 sessions namely a pre-and post-training session. Results
      recorded from the pre-training sessions were used as a baseline value of current
      knowledge. In most cases pooled fresh or cryopreserved semen samples were
      provided by the organizing institution. The mixed effect linear regression model
      showed a significant decrease in the mean scores from the pre-training scores, p
      < .001. Training of technicians as well as regular proficiency testing will
      ensure continuous communication with the referring laboratory. 

PMID- 26977267
TI  - The socio-economical impact of intravenous (IV) versus subcutaneous (SC)
      administration of trastuzumab: future prospectives.
AB  - Trastuzumab was the first targeted therapy for HER2 positive breast cancer. It
      has become the standard of care for HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer since
      2000 and in the adjuvant setting since 2006. Adjuvant it is given for a year and
      in patients with metastatic disease until progression. The standard mode of
      administration is intravenous. Recently a subcutaneous form has become available.
      A phase III study showed that there is no difference between the intravenous and
      subcutaneous form in terms of safety and efficacy. The patient's preference
      however significantly favoured the subcutaneous form. It is estimated that the
      use of the SC form could contribute to a cost saving between 758 and 2576 euro
      per annual course. For Belgium alone this could mean an estimated saving of 1.4
      to 4.6 million euros per year. The potential benefit of the SC administration for
      healthcare facilities could be further increased when applied in a LEAN working
      day-care chemotherapy unit. After reviewing the existing literature we suggest to
      further validate the potential financial impact of SC trastuzumab compared to the
      traditional IV form and to introduce a scientific proposal incorporating the
      benefits of this formulation in a LEAN working healthcare unit. 

PMID- 26977268
TI  - Reimbursement for bone loss prevention is different between women with breast
      cancer and men with prostate cancer: time for a revision.
AB  - The hormone dependent breast and prostate cancers have in general a very good
      survival, due to the anti-hormonal treatment. A disadvantage of this treatment is
      the increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. It is surprisingly to note that
      denosumab has the same impact on fracture reduction incidence for both sexes, but
      with different reimbursement criteria. Furthermore there is only reimbursement in
      case of osteoporosis and not for cancer patients who are at an increased risk of
      developing osteoporosis. The clinician detects the accelerated bone loss during
      follow-up, but has to wait until there is osteoporosis. The impact of
      osteoporosis on the quality of life is severe and underestimated. Management of
      cancer should not only focus on survival, therefore it is time to reconsider the
      reimbursement criteria, discuss the willingness of society to pay for bone health
      and make choices regarding the advice we give to our patients. 

PMID- 26977269
TI  - Why Fertility Education is needed in schools.
AB  - Fertility education needs to be at the top of the agenda if we want to make a
      major impact in preventing infertility. We have been successful in reducing
      teenage pregnancies through Sex and Relationship education (SRE) and education on
      contraception. Sex and relationship education is for now and fertility education
      is for the future. Conception and contraception are two sides of the same coin.
      We need to empower our young people with education on fertility so that they can
      stand a better chance of falling pregnant when they choose to. Education
      empowers. 

PMID- 26977271
TI  - Hemoglobin Analysis in the First Year of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In newborns and infants during their first year of
      life, there is a dynamic change in the fraction of hemoglobin (Hb). To apply Hb
      analysis as a phenotypic diagnosis of thalassemia in newborns and infants, we
      need normal values of each Hb fraction for reference. METHODS: Seventeen cord
      bloods from normal deliveries were collected for analysis. One hundred and thirty
      seven infants from the pediatric outpatient clinic were recruited and were
      categorized by their ages into a series of short periods (month+/-2 weeks). Both
      alpha and beta thalassemia carriers detected were excluded. Samples with an Hb
      level less than 10.0 g/dL were also excluded. The proportion of Hb A
      (alpha2beta2), A2 (alpha2delta2), and F (alpha2gamma2) was obtained from high
      performance liquid chromatography and analyzed according to its categorized
      periods. RESULTS: There were 90 (58.4%) specimens left for evaluation. The
      percentage of Hb A, A2, and F gradually changed with increasing age. The
      percentage of Hb A was 21.14+/-7.04% (mean+/-SD) in cord blood and increased
      substantially to 83.38+/-1.31% at the sixth month. The level was sustained
      thereafter. The incremental pattern of Hb A2 was similar to Hb A. The value was
      0.32+/-0.19% at the beginning and reached a plateau with 2.78+/-0.25% at the
      sixth month. The percentage of Hb F started at 78.39+/-7.59% in cord blood and
      decreased rapidly in the first 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The data possibly can be
      applied as quick guidance for interpretation of Hb analysis in newborns and
      infants during their first year of life.

PMID- 26977270
TI  - BCR Signaling Inhibitors: an Overview of Toxicities Associated with Ibrutinib and
      Idelalisib in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.
AB  - The B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling inhibitors ibrutinib and idelalisib are
      revolutionizing the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B
      cell malignancies. These oral agents, both alone and in combination with other
      drugs, have shown remarkable clinical activity in relapsed or refractory CLL
      across all risk groups, and have been approved by the Food and Drug
      Administration for this indication. Preliminary data suggest that an even greater
      benefit can be expected in treatment-naive CLL patients. Both ibrutinib and
      idelalisib are well tolerated by most patients, including older, frailer
      individuals. Toxicities are usually mild and self-resolving. Clinicians must,
      however, be aware of a number of peculiar adverse events, the effects of which
      can be severe enough to limit the clinical use of these agents. In this review,
      we survey the salient aspects of the pharmacology and clinical experience with
      the use of BCR signaling inhibitors for the treatment of patients with CLL. We
      next focus on both the most common and the most clinically significant toxicities
      associated with these drugs. 

PMID- 26977273
TI  - Patients Referred for Bleeding Symptoms of Unknown Cause: Does Evaluation of
      Thrombin Generation Contribute to Diagnosis?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with mild to moderate bleeding symptoms referred for
      coagulation investigation sometimes never receive a definitive diagnosis. Bleed
      assessment tools have been developed and validated to assess the severity of
      symptoms. Global coagulation assays, e.g., the thrombin generation test
      (thrombogram) have a potential to identify hemostatic defects that are not
      detected in specific assays. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five
      patients referred to our centre because of bleeding symptoms were evaluated using
      the bleeding assessment tool (BAT) described by Tosetto and colleagues in 2006.
      Blood samples were investigated for thrombin generation (TG) capacity
      (Technoclone), in platelet poor (PPP) plasma, and specific clotting factors,
      i.e., von Willebrand factor, factor VIII and IX, as well as INR, APTT, platelet
      count, and platelet adhesion. RESULTS: Of the 185 patients, five women were
      diagnosed with mild von Willebrand disease and one male with mild hemophilia A.
      The remaining 179 subjects (76% females and 24% males with average ages of 33 and
      28 years, respectively) were evaluated further. In the total cohort and among
      women, peak TG, and lag time correlated with bleeding score (p=0.01 and p=0.04,
      respectively with correlation coefficients). No such correlations were found
      among males. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although our study showed some
      correlation between TG and bleeding score, results are generally consistent with
      a previous report which failed to demonstrate the value of TG measurement in a
      similar setting. In conclusion, the complexity of the mechanisms underlying
      clinical bleeding complicates the ability to use TG tests as reliable predictors
      of bleeding. Mild congenital bleeding disorders, especially VWD, should be
      specifically screened for in patients with mild/moderate symptoms.

PMID- 26977272
TI  - Impact of Mannose-Binding Protein Gene Polymorphisms in Omani Sickle Cell Disease
      Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to study mannose-binding protein (MBP) polymorphisms in
      exonic and promoter region and correlate it with associated infections and
      vasoocculsive (VOC) episodes in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients since MBP
      plays an important role in innate immunity by activating the complement system.
      METHODS: We studied the genetic polymorphisms in the Exon 1 (alleles A/O) and
      promoter region (alleles Y/X; H/L, P/Q) of the MBL2 gene, in SCD patients as an
      increased incidence of infections is seen in these patients. A PCR-based,
      targeted genomic DNA sequencing of MBL2 was used to study 68 SCD Omani patients
      and 44 controls (healthy voluntary blood donors). RESULTS: In SCD patients, the
      frequency of the genotype related to the high production of MBL was 0.35 (YA/YA)
      and for intermediate/low production was 0.65 (YA/XA, XA/XA, YA/YO, XA/YO, YO/YO).
      The observed frequencies of MBL2 gene promoter polymorphism (-221, Y/X) were
      44.4% and 20.5% for the heterozygous genotype Y/X and 3.2% and 2.2% for the
      homozygous (X/X) respectively between SCD patients and controls. MBL2 Exon1 gene
      mutations were 29.4% and 50% for the heterozygous genotype A/O and 5.9% and 6.8%
      respectively for the homozygous (O/O) genotype between SCD patients and controls.
      The distribution of variant MBL2 gene polymorphisms did not show any correlation
      in SCD patients with or without VOC attacks (p=0.16; OR -0.486; CI=0.177 -1.33),
      however, it was correlated with infections (p=0.0162; OR -3.55; CI 1.25-10.04).
      CONCLUSIONS: Although the frequency of the genotypes and haplotypes of MBL2 in
      SCD patients did not differ from controls, overall in the SCD patient cohort the
      increased representation of variant alleles was significantly correlated with
      infections (p<0.05). However, these variant MBL2 polymorphisms did not seem to
      play a significant role in the VOC episodes in this SCD cohort.

PMID- 26977274
TI  - Prevalence of Sickle Cell Trait in the Southern Suburb of Beirut, Lebanon.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, gender
      differences, and time trends of Sickle Cell Trait in the Southern Suburb of
      Beirut, Lebanon, as well as to highlight the importance of screening for Sickle
      Cell Trait carriers in this population. Another objective was to describe a new
      screening technique for Sickle Cell Trait carriers. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective cohort study carried out at a private laboratory in the Southern
      Suburb of Beirut, Lebanon between 2002 and 2014. The sickling test was carried
      out for each patient using two methods: the classical "sodium metabisulfite
      sickling test", and the new "sickling test method" used in the private lab. As a
      confirmatory test, hemoglobin electrophoresis was run on a random sample of 223
      cases which were found to be positive using the two sickling tests. RESULTS: A
      total of 899 cases were found to be positive for the sickle cell trait out of
      184,105 subjects screened during the 12-year period, prevalence = 0.49% (95% CI:
      0.46 - 0.52). Among the total sample, females were found to have higher
      prevalence, where no time trend over the studied period was noted. The
      haemoglobin electrophoresis method confirmed the results of this new sickling
      test technique among the random sample of the 223 cases. CONCLUSION: We found
      that the prevalence of sickle cell trait is lower as compared to other Arab
      countries, higher in females, with no significant time trend. The sickle cell
      test was found to be an accurate, simple and cheap test that could be easily
      added as a requirement for the pre-marital testing to screen for Sickle Cell
      Trait carriers.

PMID- 26977275
TI  - Cutaneous Lesions Anticipating Accelerated Phase of Multidrug Resistant Chronic
      Myeloid Leukemia Responsive to Ponatinib.

PMID- 26977276
TI  - Anemia in the Elderly: not Always what it Seems.
AB  - Anemia in the elderly is a common but challenging clinical scenario. Here we
      describe the case of an older woman who presented with anemia and elevated
      inflammation markers. After a complete diagnostic work-up, a definite etiology of
      the anemia could not be found so eventually a bone marrow biopsy was performed
      and she was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. She responded well to
      erythropoietin treatment but her inflammation markers remained elevated thus a
      positron emission tomography was performed. It turned out that the patient
      suffered from giant cell artheritis and her anemia completely resolved after
      steroid treatment. Our case outlines that it is necessary to pay particular
      attention to anemia of inflammation, which could be due to several and often
      masked conditions. Myelodysplatic syndromes should be considered when other
      causes have been ruled out, but their diagnosis can be difficult and requires
      expertise in the field. 

PMID- 26977277
TI  - Candida Associated Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Hematology Patients: A
      Single Center Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Candida-associated bloodstream infections are frequent
      and potentially life-threatening conditions in hematology patients. The aim of
      this study is to evaluate the characteristics, risk factors, and outcome of
      Candida-associated bloodstream infections in children with hematological
      diseases. METHODS: The medical records of the patients with hematological
      diseases and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients who were
      diagnosed as Candida-associated bloodstream infection between February 2010 and
      February 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Thirty episodes of
      candidemia involving 26 patients (38% female, and 62% male) with a median age of
      7-year (range; 1 to 17) were noted. The incidence of candidemia in our study was
      5.2 per 1000 hospital admissions. Infections with non-albicans Candida spp.
      occurred more frequently (63%) and C. krusei was the predominant microorganism
      among non-albicans Candida spp. (37%). Candida albicans was isolated from 11 of
      the 30 episodes (37%). Twenty-six of the episodes (88%) patients had a central
      venous catheter (CVC) prior to candidemia, and they were removed in 16 (62%).
      Thirty-day mortality rate was 20%. Isolated Candida spp, underlying disease and
      its status, presence of mucositis, neutropenia, using of broad spectrum
      antibiotics, corticosteroids or total parenteral nutrition were not identified as
      predictors of outcome. Multivariate analysis revealed that CVCs kept in place was
      the only significant factor associated with mortality (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.006
      0.716). CONCLUSIONS: Candida-associated bloodstream infections were common in
      children with hematological diseases and HSCT recipients, particularly in
      patients with CVCs. In addition to appropriate antifungal therapy, CVC removal
      improves the outcome of candidemia in children with hematological disease.

PMID- 26977278
TI  - Anorectal Complications During Neutropenic Period in Patients with Hematologic
      Diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neutropenic patients are susceptible to any anorectal disease, and
      symptomatic anorectal disease afflicts 2-32% of oncology patients. Perianal
      infections are the most feared complication, considering the lack of natural
      defense against infectious microorganisms. When septic complications develop, the
      anorectal disease is potentially fatal, especially in neutropenic patients in
      whom mortality rates range between 11-57%. Although anorectal diseases are a
      frequent complication with potentially fatal outcomes among patients with
      hematologic diseases, sufficient data are not available in the literature. In
      this study, we aimed to investigate the anorectal complications developing during
      the neutropenic period in patients with hematologic diseases. METHODS: A total of
      79 patients whose neutropenic period (absolute neutrophil count <500/mcL)
      continued for 7 days, or longer were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of
      34 patients out of 79 (43%) were detected to develop anorectal complications, of
      them 6 (7.6%) developed an anorectal infection. The patients were characterized
      according to the hematological disease and its status (active or not), the type
      of treatment and the presence of a history of an anorectal pathology before the
      onset of the hematologic disease. Nineteen (24.1%) patients had the history of
      anorectal disturbances before diagnosis of the hematologic disease, and
      recurrence of an anorectal pathology was found in 14 out of 19 patients(73.7%).
      In addition, the overall mortality rate was higher among the patients who
      developed anorectal complications compared to another group (41.2% vs. 22.2%,
      p=0.059). CONCLUSION: Anorectal pathology is a common complication with high
      recurrence rate in neutropenic patients. Perianal infections are important as
      they can cause life-threatening outcomes although they are relatively rare among
      all anorectal complications. Therefore perianal signs and symptoms should be
      meticulously evaluated concerning early diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 26977279
TI  - The GLP-1 agonist, liraglutide, as a pharmacotherapy for obesity.
AB  - There is a global obesity epidemic that will continue to be a financial burden on
      healthcare systems around the world. Tackling obesity through diet and exercise
      should always be the first intervention, but this has not proved to be effective
      for a large number of patients. Pharmacotherapeutic options have been limited and
      many previously available drugs have been withdrawn due to safety concerns.
      Currently, only bariatric surgery has the capability to induce both substantial
      and durable weight loss. This article briefly reviews the history of
      pharmacotherapy for obesity before focusing on the clinical trial evidence for
      the use of the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide as a weight loss agent and comparing its
      efficacy with other emerging drug therapies for obesity. 

PMID- 26977280
TI  - New perspectives on management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive parenchymal lung
      disease characterized by a median survival of 3-5 years following diagnosis. The
      diagnosis is based on clinical, radiological and histopathological evaluation.
      Therefore, a multidisciplinary team is needed to reach the correct diagnosis. For
      a long time, supportive care and lung transplantation in selected cases, have
      been considered the only possible treatments for IPF. In the last decade many
      studies have investigated IPF pathogenesis, leading to an improved knowledge of
      the mechanisms underlying the disease and to the approval of two new drugs for
      IPF treatment (pirfenidone and nintedanib). The therapeutic approach of IPF
      cannot be limited to the administration of antifibrotic drugs, but it is
      necessary for improving the quality of life of patients and for facilitating, as
      far as possible, the performance of normal daily activities and relationships.
      IPF patients are also afflicted by disease-related complications such as
      gastroesophageal reflux, pulmonary hypertension, acute exacerbations and an
      increased risk of developing lung cancer. The clinician who treats IPF patients,
      should also treat these possible complications to slow disease progression, thus
      maintaining the possibility of a pulmonary transplantation. 

PMID- 26977281
TI  - Opioid-induced constipation: advances and clinical guidance.
AB  - Currently opioids are the most frequently used medications for chronic noncancer
      pain. Opioid-induced constipation is the most common adverse effect associated
      with prolonged use of opioids, having a major impact on quality of life. There is
      an increasing need to treat opioid-induced constipation. With the recent approval
      of medications for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation, there are
      several therapeutic approaches. This review addresses the clinical presentation
      and diagnosis of opioid-induced constipation, barriers to its diagnosis, effects
      of opioids in the gastrointestinal tract, differential tolerance to opiates in
      different gastrointestinal organs, medications approved and in development for
      the treatment of opioid-induced constipation, and a proposed clinical management
      algorithm for treating opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer
      pain. 

PMID- 26977282
TI  - Gout: optimizing treatment to achieve a disease cure.
AB  - Gout is one of the most common inflammatory arthritides. The disease is due to
      the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. These deposits are reversible with
      proper treatment, suggesting that gout is a curable disease. The main aim in gout
      is to lower serum uric acid levels to a pre-established target; there are
      different urate-lowering drugs (xanthine oxidase inhibitors, uricosurics and
      uricases) through which this can be achieved. Proper treatment of gout also
      involves correct management of acute flares and their prevention. To ensure
      treatment adherence it is necessary to explain to the patient what the objectives
      are. 

PMID- 26977283
TI  - Vertical osteoconductivity of sputtered hydroxyapatite-coated mini titanium
      implants after dura mater elevation: Rabbit calvarial model.
AB  - This study evaluated the quantity and quality of newly formed vertical bone
      induced by sputtered hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants compared with
      sandblasted acid-etched implants after dura mater elevation. Hydroxyapatite
      coated and non-coated implants (n = 20/group) were used and divided equally into
      two groups. All implants were randomly placed into rabbit calvarial bone (four
      implants for each animal) emerging from the inferior cortical layer, displacing
      the dura mater 3 mm below the original bone. Animals were sacrificed at 4 (n = 5)
      and 8 (n = 5) weeks post-surgery. Vertical bone height and area were analyzed
      histologically and radiographically below the original bone. Vertical bone
      formation was observed in both groups. At 4 and 8 weeks, vertical bone height
      reached a significantly higher level in the hydroxyapatite compared with the non
      coated group (p < 0.05). Vertical bone area was significantly larger in the
      hydroxyapatite compared with the non-coated group at 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.05).
      This study indicates that vertical bone formation can be induced by dura mater
      elevation and sputtered hydroxyapatite coating can enhance vertical bone
      formation. 

PMID- 26977286
TI  - Composite microsphere-functionalized scaffold for the controlled release of small
      molecules in tissue engineering.
AB  - Current tissue engineering strategies focus on restoring damaged tissue
      architectures using biologically active scaffolds. The ideal scaffold would mimic
      the extracellular matrix of any tissue of interest, promoting cell proliferation
      and de novo extracellular matrix deposition. A plethora of techniques have been
      evaluated to engineer scaffolds for the controlled and targeted release of
      bioactive molecules to provide a functional structure for tissue growth and
      remodeling, as well as enhance recruitment and proliferation of autologous cells
      within the implant. Recently, novel approaches using small molecules, instead of
      growth factors, have been exploited to regulate tissue regeneration. The use of
      small synthetic molecules could be very advantageous because of their stability,
      tunability, and low cost. Herein, we propose a chitosan-gelatin scaffold
      functionalized with composite microspheres consisting of mesoporous silicon
      microparticles and poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) for the controlled release of
      sphingosine-1-phospate, a small molecule of interest. We characterized the
      platform with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy. Finally, the biocompatibility of this
      multiscale system was analyzed by culturing human mesenchymal stem cells onto the
      scaffold. The presented strategy establishes the basis of a versatile scaffold
      for the controlled release of small molecules and for culturing mesenchymal stem
      cells for regenerative medicine applications. 

PMID- 26977285
TI  - Biomimetic collagenous scaffold to tune inflammation by targeting macrophages.
AB  - The inflammatory response following implantation of a biomaterial is one of the
      major regulatory aspects of the overall regenerative process. The progress of
      inflammation determines whether functional tissue is restored or if nonfunctional
      fibrotic tissue is formed. This delicate balance is directed by the activity of
      different cells. Among these, macrophages and their different phenotypes, the
      inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, are considered key players in the
      process. Recent approaches exploit macrophage's regenerative potential in tissue
      engineering. Here, we propose a collagen scaffold functionalized with chondroitin
      sulfate (CSCL), a glycosaminoglycan known to be able to tune inflammation. We
      studied CSCL effects on bone-marrow-derived macrophages in physiological, and
      lipopolysaccharides-inflamed, conditions in vitro. Our data demonstrate that CSCL
      is able to modulate macrophage phenotype by inhibiting the LPS/CD44/NF-kB
      cascade. As a consequence, an upregulation of anti-inflammatory markers (TGF
      beta, Arg, MRC1, and IL-10) was found concomitantly with a decrease in the
      expression of pro-inflammatory markers (iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12beta). We
      then implanted CSCL subcutaneously in a rat model to test whether the same
      molecular mechanism could be maintained in an in vivo environment. In vivo data
      confirmed the in vitro studies. A significant reduction in the number of
      infiltrating cells around and within the implants was observed at 72 h, with a
      significant downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes expression. The present work
      provides indications regarding the immunomodulatory potential of molecules used
      for the development of biomimetic materials and suggests their use to direct
      macrophage immune modulation for tissue repair. 

PMID- 26977287
TI  - Porcine acellular lung matrix for wound healing and abdominal wall
      reconstruction: A pilot study.
AB  - Surgical wound healing applications require bioprosthetics that promote cellular
      infiltration and vessel formation, metrics associated with increased mechanical
      strength and resistance to infection. Porcine acellular lung matrix is a novel
      tissue scaffold known to promote cell adherence while minimizing inflammatory
      reactions. In this study, we evaluate the capacity of porcine acellular lung
      matrix to sustain cellularization and neovascularization in a rat model of
      subcutaneous implantation and chronic hernia repair. We hypothesize that,
      compared to human acellular dermal matrix, porcine acellular lung matrix would
      promote greater cell infiltration and vessel formation. Following pneumonectomy,
      porcine lungs were processed and characterized histologically and by scanning
      electron microscopy to demonstrate efficacy of the decellularization. Using a rat
      model of subcutaneou implantation, porcine acellular lung matrices (n = 8) and
      human acellular dermal matrices (n = 8) were incubated in vivo for 6 weeks. To
      evaluate performance under mechanically stressed conditions, porcine acellular
      lung matrices (n = 7) and human acellular dermal matrices (n = 7) were implanted
      in a rat model of chronic ventral incisional hernia repair for 6 weeks. After 6
      weeks, tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome
      staining to quantify cell infiltration and vessel formation. Porcine acellular
      lung matrices were shown to be successfully decellularized. Following
      subcutaneous implantation, macroscopic vessel formation was evident. Porcine
      acellular lung matrices demonstrated sufficient incorporation and showed no
      evidence of mechanical failure after ventral hernia repair. Porcine acellular
      lung matrices demonstrated significantly greater cellular density and vessel
      formation when compared to human acellular dermal matrix. Vessel sizes were
      similar across all groups. Cell infiltration and vessel formation are well
      characterized metrics of incorporation associated with improved surgical
      outcomes. Porcine acellular lung matrices are a novel class of acellular tissue
      scaffold. The increased cell and vessel density may promote long-term improved
      incorporation and mechanical properties. These findings may be due to the native
      lung scaffold architecture guiding cell migration and vessel formation. Porcine
      acellular lung matrices represent a new alternative for surgical wound healing
      applications where increased cell density and vessel formation are sought. 

PMID- 26977284
TI  - Impact of mechanical stretch on the cell behaviors of bone and surrounding
      tissues.
AB  - Mechanical loading is recognized to play an important role in regulating the
      behaviors of cells in bone and surrounding tissues in vivo. Many in vitro studies
      have been conducted to determine the effects of mechanical loading on individual
      cell types of the tissues. In this review, we focus specifically on the use of
      the Flexercell system as a tool for studying cellular responses to mechanical
      stretch. We assess the literature describing the impact of mechanical stretch on
      different cell types from bone, muscle, tendon, ligament, and cartilage,
      describing individual cell phenotype responses. In addition, we review evidence
      regarding the mechanotransduction pathways that are activated to potentiate these
      phenotype responses in different cell populations. 

PMID- 26977288
TI  - Design of barrier coatings on kink-resistant peripheral nerve conduits.
AB  - Here, we report on the design of braided peripheral nerve conduits with barrier
      coatings. Braiding of extruded polymer fibers generates nerve conduits with
      excellent mechanical properties, high flexibility, and significant kink
      resistance. However, braiding also results in variable levels of porosity in the
      conduit wall, which can lead to the infiltration of fibrous tissue into the
      interior of the conduit. This problem can be controlled by the application of
      secondary barrier coatings. Using a critical size defect in a rat sciatic nerve
      model, the importance of controlling the porosity of the nerve conduit walls was
      explored. Braided conduits without barrier coatings allowed cellular infiltration
      that limited nerve recovery. Several types of secondary barrier coatings were
      tested in animal studies, including (1) electrospinning a layer of polymer fibers
      onto the surface of the conduit and (2) coating the conduit with a cross-linked
      hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel. Sixteen weeks after implantation, hyaluronic acid
      coated conduits had higher axonal density, displayed higher muscle weight, and
      better electrophysiological signal recovery than uncoated conduits or conduits
      having an electrospun layer of polymer fibers. This study indicates that braiding
      is a promising method of fabrication to improve the mechanical properties of
      peripheral nerve conduits and demonstrates the need to control the porosity of
      the conduit wall to optimize functional nerve recovery. 

PMID- 26977289
TI  - A semi-analytical decomposition analysis of surface plasmon generation and the
      optimal nanoledge plasmonic device.
AB  - Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of nanostructured thin metal films (so-called
      nanoplasmonics) has attracted intense attention due to its versatility for
      optical sensing and chip-based device integration. Understanding the underlying
      physics and developing applications of nanoplasmonic devices with desirable
      optical properties, e.g. intensity of light scattering and high refractive index
      (RI) sensitivity at the perforated metal film, is crucial for practical uses in
      physics, biomedical detection, and environmental monitoring. This work presents a
      semi-analytical model that enables decomposition and quantitative analysis of
      surface plasmon generation at a new complex nanoledge aperture structure under
      plane-wave illumination, thus providing insight on how to optimize plasmonic
      devices for optimal plasmonic generation efficiencies and RI sensitivity. A
      factor analysis of parameters (geometric, dielectric-RI, and incident wavelength)
      relevant to surface plasmon generation is quantitatively investigated to predict
      the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) generation efficiency. In concert with the
      analytical treatment, a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation is used
      to model the optical transmission spectra and RI sensitivity as a function of the
      nanoledge device's geometric parameters, and it shows good agreement with the
      analytical model. Further validation of the analytical approach is provided by
      fabricating subwavelength nanoledge devices and testing their optical
      transmission and RI sensitivity.

PMID- 26977291
TI  - An 81 Year Old with Back Pain.
AB  - You see an 81-year-old man in the emergency department. He has been troubled by
      abdominal and back pain that has been worsening over the last two days. He has
      smoked 20 cigarettes a day for the last 60 years. On examination his heart rate
      is 110 beats per minute and his blood pressure is 130/80 mmhg. He is tender over
      the central abdomen and you feel a pulsatile mass above the umbilicus. You
      request a CT scan of the abdomen. 

PMID- 26977290
TI  - A Review of Recent Advances in Perioperative Patient Safety.
AB  - Major complications in surgery affect up to 16% of surgical procedures. Over the
      past 50 years, many patient safety initiatives have attempted to reduce such
      complications. Since the formation of the National Patient Safety Agency in 2001,
      there have been major advances in patient safety. Most recently, the production
      and implementation of the Surgical Safety Checklist by the World Health
      Organisation (WHO), a checklist ensuring that certain 'never events' (wrong-site
      surgery, wrong operation etc.) do not occur, irrespective of healthcare
      allowance. In this review, a summary of recent advances in patient safety are
      considered - including improvements in communication, understanding of human
      factors that cause mistakes, and strategies developed to minimise these.
      Additionally, the synthesis of best medical practice and harm minimisation is
      examined, with particular emphasis on communication and appreciation of human
      factors in the operating theatre. This is based on the resource management
      systems developed in other high risk industries (e.g. nuclear), and has also been
      adopted for other high risk medical areas. The WHO global movement to reduce
      surgical mortality has been highly successful, especially in the healthcare
      systems of developing nations where mortality reductions of up to 50% have been
      observed, and reductions in patient complications of 4%. Incident reporting has
      long been a key component of patient safety and continues to be so; allowing
      reflection and improved guideline formation. All patients are placed at risk in
      the surgical environment. It is crucial that this risk is minimised, whilst
      optimising the patient's outcome. In this review, recent advances in
      perioperative patient safety are examined and placed in context. 

PMID- 26977292
TI  - 68-Year-Old Man with PR Bleed.
AB  - A 68-year-old man is referred to the colorectal clinic by his GP. He has lost 10
      kg in weight over the last two months. He also noticed that his bowel motions
      have been loose and sometimes contain blood. You review the full blood count and
      faecal occult blood test the GP requested. What should you do next? 

PMID- 26977293
TI  - Prevalence and associated factors of clinical manifestations of vitamin a
      deficiency among preschool children in asgede-tsimbla rural district, north
      Ethiopia, a community based cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin A Deficiency is a common form of micronutrient deficiency,
      globally affecting 33.3 % of preschool-age children. An estimated of 44.4 % of
      preschool children in Africa were at risk for vitamin A deficiency. In Ethiopia,
      vitamin A deficiency leads to 80,000 deaths a year and affects 61 % of preschool
      children. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated
      factors with the night blindness, Bitot's spot and vitamin A intake among
      preschool children in rural area, Asgede-Tsimbla district, North Ethiopia.
      METHODS: Community based cross sectional study was conducted from January 27 to
      March 7, 2014. A total 1230 preschool children were selected by systematic random
      sampling from 8 randomly selected kebelles (smallest administrative unit).
      Structured and pretested questionnaires adapted from relevant studies and WHO/FAO
      was for data collection. In addition, sex, age, and height were taken and filled
      to Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA) for Standardized Monitoring and
      Assessment of Relief and Transition (SMART) 2007 software to convert the
      nutritional data into Z-scores of the indices. The data was then transported to
      SPSS version 20. Bivariate and Multivariable binary logistic regressions were
      carried out to investigate the effect of each independent variable on the
      dependent variable. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. RESULT:
      The odds of Bitot's spots (1.46 %) and night blindness (1.22 %) were higher than
      the WHO Cut-off levels used to define a public health problem. The odds of night
      blindness was 4 times higher among children belonging to family size greater or
      equal to four [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 4.18, 95 % CI = 1.15,15.3] and 6 times
      higher among children of illiterate mothers [AOR = 5.96 , 95 % CI = 1.33,26.69].
      The odds of Bitot's spots was 5.35 times higher among children belonging to
      family size greater or more four [AOR =5.35; 95 % CI = 1.49, 19.2], 4.75 times
      higher among children of illiterate mothers [AOR = 4.75, 95 % CI =1.32, 17.18]
      and 6 times higher in males than females [AOR = 5.8, 95 % CI = 1.65, 20.46].
      CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that night blindness and Bitot's spots are major
      nutritional problems in the study area. The independent predictors of night
      blindness were mother illiteracy status and large family size and also for
      Bitot's spots were mother illiteracy status, male sex of child and large family
      size. Therefore, the need to increase educational level of mother, use of family
      planning of women and emphasis on male children and children from large family
      size by involving the Education sector, Health sector, (Federal Ministry of
      Health) FMOH and (Tigray Regional Health Bureau) TRHB is crucial.

PMID- 26977294
TI  - Molecular modeling of antibodies for the treatment of TNFalpha-related
      immunological diseases.
AB  - Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have high efficacy in treating TNF alpha
      related immunological diseases. Other than neutralizing TNF alpha, these IgG1
      antibodies exert Fc receptor-mediated effector functions such as the complement
      dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). The
      crystallizable fragment (Fc) of these IgG1 contains a single glycosylation site
      at Asn 297/300 that is essential for the CDC and ADCC. Glycosylated antibodies
      lacking core fucosylation showed an improved ADCC. However, no structural data
      are available concerning the ligand-binding interaction of these mAbs used in TNF
      alpha-related diseases and the role of the fucosylation. We therefore used
      comparative modeling for generating complete 3D mAb models that include the
      antigen-binding fragment (Fab) portions of infliximab, complexed with TNF alpha
      (4G3Y.pdb), the Fc region of the human IGHG1 fucosylated (3SGJ) and afucosylated
      (3SGK) complexed with the Fc receptor subtype Fcgamma RIIIA, and the Fc region of
      a murine immunoglobulin (1IGT). After few thousand steps of energy minimization
      on the resulting 3D mAb models, minimized final models were used to quantify
      interactions occurring between Fcgamma RIIIA and the fucosylated/afucosylated Fc
      fragments. While fucosylation does not affect Fab-TNF alpha interactions, we
      found that in the absence of fucosylation the Fc-mAb domain and Fcgamma RIIIA are
      closer and new strong interactions are established between G129 of the receptor
      and S301 of the Chimera 2 Fc mAb; new polar interactions are also established
      between the Chimera 2 Fc residues Y299, N300, and S301 and the Fcgamma RIIIA
      residues K128, G129, R130, and R155. These data help to explain the reduced ADCC
      observed in the fucosylated mAbs suggesting the specific AA residues involved in
      binding interactions. 

PMID- 26977295
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effects of the novel inhaled phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor
      CHF6001 on virus-inducible cytokines.
AB  - Respiratory virus infections precipitate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD) exacerbations, with most exacerbations due to rhinovirus
      infection. Both asthma and COPD exacerbations are not well controlled by steroid
      therapies, and there is a much research interest in finding improved therapies or
      combinations of therapies for controlling exacerbations. CHF6001 is a new,
      inhaled highly potent and selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor.
      Using in vitro human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), we investigated the
      potential anti-inflammatory effects of CHF6001 on rhinovirus (RV1B)-induced
      cytokines. Cytokine mRNA was measured by real-time PCR, while protein release was
      measured by ELISA. CHF6001 was used in a 7-point dose-response curve (1000-0.001
      nmol/L) as a 1.5-h pretreatment prior to infection in comparison with
      roflumilast. Both roflumilast and CHF6001 reduced RV1B-induced IL-8, IL-29, IP
      10, and RANTES mRNA and protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Generally,
      CHF6001 was 13- to 16-fold more potent (subnanomolar EC 50 values) than
      roflumilast at reducing IL-8, IL-29, IP-10, and RANTES mRNA and protein release,
      but had similar efficacies. In combination with the steroid fluticasone
      propionate (1 nmol/L), CHF6001 had additive effects, significantly reducing RV
      induced cytokines when compared with steroid or CHF6001 alone. Combined low-dose
      steroid and low-dose CHF6001 had a similar efficacy as high-dose steroid or
      CHF6001 alone, indicating the combination had steroid and PDE4 inhibitor sparing
      effects. Overall results indicate that PDE4 inhibitors have anti-inflammatory
      activity against virus-induced inflammatory mediators and that CHF6001 is more
      potent than roflumilast.

PMID- 26977296
TI  - Taurolidine and congeners activate hTRPA1 but not hTRPV1 channels and stimulate
      CGRP release from mouse tracheal sensory nerves.
AB  - Taurolidine has long been in clinical use as an antimicrobial irrigation that
      does not impede wound healing. It can even be administered intravenously (30
      g/day) to treat sepsis or to exert newly recognized antineoplastic actions. Only
      one irritant effect is reported, that is, to temporarily induce burning pain of
      unknown origin when applied to body cavities or peripheral veins. The structure
      of the molecule suggested the chemoreceptor channel TRPA1 as a potential target,
      which was verified measuring stimulated CGRP release from sensory nerves of the
      isolated mouse trachea and calcium influx in hTRPA1-transfected HEK293 cells.
      With both methods, the concentration-response relationship of taurolidine
      exceeded the threshold value below 500 MUmol/L and 100 MUmol/L, respectively, and
      reached saturation at 1 mmol/L. The clinical 2% taurolidine solution did not
      evoke greater or longer lasting responses. The reversible tracheal response was
      abolished in TRPA1(-/-) but retained in TRPV1(-/-) mice. Consistently, hTRPV1-HEK
      showed no calcium influx as a response, likewise native HEK293 cells and hTRPA1
      HEK deprived of extracellular calcium did not respond to taurolidine 1 mmol/L.
      The metabolite taurultam and its oxathiazine derivative, expected to cause less
      burning pain, showed weak tracheal irritancy only at 10 mmol/L, acting also
      through hTRPA1 but not hTRPV1. In conclusion, taurolidine, its metabolite, and a
      novel derivative showed no unspecific cellular effects but selectively,
      concentration-dependently and reversibly activated the irritant receptor TRPA1 in
      CGRP-expressing, thus nociceptive, neurons. The clinical solution of 2%
      taurolidine (~70 mmol/L) can, thus, rightly be expected to cause transient
      burning pain and neurogenic inflammation. 

PMID- 26977297
TI  - Lack of cross-resistance to FF-10501, an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate
      dehydrogenase, in azacitidine-resistant cell lines selected from SKM-1 and MOLM
      13 leukemia cell lines.
AB  - Resistance to azacitidine is a major issue in the treatments of myelodysplastic
      syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, and previous studies suggest that changes in
      drug metabolism are involved in the resistance. Therefore, drugs with mechanisms
      resistant or alternative to such metabolic changes have been desired for the
      treatment of resistant disease. We generated azacitidine-resistant cells derived
      from SKM-1 and MOLM-13 leukemia cell lines in vitro, analyzed the mechanisms, and
      examined the impact on the efficacy of other antimetabolic drugs. It appeared
      that the cell growth-inhibitory effect of azacitidine, expression levels of
      uridine-cytidine kinase 2, and the concentrations of azacitidine triphosphate
      were remarkably decreased in the resistant cells compared with those in parent
      cells. These results were consistent with previous observations that azacitidine
      resistance is derived from metabolic changes. Cross-resistance of greater than 10
      fold (shift in IC50 value) was observed in azacitidine-resistant cells for
      decitabine and for cytarabine, but not for gemcitabine or the inosine-5'
      monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors FF-10501 and mycophenolate mofetil
      (cross-resistance to 5-fluorouracil was cell line dependent). The IMPDH
      inhibitors maintained their cell growth-inhibitory activities in the azacitidine
      resistant cell lines, in which the levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
      (which converts FF-10501 to its active form, FF-10501 ribosylmonophosphate [FF
      10501RMP]), FF-10501RMP, and the target enzyme, IMPDH, were equivalent to those
      in the parent cell lines. These results suggest that an IMPDH inhibitor such as
      FF-10501 could be an alternative therapeutic treatment for leukemia patients with
      acquired resistance to azacitidine. 

PMID- 26977298
TI  - Preclinical and translational evaluation of coagulation factor IXa as a novel
      therapeutic target.
AB  - The benefits of novel oral anticoagulants are hampered by bleeding. Since
      coagulation factor IX (fIX) lies upstream of fX in the coagulation cascade, and
      intermediate levels have been associated with reduced incidence of thrombotic
      events, we evaluated the viability of fIXa as an antithrombotic target. We
      applied translational pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) principles to
      predict the therapeutic window (TW) associated with a selective small molecule
      inhibitor (SMi) of fIXa, compound 1 (CPD1, rat fIXa inhibition constant (Ki, 21
      nmol/L) relative to clinically relevant exposures of apixaban (rat fXa Ki 4.3
      nmol/L). Concentrations encompassing the minimal clinical plasma concentration (C
      min) of the 5 mg twice daily (BID) dose of apixaban were tested in rat
      arteriovenous shunt (AVS/thrombosis) and cuticle bleeding time (CBT) models. An I
      max and a linear model were used to fit clot weight (CW) and CBT. The following
      differences in biology were observed: (1) antithrombotic activity and bleeding
      increased in parallel for apixaban, but to a lesser extent for CPD1 and (2)
      antithrombotic activity occurred at high (>99%) enzyme occupancy (EO) for fXa or
      moderate (>65% EO) for fIXa. translational PK/PD analysis indicated that
      noninferiority was observed for concentrations of CPD1 that provided between 86%
      and 96% EO and that superior TW existed between 86% and 90% EO. These findings
      were confirmed in a study comparing short interfering (si)RNA-mediated knockdown
      (KD) modulation of fIX and fX mRNA. In summary, using principles of translational
      biology to relate preclinical markers of efficacy and safety to clinical doses of
      apixaban, we found that modulation of fIXa can be superior to apixaban. 

PMID- 26977299
TI  - ADME studies of [5-(3)H]-2'-O-methyluridine nucleoside in mice: a building block
      in siRNA therapeutics.
AB  - The chemical modification 2'-O-methyl of nucleosides is often used to increase
      siRNA stability towards nuclease activities. However, the metabolic fate of
      modified nucleosides remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
      determine the mass balance, pharmacokinetic, and absorption, distribution,
      metabolism, and excretion (ADME)-properties of tritium-labeled 2'-O
      methyluridine, following a single intravenous dose to male CD-1 mice. The single
      intravenous administration of [5-(3)H]-2'-O-methyluridine was well tolerated in
      mice. Radioactivity was rapidly and widely distributed throughout the body and
      remained detectable in all tissues investigated throughout the observation period
      of 48 h. After an initial rapid decline, blood concentrations of total
      radiolabeled components declined at a much slower rate. [(3)H]-2'-O-Methyluridine
      represented a minor component of the radioactivity in plasma (5.89% of [(3)H]-AUC
      0-48 h). Three [(3)H]-2'-O-methyluridine metabolites namely uridine (M1),
      cytidine (M2), and uracil (M3) were the major circulating components representing
      32.8%, 8.11%, and 23.6% of radioactivity area under the curve, respectively. The
      highest concentrations of total radiolabeled components and exposures were
      observed in kidney, spleen, pineal body, and lymph nodes. The mass balance, which
      is the sum of external recovery of radioactivity in excreta and remaining
      radioactivity in carcass and cage wash, was complete. Renal excretion accounted
      for about 52.7% of the dose with direct renal excretion of the parent in
      combination with metabolism to the endogenous compounds cytidine, uracil,
      cytosine, and cytidine. 

PMID- 26977300
TI  - Slow drug delivery decreased total body clearance and altered bioavailability of
      immediate- and controlled-release oxycodone formulations.
AB  - Oxycodone is a commonly used analgesic with a large body of pharmacokinetic data
      from various immediate-release or controlled-release formulations, under
      different administration routes, and in diverse populations. Longer terminal half
      lives from extravascular administration as compared to IV administration have
      been attributed to flip-flop pharmacokinetics with the rate constant of
      absorption slower than elimination. However, PK parameters from the extravascular
      studies showed faster absorption than elimination. Sustained release formulations
      guided by the flip-flop concept produced mixed outcomes in formulation
      development and clinical studies. This research aims to develop a mechanistic
      knowledge of oxycodone ADME, and provide a consistent interpretation of diverging
      results and insight to guide further extended release development and optimize
      the clinical use of oxycodone. PK data of oxycodone in human studies were
      collected from literature and digitized. The PK data were analyzed using a new PK
      model with Weibull function to describe time-varying drug releases/ oral
      absorption, and elimination dependent upon drug input to the portal vein. The new
      and traditional PK models were coded in NONMEM. Sensitivity analyses were
      conducted to address the relationship between rates of drug release/absorption
      and PK profiles plus terminal half-lives. Traditional PK model could not be
      applied consistently to describe drug absorption and elimination of oxycodone.
      Errors were forced on absorption, elimination, or both parameters when IV and PO
      profiles were fitted separately. The new mechanistic PK model with Weibull
      function on absorption and slower total body clearance caused by slower
      absorption adequately describes the complex interplay between oxycodone
      absorption and elimination in vivo. Terminal phase of oxycodone PK profile was
      shown to reflect slower total body drug clearance due to slower drug
      release/absorption from oral formulations. Mechanistic PK models with Weibull
      absorption functions, and release rate-dependent saturable total body clearance
      well described the diverging oxycodone absorption and elimination kinetics in the
      literature. It showed no actual drug absorption during the terminal phase, but
      slower drug clearance caused by slower release/absorption producing the
      appearance of flip-flop and offered new insight for the development of modified
      release formulations and clinical use of oxycodone. 

PMID- 26977302
TI  - The red-vine-leaf extract AS195 increases nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric
      oxide generation and decreases oxidative stress in endothelial and red blood
      cells.
AB  - The red-vine-leaf extract AS195 improves cutaneous oxygen supply and the
      microcirculation in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency.
      Regulation of blood flow was associated to nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent
      NO (nitric oxide) production, and endothelial and red blood cells (RBC) have been
      shown to possess respective NOS isoforms. It was hypothesized that AS195
      positively affects NOS activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
      (HUVECs) and RBC. Because patients with microvascular disorders show increased
      oxidative stress which limits NO bioavailability, it was further hypothesized
      that AS195 increases NO bioavailability by decreasing the content of reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) and increasing antioxidant capacity. Cultured HUVECs and
      RBCs from healthy volunteers were incubated with AS195 (100 MUmol/L), tert
      butylhydroperoxide (TBHP, 1 mmol/L) to induce oxidative stress and with both
      AS195 and TBHP. Endothelial and red blood cell-nitric oxide synthase (RBC-NOS)
      activation significantly increased after AS195 incubation. Nitrite concentration,
      a marker for NO production, increased in HUVEC but decreased in RBC after AS195
      application possibly due to nitrite scavenging potential of flavonoids. S
      nitrosylation of RBC cytoskeletal spectrins and RBC deformability were increased
      after AS195 incubation. TBHP-induced ROS were decreased by AS195, and
      antioxidative capacity was significantly increased in AS195-treated cells. TBHP
      also reduced RBC deformability, but reduction was attenuated by parallel
      incubation with AS195. Adhesion of HUVEC was also reduced after AS195 treatment.
      Red-vine-leaf extract AS195 increases NOS activation and decreases oxidative
      stress. Both mechanisms increase NO bioavailability, improve cell function, and
      may thus account for enhanced microcirculation in both health and disease. 

PMID- 26977304
TI  - Pharmacological comparison of a nonhuman primate and a rat model of oxaliplatin
      induced neuropathic cold hypersensitivity.
AB  - Oxaliplatin is a first-line treatment for colorectal cancer. However, shortly
      following treatment, cold-evoked hypersensitivity appears in the extremities and
      over time, the pain is such that oxaliplatin dosing may need to be markedly
      reduced or even terminated. There is currently a lack of efficacious treatments
      for oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy, which is due in part to the
      difficulty in translating findings obtained from preclinical rodent models of
      chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Nonhuman primates (NHP) are
      phylogenetically closer to humans than rodents and may show drug responses that
      parallel those of humans. A significant decrease in tail withdrawal latency to 10
      degrees C water ("cold hypersensitivity") was observed beginning 3 days after
      intravenous infusion of oxaliplatin (5 mg/kg) in Macaca fascicularis. A single
      treatment of duloxetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated oxaliplatin-induced cold
      hypersensitivity, whereas pregabalin (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and tramadol (30 mg/kg,
      p.o.) did not. By contrast, in rats, no significant cold hypersensitivity, or
      increased responsiveness to acetone applied to the hind paws, was observed 3 days
      after the first injection of oxaliplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p., once per day, two
      injections). Therefore, rats were tested after six treatments of oxaliplatin, 17
      days after the first treatment. All analgesics (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly
      ameliorated cold hypersensitivity in rats. The activity of analgesics in the
      oxaliplatin-treated macaques parallel clinical findings. The current results
      indicate that the NHP could serve as a bridge species to improve translatability
      of preclinical findings into clinically useful treatments for oxaliplatin-induced
      peripheral neuropathy. 

PMID- 26977303
TI  - Daikenchuto (TU-100) shapes gut microbiota architecture and increases the
      production of ginsenoside metabolite compound K.
AB  - Many pharmaceutical agents not only require microbial metabolism for increased
      bioavailability and bioactivity, but also have direct effects on gut microbial
      assemblage and function. We examined the possibility that these actions are not
      mutually exclusive and may be mutually reinforcing in ways that enhance long-term
      of these agents. Daikenchuto, TU-100, is a traditional Japanese medicine
      containing ginseng. Conversion of the ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) to bioactive compound
      K (CK) requires bacterial metabolism. Diet-incorporated TU-100 was administered
      to mice over a period of several weeks. T-RFLP and 454 pyrosequencing were
      performed to analyze the time-dependent effects on fecal microbial membership.
      Fecal microbial capacity to metabolize Rb1 to CK was measured by adding TU-100 or
      ginseng to stool samples to assess the generation of bioactive metabolites.
      Levels of metabolized TU-100 components in plasma and in stool samples were
      measured by LC-MS/MS. Cecal and stool short-chain fatty acids were measured by GC
      MS. Dietary administration of TU-100 for 28 days altered the gut microbiota,
      increasing several bacteria genera including members of Clostridia and
      Lactococcus lactis. Progressive capacity of microbiota to convert Rb1 to CK was
      observed over the 28 days administration of dietary TU-100. Concomitantly with
      these changes, increases in all SCFA were observed in cecal contents and in
      acetate and butyrate content of the stool. Chronic consumption of dietary TU-100
      promotes changes in gut microbiota enhancing metabolic capacity of TU-100 and
      increased bioavailability. We believe these findings have broad implications in
      optimizing the efficacy of natural compounds that depend on microbial
      bioconversion in general.

PMID- 26977305
TI  - Determining starting basal rates of insulin infusion for insulin pump users: a
      comparison between methods.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the accuracy and safety of presently available
      methods of estimating starting basal insulin rates for patients with type 1 and 2
      diabetes, and to compare them against an empirically derived standard basal rate
      and a newly developed regression formula. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on 61
      patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
      therapy and 34 patients with type 2 diabetes on CSII were reviewed. Patient data
      were first analyzed for correlations between initial patient parameters and final
      basal rates. Starting basal rates were then retrospectively calculated for these
      patients according to the weight-based method (WB-M), the total daily dose (TDD)
      of insulin method (TDD-M), a flat empiric value, and a new formula developed by
      regression analysis of clinical data. These 4 methods were subsequently compared
      in their accuracy and potential risk of hypoglycemia. RESULTS: For type 1
      diabetes, patient weight and TDD of long-acting insulin correlated with final
      basal rates. Both the regression formula and the TDD-M appeared safer than the WB
      M and empirical estimates. For type 2 diabetes, only patient TDD of long-acting
      insulin correlated with final basal rates. The regression formula was
      significantly more accurate for patients with type 2 diabetes overall, but the
      TDD-M estimate was marginally safer. CONCLUSIONS: The pre-existing TDD-M was
      found to be the safest presently recommended estimate of initial basal rates for
      pump initiation in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The best-fit regression was found
      to have potential use for type 2 CSII initiation.

PMID- 26977306
TI  - Type 1 diabetes prevalence increasing globally and regionally: the role of
      natural selection and life expectancy at birth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) disease is increasing worldwide.
      We aim to test correlation of T1D prevalence to the reduced natural selection
      measured by Biological State Index (Ibs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Country
      specific estimates of T1D prevalence, life expectancy, obesity prevalence rate,
      urbanization rates, per capita sugars consumption and per capita gross domestic
      product (GDP) were obtained. Ibs and country-specific longevity (e50) increase
      for each country were self-calculated. These data were then matched to T1D
      prevalence by country for our ecological study among 118 countries. Countries
      were also grouped to study the associations in different regions. SPSS V.22 was
      used for correlation analysis. RESULTS: Worldwide, both Ibs and life expectancy
      at birth (Ibs proxy) were significantly correlated to T1D prevalence in Pearson r
      (r=0.713, p<0.001 and r=0.722, p<0.001, respectively) and Spearman's r (r=0.724,
      p<0.001 and r=0.689, p<0.001, respectively). T1D prevalence was not correlated to
      longevity increase measured as life expectancy at 50 years old. T1D prevalence
      was significantly associated with I bs (r=0.307, p<0.001) and newborn life
      expectancy (r=0.349, p<0.001) independent of per capita total sugar consumption,
      per capita GDP, urbanization and obesity prevalence in partial correlation.
      Globally, both life expectancy at birth and Ibs exponentially correlated to T1D
      prevalence. Pearson correlations generally existed in different country
      categorizations by geographic region, culture background and economic status.
      CONCLUSIONS: Reduced natural selection may have contributed to the increasing T1D
      prevalence worldwide. T1D epidemiology study in total population may be the
      practical solution to identify the causes of increasing T1D prevalence.

PMID- 26977307
TI  - Menu labelling and food choice in obese adults: a feasibility study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date research examining the benefits of menu labelling in the UK
      is sparse. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of menu
      labelling in a UK obese population. METHODS: Using a repeated measures design, 61
      patients at a tier 3 weight management service completed four questionnaires to
      assess their food choice (control) and behaviour change when presented with 3
      menu labelling formats (calorie content; nutrient content; and energy
      expenditure). RESULTS: All three forms of labelling increased participants weight
      control concerns compared to the control condition. There was a significant
      difference in content of food ordered in the three menu labelling formats
      compared to the control condition. The calorie condition had the largest
      percentage decrease in calories selected followed by energy expenditure and
      nutrient content. However, no difference was observed between the three
      conditions in the desire for menu labelling in restaurants to be introduced in
      the UK. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that menu labelling should be enforced
      in the UK as it is both beneficial to promoting healthy eating and in demand.
      This study is the first to examine menu labelling in a UK obese population using
      energy expenditure equivalents to provide nutritional information.

PMID- 26977308
TI  - Multimodality imaging in heart valve disease.
AB  - In patients with heart valve disease, echocardiography is the mainstay for
      diagnosis, assessment and serial surveillance. However, other modalities, notably
      cardiac MRI and CT, are used if echocardiographic imaging is suboptimal but can
      also give complementary information to improve assessment of the valve lesion and
      cardiac compensation to aid the timing of surgery and determine risk. This
      statement discusses the way these imaging techniques are currently integrated to
      improve care beyond what is possible with echocardiography alone. 

PMID- 26977301
TI  - Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity.
AB  - Drug-induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects
      can be severe and life-threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major
      concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to
      the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs
      from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
      could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key
      mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug
      induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and
      tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and
      inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug-induced
      adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this
      review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug-induced ER stress and its
      potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this
      review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other
      anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also
      included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of
      its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant
      Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins
      to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models. 

PMID- 26977310
TI  - Physical exercise and quantitative lower limb collateral function.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that global physical activity and
      physical performance parameters are directly related to invasively obtained left
      superficial femoral artery (SFA) collateral flow index (CFI). BACKGROUND: So far,
      the association between different measures of physical exercise activity and
      quantitative lower limb collateral function has not been investigated. METHODS:
      The primary study end point was pressure-derived CFI as obtained during a 3 min
      left SFA balloon occlusion. CFI is the ratio of simultaneously recorded mean SFA
      distal occlusive pressure divided by mean aortic pressure, both subtracted by
      central venous pressure. As independent variables, the items of the Global
      Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and physical exercise performance (maximal
      workload in watts) as achieved during a bicycle or treadmill exercise test were
      determined. The secondary study end point was transcutaneous left calf partial
      oxygen pressure (PO2 in mm Hg) divided by transcutaneous PO2 at a non-ischaemic
      reference site as obtained simultaneously to CFI measurement. RESULTS: Of the 110
      study patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography, 79 belonged to the
      group without and 31 with engagement in regular intensive leisure time physical
      activity according to GPAQ. Left SFA CFI tended to be lower in the group without
      than with intensive leisure time physical activity: 0.514 +/-0.141 vs 0.560 +/
      0.184 (p =0.0566). Transcutaneous PO2 index was associated with simultaneous left
      SFA CFI: CFI =018 +0.57 PO2 index; p<0.0001. Maximal physical workload was
      directly associated with left SFA CFI: CFI =0.40 +0.0009 maximal workload; p
      =0.0044. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative left SFA collateral function is directly
      reflected by maximal physical workload as achieved during an exercise test. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCTO02063347.

PMID- 26977309
TI  - Trial protocol for a randomised controlled trial of red cell washing for the
      attenuation of transfusion-associated organ injury in cardiac surgery: the
      REDWASH trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: It has been suggested that removal of proinflammatory substances
      that accumulate in stored donor red cells by mechanical cell washing may
      attenuate inflammation and organ injury in transfused cardiac surgery patients.
      This trial will test the hypotheses that the severity of the postoperative
      inflammatory response will be less and postoperative recovery faster if patients
      undergoing cardiac surgery receive washed red cells compared with standard care
      (unwashed red cells). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Adult (>=16 years) cardiac surgery
      patients identified at being at increased risk for receiving large volume red
      cell transfusions at 1 of 3 UK cardiac centres will be randomly allocated in a
      1:1 ratio to either red cell washing or standard care. The primary outcome is
      serum interleukin-8 measured at 5 postsurgery time points up to 96 h. Secondary
      outcomes will include measures of inflammation, organ injury and volumes of blood
      transfused and cost-effectiveness. Allocation concealment, internet-based
      randomisation stratified by operation type and recruiting centre, and blinding of
      outcome assessors will reduce the risk of bias. The trial will test the
      superiority of red cell washing versus standard care. A sample size of 170
      patients was chosen in order to detect a small-to-moderate target difference,
      with 80% power and 5% significance (2-tailed). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The
      trial protocol was approved by a UK ethics committee (reference 12/EM/0475). The
      trial findings will be disseminated in scientific journals and meetings. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN 27076315.

PMID- 26977311
TI  - Homozygosity for the V377I mutation in mevalonate kinase causes distinct clinical
      phenotypes in two sibs with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever
      syndrome (HIDS).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mevalonate kinase (MVK) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive auto
      inflammatory disorder characterised by recurring episodes of fever associated
      with multiple non-specific inflammatory symptoms and caused by mutations in the
      MVK gene. The phenotypic spectrum is wide and depends mostly on the nature of the
      mutations. Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) is a
      relatively mild presentation and predominantly associated with a c.1129G>A
      (p.V377I) mutation in the MVK gene. We report cases of two sisters homozygous for
      this mutation but exhibiting distinct (symptomatic vs asymptomatic) phenotypes.
      METHODS: Patient history was obtained; physical and clinical examination and
      laboratory tests were performed; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response of peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells was quantified. RESULTS: Low MVK enzymatic activity is
      not necessarily associated with inflammatory symptoms. Increased inflammatory
      cytokine secretion in response to LPS is associated with symptomatic MVK
      deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who are homozygous for the common p.V377I
      mutation in the MVK gene may not display the characteristic inflammatory episodes
      diagnostic of MKD and thus may be lost for correct and timely diagnosis.

PMID- 26977312
TI  - Pilot Study on Visual Function and Fundus Autofluorescence Assessment in Diabetic
      Patients.
AB  - Purpose. Evaluate optimized fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging in early stages
      of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and relate findings with conventional colour fundus
      imaging and visual function in diabetic patients and control subjects. Materials
      and Methods. FAF and colour images were obtained using the CR-2 Plus digital
      nonmydriatic retinal camera in seven diabetic patients and thirteen control
      subjects. Visual-Functioning Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25) and Diabetes Self
      Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) were used to assess the quality of life and
      diabetes self-care. Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was evaluated with the
      Vistech 6500 chart. Results. FAF and optimized-FAF imaging showed more retinal
      alterations related to DR than colour imaging. In diabetic patients, compatible
      signs with microaneurysms, capillary dilations, and haemorrhages were less
      numerous in colour imaging than optimized-FAF and FAF imaging in areas analysed.
      Control subjects at risk of developing DM showed more retinal pigment epithelium
      defects than those without risk in all retinal areas. Significant differences
      were not found in VFQ-25 and CSF between diabetic patients and control subjects.
      Conclusions. FAF and optimized-FAF imaging showed significant alterations related
      to DR not observed in colour imaging. FAF and optimized-FAF images could be a
      useful complementary tool for detecting early alterations associated with the
      development and progression of DR. 

PMID- 26977313
TI  - Intravitreal Melphalan for Vitreous Seeds: Initial Experience in China.
AB  - Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal melphalan for vitreous seeds
      from retinoblastoma in Chinese patients. Methods. This is a retrospective review
      of 17 consecutive Chinese patients (19 eyes) with viable vitreous seeds from
      retinoblastoma. The patients received multiple intravitreal injections of 20 ug
      melphalan. Results. The International Classification of Retinoblastoma groups
      were B in 1 eye, C in 5 eyes, D in 11 eyes, and E in 2 eyes. On average, 6
      injections (range: 1-15) were given to each eye at the interval of 2-4 weeks.
      Successful control of vitreous seeds was achieved in 16 of 19 eyes (84.21%).
      Globe retention was achieved in 73.68% (14/19) eyes. The patients were followed
      up for 27 months on average (median: 26; range: 17-42 months). There is a
      significant difference in response to intravitreal melphalan for cloud, spheres,
      and dust seeds with a median number of injections of 9, 6, and 3, respectively (P
      = 0.003). Complications related to intravitreal melphalan included vitreous
      hemorrhage, cataract, salt-and-pepper retinopathy, and pupil posterior synechia.
      There was no case of epibulbar extension or systemic metastasis within the period
      of follow-up. Conclusion. Intravitreal melphalan achieved a high local control
      rate for vitreous seeds without extraocular extension and with acceptable
      toxicity in Chinese retinoblastoma patients. 

PMID- 26977314
TI  - Neuromodulation Therapy with Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Intractable Epilepsy: A
      2-Year Efficacy Analysis Study in Patients under 12 Years of Age.
AB  - To study the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy as an adjunctive
      treatment for intractable epilepsy in patients under 12 years of age, we analyzed
      2-year postimplant data of 35 consecutive patients. Of the 35 patients, 18
      (51.4%) at 6 months, 18 (51.4%) at 12 months, and 21 (60.1%) at 24 months showed
      >=50% reduction in seizure frequency (responders). Although incremental seizure
      freedom was noted, no patient remained seizure-free throughout the 3 study
      periods. Partial response (>=50% seizure reduction in 2 or less study periods)
      was seen in 8 (22.9%) patients. Twelve patients (34.3%) were nonresponders. Out
      of 29 patients with primary generalized epilepsy, 20 (68.9%) and, out of 6
      patients with focal epilepsy, 3 (50%) had >=50% seizure control in at least one
      study period. No major complications or side effects requiring discontinuation of
      VNS therapy were encountered. We conclude that (1) patients with intractable
      primary generalized epilepsy respond better to VNS therapy, (2) cumulative effect
      of neuromodulation with improving responder rate to seizure freedom with
      continuation of VNS therapy is noted, and (3) VNS therapy is safe and is well
      tolerated in children receiving implant under 12 years of age. 

PMID- 26977315
TI  - Effect of Preemptive Flurbiprofen Axetil and Tramadol on Transurethral Resection
      of the Prostate under Spinal Anesthesia.
AB  - Objective. To investigate the efficacy of preoperative intravenous flurbiprofen
      axetil and tramadol on spinal anesthesia for transurethral resection of the
      prostate (TURP). Methodology. In this prospective clinical study, we enrolled 60
      patients undergoing TURP under spinal anesthesia with small-dose bupivacaine and
      sufentanil. Patients were randomly divided in two: group flurbiprofen axetil and
      tramadol (Group FT) intravenously received 1 mg/kg flurbiprofen axetil and 1
      mg/kg tramadol 20 min prior to the surgical procedures and group control (Group
      C) was given normal saline. The characteristics of spinal anesthesia, blood
      pressure, heart rate, analgesic requirement, visual analogue scale (VAS), and
      overall satisfaction degree were collected. Results. Time to the first analgesic
      requirement was significantly longer in Group FT. Patients who needed
      postoperative analgesics were fewer in Group FT. VAS scores were lower in Group
      FT at postoperative time points of 1, 2, 6, and 12 h. The patients in Group FT
      were more satisfied than in Group C. Conclusions. Preoperative flurbiprofen
      axetil and tramadol can reduce and delay postoperative pain and then decrease
      analgesic consumption for TURP under spinal anesthesia without an increase of
      side effects. 

PMID- 26977317
TI  - An Analysis of Canadian Institute for Health Research Funding for Research on
      Autism Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - We examined patterns of Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR) funding on
      autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. From 1999 to 2013, CIHR funded 190 ASD
      grants worth $48 million. Biomedical research received 43% of grants (46% of
      dollars), clinical research 27% (41%), health services 10% (7%), and population
      health research 8% (3%). The greatest number of grants was given in 2009, but
      2003 saw the greatest amount. Funding is clustered in a handful of provinces and
      institutions, favouring biomedical research and disfavouring behavioural
      interventions, adaptation, and institutional response. Preference for biomedical
      research may be due to the detriment of clinical research. 

PMID- 26977316
TI  - The Protective Effect of Naringin against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in
      Wistar Rats.
AB  - The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective effect of naringin
      on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats randomly
      divided into four groups (control, bleomycin alone, bleomycin + naringin 40, and
      bleomycin + naringin 80) were used. Rats were administered a single dose of
      bleomycin (5 mg/kg; via the tracheal cannula) alone or followed by either
      naringin 40 mg/kg (orally) or naringin 80 mg/kg (orally) or water (1 mL, orally)
      for 14 days. Rats and lung tissue were weighed to determine the lung index. TNF
      alpha and IL-1beta levels, hydroxyproline content, and malondialdehyde (MDA)
      levels were assayed. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) activities were determined. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin
      eosin, Masson's trichrome, and 0.1% toluidine blue. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and MDA
      levels and hydroxyproline content significantly increased (p < 0.01) and GPx and
      SOD activities significantly decreased in bleomycin group (p < 0.01). Naringin at
      a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta
      activity, hydroxyproline content, and MDA level (p < 0.01) and increased GPx and
      SOD activities (p < 0.05). Histological evidence supported the results. These
      results show that naringin has the potential of reducing the toxic effects of
      bleomycin and may provide supportive therapy for conventional treatment methods
      for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 26977318
TI  - Impacts of Quebec Primary Healthcare Reforms on Patients' Experience of Care,
      Unmet Needs, and Use of Services.
AB  - Introduction. Healthcare reforms launched in the early 2000s in Quebec, Canada,
      involved the implementation of new forms of primary healthcare (PHC)
      organizations: Family Medicine Groups (FMGs) and Network Clinics (NCs). The
      objective of this paper is to assess how the organizational changes associated
      with these reforms have impact on patients' experience of care, use of services,
      and unmet needs. Methods. We conducted population and organization surveys in
      2005 and 2010 in two regions of the province of Quebec. The design was a before
      and-after natural experiment. Changes over time between new models and other
      practices were assessed using difference-in-differences statistical procedures.
      Results. Accessibility decreased between 2003 and 2010, but less so in the
      treatment than in the comparison group. Continuity of care generally improved,
      but the increase was less for patients in the treatment group. Responsiveness
      also increased during the period and more so in the treatment group. There was no
      other significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion. PHC reform in
      Quebec has brought about major organizational changes that have translated into
      slight improvements in accessibility of care and responsiveness. However, the
      reform does not seem to have had an impact on continuity, comprehensiveness,
      perceived care outcomes, use of services, and unmet needs. 

PMID- 26977320
TI  - Production and Characterization of Highly Thermostable beta-Glucosidase during
      the Biodegradation of Methyl Cellulose by Fusarium oxysporum.
AB  - Production of beta-glucosidase from Fusarium oxysporum was investigated during
      degradation of some cellulosic substrates (Avicel, alpha-cellulose, carboxymethyl
      cellulose (CMC), and methylcellulose). Optimized production of beta-glucosidase
      using the cellulosic substrate that supported highest yield of enzyme was
      examined over 192 h fermentation period and varied pH of 3.0-11.0. The beta
      glucosidase produced was characterized for its suitability for industrial
      application. Methyl cellulose supported the highest yield of beta-glucosidase
      (177.5 U/mg) at pH 6.0 and 30 degrees C at 96 h of fermentation with liberation
      of 2.121 MUmol/mL glucose. The crude enzyme had optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 70
      degrees C. The enzyme was stable over broad pH range of 4.0-7.0 with relative
      residual activity above 60% after 180 min of incubation. beta-glucosidase
      demonstrated high thermostability with 83% of its original activity retained at
      70 degrees C after 180 min of incubation. The activity of beta-glucosidase was
      enhanced by Mn(2+) and Fe(2+) with relative activities of 167.67% and 205.56%,
      respectively, at 5 mM and 360% and 315%, respectively, at 10 mM. The properties
      shown by beta-glucosidase suggest suitability of the enzyme for industrial
      applications in the improvement of hydrolysis of cellulosic compounds into
      fermentable sugars that can be used in energy generation and biofuel production. 

PMID- 26977319
TI  - Schizophrenia and Suicide Attempts: Findings from a Representative Community
      Based Canadian Sample.
AB  - This study examined factors associated with suicide attempts among those with
      schizophrenia (n = 101) versus those without (n = 21,643) in a representative
      sample of noninstitutionalized Canadians. The lifetime prevalence of suicide
      attempts among persons with schizophrenia was 39.2% versus 2.8% of nonafflicted
      individuals. After adjusting for sociodemographics, childhood adversities,
      substance abuse/dependence, depression/anxiety, and chronic pain, those with
      schizophrenia had 6 times the odds (OR = 6.47) of attempting suicide. Among
      persons with schizophrenia, suicide attempts were associated with female gender
      (OR = 4.59), substance abuse/dependence (OR = 6.31), depression (OR = 4.93), and
      childhood physical abuse (OR = 5.75). Community-dwelling persons with
      schizophrenia appear to be at high risk for suicide attempts. 

PMID- 26977321
TI  - Fortifying the Treatment of Prostate Cancer with Physical Activity.
AB  - Over the past decade, significant data have shown that obese men experience a
      survival detriment after treatment for prostate cancer. While methods to combat
      obesity are of utmost importance for the prostate cancer patient, newer data
      reveal the overall metabolic improvements that accompany increased activity
      levels and intense exercise beyond weight loss. Along these lines, a plethora of
      data have shown improvement in prostate cancer-specific outcomes after treatment
      accompanied with these activity levels. This review discusses the metabolic
      mechanisms in which increased activity levels and exercise can help improve both
      outcomes for men treated for prostate cancer while lowering the side effects of
      treatment. 

PMID- 26977322
TI  - A Comparative Analysis of the Endocannabinoid System in the Retina of Mice, Tree
      Shrews, and Monkeys.
AB  - The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is widely expressed in various parts of the
      central nervous system, including the retina. The localization of the key eCB
      receptors, particularly CB1R and CB2R, has been recently reported in rodent and
      primate retinas with striking interspecies differences. Little is known about the
      distribution of the enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of these
      eCBs. We therefore examined the expression and localization of the main
      components of the eCB system in the retina of mice, tree shrews, and monkeys. We
      found that CB1R and FAAH distributions are well-preserved among these species.
      However, expression of NAPE-PLD is circumscribed to the photoreceptor layer only
      in monkeys. In contrast, CB2R expression is variable across these species; in
      mice, CB2R is found in retinal neurons but not in glial cells; in tree shrews,
      CB2R is expressed in Muller cell processes of the outer retina and in retinal
      neurons of the inner retina; in monkeys, CB2R is restricted to Muller cells.
      Finally, the expression patterns of MAGL and DAGLalpha are differently expressed
      across species. Overall, these results provide evidence that the eCB system is
      differently expressed in the retina of these mammals and suggest a distinctive
      role of eCBs in visual processing. 

PMID- 26977324
TI  - A Retained Bullet in Pericardial Sac: Penetrating Gunshot Injury of the Heart.
AB  - Penetrating cardiac trauma is rarely seen but when present there is a short time
      lag to keep the patients alive. Cardiac gunshot injuries are exceptional and it
      occurs mostly during interpersonal disagreements casualties or a mistakenly fired
      gun nowadays. Here we present a case of cardiac gunshot injury from the war of
      Kobani, Syria. The patient was mistakenly diagnosed to have a sole bullet in the
      left shoulder while he had a penetrating cardiac trauma with a bullet in the
      heart and pericardial effusion possibly giving rise to pericardial tamponade.
      Luckily the cardiac gunshot injury was noticed one day later and the patient was
      referred to a tertiary hospital. Intrapericardial bullet was conservatively
      followed up. The patient was discharged one week later after resection of the
      bullet in the shoulder. 

PMID- 26977325
TI  - Prosthodontic Management of Xerostomic Patient: A Technical Modification.
AB  - Xerostomia is often a contributing factor in both minor and serious health
      problems. It can affect nutrition and dental as well as psychological health.
      Common problems faced by such patients are glossitis, mucositis, angular
      cheilitis, dysgeusia, and difficulty in chewing and swallowing. One of the major
      problems associated with xerostomic patients is the poor tolerance and retention
      of removable dental prostheses because of thin dry atrophic mucosa and lack of a
      saliva film. This paper describes a new technique of incorporating a salivary
      reservoir in the maxillary complete denture. The salivary reservoir fabricated by
      this technique provided good lubrication of the oral tissues and was easily
      cleansed by the wearer and was fabricated from routine denture materials. 

PMID- 26977326
TI  - Pegvisomant-Induced Cholestatic Hepatitis in an Acromegalic Patient with UGT1A1
      (*) 28 Mutation.
AB  - Pegvisomant (PEGv) is a growth hormone receptor antagonist approved for the
      treatment of acromegaly; one of its documented adverse effects is reversible
      elevation of hepatic enzymes. We report a 39-year-old male acromegalic patient
      with a pituitary macroadenoma who underwent transsphenoidal surgery. The
      patient's condition improved but GH and IGF-I levels did not normalize; as a
      consequence, we first administered dopamine agonists and then somatostatin
      receptor ligands (SRLs) with poor response. PEGv 15 mg every other day was added
      to lanreotide 120 mg monthly. The patient developed a severe hepatitis five
      months after starting the combination therapy. Elevated ferritin, iron, and
      transferrin saturation suggested probable hepatitis due to haemochromatosis. We
      performed a liver biopsy which showed an acute cholestatic hepatitis consistent
      with toxic etiology. A heterozygous genotype UGT1A1 (*) 28 polymorphism
      associated with Gilbert's syndrome was also found in this Argentine patient. The
      predominant clinical presentation resembled an acute cholestatic hepatitis
      associated with severe hemosiderosis, a different and new pattern of PEGv
      hepatotoxicity. 

PMID- 26977327
TI  - A Bilateral Traumatic Hip Obturator Dislocation.
AB  - A case of a bilateral simultaneous traumatic obturator dislocation of both hip
      joints in an 18-year-old young man following a traffic accident is presented. We
      reduced the dislocated femoral heads immediately under general anesthesia
      followed by passive and active exercises and early full-weight bearing
      mobilization. After 5 years, the result was excellent. 

PMID- 26977329
TI  - Use of Scrambler Therapy in Acute Paediatric Pain: A Case Report and Review of
      the Literature.
AB  - We report our clinical experience on the effect of Scrambler Therapy (ST) for a
      child with acute mixed pain refractory to pharmacological treatment. ST, recently
      proposed as an alternative treatment for chronic neuropathic pain in adults, is a
      noninvasive approach to relieve pain, by changing pain perception at brain level.
      It is safe and has no side effects. Further research is needed to assess its
      efficacy for acute pain and for paediatric population. 

PMID- 26977328
TI  - Surgical Treatment of Posttraumatic Radioulnar Synostosis.
AB  - Radioulnar synostosis is a rare complication of forearm fractures. The formation
      of a bony bridge induces functional disability due to limitation of the
      pronosupination. Although the etiology of posttraumatic synostosis is unknown, it
      seems that the incidence is higher in patients who have suffered a concomitant
      neurological or burn trauma, and extensive soft tissue injury, mainly due to high
      energy impact. Surgical treatment, such as reinsertion of distal biceps tendon
      into the radius, seems to be another possible factor. The aim of the surgical
      treatment is to remove the bony bridge and restore complete range of movement
      (ROM), thus preventing recurrence. Literature does not indicate a preferred type
      of surgical procedure for the aforementioned complication; however, it has been
      shown that surgical interposition of inert material reduces the formation rate of
      recurrent bony bridge. We describe a surgical technique in two cases in which the
      radius and ulna were wrapped with allogenic, cadaver fascia lata graft to prevent
      bony bridge formation. The data from 2 years of follow-up are reported,
      indicating full restoration of ROM and no recurrence of synostosis. 

PMID- 26977330
TI  - Aortic Pseudoaneurysm Secondary to Mediastinitis due to Esophageal Perforation.
AB  - Esophageal perforation is a condition associated with high morbidity and
      mortality rates; it requires early diagnosis and treatment. The most common
      complication of esophageal rupture is mediastinitis. There are several case
      reports in the literature of mediastinitis secondary to esophageal perforation
      and development of aortic pseudoaneurysm as a complication. We report the case of
      a patient with an 8-day history of esophageal perforation due to foreign body
      (fishbone) with mediastinitis and aortic pseudoaneurysm. The diagnosis was made
      using Computed Tomography (CT) with intravenous and oral water-soluble contrast
      material. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy did not detect the perforation. 

PMID- 26977323
TI  - Comorbidity Factors and Brain Mechanisms Linking Chronic Stress and Systemic
      Illness.
AB  - Neuropsychiatric symptoms and mental illness are commonly present in patients
      with chronic systemic diseases. Mood disorders, such as depression, are present
      in up to 50% of these patients, resulting in impaired physical recovery and more
      intricate treatment regimen. Stress associated with both physical and emotional
      aspects of systemic illness is thought to elicit detrimental effects to initiate
      comorbid mental disorders. However, clinical reports also indicate that the
      relationship between systemic and psychiatric illnesses is bidirectional, further
      increasing the complexity of the underlying pathophysiological processes. In this
      review, we discuss the recent evidence linking chronic stress and systemic
      illness, such as activation of the immune response system and release of common
      proinflammatory mediators. Altogether, discovery of new targets is needed for
      development of better treatments for stress-related psychiatric illnesses as well
      as improvement of mental health aspects of different systemic diseases. 

PMID- 26977331
TI  - Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgical Enucleation of a Giant Esophageal Leiomyoma
      Presenting with Persistent Cough.
AB  - Esophageal leiomyoma is a relatively rare tumor of esophagus but it is the most
      common benign neoplasm of the esophagus. Small esophageal leiomyoma can be
      observed but larger ones and those producing symptoms should be excised. As
      observed for other esophageal tumors, dysphagia is its main symptom.
      Traditionally, open thoracotomy and enucleation are its main treatment but in the
      last few years video assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) enucleation is
      gaining recognition with proven advantages of minimally invasive surgery. Herein
      we present our experience with patient presenting with cough rather than
      dysphagia as a main symptom, who was diagnosed to be having giant esophageal
      leiomyoma. VATS guided enucleation was accomplished successfully. Size of lesion
      was 16 * 4 * 3 cm. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and patient is not
      having any signs of recurrence, after three years during follow-up period. 

PMID- 26977333
TI  - Medical Students' Perceptions of Dementia after Participation in Poetry Workshop
      with People with Dementia.
AB  - Purpose. Researchers assessed whether medical students' participation in a poetry
      workshop with people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD)
      affected their attitudes towards persons with ADRD. Objective. To add to the
      growing body of research summarizing the impact of nonclinical interventions on
      medical students' perspectives about people with ADRD. Design. Researchers used
      dementia attitudes scale (DAS) and interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA)
      to analyze participants' attitudes. Setting. Osteopathic medical school and
      dementia care unit in the state of New Jersey. Participants. Eleven out of
      fourteen medical students completed the study. Measurements. Emerging themes were
      classified from the postintervention semistructured interviews and descriptive
      statistics were used to compare the preintervention to postintervention DAS.
      Results. Researchers found statistically significant differences between
      preintervention and postintervention DAS scores. Study participants scored a
      preintervention DAS mean, 107.09 (SD = 11.85), that changed positively and
      significantly to the postintervention DAS mean, 121.82 (SD = 10.38). DAS
      subdomains, "comfort" (P = 0.002) and "knowledge" (P = 0.01), and eleven of the
      twenty DAS items underwent a positive and statistically significant shift from
      preintervention to postintervention. IPA of the interviews yielded five primary
      and five secondary themes, supporting the measured statistical outcomes.
      Conclusion. Medical students' participation in a poetry workshop, with people
      with ADRD, positively impacts their attitudes. 

PMID- 26977332
TI  - Hematospermia and Cloacogenic Transitional Cell Carcinoma: A Twist on
      Significance and Meaning.
AB  - A 52-year-old gentleman presented with recurrent hematospermia. Further history
      revealed recent onset of constipation and difficulty voiding. Rectal examination
      revealed a firm, polypoid mass and colonoscopy showed suspicious, ulcerated
      lesions of the rectal mucosa with narrowing of the rectal vault. Pathology
      demonstrated transitional cell carcinoma of the rectum. While transitional cell
      carcinoma is a common genitourinary cancer, its presence in the anus and rectum
      is exceedingly rare. Furthermore, hematospermia is generally not associated with
      malignancy. This case is a remarkable example of two pathologic processes
      presenting in rare form and underscores the value of a thorough investigation of
      hematospermia when associated with other clinical symptoms. 

PMID- 26977334
TI  - Blindfolded Balance Training in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Sensory
      Motor Strategy to Improve the Gait.
AB  - Aim. Recent evidence suggested that the use of treadmill training may improve
      gait parameters. Visual deprivation could engage alternative sensory strategies
      to control dynamic equilibrium and stabilize gait based on vestibulospinal
      reflexes (VSR). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a blindfolded balance
      training (BBT) in the improvement of stride phase percentage reliable gait
      parameters in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) compared to patients treated
      with standard physical therapy (PT). Methods. Thirty PD patients were randomized
      in two groups of 15 patients, one group treated with BBT during two weeks and
      another group treated with standard PT during eight weeks. We evaluated gait
      parameters before and after BBT and PT interventions, in terms of double stance,
      swing, and stance phase percentage. Results. BBT induced an improvement of double
      stance phase as revealed (decreased percentage of double stance phase during the
      gait cycle) in comparison to PT. The other gait parameters swing and stance phase
      did not differ between the two groups. Discussion. These results support the
      introduction of complementary rehabilitative strategies based on sensory-motor
      stimulation in the traditional PD patient's rehabilitation. Further studies are
      needed to investigate the neurophysiological circuits and mechanism underlying
      clinical and motor modifications. 

PMID- 26977335
TI  - Determining Proportion of Exfoliative Vaginal Cell during Various Stages of
      Estrus Cycle Using Vaginal Cytology Techniques in Aceh Cattle.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the period of estrus cycle in aceh
      cattle, Indonesia, based on vaginal cytology techniques. Four healthy females of
      aceh cattle with average weight of 250-300 kg, age of 5-7 years, and body
      condition score of 3-4 were used. All cattle were subjected to ultrasonography
      analysis for the occurrence of corpus luteum before being synchronized using
      intramuscular injections of PGF2 alpha 25 mg. A vaginal swab was collected from
      aceh cattle, stained with Giemsa 10%, and observed microscopically. Period of
      estrus cycle was predicted from day 1 to day 24 after estrus synchronization was
      confirmed using ultrasonography analysis at the same day. The result showed that
      parabasal, intermediary, and superficial epithelium were found in the vaginal
      swabs collected from proestrus, metestrus, and diestrus aceh cattle. Proportions
      of these cells in the particular period of estrus cycle were 36.22, 32.62, and
      31.16 (proestrus); 21.33, 32.58, and 46.09 (estrus); 40.75, 37.58, and 21.67
      (metestrus); and 41.07, 37.38, and 21.67 (diestrus), respectively. In conclusion,
      dominant proportion of superficial cell that occurred in estrus period might be
      used as the base for determining optimal time for insemination. 

PMID- 26977336
TI  - Investigation of middle ear anatomy and function with combined video otoscopy
      phase sensitive OCT.
AB  - We report the development of a novel otoscopy probe for assessing middle ear
      anatomy and function. Video imaging and phase-sensitive optical coherence
      tomography are combined within the same optical path. A sound stimuli channel is
      incorporated as well to study middle ear function. Thus, besides visualizing the
      morphology of the middle ear, the vibration amplitude and frequency of the
      eardrum and ossicles are retrieved as well. Preliminary testing on cadaveric
      human temporal bone models has demonstrated the capability of this instrument for
      retrieving middle ear anatomy with micron scale resolution, as well as the
      vibration of the tympanic membrane and ossicles with sub-nm resolution. 

PMID- 26977337
TI  - Miniature in vivo MEMS-based line-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope for point
      of-care pathology.
AB  - There is a need for miniature optical-sectioning microscopes to enable in vivo
      interrogation of tissues as a real-time and noninvasive alternative to gold
      standard histopathology. Such devices could have a transformative impact for the
      early detection of cancer as well as for guiding tumor-resection procedures.
      Miniature confocal microscopes have been developed by various researchers and
      corporations to enable optical sectioning of highly scattering tissues, all of
      which have necessitated various trade-offs in size, speed, depth selectivity,
      field of view, resolution, image contrast, and sensitivity. In this study, a
      miniature line-scanned (LS) dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscope, with a 12-mm
      diameter distal tip, has been developed for clinical point-of-care pathology. The
      dual-axis architecture has demonstrated an advantage over the conventional single
      axis confocal configuration for reducing background noise from out-of-focus and
      multiply scattered light. The use of line scanning enables fast frame rates (16
      frames/sec is demonstrated here, but faster rates are possible), which mitigates
      motion artifacts of a hand-held device during clinical use. We have developed a
      method to actively align the illumination and collection beams in a DAC
      microscope through the use of a pair of rotatable alignment mirrors.
      Incorporation of a custom objective lens, with a small form factor for in vivo
      clinical use, enables our device to achieve an optical-sectioning thickness and
      lateral resolution of 2.0 and 1.1 microns respectively. Validation measurements
      with reflective targets, as well as in vivo and ex vivo images of tissues,
      demonstrate the clinical potential of this high-speed optical-sectioning
      microscopy device. 

PMID- 26977338
TI  - Effect of a thin superficial layer on the estimate of hemodynamic changes in a
      two-layer medium by time domain NIRS.
AB  - In order to study hemodynamic changes involved in muscular metabolism by means of
      time domain fNIRS, we need to discriminate in the measured signal contributions
      coming from different depths. Muscles are, in fact, typically located under other
      tissues, e.g. skin and fat. In this paper, we study the possibility to exploit a
      previously proposed method for analyzing time-resolved fNIRS measurements in a
      two-layer structure with a thin superficial layer. This method is based on the
      calculation of the time-dependent mean partial pathlengths. We validated it by
      simulating venous and arterial arm cuff occlusions and then applied it on in vivo
      measurements. 

PMID- 26977339
TI  - Toward in vivo biopsy of melanoma based on photoacoustic and ultrasound dual
      imaging with an integrated detector.
AB  - Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer with high lethal rate. Tumor
      thickness and tumor-associated vasculature are two key parameters for staging
      melanoma. Previous techniques for diagnosing melanoma have insurmountable
      restrictions, such as invasive, low specificity, or inaccurate depth measurement.
      Here we develop an integrated photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging
      system dedicated to overcome these limitations. An integrated detector with sound
      light coaxial/confocal design and flexible coupling mode is employed for the
      combined PA/US imaging strategy. PA imaging results enable a clear
      characterization of tumor angiogenesis with high resolution and high contrast.
      Furthermore, accurate thickness measurements of melanoma in different stages can
      be resolved with the simultaneously obtained PA/US image. Phantom experiments and
      in vivo animal experimental results demonstrate the integrated PA/US system could
      provide potential for noninvasive biopsy of melanoma. 

PMID- 26977340
TI  - Total retinal blood flow measurement by three beam Doppler optical coherence
      tomography.
AB  - We present measurements of total retinal blood flow in healthy volunteers using a
      three beam Doppler optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) technique. This
      technology has the advantage of a precise determination of the flow vector
      without the use of any a-priori information on the vessel geometry. Circular D
      OCT scans around the optic disc were recorded and venous as well as arterial
      total blood flow was determined and compared for each subject. The
      reproducibility of the method was assessed in 6 subjects by repeated
      measurements. Only small deviations of around 6% between the measurements were
      found which indicates the high precision of the proposed method. 

PMID- 26977341
TI  - Visualization of podocyte substructure with structured illumination microscopy
      (SIM): a new approach to nephrotic disease.
AB  - A detailed microscopic analysis of renal podocyte substructure is essential to
      understand and diagnose nephrotic kidney disease. Currently only time consuming
      electron microscopy (EM) can resolve this substructure. We used structured
      illumination microscopy (SIM) to examine frozen sections of renal biopsies
      stained with an immunofluorescence marker for podocin, a protein localized to the
      perimeter of the podocyte foot processes and compared them with EM in both normal
      and nephrotic disease biopsies. SIM images of normal glomeruli revealed
      curvilinear patterns of podocin densely covering capillary walls similar to
      podocyte foot processes seen by EM. Podocin staining of all nephrotic disease
      biopsies were significantly different than normal, corresponding to and better
      visualizing effaced foot processes seen by EM. The findings support the first
      potential use of SIM in the diagnosis of nephrotic disease. 

PMID- 26977342
TI  - High frame rate photoacoustic imaging at 7000 frames per second using clinical
      ultrasound system.
AB  - Photoacoustic tomography, a hybrid imaging modality combining optical and
      ultrasound imaging, is gaining attention in the field of medical imaging.
      Typically, a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is used to excite the tissue and generate
      photoacoustic signals. But, such photoacoustic imaging systems are difficult to
      translate into clinical applications owing to their high cost, bulky size often
      requiring an optical table to house such lasers. Moreover, the low pulse
      repetition rate of few tens of hertz prevents them from being used in high frame
      rate photoacoustic imaging. In this work, we have demonstrated up to 7000 Hz
      photoacoustic imaging (B-mode) and measured the flow rate of a fast moving
      object. We used a ~140 nanosecond pulsed laser diode as an excitation source and
      a clinical ultrasound imaging system to capture and display the photoacoustic
      images. The excitation laser is ~803 nm in wavelength with ~1.4 mJ energy per
      pulse. So far, the reported 2-dimensional photoacoustic B-scan imaging is only a
      few tens of frames per second using a clinical ultrasound system. Therefore, this
      is the first report on 2-dimensional photoacoustic B-scan imaging with 7000
      frames per second. We have demonstrated phantom imaging to view and measure the
      flow rate of ink solution inside a tube. This fast photoacoustic imaging can be
      useful for various clinical applications including cardiac related problems,
      where the blood flow rate is quite high, or other dynamic studies. 

PMID- 26977344
TI  - U-shaped, double-tapered, fiber-optic sensor for effective biofilm growth
      monitoring.
AB  - To monitor biofilm growth on polydimethylsiloxane in a photobioreactor
      effectively, the biofilm cells and liquids were separated and measured using a
      sensor with two U-shaped, double-tapered, fiber-optic probes (Sen. and Ref.
      probes). The probes' Au-coated hemispherical tips enabled double-pass evanescent
      field absorption. The Sen. probe sensed the cells and liquids inside the biofilm.
      The polyimide-silica hybrid-film-coated Ref. probe separated the liquids from the
      biofilm cells and analyzed the liquid concentration. The biofilm structure and
      active biomass were also examined to confirm the effectiveness of the measurement
      using a simulation model. The sensor was found to effectively respond to the
      biofilm growth in the adsorption through exponential phases at thicknesses of 0
      536 MUm. 

PMID- 26977343
TI  - Deep in vivo two-photon microscopy with a low cost custom built mode-locked 1060
      nm fiber laser.
AB  - Here we demonstrate that a mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser for two-photon
      fluorescence microscopy can be built for $13,000. The laser emits at a wavelength
      of 1060 nm with a usable average power of 1 W at a repetition rate of 40 MHz and
      a compressed pulse width of 81 fs at the sample. The laser is used to obtain deep
      in vivo two-color images of layer-V pyramidal neurons expressing YFP and
      vasculature labelled with Texas Red at depths up to 900 um. The sub-1 um features
      of dendritic spines can be resolved at a 200 um depth. 

PMID- 26977345
TI  - Wide field-of-view fluorescence image deconvolution with aberration-estimation
      from Fourier ptychography.
AB  - This paper presents a method to simultaneously acquire an aberration-corrected,
      wide field-of-view fluorescence image and a high-resolution coherent bright-field
      image using a computational microscopy method. First, the procedure applies
      Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) to retrieve the amplitude and phase of a
      sample, at a resolution that significantly exceeds the cutoff spatial frequency
      of the microscope objective lens. At the same time, redundancy within the set of
      acquired FPM bright-field images offers a means to estimate microscope
      aberrations. Second, the procedure acquires an aberrated fluorescence image, and
      computationally improves its resolution through deconvolution with the estimated
      aberration map. An experimental demonstration successfully improves the bright
      field resolution of fixed, stained and fluorescently tagged HeLa cells by a
      factor of 4.9, and reduces the error caused by aberrations in a fluorescence
      image by up to 31%, over a field of view of 6.2 mm by 9.3 mm. For optimal
      deconvolution, we show the fluorescence image needs to have a signal-to-noise
      ratio of at least ~18. 

PMID- 26977346
TI  - In vivo deconvolution acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy in three
      dimensions.
AB  - Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ARPAM) provides a spatial
      resolution on the order of tens of micrometers, and is becoming an essential tool
      for imaging fine structures, such as the subcutaneous microvasculature. High
      lateral resolution of ARPAM is achieved using high numerical aperture (NA) of
      acoustic transducer; however, the depth of focus and working distance will be
      deteriorated correspondingly, thus sacrificing the imaging range and accessible
      depth. The axial resolution of ARPAM is limited by the transducer's bandwidth. In
      this work, we develop deconvolution ARPAM (D-ARPAM) in three dimensions that can
      improve the lateral resolution by 1.8 and 3.7 times and the axial resolution by
      1.7 and 2.7 times, depending on the adopted criteria, using a 20-MHz focused
      transducer without physically increasing its NA and bandwidth. The resolution
      enhancement in three dimensions by D-ARPAM is also demonstrated by in vivo
      imaging of the microvasculature of a chick embryo. The proposed D-ARPAM has
      potential for biomedical imaging that simultaneously requires high spatial
      resolution, extended imaging range, and long accessible depth. 

PMID- 26977347
TI  - Low-dose, phase-contrast mammography with high signal-to-noise ratio.
AB  - Differential phase-contrast X-ray imaging using a Talbot-Lau interferometer has
      recently shown promising results for applications in medical imaging. However,
      reducing the applied radiation dose remains a major challenge. In this study, we
      consider the realization of a Talbot-Lau interferometer in a high Talbot order to
      increase the signal-to-noise ratio for low-dose applications. The quantitative
      performance of pi and pi/2 systems at high Talbot orders is analyzed through
      simulations, and the design energy and X-ray spectrum are optimized for
      mammography. It is found that operation even at very high Talbot orders is
      feasible and beneficial for image quality. As long as the X-ray spectrum is
      matched to the visibility spectrum, the SNR continuously increases with the
      Talbot order for pi-systems. We find that the optimal X-ray spectra and design
      energies are almost independent of the Talbot order and that the overall imaging
      performance is robust against small variations in these parameters. Discontinuous
      spectra, such as that from molybdenum, are less robust because the characteristic
      lines may coincide with minima in the visibility spectra; however, they may offer
      slightly better performance. We verify this hypothesis by realizing a prototype
      system with a mean fringe visibility of above 40% at the seventh Talbot order.
      With this prototype, a proof-of-principle measurement of a freshly dissected
      breast at reasonable compression to 4 cm is conducted with a mean glandular dose
      of only 3 mGy but with a high SNR. 

PMID- 26977348
TI  - Spectral imaging using forward-viewing spectrally encoded endoscopy.
AB  - Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) enables miniature, small-diameter endoscopic
      probes for minimally invasive imaging; however, using the broadband spectrum to
      encode space makes color and spectral imaging nontrivial and challenging. By
      careful registration and analysis of image data acquired by a prototype of a
      forward-viewing dual channel spectrally encoded rigid probe, we demonstrate
      spectral and color imaging within a narrow cylindrical lumen. Spectral imaging of
      calibration cylindrical test targets and an ex-vivo blood vessel demonstrates
      high-resolution spatial-spectral imaging with short (10 MUs/line) exposure times.

PMID- 26977349
TI  - Fast interferometric second harmonic generation microscopy.
AB  - We report the implementation of fast Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation
      (I-SHG) microscopy to study the polarity of non-centrosymmetric structures in
      biological tissues. Using a sample quartz plate, we calibrate the spatially
      varying phase shift introduced by the laser scanning system. Compensating this
      phase shift allows us to retrieve the correct phase distribution in periodically
      poled lithium niobate, used as a model sample. Finally, we used fast
      interferometric second harmonic generation microscopy to acquire phase images in
      tendon. Our results show that the method exposed here, using a laser scanning
      system, allows to recover the polarity of collagen fibrils, similarly to standard
      I-SHG (using a sample scanning system), but with an imaging time about 40 times
      shorter. 

PMID- 26977351
TI  - Continuing the success of Biomedical Optics Express: editorial.
AB  - The new Editor-in-Chief and new Deputy Editor share their introductory message. 

PMID- 26977350
TI  - Automated segmentation and characterization of esophageal wall in vivo by
      tethered capsule optical coherence tomography endomicroscopy.
AB  - Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical diagnostic modality that can
      acquire cross-sectional images of the microscopic structure of the esophagus,
      including Barrett's esophagus (BE) and associated dysplasia. We developed a
      swallowable tethered capsule OCT endomicroscopy (TCE) device that acquires high
      resolution images of entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract luminal organs. This
      device has a potential to become a screening method that identifies patients with
      an abnormal esophagus that should be further referred for upper endoscopy.
      Currently, the characterization of the OCT-TCE esophageal wall data set is
      performed manually, which is time-consuming and inefficient. Additionally, since
      the capsule optics optimally focus light approximately 500 um outside the capsule
      wall and the best quality images are obtained when the tissue is in full contact
      with the capsule, it is crucial to provide feedback for the operator about tissue
      contact during the imaging procedure. In this study, we developed a fully
      automated algorithm for the segmentation of in vivo OCT-TCE data sets and
      characterization of the esophageal wall. The algorithm provides a two-dimensional
      representation of both the contact map from the data collected in human clinical
      studies as well as a tissue map depicting areas of BE with or without dysplasia.
      Results suggest that these techniques can potentially improve the current TCE
      data acquisition procedure and provide an efficient characterization of the
      diseased esophageal wall. 

PMID- 26977352
TI  - Frapid: achieving full automation of FRAP for chemical probe validation.
AB  - Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) is an established method for
      validating chemical probes against the chromatin reading bromodomains, but so far
      requires constant human supervision. Here, we present Frapid, an automated open
      source code implementation of FRAP that fully handles cell identification through
      fuzzy logic analysis, drug dispensing with a custom-built fluid handler, image
      acquisition & analysis, and reporting. We successfully tested Frapid on 3
      bromodomains as well as on spindlin1 (SPIN1), a methyl lysine binder, for the
      first time. 

PMID- 26977353
TI  - Light controlled drug delivery containers based on spiropyran doped liquid
      crystal micro spheres.
AB  - We have developed a novel, light activated drug delivery containers, based on
      spiropyran doped liquid crystal micro spheres. Upon exposure to UV/violet light,
      the spiropyran molecules entrapped inside the nematic liquid crystal micro
      spheres, interconvert from the hydrophobic, oil soluble form, to the hydrophilic,
      water soluble merocyanine one, which stimulates the translocation of the
      merocyanine molecules across the nematic liquid crystal-water barrier and results
      their homogeneous distribution throughout in an aqueous environment. Light
      controllable switching property and extremely high solubility of spiropyran in
      the nematic liquid crystal, promise to elaborate a novel and reliable vehicles
      for the drug delivery systems. 

PMID- 26977354
TI  - Discrimination of healthy and osteoarthritic articular cartilage by Fourier
      transform infrared imaging and Fisher's discriminant analysis.
AB  - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging (FTIRI) technique can be used to
      obtain the quantitative information of content and spatial distribution of
      principal components in cartilage by combining with chemometrics methods. In this
      study, FTIRI combining with principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher's
      discriminant analysis (FDA) was applied to identify the healthy and
      osteoarthritic (OA) articular cartilage samples. Ten 10-MUm thick sections of
      canine cartilages were imaged at 6.25MUm/pixel in FTIRI. The infrared spectra
      extracted from the FTIR images were imported into SPSS software for PCA and FDA.
      Based on the PCA result of 2 principal components, the healthy and OA cartilage
      samples were effectively discriminated by the FDA with high accuracy of 94% for
      the initial samples (training set) and cross validation, as well as 86.67% for
      the prediction group. The study showed that cartilage degeneration became
      gradually weak with the increase of the depth. FTIRI combined with chemometrics
      may become an effective method for distinguishing healthy and OA cartilages in
      future. 

PMID- 26977355
TI  - Assessing the imaging performance of light sheet microscopies in highly
      scattering tissues.
AB  - Light sheet microscopy (LSM) has emerged as an optical-imaging method for high
      spatiotemporal volumetric imaging of relatively transparent samples. While this
      capability has allowed the technique to be highly impactful in fields such as
      developmental biology, applications involving highly scattering thick tissues
      have been largely unexplored. Herein, we employ Monte Carlo simulations to
      explore the use of LSM for imaging turbid media. In particular, due to its
      similarity to dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopy, we compare LSM performance to
      point-scanned (PS-DAC) and line-scanned (LS-DAC) dual-axis confocal microscopy
      techniques that have been previously shown to produce high-quality images at
      round-trip optical lengths of ~9 - 10 and ~3 - 4 respectively. The results of
      this study indicate that LSM using widefield collection (WF-LSM) provides
      comparable performance to LS-DAC in thick tissues, due to the fact that they both
      utilize an illumination beam focused in one dimension (i.e. a line or sheet). On
      the other hand, LSM using confocal line detection (CL-LSM) is more analogous to
      PS-DAC microscopy, in which the illumination beam is focused in two dimensions to
      a point. The imaging depth of LSM is only slightly inferior to DAC (~2 - 3 and ~6
      - 7 optical lengths for WF-LSM and CL-LSM respectively) due to the use of a lower
      numerical aperture (NA) illumination beam for extended imaging along the
      illumination axis. Therefore, we conclude that the ability to image deeply is
      dictated most by the confocality of the microscope technique. In addition, we
      find that imaging resolution is mostly dependent on the collection NA, and is
      relatively invariant to imaging depth in a homogeneous scattering medium. Our
      results indicate that superficial imaging of highly scattering tissues using
      light sheet microscopy is possible. 

PMID- 26977356
TI  - Model-free uncertainty estimation in stochastical optical fluctuation imaging
      (SOFI) leads to a doubled temporal resolution.
AB  - Stochastic optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is a super-resolution fluorescence
      imaging technique that makes use of stochastic fluctuations in the emission of
      the fluorophores. During a SOFI measurement multiple fluorescence images are
      acquired from the sample, followed by the calculation of the spatiotemporal
      cumulants of the intensities observed at each position. Compared to other
      techniques, SOFI works well under conditions of low signal-to-noise, high
      background, or high emitter densities. However, it can be difficult to
      unambiguously determine the reliability of images produced by any superresolution
      imaging technique. In this work we present a strategy that enables the estimation
      of the variance or uncertainty associated with each pixel in the SOFI image. In
      addition to estimating the image quality or reliability, we show that this can be
      used to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SOFI images by including
      multiple pixel combinations in the cumulant calculation. We present an algorithm
      to perform this optimization, which automatically takes all relevant
      instrumental, sample, and probe parameters into account. Depending on the optical
      magnification of the system, this strategy can be used to improve the SNR of a
      SOFI image by 40% to 90%. This gain in information is entirely free, in the sense
      that it does not require additional efforts or complications. Alternatively our
      approach can be applied to reduce the number of fluorescence images to meet a
      particular quality level by about 30% to 50%, strongly improving the temporal
      resolution of SOFI imaging. 

PMID- 26977358
TI  - Lock-in-photon-counting-based highly-sensitive and large-dynamic imaging system
      for continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography.
AB  - We implemented a novel lock-in photon-counting detection architecture that
      combines the ultra-high sensitivity of the photon-counting detection and the
      measurement parallelism of the lock-in technique. Based on this technique, a dual
      wavelength simultaneous measurement continuous wave diffuse optical tomography
      system was developed with a configuration of 16 sources and 16 detectors that
      works in a tandem serial-to-parallel fashion. Methodology validation and
      performance assessment of the system were conducted using phantom experiments
      that demonstrate excellent measurement linearity, moderate-term system stability,
      robustness to noise and negligible inter-wavelength crosstalk. 2-D imaging
      experiments further validate high sensitivity of the lock-in photon-counting
      methodology as well as high reliability of the proposed system. The advanced
      detection principle can be adapted to achieving a fully parallelized
      instrumentation for the extended applications. 

PMID- 26977357
TI  - Scanning, non-contact, hybrid broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy and diffuse
      correlation spectroscopy system.
AB  - A scanning system for small animal imaging using non-contact, hybrid broadband
      diffuse optical spectroscopy (ncDOS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (ncDCS)
      is presented. The ncDOS uses a two-dimensional spectrophotometer retrieving
      broadband (610-900 nm) spectral information from up to fifty-seven source
      detector distances between 2 and 5 mm. The ncDCS data is simultaneously acquired
      from four source-detector pairs. The sample is scanned in two dimensions while
      tracking variations in height. The system has been validated with liquid
      phantoms, demonstrated in vivo on a human fingertip during an arm cuff occlusion
      and on a group of mice with xenoimplanted renal cell carcinoma. 

PMID- 26977359
TI  - Dynamics of cell and tissue growth acquired by means of extended field of view
      lensfree microscopy.
AB  - In this paper, we discuss a new methodology based on lensfree imaging to perform
      wound healing assay with unprecedented statistics. Our video lensfree microscopy
      setup is a simple device featuring only a CMOS sensor and a semi coherent
      illumination system. Yet it is a powerful mean for the real-time monitoring of
      cultivated cells. It presents several key advantages, e.g. integration into
      standard incubator, compatibility with standard cell culture protocol, simplicity
      and ease of use. It can perform the follow-up in a large field of view (25 mm(2))
      of several crucial parameters during the culture of cells i.e. their motility,
      their proliferation rate or their death. Consequently the setup can gather large
      statistics both in space and time. Here we uses this facility in the context of
      wound healing assay to perform label-free measurements of the velocities of the
      fronts of proliferation of the cell layer as a function of time by means of
      particle image velocimetry (PIV) processing. However, for such tissue growth
      experiments, the field of view of 25 mm(2) remains not sufficient and results can
      be biased depending on the position of the device with respect to the recipient
      of the cell culture. Hence, to conduct exhaustive wound healing assays, we
      propose to enlarge the field of view up to 10 cm(2) through a raster scan, by
      moving the source/sensor with respect to the Petri dish. We have performed
      acquisitions of wound healing assay (keratinocytes HaCaT) both in real-time (25
      mm(2)) and in final point (10 cm(2)) to assess the combination of velocimetry
      measurements and final point wide field imaging. In the future, we aim at
      combining directly our extended field of view acquisitions (>10 cm(2)) with real
      time ability inside the incubator. 

PMID- 26977361
TI  - Toward reliable retrieval of functional information of papillary dermis using
      spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
AB  - Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) has been employed to
      quantify tissue optical properties and its interrogation volume is majorly
      controlled by the source-to-detector separations (SDSs). To noninvasively
      quantify properties of dermis, a SRDRS setup that includes SDS shorter than 1 mm
      is required. It will be demonstrated in this study that Monte Carlo simulations
      employing the Henyey-Greenstein phase function cannot always precisely predict
      experimentally measured diffuse reflectance at such short SDSs, and we speculated
      this could be caused by the non-negligible backward light scattering at short
      SDSs that cannot be properly modeled by the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. To
      accurately recover the optical properties and functional information of dermis
      using SRDRS, we proposed the use of the modified two-layer (MTL) geometry. Monte
      Carlo simulations and phantom experiment results revealed that the MTL probing
      geometry was capable of faithfully recovering the optical properties of upper
      dermis. The capability of the MTL geometry in probing the upper dermis properties
      was further verified through a swine study, and it was found that the measurement
      results were reasonably linked to histological findings. Finally, the MTL probe
      was utilized to study psoriatic lesions. Our results showed that the MTL probe
      was sensitive to the physiological condition of tissue volumes within the
      papillary dermis and could be used in studying the physiology of psoriasis. 

PMID- 26977360
TI  - Functional second harmonic generation microscopy probes molecular dynamics with
      high temporal resolution.
AB  - Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is a powerful tool for label free ex
      vivo or in vivo imaging, widely used to investigate structure and organization of
      endogenous SHG emitting proteins such as myosin or collagen. Polarization
      resolved SHG microscopy renders supplementary information and is used to probe
      different molecular states. This development towards functional SHG microscopy is
      calling for new methods for high speed functional imaging of dynamic processes.
      In this work we present two approaches with linear polarized light and
      demonstrate high speed line scan measurements of the molecular dynamics of the
      motor protein myosin with a time resolution of 1 ms in mammalian muscle cells.
      Such a high speed functional SHG microscopy has high potential to deliver new
      insights into structural and temporal molecular dynamics under ex vivo or in vivo
      conditions. 

PMID- 26977362
TI  - Second harmonic generation double stokes Mueller polarimetric microscopy of
      myofilaments.
AB  - The experimental implementation of double Stokes Mueller polarimetric microscopy
      is presented. This technique enables a model-independent and complete
      polarimetric characterization of second harmonic generating samples using 36
      Stokes parameter measurements at different combinations of incoming and outgoing
      polarizations. The degree of second harmonic polarization and the molecular
      nonlinear susceptibility ratio are extracted for individual focal volumes of a
      fruit fly larva wall muscle. 

PMID- 26977363
TI  - Early detection and differentiation of venous and arterial occlusion in skin
      flaps using visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and autofluorescence
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Our previous preclinical study demonstrated that both visible diffuse reflectance
      and autofluorescence spectroscopy, each of which yields a different set of
      physiological information, can predict skin flap viability with high accuracy in
      a MacFarlane rat dorsal skin flap model. In this report, we further evaluated our
      technique for the early detection and differentiation of venous occlusion and
      arterial occlusion in a rat groin flap model. We performed both diffuse
      reflectance and autofluorescence measurements on the skin flap model and
      statistically differentiated between flaps with and without occlusions as well as
      between flaps with venous occlusion and those with arterial occlusion based on
      these non-invasive optical measurements. Our preliminary results suggested that
      visible diffuse reflectance and autofluorescence spectroscopy can be potentially
      used clinically to detect both venous and arterial occlusion and differentiate
      one from the other accurately at an early time point. 

PMID- 26977364
TI  - Automated geographic atrophy segmentation for SD-OCT images using region-based C
      V model via local similarity factor.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among
      elderly individuals. Geographic atrophy (GA) is a phenotypic manifestation of the
      advanced stages of non-exudative AMD. Determination of GA extent in SD-OCT scans
      allows the quantification of GA-related features, such as radius or area, which
      could be of important value to monitor AMD progression and possibly identify
      regions of future GA involvement. The purpose of this work is to develop an
      automated algorithm to segment GA regions in SD-OCT images. An en face GA fundus
      image is generated by averaging the axial intensity within an automatically
      detected sub-volume of the three dimensional SD-OCT data, where an initial coarse
      GA region is estimated by an iterative threshold segmentation method and an
      intensity profile set, and subsequently refined by a region-based Chan-Vese model
      with a local similarity factor. Two image data sets, consisting on 55 SD-OCT
      scans from twelve eyes in eight patients with GA and 56 SD-OCT scans from 56 eyes
      in 56 patients with GA, respectively, were utilized to quantitatively evaluate
      the automated segmentation algorithm. We compared results obtained by the
      proposed algorithm, manual segmentation by graders, a previously proposed method,
      and experimental commercial software. When compared to a manually determined gold
      standard, our algorithm presented a mean overlap ratio (OR) of 81.86% and 70% for
      the first and second data sets, respectively, while the previously proposed
      method OR was 72.60% and 65.88% for the first and second data sets, respectively,
      and the experimental commercial software OR was 62.40% for the second data set. 

PMID- 26977365
TI  - Fully distributed absolute blood flow velocity measurement for middle cerebral
      arteries using Doppler optical coherence tomography.
AB  - Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) is considered one of the most
      promising functional imaging modalities for neuro biology research and has
      demonstrated the ability to quantify cerebral blood flow velocity at a high
      accuracy. However, the measurement of total absolute blood flow velocity (BFV) of
      major cerebral arteries is still a difficult problem since it is related to
      vessel geometry. In this paper, we present a volumetric vessel reconstruction
      approach that is capable of measuring the absolute BFV distributed along the
      entire middle cerebral artery (MCA) within a large field-of-view. The Doppler
      angle at each point of the MCA, representing the vessel geometry, is derived
      analytically by localizing the artery from pure DOCT images through vessel
      segmentation and skeletonization. Our approach could achieve automatic
      quantification of the fully distributed absolute BFV across different vessel
      branches. Experiments on rodents using swept-source optical coherence tomography
      showed that our approach was able to reveal the consequences of permanent MCA
      occlusion with absolute BFV measurement. 

PMID- 26977366
TI  - Portable handheld diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system for clinical evaluation
      of skin: a pilot study in psoriasis patients.
AB  - Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has been utilized to study biological
      tissues for a variety of applications. However, many DRS systems are not designed
      for handheld use and/or relatively expensive which limit the extensive clinical
      use of this technique. In this paper, we report a handheld, low-cost DRS system
      consisting of a light source, optical switch, and a spectrometer, that can
      precisely quantify the optical properties of tissue samples in the clinical
      setting. The handheld DRS system was employed to determine the skin chromophore
      concentrations, absorption and scattering properties of 11 patients with
      psoriasis. The measurement results were compared to the clinical severity of
      psoriasis as evaluated by dermatologist using PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity
      Index) scores. Our statistical analyses indicated that the handheld DRS system
      could be a useful non-invasive tool for objective evaluation of the severity of
      psoriasis. It is expected that the handheld system can be used for the objective
      evaluation and monitoring of various skin diseases such as keloid and psoriasis. 

PMID- 26977368
TI  - Erratum: 0.5 gigapixel microscopy using a flatbed scanner: erratum.
AB  - When one uses USAF target to calibrate the resolution of an imaging system, the
      periodicity of the smallest resolvable line should be used to define the limit.
      However, in the original paper, the line width of the resolution target was used
      to characterize the resolution of our microscope system, resulting in an
      overestimation of the performance of the imaging system. In this erratum, we
      correct the parts that state incorrect resolution and also re-evaluate the
      performance of our micoscope.[This corrects the article on p. 1 in vol. 5, PMID:
      24466471.]. 

PMID- 26977367
TI  - Tissue thickness calculation in ocular optical coherence tomography.
AB  - Thickness measurements derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of
      the eye are a fundamental clinical and research metric, since they provide
      valuable information regarding the eye's anatomical and physiological
      characteristics, and can assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of numerous
      ocular conditions. Despite the importance of these measurements, limited
      attention has been given to the methods used to estimate thickness in OCT images
      of the eye. Most current studies employing OCT use an axial thickness metric, but
      there is evidence that axial thickness measures may be biased by tilt and
      curvature of the image. In this paper, standard axial thickness calculations are
      compared with a variety of alternative metrics for estimating tissue thickness.
      These methods were tested on a data set of wide-field chorio-retinal OCT scans
      (field of view (FOV) 60 degrees  x 25 degrees ) to examine their performance
      across a wide region of interest and to demonstrate the potential effect of
      curvature of the posterior segment of the eye on the thickness estimates.
      Similarly, the effect of image tilt was systematically examined with the same
      range of proposed metrics. The results demonstrate that image tilt and curvature
      of the posterior segment can affect axial tissue thickness calculations, while
      alternative metrics, which are not biased by these effects, should be considered.
      This study demonstrates the need to consider alternative methods to calculate
      tissue thickness in order to avoid measurement error due to image tilt and
      curvature. 

PMID- 26977369
TI  - Multimodal 3D cancer-mimicking optical phantom.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) organ-mimicking phantoms provide realistic imaging
      environments for testing various aspects of optical systems, including for
      evaluating new probe designs, characterizing the diagnostic potential of new
      technologies, and assessing novel image processing algorithms prior to validation
      in real tissue. We introduce and characterize the use of a new material, Dragon
      Skin (Smooth-On Inc.), and fabrication technique, air-brushing, for fabrication
      of a 3D phantom that mimics the appearance of a real organ under multiple imaging
      modalities. We demonstrate the utility of the material and technique by
      fabricating the first 3D, hollow bladder phantom with realistic normal and multi
      stage pathology features suitable for endoscopic detection using the gold
      standard imaging technique, white light cystoscopy (WLC), as well as the
      complementary imaging modalities of optical coherence tomography and blue light
      cystoscopy, which are aimed at improving the sensitivity and specificity of WLC
      to bladder cancer detection. The flexibility of the material and technique used
      for phantom construction allowed for the representation of a wide range of
      diseased tissue states, ranging from inflammation (benign) to high-grade
      cancerous lesions. Such phantoms can serve as important tools for trainee
      education and evaluation of new endoscopic instrumentation. 

PMID- 26977370
TI  - In vivo imaging of retinal hemodynamics with OCT angiography and Doppler OCT.
AB  - Retinal hemodynamics is important for early diagnosis and precise monitoring in
      retinal vascular diseases. We propose a novel method for measuring absolute
      retinal blood flow in vivo using the combined techniques of optical coherence
      tomography (OCT) angiography and Doppler OCT. Doppler values can be corrected by
      Doppler angles extracted from OCT angiography images. A three-dimensional (3D)
      segmentation algorithm based on dynamic programming was developed to extract the
      3D boundaries of optic disc vessels, and Doppler angles were calculated from 3D
      vessel geometry. The accuracy of blood flow from the Doppler OCT was validated
      using a flow phantom. The feasibility of the method was tested on a subject in
      vivo. The pulsatile retinal blood flow and the parameters for retinal
      hemodynamics were successfully obtained. 

PMID- 26977371
TI  - Comparison of reflectance confocal microscopy and two-photon second harmonic
      generation microscopy in fungal keratitis rabbit model ex vivo.
AB  - Fungal keratitis is an infection of the cornea by fungal pathogens. Diagnosis
      methods based on optical microscopy could be beneficial over the conventional
      microbiology method by allowing rapid and non-invasive examination. Reflectance
      confocal microscopy (RCM) and two-photon second harmonic generation microscopy
      (TPSHGM) have been applied to pre-clinical or clinical studies of fungal
      keratitis. In this report, RCM and TPSHGM were characterized and compared in the
      imaging of a fungal keratitis rabbit model ex vivo. Fungal infection was induced
      by using two strains of fungi: aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans. The
      infected corneas were imaged in fresh condition by both modalities sequentially
      and their images were analyzed. Both RCM and TPSHGM could detect both fungal
      strains within the cornea based on morphology: aspergillus fumigatus had
      distinctive filamentous structures, and candida albicans had round structures
      superficially and elongated structures in the corneal stroma. These imaging
      results were confirmed by histology. Comparison between RCM and TPSHGM showed
      several characteristics. Although RCM and TPSHGM images had good correlation each
      other, their images were slightly different due to difference in contrast
      mechanism. RCM had relatively low image contrast with the infected turbid corneas
      due to high background signal. TPSHGM visualized cells and collagen in the cornea
      clearly compared to RCM, but used higher laser power to compensate low
      autofluorescence. Since these two modalities provide complementary information,
      combination of RCM and TPSHGM would be useful for fungal keratitis detection by
      compensating their weaknesses each other. 

PMID- 26977372
TI  - Quantitative optical coherence elastography based on fiber-optic probe for in
      situ measurement of tissue mechanical properties.
AB  - We developed a miniature quantitative optical coherence elastography (qOCE)
      instrument with an integrated Fabry-Perot force sensor, for in situ elasticity
      measurement of biological tissue. The technique has great potential for
      biomechanics modeling and clinical diagnosis. We designed the fiber-optic qOCE
      probe that was used to exert a compressive force to deform tissue at the tip of
      the probe. Using the space-division multiplexed optical coherence tomography
      (OCT) signal detected by a spectral domain OCT engine, we were able to quantify
      the probe deformation that was proportional to the force applied, and to quantify
      the tissue deformation corresponding to the external stimulus. Simultaneous
      measurement of force and displacement allowed us to extract Young's modulus of
      biological tissue. We experimentally calibrated our qOCE instrument, and
      validated its effectiveness on tissue mimicking phantoms and biological tissues. 

PMID- 26977373
TI  - Hollow optical-fiber based infrared spectroscopy for measurement of blood glucose
      level by using multi-reflection prism.
AB  - A mid-infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy system employing
      hollow optical fibers and a trapezoidal multi-reflection ATR prism has been
      developed to measure blood glucose levels. Using a multi-reflection prism brought
      about higher sensitivity, and the flat and wide contact surface of the prism
      resulted in higher measurement reproducibility. An analysis of in vivo
      measurements of human inner lip mucosa revealed clear signatures of glucose in
      the difference spectra between ones taken during the fasting state and ones taken
      after ingestion of glucose solutions. A calibration plot based on the absorption
      peak at 1155 cm(-1) that originates from the pyranose ring structure of glucose
      gave measurement errors less than 20%. 

PMID- 26977374
TI  - Comparing and Contrasting Consensus versus Empirical Domains.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since the publication of the CFS case definition [1], there have been
      a number of other criteria proposed including the Canadian Consensus Criteria [2]
      and the Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria. [3].
      PURPOSE: The current study compared these domains that were developed through
      consensus methods to one obtained through more empirical approaches using factor
      analysis. METHODS: Using data mining, we compared and contrasted fundamental
      features of consensus-based criteria versus empirical latent factors. In general,
      these approaches found the domain of Fatigue/Post-exertional malaise as best
      differentiating patients from controls. RESULTS: Findings indicated that the
      Fukuda et al. criteria had the worst sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS:
      These outcomes might help both theorists and researchers better determine which
      fundamental domains to be used for the case definition.

PMID- 26977375
TI  - Molecular evidence for sediment nitrogen fixation in a temperate New England
      estuary.
AB  - Primary production in coastal waters is generally nitrogen (N) limited with
      denitrification outpacing nitrogen fixation (N2-fixation). However, recent work
      suggests that we have potentially underestimated the importance of heterotrophic
      sediment N2-fixation in marine ecosystems. We used clone libraries to examine
      transcript diversity of nifH (a gene associated with N2-fixation) in sediments at
      three sites in a temperate New England estuary (Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, USA)
      and compared our results to net sediment N2 fluxes previously measured at these
      sites. We observed nifH expression at all sites, including a site heavily
      impacted by anthropogenic N. At this N impacted site, we also observed mean net
      sediment N2-fixation, linking the geochemical rate measurement with nifH
      expression. This same site also had the lowest diversity (non-parametric Shannon
      = 2.75). At the two other sites, we also detected nifH transcripts, however, the
      mean N2 flux indicated net denitrification. These results suggest that N2
      fixation and denitrification co-occur in these sediments. Of the unique sequences
      in this study, 67% were most closely related to uncultured bacteria from various
      marine environments, 17% to Cluster III, 15% to Cluster I, and only 1% to Cluster
      II. These data add to the growing body of literature that sediment heterotrophic
      N2-fixation, even under high inorganic nitrogen concentrations, may be an
      important yet overlooked source of N in coastal systems. 

PMID- 26977376
TI  - Effects of personal relevance and simulated darkness on the affective appraisal
      of a virtual environment.
AB  - This study investigated whether personal relevance influences the affective
      appraisal of a desktop virtual environment (VE) in simulated darkness. In the
      real world, darkness often evokes thoughts of vulnerability, threat, and danger,
      and may automatically precipitate emotional responses consonant with those
      thoughts (fear of darkness). This influences the affective appraisal of a given
      environment after dark and the way humans behave in that environment in
      conditions of low lighting. Desktop VEs are increasingly deployed to study the
      effects of environmental qualities and (architectural or lighting) interventions
      on human behaviour and feelings of safety. Their (ecological) validity for these
      purposes depends critically on their ability to correctly address the user's
      cognitive and affective experience. Previous studies with desktop (i.e., non
      immersive) VEs found that simulated darkness only slightly affects the user's
      behavioral and emotional responses to the represented environment, in contrast to
      the responses observed for immersive VEs. We hypothesize that the desktop VE
      scenarios used in previous studies less effectively induced emotional and
      behavioral responses because they lacked personal relevance. In addition, factors
      like signs of social presence and relatively high levels of ambient lighting may
      also have limited these responses. In this study, young female volunteers
      explored either a daytime or a night-time (low ambient light level) version of a
      desktop VE representing a deserted (no social presence) prototypical Dutch polder
      landscape. To enhance the personal relevance of the simulation, a fraction of the
      participants were led to believe that the virtual exploration tour would prepare
      them for a follow-up tour through the real world counterpart of the VE. The
      affective appraisal of the VE and the emotional response of the participants were
      measured through self-report. The results show that the VE was appraised as
      slightly less pleasant and more arousing in simulated darkness (compared to a
      daylight) condition, as expected. However, the fictitious follow-up assignment
      had no emotional effects and did not influence the affective appraisal of the VE.
      Further research is required to establish the qualities that may enhance the
      validity of desktop VEs for both etiological (e.g., the effects of signs of
      darkness on navigation behaviour and fear of crime) and intervention (e.g.,
      effects of street lighting on feelings of safety) research. 

PMID- 26977377
TI  - 3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate
      deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4
      styrenesulfonate).
AB  - This work addresses the formation and the internal morphology of polyelectrolyte
      layers obtained by the layer-by-layer method. A multimodal characterization
      showed the absence of stratification of the films formed by the alternate
      deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4
      styrenesulfonate). Indeed the final organization might be regarded as three
      dimensional solid-supported inter-polyelectrolyte films. The growth mechanism of
      the multilayers, followed using a quartz crystal microbalance, evidences two
      different growth trends, which show a dependency on the ionic strength due to its
      influence onto the polymer conformation. The hydration state does not modify the
      multilayer growth, but it contributes to the total adsorbed mass of the film. The
      water associated with the polyelectrolyte films leads to their swelling and
      plastification. The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has allowed for
      deeper insights on the internal structure and composition of the polyelectrolyte
      multilayers. 

PMID- 26977378
TI  - Characterisation of thin films of graphene-surfactant composites produced through
      a novel semi-automated method.
AB  - In this paper we detail a novel semi-automated method for the production of
      graphene by sonochemical exfoliation of graphite in the presence of ionic
      surfactants, e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium
      bromide (CTAB). The formation of individual graphene flakes was confirmed by
      Raman spectroscopy, while the interaction of graphene with surfactants was proven
      by NMR spectroscopy. The resulting graphene-surfactant composite material formed
      a stable suspension in water and some organic solvents, such as chloroform.
      Graphene thin films were then produced using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) or
      electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition techniques. The composition and
      morphology of the films produced was studied with SEM/EDX and AFM. The best
      results in terms of adhesion and surface coverage were achieved using LbL
      deposition of graphene(-)SDS alternated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). The optical
      study of graphene thin films deposited on different substrates was carried out
      using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry. A particular
      focus was on studying graphene layers deposited on gold-coated glass using a
      method of total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) which revealed the
      enhancement of the surface plasmon resonance in thin gold films by depositing
      graphene layers. 

PMID- 26977380
TI  - Plasticity-mediated collapse and recrystallization in hollow copper nanowires: a
      molecular dynamics simulation.
AB  - We study the thermal stability of hollow copper nanowires using molecular
      dynamics simulation. We find that the plasticity-mediated structural evolution
      leads to transformation of the initial hollow structure to a solid wire. The
      process involves three distinct stages, namely, collapse, recrystallization and
      slow recovery. We calculate the time scales associated with different stages of
      the evolution process. Our findings suggest a plasticity-mediated mechanism of
      collapse and recrystallization. This contradicts the prevailing notion of
      diffusion driven transport of vacancies from the interior to outer surface being
      responsible for collapse, which would involve much longer time scales as compared
      to the plasticity-based mechanism. 

PMID- 26977379
TI  - Mismatch detection in DNA monolayers by atomic force microscopy and
      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: DNA hybridization is at the basis of most current technologies for
      genotyping and sequencing, due to the unique properties of DNA base-pairing that
      guarantee a high grade of selectivity. Nonetheless the presence of single base
      mismatches or not perfectly matched sequences can affect the response of the
      devices and the major challenge is, nowadays, to distinguish a mismatch of a
      single base and, at the same time, unequivocally differentiate devices read-out
      of fully and partially matching sequences. RESULTS: We present here two platforms
      based on different sensing strategies, to detect mismatched and/or perfectly
      matched complementary DNA strands hybridization into ssDNA oligonucleotide
      monolayers. The first platform exploits atomic force microscopy-based
      nanolithography to create ssDNA nano-arrays on gold surfaces. AFM topography
      measurements then monitor the variation of height of the nanostructures upon
      biorecognition and then follow annealing at different temperatures. This strategy
      allowed us to clearly detect the presence of mismatches. The second strategy
      exploits the change in capacitance at the interface between an ssDNA
      functionalized gold electrode and the solution due to the hybridization process
      in a miniaturized electrochemical cell. Through electrochemical impedance
      spectroscopy measurements on extended ssDNA self-assembled monolayers we followed
      in real-time the variation of capacitance, being able to distinguish, through the
      difference in hybridization kinetics, not only the presence of single, double or
      triple mismatches in the complementary sequence, but also the position of the
      mismatched base pair with respect to the electrode surface. CONCLUSION: We
      demonstrate here two platforms based on different sensing strategies as sensitive
      and selective tools to discriminate mismatches. Our assays are ready for
      parallelization and can be used in the detection and quantification of single
      nucleotide mismatches in microRNAs or in genomic DNA.

PMID- 26977381
TI  - Influence of calcium on ceramide-1-phosphate monolayers.
AB  - Ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) plays an important role in several biological
      processes, being identified as a key regulator of many protein functions. For
      instance, it acts as a mediator of inflammatory responses. The mediation of the
      inflammation process happens due to the interaction of C1P with the C2 domain of
      cPLA2alpha, an effector protein that needs the presence of submicromolar
      concentrations of calcium ions. The aim of this study was to determine the phase
      behaviour and structural properties of C1P in the presence and absence of
      millimolar quantities of calcium in a well-defined pH environment. For that
      purpose, we used monomolecular films of C1P at the soft air/liquid interface with
      calcium ions in the subphase. The pH was varied to change the protonation degree
      of the C1P head group. We used surface pressure versus molecular area isotherms
      coupled with other monolayer techniques as Brewster angle microscopy (BAM),
      infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and grazing incidence X-ray
      diffraction (GIXD). The isotherms indicate that C1P monolayers are in a condensed
      state in the presence of calcium ions, regardless of the pH. At higher pH without
      calcium ions, the monolayer is in a liquid-expanded state due to repulsion
      between the negatively charged phosphate groups of the C1P molecules. When
      divalent calcium ions are added, they are able to bridge the highly charged
      phosphate groups, enhancing the regular arrangement of the head groups. Similar
      solidification of the monolayer structure can be seen in the presence of a 150
      times larger concentration of monovalent sodium ions. Therefore, calcium ions
      have clearly a strong affinity for the phosphomonoester of C1P. 

PMID- 26977382
TI  - Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological
      environment.
AB  - Silver (AgNPs) and maghemite, i.e., superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
      (SPIONs) are promising candidates for new medical applications, which implies the
      need for strict information regarding their physicochemical characteristics and
      behavior in a biological environment. The currently developed AgNPs and SPIONs
      encompass a myriad of sizes and surface coatings, which affect NPs properties and
      may improve their biocompatibility. This study is aimed to evaluate the effects
      of surface coating on colloidal stability and behavior of AgNPs and SPIONs in
      modelled biological environments using dynamic and electrophoretic light
      scattering techniques, as well as transmission electron microscopy to visualize
      the behavior of the NP. Three dispersion media were investigated: ultrapure water
      (UW), biological cell culture medium without addition of protein (BM), and BM
      supplemented with common serum protein (BMP). The obtained results showed that
      different coating agents on AgNPs and SPIONs produced different stabilities in
      the same biological media. The combination of negative charge and high adsorption
      strength of coating agents proved to be important for achieving good stability of
      metallic NPs in electrolyte-rich fluids. Most importantly, the presence of
      proteins provided colloidal stabilization to metallic NPs in biological fluids
      regardless of their chemical composition, surface structure and surface charge.
      In addition, an assessment of AgNP and SPION behavior in real biological fluids,
      rat whole blood (WhBl) and blood plasma (BlPl), revealed that the composition of
      a biological medium is crucial for the colloidal stability and type of metallic
      NP transformation. Our results highlight the importance of physicochemical
      characterization and stability evaluation of metallic NPs in a variety of
      biological systems including as many NP properties as possible. 

PMID- 26977384
TI  - Determination of Young's modulus of Sb2S3 nanowires by in situ resonance and
      bending methods.
AB  - In this study we address the mechanical properties of Sb2S3 nanowires and
      determine their Young's modulus using in situ electric-field-induced mechanical
      resonance and static bending tests on individual Sb2S3 nanowires with cross
      sectional areas ranging from 1.1.10(4) nm(2) to 7.8.10(4) nm(2). Mutually
      orthogonal resonances are observed and their origin explained by asymmetric cross
      section of nanowires. The results obtained from the two methods are consistent
      and show that nanowires exhibit Young's moduli comparable to the value for
      macroscopic material. An increasing trend of measured values of Young's modulus
      is observed for smaller thickness samples. 

PMID- 26977383
TI  - Case studies on the formation of chalcogenide self-assembled monolayers on
      surfaces and dissociative processes.
AB  - This report examines the assembly of chalcogenide organic molecules on various
      surfaces, focusing on cases when chemisorption is accompanied by carbon-chalcogen
      atom-bond scission. In the case of alkane and benzyl chalcogenides, this induces
      formation of a chalcogenized interface layer. This process can occur during the
      initial stages of adsorption and then, after passivation of the surface,
      molecular adsorption can proceed. The characteristics of the chalcogenized
      interface layer can be significantly different from the metal layer and can
      affect various properties such as electron conduction. For chalcogenophenes, the
      carbon-chalcogen atom-bond breaking can lead to opening of the ring and
      adsorption of an alkene chalcogenide. Such a disruption of the pi-electron system
      affects charge transport along the chains. Awareness about these effects is of
      importance from the point of view of molecular electronics. We discuss some
      recent studies based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that shed light on these
      aspects for a series of such organic molecules. 

PMID- 26977385
TI  - High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy.
AB  - Using standard microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processes to coat a
      microcantilever with a piezoelectric layer results in a versatile transducer with
      inherent self-sensing capabilities. For applications in multifrequency atomic
      force microscopy (MF-AFM), we illustrate that a single piezoelectric layer can be
      simultaneously used for multimode excitation and detection of the cantilever
      deflection. This is achieved by a charge sensor with a bandwidth of 10 MHz and
      dual feedthrough cancellation to recover the resonant modes that are heavily
      buried in feedthrough originating from the piezoelectric capacitance. The setup
      enables the omission of the commonly used piezoelectric stack actuator and
      optical beam deflection sensor, alleviating limitations due to distorted
      frequency responses and instrumentation cost, respectively. The proposed method
      benefits from a more than two orders of magnitude increase in deflection to
      strain sensitivity on the fifth eigenmode leading to a remarkable signal-to-noise
      ratio. Experimental results using bimodal AFM imaging on a two component polymer
      sample validate that the self-sensing scheme can therefore be used to provide
      both the feedback signal, for topography imaging on the fundamental mode, and
      phase imaging on the higher eigenmode. 

PMID- 26977386
TI  - Functional fusion of living systems with synthetic electrode interfaces.
AB  - The functional fusion of "living" biomaterial (such as cells) with synthetic
      systems has developed into a principal ambition for various scientific
      disciplines. In particular, emerging fields such as bionics and nanomedicine
      integrate advanced nanomaterials with biomolecules, cells and organisms in order
      to develop novel strategies for applications, including energy production or real
      time diagnostics utilizing biomolecular machineries "perfected" during billion
      years of evolution. To date, hardware-wetware interfaces that sample or modulate
      bioelectric potentials, such as neuroprostheses or implantable energy harvesters,
      are mostly based on microelectrodes brought into the closest possible contact
      with the targeted cells. Recently, the possibility of using electrochemical
      gradients of the inner ear for technical applications was demonstrated using
      implanted electrodes, where 1.12 nW of electrical power was harvested from the
      guinea pig endocochlear potential for up to 5 h (Mercier, P.; Lysaght, A.;
      Bandyopadhyay, S.; Chandrakasan, A.; Stankovic, K. Nat. Biotech. 2012, 30, 1240
      1243). More recent approaches employ nanowires (NWs) able to penetrate the
      cellular membrane and to record extra- and intracellular electrical signals, in
      some cases with subcellular resolution (Spira, M.; Hai, A. Nat. Nano. 2013, 8, 83
      94). Such techniques include nanoelectric scaffolds containing free-standing
      silicon NWs (Robinson, J. T.; Jorgolli, M.; Shalek, A. K.; Yoon, M. H.; Gertner,
      R. S.; Park, H. Nat Nanotechnol. 2012, 10, 180-184) or NW field-effect
      transistors (Qing, Q.; Jiang, Z.; Xu, L.; Gao, R.; Mai, L.; Lieber, C. Nat. Nano.
      2013, 9, 142-147), vertically aligned gallium phosphide NWs (Hallstrom, W.;
      Martensson, T.; Prinz, C.; Gustavsson, P.; Montelius, L.; Samuelson, L.; Kanje,
      M. Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 2960-2965) or individually contacted, electrically active
      carbon nanofibers. The latter of these approaches is capable of recording
      electrical responses from oxidative events occurring in intercellular regions of
      neuronal cultures (Zhang, D.; Rand, E.; Marsh, M.; Andrews, R.; Lee, K.;
      Meyyappan, M.; Koehne, J. Mol. Neurobiol. 2013, 48, 380-385). Employing
      monocrystalline gold, nanoelectrode interfaces, we have now achieved stable,
      functional access to the electrochemical machinery of individual Physarum
      polycephalum slime mold cells. We demonstrate the "symbionic" union, allowing for
      electrophysiological measurements, functioning as autonomous sensors and capable
      of producing nanowatts of electric power. This represents a further step towards
      the future development of groundbreaking, cell-based technologies, such as bionic
      sensory systems or miniaturized energy sources to power various devices, or even
      "intelligent implants", constantly refueled by their surrounding nutrients. 

PMID- 26977387
TI  - Microscopy tools for the investigation of intracellular lipid storage and
      dynamics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excess storage of lipids in ectopic tissues, such as skeletal muscle,
      liver, and heart, seems to associate closely with metabolic abnormalities and
      cardiac disease. Intracellular lipid storage occurs in lipid droplets, which have
      gained attention as active organelles in cellular metabolism. Recent developments
      in high-resolution microscopy and microscopic spectroscopy have opened up new
      avenues to examine the physiology and biochemistry of intracellular lipids. SCOPE
      OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to give an overview of recent technical
      advances in microscopy, and its application for the visualization,
      identification, and quantification of intracellular lipids, with special focus to
      lipid droplets. In addition, we attempt to summarize the probes currently
      available for the visualization of lipids. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The continuous
      development of lipid probes in combination with the rapid development of
      microscopic techniques can provide new insights in the role and dynamics of
      intracellular lipids. Moreover, in situ identification of intracellular lipids is
      now possible and promises to add a new dimensionality to analysis of lipid
      biochemistry, and its relation to (patho)physiology.

PMID- 26977388
TI  - Progress and prospects of long noncoding RNAs in lipid homeostasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel group of universally
      present, non-coding RNAs (>200 nt) that are increasingly recognized as key
      regulators of many physiological and pathological processes. SCOPE OF REVIEW:
      Recent publications have shown that lncRNAs influence lipid homeostasis by
      controlling lipid metabolism in the liver and by regulating adipogenesis. lncRNAs
      control lipid metabolism-related gene expression by either base-pairing with RNA
      and DNA or by binding to proteins. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The recent advances and
      future prospects in understanding the roles of lncRNAs in lipid homeostasis are
      discussed.

PMID- 26977389
TI  - High-fat diet reprograms the epigenome of rat spermatozoa and transgenerationally
      affects metabolism of the offspring.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Chronic and high consumption of fat constitutes an environmental
      stress that leads to metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that high-fat diet (HFD)
      transgenerationally remodels the epigenome of spermatozoa and metabolism of the
      offspring. METHODS: F0-male rats fed either HFD or chow diet for 12 weeks were
      mated with chow-fed dams to generate F1 and F2 offspring. Motile spermatozoa were
      isolated from F0 and F1 breeders to determine DNA methylation and small non
      coding RNA (sncRNA) expression pattern by deep sequencing. RESULTS: Newborn
      offspring of HFD-fed fathers had reduced body weight and pancreatic beta-cell
      mass. Adult female, but not male, offspring of HFD-fed fathers were glucose
      intolerant and resistant to HFD-induced weight gain. This phenotype was
      perpetuated in the F2 progeny, indicating transgenerational epigenetic
      inheritance. The epigenome of spermatozoa from HFD-fed F0 and their F1 male
      offspring showed common DNA methylation and small non-coding RNA expression
      signatures. Altered expression of sperm miRNA let-7c was passed down to metabolic
      tissues of the offspring, inducing a transcriptomic shift of the let-7c predicted
      targets. CONCLUSION: Our results provide insight into mechanisms by which HFD
      transgenerationally reprograms the epigenome of sperm cells, thereby affecting
      metabolic tissues of offspring throughout two generations.

PMID- 26977391
TI  - Altered DNA methylation of glycolytic and lipogenic genes in liver from obese and
      type 2 diabetic patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Epigenetic modifications contribute to the etiology of type 2
      diabetes. METHOD: We performed genome-wide methylome and transcriptome analysis
      in liver from severely obese men with or without type 2 diabetes and non-obese
      men to discover aberrant pathways underlying the development of insulin
      resistance. Results were validated by pyrosequencing. RESULT: We identified
      hypomethylation of genes involved in hepatic glycolysis and insulin resistance,
      concomitant with increased mRNA expression and protein levels. Pyrosequencing
      revealed the CpG-site within ATF-motifs was hypomethylated in four of these genes
      in liver of severely obese non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients, suggesting
      epigenetic regulation of transcription by altered ATF-DNA binding. CONCLUSION:
      Severely obese non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients have distinct
      alterations in the hepatic methylome and transcriptome, with hypomethylation of
      several genes controlling glucose metabolism within the ATF-motif regulatory
      site. Obesity appears to shift the epigenetic program of the liver towards
      increased glycolysis and lipogenesis, which may exacerbate the development of
      insulin resistance.

PMID- 26977392
TI  - Postnatal undernutrition delays a key step in the maturation of hypothalamic
      feeding circuits.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Humans and animals exposed to undernutrition (UN) during development
      often experience accelerated "catch-up" growth when food supplies are plentiful.
      Little is known about the mechanisms regulating early growth rates. We previously
      reported that actions of leptin and presynaptic inputs to orexigenic
      NPY/AgRP/GABA (NAG) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are almost
      exclusively excitatory during the lactation period, since neuronal and humoral
      inhibitory systems do not develop until after weaning. Moreover, we identified a
      critical step that regulates the maturation of electrophysiological responses of
      NAG neurons at weaning - the onset of genes encoding ATP-dependent potassium
      (KATP) channel subunits. We explored the possibility that UN promotes subsequent
      catch-up growth, in part, by delaying the maturation of negative feedback systems
      to neuronal circuits driving food intake. METHODS: We used the large litter (LL)
      size model to study the impacts of postnatal UN followed by catch-up growth. We
      evaluated the maturation of presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory systems in
      NAG neurons using a combination of electrophysiological and molecular criteria,
      in conjunction with leptin's ability to suppress fasting-induced hyperphagia.
      RESULTS: The onset of KATP channel subunit expression and function, the switch in
      leptin's effect on NAG neurons, the ingrowth of inhibitory inputs to NAG neurons,
      and the development of homeostatic feedback to feeding circuits were delayed in
      LL offspring relative to controls. The development of functional KATP channels
      and the establishment of leptin-mediated suppression of food intake in the peri
      weaning period were tightly linked and were not initiated until growth and
      adiposity of LL offspring caught up to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support
      the idea that initiation of KATP channel subunit expression in NAG neurons serves
      as a molecular gatekeeper for the maturation of homeostatic feeding circuits.

PMID- 26977393
TI  - Acyl CoA synthetase 5 (ACSL5) ablation in mice increases energy expenditure and
      insulin sensitivity and delays fat absorption.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The family of acyl-CoA synthetase enzymes (ACSL) activates fatty acids
      within cells to generate long chain fatty acyl CoA (FACoA). The differing
      metabolic fates of FACoAs such as incorporation into neutral lipids,
      phospholipids, and oxidation pathways are differentially regulated by the ACSL
      isoforms. In vitro studies have suggested a role for ACSL5 in triglyceride
      synthesis; however, we have limited understanding of the in vivo actions of this
      ACSL isoform. METHODS: To elucidate the in vivo actions of ACSL5 we generated a
      line of mice in which ACSL5 expression was ablated in all tissues (ACSL5 (-/-) ).
      RESULTS: Ablation of ACSL5 reduced ACSL activity by ~80% in jejunal mucosa, ~50%
      in liver, and ~37% in brown adipose tissue lysates. Body composition studies
      revealed that ACSL5 (-/-) , as compared to control ACSL5 (loxP/loxP) , mice had
      significantly reduced fat mass and adipose fat pad weights. Indirect calorimetry
      studies demonstrated that ACSL5 (-/-) had increased metabolic rates, and in the
      dark phase, increased respiratory quotient. In ACSL5 (-/-) mice, fasting glucose
      and serum triglyceride were reduced; and insulin sensitivity was improved during
      an insulin tolerance test. Both hepatic mRNA (~16-fold) and serum levels of
      fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (~13-fold) were increased in ACSL5 (-/-) as
      compared to ACSL5 (loxP/loxP) . Consistent with increased FGF21 serum levels,
      uncoupling protein-1 gene (Ucp1) and PPAR-gamma coactivator 1-alpha gene
      (Pgc1alpha) transcript levels were increased in gonadal adipose tissue. To
      further evaluate ACSL5 function in intestine, mice were gavaged with an olive oil
      bolus; and the rate of triglyceride appearance in serum was found to be delayed
      in ACSL5 (-/-) mice as compared to control mice. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, ACSL5 (
      /-) mice have increased hepatic and serum FGF21 levels, reduced adiposity,
      improved insulin sensitivity, increased energy expenditure and delayed
      triglyceride absorption. These studies suggest that ACSL5 is an important
      regulator of whole-body energy metabolism and ablation of ACSL5 may antagonize
      the development of obesity and insulin resistance.

PMID- 26977394
TI  - Impaired glucose metabolism and exercise capacity with muscle-specific glycogen
      synthase 1 (gys1) deletion in adult mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Muscle glucose storage and muscle glycogen synthase (gys1) defects
      have been associated with insulin resistance. As there are multiple mechanisms
      for insulin resistance, the specific role of glucose storage defects is not
      clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of muscle-specific gys1
      deletion on glucose metabolism and exercise capacity. METHODS: Tamoxifen
      inducible and muscle specific gys-1 KO mice were generated using the Cre/loxP
      system. Mice were subjected to glucose tolerance tests,
      euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamps and exercise tests. RESULTS: gys1-KO mice
      showed >=85% reduction in muscle gys1 mRNA and protein concentrations, 70%
      reduction in muscle glycogen levels, postprandial hyperglycaemia and
      hyperinsulinaemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Under insulin-stimulated
      conditions, gys1-KO mice displayed reduced glucose turnover and muscle glucose
      uptake, indicative of peripheral insulin resistance, as well as increased plasma
      and muscle lactate levels and reductions in muscle hexokinase II levels. gys1-KO
      mice also exhibited markedly reduced exercise and endurance capacity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Thus, muscle-specific gys1 deletion in adult mice results in glucose
      intolerance due to insulin resistance and reduced muscle glucose uptake as well
      as impaired exercise and endurance capacity. IN BRIEF: This study demonstrates
      why the body prioritises muscle glycogen storage over liver glycogen storage
      despite the critical role of the liver in supplying glucose to the brain in the
      fasting state and shows that glycogen deficiency results in impaired glucose
      metabolism and reduced exercise capacity.

PMID- 26977390
TI  - Interdependence of nutrient metabolism and the circadian clock system: Importance
      for metabolic health.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While additional research is needed, a number of large
      epidemiological studies show an association between circadian disruption and
      metabolic disorders. Specifically, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular
      disease, and other signs of metabolic syndrome all have been linked to circadian
      disruption in humans. Studies in other species support this association and
      generally reveal that feeding that is not in phase with the external light/dark
      cycle, as often occurs with night or rotating shift workers, is disadvantageous
      in terms of energy balance. As food is a strong driver of circadian rhythms in
      the periphery, understanding how nutrient metabolism drives clocks across the
      body is important for dissecting out why circadian misalignment may produce such
      metabolic effects. A number of circadian clock proteins as well as their
      accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors) are highly sensitive to nutrient
      metabolism. Macronutrients and micronutrients can function as zeitgebers for the
      clock in a tissue-specific way and can thus impair synchrony between clocks
      across the body, or potentially restore synchrony in the case of circadian
      misalignment. Circadian nuclear receptors are particularly sensitive to nutrient
      metabolism and can alter tissue-specific rhythms in response to changes in the
      diet. Finally, SNPs in human clock genes appear to be correlated with diet
      specific responses and along with chronotype eventually may provide valuable
      information from a clinical perspective on how to use diet and nutrition to treat
      metabolic disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW: This article presents a background of the
      circadian clock components and their interrelated metabolic and transcriptional
      feedback loops, followed by a review of some recent studies in humans and rodents
      that address the effects of nutrient metabolism on the circadian clock and vice
      versa. We focus on studies in which results suggest that nutrients provide an
      opportunity to restore or, alternatively, can destroy synchrony between
      peripheral clocks and the central pacemaker in the brain as well as between
      peripheral clocks themselves. In addition, we review several studies looking at
      clock gene SNPs in humans and the metabolic phenotypes or tendencies associated
      with particular clock gene mutations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Targeted use of specific
      nutrients based on chronotype has the potential for immense clinical utility in
      the future. Macronutrients and micronutrients have the ability to function as
      zeitgebers for the clock by activating or modulating specific clock proteins or
      accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors). Circadian clock control by
      nutrients can be tissue-specific. With a better understanding of the mechanisms
      that support nutrient-induced circadian control in specific tissues, human
      chronotype and SNP information might eventually be used to tailor nutritional
      regimens for metabolic disease treatment and thus be an important part of
      personalized medicine's future.

PMID- 26977395
TI  - Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq identifies human alpha cell and beta cell
      signature genes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although glucagon-secreting alpha-cells and insulin-secreting beta
      cells have opposing functions in regulating plasma glucose levels, the two cell
      types share a common developmental origin and exhibit overlapping transcriptomes
      and epigenomes. Notably, destruction of beta-cells can stimulate repopulation via
      transdifferentiation of alpha-cells, at least in mice, suggesting plasticity
      between these cell fates. Furthermore, dysfunction of both alpha- and beta-cells
      contributes to the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and beta-cell
      de-differentiation has been proposed to contribute to type 2 diabetes. Our
      objective was to delineate the molecular properties that maintain islet cell type
      specification yet allow for cellular plasticity. We hypothesized that correlating
      cell type-specific transcriptomes with an atlas of open chromatin will identify
      novel genes and transcriptional regulatory elements such as enhancers involved in
      alpha- and beta-cell specification and plasticity. METHODS: We sorted human alpha
      and beta-cells and performed the "Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin
      with high throughput sequencing" (ATAC-seq) and mRNA-seq, followed by integrative
      analysis to identify cell type-selective gene regulatory regions. RESULTS: We
      identified numerous transcripts with either alpha-cell- or beta-cell-selective
      expression and discovered the cell type-selective open chromatin regions that
      correlate with these gene activation patterns. We confirmed cell type-selective
      expression on the protein level for two of the top hits from our screen. The
      "group specific protein" (GC; or vitamin D binding protein) was restricted to
      alpha-cells, while CHODL (chondrolectin) immunoreactivity was only present in
      beta-cells. Furthermore, alpha-cell- and beta-cell-selective ATAC-seq peaks were
      identified to overlap with known binding sites for islet transcription factors,
      as well as with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as
      risk loci for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: We have determined the genetic
      landscape of human alpha- and beta-cells based on chromatin accessibility and
      transcript levels, which allowed for detection of novel alpha- and beta-cell
      signature genes not previously known to be expressed in islets. Using fine
      mapping of open chromatin, we have identified thousands of potential cis
      regulatory elements that operate in an endocrine cell type-specific fashion.

PMID- 26977396
TI  - Sex difference in physical activity, energy expenditure and obesity driven by a
      subpopulation of hypothalamic POMC neurons.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Obesity is one of the primary healthcare challenges of the 21st
      century. Signals relaying information regarding energy needs are integrated
      within the brain to influence body weight. Central among these integration nodes
      are the brain pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides, perturbations of which
      disrupt energy balance and promote severe obesity. However, POMC neurons are
      neurochemically diverse and the crucial source of POMC peptides that regulate
      energy homeostasis and body weight remains to be fully clarified. METHODS: Given
      that a 5-hydroxytryptamine 2c receptor (5-HT2CR) agonist is a current obesity
      medication and 5-HT2CR agonist's effects on appetite are primarily mediated via
      POMC neurons, we hypothesized that a critical source of POMC regulating food
      intake and body weight is specifically synthesized in cells containing 5-HT2CRs.
      To exclusively manipulate Pomc synthesis only within 5-HT2CR containing cells, we
      generated a novel 5-HT 2C R (CRE) mouse line and intercrossed it with Cre
      recombinase-dependent and hypothalamic specific reactivatable Pomc (NEO) mice to
      restrict Pomc synthesis to the subset of hypothalamic cells containing 5-HT2CRs.
      This provided a means to clarify the specific contribution of a defined subgroup
      of POMC peptides in energy balance and body weight. RESULTS: Here we transform
      genetically programed obese and hyperinsulinemic male mice lacking hypothalamic
      Pomc with increased appetite, reduced physical activity and compromised brown
      adipose tissue (BAT) into lean, healthy mice via targeted restoration of Pomc
      function only within 5-HT2CR expressing cells. Remarkably, the same metabolic
      transformation does not occur in females, who despite corrected feeding behavior
      and normalized insulin levels remain physically inactive, have lower energy
      expenditure, compromised BAT and develop obesity. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide
      support for the functional heterogeneity of hypothalamic POMC neurons, revealing
      that Pomc expression within 5-HT2CR expressing neurons is sufficient to regulate
      energy intake and insulin sensitivity in male and female mice. However, an
      unexpected sex difference in the function of this subset of POMC neurons was
      identified with regard to energy expenditure. We reveal that a large sex
      difference in physical activity, energy expenditure and the development of
      obesity is driven by this subpopulation, which constitutes approximately 40% of
      all POMC neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. This may have broad
      implications for strategies utilized to combat obesity, which at present largely
      ignore the sex of the obese individual.

PMID- 26977398
TI  - Patterns of regional cerebellar atrophy in genetic frontotemporal dementia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative
      disorder with a strong genetic component. The cerebellum has not traditionally
      been felt to be involved in FTD but recent research has suggested a potential
      role. METHODS: We investigated the volumetry of the cerebellum and its subregions
      in a cohort of 44 patients with genetic FTD (20 MAPT, 7 GRN, and 17 C9orf72
      mutation carriers) compared with 18 cognitively normal controls. All groups were
      matched for age and gender. On volumetric T1-weighted magnetic resonance brain
      images we used an atlas propagation and label fusion strategy of the Diedrichsen
      cerebellar atlas to automatically extract subregions including the cerebellar
      lobules, the vermis and the deep nuclei. RESULTS: The global cerebellar volume
      was significantly smaller in C9orf72 carriers (mean (SD): 99989 (8939) mm(3))
      compared with controls (108136 (7407) mm(3)). However, no significant differences
      were seen in the MAPT and GRN carriers compared with controls (104191 (6491)
      mm(3) and 107883 (6205) mm(3) respectively). Investigating the individual
      subregions, C9orf72 carriers had a significantly lower volume than controls in
      lobule VIIa-Crus I (15% smaller, p < 0.0005), whilst MAPT mutation carriers had a
      significantly lower vermal volume (10% smaller, p = 0.001) than controls. All
      cerebellar subregion volumes were preserved in GRN carriers compared with
      controls. CONCLUSION: There appears to be a differential pattern of cerebellar
      atrophy in the major genetic forms of FTD, being relatively spared in GRN,
      localized to the lobule VIIa-Crus I in the superior-posterior region of the
      cerebellum in C9orf72, the area connected via the thalamus to the prefrontal
      cortex and involved in cognitive function, and localized to the vermis in MAPT,
      the 'limbic cerebellum' involved in emotional processing.

PMID- 26977401
TI  - Preface to the special issue of the International Congress on Parasites of
      Wildlife, 15-18 September 2014, Kruger National Park, South Africa.

PMID- 26977399
TI  - Spatial regression analysis of serial DTI for subject-specific longitudinal
      changes of neurodegenerative disease.
AB  - Quantitative measurement of localized longitudinal changes in brain abnormalities
      at an individual level may offer critical information for disease diagnosis and
      treatment. The voxel-wise permutation-based method SPREAD/iSPREAD, which combines
      resampling and spatial regression of neighboring voxels, provides an effective
      and robust method for detecting subject-specific longitudinal changes within the
      whole brain, especially for longitudinal studies with a limited number of scans.
      As an extension of SPREAD/iSPREAD, we present a general method that facilitates
      analysis of serial Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) measurements (with more than
      two time points) for testing localized changes in longitudinal studies. Two types
      of voxel-level test statistics (model-free test statistics, which measure intra
      subject variability across time, and test statistics based on general linear
      model that incorporate specific lesion evolution models) were estimated and
      tested against the null hypothesis among groups of DTI data across time. The
      implementation and utility of the proposed statistical method were demonstrated
      by both Monte Carlo simulations and applications on clinical DTI data from human
      brain in vivo. By a design of test statistics based on the disease progression
      model, it was possible to apportion the true significant voxels attributed to the
      disease progression and those caused by underlying anatomical differences that
      cannot be explained by the model, which led to improvement in false positive (FP)
      control in the results. Extension of the proposed method to include other
      diseases or drug effect models, as well as the feasibility of global statistics,
      was discussed. The proposed statistical method can be extended to a broad
      spectrum of longitudinal studies with carefully designed test statistics, which
      helps to detect localized changes at the individual level. 

PMID- 26977397
TI  - Subcortical neuromorphometry in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disorders within the schizophrenia spectrum genetically overlap with
      bipolar disorder, yet questions remain about shared biological phenotypes.
      Investigation of brain structure in disease has been enhanced by developments in
      shape analysis methods that can identify subtle regional surface deformations.
      Our study aimed to identify brain structure surface deformations that were common
      across related psychiatric disorders, and characterize differences. METHODS:
      Using the automated FreeSurfer-initiated Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric
      Mapping, we examined volumes and shapes of seven brain structures: hippocampus,
      amygdala, caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen, globus pallidus and thalamus. We
      compared findings in controls (CON; n = 40), and those with schizophrenia (SCZ; n
      = 52), schizotypal personality disorder (STP; n = 12), psychotic bipolar disorder
      (P-BP; n = 49) and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder (N-BP; n = 24), aged 15-35.
      Relationships between morphometric measures and positive, disorganized and
      negative symptoms were also investigated. RESULTS: Inward deformation was present
      in the posterior thalamus in SCZ, P-BP and N-BP; and in the subiculum of the
      hippocampus in SCZ and STP. Most brain structures however showed unique shape
      deformations across groups. Correcting for intracranial size resulted in
      volumetric group differences for caudate (p < 0.001), putamen (p < 0.01) and
      globus pallidus (p < 0.001). Shape analysis showed dispersed patterns of
      expansion on the basal ganglia in SCZ. Significant clinical relationships with
      hippocampal, amygdalar and thalamic volumes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Few
      similarities in surface deformation patterns were seen across groups, which may
      reflect differing neuropathologies. Posterior thalamic contraction in SCZ and BP
      suggest common genetic or environmental antecedents. Surface deformities in SCZ
      basal ganglia may have been due to antipsychotic drug effects.

PMID- 26977403
TI  - Morphological and molecular characterization of Eimeria purpureicephali n. sp.
      (Apicomplexa:Eimeriidae) in a red-capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius, Kuhl,
      1820) in Western Australia.
AB  - A new Eimeria species is described from a red-capped parrot (Purpureicephalus
      spurius). Sporulated oocysts (n = 31) were spherical to subspherical, with a
      rough bilayered oocyst wall 0.8 MUm thick. Oocysts measured 24.0 * 22.8 (20.4
      26.4 * 18.3-25.9) MUm, oocyst length/width ratio, 1.10. Oocyst residuum, polar
      granule and micropyle were absent. Sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 11.0 * 7.3
      (12.7-9.2 * 7.9-6.6) MUm, sporocyst length/width ratio, 1.51 (1.33-1.71). The
      thin convex Stieda body and indistinct substieda bodies were present and the
      sporocyst residuum was composed of numerous small granules less than 1.0 MUm in
      diameter dispersed randomly. Each sporocyst contained 2 sausage-shaped
      sporozoites in head-to-tail arrangement. The sporozoite nuclei were located
      centrally surrounded by refractile bodies. Molecular analysis was conducted at
      two loci; the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene.
      At the18S locus, the new isolate shared 99.0% genetic similarity with Eimeria
      dispersa and Eimeria innocua from the turkey. At the cytochrome c oxidase subunit
      I gene locus, this new isolate was most closely related to E. dispersa and E.
      innocua, presented 99.0% and 98.0% genetic similarity, respectively. This new
      isolate and E. dispersa grouped together in the same clade. Based on the
      morphological and molecular data, this isolate is a new species of coccidian
      parasite, which is named Eimeria purpureicephali n. sp. after its host, the red
      capped parrot (Purpureicephalus spurius). 

PMID- 26977402
TI  - Mussels (Perna perna) as bioindicator of environmental contamination by
      Cryptosporidium species with zoonotic potential.
AB  - Sources of contamination such as animal feces runoff, organic fertilizer
      application, and the release of partially treated or untreated sewage can lead to
      the contamination of aquatic environments by Cryptosporidium spp. The quality of
      mussels as food is closely related to the sanitary conditions of the marine
      environment where these bivalves are found. Marine mollusks are filter feeders
      that are able to retain Cryptosporidium oocysts in their tissue, thus functioning
      as bioindicators. A total of 72 pooled mussel samples of the species Perna perna
      were collected at two sites (A and B) in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de
      Janeiro State, Brazil. Sampling involved removal of 30 mussels, from each
      collection site every month for one year. The 30 mussels from each sampling were
      then allocated into three groups of 10. Two Cryptosporidium spp. genes (18S and
      GP60) were targeted for DNA amplification from the samples obtained. After
      purification, all of the products obtained were sequenced and phylogenetic
      analyses were performed. Of the 72 samples analyzed using the nested-PCR for the
      18S gene target, 29.2% were positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Of
      these samples, 52.4% were collected at site A (ie 11/21) and 47.6% at site B (ie
      10/21). The 18S genes of all the samples considered positive for Cryptosporidium
      spp. were sequenced, and the following three species were identified:
      Cryptosporidium parvum, C. meleagridis, and C. andersoni. Three distinct C.
      parvum subtypes (IIaA19G2R2; IIaA20G2R2; IIaA20G3R2) were identified using the
      GP60 gene. More studies to evaluate the zoonotic potential of this species should
      be performed as both sampling locations contain human and/or animal fecal
      contaminants. 

PMID- 26977400
TI  - Network analysis of functional brain connectivity in borderline personality
      disorder using resting-state fMRI.
AB  - Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with symptoms such as affect
      dysregulation, impaired sense of self, and self-harm behaviors. Neuroimaging
      research on BPD has revealed structural and functional abnormalities in specific
      brain regions and connections. However, little is known about the topological
      organizations of brain networks in BPD. We collected resting-state functional
      magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 20 patients with BPD and 10 healthy
      controls, and constructed frequency-specific functional brain networks by
      correlating wavelet-filtered fMRI signals from 82 cortical and subcortical
      regions. We employed graph-theory based complex network analysis to investigate
      the topological properties of the brain networks, and employed network-based
      statistic to identify functional dysconnections in patients. In the 0.03-0.06 Hz
      frequency band, compared to controls, patients with BPD showed significantly
      larger measures of global network topology, including the size of largest
      connected graph component, clustering coefficient, small-worldness, and local
      efficiency, indicating increased local cliquishness of the functional brain
      network. Compared to controls, patients showed lower nodal centrality at several
      hub nodes but greater centrality at several non-hub nodes in the network.
      Furthermore, an interconnected subnetwork in 0.03-0.06 Hz frequency band was
      identified that showed significantly lower connectivity in patients. The links in
      the subnetwork were mainly long-distance connections between regions located at
      different lobes; and the mean connectivity of this subnetwork was negatively
      correlated with the increased global topology measures. Lastly, the key network
      measures showed high correlations with several clinical symptom scores, and
      classified BPD patients against healthy controls with high accuracy based on
      linear discriminant analysis. The abnormal topological properties and
      connectivity found in this study may add new knowledge to the current
      understanding of functional brain networks in BPD. However, due to limitation of
      small sample sizes, the results of the current study should be viewed as
      exploratory and need to be validated on large samples in future works. 

PMID- 26977404
TI  - Sexual differences in prevalence of a new species of trypanosome infecting
      tungara frogs.
AB  - Trypanosomes are a diverse group of protozoan parasites of vertebrates
      transmitted by a variety of hematophagous invertebrate vectors. Anuran
      trypanosomes and their vectors have received relatively little attention even
      though these parasites have been reported from frog and toad species worldwide.
      Blood samples collected from tungara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus), a
      Neotropical anuran species heavily preyed upon by eavesdropping frog-biting
      midges (Corethrella spp.), were examined for trypanosomes. Our results revealed
      sexual differences in trypanosome prevalence with female frogs being rarely
      infected (<1%). This finding suggests this protozoan parasite may be transmitted
      by frog-biting midges that find their host using the mating calls produced by
      male frogs. Following previous anuran trypanosome studies, we examined 18S
      ribosomal RNA gene to characterize and establish the phylogenetic relationship of
      the trypanosome species found in tungara frogs. A new species of giant
      trypanosome, Trypanosoma tungarae n. sp., is described in this study. Overall the
      morphometric data revealed that the trypomastigotes of T. tungarae n. sp. are
      similar to other giant trypanosomes such as Trypanosoma rotatorium and
      Trypanosoma ranarum. Despite its slender and long cell shape, however, 18S rRNA
      gene sequences revealed that T. tungarae n. sp. is sister to the rounded-bodied
      giant trypanosome, Trypanosoma chattoni. Therefore, morphological convergence
      explains similar morphology among members of two non-closely related groups of
      trypanosomes infecting frogs. The results from this study underscore the value of
      coupling morphological identification with molecular characterization of anuran
      trypanosomes. 

PMID- 26977405
TI  - Lungworm seroprevalence in free-ranging harbour seals and molecular
      characterisation of marine mammal MSP.
AB  - Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are frequently infected with the lungworms
      Otostrongylus circumlitus and Parafilaroides gymnurus. The infection is often
      accompanied by secondary bacterial infections and can cause severe
      bronchopneumonia and even death in affected animals. Hitherto, the detection of
      lungworm infections was based on post mortem investigations from animals
      collected within stranding networks and a valid detection method for live free
      ranging harbour seals was not available. Recently, an ELISA was developed for
      detecting lungworm antibodies in harbour seal serum, using major sperm protein
      (MSP) of the bovine lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus as recombinant diagnostic
      antigen. To determine lungworm seroprevalence in free-ranging harbour seals,
      serum was taken from four different seal age groups (n = 313) resulting in an
      overall prevalence of 17.9% (18.9% of males, 16.7% of females). 0.7% of harbour
      seals up to six weeks of age were seropositive, as were 89% of seals between six
      weeks and six months, 53.6% between six and 18 months and 24.2% of seals over 18
      months of age. In the 18 months and over age group, seropositive animals showed
      statistically significant reductions in body weight (P = 0.003) and length (P <
      0.001). Sera from lungworm infected harbour seals in rehabilitation (n = 6)
      revealed that duration of antibody persistence may be similar to that of lungworm
      infected cattle, but further studies are needed to confirm this. Phylogenetic
      analyses of MSP sequences of different marine and terrestrial mammal parasitic
      nematodes revealed that lungworm MSP of the genus Dictyocaulus (superfamily
      Trichostrongyloidea) is more closely related to metastrongylid marine mammal
      lungworms than to trichostrongylid nematodes of terrestrial hosts. 

PMID- 26977406
TI  - Potential brain language reorganization in a boy with refractory epilepsy; an
      fNIRS-EEG and fMRI comparison.
AB  - As part of a presurgical investigation for a resection of a tumor located in the
      left temporal brain region, we evaluated pre- and postsurgical language
      lateralization in a right-handed boy with refractory epilepsy. In this study, we
      compared functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) results obtained while the
      participant performed expressive and receptive language tasks with those obtained
      using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This case study illustrates
      the potential for NIRS to contribute favorably to the localization of language
      functions in children with epilepsy and cognitive or behavioral problems and its
      potential advantages over fMRI in presurgical assessment. Moreover, it suggests
      that fNIRS is sensitive in localizing an atypical language network or potential
      brain reorganization related to epilepsy in young patients. 

PMID- 26977408
TI  - Surgical Management of Stuttering Ischemic Priapism: A Case Report and Concise
      Clinical Review.
AB  - Stuttering priapism is an extremely rare and poorly understood entity. We present
      a rare case of a 47-year-old Afro-Caribbean gentleman who required proximal shunt
      procedure to treat his ischemic stuttering priapism after he had failed medical
      management. We provided a concise review of the literature on the surgical
      management of ischemic priapism. This case highlighted the importance of prompt
      surgical intervention in prolonged stuttering priapism to avoid serious
      psychological and functional complications. 

PMID- 26977407
TI  - Challenges in identifying Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in adults: A case series
      illustrating its changing nature.
AB  - The variable presentation and progression of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) can
      make it difficult to recognize, particularly in adults. To improve diagnosis, a
      retrospective chart review was conducted on patients who were diagnosed as adults
      and/or were followed for several years after diagnosis. We present 5 cases that
      illustrate changes in LGS features over time. Cases 1 and 2 were diagnosed by age
      8 with intractable seizures, developmental delay, and abnormal EEGs with 1.5-2 Hz
      SSW discharges. However, seizure type and frequency changed over time for both
      patients, and the incidence of SSW discharges decreased. Cases 3, 4, and 5 were
      diagnosed with LGS as adults based on current and past features and symptoms,
      including treatment-resistant seizures, cognitive and motor impairment, and
      abnormal EEG findings. While incomplete, their records indicate that an earlier
      LGS diagnosis may have been missed or lost to history. These cases demonstrate
      the need to thoroughly and continuously evaluate all aspects of a patient's
      encephalopathy, bearing in mind the potential for LGS features to change over
      time. 

PMID- 26977410
TI  - Collecting Duct Carcinoma With Cardiac Metastases: A Case Report & Literature
      Review.
AB  - Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC), is a rare and aggressive form of renal cell
      carcinoma (RCC) accounting for around 1% of all renal malignancy. It affects
      younger patients and is associated with rapid progression, distant spread and
      poor prognosis. Cardiac metastases from all types of RCC, without involvement of
      the inferior vena cava are very rare. We present the case of a 54 year old man
      with a history of CDC, who presents with collapse and ventricular tachycardia
      secondary to multifocal cardiac metastases. We are not aware of any other reports
      in the literature of CDC and cardiac metastases. 

PMID- 26977409
TI  - Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma (LELC) of the Prostate.
AB  - Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is an aggressive tumor that rarely
      affects the prostate. Few cases are reported in the literature. We present a case
      report, pathologic description and review of the literature. 

PMID- 26977411
TI  - Simple, fast, and accurate methodology for quantitative analysis using Fourier
      transform infrared spectroscopy, with bio-hybrid fuel cell examples.
AB  - The standard methodologies for quantitative analysis (QA) of mixtures using
      Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instruments have evolved until they are now
      more complicated than necessary for many users' purposes. We present a simpler
      methodology, suitable for widespread adoption of FTIR QA as a standard laboratory
      technique across disciplines by occasional users.*Algorithm is straightforward
      and intuitive, yet it is also fast, accurate, and robust.*Relies on component
      spectra, minimization of errors, and local adaptive mesh refinement.*Tested
      successfully on real mixtures of up to nine components. We show that our
      methodology is robust to challenging experimental conditions such as similar
      substances, component percentages differing by three orders of magnitude, and
      imperfect (noisy) spectra. As examples, we analyze biological, chemical, and
      physical aspects of bio-hybrid fuel cells. 

PMID- 26977412
TI  - Penis Allotransplantation in Beagle Dog.
AB  - This is an original research of penis allotransplantation. The paper presents an
      experiment allogenic penis transplantation model in Beagles, with a focus on
      recovery of blood supply and changes in tissue architecture. Twenty adult Beagles
      were allocated to 10 pairs for penile transplantation. After operation, the skin
      and glans were observed. If adverse symptoms occurred, the transplanted penis was
      resected and pathologically examined. Frequency of urination, urinary stream, and
      patency level were recorded 7 days after transplantation. Cystourethrography was
      performed on Day 10. The transplanted penises were resected on Day 14 for
      pathological examination. The research showed that transplanted penises survived
      after allotransplantation, and the dogs regained urination ability. Penis
      autotransplantation in Beagles is feasible. This preliminary study shows a
      potential for application of this new procedure for penis transplantation in
      humans. 

PMID- 26977413
TI  - Energy Modulated Photon Radiotherapy: A Monte Carlo Feasibility Study.
AB  - A novel treatment modality termed energy modulated photon radiotherapy (EMXRT)
      was investigated. The first step of EMXRT was to determine beam energy for each
      gantry angle/anatomy configuration from a pool of photon energy beams (2 to 10
      MV) with a newly developed energy selector. An inverse planning system using
      gradient search algorithm was then employed to optimize photon beam intensity of
      various beam energies based on presimulated Monte Carlo pencil beam dose
      distributions in patient anatomy. Finally, 3D dose distributions in six patients
      of different tumor sites were simulated with Monte Carlo method and compared
      between EMXRT plans and clinical IMRT plans. Compared to current IMRT technique,
      the proposed EMXRT method could offer a better paradigm for the radiotherapy of
      lung cancers and pediatric brain tumors in terms of normal tissue sparing and
      integral dose. For prostate, head and neck, spine, and thyroid lesions, the EMXRT
      plans were generally comparable to the IMRT plans. Our feasibility study
      indicated that lower energy (<6 MV) photon beams could be considered in modern
      radiotherapy treatment planning to achieve a more personalized care for
      individual patient with dosimetric gains. 

PMID- 26977414
TI  - Advancements in RNASeqGUI towards a Reproducible Analysis of RNA-Seq Experiments.
AB  - We present the advancements and novelties recently introduced in RNASeqGUI, a
      graphical user interface that helps biologists to handle and analyse large data
      collected in RNA-Seq experiments. This work focuses on the concept of
      reproducible research and shows how it has been incorporated in RNASeqGUI to
      provide reproducible (computational) results. The novel version of RNASeqGUI
      combines graphical interfaces with tools for reproducible research, such as
      literate statistical programming, human readable report, parallel executions,
      caching, and interactive and web-explorable tables of results. These features
      allow the user to analyse big datasets in a fast, efficient, and reproducible
      way. Moreover, this paper represents a proof of concept, showing a simple way to
      develop computational tools for Life Science in the spirit of reproducible
      research. 

PMID- 26977415
TI  - The Alternative Faces of Macrophage Generate Osteoclasts.
AB  - The understanding of how osteoclasts are generated and whether they can be
      altered by inflammatory stimuli is a topic of particular interest for
      osteoclastogenesis. It is known that the monocyte/macrophage lineage gives rise
      to osteoclasts (OCs) by the action of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M
      CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), which induce
      cell differentiation through their receptors, c-fms and RANK, respectively. The
      multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) generated by the engagement of RANK/RANKL are
      typical OCs. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the question of which
      subset of macrophages generates OCs. Indeed, two main subsets of macrophages are
      postulated, the inflammatory or classically activated type (M1) and the anti
      inflammatory or alternatively activated type (M2). It has been proposed that
      macrophages can be polarized in vitro towards a predominantly M1 or M2 phenotype
      with the addition of granulocyte macrophage- (GM-) CSF or M-CSF, respectively.
      Various inflammatory stimuli known to induce macrophage polarization, such as LPS
      or TNF-alpha, can alter the type of MGC obtained from RANKL-induced
      differentiation. This review aims to highlight the role of immune-related stimuli
      and factors in inducing macrophages towards the osteoclastogenesis choice. 

PMID- 26977416
TI  - Increased Autoreactivity of the Complement-Activating Molecule Mannan-Binding
      Lectin in a Type 1 Diabetes Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of end-stage renal
      failure despite intensive treatment of modifiable risk factors. Identification of
      new drug targets is therefore of paramount importance. The complement system is
      emerging as a potential new target. The lectin pathway of the complement system,
      initiated by the carbohydrate-recognition molecule mannan-binding lectin (MBL),
      is linked to poor kidney prognosis in diabetes. We hypothesized that MBL
      activates complement upon binding within the diabetic glomerulus. METHODS: We
      investigated this by comparing complement deposition and activation in kidneys
      from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and healthy control mice. RESULTS:
      After 20 weeks of diabetes, glomerular deposition of MBL was significantly
      increased. Diabetic animals had 2.0-fold higher (95% CI 1.6-2.5)
      immunofluorescence intensity from anti-MBL antibodies compared with controls (P <
      0.001). Diabetes and control groups did not differ in glomerular
      immunofluorescence intensity obtained by antibodies against complement factors
      C4, C3, and C9. However, the circulating complement activation product C3a was
      increased in diabetes as compared to control mice (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: 20
      weeks of diabetes increased MBL autoreactivity in the kidney and circulating C3a
      concentration. Together with previous findings, these results indicate direct
      effects of MBL within the kidney in diabetes.

PMID- 26977418
TI  - In Thyroidectomized Thyroid Cancer Patients, False-Positive I-131 Whole Body
      Scans Are Often Caused by Inflammation Rather Than Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - Objective. To show that I-131 false-positive results on whole-body scans (WBSs)
      after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer may be a result of inflammation
      unassociated with the cancer. Methods. We performed a retrospective image
      analysis of our database of thyroid cancer patients who underwent WBS from
      January 2008 to January 2012 to identify and stratify false positives. Results. A
      total of 564 patients underwent WBS during the study period; 96 patients were
      referred for 99 I-131 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) scans
      to better interpret cryptic findings. Among them, 73 scans were shown to be
      falsely positive; 40/73 or 54.7% of false-positive findings were a result of
      inflammation. Of the findings, 17 were in the head, 1 in the neck, 4 in the
      chest, 3 in the abdomen, and 14 in the pelvis; 1 had a knee abscess. Conclusions.
      In our series, inflammation caused the majority of false-positive WBSs. I-131
      SPECT/CT is powerful in the differentiation of inflammation from thyroid cancer.
      By excluding metastatic disease, one can properly prognosticate outcome and avoid
      unnecessary, potentially harmful treatment of patients with thyroid cancer. 

PMID- 26977417
TI  - Systematic and Cell Type-Specific Telomere Length Changes in Subsets of
      Lymphocytes.
AB  - Telomeres, the protective DNA-protein complexes at the ends of linear
      chromosomes, are important for genome stability. Leukocyte or peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length is a potential biomarker for human aging
      that integrates genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors and is associated
      with mortality and risks for major diseases. However, only a limited number of
      studies have examined longitudinal changes of telomere length and few have
      reported data on sorted circulating immune cells. We examined the average
      telomere length (TL) in CD4+, CD8+CD28+, and CD8+CD28- T cells, B cells, and
      PBMCs, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in a cohort of premenopausal women.
      We report that TL changes over 18 months were correlated among these three T cell
      types within the same participant. Additionally, PBMC TL change was also
      correlated with those of all three T cell types, and B cells. The rate of
      shortening for B cells was significantly greater than for the three T cell types.
      CD8+CD28- cells, despite having the shortest TL, showed significantly more rapid
      attrition when compared to CD8+CD28+ T cells. These results suggest
      systematically coordinated, yet cell type-specific responses to factors and
      pathways contribute to telomere length regulation. 

PMID- 26977419
TI  - Course Setting as a Prevention Measure for Overuse Injuries of the Back in Alpine
      Ski Racing: A Kinematic and Kinetic Study of Giant Slalom and Slalom.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A combination of frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion in the
      loaded trunk has been suggested to be a mechanism leading to overuse injuries of
      the back in Alpine ski racing. However, there is limited knowledge about the
      effect of course setting on the aforementioned back-loading patterns. PURPOSE: To
      investigate the effect of increased gate offset on the skier's overall trunk
      kinematics and the occurring ground-reaction forces and to compare these
      variables between the competition disciplines giant slalom (GS) and slalom (SL).
      STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Ten top-level athletes were
      divided into GS and SL groups. Both groups performed a total of 240 GS and 240 SL
      turns at 2 different course settings. The overall trunk movement components
      (frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion angle) were measured using 2
      inertial measurement units fixed on the sacrum and sternum. Total ground-reaction
      forces were measured by pressure insoles. RESULTS: In SL, ground-reaction force
      peaks were significantly lower when the gate offset was increased, while in GS,
      no differences between course settings were observed. During the turn phase in
      which the highest spinal disc loading is expected to occur, the back-loading
      patterns in both GS and SL included a combination of frontal bending, lateral
      bending, and torsion in the loaded trunk. SL was characterized by shorter turns,
      lower frontal and lateral bending angles after gate passage, and a trend toward
      greater total ground-reaction force peaks compared with GS. CONCLUSION: Course
      setting is a reasonable measure to reduce the skier's overall back loading in SL
      but not in GS. The distinct differences observed between GS and SL should be
      taken into account when defining discipline-specific prevention measures for back
      overuse injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To reduce the magnitude of the overall back
      loading, in SL, minimal gate offsets should be avoided. Prevention measures in GS
      might particularly need to control and/or reduce the magnitude of frontal and
      lateral bending in the loaded trunk, whereas prevention measures in SL might
      especially need to mitigate the short and high total ground-reaction force peaks.

PMID- 26977421
TI  - Assessment of Intraoperative Intra-articular Morphine and Clonidine Injection in
      the Acute Postoperative Period After Hip Arthroscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous authors have suggested that intra-articular morphine and
      clonidine injections after knee arthroscopy have demonstrated equivocal analgesic
      effect in comparison with bupivacaine while circumventing the issue of
      chondrotoxicity. There have been no studies evaluating the effect of intra
      articular morphine after hip arthroscopy. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of
      intra-articular morphine in combination with clonidine on postoperative pain and
      narcotic consumption after hip arthroscopy surgery for femoroacetabular
      impingement. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A
      retrospective chart review was performed on 43 patients that underwent hip
      arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement at a single institution between
      September 2014 and May 2015. All patients received preoperative celecoxib and
      acetaminophen, and 22 patients received an additional intra-articular injection
      of 10 mg morphine and 100 MUg of clonidine at the conclusion of the procedure.
      Narcotic consumption, duration of anesthesia recovery, and perioperative pain
      scores were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Patients who received intra
      articular morphine and clonidine used significantly less opioid analgesic (mEq)
      in the postanesthesia recovery (median difference, 17 mEq [95% CI, -32 to -2
      mEq]; P = .02) compared with the control group. There were no differences in time
      spent in recovery before hospital discharge or in visual analog pain scores
      recorded immediately postoperatively and at 1 hour after surgery. CONCLUSION:
      Intraoperative intra-articular injection of morphine and clonidine significantly
      reduced the narcotic requirement during the postsurgical recovery period after
      hip arthroscopy. The reduction in postsurgical opioids may decrease adverse
      effects, improve overall pain management, and lead to better quality of recovery
      and improved patient satisfaction.

PMID- 26977420
TI  - Effect of Wedge Insertion Angle on Posterior Tibial Slope in Medial Opening Wedge
      High Tibial Osteotomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a well
      established surgery for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) wherein the
      lower extremity is realigned to shift the load distribution from the medial
      compartment of the knee to the lateral compartment. However, this surgery is
      known to affect the posterior tibial slope angle (PTSA), which could lead to
      abnormal knee kinematics and instability, and eventually to knee OA. Although
      PTSA control is as important as coronal realignment, few appropriate measurements
      for this parameter have been reported. The placement of a wedge spacer might have
      an effect on PTSA. PURPOSE: To elucidate the relationship between the PTSA and
      the direction of insertion of a wedge spacer. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of
      evidence, 4. METHODS: This study assessed 43 knees from 34 patients who underwent
      medial opening wedge HTO for knee OA. Pre- and postoperative lateral radiographs
      of the knee as well as postoperative computed tomography scans were performed to
      evaluate the relationship among PTSA, wedge insertion angle (WIA), and opening
      gap ratio (distance of the anterior opening gap/distance of the posterior opening
      gap at the osteotomy site). RESULTS: The PTSA significantly increased from 9.0
      degrees  +/- 2.8 degrees  preoperatively to 13.2 degrees  +/- 4.1 degrees 
      postoperatively (P < .001), resulting in a mean DeltaPTSA of 4.7 degrees  +/- 4.5
      degrees . The mean opening gap ratio was 0.86 +/- 0.11, and the mean WIA was 25.9
      degrees  +/- 8.4 degrees . The WIA and opening gap ratio were both highly
      correlated with DeltaPTSA (r = 0.71 and 0.72, respectively), implying that a
      smaller WIA or smaller gap ratio leads to less increase in posterior slope.
      CONCLUSION: The direction of wedge insertion is highly correlated with PTSA
      increase, which suggests that the PTSA can be controlled for by adjusting the
      direction of wedge insertion during surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Study results
      suggest that it is possible to adjust the PTSA by controlling the WIA during
      surgery. Proper attention to WIA can avoid an iatrogenic increase in posterior
      tibial slope.

PMID- 26977422
TI  - Chao Yuanfang: Imperial Physician of the Sui Dynasty and an Early Pertussis
      Observer?
AB  - Early Chinese texts contain extensive disease descriptions, including various
      texts that contain descriptions of modern-day conditions. During the Sui Dynasty,
      a leading scholar, Chao Yuanfang, may have authored a leading treatise 1400 years
      ago. Although these texts are the subject of ongoing research, evidence suggests
      that a clinical syndrome consistent with pertussis was observed in ancient China.

PMID- 26977425
TI  - Data on in vitro and in vivo cell orientation on substrates with different
      topographies.
AB  - This data article contains data related to the research article entitled
      "Substrate topography: A valuable in vitro tool, but a clinical red herring for
      in vivo tenogenesis" [1]. We report measurements on tenocyte viability, metabolic
      activity and proliferation on substrates with different topographies. We also
      report the effect of substrates with different topographies on host cells in a
      subcutaneous model. 

PMID- 26977423
TI  - Immunoadsorption therapy in autoimmune encephalitides.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It was hypothesized that in encephalitides with autoantibodies
      directed to CNS surface antigens an antibody-removing intervention might speed up
      recovery. METHODS: The outcome of autoimmune encephalitis in 19 patients with
      antibodies against surface antigens (leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 [LGI1], n
      = 3; contactin-associated protein-2 [CASPR2], n = 4; NMDA receptor [NMDAR], n =
      7) and intracellular antigens (glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD], n = 5) after
      immunoadsorption in addition to corticosteroid therapy was evaluated
      retrospectively. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores and data on seizures, memory,
      and antibody titers directly after immunoadsorption (early follow-up) and after a
      median of 4 months (late follow-up) were compiled. RESULTS: Immediately after
      immunoadsorption, 9 of 14 patients with antibodies against LGI1, CASPR2, or NMDAR
      (64%), but none with GAD antibodies, had improved by at least one mRS point. Five
      of the 7 patients with LGI1 or CASRP2 antibodies had become seizure-free, and 2
      patients with NMDAR antibodies had a memory improvement of more than 1 SD of a
      normal control population. At late follow-up, 12 of 14 patients with surface
      antibodies had improved (86%), and none of the patients with GAD antibodies.
      CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that addition of immunoadsorption to
      immunosuppression therapy in patients with surface antibodies may accelerate
      recovery. This supports the pathogenic role of surface antibodies. CLASSIFICATION
      OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that immunoadsorption combined
      with immunosuppression therapy is effective in patients with autoimmune
      encephalitis with surface antibodies.

PMID- 26977424
TI  - Self-medication with sucrose.
AB  - For many individuals, stress promotes the consumption of sweet, high-sugar foods
      relative to healthier alternatives. Daily life stressors stimulate the overeating
      of highly-palatable foods through multiple mechanisms, including altered
      glucocorticoid, relaxin-3, ghrelin and serotonin signaling in brain. In turn, a
      history of consuming high-sugar foods attenuates the psychological (anxiety and
      depressed mood) and physiological (HPA axis) effects of stress. Together the
      metabolic and hedonic properties of sucrose contribute to its stress relief,
      possibly via actions in both the periphery (e.g., glucocorticoid receptor
      signaling in adipose tissue) and in the brain (e.g., plasticity in brain reward
      regions). Emerging work continues to reveal the bidirectional mechanisms that
      underlie the use of high-sugar foods as 'self-medication' for stress relief.

PMID- 26977427
TI  - Data in support of the negative influence of divalent cations on (-)
      epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase
      2 (MMP-2).
AB  - In this data article we have provided evidence for the negative influence of
      divalent cations on (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-mediated inhibition of
      matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity in cell-free experiments. Chelating
      agents, such as EDTA and sodium citrate alone, did not affect MMP-2 activity.
      While EDTA enhanced, excess of divalent cations interfered with EGCG-mediated
      inhibition of MMP-2. 

PMID- 26977426
TI  - Corrigendum to "Data for proteomic analysis of murine cardiomyocytic HL-1 cells
      treated with siRNA against tissue factor" [Data Brief 3 (2015) 117-119].
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.02.005.]. 

PMID- 26977428
TI  - Dataset for human sensitivity to chemicals during development of motor function.
AB  - The authors reviewed human data related to motor development following exposure
      to a subset of chemicals thoroughly reviewed in Agency for Toxic Substances and
      Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profiles and Addenda. The resulting
      dataset includes the following variables and confounders: chemical name, exposure
      route, exposure duration and frequency, study design, cohort name and/or
      geographic location, sex of cohort subjects, NOAEL, and LOAEL. This data summary
      can help validate motor development outcomes observed in animal exposure studies;
      it can also aid in determining whether these outcomes and corresponding exposure
      windows are relevant to humans. 

PMID- 26977429
TI  - Summary of clinical and laboratory data of study subjects with and without DCE
      MRI plaque measurements in the AIM-HIGH clinical trial.
AB  - This brief data article summarizes the clinical risk factors and laboratory data
      of a group of subjects recruited for the AIM-HIGH trial (Atherothrombosis
      Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides and Impact on
      Global Health Outcomes) and an associated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      substudy. The sample is restricted to those on statin therapy at the time of
      enrollment and data are presented stratified by whether dynamic contrast enhanced
      MRI (DCE-MRI) markers of carotid plaque vascularity and inflammation were
      available or not. The data provided herein are directly related to the article
      "Longer Duration of Statin Therapy is Associated with Decreased Carotid Plaque
      Vascularity by Magnetic Resonance Imaging" [2]. 

PMID- 26977430
TI  - Complementary characterization data in support of uniaxially aligned electrospun
      nanocomposites based on a model PVOH-epoxy system.
AB  - This paper presents complementary data corresponding to characterization tests
      done for our research article entitled "Uniaxially aligned electrospun fibers for
      advanced nanocomposites based on a model PVOH-epoxy system" (Karimi et al., 2016)
      [1]. Poly(vinyl alcohol) and epoxy resin were selected as a model system and the
      effect of electrospun fiber loading on polymer properties was examined in
      conjunction with two manufacturing methods. A novel electrospinning technology
      for production of uniaxially aligned nanofiber arrays was used. A conventional
      wet lay-up fabrication method is compared against a novel, hybrid electrospinning
      electrospraying approach. The structure and thermomechanical properties of
      resulting composite materials were examined using scanning electron microscopy,
      dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning
      calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile testing. For
      discussion of obtained results please refer to the research paper (Karimi et al.,
      2016) [1]. 

PMID- 26977431
TI  - Proteomic analysis of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua: Data from leaf and
      trichome extracts.
AB  - This article contains raw and processed data related to research published by
      Bryant et al.[1]. Data was obtained by MS-based proteomics, analysing trichome
      enriched, trichome-depleted and whole leaf samples taken from the medicinal plant
      Artemisia annua and searching the acquired MS/MS data against a recently
      published contig database [2] and other genomic and proteomic sequence databases
      for comparison. The processed data shows that an order-of-magnitude more proteins
      have been identified from trichome-enriched Artemisia annua samples in comparison
      to previously published data. Proteins known to have a role in the biosynthesis
      of artemisinin and other highly abundant proteins were found which imply
      additional enzymatically driven processes occurring within the trichomes that are
      significant for the biosynthesis of artemisinin. 

PMID- 26977432
TI  - Data on individual metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and
      AM2201 by Cunninghamella elegans.
AB  - Synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 were metabolised by the fungus
      Cunninghamella elegans. In this article, data on individual metabolites of their
      retention times, mass accuracies, major product ions and structures indicated by
      product ions are presented. The data in this article is related to
      "Biotransformation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 by
      Cunninghamella elegans" [1]. 

PMID- 26977433
TI  - Dataset of mouse hippocampus profiled by LC-MS/MS for label-free quantitation.
AB  - This dataset reports on the analysis of mouse hippocampus by LC-MS/MS, from mice
      fed a diet that was either deficient in n-3 FA (n-3 Def) or sufficient in n-3 FA
      (n-3 Adq). Label free quantitative (LFQ) analysis of the mass spectrometry data
      identified 1008 quantifiable proteins, 115 of which were found to be
      differentially expressed between the two dietary groups (n=8 per group). This
      data article refers to the research article "Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency
      disrupts endocytosis, neuritogenesis, and mitochondrial protein pathways in the
      mouse hippocampus" (English et al., 2013 [1]), in which a more comprehensive
      interpretation and analysis of the data is given. 

PMID- 26977435
TI  - MS-analysis of SILAC-labeled MYC-driven B lymphoma cells overexpressing miR-17
      19b.
AB  - Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which dampen gene expression by
      repressing translation and/or inducing degradation of target-mRNAs. Although the
      role of miR-17-19b (a truncated version of miR-17-92 cluster) is well documented
      in MYC-driven B cell lymphomagenesis, little is known about the function of the
      cluster in the maintenance of full-blown lymphomas. We employed SILAC-based
      quantitative proteomics to identify miR-17-19b targets upon a mild overexpression
      of the cluster in B cell lymphomas, established from lambda-MYC transgenic mice.
      The proteomics data described in detail in this study, whose follow up analysis
      with MaxQuant algorithm is part of the recent publication (Mihailovich et al.,
      2015) [1], are deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner
      repository, with the accession code PRIDE: PXD002810. 

PMID- 26977434
TI  - Structure of the GAT domain of the endosomal adapter protein Tom1.
AB  - Cellular homeostasis requires correct delivery of cell-surface receptor proteins
      (cargo) to their target subcellular compartments. The adapter proteins Tom1 and
      Tollip are involved in sorting of ubiquitinated cargo in endosomal compartments.
      Recruitment of Tom1 to the endosomal compartments is mediated by its GAT domain's
      association to Tollip's Tom1-binding domain (TBD). In this data article, we
      report the solution NMR-derived structure of the Tom1 GAT domain. The estimated
      protein structure exhibits a bundle of three helical elements. We compare the
      Tom1 GAT structure with those structures corresponding to the Tollip TBD- and
      ubiquitin-bound states. 

PMID- 26977436
TI  - Estimation of postmortem interval using the data of insulin level in the
      cadaver's blood.
AB  - An assessment of levels of Insulin in cadaveric fluids, to estimate the
      postmortem interval (PMI) was carried out. To profile postmortem changes of
      Insulin, it was extracted at different intervals i.e. (0, 3, 6, 12, 24 h), from
      the heart of 22 human cadavers. The cases included were the subjects of
      accidental deaths without any prior history of disease and their exact time of
      death was known. Immunoanalyzer Cobas e-411 instrument was used to detect the
      relationship between the amount of Insulin and PMI. Level of Insulin was measured
      in cardiac blood. Statically, significant correlations between levels of Insulin
      and PMI were studied and correlation coefficients were calculated. SPSS (version
      12.0) was used for statistical analysis. Insulin levels in cadaver blood are
      correlated significantly with PMI with a p value of <0.001. When insulin level
      increases by 1 unit the duration decreases by 0.93 units. The least square
      regression line is: [Duration(Y)=22.71-0.93 Insulin level (X)]. 

PMID- 26977438
TI  - Changes over lactation in breast milk serum proteins involved in the maturation
      of immune and digestive system of the infant.
AB  - Here we provide data from shot-gun proteomics, using filtered-aided sample
      preparation (FASP), dimethyl labeling and LC-MS/MS, to quantify the changes in
      the repertoire of human milk proteins over lactation. Milk serum proteins were
      analyzed at week 1, 2, 3 4, 8, 16, and 24 in milk from four individual mothers. A
      total of 247 proteins were identified, of which 200 proteins were quantified. The
      data supplied in this article supports the accompanying publication (Zhang et
      al., 2006) [1]. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the
      ProteomeXchange Consortium (Vizcaino et al., 2016) [2] via the PRIDE partner
      repository with the dataset identifier PXD003465. 

PMID- 26977437
TI  - The effect of statins therapy in aortic stenosis: Meta-analysis comparison data
      of RCTs and observationals.
AB  - Aortic stenosis has been shown to share the same risk factors as atherosclerosis
      which suggested a potential benefit from statins therapy. Fourteen studies which
      provided the effect of statins treatment on aortic stenosis (AS) were meta
      analyzed, including 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 9 observational
      studies. In the RCTs, statins did not have any influence on peak aortic valve
      velocity, peak valve gradient, mean valve gradient, aortic valve area and aortic
      calcification compared to controls. In the observational studies, the peak valve
      velocity, peak gradient and aortic valve area showed less progression in the
      statins group compared to controls. This article describes data related article
      title "The effect of statins on valve function and calcification in aortic
      stenosis: a meta-analysis" (Zhao et al., 2016) [1]. 

PMID- 26977439
TI  - Behavioral data of thin-film single junction amorphous silicon (a-Si)
      photovoltaic modules under outdoor long term exposure.
AB  - Four years' behavioral data of thin-film single junction amorphous silicon (a-Si)
      photovoltaic (PV) modules installed in a relatively dry and sunny inland site
      with a Continental-Mediterranean climate (in the city of Jaen, Spain) are
      presented in this article. The shared data contributes to clarify how the Light
      Induced Degradation (LID) impacts the output power generated by the PV array,
      especially in the first days of exposure under outdoor conditions. Furthermore, a
      valuable methodology is provided in this data article permitting the assessment
      of the degradation rate and the stabilization period of the PV modules. Further
      discussions and interpretations concerning the data shared in this article can be
      found in the research paper "Characterization of degradation and evaluation of
      model parameters of amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules under outdoor long
      term exposure" (Kichou et al., 2016) [1]. 

PMID- 26977440
TI  - Effects of glia metabolism inhibition on nociceptive behavioral testing in rats.
AB  - Fluoroacetate has been widely used to inhibit glia metabolism in vivo. It has yet
      to be shown what the effects of chronic intrathecal infusion of fluoroacetate on
      nociceptive behavioral testing are. The effects of chronic infusion of
      fluoroacetate (5 nmoles/h) for 2 weeks were examined in normal rats. Chronic
      intrathecal fluoroacetate did not alter mechanical threshold (von Frey
      filaments), responses to supra-threshold mechanical stimuli (von Frey filaments),
      responses to hot (hot plate) or cool (acetone test) stimuli and did not affect
      motor performance of the animals, which was tested with rotarod. This suggests
      that fluoroacetate at appropriate dose did not suppress neuronal activity in the
      spinal cord. 

PMID- 26977441
TI  - Dataset of calcified plaque condition in the stenotic coronary artery lesion
      obtained using multidetector computed tomography to indicate the addition of
      rotational atherectomy during percutaneous coronary intervention.
AB  - Our data shows the regional coronary artery calcium scores (lesion CAC) on
      multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and the cross-section imaging on MDCT
      angiography (CTA) in the target lesion of the patients with stable angina
      pectoris who were scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). CAC and
      CTA data were measured using a 128-slice scanner (Somatom Definition AS+; Siemens
      Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany) before PCI. CAC was measured in a non
      contrast-enhanced scan and was quantified using the Calcium Score module of
      SYNAPSE VINCENT software (Fujifilm Co. Tokyo, Japan) and expressed in Agatston
      units. CTA were then continued with a contrast-enhanced ECG gating to measure the
      severity of the calcified plaque condition. We present that both CAC and CTA data
      are used as a benchmark to consider the addition of rotational atherectomy during
      PCI to severely calcified plaque lesions. 

PMID- 26977442
TI  - Supporting data for characterization of non-coding RNAs associated with the
      Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) adhesion protein.
AB  - Long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs control gene expression to determine central
      nervous system development and function. Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) is a
      cell adhesion molecule that plays an important role in neurite outgrowth during
      neuronal development and its precise expression is crucial for correct brain
      development. The data described here is related to the research article titled "A
      long non-coding RNA, BC048612 and a microRNA, miR-203 coordinate the gene
      expression of Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) adhesion protein" [1]. This
      data article contains detailed bioinformatics analysis of genetic signatures at
      the Negr1 gene locus retrieved from the UCSC genome browser. This approach could
      be adopted to identify putative regulatory non-coding RNAs in other tissues and
      diseases. 

PMID- 26977444
TI  - Data supporting the absence of FNR dynamic photosynthetic membrane recruitment in
      trol mutants.
AB  - In photosynthesis, the flavoenzyme ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR)
      catalyses the final electron transfer from ferredoxin to NADP(+), which is
      considered as the main pathway of high-energy electron partitioning in
      chloroplasts (DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03999.x[1], DOI:
      10.1038/srep10085[2]). Different detergents and pH treatments of photosynthetic
      membranes isolated from the Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) and the loss-of-function
      mutants of the thylakoid rhodanase-like protein TROL (trol), pre-acclimated to
      either dark, growth-light, or high-light conditions, were used to probe the
      strength of FNR-membrane associations. Detergents beta-DM (decyl-beta-D
      maltopyranoside) or beta-DDM (n-dodecyl-beta-D-maltopyranoside) were used to test
      the stability of FNR binding to the thylakoid membranes, and to assess different
      membrane domains containing FNR. Further, the extraction conditions mimicked pH
      status of chloroplast stroma during changing light regimes. Plants without TROL
      are incapable of the dynamic FNR recruitment to the photosynthetic membranes. 

PMID- 26977443
TI  - Dataset of liver proteins changed in eu- and hypothyroid female rats upon in vivo
      exposure to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).
AB  - Female Wistar rats with different thyroid status (eu-, hypothyroid) were exposed
      to 0, 3 or 30 mg/kg body weight of the flame retardant HBCD for 7 days. Changes
      in protein patterns obtained by 2D-DIGE were evaluated, and different animal
      groups compared taking into account their exposure and thyroid status. Proteins
      significantly altered in abundance in any of these comparisons were identified by
      mass spectrometry. These data, together with hormone data of the animals, are
      discussed in "Hexa-bromocyclododecane (HBCD) induced changes in the liver
      proteome of eu- and hypothyroid female rats" (Miller et al., 2016) [1]. 

PMID- 26977445
TI  - Validation, optimisation, and application data in support of the development of a
      targeted selected ion monitoring assay for degraded cardiac troponin T.
AB  - Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) fragmentation in human serum was investigated using a
      newly developed targeted selected ion monitoring assay, as described in the
      accompanying article: "Development of a targeted selected ion monitoring assay
      for the elucidation of protease induced structural changes in cardiac troponin T"
      [1]. This article presents data describing aspects of the validation and
      optimisation of this assay. The data consists of several figures, an excel file
      containing the results of a sequence identity search, and a description of the
      raw mass spectrometry (MS) data files, deposited in the ProteomeXchange
      repository with id PRIDE: PXD003187. 

PMID- 26977446
TI  - Data supporting the cardiac mitochondria calcium handling in female normotensive
      and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - In association with the published article "Mitochondrial calcium handling in
      normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats: correlation with systolic blood
      pressure levels" [1], this data article contains information about calcium
      handling of cardiac mitochondria isolated from female of both rats strains (WKY
      and SHR). Dataset of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) resistance
      to opening Ca(2+)-mediated, Ca(2+) retention capacity (CRC), time constants and
      mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) are showed. 

PMID- 26977447
TI  - Data for global lysine-acetylation analysis in rice (Oryza sativa).
AB  - Rice is one of the most important crops for human consumption and is a staple
      food for over half of the world's population (Yu et al., 2002) [1]. A systematic
      identification of the lysine acetylome was performed by our research (Xiong et
      al., 2016) [2]. Rice plant samples were collected from 5 weeks old seedlings
      (Oryza sativa, Nipponbare). After the trypsin digestion and immunoaffinity
      precipitation, LC-MS/MS approach was used to identify acetylated peptides. After
      the collected MS/MS data procession and GO annotation, the InterProScan was used
      to annotate protein domain. Subcellular localization of the identified acetylated
      proteins was predicted by WoLF PSORT. The KEGG pathway database was used to
      annotate identified acetylated protein interactions, reactions, and relations.
      The data, supplied in this article, are related to "A comprehensive catalog of
      the lysine-acetylation targets in rice (O. sativa) based on proteomic analyses"
      by Xiong et al. (2016) [2]. 

PMID- 26977448
TI  - SILAC based protein profiling data of MKK3 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
AB  - This data article reports changes in the phospho and total proteome of MKK3 knock
      out (MKK3(-) (/) (-)) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The dataset generated
      highlights the changes at protein level which can be helpful for understanding
      targets of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Data was collected after TiO2-based
      phosphopeptide enrichment of whole cell lysate at baseline condition with bottom
      up SILAC-based LC MS/MS quantitative mass spectrometry. We report all the
      proteins and peptides identified and quantified in MKK3(-/-) and WT MEFs. The
      altered pathways in MKK3(-/-) MEFs were analyzed by Database for Annotation,
      Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID, v6.7) and Ingenuity Pathway
      Analysis (IPA) and are presented as a table and graph, respectively. The data
      reported here is related to the published work [1]. All the associated mass
      spectrometry data has been deposited in the Yale Protein Expression Database
      (YPED) with the web-link to the data:
      http://yped.med.yale.edu/repository/ViewSeriesMenu.do;jsessionid=6A5CB07543D8B529
      AE8C3FCFE29471D?series_id=5044&series_name=MMK3+Deletion+in+MEFs. 

PMID- 26977449
TI  - Diagnostic Phase of Calcium Scoring Scan Applied as the Center of Acquisition
      Window of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Improves Image Quality in
      Minimal Acquisition Window Scan (Target CTA Mode) Using the Second Generation 320
      Row CT.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the image quality of coronary computed tomography
      angiography (CCTA) acquired under two conditions: 75% fixed as the acquisition
      window center (Group 75%) and the diagnostic phase for calcium scoring scan as
      the center (CS; Group CS). METHODS: 320-row cardiac CT with a minimal acquisition
      window (scanned using "Target CTA" mode) was performed on 81 patients. In Group
      75% (n = 40), CS was obtained and reconstructed at 75% and the center of the CCTA
      acquisition window was set at 75%. In Group CS (n = 41), CS was obtained at 75%
      and the diagnostic phase showing minimal artifacts was applied as the center of
      the CCTA acquisition window. Image quality was evaluated using a four-point scale
      (4-excellent) and the mean scores were compared between groups. RESULTS: The CCTA
      scan diagnostic phase occurred significantly earlier in CS (75.7 +/- 3.2% vs.
      73.6 +/- 4.5% for Groups 75% and CS, resp., p = 0.013). The mean Group CS image
      quality score (3.58 +/- 0.63) was also higher than that for Group 75% (3.19 +/-
      0.66, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The image quality of CCTA in Target CTA mode was
      significantly better when the center of acquisition window is adjusted using CS.

PMID- 26977450
TI  - Intelligent Soft Computing on Forex: Exchange Rates Forecasting with Hybrid
      Radial Basis Neural Network.
AB  - This paper deals with application of quantitative soft computing prediction
      models into financial area as reliable and accurate prediction models can be very
      helpful in management decision-making process. The authors suggest a new hybrid
      neural network which is a combination of the standard RBF neural network, a
      genetic algorithm, and a moving average. The moving average is supposed to
      enhance the outputs of the network using the error part of the original neural
      network. Authors test the suggested model on high-frequency time series data of
      USD/CAD and examine the ability to forecast exchange rate values for the horizon
      of one day. To determine the forecasting efficiency, they perform a comparative
      statistical out-of-sample analysis of the tested model with autoregressive models
      and the standard neural network. They also incorporate genetic algorithm as an
      optimizing technique for adapting parameters of ANN which is then compared with
      standard backpropagation and backpropagation combined with K-means clustering
      algorithm. Finally, the authors find out that their suggested hybrid neural
      network is able to produce more accurate forecasts than the standard models and
      can be helpful in eliminating the risk of making the bad decision in decision
      making process. 

PMID- 26977452
TI  - Universal Influenza Vaccines: To Dream the Possible Dream?
AB  - Influenza viruses are a significant public health threat, causing both annually
      circulating epidemics and unpredictable pandemics. Vaccination is the best means
      of control against individual cases of influenza and also for decreasing epidemic
      spread in the population. However, rapid influenza virus evolution requires
      continual reformulation of vaccines for annual influenza epidemics, and because
      pandemics cannot be accurately predicted, no current vaccine strategy can induce
      broad protection against all subtypes of influenza viruses. Recent work has
      suggested that such broadly protective, or "universal", influenza virus vaccines
      might be achievable using vaccine strategies that target conserved B- and T-cell
      epitopes.

PMID- 26977451
TI  - Analysis of Dental Enamel Surface Submitted to Fruit Juice Plus Soymilk by Micro
      X-Ray Fluorescence: In Vitro Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to analyze the in vitro industrialized fruit juices
      effect plus soy to establish the erosive potential of these solutions. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Seventy bovine incisors were selected after being evaluated under
      stereomicroscope. Their crowns were prepared and randomly divided into 7 groups,
      using microhardness with allocation criteria. The crowns were submitted to the
      fruit juice plus soy during 15 days, twice a day. The pH values, acid titration,
      and Knoop microhardness were recorded and the specimens were evaluated using X
      ray microfluorescence (uXRF). RESULTS: The pH average for all juices and after 3
      days was significantly below the critical value for dental erosion. In average,
      the pH value decreases 14% comparing initial time and pH after 3 days. Comparing
      before and after, there was a 49% microhardness decrease measured in groups (p <
      0.05). Groups G1, G2, G5, and G6 are above this average. The analysis by MUXRF
      showed a decrease of approximately 7% Ca and 4% P on bovine crowns surface.
      Florida (FL) statistical analysis showed a statistically significant 1 difference
      between groups. Thus, a tooth chance to suffer demineralization due to
      industrialized fruit juices plus soy is real.

PMID- 26977456
TI  - Which "truths" will be proven false this year?
AB  - I continue to be amazed at the widespread changes in what we consider to be the
      correct approach to diagnosis and treatment of even common ailments. Several
      articles in this issue discuss new "truths, " or at least truths as we know them
      today. 

PMID- 26977454
TI  - Altered Neural Processing to Social Exclusion in Young Adult Marijuana Users.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that peer groups are one of the most important
      predictors of adolescent and young adult marijuana use, and yet the neural
      correlates of social processing in marijuana users have not yet been studied. In
      the current study, marijuana-using young adults (n = 20) and non-using controls
      (n = 22) participated in a neuroimaging social exclusion task called Cyberball, a
      computerized ball-tossing game in which the participant is excluded from the game
      after a pre-determined number of ball tosses. Controls, but not marijuana users,
      demonstrated significant activation in the insula, a region associated with
      negative emotion, when being excluded from the game. Both groups demonstrated
      activation of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), a region associated
      with affective monitoring, during peer exclusion. Only the marijuana group showed
      a correlation between vACC activation and scores on a self-report measure of peer
      conformity. This study indicates that marijuana users show atypical neural
      processing of social exclusion, which may be either caused by, or the result of,
      regular marijuana use.

PMID- 26977457
TI  - The solution to EHR woes: A team-based care model.

PMID- 26977458
TI  - What next when metformin isn't enough for type 2 diabetes?
AB  - This patient-centered case vignette offers insight into how best to choose among
      additional oral agents, basal insulin, or the newer GLP-1 receptor agonists. 

PMID- 26977453
TI  - Sex and diagnosis specific associations between DNA methylation of the oxytocin
      receptor gene with emotion processing and temporal-limbic and prefrontal brain
      volumes in psychotic disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The oxytocin (OT) system, including receptor epigenetic mechanisms,
      has been shown to influence emotion processing, especially in females. Whether OT
      receptor (OXTR) epigenetic alterations occur across psychotic disorders in
      relation to illness-related disturbances in social cognition and brain anatomy is
      unknown. METHODS: Participants with affective and nonaffective psychotic
      disorders (92 women, 75 men) and healthy controls (38 women, 37 men) from the
      Chicago site of the BSNIP study completed the Penn Emotion Recognition Test (ER
      40), a facial emotion recognition task. We measured cytosine methylation at site 
      934 upstream of the OXTR start codon in DNA from whole blood, and for the first
      time their relationship with plasma OT levels assessed by enzyme-immunoassay.
      Volumes of brain regions supporting social cognition were measured from MRI scans
      using FreeSurfer. RESULTS: Patients with prototypic schizophrenia features showed
      higher levels of DNA methylation than those with prototypic bipolar features.
      Methylation was higher in women than men, and was associated with poorer emotion
      recognition only in female patients and controls. Greater methylation was
      associated with smaller volumes in temporal-limbic and prefrontal regions
      associated previously with social cognition, but only in healthy women and
      females with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: DNA methylation of the OXTR site -934 was
      higher in schizophrenia spectrum than bipolar patients. Among patients, it was
      linked to behavioral deficits in social cognition and neuroanatomic structures
      known to support emotion processing only in schizophrenia spectrum individuals.

PMID- 26977455
TI  - Point-of-Care Technologies for Precision Cardiovascular Care and Clinical
      Research: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group.
AB  - Point-of-care technologies (POC or POCT) are enabling innovative cardiovascular
      diagnostics that promise to improve patient care across diverse clinical
      settings. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a working group
      to discuss POCT in cardiovascular medicine. The multidisciplinary working group,
      which included clinicians, scientists, engineers, device manufacturers,
      regulatory officials, and program staff, reviewed the state of the POCT field;
      discussed opportunities for POCT to improve cardiovascular care, realize the
      promise of precision medicine, and advance the clinical research enterprise; and
      identified barriers facing translation and integration of POCT with existing
      clinical systems. A POCT development roadmap emerged to guide multidisciplinary
      teams of biomarker scientists, technologists, health care providers, and clinical
      trialists as they: 1) formulate needs assessments; 2) define device design
      specifications; 3) develop component technologies and integrated systems; 4)
      perform iterative pilot testing; and 5) conduct rigorous prospective clinical
      testing to ensure that POCT solutions have substantial effects on cardiovascular
      care.

PMID- 26977460
TI  - Pulmonary nodule on x-ray: An algorithmic approach.
AB  - The best way to manage a pulmonary nodule depends on the patient's history, risk
      factors for cancer, and nodule characteristics. This review can guide you.

PMID- 26977459
TI  - Personality disorders: A measured response.
AB  - Improving your understanding of these disorders will help you identify specific
      diagnoses, ensure appropriate treatment, and reduce frustration during office
      visits.

PMID- 26977461
TI  - Knee pain . no popping . no previous trauma . Dx?
AB  - A 36-year-old man sought care at our family medicine clinic for knee pain that
      he'd had for the past year. He denied any previous injury or trauma to the knee.
      The pain affected the posterolateral left knee and was aggravated by squatting
      and deep flexion. Daily activities did not bother him, but skiing, golfing,
      mountain biking, and lifting weights worsened the pain. His pain had gradually
      become more severe and frequent. He denied any mechanical symptoms such as
      catching, popping, or locking. 

PMID- 26977462
TI  - PURLs: Kidney stones? It's time to rethink those meds.
AB  - Despite being recommended for ureteral stone expulsion, tamsulosin or nifedipine
      are no more effective than placebo.

PMID- 26977464
TI  - Clinical Inquiry: Do corticosteroid injections improve carpal tunnel syndrome
      symptoms?
AB  - Yes. Injected corticosteroids reduce symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
      more effectively than placebo or systemic steroids, but no better than anti
      inflammatory medication and splinting, from one to 12 weeks after therapy. 

PMID- 26977463
TI  - Stiff hands and feet, facial deformities.
AB  - The appearance of the skin on this woman's face, hands, and feet helped us to
      recognize an advanced case of an autoimmune disease. 

PMID- 26977465
TI  - Clinical Inquiry: Is lower BP worth it in higher-risk patients with diabetes or
      coronary disease?
AB  - There is no simple answer; the risk/benefit picture is complicated. Controlling
      blood pressure to a target of 130/80 mm Hg or lower produces mixed results in
      patients with diabetes and coronary disease equivalents. 

PMID- 26977466
TI  - Spirituality can play a role in treating depression.

PMID- 26977467
TI  - Risk of a contaminated urine specimen linked to high BMI.

PMID- 26977468
TI  - These umbilical lesions weren't granulomas after all.
AB  - Consider a VID remnant as part of the differential diagnosis for any patient who
      has what appears to be a granulomatous umbilical lesion. Order ultrasonography to
      evaluate a suspected VID, especially for lesions that fail to respond to 2 or 3
      silver nitrate treatments. Surgical excision of a VID remnant is usually
      curative. 

PMID- 26977476
TI  - Modeling of band-3 protein diffusion in the normal and defective red blood cell
      membrane.
AB  - We employ a two-component red blood cell (RBC) membrane model to simulate lateral
      diffusion of band-3 proteins in the normal RBC and in the RBC with defective
      membrane proteins. The defects reduce the connectivity between the lipid bilayer
      and the membrane skeleton (vertical connectivity), or the connectivity of the
      membrane skeleton itself (horizontal connectivity), and are associated with the
      blood disorders of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis
      (HE) respectively. Initially, we demonstrate that the cytoskeleton limits band-3
      lateral mobility by measuring the band-3 macroscopic diffusion coefficients in
      the normal RBC membrane and in a lipid bilayer without the cytoskeleton. Then, we
      study band-3 diffusion in the defective RBC membrane and quantify the relation
      between band-3 diffusion coefficients and percentage of protein defects in HE
      RBCs. In addition, we illustrate that at low spectrin network connectivity
      (horizontal connectivity) band-3 subdiffusion can be approximated as anomalous
      diffusion, while at high horizontal connectivity band-3 diffusion is
      characterized as confined diffusion. Our simulations show that the band-3
      anomalous diffusion exponent depends on the percentage of protein defects in the
      membrane cytoskeleton. We also confirm that the introduction of attraction
      between the lipid bilayer and the spectrin network reduces band-3 diffusion, but
      we show that this reduction is lower than predicted by the percolation theory.
      Furthermore, we predict that the attractive force between the spectrin filament
      and the lipid bilayer is at least 20 times smaller than the binding forces at
      band-3 and glycophorin C, the two major membrane binding sites. Finally, we
      explore diffusion of band-3 particles in the RBC membrane with defects related to
      vertical connectivity. We demonstrate that in this case band-3 diffusion can be
      approximated as confined diffusion for all attraction levels between the spectrin
      network and the lipid bilayer. By comparing the diffusion coefficients measured
      in horizontal vs. vertical defects, we conclude that band-3 mobility is primarily
      controlled by the horizontal connectivity. 

PMID- 26977477
TI  - From structures to functions: insights into exosomes as promising drug delivery
      vehicles.
AB  - Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types, and appear
      ubiquitously in cell culture supernatants and body fluids. Increasing evidence
      supports that exosomes play important roles in intercellular communication, both
      locally and systemically, by transporting their contents such as proteins, lipids
      and RNAs between cells. Of particular interest for controlled drug delivery is
      that cell-derived exosomes offer the possibilities of overcoming biological
      barriers, thereby allowing the incorporated gene and drug to reach targeted
      tissue, which have been considerable challenges for synthetic carriers. Great
      research efforts have been dedicated to developing exosome-based drug delivery
      systems for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, degenerative disorders and
      cancer. In this review, we will describe the structural and functional properties
      of exosomes and emphasize current advances in the therapeutic applications of
      exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, followed by a discussion on current
      challenges and future perspectives. 

PMID- 26977478
TI  - Direct organelle thermometry with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in
      single myotubes.
AB  - We describe organelle thermometry using an endoplasmic reticulum-targeting small
      molecule dye and cytosolic mCherry, whose fluorescence lifetimes reduce with
      increasing temperature and can be monitored by fluorescence lifetime imaging
      microscopy. The results show that heat production in single myotubes is highly
      localized and is coupled to a Ca(2+) burst. 

PMID- 26977479
TI  - The Genetic Evolution of Melanoma.

PMID- 26977480
TI  - Sexual science beyond the medical.

PMID- 26977481
TI  - Norman Edward Breslow.

PMID- 26977482
TI  - Paying for performance: money, motivation, and uncertainty.

PMID- 26977483
TI  - Alfred Goodman Gilman.

PMID- 26977484
TI  - [Irritated esophageal picture].

PMID- 26977485
TI  - [Physicians seldom test for hepatitis C].

PMID- 26977486
TI  - [HBV post-exposure prevention apparently still effective after 24 hours].

PMID- 26977487
TI  - [Gender prevention: let us allow the man to be a man!].

PMID- 26977488
TI  - [It is crucial with whom one eats!].

PMID- 26977489
TI  - [What is better: rapid or slow weight loss?].

PMID- 26977490
TI  - [Is the diabetic patient a victim of his genes?].

PMID- 26977491
TI  - [Noise as a diabetes risk factor].

PMID- 26977492
TI  - [Lowering blood glucose has little effect: myth or fact?].

PMID- 26977493
TI  - [Mobilize your patients to prevent backache!].

PMID- 26977494
TI  - [Statins for almost anyone but individualized].

PMID- 26977495
TI  - [Western diet promotes acne development].

PMID- 26977497
TI  - [Using the whole arsenal to prevent an attack].

PMID- 26977496
TI  - [Photothermolysis for acne control].

PMID- 26977498
TI  - [Audit bodies must provide concrete reasons].

PMID- 26977499
TI  - [The general practitioner in charge in outpatient operations].

PMID- 26977500
TI  - [Securing future reimbursement for palliative medicine].

PMID- 26977501
TI  - [A high pressure talking young chatterbox].

PMID- 26977502
TI  - [A contagious opera fever].

PMID- 26977503
TI  - [Physician network tests collegial peer collaboration].

PMID- 26977504
TI  - [Incontinence certificates are stressful!].

PMID- 26977505
TI  - [Blood glucose test strips count as medications].

PMID- 26977506
TI  - [The red line for intrusive patients].

PMID- 26977507
TI  - [Testosterone supplementation can lead to better sex].

PMID- 26977508
TI  - [Free choice of diet does not work better].

PMID- 26977509
TI  - [Hypertension: adherence affects the prognosis].

PMID- 26977510
TI  - [Asthmatic mothers tend to prematurity].

PMID- 26977511
TI  - [Biliary pancreatitis: Remove Gallbladder immediately].

PMID- 26977513
TI  - [Do not lower blood pressure too low in dementia].

PMID- 26977512
TI  - [Coffee lowers in a study blood pressure].

PMID- 26977514
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of bladder cancer].

PMID- 26977516
TI  - [Graded compression stockings and deep vein thrombosis].

PMID- 26977515
TI  - [Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of depression].

PMID- 26977517
TI  - [A red hand - getting worse by corticosteroids].

PMID- 26977518
TI  - [Emergency checklist: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding].

PMID- 26977519
TI  - [Asthma bronchiale and risk of infection. "Its now time to prepare patients for
      autumn and winter"].

PMID- 26977520
TI  - [Nodules are frequent - cancer is rare].

PMID- 26977521
TI  - [Good efficacy and safety profile in clinical practice].

PMID- 26977522
TI  - [Endobronchial coils for better quality of life].

PMID- 26977523
TI  - [An advanced course in doctor's latin].

PMID- 26977524
TI  - [Doctor plus pharmacist plus patient care plus ... Simple addition or equation
      with many unknowns?].

PMID- 26977525
TI  - Dual-Functional Antifogging/Antimicrobial Polymer Coating.
AB  - Dual-functional antifogging/antimicrobial polymer coatings were prepared by
      forming a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) of partially quaternized
      poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) and polymerized
      ethylene glycol dimethacrylate network. The excellent antifogging behavior of the
      smooth coating was mainly attributed to the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of
      the partially quaternized copolymer, while the covalently bonded, hydrophobic
      quaternary ammonium compound (5 mol % in the copolymer) rendered the coating
      strongly antimicrobial, as demonstrated by the total kill against both Gram
      positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The
      antimicrobial action of the SIPN coating was based on contact killing, without
      leaching of bactericidal species, as revealed by a zone-of-inhibition test. This
      type of dual-functional coating may find unique applications where both
      antimicrobial and antifogging properties are desired. 

PMID- 26977526
TI  - Rational Design of ZnO:H/ZnO Bilayer Structure for High-Performance Thin-Film
      Transistors.
AB  - The intriguing properties of zinc oxide-based semiconductors are being
      extensively studied as they are attractive alternatives to current silicon-based
      semiconductors for applications in transparent and flexible electronics. Although
      they have promising properties, significant improvements on performance and
      electrical reliability of ZnO-based thin film transistors (TFTs) should be
      achieved before they can be applied widely in practical applications. This work
      demonstrates a rational and elegant design of TFT, composed of poly crystalline
      ZnO:H/ZnO bilayer structure without using other metal elements for doping. The
      field-effect mobility and gate bias stability of the bilayer structured devices
      have been improved. In this device structure, the hydrogenated ultrathin ZnO:H
      active layer (~3 nm) could provide suitable carrier concentration and decrease
      the interface trap density, while thick pure-ZnO layer could control channel
      conductance. Based on this novel structure, a high field-effect mobility of 42.6
      cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), a high on/off current ratio of 10(8) and a small subthreshold
      swing of 0.13 V dec(-1) have been achieved. Additionally, the bias stress
      stability of the bilayer structured devices is enhanced compared to the simple
      single channel layer ZnO device. These results suggest that the bilayer ZnO:H/ZnO
      TFTs have a great potential for low-cost thin-film electronics. 

PMID- 26977527
TI  - Physicologically Based Toxicokinetic Models of Tebuconazole and Application in
      Human Risk Assessment.
AB  - A series of physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models for tebuconazole
      were developed in four species, rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, and human. The
      developed models were analyzed with respect to the application of the models in
      higher tier human risk assessment, and the prospect of using such models in risk
      assessment of cumulative and aggregate exposure is discussed. Relatively simple
      and biologically sound models were developed using available experimental data as
      parameters for describing the physiology of the species, as well as the
      absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of tebuconazole. The
      developed models were validated on in vivo half-life data for rabbit with good
      results, and on plasma and tissue concentration-time course data of tebuconazole
      after i.v. administration in rabbit. In most cases, the predicted concentration
      levels were seen to be within a factor of 2 compared to the experimental data,
      which is the threshold set for the use of PBTK simulation results in risk
      assessment. An exception to this was seen for one of the target organs, namely,
      the liver, for which tebuconazole concentration was significantly underestimated,
      a trend also seen in model simulations for the liver after other nonoral exposure
      scenarios. Possible reasons for this are discussed in the article. Realistic
      dietary and dermal exposure scenarios were derived based on available exposure
      estimates, and the human version of the PBTK model was used to simulate the
      internal levels of tebuconazole and metabolites in the human body for these
      scenarios. By a variant of the models where the R(-)- and S(+)-enantiomers were
      treated as two components in a binary mixture, it was illustrated that the
      inhibition between the two tebuconazole enantiomers did not affect the simulation
      results for these realistic exposure scenarios. The developed models have
      potential as an important tool in risk assessment.

PMID- 26977528
TI  - Convenient One-Step Synthesis of Benzo[c]phenanthridines by Three-Component
      Reactions of Isochromenylium Tetrafluoroborates and Stilbenes in Acetonitrile.
AB  - A new type of three-component reaction of air-stable isochromenylium
      tetrafluoroborates with electron-rich stilbenes in acetonitrile has been
      developed under catalyst-free conditions in this work. This cascade multibond
      formation reaction is initiated by an intermolecular oxa [4 + 2]-cycloaddition,
      relayed with a nucleophilic addition of acetonitrile, and terminated by an
      intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction, affording the corresponding
      benzo[c]phenanthridine analogues in one step. 

PMID- 26977529
TI  - Reversible Association of Nitro Compounds with p-Nitrothiophenol Modified on Ag
      Nanoparticles/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites through Plasmon Mediated
      Photochemical Reaction.
AB  - Because localized surface plasmon resonance in nanostructures of noble metals is
      accompanied by interesting physical effects such as optical near-field
      enhancement, heat release, and the generation of hot electrons, it has been
      employed in a wide range of applications, including plasmon-assisted chemical
      reactions. Here, we use a composite of silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide
      (Ag@GO) as the catalytic as well as the analytic platform for plasmon-assisted
      chemical reactions. Through time-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering
      experiments, it is found that p-nitrothiophenol (pNTP) molecules on Ag@GO can be
      associated with nitro compounds such as nitrobenzene and 1-nitropropane to form
      azo compounds when aided by the plasmons. Furthermore, the reaction rate can be
      modulated by varying the wavelength and power of the excitation laser as well as
      the nitro compounds used. In addition, the aforementioned coupling reaction can
      be reversed. We demonstrate that the oxidation of azo compounds on Ag@GO using
      KMnO4 leads to the dissociation of the N?N double bond in the azo compounds and
      that the rate of bond dissociation can be accelerated significantly via laser
      irradiation. Furthermore, the pNTP molecules on Ag@GO can be recovered after the
      oxidation reaction. Finally, we demonstrate that the plasmon-assisted coupling
      reaction allows for the immobilization of nitro-group-containing fluorophores at
      specific locations on Ag@GO. 

PMID- 26977532
TI  - Four-Component Damped Density Functional Response Theory Study of UV/Vis
      Absorption Spectra and Phosphorescence Parameters of Group 12 Metal-Substituted
      Porphyrins.
AB  - The influences of group 12 (Zn, Cd, Hg) metal-substitution on the valence spectra
      and phosphorescence parameters of porphyrins (P) have been investigated in a
      relativistic setting. In order to obtain valence spectra, this study reports the
      first application of the damped linear response function, or complex polarization
      propagator, in the four-component density functional theory framework [as
      formulated in Villaume et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2010 , 133 , 064105 ]. It is shown
      that the steep increase in the density of states as due to the inclusion of spin
      orbit coupling yields only minor changes in overall computational costs involved
      with the solution of the set of linear response equations. Comparing single
      frequency to multifrequency spectral calculations, it is noted that the number of
      iterations in the iterative linear equation solver per frequency grid-point
      decreases monotonously from 30 to 0.74 as the number of frequency points goes
      from one to 19. The main heavy-atom effect on the UV/vis-absorption spectra is
      indirect and attributed to the change of point group symmetry due to metal
      substitution, and it is noted that substitutions using heavier atoms yield small
      red-shifts of the intense Soret-band. Concerning phosphorescence parameters, the
      adoption of a four-component relativistic setting enables the calculation of such
      properties at a linear order of response theory, and any higher-order response
      functions do not need to be considered-a real, conventional, form of linear
      response theory has been used for the calculation of these parameters. For the
      substituted porphyrins, electronic coupling between the lowest triplet states is
      strong and results in theoretical estimates of lifetimes that are sensitive to
      the wave function and electron density parametrization. With this in mind, we
      report our best estimates of the phosphorescence lifetimes to be 460, 13.8, 11.2,
      and 0.00155 s for H2P, ZnP, CdP, and HgP, respectively, with the corresponding
      transition energies being equal to 1.46, 1.50, 1.38, and 0.89 eV. 

PMID- 26977531
TI  - Biflorin, Isolated from the Flower Buds of Syzygium aromaticum L., Suppresses LPS
      Induced Inflammatory Mediators via STAT1 Inactivation in Macrophages and Protects
      Mice from Endotoxin Shock.
AB  - Two chromone C-glucosides, biflorin (1) and isobiflorin (2), were isolated from
      the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae). Here, inhibitory effects
      of 1 and 2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO)
      and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated, and 1 (IC50
      = 51.7 and 37.1 MUM, respectively) was more potent than 2 (IC50 > 60 and 46.0
      MUM). The suppression of NO and PGE2 production by 1 correlated with inhibition
      of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Compound 1 reduced inducible NO synthase
      (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression via inhibition of their
      promoter activities. Compound 1 inhibited the LPS-induced production and mRNA
      expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6.
      Furthermore, 1 reduced p-STAT1 and p-p38 expression but did not affect the
      activity of nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF
      kappaB) or activator protein 1 (AP-1). In a mouse model of LPS-induced
      endotoxemia, 1 reduced the mRNA levels of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-alpha, and the
      phosphorylation-mediated activation of the signal transducer and activator of
      transcription 1 (STAT1), consequently improving the survival rates of mice.
      Compound 1 showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced
      paw edema and croton-oil-induced ear edema in rats. The collective data indicate
      that the suppression of pro-inflammatory gene expression via p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinase and STAT1 inactivation may be a mechanism for the anti
      inflammatory activity of 1. 

PMID- 26977530
TI  - Activated Hippo/Yes-Associated Protein Pathway Promotes Cell Proliferation and
      Anti-apoptosis in Endometrial Stromal Cells of Endometriosis.
AB  - CONTEXT: The imbalance in cell proliferation and apoptosis is considered an
      important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, but the exact mechanisms
      remains unclear. A newly established signaling pathway-Hippo/Yes-associated
      protein (YAP) pathway plays a critical role in the proliferation and apoptosis
      processes. However, studies focusing on Hippo/YAP pathway and endometriosis are
      lacking. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to explore the function of the Hippo/YAP
      pathway in endometriosis. SETTING AND DESIGN: The expression of YAP was first
      investigated in endometrium of women with or without endometriosis. The role of
      YAP in cell proliferation and apoptosis is identified by transfection of
      endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in vitro, subsequent Verteporfin treatments in
      eutopic ESCs in vitro, and endometriosis animal model of nude mice in vivo.
      RESULTS: Our results revealed that increased expression of YAP and decreased
      expression of p-YAP in ectopic and eutopic endometrium compared with normal
      endometrium. YAP knockdown in eutopic ESCs decreased cell proliferation and
      enhanced cell apoptosis companied with decreased expression of TEAD1, CTGF, and B
      cell lymphoma/leukemia (BCL)-2; whereas overexpression of YAP resulted in
      increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of normal ESCs with increased
      expression of TEAD1, CTGF, and BCL-2. By chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR CTGF
      and BCL-2 were identified as directly downstream target genes of YAP-TEAD1 active
      complex. Eutopic ESCs treated with Verteporfin revealed decreased proliferation
      and enhanced apoptosis whereas in endometriosis animal models of nude mice
      treated with Verteporfin, the size of endometriotic lesions was significantly
      reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the Hippo/YAP-signaling pathway
      plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and should present a
      novel therapeutic method against endometriosis.

PMID- 26977533
TI  - Heterogeneity in the Small-Scale Deformation Behavior of Disordered Nanoparticle
      Packings.
AB  - Atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation is used to image and probe the
      local mechanical properties of thin disordered nanoparticle packings. The probed
      region is limited to the size of a few particles, and an individual particle can
      be loaded and displaced to a fraction of a single particle radius. The results
      demonstrate heterogeneous mechanical response that is location-dependent. The
      weak locations may be analogous to the "soft spots" previously predicted in
      glasses and other disordered packings. 

PMID- 26977534
TI  - Speciation Studies of Metals in Trace Concentrations: The Mononuclear Uranyl(VI)
      Hydroxo Complexes.
AB  - A direct luminescence spectroscopic experimental setup for the determination of
      complex stability constants of mononuclear uranyl(VI) hydrolysis species is
      presented. The occurrence of polynuclear species is prevented by using a low
      uranyl(VI) concentration of 10-8 M (2.4 ppb). Time-resolved laser-induced
      fluorescence spectra were recorded in the pH range from 3 to 10.5. Deconvolution
      with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) resulted in three hydrolysis complexes. A
      tentative assignment was based on thermodynamic calculations: UO22+, UO2(OH)+,
      UO2(OH)2, UO2(OH)3-. An implementation of a Newton-Raphson algorithm into PARAFAC
      allowed a direct extraction of complex stability constants during deconvolution
      yielding log(beta1M,1 degrees C)1:1 = -4.6, log(beta1M,1 degrees C)1:2 = -12.2,
      log(beta1M,1 degrees C)1:3 = -22.3. Extrapolation to standard conditions gave
      log(beta0)1:1 = -3.9, log(beta0)1:2 = -10.9, and log(beta0)1:3 = -20.7.
      Luminescence characteristics (band position, lifetime) of the individual
      mononuclear hydroxo species were derived to serve as a reference data set for
      further investigations. A correlation of luminescence spectroscopic features with
      Raman frequencies was demonstrated for the mononuclear uranyl(VI) hydroxo
      complexes for the first time. Thereby a signal-to-structure correlation was
      achieved and the complex assignment validated.

PMID- 26977535
TI  - Field data and numerical modeling: A multiple lines of evidence approach for
      assessing vapor intrusion exposure risks.
AB  - USEPA recommends a multiple lines of evidence approach to make informed decisions
      at vapor intrusion sites because the vapor intrusion pathway is notoriously
      difficult to characterize. Our study uses this approach by incorporating
      groundwater, soil gas, indoor air field measurements and numerical models to
      evaluate vapor intrusion exposure risks in a Metro-Boston neighborhood known to
      exhibit lower than anticipated indoor air concentrations based on groundwater
      concentrations. We collected and evaluated five rounds of field sampling data
      over the period of one year. Field data results show a steep gradient in soil gas
      concentrations near the groundwater surface; however as the depth decreases, soil
      gas concentration gradients also decrease. Together, the field data and the
      numerical model results suggest that a subsurface feature is limiting vapor
      transport into indoor air spaces at the study site and that groundwater
      concentrations are not appropriate indicators of vapor intrusion exposure risks
      in this neighborhood. This research also reveals the importance of including
      relevant physical models when evaluating vapor intrusion exposure risks using the
      multiple lines of evidence approach. Overall, the findings provide insight about
      how the multiple lines of evidence approach can be used to inform decisions by
      using field data collected using regulatory-relevant sampling techniques, and a
      well-established 3-D vapor intrusion model. 

PMID- 26977536
TI  - Nutrient leaching and copper speciation in compost-amended bioretention systems.
AB  - Bioretention systems are designed to remove contaminants from stormwater;
      however, studies have shown that bioretention systems can export excess nitrogen,
      phosphorus, and copper when amended with compost. The objectives of this study
      were (1) to quantify removal of nitrates, phosphorus, copper, and dissolved
      organic matter (DOM) from compost-amended bioretention systems, and (2) to
      investigate the role of DOM on the leaching of copper. Simulated bioretention
      systems were irrigated with stormwater for seven storms in two-weeks intervals.
      Leachates were analyzed for nutrients, copper, and DOM. Visual MINTEQ was used to
      determine the speciation of copper and to quantify interactions of copper with
      DOM. Results showed that compost-amended bioretention systems were a source of
      nitrates, phosphorus, and DOM. Nitrate and phosphorus amounts were elevated up to
      three orders of magnitude in the leachate compared to the stormwater itself.
      Bioretention systems were a source for copper during the first 3-5 storms, but
      during later storms, they were a sink for copper. Copper speciation modeling
      indicated that the majority of dissolved copper was complexed with DOM. Dissolved
      organic matter thus helps to mobilize copper from the compost, particularly in
      the first few storms after compost application. However, since copper-DOM
      complexes are usually much less toxic than free copper ions, we expect that
      compost amendments may reduce harmful effects of copper on aquatic organisms. 

PMID- 26977537
TI  - Influence of Ambient Humidity on the Voltage Response of Ionic Polymer-Metal
      Composite Sensor.
AB  - Electrical potential based on ion migration exists not only in natural systems
      but also in ionic polymer materials. In order to investigate the influence of
      ambient humidity on voltage response, classical Au-Nafion IPMC was chosen as the
      reference sample. Voltage response under a bending deformation was measured in
      two ways: first, continuous measurement of voltage response in the process of
      absorption and desorption of water to study the tendency of voltage variation at
      all water states; second, measurements at multiple fixed ambient humidity levels
      to characterize the process of voltage response quantitatively. Ambient humidity
      influences the voltage response mainly by varying water content in ionic polymer.
      Under a step bending, the amplitude of initial voltage peak first increases and
      then decreases as the ambient humidity and the inherent water content decrease.
      This tendency is explained semiquantitatively by mass storage capacity related to
      the stretchable state of the Nafion polymer network. Following the initial peak,
      the voltage shows a slow decay to a steady state, which is first characterized in
      this paper. The relative voltage decay during the steady state always decreases
      as the ambient humidity is lowered. It is ascribed to progressive increase of the
      ratio between the water molecules in the cation hydration shell to the free
      water. Under sinusoidal mechanical bending excitation in the range of 0.1-10 Hz,
      the voltage magnitude increases with frequency at high ambient humidity but
      decreases with frequency at low ambient humidity. The relationship is mainly
      controlled by the voltage decay effect and the response speed. 

PMID- 26977539
TI  - Vascular Endothelial Function Assessed by Postischemic Diastolic Blood Pressure
      Is Associated with Acclimatization and Acute Mountain Sickness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study assessed whether the brachial diastolic blood pressure
      (DBP) decline induced by 5-minute arm ischemia is associated with acclimatization
      and acute mountain sickness (AMS). METHODS: Forty-two age- and body mass index
      matched young male residents at sea level (<400 m) or moderate altitude (1000
      2000 m above sea level) were enrolled. All subjects had never been to 3200 m
      before. Brachial BP was measured at a station at 1380 m altitude before and 1, 5,
      and 10 minutes after right arm ischemia. AMS score was evaluated after 3-day
      training at a high altitude of 3200 m. RESULTS: In moderate altitude versus sea
      level residents: (1) systolic BP curves for both arms overlapped well; (2) mean
      right arm DBP decline post right arm ischemia was larger, while left arm, which
      was not subjected to ischemia, did not show DBP decline in either group; and (3)
      AMS scores were significantly lower (3.19 +/- 2.16 vs. 5.52 +/- 4.58, p = 0.043)
      in those residing at moderate altitude compared to those from low altitude. There
      was a low negative correlation between AMS score and right arm area between
      curves-DBP (r = -0.320, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Moderate altitude relative to sea
      level residents had a larger mean postischemic DBP decline in weak but
      significant association with lower mean AMS score at 3200 m. These data suggest
      that differences in vascular endothelial function related to altitude of
      residence persist during travel to high altitude and might contribute to AMS
      risk.

PMID- 26977540
TI  - The stress and workload of virtual reality training: the effects of presence,
      immersion and flow.
AB  - The present investigation evaluated the effects of virtual reality (VR) training
      on the performance, perceived workload and stress response to a live training
      exercise in a sample of Soldiers. We also examined the relationship between the
      perceptions of that same VR as measured by engagement, immersion, presence, flow,
      perceived utility and ease of use with the performance, workload and stress
      reported on the live training task. To a degree, these latter relationships were
      moderated by task performance, as measured by binary (Go/No-Go) ratings.
      Participants who reported positive VR experiences also tended to experience lower
      stress and lower workload when performing the live version of the task. Thus, VR
      training regimens may be efficacious for mitigating the stress and workload
      associated with criterion tasks, thereby reducing the ultimate likelihood of real
      world performance failure. Practitioner Summary: VR provides opportunities for
      training in artificial worlds comprised of highly realistic features. Our virtual
      room clearing scenario facilitated the integration of Training and Readiness
      objectives and satisfied training doctrine obligations in a compelling engaging
      experience for both novice and experienced trainees. 

PMID- 26977541
TI  - Restricting Advertisements for High-Fat, High-Sugar Foods during Children's
      Television Programs: Attitudes in a US Population-Based Sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children in the United States (US) are frequently exposed to
      advertisements for high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) foods, which is linked to greater
      demand for and consumption of those foods. Restricting advertisements for HFHS
      foods may be a viable obesity prevention strategy-however, public support for
      policy change is unclear. METHODS: A secondary analysis of the 2012 Annenberg
      National Health Communication Survey was conducted. Respondents (N = 1838) were
      53.2% female, mean age 50.0 +/- 16.5 years. Race/ethnic composition was 76.8%
      white, 7.4% black, 9.2% Hispanic, and 6.6% other. The percentage of respondents
      supporting and opposing the regulation was calculated and logistic regression
      models identified predictors of support. Potential predictors included
      sociodemographic variables, attitudes towards other health regulations (e.g.,
      smoking bans in public places), and various health behaviors (e.g., fruit and
      vegetable intake). RESULTS: A total of 56.3% of respondents supported or strongly
      supported advertisement restrictions, while only 8.2% strongly opposed.
      Approximately 20% had no opinion. Greatest support was found among respondents
      who supported smoking bans in public settings (OR = 4.3), who supported banning
      trans fats in restaurants (OR = 1.7), and who were older (OR = 1.7). CONCLUSION:
      The US adult population appears to have an appetite for restricting HFHS
      advertising to children, with more than half the populace supporting such a
      policy in 2012. This may be an opportune time to implement and rigorously
      evaluate such childhood obesity prevention strategies.

PMID- 26977542
TI  - ToF-SIMS and XPS Characterization of Protein Films Adsorbed onto Bare and Sodium
      Styrenesulfonate-Grafted Gold Substrates.
AB  - The adsorption of single-component bovine serum albumin (BSA), bovine fibrinogen
      (Fgn), and bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) films as well as multicomponent bovine
      plasma films onto bare and sodium styrenesulfonate (NaSS)-grafted gold substrates
      was characterized. The adsorption isotherms, measured via X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy, showed that at low solution concentrations all three single
      component proteins adsorb with higher affinity onto gold surfaces compared to
      NaSS surfaces. However, at higher concentrations, NaSS surfaces adsorb the same
      or more total protein than gold surfaces. This may be because proteins that
      adsorb onto NaSS undergo structural rearrangements, resulting in a larger
      fraction of irreversibly adsorbed species over time. Still, with the possible
      exception of BSA adsorbed onto gold, neither surface appeared to have saturated
      at the highest protein solution concentration studied. Principal component (PC)
      analysis of amino acid mass fragments from time-of-flight secondary ion mass
      spectra distinguished between the same protein adsorbed onto NaSS and gold
      surfaces, suggesting that proteins adsorb differently on NaSS and gold surfaces.
      Explored further using peak ratios for buried/surface amino acids for each
      protein, we found that proteins denature more on NaSS surfaces than on gold
      surfaces. Also, using peak ratios for asymmetrically distributed amino acids,
      potential structural differences were postulated for BSA and IgG adsorbed onto
      NaSS and gold surfaces. PC modeling, used to track changes in plasma adsorption
      with time, suggests that plasma films on NaSS and Au surfaces become more Fgn
      like with increasing adsorption time. However, the PC models included only three
      proteins, where plasma is composed of hundreds of proteins. Therefore, while both
      gold and NaSS appear to adsorb more Fgn with time, further study is required to
      confirm that this is representative of the final state of the plasma films. 

PMID- 26977544
TI  - A Review of the Definitive Treatment of Pelvic Fractures.
AB  - Pelvic ring injuries can result in significant morbidity and mortality. New
      techniques, technologies, and research have led to the development of various
      algorithms to guide the initial diagnosis and management of these injuries. These
      include treatment with antibiotics and operative debridement in the case of open
      fractures and temporary stabilization in certain cases with sheets, binders, or
      external fixators. Yet even after successful completion of the initial treatment
      phase, identifying and implementing the optimal definitive treatment of pelvic
      ring injuries remains a challenge. Various classification schemes have been
      proposed and contribute in different ways to an understanding of pelvic ring
      injuries. The current paper will review the definitive management of pelvic ring
      injuries, ultimately using the Young and Burgess classification as a guide, with
      a focus on current practice and the supporting evidence.

PMID- 26977543
TI  - Association of Peripheral Membrane Proteins with Membranes: Free Energy of
      Binding of GRP1 PH Domain with Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate-Containing Model
      Bilayers.
AB  - Understanding the energetics of peripheral protein-membrane interactions is
      important to many areas of biophysical chemistry and cell biology. Estimating
      free-energy landscapes by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is challenging for
      such systems, especially when membrane recognition involves complex lipids, e.g.,
      phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs). We combined coarse-grained MD simulations
      with umbrella sampling to quantify the binding of the well-explored GRP1
      pleckstrin homology (PH) domain to model membranes containing PIP molecules. The
      experimentally observed preference of GRP1-PH for PIP3 over PIP2 was reproduced.
      Mutation of a key residue (K273A) within the canonical PIP-binding site
      significantly reduced the free energy of PIP binding. The presence of a
      noncanonical PIP-interaction site, observed experimentally in other PH domains
      but not previously in GRP1-PH, was also revealed. These studies demonstrate how
      combining coarse-grained simulations and umbrella sampling can unmask the
      molecular basis of the energetics of interactions between peripheral membrane
      proteins and complex cellular membranes. 

PMID- 26977545
TI  - The Weak Link in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: What is the Evidence
      for Graft Fixation Devices?
AB  - Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common injury that mostly affects
      young adults. The mechanisms of injury and surgical treatment have been
      extensively studied in both the laboratory and clinical arenas; however, great
      controversy still exists in regards to the best surgical technique, graft choice,
      and graft fixation device. In the area graft fixation, multiple breakthroughs
      have occurred in terms of fixation devices. These devices generally fall within
      the broad categories of interference screw, cross-pins, or cortical-based
      devices. Furthermore, some of these devices are available in either metal or
      bioabsorbable materials, which adds to the already great variety of options.
      Although biomechanically these devices have been shown to be able to withstand
      the typical forces experienced by the ACL graft during the early phases of
      rehabilitation before the graft has fully incorporated into the bone, little is
      known about the clinical outcomes. It is well recognized that graft fixation is
      the weakest link in the early postoperative period after ACL reconstruction. This
      review of the outcomes of ACL fixation devices explores some of the evidence
      available for the different devices.

PMID- 26977547
TI  - Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Capitellum: Diagnosis and Treatment.
AB  - Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is an articular cartilage
      lesion commonly affecting young adolescents. The exact mechanism for the
      development of these lesions is still uncertain; however, both traumatic and
      vascular etiologies have been described. Careful physical examination in
      conjunction with appropriate diagnostic studies helps the surgeon to classify
      these lesions as stable or unstable and leads to proper management. There is a
      diverse array of treatments available for OCD lesions of the capitellum,
      including fragment excision or fixation, bone marrow stimulation, and
      osteochondral autograft transplantation. This review helps the orthopaedic
      surgeon understand the diagnosis and management options available for OCD lesions
      of the capitellum.

PMID- 26977546
TI  - Bone Marrow Edema: Chronic Bone Marrow Lesions of the Knee and the Association
      with Osteoarthritis.
AB  - Bone marrow edema of the knee occurs secondary to a myriad of causes. The
      hallmark of a bone marrow lesion (BML) is an area of decreased signal intensity
      on T1 weighted MRI with a corresponding area of increased signal intensity on a
      T2 weighted MRI. Recently, chronic bone marrow lesions have been correlated with
      knee pain and progression of osteoarthritis. These lesions have also been
      associated with other degenerative conditions such as meniscal tears, cartilage
      deterioration, subchondral cyst formation, mechanical malalignment, and
      ultimately progression to arthroplasty. Medical treatments, such as prostacyclin
      and bisphosphonate therapy, have shown promise. Alignment procedures, as well as
      core decompression and subchondroplasty, have been used as surgical treatments
      for chronic BMLs.

PMID- 26977548
TI  - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Females: Risk Factors, Prevention, and
      Outcome.
AB  - Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common among all participants in
      sports, occurring in approximately 1 in 3,000 individuals yearly in the USA.
      Epidemiological studies of ACL injuries have demonstrated that females are at
      higher risk for injury than males. When compared to male athletes participating
      in the same sports, the risk of ACL injury is two to eight times greater in
      females.1-3 A significant research effort has been directed at identifying risk
      factors that may predispose females to ACL injury. Female athletes likely have an
      increased incidence of ACL injury due to anatomic, hormonal, biomechanical, and
      neuromuscular differences between the sexes. Extrinsic factors may also play a
      role. As the number of girls and women participating in athletics continues to
      increase, understanding risk factors and developing prevention strategies will
      have profound physical, psychological, and financial implications for female
      athletes and the medical system. 

PMID- 26977549
TI  - The Anterior Approach for Total Hip Replacement.
AB  - The anterior approach for total hip replacements has recently gained popularity.
      Some authors report faster recoveries and decreased dislocation rated with no
      increased risk of complications. However others claim no difference in outcomes
      when compared to other approaches yet an increase in complication rates. This
      paper provides a brief history of the approach, discusses various indications and
      contraindications, preoperative considerations, surgical techniques, and
      postoperative protocols.

PMID- 26977550
TI  - Endoscopic Treatment of Gluteus Medius Tears: A Review.
AB  - Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is a term used to describe disorders of
      the peritrochanteric region. This constellation of conditions includes greater
      trochanteric bursitis, gluteus medius (GM) tears, and external coxa saltans or
      snapping hip syndrome. Tears of the abductor mechanism, more specifically gluteus
      medius tears, have recently gained a considerable amount of interest in the
      orthopaedic literature. Abductor tears were first described by Bunker and Kagan
      in the late 1990s. They used the rotator cuff as an analogous structure to
      describe the pathological process associated with gluteus medius tears. Tears of
      the gluteus medius tendon can often be difficult to recognize. The clinical
      presentation is often attributed to trochanteric bursal inflammation, without any
      further workup. Provocative hip physical examination findings are an important
      key to proper diagnosis of abductor injuries. Depending on the size of the tear,
      patients with abductor tendon pathology may present with a Trendelenburg gait and
      reduced resisted abduction strength accompanied by pain. Initial noninvasive
      management of greater trochanteric pain syndrome includes oral or topical anti
      inflammatory medication and activity modification. Physical therapy or other
      treatment modalities can be considered, with a focus on core strengthening,
      truncal alignment, and iliotibial band stretching. Gluteus medius tears have
      historically been repaired in an open fashion; however, the advent of new
      endoscopic surgery techniques has allowed for a less invasive approach. Access to
      the peritrochanteric space affords the surgeon with access to pathology
      associated with the greater trochanter, iliotibial band, trochanteric bursa,
      sciatic nerve, short external-rota tors, iliopsoas tendon, and the gluteus medius
      and minimus tendon attachments. Over the last decade, we have seen rapid
      technological advances in hip arthroscopy, improved diagnostic imaging and
      interpretation, and an improved understanding of intra-articular and
      peritrochanteric hip pathology. As the emphasis on hip arthroscopy in residency
      and fellowship training programs continues to increase, the learning curve for
      endoscopic management of peritrochanteric disorders will continue to improve.

PMID- 26977551
TI  - Treatment of Pectoralis Major Muscle Ruptures.
AB  - Injuries to the pectoralis major muscle are relatively rare but result in pain,
      weakness, cosmetic deformity and in many cases, inability to return to previous
      levels of function. The most common cause of this injury is bench-pressing, as it
      places the muscle fibers in a position of mechanical disadvantage while under
      heavy load. The ability to detect and appropriately treat each patient with this
      injury is essential to restoring not only strength and function but also
      cosmesis. This article reviews the diagnostic workup of this injury and examines
      both the outcomes and techniques of non-operative and operative management.

PMID- 26977552
TI  - Pars Injuries in Athletes.
AB  - Pars injuries are common causes of low back pain in adolescent athletes. Workup
      traditionally has included lumbar radiographs with oblique views and single
      photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, recent literature has
      demonstrated the accuracy of MRI as a diagnostic modality. Acute injuries may be
      amenable to bracing with the goal of a healed lesion. Most cases of spondylolysis
      will result in asymptomatic non-union, though pars repair is an option for
      symptomatic pars defects without spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 26977553
TI  - Leg Length Discrepancy in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty.
AB  - Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is one of the most common complications of total hip
      arthroplasty. It may cause pain and disability to the patient, and it is the
      number one reason for filing a lawsuit against an orthopaedic surgeon. This
      manuscript reviews the preparation for and execution of the operative plan with
      emphasis on avoiding pitfalls leading to LLD. It also considers the treatment of
      LLD in the postoperative period.

PMID- 26977554
TI  - Current Evidence of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery in the Treatment of Lumbar
      Disc Herniations.
AB  - With the advent of new instrumentation and better imaging techniques that allowed
      less tissue trauma compared with traditional open procedures, while providing
      adequate or enhanced visualization of the pathologic site and based upon the
      successful experience of outpatient spine surgery to assist early ambulation, the
      trend and evolution toward ''minimal access'' or minimally invasive spine surgery
      began to develop with greater intensity. Many surgical techniques have flourished
      with the promise of delivering a safe and efficient alternative, including
      chemonucleolysis, manual percutaneous discectomy (MPD), automated percutaneous
      lumbar discectomy (APLD), and percutaneous lumbar laser discectomy (PLLD).
      Unfortunately, most of these techniques have been demonstrated to be inefficient
      with high complication rates. Only modifications of the original open discectomy
      in which direct visualization of the disc is obtained through either microscopic
      or endoscopic techniques have proven to be successful. This review outlines the
      historical journey that has inspired the development of these techniques and
      delineates the progressive clinical experience gained from their advent.

PMID- 26977555
TI  - Pediatric Thumb Flexion Deformities.
AB  - Pediatric trigger thumb and congenital clasped thumb are the two most common
      pediatric thumb flexion deformities. Both might appear similar, however, they are
      caused by varying etiologies, and treatment is vastly different. Pediatric
      trigger thumb is due to a size mismatch of the flexor tendon and the thumb pulley
      system, develops over time, typically manifests as a locked interphalangeal
      joint, and is treated with observation or surgical release. Congenital clasped
      thumb, although presenting in varying degrees of severity, is due to a congenital
      absence or hypoplasia of one or more of the thumb extensors and is treated with
      either splinting for supple deformities or surgery for more complex deformities.

PMID- 26977556
TI  - Dechlorination of Trichloroacetic Acid Using a Noble Metal-Free Graphene-Cu Foam
      Electrode via Direct Cathodic Reduction and Atomic H.
AB  - A three-dimensional graphene-copper (3D GR-Cu) foam electrode prepared by
      chemical vapor deposition method exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity
      toward the dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as compared to the Cu
      foam electrode. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectra
      analysis confirmed that GR accelerated the electron transfer from the cathode
      surface to TCAA. With the applied cathode potential of -1.2 V (vs SCE), 95.3% of
      TCAA (500 MUg/L) was removed within 20 min at pH 6.8. TCAA dechlorination at the
      Cu foam electrode was enhanced at acidic pH, while a slight pH effect was
      observed at the GR-Cu foam electrode with a significant inhibition for Cu
      leaching. The electrocatalytic dechlorination of TCAA was accomplished via a
      combined stepwise and concerted pathway on both electrodes, whereas the concerted
      pathway was efficiently promoted on the GR-Cu foam electrode. The direct
      reduction by electrons was responsible for TCAA dechlorination at Cu foam
      electrode, while at GR-Cu foam electrode, the surface-adsorbed atomic H* also
      contributed to TCAA dechlorination owing to the chemical storage of hydrogen in
      the GR structure. Finally, the potential applicability of GR-Cu foam was revealed
      by its stability in the electrocatalytic dechlorination over 25 cycles. 

PMID- 26977557
TI  - Effect of Fiberoptic Collimation Technique on 808 nm Wavelength Laser Stimulation
      of Cochlear Neurons.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fiberoptic
      collimation technique on auditory neural stimulation in the cochlea with 808 nm
      wavelength lasers. BACKGROUND DATA: Recently, the pulsed near-infrared lasers in
      the 800-1000 nm wavelength range have been investigated as an emerging technique
      to trigger auditory neural response in the cochlea. A laser beam divergence in
      the optical stimulation pathway exists, which may affect stimulation efficiency
      and spatial selectivity. METHODS: The fiberoptic collimation technique was
      proposed for cochlear neuron stimulation, and the C-lens element was designed as
      the collimation structure. The spiral ganglion cells in deafened guinea pigs'
      cochlea were irradiated with collimated and uncollimated near-infrared lasers.
      Optically evoked auditory brainstem response (OABR) under the two laser output
      modes were recorded. RESULTS: Laser with the collimation technique evoked an
      average 58% higher OABR amplitude than the uncollimated laser output. In
      addition, the collimated laser setup consumed on average 35.2% of laser energy
      compared with the uncollimated laser when evoking the same OABR amplitude.
      CONCLUSIONS: The fiberoptic collimation technique improved stimulation efficiency
      and reduced stimulating energy consumption in near-infrared neural stimulation in
      cochlea. The positive effects of laser collimation technique could benefit
      further research in optically based cochlear implants.

PMID- 26977558
TI  - Factors Associated with Breast Milk Feeding of Very Preterm Infants from Birth to
      6 Months Corrected Age.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate factors that may affect breast milk feeding (BMF)
      practices among very preterm infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective
      study included infants born before 32 weeks gestational age (GA) and monitored up
      to 6 months corrected age (CA). Feeding method was assessed at day 14 of life, 36
      weeks GA, 6 weeks after home discharge, and 6 months CA. Multivariable logistic
      regression analysis was used to examine which factors were associated with BMF
      initiation at cessation. RESULTS: Of 181 infants who qualified for the study, 146
      (81%) initiated BMF. Of these, 80% were mainly BMF (>=75% of daily nutrition
      volume). At 36 weeks GA, 6 weeks postdischarge, and 6 months CA, 130 (71.8%), 87
      (48%), and 36 (19.9%) infants, respectively, continued to receive some BMF.
      Multivariate analysis revealed that initiation of BMF was more common with
      younger GA and higher level of maternal education. Infants whose mothers failed
      to supply >=75% of daily nutrition as BMF at day 14 were more likely to be
      exclusively formula fed 6 weeks after discharge. Cessation of BMF at 6 months CA
      was associated with birth at >28 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Successful BMF can be
      commenced and maintained throughout hospitalization in the majority of very
      preterm infants. Despite a significant dropout rate occurring within several
      weeks after discharge, in this select cohort, infants with lower GA were more
      likely to be breastfed after discharge.

PMID- 26977559
TI  - [Focal infections in otorhinolaryngology].
AB  - This publication is focused on the mechanisms underlying the clinical course of
      acute focal infections concomitant with ENT pathology, factors responsible for
      their chronization and the development of complications. Also discussed are the
      methods for the early adequate conservative and surgical treatment of these
      conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the principles of management of chronic
      tonsillitis. 

PMID- 26977560
TI  - [The specific clinical features of acute sensorineural loss of hearing associated
      with vertigo].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of vertigo and
      to determine the type of the lesion of the vestibular analyzer in the patients
      presenting with acute sensorineural loss of hearing (ASNLH). The secondary
      objective was to evaluate the possibility of the restoration of the auditory
      thresholds. The results of the examination and treatment of 94 patients suffering
      from ASNLH are presented. It was shown that the development of acute
      sensorineural loss of hearing was accompanied by unilateral peripheral
      vestibulopathy in 22.3% of the patients. In 5.3% of these cases, dizziness could
      be attributed to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and canalolythias is of the
      posterior semicircular canal on the side of hearing impairment. It is concluded
      that the presence of the clinical signs of lesions of the vestibular analyzer and
      peripheral vestibular dysfunction in the form of latent spontaneous nystagmus
      without gaze fixation and/or asymmetric nystagmus with unilateral weakness in the
      caloric test is a negative prognostic factor for the restoration of the auditory
      thresholds in the patients presenting with acute sensorineural loss of hearing.

PMID- 26977561
TI  - [The prevalence of hearing impairment in transport workers and peculiarities of
      management of occupational loss of hearing (as exemplified by the situation in
      the air and railway transport)].
AB  - This article presents data on the prevalence of hearing impairment among the
      workers engaged in the main means of transportation(air and railway transport).
      They show that the relative frequency of occupational loss of hearing in the
      cockpit members of commercial aviation amounts to one third of all cases of
      analogous diseases in this country. The main professional groups of transport
      works suffering from hearing impairment are constituted by the representatives of
      the so-called elite specialities, such as flying crew personnel, locomotive
      engineers, and their assistants. This fact constitutes an important aspect (not
      only of medical but also of socio-economic significance) of the problem under
      consideration. The high prevalence of professional hearing impairment among the
      transport workers is attributable to the high noise level in the cabins of
      locomotives and aircraft cockpits as well as to the inadequate expert and
      diagnostic work or imperfection of the regulatory documentation.

PMID- 26977562
TI  - [The audiological analysis in the patients homozygous for the c.-23+1G>A mutation
      in the GJB2 gene presenting with the loss of hearing in Yakutiya].
AB  - In the course of previous investigations carried out in the Republic of Sakha
      (Yakutiya), we have identified the main molecular-genetic factor responsible for
      the hereditary impairment of hearing among the indigenous population (mostly the
      Yakuts).The disease was shown to be attributable to the c.-23+1G>A mutation
      localized in the splice donor site (exon 1) of the GJB2 (Cx26) gene. The present
      study involved the comprehensive audiological analysis of the patients homozygous
      for the c.-23+1G>A mutation in the GJB2 gene based on the results of the study of
      a large sample of the patients residing in Yakutiya. All individuals with the
      GJB2 genotype c.-23+1G>A/c.-23-1G>A (n=108) at the mean age of 14.32+/-4.7 years
      (all ethnic Yakuts)were examined with the use oftonal threshold audiometry for
      air conduction testing at the frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0
      kHz and bone conduction testing at the frequencies of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 4.0
      with a step of 5.0 dB.The results of the ASSR test were used whenever tonal
      threshold audiometry proved impracticable The data obtained in the study
      characterize the allelic form of the disease associated with the GJB2 genotype c.
      23+1G>A/c.-23-1G>A as the congenital bilateral symmetric (90.1%), sensorineural
      (90.1%) form of hearing impairment of variable severity (from grade 1 to complete
      deafness) with the "flat" audiological profile (median slope not more than 5.0 dB
      in the extended frequency range (EFR) of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0, kHz). It is
      concluded that the results of the audiological analysis performed in the present
      study give evidence of relatively homogeneous but variable in terms of severity
      impairment of hearing in the patients homozygous for the c.-23+1G>A mutation in
      the GJB2 (Cx26) gene. It may serve as a positive prognostic sign to be used in
      the development and prescription of hearing aids.

PMID- 26977563
TI  - [Microanatomy of the cranial segment of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Possible
      correlations with the symptoms of neurovascular compression syndrome].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to elucidate the topographic features of
      the nerve fibers belonging to the acoustic and vestibular analyzers located in
      the intracranial cranial segment of human vestibulocochlear nerve (VCN). A total
      of 16 samples of the intracranial cranial segment of the human vestibulocochlear
      nerve isolated from the region enclosed between the exit of VCN from the
      brainstem and its entrance into the internal acoustic meatus were available for
      the investigation. Prior to fixation of the samples, the VCN segments were marked
      in correspondence with their intravital anatomical location in the posterior
      cranial fossa. Cross sections of the PCN segments were stained with hematoxylin
      and eosin as well as according to the van-Hison method. The cross sections were
      made either at the exit of the nerve from the brainstem (N1), its entrance into
      the internal acoustic meatus (N3) or in-between these sites (N2). The
      morphometric analysis of the sections and the statistical treatment of the data
      obtained were performed with the use of the Diamfor hardware and software complex
      ("Diamfor", Russia). The digitized images of the PCN sections were prepared using
      amVizo 103 microvisor (Russia). It was shown that the intracranial segment of the
      human vestibulocochlear nerve consists of two isolated groups of nerve fibers
      differing in terms of staining density, size, and the degree of myelinization.
      The mutual location of the fibers forming the cochlear and vestibular nuclei (CN
      and VN respectively) varies. Namely, CN near the internal acoustic foramen
      occupies the antero-posterior position with respect to VN. In the middle part of
      VCN, CN-forming fibers are located at the anetro-inferoposterior surface of the
      nerve. The nerve fibers of both CN and VN are similarly arranged near the lateral
      surface of the brain stem.

PMID- 26977564
TI  - [The state of the larynx in the patients presenting with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical state of the
      larynx and its microbial population in 49 patients examined at the stage of
      stable condition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Examination of the
      larynx was carried out with the use of a rigid laryngoscope having a visual angle
      of 70 degrees, videofibrolaryngoscopy, and stroboscopy using a "TelePac"
      videocomplex (Karl Storz, Germany). It was supplemented by the study of the
      bacteriological and mycological paysage. The acoustic analysis of the voice was
      performed with the help of the Specta PLUS computer program. It was shown that
      more than 70% of the examined patients presented with various forms of chronic
      laryngitis. Potentially pathogenic St. pyogenes and yeast-like fungi C. albicans
      were isolated from 59% and 29% of the patients respectively.

PMID- 26977566
TI  - [The influence of endogenous intoxication on the clinical picture of various
      forms of acute stenosinglaryngotracheitis in the children].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of endogenous
      intoxication on the clinical picture of various forms of acute
      stenosinglaryngotracheitis in the children. The clinical and laboratory
      examination involved 275 patients presenting with this pathology. Special
      emphasis was laid on diagnostics of the character and severity of intoxication
      syndrome. To this effect, we carried out a dynamic study of variations in the
      blood levels of medium molecular weight peptides, the toxic blood factor, and
      circulating immune complexes (CIC). It is concluded that the parameters of
      endogenous intoxication in the children with acute stenosinglaryngotracheitis are
      directly related to the specific clinical features and severity of this disease.

PMID- 26977565
TI  - [Monitoring of microflora localized at the pharyngeal tonsil surface in the
      children residing in the city of Chelyabinsk and presenting with chronic
      adenoiditis].
AB  - The objective of the present retrospective study based on the analysis of 791
      medical cards was to investigate microflora localized at the pharyngeal tonsil
      surface in the children living in the city of Chelyabinsk and presenting with
      exacerbation of chronic adenoiditis. 66% of the patients with this condition were
      4-6 year old children. The most commonly documented were the associations
      composed of resident species S. alpha-haemoliticus and S. epidermidis together
      with pathobiontic S. aureus. S. beta-haemoliticus and S. pneumoniae occurred most
      frequently whereas H. influenza and some representatives of the genus
      Enterobacteriaceae were less numerous. Fungi of the genus Candida were identified
      in 25.4% of the samples at a titer above 10^4. In 23.7% of the cases, these fungi
      were found in the associations with S. aureus which resulted in mutual
      potentiation of the pathogenicity factor.

PMID- 26977567
TI  - [The application of mastoidoplasty in repeated scanning operations on the ear].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of mastoid
      obliteration with the use of the orthotopic bone tissue taken from the linea
      temporalis region. It was shown that this region is the optimal site at the
      temporal bone for the harvesting of the plastic bone material to be used in
      mastoidoplasty during secondary sanitizing surgical interventions on the patients
      with mastoid cavity problems after canal wall-down mastoidrctomy under conditions
      of the deficiency of the orthotopic bone tissue. The application of such tissue
      for the purpose of mastoid-obliteration surgery provides a number of advantages
      over other methods of mastoidoplasty, in the first place from the standpoint of
      tissue biocompatibility. Multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) of the temporal
      bones is a highly informative and non-invasive technique for the study and
      control of the patients' condition during the late postoperative period following
      a secondary sanitizing surgical intervention involving mastoidoplasty with the
      application of the orthotopic bone tissue.

PMID- 26977568
TI  - [Congenital parotid gland fistula in the children: diagnostics and surgical
      treatment].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to improve diagnostics and surgical
      treatment of congenital parotid gland fistulae. It involved 86 children
      presenting with this defect at the age varying from 4 months to 17 years who were
      admitted to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Morozovskaya City
      Children's Clinical Hospital during the period from 2010 till 2014. It was shown
      that parotid fistula suppuration is an absolute indication for the surgical
      treatment of such children regardless of their age. The proposed diaphanoscopic
      technique was shown to produce good results and can be recommended for both
      diagnostics an intraoperative visualization of the fistulous passage. 

PMID- 26977571
TI  - [The dermoid cyst of the dorsum of the nose with intracranial invasion].

PMID- 26977570
TI  - [The possibility of using soformulated intranasal drugs after surgical correction
      of nasal breathing].
AB  - One of the major causes of chronic nasal obstruction is the nasal septum
      deformation and increase of the lower nasal turbinates. The number of septoplasty
      -operations ranges from 14% to 44,2% of all ENT-operations. The results of
      surgery are swelling of the tissues and damaged ciliar epithelium, that leads to
      the inparament of the mucociliar transport. In the postoperati e period the nasal
      cavity should be cleaned. Drugs, that are used, should reduce swelling, improve
      regeneration and should not supress ciliar activity. The results of supervisory,
      non-interventional study have shown, that application of Nasis after septoplasty
      and submucose vasotomy of inferior nasal turbinates increases reparative process
      and leads to more rapid recovery of respiratory function of nasal cavity.

PMID- 26977569
TI  - [Use of Myrtol standardized in the treatment of children with acute
      rhinosinusitis].
AB  - The present study included 60 children at the age from 6 to 10 years undergoing a
      course of out-patient and in-patient treatment of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS).
      Thirty of these patients were given Myrtol standardised in the dose of 120 mg
      thrice daily for 7 days, in addition to traditional therapy.With convincing
      objective data for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (in accordance with the
      criteria of EP3OS 2012), antibacterial preparations were prescribed to the
      children. The remaining patients received either conventional (symptomatic,
      irrigation) therapy or systemic antimicrobial agents. The analysis of
      characteristics of the visual-analog scale reflecting the severity of rhinorrhea,
      basal congestion, and coughing has demonstrated a significant (r<0,05) difference
      between the two groups of children in terms of manifestations of the clinical
      symptoms within days 7 and 14 after the onset of the treatment. For basal
      congestion, the difference was apparent as soon as day 3 after the beginning of
      therapy. The duration of the treatment with intranasal vasoconstrictive
      medications used for symptomatic therapy by the patients given Myrtol
      standardized was 2.2+/-0.4 days in comparison with 3.6+/-0.5 days in the control
      group. None of the patients treated with GeloMyrtol exhibited any adverse
      reaction attributable to the action of the medication in being studied. The study
      has demonstrated that using Myrtol standardized for the treatment of the
      uncomplicated forms of acute rhinosinusitis in children is clinically effective,
      safe, and convenient method for the management of ARS in children. And it can be
      recommended for the wide practical application. 

PMID- 26977572
TI  - [The combination of laryngeal paresis in the patients presenting with systemic
      tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease)].

PMID- 26977573
TI  - [Apical petrositis, osteomyelitis of the base of the skull bones and of the first
      cervical vertebra in a 5 year-old children following chicken pox].
AB  - This publication was designed to describe a rare case of development of
      apicalpetrositis in a child presenting with acute otitis mediafollowing chicken
      pox experienced in the preceding period. We carried out the study with the use of
      computed tomography (CT) that demonstrated destruction of the temporal bone,
      bones of the base of the skull and of the first cervical vertebra. The treatment
      strategy chosen for the management of this condition that included antibiotic
      therapy and expectant observation proved justified and can be recommended as an
      algorithm of choice taking into consideration the difficulty of surgical approach
      to the apex of the petrous pyramid. However, this approach is associated with the
      high risk of disability arising from the potential injury to the craniocerebral
      nerves.

PMID- 26977574
TI  - [A large foreign body in the nose].

PMID- 26977575
TI  - [The consensus view of the treatment of the retraction pockets of the tympanic
      membrane].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to formulate the consensus document "The
      treatment of the retraction pockets (RP) of pars tensa and pars flaccida" as well
      as to estimate the situation in this country pertaining to the treatment of the
      retraction pockets of the tympanic membrane. We undertaken a pilot study that
      involved 91 practicing otorhinolaryngologists based at in-patient and out-patient
      healthcare facilities in different regions of the Russian Federation. M. Yung's
      questionnaire for otorhinolaryngologistswas used to gain relevant information.
      The Delphi technology was employed to process the data obtained. 30% of those who
      agreed to participate in the study answered to the proposed questions although
      some of them aroused a discord among the respondents. The results of this
      questionnaire study provided a basis for the pilot consensus document and allowed
      for the preliminary conclusion as regards prospects for the further exploration
      of both the problem in question and the instruments for this purpose with special
      reference to the awareness of the otorhinolaryngologists. 

PMID- 26977576
TI  - [The remote post-graduate education in otorhinolaryngology: the first results and
      further prospects].
AB  - The objective of the present work was the retrospective analysis of the
      efficiency of two courses of remote education of otorhinolaryngologists in the
      real-time mode based on the results of the on-line questionnaire study. We
      analyzed the data obtained during the implementation of the pilot project of the
      remote post-graduate education at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology,Russian
      Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education making use of the independent Internet
      resource for the professional training of otorhinolaryngologists. The two
      programs of remote education realized in 2012 and 2013 involved 7.9% of all
      otorhinolaryngologists practicing in the Russian Federation. The fraction of
      those who passed through all stages of the learning process increased almost two
      fold, that is from 10% in 2012 up to 19% in 2013. About 14% of the participants
      made themselves familiar with all program modules; this result is in agreement
      with the data obtained in mass on-line remote teaching of the non-medical
      audience. It is concluded that the results of the present study provide a basis
      for the elaboration of the remote education programs for the training of
      specialists not only in otorhinolaryngology but also in other fields of medicine.

PMID- 26977577
TI  - Preterm birth in ancient Greece: a synopsis.
AB  - This report refers to preterm birth in Ancient Greece based on mythological,
      historical and archeological data. The two antique goddesses, patronesses of
      labor and birth, Artemis and Eileithyia, cared for full-term, as well as preterm
      infants, among them for the mythological preterms Dionysos and Eurystheus. The
      former was rapidly transported by Hermes and received special care by the nymphs
      Hyades in a mountain cave with "incubator" properties. Historical data are
      related to the nine months duration of a normal pregnancy, to the definition of
      "Elitomina" (preterms), the lower limit of viability, the causes for preterm
      birth, the existence of small for gestational age infants and relevant causes,
      the physical examination of neonates and postpartum care. Lastly, excavations in
      Athens and Astypalaia discovered burials - in wells or pots - of preterm infants
      with gestational age 24-37 weeks.

PMID- 26977580
TI  - How to decrease violence against doctors in China?

PMID- 26977579
TI  - Adopting a Uniform Approach to Site Assignment in Tubo-Ovarian High-Grade Serous
      Carcinoma: The Time has Come.
AB  - There is currently sufficient evidence that nonuterine high-grade serous
      carcinoma (HGSC) originates in the fallopian tube in the majority of cases, but
      this is not uniformly reflected in our diagnostic terminology. This is because
      there remains wide variation in awareness and acceptance of this evidence, which
      conflicts with traditional views on origin. Accurate disease classification is
      fundamental to routine clinical practice and research, particularly at a time
      when exciting new approaches to therapy, early detection, and prevention are
      appearing on the horizon. We feel the time has come to minimize individual and
      institutional variations in practice, and agree on an evidence-based approach to
      uniform terminology and primary site assignment. In this paper we put forward a
      proposal for a unified approach based on published research evidence and discuss
      the reasons why it is vital to agree on a uniform protocol. We propose the term
      "Tubo-ovarian HGSC" in preference to "pelvic" or "Mullerian," as it accurately
      reflects the origin of this disease in the vast majority of cases, and is
      unambiguous, distinguishing it clearly from uterine serous carcinoma and ovarian
      low-grade serous carcinomas. A detailed protocol for primary site assignment is
      presented for different scenarios, which is easy to follow and has been developed
      with a view to promoting a uniform approach worldwide. 

PMID- 26977578
TI  - Determination of the Membrane Permeability to Water of Human Vaginal Mucosal
      Immune Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry.
AB  - To study mucosal immunity and conduct HIV vaccine trials, it is important to be
      able to cryopreserve mucosal specimens and recover them in functional viable
      form. Obtaining a good recovery depends, in part, on cooling the cells at the
      appropriate rate, which is determined by the rate of water transport across the
      cell membrane during the cooling process. In this study, the cell membrane
      permeabilities to water at subzero temperatures of human vaginal mucosal T cells
      and macrophages were measured using the differential scanning calorimetry method
      proposed by Devireddy et al. in 1998. Thermal histograms were measured before and
      after cell lysis using a Slow-Fast-Fast-Slow cooling program. The difference
      between the thermal histograms of the live intact cells and the dead lysed cells
      was used to calculate the temperature-dependent cell membrane permeability at
      subzero temperatures, which was assumed to follow the Arrhenius relationship,
      [Formula: see text], where Lpg is the permeability to water at the reference
      temperature (273.15 K). The results showed that Lpg = 0.0209 +/- 0.0108
      MUm/atm/min and Ea = 41.5 +/- 11.4 kcal/mol for T cells and Lpg = 0.0198 +/-
      0.0102 MUm/atm/min and Ea = 38.2 +/- 10.4 kcal/mol for macrophages, respectively,
      in the range 0 degrees C to -40 degrees C (mean +/- standard deviation).
      Theoretical simulations predicted that the optimal cooling rate for both T cells
      and macrophages was about -3 degrees C/min, which was proven by preliminary
      immune cell cryopreservation experiments. 

PMID- 26977581
TI  - Why should we abort the expression 'aborted sudden death'.

PMID- 26977582
TI  - Cardioembolism and takotsubo syndrome: A case report.

PMID- 26977583
TI  - Closed chest human aortic valve removal and replacement: Technical feasibility
      and one year follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive aortic valve replacement has so far required a
      minithoracotomy or a ministernotomy. We present here the first series of totally
      endoscopic aortic valve replacement (TEAVR). METHODS: Between June 2013 and April
      2015, 14 consecutive patients (12 males, mean age=76 +/- 5.4 years) with a mean
      EuroSCORE II of 2.72 +/- 0.03% underwent TEAVR. A five trocar setting was used in
      all patients: after ablation of the native valve, a Nitinol stented sutureless 3f
      Enable Medtronic valve, compressed into the main working trocar, was introduced
      into the thorax and then expanded in the aortic root. RESULTS: Among the 14
      patients, a thoracoscopic approach was successful in 13 (92.8%) and conversion
      into an open surgery using the right anterior minithoracotomy was necessary to
      close the aortotomy in one case. Mean cross-clamping and cardiopulmonary (CPB)
      times were 112 +/- 18 and 161 +/- 31 min, respectively. All patients left the
      surgical unit within 8 days after the operation without any paravalvular leakage.
      There was no paravalvular regurgitation, conductive block or any major adverse
      event at a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 4 months (range 2-16). CONCLUSIONS: TEAVR is
      feasible and safe in a selected subset of patients. Closed chest surgery has the
      potential to become the future approach of the isolated aortic valve replacement
      in low risk patients but further technical refinement and larger studies are
      necessary to reduce operative durations and enhance reproducibility.

PMID- 26977584
TI  - Health status of older patients with type 2 diabetes and screen-detected heart
      failure is significantly lower than those without.

PMID- 26977585
TI  - Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time of
      flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach for the holistic
      quality control of complex Kang-Jing formula preparations.
AB  - The Kang-Jing (KJ) formula is a compound preparation made from 12 kinds of herbs.
      So far, four different methods (M1-M4) have been documented for KJ preparation,
      but the influence of preparation methods on the holistic quality of KJ have
      remained unknown. In this study, a strategy was proposed to investigate the
      influence of different preparation methods on the holistic quality of KJ using
      ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time of
      flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) based chemical profiling. A total of
      101 compounds mainly belonging to flavonoids, tanshinones, monoterpene
      glycosides, triterpenoid saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids and volatile oils,
      were identified. Among these compounds, glaucine was detected only in M3/M4
      samples, while two dehydrocorydaline isomers merely detected in M2/M3/M4 samples.
      Tetrahydrocolumbamine, ethylic lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid E and
      rosmarimic acid were only detected in M1/M3/M4 samples. In the subsequent
      quantitative analysis, 12 major compounds were determined by UHPLC-MS/MS. The
      proposed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision and
      recovery. It was found that the contents of marker compounds varied significantly
      in samples prepared by different methods. These results demonstrated that
      preparation method does significantly affect the holistic quality of KJ. UHPLC
      QTOF-MS/MS based chemical profiling approach is efficient and reliable for
      comprehensive quality evaluation of KJ. Collectively, this study provide the
      chemical evidence for revealing the material basis of KJ, and establish a simple
      and accurate chemical profiling method for its quality control. 

PMID- 26977587
TI  - Directional reflectance analysis for identifying counterfeit drugs: Preliminary
      study.
AB  - The WHO estimates that up to 10% of drugs on the market may be counterfeit. In
      order to prevent intensification of the phenomenon of drug counterfeiting, the
      methods for distinguishing genuine medicines from fake ones need to be developed.
      The aim of this study was to try to develop simple, reproducible and inexpensive
      method for distinguishing between original and counterfeit medicines based on the
      measurement of directional reflectance. The directional reflectance of 6 original
      Viagra((r)) tablets (Pfizer) and 24 (4 different batches) counterfeit tablets
      (imitating Viagra((r))) was examined in six spectral bands: from 0.9 to 1.1 MUm,
      from 1.9 to 2.6 MUm, from 3.0 to 4.0 MUm, from 3.0 to 5.0 MUm, from 4.0 to 5.0
      MUm, from 8.0 to 12.0 MUm, and for two angles of incidence, 20 degrees  and 60
      degrees . Directional hemispherical reflectometer was applied to measure
      directional reflectance. Significant statistical differences between the
      directional reflectance of the original Viagra((r)) and counterfeit tablets were
      registered. Any difference in the value of directional reflectance for any
      spectral band or angle of incidence identifies the drug as a fake one. The
      proposed method of directional reflectance analysis enables to differentiate
      between the real Viagra((r)) and fake tablets. Directional reflectance analysis
      is a fast (measurement time under 5s), cheap and reproducible method which does
      not require expensive equipment or specialized laboratory staff. It also seems to
      be an effective method, however, the effectiveness will be assessed after the
      extension of research.

PMID- 26977586
TI  - Procedure optimization for extracting short-chain fatty acids from human faeces.
AB  - Short-chain fatty acids play an important role in the physiology and metabolism
      of the colon. Disturbed balance of such compounds in human gut can significantly
      contribute to etiological factors of various gastrointestinal disorders and it
      may also increase the risk of developing cancer or cardiovascular diseases. The
      aim of the study was to select the optimal parameters for acetic, propionic and
      butyric acids extraction from stool samples. The experimental conditions were
      optimized with respect to the solvent sample shacking time, sample ultrasounds
      (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, UAE) exposure time and the number of extractions
      from the particulate stool samples. The screening of experimental parameters was
      conducted with fractional factorial design of experiments, namely 3(3-1). The
      optimal conditions for UAE were found, namely ultrasound digestion time of 40 min
      (at 35 degrees C), shaking time of 4 min, and the three subsequent extractions.

PMID- 26977588
TI  - Does Subjective Rating Reflect Behavioural Coding? Personality in 2 Month-Old Dog
      Puppies: An Open-Field Test and Adjective-Based Questionnaire.
AB  - A number of studies have recently investigated personality traits in non-human
      species, with the dog gaining popularity as a subject species for research in
      this area. Recent research has shown the consistency of personality traits across
      both context and time for adult dogs, both when using questionnaire based methods
      of investigation and behavioural analyses of the dogs' behaviour. However, only a
      few studies have assessed the correspondence between these two methods, with
      results varying considerably across studies. Furthermore, most studies have
      focused on adult dogs, despite the fact that an understanding of personality
      traits in young puppies may be important for research focusing on the genetic
      basis of personality traits. In the current study, we sought to evaluate the
      correspondence between a questionnaire based method and the in depth analyses of
      the behaviour of 2-month old puppies in an open-field test in which a number of
      both social and non-social stimuli were presented to the subjects. We further
      evaluated consistency of traits over time by re-testing a subset of puppies. The
      correspondence between methods was high and test- retest consistency (for the
      main trait) was also good using both evaluation methods. Results showed clear
      factors referring to the two main personality traits 'extroversion,' (i.e. the
      enthusiastic, exuberant approach to the stimuli) and 'neuroticism,' (i.e. the
      more cautious and fearful approach to the stimuli), potentially similar to the
      shyness-boldness dimension found in previous studies. Furthermore, both methods
      identified an 'amicability' dimension, expressing the positive interactions the
      pups directed at the humans stranger, and a 'reservedness' dimension which
      identified pups who largely chose not to interact with the stimuli, and were
      defined as quiet and not nosey in the questionnaire. 

PMID- 26977591
TI  - Impact of ERK activation on fly survival and Wolbachia-mediated protection during
      virus infection.
AB  - Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) provide protection against virus
      induced mortality in Drosophila. In addition to contributing to oxidative stress,
      ROS are known to activate a number of signalling pathways including the
      extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signalling cascade. It was recently
      shown that ERK signalling is important for resistance against viral replication
      and invasion in cultured Drosophila cells and the gut epithelium of adult flies.
      Here, using a Drosophila loss-of-function ERK (rolled) mutant we demonstrated
      that ERK is important for fly survival during virus infection. ERK mutant flies
      subjected to Drosophila C virus (DCV) oral and systemic infection were more
      susceptible to virus-induced mortality as compared with wild-type flies. We have
      demonstrated experimentally that ERK activation is important for fly survival
      during oral and systemic virus infection. Given that elevated ROS correlates with
      Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection, we also investigated the involvement of
      ERK in antiviral protection in flies infected by Wolbachia. The results indicate
      that ERK activation is increased in the presence of Wolbachia but this does not
      appear to influence Wolbachia-mediated antiviral protection, at least during
      systemic infection.

PMID- 26977589
TI  - Inducing amnesia through systemic suppression.
AB  - Hippocampal damage profoundly disrupts the ability to store new memories of life
      events. Amnesic windows might also occur in healthy people due to disturbed
      hippocampal function arising during mental processes that systemically reduce
      hippocampal activity. Intentionally suppressing memory retrieval (retrieval
      stopping) reduces hippocampal activity via control mechanisms mediated by the
      lateral prefrontal cortex. Here we show that when people suppress retrieval given
      a reminder of an unwanted memory, they are considerably more likely to forget
      unrelated experiences from periods surrounding suppression. This amnesic shadow
      follows a dose-response function, becomes more pronounced after practice
      suppressing retrieval, exhibits characteristics indicating disturbed hippocampal
      function, and is predicted by reduced hippocampal activity. These findings
      indicate that stopping retrieval engages a suppression mechanism that broadly
      compromises hippocampal processes and that hippocampal stabilization processes
      can be interrupted strategically. Cognitively triggered amnesia constitutes an
      unrecognized forgetting process that may account for otherwise unexplained memory
      lapses following trauma. 

PMID- 26977593
TI  - Correction: Gradual Rewarming with Gradual Increase in Pressure during Machine
      Perfusion after Cold Static Preservation Reduces Kidney Ischemia Reperfusion
      Injury.

PMID- 26977590
TI  - N-acetyl-cysteine prevents age-related hearing loss and the progressive loss of
      inner hair cells in gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 deficient mice.
AB  - Genetic factors combined with oxidative stress are major determinants of age
      related hearing loss (ARHL), one of the most prevalent disorders of the elderly.
      Dwarf grey mice, Ggt1dwg/dwg, are homozygous for a loss of function mutation of
      the g-glutamyl transferase 1 gene, which encodes an important antioxidant enzyme
      critical for the resynthesis of glutathione (GSH). Since GSH reduces oxidative
      damage, we hypothesized that Ggt1dwg/dwg mice would be susceptible to ARHL.
      Surprisingly, otoacoustic emissions and cochlear microphonic potentials, which
      reflect cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) function, were largely unaffected in
      mutant mice, whereas auditory brainstem responses and the compound action
      potential were grossly abnormal. These functional deficits were associated with
      an unusual and selective loss of inner hair cells (IHC), but retention of OHC and
      auditory nerve fibers. Remarkably, hearing deficits and IHC loss were completely
      prevented by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, which induces de novo synthesis of GSH;
      however, hearing deficits and IHC loss reappeared when treatment was
      discontinued. Ggt1dwg/dwg mice represent an important new model for investigating
      ARHL, therapeutic interventions, and understanding the perceptual and
      electrophysiological consequences of sensory deprivation caused by the loss of
      sensory input exclusively from IHC.

PMID- 26977592
TI  - Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) Occurs through Different Membrane
      Domains in Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Endothelial cells respond to a large range of stimuli including circulating
      lipoproteins, growth factors and changes in haemodynamic mechanical forces to
      regulate the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and maintain
      blood pressure. While many signalling pathways have been mapped, the identities
      of membrane domains through which these signals are transmitted are less well
      characterized. Here, we manipulated bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) with
      cholesterol and the oxysterol 7-ketocholesterol (7KC). Using a range of
      microscopy techniques including confocal, 2-photon, super-resolution and electron
      microscopy, we found that sterol enrichment had differential effects on eNOS and
      caveolin-1 (Cav1) colocalisation, membrane order of the plasma membrane, caveolae
      numbers and Cav1 clustering. We found a correlation between cholesterol-induced
      condensation of the plasma membrane and enhanced high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      induced eNOS activity and phosphorylation suggesting that cholesterol domains,
      but not individual caveolae, mediate HDL stimulation of eNOS. Vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced and shear stress-induced eNOS activity
      was relatively independent of membrane order and may be predominantly controlled
      by the number of caveolae on the cell surface. Taken together, our data suggest
      that signals that activate and phosphorylate eNOS are transmitted through
      distinct membrane domains in endothelial cells. 

PMID- 26977594
TI  - Stance Postural Strategies in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
      Polyradiculoneuropathy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Polyneuropathy leads to postural instability and an increased risk
      of falling. We investigated how impaired motor impairment and proprioceptive
      input due to neuropathy influences postural strategies. METHODS: Platformless
      bisegmental posturography data were recorded in healthy subjects and patients
      with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Each
      subject stood on the floor, wore a head and a hip electromagnetic tracker. Sway
      amplitude and velocity were recorded and the mean direction difference (MDD) in
      the velocity vector between trackers was calculated as a flexibility index.
      RESULTS: Head and hip postural sway increased more in patients with CIDP than in
      healthy controls. MDD values reflecting hip strategies also increased more in
      patients than in controls. In the eyes closed condition MDD values in healthy
      subjects decreased but in patients remained unchanged. DISCUSSION: Sensori-motor
      impairment changes the balance between postural strategies that patients adopt to
      maintain upright quiet stance. Motor impairment leads to hip postural strategy
      overweight (eyes open), and prevents strategy re-balancing when the sensory
      context predominantly relies on proprioceptive input (eyes closed).

PMID- 26977597
TI  - Diffusion Tensor Imaging Abnormalities in the Cerebral White Matter Correlate
      with Sex-Dependent Neurobehavioral Deficits in Adult Mice with Neonatal Ischemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neonatal white matter injury (NWMI) is the leading cause of cerebral
      palsy in prematurely born children. In order to develop a test bed for
      therapeutics, we recently reported a mouse model of NWMI by using a modified Rice
      Vannucci model of neonatal ischemia on postnatal day 5 (P5) in CD-1 mice. We have
      previously shown that these mice illustrate initial neuroinflammation and
      oligodendroglial differentiation arrest followed by long-term dysmyelination,
      periventricular astrogliosis and axonal injury, resembling human NWMI. The
      objective of this study was to determine the sex-dependent long-term effects of
      neonatal brain injury on neurobehavioral and advanced in vivo neuroimaging
      indices in this mouse model, and to correlate these variables with
      histopathology. METHODS: After right common artery ligation on P5, in vivo T2
      weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed on ligated and
      control animals at 4 and 8 weeks. Common sets of regions of interest were used to
      compare fractional anisotropy (FA) values between ischemic and control mice.
      Behavioral testing (open field, startle response and grip strength) was performed
      at adult age. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for immunohistochemical (IHC)
      assessment of major white matter tracts. RESULTS: DTI revealed significant sex
      dependent changes in FA values ipsi- and contralateral to the ligation.
      Behavioral testing showed decreased reaction to acoustic stimuli in males but not
      females. Similarly, increased number of rearings and lack of novelty-induced
      habituation in the open field were encountered only in the male subgroup. Several
      regional correlations were found between FA values and these behavioral
      alterations. IHC studies revealed degeneration of mature oligodendrocytes and
      damage of white matter tracts in ligated animals, as previously reported in this
      model, and showed regional correlation with in vivo FA values and behavioral
      alterations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest structural sex-dependent long-term
      abnormalities after neonatal ischemia. These changes lead to behavioral deficits
      resembling common problems of patients with cerebral palsy.

PMID- 26977596
TI  - Effects of Temperature on Bacterial Communities and Metabolites during
      Fermentation of Myeolchi-Aekjeot, a Traditional Korean Fermented Anchovy Sauce.
AB  - Myeolchi-aekjeot (MA) in Korea is produced outdoors without temperature controls,
      which is a major obstacle to produce commercial MA products with uniform quality.
      To investigate the effects of temperature on MA fermentation, pH, bacterial
      abundance and community, and metabolites were monitored during fermentation at 15
      degrees C, 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C. Initial pH values were
      approximately 6.0, and pH values increased after approximately 42 days, with
      faster increases at higher temperatures. Bacterial abundances increased rapidly
      in all MA samples after quick initial decreases during early fermentation and
      then they again steadily decreased after reaching their maxima, which were
      significantly greater at higher temperatures. Bacterial community analysis
      revealed that Proteobacteria and Tenericutes were predominant in all initial MA
      samples, but they were rapidly displaced by Firmicutes as fermentation
      progressed. Photobacterium and Mycoplasma belonging to Proteobacteria and
      Tenericutes, respectively, which may include potentially pathogenic strains, were
      dominant in initial MA, but decreased with the growth of Chromohalobacter, which
      occurred faster at higher temperatures--they were dominant until 273 and 100 days
      at 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C, respectively, but not detected after 30 days at
      25 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Chromohalobacter also decreased with the
      appearance of subsequent genera belonging to Firmicutes in all MA samples.
      Tetragenococcus, halophilic lactic acid bacteria, appeared predominantly at 20
      degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C; they were most abundant at 30 degrees
      C, but not detected at 15 degrees C. Alkalibacillus and Lentibacillus appeared as
      dominant genera with the decrease of Tetragenococcus at 25 degrees C and 30
      degrees C, but only Lentibacillus was dominant at 15 degrees C and 20 degrees C.
      Metabolite analysis showed that amino acids related to tastes were major
      metabolites and their concentrations were relatively higher at high temperatures.
      This study suggests that high temperatures (approximately 30 degrees C) may be
      appropriate in MA fermentation, in the light of faster disappearance of
      potentially pathogenic genera, higher amino acids, growth of Tetragenococcus, and
      faster fermentation. 

PMID- 26977595
TI  - CK19 and Glypican 3 Expression Profiling in the Prognostic Indication for
      Patients with HCC after Surgical Resection.
AB  - This retrospective study was designed to investigate the correlation between a
      novel immunosubtyping method for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and biological
      behavior of tumor cells. A series of 346 patients, who received hepatectomy at
      two surgical centers from January 2007 to October 2010, were enrolled in this
      study. The expressions of cytokeratin 19 (CK19), glypican 3 (GPC3), and CD34 were
      detected by immunohistochemical staining. The clinical stage was assessed using
      the sixth edition tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system (UICC/AJCC, 2010).Vascular
      invasion comprised both microscopic and macroscopic invasion. The tumor size,
      lymph node involvement, and metastasis were determined by pathological as well as
      imaging studies. Recurrence was defined as the appearance of new lesions with
      radiological features typical of HCC, seen by at least two imaging methods.
      Survival curves for the patients were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and
      differences between the curves were assessed using the log-rank test. Significant
      differences in morphology, histological grading, and TNM staging were observed
      between groups. Based on the immunohistochemical staining, the enrolled cases
      were divided into CK19+/GPC3+, CK19-/GPC3+ and CK19-/GPC3- three subtypes.
      CK19+/GPC3+ HCC has the highest risk of multifocality, microvascular invasion,
      regional lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis, followed by CK19-/GPC3+
      HCC, then CK19-/GPC3-HCC. CK19+/GPC3+ HCC has the shortest recurrence time
      compared to other immunophenotype HCCs. CK19 and GPC3 expression profiling is an
      independent prognostic indicator in patients with HCC, and a larger sample size
      is needed to further investigate the effect of this immunosubtyping model in
      stratifying the outcome of HCC patients. 

PMID- 26977598
TI  - The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Post-Cessation Weight Gain in the
      Year after Quitting Smoking: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is wide variability in the amount of weight gained when
      quitting smoking, but little is known about key predictors of weight gain. We
      examined the impact of body mass index (BMI) category and sociodemographic
      variables on post-cessation weight gain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We utilized
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from five consecutive
      cycles of data collection from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012 to estimate post-cessation
      weight gain by BMI category among recent quitters (n = 654). We analyzed data on
      their "current weight" and their "past year weight". We also compared the recent
      quitters with current smokers, in order to estimate the amount of weight that
      could be attributed to quitting smoking. RESULTS: Recent quitters gained 1.4 kg
      (95% CI: 0.8 to 2.0), while current smokers had a non-significant weight change (
      0.01 kg (95% CI: -0.3 to 0.2). Weight gain was significant for those in the
      normal weight (3.1 kg, 95% CI: 2.3 to 3.9) and overweight BMI categories (2.2 kg,
      95% CI: 1.1 to 3.2). CONCLUSIONS: BMI category is a key factor in the extent of
      post-cessation weight gain, with normal and overweight recent quitters gaining
      significant amounts of weight.

PMID- 26977599
TI  - Falls and Fall-Related Injuries among Community-Dwelling Adults in the United
      States.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Falls are the leading cause of unintentional injuries in the U.S.;
      however, national estimates for all community-dwelling adults are lacking. This
      study estimated the national incidence of falls and fall-related injuries among
      community-dwelling U.S. adults by age and gender and the trends in fall-related
      injuries across the adult life span. METHODS: Nationally representative data from
      the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2008 Balance and Dizziness supplement
      was used to develop national estimates of falls, and pooled data from the NHIS
      was used to calculate estimates of fall-related injuries in the U.S. and related
      trends from 2004-2013. Costs of unintentional fall-related injuries were
      extracted from the CDC's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System.
      RESULTS: Twelve percent of community-dwelling U.S. adults reported falling in the
      previous year for a total estimate of 80 million falls at a rate of 37.2 falls
      per 100 person-years. On average, 9.9 million fall-related injuries occurred each
      year with a rate of 4.38 fall-related injuries per 100 person-years. In the
      previous three months, 2.0% of older adults (65+), 1.1% of middle-aged adults (45
      64) and 0.7% of young adults (18-44) reported a fall-related injury. Of all fall
      related injuries among community-dwelling adults, 32.3% occurred among older
      adults, 35.3% among middle-aged adults and 32.3% among younger adults. The age
      adjusted rate of fall-related injuries increased 4% per year among older women
      (95% CI 1%-7%) from 2004 to 2013. Among U.S. adults, the total lifetime cost of
      annual unintentional fall-related injuries that resulted in a fatality,
      hospitalization or treatment in an emergency department was 111 billion U.S.
      dollars in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: Falls and fall-related injuries represent a
      significant health and safety problem for adults of all ages. The findings
      suggest that adult fall prevention efforts should consider the entire adult
      lifespan to ensure a greater public health benefit.

PMID- 26977600
TI  - Spectroscopic Studies on Organic Matter from Triassic Reptile Bones, Upper
      Silesia, Poland.
AB  - Fossil biomolecules from an endogenous source were previously identified in
      Cretaceous to Pleistocene fossilized bones, the evidence coming from molecular
      analyses. These findings, however, were called into question and an alternative
      hypothesis of the invasion of the bone by bacterial biofilm was proposed.
      Herewith we report a new finding of morphologically preserved blood-vessel-like
      structures enclosing organic molecules preserved in iron-oxide-mineralized vessel
      walls from the cortical region of nothosaurid and tanystropheid (aquatic and
      terrestrial diapsid reptiles) bones. These findings are from the Early/Middle
      Triassic boundary (Upper Roetian/Lowermost Muschelkalk) strata of Upper Silesia,
      Poland. Multiple spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, ToF-SIMS, and XPS) of the
      extracted "blood vessels" showed the presence of organic compounds, including
      fragments of various amino acids such as hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine as well
      as amides, that may suggest the presence of collagen protein residues. Because
      these amino acids are absent from most proteins other than collagen, we infer
      that the proteinaceous molecules may originate from endogenous collagen. The
      preservation of molecular signals of proteins within the "blood vessels" was most
      likely made possible through the process of early diagenetic iron oxide
      mineralization. This discovery provides the oldest evidence of in situ
      preservation of complex organic molecules in vertebrate remains in a marine
      environment. 

PMID- 26977601
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26977603
TI  - Invitation and a Warm Welcome to the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society for
      Neuropediatrics.

PMID- 26977602
TI  - Qualitative Treatment-Subgroup Interactions in a Randomized Clinical Trial of
      Treatments for Adolescents with ADHD: Exploring What Cognitive-Behavioral
      Treatment Works for Whom.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study explored qualitative treatment-subgroup interactions within
      data of a RCT with two cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) for adolescents with
      ADHD: a planning-focused (PML) and a solution-focused CBT (SFT). Qualitative
      interactions imply that which treatment is best differs across subgroups of
      patients, and are therefore most relevant for personalized medicine. METHODS:
      Adolescents with ADHD (N = 159) received either PML or SFT. Pre-, post- and three
      month follow-up data were gathered on parent-rated ADHD symptoms and planning
      problems. Pretreatment characteristics were explored as potential qualitative
      moderators of pretest to follow-up treatment effects, using an innovative
      analyses technique (QUINT; Dusseldorp & Van Mechelen, 2014). In addition,
      qualitative treatment-subgroup interactions for the therapeutic changes from pre-
      to posttest and from post- to follow-up test were investigated. RESULTS: For the
      entire time span from pretest to follow-up only a quantitative interaction was
      found, while from posttest to follow-up qualitative interactions were found:
      Adolescents with less depressive symptoms but more anxiety symptoms showed more
      improvement when receiving PML than SFT, while for other adolescents the effects
      of PML and SFT were comparable. DISCUSSION: Whereas subgroups in both treatments
      followed different trajectories, no subgroup was found for which SFT outperformed
      PML in terms of the global change in symptoms from pretest to three months after
      treatment. This implies that, based on this exploratory study, there is no need
      for personalized treatment allocation with regard to the CBTs under study for
      adolescents with ADHD. However, for a subgroup with comorbid anxiety symptoms but
      low depression PML clearly appears the treatment of preference. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Nederlands Trial Register NTR2142.

PMID- 26977604
TI  - The role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in prediction of
      postoperative atrial fibrillation.
AB  - AIM: To analyze prognostic value of different factors in postoperative atrial
      fibrillation prediction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study included 39 patients with
      coronary artery disease without previous paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Multiple
      correlation, logistic regression and ROC-analysis were performed to create
      predictive model of postoperative atrial fibrillation prognosis. Authors have
      analyzed most of described in literature preoperative predictors of atrial
      fibrillation to define the role of different risk factors. Prognostic role of N
      terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is assessed. RESULTS: We
      revealed high informativeness of NT-proBNP to predict postoperative atrial
      fibrillation after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 26977605
TI  - [Opportunities of endovideosurgical interventions in thoracic and abdominal
      trauma].
AB  - AIM: To analyze the results of laparo- and thoracoscopy in patients with thoracic
      and abdominal trauma in conditions of emergency hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      For the period 2006-2013 we performed 56 laparoscopic and 15 thoracoscopic
      interventions in 67 patients with trauma. There were 80.6% of men and 19.4% of
      women aged 35+/-1.7 years. Abdominal, thoracic and thoraco-abdominal injuries
      were observed in 51 (76.1%), 14 (20.9%) and 2 (3%) patients. Abdominal or
      thoracic trauma alone was diagnosed in 41 (61.2%) cases and combined injury - in
      26 (38.8%) patients. 37 (66%) interventions were performed laparoscopically.
      Conversion to laparotomy was observed in 19 (34%) cases. Mean volume of
      hemoperitoneum was 458 ml (range 100-1100 ml). In 11 (73.3%) patients
      thoracoscopic surgery was performed and conversion of access was applied in 4
      (26.7%) cases. RESULTS: No injuries of internal organs were observed in 19.6% and
      13.3% of patients using laparo- and thoracoscopy respectively. So inadvisable
      open surgery was prevented although formal indications for laparo- and
      thoracotomy were present. In 25% and 20% of abdominal and thoracic damages
      respectively we avoided relatively unjustified laparo- or thoracotomy because of
      injuries were cured endoscopically. No one missed injury was observed.
      Postoperative complications were diagnosed in 5.6% of cases. Mortality rate was
      15.6% in case of severe combined trauma. Mean hospital stay was 23.2 days (range
      3-105). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic techniques are perspective in treatment of
      thoracic and abdominal trauma. It allows to avoid inadvisable laparo- and
      thoracotomy in some cases and to improve results of treatment.

PMID- 26977606
TI  - [Computed tomography in diagnostics of extravasal influence of thyroid nodules].
AB  - AIM: To estimate role of contrast-enhanced MDCT in diagnosis of common carotid
      arteries and internal jugular veins compression by thyroid nodules. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Contrast-enhanced MDCT of neck and mediastinum was performed in 15
      patients with benign thyroid nodules in addition to conventional clinical survey
      and Doppler imaging of common carotid arteries and internal jugular veins.
      Thyroid volume ranged from 71.4 to 296 cm3. Cervical great vessels deviation,
      their dislocation and deformation because of compression were revealed in 14
      patients. Partial and complete compression within transverse processes of
      cervical vertebrae was diagnosed in 7 cases. It was concluded that dislocated
      common carotid arteries per se can compress and deform internal jugular veins.
      Blood flow in veins is absent if they are compressed throughout. If jugular vein
      is compressed behind sternum only its ectasia may be observed. RESULTS: Vascular
      geometry was restored after extravasal compression elimination. Contrast-enhanced
      MDCT should be included into survey program of patients with thyroid nodules.

PMID- 26977607
TI  - [Analysis of reasons of "incomplete" colonoscopy].
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the reasons for incomplete
      colonoscopy, as well as evaluation of results preparation of patients for
      colonoscopy in a variety of ways, informative colonoscopy depending on the
      quality of preparation of the colon for examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      material of this study was the results 104 of colonoscopies drawn from daily
      clinical practice. To prepare the colon for the study used the most available
      ways: 1) lavage solutions, 2) castor oil, 2 enemas in the morning and 2 in the
      evening, 3) enema, which the patients were chosen after consulting a doctor. To
      assess the preparedness of the colon to the study used a Boston-scale of
      assessment of quality of preparation of the colon for a colonoscopy". Preparation
      of the colon was improved by using a water jet pump of the company "Olympus"
      AFU100. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0.
      RESULTS: Analysis of clinical specimens showed that in 13 (12.5%) of the
      observations to intubate the colon was not possible. The main reason is the poor
      preparation of the colon to the study, which failed to improve even with the aid
      of a water jet pump.

PMID- 26977608
TI  - [Rectosacropexy in rectal prolapse management].
AB  - AIM: To compare results of rectosacropexy and posterior-loop rectopexy in rectal
      prolapse management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study included 122 patients operated
      for rectal prolapse for the period January 2007 to August 2014. Patients' age
      ranged from 19 to 85 years (mean 47.3+/-16.1). Main group consisted of 60 (49.2%)
      patients who underwent rectosacropexy (D'Hoore's procedure). Control group
      included 62 (50.8%) patients in whom posterior-loop rectopexy was applied
      (Wells's procedure). RESULTS: Long-term results were followed-up in 94 (77.0%)
      patients including 48 and 46 from main and control group respectively. Recurrent
      prolaple incidence after rectosacropexy and posterior-loop rectopexy was 2% and
      8.7% respectively. Multivariant analysis statistically confirmed that
      postoperative impaired colon motility was independent risk factor of recurrence.
      Recurrent disease is observed 5.7 times more often in this case. Rectosacropexy
      does not significantly impair colon motility because of ileus occurs in 8.3% of
      operated patients. Impovement of anal continence does not depend on rectopexy
      method and occurs in all patients with degree 1-2 of anal sphincter failure.
      CONCLUSION: Rectosacropexy may be preferred in rectal prolapse. However, further
      highly significant studies are necessary to optimize rectal prolapse management.

PMID- 26977609
TI  - [The efficacy of endoscopic endosonography in diagnosis of benign and malignant
      stenoses of common bile duct].
AB  - AIM: To define criteria and to estimate diagnostic significance of endosonography
      in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant stenoses of common bile duct.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: We presented the results of survey and treatment of 57
      patients with benign and malignant stenoses of common bile duct. The technique of
      endosonography is described. We have formulated major criteria of differential
      diagnostics of tumoral and non-tumoral lesion of extrahepatic bile ducts.
      Comparative analysis of endosonography, ultrasound, computed tomography and
      magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed. RESULTS: Sensitivity,
      specificity and accuracy of endosonography in diagnosis of stenosis cause is
      97.7%, 100% and 98.2% respectively. So it exceeds the efficacy of other
      diagnostic X-ray methods. In modern surgical clinic endosonography should be
      mandatory performed. It is necessary for final diagnostics of cause of common
      bile duct stenosis especially in case of its low location.

PMID- 26977610
TI  - [Training curves for endosurgical interventions in neonates and infants].
AB  - AIM: To demonstrate training curves for endosurgical interventions in neonates
      and infants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was analyzed duration of thoracoscopic
      reconstruction of esophageal atresia (31 patients) and laparoscopic Nissen
      fundoplication (61 patients) performed for the period from January 2005 to
      December 2012. Graphs and tables reflecting correlation between duration and
      number of operations were framed. RESULTS: Figures demonstrate reducing duration
      of surgery with increase of endosurgical interventions number. CONCLUSION: Our
      data revealed that time necessary for minimally invasive procedures in infants
      and neonates decreases in process of experience accumulation.

PMID- 26977612
TI  - [Transfusion supply optimization in multiple-discipline surgical hospital].
AB  - AIM: To define optimal variant of transfusion supply of hospital by blood
      components and to decrease donor blood expense via application of blood
      preserving technologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Donor blood components expense,
      volume of hemotransfusions and their proportion for the period 2012-2014 were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Number of recipients of packed red cells, fresh-frozen plasma
      and packed platelets reduced 18.5%, 25% and 80% respectively. Need for donor
      plasma decreased 35%. Expense of autologous plasma in cardiac surgery was 76% of
      overall volume. Preoperative plasma sampling is introduced in patients with
      aortic aneurysm. Number of cardiac interventions performed without donor blood is
      increased 7-31% depending on its complexity.

PMID- 26977613
TI  - [Etiology of "difficult" laparoscopic cholecystectomy].
AB  - AIM: To define causes of difficult situations in various forms of acute
      cholecystitis depending on terms of disease and clinico-morphological changes in
      gall bladder area and to justify differentiated application of laparoscopic
      surgery for acute cholecystitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was reviewed 1132
      medical records of patients with acute cholecystitis. It is found that
      morphological changes in gall bladder and surrounding tissues depend on duration
      of follow-up of patients with acute cholecystitis and type of inflammation.
      RESULTS: In acute catarrhal cholecystitis "complicated" intraoperative situations
      are observed in 37.5% due to "loose" tissues infiltration, in phlegmonous and
      gangrenous forms of inflammation - in 44.6% and 63.6% respectively due to "dense"
      infiltrates development. CONCLUSION: Technical variants of laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy for various "difficult" intraoperative situations are suggested.

PMID- 26977611
TI  - [Kidney allotransplantation from alive related donor in patients with Alport
      syndrome].
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the results of kidney transplantation from alive related donor
      in patients with Alport syndrome and to compare with those in patients with
      kidney hypoplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have analyzed 8 and 27 medical
      records of patients with Alport syndrome and kidney hypoplasia respectively.
      Following parameters were used - Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Wilcox overall
      risk, percentage of transplants loss and mortality (Fisher's exact test
      calculation). RESULTS: It is concluded that percentage of transplants loss and
      mortality rate as well as overall survival and risk were similar in both groups.
      CONCLUSION: Despite risk of anti-GBM nephritis development in patients with
      Alport syndrome results are comparable with those after transplatation for
      chronic renal failure caused by other reasons.

PMID- 26977614
TI  - [The combination of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine (artra) for pain relief
      and to reduce the consumption of NSAIDs in patients with I-II stages of
      osteoarthritis of the knee].
AB  - The analysis of the dynamics of pain and joint function on the background of the
      3-month ARTRA.Study was conducted as a multicenter, with the inclusion of 3077
      patients, 56.2% of whom received NSAIDs for pain relief. While taking after a
      month of therapy showed significant compared to the original value of reducing
      the intensity of pain. The therapeutic effect is increased with duration of
      dosing. It is shown that the drug reduces the need for arthritis NSAIDs after a
      month by 6.8%, after 3 months - by 37.3%, ie after the 3-month course of
      treatment with arthritis, the number of people taking NSAIDs fell by more than 3
      times (up 18.9%). A significant reduction in consumption, coupled with the marked
      dynamics of the pain is regarded by us as a manifestation expressed anesthetic
      effect of the drug ARTRA.

PMID- 26977616
TI  - [A rare complication of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn].

PMID- 26977615
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of post-traumatic pancreatic necrosis in patients with
      blunt abdominal trauma].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: High incidence of necrotic and suppurative complications is feature
      of acute post-traumatic pancreatitis. Severe trauma of the pancreas and post
      traumatic pancreatitis lead to depressurization of ductal system that requires
      adequate drainage of damaged area and retroperitoneal fat. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      95 patients in group 1 received standardized treatment. The victims of the 2nd
      group (44 patients) were treated using immunoreactive therapy (roncoleukin) and
      octreotide (the dose depended on the severity of pancreatitis) at early stages.
      The efficacy of treatment was assessed based on clinical, laboratory and
      instrumental parameters. RESULTS: Regardless severity of pancreatic injury
      overall mortality in groups 1 and 2 was 41% and 20.5% respectively. The main
      causes of adverse outcomes are severe destructive pancreatitis, postnecrotic
      suppurative complications. CONCLUSION: Adequacy rather radicalism of surgery
      should be preferred for blunt pancreatic trauma management. Minimally invasive
      surgical techniques and new methods of biological hemostasis may be applied.
      Timely use of anti-enzymatic and immunoactive therapy reduces the risk of severe
      post-traumatic pancreatitis, suppurative complications and improves outcomes in
      patients with blunt pancreatic trauma.

PMID- 26977617
TI  - Effect of Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation on Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neural
      Activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pedunculopontine nucleus has recently been proposed as an
      alternative target for deep brain stimulation for the treatment of medically
      intractable Parkinson's disease. The suggested indication for pedunculopontine
      nucleus deep brain stimulation is severe and medically intractable axial symptoms
      such as gait and postural impairment. OBJECTIVE: Our goal in this study was to
      describe the effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on pedunculopontine
      nucleus electrophysiological activity. METHODS: Fourteen male Wistar rats were
      divided into a sham stimulation group and an experimental group. In both groups,
      electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the subthalamic nucleus and into the
      right pedunculopontine nucleus. Microelectrode recordings were carried out in
      both groups prior to and during subthalamic nucleus stimulation. RESULTS:
      Subthalamic nucleus stimulation produced no clear inhibition of neuronal firing
      in the pedunculopontine nucleus. However, we found that stimulation of the
      subthalamic nucleus at 60 Hz produces some entrainment of pedunculopontine
      nucleus neuronal firing and a shift of subthalamic nucleus firing patterns to
      more tonic and random patterns. These results are consistent with the effects of
      deep brain stimulation on neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and globus
      pallidus internus. CONCLUSION: The result of this study provides additional
      evidence to improve our understanding of the mechanism of subthalamic nucleus
      deep brain stimulation, and its physiological consequences.

PMID- 26977618
TI  - [Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in general medical practice].
AB  - Based on the conception of correlations between independent endogenous factors
      (positive and negative disorders), the author present a psychopathological model
      of psychosomatic (hypochondriac) symptoms in deficit disturbances, comorbid with
      the changes of "verschroben" type, observed in general medical practice. The
      psychosomatic symptoms are represented by a wide range of symptom complexes (from
      idiopathic pain and conversions to restricted hypochondria, organ neuroses,
      encapsulated organ psychosis) and defined as a syndrome of endoform of
      somaticized disorders. The syndrome is interpreted beyond schizophrenia as "the
      second disease", a type of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, in which negative
      process changes have stopped while the other component (positive
      psychopathological symptoms) continues to develop.

PMID- 26977619
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of the onset and diagnostic problems in children with
      moyamoya disease].
AB  - Moyamoya disease in children is a rarely diagnosed entity. Frequent headache is
      the first symptom of the disease. Headache associated with moya-moya disease
      (HAMD) is a separated entity reported in the literature. Variants of onset, a
      spectrum of primary diagnoses and diagnosis verification rate of moyamoya disease
      in 7 children are presented. A clinical case of moya-moya disease in a 9-year
      boy, who was primarily diagnosed with migraine with aura, is reported. The
      results presented by the authors as well as literature data indicate the
      necessity of using magnetic-resonance angiography in children with headache
      attacks and focal neurologic symptoms to identify this progressive vascular
      pathology and timely recommend a surgical treatment.

PMID- 26977620
TI  - [Brain function recovery after prolonged posttraumatic coma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of brain function recovery in patients
      after prolonged posttraumatic coma and with long-unconscious states. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Eighty-seven patients after prolonged posttraumatic coma were followed
      up for two years. An analysis of a clinical/neurological picture after a
      prolonged episode of coma was based on the dynamics of vital functions,
      neurological status and patient's reactions to external stimuli. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Based on the dynamics of the clinical/neurological picture that shows
      the recovery of functions of the certain brain areas, three stages of brain
      function recovery after a prolonged episode of coma were singled out: brain stem
      areas, diencephalic areas and telencephalic areas. These functional/anatomic
      areas of brain function recovery after prolonged coma were compared to the
      present classifications.

PMID- 26977621
TI  - [Clinical and psychological mechanisms involved in the formation of syndromes of
      delusional and overvalued constructions].
AB  - AIM: The identification of clinical-psychopathological and pathopsychological
      components involved in the formation of syndromes of delusional and overvalued
      constructions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors examined 93 subjects using
      experimental psychological techniques for detection of cognitive styles. RESULTS
      AND CONCLUSION: A specific combination of phenomenological disorders and
      cognitive style characteristics in different types of delusional (sensual,
      imaginative and interpretive) and delusion-like (overvalued) states has been
      singled out. It has been shown that a specific combination of different cognitive
      motivational controllers of intellectual process underlies the mechanisms of
      these disorders. It is a basis for the formation of specific structures of
      pathological personal meanings with the dominance of imaginative or ideational
      patterns or deformations of the semantic significance of the stimuli.

PMID- 26977622
TI  - [A comparison of characteristics of pathologic hobbies in schizophrenic patients
      of different age].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze age-related pathologic hobbies in patients with
      schizophrenia spectrum disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-three inpatients,
      aged from 4 to 16 years, and 31 patients, aged from 18 to 65 years, were studied.
      Clinical/psychopathological analysis, psychological experiment and clinical
      statistics were used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Pathological hobbies substantially
      differed depending on the age (3-6, 7-15 and 18-65 years). In preschool age,
      hobbies were immature and infantile, arose autochthonously, their course was
      relatively stable and they had limited maladaptive effects. In junior
      school/teenager age, hobbies were more distinct and were associated with more
      diverse and mature realization patterns. Their origin was more depended on
      environmental factors, the course was persistent or attack-like with more
      pronounced and steady maladaptive effects. In some cases, there was a trend to
      pathological hobby progression. Abnormal hobbies in patients of mature age were
      the most diverse in their subjects and forms of realization as well as in their
      clinical variants and dynamic types. In the group of mature patients with
      schizophrenic spectrum disorders, there was a significantly higher percentage of
      psychotic forms of pathological hobbies.

PMID- 26977623
TI  - [Possibilities of preventive therapy in frequent episodic tension-type headache].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and safety of tenoten in the preventive
      treatment of frequent episodic tension-type headache (FETHA) compared to patients
      treated with pain relievers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study included 60 patients
      with FETHA. Patients of the main group (n=30) received tenoten in addition to
      standard treatment. The study comprised 3 visits: beginning of treatment, after
      one month and after three months. All patients underwent physical and
      clinical/neurological examinations. In each visit, treatment efficacy was
      assessed according the following parameters: VAS scores (0-10) for assessment of
      pain and tension in pericranial muscles in 6 standard points, mean frequency and
      duration of the headache episode, quality of life indices, Beck depression
      scores, Spilberger trait and state anxiety, autonomic symptom severity,
      parameters of sleep disorders, frequency of adverse effects, CGI scores (0-7).
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tenoten as a preventive medication reduced the frequency
      of headache episodes that allowed to diagnose patients with rare episodic tension
      type headache in the end of treatment. At the same time, there was a significant
      reduction in headache intensity during the episode and decrease in amount of
      analgesics used by the patients.

PMID- 26977624
TI  - [The efficacy of remaxol addition in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal
      syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of remaxol addition in the treatment scheme of
      alcohol withdrawal syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty patients with alcohol
      dependence and physical symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome were enrolled.
      All patients received basic therapy in accordance to the applicable standards of
      treatment. The patients were randomized to remaxol introduced intravenously 2
      times a day (morning and afternoon) in dose of 400 ml for 7 days (n=40) and
      saline with 25%-magnesium sulfate (10 ml) and 4% potassium chloride (10 ml)
      (n=40). RESULTS: The effectiveness of the inclusion of remaxol was expressed in a
      more rapid relief of asthenic syndrome, reduction of phenomena such as tension,
      dysphoria, headache and impaired coordination of samples. Patients treated with
      remaxol demonstrated a trend towards a more rapid reduction of the affective
      (p=0.08) and behavioral components (p=0.09) of the syndrome of pathological
      craving for alcohol. Hepatoprotective and detoxification properties of the drug
      were confirmed by the significant decline in ALT and AST activity to the 20th day
      of treatment. Significant positive changes in lipid metabolism (HDL to the 7th
      day of treatment) and a normalizing effect on the processes of tissue respiration
      were shown as well. No adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION: The data obtained
      allow to recommend the inclusion of remaxol in the complex treatment regimens of
      alcohol withdrawal syndrome to improve the treatment efficacy.

PMID- 26977625
TI  - [Comparative dynamics of EEG parameters in elderly depressive patients during
      monotherapy and combined therapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the changes in brain functional state in combined
      antidepressive treatment (venlafaxine plus cerebrolysin) vs. monotherapy with the
      same antidepressant in elderly depressive patients using quantitative EEG
      methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients, aged 60-79 years, mean 67.1+/-5.7)
      were randomized to two groups. Patients of group 1 were treated with venlafaxine
      (4 weeks, in dose of 75-150 mg/day). Patients of group 2 were additionally
      treated with cerebrolysin (totally 20 i/v infusions during 4 weeks, 20.0 ml in
      100 ml isotonic NaCl solution). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The significant
      improvement of clinical conditions was shown by the end of the treatment course
      using both clinical assessments and HAMD-17, CGI-S, CGI-I and MMSE scores in both
      groups. The combined treatment with venlafaxine and cerebrolysin in patients of
      group 2 led to more pronounced improvement of their brain functional state (seen
      as an increase of spectral power and normalization of frequency alpha band of
      parietal-occipital EEG) in comparison with patients of group 2 treated by the
      same antidepressant alone.

PMID- 26977626
TI  - [The efficacy of mexidol in carotid endarterectomy procedure in patients with
      cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the antihypoxic efficacy of mexidol in carotid
      endarterectomy (CE) procedure in patients with cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis
      using cerebral oximetry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical/psycho/neurological
      monitoring was performed in 109 patients with internal carotid artery stenosis of
      69+/-7.0% and neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemia, 2-3 degree, in pre- and
      postoperative periods. Cerebral oximetry was carried out perioperatively. Fifty
      four patients were treated with mexidol in a dose of 1000 mg/day for 14-15 days
      and 55 patients did not received mexidol. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The difference
      in initial brain oxygenation (rSO2) between the main and comparison groups was
      shown (60.8+/-5.0 and 47.29+/-5.5%, respectively). During operation, the degree
      of blood oxygenation in these groups decreased by 57% and 41%, respectively. On
      day 7, sinificant differences in the Schulte test in two groups of patients with
      similar neurological status were found considering efficiency of work and mental
      stability before and after operation. No differences were found in the comparison
      group. Mexidol used for antihypoxic brain protection in carotid endarterectomy of
      patients with cerebral atherosclerotic stenosis significantly reduces the degree
      of cerebral hypoxia, decreases the duration of surgery, improves neurological
      status of patients and performance of psychological tests in postoperative
      period.

PMID- 26977627
TI  - [MRI-characteristics of epileptogenic supratentorial brain tumors in children].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze MR-images in patients with symptomatic epilepsy associated
      with the brain tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MRI results of 52 patients with
      symptomatic epilepsy operated for tumors of supratentorial localization were
      analyzed. The most epileptogenic tumors with atypical MRI signs and subtle
      clinical presentation were identified. All patients with tumors were operated
      using different methods of surgical intervention. RESULTS: Dysembryoplastic
      neuroepithelial tumors (DNET), diffuse astrocytomas (DA) and gangliogliomas (GG)
      were the most frequent epileptogenic tumors. In all the cases of DNET and in 4
      patients with GG, epileptic seizures were the first, and in 4 of 5 cases of DIO
      were the only clinical sign of tumor presence. In DNET, DA and GG, there was an
      iso- or hypointensive signal on T1 WI and a signal varying in intensity from
      moderate to hyperintense in T2 and FLAIR WI, while in cases with DNET and GG, no
      mass effect and perifocal edema was practically seen. The so-called "spume-like"
      (multicystic) structure was most clearly observed in FLAIR WI. No significant
      changes in the dimensions of the DNET and GG were identified. The combination of
      DNET with focal cortical dysplasia was noted in one case. In DA, it was difficult
      to distinguish the perifocal edema from tumorous tissue and normal brain tissues,
      and the growth potential of malformation was slow. CONCLUSION: Epileptogenic
      tumors can imitate the x-ray characteristics of each other, and mimicry to
      gangliogliomas, oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas Gr I, II, and others. They
      are the most frequent causes of symptomatic focal epilepsy. The presence of these
      malformations is necessary to exclude first of all in all cases of
      pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

PMID- 26977628
TI  - [Molecular genetic diagnosis and clinical features of hereditary neuropathy with
      liability to pressure palsies in Belarusian patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the molecular defect, a phenotype of hereditary neuropathy
      with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP, OMIM 162500), in patients with PMP22
      gene mutation caused by 1.5 Mb deletion at 17p11.2. and present the principles of
      diagnosis and genetic counselling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients were selected
      on the basis of the results of the clinical/genealogical analysis, neurological
      examination and ENMG study. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood
      leukocytes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: DNA diagnosis was performed in 5 families
      (the PMP22 deletion was found in 9 patients). The authors described clinical and
      electrophysiological characteristics and presented a diagnostic protocol.
      Identification of the mutation makes it possible to confirm the clinical
      diagnosis, assess genetic risks for the outcome and perform a prenatal DNA
      diagnosis in HNPP families.

PMID- 26977629
TI  - [Clinical/genetic characteristics of patients with congenital muscular dystrophy
      caused by mutations in the LMNA gene].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study clinical/genetic characteristics of congenital muscular
      dystrophy caused by mutations in the LMNA gene in 5 patients from the Russian
      population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: DNA samples of 42 probands, aged from 2 months
      to 9 years, with characteristic signs of congenital muscular dystrophy from
      nonrelated families were studied. The diagnosis was based on the results of
      genealogical analysis, neurological examination, serum creatine phosphokinase
      activity, results of electroneuromyography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the
      Russian population, the frequency of congenital muscular dystrophy caused by
      mutations in the LMNA gene is not less than 12% of all cases of this group of
      diseases. The results indicate the presence of major mutation c.94_96delAAC in
      the LMNA gene. Specific phenotypic features of this form of congenital muscular
      dystrophy with symptoms of progressive flaccid paralysis with predominant lesions
      of axial muscles and plantar flexor muscles of the foot are described.

PMID- 26977630
TI  - [A role of Russian psychiatrists in the formation of forensic psychiatry in
      Russia in the beginning of XIX century].
AB  - The formation of forensic psychiatry knowledge as a special area of concern was
      due to fundamental changes in the social, economic and political life of Russia
      society. It reflected public awareness of the urgent need in solving the problem
      of support, preserve and maintain the mental health of the people. Forensic
      psychiatry was based on the development of psychiatry, public health and
      community medicine. Author describes of the role of Russian psychiatrists in the
      formation of forensic psychiatry, their active particitpation in internation
      professional meetings and in the development of the problem of responsibility.

PMID- 26977631
TI  - [Neurological manifestations of giant cell arteritis].
AB  - The article describes clinical, including neurological manifestations, of giant
      cell arteritis (GCA) - granulomatous vasculitis of large and medium-sized
      vessels, predominantly craniofacial, including precerebral and cerebral,
      arteries. Histopathological features of GCA are illustrated by the schemes of
      panarteritis and "postarteritis" (proliferative and fibrotic changes in the
      intima, underlying the development of cerebrovascular disorders). The main
      clinical manifestations of GCA are described as 3 groups of symptoms: general
      constitutional symptoms; manifestations of vasculitis of craniofacial,
      precerebral and cerebral arteries; polymyalgia rheumatica. The authors present
      their own version of the taxonomy of visual disturbances in patients with GCA.
      Diagnostic steps in patients with suggestive signs of GCA are described.
      Therapeutic regimens of use of glucocorticoids for suggestion/diagnosis of GCA
      are presented.

PMID- 26977632
TI  - [The phenomenon of attachment to parents, the duration of therapeutic remissions
      and autoaggressive behavior among inpatients with alcohol addiction].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of phenomenon of attachment to parents in the
      formation of therapeutic remission and the relationship between attachment styles
      and autoaggressive behavior in patients with alcohol addiction (AA). MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Sixty-two patients with AA and 30 controls were examined. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Insecure attachment styles were most frequents in AA patients that
      indicated a role of attachment pathology in the development of the disease.
      Higher frequency of secure and preoccupied styles were noted in patients with AA
      with the duration of therapeutic remissions more than one year compared to those
      with shorter duration. No effect of duration of therapeutic remission on
      autoaggressive behavior was found in patients who did not receive special
      treatment. In AA patients, avoidant style was correlated with autoaggression in
      family and professional spheres, and high-anxious style was correlated with
      classical autoaggression in the form of antisocial behavior.

PMID- 26977634
TI  - Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: review of the literature.
AB  - Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become one of the major therapy options for
      movement disorders including dystonia. This article should give a review of the
      current literature from a neurosurgical perspective. Since dystonia is a rare
      disease, only few studies on larger cohorts have been published, and very few
      randomized controlled studies are avaialable in the international literature. Our
      experiences gained treating 134 patients with various types of dystonia, between
      1999 and 2015, will serve a guide to interpret the current literature. Symptoms
      of dystonia are due to a variety of medical conditions. A careful and extensive
      neurological evaluation is mandatory before medical and surgical treatment
      options are considered, since the clinical benefits of more aggressive treatment
      e.g. by DBS depend to a large extent on the etiology of the disease. Diagnostic
      steps should include also magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and possibly genetic
      evaluation. Therapy consists of physiotherapy, medical therapy including
      botulinum toxin injections in focal dystonia and DBS. This neurosurgical therapy
      is considered a highly effective therapy in well selected patients, which should
      be discussed, depending on the etiology, early in the patient's career. Patients
      with primary dystonia will benefit the most from DBS to the ventromediolateral
      part of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) with acceptable low complication
      rates; in order to optimize longterm results in these groups of patient, they
      will require an interdisciplinary individualized approach both pre- and
      postoperatively as well as longterm care adjusting to their needs. 

PMID- 26977635
TI  - Motor cortex stimulation for movement disorders.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) was introduced by Tsubokawa in 1991
      1 for the treatment of thalamic pain, after coming to the conclusion that the
      hyperactivity of thalamic neurons after spino-thalamic tractotomy was inhibited
      by stimulation of the motor cortex. MCS has been reported not only to be
      effective on pain, but also to improve movement disorders such as Parkinson's
      disease, tremor, dystonia, poststroke movement disorders and hemiparesis. Most of
      these publications are case reports or small series, and the real impact of MCS
      on movement disorders remains to be determined. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: In order to
      clarify this point, we conducted a PubMed search from 1991 to 2016 using
      established MeSH words. A total of 40 papers were selected and examined.
      Furthermore, personal experience with MCS for Parkinson's disease and akinesia,
      is reported. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Only four studies were randomized controlled
      clinical trials: three out of four failed to demonstrate the efficacy of MCS at
      short term. CONCLUSIONS: At long term, MCS seems to show a clinical positive
      effect in the studies prolonged in an open observational trial.

PMID- 26977636
TI  - Inverted positioning of Leksell Frame G for very low posterior fossa and brain
      stem lesions biopsies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The specificity of imaging alone in diagnosing posterior fossa
      lesions is insufficient, hence the importance of biopsy for diagnostic,
      therapeutic and prognostic purposes. Concerning the operative technique, many
      studies have demonstrated the superior safety of stereotactic biopsy over
      craniotomy and superior accuracy of frame-based systems over frameless ones as
      far as the posterior fossa is concerned; however versatile, frame-based
      instruments bear some intrinsic limitations in the positioning of frame in lower
      lesions mainly in short neck and kyphotic patients. For all these reasons, a more
      proficient technical bioptic approach to the posterior fossa and lower brainstem
      is sometimes required. METHODS: In order to obtain a specimen a Leksell System
      (Elekta(r)) constituted by the Leksell Coordinate G Frame (Article No: 014611), 4
      adjustable posts (Article No: 1006476), 4 reusable screws (Article No: 1006581),
      an open indicator box (Article No: 1006559), a Leksell Multi-purpose Stereotactic
      Arc (Article No: 1008174) and a Sedan Needle (Article No: A2430-01) are required.
      RESULTS: This is a simple and reliable technique to obtain a brainstem/cerebellar
      specimen maintaining unchanged the know risks of the procedure, as well the
      morbidity and mortality. We otherwise recommend this procedure to be performed by
      a team of neurosurgeons trained in stereotaxy. CONCLUSIONS: If meticulously
      planned, our modified procedure provide a direct and precise access to deep
      seated areas of the posterior fossa and brainstem and is particularly helpful in
      those patients with short neck and kyphosis in which is crucial obtain an
      istopathologic diagnosis in lower posterior fossa.

PMID- 26977637
TI  - Quantitative fuel vapor/air mixing imaging in droplet/gas regions of an
      evaporating spray flow using filtered Rayleigh scattering.
AB  - This Letter demonstrates the application of filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS)
      for quantitative two-dimensional fuel vapor/air mixing measurements in an
      evaporating hydrocarbon fuel spray flow. Using the FRS approach, gas-phase
      measurements are made in the presence of liquid-phase droplets without
      interference. Effective suppression of the liquid-phase droplet scattering using
      FRS is enabled by the high spectral purity of the current Nd:YAG laser system.
      Simultaneous Mie-scattering imaging is used to visualize the droplet field and
      illustrate the droplet loading under which the FRS imaging is applied in the
      current spray flows. The initial quantification of the FRS imaging is based on
      calibration measurements from a flow cell of known fuel vapor/air mixtures, while
      future work targets the utilization of a Rayleigh-Brillouin spectral model for
      quantification of the FRS signals. 

PMID- 26977638
TI  - Piston and tilt interferometry for segmented wavefront sensing.
AB  - We present a novel interferometric technique dedicated to the measurement of
      relative phase differences (pistons) and tilts of a periodically segmented
      wavefront. Potential applications include co-phasing of segmented mirrors of Keck
      like telescopes as well as coherent laser beam combining. The setup only requires
      a holes mask selecting the center part of each element, a diffracting component,
      and a camera. Recorded interferogram is made of many subareas with sinusoidal
      fringe pattern. From each pattern, piston is extracted from fringe shift and
      tilts from fringe frequency and orientation. The pattern analysis is simple
      enough to enable kilohertz rate operation. The lambda ambiguities are solved by a
      two-wavelength measurement. This technique is compatible with a very high number
      of elements and can be operated in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. 

PMID- 26977633
TI  - Molecular shifts in limb identity underlie development of feathered feet in two
      domestic avian species.
AB  - Birds display remarkable diversity in the distribution and morphology of scales
      and feathers on their feet, yet the genetic and developmental mechanisms
      governing this diversity remain unknown. Domestic pigeons have striking variation
      in foot feathering within a single species, providing a tractable model to
      investigate the molecular basis of skin appendage differences. We found that
      feathered feet in pigeons result from a partial transformation from hindlimb to
      forelimb identity mediated by cis-regulatory changes in the genes encoding the
      hindlimb-specific transcription factor Pitx1 and forelimb-specific transcription
      factor Tbx5. We also found that ectopic expression of Tbx5 is associated with
      foot feathers in chickens, suggesting similar molecular pathways underlie
      phenotypic convergence between these two species. These results show how changes
      in expression of regional patterning genes can generate localized changes in
      organ fate and morphology, and provide viable molecular mechanisms for diversity
      in hindlimb scale and feather distribution. 

PMID- 26977640
TI  - Achieving cryogenic temperatures in deep space using a coating.
AB  - There is a current need to develop coatings that can reject more than 99% of the
      sun's irradiance to enable cryogenic storage and superconductor operation in
      space. Such a coating is proposed, composed of broadband scatterers on a metallic
      reflecting layer, yielding a surface that backscatters most of the solar spectrum
      yet still emits far-IR radiation. A model is presented with results, showing that
      a properly designed coating may potentially backscatter more than 99.9% of the
      sun's energy and allowing temperatures below 50 K to be achieved. 

PMID- 26977639
TI  - Wavefront distortion optimized with volume Bragg gratings in
      photothermorefractive glass.
AB  - The wavefront characteristics in 2D angular filtering on the basis of two
      orthogonal transmitting volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) is presented. The
      experimental results show that middle-high frequency wavefront distortions are
      efficiently suppressed with VBGs. The peak-valley value of the beam at a
      wavelength of 1053 nm reduces from 2.075lambda to 0.209lambda, and the root mean
      square value reduces from 0.207lambda to 0.041lambda. The wavefront power
      spectrum density shows that the wavefront distribution of the beam in medium and
      high frequencies is corrected by the VBGs. Additionally, the far-field
      distribution and focusing properties of the beam are improved. The beam Strehl
      ratio increases from 0.43 to 0.96, and the encircled energy improves from 95%
      energy at 4.01 mrad to 95% energy at 1.26 mrad. 

PMID- 26977642
TI  - Quantum telescope: feasibility and constraints.
AB  - The quantum telescope is a recent idea aimed at beating the diffraction limit of
      spaceborne telescopes and possibly other distant target imaging systems. There is
      no agreement yet on the best setup of such devices, but some configurations have
      already been proposed. In this Letter we characterize the predicted performance
      of quantum telescopes and their possible limitations. Our extensive simulations
      confirm that the presented model of such instruments is feasible and the device
      can provide considerable gains in the angular resolution of imaging in the UV,
      optical, and infrared bands. We argue that it is generally possible to construct
      and manufacture such instruments using the latest or soon to be available
      technology. We refer to the latest literature to discuss the feasibility of the
      proposed QT system design. 

PMID- 26977641
TI  - Rayleigh scattering on the cavitation region emerging in liquids.
AB  - It is shown that the scattering of laser radiation off cavitation ruptures in
      fluids is similar to scattering by gas particles. When the characteristic
      dimensions of microscopic voids and bubbles are considerably smaller than the
      laser wavelength, the scattered light is in the Rayleigh regime, which allows for
      the detection of early stage cavitation. Simple estimates of the scattered
      radiation intensity and the dynamics of its changes in connection with the
      generation of cavitation in the test volume are obtained, allowing us to find the
      critical conditions for cavitation inception. 

PMID- 26977643
TI  - Holographic liquid crystal polarization grating with Fabry-Perot structure.
AB  - A holographic liquid crystal polarization grating with a Fabry-Perot structure
      was developed. Because of its resonant structure, the device offers high levels
      of control of the diffraction properties of incident-polarized light beams,
      depending on the resonance conditions. The diffracted light beams are emitted in
      both the reflection and transmission directions, and the device thus works as a
      multibranch polarization grating with double optical paths, unlike a conventional
      polarization grating. These device features were experimentally demonstrated and
      were also explained theoretically. 

PMID- 26977644
TI  - Design and analysis of frequency-independent reflectionless single-layer
      metafilms.
AB  - We develop a theory for realizing frequency-independent, reflectionless, single
      layer metafilms based on the Brewster effect. A designed metafilm based on the
      theory is numerically analyzed using a finite-difference time-domain method. The
      numerical analysis demonstrates that the reflectance of the metafilm vanishes
      independent of the frequency and that the metafilm behaves like an all-pass
      filter (with finite loss). An analysis based on an electrical circuit model of
      the reflectionless metafilm reveals that the energy of the suppressed reflection
      wave is not stored in the metafilm, but is radiated to the transmission
      direction. 

PMID- 26977646
TI  - 40 GHz pulse source based on cross-phase modulation-induced focusing in normally
      dispersive optical fibers.
AB  - We theoretically and experimentally investigate the design of a high-repetition
      rate source delivering well-separated optical pulses due to the nonlinear
      compression of a dual-frequency beat signal within a cavity-less normally
      dispersive fiber-based setup. This system is well described by a set of two
      coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations for which the traditional normally
      dispersive defocusing regime is turned in a focusing temporal lens through a
      degenerated cross-phase modulation process (XPM). More precisely, the temporal
      compression of the initial beating is performed by the combined effects of normal
      dispersion and XPM-induced nonlinear phase shift provided by an intense beat
      signal on its weak out-of-phase replica co-propagating with orthogonal
      polarizations. This adiabatic reshaping process allows us to experimentally
      demonstrate the generation of a 40 GHz well-separated 3.3 ps pulse train at 1550
      nm in a 5 km long normally dispersive fiber.

PMID- 26977645
TI  - Fano resonance-based highly sensitive, compact temperature sensor on thin film
      lithium niobate.
AB  - In this Letter, we report a Fano resonance-based highly sensitive and compact
      temperature sensor fabricated on thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) Suzuki phase
      lattice (SPL) photonic crystal. The experimental sensitivity is estimated to be
      0.77 nm/ degrees C with a photonic crystal size of only 25  MUm * 24  MUm. This
      sensitivity is 38 times larger than the intrinsic one of lithium niobate which is
      0.02 nm/ degrees C. The demonstrated sharp and high extinction ratio
      characteristics of the Fano lineshape resonance could be an excellent candidate
      in developing a high sensitivity temperature sensor, electric field sensor, etc.

PMID- 26977647
TI  - Intracavity gain shaping in millijoule-level, high gain Ho:YLF regenerative
      amplifiers.
AB  - We demonstrate intracavity gain shaping inside a 2 MUm Ho:YLF regenerative
      amplifier with a spectral bandwidth of 2.9 nm broadened to 5.4 nm, corresponding
      to Fourier-limited pulses of 1 ps duration. The intracavity gain shaping is
      achieved by using a simple etalon, which acts as a frequency-selective filter.
      The output of the regenerative amplifier is amplified by a single-pass amplifier,
      and we achieve total energy of 2.2 mJ and pulse duration of 2.4 ps at 1 kHz with
      pulse fluctuations <1%. The amplifier chain is seeded by a home-built mode-locked
      holmium-doped fiber oscillator. 

PMID- 26977648
TI  - Flexible RF filter using a nonuniform SCISSOR.
AB  - This work presents a flexible radiofrequency (RF) filter using an integrated
      microwave photonic circuit that comprises a nonuniform side-coupled integrated
      spaced sequence of resonators (N-SCISSOR). The filter passband can be
      reconfigured by varying the N-SCISSOR parameters. When employing a dual-parallel
      Mach-Zechnder modulator, the filter is also able to perform frequency down
      conversion. In the experiment, various filter response shapes are shown, ranging
      from a flat-top band-pass filter to a total opposite high-rejection (>40  dB)
      notch filter, with a frequency coverage of greater than two octaves. The
      frequency down-conversion function is also demonstrated.

PMID- 26977649
TI  - Nonlinear optical frequency mixing response of single and multilayer graphene.
AB  - It has been shown that graphene exhibits unique electronic, thermal, mechanical,
      and optical properties. In particular, due to its gapless band structure and
      linear dispersion relation around the Dirac points, graphene exhibits a strong
      nonlinear optical response, which has been theoretically predicted to depend on
      the number of graphene layers. In this Letter, we experimentally validate the
      theoretical predictions by probing multilayer graphene chi(3) nonlinearities. The
      intensity of the four-wave mixing signal is observed to grow monotonically as a
      function of the number of graphene layers, up to a maximum intensity
      corresponding to ~32 layers, after which it decreases, well in agreement with
      theoretical predictions.

PMID- 26977650
TI  - High-power, 1-ps, all-Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier.
AB  - We report a 100 W, 20 mJ, 1-ps, all-Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier
      seeded by a microjoule-level Yb:YAG thin-disk Kerr-lens mode-locked oscillator.
      The regenerative amplifier is implemented in a chirped pulse amplification system
      and operates at an ambient temperature in air, delivering ultrastable output
      pulses at a 5 kHz repetition rate and with a root mean square power noise value
      of less than 0.5%. Second harmonic generation of the amplifier's output in a 1.5
      mm-thick BBO crystal results in more than 70 W at 515 nm, making the system an
      attractive source for pumping optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers in the
      visible and near-infrared spectral ranges.

PMID- 26977652
TI  - Photo-resistive properties of LaAl0.6Cr0.4O3/SrTiO3 heterostructures: a
      comparative study with LaAlO3/SrTiO3.
AB  - We report photoconductivity measurements on LaAl(1-x)Cr(x)O3/SrTiO3 (x=0, 0.4)
      heterostructures. A polar layer modification of metallic LaAlO3/SrTiO3
      heterostructure with Cr in the Al sites resulted in an increased photo-response
      (PR) and relaxation time, in addition to a distinct shift in the spectral weight
      toward the red end of the spectrum. The visible light photoconductivity is
      explained by d-d photoconductivity of Cr3+ valence states of the x=0.4 sample.
      Besides the established UV sensitivity, we observe a weak peak in PR around 690
      nm possibly emanating from the mid-gap states arising from oxygen vacancies.

PMID- 26977651
TI  - Focusing light through scattering media by full-polarization digital optical
      phase conjugation.
AB  - Digital optical phase conjugation (DOPC) is an emerging technique for focusing
      light through or within scattering media such as biological tissue. Since DOPC
      systems are based on time reversal, they benefit from collecting as much
      information about the scattered light as possible. However, existing DOPC
      techniques record and subsequently phase-conjugate the scattered light in only a
      single-polarization state, limited by the operating principle of spatial light
      modulators. Here, we develop the first, to the best of our knowledge, full
      polarization DOPC system that records and phase-conjugates scattered light along
      two orthogonal polarizations. When focusing light through thick scattering media,
      such as 2 mm and 4 mm-thick chicken breast tissue, our full-polarization DOPC
      system on average doubles the focal peak-to-background ratio achieved by single
      polarization DOPC systems and improves the phase-conjugation fidelity. 

PMID- 26977654
TI  - High-efficiency optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier in BiB3O6 for
      generation of 3 mJ, two-cycle, carrier-envelope-phase-stable pulses at 1.7 MUm.
AB  - We produce a 3 mJ, two-cycle (11.4 fs), 1 kHz, carrier-envelope phase (CEP)
      stable laser source at 1.7 MUm via a three-stage Ti:sapphire-pumped optical
      parametric chirped-pulse amplifier in BiB3O6. We achieve a pump-to-signal
      conversion efficiency of 18% in the last stage, which is, to the best of our
      knowledge, the highest yet achieved for near-octave bandwidth amplification. A f
      to-2f measurement shows a CEP instability of 165 mrad over 1 h. This is an ideal
      light source for generating isolated attosecond pulses in the soft x-ray region.

PMID- 26977653
TI  - Multi-parameter sensor based on stimulated Brillouin scattering in inverse
      parabolic graded-index fiber.
AB  - We propose a unique multi-parameter optical fiber sensor based on intramodal
      stimulated Brillouin scattering of higher-order acoustic modes in inverse
      parabolic graded-index fiber (IPGIF) without a mode converter. Both optical modes
      and acoustic modes guided in the IPGIF are characterized and demonstrated
      theoretically and experimentally. Simulation analysis shows that the multi-peak
      feature in the Brillouin gain spectrum of the IPGIF is attributed to the
      couplings between the guided optical mode and the higher-order acoustic modes.
      Thanks to the distinct acoustic properties of the peaks induced by the sharp
      refractive index profile of the IPGIF, the different temperature and strain
      dependences of the first three Brillouin peaks enable the discrimination of the
      temperature and strain at an accuracy of 0.85 degrees C and 17.4 MUepsilon. 

PMID- 26977655
TI  - Arithmetic with optical topological charges in stepwise-excited Rb vapor.
AB  - We report on experimentally observed addition, subtraction, and cancellation of
      orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the process of parametric four-wave mixing that
      results in frequency up- and down-converted emission in Rb vapor. Specific
      features of OAM transfer from resonant laser fields with different optical
      topological charges to the spatially and temporally coherent blue light (CBL)
      have been considered. We have observed the conservation of OAM in nonlinear wave
      mixing in a wide range of experimental conditions, including a noncollinear
      geometry of the applied laser beams, and furthermore, that the CBL accumulates
      the total OAM of the applied laser light. Spectral and power dependences of
      vortex and plane wavefront blue light beams have been compared. 

PMID- 26977656
TI  - Gold nanobipyramids as saturable absorbers for passively Q-switched laser
      generation in the 1.1 MUm region.
AB  - We demonstrated that gold nanobipyramids (Au-NBPs) can be used as saturable
      absorbers for ultrafast pulsed-laser application, for the first time. Au-NBPs are
      prepared through a seed-mediated growth method, and performance is investigated
      in a passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser. In the Q-switched operation the maximum
      average output power that can be achieved is 151 mW. The minimum pulse width is
      396 ns at a pulse repetition rate of 90.6 kHz.

PMID- 26977657
TI  - Optically injected InAs/GaAs quantum dot laser for tunable photonic microwave
      generation.
AB  - We present an experimental investigation on the period-one dynamics of an
      optically injected InAs/GaAs quantum dot laser as a photonic microwave source. It
      is shown that the microwave frequency of the quantum dot laser's period-one
      oscillation is continuously tunable through the adjustment of the frequency
      detuning. The microwave power is enhanced by increasing the injection strength
      providing that the operation is away from the Hopf bifurcation, whereas the
      second-harmonic distortion of the electrical signal is well reduced by increasing
      the detuning frequency. Both strong optical injection and high detuning frequency
      are favorable for obtaining a single sideband optical signal. In addition,
      particular period-one oscillation points of low sensitivity to the frequency
      detuning are found close to the Hopf bifurcation line. 

PMID- 26977658
TI  - High-frequency reverse-time chaos generation using an optical matched filter.
AB  - The optical reverse-time chaos is realized by modulating a binary pseudo-random
      bit sequence onto an optical carrier, and then driving an optical matched filter.
      The filter is demonstrated experimentally by using two fiber Bragg gratings and a
      Fourier-domain programmable optical processor. The complexity relationship
      between the binary input sequence and the output chaos signal is studied. This
      approach could be a novel way to generate a high speed repeatable and
      controllable optical chaos signal, which has the potential to be used in optical
      secure communication systems. 

PMID- 26977659
TI  - Femtosecond laser written nanostructures in Ge-doped glasses.
AB  - We report on nanostructures induced by femtosecond laser pulses in the bulk of
      Germanium-doped silica glasses. For studying structural properties of the
      nanostructure constituents small-angle x-ray scattering and SEM served to map
      pore size, filling factor and periodicity. Our results show that with increasing
      the Ge doping concentration, the aspect ratio (transverse to inscribing laser) of
      nanometric pores rises while they arrange in a smaller period in contrast to
      nanogratings in pristine fused silica. Consequently, higher optical retardance
      can be obtained demonstrating the pronounced glass decomposition due to the
      changing network structure. 

PMID- 26977660
TI  - Measuring different types of transverse momentum correlations in the biphoton's
      Fourier plane.
AB  - In this Letter, we present a theoretical and experimental study about the spatial
      correlations of paired photons generated by Type II spontaneous parametric down
      conversion. In particular, we show how these correlations can be positive or
      negative, depending on the direction in which the far-field plane is scanned and
      the polarization postselected. Our results provide a straightforward way to
      observe different kind of correlations that complement other well-known methods
      to tune the spatial correlations of paired photons. 

PMID- 26977661
TI  - Coupled orbital angular momentum conversions in a quasi-periodically poled LiTaO3
      crystal.
AB  - We experimentally demonstrate the orbital angular momentum (OAM) conversion by
      the coupled nonlinear optical processes in a quasi-periodically poled LiTaO3
      crystal. In such a crystal, third-harmonic generation (THG) is realized by the
      coupled second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG)
      processes, i.e., SHG is dependent on SFG and vice versa. The OAMs of the
      interacting waves are proved to be conserved in such coupled nonlinear optical
      processes. As we increase the input OAM in the experiment, the conversion
      efficiency decreases because of the reduced fundamental power density. Our
      results provide better understanding for the OAM conversions, which can be used
      to efficiently produce an optical OAM state at a short wavelength.

PMID- 26977662
TI  - Simultaneous real-time multicomponent fluorescence and reflectance imaging method
      for fluorescence-guided surgery.
AB  - Fluorescence-guided surgical procedures are employed in an increasing number of
      applications such as tumor delineation, blood perfusion, and sentinel lymph node
      detection. A new generation of fluorescent probes is expected to increase the
      number of applications and improve efficiency. Yet, there are no available
      imaging methods to take full advantage of the forthcoming targeting technologies.
      We present a novel concept for imaging multiple agents for fluorescence-guided
      surgery. The system operates without any moving parts and can resolve images of
      three different fluorochromes while simultaneously recording conventional
      reflectance images. 

PMID- 26977663
TI  - Zero-static-power phase-change optical modulator.
AB  - This Letter presents an innovative design of an electro-optical modulator using
      germanium telluride (GeTe) phase change material with an integrated nano-heater.
      The refractive index and the electrical conductivity of GeTe significantly change
      as the GeTe goes though the crystallographic phase change. Amorphization and
      crystallization of GeTe is achieved using the Joule heating method by passing
      current through an array of metal gratings, where GeTe fills the slits between
      the metal lines. These metal slits also increase the contrast between the
      amorphous (on) and crystalline (off) phases of the modulator by having
      extraordinary transmission and reflection response based on interactions of
      surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with the incoming light. The modulator is
      designed for 1550 nm wavelength, where GeTe is transparent in the amorphous phase
      and provides high optical on/off contrast. The metal-insulator-metal (MIM) is
      designed in such a way to only support SPP excitation when GeTe is crystalline
      and slit resonance when it is amorphous to increase the modulation index. The
      modulator is stable in both phases with higher than 12 dB change in transmission
      with zero static power consumption at room temperature. 

PMID- 26977664
TI  - Successive soliton explosions in an ultrafast fiber laser.
AB  - Soliton explosions, as one of the most fascinating nonlinear phenomena in
      dissipative systems, have been investigated in different branches of physics,
      including the ultrafast laser community. Herein, we reported on the soliton
      dynamics of an ultrafast fiber laser from steady state to soliton explosions, and
      to huge explosions by simply adjusting the pump power level. In particular, the
      huge soliton explosions show that the exploding behavior could operate in a
      sustained, but periodic, mode from one explosion to another, which we term as
      "successive soliton explosions." The experimental results will prove to be
      fruitful to the various communities interested in soliton explosions. 

PMID- 26977665
TI  - Effect of dielectric claddings on the electro-optic behavior of silicon
      waveguides.
AB  - We fabricate silicon waveguides in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers clad with
      either silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or aluminum oxide and, by measuring
      their electro-optic behavior, we characterize the capacitively induced free
      carrier effect. By comparing our results with simulations, we confirm that the
      observed voltage dependences of the transmission spectra are due to changes in
      the concentrations of holes and electrons within the semiconductor waveguides and
      show how strongly these effects depend on the cladding material that comes into
      contact with the waveguide. Waveguide loss is additionally found to have a high
      sensitivity to the applied voltage, suggesting that these effects may find use in
      applications that require low- or high-loss propagation. These phenomena, which
      are present in all semiconductor waveguides, may be incorporated into more
      complex waveguide designs in the future to create high-efficiency electro-optic
      modulators and wavemixers. 

PMID- 26977666
TI  - Resonant pumped erbium-doped waveguide lasers using distributed Bragg reflector
      cavities.
AB  - This Letter reports on an optical pumping scheme, termed resonant pumping, for an
      erbium-doped distributed feedback (DFB) waveguide laser. The scheme uses two
      mirrors on either side of the DFB laser, forming a pump cavity that recirculates
      the unabsorbed pump light. Symmetric distributed Bragg reflectors are used as the
      mirrors and are designed by matching the external and internal quality factors of
      the cavity. Experimental demonstration shows lasing at an optical communication
      wavelength of around 1560 nm and an improvement of 1.8 times in the lasing
      efficiency, when the DFB laser is pumped on-resonance. 

PMID- 26977667
TI  - Confocal laser scanning microscopy with spatiotemporal structured illumination.
AB  - Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which is widely utilized in the
      biological and biomedical sciences, is limited in spatial resolution due to
      diffraction to about half the light wavelength. Here we have combined structured
      illumination with CLSM to enhance its spatial resolution. To this end, we have
      used a spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate fringe patterns of different
      orientations and phase shifts in the excitation spot without any mechanical
      movement. We have achieved 1.8 and 1.7 times enhanced lateral and axial
      resolutions, respectively, by synthesizing the object spectrum along different
      illumination directions. This technique is thus a promising tool for high
      resolution morphological or fluorescence imaging, especially in deep tissue. 

PMID- 26977668
TI  - On-chip integrated optofluidic complex refractive index sensing using silicon
      photonic crystal nanobeam cavities.
AB  - Complex refractive index sensing is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in
      optofluidic sensors based on silicon photonic crystal nanobeam cavities. The
      sensitivities are 58 and 139 nm/RIU, respectively, for the real part (n) and the
      imaginary part (kappa) of the complex refractive index, and the corresponding
      detection limits are 1.8*10(-5) RIU for n and 4.1*10(-6) RIU for kappa. Moreover,
      the capability of the complex refractive index sensing method to detect the
      concentration composition of the ternary mixture is demonstrated without the
      surface immobilization of functional groups, which is impossible to realize with
      the conventional refractive index sensing scheme.

PMID- 26977669
TI  - Off-axis ultraviolet-written fiber Bragg gratings for directional bending
      measurements.
AB  - Off-axis fiber Bragg gratings are inscribed by ultraviolet irradiation limited to
      expose only a portion of the fiber core cross section. The coupling to cladding
      modes is significantly increased, and the amplitude of the cladding mode
      resonances becomes sensitive to bending in magnitude and direction. Sensitivities
      ranging from +1.17  dB/m(-1) to -1.25  dB/m(-1) were obtained for bending in
      different directions relative to the offset direction of the grating, for
      curvatures from 0 to 1.1  m(-1), a range ideal for the shape sensing of large
      structures. The bending sensor response is also shown to be independent of
      temperature and the surrounding refractive index.

PMID- 26977670
TI  - Pupil filters for extending the field-of-view in light-sheet microscopy.
AB  - Pupil filters, represented by binary phase modulation, have been applied to
      extend the field of view of a light-sheet fluorescence microscope. Optimization
      has been used, first numerically to calculate the optimum filter structure and
      then experimentally, to scale and align the numerically synthesized filter in the
      microscope. A significant practical extension of the field of view has been
      observed, making the reported approach a valuable tool on the path to wide-field
      light-sheet microscopy. 

PMID- 26977671
TI  - Suppression of nano-absorbing precursors and damage mechanism in optical coatings
      for 3omega mirrors.
AB  - Damage precursors in the 3omega (351 nm) mirror for a high-power laser system are
      investigated as well as the relevant damage mechanisms. The precursors are
      classified into two ensembles according to the different laser resistance and
      damage features. The former is nano-absorbing precursors, which are sensitive to
      the standing wave electric field and vulnerable to the laser irradiation. The
      latter is submicrometer nodular defects, which have higher laser resistance and
      are sensitive to the adhesion strength between the fluoride coatings and oxide
      coatings. The damage due to nano-absorbing precursors is efficiently suppressed
      with the double stack design that screens the electric field in the oxides.
      Currently, the nodular seed is major originating from the Al2O3/SiO2 stack. Even
      for the same defect type and mirror, the final damage features are dependent on
      the local mechanical properties at the irradiation location. The investigations
      of the damage mechanisms provide a direction to further improve the laser-induced
      damage threshold of the 3omega mirror.

PMID- 26977673
TI  - Enhanced light extraction and tunable chromaticity in white organic light
      emitting devices with ZnO nanopillars.
AB  - Robust ZnO nanopillars (NPs) with well-controlled morphology were directly
      prepared on the glass surface of a white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED)
      substrate using a hydrothermal process. The NPs can effectively recover light
      loss in the glass substrate and the current efficiency of the device increased by
      20%. In addition, the chromaticity coordinates of the WOLED can be tuned by
      selecting the dimensions of the ZnO NPs. As a consequence, it is possible to
      produce a solar light spectrum using this technique. Furthermore, the
      nanotextured glass surface was superhydrophobic, which caused self-cleaning
      properties to the surface and help maintain maximum light output. 

PMID- 26977672
TI  - Plasmonic metasurface for simultaneous detection of polarization and spectrum.
AB  - We present a new plasmonic metasurface for simultaneous detection of polarization
      and spectrum of incident light. The demonstrated metasurface is a rationally
      designed cluster of artificial atoms that are engineered to exhibit polarization
      and wavelength-selective optical transmission. The fundamental building block of
      this structure is periodically coupled subwavelength aperture arrays with
      different orientations and lattice constants. When integrated with pixelated
      photodetectors, the metasurface can be used to measure the polarization and
      spectral information of an optical input. In this Letter, simultaneous detection
      of the polarization and spectrum of polarized light was experimentally
      demonstrated by analyzing the transmitted intensity distribution through the
      metasurface. The demonstrated metasurface offers great potential for many
      applications, such as polarimetric multispectral imaging and polarization
      division multiplexing in optical communications. 

PMID- 26977674
TI  - Developing carbon-nitride nanosheets for mode-locking ytterbium fiber lasers.
AB  - Graphitic carbon nitrides (CNs) have appeared as a new type of photocatalyst for
      water splitting, but their optical properties (e.g., nonlinear absorption), to
      the best of our knowledge, have been seldom explored. Here, we report the
      saturable absorption effects of novel 2D carbon-nitride-type nanosheets and use
      them as saturable absorbers to passively mode-lock Yb-doped fiber lasers. The CN
      based saturable absorber is manufactured by solution coating of 2D CN nanosheets
      on a gold mirror and has a modulation depth and saturation intensity of 12.5% and
      7.5  MW/cm2, respectively. Two different output couplers are employed to
      construct ring laser cavities. With the 10% coupler, the mode-locked fiber laser
      produces pulses with duration of ~310  ps, average power of 1.24 mW, and
      repetition rate of 7.65 MHz. The laser spectrum is centered at 1066 nm with a
      bandwidth of 2.4 nm. Increasing the coupling ratio to 50% improves the output
      power to 2.58 mW but at the same time broadens the pulse width to 420 ps. As a
      new kind of 2D material with strong saturable absorption, CN nanosheets will open
      a new way for novel photonic and optoelectronic devices.

PMID- 26977675
TI  - Yb3+-doped large core silica fiber for fiber laser prepared by glass phase
      separation technology.
AB  - We report on the preparation and optical characteristics of an Yb(3+)-doped large
      core silica fiber with the active core prepared from nanoporous silica rod by the
      glass phase-separation technology. The measurements show that the fiber has an
      Yb(3+) concentration of 9811 ppm by weight, a low background attenuation of 0.02
      dB/m, and absorption from Yb(3+) about 5.5 dB/m at 976 nm. The laser performance
      presents a high slope efficiency of 72.8% for laser emission at 1071 nm and a low
      laser threshold of 3 W within only 2.3 m fiber length. It is suggested that the
      glass phase-separation technology shows great potential for realizing active
      fibers with larger core and complex fiber designs.

PMID- 26977676
TI  - Adiabatic second-harmonic generation.
AB  - Adiabatic three-wave mixing processes enable broadband, efficient, and robust
      frequency conversion by slowly varying the phase mismatch between the interacting
      waves along the interaction region. Up until now, this method was mainly used in
      the case in which one of the waves was undepleted. Here we experimentally study
      fully nonlinear adiabatic processes by implementation in type I and type II
      second-harmonic generation processes, where the undepleted pump approximation
      does not hold. Using quasi-phase-matched interaction in chirped gratings, we
      obtain conversion efficiency approaching 60% and 80%, with corresponding wide
      thermal acceptance bandwidths of >100 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively.
      The transition between the depleted and undepleted pump regimes is also studied
      by varying the input polarization angle in the type II process; thus we also test
      current theory with arbitrary initial conditions. The results are in excellent
      agreement with analytic predictions for the fully nonlinear adiabatic process. 

PMID- 26977677
TI  - Tunable band-stop plasmonic waveguide filter with symmetrical multiple-teeth
      shaped structure.
AB  - A nanometeric plasmonic filter with a symmetrical multiple-teeth-shaped structure
      is investigated theoretically and numerically. A tunable wide bandgap is
      achievable by adjusting the depth and number of teeth. This phenomenon can be
      attributed to the interference superposition of the reflected and transmitted
      waves from each tooth. Moreover, the effects of varying the number of identical
      teeth are also discussed. It is found that the bandgap width increases
      continuously with the increasing number of teeth. The finite difference time
      domain method is used to simulate and compute the coupling of surface plasmon
      polariton waves with different structures in this Letter. The plasmonic waveguide
      filter that we propose here may have meaningful applications in ultra-fine
      spectrum analysis and high-density nanoplasmonic integration circuits. 

PMID- 26977679
TI  - Dynamic tuning of plasmon resonance in the visible using graphene.
AB  - We report active electrical tuning of plasmon resonance of silver nanoprisms (Ag
      NPs) in the visible spectrum. Ag NPs are placed in close proximity to graphene
      which leads to additional tunable loss for the plasmon resonance. The ionic
      gating of graphene modifies its Fermi level from 0.2 to 1 eV, which then affects
      the absorption of graphene due to Pauli blocking. Plasmon resonance frequency and
      linewidth of Ag NPs can be reversibly shifted by 20 and 35 meV, respectively. The
      coupled graphene-Ag NPs system can be classically described by a damped harmonic
      oscillator model. Atomic layer deposition allows for controlling the graphene-Ag
      NP separation with atomic-level precision to optimize coupling between them.

PMID- 26977678
TI  - High-slope-efficiency 2.06 MUm Ho: YLF laser in-band pumped by a fiber-coupled
      broadband diode.
AB  - We first demonstrate the laser performance of a compact 2.06 MUm Ho: YLF laser
      resonantly pumped by a broadband fiber-coupled diode. In continuous-wave (CW)
      operation, maximum output power of 1.63 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of
      89.2%, was obtained with a near diffraction-limited beam quality. In actively Q
      switched operation, maximum pulse energy of 1.1 mJ was achieved at the repetition
      frequency of 100 Hz. The minimum pulse duration was 43 ns. The performance in
      both the CW and Q-switched regimes indicates that the current fiber-coupled diode
      in-band pumped Ho: YLF laser has great potential in certain conditions that
      require several watts of output power or several millijoules of short pulse
      energy.

PMID- 26977680
TI  - 2.5 W continuous wave output at 665 nm from a multipass and quantum-well-pumped
      AlGaInP vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser.
AB  - An output power of 2.5 W at a wavelength of 665 nm was obtained from a quantum
      well (QW) and multipass-pumped AlGaInP-based vertical-external-cavity surface
      emitting laser operated at a heat sink temperature of 10 degrees C. Intracavity
      frequency doubling resulted in an output power of 820 mW at a wavelength of 333
      nm. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest continuous wave output
      powers from this type of laser both at the fundamental wavelength and in
      frequency-doubled operation. In fundamental wavelength operation, further power
      scaling by increasing the pump-spot size increased the output power to 3.3 W.
      However, at this power level, the laser was highly unstable. When the laser was
      operated at 50% pump duty cycle, a reproducible and stable peak output power of
      3.6 W was obtained. These results demonstrate the potential of optical QW pumping
      combined with multipass pumping for the operation of AlGaInP-based semiconductor
      disk lasers.

PMID- 26977681
TI  - Compensation of the Kerr effect for transient optomechanically induced
      transparency in a silica microsphere.
AB  - We have studied the Kerr effect in silica microspheres and demonstrated
      compensation of the Kerr effect for transient optomechanically induced
      transparency (OMIT). Due to the Kerr effect of the temporal strong driving pulse,
      an asymmetric transparency dip is observed during the transient OMIT experiment
      when the laser frequency is locked at one mechanical frequency, omega(m), below
      the whispering gallery mode resonance using a weak locking pulse. For
      compensation of the Kerr effect, we lock the laser at a lower frequency and show
      the symmetric transparency window. These results are important for studying
      photon-phonon interconversion, especially in systems with strong driving power.

PMID- 26977682
TI  - Improving laser damage resistance of 355 nm high-reflective coatings by co
      evaporated interfaces.
AB  - 355 nm high-reflective multilayer coatings with or without coevaporated
      interfaces (CEIs) were prepared by electron beam evaporation under the same
      deposition condition. Their transmission spectra, surface roughness, and
      mechanical stress properties were evaluated. Elemental composition analysis of
      the multilayer interfaces was performed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
      and laser-induced damage thresholds were obtained in both 1-on-1 and 300-on-1
      testing modes. The coatings with CEIs reveal a lower mechanical stress and a
      higher laser damage resistance when irradiated with high laser fluence, and the
      corresponding damage modeling indicates that CEIs can significantly decrease
      defect density. The resulting damage morphologies show that CEI coatings can
      significantly suppress coating delamination and exhibit a "bulk-like" damage
      behavior, demonstrating better damage performance against high-power lasers. 

PMID- 26977683
TI  - Dispersion in silica microbubble resonators.
AB  - We explore the scope for engineering dispersion in whispering gallery mode silica
      microbubbles for nonlinear applications, such as optical frequency comb
      generation. In particular, the zero dispersion wavelength is shown to be highly
      tunable by changing the thickness of the shell. Using a small diameter and small
      wall thickness, dispersion equalization within the visible is predicted. This
      opens up the possibility of realizing visible frequency combs for a range of
      different applications. 

PMID- 26977684
TI  - Frequency-multiplying microwave photonic phase shifter for independent
      multichannel phase shifting.
AB  - A frequency-multiplying microwave photonic phase shifter with independent
      multichannel phase shifting capability is proposed and demonstrated using an
      integrated polarization division multiplexing dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder
      modulator (PDM-DPMZM) and a polarizer. By building a proper power distribution
      network to drive the PDM-DPMZM, two sidebands along two orthogonal polarization
      directions are generated with a spacing of two or four times the frequency of the
      driving signal. Leading the signal to a polarizer and a photodetector, a
      frequency-doubled or frequency-quadrupled signal with its phase adjusted by the
      polarization direction of the polarizer is achieved. The magnitude of the signal
      remains almost unchanged when the phase is adjusted. The proposed approach
      features compact configuration, scalable independent phase-shift channels and
      wide bandwidth, which can find applications in beam forming and analog signal
      processing for millimeter-wave or terahertz applications. 

PMID- 26977685
TI  - Noise induced in optical fibers by double Rayleigh scattering of a laser with a
      1/fnu frequency noise.
AB  - We study, theoretically and experimentally, intensity noise induced by double
      Rayleigh scattering in long optical fibers. The results of the theoretical model
      are compared to experimental results performed with a high-coherence-length laser
      with a frequency noise spectrum that is dominated by 1/fnu noise. Excellent
      quantitative agreement between theoretical and experimental RF spectra were
      obtained for frequencies as low as 10 Hz and for fiber lengths between 4 and 45
      km. Strong low-frequency intensity noise that is induced by 1/fnu frequency noise
      of the laser may limit the performance of interferometric fiber optic sensors
      that require high-coherence-length lasers. The intensity noise due to double
      Rayleigh backscattering can be suppressed by reducing the coherence length of the
      laser. Therefore, the intensity noise has a complex and non-monotonic dependence
      on the 1/fnu frequency noise amplitude of the laser. Stimulated Brillouin
      scattering will add a significant noise for input powers greater than about 7 mW
      for a 30 km length fiber.

PMID- 26977686
TI  - Cascaded-focus laser writing of low-loss waveguides in polymers.
AB  - Waveguide writing in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with femtosecond laser
      radiation is presented. An adequate refractive index change is induced in the
      border area below the irradiated focal volume. It supports an almost symmetric
      fundamental mode with propagation losses down to 0.5  dB/cm, the lowest losses
      observed so far in this class of materials. The writing process with a cascaded
      focus is demonstrated to be highly reliable over a large parameter range.

PMID- 26977687
TI  - Analog optical computing primitives in silicon photonics.
AB  - Optical computing accelerators help alleviate bandwidth and power consumption
      bottlenecks in electronics. We show an approach to implementing logarithmic-type
      analog co-processors in silicon photonics and use it to perform the
      exponentiation operation and the recovery of a signal in the presence of
      multiplicative distortion. The function is realized by exploiting nonlinear
      absorption-enhanced Raman amplification saturation in a silicon waveguide. 

PMID- 26977688
TI  - Complex direct comb spectroscopy with a virtually imaged phased array.
AB  - We demonstrate a simple interferometric technique to directly measure the complex
      optical transmittance over a large spectral range using a frequency-comb
      spectrometer based on a virtually imaged phased array. A Michelson interferometer
      encodes the phase deviations induced by a sample contained in one of its arms
      into an interferogram image. When combined with an additional image taken from
      each arm separately, along with a frequency-calibration image, this allows full
      reconstruction of the sample's optical transfer function. We demonstrate the
      technique with a vapor cell containing H13C14N, producing transmittance and phase
      spectra spanning 2.9 THz (~23  nm) with ~1 GHz resolution.

PMID- 26977689
TI  - Nanoparticle-polymer composite volume holographic gratings dispersed with
      ultrahigh-refractive-index hyperbranched polymer as organic nanoparticles.
AB  - We report on volume holographic recording at a wavelength of 532 nm in
      photopolymerizable polymer nanocomposites that are incorporated with new
      hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) acting as transporting organic nanoparticles. Since
      HBPs possess an ultrahigh index of refraction of 1.82 due to the inclusion of
      triazine and aromatic ring units, high-contrast transmission volume holographic
      gratings with refractive index modulation amplitudes as large as 2.2*10(-2) are
      recorded. This value enables us to realize a 10 MUm thick transmission volume
      grating with the diffraction efficiency near 100% in the green.

PMID- 26977690
TI  - Compact stereo endoscopic camera using microprism arrays.
AB  - This work reports a microprism array (MPA) based compact stereo endoscopic camera
      with a single image sensor. The MPAs were monolithically fabricated by using two
      step photolithography and geometry-guided resist reflow to form an appropriate
      prism angle for stereo image pair formation. The fabricated MPAs were transferred
      onto a glass substrate with a UV curable resin replica by using
      polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica molding and then successfully integrated in
      front of a single camera module. The stereo endoscopic camera with MPA splits an
      image into two stereo images and successfully demonstrates the binocular
      disparities between the stereo image pairs for objects with different distances.
      This stereo endoscopic camera can serve as a compact and 3D imaging platform for
      medical, industrial, or military uses. 

PMID- 26977691
TI  - Electrically tunable window device.
AB  - A device for controlling the transmittance of light over large areas, such as
      windows, is described. It is based on electrostatically induced surface
      deformation of soft dielectric elastomer sheets produced when a voltage is
      applied between two networks of electrically conducting nanowires on either side
      of the elastomer. Variations in the surface curvature are produced by the applied
      voltage refract light, decreasing the optical transmittance at all wavelengths.
      As the device relies on changes in the geometric propagation of light, rather
      than on chemical changes, it is color neutral. 

PMID- 26977692
TI  - Optimal principal component analysis-based numerical phase aberration
      compensation method for digital holography.
AB  - In this Letter, an accurate and highly efficient numerical phase aberration
      compensation method is proposed for digital holographic microscopy. Considering
      that most parts of the phase aberration resides in the low spatial frequency
      domain, a Fourier-domain mask is introduced to extract the aberrated frequency
      components, while rejecting components that are unrelated to the phase aberration
      estimation. Principal component analysis (PCA) is then performed only on the
      reduced-sized spectrum, and the aberration terms can be extracted from the first
      principal component obtained. Finally, by oversampling the reduced-sized
      aberration terms, the precise phase aberration map is obtained and thus can be
      compensated by multiplying with its conjugation. Because the phase aberration is
      estimated from the limited but more relevant raw data, the compensation precision
      is improved and meanwhile the computation time can be significantly reduced.
      Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed technique could achieve both
      high compensating accuracy and robustness compared with other developed
      compensation methods. 

PMID- 26977693
TI  - Influence of strong and weak hydrogen bonds in ices on stimulated Raman
      scattering.
AB  - Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in liquid water and ice Ih using Nd:YAG laser
      is investigated. The spectrum of backward SRS (BSRS) in water is acquired. The
      spectrum shows an unexpected SRS peak at around 3453  cm(-1) besides the normal
      peak, which is similar to the spontaneous Raman spectrum of ice VII. The ice VII
      phase will be formed by laser-induced shock compression in liquid water.
      Simultaneously, unlike the spontaneous Raman spectrum, the pre-resonance SRS of
      ice Ih at around 3110 and 3210  cm(-1) is observed. The Raman peaks appeared in
      liquid water and ice Ih are attributed to the effect of strong and weak hydrogen
      bonds (H bonds), which should be ubiquitous in other ice phases.

PMID- 26977694
TI  - Using an incoherent target return to adaptively focus through atmospheric
      turbulence.
AB  - A laser beam propagating to a remote target through atmospheric turbulence
      acquires intensity fluctuations. If the target is cooperative and provides a
      coherent return beam, the phase measured near the beam transmitter and adaptive
      optics, in principle, can correct these fluctuations. Generally, however, the
      target is uncooperative. In this case, we show that an incoherent return from the
      target can be used instead. Using the principle of reciprocity, we derive a novel
      relation between the field at the target and the returned field at a detector. We
      simulate an adaptive optics system that utilizes this relation to focus a beam
      through atmospheric turbulence onto a rough surface. 

PMID- 26977695
TI  - Generation of integer and fractional vector beams with q-plates encoded onto a
      spatial light modulator.
AB  - We generate programmable vector beams with arbitrary q-plates encoded using a
      spatial light modulator system. Consequently, we can analyze new and exotic q
      plate designs without the difficulty of fabricating individual plates. We show
      experimental results for positive and negative integer and new fractional vector
      beam values. 

PMID- 26977697
TI  - Journal Impact Factor: Do the Numerator and Denominator Need Correction?
AB  - To correct the incongruence of document types between the numerator and
      denominator in the traditional impact factor (IF), we make a corresponding
      adjustment to its formula and present five corrective IFs: IFTotal/Total,
      IFTotal/AREL, IFAR/AR, IFAREL/AR, and IFAREL/AREL. Based on a survey of
      researchers in the fields of ophthalmology and mathematics, we obtained the real
      impact ranking of sample journals in the minds of peer experts. The correlations
      between various IFs and questionnaire score were analyzed to verify their journal
      evaluation effects. The results show that it is scientific and reasonable to use
      five corrective IFs for journal evaluation for both ophthalmology and
      mathematics. For ophthalmology, the journal evaluation effects of the five
      corrective IFs are superior than those of traditional IF: the corrective effect
      of IFAR/AR is the best, IFAREL/AR is better than IFTotal/Total, followed by
      IFTotal/AREL, and IFAREL/AREL. For mathematics, the journal evaluation effect of
      traditional IF is superior than those of the five corrective IFs: the corrective
      effect of IFTotal/Total is best, IFAREL/AR is better than IFTotal/AREL and
      IFAREL/AREL, and the corrective effect of IFAR/AR is the worst. In conclusion,
      not all disciplinary journal IF need correction. The results in the current paper
      show that to correct the IF of ophthalmologic journals may be valuable, but it
      seems to be meaningless for mathematic journals. 

PMID- 26977696
TI  - CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Primary care clinicians find managing chronic pain challenging.
      Evidence of long-term efficacy of opioids for chronic pain is limited. Opioid use
      is associated with serious risks, including opioid use disorder and overdose.
      OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations about opioid prescribing for primary care
      clinicians treating adult patients with chronic pain outside of active cancer
      treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care. PROCESS: The Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated a 2014 systematic review on
      effectiveness and risks of opioids and conducted a supplemental review on
      benefits and harms, values and preferences, and costs. CDC used the Grading of
      Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework to
      assess evidence type and determine the recommendation category. EVIDENCE
      SYNTHESIS: Evidence consisted of observational studies or randomized clinical
      trials with notable limitations, characterized as low quality using GRADE
      methodology. Meta-analysis was not attempted due to the limited number of
      studies, variability in study designs and clinical heterogeneity, and
      methodological shortcomings of studies. No study evaluated long-term (>=1 year)
      benefit of opioids for chronic pain. Opioids were associated with increased
      risks, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death, with dose-dependent
      effects. RECOMMENDATIONS: There are 12 recommendations. Of primary importance,
      nonopioid therapy is preferred for treatment of chronic pain. Opioids should be
      used only when benefits for pain and function are expected to outweigh risks.
      Before starting opioids, clinicians should establish treatment goals with
      patients and consider how opioids will be discontinued if benefits do not
      outweigh risks. When opioids are used, clinicians should prescribe the lowest
      effective dosage, carefully reassess benefits and risks when considering
      increasing dosage to 50 morphine milligram equivalents or more per day, and avoid
      concurrent opioids and benzodiazepines whenever possible. Clinicians should
      evaluate benefits and harms of continued opioid therapy with patients every 3
      months or more frequently and review prescription drug monitoring program data,
      when available, for high-risk combinations or dosages. For patients with opioid
      use disorder, clinicians should offer or arrange evidence-based treatment, such
      as medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine or methadone. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: The guideline is intended to improve communication about benefits and
      risks of opioids for chronic pain, improve safety and effectiveness of pain
      treatment, and reduce risks associated with long-term opioid therapy.

PMID- 26977698
TI  - Interlinked multiphase Fe-doped MnO2 nanostructures: a novel design for enhanced
      pseudocapacitive performance.
AB  - Structure designing and morphology control can lead to high performance
      pseudocapacitive materials for supercapacitors. In this work, we have designed
      interlinked multiphase Fe-doped MnO2 nanostructures (alpha-MnO2/R-MnO2/epsilon
      MnO2) to enhance the electrochemical properties by a facile method. These
      hierarchical hollow microspheres assembled by interconnected nanoflakes, and with
      plenty of porous nanorods radiating from the spherical shells were hydrothermally
      obtained. The supercapacitor electrode prepared from the unique construction
      exhibits outstanding specific capacitance of 267.0 F g(-1) even under a high mass
      loading (~5 mg cm(-2)). Obviously improved performances compared to pure MnO2 are
      also demonstrated with a good rate capability, high energy density (1.30 mW h cm(
      3)) and excellent cycling stability of 100% capacitance retention after 2000
      cycles at 2 A g(-1). The synergistic effects of alternative crystal structures,
      appropriate crystallinity and optimal morphology are identified to be responsible
      for the observations. This rational multiphase composite strategy provides a
      promising idea for materials scientists to design and prepare scalable electrode
      materials for energy storage devices. 

PMID- 26977699
TI  - Soft Regulation with Crowd Recommendation: Coordinating Self-Interested Agents in
      Sociotechnical Systems under Imperfect Information.
AB  - Regulating emerging industries is challenging, even controversial at times. Under
      regulation can result in safety threats to plant personnel, surrounding
      communities, and the environment. Over-regulation may hinder innovation,
      progress, and economic growth. Since one typically has limited understanding of,
      and experience with, the novel technology in practice, it is difficult to
      accomplish a properly balanced regulation. In this work, we propose a control and
      coordination policy called soft regulation that attempts to strike the right
      balance and create a collective learning environment. In soft regulation
      mechanism, individual agents can accept, reject, or partially accept the
      regulator's recommendation. This non-intrusive coordination does not interrupt
      normal operations. The extent to which an agent accepts the recommendation is
      mediated by a confidence level (from 0 to 100%). Among all possible
      recommendation methods, we investigate two in particular: the best recommendation
      wherein the regulator is completely informed and the crowd recommendation wherein
      the regulator collects the crowd's average and recommends that value. We show by
      analysis and simulations that soft regulation with crowd recommendation performs
      well. It converges to optimum, and is as good as the best recommendation for a
      wide range of confidence levels. This work sheds a new theoretical perspective on
      the concept of the wisdom of crowds. 

PMID- 26977701
TI  - Reducing the Risks of Relief--The CDC Opioid-Prescribing Guideline.

PMID- 26977702
TI  - The Potential Impact on Children of the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for
      Chronic Pain: Above All, Do No Harm.

PMID- 26977703
TI  - Evolutionary Analysis of Dengue Serotype 2 Viruses Using Phylogenetic and
      Bayesian Methods from New Delhi, India.
AB  - Dengue fever is the most important arboviral disease in the tropical and sub
      tropical countries of the world. Delhi, the metropolitan capital state of India,
      has reported many dengue outbreaks, with the last outbreak occurring in 2013. We
      have recently reported predominance of dengue virus serotype 2 during 2011-2014
      in Delhi. In the present study, we report molecular characterization and
      evolutionary analysis of dengue serotype 2 viruses which were detected in 2011
      2014 in Delhi. Envelope genes of 42 DENV-2 strains were sequenced in the study.
      All DENV-2 strains grouped within the Cosmopolitan genotype and further clustered
      into three lineages; Lineage I, II and III. Lineage III replaced lineage I during
      dengue fever outbreak of 2013. Further, a novel mutation Thr404Ile was detected
      in the stem region of the envelope protein of a single DENV-2 strain in 2014.
      Nucleotide substitution rate and time to the most recent common ancestor were
      determined by molecular clock analysis using Bayesian methods. A change in
      effective population size of Indian DENV-2 viruses was investigated through
      Bayesian skyline plot. The study will be a vital road map for investigation of
      epidemiology and evolutionary pattern of dengue viruses in India. 

PMID- 26977704
TI  - Critical Epitope of Anti-Rabbit Podoplanin Monoclonal Antibodies for
      Immunohistochemical Analysis.
AB  - Podoplanin (PDPN) is a type I transmembrane sialoglycoprotein, which is expressed
      in several normal cells, including lymphatic endothelial cells throughout the
      body, podocytes of the kidney, and lung type I alveolar cells of the lung. We
      have established many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human PDPN, mouse
      PDPN, and rat PDPN. In addition, we recently produced an anti-rabbit PDPN mAb,
      PMab-32, which was established by immunizing mice with recombinant proteins of
      rabbit PDPN. Herein, we compared the reactivity of PMab-32 with that of newly
      established anti-rabbit PDPN mAbs, PMab-33 and PMab-21, against normal tissues in
      immunohistochemistry. PMab-32 reacted with podocytes, type I alveolar cells, and
      lymphatic endothelial cells, whereas PMab-33 detected only podocytes and type I
      alveolar cells but not lymphatic endothelial cells. PMab-21 was not useful in
      immunohistochemistry. We identified the epitope of PMab-32 and PMab-33 as Ser61
      Ala68 of rabbit PDPN using western blot and flow cytometric analyses. In
      contrast, the epitope of PMab-21 was identified as Leu44-Glu48, which is
      corresponding to platelet aggregation-stimulating (PLAG) domain, indicating that
      Ser61-Ala68 of rabbit PDPN is a more appropriate epitope for immunohistochemistry
      compared with PLAG domain. PMab-32 could be useful for uncovering the function of
      rabbit PDPN. 

PMID- 26977706
TI  - Older Adults' and Caregivers' Perspectives on In-Home Monitoring Technology.
AB  - In the past decade, there has been an increase in the application and
      investigation of in-home monitoring systems to support older adults with dementia
      and their caregivers. The current study focused on a monitoring system that
      included the use of motion sensors and Internet connections with one-way
      communication capabilities. Only a limited number of studies have explored and
      compared older adults' and caregivers' perspectives on such monitoring systems.
      The purpose of the current study was to explore older adults' and caregivers'
      perspectives on in-home monitoring systems using photo elicitation techniques.
      Three overarching themes emerged: (a) feeling cared for (which included two sub
      themes), (b) feeling cared about (which included three sub-themes), and (c)
      suggestions for change (which included four sub-themes). These results revealed
      the duality of care when using in-home monitoring. Clinical and other future
      implications are discussed. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42(6), 43-50.]. 

PMID- 26977705
TI  - Workplace Participatory Occupational Health/Health Promotion Program:
      Facilitators and Barriers Observed in Three Nursing Homes.
AB  - Nursing home employees experience high physical and psychosocial workloads,
      resulting in poor health outcomes. An occupational health/health promotion
      program, designed to facilitate employee participation, was initiated in three
      nursing homes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate facilitators and
      barriers of the program after 3-year implementation. Focus groups with employees
      and in-depth interviews with top and middle managers were conducted. The Social
      Ecological Model was used to organize the evaluation. Facilitators and barriers
      were reported from both managers' and employees' perspectives, and were
      categorized as intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and corporate level.
      Management support, financial resources, and release time for participation were
      identified as the three most important factors. Supports from multiple levels
      including both human and environment, and managers and employees, are important
      for a successful participatory occupational health/health promotion program.
      [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42(6), 34-42.]. 

PMID- 26977707
TI  - Assessment of Topical Skin Care Practices in Long-Term Institutional Nursing Care
      from a Health Service Perspective.
AB  - Skin aging is associated with increased skin vulnerability and susceptibility to
      ulcerations and dermatoses, making intensive skin care required, especially for
      older adults. As part of a nationwide prevalence study, data of 3,385 residents
      60 and older were collected to analyze skin care practices in German long-term
      care facilities. The objective of the current study was to gain detailed insights
      into frequencies of leave-on skin care product applications by nursing care
      professionals for older adults. The 10 most frequently treated body parts
      accounted for >94% of all skin applications. Variations related to gender, age,
      and skin areas indicate differences in perceived skin care needs, although the
      evidence base supporting basic skin care interventions in this setting is weak.
      Gender, age, and clinical status seem to influence skin care practices. These
      factors must be taken into account to improve topical skin care and health in
      long-term care. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42(6), 18-24.]. 

PMID- 26977709
TI  - Protein-Style Dynamical Transition in a Non-Biological Polymer and a Non-Aqueous
      Solvent.
AB  - Temperature-dependent onset of apparent anharmonicity in the microscopic dynamics
      of hydrated proteins and other biomolecules has been known as protein dynamical
      transition for the last quarter of a century. Using neutron scattering and
      molecular dynamics simulation, techniques most often associated with protein
      dynamical transition studies, we have investigated the microscopic dynamics of
      one of the most common polymers, polystyrene, which was exposed to toluene vapor,
      mimicking the process of protein hydration from water vapor. Polystyrene with
      adsorbed toluene is an example of a solvent-solute system, which, unlike
      biopolymers, is anhydrous and lacks hydrogen bonding. Nevertheless, it exhibits
      the essential traits of the dynamical transition in biomolecules, such as a
      specific dependence of the microscopic dynamics of both solvent and host on the
      temperature and the amount of solvent adsorbed. We conclude that the protein
      dynamical transition is a manifestation of a universal solvent-solute dynamical
      relationship, which is not specific to either biomolecules as solute, or aqueous
      media as solvent, or even a particular type of interactions between solvent and
      solute. 

PMID- 26977708
TI  - A C216-Nanographene Molecule with Defined Cavity as Extended Coronoid.
AB  - We describe the first coronoid nanographene C216-molecule. As an extended
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a defined cavity, our molecule can be
      seen as a model system to study the influence of holes on the physical and
      chemical properties of graphene. Along the pathway of an eight-step synthesis
      including Yamamoto-type cyclization followed by 6-fold Diels-Alder cycloaddition,
      C216 was obtained by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation in the final step. The
      defined molecular structure with a cavity was unambiguously validated by MALDI
      TOF mass spectrometry and FTIR, Raman, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy coupled
      with DFT simulations. 

PMID- 26977711
TI  - Correction to "Engaging Alkenyl Halides with Alkylsilicates via Photoredox Dual
      Catalysis".

PMID- 26977710
TI  - Controllable Multicompartmental Capsules with Distinct Cores and Shells for
      Synergistic Release.
AB  - A facile and flexible approach is developed for controllable fabrication of novel
      multiple-compartmental calcium alginate capsules from all-aqueous droplet
      templates with combined coextrusion minifluidic devices for isolated
      coencapsulation and synergistic release of diverse incompatible components. The
      multicompartmental capsules exhibit distinct compartments, each of which is
      covered by a distinct part of a heterogeneous shell. The volume and number of
      multiple compartments can be well-controlled by adjusting flow rates and device
      numbers for isolated and optimized encapsulation of different components, while
      the composition of different part of the heterogeneous shell can be individually
      tailored by changing the composition of droplet template for flexibly tuning the
      release behavior of each component. Two combined devices are first used to
      fabricate dual-compartmental capsules and then scaled up to fabricate more
      complex triple-compartmental capsules for coencapsulation. The synergistic
      release properties are demonstrated by using dual-compartmental capsules, which
      contain one-half shell with a constant release rate and the other half shell with
      a temperature-dependent release rate. Such a heterogeneous shell provides more
      flexibilities for synergistic release with controllable release sequence and
      release rates to achieve advanced and optimized synergistic efficacy. The
      multicompartmental capsules show high potential for applications such as drug
      codelivery, confined reactions, enzyme immobilizations, and cell cultures. 

PMID- 26977713
TI  - Lithium-Air Batteries with Hybrid Electrolytes.
AB  - During the past decade, Li-air batteries with hybrid electrolytes have attracted
      a great deal of attention because of their exceptionally high capacity.
      Introducing aqueous solutions and ceramic lithium superionic conductors to Li-air
      batteries can circumvent some of the drawbacks of conventional Li-O2 batteries
      such as decomposition of organic electrolytes, corrosion of Li metal from
      humidity, and insoluble discharge product blocking the air electrode. The
      performance of this smart design battery depends essentially on the property and
      structure of the cell components (i.e., hybrid electrolyte, Li anode, and air
      cathode). In recent years, extensive efforts toward aqueous electrolyte-based Li
      air batteries have been dedicated to developing the high catalytic activity of
      the cathode as well as enhancing the conductivity and stability of the hybrid
      electrolyte. Herein, the progress of all aspects of Li-air batteries with hybrid
      electrolytes is reviewed. Moreover, some suggestions and concepts for tailored
      design that are expected to promote research in this field are provided. 

PMID- 26977712
TI  - Pressed Paper-Based Dipstick for Detection of Foodborne Pathogens with Multistep
      Reactions.
AB  - This paper presents a pressed paper-based dipstick that enables detection of
      foodborne pathogens with multistep reactions by exploiting the delayed fluid flow
      and channel partition formation on nitrocellulose (NC) membrane. Fluid behaviors
      are easily modified by controlling the amount of pressure and the position of
      pressed region on the NC membrane. Detection region of the dipstick is optimized
      by controlling flow rate and delayed time based on Darcy's law. All the reagents
      required for assay are dried on the NC membrane and they are sequentially
      rehydrated at the prepartitioned regions when the device is dipped into sample
      solution. In this manner, multistep reactions can be facilitated by one-step
      dipping of the dipstick into the sample solution. As a proof of concept, we
      performed detection of two fatal foodborne pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli
      O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium) with signal enhancement. In addition, we
      expanded the utilization of channel partitions by developing a pressed paper
      based dipstick into dual detection format. 

PMID- 26977714
TI  - Expanding Thorium Hydride Chemistry Through Th2+, Including the Synthesis of a
      Mixed-Valent Th4+/Th3+ Hydride Complex.
AB  - The reactivity of the recently discovered Th(2+) complex [K(18-crown
      6)(THF)2][Cp"3Th], 1 [Cp'' = C5H3(SiMe3)2-1,3], with hydrogen reagents has been
      investigated and found to provide syntheses of new classes of thorium hydride
      compounds. Complex 1 reacts with [Et3NH][BPh4] to form the terminal Th(4+)
      hydride complex Cp"3ThH, 2, a reaction that formally involves a net two-electron
      reduction. Complex 1 also reacts in the solid state and in solution with H2 to
      form a mixed-valent bimetallic product, [K(18-crown-6)(Et2O)][Cp"2ThH2]2, 3,
      which was analyzed by X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance and
      optical spectroscopy, and density functional theory. The existence of 3, which
      formally contains Th(3+) and Th(4+), suggested that KC8 could reduce
      [(C5Me5)2ThH2]2. In the presence of 18-crown-6, this reaction forms an analogous
      mixed-valent product formulated as [K(18-crown-6)(THF)][(C5Me5)2ThH2]2, 4. A
      similar complex with (C5Me4H)(1-) ligands was not obtained, but reaction of
      (C5Me4H)3Th with H2 in the presence of KC8 and 2.2.2-cryptand at -45  degrees C
      produced two monometallic hydride products, namely, (C5Me4H)3ThH, 5, and [K(2.2.2
      cryptand)]{(C5Me4H)2[eta(1):eta(5)-C5Me3H(CH2)]ThH]}, 6. Complex 6 contains a
      metalated tetramethylcyclopentadienyl dianion, [C5Me3H(CH2)](2-), that binds in a
      tuck-in mode.

PMID- 26977715
TI  - Quantum Dynamics in Phase Space using Projected von Neumann Bases.
AB  - We describe the mathematical underpinnings of the biorthogonal von Neumann method
      for quantum mechanical simulations (PvB). In particular, we present a detailed
      discussion of the important issue of nonorthogonal projection onto subspaces of
      biorthogonal bases, and how this differs from orthogonal projection. We present
      various representations of the Schrodinger equation in the reduced basis and
      discuss their relative merits. We conclude with illustrative examples and a
      discussion of the outlook and challenges ahead for the PvB representation. 

PMID- 26977716
TI  - Characterization of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles in Solution by Double
      Nanohole Optical Tweezers.
AB  - We study individual superparamagnetic Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles in solution
      using a double nanohole optical tweezer with magnetic force setup. By analysis of
      the trapping optical transmission signal (step size, autocorrelation, the root
      mean-square signal, and the distribution with applied magnetic field), we are
      able to measure the refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, remanence and size
      of each trapped nanoparticle. The size distribution is found to agree well with
      scanning electron microscopy measurements, and the permeability, magnetic
      susceptibility and remanence values are all in agreement with published results.
      Our approach demonstrates the versatility of the optical tweezer with magnetic
      field setup to characterize nanoparticles in fluidic mixtures with potential for
      isolation of desired particles and pick-and-place functionality. 

PMID- 26977717
TI  - Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Containing 4,4'-pi-Conjugated 2,2'
      Bipyridine Derivatives as the Ancillary Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysics, and
      Computational Studies.
AB  - This article demonstrates a series of cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes of the
      type [Ir(III)(C^N)2(N^N)](PF6), where C^N is 2-phenylpyridine, and N^N
      corresponds to the 4,4'-pi-conjugated 2,2'-bipyridine ancillary ligands. All
      these compounds were synthesized through splitting of the binuclear dichloro
      bridged complex precursor, [Ir(C^N)2(MU-Cl)]2, with the appropriate bipyridine
      ligands followed by the anion exchange reaction. The linear and nonlinear
      absorption properties of the synthesized complexes were investigated. The
      absorption spectra of all the title complexes exhibit a broad structureless
      feature in the spectral region of 350-700 nm with two bands being well-resolved
      in most of the cases. The structures of all the compounds were modeled in
      dichloromethane using the density functional theory (DFT) algorithm. The nature
      of electronic transitions was further comprehended on the basis of time-dependent
      DFT analysis, which indicates that the origins of various bands are primarily due
      to intraligand charge transfer transitions along with mixed-metal and ligand
      centered transitions. The synthesized compounds are found to be nonemissive at
      room temperature because of probable nonradiative deactivation pathways of the T1
      state that compete with the radiative (phosphorescence) decay modes. However, the
      frozen solutions of compounds Ir(MS 3) and Ir(MS 5) phosphoresce at the near-IR
      region, the other complexes remaining nonemissive up to 800 nm wavelength window.
      The two-photon absorption studies on the synthesized complexes reveal that values
      of the absorption cross-section are quite notable and lie in the range of 300
      1000 GM in the picosecond case and 45-186 GM in the femtosecond case. 

PMID- 26977719
TI  - I Want You to Be Fearless.

PMID- 26977718
TI  - Formulation of Acid-Sensitive Micelles for Delivery of Cabazitaxel into Prostate
      Cancer Cells.
AB  - We report the synthesis of an amphiphilic triblock copolymer composed of a
      hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block, a central poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)
      block, and a hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) block using atom
      transfer radical polymerization technique. We examined the self-assembly of PEG-b
      PAA-b-PMMA copolymers in aqueous solutions forming nanosized micelles and their
      ability to encapsulate hydrophobic guest molecules such as Nile Red (NR) dye and
      cabazitaxel (CTX, an anticancer drug). We used 2,2beta'-(propane-2,2
      diylbis(oxy))-diethanamine to react with the carboxylic acid groups of the
      central PAA block forming acid-labile, shell cross-linked micelles (SCLM). We
      investigated the loading efficiency and release of different guest molecules from
      non-cross-linked micelles (NSCLM) and shell cross-linked micelles (SCLM) prepared
      by reacting 50% (SCLM-50) and 100% (SCLM-100) of the carboxylic acid groups in
      the PAA in physiologic (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 5.0) buffer solutions as a
      function of time. We examined the uptake of NR-loaded NSCLM, SCLM-50, and SCLM
      100 micelles into PC-3 and C4-2B prostate cancer cells and the effect of
      different micelle compositions on membrane fluidity of both cell lines. We also
      investigated the effect of CTX-loaded NSCLM, SCLM-50, and SCLM-100 micelles on
      the viability of PC-3 and C4-2B cancer cells compared to free CTX as a function
      of drug concentration. Results show that PEG-b-PAA-b-PMMA polymers form micelles
      at concentrations >=11 MUg/mL with an average size of 40-50 nm. CTX was
      encapsulated in PEG-b-PAA-b-PMMA micelles with 55% loading efficiency in NSCLM.
      In vitro release studies showed that 30% and 85% of the loaded CTX was released
      from SCLM-50 micelles in physiologic (pH 7.4) and acidic (pH 5.0) buffer
      solutions over 30 h, confirming micelles' sensitivity to solution pH. Results
      show uptake of NSCLM and SCLM into prostate cancer cells delivering their
      chemotherapeutic cargo, which triggered efficient cancer cell death. PEG-b-PAA-b
      PMMA micelles were not hemolytic and did not cause platelet aggregation, which
      indicate their biocompatibility. 

PMID- 26977720
TI  - [Light and scanning electron microscopy of anterior lens capsule following
      different capsulorhexis techniques].
AB  - Aim - to assess the morphology of anterior lens capsules following circular
      capsulorhexis, for which capsulotomy was either manual or femtosecond (FS) laser
      produced. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 30 capsular samples obtained during
      phacoemulsification surgery were studied by light and scanning electron
      microscopy. All the samples were divided into 3 groups of 10 according to the
      type of capsulotomy: group 1 - manual, groups 2 and 3 - FS laser produced (with
      the laser set at high or low energy level, respectively). RESULTS: In manual
      capsulorhexis, capsular disk edges were rather smooth all the way round. Rare
      notches and dents as well as fine burrs up to 4 um long could only be seen under
      high magnification. In FS laser capsulotomy groups, under low magnification
      already, capsular disk edges appeared stepped, stratified, and notched (some
      notches were up to 20 um deep). The said changes were more significant following
      low-energy laser treatment, while high-energy levels were notable for 'melted'
      disk edges. Regardless of the technique used, all the disks carried a zone of de
      epithelization of different width along the free edge. CONCLUSION: The
      differences revealed may result from several factors: 1) less accurate focusing
      of the laser due to fine torsional eye movements and minimal shape changes of the
      applanated cornea; 2) peculiarities of FS laser-tissue interaction, particularly,
      cavitation bubbles that are formed during tissue evaporation and tend to merge,
      subsequently producing the incision and demarcation line. Moreover, photothermal
      effects of laser radiation on epithelial cells within the anterior lens capsule
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 26977721
TI  - [Functional loading test with caffeine as a detection method for hydrodynamic
      disturbances in patients with cataract and pseudoexfoliation syndrome].
AB  - Different functional loading tests, with caffeine for example, can help reveal
      certain disturbances in ocular hydrodynamics and it would be interesting to
      investigate their diagnostic potential in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome
      (PEX), which is a known trigger of glaucoma. Aim - to determine the value of
      caffeine loading test in the diagnosis of hydrodynamic disturbances in eyes with
      cataract and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 98
      patients (98 eyes) with cataract and PEX were examined. Intraocular pressure
      (IOP) measurements were taken using the Maklakov applanation tonometer every 15
      min during the first hour after a 0.2 ml subcutaneous injection of 10%
      caffeine/sodium benzoate solution. RESULTS: Three types of intraocular pressure
      response to caffeine administration have been described in patients with cataract
      and PEX. The severity of hydrodynamic disturbances thus revealed has been also
      shown to correlate with PEX stage, IOP level, and the presence or absence of
      cardiovascular pathology, which allows to regard the latter sings as markers of
      hydrodynamic problems in the eye.

PMID- 26977722
TI  - [Retrospective analysis of clinical, radiological, and histopathological
      presentation of periocular dermoid cysts].
AB  - Aim - to determine the contribution of clinical and radiological findings to
      proper diagnosis of dermoid cysts and treatment decision making and also, to
      identify their distinctive histopathological features. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This
      is a retrospective analysis of slinical signs, assessment RESULTS: and treatment
      outcomes in 52 patients with orbital dermoids. RESULTS: The patients enrolled
      mostly complained of painless non-inflammatory swelling of the upper eyelid that
      spatially corresponded to the cyst. None of the patients developed diplopia,
      exophthalmos, or change in refraction. Computed tomography revealed round or oval
      shapes with clear and smooth contours. CONCLUSION: Having analyzed clinical,
      radiological, and histopathological presentation of dermoid cysts, we conclude
      that, if interpreted correctly, clinical signs together with assessment results
      provide reliable diagnosis prior to surgery.

PMID- 26977723
TI  - [Evaluation of corneal biomechanics before and after up-to-date keratoplasty in
      patients with bullous keratopathy].
AB  - Aim - to study biomechanical properties of the cornea in patients with bullous
      keratopathy before and after keratoplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ocular response
      analyzer (ORA, Reichert) indices were studied in 37 patients (37 eyes) with
      bullous keratopathy before and after surgery - in 1, 2, and 6 months and then in
      1, 2, 3, and 5 years. The following keratoplasty modifications were performed:
      ultrathin Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (UTDSAEK) - in
      17 cases, microkeratome-assisted posterior keratoplasty (MAPK) - in 13 cases,
      half top-hat penetrating keratoplasty (HTH PK) - in 7 cases. RESULTS: Corneal
      hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) values were significantly
      decreased in non-operated bullous keratopathy eyes as compared to healthy ones
      (p<0.05). By the 6-month follow-up these parameters have been found to be
      partially recovered and stabilized in all groups, however, still lower than
      normal (p<0.05). Differences between the groups were never statistically
      reliable, not at any time after surgery. Moreover, in eyes with bullous
      keratopathy, the mean corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) exceeded
      the mean Goldman-related IOP (IOPg) by 2.4 mmHg. One month after keratoplasty the
      difference between IOPcc and IOPg was 2.7, 4.3, and 3.6 mmHg in the MAPK,
      UTDSAEK, and HTH PK group, respectively; in 6 months - 2.6; 2.4 and 3.6 mmHg,
      respectively (p<0.05). In the fellow healthy eyes the two IOP measurements were
      not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Chronic edema of the cornea results in
      alteration of its viscoelastic properties. It has been shown that CH and CRF
      values decrease significantly in the eye involved as compared to the fellow
      healthy eye. After keratoplasty, regardless of the exact modification, these
      parameters partially recover, but remain lower than normal for at least 5 years
      as it was in our study. Neither before the surgery (when the cornea is
      chronically swollen), nor after, does corneal thickness correlate with its
      biomechanical indices. Postoperative reduction in corneal rigidity in eyes with
      bullous keratopathy may be confusing and lead to underestimation of the true
      level of IOP, thus, causing delays in diagnosis of concomitant glaucoma.

PMID- 26977724
TI  - [Novel approach to treatment of lagophthalmos-associated neuroparalytic
      keratitis].
AB  - Aim - to develop effective treatment approaches to lagophthalmos-associated
      neuroparalytic keratitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 34 patients (36 eyes)
      with neuroparalytic keratitis were enrolled. Group 1 consisted of 20 patients (21
      eyes), in whom autoconjunctivoplasty was performed in combination with eyelid
      surgery. Group 2 consisted of 12 lagophthalmic patients (13 eyes) with purulent
      corneal ulcers, who additionally underwent corneal transplantation. Group 3
      included 2 patients (2 eyes) with central corneal ulcer in the only seeing eye,
      who received, besides other things, upper sector iridectomy intended to serve as
      a pupil (RU 2299048 with priority date of 15.07.2005). RESULTS: In group 1,
      corneal re-epithelization and complete recovery was achieved in all patients
      within 3.00+/-0.69 weeks. Visual acuity (VA) has generally increased over the
      first year after treatment from 0.14+/-0.06 to 0.25+/-0.13 in group 1 and from
      0.09+/-0.05 to 0.21+/-0.13 in group 2. In group 3, sector iridectomies also
      yielded an increase in VA - from 0.01 to 0.02 in one case and from 0.2 to 0.6 in
      the other. Autoconjunctivoplasty enabled rapid and stable re-epithelization of
      corneal defects in all cases. CONCLUSION: One-stage corneal and eyelid surgery
      has been shown to be more effective in treating lagophthalmos-associated
      neuroparalytic keratitis than previous methods. The novel approach ensures acute
      symptoms of keratitis resolve and the eye is saved, moreover, it allows to
      maintain visual acuity and prevent recurrences in 64% and 65% of patients,
      respectively.

PMID- 26977725
TI  - [Abnormal distribution of trace elements in keratoconic corneas].
AB  - Our understanding of etiology and pathogenesis of many disorders, corneal
      included, greatly relies on existing knowledge in human biochemistry and
      biophysics. This study was aimed at chemical mapping of normal and keratoconic
      corneas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Modern methods of analytical chemistry, such as X
      ray fluorescence and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy on the basis of
      scanning electron microscopy, were adapted to the needs of cornea research.
      Normal human corneas obtained postmortem and corneal buttons obtained during
      penetrating keratoplasty were analyzed. RESULTS: In keratoconus, abnormal
      accumulation of iron, copper, and zinc was found in the periphery of the buttons,
      i.e. in the zone of visible pigmentation (Fleischer ring), while the center - the
      ectatic zone - demonstrated a total deficiency of trace elements. This data
      suggests that keratoconus pathogenesis is associated with impaired mineral
      metabolism and formation of a physicochemical barrier in corneal tissues with
      subsequent keratectasia. The authors discuss several possible vicious circles
      involved.

PMID- 26977726
TI  - [Custom-made artificial parts for improving functional and cosmetic results of
      ocular prosthetics].
AB  - Aim - to justify the use of custom-made ocular prostheses aimed at better
      functional and cosmetic outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cosmetic outcomes in 520
      patients operated for either anophthalmia (89.1%), or ocular subatrophy (6.7%),
      or congenital micro-/anophthalmia have been analyzed. General and ophthalmic
      assessment was performed. RESULTS: Relationships were investigated between the
      results obtained in a particular patient, on the one hand, and primary etiology
      in his/her case, eye removal technique, postoperative management details,
      complications, treatments, and preventive measures, on the other. It has been
      found that, if aiming to avoid the development of anophthalmic syndrome, the
      choice of surgical technique should be done most carefully so that a muscle stump
      could be formed and primary prosthesis inserted. Indications for the use of
      complexly shaped ocular prostheses have been identified. We have also explored
      the possibilities for correction of cosmetic defects associated with the use of
      modified stock prostheses. Moreover, in this article particular attention is paid
      to the importance of cooperation between the oculoplastic surgeon and the
      ocularist in order to ensure timely orbital reconstruction. CONCLUSION:
      Indications for the use of custom-made ocular prostheses of complex shapes have
      been identified. The range of complications that may arise from their irrational
      use are discussed.

PMID- 26977727
TI  - [Retinal vein occlusion management algorithm. Part 1. Classification, diagnosis,
      and acute-stage treatment].
AB  - Considering an upward global trend in cardiovascular disease rates, retinal vein
      occlusion (RVO) in particular, development of therapeutic guidelines is a
      pressing issue in ophthalmology. Risk factors for RVO include hypertension,
      atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, blood disorders, inflammatory disorders, and
      prescription drug use. Three stages of RVO have been identified. By location, the
      entity can be divided into three big groups: central retinal vein occlusion
      (CRVO), branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and hemicentral retinal vein
      occlusion (HCRVO), each being either ischemic or nonischemic. Functional
      prognosis is better in nonischemic occlusions. Patient management comprises acute
      stage treatment (anticoagulants, fibrinolytic agents, and hemodilution) and
      struggling with ocular complications (intravitreal injections and laser
      coagulation). It is essential that primary assessment and follow-up of patients
      at any stage of RVO include optical coherence tomography and fluorescent
      angiography. 

PMID- 26977728
TI  - [Retinal vein occlusion management algorithm. Part 2. Macular edema].
AB  - Macular edema (ME) is the most common complication of both ischemic and
      nonischemic retinal vein occlusion (RVO). If the main trunk of the central
      retinal vein is involved, ME occurs in 100% of cases. According to the Central
      Vein Occlusion Study, in 65% of RVO and ME patients with baseline visual acuity
      (VA) of at least 0.5 (Golovin-Sivtsev chart) or higher, ME may resolve itself
      without treatment with subsequent VA improvement. Therefore, we recommend a 3
      month treatment-free follow-up of nonischemic central RVO (CRVO) and ME patients
      with VA of 0.5 or higher. If no improvement is noted within this period,
      treatment is initiated. Immediate treatment is required in patients with cystic
      ME revealed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and VA below 0.5. Ischemic
      maculopathy is extremely unpromising. Modified grid laser photocoagulation should
      not be used as monotherapy for macular edema. Repeated corticosteroid (Ozurdex)
      and/or anti-VEGF (ranibizumab, aflibercept) intravitreal injections are
      considered the first choice treatment for ME in CRVO patients. Efficiency
      assessments should include monthly OCT. For persistent ME, intravitreal therapy
      can be supplemented by laser retinal photocoagulation (panretinal or modified
      grid). Anti-VEGF treatment schemes should be adjusted in BRVO patients as most of
      their edemas are self-limiting. Of laser photocoagulation techniques, only
      modified grid is used. 

PMID- 26977729
TI  - [Retinal vein occlusion management algorithm. Part 3. Neovascular complications].
AB  - Neovascular complications severity in central/branch retinal vein occlusion (RVO)
      correlates with the level of occlusion and the degree of retinal perfusion
      disturbance. Large areas of retinal non-perfusion (more than half of the total
      retinal area) are associated with the risk for posterior segment
      neovascularization as high as 33% and for neovascular glaucoma - 45%. Over the
      past 30 years there has been an evident declining tendency of neovascular
      complications rates in the natural course of RVO. In ischemic RVO, anterior
      segment neovascularization is more aggressive than posterior. Neovascular
      glaucoma usually develops within the first 6 months of disease and correlates
      with uncontrolled arterial hypertension. Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is a
      standard treatment for anterior and posterior segment neovascularization in RVO
      patients. Anti-VEGF agents, if used as monotherapy, lead to rapid, however, short
      term remission. Combination therapy, that is anti-VEGF injections and PRP, is the
      most effective. Intravitreal steroids have demonstrated no effect on ocular
      neovascularization. If PRP cannot be performed and intraocular pressure levels
      remain high, one should consider glaucoma drainage implant surgery. Preventive
      measures for neovascular complications that have proved effective so far include
      regular follow-ups, individually scheduled intravitreal injections, and PRP for
      large zones of ischemia. 

PMID- 26977730
TI  - [Rare case of primary orbital osteoma].
AB  - We report a case of primary orbital osteoma originated from the sphenoid and
      notable for a mismatch between its giant size and mild clinical presentation. A
      lot of attention has been paid to the choice of surgical technique. 

PMID- 26977731
TI  - [Occupational disability due to an eye injury (case report)].
AB  - We report a long service driver with late onset bilateral cataract and unilateral
      retinal detachment following bilateral eye injury. The causal relationship
      between these pathological conditions and occupational injury has been
      convincingly established. The degree of patient's occupational disability has
      been determined by expert decision. 

PMID- 26977732
TI  - [Assessment of microvascular bulbar conjunctiva in patients with type 1
      diabetes].
AB  - The aim was to study the state of microvascular bulbar conjunctiva in patients
      with type 1 diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical study of 25 patients with
      DR in the type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy persons without ophthalmopathology. All
      patients in addition to conventional methods of ophthalmological conducted
      computer Capillaroscopy bulbar conjunctiva. RESULTS: Results of the study showed
      patients with DR in the type 1 diabetes tortuosity of capillaries (due to
      thickening of the basement membrane), the expansion of the department of venous
      capillaries and arterial narrowing department, the formation of aggregates, the
      phenomenon of sludge and slowing blood flow. After a course of treatment (Tanakan
      2 months to 120 mg. per day) capillaroscopy showed a positive trend state bulbar
      conjunctiva microvessels: reduction in the incidence of the phenomenon of sludge
      and the duration of stasis, increased blood flow, which correlated with the
      positive dynamics ophthalmoscopic picture. CONCLUSION: The results indicate the
      informativeness capillaroscopy as a method of assessing the state of the
      microvasculature in patients with type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 26977733
TI  - [An experience with neuroprotective therapy of primary open-angle glaucoma based
      on the use of different dosage forms of Mexidol].
AB  - Aim - to develop an algorithm to guide neuroprotective therapy in railway workers
      undergoing long-term follow-up for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) judging
      from the efficacy of sequential administration of intravenous dosage form of
      Mexidol and oral tablets. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All sorts of JSC Russian Railways
      employees with stage I-III POAG and well-controlled intraocular pressure were
      enrolled. Mexidol was first to be administered intravenously by a dropper in a
      day hospital (250 mg daily for 5 days) and then taken orally at home (125 mg
      t.i.d. for 3 months). A comprehensive ophthalmic examination with high-technology
      control was performed in all patients at their first, second, and third follow-up
      visits. RESULTS: Data from 58 patients (96 eyes) were analyzed. Statistically
      significant improvements in perimetry and optical coherence tomography results
      were only obtained at a third visit, i.e. at the end of the course of Mexidol
      tablets. The treatment effect was most pronounced in stage I-II patients.
      CONCLUSION: The results suggest that combination therapy with intravenous and
      oral Mexidol received sequentially as well as long-term (3-month) administration
      of Mexidol tablets can both be recommended in POAG patients. It has been also
      found that neuroprotective therapy with Mexidol performs best for early stages of
      the disease.

PMID- 26977734
TI  - Maliponia aquimaris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, coccoid- or oval-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain,
      designated MM-10T, belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, was isolated from
      seawater of the Yellow Sea, Korea, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic
      study. Strain MM-10T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 30  degrees C and in the
      presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum
      parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain
      MM-10T fell within the clade comprising members of the genera Mameliella,
      Sagittula, Antarctobacter and Ponticoccus. Strain MM-10T exhibited a 16S rRNA
      gene sequence similarity of 97.7 % with respect to the type strain of Mameliella
      alba. The DNA G+C content of strain MM-10T was 66.0 mol% and its mean level of
      DNA-DNA relatedness with M. alba LMG 24665T was 12.3+/-1.4 % . Strain MM-10T
      contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1omega7c as the major
      fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol
      and phosphatidylethanolamine. Differential phenotypic properties, together with
      phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrate that strain MM-10T is distinguishable
      from recognized species of the genera Mameliella, Sagittula and Antarctobacter.
      On the basis of the data presented, strain MM-10T is considered to represent a
      novel species of a new genus, for which the name Maliponia aquimaris gen. nov.,
      sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Maliponia aquimaris is MM-10T (=KCTC
      42721T=CECT 8898T). 

PMID- 26977736
TI  - The Combination of Biomarkers for Prognostication of Long-Term Outcome in
      Patients Treated with Mild Hypothermia After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest-A
      Pilot Study.
AB  - To explore if the brain biomarker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in combination
      with a biomarker for stress; CT-proAVP (copeptin), oxidation; peroxiredoxin 4
      (Prx4), inflammation; procalcitonin (PCT), or with biomarkers from the heart;
      midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), or troponin T (TnT) can
      improve the prognostic accuracy of long-term outcome after out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest (OHCA). Serum samples from cardiac arrest patients, treated at 33
      degrees C for 24 hours, were collected serially at 12, 24, and 48 hours after
      cardiac arrest. The concentration of the investigated biomarkers was measured
      using stored samples, and long-term outcome was evaluated by the cerebral
      performance category (CPC) at 6 months. Poor outcome was defined as CPC 3-5.
      Sixty-two patients with OHCA of presumed cardiac cause were included. NSE had
      best prognostic accuracy for poor outcome at 48 hours with a receiver operating
      characteristic area under curve (AUC) of 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87
      1). The combination of NSE with TnT, both at 48 hours, increased the AUC to 0.98
      (95% CI 0.95-1, likelihood ratio [LR] test p-value 0.07, net reclassification
      index [NRI] <0.001); NSE and MR-proANP, both at 12 hours, yielded an AUC of 0.91
      (95% CI 0.80-1, LR test p-value 0.0014, NRI p-value 0.003); NSE at 48 hours with
      MR-proANP at 12 hours yielded an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI 0.92-1, LR test p-value
      0.055, NRI p-value 0.04). This pilot study suggests that a combination of
      biomarkers with NSE could be beneficial for improving early prognostication of
      long-term outcome following OHCA. 

PMID- 26977738
TI  - Observation of Skin-to-Skin Contact and Analysis of Factors Linked to Failure to
      Breastfeed Within 2 Hours After Birth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Successful breastfeeding at birth seems to be associated with skin-to
      skin contact between mother and newborn and newborn suckling, both within the
      first 2 hours of life. In practice, knowledge about the number and cause of
      interruptions of this contact has to be increased. OBJECTIVE: To measure the
      actual time of skin-to-skin contact in the first 2 hours after birth, study the
      events that occur during this period, and search for factors linked to failure to
      breastfeed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty women wishing to breastfeed gave their
      consent for us to observe and analyze the first 2 hours of the baby's life during
      skin-to-skin contact. RESULTS: Mean total duration of skin-to-skin contact for
      the 30 newborns during the first 2 hours was 90.4 +/- 25.0 minutes; 17 (56.7%)
      were interrupted at least twice during this time, mainly for neonatal care. The
      first interruption took place before the first breastfeed in 60% of cases. Mean
      time before the first breastfeed was 44.6 +/- 21.1 minutes. Seven infants did not
      breastfeed in the first 2 hours (23.3%). The factors linked to this failure were
      nulliparity, lower umbilical arterial pH at birth, and early interruptions in
      skin-to-skin contact. Among them, only early interruptions of skin-to-skin
      contact appear to be modifiable. CONCLUSION: In the first 2 hours of life, early
      interruptions of skin-to-skin contact should be discouraged as they reduce the
      chances of early breastfeed.

PMID- 26977740
TI  - Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Management of Postoperative Pain in
      Children After Primary Teeth Extraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on
      postoperative pain in children undergoing primary molar extraction. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: This randomized, controlled-crossover, double-blind clinical trial was
      conducted with 37 children requiring bilateral extraction of primary molars. In
      one tooth (LLLT group), a GaAlAs diode laser (wavelength, 810 nm; continuous
      mode, output power 0.3 W; 180 sec, 4 J/cm(2)) was applied intraorally 1 cm from
      the target tissue immediately following extraction. In the contralateral tooth
      (control group), the hand piece was applied, but without laser activation.
      Children and parents rated postoperative pain on the first three evenings
      following extraction using, respectively, the Wong-Baker FACES((r)) Pain Rating
      Scale (PRS) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Parents also reported if their
      children received analgesics. Data were analyzed using chi(2) and Mann-Whitney U
      tests. RESULTS: Mean VAS scores were higher for the control group than for the
      LLLT group on the first and second evenings, and PRS scores were higher for the
      control group than for the laser group on the first evening, but the differences
      were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). More analgesics were given to
      children in the control group on the first evening; however, both groups received
      equal amounts on the next two evenings (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the
      limitations of this study, LLLT application following primary molar extraction
      was not found to affect postoperative pain in children.

PMID- 26977741
TI  - Epidemiology of asthma.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reports the findings of recently published
      research articles and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) data on the epidemiology
      of asthma. Numerous otolaryngologic diseases are associated with asthma, such as
      allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. In
      addition, asthma causes a significant health burden and its prevalence is
      increasing. RECENT FINDINGS: Currently, 8.4% of persons in the United States have
      asthma as compared with 4.3% of the population worldwide, and both numbers are on
      the rise. The average annual asthma prevalence is higher in children (9.5%) than
      adults (7.7%). The prevalence of asthma is higher in black persons than white
      persons, and the ethnicity most affected is the Puerto Rican population. Asthma
      prevalence increases with each successive lower poverty level group. There are
      interesting relationships between asthma and certain otolaryngologic diseases.
      The impact of asthma on both morbidity and mortality is particularly noteworthy.
      SUMMARY: The prevalence of asthma is increasing both domestically and globally.
      The impact is most significant in the minority and lower socioeconomic
      populations. Future research should work to elucidate the reasons for this
      increase in asthma and promote better access to care for persons across all
      ethnic and socioeconomic classes.

PMID- 26977739
TI  - RemLogic plug-in enables clinical application of apnea-hypopnea index adjusted
      for severity of individual obstruction events.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is diagnosed based on obstruction event incidence,
      albeit individual obstruction event severity is connected to increased mortality
      rate. Adjusted-AHI parameter, incorporating number and severity of obstruction
      events, has shown good potential, but is calculated using custom-made MATLAB((r))
      functions. To allow its clinical use, this study introduces the RemLogicTM plug
      in. It is tested comparing adjusted-AHI values calculated with the plug-in and
      MATLAB((r)) with a hundred patients. Furthermore, retrospective follow-up (mean
      +/- SD = 194.1 +/- 54.0 months) of 1128 working-age men was conducted to evaluate
      potential of adjusted-AHI to enhance diagnostic of OSA. Adjusted-AHI values were
      strongly correlated (r = 1.000, p < 0.001) and their average difference (mean +/-
      SD) was minimal (0.08 +/- 0.19%). Using adjusted-AHI to define OSA severity
      resulted in a higher hazard ratio of mortality in the severe OSA group and, for
      the first time, adjusted-AHI was found to explain independently the overall
      mortality and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Importantly, the present plug-in
      enables clinical use of adjusted-AHI, enhancing assessment of OSA severity.

PMID- 26977742
TI  - BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINITIS LESIONS ON INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY AS AN INDICATOR
      OF DISEASE ACTIVITY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine whether classical indocyanine green angiography lesions in
      patients with birdshot chorioretinitis can be used to monitor disease activity.
      METHODS: A retrospective case series was performed on 26 eyes in 26 consecutive
      patients with birdshot chorioretinitis who had at least one indocyanine green
      angiography performed during disease activity and another during disease
      quiescence. Using Photoshop, the mean number, area, and area per spot on
      indocyanine green angiography were compared between disease activity and
      quiescence using a paired ratio test. RESULTS: The mean total lesion number,
      area, and area per spot during disease activity were 75.27 spots, 24,525 pixels,
      and 364 pixels/spots, respectively. The mean total lesion number, area, and area
      per spot size during disease quiescence were 28.35 spots (P < 0.01), 7,411 pixels
      (P < 0.01), and 279 pixels/spot (P = 0.12), respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a
      statistically significant decrease in the mean total area and number of lesions
      between the time of disease activity and disease quiescence (P < 0.01). Our
      results suggest that indocyanine green angiography has a role not only in
      diagnosis but also in monitoring treatment effectiveness; lesions can be
      reversible with treatment and their reappearance may be an indicator of disease
      relapse.

PMID- 26977743
TI  - Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

PMID- 26977737
TI  - Genetic Associations with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Traits in Hispanic/Latino
      Americans.
AB  - RATIONALE: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder associated with increased
      risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature mortality. Although
      there is strong clinical and epidemiologic evidence supporting the importance of
      genetic factors in influencing obstructive sleep apnea, its genetic basis is
      still largely unknown. Prior genetic studies focused on traits defined using the
      apnea-hypopnea index, which contains limited information on potentially important
      genetically determined physiologic factors, such as propensity for hypoxemia and
      respiratory arousability. OBJECTIVES: To define novel obstructive sleep apnea
      genetic risk loci for obstructive sleep apnea, we conducted genome-wide
      association studies of quantitative traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans from
      three cohorts. METHODS: Genome-wide data from as many as 12,558 participants in
      the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Multi-Ethnic Study of
      Atherosclerosis, and Starr County Health Studies population-based cohorts were
      metaanalyzed for association with the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen
      saturation during sleep, and average respiratory event duration. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Two novel loci were identified at genome-level significance
      (rs11691765, GPR83, P = 1.90 * 10-8 for the apnea-hypopnea index, and rs35424364;
      C6ORF183/CCDC162P, P = 4.88 * 10-8 for respiratory event duration) and seven
      additional loci were identified with suggestive significance (P < 5 * 10-7).
      Secondary sex-stratified analyses also identified one significant and several
      suggestive associations. Multiple loci overlapped genes with biologic
      plausibility. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first genome-level significant findings
      reported for obstructive sleep apnea-related physiologic traits in any
      population. These findings identify novel associations in inflammatory, hypoxia
      signaling, and sleep pathways.

PMID- 26977744
TI  - Correspondence.

PMID- 26977745
TI  - Timing of Linkage to Care After HIV Diagnosis and Time to Viral Suppression.

PMID- 26977747
TI  - Expenditures for Persons Living With HIV Enrolled in Medicaid, 2006-2010.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Costs of care for persons living with HIV have been high
      historically. Cost estimates based on data from 1 health care site may
      underestimate total expenditures; using insurance claims avoids this limitation.
      We used Medicaid claims data to comprehensively assess payments for care for
      persons living with HIV between 2006 and 2010. METHODS: Five sites from the HIV
      Research Network (HIVRN) provided information on patients with Medicaid coverage.
      Medicaid data were obtained from the sites' states (MD, NY, and MA) and 3
      surrounding states and matched to HIVRN medical record-based data. Individuals
      less than 18, those with Medicare, and those in Medicaid managed care plans were
      excluded. Medicaid and HIVRN data were compared to ascertain concordance in
      capturing any inpatient event and any antiretroviral (ART) medication use.
      RESULTS: Of 6892 unique HIVRN identifiers, 6196 (90%) were linked to Medicaid
      data. The analytic sample included 11,341 person-years of Medicaid claims data
      from 3695 individuals in fee-for-service (FFS) programs. The mean annual FFS
      payment for all services was $47,434; mean annual FFS payment for only medical
      services was $38,311. Concordance between Medicaid and HIVRN data was excellent
      for ART use, but HIVRN data did not record a substantial proportion of years in
      which Medicaid recorded inpatient use. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated Medicaid payment
      amounts in this study are higher than some previous estimates. More complete
      capture of expensive inpatient hospitalizations in Medicaid data may partially
      explain this finding. Although inpatient care and ART medications contribute the
      most, expenditures for nonmedical services are substantial.

PMID- 26977746
TI  - Nucleoside-Sparing Regimens With Raltegravir and a Boosted Protease Inhibitor: An
      Unsettled Issue.

PMID- 26977749
TI  - Implementation and Operational Research: A Cost-Effective, Clinically Actionable
      Strategy for Targeting HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis to High-Risk Men Who Have Sex
      With Men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective at preventing HIV
      infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), but there is uncertainty about
      how to identify high-risk MSM who should receive PrEP. METHODS: We used a
      mathematical model to assess the cost-effectiveness of using the HIV Incidence
      Risk Index for MSM (HIRI-MSM) questionnaire to target PrEP to high-risk MSM. We
      simulated strategies of no PrEP, PrEP available to all MSM, and eligibility
      thresholds set to HIRI-MSM scores between 5 and 45, in increments of 5 (where a
      higher score predicts greater HIV risk). Based on the iPrEx, IPERGAY, and PROUD
      trials, we evaluated PrEP efficacies from 44% to 86% and annual costs from $5900
      to 8700. We designate strategies with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)
      <=$100,000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) as "cost-effective." RESULTS: Over
      20 years, making PrEP available to all MSM is projected to prevent 33.5% of new
      HIV infections, with an ICER of $1,474,000/QALY. Increasing the HIRI-MSM score
      threshold reduces the prevented infections, but improves cost-effectiveness. A
      threshold score of 25 is projected to be optimal (most QALYs gained while still
      being cost-effective) over a wide range of realistic PrEP efficacies and costs.
      At low cost and high efficacy (IPERGAY), thresholds of 15 or 20 are optimal
      across a range of other input assumptions; at high cost and low efficacy (iPrEx),
      25 or 30 are generally optimal. CONCLUSIONS: The HIRI-MSM provides a clinically
      actionable means of guiding PrEP use. Using a score of 25 to determine PrEP
      eligibility could facilitate cost-effective use of PrEP among high-risk MSM who
      will benefit from it most.

PMID- 26977748
TI  - Characteristics of Age-Discordant Partnerships Associated With HIV Risk Among
      Young South African Women (HPTN 068).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Sexual liaisons between older men and younger women have been linked
      to greater risk of HIV acquisition. This study aims to (1) identify psychosocial
      and behavioral factors associated with age-discordant (partner >=5 years) versus
      age-concordant partnerships (-1< partner <5) and (2) examine the association
      between partner age discordance and young South African women's sexual behavior.
      METHODS: We used generalized estimating equations to analyze responses from 656
      sexually experienced women (aged 13-20 years) from rural Mpumalanga province.
      RESULTS: Partner age discordance was associated with greater odds of reporting
      both more frequent sex [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.77; 95% confidence interval
      (CI): 1.20 to 2.60] and having a partner with concurrent partnerships (aOR =
      1.77; 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.57). Age-discordant partnerships were associated with
      greater odds of casual partnerships (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.13), having a
      partner with concurrent partnerships (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.46), and more
      frequent intercourse (ie, having sex at least 2 or 3 times per month) (aOR =
      2.04; 95% CI: 1.39 to 3.00). They were associated with lower odds of reporting
      condom use at last sex (aOR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.98) and always using
      condoms (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32 to 0.88) in age-discordant partnerships.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a history of age-discordant partnerships,
      and to a lesser extent having an age-discordant partner, is linked to HIV risk
      among young South African women; however, the link between partner age
      discordance and HIV risk may be more strongly related to the characteristics of
      age-discordant partnerships than to the characteristics of young women who form
      such partnerships.

PMID- 26977750
TI  - One case of rare gastric cancer combined with lack of factor XI.
AB  - The patient, a 50-year-old woman, was admitted to hospital diagnosed with gastric
      cancer. While performing preoperative examination, we found that this patient had
      a lack of factor XI. This is the first case diagnosed with gastric cancer
      combined with lack of emitted factor XI, at least in China. We used only fresh
      frozen plasma to correct the blood coagulation disorder to perform an operation.
      Firstly, we think this is a rare case that should be reported. Secondly, what we
      have done to help this patient may help other doctors to make decisions when they
      meet any similar cases. 

PMID- 26977752
TI  - [Test Your Knowledge].

PMID- 26977751
TI  - Risk factors for central venous catheter-related thrombosis in children: a
      retrospective analysis.
AB  - Central venous catheter (CVC) placement is associated with increased risk of
      thrombosis in the paediatric population, particularly in relation to the type of
      catheter and the manner of its insertion. Here, we investigate risk factors
      associated with CVC-related thrombosis in children, with particular emphasis on
      positioning of the catheter tip. Patients aged 0-18 who underwent at least one
      CVC placement from 2008 to 2013 at a single centre with a subsequent follow-up
      echocardiogram were included for a total of 104 patients and 147 lines. Data on
      clinical and catheter-related risk factors were collected from patient charts.
      Statistical analysis using Pearson's chi tests, independent samples t-test, and
      odds ratios were used to assess potential risk factors for thrombosis. Neither
      insertion site (subclavian vein or otherwise), left- vs. right-sided insertion,
      nor catheter type were significant risk factors for thrombosis. There were no
      thrombotic events reported at the superior vena cava (SVC)-right atrium junction
      and no significant differences in thrombotic risk with initial tip placement in
      the SVC-right atrium junction vs. the SVC, right atrium, or inferior vena cava.
      Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was a major clinical risk factor for thrombosis.
      Tip movement was common and may have been an important factor in the development
      of CVC-related thrombi. Prospective studies can yield insight into the role of
      follow-up imaging in the prevention of catheter-related thrombosis in children. 

PMID- 26977753
TI  - [Case Report with Differential Diagnostic Aspects of Sarcoidosis].
AB  - A 73-year-old non-atopic patient had developed at the age of 29 shortness of
      breath on exertion, general malaise, enlarged axillary lymph nodes and nodular
      cutaneous eruptions. Based on the presence of bihilar lymphadenopathy, the
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made at that time without any histological
      investigations and without taking detailed case history. Administration of
      systemic steroids resulted in remission. However, 12 years later, there was a
      relapse with alterations of lung parenchyma, followed by a more chronic course of
      the disorder. Since this relapse, an obstructive-restrictive ventilation defect
      requiring treatment has persisted till today. About five years ago and at the
      insistence of the patient, clarifying diagnostics were performed. The case shows
      the important role of a detailed case history including occupational history. Its
      failure not only led to disadvantages to the patient but also to incorrect social
      insurance handling and missing appropriate preventive measures with regard to co
      workers. 

PMID- 26977754
TI  - Diagnostic Gain from Surgical Biopsy for Interstitial Lung Disease - When is it
      Worth the Risk?
AB  - BACKGROUND: History, clinical presentation, lung function testing, radiographs
      including HRCT and nonsurgical biopsy techniques in most cases provide sufficient
      information for classification of interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, in a
      small percentage it is not possible to establish the diagnosis so that lung
      biopsy may be required. We analyzed under which circumstances a reduction of
      invasive procedures is reasonable. METHODS: Between January 1997 and December
      2009 we examined 3399 specimens from 1299 patients with benign inflammatory and
      granulomatous diseases in whom ILD was clinically hypothesized. We compared the
      probability of disease according to Bayes before and after surgery which
      corresponds to the clinical diagnosis (a priori probability) and the final
      diagnosis (a posteriori probability). Additionally, procedures, operation related
      complications and the patients' smoking habits were documented. RESULTS: In 111
      patients (8.5 %) surgical evaluation was performed (14 mediastinoscopies, 97
      thoracotomies/VATS biopsies). All mediastinoscopies substantiated a epitheloid
      cell granulomatosis. In 30 % of all VATS procedures a prolonged air leak of more
      than 4 days was observed. One patient died and one had to get a new chest tube
      after removal. Changes of a priori/a posteriori probabilities was shown for non
      smokers in Wegner's granulomatosis (0.6 vs. 2.2 %) and IPF (16.7 vs. 34.8 %), for
      smokers in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (1.4 vs. 7.8 %) and IPF (16.7 vs. 33.3
      %). In the majority of cases even a reduction of probability was seen.
      CONCLUSION: Considering complications and limited diagnostic gain, lung biopsies
      for diagnosis of ILD should be recommended only in selected patients.

PMID- 26977755
TI  - Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Early Pregnancy Predicts Dysglycemia in Mid
      Pregnancy: Prospective Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mediated by insulin
      resistance, as is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). NAFLD has not been studied
      in relation to GDM. The objective of this study was to assess the association
      between first-trimester sonographic findings of NAFLD, and both dysglycemia and
      GDM in mid-pregnancy. METHODS: We followed a prospective cohort design at a large
      obstetrics clinic in Toronto, Ontario with 476 women enrolled in early pregnancy.
      NAFLD was assessed by ultrasound at 11-14 weeks gestation, and standardized
      images were independently scored by two ultrasonographers for the presence of
      hepatorenal contrast (one finding) and/or blurring of the intrahepatic vessels
      (one finding), relative to neither being present. Logistic regression analysis
      was used to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the
      relation between 0, 1, or 2 sonographic findings of NAFLD and the composite
      outcome of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or GDM at 24-28
      weeks gestation, determined by a fasting 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. ORs
      were adjusted (aOR) for maternal age, ethnicity, first-degree relative with type
      2 DM, body mass index (BMI) at 11-14 weeks gestation, and change in BMI from 11
      14 to 24-28 weeks gestation. RESULTS: Fifty out of 476 women (10.5%) developed
      the composite outcome. The presence of 1 (aOR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0-4.1) or 2 (aOR
      2.9, 95% CI: 1.0-18.4) sonographic features of NAFLD predicted the composite
      outcome. Limiting the analysis to >=1 feature vs. none, the aOR was 2.2 (95% CI:
      1.1-4.3). CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic assessment of NAFLD is a semiquantitative
      measure, with limited ability to detect small amounts of hepatic steatosis, or to
      distinguish various stages of NAFLD. First-trimester sonographic evidence of
      NAFLD predicts dysglycemia in mid-pregnancy.

PMID- 26977756
TI  - Histology Grade Is Independently Associated With Relapse Risk in Patients With
      Ulcerative Colitis in Clinical Remission: A Prospective Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Objective evidence of inflammation has been associated with the risk
      of relapse in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who are in clinical
      remission. We compared endoscopic and histologic grades for their ability to
      predict clinical relapse in this patient population. METHODS: Patients with UC in
      clinical remission were prospectively enrolled into an observational cohort.
      Baseline endoscopic scores (Mayo) and histological (Geboes) grades and blood
      markers were collected. All subjects were followed for 12 months and relapse
      determined using clinical indices. RESULTS: A total of 179 subjects were enrolled
      into the study and followed for 12 months. Clinical relapse occurred in 23%; 5%
      were hospitalized, and 2% underwent colectomy. In univariate analysis, the
      baseline Mayo endoscopy score and the Geboes histology grade were significantly
      associated with the later development of clinical relapse (P<0.001 for both), but
      only the histology grade remained significant in a multivariate model (P=0.006).
      The relative risk of clinical relapse was 3.5 (95% CI 1.9-6.4, P<0.0001) in
      subjects whose baseline Geboes grade was >=3.1. The area under the curve was 0.73
      for the Geboes histology grade to identify subjects at risk of future clinical
      relapse. Of the patients in clinical, endoscopic, and histological remission at
      baseline (n=82), only 7% had a clinical relapse over the subsequent 12 months.
      CONCLUSIONS: Histology grade has the strongest association with the risk of
      clinical relapse in patients with UC who are in clinical remission. Consideration
      should be given to including this end point in evaluating therapy for UC.

PMID- 26977758
TI  - The Performance of Vibration Controlled Transient Elastography in a US Cohort of
      Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Identification of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      (NAFLD) who have advanced fibrosis is crucial. Vibration controlled transient
      elastography (VCTE) is an alternative to biopsy, although published experience
      with VCTE in a US population is limited. METHODS: We performed a prospective
      cohort of 164 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients evaluated with VCTE using an M probe
      and the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) at baseline and a repeat VCTE at 6 months.
      Reliable liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) were defined as 10 valid
      measurements and interquartile range <=30% of the median. RESULTS: A total of 120
      (73.2%) patients had reliable LSM. The median LSMs for patients with and without
      F3-F4 (advanced) fibrosis were 6.6 kPA (5.3-8.9) and 14.4 kPA (12.1-24.3),
      respectively. The optimal LSM cutoff for advanced fibrosis was 9.9 kPA
      (sensitivity 95% and specificity 77%). In addition, 100% of patients with LSM<7.9
      kPA did not have advanced fibrosis. A risk stratification strategy based on VCTE
      avoids the need for biopsy in at least the 74 (45.1%) patients correctly
      classified as low risk for advanced fibrosis. For the detection of F3-F4 fibrosis
      in patients with reliable VCTE, the area under the receiver operating curve
      (AUROC) is 0.93 (95% CI: 0.86-0.96). This is superior to the AUROC for the NFS
      (0.77), P=0.01. Patients who achieved a >=5% weight loss at 6-month follow-up
      experienced improved LSM (P=0.009), independent of the changes in
      aminotransferase levels. CONCLUSIONS: Reliable VCTE results can rule out advanced
      fibrosis and avoid the need for biopsy in at least 45% of US patients with NAFLD.
      However, 1 in 4 patients have uninterpretable studies using the M probe.

PMID- 26977757
TI  - Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia in Individuals With Self-Reported Family History: A
      Prospective Colonoscopy Study from 16 Asia-Pacific Regions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC),
      advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN), and colorectal adenoma among screening
      participants with different first-degree relatives (FDRs) affected by CRC was
      similar. METHODS: A multi-center, prospective colonoscopy study involving 16 Asia
      Pacific regions was performed from 2008 to 2015. Consecutive self-referred CRC
      screening participants aged 40-70 years were recruited, and each subject received
      one direct optical colonoscopy. The prevalence of CRC, ACN, and colorectal
      adenoma was compared among subjects with different FDRs affected using Pearson's
      chi2 tests. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the
      risk of these lesions, controlling for recognized risk factors including age,
      gender, smoking habits, alcohol drinking, body mass index, and the presence of
      diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Among 11,797 asymptomatic subjects, the prevalence of
      CRC was 0.6% (none: 0.6%; siblings: 1.1%; mother: 0.5%; father: 1.2%; >=2
      members: 3.1%, P<0.001), that of ACN was 6.5% (none: 6.1%; siblings: 8.3%;
      mother: 7.7%; father: 8.7%; >=2 members: 9.3%, P<0.001), and that of colorectal
      adenoma was 29.3% (none: 28.6%; siblings: 33.5%; mother: 31.8%; father: 31.1%;
      >=2 members: 38.1%, P<0.001). In multivariate regression analyses, subjects with
      at least one FDR affected were significantly more likely to have CRC (adjusted
      odds ratio (AOR)=2.02-7.89), ACN (AOR=1.55-2.06), and colorectal adenoma
      (AOR=1.31-1.92) than those without a family history. The risk of CRC (AOR=0.90,
      95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-2.35, P=0.830), ACN (AOR=1.07, 95% CI 0.75
      1.52, P=0.714), and colorectal adenoma (AOR=0.96, 95% CI 0.78-1.19, P=0.718) in
      subjects with either parent affected was similar to that of subjects with their
      siblings affected. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of colorectal neoplasia was similar
      among subjects with different FDRs affected. These findings do not support the
      need to discriminate proband identity in screening participants with affected
      FDRs when their risks of colorectal neoplasia were estimated.

PMID- 26977762
TI  - [Anesthetic management of reconstructive surgery on the respiratory tract].
AB  - In the article provides an analysis of own of clinical experience peculiarities
      of carrying out of anesthesia, when performing 466 various tracheo-bronhoplastis
      of operations for the period from 1979 to 2014 the year a one team of surgeons.
      Preoperative preparation, anesthesia and postoperative management of patients are
      key to improving treatment outcomes. Full arsenal of modern methods of
      ventilation lets you choose for each stage of surgery is most convenient for the
      surgeon and patient-safe way to maintain gas exchange. Presented in this paper
      our anestiology experience allows you to discuss and elect the proposed
      management of patients through the selection and optimization of the method that
      best meets modern requirements. 

PMID- 26977761
TI  - Boosting water oxidation layer-by-layer.
AB  - Electrocatalysis of water oxidation was achieved using fluorinated tin oxide
      (FTO) electrodes modified with layer-by-layer deposited films consisting of
      bilayers of negatively charged citrate-stabilized IrO2 NPs and positively charged
      poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) polymer. The IrO2 NP surface
      coverage can be fine-tuned by controlling the number of bilayers. The IrO2 NP
      films were amorphous, with the NPs therein being well-dispersed and retaining
      their as-synthesized shape and sizes. UV/vis spectroscopic and spectro
      electrochemical studies confirmed that the total surface coverage and
      electrochemically addressable surface coverage of IrO2 NPs increased linearly
      with the number of bilayers up to 10 bilayers. The voltammetry of the modified
      electrode was that of hydrous iridium oxide films (HIROFs) with an observed super
      Nernstian pH response of the Ir(III)/Ir(IV) and Ir(IV)-Ir(IV)/Ir(IV)-Ir(V) redox
      transitions and Nernstian shift of the oxygen evolution onset potential. The
      overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was essentially pH
      independent, varying only from 0.22 V to 0.28 V (at a current density of 0.1 mA
      cm(-2)), moving from acidic to alkaline conditions. Bulk electrolysis experiments
      revealed that the IrO2/PDDA films were stable and adherent under acidic and
      neutral conditions but degraded in alkaline solutions. Oxygen was evolved with
      Faradaic efficiencies approaching 100% under acidic (pH 1) and neutral (pH 7)
      conditions, and 88% in alkaline solutions (pH 13). This layer-by-layer approach
      forms the basis of future large-scale OER electrode development using ink-jet
      printing technology.

PMID- 26977759
TI  - Effect of Vagus Nerve Integrity on Short and Long-Term Efficacy of Antireflux
      Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Vagus nerve injury is a feared complication of antireflux surgery
      (ARS) that may negatively affect reflux control. The aim of the present
      prospective study was to evaluate short-term and long-term impact of vagus nerve
      injury, evaluated by pancreatic polypeptide response to insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia (PP-IH), on the outcome of ARS. METHODS: In the period from 1990
      until 2000, 125 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) underwent
      ARS at a single center. Before and 6 months after surgery, vagus nerve integrity
      testing (PP-IH), 24-h pH-monitoring, gastric emptying, and reflux-associated
      symptoms were evaluated. In 2014, 14-25 years after surgery, 110 patients were
      contacted again for evaluation of long-term symptomatic outcome using two
      validated questionnaires (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) and GERD
      Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL)). RESULTS: Short-term follow-up: vagus
      nerve injury (PP peak <=47 pmol/l) was observed in 23 patients (18%) 6 months
      after fundoplication. In both groups, a comparable decrease in reflux parameters
      and symptoms was observed at 6-month follow-up. Postoperative gastric emptying
      was significantly delayed in the vagus nerve injury group compared with the vagus
      nerve intact group. Long-term follow-up: patients with vagus nerve injury showed
      significantly less effective reflux control and a higher re-operation rate.
      CONCLUSIONS: Vagus nerve injury occurs in up to 20% of patients after ARS. Reflux
      control 6 months after surgery was not affected by vagus nerve injury. However,
      long-term follow-up showed a negative effect on reflux symptom control and re
      operation rate in patients with vagus nerve injury.

PMID- 26977763
TI  - [Video-assisted thoracoscopic anatomic lung resection: experience of 246
      operations].
AB  - AIM: To present one of the largest materials of video-assisted thoracoscopic
      (VATS) anatomic lung resections in Russia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a
      retrospective analysis of treatment of 246 patients who underwent VATS anatomic
      lung resection for the period from 2010 to 2014 at the Center for Thoracic
      Surgery of St. Petersburg Clinical Hospital No122. One surgical team has operated
      125 men and 121 women aged from 20 to 85 years (58.8+/-13.4 years). There were
      216 (87.8%) lobectomies, 4 (1.6%) bilobectomies, 9 (3.7%) pneumonectomies, 10
      (4.1%) segmentectomies and 7 (2.8%) trisegmentectomies. Upper right-side
      lobectomy was the most frequent in this group (87 (40.3%)). Most of operations
      was performed via 2 approaches (119 patients). Average length of the longest
      incision was 4.3+/-0.93 cm (range 2-6 cm). All patients were examined according
      to a single plan. FEV1 less than 70% was observed in 26% of patients; comorbidity
      index was 5 scores or more in 24% of cases; 23.2% of patients were older than 70
      years. RESULTS: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was diagnosed in 168 patients
      (68.3%), pulmonary tuberculosis - in 27 (11%), chronic suppurative lung disease -
      in 27 (11%) cases. Furthermore there were 9 cases of pulmonary metastases, 11
      cases of carcinoid, 1 - MALT-lymphoma, 1 - leiomyoma, 2 - small cell lung cancer,
      as well as one case of IgG-associated pseudotumor. Among 168 cases of NSCLC
      operations were performed in 87 (51.8%) cases for cancer stage I, in 46 (27.3%)
      patients for stage II, in 27 patients for stage III (including 16 cases of stage
      IIIA and 11 cases of stage IIIB). 8 patients (4.7%) with lung cancer stage IV
      have been operated in radical surgery for solitary metastasis. Mean duration of
      surgery was 202.1+/-58.2 minutes (range 100-380). On the average 12.8+/-5.6
      (range 9-32) mediastinal lymph nodes were excised during lymph node dissection in
      cancer patients. Mean number of nodes groups was 4.1+/-1.1. In 11 (4.5%) patients
      conversion to open surgery was made due to intraoperative bleeding (3 cases) and
      technical difficulties (8 cases). Mean duration of postoperative pleural drainage
      and hospital-stay were 5.1+/-4.3 (median - 3 days) and 7.9+/-4.7 days (median - 6
      days) respectively. Complications which were not associated with perioperative
      deaths were observed in 66 patients (26.8%). Prolonged air vent was the most
      common complication. CONCLUSION: VATS anatomical lung resections are safe and
      effective in most of pulmonary surgical diseases. Such interventions may be
      recommended for wider introduction at the Thoracic Departments of Russia because
      of small number of complications and rapid rehabilitation. Bleeding or its risk
      associated with fibrotic changes in pulmonary root are the most frequent causes
      of conversion to open access.

PMID- 26977764
TI  - [Surgical interventions with tracheal bifurcation circular resection in bronchial
      cancer treatment].
AB  - AIM: To evaluate results of circular resection and carina reconstruction in
      patients with bronchial cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study included 82 patients
      with bronchial malignant tumors operated for the period from 1998 to 2014. Mean
      age was 56+/-1.1 years (range 24-75). There were 75 men and 7 women. Squamous
      cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, dimorphic cancer, carcinoid, adenocystic cancer,
      small cell cancer and clear cell renal cancer were observed in 66, 9, 1, 3, 1, 1
      and 1 patients respectively. Stages IIB, IIIA, IIIB and IV were determined in 5
      (6.2%), 45 (56.3%), 28 (35%) and 2 (2.5%) patients respectively. Tracheal carina
      resection was combined with right-sided pneumonectomy in 62 (75.6%) patients,
      left-sided pneumonectomy - in 5 (6.1%) cases, right upper lobectomy - in 10
      (12.2%) cases. 3 patients underwent carina resection alone. Plasty with
      bronchopulmonary segment of right upper lobe was applied in 2 cases. Since 2002
      primary bronhomyoplasty using m.latiss.dorsi, m.intercostalis and m.serr.anterior
      flaps has been used in 64 patients. RESULTS: Postoperative complications occurred
      in 31.7% (26) of patients. In-hospital mortality was 10.1%. Use of primary
      bronhomyoplasty and head adduction reduced broncho-pleural fistula incidence and
      mortality (p<0.05). Long-term results in T3-T4N0 tumors were significantly better
      compared with T3-4N1-2 tumors (5-year survival 41.2 vs. 16.8%, p<0,05).
      CONCLUSION: Results of resection with carina reconstruction may be improved using
      primary bronhomyoplasty and is associated with satisfactory long-term results in
      patients with N0-tumors.

PMID- 26977760
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Elastography for the Evaluation of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic
      Hepatitis B and C by Using Both Gradient-Recalled Echo and Spin-Echo Echo Planar
      Imaging: A Prospective Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) with three-dimensional spin
      echo echo planar imaging (3D-SE-EPI) is a newly emerging noninvasive method for
      assessing liver fibrosis. We hypothesized that 3D-SE-EPI might have better
      diagnostic accuracy than conventional two-dimensional gradient-recalled echo (2D
      GRE). METHODS: We prospectively included 179 consecutive patients with chronic
      hepatitis B (CHB) or C (CHC) who underwent both MRE and liver biopsy. Liver
      stiffness was measured by both 3D-SE-EPI and 2D-GRE for staging biopsy-proven
      liver fibrosis (using METAVIR scores). A receiver-operating characteristic
      analysis using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC)
      was used to compare the diagnostic performance in predicting liver fibrosis
      between these two techniques, and compared them to serum markers of fibrosis.
      RESULTS: The technical failure rate of 3D-SE-EPI (2.2%, n=4/179) was lower
      compared with 2D-GRE (8.3%, n=15/179). The stiffness measured by 3D-SE-EPI was
      slightly lower compared with 2D-GRE, with the mean difference of 0.57 kPa (Bland
      and Altman plot, 95% limits of agreement: -0.32 and 1.45 kPa). AUCs for the
      characterization of >=F1, >=F2, >=F3, and F4 were 0.957 (95% confidence interval
      (CI): 0.913-0.983), 0.971 (0.932-0.991), 0.991 (0.961-0.999), and 0.979 (0.942
      0.995) for 3D-SE-EPI, which was slightly higher compared with the AUCs for 2D-GRE
      at each fibrosis stage (0.948 (0.901-0.977), 0.959 (0.915-0.981), 0.979 (0.943
      0.995), and 0.976 (0.938-0.994), respectively), although none reached statistical
      significance (P=0.160-0.585). In an "intention-to-diagnose" analysis, the
      diagnostic accuracy (the proportion of well-classified patients) by EPI (86.7
      91.3%, n=169) was higher compared with GRE (80.9-82.1%, n=158) after applying
      optimal cutoffs. Both 3D-SE-EPI and 2D-GRE performed better than serum fibrosis
      markers. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to 2D-GRE, 3D-SE-EPI has the advantage of
      lower failure rate with equivalent high diagnostic performance for staging liver
      fibrosis in CHB/CHC patients, and thus more helpful for those challenging cases
      in 2D-GRE.

PMID- 26977765
TI  - [Analysis of postoperative complications after pneumo-n-ectomy using thoracic
      morbidity and mortality (tmm) system in nsclc patients for a 5-year period].
AB  - AIM: Postoperative complications after pneumonectomy for NSCLC depend on the
      extension of surgery, comorbidities and accurate registration of any adverse
      event. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term results after standard
      and extended pneumonectomy in NSCLC patients according to the TMM grading system.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 216 NSCLC patients consecutively submitted to
      pneumonectomy at our institution from January 2009 to December 2013 in the
      retrospective study performed on data prospectively collected in an electronic
      clinical database. All patients were divided into two different groups: standard
      (n=142) and extended (n=74) pneumonectomy, where resection of adjacent organs was
      indicated. The patients undergone extended pneumonectomy were subdivided into
      single (n=49) and multi-organ resection (n=25) groups. Morbidity and mortality
      rate was analyzed according to the standard criteria and TMM classification
      system. RESULTS: Postoperative morbidity and mortality rate after standard
      pneumonectomy (23,9% and 3,5%) was significantly lower than extended procedure
      (43,2% and 10,8%) (p=0.02). Multi-organ resection was an independent prognostic
      factor of unfavourable outcome: morbidity and mortality was significantly higher
      in the multi-organ group (48,0% and 16,0%), while in the single-organ group it
      was 40,8% and 8,2% respectively (p=0.01). Major complications rate (grade IIIA
      and higher according to the TMM) was significantly higher in the multi-organ
      group (40,0%) than in the single-organ (28,6%) and standard (14,8%) group
      (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: TMM classification system is more accurate in grading and
      further analysis of postoperative complications after pneumonectomy in NSCLC
      patients in compare with standard criteria. Multi-organ resection should be
      carried out with caution due to unacceptable high morbidity and mortality rate.

PMID- 26977766
TI  - [Staged surgical treatment of subtotal tracheal cicatrical stenosis as an
      alternative to transplantation].

PMID- 26977768
TI  - Five-year mortality in cardiac surgery patients with low cardiac output syndrome
      treated with levosimendan: prognostic evaluation of NT-proBNP and C-reactive
      protein.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To determine the clinical risk factors predictive of the 5-year
      mortality in patients with low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) after cardiac
      surgery. In addition, to assess the influence of inflammation and myocardial
      dysfunction severity, as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and N-terminal pro
      brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations, on outcome. METHODS: We
      studied 30 patients who underwent cardiac surgery and developed postoperative
      LCOS requiring inotropic support for longer than 48 hours after intensive care
      unit (ICU) admission. All patients received a 24-hour infusion of levosimendan
      after study enrolment. We measured the following at baseline, 24 h, 48 h and 7
      days: clinical data, serum NT-proBNP and serum CRP levels. Patients were followed
      up at 5 years for death by any cause. A risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards
      regression model was used for statistical analysis. Hazard ratios and their 95%
      confidence intervals (CI) are presented. RESULTS: The 5-year mortality was 36.6%
      (n.=11). The predictors of 5-year mortality were the presence of dilated
      cardiomyopathy (HR=36.909; 95% CI: 1.901-716.747; P=0.017), a higher central
      venous pressure (CVP) at 48 hours (HR=2.686; 95% CI: 1.383-5.214; P=0.004), and
      lower CRP levels on day 7 (HR=0.963; 95% CI: 0.933-0.994; P=0.021). NT-proBNP
      levels showed a trend to higher initial levels in survivors without statistical
      significance, but were not associated with 5-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The
      presence of dilated cardiomyopathy, elevated CVP at 48 h and reduced CRP levels
      on day 7 predicted 5-year mortality in patients who developed postoperative LCOS
      after cardiac surgery. NT-proBNP levels in the first postoperative week were not
      predictors of long-term outcomes.

PMID- 26977767
TI  - Ring finger protein 10 is a novel synaptonuclear messenger encoding activation of
      NMDA receptors in hippocampus.
AB  - Synapses and nuclei are connected by bidirectional communication mechanisms that
      enable information transfer encoded by macromolecules. Here, we identified RNF10
      as a novel synaptonuclear protein messenger. RNF10 is activated by calcium
      signals at the postsynaptic compartment and elicits discrete changes at the
      transcriptional level. RNF10 is enriched at the excitatory synapse where it
      associates with the GluN2A subunit of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). Activation of
      synaptic GluN2A-containing NMDARs and induction of long term potentiation (LTP)
      lead to the translocation of RNF10 from dendritic segments and dendritic spines
      to the nucleus. In particular, we provide evidence for importin-dependent long
      distance transport from synapto-dendritic compartments to the nucleus. Notably,
      RNF10 silencing prevents the maintenance of LTP as well as LTP-dependent
      structural modifications of dendritic spines. 

PMID- 26977771
TI  - Expression Depression of CD300LG-gamma in Human Pulmonary Carcinoma.
AB  - The expression of CD300LG-gamma at mRNA and protein level was detected by
      semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
      quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot, and compared by t-test analysis.
      The results of semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that the mRNA
      expression of CD300LG-gamma was significantly lower in pulmonary carcinoma
      tissues, compared to tumor-adjacent tissues. The results of quantitative real
      time PCR confirmed this finding. The mRNA level of CD300LG-gamma in pulmonary
      carcinoma tissues compared with tumor-adjacent tissues was 0.436-fold in a
      median. The results of western blot indicated that CD300LG-gamma protein was
      expressed in both pulmonary carcinoma and tumor-adjacent tissues, and the
      expression level was significantly lower in pulmonary carcinoma tissues compared
      with tumor-adjacent tissues. Both mRNA and protein levels of CD300LG-gamma in
      pulmonary carcinoma tissues were significantly lower than that in tumor-adjacent
      tissues, which might lead to inhibition of killing function of immunocytes,
      resulting in immune escape of lung cancer cells. 

PMID- 26977772
TI  - A Significant but Constrained Geometry Pt->Al Interaction: Fixation of CO2 and
      CS2, Activation of H2 and PhCONH2.
AB  - Reaction of the geminal PAl ligand [Mes2PC(?CHPh)AltBu2] (1) with
      [Pt(PPh3)2(ethylene)] affords the T-shape Pt complex [(1)Pt(PPh3)] (2). X-ray
      diffraction analysis and DFT calculations reveal the presence of a significant Pt
      >Al interaction in 2, despite the strain associated with the four-membered cyclic
      structure. The Pt...Al distance is short [2.561(1) A], the Al center is in a
      pyramidal environment [Sigma(C-Al-C) = 346.6 degrees ], and the PCAl framework is
      strongly bent (98.3 degrees ). Release of the ring strain and formation of X->Al
      interactions (X = O, S, H) impart rich reactivity. Complex 2 reacts with CO2 to
      give the T-shape adduct 3 stabilized by an O->Al interaction, which is a rare
      example of a CO2 adduct of a group 10 metal and actually the first with eta(1)
      CO2 coordination. Reaction of 2 with CS2 affords the crystalline complex 4, in
      which the PPtP framework is bent, the CS2 molecule is eta(2)-coordinated to Pt,
      and one S atom interacts with Al. The Pt complex 2 also smoothly reacts with H2
      and benzamide PhCONH2 via oxidative addition of H-H and H-N bonds, respectively.
      The ensuing complexes 5 and 7 are stabilized by Pt-H->Al and Pt-NH-C(Ph) = O->Al
      bridging interactions, resulting in 5- and 7-membered metallacycles,
      respectively. DFT calculations have been performed in parallel with the
      experimental work. In particular, the mechanism of reaction of 2 with H2 has been
      thoroughly analyzed, and the role of the Lewis acid moiety has been delineated.
      These results generalize the concept of constrained geometry TM->LA interactions
      and demonstrate the ability of Al-based ambiphilic ligands to participate in
      TM/LA cooperative reactivity. They extend the scope of small molecule substrates
      prone to such cooperative activation and contribute to improve our knowledge of
      the underlying factors. 

PMID- 26977774
TI  - Synthesis of 1-Aryltetralins and 1-Arylnaphthalenes via (4 + 2) Annulation of
      beta-Ketosulfones with Styryl Bromides.
AB  - A novel route has been developed for the synthesis of various substituted 1
      aryltetralins 6 and 1-arylnaphthalenes 8 via (1) K2CO3-mediated alpha-styrylation
      of beta-ketosulfones 3 with bromostyryl bromides 4 and (2) stereocontrolled NaBH4
      promoted reduction of the resulting gamma-alkenones 5, followed by BF3.OEt2
      catalyzed intramolecular annulation of the corresponding gamma-alkenols 7 under
      rt/5 h and reflux/10 h conditions, respectively. The key structures of 6 and 8
      were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. A plausible mechanism has been
      proposed. 

PMID- 26977773
TI  - Efficient and Selective Enrichment of Ultratrace Cytokinins in Plant Samples by
      Magnetic Perhydroxy-Cucurbit[8]uril Microspheres.
AB  - Cytokinins play a critical role in controlling plant growth and development, but
      it is difficult to be determined in plant samples due to the extremely low
      concentration level of picomole/gram. So it is important for efficient sample
      preparation with selective enrichment and rapid separation for accurate analysis
      of cytokinins. Herein, a supramolecular perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril (PCB[8]) was
      fabricated into the Fe3O4 magnetic particles via chemical bonding assembly and
      magnetic perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril (MPC) materials were obtained. The MPC had
      good enrichment capability to cytokinins and the enrichment factors were more
      than 208. The interaction of MPC and cytokinins was investigated by adsorption
      test and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the results showed that the
      main drive forces were the host-guest interaction and hydrogen-bonding
      interaction between the perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril with analytes. Combined with
      ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS),
      the MPC was used as a sorbent of magnetic solid-phase extraction for the analysis
      of cytokinins in plant samples. A sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method was
      developed with low detection limits of 0.14-0.32 ng/L for cytokinins analysis.
      Five cytokinins including zeatin riboside, meta-topolin, kinetin, kinetin
      riboside, and zip with 6.12-87.3 ng/kg were determined in the soybean sprout and
      Arabidopsis thaliana. The recoveries were in the range of 76.2-110% with relative
      standard deviations (n = 5) of 2.3-9.7%. On the basis of these results, magnetic
      perhydroxy-cucurbit[8]uril materials with selective enrichment capability have
      good potential on the analysis of ultratrace targets from complicated sample
      matrixes. 

PMID- 26977775
TI  - Liquid-Infused Surfaces with Trapped Air (LISTA) for Drag Force Reduction.
AB  - Superhydrophobic (SHP) surfaces are known for their drag-reducing attributes
      thanks to their ability to trap air in their surface pores and thereby reduce the
      contact between water and the frictional solid area. SHP surfaces are prone to
      failure under elevated pressures or because of air-layer dissolution into the
      surrounding water. Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) or liquid
      infused surfaces (LIS) in which the trapped air is replaced with a lubricant have
      been proposed in the literature as a way of eliminating the air dissolution
      problem as well as improving the surface stability under pressure. While an LIS
      surface has been shown to reduce drag for flow of water-glycerol mixture (ref
      18), no significant drag reduction has yet been reported for the flow of water (a
      lower viscosity fluid) over LIS. In this concern, we have designed a new surface
      in which a layer of air is trapped underneath the infused lubricant to reduce the
      frictional forces preventing the LIS to provide drag reduction for water or any
      fluid with a viscosity less than that of the lubricant. Drag reduction
      performance of such surfaces, referred to here as liquid-infused surfaces with
      trapped air (LISTA), is predicted by solving the biharmonic equation for the
      water-oil-air three-phase system in transverse grooves with enhanced meniscus
      stability thanks to double-reentry designs. For the arbitrary dimensions
      considered in our proof-of-concept study, LISTA designs showed 20-37% advantage
      over their LIS counterparts. 

PMID- 26977770
TI  - A Jacob/Nsmf Gene Knockout Results in Hippocampal Dysplasia and Impaired BDNF
      Signaling in Dendritogenesis.
AB  - Jacob, the protein encoded by the Nsmf gene, is involved in synapto-nuclear
      signaling and docks an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-derived signalosome
      to nuclear target sites like the transcription factor cAMP-response-element
      binding protein (CREB). Several reports indicate that mutations in NSMF are
      related to Kallmann syndrome (KS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
      idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) associated with anosmia or
      hyposmia. It has also been reported that a protein knockdown results in migration
      deficits of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) positive neurons from the
      olfactory bulb to the hypothalamus during early neuronal development. Here we
      show that mice that are constitutively deficient for the Nsmf gene do not present
      phenotypic characteristics related to KS. Instead, these mice exhibit hippocampal
      dysplasia with a reduced number of synapses and simplification of dendrites,
      reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at CA1 synapses and deficits in
      hippocampus-dependent learning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
      activation of CREB-activated gene expression plays a documented role in
      hippocampal CA1 synapse and dendrite formation. We found that BDNF induces the
      nuclear translocation of Jacob in an NMDAR-dependent manner in early development,
      which results in increased phosphorylation of CREB and enhanced CREB-dependent
      Bdnf gene transcription. Nsmf knockout (ko) mice show reduced hippocampal Bdnf
      mRNA and protein levels as well as reduced pCREB levels during dendritogenesis.
      Moreover, BDNF application can rescue the morphological deficits in hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons devoid of Jacob. Taken together, the data suggest that the
      absence of Jacob in early development interrupts a positive feedback loop between
      BDNF signaling, subsequent nuclear import of Jacob, activation of CREB and
      enhanced Bdnf gene transcription, ultimately leading to hippocampal dysplasia. 

PMID- 26977776
TI  - Addition to "Achieving Reversible Sensing of Nitroxyl by Tuning the Ligand
      Environment of Azamacrocyclic Copper(II) Complexes".

PMID- 26977777
TI  - Competing Interactions between Various Entropic Forces toward Assembly of Pt3Ni
      Octahedra into a Body-Centered Cubic Superlattice.
AB  - Anisotropic nanocrystal assembled supercrystals with open superlattices (SLs)
      manifest novel and unique properties, but poor understanding of the
      nucleation/growth mechanisms limits their design and fabrication for practical
      applications. Using highly anisotropic Pt3Ni octahedral nanocrystals, we have
      grown large single supercrystals with an open body-centered cubic (bcc)
      superlattice that has a low filling factor of 26.8%. Synchrotron-based X-ray
      structural reconstruction fully revealed the coherence of translational and
      orientational orderings and determined that the constituent octahedra arrange
      themselves with the vertex-to-vertex and face-to-face configurations along the
      SL[100] and SL[111] directions, respectively. The large face-to-face separation
      and flexible vertex-to-vertex elastic contact provided the rattle space and
      supporting axis for local rotations of Pt3Ni octahedra within the bcc
      superlattice. Development of orientational disordering along with robust
      preservation of translational ordering during the heating process of a
      supercrystal in the oleic acid wetting environment confirmed the dominance of
      rotational entropy of hard octahedra in the formation of the open bcc
      superlattice. Ultimate achievement of dynamic equilibrium between the vertex
      oriented elastic repulsions and the face-oriented attractions of surface-coating
      ligands governs the structural and mechanical stability of the supercrystal. This
      discovery provides significant insights into the design and control of
      geometrical shapes for the fabrication of highly anisotropic nanocrystals into
      desired open superlattices with tailored optical and electronic properties. 

PMID- 26977778
TI  - Electron Spectroscopy and Computational Studies of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate.
AB  - Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is one of the most widely used molecules to
      simulate chemical warfare agents in adsorption experiments. However, the details
      of the electronic structure of the isolated molecule have not yet been reported.
      We have directly probed the occupied valence and core levels using gas phase
      photoelectron spectroscopy and the unoccupied states using near-edge X-ray
      absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT)
      calculations were used to study the electronic structure, assign the spectral
      features, and visualize the molecular orbitals. Comparison with parent molecules
      shows that valence and core-level binding energies of DMMP follow trends of
      functional group substitution on the P center. The photoelectron and NEXAFS
      spectra of the isolated molecule will serve as a reference in studies of DMMP
      adsorbed on surfaces. 

PMID- 26977779
TI  - Prediction of Loops in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homology Models: Effect of
      Imprecise Surroundings and Constraints.
AB  - In the present study, we explored the extent to which inaccuracies inherent in
      homology models of the transmembrane helical cores of G protein-coupled receptors
      (GPCRs) can impact loop prediction. We demonstrate that loop prediction in
      homology models is much more difficult than loop reconstruction in crystal
      structures because of the imprecise positioning of loop anchors. Deriving
      information from 17 recently available GPCR crystal structures, we estimated all
      of the possible errors that could occur in loop anchors as the result of
      comparative modeling. Subsequently, we performed an exhaustive analysis to
      decipher the effect of these errors on loop modeling using ICM High Precision
      Sampling. The influence of the presence of other extracellular loops was also
      explored. Our results reveal that the error space of modeled loop residues is
      much larger than that of the anchor residues, although modeling a particular
      extracellular loop in the presence of other extracellular loops provides
      constraints that help in predicting near-native loop conformations observed in
      crystal structures. This implies that errors in loop anchor positions introduce
      increased uncertainty in the modeled loop coordinates. Therefore, for the success
      of any GPCR structure prediction algorithm, minimizing errors in the helical end
      points is likely to be critical for successful loop modeling.

PMID- 26977781
TI  - Immunotherapy: Antitumour T cells as peripheral biomarkers.

PMID- 26977783
TI  - Immunotherapy: PD-1 says goodbye, TIM-3 says hello.

PMID- 26977785
TI  - Pancreatic cancer: A problem quartered--new subtypes, new solutions?

PMID- 26977787
TI  - Amorphous Formulation and in Vitro Performance Testing of Instantly
      Disintegrating Buccal Tablets for the Emergency Delivery of Naloxone.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a freeze-dried buccal tablet for the rapid
      delivery of naloxone in opioid overdose. The tablet composition was optimized to
      produce an amorphous matrix, which was confirmed by the absence of peaks
      associated with crystallinity observed by differential scanning calorimetry and
      powder X-ray diffraction. Tablets with high gelatin content lacked adequate
      porosity. Mannitol was added to the formulation to bridge and intercalate
      gelatin's tight polymer aggregates, however sodium bicarbonate was also required
      to prevent crystallization within the tablets. A linear reduction in mannitol's
      recrystallization enthalpy was observed with increasing sodium bicarbonate
      concentration (DeltarecryH = -20.3[NaHCO3] + 220.9; r(2) = 0.9, n = 18). The
      minimum sodium bicarbonate concentration for full inhibition of mannitol
      crystallization was 10.9% w/w. Freeze-dried tablets with lower amounts of sodium
      bicarbonate possessed a crystalline fraction that PXRD identified as mannitol
      hemihydrate from the unique peak at 9.7 degrees  2theta. Mannitol's greater
      affinity for both ions and residual water rather than its affinity for self
      association was the mechanism for the inhibition of crystallization observed
      here. The optimized tablet (composition mannitol 24% w/w (4.26 mg), gelatin 65%
      w/w (11.7 mg), sodium bicarbonate 11% w/w (1.98 mg), and naloxone 800 MUg) formed
      predominantly amorphous tablets that disintegrated in less than 10 s. Optimized
      tablets were chemically and physically stable over 9 months storage at 25 
      degrees C. As speed of drug liberation is the critical performance attribute for
      a solid dosage form designed to deliver drug in an emergency, a novel imaging
      based in vitro disintegration assay for buccal tablets was developed. The assay
      was optimized with regard to conditions in the buccal cavity: i.e., temperature
      33-37  degrees C, volume of medium (0.1-0.7 mL), and use of mucin-containing
      biorelevant medium. The disintegration assay was sensitive to temperature, medium
      volume, and medium composition; naloxone tablet disintegration was extremely
      rapid, with full disintegration ranging from 5 to 20 s. In conclusion, rapidly
      disintegrating tablets have been developed which are suitable for proof-of
      concept clinical trial in humans to determine the pharmacokinetics of naloxone
      delivered via the buccal route.

PMID- 26977788
TI  - Theoretical and Synthetic Study on the Existence, Structures, and Bonding of the
      Halide-Bridged [B2X7](-) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Anions.
AB  - While hydrogen bridging is very common in boron chemistry, halogen bridging is
      rather rare. The simplest halogen-bridged boron compounds are the [B2X7](-)
      anions (X = F, Cl, Br, I), of which only [B2F7](-) has been reported to exist
      experimentally. In this paper a detailed theoretical and synthetic study on the
      [B2X7](-) anions is presented. The structures of [B2X7](-) anions have been
      calculated at the MP2/def2-TZVPP level of theory, and their local minima have
      been shown to be of C2 symmetry in all cases. The bonding situation varies
      significantly between the different anions. While in [B2F7](-) the bonding is
      mainly governed by electrostatics, the charge is almost equally distributed over
      all atoms in [B2I7](-) and additional weak iodine...iodine interactions are
      observed. This was shown by an atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. The
      thermodynamic stability of the [B2X7](-) anions was estimated in all phases (gas,
      solution, and solid state) based on quantum-chemical calculations and estimations
      of the lattice enthalpies using a volume-based approach. In the gas phase the
      formation of [B2X7](-) anions from [BX4](-) and BX3 is favored in accord with the
      high Lewis acidity of the BX3 molecules. In solution and in the solid state only
      [B2F7](-) is stable against dissociation. The other three anions are borderline
      cases, which might be detectable under favorable conditions. However,
      experimental attempts to identify [B2X7](-) (X = Cl, Br, I) anions in solution by
      (11)B NMR spectroscopy and to prepare stable [PNP][B2X7] salts failed. 

PMID- 26977780
TI  - The future of cancer treatment: immunomodulation, CARs and combination
      immunotherapy.
AB  - In the past decade, advances in the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and
      adoptive cellular therapy to treat cancer by modulating the immune response have
      led to unprecedented responses in patients with advanced-stage tumours that would
      otherwise have been fatal. To date, three immune-checkpoint-blocking mAbs have
      been approved in the USA for the treatment of patients with several types of
      cancer, and more patients will benefit from immunomodulatory mAb therapy in the
      months and years ahead. Concurrently, the adoptive transfer of genetically
      modified lymphocytes to treat patients with haematological malignancies has
      yielded dramatic results, and we anticipate that this approach will rapidly
      become the standard of care for an increasing number of patients. In this Review,
      we highlight the latest advances in immunotherapy and discuss the role that it
      will have in the future of cancer treatment, including settings for which testing
      combination strategies and 'armoured' CAR T cells are recommended. 

PMID- 26977789
TI  - [A correlation between diffusion kurtosis imaging and the proliferative activity
      of brain glioma].
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess the capabilities of diffusion kurtosis imaging
      (DKI) in diagnosis of the glioma proliferative activity and to evaluate a
      relationship between the glioma proliferative activity index and diffusion
      parameters of the contralateral normal appearing white matter (CNAWM). MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: The study included 47 patients with newly diagnosed brain gliomas
      (23 low grade, 13 grade III, and 11 grade IV gliomas). We determined a
      relationship between absolute and normalized parameters of the diffusion tensor
      (mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial (RD) diffusivities; fractional (FA) and
      relative (RA) anisotropies) and diffusion kurtosis (mean (MK), axial (AK), and
      radial (RK) kurtosis; kurtosis anisotropy (KA)) and the proliferative activity
      index in the most malignant glioma parts (p<0.05). We also established a
      relationship between the tensor and kurtosis parameters of CNAWM and the glioma
      proliferative activity index (p<0.05). RESULTS: The correlation between all the
      absolute and normalized diffusion parameters and the glioma proliferative
      activity index, except absolute and normalized FA and RA values, was found to be
      statistically significant (p<0.05). Kurtosis (MK, AK, and RK) and anisotropy (KA,
      FA, RA) values increased, and diffusivity (MD, AD, RD) values decreased as the
      glioma proliferative activity index increased. A strong correlation between the
      proliferative activity index and absolute RK (r=0,71; p=0.000001) and normalized
      values of MK (r=0.8; p=0.000001), AK (r=0.71; p=0.000001), RK (r=0.81;
      p=0.000001), and RD (r=-0.71; p=0.000001) was found. A weak, but statistically
      significant correlation between the glioma proliferative activity index and
      diffusion values RK (r=-0.36; p=0.014), KA (r=-0.39; p=0.007), RD (r=0.35;
      p=0.017), FA (r=-0.42; p=0.003), and RA (r=-0.41; p=0.004) of CNAWM was found.
      CONCLUSION: DKI has good capabilities to detect immunohistochemical changes in
      gliomas. DKI demonstrated a high sensitivity in detection of microstructural
      changes in the contralateral normal appearing white matter in patients with brain
      gliomas.

PMID- 26977790
TI  - [Awake craniotomy: analysis of complicated cases].
AB  - Awake craniotomy is recognized as method that can decrease the frequency of
      neurological complications after surgery for gliomas located near eloquent brain
      regions. Unfortunately good neurological outcome can't be ensured even by using
      of this technique. This paper discusses reasons and possible ways of prevention
      of such complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 162 awake craniotomies were
      performed in our clinic. RESULTS: 152 of patients were discharged from the clinic
      with good outcome. In 10 (6%) cases sustained severe neurological deficit was
      noted. These complications were associated with anatomic or ischemic injury of
      subcortical pathways and internal capsule. CONCLUSION: Awake craniotomy is
      effective instrument of brain language mapping and prevention of neurological
      deterioration. Severe neurological complications of awake craniotomy are
      associated with underestimate neurosurgical risks, especially in terms of blood
      vessel injury and depth of resection. The main way of prevention of such
      complications is meticulous planning of operation and adequate using of mapping
      facilities.

PMID- 26977791
TI  - [Comparative epidemiology of adult and pediatric intramedullary spinal cord
      tumors].
AB  - Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) are a rare pathology. They can be
      found at any age. Our experience with more than 507 surgeries for IMSCTs revealed
      some differences between pediatric and adult IMSCTs. AIM: We used a large
      surgical series to conduct comparative analysis of the main epidemiological
      characteristics of intramedullary tumors in children and adults and to identify
      possible differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospectively collected data from 224
      pediatric and 242 adult patients operated by one surgeon (YK) for last 12 years
      were analyzed. RESULTS: Pediatric IMSCTs are more extensive and children undergo
      treatment in worse clinical condition than adults. There are age-related
      differences in the tumor localization. The astrocytoma/ependymoma ratio was 83/17
      in children and 21/79 in adults. CONCLUSION: We confirmed differences in IMSCTs
      in different age groups. Late diagnosis is a problem in the pediatric subgroup of
      IMSCT patients.

PMID- 26977792
TI  - [Long-term outcomes of SDR in various groups of cerebral palsy (CP) patients].
AB  - AIM: Long-term outcomes of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) are not sufficiently
      summarized in the literature. The aim of this study was to systematize and
      evaluate long-term outcomes of SDR in various groups of cerebral palsy (CP)
      patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 47 patients with spastic CP were operated. In all
      cases, SDR of the L1-S1 roots was performed under EMG control. In all cases,
      laminoplasty was used as an approach. Outcomes of surgical treatment were
      estimated by the Ashworth scale and the GMFM 88 scale. The data were subjected to
      statistical analysis. The follow-up duration ranged from 12 months to 7 years.
      RESULTS: A significant reduction in spasticity from 4.34+/-0.53 points before
      surgery to 1.61+/-0.45 points after surgery (p<0.001) was observed in most cases.
      The dynamics of locomotor functions was maximal in the 3rd GMFM class: changing
      from 48+/-4% points before operation to 52+/-6% points 12 months after operation
      (p<0.042). The dynamics of locomotor functions amounted to 2% in the 4th GMFM
      class and 1% in the 5th GMFM class. The best functional outcomes were obtained in
      children under 10 years of age. A positive correlation only between the
      percentage of cut roots and a decrease in spasticity (r= 0.85) was found. No
      correlation between the amount of cut roots and the dynamics of locomotor
      functions was observed. No spinal cord deformities were observed during the
      follow-up period. CONCLUSION: A reduction in spasticity due to SDR depends on the
      amount of cut roots. The functional result of SDR is affected not only by a
      decrease in spasticity but also by the functional status and age of the patient
      at the time of surgery. In all cases, laminoplasty should be performed to prevent
      spinal cord deformities.

PMID- 26977793
TI  - [Electromyographic control of botulinum toxin a injections in the upper
      extremities in patients with spasticity of various etiology].
AB  - AIM: The study was aimed at studying the efficacy of botulinum toxin A injections
      combined with EMG-control of the injections in patients with upper limb
      spasticity of various etiology for decreasing muscle tone and improving the
      passive limb function as well as at assessing the possibility of a botulinum
      toxin dose reduction under combination of these methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 61
      patients with upper limb spasticity of different etiology were evaluated. The
      main group consisted of 29 patients who were injected with abobotulinum, the
      botulinum toxin A (500 U per vial), under EMG-control. The control group
      consisted of 32 patients who received BTA injections without EMG-control. A
      repeated BTA injection was performed on the 4th month of the study. Patients in
      both groups received standard rehabilitation therapy. The spasticity pattern was
      determined using the Arm Spasticity Pattern (ASP) scale. Evaluation of the
      treatment efficacy was performed using the modified Ashworth scale to determine
      upper limb spasticity and the modified Barthel Index scale to assess the quality
      of life as well as the Disability Assessment Scale (DAS) and Clinical Global
      Impression (CGI) scale. RESULTS: The main spasticity patterns were as follows:
      the type III was in 13 (44.8%) and 17 (53.1%) patients, the type I was in 9
      (31.0%) and 9 (28.1%) patients, and the type VI was in 7 (24.2%) and 6 (18.8%)
      patients of the main and control groups, respectively. One month after BTA
      treatment, a significant improvement was observed in both groups, but the
      improvement in the main group was more pronounced compared to that in the control
      group (r<0.05). This difference persisted for the whole treatment period
      (r<0.05). The DAS score demonstrated improvement in both groups, but only
      patients of the main group had a statistically significant improvement in putting
      the arm through a sleeve (r<0.05). EMG-control enabled a reduction in the BTA
      dose by 50-300 U. CONCLUSION: BTA injections under EMG-control in upper limb
      spasticity patients may improve the treatment efficacy.

PMID- 26977794
TI  - [Results of motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes].
AB  - AIM: The article is aimed to demonstrate our experience in motor cortex
      stimulation (MCS) in patients with chronic neuropathic pain syndromes, assess the
      clinical efficacy of the technique in short-term and long-term follow-up, and
      analyze potential predictors of the MCS efficacy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty
      patients were implanted with MCS electrodes at the Burdenko Neurosurgical
      Institute in the period between 2004 and 2014. The mean age of patients was 52
      years (26 to 74 years). The patients suffered from neuropathic pain syndromes of
      different genesis (post-stroke, multiple sclerosis, atypical facial pain, phantom
      limb pain, brachial plexus injury, spinal cord injury, complex regional pain
      syndrome I). All patients underwent neurological examination with verification of
      neuropathic pain (DN4, Pain Detect, LANSS). The pain intensity and its effect on
      quality of life were assessed before operation and during follow-up according to
      10-point visual-analog scales (modified Brief Pain Inventory). Before surgery,
      all patients underwent several repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
      (rTMS) sessions. After implantation of epidural electrodes, test MCS was
      performed. RESULTS: Test stimulation was positive in 19 (95%) patients. All these
      patients were implanted with a chronic MCS system. The mean follow-up was 49.3
      months (from 3 to 96 months). In short-term follow-up (fist 6 months), a positive
      result of MCS was observed in 17 patients, and a reduction in the pain intensity
      ranged from 37.5% to 90%. In long-term follow up (from 12 to 96 months), 14
      patients had positive MCS RESULTS: and a reduction in the pain intensity amounted
      to 25% to 60%. All patients with positive MCS results received significantly
      decreased doses of opioids and tramadol. Two patients developed infectious
      complications, but there was no neurological deficit. Analysis of the factors
      affecting the efficacy of motor cortex stimulation did not reveal a statistically
      significant effect of rTMS and the presence and intensity of motor deficit.
      CONCLUSION: Chronic epidural MCS is an effective and safety method for the
      treatment of some chronic neurogenic medically-refractory pain syndromes. Further
      research is necessary to specify the patient selection criteria and the MCS
      efficacy predictors.

PMID- 26977795
TI  - [Cerebrovenous orthostatic reactivity in pathology of the craniovertebral
      junction (Chiari malformation)].
AB  - AIM: Chiari malformation is characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils
      into the foramen magnum, which leads to disturbance of CSF circulation through
      the craniovertebral junction. Orthostatic stress, which leads to the movement of
      SCF through the craniovertebral junction, is an adequate method to detect these
      disorders. It is accompanied by changes in the intracranial pressure, affecting
      the cerebrovenous orthostatic reactivity (CVOR), which is noninvasively assessed
      in patients with Chiari malformation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 35
      patients with Chiari malformation (26 patients with Chiari I and 9 patients with
      Chiari II) aged 4 to 58 years (of them 12 males). Hydrocephalus was diagnosed in
      4 examined patients and myelosyringosis was diagnosed in 6 patients. Transcranial
      Doppler sonography was used to record the venous blood flow in the tentorial
      sinus of the brain while changing body position on the fracture table from +90
      degrees  to -30 degrees . RESULTS: There is significant CVOR abnormality in most
      patients with Chiari malformation (more than 90%), which is characterized by
      either increased CVOR (sometimes 5-6-fold compared to the upper normal level
      (considerable hyperreactivity) or complete absence of any changes during the
      orthostatic load (areactivity). Before surgical treatment, CVOR of patients with
      Chiari malformation is often characterized by areactivity, as well as a moderate
      or significant hyperreactivity. After surgical treatment (decompression of the
      foramen magnum), patients with Chiari malformation demonstrate significant
      normalization of the craniovertebral volumetric ratios and CVOR if often
      characterized by normoreactivity (in 63%) or, more rarely, moderate
      hyperreactivity. The rate of venous blood flow in the tentorial sinus of the
      brain in patients with Chiari malformation can be increased before the surgery
      and normalizes after surgery. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of disturbance of
      CVOR (over 90%) in patients with Chiari malformation was revealed. After surgical
      treatment, complete normalization of CVOR was observed in more than half of these
      patients (63%).

PMID- 26977796
TI  - [Experience of endoscopic removal of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage].
AB  - AIM: This study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of endoscopic technique in
      surgery for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This
      paper focus on our experience (11 cases) of endoscopic removal of hypertensive
      intracerebral hemorrhage. The paper presents examples of endoscopic removal of
      hematomas located in the basal ganglia (9 cases) and in the posterior fossa (2
      cases), causing occlusion at the fourth ventricle. In 3 patients (27%) with
      intraventricular hemorrhage, the removal of acute hematomas from the ventricular
      system with simultaneous endoscopic triple ventriculostomy was performed.
      Intervention was carried out within the first 6 hours in patients with
      hemispheric hematomas (in 90% of cases) and within 3-5 hours in patients with PCF
      hematomas. RESULTS: The article analyzes the functional outcomes in the early and
      late postoperative period. Complete regression of neurological symptoms was
      achieved in 4 (36%) patients and the remaining 7 (64%) patients had a moderate
      disability at discharge. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, endoscopic removal of
      hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage is a promising method that meets all
      existing aspects of modern neurosurgery. The combination of rigid and flexible
      endoscopy provides new capabilities in surgery of patients with intraventricular
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 26977797
TI  - [Surgical treatment of severe spondylogenic cervical myelopathy by laminoplasty].
AB  - AIM: The objective of this study is to analyze the results of surgical treatment
      of patients with cervical myelopathy by laminoplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      experience of surgical treatment of 30 patients (mean age 59.4) with cervical
      stenosis complicated with myelopathy was analyzed. Hirabayashi laminoplasty was
      performed in 26 patients and Kurokawa laminoplasty was performed in 4 patients.
      All patients were diagnosed with extended cervical spinal stenosis. Diagnosis was
      based on the survey RESULTS: including the dynamic clinical and neurological
      examination, x-ray study, CT, MRI, SSEP, and TMS. Nurick scale, the scale of the
      Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), and the recovery rate scale were used to
      assess the severity of myelopathy. RESULTS: The long-term outcome of the clinical
      status, radiographic and neuroimaging parameters in patients with cervical
      myelopathy who underwent laminoplasty was evaluated. CONCLUSION: Laminoplasty is
      the method of choice in the treatment of extended spondylogenic cervical
      stenosis. Proper selection of patients based on clinical symptoms, assessment of
      the extent of stenosis, neurological examination and neuroimaging data leads to
      excellent results.

PMID- 26977798
TI  - [Endoscopic endonasal surgical treatment of large pituitary adenoma, spreading
      into the posterior fossa].
AB  - AIM: The objective of the study was to develop the tactics of surgical treatment
      of large and giant pituitary adenomas, spreading into the posterior cranial
      fossa. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with large hormonally inactive pituitary
      adenoma, extending to the right cavernous sinus and posterior cranial fossa.
      RESULTS: The endoscopic endonasal removal a large endo-supra-latero(D)
      retrosellar pituitary tumor was conducted. Control MRI shows that the tumor was
      removed radically. Oculomotor disturbances were observed in the early
      postoperative period, which significantly regressed within 6 months. The article
      provides detailed analysis of the world literature on the issue under discussion.
      Illustrative pre-, intra-, and post-operative photographs, as well as
      histological preparations are shown. CONCLUSION: Modern minimally invasive
      techniques make it possible to remove large pituitary adenomas (and other tumors)
      of the posterior cranial fossa using endoscopic endonasal approach. Such
      operations must be carried out at highly specialized institutions by the surgeons
      who have extensive experience in endoscopic transnasal surgery of skull base
      tumors.

PMID- 26977799
TI  - [Prx-monitoring based decision-making about decompressive craniectomy in a
      patient with severe traumatic brain injury. A case report].
AB  - The presented case illustrates a new approach to making a decision about
      decompressive craniectomy in the patient with sever traumatic brain injury and
      intracranial hypertension. The approach is based on continuous assessment of
      cerebral autoregulation using Prx-monitoring in addition to monitoring of
      intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. Prx-monitoring enables
      timely detection of autoregulation failure and provides the opportunity to make a
      decision about decompressive craniectomy before starting such aggressive methods
      of intensive care as hypothermia or barbiturate coma.

PMID- 26977800
TI  - [Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Part 1. Neurotrauma system
      and neuroimaging].
AB  - Traumatic brain injury is one of the main causes of mortality and disability in
      young and middle-aged individuals. The patients with severe traumatic brain
      injury who are in coma are the most difficult to deal with. Appropriate diagnosis
      of the primary brain injuries and early prevention and treatment of secondary
      damage mechanisms largely determine the possibility of reducing mortality and
      severe disabling consequences. The authors compiled these guidelines based on
      their experience in development of international and Russian recommendations on
      the diagnosis and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury, penetrating gunshot
      injury of the skull and brain, severe traumatic brain injury, and severe
      consequences of brain injuries, including a vegetative state. In addition, we
      used the materials of international and Russian recommendations on the diagnosis,
      intensive care, and surgical treatment of severe traumatic brain injury published
      in recent years. The proposed recommendations are related to organization of
      medical care and diagnosis of severe traumatic brain injury in adults and are
      primarily addressed to neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists,
      anesthesiologists, and emergency room doctors, who are routinely involved in
      management of these patients.

PMID- 26977801
TI  - MKP1: Jekyll and Hyde for E1A.

PMID- 26977803
TI  - REPdenovo: Inferring De Novo Repeat Motifs from Short Sequence Reads.
AB  - Repeat elements are important components of eukaryotic genomes. One limitation in
      our understanding of repeat elements is that most analyses rely on reference
      genomes that are incomplete and often contain missing data in highly repetitive
      regions that are difficult to assemble. To overcome this problem we develop a new
      method, REPdenovo, which assembles repeat sequences directly from raw shotgun
      sequencing data. REPdenovo can construct various types of repeats that are highly
      repetitive and have low sequence divergence within copies. We show that REPdenovo
      is substantially better than existing methods both in terms of the number and the
      completeness of the repeat sequences that it recovers. The key advantage of
      REPdenovo is that it can reconstruct long repeats from sequence reads. We apply
      the method to human data and discover a number of potentially new repeats
      sequences that have been missed by previous repeat annotations. Many of these
      sequences are incorporated into various parasite genomes, possibly because the
      filtering process for host DNA involved in the sequencing of the parasite genomes
      failed to exclude the host derived repeat sequences. REPdenovo is a new powerful
      computational tool for annotating genomes and for addressing questions regarding
      the evolution of repeat families. The software tool, REPdenovo, is available for
      download at https://github.com/Reedwarbler/REPdenovo. 

PMID- 26977802
TI  - Altered Spontaneous Activity in Patients with Persistent Somatoform Pain Disorder
      Revealed by Regional Homogeneity.
AB  - Persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) is a mental disorder un-associated
      with any somatic injury and can cause severe somatosensory and emotional
      impairments in patients. However, so far, the neuro-pathophysiological mechanism
      of the functional impairments in PSPD is still unclear. The present study
      assesses the difference in regional spontaneous activity between PSPD and healthy
      controls (HC) during a resting state, in order to elucidate the neural mechanisms
      underlying PSPD. Resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging data were
      obtained from 13 PSPD patients and 23 age- and gender-matched HC subjects in this
      study. Kendall's coefficient of concordance was used to measure regional
      homogeneity (ReHo), and a two-sample t-test was subsequently performed to
      investigate the ReHo difference between PSPD and HC. Additionally, the
      correlations between the mean ReHo of each survived area and the clinical
      assessments were further analyzed. Compared with the HC group, patients with PSPD
      exhibited decreased ReHo in the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex, posterior
      cerebellum, and occipital lobe, while increased ReHo in the prefrontal cortex
      (PFC) and default mode network (including the medial PFC, right inferior parietal
      lobe (IPL), and left supramarginal gyrus). In addition, significant positive
      correlations were found between the mean ReHo of both right IPL and left
      supramarginal gyrus and participants' Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) scores, and
      between the mean ReHo of the left middle frontal gyrus and Visual Analogue Scale
      (VAS) scores. Our results suggest that abnormal spontaneous brain activity in
      specific brain regions during a resting state may be associated with the
      dysfunctions in pain, memory and emotional processing commonly observed in
      patients with PSPD. These findings help us to understand the neural mechanisms
      underlying PSPD and suggest that the ReHo metric could be used as a clinical
      marker for PSPD. 

PMID- 26977804
TI  - Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Acute Myocardial
      Infarction: A Retrospective Observational Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and respiratory
      impairment may be treated with either invasive or non-invasive mechanical
      ventilation (MV). However, there has been little testing of non-invasive MV in
      the setting of AMI. Our objective was to evaluate the incidence and associated
      clinical outcomes of patients with AMI who were treated with non-invasive or
      invasive MV. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study in which
      consecutive patients with AMI (n = 1610) were enrolled. The association between
      exclusively non-invasive MV, invasive MV and outcomes was assessed by
      multivariable models. RESULTS: Mechanical ventilation was used in 293 patients
      (54% invasive and 46% exclusively non-invasive). In-hospital mortality rates for
      patients without MV, with exclusively non-invasive MV, and with invasive MV were
      4.0%, 8.8%, and 39.5%, respectively (P<0.001). The median lengths of hospital
      stay were 6 (5.8-6.2), 13 (11.2-4.7), and 28 (18.0-37.9) days, respectively
      (P<0.001). Exclusively non-invasive MV was not associated with in-hospital death
      (adjusted HR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.40-1.99, P = 0.79). Invasive MV was strongly
      associated with a higher risk of in-hospital death (adjusted HR = 3.07, 95% CI
      1.79-5.26, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In AMI setting, 18% of the patients required
      MV. Almost half of these patients were treated with exclusively non-invasive
      strategies with a favorable prognosis, while patients who needed to be treated
      invasively had a three-fold increase in the risk of death. Future prospective
      randomized trials are needed to compare the effectiveness of invasive and non
      invasive MV for the initial approach of respiratory failure in AMI patients.

PMID- 26977805
TI  - Early Afterdepolarizations with Growing Amplitudes via Delayed Subcritical Hopf
      Bifurcations and Unstable Manifolds of Saddle Foci in Cardiac Action Potential
      Dynamics.
AB  - Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are pathological oscillations in cardiac action
      potentials during the repolarization phase and may be caused by drug side
      effects, ion channel disease or oxidative stress. The most widely observed EAD
      pattern is characterized by oscillations with growing amplitudes. So far, its
      occurence has been explained in terms of a supercritical Hopf bifurcation in the
      fast subsystem of the action potential dynamics from which stable limit cycles
      with growing amplitudes emerge. The novel contribution of this article is the
      introduction of two alternative explanations of EAD genesis with growing
      amplitudes that do not involve stable limit cycles in fast subsystems. In
      particular, we demonstrate that EAD patterns with growing amplitudes may
      alternatively arise due to a delayed subcritical Hopf bifurcation or an unstable
      manifold of a saddle focus fixed point in the full fast-slow system modelling the
      action potential. Our work extends the list of possible dynamical EAD mechanisms
      and may contribute to a classification of drug effects in preclinical
      cardiotoxicity testing. 

PMID- 26977806
TI  - Interdependencies and Causalities in Coupled Financial Networks.
AB  - We explore the foreign exchange and stock market networks for 48 countries from
      1999 to 2012 and propose a model, based on complex Hilbert principal component
      analysis, for extracting significant lead-lag relationships between these
      markets. The global set of countries, including large and small countries in
      Europe, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East, is contrasted with the limited
      scopes of targets, e.g., G5, G7 or the emerging Asian countries, adopted by
      previous works. We construct a coupled synchronization network, perform community
      analysis, and identify formation of four distinct network communities that are
      relatively stable over time. In addition to investigating the entire period, we
      divide the time period into into "mild crisis," (1999-2002), "calm," (2003-2006)
      and "severe crisis" (2007-2012) sub-periods and find that the severe crisis
      period behavior dominates the dynamics in the foreign exchange-equity
      synchronization network. We observe that in general the foreign exchange market
      has predictive power for the global stock market performances. In addition, the
      United States, German and Mexican markets have forecasting power for the
      performances of other global equity markets. 

PMID- 26977807
TI  - Using Random Forest to Improve the Downscaling of Global Livestock Census Data.
AB  - Large scale, high-resolution global data on farm animal distributions are
      essential for spatially explicit assessments of the epidemiological,
      environmental and socio-economic impacts of the livestock sector. This has been
      the major motivation behind the development of the Gridded Livestock of the World
      (GLW) database, which has been extensively used since its first publication in
      2007. The database relies on a downscaling methodology whereby census counts of
      animals in sub-national administrative units are redistributed at the level of
      grid cells as a function of a series of spatial covariates. The recent upgrade of
      GLW1 to GLW2 involved automating the processing, improvement of input data, and
      downscaling at a spatial resolution of 1 km per cell (5 km per cell in the
      earlier version). The underlying statistical methodology, however, remained
      unchanged. In this paper, we evaluate new methods to downscale census data with a
      higher accuracy and increased processing efficiency. Two main factors were
      evaluated, based on sample census datasets of cattle in Africa and chickens in
      Asia. First, we implemented and evaluated Random Forest models (RF) instead of
      stratified regressions. Second, we investigated whether models that predicted the
      number of animals per rural person (per capita) could provide better downscaled
      estimates than the previous approach that predicted absolute densities (animals
      per km2). RF models consistently provided better predictions than the stratified
      regressions for both continents and species. The benefit of per capita over
      absolute density models varied according to the species and continent. In
      addition, different technical options were evaluated to reduce the processing
      time while maintaining their predictive power. Future GLW runs (GLW 3.0) will
      apply the new RF methodology with optimized modelling options. The potential
      benefit of per capita models will need to be further investigated with a better
      distinction between rural and agricultural populations. 

PMID- 26977808
TI  - A Single 17D Yellow Fever Vaccination Provides Lifelong Immunity;
      Characterization of Yellow-Fever-Specific Neutralizing Antibody and T-Cell
      Responses after Vaccination.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Prompted by recent amendments of Yellow Fever (YF) vaccination
      guidelines from boost to single vaccination strategy and the paucity of clinical
      data to support this adjustment, we used the profile of the YF-specific CD8+ T
      cell subset profiles after primary vaccination and neutralizing antibodies as a
      proxy for potentially longer lasting immunity. METHODS AND FINDINGS: PBMCs and
      serum were collected in six individuals on days 0, 3, 5, 12, 28 and 180, and in
      99 individuals >10 years after YF-vaccination. Phenotypic characteristics of YF-
      tetramer+ CD8+ T-cells were determined using class I tetramers. Antibody
      responses were measured using a standardized plaque reduction neutralization test
      (PRNT). Also, characteristics of YF-tetramer positive CD8+ T-cells were compared
      between individuals who had received a primary- and a booster vaccination. YF
      tetramer+ CD8+ T-cells were detectable on day 12 (median tetramer+ cells as
      percentage of CD8+ T-cells 0.2%, range 0.07-3.1%). On day 180, these cells were
      still present (median 0.06%, range 0.02-0.78%). The phenotype of YF-tetramer
      positive CD8+ T-cells shifted from acute phase effector cells on day 12, to late
      differentiated or effector memory phenotype (CD45RA-/+CD27-) on day 28. Two
      subsets of YF-tetramer positive T-cells (CD45RA+CD27- and CD45RA+CD27+) persisted
      until day 180. Within all phenotypic subsets, the T-bet: Eomes ratio tended to be
      high on day 28 after vaccination and shifted towards predominant Eomes expression
      on day 180 (median 6.0 (day 28) vs. 2.2 (day 180) p = 0.0625), suggestive of
      imprinting compatible with long-lived memory properties. YF-tetramer positive
      CD8+ T-cells were detectable up to 18 years post vaccination, YF-specific
      antibodies were detectable up to 40 years after single vaccination. Booster
      vaccination did not increase titers of YF-specific antibodies (mean 12.5 vs.
      13.1, p = 0.583), nor induce frequencies or alter phenotypes of YF-tetramer+ CD8+
      T-cells. CONCLUSION: The presence of a functionally competent YF-specific memory
      T-cell pool 18 years and sufficient titers of neutralizing antibodies 35-40 years
      after first vaccination suggest that single vaccination may be sufficient to
      provide long-term immunity.

PMID- 26977809
TI  - A First Insight into the Genome of the Filter-Feeder Mussel Mytilus
      galloprovincialis.
AB  - Mussels belong to the phylum Mollusca, one of the largest and most diverse taxa
      in the animal kingdom. Despite their importance in aquaculture and in biology in
      general, genomic resources from mussels are still scarce. To broaden and increase
      the genomic knowledge in this family, we carried out a whole-genome sequencing
      study of the cosmopolitan Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). We
      sequenced its genome (32X depth of coverage) on the Illumina platform using three
      pair-end libraries with different insert sizes. The large number of contigs
      obtained pointed out a highly complex genome of 1.6 Gb where repeated elements
      seem to be widespread (~30% of the genome), a feature that is also shared with
      other marine molluscs. Notwithstanding the limitations of our genome sequencing,
      we were able to reconstruct two mitochondrial genomes and predict 10,891 putative
      genes. A comparative analysis with other molluscs revealed a gene enrichment of
      gene ontology categories related to multixenobiotic resistance, glutamate
      biosynthetic process, and the maintenance of ciliary structures. 

PMID- 26977810
TI  - Interference and Inhibition in Bilingual Language Comprehension: Evidence from
      Polish-English Interlingual Homographs.
AB  - The main goal of the present study was to explore the involvement of inhibition
      in resolution of cross-language activation in bilingual comprehension and a
      possible modulatory effect of L2 proficiency. We used a semantic relatedness
      judgment task in L2 English that included Polish-English interlingual homographs
      and English translations of the Polish homographs' meanings. Based on previous
      studies using the same paradigm, we expected a strong homograph interference and
      inhibition of the homographs' Polish meanings translations. In addition, we
      predicted that participants with lower L2 proficiency would experience greater
      interference and stronger inhibitory effects. The reported results confirm a
      strong homograph interference effect. In addition, our results indicate that the
      scope of inhibition generalized from the homograph's irrelevant meaning to a
      whole semantic category, indicating the flexibility of the inhibitory mechanisms.
      Contrary to our expectations, L2 proficiency did not modulate the effects of
      interference and inhibition, possibly due to a relatively low variability in
      proficiency within our participant sample. 

PMID- 26977811
TI  - Factors Contributing to the Delay in Diagnosis and Continued Transmission of
      Leprosy in Brazil--An Explorative, Quantitative, Questionnaire Based Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leprosy is a leading cause of preventable disability worldwide. Delay
      in diagnosis of patients augments the transmission of infection, and allows
      progression of disease and more severe disability. Delays in diagnosis greater
      than ten years have been reported in Brazil. To reduce this delay, it is
      important to identify factors that hinder patients from presenting to doctors,
      and those that delay doctors from diagnosing patients once they have presented.
      This study aimed to explore factors associated with the delayed diagnosis of
      leprosy in Brazil. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This is an exploratory study
      using a self-constructed questionnaire delivered to patients attending three
      leprosy referral clinics across three states in Brazil. Data were analysed to
      determine associations between variables and the time taken for participants to
      present to the health-service, and between variables and the time taken for
      doctors to diagnose participants once they had presented. Participants who
      suspected they had leprosy but feared community isolation were 10 times more
      likely to wait longer before consulting a doctor for their symptoms (OR 10.37,
      95% CI 2.18-49.45, p = 0.003). Participants who thought their symptoms were not
      serious had a threefold greater chance of waiting longer before consulting than
      those who did (OR 3.114, 95% CI 1.235-7.856, p = 0.016). Forty-two point six per
      cent of participants reported initially receiving a diagnosis besides leprosy.
      These had a three times greater chance of receiving a later diagnosis of leprosy
      compared to those not misdiagnosed or not given a diagnosis (OR 2.867, 95% CI
      1.288-6.384, p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS/ SIGNIFICANCE: This study implies a need for
      patient education regarding leprosy symptoms and the reduction of stigma to
      encourage patients to present. The high rate of misdiagnosis reported suggests a
      need to increase clinician suspicion of leprosy. Further education regarding
      disease symptoms in medical school curriculums may be advisable.

PMID- 26977818
TI  - Autoinducer-2 properties of kimchi are associated with lactic acid bacteria
      involved in its fermentation.
AB  - Bacteria use the cell density-dependent quorum signalling system to regulate
      particular gene expressions. In food microbiology, signalling is well known for
      its relation to (foodborne) pathogenicity, food spoilage, and biofilm formation.
      Quorum quenching and inhibition are thus being considered as a feasible approach
      in food preservation and safety. In the case of the luxS-mediated universal
      quorum sensing using autoinducer-2 (AI-2), however, it could be a different
      issue. Several studies have reported a luxS AI-2 synthase homologue in numerous
      bacteria, comprising both pathogens and beneficial strains. A recent study has
      shown the AI-2 signal to restore the balance of the major phyla of the gut
      microbiota in antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. We measured the AI-2 activity of the
      lactic fermented food, kimchi, and found different AI-2 signalling intensities.
      In order to trace the origin of the signal production, we obtained 229 lactic
      acid bacterial isolates from the kimchi samples, and detected the AI-2 properties
      of each isolate using a modified AI-2 bioluminescence assay. Our results showed
      isolates of dominant species of the genera Lactobacillus, Weissella and
      Leuconostoc which either produced or inhibited the AI-2 signal. No isolate of the
      dominant species Lactobacillus sakei (75 isolates) and Lactobacillus curvatus (28
      isolates) showed AI-2 producing activity, while AI-2 inhibition could not be
      detected for any of the 31 Lactobacillus plantarum isolates. These results
      suggest the AI-2 activity of kimchi to result from the interaction of the
      associated microbial food cultures (MFCs) during fermentation. Thus far, only
      sparse information is available on AI-2 signalling interaction in fermented food,
      however, we suggest that fermented food may be a supplier of AI-2 signalling
      molecules via typical MFCs. 

PMID- 26977812
TI  - Reshaping the Cone-Mosaic in a Rat Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa: Modulatory Role
      of ZO-1 Expression in DL-Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid Reshaping.
AB  - In S334ter-line-3 rat model of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), rod cell death induces
      the rearrangement of cones into mosaics of rings while the fibrotic processes of
      Muller cells remodel to fill the center of the rings. In contrast, previous work
      established that DL-alpha-aminoadipic-acid (AAA), a compound that transiently
      blocks Muller cell metabolism, abolishes these highly structured cone rings.
      Simultaneously, adherens-junction associated protein, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)
      expression forms in a network between the photoreceptor segments and Muller cells
      processes. Thus, we hypothesized that AAA treatment alters the cone mosaic rings
      by disrupting the distal sealing formed by these fibrotic processes, either
      directly or indirectly, by down regulating the expression of ZO-1. Therefore, we
      examined these processes and ZO-1 expression at the outer retina after
      intravitreal injection of AAA and observed that AAA treatment transiently
      disrupts the distal glial sealing in RP retina, plus induces cones in rings to
      become more homogeneous. Moreover, ZO-1 expression is actively suppressed after 3
      days of AAA treatment, which coincided with cone ring disruption. Similar
      modifications of glial sealing and cone distribution were observed after
      injection of siRNA to inhibit ZO-1 expression. These findings support our
      hypothesis and provide additional information about the critical role played by
      ZO-1 in glial sealing and shaping the ring mosaic in RP retina. These studies
      represent important advancements in the understanding of retinal degeneration's
      etiology and pathophysiology. 

PMID- 26977814
TI  - Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Salmonella in Finishing Swine.
AB  - Salmonella enterica (nontyphoidal) is one of the major causes of foodborne
      diseases in the United States and worldwide. Molecular typing methods are
      significant tools used to better understand the transmission and ecology of
      Salmonella in order to implement pre-harvest control measures. The objectives of
      this study were to describe the Salmonella genotypes, the distribution of isolate
      subtypes from different ecological niches (i.e., barn environment, nursery, and
      individual pigs) and their evolution over time in a longitudinal study conducted
      in three finishing sites (housing pigs from 10 weeks of age until slaughter at 24
      26 weeks of age). Among the 107 Salmonella isolates submitted for pulsed-field
      gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, there were 25 distinct subtypes. PFGE
      genotyping results were consistent with the serotype findings. A large number of
      distinguishable PFGE patterns (i.e., within the same serovar) were observed and
      different combinations of subtypes were identified within and across sites and
      cohorts. New subtypes may result of the introduction of new strains, genetic
      changes, or ongoing transmission of evolved strains within the production system.
      The same subtypes were detected intermittently during the study period, which
      suggests the persistence of indistinguishable subtypes in this production system.
      In addition, this study suggests persistence of the same subtype over several
      cohorts of pigs and potential residual contamination from the barn. Factors
      affecting adaptation and transmission of Salmonella within and among ecological
      systems (e.g., finishing pigs, nursery, and environment) should be further
      investigated. Understanding genotypic diversity of Salmonella in different
      ecological niches during pre-harvest may contribute to the development of more
      targeted and cost effective control programs during nursery and finishing phases.

PMID- 26977819
TI  - Endobronchial Involvement in Methotrexate-associated Lymphoproliferative Disease.

PMID- 26977813
TI  - Ipragliflozin Improves Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Mice and Liver Dysfunction in
      Type 2 Diabetic Patients Irrespective of Body Weight Reduction.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high incidence of non
      alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) related to obesity and insulin resistance.
      Currently, medical interventions for NAFLD have focused on diet control and
      exercise to reduce body weight, and there is a requirement for effective
      pharmacological therapies. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are
      oral antidiabetic drugs that promote the urinary excretion of glucose by blocking
      its reabsorption in renal proximal tubules. SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose
      independent of insulin action and are expected to reduce body weight because of
      urinary calorie loss. Here we show that an SGLT2 inhibitor ipragliflozin improves
      hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) obese
      mice irrespective of body weight reduction. In the obese mice, ipragliflozin
      induced hyperphagia occurred to increase energy intake, attenuating body weight
      reduction with increased epididymal fat mass. There is an inverse correlation
      between weights of liver and epididymal fat in ipragliflozin-treated obese mice,
      suggesting that ipragliflozin treatment promotes normotopic fat accumulation in
      the epididymal fat and prevents ectopic fat accumulation in the liver. Despite
      increased adiposity, ipragliflozin ameliorates obesity-associated inflammation
      and insulin resistance in epididymal fat. Clinically, ipragliflozin improves
      liver dysfunction in patients with T2DM irrespective of body weight reduction.
      These findings provide new insight into the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on energy
      homeostasis and fat accumulation and indicate their potential therapeutic
      efficacy in T2DM-associated hepatic steatosis. 

PMID- 26977820
TI  - Antinociceptive activity of intraperitoneally administered novel and potent
      anticonvulsive compound, CY-PROLL-SS, in animal neuropathic pain models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain is still one of the most difficult pain states to be
      treated due to the lack of effective drugs. Although the mechanism of action of
      antiepileptic drugs in alleviating neuropathic pain is not fully understood, it
      is believed that the bases for both diseases are similar pathophysiologic
      disturbances. Therefore, in this article we explored the analgesic potential of a
      recently discovered compound CY-PROLL-SS (ADD 408003; 4-phenyl
      perhydropyrrole[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,3-dione) with proved anticonvulsant activity.
      METHODS: CY-PROLL-SS was delivered to animals systemically to assess the
      antinociceptive effects either in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic or in
      chronic constriction injury (CCI) models of neuropathic pain after acute exposure
      to both thermal and mechanical stimulus. RESULTS: Examined here compound dose
      dependently reversed thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by STZ single
      injection. Similar results were obtained for CCI-induced hyperalgesia; however,
      in this case an attenuation of thermal and reversal of mechanical hyperalgesia
      were observed. CONCLUSIONS: High doses of CY-PROLL-SS considerably alleviate
      peripheral neuropathic pain in model of STZ diabetic neuropathy and CCI. However,
      mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 26977823
TI  - Parkinson's disease hand tremor detection system for mobile application.
AB  - Parkinson's disease currently affects millions of people worldwide and is
      steadily increasing. Many symptoms are associated with this disease, including
      rest tremor, bradykinesia, stiffness or rigidity of the extremities and postural
      instability. No cure is currently available for Parkinson's disease patients;
      instead most medications are for treatment of symptoms. This treatment depends on
      the quantification of these symptoms such as hand tremor. This work proposes a
      new system for mobile phone applications. The system is based on measuring the
      acceleration from the Parkinson's disease patient's hand using a mobile cell
      phone accelerometer. Recordings from 21 Parkinson's disease patients and 21
      healthy subjects were used. These recordings were analysed using a two level
      wavelet packet analysis and features were extracted forming a feature vector of
      12 elements. The features extracted from the 42 subjects were classified using a
      neural networks classifier. The results obtained showed an accuracy of 95% and a
      Kappa coefficient of 90%. These results indicate that a cell phone accelerometer
      can accurately detect and record rest tremor in Parkinson's disease patients. 

PMID- 26977821
TI  - Modification of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced hyperactivity by
      monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline in mice and the underlying serotonergic
      mechanisms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and harmaline are
      indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs often abused together. Our recent studies have
      revealed the significant effects of co-administered harmaline, a monoamine
      oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), on 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetics and thermoregulation.
      This study was to delineate the impact of harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT on home-cage
      activity in mouse models, as well as the contribution of serotonin (5-HT)
      receptors. METHODS: Home-cage activities of individual animals were monitored
      automatically in the home cages following implantation of telemetry transmitters
      and administration of various doses of IAA drugs and 5-HT receptor antagonists.
      Area under the effect curve (AUEC) of mouse activity values were calculated by
      trapezoidal rule. RESULTS: High dose of harmaline (15mg/kg, ip) alone caused an
      early-phase (0-45min) hypoactivity in mice that was fully attenuated by 5-HT1A
      receptor antagonist WAY-100635, whereas a late-phase (45-180min) hyperactivity
      that was reduced by 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL-100907. 5-MeO-DMT (10 and
      20mg/kg, ip) alone induced biphasic effects, an early-phase (0-45min)
      hypoactivity that was completely attenuated by WAY-100635, and a late-phase (45
      180min) hyperactivity that was fully suppressed by MDL-100907. Interestingly, co
      administration of MAOI harmaline (2-15mg/kg) with a subthreshold dose of 5-MeO
      DMT (2mg/kg) induced excessive hyperactivities at late phase (45-180min) that
      could be abolished by either WAY-100635 or MDL-100907. CONCLUSIONS: Co
      administration of MAOI with 5-MeO-DMT provokes excessive late-phase
      hyperactivity, which involves the activation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.

PMID- 26977822
TI  - An endomorphine analog ([d-Ala(2)]-Endomorphin 2, TAPP) lowers blood pressure and
      enhances tissue nitric oxide in anesthetized rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Activation of opioid receptors can alter cardiovascular function, an
      action possibly mediated by nitric oxide (NO). In this study we examined the
      effects of ([d-Ala(2)]-Endomorphin 2, TAPP), a synthetic opioid MU-receptor
      agonist, on blood pressure (MABP), tissue NO bioavailability and renal
      hemodynamics and excretion. METHODS: In acute experiments with anesthetized
      normotensive male Sprague-Dawley rats TAPP was given as a short iv infusion at a
      dose of 1.2 or 12mg/kg and then MABP, renal medullary NO signal (polarographic
      electrode), total renal blood flow (RBF, renal artery Transonic probe), renal
      regional perfusion (laser-Doppler fluxes) and renal excretion were simultaneously
      measured over 2h. RESULTS: After 1.2mg/kg dose MABP decreased progressively from
      121+/-7 to 114+/-9mmHg (-6%, p<0.05) while kidney tissue NO signal increased from
      29.1+/-2.7 to 31.7+/-3.1nA (6%, p<0.04). Both effects were prevented by Naloxone
      methiodide, a peripheral opioid receptor inhibitor. RBF and renal regional
      perfusion were not altered by either dose of TAPP; renal sodium excretion changes
      were highly variable and were not affected by Naloxone pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS:
      Briefly, we found that in anesthetized normotensive rats stimulation of
      peripheral opioid receptors with TAPP caused a prolonged decrease in arterial
      pressure, a change that was associated and probably causally related to an
      increase in tissue NO. The data suggest that synthetic opioids that do not
      penetrate the blood-brain barrier and are potentially non-addictive could be
      considered for antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 26977824
TI  - Should spikes on post-resection ECoG guide pediatric epilepsy surgery?
AB  - PURPOSE: There is wide variation in clinical practice regarding the role of
      electrocorticography immediately after resection (post-resection ECoG) for
      pediatric epilepsy surgery. Results can guide further resection of potentially
      epileptogenic tissue. We hypothesized that post-resection ECoG spiking represents
      a biomarker of the epileptogenic zone and predicts seizure outcome in children
      undergoing epilepsy surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 124 children
      with post-resection ECoG performed on the margins of resection. ECoG records were
      scored in a blinded fashion based on presence of frequent spiking. For patients
      identified as having additional resection based on clinical post-resection ECoG
      interpretation, these "second-look" ECoG results were re-reviewed for ongoing
      discharges or completeness of resection. Frequent spike populations were grouped
      using a standard scoring system into three ranges: 0.1-0.5Hz, 0.5-1Hz, >1Hz.
      Seizure outcomes were determined at minimum 12-month followup. RESULTS: Of 124
      patients who met inclusion criteria, 60 (48%) had an identified spike population
      on post-resection ECoG. Thirty (50%) of these had further resection based on
      clinical interpretation. Overall, good outcome (ILAE 1) was seen in 56/124 (45%).
      Completeness of resection of spiking (absence of spiking on initial post
      resection ECoG or resolution of spiking after further resection) showed a trend
      toward good outcome (OR 2.03, p=0.099). Patients with completeness of resection
      had good outcome in 41/80 (51%) of cases; patients with continued spikes had good
      outcome in 15/44 (35%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Post-resection ECoG identifies
      residual epileptogenic tissue in a significant number of children. Lower
      frequency or absence of discharges on initial recording showed a trend toward
      good outcome. Completeness of resection demonstrated on final ECoG recording did
      not show a significant difference in outcome. This suggests that post-resection
      discharges represent a prognostic marker rather than a remediable biomarker of
      the epileptogenic zone in all patients. Resecting residual spike-generating
      cortex may be beneficial in selected patients, including children with tumors.

PMID- 26977825
TI  - Toward Global Biobank Integration by Implementation of the Minimum Information
      About BIobank Data Sharing (MIABIS 2.0 Core).
AB  - Biobanks are the biological back end of data-driven medicine, but lack standards
      and generic solutions for interoperability and information harmonization. The
      move toward a global information infrastructure for biobanking demands semantic
      interoperability through harmonized services and common ontologies. To tackle
      this issue, the Minimum Information About BIobank data Sharing (MIABIS) was
      developed in 2012 by the Biobanking and BioMolecular Resources Research
      Infrastructure of Sweden (BBMRI.se). The wide acceptance of the first version of
      MIABIS encouraged evolving it to a more structured and descriptive standard. In
      2013 a working group was formed under the largest infrastructure for health in
      Europe, Biobanking and BioMolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI
      ERIC), with the remit to continue the development of MIABIS (version 2.0) through
      a multicountry governance process. MIABIS 2.0 Core has been developed with 22
      attributes describing Biobanks, Sample Collections, and Studies according to a
      modular structure that makes it easier to adhere to and to extend the standard.
      This integration standard will make a great contribution to the discovery and
      exploitation of biobank resources and lead to a wider and more efficient use of
      valuable bioresources, thereby speeding up the research on human diseases. Many
      within the European Union have accepted MIABIS 2.0 Core as the "de facto" biobank
      information standard. 

PMID- 26977828
TI  - Foods Containing Saturated Fat: Dietary Limits Are Still Essential.

PMID- 26977827
TI  - Drug Combo Adds No Benefit in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 26977829
TI  - Eating Less Meat: A Healthy and Environmentally Responsible Dietary Choice.

PMID- 26977830
TI  - Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder.
AB  - The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians screen adults
      for alcohol misuse and provide persons engaged in risky or hazardous drinking
      behaviors with brief behavioral counseling to reduce alcohol misuse. However,
      only a minority of American adults with high-risk alcohol use receive treatment.
      Three medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat
      alcohol use disorder: acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone. Acamprosate and
      naltrexone reduce alcohol consumption and increase abstinence rates, although the
      effects appear to be modest. Disulfiram has been used for years, but evidence
      supporting its effectiveness is inconsistent. Other medications may be beneficial
      to reduce heavy alcohol use. The anticonvulsants topiramate and gabapentin may
      reduce alcohol ingestion, although long-term studies are lacking. Antidepressants
      do not decrease alcohol use in patients without mood disorders, but sertraline
      and fluoxetine may help depressed patients decrease alcohol ingestion.
      Ondansetron may reduce alcohol use, particularly in selected subpopulations.
      Further study is needed for genetically targeted or as-needed medications to
      reduce alcohol use. 

PMID- 26977831
TI  - Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Cancer.
AB  - Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. It is the fourth
      most common cancer in women in the United States after breast, lung, and
      colorectal cancers. Risk factors are related to excessive unopposed exposure of
      the endometrium to estrogen, including unopposed estrogen therapy, early
      menarche, late menopause, tamoxifen therapy, nulliparity, infertility or failure
      to ovulate, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Additional risk factors are increasing
      age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hereditary nonpolyposis
      colorectal cancer. The most common presentation for endometrial cancer is
      postmenopausal bleeding. The American Cancer Society recommends that all women
      older than 65 years be informed of the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer
      and advised to seek evaluation if symptoms occur. There is no evidence to support
      endometrial cancer screening in asymptomatic women. Evaluation of a patient with
      suspected disease should include a pregnancy test in women of childbearing age,
      complete blood count, and prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time if
      bleeding is heavy. Most guidelines recommend either transvaginal ultrasonography
      or endometrial biopsy as the initial study. The mainstay of treatment for
      endometrial cancer is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
      Radiation and chemotherapy can also play a role in treatment. Low- to medium-risk
      endometrial hyperplasia can be treated with nonsurgical options. Survival is
      generally defined by the stage of the disease and histology, with most patients
      at stage I and II having a favorable prognosis. Controlling risk factors such as
      obesity, diabetes, and hypertension could play a role in the prevention of
      endometrial cancer. 

PMID- 26977832
TI  - Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults.
AB  - Nephrotic syndrome (NS) consists of peripheral edema, heavy proteinuria, and
      hypoalbuminemia, often with hyperlipidemia. Patients typically present with edema
      and fatigue, without evidence of heart failure or severe liver disease. The
      diagnosis of NS is based on typical clinical features with confirmation of heavy
      proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. The patient history and selected diagnostic
      studies rule out important secondary causes, including diabetes mellitus,
      systemic lupus erythematosus, and medication adverse effects. Most cases of NS
      are considered idiopathic or primary; membranous nephropathy and focal segmental
      glomerulosclerosis are the most common histologic subtypes of primary NS in
      adults. Important complications of NS include venous thrombosis and
      hyperlipidemia; other potential complications include infection and acute kidney
      injury. Spontaneous acute kidney injury from NS is rare but can occur as a result
      of the underlying medical problem. Despite a lack of evidence-based guidelines,
      treatment consisting of sodium restriction, fluid restriction, loop diuretics,
      angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker therapy,
      and careful assessment for possible disease complications is appropriate for most
      patients. Renal biopsy is often recommended, although it may be most useful in
      patients with suspected underlying systemic lupus erythematosus or other renal
      disorders, in whom biopsy can guide management and prognosis. Immunosuppressive
      treatment, including corticosteroids, is often used for NS, although evidence is
      lacking. Routine prophylactic treatment to prevent infection or thrombosis is not
      recommended. A nephrologist should be consulted about use of anticoagulation and
      immunosuppressants, need for renal biopsy, and for other areas of uncertainty. 

PMID- 26977833
TI  - Bell Palsy: A Frightening Symptom Can Lead to Unnecessary Testing.

PMID- 26977834
TI  - Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation.

PMID- 26977835
TI  - Chronic Anal Fissures.

PMID- 26977836
TI  - Screening for Depression in Children and Adolescents: Recommendation Statement.

PMID- 26977837
TI  - Screening for High Blood Pressure in Adults.

PMID- 26977838
TI  - Diffuse, Hyperpigmented Rash in an Adult.

PMID- 26977839
TI  - Preexposure Prophylaxis with Tenofovir/Emtricitabine Prevents HIV Infection In
      Men who Have Unprotected Anal Intercourse.

PMID- 26977840
TI  - Systolic BP of 120 instead of 140 in High-Risk Older Patients Without Diabetes
      Leads to Significant Benefits and Some Harms.

PMID- 26977841
TI  - DGAC Makes Food-Based Recommendations in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for
      Americans.

PMID- 26977842
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Releases Report on Infantile Hemangiomas.

PMID- 26977843
TI  - What You Need to Know About Medicine for Alcohol Use Disorder.

PMID- 26977844
TI  - Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer: What You Need to Know.

PMID- 26977845
TI  - Nephrotic Syndrome.

PMID- 26977846
TI  - Natural biology and management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews the natural biology of noninvasive
      bladder cancer and its management strategies while summarizing the most recent
      advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS: Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)
      has a tendency to recur and progress. Risk stratification has helped triage
      patients but improved tools, including biomarkers, are still needed. Enhanced
      endoscopy with photodynamic imaging, narrow band imaging, optical coherence
      tomography and confocal laser endomicroscopy show promise for diagnosis, risk
      stratification and disease monitoring. Attempts at better treatment, especially
      in refractory high-risk cases, include the addition of intravesical hyperthermia,
      combination and sequential therapy with existing agents and the use of novel
      agents such as mycobacterial cell wall extract. New data are emerging regarding
      the potential role of active surveillance in low-risk patients. SUMMARY: NMIBC
      represents a variety of disease states and continues to pose management
      challenges. As our understanding of tumor biology improves and technology
      advances, achieving better outcomes through individualized care may be possible.

PMID- 26977847
TI  - The evolving role of immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In recent clinical trials, immunotherapeutic agents have
      demonstrated promising results for the treatment of prostate cancer. This review
      discusses emerging immunotherapies for prostate cancer and their evolving role in
      sequencing and combination therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Therapeutic vaccines
      including PROSTVAC and DCVAC/PCa have completed promising phase 2 trials for the
      treatment of prostate cancer and phase 3 trials are underway. Recent evidence
      supports a synergistic relationship between immunotherapy agents themselves,
      antiandrogens and with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Prostate cancer patients with good
      prognostic factors, such as minimal disease burden, appear to achieve the optimal
      benefit from immunotherapy. SUMMARY: Therapeutic cancer vaccines and
      immunomodulating agents have demonstrated activity in the treatment of prostate
      cancer. Immunotherapies may alter the prostate tumor microenvironment and ongoing
      studies aim to provide guidance on effective sequencing and combination
      strategies.

PMID- 26977848
TI  - Structural Equation Model of Disability in Low Back Pain.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: The effects of participant characteristics along with descriptions
      of pain and psychological involvement, such as fear avoidance, were assessed
      using structural equation modeling (SEM) to identify relationships between these
      factors and disability as a result of low back pain (LBP). OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      this study was to evaluate the relationship between factors related to pain
      description, participants' characteristics, psychological involvement, and
      disability through SEM. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: LBP is a complex
      multifactorial condition that can lead to disability. Understanding which factors
      contribute to disability and how those factors interact is important for
      predicting and minimizing disability in patients with LBP. METHODS: We analyzed
      data from 156 participants (63% female) with LBP. A stepwise SEM was built with
      patient characteristics, pain intensity, depression, anxiety, and fear avoidance
      to predict disability in LBP. RESULTS: Participants were 23-84 years (49.7 +/-
      15.1 yrs) of age and experienced 0.03 to 300 months duration (25.5 +/- 36.4
      months) of current LBP. The final model explained 62% of the variance in
      disability and included female gender, full-time employment, depression, and fear
      avoidance beliefs as significant predictors. Full-time employment was the only
      significant predictor that reduced disability; all other significant predictors
      increased disability in the model. CONCLUSION: Understanding the relationship
      between these predictors and disability provides a foundation for predicting and
      managing disability for individual patients who suffer from LBP. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26977849
TI  - Utilization of Lumbar Spinal Fusion in New York State: Trends and Disparities.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of an administrative database. OBJECTIVE: To
      observe New York statewide trends in lumbar spine surgery and to compare
      utilization of fusion according to hospital size and patient population. SUMMARY
      OF BACKGROUND DATA: Over the last 30 years, studies have indicated increasing
      rates of spinal fusion procedures performed each year in the United States. There
      is no study investigating potential variability in this trend according to
      hospital volume. METHODS: New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative
      System (SPARCS) administrative data were used to identify 228,882 lumbar spine
      surgery patients. New York State hospitals were categorized as low-, medium-, or
      high-volume and descriptive statistics were used to determine trends in spinal
      fusion. RESULTS: The number of fusions per year increased 55% from 2005 to 2014.
      The ratio of fusion to nonfusion surgery increased from 0.88 to 2.67 at high
      volume, from 0.84 to 2.30 at medium- volume, and from 0.66 to 1.52 at low-volume
      hospitals. In 2014, 22% of spine surgery patients at low-volume hospitals were
      either African Americans or Hispanics compared with 12% and 14% at high- and
      medium-volume hospitals, respectively. At high-volume hospitals, 33% of patients
      were privately insured and 3% had Medicare compared with 30% and 6% at low-volume
      hospitals. CONCLUSION: The annual number of lumbar spinal fusions continues to
      increase, especially at high- and medium-volume hospitals. The percentage of
      patients treated surgically for lumbar spinal stenosis that undergoes fusion
      ranges from 53.2 to 66.4% depending on hospital volume. Individual surgeon
      opinion, patient disease characteristics, and socioeconomic factors may affect
      surgical decision making. Caucasians and private insurance patients most often
      receive care at high-volume hospitals. Minorities and patients with Medicaid are
      over-represented at low-volume centers where fusions are less often performed.
      Accessibility to care at high-volume centers remains a major concern for these
      vulnerable populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26977850
TI  - Posterior Only Approach for Lumbar Pyogenic Spondylitis With Short
      Instrumentation and Prolonged Suction Drainage.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A single-institution, single-surgeon retrospective review.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of posterior only approach with short
      instrumentation and prolonged suction drainage in managing lumbar pyogenic
      spondylitis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several methods of posterior surgical
      treatment for pyogenic spondylitis have been reported, there have been few
      reports regarding the efficacy of posterior only approach with short
      instrumentation including even inflamed segment. METHODS: Thirty-three patients
      with lumbar pyogenic spondylitis who underwent posterior decompression and lumbar
      interbody fusion with short instrumentation including the inflamed segment and
      catheter drainage were enrolled. Clinically infection control (erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein normalization time) and onset of
      ambulation were reviewed. Moreover, achievement of fusion and changes of sagittal
      alignment were investigated radiologically. RESULTS: In all 33 cases, infection
      was controlled successfully without any recurrence. There was no breakage of
      implant. Postoperative interval to normalization of erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate was average 69.4 days and C-reactive protein was 25.4 days, respectively.
      Ambulation was started at average 5.8 postoperative days. Successful interbody
      fusion was confirmed radiologically in all the cases at a mean of 5.4 months.
      Sagittal angle of fixed segment was average 6.9 degrees of lordosis before
      operation, which became more lordotic to 11.5 degrees just after operation, but
      decreased to 4.7 degrees of lordosis at the final follow up. Actually final
      sagittal alignment was almost same as preoperative status (P = 0.24). CONCLUSION:
      By achieving favorable clinical and radiological results, short instrumentation
      and prolonged suction drainage with posterior only approach seemed to be an
      effective method in managing lumbar pyogenic spondylitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26977851
TI  - Food Costs Are Higher in Counties With Poor Health Rankings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Poor dietary habits are associated with higher rates of
      cardiovascular disease. However, the cost of foods associated with lower risk of
      cardiovascular disease can be a significant barrier to healthy eating. OBJECTIVE:
      The aim of this study is to determine whether food prices per serving differed
      across Kentucky counties based on health ranking and overall nutritional quality.
      METHODS: Fifteen counties were randomly selected based on County Health Ranking.
      Overall Nutritional Quality Index and cost of 75 foods were assessed in all 15
      counties in the same week. A generalized estimating equations model and post hoc
      analyses were used to assess differences in food cost by nutritional quality and
      health ranking. RESULTS: Food prices were significantly less in the most healthy
      counties compared with the least healthy (Z = 3.8; P < .001; $0.08 per serving).
      Prices were also significantly higher in least healthy counties (tertile 3)
      compared with moderately healthy counties (tertile 2) (Z = 2.3; P = .024; $0.05
      per serving). CONCLUSIONS: Disproportionately higher food costs are associated
      with poor health outcomes in Kentucky counties. Community-based interventions can
      potentially improve access to affordable healthy foods. Current supplemental
      nutritional policies do not address disparate food costs. Health professionals
      should advocate for policy changes that are reflective of these food cost
      disparities.

PMID- 26977852
TI  - Early versus late tracheostomy in cardiovascular intensive care patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Benefits of tracheostomy have been well established. Most of the
      literature, refers these benefits to general intensive care population, excluding
      cardiac surgery or including only small number of these patients. On the other
      hand, there is no clear definition describing the proper time to perform the
      procedure and defining what are potential benefits of early compared to late
      tracheostomy. This retrospective cohort aims to assess the potential benefits of
      early tracheostomy on post-operative outcomes, length of stay and post
      tracheostomy complications within cardiac surgical population. METHODS: After
      obtaining REB approval, we conducted a retrospective chart review in a single,
      tertiary care institution, identifying patients who underwent tracheostomy after
      cardiac surgery from 1999 to 2006. Time-to-tracheostomy was defined as "early" if
      < 7 days or "late" if >= 7 days post-cardiac surgery). RESULTS: 14,101 patients
      underwent cardiac surgery over the 7-year study period; from those, 147 (1.36%)
      received tracheostomy. 32 (22%) patients underwent early tracheostomy and 115
      (78%) late tracheostomy. Incidence of atrial fibrillation (31.2% vs 61.7%; P =
      0.003), kidney dysfunction (6.3% vs 27.2%; P=0.015) and kidney failure 18.8% vs
      43.5%; P = 0.013) were lower in the early tracheostomy group. There were no
      differences on post tracheostomy infection or presence of acute respiratory
      distress syndrome. Both the ICU and hospital length of stay were significantly
      shorter in early tracheostomy group, 21.5 (ET) vs 36.9 (LT) days and 37.5 (ET) vs
      57.6 (LT) days respectively. There were no differences in mortality between
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant benefits in reduction of postoperative
      morbidities with overall shorter ICU and hospital stay. These benefits may
      promote faster patient rehabilitation with reduced healthcare costs.

PMID- 26977853
TI  - Hypersensitivity lo local anesthetics.
AB  - Using local anaesthetics in daily practice, particularly by anaesthetists and
      dentists, is connected with the risk of side effects. Therefore, the observation
      of side effects, carrying out detailed research (according to the chart proposed
      in this study) and conducting specialist examinations is of the highest
      importance. There is a variety of side effects that could occur during local
      anaesthesia procedures, with the intensity ranging from clinically unimportant to
      life threatening. Clinicians' major concerns are the appearance of various
      hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis. Healthcare providers
      responsible for the administration of local anaesthetics should be able to detect
      hypersensitivity reactions to implement appropriate treatment and then choose
      highly selected diagnostic procedures. The final diagnosis should be based on
      specific medical history; documentation, including a description of the case and
      measurement of tryptase activity; skin tests; and provocation trials. Screening
      tests are not recommended in populations without hypersensitivity to local
      anaesthestics in their medical history. 

PMID- 26977854
TI  - Maternal Origin and Risk of Neonatal and Maternal ICU Admission.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate maternal world region of birth, as well as maternal
      country of origin, and the associated risk of admission of 1) a mother to a
      maternal ICU, 2) her infant to a neonatal ICU, or 3) both concurrently to an ICU.
      DESIGN: Retrospective population-based cohort study. SETTING: Entire province of
      Ontario, Canada, from 2003 to 2012. PATIENTS: All singleton maternal-child pairs
      who delivered in any Ontario hospital. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We explored
      how maternal world region of birth, and specifically, maternal country of birth
      for the top 25 countries, was associated with the outcome of 1) neonatal ICU, 2)
      maternal ICU, and 3) both mother and newborn concurrently admitted to ICU.
      Relative risks were adjusted for maternal age, parity, income quintile, chronic
      hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, drug dependence or
      tobacco use, and renal disease. Compared with infants of Canadian-born mothers
      (110.7/1,000), the rate of neonatal ICU admission was higher in immigrants from
      South Asia (155.2/1,000), Africa (140.4/1,000), and the Caribbean (167.3/1,000;
      adjusted relative risk, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.36-1.46). For maternal ICU, the adjusted
      relative risk was 1.79 (95% CI, 1.43-2.24) for women from Africa and 2.21 (95%
      CI, 1.78-2.75) for women from the Caribbean. Specifically, mothers from Ghana
      (adjusted relative risk, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.75-4.21) and Jamaica (adjusted relative
      risk, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.12-3.53) were at highest risk of maternal ICU admission.
      The risk of both mother and newborn concurrently admitted to ICU was even more
      pronounced for Ghana and Jamaica. CONCLUSIONS: Women from Africa and the
      Caribbean and, in particular, Ghana and Jamaica, are at higher risk of admission
      to ICU around the time of delivery, as are their newborns.

PMID- 26977855
TI  - Glycated Hemoglobin A1c Levels Are Not Affected by Critical Illness.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Glycated hemoglobin A1c is used to estimate glycemic control.
      However, its value upon ICU admission may be altered by critical illness and not
      reflect true glycemic status. We assessed the relationship between ICU admission
      glycated hemoglobin A1c and premorbid glycated hemoglobin A1c levels. DESIGN:
      Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Two tertiary ICUs in
      Australia. PATIENTS: Cohort of 69 critically ill patients with diabetes and
      glycated hemoglobin A1c levels measured upon ICU admission and during the month
      prior to admission. INTERVENTIONS: Measurement of glycated hemoglobin A1c.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean (SD) glycated hemoglobin A1c level was 7.5%
      (1.8%) upon ICU admission and 7.8% (2.0%) in previous measurements from the
      preceding 30 days. The change in glycated hemoglobin A1c did not correlate with
      time elapsed between the two measurements (r = 0.00005; p = 0.95), but there was
      a strong correlation between admission glycated hemoglobin A1c levels and
      premorbid glycated hemoglobin A1c levels (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:
      Glycated hemoglobin A1c levels are not altered by the onset of critical illness.
      Glycated hemoglobin A1c quantified at ICU admission can, therefore, be used to
      reliably estimate chronic glycemic control and guide acute glycemic therapy.

PMID- 26977857
TI  - Predictive value of mucinous histology in colon cancer: a population-based,
      propensity score matched analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This investigation aimed to assess whether mucinous histology impacts
      overall (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in colon cancer. METHODS: Colon
      cancer patients who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2011 were identified in
      the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. OS and CSS were
      assessed using Cox regression and propensity score methods. RESULTS: Out of 121
      628 patients, 12 863 (10.6%) had a mucinous histology. Five-year OS and CSS for
      mucinous adenocarcinoma were 54.4% (95% CI: 53.4-55.5%) and 66.5% (95% CI: 65.5
      67.5%) compared with 60.2% (95% CI: 59.8-60.5%) and 71.9% (95% CI: 71.5-72.2%)
      for non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (P<0.001). This survival disadvantage disappeared
      in multivariable analyses (hazard ratio (HR)=1.02, 95% CI: 0.99-1.05, P=0.269 and
      HR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.99-1.06, P=0.169), and after propensity score matching (OS:
      HR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.93-1.04, P=0.606 and CSS: HR=0.99, 95% CI:0.92-1.06, P=0.783).
      CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based investigation, a mucinous histology did not
      negatively impact survival. Hence, the present study does not provide evidence to
      change treatment strategies in patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the
      colon.

PMID- 26977856
TI  - Use of a 12 months' self-referral reminder to facilitate uptake of bowel scope
      (flexible sigmoidoscopy) screening in previous non-responders: a London-based
      feasibility study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In March 2013, NHS England extended its national Bowel Cancer
      Screening Programme to include 'one-off' Flexible Sigmoidoscopy screening (NHS
      Bowel Scope Screening, BSS) for men and women aged 55. With less than one in two
      people currently taking up the screening test offer, there is a strong public
      health mandate to develop system-friendly interventions to increase uptake while
      the programme is rolling out. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of
      sending a reminder to previous BSS non-responders, 12 months after the initial
      invitation, with consideration for its potential impact on uptake. METHOD: This
      study was conducted in the ethnically diverse London Boroughs of Brent and
      Harrow, where uptake is below the national average. Between September and
      November 2014, 160 previous non-responders were randomly selected to receive a
      reminder of the opportunity to self-refer 12 months after their initial
      invitation. The reminder included instructions on how to book an appointment, and
      provided options for the time and day of the appointment and the gender of the
      endoscopist performing the test. To address barriers to screening, the reminder
      was sent with a brief locally tailored information leaflet designed specifically
      for this study. Participants not responding within 4 weeks were sent a follow-up
      reminder, after which there was no further intervention. Self-referral rates were
      measured 8 weeks after the delivery of the follow-up reminder and accepted as
      final. RESULTS: Of the 155 participants who received the 12 months' reminder
      (returned to sender, n=5), 30 (19.4%) self-referred for an appointment, of which
      24 (15.5%) attended and were successfully screened. Attendance rates differed by
      gender, with significantly more women attending an appointment than men (20.7% vs
      8.8%, respectively; OR=2.73, 95% CI=1.02-7.35, P=0.05), but not by area (Brent vs
      Harrow) or area-level deprivation. Of the 30 people who self-referred for an
      appointment, 27 (90%) indicated a preference for a same-sex practitioner, whereas
      three (10%) gave no preference. Preference for a same-sex practitioner was higher
      among women than men (chi(2)=7.78, P<0.05), with only 67% of men (six of nine)
      requesting a same-sex practitioner, compared with 100% of women (n=21).
      CONCLUSIONS: Sending previous non-responders a 12 months' reminder letter with a
      brief information leaflet is a feasible and efficacious intervention, which
      merits further investigation in a randomised controlled trial.

PMID- 26977859
TI  - Pregnancy in a Series of Dystonia Patients Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation:
      Outcomes and Management Recommendations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medically refractory dystonia affects children and young adults, and
      deep brain stimulation (DBS) can allow some patients to regain functional
      independence. Women with dystonia treated with DBS may wish to conceive a child,
      but there is limited published information on pregnancy and DBS. OBJECTIVE: To
      describe a series of dystonia patients treated with DBS who later became pregnant
      and provide guidelines for women treated with DBS considering conception.
      METHODS: We reviewed all dystonia DBS cases implanted at the University of
      California, San Francisco, and University of Alabama at Birmingham from 1998 to
      2015 and identified patients who became pregnant. Patient records were reviewed
      and structured interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Six dystonia patients were
      identified [1 currently pregnant and 7 live births (including 1 twin pair)].
      Patients (n = 5) with pre- and postoperative BFMDRS (Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia
      Rating Scale) scores improved by 65.9% after DBS. All pregnancies and deliveries
      were uncomplicated (the delivery mode was not influenced by the presence of DBS),
      except for 1 child, who was born premature at 35 weeks' gestation. Stimulation
      remained on (n = 3) or off (n = 4) during deliveries. DBS neurostimulators did
      not hinder breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: In this small sample, pregnancy, delivery,
      and breastfeeding were safe in dystonia patients treated with DBS. The presence
      of DBS should not be a contraindication to pregnancy.

PMID- 26977860
TI  - Topical Application of Honey on Surgical Wounds: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of honey and its
      ability to accelerate wound healing make it an attractive option in surgical
      wound care. We performed a randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy of
      honey dressing with conventional dressing regarding the aesthetic outcome.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Bilateral symmetric incisions in randomly selected plastic
      surgical patients were randomly covered postoperatively with conventional
      dressing and honey dressing for five days. The aesthetic outcome of the two sides
      was rated on a Visual Analog Scale by the surgeon and the patient and compared at
      month three and six after surgery. RESULTS: Seventy two symmetrical incisions in
      52 patients were evaluated during the study. The mean width of the scar after the
      third and the sixth month was 3.64 +/- 0.83 mm and 3.49 +/- 0.87 mm on the side
      that received honey dressing and 5.43 +/- 0.05 mm and 5.30+/- 1.35 mm in the
      control group. Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed significant difference between
      honey and conventional dressing outcomes at third and sixth month (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: The healing process of the surgical wound and its final aesthetic
      result could be improved by using honey dressing.

PMID- 26977861
TI  - [Blunt abdominal trauma. Spleen injuries. Part 2].

PMID- 26977858
TI  - Previous tonsillectomy modifies odds of tonsil and base of tongue cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tonsillectomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure that
      involves removal of the palatine tonsils. The purpose of this study is to examine
      the association between previous tonsillectomy and odds of oropharyngeal squamous
      cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in a large population-based case-control study. We
      hypothesise that previous tonsillectomy is associated with a decreased odds of
      tonsil cancer with no impact on the odds of developing base of tongue (BOT)
      cancer. METHODS: This was a population-based, frequency-matched case-control
      study with multinomial logistic regression, including 1378 controls, 108 BOT
      cancer cases, and 198 tonsil cancer cases. Demographic and risk factor data were
      collected using a structured questionnaire during an in-home visit conducted by
      trained nurse-interviewers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) tumour status was
      determined through Luminex-based multiplex PCR and p16 status by
      immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Previous tonsillectomy was associated with a
      nearly two-fold increased odds of BOT cancer (OR=1.95, 95% CI 1.25-3.06, P=0.003)
      and a large decrease in the odds of tonsil cancer (OR=0.22, 95% CI 0.13-0.36,
      P<0.001). When HPV status was considered, tonsillectomy was associated with a
      decreased odds of HPV-positive tonsil cancer (OR=0.17, 95% CI 0.08-0.34, P<0.001)
      and an increased risk of HPV-positive BOT cancer (OR=2.46, 95% CI 1.22-4.95,
      P=0.012). When p16 status was considered, tonsillectomy was associated with an
      increased odds of p16-positive BOT cancer (OR=2.24, 95% CI 1.16-4.35, P=0.017)
      and a decreased odds of p16-positive tonsil cancer (OR=0.14, 95% CI 0.07-0.31,
      P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Previous tonsillectomy modifies the odds of both tonsil
      and BOT cancer, with decreased odds of tonsil cancer and increased odds of BOT
      cancer. A history of previous tonsillectomy may play a role in OPSCC risk
      stratification when considered along with other covariates such as sexual
      history, smoking status, and age.

PMID- 26977862
TI  - [Solid lesions of heart valves].
AB  - AIM: To analyze clinical-diagnostic and surgical aspects of cardiac valve solid
      lesions as well as long-term results of surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Clinical, diagnostic and surgical aspects of treatment of 51 patients with
      tumorous and pseudotumorous lesions of cardiac valves were analyzed. RESULTS AND
      DISCUSSION: Hospital complications were observed in 17.7% of patients. Mortality
      rate was 3.9%. 1- and 28-year overall survival was 100% and 94.1% respectively.
      Quality of life was good, satisfactory and unsatisfactory in 73.5%, 20.4% and
      6.1% of cases respectively. CONCLUSION: Timely diagnostics of tumorous and
      pseudotumorous lesions of cardiac valves is very difficult but possible based on
      short history, positional dependence of symptoms, embolic events without rhythm
      disturbances. Additional instrumental methods including TTE, TEE, CT and MRI are
      necessary to define diagnosis. Intraoperative diagnostics and immediate
      histological survey are useful to determine volume of surgery in each case.
      Successful surgical treatment implies urgency, hypothermic perfusion and pharmaco
      cold cardioplegia during operation.

PMID- 26977863
TI  - [Videolaparoscopic and morphological parallels in diagnosis of different forms of
      acute appendicitis].
AB  - AIM: To compare results of macroscopic assessment and materials of histological
      examination of 1635 appendices removed using videolaparoscopy in patients with
      acute appendicitis. All patients have been treated in N.V.Sklifosovsky Research
      Institute of Emergency Care for the period from 2002 to 2014. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Intraoperative macroscopic assessment of appendix's inflammatory changes
      was performed using some conventional signs. Satarrhal, phlegmonous and
      gangrenous changes were suspected in 77 (4.7%), 1432 (87.5%) and 126 (7.7%) cases
      respectively. RESULTS: Histological examination revealed catarrhal, phlegmonous
      and gangrenous changes in 86 (5.3%), 1338 (81.8%) and 115 (7.0%) cases
      respectively. In 65 (4.0%) patients changes were estimated as chronic, 31 (1.9%)
      patients had not inflammation. Intraoperatively suspected diagnosis of different
      forms of appendicitis was confirmed by histological survey in 94.1%. Most cases
      of matched intraoperative and histological diagnosis were observed in case of
      phlegmonous appendicitis (88.2%). Only 5.9% of patients had not acute
      inflammation of appendix that may be explained by overdiagnosis and excess of
      indications for appendectomy.

PMID- 26977865
TI  - [Delayed coloesophagoplasty in difficult clinical situations].
AB  - AIM: To improve immediate and long-term results of delayed coloesophagoplasty in
      cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We presented three case reports of
      coloesophagoplasty in difficult clinical situations including technical
      impossibility of primary plasty, extraordinary anesthetic situation, transplant
      necrosis after primary plasty. RESULTS: Gastrointestinal tract integrity was
      restored in all cases and patients returned to nutrition per os, that provided
      good quality of life and compensated nutritional deficiencies. Only one patient
      had bleeding in postoperative period that required relaparotomy. There were no
      postoperative complications in two other patients. CONCLUSION: Delayed
      coloesophagoplasty should be performed in all patients who underwent
      esophagogastrectomy if progression of primary disease is absent. Graft placement
      and colic segment are chosen individually. However left half of colon with
      retrosternal location of transplant is preferable for plasty.

PMID- 26977864
TI  - [Comparison of Doppler-assisted dearterialization with mucopexy and
      hemorrhoidectomy].
AB  - AIM: To compare two methods of hemorrhoid treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This
      prospective study included 240 patients with hemorrhoids stage III-IVA. Stages
      III and IVA were diagnosed in 156 (65%) and 84 (35%) patients respectively.
      Randomization was performed using envelopes method in one to one distribution. In
      group 1 (n=120) Doppler-assisted dearterialization of internal hemorrhoids with
      mucopexy was performed (DDM), in group 2 (n=120) - hemorrhoidectomy using
      harmonic scalpel (HE). RESULTS: Duration of surgery was 17.9+/-6.1 and 34.5+/
      10.1 minutes in DDM and HE groups respectively (p<0.01). Postoperative pain
      severity was higher in group 2 (4.8 compared with 2.5 scores of the first group
      (p<0.01). Narcotic analgesics were used less often in DDM group (1.3 doses
      compared with 6.1 doses in HE group (p<0.01). Disability period was 14.4+/-5.2
      and 30.3+/-5.4 days in both groups respectively (p<0.01). Immediate postoperative
      complications occurred in 9 (7.5%) and 19 (15.8%) patients of DDM and HE groups
      respectively. Recurrent prolapse of internal hemorrhoids was diagnosed in 2
      (1.7%) patients of the 1st group in terms of up to 45 days. CONCLUSION: DDM is
      reliable minimally invasive method of hemorrhoids stage III-IVA treatment and has
      similar efficacy with HE. DDM reduces postoperative pain severity, hospital stay
      and disability period.

PMID- 26977866
TI  - [Vacuum-therapy for complicated anterior abdominal wall wounds and intestinal
      fistulas in children].
AB  - AIM: To present results of VAC application in children with complicated wounds of
      anterior abdominal wall combined with intestinal and/or biliary fistulas.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the last 7 years 8 patients aged from 1.5 months to 15
      years with infected postoperative wounds of anterior abdominal wall complicated
      by intestinal fistulas (6), biliary and intestinal fistulas (1) and biliary
      fistula (1) have been treated at the surgical department No2 of Russian
      Children's Clinical Hospital. All patients received complex medical therapy and
      local VAC-therapy. RESULTS: Granulation and wound's size reduction were observed
      within first 7 days of VAC-therapy application in 5 (62.5%) children. In 4 (50%)
      patients at least 1 intestinal fistula has been closed in 15 days after VAC
      therapy initiation on the average (range 7--24). Closure of all fistulas and
      wounds healing were observed in all patients in 28 days (range 16--42) after VAC
      therapy initiation on the average. CONCLUSION: VAC-therapy is safe and effective
      treatment of complicated wounds of anterior abdominal wall combined with
      intestinal and/or biliary fistulas in children.

PMID- 26977867
TI  - [Endovascular arterial embolization for duodenal bleeding as an alternative to
      surgical approach].
AB  - AIM: To present possibilities of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in
      duodenal bleeding management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Treatment of 212 patients
      with acute duodenal bleeding for the period from 2012 to 2014 was analyzed. In 32
      (22.5%) patients of the study group bleeding recurrence or its high risk was
      indication for TAE. RESULTS: Change of surgical tactics for bleeding from upper
      gastrointestinal tract including endoscopic hemostasis optimization, wide
      introduction of TAE and sharp decrease of surgical activity reduced overall
      mortality to 1.6% in 2012--2014. CONCLUSION: TAE is effective to control bleeding
      and reduces mortality rate especially in high risk and elderly patients.

PMID- 26977868
TI  - [Analysis of dynamic implants use in surgical treatment of degenerative lumbar
      spine stenosis].
AB  - AIM: To improve the results of surgical treatment of lumbar spine stenosis.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Surgical treatment of 84 patients was analyzed. There were
      2 groups consisting of 48 and 36 patients respectively. Advanced decompression
      and fusion were performed in group 1, minimally invasive decompression
      (flavectomy, marginal arch resection, facetectomy) with implantstion of
      interspinous dynamic implants DIAM -- in group 2. Patients with isthmic
      spondylolisthesis were excluded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Both methods did not
      show difference in efficacy of leg pain relief during follow-up (1.7--8.5 years).
      16.7% of patients after fusion of more than 2 segments had pain above and below
      fusion area in long-term postoperative period. Such pain was not observed in
      group 2. One patient of the 1st group had fixation system destruction that
      required repeated intervention. Groups have not difference in back pain severity
      after surgery on 1 segment. Also less intraoperative blood loss and duration of
      surgery were established in group 2. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive decompression
      with implantstion of interspinous dynamic implants is effective and safe
      alternative to advanced decompression and fusion in lumbar spine stenosis
      management.

PMID- 26977869
TI  - [Violations of oxygen transport function of hemoglobin in surgical
      endointoxication and their correction using remaxol].
AB  - AIM: To study the effectiveness of remaxol in erythrocytes oxygen transport
      function correction in patients with surgical endotoxicosis. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Two groups of patients (main (n = 25) and comparison (n = 27) groups)
      with acute appendicitis complicated by peritonitis were compared. All patients
      underwent standard postoperative treatment including infusion therapy 1600--2000
      ml/day, antibiotics as combination of semi-synthetic penicillins and
      aminoglycosides, anesthetic and desensitizing therapy. In the main group daily
      intravenous infusion of remaxol 400 ml for 5 days was used. The first dose was
      administered intraoperatively or immediately after surgery. Patients underwent
      emergency surgery and destructive forms of acute appendicitis accompanied by
      diffuse purulent or purulent-fibrinous peritonitis were diagnosed. Removal of
      appendix, debridement and drainage of the abdominal cavity were performed.
      Observation of clinical and laboratory tests were carried out at admission and in
      1, 3, 5 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: Acute peritonitis leads to changes of
      hemoglobin conformation and its oxygen-binding capacity according to spectroscopy
      that is an important factor in the development of general hypoxia. The greatest
      changes in the hemoglobin molecule were found in the 1st day after surgery as a
      result of surgical aggression. It is proved that modified conformational state of
      hemoglobin is associated with processes of lipid peroxidation and endogenous
      intoxication. Combined therapy with remaxol is effective to correct oxygen
      transport function of hemoglobin in acute peritonitis. Pronounced positive effect
      of the drug weakening manifestations of surgical aggression is noted after the
      first administration. Therapeutic efficacy of the drug is explained by its
      ability to reduce lipid peroxidation. Rapid recovery of homeostasis including
      decrease of general hypoxia using remaxol resulted in a clinical benefit.

PMID- 26977870
TI  - [Ultrasound dynamics lysis apex thrombus as an objective criterion of
      effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy in venous thrombosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: To assess the effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy
      (ACT) for the treatment of patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the
      lower extremities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study considered ultrasonic
      characteristics of lysis of the proximal part of thrombus: localization and
      nature of venous thrombosis, the length and diameter of the proximal floating
      part of the thrombus, and duration of the venous thrombosis. Depending on the ACT
      options patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (18 patients) received
      rivaroxaban, group 2 (19 patients) received enoxaparin sodium with subsequent
      transition to warfarin, and 3 group (19 patietns) received enoxaparin sodium,
      followed by administration of rivaroxaban. RESULTS: Treatment with rivaroxaban
      was preferable over standard ACT with enoxaparin/warfarin with regards to the
      lysis of thrombus when duration of thrombosis did not exceed 10 days. In 10.5% of
      patients who received warfarin flotation of thrombi remained for 14 days; the
      length of the floating part of the thrombi did not exceed 3 cm. Such
      circumstances and inability to reach a therapeutic INR value required cava filter
      placement. Treatment with enoxaparin sodium followed by the administration of
      rivaroxaban was found to be the most efficient ACT regimen as there was no
      negative dynamics of ultrasound characteristics of lysis of thrombi at any
      duration of the disease.

PMID- 26977871
TI  - [Role of octreotide and prednisolone in prophylactic of poshepatectomy liver
      failure. Experimental study].
AB  - AIM: Comparative morphologic assessment of the liver tissue response to the
      preoperative infusion of octreotide and prednisolon after the major hepatic
      resection was studied in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 25 male Wistar rats weighing
      230--280 g were used. All rats underwent 70--80% hepatectomy. The rats were
      divided into three groups according to the infusions before hepatectomy: group 1
      (n=7) -- received octreotide, group 2 (n=8) -- prednisolone, group 3 (n=10) --
      0.9% saline solution as the control. Histologic features of the remnant liver
      were evaluated in the sacrificied rats after 72 hours post-hepatectomy. RESULTS:
      In the group 1 we observed more rapid decrease of edema and tendency to the
      accelerated regeneration process of hepatocytes. CONCLUSION: Octreotide infusion
      before the major hepatic resection may have protective effect on hepatocytes and
      accelerate the regeneration in the remnant liver.

PMID- 26977872
TI  - [Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and left atrium ligation].

PMID- 26977873
TI  - CDK4/6 Inhibitors resTORe Therapeutic Sensitivity in HER2+ Breast Cancer.
AB  - CDK4/6 inhibitors have received approval for treating hormone-positive breast
      tumors, but whether other aggressive cancers respond to these molecules is not
      yet clear. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Goel et al. (2016) report an unexpected
      activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in reducing mTOR function and re-sensitizing HER2
      positive cancers to EGFR/HER2 blockade.

PMID- 26977874
TI  - HIV Drug to Aid Melanoma Therapies?
AB  - The HIV1 protease inhibitor nelfinavir is being investigated as a cancer
      therapeutic. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Smith et al. (2016) report that
      nelfinavir suppresses MITF expression induced by MAPK pathway inhibition in
      melanoma cells and sensitizes melanoma cells with NRAS or BRAF plus NRAS
      mutations to MEK inhibitors. 

PMID- 26977875
TI  - KLF4 Initiates Acinar Cell Reprogramming and Is Essential for the Early Stages of
      Pancreatic Carcinogenesis.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a dismal prognosis and is minimally
      responsive to current chemotherapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Xie et al.
      (2016) identify the transcription factor KLF4 as essential for the early stages
      of pancreatic carcinogenesis, expanding the repertoire of targets for early
      intervention strategies.

PMID- 26977876
TI  - Mammary Ductal Environment Is Necessary for Faithful Maintenance of Estrogen
      Signaling in ER+ Breast Cancer.
AB  - In this issue of Cancer Cell, Sflomos et al. (2016) describe a robust preclinical
      animal model of ER+ breast cancer. The authors identify the critical role of the
      breast microenvironment in determining hormone response of ER+ breast cancer
      cells and in driving the luminal phenotype of breast cancer.

PMID- 26977877
TI  - Selective Targeting of the KRAS G12C Mutant: Kicking KRAS When It's Down.
AB  - Two recent studies evaluated a small molecule that specifically binds to and
      inactivates the KRAS G12C mutant. The new findings argue that the perception that
      mutant KRAS is persistently frozen in its active GTP-bound form may not be
      accurate.

PMID- 26977878
TI  - Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancers with CDK4/6
      Inhibitors.
AB  - Using transgenic mouse models, cell line-based functional studies, and clinical
      specimens, we show that cyclin D1/CDK4 mediate resistance to targeted therapy for
      HER2-positive breast cancer. This is overcome using CDK4/6 inhibitors. Inhibition
      of CDK4/6 not only suppresses Rb phosphorylation, but also reduces TSC2
      phosphorylation and thus partially attenuates mTORC1 activity. This relieves
      feedback inhibition of upstream EGFR family kinases, resensitizing tumors to
      EGFR/HER2 blockade. Consequently, dual inhibition of EGFR/HER2 and CDK4/6 invokes
      a more potent suppression of TSC2 phosphorylation and hence mTORC1/S6K/S6RP
      activity. The suppression of both Rb and S6RP enhances G1 arrest and a phenotype
      resembling cellular senescence. In vivo, CDK4/6 inhibitors sensitize patient
      derived xenograft tumors to HER2-targeted therapies and delay tumor recurrence in
      a transgenic model of HER2-positive breast cancer.

PMID- 26977879
TI  - Inhibiting Drivers of Non-mutational Drug Tolerance Is a Salvage Strategy for
      Targeted Melanoma Therapy.
AB  - Once melanomas have progressed with acquired resistance to mitogen-activated
      protein kinase (MAPK)-targeted therapy, mutational heterogeneity presents a major
      challenge. We therefore examined the therapy phase before acquired resistance had
      developed and discovered the melanoma survival oncogene MITF as a driver of an
      early non-mutational and reversible drug-tolerance state, which is induced by
      PAX3-mediated upregulation of MITF. A drug-repositioning screen identified the
      HIV1-protease inhibitor nelfinavir as potent suppressor of PAX3 and MITF
      expression. Nelfinavir profoundly sensitizes BRAF and NRAS mutant melanoma cells
      to MAPK-pathway inhibitors. Moreover, nelfinavir is effective in BRAF and NRAS
      mutant melanoma cells isolated from patients progressed on MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi)
      therapy and in BRAF/NRAS/PTEN mutant tumors. We demonstrate that inhibiting a
      driver of MAPKi-induced drug tolerance could improve current approaches of
      targeted melanoma therapy. 

PMID- 26977880
TI  - Facilitating T Cell Infiltration in Tumor Microenvironment Overcomes Resistance
      to PD-L1 Blockade.
AB  - Immune checkpoint blockade therapies fail to induce responses in the majority of
      cancer patients, so how to increase the objective response rate becomes an urgent
      challenge. Here, we demonstrate that sufficient T cell infiltration in tumor
      tissues is a prerequisite for response to PD-L1 blockade. Targeting tumors with
      tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT activates lymphotoxin beta
      receptor signaling, leading to the production of chemokines that recruit massive
      numbers of T cells. Furthermore, targeting non-T cell-inflamed tumor tissues by
      antibody-guided LIGHT creates a T cell-inflamed microenvironment and overcomes
      tumor resistance to checkpoint blockade. Our data indicate that targeting LIGHT
      might be a potent strategy to increase the responses to checkpoint blockades and
      other immunotherapies in non-T cell-inflamed tumors.

PMID- 26977881
TI  - A SIRT2-Selective Inhibitor Promotes c-Myc Oncoprotein Degradation and Exhibits
      Broad Anticancer Activity.
AB  - Targeting sirtuins for cancer treatment has been a topic of debate due to
      conflicting reports and lack of potent and specific inhibitors. We have developed
      a thiomyristoyl lysine compound, TM, as a potent SIRT2-specific inhibitor with a
      broad anticancer effect in various human cancer cells and mouse models of breast
      cancer. Mechanistically, SIRT2 inhibition promotes c-Myc ubiquitination and
      degradation. The anticancer effect of TM correlates with its ability to decrease
      c-Myc level. TM had limited effects on non-cancerous cells and tumor-free mice,
      suggesting that cancer cells have an increased dependency on SIRT2 that can be
      exploited for therapeutic benefit. Our studies demonstrate that SIRT2-selective
      inhibitors are promising anticancer agents and may represent a general strategy
      to target certain c-Myc-driven cancers.

PMID- 26977882
TI  - HDAC and PI3K Antagonists Cooperate to Inhibit Growth of MYC-Driven
      Medulloblastoma.
AB  - Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant pediatric brain tumor. Despite
      aggressive therapy, many patients succumb to the disease, and survivors
      experience severe side effects from treatment. MYC-driven MB has a particularly
      poor prognosis and would greatly benefit from more effective therapies. We used
      an animal model of MYC-driven MB to screen for drugs that decrease viability of
      tumor cells. Among the most effective compounds were histone deacetylase
      inhibitors (HDACIs). HDACIs potently inhibit survival of MYC-driven MB cells in
      vitro, in part by inducing expression of the FOXO1 tumor suppressor gene. HDACIs
      also synergize with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors to inhibit tumor
      growth in vivo. These studies identify an effective combination therapy for the
      most aggressive form of MB.

PMID- 26977884
TI  - PITPNC1 Recruits RAB1B to the Golgi Network to Drive Malignant Secretion.
AB  - Enhanced secretion of tumorigenic effector proteins is a feature of malignant
      cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying this feature are poorly defined. We
      identify PITPNC1 as a gene amplified in a large fraction of human breast cancer
      and overexpressed in metastatic breast, melanoma, and colon cancers. Biochemical,
      molecular, and cell-biological studies reveal that PITPNC1 promotes malignant
      secretion by binding Golgi-resident PI4P and localizing RAB1B to the Golgi. RAB1B
      localization to the Golgi allows for the recruitment of GOLPH3, which facilitates
      Golgi extension and enhanced vesicular release. PITPNC1-mediated vesicular
      release drives metastasis by increasing the secretion of pro-invasive and pro
      angiogenic mediators HTRA1, MMP1, FAM3C, PDGFA, and ADAM10. We establish PITPNC1
      as a PI4P-binding protein that enhances vesicular secretion capacity in
      malignancy.

PMID- 26977887
TI  - Medical treatment of Cushing's Disease.
AB  - Cushing's Syndrome (CS) is a serious endocrine disease that results from the
      adverse clinical consequences of chronic exposure to high levels of
      glucocorticoids. Most patients with endogenous CS have an adrenocorticotropin
      (ACTH)-secreting pituitary corticotroph adenoma, i.e. Cushing's Disease (CD). The
      first-line therapy for CD is transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. If tumor removal
      is incomplete or unsuccessful, persistent hypercortisolism will require further
      treatment. Repeat surgery, medical therapy, radiation and bilateral adrenalectomy
      are all second line therapy options; however, medical therapy can be also used as
      first line therapy in patients who cannot undergo surgery, or to decrease
      cortisol values and/or improve co-morbidities. Medications used in the treatment
      of CD, classified into three groups: pituitary directed drugs, adrenal
      steroidogenesis inhibitors and glucocorticoid receptor blockers, are reviewed.
      Future 'on the horizon' treatment options are also discussed. 

PMID- 26977883
TI  - KLF4 Is Essential for Induction of Cellular Identity Change and Acinar-to-Ductal
      Reprogramming during Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis.
AB  - Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumor initiation has significant impact
      on early cancer detection and intervention. To define the role of KLF4 in
      pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) initiation, we used molecular biological
      analyses and mouse models of klf4 gain- and loss-of-function and mutant Kras.
      KLF4 is upregulated in and required for acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Klf4
      ablation drastically attenuates the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial
      neoplasia induced by mutant Kras(G12D), whereas upregulation of KLF4 does the
      opposite. Mutant KRAS and cellular injuries induce KLF4 expression, and ectopic
      expression of KLF4 in acinar cells reduces acinar lineage- and induces ductal
      lineage-related marker expression. These results demonstrate that KLF4 induces
      ductal identity in PanIN initiation and may be a potential target for prevention
      of PDA initiation.

PMID- 26977888
TI  - Pregnancy and pituitary adenomas.
AB  - Infertility is frequent in patients harboring pituitary adenomas. The mechanisms
      involved include hypogonadism secondary to hormonal hypersecretion (prolactin,
      growth hormone and cortisol), stalk disconnection and pituitary damage. With the
      improvement of clinical and surgical treatment, pregnancy in women harboring
      pituitary adenomas turned into a reality. Pituitary hormonal hyper- and
      hyposecretion influences pregnancy outcomes, as well as pregnancy can interfere
      on pituitary tumors, especially in prolactinomas. We review literature about
      specific follow-up and management in pregnant women harboring prolactinomas,
      acromegaly, or Cushings disease and the impact of clinical and surgical treatment
      on each condition. 

PMID- 26977885
TI  - Protein Kinase Ciota Drives a NOTCH3-dependent Stem-like Phenotype in Mutant KRAS
      Lung Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - We report that the protein kinase Ciota (PKCiota) oncogene controls expression of
      NOTCH3, a key driver of stemness, in KRAS-mediated lung adenocarcinoma (LADC).
      PKCiota activates NOTCH3 expression by phosphorylating the ELF3 transcription
      factor and driving ELF3 occupancy on the NOTCH3 promoter. PKCiota-ELF3-NOTCH3
      signaling controls the tumor-initiating cell phenotype by regulating asymmetric
      cell division, a process necessary for tumor initiation and maintenance. Primary
      LADC tumors exhibit PKCiota-ELF3-NOTCH3 signaling, and combined pharmacologic
      blockade of PKCiota and NOTCH synergistically inhibits tumorigenic behavior in
      vitro and LADC growth in vivo demonstrating the therapeutic potential of PKCiota
      ELF3-NOTCH3 signal inhibition to more effectively treat KRAS LADC.

PMID- 26977891
TI  - Toward Plastic Smart Windows: Optimization of Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for the
      Synthesis of Electrochromic Devices on Polycarbonate Substrates.
AB  - Plastic smart windows are becoming one of the key elements in view of the
      fabrication of inexpensive, lightweight electrochromic (EC) devices to be
      integrated in the new generation of high-energy-efficiency buildings and
      automotive applications. However, fabricating electrochromic devices on polymer
      substrates requires a reduction of process temperature, so in this work we focus
      on the development of a completely room-temperature deposition process aimed at
      the preparation of ITO-coated polycarbonate (PC) structures acting as transparent
      and conductive plastic supports. Without providing any substrate heating or
      surface activation pretreatments of the polymer, different deposition conditions
      are used for growing indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films by the radiofrequency
      magnetron sputtering technique. According to the characterization results, the
      set of optimal deposition parameters is selected to deposit ITO electrodes having
      high optical transmittance in the visible range (~90%) together with low sheet
      resistance (~8 ohm/sq). The as-prepared ITO/PC structures are then successfully
      tested as conductive supports for the fabrication of plastic smart windows. To
      this purpose, tungsten trioxide thin films are deposited by the reactive
      sputtering technique on the ITO/PC structures, and the resulting single electrode
      EC devices are characterized by chronoamperometric experiments and cyclic
      voltammetry. The fast switching response between colored and bleached states,
      together with the stability and reversibility of their electrochromic behavior
      after several cycling tests, are considered to be representative of the high
      quality of the EC film but especially of the ITO electrode. Indeed, even if no
      adhesion promoters, additional surface activation pretreatments, or substrate
      heating were used to promote the mechanical adhesion among the electrode and the
      PC surface, the observed EC response confirmed that the developed materials can
      be successfully employed for the fabrication of lightweight and inexpensive
      plastic EC devices. 

PMID- 26977890
TI  - Fluorescence Immunoassay for Cocaine Detection.
AB  - A fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) has been developed for the detection of cocaine
      using norcocaine labeled with merocyanine dye and a monoclonal antibody specific
      to cocaine. Using this FIA, the detection range for cocaine was between 20.0 and
      1700 MUg/L with a limit of detection of 20.0 MUg/L. Other cocaine derivatives did
      not interfere significantly with the detection when using this immunoassay
      technique with cross-reactivity values of less than 20%. Thus this FIA could be
      considered a useful tool for the detection of cocaine. 

PMID- 26977892
TI  - A Terminally Bound Niobium Methylidyne.
AB  - Complex (PNP)Nb(CH3)2(OAr) (PNP = N[2-P(i)Pr2-4-methylphenyl]2(-), Ar = 2,6
      (i)Pr2C6H3), prepared from treatment of (PNP)NbCl3 with NaOAr followed by 2 equiv
      of H3CMgCl, can be oxidized with [FeCp2][OTf] to afford (PNP)Nb(CH3)2(OAr)(OTf).
      While photolysis of the latter resulted in formation of a rare example of a
      niobium methylidene, (PNP)Nb?CH2(OAr)(OTf), treatment of the dimethyl triflate
      precursor with the ylide H2CPPh3 produced the mononuclear group 5 methylidyne
      complex, (PNP)Nb=CH(OAr). Adding a Bronsted base to (PNP)Nb?CH2(OAr)(OTf) also
      resulted in formation of the methylidyne. Solid-state structural analysis
      confirms both methylidene and methylidyne moieties to be terminal, having very
      short Nb-C distances of 1.963(2) and 1.820(2) A, respectively. It is also shown
      that methylidyne for nitride cross-metathesis between (PNP)Nb=CH(OAr) and NCR (R
      = tert-butyl or 1-adamantyl) results in formation of a neutral and mononuclear
      niobium nitride, (PNP)Nb=N(OAr), along with the terminal alkyne HC=CR. 

PMID- 26977886
TI  - Genome-Wide Profiles of Extra-cranial Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors Reveal
      Heterogeneity and Dysregulated Developmental Pathways.
AB  - Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are rare lethal tumors of childhood that most
      commonly occur in the kidney and brain. MRTs are driven by SMARCB1 loss, but the
      molecular consequences of SMARCB1 loss in extra-cranial tumors have not been
      comprehensively described and genomic resources for analyses of extra-cranial MRT
      are limited. To provide such data, we used whole-genome sequencing, whole-genome
      bisulfite sequencing, whole transcriptome (RNA-seq) and microRNA sequencing
      (miRNA-seq), and histone modification profiling to characterize extra-cranial
      MRTs. Our analyses revealed gene expression and methylation subgroups and focused
      on dysregulated pathways, including those involved in neural crest development.

PMID- 26977893
TI  - Opioid Prescribing for Chronic Pain: Not for the Faint of Heart.

PMID- 26977895
TI  - A Silver DNAzyme.
AB  - Silver is a very common heavy metal, and its detection is of significant
      analytical importance. DNAzymes are DNA-based catalysts; they typically recruit
      divalent and trivalent metal ions for catalysis. Herein, we report a silver
      specific RNA-cleaving DNAzyme named Ag10c obtained after six rounds of in vitro
      selection. Ag10c displays a catalytic rate of 0.41 min(-1) with 10 MUM Ag(+) at
      pH 7.5 with 200 mM NaNO3, while its activity is completely inhibited with the
      same concentration of NaCl. Ag10c is highly specific for Ag(+) among all the
      tested metals. A catalytic beacon biosensor is designed by labeling a fluorophore
      and a quencher on the DNAzyme. Fluorescence enhancement is observed in the
      presence of Ag(+) with a detection limit of 24.9 nM Ag(+). The sensor shows a
      similar analytical performance in Lake Huron water. This is the first monovalent
      transition metal dependent RNA-cleaving DNAzyme. Apart from its biosensor
      application, this study strengthens the idea of exploring beyond the traditional
      understanding of multivalent ion dependent DNAzyme catalysis. 

PMID- 26977896
TI  - Characteristics of Teeth: A Review of Size, Shape, Composition, and Appearance of
      Maxillary Anterior Teeth.
AB  - Although digital technologies play an increasingly integral role in dentistry,
      there remains a need for dental professionals to understand the fundamentals of
      tooth anatomy, form, occlusion, and color science. In this article, the size,
      shape, composition, and appearance of maxillary anterior teeth will be discussed
      from esthetic and functional perspectives. A total of 600 extracted maxillary
      incisors were studied: 200 each of central incisors, lateral incisors, and
      cuspids. The purpose of the article is to exhibit and discuss factors that make
      teeth unique and diverse. Understanding these aspects of teeth aids dental
      professionals in more effectively creating realistic and highly esthetic
      restorations for patients. 

PMID- 26977897
TI  - Diagnostic Value of Halitosis Examination Methods.
AB  - There are many methods and varied protocols for examining halitosis. Chemical and
      enzymatic tests determine the presence of bacterial species and their metabolic
      products or enzymes in the mouth, while halitometers precisely quantify gases but
      not halitosis itself. Examinations by the human nose (ie, self assessment,
      feedback from others, or organoleptic test by an examiner) directly target
      halitosis, however organoleptic examination alone is insufficient for a
      definitive diagnosis when the individual has no complaints about halitosis. The
      underlying reasons why patients seek consultation concerning halitosis are
      usually based on their own assessment and the opinion of others, even if those
      assessments are not correlated with oral odorous gas measurements. This article
      seeks to summarize findings and review methods of examining halitosis to
      determine their usefulness. 

PMID- 26977898
TI  - Interdisciplinary Treatment Planning in Transitioning a Periodontally Hopeless
      Dentition: A Clinical Case Review.
AB  - Treating patients with advanced periodontal disease may require staged treatment
      that utilizes various modalities. In this case report, a patient with a high-risk
      periodontal condition lacked the financial means to receive optimal treatment
      immediately. The interdisciplinary team was able to provide a solution that
      addressed immediate needs and provide stability in the short term by retaining
      teeth that could be maintained for a limited amount of time until a long-term
      solution using implant-retained prostheses could be provided. 

PMID- 26977894
TI  - S/HIC: Robust Identification of Soft and Hard Sweeps Using Machine Learning.
AB  - Detecting the targets of adaptive natural selection from whole genome sequencing
      data is a central problem for population genetics. However, to date most methods
      have shown sub-optimal performance under realistic demographic scenarios.
      Moreover, over the past decade there has been a renewed interest in determining
      the importance of selection from standing variation in adaptation of natural
      populations, yet very few methods for inferring this model of adaptation at the
      genome scale have been introduced. Here we introduce a new method, S/HIC, which
      uses supervised machine learning to precisely infer the location of both hard and
      soft selective sweeps. We show that S/HIC has unrivaled accuracy for detecting
      sweeps under demographic histories that are relevant to human populations, and
      distinguishing sweeps from linked as well as neutrally evolving regions.
      Moreover, we show that S/HIC is uniquely robust among its competitors to model
      misspecification. Thus, even if the true demographic model of a population
      differs catastrophically from that specified by the user, S/HIC still retains
      impressive discriminatory power. Finally, we apply S/HIC to the case of
      resequencing data from human chromosome 18 in a European population sample, and
      demonstrate that we can reliably recover selective sweeps that have been
      identified earlier using less specific and sensitive methods. 

PMID- 26977899
TI  - CBCT-Aided Multidisciplinary Approach to Salvaging an Intruded Tooth.
AB  - Among the most severe types of traumatic dental injuries is intrusive luxation,
      which displaces the affected tooth deeper into the alveolus, causing significant
      damage to the pulp and all of the supporting structures. This article describes a
      unique case of intrusive luxation of the mature left maxillary central incisor in
      an 18-year-old male patient. The diagnosis was confirmed using cone-beam computed
      tomography (CBCT), after which the intruded tooth was successfully repositioned
      by endodontic and orthodontic management. This was followed by prosthodontic
      rehabilitation. This case report also discusses the role of CBCT in effectively
      diagnosing this type of injury. 

PMID- 26977900
TI  - Proteolytic processing of mesonivirus replicase polyproteins by the viral 3C-like
      protease.
AB  - Mesoniviridae are a family of insect RNA viruses that diverged profoundly from
      other families of the Nidovirales. Mesonivirus replicative proteins are produced
      from large polyprotein (pp) precursors (pp1a and pp1ab) through proteolytic
      cleavage by the viral 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and, possibly, other proteases.
      Using recombinant forms of the Cavally virus 3CLpro and pp1a/pp1ab-derived
      substrates, we characterized 3CLpro cleavage sites in mesonivirus polyproteins.
      Our data lead us to suggest that 3CLpro cleaves the central and C-proximal
      regions of mesonivirus pp1a/pp1ab at 12 conserved sites. Compared to other
      nidovirus homologues, the mesonivirus 3CLpro features a distinct substrate
      specificity, with asparagine at P2 being a major specificity determinant.
      Furthermore, we provide evidence that expression of the ORF1b-encoded part of
      pp1ab involves a -1 ribosomal frameshift at a conserved GGAUUUU heptanucleotide
      sequence in the ORF1a/1b overlap region. Taken together, the study identifies
      critical steps in the expression and maturation of mesonivirus replicative
      proteins.

PMID- 26977901
TI  - Agromyces binzhouensis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a coastal
      wetland of the Yellow River Delta.
AB  - A Gram-stain-positive, heterotrophic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped strain,
      designated OAct353T, belonging to the genus Agromyces was isolated from a soil
      sample collected from a coastal wetland of the Yellow River delta, PR China. The
      strain was identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain grew in
      the presence of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2-3 %), at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0)
      and 12-36  degrees C (optimum 28  degrees C). The isolate contained 2,4
      diaminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and glycine in its peptidoglycan. The acyl
      type of the cell-wall muramic acid was N-acetyl. The whole-cell sugars of this
      novel strain were glucose, xylose and rhamnose. The predominant menaquinones were
      MK-12 (74 %) and MK-11 (21 %). The major phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol,
      one unknown phospholipid, three unknown glycolipids and three unknown polar
      lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0.
      The DNA G+C content was 69.6 mol %. DNA-DNA relatedness clearly separated strain
      OAct353T from its closest relatives. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and
      chemotaxonomic data, a novel species, Agromyces binzhouensis sp. nov., is
      proposed. The type strain is OAct353T (=CGMCC4.7180T=DSM 28305T=NRRL B-59115T). 

PMID- 26977902
TI  - Black Phosphorus Flexible Thin Film Transistors at Gighertz Frequencies.
AB  - Black phosphorus (BP) has attracted rapidly growing attention for high speed and
      low power nanoelectronics owing to its compelling combination of tunable bandgap
      (0.3 to 2 eV) and high carrier mobility (up to ~1000 cm(2)/V.s) at room
      temperature. In this work, we report the first radio frequency (RF) flexible top
      gated (TG) BP thin-film transistors on highly bendable polyimide substrate for
      GHz nanoelectronic applications. Enhanced p-type charge transport with low-field
      mobility ~233 cm(2)/V.s and current density of ~100 MUA/MUm at VDS = -2 V were
      obtained from flexible BP transistor at a channel length L = 0.5 MUm.
      Importantly, with optimized dielectric coating for air-stability during
      microfabrication, flexible BP RF transistors afforded intrinsic maximum
      oscillation frequency fMAX ~ 14.5 GHz and unity current gain cutoff frequency fT
      ~ 17.5 GHz at a channel length of 0.5 MUm. Notably, the experimental fT achieved
      here is at least 45% higher than prior results on rigid substrate, which is
      attributed to the improved air-stability of fabricated BP devices. In addition,
      the high-frequency performance was investigated through mechanical bending test
      up to ~1.5% tensile strain, which is ultimately limited by the inorganic
      dielectric film rather than the 2D material. Comparison of BP RF devices to other
      2D semiconductors clearly indicates that BP offers the highest saturation
      velocity, an important metric for high-speed and RF flexible nanosystems. 

PMID- 26977903
TI  - Reversible Hydrogen Uptake by BN and BC3 Monolayers Functionalized with Small Fe
      Clusters: A Route to Effective Energy Storage.
AB  - In an effort to design new functionalized nanostructures for clean energy
      storage, DFT calculations of Fen (n = 1-3) clusters on BC3 and BN monolayers are
      performed. The stability of the systems was considered by calculating the binding
      energies of the monolayers with Fen clusters on one or both sides. All the
      clusters bound strongly to both the monolayers and transferred electron density
      to the sheets. The cationic Fe clusters were then able to adsorb multiple H2
      molecules through electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. The average
      adsorption energies per H2 in the case of maximum coverage were calculated to be 
      0.389 and -0.358 eV for systems with one Fe on both sides of BC3 and BN
      monolayers, respectively. In these cases four H2 molecules were adsorbed to the
      Fe atoms on both sides of the monolayer. These adsorption energies are such that
      there is potential for adsorption/desorption at ambient conditions. The results
      provide insights into an efficient and reversible storage of H2 by using Fen
      functionalized BC3 and BN monolayers. 

PMID- 26977905
TI  - The Power Spectrum of Ionic Nanopore Currents: The Role of Ion Correlations.
AB  - We calculate the power spectrum of electric-field-driven ion transport through
      nanometer-scale membrane pores using both linearized mean-field theory and
      Langevin dynamics simulations. Remarkably, the linearized mean-field theory
      predicts a plateau in the power spectral density at low frequency omega, which is
      confirmed by the simulations at low ion concentration. At high ion concentration,
      however, the power spectral density follows a power law that is reminiscent of
      the 1/omega(alpha) dependence found experimentally at low frequency. On the basis
      of simulations with and without ion-ion interactions, we attribute the low
      frequency power-law dependence to ion-ion correlations. We show that neither a
      static surface charge density, nor an increased pore length, nor an increased ion
      valency have a significant effect on the shape of the power spectral density at
      low frequency. 

PMID- 26977906
TI  - Knowledge-Based Optimization of Molecular Geometries Using Crystal Structures.
AB  - This paper describes a novel way to use the structural information contained in
      the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) to drive geometry optimization of organic
      molecules. We describe how CSD structural information is transformed into
      objective functions for gradient-based optimization to provide good quality
      geometries for a large variety of organic molecules. Performance is assessed by
      minimizing different sets of organic molecules reporting RMSD movements for bond
      lengths, valence angles, torsion angles, and heavy atom positions.

PMID- 26977904
TI  - A large dataset of protein dynamics in the mammalian heart proteome.
AB  - Protein stability is a major regulatory principle of protein function and
      cellular homeostasis. Despite limited understanding on mechanisms, disruption of
      protein turnover is widely implicated in diverse pathologies from heart failure
      to neurodegenerations. Information on global protein dynamics therefore has the
      potential to expand the depth and scope of disease phenotyping and therapeutic
      strategies. Using an integrated platform of metabolic labeling, high-resolution
      mass spectrometry and computational analysis, we report here a comprehensive
      dataset of the in vivo half-life of 3,228 and the expression of 8,064 cardiac
      proteins, quantified under healthy and hypertrophic conditions across six mouse
      genetic strains commonly employed in biomedical research. We anticipate these
      data will aid in understanding key mitochondrial and metabolic pathways in heart
      diseases, and further serve as a reference for methodology development in
      dynamics studies in multiple organ systems. 

PMID- 26977907
TI  - Magnetic Anisotropies in Rhombic Lanthanide(III) Complexes Do Not Conform to
      Bleaney's Theory.
AB  - We report a complete set of magnetic susceptibilities of lanthanide complexes
      with a macrocyclic ligand based on a 3,6,10,13-tetraaza-1,8(2,6)
      dipyridinacyclotetradecaphane platform containing four hydroxyethyl pendant arms
      (L(1)). The [LnL(1)](3+) complexes are isostructural along the lanthanide series
      from Ce(3+) to Yb(3+), with the only structural change observed along the series
      being the monotonous shortening of the Ln-donor distances due to lanthanide
      contraction. The (1)H NMR spectra point to a D2 symmetry of the [LnL(1)](3+)
      complexes in aqueous solution, which provides a unique opportunity for analysis
      of the rhombic magnetic anisotropies with an unequivocal location of the magnetic
      axes. The contact contributions for the observed paramagnetic shifts have been
      estimated with density functional theory calculations on the [GdL(1)](3+)
      complex. Subsequently, the pseudocontact shifts could be factored out, thereby
      giving access to the axial and rhombic contributions of the magnetic
      susceptibility tensor. Our results show that the calculated magnetic anisotropies
      do not follow the trends predicted by Bleaney's theory, particularly in the case
      of Ho(3+) and Er(3+) complexes. 

PMID- 26977908
TI  - [Alexithymia in patients with left-hemispheric cerebral infarction in the late
      recovery period].
AB  - AIM: To study emotional status, including alexithymia, anxiety and depression, in
      patients with cerebral infarction in the area of the middle cerebral artery (on
      the left side) in the late recovery period and to develop a method for correction
      of the damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 30 patients with cerebral
      infarction in the area of the middle cerebral artery (on the left side). A
      comparison group consisted of 10 patients with chronic brain ischemia. RESULTS
      AND CONCLUSION: The results have demonstrated the correlation between the level
      of alexithymia and the severity of neurological deficit, sex-related level of
      anxiety and depression. The cerebral infarction impacts on the level of
      alexithymia. Alexithymia in patients with cerebral infarction affects the
      adequate self-esteem of physical and mental condition that may complicate the
      rehabilitation of these patients and demands correction as a combination of
      pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic intervention.

PMID- 26977909
TI  - [The relaxation time anisotropy as a method of assessment of physico-chemical
      activity of the cerebrospinal fluid in acute stroke].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the anisotropy relaxation time of the cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) in acute disorders of cerebral circulation compared by analyzing the
      kinetics of anisotropy relaxation of the dye "rhodamine 6G". MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The study of the samples was performed using a laser confocal
      fluorescence microscope MicroTime 200 ("PicoQuant GmbH"). Authors used a laser
      operating at a wavelength of 470 nm with a time resolution of 8 PS with a pulse
      frequency of 10 MHz. RESULTS: Authors assessed this parameter in CSF of patients
      with different types of stroke. CONCLUSION: Confocal laser spectrometry can be
      considered as an objective method of studying CSF changes in patients with
      lesions of the central nervous system and control of patient status in a clinical
      setting.

PMID- 26977911
TI  - [A complex approach to the treatment of patients with chronic lumbalgia].
AB  - The management of patients with chronic non-specific low-back pain (chronic
      lumbalgia) is an urgent problem of current medicine. We report two cases of
      patients with chronic lumbalgia and severe comorbid diseases who demonstrated
      good results after the complex treatment including pharmacotherapy, cognitive
      behavioral therapy and exercise treatment. 

PMID- 26977910
TI  - [Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine cognitive and emotional status in patients with
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred sixteen
      patients were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Frontotemporal cognitive changes
      (CC) were found in 35.3% of patients (medium log rank on the Frontotemporal
      dementia rating scale was 1.47 [1.92; 1.26], and 4.2% patients had frank dementia
      (medium log rank -0.4 [1.07; -3.09]). The average degree by the Montreal
      cognitive scale in patients with CC was 21.7+/-4.4. 48,9% patients had mixed
      (executive and speech) symptoms, 34% had frontal (executive) symptoms, 4.2% had
      temporal (visual and spatial) deficits, and 4.2% had isolated behavioral
      symptoms. There was no patients with isolated speech deficits. ALS patients with
      CC were significantly older than patients without CC (64.5+/-7.7 and 52.5+/-12.1
      years, r=0,0001). ALS progressed more rapidly in patients with CC (13.5+/-9.3 and
      10.4+/-9.1 ALSFRS-R scores per month, p=0.033). Patients with lumbar onset of ALS
      prevailed in the group without CC (17% and 36%, chi2=3.94; r=0.047), and patients
      with bulbar onset of ALS prevailed in the group with CC at the trend level. A
      comparison of estimates by different scores of emotional state and quality of
      life (the Hamilton depression scale, CNSLS, ALSAQ40) allows to conclude that CC
      had no influence on the emotional state of ALS patients and their total quality
      of life.

PMID- 26977912
TI  - [A comparative analysis of the efficacy of neuromidin and galantamine in
      Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cognitive changes in patients with mild to moderate
      Alzheimer's disease after the treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors -
      neuromidin and galantamine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with
      probable Alzheimer's disease, aged 60-84 years (mean 73.2+/-6.7), were enrolled
      in a 20-week double-blind parallel group study. All patients were randomized in 2
      groups: group 1 (n=28) received neuromidin, group 2 (n=30) - galantamine.
      Treatment efficacy was evaluated with the ADAS-cog/11 scale. RESULTS: Both drugs
      significantly improved or stabilized cognitive function in the patients. The most
      marked changes were obtained in the group of patients treated with neuromidin
      (r<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the effectiveness of
      anticholinesterase treatment of Alzheimer's disease could be determined not only
      by the central but also peripheral cholinergic action.

PMID- 26977913
TI  - [Current pharmacotherapy of the autonomic nervous system disorders].
AB  - A state of the autonomic nervous system is known to play an important role in
      complex treatment of any somatic pathology. The drugs with complex anxiolytic,
      autonomic stabilizing and nootropic effects are used in treatment of autonomic
      disorders. These drugs stabilize as the general mental condition, including
      emotional state, as well as the autonomic condition of patients with somatic
      disorders. These notions are discussed in detail on the example of noofen and
      adaptol. 

PMID- 26977914
TI  - [The measures of autonomic homeostasis as predictors of an individual risk of
      stroke and their dynamics during therapy with actovegin].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an individual 10-year risk of stroke in patients with
      chronic cerebral ischemia, identify predictors of this risk and assess its
      dynamics during therapy with actovegin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The measures of
      autonomic homeostasis were estimated in 54 patients with chronic brainstem
      ischemia. The dynamics of these indexes during therapy with actovegin was
      studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chronic cerebral ischemia, mostly
      vertebrobasilar ischemia, is correlated with an increasing individual 10-year
      risk of stroke. A high positive pharmacologic effect of actovegin on the central
      and peripheral structures of the autonomic nervous system in chronic cerebral
      ischemia has been shown. A mediated hypotensive effect of actovegin due to
      humoral, metabolic and neurogenic influences on a vessel wall has been
      demonstrated.

PMID- 26977915
TI  - [A role of neuroprotective therapy in the rehabilitation of children with
      sensorineural hearing loss, IV degrees, after cochlear implanta-tion].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study clinical/psychological characteristics in children with
      sensorineural hearing loss, IV degrees, before and after the cochlear
      implantation (CI) and to assess the dynamics of speech development during the
      rehabilitation using the neuroprotective drug cerebrolysin. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Authors examined 93 patients, aged from 5 to 8 years. The main group (n=46)
      received cerebrolysin, the control group was not treated with this drug. A
      diagnostic study included patient's history, neurological and neuropsychological
      examinations, auditory perception and sound reproduction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
      According to the Meaningful Use of Speech Scale, 23% of children of the main
      group demonstrated the best results due to the better speech communication
      strategies. No significant between-group differences were found in the level of
      auditory perception 6 months after CI. The level of articulation was higher in
      the main group. Cognitive functioning was improved in children treated with
      cerebrolysin.

PMID- 26977916
TI  - [Melatonin in chronic pain syndromes].
AB  - Melatonin, a neurohormone synthesized by the epiphysis and extrapineal
      structures, has several functions including chronobiotic, antioxidant,
      oncostatic, immunomodulating, normothymic and anxiolytic ones. It impacts on the
      cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract and is involved in
      reproductive functions, metabolism and body mass regulation. Moreover, recent
      studies have demonstrated the efficacy of melatonin in pain syndromes. The
      authors present a literature review on the studies of melatonin in treatment of
      fibromyalgia, headache, irritated bowel syndrome, chronic back pain and
      rheumatoid arthritis. Possible mechanisms of analgesic properties of melatonin
      are discussed. On one hand, there is the improvement of sleep and activation of
      own adaptive potential of melatonin by normalizing circadian rhythms inevitably
      disturbed in chronic pain syndromes. On the other hand, there are the data on the
      analgesic effect of melatonin realized through melatonin receptors and several
      neurotransmitter systems. 

PMID- 26977917
TI  - [Anxiety/depressive disorders and vitamin D status].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To search for the association between vitamin D status and anxiety and
      depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors examined 310 residents of St.
      Petersburg (137 men and 173 women). Anxiety and depression were measured with the
      HADS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In people with vitamin D deficiency, anxiety and
      depression were noted in 32.5% and 11.0%, respectively. There were negative
      correlations between serum 25(OH)D level and anxiety (r= -0,11, p=0.03). Symptoms
      of depression were not correlated with vitamin D status (r= -0.08, p=0.09) but
      were correlated with the age (r=0.12, p=0.02). After excluding other risk factors
      for psychogenic disturbances (obesity, hypertension and impaired glucose
      metabolism) we concluded that serum 25(OH)D could be an independent risk factor
      for anxiety (R2=0.02, p=0.01) in the population studied.

PMID- 26977918
TI  - [A case report of bilateral trigeminal sensory neuropathy as one of the initial
      manifestation of systemic scleroderma (the difficulties of early diagnosis of the
      primary disease)].
AB  - The article describes the case of a patient with bilateral trigeminal sensory
      neuropathy (TSN), as a possible neurological manifestation of systemic
      scleroderma (SS). In this patient, intense non-paroxysmal facial pain caused by
      TSN, subjectively dominated over other manifestations of SS, including Raynaud's
      syndrome, for at least 1.5 years, thus hampering the diagnosis of the primary
      disease. In addition to pain, which was not relieved by analgesic medication, TSN
      was manifested by marked sensory deficit on the face (hypoesthesia / anesthesia)
      and bilateral sensory deficits in the oral cavity, including the anterior third
      of the tongue. TSN was also combined with disorders of taste perception. The
      assumption of rheumatic origin of TSN occurred during a primary neurological
      examination: a standard examination revealed generalized sensory polyneuropathy
      with bilateral involvement of the trigeminal nerve; the additional study
      identified no neurological signs of rheumatic diseases, including Raynaud's
      phenomenon. SS met all the criteria for the diagnosis (2013), high titers of
      nuclear ribonucleoprotein were determined as well. Thus, TSN as early and
      subjectively dominant manifestation of SS can complicate the diagnosis of primary
      rheumatic diseases. Therefore, in cases of distal sensory polyneuropathy with
      bilateral involvement of the trigeminal nerve, it is necessary to conduct an
      additional survey to identify the signs of possible rheumatic diseases: signs of
      vascular lesion (Raynaud's syndrome), lesions of skin, joints and muscles. 

PMID- 26977919
TI  - [The "Dialogue" or the "Conflict of interests" between psychiatrists and
      neurologists: results of a focus group interview].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of interdisciplinary interactions
      between neurologists and psychiatrists in treatment of anxiety and depressive
      disorders, including prognostic aspects, and the responsibility of the doctor.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: A scenario of an interview included similar questions
      related to diagnosis, examination and the treatment of patients with anxiety and
      depressive disorders. Ten neurologists and 10 psychiatrists have completed the
      interview. RESULTS: The characteristics of the management of patients, the
      absence of the joint management and interactions, subjective adherence to
      definite drugs and methods were shown. CONCLUSION: The intersection of
      professional interests for both specialties because of the similarities of the
      groups of patients in the conditions of concurrent interdisciplinary interactions
      makes up the reason for the conflict between them. An introduction of an
      interdisciplinary model of interactions between the physicians and specified
      continual education in adjacent fields of medicine will resolve this situation.

PMID- 26977920
TI  - [Hypersalivation in Parkinson's disease: causes and treatment options].
AB  - In average 50% of patients with Parkinson's disease complain on hypersalivation,
      subclinical sialorrhea can be objected in 90% of them by different methods.
      Hypersalivation causes negative implications for the patients for themselves as
      well as for the caregivers. Currently there are 3 main mechanisms of sialorrhea
      in Parkinson's disease are considered: saliva hypersecretion, inability of saliva
      retention in the oral cavity (hypomimia, involuntary mouth opening, declining
      posture or drooping head), salivary clearance deterioration (lingual
      bradykinesia, oropharyngeal dysphagia, upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction).
      Injections of botulinum toxins in the huge salivary glands and in cricopharingeal
      muscle are the most effective methods. 

PMID- 26977921
TI  - [Back Pain: osteochondrosis or osteoarthritis?].
AB  - The article considers a question of the differential diagnosis and treatment of
      back pain. The authors recommend the use of generally accepted term "spinal
      osteoarthritis" to describe changes in the spine, which in the Russian medical
      literature referred to as "osteochondrosis". The article describes the diagnosis
      and treatment of myogenic pain, pain due to facet syndrome, herniated disc,
      cervical and lumbar radiculopathy, spinal stenosis, interspinous bursitis. The
      authors recommend the use of dexketoprofen (flamadex) and adjuvants (baclofen,
      flupirtine) for the nociceptive back pain treatment. 

PMID- 26977922
TI  - Reconciling simulated melting and   ground-state properties of metals with a  
      modified embedded-atom method potential.
AB  - We propose a modification of the embedded-atom method-type potential aiming at
      reconciling simulated melting and ground-state properties of metals by means of
      classical molecular dynamics. Considering titanium, magnesium, gold, and platinum
      as case studies, we demonstrate that simulations performed with the modified
      force field yield quantitatively correctly both the melting temperature of the
      metals and their ground-state properties. It is shown that the accounting for the
      long-range interatomic interactions noticeably affects the melting point
      assessment. The introduced modification weakens the interaction at interatomic
      distances exceeding the equilibrium one by a characteristic vibration amplitude
      defined by the Lindemann criterion, thus allowing for the correct simulation of
      melting, while keeping its behavior in the vicinity of the ground state minimum.
      The modification of the many-body potential has a general nature and can be
      applicable to metals with different characteristics of the electron structure as
      well as for many different molecular and solid state systems experiencing phase
      transitions.

PMID- 26977923
TI  - Joint Cognition: Thought Contagion and the Consequences of Cooperation when
      Sharing the Task of Random Sequence Generation.
AB  - Generating random number sequences is a popular psychological task often used to
      measure executive functioning. We explore random generation under "joint
      cognition" instructions; pairs of participants take turns to compile a shared
      response sequence. Across three studies, we point to six key findings from this
      novel format. First, there are both costs and benefits from group performance.
      Second, repetition avoidance occurs in dyadic as well as individual production
      settings. Third, individuals modify their choices in a dyadic situation such that
      the pair becomes the unit of psychological function. Fourth, there is immediate
      contagion of sequence stereotypy amongst the pairs (i.e., each contributor "owns"
      their partner's response). Fifth, dyad effects occur even when participants know
      their partner is not interacting with them (Experiment 2). Sixth, ironically,
      directing participants' efforts away from their shared task responsibility can
      actually benefit conjoint performance (Experiment 3). These results both
      constrain models of random generation and illuminate processes of joint
      cognition. 

PMID- 26977924
TI  - Profound Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin Mutation on
      Adherence Properties Are Clarified in in vitro Experiments.
AB  - Leukotoxin (Ltx) is a prominent virulence factor produced by Aggregatibacter
      actinomycetemcomitans, an oral microorganism highly associated with aggressive
      periodontitis. Ltx compromises host responsiveness by altering the viability of
      neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Previously, we developed a Rhesus (Rh)
      monkey colonization model designed to determine the effect of virulence gene
      mutations on colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Unexpectedly, an A.
      actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin (ltxA) mutant (RhAa-VS2) failed to colonize in
      the Rh model. No previous literature suggested that Ltx was associated with A.
      actinomycetemcomitans binding to tooth surfaces. These results led us to explore
      the broad effects of the ltxA mutation in vitro. Results indicated that LtxA
      activity was completely abolished in RhAa-VS2 strain, while complementation
      significantly (P<0.0001) restored leukotoxicity compared to RhAa-VS2 strain. RT
      PCR analysis of ltx gene expression ruled out polar effects. Furthermore, binding
      of RhAa-VS2 to salivary-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA) was significantly decreased
      (P<0.0001) compared to wild type RhAa3 strain. Real time RT-PCR analysis of the
      genes related to SHA binding in RhAa-VS2 showed that genes related to binding
      were downregulated [rcpA (P = 0.018), rcpB (P = 0.02), tadA (P = 0.002)] as
      compared to wild type RhAa3. RhAa-VS2 also exhibited decreased biofilm depth (P =
      0.008) and exo-polysaccharide production (P<0.0001). Buccal epithelial cell (BEC)
      binding of RhAa-VS2 was unaffected. Complementation with ltxA restored binding to
      SHA (P<0.002) but had no effect on biofilm formation when compared to RhAa3. In
      conclusion, mutation of ltxA diminished hard tissue binding in vitro, which helps
      explain the previous in vivo failure of a ltxA knockout to colonize the Rh oral
      cavity. These results suggest that; 1) one specific gene knockout (in this case
      ltxA) could affect other seemingly unrelated genes (such as rcpA, rcpB tadA etc),
      and 2) some caution should be used when interpreting the effect attributed to
      targeted gene mutations when seen in a competitive in vivo environment. 

PMID- 26977925
TI  - Immunological Properties of Corneal Epithelial-Like Cells Derived from Human
      Embryonic Stem Cells.
AB  - Transplantation of ex vivo expanded corneal limbal stem cells (LSCs) has been the
      main treatment for limbal stem cell deficiency, although the shortage of donor
      corneal tissues remains a major concern for its wide application. Due to the
      development of tissue engineering, embryonic stem cells (ESCs)-derived corneal
      epithelial-like cells (ESC-CECs) become a new direction for this issue. However,
      the immunogenicity of ESC-CECs is a critical matter to be solved. In the present
      study, we explored the immunological properties of ESC-CECs, which were
      differentiated from ESCs. The results showed that ESC-CECs had a similar
      character and function with LSCs both in vitro and in vivo. In ESC-CECs, a large
      number of genes related with immune response were down-regulated. The expressions
      of MHC-I, MHC-II, and co-stimulatory molecules were low, but the expression of
      HLA-G was high. The ESC-CECs were less responsible for T cell proliferation and
      NK cell lysis in vitro, and there was less immune cell infiltration after
      transplantation in vivo compared with LSCs. Moreover, the immunological
      properties were not affected by interferon-gamma. All these results indicated a
      low immunogenicity of ESC-CECs, and they can be promising in clinical use. 

PMID- 26977926
TI  - SfDredd, a Novel Initiator Caspase Possessing Activity on Effector Caspase
      Substrates in Spodoptera frugiperda.
AB  - Sf9, a cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda, is an ideal model organism
      for studying insect apoptosis. The first notable study that attempted to identify
      the apoptotic pathway in Sf9 was performed in 1997 and included the discovery of
      Sf-caspase-1, an effector caspase of Sf9. However, it was not until 2013 that the
      first initiator caspase in Sf9, SfDronc, was discovered, and the apoptotic
      pathway in Sf9 became clearer. In this study, we report another caspase of Sf9,
      SfDredd. SfDredd is highly similar to insect initiator caspase Dredd homologs.
      Experimentally, recombinant SfDredd underwent autocleavage and exhibited
      different efficiencies in cleavage of synthetic caspase substrates. This was
      attributed to its caspase activity for the predicted active site mutation blocked
      the above autocleavage and synthetic caspase substrates cleavage activity.
      SfDredd was capable of not only cleaving Sf-caspase-1 in vitro but also cleaving
      Sf-caspase-1 and inducing apoptosis when it was co-expressed with Sf-caspase-1 in
      Sf9 cells. The protein level of SfDredd was increased when Sf9 cells were treated
      by Actinomycin D, whereas silencing of SfDredd reduced apoptosis and Sf-caspase-1
      cleavage induced by Actinomycin D treatment. These results clearly indicate that
      SfDredd functioned as an apoptotic initiator caspase. Apoptosis induced in Sf9
      cells by overexpression of SfDredd alone was not as obvious as that induced by
      SfDronc alone, and the cleavage sites of Sf-caspase-1 for SfDredd and SfDronc are
      different. In addition, despite sharing a sequence homology with initiator
      caspases and possessing weak activity on initiator caspase substrates, SfDredd
      showed strong activity on effector caspase substrates, making it the only insect
      caspase reported so far functioning similar to human caspase-2 in this aspect. We
      believe that the discovery of SfDredd, and its different properties from SfDronc,
      will improve the understanding of apoptosis pathway in Sf9 cells. 

PMID- 26977927
TI  - A New Pharmacogenetic Algorithm to Predict the Most Appropriate Dosage of
      Acenocoumarol for Stable Anticoagulation in a Mixed Spanish Population.
AB  - There is a strong association between genetic polymorphisms and the acenocoumarol
      dosage requirements. Genotyping the polymorphisms involved in the
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acenocoumarol before starting
      anticoagulant therapy would result in a better quality of life and a more
      efficient use of healthcare resources. The objective of this study is to develop
      a new algorithm that includes clinical and genetic variables to predict the most
      appropriate acenocoumarol dosage for stable anticoagulation in a wide range of
      patients. We recruited 685 patients from 2 Spanish hospitals and 1 primary
      healthcare center. We randomly chose 80% of the patients (n = 556), considering
      an equitable distribution of genotypes to form the generation cohort. The
      remaining 20% (n = 129) formed the validation cohort. Multiple linear regression
      was used to generate the algorithm using the acenocoumarol stable dosage as the
      dependent variable and the clinical and genotypic variables as the independent
      variables. The variables included in the algorithm were age, weight, amiodarone
      use, enzyme inducer status, international normalized ratio target range and the
      presence of CYP2C9*2 (rs1799853), CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910), VKORC1 (rs9923231) and
      CYP4F2 (rs2108622). The coefficient of determination (R2) explained by the
      algorithm was 52.8% in the generation cohort and 64% in the validation cohort.
      The following R2 values were evaluated by pathology: atrial fibrillation, 57.4%;
      valve replacement, 56.3%; and venous thromboembolic disease, 51.5%. When the
      patients were classified into 3 dosage groups according to the stable dosage (<11
      mg/week, 11-21 mg/week, >21 mg/week), the percentage of correctly classified
      patients was higher in the intermediate group, whereas differences between
      pharmacogenetic and clinical algorithms increased in the extreme dosage groups.
      Our algorithm could improve acenocoumarol dosage selection for patients who will
      begin treatment with this drug, especially in extreme-dosage patients. The
      predictability of the pharmacogenetic algorithm did not vary significantly
      between diseases. 

PMID- 26977928
TI  - Assessing the Relationship between Lung Density and Function with Oxygen-Enhanced
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Mouse Model of Emphysema.
AB  - PURPOSE: A magnetic resonance imaging method is presented that allows for the
      simultaneous assessment of oxygen delivery, oxygen uptake, and parenchymal
      density. The technique is applied to a mouse model of porcine pancreatic elastase
      (PPE) induced lung emphysema in order to investigate how structural changes
      affect lung function. METHOD: Nine-week-old female C57BL6 mice were instilled
      with saline or PPE at days 0 and 7. At day 19, oxygen delivery, oxygen uptake,
      and lung density were quantified from T1 and proton-density measurements obtained
      via oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OE-MRI) using an ultrashort echo
      time imaging sequence. Subsequently, the lungs were sectioned for histological
      observation. Blood-gas analyses and pulmonary functional tests via FlexiVent were
      performed in separate cohorts. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: PPE-challenged mice had
      reduced density when assessed via MRI, consistent with the parenchyma loss
      observed in the histology sections, and an increased lung compliance was detected
      via FlexiVent. The oxygenation levels, as assessed via the blood-gas analysis,
      showed no difference between PPE-challenged animals and control. This finding was
      mirrored in the global MRI assessments of oxygen delivery and uptake, where the
      changes in relaxation time indices were matched between the groups. The
      heterogeneity of the same parameters however, were increased in PPE-challenged
      animals. When the oxygenation status was investigated in regions of varying
      density, a reduced oxygen-uptake was found in low-density regions of PPE
      challenged mice. In high-density regions the uptake was higher than that of
      regions of corresponding density in control animals. The oxygen delivery was
      proportional to the oxygen uptake in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed
      method allowed for the regional assessment of the relationship between lung
      density and two aspects of lung function, the oxygen delivery and uptake. When
      compared to global indices of lung function, an increased sensitivity for
      detecting heterogeneous lung disorders was found. This indicated that the
      technique has potential for early detection of lung dysfunction-before global
      changes occur.

PMID- 26977931
TI  - Minimal SNP overlap among multiple panels of ancestry informative markers argues
      for more international collaboration.
AB  - The century-old use of genetic markers to determine population relationships has
      morphed in modern forensics into use of markers to determine the ancestry of an
      individual from a DNA sample. Researchers have identified sets of SNPs that have
      frequency differences among populations and many sets of SNPs have been published
      for the purpose of inferring ancestry. Such inference also requires reference
      datasets for the particular set of SNPs selected. We have identified 21 largely
      independent published panels of ancestry informative SNPs (AISNPs) and examined
      their union of 1397 SNPs. No SNP occurs in more than 6 panels. The 1397 SNPs in
      21 panels yield a largely empty matrix that is inhibiting progress on more
      refined ability to infer ancestry for a forensic sample. The most common set of
      reference populations is the HGDP set of 52 small population samples totaling a
      thousand individuals. Only 46 (3%) of the 1397 SNPs occur in three or more
      panels. We assembled a new dataset for 44 of those SNPs involving 4,559
      individuals from 73 populations. Analyses of this dataset provided clear
      differentiation of only five biogeographic regions: sub-Saharan Africa, Europe
      and SW Asia, South Asia, East Asia, and the Americas. This is an inadequate level
      of biogeographic resolution already exceeded by other panels. We conclude that
      more such AISNP panels are not needed and that the forensic community must
      collaborate to develop a common set of highly differentiating AISNPs typed on a
      very large number of population samples. How that can be accomplished will be the
      subject of future discussion.

PMID- 26977930
TI  - Measuring the Burden of Hospitalization in Patients with Parkinson's Disease in
      Spain.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This epidemiological survey estimates the hospitalization burden
      related to Parkinson's Disease in Spain. METHODS: This observational
      retrospective survey was performed by reviewing data from the National
      Surveillance System for Hospital Data, which includes more than 98% of Spanish
      hospitals. All hospitalizations of patients with Parkinson's disease that were
      reported from 1997-2012 were analyzed. Codes were selected using the 9th
      International Classification of Diseases: ICD-9-CM: 332.0. RESULTS: A total of
      438,513 hospital discharges of patients with Parkinson's Disease were reported
      during the study period. The annual hospitalization rate was 64.2 cases per
      100,000. The average length of hospital stay was 10 days. The trend for the
      annual hospitalization rate differed significantly depending on whether
      Parkinson's disease was the main cause of hospitalization (n = 23,086, 1.14%
      annual increase) or was not the main cause of hospitalization (n = 415,427,
      15.37% annual increase). The overall case-fatality rate among hospitalized
      patients was 10%. The case fatality rate among patient's hospitalized with
      Parkinson's disease as the main cause of hospitalization was 2.5%. The
      hospitalization rate and case-fatality rate significantly increased with age. The
      primary causes of hospitalization when Parkinson's disease was not coded as the
      main cause of hospitalization were as follows: respiratory system diseases (24%),
      circulatory system diseases (19%), injuries and poisoning, including fractures
      (12%), diseases of the digestive system (10%) and neoplasms (5%). The annual
      average cost for National Health Care System was ? 120 M, with a mean
      hospitalization cost of ?4,378. CONCLUSIONS: Parkinson's disease poses a
      significant health threat in Spain, particularly in the elderly. While
      hospitalizations due to Parkinson's Disease are relatively stable over time, the
      number of patients presenting with Parkinson's disease as an important
      comorbidity has increased dramatically. Medical staff must be specifically
      trained to treat the particular needs of hospitalized patients suffering from
      Parkinson's disease as an important comorbidity.

PMID- 26977932
TI  - Observations of DNA transfer within an operational Forensic Biology Laboratory.
AB  - Advances in technology to both generate and interpret DNA profiles has seen the
      expansion of the ability to provide opinions about results obtained from very low
      levels of starting biological material. The response in court has been to
      question the mode by which the DNA came to be on an item, rather than questioning
      its presence. This brings into play a number of real-world aspects such as
      transfer of biological material, persistence of biological material on items,
      shedding ability of individuals, just to name a few. There have been a number of
      studies that investigate different aspects relating the mode of DNA deposition
      and transfer, mostly under tightly controlled conditions. We add to this
      knowledge pool by investigating the extent to which individuals at Forensic
      Science SA (FSSA) deposit their DNA on objects throughout the floor of the
      building where DNA examinations take place. We find that the results obtained in
      our minimally controlled study allow us to comment on a number of published
      concepts.

PMID- 26977929
TI  - Identification and Characterization of msf, a Novel Virulence Factor in
      Haemophilus influenzae.
AB  - Haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen. The emergence of virulent,
      non-typeable strains (NTHi) emphasizes the importance of developing new
      interventional targets. We screened the NTHi supragenome for genes encoding
      surface-exposed proteins suggestive of immune evasion, identifying a large family
      containing Sel1-like repeats (SLRs). Clustering identified ten SLR-containing
      gene subfamilies, each with various numbers of SLRs per gene. Individual strains
      also had varying numbers of SLR-containing genes from one or more of the
      subfamilies. Statistical genetic analyses of gene possession among 210 NTHi
      strains typed as either disease or carriage found a significant association
      between possession of the SlrVA subfamily (which we have termed, macrophage
      survival factor, msf) and the disease isolates. The PittII strain contains four
      chromosomally contiguous msf genes. Deleting all four of these genes (msfA1-4)
      (KO) resulted in a highly significant decrease in phagocytosis and survival in
      macrophages; which was fully complemented by a single copy of the msfA1 gene.
      Using the chinchilla model of otitis media and invasive disease, the KO strain
      displayed a significant decrease in fitness compared to the WT in co-infections;
      and in single infections, the KO lost its ability to invade the brain. The singly
      complemented strain showed only a partial ability to compete with the WT
      suggesting gene dosage is important in vivo. The transcriptional profiles of the
      KO and WT in planktonic growth were compared using the NTHi supragenome array,
      which revealed highly significant changes in the expression of operons involved
      in virulence and anaerobiosis. These findings demonstrate that the msfA1-4 genes
      are virulence factors for phagocytosis, persistence, and trafficking to non
      mucosal sites. 

PMID- 26977933
TI  - Foliar Essential Oil Glands of Eucalyptus Subgenus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) Are a
      Rich Source of Flavonoids and Related Non-Volatile Constituents.
AB  - The sub-dermal secretory cavities (glands) embedded within the leaves of
      Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) were once thought to be the exclusive repositories of
      monoterpene and sesquiterpene oils. Recent research has debunked this theory and
      shown that abundant non-volatile compounds also occur within foliar glands. In
      particular, glands of four species in subgenus Eucalyptus contain the
      biologically active flavanone pinocembrin. Pinocembrin shows great promise as a
      pharmaceutical and is predominantly plant-sourced, so Eucalyptus could be a
      potential commercial source of such compounds. To explore this we quantified and
      assessed the purity of pinocembrin in glands of 11 species of E. subg. Eucalyptus
      using Electro-Spray Ionisation Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of
      acetonitrile extracts and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses of hexane
      extracts of isolated glands which were free from other leaf tissues. Our results
      showed that the glands of subgenus Eucalyptus contain numerous flavanones that
      are structurally related to pinocembrin and often present in much greater
      abundance. The maximum concentration of pinocembrin was 2 mg g-1 dry leaf found
      in E. stellulata, whereas that of dimethylpinocembrin (5,7-dimethoxyflavanone)
      was 10 mg g-1 in E. oreades and that of pinostrobin (5-hydroxy-7
      methoxyflavanone) was 12 mg g-1 in E. nitida. We also found that the flavanones
      are exclusively located within the foliar glands rather than distributed
      throughout leaf tissues. The flavanones differ from the non-methylated
      pinocembrin in the degree and positions of methylation. This finding is
      particularly important given the attractiveness of methylated flavonoids as
      pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. Another important finding was that glands of
      some members of the subgenus also contain flavanone O-glucosides and flavanone
      beta-triketone conjugates. In addition, glands contain free beta-triketones, beta
      triketone heterodimers and chromone C-glucosides. Therefore, the foliar glands of
      this taxonomically distinct group of plants are a rich source of a range of
      flavonoids and other biologically active compounds with great commercial
      potential. 

PMID- 26977934
TI  - Correction: Inflammatory Stress on Autophagy in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear
      Cells from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease during 24 Months of Follow-Up.

PMID- 26977936
TI  - Comparing a number line and audio prompts in supporting price comparison by
      students with intellectual disability.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS/METHODS: Price comparison is an important and complex skill, but
      it lacks sufficient research attention in terms of educating secondary students
      with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder. This alternating
      treatment design study compared the use of a paper-based number line and audio
      prompts delivered via an audio recorder to support three secondary students with
      intellectual disability to independently and accuracy compare the price of three
      separate grocery items. PROCEDURES/OUTCOMES: The study consisted of 22 sessions,
      spread across baseline, intervention, best treatment, and two different
      generalization phases. Data were collected on the percent of task analysis steps
      completed independently, the type of prompts needed, students' accuracy selecting
      the lowest priced item, and task completion time. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: With both
      intervention conditions, students were able to independently complete the task
      analysis steps as well as accurately select the lowest priced item and decrease
      their task completion time. For two of the students, the audio recorder condition
      resulted in the greatest independence and for one the number line. For only one
      student was the condition with the greatest independence also the condition for
      the highest rate of accuracy. IMPLICATIONS: The results suggest both tools can
      support students with price comparison. Yet, audio recorders offer students and
      teachers an age-appropriate and setting-appropriate option.

PMID- 26977935
TI  - A Behavioral Measure of Costly Helping: Replicating and Extending the Association
      with Callous Unemotional Traits in Male Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some conduct-disordered youths have high levels of callous
      unemotional traits and meet the DSM-5's "with limited prosocial emotions" (LPE)
      specifier. These youths often do aggressive, self-benefitting acts that cost
      others. We previously developed a task, the AlAn's game, which asks participants
      to repeatedly decide whether to accept or reject offers in which they will
      receive money but a planned charity donation will be reduced. In our prior work,
      more "costly helping" (i.e., rejecting the offered money and protecting the
      donation) was associated with lower callous unemotional traits. Here we extend
      that prior work in a larger sample of adolescent male patients with serious
      conduct problems and controls, and test whether this association is mediated
      specifically by a Moral Elevation response (i.e., a positive emotional response
      to another's act of virtue). METHODS: The adolescent male participants were: 45
      patients (23 with LPE) and 26 controls, who underwent an extensive phenotypic
      assessment including a measure of Moral Elevation. About 1 week later
      participants played the AlAn's game. RESULTS: All AlAn's game outcomes
      demonstrated significant group effects: (1) money taken for self (p = 0.02); (2)
      money left in the charitable donation (p = 0.03); and, (3) costly helping (p =
      0.047). Controls took the least money and did the most costly helping, while
      patients with LPE took the most money and did the least costly helping. Groups
      also significantly differed in post-stimulus Moral Elevation scores (p = 0.005).
      Exploratory analyses supported that the relationship between callous unemotional
      traits and costly helping on the AlAn's game may be mediated in part by
      differences in Moral Elevation. CONCLUSIONS: The AlAn's game provides a
      standardized behavioral measure associated with callous unemotional traits.
      Adolescents with high levels of callous unemotional traits engage in fewer costly
      helping behaviors, and those differences may be related to blunting of positive
      emotional responses.

PMID- 26977937
TI  - Do inclusive work environments matter? Effects of community-integrated employment
      on quality of life for individuals with intellectual disabilities.
AB  - More individuals with an intellectual disability now possess prerequisite skills
      and supports necessary for successful work force integration than did previous
      generations. The current study compared quality of life of community-integrated
      workers with those participating in sheltered vocational workshops and adult day
      care programs. We considered numerous indices of quality of life, including
      inclusion and community participation; satisfaction within professional services,
      home life, and day activities; dignity, rights, and respect received from others;
      fear; choice and control; and family satisfaction. Our data revealed several
      important differences in quality of life across daytime activities; participants
      involved in community-integrated employment tended to be younger, indicated a
      greater sense of community integration, and reported more financial autonomy than
      did those who participated in adult day care programs and sheltered workshops.
      However, individuals reported no differences in overall satisfaction across
      daytime activities. We discuss generational differences across employment status
      as well as possible explanations to account for high levels of satisfaction
      across daytime activities. 

PMID- 26977938
TI  - Fragile Sites of 'Valencia' Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Chromosomes Are
      Related with Active 45s rDNA.
AB  - Citrus sinensis chromosomes present a morphological differentiation of bands
      after staining by the fluorochromes CMA and DAPI, but there is still little
      information on its chromosomal characteristics. In this study, the chromosomes in
      'Valencia' C. sinensis were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
      using telomere DNA and the 45S rDNA gene as probes combining CMA/DAPI staining,
      which showed that there were two fragile sites in sweet orange chromosomes co
      localizing at distended 45S rDNA regions, one proximally locating on B-type
      chromosome and the other subterminally locating on D-type chromosome. While the
      chromosomal CMA banding and 45S rDNA FISH mapping in the doubled haploid line of
      'Valencia' C. sinensis indicated six 45S rDNA regions, four were identified as
      fragile sites as doubled comparing its parental line, which confirmed the
      cytological heterozygosity and chromosomal heteromorphisms in sweet orange.
      Furthermore, Ag-NOR identified two distended 45S rDNA regions to be active
      nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) in diploid 'Valencia' C. sinensis. The
      occurrence of quadrivalent in meiosis of pollen mother cells (PMCs) in 'Valencia'
      sweet orange further confirmed it was a chromosomal reciprocal translocation
      line. We speculated this chromosome translocation was probably related to fragile
      sites. Our data provide insights into the chromosomal characteristics of the
      fragile sites in 'Valencia' sweet orange and are expected to facilitate the
      further investigation of the possible functions of fragile sites. 

PMID- 26977939
TI  - System impact research - increasing public health and health care system
      performance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interventions directed to system features of public health and health
      care should increase health and welfare of patients and population. AIMS: To
      build a new framework for studies aiming to assess the impact of public health or
      health care system, and to consider the role of Randomized Controlled Trials
      (RCTs) and of Benchmarking Controlled Trials (BCTs). METHODS: The new concept is
      partly based on the author's previous paper on the Benchmarking Controlled Trial.
      The validity and generalizability considerations were based on previous
      methodological studies on RCTs and BCTs. RESULTS: The new concept System Impact
      Research (SIR) covers all the studies which aim to assess the impact of the
      public health system or of the health care system on patients or on population.
      There are two kinds of studies in System Impact Research: Benchmarking Controlled
      Trials (observational) and Randomized Controlled Trials (experimental). The term
      impact covers in particular accessibility, quality, effectiveness, safety,
      efficiency, and equality. CONCLUSIONS: System Impact Research - creating the
      scientific basis for policy decision making - should be given a high priority in
      medical, public health and health economic research, and should also be used for
      improving performance. Leaders at all levels of health and social care can use
      the evidence from System Impact Research for the benefit of patients and
      population. Key messages The new concept of SIR is defined as a research field
      aiming at assessing the impacts on patients and on populations of features of
      public health and health and social care systems or of interventions trying to
      change these features. SIR covers all features of public health and health and
      social care system, and actions upon these features. The term impact refers to
      all effects caused by the public health and health and social care system or
      parts of it, with particular emphasis on accessibility, quality, effectiveness,
      adverse effects, efficiency, and equality of services. SIR creates the scientific
      basis for policy decisions. Leaders at all levels of health and social care can
      use the evidence from SIR for the benefit of the patients and the population.

PMID- 26977940
TI  - Characterization of Virulence-Associated Genes, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes,
      and Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Isolates from
      Chicken Meat and Humans in Egypt.
AB  - Foodborne pathogens are leading causes of illness especially in developing
      countries. The current study aimed to characterize virulence-associated genes and
      antimicrobial resistance in 30 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates of chicken and
      human origin at Mansoura, Egypt. The results showed that invA, avrA, mgtC, stn,
      and bcfC genes were identified in all the examined isolates, while 96.7% and 6.7%
      were positive for sopB and pef genes, respectively. The highest resistance
      frequencies of the isolates were to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole (73.3%, each), followed by streptomycin (56.7%), tetracycline
      and ampicillin (53.3%, each), and gentamicin (30%). However, only 2.7% of the
      isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone each. Different resistance
      associated genes, including blaTEM, aadB, aadC, aadA1, aadA2, floR, tetA(A),
      tetA(B), and sul1, were identified in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates with the
      respective frequencies of 53.3%, 6.7%, 23.3%, 46.7%, 63.3%, 73.3%, 60%, 20%, and
      96.7%. None of the isolates was positive for blaSHV, blaOXA, and blaCMY genes.
      The results showed that the intI1 gene was detected in 24 (80%) of the examined
      Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. Class 1 integrons were found in 19 (79.2%)
      isolates that were intI1 positive. Seven integron profiles (namely: P-I to P-VII)
      were identified with P-V (gene cassette dfrA15, aadA2), the most prevalent
      profile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize
      the unusual gene cassette array dfrA12-OrfF-aadA27 from Salmonella Typhimurium
      isolates in Egypt.

PMID- 26977961
TI  - Effects of different routes of application on ethylenediurea persistence in
      tobacco leaves.
AB  - Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a common research tool for investigating ozone impacts on
      vegetation, although the role of different application routes (foliar spray vs
      soil drench) on EDU persistence in the leaves is unknown. We quantified EDU
      concentrations in leaves of the O3-sensitive Bel-W3 cultivar of tobacco treated
      with EDU as either foliar spray or soil drench. Foliar EDU concentrations were
      measured by Q-TOF LC/MS. When EDU was applied as foliar spray, 1 h was enough for
      reaching a measurable concentration within the leaf. EDU concentration increased
      over the 21-day period when the leaf was not washed after the application
      (treatment #1), while it decreased when the leaf was washed after the application
      (treatment #2). These results suggest that: a) dry deposition of EDU onto the
      leaf surface was gradually absorbed into the unwashed leaf, although the
      mechanisms of such uptake were unclear; b) concentration of EDU was decreased
      quickly (-35%) during the first 24 h from application and more slowly during the
      following three days (-20%) in the washed leaves. Degradation did not involve
      enzymatic reactions and was not affected by the presence of ROS. When EDU was
      applied as soil drench, foliar concentrations increased over time, likely due to
      adsorption onto soil organic matter and gradual re-solubilization by irrigation
      water. An analysis of EDU concentration in protoplast and intercellular washing
      fluid showed that EDU did not enter the cells, but was retained in the apoplast
      only. Possible implications of EDU in the apoplast and recommendations for EDU
      application are discussed. 

PMID- 26977962
TI  - Precision Medicine in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

PMID- 26977963
TI  - Now We Know Who You Are: A Clear Description of Mononuclear Phagocyte Subsets in
      the Human Lung.

PMID- 26977964
TI  - Asthma: Airways That Are Hyperactive by Design.

PMID- 26977965
TI  - Vitamin D in Asthma. Is the Golden Bullet Losing Its Luster?

PMID- 26977966
TI  - At the Checkpoint: Lung CD8(+) T Cells, Respiratory Viruses, and Chronic
      Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

PMID- 26977967
TI  - Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion and the Natural History of Chronic Obstructive
      Pulmonary Disease.

PMID- 26977968
TI  - Pneumoconiosis Redux. Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis and Silicosis Are Still a
      Problem.

PMID- 26977969
TI  - Access to Lung Transplantation. The Long and Short of It.

PMID- 26977970
TI  - Lipofibroblast Phenotype in Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis.

PMID- 26977972
TI  - Duration of Hospitalization and Lung Function Deterioration as Predictors of
      Future Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations.

PMID- 26977971
TI  - Controlled Mechanical Ventilation Attenuates the Systemic Inflammation of Severe
      Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations.

PMID- 26977974
TI  - What is ECMO?

PMID- 26977973
TI  - Anticoagulant Therapy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Its Potential Effects
      on Pathogenesis.

PMID- 26977975
TI  - Thyroid storm and early-onset proteinuric hypertension caused by a partial molar
      pregnancy.

PMID- 26977976
TI  - Uterine perforation of pyometra in a cervical cancer: A case report and
      literature review.

PMID- 26977977
TI  - Synthesis of functionalized gold nanoparticles capped with 3-mercapto-1
      propansulfonate and 1-thioglucose mixed thiols and "in vitro" bioresponse.
AB  - The synthesis, characterization and assessment of biological behavior of
      innovative negatively charged functionalized gold nanoparticles is herein
      reported, for potential applications in the field of radiotherapy and drug
      delivery. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with two capping agents,
      i.e., the 3-mercapto-1-propansulfonate (3-MPS) and 1-beta-thio-D-glucose (TG),
      have been on purpose synthesized and fully characterized. Advanced
      characterization techniques including X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were
      applied to probe the chemical structure of the synthesized nanomaterials. Z
      potential and Dynamic Light Scattering measurements allowed assessing the
      nanodimension, dispersity, surface charge and stability of AuNPs. Transmission
      Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) were
      applied to the "in vitro" HSG cell model, to investigate the nanoparticles-cells
      interaction and to evaluate the internalization efficiency, whereas short term
      cytotoxicity and long term cell killing were evaluated by means of MTT and SRB
      assays, respectively. In conclusion, in order to increase the amount of gold
      atoms inside the cell we have optimized the synthesis for a new kind of
      biocompatible and very stable negatively charged TG-functionalized nanoparticles,
      with diameters in a range that maximize the uptake in cells (i.e., ~15nm). Such
      particles are very promising for radiotherapy and drug delivery application. 

PMID- 26977978
TI  - Unintended Pregnancy, Depression, and Hazardous Drinking in a Community-Based
      Sample of Sexual Minority Women.
AB  - CONTEXT: Unintended pregnancy is a stressful life event with important
      implications for women's health. Little research has examined sexual minority
      women's (SMW; lesbian, bisexual, mostly heterosexual) experiences of unintended
      pregnancy, and no studies have examined the relationship between unintended
      pregnancy, mental health, and negative coping behaviors in this population.
      METHODS: We used the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women (CHLEW) Study
      (n = 454), a diverse sample of SMW, to examine the relationship between self
      reported unintended pregnancy, depressive symptoms, and hazardous drinking. We
      used generalized linear model-building techniques and adjusted for key
      sociodemographic controls, as well as unintended pregnancy risk factors,
      including childhood physical and sexual abuse and age of sexual debut. RESULTS:
      Twenty-four percent of the sample reported an unintended pregnancy. SMW who
      reported unintended pregnancies also reported significantly more depressive
      symptoms and greater risk of hazardous drinking. Adjusting for childhood abuse
      explained the relationship between unintended pregnancy and depressive symptoms,
      but not the relationship between unintended pregnancy and hazardous drinking.
      CONCLUSIONS: Unintended pregnancy among SMW is an understudied topic. Our results
      suggest that unintended pregnancy is not uncommon among SMW and highlight the
      need for more research to investigate the mechanisms that link unintended
      pregnancy to depression and to hazardous drinking within this population.

PMID- 26977980
TI  - "We are our choices"--AIDS impact special issue Amsterdam 2015.

PMID- 26977979
TI  - Automated DBS microsampling, microscale automation and microflow LC-MS for
      therapeutic protein PK.
AB  - AIM: Reduce animal usage for discovery-stage PK studies for biologics programs
      using microsampling-based approaches and microscale LC-MS. METHODS & RESULTS: We
      report the development of an automated DBS-based serial microsampling approach
      for studying the PK of therapeutic proteins in mice. Automated sample preparation
      and microflow LC-MS were used to enable assay miniaturization and improve overall
      assay throughput. Serial sampling of mice was possible over the full 21-day study
      period with the first six time points over 24 h being collected using automated
      DBS sample collection. Overall, this approach demonstrated comparable data to a
      previous study using single mice per time point liquid samples while reducing
      animal and compound requirements by 14-fold. CONCLUSION: Reduction in animals and
      drug material is enabled by the use of automated serial DBS microsampling for
      mice studies in discovery-stage studies of protein therapeutics.

PMID- 26977981
TI  - Holy MACRA! Will Our Future Be Better or Worse?

PMID- 26977982
TI  - Beyond Work-Life "Balance".

PMID- 26977983
TI  - Medicare Payment Reform: Making Sense of MACRA.

PMID- 26977984
TI  - Screening Your Adult Patients for Depression.

PMID- 26977985
TI  - Lower Your Overhead With a Patient Portal.

PMID- 26977986
TI  - How to Start Your Workday.

PMID- 26977988
TI  - Coding bilateral procedures.

PMID- 26977987
TI  - Advance care planning.

PMID- 26977989
TI  - Data elements and medical decision-making.

PMID- 26977991
TI  - Injured extremity examination.

PMID- 26977990
TI  - Multiple digit procedures.

PMID- 26977992
TI  - Improve huddles with whiteboards.

PMID- 26977993
TI  - Compare job options using a simple tool.

PMID- 26977994
TI  - Diabetic foot exams and PQRS.

PMID- 26977995
TI  - Getting Your Notes Done on Time.

PMID- 26977997
TI  - Barcelona Consensus on Biomarker-Based Immunosuppressive Drugs Management in
      Solid Organ Transplantation.
AB  - With current treatment regimens, a relatively high proportion of transplant
      recipients experience underimmunosuppression or overimmunosuppression. Recently,
      several promising biomarkers have been identified for determining patient
      alloreactivity, which help in assessing the risk of rejection and personal
      response to the drug; others correlate with graft dysfunction and clinical
      outcome, offering a realistic opportunity for personalized immunosuppression.
      This consensus document aims to help tailor immunosuppression to the needs of the
      individual patient. It examines current knowledge on biomarkers associated with
      patient risk stratification and immunosuppression requirements that have been
      generally accepted as promising. It is based on a comprehensive review of the
      literature and the expert opinion of the Biomarker Working Group of the
      International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology.
      The quality of evidence was systematically weighted, and the strength of
      recommendations was rated according to the GRADE system. Three types of
      biomarkers are discussed: (1) those associated with the risk of rejection
      (alloreactivity/tolerance), (2) those reflecting individual response to
      immunosuppressants, and (3) those associated with graft dysfunction. Analytical
      aspects of biomarker measurement and novel pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models
      accessible to the transplant community are also addressed. Conventional
      pharmacokinetic biomarkers may be used in combination with those discussed in
      this article to achieve better outcomes and improve long-term graft survival. Our
      group of experts has made recommendations for the most appropriate analysis of a
      proposed panel of preliminary biomarkers, most of which are currently under
      clinical evaluation in ongoing multicentre clinical trials. A section of Next
      Steps was also included, in which the Expert Committee is committed to sharing
      this knowledge with the Transplant Community in the form of triennial updates. 

PMID- 26977998
TI  - Regulatory T Cells as Biomarkers for Rejection and Immunosuppression Tailoring in
      Solid Organ Transplantation.
AB  - The use of biomarkers to tailor immunosuppression and to predict graft and
      patient outcomes using biological samples obtained by non-invasive tests is one
      of the main objectives in solid organ transplantation. Although biopsies give the
      most accurate information, they are clearly invasive and are associated with
      potentially adverse effects. To date, regulatory T cells have been shown to play
      a role in allograft protection; for this reason, extensive research has been
      performed to define them as biomarkers. However, studies of the measurement of
      these cells in peripheral blood as biomarkers in solid organ transplantation have
      been very limited and still not validated in prospective randomized large cohorts
      with the use of standardized methodology. Such poor evidence has been almost
      exclusively obtained in renal transplantation. Available data summarized here
      point for their use as biomarkers in different clinical settings with discordant
      data in many cases. 

PMID- 26977999
TI  - Target Enzyme Activity and Phosphorylation of Pathway Molecules As Specific
      Biomarkers in Transplantation.
AB  - Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants in the clinic is based on the
      measurement of blood concentration (pharmacokinetics). However, pharmacokinetic
      monitoring of immunosuppressants does not allow prediction of individual
      differences in pharmacological effects on immune cells. Pharmacodynamic (PD)
      monitoring via direct determination of target enzyme activity and phosphorylation
      of pathway molecules may enhance therapeutic drug monitoring and allow prediction
      of individual responses to immunosuppressants. This review discusses the clinical
      relevance of monitoring the activity of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase
      (IMPDH), the target enzyme of mycophenolic acid, and of the phosphorylation of
      mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) molecules. Significant progress regarding
      a robust and practicable assay for the determination of IMPDH activity as a
      specific PD parameter of mycophenolic acid activity has been achieved. The
      development of a rapid and reliable IMPDH assay system suitable for use in
      clinical practice was an important step that allowed thorough pharmacokinetics-PD
      investigations in large numbers of mycophenolic acid-treated patients. A
      reproducible and validated IMPDH assay was used in a few clinical trials by
      different research groups and is based on the chromatographic determination of
      newly generated xanthine monophosphate in mononuclear cell lysates. This assay
      requires only small volumes of blood and can be reliably used in multicenter
      trials; however, more clinical data from larger cohorts are needed to determine
      its clinical utility. Regarding monitoring of mTOR inhibitors (mTORis), the
      results of the first study that provided data on measurement of mTOR pathway
      molecules [p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6 kinase) and phosphorylated
      ribosomal protein S6] suggest that they are suitable targets for individualized
      PD monitoring of sirolimus and everolimus after organ transplantation. At
      present, only the phospho-flow phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 assay has been
      validated in vitro and evaluated for confounding factors in vivo. The reported
      specific biomarkers for IMPDH activity and phosphorylation of mTOR molecules must
      be validated in clinical settings and multicenter studies to prove their clinical
      validity. 

PMID- 26977996
TI  - Role of monocytes and macrophages in regulating immune response following lung
      transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Advances in the field of monocyte and macrophage biology have
      dramatically changed our understanding of their role during homeostasis and
      inflammation. Here we review the role of these important innate immune effectors
      in the lung during inflammatory challenges including lung transplantation. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Neutrophil extravasation into lung tissue and the alveolar space have
      been shown to be pathogenic during acute lung injury as well as primary graft
      dysfunction following lung transplantation. Recent advances in lung immunology
      have demonstrated the remarkable plasticity of both monocytes and macrophages and
      demonstrated their importance as mediators of neutrophil recruitment and
      transendothelial migration during inflammation. SUMMARY: Monocytes and
      macrophages are emerging as key players in mediating both the pathogen response
      and sterile lung inflammation, including that arising from barotrauma and
      ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ongoing studies will establish the mechanisms by
      which these monocytes and macrophages initiate a variety of immune response that
      lay the fundamental basis of injury response in the lung.

PMID- 26978000
TI  - Individual Health Management - A Comprehensive Lifestyle Counselling Programme
      for Health Promotion, Disease Prevention and Patient Education.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data shows globally increasing numbers of obesity and
      stress-related diseases. In this article, a comprehensive medical lifestyle
      modification programme - called Individual Health Management (IHM) - is described
      in detail and discussed as a promising tool to individually manage and reverse
      such negative health trends in patients. METHODS: The IHM programme is based on a
      blended learning concept. It comprises a 12-week basic training phase, followed
      by a 9-month maintenance phase, and includes the following key features: 1) web
      based and physician-led health screenings; 2) a structured 12-week basic training
      with a core curriculum providing tuition in behavioural self-management
      strategies for weight loss and stress reduction; 3) weekly supervised group
      sessions during the core curriculum; 4) tailoring of materials, strategies and
      lifestyle goals; 5) continuous self-monitoring and feedback of the achieved
      progress; 6) regular contact with physicians or health professionals based on
      either face-to-face or distant lifestyle counselling; 7) recurrent one-day health
      seminars to ensure the sustainability of obtained results. CONCLUSIONS: IHM is a
      multi-component lifestyle intervention programme to increase physical activity,
      to reduce calorie intake and to practice both self and stress management.
      Individual care, group support and a tailored web-based programme blend to
      achieve the desired goals. A randomised control study to evaluate IHM's effects
      on weight control is currently being conducted.

PMID- 26978001
TI  - Adrenal Adenoma and Pheochromocytoma: Comparison of Multidetector CT Venous
      Enhancement Levels and Washout Characteristics.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare multidetector CT venous enhancement
      level and washout characteristics of adrenal adenoma and pheochromocytoma, with
      the goal of defining a venous enhancement level predictive of pheochromocytoma.
      METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records between 2002 and 2012 was
      performed to identify adrenal masses measuring less than 4 cm. Inclusion criteria
      for adrenal adenomas was venous phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT),
      confirmatory adrenal CT (precontrast +/- washout), 1 to 2 years stability, and
      absence of clinical indicators of pheochromocytoma. All pathologically proven
      pheochromocytomas with venous phase CT imaging were evaluated. Nodule size and
      attenuation (venous +/- precontrast, delayed) were recorded. Student t test
      analysis compared venous enhancement levels. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-three
      subjects with 200 adenomas were compared with 22 subjects with 26
      pheochromocytomas. The mean (SD) venous enhancement level for all adenomas (58
      [26] Hounsfield units [HU]) and lipid-poor adenomas (76 [25]) was lower than that
      of pheochromocytomas (111 [38] HU, P < 0.01). No adenomas enhanced greater than
      130 HU, compared with 38% (10/26) of the pheochromocytomas. A threshold of 130 HU
      to identify pheochromocytoma was 38% sensitive and 100% specific for
      pheochromocytoma. Of the 17 pheochromocytomas with washout imaging, rapid washout
      was identified in all (10/10, 100%) that enhanced greater than 130 HU on the
      venous phase, compared with 43% (3/7) that enhanced less than 130 HU.
      CONCLUSIONS: An indeterminate adrenal lesion that enhances greater than 130 HU on
      multidetector CT cannot be assumed to be an adenoma. Hypervascular
      pheochromocytoma (>130 HU) mimics adenoma washout pattern; absolute venous phase
      enhancement level must be considered.

PMID- 26978002
TI  - Potential Utility of Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images Assessment in Brain
      Astrocytoma Grading.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of
      multivariate factors of Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images (VASARI) in brain
      astrocytoma grading. METHODS: Presurgical magnetic resonance images of 126
      patients with brain astrocytomas (World Health Organization grade 2, n = 38;
      grade 3, n = 36; grade 4, n = 52) were rated by 2 neuroradiologists for tumor
      size, location, and tumor morphology by using a standardized imaging feature set
      VASARI. RESULTS: Significant differences were noted in 12 factors of VASARI
      including enhancement quality, enhancing proportion, noncontrast enhancing tumor
      proportion, necrosis proportion, edema proportion, hemorrhage, thickness of
      enhancing margin, definition of the enhancing margin, pial and ependymal
      invasion, enhanced tumor crossing midline, and satellites between brain
      astrocytoma grades (grades 1-IV, P < 0.05). On multivariate regression analysis,
      enhancement quality was an independent diagnostic factor for high-grade brain
      astrocytoma, whereas edema proportion was an independent diagnostic factor in
      differentiating grade 2 and grade 3. Noncontrast enhancing tumor proportion was a
      predictive factor in the diagnosis of grade 4 astrocytoma. Receiver operating
      characteristic analysis illustrates edema proportion score higher than 2 with
      sensitivity of 86.1% in differentiating grade 2 and grade 3 astrocytoma.
      Noncontrast enhancing tumor proportion scores 4 or lower has high sensitivity
      (92.3%) but moderate specificity (50.0%) in differentiating grade 3 and grade 4
      astrocytoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our data illustrate that magnetic resonance features of
      VASARI especially enhancement quality, edema proportion, and noncontrast
      enhancing tumor proportion provided precise and detailed information of
      astrocytoma grading and suggested that prediction of astrocytoma grading is based
      on VASARI as an adjunct to biopsy.

PMID- 26978003
TI  - Clinicopathologic Analysis of Stable and Unstable Vitiligo: A Study of 66 Cases.
AB  - Vitiligo is an acquired skin disorder characterized by milky-white macules and
      absence of functioning melanocytes. The cornerstone of its management is the
      correct categorization of a case into its 2 broad types-stable and unstable
      vitiligo. This distinction is at present based mainly on clinical criteria
      because the histopathological features are not fully established. This study was
      thus undertaken to examine histopathological features of vitiligo and to come up
      with a reliable and systematic approach toward this diagnostic challenge. All
      patients presenting with clinical features of vitiligo at our institution were
      included in the study. A 3-mm punch biopsy was taken from 3 sites-lesional,
      perilesional, and normal skin. Histopathological examination was primarily
      focused on evaluating 5 histopathological variables-spongiosis, epidermal
      lymphocytes, basal cell vacuolation, dermal lymphocytes, and melanophages. A
      total number of 66 patients were included in the study. There were 30 patients in
      stable and 36 in unstable vitiligo groups. It was observed that all 5
      histopathological pattens were associated with unstable vitiligo. All the cases
      were then scored using a scoring system devised by the authors and the scores
      obtained were correlated with clinical categorization. It was observed that while
      there is a definite overlap in histological findings in the 2 groups, adoption of
      a systematic reporting system brings more consistency and objectivity in the
      diagnosis. The authors have recommended diagnoses that should be reported for the
      various scores. This in turn will help us to more reliably and confidently manage
      these patients. 

PMID- 26978004
TI  - Acquired Localized Longitudinal Pachyonychia and Onychomatrical Tumors: A
      Comparative Study to Onychomatricomas (5 Cases) and Onychocytic Matricomas (4
      Cases).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Besides onychomatricoma (OM), which shows a clinical band pattern of
      nail plate thickening, 2 new onychomatrical tumors with this clinical feature
      have recently been described: onychocytic matricoma (OCM) and in situ onychocytic
      carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to present 4 cases of OCMs
      and compare their clinical and histopathologic characteristics with usual OMs.
      METHODS: We studied 4 cases of OCMs with nail clipping in 3 cases and an
      extensive immunohistochemical study for hair-related keratins and epithelial
      keratins. Nail clipping of OCMs was compared with the distal nail plate of 5
      cases of OMs. RESULTS: All cases showed an acquired localized longitudinal band
      pattern of a thickened nail plate with yellow discoloration in 2 cases and a
      black streak in 2 cases. All cases showed a V-shaped keratogenous epithelial
      tumor with a papillomatous pattern of growth. The nail plate was thickened with
      small holes in a honeycomb pattern. In contrast, the 5 OMs showed the classical
      pattern of a panonychoma fibropapilliferum. The nail plate showed large cavities
      in a honeycomb pattern. CONCLUSIONS: This case series raises awareness of the
      clinical value of longitudinal pachyonychia coupled with nail clipping in the
      early detection of onychomatrical tumors as generic diagnosis with a limited
      differential diagnosis and a simple therapeutic approach. Nail clipping could be
      an aid in the surgical planning of onychomatrical tumor. A diagnosis of a benign
      growth could be suggested when the average dimensions of cavities are superior to
      0.15 mm sparing the patient from an excisional procedure with its risk of
      subsequent permanent nail dystrophy. In contrast, nail clipping with a honeycomb
      pattern of minute cavities with average dimension inferior to 0.10 mm should
      prompt a biopsy of the distal matrix to rule out a malignant lesion.

PMID- 26978008
TI  - Quantifying Head Impact Exposure in Collegiate Women's Soccer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantify head impact exposure for a
      collegiate women's soccer team over the course of the 2014 season. DESIGN:
      Observational and prospective study. SETTING: Virginia Tech women's soccer games
      and practices. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six collegiate level women's soccer players
      with a mean player age of 19 +/- 1. INTERVENTIONS: Participating players were
      instrumented with head impact sensors for biomechanical analysis. Video
      recordings of each event were used to manually verify each impact sustained. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Head impact counts by player position and impact situation.
      RESULTS: The sensors collected data from a total of 17 865 accelerative events,
      8999 of which were classified as head impacts. Of these, a total of 1703 impacts
      were positively identified (19% of total real impacts recorded by sensor), 90% of
      which were associated with heading the ball. The average number of impacts per
      player per practice or game was 1.86 +/- 1.42. Exposure to head impact varied by
      player position. CONCLUSIONS: Head impact exposure was quantified through 2
      different methods, which illustrated the challenges associated with autonomously
      collecting acceleration data with head impact sensors. Users of head impact data
      must exercise caution when interpreting on-field head impact sensor data.

PMID- 26978006
TI  - Long-term acquired everolimus resistance in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours can
      be overcome with novel PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mTOR-inhibitor everolimus improves progression-free survival in
      advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs). However, adaptive resistance
      to mTOR inhibition is described. METHODS: QGP-1 and BON-1, two human PNET cell
      lines, were cultured with increasing concentrations of everolimus up to 22 weeks
      to reach a dose of 1 MUM everolimus, respectively, 1000-fold and 250-fold initial
      IC50. Using total DNA content as a measure of cell number, growth inhibitory dose
      response curves of everolimus were determined at the end of resistance induction
      and over time after everolimus withdrawal. Response to ATP-competitive mTOR
      inhibitors OSI-027 and AZD2014, and PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 was studied.
      Gene expression of 10 PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway-related genes was evaluated using
      quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Long-term everolimus-treated BON
      1/R and QGP-1/R showed a significant reduction in everolimus sensitivity. During
      a drug holiday, gradual return of everolimus sensitivity in BON-1/R and QGP-1/R
      led to complete reversal of resistance after 10-12 weeks. Treatment with AZD2014,
      OSI-027 and NVP-BEZ235 had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in both
      sensitive and resistant cell lines. Gene expression in BON-1/R revealed
      downregulation of MTOR, RICTOR, RAPTOR, AKT and HIF1A, whereas 4EBP1 was
      upregulated. In QGP-1/R, a downregulation of HIF1A and an upregulation of ERK2
      were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term everolimus resistance was induced in two
      human PNET cell lines. Novel PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-targeting drugs can overcome
      everolimus resistance. Differential gene expression profiles suggest different
      mechanisms of everolimus resistance in BON-1 and QGP-1.

PMID- 26978005
TI  - Antifibrinolytics (lysine analogues) for the prevention of bleeding in people
      with haematological disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: People with haematological disorders are frequently at risk of severe
      or life-threatening bleeding as a result of thrombocytopenia (reduced platelet
      count). This is despite the routine use of prophylactic platelet transfusions to
      prevent bleeding once the platelet count falls below a certain threshold.
      Platelet transfusions are not without risk and adverse events may be life
      threatening. A possible adjunct to prophylactic platelet transfusions is the use
      of antifibrinolytics, specifically the lysine analogues tranexamic acid (TXA) and
      epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA). This is an update of a Cochrane review first
      published in 2013. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and safety of
      antifibrinolytics (lysine analogues) in preventing bleeding in people with
      haematological disorders. SEARCH METHODS: We searched for randomised controlled
      trials (RCTs) in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane
      Library 2016, Issue 3), MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), CINAHL (from
      1937), the Transfusion Evidence Library (from 1950) and ongoing trial databases
      to 07 March 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs involving participants
      with haematological disorders, who would routinely require prophylactic platelet
      transfusions to prevent bleeding. We only included trials involving the use of
      the lysine analogues TXA and EACA. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review
      authors independently screened all electronically-derived citations and abstracts
      of papers, identified by the review search strategy, for relevancy. Two review
      authors independently assessed the full text of all potentially relevant trials
      for eligibility, completed the data extraction and assessed the studies for risk
      of bias using The Cochrane Collaboration's 'Risk of bias' tool. We requested
      missing data from one author but the data were no longer available. The outcomes
      are reported narratively: we performed no meta-analyses because of the
      heterogeneity of the available data. MAIN RESULTS: We identified three new
      studies in this update of the review. In total seven studies were eligible for
      inclusion, three were ongoing RCTs and four were completed studies. The four
      completed studies were included in the original review and the three ongoing
      studies were included in this update. We did not identify any RCTs that compared
      TXA with EACA.Of the four completed studies, one cross-over TXA study (eight
      participants) was excluded from the outcome analysis because it had very flawed
      study methodology. Data from the other three studies were all at unclear risk of
      bias due to lack of reporting of study methodology.Three studies (two TXA (12 to
      56 participants), one EACA (18 participants) reported in four articles (published
      1983 to 1995) were included in the narrative review. All three studies compared
      the drug with placebo. All three studies included adults with acute leukaemia
      receiving chemotherapy. One study (12 participants) only included participants
      with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. None of the studies included children. One of
      the three studies reported funding sources and this study was funded by a
      charity.We are uncertain whether antifibrinolytics reduce the risk of bleeding
      (three studies; 86 participants; very low-quality evidence). Only one study
      reported the number of bleeding events per participant and there was no
      difference in the number of bleeding events seen during induction or
      consolidation chemotherapy between TXA and placebo (induction; 38 participants;
      mean difference (MD) 1.70 bleeding events, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.37 to
      3.77: consolidation; 18 participants; MD -1.50 bleeding events, 95% CI -3.25 to
      0.25; very low-quality evidence). The two other studies suggested bleeding was
      reduced in the antifibrinolytic study arm, but this was statistically significant
      in only one of these two studies.Two studies reported thromboembolism and no
      events occurred (68 participants, very low-quality evidence).All three studies
      reported a reduction in platelet transfusion usage (three studies, 86
      participants; very low-quality evidence), but this was reported in different ways
      and no meta-analysis could be performed. No trials reported the number of
      platelet transfusions per participant. Only one study reported the number of
      platelet components per participant and there was a reduction in the number of
      platelet components per participant during consolidation chemotherapy but not
      during induction chemotherapy (consolidation; 18 participants; MD -5.60 platelet
      units, 95% CI -9.02 to -2.18: induction; 38 participants, MD -1.00 platelet
      units, 95% CI -9.11 to 7.11; very low-quality evidence).Only one study reported
      adverse events of TXA as an outcome measure and none occurred. One study stated
      side effects of EACA were minimal but no further information was provided (two
      studies, 74 participants, very low-quality evidence).None of the studies reported
      on the following pre-specified outcomes: overall mortality, adverse events of
      transfusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or quality of life
      (QoL). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the evidence available for
      the use of antifibrinolytics in haematology patients is very limited. The trials
      were too small to assess whether or not antifibrinolytics decrease bleeding. No
      trials reported the number of platelet transfusions per participant. The trials
      were too small to assess whether or not antifibrinolytics increased the risk of
      thromboembolic events or other adverse events. There are three ongoing RCTs (1276
      participants) due to be completed in 2017 and 2020.

PMID- 26978007
TI  - Optimising the combination dosing strategy of abemaciclib and vemurafenib in BRAF
      mutated melanoma xenograft tumours.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resistance to BRAF inhibition is a major cause of treatment failure
      for BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma patients. Abemaciclib, a cyclin-dependent
      kinase 4 and 6 inhibitor, overcomes this resistance in xenograft tumours and
      offers a promising drug combination. The present work aims to characterise the
      quantitative pharmacology of the abemaciclib/vemurafenib combination using a
      semimechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling approach and to
      identify an optimum dosing regimen for potential clinical evaluation. METHODS: A
      PK/biomarker model was developed to connect abemaciclib/vemurafenib
      concentrations to changes in MAPK and cell cycle pathway biomarkers in A375 BRAF
      mutated melanoma xenografts. Resultant tumour growth inhibition was described by
      relating (i) MAPK pathway inhibition to apoptosis, (ii) mitotic cell density to
      tumour growth and, under resistant conditions, (iii) retinoblastoma protein
      inhibition to cell survival. RESULTS: The model successfully described
      vemurafenib/abemaciclib-mediated changes in MAPK pathway and cell cycle
      biomarkers. Initial tumour shrinkage by vemurafenib, acquisition of resistance
      and subsequent abemaciclib-mediated efficacy were successfully captured and
      externally validated. Model simulations illustrate the benefit of intermittent
      vemurafenib therapy over continuous treatment, and indicate that continuous
      abemaciclib in combination with intermittent vemurafenib offers the potential for
      considerable tumour regression. CONCLUSIONS: The quantitative pharmacology of the
      abemaciclib/vemurafenib combination was successfully characterised and an
      optimised, clinically-relevant dosing strategy was identified.

PMID- 26978011
TI  - Low Threshold Quantum Dot Lasers.
AB  - Semiconductor quantum dots have replaced conventional inorganic phosphors in
      numerous applications. Despite their overall successes as emitters, their impact
      as laser materials has been severely limited. Eliciting stimulated emission from
      quantum dots requires excitation by intense short pulses of light typically
      generated using other lasers. In this Letter, we develop a new class of quantum
      dots that exhibit gain under conditions of extremely low levels of continuous
      wave illumination. We observe thresholds as low as 74 mW/cm(2) in lasers made
      from these materials. Due to their strong optical absorption as well as low
      lasing threshold, these materials could possibly convert light from diffuse,
      polychromatic sources into a laser beam. 

PMID- 26978009
TI  - Structural complexes of the agonist, inverse agonist and antagonist bound C5a
      receptor: insights into pharmacology and signaling.
AB  - The C5a receptor (C5aR) is a pharmacologically important G-protein coupled
      receptor (GPCR) that interacts with (h)C5a, by recruiting both the "orthosteric"
      sites (site1 at the N-terminus and site2 at the ECS, extra cellular surface) on
      C5aR in a two site-binding model. However, the complex pharmacological landscape
      and the distinguishing chemistry operating either at the "orthosteric" site1 or
      at the functionally important "orthosteric" site2 of C5aR are still not clear,
      which greatly limits the understanding of C5aR pharmacology. One of the major
      bottlenecks is the lack of an experimental structure or a refined model structure
      of C5aR with appropriately defined active sites. The study attempts to understand
      the pharmacology at the "orthosteric" site2 of C5aR rationally by generating a
      highly refined full-blown model structure of C5aR through advanced molecular
      modeling techniques, and further subjecting it to automated docking and molecular
      dynamics (MD) studies in the POPC bilayer. The first series of structural
      complexes of C5aR respectively bound to a linear native peptide agonist ((h)C5a
      CT), a small molecule inverse agonist (NDT) and a cyclic peptide antagonist
      (PMX53) are reported, apparently establishing the unique pharmacological
      landscape of the "orthosteric" site2, which also illustrates an energetically
      distinct but coherent competitive chemistry ("cation-pi" vs. "pi-pi"
      interactions) involved in distinguishing the established ligands known for
      targeting the "orthosteric" site2 of C5aR. Over a total of 1 MUs molecular
      dynamics (MD) simulation in the POPC bilayer, it is evidenced that while the
      agonist prefers a "cation-pi" interaction, the inverse agonist prefers a
      "cogwheel/L-shaped" interaction in contrast to the "edge-to-face/T-shaped" type
      pi-pi interactions demonstrated by the antagonist by engaging the F275(7.28) of
      the C5aR. In the absence of a NMR or crystallographically guided model structure
      of C5aR, the computational model complexes not only provide valuable insights for
      understanding the C5aR pharmacology, but also emerge as a promising platform for
      the design and discovery of future potential drug candidates targeting the (h)C5a
      C5aR signaling axes.

PMID- 26978012
TI  - Bioapplications and biotechnologies of upconversion nanoparticle-based
      nanosensors.
AB  - Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which can emit ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis)
      light under near-infrared (NIR) excitation, are regarded as a new generation of
      nanoprobes because of their unique optical properties, including a virtually zero
      auto-fluorescence background for the improved signal-to-noise ratio, narrow
      emission bandwidths and high resistance to photo-bleaching. These properties make
      UCNPs promising candidates as luminescent bioprobes in biomedicine and
      biotechnology. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the development
      of UCNP-based nanoprobes for biosensing. Firstly, as the FRET process is a widely
      used method for biosensing to improve the sensitivity, we summarize recent
      research studies about UCNP-based nanocomposites utilizing the FRET process for
      biosensing. Different energy acceptors (organic dyes, noble metal nanoparticles,
      carbon nanomaterials and semiconductor nanomaterials) with their own advantages
      and limitations are well summarized in this review. Secondly, since UCNPs have
      been utilized for the detection of different kinds of analytes, we introduce
      recent research studies about UCNPs for ions, gas molecules, biomolecules and
      thermal sensing. Finally, we highlight the typical detection techniques and UCNP
      based devices for bioapplications. 

PMID- 26978013
TI  - [The structure of the internal carotid artery wall in pathological tortuosity].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to study a change in the content of main components of the internal
      carotid artery (ICA) wall in pathological tortuosity (PT) resulting from
      fibromuscular dysplasia, using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning
      microscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis using
      antibodies to elastin, collagen types I and III, and smooth muscle actin was
      made. The levels of elastin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were
      determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The relative area of expression
      and the area of co-location of these markers were measured. RESULTS: IHC
      examination of the expression of elastin revealed that the patients with PT of
      ICA had its higher content than the controls, but they were observed to have
      fiber fragmentation. Comparison of collagen types I and III expressions showed no
      significant differences between the groups. The found significantly lower smooth
      muscle actin expression in the patients with PT of ICA than in the controls was
      suggestive of the decreased levels of smooth muscle cells. Confocal microscopy
      analysis showed high elastin and low MMP-9 expressions in the control group and,
      on the contrary, low elastin and high proteinase levels in the PT group (r<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: One of the causes of PT is impairment in vascular elastic properties
      due to the destruction of elastic fibers and to their fragmentation, as well as
      to the decreased count of smooth muscle cells, which in turn causes enhanced MMP
      9 activity and tissue matrix degradation.

PMID- 26978014
TI  - [Morphological pathology of vessels in granulomatosis with polyangiitis
      (Wegener's disease)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to investigate the incidence of injuries in different vascular beds
      and the morphopathological changes in vessels in granulomatosis with
      polyangiitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The morphopathological features of vascular
      injuries were investigated in 11 dead patients aged 16--74 years with
      granulomatosis with polyangiitis. RESULTS: Proliferative and destructive angiitis
      with predominant involvement of microcirculatory vessels and with development of
      necrosis-prone granulomas in their walls and perivascularly was established to
      underlie the clinical manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The
      most typical localization of the pathologic process is the vessels of the upper
      respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys. Cardiopulmonary and renal failures are
      causes of death in the majority of cases. It should be noted that the vessels of
      the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract are frequently involved in the
      pathological process. Vascular changes in these organs determine the clinical
      features of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and lead to a number of fatal
      complications. CONCLUSION: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a systemic disease
      with polymorphism of clinical manifestations, which requires in-depth analysis
      based on current precision patient examination methods, including a
      histopathological study.

PMID- 26978015
TI  - [The mother-placenta-fetus system in diffuse toxic goiter: Morphopathological
      aspects].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to compare the clinical and morphological parallels of the mother
      placenta-fetus system in diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) through current morphological
      examinations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-five women whose pregnancy occurred
      with DTG were examined using both clinical and morphological studies (light,
      scanning electron, and atomic-force microscopies and macro- and microelement
      analysis); the placenta and uterus were investigated. RESULTS: Destructive
      changes and microrelief impairment, resulting from circulatory disorders
      (ischemia) and hemic hypoxia, were observed in the presence of DTG during
      pregnancy. Abnormal placental immaturity developed; the number of terminal villi
      decreased; sclerosis occurred. The magnitude of changes showed up to a greater
      extent in the myometrium, umbilical cord, and placenta of women, whose pregnancy
      occurred with DTG, and in patients with disease recurrence. In preeclampsia,
      plethora, stasis, and thrombosis were added to circulatory disorders. CONCLUSION:
      Not only the diagnosis itself of DTG, but also the type of its course and the
      pattern of obstetric disease, primarily preeclampsia, affect the state of
      structural components of the uteroplacental unit.

PMID- 26978016
TI  - [Morphological features of the myometrium in connective tissue dysplasia in women
      with uterine inertia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to reveal the morphological features of the lower uterine segment
      myometrium in connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) in women with uterine inertia.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Histological, immunohistochemical (with antibodies against
      collagen types I and III, matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9 (MMR-1, MMP-9),
      tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), fibronectin; fibulin-5,
      connexin-43), electron microscopic, and electron immunocytochemical studies with
      morphometry of myometrial fragments from 15 parturient women with CTD and uterine
      inertia (a study group) and those from 10 women without CTD (a control group).
      RESULTS: The myometrium in CTD exhibited the decreased expression of connextin
      43, fibulin-5, TIMP-1, collagens types I and III with collagen type III
      predominance and the unchanged levels of fibronectin and MMP-1 and MMP-9.
      Electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry showed fewer intercellular contacts
      and the dramatically lower expression of connexin-43 than in the control.
      CONCLUSION: A set of found myometrial changes in women with uterine inertia is a
      manifestation of CTD.

PMID- 26978017
TI  - [Prognostic values of the clinical, morphological and molecular biological
      characteristics of colon adenocarcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to estimate the predictive and prognostic factors using morphological
      studies in patients with colon cancer to increase survival rates. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: Immunohistochemical examination was made in 582 patients with colon
      adenocarcinoma, by determining 11 different indicators relating to the
      development of the tumor and its treatment. RESULTS: The simultaneous
      determination of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and proliferative activity (Ki-67
      expression) can define disease prognosis in view of relapse-survival rates in
      patients with Stage II colon cancer after radical surgical treatment. CONCLUSION:
      Thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase are of predictive value. The
      immunohistochemical examination of other markers, such as ALDH1, CCR10, ERCC-1,
      DYPD, topoisomerase II alpha, and class III beta-tubulin for the choice of
      treatment policy for patients with colon cancer has indicated that they are of no
      value.

PMID- 26978018
TI  - [Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, their endogenous regulators, and angiotensin
      converting enzyme in cervical squamous cell carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to investigate the specific features of the expression of matrix
      metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloptoteinase
      2 (TIMP-2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The samples of tumor tissue and morphologically normal tissue adjacent
      to the tumor were investigated. Enzymatic assays applying specific substrates, as
      well as zymographic and immunohistochemical studies were used. RESULTS: The
      invasive potential of CSCC has been established to be substantially influenced by
      the increased expression of MMP-9 and uPA and by the decreased expression of TIMP
      2, as well as to a lesser extent by a change in MMP-2 expression. MMP-9 may serve
      as a marker for invasive growth. Enhanced ACE activity in cancer confirms the
      involvement of this enzyme in tumor progression. The morphologically normal
      tissue adjacent to the tumor shows the substantial expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9
      and in some cases the enhanced activity of uPA and ACE, which makes an additional
      contribution to the increased invasive potential of tumor. CONCLUSION: The
      findings are important in understanding the mechanisms of cancer progression and
      may affect therapeutic strategies for the patient.

PMID- 26978019
TI  - [Diagnostic value of estimation of ERG expression in prostate adenocarcinoma and
      high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to estimate the diagnostic and prognostic value of analyzing the
      abnormal overexpression of the chimeric protein ERG, encoded by the chimeric gene
      TMPRSS2/ERG, in prostatic neoplasias. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100
      prostate adenocarcinoma samples were examined. The presence of tumor and high
      grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (hPIN) was verified by
      immunohistochemical tests using anti-P504S and anti-34betaE12 antibodies in
      serial sections; RT-PCR was employed to analyze the chimeric transcript
      TMPRSS2/ERG in 30 prostate adenocarcinoma samples. RESULTS: ERG expression was
      noted in 46% of the adenocarcinomas and in 21% of hPIN. Eight (8%) patients were
      observed to have heterogeneous ERG expression: the marked reaction in some tumor
      portions was concurrent with its complete absence in others. Furthermore, there
      was ERG expression in all cases of intraductal (noninvasive) carcinoma (the foci
      of intraductal carcinoma were assessed as atypical cribriform lesions by light
      microscopy). The prognostic value of ERG expression could not be determined at
      the current stage of the investigation. CONCLUSION: The relatively low rate of
      ERG-positive hPIN counts in favor of the limited role of this marker in the
      differential diagnosis of hPIN. ERG in combination with P504S and 34betaE12 is an
      informative marker for the differential diagnosis of hPIN with intraductal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 26978020
TI  - [Use of the new 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines to study HERS status by fluorescence in
      situ hybridization in patients with breast cancer].
AB  - Despite the long-term history of HER2 testing in breast cancer (BC), the results
      of its study are frequently interpreted ambiguously. The introduction of the new
      2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines is aimed to further optimize HERS testing in view of new
      scientific evidence for the biological characteristics of BC. OBJECTIVE: to study
      the results of assessing HERS2 status in patients with the questionable level of
      protein expression according to the 2007 versus 2013 ASCO/CAP criteria. SUBJECTS
      AND METHODS: Biopsy specimens from 572 patients diagnosed with BC after
      immunohistochemical examination, including HER2 status assessment, were
      investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The use of the new
      2013 ASCO/CAP criteria versus the previous criteria to determine intratumor
      heterogeneity, HER2 gene copy number, and the so-called chromosome 17 polysomy
      was ascertained to cause a statistically significant increase in HER2-positive
      cases from 25 to 42.5% (OR=2.2178; 95% CI, 1.8254-2.6950; r=0.0005). CONCLUSION:
      The use of the new guidelines additionally permits effective therapy in patients
      with BC, which may be another step to improve survival in this large patient
      group.

PMID- 26978021
TI  - [An observation of HELLP syndrome with fatal outcome].
AB  - The paper describes the morphopathological changes found at autopsy of a 42-year
      old pregnant woman whose death was due to HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated
      Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets) that is rarely encountered in autopsy practice
      and that is a type of preeclampsia. It considers the morphogenesis of these
      changes in the light of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the
      syndrome. 

PMID- 26978022
TI  - [Optimization of the immunohistochemical diagnosis of AL amyloidosis using novel
      antibodies].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to improve the immunohistochemical diagnosis of AL amyloidosis, by
      generating novel peptide antibodies against the variable and constant regions of
      the kappa-light chains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All amyloidogenic kappa-light
      chains were sought in the scientific literature and the database of the National
      Center for Biotechnology Information. On the basis of the findings, a chain was
      formed from the most common amino acid residues that were used to choose peptide
      regions for immunization. Four antibodies were generalized via immunization of
      rabbits with two peptides that corresponded to the variant or constant regions of
      kappa-light chains. RESULTS: The specificity of the obtained antibodies was
      confirmed using a series of 222 biopsy specimens from 193 patients with AL, AA,
      transthyretin, or insulin amyloidosis. All the novel polyclonal peptide
      antibodies produced positive staining in cases of ALkappa amyloidosis.
      CONCLUSION: The generated polyclonal peptide antibodies against the variable and
      constant regions of kappa-light chains are able to improve the
      immunohistochemical diagnosis of amyloidosis.

PMID- 26978023
TI  - In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pathogenic Leptospira Biofilm.
AB  - Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the causative agent of leptospirosis. Biofilm
      formation in leptospires is a new area of study, and its role in pathogenesis is
      not fully explored. As in other biofilm-forming bacteria, Leptospira biofilm may
      play a significant role in antibiotic resistance. In this study, the
      antimicrobial susceptibility of Leptospira biofilm was investigated by 96-well
      plate assay using Alamar Blue. Leptospira biofilm showed five to sixfold increase
      in resistance in all the strains used. The range of minimal bactericidal
      concentrations for penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, and doxycycline was
      1,600 U/ml, 800-1,600 MUg/ml, 800-1,600 MUg/ml, and 800-1,600 MUg/ml,
      respectively. In agar substrate, the biofilm showed six- to sevenfold increase in
      resistance to antibiotics compared to planktonic cell. The present study
      emphasizes the importance of biofilm formation and its antibiotic susceptibility
      patterns. This could pave the way for devising appropriate strategy to prevent
      the occurrence of potential chronic leptospirosis in endemic areas and also
      during an outbreak situation.

PMID- 26978025
TI  - The cKit Inhibitor, Masitinib, Prevents Diabetes-Induced Retinal Vascular
      Leakage.
AB  - PURPOSE: Stem cell factor (SCF) has recently demonstrated activity as a novel
      endothelial permeability factor that contributes to the development of diabetes
      induced hyperpermeable retinal vasculature. This study investigated the
      therapeutic potential of masitinib, a pharmacologic inhibitor of the SCF receptor
      cKit, for prevention of diabetes-induced breakdown of blood retinal barrier
      (BRB). METHODS: Permeability assays were performed with human retinal
      microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and murine retinal vasculature.
      Localization of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and activation of SCF
      signaling pathway was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting
      assays. Mice and rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were used to
      investigate the role of cKit and masitinib in diabetes-induced retinal vascular
      hyperpermeability. RESULTS: Masitinib substantially blocked SCF-induced
      phosphorylation of cKit in HRMECs. In vitro and in vivo vascular permeability
      assays showed that masitinib significantly inhibited SCF-induced endothelial
      hyperpermeability and junctional loss of VE-cadherin. Streptozotocin-induced
      diabetes was induced in cKit-mutant mice with low cKit expression in their
      endothelial cells. Although diabetic wild-type mice exhibited enhanced retinal
      vascular leakage, diabetic cKit-mutant mice showed no increase in retinal
      vascular leakage or alteration in the distribution of VE-cadherin; this indicates
      the crucial role of cKit in diabetes-induced breakdown of BRB. Moreover, in vivo
      prevention experiments showed that an intravitreal injection of masitinib
      substantially inhibited the development of hyperpermeable retinal vasculature.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results provide the first demonstration that cKit inhibitors,
      such as masitinib, might be promising therapeutics for prevention of diabetes
      induced breakdown of the BRB.

PMID- 26978024
TI  - Retinal Pigment Epithelium Atrophy 1 (rpea1): A New Mouse Model With Retinal
      Detachment Caused by a Disruption of Protein Kinase C, theta.
AB  - PURPOSE: Retinal detachments (RDs), a separation of the light-sensitive tissue of
      the retina from its supporting layers in the posterior eye, isolate retinal cells
      from their normal supply of nourishment and can lead to their deterioration and
      death. We identified a new, spontaneous murine model of exudative retinal
      detachment, nm3342 (new mutant 3342, also referred to as rpea1: retinal pigment
      epithelium atrophy 1), which we characterize herein. METHODS: The chromosomal
      position for the recessive nm3342 mutation was determined by DNA pooling, and the
      causative mutation was discovered by comparison of whole exome sequences of
      mutant and wild-type controls. The effects of the mutation were examined in
      longitudinal studies by clinical evaluation, electroretinography (ERG), light
      microscopy, and marker and Western blot analyses. RESULTS: New mutant 3342,
      nm3342, also referred to as rpea1, causes an early-onset, complete RD on the
      ABJ/LeJ strain background, and central exudative RD and late-onset RPE atrophy on
      the C57BL/6J background. The ERG responses were normal at 2 months of age but
      deteriorate as mice age, concomitant with progressive pan-retinal photoreceptor
      loss. Genetic analysis localized rpea1 to mouse chromosome 2. By high-throughput
      sequencing of a whole exome capture library of an rpea1/rpea1 mutant and
      subsequent sequence analysis, a splice donor site mutation in the Prkcq (protein
      kinase C, theta) gene, was identified, leading to a skipping of exon 6, frame
      shift and premature termination. Homozygotes with a Prkcq-targeted null allele
      (Prkcqtm1Litt) have similar retinal phenotypes as homozygous rpea1 mice. We
      determined that the PKCtheta protein is abundant in the lateral surfaces of RPE
      cells and colocalizes with both tight and adherens junction proteins. Phalloidin
      stained RPE whole mounts showed abnormal RPE cell morphology with aberrant actin
      ring formation. CONCLUSIONS: The homozygous Prkcqrpea1 and the null Prkcqtm1Litt
      mutants are reliable novel mouse models of RD and can also be used to study the
      effects of the disruption of PRKCQ (PKCtheta) signaling in RPE cells.

PMID- 26978026
TI  - Visualization of Intravital Immune Cell Dynamics After Conjunctival Surgery Using
      Multiphoton Microscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To visualize intravital immune cell dynamics in the subconjunctival
      tissue during the wound-healing process using multiphoton microscopy. METHODS:
      Gene-targeted mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the
      control of the endogenous lysozyme M promoter (LysM-eGFP mice) were anesthetized
      with isoflurane, and injured by a 10-0 nylon conjunctival suture. Vessels were
      visualized by intravenous injection of 70 kDa rhodamine-conjugated dextran. Using
      a multiphoton microscope, the three-dimensional images of the subconjunctival
      tissue were acquired every minute for 20 minutes before and 0.5, 3, 6, and 72
      hours after injury. Raw imaging data were processed for four-dimensional images
      and analyzed for the number and the velocity of the LysM-eGFP-positive cells
      using Imaris software. RESULTS: The intravital LysM-eGFP-positive cells and the
      red-labeled vessels were successfully visualized using a multiphoton microscope.
      The conjunctival and scleral collagen fibers were detected as secondary harmonic
      generation signals, which were colored blue. Compared with mice without injury,
      the number of LysM-eGFP-positive cells in the subconjunctival tissue after
      conjunctival surgery increased in a time-dependent manner. The cell velocities
      significantly increased until 3 hours after surgery (5.9 +/- 3.2 MUm/min; P <
      0.0001) and the elevated level was sustained until 72 hours after injury (5.9 +/-
      3.3 MUm/min). CONCLUSION: This is the first report to visualize and evaluate
      intravital cellular dynamics during inflammation in the subconjunctival tissue
      using multiphoton microscopy. This technique may be a useful tool to characterize
      the molecular mechanisms of the wound-healing process after various ocular
      injuries, such as glaucoma surgery.

PMID- 26978027
TI  - Effect of Salicylic Acid on the Membrane Proteome and Virulence of Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effect of salicylic acid on the
      membrane proteome, sensitivity to antibiotics, and production of microbial
      keratitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS: P. aeruginosa 6294 was grown in the
      presence or absence of 30 mM salicylic acid. Bacterial membrane proteins were
      extracted in carbonate buffer, separated using two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) of various antibiotics was determined using P. aeruginosa
      6294 grown in presence or absence of salicylic acid. The scratch mouse model of
      microbial keratitis was used to determine whether treatment with 30 mM salicylic
      acid could improve the outcome of infection. RESULTS: Growth in salicylic acid
      altered the membrane proteome of P. aeruginosa 6294. Eighteen proteins, including
      OprF, OprD, MexA, OprG, PilQ, and flagellin-type A protein, were downregulated,
      six proteins, including OprM and OprB, were upregulated, and nine proteins were
      unaffected by growth in salicylic acid. Growth in salicylic acid slightly
      increased the resistance to carbapenem antibiotics but did not affect MICs of the
      other antibiotics tested. Salicylic acid treatment significantly reduced the
      clinical score of eyes and bacterial load in eyes during microbial keratitis but
      had no effect on numbers of infiltrating neutrophils. CONCLUSION: Salicylic acid
      altered the membrane proteins of P. aeruginosa, slightly increased the resistance
      of the bacterium to carbapenem antibiotics only, and was able to reduce the
      pathogenicity associated with P. aeruginosa infection of mouse corneas. Salicylic
      acid may be useful as an antimicrobial agent in the treatment of Pseudomonas
      keratitis.

PMID- 26978029
TI  - Enhanced Motion Aftereffects in Migraine Are Related to Contrast Sensitivity:
      Implications for Models of Differences in Precortical/Cortical Function.
AB  - PURPOSE: Visual tests can be used as noninvasive tools to test models of the
      pathophysiology underlying neurological conditions, such as migraine. For
      example, there are reports that the motion aftereffect, which involves neural
      processing in several cortical areas, is prolonged in migraine. There also are
      reports of impaired contrast sensitivity in migraine, however, attributed to a
      precortical dysfunction. This study explored associations between these two tests
      of visual function. Specifically, it aimed to clarify whether the magnitude of
      the motion aftereffect is affected by contrast and contrast sensitivity. METHODS:
      The motion aftereffect was elicited after observers viewed a coherently moving
      pattern for 45 seconds. The duration of the subsequent aftereffect was measured
      with three different test display contrasts (high, medium, low). Contrast
      sensitivity also was assessed. RESULTS: For each test display contrast, the
      motion aftereffect was prolonged in migraine compared to the control group.
      Contrast sensitivity was poorer in the migraine group and was a significant
      predictor of motion aftereffect duration. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an
      anomaly in early motion processing pathways in migraine that likely is linked
      with those pathways underlying contrast sensitivity. They provide further
      evidence for differences in visual processing that begin early, potentially
      starting at the retina, which have consequences for performance on tasks that
      putatively examine cortical processing. Differences in precortical and cortical
      visual pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology underlying migraine.

PMID- 26978028
TI  - Changes in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Reflectance Intensity as a Predictor of
      Functional Progression in Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: We determined whether longitudinal changes in retinal nerve fiber layer
      (RNFL) reflectance provide useful prognostic information about longitudinal
      changes in function in glaucoma. METHODS: The reflectance intensity of each pixel
      within spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) circle scans was
      extracted by custom software. A repeatability cohort comprising 53 eyes of 27
      participants (average visual field mean deviation [MD] -1.65 dB) was tested five
      times within a few weeks. To minimize test-retest variability in their data, a
      reflectance intensity ratio was defined as the mean reflectance intensity of
      pixels within the RNFL divided by the mean between the RNFL and RPE. This was
      measured in a separate longitudinal cohort comprising 310 eyes of 205
      participants tested eight times at 6-month intervals (average MD, -0.99 dB;
      median rate of change, -0.09 dB/y). The rate of change of this ratio, together
      with the rate of RNFL thinning, and their interaction, were used to predict the
      rate of change of MD. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, the rate of RNFL thinning
      was predictive of the rate of MD change (P < 0.0001), but the rate of change of
      reflectance intensity ratio was not (P = 0.116). However, in a multivariable
      model, the interaction between these two rates significantly improved upon
      predictions of the rate of functional change made using RNFL thickness alone (P =
      0.038). CONCLUSIONS: For a given rate of RNFL thinning, a reduction in the RNFL
      reflectance intensity ratio is associated with more rapid functional
      deterioration. Incorporating SD-OCT reflectance information may improve the
      structure-function relation in glaucoma.

PMID- 26978030
TI  - Seeking Balance Between Pain Relief and Safety: CDC Issues New Opioid-Prescribing
      Guidelines.

PMID- 26978031
TI  - Addition of Small Electrophiles to N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Stabilized
      Disilicon(0): A Revisit of the Isolobal Concept in Low-Valent Silicon Chemistry.
AB  - Protonation and alkylation of (Idipp)Si?Si(Idipp) (1) afforded the mixed-valent
      disilicon(I)-borates [(Idipp)(R)Si(II)?Si(0)(Idipp)][B(Ar(F))4] (1R[B(Ar(F))4]; R
      = H, Me, Et; Ar(F) = C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2; Idipp = C[N(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)CH]2) as red to
      orange colored, highly air-sensitive solids, which were characterized by single
      crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.
      Dynamic NMR studies in solution revealed a degenerate isomerization
      (topomerization) of the "sigma-bonded" tautomers of 1H[B(Ar(F))4], which proceeds
      according to quantum chemical calculations via a NHC-stabilized (NHC = N
      heterocyclic carbene) disilahydronium ion ("pi-bonded" isomer) and is reminiscent
      of the degenerate rearrangement of carbenium ions formed upon protonation of
      olefins. The topomerization of 1H[B(Ar(F))4] provides the first example of a
      reversible 1,2-H migration along a Si?Si bond observed in a molecular system. In
      contrast, 1Me[B(Ar(F))4] adopts a "rigid" structure in solution due to the higher
      energy required for the interconversion of the "sigma-bonded" isomer into a
      putative NHC-stabilized disilamethonium ion. Addition of alkali metal borates to
      1 afforded the alkali metal disilicon(0) borates 1M[BAr4] (M = Li, Ar = C6F5; M =
      Na, Ar = Ar(F)) as brown, air-sensitive solids. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
      analyses and NMR spectroscopic studies of 1M[BAr4] suggest in concert with
      quantum chemical calculations that encapsulation of the alkali metal cations in
      the cavity of 1 predominantly occurs via electrostatic cation-pi interactions
      with the Si?Si pi-bond and the peripheral NHC aryl rings. Displacement of the
      [Si(NHC)] fragments by the isolobal fragments [PR] and [SiR](-) interrelates the
      cations [(NHC)(R)Si?Si(NHC)](+) to a series of familiar, multiply bonded Si and P
      compounds as verified by analyses of their electronic structures. 

PMID- 26978033
TI  - Genomic testing in oncology to improve clinical outcomes while optimizing
      utilization: the evolution of diagnostic testing.
AB  - Cancer care is costly, particularly when chemotherapy and its supportive costs
      are considered. Yet, chemotherapy is not the right course for every patient.
      Patients with cancer need appropriate treatment that will give them the best
      possible outcome. Personalized medicine has become an important area of oncology.
      In addition to genetic testing, genomic testing has become a useful tool in
      diagnostics. For genomic assays to be viable, they must have clinical validity,
      analytic validity, and clinical utility. Stakeholders are willing to provide
      coverage for such testing through medical policy when there is strong evidence
      the tests are effective. Genomic testing can be used in decision making to rule
      out chemotherapy or other treatment options that would not be effective for the
      care of an individual patient. The use of genomic testing to help eliminate
      ineffective or possible harmful treatment options and determine appropriate care
      will benefit the patient while reducing healthcare utiliztion and costs. 

PMID- 26978034
TI  - Gritty Surface Sample Holder Invented To Obtain Correct X-ray Absorption Fine
      Structure Spectra for Concentrated Materials by Fluorescence Yield.
AB  - A gritty surface sample holder has been invented to obtain correct XAFS spectra
      for concentrated samples by fluorescence yield (FY). Materials are usually mixed
      with boron nitride (BN) to prepare proper concentrations to measure XAFS spectra.
      Some materials, however, could not be mixed with BN and would be measured in too
      concentrated conditions to obtain correct XAFS spectra. Consequently, XAFS
      spectra will be incorrect typically with decreased intensities of the peaks. We
      have invented the gritty surface sample holders to obtain correct XAFS spectra
      even for concentrated materials for FY measurements. Pure Cu and CuO powders were
      measured mounted on the sample holders, and the same spectra were obtained as
      transmission spectra of properly prepared samples. This sample holder is useful
      to measure XAFS for any concentrated materials. 

PMID- 26978035
TI  - Prevalence and characterization of resistance genes with genetic clones among
      Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from various sources in China.

PMID- 26978037
TI  - Correction to "A General Strategy for the Discovery of Metabolic Pathways: D
      Threitol, L-Threitol, and Erythritol Utilization in Mycobacterium smegmatis".

PMID- 26978036
TI  - Kribbella pittospori sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the
      surface-sterilized stem of an Australian native apricot tree, Pittosporum
      angustifolium.
AB  - An endophytic actinobacterium, strain PIP 158T, was isolated from the stem of a
      native apricot tree (Pittosporum angustifolium) collected from the grounds of
      Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. As a result of a polyphasic taxonomic
      study, this strain was identified as a member of the genus Kribbella. This strain
      was a Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterium with well-developed substrate
      mycelia which were non-motile and with hyphae fragmenting into short to elongated
      rod-like elements. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence
      analysis placed this isolate in the family Nocardioidaceae, being most closely
      related to Kribbella sandramycini ATCC 39419T and Kribbella albertanoniae BC640T
      which share a similarity of 99. 26 and 99.18 % with Kribbella hippodromi S1.4T,
      respectively. Chemotaxonomic data including cell-wall components, major
      menaquinones and major fatty acids confirmed the affiliation of strain PIP 158T
      to the genus Kribbella. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, including
      physiological and biochemical studies in combination with DNA-DNA hybridization,
      allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain PIP 158T from the
      closest related species with validly published names. The name proposed for the
      novel species is Kribbella pittospori sp. nov. The type strain is PIP 158T (=DSM
      23717T=NRRL B-24813T). 

PMID- 26978032
TI  - Protein Kinase A Activation Promotes Cancer Cell Resistance to Glucose Starvation
      and Anoikis.
AB  - Cancer cells often rely on glycolysis to obtain energy and support anabolic
      growth. Several studies showed that glycolytic cells are susceptible to cell
      death when subjected to low glucose availability or to lack of glucose. However,
      some cancer cells, including glycolytic ones, can efficiently acquire higher
      tolerance to glucose depletion, leading to their survival and aggressiveness.
      Although increased resistance to glucose starvation has been shown to be a
      consequence of signaling pathways and compensatory metabolic routes activation,
      the full repertoire of the underlying molecular alterations remain elusive. Using
      omics and computational analyses, we found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate
      Protein Kinase A (cAMP-PKA) axis activation is fundamental for cancer cell
      resistance to glucose starvation and anoikis. Notably, here we show that such a
      PKA-dependent survival is mediated by parallel activation of autophagy and
      glutamine utilization that in concert concur to attenuate the endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) stress and to sustain cell anabolism. Indeed, the inhibition of
      PKA-mediated autophagy or glutamine metabolism increased the level of cell death,
      suggesting that the induction of autophagy and metabolic rewiring by PKA is
      important for cancer cellular survival under glucose starvation. Importantly,
      both processes actively participate to cancer cell survival mediated by
      suspension-activated PKA as well. In addition we identify also a PKA/Src
      mechanism capable to protect cancer cells from anoikis. Our results reveal for
      the first time the role of the versatile PKA in cancer cells survival under
      chronic glucose starvation and anoikis and may be a novel potential target for
      cancer treatment. 

PMID- 26978038
TI  - Recombination Kinetics and Effects of Superacid Treatment in Sulfur- and Selenium
      Based Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.
AB  - Optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown
      tremendous promise over the past few years; however, there are still numerous
      challenges that need to be overcome to enable their application in devices. These
      include improving their poor photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) as well as
      better understanding of exciton-based recombination kinetics. Recently, we
      developed a chemical treatment technique using an organic superacid,
      bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (TFSI), which was shown to improve the quantum
      yield in MoS2 from less than 1% to over 95%. Here, we perform detailed steady
      state and transient optical characterization on some of the most heavily studied
      direct bandgap 2D materials, specifically WS2, MoS2, WSe2, and MoSe2, over a
      large pump dynamic range to study the recombination mechanisms present in these
      materials. We then explore the effects of TFSI treatment on the PL QY and
      recombination kinetics for each case. Our results suggest that sulfur-based 2D
      materials are amenable to repair/passivation by TFSI, while the mechanism is thus
      far ineffective on selenium based systems. We also show that biexcitonic
      recombination is the dominant nonradiative pathway in these materials and that
      the kinetics for TFSI treated MoS2 and WS2 can be described using a simple two
      parameter model. 

PMID- 26978039
TI  - Atomic Insight into the Lithium Storage and Diffusion Mechanism of SiO2/Al2O3
      Electrodes of Lithium Ion Batteries: ReaxFF Reactive Force Field Modeling.
AB  - Atomically deposited layers of SiO2 and Al2O3 have been recognized as promising
      coating materials to buffer the volumetric expansion and capacity retention upon
      the chemo-mechanical cycling of the nanostructured silicon- (Si-) based
      electrodes. Furthermore, silica (SiO2) is known as a promising candidate for the
      anode of next-generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its superior
      specific charge capacity and low discharge potential similar to Si anodes. In
      order to describe Li-transport in mixed silica/alumina/silicon systems we
      developed a ReaxFF potential for Li-Si-O-Al interactions. Using this potential, a
      series of hybrid grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamic (MD)
      simulations were carried out to probe the lithiation behavior of silica
      structures. The Li transport through both crystalline and amorphous silica was
      evaluated using the newly optimized force field. The anisotropic diffusivity of
      Li in crystalline silica cases is demonstrated. The ReaxFF diffusion study also
      verifies the transferability of the new force field from crystalline to amorphous
      phases. Our simulation results indicates the capability of the developed force
      field to examine the energetics and kinetics of lithiation as well as Li
      transportation within the crystalline/amorphous silica and alumina phases and
      provide a fundamental understanding on the lithiation reactions involved in the
      Si electrodes covered by silica/alumina coating layers. 

PMID- 26978041
TI  - Free-Standing Graphene Oxide-Palygorskite Nanohybrid Membrane for Oil/Water
      Separation.
AB  - Graphene oxide (GO) is an emerging kind of building block for advanced membranes
      with tunable passageway for water molecules. To synergistically manipulate the
      channel and surface structures/properties of GO-based membranes, the different
      building blocks are combined and the specific interfacial interactions are
      designed in this study. With vacuum-assisted filtration self-assembly,
      palygorskite nanorods are intercalated into adjacent GO nanosheets, and GO
      nanosheets are assembled into laminate structures through pi-pi stacking and
      cation cross-linking. The palygorskite nanorods in the free-standing GOP
      nanohybrid membranes take a 3-fold role, rendering enlarged mass transfer
      channels, elevating hydration capacity, and creating hierarchical nanostructures
      of membrane surfaces. Accordingly, the permeate fluxes from 267 L/(m(2) h) for GO
      membrane to 1867 L/(m(2) h) for GOP membrane. The hydration capacity and
      hierarchical nanostructures synergistically endow GOP membranes with underwater
      superoleophobic and low oil-adhesive water/membrane interfaces. Moreover, by
      rationally imparting chemical and physical joint defense mechanisms, the GOP
      membranes exhibit outstanding separation performance and antifouling properties
      for various oil-in-water emulsion systems (with different concentration, pH, or
      oil species). The high water permeability, high separation efficiency, as well as
      superior anti-oil-fouling properties of GOP membranes enlighten the great
      prospects of graphene-based nanostructured materials in water purification and
      wastewater treatment. 

PMID- 26978040
TI  - A test-retest dataset for assessing long-term reliability of brain morphology and
      resting-state brain activity.
AB  - We present a test-retest dataset for evaluation of long-term reliability of
      measures from structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (sMRI and rfMRI) scans. The repeated scan dataset was collected from 61 healthy
      adults in two sessions using highly similar imaging parameters at an interval of
      103-189 days. However, as the imaging parameters were not completely identical,
      the reliability estimated from this dataset shall reflect the lower bounds of the
      true reliability of sMRI/rfMRI measures. Furthermore, in conjunction with other
      test-retest datasets, our dataset may help explore the impact of different
      imaging parameters on reliability of sMRI/rfMRI measures, which is especially
      critical for assessing datasets collected from multiple centers. In addition,
      intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured for each participant using Raven's
      Advanced Progressive Matrices. The data can thus be used for purposes other than
      assessing reliability of sMRI/rfMRI alone. For example, data from each single
      session could be used to associate structural and functional measures of the
      brain with the IQ metrics to explore brain-IQ association. 

PMID- 26978043
TI  - A Hybrid Approach to Structure and Function Modeling of G Protein-Coupled
      Receptors.
AB  - The recent GPCR Dock 2013 assessment of serotonin receptor 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B, and
      smoothened receptor SMO targets, exposed the strengths and weaknesses of the
      currently used computational approaches. The test cases of 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B
      demonstrated that both the receptor structure and the ligand binding mode can be
      predicted with the atomic-detail accuracy, as long as the target-template
      sequence similarity is relatively high. On the other hand, the observation of a
      low target-template sequence similarity, e.g., between SMO from the frizzled GPCR
      family and members of the rhodopsin family, hampers the GPCR structure prediction
      and ligand docking. Indeed, in GPCR Dock 2013, accurate prediction of the SMO
      target was still beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Another
      bottleneck in the current GPCR research, as demonstrated by the 5-HT2B target, is
      the reliable prediction of global conformational changes induced by activation of
      GPCRs. In this work, we report details of our protocol used during GPCR Dock
      2013. Our structure prediction and ligand docking protocol was especially
      successful in the case of 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B-ergotamine complexes for which we
      provide one of the most accurate predictions. In addition to a description of the
      GPCR Dock 2013 results, we propose a novel hybrid computational methodology to
      improve GPCR structure and function prediction. This computational methodology
      employs two separate rankings for filtering GPCR models. The first ranking is
      ligand-based while the second is based on the scoring scheme of the recently
      published BCL method. In this work, we prove that the use of knowledge-based
      potentials implemented in BCL is an efficient way to cope with major bottlenecks
      in the GPCR structure prediction. Thereby, we also demonstrate that the knowledge
      based potentials for membrane proteins were significantly improved, because of
      the recent surge in available experimental structures.

PMID- 26978044
TI  - From Minor Side Phases to Bulk Samples of Lanthanum Oxonitridosilicates: An
      Investigation with Microfocused Synchrotron Radiation.
AB  - Microcrystals of the oxonitridosilicate oxide
      La(11)Si(13)N(27.636)O(1.046):Ce(3+) were obtained by exploratory high
      temperature synthesis starting from La, La(NH2)3, Si(NH)2, BaH2, and CeF3. Owing
      to the small size of the crystals, microfocused synchrotron radiation was used
      for structure investigations (space group Cmc21 (No. 36), a = 9.5074(4) A, b =
      32.0626(9) A, c = 18.5076(8) A, Z = 8, R1(all) = 0.0267). The crystal structure
      consists of an unprecedented interrupted three-dimensional network of vertex
      sharing SiN(4-x)O(x) tetrahedra that form channels of siebener rings along [100].
      Moreover, the structure is characterized by layers of condensed sechser rings in
      a boat conformation and vierer rings, which are alternatingly stacked with layers
      of vierer and dreier rings. Several split positions indicate two different local
      structure variants. Infrared spectroscopy confirms the absence of N-H bonds.
      Powder X-ray diffraction data show that bulk samples contain only a small amount
      of La(11)Si(13)N(27.636)O1.046:Ce(3+). However, once the exact composition was
      determined from structure analysis, it was possible to optimize the synthesis
      using fluorides as starting materials. Thereby, bulk samples of the homeotypic
      compound La(11)Si(13)N(27.376)O(0.936)F were obtained and investigated.

PMID- 26978042
TI  - Telomere shortening leads to earlier age of onset in ALS mice.
AB  - Telomere shortening has been linked to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.
      Recent evidence suggests that reduced telomerase expression results in shorter
      telomeres in leukocytes from sporadic patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      (ALS) compared with healthy controls. Here, we have characterized telomere length
      in microglia, astroglia and neurons in human post mortem brain tissue from ALS
      patients and healthy controls. Moreover, we studied the consequences of
      telomerase deletion in a genetic mouse model for ALS. We found a trend towards
      longer telomeres in microglia in the brains of ALS patients compared to non
      neurologic controls. Knockout of telomerase leading to telomere shortening
      accelerated the ALS phenotype inSOD1G93A-transgenic mice. Our results suggest
      that telomerase dysfunction might contribute to the age-related risk for ALS. 

PMID- 26978045
TI  - [Development of preclinical diagnosis and preventive treatment of
      neurodegenerative diseases].
AB  - Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are serious fatal neurological and mental
      diseases that resulted in disability and fethal outcome. Based on the advances of
      basic sciences over the last two decades, new knowledge on the risk factors for
      NDD and molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis are obtained. It has been shown
      that the accelerated process of neuronal death which is the main cause of NDD
      development begins long before the appearance of clinical symptoms. The first
      symptoms appeared only after the death of most specific regulatory neurons and
      exhaustion of brain compensatory reserve. Only at that time, one can make the
      diagnosis and start traditional treatment of patients that accounts for the
      extremely low efficacy of the latter. Currently, complex preclinical diagnosis
      based on the identification of relatively specific clinical precursors and
      peripheral biomarkers has been developing. Development of preclinical diagnosis
      and preventive treatment is a strategic issue of modern neurology and psychiatry.
      The resolution of this issue allows to consider NDD as cured, but not fatal,
      diseases.

PMID- 26978046
TI  - [Topochemistry of internuclear interneurons in the human brain stem in arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the internuclear interneurons (IN) involved in the metabolism
      of nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide in the caudal brainstem in
      healthy people and those with lifetime hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      study was performed on postmortem material of 8 healthy men and 19 men, aged 18
      44 years, with lifetime arterial hypertension. Immunohistochemistry methods for
      nNOS, HO-2, CBS and histochemical method for NADPH-diaphorase were used to study
      IN groups located between the giant and small cell reticular nuclei (IN1), small
      cell reticular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract (IN2) surrounded by
      the lateral reticular nucleus (IN3). RESULTS: IN differ in size, shape, length
      and structure of sprouts as well as the nature of relationships formed and
      intensity of immunohistochemical reaction. The intensity of MN response to the
      high blood pressure depends on the cell size: qualitative and quantitative
      changes among the most small MN are mild. In contrast, in many major MN,
      structural changes, a significant reduction in the proportion of these cells,
      concentration and reaction rate are noted. More significant changes in
      quantitative indicators are found among nNOS-positive neurons. The reduction in
      the quantitative indicators depends on the localization of cells. In IN1, where
      there are many large IN, changes are more pronounced than in IN3 and IN2, which
      do not contain so many such cells. CONCLUSION: Central mechanisms of hemodynamic
      control include, at least, two groups of interneurons: intranuclear and
      internuclear. However, among the latter, only large IN are responsive to
      increases in blood pressure that confirms their participation in the regulation
      of hemodynamics, Small IN maintain a relatively small organization and perform a
      stable, obviously, integrating function.

PMID- 26978047
TI  - [Mixed depression in the clinical presentation of attack-like schizophrenia].
AB  - AIM: To explore the variants of attack-like schizophrenia with mixed depression
      and comorbid phobic, obsessive-compulsive disorders, pathological bodily
      sensations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors studied 29 patients with attack-like
      schizophrenia using clinical-anamnestic and psychopathological methods as well as
      psychometric scales (PANSS, Salgary scale, social and mental functioning scale).
      RESULTS: Two main clinical groups of attack-like schizophrenia with mixed
      depression depending on the age of the active manifestations of the disease
      (adolescent/youth and adulthood) were identified. In accordance to the criteria
      for the diagnosis of mixed depression in the diagnostic category "Depressive
      Disorder" DSM-V, 6 manifestations of mania symptoms in the structure of mixed
      depression in patients with schizophrenia were determined. Their clinical
      features and frequency are presented.

PMID- 26978048
TI  - [Immune and oxygen disturbances in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and
      their correction].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the dynamics of immunometabolic characteristics in
      patients with chronic ischemia of the brain (discirculatory encephalopathy - DE)
      under the influence of various combinations of neuroprotective and antioxidant
      drugs and on this basis to identify the most effective therapeutic combinations.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors analyzed the results of treatment of 57 patients
      with DE, stage II, comorbid to hypertension, stage II, which were divided into 3
      groups that received comprehensive basic and advanced therapy with paired
      combinations of neuroprotective and antioxidant drugs. Clinical examination and
      assessment of neuropsychiatric status were performed. Immune disorders were
      assessed by the level of plasma cytokines (TNF, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL
      4, IL-10 receptor antagonist IL-1 (RAIL), INF-gamma, IL-2, IL-17), components of
      complement (C3, CA, C4, C5, CA), inhibitors (factor H, C1-inhibitor),
      immunoglobulin classes IgM, IgG, IgA, metabolic changes (concentrations of
      acylhydrazines, malondialdehyde, ceruloplasmin), C-reactive protein, neopterin
      concentrations, stable metabolites of nitric oxide, the activity of catalase,
      superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant activity of blood serum. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Laboratory and clinical efficacy of the combinations of
      neuroprotective and antioxidant drugs in DE reduced in the following order:
      actovegin and cereton -> emoxipine and piracetam -> cerebrolysin and mexidol.

PMID- 26978049
TI  - [Current possibilities in pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders in children and
      adolescents].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of children tenoten in the treatment
      of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was
      conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the drug
      tenoten children at a dose of 1 tablet 3 times a day for 12 weeks. The study
      included 98 patients (boys and girls from 5 to 15 years with a confirmed
      diagnosis of anxiety disorder), randomized into two groups: the first included 48
      patients treated tenotenom children, in the second - 50 patients receiving
      placebo. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tenoten children has a strong anti-anxiety
      effect both on the results of self-assessment of patients, and on the reports of
      parents. This anxiolytic activity of the drug manifested most significantly in
      children aged 5 to 7 years. In addition, in patients 8-15 years of treatment
      spent tenotenom children to regress the symptoms of anxiety disorders by anxiety
      subscales SCAS "Separation anxiety", "panic attacks and agoraphobia" and "social
      phobia". Throughout the course of treatment tenoten children have been no adverse
      events.

PMID- 26978050
TI  - [Plasma levels of antipsychotics and the severity of side-effects in the
      treatment of schizophrenia exacerbation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study a relationship between plasma levels of antipsychotics (AP)
      and severity of side-effects (SE) during the treatment of inpatients with
      exacerbation of schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 39
      patients treated with risperidone, haloperidol, zuclopenthixol, clozapine,
      aripiprazole or olanzapine as monotherapy or in combination of two AP. Blood
      sampling to measure the AP plasma level was performed twice (at 7-10 and 26-30
      day from start of treatment), the levels of prolactin and glucose were determined
      once (at 26-30 day from start of treatment). Patients were assessed by
      psychometric scales PANSS and NSA and the side-effects scale UKU. RESULTS: The
      increased concentration of AP was noted in 33% of the patients. The high
      concentration of AP was significantly associated with akathisia and hyperkinesia
      (by UKU scale), NSA retardation factor and hyperprolactinemia. Patients with
      severe hyperprolactinemia were twice as likely to have a clinically significant
      depression. Increased blood glucose levels were observed in 18% of the patients,
      there was no significant association with AP plasma levels. Mental SE were most
      prominent, with a drift towards the neurological SE in the group with higher AP
      plasma levels. Chlorpromazine equivalent didn't significantly differ in the
      groups with normal, high and low AP concentrations. CONCLUSION: Elevated AP
      plasma levels, which were associated with some clinically significant SE and some
      negative symptoms, were found in most patients. In this regard, therapeutic drug
      monitoring is a promising method for the individualization of schizophrenia
      exacerbation treatment in routine clinical practice.

PMID- 26978051
TI  - [Clinical and therapeutic perspectives of agomelatine (valdoxan) in the treatment
      of anhedonia in patients with endogenous depressions].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the therapeutic effect of valdoxan on symptoms of anhedonia
      in patients with endogenous depressions and to develop indications for its use.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors examined 30 women, mean age 35,9 years with
      anhedonic depression (ICD-10 items F31.3-4, F33.1-2, F20.4). Valdoxan was
      administered in average daily dose from 25.8 to 45.8 mg during 30 days. Patient's
      status was assessed on 0, 7, 14 and 30th days, using clinical and psychometric
      (HAMD-21, HADS, SHAPS and UKU scales) methods. The reduction of scores was used
      as a measure of therapeutic effect designated as "mild", "moderate", "good" and
      "marked". RESULTS: Antianhedonic effect of valdoxan on 30th day was superior to
      thymoleptic and anxiolytic effects of this drug (91.5 versus 82.2 and 76.9%). The
      marked effect was identified already on 14th day and enhanced to 30th day. The
      best effect was seen in depression of moderate severity. Single autonomic side
      effects of the treatment were observed. CONCLUSION: The course treatment of
      anhedonic depressions with valdoxan should be considered as preferable and highly
      effective method that provides a dominative antianhedonic effect in the spectrum
      of antidepressive properties of the drug. Good and marked effects have been
      achieved in 96.7% of patients. The intensity and rate of its formation, good
      tolerability allow to tailor indications of valdoxan basing on the
      psychopathological characteristics of gedonic disorders.

PMID- 26978052
TI  - [Experience of the antidepressive therapy with valdoxan (agomelatine) in a
      psychogeriatric unit of the psychiatric hospital].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess therapeutic efficacy, tolerability and safety of valdoxan
      (agomelatine) in the treatment of depression in elderly inpatients of the
      psychiatric hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 20 patients, aged
      60 years and older, with depression of varying severity. Patients received
      valdoxan in standard doses 25-50 mg/day during 42 days. RESULTS: Valdoxan showed
      a good balanced profile (in terms of indicators of depression, anxiety and
      anhedonia) of therapeutic response and tolerability in inpatients with mild to
      moderate depression. The use of valdoxan led to a significant reduction of
      depressive disorders and anxiety already in the early period of treatment. The
      severity of anhedonia decreased to the 14th day of treatment. A significant
      improvement in cognitive functioning of patients was noted to the end of
      treatment. CONCLUSION: Valdoxan can be recommended for treatment of mild and
      moderate depression in inpatients of psychiatric hospitals.

PMID- 26978053
TI  - [The use of spitomine (buspirone) in the combined therapy of panic disorder].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of spitomine (buspirone) in the combined
      therapy of panic disorder, we studied the dynamics of clinical parameters and
      personality traits associated with development and maintenance of panic disorder
      during the treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty patients of a treatment
      setting for out-patients with panic disorder were enrolled in the study. Patients
      received combined treatment with spitomine (buspirone) in the dose of 30 mg/daily
      (10 mg three times a day) during 6 weeks and individual short-term direct
      cognitive-behavioral therapy. Anxiety and panic symptoms were measured with HARS,
      CGI, MADRS and STAI-A. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in panic and
      anxiety symptoms (by 50% on the HARS) that reached on average 9.73 scores to the
      end of the study. This finding indicates the absence of anxiety and, therefore,
      therapeutic efficacy of the treatment. Scores on state anxiety of STAI-A were
      significantly lower compared to baseline though the level of anxiety remained
      relatively high. The partial decrease in trait anxiety, though its level was high
      as well, was noted. CONCLUSION: The combined therapy of panic disorder with
      spitomine (buspirone) and cognitive-behavioral therapy is an optimal treatment,
      though not without the limitations of short-term methods. Good tolerability of
      the drug allowed all patients to complete the study.

PMID- 26978054
TI  - [Comprehensive early diagnosis of cognitive impairment].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study cognitive function, CSF biochemical markers of amyloidosis
      and neurodegeneration, cerebral metabolism using PET, cerebral volumetric changes
      and metabolic content of the cingular gyrus using magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      (MRS) in patients with amnesic and neurodynamic variants of mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors examined 369 patients with
      cognitive impairment of different severity. All patients underwent
      neuropsychological examination. To deter-mine the levels of beta-amyloid and tau
      protein,a lumbar puncture was performed in 125 patients and 20 controls. 18
      Fluorine deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FCSRT) was performed in 77
      patients. Assessment of metabolite levels by MRS and volumetric parameters by
      magnetic resonance morphometry was done in 92 patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
      The "free and cued selective reminding test" and "trail making test" showed the
      best diagnostic value in the early differential diagnosis of amnesic and
      neurodynamic variants of MCI. A decrease in beta-amyloid-42 protein and an
      increase in tau-protein in CSF are early markers of neurodegenerative dementia as
      well as of the additional involvement of the neurodegeneration in cerebrovascular
      disease. Specific areas of glucose hypometabolism on preclinical stages of
      dementia were identified using FCSRT. Spectroscopy and morphometry based on
      magnetic resonance can predict neurodegeneration in the cingular cortex, frontal
      and temporal brain.

PMID- 26978055
TI  - [Association between pathological olfaction, immunological abnormalities and
      predisposition to substance use].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To reveal olfactory parameters of substance addiction formation
      through evaluation of predictive capability of olfactometry combined with
      laboratory-immunological methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors examined 156
      people of both sexes aged 18-25 years. Three comparison groups with different
      attitudes towards psychoactive substances were formed as follows: people who do
      not use psychoactive substances (controls), episodic consumers (group at risk)
      and people with dependence syndrome. RESULTS: The occurrence of olfactory
      abnormalities in the anamnesis has immunological, psychological and behavioral
      correlates and is associated with earlier age of onset of substance consumption.
      The severity of aversive reactions to the test odorant is reduced already in the
      stage of episodic substance use and is associated with clinical signs of immune
      deficiency, suppression of cellular immunity and an increase in blood cortisol
      levels in substance abusers. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic and predictive modeling in
      the field of biological and clinical science of drug addiction is possible based
      on immunological and olfactory parameters.

PMID- 26978056
TI  - [Very low magnesium levels in red blood cells as a significant factor in the
      etiopathogenesis of borderline disorders].
AB  - AIM: Basic studies indicate magnesium deficiency as one of the important, but
      often neglected, risk factors aggravating the course of borderline disorders
      (BD). A clinical verification of this notion has been conducted. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Authors studied 62 patients with BD, aged 25-65 years, of inpatient and
      outpatient settings. Contents of magnesium and other blood electrolytes were
      determined. RESULTS: Authors found an extremely high prevalence of very low
      levels of magnesium (Mg) in erythrocytes (<0.3 mmol/l) in patients with BD
      compared to controls (patients without BD, Mg (er.) 1.62+/-0.48 mmol/l). It has
      been shown that low Mg levels in the plasma and red blood cells are associated
      with a significantly increased risk of the following diagnoses: F07 "Personality
      and behavioral disorder due to brain disease, damage and dysfunction" (p<0.0016),
      F21 "Schizotypal disorder" (p<0.0005) and F34 "Persistent mood [affective]
      disorders" (p<0.0001). The use of Magne B6 Forte (4 tablets/day, 30 days, then 2
      tablets/day for 1 year) resulted in a significant increase in the Mg levels in
      the plasma and erythrocytes, the compensation of anxiety and depressive symptoms,
      improvement of sleep and general health of the patients, reduced consumption of
      antidepressants (by 30%). CONCLUSION: Administration of the drugs based on
      organic salts of magnesium per os improves the condition of patients and reduces
      their need in pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 26978057
TI  - [The structure of mortality of patients under dispensary supervision diagnosed
      with alcohol-related mental and behavioral disorders].
AB  - AIM: To identify the characteristics of mortality in patients under dispensary
      supervision with mental and behavioral disorders caused by alcohol (F10) in
      Arkhangelsk city. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information obtained from certificates of
      death made out for people died in 2011-2012 who were registered in a regional
      psychoneurological dispensary was used. RESULTS: Mental and behavioral disorders
      caused by alcohol were diagnosed in 6,5% of patients, mean life longevity was
      51,6 years while in others it was 67,8 years. Percentage of patients died from
      diseases of blood circulation system (40,6%) and tumors (13,8%) was relatively
      low while percentage of patients died from injuries, poisoning and other
      environmental factors was higher (28,6%). CONCLUSION: Alcohol abuse is a
      significant risk factor for population health of Arkhangelsk city. The structure
      of mortality of patients under dispensary supervision is characterized by the
      considerable prevalence of conditions that are potentially avertible. Differences
      in the approaches of forensic medicine experts and autopsists to the assessment
      of causes of death in these cases can lead to misrepresentation of statistical
      data on mortality structure.

PMID- 26978058
TI  - [The possibility of treatment of cognitive impairment in the complex therapy of
      patients with the consequences of cerebral infarction].
AB  - AIM: To study neuropsychological status of inpatients with the consequences of
      cerebral infarction treated with cortexin and mexidol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We
      carried out a neurological and neuropsychological examination of 62 patients with
      the consequences of cerebral infarction treated with cortexin in the dose of 10
      mg and mexidol in the dose of 5 mL of 5% solution intravenously during 15 days.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It has been shown that the use of this drug combination
      decreasescomplaints and neurological symptoms and significantly improves
      cognitive and emotional status as well. The more positive changes are related to
      attention, speed of mental reactions, anxiety and verbal activity. The complex
      therapy with cortexin and mexidoldecreased neurological deficit and improve
      cognitive functioning and psychoemotional status thus increasing quality of life
      and rehabilitation potential of the patients.

PMID- 26978059
TI  - [On the question of the organization of brain function: cortical associations,
      "disconnection" syndrome and higher brain functions].
AB  - The review considers the structural/functional brain organization, the
      disturbance of which is accompanied by the development of cognitive and
      behavioral disorders. The significance of the disruption of parallel circuits
      connecting frontal lobes with subcortical structures (the basal ganglia,
      thalamus, cerebellum) is highlighted. This disruption is clinically described as
      "disconnection" syndrome. The associations between the basal ganglia and the
      cortex of the large cerebral hemispheres responsible for motor, cognitive and
      emotional/behavioral functions do not restricted to these spheres and is
      characteristic not only of frontal brain areas. There are circuits connecting
      other brain compartments and the basal ganglia that provide perception, and are
      involved in decision making on the basis of input information of different
      modalities.The improvement of understanding of the pathophysiology and
      neurochemistry of these structures opens new possibilities for selective action
      on some or other circuit to achieve the best therapeutic result.

PMID- 26978060
TI  - [Frontotemporal degeneration: a clinical case and experience of using of
      diffusion tensor magnetic-resonance imaging tractography].
AB  - Frontotemporal degeneration is a frequent cause of presenile dementia that makes
      up from 5 to 17% of autopsy-confirmed cases developed at the age of 70 years.
      Authors report a case of this disease, discuss the possible causes of its
      development and present the results of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance
      tractography. Clinical features of this case are practically isolated speech
      disturbance with the most likely domination of a semantic variant of primary
      progressive aphasia. Magnetic-resonance imaging has an important practical
      significance for this pathology due to the possibility of assessing atrophic
      zones. The use of DTI-tractography allows to extend diagnostic possibilities.

PMID- 26978061
TI  - Solution-processed photodetectors based on organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite
      and nanocrystalline graphite.
AB  - We present here solution-processed photodetectors based on a methyl ammonium lead
      iodide perovskite (MAPbI3) and nanocrystalline graphite (NCG) hybrid composite.
      The highest responsivity of the best MAPbI3/NCG photodetector was 795 mA W(-1) at
      500 nm visible light, which is almost twice as high as that of the NCG-free
      MAPbI3 photodetector (408 mA W(-1)). The enhanced performance of the MAPbI3/NCG
      photodetector arises from the improved charge extraction at the MAPbI3/NCG
      interface. The dependence of photodetector performance on the mass percentage of
      NCG (the ratio of NCG to MAPbI3) in the hybrid materials is also reported here,
      and is correlated to the fabrication process. Moreover, by comparing the
      responsivity of the devices with different channel lengths, we show that the
      performance of hybrid photodetectors can be further tuned by tailoring the
      channel length. 

PMID- 26978063
TI  - Correction: Medical and Obstetric Complications among Pregnant Women Aged 45 and
      Older.

PMID- 26978062
TI  - Bortezomib Inpatient Prescribing Practices in Free-Standing Children's Hospitals
      in the United States.
AB  - This study is a pharmacoepidemiologic description of pediatric bortezomib use.
      Exposure was identified through billing codes in patients admitted to US
      children's hospitals that participated with the Pediatric Health Information
      System between 2004 and 2013. Associated information on underlying diseases,
      demographics, institutional use, mortality, and physician type was collected.
      Exposure to bortezomib was identified in 314 patients. Hematologist/Oncologists
      prescribed half of the bortezomib used. Use increased during the study period.
      Inpatient volume was positively correlated with bortezomib utilization.
      Bortezomib use in pediatrics is increasing for a variety of diseases. Variation
      in use exists across institutions. Further studies are needed to characterize
      bortezomib's efficacy in pediatric diseases. 

PMID- 26978064
TI  - Differentiation of Apical Bud Cells in a Newly Developed Apical Bud
      Transplantation Model Using GFP Transgenic Mice as Donor.
AB  - Rodent mandibular incisors have a unique anatomical structure that allows teeth
      to grow throughout the lifetime of the rodent. This report presents a novel
      transplantation technique for studying the apical bud differentiation of rodent
      mandibular incisors. Incisal apical end tissue with green fluorescent protein
      from transgenic mouse was transplanted to wild type mice, and the development of
      the transplanted cells were immunohistologically observed for 12 weeks after the
      transplantation. Results indicate that the green fluorescent apical end tissue
      replaced the original tissue, and cells from the apical bud differentiated and
      extended toward the incisal edge direction. The immunostaining with podoplanin
      also showed that the characteristics of the green fluorescent tissue were
      identical to those of the original. The green fluorescent cells were only found
      in the labial side of the incisor up to 4 weeks. After 12 weeks, however, they
      were also found in the lingual side. Here the green fluorescent cementocyte-like
      cells were only present in the cementum close to the dentin surface. This study
      suggests that some of the cells that form the cellular cementum come from the
      apical tissue including the apical bud in rodent incisors. 

PMID- 26978066
TI  - Hendra virus ecology and transmission.
AB  - Hendra virus causes acute and highly fatal infection in horses and humans.
      Pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, with age and
      species being risk factors for infection. Urine is the primary route of excretion
      in flying-foxes, with viral RNA more frequently detected in Pteropus alecto and
      P. conspicillatus than other species. Infection prevalence in flying-foxes can
      vary between and within years, with a winter peak of excretion occurring in some
      regions. Vertical transmission and recrudescing infection has been reported in
      flying-foxes, but horizontal transmission is evidently the primary mode of
      transmission. The most parsimonious mode of flying-fox to horse transmission is
      equine contact (oro-nasal, conjunctival) with infected flying-fox urine, either
      directly, or via urine-contaminated pasture or surfaces. Horse to horse
      transmission is inefficient, requiring direct contact with infected body fluids.
      Flying-fox to human transmission has not been recorded; all human cases have been
      associated with close and direct contact with infected horses. Canine cases
      (subclinical) have also been limited to equine case properties. Notwithstanding
      the recent availability of an effective vaccine for horses, a comprehensive
      understanding of Hendra virus ecology and transmission is essential to limit
      inter-species transmission. 

PMID- 26978065
TI  - The Impact of Emotions and Empathy-Related Traits on Punishment Behavior:
      Introduction and Validation of the Inequality Game.
AB  - In the prevention and resolution of conflicts in social contexts, an important
      step is to understand how different emotions and empathic traits are linked to
      punishment behaviors. Unfortunately, few paradigms exist to study these
      phenomena. Here, we developed the Inequality Game (IG) as an economic and verbal
      interaction paradigm in which participants are faced with an "unfair other" as
      opposed to a "fair other" and subsequently have the opportunity to engage in a
      range of social behaviors. These social behaviors include cooperative or
      competitive economic choices and nice or derogatory verbal behavior toward the
      unfair and fair other. Participants could thus engage in punishment or
      forgiveness behavior toward the unfair other as well as in cooperative or
      aggressive behavior toward the fair other. We validated the IG through multimodal
      measures comprising the assessment of personality traits, emotions (by means of
      facial expressions and self-reports), arousal (by means of skin conductance
      responses), physical effort (force exertion), and behavioral reactions. Second,
      we examined the influence of emotions and empathy-related traits on punishment
      behavior. With regard to emotions, we observed a positive relation between
      malicious joy and punishment behavior. This result highlights the role of reward
      related mechanisms in favoring punishment behavior. In addition, different
      empathic traits had opposing effects on antisocial behavior. Whereas personal
      distress predicted aggressive verbal behavior, perspective taking and empathic
      concern predicted a reduction in punishment behavior. Empathic traits also
      modulated emotional experience and person evaluations, such that perspective
      taking was related to more positive affect (less frowning and more smiling) and a
      more favorable evaluation of the unfair other. The current data validate the IG,
      reveal that malicious joy is positively related to punishment behavior, and show
      that different types of empathic traits can have opposing effects on antisocial
      behavior as well as on related emotions and person evaluations. 

PMID- 26978067
TI  - Prenatal Diagnosis and Evaluation of Sonographic Predictors for Intervention and
      Adverse Outcome in Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe antenatal findings and evaluate prenatal risk parameters
      for adverse outcome or need for intervention in fetuses with congenital pulmonary
      airway malformation (CPAM). METHODS: In our retrospective study all fetuses with
      a prenatal diagnosis of CPAM detected in our tertiary referral center between
      2002 and 2013 were analyzed. Sonographic findings were noted and measurements of
      mass-to-thorax-ratio (MTR), congenital pulmonary airway malformation volume-ratio
      (CVR) and observed to expected lung-to head-ratio (o/e LHR) were conducted and
      correlated to fetal or neonatal morbidity and mortality and/or need for prenatal
      intervention. RESULTS: 67 fetuses with CPAM were included in the study. Hydropic
      fetuses were observed in 16.4% (11/67) of cases, prenatal intervention was
      undertaken in 9 cases; 7 pregnancies were terminated. The survival rate of non
      hydropic fetuses with conservatively managed CPAM was 98.0% (50/51), the survival
      rate for hydropic fetuses with intention to treat was 42.9% (3/7). 10 (18.2%)
      children needed respiratory assistance. Fetuses with a CVR of <0.91 were
      significantly less likely to experience adverse outcome or need for prenatal
      intervention with sensitivity, specificity and positive/negative predictive value
      of 0.89, 0.71, 0.62 and 0.93, respectively. A MTR (mass-to-thorax-ratio) of <
      0.51 had a positive predictive value of 0.54 and a negative predictive value of
      0.96 of adverse events with a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.63. The
      negative predictive value for o/e LHR of 45% was 0.84 with sensitivity,
      specificity and positive predictive value of 0.73, 0.68 and 0.52, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The majority of cases with CPAM have a favorable outcome. MTR and
      CVR are able to identify fetuses at risk, the o/e LHR is less sensitive.

PMID- 26978069
TI  - Time-Resolved Visualisation of Nearly-Native Influenza A Virus Progeny
      Ribonucleoproteins and Their Individual Components in Live Infected Cells.
AB  - Influenza viruses are a global health concern because of the permanent threat of
      novel emerging strains potentially capable of causing pandemics. Viral
      ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) containing genomic RNA segments, nucleoprotein
      oligomers, and the viral polymerase, play a central role in the viral replication
      cycle. Our knowledge about critical events such as vRNP assembly and interactions
      with other viral and cellular proteins is poor and could be substantially
      improved by time lapse imaging of the infected cells. However, such studies are
      limited by the difficulty to achieve live-cell compatible labeling of active
      vRNPs. Previously we designed the first unimpaired recombinant influenza WSN-PB2
      GFP11 virus allowing fluorescent labeling of the PB2 subunit of the viral
      polymerase (Avilov et al., J.Virol. 2012). Here, we simultaneously labeled the
      viral PB2 protein using the above-mentioned strategy, and virus-encoded progeny
      RNPs through spontaneous incorporation of transiently expressed NP-mCherry fusion
      proteins during RNP assembly in live infected cells. This dual labeling enabled
      us to visualize progeny vRNPs throughout the infection cycle and to characterize
      independently the mobility, oligomerization status and interactions of vRNP
      components in the nuclei of live infected cells. 

PMID- 26978068
TI  - Biofilm Morphotypes and Population Structure among Staphylococcus epidermidis
      from Commensal and Clinical Samples.
AB  - Bacterial species comprise related genotypes that can display divergent
      phenotypes with important clinical implications. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a
      common cause of nosocomial infections and, critical to its pathogenesis, is its
      ability to adhere and form biofilms on surfaces, thereby moderating the effect of
      the host's immune response and antibiotics. Commensal S. epidermidis populations
      are thought to differ from those associated with disease in factors involved in
      adhesion and biofilm accumulation. We quantified the differences in biofilm
      formation in 98 S. epidermidis isolates from various sources, and investigated
      population structure based on ribosomal multilocus typing (rMLST) and the
      presence/absence of genes involved in adhesion and biofilm formation. All
      isolates were able to adhere and form biofilms in in vitro growth assays and
      confocal microscopy allowed classification into 5 biofilm morphotypes based on
      their thickness, biovolume and roughness. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped
      isolates into three separate clades, with the isolates in the main disease
      associated clade displaying diversity in morphotype. Of the biofilm morphology
      characteristics, only biofilm thickness had a significant association with clade
      distribution. The distribution of some known adhesion-associated genes (aap and
      sesE) among isolates showed a significant association with the species clonal
      frame. These data challenge the assumption that biofilm-associated genes, such as
      those on the ica operon, are genetic markers for less invasive S. epidermidis
      isolates, and suggest that phenotypic characteristics, such as adhesion and
      biofilm formation, are not fixed by clonal descent but are influenced by the
      presence of various genes that are mobile among lineages.

PMID- 26978070
TI  - Plant Tandem CCCH Zinc Finger Proteins Interact with ABA, Drought, and Stress
      Response Regulators in Processing-Bodies and Stress Granules.
AB  - Although multiple lines of evidence have indicated that Arabidopsis thaliana
      Tandem CCCH Zinc Finger proteins, AtTZF4, 5 and 6 are involved in ABA, GA and
      phytochrome mediated seed germination responses, the interacting proteins
      involved in these processes are unknown. Using yeast two-hybrid screens, we have
      identified 35 putative AtTZF5 interacting protein partners. Among them, Mediator
      of ABA-Regulated Dormancy 1 (MARD1) is highly expressed in seeds and involved in
      ABA signal transduction, while Responsive to Dehydration 21A (RD21A) is a well
      documented stress responsive protein. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and
      bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays were used to confirm that
      AtTZF5 can interact with MARD1 and RD21A in plant cells, and the interaction is
      mediated through TZF motif. In addition, AtTZF4 and 6 could also interact with
      MARD1 and RD21A in Y-2-H and BiFC assay, respectively. The protein-protein
      interactions apparently take place in processing bodies (PBs) and stress granules
      (SGs), because AtTZF5, MARD1 and RD21A could interact and co-localize with each
      other and they all can co-localize with the same PB and SG markers in plant
      cells. 

PMID- 26978072
TI  - Carvedilol nano lipid carriers: formulation, characterization and in-vivo
      evaluation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop Carvedilol nanostructured lipid carriers
      (CAR-NLCs) using stearic acid and oleic acid as lipid, and to estimate the
      potential as oral delivery system for poorly water soluble drug. The particle
      size analysis revealed that all the developed formulations were within the
      nanometer range. The EE and loading were found to be between 69.45-88.56% and
      9.58-12.56%, respectively. The CAR-NLCopt showed spherical morphology with smooth
      surface under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crystallization of the
      drug in NLC was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and differential
      scanning calorimetry (DSC) and revealed that the drug was in an amorphous state
      in the NLC matrix. The ex vivo gut permeation study showed many folds increment
      in the permeation of CAR-NLCs compared to Carvedilol suspension (CAR-S). The oral
      bioavailability study of CAR was carried out using Wistar rats and relative
      bioavailability of CAR-NLCopt was found to be 3.95 fold increased in comparison
      with CAR-S. In vivo antihypertensive study in Wistar rats showed significant
      reduction in mean systolic BP by CAR-NLCopt vis-a-vis CAR-S (p < 0.05) owing to
      the drug absorption through lymphatic pathways. In conclusion, the NLC
      formulation remarkably improved the oral bioavailability of CAR and demonstrated
      a promising perspective for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. The
      promising findings in this investigation suggest the practicability of these
      systems for the enhancement of bioavailability of CAR. 

PMID- 26978071
TI  - Relative Importance of Sex, Pre-Starvation Body Mass and Structural Body Size in
      the Determination of Exceptional Starvation Resistance of Anchomenus dorsalis
      (Coleoptera: Carabidae).
AB  - In nature, almost all animals have to cope with periods of food shortage during
      their lifetimes. Starvation risks are especially high for carnivorous predatory
      species, which often experience long intervals between stochastic prey capturing
      events. A laboratory experiment using the common predatory carabid beetle
      Anchomenus dorsalis revealed an exceptional level of starvation resistance in
      this species: males survived up to 137 days and females up to 218 days without
      food at 20 degrees C. Individual starvation resistance was strongly positively
      affected by pre-starvation body mass but only slightly by beetle structural body
      size per se. Females outperformed males even when the effect of gender was
      corrected for the effects of structural body size and pre-starvation body mass.
      The better performance of females compared to males and of beetles with higher
      relative pre-starvation body mass could be linked to higher fat content and lean
      dry mass before starvation, followed by a greater decrease in both during
      starvation. There was also a difference between the sexes in the extent of body
      mass changes both during ad libitum feeding and following starvation; the body
      masses of females fluctuated more compared to males. This study stresses the need
      to distinguish between body mass and structural body size when investigating the
      ecological and evolutionary consequences of body size. Investigation of the net
      effects of body size and sex is necessary to disentangle the causes of
      differences in individual performances in studies of species with significant
      sexual size dimorphism. 

PMID- 26978073
TI  - Physiological Responses and Hedonics During Prolonged Physically Interactive
      Videogame Play.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess physiologic responses and hedonics
      (i.e., liking) during prolonged physically interactive videogame play. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Participants (n = 24) completed three 30-minute videogame conditions
      on separate days in a random order. During two of the conditions participants
      played physically interactive videogames (Nintendo of America, Inc. [Redmond, WA]
      "WiiTM Fit" "Basic Run" and "Basic Step"). During the third condition
      participants played a traditional/sedentary game ("Tanks!"), which required
      minimal physical movement for gameplay. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was assessed
      using indirect calorimetry throughout each condition and averaged every 5
      minutes. Liking was assessed via visual analog scale at the 15- and 30-minute
      time points during each condition. RESULTS: Mean VO2 was significantly (P <
      0.001) greater during "Basic Run" (16.14 +/- 5.8 mL/kg/minute, 4.6 +/- 1.7
      metabolic equivalents [METs]) than either "Basic Step" (11.4 +/- 1.7
      mL/kg/minute, 3.3 +/- 0.5 METs) or the traditional/sedentary videogame (5.39 +/-
      1.0 mL/kg/minute, 1.5 +/- 0.1 METs). "Basic Step" was also greater (P < 0.001)
      than the traditional/sedentary game. VO2 did not significantly (P = 0.25)
      fluctuate across the 30-minute session for any game. In other words, participants
      maintained a consistent physiologic intensity throughout each 30-minute
      condition. There were no differences (P >= 0.20) across gaming conditions or time
      for liking. CONCLUSIONS: Participants achieved and maintained moderate-intensity
      physical activity (>=3.0 METs) during both 30-minute physically interactive
      videogame conditions. Furthermore, because liking was similar across all gaming
      conditions, participants may be willing to substitute the physically interactive
      videogames in place of the traditional/sedentary game.

PMID- 26978074
TI  - Selective Influences of Precision and Power Grips on Speech Categorization.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that articulatory gestures are systematically
      associated with specific manual grip actions. Here we show that executing such
      actions can influence performance on a speech-categorization task. Participants
      watched and/or listened to speech stimuli while executing either a power or a
      precision grip. Grip performance influenced the syllable categorization by
      increasing the proportion of responses of the syllable congruent with the
      executed grip (power grip-[ke] and precision grip-[te]). Two follow-up
      experiments indicated that the effect was based on action-induced bias in
      selecting the syllable. 

PMID- 26978075
TI  - BioSig3D: High Content Screening of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Models.
AB  - BioSig3D is a computational platform for high-content screening of three
      dimensional (3D) cell culture models that are imaged in full 3D volume. It
      provides an end-to-end solution for designing high content screening assays,
      based on colony organization that is derived from segmentation of nuclei in each
      colony. BioSig3D also enables visualization of raw and processed 3D volumetric
      data for quality control, and integrates advanced bioinformatics analysis. The
      system consists of multiple computational and annotation modules that are coupled
      together with a strong use of controlled vocabularies to reduce ambiguities
      between different users. It is a web-based system that allows users to: design an
      experiment by defining experimental variables, upload a large set of volumetric
      images into the system, analyze and visualize the dataset, and either display
      computed indices as a heatmap, or phenotypic subtypes for heterogeneity analysis,
      or download computed indices for statistical analysis or integrative biology.
      BioSig3D has been used to profile baseline colony formations with two
      experiments: (i) morphogenesis of a panel of human mammary epithelial cell lines
      (HMEC), and (ii) heterogeneity in colony formation using an immortalized non
      transformed cell line. These experiments reveal intrinsic growth properties of
      well-characterized cell lines that are routinely used for biological studies.
      BioSig3D is being released with seed datasets and video-based documentation. 

PMID- 26978076
TI  - Model Testing of PluriTest with Next-Generation Sequencing Data.

PMID- 26978077
TI  - Novel Approach to Simulate Sleep Apnea Patients for Evaluating Positive Pressure
      Therapy Devices.
AB  - Bench testing is a useful method to characterize the response of different
      automatic positive airway pressure (APAP) devices under well-controlled
      conditions. However, previous models did not consider the diversity of
      obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients' characteristics and phenotypes. The
      objective of this proof-of-concept study was to design a new bench test for
      realistically simulating an OSA patient's night, and to implement a one-night
      example of a typical female phenotype for comparing responses to several
      currently-available APAP devices. We developed a novel approach aimed at
      replicating a typical night of sleep which includes different disturbed breathing
      events, disease severities, sleep/wake phases, body postures and respiratory
      artefacts. The simulated female OSA patient example that we implemented included
      periods of wake, light sleep and deep sleep with positional changes and was
      connected to ten different APAP devices. Flow and pressure readings were
      recorded; each device was tested twice. The new approach for simulating female
      OSA patients effectively combined a wide variety of disturbed breathing patterns
      to mimic the response of a predefined patient type. There were marked differences
      in response between devices; only three were able to overcome flow limitation to
      normalize breathing, and only five devices were associated with a residual apnea
      hypopnea index of <5/h. In conclusion, bench tests can be designed to simulate
      specific patient characteristics, and typical stages of sleep, body position, and
      wake. Each APAP device behaved differently when exposed to this controlled model
      of a female OSA patient, and should lead to further understanding of OSA
      treatment. 

PMID- 26978119
TI  - Psychometric properties of a short version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-8)
      in a German representative sample.
AB  - PURPOSE: Disordered eating is common for all ages and sexes in the general
      population. However, only some individuals are known to develop clinically
      relevant eating disorders. There is a critical need of efficient, reliable and
      valid screening instruments to measure disordered eating for the general
      population. The Eating Attitudes Test was shortened into an 8-item-version to
      screen individuals at high risk of developing clinical eating disorders in a
      general population sample. METHODS: Psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha,
      construct and concurrent validity and factor structure), cutoff scores (with
      sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value) and norms were
      determined in a representative sample of the German population (N=2527).
      Factorial validity was investigated using item response modeling. RESULTS:
      Results confirmed reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Internal
      consistency and convergent validity were good. Analysis revealed different cutoff
      points for male and female participants. Values for sensitivity and specificity
      were satisfying and the positive predictive value was higher compared to other
      short screening instruments for disordered eating. Factorial analysis revealed a
      one-factor solution with an excellent model fit. The elimination of one item was
      discussed. Gender- and age-specific norms are reported. CONCLUSIONS: Overall
      results indicated that the EAT-8 is an efficient instrument suitable for
      screening purposes in large general population samples.

PMID- 26978120
TI  - Decomposing contributions of absolute, relative and subjective deprivation: A
      commentary on "Relative deprivation and risk factors for obesity in Canadian
      adolescents".

PMID- 26978121
TI  - Discovery and modelling studies of natural ingredients from Gaultheria
      yunnanensis (FRANCH.) against phosphodiesterase-4.
AB  - Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is an anti-inflammatory target for treatment of asthma
      and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we report the isolation
      and characterization of 13 compounds (G1-G13) by bioassay-guided fractionation of
      the ethyl acetate extraction of Gaultheria yunnanensis (FRANCH.), one of which
      pentacyclic triterpene (G1) has never been reported. Four of them (G1, G2, G4,
      and G5) inhibit PDE4 with the IC50 values < 20 MUM and G1 is the most potent
      ingredient with an IC50 of 245 nM and moderate selectivity over other PDE
      families. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that G1 forms a hydrogen bond
      with Asn362, in addition to the hydrogen bond with Gln369 and pi-pi interactions
      with Phe372, which are commonly observed in the binding of most PDE4 inhibitors.
      The calculated binding free energies for the interactions of PDE4-G1 and PDE4-G2
      are -19.4 and -18.8 kcal/mol, in consistence with the bioassay that G1 and G2
      have IC50 of 245 nM and 542 nM, respectively. The modelling results of these
      active compounds may aid the rational design of novel PDE4 inhibitors as anti
      inflammatory agents. 

PMID- 26978123
TI  - Putting Maternal Health in Perspective with a Life Course Approach to Women's
      Health.

PMID- 26978122
TI  - Inhibition of Lipolysis Ameliorates Diabetic Phenotype in a Mouse Model of
      Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with insulin resistance, glucose
      intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. Causal mechanisms mediating this association
      are not well defined; however, augmented lipolysis in adipose might be involved.
      Here, we investigated the effect of acipimox treatment (lipolysis inhibitor) on
      glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia
      (IH). C57BL6/J mice were exposed for 14 days to IH or control conditions. IH was
      created by decreasing the fraction of inspired oxygen from 20.9 to 6.5%, 60
      times/h. Control exposure was air (fraction of inspired oxygen, 20.9%) delivered
      at an identical flow rate. Acipimox was provided in drinking water (0.5 g/ml)
      during exposures. After exposures, intraperitoneal insulin (0.5 IU/kg) and
      glucose (1 g/kg) tolerance tests were performed, and primary adipocytes were
      isolated for lipolysis experiments. IH elevated fasting glucose by 51% and
      worsened glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by 33 and 102%, respectively.
      In parallel, IH increased spontaneous lipolysis by 264%, and reduced epididymal
      fat mass by 15% and adipocyte size by 8%. Acipimox treatment prevented IH-induced
      lipolysis and increased epididymal fat mass and adipocyte size by 19 and 10%,
      respectively. Acipimox fully prevented IH-induced impairments in fasting
      glycemia, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity. For all reported results, P
      less than 0.05 was considered significant. Augmented lipolysis contributes to
      insulin resistance and glucose intolerance observed in mice exposed to IH.
      Acipimox treatment ameliorated the metabolic consequences of IH and might
      represent a novel treatment option for patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

PMID- 26978124
TI  - Adherence of Primary Care Physicians to Evidence-Based Recommendations to Reduce
      Ovarian Cancer Mortality.
AB  - Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer. Receipt of treatment from a
      gynecologic oncologist is an evidence-based recommendation to reduce mortality
      from the disease. We examined knowledge and application of this evidence-based
      recommendation in primary care physicians as part of CDC gynecologic cancer
      awareness campaign efforts and discussed results in the context of CDC National
      Comprehensive Cancer Control Program (NCCCP). We analyzed primary care physician
      responses to questions about how often they refer patients diagnosed with ovarian
      cancer to gynecologic oncologists, and reasons for lack of referral. We also
      analyzed these physicians' knowledge of tests to help determine whether a
      gynecologic oncologist is needed for a planned surgery. The survey response rate
      was 52.2%. A total of 84% of primary care physicians (87% of family/general
      practitioners, 81% of internists and obstetrician/gynecologists) said they always
      referred patients to gynecologic oncologists for treatment. Common reasons for
      not always referring were patient preference or lack of gynecologic oncologists
      in the practice area. A total of 23% of primary care physicians had heard of the
      OVA1 test, which helps to determine whether gynecologic oncologist referral is
      needed. Although referral rates reported here are high, it is not clear whether
      ovarian cancer patients are actually seeing gynecologic oncologists for care. The
      NCCCP is undertaking several efforts to assist with this, including education of
      the recommendation among women and providers and assistance with treatment
      summaries and patient navigation toward appropriate treatment. Expansion of these
      efforts to all populations may help improve adherence to recommendations and
      reduce ovarian cancer mortality. 

PMID- 26978125
TI  - Polar stir bars for isolation and preconcentration of perfluoroalkyl substances
      from human milk samples prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A new method for the determination of four perfluoroalkyl carboxylic
      acids (from C5 to C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonate in human milk samples using
      stir-bar sorptive extraction-ultra-HPLC-MS/MS has been accurately optimized and
      validated. METHODOLOGY: Polydimethylsiloxane and polyethyleneglycol modified
      silicone materials were evaluated. DISCUSSION: Overall, polyethyleneglycol led to
      a better sensitivity. After optimizing experimental variables, the method was
      validated reaching detection limits in the range of 0.05-0.20 ng ml(-1); recovery
      rates from 81 to 105% and relative standard deviations fewer than 13% in all
      cases. The method was applied to milk samples from five randomly selected women.
      All samples were positive for at least one of the target compounds with
      concentrations ranging between 0.8 and 6.6 ng ml(-1), being the most abundant
      perfluorooctane sulfonate.

PMID- 26978126
TI  - A rare case of true carcinosarcoma of the breast.
AB  - BACKGROUND: True carcinosarcoma of the breast is an extremely rare condition,
      accounting for 0.08-0.2% of all breast malignancies. The correct definition of
      this tumor requires both a carcinomatous component and a malignant non-epithelial
      component of mesenchymal origin, without evidence of a transition zone between
      the two elements. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 49-year-old woman
      presenting with a 4cm mass at the level of her left breast upper-outer quadrant
      with a histologic diagnosis of true carcinosarcoma of the breast. DISCUSSION: The
      most appropriate therapeutic regimens for breast carcinosarcoma are still unclear
      because of the rarity of this condition, but Breast Conserving Treatment (BCT)
      followed by adjuvant chemotherapy seems to provide a prognosis equalling that of
      usual Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the breast.

PMID- 26978128
TI  - A developmental study of latent absolute pitch memory.
AB  - The ability to recall the absolute pitch level of familiar music (latent absolute
      pitch memory) is widespread in adults, in contrast to the rare ability to label
      single pitches without a reference tone (overt absolute pitch memory). The
      present research investigated the developmental profile of latent absolute pitch
      (AP) memory and explored individual differences related to this ability. In two
      experiments, 288 children from 4 to12 years of age performed significantly above
      chance at recognizing the absolute pitch level of familiar melodies. No age
      related improvement or decline, nor effects of musical training, gender, or
      familiarity with the stimuli were found in regard to latent AP task performance.
      These findings suggest that latent AP memory is a stable ability that is
      developed from as early as age 4 and persists into adulthood.

PMID- 26978129
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis management of early disease.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Early effective treatment has led to major improvements in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This review aims to address the treatment of
      early rheumatoid arthritis, in particular the different therapeutic strategies
      evaluated in clinical trials to achieve optimal disease control. RECENT FINDINGS:
      The use of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) has
      significantly improved patient outcomes. Overall, studies using bDMARD induction
      have shown early clinical improvements, with high proportions achieving remission
      with minimal radiographic progression. As these drugs are still relatively
      costly, conventional synthetic DMARDs, as monotherapy or in combination, remain
      the mainstay of treatment initiation. Good, albeit somewhat slower, responses can
      be achieved with these drugs. Strategies incorporating glucocorticoids and a
      treat-to-target approach (i.e. regular monitoring of disease activity and early
      treatment escalation with a conventional synthetic or b-DMARD, if needed) have
      shown additional benefit. In patients achieving low disease activity or
      remission, bDMARD dose reduction and withdrawal, and even drug-free remission
      have been possible in some. SUMMARY: In patients with early rheumatoid arthritis,
      conventional synthetic DMARDs and glucocorticoids used within a treat-to-target
      setting, and the addition of a bDMARD if required, outcomes have improved
      significantly. A proportion of patients are able to deescalate treatment after
      bDMARD therapy, with a significant minority achieving drug-free remission.

PMID- 26978127
TI  - Correlates of Subjective Caregiver Strain in Caregivers of Youth Evaluated in a
      Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Room.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although caregiver burden is relevant to the outcome for
      psychiatrically ill youth, most studies have focused on caregiver burden in the
      community or research settings. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the subjective
      caregiver strain (SCS) at the time of presentation of youth to a pediatric
      psychiatric emergency room (PPER), assessing potential correlates to provide
      leads for improvements in formal support systems. METHODS: In this retrospective
      cohort study, the internalized, externalized, and total SCS were assessed in
      caregivers of youth <18 years of age consecutively evaluated at a PPER during a 1
      year period using the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire. Sociodemographic and a
      broad range of clinical data were collected during the PPER visit using a 12-page
      semistructured institutional evaluation form. The Appropriateness of Pediatric
      Psychiatric Emergency Room Contact scale, incorporating acuity, severity and harm
      potential, was used to rate appropriateness of the visit. RESULTS: In caregivers
      of 444 youth, the internalized SCS was significantly higher than the externalized
      SCS (p < 0.001). Multivariable analyses indicated that higher total and
      externalized SCS were associated with disruptive behavior or substance
      abuse/dependent disorder diagnosis, presenting complaint of aggression, and
      discharge plan to the police. Higher total and internalized SCS were associated
      with lower child functioning, whereas total and internalized SCS were lower in
      adopted children. In addition, higher externalized SCS was associated with
      investigator-rated inappropriateness of the emergency visit, presenting complaint
      of defiance, and a lack of prior psychiatric ER visits. CONCLUSIONS: High levels
      of CS in PPER highlight the necessity to adhere to existing guidelines regarding
      the inclusion of caregivers' perceptions into comprehensive psychiatric
      assessments. The particularly high strain in caregivers of children with
      externalizing disorders and in families with low-functioning youth may need to
      prompt PPER staff to provide efficient information on appropriate treatment
      options for these children and on support facilities for the parents.

PMID- 26978130
TI  - Lupus and fractures.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The article reviews recent advances in the research of
      fractures in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), highlighting their
      clinical, scientific, and economic impact. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies
      demonstrated an increased incidence of osteoporosis and symptomatic fractures in
      patients with SLE and age, disease duration, disease severity, and glucocorticoid
      use are important risk factors. A high prevalence of vertebral fractures was
      demonstrated, while one in three of these patients has normal bone density, which
      illustrates the multifactorial cause of fractures in SLE. Screening for vertebral
      fractures is important, as they often occur asymptomatically, but are associated
      with a reduced quality of life, increased future fracture risk, an increased
      mortality risk, and may have therapeutic implications. A recently developed
      Delphi consensus revealed the high economic burden of fractures as a
      glucocorticoid-related adverse event in SLE, whereas the majority of patients use
      glucocorticoids. SUMMARY: Recent studies revealed an increased incidence of
      symptomatic fractures and a relatively high prevalence of vertebral fractures in
      patients with SLE, and provided new insights into their multifactorial aetiology.
      The clinical consequences and high economic burden of fractures as glucocorticoid
      related adverse events underline the importance of reducing glucocorticoid
      therapy and use of steroid-sparing agents.

PMID- 26978131
TI  - Infection and Nonunion After Fasciotomy for Compartment Syndrome Associated With
      Tibia Fractures: A Matched Cohort Comparison.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective was to compare the rates of union and infection in
      patients treated with and without fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome (ACS)
      in operatively managed tibia fractures. DESIGN: This was a retrospective review.
      SETTING: The study was conducted at both a Level 1 and Level II trauma center.
      PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Patients operated for tibial plateau fractures (group 1)
      and tibial shaft fractures (group 3) with ACS requiring fasciotomy were matched
      to patients without ACS (plateau: group 2, shaft: group 4) in a 1:3 ratio for
      age, sex, fracture pattern, and open/closed injury. INTERVENTION: Surgical
      treatment was provided with plates/screws (plateau fractures) or intramedullary
      rod (shaft fractures). Patients with ACS were treated with a 2-incision 4
      compartment fasciotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Time to union and incidence of
      deep infection, nonunion, and delayed union. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four
      patients were included-group 1: 23 patients, group 2: 69 patients, group 3: 23
      patients, and group 4: 69 patients. Time to union averaged 26.8 weeks for groups
      1 and 3 and 21.5 weeks for groups 2 and 4 (P > 0.05). Nonunion occurred in 20%
      for groups 1 and 3 and in 5% for groups 2 and 4 (P = 0.003). Deep infection
      developed in 20% for groups 1 and 3 and in 4% for groups 2 and 4 (P = 0.001).
      There was a significant increase in infection in group 1 versus group 2 and
      nonunion in group 3 versus group 4. There were significantly more smokers for
      those with fasciotomies (46%) than without (20%, P < 0.001), though all
      statistical results remained similar after a binary regression analysis.
      CONCLUSION: Four-compartment fasciotomies in patients with tibial shaft or
      plateau fractures is associated with a significant increase in infection and
      nonunion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic level III. See Instructions for Authors
      for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26978132
TI  - Determinants of Functional Outcome in Distal Radius Fractures in High-Functioning
      Patients Older Than 55 Years.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of treatment and radiographic parameters
      on patient-reported functional outcomes on a population of non-frail elderly with
      distal radius fractures. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Level 1
      trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Patients older than 55 years presenting
      with a distal radius fracture and a Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical
      Frailty Scale score of 1 or 2. INTERVENTION: Closed reduction and casting or open
      reduction and internal fixation as per the treating surgeons' decision. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Radiographic scores at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, as well
      as Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, Short Form 36, and Patient
      Reported Wrist Evaluation scores up to 1 year after injury. Univariate analysis
      and linear regression analysis were performed on outcome measures. RESULTS: No
      difference exists in outcomes based on treatment choice. Patients with ulnar
      positivity greater than 2 mm at baseline, after treatment, and at final follow-up
      had worse patient-reported scores at 1 year. Persistent articular gaps and/or
      steps greater than 2 mm after treatment were also associated with worse patient
      reported outcomes. CONCLUSION: Even in high-functioning patients older than 55
      years, there was no difference in patient-reported outcomes at 1 year in the open
      reduction group as compared with the closed reduction group. Instead, physicians
      should pay particular attention to radial shortening and persistent articular
      gaps following their chosen treatment plan for distal radial fractures. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete
      description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26978133
TI  - "Fracturoscopy" is Superior to Fluoroscopy in the Articular Reconstruction of
      Complex Tibial Plateau Fractures-An Arthroscopy Assisted Fracture Reduction
      Technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the anatomic accuracy of fracture reduction controlled by
      fluoroscopy as compared with arthroscopically assisted reduction
      ("fracturoscopy") in patients with complex tibial plateau fractures (AO/OTA 41
      C). Quality of fracturoscopy-guided reduction was checked with postoperative
      computed tomography. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Urban
      level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: Seventeen consecutive patients, with a complex,
      bicondylar tibial plateau fracture. INTERVENTION: The intraoperative, open
      insertion of an arthroscope (2.4-mm or 2.8-mm optics), to visualize the articular
      surface and fracture reduction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Ability to detect
      residual fracture depression or gap after previous open reduction under
      fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: An open fracture reduction with fluoroscopic
      guidance was performed in all cases. In 7 cases, open reduction and fluoroscopy
      resulted in satisfactory fracture reduction (fluoroscopy group). In 10 of 17
      cases, subsequent "fracturoscopy" showed persistent fracture depression (>=2 mm,
      fracturoscopy group) with the need for intraoperative correction. Patients in the
      fracturoscopy group demonstrated significantly greater preoperative fragment
      depression (12.55 +/- 6.56 mm) and a larger preoperative fracture gap (7.83 +/-
      5.49 mm) compared with patients with a satisfactory reduction under fluoroscopy
      (depression 4.97 +/- 4.02 mm, P = 0.016; gap 2.47 +/- 1.07 mm, P = 0.023).
      Fluoroscopy was not successful in achieving satisfactory reduction in cases in
      which the postero-latero-central region was affected (P = 0.004, chi test).
      Postoperative computed tomography demonstrated satisfactory articular
      reconstruction in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative fracturoscopy permitted
      a significantly improved visualization of fracture fragment displacement,
      specifically in the postero-latero-central region of the tibial plateau, as
      compared with fluoroscopy. Fracturoscopy is recommended for fractures involving
      the postero-latero-central region of the tibial plateau. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of
      levels of evidence.

PMID- 26978134
TI  - Outcomes Over a Decade After Surgery for Unstable Ankle Fracture: Functional
      Recovery Seen 1 Year Postoperatively Does Not Decay With Time.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes after
      surgical fixation of unstable ankle fractures. DESIGN: Prospective follow-up
      study. SETTING: Academic medical center with 2 Level-I trauma centers and a
      tertiary care center. PATIENTS: One hundred forty-one patients who underwent
      surgical repair of an unstable ankle fracture. INTERVENTION: Open reduction
      internal fixation of an unstable ankle fracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Short
      Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) scores and radiographic outcomes based
      on the van Dijk criteria at a mean of 11.6 years follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 281
      patients meeting the inclusion criteria for this study, follow-up data were
      obtained from 141 patients (50%), at a mean of 11.6 years after surgery. Overall,
      mean long-term SMFA scores were improved when compared with scores at 1 year. The
      American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 or 2 was found to be a significant
      predictor of recovery based on SMFA scores. Sixty-three percent of follow-up
      radiographs demonstrated evidence of radiographic arthritis, including 31% with
      mild osteoarthritis, 22% with moderate osteoarthritis, and 10% with severe
      osteoarthritis. Fracture dislocation at injury was found to be a significant
      predictor of radiographic posttraumatic osteoarthritis at latest follow-up. One
      patient (0.7%) underwent a tibiotalar fusion secondary to symptomatic
      posttraumatic arthrosis. One patient (0.7%) underwent total ankle replacement due
      to severe osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that over a decade after
      ankle fracture fixation, most of the patients are doing well. Despite the
      presence of radiographic arthritis in 63% of patients, few experience pain or
      have restrictions in function, and mean long-term functional outcome scores are
      improved when compared with scores at 1 year. Patients undergoing operative
      fixation of unstable ankle fractures can anticipate functional outcomes that are
      maintained over time. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions
      for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26978136
TI  - Efficacy of Local Administration of Tranexamic Acid for Blood Salvage in Patients
      Undergoing Intertrochanteric Fracture Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to assess whether local
      administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) reduced the need for a blood transfusion
      in elderly patients treated with an intramedullary (IM) nail for an
      intertrochanteric fracture. DESIGN: Randomized prospective trial. SETTING:
      Academic level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: Two hundred patients (200 fractures)
      over 65 years with an intertrochanteric fracture treated by IM nail between April
      1, 2012, and March 31, 2014. INTERVENTION: Subfascial administration of 3 g of
      TXA around the fracture site at the end of the surgical procedure, versus a
      control group without TXA. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 24 months. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Group differences in number of transfused packed red blood cell (PRBC)
      units, and hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet count. RESULTS: There was a 43%
      reduction in transfusion requirements in the TXA group (P < 0.01). Twenty-seven
      units of PRBC were transfused in 22/100 patients in the TXA group, whereas 48
      PRBC units were transfused in 29/100 patients in control group. There was no
      difference between the 2 groups in terms of late complications and overall
      mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Subfascial administration of TXA around the fracture
      site in elderly patients undergoing IM nailing for intertrochanteric fractures is
      safe and cost-effective. A significant reduction in blood loss and transfused
      blood units, and health care cost can be achieved. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic
      Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of
      evidence.

PMID- 26978135
TI  - The 6-Hour Rule for Surgical Debridement of Open Tibial Fractures: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis of Infection and Nonunion Rates.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of
      studies comparing early (<6 hours) versus late (>6 hours) surgical debridement of
      open tibial fractures, with regards to infection and nonunion rates. METHODS: A
      systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative
      Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1961 to present), Allied and
      Complementary Medicine, and COCHRANE databases was conducted using any
      combination of the key words: "open," "tibial," and "fractures." After
      appropriate screening, 7 studies were included for analysis. Inclusion criteria
      were studies assessing the relation between time to debridement from injury and
      infection and/or nonunion rates. RESULTS: Three studies (n = 365) evaluated
      overall infection rates that varied from 7.7% to 8.9% in the early group versus
      1%-18.5% in the late group. Three studies (n = 197) evaluated deep infection
      rates that varied from 13% to 18.5% in the early group versus 7.1%-18.6% in the
      late group. Four studies (n = 245) evaluated nonunion rates that varied from
      13.2% to 26.1% in the early group versus 0%-32.6% in the late group. Meta
      analysis showed no statistical difference between groups with regards to overall
      infection rates (risk ratio = 1.32; 95% CI, 0.54-3.23; P = 0.55), deep infection
      rates (risk ratio = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.48-2.07; P = 0.98), and nonunion rates (risk
      ratio = 1.49; 95% CI, 0.64-3.49; P = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: The available literature
      suggests that there is no obvious difference in the overall/deep infection and
      nonunion rates between open tibial fractures debrided within 6 hours and those
      debrided at more than 6 hours. The findings presented here would appear to
      indicate that judicious delays of greater than 6 hours may not result in a
      significantly increased risk of adverse events or peri-operative morbidity. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete
      description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26978137
TI  - Biomechanical Contribution of Tension-Reducing Rotator Cuff Sutures in 3-Part
      Proximal Humerus Fractures.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Using a cadaveric 3-part fracture model and cyclic loading protocol,
      our study objectives were to quantify the stabilizing effect of tension-reducing
      rotator cuff sutures in terms of fracture displacement across the surgical neck
      and greater tuberosity compared with a control group in which no sutures were
      used. METHODS: Six matched pairs of fresh frozen specimens underwent a
      standardized, 3-part, proximal humerus fracture and were split into 2 groups. The
      control group had the fracture fixed with a plate and screw construct only while
      the experimental group had additional suture fixation through the plate to each
      rotator cuff tendon. Active abduction through the rotator cuff was simulated for
      100, 200, 300, and 400 cycles and to failure at 1000 N. A Mann-Whitney U test
      compared cyclic displacement of the greater tuberosity and surgical neck fracture
      gaps and load to failure between the 2 groups. RESULTS: There was no significant
      difference (P > 0.05) in fracture gap between fixation methods at the surgical
      neck at 100 (P = 0.13), 200 (P = 0.07), 300 (P = 0.49), and 400 (P = 0.07)
      cycles. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between fixation methods
      in the fracture gap at the greater tuberosity at 100 (P = 0.39), 200 (P = 1.00),
      300 (P = 0.31), and 400 (P = 0.59) cycles. There was no significant difference (P
      > 0.5) at 1000 N at the surgical neck (P = 0.70) or the greater tuberosity (P =
      0.39). CONCLUSIONS: Tension-relieving rotator cuff sutures do not add stability
      to the repair of 3-part proximal humerus fractures. Varus collapse and greater
      tuberosity displacement are common complications associated with 3-part
      fractures. No mechanical data exist to demonstrate benefit of adding suture to a
      plate and screw construct for limiting fracture displacement.

PMID- 26978138
TI  - Achieving Anatomic Acetabular Fracture Reduction-When is the Best Time to
      Operate?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We hypothesize that earlier operative intervention for acetabular
      fractures improves the probability of achieving an anatomic reduction. DESIGN:
      Retrospective review. SETTING: Academic level I trauma center.
      PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred fifty acetabular fractures treated through
      open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) between September 2001 and February
      2014. INTERVENTION: Acetabular fracture ORIF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:
      Reduction quality was assessed through postoperative radiographs. Displacement of
      <=1 mm was considered an anatomic reduction, 2-3 mm imperfect, and >3 mm poor.
      RESULTS: Anatomic reductions were observed in 85% (n = 553) of cases, imperfect
      reductions in 11% (n = 74) of cases, and poor reductions in 4% (n = 23) of cases.
      Patients with anatomic reductions had significantly shorter times from injury to
      ORIF [odds ratio (OR) interval] (median, 3 d) when compared with either imperfect
      (median, 4.5 days, P = 0.02) or poor reductions (median, 7 days, P < 0.001)
      reductions. The OR interval of imperfect reductions was also significantly
      shorter than that of poor reductions (P = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis
      demonstrated that OR interval had an effect of -0.12, meaning that the log odds
      of anatomic reduction decreases by 0.12 with each day from injury to ORIF.
      CONCLUSION: The interval from injury to operative fixation of acetabular
      fractures affects reduction quality. Earlier intervention improves the
      probability of achieving an anatomic reduction; therefore, ORIF should be
      performed as early as possible, provided the patient is optimized for surgery.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a
      complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26978139
TI  - Effect of Real-Time Feedback on Screw Placement Into Synthetic Cancellous Bone.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate whether real-time torque
      feedback may reduce the occurrence of stripping when inserting nonlocking screws
      through fracture plates into synthetic cancellous bone. METHODS: Five attending
      orthopaedic surgeons and 5 senior level orthopaedic residents inserted 8 screws
      in each phase. In phase I, screws were inserted without feedback simulating
      conventional techniques. In phase II, screws were driven with visual torque
      feedback. In phase III, screws were again inserted with conventional techniques.
      Comparison of these 3 phases with respect to screw insertion torque, surgeon
      rank, and perception of stripping was used to establish the effects of feedback.
      RESULTS: Seventy-three of 239 screws resulted in stripping. During the first
      phase, no feedback was provided and the overall strip rate was 41.8%; this
      decreased to 15% with visual feedback (P < 0.001) and returned to 35% when
      repeated without feedback. With feedback, a lower average torque was applied over
      a narrower torque distribution. Residents stripped 40.8% of screws compared with
      20.2% for attending surgeons. Surgeons were poor at perceiving whether they
      stripped. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention and identification of stripping is influenced
      by surgeon perception of tactile sensation. This is significantly improved with
      utilization of real-time visual feedback of a torque versus roll curve. This
      concept of real-time feedback seems beneficial toward performance in synthetic
      cancellous bone and may lead to improved fixation in cancellous bone in a
      surgical setting.

PMID- 26978140
TI  - Ferdinand Hasbrouck's Nitrous Oxide Caper--Which One?

PMID- 26978142
TI  - Of Blurbs and Bromides--Gelett Burgess Asks, "Are You a Bromide?".

PMID- 26978141
TI  - When Seconds Count, Buy More Time: The Oxygen Reserve Index and its Promising
      Role in Patient Monitoring and Safety.

PMID- 26978143
TI  - Oxygen Reserve Index: A Novel Noninvasive Measure of Oxygen Reserve--A Pilot
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulse oximetry provides no indication of downward trends in PaO2
      until saturation begins to decrease. The Oxygen Reserve Index (ORI) is a novel
      pulse oximeter-based nondimensional index that ranges from 1 to 0 as PaO2
      decreases from about 200 to 80 mmHg and is measured by optically detecting
      changes in SvO2 after SaO2 saturates to the maximum. The authors tested the
      hypothesis that the ORI provides a clinically important warning of impending
      desaturation in pediatric patients during induction of anesthesia. METHODS: After
      preoxygenation, anesthesia induction, and tracheal intubation, the anesthesia
      circuit was disconnected and oxygen saturation was allowed to decrease to 90%
      before ventilation recommenced. The ORI and SpO2 values were recorded from a
      Masimo Pulse Co-Oximeter Sensor at the beginning of apnea, beginning and end of
      intubation, beginning and end of the ORI alarm, and 2 min after reoxygenation.
      RESULTS: Data from 25 healthy children, aged 7.6 +/- 4.6 yr, were included in the
      analysis. During apnea, the ORI slowly and progressively decreased over a mean of
      5.9 +/- 3.1 min from 0.73 +/- 0.16 at the beginning of apnea to 0.37 +/- 0.11.
      SpO2 remained 100% throughout this initial period. Concurrently with alarm
      activation, the ORI began to decrease rapidly, and in median of 31.5 s
      (interquartile range, 19 to 34.3 s), saturation decreased to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this pilot study, the ORI detected impending desaturation in median of 31.5 s
      (interquartile range, 19-34.3 s) before noticeable changes in SpO2 occurred. This
      represents a clinically important warning time, which might give clinicians time
      for corrective actions.

PMID- 26978145
TI  - Advertising and Uncovering E. H. Neiman's "New Anaesthetic".

PMID- 26978144
TI  - Self-reported Mobility in Older Patients Predicts Early Postoperative Outcomes
      after Elective Noncardiac Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Specific geriatric assessment tools may complement traditional
      perioperative risk stratification. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether
      self-reported mobility is predictive of postoperative outcomes in older patients
      undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. METHODS: Patients aged 69 yr or older (n
      = 197) underwent (1) traditional risk assessments (American Society of
      Anesthesiologists physical status classification and Revised Cardiac Risk Index),
      (2) five-point frailty evaluation, (3) self-reported mobility assessment using
      the Mobility Assessment Tool-short form (range, 30.21 [poor] to 69.76
      [excellent]), and (4) measurements of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
      Outcomes were postoperative complications, time to discharge, and nursing home
      placement (NHP). RESULTS: In the sample of this study (mean age, 75 +/- 5 yr; 51%
      women), 72% had intermediate- or high-risk surgery. Median time to discharge was
      3 days (interquartile range, 1 to 4 days). Thirty patients (15%) developed
      postoperative complications, and 27 (13%) required NHP. After controlling for
      age, sex, body mass index, pain score, Revised Cardiac Risk Index, American
      Society of Anesthesiologist physical status, surgical risk, and high-sensitivity
      C-reactive protein, worse self-reported mobility (per 10-point decrease in
      Mobility Assessment Tool, which is equivalent to 1 SD) was associated with more
      postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.73), later
      time to discharge (hazards ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.96), and increased NHP
      (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.56). By using the same model, intermediate frailty
      or frailty increased NHP (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.02 to 9.54) but was not related to
      either postoperative complications or time to discharge. CONCLUSIONS:
      Preoperative self-reported mobility using a novel and brief assessment may help
      identify elderly patients at risk for adverse postoperative events.

PMID- 26978146
TI  - Down-regulation of MicroRNA-31 in CD4+ T Cells Contributes to Immunosuppression
      in Human Sepsis by Promoting TH2 Skewing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunosuppression has been recognized as a major cause of sepsis
      related mortality. Currently, there is much interest in identifying central hubs
      controlling septic immunoparalysis. In this context, in this study, the authors
      investigate the role of microRNA-31 (miR-31) as a regulator of T cell functions.
      METHODS: Primary human T cells were separated from healthy volunteers (n = 16)
      and from sepsis patients by magnetic beads (n = 23). Expression of mRNA/microRNA
      (miRNA) was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gene silencing was
      performed by small interfering RNA transfection, and miRNA-binding sites were
      validated by reporter gene assays. Effects of miR-31 or anti-miR-31 transfection
      were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: Overexpression of miR-31 in stimulated CD4 T cells promoted a
      proinflammatory phenotype with increased levels of interferon-gamma (1.63 +/-
      0.43; P = 0.001; means +/- SD) and reduced expression of interleukin (IL)-2 (0.66
      +/- 0.19; P = 0.005) and IL-4 (0.80 +/- 0.2; P = 0.0001). In contrast,
      transfection of anti-miR-31 directed cells toward a TH2 phenotype. Effects on IL
      2 and IL-4 were mediated by targeting of nuclear factor-kappa B-inducing kinase
      and factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Interferon-gamma, however,
      was influenced via control of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)
      associated protein, an essential adaptor molecule of immunomodulatory SLAM
      receptor signaling, which was identified as a novel target gene of miR-31. In
      sepsis patients, an epigenetically driven down-regulation of miR-31 was found
      (0.44 +/- 0.25; P = 0.0001), associated with increased nuclear factor-kappa B
      inducing kinase, factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, SLAM
      associated protein expression, and a cytokine shift toward TH2. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this study, the authors provide novel evidence of miR-31 as an emerging key
      posttranscriptional regulator of sepsis-associated immunosuppression. The study
      results contribute to a further understanding of septic immunoparalysis and
      provide new perspectives on miRNA-based diagnostic approaches.

PMID- 26978147
TI  - Techniques to Minimize Posterior Wall Puncture during Internal Jugular Vein
      Cannulation.

PMID- 26978148
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26978149
TI  - One Size Does Not Fit All.

PMID- 26978159
TI  - Unraveling the Neurobiology of Consciousness: Anesthesia, Loss of Behavioral
      Response to Stimuli, and Functional Connectivity in the Brain.

PMID- 26978150
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26978161
TI  - Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in the General
      Population in the Czech Republic.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prevalence rates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use
      are still missing for some European countries, especially in the East. Thus, we
      measured patterns and determinants of CAM use among a representative sample of
      the general population in the Czech Republic. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey
      was conducted. A sex-, age- and region-stratified sample of citizens aged 15 and
      older were randomly selected from voter registration lists (n = 8,639,375).
      RESULTS: Overall, 76.0% (n = 1,365) of the respondents reported use of one or
      more CAM modalities during the past 30 days. The top five CAM modalities used
      were vitamins/minerals (54.6%), herbal remedies (47.8%), massage (19.9%),
      relaxation techniques (9.5%), and dietary supplements excluding vitamins/minerals
      (9.2%). Prevention (82.0%) was the primary reason for CAM use. Only 15.9% of CAM
      users employed it for therapeutic purposes. The most commonly treated ailments
      were respiratory (35.0%) and musculoskeletal (33.6%) disorders. CONCLUSION: The
      prevalence of CAM use in the Czech Republic is high, especially among people who
      apply CAM for self-treatment prior to seeing a doctor. Half of the study
      population combined CAM with conventional medical treatment, which may result in
      potential harm to the patient. Healthcare providers as well as the public should
      be educated about effective and safe use of CAM.

PMID- 26978160
TI  - Tuberculous Prostatic Abscess with Prostatorectal Fistula after Intravesical
      Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Immunotherapy.
AB  - Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is a common treatment
      modality for bladder cancer after transurethral resection of a bladder tumor.
      This therapy is generally safe, and development of a prostatic abscess with a
      prostatorectal fistula after intravesical BCG immunotherapy is a very rare
      complication. This finding was incidentally obtained by the authors, who examined
      a patient with colonoscopy for evaluation of abdominal pain. The patient was
      successfully treated with antitubercular drugs. To the authors' knowledge, this
      is the first report of a patient with a tuberculous prostatic abscess with
      prostatorectal fistula after BCG immunotherapy in South Korea.

PMID- 26978162
TI  - Pre-hospital versus in-hospital initiation of cooling for survival and
      neuroprotection after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Targeted temperature management (also known under 'therapeutic
      hypothermia', 'induced hypothermia'", or 'cooling') has been shown to be
      beneficial for neurological outcome in patients who have had successful
      resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest, but it remains unclear when this
      intervention should be initiated. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of pre
      hospital initiation of cooling on survival and neurological outcome in comparison
      to in-hospital initiation of cooling for adults with pre-hospital cardiac arrest.
      SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, BIOSIS, and three
      trials registers from inception to 5 March 2015, and carried out reference
      checking, citation searching, and contact with study authors to identify
      additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We searched for randomized controlled
      trials (RCTs) in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest comparing cooling in
      the pre-hospital setting to in-hospital cooling. Our primary outcomes were
      survival and neurological outcome; our secondary outcomes were adverse events,
      quality of life, and length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in the
      hospital. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used Cochrane's standard
      methodological procedures. MAIN RESULTS: We included seven RCTs (2369
      participants randomized) on the induction of pre-hospital cooling in comparison
      to in-hospital cooling. There was considerable methodological heterogeneity and
      risk of bias mainly due to deficits in the administration of cooling, therefore
      we refrained from pooling the results for survival and neurological outcome and
      we presented the results for each study separately. Adverse events were rare:
      based on four studies with 1713 adults pre-hospital induction of cooling may
      increase the risk of cardiac re-arrests. Risk of bias within the seven individual
      studies was generally moderate. Overall the quality of the evidence was very low.
      This was mainly driven by inconsistency and low precision. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:
      Currently, there is no convincing evidence to clearly delineate beneficial or
      harmful effects of pre-hospital induction of cooling in comparison to in-hospital
      induction of cooling. This conclusion is based on very low quality evidence.

PMID- 26978163
TI  - Loss of Maspardin Attenuates the Growth and Maturation of Mouse Cortical Neurons.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mast syndrome, an autosomal recessive, progressive form of hereditary
      spastic paraplegia, is associated with mutations in SPG21 loci that encode
      maspardin protein. Although SPG21-/- mice exhibit lower limb dysfunction, the
      role of maspardin loss in mast syndrome is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To test the
      hypothesis that loss of maspardin attenuates the growth and maturation of
      cortical neurons in SPG21-/- mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a randomized
      experimental design SPG21-/- mice demonstrated significantly less agility and
      coordination compared to wild-type mice in beam walk, ledge, and hind limb clasp
      tests for assessing neuronal dysfunction (p <= 0.05). The SPG21-/- mice exhibited
      symptoms of mast syndrome at 6 months which worsened in 12-month-old cohort,
      suggesting progressive dysfunction of motor neurons. Ex vivo, wild-type cortical
      neurons formed synapses, ganglia and aggregates at 96 h, whereas SPG21-/- neurons
      exhibited attenuated growth with markedly less axonal branches. Additionally,
      epidermal growth factor markedly promoted the growth and maturation of SPG21+/+
      cortical neurons but not SPG21-/- neurons. Consequently, quantitative RT-PCR
      identified a significant reduction in the expression of a subset of EGF-EGFR
      signaling targets. CONCLUSIONS: Our current study uncovered a direct role for
      maspardin in normal and EGF-induced growth and maturation of primary cortical
      neurons. The loss of maspardin resulted in attenuated growth, axonal branching,
      and attenuation of EGF signaling. Reinstating the functions of maspardin may
      reverse hind limb impairment associated with neuronal dysfunction in mast
      syndrome patients.

PMID- 26978164
TI  - Rapid evolution of microbe-mediated protection against pathogens in a worm host.
AB  - Microbes can defend their host against virulent infections, but direct evidence
      for the adaptive origin of microbe-mediated protection is lacking. Using
      experimental evolution of a novel, tripartite interaction, we demonstrate that
      mildly pathogenic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis) living in worms
      (Caenorhabditis elegans) rapidly evolved to defend their animal hosts against
      infection by a more virulent pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus), crossing the
      parasitism-mutualism continuum. Host protection evolved in all six, independently
      selected populations in response to within-host bacterial interactions and
      without direct selection for host health. Microbe-mediated protection was also
      effective against a broad spectrum of pathogenic S. aureus isolates. Genomic
      analysis implied that the mechanistic basis for E. faecalis-mediated protection
      was through increased production of antimicrobial superoxide, which was confirmed
      by biochemical assays. Our results indicate that microbes living within a host
      may make the evolutionary transition to mutualism in response to pathogen attack,
      and that microbiome evolution warrants consideration as a driver of infection
      outcome.

PMID- 26978167
TI  - [The metabolic memory phenomenon in predicting a risk for vascular complications
      in diabetes mellitus].
AB  - The paper presents data on positive and negative metabolic memory phenomena in
      patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) as exemplified by the long
      term randomized trials DCCT, UKPDS, ACCORD, VADT, and ADVANCE. It discusses the
      role of metabolic memory in predicting a risk for vascular complications in DM.
      Ideas on the mechanisms of this phenomenon, which are based on the activation of
      oxidative stress, the production of irreversible glycation products, and
      epigenetic disorders, are given. 

PMID- 26978166
TI  - Physical Exam Risk Factors for Lower Extremity Injury in High School Athletes: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A stated goal of the preparticipation physical evaluation (PPE) is to
      reduce musculoskeletal injury, yet the musculoskeletal portion of the PPE is
      reportedly of questionable use in assessing lower extremity injury risk in high
      school-aged athletes. The objectives of this study are: (1) identify clinical
      assessment tools demonstrated to effectively determine lower extremity injury
      risk in a prospective setting, and (2) critically assess the methodological
      quality of prospective lower extremity risk assessment studies that use these
      tools. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL,
      UptoDate, Google Scholar, Cochrane Reviews, and SportDiscus. Inclusion criteria
      were prospective injury risk assessment studies involving athletes primarily ages
      13 to 19 that used screening methods that did not require highly specialized
      equipment. Methodological quality was evaluated with a modified physiotherapy
      evidence database (PEDro) scale. MAIN RESULTS: Nine studies were included. The
      mean modified PEDro score was 6.0/10 (SD, 1.5). Multidirectional balance (odds
      ratio [OR], 3.0; CI, 1.5-6.1; P < 0.05) and physical maturation status (P < 0.05)
      were predictive of overall injury risk, knee hyperextension was predictive of
      anterior cruciate ligament injury (OR, 5.0; CI, 1.2-18.4; P < 0.05), hip
      external:internal rotator strength ratio of patellofemoral pain syndrome (P =
      0.02), and foot posture index of ankle sprain (r = -0.339, P = 0.008).
      CONCLUSIONS: Minimal prospective evidence supports or refutes the use of the
      functional musculoskeletal exam portion of the current PPE to assess lower
      extremity injury risk in high school athletes. Limited evidence does support
      inclusion of multidirectional balance assessment and physical maturation status
      in a musculoskeletal exam as both are generalizable risk factors for lower
      extremity injury.

PMID- 26978165
TI  - Evidence of horizontal gene transfer between obligate leaf nodule symbionts.
AB  - Bacteria of the genus Burkholderia establish an obligate symbiosis with plant
      species of the Rubiaceae and Primulaceae families. The bacteria, housed within
      the leaves, are transmitted hereditarily and have not yet been cultured. We have
      sequenced and compared the genomes of eight bacterial leaf nodule symbionts of
      the Rubiaceae plant family. All of the genomes exhibit features consistent with
      genome erosion. Genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of kirkamide, an
      insecticidal C7N aminocyclitol, are conserved in most Rubiaceae symbionts.
      However, some have partially lost the kirkamide pathway due to genome erosion and
      are unable to synthesize the compound. Kirkamide synthesis is therefore not
      responsible for the obligate nature of the symbiosis. More importantly, we find
      evidence of intra-clade horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events affecting genes of
      the secondary metabolism. This indicates that substantial gene flow can occur at
      the early stages following host restriction in leaf nodule symbioses. We propose
      that host-switching events and plasmid conjugative transfers could have promoted
      these HGTs. This genomic analysis of leaf nodule symbionts gives, for the first
      time, new insights in the genome evolution of obligate symbionts in their early
      stages of the association with plants.

PMID- 26978168
TI  - [Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      and coronary artery disease: Diagnosis and severity assessment].
AB  - AIM: To study the nature and severity of heart rate variability (HRV) and heart
      rate turbulence (HRT) abnormalities in patients with coronary artery disease
      (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess the prevalence of
      cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and its severity in patients with T2DM
      concurrent with CAD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 185 patients with T2DM
      and/or CAD were examined and divided into 3 groups: 1) 92 patients with CAD and
      T2DM; 2) 43 patients with CAD without T2DM; 3) 49 patients with T2DM without CAD.
      All the patients underwent 24-hour ECG monitoring with HRV and HRT analysis.
      RESULTS: CAN was identified and the severity of CAN was assessed based on the
      abnormal HRV and HRT parameters. CAN, especially severe one, was more common in
      Group 1 (the relative risk was 3.3 [95% CI 1.3-8.2]; p<0.05), than in Group 3. In
      Group 1, CAN was associated with the duration of T2DM and the level of glycated
      hemoglobin (p<0.05). The patients with severe CAN in Group 1 showed a 4-fold
      higher risk for multivessel coronary artery lesions than those without CAN
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Glycemic control quality, T2DM duration, and obvious
      coronary atherosclerotic lesions were demonstrated to be associated with the
      presence and severity of CAN. The developed methods may be used in practice to
      detect and more accurately determine the severity of CAN and to predict
      cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM and CAD.

PMID- 26978169
TI  - [Risk factors and glycation end products in patients with different forms of
      coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus].
AB  - AIM: To determine the levels of growth factors and glycation end products in
      patients with different forms of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes
      mellitus (T2DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 134 patients with CHD and T2DM,
      including 38 patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS), were
      examined. The arterial and venous serum levels of basic fibroblast growth factor
      beta (FGF-beta), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), placental growth
      factor (PlGF), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGE)
      were estimated in all the patients. RESULTS: A direct correlation was found
      between the degree of arterial stenosis and the level of growth factors and AGEs
      in the patients with T2DM; there was also a direct correlation of the examined
      factors with lipid metabolic parameters. There was a significant two-fold
      increase in FGF-beta, PlGF, and RAGE levels in the patients with ACS. CONCLUSION:
      Hyperglycemia was found to negatively affect the progression of atherosclerotic
      changes in the vessel wall and on that of fibrotic processes.

PMID- 26978170
TI  - [The state of the great arteries in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with
      obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the impact of hyperglycemia concurrent with obstructive sleep
      apnea syndrome (OSAS) on endothelial function (EF) and vessel remodeling in
      patients with Grade 1-2 hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 101
      patients with Grade 1-2 hypertension were examined. A study group (SG) consisted
      of 74 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A control group
      (CG) comprised 27 persons with isolated blood pressure (BP) elevation. The
      patients with T2DM underwent cardiorespiratory sleep monitoring, the readings of
      which were used to divide SG into 2 subgroups: 1) patients with an apnea-hypopnea
      index of <30 episodes/h (SG-1); 2) those with an index of >30 episodes/h (SG-2).
      24-hour BP and vascular stiffness monitoring was made; EF was evaluated; common
      carotid artery diameter (CCAD) and intima-media thickness (IMT) were determined.
      RESULTS: The diabetic patients showed lower central diastolic BP and higher
      aortic pulse BP. Unlike the comparison group, the diabetic patients with severe
      OSAS were found to have the highest central pulse wave propagation velocity at
      night. There was a preponderance of an average nocturnal arterial rigidity index,
      average daily and average nocturnal BP rising rates, and shorter reflected wave
      propagation time in the diabetic patients. The mean level of flow-mediated
      vasodilation was significantly reduced in SG-2. The diabetic patients, unlike the
      controls, were ascertained to have decreased absolute responsiveness index
      values. There were increases in IMT and CCAD in SG-2. CONCLUSION: OSAS worsens EF
      and vessel rigidity in patients with T2DM concurrent with hypertension.

PMID- 26978171
TI  - [Markers of visceral adipose tissue metabolic abnormalities in patients with
      coronary atherosclerosis in relation to the presence of type 2 diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - AIM: To assess the specific features of visceral adipose tissue metabolism in
      patients with coronary atherosclerosis, complicated or uncomplicated type 2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 429 patients (325 men
      and 104 women; mean age, 61.3+/-9.4 years) with coronary atherosclerosis who had
      been admitted to the National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Ministry
      of Health of Russia, to undergo coronarography (CG) and to receive high-tech
      treatments and met the criteria for being included in and excluded from this
      investigation, was examined. The Gensini scoring scale was used to estimate the
      magnitude of coronary atherosclerosis from CG RESULTS: Carotid artery duplex
      ultrasound scanning estimating the intima-media thickness was performed in 48% of
      the patients. DM was diagnosed from examination results (fasting plasma glucose
      >=7.0 mmol/l and glycated hemoglobin >6.5%) and an endocrinologist's report. 94%
      of the patients took statins. RESULTS: Overall, 18% of the examinees had DM that
      was 2.5 times more common in the women than in the men (32.7 and 13.2%,
      respectively (p=0.000). The diabetic and non-diabetic patients showed no
      significant differences in age: 62.9+/-8.3 and 60.9+/-9.6 years, respectively
      (p=0.105). There were statistically significant differences in the magnitude of
      coronary artery atherosclerosis according to the Gensini scale in relation to the
      presence of T2DM; thus, the median Gensini score was 48 in the diabetic patients
      and 46 in the persons with no signs of the disease (Mann-Whitney test; p=0.03).
      Analysis of adipokine levels showed that the median leptin level was
      significantly higher than that in the male patients with T2DM than in the persons
      with no signs of the disease. In the patients with T2DM, the median adiponectin
      level turned out to be significantly lower in both men and women. CONCLUSION: The
      coronary atherosclerosis severity rated using the Gensini scale is shown to
      increase in the presence of T2DM. The probability of detecting obvious (>45%)
      carotid artery lesion is associated with the presence of DM in both men and
      women. The male patients with T2DM concurrent with coronary atherosclerosis are
      noted to have an elevated leptin level, but a lower adiponectin concentration was
      found in both the men and women.

PMID- 26978172
TI  - [Leptin, resistin, and hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with type 2
      diabetes and in those with its concurrence with asthma].
AB  - AIM: To investigate the relationship between resistin, adiponectin, leptin, and
      hormonal and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      (T2DM) and in those with its concurrence with asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Twenty-seven patients with T2DM and 26 patients with T2DM concurrent with asthma
      were examined. The examination data of 23 apparently healthy women served as a
      control. Anthropometric measurements, carbohydrate and lipid metabolic
      parameters, and leptin, resistin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10
      levels were studied. RESULTS: Hyperleptinemia, hyperresistinemia, and lower
      adiponectin concentrations were found in the patients with T2DM and in those with
      its concurrence with asthma. These changes in the patients from these groups
      occurred in the presence of subclinical inflammation. Obvious insulin resistance
      (IR) accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinemia was identified in the examined
      women. The detected atherogenic dyslipidemia appeared as increases in the levels
      of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein C, and
      atherogenic index and as a decrease in those of high-density lipoprotein C. The
      women with the concurrence of the diseases showed a positive correlation of the
      level of resistin with insulin and the HOMA index. CONCLUSION: The patients with
      T2DM and those with its concurrence with asthma exhibited obvious IR accompanied
      by compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Hyperresistinemia plays a role in the
      development of IR in the concurrence of these diseases. The patients with T2DM
      and those with its concurrence with asthma were found to have hyperleptinemia,
      hyperresistinemia, and a trend for decreasing adiponectin values in the presence
      of subclinical inflammation.

PMID- 26978173
TI  - [Use of human insulin analogues in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:
      Results of the RESULT observational program on the use of insulin glargine
      (Lantus) in combination with insulin glulisine (Apidra) as a basal-bolus
      regimen].
AB  - AIM: To implement in 2009-2012 the RESULT observational program on the use of
      insulin glargine (Lantus) in combination with insulin glulisine (Apidra) as a
      basal-bolus regimen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) to evaluate
      the efficiency and safety of therapy with human insulin analogues. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The program covered 100 patients aged 19 to 25 years from 7 regions of
      the Russian Federation, who had had DM onset at the age of 9-13 years, were using
      human recombinant insulins as continuous insulin therapy, and had glycated
      hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of 7 to 9%. The main inclusion criterion was switching
      to insulin therapy with the human insulin analogues Lantus and Apidra. RESULTS: A
      total 41 men and 59 women were followed up. Their mean baseline HbA1c level was
      8.3+/-0.7%. After 24 months of therapy, HbA1c was significantly decreased to
      7.7+/-0.7%; its change compared with that at Visit 1 was -0.6+/-0.6% (p<0.001).
      There was a significant reduction in fasting and postprandial blood glucose
      levels at 3 months of a follow-up. The number of symptomatic and asymptomatic
      glycemic episodes declined. No nocturnal or severe hypoglycemic episodes were
      recorded at 24 months of therapy. Microvascular complications did not progress
      during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: The use of human insulin analogues is effective
      and safe in treating young diabetic patients, improves their quality of life and
      confers no risk of asymptomatic or nocturnal hypoglycemic states.

PMID- 26978175
TI  - [Nonglycemic effects of incretins in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes
      mellitus and chronic kidney disease].
AB  - AIM: To investigate the nonglycemic effects of incretins in patients with type 1
      diabetes mellitus (DM1) of long duration (for more than 20 years) and chronic
      kidney disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-five patients with varying degrees
      of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and without this condition, including patients
      receiving renal replacement therapy with programmed hemodialysis and those who
      had undergone kidney transplantation were examined. The levels of phosphorus
      calcium metabolic indicators (calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, vitamin
      D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23)), the cardiac damage marker atrial
      natriuretic peptide, the proinflammatory markers monocyte chemoattractant protein
      1 (MCP-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and the fibrotic marker transforming
      growth factor-beta, as well as those of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and
      glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) were estimated in addition to
      conventional examination methods. All the patients underwent cardiac multislice
      spiral computed tomography, by calculating the Agatston index (calcium index
      (CI)) reflecting the degree of coronary artery calcification. RESULTS: The
      investigation revealed no relationship of GLP-1 and GIP levels to the presence
      and degree of DN in the patients of the study groups. GLP-1 was noted to be
      inversely related to patient age, indicating the diminished secretion of this
      peptide in older people. There was evidence that GLP-1 positively affected blood
      lipid composition (total cholesterol: r=-0,320; p<0.05) and the magnitude of
      coronary artery calcification (CI: r=-0.308; p<0.05). GIP showed a differently
      directed effect on the proinflammatory factors: fibrinogen (r=-0.264; p<0.05),
      CRP (r=-0.626; p<0.05), and FGF-23 (r=-0.341; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The
      investigation has demonstrated the nonglycemic effects of incretins that
      favorably affect the pathogenetic processes underlying the late complications of
      DM1. The findings point to the potential efficacy of incretin-based drugs in
      preventing and treating the late complications of DM, which necessitates the
      conduction of larger investigations.

PMID- 26978174
TI  - [Intercurrent and autoimmune processes in type 1 diabetes mellitus].
AB  - AIM: To estimate the prevalence of autoantibodies pathognomonic for autoimmune
      diseases of connective tissue and liver in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
      (DM1) and to study their clinical features in patients positive for these
      indicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 84 patients (39 men and 45 women)
      with DM1 divided into 2 groups were examined. Biochemical, immunological, and
      instrumental examinations were performed. RESULTS: There was a high prevalence of
      markers of autoimmune diseases of connective tissue and liver in patients with
      DM1 and that of autoantibodies in those without its clinical symptoms or signs
      according to instrumental findings. CONCLUSION: The findings may suggest that
      patients with DM1 have a higher risk of concomitant autoimmune diseases with a
      probability of their asymptomatic course.

PMID- 26978176
TI  - [Urinary excretion of markers for podocyte injury in patients with diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - AIM: To estimate the urinary excretion of markers for podocyte injury, to specify
      their value for the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and to access
      the risk of its progression in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with varying
      degrees of albuminuria/proteinuria. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Seventy-four diabetic
      patients (30 with type 1 DM and 44 with type 2 DM) were examined and divided into
      3 groups according to the urinary concentration in one urinary portion: 1) 41
      patients with normal albuminuria (NAU) (<20 mg/l); 2) 13 patients with
      microalbuminuria (MAU) (20-200 mg/l); 3) 20 patients with proteinuria (PU) (>200
      mg/l). A control group included 10 healthy individuals. The urinary levels of the
      podocyte structural proteins nephrin and podocin were determined by enzyme
      immunoassay. RESULTS: Nephrinuria (NU) was detected in 63, 77, and 80% of the
      patients with NAU, MAU, and PU, respectively. Podocinuria (PDU) was found in 78,
      54, and 83% of those with NAU, MAU, and PU, respectively. NU in DN with PU was
      significantly higher than that in DM with NAU. In the NAU, MAU, and PU subgroups,
      podocin excretion was equally higher and did not differ between the types of DM.
      There was a direct correlation of NU with albuminuria, which was stronger in the
      MAU subgroup. In the patients with DM with varying degrees of albuminuria, the
      values of NU and PDU correlated directly to serum creatinine levels and inversely
      with glomerular filtration rate. NU directly correlated with glycated hemoglobin
      levels in the patients with types 1 and 2 DM of less than 5 years' duration and a
      direct significant correlation of systolic blood pressure with NU was found in
      those with type 2 DM. CONCLUSION: Determination of urinary nephrin and podocin
      levels may be used for the early preclinical diagnosis of DN and the monitoring
      of the glomerular apparatus in DM.

PMID- 26978177
TI  - [Association of CTLA4 and TNF gene polymorphisms with endocrine ophthalmopathy in
      ethnic Russian patients with Graves' disease].
AB  - AIM: To analyze the associations of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism and the
      rs1800629 TNF polymorphism with endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) in ethnic Russian
      patients with Graves' disease (GD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case-control study
      enrolled 205 patients with GD. The distribution of alleles and genotypes of the
      rs3087243 CTLA4 and rs1800629 TNF polymorphisms was studied in 141 patients with
      GD and EOP (a GD+EOP group) and 64 patients with GD without EOP (a GD-EOP group).
      The polymorphic alleles were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction
      fragment length analysis. RESULTS: The patients with GD in their history and EOP
      had significantly higher frequencies of A allele and AA genotype and a lower
      proportion of G allele and GG genotype of the rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism.
      Comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in the frequency of the
      alleles and genotypes of the rs1800629 TNF polymorphism. CONCLUSION: The
      rs3087243 CTLA4 polymorphism is associated with the risk of EOP in ethnic Russian
      patients with GD.

PMID- 26978178
TI  - [Impact of the local application of collagen on the activity of reparative
      processes in the lower extremity soft tissue of patients with diabetic foot
      syndrome].
AB  - AIM: To estimate of the rate of reparative processes in the lower extremity (LE)
      soft tissues of patients with diabetic foot (DF) syndrome in the local
      application of collagen-containing dressings (CCD) versus standard medical
      therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The clinical (sizes, tissue oxygenation),
      histological, and immunohistochemical markers of reparative processes in LE soft
      tissues were analyzed in patients with diabetes mellitus during the local
      application of collagen-containing wound dressings versus standard treatment.
      Forty-two patients with postrevascularization neuropathic and neuroischemic DF
      syndrome were examined after standard surgical wound treatment. In the
      perioperative period, 21 patients received local treatment using CCD and 21
      patients had standard treatment. RESULTS: In the patients using CCD, the area and
      depth of wound defects could be decreased by 26.4+/-17.2 and 30.4+/-25.6%,
      respectively (p=0.002 vs baseline). In the control group, those were 17.0+/-19.4
      and 16.6+/-21.6%, respectively (p=0.002). Percutaneous oximetry assessment
      indicated significantly higher local microhemodynamics in the local collagen
      treatment group (p<0.05). According to the data of histological examination of
      wound defect tissues, after 10-day treatment, Group 1 showed a 80% reduction in
      edema (p<0.05), a 90% disappearance of inflammatory infiltrates (p<0.05), and
      formation of mature granulation tissue (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical examination
      revealed a more pronounced rise in the count of macrophages in the derma
      (p<0.05). When CCD was applied, the level of matrix metalloproteinase tended to
      more markedly decrease as compared to that in the control group. CONCLUSION: The
      findings suggest that the activity of reparative processes in LE soft tissues is
      enhanced in diabetic patients receiving local collagen therapy versus those
      having standard treatment. This manifests itself as a decrease in both the area
      and depth of wounds, enhancement of local tissue perfusion, a reduction of
      inflammation and a rapider wound transfer from proliferation to the
      epithelialization phase, as supported by histological and immunohistochemical
      findings.

PMID- 26978179
TI  - [Adipokines and a risk for metabolic disturbances in different types of female
      obesity].
AB  - AIM: To investigate the effects of adiponectin and leptin on the development of
      metabolic disturbances in women with android and gynoid fat distribution.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 101 women aged 40 to 65 years were examined.
      Anthropometric measurements were made; overweight and obese women with a
      waist/hip (W/H) ratio of less than 0.83 were referred to as a gynoid fat
      distribution (GFD) group; and those with a W/H ratio of 0.83 or more were to an
      android fat distribution (AFD) group. The serum concentrations of triglycerides,
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose were measured; the levels of
      insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Insulin
      resistance (IR), HOMA IR, and visceral obesity index (VOI) were calculated.
      RESULTS: With the same excess adipose tissue accumulation, the women with GFD had
      a less magnitude of hormonal and metabolic disturbances than those with AFD,
      whose HOMA-IR also pointed to the presence of IR. VOI was insignificantly higher
      in the women with GFD and 2.4-fold greater than that in normal weight (NW) women.
      In the women with GFD and AFD, the concentration of leptin was higher than that
      in the NW women, which was characteristic of obesity, but the concentration of
      adiponectin proved to be significantly lower in the patients with AFD and to be
      unchanged in those with GFD as compared with that in the NW women. CONCLUSION:
      The women with AFD are typified by a high VOI, hypoadiponectinemia, IR, and
      metabolic disturbances, which determine a high risk for cardiovascular events and
      type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the women with GFD, obesity is associated with
      normal adiponectinemia and a low VOI and, in terms of hormonal and metabolic
      characteristics, may be characterized as metabolically healthy obesity.

PMID- 26978180
TI  - [Association of adiponectin gene G276T polymorphism with the development of
      metabolic syndrome in ethnic Kyrgyz patients].
AB  - AIM: To study the association of adiponectin gene G276T (ADIPOQ) polymorphism
      with the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in ethnic Kyrgyz patients.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 171 patients with MS (a study group) and 117
      patients without MS (a comparison group) were examined. MS was defined on the
      basis of the modified ATP III criteria. The genotypes of the G276T polymorphism
      in the adiponectin gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction
      fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: Dividing the MS and control
      groups by gender revealed statistically significant differences in the
      distribution of alleles and genotypes only among the women. There was a higher
      frequency of GT+TT genotypes (53% vs 34%; chi2=5.942; r=0.014) and T allele (30%
      vs 19%; chi2=4.489; r=0.0341) in the women with MS than in those without MS. Iin
      the ethnic Kyrgyz women, the T allele at the G276T polymorphic locus in the
      ADIPOQ gene was associated with the development of MS (odds ratio (OR)=1.82; 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.04-3.19) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (OR=2.63;
      95% CI, 1.05-6.56 ) with the high levels of leptin (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.05),
      triglycerides (OR=3.06; 95% CI, 1.05-8.93), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (OR=2.80; 95% CI, 1,07-7.31) and with the lower level of high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (OR=2.9; 95% CI, 1.15-7.24). CONCLUSION: The risk for MS, T2DM,
      hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia is related to the carriage of the T allele of the
      G276T polymorphism in the ADIPOQ gene in ethnic Kyrgyz women.

PMID- 26978181
TI  - [Motor-evacuatory function of the gastrointestinal tract in metabolic syndrome].
AB  - AIM: To investigate the motor-evacuatory function of the gastrointestinal tract
      (GIT) in metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with
      MS were examined. In addition to clinical findings, an integrated study of GIT
      motor function by peripheral electrogastroenterocolography was used. The specific
      features of lipid metabolism and hormonal and autonomic status were studied in
      patients with MS. RESULTS: The local and systemic clinical signs of small bowel
      lesions were noted in 82.9% of the patients with MS. There were elevated blood
      lipid levels in the presence of hypomotor dyskinesia of the upper GIT portions in
      the postprandial period. New pathogenetic trends in the role of hormones and
      hypersympatheticotonia in impairing the motor function of the small bowel were
      found in MS. CONCLUSION: The results of our investigations suggest that the found
      changes in GIT motor function are an important component of the complex
      pathogenesis of MS.

PMID- 26978182
TI  - 24-h activity rhythm and sleep in depressed outpatients.
AB  - Disturbances in sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythms are key features of
      depression. Actigraphy, a non-invasive method for monitoring motor activity, can
      be used to objectively assess circadian rest-activity rhythms and sleep patterns.
      While recent studies have measured sleep and daytime activity of depressed
      patients using wrist-worn actigraphy, the actigraphic 24-h rest-activity rhythm
      in depression has not been well documented. We aimed to examine actigraphically
      measured sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythms in depressed outpatients.
      Twenty patients with DSM-IV major depressive episode and 20 age- and sex-matched
      healthy controls participated in this study. Participants completed 7 consecutive
      days of all-day actigraphic activity monitoring while engaging in usual
      activities. For sleep parameters, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, and
      sleep fragmentation index were determined. Circadian rhythms were estimated by
      fitting individual actigraphy data to a cosine curve of a 24-h activity rhythm
      using the cosinor method, which generated three circadian activity rhythm
      parameters, i.e., MESOR (rhythm-adjusted mean), amplitude, and acrophase.
      Subjective sleep was also assessed using a sleep diary and the Pittsburgh Sleep
      Quality Index. Patients showed significantly lower MESOR and more dampened
      amplitude along with significant sleep disturbances. Logistic regression analysis
      revealed that lower MESOR and more fragmented sleep emerged as the significant
      predictors of depression. Correlations between subjectively and actigraphically
      measured parameters demonstrated the validity of actigraphic measurements. These
      results indicate marked disturbances in sleep and circadian rest-activity rhythms
      of depression. By simultaneously measuring sleep and rest-activity rhythm
      parameters, actigraphy might serve as an objective diagnostic aid for depression.

PMID- 26978183
TI  - Implicit learning on a probabilistic classification task in adults and
      adolescents with Bulimia Nervosa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysfunction in frontostriatal circuits likely contributes to impaired
      regulatory control in Bulimia Nervosa (BN), resulting in binge-eating and purging
      behaviors that resemble maladaptive habits. Less is known about the implicit
      learning processes of these circuits, which may contribute to habit formation.
      METHODS: We compared 52 adolescent and adult females with BN to 55 healthy
      matched-controls during performance of a probabilistic classification learning
      task, one form of implicit learning. Groups were compared in accuracy and
      response times, using mixed-models with block, age, and diagnosis as predictors,
      corrected for multiple comparisons with confounds covaried. RESULTS: BN
      participants showed differences in performance on a probabilistic classification
      learning task that varied by age. Adolescents with BN initially performed as
      accurately as healthy adolescents, but showed poorer perseverance over time.
      Adults with BN initially performed less accurately than healthy adults, but
      improved to perform equivalently. Symptom severity was associated with poorer
      accuracy in both adults and adolescents with BN. CONCLUSIONS: Frontostriatal
      dysfunction may underlie abnormalities in regulatory control and probabilistic
      classification learning in BN, likely contributing to the dysregulation of
      implicitly learned, maladaptive binge-eating and purging behaviors. Such
      dysfunction in BN may progress with increasing age, first manifesting in poor
      regulatory control over behaviors and then expanding to implicit learning
      processes that may underlie habitual behaviors.

PMID- 26978184
TI  - Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication
      bias.
AB  - The effects of exercise on depression have been a source of contentious debate.
      Meta-analyses have demonstrated a range of effect sizes. Both inclusion criteria
      and heterogeneity may influence the effect sizes reported. The extent and
      influence of publication bias is also unknown. Randomized controlled trials
      (RCTs) were identified from a recent Cochrane review and searches of major
      electronic databases from 01/2013 to 08/2015. We included RCTs of exercise
      interventions in people with depression (including those with a diagnosis of
      major depressive disorder (MDD) or ratings on depressive symptoms), comparing
      exercise versus control conditions. A random effects meta-analysis calculating
      the standardized mean difference (SMD, 95% confidence interval; CI), meta
      regressions, trim and fill and fail-safe n analyses were conducted. Twenty-five
      RCTs were included comparing exercise versus control comparison groups, including
      9 examining participants with MDD. Overall, exercise had a large and significant
      effect on depression (SMD adjusted for publication bias = 1.11 (95% CI 0.79
      1.43)) with a fail-safe number of 1057. Most adjusted analyses suggested
      publication bias led to an underestimated SMD. Larger effects were found for
      interventions in MDD, utilising aerobic exercise, at moderate and vigorous
      intensities, in a supervised and unsupervised format. In MDD, larger effects were
      found for moderate intensity, aerobic exercise, and interventions supervised by
      exercise professionals. Exercise has a large and significant antidepressant
      effect in people with depression (including MDD). Previous meta-analyses may have
      underestimated the benefits of exercise due to publication bias. Our data
      strongly support the claim that exercise is an evidence-based treatment for
      depression.

PMID- 26978186
TI  - Comprehensive Understanding of High Polar Polyacrylonitrile as an Effective
      Binder for Li-Ion Battery Nano-Si Anodes.
AB  - Well-defined polyacrylonitriles (PANs) with different molecular weights were
      synthesized through an activator regenerated by electron-transfer atom-transfer
      radical polymerization method and employed as binders in silicon negative
      electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Compared with poly(vinylidene fluoride) and
      carboxyl methyl cellulose as binders, the electrode performance of PANs is well
      improved. Specifically, at 100 mA g(-1) from 0.01 to 1.5 V, the initial discharge
      capacity of PAN100-based electrode is 4147.8 mA h g(-1) and still remains about
      1639.6 mA h g(-1) over 50 cycles. A comprehensive understanding on the
      improvement mechanism is preliminarily discussed. The results indicate that the
      superior performance largely depends on the higher lithium ion diffusion
      efficiency in PAN which results from the weak interaction between lithium ions
      and PAN polymer chain, and the hydrogen bonds among the nitrile group (C=N) of
      PAN, Si nanoparticles, and the current collector, which will lead to an efficient
      coating of PAN with the Si particles and well-improved adhesion strength,
      synergistically depressing the structural deterioration of silicon electrodes. 

PMID- 26978187
TI  - The squaramide-catalyzed asymmetric Michael/cyclization tandem reaction for the
      synthesis of chiral trifluoromethylated hydroxyimino tetrahydrobenzofuranones.
AB  - An enantioselective synthesis of trifluoromethylated hydroxyimino
      tetrahydrobenzofuranones has been developed. 1,3-Dicarbonyl carbocyclic compounds
      react with beta-CF3-beta-disubstituted nitroalkenes in the presence of a chiral
      squaramide catalyst, providing efficient access to diverse hydroxyimino
      tetrahydrobenzofuranones featuring a trifluoromethyl group at the C3-position of
      an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter with good yields (up to 81%) and
      enantioselectivities (up to 89% ee). 

PMID- 26978185
TI  - Polygenic risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus among individuals with psychosis and
      their relatives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An elevated prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been observed in
      people with psychotic disorders and their relatives compared to the general
      population. It is not known whether this population also has increased genetic
      risk for T2D. METHODS: Subjects included probands with schizophrenia,
      schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic bipolar I disorder, their first-degree
      relatives without psychotic disorders, and healthy controls, who participated in
      the Bipolar Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes study. We
      constructed sets of polygenic risk scores for T2D (PGRST2D) and schizophrenia
      (PGRSSCHIZ) using publicly available data from genome-wide association studies.
      We then explored the correlation of PGRST2D with psychiatric proband or relative
      status, and with self-reported diabetes. Caucasians and African-Americans were
      analyzed separately. We also evaluated correlations between PGRSSCHIZ and
      diabetes mellitus among Caucasian probands and their relatives. RESULTS: In
      Caucasians, PGRST2D was correlated with self-reported diabetes mellitus within
      probands, but was not correlated with proband or relative status in the whole
      sample. In African-Americans, a PGRST2D based on selected risk alleles for T2D in
      this population did not correlate with proband or relative status. PGRSSCHIZ was
      not correlated with self-reported diabetes within Caucasian probands. CONCLUSION:
      Differences in polygenic risk for T2D do not explain the increased prevalence of
      diabetes mellitus observed in psychosis probands and their relatives.

PMID- 26978190
TI  - Triplet Mediated C-N Dissociation versus Internal Conversion in Electronically
      Excited N-Methylpyrrole.
AB  - The photochemical and photophysical pathways operative in N-methylpyrrole, after
      excitation in the near part of its ultraviolet absorption spectrum, have been
      investigated by the combination of time-resolved total ion yield and
      photoelectron spectroscopies with high-level ab initio calculations. The results
      collected are remarkably different from the observations made for pyrrole and
      other aromatic systems, whose dynamics is dictated by the presence of pisigma*
      excitations on X-H (X: N, O, S, ...) bonds. The presence of a barrier along the C
      N dissociation coordinate that can not be tunneled triggers two alternative decay
      mechanisms for the S1 A" pisigma* state. While at low vibrational content the C-N
      dissociation occurs on the surface of a lower (3)pipi* state reached after
      efficient intersystem crossing, at higher excitation energies, the A" pisigma*
      directly internally converts to the ground state through a ring-twisted S1/S0
      conical intersection. The findings explain previous observations on the molecule
      and may be relevant for more complex systems containing similar C-N bonds, such
      as the DNA nucleotides. 

PMID- 26978189
TI  - Age-Related and Heteroplasmy-Related Variation in Human mtDNA Copy Number.
AB  - The mitochondrial (mt) genome is present in many copies in human cells, and intra
      individual variation in mtDNA sequences is known as heteroplasmy. Recent studies
      found that heteroplasmies are highly tissue-specific, site-specific, and allele
      specific, however the functional implications have not been explored. This study
      investigates variation in mtDNA copy numbers (mtCN) in 12 different tissues
      obtained at autopsy from 152 individuals (ranging in age from 3 days to 96
      years). Three different methods to estimate mtCN were compared: shotgun
      sequencing (in 4 tissues), capture-enriched sequencing (in 12 tissues) and
      droplet digital PCR (ddPCR, in 2 tissues). The highest precision in mtCN
      estimation was achieved using shotgun sequencing data. However, capture
      enrichment data provide reliable estimates of relative (albeit not absolute)
      mtCNs. Comparisons of mtCN from different tissues of the same individual revealed
      that mtCNs in different tissues are, with few exceptions, uncorrelated. Hence,
      each tissue of an individual seems to regulate mtCN in a tissue-related rather
      than an individual-dependent manner. Skeletal muscle (SM) samples showed an age
      related decrease in mtCN that was especially pronounced in males, while there was
      an age-related increase in mtCN for liver (LIV) samples. MtCN in SM samples was
      significantly negatively correlated with both the total number of heteroplasmic
      sites and with minor allele frequency (MAF) at two heteroplasmic sites, 408 and
      16327. Heteroplasmies at both sites are highly specific for SM, accumulate with
      aging and are part of functional elements that regulate mtDNA replication. These
      data support the hypothesis that selection acting on these heteroplasmic sites is
      reducing mtCN in SM of older individuals. 

PMID- 26978193
TI  - The Lost Felice: Marsden Hartley.

PMID- 26978200
TI  - Does the Country of Origin Matter in Health Care Innovation Diffusion?

PMID- 26978201
TI  - Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints: Developing Common Terminology and
      Definitions.

PMID- 26978203
TI  - A PIECE OF MY MIND. Meeting the Organ Donor.

PMID- 26978202
TI  - Health Care Delivery Innovations That Integrate Care? Yes!: But Integrating What?

PMID- 26978204
TI  - The Enduring Evolution of the P Value.

PMID- 26978205
TI  - Toward High-Reliability Vaccination Efforts in the United States.

PMID- 26978207
TI  - Effect of Inhaled Xenon on Cerebral White Matter Damage in Comatose Survivors of
      Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Evidence from preclinical models indicates that xenon gas can prevent
      the development of cerebral damage after acute global hypoxic-ischemic brain
      injury but, thus far, these putative neuroprotective properties have not been
      reported in human studies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of inhaled xenon on
      ischemic white matter damage assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized single-blind phase 2 clinical
      drug trial conducted between August 2009 and March 2015 at 2 multipurpose
      intensive care units in Finland. One hundred ten comatose patients (aged 24-76
      years) who had experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were randomized.
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled xenon
      combined with hypothermia (33 degrees C) for 24 hours (n = 55 in the xenon group)
      or hypothermia treatment alone (n = 55 in the control group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: The primary end point was cerebral white matter damage as evaluated by
      fractional anisotropy from diffusion tensor MRI scheduled to be performed between
      36 and 52 hours after cardiac arrest. Secondary end points included neurological
      outcome assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (score 0 [no symptoms] through 6
      [death]) and mortality at 6 months. RESULTS: Among the 110 randomized patients
      (mean age, 61.5 years; 80 men [72.7%]), all completed the study. There were MRI
      data from 97 patients (88.2%) a median of 53 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 47
      64 hours) after cardiac arrest. The mean global fractional anisotropy values were
      0.433 (SD, 0.028) in the xenon group and 0.419 (SD, 0.033) in the control group.
      The age-, sex-, and site-adjusted mean global fractional anisotropy value was
      3.8% higher (95% CI, 1.1%-6.4%) in the xenon group (adjusted mean difference,
      0.016 [95% CI, 0.005-0.027], P = .006). At 6 months, 75 patients (68.2%) were
      alive. Secondary end points at 6 months did not reveal statistically significant
      differences between the groups. In ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale,
      the median (IQR) value was 1 (1-6) in the xenon group and 1 (0-6) in the control
      group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .68). The 6-month mortality rate
      was 27.3% (15/55) in the xenon group and 34.5% (19/55) in the control group
      (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = .053). CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Among comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, inhaled
      xenon combined with hypothermia compared with hypothermia alone resulted in less
      white matter damage as measured by fractional anisotropy of diffusion tensor MRI.
      However, there was no statistically significant difference in neurological
      outcomes or mortality at 6 months. These preliminary findings require further
      evaluation in an adequately powered clinical trial designed to assess clinical
      outcomes associated with inhaled xenon among survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac
      arrest. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00879892.

PMID- 26978209
TI  - Evolution of Reporting P Values in the Biomedical Literature, 1990-2015.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The use and misuse of P values has generated extensive debates.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in large scale the P values reported in the abstracts and
      full text of biomedical research articles over the past 25 years and determine
      how frequently statistical information is presented in ways other than P values.
      DESIGN: Automated text-mining analysis was performed to extract data on P values
      reported in 12,821,790 MEDLINE abstracts and in 843,884 abstracts and full-text
      articles in PubMed Central (PMC) from 1990 to 2015. Reporting of P values in 151
      English-language core clinical journals and specific article types as classified
      by PubMed also was evaluated. A random sample of 1000 MEDLINE abstracts was
      manually assessed for reporting of P values and other types of statistical
      information; of those abstracts reporting empirical data, 100 articles were also
      assessed in full text. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: P values reported. RESULTS:
      Text mining identified 4,572,043 P values in 1,608,736 MEDLINE abstracts and
      3,438,299 P values in 385,393 PMC full-text articles. Reporting of P values in
      abstracts increased from 7.3% in 1990 to 15.6% in 2014. In 2014, P values were
      reported in 33.0% of abstracts from the 151 core clinical journals (n = 29,725
      abstracts), 35.7% of meta-analyses (n = 5620), 38.9% of clinical trials (n =
      4624), 54.8% of randomized controlled trials (n = 13,544), and 2.4% of reviews (n
      = 71,529). The distribution of reported P values in abstracts and in full text
      showed strong clustering at P values of .05 and of .001 or smaller. Over time,
      the "best" (most statistically significant) reported P values were modestly
      smaller and the "worst" (least statistically significant) reported P values
      became modestly less significant. Among the MEDLINE abstracts and PMC full-text
      articles with P values, 96% reported at least 1 P value of .05 or lower, with the
      proportion remaining steady over time in PMC full-text articles. In 1000
      abstracts that were manually reviewed, 796 were from articles reporting empirical
      data; P values were reported in 15.7% (125/796 [95% CI, 13.2%-18.4%]) of
      abstracts, confidence intervals in 2.3% (18/796 [95% CI, 1.3%-3.6%]), Bayes
      factors in 0% (0/796 [95% CI, 0%-0.5%]), effect sizes in 13.9% (111/796 [95% CI,
      11.6%-16.5%]), other information that could lead to estimation of P values in
      12.4% (99/796 [95% CI, 10.2%-14.9%]), and qualitative statements about
      significance in 18.1% (181/1000 [95% CI, 15.8%-20.6%]); only 1.8% (14/796 [95%
      CI, 1.0%-2.9%]) of abstracts reported at least 1 effect size and at least 1
      confidence interval. Among 99 manually extracted full-text articles with data, 55
      reported P values, 4 presented confidence intervals for all reported effect
      sizes, none used Bayesian methods, 1 used false-discovery rates, 3 used sample
      size/power calculations, and 5 specified the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: In this analysis of P values reported in MEDLINE abstracts and in PMC
      articles from 1990-2015, more MEDLINE abstracts and articles reported P values
      over time, almost all abstracts and articles with P values reported statistically
      significant results, and, in a subgroup analysis, few articles included
      confidence intervals, Bayes factors, or effect sizes. Rather than reporting
      isolated P values, articles should include effect sizes and uncertainty metrics.

PMID- 26978212
TI  - Liraglutide (Saxenda) for Weight Loss.

PMID- 26978211
TI  - Neck Pain, Stiffness, and Periorbital Edema in a Man With Diabetes.

PMID- 26978208
TI  - Genetic Evidence for Causal Relationships Between Maternal Obesity-Related Traits
      and Birth Weight.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Neonates born to overweight or obese women are larger and at higher
      risk of birth complications. Many maternal obesity-related traits are
      observationally associated with birth weight, but the causal nature of these
      associations is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To test for genetic evidence of causal
      associations of maternal body mass index (BMI) and related traits with birth
      weight. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Mendelian randomization to test
      whether maternal BMI and obesity-related traits are potentially causally related
      to offspring birth weight. Data from 30,487 women in 18 studies were analyzed.
      Participants were of European ancestry from population- or community-based
      studies in Europe, North America, or Australia and were part of the Early Growth
      Genetics Consortium. Live, term, singleton offspring born between 1929 and 2013
      were included. EXPOSURES: Genetic scores for BMI, fasting glucose level, type 2
      diabetes, systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride level, high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level, vitamin D status, and adiponectin level.
      MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Offspring birth weight from 18 studies. RESULTS: Among
      the 30,487 newborns the mean birth weight in the various cohorts ranged from 3325
      g to 3679 g. The maternal genetic score for BMI was associated with a 2-g (95%
      CI, 0 to 3 g) higher offspring birth weight per maternal BMI-raising allele (P =
      .008). The maternal genetic scores for fasting glucose and SBP were also
      associated with birth weight with effect sizes of 8 g (95% CI, 6 to 10 g) per
      glucose-raising allele (P = 7 * 10(-14)) and -4 g (95% CI, -6 to -2 g) per SBP
      raising allele (P = 1*10(-5)), respectively. A 1-SD ( ~ 4 points) genetically
      higher maternal BMI was associated with a 55-g higher offspring birth weight (95%
      CI, 17 to 93 g). A 1-SD ( ~ 7.2 mg/dL) genetically higher maternal fasting
      glucose concentration was associated with 114-g higher offspring birth weight
      (95% CI, 80 to 147 g). However, a 1-SD ( ~ 10 mm Hg) genetically higher maternal
      SBP was associated with a 208-g lower offspring birth weight (95% CI, -394 to -21
      g). For BMI and fasting glucose, genetic associations were consistent with the
      observational associations, but for systolic blood pressure, the genetic and
      observational associations were in opposite directions. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: In this mendelian randomization study, genetically elevated maternal
      BMI and blood glucose levels were potentially causally associated with higher
      offspring birth weight, whereas genetically elevated maternal SBP was potentially
      causally related to lower birth weight. If replicated, these findings may have
      implications for counseling and managing pregnancies to avoid adverse weight
      related birth outcomes.

PMID- 26978210
TI  - Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the
      United States: A Review of Measles and Pertussis.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Parents hesitant to vaccinate their children may delay routine
      immunizations or seek exemptions from state vaccine mandates. Recent outbreaks of
      vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States have drawn attention to this
      phenomenon. Improved understanding of the association between vaccine refusal and
      the epidemiology of these diseases is needed. OBJECTIVE: To review the published
      literature to evaluate the association between vaccine delay, refusal, or
      exemption and the epidemiology of measles and pertussis, 2 vaccine-preventable
      diseases with recent US outbreaks. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Search of PubMed through
      November 30, 2015, for reports of US measles outbreaks that have occurred since
      measles was declared eliminated in the United States (after January 1, 2000),
      endemic and epidemic pertussis since the lowest point in US pertussis incidence
      (after January 1, 1977), and for studies that assessed disease risk in the
      context of vaccine delay or exemption. FINDINGS: We identified 18 published
      measles studies (9 annual summaries and 9 outbreak reports), which described 1416
      measles cases (individual age range, 2 weeks-84 years; 178 cases younger than 12
      months) and more than half (56.8%) had no history of measles vaccination. Of the
      970 measles cases with detailed vaccination data, 574 cases were unvaccinated
      despite being vaccine eligible and 405 (70.6%) of these had nonmedical exemptions
      (eg, exemptions for religious or philosophical reasons, as opposed to medical
      contraindications; 41.8% of total). Among 32 reports of pertussis outbreaks,
      which included 10,609 individuals for whom vaccination status was reported (age
      range, 10 days-87 years), the 5 largest statewide epidemics had substantial
      proportions (range, 24%-45%) of unvaccinated or undervaccinated individuals.
      However, several pertussis outbreaks also occurred in highly vaccinated
      populations, indicating waning immunity. Nine reports (describing 12 outbreaks)
      provided detailed vaccination data on unimmunized cases; among 8 of these
      outbreaks from 59% through 93% of unvaccinated individuals were intentionally
      unvaccinated. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A substantial proportion of the US
      measles cases in the era after elimination were intentionally unvaccinated. The
      phenomenon of vaccine refusal was associated with an increased risk for measles
      among people who refuse vaccines and among fully vaccinated individuals. Although
      pertussis resurgence has been attributed to waning immunity and other factors,
      vaccine refusal was still associated with an increased risk for pertussis in some
      populations.

PMID- 26978213
TI  - Suppression of Substance Abuse Claims in Medicaid Data and Rates of Diagnoses for
      Non-Substance Abuse Conditions.

PMID- 26978214
TI  - Dextromethorphan-Quinidine for Agitation in Alzheimer Disease.

PMID- 26978215
TI  - Dextromethorphan-Quinidine for Agitation in Alzheimer Disease--Reply.

PMID- 26978216
TI  - Preeclampsia and Congenital Heart Defects.

PMID- 26978217
TI  - Preeclampsia and Congenital Heart Defects--Reply.

PMID- 26978218
TI  - New Strategies to Treat High Cholesterol.

PMID- 26978221
TI  - Reducing Medical Facilities.

PMID- 26978219
TI  - New Strategies to Treat High Cholesterol--Reply.

PMID- 26978223
TI  - JAMA PATIENT PAGE. Dietary Guidelines for Americans--Eat Less Sugar.

PMID- 26978226
TI  - Gas-phase reactions of cyclopropenylidene with protonated alkyl amines.
AB  - Vinylidene carbenes (C3H2) are of high interest to interstellar, combustion, and
      organic chemistry. Due to their high instability, the direct experimental
      investigation of their chemical reactivity has rarely been achieved. Herein, we
      report a first study on the reactions of cyclopropenylidene (c-C3H2) with
      protonated alkyl amines in the gas phase using a home-built ion trap mass
      spectrometer. The high gas-phase basicity (GB) of ((1)A1) c-C3H2 (calculated as
      920 kJ mol(-1)) facilitates the formation of a proton-bound dimer with protonated
      amines as the first step in the reaction. The dimer can stay as it is or
      rearrange to a covalent product. The formation of the covalent complex is highly
      exothermic and its yield is affected by the GB of alkyl amines. The highest yield
      (82%) was achieved when the GB of the amine was slightly lower but comparable to
      that of c-C3H2. Our results demonstrate a new reaction pathway of c-C3H2, which
      has long been considered as a "dead end" in interstellar carbon chemistry. 

PMID- 26978225
TI  - Phenotypic and Molecular Antibiotic Resistance Determination of Airborne
      Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus spp. Strains from Healthcare Facilities in
      Southern Poland.
AB  - This study assessed the antimicrobial resistance of airborne Staphylococcus spp.
      strains isolated from healthcare facilities in southern Poland. A total of 55
      isolates, belonging to 10 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species,
      isolated from 10 healthcare facilities (including hospitals and outpatient units)
      were included in the analysis. The most frequently identified species were
      Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus warneri, which belong to normal
      human skin flora, but can also be the cause of common and even severe nosocomial
      infections. Disk diffusion tests showed that the bacterial strains were most
      frequently resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline and only 18% of strains
      were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. Polymerase chain reaction
      amplification of specific gene regions was used to determine the presence of the
      Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistance mechanisms in CoNS. The molecular
      analysis, conducted using specific primer pairs, identified the msrA1 gene,
      encoding active efflux pumps in bacterial cells, as the most frequent resistance
      gene. As many as seven antibiotic resistance genes were found in one isolate,
      whereas the most common number of resistance genes per isolate was five (n = 17).
      It may be concluded that drug resistance was widely spread among the tested
      strains, but the resulting antimicrobial resistance profile indicates that in the
      case of infection, the use of antibiotics from the basic antibiogram group will
      be effective in therapy. However, before administering treatment, determination
      of the specific antimicrobial resistance should be conducted, particularly in the
      case of hospitalized patients.

PMID- 26978224
TI  - ClpXP and ClpAP control the Escherichia coli division protein ZapC by
      proteolysis.
AB  - The bacterial FtsZ-ring is an essential cytokinetic structure under tight
      spatiotemporal regulation. In Escherichia coli, FtsZ polymerization and assembly
      into the Z-ring is controlled on multiple levels through interactions with
      positive and negative regulators. Among these regulatory factors are ZapC, a Z
      ring stabilizer, and the conserved protease ClpXP, which has been shown to
      degrade FtsZ protofilaments in preference to FtsZ monomers. Here we report that
      ZapC and ClpX interact in a protein-protein interaction assay, and that ZapC is
      degraded in a ClpXP-dependent manner in vivo. The SspB adaptor protein is not
      required for targeting ZapC to the ClpXP proteolytic machinery. A mutation
      disrupting the zapC ssrA-like sequence (zapCDD) stabilizes ZapC consistent with a
      reduction in ClpXP-mediated ZapC degradation. ZapCDD retains the ability to
      interact with FtsZ and to promote bundling in vitro indicating that WT ZapC
      contains discrete FtsZ and ClpX recognition motifs. Additionally, ClpAP complexes
      are sufficient for degradation of ZapC in the absence of ClpX in vivo. Further,
      chromosomal expression of zapCDD suppresses filamentation of the temperature
      sensitive ftsZ84 mutant, confirming the role of ZapC as a Z-ring stabilizer.
      Lastly, changes in ClpXP and ZapC levels lead to cell division effects, likely
      through their roles in modulating FtsZ assembly dynamics. Taken together, our
      results indicate that the Z-ring stabilizer ZapC is a substrate of both ClpXP and
      ClpAP in vivo. Our data also point to a more complex regulatory circuit that
      integrates FtsZ, ClpXP and ZapC in achieving Z-ring stability in E. coli and
      related species.

PMID- 26978227
TI  - The CDC Guideline on Opioid Prescribing: Rising to the Challenge.

PMID- 26978228
TI  - Phenalenone Polyketide Cyclization Catalyzed by Fungal Polyketide Synthase and
      Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase.
AB  - Phenalenones are polyketide natural products that display diverse structures and
      biological activities. The core of phenalenones is a peri-fused tricyclic ring
      system cyclized from a linear polyketide precursor via an unresolved mechanism.
      Toward understanding the unusual cyclization steps, the phn biosynthetic gene
      cluster responsible for herqueinone biosynthesis was identified from the genome
      of Penicillium herquei. A nonreducing polyketide synthase (NR-PKS) PhnA was shown
      to synthesize the heptaketide backbone and cyclize it into the angular, hemiketal
      containing naphtho-gamma-pyrone prephenalenone. The product template (PT) domain
      of PhnA catalyzes only the C4-C9 aldol condensation, which is unprecedented among
      known PT domains. The transformation of prephenalenone to phenalenone requires an
      FAD-dependent monooxygenase (FMO) PhnB, which catalyzes the C2 aromatic
      hydroxylation of prephenalenone and ring opening of the gamma-pyrone ring
      simultaneously. Density functional theory calculations provide insights into why
      the hydroxylated intermediate undergoes an aldol-like phenoxide-ketone
      cyclization to yield the phenalenone core. This study therefore unveiled new
      routes and biocatalysts for polyketide cyclization.

PMID- 26978229
TI  - [Specific features of reelin expression in the brain of fetuses and newborns with
      internal hydrocephalus].
AB  - AIM: to study reelin expression in the neocortex of fetuses and newborns with
      internal hydrocephalus (HC) and to reveal its features in relation to the
      etiology of HC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The brains of fetuses and newborn at 22-40
      weeks' gestation with internal HC associated with Sylvian aqueduct malformation
      (n=9), post-inflammatory (n=4) and post-hemorrhagic (n=5) HC were examined. In a
      comparison group, the fragments of brain tissue with a slit-like lumen of the
      lateral ventricles were no more than 0.5 cm (n=20). A standard
      immunohistochemical method was used to reveal reelin expression in the neocortex
      of the anterior third of the precentral gyrus. RESULTS: HC associated with
      Sylvian aqueduct malformation is characterized by a negative reelin
      immunoexpression. In postinflammatory HC, the expression of reelin decreases
      significantly (p=0.025) with respect to the conditional norm and, in
      posthemorrhagic HC it is comparable with that in the comparison group.
      CONCLUSION: The features of reelin expression in the brain of fetuses and
      newborns at 22-40 weeks' gestation with internal HC should be considered as
      morphological differential and diagnostic criteria for the disease in relation to
      its etiology.

PMID- 26978230
TI  - [Immunomorphological aspects of miscarriage at late gestational ages].
AB  - AIM: to reveal the morphological features of placentas and to define a role of
      the lectin pathway for activation of the complement system in the development of
      premature birth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A complex morphological study was
      conducted to examine 37 placentas, 25 of which were obtained from women with
      clinical signs of threatened miscarriage and 12 placentas from apparently healthy
      pregnant women. RESULTS: Placental tissue CD59 expression was ascertained to be
      significantly less in the women with threatened miscarriage than in those having
      full-term babies. CONCLUSION: Decreased CD59 expression in threatened miscarriage
      at late gestational ages leads to additional activation of a maternal immune
      response and serves as a possible predictor for premature birth.

PMID- 26978231
TI  - [Histological hanges in the placenta and vascularization of its villi in early-
      and late-onset preeclampsia].
AB  - AIM: to make a comparative histological study of the placenta and a morphometric
      analysis of its terminal villi in early- and late-onset preeclampsia. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Placentae from patients whose pregnancy had been complicated by the
      development of early- (n=26) or late-onset (n=84) preeclampsia were examined. A
      control group comprised placentae from 28 patients with physiological pregnancy
      and no extragenital diseases. The authors made a comparative histological study
      of placental tissue and a morphometric analysis of the terminal villi using the
      sections immunohistochemically stained for CD31. RESULTS: It was determined that
      there was a preponderance of branching angiogenesis in the preeclamptic chorionic
      villi and an increase in the number of syncytial nodules and microcysts in the
      septae in late-onset preeclampsia. Morphometric analysis of immunohistochemical
      placental specimens established a reduction in the sizes and vascularization
      indicators of terminal villi that determine the development of placental hypoxia
      and are more pronounced in cases of early-onset preeclampsia.

PMID- 26978232
TI  - [Somatostatin receptor expression in the ileal mucosa of patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease].
AB  - AIM: to investigate the specific features of somatostatin receptor expression in
      the ileal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Ileal biopsy specimens from 42 patients aged 22 to 55 years, including
      16 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 14 with indeterminate colitis of IBD
      unclassified (IBDU), and 12 with the unchanged ileal mucosa (a comparison group).
      Immunohistochemical examination was performed using anti-somatostatin receptor
      type 2 (SSTR-2) antibodies (Epitomics, USA). SSTR2-positively stained cells were
      counted per 100 epitheliocytes. RESULTS: There were three receptor expression
      types: predominantly membranous, cytoplasmic, and mixed (membranous-cytoplasmic).
      Calculation of cells with membranous expression indicated that the median was 1
      in the patients with Crohn's disease (interquartile range (IQR) 0.5), 3 in those
      with IBDU (IQR 2.5), and 2 (IQR 2) in the comparison group. These indicators were
      1 (IQR 2), 3 (IQR 2), and 2 (IQR 1) for cytoplasmic expression and 5 (IQR 4), 2
      (IQR 3), and 3 (IQR 2) for membranous-cytoplasmic one. CONCLUSION: The number of
      SSTR-2-expressing cells was significantly smaller in the patients with Crohn's
      disease than that in those with the unchanged mucosa and in those with
      indeterminate (unclassified) colitis. There were three SSTR2 staining types:
      predominantly membranous, cytoplasmic, and mixed (membranous-cytoplasmic). The
      cells with membranous staining appeared to be neuroendocrine, those with
      cytoplasmic expression were intraepithelial T lymphocytes, and those with
      membranous-cytoplasmic expression were both neuroendocrine and epithelial.

PMID- 26978233
TI  - [Impact of preoperative drug therapy on the expression of apoptosis markers in
      colorectal liver metastases].
AB  - AIM: to estimate the expression of p53 protein, effector caspases-3 and -7, and
      the antiapoptotic protein survivin in colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases to the
      liver in patients who have received preoperative cytotoxic and combined cytotoxic
      and target anti-VEGF therapies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Intraoperative samples from
      122 patients with colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver were
      immunohistologically examined. The investigation included patients who had
      received preoperative treatment with cytotoxic drugs, combined cytotoxic and
      targeted anti-VEGF therapy. A control group consisted of patients who had not
      received preoperative anti-tumor drug treatment. RESULTS: Expression of Caspase
      3, including that of survivin, was significantly more frequently detected in the
      patients who had received combined cytotoxic and anti-VEGF therapy as compared to
      both those treated with only cytotoxic agents (p=0.00004) and the control group
      (p=0.0008) As compared to the latter, the women who had received cytotoxic
      therapy were found to have no survivin expression (p=0.015). Investigation of the
      expression of caspase-7 and p53 revealed no statistically significant differences
      between the three groups. CONCLUSION: Addition of bevacizumab to preoperative
      standard therapy regimens for colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases to the liver
      leads to activated apoptosis in tumor cells, by enhancing the expression of
      effector caspase 3. At the same time, standard cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens in
      women results in activated apoptosis, by decreasing the expression of the
      antiapoptotic protein survivin.

PMID- 26978234
TI  - [Unified requirements for the structure of the diagnosis to improving national
      morbidity ststistics and causes of death].
AB  - The overall structure of the diagnosis should be presented underlying disease;
      complications of underlying disease and coexistent disease. If patient has other
      significant conditions contributing to the death (comorbidity), they should be
      included in the diagnosis after underlying disease as concurrent disease,
      polypathia or background diseases (condition). The category "underlying disease"
      should include only the disease (condition), which by itself or through the
      complications can lead to death and should be recorded in Part I of the medical
      certificate of cause of death. Other significant conditions contributing to the
      death (comorbidity) and defined as concurrent disease, polypathia or background
      diseases (condition), should be recorded in Part II of the medical certificate of
      cause of death. Coexistent diseases shall not be taken into account of the
      statistics of causes of death, and therefore they should not stand in a medical
      certificate of cause of death. 

PMID- 26978235
TI  - [Von Hippel-Lindau disease type 2-related pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and
      adrenal myelolipoma].
AB  - The paper describes a case of von Hippel--Lindau-related pancreatic
      neuroendocrine tumor and adrenal myelolipoma in a 44-year-old woman. The
      pancreatic tumor and a left retroperitoneal mass were removed in the women in
      July 2014 and May 2015. Histological examination of the pancreatic tumor revealed
      that the latter consisted of clear cells forming tubular and tubercular
      structures showing the expression of chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and
      cytokeratins 18 and 19 and a negative response to CD10 and RCC. The adrenal
      medullary mass presented as clear-cell alveolar structures with inclusions of
      adipose tissue mixed with erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid cells. The clear-cell
      component of the adrenal gland expressed neuroendocrine markers with a negative
      response to cytokeratins, CD10, and RCC. Molecular genetic examination yielded a
      signal corresponding to two copies of the VHL gene. No deletions or
      amplifications of the gene were detected. Cases of von Hippel--Lindau disease
      concurrent with adrenal pheochromocytoma and myelolipoma and simultaneous
      pancreatic involvement were not found in the literature.

PMID- 26978236
TI  - Thin Film Formation and Morphology of Electrosprayed Polydimethylsiloxane.
AB  - Low-voltage dielectric actuators (DEAs) can be fabricated using submicrometer
      thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. The two established techniques, namely
      spin coating and molecular beam deposition, however, are inappropriate to produce
      multistack DEAs in an efficient way. Therefore, we propose an alternative
      deposition technique, i.e., the alternating current electrospray deposition
      (ACESD) of 5 vol % PDMS in ethyl acetate solution and subsequent ultraviolet
      light curing. Atomic force microscopy makes possible the three-dimensional
      analysis of cured droplet-like islands. These circular islands, prepared on 2 in.
      Si(100) wafers from four polymers with molecular masses between 800 and 62,700
      g/mol, reveal a characteristic morphology with an increasing height-to-diameter
      ratio. Using the 6000 g/mol polymer for ACESD, the film morphology evolution was
      tracked by applying conventional optical microscopy and spectroscopic
      ellipsometry. When the deposition was terminated after 13 s, circular islands
      with a mean height of 30 nm were found, while terminating the deposition after
      about 155 s led to a confluent layer with a mean height of 91 +/- 10 nm.
      Potential electrostatic interactions between the droplets could not be identified
      through the analysis of spatial island distribution. Nevertheless, ACESD is a
      budget-priced and competitive deposition technique that can be employed to
      fabricate submicrometer-thin PDMS films with true nanometer roughness.

PMID- 26978237
TI  - LDL cholesterol response and statin adherence among high-risk patients initiating
      treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart
      Association (AHA) cholesterol treatment guideline recommends monitoring percent
      reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among patients
      initiating statins as an indication of response and adherence. We examined LDL-C
      reduction and statin adherence among high-risk patients initiating statins in a
      real-world setting. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: The study
      population included Kaiser Permanente Georgia members (n = 1066) with a history
      of coronary heart disease or risk equivalent(s) initiating statins in 2011.
      Percent change in LDL-C was defined using measurements before and 60 to 450 days
      after statin initiation. Statin adherence was defined by proportion of days
      covered, categorized as high (>=80%), intermediate (50%-79%), and low (< 50%).
      RESULTS: Overall, 58.4% of patients failed to achieve a >= 30% LDL-C reduction
      after statin initiation. The prevalences of high, intermediate, and low statin
      adherence were 41.3%, 23.2%, and 35.6%, respectively. Of patients with high
      adherence, 42.3% did not achieve a >= 30% reduction in LDL-C compared with 54.7%
      and 79.7% of those with intermediate and low statin adherence, respectively.
      After multivariable adjustment, and compared with those with high adherence, the
      risk ratios for not achieving a >= 30% LDL-C reduction were 1.31 (95% CI, 1.13
      1.52) and 1.88 (95% CI, 1.67-2.11), for those with intermediate and low
      adherence. Women and African Americans were less likely to have high adherence,
      whereas having cardiologist visits was associated with high adherence.
      CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world setting, many patients did not achieve a 30% or
      larger LDL-C reduction. These data support the ACC/AHA recommendation to monitor
      LDL-C response among patients initiating statins.

PMID- 26978238
TI  - National estimates of price variation by site of care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Recently, researchers and policy makers have demonstrated growing
      interest in differences in payments across sites of care for the same healthcare
      service, such as in a hospital outpatient department (HOPD) versus a physician
      office (PO). Our objective was to examine the price differential for individuals
      with employer-sponsored insurance by site of care for 7 commonly performed
      services at the national and regional level. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed 2008 to
      2013 claims data from Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters
      Database, containing administrative data for 44 to 53 million individuals covered
      by employer-sponsored health insurance. METHODS: We selected 7 services based on
      total payments from different clinical categories-categories in which differences
      in clinical quality and patient morbidity are less likely to be sources of the
      price differential. We calculated payment amounts at the visit level for each
      healthcare service by site of care, then calculated the price differential by
      site of care as a ratio of average HOPD price to the average PO price or average
      ambulatory surgery center price for the same service. RESULTS: Across all 7
      services, prices at a HOPD were statistically significantly higher than payments
      to a PO, ranging in 2013 from 21% more for an office visit to 258% more for chest
      radiography. The increase in the price differentials, combined with a shift in
      volume in favor of hospital outpatient departments, was associated with a 44%
      increase in total spending between 2008 and 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows
      that price differentials by site of care exist at a national level, and that they
      are increasing over time.

PMID- 26978239
TI  - Organizational structure for chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In contrast to chronic heart failure (CHF), measures of quality of
      care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poor. Our objective was
      to examine differences in organizational structure available to support quality
      of care for patients with CHF and COPD. STUDY DESIGN: We performed 2 nationwide
      surveys exploring organizational structure for the management of CHF and COPD. We
      surveyed the chief of medicine and the chief of cardiology and pulmonary medicine
      at 120 Veterans Affairs facilities in the United States. METHODS: Analogous
      questions about organizational structure that enhanced adherence to guideline
      based care were compared between CHF and COPD surveys. RESULTS: We found large
      and notable differences in the organizational structure for disease management,
      with systematically less attention given to COPD than CHF. These differences were
      evident in multiple processes of care. Key differences included fewer facilities:
      having COPD clinics than CHF clinics (12.7% vs 50.8%; P < .01), relating
      performance measures with COPD providers than CHF providers (17.1% vs 70%; P <
      .01), and having home monitoring programs for COPD than for CHF (50.5% vs 87.4%;
      P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the growing burden of COPD, less organizational
      structure existed for COPD than CHF. Lack of organizational structure for COPD
      likely impedes an organization's abilities to encourage high-quality care and
      avoid recently implemented hospital readmission penalties. Our results suggest
      the need to develop a systematic approach for healthcare systems to provide
      essential organizational structure based on the burden of disease in the
      population.

PMID- 26978240
TI  - Value of primary care diabetes management: long-term cost impacts.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate long-term cost savings associated with patients' exposure
      to an all-or-none bundle of measures for primary care management of diabetes.
      STUDY DESIGN: In 2006, Geisinger's primary care clinics implemented an all-or
      none diabetes system of care (DSC). Claims data from Geisinger Health Plan were
      used to identify those who met Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set
      criteria for diabetes and had 2 or more diabetes-related encounters on different
      dates before 2006. A cohort of 1875 members exposed to the DSC was then compared
      against a propensity score matched non-DSC comparison cohort from January 1,
      2006, through December 31, 2013. METHODS: A set of generalized linear models with
      log link and gamma distribution was estimated. The key explanatory variable was
      each member's bundle exposure measured in months. The dependent variables were
      inpatient and outpatient facility costs, professional cost, and total medical
      cost excluding prescription drugs measured on a per-member-per-month basis.
      RESULTS: Over the study period, the total medical cost saving associated with DSC
      exposure was approximately 6.9% (P < .05). The main source of the saving was
      reductions in inpatient facility cost, which showed approximately 28.7% savings
      (P < .01) over the study period. During the first year of the DSC exposure,
      however, there were significant increases in outpatient (13%; P < .05) and
      professional (9.7%; P < .05) costs. CONCLUSIONS: A system of care with an all-or
      none bundled measure used in primary care for patients with diabetes may reduce
      long-term cost of care while improving health outcomes.

PMID- 26978242
TI  - Nonlinear Terahertz Absorption of Graphene Plasmons.
AB  - Subwavelength graphene structures support localized plasmonic resonances in the
      terahertz and mid-infrared spectral regimes. The strong field confinement at the
      resonant frequency is predicted to significantly enhance the light-graphene
      interaction, which could enable nonlinear optics at low intensity in atomically
      thin, subwavelength devices. To date, the nonlinear response of graphene plasmons
      and their energy loss dynamics have not been experimentally studied. We measure
      and theoretically model the terahertz nonlinear response and energy relaxation
      dynamics of plasmons in graphene nanoribbons. We employ a terahertz pump
      terahertz probe technique at the plasmon frequency and observe a strong
      saturation of plasmon absorption followed by a 10 ps relaxation time. The
      observed nonlinearity is enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude compared to
      unpatterned graphene with no plasmon resonance. We further present a thermal
      model for the nonlinear plasmonic absorption that supports the experimental
      results. The model shows that the observed strong linearity is caused by an
      unexpected red shift of plasmon resonance together with a broadening and
      weakening of the resonance caused by the transient increase in electron
      temperature. The model further predicts that even greater resonant enhancement of
      the nonlinear response can be expected in high-mobility graphene, suggesting that
      nonlinear graphene plasmonic devices could be promising candidates for nonlinear
      optical processing. 

PMID- 26978241
TI  - The budget impact of cervical cancer screening using HPV primary screening.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the clinical and budgetary impacts of human
      papillomavirus (HPV) primary screening with HPV16/18 genotyping, in contrast to
      current cervical cancer screening strategies. STUDY DESIGN: A decision-tree
      framework and Markov model were used to model clinical and cost implications of
      screening and diagnosis of disease. METHODS: A model was developed to compare the
      annual clinical and budgetary impact of HPV screening with genotyping versus
      cytology, and co-testing with and without genotyping. Epidemiology and test
      performance inputs are from the literature and the Addressing THE Need for
      Advanced HPV Diagnostics (ATHENA) trial. Costs are from a US payer perspective.
      Clinical impact was measured as the resulting incidence of cervical cancer, and
      budget impact is reported as annual cost per screened woman. The model considered
      the impact of patient noncompliance (loss to follow-up) at both the initial
      screen and re-test. RESULTS: Cytology was found to be inferior to both co-testing
      and HPV primary screening. Co-testing was inferior to co-testing with genotyping.
      Co-testing with genotyping every 3 years (incidence = 5.5 per 100,000 women;
      annual investment = $61) or 5 years (incidence = 7.4 per 100,000 women; annual
      investment = $37) was slightly more effective, but more costly than HPV primary
      screening every 3 years (incidence = 6.2 per 100,000 women; annual investment =
      $48) or 5 years (incidence = 8.1 per 100,000 women; annual investment = $30).
      Genotyping strategies were relatively stable to the effects of patient
      noncompliance. CONCLUSIONS: Primary HPV screening with genotyping represents a
      sensible combination of clinical effectiveness and costs, while reducing the
      risks associated with patient noncompliance.

PMID- 26978243
TI  - Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Carboetherification of
      Dihydrofurans.
AB  - A novel enantioselective Pd-catalyzed intermolecular carboetherification of
      dihydrofurans is reported. The in situ generation of chiral bis-phosphine mono
      oxide ligands is crucial, and a general catalytic system has been identified
      based on this approach. It provides access to a variety of fused
      tetrahydrofurobenzofurans in consistently high yield and enantiomeric excess.

PMID- 26978245
TI  - Luteimonas arsenica sp. nov., an arsenic-tolerant bacterium isolated from arsenic
      contaminated soil.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that formed yellow and viscous
      colonies was isolated from arsenic-contaminated soil of the Jianghan plain, Hubei
      Province, China, and it was designated 26-35T. This strain was capable of
      resisting arsenate and arsenite with MICs of 40 and 20 mM, respectively. The 16S
      rRNA gene of the novel isolate displayed 96.7-94.2 % sequence similarities to
      those of other known species of the genus Luteimonas. The respiratory quinone was
      ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content was 71.4 mol%. The predominant cellular
      fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C11 : 0, iso-C11 : 0
      3-OH and iso-C17 : 1omega9c. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic and physiological
      analysis indicated that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus
      Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas arsenica sp. nov. is proposed. The type
      strain is 26-35T (=KCTC 42824T=CCTCC AB 2014326T). 

PMID- 26978246
TI  - Recent Advances in Dendritic Macromonomers for Hydrogel Formation and Their
      Medical Applications.
AB  - Hydrogels represent one of the most important classes of biomaterials and are of
      interest for various medical applications including wound repair, tissue
      engineering, and drug release. Hydrogels possess tunable mechanical properties,
      biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and similarity to natural soft tissues. The need
      for hydrogels with specific properties, based on the design requirements of the
      in vitro, in vivo, or clinical application, motivates researchers to develop new
      synthetic approaches and cross-linking methodologies to form novel hydrogels with
      unique properties. The use of dendritic macromonomers represents one elegant
      strategy for the formation of hydrogels with specific properties. Specifically,
      the uniformity of dendrimers combined with the control of their size,
      architecture, density, and surface groups make them promising cross-linkers for
      hydrogel formation. Over the last two decades, a large variety of dendritic-based
      hydrogels are reported for their potential use in the clinic. This review
      describes the state of the art with these different dendritic hydrogel
      formulations including their design requirements, the synthetic routes, the
      measurement and determination of their properties, the evaluation of their in
      vitro and in vivo performances, and future perspectives. 

PMID- 26978247
TI  - Synthesis of Heavy Cyclodipnictadiphosphanes [ClE(MU-P-Ter)]2 [E = P, As, Sb, or
      Bi; Ter = 2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl].
AB  - A complete series of terphenyl-substituted 1,3-dichloro-1,3-dipnicta-2,4
      diphosphanes {[ClE(MU-P-Ter)]2, where E = P, As, Sb, or Bi and Ter = 2,6
      bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl} was prepared and fully characterized. While the
      heavy derivatives with E = Sb or Bi can be accessed via conversion of silylated
      phosphanes with amino-dichloropnictanes and subsequent elimination of TerNH2, the
      lighter congeners could be prepared only by a metathesis reaction of [ClBi(MU-P
      Ter)]2 with PCl3 and AsCl3. Spectroscopic and structural data indicate the
      existence of cis and trans isomers of [ClP(MU-P-Ter)]2 in contrast to all heavier
      derivatives, for which only the trans isomer was obtained. 

PMID- 26978248
TI  - [Schizophrenia in adolescence].
AB  - AIM: Schizophrenia with childhood and adolescent onset is a serious
      clinical/social problem. It has been attempted to specify main clinical/dynamic
      sex-related characteristics of early onset schizophrenia, prognostic criteria and
      parameters of outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of a long-term (1995
      2014) clinical follow-up study of outpatients of a psychoneurological dispensary
      and inpatients of a Moscow Psychiatric Hospital No15, aged 15-17 years, were
      analyzed. RESULTS: There was the predominance of men over women (4:1). The
      evidence of poor outcome of childhood and adolescent onset schizophrenia was
      obtained. At the age of 18 years, no one patient had stable remission, more than
      40% of the patients were disabled since childhood. Most of adolescents were
      disabled in one or another activity. At the same time, there was a relative
      stabilization of the early malignant variants of schizophrenia resulted in
      oligophrenia-like deficit. The delayed (for several years) and frequently
      mistaken diagnosis and the absence of adequate treatment are the most robust
      premises of the development of early disability, along with the severity of
      destructive potential of the disease. CONCLUSION: The more distinct qualification
      of early symptoms of schizophrenia with childhood and adolescent onset, search
      for social/therapeutic approaches directed to the prevention of exacerbations and
      prophylaxis of social incompetence of adolescents are needed.

PMID- 26978244
TI  - The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship.
AB  - There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure supporting the reuse of
      scholarly data. A diverse set of stakeholders-representing academia, industry,
      funding agencies, and scholarly publishers-have come together to design and
      jointly endorse a concise and measureable set of principles that we refer to as
      the FAIR Data Principles. The intent is that these may act as a guideline for
      those wishing to enhance the reusability of their data holdings. Distinct from
      peer initiatives that focus on the human scholar, the FAIR Principles put
      specific emphasis on enhancing the ability of machines to automatically find and
      use the data, in addition to supporting its reuse by individuals. This Comment is
      the first formal publication of the FAIR Principles, and includes the rationale
      behind them, and some exemplar implementations in the community. 

PMID- 26978249
TI  - [Youth-onset schizophrenia: psychopathology, clinical presentation and therapy].
AB  - The paper reviews the clinical presentations and pathogenetic features of youth
      onset schizophrenia with onset at the age of 16-25 years old. The clinical
      presentation of the disease in young people is different in comparison to adult
      patients. Psychopathological and biological characteristics of the first episode,
      the course of "progressive" schizophrenia and "malignant youth schizophrenia" in
      the pubertal period are described. Early diagnosis and prevention of disease
      manifestation are discussed. Recommendations on therapeutic measures at different
      stages of the endogenous process in this age are presented. The most important
      future goals of research in this field are formulated. 

PMID- 26978250
TI  - [Late-onset schizophrenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To verify clinical observations by the epidemiological method.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of the full investigation of 1781 schizophrenia
      cases, including 403 patients in the age of 60 and older were used. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: A number of characteristics inherent for this group were fully
      consistent with clinical observations. These characteristics were connected with
      a few factors: probability to reach the old age for patients with young onset
      schizophrenia; probability to stay under psychiatric care for patients with long
      disease duration; characteristics of certain forms of schizophrenia and
      probability of the onset of some symptoms in elderly patients. A combined effect
      of these factors resulted in the development of some common features of
      schizophrenia with late-onset, i.e. the rarity of malignant schizophrenia and
      high frequency of depressive disorders. The author underlines the vagueness of
      the notion "late schizophrenia".

PMID- 26978251
TI  - [The role of deficit symptoms in the psychopathological picture of remission at
      the initial stage of schizophrenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the structure and dynamics of remission formation at the
      initial stage of schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The author examined 232
      male inpatients with the first episode of juvenile endogenous attack-like
      psychosis at the stage getting to the first remission. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
      Remissions were stratified by the profile of deficit symptoms and influence of
      process/positive symptoms. Several variants of remission with the same profile of
      deficit symptoms were singled out.

PMID- 26978252
TI  - [Acute paraphrenic states in the clinical presentation of attack-like
      schizophrenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study a psychopathological structure of the acute paraphrenic
      syndrome in different variants of schizophrenia course. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Sixty patients were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Three variants of acute
      paraphrenic syndrome with the domination of sensitive delusions, Kandinsky
      Clerambault's syndrome or confabulatory disorders were singled out. Acute
      paraphrenic syndrome with sensitive delusions was characteristic of recurrent
      schizophrenia. Slow-progressive attack-like schizophrenia was characterized by
      the acute paraphrenic syndrome with sensitive delusions in the combination with
      interpretative delusions. Juvenile malignant schizophrenia was characterized by
      the acute paraphrenic syndrome with the domination of Kandinsky-Clerambault's
      syndrome and sensitive delusions. Acute paraphrenic syndrome with the domination
      of Kandinsky-Clerambault's syndrome and acute paraphrenic syndrome with
      confabulatory disorders were identified in patients with paranoid attack-like
      schizophrenia similar to chronic schizophrenia. The nosologic specificity of the
      acute paraphrenic syndrome for attack-like schizophrenia was confirmed.

PMID- 26978253
TI  - [Psychopathological features of chronic apathetic depressions in schizophrenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the features of apathetic phenomena developed in chronic
      depressions in patients with attack-like schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Psychopathological features of chronic apathetic depressions in schizophrenia (19
      patients) were compared to attack-like depressions in affective disorders (n=25)
      and schizophrenia with distinct apathetic depressions (n=17). RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Clinical features of the main cases and their differences from
      comparison groups have been identified. The influence of endogenous progressive
      disease on clinical and dynamic features of chronic apathetic depressions is
      discussed.

PMID- 26978254
TI  - [Clinical and pathopsychological aspects of forming negative disorders in
      remissions of shift-like schizophrenia treated with different generations of
      neuroleptics].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and pathopsychological parameters of negative
      personality changes, their diagnostic and predictive significance based on the
      variant of neuroleptic treatment in the dynamics of remissions in shift-like
      schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-nine female patients diagnosed with
      ICD-10 schizophrenia (items F20.01 and F20.02) were examined. The patients were
      treated with typical neuroleptics (TN) or atypical (ATN) neuroleptics in the
      hospital and then as outpatients. Patient's state was assessed clinically and
      psychometrically with the PANSS at admission, at the beginning of remission and
      after one and two years of remission. Mean score of positive (PS) and negative
      (NS) symptoms was determined differentially in the dynamics basing on the
      neuroleptic used. Twenty-seven patients underwent experimental/pathopsychological
      examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In different stages of the dynamics of shift
      like schizophrenia, NS had different capacity of "reversibility" and were
      distinctly associated with the illness-shaping influence of PS severity and
      activity and characteristics of psychotropic effect of the neuroleptics. The
      highest severity of NS was noted in the stage of active psychosis (up to 3.6 and
      4.2 scores), with the following decrease in the beginning of remission (up to 2.3
      and 2.8 scores). The most distinct trend towards the reduction of NS in the first
      and second years of remission (up to 2.0-1.0 scores), along with a trend to the
      complete reduction of PS, was identified in patients treated with ATN. In
      patients treated with TN, the severity of NS was relatively stable in all stages
      of remission, with a trend towards the increased severity (up to 2.8 and 3.2
      scores) with the stable reduction of PS to1.6 scores. The distinct property of
      ATN to exert the reducing psychotropic effect on NS and the lack of antinegative
      effect in the antipsychotic spectrum of TN is discussed.

PMID- 26978255
TI  - [The recovery model of schizophrenia: could it be currently used?].
AB  - The long-term antipsychotic treatment remains one of the main methods of
      treatment of schizophrenia. Drug choice is determined by a plethora of factors
      though two groups of antipsychotics (traditional neuroleptics and atypical
      antipsychotics) are currently the basic ones. The development of a new generation
      of atypical antipsychotics has given the possibility to improve significantly
      treatment RESULTS: The article presents the data on pharmacodynamics and
      pharmacokinetic properties of ziprasidone, its efficacy and safety in
      schizophrenia, including its treatment-refractory forms.

PMID- 26978256
TI  - [An experimental psychological study of sex/gender differences in patients with
      schizophrenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To perform an experimental psychological study of gender differences
      in patients with attack-like schizophrenia in the aspect of pathopsychological
      syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 80 subjects: 40 men and 40
      women, aged 18-30 years. The disease duration was <3 years. Patients were
      examined in remission. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The major gender differences are
      manifested in emotional and personal characteristics and self-concepts related
      with them, as well in the characteristics of communication. It can be assumed
      that these gender differences are due to a more pronounced presence of an
      affective component in the structure of endogenous disorders in women which
      slightly softens the manifestation of negative disorders during the endogenous
      process.

PMID- 26978257
TI  - [Memantine (akatinol) in the treatment of vascular dementia].
AB  - The literature on the results of the therapeutic efficacy of memantine in
      treatment of cerebrovascular diseases with cognitive impairment of different
      severity is analyzed. The results of randomized and observational studies
      justified the wide use of memantine in clinical practice. 

PMID- 26978258
TI  - [The pathomorphosis of schizophrenia].
AB  - The author considers the problem of pathomorphosis, i.e. the changes in clinical
      presentation of endogenous mental diseases (schizophrenia, depression), since the
      time of its classical description. There is a general trend towards the
      development of forms with more favorable course in schizophrenia and the
      domination of prolonged and masked variants in depression. These changes are
      discussed in aspects of true (natural) pathomorphosis and therapeutic (induced)
      pathomorphosis. The relative character of this stratification and insufficient
      understanding of the problem in psychiatry in general are emphasized. 

PMID- 26978260
TI  - Shaping and compositional modification of zinc oxide nanowires under energetic
      manganese ion irradiation.
AB  - For ZnO nanowires of 150 to 200 nm diameter standing on a flat substrate, the
      development of the surface contour/morphology and the local elemental composition
      under 175 keV Mn irradiation has been investigated both experimentally and by
      means of three-dimensional dynamic Monte Carlo computer simulation. The
      simulation results reveal a complex interplay of sputter erosion, implant
      incorporation, resputtering and atomic mixing, which is discussed in detail. The
      sputter-induced thinning of the wire is in good quantitative agreement with the
      experimental results obtained from pre- and post-irradiation scanning electron
      microscopy. The experiments also confirm the predicted sharpening of the tip,
      neck formation at the bottom interface, and ultimately the detachment of the
      nanowires from the substrate at high ion fluence. Additional good agreement with
      experimental results from nano-x-ray fluorescence is also obtained for the
      continuously increasing Mn/Zn atomic ratio within the nanowires as a function of
      ion fluence. The simulation yields a great deal of additional information that
      has not been accessible in the experiments. From this, preferential sputtering of
      O compared with Zn is deduced. A significant contamination of the wires with
      substrate material arises from ion mixing at the wire/substrate interface, rather
      than from redeposition of sputtered substrate atoms. Surprising hollow profiles
      are observed. Their formation is attributed to a special mechanism of collisional
      transport which is characteristic of the irradiation of nanowires at a suitable
      combination of wire diameter and ion energy. 

PMID- 26978259
TI  - [Comorbidity of depression and nonaffective - schizophrenia spectrum disorders:
      the clinical-epidemiological study EDIP].
AB  - AIM: To explore the association between depression and heterogenic nonaffective
      symptom complexes in the study EDIP (Epidemiology of Depression and nonaffective
      Psychiatric disorders). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study consisted of two stages.
      The first stage (91 patients) aimed to resolve organizational and methodological
      issues, the second stage was performed in the epidemiological sample of 705
      patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity (inequivalence and
      bidirectionality) of associations between depression and heteronomous
      nonaffective disorders have been identified. The associations are distinguished
      in three types: 1) affinity (agonism); 2) repulsion (antagonism); 3) lack of
      selective interaction (inertness) between depression and nonaffective disorders.
      The results obtained are discussed in a context of two conceptually polar
      psychopathological models of comorbidity between depression and nonaffective
      disorders: 1) based on a nosological dichotomy "affective disease -
      schizophrenia" and 2) denying the abovementioned dichotomy. The first model
      places depression among disorders of a mild psychiatric register. The second
      model supposes the integration of depression with syndromes typical for
      schizophrenia in a common "affect-symptoms" space and considers the increase of
      depression frequency proportionally to duration and severity of schizophrenia.
      Our own results have shown that depression is observed not only among disorders
      of mild psychiatric registers, but also in schizophrenia, though with a
      significantly lower frequency (as a nonobligatory compound of a syndrome). Thus,
      depression influence in comorbid delusional, schizophrenic and other severe
      nonaffective disorders is greatly diminished.

PMID- 26978261
TI  - Composition and Metabolic Activities of the Bacterial Community in Shrimp Sauce
      at the Flavor-Forming Stage of Fermentation As Revealed by Metatranscriptome and
      16S rRNA Gene Sequencings.
AB  - The bacterial community and the metabolic activities involved at the flavor
      forming stage during the fermentation of shrimp sauce were investigated using
      metatranscriptome and 16S rRNA gene sequencings. Results showed that the
      abundance of Tetragenococcus was 95.1%. Tetragenococcus halophilus was identified
      in 520 of 588 transcripts annotated in the Nr database. Activation of the citrate
      cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, along with the absence of lactate
      dehydrogenase gene expression, in T. halophilus suggests that T. halophilus
      probably underwent aerobic metabolism during shrimp sauce fermentation. The
      metabolism of amino acids, production of peptidase, and degradation of limonene
      and pinene were very active in T. halophilus. Carnobacterium, Pseudomonas,
      Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Clostridium were also metabolically
      active, although present in very small populations. Enterococcus, Abiotrophia,
      Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus were detected in metatranscriptome sequencing,
      but not in 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Many minor taxa showed no gene expression,
      suggesting that they were in dormant status. 

PMID- 26978262
TI  - Validation Study: Response-Predictive Gene Expression Profiling of Glioma
      Progenitor Cells In Vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In a previous publication we introduced a novel approach to identify
      genes that hold predictive information about treatment outcome. A linear
      regression model was fitted by using the least angle regression algorithm (LARS)
      with the expression profiles of a construction set of 18 glioma progenitor cells
      enhanced for brain tumor initiating cells (BTIC) before and after in vitro
      treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sunitinib. Profiles from treated
      progenitor cells allowed predicting therapy-induced impairment of proliferation
      in vitro. Prediction performance was validated in leave one out cross validation.
      METHODS: In this study, we used an additional validation set of 18 serum-free
      short-term treated in vitro cell cultures to test the predictive properties of
      the signature in an independent cohort. We assessed proliferation rates together
      with transcriptome-wide expression profiles after Sunitinib treatment of each
      individual cell culture, following the methods of the previous publication.
      RESULTS: We confirmed treatment-induced expression changes in our validation set,
      but our signature failed to predict proliferation inhibition. Neither re
      calculation of the combined dataset with all 36 BTIC cultures nor separation of
      samples into TCGA subclasses did generate a proliferation prediction. CONCLUSION:
      Although the gene signature published from our construction set exhibited good
      prediction accuracy in cross validation, we were not able to validate the
      signature in an independent validation data set. Reasons could be regression to
      the mean, the moderate numbers of samples, or too low differences in the response
      to proliferation inhibition in the validation set. At this stage and based on the
      presented results, we conclude that the signature does not warrant further
      developmental steps towards clinical application.

PMID- 26978264
TI  - PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 for Screening Depression in Chinese Rural Elderly.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore cut-off scores of the 9-item Patient
      Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) for
      depression screening in Chinese rural elderly. METHODS: A cross-sectional study
      was conducted on 839 residents aged 60 years and above in rural areas of Liuyang
      County. PHQ-9 was adopted to evaluate depression. The Structured Clinical
      Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID-I) was adopted to diagnose major depressive
      disorder (MDD) as a golden standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and
      negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratio, Youden's index
      and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were analyzed on PHQ-9 and
      PHQ-2. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alphas of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.82 and 0.76,
      respectively. The score of 8 of the PHQ-9 showed the highest Youden's index of
      0.85, with a sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.89 respectively, and the
      area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98). The score of 3 of
      PHQ-2 showed the highest Youden's index of 0.79, with both sensitivity and
      specificity were 0.90 and the AUC was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Both
      PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are valid screening instruments for depression in the rural
      elderly in China, with recommended cut-off scores of 8 and 3 respectively.

PMID- 26978263
TI  - Impact of a Prospective Audit and Feedback Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at a
      Veterans Affairs Medical Center: A Six-Point Assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prospective audit and feedback is a core antimicrobial stewardship
      program (ASP) strategy; however its impact is difficult to measure. METHODS: Our
      quasi-experimental study measured the effect of an ASP on clinical outcomes,
      antimicrobial use, resistance, costs, patient safety (adverse drug events [ADE]
      and Clostridium difficile infection [CDI]), and process metrics pre- (9/10-10/11)
      and post-ASP (9/12-10/13) using propensity adjusted and matched Cox proportional
      hazards regression models and interrupted time series (ITS) methods. RESULTS:
      Among our 2,696 patients, median length of stay was 1 day shorter post-ASP (5,
      interquartile range [IQR] 3-8 vs. 4, IQR 2-7 days, p<0.001). Mortality was
      similar in both periods. Mean broad-spectrum (-11.3%), fluoroquinolone (-27.0%),
      and anti-pseudomonal (-15.6%) use decreased significantly (p<0.05). ITS analyses
      demonstrated a significant increase in monthly carbapenem use post-ASP (trend:
      +1.5 days of therapy/1,000 patient days [1000PD] per month; 95% CI 0.1-3.0).
      Total antimicrobial costs decreased 14%. Resistance rates did not change in the
      one-year post-ASP period. Mean CDI rates/10,000PD were low pre- and post-ASP
      (14.2 +/- 10.4 vs. 13.8 +/- 10.0, p = 0.94). Fewer patients experienced ADEs post
      ASP (6.0% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Prospective audit and feedback has
      the potential to improve antimicrobial use and outcomes, and contain bacterial
      resistance. Our program demonstrated a trend towards decreased length of stay,
      broad-spectrum antimicrobial use, antimicrobial costs, and adverse events.

PMID- 26978265
TI  - Fast Pyrolysis of Tropical Biomass Species and Influence of Water Pretreatment on
      Product Distributions.
AB  - The fast pyrolysis behaviour of pretreated banagrass was examined at four
      temperatures (between 400 and 600 C) and four residence times (between ~1.2 and
      12 s). The pretreatment used water washing/leaching to reduce the inorganic
      content of the banagrass. Yields of bio-oil, permanent gases and char were
      determined at each reaction condition and compared to previously published
      results from untreated banagrass. Comparing the bio-oil yields from the untreated
      and pretreated banagrass shows that the yields were greater from the pretreated
      banagrass by 4 to 11 wt% (absolute) at all reaction conditions. The effect of
      pretreatment (i.e. reducing the amount of ash, and alkali and alkali earth
      metals) on pyrolysis products is: 1) to increase the dry bio-oil yield, 2) to
      decrease the amount of undetected material, 3) to produce a slight increase in CO
      yield or no change, 4) to slightly decrease CO2 yield or no change, and 5) to
      produce a more stable bio-oil (less aging). Char yield and total gas yield were
      unaffected by feedstock pretreatment. Four other tropical biomass species were
      also pyrolyzed under one condition (450 degrees C and 1.4 s residence time) for
      comparison to the banagrass results. The samples include two hardwoods: leucaena
      and eucalyptus, and two grasses: sugarcane bagasse and energy-cane. A sample of
      pretreated energy-cane was also pyrolyzed. Of the materials tested, the best
      feedstocks for fast pyrolysis were sugarcane bagasse, pretreated energy cane and
      eucalyptus based on the yields of 'dry bio-oil', CO and CO2. On the same basis,
      the least productive feedstocks are untreated banagrass followed by pretreated
      banagrass and leucaena. 

PMID- 26978267
TI  - A Novel Manno-Oligosaccharide Binding Protein Identified in Alkaliphilic Bacillus
      sp. N16-5 Is Involved in Mannan Utilization.
AB  - ManH, a novel substrate-binding protein of an ABC transporter, was identified
      from the mannan utilization gene cluster of Bacillus sp. N16-5. We cloned,
      overexpressed, and purified ManH and measured its binding affinity to different
      substrates by isothermal titration calorimetry. ManH binds to mannotriose,
      mannotetraose, mannopentose, and galactosyl-mannotriose with dissociation
      constants in the micromolar range. Deletion of manH led to decreased growth
      ability of the strain when cultivated in medium with manno-oligosaccharides or
      mannan as the carbon source. ManH belongs to a manno-oligosaccharide transporter
      and plays an important role in mannan utilization by Bacillus sp. N16-5. 

PMID- 26978266
TI  - Rheumatoid Arthritis and Incidence of Twelve Initial Presentations of
      Cardiovascular Disease: A Population Record-Linkage Cohort Study in England.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: While rheumatoid arthritis is an established risk factor for
      cardiovascular disease (CVD), our knowledge of how the pattern of risk varies for
      different cardiovascular phenotypes is incomplete. The association between
      rheumatoid arthritis and the initial presentation of 12 types of CVDs were
      examined in a contemporary population of men and women of a wide age range.
      METHODS: CALIBER data, which links primary care, hospital and mortality data in
      England, was analysed. A cohort of people aged >=18 years and without history of
      CVD was assembled and included all patients with prospectively recorded
      rheumatoid arthritis from January 1997, until March 2010, matched with up to ten
      people without rheumatoid arthritis by age, sex and general practice. The
      associations between rheumatoid arthritis and the initial presentation of 12
      types of CVDs were estimated using multivariable random effects Poisson
      regression models. RESULTS: The analysis included 12,120 individuals with
      rheumatoid arthritis and 121,191 comparators. Of these, 2,525 patients with and
      18,146 without rheumatoid arthritis developed CVDs during a median of 4.2 years
      of follow-up. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had higher rates of myocardial
      infarction (adjusted incidence ratio [IRR] = 1.43, 95%CI 1.21-1.70), unheralded
      coronary death (IRR = 1.60, 95%CI 1.18-2.18), heart failure (IRR = 1.61, 95%CI
      1.43-1.83), cardiac arrest (HR = 2.26, 95%CI 1.69-3.02) and peripheral arterial
      disease (HR = 1.36, 95%CI 1.14-1.62); and lower rates of stable angina (HR =
      0.83, 95%CI 0.73-0.95). There was no evidence of association with cerebrovascular
      diseases, abdominal aortic aneurysm or unstable angina, or of interactions with
      sex or age. CONCLUSIONS: The observed associations with some but not all types of
      CVDs inform both clinical practice and the selection of cardiovascular endpoints
      for trials and for the development of prognostic models for patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 26978268
TI  - Graphene Functionalized Scaffolds Reduce the Inflammatory Response and Supports
      Endogenous Neuroblast Migration when Implanted in the Adult Brain.
AB  - Electroactive materials have been investigated as next-generation neuronal tissue
      engineering scaffolds to enhance neuronal regeneration and functional recovery
      after brain injury. Graphene, an emerging neuronal scaffold material with charge
      transfer properties, has shown promising results for neuronal cell survival and
      differentiation in vitro. In this in vivo work, electrospun microfiber scaffolds
      coated with self-assembled colloidal graphene, were implanted into the striatum
      or into the subventricular zone of adult rats. Microglia and astrocyte activation
      levels were suppressed with graphene functionalization. In addition, self
      assembled graphene implants prevented glial scarring in the brain 7 weeks
      following implantation. Astrocyte guidance within the scaffold and redirection of
      neuroblasts from the subventricular zone along the implants was also
      demonstrated. These findings provide new functional evidence for the potential
      use of graphene scaffolds as a therapeutic platform to support central nervous
      system regeneration. 

PMID- 26978269
TI  - Bronchiectasis as a Comorbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis revealed by chest computed tomography in COPD patients
      and its comorbid effect on prognosis have not been addressed by large-sized
      studies. Understanding the presence of bronchiectasis in COPD is important for
      future intervention and preventing disease progression. METHODS: Observational
      studies were identified from electronic literature searches in Cochrane library,
      PubMed, ScienceDirect databases, American Thoracic Society and European
      Respiratory Society meeting abstracts. A systematic review and meta-analysis of
      studies was performed to summarize the factors associated with bronchiectasis in
      COPD patients. Primary outcomes included the risks for exacerbation frequency,
      isolation of a potentially pathogenic microorganism, severe airway obstruction
      and mortality. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled by random effects models. RESULTS:
      Fourteen observational studies were eligible for the study. Compared with COPD
      without bronchiectasis, comorbid bronchiectasis in COPD increased the risk of
      exacerbation (1.97, 95% CI, 1.29-3.00), isolation of a potentially pathogenic
      microorganism (4.11, 95%CI, 2.16-7.82), severe airway obstruction (1.31, 95% CI,
      1.09-1.58) and mortality (1.96, 95% CI, 1.04-3.70). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of
      bronchiectasis in patients with COPD was associated with exacerbation frequency,
      isolation of a potentially pathogenic microorganism, severe airway obstruction
      and mortality.

PMID- 26978270
TI  - Income Related Inequality of Health Care Access in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort
      Study.
AB  - The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to analyze the association
      between income level and health care access in Japan. Data from a total of
      222,259 subjects (age range, 0-74 years) who submitted National Health Insurance
      claims in Chiba City from April 2012 to March 2014 and who declared income for
      the tax period from January 1 to December 31, 2012 were integrated and analyzed.
      The generalized estimating equation, in which household was defined as a cluster,
      was used to evaluate the association between equivalent income and utilization
      and duration of hospitalization and outpatient care services. A significant
      positive linear association was observed between income level and outpatient
      visit rates among all age groups of both sexes; however, a significantly higher
      rate and longer period of hospitalization, and longer outpatient care, were
      observed among certain lower income subgroups. To control for decreased income
      due to hospitalization, subjects hospitalized during the previous year were
      excluded, and the data was then reanalyzed. Significant inverse associations
      remained in the hospitalization rate among 40-59-year-old men and 60-69-year-old
      women, and in duration of hospitalization among 40-59 and 60-69-year-olds of both
      sexes and 70-74-year-old women. These results suggest that low-income individuals
      in Japan have poorer access to outpatient care and more serious health conditions
      than their higher income counterparts. 

PMID- 26978271
TI  - High Frequency Hearing Loss and Hyperactivity in DUX4 Transgenic Mice.
AB  - Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by mutations leading to
      ectopic expression of the transcription factor DUX4, and encompasses both muscle
      related and non-muscle phenotypes. Mouse models bearing this gene represent
      valuable tools to investigate which pathologies are due to DUX4 expression, and
      how DUX4 leads to these pathologies. The iDUX4(2.7) mouse contains an X-linked
      doxycycline-inducible DUX4 gene that shows low level basal expression in the
      absence of doxycycline, leading to male lethality, generally in embryo, but
      always before 8 weeks of age. Here, we describe additional non-muscle phenotypes
      in this animal model. We find that iDUX4(2.7) female carriers are extremely
      hyperactive, spending large amounts of time ambulating and much less time
      resting. Rare 3-week old males, although hypophagic, runted and extremely
      fragile, are capable of high activity, but show periods of catatonic torpor in
      which animals appear dead and respiration is virtually absent. We also examine a
      non-muscle phenotype of interest to FSHD, high frequency hearing loss. We find
      that young iDUX4(2.7) females are significantly impaired in their ability to hear
      at frequencies above 8 kHz. These phenotypes make the iDUX4(2.7) mouse an
      attractive model in which to study non-muscle activities of DUX4. 

PMID- 26978273
TI  - A Preliminary Study on Sinus Fungus Ball with MicroCT and X-Ray Fluorescence
      Technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sinus fungus ball, an accumulation of fungal dense concretions, is a
      common disease in practice, and might cause fatal complications or lead to death
      once converted into invasive type. Early preoperative diagnosis of this disease
      can lead to appropriate treatment for patients and prevent multiple surgical
      procedures. Up to now, the diagnostic criteria of sinus fungus ball have been
      defined and computed tomography (CT) scan was considered as a valuable
      preoperative diagnostic tool. However, the sensitivity of clinical CT is only
      about 62%. Thus, investigating the factors which influence sensitivity is
      necessary for clinical CT to be a more valuable preoperative diagnosis tool.
      Furthermore, CT scan usually presents micro-calcifications or spots with metallic
      density in sinus fungus ball. Previous literatures show that there are some
      metallic elements such as calcium and zinc in fungus ball, and they concluded
      that endodontic treatment has a strong correlation with the development of
      maxillary sinus fungus ball and zinc ion was an exogenous risk factor. But the
      pathogenesis of sinus fungus ball still remains unclear because fungus ball can
      also develop in other non-maxillary sinuses or the maxillary sinus without root
      canal treatment. Is zinc ion the endogenous factor? Study on this point might be
      also helpful for investigating the pathogenesis of sinus fungus ball. In this
      paper, we tried to investigate the factors which influence the sensitivity of
      clinical CT by imaging sinus fungus ball with microCT. The origin of zinc ion was
      also studied through elements test for different fungal ball samples using x-ray
      fluorescence technique. METHODS: Specimens including fungal ball material and
      sinus mucosa from patients confirmed by pathological findings were extracted
      after surgery. All fungal ball specimens came from sphenoid sinus, ethmoidal
      sinus and maxillary sinus with or without previous endodontic treatment
      respectively. All of them were imaged by microCT with spatial resolution up to
      5MUm to acquire three-dimensional structure, and then the heavy metal elements
      were detected with x-ray fluorescence spectrometer analysis. RESULT: High
      concentration of zinc and calcium were detected in all fungal ball specimens
      compared to sinus mucosa membrane. Particles with different size varied from
      disperse to density, which have similar shape to the result of clinical CT but
      with different size, were found in three-dimensional reconstruction results of
      microCT. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial resolution is an influent factor of clinical CT
      sensitivity for sinus fungus ball. Improving the resolution of clinical CT will
      help to improve its sensitivity. Besides iatrogenic endodontic materials,
      endogenous metal elements of zinc and calcium might associate with the growth of
      fungal ball and the micro-calcifications or spots with metallic density of CT
      imaging.

PMID- 26978274
TI  - Performing mathematics activities with non-standard units of measurement using
      robots controlled via speech-generating devices: three case studies.
AB  - Purpose To examine how using a Lego robot controlled via a speech-generating
      device (SGD) can contribute to how students with physical and communication
      impairments perform hands-on and communicative mathematics measurement
      activities. This study was a follow-up to a previous study. Method Three students
      with cerebral palsy used the robot to measure objects using non-standard units,
      such as straws, and then compared and ordered the objects using the resulting
      measurement. Their performance was assessed, and the manipulation and
      communication events were observed. Teachers and education assistants were
      interviewed regarding robot use. Results Similar benefits to the previous study
      were found in this study. Gaps in student procedural knowledge were identified
      such as knowing to place measurement units tip-to-tip, and students' reporting
      revealed gaps in conceptual understanding. However, performance improved with
      repeated practice. Stakeholders identified that some robot tasks took too long or
      were too difficult to perform. Conclusions Having access to both their SGD and a
      robot gave the students multiple ways to show their understanding of the
      measurement concepts. Though they could participate actively in the new
      mathematics activities, robot use is most appropriate in short tasks requiring
      reasonable operational skill. Implications for Rehabilitation Lego robots
      controlled via speech-generating devices (SGDs) can help students to engage in
      the mathematics pedagogy of performing hands-on activities while communicating
      about concepts. Students can "show what they know" using the Lego robots, and
      report and reflect on concepts using the SGD. Level 1 and Level 2 mathematics
      measurement activities have been adapted to be accomplished by the Lego robot.
      Other activities can likely be accomplished with similar robot adaptations (e.g.,
      gripper, pen). It is not recommended to use the robot to measure items that are
      long, or perform measurements that require high operational competence in order
      to be successful.

PMID- 26978276
TI  - Cerebral aspergillosis: a retrospective analysis of eight cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: Aspergillosis of the central nervous system is very rare. However with
      recent increases in the use of immunosuppressive agents and antibiotics, its
      incidence is increasing. We evaluated the demographics, clinical manifestations,
      laboratory findings, diagnosis, underlying conditions, treatment regimens and
      outcomes of patients with cerebral aspergillosis (CA). METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed data from eight patients with CA hospitalized at a
      Chinese general hospital from 1 January 2005 to 30 September 2015. RESULTS:
      Common clinical manifestations included headache and cranial nerve involvement.
      Four patients underwent biopsy and were pathologically diagnosed with Aspergillus
      hyphae. One patient was proved to have Aspergillus infection via autopsy. One
      patient had positive cerebrospinal fluid fungal cultures. The lesion locations
      were: the cavernous sinus (n = 5, 62.5%), frontal lobe (n = 1, 12.5%),
      temporosphenoid lobe (n = 1, 12.5%) and cerebellum (n = 1, 12.5%). At the end of
      follow-up, three patients were cured and five patients had died (mortality rate,
      62.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with CA had no significant immunosuppression
      related conditions in our study. Aspergillus spp. can infect the central nervous
      system through several pathways and CA has an atypical clinical manifestation.
      The use of local tissue puncture, surgery or other invasive means to obtain
      diseased tissue containing higher levels of Aspergillus, followed by culture or
      histological examination, can contribute to an early diagnosis of CA and timely
      therapeutic intervention. The prognosis of CA is poor, but early and adequate use
      of antifungal drugs with high transfer across the blood-brain barrier and radical
      surgery to remove lesions can improve the survival rate.

PMID- 26978275
TI  - Nanostructured lipid carrier in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of basal
      cell carcinoma.
AB  - Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative for malignant skin
      diseases such as basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), due to its simplicity, enhanced
      patient compliance, and localization of the residual photosensitivity to the site
      of application. However, insufficient photosensitizer penetration into the skin
      is the major issue of concern with topical PDT. Therefore, the aim of the present
      study was to enable penetration of photosensitizer to the different strata of the
      skin using a lipid nanocarrier system. We have attempted to develop a
      nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) for the topical delivery of second-generation
      photosensitizer, 5-amino levulinic acid (5-ALA), whose hydrophilicity and charge
      characteristic limit its percutaneous absorption. The microemulsion technique was
      used for preparing 5-ALA-loaded NLC. The mean particle size, polydispersity
      index, and entrapment efficiency of the optimized NLC of 5-ALA were found to be
      185.2 +/- 1.20, 0.156 +/- 0.02, and 76.8 +/- 2.58%, respectively. The results of
      in vitro release and in vitro skin permeation studies showed controlled drug
      release and enhanced penetration into the skin, respectively. Confocal laser
      scanning microscopy and cell line studies respectively demonstrated that
      encapsulation of 5-ALA in NLC enhanced its ability to reach deeper skin layers
      and consequently, increased cytotoxicity. 

PMID- 26978272
TI  - Cognitive Deficits Associated with Nav1.1 Alterations: Involvement of Neuronal
      Firing Dynamics and Oscillations.
AB  - Brain oscillations play a critical role in information processing and may,
      therefore, be essential to uncovering the mechanisms of cognitive impairment in
      neurological disease. In Dravet syndrome (DS), a mutation in SCN1A, coding for
      the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.1, is associated with severe cognitive
      impairment and seizures. While seizure frequency and severity do not correlate
      with the extent of impairment, the slowing of brain rhythms may be involved. Here
      we investigate the role of Nav1.1 on brain rhythms and cognition using RNA
      interference. We demonstrate that knockdown of Nav1.1 impairs fast- and burst
      firing properties of neurons in the medial septum in vivo. The proportion of
      neurons that fired phase-locked to hippocampal theta oscillations was reduced,
      and medial septal regulation of theta rhythm was disrupted. During a working
      memory task, this deficit was characterized by a decrease in theta frequency and
      was negatively correlated with performance. These findings suggest a fundamental
      role for Nav1.1 in facilitating fast-firing properties in neurons, highlight the
      importance of precise temporal control of theta frequency for working memory, and
      imply that Nav1.1 deficits may disrupt information processing in DS via a
      dysregulation of brain rhythms. 

PMID- 26978278
TI  - Effects of Body Mass Index on Children's Physical Activity Levels in School-Based
      "Dance Dance Revolution".
AB  - OBJECTIVE: "Dance Dance Revolution" (DDR) (Konami Digital Entertainment, Inc., El
      Segundo, CA) has been recognized as an innovative approach to promote children's
      physical activity (PA). Previous works have described children's body mass index
      (BMI) status by group, but no studies have determined PA by category of BMI
      (underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese). Therefore this study's
      purpose was to examine children's PA levels in DDR across different BMI groups.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were 160 third through sixth grade urban
      children (79 girls; 115 white) who participated in a weekly 30-minute DDR program
      for 18 weeks. Children's BMI was calculated based on height and weight. Levels of
      PA and sedentary behavior in DDR were assessed by ActiGraph((r)) accelerometers
      (ActiGraph, LLC, Pensacola, FL) for three sessions. Outcome variables were
      percentages of time spent in sedentary behavior, light PA, and moderate-to
      vigorous PA (MVPA). RESULTS: Approximately one-third (32.5%) of children fell
      into the overweight (n = 26) or obese (n = 26) groups. One-way (overweight/obese
      versus normal weight) multivariate analysis of covariance with DDR skill level as
      covariate yielded a significant group effect (F3, 154 = 4.02, P < 0.01). Follow
      up tests indicated normal weight children accumulated significantly more MVPA (F
      = 8.94, P < 0.01) but less sedentary behavior (F = 3.27, P = 0.07) and light PA
      (F = 3.77, P = 0.054) while playing DDR than overweight/obese children.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese children were less physically active than normal
      weight children during DDR. Consequently effective strategies are needed to
      stimulate these children to engage more actively in DDR experiences.

PMID- 26978277
TI  - Do my peers approve? Interest in injunctive norms feedback delivered online to
      college student drinkers.
AB  - Injunctive norms feedback is promising but understudied as a component of college
      drinking interventions. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate
      acceptability of injunctive norms feedback delivered to college drinkers via the
      web. We examined subjective interest in information reflecting peer approval of
      four sets of drinking behaviors and outcomes, and correlates of interest in the
      normative feedback. A sample of 221 young adults enrolled in a 2- or 4-year
      college or university (ages 18-25 years; 52% female) completed online surveys in
      which they were asked to rate their interest in each of 11 injunctive norms
      statements. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four sets of statements
      regarding peer approval of (a) intoxicated behaviors, (b) safe drinking
      strategies, (c) drinking-related consequences, and (d) drinking behaviors of
      potential partners. All items were framed to reflect disapproval of risky
      behaviors and approval of protective behaviors. Across norm sets, participants
      found the items to be moderately interesting and interest ratings did not differ
      across sets. Higher scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
      (AUDIT), stronger perceived approval of drinking in general (injunctive norms),
      stronger perceptions of drinking among peers (descriptive norms), and female
      gender were bivariately correlated with more interest. In a multiple regression,
      female gender, higher AUDIT (consequence subscale), and stronger general drinking
      injunctive norms remained significantly associated with interest in the pro
      moderation statements. An important future direction is to determine whether the
      presentation of specific types of injunctive norms feedback can result in
      downward changes in drinking behavior.

PMID- 26978279
TI  - Quantification of fumarate and investigation of endogenous and exogenous fumarate
      stability in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fumaric acid is a commonly used excipient in pharmaceutical products.
      It is not known if its presence may lead to fluctuation of endogenous fumarate
      levels. An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify fumarate in
      support of a toxicokinetics study. RESULTS: Stability evaluation showed that
      endogenous fumarate was stable for 6 h at room temperature, while exogenously
      added fumaric acid was converted to malate within 1 h due to the presence of
      fumarase. Citric acid, a fumarase inhibitor, prevented the conversion of added
      fumaric acid in rat plasma. CONCLUSION: The method was validated in citric acid
      stabilized rat plasma using a surrogate matrix approach. A discrepancy in
      stability was observed between endogenous fumarate and exogenously added fumaric
      acid.

PMID- 26978321
TI  - The efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron in a non-trial clinical setting.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Mirabegron is the first beta3-adrenoceptor selective agonist approved
      for the treatment of OAB. Many randomised controlled trials report outcomes that
      are difficult to interpret in usual clinical practice. The aim of our study is to
      evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron as treatment option for OAB
      in an unselected patient population in daily clinical practice and to identify if
      any patient characteristics predicted patients response to therapy. STUDY DESIGN:
      A prospective consecutive cohort of patients was studied between February 2013
      and July 2014. Patients were prescribed Mirabegron 50mg once daily for 6 weeks.
      They were assessed at the initial appointment and at 6 weeks using validated
      questionnaires. The primary outcome measure was defined using the Patient Global
      Impression of Improvement Scale (PGI-I). RESULTS: 317 women were prescribed
      mirabegron and 244 (77%) completed 6 weeks of drug therapy. Of those completing
      the course, 27 (11%) described themselves as "very much better" and a further 56
      (23%) much better. There was significant symptom improvement based on the ICIQ
      FLUTS long form scores from 19.7 to 16.2 (p<0.001) and urinary distress inventory
      from 68.6 to 61.3 (p<0.005). Twenty-three (8.6%) patients discontinued mirabegron
      prematurely due to side-effects. Thirty one (10%) did not attend follow up and 19
      (6%) decided against taking the medication and did not use their prescription.
      CONCLUSION: Mirabegron is a treatment option for patients with overactive
      bladder. Treatment benefits are modest but the discontinuation rate for side
      effects are low.

PMID- 26978323
TI  - Risky decision making in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta
      regression analysis.
AB  - ADHD has been associated with various forms of risky real life decision making,
      for example risky driving, unsafe sex and substance abuse. However, results from
      laboratory studies on decision making deficits in ADHD have been inconsistent,
      probably because of between study differences. We therefore performed a meta
      regression analysis in which 37 studies (n ADHD=1175; n Control=1222) were
      included, containing 52 effect sizes. The overall analysis yielded a small to
      medium effect size (standardized mean difference=.36, p<.001, 95% CI [.22, .51]),
      indicating that groups with ADHD showed more risky decision making than control
      groups. There was a trend for a moderating influence of co-morbid Disruptive
      Behavior Disorders (DBD): studies including more participants with co-morbid DBD
      had larger effect sizes. No moderating influence of co-morbid internalizing
      disorders, age or task explicitness was found. These results indicate that ADHD
      is related to increased risky decision making in laboratory settings, which
      tended to be more pronounced if ADHD is accompanied by DBD. We therefore argue
      that risky decision making should have a more prominent role in research on the
      neuropsychological and -biological mechanisms of ADHD, which can be useful in
      ADHD assessment and intervention.

PMID- 26978324
TI  - Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its
      precursors in early childhood: A meta-analysis.
AB  - In this meta-analysis we investigated differential associations between maternal
      and paternal parenting behaviors (overcontrol, overprotection, overinvolvement,
      autonomy granting, challenging parenting) and anxiety and its precursors (fearful
      temperament, behavioral inhibition, shyness) in children (0-5years). Two meta
      analyses were conducted, one for mothers (k=28, N=5,728), and one for fathers
      (k=12, N=1,019). In general, associations between parenting and child anxiety
      were small. Associations between child anxiety and overcontrol, overprotection,
      and overinvolvement did not differ for mothers and fathers. Maternal autonomy
      granting was not significantly related to child anxiety, and no studies examined
      fathers' autonomy granting. A significant difference was found for challenging
      parenting; mothers' challenging parenting was not significantly related to child
      anxiety, whereas fathers' challenging parenting was related to less child
      anxiety. Post-hoc meta-analyses revealed that mothers' and fathers' parenting was
      more strongly related to children's anxiety symptoms than to child anxiety
      precursors. Moreover, the association between parenting and child anxiety
      symptoms was stronger for fathers than for mothers. In conclusion, although
      parenting plays only a small role in early childhood anxiety, fathers' parenting
      is at least as important as mothers'. Paternal challenging behavior even seems
      more important than maternal challenging behavior. Research is needed to
      determine whether challenging fathering can prevent child anxiety development.

PMID- 26978325
TI  - Selective fractionation of Sugar Beet Pulp for release of fermentation and
      chemical feedstocks; optimisation of thermo-chemical pre-treatment.
AB  - The effect of time and pressure on the selective extraction of sugar beet pectin
      using steam pre-treatment on unprocessed Sugar Beet Pulp was evaluated using a
      design of experiments approach. This process gave the highest solubilisation of
      pectin oligomers at a relatively low pressure and longer time (5Bar, 24min),
      whilst leaving the majority of the cellulose fraction intact. This method of
      steam pre-treatment fits into the concept of a sugar beet biorefinery as it
      valorises an existing waste stream without requiring any further physical
      processing such as milling or dilution with water. The residual cellulose
      fraction was enriched in cellulose and could be effectively fermented into
      ethanol by yeast after enzymatic digestion, producing 0.48g ethanol per gram of
      glucose. 

PMID- 26978326
TI  - Robotic Versus Thoracoscopic Resection for Lung Cancer: Early Results of a New
      Robotic Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted surgical techniques have been introduced in recent
      years as an alternative minimally invasive approach for lung surgery. While the
      advantage of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) over thoracotomy for
      anatomical lung resection has been extensively reported, the results of robotic
      video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RVATS) compared to VATS are still under
      investigation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of lung cancer
      patients, undergoing minimally invasive segmentectomy or lobectomy between
      December 2007 and May 2014. A robotic program was introduced in 2011. Relevant
      early surgical outcomes were compared between VATS and RVATS, including
      mortality, morbidity, conversion to thoracotomy, length of stay (LOS), and
      reoperation. RESULTS: Eighty (60.2%) patients underwent VATS resection, while 53
      (39.8%) had a RVATS procedure. The two groups presented no meaningful differences
      at baseline, in terms of age, race, body mass index, and preoperative
      comorbidities. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology in both groups.
      Patients in the RVATS group had significantly more segmentectomies (11.3% versus
      1.2%, P = .016). There were no postoperative deaths. RVATS appeared to be
      associated with fewer conversions to open (13.2% versus 26.2%, P = .025) and more
      lymph nodes retrieved (9 versus 7, P = .049). We found no significant differences
      in terms of other individual complications, including tracheostomy, reintubation,
      pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and cerebrovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: According
      to our results, the introduction of a robotic program did not negatively affect
      the early surgical outcomes of a well-established oncologic minimally invasive
      thoracic program. Potential advantages of RVATS still need to be explored in
      terms of long-term outcomes.

PMID- 26978327
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Memantine in Children with Autism: Randomized, Placebo
      Controlled Study and Open-Label Extension.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission is implicated in the
      pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, the safety,
      tolerability, and efficacy of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptor antagonist memantine (once-daily extended-release [ER]) were
      investigated in children with autism in a randomized, placebo-controlled, 12 week
      trial and a 48 week open-label extension. METHODS: A total of 121 children 6-12
      years of age with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.,
      Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)-defined autistic disorder were randomized (1:1) to
      placebo or memantine ER for 12 weeks; 104 children entered the subsequent
      extension trial. Maximum memantine doses were determined by body weight and
      ranged from 3 to 15 mg/day. RESULTS: There was one serious adverse event (SAE)
      (affective disorder, with memantine) in the 12 week study and one SAE (lobar
      pneumonia) in the 48 week extension; both were deemed unrelated to treatment.
      Other AEs were considered mild or moderate and most were deemed not related to
      treatment. No clinically significant changes occurred in clinical laboratory
      values, vital signs, or electrocardiogram (ECG). There was no significant between
      group difference on the primary efficacy outcome of caregiver/parent ratings on
      the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), although an improvement over baseline at
      Week 12 was observed in both groups. A trend for improvement at the end of the 48
      week extension was observed. No improvements in the active group were observed on
      any of the secondary end-points, with one communication measure showing
      significant worsening with memantine compared with placebo (p = 0.02) after 12
      weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This trial did not demonstrate clinical efficacy of memantine
      ER in autism; however, the tolerability and safety data were reassuring. Our
      results could inform future trial design in this population and may facilitate
      the investigation of memantine ER for other clinical applications.

PMID- 26978328
TI  - Impact of Short and Moderate Rest Intervals on the Acute Immunometabolic Response
      to Exhaustive Strength Exercise: Part I.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of the short and moderate
      intervals of recovery in response to an acute bout of exhaustive strength
      exercise on performance, inflammatory, and metabolic responses in healthy adults.
      Eight healthy subjects (age = 24.6 +/- 4.1 years) performed 2 randomized
      sequences: short = 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with 30 seconds of rest
      between sets; moderate = 70% of 1RM with 90 seconds of rest between sets. All
      sequences of exercises were performed over 4 sets until movement failure in the
      squat and bench press exercises, respectively. The total number of repetitions
      performed was recorded for each set of each exercise for all sequences. The
      percentages of fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated by dual-energy x-ray
      absorptiometry. Glucose, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10,
      and nonester fatty acid were assessed, at baseline, immediately after exercise,
      after 15 and 30 minutes. When compared with the maximum number of repetitions and
      the total weight lifted, there was a statistically significant decrease after
      both intervals. The only statistically significant decreases over time occurred
      at the post-15 minutes assessment of the IL-6 and glucose when a moderate
      interval of recovery was performed. When comparing the alterations between the
      pools (the mean of the cluster of all periods in each variable), there was a
      statistically significant increase on the IL-6 and IL-10 when a moderate interval
      of recovery was performed again, however, not considering a statistical
      difference on the IL-10. Thus, we concluded that different interval of recovery
      in response to exhaustive strength exercise decreases performance but in only
      moderate intervals, it is associated with inflammatory and metabolic response.

PMID- 26978329
TI  - Phosphorylation of Akt by SC79 Prevents Iron Accumulation and Ameliorates Early
      Brain Injury in a Model of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of Akt may alleviate early
      brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study is
      undertaken to determine whether iron metabolism is involved in the beneficial
      effect of Akt activation after SAH. Therefore, we used a novel molecule, SC79, to
      activate Akt in an experimental Sprague-Dawley rat model of SAH. Rats were
      randomly divided into four groups as follows: sham, SAH, SAH + vehicle, SAH +
      SC79. The results confirmed that SC79 effectively enhanced the defense against
      oxidative stress and alleviated EBI in the temporal lobe after SAH.
      Interestingly, we found that phosphorylation of Akt by SC79 reduced cell surface
      transferrin receptor-mediated iron uptake and promoted ferroportin-mediated iron
      transport after SAH. As a result, SC79 administration diminished the iron content
      in the brain tissue. Moreover, the impaired Fe-S cluster biogenesis was recovered
      and loss of the activities of the Fe-S cluster-containing enzymes were regained,
      indicating that injured mitochondrial functions are restored to healthy levels.
      These findings suggest that disrupted iron homeostasis could contribute to EBI
      and Akt activation may regulate iron metabolism to relieve iron toxicity, further
      protecting neurons from EBI after SAH. 

PMID- 26978330
TI  - Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali):
      Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology.
AB  - Eurycoma longifolia Jack (known as tongkat ali), a popular traditional herbal
      medicine, is a flowering plant of the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia,
      Malaysia, Vietnam and also Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. E. longifolia,
      is one of the well-known folk medicines for aphrodisiac effects as well as
      intermittent fever (malaria) in Asia. Decoctions of E. longifolia leaves are used
      for washing itches, while its fruits are used in curing dysentery. Its bark is
      mostly used as a vermifuge, while the taproots are used to treat high blood
      pressure, and the root bark is used for the treatment of diarrhea and fever.
      Mostly, the roots extract of E. longifolia are used as folk medicine for sexual
      dysfunction, aging, malaria, cancer, diabetes, anxiety, aches, constipation,
      exercise recovery, fever, increased energy, increased strength, leukemia,
      osteoporosis, stress, syphilis and glandular swelling. The roots are also used as
      an aphrodisiac, antibiotic, appetite stimulant and health supplement. The plant
      is reported to be rich in various classes of bioactive compounds such as
      quassinoids, canthin-6-one alkaloids, beta-carboline alkaloids, triterpene
      tirucallane type, squalene derivatives and biphenyl neolignan, eurycolactone,
      laurycolactone, and eurycomalactone, and bioactive steroids. Among these
      phytoconstituents, quassinoids account for a major portion of the E. longifolia
      root phytochemicals. An acute toxicity study has found that the oral Lethal Dose
      50 (LD50) of the alcoholic extract of E. longifolia in mice is between 1500-2000
      mg/kg, while the oral LD50 of the aqueous extract form is more than 3000 mg/kg.
      Liver and renal function tests showed no adverse changes at normal daily dose and
      chronic use of E. longifolia. Based on established literature on health benefits
      of E. longifolia, it is important to focus attention on its more active
      constituents and the constituents' identification, determination, further
      development and most importantly, the standardization. Besides the available
      data, more evidence is required regarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety, so
      it can be considered a rich herbal source of new drug candidates. It is very
      important to conserve this valuable medicinal plant for the health benefit of
      future generations. 

PMID- 26978331
TI  - Synthesis of New Functionalized Indoles Based on Ethyl Indol-2-carboxylate.
AB  - Successful alkylations of the nitrogen of ethyl indol-2-carboxylate were carried
      out using aq. KOH in acetone. The respective N-alkylated acids could be obtained
      without separating the N-alkylated esters by increasing the amount of KOH and
      water. The use of NaOMe in methanol led to transesterification instead of the
      alkylation, while the use of NaOEt led to low yields of the N-alkylated acids.
      Hydrazinolysis of the ester gave indol-2-carbohydrazide which then was allowed to
      react with different aromatic aldehydes and ketones in ethanol catalyzed by
      acetic acid. Indol-2-thiosemicarbazide was used in a heterocyclization reaction
      to form thiazoles. The new structures were confirmed using NMR, mass spectrometry
      and X-ray single crystal analysis. 

PMID- 26978332
TI  - Quercetin-Rich Guava (Psidium guajava) Juice in Combination with Trehalose
      Reduces Autophagy, Apoptosis and Pyroptosis Formation in the Kidney and Pancreas
      of Type II Diabetic Rats.
AB  - We explored whether the combination of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory guava
      (Psidium guajava) and trehalose treatment protects the kidney and pancreas
      against Type II diabetes (T2DM)-induced injury in rats. We measured the active
      component of guava juice by HPLC analysis. T2DM was induced in Wistar rats by
      intraperitoneal administration of nicotinamide and streptozotocin and combination
      with high fructose diets for 8 weeks. The rats fed with different dosages of
      guava juice in combination with or without trehalose for 4 weeks were evaluated
      the parameters including OGTT, plasma insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR (insulin
      resistance) and HOMA-beta (beta cell function and insulin secretion). We measured
      oxidative and inflammatory degrees by immunohistochemistry stain, fluorescent
      stain, and western blot and serum and kidney reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a
      chemiluminescence analyzer. High content of quercetin in the guava juice
      scavenged H2O2 and HOCl, whereas trehalose selectively reduced H2O2, not HOCl.
      T2DM affected the levels in OGTT, plasma insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and HOMA-beta,
      whereas these T2DM-altered parameters, except HbA1c, were significantly improved
      by guava and trehalose treatment. The levels of T2DM-enhanced renal ROS, 4
      hydroxynonenal, caspase-3/apoptosis, LC3-B/autophagy and IL-1beta/pyroptosis were
      significantly decreased by guava juice and trehalose. The combination with
      trehalose and guava juice protects the pancreas and kidney against T2DM-induced
      injury.

PMID- 26978333
TI  - Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Baicalin-Induced Drug Interaction and Its
      Pharmacokinetics.
AB  - Since many glycoside compounds in natural products are hydrolyzed by intestinal
      microbiota when administered orally, it is of interest to know whether their
      pharmacological effects are derived from the glycoside itself or from the
      aglycone form in vivo. An interesting example is baicalin versus baicalein, the
      aglycone of baicalin, which is contained in some herbs from Labiatae including
      Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Scutellaria lateriflora Linne. The herbs have
      been extensively used for treatment of inflammatory diseases in Asia. Although
      there have been numerous reports regarding the pharmacological effects of
      baicalin and baicalein in vivo and in vitro, some reports indicated that the
      glycoside form would hardly be absorbed in the intestine and that it should be
      hydrolyzed to baicalein in advance for absorption. Therefore, the role of
      metabolism by intestinal microbiota should also be considered in the metabolism
      of baicalin. In addition, baicalin contains a glucuronide moiety in its
      structure, by which baicalin and baicalein show complex pharmacokinetic
      behaviors, due to the interconversion between them by phase II enzymes in the
      body. Recently, concerns about drug interaction with baicalin and/or baicalein
      have been raised, because of the co-administration of Scutellaria species with
      certain drugs. Herein, we reviewed the role of intestinal microbiota in
      pharmacokinetic characteristics of baicalin and baicalein, with regards to their
      pharmacological and toxicological effects.

PMID- 26978335
TI  - Investigation of the Pyridinium Ylide--Alkyne Cycloaddition as a Fluorogenic
      Coupling Reaction.
AB  - The cycloaddition of pyridinium ylides with alkynes was investigated under mild
      conditions. A series of 13 pyridinium salts was prepared by alkylation of 4
      substituted pyridines. Their reactivity with propiolic ester or amide in various
      reaction conditions (different temperatures, solvents, added bases) was studied,
      and 11 indolizines, with three points of structural variation, were, thus,
      isolated and characterized. The highest yields were obtained when electron
      withdrawing groups were present on both the pyridinium ylide, generated in situ
      from the corresponding pyridinium salt, and the alkyne (X, Z = ester, amide, CN,
      carbonyl, etc.). Electron-withdrawing substituents, lowering the acid
      dissociation constant (pKa) of the pyridinium salts, allow the cycloaddition to
      proceed at pH 7.5 in aqueous buffers at room temperature. 

PMID- 26978334
TI  - A Peptoid-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Cyanide Detection.
AB  - Peptoids, N-substituted glycine oligomers, are versatile peptidomimetics with
      diverse biomedical applications. However, strategies to the development of novel
      fluorescent peptoids as chemical sensors have not been extensively explored, yet.
      Here, we synthesized a novel peptoid-based fluorescent probe in which a coumarin
      moiety was incorporated via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition
      reaction. Fluorescence of the newly generated coumarin-peptoid was dramatically
      quenched upon coordination of the Cu(2+) ion, and the resulting peptoid-Cu(2+)
      complex exhibited significant Turn-ON fluorescence following the addition of CN(
      ). The rapid and reversible response, combined with cyanide selectivity of the
      synthesized peptoid, reflects a multistep photo-process and supports its utility
      as a new type of CN(-) sensor. 

PMID- 26978336
TI  - Design, Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Some New 2-Phenyl-quinoline-4
      carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
AB  - A series of new 2-phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives was synthesized
      starting from aniline, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, pyruvic acid followed by Doebner
      reaction, amidation, reduction, acylation and amination. All of the newly
      synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and HRMS. The
      antibacterial activities of these compounds against Gram-negative (Escherichia
      coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus,
      Bacillus subtilis), as well as one strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus (MRSA) bacteria were evaluated by the agar diffusion method (zone of
      inhibition) and a broth dilution method (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)),
      and their structure-activity relationships were obtained and discussed. The
      results revealed that some compounds displayed good antibacterial activity
      against Staphylococcus aureus, and Compounds 5a4 and 5a7 showed the best
      inhibition with an MIC value of 64 MUg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and with
      an MIC value of 128 MUg/mL against Escherichia coli, respectively. The results of
      the MTT assay illustrated the low cytotoxicity of Compound 5a4.

PMID- 26978337
TI  - Coumarins, Xanthones and Related Compounds.

PMID- 26978338
TI  - Functionalization of a Triazine Dendrimer Presenting Four Maleimides on the
      Periphery and a DOTA Group at the Core.
AB  - A readily and rapidly accessible triazine dendrimer was manipulated in four steps
      with 23% overall yield to give a construct displaying four maleimide groups and
      DOTA. The maleimide groups of the dendrimer are sensitive to hydrolysis under
      basic conditions. The addition of up to four molecules of water can be observed
      via mass spectrometry and HPLC. The evolution in the alkene region of the 1H-NMR-
      the transformation of the maleimide singlet to the appearance of two doublets--is
      consistent with imide hydrolysis and not the Michael addition. The hydrolysis
      events that proceeded over hours are sufficiently slower than the desired thiol
      addition reactions that occur in minutes. The addition of thiols to maleimides
      can be accomplished in a variety of solvents. The thiols examined derived from
      cysteine and include the protected amino acid, a protected dipeptide, and native
      oligopeptides containing either 9 or 18 amino acids. The addition reactions were
      monitored with HPLC and mass spectrometry in most cases. Complete substitution
      was observed for small molecule reactants. The model peptides containing nine or
      eighteen amino acids provided a mixture of products averaging between 3 and 4
      substitutions/dendrimer. The functionalization of the chelate group with
      gadolinium was also accomplished easily.

PMID- 26978339
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization and in Vitro Evaluation of Manganese Ferrite
      (MnFe2O4) Nanoparticles for Their Biocompatibility with Murine Breast Cancer
      Cells (4T1).
AB  - Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) magnetic nanoparticles were successfully prepared by
      a sol-gel self-combustion technique using iron nitrate and manganese nitrate,
      followed by calcination at 150  degrees C for 24 h. Calcined sample was
      systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform
      infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and
      vibrational sample magnetometry (VSM) in order to identify the crystalline phase,
      functional group, morphology, particle size, shape and magnetic behavior. It was
      observed that the resultant spinal ferrites obtained at low temperature exhibit
      single phase, nanoparticle size and good magnetic behavior. The study results
      have revealed the existence of a potent dose dependent cytotoxic effect of
      MnFe2O4 nanoparticles against 4T1 cell lines at varying concentrations with IC50
      values of 210, 198 and 171 MUg/mL after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of incubation,
      respectively. Cells exposed to higher concentrations of nanoparticles showed a
      progressive increase of apoptotic and necrotic activity. Below 125 MUg/mL
      concentration the nanoparticles were biocompatible with 4T1 cells.

PMID- 26978340
TI  - Recent Advances in Volatiles of Teas.
AB  - Volatile compounds are important components of tea aroma, a key attribute of
      sensory quality. The present review examines the formation of aromatic volatiles
      of various kinds of teas and factors influencing the formation of tea volatiles,
      including tea cultivar, growing environment and agronomic practices, processing
      method and storage of tea. The determination of tea volatiles and the
      relationship of active-aroma volatiles with the sensory qualities of tea are also
      discussed in the present paper. 

PMID- 26978341
TI  - Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A
      Review.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative approach for improved
      cancer treatment. In PDT, a photosensitizer (PS) is administered that can be
      activated by light of a specific wavelength, which causes selective damage to the
      tumor and its surrounding vasculature. The success of PDT is limited by the
      difficulty in administering photosensitizers (PSs) with low water solubility,
      which compromises the clinical use of several molecules. Incorporation of PSs in
      nanostructured drug delivery systems, such as polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs),
      solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), gold
      nanoparticles (AuNPs), hydrogels, liposomes, liquid crystals, dendrimers, and
      cyclodextrin is a potential strategy to overcome this difficulty. Additionally,
      nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may improve the transcytosis of a PS
      across epithelial and endothelial barriers and afford the simultaneous co
      delivery of two or more drugs. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology
      in medicine may offer numerous exciting possibilities in cancer treatment and
      improve the efficacy of available therapeutics. Therefore, the aim of this paper
      is to review nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy
      of cancer. 

PMID- 26978343
TI  - Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Highly Efficient Polymer Ligands.
AB  - The polyfunctional nature of chitosan enables its application as a polymer ligand
      not only for the recovery, separation, and concentration of metal ions, but for
      the fabrication of a wide spectrum of functional materials. Although unmodified
      chitosan itself is the unique cationic polysaccharide with very good complexing
      properties toward numerous metal ions, its sorption capacity and selectivity can
      be sufficiently increased and turned via chemical modification to meet
      requirements of the specific applications. In this review, which covers results
      of the last decade, we demonstrate how different strategies of chitosan chemical
      modification effect metal ions binding by O-, N-, S-, and P-containing chitosan
      derivatives, and which mechanisms are involved in binding of metal cation and
      anions by chitosan derivatives. 

PMID- 26978342
TI  - Genetic and Epigenetic Approaches for the Possible Detection of Adulteration and
      Auto-Adulteration in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Spice.
AB  - Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is very expensive and, because of this, often subject
      to adulteration. Modern genetic fingerprinting techniques are an alternative low
      cost technology to the existing chemical techniques, which are used to control
      the purity of food products. Buddleja officinalis Maxim, Gardenia jasminoides
      Ellis, Curcuma longa L., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Calendula officinalis L. are
      among the most frequently-used adulterants in saffron spice. Three commercial
      kits were compared concerning the ability to recover PCR-grade DNA from saffron,
      truly adulterated samples and possible adulterants, with a clear difference among
      them, mainly with the processed samples. Only one of the three kits was able to
      obtain amplifiable DNA from almost all of the samples, with the exception of
      extracts. On the recovered DNA, new markers were developed based on the sequence
      of the plastid genes matK and rbcL. These primers, mainly those developed on
      matK, were able to recognize saffron and the adulterant species and also in
      mixtures with very low percentages of adulterant. Finally, considering that the
      addition of different parts of saffron flowers is one of the most widespread
      adulterations, by analyzing the DNA of the different parts of the flower (styles,
      stamens and tepals) at the genetic and epigenetic level, we succeeded in finding
      differences between the three tissues that can be further evaluated for a
      possible detection of the kind of fraud. 

PMID- 26978345
TI  - Erratum: Li, Y., et al. Mechanism of NO Photocatalytic Oxidation on g-C3N4 Was
      Changed by Pd-QDs Modification. Molecules, 2016, 21, 36.

PMID- 26978344
TI  - Regulation of Obesity and Metabolic Complications by Gamma and Delta
      Tocotrienols.
AB  - Tocotrienols (T3s) are a subclass of unsaturated vitamin E that have been
      extensively studied for their anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative and anti
      inflammatory properties in numerous cancer studies. Recently, T3s have received
      increasing attention due to their previously unrecognized property to attenuate
      obesity and its associated metabolic complications. In this review, we
      comprehensively evaluated the recent published scientific literature about the
      influence of T3s on obesity, with a particular emphasis on the signaling pathways
      involved. T3s have been demonstrated in animal models or human subjects to reduce
      fat mass, body weight, plasma concentrations of free fatty acid, triglycerides
      and cholesterol, as well as to improve glucose and insulin tolerance. Their
      mechanisms of action in adipose tissue mainly include (1) modulation of fat cell
      adipogenesis and differentiation; (2) modulation of energy sensing; (3) induction
      of apoptosis in preadipocytes and (4) modulation of inflammation. Studies have
      also been conducted to investigate the effects of T3s on other targets, e.g., the
      immune system, liver, muscle, pancreas and bone. Since deltaT3 and gammaT3 are
      regarded as the most active isomers among T3s, their clinical relevance to reduce
      obesity should be investigated in human trials. 

PMID- 26978346
TI  - Botany in Molecular Era: A Modern Science with Ancient Roots.

PMID- 26978348
TI  - Spinal Glutamate Transporters Are Involved in the Development of
      Electroacupuncture Tolerance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Electroacupuncture (EA) tolerance is a gradual decline in EA
      antinociception because of its repeated or prolonged use. This study aims to
      explore the role of spinal glutamate transporters (GTs) in EA tolerance (EAT).
      METHODS: Rats were treated with EA once per day for eight consecutive days, and
      their L4-5 spinal cords were collected at days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. The levels of
      three spinal GTs and their mRNAs were detected with Western blot and pPCR,
      respectively. Then, riluzole, a positive GT regulator, was administered
      intrathecally in order to observe its effect on EA analgesia after repeated EA.
      RESULTS: The expression levels of the spinal GTs increased at days 2 and 4, and
      gradually decreased as the times of EA increased. At day 8, no difference was
      observed in the spinal GTs between the sham treatment and the EA treatment.
      Intrathecal administration of riluzole dose-dependently attenuated the decreased
      EA analgesia. CONCLUSION: These results indicated the participation of the spinal
      GTs in EAT.

PMID- 26978347
TI  - Co-Expression and Co-Localization of Cartilage Glycoproteins CHI3L1 and Lubricin
      in Osteoarthritic Cartilage: Morphological, Immunohistochemical and Gene
      Expression Profiles.
AB  - Osteoarthritis is the most common human arthritis characterized by degeneration
      of articular cartilage. Several studies reported that levels of human cartilage
      glycoprotein chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) are known as a potential marker for the
      activation of chondrocytes and the progression of Osteoarthritis (OA), whereas
      lubricin appears to be chondroprotective. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the co-expression and co-localization of CHI3L1 and lubricin in
      normal and osteoarthritic rat articular cartilage to correlate their modified
      expression to a specific grade of OA. Samples of normal and osteoarthritic rat
      articular cartilage were analyzed by the Kellgren-Lawrence OA severity scores,
      the Kraus' modified Mankin score and the Histopathology Osteoarthritis Research
      Society International (OARSI) system for histomorphometric evaluations, and
      through CHI3L1 and lubricin gene expression, immunohistochemistry and double
      immuno-staining analysis. The immunoexpression and the mRNA levels of lubricin
      increased in normal cartilage and decreased in OA cartilage (normal vs. OA, p <
      0.01). By contrast, the immunoexpression and the mRNA levels of CHI3L1 increased
      in OA cartilage and decreased in normal cartilage (normal vs. OA, p < 0.01). Our
      findings are consistent with reports suggesting that these two glycoproteins are
      functionally associated with the development of OA and in particular with grade
      2/3 of OA, suggesting that in the future they could be helpful to stage the
      severity and progression of the disease. 

PMID- 26978349
TI  - Probing the Ion Binding Site in a DNA Holliday Junction Using Forster Resonance
      Energy Transfer (FRET).
AB  - Holliday Junctions are critical DNA intermediates central to double strand break
      repair and homologous recombination. The junctions can adopt two general forms:
      open and stacked-X, which are induced by protein or ion binding. In this work,
      fluorescence spectroscopy, metal ion luminescence and thermodynamic measurements
      are used to elucidate the ion binding site and the mechanism of junction
      conformational change. Forster resonance energy transfer measurements of end
      labeled junctions monitored junction conformation and ion binding affinity, and
      reported higher affinities for multi-valent ions. Thermodynamic measurements
      provided evidence for two classes of binding sites. The higher affinity ion
      binding interaction is an enthalpy driven process with an apparent stoichiometry
      of 2.1 +/- 0.2. As revealed by Eu(3+) luminescence, this binding class is
      homogeneous, and results in slight dehydration of the ion with one direct
      coordination site to the junction. Luminescence resonance energy transfer
      experiments confirmed the presence of two ions and indicated they are 6-7 A
      apart. These findings are in good agreement with previous molecular dynamics
      simulations, which identified two symmetrical regions of high ion density in the
      center of stacked junctions. These results support a model in which site-specific
      binding of two ions in close proximity is required for folding of DNA Holliday
      junctions into the stacked-X conformation. 

PMID- 26978350
TI  - Geranylgeraniol and Neurological Impairment: Involvement of Apoptosis and
      Mitochondrial Morphology.
AB  - Deregulation of the cholesterol pathway is an anomaly observed in human diseases,
      many of which have in common neurological involvement and unknown pathogenesis.
      In this study we have used Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD) as a disease-model
      in order to investigate the link between the deregulation of the mevalonate
      pathway and the consequent neurodegeneration. The blocking of the mevalonate
      pathway in a neuronal cell line (Daoy), using statins or mevalonate, induced an
      increase in the expression of the inflammasome gene (NLRP3) and programmed cell
      death related to mitochondrial dysfunction. The morphology of the mitochondria
      changed, clearly showing the damage induced by oxidative stress and the decreased
      membrane potential associated with the alterations of the mitochondrial function.
      The co-administration of geranylgeraniol (GGOH) reduced the inflammatory marker
      and the damage of the mitochondria, maintaining its shape and components. Our
      data allow us to speculate about the mechanism by which isoprenoids are able to
      rescue the inflammatory marker in neuronal cells, independently from the block of
      the mevalonate pathway, and about the fact that cell death is mitochondria
      related. 

PMID- 26978352
TI  - Effects of Two Sublethal Concentrations of Mercury Chloride on the Morphology and
      Metallothionein Activity in the Liver of Zebrafish (Danio rerio).
AB  - Mercury (Hg) is a highly hazardous pollutant widely used in industrial,
      pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Mercury is found in the environment in
      several forms, elemental, inorganic (iHg) and organic, all of which are toxic.
      Considering that the liver is the organ primarily involved in the regulation of
      metabolic pathways, homeostasis and detoxification we investigated the
      morphological and ultrastructural effects in Danio rerio liver after 96 h
      exposure to two low HgCl2 concentrations (7.7 and 38.5 MUg/L). We showed that a
      short-term exposure to very low concentrations of iHg severely affects liver
      morphology and ultrastructure. The main effects recorded in this work were:
      cytoplasm vacuolization, decrease in both lipid droplets and glycogen granules,
      increase in number of mitochondria, increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      pyknotic nuclei. Pathological alterations observed were dose dependent. Trough
      immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and real-time PCR analysis, the
      induction of metallothionein (MT) under stressor conditions was also evaluated.
      Some of observed alterations could be considered as a general response of tissue
      to heavy metals, whereas others (such as increased number of mitochondria and
      increase of RER) may be considered as an adaptive response to mercury. 

PMID- 26978351
TI  - Crosstalk between Long Noncoding RNAs and MicroRNAs in Health and Disease.
AB  - Protein-coding genes account for only a small part of the human genome; in fact,
      the vast majority of transcripts are comprised of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)
      including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and small ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRs). Accumulating
      evidence indicates that ncRNAs could play critical roles in regulating many
      cellular processes which are often implicated in health and disease. For example,
      ncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in cancers, heart diseases, and many other
      diseases. LncRNAs and miRs are therefore novel and promising targets to be
      developed into biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis as well as treatment
      options. The interaction between lncRNAs and miRs as well as its
      pathophysiological significance have recently been reported. Mechanistically, it
      is believed that lncRNAs exert "sponge-like" effects on various miRs, which
      subsequently inhibits miR-mediated functions. This crosstalk between two types of
      ncRNAs frequently contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review,
      we provide a summary of the recent studies highlighting the interaction between
      these ncRNAs and the effects of this interaction on disease pathogenesis and
      regulation. 

PMID- 26978354
TI  - A New Secondary Structure Assignment Algorithm Using Calpha Backbone Fragments.
AB  - The assignment of secondary structure elements in proteins is a key step in the
      analysis of their structures and functions. We have developed an algorithm, SACF
      (secondary structure assignment based on Calpha fragments), for secondary
      structure element (SSE) assignment based on the alignment of Calpha backbone
      fragments with central poses derived by clustering known SSE fragments. The
      assignment algorithm consists of three steps: First, the outlier fragments on
      known SSEs are detected. Next, the remaining fragments are clustered to obtain
      the central fragments for each cluster. Finally, the central fragments are used
      as a template to make assignments. Following a large-scale comparison of 11
      secondary structure assignment methods, SACF, KAKSI and PROSS are found to have
      similar agreement with DSSP, while PCASSO agrees with DSSP best. SACF and PCASSO
      show preference to reducing residues in N and C cap regions, whereas KAKSI, P-SEA
      and SEGNO tend to add residues to the terminals when DSSP assignment is taken as
      standard. Moreover, our algorithm is able to assign subtle helices (310-helix, pi
      helix and left-handed helix) and make uniform assignments, as well as to detect
      rare SSEs in beta-sheets or long helices as outlier fragments from other
      programs. The structural uniformity should be useful for protein structure
      classification and prediction, while outlier fragments underlie the structure
      function relationship. 

PMID- 26978353
TI  - Arginine Metabolism in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cancer Therapy.
AB  - Antibacterial resistance to infectious diseases is a significant global concern
      for health care organizations; along with aging populations and increasing cancer
      rates, it represents a great burden for government healthcare systems. Therefore,
      the development of therapies against bacterial infection and cancer is an
      important strategy for healthcare research. Pathogenic bacteria and cancer have
      developed a broad range of sophisticated strategies to survive or propagate
      inside a host and cause infection or spread disease. Bacteria can employ their
      own metabolism pathways to obtain nutrients from the host cells in order to
      survive. Similarly, cancer cells can dysregulate normal human cell metabolic
      pathways so that they can grow and spread. One common feature of the adaption and
      disruption of metabolic pathways observed in bacterial and cancer cell growth is
      amino acid pathways; these have recently been targeted as a novel approach to
      manage bacterial infections and cancer therapy. In particular, arginine
      metabolism has been illustrated to be important not only for bacterial
      pathogenesis but also for cancer therapy. Therefore, greater insights into
      arginine metabolism of pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells would provide
      possible targets for controlling of bacterial infection and cancer treatment.
      This review will summarize the recent progress on the relationship of arginine
      metabolism with bacterial pathogenesis and cancer therapy, with a particular
      focus on arginase and arginine deiminase pathways of arginine catabolism. 

PMID- 26978355
TI  - Molecular Selection, Modification and Development of Therapeutic Oligonucleotide
      Aptamers.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies are the dominant agents used in inhibition of biological
      target molecules for disease therapeutics, but there are concerns of
      immunogenicity, production, cost and stability. Oligonucleotide aptamers have
      comparable affinity and specificity to targets with monoclonal antibodies whilst
      they have minimal immunogenicity, high production, low cost and high stability,
      thus are promising inhibitors to rival antibodies for disease therapy. In this
      review, we will compare the detailed advantages and disadvantages of antibodies
      and aptamers in therapeutic applications and summarize recent progress in aptamer
      selection and modification approaches. We will present therapeutic
      oligonucleotide aptamers in preclinical studies for skeletal diseases and further
      discuss oligonucleotide aptamers in different stages of clinical evaluation for
      various disease therapies including macular degeneration, cancer, inflammation
      and coagulation to highlight the bright commercial future and potential
      challenges of therapeutic oligonucleotide aptamers. 

PMID- 26978359
TI  - Prediction of Military Vehicle's Drawbar Pull Based on an Improved Relevance
      Vector Machine and Real Vehicle Tests.
AB  - The scientific and effective prediction of drawbar pull is of great importance in
      the evaluation of military vehicle trafficability. Nevertheless, the existing
      prediction models have demonstrated lots of inherent limitations. In this
      framework, a multiple-kernel relevance vector machine model (MkRVM) including
      Gaussian kernel and polynomial kernel is proposed to predict drawbar pull.
      Nonlinear decreasing inertia weight particle swarm optimization (NDIWPSO) is
      employed for parameter optimization. As the relations between drawbar pull and
      its influencing factors have not been tested on real vehicles, a series of
      experimental analyses based on real vehicle test data are done to confirm the
      effective influencing factors. A dynamic testing system is applied to conduct
      field tests and gain required test data. Gaussian kernel RVM, polynomial kernel
      RVM, support vector machine (SVM) and generalized regression neural network
      (GRNN) are also used to compare with the MkRVM model. The results indicate that
      the MkRVM model is a preferable model in this case. Finally, the proposed novel
      model is compared to the traditional prediction model of drawbar pull. The
      results show that the MkRVM model significantly improves the prediction accuracy.
      A great potential of improved RVM is indicated in further research of wheel-soil
      interactions. 

PMID- 26978358
TI  - Localization and Spectroscopic Analysis of the Cu(I) Binding Site in Wheat
      Metallothionein Ec-1.
AB  - The early cysteine-labeled metallothionein (MT) from Triticum aestivum (common
      wheat), denoted Ec-1, features two structurally well-defined domains, gamma and
      betaE, coordinating two and four Zn(II) ions, respectively. While the protein is
      currently assumed to function mainly in zinc homeostasis, a low amount of copper
      ions was also recently detected in a native Ec-1 sample. To evaluate the observed
      copper binding in more detail, the recombinant Zn6Ec-1 form was exposed to
      different amounts of Cu(I) ions and the resulting species characterized with
      spectroscopic methods. Data reveal that the first Cu(I) equivalent coordinates
      exclusively to the N-terminal gamma-domain of the protein and replaces one Zn(II)
      ion. To analyze the ability of the gamma-domain for coordination of monovalent
      metal ions in more detail, the gamma-Ec-1 peptide fragment was incubated with
      increasing amounts of Cu(I) and the process monitored with UV-VIS, circular
      dichroism, and luminescence spectroscopy. Closely similar spectra are observed
      regardless if the apo- or the metal ion-loaded and, hence, pre-folded forms, were
      used for the titration experiments with Cu(I). The results indicate that low
      amounts of Cu(I) ions displace the two metal ions subsequently and
      stoichiometrically, despite the different coordination geometry requirements of
      Cu(I) and Zn(II). 

PMID- 26978360
TI  - XpertTrack: Precision Autonomous Measuring Device Developed for Real Time
      Shipments Tracker.
AB  - This paper proposes a software and hardware solution for real time condition
      monitoring applications. The proposed device, called XpertTrack, exchanges data
      through the GPRS protocol over a GSM network and monitories temperature and
      vibrations of critical merchandise during commercial shipments anywhere on the
      globe. Another feature of this real time tracker is to provide GPS and GSM
      positioning with a precision of 10 m or less. In order to interpret the condition
      of the merchandise, the data acquisition, analysis and visualization are done
      with 0.1  degrees C accuracy for the temperature sensor, and 10 levels of shock
      sensitivity for the acceleration sensor. In addition to this, the architecture
      allows increasing the number and the types of sensors, so that companies can use
      this flexible solution to monitor a large percentage of their fleet. 

PMID- 26978361
TI  - AUV Positioning Method Based on Tightly Coupled SINS/LBL for Underwater Acoustic
      Multipath Propagation.
AB  - This paper researches an AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) positioning method
      based on SINS (Strapdown Inertial Navigation System)/LBL (Long Base Line) tightly
      coupled algorithm. This algorithm mainly includes SINS-assisted searching method
      of optimum slant-range of underwater acoustic propagation multipath, SINS/LBL
      tightly coupled model and multi-sensor information fusion algorithm. Fuzzy
      correlation peak problem of underwater LBL acoustic propagation multipath could
      be solved based on SINS positional information, thus improving LBL positional
      accuracy. Moreover, introduction of SINS-centered LBL locating information could
      compensate accumulative AUV position error effectively and regularly. Compared to
      loosely coupled algorithm, this tightly coupled algorithm can still provide
      accurate location information when there are fewer than four available
      hydrophones (or within the signal receiving range). Therefore, effective
      positional calibration area of tightly coupled system based on LBL array is wider
      and has higher reliability and fault tolerance than loosely coupled. It is more
      applicable to AUV positioning based on SINS/LBL. 

PMID- 26978357
TI  - Postnatal High-Fat Diet Increases Liver Steatosis and Apoptosis Threatened by
      Prenatal Dexamethasone through the Oxidative Effect.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate cellular apoptosis in prenatal
      glucocorticoid overexposure and a postnatal high fat diet in rats. Pregnant
      Sprague-Dawley rats at gestational days 14 to 21 were administered saline
      (vehicle) or dexamethasone and weaned onto either a normal fat diet or a high fat
      diet for 180 days; in total four experimental groups were designated, i.e.,
      vehicle treated group (VEH), dexamethasone treated group (DEX), vehicle treated
      plus high-fat diet (VHF), and dexamethasone treated plus high-fat diet (DHF).
      Chronic effects of prenatal liver programming were assessed at postnatal day 180.
      The apoptotic pathways involved proteins were analyzed by Western blotting for
      their expressions. Apoptosis and liver steatosis were also examined by histology.
      We found that liver steatosis and apoptosis were increased in the DHF, DEX, and
      VHF treated groups, and that the DHF treated group was increased at higher levels
      than the DEX and VHF treated groups. The expression of leptin was decreased more
      in the DHF treated group than in the DEX and VHF treated groups. Decreased
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha,
      phosphoinositide-3-kinase, manganese superoxide dismutase and increased
      malondialdehyde expression levels were seen in DHF treated group relative to the
      DEX treated group. The DHF treated group exhibited higher levels of oxidative
      stress, apoptosis and liver steatosis than the DEX treated group. These results
      indicate that the environment of high-fat diet plays an important role in the
      development of liver injury after prenatal stress. 

PMID- 26978356
TI  - Bidirectional Relationships and Disconnects between NAFLD and Features of the
      Metabolic Syndrome.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a wide spectrum of liver
      disease from simple steatosis, to steatohepatitis, (both with and without liver
      fibrosis), cirrhosis and end-stage liver failure. NAFLD also increases the risk
      of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and both HCC and end stage liver disease may
      markedly increase risk of liver-related mortality. NAFLD is increasing in
      prevalence and is presently the second most frequent indication for liver
      transplantation. As NAFLD is frequently associated with insulin resistance,
      central obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia, NAFLD is often
      considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. There is growing
      evidence that this relationship between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome is
      bidirectional, in that NAFLD can predispose to metabolic syndrome features, which
      can in turn exacerbate NAFLD or increase the risk of its development in those
      without a pre-existing diagnosis. Although the relationship between NAFLD and
      metabolic syndrome is frequently bidirectional, recently there has been much
      interest in genotype/phenotype relationships where there is a disconnect between
      the liver disease and metabolic syndrome features. Such potential examples of
      genotypes that are associated with a dissociation between liver disease and
      metabolic syndrome are patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein-3
      (PNPLA3) (I148M) and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 protein (TM6SF2)
      (E167K) genotypes. This review will explore the bidirectional relationship
      between metabolic syndrome and NAFLD, and will also discuss recent insights from
      studies of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genotypes that may give insight into how and why
      metabolic syndrome features and liver disease are linked in NAFLD. 

PMID- 26978362
TI  - Lightweight CoAP-Based Bootstrapping Service for the Internet of Things.
AB  - The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming increasingly important in several fields
      of industrial applications and personal applications, such as medical e-health,
      smart cities, etc. The research into protocols and security aspects related to
      this area is continuously advancing in making these networks more reliable and
      secure, taking into account these aspects by design. Bootstrapping is a procedure
      by which a user obtains key material and configuration information, among other
      parameters, to operate as an authenticated party in a security domain. Until now
      solutions have focused on re-using security protocols that were not developed for
      IoT constraints. For this reason, in this work we propose a design and
      implementation of a lightweight bootstrapping service for IoT networks that
      leverages one of the application protocols used in IoT : Constrained Application
      Protocol (CoAP). Additionally, in order to provide flexibility, scalability,
      support for large scale deployment, accountability and identity federation, our
      design uses technologies such as the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) and
      Authentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA). We have named this service
      CoAP-EAP. First, we review the state of the art in the field of bootstrapping and
      specifically for IoT. Second, we detail the bootstrapping service: the
      architecture with entities and interfaces and the flow operation. Third, we
      obtain performance measurements of CoAP-EAP (bootstrapping time, memory
      footprint, message processing time, message length and energy consumption) and
      compare them with PANATIKI. The most significant and constrained representative
      of the bootstrapping solutions related with CoAP-EAP. As we will show, our
      solution provides significant improvements, mainly due to an important reduction
      of the message length. 

PMID- 26978363
TI  - An SDR-Based Real-Time Testbed for GNSS Adaptive Array Anti-Jamming Algorithms
      Accelerated by GPU.
AB  - Nowadays, software-defined radio (SDR) has become a common approach to evaluate
      new algorithms. However, in the field of Global Navigation Satellite System
      (GNSS) adaptive array anti-jamming, previous work has been limited due to the
      high computational power demanded by adaptive algorithms, and often lack
      flexibility and configurability. In this paper, the design and implementation of
      an SDR-based real-time testbed for GNSS adaptive array anti-jamming accelerated
      by a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) are documented. This testbed highlights
      itself as a feature-rich and extendible platform with great flexibility and
      configurability, as well as high computational performance. Both Space-Time
      Adaptive Processing (STAP) and Space-Frequency Adaptive Processing (SFAP) are
      implemented with a wide range of parameters. Raw data from as many as eight
      antenna elements can be processed in real-time in either an adaptive nulling or
      beamforming mode. To fully take advantage of the parallelism resource provided by
      the GPU, a batched method in programming is proposed. Tests and experiments are
      conducted to evaluate both the computational and anti-jamming performance. This
      platform can be used for research and prototyping, as well as a real product in
      certain applications. 

PMID- 26978364
TI  - Sinabro: A Smartphone-Integrated Opportunistic Electrocardiogram Monitoring
      System.
AB  - In our preliminary study, we proposed a smartphone-integrated, unobtrusive
      electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system, Sinabro, which monitors a user's ECG
      opportunistically during daily smartphone use without explicit user intervention.
      The proposed system also monitors ECG-derived features, such as heart rate (HR)
      and heart rate variability (HRV), to support the pervasive healthcare apps for
      smartphones based on the user's high-level contexts, such as stress and affective
      state levels. In this study, we have extended the Sinabro system by: (1)
      upgrading the sensor device; (2) improving the feature extraction process; and
      (3) evaluating extensions of the system. We evaluated these extensions with a
      good set of algorithm parameters that were suggested based on empirical analyses.
      The results showed that the system could capture ECG reliably and extract highly
      accurate ECG-derived features with a reasonable rate of data drop during the
      user's daily smartphone use. 

PMID- 26978365
TI  - Vision-Based Steering Control, Speed Assistance and Localization for Inner-City
      Vehicles.
AB  - Autonomous route following with road vehicles has gained popularity in the last
      few decades. In order to provide highly automated driver assistance systems,
      different types and combinations of sensors have been presented in the
      literature. However, most of these approaches apply quite sophisticated and
      expensive sensors, and hence, the development of a cost-efficient solution still
      remains a challenging problem. This work proposes the use of a single monocular
      camera sensor for an automatic steering control, speed assistance for the driver
      and localization of the vehicle on a road. Herein, we assume that the vehicle is
      mainly traveling along a predefined path, such as in public transport. A computer
      vision approach is presented to detect a line painted on the road, which defines
      the path to follow. Visual markers with a special design painted on the road
      provide information to localize the vehicle and to assist in its speed control.
      Furthermore, a vision-based control system, which keeps the vehicle on the
      predefined path under inner-city speed constraints, is also presented. Real
      driving tests with a commercial car on a closed circuit finally prove the
      applicability of the derived approach. In these tests, the car reached a maximum
      speed of 48 km/h and successfully traveled a distance of 7 km without the
      intervention of a human driver and any interruption. 

PMID- 26978366
TI  - Measurement of 3-D Vibrational Motion by Dynamic Photogrammetry Using Least
      Square Image Matching for Sub-Pixel Targeting to Improve Accuracy.
AB  - This paper deals with an improved methodology to measure three-dimensional
      dynamic displacements of a structure by digital close-range photogrammetry. A
      series of stereo images of a vibrating structure installed with targets are taken
      at specified intervals by using two daily-use cameras. A new methodology is
      proposed to accurately trace the spatial displacement of each target in three
      dimensional space. This method combines the correlation and the least-square
      image matching so that the sub-pixel targeting can be obtained to increase the
      measurement accuracy. Collinearity and space resection theory are used to
      determine the interior and exterior orientation parameters. To verify the
      proposed method, experiments have been performed to measure displacements of a
      cantilevered beam excited by an electrodynamic shaker, which is vibrating in a
      complex configuration with mixed bending and torsional motions simultaneously
      with multiple frequencies. The results by the present method showed good
      agreement with the measurement by two laser displacement sensors. The proposed
      methodology only requires inexpensive daily-use cameras, and can remotely detect
      the dynamic displacement of a structure vibrating in a complex three-dimensional
      defection shape up to sub-pixel accuracy. It has abundant potential applications
      to various fields, e.g., remote vibration monitoring of an inaccessible or
      dangerous facility. 

PMID- 26978367
TI  - Wireless Metal Detection and Surface Coverage Sensing for All-Surface Induction
      Heating.
AB  - All-surface induction heating systems, typically comprising small-area coils,
      face a major challenge in detecting the presence of a metallic vessel and
      identifying its partial surface coverage over the coils to determine which of the
      coils to power up. The difficulty arises due to the fact that the user can heat
      vessels made of a wide variety of metals (and their alloys). To address this
      problem, we propose and demonstrate a new wireless detection methodology that
      allows for detecting the presence of metallic vessels together with uniquely
      sensing their surface coverages while also identifying their effective material
      type in all-surface induction heating systems. The proposed method is based on
      telemetrically measuring simultaneously inductance and resistance of the
      induction coil coupled with the vessel in the heating system. Here, variations in
      the inductance and resistance values for an all-surface heating coil loaded by
      vessels (made of stainless steel and aluminum) at different positions were
      systematically investigated at different frequencies. Results show that,
      independent of the metal material type, unique identification of the surface
      coverage is possible at all freqeuncies. Additionally, using the magnitude and
      phase information extracted from the coupled coil impedance, unique
      identification of the vessel effective material is also achievable, this time
      independent of its surface coverage. 

PMID- 26978368
TI  - Synthesis of Common Arabic Handwritings to Aid Optical Character Recognition
      Research.
AB  - Document analysis tasks such as pattern recognition, word spotting or
      segmentation, require comprehensive databases for training and validation. Not
      only variations in writing style but also the used list of words is of importance
      in the case that training samples should reflect the input of a specific area of
      application. However, generation of training samples is expensive in the sense of
      manpower and time, particularly if complete text pages including complex ground
      truth are required. This is why there is a lack of such databases, especially for
      Arabic, the second most popular language. However, Arabic handwriting recognition
      involves different preprocessing, segmentation and recognition methods. Each
      requires particular ground truth or samples to enable optimal training and
      validation, which are often not covered by the currently available databases. To
      overcome this issue, we propose a system that synthesizes Arabic handwritten
      words and text pages and generates corresponding detailed ground truth. We use
      these syntheses to validate a new, segmentation based system that recognizes
      handwritten Arabic words. We found that a modification of an Active Shape Model
      based character classifiers-that we proposed earlier-improves the word
      recognition accuracy. Further improvements are achieved, by using a vocabulary of
      the 50,000 most common Arabic words for error correction. 

PMID- 26978369
TI  - Pressure Mapping Mat for Tele-Home Care Applications.
AB  - In this paper we present the development of a mat-like pressure mapping system
      based on a single layer textile sensor and intended to be used in home
      environments for monitoring the physical condition of persons with limited
      mobility. The sensor is fabricated by embroidering silver-coated yarns on a light
      cotton fabric and creating pressure-sensitive resistive elements by stamping the
      conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (
      PEDOT: PSS) at the crossing points of conductive stitches. A battery-operated mat
      prototype was developed and includes the scanning circuitry and a wireless
      communication module. A functional description of the system is presented
      together with a preliminary experimental evaluation of the mat prototype in the
      extraction of plantar pressure parameters.

PMID- 26978370
TI  - Design Methodology of a Dual-Halbach Array Linear Actuator with Thermal
      Electromagnetic Coupling.
AB  - This paper proposes a design methodology for linear actuators, considering
      thermal and electromagnetic coupling with geometrical and temperature
      constraints, that maximizes force density and minimizes force ripple. The method
      allows defining an actuator for given specifications in a step-by-step way so
      that requirements are met and the temperature within the device is maintained
      under or equal to its maximum allowed for continuous operation. According to the
      proposed method, the electromagnetic and thermal models are built with quasi
      static parametric finite element models. The methodology was successfully applied
      to the design of a linear cylindrical actuator with a dual quasi-Halbach array of
      permanent magnets and a moving-coil. The actuator can produce an axial force of
      120 N and a stroke of 80 mm. The paper also presents a comparative analysis
      between results obtained considering only an electromagnetic model and the
      thermal-electromagnetic coupled model. This comparison shows that the final
      designs for both cases differ significantly, especially regarding its active
      volume and its electrical and magnetic loading. Although in this paper the
      methodology was employed to design a specific actuator, its structure can be used
      to design a wide range of linear devices if the parametric models are adjusted
      for each particular actuator. 

PMID- 26978371
TI  - Experimental Validation of a Compound Control Scheme for a Two-Axis Inertially
      Stabilized Platform with Multi-Sensors in an Unmanned Helicopter-Based Airborne
      Power Line Inspection System.
AB  - A compound control scheme is proposed to achieve high control performance for a
      two-axis inertially stabilized platform (ISP) with multi-sensors applied to an
      unmanned helicopter (UH)-based airborne power line inspection (APLI) system.
      Compared with the traditional two closed-loop control scheme that is composed of
      a high-bandwidth rate loop and a lower bandwidth position loop, a new current
      loop inside rate loop is particularly designed to suppress the influences of
      voltage fluctuation from power supply and motor back electromotive force (BEMF)
      on control precision. In this way, the stabilization accuracy of the ISP is
      greatly improved. The rate loop, which is the middle one, is used to improve
      sensor's stability precision through compensating for various disturbances. To
      ensure the pointing accuracy of the line of sight (LOS) of multi-sensors, the
      position loop is designed to be the outer one and acts as the main feedback path,
      by which the accurate pointing angular position is achieved. To validate the
      scheme, a series of experiments were carried out. The results show that the
      proposed compound control scheme can achieve reliable control precision and
      satisfy the requirements of real APLI tasks. 

PMID- 26978372
TI  - Three-Dimensional ISAR Imaging Method for High-Speed Targets in Short-Range Using
      Impulse Radar Based on SIMO Array.
AB  - This paper proposes a three-dimensional inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR)
      imaging method for high-speed targets in short-range using an impulse radar.
      According to the requirements for high-speed target measurement in short-range,
      this paper establishes the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) antenna array, and
      further proposes a missile motion parameter estimation method based on impulse
      radar. By analyzing the motion geometry relationship of the warhead scattering
      center after translational compensation, this paper derives the receiving antenna
      position and the time delay after translational compensation, and thus overcomes
      the shortcomings of conventional translational compensation methods. By analyzing
      the motion characteristics of the missile, this paper estimates the missile's
      rotation angle and the rotation matrix by establishing a new coordinate system.
      Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed algorithm. 

PMID- 26978374
TI  - Deep Subseafloor Fungi as an Untapped Reservoir of Amphipathic Antimicrobial
      Compounds.
AB  - The evolving global threat of antimicrobial resistance requires a deep renewal of
      the antibiotic arsenal including the isolation and characterization of new drugs.
      Underexplored marine ecosystems may represent an untapped reservoir of novel
      bioactive molecules. Deep-sea fungi isolated from a record-depth sediment core of
      almost 2000 m below the seafloor were investigated for antimicrobial activities.
      This antimicrobial screening, using 16 microbial targets, revealed 33% of
      filamentous fungi synthesizing bioactive compounds with activities against
      pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Interestingly, occurrence of antimicrobial
      producing isolates was well correlated with the complexity of the habitat (in
      term of microbial richness), as higher antimicrobial activities were obtained at
      specific layers of the sediment core. It clearly highlights complex deep-sea
      habitats as chemical battlefields where synthesis of numerous bioactive compounds
      appears critical for microbial competition. The six most promising deep
      subseafloor fungal isolates were selected for the production and extraction of
      bioactive compounds. Depending on the fungal isolates, antimicrobial compounds
      were only biosynthesized in semi-liquid or solid-state conditions as no
      antimicrobial activities were ever detected using liquid fermentation. An
      exception was made for one fungal isolate, and the extraction procedure designed
      to extract amphipathic compounds was successful and highlighted the amphiphilic
      profile of the bioactive metabolites. 

PMID- 26978376
TI  - Astaxanthin Inhibits Acetaldehyde-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells by
      Modulating Akt/CREB and p38MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways.
AB  - Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to brain tissue damage and cognitive
      dysfunction. Acetaldehyde, the most toxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the
      brain tissue damage and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic excessive
      alcohol consumption. In this study, the effect of astaxanthin, a marine bioactive
      compound, on acetaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells.
      It was found that astaxanthin protected cells from apoptosis by ameliorating the
      effect of acetaldehyde on the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, preventing the
      reduction of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the increase of pro-apoptotic
      protein Bak induced by acetaldehyde. Further analyses showed that astaxanthin
      treatment inhibited acetaldehyde-induced reduction of the levels of activated Akt
      and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Astaxanthin treatment
      also prevented acetaldehyde-induced increase of the level of activated p38
      mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and decrease of the level of activated
      extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Activation of Akt/CREB pathway
      promotes cell survival and is involved in the upregulation of Bcl-2 gene. P38MAPK
      plays a critical role in apoptotic events while ERKs mediates the inhibition of
      apoptosis. Thus, astaxanthin may inhibit acetaldehyde-induced apoptosis through
      promoting the activation of Akt/CREB and ERKs and blocking the activation of
      p38MAPK. In addition, astaxanthin treatment suppressed the oxidative stress
      induced by acetaldehyde and restored the antioxidative capacity of SH-SY5Y cells.
      Therefore, astaxanthin may protect cells against acetaldehyde-induced
      cytotoxicity through maintaining redox balance and modulating apoptotic and
      survival signals. The results suggest that astaxanthin treatment may be
      beneficial for preventing neurotoxicity associated with acetaldehyde and
      excessive alcohol consumption. 

PMID- 26978378
TI  - The Risk Implications of Globalisation: An Exploratory Analysis of 105 Major
      Industrial Incidents (1971-2010).
AB  - This paper revisits work on the socio-political amplification of risk, which
      predicts that those living in developing countries are exposed to greater risk
      than residents of developed nations. This prediction contrasts with the
      neoliberal expectation that market driven improvements in working conditions
      within industrialising/developing nations will lead to global convergence of
      hazard exposure levels. It also contradicts the assumption of risk society
      theorists that there will be an ubiquitous increase in risk exposure across the
      globe, which will primarily affect technically more advanced countries. Reviewing
      qualitative evidence on the impact of structural adjustment reforms in
      industrialising countries, the export of waste and hazardous waste recycling to
      these countries and new patterns of domestic industrialisation, the paper
      suggests that workers in industrialising countries continue to face far greater
      levels of hazard exposure than those of developed countries. This view is
      confirmed when a data set including 105 major multi-fatality industrial disasters
      from 1971 to 2000 is examined. The paper concludes that there is empirical
      support for the predictions of socio-political amplification of risk theory,
      which finds clear expression in the data in a consistent pattern of significantly
      greater fatality rates per industrial incident in industrialising/developing
      countries. 

PMID- 26978375
TI  - Pseudopterosin A: Protection of Synaptic Function and Potential as a
      Neuromodulatory Agent.
AB  - Natural products have provided an invaluable source of inspiration in the drug
      discovery pipeline. The oceans are a vast source of biological and chemical
      diversity. Recently, this untapped resource has been gaining attention in the
      search for novel structures and development of new classes of therapeutic agents.
      Pseudopterosins are group of marine diterpene glycosides that possess an array of
      potent biological activities in several therapeutic areas. Few studies have
      examined pseudopterosin effects during cellular stress and, to our knowledge, no
      studies have explored their ability to protect synaptic function. The present
      study probes pseudopterosin A (PsA) for its neuromodulatory properties during
      oxidative stress using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate
      that oxidative stress rapidly reduces neuronal activity, resulting in the loss of
      neurotransmission at a well-characterized invertebrate synapse. PsA mitigates
      this effect and promotes functional tolerance during oxidative stress by
      prolonging synaptic transmission in a mechanism that differs from scavenging
      activity. Furthermore, the distribution of PsA within mammalian biological
      tissues following single intravenous injection was investigated using a validated
      bioanalytical method. Comparable exposure of PsA in the mouse brain and plasma
      indicated good distribution of PsA in the brain, suggesting its potential as a
      novel neuromodulatory agent. 

PMID- 26978377
TI  - Discovery of Novel Antiangiogenic Marine Natural Product Scaffolds.
AB  - Marine natural products (MNPs) are recognized for their structural complexity,
      diversity, and novelty. The vast majority of MNPs are pharmacologically relevant
      through their ability to modulate macromolecular targets underlying human
      diseases. Angiogenesis is a fundamental process in cancer progression and
      metastasis. Targeting angiogenesis through selective modulation of linked protein
      kinases is a valid strategy to discover novel effective tumor growth and
      metastasis inhibitors. An in-house marine natural products mini-library, which
      comprises diverse MNP entities, was submitted to the Lilly's Open Innovation Drug
      Discovery platform. Accepted structures were subjected to in vitro screening to
      discover mechanistically novel angiogenesis inhibitors. Active hits were
      subjected to additional angiogenesis-targeted kinase profiling. Some natural and
      semisynthetic MNPs, including multiple members of the macrolide latrunculins, the
      macrocyclic oxaquinolizidine alkaloid araguspongine C, and the sesquiterpene
      quinone puupehenone, showed promising results in primary and secondary
      angiogenesis screening modules. These hits inhibited vascular endothelial growth
      factor (VEGF)-mediated endothelial tube-like formation, with minimal cytotoxicity
      at relevant doses. Secondary kinase profiling identified six target protein
      kinases, all involved in angiogenesis signaling pathways. Molecular modeling and
      docking experiments aided the understanding of molecular binding interactions,
      identification of pharmacophoric epitopes, and deriving structure-activity
      relationships of active hits. Marine natural products are prolific resources for
      the discovery of chemically and mechanistically unique selective antiangiogenic
      scaffolds. 

PMID- 26978380
TI  - Erratum: Li, Z., et al. Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors as well as
      Attitudes and Perceptions towards Tobacco Control in Northeast China. Int. J.
      Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 8606-8618.

PMID- 26978379
TI  - Association of Safe Disposal of Child Feces and Reported Diarrhea in Indonesia:
      Need for Stronger Focus on a Neglected Risk.
AB  - Indonesia still faces several challenges in the areas of water, sanitation, and
      hygiene (WASH). Diarrhea remains a major killer of children and it is important
      to understand the local diarrhea transmission pathways to prioritise appropriate
      WASH interventions to reduce diarrhea burden. This study used a cross-sectional
      data set from a recent national household survey (the 2012 Indonesia Demographic
      and Health Survey) to examine the associations between diarrhea in children aged
      less than 24 months with WASH interventions and population characteristics.
      Unsafe disposal of child feces was strongly associated with an increased odds of
      child diarrhea (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.18-1.82, p = 0.001). However, other WASH
      practices were not found to be associated. The findings underline the dangers of
      unsafe disposal of child feces and highlight the need for strengthening the
      related policies and program strategies and their implementation. 

PMID- 26978373
TI  - Potential Use of Antimicrobial Peptides as Vaginal Spermicides/Microbicides.
AB  - The concurrent increases in global population and sexually transmitted infection
      (STI) demand a search for agents with dual spermicidal and microbicidal
      properties for topical vaginal application. Previous attempts to develop the
      surfactant spermicide, nonoxynol-9 (N-9), into a vaginal microbicide were
      unsuccessful largely due to its inefficiency to kill microbes. Furthermore, N-9
      causes damage to the vaginal epithelium, thus accelerating microbes to enter the
      women's body. For this reason, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally secreted
      by all forms of life as part of innate immunity, deserve evaluation for their
      potential spermicidal effects. To date, twelve spermicidal AMPs have been
      described including LL-37, magainin 2 and nisin A. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is
      the most promising spermicidal AMP to be further developed for vaginal use for
      the following reasons. First, it is a human AMP naturally produced in the vagina
      after intercourse. Second, LL-37 exerts microbicidal effects to numerous microbes
      including those that cause STI. Third, its cytotoxicity is selective to sperm and
      not to the female reproductive tract. Furthermore, the spermicidal effects of LL
      37 have been demonstrated in vivo in mice. Therefore, the availability of LL-37
      as a vaginal spermicide/microbicide will empower women for self-protection
      against unwanted pregnancies and STI. 

PMID- 26978382
TI  - A Survey of Accidental Hypothermia Knowledge among Navy Members in China and the
      Implications for Training.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Accidental hypothermia (AH) is a potentially life-threatening
      condition that can lead to significant morbidity and life-long effects. Navy
      personnel are always at a greater risk of AH due to frequent outdoor work,
      wilderness exposure, prolonged immobility and exhaustion. The purpose of the
      survey was to assess Chinese Navy members' awareness of AH and to make
      recommendations with regard to better measures for improving it. METHODS: 111
      Navy members completed a written questionnaire that was subsequently analyzed.
      RESULTS: 30.6% of the respondents have experienced AH and 64.9% rated their
      knowledge of AH as "low" or "none". Over half of them identified the initial
      symptom of AH as obvious shivering (69.4%) and apathy (45.0%). As for the
      aggravate symptoms, 60.9% chose the wrong answer of more obvious shivering
      instead of the right one-absence of shivering (5.4%). In the case of the
      treatment of mild AH, more than half of the respondents chose the wrong answers.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the basic skills of recognition and
      treatment of AH are inadequate in the Chinese Navy. Further work is required to
      develop a systematical, comprehensive and corresponding education method that
      would promote correct actions during AH.

PMID- 26978381
TI  - Greenness and Birth Outcomes in a Range of Pennsylvania Communities.
AB  - Living in communities with more vegetation during pregnancy has been associated
      with higher birth weights, but fewer studies have evaluated other birth outcomes,
      and only one has been conducted in the Eastern United States, in regions with a
      broad range, including high levels, of greenness. We evaluated associations
      between prenatal residential greenness and birth outcomes (term birth weight,
      small for gestational age, preterm birth, and low 5 min Apgar score) across a
      range of community types using electronic health record data from 2006-2013 from
      the Geisinger Health System in Pennsylvania. We assigned greenness based on
      mother's geocoded address using the normalized difference vegetation index from
      satellite imagery. We used propensity scores to restrict the study population to
      comparable groups among those living in green vs. less-green areas. Analyses were
      adjusted for demographic, clinical, and environmental covariates, and stratified
      by community type (city, borough, and township). In cities, higher greenness
      (tertiles 2-3 vs. 1) was protective for both preterm (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.61
      0.99) and small for gestational age birth (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.97), but not
      birth weight or Apgar score. We did not observe associations between greenness
      and birth outcomes in adjusted models in boroughs or townships. These results add
      to the evidence that greener cities might be healthier cities. 

PMID- 26978383
TI  - A Cross Section Study to Determine the Prevalence of Antibodies against HIV
      Infection among Hepatitis B and C Infected Individuals.
AB  - (1) BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) prevalence among hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      infected individuals. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the
      prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HIV individuals; (2) METHODS: A total
      of 409 patients (126 HBV+ and 283 HCV+) referred to the Brazilian Reference
      Laboratory for Viral Hepatitis from 2010 to 2013 donated serum samples. Anti-HIV,
      HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, anti-HBcIgM, anti-HBe, HBeAg, and anti-HCV antibodies
      were measured, and anti-HCV positive samples were tested for viral RNA and
      genotype; (3) RESULTS: The anti-HIV antibody prevalence was 10.31% and 4.59%
      among HBV+ and HCV+ patients, respectively. The HCV mean (SD) viral load was log
      5.14 +/- 1.64 IU/mL, and genotype I was most prevalent (163/283). Anti-HBs and
      anti-HBc were detected in 40% and 26% of HCV+ individuals, respectively. Among
      the HBV+ population, the presence of anti-HIV antibodies was associated with male
      gender, marital status (married), tattoo, sexual orientation, sexual practices
      (oral sex and anal sex), history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), history
      of viral hepatitis treatment, and a sexual partner with hepatitis or HIV. For the
      HCV+ group, the presence of anti-HIV antibodies was associated with female
      gender, marital status (married), anal intercourse, previous history of STDs, and
      number of sexual partners; (4) CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of anti-HIV
      antibodies was found among individuals with HBV and HCV, showing the importance
      of education programmes towards HIV infection among HBV- and HCV-infected
      individuals. 

PMID- 26978384
TI  - Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Infants and Mothers in Benin and Potential Sources
      of Exposure.
AB  - Lead in childhood is well known to be associated with poor neurodevelopment. As
      part of a study on maternal anemia and offspring neurodevelopment, we analyzed
      blood lead level (BLL) with no prior knowledge of lead exposure in 225 mothers
      and 685 offspring 1 to 2 years old from Allada, a semi-rural area in Benin, sub
      Saharan Africa, between May 2011 and May 2013. Blood samples were analyzed by
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environmental assessments in
      households and isotopic ratio measurements were performed for eight children with
      BLL > 100 ug/L. High lead levels (BLL > 50 ug/L) were found in 44% of mothers and
      58% of children. The median BLL was 55.1 (interquartile range 39.2-85.0) and 46.6
      (36.5-60.1) ug/L, respectively. Maternal BLL was associated with offspring's
      consumption of piped water and animals killed by ammunition. Children's BLL was
      associated with presence of paint chips in the house and consumption of animals
      killed by ammunition. In this population, with 98% of children still breastfed,
      children's BLL was highly associated with maternal BLL on multivariate analyses.
      Environmental measures and isotopic ratios supported these findings. Offspring
      may be highly exposed to lead in utero and probably via breastfeeding in addition
      to lead paint exposure.

PMID- 26978386
TI  - Cellular microRNAs Repress Vesicular Stomatitis Virus but Not Theiler's Virus
      Replication.
AB  - Picornavirus' genomic RNA is a positive-stranded RNA sequence that also serves as
      a template for translation and replication. Cellular microRNAs were reported to
      interfere to different extents with the replication of specific picornaviruses,
      mostly acting as inhibitors. However, owing to the high error rate of their RNA
      dependent RNA-polymerases, picornavirus quasi-species are expected to evolve
      rapidly in order to lose any detrimental microRNA target sequence. We examined
      the genome of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) for the presence of
      under-represented microRNA target sequences that could have been selected against
      during virus evolution. However, little evidence for such sequences was found in
      the genome of TMEV and introduction of the most under-represented microRNA target
      (miR-770-3p) in TMEV did not significantly affect viral replication in cells
      expressing this microRNA. To test the global impact of cellular microRNAs on
      viral replication, we designed a strategy based on short-term Dicer inactivation
      in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Short-term Dicer inactivation led to a >10-fold
      decrease in microRNA abundance and strongly increased replication of Vesicular
      stomatitis virus (VSV), which was used as a microRNA-sensitive control virus. In
      contrast, Dicer inactivation did not increase TMEV replication. In conclusion,
      cellular microRNAs appear to exert little influence on Theiler's virus fitness. 

PMID- 26978385
TI  - A Novel Vaccine Approach for Chagas Disease Using Rare Adenovirus Serotype 48
      Vectors.
AB  - Due to the increasing amount of people afflicted worldwide with Chagas disease
      and an increasing prevalence in the United States, there is a greater need to
      develop a safe and effective vaccine for this neglected disease. Adenovirus
      serotype 5 (Ad5) is the most common adenovirus vector used for gene therapy and
      vaccine approaches, but its efficacy is limited by preexisting vector immunity in
      humans resulting from natural infections. Therefore, we have employed rare
      serotype adenovirus 48 (Ad48) as an alternative choice for adenovirus/Chagas
      vaccine therapy. In this study, we modified Ad5 and Ad48 vectors to contain T.
      cruzi's amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP-2) in the adenoviral early gene. We
      also modified Ad5 and Ad48 vectors to utilize the "Antigen Capsid-Incorporation"
      strategy by adding T. cruzi epitopes to protein IX (pIX). Mice that were
      immunized with the modified vectors were able to elicit T. cruzi-specific humoral
      and cellular responses. This study indicates that Ad48-modified vectors function
      comparable to or even premium to Ad5-modified vectors. This study provides novel
      data demonstrating that Ad48 can be used as a potential adenovirus vaccine vector
      against Chagas disease. 

PMID- 26978387
TI  - A Brazilian Marseillevirus Is the Founding Member of a Lineage in Family
      Marseilleviridae.
AB  - In 2003, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) was discovered as parasitizing
      Acanthamoeba. It was revealed to exhibit remarkable features, especially odd
      genomic characteristics, and founded viral family Mimiviridae. Subsequently, a
      second family of giant amoebal viruses was described, Marseilleviridae, whose
      prototype member is Marseillevirus, discovered in 2009. Currently, the genomes of
      seven different members of this family have been fully sequenced. Previous
      phylogenetic analysis suggested the existence of three Marseilleviridae lineages:
      A, B and C. Here, we describe a new member of this family, Brazilian
      Marseillevirus (BrMV), which was isolated from a Brazilian sample and whose
      genome was fully sequenced and analyzed. Surprisingly, data from phylogenetic
      analyses and comparative genomics, including mean amino acid identity between
      BrMV and other Marseilleviridae members and the analyses of the core genome and
      pan-genome of marseilleviruses, indicated that this virus can be assigned to a
      new Marseilleviridae lineage. Even if the BrMV genome is one of the smallest
      among Marseilleviridae members, it harbors the second largest gene content into
      this family. In addition, the BrMV genome encodes 29 ORFans. Here, we describe
      the isolation and genome analyses of the BrMV strain, and propose its
      classification as the prototype virus of a new lineage D within the family
      Marseilleviridae. 

PMID- 26978388
TI  - Human Cytomegalovirus Nuclear Egress Proteins Ectopically Expressed in the
      Heterologous Environment of Plant Cells are Strictly Targeted to the Nuclear
      Envelope.
AB  - In all eukaryotic cells, the nucleus forms a prominent cellular compartment
      containing the cell's nuclear genome. Although structurally similar, animal and
      plant nuclei differ substantially in details of their architecture. One example
      is the nuclear lamina, a layer of tightly interconnected filament proteins
      (lamins) underlying the nuclear envelope of metazoans. So far no orthologous
      lamin genes could be detected in plant genomes and putative lamin-like proteins
      are only poorly described in plants. To probe for potentially conserved features
      of metazoan and plant nuclear envelopes, we ectopically expressed the core
      nuclear egress proteins of human cytomegalovirus pUL50 and pUL53 in plant cells.
      pUL50 localizes to the inner envelope of metazoan nuclei and recruits the nuclear
      localized pUL53 to it, forming heterodimers. Upon expression in plant cells, a
      very similar localization pattern of both proteins could be determined. Notably,
      pUL50 is specifically targeted to the plant nuclear envelope in a rim-like
      fashion, a location to which coexpressed pUL53 becomes strictly corecruited from
      its initial nucleoplasmic distribution. Using pUL50 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid
      screening, the cytoplasmic re-initiation supporting protein RISP could be
      identified. Interaction of pUL50 and RISP could be confirmed by coexpression and
      coimmunoprecipitation in mammalian cells and by confocal laser scanning
      microscopy in plant cells, demonstrating partial pUL50-RISP colocalization in
      areas of the nuclear rim and other intracellular compartments. Thus, our study
      provides strong evidence for conserved structural features of plant and metazoan
      nuclear envelops and identifies RISP as a potential pUL50-interacting plant
      protein. 

PMID- 26978389
TI  - Characterization of Viral Communities of Biting Midges and Identification of
      Novel Thogotovirus Species and Rhabdovirus Genus.
AB  - More than two thirds of emerging viruses are of zoonotic origin, and among them
      RNA viruses represent the majority. Ceratopogonidae (genus Culicoides) are well
      known vectors of several viruses responsible for epizooties (bluetongue,
      epizootic haemorrhagic disease, etc.). They are also vectors of the only known
      virus infecting humans: the Oropouche virus. Female midges usually feed on a
      variety of hosts, leading to possible transmission of emerging viruses from
      animals to humans. In this context, we report here the analysis of RNA viral
      communities of Senegalese biting midges using next-generation sequencing
      techniques as a preliminary step toward the identification of potential viral
      biohazards. Sequencing of the RNA virome of three pools of Culicoides revealed
      the presence of a significant diversity of viruses infecting plants, insects and
      mammals. Several novel viruses were detected, including a novel Thogotovirus
      species, related but genetically distant from previously described tick-borne
      thogotoviruses. Novel rhabdoviruses were also detected, possibly constituting a
      novel Rhabdoviridae genus, and putatively restricted to insects. Sequences
      related to the major viruses transmitted by Culicoides, i.e., African horse
      sickness, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses were also
      detected. This study highlights the interest in monitoring the emergence and
      circulation of zoonoses and epizooties using their arthropod vectors. 

PMID- 26978391
TI  - Sources of Caffeine in Diets of US Children and Adults: Trends by Beverage Type
      and Purchase Location.
AB  - New sources of caffeine, besides coffee and tea, have been introduced into the US
      food supply. Data on caffeine consumption age and purchase location can help
      guide public health policy. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
      (NHANES) were used to estimate population-level caffeine intakes, using data from
      24-h dietary recall. First, caffeine intakes by age-group and beverage type were
      estimated using the most recent 2011-2012 data (n = 7456). Second, fourteen years
      trends in caffeine consumption, overall and by beverage type, were evaluated for
      adults and children. Trend analyses were conducted by age groups. Last, trends in
      caffeine intakes by purchase location and beverage type were estimated. In 2011
      2012, children aged four to eight years consumed the least caffeine (15 mg/day),
      and adults aged 51-70 years consumed the most (213 mg/day). The population mean
      (age >= four years) was 135 mg/day, driven largely by coffee (90 mg/day), tea (25
      mg/day), and soda (21 mg/day). For the 14-19 years and 20-34 years age-groups,
      energy drinks contributed 6 mg/day (9.9%) and 5 mg/day (4.5%), respectively. The
      bulk of caffeine came from store-bought coffee and tea. Among both children and
      adults combined, caffeine intakes declined from 175 mg/day (1999-2000) to 142
      mg/day (2011-2012), largely driven by a drop in caffeine from soda (41 mg/day to
      21 mg/day). Store-bought coffee and tea remain principal drivers of caffeine
      intake in the US. Sodas and energy drinks make minor contributions to overall
      caffeine intakes. 

PMID- 26978390
TI  - Liposome-Based Adjuvants for Subunit Vaccines: Formulation Strategies for Subunit
      Antigens and Immunostimulators.
AB  - The development of subunit vaccines has become very attractive in recent years
      due to their superior safety profiles as compared to traditional vaccines based
      on live attenuated or whole inactivated pathogens, and there is an unmet medical
      need for improved vaccines and vaccines against pathogens for which no effective
      vaccines exist. The subunit vaccine technology exploits pathogen subunits as
      antigens, e.g., recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides, allowing for highly
      specific immune responses against the pathogens. However, such antigens are
      usually not sufficiently immunogenic to induce protective immunity, and they are
      often combined with adjuvants to ensure robust immune responses. Adjuvants are
      capable of enhancing and/or modulating immune responses by exposing antigens to
      antigen-presenting cells (APCs) concomitantly with conferring immune activation
      signals. Few adjuvant systems have been licensed for use in human vaccines, and
      they mainly stimulate humoral immunity. Thus, there is an unmet demand for the
      development of safe and efficient adjuvant systems that can also stimulate cell
      mediated immunity (CMI). Adjuvants constitute a heterogeneous group of compounds,
      which can broadly be classified into delivery systems or immunostimulators.
      Liposomes are versatile delivery systems for antigens, and they can carefully be
      customized towards desired immune profiles by combining them with
      immunostimulators and optimizing their composition, physicochemical properties
      and antigen-loading mode. Immunostimulators represent highly diverse classes of
      molecules, e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and peptides, and they are
      ligands for pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are differentially
      expressed on APC subsets. Different formulation strategies might thus be required
      for incorporation of immunostimulators and antigens, respectively, into
      liposomes, and the choice of immunostimulator should ideally be based on
      knowledge regarding the specific PRR expression profile of the target APCs. Here,
      we review state-of-the-art formulation approaches employed for the inclusion of
      immunostimulators and subunit antigens into liposome dispersion and their
      optimization towards robust vaccine formulations. 

PMID- 26978393
TI  - Socioeconomic Indicators Are Independently Associated with Nutrient Intake in
      French Adults: A DEDIPAC Study.
AB  - Studies have suggested differential associations of specific indicators of
      socioeconomic position (SEP) with nutrient intake and a cumulative effect of
      these indicators on diet. We investigated the independent association of SEP
      indicators (education, income, occupation) with nutrient intake and their effect
      modification. This cross-sectional analysis included 91,900 French adults from
      the NutriNet-Sante cohort. Nutrient intake was estimated using three 24-h
      records. We investigated associations between the three SEP factors and nutrient
      intake using sex-stratified analysis of covariance, adjusted for age and energy
      intake, and associations between income and nutrient intake stratified by
      education and occupation. Low educated participants had higher protein and
      cholesterol intakes and lower fibre, vitamin C and beta-carotene intakes. Low
      income individuals had higher complex carbohydrate intakes, and lower magnesium,
      potassium, folate and vitamin C intakes. Intakes of vitamin D and alcohol were
      lower in low occupation individuals. Higher income was associated with higher
      intakes of fibre, protein, magnesium, potassium, beta-carotene, and folate among
      low educated persons only, highlighting effect modification. Lower SEP,
      particularly low education, was associated with lower intakes of nutrients
      required for a healthy diet. Each SEP indicator was associated with specific
      differences in nutrient intake suggesting that they underpin different social
      processes. 

PMID- 26978392
TI  - Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children.
AB  - Intolerance to carbohydrates is relatively common in childhood, but still poorly
      recognized and managed. Over recent years it has come to the forefront because of
      progresses in our knowledge on the mechanisms and treatment of these conditions.
      Children with intolerance to carbohydrates often present with unexplained signs
      and symptoms. Here, we examine the most up-to-date research on these
      intolerances, discuss controversies relating to the diagnostic approach,
      including the role of molecular analysis, and provide new insights into modern
      management in the pediatric age, including the most recent evidence for correct
      dietary treatment. 

PMID- 26978394
TI  - Fruit Intake and Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Elderly Women: A Prospective
      Cohort Study.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. There is a
      consistent inverse relationship between fruit intake with CVD events and
      mortality in cross-sectional and prospective observational studies, but the
      relationship of fruit intake with measurements of atherosclerosis in humans is
      less clear. Nutritional effects on abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), a marker
      for subclinical intimal and medial atherosclerotic vascular disease, have not
      been studied previously. The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional
      relationship of total and individual fruit (apple, pear, orange and other citrus,
      and banana) intake with AAC, scored between 0 and 24. The current study assessed
      baseline data for a cohort of 1052 women over 70 years of age who completed both
      a food frequency questionnaire assessing fruit intake, and underwent AAC
      measurement using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. AAC scores were significantly
      negatively correlated with total fruit and apple intakes (p < 0.05), but not with
      pear, orange or banana intakes (p > 0.25). In multivariable-adjusted logistic
      regression, each standard deviation (SD; 50 g/day) increase in apple intake was
      associated with a 24% lower odds of having severe AAC (AAC score >5) (odd ratio
      OR): 0.76 (0.62, 0.93), p = 0.009). Total and other individual fruit intake were
      not associated with increased odds of having severe AAC. Apple but not total or
      other fruit intake is independently negatively associated with AAC in older
      women. 

PMID- 26978397
TI  - Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimation Fat-Free Mass in the
      Army Cadets.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a fast, practical, non
      invasive, and frequently used method for fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. The aims
      of this study were to validate predictive equations of BIA to FFM estimation in
      Army cadets and to develop and validate a specific BIA equation for this
      population. METHODS: A total of 396 males, Brazilian Army cadets, aged 17-24
      years were included. The study used eight published predictive BIA equations, a
      specific equation in FFM estimation, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
      as a reference method. Student's t-test (for paired sample), linear regression
      analysis, and Bland-Altman method were used to test the validity of the BIA
      equations. RESULTS: Predictive BIA equations showed significant differences in
      FFM compared to DXA (p < 0.05) and large limits of agreement by Bland-Altman.
      Predictive BIA equations explained 68% to 88% of FFM variance. Specific BIA
      equations showed no significant differences in FFM, compared to DXA values.
      CONCLUSION: Published BIA predictive equations showed poor accuracy in this
      sample. The specific BIA equations, developed in this study, demonstrated
      validity for this sample, although should be used with caution in samples with a
      large range of FFM.

PMID- 26978395
TI  - Lactobacillus fermentum Suo Attenuates HCl/Ethanol Induced Gastric Injury in Mice
      through Its Antioxidant Effects.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus
      fermentum Suo (LF-Suo) on HCl/ethanol induced gastric injury in ICR (Institute
      for Cancer Research) mice and explain the mechanism of these effects through the
      molecular biology activities of LF-Suo. The studied mice were divided into four
      groups: healthy, injured, LF-Suo-L and LF-Suo-H group. After the LF-Suo
      intragastric administration, the gastric injury area was reduced compared to the
      injured group. The serum MOT (motilin), SP (substance P), ET (endothelin) levels
      of LF-Suo treated mice were lower, and SS (somatostatin), VIP (vasoactive
      intestinal peptide) levels were higher than the injured group mice. The cytokine
      IL-6 (interleukin 6), IL-12 (interleukin 12), TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor
      alpha) and IFN-gamma (interferon-gamma) serum levels were decreased after the LF
      Suo treatment. The gastric tissues SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px
      (glutathione peroxidase), NO (nitric oxide) and activities of LF-Suo treated mice
      were increased and MDA (malondialdehyde) activity was decreased compared to the
      injured group mice. By the RT-PCR assay, LF-Suo raised the occludin, EGF
      (epidermal growth factor), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), VEGF
      (vascular endothelial growth factor), Fit-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), IkappaB
      alpha (inhibitor kappaB-alpha), nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase), eNOS
      (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT (catalase) mRNA or
      protein expressions and reduced the COX-2, NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB), and
      iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expressions in gastric tissues compared to
      the gastric injured group mice. A high concentration (1.0 * 108 CFU/kg b.w.) of
      LF-Suo treatment showed stronger anti-gastric injury effects compared to a low
      concentration of (0.5 * 108 CFU/kg b.w.) of LF-Suo treatment. LF-Suo also showed
      strong survival in pH 3.0 man-made gastric juice and hydrophobic properties.
      These results indicate that LF-Suo has potential use as probiotics for its
      gastric injury treatment effects.

PMID- 26978396
TI  - Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Liver Cancer.
AB  - Liver cancer is the most common malignancy of the digestive system with high
      death rate. Accumulating evidences suggests that many dietary natural products
      are potential sources for prevention and treatment of liver cancer, such as
      grapes, black currant, plum, pomegranate, cruciferous vegetables, French beans,
      tomatoes, asparagus, garlic, turmeric, ginger, soy, rice bran, and some edible
      macro-fungi. These dietary natural products and their active components could
      affect the development and progression of liver cancer in various ways, such as
      inhibiting tumor cell growth and metastasis, protecting against liver
      carcinogens, immunomodulating and enhancing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs.
      This review summarizes the potential prevention and treatment activities of
      dietary natural products and their major bioactive constituents on liver cancer,
      and discusses possible mechanisms of action. 

PMID- 26978398
TI  - Pre-Pregnancy Weight Status Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutritional
      Biomarkers during Pregnancy.
AB  - Although the positive association between pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity
      with excessive gestational weight gain is well known, it is not clear how pre
      pregnancy weight status is associated with gestational weight gain through
      maternal diet during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the relationship
      between pre-pregnancy weight status and diet quality and maternal nutritional
      biomarkers during pregnancy. Our study included 795 U.S. pregnant women from the
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2012. Pre-pregnancy body
      mass index (BMI) was calculated based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and
      height. The cutoff points of <18.5 (underweight), 18.5-24.9 (normal), 25.0-29.9
      (overweight), and 30 kg/m2 (obese) were used to categorize pregnant women's
      weight status. Diet quality during pregnancy was assessed by the Healthy Eating
      Index (HEI)-2010 based on a 24-h recall. Multivariable logistic regressions were
      used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For all
      pregnant women included in this study, the mean HEI-2010 (+/-standard error of
      the mean (SEM)) was 50.7 (+/-0.9). Women with obese pre-pregnancy BMI
      demonstrated significantly lower HEI-2010 compared to those with underweight and
      normal pre-pregnancy BMI, respectively. In an unadjusted model, women with pre
      pregnancy obesity BMI had increased odds for being in the lowest tertile of HEI
      2010 (33.4 +/- 0.5) compared to those with underweight pre-pregnancy BMI (OR 5.0;
      95% CI 2.2-11.4). The inverse association between pre-pregnancy overweight and
      obesity status and diet quality during pregnancy persisted even after we
      controlled for physical activity levels (adjusted OR (AOR) 3.8; 95% CI 1.2-11.7,
      AOR 5.4; 95% CI 2.0-14.5, respectively). Serum folate concentration (ng/mL) was
      significantly higher in underweight women compared to overweight women (23.4 +/-
      1.7 vs. 17.0 +/- 0.8, p < 0.05). Serum iron concentration (ng/dL) was
      significantly higher in normal weight women compared to overweight women (86.2 +/
      5.0 vs. 68.9 +/- 3.0, p < 0.05). An inverse association was found between pre
      pregnancy weight status and diet quality and maternal nutritional biomarkers
      during pregnancy. Poor diet quality as measured by HEI-2010 was shown among
      overweight and obese women. Nutrition education and interventions need to be
      targeted to those women entering pregnancy as overweight and obese. 

PMID- 26978399
TI  - A Revised Australian Dietary Guideline Index and Its Association with Key
      Sociodemographic Factors, Health Behaviors and Body Mass Index in Peri-Retirement
      Aged Adults.
AB  - The Dietary Guideline Index, a measure of diet quality, was updated to reflect
      the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. This paper describes the revision of the
      index (DGI-2013) and examines its use in older adults. The DGI-2013 consists of
      13 components reflecting food-based daily intake recommendations of the
      Australian Dietary Guidelines. In this cross-sectional study, the DGI-2013 score
      was calculated using dietary data collected via an 111-item food frequency
      questionnaire and additional food-related behaviour questions. The DGI-2013 score
      was examined in Australian adults (aged 55-65 years; n = 1667 men; 1801 women)
      according to sociodemographics, health-related behaviours and BMI. Women scored
      higher than men on the total DGI-2013 and all components except for dairy. Those
      who were from a rural area (men only), working full-time (men only), with lower
      education, smoked, did not meet physical activity guidelines, and who had a
      higher BMI, scored lower on the DGI-2013, highlighting a group of older adults at
      risk of poor health. The DGI-2013 is a tool for assessing compliance with the
      Australian Dietary Guidelines. We demonstrated associations between diet quality
      and a range of participant characteristics, consistent with previous literature.
      This suggests that the DGI-2013 continues to demonstrate convergent validity,
      consistent with the original Dietary Guideline Index. 

PMID- 26978400
TI  - Anti-Diabetic Activities of Gastrodia elata Blume Water Extracts Are Mediated
      Mainly by Potentiating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Increasing beta
      Cell Mass in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Animals.
AB  - The brain is an important modulator of glucose metabolism, and is known to
      respond Gastrodia elata Blume water extract (GEB). Therefore, we examined whether
      long-term administration of GEB has hypoglycemic activity, and its action
      mechanism was explored in partially-pancreatectomized rats that exhibit similar
      characteristics as Asian type 2 diabetes, non-obese insulin-insufficient
      diabetes. The rats were provided high-fat diets supplemented with either of (1)
      0.5% GEB (GEB-L), (2) 2% GEB (GEB-H), (3) 2% dextrin (control), or (4) 2% dextrin
      with rosiglitazone (20 mg/kg body weight; positive-control) for eight weeks. GEB
      dose-dependently improved hypothalamic insulin signaling, enhanced whole-body
      insulin sensitivity during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and reduced hepatic
      glucose output in a hyperinsulinemic state. GEB dose-dependently increased the
      area under the curve of the serum insulin levels at the first and second phases
      during hyperglycemic clamp compared to the control, whereas the positive control
      had no effect. Insulin sensitivity during the hyperglycemic state also improved,
      dose-dependently, in response to GEB compared with that of the control, but was
      less than the positive control. GEB-H increased the mass of beta-cells by
      potentiating proliferation and decreasing apoptosis. In conclusion, GEB could be
      a therapeutic agent for treating Asian type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26978401
TI  - Heart Alterations after Domoic Acid Administration in Rats.
AB  - Domoic acid (DA) is one of the best known marine toxins, causative of important
      neurotoxic alterations. DA effects are documented both in wildlife and
      experimental assays, showing that this toxin causes severe injuries principally
      in the hippocampal area. In the present study we have addressed the long-term
      toxicological effects (30 days) of DA intraperitoneal administration in rats.
      Different histological techniques were employed in order to study DA toxicity in
      heart, an organ which has not been thoroughly studied after DA intoxication to
      date. The presence of DA was detected by immunohistochemical assays, and cellular
      alterations were observed both by optical and transmission electron microscopy.
      Although histological staining methods did not provide any observable tissue
      damage, transmission electron microscopy showed several injuries: a moderate
      lysis of myofibrils and loss of mitochondrial conformation. This is the first
      time the association between heart damage and the presence of the toxin has been
      observed. 

PMID- 26978403
TI  - PhTx3-4, a Spider Toxin Calcium Channel Blocker, Reduces NMDA-Induced Injury of
      the Retina.
AB  - The in vivo neuroprotective effect of PhTx3-4, a spider toxin N-P/Q calcium
      channel blocker, was studied in a rat model of NMDA-induced injury of the retina.
      NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)-induced retinal injury in rats reduced the b-wave
      amplitude by 62% +/- 3.6%, indicating the severity of the insult. PhTx3-4
      treatment increased the amplitude of the b-wave, which was almost equivalent to
      the control retinas that were not submitted to injury. The PhTx3-4 functional
      protection of the retinas recorded on the ERG also was observed in the
      neuroprotection of retinal cells. NMDA-induced injury reduced live cells in the
      retina layers and the highest reduction, 84%, was in the ganglion cell layer.
      Notably, PhTx3-4 treatment caused a remarkable reduction of dead cells in the
      retina layers, and the highest neuroprotective effect was in the ganglion cells
      layer. NMDA-induced cytotoxicity of the retina increased the release of
      glutamate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress. PhTx3-4
      treatment reduced glutamate release, ROS production and oxidative stress measured
      by malondialdehyde. Thus, we presented for the first time evidence of in vivo
      neuroprotection from NMDA-induced retinal injury by PhTx3-4 (-ctenitoxin-Pn3a), a
      spider toxin that blocks N-P/Q calcium channels.

PMID- 26978402
TI  - The Ins and Outs of Anthrax Toxin.
AB  - Anthrax is a severe, although rather rare, infectious disease that is caused by
      the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The infectious
      form is the spore and the major virulence factors of the bacterium are its poly
      gamma-D-glutamic acid capsule and the tripartite anthrax toxin. The discovery of
      the anthrax toxin receptors in the early 2000s has allowed in-depth studies on
      the mechanisms of anthrax toxin cellular entry and translocation from the
      endocytic compartment to the cytoplasm. The toxin generally hijacks the endocytic
      pathway of CMG2 and TEM8, the two anthrax toxin receptors, in order to reach the
      endosomes. From there, the pore-forming subunit of the toxin inserts into
      endosomal membranes and enables translocation of the two catalytic subunits.
      Insertion of the pore-forming unit preferentially occurs in intraluminal vesicles
      rather than the limiting membrane of the endosome, leading to the translocation
      of the enzymatic subunits in the lumen of these vesicles. This has important
      consequences that will be discussed. Ultimately, the toxins reach the cytosol
      where they act on their respective targets. Target modification has severe
      consequences on cell behavior, in particular on cells of the immune system,
      allowing the spread of the bacterium, in severe cases leading to host death. Here
      we will review the literature on anthrax disease with a focus on the structure of
      the toxin, how it enters cells and its immunological effects. 

PMID- 26978405
TI  - Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells: Markers and Functions.
AB  - The discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in human solid tumors has allowed a
      better understanding of the biology and neoplastic transformation of normal
      melanocytes, and the possible mechanisms by which melanoma cells acquire
      tumorigenicity. In this review I summarize the literature findings on the
      potential biomarkers of melanoma CSCs, their presence in the melanoma cell
      populations, the interaction with the immune system (with both T and NK cells)
      and the role of melanoma CSCs in the clinics. Given the extraordinary progress in
      the therapy of melanoma caused by immune checkpoint antibodies blockade, I
      discuss how these antibodies can work by the activation of melanoma infiltrating
      T cells specifically recognizing neo-antigens expressed even by melanoma CSCs.
      This is the mechanism that can induce a regression of the metastatic melanomas. 

PMID- 26978404
TI  - Mast Cell Targeted Chimeric Toxin Can Be Developed as an Adjunctive Therapy in
      Colon Cancer Treatment.
AB  - The association of colitis with colorectal cancer has become increasingly clear
      with mast cells being identified as important inflammatory cells in the process.
      In view of the relationship between mast cells and cancer, we studied the effect
      and mechanisms of mast cells in the development of colon cancer. Functional and
      mechanistic insights were gained from ex vivo and in vivo studies of cell
      interactions between mast cells and CT26 cells. Further evidence was reversely
      obtained in studies of mast cell targeted Fcepsilon-PE40 chimeric toxin.
      Experiments revealed mast cells could induce colon tumor cell proliferation and
      invasion. Cancer progression was found to be related to the density of mast cells
      in colonic submucosa. The activation of MAPK, Rho-GTPase, and STAT pathways in
      colon cancer cells was triggered by mast cells during cell-to-cell interaction.
      Lastly, using an Fcepsilon-PE40 chimeric toxin we constructed, we confirmed the
      promoting effect of mast cells in development of colon cancer. Mast cells are a
      promoting factor of colon cancer and thus also a potential therapeutic target.
      The Fcepsilon-PE40 chimeric toxin targeting mast cells could effectively prevent
      colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, these data may demonstrate a
      novel immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of tumors. 

PMID- 26978407
TI  - Polishing Step Purification of High-Strength Wastewaters by Nanofiltration and
      Reverse Osmosis.
AB  - This article reports findings on the use of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse
      osmosis (RO) for secondary treatment of high-strength rendering facility
      wastewaters following an ultrafiltration step. These wastewaters present
      significant challenges to classical treatment technologies. Constant-pressure,
      direct-flow membrane filtration experiments were done to screen for flux and
      effluent water permeate quality of ten commercial NF and RO membranes. All
      membranes tested were effective in reducing total dissolved salts (TDS) and
      chemical oxygen demand (COD); however, only two membranes (Koch MPF-34 and Toray
      70UB) gave sufficiently stable flux values to warrant longer term cross-flow
      filtration studies. Cross-flow flux measurements, scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and attenuated total reflectance
      Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) indicated that both membranes
      were eventually fouled by organic and inorganic foulants; however, the Toray 70UB
      RO membrane yielded a capacity of 1600 L/m2 prior to cleaning. A preliminary
      economic analysis compared the estimated costs of energy and consumables for a
      dual-stage UF/RO membrane process and dissolved air floatation (DAF) and found
      membrane process costs could be less than about 40% of the current DAF process. 

PMID- 26978406
TI  - Hepatitis Vaccines.
AB  - Viral hepatitis is a serious health problem all over the world. However, the
      reduction of the morbidity and mortality due to vaccinations against hepatitis A
      and hepatitis B has been a major component in the overall reduction in vaccine
      preventable diseases. We will discuss the epidemiology, vaccine development, and
      post-vaccination effects of the hepatitis A and B virus. In addition, we discuss
      attempts to provide hepatitis D vaccine for the 350 million individuals infected
      with hepatitis B globally. Given the lack of a hepatitis C vaccine, the many
      challenges facing the production of a hepatitis C vaccine will be shown, along
      with current and former vaccination trials. As there is no current FDA-approved
      hepatitis E vaccine, we will present vaccination data that is available in the
      rest of the world. Finally, we will discuss the existing challenges and questions
      facing future endeavors for each of the hepatitis viruses, with efforts
      continuing to focus on dramatically reducing the morbidity and mortality
      associated with these serious infections of the liver. 

PMID- 26978408
TI  - Cerebrospinal Fluid Oxaliplatin Contributes to the Acute Pain Induced by Systemic
      Administration of Oxaliplatin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systemic administration of oxaliplatin has no effect on the tumors in
      the central nervous system (CNS) due to the limited concentration of oxaliplatin
      in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while it was clinically reported that
      oxaliplatin can induce acute encephalopathy. Currently, the impairment of
      neuronal functions in the CNS after systemic administration of oxaliplatin
      remains uninvestigated. METHODS: The von Frey test and the plantar test were
      performed to evaluate neuropathic pain behavior after a single intraperitoneal
      administration of oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg) in rats. Inductively coupled plasma-mass
      spectrometry, electrophysiologic recording, real-time quantitative reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Western
      blot, immunohistochemistry, and small interfering RNA were applied to understand
      the mechanisms. RESULTS: Concentration of oxaliplatin in CSF showed a time
      dependent increase after a single administration of oxaliplatin. Spinal
      application of oxaliplatin at the detected concentration (6.6 nM) significantly
      increased the field potentials in the dorsal horn, induced acute mechanical
      allodynia (n = 12 each) and thermal hyperalgesia (n = 12 each), and enhanced the
      evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic
      currents in the projection neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing lamina I to II
      neurons. The authors further found that oxaliplatin significantly increased the
      nuclear factor-kappaB p65 binding and histone H4 acetylation in cx3cl1 promoter
      region. Thus, the upregulated spinal CX3CL1 markedly mediated the induction of
      central sensitization and acute pain behavior after oxaliplatin administration.
      CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggested that oxaliplatin in CSF may
      directly impair the normal function of central neurons and contribute to the
      rapid development of CNS-related side effects during chemotherapy. This provides
      novel targets to prevent oxaliplatin-induced acute painful neuropathy and
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 26978410
TI  - Automated Detection of Uninformative Frames in Pulmonary Optical Endomicroscopy.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Optical endomicroscopy (OEM) is a novel real-time imaging
      technology that provides endoscopic images at a microscopic level. The nature of
      OEM data, as acquired in clinical use, gives rise to the presence of
      uninformative frames (i.e., pure-noise and motion-artefacts). Uninformative
      frames can comprise a considerable proportion (up to > 25%) of a dataset,
      increasing the resources required for analyzing the data (both manually and
      automatically), as well as diluting the results of any automated quantification
      analysis. OBJECTIVE: There is, therefore, a need to automatically detect and
      remove as many of these uninformative frames as possible while keeping frames
      with structural information intact. METHODS: This paper employs Gray Level
      Cooccurrence Matrix texture measures and detection theory to identify and remove
      such frames. The detection of pure-noise and motion-artefacts frames is treated
      as two independent problems. RESULTS: Pulmonary OEM frame sequences of the distal
      lung are employed for the development and assessment of the approach. The
      proposed approach identifies and removes uninformative frames with a sensitivity
      of 93% and a specificity of 92.6%. CONCLUSION: The detection algorithm is
      accurate and robust in pulmonary OEM frame sequences. Conditional to appropriate
      model refinement, the algorithms can become applicable in other organs.

PMID- 26978409
TI  - Is Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy More Than Just a Peripheral Nervous
      System Disorder?

PMID- 26978411
TI  - [Four variants of the pathogenesis of diarrhea and its therapy].
AB  - Diarrhea is a symptom of many diseases; its pathogenesis is associated with four
      main mechanisms: water and electrolyte secretion into the intestinal lumen,
      osmolarity of the chyme, exudation, and impaired intestinal motility. The
      clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy of bowel diseases are discussed
      in terms of the pathogenesis of diarrhea.

PMID- 26978412
TI  - [Treatment motivation in patients with chronic cardiorenal syndrome].
AB  - AIM: To study treatment motivation in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF)
      and in those with CHF concurrent with chronic kidney disease (CKD). SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 203 patients (130 men and 73 women; mean age, 61.8+/-9.6
      years) with CHF diagnosed and assessed in accordance with the National Guidelines
      of the All-Russian Research Society of Cardiology and the Heart Failure Society
      for the diagnosis and treatment of CHF (third edition, 2009) were examined. CKD
      was diagnosed according to the 2012 National Guidelines of the Research
      Nephrology Society of Russia. A group of patients with chronic cardiorenal
      syndrome (CRS) included those with CHF and CKD with a glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) of <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. The clinical course of CHF, personality profile, and
      motivation for non-drug and drug treatments were assessed in patients with
      chronic CRS. RESULTS: CFR was 67.7+/-17.2 ml/min/1.73 m2; chronic CRS was
      observed in 89 (44%) patients. Psychological functioning assessment showed that
      the patients with chronic CRS as compared with those with CHF without CKD had
      high anxiety and maladaptive disease attitudes. CHF treatment motivation
      (compliance with lifestyle modification and medication) was proved inadequate and
      detected only in 31 (15.3%) patients with CHF regardless of the presence of CKD.
      The specific features of psychological functioning, which affected treatment
      motivation, were seen in patients with chronic CRS: those who were lowly
      motivated had a euphoric attitude towards their disease (p=0.03); those who were
      satisfactorily motivated showed an emotive accentuation of character (p=0.002).
      CONCLUSION: The presence of CKD aggravates the clinical course of CHF and
      negatively affects the psychological functioning of patients with CHF. The
      patients with chronic CRS are characterized by a low level of motivation for both
      drug and non-drug treatments, which should be taken into account when managing
      this cohort of patients.

PMID- 26978413
TI  - [Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the indicators of
      cardiovascular risk in patients with acute nonspecific back pain].
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the safety of etoricoxib in patients with acute nonspecific back
      pain associated with the high risk of cardiovascular events (CVE) in clinical
      practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The open prospective follow-up by a simple
      randomization method included 80 patients, including 49 women and 31 men (mean
      60.8+/-4.7 years). The patients were randomized into 4 groups of 20 persons each:
      1) etoricoxib 90 mg/day; 2) nimesulide 100 mg/day; 3) diclofenac 100 mg/day; 4)
      meloxicam 15 mg/day. The investigation lasted 90+/-4.5 days. The interim
      evaluation criteria (study points) were pain changes using a visual analog scale
      (VAS); blood pressure (BP) changes; diurnal BP rhythm; and changes in coagulation
      hemostatic parameters and blood biochemical markers. The primary evaluation
      criteria (study endpoints) were the incidence of CVE in the use of nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). RESULTS: The patients with acute back pain were
      shown to have a high incidence of comorbidities during outpatient care. The
      administration of NSAIDs resulted in a significant reduction in the magnitude and
      intensity of pain syndrome according to VAS in all the groups just on day 3 of
      therapy with a more marked analgesia in patients receiving etoricoxib and
      diclofenac. All the groups exhibited an increase in average daily systolic and
      diastolic BP with the most favorable profile in Group 1 patients. The intake of
      etoricoxib and other NSAIDs provided no evidence for changes in hemostatic
      parameters and biochemical markers during 10 weeks. The safety of etoricoxib was
      comparable with that of NSAIDs in its effect on the plasma hemostatic system.
      CONCLUSION: Unlike nimesulide, diclofenac, and meloxicam, etoricoxib was
      characterized by a rapid steady-state analgesic effect with a less pronounced
      action on diurnal BP rhythm. Within 3 months after treatment, no acute CVE was
      recorded in the patients taking etoricoxib.

PMID- 26978414
TI  - [Severe asthma: Characteristics of patients in clinical practice].
AB  - AIM: To provide clinical characteristics of severe asthma (SA) patients
      encountered in clinical practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional cohort
      study was performed to cover 119 outpatients aged 22-82 years. SA was diagnosed
      according to the ERS/ATS criteria (2014). Spirometry and bronchodilator
      reversibility testing were carried out; fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)
      was measured; inhalant allergen hypersensitivity (skin prick and blood specific
      IgE testing) and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were estimated. Asthma
      control and asthma-related quality of life were assessed. RESULTS: 77% of the
      patients were found to have allergic asthma; in this case, house dust mites were
      leading allergens in the spectrum of sensitization. 82% of the patients were
      observed to have uncontrolled asthma and 76% had incompletely reversible
      bronchial obstruction. The airway eosinophilic inflammation markers (FeNO more
      than 25 ppb and eosinophil counts of more than 150 cells/u) were elevated in 63%
      of the patients. Good compliance was noted in 61% of the patients. There were 27%
      of active smokers who had lower lung function and FeNO levels. The smokers showed
      a low compliance with inhaled glucocorticosteroid treatment. SA was concurrent
      with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 37% of the cases. CONCLUSION: SA is
      a heterogeneous disease. Traditional treatment is not always effective, as many
      patients, despite their treatment, have uncontrolled SA and continuously
      increased markers of airways eosinophilic inflammation. Monoclonal antibody
      therapy may promote success in treating this cohort of patients.

PMID- 26978415
TI  - [Vaccination in patients with chronic renal failure in the pre- and
      posttransplantation period].
AB  - AIM: To clarify whether vaccination provokes renal graft rejection. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 131 vaccinations were performed in 92 patients with chronic
      kidney failure (CKF), including 7 and 85 patients vaccinated before and in
      different periods after kidney transplantation, respectively. The patients were
      examined using needle graft biopsy, measurement of proteinuria, and estimation of
      changes in blood creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS:
      Vaccination was not fount to provoke rejection, as suggested by the results of
      needle biopsy of renal allografts and examination of their function. CONCLUSION:
      Vaccination is safe for patients with CKF as it causes no rejection episodes.

PMID- 26978416
TI  - [Matrix metalloproteinase 2, 3, and 9 gene polymorphisms in women with rheumatoid
      arthritis].
AB  - AIM: To study the promoter regions of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP3,
      and MMP9 genes to assess their associations with the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) and with the types of its clinical course in women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      162 female patients with RA and 329 women without this condition were examined.
      Polymorphisms in the gene promoter region for MMP2 (-1306 S->T), MMP3 (-1171 5A
      >6A), and MMP9 (-1562 S->T) were studied. Genotyping was carried out using the
      restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: In the RA group, the 
      1306TT genotype of MMP2 was significantly more frequently encountered and the
      6A6A genotype was less frequently seen. In the seropositive RA group, the
      frequency of the -1306TT genotype of MMP2 was significantly higher than that in
      the healthy individuals. The significant differences shown for the entire group
      of patients with RA were preserved when they were divided into groups according
      to the presence or absence of rheumatoid nodules. Furthermore, the frequency of
      the homozygous -1306 genotypes of MMP2 was higher in both groups than in the
      healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: The presence of the allelic variants of the MMP
      genes may be one of the genetic factors that predispose to RA in women.

PMID- 26978417
TI  - [Correction of an inflammatory process with an interleukin-1 inhibitor in the
      combination treatment of secondary osteoarthritis in the presence of comorbid
      condition].
AB  - AIM: To enhance the efficiency of treatment in patients with secondary
      osteoarthritis (OA) in the presence of comorbid condition, by using an
      interleukin-1 inhibitor (IL-1i) and laser therapy (LT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A
      total of 248 patients aged 38 to 65 years with RA and secondary OA who had
      predominantly Stage II in accordance with the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28)
      were examined. According to the received therapy, the patients were divided into
      4 groups: 1) IL-1i + LT + mrthotrexate (MT); 2) IL-1i + MT; 3) LT + MT; 4) MT.
      The efficiency of treatment was evaluated from changes in the KOOS (Knee injury
      and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score), DAS 28, IL-1, and cartilage oligomeric matrix
      protein (COMP) 6 months later. RESULTS: There were statistically significant
      functional improvements in KOOS and DAS28 in Groups 1 and 2 patients with
      secondary OA in RA. Clinical efficacy was confirmed by positive changes in serum
      IL-1 and COMP levels. CONCLUSION: Incorporation of an IL-1i into a therapy
      regimen for secondary OA in RA patients during basic therapy could not only
      improve the functional status of patients, but also decrease activity of the
      underlying disease according to the DAS 28.

PMID- 26978419
TI  - [Trend in the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis among the adult population in
      the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2011-2012].
AB  - AIM: To analyze a trend in overall and new-onset rheumatoid arthritis morbidity
      among the adult population in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2011-2012. SUBJECTS
      AND METHODS: The data of 2011-2012 annual statistical reports on "Population
      Health and Healthcare System" (Form 12) were analyzed. The indicators in the
      Republic of Kazakhstan were taken from the statistics digest "Population Health
      in the Republic of Kazakhstan and Activities of Healthcare Facilities". RESULTS:
      Comparative analysis of the indicators revealed an increment in overall morbidity
      by 1%, including that in the incidence of musculoskeletal diseases (MSD) by 3%
      (the increment rate per 100,000 was 2%). The rise in MSD prevalence was 20% among
      the adults (aged 18 years and older) and 21% among the women; the increase in the
      number of patients with a first established diagnosis of RA was 27% and that was
      20% among the women. There was a higher rate of rises by 52 and 48% in the number
      of MSD patients aged 60 years and older and in that of women, respectively; the
      number of patients with a first established diagnosis of RA increased by 10% and
      that rose 12% in the women. The number of patients with a first established
      diagnosis of RA increased considerably by 27 and 20% among the adults aged 18
      years and older) and by 10 and 12% among those aged 60 years or over,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: In the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a high
      prevalence of MSD among people aged above 18 years and above 60 years and there
      is a preponderance of able-bodied persons aged 18 years or above with a first
      established diagnosis of RA.

PMID- 26978418
TI  - [Use of ARTRA MSM FORTE in patients with knee osteoarthritis: Results of a
      randomized open-label comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of the
      drug].
AB  - AIM: To study the clinical efficacy and safety of the combined medication ARTRA
      MSM FORTE (400 mg chondroitin sulfate, 500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, 300 mg
      methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), and 10 mg sodium hyaluronate calculated with
      reference to hyaluronic acid) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). SUBJECTS
      AND METHODS: The study enrolled 100 patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grades 2-3
      knee OA with obvious pain syndrome (pain intensity scores on a visual analog
      scale (VAS)) equal or greater than 40 mm during walking. The patients were
      examined monthly; changes in WOMAC index scores, Get-Up and Go test results, the
      efficiency of therapy in the opinion of a physician and a patient, and quality of
      life according to the EQ-5D questionnaire were estimated. They were randomized
      into 2 groups: 1) 50 patients took ARTRA MSM as 2 tablets daily for one month,
      then 1 tablet daily; 2) 50 received ARTRA in accordance with the same scheme.
      Clinical examination was performed before and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of the
      study. RESULTS: All the 100 patients completed treatment. Analysis of the results
      showed a significant decrease in pain on VAS in both groups. Reduced pain
      intensity was observed by the end of the first month of therapy and remained
      throughout the follow-up. Both medications diminished stiffness just after a
      month of therapy. They alleviated joint function and reduced total WOMAC scores
      at Visit 2. Analysis of Get-Up and Go test results indicated significantly less
      spent time in both groups; however, these differences reached the statistical
      significance in the ARTRA MSM group just at Visit 2 and in the ARTRA group only
      at Visit 3. The effect ARTRA MSM occurred more rapidly. This was confirmed by the
      patient and physician evaluations of the efficiency of treatment, which indicated
      that its positive effect occurred more rapidly in the ARTRA MSM group (p=0.02).
      Estimation of EQ-5D scores also showed positive results: there was a significant
      improvement of these indicators in the two compared groups at Visit 3. Both
      medications were very well tolerated and caused no adverse reactions; therapy was
      not discontinued. CONCLUSION: ARTRA MSM is rapider in its effect: a significant
      improvement in Get-Up and Go test results and patient and physician evaluations
      of the efficiency of treatment. Additional interviews of the patients taking
      ARTRA MSM demonstrated that 36 (72%) of them reported a prompter pain relief than
      the ARTRA-treated patients. ARTRA MSM may be recommended for the treatment of OA
      in clinical practice.

PMID- 26978420
TI  - [Specific features of the enteric microbiota composition in patients with
      alcoholic liver cirrhosis].
AB  - AIM: To establish the specific features of the taxonomic and functional
      composition of the enteric microbiota in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis
      (LC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Metagenomic analysis was used to study the taxonomic
      composition and functional potential of the enteric microbiota in 20 patients
      with alcoholic LC. Total DNA was isolated from the patients' fecal samples;
      thereafter full genome sequencing was carried out. The metagenomic analysis
      yielded the results of the relative taxonomic and functional abundance of
      microbial species in the test samples. These were comparatively analyzed with the
      previously published metagenomic datasets of healthy population cohorts in the
      Russian Federation, as well as in Denmark, China, and the USA. RESULTS: In the
      majority of patients, the dominant part of the intestinal community represented
      bacterial species constituting the normal human intestinal flora. At the same
      time, abnormal gut microbiota composition, which was suggestive of marked
      dysbacteriosis, was identified in a number of patients. In addition, pooled
      analysis of the data could identify a number of species with a statistically
      significantly increase and decrease in the relative abundance as compared to the
      control groups. Thus, the enteric microbiota of the patients with alcoholic LC
      showed a high proportion of bacteria characteristic of the oral cavity. Analysis
      of the pooled metabolic potential of the microbiota in these patients
      demonstrated the higher abundance of enzyme genes involved in alcohol metabolism.
      CONCLUSION: In the patients with alcoholic LC, the microbiota composition changes
      identified in individual bacterial species may be associated with
      gastrointestinal comorbidities, such as chronic erosive gastritis, chronic
      pancreatitis, and gastric ulcer. The alterations occurring in alcoholic cirrhosis
      promote the penetration and generation of oral cavity-specific microorganisms in
      the human intestine. This may a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of liver
      diseases. The bacterial enzyme genes involved in alcohol metabolism have an
      increased abundance in patients with alcoholic LC and healthy volunteers from the
      Russian Federation.

PMID- 26978421
TI  - [Fundamental bases for the use of silk fibroin-based bioresorbable microvehicles
      as an example of skin regeneration in therapeutic practice].
AB  - AIM: To assess whether silk fibroin-based microvehicles (MVs) may be used to grow
      fibroblasts (FBs) and keratinocytes (KCs), key cellular components in skin
      regeneration after injury. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cryogrinding was applied to
      derive MVs from fibroin-based and fibroin- and 30% gelatin-containing composite
      matrices. To examine the structure of the matrices and MVs, confocal microscopy
      was used to conjugate the polymer with the dye tetramethylrhodamine
      isothiocyanate. Microparticle size distribution was estimated by granulometric
      analysis. 3T3 mouse FBs and cultured primary mouse KCs expressing green
      fluorescent protein (GFP) were used to study whether fibroin-based MVs might be
      suitable for growing the cells involved in skin regeneration. KC growth was
      analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy from cellular GFP expression. The
      proliferation rate of FBs and KCs was estimated by a MTT assay. RESULTS: There
      were two derived MV types: fibroin-based and fibroin and 30% gelatin-containing
      composite ones. On day 1, 3T3 mouse FBs on the fibroin-based gelatin-free MVs
      actively proliferated and the presence of gelatin in MVs diminished the
      proliferation of these cells. Fibroin-based MVs were shown to be suitable for the
      effective in vitro growth of KCs expressing cytokeratins 5 and 14, the major
      markers of KCs in the basal layer. Gelatin did not give rise to accelerated KC
      growth. The investigation has demonstrated that is possible to regulate FB
      proliferation on MVs, which is of great importance in delivering the cells into
      the site of injury since intensive proliferation of FBs may lead to the
      development of fibrosis and the formation of scar tissue. Balanced FB growth is
      essential to the creation of optimal conditions for KC growth in composite tissue
      engineering constructions. CONCLUSION: The use of fibroin-based MVs is promising
      for the design of novel therapeutic materials and injectable cell therapy for
      different diseases.

PMID- 26978422
TI  - [A case of irreversible cardiomyopathy induced by polychemotherapy].
AB  - The paper describes a case of irreversible dilated cardiomyopathy in a young
      female patient receiving polychemotherapy for breast cancer.

PMID- 26978423
TI  - [IgG4-related disease and clonal B-cell lymphoid proliferation: Description of
      two clinical cases and a review of literature].
AB  - IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic immune-related disease that may
      involve the pancreas, liver, retroperitoneal space, biliary tract, salivary and
      lacrimal glands, eye socket, lung, and kidney. In term of pathomorphogenesis, it
      is a fibroinflammatory disease manifesting as a tumor-like lesion of organs,
      elevated serum IgG4 levels, and a morphofunctional substrate - the development of
      marked fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the tissues with the high
      content of IgG4-positive plasma cells. The detection of a tumor-like nodule
      frequently leads to that the patients with IgG4-RD undergo major traumatic
      surgery for presumed cancer. At the same time, a number of investigations show
      the association of IgG4-RD with the development of cancer and lymphoproliferative
      diseases. The paper describes two clinical cases: Russia's first diagnosis of
      MALT lymphoma of the lacrimal gland, IgG4-positive and IgG4-RD with a rare onset
      with a destruction focus in the cervical vertebrae, multiple organ dysfunction, B
      cell clonality in salivary gland tissue and PIgMkappa secretion. It also reviews
      world literature on the development of lymphoproliferative diseases in the
      presence of IgG4-RD.

PMID- 26978424
TI  - [Minimal-change glomerulonephritis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A clinical
      case].
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in association with glomerulonephritis (GN)
      and renal failure is a serious problem in terms of therapy. The paper reports a
      clinical case of a 64-year-old female patient with Binet stage C CLL accompanied
      by minimal-change GN complicated by nephrotic syndrome and the development of
      acute renal failure. GN was diagnosed on the basis of electron microscopic
      studies of renal biopsy specimens. It was treated with rituximab in combination
      with bendamustine. The former was intravenously injected in a dose of 375 mg/m2
      on day 0 of the cycle; the latter was given in a dose of 70 mg/m2 within the
      first 2 days; the cycle was repeated 28 days after initiation of the previous
      cycle. Five cycles could result in complete CLL remission (the follow-up duration
      was 20 months); nephrotic syndrome was completely abolished and kidney function
      recovered.

PMID- 26978426
TI  - Growth of NiCo2O4@MnMoO4 Nanocolumn Arrays with Superior Pseudocapacitor
      Properties.
AB  - Three-dimensional heterostructured NiCo2O4@MnMoO4 nanocolumn arrays (NCAs) on Ni
      foam were first fabricated through an improved two-step hydrothermal process
      associated with a successive annealing treatment. The hybrid NiCo2O4@MnMoO4
      electrode exhibited remarkable pseudocapacitor property with high initial mass
      specific capacitance of 1705.3 F g(-1) at 5 mA cm(-2), and retained 92.6% after
      5000 cycles, compared to the bare NiCo2O4 electrode with 839.1 F g(-1) and 90.9%.
      The excellent capacitive property of the NiCo2O4@MnMoO4 hydrid was attributed to
      its high-electron/ion-transfer rate, large electrolyte infiltrate area, and more
      electroactive reaction sites. 

PMID- 26978425
TI  - [FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive myeloproliferative disease with eosinophilia: A rare case
      with multiple organ dysfunction and a response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor
      therapy].
AB  - The described case of FIP1L1-PDGFRA-positive myeloproliferative disease is
      characterized by an atypical aggressive course to develop severe specific
      complications as injuries to the brain, heart, lung, and intestine. Pathogenetic
      therapy with imatinib could stabilize a patient's state, but failed to produce a
      complete hematological response. Switching from imatinib to dasatinib could
      produce sustained clinical, hematological, and molecular remissions.

PMID- 26978427
TI  - Acupoint Application for Asthma Therapy in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta
      Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the evidence available on the effects of acupuncture
      point (acupoint) application for asthma therapy in adults. METHODS: Six
      electronic databases were searched up to May 2014 to identify relevant studies.
      Randomized controlled trials, which assessed the effects of acupoint application
      for asthma treatment in adults, were included in our review. The methodological
      quality of eligible studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
      The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of a
      random-effects model were calculated. The heterogeneity was assessed using I2
      statistics. RESULTS: Eight studies were included in our review. The aggregated
      results indicated that acupoint application improved forced expiratory volume in
      1 second (FEV1) (SMD, 0.32; 95% CI 0.04-0.60; p = 0.03), FEV1/forced vital
      capacity (SMD, 0.89; 95% CI 0.70-1.09; p < 0.00001), interleukin (SMD, -0.26; 95%
      CI -0.50 to -0.01; p = 0.04) and immunoglobulin E (SMD, -0.49; 95% CI -0.83 to 
      0.16; p = 0.004) in patients with asthma, but not eosinophilic cation protein
      (SMD, -0.58; 95% CI -1.42 to 0.26; p = 0.18). There was no sufficient evidence
      for the follow-up effects of acupoint application for asthma therapy in adults.
      CONCLUSIONS: Acupoint application may be a valid complementary and alternative
      therapy for asthma in adults. It contributes especially to improving pulmonary
      function and reducing the levels of interleukin and immunoglobulin E. However,
      more studies with longer follow-ups are warranted to confirm the current
      findings.

PMID- 26978428
TI  - Maltotriose-conjugation to a fluorinated chlorin derivative generating a PDT
      photosensitizer with improved water-solubility.
AB  - Photoactive molecules with the frameworks of chlorin and/or porphyrin possessing
      four perfluorinated aromatic rings were conjugated with maltotriose (Mal3) via
      the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction and subsequent deprotection
      reaction of the oligosaccharide moieties. The resulting oligosaccharide
      conjugated molecules are ultimately improved as compared to the previously
      reported monosaccharide-counterparts in terms of water-solubility. In particular,
      a water-soluble chlorin derivative surrounded by four Mal3 molecules showed an
      excellent biocompatibility, strong photoabsorption in the longer wavelength
      regions, and a very high photocytotoxicity. Thus, the present synthetic route
      combined with the use of an oligosaccharide was shown to be a straightforward
      strategy to develop a third generation photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy
      (PDT). 

PMID- 26978429
TI  - FP-CIT- and IBZM-SPECT in Corticobasal Syndrome: Results from a Clinical Follow
      Up Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the striatal presynaptic dopamine transporter (FP-CIT
      SPECT) and postsynaptic D2 receptor (IBZM-SPECT) binding in patients with
      corticobasal syndrome (CBS). BACKGROUND: FP-CIT and IBZM are commercially
      available and approved SPECT tracers for in vivo molecular imaging of pre- and
      postsynaptic nigrostriatal neuronal degeneration, but only few data for CBS are
      available. METHODS: 23 patients meeting clinical criteria for early- to mid-stage
      CBS (disease duration <=4 years) were examined with SPECT radiotracers FP-CIT and
      IBZM. All suspected CBS patients underwent a clinical follow-up examination and
      were re-evaluated after 19.7 +/- 15.2 months (mean +/- SD). Postmortem diagnosis
      was available for 2 patients. In patients who met research criteria for probable
      CBS at the final follow-up visit (n = 19; disease duration: 1.95 +/- 0.91 years),
      SPECT binding values were compared to those of age- and gender-matched
      Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (n = 18, disease duration: 1.92 +/- 0.91 years;
      clinical follow-up: 32 +/- 29.6 months) and neurologically normal control
      subjects (n = 19). RESULTS: In comparison to the healthy control subjects, both
      patient groups showed significant and asymmetric reduction of the striatal
      presynaptic dopamine transporter binding, but PD patients had significantly lower
      FP-CIT binding ratios than probable-CBS patients. FP-CIT binding values of
      probable-CBS patients and healthy controls demonstrated marked overlaps, and in 7
      patients (39%) scans revealed no dopaminergic deficit. IBZM uptake did not show
      significant between-group differences. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that in the
      early- to mid-stage CBS the degree of nigrostriatal impairment is only mild with
      a significant proportion of preserved dopamine transporter binding.

PMID- 26978430
TI  - Application of (119)Sn CPMG MAS NMR for Fast Characterization of Sn Sites in
      Zeolites with Natural (119)Sn Isotope Abundance.
AB  - (119)Sn CPMG MAS NMR is demonstrated to be a fast and efficient method for
      characterization of Sn-sites in Sn-containing zeolites. Tuning of the CPMG echo
      train sequence decreases the experimental time by a factor of 5-40 in the case of
      as-synthesized and hydrated Sn-BEA samples and by 3 orders of magnitude in the
      case of dehydrated Sn-BEA samples as compared to conventional methods. In the
      latter case, the reconstruction of the quantitative spectrum without the loss of
      sensitivity is shown to be possible. The method proposed allows obtaining (119)Sn
      MAS NMR spectra with improved resolution for Sn-BEA zeolites with natural (119)Sn
      isotope abundance using conventional MAS NMR equipment. 

PMID- 26978456
TI  - Planned Repeat Cesarean Section at Term and Adverse Childhood Health Outcomes: A
      Record-Linkage Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Global cesarean section (CS) rates range from 1% to 52%, with a
      previous CS being the commonest indication. Labour following a previous CS
      carries risk of scar rupture, with potential for offspring hypoxic brain injury,
      leading to high rates of repeat elective CS. However, the effect of delivery by
      CS on long-term outcomes in children is unclear. Increasing evidence suggests
      that in avoiding exposure to maternal bowel flora during labour or vaginal birth,
      offspring delivered by CS may be adversely affected in terms of energy uptake
      from the gut and immune development, increasing obesity and asthma risks,
      respectively. This study aimed to address the evidence gap on long-term childhood
      outcomes following repeat CS by comparing adverse childhood health outcomes after
      (1) planned repeat CS and (2) unscheduled repeat CS with those that follow
      vaginal birth after CS (VBAC). METHODS AND FINDINGS: A data-linkage cohort study
      was performed. All second-born, term, singleton offspring delivered between 1
      January 1993 and 31 December 2007 in Scotland, UK, to women with a history of CS
      (n = 40,145) were followed up until 31 January 2015. Outcomes assessed included
      obesity at age 5 y, hospitalisation with asthma, learning disability, cerebral
      palsy, and death. Cox regression and binary logistic regression were used as
      appropriate to compare outcomes following planned repeat CS (n = 17,919) and
      unscheduled repeat CS (n = 8,847) with those following VBAC (n = 13,379). Risk of
      hospitalisation with asthma was greater following both unscheduled repeat CS
      (3.7% versus 3.3%, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.18, 95% CI 1.05-1.33) and planned
      repeat CS (3.6% versus 3.3%, adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.09-1.42) compared with
      VBAC. Learning disability and death were more common following unscheduled repeat
      CS compared with VBAC (3.7% versus 2.3%, adjusted odds ratio 1.64, 95% CI 1.17
      2.29, and 0.5% versus 0.4%, adjusted HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.00-2.25, respectively).
      Risk of obesity at age 5 y and risk of cerebral palsy were similar between
      planned repeat CS or unscheduled repeat CS and VBAC. Study limitations include
      the risk that women undergoing an unscheduled CS had intended to have a planned
      CS, and lack of data on indication for CS, which may confound the findings.
      CONCLUSIONS: Birth by repeat CS, whether planned or unscheduled, was associated
      with an increased risk of hospitalisation with asthma but no difference in risk
      of obesity at age 5 y. Greater risk of death and learning disability following
      unscheduled repeat CS compared to VBAC may reflect complications during labour.
      Further research, including meta-analyses of studies of rarer outcomes (e.g.,
      cerebral palsy), are needed to confirm whether such risks are similar between
      delivery groups.

PMID- 26978458
TI  - Spatiotemporal multistage consensus clustering in molecular dynamics studies of
      large proteins.
AB  - The aim of this work is to find semi-rigid domains within large proteins as
      reference structures for fitting molecular dynamics trajectories. We propose an
      algorithm, multistage consensus clustering, MCC, based on minimum variation of
      distances between pairs of Calpha-atoms as target function. The whole dataset
      (trajectory) is split into sub-segments. For a given sub-segment, spatial
      clustering is repeatedly started from different random seeds, and we adopt the
      specific spatial clustering with minimum target function: the process described
      so far is stage 1 of MCC. Then, in stage 2, the results of spatial clustering are
      consolidated, to arrive at domains stable over the whole dataset. We found that
      MCC is robust regarding the choice of parameters and yields relevant information
      on functional domains of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) studied in
      this paper: the alpha-helices and beta-floor of the protein (MHC) proved to be
      most flexible and did not contribute to clusters of significant size. Three
      alleles of the MHC, each in complex with ABCD3 peptide and LC13 T-cell receptor
      (TCR), yielded different patterns of motion. Those alleles causing immunological
      allo-reactions showed distinct correlations of motion between parts of the
      peptide, the binding cleft and the complementary determining regions (CDR)-loops
      of the TCR. Multistage consensus clustering reflected functional differences
      between MHC alleles and yields a methodological basis to increase sensitivity of
      functional analyses of bio-molecules. Due to the generality of approach, MCC is
      prone to lend itself as a potent tool also for the analysis of other kinds of big
      data.

PMID- 26978457
TI  - Heat shock response of thermophilic fungi: membrane lipids and soluble
      carbohydrates under elevated temperatures.
AB  - The heat shock (HS) response is an adaptation of organisms to elevated
      temperature. It includes substantial changes in the composition of cellular
      membranes, proteins and soluble carbohydrates. To protect the cellular
      macromolecules, thermophilic organisms have evolved mechanisms of persistent
      thermotolerance. Many of those mechanisms are common for thermotolerance and the
      HS response. However, it remains unknown whether thermophilic species respond to
      HS by further elevating concentrations of protective components. We investigated
      the composition of the soluble cytosol carbohydrates and membrane lipids of the
      thermophilic fungi Rhizomucor tauricus and Myceliophthora thermophilaat optimum
      temperature conditions (41-43  degrees S), and under HS (51-53  degrees S). At
      optimum temperatures, the membrane lipid composition was characterized by a high
      proportion of phosphatidic acids (PA) (20-35 % of the total), which were the main
      components of the membrane lipids, together with phosphatidylcholines (PC),
      phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and sterols (St). In response to HS, the
      proportion of PA and St increased, and the amount of PC and PE decreased. No
      decrease in the degree of fatty acid desaturation in the major phospholipids
      under HS was detected. The mycelium of all fungi at optimum temperatures
      contained high levels of trehalose (8-10 %, w/w; 60-95 % of the total
      carbohydrates), which is a hallmark of thermophilia. In contrast to mesophilic
      fungi, heat exposure decreased the trehalose level and the fungi did not acquire
      thermotolerance to lethal HS, indicating that trehalose plays a key role in this
      process. This pattern of changes appears to be conserved in the studied
      filamentous thermophilic fungi.

PMID- 26978460
TI  - Zero Pain Is Not the Goal.

PMID- 26978461
TI  - Semifluorinated Alkanes at the Air-Water Interface: Tailoring Structure and
      Rheology at the Molecular Scale.
AB  - Semifluorinated alkanes form monolayers with interesting properties at the air
      water interface due to their pronounced amphi-solvophobic nature and the
      stiffness of the fluorocarbons. In the present work, using a combination of
      structural and dynamic probes, we investigated how small molecular changes can be
      used to control the properties of such an interface, in particular its
      organization, rheology, and reversibility during compression-expansion cycles.
      Starting from a reference system perfluor(dodecyl)dodecane, we first retained the
      linear structure but changed the linkage groups between the alkyl chains and the
      fluorocarbons, by introducing either a phenyl group or two oxygens. Next, the
      molecular structure was changed from linear to branched, with four side chains
      (two fluorocarbons and two hydrocarbons) connected to extended aromatic cores.
      Neutron reflectivity at the air-water interface and scanning force microscopy on
      deposited films show how the changes in the molecular structure affect molecular
      arrangement relative to the interface. Rheological and compression-expansion
      measurements demonstrate the significant consequences of these changes in
      molecular structure and interactions on the interfacial properties. Remarkably,
      even with these simple molecules, a wide range of surface rheological behaviors
      can be engineered, from viscous over viscoelastic to brittle solids, for very
      similar values of the surface pressure. 

PMID- 26978462
TI  - [Accelerated postoperative rehabilitation: multidisciplinary issue. Part 2].
AB  - AIM: To discuss the main aspects of multimodal method of accelerated
      postoperative rehabilitation (fast track surgery). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      program of accelerated rehabilitation consists of minimization of surgical
      treatment's stressful influence on patient's organism in all stages of
      perioperative period. The method implies use of efficient preoperative
      management, minimally invasive operations, regional anesthesia and short-acting
      anesthetics, early postoperative rehabilitation. RESULTS: The program improves
      the results of surgical treatment, reduces number of complications and cost of
      treatment, improves the "quality" of hospital stay and satisfaction of meeting
      with doctors.

PMID- 26978463
TI  - [Surgery of pancreatic injuries].
AB  - AIM: To estimate different approaches to treatment of victims with pancreatic
      trauma with pancreatic trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was analyzedthe results
      of treatment of 342 victims with pancreatic trauma in N.V. Sklifosovskiy Research
      Institute of Emergency Care for the period 1991-2012. RESULTS: It was concluded
      that for the las decade curative and diagnostic tactics for pancreatic injury in
      victims with combined abdominal trauma has been changed; current diagnostic
      markers of pancreatic lesion and adequate intraoperative diagnosis are used. All
      of this together with timely specific therapy and adherence to guidelines of
      surgical treatment decreased mortality rate from 17.0 to 11.1% and suppurative
      complications incidence from 43.8 to 19.9%.

PMID- 26978464
TI  - [Nesidioblastosis (diagnosis, surgical treatment)].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nesidioblastosis (NB) is rare disease with organic hyperinsulinism
      syndrome and caused by diffuse hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of pancreatic
      islands of Langerhans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of surgical treatment of
      3 patients with NB are presented. In all patients the diagnosis was suspected at
      the preoperative stage and confirmed by histological examination later. Herewith
      in 2 patients NB was combined with insulinoma. All patients underwent corpora
      caudal pancreatectomy. RESULTS: In postoperative period one patient hadn't
      episodes of hypoglycemia for the entire follow-up period (5 months), in another
      patient hypoglycemic states occurred at 1.5 months after surgery. The third
      patient required pancreatic head extirpation at 11 days after surgery due to
      persistent severe course of organic hyperinsulinism. In immediate postoperative
      period in the same patient hyperinsular hypoglycemia was observed that pointed on
      extrapancreatic source of insulin secretion. However contrast-enhanced CT did not
      reveal any formations. CONCLUSION: Thus, corpora-caudal pancreatectomy is
      preferable as surgical treatment. Results of surgical management can provide a
      complete regression of the symptoms, but do not guarantee absence of recurrence
      and even any changes in frequency and severity of hypoglycemic states.

PMID- 26978465
TI  - [Endoscopic transpapillary lithoextraction in case of parapapillary
      diverticulum].
AB  - AIM: To present the experience of endoscopic transpapillary procedures in
      patients with parapapillary diverticulum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Endoscopic
      transpapillary treatment of choledocholithiasis was performed in 16.8% (423) of
      patients with suspected bile ducts stones for the period from August 2010 to
      January 2015. There were parapapillary diverticulum in all cases. Patients' age
      was from 29 to 92 years, there were 121 men and 302 women. Endoscopic
      transpapillary bile drainage was made in 407 (96.3%) cases. One-stage treatment
      was performed in 352 (83.2%) patients. The results of endoscopic transpapillary
      procedures in patients with parapapillary diverticulum were analyzed. RESULTS: We
      revealed high efficacy of transpapillary interventions in these patients.
      Herewith visualization of large duodenal papilla, determination of ducts'
      anatomic relations with diverticular and intestinal walls and adherence to main
      methodical and technical aspects of procedure are very important for successful
      treatment.

PMID- 26978467
TI  - [Multi-stage surgical treatment of woundeds with combined thermomechanic injuries
      in local armed conflict].
AB  - AIM: To improve the results of surgical treatment of woundeds with combined
      thermomechanic injuries in local armed conflict. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was
      analyzed treatment of 93 victims with thermomechanic injuries. In 29 (31.2%)
      aptients only Early Total Care protocol (ETC) was used up to 2001. These victims
      received complete surgical care. Since 2002 diffirentiated approach of multi
      stage surgical treatment (Damage Control Surgery) has been applied. ETC tactics
      was used if systolic blood pressure was more than 90 mm Hg (30 woundeds, 32.2%).
      DCS protocol was preferred in case of blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg or
      multiple-organ failure (34 patients, 36.6%). RESULTS: Diffirentiated surgical
      approach decreases mortality rate from 13.8% to 7.8% (p=0.453) compared with
      group of conventional one-stage care.

PMID- 26978466
TI  - [Correction of endotoxemia in patients with pancreatic necrosis].
AB  - AIM: To study the results of deferoxamine (Deferal) administration in intensive
      therapy program of 63 patients with severe acute pancreatitis to decrease effect
      of oxidative stress and endotoxemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In deferoxamine group
      (31 patients) there were decrease of serum iron's level and inhibition of free
      radical oxidation that led to early relief of endotoxemia, reducing periods of
      organs' dysfunction. It was not observed in comparison group (32 patients).
      RESULTS: Deferoxamine decrease risk of pancreatic necrosis and pancreatogenic
      sepsis. It allows reducing ICU- and hospital-stay and number of extended surgical
      procedures.

PMID- 26978468
TI  - [Spleen-preserving D2 lymphodissection in gastrectomy].
AB  - AIM: To analyze immediate and remote results of surgical treatment of 480
      patients with gastric cancer who underwent total gastrectomy. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The study group included 371 patients who had spleen-preserving D2
      lymphodissection during gastrectomy and control group consisted of 109 patients
      after D2 lymphodissection with splenectomy. Duration of surgery was 183.7+/-33.8
      and 184.1+/-30.9 min in study and control groups respectively (p=0.72), blood
      loss - 330.2+/-33.7 and 351.8+/-28.8 ml (p=0.0001), incidence of postoperative
      complications - 6.7% (25 cases) and 4.6% (5 cases) respectively (p=0.5),
      mortality rate - 2.7% and 0.9% respectively (p=0.46). Number of excised regional
      lymph nodes of groups 10 and 11 was in most patients of the study group - 5.8 and
      5.5 (p=0.92). Metastases in splenic hilus lymph nodes were diagnosed in 28 (7.5%)
      and 9 (8.2%) patients of the study and control groups respectively (p=0.30),
      metastases in lymph nodes along splenic vessels - in 24 (6.5%) and 7 (6.4%)
      patients respectively (p=0.90). RESULTS: 5-year survival in the study group was
      40.3+/-3.0%, average life expectancy - 3.4+/-3.3 years, in the control groups -
      33.1+/-5.6% and 2.7+/-2.5 years respectively. It was concluded that spleen
      preserving D2 lymphodissection decreases incidence of postoperative complications
      and has similar drastic nature as standard lymphodissection with splenectomy.

PMID- 26978469
TI  - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of adrenocortical cancer with invasion into
      great veins].
AB  - AIM: To estimate immediate and remote resaults of treatment of adrenocortical
      cancer with invasion into great veins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was analyzed
      survey and treatment results in 3 patients with adrenocortical cancer and
      invasion into renal veins and inferior vena cava. RESULTS: Radical surgery with
      tumoral thrombi removal from great vessels was performed in all cases. There were
      no complications and deaths in early postoperative period. Life expectancy after
      surgery was 6, 13 and over 58 months. CONCLUSION: At present time surgical
      intervention for adrenocortical cancer with invasion into great veins is single
      method to prolong patients' life.

PMID- 26978470
TI  - [Indications and surgical results of chronic colostasis treatment].
AB  - AIM: To define the surgical indications in patients with chronic colostasis who
      were operated using original technique and to access obtained results. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: It was analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 81 patients
      with chronic colostasis in remote postoperative period. We have proved that
      extended left-sided hemicolectomy with rectosigmoid resection, positive mesentery
      root rotation and transposition of right large bowel to left part of abdominal
      cavity, creation of new ligamentary apparatus provide favourable remote results
      and increase life's quality of operated patients. RESULTS: Complex analysis of
      clinical, morphological and functional results before and after medical therapy
      allowed to define indications and optimal period for surgical treatment in
      patients with chronic decompensated colostasis.

PMID- 26978471
TI  - [Surgical management of traumatic retroperitoneal hemor-rhage].
AB  - AIM: To present the algorithm of management of victims using modern technologies
      including CT, laparoscopy, angiography, intraabdominal pressure monitoring, etc.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Treatment of 395 victims with traumatic retroperitoneal
      hemorrhage was analyzed. RESULTS: It was shown that the use of developed
      algorithm decreases mortality rate from 10.5 to 4.5% and postoperative
      complications incidence from 23 to 14.1% in reviewed patients.

PMID- 26978472
TI  - [Clinical cases of effective use of rivaroxaban in venous thromboembolic
      complications management in patients with cancer and collagen diseases].

PMID- 26978473
TI  - [Extra-anatomic thoracic aortic bypass in patient with aortic arch hypoplasia and
      coarctation].

PMID- 26978474
TI  - [Surgical treatment of descending aortic aneurysm with destruction of vertebral
      bodies].

PMID- 26978475
TI  - [Bleeding giant duodenal ulcer caused by intake of non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs].

PMID- 26978476
TI  - [Again about sepsis: philosophy of dialectical unity of definition and clinical
      practice].

PMID- 26978477
TI  - Fragment-Linking Approach Using (19)F NMR Spectroscopy To Obtain Highly Potent
      and Selective Inhibitors of beta-Secretase.
AB  - Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become a widely used tool in small
      molecule drug discovery efforts. One of the most commonly used biophysical
      methods in detecting weak binding of fragments is nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) spectroscopy. In particular, FBDD performed with (19)F NMR-based methods
      has been shown to provide several advantages over (1)H NMR using traditional
      magnetization-transfer and/or two-dimensional methods. Here, we demonstrate the
      utility and power of (19)F-based fragment screening by detailing the
      identification of a second-site fragment through (19)F NMR screening that binds
      to a specific pocket of the aspartic acid protease, beta-secretase (BACE-1). The
      identification of this second-site fragment allowed the undertaking of a fragment
      linking approach, which ultimately yielded a molecule exhibiting a more than 360
      fold increase in potency while maintaining reasonable ligand efficiency and
      gaining much improved selectivity over cathepsin-D (CatD). X-ray crystallographic
      studies of the molecules demonstrated that the linked fragments exhibited binding
      modes consistent with those predicted from the targeted screening approach,
      through-space NMR data, and molecular modeling.

PMID- 26978479
TI  - Low Trap Density in InAs/High-k Nanowire Gate Stacks with Optimized Growth and
      Doping Conditions.
AB  - In this paper, we correlate the growth of InAs nanowires with the detailed
      interface trap density (Dit) profile of the vertical wrap-gated InAs/high-k
      nanowire semiconductor-dielectric gate stack. We also perform the first detailed
      characterization and optimization of the influence of the in situ doping supplied
      during the nanowire epitaxial growth on the sequential transistor gate stack
      quality. Results show that the intrinsic nanowire channels have a significant
      reduction in Dit as compared to planar references. It is also found that
      introducing tetraethyltin (TESn) doping during nanowire growth severely degrades
      the Dit profile. By adopting a high temperature, low V/III ratio tailored growth
      scheme, the influence of doping is minimized. Finally, characterization using a
      unique frequency behavior of the nanowire capacitance-voltage (C-V)
      characteristics reveals a change of the dopant incorporation mechanism as the
      growth condition is changed. 

PMID- 26978478
TI  - Novel Time-Resolved Fluorescence Europium Nanoparticle Immunoassay for Detection
      of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Group O Viruses Using Microplate and Microchip
      Platforms.
AB  - Accurate detection and quantification of HIV-1 group O viruses have been
      challenging for currently available HIV assays. We have developed a novel time
      resolved fluorescence (TRF) europium nanoparticle immunoassay for HIV-1 group O
      detection using a conventional microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) and a microchip platform. We screened several antibodies for optimal
      reactivity with several HIV-1 group O strains and identified antibodies that can
      detect all the strains of HIV-1 group O that were available for testing. The
      antibodies were used to develop a conventional ELISA format assay and an in-house
      developed europium nanoparticle-based assay for sensitivity. The method was
      evaluated on both microwell plate and microchip platforms. We identified two
      specific and sensitive antibodies among the six we screened. The antibodies,
      C65691 and ANT-152, were able to quantify 15 and detect all 17 group O viruses,
      respectively, as they were broadly cross-reactive with all HIV-1 group O strains
      and yielded better signals compared with other antibodies. We have developed a
      sensitive assay that reflects the actual viral load in group O samples by using
      an appropriate combination of p24 antibodies that enhance group O detection and a
      highly sensitive TRF-based europium nanoparticle for detection. The combination
      of ANT-152 and C65690M in the ratio 3:1 was able to give significantly higher
      signals in our europium-based assay compared with using any single antibody.

PMID- 26978481
TI  - Diaminopropionic Acid Reinforced Graphene Sponge and Its Use for Hemostasis.
AB  - 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid (DapA), a medicinal amino acid, is used for the first
      time to prepare a DapA cross-linked graphene sponge (DCGS) for hemostasis
      treatment. In a comparison with the reported ethanediamine (EDA) cross-linked
      graphene sponge (CGS), this carboxyl-functionalized DCGS can not only quickly
      absorb plasma, but also stimulate erythrocytes and platelets to change their
      normal form and structure at the interface, which largely affects a cell's
      metabolism and biofunction, thus further promoting blood coagulation. Whole blood
      clotting and rat-tail amputation tests indicated that on the basis of the
      additional interfacial stimulation, the hemostatic efficiency of the DCGS has
      been significantly improved in comparison with that of the CGS control (P <
      0.05). In-depth insight revealed that the increased oxidation degree and the
      negative charge density play the crucial rule in the enhanced hemostatic
      performance. The chiral effect contributes mainly to the selective adhesion of
      erythrocytes and platelets rather than practical hemostasis. Nevertheless, this
      presentation demonstrated that, on the premise of keeping the fast absorbability,
      this is an effective method to improve the hemostatic efficiency by enhancing the
      cell/graphene interface interaction. 

PMID- 26978480
TI  - Potentiometric Measurements of Semiconductor Nanocrystal Redox Potentials.
AB  - A potentiometric method for measuring redox potentials of colloidal semiconductor
      nanocrystals (NCs) is described. Fermi levels of colloidal ZnO NCs are measured
      in situ during photodoping, allowing correlation of NC redox potentials and
      reduction levels. Excellent agreement is found between electrochemical and
      optical redox-indicator methods. Potentiometry is also reported for colloidal
      CdSe NCs, which show more negative conduction-band-edge potentials than in ZnO.
      This difference is highlighted by spontaneous electron transfer from reduced CdSe
      NCs to ZnO NCs in solution, with potentiometry providing a measure of the inter
      NC electron-transfer driving force. Future applications of NC potentiometry are
      briefly discussed. 

PMID- 26978484
TI  - Light-Controlled Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms, Methods, and Applications.
AB  - The use of light to mediate controlled radical polymerization has emerged as a
      powerful strategy for rational polymer synthesis and advanced materials
      fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive survey of photocontrolled,
      living radical polymerizations (photo-CRPs). From the perspective of mechanism,
      all known photo-CRPs are divided into either (1) intramolecular photochemical
      processes or (2) photoredox processes. Within these mechanistic regimes, a large
      number of methods are summarized and further classified into subcategories based
      on the specific reagents, catalysts, etc., involved. To provide a clear
      understanding of each subcategory, reaction mechanisms are discussed. In
      addition, applications of photo-CRP reported so far, which include surface
      fabrication, particle preparation, photoresponsive gel design, and continuous
      flow technology, are summarized. We hope this review will not only provide
      informative knowledge to researchers in this field but also stimulate new ideas
      and applications to further advance photocontrolled reactions. 

PMID- 26978483
TI  - Evidence-Based Clinical Use of Nanoscale Extracellular Vesicles in Nanomedicine.
AB  - Recent research has demonstrated that all body fluids assessed contain
      substantial amounts of vesicles that range in size from 30 to 1000 nm and that
      are surrounded by phospholipid membranes containing different membrane
      microdomains such as lipid rafts and caveolae. The most prominent representatives
      of these so-called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized exosomes (70-150
      nm), which are derivatives of the endosomal system, and microvesicles (100-1000
      nm), which are produced by outward budding of the plasma membrane. Nanosized EVs
      are released by almost all cell types and mediate targeted intercellular
      communication under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Containing
      cell-type-specific signatures, EVs have been proposed as biomarkers in a variety
      of diseases. Furthermore, according to their physical functions, EVs of selected
      cell types have been used as therapeutic agents in immune therapy, vaccination
      trials, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. Undoubtedly, the rapidly
      emerging field of basic and applied EV research will significantly influence the
      biomedicinal landscape in the future. In this Perspective, we, a network of
      European scientists from clinical, academic, and industry settings collaborating
      through the H2020 European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program
      European Network on Microvesicles and Exosomes in Health and Disease (ME-HAD),
      demonstrate the high potential of nanosized EVs for both diagnostic and
      therapeutic (i.e., theranostic) areas of nanomedicine.

PMID- 26978482
TI  - Genome-scale DNA methylome and transcriptome profiling of human neutrophils.
AB  - Methylation of DNA molecules is a key mechanism associated with human disease,
      altered gene expression and phenotype. Using reduced representation bisulphite
      sequencing (RRBS) technology we have analysed DNA methylation patterns in healthy
      individuals and identified genes showing significant inter-individual variation.
      Further, using whole genome transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) on the same
      individuals we showed a local and specific relationship of exon inclusion and
      variable DNA methylation pattern. For RRBS, 363 million, 100-bp reads were
      generated from 13 samples using Illumina GAII and HiSeq2000 platforms. Here we
      also present additional RRBS data for a female pair of monozygotic twins that was
      not described in our original publication. Further, We performed RNA-Seq on four
      of these individuals, generating 174 million, 51-bp high quality reads on an
      Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. The current data set could be exploited as a
      comprehensive resource for understanding the nature and mechanism of variable
      phenotypic traits and altered disease susceptibility due to variable DNA
      methylation and gene expression patterns in healthy individuals. 

PMID- 26978485
TI  - The 22q11 PRODH/DGCR6 deletion is frequent in hyperprolinemic subjects but is not
      a strong risk factor for ASD.
AB  - The proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) gene maps to 22q11.2 in the region deleted in
      the velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS). A moderate to severe reduction (>50%) in
      PRODH activity resulting from recessive deletions and/or missense mutations has
      been shown to cause type 1 hyperprolinemia (HPI). Autistic features have been
      reported as a common clinical manifestation of HPI. Here we studied the frequency
      of a recurrent small 22q11.2 deletion encompassing PRODH and the neighboring
      DGCR6 gene in three case-control studies, one comprising HPI patients (n = 83),
      and the other two comprising autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients (total of n
      = 2800), analyzed with high-resolution microarrays. We found that the PRODH
      deletion is a strong risk factor for HPI (OR = 50.7; 95%CI = 7.5-2147) but not
      for ASD (P = 0.4, OR = 0.6-3.3). This result indicates either that the suggested
      association between ASD and HPI is spurious and results from a bias leading to
      the preferential inclusion of patients with autistic features in HPI series, or
      that HPI is present in only a very small subset of ASD patients. In this latter
      case, a very large sample size would be required to detect an association between
      the PRODH deletion and ASD in a case-control study.

PMID- 26978487
TI  - Coagulation Behavior of Graphene Oxide on Nanocrystallined Mg/Al Layered Double
      Hydroxides: Batch Experimental and Theoretical Calculation Study.
AB  - Graphene oxide (GO) has attracted considerable attention because of its
      remarkable enhanced adsorption and multifunctional properties. However, the toxic
      properties of GO nanosheets released into the environment could lead to the
      instability of biological system. In aqueous phase, GO may interact with fine
      mineral particles, such as chloridion intercalated nanocrystallined Mg/Al layered
      double hydroxides (LDH-Cl) and nanocrystallined Mg/Al LDHs (LDH-CO3), which are
      considered as coagulant molecules for the coagulation and removal of GO from
      aqueous solutions. Herein the coagulation of GO on LDHs were studied as a
      function of solution pH, ionic strength, contact time, temperature and coagulant
      concentration. The presence of LDH-Cl and LDH-CO3 improved the coagulation of GO
      in solution efficiently, which was mainly attributed to the surface oxygen
      containing functional groups of LDH-Cl and LDH-CO3 occupying the binding sites of
      GO. The coagulation of GO by LDH-Cl and LDH-CO3 was strongly dependent on pH and
      ionic strength. Results of theoretical DFT calculations indicated that the
      coagulation of GO on LDHs was energetically favored by electrostatic interactions
      and hydrogen bonds, which was further evidenced by FTIR and XPS analysis. By
      integrating the experimental results, it was clear that LDH-Cl could be
      potentially used as a cost-effective coagulant for the elimination of GO from
      aqueous solutions, which could efficiently decrease the potential toxicity of GO
      in the natural environment. 

PMID- 26978486
TI  - Chania multitudinisentens gen. nov., sp. nov., an N-acyl-homoserine-lactone
      producing bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from landfill site
      soil.
AB  - Phylogenetic and taxonomic characterization was performed for bacterium RB-25T,
      which was isolated from a soil sample collected in a former municipal landfill
      site in Puchong, Malaysia. Growth occurred at 20-37  degrees C at pH 5-8 but not
      in the presence of 9 % (w/v) NaCl or higher. The principal fatty acids were
      C16:0, C18:1omega7c and summed feature 3 (C16:1omega7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH).
      Ubiquinone-8 was the only isoprenoid quinone detected. Polar lipid analysis
      revealed the presence of phospholipid, phosphoaminolipid,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid.
      DNA G+C content was 50.9 mol% phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene
      sequence showed that strain RB-25T formed a distinct lineage within the family
      Enterobacteriaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria. It exhibited a low level of
      16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with its phylogenetic neighbours Pantoea
      rwandensis LMG 26275T (96.6 %), Rahnella aquatilis CIP 78.65T (96.5 %),
      Pectobacterium betavasculorum ATCC 43762T (96.4 %), Pantoea rodasii LMG 26273T
      (96.3 %), Gibbsiella dentisursi NUM 1720T (96.3 %) and Serratia glossinae C1T
      (96.2 %). Multilocus sequence analyses based on fusA, pyrG, rplB, rpoB and sucA
      sequences showed a clear distinction of strain RB-25T from the most closely
      related genera. Isolate RB-25T could also be distinguished from members of these
      genera by a combination of the DNA G+C content, respiratory quinone system, fatty
      acid profile, polar lipid composition and other phenotypic features. Strain RB
      25T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name
      Chaniamultitudinisentens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RB
      25T (=DSM 28811T=LMG 28304T). 

PMID- 26978488
TI  - [Research Center of Neurology--the 70-anniversary].

PMID- 26978489
TI  - [Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology and psychiatry].
AB  - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method based on the excitation of
      neurons in the brain cortex by an alternating magnetic field. Repetitive TMS
      (rTMS) is a kind of stimulation, in which a series of pulses are generated. rTMS
      can modulate different cortical area's activity and change their interactions
      using different protocols. The review shows the application of rTMS in treatment
      of various neurological (stroke, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, chronic pain
      syndromes, tinnitus, epilepsy, spasticity syndrome) and psychiatric (depression
      and anxiety) disorders. Authors collected all the main protocols, and gave
      recommendations for their use in clinical practice according to principles of
      evidence medicine. 

PMID- 26978490
TI  - [Alarming signs and symptoms in the early diagnostics of late onset Pompe
      disease: super omnia clinica].
AB  - Pompe disease (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive muscle lysosomal glycogenosis
      caused by a deficiency of acid-alpha-glucosidase. There are two main forms of the
      disease: aggressive infantile PD started within the first year of life with a
      severe enzyme deficiency and multiorgan involvement, and late onset PD (LOPD)
      with progressive signs and symptoms including predominant proximal, axial muscle
      weakness and respiratory insufficiency started at any time from 1 till 75 years
      and older. Usually due to physician's unawareness, most adults with PD are
      diagnosed with great delay. The typical features and early nonspecific signs in
      four patients, aged between 35 and 72 years, with confirmed LOPD are delineated
      and discussed in correspondence with the age of first signs, age development of
      muscle weakness, distribution and age of final diagnosis. The disorders for
      differential diagnosis and spectrum of conditions that expanded the possibility
      of PB are listed. The fluorometrically analyzed level of acid alpha-glucosidase
      from dried blood spots is considered to be the first choice diagnostic method for
      clinically suspected cases of LOPD. 

PMID- 26978491
TI  - [Cognitive impairment in predialysis stages of chronic kidney disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the development and progression of cognitive impairment (CI),
      its risk factors and relationship with vascular-wall remodeling in patients with
      chronic kidney disease (CKD), stages I-IV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-one
      patients, aged 53+/-10 years, including 20 with CKD, stages I-II, 20 with CKD,
      stage III, and 11 with CKD, stage IV, were enrolled. Frequency, severity and
      character of CI were studied using neuropsychological tests for assessment of
      global mental status, short-term and delayed memory, frontal lobe functions.
      Standard laboratory examinations, echocardiographic study, 24h arterial blood
      pressure monitoring, measurement of the thickness of carotid intima-media
      complex, pulse-wave velocity and augmentation index, brain MRI study were carried
      out. RESULTS: CI was found in 68% of patients, including 35% with CKD, stages I
      II, and 90.3% with CKD, stage IV. The severity of CI was higher in patients with
      CKD, stages III-IV, compared to those with stages I-II (p<0.001). CKD predicted
      the development of CI (OR 27.32, 95% CI 4.3-72.9, r<0.001). MRI revealed the
      focal lesions of the white matter in 30% of patients, leukoaraiosis in 23.3%,
      lateral ventricular dilatation in 50%, expressed dilatation in the sulci of brain
      hemispheres in 10%. There was a relationship between CI and male sex,
      hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, abdominal obesity, left ventricular myocardial
      hypertrophy and age. The frequency and severity of CI was associated with the
      signs of atherosclerotic lesions of common carotid arteries and indices of
      arterial rigidity. CONCLUSION: The more increased the CKD severity, the higher
      the severity of CI. The dysfunction of frontal lobes plays a key role in the
      development of CI in patients with CKD, stages III-IV. CKD, stages III-IV, is an
      independent predictor of CI in people in predialysis stages.

PMID- 26978492
TI  - [The systematics of psychogenic depressions (reactions of complicated grief)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Reactive depression provoked by the loss of loved ones is a
      controversial problem of modern psychiatry based on the diametrically opposite
      conceptions. The author suggests a clinical typology of these depressions based
      on a psychopathological analysis of trigger mechanisms and constitutional
      predisposition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-five patients, aged from 31 to 65
      years (mean age 46.9+/-13.9 years), were examined. The course of depression,
      including previous psychogenia, was followed up for 5-15 years (mean 11.5+/-3.6
      years). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Three types of catathymic complexes (affective
      dissonance, affective resonance and affective imbalance) can be considered as a
      significant parameter responsible for trigger mechanisms of these psychogenias
      and their further dynamics. Each type determines not only the psychopathological
      structure of psychogenic depression but has a predictive validity thus allowing
      to predict the dynamics of depression and its nosological attribution.

PMID- 26978494
TI  - [Remote consequences of the long-term uncontrolled use of anxiolytic and hypnotic
      drugs by elderly patients: cognitive disorders].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Frequents cases (10-30% of the elderly population) of regular long
      term use of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs, in particular, benzodiazepines,
      without control of the physician is an urgent problem of medicine worldwide.
      Severe and irreversible cognitive impairment is a frequent and severe consequence
      of this use. Authors studied cognitive impairment in these cases. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Patients were enrolled in the study from a psychiatric hospital. The
      study included 56 women, aged over 50 years, admitted to the hospital with the
      diagnosis of a mental disorder. Before admission, the patients regularly used
      benzodiazepines without a prescription for more than 2 months. Later on,
      anxiolytics were withdrawn during 1-5 days. The patients were studied during 4
      weeks in the hospital. To assess the severity and dynamics of their condition,
      authors used MADRS, HAM-A, MMSE. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Severe cognitive
      impairment, achieving the level of dementia, was found in 57.2% of the patients,
      mild or moderate of cognitive impairment was in 32.1% and only 10.7% had normal
      level of cognitive functioning. After 4 weeks of benzodiazepine withdrawal, the
      percentage of patients with dementia reduced to 21.4%, the severity of cognitive
      impairment was estimated as mild or moderate. A number of patients without
      cognitive impairment increased to 37.5%. The old age of patients was a
      significant negative predictor of the dynamics. An impact of the high anxiolytic
      dose was shown on trend level. The duration of a mental disorder and duration of
      uncontrollable consumption of anxiolytics and hypnotics did not exert an effect
      on the development and reversibility of cognitive impairment. A combination of
      anxiolytics with alcohol increased the risk of dementia and did not reverse the
      cognitive pathology.

PMID- 26978493
TI  - [Pantogam activ (D-, L-hopantenic acid) in the treatment of cognitive and anxiety
      disorders in patients with arterial hypertension].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of D-, L-hopantenic acid (pantogam
      active) on cognitive and anxiety disorders in patients with arterial
      hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Autors selected 80 inpatients of a cardiology
      department with the verified diagnosis of hypertension and comorbid cognitive and
      anxiety disorders (50 patients in the main group, 30 patients in the control
      one). All patients received standard cardiotropic hypotensive treatment. Patients
      of the main group received in addition pantogam active in the daily dose from 600
      to 1200 mg. Psychopathological and psychometric examinations were conducted, the
      data were compared with the dynamics of physical parameters (ECG, ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring, blood chemistry). The duration of treatment with
      pantogam activ was 28 days. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in both
      cognitive and anxiety disorders in the main group compared with the controls and
      in patients with a history of stroke. The positive dynamics was observed during
      the treatment period. CONCLUSION: Authors support the possibility of using D-, L
      hopantenic acid (pantogam active) as a drug of choice with bimodal activity
      (nootropic and tranquilizing) in the treatment of cognitive and anxiety disorders
      in patients with arterial hypertension. A rapid (in the first week) significant
      reduction of cognitive and anxiety disorders during the treatment with pantogam
      activ was noted.

PMID- 26978495
TI  - [Emotional and personality disorders in atypical facial pain].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate emotional and personality disorders in patients with
      atypical facial pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five patients (42 women, 3 men,
      mean age 50+/-16 years) were examined. Pain severity was assessed with the Visual
      Analogue Scale. Anxiety and depression levels were measured with the Zung Self
      Rating Depression Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spilberg's tests),
      the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, The Beck Depression Inventory. Thirty patients
      with atypical facial pain were treated with noophen. The clinical state of the
      patients was assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Noophen
      was administrated in daily dose of 500 mg, the course of the treatment was 8
      weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Anxiety and depression as well as the domination
      of functional neurologic symptoms were characteristic of patients with atypical
      facial pain. Anxiolytic and antidepressive effects of noophen were seen from the
      21st day of treatment. A mild stimulation effect and sleep normalization were
      also observed. An improvement of the mental state was found in 70% patients with
      atypical facial pain in the end of treatment: 50% patients demonstrated a
      significant improvement.

PMID- 26978496
TI  - [Strategies on the improvement of chronic migraine treatment efficacy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of type A botulinum toxin (lantox) in the
      treatment of chronic migraine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors examined 22 patients
      with chronic migraine at baseline and 4 and 12 weeks after the introduction of
      150 U of lantox in head and cervical muscles using "follow the pain method". The
      drug was introduced into the following muscles: m. corrugator, m. procerus, m.
      frontalis, m. temporalis and m. occipitalis. Clinical/neurological examinations,
      a study of the emotional sphere (anxiety and depression), daily activities,
      quality-of-life, patient's completion of questionnaires on the subjective
      satisfaction with treatment were carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a
      significant positive effect of treatment on the frequency of headache attacks
      that was important for reverse transformation of chronic pain to episodic
      headache. Barriers in compliance may be overcome by solving psychological
      problems, in particular, overcoming depression. The prescription of the drug with
      no side-effects and fast results allows to support the adherence of the patient
      to treatment.

PMID- 26978497
TI  - [An effect of cytoprotective therapy on stress resistance and compensatory
      abilities of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study an effect of nonspecific cytoprotective therapy on clinical
      manifestations, disease course and indicators of stress system in patients with
      different stages of chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Authors examined 266 patients with CCI, aged from 35 to 55 years. The patients
      received basic and nonspecific cytoprotective therapy. The dynamics of subjective
      and objective symptoms of encephalopathy, clinical outcomes after a year of
      observation, and the state of stress system were analyzed. An effect of therapy
      on stress was assessed by the dynamics of blood pressure reactions to stress.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: An open randomized comparative study has shown that the
      inclusion of the drug with nonspecific cytoprotective actions (cytoflavin) in the
      therapeutic complex improves the therapeutic effect on the clinical
      manifestations of CCI. The higher frequency of favorable outcomes over one year
      of follow-up is associated with the optimization of stress system activity under
      nonspecific cytoprotective therapy and the increase in stress resistance.

PMID- 26978498
TI  - [Clinical experience of the use of agomelatine in the treatment of patients with
      depression and chronic brain ischemia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and tolerability of agomelatine (valdoxan) in
      treatment of mild depressive states in patients with chronic brain ischemia
      (CBI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 33 patients (23 women, 10 men,
      average age 54.5 years), including 12 people (36.4%) with CBI, stage I, and 21
      (63.6%) with CBI, stage II. All patients had a single depressive episode of mild
      severity. Diagnosis of affective and cognitive impairment was carried out using
      clinical and neuropsychological methods (the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
      (HDRS-17), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the night sleep
      questionnaire developed by A.M. Vein, the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE),
      the modified Mini-Cog method, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), the
      Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI-S, CGI-I) to assess the degree and dynamics
      of the disease, the Patient Global Impression (PGI) scale. The survey had been
      performed after 2,4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Agomelatine (valdoxan) was used 1
      time per day in the evening in a dose of 25 mg (1 tablet). RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Agomelatine improved sleep from the second week of treatment, reduced
      anxiety symptoms after six weeks and depressive symptoms after eight weeks. The
      improvement of cognitive functions was noted as well. No side-effects was
      observed. The results revealed the high antidepressive activity of the drug in
      treatment of mild depressive states in patients with chronic brain ischemia, the
      balanced spectrum of effects on anxiety, depression, insomnia, the positive
      effect on cognitive functions that allows to recommend agomelatine in treatment
      of patients with CBI.

PMID- 26978499
TI  - [The efficacy and safety of teraligen in patients with brain ischemia, stages I
      and II, and psychoautonomic syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of teraligen in patients with
      psychoautonomic syndrome comorbid to brain ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty
      five patients, aged from 42 to 65 years (mean age 56 years), diagnosed with brain
      ischemia, stages I and II, with the signs of psychoautonomic syndrome were
      examined. Thirty-five patients received teraligen in the daily dose of 15 mg. The
      control group comprised 10 patients who were not treated with this drug. The
      duration of treatment was 60 days. Neurological status, autonomic changes,
      cognitive functions and mental state were assessed during the treatment.
      Neurophysiological examination (EEG and P300 event-related potential) were
      performed in the first and last visits. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The distinct
      positive dynamics of the decrease of psychoautonomic symptoms, cephalgic
      syndrome, sleep normalization as well as the improvement of cognitive function
      were noted. Good tolerability and no side-effects, in particular, those related
      to vascular disorders, were demonstrated. Clinical results were supported by the
      results of neurophysiological examinations. The drug can be recommended for
      treatment of psychoautonomic syndrome in elderly patients with brain ischemia,
      stages I and II.

PMID- 26978500
TI  - [Therapeutic possibilities of improvement of cognitive functions, psychoemotional
      condition and a quality of life in post-stroke patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study an influence of cytoflavin on normalization of cognitive
      functions, psychoemotional condition and a quality of life in stroke patients.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was analysed the results of treatment of 1450 stroke
      patients. The cognitive functions was followed up using MMSE and MoCA scales,
      psychoemotional condition--Beck Depression Questionnaire and Wakefield Depression
      Scale, Hamilton Scale of Anxiety, quality of life--Sickness Impact Profile.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of the study revealed that the use of
      cytoflavin was well founded in the treatment of stroke patients for improvement
      of cognitive functions, psychoemotional condition and the quality of life.

PMID- 26978501
TI  - [The multivector nature of relief of acute and chronic pain and necessity of
      using pain coping strategies].
AB  - The paper is devoted to the urgent problem of pain syndromes of multimodal
      character developed in different pathologies. The diagnosis and treatment of pain
      is frequently complicated by nociceptive, neuropathic and dysfunctional
      components. Special attention is drawn to the dysfunctional component and its
      relation to depression. In this context, the authors consider psychological
      aspects of pain syndrome formation and methods of treatment using pharmacological
      medications and pain-coping strategies as well. Different coping strategies of
      active and passive pain-coping styles depending on sex, personality features,
      nosologic forms are presented. The necessity of using the active coping
      strategies to relieve pain of different genesis is highlighted. 

PMID- 26978503
TI  - [The activity of blood serum cholinesterases and neprilysin as potential
      biomarkers of mild-cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE),
      butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and neprilysin (NEP) in the blood serum in elderly
      people with different types of cognitive impairment and evaluate the effect of
      ceraxon on the biochemical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three groups of
      patients: without cognitive disorders (controls--CG), with amnestic mild
      cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and with Alzheimer's disease (AD were studied).
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The activity of AChE, BChE and NEP was reduced in the
      blood serum of patients with a-MCI and, to the greater extent, in patients with
      AD compared to CG and correlated with the level of cognitive dysfunction
      evaluated by MMSE, ADAS-cog, and other tests. For the first time, it has been
      shown that treatment of a-MCI patients with ceraxon (citicolin) results in an
      increase of the activity of blood serum AChE, BChE and NEP to the values observed
      in the CG. Thus, the activities of blood serum AChE, BChE and NEP reflect the
      level of cognitive dysfunction and can be used as prognostic biomarkers of the
      level of dementia progression in patients with impaired memory.

PMID- 26978502
TI  - [The results of the multicenter pharmaco-epidemiological observational project on
      the use of mydocalm in the treatment of pain syndromes with the muscle spasm].
AB  - The prospective multicenter open noncomparative pharmaco-epidemiological
      observational project on the use of mydocalm in real clinical practice has been
      completed in 2013. The project has been performed in 2090 clinical/rehabilitation
      settings in 284 cities of 13 countries using the results of 35,383 patients. The
      project aimed to assess the safety of treatment (percentage of patients with
      adverse-effects) and pain relieving efficacy as well as patient's satisfaction
      with the treatment. In total, 6603 (19%) adverse-effects were recorded. Their
      severity was evaluated as mild in 84,48%, no serious adverse-effects were noted.
      The high efficacy of mydocalm in the treatment of pain syndromes with the muscle
      spasm has been demonstrated. The high level of tolerability and absence of the
      clinically significant increase of adverse effects in the combination with
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been confirmed. 

PMID- 26978504
TI  - [A clinical efficacy of electrode pharmaphoresis in treatment of railway workers
      with low-back pain].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical efficacy and tolerability of electrode
      pharmaphoresis using preparations xefocam and mydocalm-richter in railway workers
      with low-back pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors carried out an open prospective
      noncomparative study of 16 patients, aged 21-82 years, with spinal
      osteochondrosis with root syndrome and radiculopathia of the lumbar/sacral spine
      with pain syndrome regardless of its duration. Treatment efficacy was assessed by
      the dynamics of pain syndrome severity based on the scores of a self-rated scale
      completed by the patient and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Quality-of-life was
      assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index before and in the end of treatment.
      Clinical outcome was evaluated with the modified Nurick scale. Electrode
      pharmaphoresis (the "Farma T.E.B. Trans Epidermal Barrier Physio" apparatus) was
      administered to all patients using xefocam (solution for injections 8 mg, 2 ml
      per procedure) and mydocalm-richter (solution for injections 100 mg, 2 ml per
      injection) in the lumbar/sacral spine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The high clinical
      efficacy of electrode pharmaphoresis using xefocam and mydocalm-richter was
      shown. The complex restoration study resulted in the reduction of pain syndrome
      in all patients. Pain severity was reduced to mild grade in 68.8% to the middle
      of treatment and in 93.8% patients in the end of treatment. As a consequence of
      pain reduction, the functional activity (quality of self-service, daily
      activities) increased significantly in 68.8% of patients. Positive treatment
      effect was noted in 100% of patients, good tolerability of this medication in
      87.5%.

PMID- 26978505
TI  - [Functional properties of dopaminergic neurons obtained from fibroblasts of a
      patient with PARK2 form of Parkinson's disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To carry out a functional analysis of dopamine transporter (DAT) in
      autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in the PARK2 gene.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cultures of dopaminergic neurons were obtained from
      fibroblasts of a patient with PARK2 form of Parkinson's disease and a healthy
      donor with the use of the cell reprogramming technology. DAT expression in both
      cell cultures was assessed at the RNA and protein levels, and DAT activity was
      tested with the use of the fluorescent dopamine analogue ASP+. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: In the cells with PARK2 mutations, the level of DAT expression was
      significantly higher than in normal neurons, but the intensity of ASP+ capture by
      mutant dopaminergic neurons was 25% down from normal neurons. For the study of
      competitive inhibition of DAT, dopamine was added to the incubation medium
      containing ASP+: it was shown that dopamine binding by the normal cells was
      almost twice as much relative to PARK2 mutant neurons. Therefore, dopaminergic
      neurons carrying mutations in the PARK2 gene are characterized by functional
      failure of dopamine transport systems. One of cell mechanisms of compensation of
      this defect seems to be an early increase of expression of the DAT transporter
      protein.

PMID- 26978507
TI  - [Meige's syndrome or segmental craniocervical dystonia: terminology, history and
      contemporary view].
AB  - The term "Meige's syndrome" or "Breughel's syndrome" is used by specialists for
      the description of blepharospasm with the involuntary movements in the lower part
      of the face and/or masseter muscle. These eponyms "Meige's syndrome" and
      "Breughel's syndrome" make some mess in the terminology. The term "segmental
      craniocervical dystonia" joins different blepharospam-plus phenotypes and
      reflects contemporary perceptions about its genetic and pathophysiological
      community. Botulinotherapy is in fact the only way of symptomathic treatment of
      craniocervical dystonias.

PMID- 26978508
TI  - [The 115-anniverssary of the department of neurology and neurosurgery of the
      Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University].

PMID- 26978506
TI  - [The reduced level of antibodies to acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 fragment in
      the blood serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Determination of antibodies to neuronal membrane proteins in the blood
      serum of patients is of interest for diagnosis and optimization of treatment of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). Authors studied the level of antibodies to
      acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 protein fragment (AChR), prion protein (RrR) and
      glycation end-products (RAGE) as well as to intracellular proteins nucleophosmin
      (Nuc) and survivin (Sur) in the serum of AD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum
      samples of 26 patients with probable AD and 13 healthy people were studied.
      Exposed sections of each protein were used for the choice of peptides for
      antibody visualization. ELIZA was a main method in this study. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Antibodies to several proteins were identified but significant
      differences were found only for AChR-(173-193). The results demonstrated the
      involvement of AChR and AChR-antibodies in the development of AD. Determination
      of antibodies to AChR-(173-193) may be a marker of AD and a method for specifying
      the diagnosis of AD.

PMID- 26978509
TI  - [Chronic insomnia: treatment methods based on the current "3P" model of
      insomnia].
AB  - Authors consider one of the popular models of the pathogenesis of chronic
      insomnia--"3P" model. It explains the origin and course of insomnia on the basis
      of interaction of three factors: predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating.
      The role of each group of factors and its connection to the cerebral hyperarousal
      state is discussed. Different variants of cognitive-behavioral therapy and
      pharmacological treatment of chronic insomnia are described.

PMID- 26978510
TI  - [Neuronal plasticity and epilepsy: modern concepts and mechanisms of epilepsy and
      depression comorbidity].

PMID- 26978511
TI  - [Cortical dysgenesis with epileptic syndromes and symptomatic epilepsy in
      children].
AB  - Cortical dysgenesis (CD) is a frequent inherited brain malformation. CD is a key
      cause of epileptic syndrome in children. In this review, the author presents a
      current classification of CD, etiological factors of their development, including
      gene mutations and adverse effects of various toxins and perinatal factors. A
      spectrum of clinical symptoms of CD with epileptic seizures is discussed in
      details. A role of current MRI-regimes in the diagnosis, the management of
      patients and prognosis of the course of CD are highlighted. 

PMID- 26978512
TI  - [Low back pain: possibilities of pathogenetic treatment].
AB  - Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of low back
      pain (LBP). Due to the complexity of spinal pain syndromes, it is often difficult
      to determine the extent of the IVD's contribution to the genesis of spinal pain.
      Inflammatory response to IVD' injury has been acknowledged to be important in the
      process of disc degeneration and may play an important role in pain generation.
      In this article, the inflammatory mechanisms of LBP will be discussed with
      special focus on interactions between inflammatory mediators and IVD
      biomechanics. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key mediator of
      inflammatory reactions in the pathogenesis of degenerative disk disease. The role
      of TNF-alpha inhibitors as a potential target of therapeutic interventions in
      prevention of neuronal damage and neuroprotection in LBP is discussed. 

PMID- 26978513
TI  - [The effect of childhood stress on the development of mental disorders in
      adults].
AB  - There is evidence that not only severe stressful events, but also common low
      threat events, in particular chronic ones, may cause or provoke some mental
      disorders. The literature data on the degree of pathogenicity of stress factors
      are insufficient. Authors attempted to summarize the established facts in the
      following aspects: current conceptions on the physiology and pathology of stress
      in the frames of the problem of psychosomatic disorders, deprivation in
      childhood, neurobiological consequences of childhood stress, psychiatric
      consequences of stress in childhood. Authors believe that this problem demands
      further investigation to find possible predictors of mental disorders in patients
      who had experienced stressful life events in childhood. 

PMID- 26978514
TI  - [Tanakan as a multimodal cytoprotective factor in general medicine (part II)].
AB  - The second section of the review provides an update of the data on mechanisms of
      action of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761(r) (tanakan) and its
      efficacy in treatment of depression, pain, complications of diabetes, Parkinson
      disease, tinnitus and dizziness, reproductive dysfunction. Updated data enable to
      use EGb761(r) (tanakan) as a highly-effective cytoprotective agent in treatment
      of cardiovascular, degenerative and metabolic diseases of the nervous system,
      inner ear disturbances (tinnitus), dysfunction of reproductive system as well as
      in prevention and treatment of stress-induced disorders. 

PMID- 26978515
TI  - Size-dependent magnetic transitions in CoFe0.1Cr1.9O4 nanoparticles studied by
      magnetic and neutron-polarization analysis.
AB  - Multiferroic, CoCr2O4 bulk material undergoes successive magnetic transitions
      such as a paramagnetic to collinear and non-collinear ferrimagnetic state at the
      Curie temperature (TC) and spiral ordering temperature (TS) respectively and
      finally to a lock-in-transition temperature (Tl). In this paper, the rich
      sequence of magnetic transitions in CoCr2O4 after mixing the octahedral site with
      10% of iron are investigated by varying the size of the particle from 10 to 50
      nm. With the increasing size, while the TC increases from 110 to 119 K which is
      higher than the TC (95 K) of pure CoCr2O4, the TS remains unaffected. In
      addition, a compensation of magnetization at 34 K and a lock-in transition at 10
      K are also monitored in 50 nm particles. Further, we have examined the magnetic
      ordering temperatures through neutron scattering using a polarized neutron beam
      along three orthogonal directions after separating the magnetic scattering from
      nuclear-coherent and spin-incoherent contributions. While a sharp long-range
      ferrimagnetic ordering down to 110 K and a short-range spiral ordering down to 50
      K are obtained in 50 nm particles, in 10 nm particles, the para to ferrimagnetic
      transition is found to be continuous and spiral ordering is diffused in nature.
      Frequency-dependent ac susceptibility (chi) data fitted with different
      phenomenological models such as the Neel-Arrhenius, Vogel-Fulcher and power law,
      while ruling out the canonical spin-glass, cluster-glass and interacting
      superparamagnetism, reveal that both particles show spin-glass behavior with a
      higher relaxation time in 10 nm particles than in 50 nm. The smaller spin flip
      time in 50 nm particles confirms that spin dynamics does not slow down on
      approaching the glass transition temperature (Tg).

PMID- 26978516
TI  - Overdose Intake of Curcumin Initiates the Unbalanced State of Bodies.
AB  - Curcumin is the major active component of turmeric and widely used as a spice and
      coloring agent in food. However, its safety evaluation has been little
      investigated. To evaluate the 90-day subchronic toxicity of curcumin in rats, its
      general observation, clinical biochemistry, pathology, and metabolomics were
      evaluated. The results showed that curcumin induced liver injury through the
      generation of the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro
      inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and the decreases of the levels of antioxidant enzyme
      SOD and detoxified enzyme GST. Meanwhile, for the self-protection of rats,
      curcumin treatment activated the transcription of Nrf-2 and elevated the
      expression of HO-1 to reduce tissue damage. Furthermore, curcumin significantly
      increased key mRNA levels of HK2, PKM2, LDHA, CES, Cpt1, Cpt2, FASN, and ATP5b
      and decreased levels of GLUT2 and ACC1 to enhance glycolysis and inhibit lipid
      metabolism and TCA cycle. Therefore, overdose or long-term intake of curcumin
      could initiate the unbalanced state of bodies through oxidative stress,
      inflammation, and metabolic disorders, which induces liver injury. Intermittent
      administration of curcumin is necessary in our daily lives. 

PMID- 26978517
TI  - Acute Middle Gastrointestinal Bleeding Risk Associated with NSAIDs,
      Antithrombotic Drugs, and PPIs: A Multicenter Case-Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Middle gastrointestinal bleeding (MGIB) risk has not been fully
      investigated due to its extremely rare occurrence and the need for multiple
      endoscopies to exclude upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. This study
      investigated whether MGIB is associated with the use of non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), low-dose aspirin (LDA), thienopyridines,
      anticoagulants, and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), and whether PPI use affects
      the interactions between MGIB and antithrombotic drugs. METHODS: In this
      multicenter, hospital-based, case-control study, 400 patients underwent upper and
      lower endoscopy, 80 had acute overt MGIB and 320 had no bleeding and were matched
      for age and sex as controls (1:4). MGIB was additionally evaluated by capsule
      and/or double-balloon endoscopy, after excluding upper and lower GI bleeding.
      Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for MGIB risk were calculated using conditional
      logistic regression. To estimate the propensity score, we employed a logistic
      regression model for PPI use. RESULTS: In patients with MGIB, mean hemoglobin
      level was 9.4 g/dL, and 28 patients (35%) received blood transfusions. Factors
      significantly associated with MGIB were chronic kidney disease (p<0.001), liver
      cirrhosis (p = 0.034), NSAIDs (p<0.001), thienopyridines (p<0.001),
      anticoagulants (p = 0.002), and PPIs (p<0.001). After adjusting for these
      factors, NSAIDs (AOR, 2.5; p = 0.018), thienopyridines (AOR, 3.2; p = 0.015),
      anticoagulants (AOR, 4.3; p = 0.028), and PPIs (AOR; 2.0; p = 0.021) were
      independently associated with MGIB. After adjusting for propensity score, the use
      of PPIs remained an independent risk factors for MGIB (AOR, 1.94; p = 0.034). No
      significant interactions were observed between PPIs and NSAIDs (AOR, 0.7; p =
      0.637), LDA (AOR, 0.3; p = 0.112), thienopyridine (AOR, 0.7, p = 0.671), or
      anticoagulants (AOR, 0.5; p = 0.545). CONCLUSIONS: One-third of patients with
      acute small intestinal bleeding required blood transfusion. NSAIDs,
      thienopyridines, anticoagulants, and PPIs increased the risk of acute small
      intestinal bleeding. However, there were no significant interactions found
      between antithrombotic drugs and PPI use for bleeding risk.

PMID- 26978518
TI  - Selective Enrichment of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Oils by Phospholipase A1.
AB  - Omega fatty acids are recognized as key nutrients for healthier ageing. Lipases
      are used to release omega-3 fatty acids from oils for preparing enriched omega-3
      fatty acid supplements. However, use of lipases in enrichment of omega-3 fatty
      acids is limited due to their insufficient specificity for omega-3 fatty acids.
      In this study use of phospholipase A1 (PLA1), which possesses both sn-1 specific
      activity on phospholipids and lipase activity, was explored for hydrolysis of
      omega-3 fatty acids from anchovy oil. Substrate specificity of PLA1 from
      Thermomyces lenuginosus was initially tested with synthetic p-nitrophenyl esters
      along with a lipase from Bacillus subtilis (BSL), as a lipase control. Gas
      chromatographic characterization of the hydrolysate obtained upon treatment of
      anchovy oil with these enzymes indicated a selective retention of omega-3 fatty
      acids in the triglyceride fraction by PLA1 and not by BSL. 13C NMR spectroscopy
      based position analysis of fatty acids in enzyme treated and untreated samples
      indicated that PLA1 preferably retained omega-3 fatty acids in oil, while
      saturated fatty acids were hydrolysed irrespective of their position. Hydrolysis
      of structured triglyceride,1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol, suggested that both
      the enzymes hydrolyse the fatty acids at both the positions. The observed
      discrimination against omega-3 fatty acids by PLA1 appears to be due to its fatty
      acid selectivity rather than positional specificity. These studies suggest that
      PLA1 could be used as a potential enzyme for selective concentrationof omega-3
      fatty acids. 

PMID- 26978519
TI  - In-Situ Observation of Membrane Protein Folding during Cell-Free Expression.
AB  - Proper insertion, folding and assembly of functional proteins in biological
      membranes are key processes to warrant activity of a living cell. Here, we
      present a novel approach to trace folding and insertion of a nascent membrane
      protein leaving the ribosome and penetrating the bilayer. Surface Enhanced IR
      Absorption Spectroscopy selectively monitored insertion and folding of membrane
      proteins during cell-free expression in a label-free and non-invasive manner.
      Protein synthesis was performed in an optical cell containing a prism covered
      with a thin gold film with nanodiscs on top, providing an artificial lipid
      bilayer for folding. In a pilot experiment, the folding pathway of
      bacteriorhodopsin via various secondary and tertiary structures was visualized.
      Thus, a methodology is established with which the folding reaction of other more
      complex membrane proteins can be observed during protein biosynthesis (in situ
      and in operando) at molecular resolution. 

PMID- 26978521
TI  - Rates of intrauterine fetal demise and neonatal morbidity at term: determining
      optimal timing of delivery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine rates of unexplained intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) and
      neonatal morbidity in uncomplicated term pregnancies to identify the optimal
      gestational age for delivery. METHODS: A retrospective case control study was
      performed with singleton pregnancies delivered between 37 0/7 weeks and 42 6/7
      weeks. Exclusion criteria were "complicated pregnancies": emergency deliveries,
      maternal hypertension, diabetes, infection, fetal disease/malformations and
      placental abnormalities. RESULTS: Nineteen thousand two hundred and sixty-four
      maternal/infant pairs were examined. The overall rate of NICU admission was 2.7%
      and the rate of unexplained IUFD was 2.02 per 1000 births. The lowest rate of
      IUFD was found at 39 weeks (1.40 per 1000 births). Odds ratios adjusted for
      maternal smoking, ethnicity, age and mode of delivery showed 2.74 (95% CI 0.35
      21.83) risk of IUFD at 42 versus 39 weeks, 2.09 (1.47-2.98) risk of NICU
      admission at 37 versus 38 weeks, 2.54 (1.62-3.97) risk of respiratory morbidity
      at 37 versus 38 weeks and 3.38 (1.84-6.18) risk of transient tachypnea of the
      newborn or respiratory distress syndrome at 37 versus 38 weeks. CONCLUSIONS:
      Neonatal respiratory morbidity was lowest for deliveries at 38-39 weeks. IUFD was
      2.74 times more likely at 42 weeks versus 39 weeks. Our findings support current
      guidelines advising clinicians when to deliver term pregnancies.

PMID- 26978520
TI  - Immune Complexes Indirectly Suppress the Generation of Th17 Responses In Vivo.
AB  - The precise context in which the innate immune system is activated plays a
      pivotal role in the subsequent instruction of CD4+ T helper (Th) cell responses.
      Th1 responses are downregulated when antigen is encountered in the presence of
      antigen-IgG immune complexes. To assess if Th17 responses to antigen are subject
      to similar influences in the presence of immune complexes we utilized an
      inflammatory airway disease model in which immunization of mice with Complete
      Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and ovalbumin (Ova) induces a powerful Ova-specific Th1
      and Th17 response. Here we show that modification of that immunization with CFA
      to include IgG-Ova immune complexes results in the suppression of CFA-induced
      Th17 responses and a concurrent enhancement of Ova-specific Th2 responses.
      Furthermore, we show the mechanism by which these immune complexes suppress Th17
      responses is through the enhancement of IL-10 production. In addition, the
      generation of Th17 responses following immunization with CFA and Ova were
      dependent on IL-1alpha but independent of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Together
      these data represent a novel mechanism by which the generation of Th17 responses
      is regulated. 

PMID- 26978523
TI  - SMARTbot: A Behavioral Analysis Framework Augmented with Machine Learning to
      Identify Mobile Botnet Applications.
AB  - Botnet phenomenon in smartphones is evolving with the proliferation in mobile
      phone technologies after leaving imperative impact on personal computers. It
      refers to the network of computers, laptops, mobile devices or tablets which is
      remotely controlled by the cybercriminals to initiate various distributed
      coordinated attacks including spam emails, ad-click fraud, Bitcoin mining,
      Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), disseminating other malwares and much more.
      Likewise traditional PC based botnet, Mobile botnets have the same operational
      impact except the target audience is particular to smartphone users. Therefore,
      it is import to uncover this security issue prior to its widespread adaptation.
      We propose SMARTbot, a novel dynamic analysis framework augmented with machine
      learning techniques to automatically detect botnet binaries from malicious
      corpus. SMARTbot is a component based off-device behavioral analysis framework
      which can generate mobile botnet learning model by inducing Artificial Neural
      Networks' back-propagation method. Moreover, this framework can detect mobile
      botnet binaries with remarkable accuracy even in case of obfuscated program code.
      The results conclude that, a classifier model based on simple logistic regression
      outperform other machine learning classifier for botnet apps' detection, i.e
      99.49% accuracy is achieved. Further, from manual inspection of botnet dataset we
      have extracted interesting trends in those applications. As an outcome of this
      research, a mobile botnet dataset is devised which will become the benchmark for
      future studies. 

PMID- 26978522
TI  - PE_PGRS33 Contributes to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Entry in Macrophages through
      Interaction with TLR2.
AB  - PE_PGRS represent a large family of proteins typical of pathogenic mycobacteria
      whose members are characterized by an N-terminal PE domain followed by a large
      Gly-Ala repeat-rich C-terminal domain. Despite the abundance of PE_PGRS-coding
      genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome their role and function in
      the biology and pathogenesis still remains elusive. In this study, we generated
      and characterized an Mtb H37Rv mutant (MtbDelta33) in which the structural gene
      of PE_PGRS33, a prototypical member of the protein family, was inactivated. We
      showed that this mutant entered macrophages with an efficiency up to ten times
      lower than parental or complemented strains, while its efficiency in infecting
      pneumocytes remained unaffected. Interestingly, the lack of PE_PGRS33 did not
      affect the intracellular growth of this mutant in macrophages. Using a series of
      functional deletion mutants of the PE_PGRS33 gene to complement the MtbDelta33
      strain, we demonstrated that the PGRS domain is required to mediate cell entry
      into macrophages, with the key domain encompassing position 140-260 amino acids
      of PE_PGRS33. PE_PGRS33-mediated entry into macrophages was abolished in TLR2
      deficient mice, as well as following treatment with wortmannin or an antibody
      against the complement receptor 3 (CR3), indicating that PE_PGRS33-mediated entry
      of Mtb in macrophages occurs through interaction with TLR2. 

PMID- 26978525
TI  - Soil Texture and Cultivar Effects on Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) Grain Yield, Yield
      Components and Water Productivity in Three Water Regimes.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the effects of water regime/soil
      condition (continuous flooding, saturated, and aerobic), cultivar ('Cocodrie' and
      'Rondo'), and soil texture (clay and sandy loam) on rice grain yield, yield
      components and water productivity using a greenhouse trial. Rice grain yield was
      significantly affected by soil texture and the interaction between water regime
      and cultivar. Significantly higher yield was obtained in continuous flooding than
      in aerobic and saturated soil conditions but the latter treatments were
      comparable to each other. For Rondo, its grain yield has decreased with soil
      water regimes in the order of continuous flooding, saturated and aerobic
      treatments. The rice grain yield in clay soil was 46% higher than in sandy loam
      soil averaged across cultivar and water regime. Compared to aerobic condition,
      saturated and continuous flooding treatments had greater panicle numbers. In
      addition, panicle number in clay soil was 25% higher than in sandy loam soil. The
      spikelet number of Cocodrie was 29% greater than that of Rondo, indicating that
      rice cultivar had greater effect on spikelet number than soil type and water
      management. Water productivity was significantly affected by the interaction of
      water regime and cultivar. Compared to sandy loam soil, clay soil was 25% higher
      in water productivity. Our results indicated that cultivar selection and soil
      texture are important factors in deciding what water management option to
      practice. 

PMID- 26978527
TI  - Strategies for optimizing polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle-mediated drug
      delivery.

PMID- 26978524
TI  - Associations among Erythroferrone and Biomarkers of Erythropoiesis and Iron
      Metabolism, and Treatment with Long-Term Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in
      Patients on Hemodialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify associations between erythroferrone (ERFE), a
      regulator of hepcidin 25, and biomarkers of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism.
      We also aimed to determine the effects of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
      (ESA), continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) and darbepoetin-alpha
      (DA) on ERFE production in patients on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Blood samples
      were obtained from 59 patients before HD sessions on day 0 (baseline). Twenty
      patients who were injected with either CERA (N = 10) or DA (N = 10) at the end of
      the dialysis week (day 0), who had ferritin >= 100 ng/mL and/or transferrin
      saturation >= 20%, and hemoglobin > 9 g/dL were selected from among the 59
      patients. Blood was sampled serially before HD sessions on days 3, 5, 7 from
      patients on DA and on the same days plus day 14 from those on CERA. RESULTS:
      Levels of ERFE correlated inversely with those of hepcidin 25 and ferritin, and
      positively with those of soluble transferrin receptor. The hepcidin 25: ERFE
      ratio and hepcidin 25 levels positively correlated with ferritin levels. Levels
      of ERFE significantly increased from day 3 of treatment with DA and CERA and
      decreased by days 7 and 14, respectively. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents
      concomitantly decreased levels of hepcidin 25 as those of ERFE increased.
      CONCLUSION: We identified a novel association between ESA and ERFE in patients on
      HD. Both DA and CERA increased levels of ERFE that regulated hepcidin 25 and led
      to iron mobilization from body stores during erythropoiesis.

PMID- 26978530
TI  - Zika Virus Infection and Surgery.

PMID- 26978526
TI  - Impaired High-Density Lipoprotein Anti-Oxidant Function Predicts Poor Outcome in
      Critically Ill Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress affects clinical outcome in critically ill
      patients. Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles generally possess
      anti-oxidant capacities, deleterious properties of HDL have been described in
      acutely ill patients. The impact of anti-oxidant HDL capacities on clinical
      outcome in critically ill patients is unknown. We therefore analyzed the
      predictive value of anti-oxidant HDL function on mortality in an unselected
      cohort of critically ill patients. METHOD: We prospectively enrolled 270
      consecutive patients admitted to a university-affiliated intensive care unit
      (ICU) and determined anti-oxidant HDL function using the HDL oxidant index (HOI).
      Based on their HOI, the study population was stratified into patients with
      impaired anti-oxidant HDL function and the residual study population. RESULTS:
      During a median follow-up time of 9.8 years (IQR: 9.2 to 10.0), 69% of patients
      died. Cox regression analysis revealed a significant and independent association
      between impaired anti-oxidant HDL function and short-term mortality with an
      adjusted HR of 1.65 (95% CI 1.22-2.24; p = 0.001) as well as 10-year mortality
      with an adj. HR of 1.19 (95% CI 1.02-1.40; p = 0.032) when compared to the
      residual study population. Anti-oxidant HDL function correlated with the amount
      of oxidative stress as determined by Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (r = 0.38;
      p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Impaired anti-oxidant HDL function represents a strong and
      independent predictor of 30-day mortality as well as long-term mortality in
      critically ill patients.

PMID- 26978528
TI  - CD24 Is Not Required for Tumor Initiation and Growth in Murine Breast and
      Prostate Cancer Models.
AB  - CD24 is a small, heavily glycosylated, GPI-linked membrane protein, whose
      expression has been associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of several
      types of cancer. Here, we studied the expression of CD24 in tumors of MMTV-PyMT,
      Apc1572/T+ and TRAMP genetic mouse models that spontaneously develop mammary or
      prostate carcinoma, respectively. We found that CD24 is expressed during tumor
      development in all three models. In MMTV-PyMT and Apc1572T/+ breast tumors, CD24
      was strongly but heterogeneously expressed during early tumorigenesis, but
      decreased in more advanced stages, and accordingly was increased in poorly
      differentiated lesions compared with well differentiated lesions. In prostate
      tumors developing in TRAMP mice, CD24 expression was strong within hyperplastic
      lesions in comparison with non-hyperplastic regions, and heterogeneous CD24
      expression was maintained in advanced prostate carcinomas. To investigate whether
      CD24 plays a functional role in tumorigenesis in these models, we crossed CD24
      deficient mice with MMTV-PyMT, Apc1572T/+ and TRAMP mice, and assessed the
      influence of CD24 deficiency on tumor onset and tumor burden. We found that mice
      negative or positive for CD24 did not significantly differ in terms of tumor
      initiation and burden in the genetic tumor models tested, with the exception of
      Apc1572T/+ mice, in which lack of CD24 reduced the mammary tumor burden slightly
      but significantly. Together, our data suggest that while CD24 is distinctively
      expressed during the early development of murine mammary and prostate tumors, it
      is not essential for the formation of tumors developing in MMTV-PyMT, Apc1572T/+
      and TRAMP mice. 

PMID- 26978529
TI  - Turbulent Kinetic Energy Measurement Using Phase Contrast MRI for Estimating the
      Post-Stenotic Pressure Drop: In Vitro Validation and Clinical Application.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the measurement of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) by using
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been introduced as an alternative index for
      quantifying energy loss through the cardiac valve, experimental verification and
      clinical application of this parameter are still required. OBJECTIVES: The goal
      of this study is to verify MRI measurements of TKE by using a phantom stenosis
      with particle image velocimetry (PIV) as the reference standard. In addition, the
      feasibility of measuring TKE with MRI is explored. METHODS: MRI measurements of
      TKE through a phantom stenosis was performed by using clinical 3T MRI scanner.
      The MRI measurements were verified experimentally by using PIV as the reference
      standard. In vivo application of MRI-driven TKE was explored in seven patients
      with aortic valve disease and one healthy volunteer. Transvalvular gradients
      measured by MRI and echocardiography were compared. RESULTS: MRI and PIV
      measurements of TKE are consistent for turbulent flow (0.666 < R2 < 0.738) with a
      mean difference of -11.13 J/m3 (SD = 4.34 J/m3). Results of MRI and PIV
      measurements differ by 2.76 +/- 0.82 cm/s (velocity) and -11.13 +/- 4.34 J/m3
      (TKE) for turbulent flow (Re > 400). The turbulence pressure drop correlates
      strongly with total TKE (R2 = 0.986). However, in vivo measurements of TKE are
      not consistent with the transvalvular pressure gradient estimated by
      echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that TKE measurement via MRI
      may provide a potential benefit as an energy-loss index to characterize blood
      flow through the aortic valve. However, further clinical studies are necessary to
      reach definitive conclusions regarding this technique.

PMID- 26978531
TI  - Infection in Burns.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Developments in critical care and surgical approaches to treating
      burn wounds, together with newer antimicrobial treatments, have significantly
      reduced the morbidity and mortality rates associated with this injury. METHODS:
      Review of the pertinent English-language literature. RESULTS: Several resistant
      organisms have emerged as the maleficent cause of invasive infection in burn
      patients, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin
      resistant Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, non-albicans Candida spp.,
      and Aspergillus. Advances in antimicrobial therapies and the release of new
      classes of antibiotics have certainly added to the armamentarium of therapeutic
      resources for the clinician. CONCLUSION: Strict infection control measures,
      constant wound surveillance with regular sampling of tissues for quantitative
      culture, and early excision and wound closure remain the principal adjuncts to
      control of invasive infections in burn patients.

PMID- 26978532
TI  - Continuous Multimodality Monitoring in Children after Traumatic Brain Injury
      Preliminary Experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multimodality monitoring is regularly employed in adult traumatic
      brain injury (TBI) patients where it provides physiologic and therapeutic insight
      into this heterogeneous condition. Pediatric studies are less frequent. METHODS:
      An analysis of data collected prospectively from 12 pediatric TBI patients
      admitted to Addenbrooke's Hospital, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) between
      August 2012 and December 2014 was performed. Patients' intracranial pressure
      (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were
      monitored continuously using brain monitoring software ICM+(r),) Pressure
      reactivity index (PRx) and 'Optimal CPP' (CPPopt) were calculated. Patient
      outcome was dichotomized into survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS: At 6 months
      8/12 (66%) of the cohort survived the TBI. The median (+/-IQR) ICP was
      significantly lower in survivors 13.1+/-3.2 mm Hg compared to non-survivors
      21.6+/-42.9 mm Hg (p = 0.003). The median time spent with ICP over 20 mm Hg was
      lower in survivors (9.7+9.8% vs 60.5+67.4% in non-survivors; p = 0.003). Although
      there was no evidence that CPP was different between survival groups, the time
      spent with a CPP close (within 10 mm Hg) to the optimal CPP was significantly
      longer in survivors (90.7+/-12.6%) compared with non-survivors (70.6+/-21.8%; p =
      0.02). PRx provided significant outcome separation with median PRx in survivors
      being 0.02+/-0.19 compared to 0.39+/-0.62 in non-survivors (p = 0.02).
      CONCLUSION: Our observations provide evidence that multi-modality monitoring may
      be useful in pediatric TBI with ICP, deviation of CPP from CPPopt, and PRx
      correlating with patient outcome.

PMID- 26978534
TI  - Quantification of leucocytes, T-lymphocytes and macrophages in autoptical
      endomyocardial tissue from 56 normal human hearts during the first year of life.
AB  - This study evaluated the normal number of inflammatory cells in the heart in the
      first year of life using two methods to compare their ability to quantitate
      physiological myocardial infiltration. Eight endomyocardial samples from both
      ventricles were obtained at autopsy from 56 structurally normal hearts during the
      first year of life. In each sample the numbers of leucocytes, T-lymphocytes and
      macrophages were counted once in 20 randomly chosen high-power fields (400*) as
      well as in a 10mm(2) area of randomly chosen myocardial tissue (100*) by two
      independent investigators. Compared to the literature a greater representative
      proportion of myocardial tissue was analyzed. The results of the enumeration in
      mm(2) were converted into high-power-fields to compare both methods. The mean
      numbers and standard deviations for leucocytes, T-lymphocytes and macrophages
      were calculated. Both counting methods showed similar results with low
      inflammatory cell counts per single heart and staining. A greater understanding
      of the physiological myocardial infiltration by leucocytes, T-lymphocytes and
      macrophages is important for postmortem forensic cases, and for the
      interpretation of endomyocardial biopsies in infants. 

PMID- 26978533
TI  - Paraoxonase 1 and 2 gene variants and the ischemic stroke risk in Gran Canaria
      population: an association study and meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between
      rs662 (Gln(Q)192Arg(R)) and rs854560 (L55M) and the rs7493 (S311C) in the
      paraoxonase genes and ischemic stroke (IS) in the population of Gran Canaria
      (Canary Islands). The association with stroke was also evaluated using systematic
      review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A total of 129 IS patients and 176 age and
      gender matched controls were enrolled. For meta-analysis, eligible studies were
      identified through search in public databases. RESULTS: In multivariate
      regression analysis only the PON2 S311C variant showed to be an independent
      predictor of IS (OR = 0.093, 95% CI: 0.014-0.627). Overall, no significant
      association was found between L55M and IS when all studies were pooled nor by
      subgroup analysis by ethnicity. Gln192Arg showed a modest risk for IS in the
      global and in Asian population but with high heterogeneity among studies. A
      modest risk under a dominant inheritance model was found for the S311C variant
      with an overall random effect OR of 1.004 (95% CI: 1.00-1.35). There was strong
      evidence of heterogeneity among studies (  p = 0.0097, I2 = 25.35%) which did not
      disappear after stratification by ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: The overall analysis
      shows a significant contribution of the rs662 variant to IS risk. We found that
      the CC genotype of the PON2 S311C polymorphism is a risk factor for IS. Results
      of the meta-analysis partially support this conclusion.

PMID- 26978536
TI  - 'Reckless policy' of senior nurse cuts could affect patient safety, RCN warns.
AB  - Almost 4,000 senior nursing posts have been lost in the NHS over the past three
      years, a situation which could have 'dire consequences' for patient safety, the
      RCN has warned. 

PMID- 26978535
TI  - New cycloartane glycosides from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus and their
      antidepressant activity.
AB  - Two new cycloartane glycosides, cyprotusides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from
      the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. Their chemical structures were elucidated on
      the basis of IR, MS, NMR spectroscopic analyses coupled with chemical
      degradation. The potential antidepressant activity of the two compounds was
      evaluated. In the despair mice models, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant
      antidepressant activity. 

PMID- 26978537
TI  - Terminally ill fail to receive suitable care at home.
AB  - People with terminal illnesses are not receiving access to suitable care in their
      own homes when they need it, according to a survey commissioned by charity Marie
      Curie Cancer Care. 

PMID- 26978538
TI  - News digest March 11 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26978539
TI  - Nurse's research highlights vital work of diabetes specialists.
AB  - Diabetes specialist nurses are highly valued by patients and can save the NHS
      money by keeping patients out of hospital, a nurse has found. 

PMID- 26978540
TI  - More investment needed in advanced nurse practitioners to bolster emergency care.
AB  - NHS organisations must invest in sufficient numbers of advanced nurse
      practitioners to ease pressures on urgent and emergency care services, a report
      states. 

PMID- 26978541
TI  - News digest March 10 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26978542
TI  - Nurse awarded payout after sustaining injuries at work.
AB  - A hospice nurse whose career was cut short following an accident at work has been
      awarded a L765,992 payout from her former employers. 

PMID- 26978543
TI  - Outpatient services not good enough, watchdog warns.
AB  - Patients are facing unacceptable delays at overcrowded outpatient clinics, the
      Care Quality Commission (CQC) has warned. 

PMID- 26978544
TI  - News digest 07 March 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26978545
TI  - Nurses call for overhaul of benefits assessments.
AB  - Nursing unions have called for an overhaul of the contentious benefit assessment
      system for people unable to work, after Atos Healthcare announced plans to exit
      its government contract early. 

PMID- 26978546
TI  - More nurses could stop NHS 'failing older people'.
AB  - District and community nurse numbers need to be boosted to prevent older patients
      being failed by the NHS, the RCN has urged. 

PMID- 26978547
TI  - News digest 06 March 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers. 

PMID- 26978548
TI  - New analytical application of antibody-based biosensor in estimation of thyroid
      stimulating hormone in serum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conventionally, ELISA is used to measure thyroid-stimulating hormone
      (TSH) for diagnosis of thyroid disease. In this study, an immunosensor-based,
      kinetic-exclusion analysis (KinExA) was used for TSH estimation. METHODOLOGY: A
      PMMA microbead column coated with TSH antigen is formed inside the flow cell.
      Samples consisting of mouse anti-TSH monoclonal antibody and TSH antigen complex
      in solution are passed over the beads and the unbound anti-TSH antibody is
      captured by the TSH-coated beads, followed by passing fluorescent-labeled
      antibody over the beads to generate signals for analysis. The limit of detection
      for the assay was 0.4 mIU l(-1) and the precision was acceptable. CONCLUSION: The
      developed sensor was advantageous due to the automated nature and its
      convenience, without compromising the sensitivity for estimation of TSH.

PMID- 26978549
TI  - Kinetics of ABTS derived radical cation scavenging by bucillamine, cysteine, and
      glutathione. Catalytic effect of Cu(2+) ions.
AB  - Kinetics of reduction of the stable radical cation derived from 2,2'-azino-bis(3
      ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) in reaction with the anti-rheumatic
      drug bucillamine (BUC) and two reference thiols - cysteine (Cys) and glutathione
      (GSH) was followed spectrophotometrically in acidic medium with 10-fold molar
      excess of the reductant. Decay of the radical is governed by pseudo-first order
      kinetics with small deviation in the case of GSH. H(+) ions displayed second
      order inhibition of the reaction with all the studied compounds. The reaction of
      BUC exhibits zero order kinetics to the radical at lower acidities with a
      moderate acceleration of the reaction rate by H(+) ions. A significant catalytic
      effect of Cu(2+) ions on the reactions with all the reductants was observed. The
      most sensitive to Cu(2+)-catalysis was the reaction of BUC with the radical
      cation, while Cu(2+) ions showed much lower effect on the reaction with GSH. The
      presence of EDTA strongly inhibited the reactions and equalized the reaction
      rates for all the reductants. A Cu(I) selective chelator bathocuproine
      disulfonate reduced the reaction rate with Cys, but accelerated the reaction with
      BUC at the lower acidities. The experimental results were rationalized in the
      framework of the mechanism of reductive chelation. The conclusions may have
      important consequences for interpretation of antioxidant capacity assays, such as
      TEAC, utilizing the ABTS derived radical cation. 

PMID- 26978551
TI  - Semi-Supervised Tensor-Based Graph Embedding Learning and Its Application to
      Visual Discriminant Tracking.
AB  - An appearance model adaptable to changes in object appearance is critical in
      visual object tracking. In this paper, we treat an image patch as a two-order
      tensor which preserves the original image structure. We design two graphs for
      characterizing the intrinsic local geometrical structure of the tensor samples of
      the object and the background. Graph embedding is used to reduce the dimensions
      of the tensors while preserving the structure of the graphs. Then, a discriminant
      embedding space is constructed. We prove two propositions for finding the
      transformation matrices which are used to map the original tensor samples to the
      tensor-based graph embedding space. In order to encode more discriminant
      information in the embedding space, we propose a transfer-learning- based semi
      supervised strategy to iteratively adjust the embedding space into which
      discriminative information obtained from earlier times is transferred. We apply
      the proposed semi-supervised tensor-based graph embedding learning algorithm to
      visual tracking. The new tracking algorithm captures an object's appearance
      characteristics during tracking and uses a particle filter to estimate the
      optimal object state. Experimental results on the CVPR 2013 benchmark dataset
      demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed tracking algorithm.

PMID- 26978550
TI  - Cross reactivity of S. aureus to murine cytokine assays: A source of discrepancy.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is one of the versatile Gram positive bacteria causing a
      range of diseases. Upon challenge, host immune cells recognize S. aureus and
      mount diverse immune responses including production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
      such as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. These cytokines are important mediators of
      inflammation which can be detected via various immunological methods such as
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. In the current
      study, we found that a number of clinical isolates as well as laboratory strains
      of S. aureus exhibited cross reactivity with ELISA antibodies for murine IL-1beta
      and TNF-alpha assays. This cross reactivity generates exaggerated false positive
      signals which can be a source of discrepancy for the understanding of real immune
      responses against S. aureus infection by host immune cells. 

PMID- 26978552
TI  - Blessing of Dimensionality: Recovering Mixture Data via Dictionary Pursuit.
AB  - This paper studies the problem of recovering the authentic samples that lie on a
      union of multiple subspaces from their corrupted observations. Due to the high
      dimensional and massive nature of today's data-driven community, it is arguable
      that the target matrix (i.e., authentic sample matrix) to recover is often low
      rank. In this case, the recently established Robust Principal Component Analysis
      (RPCA) method already provides us a convenient way to solve the problem of
      recovering mixture data. However, in general, RPCA is not good enough because the
      incoherent condition assumed by RPCA is not so consistent with the mixture
      structure of multiple subspaces. Namely, when the subspace number grows, the row
      coherence of data keeps heightening and, accordingly, RPCA degrades. To overcome
      the challenges arising from mixture data, we suggest to consider LRR in this
      paper. We elucidate that LRR can well handle mixture data, as long as its
      dictionary is configured appropriately. More precisely, we mathematically prove
      that LRR can weaken the dependence on the row-coherence, provided that the
      dictionary is well-conditioned and has a rank of not too high. In particular, if
      the dictionary itself is sufficiently low-rank, then the dependence on the row
      coherence can be completely removed. These provide some elementary principles for
      dictionary learning and naturally lead to a practical algorithm for recovering
      mixture data. Our experiments on randomly generated matrices and real motion
      sequences show promising results.

PMID- 26978553
TI  - A Sphere-Description-Based Approach for Multiple-Instance Learning.
AB  - Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a generalization of supervised learning which
      addresses the classification of bags. Similar to traditional supervised learning,
      most of the existing MIL work is proposed based on the assumption that a
      representative training set is available for a proper learning of the classifier.
      That is to say, the training data can appropriately describe the distribution of
      positive and negative data in the testing set. However, this assumption may not
      be always satisfied. In real-world MIL applications, the negative data in the
      training set may not sufficiently represent the distribution of negative data in
      the testing set. Hence, how to learn an appropriate MIL classifier when a
      representative training set is not available becomes a key challenge for real
      world MIL applications. To deal with this problem, we propose a novel Sphere
      Description-Based approach for Multiple-Instance Learning (SDB-MIL). SDB-MIL
      learns an optimal sphere by determining a large margin among the instances, and
      meanwhile ensuring that each positive bag has at least one instance inside the
      sphere and all negative bags are outside the sphere. Enclosing at least one
      instance from each positive bag in the sphere enables a more desirable MIL
      classifier when the negative data in the training set cannot sufficiently
      represent the distribution of negative data in the testing set. Substantial
      experiments on the benchmark and real-world MIL datasets show that SDB-MIL
      obtains statistically better classification performance than the MIL methods
      compared.

PMID- 26978554
TI  - Multi-Timescale Collaborative Tracking.
AB  - We present the multi-timescale collaborative tracker for single object tracking.
      The tracker simultaneously utilizes different types of "forces", namely
      attraction, repulsion and support, to take advantage of their complementary
      strengths. We model the three forces via three components that are learned from
      the sample sets with different timescales. The long-term descriptive component
      attracts the target sample, while the medium-term discriminative component
      repulses the target from the background. They are collaborated in the appearance
      model to benefit each other. The short-term regressive component combines the
      votes of the auxiliary samples to predict the target's position, forming the
      context-aware motion model. The appearance model and the motion model
      collaboratively determine the target state, and the optimal state is estimated by
      a novel coarse-to-fine search strategy. We have conducted an extensive set of
      experiments on the standard 50 video benchmark. The results confirm the
      effectiveness of each component and their collaboration, outperforming current
      state-of-the-art methods.

PMID- 26978556
TI  - Geometric Calibration of Micro-Lens-Based Light Field Cameras Using Line
      Features.
AB  - We present a novel method for the geometric calibration of micro-lens-based light
      field cameras. Accurate geometric calibration is the basis of various
      applications. Instead of using sub-aperture images, we directly utilize raw
      images for calibration. We select appropriate regions in raw images and extract
      line features from micro-lens images in those regions. For the entire process, we
      formulate a new projection model of a micro-lens-based light field camera, which
      contains a smaller number of parameters than previous models. The model is
      transformed into a linear form using line features. We compute the initial
      solution of both the intrinsic and the extrinsic parameters by a linear
      computation and refine them via non-linear optimization. Experimental results
      demonstrate the accuracy of the correspondences between rays and pixels in raw
      images, as estimated by the proposed method.

PMID- 26978555
TI  - Active Clustering with Model-Based Uncertainty Reduction.
AB  - Semi-supervised clustering seeks to augment traditional clustering methods by
      incorporating side information provided via human expertise in order to increase
      the semantic meaningfulness of the resulting clusters. However, most current
      methods are passive in the sense that the side information is provided beforehand
      and selected randomly. This may require a large number of constraints, some of
      which could be redundant, unnecessary, or even detrimental to the clustering
      results. Thus in order to scale such semi-supervised algorithms to larger
      problems it is desirable to pursue an active clustering method-i.e., an algorithm
      that maximizes the effectiveness of the available human labor by only requesting
      human input where it will have the greatest impact. Here, we propose a novel
      online framework for active semi-supervised spectral clustering that selects
      pairwise constraints as clustering proceeds, based on the principle of
      uncertainty reduction. Using a first-order Taylor expansion, we decompose the
      expected uncertainty reduction problem into a gradient and a step-scale, computed
      via an application of matrix perturbation theory and cluster-assignment entropy,
      respectively. The resulting model is used to estimate the uncertainty reduction
      potential of each sample in the dataset. We then present the human user with
      pairwise queries with respect to only the best candidate sample. We evaluate our
      method using three different image datasets (faces, leaves and dogs), a set of
      common UCI machine learning datasets and a gene dataset. The results validate our
      decomposition formulation and show that our method is consistently superior to
      existing state-of-the-art techniques, as well as being robust to noise and to
      unknown numbers of clusters.

PMID- 26978557
TI  - Large-Scale Binary Quadratic Optimization Using Semidefinite Relaxation and
      Applications.
AB  - In computer vision, many problems can be formulated as binary quadratic programs
      (BQPs), which are in general NP hard. Finding a solution when the problem is of
      large size to be of practical interest typically requires relaxation.
      Semidefinite relaxation usually yields tight bounds, but its computational
      complexity is high. In this work, we present a semidefinite programming (SDP)
      formulation for BQPs, with two desirable properties. First, it produces similar
      bounds to the standard SDP formulation. Second, compared with the conventional
      SDP formulation, the proposed SDP formulation leads to a considerably more
      efficient and scalable dual optimization approach. We then propose two solvers,
      namely, quasi-Newton and smoothing Newton methods, for the simplified dual
      problem. Both of them are significantly more efficient than standard interior
      point methods. Empirically the smoothing Newton solver is faster than the quasi
      Newton solver for dense or medium-sized problems, while the quasi-Newton solver
      is preferable for large sparse/structured problems.

PMID- 26978563
TI  - Are Allopathic and Holistic Medicine Incommensurable?
AB  - The shift from the Aristotelian to the Newtonian scientific paradigm gave birth
      to progresses in the natural, hard sciences and contributed to the emergence of
      modernity. Allopathic medicine gradually implemented those progresses,
      transforming itself into contemporary biomedicine. In the early 20th century,
      replacement of Newtonian physics by quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of
      relativity resulted in a new paradigm shift in the natural, hard sciences. This
      shift gave birth to post-modern perceptions, which attempt to put those changes
      in context. Within this new context, holistic therapeutic approaches are
      considered more compatible with the new paradigm. Different paradigms in the
      natural, hard sciences are considered to be incommensurable (in the Kuhnian
      sense). This incommensurability is also transferred to the different societal
      contexts, the different "Weltanschauungen" that rely on different scientific
      paradigms. However, drawing on arguments that range from historical and
      philosophical to practical and sociological ones, we argue that, although based
      on different scientific paradigms, allopathic and holistic medicine are not
      incommensurable, but rather complementary. This may be related to the inherent
      attributes of medicine, a fact that reinforces the debate on its epistemological
      status. 

PMID- 26978558
TI  - Managing the female patient with hereditary angioedema.
AB  - Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder resulting from decreased
      functional levels of C1-inhibitor (C1-INH), which manifests as periodic episodes
      of localized edema which can be extremely painful, debilitating and even fatal if
      the swelling affects the larynx. HAE can complicate many aspects of
      obstetric/gynecologic care, and an awareness of the disease is critical for
      clinicians involved in the care of women because of potential HAE-related
      complications pertaining to pregnancy, labor and delivery, and other women's
      health issues. This article provides a review of published literature specific to
      HAE and its management in female patients, including important concerns regarding
      obstetric/gynecologic care. A growing body of relevant experience is presented to
      help guide the care of women with HAE.

PMID- 26978564
TI  - Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis of Sinonasal Mucosal Malignant
      Melanoma: A Retrospective Study of 83 Cases in a Chinese Population.
AB  - AIMS: Sinonasal mucosal malignant melanoma (SNMMM) is a rare disease. The aim of
      the present study was to describe its clinicopathological features and prognosis
      in a Chinese population. METHODS: Data on 83 SNMMM patients were collected and
      analyzed. A survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and a
      log-rank test. RESULTS: The most common presenting symptoms of SNMMM were nasal
      obstruction, epistaxis, and bloody rhinorrhea. Histopathologically, 38 cases
      (45.78%) were amelanotic. Five cell types (epithelioid, undifferentiated,
      plasmacytoid, spindle, and clear) were identified. Positive staining for human
      melanoma black-45 and Melan-A was diagnostic of SNMMM. Advanced age, multiple
      tumor sites, and amelanotic-type SNMMM indicated a worse outcome (p = 0.008, p =
      0.009, and p = 0.013, respectively). Neither adjuvant therapy nor the tumor stage
      was associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: SNMMM is an uncommon disease
      with atypical symptoms. Its histopathological appearance is variable, especially
      in the amelanotic type. Thus, immunohistochemistry is important in the diagnosis,
      and it should be performed according to the histology.

PMID- 26978565
TI  - Routine Pediatric Enterovirus 71 Vaccination in China: a Cost-Effectiveness
      Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: China accounted for 87% (9.8 million/11.3 million) of all hand, foot,
      and mouth disease (HFMD) cases reported to WHO during 2010-2014. Enterovirus 71
      (EV71) is responsible for most of the severe HFMD cases. Three EV71 vaccines
      recently demonstrated good efficacy in children aged 6-71 mo. Here we assessed
      the cost-effectiveness of routine pediatric EV71 vaccination in China. METHODS
      AND FINDINGS: We characterized the economic and health burden of EV71-associated
      HFMD (EV71-HFMD) in China using (i) the national surveillance database, (ii)
      virological surveillance records from all provinces, and (iii) a caregiver survey
      on the household costs and health utility loss for 1,787 laboratory-confirmed
      pediatric cases. Using a static model parameterized with these data, we estimated
      the effective vaccine cost (EVC, defined as cost/efficacy or simply the cost of a
      100% efficacious vaccine) below which routine pediatric vaccination would be
      considered cost-effective. We performed the base-case analysis from the societal
      perspective with a willingness-to-pay threshold of one times the gross domestic
      product per capita (GDPpc) and an annual discount rate of 3%. We performed
      uncertainty analysis by (i) accounting for the uncertainty in the risk of EV71
      HFMD due to missing laboratory data in the national database, (ii) excluding
      productivity loss of parents and caregivers, (iii) increasing the willingness-to
      pay threshold to three times GDPpc, (iv) increasing the discount rate to 6%, and
      (v) accounting for the proportion of EV71-HFMD cases not registered by national
      surveillance. In each of these scenarios, we performed probabilistic sensitivity
      analysis to account for parametric uncertainty in our estimates of the risk of
      EV71-HFMD and the expected costs and health utility loss due to EV71-HFMD.
      Routine pediatric EV71 vaccination would be cost-saving if the all-inclusive EVC
      is below US$10.6 (95% CI US$9.7-US$11.5) and would remain cost-effective if EVC
      is below US$17.9 (95% CI US$16.9-US$18.8) in the base case, but these ceilings
      could be up to 66% higher if all the test-negative cases with missing laboratory
      data are EV71-HFMD. The EVC ceiling is (i) 10%-14% lower if productivity loss of
      parents/caregivers is excluded, (ii) 58%-84% higher if the willingness-to-pay
      threshold is increased to three times GDPpc, (iii) 14%-19% lower if the discount
      rate is increased to 6%, and (iv) 36% (95% CI 23%-50%) higher if the proportion
      of EV71-HFMD registered by national surveillance is the same as that observed in
      the three EV71 vaccine phase III trials. The validity of our results relies on
      the following assumptions: (i) self-reported hospital charges are a good proxy
      for the opportunity cost of care, (ii) the cost and health utility loss estimates
      based on laboratory-confirmed EV71-HFMD cases are representative of all EV71-HFMD
      cases, and (iii) the long-term average risk of EV71-HFMD in the future is similar
      to that registered by national surveillance during 2010-2013. CONCLUSIONS:
      Compared to no vaccination, routine pediatric EV71 vaccination would be very cost
      effective in China if the cost of immunization (including all logistical,
      procurement, and administration costs needed to confer 5 y of vaccine protection)
      is below US$12.0-US$18.3, depending on the choice of vaccine among the three
      candidates. Given that the annual number of births in China has been around 16
      million in recent years, the annual costs for routine pediatric EV71 vaccination
      at this cost range should not exceed US$192-US$293 million. Our results can be
      used to determine the optimal vaccine when the prices of the three vaccines are
      known.

PMID- 26978566
TI  - Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and
      Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells.
AB  - Amifostine protects normal cells from DNA damage induction by ionizing radiation
      or chemotherapeutics, whereas cancer cells typically remain uninfluenced. While
      confirming this phenomenon, we have revealed by comet assay and currently the
      most sensitive method of DNA double strand break (DSB) quantification (based on
      gammaH2AX/53BP1 high-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy) that amifostine
      treatment supports DSB repair in gamma-irradiated normal NHDF fibroblasts but
      alters it in MCF7 carcinoma cells. These effects follow from the significantly
      lower activity of alkaline phosphatase measured in MCF7 cells and their
      supernatants as compared with NHDF fibroblasts. Liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry confirmed that the amifostine conversion to WR-1065 was
      significantly more intensive in normal NHDF cells than in tumor MCF cells. In
      conclusion, due to common differences between normal and cancer cells in their
      abilities to convert amifostine to its active metabolite WR-1065, amifostine may
      not only protect in multiple ways normal cells from radiation-induced DNA damage
      but also make cancer cells suffer from DSB repair alteration. 

PMID- 26978568
TI  - Post-discharge Follow-up Characteristics Associated With 30-Day Readmission After
      Heart Failure Hospitalization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Readmission within 30 days after hospitalization for heart failure
      (HF) is a major public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether timing and
      type of post-discharge follow-up impacts risk of 30-day readmission in adults
      hospitalized for HF. DESIGN: Nested matched case-control study (January 1, 2006
      June 30, 2013). SETTING: A large, integrated health care delivery system in
      Northern California. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalized adults with a primary diagnosis
      of HF discharged to home without hospice care. MEASUREMENTS: Outpatient visits
      and telephone calls with cardiology and general medicine providers in non
      emergency department and non-urgent care settings were counted as follow-up care.
      Statistical adjustments were made for differences in patient sociodemographic and
      clinical characteristics, acute severity of illness, hospitalization
      characteristics, and post-discharge medication changes and laboratory testing.
      RESULTS: Among 11,985 eligible adults, early initial outpatient contact within 7
      days after discharge was associated with lower odds of readmission [adjusted odds
      ratio (OR)=0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94], whereas later outpatient contact between 8
      and 30 days after hospital discharge was not significantly associated with
      readmission (adjusted OR=0.99; 95% CI, 0.82-1.19). Initial contact by telephone
      was associated with lower adjusted odds of 30-day readmission (adjusted OR=0.85;
      95% CI, 0.69-1.06) but was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In adults
      discharged to home after hospitalization for HF, outpatient follow-up with a
      cardiology or general medicine provider within 7 days was associated with a lower
      chance of 30-day readmission.

PMID- 26978567
TI  - Dissecting the role of histidine kinase and HOG1 mitogen-activated protein kinase
      signalling in stress tolerance and pathogenicity of Parastagonospora nodorum on
      wheat.
AB  - The HOG1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated through two
      component histidine kinase (HK) signalling. This pathway was first characterized
      in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a regulator of osmotolerance.
      The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of septoria nodorum
      blotch of wheat. This pathogen uses host-specific effectors in tandem with
      general pathogenicity mechanisms to carry out its infection process. Genes
      showing strong sequence homology to S. cerevisiae HOG1 signalling pathway genes
      have been identified in the genome of P. nodorum. In this study, we examined the
      role of the pathway in the virulence of P. nodorum on wheat by disrupting
      putative pathway component genes: HOG1 (SNOG_13296) MAPK and NIK1 (SNOG_11631)
      hybrid HK. Mutants deleted in NIK1 and HOG1 were insensitive to dicarboximide and
      phenylpyrrole fungicides, but not a fungicide that targets ergosterol
      biosynthesis. Furthermore, both Deltanik1 and Deltahog1 mutants showed increased
      sensitivity to hyperosmotic stress. However, HOG1, but not NIK1, is required for
      tolerance to elevated temperatures. HOG1 deletion conferred increased tolerance
      to 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone, a cereal phytoalexin. This suggests that the HOG1
      signalling pathway is not exclusively associated with NIK1. Both Deltanik1 and
      Deltahog1 mutants retained the ability to infect and cause necrotic lesions on
      wheat. However, we observed that the Deltahog1 mutation resulted in reduced
      production of pycnidia, asexual fruiting bodies that facilitate spore dispersal
      during late infection. Our study demonstrated the overlapping and distinct roles
      of a HOG1 MAPK and two-component HK signalling in P. nodorum growth and
      pathogenicity.

PMID- 26978570
TI  - Nationwide In-hospital Mortality Following Pancreatic Surgery in Germany is
      Higher than Anticipated.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the unbiased mortality rates for pancreatic
      surgery procedures at the national level through a comprehensive analysis of
      every inpatient case in Germany. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several studies have
      proclaimed a general improvement of perioperative outcomes following pancreatic
      surgery. These results are challenged by recent analyses of large US databases
      that found strong volume-outcome relationships, with high mortality in low-volume
      facilities. METHODS: All inpatient cases with a pancreatic surgery procedure code
      in Germany from 2009 to 2013 were identified from nationwide administrative
      hospital data. We determined the absolute number of patients and the in-hospital
      death rate for crucial subcategories such as medical indications and types of
      surgical procedure. RESULTS: A total of 58,003 inpatient episodes of pancreatic
      surgery were identified between 2009 and 2013. Annual case numbers increased
      significantly, which was primarily attributed to patients aged 70 years and
      older. The overall in-hospital mortality rate (10.1%) did not significantly
      change during the study period. Major pancreatic resections were associated with
      mortality ranging from 7.3% (distal pancreatectomy) to 22.9% (total
      pancreatectomy). Postoperative interventions indicative of severe complications
      were documented frequently (eg, more than 6 blood transfusions in 20% of all
      patients and relaparotomy in 16%). Their occurrence was associated with a
      dramatic increase in mortality. CONCLUSION: At the national level in Germany,
      perioperative mortality is higher than anticipated from previous studies. The
      absence of a significant reduction in overall mortality challenges current health
      policies that aim to improve the outcomes of high-risk surgical procedures in
      Germany.

PMID- 26978569
TI  - Disparities in Discontinuing Rosiglitazone Following the 2007 FDA Safety Alert.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Responsiveness to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
      rosiglitazone safety alert, issued on May 21, 2007, has not been examined among
      vulnerable subpopulations of the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To compare time to
      discontinuation of rosiglitazone after the safety alert between black and white
      elderly persons, and across sociodemographic and economic subgroups. RESEARCH
      DESIGN: A cohort study. SUBJECTS: Medicare fee-for-service enrollees in 2007 who
      were established users of rosiglitazone identified from a 20% national sample of
      pharmacy claims. MEASURES: Outcome of interest was time to discontinuation of
      rosiglitazone after the May alert. We modeled the number of days following the
      warning to the end of the days' supply for the last rosiglitazone claim during
      the study period (May 21, 2007-December 31, 2007) using multivariable
      proportional hazards models. RESULTS: More than 67% of enrollees discontinued
      rosiglitazone within six months of the advisory. In adjusted analysis, white
      enrollees (hazard ratio=0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.94) discontinued
      rosiglitazone later than the comparison group of black enrollees. Enrollees with
      a history of low personal income also discontinued later than their comparison
      group (hazard ratio=0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.87). There were no
      observed differences across quintiles of area-level socioeconomic status.
      CONCLUSIONS: White race and a history of low personal income modestly predicted
      later discontinuation of rosiglitazone after the FDA's safety advisory in 2007.
      The impact of FDA advisories can vary among sociodemographic groups. Policymakers
      should continue to monitor whether risk management policies reach their intended
      populations.

PMID- 26978574
TI  - L-Rhamnose Enhances the Immunogenicity of Melanoma-Associated Antigen A3 for
      Stimulating Antitumor Immune Responses.
AB  - Vaccines based on melanoma-associated antigens (MAGEs) present a promising
      strategy for tumor immunotherapy, albeit with weak immunogenicity. In this study,
      the xenoantigen L-rhamnose (Rha) was chemically conjugated with truncated MAGE-A3
      (tMAGE-A3) to generate Rha-tMAGE-A3. The product showed good antigenicity with
      anti-Rha antibodies purified from human serum. FITC-labeled Rha-tMAGE-A3 was
      detected in THP-1 human macrophage cells via the anti-Rha antibody-dependent
      antigen uptake process. Furthermore, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
      stimulated with Rha-tMAGE-A3 in the presence of anti-Rha antibodies showed better
      cytotoxicity toward A375 human melanoma cells surfaced by MAGE-A3 antigen
      compared to PBMCs stimulated with tMAGE-A3. All data reveal that linking of Rha
      epitopes to MAGE enhances the immunogenicity of MAGE by harnessing the immune
      effector functions of human naturally existing anti-Rha antibodies. Rha epitopes
      could become immunogenicity enhancers of tumor associated antigens in the
      development of tumor immunotherapies.

PMID- 26978575
TI  - Spatial conservation studies of nucleobases in 10-23 DNAzyme by 2'-positioned
      isonucleotides and enantiomers for increased activity.
AB  - 2'-Positioned isonucleotides and enantiomers were used to evaluate the
      conservation of the spatial location of five adenines and two thymines in the
      catalytic core of 10-23 DNAzyme. The positive effect of isonucleotides at A15 and
      T8 along with inherent enzymatic resistance could be a tangible solution for the
      practical applications of 10-23 DNAzyme. 

PMID- 26978576
TI  - Tailoring Charge Recombination in Photoelectrodes Using Oxide Nanostructures.
AB  - Optimizing semiconductor devices for solar energy conversion requires an explicit
      control of the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Here we show
      how the recombination of charge carriers can be controlled in semiconductor thin
      films by surface patterning with oxide nanodisks. The control mechanism relies on
      the formation of dipole-like electric fields at the interface that, depending on
      the field direction, attract or repel minority carriers from underneath the
      disks. The charge recombination rate can be controlled through the choice of
      oxide material and the surface coverage of nanodisks. We provide proof-of
      principle demonstration of this approach by patterning the surface of Fe2O3, one
      of the most studied semiconductors for light-driven water splitting, with TiO2
      and Cu2O nanodisks. We expect this method to be generally applicable to a range
      of semiconductor-based solar energy conversion devices. 

PMID- 26978577
TI  - Structural Origins of Cholesterol Accelerated Lipid Flip-Flop Studied by Sum
      Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy.
AB  - The unique structure of cholesterol and its role in modulating lipid
      translocation (flip-flop) were examined using sum-frequency vibrational
      spectroscopy (SFVS). Two structural analogues of cholesterol--cholestanol and
      cholestene--were examined to explore the influence of ring rigidity and
      amphiphilicity on controlling distearoylphosphocholine (DSPC) flip-flop. Kinetic
      rates for DSPC flip-flop were determined as a function of sterol concentration
      and temperature. All three sterols increased the rate of DSPC flip-flop in a
      concentration-dependent manner following the order cholestene > cholestanol >
      cholesterol. Rates of DSPC flip-flop were used to calculate the thermodynamic
      activation free energy barrier (DeltaG(?)) in the presence of cholesterol,
      cholestanol, and cholestene. The acyl chain gauche content of DSPC, mean lipid
      area, and membrane compressibility were correlated to observed trends in
      DeltaG(?). DeltaG(?) for DSPC flip-flop showed a strong positive correlation with
      the molar compression modulus (K*) of the membrane, influenced by the type and
      concentration of the sterol added. Interestingly, cholesterol is distinctive in
      maintaining invariant membrane compressibility over the range of 2-10 mol %. The
      results in this study demonstrate that the compression modulus of a membrane
      plays a significant role in moderating DeltaG(?) and the kinetics of native,
      protein-free, lipid translocation in membranes.

PMID- 26978578
TI  - Selection and Characterization of an alpha6beta4 Integrin blocking DNA Aptamer.
AB  - The heterodimeric laminin receptor alpha6beta4 integrin plays a central role in
      the promotion of tumor cell growth, invasion, and organotropic metastasis. As an
      overproduction of the integrin is often linked to a poor prognosis, the
      inhibition of integrin alpha6beta4 binding to laminin is of high therapeutical
      interest. Here, we report on the combination of a cell-systematic evolution of
      ligands by exponential enrichment and a bead-based selection resulting in the
      first aptamer inhibiting the interaction between alpha6beta4 integrin and laminin
      332. This Integrin alpha6beta4-specific DNA Aptamer (IDA) inhibits the adhesion
      of prostate cancer cells (PC-3) to laminin-332 with an IC50 value of 149 nmol/l.
      The Kd value concerning the aptamer's interaction with PC-3 cells amounts to 137
      nmol/l. Further characterization showed specificity to alpha6 integrins and a
      half-life in murine blood plasma of 6 hours. Two truncated versions of the
      aptamer retained their binding capacity, but lost their ability to inhibit the
      interaction between laminin-332 and PC-3 cells. Confocal laser scanning
      microscope studies revealed that the aptamer was internalized into PC-3-cells.
      Therefore, in addition to the adhesion-blocking function of this aptamer, IDA
      could also be applied for the delivery of siRNA, microRNA or toxins to cancer
      cells presenting the integrin alpha6beta4. 

PMID- 26978579
TI  - A Tat-conjugated Peptide Nucleic Acid Tat-PNA-DR Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus
      Replication In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting LTR Direct Repeats of HBV RNA.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of chronic active hepatitis,
      cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, all of which are severe threats
      to human health. However, current clinical therapies for HBV are limited by
      potential side effects, toxicity, and drug-resistance. In this study, a cell
      penetrating peptide-conjugated peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Tat-PNA-DR, was
      designed to target the direct repeat (DR) sequences of HBV. Tat-PNA-DR
      effectively inhibited HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. Its anti-HBV effect
      relied on the binding of Tat-PNA-DR to the DR, whereby it suppressed the
      translation of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBsAg, HBV core, hepatitis B virus
      x protein, and HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) and the reverse transcription of
      the HBV genome. Furthermore, Tat-PNA-DR administered by intravenous injection
      efficiently cleared HBeAg and HBsAg in an acute hepatitis B mouse model.
      Importantly, it induced an 80% decline in HBV DNA in mouse serum, which was
      similar to the effect of the widely used clinical drug Lamivudine (3TC).
      Additionally, a long-term hydrodynamics HBV mouse model also demonstrated Tat-PNA
      DR's antiviral effect. Interestingly, Tat-PNA-DR displayed low cytotoxicity, low
      mouse acute toxicity, low immunogenicity, and high serum stability. These data
      indicate that Tat-PNA-DR is a unique PNA and a promising drug candidate against
      HBV. 

PMID- 26978580
TI  - Combination of microRNA-21 and microRNA-146a Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction and
      Apoptosis During Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice.
AB  - Recent studies have revealed the cytoprotective roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) miR
      21 and miR-146a against ischemic cardiac injuries. While these studies
      investigated each of these miRNAs as an independent individual factor, our
      previous study has suggested the possible interaction between these two miRNAs.
      The present study was designed to investigate this possibility by evaluating the
      effects of miR-21 and miR-146a combination on cardiac ischemic injuries and the
      underlying mechanisms. MiR-21 and miR-146a synergistically decreased apoptosis
      under ischemia/hypoxic conditions in cardiomyocytes compared with either miR-21
      or miR-146a alone. Mice coinjected with agomiR-21 and agomiR-146a had decreased
      infarct size, increased ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS).
      These effects were greater than those induced by either of the two agomiRs.
      Furthermore, greater decreases in p38 mitogen-associated protein kinase
      phosphorylation (p-p38 MAPK) were observed with miR-21: miR-146a combination as
      compared to application of either of the miRNAs. These data suggest that
      combination of miR-21 and miR-146a has a greater protective effect against
      cardiac ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis as compared to these miRNAs applied
      individually. This synergistic action is mediated by enhanced potency of
      inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by the miR-21-PTEN/AKT-p-p38-caspase-3 and
      miR-146a-TRAF6-p-p38-caspase-3 signal pathways. 

PMID- 26978581
TI  - The prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia among adults in
      China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and
      epidemiological characteristics of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults. METHODS: In
      this cross-sectional study, we adopted a multi-stage, stratified sampling method
      to obtain representative samples of the general population aged >18 years from
      different urban and rural regions in China. All subjects completed a lifestyle
      and medical history questionnaire and were examined for risk factors.
      Dyslipidemia was defined according to criteria of the 2007 Chinese Guidelines on
      Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults. Continuous variables were
      compared using variance analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was
      performed to explore the risk factors of dyslipidemia. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      dyslipidemia was 34.0% overall, and 35.1%, and 26.3% in urban and rural areas,
      respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly higher in men than
      women (41.9% vs 32.5%; P < 0.001). Rates of awareness, treatment, and control
      were 31.0%, 19.5%, and 8.9%, respectively. Increasing age (OR = 1.012; 95%
      CI:1.010, 1.014), male sex (OR = 1.411; 95% CI:1.318, 1.510), obesity (OR =
      1.424; 95% CI:1.345, 1.507), cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.343; 95% CI:1.125,
      1.603), diabetes (OR = 1.955; 95% CI:1.751, 2.182), hypertension (OR = 1.481; 95%
      CI:1.391, 1.577) and hyperuricemia (OR = 2.223; 95% CI:2.060, 2.399) were
      independent risk factors of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of
      dyslipidemia among Chinese adults was high but awareness, treatment, and control
      of dyslipidemia were low. Urban high income earners and rural medium income
      earners show higher prevalence. Low income earners in urban and rural population
      have the worst awareness treatment, and control rate. There is an increased need
      for closely monitoring and controlling high risk factors in the populations
      including postmenopausal women, unhealthy lifestyle peoples and patients with
      chronic non-communicable diseases.

PMID- 26978582
TI  - Possible roles of platelet-derived microparticles in atherosclerosis.
AB  - Platelets and platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) play important roles in
      cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis. Continued research has
      revealed that PMPs have numerous functions in atherosclerosis, not only in
      thrombosis formation, but also by induction of inflammation. PMPs also induce
      formation of foam cells. Recent evidence strongly indicates a significant role of
      PMPs in atherosclerosis. Here, current research on the function of PMPs in
      atherosclerosis is reviewed. 

PMID- 26978583
TI  - Up-regulation of Hnf1alpha gene expression in the liver of rats with
      experimentally induced chronic renal failure - A possible link between
      circulating PCSK9 and triacylglycerol concentrations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to verify if an increase in Hnf1alpha gene
      expression could be a possible link between circulating proprotein convertase
      subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and TAGs concentrations in chronic renal failure
      (CRF). METHODS: Rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy or a sham surgery. Liver
      expressions of Pcsk9, Mttp, ApoB-100, Hnf1alpha, Hnf4alpha, lipogenic enzymes and
      beta-actin genes were quantified by qPCR. Liver levels of proteins coding by
      these genes were analyzed by Western blotting. Serum apoB-100 and PCSK9
      concentration were estimated with an immunoassay. RESULTS: CRF rats showed an
      increase in circulating concentrations of TAGs, VLDL, apoB-100 and PCSK9, along
      with an enhanced liver VLDL-TAG secretion rate and a coordinated liver up
      regulation of genes coding: a) lipogenic enzymes; b) Mttp and ApoB-100; c) Pcsk9;
      d) Hnf1alpha and Hnf4alpha. Positive correlations were found between serum
      creatinine concentrations and: a) the liver levels of HNF1alpha mRNA (r = 0.79, p
      < 0.01) and HNF4alpha (r = 0.76, p < 0.01); b) the liver levels of PCSK9 mRNA (r
      = 0.88, p < 0.01) and serum PCSK9 concentrations (r = 0.73, p < 0.01); c) the
      liver levels of apoB-100 mRNA (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and serum apoB-100
      concentrations (r = 0.87, p < 0.01). Clofibrate treatment was shown to
      concomitantly decrease the liver levels of HNF1alpha, HNF4alpha and PCSK9 mRNA,
      as well as serum PCSK9, TAGs and total cholesterol concentrations in CRF rats.
      CONCLUSION: The results presented are consistent with a cause-effect relationship
      between the enhanced liver expression of Hnf1alpha gene and its target genes the
      products of which are involved in synthesis, assembly and secretion of VLDL, as
      well as Pcsk9 gene in CRF rats. This may at least in part explain an association
      between circulating PCSK9 and TAGs in CRF rats and possibly also in humans with
      chronic kidney disease (CKD).

PMID- 26978584
TI  - Effect of rosuvastatin on atherosclerotic plaque stability: An intravascular
      ultrasound elastography study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of potent
      rosuvastatin therapy on plaque mechanical stabilization as seen on IVUSE.
      METHODS: 14 purebred New Zealand rabbits were fed a high-cholesterol diet; the
      abdominal aorta endothelium was balloon-injured after 2 weeks; at week 13, 7
      rabbits received rosuvastatin (1.5 mg/kg/day), and the other 7 received an equal
      volume of saline. IVUS images of abdominal aortas were acquired, and 2
      consecutive frames near the end-diastole images in situ were used to construct an
      IVUS elastogram. RESULTS: Control rabbits showed a significant increase in shear
      strain (SS) and area strain (AS) in total plaques. The rosuvastatin group showed
      no change in SS and AS, but serum TG and LDL-C levels were reduced, with less
      lipid deposition, macrophage infiltration, production of proinflammatory
      cytokines and apoptosis in plaques. The changes in SS and AS from baseline
      between groups significantly differed (SS: 1.15 (1.96) % vs. -0.99 +/- 2.83%, p =
      0.013; AS: 1.25 (2.29) % vs. -1.67 +/- 5.05%, p = 0.022). At follow-up, for
      controls, strain values were increased in the shoulder of eccentric plaques (SS:
      2.66 +/- 1.31% vs. 4.86 +/- 1.93%, p = 0.016; AS: 4.45 +/- 2.33% vs. 7.91 +/-
      2.74%, p = 0.009) but not the plaque body. Changes in SS and AS in the plaque
      shoulder differed between the control and rosuvastatin groups (SS: 2.20 +/- 2.17%
      vs. -0.87 +/- 3.31%, p = 0.028; AS: 2.10 (4.61) % vs. -2.75 +/- 5.97%, p =
      0.009). CONCLUSION: Rosuvastatin therapy in rabbits with atherosclerotic plaques
      led to less vulnerable plaque features. IVUSE is a very sensitive technique for
      detecting pharmacologically-induced mechanical changes in rabbit atherosclerotic
      plaques.

PMID- 26978585
TI  - Are Second Trimester Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values of the Short Uterine
      Cervix Associated with Impending Preterm Delivery?
AB  - Purpose To prospectively determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficient
      (ADC) of the cervix is associated with preterm delivery in asymptomatic patients
      with a sonographic cervical length of 15 mm or less and positive fetal
      fibronectin test results between 23 and 28 weeks of gestation. Materials and
      Methods The institutional review board approved this prospective hypotheses
      generating study. A total of 30 pregnant women (mean gestational age, 26 weeks)
      with a sonographic short cervix (<=15 mm) underwent pelvic 1.5-T magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging. Oblique sagittal diffusion-weighted images were obtained
      with b values of 0, 400, and 800 sec/mm(2). ADC values at MR imaging of the
      subglandular and stromal cervix and the difference between both were correlated
      to the interval to delivery. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was
      performed to obtain sensitivity and specificity of ADC values in association with
      delivery within 7 days. Results Eight (27%) of 30 patients delivered within 6 or
      7 days after MR imaging (impending delivery group), and 22 (73%) of 30 patients
      delivered between 18 and 89 days after imaging (mean, 55 days) (late delivery
      group). Mean subglandular ADC and mean ADC difference were higher (P < .001) in
      patients with impending delivery than in those with late delivery ([2406.3 +/-
      166.0] * 10(-6) mm(2)/sec vs [1708.9 +/- 108.1] * 10(-6) mm(2)/sec and [657.3 +/-
      129.9] * 10(-6) mm(2)/sec vs [69.2 +/- 70.2] * 10(-6) mm(2)/sec, respectively).
      Subglandular ADC inversely correlated with the interval between MR imaging and
      delivery (r = -0.75). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of
      subglandular ADC revealed 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval: 63.1, 100)
      and 100% specificity (95% confidence interval: 84.6, 100) in association with
      impending delivery with a 1921 * 10(-6) mm(2)/sec threshold. Stromal ADC and
      sonographic cervical length showed no difference between groups (P = .072 and P =
      .511, respectively). Conclusion Cervical subglandular ADC at MR imaging is
      associated with impending preterm birth in patients with a short sonographic
      cervix. ((c)) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 26978586
TI  - Postoperative shoulder pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy with deep
      neuromuscular blockade and low-pressure pneumoperitoneum.

PMID- 26978587
TI  - Enhancement of motor coordination by applying high frequency repetitive TMS on
      the sensory cortex.
AB  - The sensory function plays an important role for successful motor performance. We
      investigated the modulating effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial
      magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on sensory discrimination and motor coordination.
      Twenty healthy participants were assigned into two random groups; the real- and
      sham-rTMS group. Total of 900 rTMS pulses at a frequency of 10Hz (stimulus
      intensity of 90% RMT) were given over deltoid representational areas of the
      somatosensory cortex. Sensory discrimination ability was evaluated using two
      point discrimination test. Motor coordination was measured by the latency
      difference between the synchronized contraction of deltoid and abductor pollicis
      brevis muscles before and after rTMS. The sensory discrimination was
      significantly increased only in the deltoid area and the difference in the
      latency of synchronized contraction of two muscles was significantly shortened
      after real-rTMS compared sham condition, which had tendency of negative
      correlation following real-rTMS condition. The results of this study demonstrated
      rTMS-induced enhancement of sensorimotor integration, which may contribute to
      develop effective therapeutic strategies for rehabilitation of various
      sensorimotor disorders in the clinical setting. 

PMID- 26978589
TI  - Full Spectrum Visible LED Light Activated Antibacterial System Realized by
      Optimized Cu2O Crystals.
AB  - Assisted by three-dimensional printing technology, we proposed and demonstrated a
      full spectrum visible light activated antibacterial system by using a combination
      of 500 nm sized Cu2O crystals and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Further
      improved antibacterial ratios were achieved, for the first time, with pure Cu2O
      for both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria among all of the six
      different color LED lamps. For practical antibacterial applications, we revealed
      that the nonwoven fabric could act as excellent carrier for Cu2O crystals and
      provide impressive antibacterial performance. Furthermore, integrated with our
      self-developed app, the poly(ethylene terephthalate) film loaded with Cu2O
      crystals also showed significant antibacterial property, thus making it possible
      to be applied in field of touch screen. The present research not only provided a
      healthier alternative to traditional ultraviolet-based sterilization but also
      opened an auto-response manner to decrease the rate of microbial contamination on
      billions of touch screen devices. 

PMID- 26978590
TI  - Weight Loss Mediated Reduction in Xanthine Oxidase Activity and Uric Acid
      Clearance in Adolescents with Severe Obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and uric acid levels are
      known to be associated with obesity and hypertension; however, it is not known if
      obesity is directly responsible for these associations in youth. This study
      investigated the effect of weight loss on XO activity, uric acid, and their
      relationship to blood pressure change in obese youth to provide greater insight
      on how obesity increases cardiovascular risk. METHODS: This was an ancillary
      study in which 16 adolescents (mean age 15 +/- 2 years) received meal replacement
      therapy over a period of four weeks. Outcomes measured at baseline and after
      intervention included weight, blood pressure, XO activity, plasma uric acid, uric
      acid clearance, and creatinine clearance. RESULTS: After the meal replacement
      intervention, participants experienced reductions in body weight (109.2 +/- 16 kg
      vs. 105.2 +/- 14 kg, p < 0.0001) and BMI (38.7 +/- 4 kg vs. 37.4 +/- 3 kg, p <
      0.0001). Plasma XO activity was reduced by 9.8% (p = 0.016). Uric acid clearance
      was decreased by 39% (p = 0.006). SBP (systolic blood pressure) and plasma uric
      acid concentrations were reduced but did not achieve statistical significance (p
      = 0.34 and 0.38, respectively). DBP (diastolic blood pressure) was unchanged (p =
      0.86). No significant relationships were found between changes in blood pressure
      and changes in either XO activity or plasma uric acid levels. CONCLUSION: Weight
      loss led to decreases in uric acid production by lowering XO activity and
      decreases in uric acid clearance by reducing glomerular filtration (GF) and
      increasing reabsorption. Changes in XO activity and uric acid levels did not
      correlate with changes in blood pressure.

PMID- 26978591
TI  - Anesthesia for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Purpose of review is to summarize and highlight recent
      advances in the management of pregnant patients with pulmonary hypertension.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Despite recent advances in the therapy of pulmonary
      hypertension, prognosis for pregnant patients with pulmonary hypertension remains
      poor with high maternal mortality. Pregnancy is still considered contraindicated
      in these patients. If pregnancy occurs, referral to a tertiary hospital and a
      multidisciplinary approach ensure the best possible outcome. All pregnant
      patients with pulmonary hypertension should be counseled for a termination of
      pregnancy. If the patient wants to continue the pregnancy despite strong
      recommendations for therapeutic interruption, specific pulmonary hypertension
      therapy has to be initiated, adjusted, and/or augmented. A close clinical follow
      up of the mother throughout the entire pregnancy is of utmost importance.
      Elective caesarean section in week 34-36 is recommended as preferred mode of
      delivery, preferentially under epidural or low-dose combined spinal-epidural
      anesthesia. Because of an acute increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and
      delivery-associated acute volume overload, the immediate postpartum period
      carries the highest risk for acute right ventricular failure necessitating close
      monitoring and treatment on an ICU. SUMMARY: Anesthesiologists involved in the
      management of pregnant patients with pulmonary hypertension must have detailed
      knowledge of pathophysiological alterations in pregnancy and during birth,
      cardiac (patho)physiology, cardiovascular and obstetric pharmacology, hemodynamic
      monitoring, and echocardiography. Both regional and general anesthesia have
      typical adverse effects that can severely jeopardize the cardiovascular system in
      patients with pulmonary hypertension, and should therefore be
      anticipated/prevented/rapidly treated by the attending anesthesiologist.

PMID- 26978592
TI  - The patient with chronic heart failure undergoing surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the most common
      diseases of the elderly patient. The underlying pathophysiology varies
      considerably and approximately 50% of the patients suffer from CHF with reduced
      left ventricular ejection fraction. Mortality in the perioperative period is
      increased in patients with CHF and this holds true for both minor and major
      surgeries. This review will summarize recent literature in the field of CHF and
      perioperative outcome in patients undergoing surgery with a special emphasis on
      actual guidelines, preoperative assessment and appropriate perioperative therapy.
      RECENT FINDINGS: In the past 18 months, new insights in the short and long-term
      effects of CHF in the perioperative period have been published. The role of left
      ventricular ejection fraction has been studied in noncardiac surgical patients
      and it has been demonstrated that an ejection fraction less than 30% is
      associated with a significant increase in mortality and myocardial infarctions.
      Moreover, in 25% of patients, acute exacerbation of heart failure takes place in
      the perioperative period. The European Society of Anesthesiology published new
      guidelines on the preoperative evaluation of patients with CHF. The role of
      adequate preoperative evaluation and preparation of patients with CHF is
      discussed widely. It becomes clear that parameters like brain natriuretic peptide
      play a crucial role in risk stratification and prediction of outcome. Also, the
      treatment of patients with low cardiac output was a topic, and it became clear
      that established therapies including the use of beta-mimetics and PDE-III
      inhibitors should only be initiated in very selected patient groups. However,
      adequately powered studies in patients with CHF are still missing and the
      majority of knowledge is based on patient undergoing cardiac surgery. SUMMARY:
      CHF is a source of considerable perioperative morbidity and mortality and in
      contrast to coronary artery disease, knowledge is very limited and additional
      research urgently needed.

PMID- 26978593
TI  - Catalytic Difluorination of Olefins.
AB  - Molecular editing with fluorine is a validated strategy for modulating the
      structure and function of organic systems. In the current arsenal of catalytic
      dihalogenation technologies, the direct generation of the vicinal difluoride
      moiety from simple olefins without a prefunctionalization step remains
      conspicuously absent. Herein we report a catalytic, vicinal difluorination of
      olefins displaying broad functional group tolerance, using inexpensive p
      iodotoluene as the catalyst. Preliminary efforts toward the development of an
      enantioselective variant are also disclosed. 

PMID- 26978594
TI  - Laparoscopic Three-Port Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Single Institution Case Series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Further minimization of abdominal wall trauma during laparoscopic
      bariatric surgery is a topic of great interest. Reducing the number of trocars
      may provide superior cosmetic results with less pain and shorter length of stay
      (LOS). However, it remains unclear if this approach compromises safety or
      effectiveness of weight loss. The aim of this study is to report initial safety
      and feasibility results using a three-port minimally invasive sleeve gastrectomy
      technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who
      underwent laparoscopic three-port sleeve gastrectomy (3PSG) at our institution
      was conducted. Patient demographics, intraoperative parameters, and perioperative
      outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Postoperative data were obtained from
      routine follow-up history and physical examination. RESULTS: From May 2013 to
      April 2014, 45 morbidly obese patients underwent 3PSG. The cohort had a male-to
      female ratio of 20:25, mean age of 47.4 +/- 11.6 years, and a mean preoperative
      body mass index (BMI) of 47.6 +/- 9.7 kg/m(2). The mean number of comorbidities
      was 4 (range 0-8), and the mean American Society of Anesthesiologists score was
      2.82 (range 1-4). Mean procedural duration and blood loss were 165 +/- 31.9
      minutes and 27.0 +/- 31.8 mL, respectively. Eight patients (17%) required one
      additional trocar. Two cases (4.4%) had an intraoperative complication (staple
      line bleeding and splenic capsule laceration). Two (4.4%) postoperative
      complications were encountered (wound infection and axillary vein thrombosis).
      The mean LOS was 2.7 (range 2-7) days. At a mean follow-up of 5 (range 0.4-11.7)
      months, the cohort had a mean BMI of 40.0 +/- 9.26 kg/m(2), which corresponded to
      a mean excess weight loss of 36.0% +/- 18.1%. There were no trocar site hernias.
      All patients were highly satisfied with the final cosmetic result. CONCLUSION:
      Laparoscopic 3PSG appears to be a safe and feasible technique for performing
      sleeve gastrectomy. While further long-term research is needed, it appears to
      have significant benefits, mainly patient satisfaction and potentially less pain.

PMID- 26978595
TI  - Gas-Phase Spectroscopic Signatures of Carboxylate-Li(+) Contact Ion Pairs: New
      Benchmarks For Characterizing Ion Pairing in Solution.
AB  - The coexistence of several types of ion pairs in solution together with their
      elusive nature hampers their experimental characterization, which relies in
      practice on theoretical models resorting to numerous approximations. In this
      context, a series of isolated contact ion pairs between a lithium cation and
      phenyl-tagged carboxylate anions of various lengths (Ph-(CH2)n-COO(-), n = 1-3)
      has been investigated in a conformer-selective manner by IR and UV laser
      spectroscopy, in conjunction with quantum chemistry calculations. The typical gas
      phase IR signature of the bidentate structure formed between the carboxylate
      moiety and Li(+) has thus been obtained in the CO2(-) stretch region. In addition
      to the cation-anion interaction, a cation-pi interaction occurs simultaneously in
      the largest system investigated (n = 3). The resulting distorted ion pair
      structure has been evidenced from both the IR signature of the CO2(-) stretches
      and the unique vibrationally resolved UV spectroscopy of a phenyl ring
      interacting with a cation. Such specific spectroscopic signatures of contact ion
      pairs provide experimental benchmarks, alternative to theoretical predictions,
      that can assist the assignment of vibrational spectra in solution. 

PMID- 26978597
TI  - Elucidating the Phase Transformation of Li4Ti5O12 Lithiation at the Nanoscale.
AB  - This work provides insight regarding the fundamental lithiation and delithiation
      mechanism of the popular lithium ion battery anode material, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). Our
      results quantify the extent of reaction between Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12 at the
      nanoscale, during the first cycle. Lithium titanate's discharge (lithiation) and
      charge (delithiation) reactions are notoriously difficult to characterize due to
      the zero-strain transition occurring between the end members Li4Ti5O12 and
      Li7Ti5O12. Interestingly, however, the latter compound is electronically
      conductive, while the former is an insulator. We take advantage of this critical
      property difference by using conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) to
      locally monitor the phase transition between the two structures at various states
      of charge. To do so, we perform ex situ characterization on electrochemically
      cycled LTO thin-films that are never exposed to air. We provide direct
      confirmation of the manner in which the reaction occurs, which proceeds via
      percolation channels within single grains. We complement scanning probe analyses
      with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study that identifies and explains
      changes in the LTO surface structure and composition. In addition, we provide a
      computational analysis to describe the unique electronic differences between LTO
      and its lithiated form.

PMID- 26978596
TI  - Activation of AMPK Prevents Monocrotaline-Induced Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
      of Pulmonary Artery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to investigate the effect of
      adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation on the
      extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of pulmonary arteries in pulmonary arterial
      hypertension (PAH) and to address its potential mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      PAH was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT) into
      Sprague-Dawley rats. Metformin (MET) was administered to activate AMPK.
      Immunoblotting was used to determine the phosphorylation and expression of AMPK
      and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Gelatin
      zymography was performed to determine the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2
      (MMP-2) and MMP-9. RESULTS: Activation of AMPK by MET significantly reduced the
      right ventricle systolic pressure and the right ventricular hypertrophy in MCT
      induced rat PAH model, and partially inhibited the ECM remodeling of pulmonary
      arteries. These effects were coupled with the decrease of MMP-2/9 activity and
      TIMP-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that activation of AMPK
      benefits PAH by inhibiting ECM remodeling of pulmonary arteries. Enhancing AMPK
      activity might have potential value in clinical treatment of PAH.

PMID- 26978599
TI  - Mass-Transfer-Controlled Dynamic Interfacial Tension in Microfluidic
      Emulsification Processes.
AB  - Varied interfacial tension caused by the unsaturated adsorption of surfactants on
      dripping droplet surfaces is experimentally studied. The mass transfer and
      adsorption of surfactants, as well as the generation of fresh interfaces, are
      considered the main factors dominating the surfactant adsorption ratio on droplet
      surfaces. The diffusion and convective mass transfer of the surfactants are first
      distinguished by comparing the adsorption depth and the mass flux boundary layer
      thickness. A characterized mass transfer time is then calculated by introducing
      an effective diffusion coefficient. A time ratio is furthermore defined by
      dividing the droplet generation time by the characteristic mass transfer time,
      t/tm, in order to compare the rates of surfactant mass transfer and droplet
      generation. Different control mechanisms for different surfactants are analyzed
      based on the range of t/t(m), and a criterion time ratio using a simplified
      characteristic mass transfer time, t(m)*, is finally proposed for predicting the
      appearance of dynamic interfacial tension.

PMID- 26978598
TI  - Proinflammatory isoforms of IL-32 as novel and robust biomarkers for control
      failure in HIV-infected slow progressors.
AB  - HIV-infected slow progressors (SP) represent a heterogeneous group of subjects
      who spontaneously control HIV infection without treatment for several years while
      showing moderate signs of disease progression. Under conditions that remain
      poorly understood, a subgroup of these subjects experience failure of spontaneous
      immunological and virological control. Here we determined the frequency of SP
      subjects who showed loss of HIV control within our Canadian Cohort of HIV(+) Slow
      Progressors and identified the proinflammatory cytokine IL-32 as a robust
      biomarker for control failure. Plasmatic levels of the proinflammatory isoforms
      of IL-32 (mainly beta and gamma) at earlier clinic visits positively correlated
      with the decline of CD4 T-cell counts, increased viral load, lower CD4/CD8 ratio
      and levels of inflammatory markers (sCD14 and IL-6) at later clinic visits. We
      present here a proof-of-concept for the use of IL-32 as a predictive biomarker
      for disease progression in SP subjects and identify IL-32 as a potential
      therapeutic target. 

PMID- 26978600
TI  - Photochemical hydrogen production and cobaloximes: the influence of the cobalt
      axial N-ligand on the system stability.
AB  - We report on the first systematic study of cobaloxime-based hydrogen
      photoproduction in mixed pH 7 aqueous/acetonitrile solutions and demonstrate that
      H2 evolution can be tuned through electronic modifications of the axial cobalt
      ligand or through introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic systems
      consist of various cobaloxime catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(L)Cl] (L = nitrogen-based
      axial ligands) and a water soluble porphyrin photosensitizer. They were assayed
      in the presence of triethanolamine as a sacrificial electron donor. Optimal
      turnover numbers related to the photosensitizer are obtained with electron-rich
      axial ligands such as imidazole derivatives (1131 TONs with N-methyl imidazole).
      Lower stabilities are observed with various pyridine axial ligands (443 TONs for
      para-methylpyridine), especially for those containing electron-acceptor
      substituents. Interestingly, when L is para-carboxylatopyridine the activity of
      the system is increased from 40 to 223 TONs in the presence of TiO2
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 26978601
TI  - Opioid Prescribing After Surgical Extraction of Teeth in Medicaid Patients, 2000
      2010.

PMID- 26978602
TI  - [Recent trends in and new data on the epidemiology and prevention of non
      communicable diseases].
AB  - Mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the country varies
      considerably among its regions and social strata of the population. The main
      reason for providing inadequate conditions for a healthy lifestyle is that the
      state and municipal authorities and employers pay insufficient attention to the
      role of socioeconomic risk factors for NCDs. Only an analysis of the reasons for
      changing mortality rates allows the correct course of actions to reduce mortality
      to be chosen and a national plan for the control of NCDs to be worked out. The
      important mechanisms for improving the prevention of NCDs are to make better
      cardiovascular risk stratification systems, to introduce telemonitoring the
      status of the patients followed up, and to interface the prophylactic medical
      examination of elderly patients with a geriatric service. The design of long
      acting drugs is a promising way to increase the patients' motivation to control
      blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels.

PMID- 26978603
TI  - [A rank-order method for the integrated assessment of trends in all-cause and
      cardiovascular mortality rates in the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2006
      2012].
AB  - AIM: To rank the subjects of the Russian Federation by the trend direction in all
      cause and cardiovascular mortality (including mortality from coronary heart
      disease and cerebrovascular diseases) as a whole and at able-bodied age. SUBJECTS
      AND METHODS: The investigation used mortality rates from to the 2006 and 2012
      data available in the Federal State Statistics Service on 81 subjects of the
      Russian Federation. According to mortality rates, each region was assigned a rank
      in 2006 and 2012. Trends in rank changes in the Russian Federation's regions were
      analyzed. A cluster analysis was used to group the subjects of the Russian
      Federation by trends in rank changes. RESULTS: The cluster analysis of rank
      changes from 2006 to 2012 could combine the Russian Federation's regions into 10
      groups showing the similar trends in all-cause and circulatory disease mortality
      rates. Overall, the results of the ranking and further clusterization of the
      regions of the Russian Federation correspond to the trends in all-cause and
      cardiovascular mortality rates according to the data of other Russian
      investigations, by qualitatively complementing them. CONCLUSION: The trend rank
      order method permits a comprehensive comparative analysis of changes in all-cause
      and cardiovascular mortality in the subjects of the Russian Federation both as a
      whole and at able-bodied age, which provides qualitatively new information
      complementing the universally accepted approaches to studying the population's
      mortality.

PMID- 26978604
TI  - [The stages of development of cardiovascular diseases and the evolution of their
      pattern in the veterans of the Great Patriotic War (according to the 1946-2015
      records of the Saint Petersburg War Veterans Hospital)].
AB  - AIM: To determine the stages of development of cardiovascular diseases and the
      evolution of their pattern in the veterans of the Great Patriotic War during 70
      postwar years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The investigation used the 1946-2014 annual
      reports on the hospital's work; analysis of the pattern of therapeutic and
      cardiovascular diseases over time; the results of laboratory and functional tests
      in 148 patients who developed in-hospital myocardial infarction (cardiospecific
      enzymes, electrocardiography, echocardiography (EchoCG), and, if clinically
      indicated, coronary angiography) and in 112 cardiopulmonary patients who were
      detected to have a chronic multimorbid heart phenomenon (EchoCG, radiological
      examination, blood gas tests, and statistical processing of the findings).
      RESULTS: The postwar evolution of therapeutic and cardiovascular diseases was
      ascertained to consist of 5 stages, each of which averaged about 15 years. At the
      same time, the nosological entities typical of the subsequent stage developed in
      the pattern of those at the preceding stage and gradually became predominant. The
      form of in-hospital myocardial infarction, as well as the chronic multimorbid
      heart phenomenon in the presence of comorbidity (chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease and hypertensive disease) at Stage IV was described. CONCLUSION: With
      allowance made for the stages of development of therapeutic diseases and
      evolution of its pattern in the veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the clinical
      departments of the hospital, its laboratory and functional diagnosis departments
      have been reorganized for 70 postwar years in order to render adequate
      specialized medical care to the patients.

PMID- 26978605
TI  - [Results of endovascular revascularization in elderly patients with ST-segment
      elevation myocardial infarction in multivessel disease in relation to the degree
      of coronary atherosclerosis].
AB  - AIM: To investigate the impact of the degree of coronary atherosclerosis
      evaluated by the SYNTAX scale on the early and late results of endovascular
      revascularization in elderly and middle-aged patients with ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The investigation enrolled
      327 consecutively admitted patients with STEMI and multivessel coronary bed
      disease, who had received revascularization within the first 12 hours after
      disease onset via primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The
      clinical, demographic, and angiographic characteristics of the patients, as well
      as the specific features of chosen revascularization strategies and treatment
      outcomes were compared in two groups of 103 elderly patients (>=65 years of age)
      and 224 middle-aged patients (<=64 years) in relation to the severity of coronary
      bed lesion according to the SYNTAX scale. RESULTS: By and large, severe coronary
      atherosclerosis (>=23 SYNTAX scores) was related to reduced left ventricular
      ejection fraction and clinical manifestations of acute heart failure in all the
      analyzed patients regardless of their age and this was most markedly associated
      with the risk factors of cardiovascular events in the elderly patients. The
      elderly patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis (>=23 SYNTAX scores) were
      noted to have the lowest frequency of successful PCIs and higher 30-day mortality
      rates after primary PCI. CONCLUSION: The SYNTAX scale is of high prognostic value
      in the patients with STEMI, by determining the results of endovascular
      revascularization in elderly and middle-aged patients. The elderly patients with
      STEMI and severe coronary atherosclerosis are at very high risk for poor outcome
      within 30 days of follow-up after primary CPI, which necessitates a search for
      optimal revascularization strategies for this category of patients.

PMID- 26978606
TI  - [Impact of the dosing of basic drugs on the risk of rehospitalization in patients
      with chronic heart failure].
AB  - AIM: To investigate the impact of doses of the drugs, which have been achieved
      during adjustment and account for less or more than 50% of the maximal
      therapeutic ones on the risk of rehospitalization. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The data
      of the Pavlov Register were used to assess the treatment of patients with chronic
      heart failure. To assess the risk of rehospitalization in relation of the dose of
      a drug, all the doses were represented in percentage terms depending on the
      maximum therapeutic one. RESULTS: The risk of hospitalization during 6 months in
      the patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors at a dose of 25%
      or less of the therapeutic one was 21.18% (odds ratio (OR), 1.41; 95% confidence
      interval (CI), 1.13-1.76), that at doses of 50 and 100% of the therapeutic one
      was 16% (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.88) and 34% (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.43-0.60),
      respectively. The risk of rehospitalization in the patients taking beta-blockers
      at doses of 25, 50, and 100% of the therapeutic one was 26% (OR, 1.05; 95% CI,
      0.94-1.17), 23% (OR, 0.902; 95% CI, 0.75-1.07), and 6.25% (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07
      0.56), respectively. The combined analysis of the dose and use frequency of
      diuretics showed that the highest risk of rehospitalization turned was noted in
      the patients using a single dose of 100 mg of furosemide (4.2% of cases) once
      weekly and was as high as 39% (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 1.04-1.98). CONCLUSION: The risk
      of rehospitalization is largely determined by the dosing factor in outpatient
      settings. Increasing the doses during adjustment reduces the risk of
      rehospitalization.

PMID- 26978607
TI  - [A change in adrenal responsiveness in sotalol-treated patients with paroxysmal
      atrial fibrillation depending on autonomic nervous system tone].
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of sotalol depending on the magnitude of changes in
      adrenal responsiveness and autonomic nervous system tone in patients with
      paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients
      with paroxysmal AF in the presence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and
      hypertension were examined. Sinus rhythm variability and sympathicotonic and
      vagotonic disorders were studied in patients with paroxysmal AF before and during
      sotalol treatment. A commercial Beta-ARM-Agat kit was used to estimate the
      adrenal responsiveness of erythrocyte membranes (beta-APM), which can judge the
      body's individual sensitivity to beta-adrenoblockers. RESULTS: Sotalol used in
      the average therapeutic doses of 160-240 mg did not reduce ejection fraction or
      increase atrioventricular conduction up to abnormal values. In patients with
      borderline and mild hypertension, the drug lowered blood pressure statistically
      significantly (p=0.01) and was well tolerated. The drug increased the sensitivity
      of beta-adrenoblockers in patients with adrenergic AF. CONCLUSION: The effect of
      sotalol on the autonomic nervous system manifested in the higher power of a high
      frequency spectral component of heart rate variability than in that of a low
      frequency one. Long-term sotalol administration significantly reduced beta-APM,
      increasing the sensitivity of adrenoceptors.

PMID- 26978608
TI  - [Features of polymorbidity in cardiac and gastroenterologic patients from a
      therapeutic clinic].
AB  - AIM: To examine the incidence of polymorbidity (PM) and changes in its rates in
      2003 to 2011 in cardiac and gastroenterologic patients living in the Novosibirsk
      Region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in accordance with gender, occupation,
      and residence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The dynamics of PM rates was analyzed in 13
      496 patients who had been examined and treated at the Cardiology and
      Gastroenterology Departments, Therapeutic Clinic, Research Institute of
      Experimental and Clinical Medicine (Novosibirsk), 2003-2011. The study used an
      archival research method and a statistical analysis of all nosological entities,
      groups, and classes in ICD-10, regardless of whether the diagnosis was primary or
      concurrent. RESULTS: There was an increase in PM rates among the therapeutic
      clinic's patients of regardless of their gender and occupation. There were gender
      differences in the incidence of PM: its higher rates were noted in the women than
      those in the men among both the residents of the Novosibirsk Region and those of
      the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). More significantly higher PM rates were
      registered in the male inhabitants of the Novosibirsk Region. There were also
      regional differences in the incidence of PM: its rates proved to be higher in the
      patients in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) than in those in the Novosibirsk
      Region in 2003-2007. At the same time, the growth rates for PM were more marked
      in the patients in the Novosibirsk region than in those in the Republic of Sakha
      (Yakutia); these differences levelled off in subsequent years. CONCLUSION: The
      findings indicate a pronounced increase in the incidence of PM in cardiac and
      gastroentorologic patients and determine a need to keep in mind the influence of
      gender, social, and regional factors on its development in order to create and
      improve a primary and secondary prevention, diagnosis and treatment system.

PMID- 26978609
TI  - [Results of circulatory disease detection during prophylactic medical examination
      of the adult population: the first two years' experience].
AB  - AIM: To estimate circulatory diseases (CD) detection rates during prophylactic
      medical examination of the adult population and to define their association with
      mortality rates and the spread of risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results
      of the 2013-2014 prophylactic medical examinations for CD in the adult population
      of the Russian Federation as a whole and its subjects were comparatively analyzed
      using the data of statistical reports and official medical statistics on
      morbidity and mortality in the adult population. RESULTS: The data of official
      statistical reports on the results of prophylactic medical examinations in 2013
      (19.4 million) and 2014 (22.2 million) were analyzed. In 2013 and 2014, there
      were 85.9 and 82.7 CD cases per 1000 examinees, respectively. These years were
      marked by the detection of 50.0 and 46.2 hypertensive patients, 17.1 and 16.1
      coronary heart disease (CHD) cases, and 11.5 and 11.2 cerebrovascular diseases
      (CVD) ones, respectively. In 2013 and 2014, most CD cases were caused by
      hypertension (58.4 and 57%, respectively). The proportion of CHD was 19.9 and
      19.4% and that of CVD was 13.4 and 13.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The analysis
      carried out could provide evidence for the importance of continuous monitoring of
      prophylactic medical examination at the level of each specific healthcare
      facility for primary health care to improve its quality and completeness of
      diagnostic examination. The found interregional differences in the detection rate
      of CD call for detailed analysis and determination of their causes, which will
      ensure the preventive direction of a medical examination that is inextricably
      entwined with further active follow-up measures for patients having the
      identified diseases and a risk for their development.

PMID- 26978610
TI  - [The role and place of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous
      transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells for autoimmune diseases].
AB  - AIM: To determine the possible boundaries of high-dose immunosuppressive therapy
      and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDIT-autoHSCT) for
      autoimmune diseases (AUDs), such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A
      long-term trial was conducted at one center to evaluate the efficiency and safety
      of HDIT-autoHSCT in patients with AUDs. The previous standard therapy was noted
      to be resistant or lowly effective. The age of 10 patients with systemic
      connective tissue diseases was 27.6+/-2.8 years; the pre-HDIT-autoHSCT disease
      duration was 5.9+/-1.3 years; the median posttransplantation follow-up was 39.3
      months. The age of 49 patients with MS reached 34.9+/-1.33 years; the
      pretransplantation disease duration was 8.4+/-0.69 years; the median post-HDIT
      autoHSCT follow-up was 42 months. The efficiency of transplantation was evaluated
      on the basis of clinical findings, by using scales, laboratory tests, and
      magnetic resonance imaging. Pretransplantation conditioning was carried out
      according to the protocols: a) BEAM + antilymphocyte globulin (ALG); b)
      fludarabine + melphalan + ALG. No fatal outcomes due to a transplant procedure
      were observed. RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival after transplantation was 80% for
      systemic connective tissue diseases and 95% for MS; 5-year progression-free
      survival rates were 30% in the RA and SLE groups and 45% in the MS group. HDIT
      autoHSCT turned out safe and reduced the activity of the process and further
      disease progression for a long period of time, as confirmed by regression of
      clinical symptoms and/or status stabilization in 9 patients with SLE or RA and in
      all patients with MS. CONCLUSION: The favorable factors associated with the
      results of transplantation are age younger than 35 years in collagenoses with
      their short-term duration and moderate signs; age younger than 40 years in MS
      with a disease duration of less than 10 years and expanded disability status
      scale scores of not more than 6.5. Of importance are functional system scores,
      duration of first remission, and an index of disease progression in different
      types of MS.

PMID- 26978611
TI  - [Results of malignancy detection during prophylactic medical examinations in 2013
      2014].
AB  - AIM: To analyze the efficiency of prophylactic medical examination for
      malignancies that considerably contributes to adult mortality. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The data of the national health statistics (Form 131/o, 7, 35) were used
      to make an expert analytical assessment of the results of prophylactic medical
      examinations for cancer in certain adult population groups in Russia in 2013
      2014. RESULTS: Medical examinations covered 20.5 and 22.5 million people in 2013
      and 2014, respectively. The proportion of 21-36-, 39-60-, and over 60-year olds
      was 36, 42, and 22%, respectively. All the age groups showed a preponderance of
      women with their larger proportion in the older age groups (55, 58, and 64%,
      respectively). In 2013 and 2014 there were 27,173 and 34,638 detected patients
      with malignances, including 17,095 (62.9%) and 20,944 (60.5%) women and 10,078
      (37.1%) and 13,694 (39.5%) men, respectively. In these years, the breast (28 and
      30.5%), prostate (13.9 and 18.5%), rectum (6.5 and 7.5%), stomach (6.3% and
      7.8%), lung (6.1 and 7.3%) ranked fifth in cancer sites. There was a 17.6%
      increase in the detection rate of malignancy among the first identified patients
      during prophylactic medical examinations and and a 10.2% increase among all
      actively detected patients in 2014 versus 2013. The older age groups exhibited a
      rise in cancer detection rates, the most significant (11.8%) increase being in
      the women older than 60 years of age. CONCLUSION: The malignancy detection rates
      were noted to be on the rise, although there are defects in organizing
      prophylactic medical examination, ensuring the complete scope of necessary
      investigations, and interpreting the findings. The measures methodically
      supported a by regional cancer may provide a guide to solving these problems. At
      the same time, efforts are needed to actively attract citizens in the
      participation in prophylactic medical examination and in the development of
      behavioral attitudes associated with the higher responsibility for maintaining
      personal and public health.

PMID- 26978612
TI  - [Influence of smoking cessation on the microcirculatory bed in apparently healthy
      young people].
AB  - AIM: To study the influence of smoking cessation on the microcirculatory bed
      (MCB) in 33 healthy young people. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The investigation
      enrolled 33 healthy young people (male/female (M/F) ratio, 20:13; mean age,
      21.6+/-0.5 years) who had quit smoking 1 month to 10 years (mean age 2.5+/-0.5
      years) before. Comparable groups consisted of 15 smokers (M/F ratio, 5:10; mean
      age, 21.5+/-0.8 years) and 18 nonsmokers (M/F ratio, 6:12; mean age, 21+/-0.3
      years). Computer-assisted video-biomicroscopy of the bulbar conjunctiva was
      carried out. When assessing the RESULTS: attention was focused on microvessel
      diameter changes in the patients who had quit smoking compared to the smokers and
      nonsmokers. RESULTS: As compared to the smokers, those who had quit smoking
      showed a significant increase in the mean diameters of arterioles (13.01+/-0.41
      and 18.33+/-0.65 um; r<0.001) and capillaries (9.2+/-0.23 and 9.89+/-0.19 um;
      r<0.05). The number of functioning capillaries per mm2 of the conjunctival
      surface did not differ from that in the nonsmokers (8.01+/-0.21 and 8.25+/-0.44;
      r>0.05). Thus, the rarefication phenomenon reflecting the influence of smoking on
      the MCB vessels at a young age undergoes rapidly regression. There are increases
      in the diameter of arterioles and the number of functioning capillaries just in
      the first months of smoking cessation (r<0.01). CONCLUSION: The considerably
      increased diameters of arterioles and capillaries and the larger number of
      functioning capillaries per mm2 of the conjunctival surface suggest that smoking
      cessation at a young age have a positive impact on MCB vessels.

PMID- 26978613
TI  - [The incidence of respiratory symptoms and their associations with serum cotinine
      levels as a marker of tobacco smoking in 25-45-year-old Novosibirsk dwellers].
AB  - AIM: To study the incidence of respiratory symptoms and to reveal their
      associations with serum cotinine levels (SCL) in 25-45-year-old Novosibirsk
      dwellers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The WHO respiratory symptom questionnaire and the
      ECRHS screening questionnaire were used for a population-based survey conducted
      in Novosibirsk to identify respiratory symptoms; 545 people replied to the
      questions available in the questionnaires. SCL was determined by enzyme
      immunoassay on a random subsample of 182 examinees. RESULTS: The incidence of
      respiratory symptoms was determined among the 25-45-year-old Novosibirsk
      dwellers: cough (27.7%), more than 3-month cough per year (22%), sputum discharge
      (25%), forced respiration/wheezing in the past year (22.6%), suffocation fits in
      the past year (5.3%), and cough/forced respiration/stertor bouts by breathing
      cold air (14.9%) or contacting animals, plants, or chemical agents (16.5%). There
      was a significant positive correlation between SCL and the presence of cough,
      more than 3-month cough per year, sputum discharge, forced respiration/wheezing
      in the past year (compared to the examinees who did not report these symptoms).
      The median SCL proved to be significantly higher in the people who complained of
      cough, more than 3-month cough per year, sputum discharge, and forced
      respiration/wheezing in the past year (compared to the examinees who did not
      report these symptoms). The people who had a SCL of more than 3 ng/ml were
      ascertained to be at higher risk of cough, more than 3-month cough per year,
      sputum discharge, and forced respiration/wheezing in the past year than those who
      had a SCL of less than 3 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The incidence of respiratory symptoms
      was determined among the 25-45-year-old Novosibirsk dwellers; SCL was found to be
      associated with the symptoms characteristic of bronchial obstructive diseases;
      the expediency of using the SCL threshold of 3 ng/ml as a marker of tobacco
      smoking was confirmed.

PMID- 26978614
TI  - [Typical management practice in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in
      cities, towns, and villages].
AB  - AIM: To analyze one-year typical management practice in outpatients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in cities, towns, and villages. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      438 records of T2DM outpatients regularly visiting their physicians during 2009
      were retrospectively analyzed. Group 1 included 221 outpatients from 7
      polyclinics of the Kirov Regional Center; Group 2 consisted of 227 patients from
      36 districts of the Kirov Region. VEN-, ABC-, and frequency analyses were made;
      the costs of drug therapy and hospitalization for the included patients were
      calculated. RESULTS: The investigation revealed the low efficiency of sugar
      lowering therapy (SLT), insufficient glycated hemoglobin testing rates (15% in
      Group 2 during a year), inadequate correction of SLT. During one year the number
      of patients with fixed target office blood pressure levels in Group 1 increased
      from 16.6 to 34.1% (r<0.001) and that in Group 2 was statistically significantly
      unchanged (21.6% vs 25.1%; p=0.05). In Group 2, the use frequency of statins was
      lower (20.3% by the end of the year versus 49.3% in Group 1; r<0.001); the
      examination quality was worse; the drugs with unproven efficacy, the cost of
      which was higher than that of statins/disaggregants, were used more often. In
      Groups 1 and 2, there were 50 (23.7%) and 95 (41.9%) patients who were more
      commonly hospitalized for T2DM-related causes; Group 2 patients had a higher rate
      of hospitalizations and longer inpatient treatment. CONCLUSION: The worse
      outpatient care quality in the towns and villages was followed by increases in a
      need for inpatient treatment and in direct drug (2.36-fold) and non-drug direct
      and indirect (2.77-fold) costs.

PMID- 26978615
TI  - [Associations of lipoproteins with bone mass in postmenopausal women].
AB  - AIM: To study an association between blood lipid composition and bone mass in
      Russian postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study
      included 373 postmenopausal women aged 45-80 years who were examined to diagnose
      osteoporosis in outpatient settings. Height, body weight, and waist and hip
      circumferences (WC and HC) were measured before densitometry. Quetelet's index
      was calculated as a ratio of weight (kg) to height (m2). The concentration of
      lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) AI and B were measured by enzyme immunoassay.
      Bone mineral density (BMD) in the spine and proximal femur (PF) was estimated by
      dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: According to bone mass, the patients
      were divided into three groups: 1) osteoporosis (OP); 2) osteopenia; 3) normal
      BMD. The levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol were significantly higher in the postmenopausal women with OP than in
      those with normal bone mass. There was a negative correlation of cholesterol and
      HDL cholesterol levels with lumbar spine BMD and that of HDL levels with BMD in
      the femoral neck (FN) and entire PF. The level of lipoprotein (a) (LPa) was
      significantly lower in the group of patients with OP and positively correlated
      with BMD in FN and entire PF. After adjustment for age, the duration of
      menopause, Quetelet's index, and WC/HC association remained only between LPa and
      FN BMD. CONCLUSION: Multivariate regression analysis failed to confirm a trend
      towards decreased BMD and increased HDL cholesterol. This suggests that the
      association of HDL cholesterol with bone mass is apparently mediated by other
      factors and, above all, with age, postmenopausal hormonal status and body weight.

PMID- 26978616
TI  - [Experience in treating portal thromboses in patients with chronic
      myeloproliferative diseases].
AB  - Patients with myeloproliferative diseases (MPD) are noted to be at high risk for
      portal thromboses. This problem gives rise to disability if it is untimely
      treated or resistant to therapy. The paper gives the experience of the Outpatient
      Department of the Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian
      Federation, in using antithrombin III in MPD patients (3 patients with primary
      myelofibrosis, 3 with essential thrombocythemia) and acute and subacute portal
      vein thromboses resistant to therapy with direct anticoagulants. In all 5 cases,
      the use of antithrombin III in combination with low-molecular-weight heparin
      showed a positive clinical effect as rapid relief of pain syndrome and
      comparatively early (3-week to 1.5-2-month) recanalization of thrombosed vessels.
      Three clinical cases are described in detail.

PMID- 26978618
TI  - [Immediate results of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting].
AB  - AIM: To present an experience of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in the
      department of cardiac surgery of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical
      University for the period 2009-2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was performed 32
      off-pump interventions. We established indications for off-pump myocardial
      revascularization, surgical technique and intraoperative and postoperative
      complications. RESULTS: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is successfully
      reproducible method associated with favourable immediate results.

PMID- 26978617
TI  - Involvement of Daphnia pulicaria Sir2 in regulating stress response and lifespan.
AB  - The ability to appropriately respond to proteotoxic stimuli is a major
      determinant of longevity and involves induction of various heat shock response
      (HSR) genes, which are essential to cope with cellular and organismal insults
      throughout lifespan. The activity of NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sir2, originally
      discovered in yeast, is known to be essential for effective HSR and longevity.
      Our previous work on HSR inDaphnia pulicaria indicated a drastic reduction of the
      HSR in older organisms. In this report we investigate the role of Sir2 in
      regulating HSR during the lifespan of D. pulicaria. We cloned Daphnia Sir2 open
      reading frame (ORF) to characterize the enzyme activity and confirmed that the
      overall function of Sir2 was conserved in Daphnia. The Sir2 mRNA levels increased
      while the enzyme activity declined with age and considering that Sir2 activity
      regulates HSR, this explains the previously observed age-dependent decline in
      HSR. Finally, we tested the effect of Sir2 knockdown throughout adult life by
      using our new RNA interference (RNAi) method by feeding. Sir2 knockdown severely
      reduced both the median lifespan as well as significantly increased mortality
      following heat shock. Our study provides the first characterization and
      functional study of Daphnia Sir2. 

PMID- 26978619
TI  - Surgical and combined treatment of patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Liver resection is the essential method of cholangiocellular
      carcinoma treatment. However due to low resectability and high incidence of
      recurrences search for additional curative methods is necessary. AIM: To improve
      the results of surgical treatment of patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma
      especially with complications and poor prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total
      of 95 surgical procedures for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma have been performed
      in the department of liver andpancreatic tumors at N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer
      Research Center since 1998 to 2014. 11 patients had obstructive jaundice as the
      first symptom of the disease. Extended liver resections were done in most cases
      (84.2%). Preoperative treatment was performed in 3 patients. Adjuvant
      chemotherapy after R0-resection was applied in 15 patients. RESULTS: The
      postoperative mortality rate was 4.2%. Postoperative complications were observed
      in 51 (53.7%) patients. Complication grade III after adjuvant chemotherapy was
      observed in one (6.7%) patient. Median survival after liver resection was 25
      months, 5-year survival rate - 25.3%. In stage I-II five-year survival reached
      66.7%. In patients with obstructive jaundice 5-year survival rate was 26.7%,
      median survival - 37 months. There was no improvement of survival in case of
      adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSION: Liver resection remains essential treatment of
      cholangiocellular carcinoma including patients with obstructive jaundice.
      Additional curative methods are necessary to increase resectability and decrease
      the risk of recurrence.

PMID- 26978620
TI  - [Features of severe surgical infections of soft tissues].
AB  - AIM: To analyze clinical and microbiological examinations in severe soft tissues
      infections and their significance in predictors of outcomes. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Treatment of 19 patients with severe suppurative infection and suspected
      non-clostridial anaerobic flora with different causes of soft tissues infection
      was analyzed. All patients were treated in N.V. Sklifosovskiy Research Institute
      of Emergency Care for the period 2010-2012. Diagnosis was based on X-ray survey,
      sonography and CT data. Multicomponent management included surgery, intensive
      therapy, proteinic and water-electrolyte balance correction, deintoxication,
      nutritive support and immune therapy.Microbiological diagnosis was performed
      using Bactec-9050, Multiscan and WalkAway-40 analyzers. Culture mediums and
      microanaerostats to detect aerobic and obligately-anaerobic pathogens certified
      in Russia were used. Of 19 patients bacteriological examination was performed in
      11 patients. So 107 specimens from wounds predominantly and blood were studied.
      91 strains were revealed and identified. RESULTS: 8 of 11 patients in group 1
      were operated. Three patients were inoperable due to severe condition and
      endotoxic shock. Despite complex treatment inflammation progressed in 5 of 8
      patients followed by death. The second group consisted of 8 survivors.
      Staphylococcus aureus played leading role. There were no significant differences
      related to obligately-anaerobic pathogens. Mixed populations of aerobic and
      facultative anaerobic pathogens were diagnosed in 45% of specimens sampled from
      deads that is significantly greater than from survivors (8.7%). Leading pathogens
      of severe suppurative infections of soft tissues were more frequent revealed in
      mono-culture. Early diagnosis of tissue infections caused by nonsporeforming
      microorganisms should be based on clinical instrumental data, microbiological and
      morphological examinations.

PMID- 26978621
TI  - [Risk of hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery].
AB  - AIM: To reveal calcium metabolism disorders that frequently occur after thyroid
      surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 202 patients who underwent
      thyroid surgery for different diseases and had normal calcium level in peripheral
      blood at baseline. RESULTS: Based on laboratory data postoperative hypocalcemia
      was diagnosed in 57 (28.8%) patients. It was not always accompanied by clinical
      symptoms. Clinical picture depended on degree of hypocalcemia. Symptoms was
      diagnosed more frequently if calcium concentration was less than 2.1 mmol/l.
      Clinical manifestations were absent in 64.9% of cases on background of
      hypocalcemia. Incidence of hypocalcemia was higher after thyroidectomy compared
      to organ-preserving surgery. Symptoms of hypocalcemia occurred after
      thyroidectomy only. Casual parathyroidectomy does not always cause hypocalcemia.
      Only in 14% of patients with hypocalcemia excised parathyroid was identified in
      specimen. At the same time 7.6% of patients with postoperative normocalcaemia
      also had excised parathyroids in specimens. Symptoms of hypocalcemia does not
      always occur at 1 day after surgery. They can appear later, for example at 5 days
      postoperatively and depend on severity of hypocalcemia. Thyroidectomy has high
      risk of postoperative hypocalcemia with clinical symptoms (19.6%) that is
      transient in 15.5% of cases and permanent in 4.1% of patients.

PMID- 26978622
TI  - [Management of perforative gastroduodenal ulcer].
AB  - AIM: To study the immediate results of surgical treatment of patients with
      perforative gastroduodenal ulcer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was analyzed immediate
      results of surgical treatment of 646 patients with perforative gastroduodenal
      ulcer. Ulcer suturing predominated as surgical technique (358 patients, 55.5%),
      in other observations there were different types of vagotomy (215 cases, 33.3%),
      partial gastrectomy in 73 (11.2%) patients. RESULTS: In early postoperative
      period 36 (5.62%)patients died, incidence of complications was 6.2%. Following
      aspects effect on choice of surgical techbique including laoarotomy or minimally
      invasive approach, conventional suturing, vagotomy, partial gastrectomy: 1.
      presence of shock or unstable hemodynamics; 2. life-threating comorbidities (ASA
      class 3 and higher); 3. degree of abdominal bacterial contamination; 4. pre
      hospital duration of disease; 5. dimension and type of ulcer; 6. ulcerative
      history or intraoperative evidence of chronic ulcer. Implementation or absolute
      predominance of surgery of the same type (suturing of perforative ulcer) leads to
      great number of poor long-term results (up to 60-70%) and requires repeated
      interventions.

PMID- 26978623
TI  - [Latex ligation in treatment of chronic hemorrhoids].
AB  - We analyzed the results of treatment of 432 patients with chronic hemorrhoids
      using different variants of latex ligation. New technique including ligation of
      mucosa and submucosa of low-ampullar rectum providing ligation of
      hemorrhoidalvessels, lifting and recto-anal repair is developed and suggested.
      This method is advisable to use in case of chronic internal hemorrhoids stages I
      and II. The authors recommend simultaneous combined ligation of mucosa of low
      ampullar rectum and internal hemorrhoids for stages III and IV. Different
      variants of latex ligation with external hemorrhoids excision were used in 103
      patients. Pointed variants of latex ligation preserve important advantages
      including mini-invasiveness, simplicity and wide availability, low cost. Good
      remote results were obtained after these procedures in 87.3% of observations.
      Suggested tactics extends use of latex ligation and increases its effectiveness
      in treatment of different stages and forms of chronic hemorrhoids.

PMID- 26978624
TI  - [Performance evaluation of comprehensive treatment of patients with infectious
      complications of bullet-extremity fractures].
AB  - The objective of the study was to examine the effectiveness of complex treatment
      of patients with infectious complications of gunshot fractures of limb bones
      using advanced minimally invasive surgical technologies phased osteosynthesis and
      new approaches of drug therapy. A prospective, comparative study of the results
      of examination and treatment of 60 patients with infectious complications of
      gunshot diaphyseal fractures of the long bones of the limbs treated in hospital
      Almutavakel (Sana'a, Republic of Yemen) in the period 2009-2011. Patients were
      randomized and divided into groups depending on the treatment regimen: a
      comparison (30 patients) received traditional scheme in which only apply external
      fixation devices or metal obsolete models and basic (30 patients), received
      treatment for advanced techniques include minimally invasive surgical sanitation
      of infected fracture zone followed by differentiated (depending on the size of
      the existing bone defect) tactics of consistent and gradual minimally invasive
      functionally stable osteosynthesis with modern APS and implants on a background
      of conservative therapy consisting of Cycloferon. The study showed a high
      clinical and cost-effectiveness of improved methods compared to traditional, that
      allows to recommend it for the provision of specialized medical care in the
      treatment of patients with infectious and complicated gunshot fractures of the
      long bones of the limbs. 

PMID- 26978626
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patient with thoracoabdominal aneurysm and dissection
      combined with left kidney tumor].

PMID- 26978625
TI  - [Analysis of the short-term and long-term results in surgical treatment of the
      chronic cystic pancreatitis].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the practice of abdominal surgery marked increase
      in the number of patients with pancreatic cysts. Tactics of treatment of this
      disease is still disputable. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article analyzes the
      treatment of 128 patients with formed pancreatic cysts. They were divided into
      three groups: 1) external drainage - 44 (34.4%); 2) internal drainage - 41
      (32.0%); 3) resection surgery - 43 (33.6%). RESULTS: The duodenum resections were
      introduced for the treatment of the pancreatic head cysts - 21 (48.8%). Resection
      methods in the number of postoperative complications (23.3%) could be compared
      with the operations of the internal drainage of pancreatic cysts (19.5%),
      although the resection methods are technically more difficult and traumatic. 66
      (51.6%) patients were observed in the long-term period. The number of
      postoperated disease recurrences was more in group 1 (28.6%). Quality of life
      indicators (SF-36) were higher in group 3. We marked the best results after
      resection operations. CONCLUSION: So this type of operation can be recommended
      for the treatment of patients with formed pancreatic cysts as the most radical
      method.

PMID- 26978627
TI  - [To the question of left renal vein intersection to improve exposure of
      juxtarenal abdominal aorta].

PMID- 26978628
TI  - [Disseminated peritoneal lesion after laparoscopic removal of renal hydatid
      cyst].

PMID- 26978629
TI  - [Pancreatic localization of hydatid cyst].

PMID- 26978630
TI  - [Lipoma of Bauhin's valve - rare cause of large bowel obstruction].

PMID- 26978631
TI  - [Treatment of patient with cholangiocarcinoma complicated by jaundice after
      previous surgery in terms of municipal clinic].

PMID- 26978632
TI  - [Increase of relaparotomy efficacy in peritonitis management].

PMID- 26978633
TI  - [New risk factors of stroke in young adults].
AB  - According to the modern point of view, up to 75% stroke cases may be associated
      with conventional (basic) risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis,
      cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, and others. However, up to 25% of stroke cases are
      associated with the influence of other risk factors, especially among young
      people. In this review, an analysis and evaluation of the most significant new
      stroke risk factors in young adults, such as genetic predisposition, "small"
      vessels disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, thrombophilia, "silent" brain infarction
      and others was made. Attention was paid to a role of new stroke risk factors in
      women. In this review, criteria for clinical evaluation of new stroke risk
      factors and pattern of laboratory tests to determine the stroke risk were defined
      based on current literature and personal observations. 

PMID- 26978634
TI  - [Characteristics of risk factors in young and middle-aged patients with first
      hemispheric ischemic stroke].
AB  - AIM: To compare risk factors of the first hemispheric ischemic stroke in young,
      middle and old age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and thirteen
      patients with first hemispheric ischemic stroke confirmed by CT/MRI were
      examined. The patients were divided into 2 groups: young and middle-aged (51
      patients, 24 women, 27 men, mean age 49.8+/-5.2) and advanced-aged (62 patients,
      30 women, 32 men, mean age 76.4+/-7.5). The frequency and duration of the
      following risk factors for ischemic stroke, including arterial hypertension,
      ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias, diabetes, smoking, family history of
      myocardial infarction and/or stroke, body mass index, acute emotional stress
      before the onset of the disease, were compared. Results of echocardiography,
      Holter and blood pressure monitoring, total cholesterol, low and high-density
      lipoproteins, triglycerides and blood glucose were analyzed. RESULTS: In young
      and middle-aged patients, an increased variability of blood pressure, acute
      emotional stress before the onset of stroke, a family history of cardiovascular
      and/or cerebrovascular disease, a decreased level of high-density lipoproteins,
      silent myocardial ischemia on Holter monitoring, mitral and tricuspid valve
      prolapse, minor abnormalities of the heart were more frequent than in the
      advanced age group. CONCLUSION: There are age-related differences in the spectrum
      and frequency of risk factors in patients with first hemispheric ischemic stroke.
      This fact should be taken into account in stroke prevention programs in various
      age groups.

PMID- 26978635
TI  - [Internal carotid artery dissection as a cause of severe ischemic stroke with
      lethal outcome].
AB  - We present a medical history of a 30-year old male patient with fatal ischemic
      stroke, resulting from the right internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection
      provoked by repeated head tilts and verified by magnetic resonance imaging and
      pathomorphological examination. At admission, the high level of creatine
      phosphokinase (5284 un/ml, normal level<171) in the blood was found, the
      coagulation parameters were normal. Autopsy revealed intramural hematoma (IMH),
      which was located between the media and adventitia of the arterial wall, began at
      3 cm above the common carotid artery bifurcation and extended to the base of the
      skull. The lumen of the ICA at the level of the IMG and intracranial parts as
      well as of the middle cerebral artery was occluded by the thrombus. The
      histological examination of the right ICA wall found splitting, thinning,
      fragmentation, disrupters of internal elastic membrane, severe media fibrosis,
      myocyte necrosis at the site of the dissection with the surrounding leukocyte
      infiltration, as well as lymphocytic infiltrates, clusters of eosinophils in
      adventitia. Similar changes, except myocyte necrosis, were also found in intact
      (non-dissected) brain supplying arteries. In general, they were similar to those
      in fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Histochemical and electron microscopic studies
      of skeletal muscles showed signs of mitochondrial cytopathy. The authors discuss
      the relationship between the dissection, FMD and mitochondrial pathology. 

PMID- 26978636
TI  - [Associations between quality of life and lifestyle peculiarities in stroke
      survivors: the results of the EROS study].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine relations between quality of life and characteristics of
      lifestyle in stroke patients and control groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case
      group consisted of 508 Kaunas citizens, aged 25-84, who had survived their first
      stroke. The control group consisted of 508 randomly chosen healthy Kaunas
      citizens age- and sex-matched to the cases. SF-12 questionnaire on the quality of
      life has been used for the study. The characteristics of lifestyle (alcohol use,
      smoking, nutrition) were studied. RESULTS: The effect size of alcohol use in the
      stroke patients was not large (Cohen's d=0.41) compared to the control group
      (Cohen's d=0.87). Patients who did not use alcohol had lower estimations in the
      physical health domain of quality of life compared to those who used alcohol. The
      number of smoking men was significantly higher (p=0.0005) in the stroke patients
      (29.0%) than in the control group (19.6%). The physical health was best assessed
      by men belonging to the control group who never smoked compared to men who had
      quit smoking (p=0.0005) and in the stroke group - by smoking men compared to men
      who had quit smoking (p=0.049). Nutrition status had significant effect only on
      the physical health in the control group: the estimate of physical health of
      obese individuals was lower when compared to the rest participants (p<0.001).
      CONCLUSION: The number of men who used excessive amounts of alcohol and smoked or
      had quit smoking was higher in the stroke patients group than in the control
      group. In the stroke patient group, the effect size of alcohol use was not large.
      Men who had quit smoking prior to stroke presented poorer evaluations of the
      quality of life in the general health and mental health domains than did those
      who had smoked before stroke onset.

PMID- 26978637
TI  - [Risk factors of stroke in men exposed to environmental factors at workplace].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore risk factors of stroke in men of different age groups
      exposed to adverse environmental factors at work. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four
      hundred and eleven men after stroke, aged from 30 to 65 years, including 335
      patients, who had been exposed to adverse environmental factors at work, were
      compared to 76 patients who had not been exposed to adverse environmental
      factors. RESULTS: The distribution of the frequencies of risk factors of stroke
      depending on the character of adverse factors was shown.

PMID- 26978638
TI  - [Prognostic factors of recurrent acute cerebrovascular incidents in patients with
      ischemic stroke].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish prognostic factors of recurrent acute cerebrovascular
      complications after ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective
      observational study on the 21-22nd day of the acute stage of ischemic stroke
      included 148 patients, aged 60 [5; 68] years. Following the discharge, a unified
      telephone survey of patients or their relatives was performed every 3 months.
      Recurrent strokes, including those with fatal outcome, and transient ischemic
      attacks (TIA) were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The long-term prospective
      follow-up duration was 35 [28; 40] months. In 26 (18%) patients, 31 cerebral
      complications, including 24 recurrent ischemic strokes, 6 TIA, 1 hypertensive
      intracerebral hemorrhage were registered. Recurrent cerebral complications found
      to be associated with age older 67 years, ischemic heart disease, multiple focal
      brain lesions, supraventricular arrhythmias more 46/day, bradyarrhythmias,
      ventricular arrhythmias. The use of thiazide and thiazide-liked diuretics as part
      of antihypertensive therapy was associated with a reduced risk of cerebral
      complications.

PMID- 26978639
TI  - [The lipid profile and psychometric assessments in patients with psychosomatic
      illnesses and chronic cerebral ischemia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlations between plasma cholesterol and
      triglyceride levels and psychometric assessments in patients with psychosomatic
      illnesses and chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred
      and ten patients (51% women, 49% men), aged from 46 to 76 years (mean 65.1 years)
      with CCI were examined. The study included cholesterol and triglyceride tests and
      a battery of tests for assessment of cognitive functions and neurotization level.
      RESULTS: Cholesterol levels were higher in patients with post-infarct
      cardiosclerosis (PICS) compared to the comparison group but did not differ from
      those of patients with peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Triglyceride levels were high
      in both psychosomatic groups, with higher levels in the patients with PICS
      compared to the patients with PUD. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels
      were not correlated with assessments of cognitive functions in patients of
      different age. CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment and higher level of neurotization
      were characteristic of patients with psychosomatic illnesses. Regression analysis
      has demonstrated that plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels may be a
      prognostic factor for cognitive impairment.

PMID- 26978640
TI  - [Characteristics of immune response and inflammatory reaction in atherothrombotic
      stroke and myocardial infarction].
AB  - AIM: To study characteristics of ischemic tissue damage basing on the assessment
      of the correlations between markers of immune response, inflammation and
      apoptosis in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and atherothrombotic stroke
      (AS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9),
      immune complexes with cryogenic properties, soluble Fas-ligand, tumor necrosis
      factor alpha, interleukin-10 measured with ELISA as well as the activity of
      spontaneous apoptosis of mononuclear cells and surface expression of Toll-like
      receptors-4 and intracellular heat shock proteins measured with flow
      cytofluorometry were determined in the blood of 93 patients with the first AS and
      94 patients with MI without concomitant inflammation in the 1st and 7th day of
      the disease. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Increased levels of the markers of immune
      response, inflammation, apoptosis and destruction of the extracellular matrix
      were identified at the beginning of MI and AS. The results provide the evidence
      that similar mechanisms may be involved in ischemic tissue damage. Multivariate
      analysis conducterd by of principal component analysis correlation matrix
      revealed the specificity of the relationships between all of these markers. This
      is the completely new approach to assessin the role and importance of defined
      parameters in the acute period of the myocardial ischemia and brain.

PMID- 26978641
TI  - [Impairment of attention in post-stroke fatigue and depression].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between impairment of attention and
      development of pathological fatigue and depression after non-disabling stroke.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty patients were examined. Attention was assessed by
      the Attention Network Test (ANT). Pathological fatigue and depression were
      assessed by the Fatigue assessment scale and depression subscale of the Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The
      association between the severity of depression and fatigue after stroke and
      reduction of mean reaction time in ANT was found. A decrease in the reaction time
      may be one of the factors reducing working ability in patients with post-stroke
      fatigue and depression even in the absence of severe neurological deficit. This
      has to be taken into account when planning rehabilitation.

PMID- 26978643
TI  - [The efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in acute ischemic stroke].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study an effect of the course treatment with transcranial magnetic
      stimulation (TMS) on cognitive functions, movement deficit, daily activity and
      cerebral hemodynamics in the acute ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety
      two patients, including 32 patients treated with TMS (the main group), 30
      patients who received placebo (comparison group 1) and 30 patients who received
      low intensity magnetic stimulation and basic complex therapy during 10 days once
      a day (the comparison group 2), were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A
      significant improvement of cognitive processes, restoration of motor functions,
      increase in daily activities, normalization of the cerebral hemodynamics were
      observed. Based on these RESULTS: the inclusion of TMS in the complex
      rehabilitation system of post-stroke patients is recommended.

PMID- 26978642
TI  - [A protective role of the nitrite/nitrate reductase system in ischemic stroke].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To reveal a protective role of the nitrite/nitrate reductase system in
      NO- synthase (NOS) inhibition in ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An effect
      of the non-selective NOS inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) introduced in
      dose of 25 mg/kg and nitrates (KNO3, NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3) in doses of 5
      mg/kg) on ischemic stroke induced by the occlusion of carotid arteries in an
      experimental model was studied. The animals (Wistar rats) were stratified into 20
      experimental groups (n=480) and 4 control groups (n=96). One of nitrates or L-NNA
      along with one of nitrates or L-NNA alone were administered to experimental
      groups 1h before brain ischemia or 5s after carotid artery occlusion. 0.9% NaCl
      was used in the control rats. RESULTS: L-NNA increases neurological deficit and
      lethality in brain ischemia. Depending on a cation, the nitrite/nitrate reductase
      system may play a protective role in the inhibition of NOS-system in brain
      ischemia. CONCLUSION: In brain ischemia and NOS inhibition, Mg(NO3)2 has the
      greatest protective effect.

PMID- 26978644
TI  - [Interview with prof. V.V. Shprakh].

PMID- 26978645
TI  - [Mexidol in the rehabilitation of patients in the acute ischemic stroke].
AB  - Research objective - studying of results of a comprehensive neuro-rehabilitation
      patients in the acute ischemic stroke (according to the Samara regional vascular
      centre). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the work of RVC on the main indicators
      for 2014, detailed analysis of 20 patients in the acute period of ischemic
      stroke, in which treatment was used the drug mexidol with the dynamics on
      standardized assessment scales (NIHSS, Rankin, Rivermead, MoCA, HADS). RESULTS
      AND DISCUSSION: The use of "Mexidol" in the treatment of stroke leads to a
      significant statistically and clinically significant improvement in cognitive,
      motor, sensory functions, reduction of fatigue, anxiety, improved adaptation to
      physical loads.

PMID- 26978646
TI  - Efficient Absorption of X-Hydroxyproline (Hyp)-Gly after Oral Administration of a
      Novel Gelatin Hydrolysate Prepared Using Ginger Protease.
AB  - Recent studies have reported that oral intake of gelatin hydrolysate has various
      beneficial effects, such as reduction of joint pain and lowering of blood sugar
      levels. In this study, we produced a novel gelatin hydrolysate using a cysteine
      type ginger protease having unique substrate specificity with preferential
      peptide cleavage with Pro at the P2 position. Substantial amounts of X
      hydroxyproline (Hyp)-Gly-type tripeptides were generated up to 2.5% (w/w)
      concomitantly with Gly-Pro-Y-type tripeptides (5%; w/w) using ginger powder. The
      in vivo absorption of the ginger-degraded gelatin hydrolysate was estimated using
      mice. The plasma levels of collagen-derived oligopeptides, especially X-Hyp-Gly,
      were significantly high (e.g., 2.3-fold for Glu-Hyp-Gly, p < 0.05) compared with
      those of the control gelatin hydrolysate, which was prepared using
      gastrointestinal proteases and did not contain detectable X-Hyp-Gly. This study
      demonstrated that orally administered X-Hyp-Gly was effectively absorbed into the
      blood, probably due to the high protease resistance of this type of tripeptide. 

PMID- 26978647
TI  - Marinicella pacifica sp. nov., isolated from seawater.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-gliding, oxidase
      positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain sw153T, was
      isolated from surface seawater of the South Pacific Gyre (39 degrees  19' S 139
      degrees  48' W) during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329. Growth
      occurred at 10-42  degrees C (optimum 28  degrees C), in the presence of 1-8 %
      (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2 %) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 7.5-8.5). The major fatty
      acids (>10 %) were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1omega6c and/or
      C16:1omega7c). The major polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, an
      unidentified polar lipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The major respiratory
      quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The DNA G+C content of strain sw153T was 44.5
      mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain sw153T
      within the genus Marinicella, class Gammaproteobacteria. The most closely related
      species was Marinicella litoralis KMM 3900T (96.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence
      similarity). Based on the polyphasic analyses in this study, strain sw153T is
      considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marinicella, for which the
      name Marinicella pacifica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is sw153T (=JCM
      18208T=CGMCC 1.12181T). 

PMID- 26978648
TI  - Life-Cycle Costing of Food Waste Management in Denmark: Importance of Indirect
      Effects.
AB  - Prevention has been suggested as the preferred food waste management solution
      compared to alternatives such as conversion to animal fodder or to energy. In
      this study we used societal life-cycle costing, as a welfare economic assessment,
      and environmental life-cycle costing, as a financial assessment combined with
      life-cycle assessment, to evaluate food waste management. Both life-cycle costing
      assessments included direct and indirect effects. The latter are related to
      income effects, accounting for the marginal consumption induced when alternative
      scenarios lead to different household expenses, and the land-use-changes effect,
      associated with food production. The results highlighted that prevention, while
      providing the highest welfare gains as more services/goods could be consumed with
      the same income, could also incur the highest environmental impacts if the
      monetary savings from unpurchased food commodities were spent on goods/services
      with a more environmentally damaging production than that of the (prevented)
      food. This was not the case when savings were used, e.g., for health care,
      education, and insurances. This study demonstrates that income effects, although
      uncertain, should be included whenever alternative scenarios incur different
      financial costs. Furthermore, it highlights that food prevention measures should
      not only demote the purchase of unconsumed food but also promote a low-impact use
      of the savings generated.

PMID- 26978649
TI  - Effects of Sildenafil Citrate and Heparin Treatments on Placental Cell Morphology
      in a Murine Model of Pregnancy Loss.
AB  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections during pregnancy are well established as
      models for pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR),
      thrombophilia, preterm labor and abortion. Indeed, inflammation, as induced by
      LPS injection has been described as a pivotal factor in cases of miscarriage
      related to placental tissue damage. The phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil
      (Viagra(r)) is currently used to treat FGR cases in women, while low-molecular
      weight heparin (Fragmin(r)) is a standard treatment for recurrent miscarriage
      (RM). However, the pathways and cellular dynamics involved in RM are not
      completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective
      effect of sildenafil and dalteparin in a mouse model of LPS-induced abortion.
      Histopathology, ultrastructural analysis and immunofluorescence for P-selectin
      were studied in two different placental cell types: trophoblast cells and
      labyrinth endothelial cells. Treatment with sildenafil either alone or in
      combination with heparin showed the best response against LPS-induced injury
      during pregnancy. In conclusion, our results support the use of these drugs as
      future therapeutic agents that may protect the placenta against inflammatory
      injury in RM events. Analyses of the ultrastructure and placental
      immunophysiology are important to understand the mechanism underlying RM. These
      findings may spark future studies and aid in the development of new therapies in
      cases of RM. 

PMID- 26978650
TI  - Serial amnioinfusions for fetal pulmonary palliation in fetuses with renal
      failure.
AB  - Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) encompasses a heterogeneous group of
      congenital pathologies and generally results in oligohydramnios. Fetal
      intervention (e.g. vesicoamniotic shunting, fetal cystoscopy) has traditionally
      been reserved for cases with a favorable renal profile, while those with
      unfavorable renal function have been offered termination or expectant management
      with the latter leading to high incidence of marked pulmonary hypoplasia,
      neonatal morbidity and mortality. Here, we describe two cases, which were not
      candidates for traditional intervention based on abnormal fetal renal function,
      who elected to proceed with serial amnioinfusions for fetal pulmonary palliation
      to attenuate the risk of pulmonary hypoplasia.

PMID- 26978651
TI  - Fibronectin Modulates Cell Adhesion and Signaling to Promote Single Cell
      Migration of Highly Invasive Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Cell migration is regulated by adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through
      integrins and activation of small RhoGTPases, such as RhoA and Rac1, resulting in
      changes to actomyosin organization. During invasion, epithelial-derived tumor
      cells switch from laminin-enriched basal membrane to collagen and fibronectin
      enriched connective tissue. How this switch affects the tumor migration is still
      unclear. We tested the hypothesis that ECM dictates the invasiveness of Oral
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). We analyzed the migratory properties of two OSCC
      lines, a low invasive cell line with high e-cadherin levels (Linv/HE-cad) or a
      highly invasive cell line with low e-cadherin levels (Hinv/LE-cad), plated on
      different ECM components. Compared to laminin, fibronectin induced non
      directional collective migration and decreased RhoA activity in Linv/HE-cad OSCC.
      For Hinv/LE-cad OSCC, fibronectin increased Rac1 activity and induced smaller
      adhesions, resulting in a fast single cell migration in both 2D and 3D
      environments. Consistent with these observations, human OSCC biopsies exhibited
      similar changes in cell-ECM adhesion distribution at the invasive front of the
      tumor, where cells encounter fibronectin. Our results indicate that ECM
      composition might induce a switch from collective to single cell migration
      according to tumor invasiveness due to changes in cell-ECM adhesion and the
      resulting signaling pathways that alter actomyosin organization. 

PMID- 26978652
TI  - Inactivation of the WNT5A Alternative Promoter B Is Associated with DNA
      Methylation and Histone Modification in Osteosarcoma Cell Lines U2OS and SaOS-2.
AB  - WNT5A is a secreted ligand involved in Wnt pathway signaling and has a role in
      cell movement and differentiation. Altered WNT5A expression is associated with
      various cancers, although in most studies the focus has been on only one of the
      known WNT5A isoforms. In this study, we analyzed expression from two of the major
      WNT5A promoters, termed promoter A and promoter B, in normal human osteoblasts,
      SaOS-2 and U2OS osteosarcoma cell lines, and osteosarcoma tumor tissue. We found
      that both promoters A and B are active in normal osteoblasts with nearly 11-fold
      more promoter B than A transcripts. Promoter B but not promoter A transcripts are
      decreased or nearly undetectable in the SaOS-2 and U2OS cell lines and
      osteosarcoma tumor tissues. Transient transfection of promoter A and promoter B
      reporter constructs confirmed that SaOS-2 cells have the necessary factors to
      transcribe both promoters. Bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that three CpG
      enriched regions upstream of the promoter B exon 1betaare highly methylated in
      both SaOS-2 and U2OS cells. The CpG island sub-region R6 located in promoter B
      exon 1beta was approximately 51% methylated in SaOS-2 and 25% methylated in U2OS.
      Region 3 was approximately 28% methylated in normal osteoblasts, whereas the
      others were unmethylated. Promoter B was re-activated by treatment of SaOS-2
      cells with 1 MUM 5-azacytidine, which was associated with only a small
      insignificant change in methylation of sub-region R6. ChIP analysis of U2OS and
      SaOS-2 cells indicated that the promoter B region is less enriched in the active
      histone mark H3K4me3, in comparison to promoter A and that there is increased
      enrichment of the repressive mark H3K27me3 in association with the promoter B
      genomic region in the cell line SaOS-2. These findings show that epigenetic
      inactivation of the WNT5A promoter B involves both DNA methylation and histone
      modifications and suggest that differential expression of the WNT5A alternative
      promoters A and B is a characteristic of osteosarcomas. 

PMID- 26978653
TI  - Information Limited Oligonucleotide Amplification Assay for Affinity-Based,
      Parallel Detection Studies.
AB  - Molecular communication systems encounter similar constraints as
      telecommunications. In either case, channel crosstalk at the receiver end will
      result in information loss that statistical analysis cannot compensate. This is
      because in any communication channel there is a physical limit to the amount of
      information that can be transmitted. We present a novel and simple modified end
      amplification (MEA) technique to generate reduced and defined amounts of specific
      information in form of short fragments from an oligonucleotide source that also
      contains unrelated and redundant information. Our method can be a valuable tool
      to investigate information overflow and channel capacity in biomolecular
      recognition systems. 

PMID- 26978654
TI  - Development of Microsatellite Markers and Analysis of Genetic Diversity and
      Population Structure of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from Ethiopia.
AB  - Twenty three polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for citrus plant
      pathogenic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and were used to analyze
      genetic diversity and population structure of 163 isolates from four different
      geographical regions of Ethiopia. These loci produced a total of 118 alleles with
      an average of 5.13 alleles per microsatellite marker. The polymorphic information
      content values ranged from 0.104 to 0.597 with an average of 0.371. The average
      observed heterozygosity across all loci varied from 0.046 to 0.058. The gene
      diversity among the loci ranged from 0.106 to 0.664. Unweighted Neighbor-joining
      and population structure analysis grouped these 163 isolates into three major
      groups. The clusters were not according to the geographic origin of the isolates.
      Analysis of molecular variance showed 85% of the total variation within
      populations and only 5% among populations. There was low genetic differentiation
      in the total populations (FST = 0.049) as evidenced by high level of gene flow
      estimate (Nm = 4.8 per generation) among populations. The results show that
      Ethiopian C. gloeosporioides populations are generally characterized by a low
      level of genetic diversity. The newly developed microsatellite markers were
      useful in analyzing the genetic diversity and population structure of the C.
      gloeosporioides populations. Information obtained from this study could be useful
      as a base to design strategies for better management of leaf and fruit spot
      disease of citrus in Ethiopia. 

PMID- 26978655
TI  - Defining Feasibility and Pilot Studies in Preparation for Randomised Controlled
      Trials: Development of a Conceptual Framework.
AB  - We describe a framework for defining pilot and feasibility studies focusing on
      studies conducted in preparation for a randomised controlled trial. To develop
      the framework, we undertook a Delphi survey; ran an open meeting at a trial
      methodology conference; conducted a review of definitions outside the health
      research context; consulted experts at an international consensus meeting; and
      reviewed 27 empirical pilot or feasibility studies. We initially adopted mutually
      exclusive definitions of pilot and feasibility studies. However, some Delphi
      survey respondents and the majority of open meeting attendees disagreed with the
      idea of mutually exclusive definitions. Their viewpoint was supported by
      definitions outside the health research context, the use of the terms 'pilot' and
      'feasibility' in the literature, and participants at the international consensus
      meeting. In our framework, pilot studies are a subset of feasibility studies,
      rather than the two being mutually exclusive. A feasibility study asks whether
      something can be done, should we proceed with it, and if so, how. A pilot study
      asks the same questions but also has a specific design feature: in a pilot study
      a future study, or part of a future study, is conducted on a smaller scale. We
      suggest that to facilitate their identification, these studies should be clearly
      identified using the terms 'feasibility' or 'pilot' as appropriate. This should
      include feasibility studies that are largely qualitative; we found these
      difficult to identify in electronic searches because researchers rarely used the
      term 'feasibility' in the title or abstract of such studies. Investigators should
      also report appropriate objectives and methods related to feasibility; and give
      clear confirmation that their study is in preparation for a future randomised
      controlled trial designed to assess the effect of an intervention. 

PMID- 26978656
TI  - Proteinuria during Follow-Up Period and Long-Term Renal Survival of Childhood IgA
      Nephropathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proteinuria is the most important risk factor for IgA nephropathy
      progression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term outcome and
      risk factors for poor prognosis in childhood IgA nephropathy. METHODS: Patients
      who were diagnosed with IgA nephropathy between 1972 and 1992 at the Tokyo
      Metropolitan Kiyose Children's Hospital were included. We analyzed risk factors
      for progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and chronic renal
      insufficiency (CRI) using Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analyses of Cox
      proportional hazard model. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included and the
      median observation period was 11.8 years. Twelve and 17 patients progressed to
      ESKD and CRI, respectively. The survival probabilities were 90.0% at 10 years and
      79.8% at 20 years for ESKD, and 86.1% at 10 years and 72.3% at 20 years for CRI.
      Notably, patients with heavy proteinuria with hypoalbuminemia during follow-up
      period showed extremely poor prognosis. In this group, the survival rate at 10
      years from ESKD and CRI was 40.6% and 20.8%, respectively. By multivariate
      analysis, proteinuria at diagnosis and proteinuria during follow-up period were
      risk factors for ESKD, whereas glomeruli showing mesangial proliferation >=50%
      and proteinuria during follow-up period were risk factors for CRI. Patients
      without heavy proteinuria during follow-up period did not develop CRI and 63% of
      patients with mild proteinuria during follow-up period showed no proteinuria at
      the last observation. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of proteinuria during follow-up
      period is the strongest risk factor for ESKD and CRI.

PMID- 26978658
TI  - Genetic Diversity of NHE1, Receptor for Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus, in
      Domestic Chicken and Wild Anseriform Species.
AB  - J subgroup avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) infects domestic chicken, jungle fowl,
      and turkey and enters the host cell through a receptor encoded by tvj locus and
      identified as Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1). The resistance to ALV-J in a great
      majority of examined galliform species was explained by deletions or
      substitutions of the critical tryptophan 38 in the first extracellular loop of
      NHE1, and genetic polymorphisms around this site predict the susceptibility or
      resistance of a given species or individual. In this study, we examined the NHE1
      polymorphism in domestic chicken breeds and documented quantitative differences
      in their susceptibility to ALV-J in vitro. In a panel of chicken breeds assembled
      with the aim to cover the maximum variability encountered in domestic chickens,
      we found a completely uniform sequence of NHE1 extracellular loop 1 (ECL1)
      without any source of genetic variation for the selection of ALV-J-resistant
      poultry. In parallel, we studied the natural polymorphisms of NHE1 in wild ducks
      and geese because of recent reports on ALV-J positivity in feral Asian species.
      In anseriform species, we demonstrate a specific and highly conserved critical
      ECL1 sequence without any homologue of tryptophan 38 in accordance with the
      resistance of duck cells to prototype ALV-J. Last, we demonstrated that the new
      Asian strains of ALV-J have not evolved their envelope glycoprotein to the entry
      the duck cells. Our results contribute substantially to the current discussion of
      possible heterotransmission of ALV-J and its spill-over into the wild ducks and
      geese. 

PMID- 26978659
TI  - Relative Preference and Localized Food Affect Predator Space Use and Consumption
      of Incidental Prey.
AB  - Abundant, localized foods can concentrate predators and their foraging efforts,
      thus altering both the spatial distribution of predation risk and predator
      preferences for prey that are encountered incidentally. However, few
      investigations have quantified the spatial scale over which localized foods
      affect predator foraging behavior and consumption of incidental prey. In spring
      2010, we experimentally tested how point-source foods altered how generalist
      predators (white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus) utilized space and depredated
      two incidental prey items: almonds (Prunus dulcis; highly profitable) and maple
      seeds (Acer saccharum; less profitable). We estimated mouse population densities
      with trapping webs, quantified mouse consumption rates of these incidental prey
      items, and measured local mouse activity with track plates. We predicted that 1)
      mouse activity would be elevated near full feeders, but depressed at intermediate
      distances from the feeder, 2) consumption of both incidental prey would be high
      near feeders providing less-preferred food and, 3) consumption of incidental prey
      would be contingent on predator preference for prey relative to feeders providing
      more-preferred food. Mouse densities increased significantly from pre- to post
      experiment. Mean mouse activity was unexpectedly greatest in control treatments,
      particularly <15 m from the control (empty) feeder. Feeders with highly preferred
      food (sunflower seeds) created localized refuges for incidental prey at
      intermediate distances (15 to 25m) from the feeder. Feeders with less-preferred
      food (corn) generated localized high risk for highly preferred almonds <10 m of
      the feeder. Our findings highlight the contingent but predictable effects of
      locally abundant food on risk experienced by incidental prey, which can be
      positive or negative depending on both spatial proximity and relative preference.

PMID- 26978657
TI  - Mechanosensory and ATP Release Deficits following Keratin14-Cre-Mediated TRPA1
      Deletion Despite Absence of TRPA1 in Murine Keratinocytes.
AB  - Keratinocytes are the first cells that come into direct contact with external
      tactile stimuli; however, their role in touch transduction in vivo is not clear.
      The ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is essential for
      some mechanically-gated currents in sensory neurons, amplifies mechanical
      responses after inflammation, and has been reported to be expressed in human and
      mouse skin. Other reports have not detected Trpa1 mRNA transcripts in human or
      mouse epidermis. Therefore, we set out to determine whether selective deletion of
      Trpa1 from keratinocytes would impact mechanosensation. We generated K14Cre
      Trpa1fl/fl mice lacking TRPA1 in K14-expressing cells, including keratinocytes.
      Surprisingly, Trpa1 transcripts were very poorly detected in epidermis of these
      mice or in controls, and detection was minimal enough to preclude observation of
      Trpa1 mRNA knockdown in the K14Cre-Trpa1fl/fl mice. Unexpectedly, these K14Cre
      Trpa1fl/fl mice nonetheless exhibited a pronounced deficit in mechanosensitivity
      at the behavioral and primary afferent levels, and decreased mechanically-evoked
      ATP release from skin. Overall, while these data suggest that the intended
      targeted deletion of Trpa1 from keratin 14-expressing cells of the epidermis
      induces functional deficits in mechanotransduction and ATP release, these
      deficits are in fact likely due to factors other than reduction of Trpa1
      expression in adult mouse keratinocytes because they express very little, if any,
      Trpa1. 

PMID- 26978660
TI  - Social Use of Facial Expressions in Hylobatids.
AB  - Non-human primates use various communicative means in interactions with others.
      While primate gestures are commonly considered to be intentionally and flexibly
      used signals, facial expressions are often referred to as inflexible, automatic
      expressions of affective internal states. To explore whether and how non-human
      primates use facial expressions in specific communicative interactions, we
      studied five species of small apes (gibbons) by employing a newly established
      Facial Action Coding System for hylobatid species (GibbonFACS). We found that,
      despite individuals often being in close proximity to each other, in social (as
      opposed to non-social contexts) the duration of facial expressions was
      significantly longer when gibbons were facing another individual compared to non
      facing situations. Social contexts included grooming, agonistic interactions and
      play, whereas non-social contexts included resting and self-grooming.
      Additionally, gibbons used facial expressions while facing another individual
      more often in social contexts than non-social contexts where facial expressions
      were produced regardless of the attentional state of the partner. Also, facial
      expressions were more likely 'responded to' by the partner's facial expressions
      when facing another individual than non-facing. Taken together, our results
      indicate that gibbons use their facial expressions differentially depending on
      the social context and are able to use them in a directed way in communicative
      interactions with other conspecifics. 

PMID- 26978662
TI  - Convolutional Neural Networks for Medical Image Analysis: Full Training or Fine
      Tuning?
AB  - Training a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) from scratch is difficult
      because it requires a large amount of labeled training data and a great deal of
      expertise to ensure proper convergence. A promising alternative is to fine-tune a
      CNN that has been pre-trained using, for instance, a large set of labeled natural
      images. However, the substantial differences between natural and medical images
      may advise against such knowledge transfer. In this paper, we seek to answer the
      following central question in the context of medical image analysis: Can the use
      of pre-trained deep CNNs with sufficient fine-tuning eliminate the need for
      training a deep CNN from scratch? To address this question, we considered four
      distinct medical imaging applications in three specialties (radiology,
      cardiology, and gastroenterology) involving classification, detection, and
      segmentation from three different imaging modalities, and investigated how the
      performance of deep CNNs trained from scratch compared with the pre-trained CNNs
      fine-tuned in a layer-wise manner. Our experiments consistently demonstrated that
      1) the use of a pre-trained CNN with adequate fine-tuning outperformed or, in the
      worst case, performed as well as a CNN trained from scratch; 2) fine-tuned CNNs
      were more robust to the size of training sets than CNNs trained from scratch; 3)
      neither shallow tuning nor deep tuning was the optimal choice for a particular
      application; and 4) our layer-wise fine-tuning scheme could offer a practical way
      to reach the best performance for the application at hand based on the amount of
      available data.

PMID- 26978661
TI  - The Role of Metformin Response in Lipid Metabolism in Patients with Recent-Onset
      Type 2 Diabetes: HbA1c Level as a Criterion for Designating Patients as
      Responders or Nonresponders to Metformin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated whether response to metformin, the
      most frequently drug for diabetes treatment, influences the therapeutic effects
      of antilipidemic medication in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A total of 150 patients with T2DM were classified into
      two groups following 3 months of metformin therapy (1000 mg twice daily):
      responders (patients showing >=1% reduction in HbA1c from baseline) and
      nonresponders (patients showing <1% reduction in HbA1c from baseline). The
      patients received atorvastatin 20 mg, gemfibrozil 300 mg, or atorvastatin 20 mg
      and gemfibrozil 300 mg daily. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: HbA1c and fasting glucose
      levels were significantly different between baseline and 3 months among
      responders receiving atorvastatin; however, these differences were not
      statistically significant in nonresponders. Atherogenic ratios of low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C; p =
      0.002), total cholesterol to HDL-C (TC/HDL-C; p<0.001) and AIP (the atherogenic
      index of plasma; p = 0.004) decreased significantly in responders receiving
      atorvastatin than in nonresponders. Moreover, responders receiving atorvastatin
      showed a significant increase in HDL-C levels but nonresponders receiving
      atorvastatin did not (p = 0.007). The multivariate model identified a significant
      association between metformin response (as the independent variable) and TG, TC,
      HDL-C and LDL-C (dependent variables; Wilk's lambda = 0.927, p = 0.036).
      CONCLUSIONS: Metformin response affects therapeutic outcomes of atorvastatin on
      atherogenic lipid markers in patients newly diagnosed with T2DM. Metformin has a
      greater impact on BMI in responders of metformin compared to nonresponders.
      Adoption of better therapeutic strategies for reducing atherogenic lipid markers
      may be necessary for metformin nonresponders.

PMID- 26978663
TI  - Cryo-Balloon Catheter Localization Based on a Support-Vector-Machine Approach.
AB  - Cryo-balloon catheters have attracted an increasing amount of interest in the
      medical community as they can reduce patient risk during left atrial pulmonary
      vein ablation procedures. As cryo-balloon catheters are not equipped with
      electrodes, they cannot be localized automatically by electro-anatomical mapping
      systems. As a consequence, X-ray fluoroscopy has remained an important means for
      guidance during the procedure. Most recently, image guidance methods for
      fluoroscopy-based procedures have been proposed, but they provide only limited
      support for cryo-balloon catheters and require significant user interaction. To
      improve this situation, we propose a novel method for automatic cryo-balloon
      catheter detection in fluoroscopic images by detecting the cryo-balloon
      catheter's built-in X-ray marker. Our approach is based on a blob detection
      algorithm to find possible X-ray marker candidates. Several of these candidates
      are then excluded using prior knowledge. For the remaining candidates, several
      catheter specific features are introduced. They are processed using a machine
      learning approach to arrive at the final X-ray marker position. Our method was
      evaluated on 75 biplane fluoroscopy images from 40 patients, from two sites,
      acquired with a biplane angiography system. The method yielded a success rate of
      99.0% in plane A and 90.6% in plane B, respectively. The detection achieved an
      accuracy of 1.00 mm+/-0.82 mm in plane A and 1.13 mm+/-0.24 mm in plane B. The
      localization in 3-D was associated with an average error of 0.36 mm+/-0.86 mm.

PMID- 26978664
TI  - Design Features and Mutual Compatibility Studies of the Time-of-Flight PET
      Capable GE SIGNA PET/MR System.
AB  - A recent entry into the rapidly evolving field of integrated PET/MR scanners is
      presented in this paper: a whole body hybrid PET/MR system (SIGNA PET/MR, GE
      Healthcare) capable of simultaneous acquisition of both time-of-flight (TOF) PET
      and high resolution MR data. The PET ring was integrated into an existing 3T MR
      system resulting in a (patient) bore opening of 60 cm diameter, with a 25 cm
      axial FOV. PET performance was evaluated both on the standalone PET ring and on
      the same detector integrated into the MR system, to assess the level of mutual
      interference between both subsystems. In both configurations we obtained detector
      performance data. PET detector performance was not significantly affected by
      integration into the MR system. The global energy resolution was within 2% (10.3%
      versus 10.5%), and the system coincidence time resolution showed a maximum change
      of < 3% (385 ps versus 394 ps) when measured outside MR and during simultaneous
      PET/MRI acquisitions, respectively. To evaluate PET image quality and resolution,
      the NEMA IQ phantom was acquired with MR idle and with MR active. Impact of PET
      on MR IQ was assessed by comparing SNR with PET acquisition on and off. B0 and B1
      homogeneities were acquired before and after the integration of the PET ring
      inside the magnet. In vivo brain and whole body head-to-thighs data were acquired
      to demonstrate clinical image quality.

PMID- 26978665
TI  - Geometrical Calibration of X-Ray Imaging With RGB Cameras for 3D Reconstruction.
AB  - We present a methodology to recover the geometrical calibration of conventional X
      ray settings with the help of an ordinary video camera and visible fiducials that
      are present in the scene. After calibration, equivalent points of interest can be
      easily identifiable with the help of the epipolar geometry. The same procedure
      also allows the measurement of real anatomic lengths and angles and obtains
      accurate 3D locations from image points. Our approach completely eliminates the
      need for X-ray-opaque reference marks (and necessary supporting frames) which can
      sometimes be invasive for the patient, occlude the radiographic picture, and end
      up projected outside the imaging sensor area in oblique protocols. Two possible
      frameworks are envisioned: a spatially shifting X-ray anode around the
      patient/object and a moving patient that moves/rotates while the imaging system
      remains fixed. As a proof of concept, experiences with a device under test (DUT),
      an anthropomorphic phantom and a real brachytherapy session have been carried
      out. The results show that it is possible to identify common points with a proper
      level of accuracy and retrieve three-dimensional locations, lengths and shapes
      with a millimetric level of precision. The presented approach is simple and
      compatible with both current and legacy widespread diagnostic X-ray imaging
      deployments and it can represent a good and inexpensive alternative to other
      radiological modalities like CT.

PMID- 26978667
TI  - Techniques and issues in breath and clinical sample headspace analysis for
      disease diagnosis.
AB  - Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath or clinical samples for
      disease diagnosis is an attractive proposition because it is noninvasive and
      rapid. There are numerous studies showing its potential, yet there are barriers
      to its development. Sampling and sample handling is difficult, and when coupled
      with a variety of analytical instrumentation, the same samples can give different
      results. Background air and the environment a person has been exposed to can
      greatly affect the VOCs emitted by the body; however, this is not an easy problem
      to solve. This review investigates the use of VOCs in disease diagnosis, the
      analytical techniques employed and the problems associated with sample handling
      and standardization. It then suggests the barriers to future development. 

PMID- 26978666
TI  - Identification QTLs Controlling Genes for Se Uptake in Lentil Seeds.
AB  - Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an excellent source of protein and
      carbohydrates and is also rich in essential trace elements for the human diet.
      Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health and nutrition,
      providing protection against several diseases and regulating important biological
      systems. Dietary intake of 55 MUg of Se per day is recommended for adults, with
      inadequate Se intake causing significant health problems. The objective of this
      study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) of genes controlling
      Se accumulation in lentil seeds using a population of 96 recombinant inbred lines
      (RILs) developed from the cross "PI 320937" * "Eston" grown in three different
      environments for two years (2012 and 2013). Se concentration in seed varied
      between 119 and 883 MUg/kg. A linkage map consisting of 1,784 markers (4 SSRs,
      and 1,780 SNPs) was developed. The map spanned a total length of 4,060.6 cM,
      consisting of 7 linkage groups (LGs) with an average distance of 2.3 cM between
      adjacent markers. Four QTL regions and 36 putative QTL markers, with LOD scores
      ranging from 3.00 to 4.97, distributed across two linkage groups (LG2 and LG5)
      were associated with seed Se concentration, explaining 6.3-16.9% of the
      phenotypic variation. 

PMID- 26978668
TI  - Anxiety sensitivity class membership moderates the effects of pre-quit reduction
      in anxiety sensitivity on quit-day tobacco craving.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although anxiety sensitivity has been primarily conceptualized as a
      dimensional latent construct, empirical evidence suggests that it also maintains
      a latent class structure, reflecting low-, moderate-, and high-risk underlying
      classes. The present study sought to explore whether these anxiety sensitivity
      classes moderated the relations between the degree of pre-quit reductions in
      anxiety sensitivity and the severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and craving
      experienced on quit-day. METHODS: Participants included 195 adult smokers (47%
      female; Mage=39.4) participating in a larger "anxiety sensitivity reduction
      smoking cessation" intervention trial. RESULTS: Anxiety sensitivity class
      significantly moderated relations between pre-quit reduction in anxiety
      sensitivity and quit-day craving. Specifically, smokers within the anxiety
      sensitivity high-risk class, who also demonstrated lesser pre-quit reductions in
      anxiety sensitivity, experienced the highest levels of craving on quit-day.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of 'high-risk' classes of
      anxiety sensitivity to better understand the experience of craving on quit day.

PMID- 26978669
TI  - Chemical constituents from rhizome of Anemone amurensis.
AB  - Phytochemical investigation of the 70% EtOH extract of the rhizome of Anemone
      amurensis led to the isolation of two new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins 1
      and 2. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral
      analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR data, and HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested
      for cytotoxicities against two human cancer cell lines (A549 and Hep-G2).
      Compound 2 showed potent cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 38.53 and 66.17 MUM,
      respectively, while compound 1 with IC50 > 100 MUM. 

PMID- 26978681
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta1 SMAD effectors and medial cell number in
      ascending aorta diseases.
AB  - In ascending aorta aneurysms and dissections, the extracellular matrix is
      degraded. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 modulates its synthesis. The
      production and presence of SMADs, intracellular effectors of TGF-beta1 signaling,
      were analyzed in patients with these diseases. To verify whether medial cells are
      lost, their total numbers were computed. Ascending aorta samples from 19 patients
      and 18 controls underwent immunoperoxidase reactions to SMADs 2, 3, 4, and 7.
      Positive and negative cells were counted, and total numbers of cells and
      positive/total ratios were calculated. Samples from other 14 patients and 7
      normal controls were used for the quantification of SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7 mRNA.
      For SMAD4, both mRNA (2.36 vs. 0.37, P=.03) and ratio of positive cells (0.94 vs.
      0.73, P=.02) are increased in patients with ascending aortic diseases. SMAD3 mRNA
      was also increased (1.19 vs. 0.20, P=.05). The cell ratios of this and the other
      SMADs, SMAD7 mRNA, and the total cell count did not differ between groups. In
      conclusion, in ascending aortic aneurysms and dissections, there is an increase
      in SMAD4, implicated in extracellular matrix production, possibly as an attempt
      to compensate for extracellular matrix deficiency. Lost medial cells are
      replaced, since their number is not diminished. 

PMID- 26978682
TI  - Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Diagnosis after Partial Resection of
      Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor: Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNETs) are generally considered benign,
      slow-growing epilepsy-associated lesions. While rare cases of malignant
      transformation of DNET to high-grade glial tumors have been reported, to our
      knowledge there have been no reports of transformation/emergence of DNET to
      atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), a highly aggressive embryonal brain
      tumor. Here, we report the case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with an
      incidental finding of a small right insular lesion which grew slowly over 3
      years. The patient first underwent surgery with subtotal tumor resection at age
      11. Pathology was consistent with DNET. Following surgery, further tumor growth
      was evident, requiring fractionated radiotherapy and eventually chemotherapy, but
      continued tumor growth was witnessed. Three years after radiation, imaging showed
      dramatic further tumor growth, and the patient underwent a second debulking
      surgery. The pathology revealed a malignant tumor with BAF47-negative cells,
      suggestive of AT/RT. This report adds to our knowledge about the poorly
      understood behavior and natural history of DNETs and emphasizes the importance of
      lifelong clinical and neuroimaging follow-up of these lesions. 

PMID- 26978684
TI  - Direct fascia lata reconstruction to reduce donor site morbidity in endoscopic
      endonasal extended surgery: a pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Fascia lata is a validated source of autologous grafts, adopted by
      many surgical figures throughout different types of reconstructive procedures.
      Postoperative pain and muscle prolapse are frequent complications after
      harvesting fascia lata; donor site morbidity causes delayed mobilization and
      increased lenght of hospital stay. In our department fascia lata is used as
      autologous graft in reconstruction of skull base after extended endoscopic
      transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) and the thigh defect is usually repaired with
      allograft to restore tissue continuity and avoid muscle prolapse. Our aim was to
      evaluate the post-operative pain and muscle prolapse in a group of patients who
      underwent EETS with fascia lata reconstruction with allograft. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 11 patients who underwent harvesting
      and reconstruction of fascia lata during EETS, collected in our department of
      Neurosurgery between January 2012 and September 2015. "Pain on rest" and "pain on
      walking" data were collected daily according to the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)
      system, during hospital stay until sutures removal and 1 month after surgery.
      Furthermore, the degree of muscle prolapse was analyzed at the time of sutures
      removal and 1 month following surgery. RESULTS: 11 patients were studied between
      January 2012 and September 2015: 4 men and 7 women (1:1.75). Mean age 53.6+/
      11.1years. During the post-operative stay, "pain on rest" and "pain on walking"
      values of all patients did not exceed grade 4 of NRS. While removing sutures,
      "pain on rest" resulted grade 1 of NRS in 27.3% (3/11) patients, while "pain on
      walking" was grade 1 of NRS in 18.2% (2/11) and grade 2 in 9.1% (1/11). After a
      month of surgery "pain on rest" reduced to NRS grade 1 in 9.1% (1/11), while
      patients NRS results for "pain on walking" were the same as the previous
      evaluation. Mean duration of hospital stay was 5.7+/-2.28 days. 10 patients were
      discharged home, only 1 patient was transferred to a rehabilitation ward. No
      visible nor palpable muscle prolapse was found in our group of patients during
      the entire assessment. CONCLUSION: Findings show how fascia lata reconstruction
      with allograft reduced post-operative discomfort and muscle prolapse in our
      serie; it also permitted their early mobilization and discharge. These are
      promising results. However further studies are needed to see this technique
      approved.

PMID- 26978683
TI  - Expanding the Oncofertility Workforce: Training Allied Health Professionals to
      Improve Health Outcomes for Adolescents and Young Adults.
AB  - As cancer survivors live longer, fertility and reproductive health become
      important health concerns. Like other secondary effects of cancer treatment,
      these anticipated health risks should be addressed before the initiation of
      cancer treatment. While existing and emerging technologies may prevent or reduce
      risk of infertility (e.g., sperm, oocyte, embryo, or tissue banking), the lack of
      a trained workforce knowledgeable about oncology and reproductive health poses a
      barrier to care. The allied health professional (AHP) is a target of opportunity
      because of the direct and sustained patient relationships. Thus, developing
      tailored educational programs for nurses, social workers, psychologists, and
      physician assistants is an urgent unmet need toward field building. In this
      report, we outline results from a pilot study evaluating AHP perceptions of an
      oncology and reproductive health curriculum originally developed for nurses and
      adapted to meet the needs of several other AHP groups.

PMID- 26978685
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978686
TI  - An Uninformative Truth: The Logic of Amarin's Off-Label Promotion.
AB  - Spencer Phillips Hey and Aaron Kesselheim propose that informativeness-asserting
      scientific facts-rather than truthfulness ought to be the standard for regulating
      commercial speech about pharmaceuticals. 

PMID- 26978692
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Over the past twenty years, numerous community social pediatrics
      centres (CSPCs) have been established in Quebec. Because the needs of the
      children followed are so complex, collaboration with organizations in social
      services and public and community health networks is paramount. The purpose of
      this study is to document CSPCs'level of integration into these networks and the
      issues and challenges involved in such collaborations. METHOD: Telephone surveys
      were conducted with 75 respondents from public and community networks and with
      representatives from CSPCs that have been open for at last one year. Two
      questionnaires were used to document the depth and quality of connections and an
      open question helped identify certain collaboration-related issues and
      challenges. RESULTS: CSPCs perceive a higher level of collaboration with the
      social services and public health network than with the community network.
      Similarly, CSPCs want to collaborate more with the public network than with the
      community network. With respect to the quality of collaborations, the climate is
      more positive and the level of joint coordination is higher between CSPCs and the
      public network. Although they are similar, the issues related to collaboration
      can be seen differently in terms of challenges, depending on the stakeholders'
      network. CONCLUSION: Results are discussed in light of challenges that
      characterize the collaborations between CSPCs and the networks, which include the
      recognition of their identity and the funding of the organizations.

PMID- 26978693
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Describe the preschool education of children in educational services.
      Study the effects of components of preschool educational service attendance on
      the development of kindergarten children, based on income. METHOD: A sample of
      1,184 children was extracted from a survey frame that included Montreal children
      assessed in the 2012 Quebec Survey of Child Development in Kindergarten (2012
      QSCDK). Data collected from the parents of these children allowed us to document
      the following components of educational service attendance (independent
      variables): longitudinal profile of the service used; age at entry; duration;
      average weekly attendance; and cumulative time. Linking QSCDK data provided a
      measure of development of children in kindergarten (dependent variable). Various
      logistic regression models using different combinations of components of
      educational service attendance were tested. Akaike information criterion enabled
      us to select the model that best explains the data. RESULTS: Children from low
      income families are proportionately fewer to attend a preschool educational
      service than children from better-off families (79.6% vs. 90.5%; chi-square test
      (1df), p < 0.001). Children from low-income families who attended only an early
      childhood centre (centre de la petite enfance) are less likely to be vulnerable
      in two or more domains of development compared to their peers who did not attend
      educational services (OR 0.23; CI: 0.06 -0.92). Children who started attending an
      educational service before the age of 12 months are less likely to be vulnerable
      in two or more domains of development (OR: 0.38; CI: 0.18-0.81). CONCLUSION:
      Attending an early childhood centre (centre de la petite enfance) is beneficial
      to the development of children from low-income families.

PMID- 26978694
TI  - Quebec Incidence Study on the situations investigated by child protective
      services: Major findings for 2008 and comparison with 1998.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Quebec Incidence Study on situations investigated by child
      protective services (QIS) has been conducted in 5-year cycles since 1998 in
      collaboration with all 16 Quebec child protection agencies. It provides reliable
      estimates of the incidence and characteristics of investigated children. The aim
      of this paper is to discuss major findings from the QIS-2008 and to compare them
      with the findings from QIS-1998. METHODS: Two representative samples of children
      who were investigated by child protection services during the same three-month
      time frame in 1998 (N = 4,771) and in 2008 (N = 3,079) were constituted.
      Caseworkers were asked to complete the QIS data collection form for each sampled
      child. Annual estimates of the number of children investigated with different
      characteristics were computed and compared across both cycles. Statistical tests
      were performed to identify significant differences. RESULTS: While the rate of
      children investigated increased between 1998 and 2008, the rate of substantiated
      cases remained stable at 12 and 11 per 1,000 children in the population
      respectively. Furthermore, substantiated cases in 2008 were less severe than in
      1998 along several dimensions, such as co-occurrence, emotional harm and
      duration. CONCLUSION: Combined with the stability in the rate of substantiated
      cases, the decline in the severity of the situations seems encouraging but
      questions the necessity of a CPS intervention for some of these families. These
      findings are consistent with the ones reported in other countries, but Quebec
      rates are below the rates estimated for Canada, where substantiated maltreatment
      almost doubled during the same time frame. Aspects of social policies in Quebec
      may play a role in this situation and need to be examined in future research.

PMID- 26978695
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The Main dans la main initiative relies on collaboration between
      child protection and hospital-based social workers to help substance-abusing
      expectant mothers maximize their chances of caring for their newborn. The article
      describes the positive outcomes of this initiative for the women, based on the
      experiences and perception of the participants and social workers involved.
      METHOD: A case study was conducted with 21 participants using three data sources:
      1) a semi-structured interview with the mothers at two points in time; 2) a semi
      structured interview with social workers; and 3) the tools of the initiative. The
      data were analyzed based on content condensation and data presentation. RESULTS:
      A majority of participants experienced changes in their various spheres of life:
      personal (positive changes in substance-abuse habits), parental (improved self
      confidence as a parent, reduced stress due to the fear of losing custody of their
      newborn), and social/relational (improved relationships with social support
      network and support services). CONCLUSION: The results confirm the relevance and
      potential for change of a short intervention model during the perinatal period
      based on inter-professional collaboration with substance-abusing expectant
      mothers. Further research is needed to validate the hypothesis on the
      effectiveness of this initiative.

PMID- 26978696
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to 1) map the geographic
      distribution of rates of children reported to Montreal child protective services
      by ethnocultural group (Black, other visible minorities, not from visible
      minorities) and 2) estimate the relative contribution of different territorial
      characteristics to the rates for those groups. METHOD: The study covered the 505
      Montreal-area census tracts for which complete data were available. The reporting
      rates by group (dependent variables) and various territorial characteristics such
      as poverty (independent variables) were mapped and subjected to multiple linear
      regression and geographically weighted regression. The results of the
      geographically weighted regression were then mapped. RESULTS: The geographic
      distribution and reporting rates varied greatly by group, with the Black children
      having the highest rates. Although territorial characteristics explained 51% of
      variance for the children who were not members of visible minorities, they were
      clearly less effective in predicting rates in the case of Black children (18%)
      and other minorities (18%). CONCLUSION: Already well-known territorial risk
      factors are at work in Montreal, but their influence is not equally strong in all
      census tracts nor, especially, in all ethnocultural groups. Therefore, when only
      the distribution and prediction of reports for all children as a whole are
      examined, important differences are underestimated. Access to and appropriateness
      of services offered to vulnerable families, including those of visible
      minorities, could, however, be improved with a better understanding of local
      dynamics.

PMID- 26978697
TI  - Review of child maltreatment in immigrant and refugee families.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Study results on child maltreatment based on general population
      samples cannot be extrapolated with confidence to vulnerable immigrant or refugee
      families because of the specific characteristics and needs of these families. The
      aims of this paper are 1) to conduct an evidence review of the prevalence, risk
      factors and protective factors for child maltreatment in immigrant and refugee
      populations, and 2) to integrate the evidence in an analytical ecosystemic
      framework that would guide future research. METHODS: We used a 14-step process
      based on guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
      Meta-Analyses and the Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health. We
      searched major databases from "the oldest date available to July 2014". The
      eligibility criteria for paper selection included qualitative or quantitative
      methodologies; papers written in English or French; papers that describe, assess
      or review prevalence, risk and protection factors for child maltreatment; and a
      studied population of immigrants or refugees. SYNTHESIS: Twenty-four articles met
      the criteria for eligibility. The results do not provide evidence that immigrant
      or refugee children are at higher risk of child maltreatment. However, recently
      settled immigrants and refugees experience specific risk factors related to their
      immigration status and to the challenges of settlement in a new country, which
      may result in high risk of maltreatment. CONCLUSION: Future research must
      incorporate more immigrant and refugee samples as well as examine, within an
      ecosystemic framework, the interaction between migratory and cultural factors
      with regard to the prevalence, consequences and treatment of child maltreatment
      for the targeted groups.

PMID- 26978698
TI  - Prevalence, co-occurrence and decennial trends of family violence toward children
      in the general population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In Quebec, three population-based surveys have documented the
      prevalence of psychological aggression, and minor and severe physical violence
      toward children. This paper aims to present 1) the results of the 2012 survey
      with regard to the frequency and annual prevalence of violence, and 2) the trends
      in all three forms of violence between 1999 and 2012 according to children's age.
      METHODS: The three independent surveys were all conducted through telephone
      interviews in 1999, 2004 and 2012 by the Institut de la Statistique du Quebec and
      reached a total sample of 9,646 children living with a mother figure.
      Psychological aggression, and minor and severe physical violence were measured
      using the Parent Child Conflict Tactics Scales. RESULTS: The results show that
      repeated psychological aggression, after having increased between 1999 (48%) and
      2004 (53%), slightly decreased in 2012 (49%). Minor physical violence decreased
      steadily between 1999 and 2012, from 48% to 35%, and severe physical violence
      remained stable (6%). These three forms of violence varied by the age category of
      the children. Finally, the results show that the co-occurrence of the use of
      physical and psychological violence remained high in all three surveys.
      CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with trends in North America and are
      discussed in terms of services to support families.

PMID- 26978700
TI  - Twenty years of research and action for the well-being of children.

PMID- 26978699
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: MAP (mothers with power) is a program that proposes a comprehensive
      approach to promote social and professional integration of low income single
      mothers with children under six years old. Using the results of a qualitative
      evaluation of the program 's outcomes and the contextual factors that produced
      them, this article aims to identify the aspects of the program that are the most
      promising for practise. METHOD: To assess the program's outcomes, the study uses
      two monitoring tools and an information sheet on each participant. An in-depth
      analysis of the connections between the program's outcomes and the contextual
      factors that produced them is conducted using 16 case studies, a case being
      defined as the integration path of each participant during the participation in
      the program. For each case, four data sources were used: in addition to the
      monitoring tools, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants
      and the case workers at two points in time. RESULTS: Data show positive outcomes
      of this program. After three years, a majority of participants went back to
      school, finished high school, started collegial studies or found a job. These
      outcomes resulted from a set of factors: structuring actions on the life
      environment, support from an intervention team working closely with the
      participants and personalized references to programs and services in the
      community. CONCLUSION: The results support the relevance of an integrated and
      comprehensive approach to the social and professional integration of low-income
      single mothers.

PMID- 26978703
TI  - The Red Light District and Its Effects on Zebrafish Reproduction.
AB  - Light-dark cycles mimicking natural settings in a zebrafish facility are crucial
      for maintaining fish with an entrained circadian clock making them an ideal
      vertebrate model to study such rhythms. However, failure to provide optimal
      conditions to include complete darkness can lead to a disturbed circadian
      pacemaker affecting physiology and behavior in zebrafish. To meet building code
      requirements, the aquatics facility in use was outfitted with EXIT signs emitting
      a constant light. To determine if light radiating from the EXIT sign has an
      effect on zebrafish embryo production, 100 fish (1:1 m/f ratio) were split and
      housed at 10 fish/L. Half were housed directly in front of the EXIT sign, whereas
      the other half (control) were housed under a true 14-h light-10-h dark cycle.
      Reproductive success was evaluated by recording fecundity and viability from 10
      weekly matings under two light colors: red (640 nm) and green (560 nm). On
      average the control group spawned twice as many embryos compared to those housed
      in front of a red EXIT sign, whereas green EXIT sign showed no difference. This
      suggests the importance of providing a complete dark environment within the night
      cycle and a recommendation toward dim green EXIT signs to avoid a decline in
      reproductive performance.

PMID- 26978706
TI  - Exertional Angina Due To Fused Aortic Bioprosthesis During Left Ventricular
      Assist Device Support: Two Cases and Review of the Literature.
AB  - We present the case of two patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and
      moderate aortic valve regurgitation that were treated with a bioprosthetic valve
      at the time of the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. A few
      months later, patients revealed partial recovery in the left ventricle systolic
      function. Both patients, during the LVAD turndown protocol, reported the onset of
      chest pain. The transthoracic echocardiography revealed the presence of a new
      transaortic pressure gradient. We confirmed the presence of a fused bioprosthetic
      valve by further performing a transesophageal echocardiogram and a left and right
      heart catheterization. Replacement of aortic valve at the time of an LVAD
      implantation constitutes a challenging case. Although a mechanical valve is
      contraindicated due to the increased thromboembolic risk, selecting a
      bioprosthetic valve increases the risk of valve leaflets fusion. The consequences
      of this phenomenon should be acknowledged in LVAD patients undergoing aortic
      valve replacement with a bioprosthetic, especially under the view of LVAD
      explantation for those revealing myocardial recovery under mechanical unloading.

PMID- 26978705
TI  - Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Indus River catchment area, Pakistan:
      Status, soil-air exchange and black carbon mediated distribution.
AB  - Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in passive air and soil
      samples from the catchment area of the Indus River, Pakistan. ?15OCPs ranged
      between 0.68 and 13.47 ng g(-1) in soil and 375.1-1975 pg m-(3) in air. HCHs and
      DDTs were more prevalent in soil and air compartments. Composition profile
      indicated that beta-HCH and p,p'-DDE were the dominant of all metabolites among
      HCHs and DDTs respectively. Moreover, fBC and fTOC were assessed and evaluated
      their potential role in the distribution status of OCPs. The fTOC and fBC ranged
      between 0.77 and 2.43 and 0.04-0.30% respectively in soil. Regression analysis
      showed the strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of OCPs in the
      Indus River catchment area soil. Equilibrium status was observed for beta-HCH,
      delta-HCH, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, TC, HCB and Heptachlor with ff ranged between 0.3
      and 0.59 while assessing the soil-air exchange of OCPs.

PMID- 26978704
TI  - Widely used pharmaceuticals present in the environment revealed as in vitro
      antagonists for human estrogen and androgen receptors.
AB  - A considerable amount of scientific evidence indicates that a number of
      pharmaceuticals that could be detected in the environment can contribute towards
      the development of problems associated with human reproductive systems, as well
      as those of wildlife. We investigated the estrogenic and androgenic effects of
      select pharmaceuticals with high production volume and environmental relevance.
      We examined the receptor-binding activities of these pharmaceuticals in the T47D
      human cell line using altered secretion of cytokine CXCL12. Functional yeast
      luciferase reporter gene assays were also employed to confirm the mechanism of
      receptor binding by estrogen and androgen. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
      namely ibuprofen, diclofenac and antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone showed strong
      anti-estrogenic effects in the T47D cell line. In the yeast-luciferase assay,
      these anti-inflammatory drugs also demonstrated anti-estrogenic potency and
      inhibited the E2 response in a concentration-dependent manner. Amiodarone did not
      exhibit any response in the yeast-luciferase assay; therefore, the endocrine
      disruption presumably occurred at a different level without directly involving
      the receptor. All the anti-inflammatory drugs considered in this study, including
      ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibrate, exhibited a dose-dependent antagonism
      towards the androgen receptor in the yeast-luciferase assays. Several other
      drugs, including the stimulant caffeine, did not show any response in the tests
      that were employed. A risk assessment analysis using 'Hazard Quotient' suggested
      a potential risk, especially in the cases of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac
      and clofibrate. The results reveal the intrinsic endocrine disrupting nature of
      several pharmaceuticals and thus could contribute towards explaining a number of
      adverse health effects on humans and wildlife. 

PMID- 26978707
TI  - Full-Support LVAD Implantation in a C-Pulse Heart Assist System Recipient with
      Deteriorating Chronic Heart Failure: Is It Feasible and Safe?
AB  - Heart failure is a progressive disease with limited treatment options. The C
      Pulse Heart Assist System (Eden Prairie, MN) is an extravascular, diastolic
      counterpulsation circulatory support device for patients with refractory NHYA
      Class III/ambulatory class IV heart failure. It comprises a balloon-cuff which is
      implanted around the ascending aorta that is synchronised to inflate during
      ventricular diastole. The system eliminates the need for systemic anticoagulation
      and significantly reduces the risk of bleeding and overcomes the problem of
      device thrombosis. However, clinical efficacy is dependent on maintenance of
      residual myocardial function. We describe a case of a patient who presented with
      ischemic cardiomyopathy in end-stage heart failure and received the C-Pulse
      System. Due to deterioration in cardiac function, the system had to be upgraded
      to a full-support left ventricular assist device (LVAD) after 4 months. However,
      the aorta ascendens was short and the outflow graft of the HeartWare LVAD had to
      be anastomosed to the cuff balloon region of the aorta. Our experience showed in
      this case that the inflatable cuff action did not compromise the structural
      integrity of the aortic wall.

PMID- 26978708
TI  - Duration of ECMO Is an Independent Predictor of Intracranial Hemorrhage Occurring
      During ECMO Support.
AB  - We assessed the incidence and predictors of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
      occurring during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Of 154
      patients who received ECMO, 12 (7.8%) developed ICH. Patients with ICH had a
      longer ECMO duration (9.41 vs. 5.37 days, p = 0.007), and higher activated
      clotting time (activated clotting time, p= 0.016). They also experienced higher
      frequency of bleeding at other sites (p = 0.017) and required more platelet
      transfusion (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that a longer ECMO duration
      (odds ratio [OR] = 1.074, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.005-1.148, p = 0.035)
      is independently associated with the risk of ICH. We recommend routine
      neurological checks, monitoring of coagulation parameters, and attempt earlier
      rather than late weaning from ECMO whenever feasible.

PMID- 26978709
TI  - Noncardiac Surgical Procedures After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.
AB  - As left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used for patients
      with end-stage heart failure, the need for noncardiac surgical procedures (NCSs)
      in these patients will continue to rise. We examined the various types of NCS
      required and its outcomes in LVAD patients requiring NCS. The National Inpatient
      Sample Database was examined for all patients implanted with an LVAD from 2007 to
      2010. Patients requiring NCS after LVAD implantation were compared to all other
      patients receiving an LVAD. There were 1,397 patients undergoing LVAD
      implantation. Of these, 298 (21.3%) required 459 NCS after LVAD implantation.
      There were 153 (33.3%) general surgery procedures, with abdominal/bowel
      procedures (n = 76, 16.6%) being most common. Thoracic (n = 141, 30.7%) and
      vascular (n = 140, 30.5%) procedures were also common. Patients requiring NCS
      developed more wound infections (9.1 vs. 4.6%, p = 0.004), greater bleeding
      complications (44.0 vs. 24.8%, p < 0.001) and were more likely to develop any
      complication (87.2 vs. 82.0%, p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, the
      requirement of NCSs (odds ratio: 1.45, 95% confidence interval: 0.95-2.20, p =
      0.08) was not associated with mortality. Noncardiac surgical procedures are
      commonly required after LVAD implantation, and the incidence of complications
      after NCS is high. This suggests that patients undergoing even low-risk NCS
      should be cared at centers with treating surgeons and LVAD specialists.

PMID- 26978710
TI  - First Implantation of Silicon Nanopore Membrane Hemofilters.
AB  - An implantable hemofilter for the treatment of kidney failure depends critically
      on the transport characteristics of the membrane and the biocompatibility of the
      membrane, cartridge, and blood conduits. A novel membrane with slit-shaped pores
      optimizes the trade-off between permeability and selectivity, enabling implanted
      therapy. Sustained (3-8) day function of an implanted parallel-plate hemofilter
      with minimal anticoagulation was achieved by considering biocompatibility at the
      subnanometer scale of chemical interactions and the millimeter scale of blood
      fluid dynamics. A total of 400 nm-thick polysilicon flat sheet membranes with 5-8
      nm * 2 micron slit-shaped pores were surface-modified with polyethylene glycol.
      Hemofilter cartridge geometries were refined based on computational fluid
      dynamics models of blood flow. In an uncontrolled pilot study, silicon filters
      were implanted in six class A dogs. Cartridges were connected to the
      cardiovascular system by anastamoses to the aorta and inferior vena cava and
      filtrate was drained to collection pouches positioned in the peritoneum. Pain
      medicine and acetylsalicylic acid were administered twice daily until the
      hemofilters were harvested on postoperative days 3 (n = 2), 4 (n = 2), 5 (n = 1),
      and 8 (n = 1). No hemofilters were thrombosed. Animals treated for 5 and 8 days
      had microscopic fractures in the silicon nanopore membranes and 20-50 ml of
      transudative (albumin sieving coefficient thetaalb ~ 0.5 - 0.7) fluid in the
      collection pouches at the time of explant. Shorter experimental durations (3-4
      days) resulted in filtration volumes similar to predictions based on mean
      arterial pressures and membrane hydraulic permeability and (thetaalb ~ 0.2 -
      0.3), similar to preimplantation measurements. In conclusion, a detailed
      mechanistic and materials science attention to blood-material interactions allows
      implanted hemofilters to resist thrombosis. Additional testing is needed to
      determine optimal membrane characteristics and identify limiting factors in long
      term implantation.

PMID- 26978712
TI  - Erratum: "Development of a Gravid Uterus Model for the Study of Road Accidents
      Involving Pregnant Women" [ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 2016, 138(1), p. 011009].

PMID- 26978711
TI  - OSWG Recommendations for Genotoxicity Testing of Novel Oligonucleotide-Based
      Therapeutics.
AB  - The Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group subcommittee on genotoxicity testing
      considers therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) unlikely to be genotoxic based on
      their properties and on the negative results for ONs tested to date. Nonetheless,
      the subcommittee believes that genotoxicity testing of new ONs is warranted
      because modified monomers could be liberated from a metabolized ON and
      incorporated into DNA and could hypothetically cause chain termination,
      miscoding, and/or faulty replication or repair. The standard test battery as
      described in Option 1 of International Conference on Harmonisation S2(R1) is
      generally adequate to assess such potential. However, for the in vitro assay for
      gene mutations, mammalian cells are considered more relevant than bacteria for
      most ONs due to their known responsiveness to nucleosides and their greater
      potential for ON uptake; on the other hand, bacterial assays may be more
      appropriate for ONs containing non-ON components. Testing is not recommended for
      ONs with only naturally occurring chemistries or for ONs with chemistries for
      which there is documented lack of genotoxicity in systems with demonstrated
      cellular uptake. Testing is recommended for ONs that contain non-natural chemical
      modifications and use of the complete drug product (including linkers,
      conjugates, and liposomes) is suggested to provide the most clinically relevant
      assessment. Documentation of uptake into cells comparable to those used for
      genotoxicity testing is proposed because intracellular exposure cannot be assumed
      for these large molecules. ONs could also hypothetically cause mutations through
      triple helix formation with genomic DNA and no tests are available for detection
      of such sequence-specific mutations across the entire genome. However, because
      the potential for triplex formation by therapeutic ONs is extremely low, this
      potential can be assessed adequately by sequence analysis. 

PMID- 26978714
TI  - Long-term follow-up after LeFort colpocleisis: patient satisfaction, regret rate,
      and pelvic symptoms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate long-term patient satisfaction,
      regret rate, and pelvic symptoms in older women who underwent LeFort
      colpocleisis. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of women who underwent LeFort
      colpocleisis at least 3 years before was conducted. Records were reviewed for
      participant characteristics, comorbid conditions, and complications. The Patient
      Global Impression of Change (PGI-C) questionnaire and the Chinese version of the
      Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-short form 20 (PFDI-20) were used to evaluate
      self-perceived quality of life. Regret was assessed by one additional question:
      "Do you regret choosing to have vaginal closure surgery for prolapse (Yes/No)?"
      RESULTS: LeFort colpocleisis accounted for 7.3% (42/572) of all the prolapse
      surgeries. Thirty-five of the women (83.3%) who responded were considered for
      statistical evaluation. Twenty-nine (82.9%) had at least one comorbid condition.
      After a median 5-year (range 3-7) follow-up period, no woman had experienced
      prolapse recurrence requiring a second surgery. No woman regretted having had the
      surgery. The satisfaction rate was 94.3%, with postoperative overactive bladder
      syndrome accounting for one "neither satisfied nor dissatisfied" woman and
      vaginal hematoma for another. Pelvic symptoms improved significantly from
      baseline (PFDI-20, preoperative 60.5 +/- 29.5) to postoperative (14.1 +/- 20.0, P
      < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After long-term follow-up, LeFort colpocleisis still had a
      high satisfaction rate, a low regret rate, and a positive impact on pelvic
      symptoms.

PMID- 26978715
TI  - Physical activity and healthy aging.

PMID- 26978716
TI  - Coagulation and oxidation for controlling ultrafiltration membrane fouling in
      drinking water treatment: Application of ozone at low dose in submerged membrane
      tank.
AB  - Coagulation prior to ultrafiltration (UF) is widely applied for treating
      contaminated surface water sources for potable supply. While beneficial,
      coagulation alone is unable to control membrane fouling effectively in many
      cases, and there is continuing interest in the use of additional, complementary
      methods such as oxidation in the pre-treatment of raw water prior to UF. In this
      study, the application of ozone at low dose in the membrane tank immediately
      following coagulation has been evaluated at laboratory-scale employing model raw
      water. In parallel tests with and without the application of ozone, the impact of
      applied ozone doses of 0.5 mg L(-1) and 1.5 mg L(-1) (approximately 0.18 mg L(-1)
      and 0.54 mg L(-1) consumed ozone, respectively) on the increase of trans-membrane
      pressure (TMP) was evaluated and correlated with the quantity and nature of
      membrane deposits, both as a cake layer and within membrane pores. The results
      showed that a dose of 0.5 mgO3 L(-1) gave a membrane fouling rate that was
      substantially lower than without ozone addition, while a dose of 1.5 mgO3 L(-1)
      was able to prevent fouling effects significantly (no increase in TMP). Ozone was
      found to decrease the concentration of bacteria (especially the concentration of
      bacteria per suspended solid) in the membrane tank, and to alter the nature of
      dissolved organic matter by increasing the proportion of hydrophilic substances.
      Ozone decreased the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS),
      such as polysaccharides and proteins, in the membrane cake layer; the reduced EPS
      and bacterial concentrations resulted in a much thinner cake layer, although the
      suspended solids concentration was much higher in the ozone added membrane tank.
      Ozone also decreased the accumulation and hydrophobicity of organic matter within
      the membrane pores, leading to minimal irreversible fouling. Therefore, the
      application of low-dose ozone within the UF membrane tank is a potentially
      important approach for fully mitigating membrane fouling.

PMID- 26978717
TI  - Persistence of naturally occurring antibiotic resistance genes in the bacteria
      and bacteriophage fractions of wastewater.
AB  - The emergence and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the
      environment is a serious global health concern. ARGs from bacteria can be
      mobilized by mobile genetic elements, and recent studies indicate that phages and
      phage-derived particles, among others, could play a role in the spread of ARGs
      through the environment. ARGs are abundant in the bacterial and bacteriophage
      fractions of water bodies and for successful transfer of the ARGs, their
      persistence in these environments is crucial. In this study, three ARGs (blaTEM,
      blaCTX-M and sul1) that naturally occur in the bacterial and phage fractions of
      raw wastewater were used to evaluate the persistence of ARGs at different
      temperatures (4  degrees C, 22  degrees C and 37  degrees C) and pH values (3, 7
      and 9), as well as after various disinfection treatments (thermal treatment,
      chlorination and UV) and natural inactivation in a mesocosm. Gene copies (GC)
      were quantified by qPCR; then the logarithmic reduction and significance of the
      differences between their numbers were evaluated. The ARGs persisted for a long
      time with minimal reductions after all the treatments. In general, they showed
      greater persistence in the bacteriophage fraction than in the bacterial fraction.
      Comparisons showed that the ARGs persisted under conditions that reduced
      culturable Escherichia coli and infectious coliphages below the limit of
      detection. The prevalence of ARGs, particularly in the bacteriophage fraction,
      poses the threat of the spread of ARGs and their incorporation into a new
      bacterial background that could lead to the emergence of new resistant clones.

PMID- 26978718
TI  - Enantiomeric fractionation as a tool for quantitative assessment of
      biodegradation: The case of metoprolol.
AB  - An efficient chiral liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry
      method has been developed for the determination of metoprolol (MTP) and three of
      its major metabolites, namely O-desmethylmetoprolol (O-DMTP), alpha
      hydroxymetoprolol (alpha-HMTP) and metoprolol acid (MTPA) in wastewater treatment
      plant (WWTP) influents and effluents. The optimized analytical method has been
      validated with good quality parameters including resolution >1.3 and method
      quantification limits down to the ng/L range except for MTPA. On the basis of
      this newly developed analytical method, the stereochemistry of MTP and its
      metabolites was studied over time in effluent/sediment biotic and sterile
      microcosms under dark and light conditions and in influents and effluents of 5
      different WWTPs. MTP stereoselective degradation was exclusively observed under
      biotic conditions, confirming the specificity of enantiomeric fraction variations
      to biodegradation processes. MTP was always biotransformed into MTPA with a (S)
      enantiomer enrichment. The results of enantiomeric enrichment pointed the way for
      a quantitative assessment of in situ biodegradation processes due to a good fit
      (R(2) > 0.98) of the aerobic MTP biodegradation to the Rayleigh dependency in all
      the biotic microcosms and in WWTPs because both MTP enantiomers followed the same
      biodegradation kinetic profiles. These results demonstrate that enantiomeric
      fractionation constitutes a very interesting quantitative indicator of MTP
      biodegradation in WWTPs and probably in the environment.

PMID- 26978719
TI  - Understanding congested travel in urban areas.
AB  - Rapid urbanization and increasing demand for transportation burdens urban road
      infrastructures. The interplay of number of vehicles and available road capacity
      on their routes determines the level of congestion. Although approaches to modify
      demand and capacity exist, the possible limits of congestion alleviation by only
      modifying route choices have not been systematically studied. Here we couple the
      road networks of five diverse cities with the travel demand profiles in the
      morning peak hour obtained from billions of mobile phone traces to
      comprehensively analyse urban traffic. We present that a dimensionless ratio of
      the road supply to the travel demand explains the percentage of time lost in
      congestion. Finally, we examine congestion relief under a centralized routing
      scheme with varying levels of awareness of social good and quantify the benefits
      to show that moderate levels are enough to achieve significant collective travel
      time savings. 

PMID- 26978720
TI  - Photophysics and Electrochemiluminescence of Bright Cyclometalated Ir(III)
      Complexes in Aqueous Solutions.
AB  - A family of neutral bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes [Ir(C^N)2(LX)] has been
      investigated as ECL labels under immunoassay conditions. Among them, the complex
      based on phenylphenanthridine (pphent) as the C^N ligand, exhibits outstanding
      performance and it is a candidate to substitute the commercially available Ru
      based label in diagnostics.

PMID- 26978721
TI  - Attachment representations among substance-abusing women in transition to
      motherhood: implications for prenatal emotions and mother-infant interaction.
AB  - We studied how attachment representations contribute to central components of
      transition to motherhood, prenatal emotion processing (EP) and emotional
      availability (EA) of mother-infant interaction, and whether there are group
      specific differences. Participants were 51 treatment-enrolled substance-abusing
      (SA) mothers and their infants and 50 non-using comparison dyads with obstetric
      risk. Mother's attachment representations (AAI) and EP were assessed prenatally
      and EA when infants were four months. Results showed that autonomous attachment
      only had a buffering effect on prenatal EP among comparisons. All SA mothers
      showed more dysfunctional EP than comparisons and, contrary to comparisons,
      autonomous SA mothers reported more negative cognitive appraisals and less meta
      evaluation of emotions than dismissing SA mothers. Preoccupied SA mothers showed
      high negative cognitive appraisals, suggesting under-regulation of emotions.
      Attachment representations were not associated with EA in either group; rather,
      SA status contributed to global risk in the relationship. Surprisingly,
      autonomous SA mothers showed a tendency towards intrusiveness. We propose that
      obstetric risk among comparisons and adverse relational experiences among almost
      all SA mothers might override the protective role of mother's autonomous
      representations for dyadic interaction. We conclude that prenatal emotional
      turbulence and high interaction risk of all SA mothers calls for holistic
      treatment for the dyad.

PMID- 26978723
TI  - Thiopurine Metabolism in the Era of Combotherapy.
AB  - 6-thioguanine nucleotides levels are associated with clinical remission in
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on thiopurine monotherapy.
      Recently, few studies investigated the interaction between thiopurine metabolism
      and anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy among patients with IBD on combotherapy.
      Two studies demonstrated that infliximab therapy increases 6-thioguanine
      nucleotides level, while such effect could not be observed with adalimumab. Three
      studies showed that a Delta mean corpuscular volume >7 and high 6-thioguanine
      nucleotides levels are associated with favorable outcomes, i.e., greater mucosal
      healing rates, and have a positive impact on the pharmacokinetics of infliximab.
      These results suggest a synergistic effect between thiopurine metabolism and anti
      tumor necrosis factor therapy, especially with infliximab. We propose here some
      algorithms for clinical practice integrating thiopurine metabolism in patients
      with IBD on combotherapy. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to
      further investigate the relationships between thiopurine metabolism and anti
      tumor necrosis factor therapy and to establish the clinical utility of measuring
      thiopurines' metabolites in these patients in clinical practice. Whether
      measuring thiopurine metabolism can be used to guide decision-making in patients
      with IBD on combotherapy when considering drug de-escalation or discontinuation
      will require further investigation.

PMID- 26978722
TI  - Clinical Factors Associated with the Development of Crohn's Disease in
      Inflammatory Bowel Disease-unclassified Patients Undergoing Ileal Pouch-anal
      Anastomosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified (IBDU)
      undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) are at the risk of developing
      Crohn's disease (CD) after surgical procedure. In these patients, a clinically
      centered set of preoperative risk factors has not been prospectively defined. We
      report a single-center analysis of clinical factors associated with the
      development of CD after IPAA. METHODS: Consecutive IBDU patients undergoing IPAA
      were identified. The diagnosis of IBDU was based on the presence of atypical
      disease distribution, presence of granulomas on endoscopic biopsy, and/or
      perianal disease. The diagnosis of CD after IPAA included the presence of
      afferent limb inflammation on pouchoscopy in the absence of nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug use and/or the development of pouch fistulizing disease more
      than 3 months after ileostomy closure. RESULTS: Of the 149 study patients, 33
      (22%) were diagnosed with CD after IPAA at a median of 37 months (interquartile
      range, 11-83 mo) after ileostomy closure. CD was diagnosed by mucosal
      inflammation above the pouch (n = 23; 70%), pouch fistulizing disease (n = 4;
      12%), anorectal septic complications (n = 2; 6%), or the presence of >=2 of the
      above complications (n = 4; 12%). The sole clinical predictor for the development
      of CD after IPAA was younger age at disease onset even after controlling for
      relevant clinical factors in a multivariate analysis. The odds of developing CD
      increased by 4% for each year that IBDU was diagnosed at a younger age.
      CONCLUSIONS: Younger age at disease onset is the only clinical factor associated
      with the development of CD after IPAA for IBDU. Patients with IBDU undergoing
      IPAA with young age at disease onset should be counseled about the potentially
      higher risk of developing CD.

PMID- 26978724
TI  - Performance of Common Disease Activity Markers as a Reflection of Inflammatory
      Burden in Ulcerative Colitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The inflammatory burden influences therapeutic decisions in patients
      with ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to study which commonly used markers of
      disease activity correlate best with inflammatory burden in patients with UC
      using leukocyte scintigraphy (single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT
      CT]) as the gold standard. METHODS: Patients with different severity of UC
      underwent colonoscopy with biopsies and leukocyte SPECT-CT scintigraphy. Serum C
      reactive protein (CRP), fecal calprotectin, and clinical questionnaires were
      collected. The maximum uptake of technetium-labeled leukocytes was calculated as
      a SPECT score for each colon segment and a summed activity score for 5 colonic
      segments combined. RESULTS: Thirty patients with UC were included; 14 of 30 (47%)
      had left-sided colitis, and 16 of 30 (53%) had pancolitis. One patient (3%) had
      inactive UC, 5 of 30 (17%) had mild, 11 of 30 (37%) had moderate, and 13 of 30
      (43%) had severe disease activity based on the endoscopic Mayo score. The
      endoscopic Mayo score correlated better with the SPECT score than with the
      ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) (r = 0.50; P < 0.01 and r
      = 0.32; P = 0.08, respectively). The Geboes UC histologic score correlated
      equally well as the Mayo score (r = 0.50; P < 0.01). We found a significant
      correlation between scintigraphy and fecal calprotectin (r = 0.44; P = 0.02) but
      not with serum CRP (r = 0.25; P = 0.18). Fecal calprotectin reflected
      inflammatory burden significantly better in left-sided colitis (r = 0.80; P =
      0.001) than in pancolitis (r = 0.22; P = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The inflammatory
      burden in patients with UC, measured by SPECT-CT, is better reflected by the
      endoscopic Mayo score and the Geboes histologic score than by the UCEIS. Fecal
      calprotectin is a more accurate inflammatory marker than CRP, predominantly in
      patients with left-sided colitis. REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the
      Ethics Committee Review at October 22, 2012 and, in accordance with Dutch
      legislation, prospectively registered at the CCMO (Dutch central commission for
      human research) https://www.toetsingonline.nl with NL39801.018.12.

PMID- 26978726
TI  - Can Radiologic Evaluation Before Capsule Endoscopy Predict Capsule Retention?

PMID- 26978725
TI  - Medication Utilization and the Impact of Continued Corticosteroid Use on Patient
      reported Outcomes in Older Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Older individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) require
      ongoing medications. We aimed to describe (1) medication use in older and younger
      IBD patients and (2) medication associations with patient reported outcomes
      (PROs) in older patients. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal
      analyses within CCFA Partners internet-based cohort of patients with self
      reported IBD. We assessed medication use by disease sub-type and age. We used
      bivariate analyses to (1) compare medication use in older and younger patients
      and (2) determine associations between continued steroid use and patient reported
      outcomes in older patients. RESULTS: We included 5382 participants with IBD; 1004
      were older (>=age 60). Older patients with Crohn's disease (CD) had lower
      antitumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) use at baseline (29.1% versus 44.3%, P
      < 0.001), comparable steroid use (16.0% versus 16.5%, P = 0.77), and higher
      aminosalicylate use (40.3% versus 33.9%, P = 0.003) versus younger patients.
      Older ulcerative colitis (UC) patients had similar anti-TNF use (16.0% versus
      19.2%, P = 0.16), lower steroid use (9.6% versus 15.4%, P = 0.004), and higher
      aminosalicylate use (73.8% versus 68.2%, P = 0.04) at baseline. In longitudinal
      analyses, older CD patients had higher continued steroid use (11.6% versus 7.8%,
      P = 0.002); which was associated with worsened anxiety (P = 0.02), sleep (P =
      0.01), and fatigue (P = 0.001) versus nonuse. Older CD patients on steroids,
      versus anti-TNF or immunomodulators, had increased depression (P = 0.04) and
      anxiety (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Medication utilization differs in older patients
      with IBD. Older CD patients have higher continued steroid use associated with
      worsened patient reported outcomes. As in younger IBD populations, continued
      steroid use should be limited in older patients.

PMID- 26978727
TI  - The Possible Link Between Artificial Sweeteners Such as Saccharin and Sucralose
      and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Deserves Further Study.

PMID- 26978728
TI  - Reply to: Can Radiologic Evaluation Before Capsule Endoscopy Predict Capsule
      Retention?

PMID- 26978729
TI  - Is Colonic Crohn's Disease More Closely Related to Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn's
      Disease by Nature?

PMID- 26978732
TI  - A laboratory investigation into the influence of a rigid vegetation on the
      evolution of a round turbulent jet discharged within a cross flow.
AB  - The study of buoyant jets, those between pure jets and plumes, has been carried
      out with ever greater frequency over recent years due to its application in
      different practical engineering fields, i.e. appropriate design of outfalls for
      the disposal of municipal and industrial waste waters. The dispersion of waste
      and the related dilution of pollutants are governed by the mean-flow and
      turbulence characteristics of the resulting jets, which themselves depend on
      environmental conditions. The present study deals with how a uniform cross-stream
      with a channel bed surface covered by rigid emergent stems affects the behaviour
      of a circular turbulent buoyant jet. The time-averaged temperature and velocity
      fields are investigated in order to understand jet diffusion and penetration
      within the ambient fluid. The examination and comparison of the measured scalar
      and vector quantities show that the presence of emergent vegetation in the
      receiving environment affects both the average flow field and the jet structure,
      reducing the mean channel velocity, with a notable increase in jet penetration
      height and dilution compared to the test case without vegetation. This result is
      confirmed by the several vertical profiles of the mean scalar concentration and
      the normalized vertical velocity component along the channel centre plane.
      Moreover, the rigid emergent vegetation and its driven instabilities promote a
      distortion of the mean concentration and normalized axial velocity component
      profiles in the trajectory-based coordinate system. 

PMID- 26978730
TI  - Sleep Duration and Media Time Have a Major Impact on Insulin Resistance and
      Metabolic Risk Factors in Obese Children and Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors sleep duration and media time during childhood
      differ between countries. This study examined whether sleep duration and media
      time affect metabolic risk factors insulin resistance (IR), blood lipid profile,
      and liver enzymes, and whether there is a relationship between sleep time and
      media time in Turkish obese children and adolescents. METHODS: Subjects included
      108 obese children and adolescents (aged 10-15 years) whose lifestyle factors
      were assessed using a survey containing questions about sleep durations,
      television viewing, media use, and demographic factors. Metabolic risk factors
      were compared among groups categorized according to sleep and media duration.
      RESULTS: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and
      triglyceride (TG) levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
      (HOMA-IR) values were higher in subjects who spent >5 hours/day on media.
      Children 10-13 years old who slept <9 hours/day were more likely to have higher
      insulin and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05) levels and lower high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL-C) levels compared with subjects who slept 9-10 hours/day and
      >10 hours/day. Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between
      sleep time and media time (r = -0.471, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Short sleep
      duration was associated with IR and an elevated plasma lipoprotein profile in
      children and adolescents. Our results suggest that insufficient sleep and
      excessive media exposure may contribute to metabolic risk in the context of
      obesity, and therefore, working to improve sleep duration and limit media time
      could help reduce metabolic risk in obese children and adolescents.

PMID- 26978731
TI  - Pyrolysis of wetland biomass waste: Potential for carbon sequestration and water
      remediation.
AB  - Management of biomass waste is crucial to the efficiency and sustainable
      operation of constructed wetlands. In this study, biochars were prepared using
      the biomass of 22 plant species from constructed wetlands and characterized by
      BET-N2 surface area analysis, FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDS, and elemental compositions
      analysis. Biochar yields ranged from 32.78 to 49.02%, with mesopores dominating
      the pore structure of most biochars. The biochars had a R50 recalcitrance index
      of class C and the carbon sequestration potential of 19.4-28%. The aquatic plant
      biomass from all the Chinese constructed wetlands if made into biochars has the
      potential to sequester 11.48 Mt carbon yr(-1) in soils over long time periods,
      which could offset 0.4% of annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in
      China. In terms of adsorption capacity for selected pollutants, biochar derived
      from Canna indica plant had the greatest adsorption capacity for Cd(2+) (98.55 mg
      g(-1)) and NH4(+) (7.71 mg g(-1)). Whereas for PO4(3-), Hydrocotyle verticillata
      derived biochar showed the greatest adsorption capacities (2.91 mg g(-1)). The
      results from this present study demonstrated that wetland plants are valuable
      feedstocks for producing biochars with potential application for carbon
      sequestration and contaminant removal in water remediation.

PMID- 26978733
TI  - Novel mechanism-based therapeutics for androgen axis blockade in castration
      resistant prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Understanding the mechanisms by which castration-resistant
      prostate cancer (CRPC) progresses provides an opportunity to identify novel
      therapeutic strategies to treat this disease. This understanding has led to
      approaches to attack prostate cancer's androgen axis in unique ways. This review
      will examine the classes of novel therapies for androgen axis blockade in CRPC,
      with a particular focus on the unique characteristics of drugs in various stages
      of clinical development. RECENT FINDINGS: The success of abiraterone and
      enzalutamide has stimulated multiple investigations into novel approaches to
      attack the androgen-signaling pathway. Drugs under development include cytochrome
      P17 inhibitors with 17,20-lyase specificity, androgen receptor antagonists that
      are active against mutated and constitutively active splice variant forms of the
      protein, androgen receptor degraders, and bromodomain/bromodomain extra-terminal
      inhibitors that prevent chromatin binding of activated receptors. The clinical
      development of several of these experimental agents is reviewed. SUMMARY: Given
      the unique mechanisms of action for drugs in development, and the possibility
      that the novel agents may be active in the setting of common resistance
      mechanisms, treatment options for patients are likely to expand greatly in the
      coming years. Future studies should prioritize combinations of agents with unique
      mechanisms of action to optimize outcomes for patients, and should rely on
      precision-medicine approaches to target known molecular alterations.

PMID- 26978734
TI  - Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies and a Simple Myeloperoxidase-Immunosorbent
      Assay for Detecting Human Myeloperoxidase.
AB  - Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a leukocyte hemoprotein released from neutrophils, is
      thought to be a potential participant in plaque formation and plaque rupture.
      Therefore, MPO is regarded as an early marker predicting the risk for
      atherosclerosis, especially for coronary artery disease and acute coronary
      syndrome. We generated hybridoma clones 1E3 and 3E8 secreting monoclonal
      antibodies (mAbs) specific to human MPO. BALB/c mice were immunized with MPO
      protein purified from human neutrophils. Splenocytes from these mice were fused
      with the mouse myeloma cell line SP2/0. Based on isotyping of the mAbs, both
      clones 1E3 and 3E8 were referred to the IgG1 subclass. The specificities of 1E3
      and 3E8 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and only 3E8
      was confirmed by western blot. We developed a simple MPO-immunosorbent assay (MPO
      ISA) on microplate based on both the immune activity and peroxidase activity of
      MPO. The mAb secreted by clone 3E8 was chosen as coating antibody to capture the
      plasma MPO without interfering with the peroxidase activity of MPO. Then,
      tetramethylbenzidine substrate was added to the microwell directly, catalyzed by
      captured MPO, and a colored product was formed. The simple MPO-ISA test has a
      sensitivity of 3.68 ng/mL. The linear concentration of MPO-ISA for commercial MPO
      standard ranged to 250 ng/mL. The average recovery rate is 101.02%. The
      imprecision within-day was <10% at three different MPO levels. The imprecision
      between-day was <10% at low and middle MPO levels and varied to 14.61% at the
      high MPO level. We found that the established MPO-ISA can detect the plasma MPO
      from human and cavy, but not from mouse and rat. Compared with the commercial
      human MPO ELISA assay, the MPO-ISA can be used to detect the natural human MPO
      protein, but not recombinant MPO polypeptides. The generated mAbs and MPO-ISA
      test may be useful tools to assess risk for inflammation and cardiac events. 

PMID- 26978736
TI  - Ultrasensitive detection of microbial cells using magnetic focus enhanced lateral
      flow sensors.
AB  - We report on an improved lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) sensor with a magnetic
      focus for ultrasensitive naked-eye detection of pathogenic microorganisms at a
      near single cell limit without any pre-enrichment steps, by allowing the magnetic
      probes to focus the labelled pathogens to the target zone of the LF strip. 

PMID- 26978735
TI  - Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasma Circulating MicroRNA-182 in
      Human Glioma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed the aberrant expression of microRNA-182 (miR
      182) in glioma tissue. However, the exact role of circulating miR-182 in glioma
      remains unclear. Here, we confirmed the expression of plasma circulating miR-182
      in glioma patients, and further explored its potential diagnostic and prognostic
      value. MATERIAL/METHODS: Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was used to measure
      circulating cell-free miR-182 from 112 glioma patients and 54 healthy controls.
      RESULTS: Our findings showed that the level of circulating miR-182 in glioma
      patients was higher than that in healthy controls (P<0.001), which was
      significantly associated with KPS score (P=0.025) and WHO grade (P<0.001). The
      area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.778. The
      optimal cut-off value was 1.56, and the sensitivity and specificity were 58.5%
      and 85.2%, respectively. Interestingly, a high predictive value of circulating
      miR-182 was observed in high-grade glioma (AUC=0.815). However, the AUC was lower
      in low-grade glioma (AUC=0.621). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the
      cumulative 5-year overall survival rate in the high miR-182 group was
      significantly lower than that in the low miR-182 group in both overall survival
      (OS) (P=0.003) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.006). Moreover, multivariate
      Cox analysis revealed that circulating miR-182 was an independent prognostic
      indicator for OS (P=0.034) and DFS (P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest
      that circulating miR-182 may be a potential noninvasive biomarker for the
      diagnosis and prognosis of human glioma.

PMID- 26978737
TI  - Impulsivity-based thrifty eating phenotype and the protective role of n-3 PUFAs
      intake in adolescents.
AB  - The goal of the present study was to investigate whether intrauterine growth
      restriction (IUGR) affects brain responses to palatable foods and whether
      docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary structural
      component of the human brain) serum levels moderate the association between IUGR
      and brain and behavioral responses to palatable foods. Brain responses to
      palatable foods were investigated using a functional magnetic resonance imaging
      task in which participants were shown palatable foods, neutral foods and non-food
      items. Serum DHA was quantified in blood samples, and birth weight ratio (BWR)
      was used as a proxy for IUGR. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) was
      used to evaluate eating behaviors. In the contrast palatable food > neutral
      items, we found an activation in the right superior frontal gyrus with BWR as the
      most important predictor; the lower the BWR (indicative of IUGR), the greater the
      activation of this region involved in impulse control/decision making facing the
      viewing of palatable food pictures versus neutral items. At the behavioral level,
      a general linear model predicting external eating using the DEBQ showed a
      significant interaction between DHA and IUGR status; in IUGR individuals, the
      higher the serum DHA, the lower is external eating. In conclusion, we suggest
      that IUGR moderates brain responses when facing stimuli related to palatable
      foods, activating an area related to impulse control. Moreover, higher intake of
      n-3 PUFAs can protect IUGR individuals from developing inappropriate eating
      behaviors, the putative mechanism of protection would involve decreasing intake
      in response to external food cues in adolescents/young adults. 

PMID- 26978738
TI  - Meta-analysis and meta-regression of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
      supplementation for major depressive disorder.
AB  - Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been proposed as
      (adjuvant) treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). In the present meta
      analysis, we pooled randomized placebo-controlled trials assessing the effects of
      omega-3 PUFA supplementation on depressive symptoms in MDD. Moreover, we
      performed meta-regression to test whether supplementation effects depended on
      eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid dose, their ratio, study
      duration, participants' age, percentage antidepressant users, baseline MDD
      symptom severity, publication year and study quality. To limit heterogeneity, we
      only included studies in adult patients with MDD assessed using standardized
      clinical interviews, and excluded studies that specifically studied
      perinatal/perimenopausal or comorbid MDD. Our PubMED/EMBASE search resulted in
      1955 articles, from which we included 13 studies providing 1233 participants.
      After taking potential publication bias into account, meta-analysis showed an
      overall beneficial effect of omega-3 PUFAs on depressive symptoms in MDD
      (standardized mean difference=0.398 (0.114-0.682), P=0.006, random-effects
      model). As an explanation for significant heterogeneity (I(2)=73.36, P<0.001),
      meta-regression showed that higher EPA dose (beta=0.00037 (0.00009-0.00065),
      P=0.009), higher percentage antidepressant users (beta=0.0058 (0.00017-0.01144),
      P=0.044) and earlier publication year (beta=-0.0735 (-0.143 to 0.004), P=0.04)
      were significantly associated with better outcome for PUFA supplementation.
      Additional sensitivity analyses were performed. In conclusion, present meta
      analysis suggested a beneficial overall effect of omega-3 PUFA supplementation in
      MDD patients, especially for higher doses of EPA and in participants taking
      antidepressants. Future precision medicine trials should establish whether
      possible interactions between EPA and antidepressants could provide targets to
      improve antidepressant response and its prediction. Furthermore, potential long
      term biochemical side effects of high-dosed add-on EPA supplementation should be
      carefully monitored. 

PMID- 26978739
TI  - MiR-582-5p/miR-590-5p targeted CREB1/CREB5-NF-kappaB signaling and caused opioid
      induced immunosuppression in human monocytes.
AB  - Chronic opioid abusers are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections,
      but the molecular mechanism underlying opioid-induced immunosuppression is
      unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key players in the control of
      biological processes, and may participate in immune regulation. In this study, we
      investigated the molecular mechanisms in opioid-induced and miRNA-mediated
      immunosuppression, in the context of miRNA dysregulation in opioid abusers. Blood
      samples of heroin abusers were collected and analyzed using miRNA microarray
      analysis and quantitative PCR validation. The purified primary human monocytes
      were cultured in vitro to explore the underlying mechanism. We found that
      morphine and its derivative heroin significantly decreased the expression levels
      of miR-582-5p and miR-590-5p in monocytes. cAMP response element-binding protein
      1 (CREB1) and CREB5 were detected as direct target genes of miR-582-5p and miR
      590-5p, respectively, by using dual-luciferase assay and western bolt. Functional
      studies showed that knockdown of CREB1/CREB5 increased tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) level and enhanced expression of phospho-NF-kappaB p65 and NF
      kappaB p65. Our results demonstrated that miR-582-5p and miR-590-5p play
      important roles in opioid-induced immunosuppression in monocytes by targeting
      CREB1/CREB5-NF-kappaB signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26978740
TI  - A common NTRK2 variant is associated with emotional arousal and brain white
      matter integrity in healthy young subjects.
AB  - Dysregulation of emotional arousal is observed in many psychiatric diseases such
      as schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. The neurotrophic tyrosine kinase
      receptor type 2 gene (NTRK2) has been associated with these disorders. Here we
      investigated the relation between genetic variability of NTRK2 and emotional
      arousal in healthy young subjects in two independent samples (n1=1171; n2=707).
      In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data in a subgroup of 342
      participants were used to identify NTRK2-related white-matter structure
      differences. After correction for multiple testing, we identified a NTRK2 single
      nucleotide polymorphism associated with emotional arousal in both samples (n1:
      Pnominal=0.0003, Pcorrected=0.048; n2: Pnominal=0.0141, Pcorrected=0.036). DTI
      revealed significant, whole-brain corrected correlations between emotional
      arousal and brain white-matter mean diffusivity (MD), as well as significant,
      whole-brain corrected NTRK2 genotype-related differences in MD (PFWE<0.05). Our
      study demonstrates that genetic variability of NTRK2, a susceptibility gene for
      psychiatric disorders, is related to emotional arousal and-independently-to brain
      white-matter properties in healthy individuals. 

PMID- 26978743
TI  - [Photodynamic therapy. The fields of applications and prospects for the further
      development in otorhinolaryngology].
AB  - This article presents a review of the modern specialized medical literature
      concerned with the applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in
      otorhinolaryngology and medicine at large. The necessity of such a review of the
      available possibilities provided by PDT is dictated by the ever increasing
      interest of otorhinolaryngologists and specialists of other medical disciplines
      in the use of this method for the treatment of tumours and inflammatory diseases
      as well as their pyogenic complications. The author offers the critical
      assessment of the experience gained with the application of the known PDT
      technologies for the management of various pathological conditions. Especially
      much attention is given to the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation in the
      otorhinolaryngological practice with special reference to the yet unresolved
      problems.

PMID- 26978744
TI  - [The silent sinus syndrome in the patients presenting with the uncinate process
      apposed to the orbital wall].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to analyze the frequency of the silent
      sinus syndrome (SSS) based on the results of computed tomography of the paranasal
      sinuses (PNS) in the patients presenting with the uncinate process (UP) apposed
      to the orbital wall. The study included 35 patients with the uncinate process
      apposed to the orbital wall who had been operated in the Clinic of ENT Diseases
      of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The examination of the
      nasal cavity with the use of computed tomography and PNS endoscopy revealed the
      silent sinus syndrome in 14 patients. Ten of them had endoscopically confirmed
      type 2 hypoplasia of maxillary sinuses (MS). This finding suggests the necessity
      of computed tomography of paranasal sinuses in the patients with this condition
      in order to exclude the diagnosis of silent sinus syndrome even in the absence of
      exophthalmos. All the patients included in the present study underwent endoscopic
      surgery on maxillary sinuses that resulted in the adequate widening of the ostium
      and comprehensive sanation of the sinuses.

PMID- 26978741
TI  - Is increased antidepressant exposure a contributory factor to the obesity
      pandemic?
AB  - Major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity are both common heterogeneous
      disorders with complex aetiology, with a major impact on public health.
      Antidepressant prescribing has risen nearly 400% since 1988, according to data
      from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In parallel, adult
      obesity rates have doubled since 1980, from 15 to 30 percent, while childhood
      obesity rates have more than tripled. Rising obesity rates have significant
      health consequences, contributing to increased rates of more than thirty serious
      diseases. Despite the concomitant rise of antidepressant use and of the obesity
      rates in Western societies, the association between the two, as well as the
      mechanisms underlying antidepressant-induced weight gain, remain under explored.
      In this review, we highlight the complex relationship between antidepressant use,
      MDD and weight gain. Clinical findings have suggested that obesity may increase
      the risk of developing MDD, and vice versa. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
      axis activation occurs in the state of stress; concurrently, the HPA axis is also
      dysregulated in obesity and metabolic syndrome, making it the most well
      understood shared common pathophysiological pathway with MDD. Numerous studies
      have investigated the effects of different classes of antidepressants on body
      weight. Previous clinical studies suggest that the tricyclics amitriptyline,
      nortriptyline and imipramine, and the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
      mirtazapine are associated with weight gain. Despite the fact that selective
      serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use has been associated with weight loss
      during acute treatment, a number of studies have shown that SSRIs may be
      associated with long-term risk of weight gain; however, because of high
      variability and multiple confounds in clinical studies, the long-term effect of
      SSRI treatment and SSRI exposure on body weight remains unclear. A recently
      developed animal paradigm shows that the combination of stress and
      antidepressants followed by long-term high-fat diet results, long after
      discontinuation of antidepressant treatment, in markedly increased weight, in
      excess of what is caused by high-fat diet alone. On the basis of existing
      epidemiological, clinical and preclinical data, we have generated the testable
      hypothesis that escalating use of antidepressants, resulting in high rates of
      antidepressant exposure, might be a contributory factor to the obesity epidemic. 

PMID- 26978745
TI  - [The evaluation of the hearing function in the premature infants with
      intrauterine growth retardation during the third and sixth months of life by
      recording auditory steady-state response].
AB  - The objective of the present work was to study the function of the retrocochlear
      auditory pathway in the premature infants with intrauterine growth retardation
      (IGR) in comparison to that of the normotrophics of a similar gestational age
      during the third and sixth months of life by recording auditory steady-state
      responses (ASSR). The audiological examination by the method of auditory steady
      state response (ASSR) involved 127 children at the 3d month of life and in 97
      children at the 6th month of life. It was shown that the ASSR thresholds at
      certain frequencies during the 3d and 6th months of life of the children born
      after the 32d week of pregnancy were significantly higher than in the children
      born after 32 weeks gestation. The comparison of the two objective audiological
      methods, viz. distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and ASSR, indicates
      that both should be used to evaluate the hearing function during the third and
      sixth months of life to compensate for the discrepancy between the results
      obtained by either technique.

PMID- 26978742
TI  - 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition as a new potential therapeutic
      target for alcohol abuse.
AB  - The identification of new and more effective treatments for alcohol abuse remains
      a priority. Alcohol intake activates glucocorticoids, which have a key role in
      alcohol's reinforcing properties. Glucocorticoid effects are modulated in part by
      the activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta-HSD) acting as pre
      receptors. Here, we tested the effects on alcohol intake of the 11beta-HSD
      inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid 3beta-O-hemisuccinate),
      which has been extensively used in the clinic for the treatment of gastritis and
      peptic ulcer and is active on both 11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2 isoforms. We
      observed that CBX reduces both baseline and excessive drinking in rats and mice.
      The CBX diastereomer 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid 3beta-O-hemisuccinate
      (alphaCBX), which we found to be selective for 11beta-HSD2, was also effective in
      reducing alcohol drinking in mice. Thus, 11beta-HSD inhibitors may be a promising
      new class of candidate alcohol abuse medications, and existing 11beta-HSD
      inhibitor drugs may be potentially re-purposed for alcohol abuse treatment. 

PMID- 26978746
TI  - [The state of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in the children presenting
      with congenital cleft of upper lip and palate].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the state of the nasal cavity
      and paranasal sinuses in the children presenting with congenital cleft of upper
      lip and palate (CLP). A total of 23 children at the age from 9 to 16 years who
      had undergone the surgical treatment of the above malformations during the first
      year of life were examined. The comprehensive study including routine ENT
      examination, endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, and
      computed tomography has demonstrated that 50% of the patients with congenital
      cleft of upper lift and palate suffered the deflection of the nasal septum
      associated with hyperplasia of inferior turbinal bones. The children with
      congenital cleft of upper lip and palate were characterized by enhanced
      pneumatization of the anterior end of the middle turbinate despite the absence of
      well apparent differences between their paranasal sinuses and those of the
      healthy children, with the degree of pneumatization being consistent with the
      patient's age in both groups.

PMID- 26978747
TI  - [Peculiar features of immunological and metabolic status associated with polypous
      rhinosinusitis].
AB  - The objective of the present work was to study peculiar features of immunological
      and metabolic status associated with polypous rhinosinusitis (PRS). We determined
      the population and subpopulation composition of blood lymphocytes, concentration
      of cytokines in blood sera and nasal secretion as well as the level of
      intracellular enzymes in blood lymphocytes of the patients presenting with
      polypous rhinosinusitis and of the control subjects. It was shown that PRS was
      associated with activation of Th1-lymphocytes and determined the character of the
      immune response largely of the cell-mediated type. The study has demonstrated the
      differently directed changes in the activation of the intracellular processes in
      blood lymphocytes. Specifically, the intensity of the aerobic processes and lipid
      anabolism was increased while that of the anaerobic processes and amino acid
      metabolism (NAD-GDG and NADH-GDG) was suppressed.

PMID- 26978748
TI  - [The methodological approaches to the evaluation of the risk of developing
      pathology of the upper respiratory tract in the employees engaged in the dust
      producing industries].
AB  - The objective of the present work was to develop the scientifically sound
      criteria for the evaluation of the occupational risks bearing in mind the high
      frequency of pathological changes in the ciliary epithelium of the upper
      respiratory tract in the employees engaged in the dust-producing industries. It
      was proposed to consider an increase of the SIgA level, alkaline shift in nasal
      secretion pH, elevation of body temperature, slowdown of the mucociliary
      transport, disintegration of the epithelial mucous membrane, and high frequency
      of its inflammatory and dystrophic changes as the criteria for early diagnostics
      of developing pathology of the upper respiratory tract. We have developed the
      method for the score-based evaluation of the risk of formation of pathological
      changes in the upper respiratory tract of the employees engaged in the dust
      producing industries. This method can be used to enhance the effectiveness of the
      preventive and health-promoting measures.

PMID- 26978749
TI  - [The modern epidemiological characteristics of oto- and rhinosinusogenic
      intracranial complications].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to survey epidemiology of oto- and
      rhinosinusogenic intracranial complications that are currently diagnosed at the
      territory of the Russian Federation. The work was based on the analysis of the
      official statistical reports together with the data obtained from the chief
      specialists responsible for the otorhinolaryngological services in 32 subjects of
      the Russian Federation during the period from 2009 to 2014. It was shown that the
      state of the otorhinolaryngological service in the period covered by the study
      was characterized by the reduction in the number of beds available for the
      patients presenting with ENT pathology by 14.0% and the lowering of the
      hospitalization rate for the general population by 6.3%. The frequency of oto-
      and rhinosinusogenic intracranial complications among the patients hospitalized
      to occupy the beds intended for the care of the patients suffering from ENT
      diseases was estimated at 0.03% and intrahospital lethality at 21.2%. The
      prevalence of pyogenic intracranial complications associated with the
      inflammatyory pathology affecting ENT was 0.61 per 100.000 population per year,
      with the mortality rate amounting to 0.17 fatal outcomes per 100.000 population
      per year. The study revealed significant correlation of the principal medico
      statistical characteristics of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)---??
      between themselves and with the parameters of ENT morbidity and activities of the
      otorhinolaryngological services at the territory of a given administrative
      territory. It is concluded that the improvement of the quality of healthcare for
      the population presenting with intracranial complications and inflammatory ENT
      diseases is possible only on the baseis of the combined and interdisciplinary
      approach to the solution of the problem.

PMID- 26978750
TI  - [Oral cavity and pharynx cancer in the region of Siberia and Far East].
AB  - The objective of the present work was to study the prevalence of malignant oral
      cavity and pharynx neoplasms among the population of the region of Siberia and
      Far East. These neoplasms are the ninth most frequent conditions in the structure
      of malignant tumours among the male population and rank the eighteenth among the
      women. On the whole, the morbidity rate of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer
      (3.80/000 and 2.00/000 respectively) was consistent with the mean morbidity
      levels in Russia. The risk of the development of these conditions among the men
      is significantly higher than among the women. The highest morbidity is recorded
      among the subjects at the age of 65-69 years. It increases in the subjects of
      either sex at a rate that is 3.4 times higher in the women than in the men. The
      study revealed the territories characterized ether by the enhanced or by the
      reduced risk of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer development. The prevalence of
      this pathology was estimated at 28.4 per 100,000 population, with the overall
      active detectability being 11.8%, that of stage 1 an 2 disease 7.8% and 19.3%
      respectively. One-year lethality was 35.6%. The radical treatment was completed
      in 41.1% of the patients; 45.8% of them were followed up during 5 years. It is
      concluded that the increasing oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer morbidity and the
      insufficient volume of preventive measures taken together suggest the necessity
      of closer cooperation of general practitioners and dental surgeons with
      oncologists. 

PMID- 26978751
TI  - [Prophylaxis of chronic adenoiditis in the children].
AB  - This study was undertaken with the purpose of improving the effectiveness of the
      preventive treatment of chronic adenoiditis in the children. The open randomized
      comparative study included 219 children aged from 6 to 7 years presenting with
      clinical and anamnestic signs of chronic adenoiditis. The study group was
      comprised of 113 patients given the Streptococcus salivarius K12-based probiotic
      complex during 30 days in combination with the nasal-douche. The control group
      consisted of 106 patients treated with the nasal douche alone. The analysis of
      the results of the study has demonstrated that episodes of exacerbation of
      adenoiditis on day 30 after the onset of the treatment occurred in 56 (49.6%)
      children of the study group compared with 95 (88.7%) patients of the control
      group. Three months later, acute sinusitis was diagnosed in 4 (3.5%) children of
      the study group compared with 14 (13.2%) ones in the control group. Acute otitis
      media was documented in 2 (1.8%) and 5 (4.7%) children of the study and control
      groups respectively. It is concluded that the treatment with the use of the
      Streptococcus salivarius K12-based probiotic complex permits to decrease the
      frequency of exacerbations of chronic adenoiditis and its complications in the
      children and reduces the requirement for medication therapy.

PMID- 26978752
TI  - [Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics,
      and rehabilitation of the patients].
AB  - This publication was designed to describe the clinical manifestations of the
      enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS), the currently employed methods for
      its diagnostics, and the strategy for the rehabilitation of the patients
      presenting with this pathological condition. In addition, the article provides
      information about the topographic anatomy and X-ray anatomy of the vestibular
      aqueduct, the specific clinical features of EVAS, the modern algorithm of its
      diagnostics, and the facilities for hearing rehabilitation in this group of
      patients.

PMID- 26978753
TI  - [The clinical effectiveness of azithromycin antimicrobial therapy used for the
      treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in the patients presenting with
      concomitant pathology].
AB  - The objective of the present publication was to report the result of the
      evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of azithromycin (Sumamed) antimicrobial
      therapy used for the treatment of bacterial acute rhinsinusitis (ARS) in the
      patients presenting with concomitant pathology of the respiratory and
      cardiovascular systems. Dynamics of the reversal of the clinical symptoms of
      bacterial ARS in the patients of the study group is described. Neither adverse
      side effects nor complications in response to the treatment were documented.
      98.6% of the patients recovered from the disease within 7 days after the onset of
      the treatment. It is concluded that antimicrobial therapy with the use of
      azithromycin (Sumamed) based at the outpatient settings provides a highly
      efficient tool for the treatment of the patients presenting with concomitant
      pathology of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

PMID- 26978754
TI  - [The follow up observation of an 11 year exploitation of the domestically
      produced voice prosthesis in the patient who underwent laryngectomy with the use
      of the tracheoesophageal shunt and the endoprosthetic correction].

PMID- 26978755
TI  - [A clinical case of osteoma of the maxillary sinus].

PMID- 26978757
TI  - [Closed abdominal trauma. Liver injuries. Part 1].

PMID- 26978756
TI  - Opioids Prescribed After Low-Risk Surgical Procedures in the United States, 2004
      2012.

PMID- 26978758
TI  - [Streptococcal infection in surgery].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the advances of modern medicine purulent-inflammatory
      diseases of soft tissues continue to occupy a leading position in surgical
      practice. Streptococcal surgical infection does not refer to specific category,
      but it has a number of significant features and its definition as separate type
      is necessary. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the results of treatment of 312
      patients with streptococcal infection of soft tissues we studied the prevalence
      of this disease in overall structure of surgical infection of soft tissue, main
      clinical courses are defined. We performed molecular genetic typing of pathogens
      that allows to predict the course of pathological process taking into account
      microorganism's characteristics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: On the basis of obtained
      data basic medical and diagnostic concept of surgical care for these patients
      depending on clinical course of disease was formulated. It allowed to improve
      significantly the results of treatment of such patients.

PMID- 26978759
TI  - [Abdominal sepsis and oxidative stress].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress deserves special attention in the pathogenesis of
      sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 96 patients with abdominal
      sepsis caused by advanced suppurative peritonitis and destructive pancreatitis.
      All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the severity of sepsis.
      Level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined to evaluate the intensity of lipid
      peroxidation (LPO). Proteins oxidative modification was assessed according to
      level of sulfhydryl groups (SH-groups) and carbonyls in proteins. State of anti
      oxidant system (AOS) was defined based on activity of catalase, peroxidase,
      superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. RESULTS AND
      DISCUSSION: There was no relationship between severity of multiple organ failure,
      MDA concentration, SH-groups and anti-oxidant enzymes levels. At the same time
      positive correlation between severity of multiple organ failure and carbonyls
      content in proteins was revealed. CONCLUSION: In surgical patients sepsis
      develops on background of oxidative stress. Significant reduction of SH-groups in
      proteins by the moment of sepsis diagnosis is an unfavorable factor for outcome.
      The degree of multiple organ failure in patients with abdominal sepsis correlates
      with oxidative injury of proteinic structures.

PMID- 26978760
TI  - [The difficulties of diagnosis and treatment of non-occlusive mesenteric
      circulatory disorders].
AB  - AIM: To review one of actual problems of emergency surgery - diagnosis and
      treatment of patients with non-occlusive mesenteric circulatory disorders.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article presents the clinical observations showing the
      ambiguity of clinical picture, features and challenges of diagnosis, treatment of
      disease and opportunities for positive outcomes. Diagnostic methods are x-ray,
      abdominal ultrasonography according to which acute abdominal ischemia may be
      assumed. However, in all unclear cases diagnostic videolaparoscopy is mandatory
      to determine further tactics. Unfortunately diagnostic videolaparoscopy is not
      always interpreted comprehensively and not a definitive method of diagnosis. Wide
      surgical access is usually necessary for non-occlusal acute violation of
      mesenteric circulation and volume of surgery varies from segmental to subtotal
      intestinal and colic resection with obligatory enteral intubation and
      decompression. Thus, complex pre- and postoperative treatment is required.

PMID- 26978761
TI  - [Surgical treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment of patients with thoracoabdominal aneurysm is
      still actual problem in cardiovsacular surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have
      retrospectively analyzed 344 treated patients. Thoracoabdominal aneurysms
      Crawford I-IV and descending aortic aneurysms were diagnosed in 186 (54,1%) and
      158 (45,9%) patients respectively. RESULTS: For the follow-up period surgical
      mortality in case of thoracoabdominal aneurysms has been decreased to 8.9%.
      According to our opinion major predictors of adverse events are extended
      reconstruction (r=0.0086), intraoperative blood loss over 4.5 liters (r=0.003)
      and postoperative renal failure (r=0.0005). 2-fold decrease of blood loss was
      observed if "bag handle" technique introduced by us was applied (r=0.0042).
      Organs protection is provided by using of active selective blood perfusion as
      well as "Custodiol" infusion. Herewith safe period of absolute ischemia ranges
      from 30 to 50 minutes in normothermia. Development of "hybrid" methods
      significantly reduced incidence of complications. We consider that patients with
      thoracoabdominal aneurysm and dissection are candidates for "hybrid treatment".

PMID- 26978763
TI  - [The ways to improve the efficiency of surgical care service].
AB  - AIM: To examine the work of surgical service in the Central Federal District and
      to define the main directions to improve the efficacy of surgical care in case of
      acute abdominal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of surgical service
      of the Central Federal District for the period 2011-2014 in treatment of 2.5
      millions patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Parameters in elective and emergency
      surgery persuasively prove stable work of surgical service of the Central Federal
      District for recent years. Obtained results were compared with the indicators of
      emergency surgical care in Moscow for objective assessment. It was revealed 2-4
      fold decrease of overall and postoperative mortality in Moscow. CONCLUSION:
      Conditions for all-day diagnostic and medical assistance for emergency abdominal
      diseases should be created to improve the effectiveness of surgical service of
      the Central Federal District.

PMID- 26978762
TI  - [Postoperative bleeding in tracheal surgery].
AB  - AIM: Tracheal surgery became relatively safe with development of thoracic
      surgery, endoscopy and anesthesia. However, life-threatening vascular
      complications especially arrosive bleeding from great vessels play important role
      in the structure of postoperative complications. It is a major cause of hospital
      mortality after tracheal surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since 1963 to 2013 867
      patients with cicatrical tracheal stenosis were treated. Their age ranged from 8
      to 77 years. Bleeding was the main cause of death after tracheal surgery. It
      occurs in 31 patients among whom 22 died. 9 patients are alive. There was
      bleeding from small cervical vessels and carotid artery in 5 and 2 patients
      respectively. All patients with bleeding from brachiocephalic trunk died except 2
      patients who underwent complex vascular reconstructions and recurrent
      complications were prevented. Vascular complications occurred after both circular
      tracheal resection with the anastomosis (19 patients) and tracheoplasty followed
      by airway lumen formation on T-shaped tube (in 11 cases) or endoscopic treatment
      (in 1 patient). Postoperative complications were predominantly arrosive and
      accompanied by wound infection or severe purulent tracheobronchitis. Blood loss
      was relatively small in all patients and asystole was caused by blood asphyxia in
      died patients. Therefore, firstly respiratory tract lumen should be isolated from
      source of bleeding. 22 patients were urgently operated. Intraoperative death was
      observed in 6 cases, 7 patients died within 2-31 days. In 7 other patients
      cervical soft tissues, thyroid artery collaterals and carotid artery were origin
      of bleeding. RESULTS: Final bleeding stop was performed with good immediate and
      long-term results in all cases. Final bleeding stop usually requires complex
      vascular reconstructions and it is difficult to predict their outcomes. It is
      necessary to prevent intraoperative bleeding because of unsatisfactory results of
      vascular complications management. So careful manipulations with vessels and
      their isolation from the tracheal anastomosis and tracheostomy channel with
      patient's own tissues are obligatory.

PMID- 26978764
TI  - [The results of endoscopic gastroduodenal, enteral and colorectal stenting for
      blastomatous stenosis: 8-year experience].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Gastroduodenal, enteral and colorectal stenting of blastomatous
      stenosis is a reasonable alternative to operative treatment of unresectable
      tumors. Moreover in some cases it allows to gain time and to prepare the patient
      for radical surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the period from 2007 to 2015 in
      endoscopic department of acad. B.V. Petrovskiy Russian Research Center for
      Surgery 76 patients with piloroduodenal, enteral and colic stenoses successfully
      underwent self-expanding metal stents installation. There were 21 patients with
      malignant stenosis of the stomach and pilorobulbar area, 17 with secondary
      duodenal stenosis, 17 after gastrectomy and distal gastric resection; 2 with
      stenosing colorectal cancer, 4 patients with rectal cancer involving rectosigmoid
      junction, 7 with rectosigmoid junction cancer and 8 with sigmoid cancer. RESULTS:
      Ambulatory and hospital interventions were performed in 35.5% and 64.5% of cases
      respectively. Hospital-stay did not exceed 2 days. The total complication rate
      was 11.8% (9/76), 3 of 9 patients required surgical intervention. The attention
      is given to important technical aspects of intervention as well as to those
      clinical situations when stenting is inappropriate because of absence of
      favourable functional outcome. CONCLUSION: Stenting should be more actively
      implemented in clinical practice, especially in emergency surgical hospitals.
      However it requires adequate technical support of hospitals with different
      endoprostheses, because it provides simultaneous diagnostic survey and remedial
      procedure.

PMID- 26978765
TI  - The role of prognostic models in metastatic colorectal liver cancer surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with metastatic colorectal liver cancer differ from each
      other by some characteristics which affect on the prognosis of disease. Long-term
      results and, consequently, the prognosis depend on not one but group of factors
      which may be incorporated into mathematical models allowing to classify patients
      according to their risk of recurrence or prognosis of survival. AIM: To calculate
      survival in patients with metastatic colorectal liver cancer and to evaluate the
      most popular models of 3- and 5-year survival rate prognosis after liver
      resection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed the results of treatment of 342
      patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who underwent different resections
      since 1991 to 2014. The effectiveness of prognostic models was estimated
      according to the most popular scales that were developed based on groups of more
      than 200 patients. RESULTS: Long-term results were followed in 312 (91.2%)
      patients. Median life in the total group of patients was 24 months in 3-, 5- and
      10-year survival of 56.3%, 36.1% and 18.1% respectively. The most accurate
      stratification of patients into groups was obtained using preoperative Rees scale
      for 5-year and 3-year survival (C-statistics - 0.73 and 0.69, respectively).
      Analysis of Iwatsuki and Fong scales for 5-year survival prediction (C-statistics
      - 0.68 and 0.62) and postoperative Rees scale for 3-year survival (C-statistics -
      0.63) also showed relatively good results. None of models showed C-statistics
      level over 0.8. CONCLUSION: Stratification of patients according to prognostic
      scales should not affect on monitoring of patients with high risk of recurrence
      and poor prognosis of survival.

PMID- 26978766
TI  - [Survival rate after D3-lymphadenectomy for right-sided colic cancer: case-match
      study].
AB  - The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of D3-lymphadenectomy in
      compliance with "no-touch" principle and mesocolectomy with traditional
      hemicolectomy in patients with right-sided colon cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It
      is retrospective-prospective comparative case-match study. From prospectively
      collected database patients with right-sided colon cancer stage I-III treated in
      2009-2013 without adjuvant chemotherapy were selected. Patients who underwent
      conventional right-sided hemicolectomy with D2-lymphadenectomy in the regional
      oncologic dispensary formed the first group. The second group included patients
      after right-sided hemicolectomy with D3-lymphadenectomy, "no-touch" principle and
      mesocolectomy performed in academic hospital of the third level. From both groups
      'case-match' patients by gender, age, stage and location of primary tumor were
      selected. Each group consisted of 50 patients. RESULTS: Overall and cancer
      related 5-year survival was significantly higher in the second group - 80.9% vs.
      56.0% (p=0.01) and 93.4% vs. 59.8% (p=0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: D3
      lymphadenectomy and mesocolectomy for right-sided colon cancer stage I-III
      without adjuvant chemotherapy provides significantly better overall and cancer
      related 5-year survival compared with conventional right-sided hemicolectomy.
      Thus, D3-lymphadenectomy and mesocolectomy in compliance with "no-touch"
      principle for right-sided colon cancer is reproducible and effective in Russian
      conditions.

PMID- 26978767
TI  - [Is there a place for single laparoscopic approach in colic surgery?].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This prospective randomized study was performed to determine the
      place of surgery via single laparoscopic access in modern coloproctology.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of right-sided hemicolectomy using multiport
      laparoscopic-assisted technique (n=48) or single laparoscopic access (n=47) in
      case of cancer were analyzed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There were no significant
      differences in the incidence of complications, severity of pain, postoperative
      rehabilitation and quality of life. Surgery via single access were characterized
      by better cosmetic effect, less need for analgesics compared with multiport
      interventions. However, according to surgeons' opinion operations with single
      laparoscopic access are more laborious. CONCLUSION: Thus, single laparoscopic
      access can't be recommended for routine use in daily practice because of absence
      of significant advantages in colon resection compared with multiport technique.

PMID- 26978768
TI  - [Surgical treatment of patients with enteric fistulae].
AB  - AIM: To create multidisciplinary diagnostic and curative approach to patients
      with intestinal fistulae. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Additional nutritive support was
      applied in all patients preoperatively. 35 patients with intestinal fistulae were
      operated. Unformed and formed intestinal fistulae were observed in 10 and 25
      patients respectively. Radical one-stage surgery was performed in 30 cases, two
      stage - in 3 patients. Unformed fistulae opened into granulating wound were not
      eliminated in 2 patients. RESULTS: Postoperative complications were observed in
      10 patients. 2 of them required re-intervention. There were no deaths.

PMID- 26978769
TI  - [Radical removal of parasitic twin in 29-years-old patient].

PMID- 26978770
TI  - [First experience of ultrasound-assisted percutaneous microwave ablation of
      insulin-producing pancreatic tumor].

PMID- 26978772
TI  - Wave Propagation Direction and c-Axis Tilt Angle Influence on the Performance of
      ScAlN/Sapphire-Based SAW Devices.
AB  - Some previously reported surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices using bulk
      piezoelectric substrates showed higher acoustic power radiated in either forward
      or backward wave propagation direction depending on their crystal orientations
      and are called natural single-phase unidirectional transducers (NSPUDT). While
      these reports were based on bulk piezoelectric substrates, we report
      directionality in the c-axis tilted 44% scandium doped aluminum nitride thin
      piezoelectric film-based SAW devices on sapphire. It is worth noting that our
      observance of directionality is specifically in Sezawa mode. We produced a c-axis
      tilt up to 5.5 degrees  over the single wafer and examined the directionality by
      comparing the forward and backward insertion loss utilizing split finger
      electrodes as a receiver. The wave propagation direction and c-axis tilt angle
      influence on the performance of SAW devices is evaluated. Furthermore, return
      loss and insertion loss data are presented for various SAW propagation directions
      and c-axis tilt angles. Finally, the comparison for both acoustic modes, i.e.,
      Rayleigh and Sezawa, is reported.

PMID- 26978771
TI  - Bacillusurumqiensis sp. nov., a moderately haloalkaliphilic bacterium isolated
      from a salt lake.
AB  - A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic and moderately haloalkaliphilic
      bacterium, designated BZ-SZ-XJ18T, was isolated from the mixed water and sediment
      of a saline-alkaline lake located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of
      China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that
      strain BZ-SZ-XJ18T was a member of the genus Bacillus. The closest phylogenetic
      relatives were Bacillus saliphilus 6AGT (96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence
      similarity), 'Bacillusdaqingensis' X10-1 (96.6 %), Bacillus luteus JC167T (96.5
      %), Bacillus daliensis DLS13T (96.2 %), Bacillus chagannorensis CG-15T (95.2 %)
      and Bacillus polygoni YN-1T (95.0 %). DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BZ-SZ
      XJ18T and the reference type strains of the related species of the genus Bacillus
      was lower than 27 %. The isolate formed yellow pigment and grew in the presence
      of 0.22-4.32 M Na+ (equivalent to 1.3-25.3 %, w/v, NaCl) (optimum 1.08 M Na+,
      equivalent to 6.3 %, w/v, NaCl), at pH 6.5-10.0 (optimum pH 8.5-9.5) and at 8-41
      oC (optimum 37 oC). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 (43.0 %),
      C16:0 (18.1 %), iso-C15:0 (11.3 %), anteiso-C17:0 (8.0 %) and iso-C16:0 (7.0 %).
      The major polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and
      phosphatidylglycerol. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and
      the peptidoglycan type of the cell wall was A1gamma based on meso-diaminopimelic
      acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.3 mol%
      (HPLC) or 41.4 mol% (Tm). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and
      phylogenetic features, strain BZ-SZ-XJ18T is proposed to represent a novel
      species, Bacillusurumqiensis within the genus Bacillus. The type strain is BZ-SZ
      XJ18T (=DSM 29145T=JCM 30195T). 

PMID- 26978775
TI  - Topical Nasal Anesthesia in Flexible Bronchoscopy--A Cross-Over Comparison
      between Two Devices.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Topical airway anesthesia is known to improve tolerance and patient
      satisfaction during flexible bronchoscopy (FB). Lidocaine is commonly used,
      delivered as an atomized spray. The current study assesses safety and patient
      satisfaction for nasal anesthesia of a new atomization device during outpatient
      bronchoscopy in lung transplant recipients. METHODS: Using a prospective, non
      blinded, cross-over design, patients enrolled between 01-10-2014 and 24-11-2014
      received 2% lidocaine using the standard reusable nasal atomizer (CRNA). Those
      enrolled between 25-11-2014 and 30-01-2015, received a disposable intranasal
      mucosal atomization device (DIMAD). After each procedure, the treating physician,
      their assistant and the patient independently rated side-effects and
      satisfaction, basing their responses on visual analogue scales (VAS). At their
      next scheduled bronchoscopy during the study period, patients then received the
      alternative atomizer. Written consent was obtained prior to the first
      bronchoscopy, and the study approved by the institutional ethics committee.
      RESULTS: Of the 252 patients enrolled between 01-10-2014 and 30-01-2015, 80 (32%)
      received both atomizers. Physicians reported better efficacy (p = 0.001) and
      fewer side effects (p< = 0.001) for DIMAD in patients exposed to both procedures.
      Among patients with one visit, physicians and their assistants reported improved
      efficacy (p = 0.018, p = 0.002) and fewer side effects (p< = 0.001, p = 0.029)
      for the disposable atomizer, whereas patients reported no difference in efficacy
      or side effects (p = 0.72 and p = 0.20). No severe adverse events were noted. The
      cost of the reusable device was 4.08? per procedure, compared to 3.70? for the
      disposable device. DISCUSSION: Topical nasal anesthesia via a disposable
      intranasal mucosal atomization device (DIMAD) offers comparable safety and
      patient comfort, compared to conventional reusable nasal atomizers (CRNA) in lung
      transplant recipients. Procedural costs were reduced by 0.34? per procedure.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov NCT02237651.

PMID- 26978773
TI  - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Bioavailability Regulates Angiogenesis
      and Intestinal Stem and Progenitor Cell Proliferation during Postnatal Small
      Intestinal Development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a highly conserved,
      master regulatory molecule required for endothelial cell proliferation,
      organization, migration and branching morphogenesis. Podocoryne carnea and
      drosophila, which lack endothelial cells and a vascular system, express VEGF
      homologs, indicating potential roles beyond angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The
      role of VEGF in the development and homeostasis of the postnatal small intestine
      is unknown. We hypothesized regulating VEGF bioavailability in the postnatal
      small intestine would exhibit effects beyond the vasculature and influence
      epithelial cell stem/progenitor populations. METHODS: VEGF mutant mice were
      created that overexpressed VEGF in the brush border of epithelium via the villin
      promotor following doxycycline treatment. To decrease VEGF bioavailability, sFlt
      1 mutant mice were generated that overexpressed the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1
      upon doxycycline administration in the intestinal epithelium. Mice were analyzed
      after 21 days of doxycycline administration. RESULTS: Increased VEGF expression
      was confirmed by RT-qPCR and ELISA in the intestine of the VEGF mutants compared
      to littermates. The VEGF mutant duodenum demonstrated increased angiogenesis and
      vascular leak as compared to littermate controls. The VEGF mutant duodenum
      revealed taller villi and increased Ki-67-positive cells in the transit
      amplifying zone with reduced Lgr5 expression. The duodenum of sFlt-1 mutants
      revealed shorter villi and longer crypts with reduced proliferation in the
      transit-amplifying zone, reduced expression of Dll1, Bmp4 and VE-cadherin, and
      increased expression of Sox9 and EphB2. CONCLUSIONS: Manipulating VEGF
      bioavailability leads to profound effects on not only the intestinal vasculature,
      but epithelial stem and progenitor cells in the intestinal crypt. Elucidation of
      the crosstalk between VEGF signaling in the vasculature, mesenchyme and
      epithelial stem/progenitor cell populations may direct future cell therapies for
      intestinal dysfunction or disease.

PMID- 26978774
TI  - Phenylpropanoid Defences in Nicotiana tabacum Cells: Overlapping Metabolomes
      Indicate Common Aspects to Priming Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharides,
      Chitosan and Flagellin-22.
AB  - Plants have evolved both constitutive and inducible defence strategies to cope
      with different biotic stimuli and stresses. Exposure of a plant to a challenging
      stress can lead to a primed state that allows it to launch a more rapid and
      stronger defence. Here we applied a metabolomic approach to study and compare the
      responses induced in Nicotiana tabacum cells by microbe-associated molecular
      pattern (MAMP) molecules, namely lipopolysaccharides (LPS), chitosan (CHT) and
      flagellin-22 (FLG22). Early response metabolites, extracted with methanol, were
      analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Using multivariate statistical tools the metabolic
      profiles induced by these elicitors were analysed. In the metabolic fingerprint
      of these agents a total of 19 cinnamic acid derivatives conjugated to quinic
      acids (chlorogenic acids), shikimic acid, tyramine, polyamines or glucose were
      found as discriminant biomarkers. In addition, treatment with the phytohormones
      salicylic acid (SA), methyljasmonic acid (MJ) and abscisic acid (ABA) resulted in
      differentially-induced phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites. The results indicate
      that the phenylpropanoid pathway is activated by these elicitors while
      hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives are commonly associated with the metabolic
      response to the MAMPs, and that the activated responses are modulated by both SA
      and MJ, with ABA not playing a role. 

PMID- 26978776
TI  - Sarcopenia and Hearing Loss in Older Koreans: Findings from the Korea National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010.
AB  - Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is becoming a more significant issue as
      geriatric population increases. Sarcopenia in older people is known to have a
      diverse health problem in various circumstances in recent studies. We assessed
      whether the decrease in muscle mass is related to ARHI. We used the 2010 data of
      the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to examine
      the associations between sarcopenia and ARHI. A total number of participants was
      1,622 including 746 males and 876 females aged 60 years or older. Muscle mass was
      assessed as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and hearing loss was defined as
      the pure-tone averages (PTA) of test frequencies 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz at a threshold
      of 40 dB or higher in worse hearing side of the ear. Among 1,622 participants,
      298 men and 256 women had hearing loss. Appendicular muscle mass (ASM), expressed
      as kg, was categorized in tertiles. In female population, after adjusting for
      age, smoking, drinking, amount of exercise, total body fat, education level,
      income level, and tinnitus, the odds ratio (OR) for hearing loss was 1.57 (95%
      confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-2.68) in the middle tertile and 1.79 (1.03-3.08)
      in the lowest tertile, compared with the highest tertile. P for trend in this
      model was 0.036. Controlling further for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic
      kidney disease, and three types of noise exposure did not change the association.
      Larger muscle mass is associated with lower prevalence of hearing loss in elderly
      Korean females. 

PMID- 26978777
TI  - Machine Learning Classification of Cirrhotic Patients with and without Minimal
      Hepatic Encephalopathy Based on Regional Homogeneity of Intrinsic Brain Activity.
AB  - Machine learning-based approaches play an important role in examining functional
      magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in a multivariate manner and extracting
      features predictive of group membership. This study was performed to assess the
      potential for measuring brain intrinsic activity to identify minimal hepatic
      encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhotic patients, using the support vector machine
      (SVM) method. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired in 16 cirrhotic patients with
      MHE and 19 cirrhotic patients without MHE. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) method
      was used to investigate the local synchrony of intrinsic brain activity.
      Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) was used to define MHE
      condition. SVM-classifier was then applied using leave-one-out cross-validation,
      to determine the discriminative ReHo-map for MHE. The discrimination map
      highlights a set of regions, including the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate
      cortex, anterior insular cortex, inferior parietal lobule, precentral and
      postcentral gyri, superior and medial temporal cortices, and middle and inferior
      occipital gyri. The optimized discriminative model showed total accuracy of 82.9%
      and sensitivity of 81.3%. Our results suggested that a combination of the SVM
      approach and brain intrinsic activity measurement could be helpful for detection
      of MHE in cirrhotic patients. 

PMID- 26978778
TI  - Risk Perceptions of Wastewater Use for Urban Agriculture in Accra, Ghana.
AB  - Poor food hygiene is a significant risk to public health globally, but especially
      in low and middle-income countries where access to sanitation, and general
      hygiene remain poor. Food hygiene becomes even more pertinent when untreated, or
      poorly treated wastewater is used in agriculture. In such circumstances the WHO
      recommends the adoption of a multiple-barrier approach that prescribes health
      protective measures at different entry points along the food chain. This study
      sought to assess the knowledge and awareness of wastewater use for crop
      production, its related health risks, and adoption of health protective measures
      by farmers, market salespersons and consumers using questionnaires and focus
      group discussions. In the period from September 2012 to August 2013, 490
      respondents were interviewed during two cropping seasons. The study found that
      awareness of the source of irrigation water was low among consumers and street
      food vendors, though higher among market vendors. In contrast, health risk
      awareness was generally high among salespersons and consumers, but low among
      farmers. The study found that consumers did not prioritize health indicators when
      buying produce from vendors but were motivated to buy produce, or prepared food
      based on taste, friendship, cost, convenience and freshness of produce.
      Similarly, farmers' awareness of health risk did not influence their adoption of
      safer farm practices. The study recommends the promotion of interventions that
      would result in more direct benefits to both producers and vendors, together with
      hygiene education and enforcement of food safety byelaws in order to influence
      behaviour change, and increase the uptake of the multiple-barrier approach. 

PMID- 26978779
TI  - Disentangle the Causes of the Road Barrier Effect in Small Mammals through
      Genetic Patterns.
AB  - Road barrier effect is among the foremost negative impacts of roads on wildlife.
      Knowledge of the factors responsible for the road barrier effect is crucial to
      understand and predict species' responses to roads, and to improve mitigation
      measures in the context of management and conservation. We built a set of
      hypothesis aiming to infer the most probable cause of road barrier effect
      (traffic effect or road surface avoidance), while controlling for the potentially
      confounding effects road width, traffic volume and road age. The wood mouse
      Apodemus sylvaticus was used as a model species of small and forest-dwelling
      mammals, which are more likely to be affected by gaps in cover such as those
      resulting from road construction. We confront genetic patterns from opposite and
      same roadsides from samples of three highways and used computer simulations to
      infer migration rates between opposite roadsides. Genetic patterns from 302
      samples (ca. 100 per highway) suggest that the highway barrier effect for wood
      mouse is due to road surface avoidance. However, from the simulations we
      estimated a migration rate of about 5% between opposite roadsides, indicating
      that some limited gene flow across highways does occur. To reduce highway impact
      on population genetic diversity and structure, possible mitigation measures could
      include retrofitting of culverts and underpasses to increase their attractiveness
      and facilitate their use by wood mice and other species, and setting aside
      roadside strips without vegetation removal to facilitate establishment and
      dispersal of small mammals. 

PMID- 26978781
TI  - Correction: Renal Function Outcomes and Risk Factors for Risk Factors for Stage
      3B Chronic Kidney Disease after Urinary Diversion in Patients with Muscle
      Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PMID- 26978780
TI  - Social Contact Networks and Mixing among Students in K-12 Schools in Pittsburgh,
      PA.
AB  - Students attending schools play an important role in the transmission of
      influenza. In this study, we present a social network analysis of contacts among
      1,828 students in eight different schools in urban and suburban areas in and near
      Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, including elementary,
      elementary-middle, middle, and high schools. We collected social contact
      information of students who wore wireless sensor devices that regularly recorded
      other devices if they are within a distance of 3 meters. We analyzed these
      networks to identify patterns of proximal student interactions in different
      classes and grades, to describe community structure within the schools, and to
      assess the impact of the physical environment of schools on proximal contacts. In
      the elementary and middle schools, we observed a high number of intra-grade and
      intra-classroom contacts and a relatively low number of inter-grade contacts.
      However, in high schools, contact networks were well connected and mixed across
      grades. High modularity of lower grades suggests that assumptions of homogeneous
      mixing in epidemic models may be inappropriate; whereas lower modularity in high
      schools suggests that homogenous mixing assumptions may be more acceptable in
      these settings. The results suggest that interventions targeting subsets of
      classrooms may work better in elementary schools than high schools. Our work
      presents quantitative measures of age-specific, school-based contacts that can be
      used as the basis for constructing models of the transmission of infections in
      schools. 

PMID- 26978783
TI  - Fine-Scale Vertical Stratification and Guild Composition of Saproxylic Beetles in
      Lowland and Montane Forests: Similar Patterns despite Low Faunal Overlap.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The finer scale patterns of arthropod vertical stratification in
      forests are rarely studied and poorly understood. Further, there are no studies
      investigating whether and how altitude affects arthropod vertical stratification
      in temperate forests. We therefore investigated the fine-scale vertical
      stratification of diversity and guild structure of saproxylic beetles in
      temperate lowland and montane forests and compared the resulting patterns between
      the two habitats. METHODS: The beetles were sampled with flight intercept traps
      arranged into vertical transects (sampling heights 0.4, 1.2, 7, 14, and 21 m). A
      triplet of such transects was installed in each of the five sites in the lowland
      and in the mountains; 75 traps were used in each forest type. RESULTS: 381
      species were collected in the lowlands and 236 species in the mountains. Only 105
      species (21%) were found at both habitats; in the montane forest as well as in
      the lowlands, the species richness peaked at 1.2 m, and the change in assemblage
      composition was most rapid near the ground. The assemblages clearly differed
      between the understorey (0.4 m, 1.2 m) and the canopy (7 m, 14 m, 21 m) and
      between the two sampling heights within the understorey, but less within the
      canopy. The stratification was better pronounced in the lowland, where canopy
      assemblages were richer than those near the forest floor (0.4 m). In the
      mountains the samples from 14 and 21 m were more species poor than those from the
      lower heights. The guild structure was similar in both habitats. CONCLUSIONS: The
      main patterns of vertical stratification and guild composition were strikingly
      similar between the montane and the lowland forest despite the low overlap of
      their faunas. The assemblages of saproxylic beetles were most stratified near
      ground. The comparisons of species richness between canopy and understorey may
      thus give contrasting results depending on the exact sampling height in the
      understorey.

PMID- 26978785
TI  - The spectroscopic analysis of the v2=1, v5=1, and v3=v6=1 infrared vibration
      system of H3SiI.
AB  - The nu2 (A1)/nu5 (E)/nu3+nu6 (E) band system of H3(28)SiI was investigated using
      Fourier transform infrared spectra recorded from 820 to 1100 cm(-1) at a
      resolution of 2.0*10(-3) cm(-1). In total, 11,903 transitions were assigned.
      Additional 1466 transitions reaching the v3=v6=1 state were obtained from the
      nu3+nu6-nu6 and nu3+nu6-nu3 hot bands near 360 and 590 cm(-1), respectively.
      Moreover, 30 highly accurate CO2 laser sideband transitions of the (r)Q0 branch
      of nu5 (J.M. Frye, W. Schupita, and G. Magerl, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 128, 427
      (1988)) were implemented in the data set with J(max)"=140 and K(max)"=21. To
      adequately reproduce the complex pattern of interacting levels the Hamiltonian
      employed included 14 off-diagonal terms. These comprise x,y Coriolis ro-vibration
      resonances, between nu2/nu5, nu2/nu3+nu6 and nu5/nu3+nu6, and the anharmonic
      Fermi resonance between nu5/nu3+nu6. All these resonances strongly perturb the
      v2=1, v5=1, and v3=v6=1 excited states whose rounded deperturbed vibrational term
      values are 904.5, 941.1, and 953.7 cm(-1), respectively. In addition, the
      Deltal=Deltak=+/-2 l-resonance was found to be active within the v3=v6=1 state
      and between v5=1 and v3=v6=1; the Deltal=+/-2,Deltak=?1 l-resonance within the
      v5=1 state and between v5=1 and v3=v6=1 was established, as well as the Deltal=+/
      1,Deltak=?2 alpha resonance between v2=1 and v5=1. A standard deviation of the
      fit, 0.48*10(-3) cm(-1), resulted which is ca. three times the estimated
      precision of experimental wavenumbers. Improved J-dependent ground state
      parameters of H3SiI were obtained by fitting 5420 combination differences,
      sigma(fit)=0.22*10(-3) cm(-1).

PMID- 26978782
TI  - When Breathing Interferes with Cognition: Experimental Inspiratory Loading Alters
      Timed Up-and-Go Test in Normal Humans.
AB  - Human breathing stems from automatic brainstem neural processes. It can also be
      operated by cortico-subcortical networks, especially when breathing becomes
      uncomfortable because of external or internal inspiratory loads. How the
      "irruption of breathing into consciousness" interacts with cognition remains
      unclear, but a case report in a patient with defective automatic breathing
      (Ondine's curse syndrome) has shown that there was a cognitive cost of breathing
      when the respiratory cortical networks were engaged. In a pilot study of putative
      breathing-cognition interactions, the present study relied on a randomized design
      to test the hypothesis that experimentally loaded breathing in 28 young healthy
      subjects would have a negative impact on cognition as tested by "timed up-and-go"
      test (TUG) and its imagery version (iTUG). Progressive inspiratory threshold
      loading resulted in slower TUG and iTUG performance. Participants consistently
      imagined themselves faster than they actually were. However, progressive
      inspiratory loading slowed iTUG more than TUG, a finding that is unexpected with
      regard to the known effects of dual tasking on TUG and iTUG (slower TUG but
      stable iTUG). Insofar as the cortical networks engaged in response to inspiratory
      loading are also activated during complex locomotor tasks requiring cognitive
      inputs, we infer that competition for cortical resources may account for the
      breathing-cognition interference that is evidenced here. 

PMID- 26978786
TI  - An experimental and theoretical investigation of free Oxazole in conjunction with
      the DFT analysis of Oxazole?(H2O)n complexes.
AB  - The mid-IR spectrum of Oxazole (Oxa) is recorded. This spectrum is interpreted
      with the help of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations and potential energy
      distribution (PED) analysis. The experimental spectrum is concordant with the
      theoretical data. Geometrical parameters and the atomic charges are also
      theoretically obtained and presented. Solvent effects on the geometrical
      parameters, vibrational frequencies, and electronic properties of Oxa are
      analyzed theoretically in chloroform, ethanol, and water. Besides, hydrogen
      bonded Oxa?(H2O)n (n=1, 2,..., 10) complexes are investigated within the PCM
      solvation model. It is found that the interaction energies in Oxa?(H2O)n
      complexes are influenced by the number of water molecules, and by the arrangement
      of water molecules. 

PMID- 26978784
TI  - Knocking on Heaven's Door: Are Novel Invaders Necessarily Facing Naive Native
      Species on Islands?
AB  - The impact of alien predator species on insular native biota has often been
      attributed to island prey naivete (i.e. lack of, or inefficient, anti-predator
      behavior). Only rarely, however, has the concept of island prey naivete been
      tested, and then only a posteriori (i.e. hundreds or thousands of years after
      alien species introduction). The presence of native or anciently introduced
      predators or competitors may be crucial for the recognition and development of
      adaptive behavior toward unknown predators or competitors of the same archetype
      (i.e. a set of species that occupy a similar ecological niche and show similar
      morphological and behavioral traits when interacting with other species). Here,
      we tested whether two squamates endemic to New Caledonia, a skink,
      Caledoniscincus austrocaledonicus, and a gecko, Bavayia septuiclavis, recognized
      and responded to the odor of two major invaders introduced into the Pacific
      islands, but not yet into New Caledonia. We chose one predator, the small Indian
      mongoose Herpestes javanicus and one competitor, the cane toad Rhinella marina,
      which belong respectively to the same archetype as the following two species
      already introduced into New Caledonia in the nineteenth century: the feral cat
      Felis catus and the golden bell frog Litoria aurea. Our experiment reveals that
      geckos are naive with respect to the odors of both an unknown predator and an
      unknown competitor, as well as to the odors of a predator and a competitor they
      have lived with for centuries. In contrast, skinks seem to have lost some naivete
      regarding the odor of a predator they have lived with for centuries and seem
      "predisposed" to avoid the odor of an unknown potential competitor. These results
      indicate that insular species living in contact with invasive alien species for
      centuries may be, although not systematically, predisposed toward developing
      adaptive behavior with respect to species belonging to the same archetype and
      introduced into their native range. 

PMID- 26978787
TI  - Conjugation of cytochrome c with ferrocene-terminated hyperbranched polymer and
      its influence on protein structure, conformation and function.
AB  - Interaction mechanism of a new hyperbranched polyurethane-based ferrocene (HPU
      Fc) with cytochrome c (cyt c) and cyt c structure and conformation change induced
      by HPU-Fc were investigated using cyclic voltammogram(CV), differential pulse
      voltammetry (DPV), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, synchronous
      fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy technique. The peroxidase activity of
      cyt c in the presence of HPU-Fc was also studied. The structure and conformation
      of protein are relatively stable at moderate concentration of HPU-Fc without
      obvious perturbation of the heme pocket and significant changes in protein
      secondary structure. Conjugation of cyt c with excessive HPU-Fc (over about 3
      times of cyt c) slightly changed the alpha-helix structure in protein, disturbed
      the microenvironment around heme as well as away from the heme crevice, which
      caused the changes of the electrochemical behavior and the absorption spectra.
      Reasonable amount of HPU-Fc has no significant influence on the protein enzymatic
      activity, while excess HPU-Fc may cause a conformation not suitable for H2O2
      activation and guaiacol oxidation. The interaction of HPU-Fc with cyt c and the
      conservation of protein function at suitable HPU-Fc amount make prepared complex
      promising for the synergistic anticancer therapy. 

PMID- 26978788
TI  - A sensitive and selective resonance Rayleigh scattering method for quick
      detection of avidin using affinity labeling Au nanoparticles.
AB  - Avidin is a glycoprotein with antinutritional property, which should be limited
      in daily food. We developed an affinity biosensor system based on resonance
      Rayleigh scattering (RRS) and using affinity biotin labeling Au nanoparticles
      (AuNPs). This method was selective and sensitive for quick avidin detection due
      to the avidin-biotin affinitive interaction. Under optimal conditions, RRS
      intensity of biotin-AuNPs increase linearly with an increasing concentration of
      avidin from 5 to 160 ng/mL. The lower limit of detection was 0.59 ng/mL. This
      rapid and selective avidin detection method was used in synthetic samples and egg
      products with recoveries of between 102.97 and 107.92%, thereby demonstrating the
      feasible and practical application of this assay.

PMID- 26978789
TI  - Imaging Assessment of Re-Exploratory Repair of an Occipital Bone Defect
      Associated Tectocerebellar Dysraphism via Hybrid Cranioplasty.

PMID- 26978790
TI  - Electrochemiluminescent detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine.
AB  - Direct detection of amphetamine type stimulants (ATSs) including
      methylamphetamine (MA) in street samples and biological matrices without the need
      for pretreatment or extraction is a great challenge for forensic drug analysis.
      Electrochemical techniques, such as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), are promising
      tools for this area of analysis. This contribution focuses on the electrochemical
      and photochemical properties of [Ru(bpy)3](2+) Nafion composite films and their
      subsequent use for the detection of ATS in particular MA. Under optimised
      conditions, the response linearly increased with the concentration over the
      concentration range 50pM<=[MA]<=1mM while an equivalent dynamic range was
      obtained for amphetamine with a correlation coefficient of 0.9903 and 0.9948
      respectively. The ECL signal was monitored at ~620nm, representing the lambdamax
      for the [Ru(bpy)3](2+) Nafion composite films. This wavelength is shifted by
      approximately 15nm compared to the photoexcited lambdamax for the same system.
      The modified films were formed by direct interaction with the electrode surface
      without the need for surface modification or chain linkers. This is a major
      advantage for the fabrication of any sensor as it reduces the synthesis times
      resulting in more economically and cheaper production costs. This technique is
      simple, rapid, selective and sensitive, and shows potential for the high
      throughput quantitation of ATS as well as possibilities for adaptation with other
      techniques such as FIA or LC systems. 

PMID- 26978791
TI  - Studying illicit drug trafficking on Darknet markets: Structure and organisation
      from a Canadian perspective.
AB  - Cryptomarkets are online marketplaces that are part of the Dark Web and mainly
      devoted to the sale of illicit drugs. They combine tools to ensure anonymity of
      participants with the delivery of products by mail to enable the development of
      illicit drug trafficking. Using data collected on eight cryptomarkets, this study
      provides an overview of the Canadian illicit drug market. It seeks to inform
      about the most prevalent illicit drugs vendors offer for sale and preferred
      destination countries. Moreover, the research gives an insight into the structure
      and organisation of distribution networks existing online. In particular, we
      provide information about how vendors are diversifying and replicating across
      marketplaces. We inform on the number of listings each vendor manages, the number
      of cryptomarkets they are active on and the products they offer. This research
      demonstrates the importance of online marketplaces in the context of illicit drug
      trafficking. It shows how the analysis of data available online may elicit
      knowledge on criminal activities. Such knowledge is mandatory to design efficient
      policy for monitoring or repressive purposes against anonymous marketplaces.
      Nevertheless, trafficking on Dark Net markets is difficult to analyse based only
      on digital data. A more holistic approach for investigating this crime problem
      should be developed. This should rely on a combined use and interpretation of
      digital and physical data within a single collaborative intelligence model. 

PMID- 26978792
TI  - A bacteriophage endolysin that eliminates intracellular streptococci.
AB  - PlyC, a bacteriophage-encoded endolysin, lyses Streptococcus pyogenes (Spy) on
      contact. Here, we demonstrate that PlyC is a potent agent for controlling
      intracellular Spy that often underlies refractory infections. We show that the
      PlyC holoenzyme, mediated by its PlyCB subunit, crosses epithelial cell membranes
      and clears intracellular Spy in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative studies
      using model membranes establish that PlyCB interacts strongly with
      phosphatidylserine (PS), whereas its interaction with other lipids is weak,
      suggesting specificity for PS as its cellular receptor. Neutron reflection
      further substantiates that PlyC penetrates bilayers above a PS threshold
      concentration. Crystallography and docking studies identify key residues that
      mediate PlyCB-PS interactions, which are validated by site-directed mutagenesis.
      This is the first report that a native endolysin can traverse epithelial
      membranes, thus substantiating the potential of PlyC as an antimicrobial for Spy
      in the extracellular and intracellular milieu and as a scaffold for engineering
      other functionalities.

PMID- 26978793
TI  - A simple generative model of the mouse mesoscale connectome.
AB  - Recent technological advances now allow for the collection of vast data sets
      detailing the intricate neural connectivity patterns of various organisms. Oh et
      al. (2014) recently published the most complete description of the mouse
      mesoscale connectome acquired to date. Here we give an in-depth characterization
      of this connectome and propose a generative network model which utilizes two
      elemental organizational principles: proximal attachment - outgoing connections
      are more likely to attach to nearby nodes than to distant ones, and source growth
      - nodes with many outgoing connections are likely to form new outgoing
      connections. We show that this model captures essential principles governing
      network organization at the mesoscale level in the mouse brain and is consistent
      with biologically plausible developmental processes. 

PMID- 26978797
TI  - Organ Failure, Hypoperfusion, and Pressure Ulcers Are Not the Same as Skin
      Failure: A Case for a New Definition.

PMID- 26978798
TI  - 2016 Update: Cellular and/or Tissue-Based Products for Wounds.

PMID- 26978794
TI  - Cooperation between distinct viral variants promotes growth of H3N2 influenza in
      cell culture.
AB  - RNA viruses rapidly diversify into quasispecies of related genotypes. This
      genetic diversity has long been known to facilitate adaptation, but recent
      studies have suggested that cooperation between variants might also increase
      population fitness. Here, we demonstrate strong cooperation between two H3N2
      influenza variants that differ by a single mutation at residue 151 in
      neuraminidase, which normally mediates viral exit from host cells. Residue 151 is
      often annotated as an ambiguous amino acid in sequenced isolates, indicating
      mixed viral populations. We show that mixed populations grow better than either
      variant alone in cell culture. Pure populations of either variant generate the
      other through mutation and then stably maintain a mix of the two genotypes. We
      suggest that cooperation arises because mixed populations combine one variant's
      proficiency at cell entry with the other's proficiency at cell exit. Our work
      demonstrates a specific cooperative interaction between defined variants in a
      viral quasispecies. 

PMID- 26978799
TI  - A Multimodality Imaging and Software System for Combining an Anatomical and
      Physiological Assessment of Skin and Underlying Tissue Conditions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The timely and accurate assessment of skin and underlying tissue is
      crucial for making informed decisions relating to wound development and existing
      wounds. The study objective was to determine within- and between-reader agreement
      of Scout Visual-to-Thermal Overlay (WoundVision LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana)
      placement (moving the wound edge trace from the visual image onto the wound edge
      signature of the infrared image). MATERIALS AND METHODS: For establishing within-
      and between-reader agreement of the Scout Visual-to-Thermal Overlay feature, 5
      different readers overlaid a wound edge trace from the visual image and placed it
      onto the congruent thermal representation of the wound on a thermal image 3
      independent times. Forty different wound image pairs were evaluated by each
      reader. All readers were trained by the same trainer on the operation of the
      Scout prior to using the software features. The Scout Visual-to-Thermal Overlay
      feature allows clinicians to use an anatomical measurement of the wound on the
      visual image (area and perimeter) to extract a congruent physiological
      measurement of the wound on the thermal image (thermal intensity variation data)
      by taking the wound edge trace from the visual image and overlaying it onto the
      corresponding thermal signature of the same wound edge. RESULTS: The results are
      very similar both within- and between-readers. The coefficient of variation (CV)
      for the mean PV both within- and between-readers averages less than 1%, 0.89 and
      0.77 respectively. When converted into degrees Celsius across all 5 readers and
      all 3 wound replicates, the average temperature differential is 0.28 degrees  C
      (). The largest difference observed was 0.63 degrees  C and the smallest
      difference observed was 0.04 degrees  C. CONCLUSIONS: The Scout software's Visual
      to-Thermal Overlay procedure, as implemented in this study, is very precise. This
      study demonstrates that the thermal signature of wounds may be delineated
      repeatedly by the same operator and reproducibly by different operators. Thus,
      clinicians can integrate a criterion standard visual (anatomical) assessment with
      a congruent physiological assessment to provide them with knowledge relating to
      the presence or absence of blood flow, perfusion, and metabolic activity in the
      wound, periwound, and wound site.

PMID- 26978800
TI  - The Use of a Novel Canister-free Negative-Pressure Device in Chronic Wounds: A
      Retrospective Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a mainstay in the treatment
      of acute and chronic wounds. Following the success of the Vacuum-Assisted Closure
      system (Kinetic Concepts Inc [KCI], an Acelity Company, San Antonio, Texas), many
      similar systems were developed with minor variations. However, these systems are
      best suited to wounds with soft-tissue defects. Moreover, the need for a canister
      to collect wound exudate adds to the size and weight of the device. A canister
      free (CF) NPWT device was cleared by the FDA for the treatment of chronic wounds
      (Kalypto Medical, Mendota Heights, Minnesota). A retrospective study was designed
      to evaluate the effectiveness of the CF-NPWT device in promoting wound healing.
      METHODS: The authors examined the records of 51 patients treated with the CF-NPWT
      device over a 21-month period. Study participants were treated in an outpatient
      setting, had at least 30 days of prior treatment, and carried insurance coverage
      through Medicare or Medicaid. The comparison of time to heal between groups was
      conducted using the log-rank, Breslow, and Tarone-Ware tests in conjunction with
      a Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In the study population, 65% of the wounds
      achieved complete closure. For unhealed wounds, the mean wound area reduction was
      31.9%, and the mean wound depth reduction was 57.5%. The mean time to heal was
      56.9 days (95% confidence interval, 46.4-67.4 days). CONCLUSIONS: The results
      show that the CF-NPWT system meets or exceeds healing rates previously reported
      in the literature for canister-based systems. This CF device offers a more
      portable NPWT option, particularly effective in the treatment of shallow wounds.

PMID- 26978795
TI  - Hypoxia-induced metabolic stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells is
      sufficient to induce photoreceptor degeneration.
AB  - Photoreceptors are the most numerous and metabolically demanding cells in the
      retina. Their primary nutrient source is the choriocapillaris, and both the
      choriocapillaris and photoreceptors require trophic and functional support from
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Defects in RPE, photoreceptors, and the
      choriocapillaris are characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a
      common vision-threatening disease. RPE dysfunction or death is a primary event in
      AMD, but the combination(s) of cellular stresses that affect the function and
      survival of RPE are incompletely understood. Here, using mouse models in which
      hypoxia can be genetically triggered in RPE, we show that hypoxia-induced
      metabolic stress alone leads to photoreceptor atrophy. Glucose and lipid
      metabolism are radically altered in hypoxic RPE cells; these changes impact
      nutrient availability for the sensory retina and promote progressive
      photoreceptor degeneration. Understanding the molecular pathways that control
      these responses may provide important clues about AMD pathogenesis and inform
      future therapies.

PMID- 26978802
TI  - Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers Including Suspected Deep Tissue Injury in
      Nursing Home Facility Residents: Analysis of National Minimum Data Set 3.0.
AB  - PURPOSE: To provide information on risk factors associated with pressure ulcers
      (PrUs), including suspected deep tissue injury (sDTI), in nursing home residents
      in the United States. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is
      intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.
      OBJECTIVES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant
      should be better able to:1. Examine the literature related to risk factors for
      the development of PrUs.2. Compare risk factors associated with the prevalence of
      PrUs and sDTI from the revised Minimum Data Set 3.0 2012 using a modified
      Defloor's conceptual model of PrUs as a theoretical framework. ABSTRACT: 
      OBJECTIVE: This study aims to characterize and compare risk factors associated
      with pressure ulcers (PrUs), including suspected deep tissue injury (sDTI), in
      nursing home (NH) residents in the United States. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of
      the 2012 Minimum Data Set (MDS 3.0). SETTING: Medicare- or Medicaid-certified NHs
      in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Nursing home residents (n = 2,936,146) 18
      years or older with complete PrU data, who received comprehensive assessments
      from January to December 2012. MEASUREMENTS: Pressure ulcer by stage was the
      outcome variable. Explanatory variables (age, gender, race and ethnicity, body
      mass index, skin integrity, system failure, disease, infection, mobility, and
      cognition) from the MDS 3.0 were aligned with the 4 elements of Defloor's
      conceptual model: compressive forces, shearing forces, tissue tolerance for
      pressure, and tissue tolerance for oxygen. RESULTS: Of 2,936,146 NH residents who
      had complete data for PrU, 89.9% had no PrU; 8.4% had a Stage 2, 3, or 4 or
      unstagable PrU; and 1.7% had an sDTI. The MDS variables corresponding to the 4
      elements of Defloor's model were significantly predictive of both PrU and sDTI.
      Black residents had the highest risk of any-stage PrU, and Hispanic residents had
      the highest risk of sDTI. Skin integrity, system failure, infection, and disease
      risk factors had larger effect sizes for sDTI than for other PrU stages.
      CONCLUSIONS: The MDS data support Defloor's model and inform clinicians,
      educators, researchers, and policymakers on risk factors associated with PrUs and
      sDTI in NH residents in the United States participating in Medicare and Medicaid.

PMID- 26978801
TI  - Effects of Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, and Ropivacaine on Calcitonin Gene-Related
      Peptide and Substance P Levels in the Incised Rat Skin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 2% lidocaine, 0.5% bupivacaine, and 0.75%
      ropivacaine on the release of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related
      peptide (CGRP) in skin wounds. DESIGN: A primary, experimental, analytical,
      prospective, self-controlled, blinded study. SETTING: The study is set in a
      university research center. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly
      divided into 4 groups: lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and the control.
      After general anesthesia, a local anesthetic or 0.9% saline (control) was
      injected subdermally along a 2-cm line on the dorsal midline of each rat; 30
      minutes later, an incision (nociceptive stimulus) was made along this line. The
      animals were euthanized, and skin samples were collected from the center of the
      incision line and sent for CGRP and SP quantification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Quantification of CGRP and SP by Western blotting. RESULTS: Substance P levels
      were similar in the lidocaine and ropivacaine groups but were significantly lower
      than those of the control group (P = .002); no significant difference in SP
      levels was found between the bupivacaine and control groups. Procalcitonin gene
      related peptide levels were significantly lower in the experimental groups than
      those in control subjects (P = .009), with no significant differences among the
      experimental groups. No significant differences in CGRP levels were found among
      all groups. Lidocaine and ropivacaine inhibited SP release. All 3 local
      anesthetics inhibited the release of procalcitonin gene-related peptide, but not
      the release of CGRP in rat skin. CONCLUSIONS: Lidocaine and ropivacaine may
      inhibit neurogenic inflammation by biochemical pathways activated by SP, whereas
      bupivacaine seems to have no influence on this process.

PMID- 26978803
TI  - The Strategic View of Modified Stage 2 Meaningful Use: Part 4: Objective 8:
      Patient Electronic Access.

PMID- 26978805
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978806
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a condition that may develop in up to
      one third of patients with chronic liver disease who exhibit clinical signs of
      acute decompensation, i.e. ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic
      encephalopathy or bacterial infection. ACLF implies the combination of acute
      hepatic decompensation with organ failure in kidney, brain, liver, lungs,
      circulation and/or coagulation. The prognosis worsens with the number of failing
      organs, renal involvement, advanced age and elevated leukocyte blood count. ACLF
      is caused by a systemic inflammation. Cultures from blood, urine and ascites
      should be drawn, and rapid antibiotic treatment is essential to prevent ACLF
      development. Renal function must be monitored and renal failure treated promptly.
      Acute alcoholic hepatitis may be considered a specific case of ACLF, which may be
      treated with corticosteroids in cases having high score in prognostic indices
      (GAHS, MELD or ABIC), and after bacterial infections have been ruled out or
      treated. 

PMID- 26978807
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978808
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978809
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy causes significant impairment and morbidity. Hepatic
      encephalopathy is just one of many causes for altered mental status in patients
      with cirrhosis of the liver. The initial management at admission to hospital
      includes a search for differential diagnoses and precipitating factors. A
      structured description of the type, cause, time course and clinical severity is
      essential for achieving medically safe communication and care of the HE patient.
      Lactulose and correction of any precipitating factors is the basis for initial
      therapy. A post-discharge management which includes frequent monitoring,
      preventive measures as well as education of patient and caregivers may ameliorate
      the often very high readmission rate. 

PMID- 26978810
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - Ascites is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and is associated with a poor
      prognosis. The main pathophysiology is an increased portal pressure with
      compensatory activation of neurohumoral systems. A patient history, proper
      physical exam and adequate examination of ascitic fluid will reveal the aetiology
      in most cases. Complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and
      thrombosis of hepatic vessel should be excluded in cases of first episode of
      ascites or deterioration of ascites. A moderate salt restriction and treatment
      with diuretics is the mainstay of treatment. Potentially nephrotoxic drugs such
      as NSAID and ACE inhibitors should be avoided in patients with cirrhosis. 

PMID- 26978811
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - Patients with acute and chronic liver disease have a rebalanced hemostasis, i.e.
      these patients have an increased tendency for both bleeding and
      thrombosis.Bleeding is primarily related to portal hypertension, rather than a
      defective hemostasis. There are well-established clinical guidelines for the
      management of patients with liver cirrhosis and variceal bleeding.Epidemiological
      studies have demonstrated an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients
      with liver cirrhosis. The treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis and venous
      thrombosis is not well documented. Treatment with anticoagulants should be
      considered in patients with symptomatic, extensive or progressive thrombosis of
      the portal system, as well as in patients who are being considered for liver
      transplantation. 

PMID- 26978812
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978813
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978814
TI  - [Alcoholism - Malcolm Lowrys deadly disease and literary theme].

PMID- 26978815
TI  - [Zika virus - ancient virus gets new life in a new ecosystem. Microcephaly and
      Guillain-Barre syndrome are possible consequences when there is no background
      herd immunity in the population].
AB  - Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos. The
      virus was discovered in 1947 in the Zika forest in Uganda. Symptomatic disease is
      usually mild and is characterized by maculopapular rash, headache, fever,
      arthralgia and conjunctivitis. Fatalities are rare. There is neither vaccine nor
      curative treatment available. In May 2015, the first observation of local virus
      transmission was reported from Brazil. During the expanding outbreak in the
      Americas, Zika virus infection has been associated with microcephaly in newborn
      and fetal losses in women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy. The main
      reason for the current epidemic in the Americas is the introduction of an Old
      World virus into a new ecosystem, with no background herd immunity in the
      population. It is likely that the spread of Zika virus will continue, affecting
      all countries in the Americas except for Chile and Canada.

PMID- 26978817
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26978816
TI  - [Lack of evidence for the result of "active health management"].

PMID- 26978818
TI  - [Responsibility is to choose feasible ways].

PMID- 26978819
TI  - [Reply to Carl-Gustaf Elinder: Active health management - neither new nor unknown
      intervention].

PMID- 26978821
TI  - Multi-Modal Clique-Graph Matching for View-Based 3D Model Retrieval.
AB  - Multi-view matching is an important but a challenging task in view-based 3D model
      retrieval. To address this challenge, we propose an original multi-modal clique
      graph (MCG) matching method in this paper. We systematically present a method for
      MCG generation that is composed of cliques, which consist of neighbor nodes in
      multi-modal feature space and hyper-edges that link pairwise cliques. Moreover,
      we propose an image set-based clique/edgewise similarity measure to address the
      issue of the set-to-set distance measure, which is the core problem in MCG
      matching. The proposed MCG provides the following benefits: 1) preserves the
      local and global attributes of a graph with the designed structure; 2) eliminates
      redundant and noisy information by strengthening inliers while suppressing
      outliers; and 3) avoids the difficulty of defining high-order attributes and
      solving hyper-graph matching. We validate the MCG-based 3D model retrieval using
      three popular single-modal data sets and one novel multi-modal data set.
      Extensive experiments show the superiority of the proposed method through
      comparisons. Moreover, we contribute a novel real-world 3D object data set, the
      multi-view RGB-D object data set. To the best of our knowledge, it is the largest
      real-world 3D object data set containing multi-modal and multi-view information. 

PMID- 26978820
TI  - Estimation of Virtual View Synthesis Distortion Toward Virtual View Position.
AB  - We propose an analytical model to estimate the depth-error-induced virtual view
      synthesis distortion (VVSD) in 3D video, taking the distance between reference
      and virtual views (virtual view position) into account. In particular, we start
      with a comprehensive preanalysis and discussion over several possible VVSD
      scenarios. Taking intrinsic characteristic of each scenario into consideration,
      we specifically classify them into four clusters: 1) overlapping region; 2)
      disocclusion and boundary region; 3) edge region; and 4) infrequent region. We
      propose to model VVSD as the linear combination of the distortion under different
      scenarios (DDSs) weighted by the probability under different scenarios (PDSs). We
      show analytically that DDS and PDS can be related to the virtual view position
      using quadratic/biquadratic models and linear models, respectively. Experimental
      results verify that the proposed model is capable of estimating the relationship
      between VVSD and the distance between reference and virtual views. Therefore, our
      model can be used to inform a reference view setup for capturing, or distortion
      at certain virtual view positions, when depth information is compressed. 

PMID- 26978822
TI  - Non-Iterative Rigid 2D/3D Point-Set Registration Using Semidefinite Programming.
AB  - We describe a convex programming framework for pose estimation in 2D/3D point-set
      registration with unknown point correspondences. We give two mixed-integer
      nonlinear program (MINLP) formulations of the 2D/3D registration problem when
      there are multiple 2D images, and propose convex relaxations for both the MINLPs
      to semidefinite programs that can be solved efficiently by interior point
      methods. Our approach to the 2D/3D registration problem is non-iterative in
      nature as we jointly solve for pose and correspondence. Furthermore, these convex
      programs can readily incorporate feature descriptors of points to enhance
      registration results. We prove that the convex programs exactly recover the
      solution to the MINLPs under certain noiseless condition. We apply these
      formulations to the registration of 3D models of coronary vessels to their 2D
      projections obtained from multiple intra-operative fluoroscopic images. For this
      application, we experimentally corroborate the exact recovery property in the
      absence of noise and further demonstrate robustness of the convex programs in the
      presence of noise.

PMID- 26978823
TI  - Online Nonparametric Bayesian Activity Mining and Analysis From Surveillance
      Video.
AB  - A method for online incremental mining of activity patterns from the surveillance
      video stream is presented in this paper. The framework consists of a learning
      block in which Dirichlet process mixture model is employed for the incremental
      clustering of trajectories. Stochastic trajectory pattern models are formed using
      the Gaussian process regression of the corresponding flow functions. Moreover, a
      sequential Monte Carlo method based on Rao-Blackwellized particle filter is
      proposed for tracking and online classification as well as the detection of
      abnormality during the observation of an object. Experimental results on real
      surveillance video data are provided to show the performance of the proposed
      algorithm in different tasks of trajectory clustering, classification, and
      abnormality detection. 

PMID- 26978824
TI  - Non-Local Auto-Encoder With Collaborative Stabilization for Image Restoration.
AB  - Deep neural networks have been applied to image restoration to achieve the top
      level performance. From a neuroscience perspective, the layerwise abstraction of
      knowledge in a deep neural network can, to some extent, reveal the mechanisms of
      how visual cues are processed in human brain. A pivotal property of human brain
      is that similar visual cues can stimulate the same neuron to induce similar
      neurological signals. However, conventional neural networks do not consider this
      property, and the resulting models are, as a result, unstable regarding their
      internal propagation. In this paper, we develop the (stacked) non-local auto
      encoder, which exploits self-similar information in natural images for stability.
      We propose that similar inputs should induce similar network propagation. This is
      achieved by constraining the difference between the hidden representations of non
      local similar image blocks during training. By applying the proposed model to
      image restoration, we then develop a collaborative stabilization step to further
      rectify forward propagation. To obtain a reliable deep model, we employ several
      strategies to simplify training and improve testing. Extensive image restoration
      experiments, including image denoising and super-resolution, demonstrate the
      effectiveness of the proposed method. 

PMID- 26978825
TI  - JAMA PATIENT PAGE. Opioids for Chronic Pain.

PMID- 26978827
TI  - Fast, Memory-Efficient Construction of Voxelized Shadows.
AB  - We present a fast and memory efficient algorithm for generating Compact
      Precomputed Voxelized Shadows. By performing much of the common sub-tree merging
      before identical nodes are ever created, we improve construction times by several
      orders of magnitude for large data structures, and require much less working
      memory. To further improve performance, we suggest two new algorithms with which
      the remaining common sub-trees can be merged. We also propose a new set of rules
      for resolving undefined regions, which significantly reduces the final memory
      footprint of the already heavily compressed data structure. Additionally, we
      examine the feasibility of using CPVS for many local lights and present two
      improvements to the original algorithm that allow us to handle hundreds of lights
      with high-quality, filtered shadows at real-time frame rates.

PMID- 26978829
TI  - Energetic Passivity of the Human Ankle Joint.
AB  - Understanding the passive or nonpassive behavior of the neuromuscular system is
      important to design and control robots that physically interact with humans,
      since it provides quantitative information to secure coupled stability while
      maximizing performance. This has become more important than ever apace with the
      increasing demand for robotic technologies in neurorehabilitation. This paper
      presents a quantitative characterization of passive and nonpassive behavior of
      the ankle of young healthy subjects, which provides a baseline for future studies
      in persons with neurological impairments and information for future developments
      of rehabilitation robots, such as exoskeletal devices and powered prostheses.
      Measurements using a wearable ankle robot actuating 2 degrees-of-freedom of the
      ankle combined with curl analysis and passivity analysis enabled characterization
      of both quasi-static and steady-state dynamic behavior of the ankle, unavailable
      from single DOF studies. Despite active neuromuscular control over a wide range
      of muscle activation, in young healthy subjects passive or dissipative ankle
      behavior predominated.

PMID- 26978830
TI  - Extension of Stability Radius to Neuromechanical Systems With Structured Real
      Perturbations.
AB  - The ability of humans to maintain balance about an unstable position in a
      continuously changing environment attests to the robustness of their balance
      control mechanisms to perturbations. A mathematical tool to analyze robust
      stabilization of unstable equilibria is the stability radius. Based on the pseudo
      spectra, the stability radius gives a measure to the maximum change of the system
      parameters without resulting in a loss of stability. Here, we compare stability
      radii for a model for human frontal plane balance controlled by a delayed
      proportional-derivative feedback to two types of perturbations: unstructured
      complex and weighted structured real. It is shown that: 1) narrow stance widths
      are more robust to parameter variation; 2) stability is maintained for larger
      structured real perturbations than for unstructured complex perturbations; and 3)
      the most robust derivative gain to weighted structured real perturbations is
      located near the stability boundary. It is argued that stability radii can
      effectively be used to compare different control concepts associated with human
      motor control.

PMID- 26978831
TI  - Nanowire-Based Sensors for Biological and Medical Applications.
AB  - Nanomaterials such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles have already
      led to breakthroughs in the field of biological and medical sensors. The quantum
      size effects of the nanomaterials and their similarity in size to natural and
      synthetic nanomaterials are anticipated to improve sensor sensitivity
      dramatically. Nanowires are considered as key nanomaterials because of their
      electrical controllability for accurate measurement, and chemical-friendly
      surface for various sensing applications. This review covers the working
      principles and fabrication of silicon nanowire sensors. Furthermore, we review
      their applications for the detection of viruses, biomarkers, and DNA, as well as
      for drug discovery. Advances in the performance and functionality of nanowire
      sensors are also surveyed to highlight recent progress in this area. These
      advances include the improvements in reusability, sensitivity in high ionic
      strength solvent, long-term stability, and self-powering. Overall, with the
      advantages of ultra-sensitivity and the ease of fabrication, it is expected that
      nanowires will contribute significantly to the development of biological and
      medical sensors in the immediate future.

PMID- 26978833
TI  - Neural Network Control-Based Adaptive Learning Design for Nonlinear Systems With
      Full-State Constraints.
AB  - In order to stabilize a class of uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with
      full-state constraints, an adaptive neural network control method is investigated
      in this paper. The state constraints are frequently emerged in the real-life
      plants and how to avoid the violation of state constraints is an important task.
      By introducing a barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) to every step in a backstepping
      procedure, a novel adaptive backstepping design is well developed to ensure that
      the full-state constraints are not violated. At the same time, one remarkable
      feature is that the minimal learning parameters are employed in BLF backstepping
      design. By making use of Lyapunov analysis, we can prove that all the signals in
      the closed-loop system are semiglobal uniformly ultimately bounded and the output
      is well driven to follow the desired output. Finally, a simulation is given to
      verify the effectiveness of the method.

PMID- 26978832
TI  - A Mixed-Signal VLSI System for Producing Temporally Adapting Intraspinal
      Microstimulation Patterns for Locomotion.
AB  - Neural pathways can be artificially activated through the use of electrical
      stimulation. For individuals with a spinal cord injury, intraspinal
      microstimulation, using electrical currents on the order of 125 MU A, can produce
      muscle contractions and joint torques in the lower extremities suitable for
      restoring walking. The work presented here demonstrates an integrated circuit
      implementing a state-based control strategy where sensory feedback and intrinsic
      feed forward control shape the stimulation waveforms produced on-chip. Fabricated
      in a 0.5 MU m process, the device was successfully used in vivo to produce
      walking movements in a model of spinal cord injury. This work represents progress
      towards an implantable solution to be used for restoring walking in individuals
      with spinal cord injuries.

PMID- 26978834
TI  - Action and Event Recognition in Videos by Learning From Heterogeneous Web
      Sources.
AB  - In this paper, we propose new approaches for action and event recognition by
      leveraging a large number of freely available Web videos (e.g., from Flickr video
      search engine) and Web images (e.g., from Bing and Google image search engines).
      We address this problem by formulating it as a new multi-domain adaptation
      problem, in which heterogeneous Web sources are provided. Specifically, we are
      given different types of visual features (e.g., the DeCAF features from
      Bing/Google images and the trajectory-based features from Flickr videos) from
      heterogeneous source domains and all types of visual features from the target
      domain. Considering the target domain is more relevant to some source domains, we
      propose a new approach named multi-domain adaptation with heterogeneous sources
      (MDA-HS) to effectively make use of the heterogeneous sources. In MDA-HS, we
      simultaneously seek for the optimal weights of multiple source domains, infer the
      labels of target domain samples, and learn an optimal target classifier.
      Moreover, as textual descriptions are often available for both Web videos and
      images, we propose a novel approach called MDA-HS using privileged information
      (MDA-HS+) to effectively incorporate the valuable textual information into our
      MDA-HS method, based on the recent learning using privileged information
      paradigm. MDA-HS+ can be further extended by using a new elastic-net-like
      regularization. We solve our MDA-HS and MDA-HS+ methods by using the cutting
      plane algorithm, in which a multiple kernel learning problem is derived and
      solved. Extensive experiments on three benchmark data sets demonstrate that our
      proposed approaches are effective for action and event recognition without
      requiring any labeled samples from the target domain.

PMID- 26978835
TI  - $?mu $ -Stability of Nonlinear Positive Systems With Unbounded Time-Varying
      Delays.
AB  - The stability of the zero solution plays an important role in the investigation
      of positive systems. In this brief, we discuss the MU -stability of positive
      nonlinear systems with unbounded time-varying delays. The system is modeled by
      the continuous-time ordinary differential equation. Under some assumptions on the
      nonlinear functions, such as homogeneous, cooperative, and nondecreasing, we
      propose a novel transform, by which the nonlinear system reduces to a new system.
      Thus, we analyze its dynamics, which can simplify the nonlinear homogenous
      functions with respect to the arbitrary dilation map to those with respect to the
      standard dilation map. We finally get some new criteria for the global MU 
      stability taking the degree into consideration. A numerical example is given to
      demonstrate the validity of obtained results.

PMID- 26978836
TI  - Holographic Graph Neuron: A Bioinspired Architecture for Pattern Processing.
AB  - In this paper, we propose a new approach to implementing hierarchical graph
      neuron (HGN), an architecture for memorizing patterns of generic sensor stimuli,
      through the use of vector symbolic architectures. The adoption of a vector
      symbolic representation ensures a single-layer design while retaining the
      existing performance characteristics of HGN. This approach significantly improves
      the noise resistance of the HGN architecture, and enables a linear (with respect
      to the number of stored entries) time search for an arbitrary subpattern.

PMID- 26978837
TI  - Sequential Nonlinear Learning for Distributed Multiagent Systems via Extreme
      Learning Machines.
AB  - We study online nonlinear learning over distributed multiagent systems, where
      each agent employs a single hidden layer feedforward neural network (SLFN)
      structure to sequentially minimize arbitrary loss functions. In particular, each
      agent trains its own SLFN using only the data that is revealed to itself. On the
      other hand, the aim of the multiagent system is to train the SLFN at each agent
      as well as the optimal centralized batch SLFN that has access to all the data, by
      exchanging information between neighboring agents. We address this problem by
      introducing a distributed subgradient-based extreme learning machine algorithm.
      The proposed algorithm provides guaranteed upper bounds on the performance of the
      SLFN at each agent and shows that each of these individual SLFNs asymptotically
      achieves the performance of the optimal centralized batch SLFN. Our performance
      guarantees explicitly distinguish the effects of data- and network-dependent
      parameters on the convergence rate of the proposed algorithm. The experimental
      results illustrate that the proposed algorithm achieves the oracle performance
      significantly faster than the state-of-the-art methods in the machine learning
      and signal processing literature. Hence, the proposed method is highly appealing
      for the applications involving big data.

PMID- 26978838
TI  - Robust Object Tracking via Key Patch Sparse Representation.
AB  - Many conventional computer vision object tracking methods are sensitive to
      partial occlusion and background clutter. This is because the partial occlusion
      or little background information may exist in the bounding box, which tends to
      cause the drift. To this end, in this paper, we propose a robust tracker based on
      key patch sparse representation (KPSR) to reduce the disturbance of partial
      occlusion or unavoidable background information. Specifically, KPSR first uses
      patch sparse representations to get the patch score of each patch. Second, KPSR
      proposes a selection criterion of key patch to judge the patches within the
      bounding box and select the key patch according to its location and occlusion
      case. Third, KPSR designs the corresponding contribution factor for the sampled
      patches to emphasize the contribution of the selected key patches. Comparing the
      KPSR with eight other contemporary tracking methods on 13 benchmark video data
      sets, the experimental results show that the KPSR tracker outperforms classical
      or state-of-the-art tracking methods in the presence of partial occlusion,
      background clutter, and illumination change.

PMID- 26978839
TI  - Task Sensitive Feature Exploration and Learning for Multitask Graph
      Classification.
AB  - Multitask learning (MTL) is commonly used for jointly optimizing multiple
      learning tasks. To date, all existing MTL methods have been designed for tasks
      with feature-vector represented instances, but cannot be applied to structure
      data, such as graphs. More importantly, when carrying out MTL, existing methods
      mainly focus on exploring overall commonality or disparity between tasks for
      learning, but cannot explicitly capture task relationships in the feature space,
      so they are unable to answer important questions, such as what exactly is shared
      between tasks and what is the uniqueness of one task differing from others? In
      this paper, we formulate a new multitask graph learning problem, and propose a
      task sensitive feature exploration and learning algorithm for multitask graph
      classification. Because graphs do not have features available, we advocate a task
      sensitive feature exploration and learning paradigm to jointly discover
      discriminative subgraph features across different tasks. In addition, a feature
      learning process is carried out to categorize each subgraph feature into one of
      three categories: (1) common feature; (2) task auxiliary feature; and (3) task
      specific feature, indicating whether the feature is shared by all tasks, by a
      subset of tasks, or by only one specific task, respectively. The feature learning
      and the multiple task learning are iteratively optimized to form a multitask
      graph classification model with a global optimization goal. Experiments on real
      world functional brain analysis and chemical compound categorization demonstrate
      the algorithm's performance. Results confirm that our method can be used to
      explicitly capture task correlations and uniqueness in the feature space, and
      explicitly answer what are shared between tasks and what is the uniqueness of a
      specific task.

PMID- 26978840
TI  - A Robust and Fast Method for Sidescan Sonar Image Segmentation Using Nonlocal
      Despeckling and Active Contour Model.
AB  - Sidescan sonar image segmentation is a very important issue in underwater object
      detection and recognition. In this paper, a robust and fast method for sidescan
      sonar image segmentation is proposed, which deals with both speckle noise and
      intensity inhomogeneity that may cause considerable difficulties in image
      segmentation. The proposed method integrates the nonlocal means-based speckle
      filtering (NLMSF), coarse segmentation using k -means clustering, and fine
      segmentation using an improved region-scalable fitting (RSF) model. The NLMSF is
      used before the segmentation to effectively remove speckle noise while preserving
      meaningful details such as edges and fine features, which can make the
      segmentation easier and more accurate. After despeckling, a coarse segmentation
      is obtained by using k -means clustering, which can reduce the number of
      iterations. In the fine segmentation, to better deal with possible intensity
      inhomogeneity, an edge-driven constraint is combined with the RSF model, which
      can not only accelerate the convergence speed but also avoid trapping into local
      minima. The proposed method has been successfully applied to both noisy and
      inhomogeneous sonar images. Experimental and comparative results on real and
      synthetic sonar images demonstrate that the proposed method is robust against
      noise and intensity inhomogeneity, and is also fast and accurate.

PMID- 26978843
TI  - All It Takes Is Vision: Synthetic Biology Opens the Doors to Vast Possibilities:
      "Ideas Just Pop Into Your Head".
AB  - Traditional genetic engineering has for several decades enabled the cutting and
      pasting of DNA from one place to another, allowing for all kinds of developments:
      giving bacteria the ability to make insulin, making crops pesticide-resistant,
      and increasing the size of food animals, to name but a few. 

PMID- 26978841
TI  - Modeled Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Exposure and Liver Function in a Mid-Ohio
      Valley Community.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA or C8) has hepatotoxic effects in
      animals. Cross-sectional epidemiologic studies suggest PFOA is associated with
      liver injury biomarkers. OBJECTIVES: We estimated associations between modeled
      historical PFOA exposures and liver injury biomarkers and medically validated
      liver disease. METHODS: Participants completed surveys during 2008-2011 reporting
      demographic, medical, and residential history information. Self-reported liver
      disease, including hepatitis, fatty liver, enlarged liver and cirrhosis, was
      validated with healthcare providers. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma
      glutamyltransferase (GGT) and direct bilirubin, markers of liver toxicity, were
      obtained from blood samples collected in the C8 Health Project (2005-2006).
      Historically modeled PFOA exposure, estimated using environmental fate and
      transport models and participant residential histories, was analyzed in relation
      to liver biomarkers (n = 30,723, including 1,892 workers) and liver disease (n =
      32,254, including 3,713 workers). RESULTS: Modeled cumulative serum PFOA was
      positively associated with ALT levels (p for trend < 0.0001), indicating possible
      liver toxicity. An increase from the first to the fifth quintile of cumulative
      PFOA exposure was associated with a 6% increase in ALT levels (95% CI: 4, 8%) and
      a 16% increased odds of having above-normal ALT (95% CI: odds ratio: 1.02,
      1.33%). There was no indication of association with either elevated direct
      bilirubin or GGT; however, PFOA was associated with decreased direct bilirubin.
      We observed no evidence of an effect of cumulative exposure (with or without a 10
      year lag) on all liver disease (n = 647 cases), nor on enlarged liver, fatty
      liver, and cirrhosis only (n = 427 cases). CONCLUSION: Results are consistent
      with previous cross-sectional studies showing association between PFOA and ALT, a
      marker of hepatocellular damage. We did not observe evidence that PFOA increases
      the risk of clinically diagnosed liver disease. CITATION: Darrow LA, Groth AC,
      Winquist A, Shin HM, Bartell SM, Steenland K. 2016. Modeled perfluorooctanoic
      acid (PFOA) exposure and liver function in a Mid-Ohio Valley community. Environ
      Health Perspect 124:1227-1233; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510391.

PMID- 26978844
TI  - The Engineer?s Take on Biology : The Godfather of Synthetic Biology Watched the
      Field Evolve and Continues to Expect Big Things.
AB  - Tom Knight may laugh when someone calls him the ?godfather of synthetic biology,?
      but his ideas have helped spur a worldwide movement to look at biology with an
      engineer?s eye. 

PMID- 26978845
TI  - Cell Break: How Cell-Free Biology Is Finally Putting the Engineering Back in
      Bioengineering.
AB  - In 2011, the California-based company Genomatica reported its success in rigging
      Escherichia coli microbes to convert sugar into the industrial chemical 1,4
      butanediol (BDO). It was a feat of metabolic engineering: BDO is a key ingredient
      in the production of goods like running shoes, solvents, and spandex. At the time
      of the company?s announcement, 2.8 billion tons of BDO were produced every year
      in a multistep, fossil fuel-based process. Genomatica?s system neatly reduced all
      of that into a cheap, sustainable, one-step fermentation process. The company
      spent another year refining its technique and finally went commercial with the
      platform in late 2012. From start to commercialization, the process took about
      five years. 

PMID- 26978842
TI  - Prioritizing Environmental Chemicals for Obesity and Diabetes Outcomes Research:
      A Screening Approach Using ToxCastTM High-Throughput Data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes and obesity are major threats to public health in the United
      States and abroad. Understanding the role that chemicals in our environment play
      in the development of these conditions is an emerging issue in environmental
      health, although identifying and prioritizing chemicals for testing beyond those
      already implicated in the literature is challenging. This review is intended to
      help researchers generate hypotheses about chemicals that may contribute to
      diabetes and to obesity-related health outcomes by summarizing relevant findings
      from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCastTM high-throughput
      screening (HTS) program. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to develop new hypotheses around
      environmental chemicals of potential interest for diabetes- or obesity-related
      outcomes using high-throughput screening data. METHODS: We identified ToxCastTM
      assay targets relevant to several biological processes related to diabetes and
      obesity (insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue, pancreatic islet and beta cell
      function, adipocyte differentiation, and feeding behavior) and presented chemical
      screening data against those assay targets to identify chemicals of potential
      interest. DISCUSSION: The results of this screening-level analysis suggest that
      the spectrum of environmental chemicals to consider in research related to
      diabetes and obesity is much broader than indicated by research papers and
      reviews published in the peer-reviewed literature. Testing hypotheses based on
      ToxCastTM data will also help assess the predictive utility of this HTS platform.
      CONCLUSIONS: More research is required to put these screening-level analyses into
      context, but the information presented in this review should facilitate the
      development of new hypotheses. CITATION: Auerbach S, Filer D, Reif D, Walker V,
      Holloway AC, Schlezinger J, Srinivasan S, Svoboda D, Judson R, Bucher JR, Thayer
      KA. 2016. Prioritizing environmental chemicals for obesity and diabetes outcomes
      research: a screening approach using ToxCastTM high-throughput data. Environ
      Health Perspect 124:1141-1154; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510456.

PMID- 26978846
TI  - The CRISPR Conundrum: As Millions of Dollars Flow into Developing the Gene
      Editing Tool, Scientists Continue to Discover the Technology's Potential and
      Pitfalls.
AB  - We are in the midst of a CRISPR craze. The last five years have seen the
      publication of over 1,000 scientific papers, the allocation of millions of
      research dollars, and the establishment of four start-up companies in the United
      States alone. Internationally, the genome-editing market, fueled by CRISPR
      technology, is expected to be worth more than US$3,000 million by 2019. 

PMID- 26978847
TI  - Organs-on-Chips: How Microsystems Technology Can Transform the Drug Development
      Process.
AB  - The drug development pipeline, once one of the most successful and lucrative
      commercial sectors in the United States, is now strained by a combination of
      factors: increased development costs, lengthy time lines, and the poor predictive
      power of preclinical studies, among others. These factors, in combination with
      the need to respond to newly evolving demands?including the trend toward
      personalized or precision medicine, rising rates for many chronic diseases, and
      continued threats from emerging infectious diseases?are placing extraordinary
      pressure on an already strained development process. 

PMID- 26978848
TI  - The Clinical Utility of Circulationg Tumor Cells: Analysis of These Cells May
      Have the Potential to Assist with Screening and Diagnosing Cancer.
AB  - Clinicians have long sought rapid and accurate methods to screen for and track
      the progression of cancer. Current technologies include the use of blood tests to
      screen for certain biomarkers such as PSA level as an indication of prostate
      cancer (although there are often problems with the sensitivity and specificity of
      such tests), along with imaging methods such as computed tomography or magnetic
      resonance imaging (imaging tests however, often require patients to have tumors
      above a certain size?usually about 1 cm?to yield positive results). 

PMID- 26978849
TI  - Putting a Number on Pain: Technology Has an Increased Role in Measuring
      Subjective Symptoms in Clinical Trials.
AB  - Will new technologies substantially change the way subjective complaints are
      measured in clinical trials, and, if so, by how much? Depending on the expert
      consulted, the answer ranges from a little to a lot. 

PMID- 26978850
TI  - New Trends in Clinical Trials: A Conversation with Pfizer's Craig Lipset.
AB  - Technological advances, such as electronic data capture and the prevalence of Wi
      Fi connectivity, are driving changes in how clinical trials are conducted and
      analyzed. As the power to track and analyze data expands, clinical trials are
      becoming more efficient and objective, and patient experiences are improved. 

PMID- 26978851
TI  - The Problem of False Discovery: Many Scientific Results Can't Be Replicated,
      Leading to Serious Questions about What's True and False in the World of
      Research.
AB  - Is there a Cheshire Cat in science? One might believe so, given the many
      published scientific discoveries that cannot be independently reproduced. The
      ?replication crisis? in science has become a widely discussed issue among
      scientists and the lay media and even has its own entry in Wikipedia. 

PMID- 26978853
TI  - Brain-Inspired Machines: What, Exactly, Are We Looking For?
AB  - In the computing community, people look at the brain as the ultimate computer.
      Brain-inspired machines are believed to be more efficient than the traditional
      Von Neumann computing paradigm, which has been the dominant computing model since
      the dawn of computing. More recently, however, there have been many claims made
      regarding attempts to build brain-inspired machines. But one question, in
      particular, needs to be thoroughly considered before we embark on creating these
      so-called brain-inspired machines: Inspired by what, exactly? Do we want to build
      a full replica of the human brain, assuming we have the required technology? 

PMID- 26978852
TI  - What Is the Distance Between Objects in a Data Set?: A Brief Review of Distance
      and Similarity Measures for Data Analysis.
AB  - Digitally recorded data have become another critical natural resource in our
      current research environment. This reality is one of the tremendous victories for
      decades of research in computer engineering, computer science, electronics, and
      communications. While this scenario will continue to be the case in the future,
      our current era has also marked the beginning of another unstoppable activity
      that is intimately related to digitally stored data: extracting knowledge and
      information from such data. Digital data are recorded in different forms and at
      unprecedented scales. Examples include database tables in every business entity;
      Tweets; e-mails and text documents; audio and speech signals; seismic data
      (recorded as temporal multidimensional tensors); video data (possibly stored with
      other modalities such as audio and captions); graphs representing relations and
      interactions among different entities (links among web documents, users on social
      networks, devices on computer networks, or gene interaction networks); and
      images, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and more. Because
      of their different forms and structures, throughout this article, each datum in a
      data set will be referred to as an object.Digitally recorded data have become
      another critical natural resource in our current research environment. This
      reality is one of the tremendous victories for decades of research in computer
      engineering, computer science, electronics, and communications. While this
      scenario will continue to be the case in the future, our current era has also
      marked the beginning of another unstoppable activity that is intimately related
      to digitally stored data: extracting knowledge and information from such data.
      Digital data are recorded in different forms and at unprecedented scales.
      Examples include database tables in every business entity; Tweets; e-mails and
      text documents; audio and speech signals; seismic data (recorded as temporal
      multidimensional tensors); video data (possibly stored with other modalities such
      as audio and captions); graphs representing relations and interactions among
      different entities (links among web documents, users on social networks, devices
      on computer networks, or gene interaction networks); and images, including
      functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and more. Because of their different
      forms and structures, throughout this article, each datum in a data set will be
      referred to as an object. 

PMID- 26978854
TI  - Could Al-Zahrawi Be Considered a Biomedical Engineer? [Retrospectroscope].
AB  - In one?s career, it is good to look back at the predecessors in the field.
      Biomedical engineering history is full of hidden treasures, one of whom is Al
      Zahrawi, a Muslim surgeon who had a wide reputation in Europe during the Middle
      Ages. Herein, besides recalling that he was a surgeon, the intent is to spotlight
      his talent in biomedical engineering. Important contributions in surgical
      instruments come up readily in a review of his work, contradicting the view some
      have maintained of him as a mere compiler. He was a true inventor, creating many
      surgical instruments that were not known in the Greco-Roman era. Quite early, he
      produced contributions influencing surgical procedures in Europe from the 14th to
      the 18th centuries. As a problem solver, he was aware of anatomical and
      physiological problems, and he moved through design, methods of manufacturing,
      and practical applications. The illustrations of such instruments in his
      encyclopedic work, Al-Tasrif, reflect his willingness to teach. 

PMID- 26978855
TI  - Calling All Nursing Students: How Much Wound Care is in Your Future?
AB  - This month, more than 2,000 student nurses and nursing faculty will attend the
      National Student Nurses Association Annual Convention in Orlando, FL. Thinking
      about this event presents the perfect time for student nurses, faculty, clinical
      instructors, and preceptors--anyone involved in wound prevention and care
      practice or education--to look ahead and ponder the future of nursing in general
      and wound care nursing in particular.

PMID- 26978856
TI  - A Prospective, Descriptive Study to Assess the Clinical Benefits of Using
      Calendula officinalis Hydroglycolic Extract for the Topical Treatment of Diabetic
      Foot Ulcers.
AB  - Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have a significant impact on patient quality of life.
      A prospective, descriptive pilot study was conducted between May 2012 and
      December 2013 through the dermatology outpatient unit in a Brazilian hospital to
      evaluate the clinical benefits of using Calendula officinalis hydroglycolic
      extract in the treatment of DFUs. Patients diagnosed with a stable neuropathic
      ulcer of >3 months' duration; ranging in size from 0.5-40 cm(2); without
      osteomyelitis, gangrene, bone exposure, cancer, or deep tissue infection; ages 18
      90 years; with adequate glycemic control and no history of an allergy to C.
      officinalis were enrolled. Patients provided demographic and diabetes-related
      information and were evaluated biweekly for 30 weeks or until healing (ie, full
      epithelialization with no wound drainage). DFUs were measured and clinically
      examined for microbiological flora and presence of odor, tissue type (eg,
      granulation, fibrin sloth, necrosis), exudate, and retraction rate using
      planimetry images. Patients' blood tests and neuropathic pain assessment (the
      latter by clinician-directed questionnaire) were performed at baseline and the
      end of treatment; pain also was assessed during dressing changes using a 10-point
      rating scale. Patients' ulcers were treated twice daily with C. officinalis
      hydroglycolic extract spray solution and covered with saline-moistened, sterile,
      nonadherent gauze and bandages followed by foot offloading with adequate
      protective footwear. Patients received their first treatment in the clinic then
      performed care at home. From a potential population of 109 patients, 25 did not
      meet the inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 84 participants enrolled, 43
      withdrew before study completion; cited reasons included lost to follow-up (16),
      medical judgment (2), failure to attend >3 scheduled visits (17), protocol
      violation (5), and death (3). Forty-one (41) - 17 women, average age 62 years
      (range 44-82 years), average glycemic level 153 mg/dL (range 82-395 mg/dL), most
      (34) with Wagner type 1 ulcers--completed the study. The proportions of patients
      who achieved complete wound closure after 11, 20, and 30 weeks of treatment was
      54%, 68%, and 78%, respectively; mean healing time was 15.5 +/- 6.7 weeks. When
      individual weekly healing rates (the percentage reduction in wound area per week)
      were corrected for variability in initial DFU area, the values were nearly 6-fold
      higher for complete wound closure (7.8% +/- 3.6%) than for incomplete wound
      closure (1.4% +/- 0.7%) (Student t-test; P = 0.001). After 30 weeks of treatment,
      the number of colonized wounds decreased from 29 at baseline to 5, and the number
      of odorous wounds decreased from 19 to 1. Ulcer bed planimetry data showed a
      significant reduction in the amount of exudate, fibrin slough, and necrotic
      tissue after the treatment with C. officinalis hydroglycolic extract (chi(2)
      test; P = 0.001). No adverse events were observed during treatment. The study
      findings suggest C. officinalis extract is safe and has a beneficial effect on
      DFU healing. Randomized, controlled studies using C. officinalis hydroglycolic
      extract are warranted to confirm its safety and establish its clinical efficacy
      and effectiveness for the topical treatment of DFUs.

PMID- 26978857
TI  - The Effects of Argan Oil in Second-degree Burn Wound Healing in Rats.
AB  - Argan oil, produced from the kernels of the argan tree (Argania spinosa), has
      been shown to have antioxidant properties. To examine the effect of argan oil in
      second-degree burn wound healing, an in vivo experiment was conducted among 30
      adult male Wistar rats divided into 5 equal groups: a sham group, a control group
      (burned but no topical agent), a group in which argan oil was applied once a day,
      a group in which argan oil was applied twice a day, and a group treated with 1%
      silver sulfadiazine once a day. Second-degree burns were created by scalding hot
      water (85 C for 15 seconds). Treatment began 24 hours after the burn injury; in
      the argan oil groups, 1 mL of argan oil was administered via syringe to the
      wound. The rate of wound healing was quantified by wound measurements on days 1,
      7, and 14 after burn injury. Tissues were analyzed for molecular and histologic
      changes in TGF-beta expression and fibroblast activity. Percent contraction of
      burned skin tissue was determined using the stereo investigator program, which
      calculated the burn field to the millimeter. Means (SD) were calculated and
      compared using Duncan's multiple comparison test. The group receiving argan oil
      twice daily showed significantly increased mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 from 39.66-
      to 58.70-fold compared to the burn control group on day 14 (P less than 0.05).
      Both argan oil-treated groups showed significantly increased contraction compared
      to the burn control group at all 3 timepoints; the group receiving argan oil
      twice daily had a greater contraction rate (31% on day 7, 76% on day 14) than the
      silver sulfadiazine group (22% on day 7, 69% on day 14), (P less than 0.05).
      Histopathological assessments on days 3, 7, and 14 showed greater
      healing/contraction in both argan oil and silver sulfadiazine groups compared to
      the control group. These results suggest argan oil is effective in healing
      experimentally created second-degree burns in rats. Prospective, randomized,
      controlled clinical studies are needed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and
      effectiveness of this treatment modality for patients with second-degree burn
      wounds. 

PMID- 26978858
TI  - Silver-Collagen Dressing and High-voltage, Pulsed-current Therapy for the
      Treatment of Chronic Full-thickness Wounds: A Case Series.
AB  - Research suggests high-voltage, pulsed-current electric therapy (HVPC) is safe
      and effective for treating chronic wounds, and some data suggest silver- and
      collagen-based dressings may facilitate healing. A combination therapy utilizing
      both HVPC and silver-collagen dressing may present clinical advantages. To
      explore the effect of the combined therapy for chronic full-thickness wounds, a
      prospective, consecutive case series study was conducted. All participants were
      adults with wounds of at least 6 weeks' duration. After obtaining informed
      consent, patient and wound characteristics were obtained, wounds were assessed
      and measured, and patients received 2 to 3 HVPC treatments per week followed by
      application of the silver- and collagen-based dressing for a period of 2 weeks.
      Data were analyzed descriptively, and changes in wound size and volume from
      baseline were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The dressings were
      saturated with normal saline, used simultaneously during the 45-minute HVPC
      treatment, and left on top of the wound after treatment. The HVPC electro pads
      (stainless steel electrodes with a sponge interface) also were moistened with
      normal saline and the cathode placed on top of the wound. If the patient had more
      than 1 wound on the same leg, the anode was placed on the additional wound
      (otherwise over the intact skin nearby). Secondary dressings (eg, foam and/ or
      gauze) were used as clinically appropriate, and a 4-layer compression wrap was
      used, if indicated, for patients with venous ulcers. Ten (10) patients (3 women,
      7 men, 57.30 +/- 9.70 years old with 14 wounds of 273.10 +/- 292.03 days'
      duration before study) completed the study and were included in the final
      analyses. Average wound surface area decreased from 13.78 +/- 21.35 cm(2) to 9.07
      +/- 16.81 cm(2) (42.52% +/- 34.16% decrease, P = 0.002) and wound volume
      decreased from 3.39 +/- 4.31 cm(3) to 1.28 +/- 2.25 cm(3) (66.84% +/- 25.07%
      decrease, P = 0.001). One (1) patient was discharged with complete wound closure.
      No serious adverse events were noted, but a diagnosis of osteomyelitis in 1
      patient and increased pain in a patient with significant Reynaud's syndrome
      suggest clinicians should be cautious using HVPC in these instances. The combined
      intervention utilizing both HVPC and silver-collagen dressing was effective in
      the treatment of chronic fullthickness wounds in this patient population.
      Controlled clinical studies of longer duration are needed to further explore the
      safety, effectiveness, and efficacy of this treatment.

PMID- 26978859
TI  - Salmonella Abscess of the Anterior Chest Wall in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes
      and Poor Glycemic Control: A Case Report.
AB  - Salmonella can cause extra-intestinal focal infections as well as
      gastrointestinal problems. A few cases of Salmonella skin and soft tissue
      infection have been documented in immunocompromised patients such as persons with
      type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control. A case study is presented of a 30-year
      old man with a 10-year history of poorly controlled (HbA1C 11.7%) diabetes
      mellitus who presented with a ruptured nodule resulting in a wound with signs of
      infection over his anterior chest region of 1-month duration. He had been taking
      amoxycillin/clavulanate for the week previous to presentation at the authors'
      facility. Following sharp debridement, the ulcerative wound deteriorated and a
      chest wall abscess developed. Bacterial culture results were positive for
      Salmonella group D, resistant to ampicillin and susceptible to ceftriaxone and
      ciprofloxacin. The patient underwent surgical debridement, resulting in a wound 7
      cm x 4 cm, and was provided ceftriaxone 2.0 g intravenously daily along with
      insulin therapy. After surgical debridement, a local rotational flap was created
      for wound closure and reconstruction. The patient was discharged 1 week later on
      oral antibiotic therapy for 1 week. His wound was completely healed without
      recurrence at his 4-month follow-up. For this patient, addressing glycemic
      issues, identifying the infectious organism, and providing appropriate therapy,
      radical debridement, and flap surgery helped heal an advanced soft tissue
      infection. In immunocompromised patients with skin or soft tissue infections, the
      presence of Salmonella should be considered. 

PMID- 26978860
TI  - A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Controlled Evaluation of the Use of
      Dehydrated Amniotic Membrane Allograft Compared to Standard of Care for the
      Closure of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcer.
AB  - Delayed closure of foot ulcers is a primary factor leading to lower extremity
      amputation in patients with diabetes, creating great demand for products or
      therapies to accelerate the rate of wound closure in this population. This study
      (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02209051) was designed to evaluate dehydrated
      amniotic membrane allograft (DAMA) (AMNIOEXCEL, Derma Sciences Inc, Princeton,
      NJ) plus standard of care (SOC) compared to SOC alone for the closure of chronic
      diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, open-label,
      randomized, parallel group trial was implemented at 8 clinical sites in the
      United States. Eligibility criteria included adults with type 1 or type 2
      diabetes mellitus who have 1 or more ulcers with a Wagner classification of grade
      1 or superficial 2 measuring between 1 cm2 and 25 cm2 in area, presenting for
      more than 1 month with no signs of infection/osteomyelitis; ABI > 0.7; HbA1c Less
      than 12%; and serum creatinine less than 3.0 mg/dL. Eligible subjects were
      randomized (1:1) to receive either SOC alone (n = 14) or DAMA+SOC (n = 15) until
      wound closure or 6 weeks, whichever occurred first. The endpoint was the
      proportion of subjects with complete wound closure (defined as complete
      reepithelialization without drainage or need for dressings). RESULTS: Thirty-five
      percent of subjects in the DAMA+SOC cohort achieved complete wound closure at or
      before week 6, compared with 0% of the SOC alone cohort (intent-to-treat
      population, P = 0.017). There was a more robust response noted in the per
      protocol population, with 45.5% of subjects in the DAMA+SOC cohort achieving
      complete wound closure, while 0% of SOC-alone subjects achieved complete closure
      (P = 0.0083). No treatment-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: The
      results suggest DAMA is safe and effective in the management of DFUs, but
      additional research is needed.

PMID- 26978861
TI  - Hyaluronic Acid in Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (HA), the main component of extracellular matrix, is considered
      one of the key players in the tissue regeneration process. It has been proven to
      modulate via specific HA receptors, inflammation, cellular migration, and
      angiogenesis, which are the main phases of wound healing. Studies have revealed
      that most HA properties depend on its molecular size. High molecular weight HA
      displays anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, whereas low
      molecular weight HA is a potent proinflammatory molecule. In this review, the
      authors summarize the role of HA polymers of different molecular weight in tissue
      regeneration and provide a short overview of main cellular receptors involved in
      HA signaling. In addition, the role of HA in 2 major steps of wound healing is
      examined: inflammation and the angiogenesis process. Finally, the antioxidative
      properties of HA are discussed and its possible clinical implication presented. 

PMID- 26978862
TI  - Diabetic Foot Infection in Morocco: Microbiological Profile.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work is to describe the microbiology of diabetic
      foot infections (DFIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors included all samples
      of infected diabetic foot ulcers between January 2009 and June 2014 at the
      Mohammed Vth Military Teaching Hospital of Rabat, Morocco. RESULTS: The
      researchers collected 199 samples corresponding to 157 patients. The mean age of
      the patients was 59 years +/- 12 years. Of the collected samples, deep samples
      represented 41% and swab samples 59%. Direct examination indicated anaerobic
      infection in 32% of the cases. There were 307 bacteria isolates from both deep
      and swab samples. There was no statistically significant association between the
      sampling method and isolate species (P = 0.237). Enterobacteriaceae,
      Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp, nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli
      (NFGNB), and Enterococcus sp represented 31.8%, 12.6 %, 12.3%, 11.7%, and 8.7% of
      the isolates, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus represented 4.7% of
      S. aureus isolates. Enterobacteriaceae and NFGNB-producing extended spectrum beta
      lactamases represented 14.1% and 5.1%, respectively, with isolates producing
      carabapenemase representing 3.8% and 38.5%. Piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem,
      and ciprofloxacin resistance concerned 7.5%, 4.7%, and 25.5%, respectively, of
      isolated Enterobacteriaceae, and 35.9%, 30.7%, and 35.9% of NFGNB. Low
      susceptibility to beta-lactams was found in 4.9% of Streptococcus sp isolates and
      4.9% of Streptococcus sp isolates were resistant to moxifloxacin. CONCLUSION:
      Gram-negative bacilli are responsible for 43% of DFIs, and multidrug-resistant
      GNB is a challenging issue in DFI management. The sampling method doesn't seem to
      impact the bacteriological profile; however, this finding must be confirmed with
      further study.

PMID- 26978863
TI  - Comparison of the Effects of Plateletrich Plasma Prepared in Various Forms on the
      Healing of Dermal Wounds in Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of 3 different forms
      of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the healing process, wound healing rate, and
      histopathological changes that occur during recovery of open dermal wounds.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 2 cm x 1 cm full-thickness skin defect was made on the
      backs of 40 Wistar female rats that were divided into 4 groups of 10. In group 1
      (control group), the wounds were cleaned with saline; in group 2, the wounds were
      covered with PRP gel obtained by single centrifugation; in group 3, the wounds
      were covered with liquid PRP obtained by double centrifugation; and in group 4,
      PRP gel obtained by double centrifugation with added thrombin was applied on the
      dermal wounds. All treatments were applied on postoperative days 1, 4, 7, and 10.
      RESULTS: In all PRP groups, the wound closure was almost complete on day 14 while
      the wound contraction progressed more slowly in the control group. The mean
      histopathological scores of epithelialization, inflammation, and fibrosis were
      significantly better in all PRP groups than the scores in the control group.
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, although all PRP preparations had positive effects on
      dermal wound healing, double centrifuged PRP topical treatments (with or without
      thrombin activation) are more effective than single centrifuged PRP, and double
      centrifugation methods should be preferred for the preparation of PRP.

PMID- 26978864
TI  - Estrogenic properties of spices of the traditional Cameroonian dish "Nkui" in
      ovariectomized Wistar rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Besides the basic role to flavor and color foods, several health
      benefits have been attributed to spices. The traditional Cameroonian food "Nkui"
      is prepared using several spices (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr., Capsicum
      frutescens Linn., Fagara leprieurii Guill. et Perr., Fagara tessmannii Engl.,
      Mondia whitei Hook. F. Skell., Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baill., Solanum gilo
      Raddi., Tetrapleura tetraptera Taub. and Xylopia parviflora A. Rich. Benthane)
      that are believed to have a positive impact on the female reproductive
      physiology. Aiming to determine the potential effect of this food on the female
      reproductive tract, we evaluated the estrogenic properties of aqueous and ethanol
      extracts of Nkui using a 3-day uterotrophic assay in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
      METHODS: OVX female Wistar rats were randomly separated in several groups of five
      animals each and submitted to a 3-day uterotrophic assay (per os). At the end of
      treatment, animals were sacrificed and uterus, vagina and mammary gland collected
      and fixed in 10 % formalin for histological analysis. RESULTS: These extracts
      increased the uterine wet weight, the uterine and vaginal epithelial heights, and
      the lumen and diameter of alveoli in the mammary glands. They also altered the
      estradiol-induced increase of uterine wet weight. The dichloromethane and
      methanol fractions of the ethanol extract exhibited estrogenic properties as well
      by increasing uterine and vaginal endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest
      that the spices of "Nkui" contain estrogenic phytoconstituents and this
      traditional food may be considered as functional.

PMID- 26978865
TI  - AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to review the current knowledge on Age
      Related Macular Degeneration, including pathogenesis, ocular manifestations,
      diagnosis and ancillary testing. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW METHODOLOGY: Relevant
      publications on Age-Related Macular Degeneration that were published until 2014.
      CONCLUSIONS: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common macular disease
      affecting elderly people in the Western world. It is characterized by the
      appearance of drusen in the macula, accompanied by choroidal neovascularization
      (CNV) or geographic atrophy.

PMID- 26978866
TI  - NOVELTIES IN MEDICAL TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to review the current medical treatment and the new
      and better alternatives for patients with glaucoma. Glaucoma refers to a group of
      related eye disorders that have in common an optic neuropathy associated with
      visual function loss. It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness
      worldwide. Glaucoma can damage vision gradually so it may not be noticed until
      the disease is at an advanced stage. Early diagnosis and treatment can minimize
      or prevent optic nerve damage and limit glaucoma-related vision loss. Nowadays,
      research continues for the improvement of current medical treatment.

PMID- 26978868
TI  - THE LIABILITY FORMS OF THE MEDICAL PERSONNEL.
AB  - Current legislation, namely Law no. 95/2006 on healthcare reform in the medical
      malpractice domain stipulates that medical staff can be held accountable in the
      following forms: disciplinary liability, administrative liability, civil
      liability and criminal liability. Each form of legal liability presents its
      features, aspects that are found mainly in the procedural rules. However, the
      differences between the various legal forms of liability are not met only in the
      procedural rules but also in their effects and consequences. It is necessary to
      know what the procedure for disciplinary responsibility, administrative
      liability, civil liability, or criminal liability is. In addition to the
      differentiation determined by the consequences that may arise from the different
      forms of legal liability, it is important to know the competent authorities to
      investigate a case further and the solutions which various public institutions
      can take regarding the medical staff. Depending on the type of legal liability,
      authorities have a specialized authority. If the Disciplinary Committee is
      encountered at the College of Physicians, it may not intervene in cases before
      the monitoring and competence for malpractice cases Committee. The latter two
      committees cannot intervene directly in the legal assessment of civil or criminal
      cases, as no criminal investigation authorities cannot intervene in strictly
      civilian cases. Therefore, the importance of knowing the competent institutions
      is imperative.

PMID- 26978867
TI  - THE PATHOGENY OF PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY.
AB  - Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most important complication of
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and the main cause of RRD surgery
      failure. This is a review of recent literature data, which concerns PVR pathogeny
      and risk factors. The occurrence of pre- and subretinal membranes is a
      consequence of retinal pigment epithelial cells activation and migration, with
      concomitant participation of inflammatory cells. The newly synthesized
      extracellular matrix interacts with cells promoting membrane contraction.
      Photoreceptor apoptosis limits functional recovery--but there is ongoing research
      for neuroprotective mechanisms. A lot of evidence has been accumulated about the
      role of growth factors (PDGF, VEGF, HGF, EGF, TGF alpha and beta, G-CSF, FGF, IGF
      1,CTGF), cytokines (interleukins IL-1, -6, -8, -10 and interferon gamma), matrix
      metalloproteinases and chemokines, by measuring their concentrations in the
      vitreous or the subretinal fluid of PVR patients. A list of risk factors (common
      or more controversial) may help the surgeon make the best approach for the
      management of individual cases. Adjuvant therapies tested for PVR prevention
      (steroids, heparin, 5 fluorouracil, daunomycin, colchicine and 13-cis retinoic
      acid) did not enter current practice, but there are numerous research directions
      currently being developed.

PMID- 26978869
TI  - REFRACTIVE SURGERY FOR HIGH AMETROPIES, A FEW CONCLUSIONS.
AB  - This paper presents a few clinical cases of patients with high ametropies and/or
      anisometropia, who underwent one or two surgical procedures in our clinic, in
      order to obtain independence of glasses or contact lenses. Twenty cases of high
      ametropies were included in our study, with or without astigmatism, with
      transparent lenses, who presented in our clinic for surgical treatment to correct
      their refractive errors. Postoperatively, we analyzed the results and took
      decisions for each case in particular; sometimes a second surgical procedure was
      needed.

PMID- 26978870
TI  - COMPARATION OF REFRACTIVE RESULTS WITH BIFOCAL IMPLANTS AT LISA 809 AND TRIFOCAL
      AT LISA TRI839.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to make a comparison between the results obtained
      with AT LISA 809 bifocal IOL and trifocal AT LISA 839. Interest was represented
      especially by the evaluation of intermediate vision for the 2 implants. 18
      patients (36 eyes) operated in Gauss Clinic in 2014 were included in the study: 9
      patients (18 eyes) with bifocal implant AT LISA 809 and 9 patients (18 eyes) with
      bilateral implantation AT LISA 839 trifocal lens. Results showed that implant
      trifocal provided better visual results for intermediate vision to bifocal
      implant, as there were not significant differences between the two, in terms of
      distance vision and near vision.

PMID- 26978871
TI  - GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY--TERAPEUTICAL ALTERNATIVES.
AB  - Graves disease associates thyroid and non-thyroid symptoms and signs with
      autoimmune pathogeny, including the ophthalmopathy. The treatment of Graves
      ophthalmopathy consists of medical immunosuppressive therapy, retrobulbar
      injections and general treatment. Recently, Somatostatin injections have proved
      their efficiency.

PMID- 26978872
TI  - MY EXPERIENCE OF TEACHING PHACOSURGERY ON VISALIS 100 IN SUDAN AND NIGERIA.
AB  - At the invitation of the director of The National Eye Center, Kaduna, Nigeria and
      The Makkah Eye Hospital of Khartoum, Sudan I visited both these institutions to
      teach phacoemulsification surgery to their aspiring surgeons on Visalis 100 (Carl
      Zeiss Meditec, Germany). This article highlights the experience of teaching
      phacoemulsification surgery in foreign African countries like Nigeria and Sudan.
      In Nigeria I had the opportunity to give training in both wet lab and live
      surgery settings whereas in Sudan only hands-on live surgery. Sudan being an
      Islamic nation pigs are not slaughtered there and hence no pig eyes. Goat eyes
      differ significantly from human eyes and hence have almost no value in wet lab
      teaching. The training program included theoretical discussions, wet lab, surgery
      and finally discussions related to the days' surgery. It became clear that
      quality of learning depends on three main factors. Thorough understanding of
      theory and observation of senior surgeons in operation room Good wet lab and
      finally doing the surgery oneself in step by step manner. Dedicated teachers and
      instructors can make all the difference. The learning curve also significantly
      shortens if the trainees are exposed to all types of cataract surgery like ECCE,
      SICS and phacoemulsification surgery. The main problem faced by those surgeons
      who have done only ECCE/SICS is that they are not used to handling microscope and
      instruments in both hands at the same time. Hence I strongly recommend them wet
      lab where they can sit and practice using both hands and feet and microscope
      simultaneously and in coordinated fashion.

PMID- 26978873
TI  - IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC RISK FACTORS FOR PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE.
AB  - According to the Guidelines of the European Glaucoma Society (fourth edition),
      the family history in the closing angle is an important factor that makes the
      family screening vital in these families. It is present in the clinical case in
      which two twin patients in different circumstances show the same symptoms of
      angle closure.

PMID- 26978874
TI  - TRANSITORY CONSECUTIVE ESOTROPIA AFTER AMITRIPTYLINE TREATMENT FOR NOCTURNAL
      ENURESIS -CASE REPORT.
AB  - We report the case of a 9-year-old child operated for intermittent exotropia and
      V-pattern with a good result 2 months after bilateral Lateral Rectus Muscle
      Recession. The binocular vision was restored in primary position and down-gaze
      with excellent stereopsis at near and distance and a deviation of +4 PD in
      primary position. Three months later, the patient developed a consecutive
      esotropia of + 18 PD in primary position with diplopia in all gazes triggered by
      Amitriptyline treatment prescribed one month earlier for nocturnal enuresis.
      Diplopia was solved in time after anticholinergic medication cessation. During
      the recovery period, Fresnell prisms have been used in order to eliminate
      diplopia. Three months after diplopia onset, the binocular vision was restored
      showing a transitory and reversible effect of the Amitriptyline treatment. Fusion
      vulnerability can be a possible risk factor in developing diplopia and esotropia
      in patients treated with anticholinergic drugs.

PMID- 26978875
TI  - ICE SYNDROME--CASE REPORT.
AB  - Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome encompasses a group of rare ocular
      pathologies with unilateral involvement, frequently affecting young women. The
      disease complex includes essential iris atrophy, Chandler's syndrome, and Cogan
      Reese syndrome. In the following article, we present a case of Iridocorneal
      endothelial syndrome in which a late diagnosis was made and who underwent surgery
      for advanced glaucoma.

PMID- 26978876
TI  - OCULAR AND OSTEOARTICULAR TUBERCULOSIS IN A YOUNG PATIENT. CASE REPORT.
AB  - CASE REPORT: A young healthy patient, health-care worker in a state hospital,
      presented in the eye department complaining of pain and blurred vision in the
      left eye for approx. 2 weeks. Examination revealed a VA of 12/20 in the left eye,
      an interstitial keratitis, some signs of vitreal inflammation and two
      chorioretinal mass lesions (at echography appearing cystic) in the affected eye.
      She also mentioned a chronic pain in the right wrist. No systemic association was
      found. Based on the orthopaedic examination, biopsy, and surgical intervention, a
      strong suspicion of ocular tuberculosis was made and the patient was advised to
      start tuberculostatic treatment for 12 months and ocular steroidian treatment for
      4 months. The ocular manifestations regressed totally after 3 months of
      treatment, the VA of the left eye improving at 20/ 20. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis
      can present many manifestations, with multi systemic involvement. Ocular
      tuberculosis is a difficult diagnosis and thus requires thorough multi
      disciplinary investigations.

PMID- 26978877
TI  - EBOD--The european standard examination in Ophthalmology.

PMID- 26978878
TI  - ASSESSMENT OF CLINICAL AND IMAGISTIC STRUCTURAL PROGRESSION IN GLAUCOMA.
AB  - Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy, characterized by loss of retinal
      ganglion cells and retinal nerve fiber layer as well as visual field loss.
      Therefore, in glaucoma, the correlation between structure and function is
      important, since it can be useful for tracking glaucomatous changes and for
      following the progression of the disease.

PMID- 26978879
TI  - DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA.
AB  - Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains the most common cause of vision loss among
      diabetic patients. New understanding of the underlying pathophysiology has
      interest in the potential benefits of the specific pharmacologic therapy, such as
      treatment with intraocular steroids, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF), and protein kinase C-beta (PKCbeta) inhibition. At the last time, laser
      photocoagulation, according to the guidelines of the Early Treatment of Diabetic
      Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), continues to be primary standard care treatment in
      most communities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is very useful in monitoring
      macular edema progression and response to treatment.

PMID- 26978880
TI  - ANOMALOUS HEAD POSTURES IN STRABISMUS AND NYSTAGMUS DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.
AB  - Abnormal head positions are adopted in order to improve visual acuity, to avoid
      diplopia or to obtain a more comfortable binocular vision. The head can be turned
      or tilted toward right or left, with the chin rotated up or downwards or
      combination of these positions. The ophthalmologic examination including the
      assessment of versions leads to the diagnosis. When versions are free, the cause
      may be congenital nystagmus or strabismus with large angle. When versions are
      limited we suspect paralytic or restrictive strabismus. The head tilted to one
      shoulder suggests cyclotropia (IV Nerve Palsy) or congenital nystagmus. We
      present few of the above cases. An adequate surgical treatment can improve or
      correct the ocular deviation, diplopia and the abnormal head posture.
      CONCLUSIONS: The abnormal head posture must be assessed and treated early in
      order to correct the ocular position and head posture. All patient presenting
      abnormal head position HAD TO BE investigated by an ophthalmologist.

PMID- 26978882
TI  - SELECTIVE LASER TRABECULOPLASTY--SHORT TERM EFFICACY AND SAFETY PROFILE IN OPEN
      ANGLE GLAUCOMA OR OCULAR HYPERTENSION TREATMENT.
AB  - Selective laser trabeculoplasty--medium term efficacy and safety profile in open
      anlgle glaucoma or ocular hypertension treatment: SLT effect in reducing the
      intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open angle glaucoma or ocular
      hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 70 eyes from 70 patients were included in the
      study in 2014 (12 months); the established design for this research was
      prospective and interventional. Patients received indication for SLT treatment as
      initial procedure or as adjuvant method in reducing the intraocular pressure when
      insufficient control with topical medication was noted. A single laser procedure
      was performed on 360 degrees. The result was verified and compared with baseline
      values of IOP at 1 month, 3 months respectively. RESULTS: IOP decreased at 1
      month with 22.47% vs. baseline IOP and with 26.58% at 3 months. The IOP dynamics
      showed an additional 5.30% decrease between the intermediate and final values,
      with statistical significance for all the measured parameters (p = 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: SLT applied on 360 degrees in a single session represents a safe and
      efficient procedure. The IOP decrease is marked at 1 month, but the effect
      continues until later, at 3 months interval after treatment. The higher the
      initial IOP was, the greater effect SLT has in decreasing the IOP level. Most
      frequently LST helps control the IOP, but rarely allows reducing or eliminating
      the glaucoma medication.

PMID- 26978881
TI  - THE ROLE OF SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN GLAUCOMA PROGRESSION.
AB  - The present paper aims to highlight the role of arterial hypotension in the
      progression of glaucoma. The data analyzed in this study was collected in a
      prospective manner for a period of one year, from september 2013 to august 2014.
      It includes newly diagnosed glaucoma patients treated with prostaglandin
      analogues and who have presented within normal range values of intraocular
      pressure during the study. In spite of good control of intraocular pressure,
      there was recorded a progression of glaucoma lesions documented using the visual
      field . All patients were evaluated through 24 h outpatient holter monitoring of
      systemic blood pressure (BP) and were consequently divided into three groups:
      Group A--non-dipper (within normal range of both diurnal and nocturnal BP values
      and no significant drop during the night). Group B--dipper (patients with
      nocturnal hypotension recording BP drops of more the X mmHg). Group C--patients
      with arterial hypertension (defined as diurnal values of more than 150 mmHg for
      systolic BP and 110 mmHg for dyastolic BP). After through statistical analysis of
      the patients data, we noticed that the most important progression of glaucoma
      changes objectified by visual field and OCT examinations was recorded in group B,
      which illustrates the importance of careful monitoring and strict control of
      blood pressure in order to eliminate this risk factor in the progress of
      glaucoma.

PMID- 26978883
TI  - CLINICAL IMPACT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Neovascular glaucoma (NVG), participates in the group of secondary
      glaucoma causing the-increase of intraocular pressure (IOP) as a result of
      iridocorneal angle enclosure with the development of neovase derived from the
      retinal ischemic and other inflamatory diseases. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Is to show
      the incidence, etiopathogenesis, clinical development and the management of NVG
      by comparing the contemporary and referring literature to other clinics. METHODS:
      In this study there were presented the results of NVG treatment for the 2010-
      2014 interval. The data processing were conducted using statistically package
      SPSS 22. RESULTS: In this scientific study were included 61 patients with NVG
      containing 4.3% of all cases with glaucoma and 14% of cases with secondary
      glaucoma, aged 22-79. The mean age of the patients was 60.9 year (SD + 10.6
      year), 39 cases or 63.9% were of masculine gender and 22 cases or 36.1% of
      feminine gender, as it seems there is a differentiation with a statistical
      significance (X2 = 4.74, P = 0.03, therefore P < 0.05). The most frequent cause
      of NVG was PDR in 55 cases or 55.6% of them, then, ischemic CRVO with 11 cases or
      11.1%. The most frequent complications to the NVG were hemophthalmos, cataract
      and absolute glaucoma. CONCLUSION: In many aspects our results were in line with
      the results of other authors. Therefore we should focus on the adequate treatment
      of ocular ischemic in time, as it is only prevention method of NVG.

PMID- 26978884
TI  - FUCHS ENDOTHELIAL CORNEAL DYSTROPHY: IS FEMTOSECOND LASER-ASSISTED CATARACT
      SURGERY THE RIGHT APPROACH?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Femtosecond Laser-assisted cataract surgery represents a modern
      technology that hopes to lower the risk of complications for patients suffering
      from Fuchs endothelial dystrophy by using a reduced level of energy that causes
      less damage to the endothelium, the main concern for patients with Fuchs
      endothelial dystrophy. The femtosecond laser performs 3 important steps in
      cataract surgery: corneal incisions, capsulorhexis and nucleus fragmentation
      without intraocular instrument manipulation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study
      is to determine the efficiency of Femtosecond Laser-assisted cataract surgery in
      Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 5 patients with 6 eyes
      underwent cataract surgery assisted by Femtosecond Laser LensX at Laser Optisan
      Clinic. Corneal changes before and after surgery and cumulative dissipated energy
      (CDE) were analyzed. RESULTS: Before surgery, our patients presented BCVA between
      0.16-0.4, Pachymetry between 450-590 Lm, endothelial cells between 789-2008 mm2.
      The medium cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) used was 4.58 seconds. After
      surgery, BCVA improved in all patients and none of them developed corneal
      decompensation so far. CONCLUSIONS: Femtosecond Laser-assisted cataract surgery
      represents a safe alternative in patients with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy and
      has a low risk of corneal decompensation.

PMID- 26978885
TI  - ANTERIOR CHAMBER SYNCHYSIS SCINTILLANS: A CASE REPORT.
AB  - Synchysis scintillans is a vitreous condition in which multiple golden brown
      opacities are formed as a result of chronic vitreous hemorrhage. Anterior chamber
      synchysis scintillans was described in patients with afakia or lens subluxation.
      We report a case of a 63-year-old man with a history of left eye trauma and
      complete loss of vision, who presented for left eye discomfort. The slit lamp
      examination revealed crystals of synchysis scintillans and rare inflammatory
      cells in the anterior chamber, stromal iris atrophy, circumferential posterior
      iris synechiae, and complete lens opacity. Total retinal detachment was observed
      on ocular ultrasonography. Intraocular pressure value was in normal range. The
      distinctiveness of this case is the mechanism of vitreous crystals mobilization
      into the anterior chamber through an atrophic iris while intraocular pressure
      remains normal.

PMID- 26978886
TI  - RETINAL ANGIOMATOUS PROLIFERATION CASE REPORT.
AB  - The diagnosis of RAP is similar with the diagnosis of the AMD, but PED, exudate
      and superficial hemorrhages are more common in RAP. A 75-year-old male presented
      himself at the Ophthalmology Department of the Emergency County Hospital in
      Craiova in January 2015, with a 4 months history of vision loss. In his right eye
      the visual acuity was 4/50 eye non-optical correctable and 5/5 with optical
      correction in the left eye. According to the FA and OCT that were performed in
      both eyes, in the right eye was found intraretinal neovascularization and sub and
      intraretinal fluid. A normal aspect was found in the left eye. After the
      investigations we decided to start the treatment consisting in one single
      intravitreal injection with Triamcinolone Acetonide (IVTA) in the right eye. The
      VA improved 1 week after the treatment from 4/50 to 5/30. In comparison with the
      improved VA, the macular edema gradually resorbed 1 month after the IVTA
      injection. In spite of the late presentation of the patient in the Ophthalmology
      Department, the VA and OCT outcome after a single dose of IVTA injection was very
      good.

PMID- 26978887
TI  - NONICHEMIC CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION ASSOCIATED WITH HEREDITARY
      THROMBOPHYLIA.
AB  - Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vein disease with
      significant visual loss via thrombus or compression of vein wall. Thrombophilia
      is the predisposition to vascular thrombosis with the existence of genetic defect
      that leads to blood hypercoagulability. This report describes the case of a 55
      year old male patient, with an active life who presented himself at the emergency
      room with acute visual lose, insidious and progressive visual field constriction,
      without any known history of neurological or vascular diseases. The examinations
      revealed unilateral optic nerve head edema, the fluorescein angiography was
      specific for nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion CRVO complicated with
      macular edema. Blood examinations has emphasized the presence of the heterozygous
      mutation A1298C in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), the only
      one presented from the thrombophilia screen panel and a slightly elevated
      cholesterol level. During the follow-up period, the patient received anti-VEGF
      treatment (Bevacizumab, 3x 0.1 ml intravitreal injections) with improved visual
      acuity and amendment of macular edema. The complex etiology calls for
      interdisciplinary approach to determine better the cause of this ophthalmological
      disease. Although studies have found a correlation between some thrombophilia
      mutations and retinal vein occlusion, more studies that contain a larger number
      of patients are necessary in order to determine the final role of these gene
      variants.

PMID- 26978888
TI  - A RARER FORM OF ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA--DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
AB  - PURPOSE: to show how we diagnosed and treated a rarer form of angle-closure
      glaucoma; the pathogenic mechanism was angle crowding through thick peripheral
      iris roll. METHODS: we show the investigations: biomicroscopy of the fundus,
      tonometry, pachymetry, gonioscopy, perimetry, ultrasound biomicroscopy, optical
      coherence tomography of the anterior segment--that helped us to diagnose the
      angle-closure glaucoma and its pathogenic mechanism; we also show our choice for
      surgery--lens extraction--and our arguments for this choice. RESULTS: first
      postoperative day--intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg; a week postoperatively-
      intraocular pressure was 13 mmHg; three months postoperatively--intraocular
      pressure was 13 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: lens extraction may be a very good choice in
      several forms of angle-closure glaucoma.

PMID- 26978889
TI  - PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE OR ACCESSORY IRIS MEMBRANE?.
AB  - Frequently, in literature and curent practice, accessory iris membrane (AIM) and
      persistant pupillary membrane (PPM) are confused. Both AIM and PPM are congenital
      iris anomalies in which fine or thick iris strands arrise form the collarette and
      obscure the pupil. AIM, which is also called iris duplication, closely resembles
      the normal iris tissue in color and thickness and presents a virtual second
      pseudopupil aperture in the centre while PPM even in its extreme forms presents
      as a translucent or opaque membranous structure that extends across the pupil and
      has no pseudopupil. Mydriatiscs, laser treatment or surgery is used to clear the
      visual axis and optimize visual development. Surgical intervention is reserved
      for large, dense AIMs and PPMs. Our patient, a 29 year old male, has come with
      bilateral dense AIM, bilateral compound hyperopic astigmatism, BCVA OD = 0.6,
      BCVA OS = 0.4, IOP OU = 17 mmHg. To improve the visual acuity of the patient we
      decided to do a bilateral membranectomy, restoring in this way transparency of
      the visual axis. After surgery, the visual acuity improved to BCVA OD= 0.8, BCVA
      OS=0.8.

PMID- 26978890
TI  - PLATEAU IRIS SYNDROME--CASE SERIES.
AB  - Plateau iris is characterized by closing the anterior chamber angle due to a
      large ciliary body or due to its anterior insertion that alters the position of
      iris periphery in respect to the trabecular meshwork. There are two aspects that
      need to be differentiated: plateau iris configuration and plateau iris syndrome.
      The first describes a situation when the iris root is flat and the anterior
      chamber is not shallow, the latter refers to a post laser iridotomy condition in
      which a patent iridotomy has removed the relative pupillary block, but
      goniscopically confirmed angle closure recurs without central shallowing of the
      anterior chamber. Isolated plateau iris syndrome is rare compared to plateau iris
      configuration. We hereby present two case reports of plateau iris syndrome in
      young patients who came to an ophthalmologic consult by chance.

PMID- 26978892
TI  - [Radiance Simulation of BUV Hyperspectral Sensor on Multi Angle Observation, and
      Improvement to Initial Total Ozone Estimating Model of TOMS V8 Total Ozone
      Algorithm].
AB  - New hyperspectral sensor to detect total ozone is considered to be carried on
      geostationary orbit platform in the future, because local troposphere ozone
      pollution and diurnal variation of ozone receive more and more attention. Sensors
      carried on geostationary satellites frequently obtain images on the condition of
      larger observation angles so that it has higher requirements of total ozone
      retrieval on these observation geometries. TOMS V8 algorithm is developing and
      widely used in low orbit ozone detecting sensors, but it still lack of accuracy
      on big observation geometry, therefore, how to improve the accuracy of total
      ozone retrieval is still an urgent problem that demands immediate solution. Using
      moderate resolution atmospheric transmission, MODT-RAN, synthetic UV backscatter
      radiance in the spectra region from 305 to 360 nm is simulated, which refers to
      clear sky, multi angles (12 solar zenith angles and view zenith angles) and 26
      standard profiles, moreover, the correlation and trends between atmospheric total
      ozone and backward scattering of the earth UV radiation are analyzed based on the
      result data. According to these result data, a new modified initial total ozone
      estimation model in TOMS V8 algorithm is considered to be constructed in order to
      improve the initial total ozone estimating accuracy on big observation
      geometries. The analysis results about total ozone and simulated UV backscatter
      radiance shows: Radiance in 317.5 nm (R317.5) decreased as the total ozone rise.
      Under the small solar zenith Angle (SZA) and the same total ozone, R317.5
      decreased with the increase of view zenith Angle (VZA) but increased on the large
      SZA. Comparison of two fit models shows: without the condition that both SZA and
      VZA are large (> 80 degrees ), exponential fitting model and logarithm fitting
      model all show high fitting precision (R2 > 0.90), and precision of the two
      decreased as the SZA and VZA rise. In most cases, the precision of logarithm
      fitting mode is about 0.9% higher than exponential fitting model. With the
      increasing of VZA or SZA, the fitting precision gradually lower, and the fall is
      more in the larger VZA or SZA. In addition, the precision of fitting mode exist a
      plateau in the small SZA range. The modified initial total ozone estimating model
      (ln(I) vs. Omega) is established based on logarithm fitting mode, and compared
      with traditional estimating model (I vs. ln(Omega)), that shows: the RMSE of
      ln(I) vs. Omega and I vs. ln(Omega) all have the down trend with the rise of
      total ozone. In the low region of total ozone (175-275 DU), the RMSE is obvious
      higher than high region (425-525 DU), moreover, a RMSE peak and a trough exist in
      225 and 475 DU respectively. With the increase of VZA and SZA, the RMSE of two
      initial estimating models are overall rise, and the upraising degree is ln(I) vs.
      Omega obvious with the growing of SZA and VZA. The estimating result by modified
      model is better than traditional model on the whole total ozone range (RMSE is
      0.087%-0.537% lower than traditional model), especially on lower total ozone
      region and large observation geometries. Traditional estimating model relies on
      the precision of exponential fitting model, and modified estimating model relies
      on the precision of logarithm fitting model. The improvement of the estimation
      accuracy by modified initial total ozone estimating model expand the application
      range of TOMS V8 algorithm. For sensor carried on geostationary orbit platform,
      there is no doubt that the modified estimating model can help improve the
      inversion accuracy on wide spatial and time range This modified model could give
      support and reference to TOMS algorithm update in the future.

PMID- 26978893
TI  - [Detection of Atmospheric HONO and NO2 by Incoherent Broadband Cavity Enhanced
      Spectroscopy].
AB  - We report on the development of an optical instrument based on LED-IBBCEAS for
      simultaneous measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in
      ambient air. The light emitting from the LED centered at 365 nm was directly
      focused into the cavity formed with two high reflectivity mirrors, separated by a
      distance of 1. 76 m. The light output of the cavity was received with a portable
      spectrometer. The mirror reflectivity was calibrated by absorption spectra of NO2
      and O2-O2. In the spectral range of 353-376 nn, the maximum mirror reflectivity
      was found to be 0.999 17. Detection limits (1sigma) of 0.6 ppbv for HONO and 1.8
      ppbv for NO2 were achieved with an acquisition time of 120 s. In order to test
      the accuracy of measured results by present setup, concentrations of NO2 were
      recorded during continuous 56 hours and compared with data from a NOX analyzer
      equipped with a blue light converter. The least-square fit lines give gradients
      of 1. 09 and respective intercepts of 3.45, with a linear correction factor of
      0.89. The concentrations of HONO and NO2 in indoor air were monitored, the
      concentrations of HONO varied from near 0 to 5.3 ppbv in 24 hours, the averaged
      concentration was 1. 8 ppbv, and the concentrations of NO2 varied from 5 to 51
      ppbv at the same time, the averaged concentration was 21.9 ppbv.

PMID- 26978891
TI  - CURRENT OPTIONS FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to review current surgical treatment and new and
      better alternatives for patients with glaucoma. Glaucoma refers to a group of
      related eye disorders that have in common an optic neuropathy associated with
      visual function loss. It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness
      worldwide. Optic nerve damage and glaucoma-related vision loss can be prevented
      or limited by early diagnosis and treatment. Surgery offers a better control of
      the intraocular pressure then medical therapy. Nowadays, research continues for
      improving current surgical alternatives for treatment.

PMID- 26978894
TI  - [Quantitative Measurement of Equivalence Ratios of Methane/Air Mixture by Laser
      Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: the Effects of Detector Gated Mode and Laser
      Wavelength].
AB  - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been increasingly used in
      combustion diagnostics as a novel spectral analysis method in recent years. The
      quantitative local equivalence ratio of methane/air mixture is determined by LIBS
      using different emission intensity ratios of H/O and H/N. The comparison between
      calibration curves of H656/O777 and H656/N746 is performed in gated mode, which
      shows that H656/O777 can achieve better prediction accuracy and higher
      sensitivity. More spectral intensity ratios (H656/O777, H656/N500+, H656/N567 and
      H656/N746) can be used to make calibration measurements in ungated mode and
      H656/O777 is also tested best among them. The comparison between gated and
      ungated detection modes shows that gated mode offers better accuracy and
      precision. In addition, the effects of different laser wavelengths (1064, 532 and
      355 nm) on LIBS spectra and calibration curves are investigated with laser focal
      point size and laser fluence kept constant. The results show that with longer
      laser wavelength, the peak intensity and SNR of H, O and N lines increase, as
      well as the slope of calibration curve of H656/O777. Among these three
      wavelengths, 1064 nm laser is best suited to measure the equivalence ratio of
      CH4/air mixture by LIBS. The experimental results are explained in terms of
      plasma electron density and temperature, which have a significant impact on the
      emission intensity and the partition function of hydrogen and oxygen,
      respectively.

PMID- 26978895
TI  - [Laser Raman Spectroscopy and Its Application in Gas Hydrate Studies].
AB  - Gas hydrates are important potential energy resources. Microstructural
      characterization of gas hydrate can provide information to study the mechanism of
      gas hydrate formation and to support the exploitation and application of gas
      hydrate technology. This article systemly introduces the basic principle of laser
      Raman spectroscopy and summarizes its application in gas hydrate studies. Based
      on Raman results, not only can the information about gas composition and
      structural type be deduced, but also the occupancies of large and small cages and
      even hydration number can be calculated from the relative intensities of Raman
      peaks. By using the in-situ analytical technology, laser Raman specstropy can be
      applied to characterize the formation and decomposition processes of gas hydrate
      at microscale, for example the enclathration and leaving of gas molecules
      into/from its cages, to monitor the changes in gas concentration and gas
      solubility during hydrate formation and decomposition, and to identify phase
      changes in the study system. Laser Raman in-situ analytical technology has also
      been used in determination of hydrate structure and understanding its changing
      process under the conditions of ultra high pressure. Deep-sea in-situ Raman
      spectrometer can be employed for the in-situ analysis of the structures of
      natural gas hydrate and their formation environment. Raman imaging technology can
      be applied to specify the characteristics of crystallization and gas distribution
      over hydrate surface. With the development of laser Raman technology and its
      combination with other instruments, it will become more powerful and play a more
      significant role in the microscopic study of gas hydrate.

PMID- 26978896
TI  - [Research on Real-Time Trace Gas Detection System Based on QEPAS].
AB  - Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) technology was invented
      lately. Therefore it's an innovative method for trace gas detection compared with
      other existed technologies. In this paper, we studied the trace gas detection
      system based on QEPAS, and the atmospheric H2O was selected as the target
      analyte. In theory, the principles of laser wavelength modulation and signal
      harmonic detection were analyzed firstly, and the realizing solutions for the gas
      concentration retrieving and laser wavelength locking were obtained. Furthermore,
      the selection principle of absorption line for high sensitivity gas detection was
      discussed. In experiments, a continuous-wave distributed feedback(DFB) single
      mode diode laser emitting at 1.39 um was used as the exciting source for the H2O
      vapor measurement. Using wavelength modulation spectroscopy and 2nd harmonic
      detection, the influence of laser wavelength modulation depth on QEPAS signal
      level was investigated, and the acoustic wave enhancement of the addition of
      micro-resonator in the acoustic detection module was analyzed as well. After
      optimization of the QEPAS system, a detection limit of 5.9 ppm for H2O vapor was
      obtained. We measured the H2O vapor with different concentrations, and the R
      Square of 0.98 was achieved after the experimental data was linear fitted,
      indicated that the QEPAS system had an excellent linear response ability.
      Finally, continuous monitoring of atmospheric H2O concentration levels for a
      period of 12 hours was performed when the line locking mode was employed with the
      help of 3rd harmonic detection. The experimental results showed that this QEPAS
      scheme had a stable performance and outstanding continuous measuring capacity,
      and it can be widely used in high sensitivity on-line measurement for other trace
      gases detection fields.

PMID- 26978898
TI  - [The Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on the Spectrum of HPAM in Various Systems].
AB  - IR and UV-Vis was employed to analyzed the spectrum effect of hydrogen bonding on
      the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymer(HPAM). The study reveals that,
      the characteristic absorption peak of free amino group moves to the low frequency
      due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between amide group and
      carboxyl group. In the water solution, intramolecular hydrogen bonding is the
      main factor that shifted maximal absorption towards long wavelength.
      Intramolecular hydrogen bonding and intermolecular hydrogen bonds exist at the
      same time in the water solution contains intermediate sodium and calcium ions.
      While in the high concentration solution, the main form between amide group and
      carboxyl group is intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The effect of hydrogen bonding
      on the spectrum of HPAM demonstrates different extent in various systems. In the
      water solution, the maximum absorption wavelength red shifts 8 nm. In the system
      contains sodium ions, this shift is 4 nm. And this shift is only 2 nm in the
      solution contains both sodium ions and calcium ions.

PMID- 26978897
TI  - [Optical Spectroscopy for High-Pressure Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor
      Deposition of Diamond Films].
AB  - Polycrystalline diamond growth by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition
      (MPCVD) at high-pressure (34.5 kPa) was investigated. The CH4/H2/O2plasma was
      detected online by optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and the spatial
      distribution of radicals in the CH4/H2/O2plasma was studied. Raman spectroscopy
      was employed to analyze the properties of the diamond films deposited in
      different oxygen volume fraction. The uniformity of diamond films quality was
      researched. The results indicate that the spectrum intensities of C2, CH and
      Halpha decrease with the oxygen volume fraction increasing. While the intensity
      ratios of C2, CH to Halpha also reduced as a function of increasing oxygen volume
      fraction. It is shown that the decrease of the absolute concentration of carbon
      radicals is attributed to the rise volume fraction of oxygen, while the relative
      concentration of carbon radicals to hydrogen atom is also reducing, which
      depressing the growth rate but improving the quality of diamond film.
      Furthermore, the OH radicals, role of etching, its intensities increase with the
      increase of oxygen volume fraction. Indicated that the improvement of OH
      concentration is also beneficial to reduce the content of amorphous carbon in
      diamond films. The spectrum space diagnosis results show that under high
      deposition pressure the distribution of the radicals in the CH4/H2/O2plasma is
      inhomogeneous, especially, that of radical C2 gathered in the central region. And
      causing a rapid increase of non-diamond components in the central area,
      eventually enable the uneven distribution of diamond films quality.

PMID- 26978899
TI  - [Comparative Study on the Molecular Structures and Spectral Properties of Ponceau
      4R and Amaranth].
AB  - The Edinburgh FLS920P steady-instantaneous fluorescence spectrometer was applied
      on the detection of the absorption and the emission spectra of ponceau 4R and
      amaranth, which are isomers to each other. After that, the spectral parameters of
      them were compared. Then, the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
      density functional theory (TD-DFT) were used on the optimization of ponceau 4R
      and amaranth under the ground and excited state, respectively, in order to
      compare the differences in configurations of them under different states. On the
      base of the results above, the absorption and emission spectra of the two isomers
      were calculated with TD-DFT, and the polarized continuum model (PCM) was applied
      on the base of 6-311++G (d, p). The fluorescence mechanism, the relationships
      between the properties of fluorescence spectra and the molecular geometry were
      all analyzed. The results shows that, the structures of the two molecules are non
      planar, these two naphthalene rings are not co-planar, respectively, and there's
      hydrogen bond in amaranth. When the two isomers were on the ground state, the
      planarity of the naphthalene ring which exists the hydrogen bond mentioned above
      in amaranth is better than the corresponding part of ponceau 4R. The two isomers
      are nearly co-planar when they're on the excited state. The molecular structures
      of ponceau 4R and amaranth optimized above are basically reasonable, for the
      quantum chemistry calculation spectral results are agree with the experiments.
      The planarity of the naphthalene rings on the right side in ponceau 4R is worse
      than that in amaranth, the ponceau 4R molecule experienced more vibration and
      rotation from the excited to the ground state, lost more energy, which lead to
      the reduction of energy for emitting fluorescent photons. So ponceau 4R has
      longer fluorescence emission wave- length than amaranth. In this paper, the
      molecular structure information of ponceau 4R and amaranth were obtained, and the
      differences of the spectral characteristics between them were found out. The
      results can provide references for the study of the relationship between the
      spectral properties and the configuration of isomers.

PMID- 26978900
TI  - [Endpoint Temperature Prediction of the Basic Oxygen Furnace Based on the Flame
      Temperature Measurement at the Converter Mouth].
AB  - In the basic oxygen steelmaking process, the endpoint temperature of the molten
      steel is one of the key factors whether the molten steel is qualified for
      tapping. Currently, it mainly relies on the experienced operators to control the
      endpoint temperature of the molten steel, and the prediction precision may vary
      among different operators. In order to realize the effectively end-point steel
      temperature prediction of the basic oxygen furnace as well as to meet the
      requirement of different sizes of the converter mouth, a new method based on the
      flame temperature measurement at the converter mouth was proposed in this paper.
      Firstly, a fiber-optic spectrometer system in the visible and near infrared
      spectral range was designed which can real-timely and effectively realize the
      collection of the flame radiation information at the converter mouth. Secondly,
      in consideration of the actual temperature of the flame and the distance between
      the converter and the designed system, an improved calibration method instead of
      the halogen lamp was adopted, and the two-color method was employed for the flame
      temperature measurement. Then a regression model based on the support vector
      machine was built with the flame temperature and several other parameters of the
      steel-making process as the input variables of the model. Verification experiment
      was carried out on 68 industrial data collected in the steel-making workshop. The
      results show that the prediction accuracy of this method is superior to the
      experienced operators, and close to the sub-lance based method. As a result, the
      proposed method can provide a feasible and effective solution to the end-point
      steel temperature prediction for those small-sized and medium-sized converters.

PMID- 26978901
TI  - [Preparation and Luminescent Properties of Blue Emitting Phosphor of Sr3 (PO4)2:
      Eu2+ for White LED].
AB  - A series of Sr3 (PO4)2: Eu2+ blue phosphors were synthesized by high temperature
      solid state method under N2-H2 reducing atmosphere. The crystal structures,
      excitation and emission spectra were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
      Photoluminescence (PL), respectively. The results show that the Sr3 (PO4)2: Eu2+
      phosphor can be efficiently excited by the wavelengths ranging from 310 to 390
      nm, and the excitation peak wavelength locates at 359 nm. A wide emission
      spectrum (~150 nm, originating from the 4f 5d1-->4f of the Eu2+) with a peaking
      wavelength of 438 nm was obtained. Through the Gaussian fitting, we found that
      the emission band formed by two luminescence centers(430 and 459 nm), which
      indicated that the Eu2+ occupied two different Sr2+ sites in the substrate of
      Sr3(PO4)2. As the Eu2+ doping concentration is 7%, the maximum luminous intensity
      was obtained. With the increasing of the doping concentration of the Eu2+, the
      concentration quenching effect occurred, and the emission peak wavelength has a
      red shift. The PL intensity of the Sr3 (PO4)2: Eu2+ phosphor is about 1.3 times
      than that of the blue emitting phosphor BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ (BAM) which means that
      it is a promising candidate for the blue phosphor material for white LED.

PMID- 26978902
TI  - [Spectroscopic Properties of CeO2: Eu3+ for White LEDs].
AB  - Under different Eu3+ concentration, Eu3+ doped CeO2 was prepared by co
      precipitation method, and the structure and luminescent properties were studied
      through XRD, excitation and emission spectra. The PLE spectrum shows a broad
      charge- transfer band from 300-400 nm, and a week excitation line at 467 arise
      from 7F0--5D2 transition in Eu3+. The red emission arise from 5D0--7F1 (592 nm)
      and 5D0--7F2 transitions of Eu3+ has a great increase by high concentration
      doping under 467 nm excitation. The wavelength at 467 nm is nicely fitting in
      with the widely applied emission wavelengths of blue LED chips. It is indicated
      that the CeO2:Eu3+ phosphor emits efficiently red emission under the blue light
      which makes it possible to create white light from a combination of a blue LED
      chip.

PMID- 26978903
TI  - [Preparation and Photoluminescent Properties of Ce3+-Activated LaPO4 Nanocrystals
      and Core/Shell Structure].
AB  - Hydrophobic, monodisperse LaPO4: Ce3+ nanoparticles, LaPO4:Ce3+/LaPO4 and
      LaPO4:Ce3+/LaPO4: Ce3+/ LaPO4 core/shell structure nanocrystals were synthesized
      via a high-temperature organic solution approach. The as-synthesized samples were
      characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy
      (PL). The results show that: all the samples are a monoclinic phase, Because of
      the size small nanoparticles, the diffraction peaks of the sample occurs width
      phenomenon. The LaPO4:Ce3+ nano- crystals exhibits the characteristic emission of
      Ce3+ ions, the photoluminescence intensity increases first and then decreases
      with the increasing doping concentration of Ce3+ ions, and the best doping amount
      is 6 at %, with the increasing doping amount, the photoluminescence intensity
      decreases which may caused by the concentration quenching. Compared to LaPO4:Ce3+
      nanoparti- cles, the photoluminescence intensity of LaPO4:Ce3+/LaPO4 and LaPO4:
      Ce3+/LaPO4: Ce3+/LaPO4 core/shell structure nanocrystals improves about 41% and
      95% respectively, this may be a synergy of larger particle size of nanocrystals
      and surface passivation effect. FTIR spectra data shows that the absorption peak
      at 1545 and 1461 cm-1 corresponded to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching
      vibration of --COO-, the separation, Delta, between the two peaks is 84 cm-1, The
      mechanism of the sample surface modification by the organics might be that the
      oxygen atoms of the carboxyl are coordinated with the lanthunum ions by a
      bidentate mode.

PMID- 26978904
TI  - [Identification of Six Isomers of Dimethylbenzoic Acid by Using Terahertz Time
      Domain Spectroscopy Technique].
AB  - In this paper, the absorption spectra of 6 isomers of dimethylbenzoic acid, which
      were widely used in chemical and pharmaceutical production as intermediate
      substance, were measured by using the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz
      TDS) system in the range 0.2-2.2 THz at room temperature. The experimental
      results show that the six measured isomers present apparent different spectral
      response. However, the results of using infrared spectroscopy indicates that
      different isomers show high similarity in absorption spectra in the range 1450
      1700 cm-1. The vibrational frequencies are calculated by using the density
      functional theory (DFT), and identification of vibrational modes are given. It is
      clear that the absorption peaks of the 6 isomers in the range 1450-1700 cm-1 come
      from the stretching vibration of benzene ring and C==O, while the absorption
      peaks in the terahertz range are caused by the relative wagging of benzene ring
      and all the chains out of plane, which lead to the different absorption
      characteristics of the 6 isomers in the range 0.2-2.2 THz. The results suggest
      that the difference and similarity of the absorption spectra observed in the two
      different frequency range are resulted from the difference and similarity of the
      molecular structures of the six isomers. By using the different absorption
      characteristics, we can identify the six isomers of dimethylbenzoic acid
      effectively. Our study indicates that it is feasible to distinguish the isomers
      by using terahertz and infrared spectroscopy technique. It provides an effective
      way to identify different isomers and test the purity of the intermediate
      substance in the process of production quickly and accurately.

PMID- 26978906
TI  - [A Double Split Ring Terahertz Filter on Ploymide Substrate].
AB  - Metamaterials are artificial composites that acquire their electromagnetic
      properties from embeded subwavelength metalic structure. With proper design of
      metamaterials, numerrous intriguing phenomena that not exhibited naturally can be
      realized, such as invisible cloaking, perfect absorption, negative refractive
      index and so on. In recent years, With the development of THz technology, the
      extensive research onTHz metamaterials devices areattracting more and more
      attentions. Since silicon (Si) has a higher transmittance for THz wave, it is
      usually selected as substrate in metamaterials structure. However, Si has the
      shortcomings of hardness, not easy to bend, and fragile, which limit the
      application of THz metamaterials. In this work, we use polyimide as the substrate
      to overcome the shortcomings of the Si substrate. Polyimide is flexible, smooth,
      suitable for conventional lithography process and the THz transmittance can
      compete with that of the Si. Frist, we test the THz optical properties of
      polymide, and get the refractive index of 1.9, and the transmittance of 80%.
      Second, we design a double splits ring resonators (DSRRs), and study the
      properties of transmission by changing the THz incidence angle and curvature of
      the sample. We find the resonant amplitude and resonant frequencies are
      unchanged. Fabricating metamaterials structures on a thin plastic substrate is a
      possible way to extend plane surface filtering to curved surface filtering.
      Third, we try to make a broadband filter by stacking two samples, and the 181GHz
      bandwidth at 50% has been achieved. By stacking several plane plastic
      metamaterial layers with different resonance responses into a multi-layer
      structure, a broadband THz filter can be built. The broadband filter has the
      advantages of simple manufacture, obvious filtering effect, which provides a new
      idea for the production of terahertz band filter.

PMID- 26978905
TI  - [Reseach on THz Time Domain Spectrum of Photo-Induced Insulator-Metal Phase
      Transition of VO2 Films].
AB  - Vanadium dioxide (VO2) film will be phase-transitioned from insulator into metal,
      accompanied with dramatic change on conductivity, which is named as photo-induced
      insulator-metal phase transition. Such phase transition of VO2 film has important
      application potentials in modulators or other functional devices for terahertz
      waves. In this paper, the transmission spectrum variations before and after the
      photo-induced insulator-metal phase transition of vanadium dioxide film are
      investigated, and the phase transition properties in terahertz(THz) region are
      analyzed. In the experiment, the phase transition of the VO2 film was induced by
      a continuous wave (CW) laser source and a femtosecond (fs) laser source,
      respectively. Obvious changes on the THz waveforms were observed for the both
      mentioned means of excitation, and the amplitude attenuation, as well as the
      signal distortion, was intensified with the increase of the impinging optical
      power. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectra of the transmitted THz time
      domain signals were analyzed and it was found that the amplitude of the
      transmitted spectrum decreased synchronously with the increase of the optical
      power, accompanied with deformation of the spectrum line shape at the same time.
      The reason was that the macroscopic dielectric properties of the VO2 film
      approached gradually to that of a metal as laser power was increased. A
      parameter, transmission modulation function, was defined in the paper as the
      amplitude difference between the transmission spectra of the VO2 film before and
      after the laser excitation, to describe the dispersivity of the photo-induced
      phase transition more clearly. From the curve of the transmission modulation
      function, strong frequency-dependent properties at THz frequencies were found to
      vary regularly with the incident light power. After furthermore comparison, it
      was found that, though the insulator-metal phase transition could be trigged by
      both CW laser source and fs laser source, the corresponding impinging optical
      power values were obviously alternative for the equivalent transmission
      modulation function. At the end of the paper, the difference of the phase
      transition efficiency between the two excitation methods was analyzed and
      discussed.

PMID- 26978907
TI  - [The Study on the Far-FTIR and THz Spectra of Azitromycin Drugs with Different
      Physical Forms].
AB  - Far Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Far-FTIR) and terahertz time-domain
      spectroscopy (THz-TDS) were used to measure the fingerprint spectra of
      Azitromycin suspension, capsule, tablet and dispersible tablet under vacuum and
      nitrogen conditions, respectively. In the frequency range of 0.2-15 THz, highly
      resolved spectral features for Azitromycin suspension were measured and some
      minor differences were observed between domestic and exotic Azitromycin
      Suspension, such as linewidth broadening and additional peaks. As same time, for
      the domestic Azitromycin capsule, tablet and dispersible tablet, the absorption
      baselines in the range of 0.2-2.7 THz rise with the increase of frequency while
      absorption peaks become weaker due to the scattering of bigger particles and
      smaller amount of Azitromycin. Also, the additional peaks are caused by the
      absorption of filling materials. In parallel with the qualitative measurement,
      the THz absorption spectra for mixtures of polyethylene (PE) powders and exotic
      Azithomycin suspension with different concentrations were also measured.
      According to the linear correlation between the concentration and the absorption
      intensity, the concentration of effective component can be evaluated accurately.
      This means that THz-TDS method is suitable for the quality inspection and
      evaluation of the mixed Azithromycin system.

PMID- 26978908
TI  - [Infrared Spectrum Analysis of Propolis and Tree Gum Collected from Different
      Areas].
AB  - Propolis possesses functions of antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and liver
      protection, and is known as the "purple gold", however, the phenomenon which
      making and selling of counterfeit are growing in intensity. In order to establish
      a authenticity and quality of propolis evaluation model, in this paper, forty-one
      Chinese propolis, one proplis from United States and two tree gums were used for
      experimental materials. The infrared spectrum collection was performed by Fourier
      transform infrared spectrometer, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used
      for data analysis. The result showed that, the intrared spectrum of propolis and
      tree gum were significantly different. The propolis characteristic peak only
      appeared in 2500-3500 and 400-1800 cm-1. All propolis had two frequency region of
      characteristic peaks, 2849.08-2848.53 and 2917.74- 2916.76 cm-1, but tree gum did
      not have characteristic peak in this region. The characteristic peaks of gum were
      in 1150-1300 and 1550-1650 cm-1. Differences in these aspects can be used to
      distinguish propolis and gum, and can be used to identify true and false
      propolis. We use Qinghai propolis as a standard sample, in 42 samples, the
      matching degree of other propolis is > 80%. In addition, the result of PCA shows
      that tree gum and the propolis from different climate zone, or with different
      colors could be distinguished well. This paper firstly performed analysis on
      different propolis and gum by infrared spectrum, and a new method, for
      authenticity and quality of propolis identification, could be developed.

PMID- 26978909
TI  - [A Study of FTIR Spectrometry Based on a Long Optical Path on the Emission Rules
      of Nitrous Oxide from Soil].
AB  - The excessive emission of N2O (Nitrous oxide) will destroy the ozone layer,
      reasonable fertilization and adopting measures of emission reduction of N2O are
      of great significance to slowing down the greenhouse effect. The article studied
      the impact of fertilization and water on the emission of N2 0 from the cabbage
      farmland using FTIR spectrometry. To enhance the sensitivity of the measuring
      system, we used multi-reflecting mirrors to increase the optical pathlength. By
      comparing the infrared spectra between the before and after fertilizer
      application and the NIST spectral library, finally, the band at 2160-2225 cm-1
      was chosen as the spectral characteristics band of quantitative calculation of
      N2O through analyzing. The research found that fertilization and water could
      promote the emission of N2 0 from the cabbage farmland soil, which could supply
      theory bases for emission reduction of N2O and slowing down the greenhouse
      effect. Finally, we also studied the diurnal emission rules of N2O from the
      fertilized soil; the results showed that the emission of N2O was lower at night
      and the results were compared with that of previous' studies, which verifies the
      feasibility of this method. The results proved that FTIR with long optical path
      was a rapid and effective method to measure the emission rules of N2O from the
      cabbage farmland soil, which can measure the gas emissions of N2O from the
      fertilized cabbage farmland soil and compared with other traditional measuring
      methods, it had the advantages such as rapidness and convenience.

PMID- 26978910
TI  - [A Novel Method of Infrared Radiative Parameters Calculation in High Temperature
      Flow Field].
AB  - Infrared radiative parameters under high temperature was calculated using RJMCMC
      method under Bayesian framework presumed Smeared Rotational Band model (SRB), in
      order to solve the problem of radiation calculation for high speed vehicle
      infrared signature research. The process of calculation does not need any
      database of parameter or priors about transition. The experiment from simulation
      and measured data demonstrates that the position of vibrational transition have
      been estimated precisely. Simultaneously, the change law of parameter estimation
      was consistent with theoretic SRB model, from which the integration of radiative
      parameters under different temperature approximated the line by line calculation
      (LBL) result very well.

PMID- 26978912
TI  - [Evaluation of Sugar Content of Huanghua Pear on Trees by Visible/Near Infrared
      Spectroscopy].
AB  - A method of ambient light correction was proposed to evaluate the sugar content
      of Huanghua pears on tree by visible/near infrared diffuse reflectance
      spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS). Due to strong interference of ambient light, it was
      difficult to collect the efficient spectral of pears on tree. In the field,
      covering the fruits with a bag blocking ambient light can get better results, but
      the efficiency is fairly low, the instrument corrections of dark and reference
      spectra may help to reduce the error of the model, however, the interference of
      the ambient light cannot be eliminated effectively. In order to reduce the effect
      of ambient light, a shutter was attached to the front of probe. When opening
      shutter, the spot spectrum were obtained, on which instrument light and ambient
      light acted at the same time. While closing shutter, background spectra were
      obtained, on which only ambient light acted, then the ambient light spectra was
      subtracted from spot spectra. Prediction models were built using data on tree
      (before and after ambient light correction) and after harvesting by partial least
      square (PLS). The results of the correlation coefficient (R) are 0.1, 0.69,
      0.924; the root mean square error of prediction (SEP) are 0. 89 degrees Brix,
      0.42 degrees Brix, 0.27 degrees Brix; ratio of standard deviation (SD) to SEP
      (RPD) are 0.79, 1.69, 2.58, respectively. The results indicate that, method of
      background correction used in the experiment can reduce the effect of ambient
      lighting on spectral acquisition of Huanghua pears in field, efficiently. This
      method can be used to collect the visible/near infrared spectrum of fruits in
      field, and may give full play to visible/near-infrared spectroscopy in preharvest
      management and maturity testing of fruits in the field.

PMID- 26978911
TI  - [Differentiation and Identification of Alicyclobacillus Strains by Fourier
      Transform Near-Infrared Spectroscopy].
AB  - Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) can reflect the overall
      molecular composition of microbial cells to identify different types of
      microorganisms. To establish an accurate, effective method about the
      differentiation and identification of Alicyclobacillus strains between different
      species, the present research performed the following studies by FT-NIR: (1) The
      FT-NIR spectra about seven type stains was clustered for data analysis. After
      preprocessing, reduction of data was performed by Principal Component Analysis
      (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA), exploring the feasibility of
      differentiation and identification between different species, the result
      suggested that the PCA model can cluster the seven species of Alicyclobacillus
      strains correctly and the LDA model I can predict the unknown species with 100%
      accuracy. It evidenced that the method could identify different species of
      Alicyclobacillus strains preliminary. (2)In order to improve the robustness and
      practicability of the model, a total of 41 Alicyclobacillus strains including
      type and isolated strains were prepared for LDA model II, using the same methods
      as mentioned before. The result indicated that the LDA model validated by fifteen
      sample with 86.67% accuracy. It was more perfect and more comprehensive. As a
      result, the FT-NIR technology combined with chemometrics method can accurately
      and effectively identify Alicyclobacillus strains between different microbial
      species.

PMID- 26978913
TI  - [Study of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Copper Films Modified by Ion
      Beam].
AB  - Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was a rapid non-destructive testing.
      It was based on detecting molecule vibrational spectrum which was adsorbed on the
      metallic surface. Now it was widely used in surface adsorption, electrochemical
      catalysis, sensors, bio-medical testing, trace amount analysis and other fields.
      In our experiment, copper metallic films were deposited 50 nm on BK7 glass
      substrates by direct current magnetron sputtering. And then the films were
      employed for the Ar ion beam etching modification. The structure, morphology and
      optical properties was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force
      Microscope (AFM), spectrophotometer and Raman spectroscopy. In the XRD graph, the
      peak value of modify copper film were the same with the untreated film. So the
      structure of copper film was not change. With increasing the power of Ar ion, the
      surface roughness was changed, and scattered spectrum intensity was increased by
      surface roughness added. With Rhodamine B (Rh B) as a probe molecule, Raman
      scattered spectrum was detected on modify copper film. Compared with the
      different samples, we can find the Raman signal was enhanced by surface roughness
      added. It will have some value on study the principles of SERS.

PMID- 26978914
TI  - [Raman Enhancement of a Dipolar Molecule on CVD Graphene].
AB  - The CVD graphene was chosen as the Raman enhancement substrate, graphene-enhanced
      Raman scattering(GERS) of dipolar molecule DREP were explored with a laser
      wavelength lambda = 532 nm of micro-Raman spectroscopy. Upon comparison of the
      raman signal of DREP molecular latched to a graphene/SiO2 substrate and to a bare
      SiO2substrate, we found that the Raman signal of pure DREP molecule basically
      does not exist at low concentrations, until it reaches a certain concentration of
      1 x 10-5 mol . L-1, its Raman signal emerging and as the increasing of the
      concentration, Raman signal and fluorescence signal all increase. However, the
      raman signal of DREP molecular on the grapheme occur at the concentration of 1 x
      10-7 mol . L-1 and as the increasing of concentration, the raman signal
      increasing quickly but the fluorescence signal is not obvious. The studies were
      shown that graphene can achieve the Raman signal of DREP molecule enhancement,
      and can quench fluorescent backing off, increase the ratio of Raman signal and
      fluorescence signals. Comparing the GERS of DREP and DR1P molecules with
      different molecular dipole moment, indicating that the greater the dipole moment,
      the greater the enhancement factor, the degree of enhancement is stronger.
      Finally, we analyze the mechanism of Raman enhancement about DREP molecule on the
      grapheme. The dipole molecular is a pyrene terminal tethered a azobenzene
      molecular that was modified. There will happen the electron transfer of the
      pyrene terminal on the graphene interface through pi-pi interactions, changing
      the energy level of grapheme and leading to a p-doping. The mechanism of Raman
      enhancement are chemical mechanisms. The study of GERS of DREP molecular can help
      the comprehension of grapheme and the mechanism of grapheme enhanced raman
      scattering, for example the transfer of grapheme electron, the theory of chemical
      enhancement mechanism and how to separate the chemical enhancement mechanism from
      electromagnetic enhancement mechanism.

PMID- 26978915
TI  - [Preparation of Gold Nano-Particles as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors
      for Analysis of Banned Food Dye Chrysoidin in Yuba].
AB  - Chrysoidin is a kind of banned food dye, and it has been illegally used for
      coloring food. A rapid detection and quantification method is developed and
      applied in analysis chrysoidin in yuba. Gold nanoparticles are synthesized by
      using hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the bifunctional ligand to
      link the solid substrate and the AuNPs. The laser wavelength used for
      quantitative is 1594 cm-1. Significant differences between different
      concentrations of chrysoidin are verified by multiple variable analysis. A
      relationship between the logarithm of the concentrations and the intensity of
      laser is proved using univariate analysis method. The calibration curves showed
      good linearity in the range of 0.001-0.5 mmol . L-1 with correlation coefficients
      r = 0.995. The method is successfully applied to the determination of chrysoidin
      in yuba. The average recoveries of the drugs spiked at 50 and 500 ug . g-1 levels
      are 82.4% and 116.9%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) are 3.8% and
      4.0%. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate in the determination of
      chrysoidin.

PMID- 26978916
TI  - [Development of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sensor for Determination
      of Adenosine Monophosphate in Biological Drug].
AB  - The biological drug of the calf-blood dialysate has various pharmacological
      effects. It can promote the oxygen and glucose uptake for the hypoxia cells, and
      has beneficial effects on the malfunction of the blood circulation and trophic
      disturbances in the brain, and the impairment of peripheral blood circulation.
      Furthermore, it is favorable to wound healing and can regulate the central
      nervous system. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a main active ingredient of the
      biological drug. In this report, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
      sensor has been developed with beta-CD-capped ZnS QDs as energy donor and 3
      hydroxyflavone (3-HF) as energy acceptor. The results showed that AMP can lead to
      the fluorescence quenching of the FRET sensor at 526 nm, and the Stern-Volmer
      curve between the fluorescence quenching and the concentrations of AMP present a
      satisfactory linearity with the correlation coefficient of 0.996. The developed
      sensor has successfully applied for determination of the AMP in the biological
      drug.

PMID- 26978917
TI  - [Fluoroimmunoassay and Magnetic Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Detection of
      Ractopamine].
AB  - A fluoroimmunoassay based on quantum dots (QDs) and a lateral flow immunoassay
      system based on the magnetic beads (MB) were constructed to detect ractopamine
      (RAG) in urine samples. The monoclonal antibody (Ab1) against RAC was conjugated
      with QDs or MB as detector reagent, respectively. They apply a competitive format
      using an immobilized RAC conjugate and free RAC present in samples. That is to
      say, the concentration of RAC in the sample was negative related to the
      fluorescense intensity of QDs or the color density of MB. Results showed that the
      limit of detection (LOD) of fluorescence immunoassay method is 1 ng . mL-1 and
      analysis time is 4 h, while the visual LOD was 10 ng . mL-1 and analysis time was
      15 min in magnetic lateral flow immunoassay system (MFLIS). Taken into
      consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, it was
      suitable for the trace detection of RAC using fluoroimmunoassay while it was
      appropriate for point-of-care tesing of RAC by MFLIS.

PMID- 26978918
TI  - [Fluorescent and Magnetic Relaxation Switch Immunosensor for the Detecting
      Foodborne Pathogen Salmonella enterica in Water Samples].
AB  - Fluoroimmunoassay based on quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic relaxation switch
      (MRS) immunoassay based on superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SMN) were constructed
      to detect Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) in water samples. In
      fluoroimmunoassay, magnetic beads was conjugated with S. enterica capture
      antibody (MB-Ab2) to enrich S. enterica from sample solution, then the QDs was
      conjugated with the S. enterica detection antibody (QDs-Ab1) to detect S.
      enterica based on sandwich immunoassay format. And the fluorescence intensity is
      positive related to the bacteria concentration of the sample. Results showed that
      the limit of detection (LOD) of this method was 102 cfu . mL-1 and analysis time
      was 2 h. In MRS assay, magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugate (MN-Ab1) can
      switch their dispersed and aggregated state in the presence of the target. This
      state of change can modulate the spin-spin relaxation time (T2) of the
      neighboring water molecule. The change in T2(DeltaT2) positively correlates with
      the amount of the target in the sample. Thus, AT can be used as a detection
      signal in MRS immunosensors. Results showed that LOD of MRS sensor for S.
      enterica was 103 cfu . mL-1 and analysis time was 0.5 h. Two methods were
      compared in terms of advantages and disadvantages in detecting S. enterica.

PMID- 26978919
TI  - [The Thiacalix [4] arene-Coumarin Fluorescence Probe Recognition for Fe3+ and
      Bovine Hemoglobin].
AB  - 1,3-alternate coumarin substituted thiacalix[4]arene fluorescent probe 1 was
      synthesised from 1,3-alternate diethyl thiacalix[4]arene and 7-hydroxycoumarin by
      step reactions. In DMSO/H2O (phi, 3/7, pH 7) solution, the strong fluorescence
      emission and UV absorption of probe 1 can be selectively quenched or
      significantly enhanced by Fe3+ ion. The probe 1 showed high Fe3+ selective
      fluorescence quenching or absorption enhancement over commonly coexistent metal
      ions in neutral aqueous media, and the limit of detections were obtained as low
      as 10-8 mol . L-1 of Fe3+ by fluorescence and absorption spectrometry. Spectral
      titration, isothermal titration calorimetry and mass spectrometry were showed
      that probe and Fe3+ form 1:1 complexes, the constant up to 105 L . mol-1 and
      coordinate process was spontaneous by the mole binding free energy and entropy of
      probe with Fe3+. In addition, the probe can identification bovine hemoglobin
      (BHb) over other proteins through quenched its fluorescence in DMSO/H2O (phi,
      1/9, Tris-HCl, pH 7, 0.1 mol . L-1 NaCl) media. The limit of detection was
      obtained as 0. 12 ug . mL-1 of BHb, as well as a linearity of 0.2-3.0 ug . mL-1,
      indicating the probe of high sensitivity and quantitation range. It can be used
      as a selective recognition Fe3+ and BHb of thiacalix[4] arene fluorescent probe.

PMID- 26978920
TI  - [Effect of Temperatures and Lead Ions on 3D-EEMs of Dissolved Organic Matter
      (DOM) Derived from Straw Humification].
AB  - Straw incorporation is significant for straw reduction and reutilization, and is
      clearly required in the twelfth five-year-plan for national economic and social
      development of the People's Republic of China. The incorporated straw will
      naturally decompose and release the component of dissolved organic matter (DOM).
      At present, it lacks the research on straw humification behavior controlled by
      environmental factors and complexation effect between humification component and
      metal ions with fluorescence spectrometry in the representative region of loess.
      The fluorescence spectrometry was used to reveal the 3D-EEMs characteristics of
      DOM affected by temperatures and lead ions in the straw humification process, and
      the modified Stern-Volmer equation and Van't Hoff equation were applied to
      indicate the complexation parameters and thermodynamic constants between lead
      ions and DOM. The results showed: the humification temperatures affected little
      on fluorescence peaks of DOM and no peaks were obviously found to appear or
      disappear from the 3D-EEMs results. The fluorescence intensity decreased
      gradually at higher temperatures and in the presence of lead ions, the quenching
      effect might work in the process. The binding ability was more significant
      between lead ions and visible fulvic-like component shown from modified Stern
      Volmer equation, and the values of f revealed the complexation effect of lead
      ions and functional groups in DOM. Static quenching was the primary mechanism
      during the reaction process. The constants in Van't Hoff equation suggested the
      reaction was spontaneous and endothermic, and the disordered degree and the
      complexity were relatively low in the reaction system. The 3D-EEMs were
      acceptable to illustrate the variation of DOM characteristics under different
      temperatures and in the presence of lead ions in the straw humification process.

PMID- 26978921
TI  - [Study of Retrieving the Sandy Surface Roughness Land Based on the Bidirectional
      Reflectance Model].
AB  - In the semiarid area, the structural nature of sandy land is changed due to wind
      erosion. Furthermore, assessing the changes in the composition and surface
      roughness in several spatial and temporal scales is significant for the wind
      erosion model calculations. As a noninvasive approach, remote sensing can be used
      to improve the study of sandy surface in time and space. In order to characterize
      the surface structure using the reflectance of sandy land, we analysis the
      effects of the changes of sandy surface structure on the bidirectional
      reflectance distribution basing on the multi-angular and hyperspectral
      measurements in the field; the measured sandy land samples are taken from nature,
      but the surface structures are artificial: one type is the direction of sand
      furrows is parallel to the incident direction, the other is the direction of sand
      furrows is perpendicular to the incident direction. At the same time, we analyzed
      the effects of surface structure on the bidirectional reflectance factor of sand
      land and we also retrieve the sandy surface roughness using the reflectance model
      parameter. The results suggest that both types of sand furrows will influence the
      distribution of reflectance of sandy land surface, for example, the backward
      scattering of sandy land increased when the direction of sand furrows is
      perpendicular to the incident direction, and the range of backward scattering of
      sandy land expended when the direction of sand furrows is parallel to the
      incident direction. When we compared the measured reflectance with the modeled
      results basing on the reflectance model, it is found that the reflectance model
      can be used to simulate the reflectance property of sandy land surface and prove
      that the parameter of model is useful for retrieving the surface roughness. This
      research not only presents the sample for quantifying the structural information
      of sandy land by the reflectance measurements, but also shows valuable reference
      for the research of intrinsic optical property of sandy land and the reversion of
      the texture of sandy land. In other words, this paper can also help the
      scientists understand the effect of the structural information on the optical
      properties of sandy land.

PMID- 26978922
TI  - [A Novel Method of Soil Moisture Content Monitoring by Land Surface Temperature
      and LAI].
AB  - Land surface temperature (Ts) is influenced by soil background and vegetation
      growing conditions, and the combination of Ts and vegetation indices (Vis) can
      indicate the status of surface soil moisture content (SMC). In this study,
      Advanced Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (ATVDI) used for monitoring SMC was
      proposed on the basis of the simulation results with agricultural climate model
      CUPID. Previous studies have concluded that Normalized Difference Vegetation
      Index (NDVI) easily reaches the saturation point, andLeaf Area Index (LAI) was
      then used instead of NDVI to estimate soil moisture content in the paper. With
      LAI-Ts scatter diagram established by the simulation results of CUPID model; how
      Ts varied with LAI and SMC was found. In the case of the identical soil
      background, the logarithmic relations between Ts and LAI were more accurate than
      the linear relations included in Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI),
      based on which ATVDI was then developed. LAI-Ts scatter diagram with satellite
      imagery were necessary for determining the expression of the upper and lower
      logarithmic curves while ATVDI was used for monitoring SMC. Ts derived from
      satellite imagery were then transformed to the Ts-value which has the same SMC
      and the minimum LAI in study area with look-up table. The measured SMC from the
      field sites in Weihe Plain, Shanxi Province, China, and the products of LAI and
      Ts (MOD15A2 and MOD11A2, respectively) produced by the image derived from
      Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) were collected to validate the
      new method proposed in this study. The validation results shown that ATVDI (R2 =
      0.62) was accurate enough to monitor SMC, and it achieved better result than
      TVDI. Moreover, ATVDI-derived result were Ts values with some physical meanings,
      which made it comparative in different periods. Therefore, ATVDI is a promising
      method for monitoring SMC in different time-spatial scales in agricultural
      fields.

PMID- 26978923
TI  - [Interaction of Cucurbit[8]uril with beta-Indoleacetic Acid and Methylviologen].
AB  - The interaction between Q[8] with beta-indoleacetic acid and the methylviologen
      was studied in aqueous solution with electronic absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis),
      fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration
      calorimetry (ITC) in details. The authors explored the mode of action, action
      site and thermodynamic properties of the host-guest system. The electronic
      absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy data showed that the Q[8]/IAA system and
      Q[8]/MV2+ system informed 1:1 inclusion complexes in aqueous solution. ITC
      results showed that the changes of Gibbs free energy and enthalpy are all
      negative, it suggested that complex formation was spontaneous and exothermic
      reaction. Moreover, ITC results for the Q [8] and IAA with MV2+ indicate that the
      association constants of the Q[8]-IAA and Q[8]-MV2+ complexes were (3.22 +/-
      0.96) x 105 L . mol-1 and (3.90 +/- 0.91) x 106 L . mol-1, respectively.
      Therefore, the interaction between Q[8] and IAA with the MV2+ was a competitive
      process. This likely occurs because the MV2+ and IAA molecules attempt to occupy
      the Q[8] cavity, which reduces the fluorescence and absorption spectra intensity
      of Q[8]-IAA because of the formation of a new inclusion complex between Q[8] and
      IAA with MV2+. In addition, with the addition of MV2+ to a Q[8]/IAA complex, 1H
      NMR results showed that the indole moieties of beta-indoleacetic acid and
      bipyridyl group of methylviologen can be incorporated into Q[8] cavities because
      of electronic transfer MV2+ with PQ in a Q[8] cavity with ternary complexes.
      These results provides the potential applications for the supramolecular self
      assembly in cucurbit[n]urils field.

PMID- 26978924
TI  - [Prediction of Cadmium Content in the Leaves of Navel Orange in Heavy Metal
      Contaminated Soil Using VIS-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy].
AB  - Visual and Near-infrared (VIS-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy had been used widely
      in monitoring agricultural pollution in recent years, however, it was rarely
      applied in monitoring the contamination of heavy metal in orchards. In the
      present paper, Newhall navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck cv. Newhall)
      were cultivated in the potted soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd) at different
      levels, and the spectral reflectance and Cd content in the leaves were measured
      simultaneously at different growing seasons, which then were used to establish
      the prediction model by partial least squares regression (PLSR) based on spectral
      reflectance and by linear regression based on spectral index. The results showed
      that Cd was more easily transferred to and cumulated in the new leaves, and this
      phenomenon was more obvious in heavily contaminated soils with Cd. Blue shift in
      red edge was found in the band of 700-730 nm in the new leaves, however, no such
      phenomenon was found in the old leaves. The coefficient of determination (R2) of
      linear regression model based on spectral index was nearly 0. 8, while the PLSR
      model had a better result in predicting Cd content in the new leaves than the
      linear regression with R2CV of approximately 0.9. Furthermore, the standard
      normal variate transformation(SNV) in spectral preprocessing can improve the
      precision significantly in PLSR model. These results suggest that the VIS-NIR
      method has a great potential in monitoring heavy metal pollution in the navel
      orange.

PMID- 26978925
TI  - [Influence Mechanism of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) from Straw Humification on
      Chemical Speciation of Lead in Loess Region].
AB  - Heavy metal is regarded as one of the most representative contaminants in soil,
      and the chemical speciation is greatly related to the toxicity and transformation
      behavior, which attracts the attention of researchers for years. The
      environmental factors could change the speciation of heavy metals, plus to the
      complexity of soil system, and the transformation variation of speciation might
      occasional existed under similar conditions. At present, the different viewpoints
      of related issues are urgent to be investigated. The characteristics of DOM from
      straw humification were revealed with UV spectra, 3D-EEMs spectra and FTIR
      spectra, and the Tessier Sequential Extraction Procedure was used to study the
      speciation transformation behavior of lead affected by DOM. The linear
      relationship of the contents between DOC and lead bound to organic matter was
      indicated to further discuss the influence mechanism of lead speciation using
      FTIR. The results showed: the absorbance peak of DOM located in 229 nm in UV
      spectra, and the fluorescence peaks appeared around the regions of lambda(ex)/em
      = 250/350 nm, lambda(em) = 250/450 nm and lambda(ex) = 330/450 nm, referred as UV
      fulvic-like fluorescence, and visible humic-like fluorescence, respectively. The
      dominant functional groups of DOM included--OH, C==O and N--H. The three
      fractions contents of lead (exchangeable, bound to iron and manganese oxides,
      residual) decreased, while that of lead bound to carbonates varied little. The
      contents of DOC and lead bound to organic matter appeared positive correlation (r
      == 0.691 8), indicating the effective complexation between DOM and lead ions. The
      functional groups of -OH, C==O and --COOH played an important role for the
      speciation transformation of lead, suggested from the FTIR spectra.

PMID- 26978926
TI  - [Sensing of Cu2+ Based on Fenton Reaction and Unmodified Gold Nanoparticles].
AB  - Heavy metal pollution has received great attentions in recent years. The
      traditional methods for heavy metal detection rely on the expensive laboratory
      instruments and need time-consuming preparation steps; therefore, it is urgent to
      develop quick and highly sensitive new technologies for heavy metal detection.
      The colorimetric method based on the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) features with
      simple operation, high sensitivity and low cost, therefore, enabling it widely
      concerned and used in the environmental monitoring, food safety and chemical and
      biological sensing fields. This work developed a simple, rapid and highly
      sensitive strategy based on the Fenton reaction and unmodified AuNPs for the
      detection of Cu2+ in water samples. The hydroxyl radical ( . OH) generated by the
      Fenton reaction between the Cu2+ and sodium ascorbate (SA) oxidized the single
      stranded DNA (ssDNA) attached on the AuNPs surface into variable sequence
      fragments. The cleavage of ssDNA induced the aggregation of AuNPs in a certain
      salt solution, therefore, resulting in the changes on the absorbance of solution.
      The assay conditions were optimized to be pH value of 7.9, 11 mg . L-1 ssDNA, 8
      mmol . L-1 SA and 70 mmol . L-1 NaCl. Results showed that the absorbance ratio
      values at the wavelengths of 700 and 525 nm (A700/A525) were linearly correlated
      with the Cu2+ concentrations. The linear detection range was 0.1-10.0 umol . L-1
      with a detection limit of 24 nmol . L-1 (3sigma). Spiked recoveries ranged from
      87%-120% in three sorts of water, including drinking water, tap water and lake
      water, which confirmed that the potentials of the proposed assay for Cu2+
      detection in reality.

PMID- 26978927
TI  - [Optimized Spectral Indices Based Estimation of Forage Grass Biomass].
AB  - As an important indicator of forage production, aboveground biomass will directly
      illustrate the growth of forage grass. Therefore, Real-time monitoring biomass of
      forage grass play a crucial role in performing suitable grazing and management in
      artificial and natural grassland. However, traditional sampling and measuring are
      time-consuming and labor-intensive. Recently, development of hyperspectral remote
      sensing provides the feasibility in timely and nondestructive deriving biomass of
      forage grass. In the present study, the main objectives were to explore the
      robustness of published and optimized spectral indices in estimating biomass of
      forage grass in natural and artificial pasture. The natural pasture with four
      grazing density (control, light grazing, moderate grazing and high grazing) was
      designed in desert steppe, and different forage cultivars with different N rate
      were conducted in artificial forage fields in Inner Mongolia. The canopy
      reflectance and biomass in each plot were measured during critical stages. The
      result showed that, due to the influence in canopy structure and biomass, the
      canopy reflectance have a great difference in different type of forage grass. The
      best performing spectral index varied in different species of forage grass with
      different treatments (R2 = 0.00-0.69). The predictive ability of spectral indices
      decreased under low biomass of desert steppe, while red band based spectral
      indices lost sensitivity under moderate-high biomass of forage maize. When band
      combinations of simple ratio and normalized difference spectral indices were
      optimized in combined datasets of natural and artificial grassland, optimized
      spectral indices significant increased predictive ability and the model between
      biomass and optimized spectral indices had the highest R2 (R2 = 0.72) compared to
      published spectral indices. Sensitive analysis further confirmed that the
      optimized index had the lowest noise equivalent and were the best performing
      index in estimating biomass. In conclusion, optimizing wave-bands combination was
      a promising algorithm for improving prediction abilities of biomass for forage
      grass.

PMID- 26978928
TI  - [Spectral Analysis of CdZnSe Ternary Quantum Dots Sensitized TiO2 Tubes and Its
      Application in Visible-Light Photocatalysis].
AB  - In this work, cadmium nitrate hexahydrate [Cd(NO3)2 . 6H2O] is as a source of
      cadmium, zinc nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] as a source of zinc source, and NaHSe as a
      source of selenium which was prepared through reducing the elemental selenium
      with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Then water-soluble Cd1-xZnxSe ternary quantum
      dots with different component were prepared by colloid chemistry. The as-prepared
      Cd1-xZnx Se ternary quantum dots exhibit stable fluorescent property in aqueous
      solution, and can still maintain good dispersivity at room temperature for four
      months. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron
      microscope (HRTEM) were used to analyze crystal structure and morphology of the
      prepared Cd1-xZnxSe. It is found that the as-prepared ternary quantum dots are
      cubic phase, show as sphere, and the average of particle size is approximate 4
      nm. The spectral properties and energy band structure of the as-prepared ternary
      quantum dots were modulated through changing the atom ratio of elements Zn and
      Cd. Compared with binary quantum dots CdSe and ZnSe, the ultraviolet-visible (UV
      Visible) absorption spectrum and fluorescence (FL) emission spectrum of ternary
      quantum dots are both red-shift. The composites (Cd0.5 Zn0.5 Se@TNTs) of Cd0.5
      Zn0.5 Se ternary quantum dots and TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) were prepared by directly
      immerging TNTs into quantum dots dispersive solution for 5 hours. TEM image shows
      that the Cd0.5 Zn0.5 Se ternary quantum dots were closely combined to nanotube
      surface. The infrared spectra show that the Ti-Se bond was formed between Cd0.5
      Zn0.5 Se ternary quantum dots and TiO2 nanotubes, which improve the stability of
      the composite. Compared to pristine TNTs, UV-Visible absorption spectrum of the
      composites is significantly enhanced in the visible region of light. And the
      absorption band edge of Cd0.5Zn0.5 Se@TNTs red-shift from 400 to 700 nm. The
      recombination of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs was restrained with the
      as-prepared ternary quantum dots. Therefore, the visible-light photocatalytic
      efficiency was greatly improved. After visible-light irradiation for 60 min, the
      degradation of Cd0.5 Zn0.5 Se@TNTs photocatalysts for RhB is nearly 100%, which
      is about 3. 3 times of that of pristine TNTs and 2. 5 times of that of pure Cd0.5
      Zn0.5 Se ternary quantum dots, respectively.

PMID- 26978929
TI  - [Detection of Hawthorn Fruit Defects Using Hyperspectral Imaging].
AB  - Hyperspectral imaging technology covered the range of 380-1000 nm was employed to
      detect defects (bruise and insect damage) of hawthorn fruit. A total of 134
      samples were collected, which included damage fruit of 46, pest fruit of 30,
      injure and pest fruit of 10 and intact fruit of 48. Because calyx . s-1 tem-end
      and bruise/insect damage regions offered a similar appearance characteristic in
      RGB images, which could produce easily confusion between them. Hence, five types
      of defects including bruise, insect damage, sound, calyx, and stem-end were
      collected from 230 hawthorn fruits. After acquiring hyperspectral images of
      hawthorn fruits, the spectral data were extracted from region of interest (ROI).
      Then, several pretreatment methods of standard normalized variate (SNV), savitzky
      golay (SG), median filter (MF) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) were
      used and partial least squares method(PLS) model was carried out to obtain the
      better performance. Accordingly to their results, SNV pretreatment methods
      assessed by PLS was viewed as best pretreatment method. Lastly, SNV was chosen as
      the pretreatment method. Spectral features of five different regions were
      combined with Regression coefficients(RCs) of partial least squares-discriminant
      analysis (PLS-DA) model was used to identify the important wavelengths and ten
      wavebands at 483, 563, 645, 671, 686, 722, 777, 819, 837 and 942 nm were selected
      from all of the wavebands. Using Kennard-Stone algorithm, all kinds of samples
      were randomly divided into training set (173) and test set (57) according to the
      proportion of 3:1. And then, least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM)
      discriminate model was established by using the selected wavebands. The results
      showed that the discriminate accuracy of the method was 91.23%. In the other
      hand, images at ten important wavebands were executed to Principal component
      analysis (PCA). Using "Sobel" operator and region growing algrorithm
      "Regiongrow", the edge and defect feature of 86 Hawthorn could be recognized.
      Lastly, the detect precision of bruised, insect damage and two-defect samples is
      95.65%, 86.67% and 100%, respectively. This investigation demonstrated that
      hyperspectral imaging technology could detect the defects of bruise, insect
      damage, calyx, and stem-end in hawthorn fruit in qualitative analysis and feature
      detection which provided a theoretical reference for the defects nondestructive
      detection of hawthorn fruit.

PMID- 26978930
TI  - [Study on the Geochemical Anomalies Identification of REE Based on HJ-1A-HSI].
AB  - The characteristic spectral bands of REE do not vary with the occurrence state,
      cannot be used to identify mineral species, but can prove the existence of its
      own. Here we report the spectrum characteristics of REE and their compounds by
      remote sensing wave band from visible light-near infrared, with the quantitative
      relationship between the contents of REE and absorption index of characteristic
      spectral bands. The experimental study was carried out in Bayan Obo area, Inner
      Mongolia. Spectrums and Nd contents of typical rock and ore samples were gathered
      and analyzed. There is positive correlation between the Nd content, the
      absorption depth and absorption index of different spectrum characteristics
      (correlation coefficient > 0.778). Moreover, the correlation between absorption
      index of 726-772 nm band and Nd content is the best, at 0. 937. As mentioned
      above, the quantitative model and the inversion information remote sensing
      geochemical anomaly of Nd were built by the band of HJ-1A-HIS hyperspectral
      remote sensing data. Our results consistent with 1:200,000 stream sediment
      geochemical anomalies of Nd. The model provides a new means for rapid extract
      regional geochemical anomalies of REE.

PMID- 26978931
TI  - [Retrieval of Copper Pollution Information from Hyperspectral Satellite Data in a
      Vegetation Cover Mining Area].
AB  - Heavy metal mining activities have caused the complex influence on the ecological
      environment of the mining regions. For example, a large amount of acidic waste
      water containing heavy metal ions have be produced in the process of copper
      mining which can bring serious pollution to the ecological environment of the
      region. In the previous research work, bare soil is mainly taken as the research
      target when monitoring environmental pollution, and thus the effects of land
      surface vegetation have been ignored. It is well known that vegetation condition
      is one of the most important indictors to reflect the ecological change in a
      certain region and there is a significant linkage between the vegetation spectral
      characteristics and the heavy metal when the vegetation is effected by the heavy
      metal pollution. It means the vegetation is sensitive to heavy metal pollution by
      their physiological behaviors in response to the physiological ecology change of
      their growing environment. The conventional methods, which often rely on large
      amounts of field survey data and laboratorial chemical analysis, are time
      consuming and costing a lot of material resources. The spectrum analysis method
      using remote sensing technology can acquire the information of the heavy mental
      content in the vegetation without touching it. However, the retrieval of that
      information from the hyperspectral data is not an easy job due to the difficulty
      in figuring out the specific band, which is sensitive to the specific heavy
      metal, from a huge number of hyperspectral bands. Thus the selection of the
      sensitive band is the key of the spectrum analysis method. This paper proposed a
      statistical analysis method to find the feature band sensitive to heavy metal ion
      from the hyperspectral data and to then retrieve the metal content using the
      field survey data and the hyperspectral images from China Environment Satellite
      HJ-1. This method selected copper ion content in the leaves as the indicator of
      copper pollution level, using stepwise multiple linear regression and cross
      validation on the dataset which is consisting of 44 groups of copper ion content
      information in the polluted vegetation leaves from Dexing Copper Mine in Jiangxi
      Province to build up a statistical model by also incorporating the HJ-1 satellite
      images. This model was then used to estimate the copper content distribution over
      the whole research area at Dexing Copper Mine. The result has shown that there is
      strong statistical significance of the model which revealed the most sensitive
      waveband to copper ion is located at 516 nm. The distribution map illustrated
      that the copper ion content is generally in the range of 0-130 mg . kg-1 in the
      vegetation covering area at Dexing Copper Mine and the most seriously polluted
      area is located at the South-east corner of Dexing City as well as the mining
      spots with a higher value between 80 and 100 mg . kg-1. This result is consistent
      with the ground observation experiment data. The distribution map can certainly
      provide some important basic data on the copper pollution monitoring and
      treatment.

PMID- 26978932
TI  - [Prediction of Encapsulation Temperatures of Copolymer Films in Photovoltaic
      Cells Using Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques and Chemometrics].
AB  - A novel method of combination of the chemometrics and the hyperspectral imaging
      techniques was presented to detect the temperatures of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate
      copolymer (EVA) films in photovoltaic cells during the thermal encapsulation
      process. Four varieties of the EVA films which had been heated at the
      temperatures of 128, 132, 142 and 148  degrees C during the photovoltaic cells
      production process were used for investigation in this paper. These copolymer
      encapsulation films were firstly scanned by the hyperspectral imaging equipment
      (Spectral Imaging Ltd. Oulu, Finland). The scanning band range of hyperspectral
      equipemnt was set between 904.58 and 1700.01 nm. The hyperspectral dataset of
      copolymer films was randomly divided into two parts for the training and test
      purpose. Each type of the training set and test set contained 90 and 10
      instances, respectively. The obtained hyperspectral images of EVA films were
      dealt with by using the ENVI (Exelis Visual Information Solutions, USA) software.
      The size of region of interest (ROI) of each obtained hyperspectral image of EVA
      film was set as 150 x 150 pixels. The average of reflectance hyper spectra of all
      the pixels in the ROI was used as the characteristic curve to represent the
      instance. There kinds of chemometrics methods including partial least squares
      regression (PLSR), multi-class support vector machine (SVM) and large margin
      nearest neighbor (LMNN) were used to correlate the characteristic hyper spectra
      with the encapsulation temperatures of of copolymer films. The plot of weighted
      regression coefficients illustrated that both bands of short- and long-wave near
      infrared hyperspectral data contributed to enhancing the prediction accuracy of
      the forecast model. Because the attained reflectance hyperspectral data of EVA
      materials displayed the strong nonlinearity, the prediction performance of linear
      modeling method of PLSR declined and the prediction precision only reached to
      95%. The kernel-based forecast models were introduced to eliminate the impact of
      nonlinear hyperspectral data to some extent through mapping the original
      nonlinear hyperspectral data to the high dimensional linear feature space, so the
      relationship between the nonlinear hyperspectral data and the encapsulation
      temperatures of EVA films was fully disclosed finally. Compared with the
      prediction results of three proposed models, the prediction performance of LMNN
      was superior to the other two, whose final recognition accuracy achieved 100%.
      The results indicated that the methods of combination of LMNN model with the
      hyperspectral imaging techniques was the best one for accurately and rapidly
      determining the encapsulation temperatures of EVA films of photovoltaic cells. In
      addition, this paper had created the ideal conditions for automatically
      monitoring and effectively controlling the encapsulation temperatures of EVA
      films in the photovoltaic cells production process.

PMID- 26978933
TI  - [Analysis of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Plasma Mass Spectrometry of
      Pangxidong Composite Granitoid Pluton and Its Implications for Magmatic
      Differentiation].
AB  - Pangxidong composite granitoid pluton located in the southwestern margin of
      Yunkai massif. The metamorphic grade of this pluton increases from outside to
      inside, that is, banded-augen granitic gneisses, gneissoid granites and granites
      distribute in order from edge to core. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Plasma
      Mass Spectrometry are conducted to study the geochemical characteristics of the
      three types of rocks. The result shows that all the three types of rocks are
      peraluminous rocks and their contents of main elements and rare earth elements
      change gradually. From granitic gneisses to granites, the contents of Al2O3, CaO,
      MgO, TiO2, total rare earth elements and light rare earth elements increase, but
      the contents of SiO2 and heavy rare earth elements decrease. It is suggested that
      the phylogenetic relationship exists between granitic gneisses, gneissoid
      granites and granites during the multi-stage tectonic evolution process.
      Furthermore, the remelting of metamorphosed supracrustal rocks in Yunkai massif
      is probably an important cause of granitoid rocks forming. The evolutionary
      mechanism is probably that SiO2 and heavy rare earth elements were melt out from
      the protolith and gradually enriched upward, but Al2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2 and light
      rare earth elements enriched downward.

PMID- 26978935
TI  - [Application of ICP-MS to Detect Rare Earth Elements in Three Economic
      Macroalgaes in China].
AB  - In order to investigate the content and distribution of rare earth elements (REE)
      in main economic macroalgaes in our country, fifteen rare earth elements in three
      economic macroalgaes (including 30 samples of kelp, 30 samples of laver and 15
      samples of Enteromorpha) were detected using ICP-MS method. Results showed that
      the total content of REE in different species of macroalgaes was different. The
      highest total content of REE was in Enteromorpha (16,012.0 ng . g-1), while in
      kelp and laver, the total REE was similar for two macroalgaes (3887.4 and 4318.1
      ng . g-1 respectively). The content of fifteen rare earth elements in kelp ranged
      from 7.9 to 1496.4 ng . g-1; in laver, it ranged from 8.2 to 1836.6 ng . g-1. For
      Enteromorpha, the concentration of 15 rare earth elements were between 19.2 and
      6014.5 ng . g-1. In addition, the content and distribution of different rare
      earth elements in different macroalgaes was also different. For kelp, the highest
      content of REE was Ce (1 496.4 ng . g-1), and the second was La (689.1 ng . g-1).
      For laver, the highest was Y (1836.6 ng . g-1), and the second was Ce (682.2 ng .
      g-1). For Enteromorpha, the highest was Ce (6014.5 ng . g-1), and the second was
      La (2902.9 ng . g-1). Present results also showed that three macroalgaes
      accumulated the light rare earth elements much more than the high rare earth
      elements. The light rare earth elements occupied 90.9%, 87.3% and 91.1% for kelp,
      laver and Enteromorpha respectively. The result that the Enteromorpha had high
      content of rare earth elements could provide important support for opening new
      research directions for the utilization of Enteromorpha.

PMID- 26978934
TI  - [Determination of Heavy Metal Elements in Diatomite Filter Aid by Inductively
      Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry].
AB  - This study established a method for determining Be, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Sb, Sn, Tl,
      Hg and Pb, total 10 heavy metals in diatomite filter aid. The diatomite filter
      aid was digested by using the mixture acid of HNO3 + HF+ H3PO4 in microwave
      system, 10 heavy metals elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma
      mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The interferences of mass spectrometry caused by the
      high silicon substrate were optimized, first the equipment parameters and
      isotopes of test metals were selected to eliminate these interferences, the
      methane was selected as reactant gas, and the mass spectral interferences were
      eliminated by dynamic reaction cell (DRC). Li, Sc, Y, In and Bi were selected as
      the internal standard elements to correct the interferences caused by matrix and
      the drift of sensitivity. The results show that the detection limits for analyte
      is in the range of 3.29-15.68 ng . L-1, relative standard deviations (RSD) is
      less than 4.62%, and the recovery is in the range of 90.71%-107.22%. The current
      method has some advantages such as, high sensitivity, accurate, and precision,
      which can be used in diatomite filter aid quality control and safety estimations.

PMID- 26978936
TI  - [Study on Leaching Characteristic of Heavy Metal in the Manure-Amended Soil Using
      ICP-MASS].
AB  - Based on an 11-year fertilizer field trial (located at the lower liaohe river
      plain), the effects of different organic manure application rates on the
      accumulations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr) in surface soil (0-20 cm), and
      the leaching characteristic and vertical migration pattern of heavy metal have
      been investigated in this rainfed agro-ecosystem using undisturbed soil columns.
      The result showed that the content of heavy metal in surface soil was elevated
      with the increase of manure application. The increasing magnitude was in the
      order of Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr. According to the Chinese soil quality standard (GB15618
      1995), the application of manure (not exceeding 50 t . ha-1) did not result in
      serious heavy metal pollution in the surface soil. Chromium met the Grade I , and
      Cu and Zn met the Grade II; whereas, Cd was almost exceeded the threshold of
      Grade III. The potential risk of Cd in soil should be paid more attentions in
      future research. According to the National water quality standard (GB/T14848-93),
      the Cu and Cd concentrations in leachate samples were up to the Grade II except
      only a few samples that fell in Grade III. Furthermore, Cr in the leachate all
      matched Grade I water quality standard. These results indicated long-term
      application of manure (not exceeding 50 t . ha-1) in our site had not induced
      contaminant risks of heavy metals in underground water. In addition, the Cu, Zn
      and Cd (except Cr) in leachate all declined with the increase of soil depth,
      indicating the low capacity of vertical migration of heavy metal. Among the four
      heavy metals, Zn and Cr tended to be leached into deep soil, whereas Cu and Cd
      were more prone to be accumulated in surface soil.

PMID- 26978937
TI  - [Automatic Measurement of the Stellar Atmospheric Parameters Based Mass
      Estimation].
AB  - We have collected massive stellar spectral data in recent years, which leads to
      the research on the automatic measurement of stellar atmospheric physical
      parameters (effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g and metallic
      abundance [Fe/ H]) become an important issue. To study the automatic measurement
      of these three parameters has important significance for some scientific
      problems, such as the evolution of the universe and so on. But the research of
      this problem is not very widely, some of the current methods are not able to
      estimate the values of the stellar atmospheric physical parameters completely and
      accurately. So in this paper, an automatic method to predict stellar atmospheric
      parameters based on mass estimation was presented, which can achieve the
      prediction of stellar effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g and
      metallic abundance [Fe/H]. This method has small amount of computation and fast
      training speed. The main idea of this method is that firstly it need us to build
      some mass distributions, secondly the original spectral data was mapped into the
      mass space and then to predict the stellar parameter with the support vector
      regression (SVR) in the mass space. we choose the stellar spectral data from the
      United States SDSS-DR8 for the training and testing. We also compared the
      predicted results of this method with the SSPP and achieve higher accuracy. The
      predicted results are more stable and the experimental results show that the
      method is feasible and can predict the stellar atmospheric physical parameters
      effectively.

PMID- 26978938
TI  - [Fourier Transform Spectrometer Based on Rotating Parallel-Mirror-Pair].
AB  - In the temporally-modulated Fourier transform spectroscopy, the translational
      moving mirror is difficult to drive accurately, causing tilt and shear problems.
      While, a rotational moving mirror can solve these problems. A rotary Fourier
      transform spectrometer is recommanded in this paper. Its principle is analyzed
      and the optical path difference is deduced. Also, the constrains for engineering
      realization are presented. This spectrometer consists of one beamsplitter, two
      fixed mirrors, one rotating parallel mirror pair, a collimating lens, a
      collecting lens, and one detector. From it's principle, this spectrometer show a
      simple structure, and it is assembled and adjustmented easily because the two
      split light are interfered with each other after reflected through the same plane
      mirror; By calculating the expression of it's optical path difference, the
      spectrometer is easy to realize large optical path difference, meaning high
      spectral resolution; Through analyzing it's engineering design constraints and
      computer simulation, it is known that the spectrometer should get the high
      resolution sample by high-speed spinning motor, so it is easy to achieve precise
      motion control, good stability, fast measurement speed.

PMID- 26978939
TI  - [Optical Path Difference Analysis and Simulation of Four Typical Rotary Type
      Interferometer].
AB  - The four kinds of the structure characteristics of rotary type interferometer are
      mainly analyzed from the classical Michelson interferometer structure in the
      paper. The Optical path difference between the interferometer and the rotation
      angle is also analyzed. By setting parameters, the four kinds of rotary type
      optical path difference of the interferometer are simulated based on the optical
      path difference formula. The rotation velcocity of the four kinds of
      interferometers is also simulated. By simulation and contrast of the optical path
      difference, the relationship is intuitively reflect by figure between the optical
      path difference and the rotation angle. The scope of the rotation angle is
      discussed within 3% of the velocity errors. It is the very good reference
      significance to study the structure and properties of the interferometer by
      analyzing and simulating the optical path difference discussed in the paper.

PMID- 26978940
TI  - [Dynamic Wavelength Characteristics of Semiconductor Laser in Electric Current
      Tuning Process].
AB  - In order to measure the dynamic wavelength of semiconductor lasers under current
      tuning, an improved method of fi- ber delay self-heterodyne interferometer was
      proposed. The measurement principle, as well the beat frequency and dynamic
      wavelength of recursive relations are theoretically analyzed. The application of
      the experimental system measured the dynamic wavelength characteristics of
      distributed feedback semiconductor laser and the static wavelength
      characteristics measurement by the spectrometer. The comparison between the two
      values indicates that both dynamic and static wavelength characteristic with the
      current tuning are the similar non-linear curve. In 20-100 mA current tuning
      range, the difference of them is less than 0.002 nm. At the same time, according
      to the absorption lines of CO2 gas, and HITRAN spectrum library, we can identify
      the dynamic wavelength of the laser. Comparing it with dynamic wavelength
      calculated by the beat signal, the difference is only 0.001 nm, which verifies
      the reliability of the experimental system to measure the dynamic wavelength.

PMID- 26978941
TI  - [A New Method for Eliminating Background Signal Drift to Improve the Detection
      Precision in Continuous Harmonic Detection].
AB  - To overcome the second harmonic background signal drift in gas continuous
      detection based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS), a new
      method of background elimination was proposed by changing center current of the
      laser. This method can eliminated the effects of background signal drifting on
      concentration inversion. Based on the wavelength modulation theory, the
      theoretical expression of the second harmonic of the background signal is
      derived. In addition, the second harmonic background signal components and the
      factors that affect it are described. In different working temperatures, the
      relationship curve between thelaser current and output light intensity. In the
      process of continuous detection, we analyzes the feasibility ofchangingthe laser
      center current extraction of background signal. Combined with the principle of
      the background signal searching, the LabView flow chart was designed to search
      background center current. Ammonia (NH3) was detected by the TDLAS experimental
      system, which demonstrated the feasibility of the new method. The range of
      experiment parameters and the range of background center current searches were
      determined, in the situation that there was only one absorption line in the full
      laser workspace. The experimental results showed that this method realizes
      background signal extraction, reduces the error of concentration inversion and
      the effects of concentration inversion bybackground signal. Thus it improved the
      detection accuracy of the concentration. In the continuous detection experiment,
      the standarddeviation of inversion concentration reduced from 2.688 3 to 1.856 1,
      which demonstrated. that the degree of dispersion of detected concentration is
      reduced, even eliminate the effects of background signal drifting on
      concentration inversion and the accuracy of detection is improved. This method
      provides an effective background drifting elimination approach for improving the
      detection accuracy of the concentration.

PMID- 26978942
TI  - [The Study of Characteristics of Cladding-Reduced Coated Long-Period Fiber
      Grating Based on Mode Transition and Dual Peak Resonance].
AB  - Based on coupled-mode theory, the mode transition of the high-order cladding
      modes in a coated long-period tiber grating (LPFG) has been studied firstly; the
      mode transition region and non-mode transition region of high-order cladding
      modes are divided. The response characteristic of cladding mode effective index
      with increasing the overlay thickness is analyzed; the shift of resonant
      wavelength in the mode transition region will be larger than that in the non-mode
      transition region. Further, the changes of the resonant wavelength of some high
      order cladding modes with grating period are investigated when the cladding
      radius are different, the shift between two resonant wavelengths of dual peak in
      the mode transition region is bigger than that in non-mode transition region when
      the cladding radius are uniform. And the shift between two resonant wavelengths
      of dual peak will be increased by the decrease of the cladding radius in both
      mode transition and non-mode transition regions. Finally, the response
      characteristics of film refractive index of coated LPFG are investigated for a
      high-order cladding mode while the cladding radius are different and the overlay
      thickness is located in mode transition region and non-transition mode region,
      then the optimized design scheme is come up with. The higher sensitivity dual
      peak sensor of coated LPFG than the traditional dual-peak sensor will be obtained
      when the overlay thickness and refractive index is located in the mode transition
      region and the grating period close to the phase matching turning points.
      Further, the resolution power of coated LPFG sensor will further be improved by
      the appropriate reducing of the cladding radius.

PMID- 26978943
TI  - A Quantum Dot Fluorescence Sensor System Design for Hg2+ Trace Detection.
AB  - The detection of Hg2+ ions usually requires large laboratory equipment, which
      encounters difficulties for rapid field test in most applications. In this paper,
      we design a reflective sensor for trace Hg2+ analysis based on the fluorescent
      quenching of Quantum dots, which contains two major modules, i. e. the
      fluorescent sensing module and the signal processing module. The fluorescence
      sensing module is composed of a laser source, a light collimated system and a
      photo-detector, which enables the realization of the fluorescence excitation as
      well as its detection. The signal processing module realized the further
      amplification of the detected signal and hereafter the filtering of noises.
      Furthermore, the Hg2+ concentration will displayed on the QT interface using a
      Linux embedded system. The sensor system is low cost and small, which makes it
      available for rapid field test or portable applications. Experimental results
      show that the sensor has a good linear relationship for the Hg2+ concentration
      range from 15.0 x 10-9 to 1.8 x 10-6 mol . L-1. The regression equation is V0/V =
      1.309 13 + 3.37c, where c is Hg2+ concentration, and V0 is the voltage value for
      the blank case. In our work, the linearity is determined as 0. 989 26. The
      experiments exhibit that Ca2+, Mn2+ and Pb2+ ions have small influence on the
      Hg2+ detection, and the interfere of other common ions can be neglected, which
      indicates a good selectivity of the sensor. Finally, it shows that our sensor has
      a rapid response time of 35 s and a good repeatability, thus it is potential for
      field test of trace Hg2+.

PMID- 26978944
TI  - High-Frequency Observation of Water Spectrum and Its Application in Monitoring of
      Dynamic Variation of Suspended Materials in the Hangzhou Bay.
AB  - In situ measurement of water spectrum is the basis of the validation of the ocean
      color remote sensing. The traditional method to obtain the water spectrum is
      based on the shipboard measurement at limited stations, which is difficult to
      meet the requirement of validation of ocean color remote sensing in the highly
      dynamic coastal waters. To overcome this shortage, continuously observing systems
      of water spectrum have been developed in the world. However, so far, there are
      still few high-frequency observation systems of the water spectrum in coastal
      waters, especially in the highly turbid and high-dynamic waters. Here, we
      established a high-frequency water-spectrum observing system based on tower in
      the Hangzhou Bay. The system measures the water spectrum at a step of 3 minutes,
      which can fully match the satellite observation. In this paper, we primarily
      developed a data processing method for the tower-based high-frequency water
      spectrum data, to realize automatic judgment of clear sky, sun glint, platform
      shadow, and weak illumination, etc. , and verified the processing results. The
      results show that the normalized water-leaving radiance spectra obtained through
      tower observation have relatively high consistency with the shipboard measurement
      results, with correlation coefficient of more than 0. 99, and average relative
      error of 9.96%. In addition, the long-term observation capability of the tower
      based high-frequency water-spectrum observing system was evaluated, and the
      results show that although the system has run for one year, the normalized water
      leaving radiance obtained by this system have good consistency with the
      synchronously measurement by Portable spectrometer ASD in respect of spectral
      shape and value, with correlation coefficient of more than 0.90 and average
      relative error of 6.48%. Moreover, the water spectra from high-frequency
      observation by the system can be used to effectively monitor the rapid dynamic
      variation in concentration of suspended materials with tide. The tower-based high
      frequency water-spectrum observing system provided rich in situ spectral data for
      the validation of ocean color remote sensing in turbid waters, especially for
      validation of the high temporal-resolution geostationary satellite ocean color
      remote sensing.

PMID- 26978945
TI  - The Extraction Model of Paddy Rice Information Based on GF-1 Satellite WFV
      Images.
AB  - In the present, using the characteristics of paddy rice at different phenophase
      to identify it by remote sensing images is an efficient way in the information
      extraction. According to the remarkably properties of paddy rice different from
      other vegetation, which the surface of paddy fields is with a large number of
      water in the early stage, NDWI (normalized difference water index) which is used
      to extract water information can reasonably be applied in the extraction of paddy
      rice at the early stage of the growth. And using NDWI ratio of two phenophase can
      expand the difference between paddy rice and other surface features, which is an
      important part for the extraction of paddy rice with high accuracy. Then using
      the variation of NDVI (normalized differential vegetation index) in different
      phenophase can further enhance accuracy of paddy rice information extraction.
      This study finds that making full advantage of the particularity of paddy rice in
      different phenophase and combining two indices (NDWI and NDVI) associated with
      paddy rice can establish a reasonable, accurate and effective extraction model of
      paddy rice. This is also the main way to improve the accuracy of paddy rice
      extraction. The present paper takes Lai'an in Anhui Province as the research
      area, and rice as the research object. It constructs the extraction model of
      paddy rice information using NDVI and NDWI between tillering stage and heading
      stage. Then the model was applied to GF1-WFV remote sensing image on July 12,
      2013 and August 30, 2013. And it effectively extracted out of paddy rice
      distribution in Lai'an and carried on the mapping. At last, the result of
      extraction was verified and evaluated combined with field investigation data in
      the study area. The result shows that using the extraction model can quickly and
      accurately obtain the distribution of rice information, and it has the very good
      universality.

PMID- 26978946
TI  - Degradation Ability of Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol Film for Coating of Fertilizer.
AB  - Using outdoor exposure and cinnamon soil incubation test, by quality changes,
      infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopic scanning technology, to research
      the degradation ability of self-developed coated fertilizer films. The results of
      outdoor exposure and cinnamon soil incubation test showed that all films had
      certain degradation ability, and the degradation rate increased with the increase
      of time. Under two kinds of test conditions, the highest degradation rate could
      reach above 35%. The degradation ability of film citric acid/ PVA was much
      stronger than epoxy resin/PVA. The degradation ability of citric
      acid/PVA/diatomite composite film materials was further enhanced because of the
      addition of diatomite. The epoxy resin/PVA composite film materials, although
      they had certain degradability, compared to the contrast, the difference was not
      significant, and adding diatomite can't obviously increase the degradation rate.
      The results of IR spectroscopy showed that some major functional groups, such as
      C==O, C==C, ==C--H would be reduced after degradation, and the transmission rate
      also increased, which showed that the degradation of composite film materials
      must be happened Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface becomes
      rough and uneven, and it also meant the films have some degradation. The results
      of IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were consistent with the
      results of quality change test, and could more objectively represent the
      degradability of film material. Modified film materials can effectively control
      nutrient release without causing harm to the soil environment, so it is suitable
      for the film materials of coated fertilizer.

PMID- 26978947
TI  - Discrimination of Maize Haploid Seeds from Hybrid Seeds Using Vis Spectroscopy
      and Support Vector Machine Method.
AB  - Doubled haploid (DH) lines are routinely applied in the hybrid maize breeding
      programs of many institutes and companies for their advantages of complete
      homozygosity and short breeding cycle length. A key issue in this approach is an
      efficient screening system to identify haploid kernels from the hybrid kernels
      crossed with the inducer. At present, haploid kernel selection is carried out
      manually using the"red-crown" kernel trait (the haploid kernel has a non
      pigmented embryo and pigmented endosperm) controlled by the R1-nj gene. Manual
      selection is time-consuming and unreliable. Furthermore, the color of the kernel
      embryo is concealed by the pericarp. Here, we establish a novel approach for
      identifying maize haploid kernels based on visible (Vis) spectroscopy and support
      vector machine (SVM) pattern recognition technology. The diffuse transmittance
      spectra of individual kernels (141 haploid kernels and 141 hybrid kernels from 9
      genotypes) were collected using a portable UV-Vis spectrometer and integrating
      sphere. The raw spectral data were preprocessed using smoothing and vector
      normalization methods. The desired feature wavelengths were selected based on the
      results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The wavelengths with p values above 0. 05
      were eliminated because the distributions of absorbance data in these wavelengths
      show no significant difference between haploid and hybrid kernels. Principal
      component analysis was then performed to reduce the number of variables. The SVM
      model was evaluated by 9-fold cross-validation. In each round, samples of one
      genotype were used as the testing set, while those of other genotypes were used
      as the training set. The mean rate of correct discrimination was 92.06%. This
      result demonstrates the feasibility of using Vis spectroscopy to identify haploid
      maize kernels. The method would help develop a rapid and accurate automated
      screening-system for haploid kernels.

PMID- 26978948
TI  - Determination of Beryllium in Soil and Sediment by Graphite Furnace Atomic
      Absorption with a Microwave-Acid Digestion Method.
AB  - A method for determination of beryllium in soils and sediments by microwave-acid
      digestion/graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) is described. In this paper,
      the working conditions of the instrument are optimized, the drawing of
      calibration curve is expounded, the pretreatment process of soil and sediments
      (including microwave heating process and the selection of digestion system) is
      discussed, and the interference of coexisting elements is examined. The sample
      was pretreated by microwave digestion parameters using HNO3/ HCl/HF mixed acid
      system. The method is fast and simple without matrix modifier, and has no
      interference by coexisting ions, and has high repeatability and reproducibility.
      Under the optimal experimental conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.004
      9 mg . kg-1 (sample quantity 0.200 0 g, sample volume 25 mL), and the limits of
      quantitation (LOQ) is 0.20 mg . kg-1. This method is used to measure the standard
      samples and actual samples, whether in the laboratory, or between laboratories,
      has good accuracy and precision.

PMID- 26978949
TI  - Cost versus investment: how does the C-suite view the security function?
AB  - Is security an investment or a cost? Since the preventative value of security is
      difficult to prove, each professional security practitioner must do his or her
      best to take existing data and translate it into a language that the C-Suite will
      understand, the author says. In this article he describes ways that appropriate
      resourcesfor security in the healthcare environment can be validated.

PMID- 26978950
TI  - Adapting healthcare security officer training to changing times.
AB  - The need to conduct field training programs of new officers instead of "learning
      by doing" has become essential as violent incidents in hospitals keep increasing,
      the author says. In this article he outlines the elements of a successful field
      training program.

PMID- 26978952
TI  - Total quality leadership tactics for healthcare security teams.
AB  - Leading a large staff of individuals with different personality traits can be a
      challenge, the authors state, but understanding that each team member is a unique
      person with thoughts and feelings that may differ from a leader's preconceived
      notions allows healthcare security officers to celebrate diversity and work
      together to create positive change. A high functioning team, they add, accepts
      personality differences and knows that each individual is a value-contributing
      member of the team.

PMID- 26978951
TI  - IAHSS certification rollout: helping officers succeed.
AB  - After determining that security staff should obtain IAHSS certification on every
      level to help reduce the risk for mishandling of incidents and enhance the health
      system's reputation for being a "best practice" organization, security managers,
      working with Human Resources, developed a special training program designed to
      maximize the chances of an individual officer and supervisor attaining such
      certification. In this article, the author reviews this training program.

PMID- 26978953
TI  - Shared governance team develops standard onboarding process.
AB  - Standardizing the hiring and onboarding of security officers in a diverse and
      comprehensive healthcare system has been attained, according to the author, by
      the employment of Shared Governance, a staff-leader partnership designed to
      improve department outcomes. In this article, he describes how Shared Government
      was employed, how different issues were identified, and how benefits were
      achieved.

PMID- 26978954
TI  - Resources available for applying metrics in security and safety programming.
AB  - Incorporating metrics into security surveys has been championed as a better way
      of substantiating program-related effectiveness and expenditures. Although
      security surveys have been aroundfor well over 40 years, rarely, if ever, have
      metric-related strategies been part of the equation, the author says. In this
      article, he cites several published articles and research findings available to
      security professionals and their surveyors that may give them the expertise and
      confidence they need to make use of this valuable tool.

PMID- 26978955
TI  - Critical partners in domestic violence advocacy- a unique collaboration.
AB  - Recognizing the reality of domestic violence and its impact on the workplace, the
      Police and Security Staff of a leading hospital launched a team effort to protect
      and empower abused employees and break the cycle of violence. In this article,
      the author describes how the team was formed, how it operates, and the results it
      has achieved.

PMID- 26978956
TI  - What every healthcare facility should do now to reduce the potential for
      workplace violence.
AB  - The prevalence and growth of violence in healthcare facilities has now been
      recognized by government and regulatory agencies, the author reports, but there
      continues to be a general lack of understanding and support of security and
      safety by some hospital administrators. In this article he presents the options
      that should be considered for reducing violence and outlines the steps which can
      be taken to reduce the number of violent incidents and effectively respond if
      they do occur.

PMID- 26978957
TI  - The value of prevention: managing the risks associated with targeted violence and
      active shooters.
AB  - Every time we turn on the news, or open our Internet browsers, a story about an
      active shooter--at a school, house of worship, public place and even in our
      workplace--spills onto the page, the author reports. In this article he focuses
      on how we can prevent these incidents from occurring. What exactly is "targeted
      violence"--and why is what experts call "behavioral threat assessment" one of the
      single most effective ways to prevent the next active shooter incident in any
      organization?

PMID- 26978958
TI  - Workplace violence mitigation: the three-year model.
AB  - In presenting a three-year model for workplace violence mitigation in this
      article, the author sees it as providing a way to gauge the maturity of the
      program. This model, he says, functions similarly to a high performing security
      awareness program where certain themes need to be repeated on a routine basis
      just so situational awareness does not fall by the wayside. While the program
      outlined here is not a guaranteed formula for success, it is a framework to work
      within to ensure you have a roadmap upon which to build success.

PMID- 26978959
TI  - Hospital incident command system: tool for a TJC accreditation survey.
AB  - The unannounced Joint Commission (TJC) accreditation survey can prove just as
      unpredictable and challenging as any other incident. In this article, the authors
      describe a plan developed by a hospital emergency response team that has proven
      successful in dealing with TJC and other surveys.

PMID- 26978960
TI  - NFPA 99 Chapter 13 and healthcare security management.
AB  - The new NFPA 99 Security Management Standard for healthcare facilities requires a
      Security Vulnerability Analysis be conducted annually, the author reports. This
      will usually uncover little change from year to year, he says, but by using the
      right model the analysis can be used to win back security additions that had
      previously been rejected by the C-Suite.

PMID- 26978961
TI  - Light at the end of the rabbit hole: how to determine appropriate lighting levels
      as part of a total security program.
AB  - Appropriate lighting coupled with additional security meth- ods has been shown to
      reduce the occurrence of crime, the author reports in this article which
      describes the characteristics of lighting, how to decide how much light to use,
      and how and when to conduct lighting assessments.

PMID- 26978962
TI  - Teaching EHRs security with simulation for non-technical healthcare
      professionals.
AB  - This paper intends to simplify challenging concepts through role-play
      demonstrations and serve as a foundation for understanding the basis of securing
      healthcare data. Disparity exists between the rising need for security of
      electronic healthcare information and the number of healthcare leaders who
      understand the concepts behind ensuring privacy and accuracy of such data.
      Healthcare managers with a basic understanding of data encryption and how it
      safeguards health information are vital to the success of Electronic Health
      Records. They often are responsible for proper oversight of such systems and
      should instill confidence in medical providers and patients that electronic
      medical data is safe and accurate. However, data security and privacy are complex
      concepts and remain foreign to many healthcare managers. This paper reviews the
      benefits of simulation learning and outlines a workshop and simulation game
      developed in response to difficulties teaching the technology of encryption. The
      simulation has been successfully tested with graduate health administration
      students, as well as members of the technical, academic, and teaching community.

PMID- 26978963
TI  - Tourniquet use by security officers.
AB  - The need for equipping healthcare security officers with tourniquets may seem far
      fetched, but it is not, according to the author, because such officers in their
      role of first responders may well face situations where they have to administer
      such first aid to save lives and limbs. In this article, he describes how
      training in tourniquet use by officers can be given.

PMID- 26978964
TI  - The need for patrol rifles in a hospital setting.
AB  - This article is based on a proposal to management by the police chief of a
      hospital for equipping police officers with patrol rifles. According to the IHSSF
      2014 research report on Weapons Use Among Hospital Security Personnel, handguns
      are available in 52% of hospitals, but there were no reports of the availability
      of patrol rifles. Recognizing that such a proposal is highly controversial, the
      author maintains that in view of the nature of today's security threats, the use
      of such weapons should be given serious consideration.

PMID- 26978965
TI  - Predicting violent behavior in clinical settings: a case-control study of a
      mental health inpatient unit.
AB  - In order to assist staff in recognizing patients prone to violence and guide
      their clinical decision-making, this study summarizes mental health inpatient
      unit incidents over a one-year period. Results describe demographic and clinical
      information for patients, and evaluate risk assessment tools currently used to
      predict risk. A retrospective analysis included data on patients involved in
      incidents and frequency matched controls. There were a total of 44 incidents,
      caused by 38 unique patients. A constructed model to estimate patient
      characteristics and risk of violent incidents included involuntary admittance (OR
      2.07, 95% CI 1.05-6.11, p = 0.039), more than one admission at the facility (OR
      4.18, 95% CI 1.71-10.22, p = 0.002) and Global Subjective Irritability on day one
      (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.77-10.16, p = 0.001). Violent incidents on the mental
      inpatient unit threaten safety and disrupt the therapeutic environment. The
      findings may be useful in aiding clinicians to quickly recognize patients that
      are prone to violence.

PMID- 26978966
TI  - Use of K9 units in healthcare: a history.
AB  - The use of K9 units within healthcare facilities will continue to increase as the
      violence within healthcare increases. K9s are a wise investment and are cost
      effective. K9 units deter and prevent crime and violence at facilities. The
      typical K9 will be utilized for eight to ten years. The research demonstrates
      that facilities that have deployed K9 units have seen a reduction in crime and
      violence. A well trained K9 can not only patrol the exterior of a healthcare
      facility but also the patient care and service areas. As more hospitals and
      healthcare facilities look at non-lethal weapons to protect their officers, staff
      and guests, the use of K9 within healthcare will continue to rise.

PMID- 26978967
TI  - [Twenty years' review and prospect of modernization research on traditional
      Chinese medicine].
AB  - The modernization strategy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been
      implemented for 20 years, which has provided a strong impetus to the development
      of TCM and gained remarkable achievements in scientific research platform,
      research result, industry scale, clinical evaluation, internationalization and
      professionals training as well. The achievements of TCM modernization greatly
      improved the clinical service ability and level of TCM, broadened the scope of
      service, become the important foundation of the big health industry. TCM has
      played an irreplaceable role in the health care reform, benefiting people's
      livelihood, promoting industrial structure adjustment and cultivating strategic
      emerging industries. This article summarized the main achievements of the
      modernization of TCM and prospected the direction and tasks in the next 20 years
      in order to further promote the modernization process of TCM.

PMID- 26978968
TI  - [Essentials of pharmacophylogeny: knowledge pedigree, epistemology and paradigm
      shift].
AB  - Chinese materia medica resource (CMM resource) is the foundation of the
      development of traditional Chinese medicine. In the study of sustainable
      utilization of CMM resource, adopting innovative theory and method to find new
      CMM resource is one of hotspots and always highlighted. Pharmacophylogeny
      interrogates the phylogenetic relationship of medicinal organisms (especially
      medicinal plants), as well as the intrinsic correlation of morphological
      taxonomy, molecular phylogeny, chemical constituents, and therapeutic efficacy
      (ethnopharmacology and pharmacological activity). This new discipline may have
      the power to change the way we utilize medicinal plant resources and develop
      plant-based drugs. Phylogenomics is the crossing of evolutionary biology and
      genomics, in which genome data are utilized for evolutionary reconstructions.
      Phylogenomics can be integrated into the flow chart of drug discovery and
      development, and extends the field of pharmacophylogeny at the omic level, thus
      the concept of pharmacophylogenomics could be redefined in the context of plant
      pharmaceutical resources. This contribution gives a brief discourse of knowledge
      pedigree of pharmacophylogeny, epistemology and paradigm shift, highlighting the
      theoretical and practical values of pharmacophylogenomics. Many medicinally
      important tribes and genera, such as Clematis, Pulsatilla, Anemone, Cimicifugeae,
      Nigella, Delphinieae, Adonideae, Aquilegia, Thalictrum, and Coptis, belong to
      Ranunculaceae family. Compared to other plant families, Ranunculaceae has the
      most species that are recorded in China Pharmacopoeia (CP) 2010. However, many
      Ranunculaceae species, e. g., those that are closely related to CP species, as
      well as those endemic to China, have not been investigated in depth, and their
      phylogenetic relationship and potential in medicinal use remain elusive. As such,
      it is proposed to select Ranunculaceae to exemplify the utility of
      pharmacophylogenomics and to elaborate the new concept empirically. It is argued
      that phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of medicinally important tribes
      and genera within Ranunculaceae could be elucidated at the genomic,
      transcriptomic, and metabolomic levels, from which the intrinsic correlation
      between medicinal plant genotype and metabolic phenotype, and between genetic
      diversity and chemodivesity of closely related taxa, could be revealed. This
      proof-of-concept study regards pharmacophylogenomics as the updated version of
      pharmacophylogeny and would enrich the intension and spread the extension of
      pharmacophylogeny. The interdisciplinary knowledge and techniques will be
      integrated in the proposed study to promote development of CMM resource
      discipline and to boost sustainable development of Chinese medicinal plant
      resources.

PMID- 26978969
TI  - [On Chinese medicine quality precision in expectation].
AB  - According to the correlative analyses on Chinese medicine essence, dosage forms
      and quality control level, it expounds the precise concept of Chinese medicine,
      and its quality advantages and characteristics in this paper, furthermore
      discusses how to achieve the ideal drugs and Chinese medicine quality precision
      in expectation. Base on the Chinese medicine essence, using the concept of nature
      medicine and its drug system to construct Chinese medicine effective material
      basis and its drugs, with the correlative analyses of whole view and
      reductionism, the problems of uncertainty quality of original natural medicinal
      resources and preparations may well be solved, and further with the macroscopic
      to microcosmic construction of drug system, the precision in expectations of
      Chinese medicine quality and higher production lever may well be achieved.

PMID- 26978970
TI  - [Two new polyesters from wetland soil-derived fungus Talaromyces flavus].
AB  - Two new polyesters, talapolyesters G-H (1-2) were isolated from the wetland soil
      derived fungus Talaromyces flavus BYD07-13, and their structures were determined
      by NMR and MS spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of the residues
      were determined by alkaline hydrolysis. The cytotoxicity against five tumor cell
      lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7 and SW480) of 1-2 was examined.

PMID- 26978971
TI  - [Academician Li Lianda talking about doctors doing scientific research].
AB  - At present, Chinese medical field faces with an important problem of how to
      correctly handle the relationship between medical and scientific research.
      Academician Li Lianda advocates doctors doing scientific research under the
      premise of putting the medical work first. He points out that there are many
      problems in the process of doctors doing scientific research at present such as
      paying more attention to scientific research than medical care, excessively
      promoting building scientific research hospital, only paying attention to
      training scientific talents, research direction be flashy without substance, the
      medical evaluation system should be improved and so on. Medical, scientific
      research and teaching are inseparable because improving medical standards depends
      on scientific research and personnel training. But not all doctors need to take
      into account of medical treatment, scientific research and teaching in the same
      degree while not all hospitals need to turn into three-in-one hospital,
      scientific research hospital or teaching hospital. It must be treated differently
      according to the actual situation.

PMID- 26978972
TI  - [Analysis and outlook on teaching status of Molecular Pharmacognosy].
AB  - The teaching status of Molecular Pharmacognosy in 28 institutions in China was
      investigated by questionnaire and the survey data was analyzed by SPSS. Research
      contents included course beginning years, majors, class hours, characteristics of
      the course, teaching ways, the theory and practice contents, evaluation modes,
      selection of teaching material, teaching achievements, teachers and so on for
      undergraduates and graduates. Research results showed that with 20 years'
      development, Molecular Pharmacognosy had been offered for both undergraduate and
      graduate students in at least 20 colleges and universities and Molecular
      Pharmacognosy education in China showed good development momentum. At the same
      time, to promote the development of Molecular Pharmacognosy further, investment
      for it should be increased and practical teaching condition should be improved.

PMID- 26978973
TI  - [Ecological agriculture: future of Good Agriculture Practice of Chinese materia
      medica].
AB  - Based on the ecological and economic problems in Good Agriculture Practice (GAP)
      of Chinese material medica, we introduced the origin, concept, features and
      operative technology of eco-agriculture worldwide, emphasizing its modes on
      different biological levels of landscape, ecosystem, community, population,
      individual and gene in China. And on this basis, we analyzed the background and
      current situation of eco-agriculture of Chinese materia medica, and proposed its
      development ideas and key tasks, including: (1) Analysis and planning of the
      production pattern of Chinese material medica national wide. (2) Typical features
      extraction of regional agriculture of Chinese materia medica. (3) Investigation
      of the interaction and its mechanism between typical Chinese materia medica in
      each region and the micro-ecology of rhizosphere soil. (4) Study on technology of
      eco-agriculture of Chinese materia medica. (5) Extraction and solidification of
      eco-agriculture modes of Chinese materia medica. (6) Study on the theory of eco
      agriculture of Chinese materia medica. Also we pointed out that GAP and eco
      agriculture of Chinese material medica are both different and relative, but they
      are not contradictory with their own features. It is an irresistible trend to
      promote eco-agriculture in the GAP of Chinese material medica and coordinate
      ecological and economic development.

PMID- 26978974
TI  - [Cropping system and research strategies in Panax ginseng].
AB  - Panax ginseng is the king of herbs and plays important roles in the traditional
      Chinese medicine industry. In this paper, we summarized the development of
      ginseng cultivation in China and other main countries, analyzed the effects of
      ecological factors of soil and climate on ginseng distribution, and investigated
      the characteristic of main cultivation patterns (conversion of forest to
      cultivate ginseng soils, cultivated ginseng in the farmland and wild nursery).
      Aimed at the serious issues in the cultivation, research strategies have been
      provided to guarantee the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The
      patterns of cultivated ginseng in the farmland should be strive to develop;
      pollution-free cultivation and studies of continuous cropping obstacles should be
      carried out; ginseng varieties suited to ecological environment of farmland
      should be bred using modern biotechnology.

PMID- 26978975
TI  - [The technological innovation strategy for quality control of Chinese medicine
      based on Big Data].
AB  - The evolution of the quality control concepts of medical products within the
      global context and the development of the quality control technology of Chinese
      medicine are briefly described. Aimed at the bottlenecks in the regulation and
      quality control of Chinese medicine, using Big Data technology to address the
      significant challenges in Chinese medicine industry is proposed. For quality
      standard refinements and internationalization of Chinese medicine, a
      technological innovation strategy encompassing its methodology, and the R&D
      direction of the subsequent core technology are also presented.

PMID- 26978976
TI  - [Characteristics and innovation in projects of ethnomedicine and
      ethnopharmacology funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China].
AB  - The overall situation of projects of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology funded
      by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) since 2008 has been
      presented in this paper. The main source of characteristics and innovation of the
      funded projects were summarized, which may come from several aspects, such as the
      ethnomedical theories, the dominant diseases of ethnomedicine, special diseases
      in ethnic minorities inhabited areas, unique ethnomedical therapy, special
      methods for applying medication, endemic medicinal materials in ethnic minorities
      inhabited areas, same medicinal materials with different applications. Examples
      have been provided to give references to the applicants in the fields of
      ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology.

PMID- 26978977
TI  - [Inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicinal authentication].
AB  - Chinese medicinal authentication is fundamental for the standardization and
      globalization of Chinese medicine. The discipline of authentication addresses
      difficult issues that have remained unresolved for thousands of years, and is
      essential for preserving safety. Chinese medicinal authentication has both
      scientific and traditional cultural connotations; the use of scientific methods
      to elucidate traditional experience-based differentiation carries the legacy of
      Chinese medicine forward, and offers immediate practical significance and long
      term scientific value. In this paper, a path of inheritance and innovation is
      explored through the scientific exposition of Chinese medicinal authentication,
      featuring a review of specialized publications, the establishment of a Chinese
      medicine specimen center and Chinese medicinal image databases, the expansion of
      authentication technologies, and the formation of a cultural project dedicated to
      the Compedium of Materia Medica.

PMID- 26978978
TI  - [Retrospect and prospect of medicinal plants cultivation in China].
AB  - There is time-honored history and culture of medicinal plant cultivation in
      China. In the present review, the medicinal plant cultivation history in china
      was summarized, its current situation and question were analyzed, and the
      prospects of medicinal plant cultivation research were pointed out, with the
      purpose of accelerating the growth of medicinal plant cultivation research.

PMID- 26978979
TI  - [Research on resources chemistry of Chinese medicinal materials and resources
      recycling utilization ways and goals and tasks].
AB  - The objects of research on the resources chemistry of Chinese medicinal materials
      (RCCMM) are promotion of efficient production, rational utilization and improving
      quality of CMM and natural products. The development of TCM cause depends on the
      efficient utilization and sustainable development of CMM, hinges on the
      technologies and methods for using and discovering medicinal biological
      resources, stand or fall on the extension of industy chains, detailed utilizaion
      of resource chemical components by multi-way, multi-level. All of these may help
      to the recycling utilization and sound development of RCMM. In this article, five
      respects were discussed to the RCCMM researches and resources recycling
      utilization ways and goals and tasks. First, based on the principle of resource
      scarcity, discovering or replacing CMM resources, protecting the rare or
      endangered species or resources. Second, based on the multifunctionality of CMM,
      realizing the value-added and value compensation, and promoting the utilization
      efficiency through systermatic and detailed exploitation and utilization. Third,
      based on the resource conservation and environment-friendly, reducing raw
      material consumption, lowering cost, promoting recycling utilization and
      elevating utilization efficiency. Fourth, based on the stratege of turning harm
      into good, using the invasive alien biological resources by multi-ways and
      enriching the medicial resources. Fifth, based on the method of structure
      modification of chemical components, exploring and enhancing the utility value of
      resouces chemical substances. These data should provide references and attention
      for improving the utilization efficiency, promoting the development of recycling
      economy, and changing the mode of economic growth of agriculture and industry of
      CMM fundamentally.

PMID- 26978980
TI  - [Promoting development of new traditional Chinese medicine by combination disease
      syndrome and multi-objective optimization research in prevention and treatment of
      cardiovascular disease].
AB  - Differences in theories, application forms and evaluation standards about
      curative effect between traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine lead to
      not only question safty and effectiveness but also hinder development and
      internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine. Combination of common
      problems in traditional Chinese new drug registration with experiences in
      research on traditional Chinese new drugs of prevention and treatment of coronary
      heart disease elucidate application value about theory of disease-syndrome
      combination and multi-objective optimization in several ways such as the
      indications positioning, preparation process optimization, preclinical efficacy
      evaluating and clinical assessmenting of efficacy and analysis development
      prospect.

PMID- 26978981
TI  - [Progress of serum pharmacochemistry of traditional Chinese medicine and further
      development of its theory and method].
AB  - Serum pharmacochemistry of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is designed to
      screen the efficacy material base of TCMs from the constituents absorbed into the
      blood after oral administration. The theory and method is in accordance with the
      effect characteristics of TCMs, and reflects the interaction between the body and
      the drugs, has become an effective pathway for researching the efficacy material
      base of TCMs which has been recognized and used widely. In the paper, the
      previous research contents and methods of the serum pharmacochemistry of TCM were
      reviewed, and on the basis of the further validity of the special administration
      form of the TCM formula and the corresponding property to TCM syndrome, the new
      strategy of serum pharmacochemistry of TCM integrating the metabonomics
      technologies was put forward. According to the strategy, we take the biological
      characters of TCM syndrome as a research starting point, taking TCM formula as
      object, using the metabolic biomarkers of syndromes or disease to evaluate the
      therapeutic effect of formula and screen the compounds of TCMs in serum which are
      highly correlated with the metabolic biomarkers through the correlation analysis,
      and by further biological validation to finally confirm the efficacy material
      basis of TCMs. Integrating with the systems biology technologies, the theory and
      method of serum pharmacochemistry of TCM will further develop, and open a new
      chapter in the interpretation of the theory of TCM.

PMID- 26978982
TI  - [Drug design ideas and methods of Chinese herb prescriptions].
AB  - The new drug of Chinese herbal prescription, which is the best carrier for the
      syndrome differentiation and treatment of Chinese medicine and is the main form
      of the new drug research and development, plays a very important role in the new
      drug research and development. Although there are many sources of the
      prescriptions, whether it can become a new drug, the necessity, rationality and
      science of the prescriptions are the key to develop the new drug. In this
      article, aiming at the key issues in prescriptions design, the source,
      classification, composition design of new drug of Chinese herbal prescriptions
      are discussed, and provide a useful reference for research and development of new
      drugs.

PMID- 26978983
TI  - [Current topics on cancer biology and research strategies for anti-cancer
      traditional Chinese medicine].
AB  - Cancer, an abnormal cell proliferation resulted from multi-factors,has the
      highest morbidity and mortality among all the serious diseases. Considerable
      progress has been made in cancer biology in recent years. Tumor immunology,
      cancer stem cells (CSCs), autophagy, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
      have become hot topics of interests in this area. Detailed dissection of these
      biological processes will provide novel directions, targets, and strategies for
      the pharmacological evaluation, mechanism elucidation, and new drug development
      of traditional Chinese medicine.

PMID- 26978984
TI  - [Discovery, research and development for innovative drug of traditional Chinese
      medicine under new situations].
AB  - Referring to the rapid developed life science and the higher requirements for the
      approval of innovative Chinese drugs in recent years, this paper described
      systematically the discovery, research and development (R&D) approaches for the
      innovative Chinese drugs under the new situation from the following five aspects,
      i. e., active components discovered from TCMs, the discovery of effective
      fractions of TCMs and their formulae, the R&D of TCM innovative drugs based on
      famous classic prescriptions and famous Chinese patent drugs, and the
      transformation of clinical effective prescriptions, on the basis of analysing the
      advantages of innovative drugs derived from natural products based on TCM
      theories and the problems existed in current R&D of new TCM drugs. Moreover, five
      suggestions are also given for the rapid development of TCM innovative drugs in
      China. All these will provide reference for the R&D of TCM innovative drugs.

PMID- 26978985
TI  - [Substance basis research on Chinese materia medica is one of key scientific
      problems of inheriting, development and innovation of Chinese materia medica].
AB  - The compound Chinese materia medica is the medication pattern of the traditional
      Chinese medicine for the disease prevention and treatment. The single Chinese
      materia medica (mostly in decoction pieces) is the prescription composition of
      the compound Chinese materia medica. The study of the effective substance basis
      of Chinese materia medica should be based on the chemical compositions of the
      compound Chinese materia medica as an entry point considering the different
      status of "Monarch, Minister, Assistant, and Guide" for a certain single Chinese
      materia medica in the different compound Chinese materia medica while substance
      basis research of a certain single Chinese materia medica should be a full
      component analysis as well as both stable and controllable quality. Substance
      basis research on Chinese materia medica is one of key scientific problems of
      inheriting, development and innovation of Chinese materia medica.

PMID- 26978986
TI  - ["Efficacy Theory" may help to explain characteristic advantages of traditional
      Chinese medicines].
AB  - This article proposes the "Efficacy Theory" hypothesis of the traditional Chinese
      medicines (TCMs): TCMs take effects and weaken toxicities through the additive
      effects of numerous effective forms (including their constituents or/and
      metabolites) on a same target, the synergistic effects based on the overall
      action of the additive effects on individual targets and their toxicities
      scattering effects. A TCM may include approximately 1000 constituents and each
      constituent may produce about 100 metabolites in vivo after oral administration.
      Numerous effective forms of incalculable constituents and their metabolites could
      work like a "army group" together. When the quantity of a specific target
      molecule is larger than the pharmaceutical molecules, the molecules of different
      kinds of effective forms could combine with the target molecules successively, to
      exert the additive effects. When the target molecules are mostly occupied
      ("target most spaces occupied"), this TCM begins to work. The additive effects
      maybe exert not only in concentration but also in a time order way, which gives a
      sustained efficacy of TCM. The additive effects and the toxicities scattering
      effects are resulted from the same effective groups and not identical toxic
      groups among different effective form molecules. The "toxicities scattering
      effect" can be used to explain the non-toxic TCMs, but not fit for toxic TCMs.
      The efficacy theory showed that the variety of constituents and metabolites may
      participate in the process of pharmacodynamic actions, including the additive
      effects, synergy effects and toxicities scattering effects, which may be useful
      for explaining and developing the characteristic advantage of the TCMs. The
      questions we need to study or confirm are as follows: What are the TCMs'
      pharmacodynamic substance basis and mechanism made up of Why are toxicities of
      most TCMs' smaller How is the TCMs' "Efficacy Theory" which reflects
      characteristic advantage of TCMs applied in the research and development of new
      drugs.

PMID- 26978987
TI  - [Pharmacology research on PXR as a potential target in screening bioactive
      components of Chinese material medica].
AB  - Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is key transcription factors which mainly regulate the
      expression of CYP3A genes. At the molecular level, PXR has been revealed the
      protection mechanism of the body against xenochemicals and a major mode of the
      drug-drug interactions. Besides playing an important role in drug metabolism and
      interactions, PXR and its target genes also play an important role in maintaining
      normal physiological function and homeostasis. Therefore, it is necessary to
      study the regulation of PXR and its related pharmacological effects of TCM and
      natural products, and to provide new clues for the new pharmacological pathway.

PMID- 26978988
TI  - [Progress of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in targeting drug delivery system of
      antitumor drug].
AB  - Currently, chemotherapy is one of the main therapy for cancer. But the
      traditional antitumor drugs are systemic distribution in vivo, they are difficult
      to achieve an effective drug concentration in the tumor tissue and don't have the
      ability to distinguish normal cells and tumor cells by themselves, that cause
      systemic toxicity easily and can not meet the clinical needs. With the research
      on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) deepening, more and more attention in
      the drug delivery system have been payed to in recent years, because of its
      unique physicochemical structure characteristics, it has the effect on specific
      targets, directly inhibits the tumor cell growth, reduces the side effects to
      normal cells, tissues and organs and can be long-term medication, etc. It is
      expected to be excellent carriers of antitumor drugs. MSNs application in the
      field of cancer treatment has now become a hot research field of medicine. In
      this paper, the latest research about MSNs in antitumor drugs targeting delivery
      system from 2008 to 2015 is summarized, including the application of MSNs
      separately in antitumor drug targeting, passive targeting, active targeting,
      physical or chemical conditions response targeting and other compound targeting
      drug delivery system. We expect it to provide a reference to the toxicity
      reducing and efficacy enhancing and further development of chemical medicine,
      natural medicine and monomeric compound of chinese herbal medicine.

PMID- 26978989
TI  - [Main progress on intranasal administration of traditional Chinese medicine].
AB  - Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of intranasal administration.
      Compared with the other administration routes, intranasal administration has the
      benefits of fast absorption, high bioavailability, high brain-targeting and non
      invasive. In the past few years we take "Xingnaojing" and "Tongqiao Sanyu
      formula" as model drug and studied pharmacokinetics of effective components of
      different polarities. MDCK/MDCK-MDR1 cells were used to simulate blood brain
      barrier to study the permeate behaviors of different drug and the mechanism of
      enhancing effects of aromatic medicine. Then a microemulsion (modified by
      mPEG2000-PLA) was prepared for intranasal administration, and the
      pharmacokinetics and investigated tissue distribution were studied by
      fluorescence imaging. The irritation of the drug and different preparations were
      studied on human nasal epithelial cell (HNEC) cell and living animals. In this
      paper, we reviewed the achievements and hope that it can provide constructive
      suggestions for the future research.

PMID- 26978990
TI  - [Traightened on Chinese endemic seed plant species of medicine plants used in
      Tibetan medicine].
AB  - This paper is in order to discussion with the composition and characteristics of
      Tibetan medicine plant resources, and promote the reasonable protection and
      utilization of the resources of Tibetan materia medica. Statistical analysis of
      species, distributions, and others of Chinese endemic seed plant from Tibetan
      medicine plants and usually used in the clinic of Tibetan medicine. The results
      showed that there are 523 species (25%) of Chinese endemic seed plant, belonging
      to 65 families and 162 genera, in about 2 000 varieties of Tibetan medicine
      plants recorded in relevant literatures. There are 180 Chinese endemic seed plant
      species (28%) belonging to 42 families and 72 genera from 625 medicine plants
      usually used in the clinic of Tibetan medicine. Specifically, the most of these
      Chinese endemic seed plant species are characteristic crude drug used in Tibetan
      medicine, and mainly or only distributed in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. And a few
      species of them were intersected with traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and
      other ethnic medicines. In addition, about 10% are listed in China Species Red
      List. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most abundant areas of Areal-types of the
      Chinese endemic seed plant. This is the biological and ecological reason
      formation the characteristics of Tibetan medicine plant resources. Therefore,
      strengthen the research of Chinese endemic seed plants used in Tibetan medicine
      is great significance for the reasonable protection and utilization of Tibetan
      medicine plant resources.

PMID- 26978991
TI  - [Studies on genetic relationship of Dioscorea].
AB  - Based on the results of the morphologic studies on genus Dioscorea, the paper
      summarized the entire chemical constituent that isolated from this genus and
      analyzed it with the methods of chemotaxonomy. The rules of the chemical
      constituent and pharmacodynamic effects were analyzed. Seventeen species which
      belong to Sect. Stenophora Uline of Dioscorea contain steroidal sapogenin. Other
      species with different main components such as polysaccharide and tannin have
      have different effects. This chemotaxonomic view point will conduce to establish
      a phylogeny of the genus Dioscorea.

PMID- 26978992
TI  - [Structure and biological action on cardiovascular systems of saponins from Panax
      notoginseng].
AB  - Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Sanqi), the underground part of Panax notoginseng
      (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Araliaceae) is commonly used in Chinese medicine for
      treatment of haemorrhage, haemostasis, swelling, etc. The aerial part including
      leaves, flowers and fruits are also applied for similar functions. Triterpenoid
      saponins are considered to be responsible for the biological activities of Sanqi.
      Up to date, more than 100 saponins have been isolated from theroots, rhizomes,
      leaves, flowers and fruits of P. notoginseng. The reported saponins can be
      classified into protopanaxadiol (PPD), protopanaxatriol (PPT), C17 side-chain
      varied and other types, according to the skeletons of the aglycons. The present
      review summarizes the saponins isolated from P. notoginseng and their
      distribution in different medicinal organs, as well as the pharmacological
      actions on cardiovascular system.

PMID- 26978993
TI  - [Development of Fuzi precision decoction pieces (PDP) (I): Specification and
      quality uniformity].
AB  - The specification of decoction pieces and quality uniformity are the important
      factors to influence the efficacy of clinical medicine. Considering the
      deficiency of diversity, poor quality uniformity and confusion of decoction
      pieces specifications, we first propose a new idea of precision decoction pieces
      (PDP) based on clinical demands and fresh-processed technology. In order to
      explain the idea, a study case of aconite SUP is provided, including the
      optimized specification design, processing technology, extraction effects,
      quality uniformity, and toxic and efficacy variation and so on. The results
      showed that preparing 5 mm PDP by fresh-cutting is rather simple and practicable,
      with high efficiency and large yield; then, this technology could significantly
      decrease the ingredients loss and increase the efficacy components; moreover, it
      was helpful for achieving the quality uniformity and best extraction effects.
      This work revealed the quality superiority of PDP, and provided a good strategy
      and example for the standard of decoction pieces specification and modernization
      of processing technology.

PMID- 26978994
TI  - [Studies on chemical constituents of aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica flower
      buds].
AB  - From an aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica flower buds, sixteen compounds were
      isolated by a combination of various chromatographic techniques including column
      chromatography over macroporous resin, MCI gel, silica gel, and sephadex LH-20
      and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data
      analysis as 6'-O-acetylvogeloside (1), 6'-O-acetylsecoxyloganin (2),
      dichlorogelignate (3), guanosinyl-(3' --> 5')-adenosine monophosphate(GpA,4) , 5'
      O-methyladenosine (5), 2'-O-methyladenosine (6), adenosine (7), syringin (8),
      methyl 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl caffeate (9), (-)-dihydrophaseic acid 4'-O-beta
      D-glucopyranoside (10), ketologanin (11), 7alpha-morroniside (12), 7beta
      morroniside (13), kingiside (14), cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester (15), and 6
      hydroxymethyl-3-pyridinol (16). All the compounds were obtained from this plant
      for the first time, compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, 3 and 5 are new natural
      products, and 4 is the first example of dinucleoside monophosphate isolated from
      a plant extract.

PMID- 26978996
TI  - Psychiatric Collaboration Models in Israel.
AB  - We present a literature review of collaborative enterprises between psychiatrists
      and primary care physicians in Israel and other countries. Also described are
      local psychiatric liaison initiatives in Israel, as well as landmark studies of
      collaborative psychiatric care. These studies demonstrate the superiority of
      community psychiatric liaison models in the treatment of patients suffering from
      depressive anxiety disorders and somatization disorder. In light of the mental
      health reform process currently underway in Israel, it is important to develop,
      implement and assess such liaison models.

PMID- 26978995
TI  - [Saccharide mapping and its application in quality control of polysaccharides
      from Chinese medicines].
AB  - Polysaccharides with multiple biological activities are usually considered as one
      of the major bioactive compounds in Chinese medicines (CMs). At present, the
      development of drug and functional foods related to polysaccharides have
      attracted a great deal of attention due to their great potential effects and
      diverse action mechanisms. However, quality control of polysaccharides is the
      bottleneck and a challenge due to their complexity and chemical diversity.
      Actually, the bioactivities of polysaccharides are closely related to their
      molecular structures. In order to ensure their safety and efficacy, the
      development of novel approaches based on the molecular structures for the
      improvement of quality control of polysaccharides is significantly important.
      Therefore, in this article, the relationship between biological activities and
      chemical structures, as well as the action mechanisms of polysaccharides from CMs
      were summarized first. Furthermore, saccharide mapping, a novel strategy for
      quality control of bioactive polysaccharides from CMs, was introduced and the
      application and perspectives were also discussed.

PMID- 26978997
TI  - Yield of Non-Invasive Phase 1 Presurgical Evaluation in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resective epilepsy surgery is an accepted treatment option for
      patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Presurgical evaluation consists of a
      phase 1 non-invasive evaluation and a phase 2 invasive evaluation, when
      necessary. OBJECTIVES: To assess the results of phase 1 evaluation in patients
      with focal DRE. METHODS: This observational retrospective study was performed in
      all consecutive DRE patients admitted to our clinic from January 2001 to July
      2010, and who underwent a presurgical evaluation which included at least magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) scan and long-term video EEG monitoring (LTVEM). RESULTS:
      A total of 253 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of DRE (according to the
      ILAE recommendations) who underwent presurgical evaluation were extracted from
      our clinic and department registry. In 45 of these patients either imaging or
      ictal video EEG data were missing; the final analysis therefore involved 208
      patients. The combined result of the LTVEM and the MRI scan were as follows: 102
      patients (49% of the cohort) had a lesion on the MRI scan, in 77 patients (37% of
      the cohort) the LTVEM results were localizing and congruent with the MRI
      findings, and in 25 patients (12% of the cohort) the LTVEM results were either
      non-localizing or incongruent with the MRI findings. In 106 patients (51% of the
      cohort) the MRI scan was normal or had a non-specific lesion. The LTVEM was
      localizing in 66 of these patients (31.7% of the cohort) and non-localizing in 40
      (19.2% of the cohort). CONCLUSIONS: Although some of the patients with focal DRE
      can be safely treated with resective surgery based solely on the findings of
      phase 1 evaluation, a substantial percent of patients do need to undergo a phase
      2 evaluation before a final surgical decision is made.

PMID- 26978998
TI  - Variance in Biomarker Usefulness as Indicators for Carotid and Coronary
      Atherosclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease. Nevertheless, the role of
      specific biomarkers as indicators for both coronary and carotid diseases is
      debatable. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association of biomarkers with coronary
      and carotid disease. METHODS: We studied 522 consecutive patients with stable
      angina. All underwent coronary angiography and carotid duplex study on the same
      day. Patients with no apparent carotid plaques were evaluated for carotid intima
      media thickness (CIMT) using an automated system that sampled over 100 samples in
      each carotid artery. Biochemical markers of cardiovascular disease risk were
      obtained at the time of coronary angiography, including serum lipid levels,
      hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), white blood cell count, fibrinogen and high sensitivity C
      reactive protein (hs-CRP). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 66 +/- 11;
      73% were males. Significant carotid stenosis was associated with higher hs-CRP
      (9.4 +/- 17 vs. 6.3 +/- 13 mg/L, P = 0.001), while high HbA1c (6.7 +/- 1.6 vs.
      5.8 +/- 0.8%, P 0.001) and low high density lipoprotein levels (40 +/- 9 vs. 47
      +/- 14 mg/dl, P < 0.001) were linked with advanced coronary artery disease
      severity. In contrast, CIMT was not related to any of the biomarkers evaluated.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although atherosclerosis is considered a systemic disease, different
      biomarkers are associated with coronary and carotid artery disease. Identifying
      the specific biomarkers for each disease is important for both prevention and for
      exposing the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism.

PMID- 26978999
TI  - Injuries in a Developing Sport, Cachibol (Newcomb Ball).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cachibol (known as kadureshet in Hebrew) is a team ball game whose
      characteristics are similar to those of volleyball. The game is becoming
      increasingly popular, particularly among adult women and is the fastest growing
      female sport in Israel. Despite its growing popularity, data on the epidemiology
      of injuries incurred from this sport are sparse. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the
      incidence and severity of injuries among adult female cachibol players. METHODS:
      We conducted a cross-sectional survey and observational cohort study of 612
      amateur female cachibol players participating in a 3 day national tournament; 355
      players completed questionnaires relating to traumatic injuries incurred during
      previous cachibol activity (58% response rate). All injuries sustained during the
      tournament were reported. RESULTS: Fingers were the most commonly injured part of
      the body, mostly due to a direct hit by the ball. Finger injuries, though
      considered mild, may have long-term implications: over 50% of the injured players
      reported long-term finger discomfort. After finger injuries, ankles and knees
      were the second most commonly injured parts of the body, with a higher rate of
      absence from sports activity and work and for a longer time compared to finger
      injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the unique characteristics of cachibol, the rate of
      finger injuries is higher than in volleyball. Injuries are a growing cause for
      concern in view of the rapidly increasing number of cachibol players. Our
      findings may be useful for developing effective injury prevention programs for
      cachibol players.

PMID- 26979000
TI  - Radiation-Induced Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Disease Characteristics and
      Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiation exposure is a well-known risk factor for well
      differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). However, disease characteristics, optimal
      treatment, time from exposure to disease appearance, and the effect of age at
      initial exposure on the outcome have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVES: To
      identify the characteristics of radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: We
      retrieved the charts of all patients previously exposed to radiation who were
      diagnosed with WDTC between the years 1985 and 2013 in a tertiary referral
      center. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were reviewed. Median time from radiation
      exposure to diagnosis was 23 years. These patients had higher rates of
      aerodigestive symptoms and distant metastases on presentation than seen in non
      radiated patients. Patients who were exposed to radiation before age 15 years
      tended to develop the disease at a younger age but had a longer latency period
      (34.7 +/- 15.3 vs. 16.3 +/- 10 years, P < 0.001) and none had significantly
      higher rates of vocal cord palsy, hoarseness on presentation, or aggressive
      variants on histology compared to patients exposed to radiation at an older age.
      Disease-specific survival (DSS) was the same for both groups and were similar to
      that seen in the general population (95% 20 year DSS). CONCLUSIONS: Radiation
      induced thyroid cancer has a more aggressive presentation and the age at exposure
      affects the presentation of disease. Nonetheless, appropriate treatment leads to
      a favorable prognosis.

PMID- 26979001
TI  - Hypernatremic Dehydration in Young Children: Is There a Solution?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypernatremic dehydration is a common and potentially life
      threatening condition in children. There is currently no consensus as to the
      optimal strategy for fluid management. OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship
      between the type, route and rate of fluids administered and the rate of decline
      in serum sodium (Na+) concentration. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of
      all children under the age of 2 years who were hospitalized with hypernatremic
      dehydration (serum Na+ >= 155 mEq/L) in Shaare Zedek Medical Center during the
      period 2001-2010. Collected data of 62 subjects included initial and subsequent
      serum Na+ levels, and rate and Na+ concentration of all intravenous and oral
      fluids administered until the serum Na+ reached <= 150 mEq/L. RESULTS: Median
      initial serum Na+ was 159.5 mEq/L (IQR 157-163, maximal value 170). The median
      rate of decline in serum Na+ until serum Na+ reached 150 mEq/L was 0.65 mEq/L/hr
      (IQR 0.45-0.95). Forty-two children received hypotonic oral fluids which
      accounted for approximately one-quarter of all fluids they received. There was no
      significant difference in the rate of decline in serum Na+ between those who
      consumed oral fluids and those who did not. Neither was there a correlation
      between the rate of IV fluids, receipt of oral fluids or the degree of
      dehydration, with the rate of decline in serum Na+. No child experienced an
      apparent short-term adverse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: A cumulative rate of 5.9
      mI/kg/hr of IV fluid administration may reduce the serum Na+ by an acceptable
      rate (0.65 mEq/L/hr). Fluid therapy comprising up to 25% hypotonic oral fluids
      and 75% IV fluids high in Na+ concentration was not associated with any short
      term adverse outcome in our patient population.

PMID- 26979002
TI  - Prevalence of Carotid Artery Disease among Ambulatory Patients with Coronary
      Artery Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concomitant carotid artery disease (CaAD) in patients with coronary
      artery disease (CAD) is associated with worse cardiac and neurologic outcomes.
      The reported prevalence and risk factors for concomitant CaAD in CAD patients
      varied among previous studies. OBJECTIVES: To examine these factors in ambulatory
      patients with CAD and well-documented cholesterol levels treated with cholesterol
      lowering medications. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed prospectively
      collected data from 325 unselected patients with CAD (89 women, mean age 68.8 +/-
      9.9 years) undergoing routine evaluation at the coronary clinic of our hospital.
      RESULTS: The low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was < 100 mg/dl in 292
      patients (90%). Age at onset of CAD symptoms was 59.4 +/- 10.8 years. Carotid
      stenosis >= 50% was seen in 83 patients (25.5%) and between 30% and 49% in 55
      patients (17%) (duplex method). Carotid stenosis was significantly associated
      with hypertension (P = 0.032), peripheral arterial disease (P = 0.002) and number
      of coronary arteries with >= 50% stenosis (P = 0.002), and showed a borderline
      association with age at CAD onset (P = 0.062) and diabetes mellitus (P = 0.053).
      On linear regression analysis, independent predictors of CaAD were peripheral
      vascular disease (OR 3.186, 95% CI 1.403-7.236, P = 0.006), number of coronary
      arteries with >= 50% stenosis (OR 1.543, 95% CI 1.136-2.095, P = 0.005), and age
      at CAD onset (OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.002-1.054, P = 0.003). None of the variables
      studied predicted freedom from CaAD. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid atherosclerosis is very
      common in stable ambulatory patients with CAD regularly taking statins. The risk
      is higher in patients with peripheral arterial disease, a greater number of
      involved coronary arteries, and older age at onset of CAD.

PMID- 26979003
TI  - Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters: Indications, Indwelling Time, Removal,
      Success and Complication Rates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various vena cava filters (VCF) are designed with the ability to be
      retrieved percutaneously. Yet, despite this option most of them remain in the
      inferior vena cava (IVC). OBJECTIVES: To report our experience in the placement
      and retrieval of three different types of VCFs, and to compare the indications
      for their insertion and retrieval as reported in the literature. METHODS: During
      a 5 year period three types of retrievable VCF (ALN, OptEase, and Celect) were
      inserted in 306 patients at the Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon
      hospitals). Indications, retrieval rates, median time to retrieval, success and
      complication rates were viewed and assessed in the three groups of filter types
      and were compared with the data of similar studies in the literature. RESULTS: Of
      the 306 VCFs inserted, 31 (10.1%) were retrieved with equal distribution in the
      three groups. In most patients the reason for filter insertion was venous
      thromboembolic events (VTE) and contraindications to anticoagulant therapy. Mean
      age was 68.38 +/- 17.5 years (range 18-99) and was noted to be significantly
      higher compared to similar studies (53-56 years) (P < 0.0001). Multi-trauma
      patients were significantly older (71.11 +/- 14.99 years) than post-pulmonary
      embolism patients (48.03 +/- 20.98 years, P < 0.0001) and patients with
      preventive indication (26.00 +/- 11.31, P < 0.0001). The mean indwelling time was
      100.6 +/- 103.399 days. Our results are comparable with the results of other
      studies, and there was no difference in percentage of retrieval or complications
      between patients in each of the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: In 1 of 10 patients
      filters should be removed after an average of 3.5 months. All three IVC filter
      types used are safe to insert and retrieve.

PMID- 26979004
TI  - Anti-Factor Xa Activity of Prophylactic Enoxaparin Regimens in Critically Ill
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enoxaparin is frequently used as prophylaxis for deep venous
      thrombosis in critically ill patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate three enoxaparin
      prophylactic regimens in critical care patients with and without administration
      of a vasopressor. METHODS: Patients admitted to intensive care units (general and
      post-cardiothoracic surgery) without renal failure received, once daily, a
      subcutaneous fixed dose of 40 mg enoxaparin, a subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mg/kg
      enoxaparin, or an intravenous dose of 0.5 mg/kg enoxaparin. Over 5 days anti
      activated factor X levels were collected before the daily administration and 4
      hours after the injection. RESULTS: Overall, 16 patients received the
      subcutaneous fixed dose, 15 received the subcutaneous weight-based dosage, and 8
      received the dose intravenously. Around two-fifths (38%) of the patients received
      vasopressors. There was no difference between anti-activated factor X levels
      regarding vasopressor administration. However, in all three groups the levels
      were outside the recommended range of 0.1 IU/ml and 0.3 IU/ml. CONCLUSIONS:
      Although not influenced by vasopressor administration, the enoxaparin regimens
      resulted in blood activity levels outside the recommended range.

PMID- 26979005
TI  - Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Arrhythmias: Clinical Characteristics and Site of
      Origin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) arrhythmias are increasingly
      recognized. Data regarding the distribution of the sites of origin (SOO) of the
      arrhythmias are sparse. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics of
      patients with LVOT arrhythmias and the distribution of their SOO. METHODS: All 42
      consecutive patients with LVOT arrhythmias who underwent radiofrequency (RF)
      ablation during the period 2000-2014 were included. SOO identification was based
      on mapping activation, pace mapping and a 3D mapping system in eight patients.
      RESULTS: The study group comprised 28 males (66.7%) and 14 females, the mean age
      was 55 +/- 15.4 years. Most patients (76%) were symptomatic. All suffered from
      high grade ventricular arrhythmias. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (ejection
      fraction <= 50%) was observed in 15 patients (35.7%), of whom 14 (93.3%) were
      males. The left coronary cusp (LCC) was the most common arrhythmia SOO (64.3%).
      Other locations were the right coronary cusp (RCC), the junction of the RCC-LCC
      commissure, aortic-mitral continuity, endocardial-LVOT, and a coronary sinus
      branch. Acute successful ablation was achieved in 29 patients (69%) and transient
      arrhythmia abolition in 40 (95.2%). There was a trend for a higher success rate
      using cooled tip ablation catheters as compared to standard catheters. The
      ablation procedure significantly improved LV function in all patients with
      tachycardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS: LVOT arrhythmias mostly originate from the LCC
      and are associated with LV dysfunction in 36% of patients. Knowledge regarding
      the prevalence of the anatomic origin of the LVOT arrhythmias may help achieve
      successful ablation. The use of cooled tip ablation catheters might have
      beneficial effects on the success rate of the procedure.

PMID- 26979006
TI  - Sutureless Aortic Valve: Early and Mid-Term Results at a Single Center.
AB  - Background: Prolonged life expectancy has increased the number of elderly high
      risk patients referred for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). These
      referred high risk patients may benefit from sutureless bioprosthesis procedures
      which reduce mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES: To present our initial
      experience with sutureless aortic bioprotheses, including clinical and
      echocardiographic results, in elderly high risk patients referred for AVR.
      METHODS: Forty patients (15 males, mean age 78 +/- 7 years) with symptomatic
      severe aortic stenosis underwent AVR with the 3F Enable or Perceval sutureless
      bioprosthesis during the period December 2012 to May 2014. Mean logistic
      EuroScore was 10 +/- 3%. Echocardiography was performed preoperatively,
      intraoperatively, at discharge and at follow-up. RESULTS: There was no in
      hospital mortality. Nine patients (22%) underwent minimally invasive AVR via a
      right anterior mini-thoracotomy and one patient via a J-incision. Four patients
      underwent concomitant coronary aortic bypass graft, two needed intraoperative
      repositioning of the valve, one underwent valve exchange due to inappropriate
      sizing, three (7.5%) had a perioperative stroke with complete resolution of
      neurologic symptoms, and one patient (2.5%) required permanent pacemaker
      implantation due to complete atrioventricular block. Mean preoperative and
      postoperative gradients were 44 +/- 14 and 13 +/- 5 mmHg, respectively. At follow
      up, 82% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I and II.
      CONCLUSIONS: Sutureless AVR can be used safely in elderly high risk patients with
      relatively low morbidity and mortality. The device can be safely implanted via a
      minimally invasive incision. Mid-term hemodynamic results are satisfactory,
      demonstrating significant clinical improvement.

PMID- 26979007
TI  - Integrating Mental Health into Primary Care.

PMID- 26979008
TI  - Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Eyelid.

PMID- 26979009
TI  - Listeria Peritonitis in a Patient Treated with Peritoneal Dialysis.

PMID- 26979010
TI  - [To treat is to resist].

PMID- 26979011
TI  - [Fibrates: their prescription must be restricted].

PMID- 26979012
TI  - [Treatment of type 2 diabetes with metformin].

PMID- 26979013
TI  - [What's new in hysterical conversion?].

PMID- 26979014
TI  - [The procedure for controlling professional incompetence].

PMID- 26979015
TI  - [SCHOOL HEALTH IN FRANCE].
AB  - On average, French children spend 18.5 years n schools. Improving the
      effectiveness of interventions in school setting aiming at promoting children's
      health and reducing health inequities is critical in public health. Evidence
      shows that a whole school approach, where there is coherence between the school's
      policies and practices that promote social inclusion and commitment to education,
      actually facilitates improved learning outcomes, increases emotional wellbeing
      and reduces health risk behaviours. Many factors govern the ways in which school
      health education is implemented and within these factors, staff commitment and
      partnership with local health professionals play a crucial role. The
      effectiveness of health promotion in schools is directly linked to the way in
      which school environment is supportive. There is a need to improve school
      organisation, ethos and environment as well as to invest in partnerships with
      local organisations and services especially the health professionals who are in
      charge of children's health.

PMID- 26979016
TI  - [Obesity and overweight of children and adolescents].

PMID- 26979017
TI  - [Early assessment of overweight for preventing obesity].
AB  - The overweight child should be detected as soon as possible to avoid the
      occurrence of a more severe obesity, source of early complications. Thus, it is
      essential to carefully follow the BMI curve in all children with particular
      attention to the age of the early adiposity rebound (between 1 and 5 years).
      Early rebound indicates predisposition, and represents a risk factor for later
      obesity. The announcement is not harmless and should avoid unnecessary judging or
      blaming the family outside rare situations of abuse. Overweight results from an
      energy imbalance favored by many risk factors often entangled. These predisposing
      factors are specific to the child (especially genetic and epigenetic origin) and
      environmental. Among these environmental factors, those occurring during
      pregnancy and the nutritional education (too permissive or too restrictive)
      represent targets for primary prevention.

PMID- 26979018
TI  - [Epidemiology of pediatric obesity: stabilizing after 20 years of strong increase
      in prevalence].

PMID- 26979019
TI  - [Hypothalamus and behavior: the model Prader-Willi syndrome].

PMID- 26979020
TI  - [WHAT IS THE RISK FOR CHILDHOOD OBESITY?].
AB  - The complications of obesity may be observed during childhood. They include
      multiple and varied anomalies that are found in all major organ systems. These
      abnormalities occur in the more or less long term. In this context, the question
      of the impact of early development of obesity on overall health status and
      mortality is asked. The most frequent comorbidities are described and the
      different clinical and para-clinical indicators that allow to detect them.

PMID- 26979021
TI  - [PRIMARY CARE INTERVENTIONS FOR PEDIATRIC OVERWEIGHT OR OBESITY].
AB  - Obesity is a slow progressive chronic disease, for the complications as well as
      efficacy of the care. A long-term success requires a comprehensive educational
      diagno- sis that explores the various dimensions of the child and his family,
      thus allowing to define the care project. Both the motivational Interviewing that
      is based on the technics of therapeutic patient education and the parents'
      implication are the key factors for the success of the care. They allow, from the
      assessment of competencies of parents and child to propose, according to child's
      situation, the best targeted management. The follow up will be step by step, in
      long-term concerted interdisciplinarity, with in each visit the possibility of
      choosing a new objective or reinforcing some objectives suitable for the child,
      in combination with strategies that frequently involve the parents. Negotiation
      between caregiver(s), the child and his family are suitable. The greatest
      flexibility on both sides will allow to go forward together to reach the chosen
      aim.

PMID- 26979022
TI  - [Organization of care for obese children and teenagers].

PMID- 26979023
TI  - [Henna tattoo].

PMID- 26979024
TI  - [Spontaneous isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery].

PMID- 26979025
TI  - [Poorly controlled arterial blood pressure].

PMID- 26979026
TI  - [Living with . . . macular degeneration].

PMID- 26979027
TI  - [What is new in . . . Infectious diseases: Advancements and setbacks].

PMID- 26979028
TI  - [CELIAC DISEASE].
AB  - Celiac disease is an inflammatory enteropathy, autoimmune-like, due to gluten
      intake in genetically predisposed persons with HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotyping. Prevalence
      rates are approaching 1% of population in Europe and USA. Clinical expression of
      celiac disease is extremely various. Screening is based on detection of serum
      celiac antibodies and diagnosis is confirmed with duodenal biopsy. Treatment
      relies on gluten free diet (GFD) with eviction of wheat, barley and rye. GFD
      allows prevention of osteopenia, autoimmune diseases and malignant complications.
      The main cause of resistance to GFD because is its bad observance.

PMID- 26979029
TI  - [IRON OVERLOAD: BETTER UNDERSTANDING, BETTER CARE].
AB  - Chronic iron overload, either of genetic (hemochromatoses) or acquired
      (transfusions) origin, leads to frequent disorders, affecting both the quality of
      life and life expectancy. Major recent advances in the knowledge of iron
      metabolism, together with advances in biology, imaging and drug design have
      already significantly improved the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. These
      conceptual and technological ameliorations should, in the near future, continue
      to benefit the clinical management of iron overloaded patients.

PMID- 26979030
TI  - [Diffuse interstitial lung disease: What is the role of bronchoalveolar lavage?].
AB  - Bonchoalveolar lavage is a safe and poorly invasive tool with a great diagnostic
      value particularly in diffuse infiltrative pulmonary diseases (IPD). In specific
      instances, it allows for a definite diagnosis (alveolar hemorrhage; alveolar
      proteinosis, lipidoses, infiltrative malignant diseases, opportunistic
      infections), obviating the need to perform more invasive diagnostic procedures
      like video-assisted surgical biopsy. In inflammatory IPD, either idiopathic,
      diagnostic or associated with inhaled antigens or with collagen vascular diseases
      for instance, it represents a crucial orientation diagnostic tool, considerably
      narrowing the spectrum of potential differential diagnosis.

PMID- 26979031
TI  - [Visceral mycoses].

PMID- 26979032
TI  - [EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VISCERAL FUNGAL INFECTION IN FRANCE AND IN THE WORLD].
AB  - Invasive fungal infections are severe infections and constantly rising in
      developed countries. Indeed, advances in hematology, oncology, transplantation
      and intensive care medicine, are responsible for a longer and deeper
      immunodepression, in patients which are increasingly older. Only HIV-associated
      cryptococcosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia are decreasing, in countries where
      HAART are available and have been able to restore immunity. An increase in the
      antifungal therapies exposure lead to the emergence of less susceptible
      species/isolates to usual treatments, and other fungi (Mucorales, Scedosporium,
      Fusarium). However, in developing countries where access to HAART is limited,
      cryptococcosis remains a major public health. To a lesser degree, some endemic
      mycoses are on the rise.

PMID- 26979033
TI  - [Genetic susceptibility to invasive fungal infections].

PMID- 26979034
TI  - [The challenge of nosocomial fungal infections].

PMID- 26979035
TI  - [NEW STRATEGIES FOR THE MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF VISCERAL MYCOSES].
AB  - The recent improvements of the diagnosis of invasive mycoses have included the
      shortening of the species identification time for a rapid adaptation of the
      antifungal treatment, and the anticipation of the diagnosis thanks to biomarkers.
      Species identification is now achieved using MALDI-TOF 24 hours earlier than with
      the previous phenotypic tests. The aim is now to identify directly on positive
      blood bottle either using MALDI-TOF or molecular methods. The biomarkers are
      dominated by antigens (mannan, galactomanan, glucan) with available commercial
      kits. These antigens are mainly used as screening tests in patients at risk of
      invasive mycoses. Their main limitation is their weak specificity rather than
      their sensitivity. For circulating DNA, the quantitative real-time PCR format and
      the publication of recommendations for validation of diagnostic assays suggest
      they should be implemented soon in a diagnostic strategy.

PMID- 26979036
TI  - [Diagnostic and monitoring contribution of imaging of visceral mycoses].

PMID- 26979037
TI  - [Cryptococcosis: mass diagnosis is possible in Sub-Saharan Africa].

PMID- 26979039
TI  - [Hygienic recommendations for preventing visceral mycoses].

PMID- 26979038
TI  - [NEW ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF VISCERAL MYCOSES].
AB  - Invasive fungal infections are increasing due to the increase in the number of at
      risk patients. The antifungal armamentarium has been improved the last few years
      with new galenic for ampoetericin B, the widening of the azole spectrum with
      voriconazole, poscaonazole and isavuconazole and the launch of a new antifungal
      class, the eschinocandins, currently represented by casoefungin and micftungin.
      The aim of this work is to provide an update in new antifungal drugs available.

PMID- 26979040
TI  - [Indications for surgical management of visceral fungal infections].

PMID- 26979042
TI  - [ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS THERAPY AND PARADOXICAL RESPONSE WHEN TUBERCULOSIS DEVELOPS
      UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS].
AB  - A paradoxical response is designated as the clinical or radiological worsening of
      pre-existing TB lesions or the development of new lesions during appropriate anti
      TB treatment. Tuberculosis bacilli have no toxin and the organism apparently does
      not produce any toxins, so the virulence depends on a response to the host immune
      reaction. According to our report, the annual reported numbers of tuberculosis
      cases and death did not decrease during biologics treatment in Japan. We have
      been monitoring and analyzing all the TB cases activated during adalimumab
      treatments in Japan. According to the analysis, there was no TB related death and
      severe sequelae in patients with lung tuberculosis without extra pulmonary TB; TB
      related deaths were caused not by delays of diagnosis and therapy but by the
      paradoxical response following miliary TB. Paradoxical response after abrupt
      cessation of anti-TB treatment is caused by immune activation to cell components
      despite TB bacilli are alive or dead. So, we concluded that the abrupt cessation
      of anti-TNF agents after TB development could activate immune response causing
      paradoxical response, which lead to severe sequelae and death, and that
      continuation of anti-TNF therapy for rheumatoid arthritis in patients with active
      tuberculosis reactivated during anti-TNF medication is more beneficial than its
      cessation concerning not only clinical and radiological but also bacteriological
      outcomes.

PMID- 26979041
TI  - [COMBINED USE OF INTERFERON-GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY AND LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
      FOR TUBERCULOSIS SCREENING PROGRAM OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of the interferon-gamma release assays and low
      dose computed tomography for the pulmonary tuberculosis screenings program of
      health care workers. DESIGN: For the pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) screenings
      program, T-SPOT.TB (one of interferon-gamma release assays: IGRA) were performed
      on 332 health care workers (HCWs) with normal chest roentgenogram and without the
      history of TB treatment. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) was also performed
      on IGRA positive HCWs. RESULTS: Ten of 332 subjects were positive IGRA. LDCT was
      performed on IGRA positive 10 subjects. Abnormal findings were noted in 2 of 10
      subjects by LDCT. One had CT findings compatible with active TB and finally
      diagnosed as active TB. Another had scarring shadow at right S5 and lingular
      segment. Nine of 10 IGRA positive subjects were judged as latent tuberculosis
      infection (LTBI). Three hundred twenty-one subjects with negative and borderline
      IGRA of 332 HCWs were judged as not infected with TB. CONCLUSION: Combined use of
      IGRA and LDCT for tuberculosis screening program of HCWs was found to be
      effective for early diagnosis of TB, accurate diagnosis of LTBI and judgment of
      non-infective subjects.

PMID- 26979043
TI  - [IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS--Efforts
      Implemented in Nishinari Ward, Osaka City].
AB  - 1) Changes in the incidence rate of tuberculosis in Osaka City and Nishinari
      Ward. The incidence rate of tuberculosis among people living in Osaka City (per
      100,000 people) was 41.5 (number of patients: 1,109) in 2011--an approximately
      50% decrease from 82.6 in 2001. However, the figure is 2.3 times higher than the
      national incidence rate of tuberculosis (17.7), and the highest of all ordinance
      designated cities and prefectures. Osaka City consists of 24 wards, and the
      incidence rate of tuberculosis varies from ward to ward. Although the incidence
      rate of tuberculosis in Nishinari Ward in 2011 was 199.6 (number of patients:
      242) and the highest by far in the city, the figure is approximately 50% of the
      incidence rate in 2001 (405.9). There were two other wards with the incidence
      rate of 50.0 or higher, and the lowest incidence rate was 22.4. The incidence
      rate of tuberculosis in the Airin area of Nishinari Ward is particularly high.
      Although the number of newly registered patients decreased from 336 to 128 over
      the past ten years, and the incidence rate significantly decreased from 1,120.0
      to 426.7 (when the population of the area was estimated to be 30,000), it is
      still 24.1 times higher than the national incidence rate. 2) Basic guidelines for
      tuberculosis strategy developed by Osaka City. Osaka City has developed basic
      guidelines for tuberculosis strategy to address patients with tuberculosis and
      eradicate the disease. The first and second periods of the basic guidelines for
      tuberculosis strategy were ten years from 2001 and 2011, respectively. The
      overall objective of these basic guidelines was to significantly reduce the
      incidence rate of tuberculosis, and numerical targets related to basic policies
      and specific activities were set to accomplish the goal. The basic guidelines
      allow Osaka City, including its public health centers, to implement measures
      against tuberculosis as a municipal project. 3) Assessment of the City's efforts.
      The measures were assessed on a regular basis at the committee on the assessment
      of measures for tuberculosis and analysis assessment review meetings, and, as the
      results, problems were identified and activities were further promoted and
      reviewed based on scientific evidence. 4) Important measures for patients with
      tuberculosis living in Nishinari Ward, Osaka City. In addition to the measures
      implemented by Osaka City, Nishinari Ward plans to improve the measures for the
      prevention of tuberculosis. 1. Although tuberculosis screening tests conducted in
      the Airin area have been effective for its early detection to some extent, the
      rate of identification of patients from 2007 to 2011 was still high (163/18,378).
      It is necessary to further promote tuberculosis screening. 2. Although the
      outcomes in general were improved by emphasizing drug administration guidance,
      there are still many homeless people with tuberculosis and patients who may stop
      taking drugs. The outcomes of these patients are poor, and, therefore, it is
      necessary to provide them with improved support.

PMID- 26979044
TI  - Cleveland hospitals increase capacity, hire additional staff to help end
      ambulance diversion.
AB  - With pressure from EMS to curb ambulance diversion, the four hospital systems
      serving metropolitan Cleveland have made a pact to bring diversion to an end. The
      agreement is voluntary, but all sides were determined to make the ban on
      diversion stick as of mid-February 2016. To get there, the health systems are
      increasing capacity, adding staff, and taking steps to tackle deeper hospital
      throughput issues. In 2015, reports noted that University Hospitals logged more
      than 550 hours on diversion, and MetroHealth closed its doors to new ambulance
      traffic for more than 400 hours. The Cleveland Clinic went on diversion for only
      10 hours last year. To prepare for the ban on diversions, MetroHealth is adding
      more inpatient and ED beds, and it is also hiring additional staff. University
      Hospitals is taking similar steps while also building on the success of its
      medical access clinic, a lower-cost setting where patients can be screened,
      stabilized, and connected with primary care for future low-acuity needs. Hanging
      over the effort in Cleveland: Voluntary efforts to ban ambulance diversion in
      Boston failed repeatedly. However, once regulators mandated a ban on diversion
      statewide in 2009, the hospitals all fell into line with few signs of any adverse
      consequences. The city has now operated diversion-free for seven years.

PMID- 26979045
TI  - CMS proposes prioritizing patient preferences, linking patients to follow-up care
      in discharge planning process.
AB  - Hospital providers voice concerns about a proposed rule by the Centers for
      Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) that would require providers to devote more
      resources to discharge planning. The rule would apply to inpatients as well as
      emergency patients requiring comprehensive discharge plans as opposed to
      discharge instructions. CMS states that the rule would ensure the prioritization
      of patient preferences and goals in the discharge planning process, and also
      would prevent avoidable complications and readmissions. However, hospital and
      emergency medicine leaders worry that community resources are not yet in place to
      facilitate the links and follow-up required in the proposed rule, and that the
      costs associated with implementation would be prohibitive. The proposed rule
      would apply to acute care hospitals, EDs, long-term care facilities, inpatient
      rehabilitation centers, and home health agencies. Regardless of the setting,
      though, CMS is driving home the message that patient preferences should be given
      more weight during the discharge planning process. Under the rule, hospitals or
      EDs would need to develop a patient-centered discharge plan within 24 hours of
      admission or registration, and complete the plan prior to discharge or transfer
      to another facility. Under the rule, emergency physicians would determine which
      patients require a comprehensive discharge plan. Both the American Hospital
      Association and the American College of Emergency Physicians worry that hospitals
      will have to take on more staff, invest in training, and make changes to their
      electronic medical record systems to implement the provisions in the proposed
      rule.

PMID- 26979046
TI  - New policy changes regarding observation are boon to emergency medicine.

PMID- 26979047
TI  - Using swarm intelligence to boost the root cause analysis process and enhance
      patient safety.
AB  - In an effort to strengthen patient safety, leadership at the University of
      Kentucky HealthCare (UKHC) decided to replace its traditional approach to root
      cause analysis (RCA) with a process based on swarm intelligence, a concept
      borrowed from other industries. Under this process, when a problem or error is
      identified, staff quickly hold a swarm--a meeting in which all those involved in
      the incident or problem quickly evaluate why the issue occurred and identify
      potential solutions for implementation. A pillar of the swarm concept is a
      mandate that there be no punishments or finger-pointing during the swarms. The
      idea is to encourage staff to be forthcoming to achieve effective solutions.
      Typically, swarms last for one hour and result in action plans designed to
      correct problems or deficiencies within a specific period of time. The ED was one
      of the first areas where UKHC applied swarms. For example, hospital
      administrators note that the approach has been used to address issues involving
      patient flow, triage protocols, assessments, overcrowding, and boarding. After
      seven years, incident reporting at UKHC has increased by 52%, and the health
      system has experienced a 37% decrease in the observed-to-expected mortality
      ratio.

PMID- 26979048
TI  - Decalcification using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for clear microstructure
      imaging of cochlea through optical coherence tomography.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of decalcification using
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an optical clearing method to enhance
      the depth visibility of internal soft tissues of cochlea. Ex vivo mouse and
      guinea pig cochlea samples were soaked in EDTA solutions for decalcification, and
      swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used as imaging modality to
      monitor the decalcified samples consecutively. The monitored noninvasive cross
      sectional images showed that the mouse and guinea pig cochlea samples had to be
      decalcified for subsequent 7 and 14 days, respectively, to obtain the optimal
      optical clearing results. Using this method, difficulties in imaging of internal
      cochlea microstructures of mice could be evaded. The obtained results verified
      that the depth visibility of the decalcified ex vivo samples was enhanced.

PMID- 26979049
TI  - Lean body mass change over 6 years is associated with dietary leucine intake in
      an older Danish population.
AB  - Higher protein intake, and particularly higher leucine intake, is associated with
      attenuated loss of lean body mass (LBM) over time in older individuals. Dietary
      leucine is thought to be a key mediator of anabolism. This study aimed to assess
      this relationship over 6 years among younger and older adult Danes. Dietary
      leucine intake was assessed at baseline and after 6 years in men and women, aged
      35-65 years, participating in the Danish cohort of the WHO-MONICA (Multinational
      MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease) study (n 368).
      Changes in LBM over the 6 years were measured by bioelectrical impedance using
      equations developed for this Danish population. The association between leucine
      and LBM changes was examined using multivariate linear regression and ANCOVA
      analyses adjusted for potential confounders. After adjustment for baseline LBM,
      sex, age, energy intake and physical activity, leucine intake was associated with
      LBM change in those older than 65 years (n 79), with no effect seen in those
      younger than 65 years. Older participants in the highest quartile of leucine
      intake (7.1 g/d) experienced LBM maintenance, whereas lower intakes were
      associated with LBM loss over 6 years (for trend: beta=0.434, P=0.03).
      Sensitivity analysis indicated no effect modification of sex or the presence of
      CVD. Greater leucine intake in conjunction with adequate total protein intake was
      associated with long-term LBM retention in a healthy older Danish population.
      This study corroborates findings from laboratory investigations in relation to
      protein and leucine intakes and LBM change. A more diverse and larger sample is
      needed for confirmation of these results.

PMID- 26979050
TI  - Trading new neurons for status: Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in eusocial
      Damaraland mole-rats.
AB  - Diversity in social structures, from solitary to eusocial, is a prominent feature
      of subterranean African mole-rat species. Damaraland mole-rats are eusocial, they
      live in colonies that are characterized by a reproductive division of labor and a
      subdivision into castes based on physiology and behavior. Damaraland mole-rats
      are exceptionally long lived and reproductive animals show delayed aging compared
      to non-reproductive animals. In the present study, we described the hippocampal
      architecture and the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis of wild-derived, adult
      Damaraland mole-rats in relation to sex, relative age and social status or caste.
      Overall, Damaraland mole-rats were found to have a small hippocampus and low
      rates of neurogenesis. We found no correlation between neurogenesis and sex or
      relative age. Social status or caste was the most prominent modulator of
      neurogenesis. An inverse relationship between neurogenesis and social status was
      apparent, with queens displaying the lowest neurogenesis while the worker mole
      rats had the most. As there is no natural progression from one caste to another,
      social status within a colony was relatively stable and is reflected in the level
      of neurogenesis. Our results correspond to those found in the naked mole-rat, and
      may reflect an evolutionary and environmentally conserved trait within social
      mole-rat species. 

PMID- 26979051
TI  - Altered metabolic activity in the developing brain of rats predisposed to high
      versus low depression-like behavior.
AB  - Individual differences in human temperament can increase the risk of psychiatric
      disorders like depression and anxiety. Our laboratory utilized a rat model of
      temperamental differences to assess neurodevelopmental factors underlying
      emotional behavior differences. Rats selectively bred for low novelty exploration
      (Low Responders, LR) display high levels of anxiety- and depression-like behavior
      compared to High Novelty Responder (HR) rats. Using transcriptome profiling, the
      present study uncovered vast gene expression differences in the early postnatal
      HR versus LR limbic brain, including changes in genes involved in cellular
      metabolism. These data led us to hypothesize that rats prone to high (versus low)
      anxiety/depression-like behavior exhibit distinct patterns of brain metabolism
      during the first weeks of life, which may reflect disparate patterns of
      synaptogenesis and brain circuit development. Thus, in a second experiment we
      examined activity of cytochrome C oxidase (COX), an enzyme responsible for ATP
      production and a correlate of metabolic activity, to explore functional energetic
      differences in the HR/LR early postnatal brain. We found that HR rats display
      higher COX activity in the amygdala and specific hippocampal subregions compared
      to LRs during the first 2 weeks of life. Correlational analysis examining COX
      levels across several brain regions and multiple early postnatal time points
      suggested desynchronization in the developmental timeline of the limbic HR versus
      LR brain during the first two postnatal weeks. These early divergent COX activity
      levels may reflect altered circuitry or synaptic activity in the early postnatal
      HR/LR brain, which could contribute to the emergence of their distinct behavioral
      phenotypes.

PMID- 26979054
TI  - Risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trace metals in River
      Nile up- and downstream of a densely populated area.
AB  - Cairo city is the largest populated area along the whole course of River Nile
      with a wide range of anthropogenic activities. Efforts to restore fish habitat
      and recreational use of the river have raised concerns about its water, sediment
      and biota quality. This study provides a baseline data on the levels of PCBs and
      trace metals in River Nile along Cairo sector and implements the formulation of
      monitoring activities of the river's pollution status. Water, sediment and Nile
      tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) samples were collected during summer season, 2013
      from two sites, up- and downstream, for detection and determination of 11 PCB
      congeners (PCBs 28, 44, 52, 70, 101, 105, 118, 138, 152, 180 and 192) as well as
      six trace metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb and Fe). Evidences of long- or short-term
      exposures to these contaminants as well as its accumulation tendency were
      assessed by integrating the obtained analytical results of biotic and abiotic
      components of this aquatic ecosystem. All calculated lifetime cancer risk values
      for PCBs showed unacceptable risk of cancer for human consumers at both normal
      and subsistence fish consumption rates. The calculated hazard index for total
      PCBs indicates that fish are not safe for human consumption except in site 1 at
      normal consumption rate. Meanwhile, trace metals do not pose unacceptable risks
      at both consumption rates except for Pb in site 1 at subsistence consumption
      rate.

PMID- 26979053
TI  - Prenatal fat-rich diet exposure alters responses of embryonic neurons to the
      chemokine, CCL2, in the hypothalamus.
AB  - Maternal consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy is found to
      stimulate the genesis of hypothalamic orexigenic peptide neurons in the
      offspring, while HFD intake in adult animals produces a systemic low-grade
      inflammation which increases neuroimmune factors that may affect neurogenesis and
      neuronal migration. Building on this evidence and our recent study showing that
      the inflammatory chemokine, CCL2, stimulates the migration of hypothalamic
      neurons and expression of orexigenic neuropeptides, we tested here the
      possibility that prenatal exposure to a HFD in rats affects this chemokine
      system, both CCL2 and its receptors, CCR2 and CCR4, and alters its actions on
      hypothalamic neurons, specifically those expressing the neuropeptides, enkephalin
      (ENK) and galanin (GAL). Using primary dissociated hypothalamic neurons extracted
      from embryos on embryonic day 19, we found that prenatal HFD exposure compared to
      chow control actually reduces the expression of CCL2 in these hypothalamic
      neurons, while increasing CCR2 and CCR4 expression, and also reduces the
      sensitivity of hypothalamic neurons to CCL2. The HFD abolished the dose
      dependent, stimulatory effect of CCL2 on the number of migrated neurons and even
      shifted its normal stimulatory effect on migrational velocity and distance
      traveled by control neurons to an inhibition of migration. Further, it abolished
      the dose-dependent, stimulatory effect of CCL2 on neuronal expression of ENK and
      GAL. These results demonstrate that prenatal HFD exposure greatly disturbs the
      functioning of the CCL2 chemokine system in embryonic hypothalamic neurons,
      reducing its endogenous levels and ability to promote the migration of neurons
      and their expression of orexigenic peptides. 

PMID- 26979055
TI  - Hydrogeochemical controls on mobilization of arsenic and associated health risk
      in Nagaon district of the central Brahmaputra Plain, India.
AB  - In recent years, elevated concentration of arsenic (As) in groundwater in the
      northeastern states of India has become a major cause of concern. Since many
      regions of the Brahmaputra plains are reported with groundwater As contamination,
      an attempt was made to study the As contamination and factors governing its
      release in the Nagaon district in Brahmaputra floodplain, based on various water
      types, relation of As with other major ions and with various depth profiles. The
      origin of groundwater mineralization and the processes responsible for As
      enrichment in groundwater was determined by calculating saturation index using
      PHREEQC code. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out for
      identification of As-releasing mechanism based on rock-water interaction.
      Principle component analysis of physicochemical parameters revealed the
      association of As with SiO2 and Cl- in pre-monsoon and the fact that alkaline
      condition favors release of As. The relation between As and Fe shows that
      reductive dissolution of solid Fe oxide and hydroxide phases could be the source
      of As in Nagaon district. The result of hierarchical cluster analysis indicates
      that As release could also be associated with the agrochemicals application.
      Health risk assessment revealed that children are more susceptible to
      carcinogenic as well as non-carcinogenic health impact with consumption of As
      contaminated drinking water. The male population is more susceptible to cancer as
      compared to females as the average water consumption is higher in case of male.
      Overall, the study highlights the health risk assessment is a matter of chief
      concern in this study as the younger generation are at higher risk.

PMID- 26979056
TI  - Fluorescent Polyamide-Based Rhodamine Hydrazide Moieties with Oxethyl as Spacer
      for Detection of Cr(3+), Fe(3+), and Hg(2+) Ions in Water.
AB  - An acrylic monomer bearing xanthene group, N-oxethyl acrylate-N'-rhodamine B
      hydrazide (ARBHE) was synthesized from N-hydroxyl ethyl-N'-rhodamine hydrazide
      (RBHE) and acryloyl chloride (Ac) in the presence of triethylamine in dry
      dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at room temperature. The synthesized ARBHE was
      identified by FTIR, (1)H NMR spectra and elementary analysis. Copolymer poly(AM
      ARBHE) of ARBHE and AM was synthesized with thermal initiator by free radical
      precipitation polymerization and it was characterized by the method of FTIR and
      (1)H NMR. Its molecular weights (Meta) was 7.03 * 10(3) g mol(-1) and the content
      of rhodamine units in the polymer chains was 1.44 % in mole fraction. The ability
      of the poly(AM-ARBHE) to detect different metal cations (Ag(+), Ba(2+), Cd(2+)
      Co(2+), Cr(3+), Cu(2+), Co(2+) K(+), La(3+), Mg(2+), Na(+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+),
      Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Hg(2+) and Zn(2+)) in water was investigated. Upon addition of
      Cr(3+), Fe(3+) or Hg(2+) ions to the aqueous solution, visual color change and
      fluorescence enhancement were observed. Moreover, other metal ions did not induce
      obvious changes to the fluorescence spectra except to Fe(2+). The detection limit
      of poly(AM-ARBHE) was less than 1 * 10(-11) M. The results suggest that this
      copolymer may offer potential as a polymeric sensor for Cr(3+), Fe(3+) and Hg(2+)
      ions in water. 

PMID- 26979052
TI  - The neural basis of reversal learning: An updated perspective.
AB  - Reversal learning paradigms are among the most widely used tests of cognitive
      flexibility and have been used as assays, across species, for altered cognitive
      processes in a host of neuropsychiatric conditions. Based on recent studies in
      humans, non-human primates, and rodents, the notion that reversal learning tasks
      primarily measure response inhibition, has been revised. In this review, we
      describe how cognitive flexibility is measured by reversal learning and discuss
      new definitions of the construct validity of the task that are serving as a
      heuristic to guide future research in this field. We also provide an update on
      the available evidence implicating certain cortical and subcortical brain regions
      in the mediation of reversal learning, and an overview of the principal
      neurotransmitter systems involved.

PMID- 26979057
TI  - Determination of Montelukast in Plasma Using beta - Cyclodextrins Coated on
      CoFe2O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Luminol-H2O2 Chemiluminescence System Optimized
      by Doehlert Design.
AB  - A novel chemiluminescence method using beta - cyclodextrins coated on CoFe2O4
      magnetic nanoparticles is proposed for the chemiluminometric determination of
      montelukast in plasma. The effect of coated beta - cyclodexterinon CoFe2O4
      magnetic nanoparticles in the chemiluminescence of luminol-H2O2 system was
      investigated. It was found that beta - cyclodexterin coated on CoFe2O4 magnetic
      nanoparticles could greatly enhance the chemiluminescence of the luminol-H2O2
      system. Doehlert design was applied in order to optimize the number of
      experiments to be carried out to ascertain the possible interactions between the
      parameters and their effects on the chemiluminescence emission intensity. This
      design was selected because the levels of each variable may vary in a very
      efficient way with few experiments. Doehlert design and response surface
      methodology have been employed for optimization pH and concentrations of the
      components. Results showed under the optimized experimental conditions, the
      relative CL intensity (DeltaI) is increased linearly in the concentration range
      of 0.003-0.586 MUgml(-1) of montelukast with limit of detection (LOD) 1.09 * 10(
      4) MUgml(-1) at S/N ratio of 3, limit of quantitative (LOQ) 3.59 * 10(-4) MUgml(
      1) and the relative standard deviation 2.63 %. The method has been successfully
      applied to the determination of montelukast in plasma of human body. Results
      specified that relative chemiluminescence intensity (DeltaI) has good
      proportional with the montelukast concentration with R(2) = 0.99979. The test of
      the recovery efficiency for known amounts of montelukast was also performed, the
      recoveries range obtained from 98.2 to 103.3 %, with RSDs of <4 % indicated that
      the proposed method was reliable. 

PMID- 26979058
TI  - Awareness of cytomegalovirus and risk factors for susceptibility among pregnant
      women, in Montreal, Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for congenital
      cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have generated a mounting interest in identifying
      mothers susceptible to CMV. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the
      prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of CMV susceptibility and CMV
      awareness, among pregnant women, in Montreal, Quebec. METHODS: Between April and
      December 2012, women delivering at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte
      Justine were recruited for the study. Stored serum from the first trimester of
      pregnancy was tested for CMV IgG. Knowledge about CMV and socio-demographic
      characteristics were collected via standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: Four
      hundred and ninety one women were enrolled in the study. Overall, 225 mothers
      (46%) were seronegative for CMV, and 85% (n = 415) were unaware of CMV or the
      associated risks in pregnancy. Significant risk factors for CMV seronegative
      status included Canadian vs. foreign born (aOR 6.88, 95% CI 4.33-10.94), and high
      vs. low family income (aOR 4.68, 95% CI 2.09-10.48). Maternal employment status
      was the only significant predictor of CMV unawareness, with unemployed mothers at
      the highest risk (aOR 85.6, 95% CI 17.3-421.3). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of
      pregnant women studied were at risk of primary infection, and yet, the majority
      was unaware of potential risks associated with CMV. Canadian born mothers and
      those with a high socioeconomic status were more likely to be CMV seronegative.
      Increased education about CMV infection, through public health interventions and
      obstetrician/pediatric counseling, is needed for all pregnant women.

PMID- 26979061
TI  - Further New Highly Oxidative Cembranoids from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton
      trocheliophorum.
AB  - Three new highly oxidative cembranoids, sarcophytrols D-F (1-3), were obtained
      from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum, along with two
      known related ones (4 and 5). Their structures were elucidated by extensive
      spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. The discovery of
      these new secondary metabolites enriched the family of cembranoids deduced from
      the title animal. 

PMID- 26979059
TI  - Multifaceted functions and roles of HBZ in HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
AB  - Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus
      responsible for the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although HTLV-1
      harbors an oncogene, tax, that transforms T cells in vitro and induces leukemia
      in transgenic mice, tax expression is frequently disrupted in ATL, making the
      oncogenesis of ATL a bit mysterious. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene was
      discovered in 2002 and has been found to promote T-cell proliferation and cause
      lymphoma in transgenic mice. Thus HBZ has become a novel hotspot of HTLV-1
      research. This review summarizes the current findings on HBZ with a special focus
      on its potential links to the oncogenesis of ATL. We propose viewing HBZ as a
      critical contributing factor in ATL development. 

PMID- 26979062
TI  - Predictive and prognostic value of FDG-PET/CT imaging and different response
      evaluation criteria after primary systemic therapy of breast cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: (1) To predict pathological complete remission (pCR) and survival
      after primary systemic therapy (PST) in patients diagnosed with breast cancer by
      using two different PET/CT based scores: a simplified PERCIST-based PET/CT score
      (Method 1) and a combined PET/CT score supplemented with the morphological
      results of the RECIST system (Method 2) and (2) to assess the effect of different
      breast carcinoma subtypes on tumor response and its evaluation. METHODS: Eighty
      eight patients were enrolled in the study who underwent PET/CT imaging before and
      after PST. PET/CTs were evaluated by changes in maximum Standardized Uptake Value
      (SUVmax) and tumor size. Method 1 and 2 were applied to predict pathological
      complete remission (pCR). Kaplan-Meier analyses for survival were performed.
      Classification into biological subtypes was performed based on the pre
      therapeutic tumor characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 30/88 patients showed pCR
      (34.1 %). Comparing pCR/non-pCR patient groups, significant differences were
      detected by changes in SUVmax (p < 0.001) and tumor size (p < 0.001) regarding
      the primary breast lesions. To predict pCR, Method 2 had higher sensitivity (72.4
      % vs. 44.8 %) and negative predictive value (57.9 % vs. 45.8 %) with lower false
      negativity rate (16 vs. 32) than Method 1. pCR rate was higher in Her2-positive
      and triple negative tumors. Despite the significant differences detected between
      the biological subtypes regarding changes in primary tumor SUVmax (p = 0.007) and
      size (p = 0.015), the subtypes only had significant impact on response evaluation
      with Method 2 and not with Method 1. In our study, neither clinical nor
      pathological CR were predictors of longer progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results suggest that combined PET/CT criteria are more predictive of pCR. The
      effect of biological subtypes is significant on pCR rate as well as on the
      changes in FDG-uptake and morphological tumor response. Response evaluation with
      combined criteria was also able to reflect the differences between the biological
      behavior of breast tumor subtypes.

PMID- 26979060
TI  - The effects of storage temperature on PBMC gene expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is a
      common and essential practice in conducting research. There are different reports
      in the literature as to whether cryopreserved PBMCs need to only be stored <= 
      150  degrees C or can be stored for a specified time at -80  degrees C.
      Therefore, we performed gene expression analysis on cryopreserved PBMCs stored at
      both temperatures for 14 months and PBMCs that underwent temperature cycling 104
      times between these 2 storage temperatures. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to
      confirm the involvement of specific genes associated with identified cellular
      pathways. All cryopreserved/stored samples were compared to freshly isolated
      PBMCs and between storage conditions. RESULTS: We identified a total of 1,367
      genes whose expression after 14 months of storage was affected >3 fold in PBMCs
      following isolation, cryopreservation and thawing as compared to freshly isolated
      PBMC aliquots that did not undergo cryopreservation. Sixty-six of these genes
      were shared among two or more major stress-related cellular pathways (stress
      responses, immune activation and cell death). Thirteen genes involved in these
      pathways were tested by real-time RT-PCR and the results agreed with the
      corresponding microarray data. There was no significant change on the gene
      expression if the PBMCs experienced brief but repetitive temperature cycling as
      compared to those that were constantly kept <= -150  degrees C. However, there
      were 18 genes identified to be different when PBMCs were stored at -80  degrees C
      but did not change when stored < -150  degrees C. A correlation was also found
      between the expressions of 2'-5'- oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS2), a known
      interferon stimulated gene (IFSG), and poor PBMC recovery post-thaw. PBMC
      recovery and viability were better when the cells were stored <= -150  degrees C
      as compared to -80  degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Not only is the viability and
      recovery of PBMCs affected during cryopreservation but also their gene expression
      pattern, as compared to freshly isolated PBMCs. Different storage temperature of
      PBMCs can activate or suppress different genes, but the cycling between -80 
      degrees C and -150  degrees C did not produce significant alterations in gene
      expression when compared to PBMCs stored <= -150  degrees C. Further analysis by
      gene expression of various PBMC processing and cryopreservation procedures is
      currently underway, as is identifying possible molecular mechanisms.

PMID- 26979063
TI  - Use of a knowledge broker to establish healthy public policies in a city
      district: a developmental evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Public health is to a large extent determined by non-health-sector
      policies. One approach to address this apparent paradox is to establish healthy
      public policies. This requires policy makers in non-health sectors to become more
      aware of the health impacts of their policies, and more willing to adopt evidence
      informed policy measures to improve health. We employed a knowledge broker to set
      the agenda for health and to specify health-promoting policy alternatives. This
      study aimed at gaining in-depth understanding of how this knowledge broker
      approach works. METHODS: In the context of a long-term partnership between the
      two universities in Amsterdam and the municipal public health service, we
      employed a knowledge broker who worked part-time at a university and part-time
      for an Amsterdam city district. When setting an agenda and specifying evidence
      informed policy alternatives, we considered three individual policy portfolios as
      well as the policy organization of the city district. We evaluated and developed
      the knowledge broker approach through action research using participant
      observation. RESULTS: Our knowledge brokering strategy led to the adoption of
      several policy alternatives in individual policy portfolios, and was especially
      successful in agenda-setting for health. More specifically, health became an
      issue on the formal policy agenda as evidenced by its uptake in the city
      district's mid-term review and the appointment of a policy analyst for health.
      Our study corroborated the importance of process factors such as building trust,
      clearly distinguishing the knowledge broker role, and adequate management
      support. We also saw the benefits of multilevel agenda-setting and specifying
      policy alternatives at appropriate policy levels. Sector-specific
      responsibilities hampered the adoption of cross-sectoral policy alternatives,
      while thematically designed policy documents offered opportunities for including
      them. Further interpretation revealed three additional themes in knowledge
      brokering: boundary spanning, a ripple effect, and participant observation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The employment of a knowledge broker who works simultaneously on
      both agenda-setting for health as well as the specification of health-promoting
      policy alternatives seems to be a promising first step in establishing local
      healthy public policies. Future studies are needed to explore the usefulness of
      our approach in further policy development and policy implementation.

PMID- 26979065
TI  - Heterotopic ovarian transplantation results in less apoptosis than orthotopic
      transplantation in a minipig model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ovarian autotransplantation has shown increasing promise as a
      clinical method for the preservation of fertility and hormonal function. However,
      information regarding the success rate of this type of transplantation is
      limited. We hypothesized that results vary according to the site of the ovarian
      transplantation. To test this hypothesis, fresh or cryopreserved ovarian strips
      were autotransplanted to orthotopic or heterotopic sites. The strips were later
      collected, and the morphology and expression of selected markers of apoptosis
      were evaluated. We compared the Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 staining levels
      and the morphometric aspects of autotransplanted fresh and cryopreserved ovarian
      strips placed at orthotopic and heterotopic sites in minipigs. METHODS: Forty
      female minipigs were allocated to the following five groups: group 1 (control),
      ovarian tissue removed during oophorectomy; group 2, transplantation of fresh
      ovarian strips to a heterotopic site; group 3, transplantation of fresh ovarian
      strips to an orthotopic site; group 4, transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian
      strips to a heterotopic site; and group 5, transplantation of ovarian trips to an
      orthotopic site. On day 7 after transplantation, ovarian strips were collected,
      and the morphology and expression of apoptosis markers were evaluated. RESULTS:
      In all groups, follicles across all stages of development were detected. The
      numbers of primordial, primary and secondary follicles were similar in all
      groups, but the numbers of antral follicles were lower in the cryopreserved
      groups in comparison with freshly derived ovarian tissue, with no significant
      differences observed between fresh and cryopreserved transplants. In all
      transplanted groups, Bcl-2 expression was lower and Bax expression was higher
      than in the control group. Furthermore, increased expression of apoptosis markers
      was detected in fresh intraperitoneal transplants. Lastly, the expression of
      cleaved caspase-3 was higher in the cryopreserved orthotopic group compared with
      the heterotopic group. CONCLUSIONS: Orthotopic and heterotopic ovarian strip
      transplantations are feasible options using these techniques. Importantly, we
      found that heterotopic transplantation preserves ovarian follicle integrity to a
      greater degree (i.e., lower expression of apoptosis markers) than orthotopic
      transplantation, and cryopreservation does not exacerbate expression of
      apoptosis's markers. These findings have major clinical applications and enhance
      the discussion regarding the heterotopic transplantation of ovarian tissue.

PMID- 26979064
TI  - A novel-type phosphatidylinositol phosphate-interactive, Ca-binding protein PCaP1
      in Arabidopsis thaliana: stable association with plasma membrane and partial
      involvement in stomata closure.
AB  - The Ca(2+)-binding protein-1 (PCaP1) of Arabidopsis thaliana is a new type
      protein that binds to phosphatidylinositol phosphates and Ca(2+)-calmodulin
      complex as well as free Ca(2+). Although biochemical properties, such as binding
      to ligands and N-myristoylation, have been revealed, the intracellular
      localization, tissue and cell specificity, integrity of membrane association and
      physiological roles of PCaP1 are unknown. We investigated the tissue and
      intracellular distribution of PCaP1 by using transgenic lines expressing PCaP1
      linked with a green fluorescence protein (GFP) at the carboxyl terminus of PCaP1.
      GFP fluorescence was obviously detected in most tissues including root, stem,
      leaf and flower. In these tissues, PCaP1-GFP signal was observed predominantly in
      the plasma membrane even under physiological stress conditions but not in other
      organelles. The fluorescence was detected in the cytosol when the 25-residue N
      terminal sequence was deleted from PCaP1 indicating essential contribution of N
      myristoylation to the plasma membrane anchoring. Fluorescence intensity of PCaP1
      GFP in roots was slightly decreased in seedlings grown in medium supplemented
      with high concentrations of iron for 1 week and increased in those grown with
      copper. In stomatal guard cells, PCaP1-GFP was strictly, specifically localized
      to the plasma membrane at the epidermal-cell side but not at the pore side. A T
      DNA insertion mutant line of PCaP1 did not show marked phenotype in a life cycle
      except for well growth under high CO2 conditions. However, stomata of the mutant
      line did not close entirely even in high osmolarity, which usually induces
      stomata closure. These results suggest that PCaP1 is involved in the stomatal
      movement, especially closure process, in leaves and response to excessive copper
      in root and leaf as a mineral nutrient as a physiological role. 

PMID- 26979067
TI  - Erratum to: Web searching for systematic reviews: a case study of reporting
      standards in the UK Health Technology Assessment programme.

PMID- 26979066
TI  - Generation of Plasmodium falciparum parasite-inhibitory antibodies by
      immunization with recombinantly-expressed CyRPA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of malaria is primarily associated with blood-stage
      infection and there is strong evidence that antibodies specific for parasite
      blood-stage antigens can control parasitaemia. This provides a strong rationale
      for incorporation of asexual blood-stage antigen components into an effective
      multivalent malaria subunit vaccine. On the basis of available genome-wide
      transcriptomic and proteomic data, previously uncharacterized Plasmodium
      falciparum open reading frames were screened for new blood stage vaccine
      candidates. This has led to the identification of the cysteine-rich protective
      antigen (PfCyRPA), which forms together with PfRH5 and PfRipr a multiprotein
      complex that is crucial for erythrocyte invasion. METHODS: Glycosylated and non
      glycosylated variants of recombinant PfCyRPA were expressed and produced as
      secreted protein in mammalian cells. Adjuvanted formulations of purified PfCyRPA
      were tested to assess whether they can effectively elicit parasite inhibitory
      antibodies, and to investigate whether or not the glycosylation status affects
      antibody binding. For this purpose, two sets of PfCyRPA-specific mouse monoclonal
      antibodies (mAbs) have been raised and evaluated for functional activity.
      RESULTS: Generated PfCyRPA-specific mAbs, irrespective of the immunogen's
      glycosylation status, showed substantial parasite in vitro growth-inhibitory
      activity due to inhibition of erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. Furthermore,
      passive immunization experiments in P. falciparum infected NOD-scid IL2Rgamma
      (null) mice engrafted with human erythrocytes demonstrated potent in vivo growth
      inhibitory activity of generated mAbs. CONCLUSIONS: Recombinantly expressed
      PfCyRPA tested as adjuvanted vaccine formulations in mice elicited antibodies
      that significantly inhibit P. falciparum asexual blood stage parasite growth both
      in vitro and in vivo. These findings render PfCyRPA a promising blood-stage
      candidate antigen for inclusion into a multicomponent malaria subunit vaccine.

PMID- 26979069
TI  - Perception of Stand-on-ability: Do Geographical Slants Feel Steeper Than They
      Look?
AB  - Past research has shown that haptically perceived surface slant by foot is
      matched with visually perceived slant by a factor of 0.81. Slopes perceived
      visually appear shallower than when stood on without looking. We sought to
      identify the sources of this discrepancy by asking participants to judge whether
      they would be able to stand on an inclined ramp. In the first experiment, visual
      perception was compared to pedal perception in which participants took half a
      step with one foot onto an occluded ramp. Visual perception closely matched the
      actual maximal slope angle that one could stand on, whereas pedal perception
      underestimated it. Participants may have been less stable in the pedal condition
      while taking half a step onto the ramp. We controlled for this by having
      participants hold onto a sturdy tripod in the pedal condition (Experiment 2).
      This did not eliminate the difference between visual and haptic perception, but
      repeating the task while sitting on a chair did (Experiment 3). Beyond balance
      requirements, pedal perception may also be constrained by the limited range of
      motion at the ankle and knee joints while standing. Indeed, when we restricted
      range of motion by wearing an ankle brace pedal perception underestimated the
      affordance (Experiment 4). Implications for ecological theory were offered by
      discussing the notion of functional equivalence and the role of exploration in
      perception. 

PMID- 26979070
TI  - Ws-2 Introgression in a Proportion of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 Stock Seed
      Produces Specific Phenotypes and Highlights the Importance of Routine Genetic
      Verification.

PMID- 26979071
TI  - A Novel Method for Achievement of Vascular Closure After Misdeployment of an
      Angio-SealTM Device.

PMID- 26979068
TI  - Clinical efficiency of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment of
      patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the majority of cases of acute central serous
      chorioretinopathy are self-limited, resolving spontaneously after a number of
      weeks, the recurrence rate is estimated to be 20-50 %, and some cases will be
      chronic, lasting 6 months or longer. The evidence of Helicobacter pylori
      infection appears more often in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy.
      The purpose of this work was to estimate the efficiency of H. pylori infection
      eradication in treatment of patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy.
      METHODS: Ninety-three patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy
      participated in this study. Patients were divided into an experimental group (33
      Helicobacter pylori-positive patients who received eradication treatment) and two
      control groups who did not receive eradication treatment: 29 H. pylori-positive
      patients and 31 H. pylori-negative patients. Research methods were best-corrected
      Snellen visual acuity, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography.
      Research methods were best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, optical coherence
      tomography, static perimetry, and Amsler grid. The follow-up period was 2 years.
      RESULTS: Helicobacter pylori eradication caused a decrease of disease duration at
      3 months (p = 0.04) and recurrence frequency of 45.6 % (p = 0.03) as well as
      improvement of distant prognosis. After 2 years, visual acuity increased from
      0.91 +/- 0.07 to 0.99 +/- 0.02 (p = 0.01), scotoma frequency decreased from 100 %
      eyes to 27.2 % (p = 0.001), and metamorphopsia frequency decreased from 57.6 %
      eyes to 39.4 % (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Helicobacter pylori eradication is
      effective in the treatment of H. pylori-positive patients with acute central
      serous chorioretinopathy.

PMID- 26979072
TI  - Cancer care team.

PMID- 26979073
TI  - Long Non-coding RNA HOTAIR Promotes Parkinson's Disease Induced by MPTP Through
      up-regulating the Expression of LRRK2.
AB  - Homeobox (HOX) transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), as a long intergenic noncoding
      RNA (lincRNA), is known to be overexpressed in several cancers. However, the role
      of HOTAIR in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. A mouse model of PD was
      developed by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
      tetrahydropyridine). The expression of HOTAIR and LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat
      kinase 2) were detected in the PD mice and in Human neuroblastoma cell lines SH
      SY5Y pretreated with MPP+ (N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium). The effect of HOTAIR on
      the expression of LRRK2 was examined in SH-SY5Y cells through overexpressing
      HOTAIR. A MTT (3- (4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium
      bromide) assay was performed to measure the cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells. si
      HOTAIR (siRNA-HOTAIR) was utilized to investigate the effect of HOTAIR on the
      expression of LRRK2 in vivo. In this study, upregulation of HOTAIR and LRRK2 were
      found in the midbrain of PD mice induced by MPTP and in SH-SY5Y cells pretreated
      with MPP+. With the presence of HOTAIR overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells, the
      expression of LRRK2 was increased compared with that in the control. HOTAIR
      knockdown showed a protective effect on the cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells
      pretreated with MPP+, which was abrogated by overexpression of LRRK2. In mouse
      model of PD treated with si-HOTAIR, the expression of LRRK2 was decreased. In
      conclusion, high expression of HOTAIR promoted the onset of PD induced by MPTP.
      Moreover, the finding that HOTAIR promoted PD induced by MPTP through regulating
      LRRK2 expression could add our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in PD. 

PMID- 26979074
TI  - Plasma Level of D-dimer is an Independent Diagnostic Biomarker for Deep Venous
      Thrombosis in Patients with Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - This study was to determine the clinical diagnostic value of D-dimer for DVT in
      patients with ischemic stroke. During July 2013 to December 2014, a cohort study
      of ischemic stroke patients who presented with symptoms of DVT in upper or lower
      extremities was performed, with a total of 255 patients at baseline. D-dimer
      levels were measured from each patient using Colour Doppler Ultrasonography
      (CDUS), and all patients underwent venous duplex examinations. In ours study, 56
      patients were diagnosed as DVT (22.0%). When compared to the patients without
      DVT, a significantly increased trend of plasma D-dimer levels was found in stroke
      patients with DVT [3.07 (IQR, 2.26-4.05)mg/L VS. 0.54 (IQR, 0.27-1.14) mg/L;
      P<0.0001]. From the analysis results of the ROC curve, optimal cutoff value was
      1.51 mg/L for diagnosing of DVT (sensitivity: 91.1 %; specificity: 85.4%; the
      AUC: 0.914 [95%CI, 0.878-0.950; P<0.001]). If cut-off value of 0.5 mg/L, the
      diagnosis sensitivity was 100%, the specificity was 46.2%, and the positive
      predictive value was 34.3%. In addition, 36.1% (92/255) stroke patients who
      suspected with DVT did not need perform CDUS, and those patients could be
      excluded by plasma D-dimer tested. Collectively, plasma D-dimer level may have a
      guiding meaning for diagnosing DVT in ischemic stroke patients, and the D-dimer
      assay is a reliable method for ruling out DVT. 

PMID- 26979075
TI  - Medicine, belief, witchcraft and demonic possession in late seventeenth-century
      Ulster.
AB  - Ireland's only published witchcraft pamphlet, written by Daniel Higgs, The
      Wonderful and True Relation of the Bewitching of a Young Girle in Ireland, What
      Ways she was Tormented, and a Receipt of the Ointment that she was Cured with
      (1699), works within the confines of late seventeenth-century demonology, while
      upholding the patriarchy of the fledgling Protestant Ascendancy. More
      importantly, it provides rare insight into early modern Protestant witchcraft
      beliefs, highlights the limits of contemporary medical care and provision and
      details the pathways of self-medication people resorted to. Higgs' method of
      promoting self-medication as a cure to bewitchment and demonic possession was
      based on a remedy described in an obscure Renaissance magical text. To promote
      his 'cure' the pamphlet included a particularly vitriolic critique of the
      established Irish medical profession, as self-regarding and incompetent
      witchcraft deniers. This article uses Higgs' pamphlet to explore the limits to/of
      medical knowledge in early modern Ireland and Europe. 

PMID- 26979077
TI  - Potential roles for calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor
      potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) in murine anorectic response to deoxynivalenol
      (vomitoxin).
AB  - Food contamination by the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin)
      has the potential to adversely affect animal and human health by suppressing food
      intake and impairing growth. In mice, the DON-induced anorectic response results
      from aberrant satiety hormone secretion by enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the
      gastrointestinal tract. Recent in vitro studies in the murine STC-1 EEC model
      have linked DON-induced satiety hormone secretion to activation of calcium
      sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-coupled protein receptor, and transient receptor
      potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1), a TRP channel. However, it is unknown whether
      similar mechanisms mediate DON's anorectic effects in vivo. Here, we tested the
      hypothesis that DON-induced food refusal and satiety hormone release in the mouse
      are linked to activation of CaSR and TRPA1. Oral treatment with selective
      agonists for CaSR (R-568) or TRPA1 (allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)) suppressed food
      intake in mice, and the agonist's effects were suppressed by pretreatment with
      corresponding antagonists NPS-2143 or ruthenium red (RR), respectively.
      Importantly, NPS-2143 or RR inhibited both DON-induced food refusal and plasma
      elevations of the satiety hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY3-36 (PYY3
      36); cotreatment with both antagonists additively suppressed both anorectic and
      hormone responses to DON. Taken together, these in vivo data along with prior in
      vitro findings support the contention that activation of CaSR and TRPA1
      contributes to DON-induced food refusal by mediating satiety hormone exocytosis
      from EEC.

PMID- 26979076
TI  - Fluid shear stress modulation of hepatocyte-like cell function.
AB  - Freshly isolated human adult hepatocytes are considered to be the gold standard
      tool for in vitro studies. However, primary hepatocyte scarcity, cell cycle
      arrest and the rapid loss of cell phenotype limit their widespread deployment.
      Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells provide renewable
      sources of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). Despite the use of various
      differentiation methodologies, HLCs like primary human hepatocytes exhibit
      unstable phenotype in culture. It has been shown that the functional capacity can
      be improved by adding back elements of human physiology, such as cell co-culture
      or through the use of natural and/or synthetic surfaces. In this study, the
      effect of fluid shear stress on HLC performance was investigated. We studied two
      important liver functions, cytochrome P450 drug metabolism and serum protein
      secretion, in static cultures and those exposed to fluid shear stress. Our study
      demonstrates that fluid shear stress improved Cyp1A2 activity by approximately
      fivefold. This was paralleled by an approximate ninefold increase in sensitivity
      to a drug, primarily metabolised by Cyp2D6. In addition to metabolic capacity,
      fluid shear stress also improved hepatocyte phenotype with an approximate
      fourfold reduction in the secretion of a foetal marker, alpha-fetoprotein. We
      believe these studies highlight the importance of introducing physiologic cues in
      cell-based models to improve somatic cell phenotype. 

PMID- 26979078
TI  - Empathy among undergraduate medical students: A multi-centre cross-sectional
      comparison of students beginning and approaching the end of their course.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although a core element in patient care the trajectory of empathy
      during undergraduate medical education remains unclear. Empathy is generally
      regarded as comprising an affective capacity: the ability to be sensitive to and
      concerned for, another and a cognitive capacity: the ability to understand and
      appreciate the other person's perspective. The authors investigated whether final
      year undergraduate students recorded lower levels of empathy than their first
      year counterparts, and whether male and female students differed in this respect.
      METHODS: Between September 2013 and June 2014 an online questionnaire survey was
      administered to 15 UK, and 2 international medical schools. Participating schools
      provided both 5-6 year standard courses and 4 year accelerated graduate entry
      courses. The survey incorporated the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Student Version
      (JSE-S) and Davis's Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), both widely used to
      measure medical student empathy. Participation was voluntary. Chi squared tests
      were used to test for differences in biographical characteristics of student
      groups. Multiple linear regression analyses, in which predictor variables were
      year of course (first/final); sex; type of course and broad socio-economic group
      were used to compare empathy scores. RESULTS: Five medical schools (4 in the UK,
      1 in New Zealand) achieved average response rates of 55 % (n = 652) among
      students starting their course and 48 % (n = 487) among final year students.
      These schools formed the High Response Rate Group. The remaining 12 medical
      schools recorded lower response rates of 24.0 % and 15.2 % among first and final
      year students respectively. These schools formed the Lower Response Rate Group.
      For both male and female students in both groups of schools no significant
      differences in any empathy scores were found between students starting and
      approaching the end of their course. Gender was found to significantly predict
      empathy scores, with females scoring higher than males. CONCLUSIONS: Participant
      male and female medical students approaching the end of their undergraduate
      education, did not record lower levels of empathy, compared to those at the
      beginning of their course. Questions remain concerning the trajectory of empathy
      after qualification and how best to support it through the pressures of starting
      out in medical practice.

PMID- 26979079
TI  - Ranolazine: A Contemporary Review.

PMID- 26979081
TI  - Clipping the Wings of Glioblastoma: Modulation of WNT as a Novel Therapeutic
      Strategy.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis.
      Aberrant WNT signaling is known to promote glioma cell growth and dissemination
      and resistance to conventional radio- and chemotherapy. Moreover, a population of
      cancer stem-like cells that promote glioma growth and recurrence are strongly
      dependent on WNT signaling. Here, we discuss the role and mechanisms of aberrant
      canonical and noncanonical WNT signaling in GBM. We present current clinical
      approaches aimed at modulating WNT activity and evaluate their clinical
      perspective as a novel treatment option for GBM. 

PMID- 26979080
TI  - Ultrathin Strut Biodegradable Polymer Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Durable
      Polymer Everolimus-Eluting Stent for Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization: 2
      Year Results of the BIOSCIENCE Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No data are available on the long-term performance of ultrathin strut
      biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (BP-SES). We reported 2-year
      clinical outcomes of the BIOSCIENCE (Ultrathin Strut Biodegradable Polymer
      Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Versus Durable Polymer Everolimus-Eluting Stent for
      Percutaneous Coronary Revascularisation) trial, which compared BP-SES with
      durable-polymer everolimus-eluting stents (DP-EES) in patients undergoing
      percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 2119 patients
      with minimal exclusion criteria were assigned to treatment with BP-SES (n=1063)
      or DP-EES (n=1056). Follow-up at 2 years was available for 2048 patients (97%).
      The primary end point was target-lesion failure, a composite of cardiac death,
      target-vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically indicated target-lesion
      revascularization. At 2 years, target-lesion failure occurred in 107 patients
      (10.5%) in the BP-SES arm and 107 patients (10.4%) in the DP-EES arm (risk ratio
      [RR] 1.00, 95% CI 0.77-1.31, P=0.979). There were no significant differences
      between BP-SES and DP-EES with respect to cardiac death (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.62
      1.63, P=0.984), target-vessel myocardial infarction (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.60-1.39,
      P=0.669), target-lesion revascularization (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.81-1.71, P=0.403),
      and definite stent thrombosis (RR 1.38, 95% CI 0.56-3.44, P=0.485). There were 2
      cases (0.2%) of definite very late stent thrombosis in the BP-SES arm and 4 cases
      (0.4%) in the DP-EES arm (P=0.423). In the prespecified subgroup of patients with
      ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, BP-SES was associated with a lower
      risk of target-lesion failure compared with DP-EES (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23-0.99,
      P=0.043, Pinteraction=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Comparable safety and efficacy
      profiles of BP-SES and DP-EES were maintained throughout 2 years of follow-up.
      CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique
      identifier: NCT01443104.

PMID- 26979083
TI  - Studies drawing on qualitative research are funded by the most prestigious
      research funders in the UK.

PMID- 26979082
TI  - Altered Proteins in the Aging Brain.
AB  - We assessed the prevalence of common altered brain proteins in 296 cognitively
      unimpaired subjects ranging from age 50 to 102 years. The incidence and the stage
      of hyperphosphorylated-tau (HPtau), beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein (alphaS), and
      transactive response DNA (TDP) binding protein 43 (TDP43)-immunoreactivity (-IR)
      increased with age. HPtau-IR was observed in 98% of the subjects; the locus
      coeruleus was solely affected in 46%, and 79% of the subjects were in Braak
      stages a to II. beta-Amyloid was seen in 47% of subjects and the Thal phase
      correlated with the HPtau Braak stage and age. Intermediate Alzheimer disease
      related pathology (ADRP) was seen in 12%; 52% of the subjects with HPtau-IR
      fulfilled criteria for definite primary age-related tauopathy (PART). The
      incidence of concomitant pathology (alphaS, TDP43) did not differ between those
      with PART and those with ADRP but the former were younger. TDP43-IR was observed
      in 36%; the most frequently affected region was the medulla; alphaS-IR was
      observed in 19% of subjects. In 41% of the subjects from 80 to 89 years at death,
      3 altered proteins were seen in the brain. Thus, altered proteins are common in
      the brains of cognitively unimpaired aged subjects; this should be considered
      while developing diagnostic biomarkers, particularly for identifying subjects at
      early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 26979084
TI  - Intense Exercise and Native Collateral Function in Stable Moderate Coronary
      Artery Disease: Incidental, Causal, or Clinically Important?

PMID- 26979085
TI  - Coronary Collateral Growth Induced by Physical Exercise: Results of the Impact of
      Intensive Exercise Training on Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients With
      Stable Coronary Artery Disease (EXCITE) Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A well-developed coronary collateral circulation provides a potential
      source of blood supply in coronary artery disease. However, the prognostic
      importance and functional relevance of coronary collaterals is controversial with
      the association between exercise training and collateral growth still unclear.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: This prospective, open-label study randomly assigned 60
      patients with significant coronary artery disease (fractional flow reserve
      <=0.75) to high-intensity exercise (group A, 20 patients) or moderate-intensity
      exercise (group B, 20 patients) for 4 weeks or to a control group (group C, 20
      patients). The primary end point was the change of the coronary collateral flow
      index (CFI) after 4 weeks. Analysis was based on the intention to treat. After 4
      weeks, baseline CFI increased significantly by 39.4% in group A (from 0.142+/
      0.07 at beginning to 0.198+/-0.09 at 4 weeks) in comparison with 41.3% in group B
      (from 0.143+/-0.06 to 0.202+/-0.09), whereas CFI in the control group remained
      unchanged (0.7%, from 0.149+/-0.09 to 0.150+/-0.08). High-intensity exercise did
      not lead to a greater CFI than moderate-intensity training. After 4 weeks,
      exercise capacity, Vo2 peak and ischemic threshold increased significantly in
      group A and group B in comparison with group C with no difference between group A
      and group B. CONCLUSIONS: A significant improvement in CFI was demonstrated in
      response to moderate- and high-intensity exercise performed for 10 hours per
      week. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique
      identifier: NCT01209637.

PMID- 26979086
TI  - Moraxella catarrhalis decreases antiviral innate immune responses by down
      regulation of TLR3 via inhibition of p53 in human bronchial epithelial cells.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complicated by infectious
      exacerbations with acute worsening of respiratory symptoms. Coinfections of
      bacterial and viral pathogens are associated with more severe exacerbations.
      Moraxella catarrhalis is one of the most frequent lower respiratory tract
      pathogens detected in COPD. We therefore studied the impact of M. catarrhalis on
      the antiviral innate immune response that is mediated via TLR3 and p53. Molecular
      interactions between M. catarrhalis and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE)
      cells as well as Beas-2B cells were studied using flow cytometry, quantitative
      PCR analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA interference, and ELISA. M.
      catarrhalis induces a significant down-regulation of TLR3 in human bronchial
      epithelial cells. In M. catarrhalis-infected cells, expression of p53 was
      decreased. We detected a reduced binding of p53 to the tlr3 promoter, resulting
      in reduced TLR3 gene transcription. M. catarrhalis diminished the TLR3-dependent
      secretion of IFN-beta, IFN-lambda, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8. In
      addition in M. catarrhalis infected cells, expression of rhinovirus type 1A RNA
      was increased compared with uninfected cells. M. catarrhalis reduces antiviral
      defense functions of bronchial epithelial cells, which may increase
      susceptibility to viral infections.-Heinrich, A., Haarmann, H., Zahradnik, S.,
      Frenzel, K., Schreiber, F., Klassert, T. E., Heyl, K. A., Endres, A.-S.,
      Schmidtke, M., Hofmann, J., Slevogt, H. Moraxella catarrhalis decreases antiviral
      innate immune responses by down-regulation of TLR3 via inhibition of p53 in human
      bronchial epithelial cells.

PMID- 26979088
TI  - Mishearing, In Its Many Forms.

PMID- 26979089
TI  - A gold(i)-catalyzed substituent-controlled cycloisomerization of propargyl vinyl
      ethers to multi-substituted furofuran and furopyran derivatives.
AB  - A gold(i)-catalyzed substituent-controlled strategy for the stereoselective
      synthesis of bicyclic furan and pyran derivatives has been developed. The
      mechanisms of the reactions have been studied thoroughly by deuterium labelling
      experiments. The applications of the methodologies were demonstrated by
      evaluating the preliminary anti-fungal activity of the synthetic compounds.

PMID- 26979087
TI  - ECL1i, d(LGTFLKC), a novel, small peptide that specifically inhibits CCL2
      dependent migration.
AB  - CC chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) is a key molecule in inflammatory diseases
      and is an obvious drug target for the treatment of inflammation. A number of
      nonpeptidic, competitive CCR2 antagonists have been developed, but none has yet
      been approved for clinical use. Our aim was to identify a short peptide that
      showed allosteric antagonism against human and mouse CCR2. On the basis of
      sequence analysis and 3-dimensional modeling, we identified an original 7-d-amino
      acid peptidic CCR2 inhibitor that we have called extracellular loop 1 inverso
      (ECL1i), d(LGTFLKC). In vitro, ECL1i selectively and potently inhibits CC
      chemokine ligand type 2 (CCL2)-triggered chemotaxis (IC50, 2 uM) but no other
      conventional CCL2-associated events. We used the classic competitive CCR2
      antagonist, BMS22 {2-[(isopropylaminocarbonyl)amino]-N-[2-[[cis-2-[[4
      (methylthio)benzoyl]amino]cyclohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-5
      (trifluoromethyl)benzamide}, as positive control and inhibited CCL2-dependent
      chemotaxis with an IC50 of 18 nM. As negative control, we used a peptide with the
      same composition as ECL1i, but in a different sequence, d(FKLTLCG). In vivo,
      ECL1i (4 mg/kg) interfered with CCR2-positive cell recruitment and attenuated
      disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model
      of multiple sclerosis. This study establishes ECL1i as the first allosteric
      inhibitor of CCR2 with functional selectivity. ECL1i is a promising new agent in
      therapeutic development, and it may, by its selective effect, increase our
      understanding of CCR2 signaling pathways and functions.-Auvynet, C., Baudesson de
      Chanville, C., Hermand, P., Dorgham, K., Piesse, C., Pouchy, C., Carlier, L.,
      Poupel, L., Barthelemy, S., Felouzis, V., Lacombe, C., Sagan, S., Salomon, B.,
      Deterre, P., Sennlaub, F., Combadiere, C. ECL1i, d(LGTFLKC), a novel, small
      peptide that specifically inhibits CCL2-dependent migration.

PMID- 26979090
TI  - Negative-index gratings formed by femtosecond laser overexposure and thermal
      regeneration.
AB  - We demonstrate a method for the preparation of negative-index fibre Bragg
      gratings (FBGs) using 800 nm femtosecond laser overexposure and thermal
      regeneration. A positive-index type I-IR FBG was first inscribed in H2-free
      single-mode fibre using a femtosecond laser directed through a phase mask, and
      then a highly polarization dependant phase-shifted FBG (P-PSFBG) was fabricated
      from the type I-IR FBG by overexposure to the femtosecond laser. Subsequently,
      the P-PSFBG was thermally annealed at 800  degrees C for 12 hours. Grating
      regeneration was observed during thermal annealing, and a negative-index FBG was
      finally obtained with a high reflectivity of 99.22%, an ultra-low insertion loss
      of 0.08 dB, a blueshift of 0.83 nm in the Bragg wavelength, and an operating
      temperature of up to 1000  degrees C for more than 10 hours. Further annealing
      tests showed that the thermal stability of the negative-index FBG was lower than
      that of a type II-IR FBG, but much higher than that of a type I-IR FBG. Moreover,
      the formation of such a negative-index grating may result from thermally
      regenerated type IIA photosensitivity.

PMID- 26979091
TI  - Health burden of serious road injuries in the Netherlands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The consequences of injuries in terms of disabilities and health
      burden are relevant for policy making. This article provides an overview of the
      current knowledge on this topic and discusses the health burden of serious road
      injuries in The Netherlands. METHODS: The overview of current knowledge on
      disabilities following a road crash is based on a literature review. The health
      burden of serious road injuries is quantified in terms of years lived with
      disability (YLD), by combining incidence data from the Dutch hospital discharge
      register with information about temporary and lifelong disability. RESULTS:
      Literature shows that road traffic injuries can have a major impact on victims'
      physical and psychological well-being and functioning. Reported proportions of
      people with disability vary between 11 and 80% depending on the type of
      casualties, time elapsed since the crash, and the health impacts considered.
      Together, all casualties involving serious injuries in The Netherlands in 2009
      account for about 38,000 YLD, compared to 25,000 years of life lost (YLL) of
      fatalities. Ninety percent of the burden of injury is due to lifelong
      consequences that are experienced by 20% of all those seriously injured in road
      accidents. Lower leg injuries and head injuries represent a high share in the
      total burden of injury as have cyclists that are injured in a crash without a
      motorized vehicle. Pedestrians and powered 2-wheeler users show the highest
      burden of injury per casualty. CONCLUSION: Given their major impacts and
      contribution to health burden, road policy making should also be aimed at
      reducing the number of serious road injuries and limiting the resulting health
      impacts.

PMID- 26979092
TI  - Universal limiting shape of worn profile under multiple-mode fretting conditions:
      theory and experimental evidence.
AB  - We consider multiple-mode fretting wear in a frictional contact of elastic bodies
      subjected to a small-amplitude oscillation, which may include in-plane and out-of
      plane translation, torsion and tilting ("periodic rolling"). While the detailed
      kinetics of wear depends on the particular loading history and wear mechanism,
      the final worn shape, under some additional conditions, occurs to be universal
      for all types and loading and wear mechanisms. This universal form is determined
      solely by the radius of the permanent stick region and the maximum indentation
      depth during the loading cycle. We provide experimental evidence for the
      correctness of the theoretically predicted limiting shape. The existence of the
      universal limiting shape can be used for designing joints which are resistant to
      fretting wear. 

PMID- 26979093
TI  - Cellulose Acetate Based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications: A Review.
AB  - The development of polymer nanocomposites by incorporating variable nanofillers
      has attracted attention of scientists, researchers and industrial sectors due to
      their dramatic improvement in various properties. Cellulose acetate (CA) based
      nanocomposites have interesting history in the field of medical applications
      because CA meets a wide range of biomedical implant properties. Since cellulose
      acetate is considered as a biodegradable, renewable, non-corrosive, non-toxic and
      biocompatible material, it raised up the unique advantages over many other
      materials. This review is designed to provide a broad overview of cellulose
      acetate nanocomposites in the field of medical applications and medical devices.

PMID- 26979094
TI  - Asthma 2015: The Year in Review.
AB  - Between January 1, 2015, and the end of October, there were >6,500 peer-reviewed
      papers listed in PubMed on asthma. Of necessity, those that have been selected
      for inclusion for this Year in Review represent a few that have caught the
      reviewer's interest, organized by themes. Not unexpectedly, some of these papers
      are in conflict with each other, whereas others raise more questions then they
      appear to answer. All in all, it has been a busy year in the asthma world and
      with new medications reaching the market in coming years, it is unlikely that
      this interest will abate. 

PMID- 26979095
TI  - Year in Review 2015: Neonatal Respiratory Care.
AB  - Neonatal respiratory care practices have changed with breathtaking speed in the
      past few years. It is critical for the respiratory therapist and others caring
      for neonates to be up to date with current recommendations and evolving care
      practices. The purpose of this article is to review papers of particular note
      that were published in 2015 and address important aspects of newborn respiratory
      care. 

PMID- 26979096
TI  - Estimating the Prevalence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing Among Collegiate Football
      Players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea is a clinical disorder characterized by loud
      snoring, apneic episodes, and chronic sleep disruption. Collegiate football
      players exhibit several risk factors for OSA, including large neck circumference
      and high body mass index, although the prevalence of OSA in this cohort is
      unknown. METHODS: The STOP-BANG questionnaire was administered at random to
      members of a collegiate football team and used to stratify the players into high
      and low risk for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Those who completed the
      questionnaire were then evaluated for SDB during preseason camp using a single
      channel (finger pulse oximetry) photoplethysmography-based device. SDB was
      defined as an apnea-hypopnea index of >=5. RESULTS: Of 56 players who underwent
      overnight photoplethysmography monitoring, valid results were available for 51.
      Forty-eight percent of the players were high-risk (neck size = 44.6 +/- 2.2 cm,
      body mass index = 33.0 +/- 5.4) versus low-risk (neck size = 41.4 +/- 2.8 cm,
      body mass index = 27.6 +/- 3.6) (both P values <.001). An apnea-hypopnea index of
      >=5 was found in 2 (8.3%, 95% CI 1.0-20.0%) high-risk and 2 (7.7, 95% CI 1.0
      18.4%) low-risk players. Two offensive linemen, a linebacker, and a tight end
      accounted for the positive cases. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our sample, we estimate
      the prevalence of SDB among collegiate football players to be 8%, regardless of
      risk stratification. Given the strong link between SDB and cardiovascular
      disease, these data underscore the importance of screening and subsequent
      treatment of SDB in this highly conditioned yet potentially vulnerable group of
      athletes.

PMID- 26979097
TI  - Early-Onset Multiple Sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran: Report of the Demographic and
      Clinical Features of 221 Patients.
AB  - It is estimated that early-onset multiple sclerosis multiple sclerosis (early
      onset multiple sclerosis) approximately incorporates 3-5% of the multiple
      sclerosis population. In this report on early-onset multiple sclerosis, the
      authors aimed to define demographic, clinical and imaging features in a case
      series of true-childhood multiple sclerosis and to compare its characteristics
      with juvenile multiple sclerosis. The authors inspected the records of multiple
      sclerosis patients who were registered by Isfahan MS Society. Clinical and
      demographic data of children with less than 16 years of age were reviewed
      retrospectively. Out of 4536 multiple sclerosis patients referred to the authors'
      center, 221 patients (4.8%) had multiple sclerosis starting at the age of 16 or
      less (11 true-childhood multiple sclerosis vs 210 juvenile-onset multiple
      sclerosis); the female to male ratio was 4.81:1. In the mean follow-up period of
      6.2 years, 22 patients (10.5%) had positive family history of multiple sclerosis,
      196 (88.6%) patients were classified as relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,
      the mean (+/- SD Expanded Disability Status Scale) was 1.5 +/- 1.1 at the last
      evaluation. The most common initial presentation was optic nerve involvement
      (36.1%) and cerebellar sign and symptoms (14.6%). In all, 13 patients (5.8%) had
      experienced seizure in the course of multiple sclerosis. This study indicated
      that early-onset multiple sclerosis is not rare condition and overwhelmingly
      affects girls even at prepubertal onset. Physicians should consider multiple
      sclerosis in suspicious pediatric cases.

PMID- 26979098
TI  - Autism Spectrum Disorders in Africa: Current Challenges in Identification,
      Assessment, and Treatment: A Report on the International Child Neurology
      Association Meeting on ASD in Africa, Ghana, April 3-5, 2014.
AB  - Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has increased over recent years, however,
      little is known about the identification and management of autism spectrum
      disorder in Africa. This report summarizes a workshop on autism spectrum disorder
      in Africa under the auspices of the International Child Neurology Association and
      the African Child Neurology Association through guided presentations and working
      group reports, focusing on identification, diagnosis, management, and community
      support. A total of 47 delegates participated from 14 African countries. Although
      there was a huge variability in services across the countries represented,
      numbers of specialists assessing and managing autism spectrum disorder was small
      relative to populations served. Strategies were proposed to improve
      identification, diagnosis, management and support delivery for individuals with
      autism spectrum disorder across Africa in these culturally diverse, low-resource
      settings. Emphasis on raising public awareness through community engagement and
      improving access to information and training in autism spectrum disorder. Special
      considerations for the cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic factors within
      Africa are discussed.

PMID- 26979099
TI  - Weight loss associated with exenatide in an obese man with diabetes commenced on
      clozapine.

PMID- 26979100
TI  - Depression or personality disorder: Autopsy of a mass-homicide.

PMID- 26979101
TI  - Associations of 5HTTLPR polymorphism with major depressive disorder and alcohol
      dependence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The neurotransmitter serotonin is understood to control mood and drug
      response. Carrying a genetic variant in the serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) may
      increase the risk of major depressive disorder and alcohol dependence. Previous
      estimates of the association of the S allele of 5HTTLPR polymorphism with major
      depressive disorder and alcohol dependence have been inconsistent. METHODS: For
      the systematic review, we used PubMed MEDLINE and Discovery of The University of
      Melbourne to search for all relevant case-control studies investigating the
      associations of 5HTTLPR polymorphism with major depressive disorder and alcohol
      dependence. Summary odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were
      estimated. To investigate whether year of publication, study population or
      diagnostic criteria used were potential sources of heterogeneity, we performed
      meta-regression analyses. Publication bias was assessed using Funnel plots and
      Egger's statistical tests. RESULTS: We included 23 studies of major depressive
      disorder without alcohol dependence containing 3392 cases and 5093 controls, and
      11 studies of alcohol dependence without major depressive disorder containing
      2079 cases and 2273 controls. The summary OR for homozygote carriers of the S
      allele of 5HTTLPR polymorphism compared with heterozygote and non-carriers
      combined (SS vs SL+LL genotype) was 1.33 (95% CI = [1.19, 1.48]) for major
      depressive disorder and 1.18 (95% CI = [1.01, 1.38]) for alcohol dependence. The
      summary OR per S allele of 5HTTLPR polymorphism was 1.16 (95% CI = [1.08, 1.23])
      for major depressive disorder and 1.12 (95% CI = [1.01, 1.23]) for alcohol
      dependence. Meta-regression models showed that the associations did not
      substantially change after adjusting for year of publication, study population
      and diagnostic criteria used. There was no evidence for publication bias of the
      studies included in our meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis confirms
      that individuals with the homozygous S allele of 5HTTLPR polymorphism are at
      increased risks of major depressive disorder as well as alcohol dependence.
      Further studies are required to investigate the association between 5HTTLPR
      polymorphism and the comorbidity of major depressive disorder and alcohol
      dependence as well as gene * environmental interactions.

PMID- 26979102
TI  - Natural weight loss supplements - Are they psychoactive?

PMID- 26979103
TI  - Hirschsprung's disease - Postsurgical intestinal dysmotility.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of an infant with Hirschsprung's disease
      presenting as total colonic aganglionosis, which, after surgical resection of the
      aganglionic segment persisted with irreversible functional intestinal
      obstruction; discuss the difficulties in managing this form of congenital
      aganglionosis and discuss a plausible pathogenetic mechanism for this case. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease presenting as total colonic
      aganglionosis was established in a two-month-old infant, after an episode of
      enterocolitis, hypovolemic shock and severe malnutrition. After colonic
      resection, the patient did not recover intestinal motor function that would allow
      enteral feeding. Postoperative examination of remnant ileum showed the presence
      of ganglionic plexus and a reduced number of interstitial cells of Cajal in the
      proximal bowel segments. At 12 months, the patient remains dependent on total
      parenteral nutrition. COMMENTS: Hirschsprung's disease presenting as total
      colonic aganglionosis has clinical and surgical characteristics that
      differentiate it from the classic forms, complicating the diagnosis and the
      clinical and surgical management. The postoperative course may be associated with
      permanent morbidity due to intestinal dysmotility. The numerical reduction or
      alteration of neural connections in the interstitial cells of Cajal may represent
      a possible physiopathological basis for the condition.

PMID- 26979105
TI  - Flare in axial spondyloarthritis. The dark side of the outcome.

PMID- 26979104
TI  - Association between rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, progression of
      functional limitation and long-term risk of orthopaedic surgery: combined
      analysis of two prospective cohorts supports EULAR treat to target DAS
      thresholds.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between disease activity in early
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA), functional limitation and long-term orthopaedic
      episodes. METHODS: Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability scores were
      collected from two longitudinal early RA inception cohorts in routine care; Early
      Rheumatoid Arthritis Study and Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network from 1986 to
      2012. The incidence of major and intermediate orthopaedic surgical episodes over
      25 years was collected from national data sets. Disease activity was categorised
      by mean disease activity score (DAS28) annually between years 1 and 5; remission
      (RDAS<=2.6), low (LDAS>2.6-3.2), low-moderate (LMDAS>=3.2-4.19), high-moderate
      (HMDAS 4.2-5.1) and high (HDAS>5.1). RESULTS: Data from 2045 patients were
      analysed. Patients in RDAS showed no HAQ progression over 5 years, whereas there
      was a significant relationship between rising DAS28 category and HAQ at 1 year,
      and the rate of HAQ progression between years 1 and 5. During 27 986 person-years
      follow-up, 392 intermediate and 591 major surgeries were observed. Compared with
      the RDAS category, there was a significantly increased cumulative incidence of
      intermediate surgery in HDAS (OR 2.59 CI 1.49 to 4.52) and HMDAS (OR 1.8 CI 1.05
      to 3.11) categories, and for major surgery in HDAS (OR 2.48 CI 1.5 to 4.11),
      HMDAS (OR 2.16 CI 1.32 to 3.52) and LMDAS (OR 2.07 CI 1.28 to 3.33) categories.
      There was no significant difference in HAQ progression or orthopaedic episodes
      between RDAS and LDAS categories. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between
      disease activity and both poor function and long-term orthopaedic episodes. This
      illustrates the far from benign consequences of persistent moderate disease
      activity, and supports European League Against Rheumatism treat to target
      recommendations to secure low disease activity or remission in all patients.

PMID- 26979106
TI  - Changes in gene expression of histone modification enzymes in rat granulosa cells
      undergoing luteinization during ovulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ovulatory LH surge rapidly alters the expression of
      steroidogenesis-related genes such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
      (StAR) in granulosa cells (GCs) undergoing luteinization. We recently reported
      that histone modifications contribute to these changes. Histone modifications are
      regulated by a variety of histone modification enzymes. This study investigated
      the changes in gene expression of histone modification enzymes in rat GCs
      undergoing luteinization after the induction of ovulation. The extracellular
      regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 is a mediator in the intracellular signaling pathway
      stimulated by the ovulatory LH surge and regulates the expression of a number of
      genes in GCs. We further investigated whether ERK-1/2 is involved in the
      regulation of the histone modification at the StAR promoter region in GCs
      undergoing luteinization. RESULTS: GCs were obtained from rats treated with
      equine chorionic gonadotropin (CG) before (0 h) and after human (h) CG injection.
      The expressions of 84 genes regulating histone modifications or DNA methylation
      were measured using a PCR array. Five genes (HDAC4, HDAC10, EZH2, SETDB2, and
      CIITA) were identified as histone acetylation- or histone methylation-related
      genes, and were significantly altered after hCG injection. None of the genes were
      related to DNA methylation. mRNA levels of EZH2, SETDB2, HDAC4, and HDAC10
      decreased and CIITA mRNA levels increased 4 or 12 h after hCG injection. GCs
      isolated after eCG injection were incubated with hCG for 4 h to induce
      luteinization. StAR mRNA levels were significantly increased by hCG accompanied
      by the increase in H3K4me3 of the StAR promoter region. StAR mRNA expression was
      inhibited by the ERK inhibitor with the significant decrease of H3K4me3. These
      results suggest that hCG increases StAR gene expression through the ERK-1/2
      mediated signaling which is also associated with histone modification of the
      promoter region. CONCLUSIONS: Gene expressions of histone modification enzymes
      change in GCs undergoing luteinization after ovulation induction. This change may
      play important roles in regulating the expression of various genes during the
      early stage of luteinization, which may be critical for the subsequent corpus
      luteum formation.

PMID- 26979108
TI  - Medical students' creative projects on a third year pediatrics clerkship: a
      qualitative analysis of patient-centeredness and emotional connection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasingly, medical educators are incorporating reflective writing
      and original creative work into educational practices with the goals of
      stimulating student self-awareness, appreciation of multiple perspectives, and
      comfort with ambiguity and uncertainty. This study investigated students'
      creative projects to assess the extent to which they adopted a
      patient/relationship-centered, emotionally connected position toward patients and
      families. METHODS: Over a 10 year period, students on a required third year
      pediatrics clerkship individually or in groups completed either a reflection or
      an education project using a creative medium. 520 projects (representing 595
      students, 74.7 % of total eligible students) were qualitatively analyzed
      according to various thematic and emotion-based dimensions. RESULTS: The majority
      of projects were personal narrative essays and poetry. The largest number of
      project themes related to the importance of patient/relationship-centered
      medicine with patients. The next largest number of projects focused on health
      education of parents, patients, or classmates. In telling their stories, students
      were more likely to use a personal voice representing either their or the
      patient's perspective than an objective, impersonal one. In terms of emotional
      tone, projects were more likely to be serious than humorous. The largest number
      of students' emotions expressed an empathic tone. Students identified a large
      number and wide range of both negative and positive feelings in themselves and
      their patients. The majority of student emotions were positive, while the
      majority of patient and family emotions were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Students'
      preference for patient-centered, relational themes, as well as their tendency to
      favor the first voice, empathic tone, and willingness to express a range of
      positive and negative emotions in presenting their projects, suggests that they
      valued emotional connection with patients and families during the pediatrics
      clerkship experience.

PMID- 26979107
TI  - Folic acid tagged nanoceria as a novel therapeutic agent in ovarian cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nanomedicine is a very promising field and nanomedical drugs have
      recently been used as therapeutic agents against cancer. In a previous study, we
      showed that Nanoceria (NCe), nanoparticles of cerium oxide, significantly
      inhibited production of reactive oxygen species, cell migration and invasion of
      ovarian cancer cells in vitro, without affecting cell proliferation and
      significantly reduced tumor growth in an ovarian cancer xenograft nude model.
      Increased expression of folate receptor-alpha, an isoform of membrane-bound
      folate receptors, has been described in ovarian cancer. To enable NCe to
      specifically target ovarian cancer cells, we conjugated nanoceria to folic acid
      (NCe-FA). Our aim was to investigate the pre-clinical efficacy of NCe-FA alone
      and in combination with Cisplatin. METHODS: Ovarian cancer cell lines were
      treated with NCe or NCe-FA. Cell viability was assessed by MTT and colony forming
      units. In vivo studies were carried in A2780 generated mouse xenografts treated
      with 0.1 mg/Kg NCe, 0.1 mg/Kg; NCe-FA and cisplatinum, 4 mg/Kg by intra
      peritoneal injections. Tumor weights and burden scores were determined.
      Immunohistochemistry and toxicity assays were used to evaluate treatment effects.
      RESULTS: We show that folic acid conjugation of NCe increased the cellular NCe
      internalization and inhibited cell proliferation. Mice treated with NCe-FA had a
      lower tumor burden compared to NCe, without any vital organ toxicity. Combination
      of NCe-FA with cisplatinum decreased the tumor burden more significantly.
      Moreover, NCe-FA was also effective in reducing proliferation and angiogenesis in
      the xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSION: Thus, specific targeting of ovarian cancer
      cells by NCe-FA holds great potential as an effective therapeutic alone or in
      combination with standard chemotherapy.

PMID- 26979109
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA homeostasis is essential for nigrostriatal integrity.
AB  - Mitochondrial involvement in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has been
      suggested by multiple studies, but the mechanisms involved remain unresolved.
      Here, we sought to identify which mitochondrial defects are associated with
      degeneration of the nigrostriatal system. Nigrostriatal integrity was assessed in
      vivo by dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging in twenty-one patients with
      mitochondrial disorders of different molecular aetiology including: maternally
      inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations, primary single mtDNA
      deletions, nuclear-encoded disorders of mtDNA replication and maintenance due to
      mutations in POLG or C10orf2 (Twinkle), and mutations in other nuclear
      mitochondrial genes including the mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (DARS2)
      and ADCK3 genes. Patients with mitochondrial disease were compared with twenty
      patients with Parkinson's disease and eighteen controls. Nigrostriatal
      degeneration occurred exclusively in patients with defective mtDNA replication
      and maintenance. In these patients, nigrostriatal degeneration was progressive
      and at least as severe as in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. None of
      the patients with other mitochondrial defects showed evidence of nigral
      involvement. Our findings demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons of the substantia
      nigra are specifically vulnerable to defective mtDNA replication/repair or
      quality control and not to primary point mutations of mtDNA. These results
      support the hypothesis that accumulating somatic mtDNA damage plays an important
      role in neurodegeneration.

PMID- 26979112
TI  - [Focus on the clinical application of the first artificial bioengineered cornea
      in China].
AB  - Corneal disease ranks second among blinding diseases in China, with the corneal
      blindness taking up one fourth of the blind population. It has a high incidence
      and a low rate of sight rehabilitation. The lack of cornea donors and the
      shortage of corneal specialists have become the bottleneck that hampers the
      development in curing corneal disease. It is of primal importance to find
      sufficient donor sources in order to alleviate the current situation. In 2015,
      the world's first artificial bioengineered cornea was approved by CFDA to be
      applied clinically as a substitute for human cornea in lamellar keratoplasty. It
      will not only relieve the cornea donor shortage, but will also spur the training
      and practices of corneal specialists. The application and clinical trials of such
      an innovative product will significantly boost fundamental and clinical
      researches in corneal disease in our country, helping more patients with corneal
      blindness to recover their sights.

PMID- 26979110
TI  - Investigating a holobiont: Microbiota perturbations and transkingdom networks.
AB  - The scientific community has recently come to appreciate that, rather than
      existing as independent organisms, multicellular hosts and their microbiota
      comprise a complex evolving superorganism or metaorganism, termed a holobiont.
      This point of view leads to a re-evaluation of our understanding of different
      physiological processes and diseases. In this paper we focus on experimental and
      computational approaches which, when combined in one study, allowed us to dissect
      mechanisms (traditionally named host-microbiota interactions) regulating
      holobiont physiology. Specifically, we discuss several approaches for microbiota
      perturbation, such as use of antibiotics and germ-free animals, including
      advantages and potential caveats of their usage. We briefly review computational
      approaches to characterize the microbiota and, more importantly, methods to infer
      specific components of microbiota (such as microbes or their genes) affecting
      host functions. One such approach called transkingdom network analysis has been
      recently developed and applied in our study. (1) Finally, we also discuss common
      methods used to validate the computational predictions of host-microbiota
      interactions using in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. 

PMID- 26979113
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of 172 patients with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of
      blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC). METHODS: Retrospective analysis. One hundred
      and seventy-two patients were diagnosed as BKC between January 2012 and December
      2014 at Beijing Tongren Hospital. The clinical characteristics, the degrees of
      blepharitis and BKC, and the therapeutic effect were evaluated. RESULTS: The
      patients were aged from 2 to 78 years (mean, 27+/-18 years). Forty-nine patients
      (28.5%) were males, and 123 patients (71.5%) were females. One hundred and five
      patients had photograph records of lid margin, cornea, and conjunctiva. BKC was
      unilateral in 28 (26.7%) of them, and bilateral in 68 (64.8%) with similar
      degrees and in 9 (8.6%) with different degrees. The disease was mild in 39
      patients (40.6%), moderate in 24 patients (25.0%), and severe in 33 patients
      (34.4%). There was no significant difference in the degree of BKC between males
      and females (chi(2)=1.022, P=0.600). A total of 1 875 patients were diagnosed as
      blepharitis during the same period, and 172 patients (9.2%) were complicated by
      BKC. Female patients with blepharitis were more susceptible to BKC (chi(2)=8.355,
      P<0.05). Among the children patients with blepharitis, the incidence of BKC was
      significantly higher than that in the other groups (chi(2)=224.566, P< 0.05), but
      in the degree of BKC, there was no significant difference among groups. Typical
      clinical findings consisted of punctuate epithelial and subepithelial haze,
      stromal infiltrates, corneal ulcer, corneal scar, and corneal pannus. The
      patients were followed up for 1 to 80 months (mean, 7 months). According to the
      different degrees of BKC, the patients were given treatment for 1 month. Sixty
      nine patients (71.9%) had clinical recovery, and the other cases were improved
      obviously. Nine patients (15 eyes) had recurred BKC during the follow-up period,
      and the recurrence rate was 9.2%. CONCLUSIONS: BKC is not uncommon in patients
      suffering blepharitis, with a variety of clinical characteristics. Female and
      children patients with blepharitis are more susceptible to BKC. It is vital to
      perform standardized diagnosis and treatment for improvement of therapeutic
      effect.

PMID- 26979114
TI  - [Preliminary results of femtosecond laser-assisted Descemet stripping endothelial
      keratoplasty for bullous keratopathy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the preliminary results of femtosecond laser-assisted
      Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (FS-DSEK) for the treatment of
      bullous keratopathy. METHODS: In the nonrandomized, prospective, consecutive case
      series, 7 eyes with bullous keratopathy induced by cataract surgery received FS
      DSEK surgery between September and December 2013. Standard Descemet stripping
      endothelial keratoplasty procedure was performed. The Descemet membrane and
      abnormal endothelial layer were stripped from the central recipient posterior
      surface in a diameter of 7.75 mm. The graft was fixed to the edge of recipient
      cornea with one single stitch. The donor lenticule was produced by Intralase 150
      femtosecond laser with a diameter of 7.75 mm. The adherence of donor lenticule to
      the recipient posterior stroma and postoperative donor lenticule dislocation were
      monitored in the early stage after surgery. Best spectacle-corrected visual
      acuity, refraction, endothelial cell density and thickness of grafts were
      measured preoperatively, and at 1 week, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after FS-DSEK.
      RESULTS: Two eyes had graft dislocation, with a gap between the graft and
      recipent posterior stroma at 2 days after surgery. The grafts were repositioned
      after bubbles were added into the anterior chamber. All grafts were well adherent
      to the recipent posterior stromal surface at 1 week postoperatively. One graft
      failed at 3 months postoperatively, and penetrating keratoplasty was performed.
      At 12 months, the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 0.04 to 0.7, the
      mean endothelial cell density was (1 698.0+/-251.8) cells/mm(2), and the mean
      thickness of grafts was (124.2 +/- 11.4) MUm. CONCLUSION: Femtosecond laser
      assisted Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty was effective in treating
      bullous keratopathy. Stitching the graft to the recipent cornea can prevent
      postoperative graft dislocation effectively.

PMID- 26979111
TI  - Medication use and the risk of motor vehicle collision in West Virginia drivers
      65 years of age and older: a case-crossover study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current generation of older adults reports a higher lifetime
      prevalence of prescription, over-the-counter, and recreational drug use. The
      purpose of this analysis is to characterize the drug usage and determine the risk
      of motor vehicle collision associated with individual medications in a population
      of drivers >= 65 years. METHODS: A case-crossover study was conducted at West
      Virginia University Healthcare's facilities using data obtained from the
      electronic health records (n = 611) of drivers >= 65 years admitted for medical
      treatment following a motor vehicle collision which occurred between Jan. 1, 2009
      and June 30, 2014. Patients' medication usage 14 days before collision were
      matched and compared to their medication usage during four control periods prior
      to collision. Odds ratios were then calculated for the most prevalent individual
      medications and pharmaceutical sub-classes using conditional logistic regression.
      RESULTS: Analgesic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal medicines were common.
      Few drivers tested positive for either licit or illicit drugs. Of those testing
      positive for drugs, benzodiazepines and opiates were prevalent. Drivers consuming
      Tramadol (adjusted OR 11.41; 95% CI 1.27, 102.15) were at a significantly
      increased risk of motor vehicle collision. CONCLUSIONS: Older adult drivers who
      have a prescription for this medication may need to be aware of the potential
      risk. Further research is necessary in a larger, more nationally representative
      population.

PMID- 26979115
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of the corneal subbasal nerves in different degrees of dry
      eye with AutoCAD].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the practical value of AutoCAD in quantitative analysis of
      corneal subbasal epithelial nerves with different degrees of dry eye. METHODS:
      Ninety patients were divided into groups of mild, moderate, and severe dry eye,
      30 patients (60 eyes) in each group. And 30 healthy volunteers were recruited as
      the normal control group. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the length of
      the subbasal epithelial nerve plexus. The images were analyzed by AutoCAD
      software to determine the density (mm/mm(2)), the number of branches, and the
      curvature score of the subbasal epithelial nerves. These data of patients with
      dry eye and the controls were statistically compared, by analysis of
      variance(ANOV). RESULTS: By AutoCAD software, quantitative analysis of the
      corneal subbasal epithelial nerves was successfully performed. The nerve density
      in the patients with mild dry eye[(16.70+/-3.43) mm/mm(2)] was not significantly
      different from the controls[(15.87 +/- 2.75) mm/mm(2)] (P=0.880), but the number
      of nerval branches 13.43+/-2.46 and the curvature 3.10+/-0.80 increased
      significantly (P<0.001). The nerve density in the patients with moderate and
      severe dry eye was significantly different from that in the normal control group
      (F=114.739, P<0.001). The neural density was significantly lower in the patients
      with severe dry eye than the controls, but there was no significant difference in
      the curvature scores between the two groups (P= 0.557). CONCLUSIONS: AutoCAD
      software is useful in the quantitative analysis of corneal nerve images under a
      confocal microscope. The corneal subbasal epithelial nerve density, the number of
      branches, and the curvature of the nerves are related to the degree of dry eye,
      and may be used as clinical indicators.

PMID- 26979116
TI  - [An experimental study of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering scaffolds
      implanted in rabbit corneal lamellae to increase keratoprosthesis
      biointegration].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To complete a preliminary evaluation of the feasibility of implanting
      the complex of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and a tissue
      engineering scaffold into rabbit corneal lamellae, based on which a solution may
      be proposed to consolidate the keratoprosthesis and the recipient surface, and to
      reduce the risk of complications. METHODS: This experimental study was composed
      of two parts. (1) In vitro: some mouse BMSC were marked with red fluorescent
      proteins (RFP) and integrated with a decellularized pig articular cartilage
      extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. The cell survival was observed under a
      fluorescence microscope at 4 and 8 weeks. The cell distribution was examined by
      toluidine blue staining. The pore structure and the cell adhesion were observed
      under a scanning electron microscope. (2) in vivo: the complex of mouse BMSC and
      a decellularized scaffold was implanted into the lamellar cornea of 8 rabbit eyes
      with the fellow eyes as the controls. The eyes were sampled for observation using
      HE staining under a light microscope at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. The cell
      survival was examined under a fluorescence microscope, and the intracorneal cell
      survival at 8 weeks was observed using in vivo imaging. The conditions of ocular
      anterior segment of all the experimental animals were recorded. RESULTS: (1)
      Under the scanning electron microscope, the ECM scaffolds showed satisfactory
      porosity required for the adhesion and growth of cells and tissues, and the cell
      distribution over the cell-scaffold complex can be observed by toluidine blue
      staining. (2) Under the immunofluorescence microscope, cell proliferation was
      observed in vitro and in the interlamellar space (the maximum observation time
      was 8 weeks) after the RFP-marked mouse BMSC were integrated in vitro with ECM
      scaffolds. (3) Under the light microscope (HE staining), the stromal cells were
      detected to increase at each timepoint. A small number of monocytes and some
      mouse BMSC were observed in the superficial layer of corneal stroma, with
      sparsely and orderly arranged collagenous fibers and no neovascularization. All
      the epithelial cells appeared as mononuclear, columnar and undamaged, and the
      shape of ECM scaffolds, which were fused with the collagens, became unclear. (4)
      By in vivo imaging, it was found that the mouse BMSC survived for 8 weeks after
      being integrated with scaffolds and implanted into the interlamellar space of
      rabbit cornea. (5) After the implantation of cell-scaffold complex, severe
      postoperative inflammatory reactions, obvious conjunctival congestion and
      neovascularization were not observed. The corneal tissues surrounding the
      recipient area were transparent. One week later, mild inflammatory reactions were
      barely observed, and the cornea was transparent enough to observe the scaffold in
      the stromal layers. Four weeks later, the scaffolds became thinner. Eight weeks
      later, the scaffolds became extremely thin with normal vascular system in the
      corneal limbus. CONCLUSIONS: The ECM scaffold is a solid and biocompatible
      carrier for the growth and proliferation of BMSC. The mouse BMSC can grow and
      proliferate in the microenvironment of the interlamellar space of cornea.

PMID- 26979117
TI  - [Femtosecond lenticule extraction for correction of myopia: clinical results and
      recovery of subbasal nerves].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy, safety, predictability, corneal
      sensitivity, tear function and recovery of subbasal nerves after femtosecond
      lenticule extraction (FLEx) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS: In
      this prospective, nonrandomized, comparative clinical study, 49 patients (98
      eyes) were divided into two groups. FLEx was performed to treat myopia by Visumax
      femtosecond laser system, and LASIK was performed by Allegretto Wave laser
      system. The patients were followed up for 6 months. Visual acuity, manifest
      refraction, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination, corneal topography by
      Pentacam, tear break-up time, Schirmer test, corneal sensitivity and confocal
      microscopy were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-four patients (88 eyes) completed the 6
      month follow-up. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.89+/-0.14 in eyes with
      FLEx and 0.98+/-0.08 in eyes with LASIK at 1 day after surgery. After 10 days,
      BCVA was 0.98+/-0.09 and 1.02+/-0.09, respectively. At the final follow-up visit,
      the efficacy index was 1.09 in the FLEx group and 1.07 in the LASIK group, and
      the safety index was 1.12 and 1.07, respectively, in the two groups. Mean
      Schirmer score was (16.92+/-7.58) mm and (15.03+/-5.89) mm (t=1.316, P=0.192),
      mean tear break-up time was (8.94+/-2.57) s and (8.00+/-2.39) s (t=1.759,
      P=0.082), and corneal sensitivity was (56.46+/-4.49) mm and (51.38+/-8.16) mm
      (t=1.316, P=0.001) in the groups of FLEx and LASIK, respectively. At 10 days
      after surgery, the number of subbasal nerves was significantly decreased in the
      FLEx group, and in the LASIK group the subbasal nerve fibers were hardly
      observed. At 6 months, regenerated nerve fibers were evident in the subbasal
      area, which recovered faster in eyes with FLEx than in those with LASIK.
      CONCLUSIONS: Femtosecond lenticule extraction appears to be efficient, safe and
      predictable for myopia. FLEx surgery is superior over LASIK in less reduction of
      corneal sensation and lower risk of harm to the subbasal nerve fibers.

PMID- 26979118
TI  - [TSLPR/STAT5 signaling modulates innate immunity in corneal fibroblasts triggered
      by Aspergillus fumigatus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the primary role of TSLPR/STAT5 signaling in inflammatory
      responses triggered by Aspergillus fumigatus(AF) in telomerase-immortalized human
      stromal fibroblasts (THSF). METHODS: Experimental study. Baseline expression of
      TSLPR in THSF was assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. Human recombinant TSLP
      was added. At 5, 15, 30 and 60 min after incubation, cells were harvested for
      Western blot to assess the protein levels of p-STAT5 and STAT5. After stimulated
      with AF hyphae for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, cells were collected for measurement
      of mRNA of TSLPR and IL-7Ralpha. After incubated with AF hyphae for 12, 24 and 48
      h, cells were harvested for Western blot to assess the protein levels of TSLPR, p
      STAT5 and STAT5. Incubation with anti-TSLPR antibody was performed for 4 h, and
      at 24 h after AF hyphae were added, cells were harvested to assess the protein
      levels of p-STAT5 and STAT5. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence staining evidenced that
      expression of TSLPR was visualized in THSF. Western blot assay showed that p
      STAT5 protein was increased and peaked at 30 min after stimulation with hTSLP (AF
      group: 8.87+/-0.75; control group: 1.00+/-0.14; P<0.01). RT-PCR revealed that the
      expression levels of TSLPR mRNA were increased after incubation with AF hyphae
      for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h (AF group: 0.000 50+/-0.000 07, 0.001 20+/-0.000 11, 0.002
      30+/-0.000 25 and 0.001 70+/-0.000 17; control group: 0.000 20+/-0.000 03, 0.000
      20+/-0.000 05, 0.000 20+/-0.000 03 and 0.000 20+/-0.000 04; t=-9.955, -17.329, 
      16.735 and -18.214, P<0.01), but the expression levels of IL-7Ralpha mRNA were
      not increased significantly (t=-0.684,-0.029,-0.319,-1.034, P>0.05). In
      comparison with the control group, after being challenged with AF hyphae for 24
      h, both TSLPR and p-STAT5 protein were increased significantly (p-STAT5: 9.46+/
      2.08 vs. 1.00+/-0.06; TSLPR: 1.80+/-0.27 vs. 1.00+/-0.34; t=-7.055, -3.170,
      P<0.01). Western blot showed that the elevated p-STAT5 expression levels observed
      after AF hyphae stimulation can be inhibited by TSLPR antibody (anti-TSLPR-AF:
      0.55 +/- 0.20; CTR Ab-AF: 1.00 +/- 0.08; t=3.506, P<0.05). CONCLUSION:
      TSLP/TSLPR/STAT5 signaling pathway plays an important role in inflammatory
      responses triggered by AF in THSF.

PMID- 26979119
TI  - [Evaluate the prevalence of trachoma in high risk area of China].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of trachoma in urban and rural area in
      China. To provide the data evidence for the strategies of eliminating trachoma in
      China. METHODS: Survey was conducted in 13 suspect trachoma high prevalence
      provinces according to the World Health Organization trachoma grading system and
      Trachoma Rapid Assessment(TRA). RESULTS: From 2004 to 2007, a total number of
      examined children which were younger than 10 years old was 59 630. The prevalence
      of TF was 0.94%. To sum up the data of 2004 and 2005, the prevalence of active
      trachoma was 1.71% for children.TT and CO was not reported. The results for
      subjects older than 50 years old showed that the prevalence of TT was 0.34%. We
      examined 26 857 adults in both 2004 and 2005.The prevalence of TF, TI, TS and CO
      was 0.03%,0.08%,0.88% and 0.05% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of
      active trachoma of younger children was under 5%. However,the prevalence of TT of
      the adults was not reached the target.

PMID- 26979120
TI  - [Antibody-based agents as experimental therapeutic interventions for corneal
      allograft rejection].
AB  - The corneal allograft rejection is the primary reason for graft failure, but the
      existing agents are of limited efficacy and may be accompanied by unacceptable
      morbidity. Recently, antibody-based agents have received great attention and have
      become an important part of therapeutic intervention for organ transplantation,
      which is also a research focus in the field of corneal transplantation. This
      review summarizes the history, current situation and mechanism of antibody-based
      agents in corneal transplantation.

PMID- 26979121
TI  - [The research advances of psychological disorder in patients with dry eye].
AB  - In clinical practice, dry eye disease (DED) is recognized as one of the most
      frequent reasons for chronic ocular surface disorder, which can cause the damage
      to the ocular surface and some symptoms associated with ocular discomfort and
      impaired visual quality. This common ocular problem is characterized by high
      incidence and difficulty in treatment. DED can make the visual disturbance and
      degrade the quality of everyday life and social activities in different levels.
      Some patients with DED often report psychological changes because of the symptoms
      of ocular discomfort. This article mainly summarizes the characteristics and
      mechanism of psychological disorder in patients with DED.

PMID- 26979122
TI  - [The progress of study about endoplasmic reticulum stress in glaucoma].
AB  - In eukaryotic cells, the most secreted proteins and membrane proteins are
      compounded, modified and folded into the correct structure in the endoplasmic
      reticulum. Only correctly folded proteins can be transported to the golgi
      apparatus for further processing. If the endoplasmic reticulum is insufficient to
      deal with the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, balance will be
      broken, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) will be started. To eliminate the
      unfolded proteins, cells will activate unfolded protein response (UPR)
      immediately for self-protection. If the induced ERS is strong or persistent, the
      UPR could not maintain the balance of homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum. Then
      the ERS will lead to C/EBP homologous protein activation and initiate cell
      apoptosis. The continuous ERS may participate in the occurrence and development
      of many diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes. In this
      article, the research progress of ERS and its relationship with glaucoma is
      reviewed.

PMID- 26979123
TI  - Precipitation of a new platelet phase during the quenching of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
      alloy.
AB  - A previously undescribed high aspect ratio strengthening platelet phase, herein
      named the Y-phase, has been identified in a commercial Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy.
      Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that this phase only precipitates at
      temperature and cooling rate of about 150-250  degrees C and 0.05-300 K/s,
      respectively. This precipitate is shown to be responsible for a noticeable
      improvement in mechanical properties. Aberration corrected scanning transmission
      electron microscopy demonstrates the minimal thickness (~1.4 nm) precipitate
      plates are isostructural to those of the T1 (Al2CuLi) phase observed in Al-Cu-Li
      alloys. Low voltage chemical analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and
      electron energy loss spectroscopy gives evidence of the spatial partitioning of
      the Al, Cu and Zn within the Y-phase, as well as demonstrating the incorporation
      of a small amount of Mg.

PMID- 26979125
TI  - A study of the depth and size of concave cube Au nanoparticles as highly
      sensitive SERS probes.
AB  - High and uniform near fields are localized at the eight similar sharp corners of
      cubic gold nanoparticles. Moreover, by introducing concavity in the particle
      lateral planes, such field intensities can be further increased and tuned in the
      near infrared region without altering the overall size of the nanoparticles.
      Herein, we perform a thorough investigation of the morphological,
      crystallographic and plasmonic properties of concave gold nanocubes (GNCs) in the
      sub-70 nm size range, for their potential application as highly efficient SERS
      substrates in size-limiting cases. Theoretical calculations indicate that the
      highest increment of the near-field is located at the eight sharp tips and,
      interestingly, a medium near-field increment is also activated over the volume
      next to the concave surface. Remarkably, the plasmonic response of the concave
      cubic morphology showed great sensitivity to the concavity degree. Experimental
      SERS analysis nicely matches the outcome of the theoretical model, confirming
      that medium-sized concave GNCs (35 nm side length) possess the highest SERS
      activity upon excitation with a 633 nm laser, whereas larger 61 nm side concave
      GNCs dominate the optical response at 785 nm. Due to their size-intensity trade
      off, we envision that such small concave gold nanocubes can provide a highly
      active and efficient SERS platform for size-limiting applications, especially
      when near infrared excitations are required. 

PMID- 26979124
TI  - In vivo risk evaluation of carbon-coated iron carbide nanoparticles based on
      short- and long-term exposure scenarios.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While carbon-encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles exhibit strong
      magnetic properties appealing for biomedical applications, potential side effects
      of such materials remain comparatively poorly understood. Here, we assess the
      effects of iron-based nanoparticles in an in vivo long-term study in mice with
      observation windows between 1 week and 1 year. MATERIALS & METHODS:
      Functionalized (PEG or IgG) carbon-encapsulated platinum-spiked iron carbide
      nanoparticles were injected intravenously in mice (single or repeated dose
      administration). RESULTS: One week after administration, magnetic nanoparticles
      were predominantly localized in organs of the reticuloendothelial system,
      particularly the lung and liver. After 1 year, particles were still present in
      these organs, however, without any evident tissue alterations, such as
      inflammation, fibrosis, necrosis or carcinogenesis. Importantly,
      reticuloendothelial system organs presented with normal function. CONCLUSION:
      This long-term exposure study shows high in vivo compatibility of intravenously
      applied carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles suggesting continuing
      investigations on such materials for biomedical applications.

PMID- 26979126
TI  - "This is the way we were raised": Alcohol beliefs and acculturation in relation
      to alcohol consumption among Native Americans.
AB  - Native Americans have the highest rates of alcohol use in comparison to other
      ethnic groups, placing them at risk for experiencing alcohol-related problems.
      The present study examined the beliefs that some Native Americans may have
      related to alcohol use; specifically, the belief that alcohol is a key component
      in Native American cultures. To assess these beliefs, we developed the
      Stereotypical Alcohol Beliefs Scale for Native Americans (SABSNA). The new 20
      item measure was administered to 144 individuals who identified as Native
      American along with a measure of acculturation and other drinking-related
      measures, including perceived norms, alcohol expectancies, and drinking motives.
      An exploratory factor analysis revealed that the measure is unidimensional in
      structure and has excellent internal consistency. SABSNA scores were found to be
      positively associated with typical week drinking, alcohol expectancies, and
      drinking motives (social, coping, enhancement, and conformity). Hierarchical
      regression analyses revealed that level of acculturation moderated the
      association between alcohol beliefs and weekly drinking. Native Americans who
      identified less with mainstream culture demonstrated a positive association
      between their cultural alcohol beliefs and their weekly drinking. The findings
      suggest that alcohol beliefs would be an appropriate additional target for
      interventions for individuals who are not oriented to the mainstream culture.

PMID- 26979127
TI  - Estimating repetitive spatiotemporal patterns from resting-state brain activity
      data.
AB  - Repetitive spatiotemporal patterns in spontaneous brain activities have been
      widely examined in non-human studies. These studies have reported that such
      patterns reflect past experiences embedded in neural circuits. In human
      magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) studies, however,
      spatiotemporal patterns in resting-state brain activities have not been
      extensively examined. This is because estimating spatiotemporal patterns from
      resting-state MEG/EEG data is difficult due to their unknown onsets. Here, we
      propose a method to estimate repetitive spatiotemporal patterns from resting
      state brain activity data, including MEG/EEG. Without the information of onsets,
      the proposed method can estimate several spatiotemporal patterns, even if they
      are overlapping. We verified the performance of the method by detailed simulation
      tests. Furthermore, we examined whether the proposed method could estimate the
      visual evoked magnetic fields (VEFs) without using stimulus onset information.
      The proposed method successfully detected the stimulus onsets and estimated the
      VEFs, implying the applicability of this method to real MEG data. The proposed
      method was applied to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      data and MEG data. The results revealed informative spatiotemporal patterns
      representing consecutive brain activities that dynamically change with time.
      Using this method, it is possible to reveal discrete events spontaneously
      occurring in our brains, such as memory retrieval.

PMID- 26979128
TI  - Spectrum of ocular manifestations in cobalamin C and cobalamin A types of
      methylmalonic acidemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cobalamin C disease (cblC), which leads to methylmalonic acidemia
      with homocystinuria, is the most common inherited disorder of vitamin B12
      metabolism. Reported ocular findings associated with cblC have been maculopathy,
      pigmentary retinopathy, and optic nerve atrophy. Cobalamin A disease (cblA) which
      causes an isolated methylmalonic acidemia without homocystinuria is rarer than
      cblC. This is the first detailed report of the ocular findings associated with
      cblA. We also describe the spectrum of ocular findings in our cblC patients.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case series describing the ophthalmologic clinical
      course of six patients with a diagnosis of cobalamin C type and one patient with
      cobalamin A type of methylmalonic acidemia. Patients were diagnosed through
      biochemical laboratory testing and genetic analysis was conducted on most
      patients. Longitudinal fundus findings, optical coherence tomography (OCT),
      autofluorescence, and electrophysiology were followed in the patients. RESULTS:
      The cblA patient demonstrated a relatively mild ocular phenotype with late-onset
      and slowly progressing temporal disc pallor and peripapillary atrophy in the
      second decade of life. The patient maintained good visual acuity and central
      vision, without evidence of maculopathy. The six cblC patients demonstrated a
      range of ocular findings from unremarkable and mild phenotypes to significant
      retinopathy, including bull's eye maculopathy, severe maculopathy with punched
      out chorioretinal atrophy, peripheral bone spicules, and optic nerve atrophy.
      CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of ocular manifestations seen with inherited disorders
      of cobalamin metabolism is wide, ranging from mild optic nerve atrophy to severe
      macular or retinal degeneration. This heterogeneity may in part reflect the
      associated biochemical phenotype, such as that observed between our cblA and cblC
      patients. We also observed heterogeneity within the cblC type in agreement with
      previous reports.

PMID- 26979129
TI  - Self-Organizing Maps-based ocean currents forecasting system.
AB  - An ocean surface currents forecasting system, based on a Self-Organizing Maps
      (SOM) neural network algorithm, high-frequency (HF) ocean radar measurements and
      numerical weather prediction (NWP) products, has been developed for a coastal
      area of the northern Adriatic and compared with operational ROMS-derived surface
      currents. The two systems differ significantly in architecture and algorithms,
      being based on either unsupervised learning techniques or ocean physics. To
      compare performance of the two methods, their forecasting skills were tested on
      independent datasets. The SOM-based forecasting system has a slightly better
      forecasting skill, especially during strong wind conditions, with potential for
      further improvement when data sets of higher quality and longer duration are used
      for training. 

PMID- 26979130
TI  - Role of CD20 expression and other pre-treatment risk factors in the development
      of infusion-related reactions in patients with CLL treated with obinutuzumab.

PMID- 26979131
TI  - Assessment of medical waste management in seven hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical waste (MW) can be generated in hospitals, clinics and places
      where diagnosis and treatment are conducted. The management of these wastes is an
      issue of great concern and importance in view of potential public health risks
      associated with such wastes. The study assessed the medical waste management
      practices in selected hospitals and also determined the impact of Lagos Waste
      Management Authority (LAWMA) intervention programs. A descriptive cross-sectional
      survey method was used. METHODS: Data were collected using three instrument
      (questionnaire, site visitation and in -depth interview). Two public (hospital A,
      B) and five private (hospital C, D, E, F and G) which provide services for low,
      middle and high income earners were used. Data analysis was done with SPSS
      version 20. Chi-squared test was used to determine level of significance at p <
      0.05. RESULTS: The majority 56 (53.3%) of the respondents were females with mean
      age of 35.46 (+/-1.66) years. The hospital surveyed, except hospital D, disposes
      both general and medical waste separately. All the facilities have the same
      process of managing their waste which is segregation, collection/on-site
      transportation, on-site storage and off-site transportation. Staff responsible
      for collecting medical waste uses mainly hand gloves as personal protective
      equipment. The intervention programs helped to ensure compliance and safety of
      the processes; all the hospitals employ the services of LAWMA for final waste
      disposal and treatment. Only hospital B offered on-site treatment of its waste
      (sharps only) with an incinerator while LAWMA uses hydroclave to treat its
      wastes. There are no policies or guidelines in all investigated hospitals for
      managing waste. CONCLUSIONS: An awareness of proper waste management amongst
      health workers has been created in most hospitals through the initiative of
      LAWMA. However, hospital D still mixes municipal and hazardous wastes. The
      treatment of waste is generally done by LAWMA using hydroclave, to prevent
      environmental hazards except hospital B that treats its sharp with an
      incinerator. In order to enhance uniform and appropriate waste management
      practices in the entire State, there is need for capacity building at all levels
      and also policies and guidelines formulations.

PMID- 26979132
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment of a veteran with a large arachnoid cyst.
AB  - Arachnoid cysts are benign, congenital masses that are believed to form when the
      arachnoid membrane splits or is duplicated and the resulting space fills with
      fluid. Despite their potentially alarming appearance on brain imaging, congenital
      cysts discovered in adulthood are usually silent and do not result in functional
      impairment. A left-handed male veteran with mild memory complaints was discovered
      to have a large (16.4 cm * 7.7 cm), left-sided arachnoid cyst. Magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) revealed significant displacement of brain structures including the
      hippocampus, Sylvan fissure, and splenium. Viewing brain MRI images in only 1
      plane was misleading and could have erroneously resulted in assuming some
      structures were absent. Viewing multiple planes of section revealed significant
      structural displacement and provided a better 3-dimensional conceptualization of
      an abnormal brain. A clinical interview indicated excellent premorbid
      functioning, and neuropsychological test results were within the normal range
      with the exception of mildly impaired scores on tests reliant on processing speed
      and lower-than-expected visual memory scores. Results were consistent with
      previous research noting retained verbal abilities and low-average visual skills.
      Low-average and mildly impaired scores were potentially secondary to
      microvascular changes, slowed visual scanning, psychiatric conditions, and
      testing base rates. 

PMID- 26979134
TI  - Pyrolysis of the Simplest Carbohydrate, Glycolaldehyde (CHO-CH2OH), and Glyoxal
      in a Heated Microreactor.
AB  - Both glycolaldehyde and glyoxal were pyrolyzed in a set of flash-pyrolysis
      microreactors. The pyrolysis products resulting from CHO-CH2OH and HCO-CHO were
      detected and identified by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass
      spectrometry. Complementary product identification was provided by argon matrix
      infrared absorption spectroscopy. Pyrolysis pressures in the microreactor were
      about 100 Torr, and contact times with the microreactors were roughly 100 MUs. At
      1200 K, the products of glycolaldehyde pyrolysis are H atoms, CO, CH2?O, CH2?C?O,
      and HCO-CHO. Thermal decomposition of HCO-CHO was studied with pulsed 118.2 nm
      photoionization mass spectrometry and matrix infrared absorption. Under these
      conditions, glyoxal undergoes pyrolysis to H atoms and CO. Tunable VUV
      photoionization mass spectrometry provides a lower bound for the ionization
      energy (IE)(CHO-CH2OH) >= 9.95 +/- 0.05 eV. The gas-phase heat of formation of
      glycolaldehyde was established by a sequence of calorimetric experiments. The
      experimental result is DeltafH298(CHO-CH2OH) = -75.8 +/- 1.3 kcal mol(-1). Fully
      ab initio, coupled cluster calculations predict DeltafH0(CHO-CH2OH) of -73.1 +/-
      0.5 kcal mol(-1) and DeltafH298(CHO-CH2OH) of -76.1 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1). The
      coupled-cluster singles doubles and noniterative triples correction calculations
      also lead to a revision of the geometry of CHO-CH2OH. We find that the O-H bond
      length differs substantially from earlier experimental estimates, due to unusual
      zero-point contributions to the moments of inertia. 

PMID- 26979133
TI  - Centenarians' offspring as a model of healthy aging: a reappraisal of the data on
      Italian subjects and a comprehensive overview.
AB  - Within the scenario of an increasing life expectancy worldwide it is mandatory to
      identify determinants of healthy aging. Centenarian offspring (CO) is one of the
      most informative model to identify trajectories of healthy aging and their
      determinants (genetic and environmental), being representative of elderly in
      their 70th whose lifestyle can be still modified to attain a better health. This
      study is the first comprehensive investigation of the health status of 267 CO
      (mean age: 70.2 years) and adopts the innovative approach of comparing CO with
      107 age-matched offspring of non-long-lived parents (hereafter indicated as NCO
      controls), recruited according to strict inclusion demographic criteria of
      Italian population. We adopted a multidimensional approach which integrates
      functional and cognitive assessment together with epidemiological and clinical
      data, including pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, lipid
      profile, and insulin resistance. CO have a lower prevalence of stroke, cerebral
      thrombosis-hemorrhage, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and other minor
      diseases, lower BMI and waist circumference, a better functional and cognitive
      status and lower plasma level of FT4 compared to NCO controls. We conclude that a
      multidimensional approach is a reliable strategy to identify the health status of
      elderly at an age when interventions to modify their health trajectory are
      feasible. 

PMID- 26979135
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development for Shigella.
AB  - Shigella are gram-negative bacteria that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery. In
      2013, Shigella infections caused an estimated 34,400 deaths in children less than
      five years old and, in 2010, an estimated 40,000 deaths in persons older than
      five years globally. New disease burden estimates from newly deployed molecular
      diagnostic assays with increased sensitivity suggest that Shigella-associated
      morbidity may be much greater than previous disease estimates from culture-based
      methods. Primary prevention of this disease should be based on universal
      provision of potable water and sanitation methods and improved personal and food
      hygiene. However, an efficacious and low-cost vaccine would complement and
      accelerate disease reduction while waiting for universal access to water,
      sanitation, and hygiene improvements. This review article provides a landscape of
      Shigella vaccine development efforts. No vaccine is yet available, but human and
      animal challenge-rechallenge trials with virulent Shigella as well as
      observational studies in Shigella-endemic areas have shown that the incidence of
      disease decreases following Shigella infection, pointing to biological
      feasibility of a vaccine. Immunity to Shigella appears to be strain-specific, so
      a vaccine that covers the most commonly detected strains (i.e., S. flexneri 2a,
      3a, 6, and S. sonnei) or a vaccine using cross-species conserved antigens would
      likely be most effective. Vaccine development and testing may be accelerated by
      use of animal models, such as the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis or murine
      pneumonia models. Because there is no correlate of protection, however, human
      studies will be necessary to evaluate vaccine efficacy prior to deployment. A
      diversity of Shigella vaccine constructs are under development, including live
      attenuated, formalin-killed whole-cell, glycoconjugate, subunit, and novel
      antigen vaccines (e.g., Type III secretion system and outer membrane proteins).

PMID- 26979136
TI  - Randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study evaluating the safety and
      immunogenicity of three vaccination schedules and two dose levels of AV7909
      vaccine for anthrax post-exposure prophylaxis in healthy adults.
AB  - AV7909 vaccine being developed for post-exposure prophylaxis of anthrax disease
      may require fewer vaccinations and reduced amount of antigen to achieve an
      accelerated immune response over BioThrax((r)) (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed). A
      phase 2, randomized, double-blind, BioThrax vacccine-controlled study was
      conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of three intramuscular
      vaccination schedules and two dose levels of AV7909 in 168 healthy adults.
      Subjects were randomized at a 4:3:2:4:2 ratio to 5 groups: (1) AV7909 on Days
      0/14; (2) AV7909 on Days 0/28; (3) AV7909 on Days 0/14/28; (4) half dose AV7909
      on Days 0/14/28; and (5) BioThrax vaccine on Days 0/14/28. Vaccinations in all
      groups were well tolerated. The incidences of adverse events (AEs) were 79% for
      AV7909 subjects and 65% for BioThrax subjects; 92% of AV7909 subjects and 87% of
      BioThrax subjects having AEs reported Grade 1-2 AEs. No serious AEs were assessed
      as potentially vaccine-related, and no AEs of potential autoimmune etiology were
      reported. There was no discernible pattern indicative of a safety concern across
      groups in the incidence or severity of reactogenicity events. Groups 2-4 achieved
      success for the primary endpoint, demonstrated by a lower 95% confidence limit of
      the percentage of subjects with protective toxin neutralizing antibody NF50
      values (>=0.56) to be >=40% at Day 63. Group 1 marginally missed the criterion
      (lower bound 95% confidence limit of 39.5%). Immune responses were above this
      threshold for Groups 1, 3 and 4 at Day 28 and all groups at Day 42. Further study
      of an AV7909 two-dose schedule given 2 weeks apart is warranted in light of the
      favorable tolerability profile and immunogenicity response relative to three
      doses of BioThrax vaccine, as well as preliminary data from nonclinical studies
      indicating similar immune responses correlate with higher survival for AV7909
      than BioThrax vaccine. 

PMID- 26979137
TI  - Acceptability of financial incentives or quasi-mandatory schemes to increase
      uptake of immunisations in preschool children in the United Kingdom: Qualitative
      study with parents and service delivery staff.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since the 1990 s strenuous attempts have been made to rebuild trust
      in childhood immunisations. This study aimed to understand if financial
      incentives (FI) or quasi-mandatory schemes (QMS), e.g. mandating immunisations
      for entry to universal services such as day care or school, might be acceptable
      interventions to increase immunisations uptake for preschool children. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Parents and carers of preschool children (n=91); health and other
      professionals (n=18); and those responsible for developing and commissioning
      immunisation services (n=6) took part in the study. Qualitative methods were
      employed to explore the acceptability of FI/QMS with stakeholders. Framework
      analysis was used to develop a coding framework that was applied to the whole
      dataset. Interpretations of the emergent themes were verified between researchers
      and presented to the project's Parent Reference Group to ensure coherence and
      relevance. RESULTS: (1) FI: parents and professionals felt introducing FI was
      inappropriate. It was acknowledged FI may encourage families living in
      disadvantage to prioritise immunisation, but unintended consequences could
      outweigh any advantage. FI essentially changes behaviour into a cash transaction
      which many equated to bribery that could inadvertently create inequalities. (2)
      QMS: parents and professionals highlighted the positives of introducing QMS,
      stating it felt natural, fair and less likely to create inequality. Despite QMS'
      potential to positively impact on uptake there were concerns about the
      implementation and workability of such schemes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: FI for
      preschool immunisation may not be acceptable, within a UK context. Introducing FI
      could have detrimental effects on uptake if it were associated with bribery and
      coercion. Quasi-mandatory schemes, mandating immunisation for universal service
      entry, was the most acceptable option and could contribute to the normalising of
      immunisation. Future work would be needed to assess how this could be
      successfully implemented and if it did indeed increase uptake.

PMID- 26979138
TI  - CAPECO: Cost evaluation of community acquired pneumonia managed in primary care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Estimating the economic burden of community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
      managed in ambulatory setting is needed in France since no data are available.
      METHOD: A retrospective study (CAPECO) was conducted based on a prospective
      French study describing patients with suspected CAP managed in primary care
      (CAPA). The aim of the CAPECO study was to estimate and explain medical costs of
      a disease episode in CAP patients only followed in ambulatory care and in
      hospitalised patients. Primary endpoints were the direct medical costs, impact on
      productivity and costs of incident CAP over one year. Secondary endpoint was to
      describe predictive factors of costs, hospital admission and stay length.
      RESULTS: In this cohort of 886 patients, resulting in an incidence of CAP of 400
      per 100,000 inhabitants per year, the mean direct medical cost of a disease
      episode of CAP was ? 118.8 for strictly ambulatory patients with an equal weight
      for medical time, drugs, diagnostic procedures and tests. This direct cost was ?
      102.1 before admission for patients who were finally hospitalised. The mean cost
      of hospital admissions was ? 3522.9. Main predictive factors of hospital
      admission and stay length were respectively a history of chronic respiratory
      disease and older age. Factors of direct medical cost were prescribing X-ray
      examination and having a positive X-ray. The impact of a disease episode on
      productivity was ? 1980 (sd 1400) per ambulatory episode and ? 5425 (sd 4760) per
      episode leading to hospital admission. CONCLUSION: Costs per ambulatory episode
      were modest but increased substantially in hospitalised patients, who were more
      numerous when chronic respiratory disorders were present and in the elderly.
      Indirect costs were significant. Deciders should thus consider both direct and
      indirect costs when assessing preventive interventions in the context of this
      disease.

PMID- 26979139
TI  - The application of exfoliated graphite electrode in the electrochemical
      degradation of p-nitrophenol in water.
AB  - We report the application of exfoliated graphite (EG) as an electrode material in
      the electrochemical degradation of p-nitrophenol in water. Bulk electrolysis
      (degradation) of p-nitrophenol was carried out at a potential of 2.0 V (vs.
      Ag/AgCl) in the presence of 0.1 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte, while UV-Vis
      spectrophotometry was used to monitor the degradation efficiency. An initial p
      nitrophenol load concentration of 0.2 mM for 3 h electrolysis time was studied
      under the optimized conditions of pH 7, and 10 mAcm(-2) current density. The
      electro-degradation reaction displayed a pseudo-first-order kinetic behavior with
      a rate constant (k(r)) of 11*10(-3) min(-1). The removal efficiency was found to
      be 91.5%. Chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry revealed p
      benzoquinone as a major intermediate product. These results demonstrate the
      potential and viability of electrochemical technology as an alternative approach
      to water treatment using a low cost graphite electrode.

PMID- 26979140
TI  - A contemporary review of paediatric heart transplantation and mechanical
      circulatory support.
AB  - Improvements in the care of children with cardiomyopathy, CHDs, and acquired
      heart disease have led to an increased number of children surviving with advanced
      heart failure. In addition, the advent of more durable mechanical circulatory
      support options in children has changed the outcome for many patients who
      otherwise would have succumbed while waiting for heart transplantation. As a
      result, more children with end-stage heart failure are being referred for heart
      transplantation, and there is increased demand for a limited donor organ supply.
      A review of important publications in the recent years related to paediatric
      heart failure, transplantation, and mechanical circulatory support show a trend
      towards pushing the limits of the current therapies to address the needs of this
      growing population. There have been a number of publications focussing on
      previously published risk factors perceived as barriers to successful heart
      transplantation, including elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, medication non
      adherence, re-transplantation, transplantation of the failed Fontan patient, and
      transplantation in an infant or child bridged with mechanical circulatory
      support. This review will highlight some of these key articles from the last 3
      years and describe recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and
      management of children with end-stage heart disease. 

PMID- 26979142
TI  - PGX: Pharmacogenomics During Generation X.

PMID- 26979143
TI  - It is all About "ADME".

PMID- 26979141
TI  - Linalool isomerase, a membrane-anchored enzyme in the anaerobic monoterpene
      degradation in Thauera linaloolentis 47Lol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thauera linaloolentis 47Lol uses the tertiary monoterpene alcohol
      (R,S)-linalool as sole carbon and energy source under denitrifying conditions.
      The conversion of linalool to geraniol had been observed in carbon-excess
      cultures, suggesting the presence of a 3,1-hydroxyl-Delta(1)-Delta(2)-mutase
      (linalool isomerase) as responsible enzyme. To date, only a single enzyme
      catalyzing such a reaction is described: the linalool dehydratase/isomerase (Ldi)
      from Castellaniella defragrans 65Phen acting only on (S)-linalool. RESULTS: The
      linalool isomerase activity was located in the inner membrane. It was enriched by
      subcellular fractionation and sucrose gradient centrifugation. MALDI-ToF MS
      analysis of the enriched protein identified the corresponding gene named lis that
      codes for the protein in the strain with the highest similarity to the Ldi.
      Linalool isomerase is predicted to have four transmembrane helices at the N
      terminal domain and a cytosolic domain. Enzyme activity required a reductant for
      activation. A specific activity of 3.42 +/- 0.28 nkat mg * protein(-1) and a kM
      value of 455 +/- 124 MUM were determined for the thermodynamically favored
      isomerization of geraniol to both linalool isomers at optimal conditions of pH 8
      and 35  degrees C. CONCLUSION: The linalool isomerase from T. linaloolentis 47Lol
      represents a second member of the enzyme class 5.4.4.4, next to the linalool
      dehydratase/isomerase from C. defragrans 65Phen. Besides considerable amino acid
      sequence similarity both enzymes share common characteristics with respect to
      substrate affinity, pH and temperature optima, but differ in the dehydratase
      activity and the turnover of linalool isomers.

PMID- 26979144
TI  - Drug Disposition Issues in CKD: Implications for Drug Discovery and Regulatory
      Approval.
AB  - Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have several comorbidities that
      require pharmacologic intervention including hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and
      cardiovascular disease. Advanced CKD patients (eg, treated with hemodialysis)
      take an average of 12 medications concurrently and are known to suffer from an
      increased number of medication-related adverse drug events. Recent basic and
      clinical research has identified altered renal and nonrenal drug clearance in CKD
      as one mediator of the increased adverse drug events observed in this patient
      population. This review will briefly describe pharmacokinetic considerations in
      CKD, review the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for performing
      pharmacokinetic studies in CKD patients, and outline the roles of academia,
      industry, and regulatory agencies in improving drug safety in CKD patients. 

PMID- 26979146
TI  - Drug Transporter Function--Implications in CKD.
AB  - Drug transporters typically move substrates, including drugs, in an intracellular
      to extracellular direction and thus are efflux transporters. There is a small
      subset of transporters that move substrates in the opposite direction and are
      classified as influx transporters. Collectively, drug transporters contribute to
      the pharmacokinetic profile of a wide variety of drugs and other molecules
      including xenobiotics, metabolites, and endogenous solutes. Identification of
      genetic variants in the genes that encode these transporters is an emerging area
      of pharmacogenomics. Many polymorphisms of the multitude of genes that code for
      the transporters within the 2 major superfamilies (ATP-binding cassette
      transporters and solute carrier transporters) have been identified. Studies have
      shown that many single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with changes in
      protein expression, functionality, and drug exposure; however, there are limited
      data for most single-nucleotide polymorphisms and impact on clinical end points.
      Preliminary data suggest that patients with CKD may have reduced transporter
      function that may have effects on exposure and toxicity profiles. Additional
      research translating the functional significance of polymorphisms on clinical
      pharmacokinetics and relevant disease-specific end points will provide further
      understanding of the role of genetic variations in transporter genes. 

PMID- 26979145
TI  - The Effects of CKD on Cytochrome P450-Mediated Drug Metabolism.
AB  - CKD affects a significant proportion of the world's population, and the
      prevalence of CKD is increasing. Standard practice currently is to adjust the
      dose of renally eliminated medications as kidney function declines in effort to
      prevent adverse drug reactions. It is increasingly becoming recognized that CKD
      also impacts nonrenal clearance mechanisms such as hepatic and intestinal
      cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and drug transport proteins, the latter of which is
      beyond the scope of this review. CYPs are responsible for the metabolism of many
      clinically used drugs. Genetics, patient factors (eg, age and disease) and drug
      interactions are well known to affect CYP metabolism resulting in variable
      pharmacokinetics and responses to medications. There now exists an abundance of
      evidence demonstrating that CKD can impact the activity of many CYP isoforms
      either through direct inhibition by circulating uremic toxins and/or by reducing
      CYP gene expression. Evidence suggests that reductions in CYP metabolism in ESRD
      are reversed by kidney transplantation and temporarily restored via hemodialysis.
      This review summarizes the current understanding of the effects that CKD can have
      on CYP metabolism and also discusses the impact that CYP metabolism phenotypes
      can have on the development of kidney injury. 

PMID- 26979148
TI  - A Physiologic Approach to the Pharmacogenomics of Hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension is a multifactorial condition with diverse physiological systems
      contributing to its pathogenesis. Individuals exhibit significant variation in
      their response to antihypertensive agents. Traditional markers, such as age,
      gender, diet, plasma renin level, and ethnicity, aid in drug selection. However,
      this review explores the contribution of genetics to facilitate antihypertensive
      agent selection and predict treatment efficacy. The findings, reproducibility,
      and limitations of published studies are examined, with emphasis placed on
      candidate genetic variants affecting drug metabolism, the renin-angiotensin
      system, adrenergic signalling, and renal sodium reabsorption. Single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms identified and replicated in unbiased genome-wide association
      studies of hypertension treatment are reviewed to illustrate the evolving
      understanding of the disease's complex and polygenic pathophysiology.
      Implementation efforts at academic centers seek to overcome barriers to the broad
      adoption of pharmacogenomics in the treatment of hypertension. The level of
      evidence required to support the implementation of pharmacogenomics in clinical
      practice is considered. 

PMID- 26979149
TI  - Role of Pharmacogenomics in Kidney Disease and Injury.
AB  - There has been considerable excitement in the kidney community surrounding the
      research findings on the genetic contributions to kidney diseases. However,
      positive outcomes of personalized therapeutic interventions can be circumvented
      by unpredictable pharmacokinetics of prescribed drugs. Furthermore, unpredictable
      drug disposition can result in toxicities such as kidney injury. Patient
      covariates, disease covariates, and pharmacogenetics all contribute to
      variability in drug disposition. Further treatment personalization and avoidance
      of drug- and biologic- induced kidney injury will require extensive knowledge and
      expertise in renal clinical pharmacology. The current review will focus on the
      pharmacogenetics of drugs and biologics used in the treatment of glomerular
      kidney diseases and drugs implicated in inducing kidney injury phenotypes. 

PMID- 26979147
TI  - Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics--Implications for Patients With CKD.
AB  - CKD is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus,
      patients with CKD often require treatment with cardiovascular drugs, such as
      antiplatelet, antihypertensive, anticoagulant, and lipid-lowering agents. There
      is significant interpatient variability in response to cardiovascular therapies,
      which contributes to risk for treatment failure or adverse drug effects.
      Pharmacogenomics offers the potential to optimize cardiovascular pharmacotherapy
      and improve outcomes in patients with CVD, although data in patients with
      concomitant CKD are limited. The drugs with the most pharmacogenomic evidence are
      warfarin, clopidogrel, and statins. There are also accumulating data for genetic
      contributions to beta-blocker response. Guidelines are now available to assist
      with applying pharmacogenetic test results to optimize warfarin dosing, selection
      of antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention, and prediction
      of risk for statin-induced myopathy. Clinical data, such as age, body size, and
      kidney function have long been used to optimize drug prescribing. An increasing
      number of institutions are also implementing genetic testing to be considered in
      the context of important clinical factors to further personalize drug therapy for
      patients with CVD. 

PMID- 26979151
TI  - Comparison of fitness traits and their plasticity on multiple plants for Sitobion
      avenae infected and cured of a secondary endosymbiont.
AB  - Regiella insecticola has been found to enhance the performance of host aphids on
      certain plants, but its functional role in adaptation of host aphids to plants is
      still controversial. Here we evaluate the impacts of R. insecticola infections on
      vital life-history traits of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), and their underlying
      genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity on three plants. It was shown that
      effects of R. insecticola on S. avenae's fitness (i.e., developmental time and
      fecundity) were neutral on oat or wheat, but negative on rye. Infections of R.
      insecticola modified genetic variation that underlies S. avenae's life-history
      traits. This was demonstrated by comparing life-history trait heritabilities
      between aphid lines with and without R. insecticola. Moreover, there were
      enhanced negative genetic correlations between developmental time and fecundity
      for R. insecticola infected lines, and structural differences in G-matrices of
      life-history traits for the two types of aphid lines. In R. insecticola-infected
      aphid lines, there were increases in plasticities for developmental times of
      first and second instar nymphs and for fecundity, showing novel functional roles
      of bacterial symbionts in plant-insect interactions. The identified effects of R.
      insecticola infections could have significant implications for the ecology and
      evolution of its host populations in natural conditions. 

PMID- 26979150
TI  - Genomics in CKD: Is This the Path Forward?
AB  - Recent advances in genomics and sequencing technology have led to a better
      understanding of genetic risk in CKD. Genetics could account in part for racial
      differences in treatment response for medications including antihypertensives and
      immunosuppressive medications due to its correlation with ancestry. However,
      there is still a substantial lag between generation of this knowledge and its
      adoption in routine clinical care. This review summarizes the recent advances in
      genomics and CKD, discusses potential reasons for its underutilization, and
      highlights potential avenues for application of genomic information to improve
      clinical care and outcomes in this particularly vulnerable population. 

PMID- 26979153
TI  - Advances in and hope for the treatment of parasitosis.

PMID- 26979152
TI  - Analysis of the mechanical properties of wild type and hyperstable mutants of the
      HIV-1 capsid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) capsid is a self-assembled
      protein shell that contains the viral genome. During the stages between viral
      entry into a host cell and nuclear import of the viral DNA, the capsid
      dissociates in a process known as uncoating, which leads to the release of the
      viral genetic material. Mutations that alter the stability of the capsid affect
      the uncoating rate and impair HIV-1 infectivity. RESULTS: To gain further insight
      into the role of capsid stability during uncoating, we used atomic force
      spectroscopy to quantify the stiffness of the capsid. Empty in vitro assemblies
      of wild type (WT) and mutant recombinant HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) as well as
      isolated WT and mutant HIV-1 cores (i.e., filled capsids) were analyzed. We find
      that hyperstable CA mutant assemblies (A204C, A14C/E45C, E45A and E45A/R132T) are
      significantly stiffer than WT assemblies. However, the hardening effect of
      disulfide crosslinking (A204C and A14C/E45C) is lower than that of hydrophobic
      interactions (E45A and E45A/R132T). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that
      mutations that increase the intrinsic stability of the HIV-1 capsid have an
      increased stiffness of their lattice.

PMID- 26979154
TI  - Differential effects of a short-term high-fat diet in an animal model of
      depression in rats treated with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, the 5
      HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-5-HT, and the SSRI, fluoxetine.
AB  - Investigation into the effects of a high-fat diet on depression in the context of
      5-HT3 receptor function is important given 5-HT3 antagonism may represent a novel
      candidate for drug discovery. To more fully understand the relationship between
      the 5-HT3 receptor system, depression, and high-fat intake, our main interest was
      to study the short-term effects of a high-fat diet on the 5-HT3 receptor
      antagonist, ondansetron, and the 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-5-HT, as well
      as the SSRI, fluoxetine, in an animal model of depression. Male Sprague Dawley
      rats were fed either a standard diet (11% fat) or a high-fat diet (32.5% fat) for
      seven days then treated with either fluoxetine (10mg/kg, ip), ondansetron
      (1mg/kg, ip), 2-methyl-5-HT (3mg/kg, ip), fluoxetine+ondansetron or, 2-methyl-5
      HT+ondansetron prior to the Forced Swim Test. In the standard diet group,
      treatment with the 5HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-5-HT, served to significantly
      decrease time of immobility as compared to controls thus showing anti-depressive
      like effects. Treatment with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, served
      to enhance the anti-depressive like effects of the SSRI, fluoxetine, as treatment
      with both the SSRI and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist dramatically decreased
      immobility. Importantly, in the high-fat diet groups, a week of high-fat intake
      served to: 1) counteract the anti-depressive-like effect of the SSRI, fluoxetine,
      2) reverse the anti-depressive-like effect of the 5HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl
      5-HT and 3) provide protection against the depressive-like effects induced by the
      Forced Swim Test as rats fed a high-fat diet displayed the lowest amounts of
      immobility. In the aggregate, these data suggest that both SSRIs and the 5HT3
      receptor system are affected by short-term high-fat intake and that a short-term
      high-fat diet protects against depressive-like effects in an animal model of
      depression. 

PMID- 26979155
TI  - Design and synthesis of natural product derivatives with selective and improved
      cytotoxicity based on a sesquiterpene scaffold.
AB  - Brasilamide E (1) is a bisabolane sesquiterpenoid isolated from the solid
      substrate fermentation cultures of a plant endophytic fungus Paraconiothyrium
      brasiliense. The compound specifically inhibited proliferation of the MCF-7
      cells, but did not show cytotoxicity towards the negative controls HaCaT and
      NIH3T3 cells (IC50>50 MUM). To improve its potency while maintain selectivity, a
      total of 27 derivatives of 1 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in
      vitro cytotoxicity against six tumor cell lines and the negative control NIH3T3
      cells. Among these compounds, compound 12b showed significantly improved potency
      against the MCF-7, HeLa, and HO8910 cells with IC50 values of 0.13-0.25 MUM
      compared to 1 (IC50 8.47-18.00 MUM), and remained nontoxic to the NIH3T3 cells.

PMID- 26979156
TI  - Rational modification of the lead molecule: Enhancement in the anticancer and
      dihydrofolate reductase inhibitory activity.
AB  - By using molecular docking studies, the practice of fragment based drug discovery
      is conceptualized by introducing oxindole and iso-propanol moieties in our
      previous lead molecule 1. The resulting compound 2 exhibited competitive
      inhibition and favorable Ka and Ki for hDHFR. The screening of compound 2 at 60
      cell line panel of human tumor cell lines showed its considerably better efficacy
      than compound 1 and hence put the candidature of 2 on stronghold for further
      studies. 

PMID- 26979157
TI  - Design and synthesis of novel 3-sulfonylpyrazol-4-amino pyrimidines as potent
      anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors.
AB  - Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a highly attractive therapeutic target for
      the treatment of some non-small cell lung cancer patients. This Letter describes
      the further SAR exploration on the novel 3-sulfonylpyrazol-4-amino pyrimidine
      scaffold. This work identified a compound 53 with very good in vitro/in vivo
      efficacies, good DMPK properties together with better hERG tolerability and it is
      currently being profiled for the evaluation as a potential pre-clinical
      candidate. 

PMID- 26979159
TI  - Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel substituted N-(4-(2-(4
      benzylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-N-methyl-quinazolin-4-amines as potent
      antitumor agents.
AB  - A novel series of substituted N-(4-(2-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-N
      methylquinazolin-4-amines were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro
      antiproliferative activity. Among them, compound 7a exhibited the best potency,
      with IC50 values of 0.029-0.147 MUM against four types of cancer cell lines. In
      addition, 7a was confirmed that it could arrest the cell cycle at G2/M phase and
      trigger apoptosis. Indirect immunofluorescence staining revealed its anti-tubulin
      property. Importantly, 7a significantly inhibited tumor growths in HepG2
      xenograft models without causing significant loss of body weight, suggesting that
      7a is a promising new anticancer agent to be developed.

PMID- 26979158
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of (S)-[(18)F]fesetron in the rat brain as a potential
      PET imaging agent for serotonin 5-HT3 receptors.
AB  - Serotonin 5-HT3 receptors are involved in various brain functions including as an
      emesis target during cancer chemotherapy. We report here the development of (S)
      2,3-dimethoxy-5-(3'-[(18)F]fluoropropyl)-N-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)benzamide
      ([(18)F]fesetron) as a potential PET imaging agent for serotonin 5-HT3 receptors.
      By radiolabeling((S)-2,3-dimethoxy-5-(3'-tosyloxypropyl)-N-(1
      azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)benzamide) with fluorine-18, (S)-[(18)F]fesetron was
      obtained in 5 to 10% decay-corrected yields and with specific activities
      >74GBq/MUmol at the end of radiosynthesis. PET imaging in rats showed low uptake
      of [(18)F]fesetron in the brain with retention of binding in the striatal and
      cerebellar regions. Using colliculi as a reference region, ratios were 3.4 for
      striata and 2.5 for cerebellum. Ex vivo brain PET analysis displayed binding of
      [(18)F]fesetron in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebellar regions. Cerebellar
      regions corresponded to area postrema and nucleus tract solitaris known to
      contain 5-HT3 receptors. Dorsal hippocampus showed the highest uptake with ratio
      of >17 with respect to colliculi, while area postrema and striata had ratios of
      >10. Thus, [(18)F]fesetron exhibited a unique binding profile to rat brain
      regions known to contain significant amounts of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors.
      However, the very low brain uptake limits its usefulness as a PET radiotracer in
      this animal model. 

PMID- 26979160
TI  - A reliable method for quantification of splice variants using RT-qPCR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of protein isoforms arise from alternative splicing of
      the encoding primary RNA transcripts. To understand the significance of single
      splicing events, reliable techniques are needed to determine their incidence.
      However, existing methods are labour-intensive, error-prone or of limited use.
      RESULTS: Here, we present an improved method to determine the relative incidence
      of transcripts that arise from alternative splicing at a single site. Splice
      variants were quantified within a single sample using one-step reverse
      transcription quantitative PCR. Amplification products obtained with variant
      specific primer pairs were compared to those obtained with primer pairs common to
      both variants. The identities of variant specific amplicons were simultaneously
      verified by melt curve analysis. Independent calculations of the relative
      incidence of each variant were performed. Since the relative incidences of
      variants have to add upto 100%, the method provides an internal control to
      monitor experimental errors and uniform reverse transcription. The reliability of
      the method was tested using mixtures of cDNA templates as well as RNA samples
      from different sources. CONCLUSION: The method described here, is easy to set up
      and does not need unrelated reference genes and time consuming, error-prone
      standard curves. It provides a reliable and precise technique to distinguish
      small differences of the relative incidence of two splice variants.

PMID- 26979161
TI  - Misplaced "bear claw" in a bleeding gastric ulcer: What next?

PMID- 26979162
TI  - Perceptual, durational and tongue displacement measures following articulation
      therapy for rhotic sound errors.
AB  - Outcomes of articulation therapy for rhotic errors are usually assessed
      perceptually. However, our understanding of associated changes of tongue movement
      is limited. This study described perceptual, durational and tongue displacement
      changes over 10 sessions of articulation therapy for /r/ in six children. Four of
      the participants also received ultrasound biofeedback of their tongue shape.
      Speech and tongue movement were recorded pre-therapy, after 5 sessions, in the
      final session and at a one month follow-up. Perceptually, listeners perceived
      improvement and classified more productions as /r/ in the final and follow-up
      assessments. The durations of VrV syllables at the midway point of the therapy
      were longer. Cumulative tongue displacement increased in the final session. The
      average standard deviation was significantly higher in the middle and final
      assessments. The duration and tongue displacement measures illustrated how
      articulation therapy affected tongue movement and may be useful for outcomes
      research about articulation therapy. 

PMID- 26979163
TI  - Effect of mild medical hypothermia on in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum
      and the activity of anti-malarial drugs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebral malaria remains a medical emergency with high mortality.
      Hypo-perfusion due to obstructed blood vessels in the brain is thought to play a
      key role in the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria leading to neurological
      impairment, long-term neuro-cognitive sequelae and, potentially, death. Due to
      the rapid reversibility of vascular obstruction caused by sequestered Plasmodium
      falciparum, it is hypothesized that mild medical hypothermia--a standard
      intervention for other medical emergencies--may improve clinical outcome. This
      preclinical in vitro study was performed to assess the impact of mild hypothermia
      on parasite growth and the intrinsic activity of anti-malarials drugs. METHODS:
      Three laboratory-adapted clones and two clinical isolates were used for growth
      assays and standardized drug sensitivity assessments using the standard HRP2
      assay. All assays were performed in parallel under normothermic (37  degrees C),
      mild hypothermic (32  degrees C), and hyperthermic (41  degrees C) conditions.
      RESULTS: Parasite growth was higher under standard temperature condition than
      under hypo- or hyperthermia (growth ratio 0.85; IQR 0.25-1.06 and 0.09; IQR 0.05
      0.32, respectively). Chloroquine and mefloquine had comparable in vitro activity
      under mild hypothermic conditions (ratios for IC50 at 37  degrees C/32  degrees
      C: 0.88; 95% CI 0.25-1.50 and 0.86; 95% CI 0.36-1.36, respectively) whereas
      dihydroartemisinin was more active under mild hypothermic conditions (ratio for
      IC50 at 37  degrees C/32  degrees C: 0.27; 95% CI 0.19-0.27). Hyperthermia led by
      itself to almost complete growth inhibition and precluded further testing of the
      activity of anti-malarial drugs. CONCLUSION: This preclinical evaluation
      demonstrates that mild medical hypothermia inhibits in vitro growth of P.
      falciparum and enhances the pharmacodynamic activity of artemisinin derivatives.
      Based on these preclinical pharmacodynamic data, the further clinical development
      of mild medical hypothermia as adjunctive treatment to parenteral artesunate for
      cerebral malaria is warranted.

PMID- 26979164
TI  - Disruption of spermatogenesis in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica by two
      artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate.
AB  - An in vivo study in the laboratory rat model has been carried out to monitor
      changes to the spermatogenic cells in the testis tubules of adult Fasciola
      hepatica following treatment with the artemisinins, artemether and artesunate.
      Rats infected with the triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant Sligo isolate were dosed
      orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at
      24, 48 and 72 h post treatment (pt). Rats infected with the TCBZ-resistant Oberon
      isolate were dosed orally with artesunate at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and
      flukes recovered 24, 48, 72 and 96 h pt. The flukes were processed for
      histological and transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination. Changes to
      the spermatogenic cells were evident at 24 h pt with artemether. The
      spermatogonial and spermatocyte cells contained abnormal mitochondria, there were
      fewer spermatids and spermatozoa in the tubules than normal, and a number of
      cells showed signs of apoptosis. There was a further decline in cell numbers at
      48 h pt and the organization of the spermatocyte and spermatid rosettes was
      atypical. Sperm formation had become abnormal and those spermatozoa present
      possessed only a single axoneme. By 72 h pt, the testis tubules were vacuolated
      and filled with abnormal cells and cell debris. Only spermatogonial cells could
      be identified and there was widespread evidence of apoptosis in the cells.
      Distinct cellular changes following artesunate treatment did not become apparent
      until 48 h pt. The changes seen were similar to those described for artemether,
      but were generally less severe at matching time-periods. The fine structural
      changes occurring in the spermatogenic cells were compared to those observed in
      other cell types and fluke tissues and the overall information was collated to
      identify the cellular targets for artemisinin action and to establish the time
      line for drug action.

PMID- 26979167
TI  - Self-Efficacy, Health Literacy, and Nutrition and Exercise Behaviors in a Low
      Income, Hispanic Population.
AB  - Public health goals have emphasized healthy nutrition and exercise behaviors,
      especially in underserved populations. According to social cognitive theory
      (SCT), self-efficacy and capability (e.g., health literacy) may interact to
      predict preventative behaviors. We surveyed 100 low-income, native Spanish
      speakers living in the United States who were low in English proficiency and
      predominantly of Mexican heritage. Participants reported their nutritional and
      exercise self-efficacy, Spanish health literacy, and nutrition and physical
      activity behaviors. Consistent with SCT, the interaction of self-efficacy and
      health literacy significantly predicted fruit and vegetable consumption and
      weekly exercise, and marginally predicted avoidance of high fat foods. For all
      three interactions, higher health literacy levels strengthened the positive
      relationship between self-efficacy and health behaviors. The results offer
      support for the tenets of SCT and suggest-for low-income, Spanish-speaking adults
      that a combination of behavioral confidence and literacy capability are necessary
      to enact appropriate health behaviors.

PMID- 26979169
TI  - Men from Sub-Saharan Africa Living in Worker Hostels in France: A Hidden
      Population with Poor Access to HIV Testing.
AB  - Delayed presentation to care among HIV-infected individuals continued to be
      frequent in France. Migrants are at high risk for late presentation. This cross
      sectional study investigated barriers to HIV testing in the specific population
      of men from sub-Saharan Africa living in four migrant worker hostels in Paris,
      France. Factors associated with never having been tested for HIV were examined
      using logistic regression. In all, 550 men participated, coming mainly from Mali
      and Senegal, with 31 % having lived in France for less than 5 years, and 25 %
      without any health insurance. Only 37 % have ever been tested for HIV. Not having
      health insurance was the main risk factor for never-testing [adjusted odds ratio
      (aOR) 2.4; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.4-4.0]. Despite free and anonymous HIV
      testing available at dedicated public screening centers, 63 % of men living in
      migrant worker hostels had never been tested for HIV.

PMID- 26979168
TI  - A Pilot Examination of a Mosque-Based Physical Activity Intervention for South
      Asian Muslim Women in Ontario, Canada.
AB  - Low levels of physical activity have been reported in South Asian Muslim women.
      Mosques could be beneficial in providing physical activity opportunities for
      Muslim women. This study examined the feasibility, acceptability and
      effectiveness of a mosque-based physical activity program for South Asian Muslim
      women in Canada. Sixty-two South Asian Muslim women participated in a 24-week
      mosque-based exercise intervention. Feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness
      of the program was evaluated by pre-post survey questions from the Duke Activity
      Status Index (DASI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire among 28
      women who consented to the research data collection. Nineteen women were assessed
      pre-and post-intervention. The women demonstrated increase in median scores of
      self-efficacy (90 pre vs. 100 post; p = 0.004) and the importance of engaging in
      regular physical activity (90 pre vs. 100 post; p = 0.01). Fewer participants
      were classified as inactive at the end of the intervention (42 % pre vs. 10 %
      post; p = 0.006). There was a mean increase in DASI scores (39.2 pre vs. 44.6
      post; p = 0.06) reflecting an improvement in peak aerobic capacity and functional
      quality of life. Culturally relevant structured networks such as mosques are
      important assets when designing healthy lifestyle interventions for South Asian
      Muslim women.

PMID- 26979170
TI  - Continuous molecular remission and regression of side effects after
      discontinuation of salvage therapy with sorafenib and donor lymphocyte infusions
      in a young patient with relapsed AML.

PMID- 26979171
TI  - Correlation between indexes of autonomic maneuvers and heart rate variability in
      hemodialysis patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The autonomic maneuvers are simple methods to evaluate autonomic
      balance, but the association between autonomic maneuvers and heart rate
      variability (HRV) in hemodialysis patients remains unknown. This study aimed to
      evaluate the correlation between HRV and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and
      Valsalva maneuver (VM) indexes in hemodialysis patients and to compare two
      methods for RSA indexes acquisitions. METHODS: Forty-eight volunteers on
      hemodialysis (66.7 % men) were evaluated by VM, RSA, and 24 h Holter monitoring.
      At the VM, the Valsalva index (VI) was the variable considered. In the RSA, the
      ratio and difference between the RR intervals of inspiratory and expiratory phase
      (E:I and E-I, respectively) were considered by traditional form (average of
      respiratory cycles) and independent respiratory cycles (E:Iindep and E-Iindep).
      The HRV indexes evaluated were standard deviation of all normal RR intervals
      (SDNN), standard deviation of sequential 5-min RR interval means (SDANN), root
      mean square of the successive differences (rMSSD) and percentage of adjacent RR
      intervals with difference of duration greater than 50 ms (pNN50). RESULTS: The
      SDNN, SDANN showed significant correlation with all classic indexes of RSA (E:I:
      r = 0.62, 0.55, respectively, E-I: r = 0.64, 0.57, respectively), E:Iindep (r =
      0.59, 0.54, respectively), E-Iindep (r = 0.47, 0.43, respectively) and VI (r =
      0.42, 0.34, respectively). Significant correlation of rMSSD with E:I (r = 0.37),
      E-I (r = 0.41) and E:Iindep (r = 0.34) was also observed. There was no
      association of any variable with pNN50. Have been show high values for all
      variables of independent cycles method (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The autonomic
      maneuvers, especially RSA, are useful methods to evaluate cardiac autonomic
      function in hemodialysis patients. The acquisition of the RSA index by
      independent cycles should not be used in this population.

PMID- 26979173
TI  - Indirect Treatment Comparison of Talimogene Laherparepvec Compared with
      Ipilimumab and Vemurafenib for the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic
      Melanoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Few randomized controlled trials have compared new treatments for
      metastatic melanoma. We sought to examine the relative treatment effect of
      talimogene laherparepvec compared with ipilimumab and vemurafenib. METHODS: A
      systematic literature review of treatments for metastatic melanoma was undertaken
      but a valid network of evidence could not be established because of a lack of
      comparative data or studies with sufficient common comparators. A conventional
      adjusted indirect treatment comparison via network meta-analysis was, therefore,
      not feasible. Instead, a meta-analysis of absolute efficacy was undertaken,
      adjusting overall survival (OS) data for differences in prognostic factors
      between studies using a published algorithm. RESULTS: Four trials were included
      in the final indirect treatment comparison: two of ipilimumab, one of
      vemurafenib, and one of talimogene laherparepvec. Median OS for ipilimumab and
      vemurafenib increased significantly when adjustment was applied, demonstrating
      that variation in disease and patient characteristics was biasing OS estimates;
      adjusting for this made the survival data more comparable. For both ipilimumab
      and vemurafenib, the adjustments improved Kaplan-Meier OS curves; the observed
      talimogene laherparepvec OS curve remained above the adjusted OS curves for
      ipilimumab and vemurafenib, showing that long-term survival could differ from the
      observed medians. CONCLUSION: Even with limited data, talimogene laherparepvec,
      ipilimumab, and vemurafenib could be compared following adjustments, thereby
      providing a more reliable understanding of the relative effect of treatment on
      survival in a more comparable patient population. The results of this analysis
      suggest that OS with talimogene laherparepvec is at least as good as with
      ipilimumab and vemurafenib and improvement was more pronounced in patients with
      no bone, brain, lung or other visceral metastases. FUNDING: Amgen Inc.

PMID- 26979172
TI  - Impacts of forest harvesting on mobilization of Hg and MeHg in drained peatland
      forests on black schist or felsic bedrock.
AB  - Forest harvesting, especially when intensified harvesting method as whole-tree
      harvesting with stump lifting (WTHs) are used, may increase mercury (Hg) and
      methylmercury (MeHg) leaching to recipient water courses. The effect can be
      enhanced if the underlying bedrock and overburden soil contain Hg. The impact of
      stem-only harvesting (SOH) and WTHs on the concentrations of Hg and MeHg as well
      as several other variables in the ditch water was studied using a paired
      catchment approach in eight drained peatland-dominated catchments in Finland
      (2008-2012). Four of the catchments were on felsic bedrock and four on black
      schist bedrock containing heavy metals. Although both Hg and MeHg concentrations
      increased after harvesting in all treated sites according to the randomized
      intervention analyses (RIAs), there was only a weak indication of a harvest
      induced mobilization of Hg and MeHg into the ditches. Furthermore, no clear
      differences between WTHs and SOH were found, although MeHg showed a nearly
      significant difference (p = 0.06) between the harvesting regimes. However, there
      was a clear bedrock effect, since the MeHg concentrations in the ditch water were
      higher at catchments on black schist than at those on felsic bedrock. The pH,
      suspended solid matter (SSM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and iron (Fe)
      concentrations increased after harvest while the sulfate (SO4-S) concentration
      decreased. The highest abundances of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were found
      on the sites with high MeHg concentrations. The biggest changes in ditch water
      concentrations occurred first 2 years after harvesting. 

PMID- 26979174
TI  - Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic
      carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): a randomised controlled
      trial with cost-effectiveness analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an alternative to carotid
      endarterectomy (CEA) for the treatment of carotid stenosis, but safety and long
      term efficacy were uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To compare the risks, benefits and cost
      effectiveness of CAS versus CEA for symptomatic carotid stenosis. DESIGN:
      International, multicentre, randomised controlled, open, prospective clinical
      trial. SETTING: Hospitals at 50 centres worldwide. PARTICIPANTS: Patients older
      than 40 years of age with symptomatic atheromatous carotid artery stenosis.
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly allocated stenting or endarterectomy using
      a computerised service and followed for up to 10 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      The primary outcome measure was the long-term rate of fatal or disabling stroke,
      analysed by intention to treat (ITT). Disability was assessed using the modified
      Rankin Scale (mRS). A cost-utility analysis estimating mean costs and quality
      adjusted life-years (QALYs) was calculated over a 5-year time horizon. RESULTS: A
      total of 1713 patients were randomised but three withdrew consent immediately,
      leaving 1710 for ITT analysis (853 were assigned to stenting and 857 were
      assigned to endarterectomy). The incidence of stroke, death or procedural
      myocardial infarction (MI) within 120 days of treatment was 8.5% in the CAS group
      versus 5.2% in the CEA group (72 vs. 44 events) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.69, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.16 to 2.45; p = 0.006]. In the analysis restricted to
      patients who completed stenting, age independently predicted the risk of stroke,
      death or MI within 30 days of CAS (relative risk increase 1.17% per 5 years of
      age, 95% CI 1.01% to 1.37%). Use of an open-cell stent conferred higher risk than
      a closed-cell stent (relative risk 1.92, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.33), but use of a
      cerebral protection device did not modify the risk. CAS was associated with a
      higher risk of stroke in patients with an age-related white-matter changes score
      of 7 or more (HR 2.98, 95% CI 1.29 to 6.93; p = 0.011). After completion of
      follow-up with a median of 4.2 years, the number of patients with fatal or
      disabling stroke in the CAS and CEA groups (52 vs. 49), and the cumulative 5-year
      risk did not differ significantly (6.4% vs. 6.5%) (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.57;
      p = 0.776). Stroke of any severity was more frequent in the CAS group (15.2% vs.
      9.4% in the CEA group) (HR 1.712, 95% CI 1.280 to 2.300; p < 0.001). There was no
      significant difference in long-term rates of severe carotid restenosis or
      occlusion (10.8% in the CAS group vs. 8.6% in the CEA group) (HR 1.25, 95% CI
      0.89 to 1.75; p = 0.20). There was no difference in the distribution of mRS
      scores at 1-year, 5-year or final follow-up. There were no differences in costs
      or QALYs between the treatments. LIMITATIONS: Patients and investigators were not
      blinded to treatment allocation. Interventionists' experience of stenting was
      less than that of surgeons with endarterectomy. Data on costs of managing strokes
      were not collected. CONCLUSIONS: The functional outcome after stenting is similar
      to endarterectomy, but stenting is associated with a small increase in the risk
      of non-disabling stroke. The choice between stenting and endarterectomy should
      take into account the procedural risks related to individual patient
      characteristics. Future studies should include measurement of cognitive function,
      assessment of carotid plaque morphology and identification of clinical
      characteristics that determine benefit from revascularisation. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN25337470. FUNDING: This project was
      funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment
      programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20,
      No. 20. See the NIHR Journal Library website for further project information.
      Further funding was provided by the Medical Research Council, Stroke Association,
      Sanofi-Synthelabo and the European Union.

PMID- 26979166
TI  - Modulatory effects of alpha7 nAChRs on the immune system and its relevance for
      CNS disorders.
AB  - The clinical development of selective alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      (alpha7 nAChR) agonists has hitherto been focused on disorders characterized by
      cognitive deficits (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia). However, alpha7
      nAChRs are also widely expressed by cells of the immune system and by cells with
      a secondary role in pathogen defense. Activation of alpha7 nAChRs leads to an
      anti-inflammatory effect. Since sterile inflammation is a frequently observed
      phenomenon in both psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, melancholic and
      bipolar depression) and neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease,
      Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis), alpha7 nAChR agonists might show
      beneficial effects in these central nervous system disorders. In the current
      review, we summarize information on receptor expression, the intracellular
      signaling pathways they modulate and reasons for receptor dysfunction.
      Information from tobacco smoking, vagus nerve stimulation, and cholinesterase
      inhibition is used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective alpha7
      nAChR agonists in these inflammation-related disorders. 

PMID- 26979175
TI  - Variable ventilation from bench to bedside.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26979176
TI  - ADN-1184, a monoaminergic ligand with 5-HT6/7 receptor antagonist action,
      exhibits activity in animal models of anxiety.
AB  - Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) include apathy, sleep
      problems, irritability, wandering, elation, agitation/aggression, and mood
      disorders such as depression and/or anxiety. Elderly patients are usually treated
      with second-generation antipsychotics; however, they present not enough efficacy
      against all symptoms observed. Hence, there still is an unmet need for novel
      pharmacotherapeutic agents targeted BPSD. A novel arylsulfonamide derivative ADN
      1184 has been developed that possesses a preclinical profile of activity
      corresponding to criteria required for treatment of both psychosis and depressive
      symptoms of BPSD without exacerbating cognitive impairment or inducing motor
      disturbances. To broaden its pharmacological efficacy toward anxiety symptoms,
      its anxiolytic properties have been examined in common animal preclinical models
      in rats and mice. ADN-1184 significantly increased the number of entries into
      open arms measured in the elevated plus-maze test; however, it simultaneously
      increased parameters of exploratory activity. In the Vogel conflict drinking
      test, ADN-1184 dose-dependently and significantly increased the number of shocks
      accepted and the number of licks. Moreover, in mice, it also had specific
      anxiolytic-like activity in the four-plate test, and only negligible one at a
      specific mid-range dose measured in the spontaneous marble burying test. The
      obtained findings reveal that ADN-1184 displays anxiolytic-like activity in
      animal models of anxiety which employed punished stimuli. In its unusual
      combination of some anxiolytic action with already proven antipsychotic and
      antidepressant properties, and lack of any disruptive impact on learning and
      memory processes and motor coordination, ADN-1184 displays a profile that would
      be desired for a novel therapeutic for BPSD. 

PMID- 26979177
TI  - Does simulated walking cause gapping of meniscal repairs?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of rehabilitation following meniscal repair is to
      promote healing by limiting stresses on repairs, while simultaneously preserving
      muscle strength and joint motion. Both protective protocols limiting weight
      bearing and accelerated which do not, have shown clinical success. This study
      assesses the effects of physiologic gait loading on the kinematic behavior of a
      repaired medial meniscus. METHODS: The medial menisci of eight fresh cadaveric
      knees were implanted with arrays of six 0.8-1.0 mm beads. Pneumatic actuators
      delivered muscle loads and forces on the knee as each specimen was subjected to a
      simulated stance phase of gait. Meniscus motion was measured at loading response,
      mid stance, and toe-off positions. Measurements were performed using biplanar
      radiography and RSA, with each knee: (a) intact, (b) with posterior longitudinal
      tear, and (c) after inside-out repair. RESULTS: The tissue spanning the site of
      the longitudinal tear underwent compression rather than gapping open in all
      states (intact [I], torn [T] and repaired [R] states). Average compression at
      three sites along the posterior half of the meniscus was: posterior horn -0.20 +/
      0.08 mm [I], -0.39 +/- 0.10 mm [T], and -0.20 +/- 0.06 mm [R] (p = 0.15);
      junction of posterior horn and body -0.11 +/- 0.12 mm [I], -0.21 +/- 12 mm [T], 
      0.17 +/- 0.09 mm [R] (p = 0.87); and adjacent to the medial collateral ligament 
      0.07 +/- 0.06 mm [I], -0.29 +/- 0.13 mm [T], -0.07 +/- 0.17 mm [R] (p = 0.35).
      The entire meniscus translated posteriorly from mid-stance to toe off.
      Displacement was greatest in the torn state compared to intact, but was not
      restored to normal levels after repair. CONCLUSION: The edges of a repaired
      longitudinal medial meniscal tear undergo compression, not gapping, during
      simulated gait.

PMID- 26979178
TI  - Aware, Yet Ignorant: Exploring the Views of Early Career Researchers About
      Funding and Conflicts of Interests in Science.
AB  - This study investigates the level of awareness about funding influences and
      potential conflicts of interests (COI) among early career researchers. The sample
      for this study included users of one or more of the 14 U.S. laboratories
      associated with the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network. To be
      eligible, respondents must have been either still completing graduate work or <5
      years since graduation. In total, 713 early career researchers completed the web
      survey, with about half still in graduate school. Results indicate that although
      respondents were aware of potential funding and COI influences on their work,
      they remained largely ignorant of their role in addressing or managing these
      issues. Respondents often attributed the responsibility of addressing these
      issues to their supervisors. Respondents who had received some training around
      these issues, however, were more likely to assume more personal responsibility.
      Overall, this study points out that ignorance among early career researchers is
      less about awareness of funding and COI issues and more about taking personal
      responsibility for addressing these issues.

PMID- 26979180
TI  - Peroneal nerve entrapment neuropathy induced by playing the drum.

PMID- 26979179
TI  - Combined surgical intervention with vagus nerve stimulation following corpus
      callosotomy in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a drug-resistant pediatric epilepsy
      characterized by multiple seizure types, including drop attacks (DAs). Palliative
      procedures such as corpus callosotomy (CC) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) may
      be effective for adequate seizure control in LGS patients who are not candidates
      for resective surgery. We evaluated the efficacy of the combination of these two
      procedures for LGS-related seizures. METHOD: Ten patients with LGS (age 3-30
      years at VNS implantation) underwent CC and subsequent VNS. We evaluated surgical
      outcomes, particularly with respect to the efficacy of VNS on seizure reduction
      rates for different residual seizure types after CC. We compared clinical
      parameters, including sex, age, seizure duration, history, MRI findings, extent
      of CC, number of antiepileptic drugs, and neuropsychological states, between VNS
      responders and non-responders to predict satisfactory seizure outcomes with
      respect to residual seizures after CC. FINDINGS: VNS was effective for residual
      seizures regardless of seizure type (except for DAs) after CC in patients with
      LGS. Six of ten (60%) patients had a satisfactory seizure outcome (>=50% seizure
      reduction) for all residual seizure types after VNS. Two of ten (20%) patients
      were seizure-free at 12 months post-VNS. Even those patients that were non
      responders, with respect to all seizures including DAs, after prior CC showed
      favorable responses to subsequent VNS. Compared to VNS, excellent seizure
      outcomes for DAs were achieved after CC in seven of nine (77.8%) patients with
      DAs. Among the clinical parameters, only conversation ability before VNS was
      significantly different between responders and non-responders (p = 0.033).
      CONCLUSION: Combined VNS and prior CC produced satisfactory seizure outcomes in
      LGS patients with different seizure types, including DAs. Even non-responders to
      prior CC responded to subsequent VNS for residual seizures, except for DAs. There
      is a greater likelihood that these procedures may be more feasible in patients
      who possess conversation ability prior to VNS.

PMID- 26979181
TI  - Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of dorsal ramus branches as a
      treatment of "lumbar facet syndrome"--How I do it.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low back pain is an extremely common and often chronic condition. In
      some cases, this is due to an irritative arthropathy of zygapophyseal joint
      involving the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve. Percutaneous
      radiofrequency thermocoagulation appears to be the most effective treatment to
      date, among a range of different treatments. In this paper, the technique is
      described as performed at out institution. METHODS: In supine position and under
      fluoroscopic control, a radiofrequency electrode is inserted into different
      articular zygapophyseal complexes to thermocoagulate ramifications of the medial
      branch of the dorsal primary ramus of the spinal nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroscopic
      guided percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation of dorsal rami branches is a
      safe and reliable technique for the treatment of lumbar facet syndrome. Careful
      selection of patients based on clinical presentation and positive anesthetic
      block test are key points for an optimum outcome.

PMID- 26979182
TI  - Treatment of complete facial palsy in adults: comparative study between direct
      hemihypoglossal-facial neurorrhaphy, hemihipoglossal-facial neurorrhaphy with
      grafts, and masseter to facial nerve transfer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The hypoglossal (with or without grafts) and masseter nerves are
      frequently used as axon donors for facial reinnervation when no proximal stump of
      the facial nerve is available. We report our experience treating facial nerve
      palsies via hemihypoglossal-to-facial nerve transfers either with (HFG) or
      without grafts (HFD), comparing these outcomes against those of masseteric-to
      facial nerve transfers (MF). METHOD: A total of 77 patients were analyzed
      retrospectively, including 51 HFD, 11 HFG, and 15 MF nerve transfer patients.
      Both the House-Brackmann (HB) scale and our own, newly-designed scale to rate
      facial reanimation post nerve transfer (quantifying symmetry at rest and when
      smiling, eye occlusion, and eye and mouth synkinesis when speaking) were used to
      enumerate the extent of recovery. RESULTS: With both the HB and our own facial
      reanimation scale, the HFD and MF procedures yielded better outcome scores than
      HFG, though only the HGD was statistically superior. HGD produced slightly better
      scores than MF for everything but eye synkinesis, but these differences were
      generally not statistically significant. Delaying surgery beyond 2 years since
      injury was associated with appreciably worse outcomes when measured with our own
      but not the HB scale. The only predictors of outcome were the surgical technique
      employed and the duration of time between the initial injury and surgery.
      CONCLUSIONS: HFD appears to produce the most satisfactory facial reanimation
      results, with MF providing lesser but still satisfactory outcomes. Using
      interposed grafts while performing hemihypoglossal-to-facial nerve transfers
      should likely be avoided, whenever possible.

PMID- 26979183
TI  - [More harmful in diabetics].

PMID- 26979185
TI  - [Benign nodule or malignant tumor?].

PMID- 26979186
TI  - [E-health - what is changing in medical practice?].

PMID- 26979187
TI  - [Increasing costs caused by multiresistant pathogens in the nursing home].

PMID- 26979188
TI  - [Migraine experts often suffer from migraine as well].

PMID- 26979189
TI  - [Vertigo - a fatal illness?].

PMID- 26979190
TI  - [With herbal wraps for knee pain control].

PMID- 26979191
TI  - [They can be recognized by their smocks].

PMID- 26979192
TI  - [Difficult decisions regarding patients with dementia].

PMID- 26979193
TI  - ["Being relegated to an illusory world due to a diagnosis is unacceptable"].

PMID- 26979194
TI  - [Three new early summer meningoencephalitis risk areas].

PMID- 26979195
TI  - [Sports are health - also with an endoprosthesis].

PMID- 26979196
TI  - [Not always must a surgeon be called immediately].

PMID- 26979197
TI  - [Naturopathy in common cold season].

PMID- 26979198
TI  - [Attractive but error prone?].

PMID- 26979199
TI  - [Almost all patients can be healed].

PMID- 26979200
TI  - [How long will the patient be anticoagulated?].

PMID- 26979201
TI  - [Remedy regresses become significantly more difficult starting in 2017].

PMID- 26979203
TI  - [Girl with mysterious genital mycosis].

PMID- 26979202
TI  - [Does number 01435 exclude all other services?].

PMID- 26979204
TI  - [Involuntary commitment? The patient turns the table].

PMID- 26979205
TI  - [Total amnesia after only 10 years in the practice?].

PMID- 26979206
TI  - [When cleaning out please note the deadlines!].

PMID- 26979207
TI  - [Unfortunately still unequal].

PMID- 26979208
TI  - [With 52 the family physician's life is just starting!].

PMID- 26979209
TI  - [BGH deals with unfavorable online evaluations].

PMID- 26979210
TI  - [All for the patient].

PMID- 26979211
TI  - [Despite cultural difference to the correct diagnosis].

PMID- 26979212
TI  - [Evaluating the etiology of dyspnea more rapidly].

PMID- 26979213
TI  - [A correct lousy diagnosis].

PMID- 26979214
TI  - [Central sleep apnea warns of heart failure].

PMID- 26979215
TI  - [After 2 days the source of the pain is revealed].

PMID- 26979216
TI  - [For diabetics sports are more strenuous].

PMID- 26979217
TI  - [Simultaneous onset of primary and secondary syphilis].

PMID- 26979218
TI  - [A new remedy for diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome].

PMID- 26979219
TI  - [Madelung disease: accumulation of fat deposits].

PMID- 26979220
TI  - [Backache: early physical therapy has little effect].

PMID- 26979221
TI  - [ECG guides the way to diagnosis of Wellens' syndrome].

PMID- 26979222
TI  - [Replacement or repair of degenerative heart valves. Focus on minimal invasive
      strategies].

PMID- 26979223
TI  - [Interventional therapy for aortic valve stenosis].

PMID- 26979224
TI  - [Modern interventional procedures for mitral valve in sufficiency].

PMID- 26979225
TI  - [Redo surgery in patients with pacemakers and internal cardioverter
      defibrillators].

PMID- 26979227
TI  - [Back to the earlier GOLD classification I-IV?].

PMID- 26979226
TI  - [Anogenital diseases caused by human papillomavirus - A modern pandemia].

PMID- 26979228
TI  - [Micronutrients are essential for brain function].

PMID- 26979229
TI  - [Empagliflozin improves cardiovascular prognosis].

PMID- 26979230
TI  - [New fixed dose combination for initial control of hypertension].

PMID- 26979231
TI  - [Drug reduction of uric acid not just when symptoms appear].

PMID- 26979232
TI  - [Combination with Iceland moss shows effectiveness in a study].

PMID- 26979233
TI  - [First new oral anticoagulant with specific antidote].

PMID- 26979234
TI  - [Expert panel recommends mustard oils as causation oriented therapy].

PMID- 26979235
TI  - [Good bronchial dilatation helps keep patients physically active].

PMID- 26979238
TI  - Correction: Absolute stereochemistry and preferred conformations of urate
      degradation intermediates from computed and experimental circular dichroism
      spectra.
AB  - Correction for 'Absolute stereochemistry and preferred conformations of urate
      degradation intermediates from computed and experimental circular dichroism
      spectra' by Silvio Pipolo et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2011, 9, 5149-5155. 

PMID- 26979236
TI  - Wilfully out of sight? A literature review on the effectiveness of cancer-related
      decision aids and implementation strategies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is evidence to suggest that decision aids improve a number of
      patient outcomes. However, little is known about the progression of research
      effort in this area over time. This literature review examined the volume of
      research published in 2000, 2007 and 2014 which tested the effectiveness of
      decision aids in improving cancer patient outcomes, coded by cancer site and
      decision type being targeted. These numbers were compared with the volume of
      research examining the effectiveness of strategies to increase the adoption of
      decision aids by healthcare providers. METHODS: A literature review of
      intervention studies was undertaken. Medline, Embase, PsychInfo and Cochrane
      Database of Systematic Reviews were searched. The search was limited to human
      studies published in English, French, or German. Abstracts were assessed against
      eligibility criteria by one reviewer and a random sample of 20 % checked by a
      second. Eligible intervention studies in the three time periods were categorised
      by: i) whether they tested the effectiveness of decision aids, coded by cancer
      site and decision type, and ii) whether they tested strategies to increase
      healthcare provider adoption of decision aids. RESULTS: Over the three time
      points assessed, increasing research effort has been directed towards testing the
      effectiveness of decision aids in improving patient outcomes (p < 0.0001). The
      number of studies on decision aids for cancer screening or prevention increased
      statistically significantly (p < 0.0001) whereas the number of studies on cancer
      treatment did not (p = 1.00). The majority of studies examined the effectiveness
      of decision aids for prostate (n = 10), breast (n = 9) or colon cancer (n = 7).
      Only two studies assessed the effectiveness of implementation strategies to
      increase healthcare provider adoption of decision aids. CONCLUSIONS: While the
      number of studies testing the effectiveness of decision aids has increased, the
      majority of research has focused on screening and prevention decision aids for
      only a few cancer sites. This neglects a number of cancer populations, as well as
      other areas of cancer care such as treatment decisions. Also, given the apparent
      effectiveness of decision aids, more effort needs to be made to implement this
      evidence into meaningful benefits for patients.

PMID- 26979237
TI  - Self-sampling in cervical cancer screening: comparison of a brush-based and a
      lavage-based cervicovaginal self-sampling device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High coverage and attendance is essential for cervical cancer
      screening success. We investigated whether the previous positive experiences on
      increasing screening attendance by self-sampling in Finland are sampler device
      dependent. METHODS: All women identified to cervical cancer screening in 2013 in
      28 Finnish municipalities were randomised to receive a lavage- (n = 6030) or a
      brush type of self-sampling device (n = 6045) in case of non-attendance after two
      invitation letters. Seven hundred seventy non-attending women in the lavage
      device group and 734 in the brush group received the self-sampling offer. Women's
      experiences were enquired with an enclosed questionnaire. RESULTS: Total
      attendance in the lavage group increased from 71.0 to 77.7% by reminder letters
      and further to 80.5% by self-sampling. Respective increase in the brush group was
      from 72.2 to 78.6% and then to 81.5%. The participation by self-sampling was
      21.7% (95% CI 18.8-24.6) in the lavage group and 23.8% (95% CI 20.8-26.9) in the
      brush group. Women's self-sampling experiences were mainly positive and the
      sampler devices were equally well accepted by the women. CONCLUSION: Our study
      shows that the lavage device and brush device perform similarly in terms of
      uptake by non-attending women and user comfort. If self-sampling is integrated to
      the routine screening program in Finland, either of the devices can be chosen
      without the fear of losing participants due to a less acceptable device.

PMID- 26979239
TI  - Social networks help to infer causality in the tumor microenvironment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Networks have become a popular way to conceptualize a system of
      interacting elements, such as electronic circuits, social communication,
      metabolism or gene regulation. Network inference, analysis, and modeling
      techniques have been developed in different areas of science and technology, such
      as computer science, mathematics, physics, and biology, with an active
      interdisciplinary exchange of concepts and approaches. However, some concepts
      seem to belong to a specific field without a clear transferability to other
      domains. At the same time, it is increasingly recognized that within some
      biological systems--such as the tumor microenvironment--where different types of
      resident and infiltrating cells interact to carry out their functions, the
      complexity of the system demands a theoretical framework, such as statistical
      inference, graph analysis and dynamical models, in order to asses and study the
      information derived from high-throughput experimental technologies. RESULTS: In
      this article we propose to adopt and adapt the concepts of influence and
      investment from the world of social network analysis to biological problems, and
      in particular to apply this approach to infer causality in the tumor
      microenvironment. We showed that constructing a bidirectional network of
      influence between cell and cell communication molecules allowed us to determine
      the direction of inferred regulations at the expression level and correctly
      recapitulate cause-effect relationships described in literature. CONCLUSIONS:
      This work constitutes an example of a transfer of knowledge and concepts from the
      world of social network analysis to biomedical research, in particular to infer
      network causality in biological networks. This causality elucidation is essential
      to model the homeostatic response of biological systems to internal and external
      factors, such as environmental conditions, pathogens or treatments.

PMID- 26979240
TI  - Effects of tensile strain on the peculiarities of PEO penetration into the
      nanoporous structure of PET deformed via the crazing mechanism.
AB  - Solvent crazing involves the development of a highly dispersed fibrillar-porous
      structure with dimensions of pores and craze fibrils of about 2-20 nm, and
      crazing by itself can be treated as a universal method for the development of
      nanoscale porosity. The penetration and release of poly(ethylene oxide)
      macromolecules into and from the crazes during the development of the nanoporous
      structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) have been studied. In particular, PET
      has been deformed in dilute or semidilute (unentangled as well as entangled)
      solutions of PEO (a Mw of 4 and 40 kDa) via the mechanism of solvent crazing.
      Hydrodynamic coil radii Rh, blob sizes xi, and concentration ranges (crossover
      and entanglement concentrations) have been determined for the PEO solutions. The
      evolution of the craze structure (change in porosity W and pore diameters d) has
      been described as a function of the tensile strain of PET during its drawing in
      an adsorption-active medium and in the PEO solutions. PEO has been shown to
      penetrate into the nanoporous structure of the crazes under the conditions
      corresponding to Rh<=d and xi < d. It has been shown that coagulation processes
      in the structure of crazed PET, PEO adsorption at the highly developed surface of
      PET, and the mechanism of PEO transport in the nanopores are equally important
      factors affecting the direction of the macromolecule mass transfer in the
      nanopores (penetration or release) and PEO content variation as a function of PET
      tensile strain. 

PMID- 26979241
TI  - Knowledge and perception about climate change and human health: findings from a
      baseline survey among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change
      (CC). A basic understanding of public perception on vulnerability, attitude and
      the risk in relation to CC and health will provide strategic directions for
      government policy, adaptation strategies and development of community-based
      guidelines. The objective of this study was to collect community-based data on
      peoples' knowledge and perception about CC and its impact on health. METHODS: In
      2012, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken among 6720 households of 224
      enumeration areas of rural villages geographically distributed in seven
      vulnerable districts of Bangladesh, with total population of 19,228,598. Thirty
      households were selected randomly from each enumeration area using the household
      listing provided by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Information was
      collected from all the 6720 research participants using a structured
      questionnaire. An observation checklist was used by the interviewers to collect
      household- and community-related information. In addition, we selected the head
      of each household as the eligible participant for an interview. Evidence of
      association between sociodemographic variables and knowledge of CC was explored
      by cross-tabulation and measured using chi-square tests. Logistic regression
      models were used to further explore the predictors of knowledge. RESULTS: The
      study revealed that the residents of the rural communities selected for this
      study largely come from a low socioeconomic background: only 9.6% had
      postsecondary education or higher, the majority worked as day labourer or farmer
      (60%), and only 10% earned a monthly income above BDT 12000 (equivalent to US
      $150 approx.). The majority of the participants (54.2%) had some knowledge about
      CC but 45.8% did not (p < 0.001). The majority of knowledgeable participants (n =
      3645) felt excessive temperature as the change of climate (83.2%). Among all the
      respondents (n = 6720), 94.5% perceived change in climate and extreme weather
      events. Most of them (91.9%) observed change in rainfall patterns in the last 10
      years, and 97.8% people think their health care expenditure increased after the
      extreme weather events. Age, educational qualification, monthly income, and
      occupation were significantly associated with the knowledge about climate change
      (p < 0.001). People with higher educational level or who live near a school were
      more knowledgeable about CC and its impact on health. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge
      level about CC in our study group was average but the perception and awareness of
      CC related events and its impact on health was high. The most influential factor
      leading to understanding of CC and its impact on health was education. School
      based intervention could be explored to increase peoples' knowledge about CC and
      necessary health adaptation at community level.

PMID- 26979242
TI  - The diagnostic value of plasma N-terminal connective tissue growth factor levels
      in children with heart failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of plasma N
      terminal connective tissue growth factor in children with heart failure. Methods
      and results Plasma N-terminal connective tissue growth factor was determined in
      61 children, including 41 children with heart failure, 20 children without heart
      failure, and 30 healthy volunteers. The correlations between plasma N-terminal
      connective tissue growth factor levels and clinical parameters were investigated.
      Moreover, the diagnostic value of N-terminal connective tissue growth factor
      levels was evaluated. Compared with healthy volunteers and children without heart
      failure, plasma N-terminal connective tissue growth factor levels were
      significantly elevated in those with heart failure (p0.05), but it obviously
      improved the ability of diagnosing heart failure in children, as demonstrated by
      the integrated discrimination improvement (6.2%, p=0.013) and net re
      classification improvement (13.2%, p=0.017) indices. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma N
      terminal connective tissue growth factor is a promising diagnostic biomarker for
      heart failure in children.

PMID- 26979243
TI  - Safety of combination treatment with imatinib mesylate, carboplatin, and
      cetuximab in a patient with multiple cancers: a case report.
AB  - PURPOSE: Therapies directed against multiple signaling pathways have been
      validated in the clinical setting as effective anticancer treatments. The
      combination of different agents is particularly helpful in patients with multiple
      cancer diagnoses, while data on cross-toxicity are frequently missing, as for
      imatinib and cetuximab plus platinum drugs. METHODS: We present the case of a 76
      year-old man with advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and chronic myeloid
      leukemia (CML). Combined treatment with imatinib mesylate and cetuximab plus
      carboplatin was well-tolerated by the patient, who did not develop neutropenia.
      By an interdisciplinary approach with hematology specialists, the anticipated
      neutropenia was managed by the temporary interruption of imatinib treatment when
      the white blood cell (WBC) count nadir was expected to occur. RESULTS: Although
      treatment with imatinib, carboplatin, and cetuximab can be associated with
      hematologic toxicities, a combination regimen based on the concomitant
      administration of these 3 drugs and on the discontinuation of imatinib at the
      predicted nadir of WBC count was feasible and well-tolerated in a patient with
      concomitant CML and locally advanced laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our report indicates the feasibility of combination imatinib and
      cetuximab plus carboplatin in a case of multiple cancer diagnoses, provided that
      the treatment with imatinib is modulated according to the expected bone marrow
      depression.

PMID- 26979244
TI  - Peripapillary retinal leukemic infiltration associated with papilledema in a T
      ALL patient without cranial or optic nerve involvement.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present a rare case of bilateral peripapillary retinal leukemic
      infiltration associated with papilledema without retrobulbar optic nerve
      involvement in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS: This
      was a retrospective case report. RESULTS: A 24-year-old man with T-cell ALL and 2
      month history of papilledema presented to our department with reduction of visual
      acuity in the left eye. Visual acuity was 20/60 in the right eye and hand
      movements in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed grade 3 papilledema,
      bilateral peripapillary leukemic infiltration, and intraretinal hemorrhages.
      Cranial magnetic resonance imaging did not show any sign of cranial mass or optic
      nerve involvement. Pulse steroid therapy and oral acetazolamide was started. At
      day 18, visual acuity improved to 20/40 in the right eye and 20/60 in the left
      eye, while papilledema improved to grade 1 and hemorrhages regressed.
      CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, there is no other report of peripapillary leukemic
      infiltration in the absence of retrobulbar optic nerve involvement. We suspect
      that papilledema might have facilitated peripapillary retinal infiltration due to
      altered vascular permeability. The reverse could also be possible: leukemic
      infiltration leading to increase in vascular permeability may also contribute to
      papilledema.

PMID- 26979246
TI  - Is the chemotherapy era in advanced non-small cell lung cancer really over? Maybe
      not yet.
AB  - Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumors in both the male and
      female population. In Italy it is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and
      the third in women. Although the 5-year survival rate has moderately increased in
      the last years, the diagnosis remains associated with a very poor prognosis.
      However, in the last decade significant progress has been made, also in the
      treatment of advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer. The advent of targeted
      therapies and the recent explosion of immunotherapy seem to have limited the role
      of chemotherapy. But is this completely true? The aim of this editorial is to
      discuss some of the most controversial aspects of the therapeutic scenario in non
      small cell lung cancer, with particular attention to the role that chemotherapy
      still plays. 

PMID- 26979245
TI  - Polymorphism rs144848 in BRCA2 may reduce lung cancer risk in women: a case
      control study in southeast China.
AB  - PURPOSE: Whereas lung cancer incidence among men has declined in recent years,
      the incidence rate among women has increased rapidly. Sex could affect DNA repair
      capacity. Although BRCA2 is important in DNA repair, few data are available on
      the association between BRCA2 polymorphisms and lung cancer in women. Therefore,
      we investigated this in a case-control study among Chinese women. METHODS: We
      enrolled 226 women with lung cancer and 269 age-matched healthy controls in our
      study. Polymorphisms studied were genotyped by matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Unconditional
      logistic regression showed no association between rs1799943 or rs1799944 and
      cancer risk. However, the AC and CC genotypes of rs144848 were significantly
      associated with reduced risk after adjustment for age and education, with
      adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45-0.97) and
      0.37 (95% CI 0.16-0.78), respectively. The adjusted OR of carriers with the C
      allele was 0.62 (95% CI 0.44-0.81) compared with the A allele. CONCLUSIONS: The
      rs144848 mutation may have a protective effect against lung cancer among women.

PMID- 26979247
TI  - Secondary bone marrow malignancies after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer:
      a report of 2 cases and a review of the literature.
AB  - PURPOSE: Secondary malignancies are new cancers occurring in patients previously
      treated with radiation or chemotherapy for a primary tumor. Secondary cancers are
      not related to the primary tumor, and may develop months or years after cancer
      treatment: they are usually a result of the first cancer therapy. Chemotherapy
      and radiotherapy may increase the risk of second cancers, such as skin tumors
      (basal or squamous cell carcinoma) or acute leukemia. METHODS: A patient with B
      lymphoma and a patient with multiple myeloma, previously treated for breast
      cancer, are presented. RESULTS: We report the cases of 2 patients treated with
      adjuvant therapy for breast cancer who developed secondary bone marrow
      malignancies 15 years after primary treatment. CONCLUSIONS: By literature review,
      these 2 cases do not support the relationship between primary tumor treatment and
      secondary cancer, but strongly suggest the need for histologic samples when bone
      metastasis occurred after years from diagnosis of breast cancer. In this setting,
      the oncologist should take into account a secondary bone marrow tumor before
      starting treatment for breast cancer.

PMID- 26979248
TI  - Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a Chinese Version of the Emotional
      and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire in Stroke Patients.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to develop a cross-cultural Chinese version of
      the Emotional and Social Dysfunction Questionnaire (ESDQ-C) and test its validity
      and reliability among Chinese-speaking stroke patients. Various methods were used
      to develop the ESDQ-C. A cross-sectional study was used to examine the validity
      and reliability of the developed questionnaire, which consists of 28 items
      belonging to six factors, anger, helplessness, emotional dyscontrol,
      indifference, inertia and fatigue, and euphoria. Satisfactory convergence and
      known-group validities were confirmed by significant correlations of the ESDQ-C
      with the Profile of Mood States-Short Form ( p < .05) and with the Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression Scale ( p < .05). The internal consistency was represented
      by Cronbach's alpha, which was .96 and .79 to .92 for the entire scale and
      subscales, respectively. Appropriate application of the ESDQ-C will be helpful to
      identify critical adjustment-related types of distress and patients who
      experience difficulty coping with such distress.

PMID- 26979249
TI  - Value of 24-hour Delayed Film of Barium Enema for Evaluation of Colon Transit
      Function in Young Children with Constipation.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: A colon transit time test using radio-opaque markers (CTTRM) is
      considered the gold standard for evaluating colon transit function. A 24-hour
      delayed film of barium enema (BE) has been used as a supplementary method in
      structural evaluations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a 24
      hour delayed BE film for assessing colon transit function in young children with
      constipation. METHODS: In total, 93 children with constipation who performed both
      single-contrast BE and CTTRM were enrolled in this study. Of these, the data from
      70 children were analyzed (males 33, females 37; mean age [range], 5.63 +/- 2.94
      [2-14] years). The basic principle of the study is "velocity = distance/time".
      Time values were identified in both studies, and the colon length and distance of
      barium movement were measured on the 24-hour delayed BE film. Thus, colon transit
      velocity values could be calculated using both methods. The correlation between
      colon transit velocity using a 24-hour delayed BE film versus CTTRM was analyzed
      statistically. RESULTS: Median value (interquartile range) of colon transit
      velocity using CTTRM was 1.57 (1.07-2.89) cm/hr, and that using BE of that was
      1.58 (0.94-2.07) cm/hr. The Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.438 (P <
      0.001) for the overall group. The correlation was strongest in children younger
      than 4 years (r= 0.537, P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Although the correlation between
      BE and CTTRM was not very strong, the 24-hour delayed BE film could provide broad
      information about colon transit function in young children, especially those
      under 4 years who usually cannot undergo CTTRM.

PMID- 26979251
TI  - WHAT ARE 'BEST INTERESTS'? A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF 'BEST INTERESTS' DECISION
      MAKING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE.
AB  - Obtaining the patient's consent is usually a prerequisite of any clinical
      intervention. However, some cognitively impaired patients may not be able to give
      valid consent. Following years of consultation and legislative review, the Mental
      Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) provides a statutory framework of 'best interests'
      decision-making on behalf of incapacitated individuals. However, confusion over
      the meaning and application of the 'best interests' standard persists. This paper
      explores the variation in judicial interpretation of the standard and the
      complexities of best interests decision-making in clinical practice. Prevailing
      confusion and risk-aversive practices mean that the rights and interests of
      cognitively impaired individuals continue to be compromised, with evidence to
      suggest that 'best interests' may be conflated with the clinician's evaluation of
      'best medical interests'. 

PMID- 26979253
TI  - Shaken baby witness was dishonest about her expertise, finds tribunal.

PMID- 26979250
TI  - Safe and effective pharmacotherapy in infants and preschool children: importance
      of formulation aspects.
AB  - Safe and effective paediatric pharmacotherapy requires careful evaluation of the
      type of drug substance, the necessary dose and the age-appropriateness of the
      formulation. Generally, the younger the child, the more the attention that is
      required. For decades, there has been a general lack of (authorised) formulations
      that children are able to and willing to take. Moreover, little was known on the
      impact of pharmaceutical aspects on the age-appropriateness of a paediatric
      medicine. As a result of legislative incentives, such knowledge is increasingly
      becoming available. It has become evident that rapidly dissolving tablets with a
      diameter of 2 mm (mini-tablets) can be used in preterm neonates and non-rapidly
      dissolving 2 mm mini-tablets in infants from 6 months of age. In addition,
      uncoated 4 mm mini-tablets can be used in infants from the age of 1 year. Also,
      there is some evidence that children prefer mini-tablets over a powder,
      suspension or syrup. Other novel types of age-appropriate oral formulations such
      as orodispersible films may further add to the treatment possibilities. This
      review provides an overview of the current knowledge on oral formulations for
      infants and preschool children, the advantages and disadvantages of the different
      types of dosage forms and the age groups by which these can likely be used.

PMID- 26979252
TI  - The plasmid-mediated evolution of the mycobacterial ESX (Type VII) secretion
      systems.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains five copies of the
      ESX gene cluster, each encoding a dedicated protein secretion system. These ESX
      secretion systems have been defined as a novel Type VII secretion machinery,
      responsible for the secretion of proteins across the characteristic outer
      mycomembrane of the mycobacteria. Some of these secretion systems are involved in
      virulence and survival in M. tuberculosis; however they are also present in other
      non-pathogenic mycobacteria, and have been identified in some non-mycobacterial
      actinomycetes. Three components of the ESX gene cluster have also been found
      clustered in some gram positive monoderm organisms and are predicted to have
      preceded the ESX gene cluster. RESULTS: This study used in silico and
      phylogenetic analyses to describe the evolution of the ESX gene cluster from the
      WXG-FtsK cluster of monoderm bacteria to the five ESX clusters present in M.
      tuberculosis and other slow-growing mycobacteria. The ancestral gene cluster, ESX
      4, was identified in several nonmycomembrane producing actinobacteria as well as
      the mycomembrane-containing Corynebacteriales in which the ESX cluster began to
      evolve and diversify. A novel ESX gene cluster, ESX-4EVOL, was identified in some
      non-mycobacterial actinomycetes and M. abscessus subsp. bolletii. ESX-4EVOL
      contains all of the conserved components of the ESX gene cluster and appears to
      be a precursor of the mycobacterial ESX duplications. Between two and seven ESX
      gene clusters were identified in each mycobacterial species, with ESX-2 and ESX-5
      specifically associated with the slow growers. The order of ESX duplication in
      the mycobacteria is redefined as ESX-4, ESX-3, ESX-1 and then ESX-2 and ESX-5.
      Plasmid-encoded precursor ESX gene clusters were identified for each of the
      genomic ESX-3, -1, -2 and -5 gene clusters, suggesting a novel plasmid-mediated
      mechanism of ESX duplication and evolution. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of the
      various ESX gene clusters on vital biological and virulence-related functions has
      clearly influenced the diversification and success of the various mycobacterial
      species, and their evolution from the non-pathogenic fast-growing saprophytic to
      the slow-growing pathogenic organisms.

PMID- 26979254
TI  - The influence of harpagoside and harpagide on TNFalpha-secretion and cell
      adhesion molecule mRNA-expression in IFNgamma/LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells.
AB  - Inflammation does not only lead to pain and functio laesa in the affected tissue
      but is also implicated in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases
      and cancer. Many medicinal plants show anti-inflammatory properties yet plant
      constituents and their effect on molecular pathways involved in the attenuation
      of inflammation as well as cell migration are only poorly understood.
      Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex MEISN. is a potent plant used as an immune
      modulator in traditional herbal medicine. Aim of this study was to investigate
      the influence of harpagoside and harpagide on TNFalpha-secretion in
      undifferentiated and differentiated THP-1 cells under inflammatory conditions as
      well as their implication in cellular migration into inflamed tissue. We found
      that both iridoids decrease TNFalpha-secretion in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells
      whereas undifferentiated cells were poorly affected. Yet, in undifferentiated
      cells harpagoside and harpagide induced mRNA-expression of certain proteins
      involved in leukocyte transmigration. Especially TNFalpha and ICAM-1 mRNA
      expression was positively affected after 3h and expression could be maintained on
      high levels even after 48h. L-selectin and PSGL-1 were strongly induced after 48h
      of stimulation. This ambiguous effect of harpagoside and harpagide highlights
      their immune modulatory function by facilitating cell migration into the inflamed
      tissue, whereby in consequence the anti-inflammatory activity of the resident
      macrophages was also found to be promoted. 

PMID- 26979255
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of
      copper(II) coordination complexes with quinolone and p-xylenyl-linked quinolone
      ligands.
AB  - The antimicrobial properties of copper have been known to mankind since the
      ancient times. In a coordination chemistry approach to develop novel
      antimicrobial agents, the quinolone antimicrobial agents ciprofloxacin (Hcipro)
      and pipemidic acid (Hpia), as well as dimers thereof (piperazinyl-linked with a p
      xylenyl moiety) were complexed with copper(II). The synthesis and antimicrobial
      evaluation of bis(ciprofloxacino)copper(II) [Cu(cipro)2], bis(pipemido)copper(II)
      [Cu(pia)2], and the corresponding dimer complexes, [Cu2(ciproXcipro)2] and
      [Cu2(piaXpia)2], are reported. No combinational or synergistic effect between
      copper(II) and the respective quinolone ligands was observed in vitro.

PMID- 26979257
TI  - Recurrent KRAS G12V pathogenic mutation in adenomatoid odontogenic tumours.

PMID- 26979256
TI  - Refugee migration and risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses:
      cohort study of 1.3 million people in Sweden.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether refugees are at elevated risk of schizophrenia
      and other non-affective psychotic disorders, relative to non-refugee migrants
      from similar regions of origin and the Swedish-born population. DESIGN: Cohort
      study of people living in Sweden, born after 1 January 1984 and followed from
      their 14th birthday or arrival in Sweden, if later, until diagnosis of a non
      affective psychotic disorder, emigration, death, or 31 December 2011. SETTING:
      Linked Swedish national register data. PARTICIPANTS: 1,347,790 people, including
      people born in Sweden to two Swedish-born parents (1,191,004; 88.4%), refugees
      (24,123; 1.8%), and non-refugee migrants (132,663; 9.8%) from four major refugee
      generating regions: the Middle East and north Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, Asia,
      and Eastern Europe and Russia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cox regression analysis was
      used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for non-affective psychotic disorders by
      refugee status and region of origin, controlling for age at risk, sex, disposable
      income, and population density. RESULTS: 3704 cases of non-affective psychotic
      disorder were identified during 8.9 million person years of follow-up. The crude
      incidence rate was 38.5 (95% confidence interval 37.2 to 39.9) per 100,000 person
      years in the Swedish-born population, 80.4 (72.7 to 88.9) per 100,000 person
      years in non-refugee migrants, and 126.4 (103.1 to 154.8) per 100,000 person
      years in refugees. Refugees were at increased risk of psychosis compared with
      both the Swedish-born population (adjusted hazard ratio 2.9, 95% confidence
      interval 2.3 to 3.6) and non-refugee migrants (1.7, 1.3 to 2.1) after adjustment
      for confounders. The increased rate in refugees compared with non-refugee
      migrants was more pronounced in men (likelihood ratio test for interaction chi(2)
      (df=2) z=13.5; P=0.001) and was present for refugees from all regions except sub
      Saharan Africa. Both refugees and non-refugee migrants from sub-Saharan Africa
      had similarly high rates relative to the Swedish-born population. CONCLUSIONS:
      Refugees face an increased risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective
      psychotic disorders compared with non-refugee migrants from similar regions of
      origin and the native-born Swedish population. Clinicians and health service
      planners in refugee receiving countries should be aware of a raised risk of
      psychosis in addition to other mental and physical health inequalities
      experienced by refugees.

PMID- 26979258
TI  - Knot Security- How is it Affected by Suture Technique, Material, Size, and Number
      of Throws?
AB  - PURPOSE: To measure knot security in relation to different surgical knotting
      techniques, suture materials, suture sizes, and number of throws commonly used in
      oral and maxillofacial surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three surgical tying
      techniques were tested: square, surgeon's, and sliding knots. Suture materials
      included chromic gut, nylon, silk, and Vicryl (polyglycolic acid). Suture
      diameter sizes 3-0, 4-0, and 5-0 were tested. Ten trials were undertaken for each
      combination of material, size, and technique using 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 throws
      (ties). Suture materials were presoaked in 0.9% saline solution for 15 minutes to
      simulate the environment of the oral cavity. A standard knot-tying force for each
      throw was applied to each combination. Knot security satisfaction was set from
      pilot experimental trials at less than 1.8-mm slippage from the center of the
      knot while testing. The dichotomous outcome of knot slippage (stable or unstable)
      was analyzed using logistic regression analysis and odds ratios with Tukey
      adjusted 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Knot security depended on suture
      technique, material, and number of throws but did not depend on suture size. In
      general, 4 throws were required for surgeon's and square knots, whereas 5 throws
      were required for sliding knots. After 5 throws, tying an additional throw did
      not contribute to knot security. Surgeon's knots were stronger than square knots
      and sliding knots (P < .0001 and P < .0001). Square knots were stronger than
      sliding knots (P = .01). Vicryl had the greatest knot security, followed by
      chromic gut, nylon, and silk. CONCLUSION: This study showed that knot security
      depends on suture material, tying technique, and number of throws, but is
      independent of suture size. Surgeon's knot security was greater than that for
      square and sliding knots when using sutures commonly used in the oral cavity.
      Vicryl had the greatest knot security and silk had the least. For surgeon's and
      square knots, at least 4 throws were generally indicated to achieve knot
      security; for sliding knots, at least 5 throws were generally indicated. Knot
      security did not increase after 5 throws and 2 throws are never indicated.

PMID- 26979259
TI  - A flexible pressure sensor could correctly measure the depth of chest compression
      on a mattress.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Feedback devices are used to improve the quality of chest compression
      (CC). However, reports have noted that accelerometers substantially overestimate
      depth when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed on a soft surface.
      Here, we determined whether a flexible pressure sensor could correctly evaluate
      the depth CC performed on a mannequin placed on a mattress. METHODS: Chest
      compression was performed 100 times/min by a compression machine on the floor or
      a mattress, and the depth of CC was monitored using a flexible pressure sensor
      (Shinnosukekun) and CPRmeter(TM). The depth of machine-performed CC was
      consistently 5cm. We compared data from the feedback sensor with the true depth
      of CC using dual real-time auto feedback system that incorporated an infrared
      camera (CPR evolution(TM)). RESULTS: On the floor, the true depth of CC was 5.0+/
      0.0cm (n=100), or identical to the depth of CC performed by the machine. The
      Shinnosukekun(TM) measured a mean (+/-SD) CC depth of 5.0+/-0.1cm (n=100), and
      the CPRmeter(TM) measured a depth of 5.0+/-0.2cm (n=100). On the mattress, the
      true depth of CC was 4.4+/-0.0cm (n=100). The Shinnosukekun(TM) measured a mean
      CC depth of 4.4+/-0.0cm (n=100), and the CPRmeter(TM) measured a depth of 4.7+/
      0.1cm (n=100). The data of CPRmeter(TM) were overestimated (P<.0001 between the
      true depth and the CPRmeter(TM)-measured depth). CONCLUSION: The
      Shinnosukekun(TM) could correctly measure the depth of CC on a mattress.
      According to our present results, the flexible pressure sensor could be a useful
      feedback system for CC performed on a soft surface.

PMID- 26979260
TI  - Comparison of the VivaSight single lumen endotracheal tube and the Macintosh
      laryngoscope for emergency intubation by experienced paramedics in a standardized
      airway manikin with restricted access: a randomized, crossover trial.

PMID- 26979261
TI  - Prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial comparing vapocoolant
      spray vs placebo spray in adults undergoing venipuncture.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Topical anesthetics are used to decrease procedural pain such as
      venipuncture. Advantages of vapocoolants include rapid onset, ease of
      application, low cost, and lack of associated pain of injection and other
      needlestick-related risks. We hypothesized that the pain of venipuncture would be
      reduced by at least 1.8 points on a 10-point numerical rating scale after
      application of a vapocoolant compared with placebo. METHODS: We conducted a
      prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of vapocoolant vs placebo
      spray in 100 adults (ages 18-80) requiring venipuncture in a hospital emergency
      department or observation unit. The primary efficacy outcome was the difference
      in pain scores immediately after venipuncture, measured on a 10-point verbal
      numeric rating scale from 0 (none) to worst (10). Safety outcomes included local
      adverse effects (edema, erythema, blanching) and changes in vital signs (VS).
      RESULTS: Patient characteristics and venipuncture procedure were not
      significantly different for the 2 groups. The median (interquartile range) pain
      of venipuncture was 3 (1.2-5) in the placebo group and 1 (0-3) in the vapocoolant
      group, P < .001. Skin checklist revealed the following: vapocoolant-minimal
      blanching 4%, minimal erythema 18% which resolved within 5 minutes; placebo-no
      visible skin changes. Photographs at 5 to 10 minutes revealed no visible skin
      changes in any patient. There were 2 complaints: "very wet and cold on skin"
      (placebo) and "felt burning on skin" (vapocoolant). CONCLUSION: The vapocoolant
      significantly decreased venipuncture pain in adults compared with placebo and was
      well tolerated with minor adverse effects that resolved quickly. There were no
      significant differences in VS and no visible skin changes documented at the site
      by photographs taken within 5 to 10 minutes postspray/venipuncture.

PMID- 26979262
TI  - Macroevolutionary dynamics in the early diversification of Asteraceae.
AB  - Spatial and temporal differences in ecological opportunity can result in
      disparity of net species diversification rates and consequently uneven
      distribution of taxon richness across the tree of life. The largest
      eudicotyledonous plant family Asteraceae has a global distribution and at least
      460 times more species than its South American endemic sister family
      Calyceraceae. In this study, diversification rate dynamics across Asteraceae are
      examined in light of the several hypothesized causes for the family's
      evolutionary success that could be responsible for rate change. The innovations
      of racemose capitulum and pappus, and a whole genome duplication event occurred
      near the origin of the family, yet we found the basal lineages of Asteraceae that
      evolved in South America share background diversification rates with Calyceraceae
      and their Australasian sister Goodeniaceae. Instead we found diversification
      rates increased gradually from the origin of Asteraceae approximately 69.5Ma in
      the late Cretaceous through the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at least. In
      contrast to earlier studies, significant rate shifts were not strongly correlated
      with intercontinental dispersals or polyploidization. The difference is due
      primarily to sampling more backbone nodes, as well as calibrations placed
      internally in Asteraceae that resulted in earlier divergence times than those
      found in most previous relaxed clock studies. Two clades identified as having
      transformed rate processes are the Vernonioid Clade and a clade within the
      Heliantheae alliance characterized by phytomelanic fruit (PF Clade) that
      represents an American radiation. In Africa, subfamilies Carduoideae,
      Pertyoideae, Gymnarrhenoideae, Cichorioideae, Corymbioideae, and Asteroideae
      diverged in a relatively short span of only 6.5millionyears during the Middle
      Eocene.

PMID- 26979263
TI  - Was Gondwanan breakup the cause of the intercontinental distribution of
      Osteoglossiformes? A time-calibrated phylogenetic test combining molecular,
      morphological, and paleontological evidence.
AB  - The intercontinental distribution of living freshwater osteoglossiform fishes
      (Osteoglossomorpha, Teleostei) was hypothesized to predominantly represent the
      vicariant result of the fragmentation of Gondwana based on physiological and
      phylogenetic evidence. The fossil record, however, challenges this hypothesis by
      making transoceanic dispersal plausible because it provides post-fragmentation
      minimum ages of intercontinental clades and it includes several marine forms. The
      aim of this study was to test whether the divergence of Osteoglossiformes was
      compatible with the breakup of Gondwana using newly reconstructed time-calibrated
      phylogenetic trees based on a large dataset combining extant and fossil taxa and
      molecular and morphological characters. Bayesian tip-dating and node-dating
      approaches with different Teleostei age calibrations were employed. The results
      of the divergence tests are largely dependent on the a priori calibrated age of
      crown-group Teleostei, with two of the three specific vicariance hypotheses
      tested in this study not being rejected only when the age of the Teleostei was
      constrained to be as old as the early Permian. Molecules consistently push the
      age of crown-group Teleostei back to the Paleozoic, while the fossil record,
      which is considered informative, does not support such an ancient origin.
      Reconciling molecular and paleontological estimates of the age of crown-group
      Teleostei is central to determining the role of Gondwanan breakup in the
      intercontinental distribution of freshwater teleosts, including
      Osteoglossiformes.

PMID- 26979264
TI  - Apnea-like suppression of respiratory motion: First evaluation in radiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Compensation for respiratory motion is needed while
      administering radiotherapy (RT) to tumors that are moving with respiration to
      reduce the amount of irradiated normal tissues and potentially decrease radiation
      induced collateral damages. The purpose of this study was to test a new
      ventilation system designed to induce apnea-like suppression of respiratory
      motion and allow long enough breath hold durations to deliver complex RT.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The High Frequency Percussive Ventilation system was
      initially tested in a series of 10 volunteers and found to be well tolerated,
      allowing a median breath hold duration of 11.6 min (range 3.9-16.5 min). An
      evaluation of this system was subsequently performed in 4 patients eligible for
      adjuvant breast 3D conformal RT, for lung stereotactic body RT (SBRT), lung
      volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and VMAT for palliative pleural
      metastases. RESULTS: When compared to free breathing (FB) and maximal inspiration
      (MI) gating, this Percussion Assisted RT (PART) offered favorable dose
      distribution profiles in 3 out of the 4 patients tested. PART was applied in
      these 3 patients with good tolerance, without breaks during the "beam on time
      period" throughout the overall courses of RT. The mean duration of the apnea-like
      breath hold that was necessary for delivering all the RT fractions was 7.61 min
      (SD=2.3). CONCLUSIONS: This first clinical implementation of PART was found to be
      feasible, tolerable and offers new opportunities in the field of RT for
      suppressing respiratory motion.

PMID- 26979265
TI  - An Update on Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Not Just Cafe-au-Lait Spots, Freckling,
      and Neurofibromas. An Update. Part I. Dermatological Clinical Criteria Diagnostic
      of the Disease.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common neurocutaneous syndrome and
      probably the one best known to dermatologists, who are generally the first
      physicians to suspect its diagnosis. Although the genetic locus of NF1 was
      identified on chromosome 17 in 1987, diagnosis of the disease is still mainly
      based on clinical observations and the diagnostic criteria of the National
      Institute of Health, dating from 1988. Cutaneous manifestations are particularly
      important because cafe-au-lait spots, freckling on flexural areas, and cutaneous
      neurofibromas comprise 3 of the 7 clinical diagnostic criteria. However, cafe-au
      lait spots and freckling can also be present in other diseases. These
      manifestations are therefore not pathognomonic and are insufficient for
      definitive diagnosis in the early years of life. NF1 is a multisystemic disease
      associated with a predisposition to cancer. A multidisciplinary follow-up is
      necessary and dermatologists play an important role. 

PMID- 26979266
TI  - A genome-wide survey of expansive NLR-C subfamily in miiuy croaker and
      characterization of the NLR-B30.2 genes.
AB  - NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are essential intracellular pattern-recognition
      receptors that respond to pathogens and regulate innate immunity. NLRs include
      three distinct subfamilies: NLR-A, NLR-B and NLR-C, thereinto, NLR-C as a large
      subfamily is unique to bony fish and little research about it has been done. In
      the current study, we identified the members of NLR-B and NLR-C subfamilies
      containing 2 and 48 genes respectively in miiuy croaker. Compared with other
      teleosts except for zebrafish, NLR-C subfamily genes occurred expansion in miiuy
      croaker. The gene expansions of NLR-C subfamily may illustrate adaptive genome
      evolution in response to specific aquatic environments. Structural analysis
      showed that the N-terminus of NLR-C subfamily receptors has different
      characteristics of the domains including RING domain, FISNA domain or PYRIN
      domain. Interestingly, the C-terminus of 18 NLR-C subfamily members contains an
      extra B30.2 domain (named NLR-B30.2 genes) which plays an important role in
      antiviral immune recognition. Simultaneously, molecular evolutionary analysis
      indicated that the positively sites in miiuy croaker are mainly located in NACHT
      domain which was the vital region for signal transduction in immune response.
      Significantly, pathogens challenge in spleen and macrophages demonstrated that
      NLR-B30.2 genes exhibited more sensitive response to virus than bacteria,
      suggesting these genes play enhanced roles in innate antiviral immunity, which
      may represent a new family used for antiviral infection.

PMID- 26979267
TI  - A closer study of methanol adsorption and its impact on solute retentions in
      supercritical fluid chromatography.
AB  - Surface excess adsorption isotherms of methanol on a diol silica adsorbent were
      measured in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) using a mixture of methanol
      and carbon dioxide as mobile phase. The tracer pulse method was used with
      deuterium labeled methanol as solute and the tracer peaks were detected using
      APCI-MS over the whole composition range from neat carbon dioxide to neat
      methanol. The results indicate that a monolayer (4A) of methanol is formed on the
      stationary phase. Moreover, the importance of using the set or the actual
      methanol fractions and volumetric flows in SFC was investigated by measuring the
      mass flow respective pressure and by calculations of the actual volume fraction
      of methanol. The result revealed a significant difference between the value set
      and the actually delivered volumetric methanol flow rate, especially at low
      modifier fractions. If relying only on the set methanol fraction in the
      calculations, the methanol layer thickness should in this system be highly
      overestimated. Finally, retention times for a set of solutes were measured and
      related to the findings summarized above concerning methanol adsorption. A
      strongly non-linear relationship between the logarithms of the retention factors
      and the modifier fraction in the mobile phase was revealed, prior to the
      established monolayer. At modifier fractions above that required for
      establishment of the methanol monolayer, this relationship turns linear which
      explains why the solute retention factors are less sensitive to changes in
      modifier content in this region. 

PMID- 26979269
TI  - NO adsorption on Cu(110) and O(2 * 1)/Cu(110) surfaces from density functional
      theory calculations.
AB  - In a recent study [M. Feng, et al., ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 8877], it was shown that
      CO molecules adsorbed on the quasi-one-dimensional O(2 * 1)/Cu(110) surface
      reconstruction tend to form highly-ordered single-molecule-wide rows along the
      direction perpendicular to the Cu-O chains. This stems from the peculiar tilted
      adsorption configuration of CO on this substrate, which gives rise to short-range
      attractive dipole-dipole interactions. Motivated by this observation, here we
      study the adsorption of nitric oxide (NO) on O(2 * 1)/Cu(110) and Cu(110) using
      density functional theory, with the aim of elucidating whether a similar
      behaviour can be expected for this molecule. We first study NO adsorption on a
      clean Cu(110) surface, where the role of short-range attractions between
      molecules has already been pointed out by the observation of the formation of NO
      dimers by scanning tunnelling microscopy [A. Shiotari, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.,
      2011, 106, 156104]. On the clean Cu(110), the formation of dimers along the [110]
      direction is favourable, in agreement with published experimental results.
      However, the formation of extended NO rows is found to be unstable. Regarding the
      O(2 * 1)/Cu(110) substrate, we observe that NO molecules adsorb in between the Cu
      O chains, causing a substantial disruption of the surface structure. Although
      individual molecules can be tilted with negligible energetic cost along the
      direction of the Cu-O chains, the interaction among neighbouring molecules was
      found to be repulsive along all directions and, consequently, the formation of
      dimers unfavourable.

PMID- 26979270
TI  - Hysteretic memory in pH-response of water contact angle on poly(acrylic acid)
      brushes.
AB  - We investigated the pH-dependent response of flat polyacid brushes of varying
      length and dispersity in the extended brush regime. Our model system consisted of
      poly(acrylic acid) brushes, which change from hydrophobic and neutral at low pH
      to hydrophilic and negatively charged at high pH, synthesized on silicon
      substrates using a grafting-from approach at constant grafting density. We
      observed three trends in the pH-response: first, the dry brush thickness
      increased as the pH was increased for brushes above a critical length, and this
      effect was magnified as the dispersity increased; second, the water contact angle
      measured at low pH was larger for brushes of greater dispersity; and third,
      brushes of sufficient dispersity exhibited hysteretic memory behavior in the pH
      dependence of the contact angle, in which the contact angle upon increasing and
      decreasing pH differed. As a consequence, the pKa of the brushes measured upon
      increasing pH was consistently higher than that measured upon decreasing pH. The
      observed pH response is consistent with proposed changes in the conformation and
      charge distribution of the polyelectrolyte brushes that depend on the direction
      of pH change and the dispersity of the brushes. 

PMID- 26979268
TI  - Pre-column dilution large volume injection ultra-high performance liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of multi-class
      pesticides in cabbages.
AB  - Pre-column dilution large volume injection (PD-LVI), a novel sample injection
      technique for reverse phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), was developed in this study. The PD-LVI UHPLC
      MS/MS system was designed by slightly modifying the commercial UHPLC-MS/MS
      equipment with a mixer chamber. During the procedure of PD-LVI, sample solution
      of 200MUL was directly carried by the organic mobile phase to the mixer and
      diluted with the aqueous mobile phase. After the mixture was introduced to the
      UHPLC column in a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (15/85, v/v), the target
      analytes were stacked on the head of the column until following separation. Using
      QuEChERS extraction, no additional steps such as solvent evaporation or residue
      redissolution were needed before injection. The features of PD-LVI UHPLC-MS/MS
      system were systematically investigated, including the injection volume, the
      mixer volume, the precondition time and the gradient elution. The efficiency of
      this approach was demonstrated by direct analysis of 24 pesticides in cabbages.
      Under the optimized conditions, low limits of detection (0.00074-0.8 ng/kg) were
      obtained. The recoveries were in the range of 63.3-109% with relative standard
      deviations less than 8.1%. Compared with common UHPLC-MS/MS technique, PD-LVI
      UHPLC-MS/MS showed significant advantages such as excellent sensitivity and
      reliability. The mechanism of PD-LVI was demonstrated to be based on the column
      head stacking effect with pre-column dilution. Based on the results, PD-LVI as a
      simple and effective sample injection technique of reverse phase UHPLC-MS/MS for
      the analysis of trace analytes in complex samples showed a great promising
      prospect.

PMID- 26979271
TI  - Autoimmune atherosclerosis in 3D: How it develops, how to diagnose and what to
      do.
AB  - Autoimmune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
      have been associated with autoimmune atherosclerosis leading to increased
      cardiovascular risk. Traditional risk factors, genetics, as well as the role of
      systemic inflammation including inflammatory cells, cytokines, chemokines,
      proteases, autoantibodies, adhesion receptors and others have been implicated in
      the development of these vascular pathologies. Cardiovascular risk may be
      determined by the use of currently available tools. In addition, non-invasive
      assessment of vascular pathophysiology by imaging, as well as laboratory
      biomarkers can help to refine risk assessment. With respect to prevention and
      therapy, traditional vasculoprotection using statins, ACE inhibitors, aspirin
      should be applied to patients at risk. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and
      corticosteroids may be pro-atherogenic, on the other hand, they may also be
      beneficial due to their anti-inflammatory nation. Traditional and biologic DMARDs
      may have significant vascular and metabolic effects. Decreasing inflammatory
      activity by any of these agents may lead to better CV outcome. The official EULAR
      recommendations on the assessment and management of cardiovascular disease in
      arthritides may guide the rheumatologist during the process of CV screening,
      prevention and treatment. 

PMID- 26979272
TI  - Flexible and static wrist units in upper limb prosthesis users: functionality
      scores, user satisfaction and compensatory movements.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current study examines the relevance of prosthetic wrist movement
      to facilitate activities of daily living or to prevent overuse complaints.
      Prosthesis hands with wrist flexion/extension capabilities are commercially
      available, but research on the users' experiences with flexible wrists is
      limited. METHODS: In this study, eight transradial amputees using a myoelectric
      prosthesis tested two prosthesis wrists with flexion/extension capabilities, the
      Flex-wrist (Otto Bock) and Multi-flex wrist (Motion Control), in their flexible
      and static conditions. Differences between the wrists were assessed on the levels
      of functionality, user satisfaction and compensatory movements after two weeks
      use. RESULTS: No significant differences between flexible and static wrist
      conditions were found on activity performance tests and standardized
      questionnaires on satisfaction. Inter-individual variation was remarkably large.
      Participants' satisfaction tended to be in favour of flexible wrists. All
      participants but one indicated that they would choose a prosthesis hand with
      wrist flexion/extension capabilities if allowed a new prosthesis. Shoulder joint
      angles, reflecting compensatory movements, showed no clear differences between
      wrist conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, positive effects of flexible wrists are
      hard to objectify. Users seem to be more satisfied with flexible wrists. A
      person's needs, work and prosthesis skills should be taken into account when
      prescribing a prosthesis wrist. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Nederlands Trial Register
      NTR3984 .

PMID- 26979274
TI  - Transition to Retirement and Use of Private Health Care.
AB  - Associations between retirement and changes in health care use have not been
      shown in a longitudinal setting. In the Finnish universal health care system,
      transition into retirement from employment entails loss of access to occupational
      health care that provides easily accessible primary health care services, which
      may cause changes in utilization of other health care sectors. The aim of this
      study was to find out whether transition into old-age retirement is associated
      with change in utilization of private health care. The panel data consist of a
      30% random sample of the Finnish population aged 62-75 in 2006-2011. Register
      data on National Health Insurance compensation were linked to socio-demographic
      covariates. Fixed-effects logistic and Poisson regression models were used.
      Adjusted for changes in covariates, retirement from employment was associated
      especially with private general practitioner visits but also with specialist
      visits among both women and men. Interaction analyses showed that retirement was
      associated with an increase in private care use only among those with higher-than
      median income. The results may indicate preferences for quick access to care,
      mistrust toward the universal system, and problems of the public system in
      delivering needed services.

PMID- 26979273
TI  - The Association Between Income Inequality and Oral Health in Canada: A Cross
      Sectional Study.
AB  - Societies exhibiting higher levels of economic inequality experience poorer
      health outcomes, and the proposed pathways used to explain these patterns are
      also relevant to oral health. This study therefore examines the relationship
      between the level of income inequality and the oral health and dental care
      services utilization of residents from eleven Canadian metropolitan areas. We
      calculated Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between each metropolitan area's
      Gini coefficient (used as a proxy for income inequality, calculated from 2006
      Canadian census data) and each area's experience of dental pain, self-reported
      oral health, and use of dental care services (provided by data from the 2003
      Canadian Community Health Survey). Greater levels of income inequality in the
      selected metropolitan areas were related to an increased likelihood of residents
      self-reporting their oral health as poor/fair and reporting a prolonged absence
      from visiting a dentist. There was, however, no relationship between the level of
      income inequality and the likelihood of respondents reporting a recent toothache,
      tooth sensitivity, or jaw pain. Policies designed to improve the oral health of
      the population, and Canadians' access to dental care generally, may therefore
      work best when supported by policies that promote greater economic equality
      within Canada.

PMID- 26979275
TI  - Identification of putative regulatory region of insulin-like androgenic gland
      hormone gene (IAG) in the prawn Macrobrachium nipponense and proteins that
      interact with IAG by using yeast two-hybrid system.
AB  - Insulin-like androgenic gland hormone gene (IAG) is a sex regulator specifically
      expressed in male crustaceans, controlling the male sexual differentiation,
      spermatogenesis and reproductive strategy. Our previous study reported the
      cloning and characterization of the prawn Macrobrachium nipponense IAG (MnIAG).
      In this study, we further identified a 2214-bp MnIAG 5'-flanking region, and
      analyzed its transcription factor binding sites and transcriptional activity. The
      results showed that there were two potential promoter core sequences, three TATA
      boxes and one CAAT box existing in the MnIAG 5'-flanking region as well as many
      potential transcription factor binding sites, such as SRY, Sox-5, GATA-1, etc.
      Notably, the transcriptional activity was weak in this region, and a negative
      regulatory region was found in -604 to -231bp. In addition, we constructed M.
      nipponense yeast libraries and identified proteins interacting with the MnIAG
      protein by yeast two hybridization assay. The yeast two-hybrid screening yielded
      ten positive clones, of which five were annotated by NCBI database, namely heat
      shock protein 21, NADH dehydrogenase, zinc finger protein, beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase and a hypothetical protein. The identification of MnIAG
      putative regulatory region and proteins that interact with IAG will facilitate
      our understanding of the regulatory role of MnIAG and provide a foundation for
      deep insight into the prawn sex differentiation mechanism and signaling
      transduction pathways.

PMID- 26979276
TI  - Leptin receptor gene in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Cloning,
      phylogeny, tissue distribution and neuroanatomical organization.
AB  - In this study, we report the cloning of three transcripts for leptin receptor in
      the European sea bass, a marine teleost of economic interest. The two shortest
      variants, generated by different splice sites, encode all functional
      extracellular and intracellular domains but missed the transmembrane domain. The
      resulting proteins are therefore potential soluble binding proteins for leptin.
      The longest transcript (3605bp), termed sblepr, includes all the essential
      domains for binding and transduction of the signal. Thus, it is proposed as the
      ortholog for the human LEPR gene, the main responsible for leptin signaling.
      Phylogenetic analysis shows the sblepr clustered within the teleost leptin
      receptor group in 100% of the bootstrap replicates. The neuroanatomical
      localization of sblepr expressing cells has been assessed by in situ
      hybridization in brains of sea bass of both sexes during their first sexual
      maturation. At histological level, the distribution pattern of sblepr expressing
      cells in the brain shows no clear differences regarding sex or reproductive
      season. Transcripts of the sblepr have a widespread distribution throughout the
      forebrain and midbrain until the caudal portion of the hypothalamus. A high
      hybridization signal is detected in the telencephalon, preoptic area, medial
      basal and caudal hypothalamus and in the pituitary gland. In a more caudal
      region, sblepr expressing cells are identified in the longitudinal torus. The
      expression pattern observed for sblepr suggests that in sea bass, leptin is very
      likely to be involved in the control of food intake, energy reserves and
      reproduction.

PMID- 26979277
TI  - Similarities and differences between molecular order in the nematic and twist
      bend nematic phases of a symmetric liquid crystal dimer.
AB  - The order parameter, Szz, where z is the para axis of the difluoroterphenyl
      groups in DTC5C9, has been obtained from chemical shift anisotropies measured by
      (13)C - {(1)H} NMR experiments at temperatures throughout the nematic, NU, and
      twist-bend nematic, NTB, phases shown by this compound. The order parameter
      temperature profiles are unusual in having a maximum value in the NU phase and
      then decreasing until the NTB phase is reached. There is a small discontinuity
      (~2%) in Szz at TNNTB and then a gradual decrease until a new phase appears. This
      behaviour is interpreted as revealing a temperature-dependent tilting of local
      directors in both phases away from the applied magnetic field direction. In the
      enantiomorphic twist-bend phase this tilt is consistent with the structure of the
      phase as a helical arrangement of local directors, whilst in the high-temperature
      non-chiral nematic the tilt must involve a non-chiral arrangement. It is proposed
      that in both phases the tilting of directors has a common origin in the bent
      shape of the molecules. 

PMID- 26979278
TI  - The i6A37 tRNA modification is essential for proper decoding of UUX-Leucine
      codons during rpoS and iraP translation.
AB  - The translation of rpoS(sigma(S)), the general stress/stationary phase sigma
      factor, is tightly regulated at the post-transcriptional level by several factors
      via mechanisms that are not clearly defined. One of these factors is MiaA, the
      enzyme necessary for the first step in theN(6)-isopentyl-2-thiomethyl
      adenosinemethyl adenosine 37 (ms(2)i(6)A37) tRNA modification. We tested the
      hypothesis that an elevated UUX-Leucine/total leucine codon ratio can be used to
      identify transcripts whose translation would be sensitive to loss of the MiaA
      dependent modification. We identified iraPas another candidate MiaA-sensitive
      gene, based on the UUX-Leucine/total leucine codon ratio. AniraP-lacZ fusion was
      significantly decreased in the abse nce of MiaA, consistent with our predictive
      model. To determine the role of MiaA in UUX-Leucine decoding in rpoS and iraP, we
      measured beta-galactosidase-specific activity of miaA(-)rpo Sandira P
      translational fusions upon overexpression of leucine tRNAs. We observed
      suppression of the MiaA effect on rpoS, and notira P, via overexpression of
      tRNA(LeuX)but not tRNA(LeuZ) We also tested the hypothesis that the MiaA
      requirement for rpoS and iraP translation is due to decoding of UUX-Leucine
      codons within the rpoS and iraP transcripts, respectively. We observed a partial
      suppression of the MiaA requirement for rpoS and iraP translational fusions
      containing one or both UUX-Leucine codons removed. Taken together, this suggests
      that MiaA is necessary for rpoS and iraP translation through proper decoding of
      UUX-Leucine codons and that rpoS and iraP mRNAs are both modification tunable
      transcripts (MoTTs) via the presence of the modification.

PMID- 26979279
TI  - Topology of RNA-protein nucleobase-amino acid pi-pi interactions and comparison
      to analogous DNA-protein pi-pi contacts.
AB  - The present work analyzed 120 high-resolution X-ray crystal structures and
      identified 335 RNA-protein pi-interactions (154 nonredundant) between a
      nucleobase and aromatic (W, H, F, or Y) or acyclic (R, E, or D) pi-containing
      amino acid. Each contact was critically analyzed (including using a visual
      inspection protocol) to determine the most prevalent composition, structure, and
      strength of pi-interactions at RNA-protein interfaces. These contacts most
      commonly involve F and U, with U:F interactions comprising one-fifth of the total
      number of contacts found. Furthermore, the RNA and protein pi-systems adopt many
      different relative orientations, although there is a preference for more parallel
      (stacked) arrangements. Due to the variation in structure, the strength of the
      intermolecular forces between the RNA and protein components (as determined from
      accurate quantum chemical calculations) exhibits a significant range, with most
      of the contacts providing significant stability to the associated RNA-protein
      complex (up to -65 kJ mol(-1)). Comparison to the analogous DNA-protein pi
      interactions emphasizes differences in RNA- and DNA-protein pi-interactions at
      the molecular level, including the greater abundance of RNA contacts and the
      involvement of different nucleobase/amino acid residues. Overall, our results
      provide a clearer picture of the molecular basis of nucleic acid-protein binding
      and underscore the important role of these contacts in biology, including the
      significant contribution of pi-pi interactions to the stability of nucleic acid
      protein complexes. Nevertheless, more work is still needed in this area in order
      to further appreciate the properties and roles of RNA nucleobase-amino acid pi
      interactions in nature. 

PMID- 26979281
TI  - Approximation of Resting Energy Expenditure in Intensive Care Unit Patients Using
      the SenseWear Bracelet: A Comparison With Indirect Calorimetry.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard for
      determining energy expenditure in patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
      Metabolic armbands using data derived from dermal measurements have been proposed
      as an alternative to IC in healthy subjects, but their utility during critical
      illness is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement
      between the SenseWear armband and the Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor in mechanically
      ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS: Adult ICU patients
      requiring invasive ventilator therapy were eligible for inclusion. Simultaneous
      measurements were performed with the SenseWear Armband and Deltatrac under stable
      conditions. Resting energy expenditure (REE) values were registered for both
      instruments and compared with Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Forty-two measurements
      were performed in 30 patients. The SenseWear Armband measured significantly
      higher REE values as compared with IC (mean bias, 85 kcal/24 h; P = .027). Less
      variability was noted between individual SenseWear measurements and REE as
      predicted by the Harris-Benedict equation (2 SD, +/-327 kcal/24 h) than when IC
      was compared with SenseWear and Harris-Benedict (2 SD, +/-473 and +/-543 kcal/24
      h, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The systematic bias and large variability of the
      SenseWear armband when compared with gas exchange measurements confer limited
      benefits over the Harris Benedict equation in determining caloric requirements of
      ICU patients.

PMID- 26979280
TI  - Presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rubber Packaging Materials and in
      Parenteral Formulations Stored in Bottles With Rubber Stoppers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rubber closures are the primary packaging material for sterile
      preparations intended for repeated use. Important features of rubber closures are
      achieved after additives are added to the elastomeric material that compounds the
      rubber. Among these additives is carbon black. Because of its origin, carbon
      black may contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency has identified 16 priority PAHs on the basis of concerns that
      they cause or might cause cancer in animals and humans. Regulatory agencies
      impose carbon black purity specifications based on limits for total PAHs (0.5
      mg/kg) and benzo[a]pyrene (5 MUg/kg) or benzo[a]pyrene only (250 MUg/kg). PAHs in
      rubber packaging used for pharmaceutical formulations and in parenteral products
      stored in containers with rubber stoppers were investigated. METHODS: To this
      end, the method proposed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
      Health-based on high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and
      fluorescence detection-was adapted to determine the levels of PAHs in rubber
      stoppers (gray and red) and in lipid emulsions and amino acid solutions stored in
      bottles with rubber stoppers. RESULTS: The rubber materials were shown to contain
      12 PAHs, in concentrations ranging from 0.25-3.31 ug/g. Only 1 of 18 samples (11
      amino acid solutions and 7 lipid emulsions) was uncontaminated. The most
      prevalent contaminants were pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and fluoranthene. The total
      PAH concentrations in the samples ranged from 0.11-5.96 ug/mL. CONCLUSION:
      Components of parenteral nutrition may be contaminated with PAHs, and rubber
      stoppers represent a potential source of these contaminants.

PMID- 26979283
TI  - Superhigh moduli and tension-induced phase transition of monolayer gamma-boron at
      finite temperatures.
AB  - Two dimensional (2D) gamma-boron (gamma-B28) thin films have been firstly
      reported by the experiments of the chemical vapor deposition in the latest study.
      However, their mechanical properties are still not clear. Here we predict the
      superhigh moduli (785 +/- 42 GPa at 300 K) and the tension-induced phase
      transition of monolayer gamma-B28 along a zigzag direction for large deformations
      at finite temperatures using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The new phase
      can be kept stable after unloading process at these temperatures. The predicted
      mechanical properties are reasonable when compared with our results from density
      functional theory. This study provides physical insights into the origins of the
      new phase transition of monolayer gamma-B28 at finite temperatures.

PMID- 26979282
TI  - Methods for conducting systematic reviews of risk factors in low- and middle
      income countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rates of youth violence are disproportionately high in many low- and
      middle-income countries [LMICs] but existing reviews of risk factors focus almost
      exclusively on high-income countries. Different search strategies, including non
      English language searches, might be required to identify relevant evidence in
      LMICs. This paper discusses methodological issues in systematic reviews aiming to
      include evidence from LMICs, using the example of a recent review of risk factors
      for child conduct problems and youth violence in LMICs. METHODS: We searched the
      main international databases, such as PsycINFO, Medline and EMBASE in English, as
      well as 12 regional databases in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish,
      Portuguese and Russian. In addition, we used internet search engines and Google
      Scholar, and contacted over 200 researchers and organizations to identify
      potentially eligible studies in LMICs. RESULTS: The majority of relevant studies
      were identified in the mainstream databases, but additional studies were also
      found through regional databases, such as CNKI, Wangfang, LILACS and SciELO.
      Overall, 85% of eligible studies were in English, and 15% were reported in
      Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian or French. Among eligible studies in
      languages other than English, two-thirds were identified only by regional
      databases and one-third was also indexed in the main international databases.
      CONCLUSIONS: There are many studies on child conduct problems and youth violence
      in LMICs which have not been included in prior reviews. Most research on these
      subjects in LMICs has been produced in the last two-three decades and mostly in
      middle-income countries, such as China, Brazil, Turkey, South Africa and Russia.
      Based on our findings, it appears that many studies of child conduct problems and
      youth violence in LMICs are reported in English, Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese,
      but few such studies are published in French, Arabic or Russian. If non-English
      language searches and screening had not been conducted in the current review, 15%
      of eligible studies would have been missed. Although there are benefits to non
      English language searches and the inclusion of non-English studies in meta
      analyses, systematic reviewers also need to consider the resources required to
      incorporate multi-lingual research.

PMID- 26979284
TI  - Realization of magnetostructural coupling by modifying structural transitions in
      MnNiSi-CoNiGe system with a wide Curie-temperature window.
AB  - The magnetostructural coupling between structural and magnetic transitions leads
      to magneto-multifunctionalities of phase-transition alloys. Due to the increasing
      demands of multifunctional applications, to search for the new materials with
      tunable magnetostructural transformations in a large operating temperature range
      is important. In this work, we demonstrate that by chemically alloying MnNiSi
      with CoNiGe, the structural transformation temperature of MnNiSi (1200 K) is
      remarkably decreased by almost 1000 K. A tunable magnetostructural transformation
      between the paramagnetic hexagonal and ferromagnetic orthorhombic phase over a
      wide temperature window from 425 to 125 K is realized in (MnNiSi)1-x(CoNiGe)x
      system. The magnetic-field-induced magnetostructural transformation is
      accompanied by the high-performance magnetocaloric effect, proving that MnNiSi
      CoNiGe system is a promising candidate for magnetic cooling refrigerant.

PMID- 26979285
TI  - Relationship between personality and psychopathology in a longitudinal community
      study: a test of the predisposition model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence supports the notion that personality is crucial in
      the aetiopathology of common mental disorders, but studies that allow for
      aetiological conclusions are lacking. The aim of the present study was thus to
      provide a test of the predisposition model. METHOD: We analysed data from the
      Zurich Cohort Study, a 30-year longitudinal epidemiological community study of an
      adult cohort (n = 591) from 1979 to 2008. Personality was assessed in 1988 with
      an established personality questionnaire, and psychopathology through seven semi
      structured interviews between 1979 and 2008. RESULTS: On the basis of personality
      assessment from 1988, used as predictor of subsequent psychopathology (1993
      2008), while adjusting for sex and prior mental disorders (1979-1988),
      neuroticism related significantly with future major depression episodes [odds
      ratio (OR) = 1.41], anxiety disorders (OR = 1.32) and depression treatment use
      (OR = 1.41). When participants with a past 10-year history (i.e. 1979-1988) of
      either major depression, anxiety disorder or depression treatment use were
      excluded, neuroticism in 1988 still significantly predicted first incidence (i.e.
      1993-2008) of major depression episodes (OR = 1.53) and depression treatment use
      (OR = 1.84). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides compelling evidence that the
      personality trait of neuroticism constitutes an independent risk factor for
      subsequent major depression episodes and use of respective professional
      treatments, which serves as a proxy for particularly severe and impairing
      depression episodes. We therefore advocate that personality traits could provide
      clinically useful prognostic information when considered carefully.

PMID- 26979288
TI  - Delayed signatures of underground nuclear explosions.
AB  - Radionuclide signals from underground nuclear explosions (UNEs) are strongly
      influenced by the surrounding hydrogeologic regime. One effect of containment is
      delay of detonation-produced radioxenon reaching the surface as well as
      lengthening of its period of detectability compared to uncontained explosions.
      Using a field-scale tracer experiment, we evaluate important transport properties
      of a former UNE site. We observe the character of signals at the surface due to
      the migration of gases from the post-detonation chimney under realistic transport
      conditions. Background radon signals are found to be highly responsive to cavity
      pressurization suggesting that large local radon anomalies may be an indicator of
      a clandestine UNE. Computer simulations, using transport properties obtained from
      the experiment, track radioxenon isotopes in the chimney and their migration to
      the surface. They show that the chimney surrounded by a fractured containment
      regime behaves as a leaky chemical reactor regarding its effect on isotopic
      evolution introducing a dependence on nuclear yield not previously considered.
      This evolutionary model for radioxenon isotopes is validated by atmospheric
      observations of radioxenon from a 2013 UNE in the Democratic People's Republic of
      Korea (DPRK). Our model produces results similar to isotopic observations with
      nuclear yields being comparable to seismic estimates. 

PMID- 26979289
TI  - Unique trapping of paddlewheel copper(ii) carboxylate by ligand-bound {Cu2}
      fragments for [Cu6] assembly.
AB  - The bridging nature of in situ generated hydroxide ions and carboxylates (RCOO(
      ); R = CH3, C2H5, CH2Ph) has been utilized to design a new family of [Cu6]
      coordination complexes: [Cu6(MU3-OH)2(MU-H2L)2(MU1,1,3-O2CCH3)2(MU1,3-O2CCH3)2(MU
      ClO4)2](ClO4)2.H2O (), [Cu6(MU3-OH)2(MU-H2L)2(MU1,1,3-O2CC2H5)4(MU
      ClO4)2](ClO4)2.2H2O () and [Cu6(MU3-OH)2(MU-H2L)2(MU1,3
      O2CCH2Ph)4(ClO4)2](ClO4)2.2H2O (). Tetracarboxylate bridged {Cu2} core units are
      trapped between two ligand-bound {Cu2(MU-H2L)(MU-OH)}(2+) subunits forming the
      [Cu6] complexes. The hexanuclear {Cu6(MU3-OH)2(H2L)2(MU-O2CR)4}(4+) cores having
      six interconnected Cu(II) ions assume a hitherto unknown dumbbell-shaped
      topology. Detailed characterizations have been done using X-ray crystallography
      and variable temperature magnetic measurements. For complexes , the dominant
      coupling constant (J') values between carboxylate bridged copper centers are 
      36.2 to -45.2 cm(-1) for short CuCu separations of 2.540-2.578 A. In MeCN
      solutions all three complexes showed catalytic oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butyl
      catechol (3,5-DTBCH2) in air. 

PMID- 26979286
TI  - Health workers' compliance to rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to guide malaria
      treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends malaria to be confirmed by
      either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) before treatment. The correct
      use of RDTs in resource-limited settings facilitates basing treatment onto a
      confirmed diagnosis; contributes to speeding up considering a correct alternative
      diagnosis, and prevents overprescription of anti-malarial drugs, reduces costs
      and avoids unnecessary exposure to adverse drug effects. This review aims to
      evaluate health workers' compliance to RDT results and factors contributing to
      compliance. METHODS: A PROSPERO-registered systematic review was conducted to
      evaluate health workers' compliance to RDTs in sub-Saharan Africa, following
      Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
      guidelines. Studies published up to November 2015 were searched without language
      restrictions in Medline/Ovid, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
      Trials, Web of Science, LILACS, Biosis Previews and the African Index Medicus.
      The primary outcome was health workers treating patients according to the RDT
      results obtained. RESULTS: The literature search identified 474 reports; 14
      studies were eligible and included in the quantitative analysis. From the meta
      analysis, health workers' overall compliance in terms of initiating treatment or
      not in accordance with the respective RDT results was 83% (95% CI 80-86%).
      Compliance to positive and negative results was 97% (95% CI 94-99%) and 78% (95%
      CI 66-89%), respectively. Community health workers had higher compliance rates to
      negative test results than clinicians. Patient expectations, work experience,
      scepticism of results, health workers' cadres and perceived effectiveness of the
      test, influenced compliance. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to published data,
      compliance to RDT appears to be generally fair in sub-Saharan Africa; compliance
      to negative results will need to improve to prevent mismanagement of patients and
      overprescribing of anti-malarial drugs. Improving diagnostic capacity for other
      febrile illnesses and developing local evidence-based guidelines may help improve
      compliance and management of negative RDT results. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      CRD42015016151 (PROSPERO).

PMID- 26979287
TI  - Identification of early myeloid progenitors as immunosuppressive cells.
AB  - Growing evidence suggests that hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs),
      precursors of mature immune cells, may play a direct role in immunosurveillance.
      Early myeloid progenitors are the major components of HSPCs and they often
      undergo extensive expansion in stress as a result of myeloid-biased
      hematopoiesis. Yet, the precise function of early myeloid progenitors remains
      unclear. Here we show that during tumor progression, mouse granulocyte/macrophage
      progenitors (GMPs) but not common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are markedly
      expanded within the bone marrow and blood of mice. Interestingly, both GMPs and
      CMPs freshly isolated from either tumor-bearing or naive animals are capable of
      inhibiting polyclonal stimuli- and alloantigen-induced T cell proliferation, with
      tumor host-derived cells having elevated activities. Strikingly, these early
      myeloid progenitor cells even display much stronger suppressive capacity than the
      classical myeloid-derived suppressive cells. Analysis of GMPs indicates that they
      express iNOS and can secrete high levels of NO. Further studies unusing iNOS
      specific inhibitors reveal that the immunosuppression of GMPs is, to a large
      extent, NO-dependent. GMPs can also efficiently induce regulatory T cell
      development. These studies demonstrate that early myeloid progenitors can act as
      immunosuppressive cells. This finding provides novel insights into the functional
      diversity and plasticity of early myeloid progenitor cells. 

PMID- 26979291
TI  - Emotions Related to Bodily Organs/Parts.

PMID- 26979290
TI  - Does the rise in eating disorders lead to increasing risk of orthorexia nervosa?
      Correlations with gender, education, and body mass index.
AB  - Investigating eating disorders and orthorexia nervosa, especially in the young
      population, is an important step in taking protective precautions and identifying
      disease. This study was carried out to determine the relationship of eating
      disorders and orthorexia nervosa to gender, BMI, and field of study in a
      population of university students in Turkey. In all, 900 university students aged
      17-23 years participated in this study. EAT-40 and ORTO-15, which are validated
      instruments for the screening of participants with anormal eating behaviors and
      orthorexia nervosa, respectively, were used. There was not a significant
      difference in EAT-40 scores according to gender and BMI classification. However,
      EAT-40 scores were high among the students in social science. The number of
      orthorectic participants among women is higher than that among men, and ORTO-15
      scores were not associated with BMI classification and field of study. A
      significant negative correlation was found between EAT-40 and ORTO-15 scores. 

PMID- 26979292
TI  - Photoconductive terahertz generation from textured semiconductor materials.
AB  - Photoconductive (PC) terahertz (THz) emitters are often limited by ohmic loss and
      Joule heating-as these effects can lead to thermal runaway and premature device
      breakdown. To address this, the proposed work introduces PC THz emitters based on
      textured InP materials. The enhanced surface recombination and decreased charge
      carrier lifetimes of the textured InP materials reduce residual photocurrents,
      following the picosecond THz waveform generation, and this diminishes Joule
      heating in the emitters. A non-textured InP material is used as a baseline for
      studies of fine- and coarse-textured InP materials. Ultrafast pump-probe and THz
      setups are used to measure the charge-carrier lifetimes and THz
      response/photocurrent consumption of the respective materials and emitters. It is
      found that similar temporal and spectral characteristics can be achieved with the
      THz emitters, but the level of photocurrent consumption (yielding Joule heating)
      is greatly reduced in the textured materials. 

PMID- 26979293
TI  - Perceived environmental barriers to outdoor mobility and changes in sense of
      autonomy in participation outdoors among older people: a prospective two-year
      cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study whether perceived environmental barriers to
      outdoor mobility affect changes in sense of autonomy in participation outdoors
      among community-dwelling older people over a two-year period. METHODS: Community
      dwelling people aged 75-90 years (n = 848) in central Finland were interviewed on
      two occasions, face-to-face at baseline and over the telephone two years later.
      Perceived environmental barriers to outdoor mobility were assessed using a 15
      item structured questionnaire, and the sum scores categorized into tertiles (0, 1
      and 2 or more barriers). Autonomy in participation outdoors was assessed with the
      'Impact on Participation and Autonomy' (IPA) questionnaire using the autonomy
      outdoors subscale (score range 0-20, higher scores indicating more restricted
      autonomy). RESULTS: Scores for autonomy in participation outdoors were available
      for 848 participants at baseline (mean 6.2, SD = 3.8) and for 748 participants at
      the two-year follow-up (mean 6.7, SD = 3.9). At baseline, those reporting
      multiple environmental barriers had the most restricted autonomy, while those
      reporting no environmental barriers had the least restricted autonomy (p < .001).
      Over the follow-up, autonomy in participation outdoors declined more among those
      reporting multiple environmental barriers compared to those reporting none (age-
      and sex-adjusted group*time beta = .629, s.e. = .277, p = .023). Adjustment for
      cognitive functioning, education, number of chronic conditions and change in
      walking difficulty did not influence the association. CONCLUSION: Perceived
      environmental barriers to outdoor mobility accelerate the decline in autonomy in
      participation outdoors among older community-dwelling people. Understanding
      factors affecting autonomy can help in finding ways to support the sense of
      autonomy as people age.

PMID- 26979294
TI  - Drug-Paired Contextual Stimuli Increase Dendritic Spine Dynamics in Select
      Nucleus Accumbens Neurons.
AB  - Repeated exposure to amphetamine leads to both associative conditioning and
      nonassociative sensitization. Here we assessed the contribution of neuronal
      ensembles in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) to these behaviors. Animals exposed to
      amphetamine IP or in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) showed a sensitized
      locomotor response when challenged with amphetamine weeks later. Both exposure
      routes also increased DeltaFosB levels in the NAcc. Further characterization of
      these DeltaFosB+ neurons, however, revealed that amphetamine had no effect on
      dendritic spine density or size, indicating that these neurons do not undergo
      changes in dendritic spine morphology that accompany the expression of
      nonassociative sensitization. Additional experiments determined how neurons in
      the NAcc contribute to the expression of associative conditioning. A
      discrimination learning procedure was used to expose rats to IP or VTA
      amphetamine either Paired or Unpaired with an open field. As expected, compared
      with Controls, Paired rats administered IP amphetamine subsequently showed a
      conditioned locomotor response when challenged with saline in the open field, an
      effect accompanied by an increase in c-Fos+ neurons in the medial NAcc. Further
      characterization of these c-Fos+ cells revealed that Paired rats showed an
      increase in the density of dendritic spines and the frequency of medium-sized
      spines in the NAcc. In contrast, Paired rats previously exposed to VTA
      amphetamine showed neither conditioned locomotion nor conditioned c-Fos+
      expression. Together, these results suggest a role for c-Fos+ neurons in the
      medial NAcc and rapid changes in the morphology of their dendritic spines in the
      expression of conditioning evoked by amphetamine-paired contextual stimuli.

PMID- 26979296
TI  - Could the use of nanowire structures overcome some of the current limitations of
      brain electrode implants?

PMID- 26979297
TI  - Understanding the Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohol-Containing
      Mixtures: Cross-Association.
AB  - The thermodynamics of hydrogen bonding in 1-alcohol + water binary mixtures is
      studied using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and the polar and perturbed chain
      form of the statistical associating fluid theory (polar PC-SAFT). The fraction of
      free monomers in pure saturated liquid water is computed using both TIP4P/2005
      and iAMOEBA simulation water models. Results are compared to spectroscopic data
      available in the literature as well as to polar PC-SAFT. Polar PC-SAFT models
      hydrogen bonds using single bondable association sites representing electron
      donors and electron acceptors. The distribution of hydrogen bonds in pure
      alcohols is computed using the OPLS-AA force field. Results are compared to Monte
      Carlo (MC) simulations available in the literature as well as to polar PC-SAFT.
      The analysis shows that hydrogen bonding in pure alcohols is best predicted using
      a two-site model within the SAFT framework. On the other hand, molecular
      simulations show that increasing the concentration of water in the mixture
      increases the average number of hydrogen bonds formed by an alcohol molecule. As
      a result, a transition in association scheme occurs at high water concentrations
      where hydrogen bonding is better captured within the SAFT framework using a three
      site alcohol model. The knowledge gained in understanding hydrogen bonding is
      applied to model vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and liquid-liquid equilibrium
      (LLE) of mixtures using polar PC-SAFT. Predictions are in good agreement with
      experimental data, establishing the predictive power of the equation of state. 

PMID- 26979295
TI  - Antidepressant-like Effects of Buprenorphine are Mediated by Kappa Opioid
      Receptors.
AB  - Previous studies have identified potential antidepressant effects of
      buprenorphine (BPN), a drug with high affinity for mu opioid receptor (MORs) and
      kappa opioid receptors (KORs) and some affinity at delta opioid receptor (DOR)
      and opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL-1) receptors. Therefore, these studies examined
      which opioid receptors were involved in BPN's effects on animal behavior tests
      sensitive to antidepressant drugs. The acute effects of BPN were tested in the
      forced swim test (FST) using mice with genetic deletion of individual opioid
      receptors or after pharmacological blockade of receptors. For evaluating the
      effects of BPN on chronic stress, separate groups of mice were exposed to
      unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) for 3 weeks and treated with BPN for at
      least 7 days before behavioral assessment and subsequent measurement of Oprk1,
      Oprm1, and Pdyn mRNA expression in multiple brain regions. BPN did not reduce
      immobility in mice with KOR deletion or after pretreatment with
      norbinaltorphimine, even though desipramine remained effective. In contrast, BPN
      reduced immobility in MOR and DOR knockout mice and in mice pretreated with the
      ORL-1 antagonist JTC-801. UCMS reduced sucrose preference, decreased time in the
      light side of the light/dark box, increased immobility in the FST and induced
      region-specific alterations in Oprk1, Oprm1, and PDYN mRNA expression in the
      frontal cortex and striatum. All of these changes were normalized following BPN
      treatment. The KOR was identified as a key player mediating the effects of BPN in
      tests sensitive to antidepressant drugs in mice. These studies support further
      development of BPN as a novel antidepressant.

PMID- 26979298
TI  - ADP-Ribose Pyrophosphatase Reaction in Crystalline State Conducted by Consecutive
      Binding of Two Manganese(II) Ions as Cofactors.
AB  - Adenosine diphosphate ribose pyrophosphatase (ADPRase), a member of the Nudix
      family proteins, catalyzes the metal-induced and concerted general acid-base
      hydrolysis of ADP ribose (ADPR) into AMP and ribose-5'-phosphate (R5P). The ADPR
      hydrolysis reaction of ADPRase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (TtADPRase) requires
      divalent metal cations such as Mn(2+), Zn(2+), or Mg(2+) as cofactors. Here, we
      report the reaction pathway observed in the catalytic center of TtADPRase, based
      on cryo-trapping X-ray crystallography at atomic resolutions around 1.0 A using
      Mn(2+) as the reaction trigger, which was soaked into TtADPRase-ADPR binary
      complex crystals. Integrating 11 structures along the reaction timeline, five
      reaction states of TtADPRase were assigned, which were ADPRase alone (E), the
      ADPRase-ADPR binary complex (ES), two ADPRase-ADPR-Mn(2+) reaction intermediates
      (ESM, ESMM), and the postreaction state (E'). Two Mn(2+) ions were inserted
      consecutively into the catalytic center of the ES-state and ligated by Glu86 and
      Glu82, which are highly conserved among the Nudix family, in the ESM- and ESMM
      states. The ADPR-hydrolysis reaction was characterized by electrostatic,
      proximity, and orientation effects, and by preferential binding for the
      transition state. A new reaction mechanism is proposed, which differs from
      previous ones suggested from structure analyses with nonhydrolyzable substrate
      analogues or point-mutated ADPRases. 

PMID- 26979299
TI  - Perceived racial discrimination, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol abstinence
      among African American and White college students.
AB  - Previous research has demonstrated that White college students are more likely to
      drink alcohol at a greater frequency and quantity compared to their African
      American counterparts. Examining race-related factors that structure alcohol use
      among college students remains an important area of research. In this study, we
      specifically examine perceived discrimination and its association with both heavy
      episodic drinking (HED) and alcohol abstinence among college students. Items that
      measured perceived racial discrimination in alcohol use contexts and demographic
      characteristics were used as independent and control variables. African American
      students were more likely to abstain from alcohol and less likely to engage in
      HED compared to their White counterparts. Results also suggest that students who
      believe their drinking will solicit race-based police bias have lower odds of
      engaging in HED and greater odds of alcohol abstention. We conclude that
      unsolicited policing, experienced by African Americans generally, and White
      Americans on campuses, explains effect sizes.

PMID- 26979300
TI  - Caution warranted in extrapolating from Boston Naming Test item gradation
      construct.
AB  - The Boston Naming Test (BNT) was designed to present items in order of difficulty
      based on word frequency. Changes in word frequencies over time, however, would
      frustrate extrapolation in clinical and research settings based on the
      theoretical construct because performance on the BNT might reflect changes in
      ecological frequency of the test items, rather than performance across items of
      increasing difficulty. This study identifies the ecological frequency of BNT
      items at the time of publication using the American Heritage Word Frequency Book
      and determines changes in frequency over time based on the frequency distribution
      of BNT items across a current corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American
      English. Findings reveal an uneven distribution of BNT items across 2 corpora and
      instances of negligible differentiation in relative word frequency across test
      items. As BNT items are not presented in order from least to most frequent,
      clinicians and researchers should exercise caution in relying on the BNT as
      presenting items in increasing order of difficulty. A method is proposed for
      distributing confrontation-naming items to be explicitly measured against test
      items that are normally distributed across the corpus of a given language.

PMID- 26979301
TI  - 2D measurements of cup orientation are less reliable than 3D measurements (Acta
      Orthop 2015; 86 (4): 485-90.).

PMID- 26979303
TI  - Metals in agricultural produce associated with acid-mine drainage in Mount Morgan
      (Queensland, Australia).
AB  - Acid-mine drainage (AMD) into the Dee River from the historic gold and copper
      mine in Mount Morgan, Queensland (Australia) has been of concern to farmers in
      the area since 1925. This study sought to determine the levels of AMD-related
      metals and sulfur in agricultural produce grown near the mine-impacted Dee River,
      compare these with similar produce grown in reference fields (which had no known
      AMD influence), and assess any potential health risk using relevant Australian or
      US guidelines. Analyses of lucerne (Medicago sativa; also known as alfalfa) from
      five Dee fields showed the following average concentrations (mg/kg dry basis): Cd
      < 1, Cu 11, Fe 106, Mn 52, Pb < 5, Zn 25 and S 3934; similar levels were found in
      lucerne hay (used as cattle feed) from two Dee fields. All lucerne and lucerne
      hay data were generally comparable with levels found in the lucerne reference
      fields, suggesting no AMD influence; the levels were within the US National
      Research Council (US NRC) guidelines for maximum tolerable cattle dietary intake.
      Pasture grass (also cattle feed) from two fields in the Dee River floodplains
      gave mean concentrations (mg/kg dry) of Cd 0.14, Cu 12, Fe 313, Mn 111, Pb 1.4,
      Zn 86 and S 2450. All metal levels from the Dee and from reference sites were
      below the US NRC guidelines for maximum tolerable cattle dietary intake; however,
      the average Cd, Cu and Fe levels in Dee samples were significantly greater than
      the corresponding levels in the pasture grass reference sites, suggesting AMD
      influence in the Dee samples. The average levels in the edible portions of
      mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata) from Dee sites (mg/kg wet weight) were Cd
      0.011, Cu 0.59, Fe 2.2, Mn 0.56, Pb 0.18, S 91 and Zn 0.96. Cd and Zn were less
      than or close to, average Fe and Mn levels were at most twice, Cd 1.8 or 6.5
      times, and Pb 8.5 or 72 times the maximum levels in raw oranges reported in the
      US total diet study (TDS) or the Australian TDS, respectively. Average Cd, Fe,
      Mn, Pb and Zn levels in the citrus reference samples were found to exceed the
      maximum reported in one or both TDS surveys. Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn plant-soil
      transfer factor (TF) values were < 1 for all agricultural samples from both Dee
      and reference sites, suggesting relatively poor transfer of these metals from
      soil to plant. In the case of Cd, TF values for Dee pasture grass and citrus
      fruit samples were 0.14 and 0.73, respectively; lucerne and lucerne hay from both
      Dee and reference sites gave TF = 10, suggesting some potential risk to cattle,
      although this conclusion is tentative because Cd levels were close to or less
      than the detection limit. TF values for S in lucerne, lucerne hay, pasture grass
      and mandarin oranges from Dee sites were 18, 14, 3 and 3.6, respectively,
      indicating that S in soil was readily available to plant or fruit. Sulfur in
      pasture grass and citrus fruit (TF = 11 for both) was apparently more
      bioavailable at the reference sites than at the Dee sites (TF = 3.0 for pasture
      grass; TF = 3.6 for citrus fruit). 

PMID- 26979304
TI  - Decomposing socioeconomic inequalities in the use of preventive eye screening
      services among individuals with diabetes in Korea.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in
      the use of preventive eye screening services among individuals with diabetes in
      Korea. METHODS: Using nationally representative survey data, the concentration
      index (CI) and decomposition of the CI were used to capture and quantify income
      related inequalities. RESULTS: The results show income-related inequality in the
      use of eye screening services among individuals with diabetes, suggesting that
      services were concentrated among individuals with higher incomes. After adjusting
      for need factors, such as sex, age and self-rated health, the inequality still
      persisted as observed horizontal inequity in the services, indicating that
      unequal care was provided for equal need. The decomposition approach revealed
      that the largest contributions to the observed inequality were higher education
      and higher income levels. Having private insurance and residing in non-Seoul
      metro areas also contributed to the observed pro-rich inequality. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings suggest that income- and education-related barriers to the use of
      preventive eye screening services for individuals with diabetes should be
      targeted for removal at the national level to achieve the goal of equal care for
      equal need in diabetes management.

PMID- 26979302
TI  - Human rights protections and HIV prevalence among MSM who sell sex: Cross-country
      comparisons from a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Laws and policies can affect the HIV risk of key populations through a number of
      direct and indirect pathways. We investigated the association between HIV
      prevalence among men who engage in transactional sex and language in the penal
      code protecting sexual minorities, including men who have sex with men (MSM), and
      sex workers. HIV prevalence among men who engage in transactional sex was
      assessed through meta-analysis of published literature and country surveillance
      reports. Meta-regression was used to determine the association between HIV
      prevalence and protective laws for sexual minorities and sex workers. Sixty-six
      reports representing 28 countries and 31,924 individuals were included in the
      meta-analysis. Controlling for multiple study- and country-level variables, legal
      protection for sexual minorities was associated with a 10.9% (95% CI: 3.8-18.0%)
      and sex workers associated with a 7.0% (95% CI: 1.3-12.8%) decrease in country
      level HIV prevalence among men who engage in transactional sex. Laws that seek to
      actively protect sex workers and MSM may be necessary to decrease HIV risk for
      this key population.

PMID- 26979305
TI  - Epigenetic Alterations and Canonical Pathway Disruption in Papillary Thyroid
      Cancer: A Genome-wide Methylation Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alterations in DNA methylation have been demonstrated in a variety of
      malignancies, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The full extent of
      dysregulation in PTC and the downstream affected pathways remains unclear. Here
      we report a genome-wide analysis of PTC methylation, the dysregulation of various
      canonical pathways, and assess its potential as a diagnostic test. METHODS: A
      discovery set utilized 49 PTCs and matched normal controls from The Cancer Genome
      Atlas. Another set of 16 PTCs and 13 normal controls were used as a replication
      set. Genome-wide methylation analysis was done using Illumina 450 K methylation
      chips. Differentially methylated loci (DML) were identified by comparing PTC and
      matched normal tissues. DML were defined as false-discovery rate p < 0.05 and
      absolute Deltabeta >= 0.2. DML were then analyzed for pathway and disease
      commonalities using Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS: Of 485,577 CpG
      sites analyzed, 1226 DML were identified in our discovery and replication sets,
      and 1061 (86.5 %) DML showed hypomethylation when comparing tumor with normal
      tissue. Support vector machine classification was able to differentiate benign
      from malignant tissue in 107 (94.7 %) of 113 tested samples, including 15 (83.3
      %) of 18 samples lacking a clearly deleterious mutation. Statistically
      significant associations with multiple canonical pathways, diseases, and
      biofunctions were observed including PI3K, PTEN, wnt/beta-catenin, and p53.
      CONCLUSIONS: Epigenetic dysregulation of multiple canonical pathways are
      associated with the development of PTC. This methylation signature shows promise
      as a future adjunctive screening test for thyroid nodules.

PMID- 26979306
TI  - Value-Based Breast Cancer Care: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Defining Patient
      Centered Outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Value in healthcare-i.e., patient-centered outcomes achieved per
      healthcare dollar spent-can define quality and unify performance improvement
      goals with health outcomes of importance to patients across the entire cycle of
      care. We describe the process through which value-based measures for breast
      cancer patients and dynamic capture of these metrics via our new electronic
      health record (EHR) were developed at our institution. METHODS: Contemporary
      breast cancer literature on treatment options, expected outcomes, and potential
      complications was extensively reviewed. Patient perspective was obtained via
      focus groups. Multidisciplinary physician teams met to inform a 3-phase process
      of (1) concept development, (2) measure specification, and (3) implementation via
      EHR integration. RESULTS: Outcomes were divided into 3 tiers that reflect the
      entire cycle of care: (1) health status achieved, (2) process of recovery, and
      (3) sustainability of health. Within these tiers, 22 patient-centered outcomes
      were defined with inclusion/exclusion criteria and specifications for reporting.
      Patient data sources will include the Epic Systems EHR and validated patient
      reported outcome questionnaires administered via our institution's patient
      portal. CONCLUSIONS: As healthcare costs continue to rise in the United States
      and around the world, a value-based approach with explicit, transparently
      reported patient outcomes will not only create opportunities for performance
      improvement but will also enable benchmarking across providers, healthcare
      systems, and even countries. Similar value-based breast cancer care frameworks
      are also being pursued internationally.

PMID- 26979307
TI  - An assessment of the safety, hemodynamic response, and diagnostic accuracy of
      commonly used vasodilator stressors in patients with severe aortic stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of patients are undergoing transcatheter aortic
      valve replacement, which often involves assessment of coronary artery disease
      ischemic burden. The safety and diagnostic accuracy of vasodilator stress agents
      in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing SPECT myocardial
      perfusion imaging (MPI) has not been established. METHODS: Patients with severe
      AS (valve area <1 cm2) on echocardiography who underwent vasodilator stress SPECT
      MPI at two centers were identified. Patients with aortic valve intervention prior
      to MPI or who underwent concurrent exercise during stress testing were excluded.
      AS patients were matched to controls without AS based on age, gender, BMI,
      ejection fraction, and stress agent. Symptoms, serious adverse events,
      hemodynamic response, and correlation to invasive angiography were assessed.
      RESULTS: A total of 95 cases were identified with 45% undergoing regadenoson, 31%
      dipyridamole, and 24% adenosine stress. A significant change in systolic blood
      pressure (BP), cases vs controls, was observed with adenosine [-17.9 +/- 20.1 vs 
      2.6 +/- 24.9 P = .03)], with a trend toward significance with regadenoson [-16.8
      +/- 20.3 vs -9.4 +/- 17.9 (P = .08)] and dipyridamole [-17.8 +/- 20.6 vs -9.0 +/-
      12.1 (P = .05)]. The change in heart rate was significantly different only for
      adenosine [5.3 +/- 16.8 vs 14.2 +/- 10.8 (P = .04)]. Overall, 45% of cases vs 24%
      of controls (P = .004) had a >20 mmHg decrease in systolic BP. Age, BMI, and
      resting systolic BP were related to a >20 mmHg decrease in systolic BP on
      univariate analysis, although only higher resting systolic BP was a predictor on
      multivariate analysis. In 33 patients who underwent angiography, the sensitivity,
      specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of vasodilator stress MPI was 77%, 69%, and
      73%, respectively. No serious adverse events occurred in the severe AS patients.
      CONCLUSION: Severe AS patients are more likely to have a hemodynamically
      significant decrease in systolic BP with vasodilator stress. There were no
      serious adverse events in this severe AS cohort with good diagnostic performance
      of MPI compared to angiography.

PMID- 26979308
TI  - Impact of cardiac reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy
      assessed by myocardial perfusion imaging on ventricular arrhythmia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been a useful
      treatment of heart failure, patients with CRT are still in risk of sudden cardiac
      death due to ventricular arrhythmia. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      impact of cardiac reverse remodeling after CRT on the prevalence of ventricular
      tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF). METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-one heart failure
      patients (26 men, age 66 +/- 10 years), who were implanted with CRT for at least
      12 months, were enrolled. All patients received myocardial perfusion imaging
      (MPI) under CRT pacing to evaluate left ventricle (LV) function, dyssynchrony,
      and scar. VT/VF episodes during the follow-up period after MPI were recorded by
      the CRT devices. Sixteen patients (N = 16/41, 39%) were found to have VT/VF.
      Multivariate Cox regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve
      analysis showed that five risk factors were significant predictors of VT/VF,
      including increased left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) by <=7% after CRT,
      low LVEF after CRT (<=30%), change of intrinsic QRS duration (iQRSd) by <=7 ms,
      wide iQRSd after CRT (>=121 ms), and high systolic dyssynchrony after CRT (phase
      standard deviation >=45.6 degrees ). For those patients with all of the 5 risk
      factors, 85.7% or more developed VT/VF. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of
      cardiac reverse remodeling after CRT as assessed by MPI are associated with the
      prevalence of ventricular arrhythmia.

PMID- 26979309
TI  - Phoma glomerata D14: An Endophytic Fungus from Salvia miltiorrhiza That Produces
      Salvianolic Acid C.
AB  - In recent years, more and more researches focus on endophytic fungi derived from
      important medicinal plants, which can produce the same bioactive metabolites as
      their host plants. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a traditional medicinal plant
      with versatile pharmacological effects. But the wild plant resource has been in
      short supply due to the overcollection for bioactive metabolites. Our study was
      therefore conducted to isolate endophytic fungi from S. miltiorrhiza and get
      candidate strains that produce the same bioactive compounds as the plant. As a
      result, an endophyte that produces salvianolic acid C was obtained and identified
      as Phoma glomerata D14 based on its morphology and internal transcribed spacer
      analysis. Salvianolic acid C was found present in both the mycelia and
      fermentation broth. Our study indicates that the endophytic fungus has
      significant industrial potential to meet the pharmaceutical demands for
      salvianolic acid C in a cost-effective, easily accessible, and reproducible way. 

PMID- 26979311
TI  - The Self-Compassion Scale is Not Validated in a Buddhist Sample.
AB  - The concept of self-compassion originated from Buddhism, but very little is known
      about the utility and functions of this concept among Buddhists. Four hundred and
      eleven individuals (179 Buddhists and 232 non-Buddhists) completed the survey
      packages using the self-compassion scale (SCS; Neff in Self Identity 2(3):223
      250, 2003a. doi: 10.1080/15298860309027 ). Confirmatory factor analysis showed
      that the original six dimensions of the SCS were not replicated by both samples,
      and further analysis of the intra-correlations within dimensions of SCS and
      relationships between SCS and other variables showed unexpected results specific
      to Buddhists. Among Buddhists, the dimensions of self-kindness and common
      humanity neither showed negative correlations with their opposite dimensions nor
      were associated with better emotional outcomes. In addition, these two dimensions
      were not predicted by the regular practice of loving-kindness meditation. This
      study argued that the ideas of self-compassion reflected in the SCS are
      theoretically different from the ideas of Buddhism, and further implications for
      measuring and clinically applying self-compassion were discussed. 

PMID- 26979310
TI  - Molecular evolution and gene expression differences within the HD-Zip
      transcription factor family of Zea mays L.
AB  - Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors regulate developmental
      processes and stress responses in plants, and they vary widely in gene number and
      family structure. In this study, 55 predicted maize HD-Zip genes were
      systematically analyzed with respect to their phylogenetic relationships,
      molecular evolution, and gene expression in order to understand the functional
      diversification within the family. Phylogenetic analysis of HD-Zip proteins from
      Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitis vinifera, and Physcomitrella
      patens showed that they group into four classes. We inferred that the copy
      numbers of classes I and III genes were relatively conserved in all five species.
      The 55 maize HD-Zip genes are distributed randomly on the ten chromosomes, with
      15 segmental duplication and 4 tandem duplication events, suggesting that
      segmental duplications were the major contributors in the expansion of the maize
      HD-Zip gene family. Expression analysis of the 55 maize HD-Zip genes in different
      tissues and drought conditions revealed differences in the expression levels and
      patterns between the four classes. Promoter analysis revealed that a number of
      stress response-, hormone response-, light response-, and development-related cis
      acting elements were present in their promoters. Our results provide novel
      insights into the molecular evolution and gene expression within the HD-Zip gene
      family in maize, and provide a solid foundation for future functional study of
      the HD-Zip genes in maize.

PMID- 26979314
TI  - Emergency control system based on the analytical hierarchy process and
      coordinated development degree model for sudden water pollution accidents in the
      Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China.
AB  - Water transfer projects are important for realizing reasonable allocation of
      water resources, but once a water pollution accident occurs during such a
      project, the water environment is exposed to enormous risks. Therefore, it is
      critical to determine an appropriate emergency control system (ECS) for sudden
      water pollution accidents that occur in water transfer projects. In this study,
      the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) integrated with the coordinated
      development degree model (CDDM) was used to develop the ECS. This ECS was
      developed into two parts, including the emergency risk assessment and the
      emergency control. Feasible emergency control targets and control technology were
      also proposed for different sudden water pollution accidents. A demonstrative
      project was conducted in the Fangshui to Puyang channel, which is part of the
      Beijing-Shijiazhuang Emergency Water Supply Project (BSP) in the Middle Route of
      the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (MR-SNWTP) in China. However, we could
      not use an actual toxic soluble pollutant to validate our ECS, so we performed
      the experiment with sucrose to test the ECS based on its concentration variation.
      The relative error of peak sucrose concentration was less than 20 %. 

PMID- 26979312
TI  - Phase 1b/2a study of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), paclitaxel, and pertuzumab in
      HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In pre-clinical studies, the anti-tumor activity of T-DM1 was
      enhanced when combined with taxanes or pertuzumab. This phase 1b/2a study
      evaluated the safety/tolerability of T-DM1 + paclitaxel +/- pertuzumab in HER2
      positive advanced breast cancer. METHODS: In phase 1b (n = 60), a 3 + 3 dose
      escalation approach was used to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of T
      DM1 + paclitaxel +/- pertuzumab. The primary objective of phase 2a was
      feasibility, with 44 patients randomized to T-DM1 + paclitaxel +/- pertuzumab at
      the MTD identified in phase 1b. RESULTS: The MTD was T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg every three
      weeks (q3w) or 2.4 mg/kg weekly + paclitaxel 80 mg/m(2) weekly +/- pertuzumab 840
      mg loading dose followed by 420 mg q3w. Phase 2a patients had received a median
      of 5.0 (range: 0-10) prior therapies for advanced cancer. In phase 2a, 51.2 %
      received >=12 paclitaxel doses within 15 weeks, and 14.0 % received 12 paclitaxel
      doses by week 12. Common all-grade adverse events (AEs) were peripheral
      neuropathy (90.9 %) and fatigue (79.5 %). A total of 77.3 % experienced grade >=3
      AEs, most commonly neutropenia (25.0 %) and peripheral neuropathy (18.2 %). Among
      the 42 phase 2a patients with measurable disease, the objective response rate
      (ORR) was 50.0 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 34.6-65.4); the clinical benefit
      rate (CBR) was 56.8 % (95 % CI 41.6-71.0). No pharmacokinetic interactions were
      observed between T-DM1 and paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS: This regimen showed clinical
      activity. Although there is potential for paclitaxel to be added to T-DM1 +/-
      pertuzumab, peripheral neuropathy was common in this heavily pretreated
      population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00951665 . Registered
      August 3, 2009.

PMID- 26979315
TI  - Electrochemical detection of malathion pesticide using acetylcholinesterase
      biosensor based on glassy carbon electrode modified with conducting polymer film.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor based on conducting poly([2,2';5' 2"]
      terthiophene-3-carbaldehyde) (PTT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was
      constructed. AChE was immobilized on PTT film surface through the covalent bond
      between aldehyde and amino groups. The properties of PTT modified GCE were
      studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
      (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biosensor showed an oxidation
      peak at +0.83 V related to the oxidation of thiocholine, hydrolysis product of
      acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCI), catalyzed by AChE. The optimum current response
      of the biosensor was observed at pH 7.5-8.0, 40  degrees C and 120 U/cm(2) of
      AChE concentration. The biosensor showed a high sensitivity (183.19 MUA/mM), a
      linear range from 0.015 to 1.644 mM, and a good reproducibility with 1.7 % of
      relative standard deviation (RSD). The biosensor showed a good stability. The
      interference of glycin, ascorbic acid, histidine, uric acid, dopamine, and
      arginine on the biosensor response was studied. An important analytical response
      from these inteferents that overlaps the biosensor response was not observed. The
      inhibition rate of malathion as a model pesticide was proportional to its
      concentrations from 9.99 to 99.01 nM. The detection limit was 4.08 nM. 

PMID- 26979316
TI  - Immobilization of Mn and NH4 (+)-N from electrolytic manganese residue waste.
AB  - The objective of this work was the immobilization of soluble manganese (Mn) and
      ammonium nitrogen (NH4 (+)-N) leached from electrolytic manganese residue (EMR).
      Immobilization of Mn was investigated via carbonation using carbon dioxide (CO2)
      and alkaline additives. NH4 (+)-N immobilization was evaluated via struvite
      precipitation using magnesium and phosphate sources. Results indicated that the
      immobilization efficiency of Mn using CO2 and quicklime (CaO) was higher than
      using CO2 and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This higher efficiency was likely due to
      the slower release of OH(-) during CaO hydrolysis. The immobilization efficiency
      of Mn was >99.99 % at the CaO:EMR mass ratio of 0.05:1 for 20-min reaction time.
      The struvite precipitation of NH4 (+)-N was conducted in the carbonated EMR
      slurry and the immobilization efficiency was 89 % using MgCl2 . 6H2O + Na3PO4 .
      12H2O at the Mg:P:N molar ratio of 1.5:1.5:1 for 90-min reaction time. A leaching
      test showed that the concentrations of Mn and NH4 (+)-N in the filtrate of the
      treated EMR were 0.2 and 9 mg/L, respectively. The combined immobilization of Mn
      and NH4 (+)-N was an effective pretreatment method in the harmless treatment of
      the EMR. 

PMID- 26979318
TI  - A new estimation of the total flavonoids in silkworm cocoon sericin layer through
      aglycone determination by hydrolysis-assisted extraction and HPLC-DAD analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Silk sericin and a few non-protein components isolated from the
      cocoon layer including two silk proteins in silkworm Bombyx mori has many
      bioactivities. The dietary sericin possess antinatural oxidation, anticancer,
      antihyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic activities. The non-protein components
      surrounding the sericin layer involve in wax, pigments mainly meaning flavonoids,
      sugars, and other impurities. However, very few investigations have reported the
      estimation of the total flavonoids derived from the cocoon layer. The flavonoids
      are commonly present in their glycosylated forms and mostly exist as quercetin
      glycosides in the sericin layers of silkworm cocoons. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to find a more accurate method to estimate the level of the total
      flavonoids in silkworm cocoons. DESIGN: An efficient procedure of hydrolysis
      assisted extraction (HAE) was first established to estimate the level of the
      total flavonoids through the determination of their aglycones, quercetin, and
      kaempferol. Then, a comparison was made between traditional colorimetric method
      and our method. In addition, the antioxidant activities of hydrolysis-assisted
      extract sample were determined. RESULTS: The average contents of quercetin and
      kaempferol were 1.98 and 0.42 mg/g in Daizo cocoon. Their recoveries were 99.56
      and 99.17%. The total sum of quercetin and kaempferol was detected to be 2.40+/
      0.07 mg/g by HAE-HPLC, while the total flavonoids (2.59+/-0.48 mg/g) estimated by
      the traditional colorimetric method were only equivalent to 1.28+/-0.04 mg/g of
      quercetin. The HAE sample also exhibits that IC50 values of scavenging ability of
      diphenyl picryl hydrazinyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical (HO.) are 243.63
      ug/mL and 4.89 mg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the HAE
      HPLC method is specificity of cocoon and far superior to the colorimetric method.
      Therefore, this study has profound significance for the comprehensive utilization
      of silkworm cocoon and also may be applied to the estimation of total flavonoids
      in other functional foods.

PMID- 26979317
TI  - Gamma radiolytic decomposition of endosulfan in aerated solution: the role of
      carbonate radical.
AB  - The present study elaborates the removal of endosulfan, an emerging water
      pollutant and potential carcinogenic, in aerated solution. The influence of Cl(
      ), NO3 (-), NO2 (-), CO3 (2-), HCO3 (-), SO3 (2-), and humic acid was assessed on
      the radiolytic degradation of endosulfan. A strong inhibition on the radiolytic
      degradation of endosulfan was observed in the presence of NO3 (-), NO2 (-), and
      SO3 (2-). Instead, a slight increase in the removal efficiency of endosulfan was
      observed at high concentrations of CO3 (2-) and HCO3 (-). The formation of CO3 (*
      ) in radiolytic degradation of endosulfan in the presence of CO3 (2-) and HCO3 (
      ) was demonstrated by adding SO3 (2-) that rapidly react with CO3 (*-). The
      results indicate that CO3 (*-) formed from the reactions of CO3 (2-) and HCO3 (-)
      and commonly found in natural water can play an important role in the degradation
      of endosulfan and other sulfur containing electron-rich compounds. The study
      showed faster degradation of endosulfan at lower concentration compared to high
      concentration and removal was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetic.
      Endosulfan ether was found as the main degradation product and degradation
      pathway was found to be initiated at the S=O bond of endosulfan. The efficiency
      of gamma irradiation in the removal of endosulfan was examined in terms of
      formation of short chain organic acids and chloride ion accumulation. 

PMID- 26979319
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Can Vascular Injury be Appropriately Assessed With Physical
      Examination After Knee Dislocation?

PMID- 26979320
TI  - Digital X-ray radiogrammetry and its sensitivity and specificity for the
      identification of rheumatoid arthritis-related cortical hand bone loss.
AB  - Digital X-ray radiogrammetry (DXR) is a computer-assisted diagnosis technique for
      quantifying cortical hand bone mineral density (BMD) as well as the metacarpal
      index (MCI) in the metacarpal bones from radiographs. The objective was to
      compare DXR-BMD and DXR-MCI between healthy individuals and patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and verify the sensitivity and specificity of this
      technique for the identification of cortical hand bone loss as an additional
      diagnostic approach in RA. 618 patients were enrolled and divided into two
      groups: those with RA (n = 309) and a healthy control group (n = 309) as a
      reference database. DXR-BMD and the DXR-MCI were measured by DXR using hand
      radiographs. The severity of RA was evaluated by the modified Larsen score. Mean
      values for DXR-BMD and DXR-MCI in RA patients were significantly lower compared
      to healthy subjects (-20.7 and -21.1 %, respectively). Depending on the severity
      of RA-related joint damage, DXR-BMD revealed a significant reduction of -28.1 %
      and DXR-MCI -28.2 %, comparing score 1 and score 5 of the modified Larsen score.
      Both DXR-BMD and DXR-MCI had a high sensitivity (DXR-BMD 91 %, DXR-MCI 87 %) and
      a moderate specificity (DXR-BMD 47 %, DXR-MCI 49 %) to identify RA-related
      cortical hand bone loss. The DXR technique seems to be able to quantify RA
      related periarticular bone loss as a characteristic feature in the course of RA.
      Consequently, periarticular osteoporosis seems to function as a reliable
      diagnostic approach comparable to erosions and joint space narrowing in the
      diagnosis of RA and as a surrogate marker for the progression of bone loss in RA.

PMID- 26979322
TI  - Erratum to: Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals that S-nitrosoglutathione
      reductase (GSNOR) and nitric oxide signaling enhance poplar defense against
      chilling stress.

PMID- 26979321
TI  - Depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts, generators of cancer initiation: their
      minimization leads to cancer prevention.
AB  - Estrogens can initiate cancer by reacting with DNA. Specific metabolites of
      endogenous estrogens, the catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, react with DNA to form
      depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. Loss of these adducts leaves apurinic sites in
      the DNA, generating mutations that can lead to the initiation of cancer. A
      variety of endogenous and exogenous factors can disrupt estrogen homeostasis,
      which is the normal balance between estrogen activating and protective enzymes.
      In fact, if estrogen metabolism becomes unbalanced and generates excessive
      catechol estrogen 3,4-quinones, formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts
      increases and the risk of initiating cancer is greater. The levels of
      depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts are high in women diagnosed with breast cancer
      and those at high risk for the disease. High levels of depurinating estrogen-DNA
      adducts before the presence of breast cancer indicates that adduct formation is a
      critical factor in breast cancer initiation. Women with thyroid or ovarian cancer
      also have high levels of estrogen-DNA adducts, as do men with prostate cancer or
      non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts are initiators of many
      prevalent types of human cancer. These findings and other discoveries led to the
      recognition that reducing the levels of estrogen-DNA adducts could prevent the
      initiation of human cancer. The dietary supplements N-acetylcysteine and
      resveratrol inhibit formation of estrogen-DNA adducts in cultured human breast
      cells and in women. These results suggest that the two supplements offer an
      approach to reducing the risk of developing various prevalent types of human
      cancer. Graphical abstract Major metabolic pathway in cancer initiation by
      estrogens. 

PMID- 26979323
TI  - Structural modelling and transcriptional responses highlight a clade of PpKAI2
      LIKE genes as candidate receptors for strigolactones in Physcomitrella patens.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: A set of PpKAI2 - LIKE paralogs that may encode strigolactone
      receptors in Physcomitrella patens were identified through evolutionary,
      structural, and transcriptional analyses, suggesting that strigolactone
      perception may have evolved independently in basal land plants in a similar
      manner as spermatophytes. Carotenoid-derived compounds known as strigolactones
      are a new class of plant hormones that modulate development and interactions with
      parasitic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The strigolactone receptor
      protein DWARF14 (D14) belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase family. D14 is closely
      related to KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), a receptor of smoke-derived germination
      stimulants called karrikins. Strigolactone and karrikin structures share a
      butenolide ring that is necessary for bioactivity. Charophyte algae and basal
      land plants produce strigolactones that influence their development. However
      phylogenetic studies suggest that D14 is absent from algae, moss, and liverwort
      genomes, raising the question of how these basal plants perceive strigolactones.
      Strigolactone perception during seed germination putatively evolved in parasitic
      plants through gene duplication and neofunctionalization of KAI2 paralogs. The
      moss Physcomitrella patens shows an increase in KAI2 gene copy number, similar to
      parasitic plants. In this study we investigated whether P. patens KAI2-LIKE
      (PpKAI2L) genes may contribute to strigolactone perception. Based on phylogenetic
      analyses and homology modelling, we predict that a clade of PpKAI2L proteins have
      enlarged ligand-binding cavities, similar to D14. We observed that some PpKAI2L
      genes have transcriptional responses to the synthetic strigolactone GR24 racemate
      or its enantiomers. These responses were influenced by light and dark conditions.
      Moreover, (+)-GR24 seems to be the active enantiomer that induces the
      transcriptional responses of PpKAI2L genes. We hypothesize that members of
      specific PpKAI2L clades are candidate strigolactone receptors in moss.

PMID- 26979326
TI  - Columnar propeller-like 1,3,5-triphenylbenzenes: the missing link of shape
      persistent hekates.
AB  - Triphenylbenzenes with different substitution patterns at the outer phenyl rings
      have been successfully synthesised. Sixfold n-alkoxy substitution was
      insufficient for mesomorphism, but already increasing the number of side chains
      by three methoxy groups led to liquid crystalline behaviour and mesophase
      formation. Symmetrical triphenylbenzenes with nine n-alkoxy side chains (>=C9)
      formed broad enantiotropic mesophases. The symmetry of the liquid crystalline
      phases was unambiguously determined by X-ray diffraction measurements as Colh and
      Colho for symmetry-reduced methoxy-alkoxy derivatives and symmetrical nona-alkoxy
      triphenylbenzenes, respectively. Based on X-ray diffraction data a stacking model
      was proposed in which the single molecules aggregate to helical columns forming a
      mesophase. 

PMID- 26979327
TI  - Elevated birth prevalence of conotruncal heart defects in a population with high
      consanguinity rate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aetiology of conotruncal heart defects is poorly understood and
      the birth prevalence varies geographically. The known risk factors for developing
      conotruncal heart defects are as follows: CHD in siblings, genetic chromosomal
      abnormalities, paternal age >30 years, high parity, low birth weight,
      prematurity, and maternal diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to
      characterise conotruncal heart defects, birth prevalence, mortality, and
      morbidity in the population of southern Israel, of whom 75% are Jewish and the
      rest are mostly Bedouin Arabs. METHODS: The data were obtained from Soroka
      University Medical Center database of births and newborns. Conotruncal heart
      defects cases were identified by ICD9 codes. RESULTS: During 1991-2011, there
      were 247,290 singleton live births and 393 conotruncal heart defects in Soroka
      University Medical Center. The birth prevalence per 10,000 live births of
      tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and truncus arteriosus
      was 9.5, 5, and 1.8, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, Bedouin descent
      (adjusted odds ratio 2.40, p35 years (1.66, p=0.004), and siblings with
      congenital heart defects (1.98, p=0.005) were associated with tetralogy of
      Fallot, and Bedouin descent (1.61, p=0.05), siblings with congenital heart
      defects (2.19, p=0.004), and diabetes mellitus (7.15, p<0.001) were associated
      with transposition of the great arteries. In a univariate analysis, Bedouin
      descent (p=0.004) and congenital heart defects in siblings (p<0.001) were
      associated with truncus arteriosus. CONCLUSION: We observed higher birth
      prevalence of conotruncal heart defects compared with the birth prevalence
      reported worldwide, specifically among the Bedouins, a population characterised
      with high consanguinity rate. Therefore, genetic counselling and early fetal
      echocardiograms should be encouraged, especially in high consanguinity rate
      populations. Naturally, further educational efforts are needed in order to
      decrease consanguinity and its related consequences.

PMID- 26979324
TI  - Down-regulation of nitrogen/carbon metabolism coupled with coordinative hormone
      modulation contributes to developmental inhibition of the maize ear under
      nitrogen limitation.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: Developmental inhibition of the maize ear by nitrogen limitation
      is due to overall down-regulation of nitrogen/carbon metabolism, coordinative
      hormonal modulation, and probable early senescence. The kernel number is
      primarily determined from 2 weeks pre-silking to 3 weeks post-silking, largely
      depending on dynamic nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate metabolism and accumulation in
      the maize ear. Underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms of kernel
      abortion caused by N limitation needs to be further investigated. Using a widely
      grown maize hybrid ZD958, we found that the N deficient ear was shorter, with
      less biomass accumulation, lower N concentrations, and overall lower
      concentrations of N assimilates and soluble sugars at 1- or 2-week after silking.
      Such negative alterations were probably due to significant decreases in
      activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate
      synthetase, and sucrose synthetase in the N deficient maize ear especially after
      silking. Compensatory up-regulation of corresponding gene expression, together
      with co-downregulation of gene expression and enzyme activities in certain
      circumstances, suggested regulatory complexity and mechanistic differentiation
      from gene expression to functioning at physiological and molecular levels in
      quickly developing maize ear in counteracting N deficiency. Importantly, auxin,
      gibberellin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid may act in a coordinative manner to
      negatively modulate ear development under N limitation, as indicated by their
      concentration variations and substantial up-regulation of IAA14, GA2-ox1, and
      CKX12. Lastly, early senescence may occur in the low-N ear driven by interplay of
      hormone functioning and senescence-related gene regulation.

PMID- 26979325
TI  - Case-finding for common mental disorders of anxiety and depression in primary
      care: an external validation of routinely collected data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The robustness of epidemiological research using routinely collected
      primary care electronic data to support policy and practice for common mental
      disorders (CMD) anxiety and depression would be greatly enhanced by appropriate
      validation of diagnostic codes and algorithms for data extraction. We aimed to
      create a robust research platform for CMD using population-based, routinely
      collected primary care electronic data. METHODS: We developed a set of Read code
      lists (diagnosis, symptoms, treatments) for the identification of anxiety and
      depression in the General Practice Database (GPD) within the Secure Anonymised
      Information Linkage Databank at Swansea University, and assessed 12 algorithms
      for Read codes to define cases according to various criteria. Annual incidence
      rates were calculated per 1000 person years at risk (PYAR) to assess recording
      practice for these CMD between January 1(st) 2000 and December 31(st) 2009. We
      anonymously linked the 2799 MHI-5 Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Survey
      (CHSNS) respondents aged 18 to 74 years to their routinely collected GP data in
      SAIL. We estimated the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of
      the various algorithms using the MHI-5 as the gold standard. RESULTS: The
      incidence of combined depression/anxiety diagnoses remained stable over the ten
      year period in a population of over 500,000 but symptoms increased from 6.5 to
      20.7 per 1000 PYAR. A 'historical' GP diagnosis for depression/anxiety currently
      treated plus a current diagnosis (treated or untreated) resulted in a specificity
      of 0.96, sensitivity 0.29 and PPV 0.76. Adding current symptom codes improved
      sensitivity (0.32) with a marginal effect on specificity (0.95) and PPV (0.74).
      CONCLUSIONS: We have developed an algorithm with a high specificity and PPV of
      detecting cases of anxiety and depression from routine GP data that incorporates
      symptom codes to reflect GP coding behaviour. We have demonstrated that using
      diagnosis and current treatment alone to identify cases for depression and
      anxiety using routinely collected primary care data will miss a number of true
      cases given changes in GP recording behaviour. The Read code lists plus the
      developed algorithms will be applicable to other routinely collected primary care
      datasets, creating a platform for future e-cohort research into these conditions.

PMID- 26979328
TI  - Turnabout Is Fair Play: Herbivory-Induced Plant Chitinases Excreted in Fall
      Armyworm Frass Suppress Herbivore Defenses in Maize.
AB  - The perception of herbivory by plants is known to be triggered by the deposition
      of insect-derived factors such as saliva and oral secretions, oviposition
      materials, and even feces. Such insect-derived materials harbor chemical cues
      that may elicit herbivore and/or pathogen-induced defenses in plants. Several
      insect-derived molecules that trigger herbivore-induced defenses in plants are
      known; however, insect-derived molecules suppressing them are largely unknown. In
      this study, we identified two plant chitinases from fall armyworm (Spodoptera
      frugiperda) larval frass that suppress herbivore defenses while simultaneously
      inducing pathogen defenses in maize (Zea mays). Fall armyworm larvae feed in
      enclosed whorls of maize plants, where frass accumulates over extended periods of
      time in close proximity to damaged leaf tissue. Our study shows that maize
      chitinases, Pr4 and Endochitinase A, are induced during herbivory and
      subsequently deposited on the host with the feces. These plant chitinases mediate
      the suppression of herbivore-induced defenses, thereby increasing the performance
      of the insect on the host. Pr4 and Endochitinase A also trigger the antagonistic
      pathogen defense pathway in maize and suppress fungal pathogen growth on maize
      leaves. Frass-induced suppression of herbivore defenses by deposition of the
      plant-derived chitinases Pr4 and Endochitinase A is a unique way an insect can co
      opt the plant's defense proteins for its own benefit. It is also a phenomenon
      unlike the induction of herbivore defenses by insect oral secretions in most host
      herbivore systems.

PMID- 26979329
TI  - A JUMONJI Protein with E3 Ligase and Histone H3 Binding Activities Affects
      Transposon Silencing in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Transposable elements (TEs) make up a large proportion of eukaryotic genomes. As
      their mobilization creates genetic variation that threatens genome integrity, TEs
      are epigenetically silenced through several pathways, and this may spread to
      neighboring sequences. JUMONJI (JMJ) proteins can function as antisilencing
      factors and prevent silencing of genes next to TEs Whether TE silencing is
      counterbalanced by the activity of antisilencing factors is still unclear. Here,
      we characterize JMJ24 as a regulator of TE silencing. We show that loss of JMJ24
      results in increased silencing of the DNA transposon AtMu1c, while overexpression
      of JMJ24 reduces silencing. JMJ24 has a JumonjiC (JmjC) domain and two RING
      domains. JMJ24 autoubiquitinates in vitro, demonstrating E3 ligase activity of
      the RING domain(s). JMJ24-JmjC binds the N-terminal tail of histone H3, and full
      length JMJ24 binds histone H3 in vivo. JMJ24 activity is anticorrelated with
      histone H3 Lys 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) levels at AtMu1c Double mutant analyses
      with epigenetic silencing mutants suggest that JMJ24 antagonizes histone H3K9me2
      and requires H3K9 methyltransferases for its activity on AtMu1c Genome-wide
      transcriptome analysis indicates that JMJ24 affects silencing at additional TEs
      Our results suggest that the JmjC domain of JMJ24 has lost demethylase activity
      but has been retained as a binding domain for histone H3. This is in line with
      phylogenetic analyses indicating that JMJ24 (with the mutated JmjC domain) is
      widely conserved in angiosperms. Taken together, this study assigns a role in TE
      silencing to a conserved JmjC-domain protein with E3 ligase activity, but no
      demethylase activity.

PMID- 26979330
TI  - Phosphate Treatment Strongly Inhibits New Arbuscule Development But Not the
      Maintenance of Arbuscule in Mycorrhizal Rice Roots.
AB  - Phosphorus (P) is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, but its availability to
      roots is limited in soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a promising
      strategy for improving plant P acquisition. However, P fertilizer reduces fungal
      colonization (P inhibition) and compromises mycorrhizal P uptake, warranting
      studies on the mechanistic basis of P inhibition. In this study, early
      morphological changes in P inhibition were identified in rice (Oryza sativa)
      using fungal cell wall staining and live-cell imaging of plant membranes that
      were associated with arbuscule life cycles. Arbuscule density decreased, and
      aberrant hyphal branching was observed in roots at 5 h after P treatment.
      Although new arbuscule development was severely inhibited, preformed arbuscules
      remained intact and longevity remained constant. P inhibition was accelerated in
      the rice pt11-1 mutant, which lacks P uptake from arbuscule branches, suggesting
      that mature arbuscules are stabilized by the symbiotic P transporter under high P
      condition. Moreover, P treatment led to increases in the number of vesicles, in
      which lipid droplets accumulated and then decreased within a few days. The
      development of new arbuscules resumed within by 2 d. Our data established that P
      strongly and temporarily inhibits new arbuscule development, but not intraradical
      accommodation of AM fungi.

PMID- 26979331
TI  - Xylans Provide the Structural Driving Force for Mucilage Adhesion to the
      Arabidopsis Seed Coat.
AB  - Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat epidermal cells produce large
      amounts of mucilage that is released upon imbibition. This mucilage is structured
      into two domains: an outer diffuse layer that can be easily removed by agitation
      and an inner layer that remains attached to the outer seed coat. Both layers are
      composed primarily of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), the inner layer also
      containing rays of cellulose that extend from the top of each columella.
      Perturbation in cellulosic ray formation has systematically been associated with
      a redistribution of pectic mucilage from the inner to the outer layer, in
      agreement with cellulose-pectin interactions, the nature of which remained
      unknown. Here, by analyzing the outer layer composition of a series of mutant
      alleles, a tight proportionality of xylose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose was
      evidenced, except for mucilage modified5-1 (mum5-1; a mutant showing a
      redistribution of mucilage pectin from the inner adherent layer to the outer
      soluble one), for which the rhamnose-xylose ratio was increased drastically.
      Biochemical and in vitro binding assay data demonstrated that xylan chains are
      attached to RG-I chains and mediate the adsorption of mucilage to cellulose
      microfibrils. mum5-1 mucilage exhibited very weak adsorption to cellulose. MUM5
      was identified as a putative xylosyl transferase recently characterized as
      MUCI21. Together, these findings suggest that the binding affinity of xylose
      ramifications on RG-I to a cellulose scaffold is one of the factors involved in
      the formation of the adherent mucilage layer.

PMID- 26979334
TI  - Acceptability of study procedures (self-collected introital swabs, blood draws
      and stool sample collection) by students 10-16 years for an HPV vaccine
      effectiveness study: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A cohort study was planned to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity and
      effect of malaria and helminth co-infections on the bivalent Human papilloma
      virus (HPV) vaccine. The study would involve self collected introital swabs,
      blood draws and stool sample collection. We therefore conducted a pilot study to
      assess the acceptability of these procedures among the students and their
      parents. RESULTS: A cross-sectional study among forty four students from two
      purposively selected primary schools of Western Uganda. Exit interviews and two
      focus group discussions (FGD) (for parents) were conducted. Acceptability was
      measured by willingness to undergo the procedures again, recommending the
      procedures to others as well as proportion of introital swabs positive for beta
      globulin. FGD determined acceptability of the parents and explored opinions and
      perceptions that would influence their decisions. HPV-16/18 and beta globulin
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were analysed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      kit. All the students (100%) in the study were willing to provide a self-
      collected introital swab and a stool sample as well as recommending their friends
      while (86.3%) were willing for blood draws. There were 40/44 (90.1%) self
      collected introital swabs that had positive result for human beta globulin though
      none of them was positive for HPV-16/18. In the FGD, it emerged that parents
      concerns were on the blood draws and introital swab collection which were
      addressed. CONCLUSIONS: The study procedures were highly acceptable among this
      study population of students and their parents. Follow-up to assess HPV vaccine
      effectiveness and factors that may influence the vaccine in this age group is
      feasible.

PMID- 26979332
TI  - Arabidopsis CALCINEURIN B-LIKE10 Functions Independently of the SOS Pathway
      during Reproductive Development in Saline Conditions.
AB  - The accumulation of sodium in soil (saline conditions) negatively affects plant
      growth and development. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway in Arabidopsis
      (Arabidopsis thaliana) functions to remove sodium from the cytosol during
      vegetative development preventing its accumulation to toxic levels. In this
      pathway, the SOS3 and CALCINEURIN B-LIKE10 (CBL10) calcium sensors interact with
      the SOS2 protein kinase to activate sodium/proton exchange at the plasma membrane
      (SOS1) or vacuolar membrane. To determine if the same pathway functions during
      reproductive development in response to salt, fertility was analyzed in wild type
      and the SOS pathway mutants grown in saline conditions. In response to salt,
      CBL10 functions early in reproductive development before fertilization, while
      SOS1 functions mostly after fertilization when seed development begins. Neither
      SOS2 nor SOS3 function in reproductive development in response to salt. Loss of
      CBL10 function resulted in reduced anther dehiscence, shortened stamen filaments,
      and aborted pollen development. In addition, cbl10 mutant pistils could not
      sustain the growth of wild-type pollen tubes. These results suggest that CBL10 is
      critical for reproductive development in the presence of salt and that it
      functions in different pathways during vegetative and reproductive development.

PMID- 26979335
TI  - Evidence for multi-polymorphic islands during epitaxial growth of ZnO on Ag(1 1
      1).
AB  - A range of models of free standing and Ag(1 1 1)-supported stoichiometric ZnO
      films with coverages between 2-3 monolayers are studied using density functional
      calculations. Following experimental observations we focus on stoichiometric
      hexagonal and triangular ad-layer islands grown on top of two complete ZnO
      monolayers. The adlayer islands display distinct edge and corner reconstructions
      and are found to induce a structural transition extending from the island core to
      the layered phase below. Based on our results we propose a general model of ad
      layer triangular island structure based on seven regions exhibiting four distinct
      polymorphs.

PMID- 26979333
TI  - Correlation between EGFR gene mutation, cytologic tumor markers, 18F-FDG uptake
      in non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: EGFR mutation-induced cell proliferation causes changes in tumor
      biology and tumor metabolism, which may reflect tumor marker concentration and
      18F-FDG uptake on PET/CT. Direct aspirates of primary lung tumors contain
      different concentrations of tumor markers than serum tumor markers, and may
      correlate better with EGFR mutation than serum tumor markers. The purpose of this
      study is to investigate an association between cytologic tumor markers and FDG
      uptake with EGFR mutation status in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS:
      We prospectively collected tumor aspirates of 61 patients who underwent EGFR
      mutation analysis. Serum and cytologic CYFRA 21-1, CEA, and SCCA levels were
      measured and correlated with EGFR gene mutations. FDG PET/CT was performed on 58
      patients for NSCLC staging, and SUV was correlated with EGFR mutation status.
      RESULTS: Thirty (50%) patients had EGFR mutation and 57 patients had
      adenocarcinoma subtype. Univariate analysis showed that female gender, never
      smoker, high levels of cytologic CYFRA 21-1 (c-CYFRA) and lower maximum standard
      uptake value (SUVmax) were correlated with EGFR mutations. ROC generated cut-off
      values of 20.8 ng/ml for c-CYFRA and SUVmax of 9.6 showed highest sensitivity for
      EGFR mutation detection. Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender
      [hazard ratio (HR): 18.15, p = 0.025], higher levels of c-CYFRA (HR: 7.58, and
      lower SUVmax (HR: 0.08, p = 0.005) were predictive of harboring EGFR mutation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The cytologic tumor marker c-CYFRA was positively associated with
      EGFR mutations in NSCLC. EGFR mutation-positive NSCLCs have relatively lower
      glycolysis compared with NSCLCs without EGFR mutation.

PMID- 26979336
TI  - How are the employed and unemployed affected by the economic crisis in Spain?
      Educational inequalities, life conditions and mental health in a context of high
      unemployment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite an increasing number of studies on the factors mediating the
      impact of the economic recession on mental health, research beyond the individual
      employment status is scarce. Our objectives were to investigate in which ways the
      mental health of employed and unemployed populations is differently affected by
      the current economic recession along the educational scale and to examine whether
      financial strain and social support explain these effects of the crisis. METHODS:
      A repeated cross-sectional study, using two waves of the Andalusian Health Survey
      in 2007 (pre-crisis) and 2011-2012 (crisis). A population aged between 19 and 64
      years was selected. The dependent variable was the Mental Component Summary of
      the SF-12 questionnaire. We performed Poisson regression models stratified by
      working status, with period, educational level, financial strain and social
      support as independent variables. We examined interactions between period and
      educational level. Age, sex, main earner, cohabitation and partner's working
      status were considered as covariates. RESULTS: The study included 3210
      individuals (1185 women) in 2007 and 3633 individuals (1486 women) in 2011-2012.
      In working individuals the prevalence of poor mental health increased for
      secondary and complete primary studies groups during crisis compared to the pre
      crisis period, while it decreased significantly in the university study group (PR
      = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99). However, in unemployed individuals prevalence ratios
      for poor mental health increased significantly only in the secondary studies
      group (PR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.06-2.83). Financial strain and social support yielded
      consistent associations with mental health in all subgroups. Only financial
      strain could partly explain the crisis effect on mental health among the
      unemployed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the finding that current economic
      recession is associated with poorer mental health differentially according to
      labour market status and educational level. Those with secondary studies may be
      at risk in times of economic recession. In connection with this, emerging
      educational inequalities in mental health among the employed population were
      observed. Our research also suggests a partial mediating role of financial strain
      for the effects of crisis on poor mental health among the unemployed. Good social
      support appears to buffer poor mental health in all subgroups but not
      specifically during crisis period.

PMID- 26979338
TI  - The in vivo effects of a fraction from Dioscorea spongiosa on glucocorticoid
      induced osteoporosis.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In traditional Chinese medicines, osteoporosis
      was considered to be induced by the deficiency of kidney's function. The Rhizoma
      of Dioscorea spongiosa was one of the kidney tonifying and bone strengthening
      agent in the traditional usage and previous study had shown that its 90% ethanol
      fraction was effective on anti-osteoporosis using the ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
      However, for the secondary osteoporosis, like glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
      (GIO), its effect was still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The GIO model was
      established by injecting dexamethasone into the muscles of rats. The 90% ethanol
      extraction of Dioscorea spongiosa (DSE) were administrated to rats in three
      different dosages, 125, 250 and 500mg/Kg/d, respectively. After the
      administration, the rats were sacrificed to measure different kinds of
      indicators, including the biochemical indexes in urine and serum, the bone tissue
      metrology, BMC and BMD, biomechanical indicators and histological changes.
      RESULTS: DSE could significantly reduce the content of BGP, ALT, TRAcP, HOP/Cr
      and Ca/Cr, increase the content of P/Cr compared with the control group,
      suggesting that DSE is effective on controlling the excessive transition of bones
      and inhibiting the bone resorption. By the administration of DSE, the dry bone
      weight/volume, ash weight/volume, the content of Ca, BMD and BMC were also
      obviously increased, suggesting that DSE could increase the bone mass by
      increasing its Ca content. Besides, the flexure strength and maximum bending
      force could be improved by DSE, suggesting that it could strengthen the hardness
      and strength of bones. In the histological investigation, DSE could repair the
      broken of cancellous bones and bone trabecular with the similar activity with
      XLGB. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that DSE is effective on inhibiting GIO in
      rats by improving the bone tissue metrology, BMC and BMD as well as biomechanical
      indicators, and also repairing the microscopic changes of cancellous bones and
      trabecular bones. The mechanism was related to the inhibition of excessive bone
      transition and bone resorption according to the changes of biochemical indexes.

PMID- 26979337
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not a risk factor for polyneuropathy: A
      prospective controlled study.
AB  - Polyneuropathy has been observed in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD). If polyneuropathy occurs as a complication or extrapulmonary
      manifestation of COPD, one would expect an increased prevalence among patients
      with a cryptogenic axonal polyneuropathy. This case-control study aimed to
      investigate the association between COPD and polyneuropathy. We prospectively
      included 345 patients with cryptogenic axonal polyneuropathy and 465 controls. A
      standardized questionnaire assessed the presence of COPD and we verified this
      diagnosis by contacting the family physician. The severity of COPD was based on
      the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification. The
      prevalence of COPD did not differ between patients with polyneuropathy and
      controls (15/345 vs. 12/465 respectively; odds ratio (OR) 1.7; 95% confidence
      interval (CI) [0.8-3.7]). Adjusting for age, gender and possible confounders did
      not affect these results (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.7-4.1). The severity of COPD
      was similar between patients with polyneuropathy and controls. This study does
      not support the hypothesis that COPD is a risk factor for polyneuropathy.

PMID- 26979339
TI  - The aqueous extract of rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume attenuates locomotor
      defect and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has an incident rate
      of 200-300 people per 100,000 annually in the developed countries. TBI has
      relatively high incidence at an early age and may cause long-term physical
      disability. Patients suffered from severe TBI would have motor and
      neuropsychological malfunctions, affecting their daily activities. Traditionally,
      Gastrodia elata Blume is a Chinese Medicines which was used for the head
      diseases, while their efficiency on reducing brain damage was still largely
      unknown. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effect of water extract of
      G. elata Blume (GE) against TBI and elucidate its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with GE for 7 days, immediately
      after controlled cortical impact-induced TBI. Impaired neurobehavioral
      functioning was measured on day 3 and 6 after TBI. Histology of TBI was examined
      to assess the extent of inflammation, and the expressions of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines were examined by immunofluorescence study on day 7. RESULTS: GE
      treatment significantly improved the impaired locomotor functions induced by TBI.
      GE treatment reduced inflammation and gliosis in the penumbral area. The increase
      in brain levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha observed in non-GE treated TBI rats were also reversed. CONCLUSIONS:
      GE treatment attenuated the locomotor deficit caused by TBI. The anti
      inflammatory activity might be mediated by inhibition of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines responses in the TBI-brain.

PMID- 26979341
TI  - Paeoniflorin protects Schwann cells against high glucose induced oxidative injury
      by activating Nrf2/ARE pathway and inhibiting apoptosis.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Paeoniflorin (PF) is the principal bioactive
      component of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., which an included in Tang Luo Ning recipe,
      a traditional Chinese herbal medicine based on Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction. PF
      is also widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of blood
      arthralgia disease including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but its
      underlying molecular mechanism of neuroprotective effects is not yet well
      understood. Diabetic hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in Schwann cells, an
      important component of the peripheral nervous system, has been proposed as a
      unifying mechanism for DPN. The objective of this study is to determine the
      effects of PF on Schwann cells oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by high
      glucose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RSC96 cells, a Schwann cell line, were treated
      with high glucose (150mM) and PF (1, 10 and 100MUM). Subsequently, MTT assay was
      performed. The level of apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and the
      oxidative stress was reflected by reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde
      (MDA), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels.
      The mRNA expressions of Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme
      oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were detected by qRT-PCR. The levels of Kelch-like ECH
      associating protein 1 (Keap1), Nrf2, HO-1, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
      (gammaGCS), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax and Caspase 3 were detected by
      High content analysis and/or Western blot. RESULTS: The role of PF markedly
      suppressed high glucose induced Schwann cells oxidative stress by decreasing ROS
      and MDA levels and increasing GST and GPX activity. Western blot analysis showed
      that PF induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2. High content analysis showed that
      PF promoted Nrf2 dissociation from Keap1 and upregulating the Nrf2/ antioxidant
      response element (ARE) pathway. Furthermore, PF reduced Schwann cells apoptosis
      by increasing Bcl-2 and inhibiting Bax and Caspase-3 expressions. CONCLUSIONS: PF
      in the management of Schwann cells oxidative stress induced by high glucose may
      be associated with activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway and Bcl-2-related apoptotic
      pathway.

PMID- 26979340
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of Oryeongsan and its action on water regulation in renal
      inner medullary collecting duct cells.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Oryeongsan (ORS, Wulingsan) has been reported to
      possess renal protective effects from renal diseases such as diabetes-induced
      renal damage, and nephrocalcinosis. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was conducted to
      evaluate the quantitative analysis and the inhibitory effect of ORS on hypertonic
      stress-induced water channel and apoptosis in murine inner medullary collecting
      duct cell line (mIMCD-3). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromatographic and NMR
      spectroscopic analysis were performed and water balance regulation was determined
      by Western blot, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescnece. RESULTS: Seven active principles
      (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, alismoxide, methyl(-)trans-cinnamate, adenine,
      guanosine, adenosine, and ferulic acid) in ORS were isolated and the structures
      were identified mainly by NMR spectroscopic analysis. In addition, contents of
      these metabolites in ORS were evaluated by HPLC analysis. Pretreatment with ORS
      significantly attenuated the hypertonic stress (175mM NaCl)-induced increase in
      protein levels of AQP2 and apical membrane insertion. ORS also attenuated
      osmolyte sodium-myo-inositol transporter (SMIT) expression and tonicity
      responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) mRNA under hypertonic stress. Those
      actions of ORS presented the similar effect of PKA inhibitor which AQP2
      expression throughout the inhibition of vasopressin-mediated cAMP/PKA signal
      pathway. On the other hand, pretreatment with ORS attenuated hypertonic stress
      induced cell death. Hypertonic stress-induced Bax or caspase-3 expression was
      decreased by ORS, resulting in anti-apoptotic effect. CONCLUSIONS: The present
      data suggest that the beneficial effect of ORS in water balance and apoptosis
      against hypertonic stress of renal collecting ducts.

PMID- 26979343
TI  - Differentiation signalobody: Demonstration of antigen-dependent osteoclast
      differentiation from a progenitor cell line.
AB  - A "cytokine-less" in vitro differentiation method would be promising for cost
      effective mass production of cells used for regenerative medicine. In this study,
      we developed a differentiation signalobody S-RANK, in which the extracellular
      domain of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) is replaced with a
      single-chain variable fragment (scFv) to attain signaling in response to an
      inexpensive antigen. A murine macrophage cell line RAW264, which is known to
      differentiate into an osteoclast by RANK ligand (RANKL), was lentivirally
      transduced with S-RANK. When the resultant cells were cultured with a specific
      antigen, the cells differentiated into multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. The differentiation efficiency was almost
      comparable to those induced by RANKL. In addition, the signaling analysis
      demonstrated that nuclear factor kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase
      signaling pathways, which are the major signaling pathways downstream of wild
      type RANK, were also activated by S-RANK. These results demonstrate that S-RANK
      sufficiently mimics signal transduction of wild-type RANK. Differentiation
      signalobodies may be applied for controlling differentiation of other cell types
      by using appropriate signaling domains. 

PMID- 26979342
TI  - The genetic diversity and structure of indica rice in China as detected by single
      nucleotide polymorphism analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of the
      world's population. The identification of genetic diversity in local varieties of
      rice compared with that of improved or introduced varieties is important in
      breeding elite varieties for sustainable agriculture. Array-based single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection is a useful technique for such studies
      and breeding applications. RESULTS: We developed a 5291-SNP genome-wide array and
      used it to genotype 471 indica rice accessions in China using Illumina's Infinium
      technology. Local, introduced, and improved rice varieties were clustered into
      three sub-groups, with some overlapping shown in principal component analysis and
      neighbor-joining tree, also confirmed by model-based structure. A minor allele
      frequency >= 0.2 was observed in 72% of polymorphic SNPs in local rice varieties,
      which was higher than that in other sub-groups. Local rice varieties also had the
      highest mean polymorphism information content (PIC) and genetic diversity.
      Analysis of molecular variance showed that 90.61% of genetic variation was a
      result of differences within sub-groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that
      SNP analysis clustered local varieties, introduced varieties, and improved
      varieties into three clear sub-groups. The distribution of parameter PIC values
      on sub-group genomes revealed that genetic differentiation among them might not
      be on a genome-wide scale, but rather on selected loci or chromosomal intervals.
      The result of Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that genes nearby those
      selected SNPs associated different molecular functions or various traits among
      sub-groups.

PMID- 26979346
TI  - Two in five consultant posts were unfilled last year.

PMID- 26979344
TI  - In vitro steroid profiling system for the evaluation of endocrine disruptors.
AB  - Endocrine disruptors (ED) are chemicals that affect various aspects of the
      endocrine system, often leading to the inhibition of steroidogenesis. Current
      chemical safety policies that restrict human exposure to such chemicals describe
      often time-consuming and costly methods for the evaluation of ED effects. We
      aimed to develop an effective tool for accurate phenotypic chemical toxicology
      studies. We developed an in vitro ED evaluation system using gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) methods for metabolomic analysis of
      multi-marker profiles. Accounting for sample preparation and GC/MS/MS conditions,
      we established a screening method that allowed the simultaneous analysis of 17
      steroids with good reproducibility and a linear calibration curve. Moreover, we
      applied the developed system to H295R human adrenocortical cells exposed to
      forskolin and prochloraz in accordance with the Organization for Economic
      Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines and observed dose-dependent
      variations in steroid profiles. While the OECD guidelines include only
      testosterone and 17beta-estradiol, our system enabled a comprehensive and highly
      sensitive analysis of steroid profile alteration due to ED exposure. The
      application of our ED evaluation screen could be economical and provide novel
      insights into the hazards of ED exposure to the endocrine system. 

PMID- 26979345
TI  - Fiber degradation potential of natural co-cultures of Neocallimastix frontalis
      and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium isolated from yaks (Bos grunniens) grazing on
      the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau.
AB  - Several natural anaerobic fungus-methanogen co-cultures have been isolated from
      rumen and feces source of herbivores with strong fiber degrading ability. In this
      study, we isolated 7 Neocallimastix with methanogen co-cultures from the rumen of
      yaks grazing on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Based on morphological
      characteristics and internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences (ITS1), all the fungi
      were identified as Neocallimastix frontalis. The co-cultures were confirmed as
      the one fungus - one methanogen pattern by the PCR-denatured gradient gel
      electrophoresis (DGGE) assay. All the methanogens were identified as
      Methanobrevibacter ruminantium by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. We investigated the
      biodegrading capacity of the co-culture (N. frontalis + M. ruminantium) Yaktz1 on
      wheat straw, corn stalk and rice straw in a 7 days-incubation. The in vitro dry
      matter digestibility (IVDMD), acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) and
      neural detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) values of the substrates in the co
      culture were significantly higher than those in the mono-culture N. frontalis
      Yaktz1. The co-culture exhibited high polysaccharide hydrolase (xylanase and
      FPase) and esterase activities. The xylanase in the co-culture reached the
      highest activity of 12500 mU/ml on wheat straw at the day 3 of the incubation. At
      the end of the incubation, 3.00 mmol-3.29 mmol/g dry matter of methane were
      produced by the co-culture. The co-culture also produced high level of acetate
      (40.00 mM-45.98 mM) as the end-product during the biodegradation. Interestingly,
      the N. frontalis Yaktz1 mono-culture produced large amount of lactate (8.27 mM
      11.60 mM) and ethanol (163.11 mM-242.14 mM), many times more than those recorded
      in the previously reported anaerobic fungi. Our data suggests that the (N.
      frontalis + M. ruminantium) Yaktz1 co-culture and the N. frontalis Yaktz1 mono
      culture both have great potentials for different industrial use. 

PMID- 26979348
TI  - Taking up the proposal of allocating one slot a month for a year to qualitative
      research.

PMID- 26979347
TI  - Utility of Procedural Sedation as a Marker for Quality Assurance in Emergency
      Medicine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Joint Commission requires health care organizations to monitor
      and evaluate procedural sedation. However, the utility of mandatory review of
      procedural sedation in evaluating health care quality is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine whether procedural sedation is a useful marker for evaluating error in
      the emergency department (ED). METHODS: We prospectively collected data for
      patients presenting to an urban, tertiary care, academic medical center ED
      between October 2013 and June 2015. We used an automated, electronic tracking
      system to identify patients who underwent procedural sedation. We randomly
      assigned cases to physician reviewers. Reviewers used a structured tool to
      determine the presence of error and adverse events. If a reviewer felt that the
      case had an error or adverse event, it was referred to a quality assurance (QA)
      committee, which made a final determination as to whether or not an error or
      adverse event occurred. RESULTS: There were 166 cases of procedural sedation
      reviewed. Two errors were identified, for an error rate of 1.2% (95% confidence
      interval [CI] 0.003-0.043). Both errors occurred during the use of propofol to
      facilitate upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Neither error resulted in an adverse
      event. One adverse event was identified that was unrelated to physician error
      (0.6%; 95% CI 0.001-0.033). CONCLUSION: Routine review of procedural sedation
      performed in the ED offers little advantage over existing QA markers. Directed
      review of high-risk cases, such as those involving endoscopy or other longer
      duration procedures, may be more useful. Future studies focusing quality review
      on projected high-risk sedation cases may establish more valuable markers for QA
      review.

PMID- 26979349
TI  - Incidental bronchography.

PMID- 26979350
TI  - Laryngeal myoclonus.

PMID- 26979352
TI  - Wound healing and treating wounds: Differential diagnosis and evaluation of
      chronic wounds.
AB  - Wounds are an excellent example of how the field of dermatology represents a
      cross-section of many medical disciplines. For instance, wounds may be caused by
      trauma, vascular insufficiency, and underlying medical conditions, such as
      diabetes, hypertension, and rheumatologic and inflammatory disease. This
      continuing medical education article provides an overview of wound healing and
      the pathophysiology of chronic wounds and reviews the broad differential
      diagnosis of chronic wounds. It also describes the initial steps necessary in
      evaluating a chronic wound and determining its underlying etiology. 

PMID- 26979351
TI  - The possible role of asbestos exposure in the pathogenesis of a thoracic non
      Hodgkin lymphoma.

PMID- 26979353
TI  - Wound healing and treating wounds: Chronic wound care and management.
AB  - In the United States, chronic ulcers--including decubitus, vascular,
      inflammatory, and rheumatologic subtypes--affect >6 million people, with
      increasing numbers anticipated in our growing elderly and diabetic populations.
      These wounds cause significant morbidity and mortality and lead to significant
      medical costs. Preventative and treatment measures include disease-specific
      approaches and the use of moisture retentive dressings and adjunctive topical
      therapies to promote healing. In this article, we discuss recent advances in
      wound care technology and current management guidelines for the treatment of
      wounds and ulcers.

PMID- 26979355
TI  - What's new: Management of venous leg ulcers: Treating venous leg ulcers.
AB  - Venous leg ulcers account for approximately 70% of all leg ulcers and affect 2.2
      million Americans annually. After a comprehensive patient and wound assessment,
      compression therapy remains the cornerstone of standard care. Adjuvant care with
      topical or systemic agents is used for wounds that do not heal within 4 weeks.
      Once healed, long-term compression therapy with stockings or surgical
      intervention will reduce the incidence of recurrence. This continuing medical
      education article aims to outline optimal management for patients with venous leg
      ulcers, highlighting the role of a multidisciplinary team in delivering high
      quality care.

PMID- 26979354
TI  - What's new: Management of venous leg ulcers: Approach to venous leg ulcers.
AB  - Leg ulcerations are a common problem, with an estimated prevalence of 1% to 2% in
      the adult population. Venous leg ulcers are primarily treated in outpatient
      settings and often are managed by dermatologists. Recent advances in the
      diagnosis and treatment of leg ulcers combined with available evidence-based data
      will provide an update on this topic. A systematized approach and the judicious
      use of expensive advanced therapeutics are critical. Specialized arterial and
      venous studies are most commonly noninvasive. The ankle brachial pressure index
      can be performed with a handheld Doppler unit at the bedside by most clinicians.
      The vascular laboratory results and duplex Doppler findings are used to identify
      segmental defects and potential operative candidates. Studies of the venous
      system can also predict a subset of patients who may benefit from surgery.
      Successful leg ulcer management requires an interdisciplinary team to make the
      correct diagnosis, assess the vascular supply, and identify other modifiable
      factors to optimize healing. The aim of this continuing medical education article
      is to provide an update on the management of venous leg ulcers. Part I is focused
      on the approach to venous ulcer diagnostic testing. 

PMID- 26979357
TI  - Sharps injuries among US dermatology trainees: A cross-sectional study.

PMID- 26979356
TI  - The cost of applying to dermatology residency: 2014 data estimates.

PMID- 26979358
TI  - Does biopsy accurately assess basal cell carcinoma (BCC) subtype?

PMID- 26979359
TI  - Surgical treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with negative pressure wound therapy
      and split thickness skin grafting under adequate immunosuppression is a valuable
      treatment option: Case series of 15 patients.

PMID- 26979360
TI  - "Pretend you didn't hear that"--managing ethical dilemmas from the bottom of a
      medical hierarchy.

PMID- 26979361
TI  - Inpatient dermatology consultative programs: A continued need, tools for needs
      assessment for curriculum development, and a call for new methods of teaching.

PMID- 26979363
TI  - The cost of applying to dermatology residency.

PMID- 26979362
TI  - Recognizing that the microbiome is part of the human immune system will advance
      treatment of both cancer and infections.

PMID- 26979367
TI  - Halo and pseudo-halo melanoma.

PMID- 26979368
TI  - Optimized dermatopathologic imaging by a smartphone camera.

PMID- 26979369
TI  - Reconstruction of the central anthelix using a novel double chondrocutaneous
      island flap.

PMID- 26979370
TI  - Superior Antia-Buch flap for reconstruction of helical rim defects.

PMID- 26979371
TI  - Failure of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in 3 patients with folliculitis decalvans.

PMID- 26979372
TI  - Reply: Treatment of folliculitis decalvans with photodynamic therapy.

PMID- 26979373
TI  - Finasteride is of uncertain utility in treating frontal fibrosing alopecia.

PMID- 26979374
TI  - Further research needed if finasteride is to become standard of care for frontal
      fibrosing alopecia (FFA).

PMID- 26979375
TI  - Antiandrogenic drugs, a therapeutic option for frontal fibrosing alopecia
      patients.

PMID- 26979376
TI  - Reply to: '"Pretend you didn't hear that"--managing ethical dilemmas from the
      bottom of a medical hierarchy.' Attitude toward pregnancy and motherhood in our
      dermatology workplace.

PMID- 26979377
TI  - Reply to: "What's in a name?".

PMID- 26979378
TI  - Secukinumab versus ustekinumab: "CLEAR" conclusions are needed.

PMID- 26979379
TI  - Does the presence of a mutation at position V179 impact on virological outcome in
      patients receiving antiretroviral medication?

PMID- 26979380
TI  - Insufficient evidence to support the use of laser therapy for peri-implantitis.

PMID- 26979381
TI  - Delineation of QRS offset by instantaneous changes in ECG vector angle can
      improve detection of acute inferior myocardial infarctions.
AB  - We developed an automated new method for determining QRS offset, based on angular
      velocity (AV) changes around the QRS loop, and compared the method's performance
      to that of manual and more established automated methods for determining QRS
      offset in both healthy subjects and patients with acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI). Specifically, using Frank leads reconstructed from standard 12-lead ECGs,
      we determined AV in the direction of change raised to the 4th power, d(t). We
      found that the d(t)-determined AV transition (DeltaAV) nearly coincided with
      manually determined QRS offset in healthy subjects, and in 27 patients with
      anterior AMI. However, in 31 patients with inferior AMI, DeltaAV typically
      preceded that of QRS offset determined by the established automated methods, and
      by more than 10ms in 32% of cases. While this "DeltaAV precedence" coincided with
      diagnostic ST elevation in only a minority of patients with recent inferior AMI,
      the use of DeltaAV precedence as a complement to traditional determination of ST
      elevation increased the sensitivity for detecting inferior AMIs from 23 to 42%.

PMID- 26979382
TI  - Three-dimensional knee kinematics in patients with a discoid lateral meniscus
      during gait.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, the knee kinematics of a discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) has
      not been elucidated. The aim was to investigate the three-dimensional knee
      kinematics in knees with a DLM using gait analysis. METHODS: Ten patients (mean:
      14years) diagnosed with bilateral DLM and unilaterally symptomatic snapping as
      well as 10 healthy controls (mean: 23years) participated in the study. Each
      patient with a DLM had unilaterally snapping knee in full extension and deep
      flexion. The three-dimensional gait analysis was performed with the point cluster
      technique. All subjects were asked to walk on a level floor at the speed of their
      choice. In the sagittal plane, knee excursion was separately evaluated during the
      weight acceptance phase and the mid-stance phase. In the axial plane, knee
      excursion during the stance phase was assessed. Finally, knee excursion during
      the whole gait cycle was evaluated in the frontal plane. Statistical comparison
      was conducted between groups, and between both sides in the DLM group. RESULTS:
      In the sagittal plane, knee excursions during the weight acceptance phase and the
      mid-stance phase were significantly smaller in the DLM group than in the control
      group; in addition, these were smaller on the symptomatic side than on the
      asymptomatic side in the DLM group. In the axial plane, knee excursion was also
      significantly smaller on the symptomatic side than on the asymptomatic side in
      the DLM group, whereas the frontal knee motion did not differ significantly.
      CONCLUSION: Less knee motion in the sagittal plane may prevent snapping during
      extension and flexion in patients with a DLM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

PMID- 26979385
TI  - Lithium storage on carbon nitride, graphenylene and inorganic graphenylene.
AB  - We present results of density functional theory calculations on the lithium (Li)
      ion storage capacity of three different two dimensional porous graphene-like
      membranes. The graphitic carbon nitride membrane, g-CN, is found to have a large
      Li storage capacity of at least 813 mA h g(-1) (LiCN). However, it is also found
      that the Li interacts very strongly with the membrane indicating that this is
      most likely irreversible. According to the calculations, graphenylene or
      biphenylene carbon (BPC) has a storage capacity of 487 mA h g(-1) (Li1.5C6) which
      is higher than that for graphite. We also find that Li is very mobile on these
      materials and does not interact as strongly with the membrane making it a more
      suitable anode material. Inorganic graphenylene, which is a boron nitride analog
      of graphenylene, shows very low binding energies, much lower than the cohesive
      energy of lithium, and it appears to be unsuitable as an anode material for
      lithium ion batteries. We discuss how charge transfer leads to the very different
      behaviour observed in these three similar materials.

PMID- 26979383
TI  - The Arabidopsis Protein CGLD11 Is Required for Chloroplast ATP Synthase
      Accumulation.
AB  - ATP synthases in chloroplasts (cpATPase) and mitochondria (mtATPase) are
      responsible for ATP production during photosynthesis and oxidative
      phosphorylation, respectively. Both enzymes consist of two multisubunit
      complexes, the membrane-bound coupling factor O and the soluble coupling factor
      1. During cpATPase biosynthesis, several accessory factors facilitate subunit
      production and orchestrate complex assembly. Here, we describe a new auxiliary
      protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is required for cpATPase accumulation.
      AtCGLD11 (CONSERVED IN THE GREEN LINEAGE AND DIATOMS 11) is a protein without any
      known functional domain and shows dual localization to chloroplasts and
      mitochondria. Loss of AtCGLD11 function results in reduced levels of cpATPase and
      impaired photosynthetic performance with lower rates of ATP synthesis. In yeast
      two-hybrid experiments, AtCGLD11 interacts with the beta subunits of the cpATPase
      and mtATPase. Our results suggest that AtCGLD11 functions in F1 assembly during
      cpATPase biogenesis, while its role in mtATPase biosynthesis may not, or not yet,
      be essential.

PMID- 26979384
TI  - Sperm viability and gene expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera)
      following exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the
      organophosphate acaricide coumaphos.
AB  - Honey bee population declines are of global concern. Numerous factors appear to
      cause these declines including parasites, pathogens, malnutrition and pesticides.
      Residues of the organophosphate acaricide coumaphos and the neonicotinoid
      insecticide imidacloprid, widely used to combat Varroa mites and for crop
      protection in agriculture, respectively, have been detected in wax, pollen and
      comb samples. Here, we assess the effects of these compounds at different doses
      on the viability of sperm stored in the honey bee queens' spermatheca. Our
      results demonstrate that sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid (0.02ppm) decreased
      sperm viability by 50%, 7days after treatment. Sperm viability was a downward
      trend (about 33%) in queens treated with high doses of coumaphos (100ppm), but
      there was not significant difference. The expression of genes that are involved
      in development, immune responses and detoxification in honey bee queens and
      workers exposed to chemicals was measured by qPCR analysis. The data showed that
      expression levels of specific genes were triggered 1day after treatment. The
      expression levels of P450 subfamily genes, CYP306A1, CYP4G11 and CYP6AS14 were
      decreased in honey bee queens treated with low doses of coumaphos (5ppm) and
      imidacloprid (0.02ppm). Moreover, these two compounds suppressed the expression
      of genes related to antioxidation, immunity and development in queens at day 1.
      Up-regulation of antioxidants by these compounds in worker bees was observed at
      day 1. Coumaphos also caused a repression of CYP306A1 and CYP4G11 in workers.
      Antioxidants appear to prevent chemical damage to honey bees. We also found that
      DWV replication increased in workers treated with imidacloprid. This research
      clearly demonstrates that chemical exposure can affect sperm viability in queen
      honey bees.

PMID- 26979386
TI  - Improving stand-to-sit maneuver for individuals with spinal cord injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Users of neuroprostheses employing electrical stimulation (ES)
      generally complete the stand-to-sit (STS) maneuver with high knee angular
      velocities, increased upper limb support forces, and high peak impact forces at
      initial contact with the chair. Controlling the knee during STS descent is
      challenging in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) due to the decreasing
      joint moment available with increased knee angle in response to ES. METHODS: The
      goal of this study was to investigate the effects of incorporating either (1) a
      coupling mechanism that coordinates hip and knee flexion or (2) a mechanism that
      damps knee motion to keep the knee angular velocity constant during the STS
      transition. The coupling and damping were achieved by hydraulic orthotic
      mechanisms. Two subjects with SCI were enrolled and each served as their own
      controls when characterizing the performance of each mechanism during STS as
      compared to stimulation alone. Outcome measures such as hip-knee angle, knee
      angular velocity, upper limb support force, and impact force were analyzed to
      determine the effectiveness of the two mechanisms in providing controlled STS.
      RESULTS: The coordination between the hip and knee joints improved with each
      orthotic mechanism. The damping and hip-knee coupling mechanisms caused the hip
      and knee joint ratios of 1:1.1 and 1:0.99, respectively, which approached the 1:1
      coordination ratio observed in nondisabled individuals during STS maneuver. The
      knee damping mechanism provided lower (p < 0.001) and a more constant knee
      angular velocity than the hip-knee coupling mechanism over the knee range of
      motion. Both the coupling and damping mechanisms were similarly effective at
      reducing upper limb support forces by 70 % (p < 0.001) and impact force by half
      (p <= 0.001) as compared to sitting down with stimulation alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      Orthoses imposing simple kinematic constraints, such as 1:1 hip-knee coupling or
      knee damping, can normalize upper limb support forces, peak knee angular
      velocity, and peak impact force during the STS maneuvers.

PMID- 26979390
TI  - Unplugging JAK/STAT in Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia.
AB  - The proliferative component of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, related to an
      increased sensitivity of myeloid progenitors to granulocyte macrophage-colony
      stimulating factor, suggests dedicated therapeutic approaches. In this issue,
      ruxolitinib, a JAK1 and -2 inhibitory drug, is shown to induce objective
      responses in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15);
      3707-9. (c)2016 AACRSee related article by Padron et al., p. 3746.

PMID- 26979389
TI  - Mutual antagonism between hepatitis B viral mRNA and host microRNA let-7.
AB  - The interplay between viral and host factors plays a major role in viral
      pathogenesis. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem that
      leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although HBV
      proteins have been studied extensively about their implication in
      hepatocarcinogenesis, the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis are still largely
      unknown. A recent concept in gene regulation, in which competitive endogenous
      RNAs compete for common microRNAs (miRNAs), suggests that mRNA targets are key
      elements in the regulation of miRNA availability. Here, we show that HBV mRNA in
      the preS2 region can be targeted by host miRNA let-7 g. This leads to the
      sequestration of let-7 g and inhibition of let-7 g function. The expression of
      HBV transcripts, including the preS2 region, de-repressed let-7 g targets, which
      may contribute to long-term oncogenesis. HBV transcript-expressing transgenic
      mice, but not non-targeted transcript-expressing mice, were more prone to
      chemically induced hepatoocarcinogenesis. Let-7 target protein expression was
      upregulated in human HCC tissues derived from HBV-infected patients. On the other
      hand, let-7 g inhibited HBV preS2 protein expression and viral products. These
      results suggest that the interplay between viral intermediate transcripts during
      HBV replication and host miRNAs is crucial to the pathogenesis of chronic viral
      infection.

PMID- 26979388
TI  - Recurrent Gene Duplication Diversifies Genome Defense Repertoire in Drosophila.
AB  - Transposable elements (TEs) comprise large fractions of many eukaryotic genomes
      and imperil host genome integrity. The host genome combats these challenges by
      encoding proteins that silence TE activity. Both the introduction of new TEs via
      horizontal transfer and TE sequence evolution requires constant innovation of
      host-encoded TE silencing machinery to keep pace with TEs. One form of host
      innovation is the adaptation of existing, single-copy host genes. Indeed, host
      suppressors of TE replication often harbor signatures of positive selection. Such
      signatures are especially evident in genes encoding the piwi-interacting-RNA
      pathway of gene silencing, for example, the female germline-restricted TE
      silencer, HP1D/Rhino Host genomes can also innovate via gene duplication and
      divergence. However, the importance of gene family expansions, contractions, and
      gene turnover to host genome defense has been largely unexplored. Here, we
      functionally characterize Oxpecker, a young, tandem duplicate gene of HP1D/rhino
      We demonstrate that Oxpecker supports female fertility in Drosophila melanogaster
      and silences several TE families that are incompletely silenced by HP1D/Rhino in
      the female germline. We further show that, like Oxpecker, at least ten
      additional, structurally diverse, HP1D/rhino-derived daughter and "granddaughter"
      genes emerged during a short 15-million year period of Drosophila evolution.
      These young paralogs are transcribed primarily in germline tissues, where the
      genetic conflict between host genomes and TEs plays out. Our findings suggest
      that gene family expansion is an underappreciated yet potent evolutionary
      mechanism of genome defense diversification.

PMID- 26979391
TI  - Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Hypersensitivity in Aggressive
      Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.
AB  - PURPOSE: DNA repair defects have been previously reported in myeloproliferative
      neoplasms (MPN). Inhibitors of PARP have shown activity in solid tumors with
      defects in homologous recombination (HR). This study was performed to assess MPN
      sensitivity to PARP inhibitors ex vivo EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: HR pathway integrity
      in circulating myeloid cells was evaluated by assessing the formation of RAD51
      foci after treatment with ionizing radiation or PARP inhibitors. Sensitivity of
      MPN erythroid and myeloid progenitors to PARP inhibitors was evaluated using
      colony formation assays. RESULTS: Six of 14 MPN primary samples had reduced
      formation of RAD51 foci after exposure to ionizing radiation, suggesting impaired
      HR. This phenotype was not associated with a specific MPN subtype, JAK2 mutation
      status, or karyotype. MPN samples showed increased sensitivity to the PARP
      inhibitors veliparib and olaparib compared with normal myeloid progenitors. This
      hypersensitivity, which was most pronounced in samples deficient in DNA damage
      induced RAD51 foci, was observed predominantly in samples from patients with
      diagnoses of chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, or
      unspecified myelodysplastic/MPN overlap syndromes. CONCLUSIONS: Like other
      neoplasms with HR defects, MPNs exhibit PARP inhibitor hypersensitivity compared
      with normal marrow. These results suggest that further preclinical and possibly
      clinical study of PARP inhibitors in MPNs is warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15);
      3894-902. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26979392
TI  - Blocking Indolamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Rebound Immune Suppression Boosts Antitumor
      Effects of Radio-Immunotherapy in Murine Models and Spontaneous Canine
      Malignancies.
AB  - PURPOSE: Previous studies demonstrate that intratumoral CpG immunotherapy in
      combination with radiotherapy acts as an in-situ vaccine inducing antitumor
      immune responses capable of eradicating systemic disease. Unfortunately, most
      patients fail to respond. We hypothesized that immunotherapy can paradoxically
      upregulate immunosuppressive pathways, a phenomenon we term "rebound immune
      suppression," limiting clinical responses. We further hypothesized that the
      immunosuppressive enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a mechanism of
      rebound immune suppression and that IDO blockade would improve immunotherapy
      efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the efficacy and immunologic effects
      of a novel triple therapy consisting of local radiotherapy, intratumoral CpG, and
      systemic IDO blockade in murine models and a pilot canine clinical trial.
      RESULTS: In murine models, we observed marked increase in intratumoral IDO
      expression after treatment with radiotherapy, CpG, or other immunotherapies. The
      addition of IDO blockade to radiotherapy + CpG decreased IDO activity, reduced
      tumor growth, and reduced immunosuppressive factors, such as regulatory T cells
      in the tumor microenvironment. This triple combination induced systemic antitumor
      effects, decreasing metastases, and improving survival in a CD8(+) T-cell
      dependent manner. We evaluated this novel triple therapy in a canine clinical
      trial, because spontaneous canine malignancies closely reflect human cancer.
      Mirroring our mouse studies, the therapy was well tolerated, reduced intratumoral
      immunosuppression, and induced robust systemic antitumor effects. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results suggest that IDO maintains immune suppression in the tumor after
      therapy, and IDO blockade promotes a local antitumor immune response with
      systemic consequences. The efficacy and limited toxicity of this strategy are
      attractive for clinical translation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4328-40. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26979393
TI  - Molecular Pathways: Immunosuppressive Roles of IRE1alpha-XBP1 Signaling in
      Dendritic Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a massive cytoplasmic membrane network that
      functions primarily to ensure proper folding and posttranslational modification
      of newly synthesized secreted and transmembrane proteins. Abnormal accumulation
      of unfolded proteins in this organelle causes a state of "ER stress," which is a
      hallmark feature of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and
      metabolic dysfunction. Cancer cells exploit the IRE1alpha-XBP1 arm of the ER
      stress response to efficiently adjust their protein-folding capacity and ensure
      survival under hostile tumor microenvironmental conditions. However, we recently
      found that dendritic cells (DC) residing in the ovarian cancer microenvironment
      also experience sustained ER stress and demonstrate persistent activation of the
      IRE1alpha-XBP1 pathway. This previously unrecognized process disrupts metabolic
      homeostasis and antigen-presenting capacity in DCs, thereby crippling their
      natural ability to support the protective functions of infiltrating antitumor T
      cells. In this review, we briefly discuss some of the mechanisms that fuel ER
      stress in tumor-associated DCs, the biologic processes altered by aberrant
      IRE1alpha-XBP1 signaling in these innate immune cells, and the unique
      immunotherapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in cancer hosts. Clin
      Cancer Res; 22(9); 2121-6. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26979394
TI  - Lack of Immunomodulatory Interleukin-27 Enhances Oncogenic Properties of Mutant
      p53 In Vivo.
AB  - PURPOSE: p53 is mutated in about 50% of human cancers, mostly through missense
      mutations. Expression of mutant p53 is associated with poor clinical outcomes or
      metastasis. Although mutant p53 is inherently instable, various stressors such as
      DNA damage or expression of the oncogenic Kras or c-myc affect the oncogenic
      properties of mutant p53. However, the effects of inflammation on mutant p53 are
      largely unknown. IL27 is an important immunomodulatory cytokine, but its impact
      on mutant p53-driven tumorigenesis has not been reported. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:
      IL27RA(-/-) mice were bred with mutant p53 heterozygous (p53(R172H/+)) mice to
      obtain IL27RA(-/-)p53(H/+) and IL27RA(-/-)p53(H/H) mice. Mouse survival and tumor
      spectra for the cohort were analyzed. Stability of p53 protein was analyzed via
      IHC and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: This study unraveled that lack of IL27
      signaling significantly shortened the survival duration of mice with tumors
      expressing both copies of the mutant p53 gene (Li-Fraumeni mouse model).
      Interestingly, in mice that were heterozygous for mutant p53, lack of IL27
      signaling not only significantly shortened survival time but also doubled the
      incidence of osteosarcomas. Furthermore, lack of IL27 signaling is closely
      associated with increased mutant p53 stability in vivo from early age.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that IL27 signaling modulates the oncogenic
      properties of mutant p53 in vivo Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3876-83. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26979395
TI  - Effectiveness of Prophylactic Surgeries in BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: A
      Meta-analysis and Systematic Review.
AB  - PURPOSE: To systematically investigate the effectiveness of prophylactic
      surgeries (PS) implemented in women carrying BRCA1/2 mutations. EXPERIMENTAL
      DESIGN: The PubMed database was searched till August 2014 and 15 studies met the
      inclusion criteria. Fixed- or random-effects models were conducted according to
      study heterogeneity. We calculated the pooled relative risks (RR) for cancer risk
      or mortality along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Prophylactic
      bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (PBSO) and bilateral prophylactic mastectomy
      (BPM) were both associated with a decreased breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2
      mutation carriers (RR, 0.552; 95% CI, 0.448-0.682; RR, 0.114; 95% CI, 0.041
      0.317, respectively). Similar findings were observed in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation
      carriers separately. Moreover, contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM)
      significantly decreased contralateral breast cancer incidence in BRCA1/2 mutation
      carriers (RR, 0.072; 95% CI, 0.035-0.148). Of note, PBSO was associated with
      significantly lower all-cause mortality in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers without
      breast cancer (HR, 0.349; 95% CI, 0.190-0.639) and those with breast cancer (HR,
      0.432; 95% CI, 0.318-0.588). In addition, all-cause mortality was significantly
      lower for patients with CPM than those without (HR, 0.512; 95% CI, 0.368-0.714).
      However, BPM was not significantly associated with reduced all-cause mortality.
      Data were insufficient to obtain separate estimates of survival benefit with PS
      in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS: BRCA1/2 mutation carriers who
      have been treated with PS have a substantially reduced breast cancer incidence
      and mortality. Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3971-81. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26979397
TI  - Is There a Future for AKT Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cancer?
AB  - An AKT inhibitor plus an antiestrogen exhibited no significant clinical activity
      in patients with ER(+)/HER2(-) breast cancer despite laboratory studies
      supporting an antitumor effect for both drugs combined. These results raise
      concerns about the development of AKT inhibitors in unselected patients whose
      tumors have unknown dependence on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11);
      2599-601. (c)2016 AACRSee related article by Ma et al., p. 2650. 

PMID- 26979398
TI  - Development of a stage-dependent prognostic model to predict psychosis in ultra
      high-risk patients seeking treatment for co-morbid psychiatric disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current ultra-high-risk (UHR) criteria appear insufficient to predict
      imminent onset of first-episode psychosis, as a meta-analysis showed that about
      20% of patients have a psychotic outcome after 2 years. Therefore, we aimed to
      develop a stage-dependent predictive model in UHR individuals who were seeking
      help for co-morbid disorders. METHOD: Baseline data on symptomatology, and
      environmental and psychological factors of 185 UHR patients (aged 14-35 years)
      participating in the Dutch Early Detection and Intervention Evaluation study were
      analysed with Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: At 18 months, the
      overall transition rate was 17.3%. The final predictor model included five
      variables: observed blunted affect [hazard ratio (HR) 3.39, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) 1.56-7.35, p < 0.001], subjective complaints of impaired motor
      function (HR 5.88, 95% CI 1.21-6.10, p = 0.02), beliefs about social
      marginalization (HR 2.76, 95% CI 1.14-6.72, p = 0.03), decline in social
      functioning (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, p = 0.03), and distress associated with
      suspiciousness (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.03, p = 0.01). The positive predictive
      value of the model was 80.0%. The resulting prognostic index stratified the
      general risk into three risk classes with significantly different survival
      curves. In the highest risk class, transition to psychosis emerged on average ?8
      months earlier than in the lowest risk class. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting a first
      episode psychosis in help-seeking UHR patients was improved using a stage
      dependent prognostic model including negative psychotic symptoms (observed
      flattened affect, subjective impaired motor functioning), impaired social
      functioning and distress associated with suspiciousness. Treatment intensity may
      be stratified and personalized using the risk stratification.

PMID- 26979396
TI  - Identification of Mithramycin Analogues with Improved Targeting of the EWS-FLI1
      Transcription Factor.
AB  - PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to identify second-generation mithramycin
      analogues that better target the EWS-FLI1 transcription factor for Ewing sarcoma.
      We previously established mithramycin as an EWS-FLI1 inhibitor, but the
      compound's toxicity prevented its use at effective concentrations in patients.
      EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We screened a panel of mithralogs to establish their ability
      to inhibit EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma. We compared the IC50 with the MTD
      established in mice to determine the relationship between efficacy and toxicity.
      We confirmed the suppression of EWS-FLI1 at the promoter, mRNA, gene signature,
      and protein levels. We established an improved therapeutic window by using time
      lapse microscopy to model the effects on cellular proliferation in Ewing sarcoma
      cells relative to HepG2 control cells. Finally, we established an improved
      therapeutic window using a xenograft model of Ewing sarcoma. RESULTS: EC-8105 was
      found to be the most potent analogue and was able to suppress EWS-FLI1 activity
      at concentrations nontoxic to other cell types. EC-8042 was substantially less
      toxic than mithramycin in multiple species but maintained suppression of EWS-FLI1
      at similar concentrations. Both compounds markedly suppressed Ewing sarcoma
      xenograft growth and inhibited EWS-FLI1 in vivo CONCLUSIONS: These results
      provide a basis for the continued development of EC-8042 and EC-8105 as EWS-FLI1
      inhibitors for the clinic. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4105-18. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26979387
TI  - Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition
      recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.
AB  - The British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines specify the scope and
      targets of treatment for bipolar disorder. The third version is based explicitly
      on the available evidence and presented, like previous Clinical Practice
      Guidelines, as recommendations to aid clinical decision making for practitioners:
      it may also serve as a source of information for patients and carers, and assist
      audit. The recommendations are presented together with a more detailed review of
      the corresponding evidence. A consensus meeting, involving experts in bipolar
      disorder and its treatment, reviewed key areas and considered the strength of
      evidence and clinical implications. The guidelines were drawn up after extensive
      feedback from these participants. The best evidence from randomized controlled
      trials and, where available, observational studies employing quasi-experimental
      designs was used to evaluate treatment options. The strength of recommendations
      has been described using the GRADE approach. The guidelines cover the diagnosis
      of bipolar disorder, clinical management, and strategies for the use of medicines
      in short-term treatment of episodes, relapse prevention and stopping treatment.
      The use of medication is integrated with a coherent approach to psychoeducation
      and behaviour change.

PMID- 26979399
TI  - Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and its risk factors in a
      community-based population in southern India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) varies
      widely around the world. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk
      factors of GERD in a general population of southern India. METHODS: An interview
      based observational study was carried out in southern India during 2010 and early
      2011 using a GERD questionnaire (GerdQ). In total 1072 participants were enrolled
      using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Presence of GERD was defined as a
      score of >= 8. Logistic regression models were used to derive odds ratios (ORs)
      with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The prevalence of GERD was 22.2 %
      (238/1072) in southern India, and was more common among older subjects and men.
      Overweight and obese subjects had a dose-dependent increased risk of GERD,
      compared to those with body mass index less than 25 (multivariate-adjusted OR =
      1.4, 95 % CI 1.0-2.0; OR = 2.3, 95 % CI 1.3-4.1, respectively). People residing
      in urban community were more vulnerable to GERD than those in rural community
      (multivariate-adjusted OR = 1.8, 95 % CI 1.3-2.5). Similarly, those with a lower
      educational level appeared to have an increased risk of GERD. Further, those with
      a habit of pan masala chewing were more likely to develop GERD compared with
      those abstained from the habit (multivariate-adjusted OR = 2.0, 95 % CI 1.2-3.2).
      CONCLUSIONS: GERD is highly prevalent in southern India. Increasing age and BMI,
      an urban environment, lower educational level, and pan masala chewing appear to
      be risk factors of GERD symptoms for the studied population.

PMID- 26979403
TI  - Quantifying the binding strength of salicylaldoxime-uranyl complexes relative to
      competing salicylaldoxime-transition metal ion complexes in aqueous solution: a
      combined experimental and computational study.
AB  - The design of new ligands and investigation of UO2(2+) complexations are an
      essential aspect of reducing the cost of extracting uranium from seawater,
      improving the sorption efficiency for uranium and the selectivity for uranium
      over competing ions (such as the transition metal cations). The binding strengths
      of salicylaldoxime-UO2(2+) complexes were quantified for the first time and
      compared with the binding strengths of salicylic acid-UO2(2+) and representative
      amidoxime-UO2(2+) complexes. We found that the binding strengths of
      salicylaldoxime-UO2(2+) complexes are ~2-4 log beta2 units greater in magnitude
      than their corresponding salicylic acid-UO2(2+) and representative amidoxime
      UO2(2+) complexes; moreover, the selectivity of salicylaldoxime towards the
      UO2(2+) cation over competing Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) cations is far greater than those
      reported for salicylic acid and glutarimidedioxime in the literature. The higher
      UO2(2+) selectivity can likely be attributed to the different coordination modes
      observed for salicylaldoxime-UO2(2+) and salicylaldoxime-transition metal
      complexes. Density functional theory calculations indicate that salicylaldoxime
      can coordinate with UO2(2+) as a dianion species formed by eta(2) coordination of
      the aldoximate and monodentate binding of the phenolate group. In contrast,
      salicylaldoxime coordinates with transition metal cations as a monoanion species
      via a chelate formed between phenolate and the oxime N; the complexes are
      stabilized via hydrogen bonding interactions between the oxime OH group and
      phenolate. By coupling the experimentally determined thermodynamic constants and
      the results of theoretical computations, we are able to derive a number of ligand
      design principles to further improve the UO2(2+) cation affinity, and thus
      further increase the selectivity of salicylaldoxime derivatives. 

PMID- 26979400
TI  - Exosomal miR-10a derived from amniotic fluid stem cells preserves ovarian
      follicles after chemotherapy.
AB  - Chemotherapy (CTx)-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in woman remains
      clinically irreversible. Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) have shown the
      potential to treat CTx-induced POF; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear.
      Here we demonstrate that AFSC-derived exosomes recapitulate the anti-apoptotic
      effect of AFSCs on CTx-damaged granulosa cells (GCs), which are vital for the
      growth of ovarian follicles. AFSC-derived exosomes prevent ovarian follicular
      atresia in CTx-treated mice via the delivery of microRNAs in which both miR-146a
      and miR-10a are highly enriched and their potential target genes are critical to
      apoptosis. The down-regulation of these two miRNAs in AFSC-derived exosomes
      attenuates the anti-apoptotic effect on CTx-damaged GCs in vitro. Further, the
      administration of these miRNAs recapitulates the effects both in vitro and in
      vivo, in which miR-10a contributes a dominant influence. Our findings illustrate
      that miR-10a has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of POF.

PMID- 26979402
TI  - High phylogenetic diversity is preserved in species-poor high-elevation temperate
      moth assemblages.
AB  - Understanding the diversity and composition of species assemblages and
      identifying underlying biotic and abiotic determinants represent great ecological
      challenges. Addressing some of these issues, we investigated the alpha-diversity
      and phylogenetic composition of species-rich geometrid moth (Lepidoptera:
      Geometridae) assemblages in the mature temperate forest on Changbai Mountain. A
      total of 9285 geometrid moths representing 131 species were collected, with many
      species displaying wide elevational distribution ranges. Moth alpha-diversity
      decreased monotonously, while the standardized effect size of mean pairwise
      phylogenetic distances (MPD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) increased
      significantly with increasing elevation. At high elevations, the insect
      assemblages consisted largely of habitat generalists that were individually more
      phylogenetically distinct from co-occurring species than species in assemblages
      at lower altitudes. This could hint at higher speciation rates in more favourable
      low-elevation environments generating a species-rich geometrid assemblage, while
      exclusion of phylogenetically closely related species becomes increasingly
      important in shaping moth assemblages at higher elevations. Overall, it appears
      likely that high-elevation temperate moth assemblages are strongly resilient to
      environmental change, and that they contain a much larger proportion of the
      genetic diversity encountered at low-elevation assemblages in comparison to
      tropical geometrid communities. 

PMID- 26979401
TI  - Ion-Doped Silicate Bioceramic Coating of Ti-Based Implant.
AB  - Titanium and its alloy are known as important load-bearing biomaterials. The
      major drawbacks of these metals are fibrous formation and low corrosion rate
      after implantation. The surface modification of biomedical implants through
      various methods such as plasma spray improves their osseointegration and clinical
      lifetime. Different materials have been already used as coatings on biomedical
      implant, including calcium phosphates and bioglass. However, these materials have
      been reported to have limited clinical success. The excellent bioactivity of
      calcium silicate (Ca-Si) has been also regarded as coating material. However,
      their high degradation rate and low mechanical strength limit their further
      coating application. Trace element modification of (Ca-Si) bioceramics is a
      promising method, which improves their mechanical strength and chemical
      stability. In this review, the potential of trace element-modified silicate
      coatings on better bone formation of titanium implant is investigated. 

PMID- 26979406
TI  - Implementation of a Psychiatric Nurse-led Outreach Service for Adults Residing at
      Subvented Old Age Homes: A Hong Kong Experience.
AB  - This paper reports on the implementation of a pioneering psychiatric nurse-led
      service that was designed to address the unmet mental healthcare needs of adults
      residing at subvented old age homes. It also describes features of potentially
      wider relevance to nurses interested in developing healthcare service for other
      underserved populations. We highlight the view that the crux of developing a
      successful service involves understanding existing service gaps; grasping the
      pulse of changing healthcare service policies; involving relevant stakeholders in
      the planning process; validating service outcomes; and seeking support from
      management. A central goal of the service was to enhance the accessibility of
      mental healthcare services to the needy. The data was collected over a 5-year
      period. Our study suggests that this model of service is preferred by service
      users (both the care providers and the residents in the old age homes); is
      efficient in terms of providing prompt psychiatric nursing interventions; is able
      to supply primary care advisors with practical advice in response to enquiries;
      and helps primary care providers to detect and manage the mental healthcare needs
      of older adults.

PMID- 26979404
TI  - Comparative performance of three experimental hut designs for measuring malaria
      vector responses to insecticides in Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Experimental huts are simplified, standardized representations of
      human habitations that provide model systems to evaluate insecticides used in
      indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to kill
      disease vectors. Hut volume, construction materials and size of entry points
      impact mosquito entry and exposure to insecticides. The performance of three
      standard experimental hut designs was compared to evaluate insecticide used in
      LLINs. METHODS: Field studies were conducted at the World Health Organization
      Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) testing site in Muheza, Tanzania. Three East
      African huts, three West African huts, and three Ifakara huts were compared using
      Olyset((r)) and Permanet 2.0((r)) versus untreated nets as a control. Outcomes
      measured were mortality, induced exophily (exit rate), blood feeding inhibition
      and deterrence (entry rate). Data were analysed using linear mixed effect
      regression and Bland-Altman comparison of paired differences. RESULTS: A total of
      613 mosquitoes were collected in 36 nights, of which 13.5% were Anopheles gambiae
      sensu lato, 21% Anopheles funestus sensu stricto, 38% Mansonia species and 28%
      Culex species. Ifakara huts caught three times more mosquitoes than the East
      African and West African huts, while the West African huts caught significantly
      fewer mosquitoes than the other hut types. Mosquito densities were low, very
      little mosquito exit was measured in any of the huts with no measurable exophily
      caused by the use of either Olyset or Permanet. When the huts were directly
      compared, the West African huts measured greater exophily than other huts. As
      unholed nets were used in the experiments and few mosquitoes were captured, it
      was not possible to measure difference in feeding success either between
      treatments or hut types. In each of the hut types there was increased mortality
      when Permanet or Olyset were present inside the huts compared to the control,
      however this did not vary between the hut types. CONCLUSIONS: Both East African
      and Ifakara huts performed in a similar way although Ifakara huts allowed more
      mosquitoes to enter, increasing data power. The work convincingly demonstrates
      that the East African huts and Ifakara huts collect substantially more mosquitoes
      than the West African huts.

PMID- 26979408
TI  - Control of Nanomaterial Self-Assembly in Ultrasonically Levitated Droplets.
AB  - We demonstrate that acoustic trapping can be used to levitate and manipulate
      droplets of soft matter, in particular, lyotropic mesophases formed from self
      assembly of different surfactants and lipids, which can be analyzed in a contact
      less manner by X-ray scattering in a controlled gas-phase environment. On the
      macroscopic length scale, the dimensions and the orientation of the particle are
      shaped by the ultrasonic field, while on the microscopic length scale the
      nanostructure can be controlled by varying the humidity of the atmosphere around
      the droplet. We demonstrate levitation and in situ phase transitions of micellar,
      hexagonal, bicontinuous cubic, and lamellar phases. The technique opens up a wide
      range of new experimental approaches of fundamental importance for environmental,
      biological, and chemical research. 

PMID- 26979407
TI  - Impact of mooring activities on carbon stocks in seagrass meadows.
AB  - Boating activities are one of the causes that threaten seagrass meadows and the
      ecosystem services they provide. Mechanical destruction of seagrass habitats may
      also trigger the erosion of sedimentary organic carbon (Corg) stocks, which may
      contribute to increasing atmospheric CO2. This study presents the first estimates
      of loss of Corg stocks in seagrass meadows due to mooring activities in Rottnest
      Island, Western Australia. Sediment cores were sampled from seagrass meadows and
      from bare but previously vegetated sediments underneath moorings. The Corg stores
      have been compromised by the mooring deployment from 1930s onwards, which
      involved both the erosion of existing sedimentary Corg stores and the lack of
      further accumulation of Corg. On average, undisturbed meadows had accumulated
      ~6.4 Kg Corg m(-2) in the upper 50 cm-thick deposits at a rate of 34 g Corg m(-2)
      yr(-1). The comparison of Corg stores between meadows and mooring scars allows us
      to estimate a loss of 4.8 kg Corg m(-2) in the 50 cm-thick deposits accumulated
      over ca. 200 yr as a result of mooring deployments. These results provide key
      data for the implementation of Corg storage credit offset policies to avoid the
      conversion of seagrass ecosystems and contribute to their preservation. 

PMID- 26979409
TI  - Iron oxide nanoparticles and the mechanisms of immune recognition of
      nanomedicines.

PMID- 26979410
TI  - Charged Polymer Membranes for Environmental/Energy Applications.
AB  - Ion exchange membranes are used in various membrane-based processes (e.g.,
      electrodialysis, fuel cells). Charged solute transport is largely governed by the
      charged groups on the polymer backbone. In this review, fundamental relationships
      describing salt permeability and ionic conductivity, as well as water
      permeability, in charged polymers are developed within the framework of the
      Nernst-Planck and solution-diffusion models. The influence of fixed charge groups
      and polymer structure on water sorption and diffusion is discussed. Current
      understanding of ion partitioning in charged polymers, focusing on the use of
      thermodynamic models (i.e., Donnan theory) to describe such phenomena, is
      summarized. Ion diffusivity data from the literature are interpreted using a
      model developed by Mackie and Meares to assess relative and absolute effects of
      the polymer and fixed charge groups on ion diffusivity. Furthermore, membrane
      requirements for several important technologies are listed. Knowledge gaps and
      opportunities for fundamental research are also discussed. 

PMID- 26979405
TI  - Lessons from HeLa Cells: The Ethics and Policy of Biospecimens.
AB  - Human biospecimens have played a crucial role in scientific and medical advances.
      Although the ethical and policy issues associated with biospecimen research have
      long been the subject of scholarly debate, the story of Henrietta Lacks, her
      family, and the creation of HeLa cells captured the attention of a much broader
      audience. The story has been a catalyst for policy change, including major
      regulatory changes proposed in the United States surrounding informed consent.
      These proposals are premised in part on public opinion data, necessitating a
      closer look at what such data tell us. The development of biospecimen policy
      should be informed by many considerations-one of which is public input, robustly
      gathered, on acceptable approaches that optimize shared interests, including
      access for all to the benefits of research. There is a need for consent
      approaches that are guided by realistic aspirations and a balanced view of
      autonomy within an expanded ethical framework.

PMID- 26979411
TI  - The Evolution of Process Safety: Current Status and Future Direction.
AB  - The advent of the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century increased the
      volume and variety of manufactured goods and enriched the quality of life for
      society as a whole. However, industrialization was also accompanied by new
      manufacturing and complex processes that brought about the use of hazardous
      chemicals and difficult-to-control operating conditions. Moreover, human-process
      equipment interaction plus on-the-job learning resulted in further undesirable
      outcomes and associated consequences. These problems gave rise to many
      catastrophic process safety incidents that resulted in thousands of fatalities
      and injuries, losses of property, and environmental damages. These events led
      eventually to the necessity for a gradual development of a new multidisciplinary
      field, referred to as process safety. From its inception in the early 1970s to
      the current state of the art, process safety has come to represent a wide array
      of issues, including safety culture, process safety management systems, process
      safety engineering, loss prevention, risk assessment, risk management, and
      inherently safer technology. Governments and academic/research organizations have
      kept pace with regulatory programs and research initiatives, respectively.
      Understanding how major incidents impact regulations and contribute to industrial
      and academic technology development provides a firm foundation to address new
      challenges, and to continue applying science and engineering to develop and
      implement programs to keep hazardous materials within containment. Here the most
      significant incidents in terms of their impact on regulations and the overall
      development of the field of process safety are described. 

PMID- 26979412
TI  - Design of Responsive and Active (Soft) Materials Using Liquid Crystals.
AB  - Liquid crystals (LCs) are widely known for their use in liquid crystal displays
      (LCDs). Indeed, LCDs represent one of the most successful technologies developed
      to date using a responsive soft material: An electric field is used to induce a
      change in ordering of the LC and thus a change in optical appearance. Over the
      past decade, however, research has revealed the fundamental underpinnings of
      potentially far broader and more pervasive uses of LCs for the design of
      responsive soft material systems. These systems involve a delicate interplay of
      the effects of surface-induced ordering, elastic strain of LCs, and formation of
      topological defects and are characterized by a chemical complexity and diversity
      of nano- and micrometer-scale geometry that goes well beyond that previously
      investigated. As a reflection of this evolution, the community investigating LC
      based materials now relies heavily on concepts from colloid and interface
      science. In this context, this review describes recent advances in colloidal and
      interfacial phenomena involving LCs that are enabling the design of new classes
      of soft matter that respond to stimuli as broad as light, airborne pollutants,
      bacterial toxins in water, mechanical interactions with living cells, molecular
      chirality, and more. Ongoing efforts hint also that the collective properties of
      LCs (e.g., LC-dispersed colloids) will, over the coming decade, yield exciting
      new classes of driven or active soft material systems in which organization (and
      useful properties) emerges during the dissipation of energy. 

PMID- 26979413
TI  - The Modern Temperature-Accelerated Dynamics Approach.
AB  - Accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD) is a class of MD-based methods used to
      simulate atomistic systems in which the metastable state-to-state evolution is
      slow compared with thermal vibrations. Temperature-accelerated dynamics (TAD) is
      a particularly efficient AMD procedure in which the predicted evolution is
      hastened by elevating the temperature of the system and then recovering the
      correct state-to-state dynamics at the temperature of interest. TAD has been used
      to study various materials applications, often revealing surprising behavior
      beyond the reach of direct MD. This success has inspired several algorithmic
      performance enhancements, as well as the analysis of its mathematical framework.
      Recently, these enhancements have leveraged parallel programming techniques to
      enhance both the spatial and temporal scaling of the traditional approach. We
      review the ongoing evolution of the modern TAD method and introduce the latest
      development: speculatively parallel TAD. 

PMID- 26979414
TI  - STIM and Orai Proteins in Calcium Signaling: an AJP-Cell Physiology series of
      Themed Reviews.

PMID- 26979416
TI  - Outcome Expectancy and Sexual Compulsivity Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Living
      with HIV.
AB  - Sexual compulsivity is operationalized by engaging in repetitive sexual acts,
      having multiple sexual partners and/or the excessive use of pornography. Outcome
      expectancy refers to the beliefs about the consequences of engaging in a given
      behavior. Research examining the relationship between outcome expectancy and
      sexual compulsivity is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the
      association between outcome expectancy and sexual compulsivity among men who have
      sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. Data were obtained from 338 MSM. Simple and
      multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between
      outcome expectancy and sexual compulsivity. After adjusting for age,
      race/ethnicity, income, education, and employment status, for every one point
      increase in outcome expectancies for condom use, HIV disclosure and negotiation
      of safer sex practices, there was, on average, an approximate one point decrease
      in sexual compulsivity score. Prevention and intervention programs geared towards
      reducing sexual compulsivity among MSM should focus on increasing outcome
      expectancies for condom use, HIV disclosure and negotiation of safer sex
      practices.

PMID- 26979417
TI  - Actor-Partner Effects of Male Couples Substance Use with Sex and Engagement in
      Condomless Anal Sex.
AB  - Few studies have examined actor-partner effects about male couples' substance use
      with sex. Dyadic data from 361 male couples were used to examine these effects
      regarding engagement in condomless anal sex (CAS) by type of partner and
      substance. Couples with one or both partners reported using marijuana, amyl
      nitrates, party drugs, and/or stimulants with sex in their relationship was
      positively associated with them having had CAS. Actor-partner effects for
      stimulant use with sex with the main partner were associated with CAS with a
      casual MSM partner. Only an actor effect for stimulant use with sex with a casual
      MSM partner was associated with CAS with that partner type, and an actor effect
      for marijuana use with sex for both partner types was associated with CAS with
      both partner types. These findings illuminate the need for further inquiry about
      male couples' substance use with sex for HIV prevention.

PMID- 26979418
TI  - Investigating HIV Infection and HIV Incidence Among Chinese Men Who Have Sex with
      Men with Recent Sexual Debut, Chongqing, China, 2011.
AB  - HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) with recent male-male sexual debut,
      such as within the past 5 years, may be a proxy for recent HIV infection. Using
      this definition, we explored factors associated with HIV infection in this group
      to understand the evolving HIV epidemic among MSM in Chongqing. We conducted a
      cross-sectional respondent-driven sampling survey among Chongqing MSM in 2011.
      Computer-assisted, self-administered questionnaires were used and blood specimens
      were collected for HIV and syphilis testing. Three hundred and ninety-one unique
      MSM were recruited of which 65.7 % (257) had their sexual debut with another man
      in the past 5 years. HIV prevalence among men with recent sexual debut was 18.7 %
      suggesting a possible HIV incidence of 3.7 %. Multivariable analysis among men
      with recent sexual debut suggests that lower education, having more than one male
      partner, and currently being infected with syphilis are associated with HIV among
      men with recent sexual debut. HIV prevalence is high among MSM with recent sexual
      debut in Chongqing, which may be a proxy a high incidence rate. HIV prevention
      efforts should focus on STD reduction among those MSM with lower educational
      attainment.

PMID- 26979421
TI  - Sputtering Deposition of Sandwich-Structured V2O5/Metal (V, W)/V2O5 Multilayers
      for the Preparation of High-Performance Thermally Sensitive VO2 Thin Films with
      Selectivity of VO2 (B) and VO2 (M) Polymorph.
AB  - For specific application to an uncooled infrared detector, VO2 thin films should
      have a series of characteristics including purposefully chosen polymorphs,
      accurate stoichiometry, phase stabilization, a high temperature-coefficient of
      resistance (TCR), and suitable square-resistance. This work reports controllable
      preparation of high-performance VO2 films via post annealing of a sandwich
      structured V2O5/metal (V, W)/V2O5 multilayer precursor, which was deposited by RF
      magnetron sputtering. This sandwich structure can dynamically regulate oxygen
      contents and doping element levels in the films, enabling us to achieve accurate
      regulation of stoichiometry and polymorphs. The precursor films undergo a B to M
      phase transition depending on the quantity of the metal layers. At the thickness
      of the metal layer below a limitation, the resulting film after heat treatment
      was VO2 (B), and above the limitation, the product was VO2 (M). The optical
      modulation of the VO2 (M) in the near-infrared region can be tuned from 1.2 to
      39.8% (DeltaT2000 nm). TCR values can range from -1.89 to -4.29%/K and the square
      resistances at room temperature (R0) from 69.68 to 12.63 kOmega. The simplicity
      in phase regulation of the present method and the superior optical and electrical
      properties of the films may allow its wide applications in thermo-opto-electro
      sensing devices. 

PMID- 26979419
TI  - HIV Transmission Risk Behavior in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Treatment-Naive Men
      and Women in the United States.
AB  - Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can minimize HIV transmission. Prevention benefits
      may be compromised by barriers to virologic suppression, and by increased
      condomless sex among those initiating ART. We evaluated condomless sex in a
      cohort of HIVinfected US individuals poised to initiate ART in a clinical trial.
      We assessed partner and sex act type, condom use, and perception of
      infectiousness. Six percent of participants reported as not infectious; men who
      have sex with men were more likely to perceive high infectivity. Prevalence of
      condomless sex was 44 %; 74 % of those also reported homosexual acquisition of
      HIV. Predictors of increased risk of condomless sex included greater numbers of
      lifetime partners, recent stimulant drug use and an HIV-positive or unknown
      serostatus partner. In the context of serodifferent partners, lower perception of
      infectiousness was also associated with a higher risk of condomless sex. Results
      highlight opportunities for prevention education for HIV infected individuals at
      ART initiation.

PMID- 26979422
TI  - Differences in neurocognitive functioning associated with alcohol consumption in
      a multiethnic rural cohort: A Project FRONTIER study.
AB  - The current study assessed if a neuroprotective effect on cognition from mild
      alcohol consumption occurs in multiethnic rural communities and if effect
      differences occur due to gender or ethnicity. Participants were drawn from
      Project FRONTIER (Facing Rural Obstacles to healthcare Now Through Intervention,
      Education & Research), a community-based participatory research study assessing
      aging in a rural, West Texas, multiethnic cohort of participants aged 40 years
      and older. Alcohol consumption patterns were determined from Alcohol Use
      Disorders Identification Test responses. Cognitive measures included the
      Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Because few
      participants had greater than a mild alcohol consumption pattern, only abstinent
      participants and those with mild consumption were compared (N = 1,004 1st
      observation; N = 256 2nd observation). Multivariate analysis of covariance
      revealed main effects for alcohol consumption pattern, gender, and ethnicity.
      Attention was most affected by alcohol consumption pattern followed by verbal
      memory. Mild alcohol consumption was associated with better performance in these
      areas. Gender and ethnicity had broad effects on cognitive abilities but
      inconsistent attention effects. Overall, mild alcohol consumption was associated
      with better attentional and other abilities compared with abstinence in a rural
      multiethnic sample. These findings are consistent with previous research and
      suggest ethnicity and gender are uninvolved in any alcohol neuroprotective
      effects. 

PMID- 26979420
TI  - Mapping the dynamics and nanoscale organization of synaptic adhesion proteins
      using monomeric streptavidin.
AB  - The advent of super-resolution imaging (SRI) has created a need for optimized
      labelling strategies. We present a new method relying on fluorophore-conjugated
      monomeric streptavidin (mSA) to label membrane proteins carrying a short,
      enzymatically biotinylated tag, compatible with SRI techniques including uPAINT,
      STED and dSTORM. We demonstrate efficient and specific labelling of target
      proteins in confined intercellular and organotypic tissues, with reduced steric
      hindrance and no crosslinking compared with multivalent probes. We use mSA to
      decipher the dynamics and nanoscale organization of the synaptic adhesion
      molecules neurexin-1beta, neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) and leucine-rich-repeat
      transmembrane protein 2 (LRRTM2) in a dual-colour configuration with GFP
      nanobody, and show that these proteins are diffusionally trapped at synapses
      where they form apposed trans-synaptic adhesive structures. Furthermore, Nlg1 is
      dynamic, disperse and sensitive to synaptic stimulation, whereas LRRTM2 is
      organized in compact and stable nanodomains. Thus, mSA is a versatile tool to
      image membrane proteins at high resolution in complex live environments,
      providing novel information about the nano-organization of biological structures.

PMID- 26979423
TI  - Psychological Resources Are Independently Associated with Markers of Inflammation
      in a Middle-Aged Community Sample.
AB  - PURPOSE: To elucidate possible independent associations of psychological
      resources with inflammatory markers, all linked with coronary heart disease
      (CHD). METHOD: In a middle-aged general population (n = 944), psychological
      resources (coping, self-esteem, and sense of coherence (SOC)), a global measure
      of quality of life (Cantril's self-anchoring ladder, also called "ladder of
      life"), and psychological risk factors (hopelessness, vital exhaustion, and
      depressive symptoms) were used in linear regression models to evaluate
      associations with the inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein
      (CRP), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Adjustments were done for age, sex,
      medical conditions, and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: After full
      adjustments, self-esteem was independently associated with all three biomarkers.
      Ladder of life was associated with IL-6 and log-CRP; coping, vital exhaustion,
      and depressive symptoms with IL-6; and SOC with MMP-9 (p < 0.05 for all
      associations). CONCLUSION: Numerous significant associations of psychological
      resources and risk factors with IL-6, CRP, and MMP-9 were found in a community
      based sample. The associations of psychological resources were mostly
      independent, while the psychological risk factors seemed preferentially dependent
      on lifestyle factors as smoking, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI).
      This suggests that the psychological resources' (in particular self-esteem)
      protective effects on CHD are linked to inflammatory markers.

PMID- 26979425
TI  - Stress Underestimation and Mental Health Outcomes in Male Japanese Workers: a 1
      Year Prospective Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Being appropriately aware of the extent of stress experienced in daily
      life is essential in motivating stress management behaviours. Excessive stress
      underestimation obstructs this process, which is expected to exert adverse
      effects on health. We prospectively examined associations between stress
      underestimation and mental health outcomes in Japanese workers. METHODS: Web
      based surveys were conducted twice with an interval of 1 year on 2359 Japanese
      male workers. Participants were asked to complete survey items concerning stress
      underestimation, depressive symptoms, sickness absence, and antidepressant use.
      RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that high baseline levels
      of 'overgeneralization of stress' and 'insensitivity to stress' were
      significantly associated with new-onset depressive symptoms (OR = 2.66 [95 % CI,
      1.54-4.59], p < .01) and antidepressant use (OR = 4.91 [95 % CI, 1.22-19.74], p <
      .05), respectively, during the 1-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      clearly demonstrated that stress underestimation, including stress insensitivity
      and the overgeneralization of stress, could exert adverse effects on mental
      health.

PMID- 26979424
TI  - Lifestyle and Addictive Behaviors Among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong, Macau,
      Taipei, Wuhan, and Zhuhai-a First Cross-subculture Assessment.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed at assessing the differences in prevalence rates of
      common health behavior among adolescents in the five Chinese cities and the
      influential factors at the contextual and individual levels. METHOD: We compared
      the standardized rates of three lifestyle behaviors (sedentary, dietary, and
      physical activity) and three addictive behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol
      consumption, and participation in gambling) among a sample of 13,950 adolescents.
      The sample was randomly selected from five cities, including Hong Kong, Macau,
      Taipei, Zhuhai, and Wuhan. Population size, GDP per capita, and literacy at the
      city level as well as parental monitoring and school performance at the student's
      level were assessed. Multi-level mixed effect models were used to examine the
      interaction of individual level factors with study sites. RESULTS: The six health
      behaviors differed significantly across sites with the highest rates of alcohol
      consumption in Hong Kong (39.5 %), of cigarette smoking in Macau (9.8 %), and of
      gambling in Taipei (37.1 %) and Hong Kong (35.9 %). The city-level measures were
      associated with only a few behavioral measures. Relative to Hong Kong, parental
      monitoring had stronger association with the three addictive behaviors in the
      other sites. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that although the study sites share
      similar Chinese culture, students in the five cities differed from each other
      with regard to levels of health behaviors. Relative to the broad socioeconomic
      development, differences in parental monitoring played a significant role in
      explaining the observed difference.

PMID- 26979426
TI  - Spatial distribution of lead in soils of Pb-Zn mining and smelting area of the
      Mitrovica Region, Republic of Kosovo.
AB  - An area of 301 km(2) in the Mitrovica region, Republic of Kosovo, was selected in
      order to evaluate the lead distribution in the soil. In total, 156 surface soil
      samples (0 to 5 cm) were collected. The lead content was determined by
      inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was found that the
      average content of lead in the surface soil is 450 mg/kg (with a range of 35
      35000 mg/kg). For the entire study area 93% of the samples had lead levels above
      100 mg/kg, eight samples below 100 mg/kg and only one sample had lead levels at
      30 mg/kg. The effects of mining and metallurgical activities were further
      assessed using the enrichment factor (EF) value. The lead average exceeded the
      optimum value specified in the New Dutchlist by five times, while EU average
      value exceeded it up to 20 times. An area of 113 km(2) of the study area was
      enriched with Pb higher than the action value (530 mg/kg) while 287 km(2) had
      significant concentration levels with Pb (358 mg/kg) higher than the optimal
      value (85 mg/kg), according to New Dutchlist.

PMID- 26979427
TI  - [Hereditary renal tumors: More common than expected?].
AB  - Renal cell carcinomas are associated with hereditary tumor syndromes in
      approximately 5 % of cases. In patients with a hereditary predisposition, tumors
      show an earlier age of onset, often with a multicentric and bilateral
      manifestation. While some patients with renal cell carcinoma can be classified
      into well-characterized kidney cancer syndromes others have a genetic background
      which is still poorly understood. Most of the specific tumor syndromes are
      associated with a histopathologically distinct renal cell tumor phenotype. The
      recognition of patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma and the
      identification of individual family members with a higher risk of development of
      renal tumors is important for early tumor detection and treatment. This
      manuscript reviews the clinical pathological and molecular findings of hereditary
      renal cell carcinoma syndromes.

PMID- 26979428
TI  - [Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma].
AB  - Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) represents a type II mitochondrial complex related
      to the respiratory chain and Krebs cycle. The complex is composed of four major
      subunits, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. The oncogenic role of this enzyme complex
      has only recently been recognized and the complex is currently considered an
      important oncogenic signaling pathway with tumor suppressor properties. In
      addition to the familial paraganglioma syndromes (types 1-5) as prototypical SDH
      related diseases, many other tumors have been defined as SDH-deficient, in
      particular a subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), rare hypophyseal
      adenomas, a subset of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (recently added) and a
      variety of other tumor entities, the latter mainly described as rare case
      reports. As a central core subunit responsible for the integrity of the SDH
      complex, the expression of SDHB is lost in all SDH-deficient neoplasms
      irrespective of the specific SDH subunit affected by a genetic mutation in
      addition to concurrent loss of the subunit specifically affected by genetic
      alteration. Accordingly, all SDH-deficient neoplasms are by definition SDHB
      deficient. The SDH-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has only recently been
      well-characterized and it is included as a specific subtype of RCC in the new
      World Health Organization (WHO) classification published in 2016. In this review,
      the major clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic features of this
      rare disease entity are presented and discussed in the context of the broad
      differential diagnosis.

PMID- 26979429
TI  - [Barrett's esophagus and carcinoma: Recommendations of the S2k guideline 2014 and
      the S3 guideline 2015].
AB  - In the current S2k guideline for gastroesophageal reflux disease and the new S3
      guideline for esophageal cancer, histopathological evaluation of Barrett's
      esophagus has been revised and supplemented. The histological diagnosis of
      Barrett's esophagus still requires the proof of a specialized intestinal
      metaplastic epithelium (columnar epithelium with goblet cells). Barrett mucosa
      must be classified as negative, unclear/doubtful, and positive concerning the
      intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN)/dysplasia according to the current WHO guideline.
      Each IEN should be confirmed by an external second opinion due to poor
      interobserver variability. The pathological classification is of decisive
      importance here, since the recommended monitoring intervals are based solely on
      the ground of proved IEN. Risk factors in endoscopic resection specimens such as
      depth of infiltration (m1-m4; sm1-sm3; distance in um); angioinvasion (L, V);
      grading and lateral/basal resection margin have to be reported. In surgical
      specimens, the reference of the tumor center to the gastroesophageal junction and
      in the neoadjuvant situation the tumor regression should be documented.

PMID- 26979430
TI  - What benefits does team sport hold for the workplace? A systematic review.
AB  - Physical inactivity is proven to be a risk factor for non-communicable diseases
      and all-cost mortality. Public health policy recommends community settings
      worldwide such as the workplace to promote physical activity. Despite the growing
      prevalence of workplace team sports, studies have not synthesised their benefits
      within the workplace. A systematic review was carried out to identify articles
      related to workplace team sports, including intervention, observational and
      qualitative studies. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings
      suggest team sport holds benefits not only for individual health but also for
      group cohesion and performance and organisational benefits such as the increased
      work performance. However, it is unclear how sport is most associated with these
      benefits as most of the studies included poorly described samples and unclear
      sports activities. Our review highlights the need to explore and empirically
      understand the benefits of workplace team sport for individual, group and
      organisational health outcomes. Researches carried out in this field must provide
      details regarding their respective samples, the sports profile and utilise
      objective measures (e.g., sickness absence register data, accelerometer data).

PMID- 26979431
TI  - Burden and Unmet Needs of Caregivers of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
      Patients: A Systematic Review of the Volume and Focus of Research Output.
AB  - Caregivers of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      experience significant burden. To develop effective interventions to support this
      vulnerable group, it is necessary to understand how this burden varies as a
      function of patient well-being and across the illness trajectory. This systematic
      review aimed to identify the number and type of data-based publications exploring
      the burden and unmet needs of caregivers of individuals with COPD. Medline,
      Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases were searched for studies published
      between January 2000 and February 2014. Studies were eligible if they were
      quantitative studies examining unmet needs of, or burden on, adult caregivers of
      individuals with COPD. Eligible papers were categorised according to (i) type
      (i.e. descriptive, measurement and intervention studies); (ii) whether they
      measured associations between patient and caregiver burden and (iii) whether they
      measured caregiver burden longitudinally. Twenty-seven data-based papers met
      criteria for inclusion. There was a significant increase in the total number of
      publications over time. The majority of publications were descriptive studies (n
      = 25), with one measurement and one intervention study identified. Fourteen
      descriptive studies measured the relationship between patient or caregiver
      factors and caregiver burden. Only two studies measured caregiver burden over
      time. There are a number of gaps in the body of research examining burden and
      unmet needs of caregivers of individuals with COPD that preclude the development
      of effective interventions for this population. Greater research effort should be
      directed towards identifying rigorous measurement tools which more accurately
      characterise caregiver burden, so that evidence-based interventions can be
      developed.

PMID- 26979432
TI  - Sialylation of vitronectin regulates stress fiber formation and cell spreading of
      dermal fibroblasts via a heparin-binding site.
AB  - Vitronectin (VN) plays an important role in tissue regeneration. We previously
      reported that VN from partial hepatectomized (PH) rats results in a decrease of
      sialylation of VN and de-sialylation of VN decreases the cell spreading of
      hepatic stellate cells. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism how sialylation
      of VN regulates the properties of mouse primary cultured dermal fibroblasts (MDF)
      and a dermal fibroblast cell line, Swiss 3T3 cells. At first, we confirmed that
      VN from PH rats or de-sialylated VN also decreased cell spreading in MDF and
      Swiss 3T3 cells. The de-sialylation suppressed stress fiber formation in Swiss
      3T3 cells. Next, we analyzed the effect of the de-sialylation of VN on stress
      fiber formation in Swiss 3T3 cells. RGD peptide, an inhibitor for a cell binding
      site of VN, did not affect the cell attachment of Swiss 3T3 cells on untreated VN
      but significantly decreased it on de-sialylated VN, suggesting that the de
      sialylation attenuates the binding activity of an RGD-independent binding site in
      VN. To analyze a candidate RGD-independent binding site, an inhibition experiment
      of stress fiber formation for a heparin binding site was performed. The addition
      of heparin and treatment of cells with heparinase decreased stress fiber
      formation in Swiss 3T3 cells. Furthermore, de-sialylation increased the binding
      activity of VN to heparin, as detected by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). These
      results demonstrate that sialylation of VN glycans regulates stress fiber
      formation and cell spreading of dermal fibroblast cells via a heparin binding
      site. 

PMID- 26979433
TI  - Beneficial effect of xylose consumption on postprandial hyperglycemia in Korean:
      a randomized double-blind, crossover design.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that xylose selectively inhibited the
      activity of sucrase. Xylose supplementation may have a beneficial effect on the
      postprandial glycemic response. However, no studies have investigated patients
      with IFG or the effectivity of a dose of D-xylose less than 10 % (w/w). METHODS:
      The present study determined the effect of xylose consumption on postprandial
      hyperglycemia in normal (n = 25) and hyperglycemic subjects (n = 50). Subjects in
      this double-blind crossover design study were randomly assigned to consume a
      sucrose drink (Control, sucrose 50 g + deionized water 100 g) or a sucrose drink
      additionally containing 5 g (Test 1, sucrose:xylose = 10:1), 3.33 g (Test 2,
      sucrose:xylose = 15:1), or 2.5 g (Test 3, sucrose:xylose = 20:1) of D-xylose
      separated by a one-week interval. RESULTS: Normal subjects in all test groups
      exhibited a significant decrease in serum glucose levels 15 min and 30 min after
      consuming the xylose-containing drinks compared to the control group.
      Significantly lower serum levels of insulin were observed at 15 min and 30 min
      after consuming the xylose-containing drinks compared to the control group. The
      test 1 group also exhibited a significantly lower insulin area under the curve
      than the control group. Hyperglycemic subjects (n = 50) in all test groups
      exhibited a significant decrease in serum glucose levels at 30 min compared to
      the control group. However, the test 1 group exhibited a significant increase in
      serum glucose levels at 120 min compared to the control group. Glucose-related
      markers did not significantly differ in each group. CONCLUSION: Xylose
      supplementation may exert a beneficial effect on postprandial glycemic responses
      in subjects with normal glucose levels and prediabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02654301 . Registered 12 January 2016.

PMID- 26979434
TI  - Atranorin and lecanoric acid antagonize TCDD-induced xenobiotic response element
      driven activity, but not xenobiotic response element-independent activity.
AB  - Lichens are symbiotic organisms that consist of fungi and photosynthetic
      symbionts (algae and/or cyanobacteria). Previous studies of their constituents
      suggested lichens produce many kinds of aromatic secondary metabolites, such as
      depsides, quinones, and dibenzofurans. In this study, we evaluated the aryl
      hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) antagonistic activity of 17 lichen substances and
      demonstrated that atranorin (1) and lecanoric acid (2), isolated from Parmotrema
      tinctorum Hale, showed an inhibitory effect on luciferase activity increased by
      2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), using an XRE-driven pX4TK-Luc
      reporter gene assay. In addition, CYP1A1 mRNA and protein levels increased by
      TCDD were also suppressed by 1 and 2. Conversely, neither 1 nor 2 antagonized the
      suppressive effect of TCDD on interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced acute-phase response
      (APR) gene expression. Thus, we concluded that 1 and 2 were selective AhR
      modulators that antagonize XRE-dependent activity, but not XRE-independent
      activity. However, 1 has different characteristics to 2 in that 1 alone showed a
      suppressive effect on IL-1beta-induced APR gene expression in a similar fashion
      to TCDD. 

PMID- 26979435
TI  - Brain activation is related to smoothness of upper limb movements after stroke.
AB  - It is unclear whether additionally recruited sensorimotor areas in the
      ipsilesional and contralesional hemisphere and the cerebellum can compensate for
      lost neuronal functions after stroke. The objective of this study was to
      investigate how increased recruitment of secondary sensorimotor areas is
      associated with quality of motor control after stroke. In seventeen patients
      (three females, fourteen males; age: 59.9 +/- 12.6 years), cortical activation
      levels were determined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 12
      regions of interest during a finger flexion-extension task in weeks 6 and 29
      after stroke. At the same time points and by using 3D kinematics, the quality of
      motor control was assessed by smoothness of the grasp aperture during a reach-to
      grasp task, quantified by normalized jerk. Ipsilesional premotor cortex, insula
      and cerebellum, as well as the contralesional supplementary motor area, insula
      and cerebellum, correlated significantly and positively with the normalized jerk
      of grasp aperture at week 6 after stroke. A positive trend towards this
      correlation was observed in week 29. This study suggests that recruitment of
      secondary motor areas at 6 weeks after stroke is highly associated with increased
      jerk during reaching and grasping. As jerk represents the change in acceleration,
      the recruitment of additional sensorimotor areas seems to reflect a type of
      control in which deviations from an optimal movement pattern are continuously
      corrected. This relationship suggests that additional recruitment of sensorimotor
      areas after stroke may not correspond to restitution of motor function, but more
      likely to adaptive motor learning strategies to compensate for motor impairments.

PMID- 26979436
TI  - Automatic adjustments toward unseen visual targets during grasping movements.
AB  - We investigated whether control of hand movements can be driven by visual
      information that is not consciously perceived. Subjects performed reach-to-grasp
      movements toward 2D virtual objects that were projected onto a rigid surface. On
      perturbed trials, the target object was briefly presented at a different
      orientation (+/-20 degrees  rotation) or different size (+/-20 % scaling) during
      movement. The perturbed objects were presented for 33 ms, followed by a 200-ms
      mask and reappearance of the original target object. Subjects perceived only the
      mask and were not aware of the preceding perturbed stimuli. Unperturbed trials
      were identical except that there was no change in the target object before the
      mask. Despite being unaware of the brief perturbed stimuli, subjects showed
      corrective adjustments to their movements: rotation of the grip axis in response
      to orientation perturbations, and scaling of grip aperture in response to size
      perturbations. Responses were detectable 250-300 ms after the perturbation onset
      and began to reduce 250-300 ms after the reappearance of the original target. Our
      results demonstrate that the visuomotor system can utilize visual information for
      control of grasping even when this information is not available for conscious
      perception. We suggest that this dissociation is due to different temporal
      resolution of visual processing mechanisms underlying conscious perception and
      control of actions.

PMID- 26979437
TI  - Target position relative to the head is essential for predicting head movement
      during head-free gaze pursuit.
AB  - Gaze pursuit is the coordinated movement of the eyes and head that allows humans
      and other foveate animals to track moving objects. The control of smooth pursuit
      eye movements when the head is restrained is relatively well understood, but how
      the eyes coordinate with concurrent head movements when the head is free remains
      unresolved. In this study, we describe behavioral tasks that dissociate head and
      gaze velocity during head-free pursuit in monkeys. Existing models of gaze
      pursuit propose that both eye and head movements are driven only by the perceived
      velocity of the visual target and are therefore unable to account for these data.
      We show that in addition to target velocity, the positions of the eyes in the
      orbits and the retinal position of the target are important factors for
      predicting head movement during pursuit. When the eyes are already near their
      limits, further pursuit in that direction will be accompanied by more head
      movement than when the eyes are centered in the orbits, even when target velocity
      is the same. The step-ramp paradigm, often used in pursuit tasks, produces larger
      or smaller head movements, depending on the direction of the position step, while
      gaze pursuit velocity is insensitive to this manipulation. Using these tasks, we
      can reliably evoke head movements with peak velocities much faster than the
      target's velocity. Under these circumstances, the compensatory eye movements,
      which are often called counterproductive since they rotate the eyes in the
      opposite direction, are essential to maintaining accurate gaze velocity.

PMID- 26979438
TI  - Boredom, sustained attention and the default mode network.
AB  - Boredom is a ubiquitous human experience that can best be described as an
      inability to engage with one's environment despite the motivation to do so.
      Boredom is perceived as a negative experience and demonstrates strong
      associations with other negatively valenced states including depression and
      aggression. Although boredom has been shown to be elevated in neurological and
      psychiatric illnesses, little is known about the neural underpinnings of the
      state. We scanned the brains of healthy participants under four separate
      conditions: a resting state scan, a sustained attention task and two video-based
      mood inductions, one known to produce boredom and another we validated to produce
      a state of interest or engagement. Using independent components analyses, results
      showed common regions of correlated activation in posterior regions of the so
      called default mode network (DMN) of the brain across all four conditions. The
      sustained attention and boredom induction scans were differentiated from the
      resting state scan by the presence of anticorrelated activity-i.e. when DMN
      regions were active, this region was deactivated-in the anterior insula cortex.
      This same region demonstrated correlated activity with both the DMN and the
      regions associated with attentional control during the interest mood induction.
      We interpret these findings to suggest that boredom represents a failure to
      engage executive control networks when faced with a monotonous task-in other
      words, when the task demands some level of engagement (watch the movie, search
      for infrequent targets), but is so mundane that attempts to do so fail.

PMID- 26979439
TI  - The violation of Fitts' Law: an examination of displacement biases and corrective
      submovements.
AB  - Fitts' Law holds that, to maintain accuracy, movement times of aiming movements
      must change as a result of varying degrees of movement difficulty. Recent
      evidence has emerged that aiming to a target located last in an array of
      placeholders results in a shorter movement time than would be expected by the
      Fitts' equation-a violation of Fitts' Law. It has been suggested that the
      violation emerges because the performer adopts an optimized movement strategy in
      which they partially pre-plan an action to the closest placeholder (undershoot
      the last placeholder) and rely on a secondary acceleration to propel the limb
      toward the last location when it is selected as the target (Glazebrook et al. in
      Hum Mov Sci 39:163-176, 2015). In the current study, we examine this proposal and
      further elucidate the processes underlying the violation by examining limb
      displacement and corrective submovements that occur when performers aim to
      different target locations. For our Main Study, participants executed discrete
      aiming movements in a five-placeholder array. We also reanalyzed data from a
      previously reported study in which participants aimed in placeholder and no
      placeholder conditions (Blinch et al. in Exp Brain Res 223:505-515, 2012). The
      results showed the violation of Fitts' Law unfolded following peak velocity
      (online control). Further, the analysis showed that movements to the last target
      tended to overshoot and had a higher proportion of secondary submovements
      featuring a reversal than other categories of submovement (secondary
      accelerations, discontinuities). These findings indicate that the violation of
      Fitts' Law may, in fact, result from a strategic bias toward planning farther
      initial displacements of the limb which accommodates a shorter time in online
      control.

PMID- 26979441
TI  - Fracture load and failure types of different veneered polyetheretherketone fixed
      dental prostheses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the fracture load of different
      veneered PEEK 3-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDPs) after different aging
      regimens. METHODS: Congruently anatomically shaped 3-unit FDPs were milled using
      a master stl-data set and randomly divided into four groups (N = 120, n = 30 per
      veneering group), which were veneered using different veneering methods: (i)
      digital veneering with breCAM.HIPC, (ii) conventional veneering with crea.lign,
      (iii) conventional with crea.lign paste, and (iv) using pre-manufactured veneers
      visio.lign. The FDPs were then adhesively cemented on a metal abutment and
      fracture loads were measured in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min) before and
      after aging (10,000 thermal cycles, 5/55  degrees C). Two- and one-way ANOVA
      followed by post hoc Scheffe tests were used for data analysis (p < 0.05).
      RESULTS: This investigation showed an influence of the veneering method on the
      fracture load results independent of the aging level. The highest fracture load
      was measured for the FDPs with digital veneering (1882 +/- 152 N at baseline,
      2021 +/- 184 N after thermocycling). The remaining groups showed comparable
      results, and no impact of thermal aging was observed. Digital and conventional
      veneers showed cracks in the pontic region starting from the connector area as a
      main failure type after loading, while the pre-manufactured veneers showed
      predominantly adhesive failures. CONCLUSIONS: The digital veneering method showed
      the highest fracture load resistance. Thermal aging showed no impact on the
      fracture load of all tested veneered PEEK 3-unit FDPs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
      According to this study results, reliable veneering of PEEK FDPs can be achieved
      with digital veneering.

PMID- 26979440
TI  - Self-prioritization in vision, audition, and touch.
AB  - To investigate self-prioritization independently of stimulus familiarity, Sui et
      al. (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 38:1105-1117, 2012. doi: 10.1037/a0029792
      ) introduced a new paradigm in which different geometric shapes are arbitrarily
      associated with self-relevant (e.g., "I") and neutral labels (e.g., "stranger").
      It has now been repeatedly demonstrated that in a subsequently presented matching
      task, this association leads to faster and more accurate verifications of self
      relevant shape-label pairings than neutral shape-label pairings. In order to
      assess whether this self-prioritization effect represents a general selection
      mechanism in human information processing, we examined whether it is limited to
      the visual modality. Therefore, besides visual stimuli, auditory and vibrotactile
      stimuli were also associated either to self-relevant or to neutral labels. The
      findings demonstrate that self-prioritization represents a general tendency
      influencing human information processing, one that operates across the senses.
      Our results also highlight a top-down component to self-prioritization.

PMID- 26979442
TI  - Evaluation of a regional German interdisciplinary oral health programme for
      children from birth to 5 years of age.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective birth cohort study was to evaluate the
      effect of the interdisciplinary oral health programme (OHP) for early childhood
      caries (ECC) in 5-year-old German children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All parents of
      newborns (n = 1162; born 2009/2010) were visited after birth by the communal
      newborn visiting service of Jena, Thuringia, and advised on general and dental
      health. In the first year of life, children were invited to attend a dental
      examination in the Jena University Hospital. Participating children were included
      in a caries-risk-related recall system with continuous oral care over 5 years.
      The caries-risk assessment tool of the AAPD was used to determine the likelihood
      of carious lesion development and to categorize the children at low, moderate or
      high risk for caries. High-risk children received fluoride varnish. Families (n =
      563) who gave their approval for final examination after 5 years were invited
      again and examined by a blinded clinician. Dental caries was scored using WHO
      diagnostic criteria expanded to d1-level without radiography. Children were
      allocated to prevention (PG) and control group (CG) and matched on the basis of
      age, sex, ethnicity and socio-economic status (SES). RESULTS: Two hundred and
      eighty-nine children (mean age 5.2 +/- 0.7 years; 46.7 % female) were examined.
      Children in the PG (n = 174) showed significantly lower caries prevalence and
      experience (10.9 %, 0.2 +/- 0.7 d3-4mft) than children in the CG (57.4 %, 2.9 +/-
      3.8 d3-4mft). Multivariate analysis found that low SES, early start of tooth
      brushing, supervision/regular second brush by parent, regular dental visits and
      duration of breast-/bottle-feeding >1 year were significantly related to d3-4mft.
      CONCLUSIONS: The OHP was an effective approach for preventing early childhood
      caries in preschool children. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A programme consisting of early
      maternal counselling, establishment of a dental home, and inclusion of the
      children in a caries-risk-related recall system with continuous dental care and
      fluoride varnish application can prevent ECC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical
      Trials Register DRKS00003438, https://drks-neu.uniklinik
      freiburg.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00003438.

PMID- 26979443
TI  - The Use of Reverse Vaccinology and Molecular Modeling Associated with Cell
      Proliferation Stimulation Approach to Select Promiscuous Epitopes from
      Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - Schistosomiasis remains an important parasitic disease that affects millions of
      individuals worldwide. Despite the availability of chemotherapy, the occurrence
      of constant reinfection demonstrates the need for additional forms of
      intervention and the development of a vaccine represents a relevant strategy to
      control this disease. With the advent of genomics and bioinformatics, new
      strategies to search for vaccine targets have been proposed, as the reverse
      vaccinology. In this work, computational analyses of Schistosoma mansoni membrane
      proteins were performed to predict epitopes with high affinity for different
      human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1. Ten epitopes were selected and along with
      murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule had their three
      dimensional structures optimized. Epitope interactions were evaluated against
      murine MHC class II molecule through molecular docking, electrostatic potential,
      and molecular volume. The epitope Sm141290 and Sm050890 stood out in most of the
      molecular modeling analyses. Cellular proliferation assay was performed to
      evaluate the ability of these epitopes to bind to murine MHC II molecules and
      stimulate CD4+ T cells showing that the same epitopes were able to significantly
      stimulate cell proliferation. This work showed an important strategy of peptide
      selection for epitope-based vaccine design, achieved by in silico analyses that
      can precede in vivo and in vitro experiments, avoiding excessive experimentation.

PMID- 26979444
TI  - Tonic Seizure Status Epilepticus Triggered by Valproate in a Child with Doose
      Syndrome.
AB  - Antiepileptic drugs may occasionally increase seizure frequency or eliciting de
      novo seizure occurrence; the underlying mechanism of these effects is not known.
      The potential adverse effects of valproic acid in myoclonic astatic epilepsy have
      been noted by experienced clinicians in various different regions of the world,
      but this important observation has not been sufficiently reported. We present the
      case of tonic status epilepticus in an 8-year-old boy with Doose syndrome related
      to valproic acid. Valproic acid, such as others antiepileptic drugs, is liable to
      produce paradoxical effects such as the atypical seizures we report. We emphasize
      the importance for the management of acute seizures in an intensive care unit
      setting and increase awareness of the acute toxic effects of antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 26979445
TI  - The Enduring Significance of Skin Tone: Linking Skin Tone, Attitudes Toward
      Marriage and Cohabitation, and Sexual Behavior.
AB  - Past evidence has documented that attitudes toward marriage and cohabitation are
      related to sexual behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. This study extends
      prior research by longitudinally testing these associations across racial/ethnic
      groups and investigating whether culturally relevant variations within
      racial/ethnic minority groups, such as skin tone (i.e., lightness/darkness of
      skin color), are linked to attitudes toward marriage and cohabitation and sex.
      Drawing on family and public health literatures and theories, as well as
      burgeoning skin tone literature, it was hypothesized that more positive attitudes
      toward marriage and negative attitudes toward cohabitation would be associated
      with less risky sex, and that links differed for lighter and darker skin
      individuals. The sample included 6872 respondents (49.6 % female; 70.0 % White;
      15.8 % African American; 3.3 % Asian; 10.9 % Hispanic) from the National
      Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The results revealed that
      marital attitudes had a significantly stronger dampening effect on risky sexual
      behavior of lighter skin African Americans and Asians compared with their darker
      skin counterparts. Skin tone also directly predicted number of partners and
      concurrent partners among African American males and Asian females. We discuss
      theoretical and practical implications of these findings for adolescence and
      young adulthood. 

PMID- 26979446
TI  - Participation in Organized Activities Protects Against Adolescents' Risky
      Substance Use, Even Beyond Development in Conscientiousness.
AB  - Adolescents are at a significant risk for binge drinking and illicit drug use.
      One way to protect against these behaviors is through participation in
      extracurricular activities. However, there is a debate about whether highly
      conscientious adolescents are more likely to participate in activities, which
      raises the concern of a confound. To disentangle these relationships, we tested
      the latent trajectories of substance use and personality across 3 years, with
      participation in activities and sports as time-varying predictors. We surveyed
      687 adolescents (55 % female, 85.4 % Caucasian) in Western Australia schools
      across 3 years. At Time 1, the students were in Year 10 1 (mean age 15 years).
      The results showed that participation in activities and conscientiousness are
      related, but each uniquely predicts slower growth in substance use. Across waves,
      participation in activities predicted less risky substance use a year later, over
      and above conscientiousness development. These results suggest that there may be
      unique benefits of participation in activities that protect against risky
      substance use.

PMID- 26979450
TI  - Commentary on: Objective Sensory Changes Following Subfascial Breast
      Augmentation.

PMID- 26979448
TI  - Is it About Me, You, or Us? Stress Reactivity Correlates of Discrepancies in We
      Talk Among Parents and Preadolescent Children.
AB  - An emerging literature suggests that not only do parent and child perceptions of
      parent-child relationship quality independently predict children's adjustment,
      but also that the discrepancy between parent and child perceptions of the
      relationship also carries predictive power. In the current study, we examine
      discrepancies in mother and children's we-talk, which is thought to reveal the
      degree to which members of a dyad conceive of problems affecting just one of the
      members as shared. We anticipate that discrepancies in which the mother expresses
      a greater sense of we-ness than the child would be particularly toxic during this
      developmental phase, when youth's strivings for independence ought to near their
      apex. Using an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of school-aged
      children and their mothers (N = 106, 49.1 % female; 43 % Non-Hispanic White, 21 %
      African American, 21 % Hispanic, 10 % Asian, and 5 % of another ethnic category
      or mixed race; 48 % reported an annual income of <$60,000), we expose children to
      a standardized failure task that their mothers observe and then interview both
      members of the dyad regarding the task-we-talk is derived from these interviews.
      We examine the discrepancy between child and mother we-talk as a predictor of
      children's cortisol reactivity and mothers' behavioral overcontrol during the
      failure task. We also examine whether the discrepancy in mother-child we-talk
      predicts children's trait rumination. The interaction between child and mother we
      talk was significantly associated with all three outcomes. Children's cortisol
      reactivity and rumination were highest when mothers used high and children used
      low levels of we-talk. A three-way interaction of children's we-talk, mothers' we
      talk and child age emerged, suggesting that the association of discrepancies in
      we-talk with maternal overcontrol depended on child age, with significant effects
      emerging among older children. We discuss our results in terms of their
      implications for preadolescent development and emotion regulation.

PMID- 26979449
TI  - A momentary biomarker for depressive mood.
AB  - Many biomarkers from genetic, neuroimaging, and biological/biochemical measures
      have been recently developed in order to make a shift toward the objective
      evaluation of psychiatric disorders. However, they have so far been less
      successful in capturing dynamical changes or transitions in pathological states,
      such as those occurring during the course of clinical treatments or pathogenic
      processes of disorders. A momentary biomarker is now required for objective
      monitoring of such dynamical changes. The development of ecological momentary
      assessment (EMA) allows the assessment of dynamical aspects of diurnal/daily
      clinical conditions and subjective symptoms. Furthermore, a variety of validation
      studies on momentary symptoms assessed by EMA using
      behavioral/physiological/biochemical measures have demonstrated the possibility
      of evaluating momentary symptoms from such external objective measures. In this
      review, we introduce physical activity as a candidate biobehavioral biomarker for
      psychiatric disorders. We also mention its potential as a momentary biomarker for
      depressive mood. Finally, we address the continuous monitoring of the pathogenic
      processes and pathological states of depressive disorders based on physical
      activity, as well as its application in pharmacological animal studies. 

PMID- 26979451
TI  - Commentary on: Effects of Abdominoplasty on Intra-Abdominal Pressure and
      Pulmonary Function.

PMID- 26979452
TI  - Commentary on: Does Implant Insertion with a Funnel Decrease Capsular
      Contracture? A Preliminary Report.

PMID- 26979453
TI  - Earlobe Rejuvenation: A Fat Grafting Technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The earlobe demonstrates stereotypical signs of aging, including
      wrinkles and volume depletion. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to review
      the outcome of the earlobe rejuvenation developed by the senior author. METHODS:
      We describe our earlobe rejuvenation technique refined over 10 years that uses
      fat grafting to the earlobe. Three raters assessed preoperative and postoperative
      photographs of 40 earlobes in 20 patients. Each earlobe was evaluated for volume
      deficiency, number of deep creases, depth of creases, and number of fine
      wrinkles. Inter-rater reliability was calculated. Earlobe length was also
      measured. RESULTS: Seventeen females and 3 males with average age of 63 years
      were followed for an average of 26 months. Postoperative improvements were
      observed in earlobe volume deficiency and number of fine wrinkles (P < .05).
      Improvements were seen in number and depth of creases and the earlobe height, but
      these were not significant (P > .05). No complications relating to the earlobe
      were observed in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Fat grafting can be an effective
      means for earlobe rejuvenation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Therapeutic.

PMID- 26979454
TI  - Abdominoplasty with Scarpa's Fascia Advancement Flap to Enhance the Waistline.

PMID- 26979455
TI  - Commentary on: Safety of Aesthetic Surgery in the Overweight Patient: Analysis of
      127,961 Patients.

PMID- 26979456
TI  - Biomarkers Provide Clues to Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Breast Implant
      Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma.
AB  - Almost 200 women worldwide have been diagnosed with breast implant-associated
      anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). The unique location and specific
      lymphoma type strongly suggest an etio-pathologic link between breast implants
      and BIA-ALCL. It is postulated that chronic inflammation via bacterial infection
      may be an etiological factor. BIA-ALCL resembles primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL)
      in morphology, activated T-cell phenotype, and indolent clinical course. Gene
      expression array analysis, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to
      study pcALCL and BIA-ALCL cell lines. Clinical samples were also studied to
      characterize transcription factor and cytokine profiles of tumor cells and
      surrounding lymphocytes. BIA-ALCL and pcALCL were found to have common expression
      of transcription factors SOCS3, JunB, SATB1, and a cytokine profile suggestive of
      a Th1 phenotype. Similar patterns were observed in a CD30+ cutaneous
      lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). The patterns of cytokine and transcription
      factor expression suggest that BIA-ALCL is likely to arise from chronic bacterial
      antigen stimulation of T-cells. Further analysis of cytokine and transcription
      factor profiles may allow early detection and treatment of BIA-ALCL leading to
      better prognosis and survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5: Risk. 

PMID- 26979457
TI  - OnabotulinumtoxinA for Treatment of Moderate to Severe Crow's Feet Lines: A
      Review.
AB  - Lateral canthal lines or crow's feet lines (CFL) may be treated with
      onabotulinumtoxinA. We identified several key concepts important to understanding
      the use of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of moderate-to-severe CFL. To
      contextualize and integrate data on the recommended dose and injection patterns
      of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of CFL, we summarized data from pivotal
      clinical studies in the development of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of CFL.
      Data from key studies of onabotulinumtoxinA for CFL are presented. The efficacy
      and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of moderate-to-severe CFL were
      evaluated in 2 randomized, controlled phase 3 studies comprising 1362 patients.
      The 24U total dose of onabotulinumtoxinA used in these studies was based on a
      phase 2 dose-ranging trial. Two injection patterns were available to
      investigators; each involved 3 injection sites per side in the lateral
      orbicularis oculi muscle. A cross-sectional analysis of photographs from the
      phase 3 trials provided detailed information on the frequency of 4 distinct CFL
      patterns. In the primary efficacy analysis for each phase 3 trial, CFL responder
      rates were significantly greater with onabotulinumtoxinA vs placebo at day 30 (P<
      .001). Eyelid edema (1%) was the only adverse event reported in >= 1% of patients
      receiving onabotulinumtoxinA, occurring more frequently with onabotulinumtoxinA
      than with placebo. The studies showed that onabotulinumtoxinA is effective and
      generally well-tolerated for CFL treatment. Additionally, 2 different injection
      patterns allow physicians to tailor treatment based on a patient's CFL pattern.

PMID- 26979458
TI  - Patient satisfaction with the healthcare system: Assessing the impact of socio
      economic and healthcare provision factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient satisfaction is an important measure of healthcare quality as
      it offers information on the provider's success at meeting clients' expectations
      and is a key determinant of patients' perspective behavioral intention. The aim
      of this paper is first to assess the degree of patient satisfaction, and second,
      to study the relationship between patient satisfaction of healthcare system and a
      set of socio-economic and healthcare provision indicators. METHODS: This
      empirical analysis covers 31 countries for the years 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2012.
      The dependent variable, the satisfaction index, is defined as the patient
      satisfaction of their country's health system. We first construct an index of
      patient satisfaction and then, at a second stage, this index is related to socio
      economic and healthcare provision variables. RESULTS: Our findings support that
      there is a strong positive association between patient satisfaction level and
      healthcare provision indicators, such as nurses and physicians per 100,000
      habitants, with the latter being the most important contributor, and a negative
      association between patient satisfaction level and number of hospital beds. Among
      the socio-economic variables, public health expenditures greatly shape and
      positive relate to patient satisfaction, while private spending on health relates
      negatively. Finally, the elder a patient is, the more satisfied with a country's
      healthcare system appears to be. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is a strong
      positive association between patient satisfaction and public health expenditures,
      number of physicians and nurses, and the age of the patient, while there is a
      negative evidence for private health spending and number of hospital beds.

PMID- 26979459
TI  - Different Array CGH profiles within hereditary breast cancer tumors associated to
      BRCA1 expression and overall survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Array CGH analysis of breast tumors has contributed to the
      identification of different genomic profiles in these tumors. Loss of DNA repair
      by BRCA1 functional deficiency in breast cancer has been proposed as a relevant
      contribution to breast cancer progression for tumors with no germline mutation.
      Identifying the genomic alterations taking place in BRCA1 not expressing tumors
      will lead us to a better understanding of the cellular functions affected in this
      heterogeneous disease. Moreover, specific genomic alterations may contribute to
      the identification of potential therapeutic targets and offer a more personalized
      treatment to breast cancer patients. METHODS: Forty seven tumors from hereditary
      breast cancer cases, previously analyzed for BRCA1 expression, and screened for
      germline BRCA1 and 2 mutations, were analyzed by Array based Comparative Genomic
      Hybridization (aCGH) using Agilent 4x44K arrays. Overall survival was established
      for tumors in different clusters using Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) Test. Gene lists
      obtained from aCGH analysis were analyzed for Gene Ontology enrichment using
      GOrilla and DAVID tools. RESULTS: Genomic profiling of the tumors showed specific
      alterations associated to BRCA1 or 2 mutation status, and BRCA1 expression in the
      tumors, affecting relevant cellular processes. Similar cellular functions were
      found affected in BRCA1 not expressing and BRCA1 or 2 mutated tumors.
      Hierarchical clustering classified hereditary breast tumors in four major, groups
      according to the type and amount of genomic alterations, showing one group with a
      significantly poor overall survival (p = 0.0221). Within this cluster, deletion
      of PLEKHO1, GDF11, DARC, DAG1 and CD63 may be associated to the worse outcome of
      the patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the fact that BRCA1 lack of
      expression in tumors should be used as a marker for BRCAness and to select these
      patients for synthetic lethality approaches such as treatment with PARP
      inhibitors. In addition, the identification of specific alterations in breast
      tumors associated with poor survival, immune response or with a BRCAness
      phenotype will allow the use of a more personalized treatment in these patients.

PMID- 26979461
TI  - Exploring synergistic interactions and catalysts in complex interventions:
      longitudinal, mixed methods case studies of an optimised multi-level suicide
      prevention intervention in four european countries (Ospi-Europe).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Medical Research Council (MRC) Framework for complex
      interventions highlights the need to explore interactions between components of
      complex interventions, but this has not yet been fully explored within complex,
      non-pharmacological interventions. This paper draws on the process evaluation
      data of a suicide prevention programme implemented in four European countries to
      illustrate the synergistic interactions between intervention levels in a complex
      programme, and to present our method for exploring these. METHODS: A realist
      evaluation approach informed the process evaluation, which drew on mixed methods,
      longitudinal case studies. Data collection consisted of 47 semi-structured
      interviews, 12 focus groups, one workshop, fieldnoted observations of six
      programme meetings and 20 questionnaires (delivered at six month intervals to
      each of the four intervention sites). Analysis drew on the framework approach,
      facilitated by the use of QSR NVivo (v10). Our qualitative approach to exploring
      synergistic interactions (QuaSIC) also developed a matrix of hypothesised
      synergies that were explored within one workshop and two waves of data
      collection. RESULTS: All four implementation countries provided examples of
      synergistic interactions that added value beyond the sum of individual
      intervention levels or components in isolation. For instance, the launch ceremony
      of the public health campaign (a level 3 intervention) in Ireland had an impact
      on the community-based professional training, increasing uptake and visibility of
      training for journalists in particular. In turn, this led to increased media
      reporting of OSPI activities (monitored as part of the public health campaign)
      and also led to wider dissemination of editorial guidelines for responsible
      reporting of suicidal acts. Analysis of the total process evaluation dataset also
      revealed the new phenomenon of the OSPI programme acting as a catalyst for
      externally generated (and funded) activity that shared the goals of suicide
      prevention. CONCLUSIONS: The QuaSIC approach enabled us to develop and refine our
      definition of synergistic interactions and add the innovative concept of
      catalytic effects. This represents a novel approach to the evaluation of complex
      interventions. By exploring synergies and catalytic interactions related to a
      complex intervention or programme, we reveal the added value to planned
      activities and how they might be maximised.

PMID- 26979460
TI  - Cognitive and affective theory of mind in dementia with Lewy bodies and
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Theory of mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental
      states, thoughts (cognitive component) or feelings (affective component) to
      others. This function has been studied in many neurodegenerative diseases;
      however, to our knowledge, no studies investigating ToM in dementia with Lewy
      bodies (DLB) have been published. The aim of our study was to assess ToM in
      patients with DLB and to search for neural correlates of potential deficits.
      METHODS: Thirty-three patients with DLB (DLB group) and 15 patients with
      Alzheimer's disease (AD group), all in the early stage of the disease, as well as
      16 healthy elderly control subjects (HC group), were included in the study. After
      a global cognitive assessment, we used the Faux Pas Recognition (FPR) test, the
      Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) test and Ekman's Facial Emotion Recognition
      test to assess cognitive and affective components of ToM. Patients underwent
      cerebral 3-T magnetic resonance imaging, and atrophy of grey matter was analysed
      using voxel-based morphometry. We performed a one-sample t test to investigate
      the correlation between each ToM score and grey matter volume and a two-sample t
      test to compare patients with DLB impaired with those non-impaired for each test.
      RESULTS: The DLB group performed significantly worse than the HC group on the FPR
      test (P = 0.033) and the RME test (P = 0.015). There was no significant
      difference between the AD group and the HC group or between the DLB group and the
      AD group. Some brain regions were associated with ToM impairments. The prefrontal
      cortex, with the inferior frontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, was the
      main region, but we also found correlations with the temporoparietal junction,
      the precuneus, the fusiform gyrus and the insula. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the
      first one to show early impairments of ToM in DLB. The two cognitive and
      affective components both appear to be affected in this disease. Among patients
      with ToM difficulties, we found atrophy in brain regions classically involved in
      ToM, which reinforces the neuronal network of ToM. Further studies are now needed
      to better understand the neural basis of such impairment.

PMID- 26979464
TI  - Government has no credible plan to plug NHS funding "black hole," MPs warn.

PMID- 26979462
TI  - Gene-based SNP discovery in tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common bean
      (P. vulgaris) for diversity analysis and comparative mapping.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important grain legume and
      there has been a recent resurgence in interest in its relative, tepary bean (P.
      acutifolius), owing to this species' ability to better withstand abiotic
      stresses. Genomic resources are scarce for this minor crop species and a better
      knowledge of the genome-level relationship between these two species would
      facilitate improvement in both. High-throughput genotyping has facilitated large
      scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification leading to the
      development of molecular markers with associated sequence information that can be
      used to place them in the context of a full genome assembly. RESULTS: Transcript
      based SNPs were identified from six common bean and two tepary bean accessions
      and a subset were used to generate a 768-SNP Illumina GoldenGate assay for each
      species. The tepary bean assay was used to assess diversity in wild and
      cultivated tepary bean and to generate the first gene-based map of the tepary
      bean genome. Genotypic analyses of the diversity panel showed a clear separation
      between domesticated and cultivated tepary beans, two distinct groups within the
      domesticated types, and P. parvifolius was confirmed to be distinct. The genetic
      map of tepary bean was compared to the common bean genome assembly to demonstrate
      high levels of collinearity between the two species with differences limited to a
      few intra-chromosomal rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS: The development of the first
      set of genomic resources specifically for tepary bean has allowed for greater
      insight into the structure of this species and its relationship to its
      agriculturally more prominent relative, common bean. These resources will be
      helpful in the development of efficient breeding strategies for both species and
      will facilitate the introgression of agriculturally important traits from one
      crop into the other.

PMID- 26979463
TI  - Display of GPI-anchored anti-EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes
      tumour cell targeting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive candidate drug delivery
      systems due to their ability to functionally transport biological cargo to
      recipient cells. However, the apparent lack of target cell specificity of
      exogenously administered EVs limits their therapeutic applicability. In this
      study, we propose a novel method to equip EVs with targeting properties, in order
      to improve their interaction with tumour cells. METHODS: EV producing cells were
      transfected with vectors encoding for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFR) nanobodies, which served as targeting ligands for tumour cells, fused to
      glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal peptides derived from decay
      accelerating factor (DAF). EVs were isolated using ultrafiltration/size-exclusion
      liquid chromatography and characterized using western blotting, Nanoparticle
      Tracking Analysis, and electron microscopy. EV-tumour cell interactions were
      analyzed under static conditions using flow cytometry and under flow conditions
      using a live-cell fluorescence microscopy-coupled perfusion system. RESULTS: EV
      analysis showed that GPI-linked nanobodies were successfully displayed on EV
      surfaces and were highly enriched in EVs compared with parent cells. Display of
      GPI-linked nanobodies on EVs did not alter general EV characteristics (i.e.
      morphology, size distribution and protein marker expression), but greatly
      improved EV binding to tumour cells dependent on EGFR density under static
      conditions. Moreover, nanobody-displaying EVs showed a significantly improved
      cell association to EGFR-expressing tumour cells under flow conditions.
      CONCLUSIONS: We show that nanobodies can be anchored on the surface of EVs via
      GPI, which alters their cell targeting behaviour. Furthermore, this study
      highlights GPI-anchoring as a new tool in the EV toolbox, which may be applied
      for EV display of a variety of proteins, such as antibodies, reporter proteins
      and signaling molecules.

PMID- 26979465
TI  - Role of anxiety and depression in adolescents with chest pain referred to a
      cardiology clinic.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We carried out this study in order to evaluate the causes of chest
      pain in teenagers and the role of anxiety and depression in this age group
      compared with the normal population. METHODS: In this prospective case-control
      study, all patients aged 11-18 years with chest pain and no history of trauma and
      referred to a paediatric cardiology clinic from March, 2009-April, 2010 were
      selected. A chest pain protocol including a detailed history, full physical
      examination, required blood tests, electrocardiography, and echocardiography was
      performed for all. The presence of depression and anxiety and their severity were
      assessed by Beck questionnaires. The patients were compared with age- and sex
      matched, randomly selected healthy controls. RESULTS: In total, 194 patients with
      a mean age of 14+/-2 years were selected. The most frequent presentation was
      idiopathic chest pain (43.3%), followed by the psychological group (29.9%). These
      groups had no abnormal points in history, physical, and para-clinical tests.
      Moderate-to-severe depression was found in 45.9% in the patients group, compared
      with 17.6% of controls, which was statistically significant (p=0.016). Moreover,
      anxiety was detected in 67.5% of patients versus 15.4% in controls, which is a
      statistically significant difference (p=0.009). Cardiac chest pain with 9.27% was
      the most common type of organic causes. CONCLUSION: Chest pain during teenage is
      more prevalent, but not risky. Undergoing a detailed history and full physical
      examination can help diagnose the causes in the majority of cases. Given the
      prevalence of a psychological group as well as role of anxiety and depression in
      most patients, referring to a psychiatrist is suggested.

PMID- 26979466
TI  - The BMJ editors respond.

PMID- 26979467
TI  - Assessment of structural, optical and conduction properties of ZnO thin films in
      the presence of acceptor impurities.
AB  - The structural, optical and electrical conduction properties of (Li/Cu,N):ZnO
      codoped thin films synthesized by the sol-gel method were investigated by field
      emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD),
      transmission and absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and I-V measurements in order
      to bring evidence of the formation of acceptor centers by dual-acceptor codoping
      processes. The (Li 3%,N 5%):ZnO films consist of crystallites with average size
      of 15 nm, show 95% transmission in the visible region, and an optical band gap of
      3.22 eV. The PL spectra show emission maxima at 3.21 and 2.96 eV which are
      related to the emission of acceptor centers and the presence of defects,
      respectively. Li occupies interstitial sites and may form Lii-N(O) defect
      complexes that act as acceptor centers. The (Cu 3%,N 5%):ZnO films consist of
      crystallites with average size of 12 nm, and exhibit 90% transmission in the
      visible region. The PL spectra reveal band edge emission at 3.23 eV and defect
      related emission at 2.74 eV. In the (Cu,N) codoped films, copper substitutes zinc
      and adopts mainly the Cu(1+) state. A possible defect complex involving Cu and N
      determines the transition from n- to p-type conductivity. These findings are in
      agreement with results of electronic structure calculations at the GGA-PBE level.

PMID- 26979469
TI  - Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Patient Characteristics: Comparing ventricular
      arrhythmia and Pulseless Electrical Activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The proportion of patients suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
      presenting with ventricular arrhythmias/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) is
      decreasing, while the proportion presenting with pulseless electrical activity
      (PEA) is increasing. Cardiac arrest interventions target VT/VF and survival rates
      from PEA are much lower. The aim of this study was to compare clinical
      characteristics of those suffering PEA and VT/VF. METHODS: We examined the past
      medical history of all patients suffering cardiac arrest in the Wellington region
      between 2008-2012 and compared clinical features of those with PEA to VT/VF.
      RESULTS: We identified 749 cardiac arrests in the study period, and were able to
      obtain detailed medical histories in 735 (98%) cases. The presenting rhythm was
      VF/VT in 337 (46%) cases, PEA in 127 (17%), and asystole in 271 (37%). Patients
      with PEA were older (68+/-14 versus 63+/-15 years, p=0.003), a higher proportion
      were female (35% versus 22%, p=0.002) and were less likely to have prior
      cardiovascular disease than those with VT/VF (48% versus 59%, p=0.03).
      Respiratory disease was more common in those with PEA (35% versus 23%, p=0.008).
      CONCLUSION: The population suffering PEA differs from the VT/VF cohort in a
      number of ways, and PEA is associated with significantly worse outcomes.

PMID- 26979468
TI  - Electroanatomic Mapping and Transoesophageal Echocardiography for near Zero
      Fluoroscopy during Complex Left Atrial Ablation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We evaluated Carto 3, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) and
      contact force (CF) sensing catheter in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
      METHODS: Unselected consecutive ablations performed under general anaesthesia
      (GA) were studied with modified protocol (cases, n=11) and compared to
      retrospective consecutive controls (n=10). Patent foramen ovale (PFO) or single
      transseptal puncture enabled left atrial (LA) access; ablation strategy was
      stepwise approach. Modified protocol utilised right atrial (RA) electrograms, CF
      and TOE to localise SmartTouch and create RA and CS electroanatomic map (EAM)
      without fluoroscopy. Transseptal puncture was performed with fluoroscopy in
      absence of PFO. Fluoroless pulmonary vein and LA EAM was created using TOE to
      locate circular-mapping catheter. RESULTS: Mean age of cases was 57+/-11 years
      with 64% male compared with 60+/-11 (70% male) for controls. Patent foramen ovale
      was identified in four cases (36%) and two controls (20%). No early complications
      occurred. Shorter fluoroscopy time (median 36 vs 390seconds; p=0.038) and trend
      to lower radiation dose (median 17 vs 165 cGym2; p=0.053) was seen in cases, with
      no increase in total procedure time (p=0.438). CONCLUSIONS: General anaesthesia,
      TOE and CF mapping catheters facilitate minimised fluoroscopy for catheter
      ablation of LA arrhythmias. Zero fluoroscopy is possible in a majority of cases
      with PFO.

PMID- 26979471
TI  - Editorial overview: Viral immunology.

PMID- 26979470
TI  - No additional effect of different types of physical activity on 10-hour muscle
      protein synthesis in elderly men on a controlled energy- and protein-sufficient
      diet.
AB  - PURPOSE: The elderly lose skeletal muscle mass with age, which may be detrimental
      for function and quality of life. Both inactivity and heavy resistance exercise
      are known to have marked but opposite effects upon muscle mass. However, the
      potential effects of daily physical activity upon muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
      are less investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of
      daily physical activities upon MPS in elderly individuals. METHODS: A total of 24
      elderly men (70+/-1year) were recruited and randomly assigned: inactivity in form
      of bed-rest (IA), daily physical activities (DA), or heavy resistance exercise
      (RE). All groups undertook a normal eating routine containing carbohydrates (52
      E%), fat (32 E%), and protein (16 E%). Ingestion of labeled milk protein ([1
      (13)C]leucine-labeled whey and caseinate) served to maintain tracer enrichment
      for determination of 10-hour myofibrillar protein fractional synthesis rates
      (FSR), and typical prerequisites for calculating FSR were fulfilled. Physical
      activities were monitored, and venous blood and muscle biopsies collected.
      RESULTS: Physical activity was highest in the DA compared to both the IA and RE
      groups. Nutrient ingestion increased insulin, leucine, and phenylalanine plasma
      concentrations in all groups. [1-(13)C]leucine enrichment was stable throughout
      the 10-hour FSR period. Myofibrillar protein FSR were similar for IA, DA, and RE
      groups, 0.055+/-0.003%/h, 0.058+/-0.006%/h, and 0.065+/-0.008%/h, respectively
      (means+/-SE, P=0.44). CONCLUSIONS: In elderly males, inactivity, daily
      activities, and resistance exercise interventions result in equal 10-hour, whole
      day MPS during an energy- and protein-sufficient diet regimen.

PMID- 26979472
TI  - 2,3 Butanediol production in an obligate photoautotrophic cyanobacterium in dark
      conditions via diverse sugar consumption.
AB  - Cyanobacteria are under investigation as a means to utilize light energy to
      directly recycle CO2 into chemical compounds currently derived from petroleum.
      Any large-scale photosynthetic production scheme must rely on natural sunlight
      for energy, thereby limiting production time to only lighted hours during the
      day. Here, an obligate photoautotrophic cyanobacterium was engineered for
      enhanced production of 2,3-butanediol (23BD) in continuous light, 12h:12h light
      dark diurnal, and continuous dark conditions via supplementation with glucose or
      xylose. This study achieved 23BD production under diurnal conditions comparable
      to production under continuous light conditions. The maximum 23BD titer was
      3.0gL(-1) in 10d. Also achieving chemical production under dark conditions, this
      work enhances the feasibility of using cyanobacteria as industrial chemical
      producing microbes.

PMID- 26979474
TI  - Training primary care physicians in cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of the
      literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients often seek mental health treatment through primary care.
      Training primary care physicians (PCPs) in approaches to address common mental
      health concerns may be a useful method for narrowing gaps in care. Cognitive
      Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is especially applicable in medical settings given its
      brief, skill-based approach and strong evidence for a number of presenting
      problems. This paper reviews the current literature on training PCPs in CBT with
      a focus on PCP-level outcomes. METHODS: We reviewed studies that described and
      evaluated CBT training programs for PCPs. Of 652 records identified and screened,
      33 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, resulting in 9 articles
      identified for inclusion. RESULTS: We extracted and report information about
      study design, participants, intervention and dose, training content, and outcomes
      (PCP reaction, learning, and performance; patient outcomes). CONCLUSION: There
      was substantial variability in sample size, methodology, training content and
      design, and assessment of outcomes, which translated into mixed findings across
      studies. In order to best assess effectiveness and allow replicability, future
      studies should provide adequate information about training curricula and assess
      multiple levels of learning outcomes. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Additional studies
      are needed to determine whether PCPs effectively implement skills within routine
      practice after CBT training.

PMID- 26979473
TI  - Establishment of a highly efficient virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system in insect
      cells.
AB  - Although current antiviral strategies can inhibit baculovirus infection and
      decrease viral DNA replication to a certain extent, novel tools are required for
      specific and accurate elimination of baculovirus genomes from infected insects.
      Using the newly developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
      repeats/associated protein 9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) technology, we disrupted a
      viral genome in infected insect cells in vitro as a defense against viral
      infection. We optimized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit foreign and viral genome
      in insect cells. Using Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) as a model, we
      found that the CRISPR/Cas9 system was capable of cleaving the replication key
      factor ie-1 in BmNPV thus effectively inhibiting virus proliferation.
      Furthermore, we constructed a virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 editing system, which
      minimized the probability of off-target effects and was rapidly activated after
      viral infection. This is the first report describing the application of the
      CRISPR/Cas9 system in insect antiviral research. Establishment of a highly
      efficient virus-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system in insect cells provides insights to
      produce virus-resistant transgenic strains for future.

PMID- 26979475
TI  - Methods for using microblogs for health communication with a pharmacist-based
      account.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To implement and assess the effectiveness of using microblogging for
      health communication with a pharmacist-based account. METHODS: We created a
      private and public "iPharmacist" account on the Weibo microblogging platform
      using the "Brief, Evidence-based, Ethical, and Plain-language (BEEP)" principle
      to post messages and to interact with patients. From November 2012 to November
      2013, a content analysis was performed of the original microposts by iPharmacist,
      as well as original messages directed to iPharmacist by other accounts, and
      private messages received by iPharmacist. RESULTS: A total of 598 original
      messages were posted by iPharmacist, which were reposted 34442 times with 6013
      comments received; while 310 messages were posted by other Weibo users directed
      to the iPharmacist alone with 131 private messages. CONCLUSIONS: The use of
      iPharmacist account allowed the provision of quality microposts to educate the
      Chinese public. The public messages were well disseminated. PRACTICE
      IMPLICATIONS: Microblogging could be an effective tool for patient education and
      health communication.

PMID- 26979476
TI  - Assessing patients' experiences with communication across the cancer care
      continuum.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relevance, performance and potential usefulness of the
      Patient Assessment of cancer Communication Experiences (PACE) items. METHODS:
      Items focusing on specific communication goals related to exchanging information,
      fostering healing relationships, responding to emotions, making decisions,
      enabling self-management, and managing uncertainty were tested via a
      retrospective, cross-sectional survey of adults who had been diagnosed with
      cancer. Analyses examined response frequencies, inter-item correlations, and
      coefficient alpha. RESULTS: A total of 366 adults were included in the analyses.
      Relatively few selected Does Not Apply, suggesting that items tap relevant
      communication experiences. Ratings of whether specific communication goals were
      achieved were strongly correlated with overall ratings of communication,
      suggesting item content reflects important aspects of communication. Coefficient
      alpha was >=.90 for each item set, indicating excellent reliability. Variations
      in the percentage of respondents selecting the most positive response across
      items suggest results can identify strengths and weaknesses. CONCLUSION: The PACE
      items tap relevant, important aspects of communication during cancer care, and
      may be useful to cancer care teams desiring detailed feedback. PRACTICE
      IMPLICATIONS: The PACE is a new tool for eliciting patients' perspectives on
      communication during cancer care. It is freely available online for
      practitioners, researchers and others.

PMID- 26979477
TI  - A microporous silk carbon-ionic liquid composite for the electrochemical sensing
      of dopamine.
AB  - Porous silk carbon (Silk C) was obtained through carbonization and KOH activation
      of natural silk cocoons. The as-prepared Silk C presented the good
      characteristics of a large surface area (SBET: 2854.53 m(2) g(-1)) and a high
      volume of pores (1.54 cm(3) g(-1)) with uniform micropores (2.5 nm) and multiple
      defects. The metal-free silk carbon-ionic liquid (Silk C-IL) composite,
      synthesized by modifying Silk C with ionic liquid through non-covalent (pi-pi)
      interactions under grinding conditions, was prepared for electrochemical
      determination of dopamine (DA). The detection limit of DA was 79 nM (S/N = 3)
      with a linear range from 0.6 MUM to 140 MUM. Meanwhile, the as-made Silk C-IL/GCE
      presented good selectivity for DA detection from other possible interferences,
      such as ascorbic acid, glucose and uric acid. Furthermore, the Silk C-IL/GCE was
      also successfully used for the detection of DA in fetal bovine serum and dopamine
      hydrochloride injection samples. 

PMID- 26979478
TI  - Increased Lipocalin-2 Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis by Modulating
      Neutrophil Chemotaxis and Cytokine Secretion.
AB  - Psoriasis is characterized by resistance to infections, which is regulated by
      antimicrobial proteins. Whether antimicrobial proteins play a pathogenic role in
      psoriasis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of
      lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), an antimicrobial protein, in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
      Our results showed that Lcn2 was highly expressed in the lesional skin of
      psoriatic patients. The neutralization of Lcn2 alleviated epidermal hyperplasia,
      inflammation, and especially neutrophil infiltration in an imiquimod-induced
      psoriasis-like murine model. In vitro, Lcn2 stimulated human neutrophils to
      produce vital proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha, and IL-1alpha via a specific receptor, 24p3R, on neutrophils, which
      consequently activated the downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2
      and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Moreover, Lcn2
      induced neutrophil chemotaxis was concentration dependent and mediated by the
      extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein
      kinase signaling pathways in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both
      keratinocytes and neutrophils were the sources of Lcn2 in the lesional skin of
      psoriatic patients. Taken together, these results suggest that Lcn2 is involved
      in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by modulating neutrophil function, and that it
      could serve as a potential target for treating psoriasis.

PMID- 26979479
TI  - Usefulness of Fragmented QRS Complex to Predict Arrhythmic Events and
      Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic role of fragmented QRS complex
      (fQRS) in predicting arrhythmic events and cardiovascular mortality in patients
      with noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCC). A total of 88 patients (64.8% men, mean
      age 38.6 +/- 17.7 years) with the diagnosis of NCC were enrolled. Median follow
      up time was 42.4 months. The fQRS was defined as the presence of >=1 additional R
      wave (R') or notch on the R/S waves in >=2 contiguous leads representing anterior
      (V1 to V5), inferior (II, III, and aVF), or lateral (I, aVL, and V6) myocardial
      segments. Compared to patients without fQRS group, patients with fQRS (fQRS (+)
      group) showed higher rates for total arrhythmic events, ventricular tachycardia,
      bradyarrhythmia requiring pacemaker, sudden cardiac death, cardiovascular
      mortality, and all-cause mortality. The cut-off point of >=3 leads for the fQRS
      was the optimal point discriminating an arrhythmic event and cardiovascular
      mortality. In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, total arrhythmic events and
      cardiovascular mortality occurred more frequently in the fQRS (+) group. In
      multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, after adjusting for
      other confounding factors, the presence of fQRS were found to be as an
      independent predictor of arrhythmic events (hazard ratio 3.850, 95% CI 1.062 to
      9.947, p = 0.002) and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 2.719, 95% CI 1.494
      to 9.262, p = 0.005). In conclusion, the presence of fQRS complex, as a simple
      and feasible electrocardiographic marker, seems to be a novel predictor of
      arrhythmic events and cardiovascular mortality in patients with NCC. This simple
      parameter may be used in identifying patients at high risk for arrhythmic events
      and so individualization of specific therapies can be applied.

PMID- 26979480
TI  - Low Young's modulus Ti-based porous bulk glassy alloy without cytotoxic elements.
AB  - A new a biocompatible Ti42Zr40Ta3Si15 (atomic %) porous bulk glassy alloy was
      produced by combination of rapid solidification and powder metallurgy techniques.
      Amorphous alloy ribbons were fabricated by melt spinning, i.e. extremely fast
      quenching the molten alloy with 10(6)K/s from T=1973K down to room temperature.
      The ribbons were then cryo-milled at liquid nitrogen temperature in order to
      produce powder, which was subsequently hot pressed. The resulting thick pellets
      have a porosity of about 14vol%, a high compression strength of 337MPa and a
      Young's modulus of about E=52GPa, values very close to those characteristic of
      cortical bone. Moreover, the morphology of the samples is very similar to that of
      cortical bone. The biocompatibility, which is due to the absence of any toxic
      element in the chemical composition, together with the suitable mechanical
      behavior, make these samples promising for orthopedic and dentistry applications.
      STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ti-based alloys are nowadays the standard solution for
      biomedical implants. However, both the conventional crystalline and amorphous
      alloys have higher rigidity as the human bone, leading to the damage of the bone
      at the interface, and contains harmful elements like vanadium, aluminum, nickel
      or beryllium. The hierarchical porous structures based on glassy alloys with
      biocompatible elements is a much better alternative. This work presents for the
      first time the manufacturing of such porous bodies starting from Ti-based
      amorphous alloy ribbons, which contains only non-harmful elements. The morphology
      and the compressive mechanical properties of these new products are analyzed in
      regard with those characteristic to the cortical bone.

PMID- 26979481
TI  - Testing the relation between percentage change and baseline value.
AB  - Testing the relation between percentage change and baseline value has been
      controversial, but it is not clear why this practice may yield spurious results.
      In this paper, we first explained why the usual testing of the relation between
      percentage change and baseline value is inappropriate and then demonstrated how
      the appropriate null hypothesis could be formulated. We also proposed a simple
      procedure for testing the appropriate null hypothesis based on the assumption
      that when there is no relation between percentage change and baseline value, the
      coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of a random variable should
      remain unchanged. Two examples were used to demonstrate how the usual testing
      gave rise to misleading results, whilst results from our simple test were in
      general consistent with those from simulations. We also undertook simulations to
      investigate the impact of measurement errors on the performance of the proposed
      test. Results suggested the type-I error rates increased with the magnitude of
      measurement errors, whilst the statistical power to detect a genuine relation
      decreased. The usual approach to testing the relation between percentage change
      and baseline value tended to yield misleading results and should be avoided. 

PMID- 26979482
TI  - Erratum.
AB  - Erratum to Twelve-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of
      comprehensive physiotherapy following disc herniation operation Owing to errors
      made at SAGE, the name of one of the authors of the following article was printed
      incorrectly.Ebenbichler GR, Inschlag S, Pfluger V, et al. Twelve-year follow-up
      of a randomized controlled trial of comprehensive physiotherapy following disc
      herniation operation Clinical Rehabilitation 2015; 29: 548-560 DOI:
      10.1177/0269215514552032. 

PMID- 26979483
TI  - Effect of course length and corridor width on the 2-minute walk test performance
      in geriatric patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of course length and corridor width on 2-minute
      walk test results in older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and experimental study
      with different test conditions. SETTING: Geriatric rehabilitation clinic.
      SUBJECTS: A total of 21 patients (median age 81 years). MAIN MEASURES: Patients
      walked two minutes on a 20 m and 40 m course with a 2 m or 1 m corridor width and
      on a continuous course without any turning in a corridor of 2 m width, five walks
      in total. The distance traveled within the 2 minutes was recorded. RESULTS:
      Compared with the 20 m course length, median walking distances measured by the 2
      minute walk test in a walk way 2 m broad were better on the continuous corridor
      without any turn (136.9 m vs. 129.3 m, p = 0.002) and on the 40 m course (131.8 m
      vs. 129.3 m, p = 0.003). Walking distance on a 20 m course length was longer in a
      corridor of 2 m width compared with the 1 m corridor width (129.3 m vs. 119.2 m,
      p = 0.005). The walking distance was not affected by corridor width on the 40 m
      course length. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of elderly patients on the 2-minute walk
      test is influenced by the width of the corridor and the length of the course
      used.

PMID- 26979484
TI  - Seroprevalence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus-2 among pregnant women
      attending antenatal care at health facilities in Wolaita zone, Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type-2 is the common cause of genital ulcer
      disease worldwide. Genital herpes infection is a major concern in pregnancy due
      to the risk of neonatal transmission. METHOD: A Cross-sectional survey was
      conducted from December 2013 to September 2014 in randomly selected 28 health
      centers to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus
      type-2 infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Wolaita zone,
      Southern Ethiopia. After taking written consent socio demographic, behavioral,
      obstetric history and family planning data along with blood samples were
      collected from 252 pregnant women using pre-structured questionnaire. Sera were
      tested using HerpeSelect-2 ELISA IgG. Data entry and analysis was done using Epi
      info 3.5.4 and SPSS 21.00 respectively. Binary logistic regression was performed
      to identify the risk factors associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. P-values less
      than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The overall
      seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection was 32.1 % (81/252) among pregnant women in
      Wolaita zone. Independent predictors of HSV-2 infection includes daily laborer
      (AOR 1.293, 95 % CI: 1.033-1.739; p = 0.022), having one sexual partners (AOR
      0.476, 95 % CI: 0 .250 -0.904; p = 0.023), history of STDs (AOR 2.822, 95 % CI:
      1.50-5.289; p = 0.001) and use of contraceptive (AOR 2.602, 95 % CI: 1.407-4.812;
      p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Overall seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection among pregnant
      women of Wolaita Zone is high. Awareness creation among high risk groups like
      women who have history of STD should be strengthened. Strengthening the quality
      of health service delivery and expansion of health service coverage is mandatory.

PMID- 26979486
TI  - Theory of mind as a predictor of maternal sensitivity in women with severe mental
      illness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research has shown that maternal mental illness can affect mother
      infant interactions with implications for infant outcomes. Severe and chronic
      mental illness (SMI), particularly schizophrenia, is associated with the greatest
      risk. Schizophrenia is also associated with impairments in attribution of mental
      states, 'theory of mind' (ToM). Recent attachment research has suggested that
      maternal mentalizing skills are strongly associated with attachment outcome in
      infants. To date, no research has explored the relationship between ToM and
      maternal sensitivity in mothers with SMI using standard tests of ToM. The present
      study was designed as an exploratory study in order to investigate this. METHOD:
      A total of 40 women with SMI in the postpartum period were administered a battery
      of ToM tasks and general neuropsychological tasks. The women were also filmed in
      an unstructured play session with their infants, which was coded for maternal
      sensitivity using the Crittenden CARE-Index. RESULTS: One ToM task, the Frith
      Happe Animations, predicted maternal sensitivity across all diagnoses. There was
      also an effect of diagnosis, with lower sensitivity observed in women with
      schizophrenia. ToM impairments did not fully explain the effect of diagnosis on
      sensitivity. Mothers of girls were rated as being more sensitive than mothers of
      boys. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that ToM is a significant predictor of
      maternal sensitivity across all mental health diagnoses, extending the results of
      studies focusing on healthy populations. Clinical interventions emphasizing the
      importance of understanding the perspective of the infant may enhance maternal
      sensitivity.

PMID- 26979485
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinoline derivatives as potential anti
      prostate cancer agents and Pim-1 kinase inhibitors.
AB  - In this work, a series of quinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized as
      antitumor agents. Most quinolines showed potent anti-proliferative activity
      against human prostatic cancer PC-3 cell line. Among which, 9d, 9f and 9g were
      the most effective compounds with GI50 values of 2.60, 2.81 and 1.29 MUM,
      respectively. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the
      secondary amine linked quinoline and pyridine ring played an important role in
      the anti-proliferative effects. Mechanistic studies revealed that 9g was a
      potential Pim-1 kinase inhibitor with abilities of cell cycle arrest and
      apoptosis induction. Considering of the increased activity of Pim-1 in prostate
      cancer, such compounds have potential to be developed as anti-prostate cancer
      agents.

PMID- 26979488
TI  - Fipronil application on rice paddy fields reduces densities of common skimmer and
      scarlet skimmer.
AB  - Several reports suggested that rice seedling nursery-box application of some
      systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil) is the cause of the decline
      in dragonfly species noted since the 1990s in Japan. We conducted paddy mesocosm
      experiments to investigate the effect of the systemic insecticides clothianidin,
      fipronil and chlorantraniliprole on rice paddy field biological communities.
      Concentrations of all insecticides in the paddy water were reduced to the limit
      of detection within 3 months after application. However, residuals of these
      insecticides in the paddy soil were detected throughout the experimental period.
      Plankton species were affected by clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole right
      after the applications, but they recovered after the concentrations decreased. On
      the other hand, the effects of fipronil treatment, especially on Odonata, were
      larger than those of any other treatment. The number of adult dragonflies
      completing eclosion was severely decreased in the fipronil treatment. These
      results suggest that the accumulation of these insecticides in paddy soil reduces
      biodiversity by eliminating dragonfly nymphs, which occupy a high trophic level
      in paddy fields. 

PMID- 26979489
TI  - Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization under dynamic conditions of cobalt
      oxide nanoparticles supported over magnesium oxide nano-plates.
AB  - A nano-catalyst comprised of oxidized Co NPs supported on MgO nano-plates was
      synthesized via a hydrothermal co-precipitation strategy and calcination in O2
      and subsequently in H2 at 250  degrees C. Spectro-microscopy characterization was
      performed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss
      spectroscopy and scanning X-ray transmission microscopy. Surface measurements
      under H2 and H2 + CO atmospheres were obtained by ambient pressure X-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the 225
      480  degrees C range. These measurements at the atomic and microscopic levels
      demonstrated that the oxidized Co nanoparticles uniformly decorated the MgO nano
      plates. The surfaces are enriched with Co, and with a mixture of Co(OH)2 and CoO
      under H2 and H2 + CO atmospheres. Under a H2 atmosphere, the outermost surfaces
      were composed of (lattice) O(2-), CO3(2-) and OH(-). No inorganic carbonates were
      observed in the bulk. Chemisorbed CO, likely on the oxidized Co surfaces, was
      observed at the expense of O(2-) under 300 mTorr H2 + CO (2 : 1) at 225  degrees
      C. Gas phase CO2 was detected under 32 Torr H2 + CO (2 : 1) at 225  degrees C
      upon prolonged reaction time, and was attributed to a surface chemical reaction
      between O(2-) and chemisorbed CO. Furthermore, sp(3) like carbon species were
      detected on the otherwise carbon free surface in H2 + CO, which remained on the
      surface under the subsequent reaction conditions. The formation of sp(3) like
      hydrocarbons was ascribed to a surface catalytic reaction between the chemisorbed
      CO and OH(-) as the apparent hydrogen source. 

PMID- 26979487
TI  - Graviola inhibits hypoxia-induced NADPH oxidase activity in prostate cancer cells
      reducing their proliferation and clonogenicity.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading malignancy among men. Importantly, this
      disease is mostly diagnosed at early stages offering a unique chemoprevention
      opportunity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and target signaling
      molecules with higher expression/activity in prostate tumors and play critical
      role in PCa growth and progression. Here we report that NADPH oxidase (NOX)
      expression is directly associated with PCa progression in TRAMP mice, suggesting
      NOX as a potential chemoprevention target in controlling PCa. Accordingly, we
      assessed whether NOX activity in PCa cells could be inhibited by Graviola pulp
      extract (GPE) that contains unique acetogenins with strong anti-cancer effects.
      GPE (1-5 MUg/ml) treatment strongly inhibited the hypoxia-induced NOX activity in
      PCa cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1 and PC3) associated with a decrease in the expression of
      NOX catalytic and regulatory sub-units (NOX1, NOX2 and p47(phox)). Furthermore,
      GPE-mediated NOX inhibition was associated with a strong decrease in nuclear HIF
      1alpha levels as well as reduction in the proliferative and clonogenic potential
      of PCa cells. More importantly, GPE treatment neither inhibited NOX activity nor
      showed any cytotoxicity against non-neoplastic prostate epithelial PWR-1E cells.
      Overall, these results suggest that GPE could be useful in the prevention of PCa
      progression via inhibiting NOX activity. 

PMID- 26979490
TI  - A new lupane-type triterpenoid fatty acid ester and other isolates from
      Ophiorrhiza shendurunii.
AB  - A new pentacyclic triterpenoid fatty acid ester, lupan-20-ol-3(beta)-yl
      hexadecanoate (1), together with lupan-20-ol-3(beta)-yl acetate (2), olean-18-en
      3(beta)-yl hexadecanoate (3), dotriacontanoic acid (4), stigmasterol (5),
      rubiadin (6), nonadecanoic acid (7), palmitic acid (8) and camptothecin (9) were
      isolated from the hexane and chloroform extracts of Ophiorrhiza shendurunii from
      South India. Structures of the isolates were determined by (1)H, (13)C, (13)C
      DEPT, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HMBC, HSQC, NOESY NMR, FT-IR, DART-MS, ESI-MS, alkaline
      hydrolysis, derivatisation, GC-MS and HPTLC analyses. O. shendurunii hexane and
      chloroform extracts showed significant activities against Candida albicans and
      Fusarium oxysporum. Compounds 1 to 3 showed only moderate antiyeast/antifungal
      activities. 

PMID- 26979492
TI  - Unearthing the Theoretical Underpinnings of "Green Care" in Mental Health and
      Substance Misuse Care: Theoretical Underpinnings and Contemporary Clinical
      Examples.
AB  - The concept of "Green Care" can increasingly be found in mental health and
      addictions literature and some Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurses are practicing in
      facilities that base their approach on some or all of the underpinning
      theoretical elements of Green Care. However, Green Care is not yet widely
      considered to be part of mainstream psychiatry. Unearthing and articulating its
      theoretical underpinnings and clinical applications may further advance its
      legitimacy. Accordingly, this article identifies four principal theoretical
      elements of Green Care: Connectedness; Contact with Nature; Benefits of Exercise;
      and Occupation/Work as Therapeutic, each of which is explored and articulated by
      drawing on relevant literature. 

PMID- 26979491
TI  - Evidence of surgical outcomes fluctuates over time: results from a cumulative
      meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy for acute appendicitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In surgical trials, complex variables such as equipment development
      and surgeons' learning curve are involved. The evidence obtained in these trials
      can thus fluctuate over time. We explored the stability of the evidence obtained
      during surgery by conducting a cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled
      trials for open and laparoscopic appendectomy. METHODS: We conducted a cumulative
      meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing laparoscopic appendectomy
      with open appendectomy for acute appendicitis, a topic with the greatest number
      of trials in the gastroenterological surgical field. We searched the MEDLINE
      (PubMed), EMBASE, and CINAHL databases up to September 2014 and reviewed the
      bibliographies. Outcomes were the incidence of intra-abdominal abscess, incidence
      of wound infection, operative time, and length of hospital stay. We used the 95 %
      confidence interval (95 % CI) of effect size for the significance test. RESULTS:
      Sixty-four trials were included in this analysis. Of the 51 trials addressing
      intra-abdominal abscesses, our cumulative meta-analysis of trials published up to
      and including 2001 demonstrated statistical significance in favor of open
      appendectomy (cumulative odds ratio [OR] 2.35, 95 % CI 1.30-4.25). The effect
      size in favor of open procedures began to disappear after 2001, leading to an
      insignificant result with an overall cumulative OR of 1.32 (95 % CI 0.84-2.10)
      when laparoscopic appendectomy was compared with open appendectomy. CONCLUSIONS:
      The evidence regarding treatment effectiveness changed over time, after treatment
      effectiveness became significant in trials comparing laparoscopic and open
      appendectomy. Observing only the 95 % confidence interval of effect size from a
      meta-analysis may not provide conclusive results.

PMID- 26979493
TI  - Extraction, Enrichment, Solubilization, and Digestion Techniques for Membrane
      Proteomics.
AB  - The importance of membrane proteins in biological systems is indisputable;
      however, their amphipathic nature makes them difficult to analyze. In this study,
      the most popular techniques for extraction, enrichment, solubilization, and
      digestion are compared, resulting in an overall improved workflow for the
      insoluble portion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell lysate. Yeast cells were
      successfully lysed using a French press pressure cell at 20 000 psi, and
      resulting proteins were fractionated prior to digestion to reduce sample
      complexity. The proteins were best solubilized with the addition of ionic
      detergent sodium deoxycholate (1%) and through the application of high-frequency
      sonication prior to a tryptic digestion at 37  degrees C. Overall, the improved
      membrane proteomic workflow resulted in a 26% increase in membrane protein
      identifications for baker's yeast. In addition, more membrane protein
      identifications were unique to the improved protocol. When comparing membrane
      proteins that were identified in the improved protocol and the standard operating
      procedure (176 proteins), 93% of these proteins were present in greater abundance
      (higher intensity) when using the improved method. 

PMID- 26979494
TI  - Transcriptome analysis of different developmental stages of amphioxus reveals
      dynamic changes of distinct classes of genes during development.
AB  - Vertebrates diverged from other chordates approximately 500 million years ago and
      have adopted several modifications of developmental processes. Amphioxus is
      widely used in evolutionary developmental biology research, such as on the basic
      patterning mechanisms involved in the chordate body plan and the origin of
      vertebrates. The fast development of next-generation sequencing has advanced
      knowledge of the genomic organization of amphioxus; however, many aspects of gene
      regulation during amphioxus development have not been fully characterized. In
      this study, we applied high-throughput sequencing on the transcriptomes of 13
      developmental stages of Chinese amphioxus to gain a comprehensive understanding
      of transcriptional processes occurring from the fertilized egg to the adult
      stage. The expression levels of 3,423 genes were significantly changed (FDR <=
      0.01). All of these genes were included in a clustering analysis, and enrichment
      of biological functions associated with these clusters was determined.
      Significant changes were observed in several important processes, including the
      down-regulation of the cell cycle and the up-regulation of translation. These
      results should build a foundation for identifying developmentally important
      genes, especially those regulatory factors involved in amphioxus development, and
      advance understanding of the developmental dynamics in vertebrates.

PMID- 26979496
TI  - The enduring impact of violence against children.
AB  - More than one billion children - half of all children in the world - are exposed
      to violence every year. The violence children are exposed to includes both direct
      experiences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as indirectly
      witnessing violence in their homes, schools, and communities. What these various
      forms of violence share, based on a review of the literature, is their enduring
      potential for life-long consequences. These consequences include increases in the
      risks of injury, HIV, sexually transmitted infections, mental health problems,
      reproductive health problems, and non-communicable diseases, including
      cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes. Studies
      addressing biologic underpinnings of such consequences demonstrate that violence
      associated toxic stress may cause damage to the nervous, endocrine, circulatory,
      musculo-skeletal, reproductive, respiratory, and immune systems. Furthermore,
      rigorous economic evaluations suggest that costs associated with the consequences
      of violence against children exceed $120 billion in the U.S. and account for up
      to 3.5% of the GDP in sub-regions of East Asia. The expanding literature
      confirming the mechanisms of consequences and the associated costs of violence
      against children has been accompanied by growing evidence on effective approaches
      to prevention. Moreover, the expanding evidence on prevention has been
      accompanied by a growing determination on the part of global leaders to
      accelerate action. Thus, as part of the Post-2015 Sustainable Development agenda,
      the UN has issued a call-to-action: to eliminate violence against children. This
      unprecedented UN call may foster new investments, to fuel new progress for
      protecting children around the world from violence and its preventable
      consequences.

PMID- 26979495
TI  - Bioinspired negatively charged calcium phosphate nanocarriers for cardiac
      delivery of MicroRNAs.
AB  - AIM: To develop biocompatible and bioresorbable negatively charged calcium
      phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-NPs) as an innovative therapeutic system for the
      delivery of bioactive molecules to the heart. MATERIALS & METHODS: CaP-NPs were
      synthesized via a straightforward one-pot biomineralization-inspired protocol
      employing citrate as a stabilizing agent and regulator of crystal growth. CaP-NPs
      were administered to cardiac cells in vitro and effects of treatments were
      assessed. CaP-NPs were administered in vivo and delivery of microRNAs was
      evaluated. RESULTS: CaP-NPs efficiently internalized into cardiomyocytes without
      promoting toxicity or interfering with any functional properties. CaP-NPs
      successfully encapsulated synthetic microRNAs, which were efficiently delivered
      into cardiac cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: CaP-NPs are a safe and
      efficient drug-delivery system for potential therapeutic treatments of polarized
      cells such as cardiomyocytes.

PMID- 26979499
TI  - Gene expression: Buffering newly replicated DNA.

PMID- 26979500
TI  - RNA: Expanding the mRNA epitranscriptome.

PMID- 26979497
TI  - Adult cell plasticity in vivo: de-differentiation and transdifferentiation are
      back in style.
AB  - Biologists have long been intrigued by the possibility that cells can change
      their identity, a phenomenon known as cellular plasticity. The discovery that
      terminally differentiated cells can be experimentally coaxed to become
      pluripotent has invigorated the field, and recent studies have demonstrated that
      changes in cell identity are not limited to the laboratory. Specifically, certain
      adult cells retain the capacity to de-differentiate or transdifferentiate under
      physiological conditions, as part of an organ's normal injury response. Recent
      studies have highlighted the extent to which cell plasticity contributes to
      tissue homeostasis, findings that have implications for cell-based therapy.

PMID- 26979502
TI  - Metabolomics: beyond biomarkers and towards mechanisms.
AB  - Metabolomics, which is the profiling of metabolites in biofluids, cells and
      tissues, is routinely applied as a tool for biomarker discovery. Owing to
      innovative developments in informatics and analytical technologies, and the
      integration of orthogonal biological approaches, it is now possible to expand
      metabolomic analyses to understand the systems-level effects of metabolites.
      Moreover, because of the inherent sensitivity of metabolomics, subtle alterations
      in biological pathways can be detected to provide insight into the mechanisms
      that underlie various physiological conditions and aberrant processes, including
      diseases.

PMID- 26979505
TI  - Sexual Violence Against Female and Male Children in the United Republic of
      Tanzania.
AB  - During a household survey in Tanzania, a nationally representative sample of
      females and males aged 13-24 years reported any experiences of sexual violence
      that occurred before the age of 18 years. The authors explore the prevalence,
      circumstances, and health outcomes associated with childhood sexual violence. The
      results suggest that violence against children in Tanzania is pervasive, with
      roughly three in 10 females and one in eight males experiencing some form of
      childhood sexual violence, and its health consequences are severe. Results are
      being used by the Tanzanian government to implement a National Plan of Action.

PMID- 26979506
TI  - Processing-Induced Electrically Active Defects in Black Silicon Nanowire Devices.
AB  - Silicon nanowires (Si NWs) are widely investigated nowadays for implementation in
      advanced energy conversion and storage devices, as well as many other possible
      applications. Black silicon (BSi)-NWs are dry etched NWs that merge the
      advantages related to low-dimensionality with the special industrial appeal
      connected to deep reactive ion etching (RIE). In fact, RIE is a well established
      technique in microelectronics manufacturing. However, RIE processing could affect
      the electrical properties of BSi-NWs by introducing deep states into their
      forbidden gap. This work applies deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to
      identify electrically active deep levels and the associated defects in dry etched
      Si NW arrays. Besides, the successful fitting of DLTS spectra of BSi-NWs-based
      Schottky barrier diodes is an experimental confirmation that the same theoretical
      framework of dynamic electronic behavior of deep levels applies in bulk as well
      as in low dimensional structures like NWs, when quantum confinement conditions do
      not occur. This has been validated for deep levels associated with simple
      pointlike defects as well as for deep levels associated with defects with richer
      structures, whose dynamic electronic behavior implies a more complex picture.

PMID- 26979504
TI  - Tying malaria and microRNAs: from the biology to future diagnostic perspectives.
AB  - Symptoms caused by bacterial, viral and malarial infections usually overlap and
      aetiologic diagnosis is difficult. Patient management in low-resource countries
      with limited laboratory services has been based predominantly on clinical
      evaluation and syndromic approaches. However, such clinical assessment has
      limited accuracy both for identifying the likely aetiological cause and for the
      early recognition of patients who will progress to serious or fatal disease.
      Plasma-detectable biomarkers that rapidly and accurately diagnose severe
      infectious diseases could reduce morbidity and decrease the unnecessary use of
      usually scarce therapeutic drugs. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has opened
      exciting new avenues to identify blood biomarkers of organ-specific injury. This
      review assesses current knowledge on the relationship between malaria disease and
      miRNAs, and evaluates how future research might lead to the use of these small
      molecules for identifying patients with severe malaria disease and facilitate
      treatment decisions. 

PMID- 26979510
TI  - Molecular-Scale Electronics: From Concept to Function.
AB  - Creating functional electrical circuits using individual or ensemble molecules,
      often termed as "molecular-scale electronics", not only meets the increasing
      technical demands of the miniaturization of traditional Si-based electronic
      devices, but also provides an ideal window of exploring the intrinsic properties
      of materials at the molecular level. This Review covers the major advances with
      the most general applicability and emphasizes new insights into the development
      of efficient platform methodologies for building reliable molecular electronic
      devices with desired functionalities through the combination of programmed bottom
      up self-assembly and sophisticated top-down device fabrication. First, we
      summarize a number of different approaches of forming molecular-scale junctions
      and discuss various experimental techniques for examining these nanoscale
      circuits in details. We then give a full introduction of characterization
      techniques and theoretical simulations for molecular electronics. Third, we
      highlight the major contributions and new concepts of integrating molecular
      functionalities into electrical circuits. Finally, we provide a critical
      discussion of limitations and main challenges that still exist for the
      development of molecular electronics. These analyses should be valuable for
      deeply understanding charge transport through molecular junctions, the device
      fabrication process, and the roadmap for future practical molecular electronics. 

PMID- 26979508
TI  - Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for pericarditis recurrence : An
      update meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the use of
      colchicine and conventional therapy for reducing the recurrence of pericarditis
      in patients with acute pericarditis or post-pericardiotomy syndrome. However, the
      benefits of these treatments are variable. METHODS: Studies were retrieved from
      PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the EMBASE database. RESULTS: We identified
      nine RCTs with 1832 patients and a mean follow-up of 13.1 months. Overall,
      colchicine therapy significantly decreased the risk of pericarditis recurrence
      (odds ratio, OR 0.42; 95 % confidence interval, CI 0.33-0.52; P < 0.001; I2 =
      17.0 %). Colchicine therapy was associated with significantly lower rates of
      pericarditis-associated rehospitalization (OR 0.29; 95 % CI 0.16-0.53; P <
      0.0001; I2 = 0.0 %) and persistence of symptoms (OR 0.29; 95 % CI, 0.21-0.41; P =
      0.000; I2 = 0.0 %) at 72 h. Adverse events were higher in the colchicine group
      (relative risk, RR 1.48; 95 % CI, 1.06-2.07; P = 0.02; I2 = 0.0 %). Subgroup
      analysis showed that recurrence of pericarditis was significantly lower in the
      colchicine therapy group, irrespective of prednisone use and the cause of
      pericarditis. CONCLUSION: Colchicine significantly decreases the rate of
      pericarditis recurrence, regardless of prednisone use and the cause of
      pericarditis. Larger studies are needed to confirm this effect.

PMID- 26979509
TI  - [Thrombus aspiration in patients with acute myocardial infarction : Scientific
      evidence and guideline recommendations].
AB  - Recent advances in percutaneous coronary intervention and antiplatelet therapy as
      well as faster door-to-balloon times have markedly improved the therapy of
      patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, impaired myocardial perfusion
      despite revascularization of the infarcted vessel remains an ongoing problem with
      high prognostic relevance. In initial clinical trials thrombus aspiration in
      addition to conventional percutaneous coronary intervention demonstrated benefits
      regarding coronary flow and myocardial perfusion and was therefore recommended in
      practice guidelines. These improvements in surrogate endpoints did not translate
      into a favorable clinical outcome in recent large-scale multicenter randomized
      trials investigating the routine use of thrombus aspiration in patients with
      acute myocardial infarction. Furthermore, an increased risk of stroke after
      thrombus aspiration raises safety concerns. Therefore, thrombus aspiration has
      been downgraded in the recent guideline updates. The current article reviews the
      evidence from clinical trials and the recommendations in practice guidelines
      regarding thrombus aspiration in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 26979511
TI  - Paenibacillus salinicaeni sp. nov., isolated from saline silt sample.
AB  - A novel facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0A28(T), was
      isolated from a saline silt sample collected from the Chinese Sea of Death
      located in Suining city, Sichuan province, China. Cells of strain LAM0A28(T) were
      observed to be Gram-stain positive, motile, endospore-forming and straight-rod
      shaped. Strain LAM0A28(T) was found to be able to grow at 15-45  degrees C
      (optimum: 30-35  degrees C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum: 7.5) and 0-5 % NaCl (w/v)
      (optimum: 0.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that
      strain LAM0A28(T) is closely related to Paenibacillus jilunlii DSM 23019(T) (97.5
      %) and Paenibacillus graminis DSM 15220(T) (97.2 %). The DNA-DNA hybridization
      values between the isolate and P. jilunlii DSM 23019(T), P. graminis DSM 15220(T)
      were 30.2 +/- 1.6 % and 44.7 +/- 2.1 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content was
      found to be 51.2 mol% as determined by the T m method. The major cellular fatty
      acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, C16:0, iso-C16:0 and C14:0. The major
      isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-7. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found
      to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids were found to be
      diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two
      aminophospholipids and six unidentified lipids. Based on the phylogenetic,
      phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain LAM0A28(T) is concluded to
      represent a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name
      Paenibacillus salinicaeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0A28(T)
      (=ACCC 00741(T) = JCM 30850(T)). 

PMID- 26979507
TI  - PX-RICS-deficient mice mimic autism spectrum disorder in Jacobsen syndrome
      through impaired GABAA receptor trafficking.
AB  - Jacobsen syndrome (JBS) is a rare congenital disorder caused by a terminal
      deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11. A subset of patients exhibit social
      behavioural problems that meet the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum
      disorder (ASD); however, the underlying molecular pathogenesis remains poorly
      understood. PX-RICS is located in the chromosomal region commonly deleted in JBS
      patients with autistic-like behaviour. Here we report that PX-RICS-deficient mice
      exhibit ASD-like social behaviours and ASD-related comorbidities. PX-RICS
      deficient neurons show reduced surface gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor
      (GABAAR) levels and impaired GABAAR-mediated synaptic transmission. PX-RICS,
      GABARAP and 14-3-3zeta/theta form an adaptor complex that interconnects GABAAR
      and dynein/dynactin, thereby facilitating GABAAR surface expression. ASD-like
      behavioural abnormalities in PX-RICS-deficient mice are ameliorated by enhancing
      inhibitory synaptic transmission with a GABAAR agonist. Our findings demonstrate
      a critical role of PX-RICS in cognition and suggest a causal link between PX-RICS
      deletion and ASD-like behaviour in JBS patients. 

PMID- 26979512
TI  - Performance of the major semiempirical, ab initio, and DFT methods for
      isomerization enthalpies of linear to branched heptanes.
AB  - The gas phase standard state (298.15 K, 1 atm) isomerization enthalpy
      (Delta(isom)H degrees (g)) prediction performance of the major semiempirical, ab
      initio, and density functional levels of theory for environmentally relevant
      transformations was investigated using the linear to branched heptanes as a
      representative case study. The M062X density functional, MP2 (and higher) levels
      of Moller-Plesset perturbation theory, and the CBS and Gaussian-n composite
      methods are well suited for investigating the thermodynamic properties of
      environmentally interesting isomerizations, although the M062X functional may not
      be appropriate for all systems. Where large molecular systems prohibit the use of
      higher levels of theory, the PM6 and PDDG semiempirical methods may offer an
      appropriate computational cost-accuracy compromise.

PMID- 26979513
TI  - Process change evaluation framework for allogeneic cell therapies: impact on drug
      development and commercialization.
AB  - AIMS: Some allogeneic cell therapies requiring a high dose of cells for large
      indication groups demand a change in cell expansion technology, from planar units
      to microcarriers in single-use bioreactors for the market phase. The aim was to
      model the optimal timing for making this change. MATERIALS & METHODS: A
      development lifecycle cash flow framework was created to examine the implications
      of process changes to microcarrier cultures at different stages of a cell
      therapy's lifecycle. RESULTS: The analysis performed under assumptions used in
      the framework predicted that making this switch earlier in development is optimal
      from a total expected out-of-pocket cost perspective. From a risk-adjusted net
      present value view, switching at Phase I is economically competitive but a post
      approval switch can offer the highest risk-adjusted net present value as the cost
      of switching is offset by initial market penetration with planar technologies.
      CONCLUSION: The framework can facilitate early decision-making during process
      development.

PMID- 26979515
TI  - MoCps1 is important for conidiation, conidial morphology and virulence in
      Magnaporthe oryzae.
AB  - Conidia play important roles in primary and secondary infections of airborne
      fungal pathogens. In this study, an insertional mutant with reduced capacity for
      conidiation was isolated from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The
      mutant has a T-DNA insertion that disrupts a gene named MoCPS1. The deduced
      MoCps1 protein contains three AMP-binding domains. Gene complementation and gene
      knockout assays confirmed that MoCPS1 is important for conidiation. Conidia
      produced by the MoCPS1 deletion mutants are much more slender and longer than
      those produced by the wild-type strain. The Mocps1 mutants are less efficient in
      both appressorial penetration and invasive growth of infection hyphae, resulting
      in attenuated virulence toward host plants. MoCPS1 is highly expressed in a
      mature appressorium. Interestingly, the expression levels of several genes
      related to conidiation and pathogenicity have been significantly altered in the
      MoCPS1 deletion mutants. Taken together, our results indicated that MoCPS1 is
      important for conidiogenesis, conidial morphogenesis, and pathogenesis in the
      rice blast fungus.

PMID- 26979514
TI  - Neuronal circuits and physiological roles of the basal ganglia in terms of
      transmitters, receptors and related disorders.
AB  - The authors have reviewed recent research advances in basal ganglia circuitry and
      function, as well as in related disorders from multidisciplinary perspectives
      derived from the results of morphological, electrophysiological, behavioral,
      biochemical and molecular biological studies. Based on their expertise in their
      respective fields, as denoted in the text, the authors discuss five distinct
      research topics, as follows: (1) area-specific dopamine receptor expression of
      astrocytes in basal ganglia, (2) the role of physiologically released dopamine in
      the striatum, (3) control of behavioral flexibility by striatal cholinergic
      interneurons, (4) regulation of phosphorylation states of DARPP-32 by protein
      phosphatases and (5) physiological perspective on deep brain stimulation with
      optogenetics and closed-loop control for ameliorating parkinsonism.

PMID- 26979516
TI  - The transcription factor GCN4 regulates PHM8 and alters triacylglycerol
      metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - PHM8 is a very important enzyme in nonpolar lipid metabolism because of its role
      in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis under phosphate stress conditions. It is
      positively regulated by the PHO4 transcription factor under low phosphate
      conditions; however, its regulation has not been explored under normal
      physiological conditions. General control nonderepressible (GCN4), a basic
      leucine-zipper transcription factor activates the transcription of amino acids,
      purine biosynthesis genes and many stress response genes under various stress
      conditions. In this study, we demonstrate that the level of TAG is regulated by
      the transcription factor GCN4. GCN4 directly binds to its consensus recognition
      sequence (TGACTC) in the PHM8 promoter and controls its expression. The analysis
      of cells expressing the P PHM8 -lacZ reporter gene showed that mutations (TGACTC
      GGGCCC) in the GCN4-binding sequence caused a significant increase in beta
      galactosidase activity. Mutation in the GCN4 binding sequence causes an increase
      in PHM8 expression, lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activity and TAG level.
      PHM8, in conjunction with DGA1, a mono- and diacylglycerol transferase, controls
      the level of TAG. These results revealed that GCN4 negatively regulates PHM8 and
      that deletion of GCN4 causes de-repression of PHM8, which is responsible for the
      increased TAG content in gcn4? cells.

PMID- 26979517
TI  - Potential movement of transposable elements through DNA circularization.
AB  - The generation of circular DNAs is a relatively unrecognized type of genomic
      structural variation, but recent findings point to a possible role of circular
      DNAs in the movement of transposable elements. Circularization of genomic DNA is
      observed across eukaryotic species, in a range of different cell types, and from
      all parts of the genome. A recent study on circular DNAs in yeast found that
      transposable element sequence residing in circular structures mostly corresponded
      to full-length transposable elements. Transposable elements are mobile genetic
      elements scattered across eukaryotic genomes. Different classes of transposable
      elements move either through a copy-and-paste or a cut-and-paste. As circular DNA
      structures may recombine with the genome and re-integrate into a novel genomic
      locus, transposable elements could move through circularization. In yeast, the
      predominant type of transposable element is a so-called LTR (long terminal
      repeats) retrotransposable element that moves through a copy-and-paste mechanism.
      The observed circularization of this element means it potentially could move
      through a cut-and-paste mechanism as well. Although further experimental evidence
      is needed to establish the extent to which movement of transposable elements
      through DNA circularization takes place, such movement is likely to have a
      functional impact on the genomic context.

PMID- 26979518
TI  - Identification of a Tsal152-75 salivary synthetic peptide to monitor cattle
      exposure to tsetse flies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The saliva of tsetse flies contains a cocktail of bioactive molecules
      inducing specific antibody responses in hosts exposed to bites. We have
      previously shown that an indirect-ELISA test using whole salivary extracts from
      Glossina morsitans submorsitans was able to discriminate between (i) cattle from
      tsetse infested and tsetse free areas and (ii) animals experimentally exposed to
      low or high numbers of tsetse flies. In the present study, our aim was to
      identify specific salivary synthetic peptides that could be used to develop
      simple immunoassays to measure cattle exposure to tsetse flies. METHODS: In a
      first step, 2D-electrophoresis immunoblotting, using sera from animals exposed to
      a variety of bloodsucking arthropods, was performed to identify specific salivary
      proteins recognised in cattle exposed to tsetse bites. Linear epitope prediction
      software and Blast analysis were then used to design synthetic peptides within
      the identified salivary proteins. Finally, candidate peptides were tested by
      indirect-ELISA on serum samples from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas, and
      from exposure experiments. RESULTS: The combined immunoblotting and
      bioinformatics analyses led to the identification of five peptides carrying
      putative linear epitopes within two salivary proteins: the tsetse salivary gland
      protein 1 (Tsal1) and the Salivary Secreted Adenosine (SSA). Of these, two were
      synthesised and tested further based on the absence of sequence homology with
      other arthropods or pathogen species. IgG responses to the Tsal152-75 synthetic
      peptide were shown to be specific of tsetse exposure in both naturally and
      experimentally exposed hosts. Nevertheless, anti-Tsal152-75 IgG responses were
      absent in animals exposed to high tsetse biting rates. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      suggest that Tsal152-75 specific antibodies represent a biomarker of low cattle
      exposure to tsetse fly. These results are discussed in the light of the other
      available tsetse saliva based-immunoassays and in the perspective of developing a
      simple serological tool for tsetse eradication campaigns to assess the tsetse
      free status or to detect tsetse reemergence in previously cleared areas.

PMID- 26979519
TI  - Emergency Department Visits for Homelessness or Inadequate Housing in New York
      City before and after Hurricane Sandy.
AB  - Hurricane Sandy struck New York City on October 29, 2012, causing not only a
      large amount of physical damage, but also straining people's health and
      disrupting health care services throughout the city. In prior research, we
      determined that emergency department (ED) visits from the most vulnerable
      hurricane evacuation flood zones in New York City increased after Hurricane Sandy
      for several medical diagnoses, but also for the diagnosis of homelessness. In the
      current study, we aimed to further explore this increase in ED visits for
      homelessness after Hurricane Sandy's landfall. We performed an observational
      before-and-after study using an all-payer claims database of ED visits in New
      York City to compare the demographic characteristics, insurance status,
      geographic distribution, and health conditions of ED patients with a primary or
      secondary ICD-9 diagnosis of homelessness or inadequate housing in the first week
      after Hurricane Sandy's landfall versus the baseline weekly average in 2012 prior
      to Hurricane Sandy. We found statistically significant increases in ED visits for
      diagnosis codes of homelessness or inadequate housing in the week after Hurricane
      Sandy's landfall. Those accessing the ED for homelessness or inadequate housing
      were more often elderly and insured by Medicare after versus before the
      hurricane. Secondary diagnoses among those with a primary ED diagnosis of
      homelessness or inadequate housing also differed after versus before Hurricane
      Sandy. These observed differences in the demographic, insurance, and co-existing
      diagnosis profiles of those with an ED diagnosis of homelessness or inadequate
      housing before and after Hurricane Sandy suggest that a new population cohort
      potentially including those who had lost their homes as a result of storm damage
      was accessing the ED for homelessness or other housing issues after the
      hurricane. Emergency departments may serve important public health and disaster
      response roles after a hurricane, particularly for people who are homeless or
      lack adequate housing. Further, tracking ED visits for homelessness may represent
      a novel surveillance mechanism to assess post-disaster infrastructure impact and
      to prepare for future disasters. 

PMID- 26979520
TI  - The effect of dipyridamole on the pharmacokinetics of metformin: a randomized
      crossover study in healthy volunteers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Concomitant treatment with the glucose-lowering drug metformin and the
      platelet aggregation inhibitor dipyridamole often occurs in patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus who have suffered a cerebrovascular event. The gastrointestinal
      uptake of metformin is mediated by the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter
      4 (ENT4), which is inhibited by dipyridamole in preclinical studies. We
      hypothesized that dipyridamole lowers the plasma exposure to metformin. METHODS:
      Eighteen healthy volunteers (mean age 23 years; 9 male) were randomized in an
      open-label crossover study. Subjects were allocated to treatment with metformin
      500 mg twice daily in combination with dipyridamole slow-release 200 mg twice
      daily or to metformin alone for 4 days. After a washout period of 10 days, the
      volunteers were crossed over to the alternative treatment arm. Blood samples were
      collected during a 10-h period after intake of the last metformin dose. The
      primary endpoint was the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0
      12h) and the maximum plasma metformin concentration (C max). RESULTS: In healthy
      subjects, dipyridamole did not significantly affect Cmax nor AUC0-12h of
      metformin under steady-state conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Previous in vitro studies
      report that dipyridamole inhibits the ENT4 transporter that mediates
      gastrointestinal uptake of metformin. In contrast, co-administration of
      dipyridamole at therapeutic dosages to healthy volunteers does not have a
      clinically relevant effect on metformin plasma steady-state exposure. This
      observation is reassuring for patients who are treated with this combination of
      drugs.

PMID- 26979521
TI  - Processing fragile matter: effect of polymer graft modification on the mechanical
      properties and processibility of (nano-) particulate solids.
AB  - The effect of polymer modification on the deformation characteristics and
      processibility of particle assembly structures is analyzed as a function of
      particle size and degree of polymerization of surface-tethered chains. A
      pronounced increase of the fracture toughness (by approximately one order of
      magnitude) is observed as the degree of polymerization exceeds a threshold value
      that increases with particle size. The threshold value is interpreted as being
      related to the transition of tethered chains from stretched-to-relaxed
      conformation (and the associated entanglement of tethered chains) and agrees with
      predictions from scaling theory. The increase in toughness is reduced with
      increasing particle size - this effect is rationalized as a consequence of the
      decrease of entanglement density with increasing dimension of interstitial (void)
      space in particle array structures. The increased fracture toughness of particle
      brush materials (with sufficient degree of polymerization of tethered chains)
      enables the fabrication of ordered colloidal films and even complex 3D shapes by
      scalable polymer processing techniques, such as spin coating and micromolding.
      The results, therefore, suggest new opportunities for the processing of colloidal
      material systems that could find application in the economical fabrication of
      functional components or systems compromised of colloidal materials. 

PMID- 26979522
TI  - Neuregulin-1beta promotes glucose uptake via PI3K/Akt in neonatal rat
      cardiomyocytes.
AB  - Nrg1beta is critically involved in cardiac development and also maintains
      function of the adult heart. Studies conducted in animal models showed that it
      improves cardiac performance under a range of pathological conditions, which led
      to its introduction in clinical trials to treat heart failure. Recent work also
      implicated Nrg1beta in the regenerative potential of neonatal and adult hearts.
      The molecular mechanisms whereby Nrg1beta acts in cardiac cells are still poorly
      understood. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of Nrg1beta on glucose
      uptake in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and investigated to what extent
      mTOR/Akt signaling pathways are implicated. We show that Nrg1beta enhances
      glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes as efficiently as IGF-I and insulin. Nrg1beta
      causes phosphorylation of ErbB2 and ErbB4 and rapidly induces the phosphorylation
      of FAK (Tyr(861)), Akt (Thr(308) and Ser(473)), and its effector AS160
      (Thr(642)). Knockdown of ErbB2 or ErbB4 reduces Akt phosphorylation and blocks
      the glucose uptake. The Akt inhibitor VIII and the PI3K inhibitors LY-294002 and
      Byl-719 abolish Nrg1beta-induced phosphorylation and glucose uptake. Finally,
      specific mTORC2 inactivation after knockdown of rictor blocks the Nrg1beta
      induced increases in Akt-p-Ser(473) but does not modify AS160-p-Thr(642) or the
      glucose uptake responses to Nrg1beta. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that
      Nrg1beta enhances glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes via ErbB2/ErbB4 heterodimers,
      PI3Kalpha, and Akt. Furthermore, although Nrg1beta activates mTORC2, the
      resulting Akt-Ser(473) phosphorylation is not essential for glucose uptake
      induction. These new insights into pathways whereby Nrg1beta regulates glucose
      uptake in cardiomyocytes may contribute to the understanding of its regenerative
      capacity and protective function in heart failure.

PMID- 26979525
TI  - Extract of Ginkgo biloba for Tardive Dyskinesia: Meta-analysis of Randomized
      Controlled Trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Free radicals may be involved in the pathogenesis of tardive
      dyskinesia (TD). We conducted this meta-analysis to systematically examine the
      efficacy of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb), a potent antioxidant possessing free
      radical-scavenging properties, as a treatment for TD in schizophrenia using
      randomized controlled trial (RCT) data. METHOD: Drawn from English and Chinese
      databases, 3 RCTs of EGb augmentation of antipsychotics (APs) vs. AP plus placebo
      or AP monotherapy were identified. 2 evaluators extracted data. The primary
      outcome measure was the severity of TD symptoms assessed by the Abnormal
      Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Weighted mean difference (WMD) and risk ratio
      (RR) +/-95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Statistical analyses were
      performed using Review Manager (version 5.1.7.0) and STATA (version 12.0).
      RESULTS: The 3 RCTs (n=299) from China, of 12 weeks duration, involved
      schizophrenia patients with TD of 55.9+/-13.4 years old. EGb (240 mg/day)
      outperformed the control group in reducing the severity of TD and clinical
      symptoms as measured by the AIMS (trials=3, n=299, WMD: -2.30 (95%CI: - 3.04, 
      1.55), P<0.00001) and the adverse drug reactions as assessed by the Treatment
      Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) (trials=2, n=142, WMD: -2.38 (95%CI: -4.01, -0.74),
      P=0.004). Both the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score
      (trials=2, n=239, P=0.87) and all-cause discontinuation (trials=3, n=299, P=0.21)
      were similar between the EGb and control group. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis
      suggests that adjunctive EGb appeared to be an effective and safe option for
      improving TD in the treatment of schizophrenia patients. However, better RCTs are
      needed to demonstrate its efficacy and safety especially on cognitive function in
      TD. TRIAL REGISTRATION:  PROSPERO: CRD42015024930.

PMID- 26979523
TI  - The incretin effect in obese adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes:
      impaired or intact?
AB  - The incretin effect reflects the actions of enteral stimuli to promote prandial
      insulin secretion. Impairment of this measure has been proposed as an early
      marker of beta-cell dysfunction and described in T2D, IGT, and even obesity
      without IGT. We sought to determine the effects of obesity and diabetes on the
      incretin effect in young subjects with short exposures to metabolic abnormalities
      and a few other confounding medical conditions. Subjects with T2D (n = 10; 18.0
      +/- 0.4 yr) or NGT, either obese (n = 11; 17.7 +/- 0.4 yr) or lean (n = 8; 26.5
      +/- 2.3 yr), had OGTT and iso-iv. The incretin effect was calculated as the
      difference in insulin secretion during these tests and was decreased ~50% in both
      the NGT-Ob and T2D subjects relative to the NGT-Ln group. The T2D group had
      impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion during the OGTT, whereas the
      lean and obese NGT subjects had comparable glucose excursions and beta-cell
      function. During the iso-iv test, the NGT-Ob subjects had significantly greater
      insulin secretion than the NGT-Ln and T2D groups. These findings demonstrate that
      in young subjects with early, well-controlled T2D the incretin effect is reduced,
      similar to what has been described in diabetic adults. The lower incretin effect
      calculated for the obese subjects with NGT is driven by a disproportionately
      greater insulin response to iv glucose and does not affect postprandial glucose
      regulation. These findings confirm that the incretin effect is an early marker of
      impaired insulin secretion in persons with abnormal glucose tolerance but suggest
      that in obese subjects with NGT the incretin effect calculation can be confounded
      by exaggerated insulin secretion to iv glucose.

PMID- 26979524
TI  - Validity of proposed DSM-5 ADHD impulsivity symptoms in children.
AB  - The American Psychiatric Association (APA) working group on Attention
      Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) proposed the inclusion of four new
      impulsivity symptoms. However, they were not included in DSM-5 due to the lack of
      sufficient evidence. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of
      the proposed four ADHD impulsivity symptoms with respect to: (a) ADHD factor
      structure; (b) performance in predicting clinical impairment; (c) specificity for
      ADHD diagnosis and (d) best symptomatic threshold to predict clinical impairment.
      The sample comprised 416 children (31 ADHD subjects according to both DSM-IV and
      proposed DSM-5, 20 ADHD subjects according to just one diagnostic system and 365
      controls) from 12 schools. Diagnoses were derived using semi-structured
      interviews and ADHD rating scales. Results from confirmatory factor analysis
      indicate that addition of the four new impulsivity items provided a slightly
      better factor structure if compared to models including only 18 items. Regression
      analyses showed that only one of the new impulsivity symptoms (impatient) was
      part of the list of best predictors of impairment. None of the four new
      impulsivity items was specifically associated with ADHD diagnosis. The best
      cutoff point in the hyperactivity/impulsivity dimension for predicting impairment
      did not change significantly. Overall, our findings suggest that the
      determination on how to best capture impulsivity dimension as part of the ADHD
      construct needs more investigation and that there is not enough evidence to
      include these four assessed impulsivity symptoms as part of the ADHD criteria. 

PMID- 26979527
TI  - Afamelanotide: A Review in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria.
AB  - Afamelanotide (SCENESSE((r))) is a synthetic alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
      analogue and first-in-class melanocortin-1 receptor agonist that is approved in
      the EU for the prevention of phototoxicity in adults with erythropoietic
      protoporphyria (EPP). It is administered subcutaneously as a biodegradable,
      controlled-release implant containing 16 mg of afamelanotide. This article
      reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of afamelanotide in EPP and
      summarizes its pharmacological properties. In the phase III trial, CUV039,
      afamelanotide treatment improved light tolerance in patients with EPP. Compared
      with placebo, afamelanotide treatment enabled patients to spend more time in
      direct sunlight without pain and increased the time to the appearance of the
      first symptoms of phototoxicity provoked by a standardized light source.
      Afamelanotide was generally well tolerated in this trial, with no drug-related
      serious adverse events reported. Commonly occurring adverse reactions included
      headache and implant-site reactions. Efficacy and safety data from earlier phase
      III trials are consistent with those from the CUV039 trial. Afamelanotide,
      approved in the EU for the prevention of EPP phototoxicity, represents a useful
      addition to the management of the disorder. 

PMID- 26979526
TI  - Diet-induced obesity and prenatal undernutrition lead to differential
      neuroendocrine gene expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei.
AB  - Previously we reported that prenatal undernutrition (UN) leads to a dysregulation
      of appetite suppression through alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptide gene
      expression. In the current study, we expand our observations and investigate
      neuroendocrine transcriptional responses and central leptin sensitivity within
      the arcuate nucleus of rats exposed to prenatal UN or a postnatal high-fat diet
      (HF). Pregnant Wistar rats were fed a standard chow diet either ad libitum (AD)
      or at 30 % of AD intake throughout gestation (UN) resulting in either control or
      intrauterine growth-restricted female offspring. At weaning, AD offspring were
      fed either a chow (C) or a HF (30 % fat wt/wt) diet ad libitum for the remainder
      of the study, whereas UN offspring were fed a chow diet only. At ~142 days, AD
      and UN offspring received either recombinant rat leptin (L) or saline (S)
      subcutaneously for 14 days. Prenatal UN had a significant effect on hypothalamic
      NPY (P < 0.0001), AgRP (P < 0.01) and ObRb (P < 0.02) mRNA expression compared to
      AD chow-fed offspring. A postnatal HF diet had a significant effect on AgRP mRNA
      expression (P < 0.001), compared to AD chow-fed offspring, but no effect on NPY
      and ObRb expression. Leptin treatment, in both UN and HF offspring, was
      ineffective in reducing NPY and AgRP mRNA expression, and had no effect on ObRb
      expression. These findings suggest that prenatal UN and a postnatal HF diet lead
      to differential neuroendocrine gene expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nuclei
      and reduced sensitivity to leptin's anorexigenic effects. 

PMID- 26979528
TI  - Disease-specific clinical trials networks: the example of cystic fibrosis.
AB  - This article describes the steps of the development and the structure of a
      disease-specific clinical trials network for cystic fibrosis in Europe.
      Activities such as reviewing study protocols, feasibility assessments, training
      and standardizing of procedures, and outcome measurements help to bring high
      quality clinical trials to the patients. Cooperation with the pharmaceutical
      industry, other research networks, patient organizations, and regulatory agencies
      is very important throughout all activities. CONCLUSION: The European Cystic
      Fibrosis Society-Clinical Trials Network facilitates the development of new
      treatments for a rare disease and could be a prototype for other diseases. WHAT
      IS KNOWN: * Clinical research has led to the first approved treatments targeting
      the basic Cystic Fibrosis defect. * For a rare disease like Cystic Fibrosis,
      multicenter international collaboration is needed to obtain solid evidence when
      testing possible new treatments. What is New: * The Clinical Trials Network
      established by the European Cystic Fibrosis Society has grown to a fully
      operational network with well-defined structures, procedures and partnerships. *
      Standardization of outcome parameters, protocol review, feasibility assessment
      and other activities help to develop high quality, efficient, relevant and
      feasible clinical trials, with the aim to bring new treatments to the patients.

PMID- 26979529
TI  - More than fetal urine: enteral uptake of amniotic fluid as a major predictor for
      fetal growth during late gestation.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to investigate the importance of amniotic fluid (AF)
      for fetal growth during late gestation using esophageal atresia (EA) patients as
      a model. In this retrospective cohort study, we compared the z-scores adapted for
      birth weights (BW z-scores) for each of 517 European newborns with congenital pre
      gastric intestinal atresia, i.e., EA, to a European reference population. To
      account for the influence of the intestinal atresia on fetal growth per se, we
      compared adapted birth weights for each of 504 European newborns with post
      colonic intestinal atresia (anorectal malformation (ARM) with atresia of the
      anus) to the same European reference population. Analysis of the complete cohort
      showed (i) a significantly higher rate of small for gestational age newborns
      among EA compared to ARM newborns (p < 0.001) and (ii) significantly lower BW z
      scores among EA compared to ARM newborns (p < 0.001). BW z-scores of EA newborns
      were significantly lower in term compared to preterm newborns with an inverse
      correlation with gestational age (GA) (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = 
      0.185, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Enteral uptake of AF seems to play a pivotal role
      in fetal growth during late gestation. WHAT IS KNOWN: * Peak velocity of fetal
      weight gain occurs at 33 weeks of gestation and continues until birth. During
      this period, fetal growth is mainly characterized by cellular hypertrophy. *
      Amniotic fluid (AF) comprises large amounts of hormones and growth regulators.
      What is New: * A significantly higher rate of small for gestational age and lower
      birth weights and z-scores are observed among newborn infants with congenital pre
      gastric intestinal atresia. * These findings suggest that enteral uptake of AF is
      a major predictor for fetal growth during late gestation.

PMID- 26979530
TI  - Elevated ratio of MMP2/MMP9 activity is associated with poor response to
      chemotherapy in osteosarcoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucially involved in the
      regulation of multiple stages of cancer progression. Elevated MMP levels have
      been associated with the development of metastases and poor prognosis in several
      types of cancer. However, the role of MMPs in osteosarcoma and their prognostic
      value is still unclear. Available data are conflicting, most likely due to
      different technical approaches. We hypothesized that in contrast to total mRNA or
      protein levels frequently analyzed in previous studies the enzymatic activities
      of MMPs and their inhibitors the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases
      (TIMPs) are closer related to their biological functions. We therefore aimed to
      evaluate the reliability of different zymography techniques for the
      quantification of MMP and TIMP activities in osteosarcoma biopsies in order to
      investigate their distribution, possible regulation and prognostic value.
      METHODS: All analyses were done using cryo-conserved osteosarcoma pretreatment
      biopsies (n = 18). Gene and protein expression of MMPs and TIMPs were analyzed by
      RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Overall MMP activity was
      analyzed by in situ zymography, individual MMP activities were analyzed by
      gelatin zymography. Reverse zymography was used to detect and quantify TIMP
      activities. RESULTS: Strong overall MMP activities could be detected in
      osteosarcoma pretreatment biopsies with MMP2 and MMP9 as predominant active MMPs.
      In contrast to total RNA or protein expression MMP2 and MMP9 activities showed
      significant quantitative differences between good and poor responders. While MMP9
      activity was high in the good responder group and significantly decreased in the
      poor responder group, MMP2 activity showed a reverse distribution. Likewise,
      significant differences were detected concerning the activity of TIMPs resulting
      in a negative correlation of TIMP1 activity with MMP2 activity (p = 0.044) and
      negative correlations of TIMP2 and TIMP3 with MMP9 activity (p = 0.007 and p =
      0.006). CONCLUSION: In contrast to mRNA or protein levels MMP and TIMP activities
      showed significant differences between the analyzed good and poor responder
      groups. A shift from MMP9 to predominant MMP2 activity is associated with poor
      response to chemotherapy suggesting that the ratio of MMP2/MMP9 activity might be
      a valuable and easily accessible marker to predict the response to chemotherapy
      in osteosarcoma.

PMID- 26979531
TI  - Barriers and facilitators of dental service utilization by children aged 8 to 11
      years in Enugu State, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple factors influence a child's ability to access oral health
      care. The aim of this study was to identify factors that facilitated and served
      as barriers to children's utilization of oral health care services in Enugu,
      Nigeria. METHODS: The study recruited 1406 primary school pupils aged 8 to 11
      years. All the children received oral health education, with the aid of an oral
      health education curriculum appropriate for their age. After this, referral
      letters were given to the children. Twelve months later, the study participants
      were revisited in their schools to obtain information on their reasons for
      utilizing, or not utilizing an oral health care service in the last 12 months.
      The association between socio-economic status; form of parenthood; number of
      siblings, birth rank and reasons for utilization and non-utilization of dental
      services were assessed. Influence on the child's predisposition to oral health
      service utilization on dental visit was also assessed. RESULTS: Only 116 (14.7 %)
      of the 791 children accessible during the 12 months follow-up visit had visited
      the dental clinic and the main reason for utilization was the desire to fulfill
      the dentist's request for dental visit (41.9 %) while parents' inability to make
      out time for a dental visit (43.3 %) was the main reason for non-utilization. The
      odds of utilizing oral health care services for study participants from the
      middle (AOR: 0.50; CI: 0.31-0.79; P = 0.003) and low (AOR: 0.24; CI: 0.13-0.45; p
      = <0.001) socioeconomic strata, and those living with guardians/relatives (AOR:
      0.08; CI: 0.01-0.60; p = 0.01) were decreased when compared to those living with
      both parents, respectively. Respondents with positive perception about dental
      service utilization had increased odds of utilizing oral health care (AOR: 2.96;
      CI: 1.48-5.90; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Dentists can be strong motivators for
      children to utilize oral health care. Time is a significant barrier for the
      utilization of dental services. The programs designed to address barriers to oral
      health care utilization for children should be geared towards overcoming the
      possible threats that socio-economic status and type of parents they have may
      pose, to reduce inequity in dental service utilization.

PMID- 26979532
TI  - Trends and determinants of discretionary salt use: National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey 2003-2012.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal trends and determinants of discretionary salt use
      in the USA. DESIGN: Multiple logistic regression was used to assess temporal
      trends in discretionary salt use at the table and during home
      cooking/preparation, adjusting for demographic characteristics, using data from
      the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012. Prevalence and
      determinants of discretionary salt use in 2009-2012 were also examined. SETTING:
      Participants answered salt use questions after completing a 24 h dietary recall
      in a mobile examination centre. SUBJECTS: Nationally representative sample of non
      institutionalized US children and adults, aged >=2 years. RESULTS: From 2003 to
      2012, the proportion of the population who reported using salt 'very often'
      declined; from 18 % to 12 % for use at the table (P<0.01) and from 42 % to 37 %
      during home cooking (P<0.02). While one-third of the population reported never
      adding salt at the table, most used it during home cooking/preparation (93 %).
      Use of discretionary salt was least commonly reported among young children and
      older adults and demographic and health subgroups at risk of CVD. CONCLUSIONS:
      While most people reported using salt during home cooking/preparation, a minority
      reported use at the table. Reported 'very often' discretionary salt use has
      declined. That discretionary salt use is less common among those at risk of CVD
      suggests awareness of messages to limit Na intake.

PMID- 26979533
TI  - Intraspinal bone-marrow cell therapy at pre- and symptomatic phases in a mouse
      model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological
      disease that selectively affects the motor neurons. The details of the mechanisms
      of selective motor-neuron death remain unknown and no effective therapy has been
      developed. We investigated the therapy with bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC)
      in a mouse model of ALS (SOD1(G93A) mice). METHODS: We injected 10(6) BMMC into
      the lumbar portion of the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice in presymptomatic (9
      weeks old) and symptomatic (14 weeks old) phases. In each condition, we analyzed
      the progression of disease and the lifespan of the animals. RESULTS: We observed
      a mild transitory delay in the disease progression in the animals injected with
      BMMC in the presymptomatic phase. However, we observed no increase in the
      lifespan. When we injected BMMC in the symptomatic phase, we observed no
      difference in the animals' lifespan or in the disease progression.
      Immunohistochemistry for NeuN showed a decrease in the number of motor neurons
      during the course of the disease, and this decrease was not affected by either
      treatment. Using different strategies to track the BMMC, we noted that few cells
      remained in the spinal cord after transplantation. This observation could explain
      why the BMMC therapy had only a transitory effect. CONCLUSION: This is the first
      report of intraspinal BMMC therapy in a mouse model of ALS. We conclude this
      cellular therapy has only a mild transitory effect when performed in the
      presymptomatic phase of the disease.

PMID- 26979534
TI  - Railway suicide in England and Wales 2000-2013: a time-trends analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2010, the "Tackling Suicide on the Railways" programme was
      launched as a joint initiative among Network Rail, the Samaritans and other key
      organisations such as the British Transport Police and train operators to achieve
      a 20% reduction in railway suicides from 2010 to 2015 in Great Britain. We report
      the most recent age and sex specific trends in railway suicide in England and
      Wales from 2000 to 2013 and examine whether the initiative's target reduction in
      railway suicides is likely to be achieved. METHODS: Population data and suicide
      mortality data (all methods combined and railway) for England and Wales were
      obtained from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and used to calculate age
      and gender specific rates for deaths registered from 2000 to 2013. Data on
      railway suicides were also obtained from the Rail Safety and Standards Board
      (RSSB) and compared with ONS data. We used joinpoint regression to identify
      changes in suicide trends across the study period. RESULTS: The railway was used
      in 4.1% of all suicides in England and Wales (RSSB data were similar to ONS data
      for most years). Suicides in all persons from all causes decreased from 2000 to
      2007, with small increases from 2008 until 2013; this rise was entirely due to an
      increase in male suicides. Railway suicide rates increased over the entire study
      period; the proportion of railway suicides in all persons increased from 3.5 to
      4.9% during the study period. This trend was also mainly driven by increases in
      male suicides as female railway suicide rates remained steady over time. The
      highest age specific railway suicide rates were observed in middle aged men and
      women. Although there was no conclusive evidence of an increase in ONS railway
      suicides, RSSB data showed a statistically significant increase in railway
      suicides in males from 2009 onwards. CONCLUSION: The continued rise in male
      railway suicide in England and Wales is concerning, particularly due to the high
      economic costs and psychological trauma associated with these deaths. The
      initiative's target of a 20% reduction in railway suicide is unlikely to be
      achieved.

PMID- 26979535
TI  - Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in HIV-positive patients in China: a
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Liver disease related to hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV)
      may temper the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in China. Limited data
      exist on their prevalence in HIV-positive Chinese. A multi-centre, cross
      sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and disease
      characteristics of HBV and HCV co-infection in HIV-positive patients across 12
      provinces. METHODS: HIV-positive ART-naive patients were recruited from two
      parent cohorts established during November 2008-January 2010 and August 2012
      September 2014. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen and
      HCV antibody (anti-HCV) status were retrieved from parent databases at the visit
      prior to ART initiation. HBV DNA was then determined in HBsAg+ patients. HCV RNA
      was quantified in anti-HCV+ patients. Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet
      ratio index (APRI) and the fibrosis-4 (FIB4) were calculated. Chi-square test,
      Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis,
      as appropriate. RESULTS: Of 1944 HIV-positive patients, 186 (9.5%) were HIV-HBV
      co-infected and 161 (8.3%) were HIV-HCV co-infected. The highest HIV-HBV
      prevalence (14.5%) was in Eastern China while the highest HIV-HCV prevalence was
      in the Central region (28.2%). HIV-HBV patients had lower median CD4 + T cell
      count (205 cells/MUL) than either HIV monoinfected (242 cells/MUL, P = 0.01) or
      HIV-HCV patients (274 cells/MUL, P = 0.001). Moderate-to-significant liver
      disease was present in > 65% of the HIV-HCV, ~ 35% of the HIV-HBV and ~ 20% of
      the HIV monoinfected patients. Independent associations with moderate-to
      significant liver disease based on APRI included HBV (Odds ratio, OR 2.37, P <
      0.001), HCV (OR 9.64, P < 0.001), CD4 count <= 200 cells/MUL (OR 2.55, P < 0.001)
      and age >= 30 years (OR 1.80, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HBV and HCV prevalence is
      high in HIV-positive Chinese and differs by geographic region. HBV and HCV co
      infection and HIV monoinfection are risks for moderate-to-significant liver
      disease. Only HIV-HBV is associated with greater HIV-related immunosuppression.
      Incorporating screening and management of hepatitis virus infections into Chinese
      HIV programmes is needed.

PMID- 26979537
TI  - Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: basic mechanisms and clinical implications
      for prevention.
AB  - Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most common cause of death in
      patients with intractable epilepsy. The substantial lifetime risk of SUDEP and
      the lack of a clear pathophysiological connection between epilepsy itself and
      sudden death have fuelled increased attention to this phenomenon. Understanding
      the mechanisms underlying SUDEP is paramount to developing preventative
      strategies. In this review, we discuss SUDEP population studies, case-control
      studies, witnessed and monitored cases, as well as human seizure
      cardiorespiratory findings related to SUDEP, and SUDEP animal models. We
      integrate these data to suggest the most probable mechanisms underlying SUDEP.
      Understanding the modifiable risk factors and pathophysiology allows us to
      discuss potential preventative strategies. 

PMID- 26979538
TI  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging for the study of fossils.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) has long been used for investigating palaeontological
      specimens, as it is a nondestructive technique which avoids the need to dissolve
      or ionize the fossil sample. However, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have recently gained ground as analytical tools
      for examination of palaeontological samples, by nondestructively providing
      information about the structure and composition of fossils. While MRI techniques
      are able to reveal the three-dimensional geometry of the trace fossil, MRS can
      provide information on the chemical composition of the samples. The
      multidimensional nature of MR (magnetic resonance) signals has potential to
      provide rich three-dimensional data on the palaeontological specimens and also to
      help in elucidating paleopathological and paleoecological questions. In this work
      the verified applications and the emerging uses of MRI and MRS in paleontology
      are reviewed, with particular attention to fossil spores, fossil plants, ambers,
      fossil invertebrates, and fossil vertebrate studies.

PMID- 26979539
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging for the study of mummies.
AB  - Nondestructive diagnostic imaging for mummies study has a long tradition and high
      resolution images of the samples morphology have been extensively acquired by
      using computed tomography (CT). However, although in early reports no signal or
      image was obtained because of the low water content, mummy magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) was demonstrated able to generate images of such ancient specimens
      by using fast imaging techniques. Literature demonstrated the general feasibility
      of nonclinical MRI for visualizing historic human tissues, which is particularly
      interesting for archeology. More recently, multinuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (MRS) was demonstrated able to detect numerous organic biochemicals
      from such remains. Although the quality of these images is not yet comparable to
      that of clinical magnetic resonance (MR) images, and further research will be
      needed for determining the full capacity of MR in this topic, the information
      obtained with MR can be viewed as complementary to the one provided by CT and
      useful for paleoradiological studies of mummies. This work contains an overview
      of the state of art of the emerging uses of MRI in paleoradiology.

PMID- 26979536
TI  - Genomic structure and marker-derived gene networks for growth and meat quality
      traits of Brazilian Nelore beef cattle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nelore is the major beef cattle breed in Brazil with more than 130
      million heads. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often used to associate
      markers and genomic regions to growth and meat quality traits that can be used to
      assist selection programs. An alternative methodology to traditional GWAS that
      involves the construction of gene network interactions, derived from results of
      several GWAS is the AWM (Association Weight Matrices)/PCIT (Partial Correlation
      and Information Theory). With the aim of evaluating the genetic architecture of
      Brazilian Nelore cattle, we used high-density SNP genotyping data (~770,000 SNP)
      from 780 Nelore animals comprising 34 half-sibling families derived from highly
      disseminated and unrelated sires from across Brazil. The AWM/PCIT methodology was
      employed to evaluate the genes that participate in a series of eight phenotypes
      related to growth and meat quality obtained from this Nelore sample. RESULTS: Our
      results indicate a lack of structuring between the individuals studied since
      principal component analyses were not able to differentiate families by its sires
      or by its ancestral lineages. The application of the AWM/PCIT methodology
      revealed a trio of transcription factors (comprising VDR, LHX9 and ZEB1) which in
      combination connected 66 genes through 359 edges and whose biological functions
      were inspected, some revealing to participate in biological growth processes in
      literature searches. CONCLUSIONS: The diversity of the Nelore sample studied is
      not high enough to differentiate among families neither by sires nor by using the
      available ancestral lineage information. The gene networks constructed from the
      AWM/PCIT methodology were a useful alternative in characterizing genes and gene
      networks that were allegedly influential in growth and meat quality traits in
      Nelore cattle.

PMID- 26979542
TI  - Hunt rejects claim that no plan exists to tackle NHS funding "black hole".

PMID- 26979540
TI  - Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced-MR imaging in the inflammation stage of nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between
      the liver kinetics of gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
      (Gd-EOB-DTPA) and liver histopathology in a mouse model of NASH by using dynamic
      contrast-enhanced MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male C57/BL6 mice aged
      8weeks were fed a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 2, 4 and 6weeks
      (MCD groups: MCD 2w, 4w, or 6w). Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of the liver was
      performed at 2, 4 and 6weeks after the MCD feeding. The signal intensity of the
      liver was obtained from dynamic MR images and relative enhancement (RE), and the
      time to maximum RE (Tmax) and half-life of elimination RE (T1/2) were calculated.
      After MRI scan, histopathological scores of hepatic steatosis and inflammation
      and blood biochemistry data, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) levels, were obtained. RESULTS: Plasma AST and ALT levels
      were significantly increased in mice fed MCD. Histopathological scores indicated
      that steatohepatitis progressed with the MCD feeding period from 2 to 6weeks, but
      significant fibrosis was observed only in mice fed MCD for 6weeks. Gd-EOB-DTPA
      enhanced MRI showed that Tmax was significantly prolonged in the livers of the 6
      week group compared to the control group (control, 4.0+/-0.7min; MCD 6w, 12.1+/
      1.6min), although there was no alteration in the 2- and 4-week groups. T1/2 was
      significantly prolonged in mice fed MCD for 4 and 6weeks compared to the control
      group (control, 19.9+/-2.0min; MCD 4w, 46.7+/-8.7min; MCD 6w, 65.4+/-8.8min). The
      parameters of Gd-EOB-DTPA kinetics (Tmax and T1/2) in the liver were positively
      correlated with the liver histopathological score (steatosis vs Tmax, rho=0.69,
      P=0.0007; inflammation vs Tmax, rho=0.66, P=0.00155; steatosis vs T1/2, rho=0.77,
      P<0.0001; inflammation vs T1/2, rho=0.73, P=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: The liver
      kinetics of Gd-EOB-DTPA correlated well with the inflammation score in the mouse
      model of NASH, suggesting the possibility of detecting the steatohepatitis stage
      without fibrosis by Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging.

PMID- 26979541
TI  - CNR improvement of MP2RAGE from slice encoding directional acceleration.
AB  - PURPOSE: While MP2RAGE shows the potential to generate B1 insensitive T1
      contrast, the long TR of MP2RAGE (>=6s at 7T) is essential to provide the large
      dynamic range of apparent T1 relaxation for dual inversion time acquisitions. We
      present a 2 direction (2D) accelerated MP2RAGE, which provides an increased flip
      angle while maintaining similar dynamic recovery as 1D accelerated MP2RAGE.
      METHOD: Simulations were conducted to optimize 2D accelerated MP2RAGE parameters
      and healthy subjects were scanned with 1D and 2D accelerated MP2RAGE at 7T.
      Images were compared visually and contrast to noise (CNR) between brain tissues
      was measured. RESULT: Simulations showed that CNR is primarly determined by the
      TR, followed by the number of the first partition encoding steps in MP2RAGE.
      Keeping TR constant, a smaller number of partition encoding steps increases the
      achievable maximal CNR. In-vivo 2D MP2RAGE improves CNR between white and gray
      matters by 9% when compared to 1D accelerated MP2RAGE with identical voxel size.
      CONCLUSION: We presented 2D accelated MP2RAGE at 7T with the increased flip
      angle. We show that this leads to CNR improvement, and consequently a reduction
      of scan time to be compared to 1D accelerated MP2RAGE.

PMID- 26979543
TI  - Our Year on Twitter: Science in #SocialMedia.
AB  - Information is now available in real time from a multitude of sources. Twitter
      provides one effective means to broadcast images with short captions instantly
      and everywhere. Last year we began using Twitter to convey our excitement with
      the biological sciences, and discovered a new means to contribute, connect, and
      conference with a broader global scientific community and beyond. Here we share
      this experience, and invite you to join in the conversation. 

PMID- 26979544
TI  - The role of elective nodal irradiation for esthesioneuroblastoma patients with
      clinically negative neck.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although adjuvant radiation to the tumor bed has been reported to
      improve the clinic outcomes of esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) patients, the role of
      elective neck irradiation (ENI) in clinically node-negative (N0) patients remains
      controversial. Here, we evaluated the effects of ENI on neck nodal relapse risk
      in ENB patients treated with radiation therapy as a component of multimodality
      treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-one N0 ENB patients irradiated at the
      University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1970 and 2013 were
      identified. ENI was performed on 22 of these patients (31%). Survival analysis
      was performed with focus on comparative outcomes of those patients who did and
      did not receive ENI. RESULTS: The median follow-up time for our cohort is 80.8
      months (range, 6-350 months). Among N0 patients, 13 (18.3%) developed neck nodal
      relapses, with a median time to progression of 62.5 months. None of these 13
      patients received prophylactic neck irradiation. ENI was associated with
      significantly improved regional nodal control at 5 years (regional control rate
      of 100% for ENI vs 82%, P < .001), but not overall survival or disease-free
      survival. Eleven patients without ENI developed isolated neck recurrences. All
      had further treatment for their neck disease, including neck dissection (n = 10),
      radiation (n = 10), or chemotherapy (n = 5). Six of these 11 patients (54.5%)
      demonstrated no evidence of further recurrence with a median follow-up of 55.5
      months. CONCLUSION: ENI significantly reduces the risk of cervical nodal
      recurrence in ENB patients with clinically N0 neck, but this did not translate to
      a survival benefit. Multimodality treatment for isolated neck recurrence provides
      a reasonable salvage rate. The greatest benefit for ENI appeared to be among
      younger patients who presented with Kadish C disease. Further studies are needed
      to confirm these findings.

PMID- 26979545
TI  - Cholangiocarcinoma size on magnetic resonance imaging versus pathologic specimen:
      Implications for radiation treatment planning.
AB  - PURPOSE: The accuracy of abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in measuring
      gross tumor volume in patients with resectable cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is
      unknown. CC is a highly difficult tumor to visualize and treatment with dose
      escalated radiation therapy requires clear tumor delineation. We aim to
      investigate the concordance between imaging and pathologic size in patients with
      resected CC to determine the usefulness of MRI for image guided treatment
      modalities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of 51 patients with resected CC
      who underwent preoperative MRI were evaluated. Each preoperative MRI was
      individually reviewed by a diagnostic radiologist (P.M.), who was blinded to
      pathologic measurements. A combination of dynamic multiphase contrast-enhanced T1
      and T2-weighted images, original imaging reports, and pathologic reports were
      reviewed for greatest tumor dimensions. A general linear regression model was
      used to examine the outcome MRI minus pathology using MRI report, T1-weighted
      measurement, or T2-weighted measurement. A multivariable regression model was fit
      to assess the association of other factors with pathologic underestimation.
      RESULTS: The median age was 69 years. Eleven tumors were categorized
      distal/extrahepatic, 17 hilar, and 23 intrahepatic CC. The median tumor size on
      pathology report was 3.00 cm (range, 0.3-19). The median tumor size from the MRI
      report was 3 cm (range, 0.80-16.20) and median tumor size on independent
      radiological review was 3 cm (range, 0.90-17) on the T1-weighted and 3 cm (range,
      0.90-17) on the T2-weighted MRI sequences. When compared with pathologic tumor
      size, the MRI report dimension was found to underestimate tumor size by 4.1 mm (P
      = .04). On multivariable analysis, pathologic size underestimation was influenced
      by increasing tumor size (slope, -0.20; P < .001); however, underestimation was
      not affected by tumor location or MRI sequence. CONCLUSIONS: MRI underestimates
      tumor size, which was more pronounced with larger tumors, but not influenced by
      tumor location. The potential for gross tumor volume underestimation should be
      considered when planning highly conformal radiation therapy treatment of CC.

PMID- 26979546
TI  - Application of an automated natural language processing (NLP) workflow to enable
      federated search of external biomedical content in drug discovery and
      development.
AB  - External content sources such as MEDLINE((r)), National Institutes of Health
      (NIH) grants and conference websites provide access to the latest breaking
      biomedical information, which can inform pharmaceutical and biotechnology company
      pipeline decisions. The value of the sites for industry, however, is limited by
      the use of the public internet, the limited synonyms, the rarity of batch
      searching capability and the disconnected nature of the sites. Fortunately, many
      sites now offer their content for download and we have developed an automated
      internal workflow that uses text mining and tailored ontologies for programmatic
      search and knowledge extraction. We believe such an efficient and secure approach
      provides a competitive advantage to companies needing access to the latest
      information for a range of use cases and complements manually curated commercial
      sources.

PMID- 26979547
TI  - Transcriptional response networks for elucidating mechanisms of action of
      multitargeted agents.
AB  - Drug discovery is moving away from the single target-based approach towards
      harnessing the potential of polypharmacological agents that modulate the activity
      of multiple nodes in the complex networks of deregulations underlying disease
      phenotypes. Computational network pharmacology methods that use systems-level
      drug-response phenotypes, such as those originating from genome-wide
      transcriptomic profiles, have proved particularly effective for elucidating the
      mechanisms of action of multitargeted compounds. Here, we show, via the case
      study of the natural product pinosylvin, how the combination of two complementary
      network-based methods can provide novel, unexpected mechanistic insights. This
      case study also illustrates that elucidating the mechanism of action of
      multitargeted natural products through transcriptional response-based approaches
      is a challenging endeavor, often requiring multiple computational-experimental
      iterations.

PMID- 26979549
TI  - Beta-cell mitochondrial carriers and the diabetogenic stress response.
AB  - Mitochondria play a central role in pancreatic beta-cells by coupling metabolism
      of the secretagogue glucose to distal events of regulated insulin exocytosis.
      This process requires transports of both metabolites and nucleotides in and out
      of the mitochondria. The molecular identification of mitochondrial carriers and
      their respective contribution to beta-cell function have been uncovered only
      recently. In type 2 diabetes, mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event and may
      precipitate beta-cell loss. Under diabetogenic conditions, characterized by
      glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity, the expression profile of mitochondrial carriers
      is selectively modified. This review describes the role of mitochondrial carriers
      in beta-cells and the selective changes in response to glucolipotoxicity. In
      particular, we discuss the importance of the transfer of metabolites (pyruvate,
      citrate, malate, and glutamate) and nucleotides (ATP, NADH, NADPH) for beta-cell
      function and dysfunction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:
      Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude
      Martinou.

PMID- 26979548
TI  - The impact of communicating genetic risks of disease on risk-reducing health
      behaviour: systematic review with meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of communicating DNA based disease risk estimates
      on risk-reducing health behaviours and motivation to engage in such behaviours.
      DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis, using Cochrane methods. DATA
      SOURCES: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials up to 25 February 2015. Backward and forward citation searches
      were also conducted. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled
      trials involving adults in which one group received personalised DNA based
      estimates of disease risk for conditions where risk could be reduced by behaviour
      change. Eligible studies included a measure of risk-reducing behaviour. RESULTS:
      We examined 10,515 abstracts and included 18 studies that reported on seven
      behavioural outcomes, including smoking cessation (six studies; n=2663), diet
      (seven studies; n=1784), and physical activity (six studies; n=1704). Meta
      analysis revealed no significant effects of communicating DNA based risk
      estimates on smoking cessation (odds ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to
      1.35, P=0.67), diet (standardised mean difference 0.12, 95% confidence interval 
      0.00 to 0.24, P=0.05), or physical activity (standardised mean difference -0.03,
      95% confidence interval -0.13 to 0.08, P=0.62). There were also no effects on any
      other behaviours (alcohol use, medication use, sun protection behaviours, and
      attendance at screening or behavioural support programmes) or on motivation to
      change behaviour, and no adverse effects, such as depression and anxiety.
      Subgroup analyses provided no clear evidence that communication of a risk
      conferring genotype affected behaviour more than communication of the absence of
      such a genotype. However, studies were predominantly at high or unclear risk of
      bias, and evidence was typically of low quality. CONCLUSIONS: Expectations that
      communicating DNA based risk estimates changes behaviour is not supported by
      existing evidence. These results do not support use of genetic testing or the
      search for risk-conferring gene variants for common complex diseases on the basis
      that they motivate risk-reducing behaviour. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This
      is a revised and updated version of a Cochrane review from 2010, adding 11
      studies to the seven previously identified.

PMID- 26979550
TI  - Key Questions in Marine Megafauna Movement Ecology.
AB  - It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess
      priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in
      this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds,
      mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of
      the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the
      field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa,
      including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and,
      as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and
      data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology.

PMID- 26979551
TI  - The Relationship Between Non-Medical Use of Prescription Opioids and Sex Work
      Among Adults in Residential Substance Use Treatment.
AB  - High rates of substance use (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin) have been documented
      among individuals who engage in sex work (SW), and adults seeking substance use
      disorder (SUD) treatment frequently report prior engagement in SW. Non-medical
      use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) has increased over the last decade, but
      little is known about the relationship between NMUPO with sex exchange. The
      purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of recent SW among patients
      at a large residential SUD treatment center and examine the association between
      NMUPO and SW. Approximately 14% of 588 adults reported involvement in SW in the
      month prior to treatment. NMUPO was more common among those with a history of SW
      (95% of sex workers vs. 74% of non-sex-workers), and this association remained
      statistically significant after controlling for demographic factors, other
      substance use and psychiatric symptom severity (odds ratio=3.38). SW is
      relatively common among patients in residential SUD treatment, and is associated
      with greater psychiatric severity and more extensive substance use, including
      alarming rates of NMUPO. Addiction treatment for individuals involved in SW may
      benefit from the addition of content related to NMUPO. 

PMID- 26979554
TI  - On-line chiral analysis using the kinetic method.
AB  - Chiral analysis of constituents in solution-phase reaction mixtures can be
      performed by tandem mass spectrometry using the kinetic method to determine the
      enantiomeric excess (ee). Simply diluting an aliquot of a reaction mixture,
      adjusting the pH, and adding reagents necessary to form a chiral cluster ion
      allows chiral analysis. The product of a stereospecific N-selective alkylation
      reaction, 2-(3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-oxo-1,6-naphthyridin-6(5H)-yl)propanoic acid,
      was monitored for ee during the course of reaction, and it showed the expected
      inversion without ee erosion. Base-catalyzed racemization of the reaction product
      showed the expected decrease in ee as the reaction proceeded. The base-catalyzed
      racemization of ibuprofen was monitored on-line, providing near real-time data on
      ee. 

PMID- 26979552
TI  - Barriers to Quitting Smoking Among Substance Dependent Patients Predict Smoking
      Cessation Treatment Outcome.
AB  - For smokers with substance use disorders (SUD), perceived barriers to quitting
      smoking include concerns unique to effects on sobriety as well as usual concerns.
      We expanded our Barriers to Quitting Smoking in Substance Abuse Treatment (BQS
      SAT) scale, added importance ratings, validated it, and then used the importance
      scores to predict smoking treatment response in smokers with substance use
      disorders (SUD) undergoing smoking treatment in residential treatment programs in
      two studies (n=184 and 340). Both components (general barriers, weight concerns)
      were replicated with excellent internal consistency reliability. Construct
      validity was supported by significant correlations with pretreatment nicotine
      dependence, smoking variables, smoking self-efficacy, and expected effects of
      smoking. General barriers significantly predicted 1-month smoking abstinence,
      frequency and heaviness, and 3-month smoking frequency; weight concerns predicted
      1-month smoking frequency. Implications involve addressing barriers with
      corrective information in smoking treatment for smokers with SUD. 

PMID- 26979555
TI  - Interplay between seven secondary metal uptake systems is required for full metal
      resistance of Cupriavidus metallidurans.
AB  - The beta-proteobacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans is able to grow in metal
      contaminated environments due to having sophisticated metal efflux systems. Here,
      the contribution of all seven known secondary metal uptake systems (ZupT, PitA,
      CorA1, CorA2, CorA3, ZntB, HoxN) to metal resistance is characterized. In a
      strategic deletion approach, all ten double deletion mutants, a variety of triple
      and quadruple mutants, and from the Delta4 mutant (DeltazupT DeltacorA1
      DeltacorA2 DeltacorA3) the mutants Delta5 (=Delta4 DeltapitA), Delta6 (=Delta4
      DeltapitA DeltazntB), and finally Delta7 (DeltazupT DeltacorA1 DeltacorA2
      DeltacorA3 DeltapitA DeltazntB DeltahoxN) were constructed. Metal resistance,
      metal content, and regulation of expression of these genes were characterized in
      these mutants. The DeltazupT single deletion strain exhibited an extended lag
      phase in Tris-buffered liquid mineral salts medium (TMM) compared to its parent
      strain AE104, indicating a decreased fitness level. Further deletions up to
      Delta6 did not influence growth in TMM without added metals but fitness of the
      Delta7 strain dropped to a lower level compared to Delta6, Delta5 and DeltazupT.
      The cells of the Delta7 multiple deletion strain still contained all essential
      metals, demonstrating that additional metal import systems must exist in C.
      metallidurans. PitA was an important contributor of metal:phosphate complexes to
      C. metallidurans. Up to Delta5 no evidence was found for increased expression of
      the transporter genes to recruit substitutes for the deleted importers. Only the
      hoxN-lacZ reporter gene fusion displayed a changed expression pattern in the
      Delta6 strain, indicating recruitment of HoxN. Metal resistance of the deletion
      strains decreased along the deletion series although all strains still contained
      metal efflux systems: up to the Delta6 mutant the overall fitness was kept at the
      DeltazupT mutant strain level at the cost of a diminished competence to handle
      MUM concentrations of transition metals. Together, these data demonstrated an
      important contribution of the seven secondary metal import systems to metal
      homeostasis in this bacterium.

PMID- 26979556
TI  - Detection of trapped charges in the blend films of polystyrene/SFDBAO electrets
      by electrostatic and Kelvin probe force microscopy.
AB  - The charge trapping properties of the blend of polystyrene (PS) and a sterically
      hindered organic semiconductor SFDBAO (spiro[fluorene-9,7-dibenzo[c,h]acridin-5
      one]) are investigated by electrostatic and Kelvin probe force microscopy (EFM
      and KPFM). EFM signals of trapped charge spots injected with controllable tip
      biases, which are recorded with different dissipation times t, the percent of
      SFDBAO in blends, and the scanning tip bias, have been measured. By the
      quantitative analysis, the excellent trapped charge density of PS/SFDBAO blend
      films for the holes (~*10(-5) C m(-2)) is much higher than that of the SFDBAO
      film (~*10(-6) C m(-2)) and the PS film (~*10(-7) C m(-2)). However, the trapped
      charge density of electrons (~*10(-7) C m(-2)) has the same order magnitude for
      SFDBAO, PS and the blend films. The results indicate that the blend of PS and
      SFDBAO enhances the high-density storage and retention abilities of the holes to
      a larger extent, but the endurance improvement of the electrons is not that
      obvious. By the KPFM measurement, we further verify the different diffusion rates
      of the trapped holes and electrons in the PS/SFDBAO blend films, and discuss the
      possible physical mechanism. The qualitative and quantitative determination of
      charge trapping properties in this work can be very useful for the
      characterization of PS/SFDBAO based charge trapping memory devices. 

PMID- 26979557
TI  - The RNA Response to DNA Damage.
AB  - Multicellular organisms must ensure genome integrity to prevent accumulation of
      mutations, cell death, and cancer. The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex
      network that senses, signals, and executes multiple programs including DNA
      repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and apoptosis. This entails regulation of
      a variety of cellular processes: DNA replication and transcription, RNA
      processing, mRNA translation and turnover, and post-translational modification,
      degradation, and relocalization of proteins. Accumulated evidence over the past
      decades has shown that RNAs and RNA metabolism are both regulators and regulated
      actors of the DDR. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the
      current knowledge on the many interactions between the DNA damage and RNA fields.

PMID- 26979558
TI  - Allometric scaling of intraspecific space use.
AB  - Allometric scaling relationships enable exploration of animal space-use patterns,
      yet interspecific studies cannot address many of the underlying mechanisms. We
      present the first intraspecific study of home range (HR) allometry relative to
      energetic requirements over several orders of magnitude of body mass, using as a
      model the predatory fish, pike Esox lucius. Analogous with interspecific studies,
      we show that space use increases more rapidly with mass (exponent = 1.08) than
      metabolic scaling theories predict. Our results support a theory that suggests
      increasing HR overlap with body mass explains many of these differences in
      allometric scaling of HR size. We conclude that, on a population scale, HR size
      and energetic requirement scale allometrically, but with different exponents. 

PMID- 26979559
TI  - Selection is stronger in early-versus-late stages of divergence in a Neotropical
      livebearing fish.
AB  - How selection acts to drive trait evolution at different stages of divergence is
      of fundamental importance in our understanding of the origins of biodiversity.
      Yet, most studies have focused on a single point along an evolutionary
      trajectory. Here, we provide a case study evaluating the strength of divergent
      selection acting on life-history traits at early-versus-late stages of divergence
      in Brachyrhaphis fishes. We find that the difference in selection is stronger in
      the early-diverged population than the late-diverged population, and that trait
      differences acquired early are maintained over time.

PMID- 26979560
TI  - Do female Nicrophorus vespilloides reduce direct costs by choosing males that
      mate less frequently?
AB  - Sexual conflict occurs when selection to maximize fitness in one sex does so at
      the expense of the other sex. In the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides,
      repeated mating provides assurance of paternity at a direct cost to female
      reproductive productivity. To reduce this cost, females could choose males with
      low repeated mating rates or smaller, servile males. We tested this by offering
      females a dichotomous choice between males from lines selected for high or low
      mating rate. Each female was then allocated her preferred or non-preferred male
      to breed. Females showed no preference for males based on whether they came from
      lines selected for high or low mating rates. Pairs containing males from high
      mating rate lines copulated more often than those with low line males but there
      was a negative relationship between female size and number of times she mated
      with a non-preferred male. When females bred with their preferred male the number
      of offspring reared increased with female size but there was no such increase
      when breeding with non-preferred males. Females thus benefited from being choosy,
      but this was not directly attributable to avoidance of costly male repeated
      mating.

PMID- 26979561
TI  - Differential scaling within an insect compound eye.
AB  - Environmental and genetic influences cause individuals of a species to differ in
      size. As they do so, organ size and shape are scaled to available resources
      whilst maintaining function. The scaling of entire organs has been investigated
      extensively but scaling within organs remains poorly understood. By making use of
      the structure of the insect compound eye, we show that different regions of an
      organ can respond differentially to changes in body size. Wood ant (Formica rufa)
      compound eyes contain facets of different diameters in different regions. When
      the animal body size changes, lens diameters from different regions can increase
      or decrease in size either at the same rate (a 'grade' shift) or at different
      rates (a 'slope' shift). These options are not mutually exclusive, and we
      demonstrate that both types of scaling apply to different regions of the same
      eye. This demonstrates that different regions within a single organ can use
      different rules to govern their scaling, responding differently to their
      developmental environment. Thus, the control of scaling is more nuanced than
      previously appreciated, diverse responses occurring even among homologous cells
      within a single organ. Such fine control provides a rich substrate for the
      diversification of organ morphology.

PMID- 26979562
TI  - Debunking the viper's strike: harmless snakes kill a common assumption.
AB  - To survive, organisms must avoid predation and acquire nutrients and energy.
      Sensory systems must correctly differentiate between potential predators and
      prey, and elicit behaviours that adjust distances accordingly. For snakes,
      strikes can serve both purposes. Vipers are thought to have the fastest strikes
      among snakes. However, strike performance has been measured in very few species,
      especially non-vipers. We measured defensive strike performance in harmless Texas
      ratsnakes and two species of vipers, western cottonmouths and western diamond
      backed rattlesnakes, using high-speed video recordings. We show that ratsnake
      strike performance matches or exceeds that of vipers. In contrast with the
      literature over the past century, vipers do not represent the pinnacle of strike
      performance in snakes. Both harmless and venomous snakes can strike with very
      high accelerations that have two key consequences: the accelerations exceed
      values that can cause loss of consciousness in other animals, such as the
      accelerations experienced by jet pilots during extreme manoeuvres, and they make
      the strikes faster than the sensory and motor responses of mammalian prey and
      predators. Both harmless and venomous snakes can strike faster than the blink of
      an eye and often reach a target before it can move. 

PMID- 26979564
TI  - Superconductivity in Ca-doped graphene laminates.
AB  - Despite graphene's long list of exceptional electronic properties and many
      theoretical predictions regarding the possibility of superconductivity in
      graphene, its direct and unambiguous experimental observation has not been
      achieved. We searched for superconductivity in weakly interacting, metal
      decorated graphene crystals assembled into so-called graphene laminates,
      consisting of well separated and electronically decoupled graphene crystallites.
      We report robust superconductivity in all Ca-doped graphene laminates. They
      become superconducting at temperatures (Tc) between ~4 and ~6 K, with Tc's
      strongly dependent on the confinement of the Ca layer and the induced charge
      carrier concentration in graphene. We find that Ca is the only dopant that
      induces superconductivity in graphene laminates above 1.8 K among several dopants
      used in our experiments, such as potassium, caesium and lithium. By revealing the
      tunability of the superconducting response through doping and confinement of the
      metal layer, our work shows that achieving superconductivity in free-standing,
      metal decorated monolayer graphene is conditional on an optimum confinement of
      the metal layer and sufficient doping, thereby bringing its experimental
      realization within grasp.

PMID- 26979563
TI  - Differential gene expression in seasonal sympatry: mechanisms involved in
      diverging life histories.
AB  - In an era of climate change, understanding the genetic and physiological
      mechanisms underlying flexibility in phenology and life history has gained
      greater importance. These mechanisms can be elucidated by comparing closely
      related populations that differ in key behavioural and physiological traits such
      as migration and timing of reproduction. We compared gene expression in two
      recently diverged dark-eyed Junco ( Junco hyemalis) subspecies that live in
      seasonal sympatry during winter and early spring, but that differ in behaviour
      and physiology, despite exposure to identical environmental cues. We identified
      547 genes differentially expressed in blood and pectoral muscle. Genes involved
      in lipid transport and metabolism were highly expressed in migrant juncos, while
      genes involved in reproductive processes were highly expressed in resident
      breeders. Seasonal differences in gene expression in closely related populations
      residing in the same environment provide significant insights into mechanisms
      underlying variation in phenology and life history, and have potential
      implications for the role of seasonal timing differences in gene flow and
      reproductive isolation. 

PMID- 26979565
TI  - Psychiatric outcomes of bullying victimization: a study of discordant monozygotic
      twins.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bullying victimization in childhood is associated with a broad array
      of serious mental health disturbances, including anxiety, depression, and
      suicidal ideation and behavior. The key goal of this study was to evaluate
      whether bullying victimization is a true environmental risk factor for
      psychiatric disturbance using data from 145 bully-discordant monozygotic (MZ)
      juvenile twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral
      Development (VTSABD) and their follow-up into young adulthood. METHOD: Since MZ
      twins share an identical genotype and familial environment, a higher rate of
      psychiatric disturbance in a bullied MZ twin compared to their non-bullied MZ co
      twin would be evidence of an environmental impact of bullying victimization.
      Environmental correlations between being bullied and the different psychiatric
      traits were estimated by fitting structural equation models to the full sample of
      MZ and DZ twins (N = 2824). Environmental associations were further explored
      using the longitudinal data on the bullying-discordant MZ twins. RESULTS: Being
      bullied was associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders in both
      children and young adults. The analysis of data on the MZ-discordant twins
      supports a genuine environmental impact of bullying victimization on childhood
      social anxiety [odds ratio (OR) 1.7], separation anxiety (OR 1.9), and young
      adult suicidal ideation (OR 1.3). There was a shared genetic influence on social
      anxiety and bullying victimization, consistent with social anxiety being both an
      antecedent and consequence of being bullied. CONCLUSION: Bullying victimization
      in childhood is a significant environmental trauma and should be included in any
      mental health assessment of children and young adults.

PMID- 26979568
TI  - Non-directed, carbonate-mediated C-H activation and aerobic C-H oxygenation with
      Cp*Ir catalysts.
AB  - The effect of oxidatively stable L- and X-type additives on the activity of Cp*Ir
      catalyst precursors in the C-H activation of arenes has been studied. Turnover
      numbers for C-H activation of up to 65 can thus be achieved, as determined by H/D
      exchange in MeOH-D4. In particular, carbonate additives are found to enhance the
      C-H activation reactivity of Cp*Ir(H2O)3(OTf)2 () more significantly than L-type
      ligands investigated in this study. Based on these studies, Cp*Ir/carbonate
      systems are developed that catalyze the aerobic Csp(3)-H oxygenation of alkyl
      arenes, employing air as oxidant. 

PMID- 26979566
TI  - Silencing of the olfactory co-receptor gene in Dendroctonus armandi leads to EAG
      response declining to major host volatiles.
AB  - In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on homology genes of Orco
      was utilized to identify DarmOrco, which is essential for olfaction in D.
      armandi. The results showed that DarmOrco shares significant sequence homology
      with Orco proteins had known in other insects. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT
      PCR) analysis suggested that DarmOrco was abundantly expressed in adult D.
      armandi; by contrast, DarmOrco showed trace amounts of expression level in other
      stages. Of different tissues, DarmOrco expression level was the highest in the
      antennae. In order to understand the functional significance of Orco, we injected
      siRNA of DarmOrco into the conjunctivum between the second and third abdominal
      segments, and evaluated its expression after siRNA injected for 24 h, 48 h and 72
      h. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that the reduction of mRNA expression
      level was significant (~80%) in DarmOrco siRNA-treated D. armandi than in water
      injected and non-injected controls. The electroantennogram responses of females
      and males to 11 major volatiles of its host, were also reduced (30~68% for
      females; 16~70% for males) in siRNA-treated D. armandi compared with the
      controls. These results suggest that DarmOrco is crucial in mediating odorant
      perception.

PMID- 26979567
TI  - Insights into mutualism mechanism and versatile metabolism of Ketogulonicigenium
      vulgare Hbe602 based on comparative genomics and metabolomics studies.
AB  - Ketogulonicigenium vulgare has been widely used in vitamin C two steps
      fermentation and requires companion strain for optimal growth. However, the
      understanding of K. vulgare as well as its companion strain is still preliminary.
      Here, the complete genome of K. vulgare Hbe602 was deciphered to provide insight
      into the symbiosis mechanism and the versatile metabolism. K. vulgare contains
      the LuxR family proteins, chemokine proteins, flagellar structure proteins,
      peptides and transporters for symbiosis consortium. Besides, the growth state and
      metabolite variation of K. vulgare were observed when five carbohydrates (D
      sorbitol, L-sorbose, D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannitol) were used as carbon
      source. The growth increased by 40.72% and 62.97% respectively when K. vulgare
      was cultured on D-mannitol/D-sorbitol than on L-sorbose. The insufficient
      metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins is the main reason for the
      slow growth of K. vulgare. The combined analysis of genomics and metabolomics
      indicated that TCA cycle, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism were significantly
      up-regulated when K. vulgare was cultured on the D-mannitol/D-sorbitol, which
      facilitated the better growth. The present study would be helpful to further
      understand its metabolic structure and guide the engineering transformation. 

PMID- 26979571
TI  - Application of nitrogen sufficiency conversion strategy for microalgae-based
      ammonium-rich wastewater treatment.
AB  - Ammonium ([Formula: see text]-N)-rich wastewater, a main cause for
      eutrophication, can serve as a promising medium for fast microalgae cultivation
      with efficient [Formula: see text]-N removal. To achieve this goal, a well
      controlled three-stage treatment process was developed. Two trophic modes
      (mixotrophy and heterotrophy) in Stage 1 and Stage 2, with two nitrogen
      availability conditions (N sufficient and N deprived) in Stage 2, and different
      [Formula: see text]-N concentrations in Stage 3 were compared to investigate the
      effects of nitrogen sufficiency conversion on indigenous strain UMN266 for
      [Formula: see text]-N removal. Results showed that mixotrophic cultures in the
      first two stages with N deprivation in Stage 2 was the optimum treatment
      strategy, and higher [Formula: see text]-N concentration in Stage 3 facilitated
      both microalgal growth and [Formula: see text]-N removal, with average and
      maximum biomass productivity of 55.3 and 161.0 mg L(-1) d(-1), and corresponding
      removal rates of 4.2 and 15.0 mg L(-1) d(-1), respectively, superior to
      previously published results. Observations of intracellular compositions
      confirmed the optimum treatment strategy, discovering excellent starch
      accumulating property of strain UMN266 as well. Combination of bioethanol
      production with the proposed three-stage process using various real wastewater
      streams at corresponding stages was suggested for future application. 

PMID- 26979570
TI  - Online discussion effects on intention to participate in genetic research: A
      longitudinal experimental study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The National Human Genome Research Institute has emphasised community
      engagement and public dialogue in the U.S. on issues related to genetics. This
      study examines how online discussions among the U.S. public directly or
      indirectly influence psychosocial constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior,
      including intention to take part in genetic research. DESIGN: After completing
      the baseline questionnaire, participants (n = 3754) were randomly assigned to one
      of the following three groups: the discussion group, the pre-/post-only group and
      the End-of-Project group. The discussion group (n = 1824) was invited and
      participated in up to three online discussions, which were held from November
      2008 to May 2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioural intention, beliefs,
      attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control variables were
      assessed. RESULTS: The most interesting finding was that those participating in
      online discussions had fewer negative beliefs about volunteering for genetic
      research, which in turn contributed to more positive attitudes, increased
      injunctive and descriptive norms and enhanced behavioural control. These
      relationships, then, were associated with higher intention to participate in
      genetic research. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that continuous public
      discussions seem to positively affect volunteer intention for genetic research
      through ameliorating fears of negative consequences.

PMID- 26979569
TI  - Evolutionary development of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid composition and
      regulation: an open research field with implications for brain development and
      function.
AB  - Within the consolidated field of evolutionary development, there is emerging
      research on evolutionary aspects of central nervous system development and its
      implications for adult brain structure and function, including behaviour. The
      central nervous system is one of the most intriguing systems in complex
      metazoans, as it controls all body and mind functions. Its failure is responsible
      for a number of severe and largely incurable diseases, including neurological and
      neurodegenerative ones. Moreover, the evolution of the nervous system is thought
      to be a critical step in the adaptive radiation of vertebrates. Brain formation
      is initiated early during development. Most embryological, genetic and
      evolutionary studies have focused on brain neurogenesis and regionalisation,
      including the formation and function of organising centres, and the comparison of
      homolog gene expression and function among model organisms from different taxa.
      The architecture of the vertebrate brain primordium also reveals the existence of
      connected internal cavities, the cephalic vesicles, which in fetuses and adults
      become the ventricular system of the brain. During embryonic and fetal
      development, brain cavities and ventricles are filled with a complex, protein
      rich fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, CSF has not been widely
      analysed from either an embryological or evolutionary perspective. Recently, it
      has been demonstrated in higher vertebrates that embryonic cerebrospinal fluid
      has key functions in delivering diffusible signals and nutrients to the
      developing brain, thus contributing to the proliferation, differentiation and
      survival of neural progenitor cells, and to the expansion and patterning of the
      brain. Moreover, it has been shown that the composition and homeostasis of CSF
      are tightly controlled in a time-dependent manner from the closure of the
      anterior neuropore, just before the initiation of primary neurogenesis, up to the
      formation of functional choroid plexuses. In this review, we draw together
      existing literature about the formation, function and homeostatic regulation of
      embryonic cerebrospinal fluid, from the closure of the anterior neuropore to the
      formation of functional fetal choroid plexuses, from an evolutionary perspective.
      The relevance of these processes to the normal functions and diseases of adult
      brain will also be discussed. 

PMID- 26979573
TI  - Tracking neighbours promotes the coexistence of large carnivores.
AB  - The study of competition and coexistence among similar interacting species has
      long been considered a cornerstone in evolutionary and community ecology.
      However, understanding coexistence remains a challenge. Using two similar and
      sympatric competing large carnivores, Eurasian lynx and wolverines, we tested the
      hypotheses that tracking among heterospecifics and reactive responses to
      potential risk decreases the probability of an agonistic encounter when predators
      access shared food resources, thus facilitating coexistence. Lynx and wolverines
      actively avoided each other, with the degree of avoidance being greater for
      simultaneous than time-delayed predator locations. Wolverines reacted to the
      presence of lynx at relatively short distances (mean: 383 m). In general, lynx
      stayed longer, and were more stationary, around reindeer carcasses than
      wolverines. However, when both predators were present at the same time around a
      carcass, lynx shortened their visits, while wolverine behavior did not change.
      Our results support the idea that risk avoidance is a reactive, rather than a
      predictive, process. Since wolverines have adapted to coexist with lynx,
      exploiting lynx-killed reindeer carcasses while avoiding potential encounters,
      the combined presence of both predators may reduce wolverine kill rate and thus
      the total impact of these predators on semi-domestic reindeer in Scandinavia.
      Consequently, population management directed at lynx may affect wolverine
      populations and human-wolverine conflicts.

PMID- 26979574
TI  - Nanosized, peptide-based multicomponent DNA delivery systems: optimization of
      endosome escape activity.
AB  - AIM: Endosome escape is essential for developing effective nonviral gene delivery
      systems. Herein, three endosome-disrupting peptides (HA2(1-20), GALA and KALA)
      were incorporated into a multicomponent oligonucleotide delivery system to
      identify which peptide imparted the most favorable endosome escape and toxicity
      profile. MATERIALS & METHODS: Copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was
      used to construct multicomponent delivery vectors. The systems were evaluated for
      size, toxicity, cellular uptake and endosome escape activity. RESULTS: Each
      system condensed plasmid DNA to form nanosized particles. The highest cellular
      uptake and endosome escape were associated with GALA and KALA containing systems,
      with KALA incorporation correlating with greater toxicity. CONCLUSION: GALA was
      selected as the most promising endosome-disrupting peptide for incorporation into
      the nanosized oligonucleotide delivery system.

PMID- 26979572
TI  - Coping with Depression in Single Black Mothers.
AB  - Very little information exists in the literature about what black women do when
      they experience symptoms of depression. The purpose of this descriptive study was
      to analyze the responses of 208 community-residing black single mothers, aged 18
      to 45, to an open-ended question asking, "What do you do to feel better when you
      are feeling down in the dumps?" The theoretical bases of the Ways of Coping
      Checklist, were used to facilitate categorizing their responses into a coping
      scale and then a particular coping profile. Percentages were used to categorize
      the frequency of the responses into the respective coping scale and to categorize
      the frequency of the combined responses of each woman into a respective coping
      profile. Of the 333 responses that the women provided, 327 were useable. Findings
      indicated that a majority of responses fell into the Escape-Avoidance category (n
      = 206; 63%), followed by the Seeking Social Support (n = 60, 18.3%), Positive
      Reappraisal (n = 40; 12.2%), Planful Problem Solving (n = 12; 3.7%), Distancing
      (n = 3; 1%), and Self-Controlling (n = 6; 1.8%) categories. No responses fit the
      Confrontive Coping or Accepting Responsibility categories and none of the
      responses indicated that the women sought professional help. Of the 176 women who
      provided answers to the study question, more than half (64.2%; n = 113) gave only
      emotion-focused responses, 2.8% (n = 5) gave only problem-focused responses, 2.8%
      (n = 5) gave mixed responses, and 30.2% (n = 53) reported social support seeking.
      Implications for future research, cultural theory, and nursing practice are
      addressed. 

PMID- 26979575
TI  - Transurethral Pneumatic Cystolithotripsy: A Novel Approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Various endoscopic instruments used in treating renal stones have been
      used in managing bladder calculi. Our aim is to evaluate the use of transurethral
      ureteroscopic pneumatic cystolithotripsy for the management of large bladder
      calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study conducted between May
      2005 and July 2011, 53 patients with solitary bladder stones were subjected to
      our technique, transurethral ureteroscopic pneumatic cystolithotripsy. The mean
      patient age was 54.3 years. The mean stone size was 4.8 cm. Diagnostic cystoscopy
      was performed first. A semirigid ureteroscope with a pneumatic probe was
      introduced through the cystoscope sheath, and pneumatic lithotripsy was
      performed. The cystoscope sheath works as a draining channel, allowing bladder
      evacuation. The bladder collapses over the stone and, subsequently, prevents
      stone migration, which shortens the lithotripsy's duration. Stone immobilization
      allows the transmission of full pneumatic power to the stone. The stone fragments
      were removed through periodic bladder irrigation using an Ellick evacuation
      irrigation system, and a 16F Foley catheter was placed at the end of the
      procedure. RESULTS: Our technique was effective in all cases, including stone
      free bladders. No surgical complications were detected. The mean operative time
      was 83 +/- 21.0 minutes, which is comparable to that of standard management. The
      mean duration of lithotripsy and evacuation was 29.7 +/- 18.4 minutes. In the
      postoperative period, patients were followed up for 18 months, with no urethral
      stricture being reported in any case. CONCLUSION: The transurethral ureteroscopic
      pneumatic cystolithotripsy procedure is a safe technique for the management of
      large bladder calculi. It allows the bladder to collapse over the stone, leading
      to stone immobilization and, subsequently, decreasing lithotripsy duration. Our
      procedure is associated with a minimal chance of postoperative urethral injury
      because all stone fragments are evacuated through the cystoscope sheath, without
      contact with the urethral urothelium.

PMID- 26979576
TI  - A Delphi process to address medication appropriateness for older persons with
      multiple chronic conditions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Frameworks exist to evaluate the appropriateness of medication
      regimens for older patients with multiple medical conditions (MCCs). Less is
      known about how to translate the concepts of the frameworks into specific
      strategies to identify and remediate inappropriate regimens. METHODS: Modified
      Delphi method involving iterative rounds of input from panel members. Panelists
      (n = 9) represented the disciplines of nursing, medicine and pharmacy. Included
      among the physicians were two geriatricians, one general internist, one family
      practitioner, one cardiologist and two nephrologists. They participated in 3
      rounds of web-based anonymous surveys. RESULTS: The panel reached consensus on a
      set of markers to identify problems with medication regimens, including
      patient/caregiver report of non-adherence, medication complexity, cognitive
      impairment, medications identified by expert opinion as inappropriate for older
      persons, excessively tight blood sugar and blood pressure control among persons
      with diabetes mellitus, patient/caregiver report of adverse medication effects or
      medications not achieving desired outcomes, and total number of medications. The
      panel also reached consensus on approaches to address these problems, including
      endorsement of strategies to discontinue medications with known benefit if
      necessary because of problems with feasibility or lack of alignment with patient
      goals. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the Delphi process provide the basis for an
      algorithm to improve medication regimens among older persons with MCCs. The
      algorithm will require assessment not only of medications and diagnoses but also
      cognition and social support, and it will support discontinuation of medications
      both when risks outweigh benefits and when regimens are not feasible or do not
      align with goals.

PMID- 26979577
TI  - Simultaneous determination of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine
      in human retinal DNA by liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray-tandem mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among
      older adults in the developed world. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA
      (mtDNA) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may play a key role in AMD.
      Measurement of oxidative DNA lesions such as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG)
      and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-oxo-dA) in diseased RPE could provide important
      insights into the mechanism of AMD development. We have developed a liquid
      chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for
      simultaneous analysis of 8-oxo-dG and 8-oxo-dA in human retinal DNA. The
      developed method was applied to the analysis of retinal DNA from 5 donors with
      AMD and 5 control donors without AMD. In mtDNA, the levels of 8-oxo-dG in
      controls and AMD donors averaged 170 and 188, and 8-oxo-dA averaged 11 and 17
      adducts per 10(6) bases, respectively. In nuclear DNA, the levels of 8-oxo-dG in
      controls and AMD donors averaged 0.54 and 0.96, and 8-oxo-dA averaged 0.04 and
      0.05 adducts per 10(6) bases, respectively. This highly sensitive method allows
      for the measurement of both adducts in very small amounts of DNA and can be used
      in future studies investigating the pathophysiological role of 8-oxo-dG and 8-oxo
      dA in AMD and other oxidative damage-related diseases in humans. 

PMID- 26979580
TI  - Guest editorial: Deconstructing disorder: An ordered reaction to a disordered
      environment.

PMID- 26979578
TI  - Intrauterine growth restriction - part 2.
AB  - Small for gestational age (SGA) infants have been classically defined as having
      birth weight less than two standard deviations below the mean or less than the
      10th percentile of a population-specific birth weight for specific gestational
      age, whereas intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been defined as a rate of
      foetal growth that is less than normal for the population and for the growth
      potential of a specific infant. SGA infants have more frequent problems such as
      perinatal asphyxia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, polycythaemia and many more when
      compared with their appropriate for gestational age counterpart. They too have
      growth retardation and various major and subtle neurodevelopmental handicaps,
      with higher rates of perinatal and neonatal mortality. With the advent of newer
      technologies, even though the perinatal diagnosis of these SGA/IUGR foetuses has
      increased, but still perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are higher than
      normal foetuses and infants. In this part, we have covered neonatal IUGR
      classification, postnatal diagnosis, short-term and long-term complications faced
      by these IUGR infants. 

PMID- 26979581
TI  - Towards the end of life: An in-depth exploration of the role of Admiral Nursing
      in dementia care (Innovative practice).
AB  - There are approximately 150 Admiral Nurses in the UK who work alongside other
      health and social care professionals to support people with dementia and their
      family carers. However, the stigma of the disease and the lack of recognition
      that dementia is a life limiting illness have led to neglect in addressing the
      end of life challenges. The small in-depth study reported here aimed to add to an
      extremely limited formal evidence base for the effectiveness of this approach and
      to develop a greater understanding of the range of knowledge and skills required
      of them in ensuring they are better able to support families in the later stages
      of the illness. Findings focus on the experiences of family carers, the impact of
      performing the Admiral Nurse role and the use of qualitative measures in this
      setting.

PMID- 26979582
TI  - Evaluation of 'Dementia Friends' programme for undergraduate nursing students:
      Innovative practice.
AB  - The 'dementia friends' programme was launched by the Alzheimer's Society in the
      UK two years ago with the purpose of educating members of the public about the
      things they can do which can enhance the lives of people living with dementia.
      The aim of this project was to deliver a two-hour 'Dementia Friendly Community
      Workshop' written by the Alzheimer's Society, to an entire cohort of first-year
      undergraduate nursing students in one Higher Education Institutions in Northern
      Ireland. Following delivery of the programme, students were asked to complete a
      short questionnaire on their knowledge and confidence in relation to dementia
      care before and after the Dementia Friendly Community programme. A total of 322
      undergraduate first-year nursing students took part in the Dementia Friendly
      Community programme. Of these, 304 returned questionnaires; 31.25% of students
      stated their perceived improvement in dementia knowledge was 'good' while 49.01%
      stated their perceived improvement in dementia knowledge was 'very good' and
      13.49% stated their perceived improvement in dementia knowledge was 'excellent'.
      In relation to confidence in engaging with people with dementia, 31.91% stated
      'good' improvement, 40.79% stated 'very good' improvement and 11.84% stated
      'excellent' improvement. The Dementia Friendly Community programme was positively
      reviewed by the undergraduate students as it enhanced knowledge and confidence in
      relation to care of someone living with dementia.

PMID- 26979584
TI  - [Internal mammary node irradiation in early node-positive breast cancer: Improved
      survival].

PMID- 26979583
TI  - Postprandial changes in cardiometabolic disease risk in young Chinese men
      following isocaloric high or low protein diets, stratified by either high or low
      meal frequency - a randomized controlled crossover trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardio-Metabolic Disease (CMD) is the leading cause of death globally
      and particularly in Asia. Postprandial elevation of glycaemia, insulinaemia,
      triglyceridaemia are associated with an increased risk of CMD. While studies have
      shown that higher protein intake or increased meal frequency may benefit
      postprandial metabolism, their combined effect has rarely been investigated using
      composite mixed meals. We therefore examined the combined effects of increasing
      meal frequency (2-large vs 6-smaller meals), with high or low-protein (40 % vs 10
      % energy from protein respectively) isocaloric mixed meals on a range of
      postprandial CMD risk markers. METHODS: In a randomized crossover study, 10
      healthy Chinese males (Age: 29 +/- 7 years; BMI: 21.9 +/- 1.7 kg/m(2)) underwent
      4 dietary treatments: CON-2 (2 large Low-Protein meals), CON-6 (6 Small Low
      Protein meals), PRO-2 (2 Large High-Protein meals) and PRO-6 (6 Small High
      Protein meals). Subjects wore a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and venous blood
      samples were obtained at baseline and at regular intervals for 8.5 h to monitor
      postprandial changes in glucose, insulin, triglycerides and high sensitivity C
      reactive protein (hsCRP). Blood pressure was measured at regular intervals pre-
      and post- meal consumption. Urine was collected to measure excretion of
      creatinine and F2-isoprostanes and its metabolites over the 8.5 h postprandial
      period. RESULTS: The high-protein meals, irrespective of meal frequency were
      beneficial for glycaemic health since glucose incremental area under the curve
      (iAUC) for PRO-2 (185 +/- 166 mmol.min.L(-1)) and PRO-6 (214 +/- 188 mmol.min.L(
      1)) were 66 and 60 % lower respectively (both p < 0.05), compared with CON-2 (536
      +/- 290 mmol.min.L(-1)). The iAUC for insulin was the lowest for PRO-6 (13.7 +/-
      7.1 U.min.L(-1)) as compared with CON-2 (28.4 +/- 15.6 U.min.L(-)1), p < 0.001.
      There were no significant differences in postprandial responses in other
      measurements between the dietary treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of
      composite meals with higher protein content, irrespective of meal frequency
      appears to be beneficial for postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in
      young, healthy Chinese males. Implications of this study may be useful in the
      Asian context where the consumption of high glycemic index, carbohydrate meals is
      prevalent. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02529228 .

PMID- 26979586
TI  - Life cycle of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the North
      West of Russia.
AB  - The life cycle of Ixodes persulcatus lasts 3 years in the conditions of the
      Leningrad province (North-West Russia), the development of each phase taking a
      year. The normal age of the taiga tick is 3 years. The calendar age of larvae and
      nymphs reaches 11-12 months under favorable abiotic and biotic factors, while the
      calendar age of adults does not exceed 11 months. At the preimaginal phases of
      development the ticks that breed in August can feed before or after winter.
      However, their metamorphosis begins and reaches completion within the same
      timeframes (from late June to early August) and lasts for about 30-50 (60) days.
      The survival rate of hungry and engorged larvae and nymphs after wintering is
      quite high (88.6-100 %). We explain the low activity of larvae and nymphs in late
      summer and autumn by incomplete development. Morphogenetic diapause of engorged
      larvae and nymphs interrupts digestion but not metamorphosis which starts only in
      late June and July after the complete absorption of blood from the gut cavity. 

PMID- 26979585
TI  - Esterase mediated resistance in deltamethrin resistant reference tick colony of
      Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.
AB  - Monitoring of acaricide resistance is considered as one of the important facets
      of integrated tick management. In an attempt of development of resistance
      monitoring indicators, in the present study two reference tick lines of
      Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus maintained in the Entomology laboratory,
      Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India, were studied to
      determine the possible contributing factors involved in development of resistance
      to deltamethrin. Electrophoretic profiling of esterase enzymes detected high
      activities of EST-1 in reference resistant tick colony designated as IVRI-IV
      whereas it was not detectable in reference susceptible IVRI-I line of R. (B.)
      microplus. Esterases were further characterized as carboxylesterase or
      acetylcholinesterase based on inhibitor study using PMSF, eserine sulphate,
      malathion, TPP and copper sulphate. It was concluded that an
      acetylcholinesterase, EST-1, possibly plays an important role for development of
      deltamethrin resistance in IVRI-IV colony of R. (B.) microplus. 

PMID- 26979587
TI  - Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network
      disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide.
AB  - This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous
      mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-controlled
      crossover study, incorporating intravenous administration of LSD (75 MUg) and
      placebo (saline) prior to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Six
      independent, blind judges analysed mentation reports acquired during structured
      interviews performed shortly after the functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (fMRI) scans (approximately 2.5 h post-administration). Within each report,
      specific linguistic references to mental spaces for the past, present and future
      were identified. Results revealed significantly fewer mental spaces for the past
      under LSD and this effect correlated with the general intensity of the drug's
      subjective effects. No differences in the number of mental spaces for the present
      or future were observed. Consistent with the previously proposed role of the
      default-mode network (DMN) in autobiographical memory recollection and ruminative
      thought, decreased resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) within the DMN
      correlated with decreased mental time travel to the past. These results are
      discussed in relation to potential therapeutic applications of LSD and related
      psychedelics, e.g. in the treatment of depression, for which excessive reflection
      on one's past, likely mediated by DMN functioning, is symptomatic. 

PMID- 26979588
TI  - Colour correct: the interactive effects of food label nutrition colouring schemes
      and food category healthiness on health perceptions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of food
      label nutrition colouring schemes in interaction with food category healthiness
      on consumers' perceptions of food healthiness. Three streams of colour theory
      (colour attention, colour association and colour approach-avoidance) in
      interaction with heuristic processing theory provide consonant predictions and
      explanations for the underlying psychological processes. DESIGN: A 2 (food
      category healthiness: healthy v. unhealthy)*3 (food label nutrient colouring
      schemes: healthy=green, unhealthy=red (HGUR) v. healthy=red, unhealthy=green
      (HRUG) v. no colour (control)) between-subjects design was used. SETTING: The
      research setting was a randomised-controlled experiment using varying formats of
      food packages and nutritional information colouring. SUBJECTS: Respondents (n
      196) sourced from a national consumer panel, USA. RESULTS: The findings suggest
      that, for healthy foods, the nutritional colouring schemes reduced perceived
      healthiness, irrespective of which nutrients were coloured red or green
      (healthinesscontrol=4.86; healthinessHGUR=4.10; healthinessHRUG=3.70). In
      contrast, for unhealthy foods, there was no significant difference in perceptions
      of food healthiness when comparing different colouring schemes against the
      control. CONCLUSIONS: The results make an important qualification to the common
      belief that colour coding can enhance the correct interpretation of nutrition
      information and suggest that this incentive may not necessarily support healthier
      food choices in all situations.

PMID- 26979589
TI  - High resolution scanning near field mapping of enhancement on SERS substrates:
      comparison with photoemission electron microscopy.
AB  - The need for a dedicated spectroscopic technique with nanoscale resolution to
      characterize SERS substrates pushed us to develop a proof of concept of a
      functionalized tip-surface enhanced Raman scattering (FTERS) technique. We have
      been able to map hot spots on semi-continuous gold films; in order to validate
      our approach we compare our results with photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM)
      data, the complementary electron microscopy tool to map hot spots on random
      metallic surfaces. Enhanced Raman intensity maps at high spatial resolution
      reveal the localisation of hotspots at gaps for many neighboring nanostructures.
      Finally, we compare our findings with theoretical simulations of the enhancement
      factor distribution, which confirms a dimer effect as the dominant origin of hot
      spots. 

PMID- 26979590
TI  - Incidence and risk factors for morbidity and mortality in elderly head and neck
      cancer patients undergoing major oncological surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cancer incidence in the elderly population has been continuously rising,
      and their treatment is an increasing concern among oncologists. This study aimed
      to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for morbidity and mortality after
      major oncological surgery in elderly patients with head and neck squamous cell
      carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS: The 196 HNSCC patients aged 55 and older who
      underwent major curative surgery. Patients were categorized into three groups:
      far-old (>=75 years; n = 41); old (65-74 years; n = 72); or middle-aged (55-64
      years; n = 83). The rates of early and late postoperative complications, hospital
      stays, and mortality were compared among groups. Univariate and multivariate
      analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with early
      postoperative complications. RESULTS: No study patients had mortality during
      surgery or within 3-month postoperation. Karnofsky performance status, frail
      functional status, comorbidity, and index cancer and noncancer mortality were the
      poorest in the far-old group. The far-old group demonstrated significantly higher
      rates of early overall complications, readmission within 1 month, and recurrence
      rates (P < 0.05 each). Multivariate analysis showed that age, postoperative
      hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein are independent predictors of early
      postoperative complications (P < 0.05 each). CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients,
      chronological age affects the increased risk of early postoperative morbidity and
      later mortality following major HNSCC surgery. In combination with these risk
      factors, older patients who are diagnosed with HNSCC should be carefully
      monitored in order to determine the potential occurrence of postsurgical
      complications.

PMID- 26979591
TI  - Reporting transparency: making the ethical mandate explicit.
AB  - Improving the transparency and quality of reporting in biomedical research is
      considered ethically important; yet, this is often based on practical reasons
      such as the facilitation of peer review. Surprisingly, there has been little
      explicit discussion regarding the ethical obligations that underpin reporting
      guidelines. In this commentary, we suggest a number of ethical drivers for the
      improved reporting of research. These ethical drivers relate to researcher
      integrity as well as to the benefits derived from improved reporting such as the
      fair use of resources, minimizing risk of harms, and maximizing benefits. Despite
      their undoubted benefit to reporting completeness, questions remain regarding the
      extent to which reporting guidelines can influence processes beyond publication,
      including researcher integrity or the uptake of scientific research findings into
      policy or practice. Thus, we consider investigation on the effects of reporting
      guidelines an important step in providing evidence of their benefits. 

PMID- 26979592
TI  - Media and Sexualization: State of Empirical Research, 1995-2015.
AB  - Sexually objectifying portrayals of women are a frequent occurrence in mainstream
      media, raising questions about the potential impact of exposure to this content
      on others' impressions of women and on women's views of themselves. The goal of
      this review was to synthesize empirical investigations testing effects of media
      sexualization. The focus was on research published in peer-reviewed, English
      language journals between 1995 and 2015. A total of 109 publications that
      contained 135 studies were reviewed. The findings provided consistent evidence
      that both laboratory exposure and regular, everyday exposure to this content are
      directly associated with a range of consequences, including higher levels of body
      dissatisfaction, greater self-objectification, greater support of sexist beliefs
      and of adversarial sexual beliefs, and greater tolerance of sexual violence
      toward women. Moreover, experimental exposure to this content leads both women
      and men to have a diminished view of women's competence, morality, and humanity.
      Limitations with the existing research approaches and measures are discussed, and
      suggestions for future research directions are provided.

PMID- 26979594
TI  - Tumour Risk with Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2
      Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
      (GLP-1RAs) are a novel class of injectable antidiabetic drugs. Previous studies
      indicated that GLP-1RAs (exenatide and liraglutide) might increase the incidence
      of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Here, we evaluated the clinical safety of
      once-weekly GLP-1RAs with respect to tumour risk. METHODS: Relevant studies were
      selected from ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials that reported the
      incidences of neoplasms were included in our research. Outcomes were calculated
      as the risk ratio using the Mantel-Haenszel method and fixed-effects model.
      RESULTS: Our analysis included 26 randomized controlled trials with 16,090
      patients. Once-weekly GLP-1RAs did not increase the risk for tumours compared
      with other antidiabetic drugs [risk ratio (RR), 1.02; 95 % confidence interval
      (CI), 0.74-1.41; p = 0.91]; this finding was independent of the type of GLP-1RA
      administered (albiglutide, exenatide extended-release and dulaglutide) and
      duration of the trials (limited to >=52 weeks). Subgroup analyses revealed that
      once-weekly GLP-1RAs did not increase tumour risk compared with placebos,
      exenatide and liraglutide, insulin or oral drugs. Additionally, once-weekly GLP
      1RAs did not increase tumour risk in any tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other
      antidiabetic drugs, once-weekly GLP-1RAs did not increase the risk for any
      tumour, and this finding was independent of the type of GLP-1RA administered and
      treatment duration. However, our study had many limitations, and further longer
      term trials with larger samples should be conducted in future to confirm our
      results.

PMID- 26979595
TI  - Expression and characterization of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 from
      complex canine mammary carcinomas.
AB  - All four members of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) family have
      been reported to be over-expressed in breast cancer cells in vitro. Dysregulation
      of TIMP-4 expression predicts poor prognosis in cancers. The present study
      evaluated the association of the expression levels of TIMP-4 with mammary tumor
      development in dogs, measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mammary tissue samples were collected from
      healthy canine mammary gland and from tumor subjects. TIMP-4 expression was found
      to be upregulated (5.856 times) in complex canine mammary carcinomas. Also, TIMP
      4 mature peptide was expressed heterologously in E. coli. The recombinant protein
      was purified by Ni- NTA affinity chromatography and further confirmed by western
      blotting. The rTIMP-4 was found to be functionally active and could inhibit
      matrix metalloproteinase 11(MMP-11) activity. Immunization of mice with rTIMP-4
      resulted in increased antigen specific serum antibody titer, and this serum could
      be suitably used to detect and quantify the protein in sera of dogs with mammary
      tumors. TIMP-4 could act as a marker of canine mammary tumors. To the best of our
      knowledge, this is the first report of heterologous expression of TIMP-4 from
      complex canine mammary carcinomas. 

PMID- 26979593
TI  - Health-Related Quality of Life During Routine Treatment with the SQ-Standardised
      Grass Allergy Immunotherapy Tablet: A Non-Interventional Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) with the SQ((r)) grass
      sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)-tablet has been shown to be efficacious, well
      tolerated and to improve disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
      in controlled clinical trials. The aim of our study was to investigate HRQoL in
      patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis routinely treated with the SLIT-tablet
      and taking symptomatic medication as needed compared with patients treated only
      with symptomatic medication. METHODS: In a non-interventional, open-label study,
      patients treated with the SLIT-tablet were observed for about 12 months compared
      with patients only symptomatically treated. Patients assessed their HRQoL with
      the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the Rhinitis Quality of Life
      Questionnaire (RQLQ) in the grass pollen seasons (GPS) at baseline (GPS1,
      HRQoL1), after GPS1 (HRQoL2) and in the following GPS (GPS2, HRQoL3).
      Tolerability, compliance, symptoms and medication use were assessed in the SLIT
      tablet group by the physician. RESULTS: Overall, data were analysed in 576
      patients. Mean differences (+/-SD) in overall scores for HRQoL3 versus HRQoL1
      (186 patients) of SF-12 were +11.4 +/- 16.8 (SLIT-tablet) and -3.4 +/- 15.7
      (symptomatic medication), (p < 0.0001), and of RQLQ -1.31 +/- 1.07 and +0.10 +/-
      0.74 (p < 0.001), and for HRQoL3 versus HRQoL2 (238 patients) of SF-12 -1.6 +/-
      15.3 and -10.0 +/- 14.1 (p = 0.0003), and of RQLQ +0.22 +/- 1.29 and +1.24 +/-
      1.30 (p < 0.0001). Tolerability and adherence for the SLIT-tablet were comparable
      with data of other non-interventional studies. CONCLUSIONS: Routine treatment
      with the SQ((r)) grass SLIT-tablet resulted in clear improvements in disease
      specific and general quality of life, while no improvements were observed in
      patients treated only symptomatically.

PMID- 26979598
TI  - Combined experimental and density functional theory studies of an organic
      inorganic hybrid perovskite.
AB  - Single crystals of [C6H5-C2H4-NH3]2ZnCl4 were obtained by slow evaporation at
      room temperature. Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction (SCXRD), Differential Scanning
      Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and UV-Visible spectroscopy
      were used to characterize the crystal structure, and thermal and optical
      properties, respectively. At 293 K, PEA-ZnCl4 crystallizes in a monoclinic unit
      cell in the P21/c space group a = 7.449(2) A, b = 24.670(3) A, c = 11.187(2) A
      and beta = 91.762(5) degrees , V = 2054.8(2) A(3) and Z = 4. The DSC and TGA
      analyses show respectively the presence of two first order reversible phase
      transitions and a sample thermal stability below 541 K. The optical study reveals
      that the compound undergoes a direct optical transition and an energy gap about
      of Eg = 4.46 eV. In parallel, ab initio DFT calculations are performed to study
      the electronic band structure, to examine electronic density and to calculate the
      gap energy value. The calculated values are in good agreement with the
      experimental data. 

PMID- 26979599
TI  - Very long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes after sirolimus- and paclitaxel
      eluting stent placement for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a propensity
      score-matched comparison.
AB  - We conducted a retrospective examination of the very long-term outcomes of
      placing sirolimus (SES) and paclitaxel (PES)-eluting stents in patients with ST
      elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This was a nonrandomized, retrospective,
      single-center study that included 872 first STEMI patients who underwent
      successful placement of either SES (n = 547) or PES from November 2004 to April
      2012. The primary end point was the incidence of severe cardiac events comprising
      cardiac death, nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction, and definite stent
      thrombosis (ST). The frequency of target lesion revascularization (TLR) was also
      compared. A propensity score-matched analysis was used to adjust the 29 baseline
      variables. In the baseline-adjusted cohorts in 231 STEMI patients in each arm,
      the frequency of the primary end point in the SES group (5.6 %) during the follow
      up duration of 2583 +/- 806 days was not significantly different from that in the
      PES group (6.1 %, follow-up: 1866 +/- 699 days). The cumulative primary end point
      free ratio in the SES group was not significantly different from that in the PES
      group (p = 0.503). The frequency of TLR in the SES group (7.5 %) was
      significantly lower than that in the PES group (16.9 %, p = 0.005), with and the
      significantly higher cumulative TLR-free ratio in the SES group than that in the
      PES group (p < 0.001). The very long-term clinical outcomes after SES or PES
      placement for STEMI patients were statistically equivalent. SES showed the better
      angiographic outcomes for STEMI compared to PES.

PMID- 26979596
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of cisplatin combination chemotherapy in thoracic malignancy
      patients with CKD risk factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nephrotoxicity is the major side effect that limits the dose of
      cisplatin that can be safely administered, and it is a clinical problem in cancer
      patients who received cisplatin combination chemotherapy. Recent evidence has
      demonstrated that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased
      risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study was conducted to
      evaluate the prevalence of CKD risk factors in patients who received cisplatin
      and to assess the correlation between CKD risk factors and cisplatin-induced AKI.
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 84 patients treated with cisplatin
      combination chemotherapy for thoracic malignancies. AKI was defined as a decrease
      in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 25% from base line, an
      increase in the serum creatinine (sCre) level of > 0.3 mg/dl or >= 1.5 times the
      baseline level. RESULTS: Eighty of the 84 patients (95.2%) had at least one risk
      factor for CKD. All enrolled patients received cisplatin with hydration,
      magnesium supplementation and mannitol. Cisplatin-induced AKI was observed in 18
      patients (21.4%). Univariate analysis revealed that cardiac disease and use of
      non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were associated with cisplatin
      induced nephrotoxicity (odds ratios [OR] 6 and 3.56, 95% confidence intervals
      [CI] 1.21-29.87 and 1.11-11.39, p = 0.04 and p = 0.04, respectively).
      Multivariate analysis revealed that cisplatin nephrotoxicity occurred
      significantly more often in patients with both risk factors (OR 13.64, 95% CI
      1.11-326.83, p = 0.04). Patients with more risk factors for CKD tended to have a
      greater risk of developing cisplatin-induced AKI. CONCLUSIONS: We should consider
      avoiding administration of cisplatin to patients with CKD risk factors,
      particularly cardiac disease and NSAID use.

PMID- 26979597
TI  - Genome-wide gene expression analyses reveal unique cellular characteristics
      related to the amenability of HPC/HSCs into high-quality induced pluripotent stem
      cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transcription factor-mediated reprogramming can efficiently convert
      differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Furthermore,
      many cell types have been shown to be amenable to reprogramming into iPSCs, such
      as neural stem cells, hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPC/HSCs).
      However, the mechanisms related to the amenability of these cell types to be
      reprogrammed are still unknown. METHODS: Herein, we attempt to elucidate the
      mechanisms of HPC/HSC reprogramming using the sequential reprogramming system
      that we have previously established. RESULTS: We found that HPC/HSCs were
      amenable to transcription factor-mediated reprogramming, which yielded a high
      frequency of fully reprogrammed HPC/HSC-iPSCs. Genome-wide gene expression
      analyses revealed select down-regulated tumor suppressor and mesenchymal genes as
      well as up-regulated oncogenes in HPC/HSCs compared with mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts (MEFs), indicating that these genes may play important roles during
      the reprogramming of HPC/HSCs. Additional studies provided insights into the
      contribution of select tumor suppressor genes (p21, Ink4a and Arf) and an
      epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factor (Snail1) to the reprogramming
      process of HPC/HSCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that HPC/HSCs carry
      unique cellular characteristics, which determine the amenability of HPC/HSCs to
      be reprogrammed into high-quality iPSCs.

PMID- 26979600
TI  - A case of subacute stent thrombosis after drug-coated balloon coronary
      angioplasty for in-stent restenosis under single anti-platelet therapy.
AB  - This report describes a case of subacute stent thrombosis (SAT) after drug-coated
      balloon (DCB). A 79-year-old male was investigated for stable angina. An in-stent
      restenosis (ISR) lesion was detected by coronary angiography. A skin reaction
      related to the anti-platelet agent thienopyridine was also observed at this time.
      Therefore, DCB was used to treat the ISR lesion under single anti-platelet
      therapy (aspirin). However, 3 days after percutaneous coronary intervention, SAT
      occurred. OCT did not reveal the underlying cause of SAT. Further data are needed
      to clarify the optimal duration of dual anti-platelet therapy after DCB.

PMID- 26979601
TI  - A review on B-type natriuretic peptide monitoring: assays and biosensors.
AB  - Since its discovery in 1988, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been recognized
      as a powerful cardiovascular biomarker for a number of disease states,
      specifically heart failure. Concurrent with such a discovery, much effort has
      been allocated to the precise monitoring of physiological BNP levels. Thus, it
      can be used to guide the therapy of heart failure and determine the patient's
      stage of disease. Thus, we discuss in this article BNP as a potent biomarker.
      Subsequently, we will review the progress of biosensing devices as they could be
      applied to monitor BNP levels as assays, benchtop biosensors and implantable
      biosensors. The analytical characteristics of commercially available BNP assays
      are presented. Still emerging as a field, we define four obstacles that present
      opportunity for the future development of implantable biosensor: foreign body
      response, sensor renewability, sensitivity and selectivity.

PMID- 26979602
TI  - Recent advances in ChIP-seq analysis: from quality management to whole-genome
      annotation.
AB  - Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis can
      detect protein/DNA-binding and histone-modification sites across an entire
      genome. Recent advances in sequencing technologies and analyses enable us to
      compare hundreds of samples simultaneously; such large-scale analysis has
      potential to reveal the high-dimensional interrelationship level for regulatory
      elements and annotate novel functional genomic regions de novo. Because many
      experimental considerations are relevant to the choice of a method in a ChIP-seq
      analysis, the overall design and quality management of the experiment are of
      critical importance. This review offers guiding principles of computation and
      sample preparation for ChIP-seq analyses, highlighting the validity and
      limitations of the state-of-the-art procedures at each step. We also discuss the
      latest challenges of single-cell analysis that will encourage a new era in this
      field.

PMID- 26979603
TI  - Clinical features and long-term outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus:
      comparative data of childhood, adult and late-onset disease in a national
      register.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects predominantly women at reproductive
      age but may present at any age. Age at disease onset has a modulating effect on
      presentation and course of disease, but controversies persist regarding its
      impact on long-term outcome. Our aims were to characterize clinical features, co
      morbidities and cumulative damage in childhood-onset, adult-onset and late-onset
      SLE. Patients with childhood-onset SLE fulfilling ACR 1997 criteria were
      identified in a nationwide register-Reuma.pt/SLE (N = 89) and compared with adult
      onset and late-onset counterparts matched 1:1:1 for disease duration. 267 SLE
      patients with mean disease duration of 11.9 +/- 9.3 years were analyzed. Skin (62
      %), kidney (58 %), neurological (11 %) and hematologic involvement (76 %) were
      significantly more common in childhood-onset SLE and disease activity was higher
      in this subset than in adult- and late-onset disease (SLEDAI-2K 3.4 +/- 3.8 vs.
      2.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 1.6 +/- 2.8, respectively; p = 0.004). Also, more childhood-onset
      patients received cyclophosphamide (10 %) and mycophenolate mofetil (34 %). A
      greater proportion of women (96 %), prevalence of arthritis (89 %) and anti-SSA
      antibodies (34 %) were noted in the adult-onset group. There was a significant
      delay in the diagnosis of SLE in older ages. Co-morbidities such as hypertension,
      diabetes and thyroid disease were significantly more frequent in late-onset SLE,
      as well as the presence of irreversible damage evaluated by the SLICC/ACR damage
      index (20 vs. 26 vs. 40 %; p < 0.001). Greater organ involvement as well as the
      frequent need for immunosuppressants supports the concept of childhood-onset
      being a more severe disease. In contrast, disease onset is more indolent but co
      morbidity burden and irreversible damage are greater in late-onset SLE, which may
      have implications for patients' management. 

PMID- 26979605
TI  - Quantifying fat and lean muscle in the lower legs of women with knee
      osteoarthritis using two different MRI systems.
AB  - Decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass are commonly seen in the thighs of
      individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite the role of calf muscles in
      activities of daily living and knee mechanics, little work has investigated calf
      changes in knee OA. Unlike the thigh, muscle and fat in the lower leg can be
      imaged using a peripheral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. We aimed to
      assess agreement between subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat (IMF), intramuscular
      fat (intraMF), and lean muscle volumes acquired using a peripheral 1.0T as
      compared to a reference whole-body 3.0T MRI scanner. A calf MRI scan from each
      scanner was acquired from twenty women >55 years with knee OA. The different
      tissues were segmented on each of ten axial slices for every participant using
      SliceOmatic 5.0 (Tomovision, Magog, QC). Tissue volumes were determined for each
      outcome. Agreement between tissue volumes from the two scanners was assessed
      using intraclass correlation (ICC(2,1)) coefficients, standard error, and Bland
      Altman plots. Agreement between tissue volumes was strong to very strong, with
      ICCs ranging from 0.842 to 0.991 for all outcomes. However, wide confidence
      intervals for IMF and intraMF suggest there is less confidence in agreement with
      segmentation of images from the 1.0T scanner generally underestimating fat volume
      relative to the 3.0T scanner. The 3.0T's superior between-tissue contrast likely
      resulted in more accurate segmentation of IMF and intraMF compared to the 1.0T
      scanner. Comparisons of tissue volume between studies using different
      scanners/sequences should be interpreted cautiously. 

PMID- 26979604
TI  - To walk or not to walk: insights from a qualitative description study with women
      suffering from fibromyalgia.
AB  - Walking improves health outcomes in fibromyalgia; however, there is low adherence
      to this practice. The aim of this research was to explore the beliefs of women
      suffering from fibromyalgia toward walking, and the meaning that they attribute
      to the behavior of walking as part of their fibromyalgia treatment. This study is
      a qualitative description research. Forty-six (46) women suffering from
      fibromyalgia and associated with local fibromyalgia associations located in four
      different Spanish cities (Elche, Alicante, Madrid, and Talavera de la Reina)
      participated in focus group discussions in the summer 2012. Thematic content
      analysis was performed in transcribed verbatim from interviews. Participants
      perceived several inhibitors for walking even when they had positive beliefs
      toward its therapeutic value. Whereas participants believed that walking can
      generate improvement in their disease and their health in general, they did not
      feel able to actually do so given their many physical impediments. Furthermore,
      participants struggled with social isolation and stigma, which was lessened
      through the conscious support of family. Advice from family doctors was also a
      very important facilitator to participants. In a health care delivery context
      that favors person-centered care, and in order to foster adherence to walking
      based fibromyalgia treatments, it is recommended that therapeutic walking
      programs be tailored to each woman' individual circumstances, and developed in
      close collaboration with them to help them increase control over their health and
      their condition. 

PMID- 26979607
TI  - Methane activation on nickel oxide clusters with a concerted mechanism: a density
      functional theory study of the effect of silica support.
AB  - The support effect is an important issue in heterogeneous catalysis. A systematic
      density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to investigate the support
      effect of a silica model on the initial step of methane activation on NixOx (x
      =2,3) clusters with a concerted mechanism. Four reactions were examined by
      exploring their potential energy surfaces (PES): CH4 reacting with unsupported
      Ni2O2, with silica-supported Ni2O2, with unsupported Ni3O3, and with silica
      supported Ni3O3. For each reaction, PES with different spin states were explored.
      For CH4 activation taking place via a concerted mechanism, the reaction barriers
      in terms of free energy and reaction free energy increased with the involvement
      of the model silica support. Only one PES made a major contribution to the
      overall reaction rate of all four reactions examined. No spin transition process
      was required for the reactions to undergo their most-favorable pathway from their
      starting reactants. These results provide a deeper insight into the support
      effect on C-H bond activation of small alkanes in general, and of methane in
      particular, on supported transition metal catalysts.

PMID- 26979606
TI  - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for
      comprehensive indexing of East African ixodid tick species.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The tick population of Africa includes several important genera
      belonging to the family Ixodidae. Many of these ticks are vectors of protozoan
      and rickettsial pathogens including Theileria parva that causes East Coast fever,
      a debilitating cattle disease endemic to eastern, central and southern Africa.
      Effective surveillance of tick-borne pathogens depends on accurate identification
      and mapping of their tick vectors. A simple and reproducible technique for rapid
      and reliable differentiation of large numbers of closely related field-collected
      ticks, which are often difficult and tedious to discriminate purely by
      morphology, will be an essential component of this strategy. Matrix-assisted
      laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is
      increasingly becoming a useful tool in arthropod identification and has the
      potential to overcome the limitations of classical morphology-based species
      identification. In this study, we applied MALDI-TOF MS to a collection of
      laboratory and field ticks found in Eastern Africa. The objective was to
      determine the utility of this proteomic tool for reliable species identification
      of closely related afrotropical ticks. METHODS: A total of 398 ixodid ticks from
      laboratory maintained colonies, extracted from the hides of animals or
      systematically collected from vegetation in Kenya, Sudan and Zimbabwe were
      analyzed in the present investigation. The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes
      from 33 specimens were sequenced to confirm the tentatively assigned specimen
      taxa identity on the basis of morphological analyses. Subsequently, the legs of
      ticks were homogenized and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. A collection of reference
      mass spectra, based on the mass profiles of four individual ticks per species,
      was developed and deposited in the spectral database SARAMISTM. The ability of
      these superspectra (SSp.) to identify and reliably validate a set of ticks was
      demonstrated using the remaining individual 333 ticks. RESULTS: Ultimately, ten
      different tick species within the genera Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus and
      Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) based on molecular COI typing and morphology were
      included into the study analysis. The robustness of the 12 distinct SSp.
      developed here proved to be very high, with 319 out of 333 ticks used for
      validation identified correctly at species level. Moreover, these novel SSp.
      allowed for diagnostic specificity of 99.7 %. The failure of species
      identification for 14 ticks was directly linked to low quality mass spectra, most
      likely due to poor specimen quality that was received in the laboratory before
      sample preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with earlier studies
      demonstrating the potential of MALDI-TOF MS as a reliable tool for
      differentiating ticks originating from the field, especially females that are
      difficult to identify after blood feeding. This work provides further evidence of
      the utility of MALDI-TOF MS to identify morphologically and genetically highly
      similar tick species and indicates the potential of this tool for large-scale
      monitoring of tick populations, species distributions and host preferences.

PMID- 26979608
TI  - Molecular modeling of zinc paddlewheel molecular complexes and the pores of a
      flexible metal organic framework.
AB  - A new all-atom first-principles force field (FF) is constructed for the
      bimetallic, four-bladed zinc paddlewheel (ZPW) motif. Zinc-ligand interactions
      are described via Morse functions and the angular geometry at the metal centers
      is modeled with a pure ligand-ligand repulsion term. The ZPW-FF is principally
      based on 15 DFT-optimized model systems of general formula ZnPR.nL, where ZnP is
      the base Zn2(O2CR)4 unit, R = H, CH3 or CF3, L = NH3 or pyridine, and n = 0, 1 or
      2. It correctly generates the distorted tetrahedral coordination of the uncapped
      [Zn2(O2CR)4] species in their ground states as well as giving reasonable
      structures and energies for the higher symmetry D4h transition state
      conformations. The zinc-ligand Morse function reference distance, r 0 , is
      further refined against 30 complexes located in the Cambridge Structural Database
      and this FF is applied to pore models of the flexible metal-organic framework
      (MOF) [Zn(bdc)2(dabco)]n (bdc = 1,4-benzendicarboxylate; dabco = 1,4
      diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane). A single pore model reproduces the unit cell of the
      evacuated MOF system while a 3*3 grid model is necessary to provide good
      agreement with the observed pronounced structural changes upon adsorption of
      either dimethylformamide or benzene.

PMID- 26979609
TI  - Suppression of Bm-Caspase-1 Expression in BmN Cells Enhances Recombinant Protein
      Production in a Baculovirus Expression Vector System.
AB  - Baculovirus expression vector systems (BEVSs) have been widely used for
      recombinant protein production. Many studies have tried to improve the
      recombinant protein production by either modification of BEVSs vectors or by cell
      line selection. In this study, using a modified shRNA vector, we established a
      stable Bombyx mori cell line that significantly inhibits expression of caspase-1
      after selection. We further compared cell proliferation and viability between
      caspase-1-suppressed cells and control cells, and found that there is no
      significant difference in these stable cell lines. We utilized these cell lines
      to analyze recombinant protein production after infection with recombinant
      baculovirus. We found that both intracellular and extracellular recombinant
      protein production significantly increased when expression of caspase-1 is
      inhibited in BmN cells. These data indicate that blocking the apoptotic pathway
      is a promising way to enhance recombinant protein production in BEVSs. 

PMID- 26979610
TI  - The Interacting Domains of PREP1 and p160 are Endowed with a Remarkable
      Structural Stability.
AB  - PREP1/p160 is a protein complex with relevant physiopathological roles in vivo.
      p160 regulates PREP1 transcriptional activity by preventing the formation of
      other PREP1-containing complexes, whereas PREP1 regulates p160 activity by
      increasing its stability. This induces the repression of the insulin-regulated
      glucose transporter GLUT4 dampening insulin sensitivity. In spite of the
      considerable amount of functional studies performed on the PREP1/p160 complex in
      vivo, a biochemical and structural characterization of this complex has not been
      so far undertaken, given the poor stability of the recombinant full-length
      proteins. Here, we report the design and preparation of PREP1 and p160 domains
      together with preliminary structural and binding studies. PREP1, residues 45-155,
      and p160, residues 20-160, have been expressed and purified as folded, monomeric
      domains. The two domains show both all-alpha secondary structures, as
      demonstrated by CD studies and are endowed with unusually high thermal
      stabilities. We have also estimated for the first time the PREP1-p160 interaction
      strength finding that the two recombinant domains interact with a KD ranging
      between about 0.3 and 1 MUM. Altogether, data suggest that the selected PREP1 and
      p160 domains are structurally independent and that their structure is underlined
      by high stability and a prevailing alpha-helical organization. 

PMID- 26979611
TI  - Group Prenatal Care Results in Medicaid Savings with Better Outcomes: A
      Propensity Score Analysis of CenteringPregnancy Participation in South Carolina.
AB  - Objectives This study was undertaken to determine the cost savings of prevention
      of adverse birth outcomes for Medicaid women participating in the
      CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care program at a pilot program in South
      Carolina. Methods A retrospective five-year cohort study of Medicaid women was
      assessed for differences in birth outcomes among women involved in
      CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care (n = 1262) and those receiving individual
      prenatal care (n = 5066). The study outcomes examined were premature birth and
      the related outcomes of low birthweight (LBW) and neonatal intensive care unit
      (NICU) visits. Because women were not assigned to the CenteringPregnancy group, a
      propensity score analysis ensured that the inference of the estimated difference
      in birth outcomes between the treatment groups was adjusted for nonrandom
      assignment based on age, race, Clinical Risk Group, and plan type. A series of
      generalized linear models were run to estimate the difference between the
      proportions of individuals with adverse birth outcomes, or the risk differences,
      for CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care participation. Estimated risk
      differences, the coefficient on the CenteringPregnancy group indicator variable
      from identity-link binomial variance generalized linear models, were then used to
      calculate potential cost savings due to participation in the CenteringPregnancy
      group. Results This study estimated that CenteringPregnancy participation reduced
      the risk of premature birth (36 %, P < 0.05). For every premature birth
      prevented, there was an average savings of $22,667 in health expenditures.
      Participation in CenteringPregnancy reduced the incidence of delivering an infant
      that was LBW (44 %, P < 0.05, $29,627). Additionally, infants of
      CenteringPregnancy participants had a reduced risk of a NICU stay (28 %, P <
      0.05, $27,249). After considering the state investment of $1.7 million, there was
      an estimated return on investment of nearly $2.3 million. Conclusions Cost
      savings were achieved with better outcomes due to the participation in
      CenteringPregnancy among low-risk Medicaid beneficiaries.

PMID- 26979613
TI  - Ethnic Differences in Gestational Weight Gain: A Population-Based Cohort Study in
      Norway.
AB  - Objectives To explore ethnic differences in gestational weight gain (GWG).
      Methods This was a population-based cohort study conducted in primary care child
      health clinics in Groruddalen, Oslo, Norway. Participants were healthy pregnant
      women (n = 632) categorised to six ethnic groups (43 % were Western European
      women, the reference group). Body weight was measured at 15 and 28 weeks'
      gestation on average. Data on pre-pregnancy weight and total GWG until delivery
      were self-reported. The main method of analysis was linear regression adjusting
      for age, weeks' gestation, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education and severe
      nausea. Results No ethnic differences were observed in GWG by 15 weeks'
      gestation. By 28 weeks' gestation, Eastern European women had gained 2.71 kg (95
      % confidence interval, CI 1.10-4.33) and Middle Eastern women 1.32 kg (95 % CI
      0.14-2.50) more weight on average than the Western European women in the fully
      adjusted model. Among Eastern European women, the total adjusted GWG was 3.47 kg
      (95 % CI 1.33-5.61) above the reference group. Other ethnic groups (South Asian,
      East Asian and African) did not differ from the reference group. When including
      non-smokers (n = 522) only, observed between-group differences increased and
      Middle Eastern women gained more weight than the reference group by all time
      points. Conclusions Eastern European and Middle Eastern women had higher GWG on
      average than Western European women, especially among the non-smokers. Although
      prevention of excessive GWG is important for all pregnant women, these ethnic
      groups might need special attention during pregnancy.

PMID- 26979612
TI  - Women's Autonomy and Skilled Attendance During Pregnancy and Delivery in Nepal.
AB  - Objectives This study aims to explore the association between women's autonomy
      and skilled attendance during pregnancy and delivery in Nepal. Methods We adopt
      data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2011). We include only
      married women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey (N = 4148).
      Women's autonomy was assessed on the basis of four indicators of decision making:
      healthcare, visiting friends or relatives, household purchases and spending
      earned money. Each indicator was dichotomized (yes/no) and then summarized into a
      single variable to measure overall autonomy. Next, we measured health attendance
      (skilled vs. unskilled) during antenatal and delivery care. The association
      between women's autonomy and skilled attendance was analysed using a logistic
      regression model. Results Most women had a medium (40 %) and high (35 %) level of
      overall autonomy. The proportion of women accessing skilled providers during
      antenatal and delivery care was 51 and 36 %. Women with autonomy in healthcare,
      visiting friends or relatives, making household purchases and spending money
      earned were associated with a higher likelihood of receiving care from skilled
      providers during antenatal care and delivery. An elevated probability of access
      to skilled attendance during antenatal (aOR 1.33; 95 % CI 1.10-1.59) and delivery
      care (aOR 1.38; 95 % CI 1.12-1.70) was reported among women with higher levels of
      overall autonomy. Conclusion Women's autonomy was significantly associated with
      the maternal health care utilization by skilled attendants. This study will
      provide insights for policy makers to develop strategies in improving maternal
      health.

PMID- 26979614
TI  - Birth Weight and Birth Weight for Gestational Age in Relation to Risk of
      Hospitalization with Primary Hypertension in Children and Young Adults.
AB  - Introduction Low birth weight has been associated with an increased risk of
      hypertension in children. Less clear is whether high birth weight is also
      associated with risk. We evaluated overall and age-specific risks of primary
      hypertension in children and young adults associated with birth weight and birth
      weight for gestational age. Methods We conducted a population-based case-control
      study using linked Washington State birth certificate and hospital discharge data
      from 1987 to 2003. Cases were persons hospitalized with primary hypertension at 8
      24 years of age (n = 533). Controls were randomly selected among those born in
      the same years who were not hospitalized with hypertension (n = 25,966). Results
      Birth weight was not related to risk of primary hypertension overall, except for
      a suggestion of an increased risk associated with birth weight >=4500 g relative
      to 3500-3999 g (odds ratio (OR) 1.55; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.96-2.49).
      Compared to children born appropriate weight for gestational age, those born
      small (SGA) (OR 1.32; 95 % CI 1.02-1.71) and large for gestational age (LGA) (OR
      1.30; 95 % CI 1.00-1.71) had increased risks of primary hypertension. These
      overall associations were due to increased risks of hypertension at 15-24 years
      of age; no associations were observed with risk at 8-14 years of age. Discussion
      In this study, both SGA and LGA were associated with increased risks of primary
      hypertension. Our findings suggest a possible nonlinear (U-shaped) association
      between birth weight for gestational age and primary hypertension risk in
      children and young adults.

PMID- 26979615
TI  - The Relation of Neighborhood Income to the Age-Related Patterns of Preterm Birth
      Among White and African-American Women: The Effect of Cigarette Smoking.
AB  - Objectives We investigated the contributions of cigarette smoking to the age
      related patterns of preterm (<37 weeks) birth (PTB) rates among African-American
      and White women within the context of lifelong neighborhood income. Methods
      Stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed on an
      Illinois transgenerational dataset of non-Hispanic White and African-American
      infants (1989-1991) and their mothers (1956-1976) with appended US census income
      information. RESULTS: Among non-smoking African-American women (n = 20,107) with
      a lifelong residence in lower income neighborhoods, PTB rates decreased from 18.5
      % for teens to 15.0 % for 30-35 year-olds, p < 0.0001. The opposite pattern
      occurred among African-American women smokers (n = 5936) with a lifelong
      residence in lower income neighborhoods, p < 0.01. Among upwardly mobile African
      American women smokers (n = 756), PTB rates increased from 11.1 % for teens to
      24.9 % for 30-35 year-olds, p < 0.05. Cigarette smoking was not associated with
      an age-related increase in PTB rates among African-American women with a lifelong
      residence in upper income neighborhoods. No subgroup of White women, even
      cigarette smokers with a lifelong residence in lower income neighborhoods,
      exhibited weathering with regard to PTB. Conclusions A weathering pattern of
      rising PTB rates with advancing age occurs only among African-American women
      cigarette smokers with an early-life or lifelong residence in lower income
      neighborhoods, underscoring the public health policy importance of targeted
      smoking cessation programs in eliminating the racial disparity in the age-related
      patterns of PTB rates.

PMID- 26979617
TI  - Robotic-Assisted Endovascular Pulmonary Artery Foreign Body Retrieval: A Case
      Report.
AB  - As intravascular robotics technology continues to evolve, so do the potential
      applications. The present case describes the use of the Magellan Robotic System
      within the pulmonary artery. A 61-year-old female was referred for retrieval of a
      transected port catheter, which had embolized into the pulmonary artery. After a
      failed attempt using a conventional technique, retrieval was ultimately
      successful with assistance of the Magellan system. The unique navigational
      capabilities and stability of the system may make it a valuable tool in pulmonary
      artery interventions. 

PMID- 26979616
TI  - Endovascular Treatment of Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm of the Superficial Temporal
      Artery.
AB  - Pseudoaneurysms of the superficial temporal artery (STA) are rare vascular
      lesions that mainly occur after blunt head trauma. Diagnosis can be made on
      clinical grounds and is confirmed by ultrasonography. They are usually treated by
      open surgery procedures, but when the aneurysm is located in inaccessible areas,
      catheter embolization can be an alternative therapeutic option. We describe a
      case of a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the STA which was treated with the vascular
      plug embolization. We conclude that endovascular embolization can be an option in
      the treatment of STA pseudoaneurysms. 

PMID- 26979618
TI  - A valid model for predicting responsible nerve roots in lumbar degenerative
      disease with diagnostic doubt.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To construct and validate a model to predict responsible nerve roots
      in lumbar degenerative disease with diagnostic doubt (DD). METHODS: From January
      2009-January 2013, 163 patients with DD were assigned to the construction (n =
      106) or validation sample (n = 57) according to different admission times to
      hospital. Outcome was assessed according to the Japanese Orthopedic Association
      (JOA) recovery rate as excellent, good, fair, and poor. The first two results
      were considered as effective clinical outcome (ECO). Baseline patient and
      clinical characteristics were considered as secondary variables. A multivariate
      logistic regression model was used to construct a model with the ECO as a
      dependent variable and other factors as explanatory variables. The odds ratios
      (ORs) of each risk factor were adjusted and transformed into a scoring system.
      Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and validated in both internal and
      external samples. Moreover, calibration plot and predictive ability of this
      scoring system were also tested for further validation. RESULTS: Patients with DD
      with ECOs in both construction and validation models were around 76 % (76.4 and
      75.5 % respectively). RISK FACTORS: more preoperative visual analog pain scale
      (VAS) score (OR = 1.56, p < 0.01), stenosis levels of L4/5 or L5/S1 (OR = 1.44, p
      = 0.04), stenosis locations with neuroforamen (OR = 1.95, p = 0.01), neurological
      deficit (OR = 1.62, p = 0.01), and more VAS improvement of selective nerve route
      block (SNRB) (OR = 3.42, p = 0.02). VALIDATION: the internal area under the curve
      (AUC) was 0.85, and the external AUC was 0.72, with a good calibration plot of
      prediction accuracy. Besides, the predictive ability of ECOs was not different
      from the actual results (p = 0.532). CONCLUSIONS: We have constructed and
      validated a predictive model for confirming responsible nerve roots in patients
      with DD. The associated risk factors were preoperative VAS score, stenosis levels
      of L4/5 or L5/S1, stenosis locations with neuroforamen, neurological deficit, and
      VAS improvement of SNRB. A tool such as this is beneficial in the preoperative
      counseling of patients, shared surgical decision making, and ultimately improving
      safety in spine surgery.

PMID- 26979619
TI  - Changes in gene methylation patterns in neonatal murine hearts: Implications for
      the regenerative potential.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neonatal murine heart is able to regenerate after severe injury;
      this capacity however, quickly diminishes and it is lost within the first week of
      life. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism which plays a crucial role in
      development and gene expression regulation. Under investigation here are the
      changes in DNA methylation and gene expression patterns which accompany the loss
      of regenerative potential. RESULTS: The MeDIP-chip (methylated DNA
      immunoprecipitation microarray) approach was used in order to compare global DNA
      methylation profiles in whole murine hearts at day 1, 7, 14 and 56 complemented
      with microarray transcriptome profiling. We found that the methylome transition
      from day 1 to day 7 is characterized by the excess of genomic regions which gain
      over those that lose DNA methylation. A number of these changes were retained
      until adulthood. The promoter genomic regions exhibiting increased DNA
      methylation at day 7 as compared to day 1 are significantly enriched in the genes
      critical for heart maturation and muscle development. Also, the promoter genomic
      regions showing an increase in DNA methylation at day 7 relative to day 1 are
      significantly enriched with a number of transcription factors binding motifs
      including those of Mfsd6l, Mef2c, Meis3, Tead4, and Runx1. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results indicate that the extensive alterations in DNA methylation patterns along
      the development of neonatal murine hearts are likely to contribute to the decline
      of regenerative capabilities observed shortly after birth. This conclusion is
      supported by the evidence that an increase in DNA methylation in the neonatal
      murine heart from day 1 to day 7 occurs in the promoter regions of genes playing
      important roles in cardiovascular system development.

PMID- 26979620
TI  - The Forgotten Syndrome? Four Cases of Gradenigo's Syndrome and a Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gradenigo's Syndrome (GS) is defined as the clinical triad of acute
      otitis media, ipsilateral sixth nerve palsy, and pain in the distribution of the
      first and the second branches of the fifth nerve. The purpose of this study is to
      review the literature and report 4 cases of GS. METHODS: The study is a
      retrospective case series and a review of the literature. Four consecutive
      patients (aged 5-70 years) treated by otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists for
      GS in the Capital region of Denmark from 2003 to 2015 are presented. Diagnosis is
      based on the clinical triad, and in 3 of 4 patients, neuroimaging supports the
      diagnosis. Follow-up was continued until both the sixth nerve palsy and the ear
      infection had resolved. Diagnostic work-up and treatment profile are described.
      RESULTS: In 3 of our 4 reported patients, the presentation of GS was classic with
      a history of acute otitis media and ipsilateral sixth nerve palsy. One case
      presented as a chronic case with a sixth nerve palsy secondary to chronic
      suppurative otitis media (CSOM), with a relapse 6 years later. CONCLUSION: GS is
      a rare and potentially life-threatening complication to otitis media. GS can
      present in an acute and chronic form, and should be a differential diagnosis in
      the workup of unexplained sixth nerve palsy.

PMID- 26979621
TI  - Pay-for-performance pricing for a breakthrough heart drug: learnings for cell and
      gene therapies.

PMID- 26979624
TI  - Pharmacological Management of Bronchorrhea in Malignant Disease: A Systematic
      Literature Review.
AB  - CONTEXT: Malignant respiratory tract tumors can lead to massive fluid production,
      known as bronchorrhea. This symptom can be very distressing itself, and it can
      lead to or aggravate other symptoms such as dyspnea and cough. Pharmacological
      treatment options have been reported in the literature. However, no systematic
      evaluation of their effectiveness has been conducted so far. OBJECTIVES: To
      systematically identify, appraise, and evaluate the effectiveness of symptomatic
      pharmacological treatment of bronchorrhea in malignant disease in palliative
      care. METHODS: A systematic literature review in Medline, Embase, and the
      Cochrane Database, as well as citation tracking, hand searches of selected
      journals, and reference lists of retrieved articles, was performed. For the
      purpose of this review, only symptomatic treatments were considered. RESULTS: No
      controlled clinical studies could be identified. Twenty of 48 retrieved
      references were analyzed in detail. These 20 case reports and case series dealt
      with the symptomatic pharmacological management of bronchorrhea in malignant
      disease; the other 28 had to be excluded for various reasons. The majority of
      patients suffered from bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Reported treatments comprise
      corticosteroids, macrolide antibiotics, inhaled indomethacin, octreotide, and
      tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. For some drugs, significant clinical impact on
      distressing symptoms associated with bronchorrhea was reported. CONCLUSION: There
      are only very limited data on the pharmacological management of bronchorrhea in
      malignant disease. Because of the distressing nature of the symptom, a pragmatic
      management strategy is essential. This can include promising treatment options
      reported in the literature but should also take into account availability,
      individual tolerability, and costs. Further research is needed.

PMID- 26979625
TI  - ATM and ATR signaling at a glance.

PMID- 26979623
TI  - [A Measure of Participation and Social Inclusion for Use in People with a Chronic
      Mental Disorder (F-INK)].
AB  - Objective To develop and test the psychometric properties of a measure of
      participation and social inclusion for individuals with a chronic mental disorder
      - the F-INK. Methods Within a cross-sectional design, mental health patients from
      different institutional settings (n = 106) and adults from the general population
      (n = 19) completed the questionnaire in an individual interview with a
      researcher. To estimate the reliability of two sum-scores on social inclusion and
      participation, Cronbach's alpha was computed. To appraise the validity, mean
      scale scores were compared across different study groups. Results For both
      scales, reliability was qualified as substantial (alpha > 0.70). Study groups
      showed expected differences in mean scores. Conclusion Preliminary findings
      suggest that the F-INK may be a useful tool for the assessment of social
      inclusion and social participation in individuals with a chronic mental disorder.
      However, further testing of the psychometric properties on a larger population is
      needed.

PMID- 26979626
TI  - Orthodontic extrusion for pre-implant site enhancement: Principles and clinical
      guidelines.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to provide a concise overview about the
      principles of pre-implant orthodontic extrusion, describe methods and techniques
      available and provide the clinicians with guidelines about its application. STUDY
      SELECTION: A number of reports describe orthodontic extrusion as a reliable
      method for pre-implant site enhancement. However, no standard protocols have been
      provided about the application of this technique. The literature database was
      searched for studies involving implant site enhancement by means of orthodontic
      extrusion. Information about the principles, indications and contraindications of
      this method, type of anchorage, force and time were obtained from the literature.
      RESULT: Despite that the scarce data is largely limited to case reports and case
      series, implant site enhancement by means of orthodontic extrusion seems to be a
      promising option to improve soft and hard tissue conditions prior to implant
      placement. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic extrusion is being implemented as a treatment
      alternative to enhance hard and soft tissue prior to implant placement. While the
      current literature does not provide clear guidelines, the decision making for a
      specific approach seems to be based on the clinician's preferences. Clinical
      studies are needed to verify the validity of this treatment option.

PMID- 26979627
TI  - Isolation and co-cultivation of human macrophages and neutrophils with Plasmodium
      falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes: An optimized system to study the phagocytic
      activity to malarial parasites.
AB  - Macrophages and neutrophils are our front line of defense against invading
      pathogens. They are professional phagocytic cells that play a key role in the
      clearance of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes from the host
      circulation. A stable in vitro culture system for these cells and parasitized
      erythrocytes would provide the means to study their immunological responses to
      infection, potentially revealing important clues for new therapeutic
      interventions for malaria. Here, we present an optimized protocol for cultivating
      human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils with
      Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes.

PMID- 26979622
TI  - A phosphotyrosine switch regulates organic cation transporters.
AB  - Membrane transporters are key determinants of therapeutic outcomes. They regulate
      systemic and cellular drug levels influencing efficacy as well as toxicities.
      Here we report a unique phosphorylation-dependent interaction between drug
      transporters and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which has uncovered
      widespread phosphotyrosine-mediated regulation of drug transporters. We initially
      found that organic cation transporters (OCTs), uptake carriers of metformin and
      oxaliplatin, were inhibited by several clinically used TKIs. Mechanistic studies
      showed that these TKIs inhibit the Src family kinase Yes1, which was found to be
      essential for OCT2 tyrosine phosphorylation and function. Yes1 inhibition in vivo
      diminished OCT2 activity, significantly mitigating oxaliplatin-induced acute
      sensory neuropathy. Along with OCT2, other SLC-family drug transporters are
      potentially part of an extensive 'transporter-phosphoproteome' with unique
      susceptibility to TKIs. On the basis of these findings we propose that TKIs, an
      important and rapidly expanding class of therapeutics, can functionally modulate
      pharmacologically important proteins by inhibiting protein kinases essential for
      their post-translational regulation. 

PMID- 26979628
TI  - Pulmonary Macrophages: A New Therapeutic Pathway in Fibrosing Lung Disease?
AB  - Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a growing clinical problem which can result in
      breathlessness or respiratory failure and has an average life expectancy of 3
      years from diagnosis. Therapeutic options for PF are limited and there is
      therefore a significant unmet clinical need. The recent resurgent interest in
      macrophage biology has led to a new understanding of lung macrophage origins,
      biology, and phenotypes. In this review we discuss fibrotic mechanisms and focus
      on the role of macrophages during fibrotic lung disease. Data from both human and
      murine studies are reviewed, highlighting novel macrophage-orientated biomarkers
      for disease diagnosis and potential targets for future anti-fibrotic therapies. 

PMID- 26979629
TI  - Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and high-grade squamous cell neoplasia of
      the lower genital tract.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with an
      excess risk of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix, and of high
      grade squamous neoplasia. OBJECTIVE: We explored whether neoplasia risk remains
      elevated among DES-exposed women as they age. STUDY DESIGN: In all, 4062 DES
      exposed and 1837 unexposed daughters were followed for approximately 30 years
      (1982 through 2013) for pathology-confirmed diagnoses of cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia grade >=2 (CIN2+) of the lower genital tract (n = 178). Hazard ratios
      (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated adjusting for birth year
      and individual study cohort. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of CIN2+ in the
      DES-exposed group was 5.3% (95% CI, 4.1-6.5%) and in the unexposed group was 2.6%
      (95% CI, 1.5-3.7%). The HR for DES and CIN2+ was 1.98 (95% CI, 1.33-2.94), and
      was similar with further adjustment for frequency of cervical cancer screening
      (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.33-2.93). The HR was 2.10 (95% CI, 1.41-3.13) with
      additional adjustment for other potential confounders. The HR for DES exposure
      was elevated through age 44 years (age <45 years HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.55-3.94),
      but not in women age >=45 years (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.39-2.10). In exposed women,
      HRs for DES were 1.74 (95% CI, 1.09-2.79) among those who had earlier evidence of
      vaginal epithelial changes (VEC), presumably reflecting glandular epithelium
      undergoing transformation to normal, adult-type squamous epithelium, and 1.24
      (95% CI, 0.75-2.06) among those without VEC, compared with unexposed women. The
      HRs for DES and CIN2+ were higher among women with earlier intrauterine exposure
      (HR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.64-4.25 for <8 weeks' gestation and HR, 1.41; 0.88-2.25 for
      >=8 weeks' gestation), and lowest when exposure began >15th week (HR, 1.14; 95%
      CI, 0.59-2.20). CONCLUSION: CIN2+ incidence was higher among the DES exposed,
      particularly those with early gestational exposure and VEC. The HR for DES and
      CIN2+ remained positive and significant until the mid-40s, confirming that the
      recommendation of annual cytological screening among these women is appropriate.
      Whether those >=45 years of age continue to require increased screening is
      unclear, and would require a careful weighing of possible risks and benefits.

PMID- 26979630
TI  - A new minimally invasive treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy and cervical
      pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cesarean scar pregnancy and cervical pregnancy are unrelated forms of
      pathological pregnancies carrying significant diagnostic and treatment
      challenges, with a wide range of treatment effectiveness and complication rates
      ranging from 10% to 62%. At times, life-saving hysterectomy and uterine artery
      embolization are required to treat complications. Based on our previous success
      with using a single-balloon catheter for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy
      after local injection of methotrexate, we evaluated the use of a double-balloon
      catheter to terminate the pregnancy while preventing bleeding without any
      additive treatment. This was a retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: The objective of
      the study was to describe the placement of a cervical ripening double-balloon
      catheter as a novel, minimally invasive treatment in patients with cesarean scar
      and cervical pregnancies to terminate the pregnancy and at the same time prevent
      bleeding by compressing the blood supply of the gestational sac. STUDY DESIGN:
      Patients with diagnosed, live cervical pregnancy and cesarean scar pregnancy
      between 6 and 8 weeks' gestation were considered for the office-based treatment.
      Paracervical block with 1% lidocaine was administered in 3 patients for pain
      control. Insertion of the catheter and inflation of the upper balloon were done
      under transabdominal ultrasound guidance. The lower (pressure) balloon was
      inflated opposite the gestational sac under transvaginal ultrasound guidance.
      After an hour, the area of the sac was scanned. When fetal cardiac activity was
      absent and no bleeding was noted, patients were discharged. After 2-3 days, a
      follow-up appointment was scheduled for possible catheter removal. Serial
      ultrasound (US) and serum human chorionic gonadotropin were followed weekly or as
      needed. RESULTS: Three live cervical pregnancies and 7 live cesarean scar
      pregnancies were successfully treated. Median gestational age at treatment was 6
      6/7 weeks (range 6 1/7 through 7 4/7 weeks). Patients' acceptance for the double
      balloon treatment was high in spite of the initial low abdominal pressure felt at
      the inflation of the balloons. All but 1 patient noted vaginal spotting at the
      follow-up appointment. Only 1 patient experienced bleeding of dark blood. The
      balloons were in place for a median of 3 days (range, 1-5 days). Median time from
      treatment to the total drop of human chorionic gonadotropin was 49 days (range,
      28-97 days). CONCLUSION: The double balloon is a successful, minimally invasive
      and well-tolerated single treatment for cervical pregnancy and cesarean scar
      pregnancy. This simple treatment method has 4 main advantages: it effectively
      stops embryonic cardiac activity, prevents bleeding complications, does not
      require any additional invasive therapies, and is familiar to obstetricians
      gynecologists who use the same cervical ripening catheters for labor induction.
      Its wider application, however, has to be validated on a larger patient
      population.

PMID- 26979633
TI  - An Unsusual Case of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amyloidosis is a multisystem disease, and can present with multitude
      of nonspecific symptoms. Gastrointestinal amyloidosis is common, and
      gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in these patients has a wide differential
      diagnosis. The present case features the distinctive endoscopic finding of
      submucosal hematoma as a clue to immunoglobin light chain (AL) amyloid
      involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. CASE REPORT: An 81-year-old woman with
      AL amyloidosis was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for evaluation of
      GI bleeding. Prior to the bleeding episode, the patient had undergone
      paracentesis for management of her ascites related to restrictive cardiomyopathy.
      Initial evaluation was negative for any intra-abdominal catastrophe related to
      her recent paracentesis. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was negative for any
      source of bleeding. However, colonoscopy showed a ruptured submucosal hematoma,
      which is a rare but classical finding in patients with amyloidosis. The patient
      was managed conservatively and did not have any further episodes of bleeding in
      the hospital. She unfortunately died due to her primary illness 6 weeks after
      discharge from the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of submucosal hematoma on
      endoscopy is a rare but sentinel sign for amyloidosis involvement in the GI
      tract.

PMID- 26979631
TI  - Genetic variation associated with preterm birth in African-American women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is considered a multifactorial condition; however,
      emerging evidence suggests that genetic variation among individuals may have an
      important role. Prior studies have suggested that single-nucleotide polymorphisms
      associated with genes related to the immune system, and particularly the maternal
      inflammatory response, may be associated with an increased risk of preterm
      delivery. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to identify single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms associated with spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks within a cohort
      of African-American women. STUDY DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a
      randomized trial that evaluated periodontal disease and preterm birth. Women were
      enrolled between 6 and 20 weeks' gestation at 3 prenatal care clinics between
      2004 and 2007. Maternal DNA samples were collected and analyzed using a custom
      1536 single-nucleotide polymorphismgenotyping array designed to assess genes
      involved in inflammation. Women were included in this study if they self
      identified as African American. We excluded women with a multiple gestation or an
      indicated preterm delivery. We performed allele- and genotype-based analyses to
      evaluate the association between spontaneous preterm birth and tag single
      nucleotide polymorphisms. We used a logistic regression to adjust for prior
      preterm birth in our genotype-based analysis. In a subgroup analysis, we compared
      women who delivered at <34 weeks' gestation to women who delivered at term.
      Within the microarray, we identified ancestry informative markers and compared
      global ancestry estimates among women who delivered preterm with those who
      delivered at term. RESULTS: Of the 833 African-American women in the study with
      genotype data, 77 women (9.2%) had a spontaneous preterm birth, whereas 756 women
      delivered at term. In an allele-based analysis, 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms
      related to the genes for protein kinase C-alpha (PRKCA) were associated with
      increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks, whereas a single single
      nucleotide polymorphism related to fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) was
      associated with spontaneous preterm birth <34 weeks. A genotype-based analysis
      revealed similar associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to
      the PRKCA genes and spontaneous premature delivery. Additionally, single
      nucleotide polymorphisms related to matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), tissue
      inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2), and interleukin 16 (IL16) genes
      were associated with spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks in genotype-based
      analysis. Genetic variants related to MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1),
      and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor antisense RNA 1 (LIFR-AS1) genes were
      associated with higher rates of preterm birth <34 weeks. Ancestry estimates were
      similar between the women who had a spontaneous preterm birth and those who
      delivered at term. CONCLUSION: We identified tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms
      related to 7 genes that are critical to inflammation, extracellular remodeling,
      and cell signaling that were associated with spontaneous preterm birth in African
      American women. Specifically, we found a strong association with the PRKCA gene.
      Genetic variation in these regions of the genome may be important in the
      pathogenesis of preterm birth. Our results should be considered in the design of
      future genomic studies in prematurity.

PMID- 26979634
TI  - Is there a justification for hysterectomy in patients with borderline ovarian
      tumors?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of uterine involvement in patients with
      borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) and to evaluate the recurrence risk and survival
      after hysterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In two French hospitals: A tertiary
      referral centre (University hospital centre of Tours, France) and the Alliance
      community hospital of Tours (France), we reviewed data of consecutive women
      undergoing surgery for presumed stage I BOT between January 1997 and December
      2012. Patients were divided into two groups: patients treated with fertility
      sparing surgery (group 1) and those treated with radical surgery (group 2).
      RESULTS: A total of 135 patients were evaluated. 35 had fertility sparing
      surgery, 81 had radical surgery with hysterectomy and 19 had previous
      hysterectomy for other reasons. There were more recurrent borderline ovarian
      disease and more ovarian invasive disease developed in group 1 (p = 0.02, p =
      0.04, respectively). Hysterectomy affected favorably borderline disease-free
      survival, OR = 0.09 95%CI (0.005-0.69), p = 0.04, but perceived benefits may be
      related to bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and not hysterectomy directly.

PMID- 26979632
TI  - The green tea polyphenol EGCG alleviates maternal diabetes-induced neural tube
      defects by inhibiting DNA hypermethylation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes increases the risk of neural tube defects in
      offspring. Our previous study demonstrated that the green tea polyphenol,
      Epigallocatechin gallate, inhibits high glucose-induced neural tube defects in
      cultured embryos. However, the therapeutic effect of Epigallocatechin gallate on
      maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: We
      aimed to examine whether Epigallocatechin gallate treatment can reduce maternal
      diabetes-induced DNA methylation and neural tube defects. STUDY DESIGN:
      Nondiabetic and diabetic pregnant mice at embryonic day 5.5 were given drinking
      water with or without 1 or 10 MUM Epigallocatechin gallate. At embryonic day
      8.75, embryos were dissected from the visceral yolk sac for the measurement of
      the levels and activity of DNA methyltransferases, the levels of global DNA
      methylation, and methylation in the CpG islands of neural tube closure essential
      gene promoters. embryonic day 10.5 embryos were examined for neural tube defect
      incidence. RESULTS: Epigallocatechin gallate treatment did not affect embryonic
      development because embryos from nondiabetic dams treated with Epigallocatechin
      gallate did not exhibit any neural tube defects. Treatment with 1 MUM
      Epigallocatechin gallate did not reduce maternal diabetes-induced neural tube
      defects significantly. Embryos from diabetic dams treated with 10 MUM
      Epigallocatechin gallate had a significantly lower neural tube defect incidence
      compared with that of embryos without Epigallocatechin gallate treatment.
      Epigallocatechin gallate reduced neural tube defect rates from 29.5% to 2%, an
      incidence that is comparable with that of embryos from nondiabetic dams. Ten
      micromoles of Epigallocatechin gallate treatment blocked maternal diabetes
      increased DNA methyltransferases 3a and 3b expression and their activities,
      leading to the suppression of global DNA hypermethylation. Additionally, 10 MUM
      Epigallocatechin gallate abrogated maternal diabetes-increased DNA methylation in
      the CpG islands of neural tube closure essential genes, including Grhl3, Pax3,
      and Tulp3. CONCLUSION: Epigallocatechin gallate reduces maternal diabetes-induced
      neural tube defects formation and blocks the enhanced expression and activity of
      DNA methyltransferases, leading to the suppression of DNA hypermethylation and
      the restoration of neural tube closure essential gene expression. These
      observations suggest that Epigallocatechin gallate supplements could mitigate the
      teratogenic effects of hyperglycemia on the developing embryo and prevent
      diabetes-induced neural tube defects.

PMID- 26979635
TI  - Complications after cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy for treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: Risk factors for ICU
      admission and morbidity prognostic score.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For patients suffering from peritoneal carcinomatosis,
      cytoreductive surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) is
      the only curative option. We focused on severe complications in the postoperative
      course of HIPEC. METHODS: We studied perioperative data from patients who
      underwent HIPEC between January 2010 and August 2011. Our primary objective was
      to identify perioperative risk factors for ICU admission. Our secondary objective
      was to identify patient that may be re-admitted to the ICU thanks to a prognostic
      score. RESULTS: 122 patients underwent HIPEC. 32 presented severe adverse events
      (26.2%) and 7 died (5.7%). Reasons for ICU admission were septic shock in 28.1%
      of patients, hemorrhagic shock for 21.9%, hemodynamic instability for 15.6%,
      respiratory causes for 6.2% and post-operative acidosis for 6.2%. Vasopressors
      were required for 34% and 40.6% were mechanically ventilated. CONCLUSION:
      Peritoneal cancer index, diaphragmatic peritonectomy, the need of vasopressive
      therapy, total volume of fluid leakage collected in drains and total volume of
      fluid therapy administered at day 1 reported on ideal body weight were the 5
      significant variables that we combined to build a morbidity prognostic score. One
      patient over 4 is likely to present severe complications. A predictive morbidity
      score provide informative data for clinicians.

PMID- 26979638
TI  - Making cancer visible--Dyes in surgical oncology.
AB  - Dyes share an intricate relationship with oncology. Dyes can cause cancer as
      chemical carcinogens, but can also be harnessed against cancer when used as
      diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Histopathology, imaging, and newer molecular
      diagnostics all rely on dyes, and their use in sentinel lymph node biopsies and
      intra-operative imaging has helped drive a paradigm shift in cancer surgery
      towards minimally-invasive and organ sparing approaches with enhanced resection
      accuracy. As therapeutic agents, the cytotoxicity of specific dyes can be
      employed in direct chemo-ablation or in photodynamic therapy. The same agent can
      have dual functionalities in cancer detection and treatment, in a novel field
      known as theranostics. This is facilitated by newer generation dyes conjugated
      with tumour-targeting probes such as antibodies, and these bio-conjugate agents
      can also incorporate nanotechnology or radio-isotopes. Further advances will be
      closely aligned with our increasing understanding of molecular oncology, and will
      form a new generation of cancer detection and treatment agents that promote
      precision medicine for cancer. Dyes and their roles have evolved and been
      reinvented, but they remain relevant as ever. This review explores the
      fascinating history of dyes, and their place in the state-of-the-art of oncology.

PMID- 26979637
TI  - Risk factors and patterns of early recurrence after curative hepatectomy for
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often recurs after curative
      hepatectomy; and early recurrence after hepatectomy (ERAH) is associated with
      poor prognosis. This study aimed to clarify risk factors and disease patterns for
      ERAH. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological factors of 232
      patients who underwent initial curative hepatectomies for HCC between April 2000
      and March 2013, and examined associated risk factors and early recurrence
      patterns by liver function status (as indicated by indocyanine green retention
      rate at 15 min [ICGR15]). RESULTS: Patients who experienced recurrence within 6
      months after hepatectomy (i.e., ERAH) had significantly shorter survival than
      those with longer disease-free intervals (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis,
      microvascular invasion (mVI; P = 0.034) and ICGR15 >= 16% (P = 0.010) were
      independent risk factors for ERAH. In the ICGR1<16% subgroup, positive L3-AFP (P
      = 0.04), tumor size >= 5 cm (P = 0.011), surgical margin = 0 (P = 0.0103), mVI (P
      = 0.034), and extrahepatic recurrence were significant predictors of ERAH; in the
      ICGR15 >= 16%, subgroup, multiple tumors (P = 0.046) were identified as a risk
      factor for ERAH; however, this group did not experience much extrahepatic
      recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: ERAH was associated with mVI and ICGR15 >= 16%.
      Recurrence patterns and risk factors vary by liver function status, which should
      be considered in forming management strategies for early recurrence of HCC after
      curative hepatectomy.

PMID- 26979636
TI  - A systematic review of optimal treatment strategies for localized Ewing's sarcoma
      of bone after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review to investigate the optimal treatment
      strategy among the options of surgery alone, radiotherapy (RT) alone, and the
      combination of RT plus surgery in the management of localized Ewing's sarcoma of
      bone following neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE (1999 to
      February 2015), the Cochrane Library, and relevant conferences were searched.
      RESULTS: Two systematic reviews and eight full texts met the pre-planned study
      selection criteria. When RT was compared with surgery, a meta-analysis combining
      two papers showed that surgery resulted in a higher event-free survival (EFS)
      than RT in any location (HR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.12-2.00; p = 0.007). However another
      paper did not find a statistically significant difference in patients with pelvic
      disease, and no papers identified a significant difference in overall survival.
      When surgery plus RT was compared with surgery alone, a meta-analysis did not
      demonstrate a statistically significant difference for EFS between the two groups
      (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.90-1.63). Both surgical morbidities and radiation toxicities
      were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The existing evidence is based on very low aggregate
      quality as assessed by the GRADE approach. In patients with localized Ewing's
      sarcoma, either surgery alone (if complete surgical excision with clear margin
      can be achieved) or RT alone may be a reasonable treatment option. The optimal
      local treatment for an individual patient should be decided through consideration
      of patient characteristics, the potential benefit and harm of the treatment
      options, and patient preference.

PMID- 26979639
TI  - Comparison of long-term oncological outcomes of appendiceal cancer and colon
      cancer: A multicenter retrospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been no comparative study of the long-term oncological
      outcomes of appendiceal cancer and colon cancer. We hypothesized that the
      oncological outcome is worse in appendiceal cancer because perforation is more
      frequent than in colon cancer. METHODS: Patients with stage I-III were selected
      from 5046 patients with appendiceal or colon cancer, between September 2001 and
      June 2010. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary endpoint.
      Multivariate analyses with Cox proportional hazards model for DFS and logistic
      regression model for perforation were conducted. A matching model was used to
      compensate for the heterogeneity between groups. RESULTS: The perforation rate
      was 44.7% in appendiceal cancer (n = 47), but 1.1% in colon cancer (n = 2828) (p
      = 0.001). The 5-year DFS rate was lower in appendiceal cancer than in colon
      cancer (57.9% vs. 85.2%, p = 0.001; matching model, 54.2% vs. 78.4%, p = 0.038),
      with a higher rate of peritoneal seeding (25.5% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.001; matching
      model, 24.0% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.007). Multivariate Cox regression showed that
      appendiceal cancer was an independent prognostic factor for poor DFS (hazard
      ratio = 2.602, 95% confidence interval = 1.26-5.35, p = 0.009), and logistic
      regression confirmed that appendiceal cancer was the risk factor associated with
      perforation (odds ratio = 66.265, 95% confidence interval = 28.21-155.61, p =
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the long-term oncological outcomes
      are worse for appendiceal cancer than for colon cancer, attributed to higher
      perforation rate in appendiceal cancer.

PMID- 26979640
TI  - Clinical application of a color map pattern on shear-wave elastography for
      invasive breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to classify the color map pattern on shear
      wave elastography (SWE) and to determine its association with clinicopathological
      factors for clinical application in invasive breast cancer. METHODS: From June to
      December 2014, 103 invasive breast cancers were imaged by B-mode ultrasonography
      (US) and SWE just before surgery. The color map pattern identified on the SWE
      could be classified into three main categories: type 1 (diffuse pattern),
      increased stiffness in the surrounding stroma and the interior lesion itself;
      type 2 (lateral pattern), marked peri-tumoral stiffness at the anterior and
      lateral portions with no or minor stiffness at the posterior portion; and type 3
      (rim-off pattern), marked peri-tumoral stiffness at the anterior and posterior
      portion with no or minor stiffness at both lateral portions. RESULTS: High-grade
      density on mammography (grade 3-4) was more frequent in the type 1 pattern than
      the other pattern types (80.5% in high-grade density vs. 19.5% in low-grade
      density). For type 1 tumors, the extent of synchronous non-invasive cancers
      (pT0), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), was 1.8-2.0 times wider than that
      measured by US or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For type 2 tumors, the
      invasive tumor components (pT size) size was 1.3 times greater than measured by
      MRI (p = 0.049). On the other hand, the pT size and pT0 extent of type 3 tumors
      were almost equal to the preoperative US and MRI measurements. In terms of
      immunohistochemical (IHC) profiles, type 3 tumors showed a high histologic grade
      (p = 0.021), poor differentiation (p = 0.009), presence of necrosis (p = 0.018),
      and high Ki-67 (p = 0.002). The percentage of HER2-positive cancers was
      relatively high within the type 2 group, and the percentage of triple negative
      breast cancer was relatively high in the type 3 group (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS:
      We expect that assessments of the SWE color map pattern will prove useful for
      surgical or therapeutic plan decisions and to predict prognosis in invasive
      breast cancer patients.

PMID- 26979642
TI  - Reinventing qualitative research.

PMID- 26979641
TI  - "The impact of debulking surgery in patients with node-positive epithelial
      ovarian cancer: Analysis of prognostic factors related to overall survival and
      progression-free survival after an extended long-term follow-up period".
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prognostic factors associated with survival and
      progression free survival (PFS) in patients with node-positive epithelial ovarian
      cancer (EOC) after an extended long-term follow-up period. METHODS: Data was
      provided by the Tumor Registry of the Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona on 116
      node-positive EOC patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery observed
      over the period 1996-2014. RESULTS: At censoring date, 21 patients were alive
      (18%), 95 dead (82%), 18 without evidence of disease (NED) (15 alive, 3 dead) and
      76 with evidence of disease (ED) (2 alive, 74 dead). Twenty-nine ED patients
      (38.2%) experienced a recurrence within 2 years, 53 patients (69.7%) before 5
      years. No recurrences were recorded after 10 years. The median follow-up in alive
      patients was 169.8 months (1.20-207.9 months), 34.9 months (0.30-196.2 months) in
      dead patients, 128.4 months for NED patients (72.8-202.5 months) and 34.6 months
      (0.1-106.9 months) in ED patients. Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk
      of dead in patients with age >= 60 years (HR: 3.20; p < 0.002), stage IVA/B
      (compared with stage IIIA1/2, HR: 4.31; p < 0.001 and stage IIIB/C, HR: 5.31; p <
      0.010) and incomplete surgery (compared with complete surgery, HR: 3.10; 95% CI,
      1.41-6.77; p < 0.003) and a decreased PFS in stage IVA/B (compared with stages
      IIIB/C; p = 0.003 and stage IIIA; p = 0.000) and residual volume after surgery
      >0.6 cm (compared with residual disease <0.5 cm; p < 0.023). CONCLUSIONS:
      prognostic factors for an extended long-term PFS are similar as those for
      survival, because after 17-year follow-up period, the majority of alive patients
      are NED patients.

PMID- 26979643
TI  - Regulatory effect of paraprobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 on gut
      environment and function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 (CP2305) is a strain of Lactobacillus
      isolated from a stool sample from a healthy adult that showed beneficial effects
      on health as a paraprobiotic. In a previous study, we demonstrated that CP2305
      fermented heat-treated milk modified gut functions more than artificially
      acidified sour milk. Thus, the regulatory activity of the former beverage was
      attributed to the inactivated CP2305 cells. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was
      to elucidate the contribution of non-viable paraprobiotic CP2305 cells to
      regulating human gut functions. We thus conducted a randomized, placebo
      controlled, double-blinded parallel group trial. DESIGN: The trial included 118
      healthy participants with relatively low or high stool frequencies. The test
      beverage was prepared by adding 1*10(10) washed, heat-treated, and dried CP2305
      cells directly to the placebo beverage. The participants ingested a bottle of the
      assigned beverage daily for 3 weeks and answered daily questionnaires about
      defecation and quality of life. Fecal samples were collected and the fecal
      characteristics, microbial metabolite contents of the feces and composition of
      fecal microbiota were evaluated. RESULTS: The number of evacuations and the
      scores for fecal odors were significantly improved in the group that consumed the
      CP2305-containing beverage compared with those of the group that consumed the
      placebo (p=0.035 and p=0.040, respectively). Regarding the fecal contents of
      microbial metabolites, the level of fecal p-cresol was significantly decreased in
      the CP2305 group relative to that of the placebo group (p=0.013). The
      Bifidobacterium content of the intestinal microbiota was significantly increased
      in the CP2305 group relative to that of the placebo group (p<0.008), whereas the
      content of Clostridium cluster IV was significantly decreased (p<0.003). The
      parasympathetic nerve activity of the autonomic nervous system became dominant
      and the total power of autonomic activity was elevated in the CP2305 group
      (p=0.0401 and p=0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The continuous ingestion of
      heat-treated CP2305 cells clearly affected intestinal functionality. This is the
      first report of sterilized Lactobacillus cells having a significant impact on the
      environment and functions of the intestinal tract. The observed effects might be
      due, at least in part, to the brain-gut interaction.

PMID- 26979644
TI  - Development of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific IgM in human serum specimens.
AB  - Early diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection is crucial for prompt
      treatment and good patient outcome. However, serological tests to detect MP
      rapidly and conveniently are still lacking. This study aimed to use the
      fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor(r) 647 as the detection marker to develop a lateral
      flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) for detection of MP-specific IgM in serum
      specimen. Monoclonal mouse antibody against human IgM (MU-chain specific) and
      goat anti-rabbit IgG were labeled with Alexa Fluor(r) 647 (anti-IgM-AF647 and
      anti-IgG-AF647). A mixture of natural MP antigen and recombinant P1 antigen was
      coated as the test line (T line) and rabbit IgG was coated as the control line (C
      line) on a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane. The MP antigens captured IgM-anti-IgM
      AF647 complex on the T line. Rabbit IgG captured anti-IgG-AF647 on the C line.
      The fluorescence intensity on the T line and C line was measured. Sartorius CN140
      NC membrane showed higher sensitivity than CN95. The optimal reaction time for
      the LFIA was 10min. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
      based on 34 MP positive and 166 MP negative serum samples was 0.986 (p<0.001).
      The cutoff value of T/C area ratio was 0.3830. The LFIA strips did not react with
      serum from patients infected with non-MP pathogens including influenza viruses
      and bacteria causing respiratory tract infection. The intra-assay and inter-assay
      coefficients of variation were between 3.28% and 10.14%. The shelf life was
      calculated to be 2years at room temperature. The LFIA strips and the commercial
      EUROIMMUN kit showed consistent results on 372 serum specimens. The overall
      consistency rate was 96.37% with a Kappa value of 0.842 (p<0.001). The LFIA in
      the current study may be a sensitive and specific approach to detect early MP
      infection rapidly and conveniently. 

PMID- 26979645
TI  - Confocal microscopy imaging of the biofilm matrix.
AB  - The extracellular matrix is an integral part of microbial biofilms and an
      important field of research. Confocal laser scanning microscopy is a valuable
      tool for the study of biofilms, and in particular of the biofilm matrix, as it
      allows real-time visualization of fully hydrated, living specimens. Confocal
      microscopes are held by many research groups, and a number of methods for
      qualitative and quantitative imaging of the matrix have emerged in recent years.
      This review provides an overview and a critical discussion of techniques used to
      visualize different matrix compounds, to determine the concentration of solutes
      and the diffusive properties of the biofilm matrix.

PMID- 26979646
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26979647
TI  - The use of onestep nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) and tumour related factors
      in the treatment of axillary breast cancer: A predictive model.
AB  - AIMS: We aimed to determine the effectiveness of CK19 mRNA copy number and tumour
      related factors in predicting non-sentinel axillary nodal involvement, in order
      to facilitate the formulation of local treatment guidelines for axillary
      clearance (ANC) following intra-operative analysis of the sentinel node biopsy
      (SNB) using one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA). METHODS: Patients due to
      have (SNB) at our institution for breast cancer as well as patients with high
      grade ductal carcinoma in situ with pre-operative negative assessment of the
      axilla were included. Alternate slices of each node were sent for assessment by
      either OSNA or histopathology. Immediate ANC was performed if OSNA was positive.
      The CK19 mRNA nodal copy number, the total tumour load (TTL) measured by
      summation of mRNA copy numbers of all positive nodes, the nodal status at ANC and
      tumour characteristics for each patient were recorded. A model of risk
      probability was constructed using TTL and tumour related factors. RESULTS: 664
      nodes were analysed from 425 patients who had SNB performed between 2011 and
      2014. ANC was performed on 105 of these patients. The concordance between OSNA
      and histology was 91.4% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 97%. TTL (p =
      0.003) and LVI (p = 0.04) were identified as risk factors for non-sentinel nodal
      involvement. The risk probability model identified all patients with pN2 disease
      for ANC. CONCLUSION: In the future a decision to perform ANC will be based on a
      risk stratification model based on TTL and tumour related factors.

PMID- 26979649
TI  - Consequences of Correcting Intelligence Quotient for Prematurity at Age 5 Years.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of correcting for prematurity on full scale
      IQ (FSIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and processing speed quotient
      (PSQ) scores, and to investigate whether differences between corrected and
      uncorrected FSIQ are associated with gestational age (GA), FSIQ, and age at
      assessment. STUDY DESIGN: Single-center consecutive cohort study. Data were
      analyzed from 275 very preterm children (GA <30 weeks), born between January 2006
      and December 2009 and assessed at 5 years corrected age as part of the neonatal
      long-term follow-up program, at the Emma Children's Hospital in Amsterdam, The
      Netherlands. Outcome measures were FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ, and PSQ, calculated for
      uncorrected and corrected age. Paired sample t tests, repeated measures ANOVA,
      and ANCOVA were performed to explore differences between corrected and
      uncorrected IQ. RESULTS: Differences between corrected and uncorrected FSIQ, VIQ,
      PIQ, and PSQ ranged from 0-15 IQ points. All corrected IQ scores were
      significantly higher than uncorrected IQ scores (all P values <.001). Differences
      were larger at lower GAs, for higher IQ scores, and if time of assessment lay
      near the starting point of a 3-month age band of the Wechsler Preschool and
      Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition-Dutch Version. CONCLUSIONS: Given the
      great variation observed in differences between corrected and uncorrected IQ
      scores, an international standard as to what age correction is appropriate should
      be pursued.

PMID- 26979648
TI  - Quantitative imaging of 2 nm monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle distributions
      in tissues using laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA
      ICP-MS).
AB  - Functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique properties that make them
      important biomedical materials. Optimal use of these materials, though, requires
      an understanding of their fate in vivo. Here we describe the use of laser
      ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to image the
      biodistributions of AuNPs in tissues from mice intravenously injected with AuNPs.
      We demonstrate for the first time that the distributions of very small (~2 nm
      core) monolayer-protected AuNPs can be imaged in animal tissues at concentrations
      in the low parts-per-billion range. Moreover, the LA-ICP-MS images reveal that
      the monolayer coatings on the injected AuNPs influence their distributions,
      suggesting that the AuNPs remain intact in vivo and their surface chemistry
      influences how they interact with different organs. We also demonstrate that
      quantitative images of the AuNPs can be generated when the appropriate tissue
      homogenates are chosen for matrix matching. Overall, these results demonstrate
      the utility of LA-ICP-MS for tracking the fate of biomedically-relevant AuNPs in
      vivo, facilitating the design of improved AuNP-based therapeutics. 

PMID- 26979650
TI  - Outcomes of Adolescent-Onset Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical course of adolescent-onset postural
      orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and to assess health-related quality of
      life, 2-10 years after diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: Pediatric patients, 13-18 years
      of age, diagnosed with POTS at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, from 2003 to 2010 were
      mailed a questionnaire if they were at least 18 years of age at the time of the
      mailing. The primary outcome measures were norm-based, age- and sex-adjusted, 36
      Item Short Form Health Survey physical composite score and mental composite
      score. RESULTS: The survey was mailed to 502 patients with a response rate of 34%
      (n = 172). The mean duration from diagnosis to survey completion was 5.4 (SD,
      1.9) years; the mean age of the respondents at the time of the survey was 21.8
      (2.2) years. The responders were predominantly females (84% vs 68% of
      nonresponders; P < .001). Only 33 (19%) respondents reported complete resolution
      of symptoms, and an additional 51% reported persistent but improved symptoms, and
      28 (16%) had only intermittent symptoms. The majority (71%) consider their health
      at least "good." The mean physical composite score was significantly lower than
      the population norm (mean [SD], 36.6 [15.8] vs 50; P < .001), however, the
      corresponding mean mental composite score was normal (50.1 [11.2]). CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall, 86% of adolescents with POTS report resolved, improved, or just
      intermittent symptoms, when assessed via questionnaire at an average of 5 years
      after initial treatment. Patients with persistent symptoms have more physical
      than mental health concerns.

PMID- 26979651
TI  - The BMJ should not narrowly confine publication to positivist quantitative
      studies.

PMID- 26979653
TI  - 24-Hour Urinary Parameters in Overweight and Obese Children with Urolithiasis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The increasing incidence of pediatric nephrolithiasis is a growing
      concern and its association with obesity continues to be an area of debate. We
      present data on urine chemistries of overweight/obese children compared to those
      with a normal body mass index and history of urolithiasis treated at a single
      institution in the United States, and assess risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      We retrospectively identified 110 stone forming patients who underwent 24-hour
      urine collection and stratified them according to the Centers for Disease Control
      and Prevention definitions of overweight/obese (body mass index above 85th/95th
      percentile). Absolute urine collection quantities were compared between groups.
      Stone risk factors were analyzed according to Litholink(r) specified reference
      ranges. RESULTS: Compared to patients with low or normal body mass index,
      overweight and obese patients had lower body surface area adjusted citrate (242
      mg/1.73 m(2) vs 315 mg/1.73 m(2), p = 0.03), lower urine phosphate (12 mg/kg vs
      14 mg/kg, p = 0.04), lower urine magnesium (1.2 mg/kg vs 1.6 mg/kg, p = 0.01) and
      increased incidence of hypercalciuria (31% vs 11%, p = 0.02). Differences in
      urine citrate, phosphate and magnesium were not apparent when analyzing stone
      risk factors. There was no association between body mass index and urine pH.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obese stone forming children have decreased levels of
      urine citrate, phosphate and magnesium compared to patients with normal body mass
      index. The incidence of hypercalciuria is increased in overweight/obese patients.
      In contrast to findings in adults, there is no association between urine pH and
      body mass index.

PMID- 26979652
TI  - Serial Percent Free Prostate Specific Antigen in Combination with Prostate
      Specific Antigen for Population Based Early Detection of Prostate Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: We characterized the diagnostic properties of serial percent free
      prostate specific antigen in relation to prostate specific antigen in a
      multiethnic, multiracial cohort of healthy men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      6,982 percent free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen
      measurements were obtained from participants in a greater than 12-year Texas
      screening study comprising 1,625 men who never underwent biopsy, 497 who
      underwent 1 or more biopsies negative for prostate cancer and 61 diagnosed with
      prostate cancer. We evaluated the ROC AUC of percent free prostate specific
      antigen and the proportion of patients with fluctuating values across multiple
      visits determined according to 2 thresholds (less than 15% vs 25%). The
      proportion of cancer cases in which percent free prostate specific antigen
      indicated a positive test before prostate specific antigen greater than 4 ng/ml
      did and the number of negative biopsies that would have been spared by negative
      percent free prostate specific antigen test results were calculated. RESULTS:
      Percent free prostate specific antigen fluctuated around its threshold of less
      than 25% (less than 15%) in 38.3% (78.1%), 42.2% (20.9%), and 11.4% (25.7%) of
      patients never biopsied, and with negative and positive biopsies, respectively.
      At the same thresholds, percent free prostate specific antigen tested positive
      earlier than prostate specific antigen in 71.4% and 34.2% of cancer cases,
      respectively. Among men with multiple negative biopsies and PSA greater than 4
      ng/ml, percent free PSA would have tested negative in 31.6% and 65.8%,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Percent free prostate specific antigen should
      accompany prostate specific antigen testing to potentially spare unnecessary
      biopsies or detect cancer earlier. When near the threshold, both tests should be
      repeated due to commonly observed fluctuation.

PMID- 26979654
TI  - A neurocutaneous phenotype with paired hypo- and hyperpigmented macules,
      microcephaly and stunted growth as prominent features.
AB  - Neurocutaneous disorders represent a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting
      the skin (with pigmentary/vascular abnormalities, hamartomas or tumors) and the
      central and peripheral nervous systems. In recent years, besides the well-known
      neurocutaneous diseases (e.g., the different forms of neurofibromatosis, tuberous
      sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber syndrome and mosaic pigmentary/hamartomatous
      disorders), new distinctive syndromes have been characterized, extending our
      knowledge on the spectrum of these conditions. The concurrent presence of
      pigmentary abnormalities (both of the hypo- and hyperpigmented type), and primary
      microcephaly has not been commonly reported. We report on a 4.5-year-old girl
      with primary microcephaly, who had in addition moderate to severe developmental
      delay, behavioral and stereotypic abnormalities and a cutaneous pattern of paired
      hypo- and hyperpigmented lesions variously distributed over the body,
      particularly on the trunk. Failure to thrive and mild facial dysmorphic features
      were also present. To our knowledge, this complex malformation (neurocutaneous)
      phenotype has not been previously reported. 

PMID- 26979655
TI  - Minimal access mitral valve repair in a patient with a right pneumonectomy for
      Scimitar syndrome.
AB  - A 61-year old man known with chronic atrial fibrillation was referred to our unit
      via the multidisciplinary team meeting, with severe mitral regurgitation
      secondary to prolapse of anterior mitral leaflet. In 1968, he had undergone right
      pneumonectomy due to Scimitar syndrome. Dense adhesions due to previous
      interventions, such as thoracotomy, make it difficult to insert ports, and this
      is therefore considered a relative contraindication to port access approach to
      the mitral valve. The anatomical position of the heart in the mediastinum was
      completely distorted due to the shift of the mediastinum to the right following
      previous surgery. Our report illustrates the operative success that can be
      achieved in such complex situations. Computed tomography scanning and on table
      transoesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography were the tools used in
      conjunction to achieve the best possible approach. This case promotes the use of
      minimal access approach in the experienced hands so that such complex procedures
      can be carried out without any complication and yield good results.

PMID- 26979657
TI  - Towards manipulating relativistic laser pulses with micro-tube plasma lenses.
AB  - Efficient coupling of intense laser pulses to solid-density matter is critical to
      many applications including ion acceleration for cancer therapy. At relativistic
      intensities, the focus has been mainly on investigating various laser beams
      irradiating initially overdense flat interfaces with little or no control over
      the interaction. Here, we propose a novel approach that leverages recent
      advancements in 3D direct laser writing (DLW) of materials and high contrast
      lasers to manipulate the laser-matter interactions on the micro-scales. We
      demonstrate, via simulations, that usable intensities >=10(23) Wcm(-2) could be
      achieved with current tabletop lasers coupled to micro-engineered plasma lenses.
      We show that these plasma optical elements act as a lens to focus laser light.
      These results open new paths to engineering light-matter interactions at ultra
      relativistic intensities.

PMID- 26979658
TI  - The cells that mediate innate immune memory and their functional significance in
      inflammatory and infectious diseases.
AB  - Immunological memory mediated by antigen-specific T and B cells is the foundation
      of adaptive immunity and is fundamental to the heightened and rapid protective
      immune response induced by vaccination or following re-infection with the same
      pathogen. While the innate immune system has classically been considered to be
      non-specific and devoid of memory, it now appears that it can be trained
      following exposure to microbes or their products and that this may confer a form
      of memory on innate immune cells. The evidence for immunological memory outside
      of T and B cells has been best established for natural killer (NK) cells, where
      it has been known for decades that NK cells have heighten responses following
      immunological re-challenge. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that
      monocyte/macrophages, and probably dendritic cells, can be re-programmed through
      epigenetic modification, following exposure to pathogens or their products,
      resulting in heighted responses following a second stimulation. Unlike antigen
      specific memory of the adaptive immune system, the second stimulation does not
      have to be with the same pathogen or antigen. Indirect evidence for this comes
      from reports on the non-specific beneficial effect of certain live vaccines, such
      as Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) against unrelated childhood infectious
      diseases. It also appears that certain pathogen or pathogen-derived molecules can
      prime immune cells, especially macrophages, to secrete more anti-inflammatory and
      less pro-inflammatory cyokines, thus opening up the possibility of exploiting
      innate immune training as a new therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 26979656
TI  - Results of surgical aortic valve replacement and transapical transcatheter aortic
      valve replacement in patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results of aortic valve replacement through
      sternotomic approach in redo scenarios (RAVR) vs transapical transcatheter aortic
      valve replacement (TAVR), in patients in the eighth decade of life or older
      already undergone previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: One
      hundred and twenty-six patients undergoing RAVR were compared with 113 patients
      undergoing TaTAVR in terms of 30-day mortality and Valve Academic Research
      Consortium-2 outcomes. The two groups were also analysed after propensity
      matching. RESULTS: TaTAVR patients demonstrated a higher incidence of 30-day
      mortality (P = 0.03), stroke (P = 0.04), major bleeding (P = 0.03), worse 'early
      safety' (P = 0.04) and lower permanent pacemaker implantation (P = 0.03). TaTAVR
      had higher follow-up hazard in all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 3.15, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.28-6.62; P < 0.01] and cardiovascular mortality (HR
      1.66, 95% CI 1.02-4.88; P = 0.04). Propensity-matched patients showed comparable
      30-day outcome in terms of survival, major morbidity and early safety, with only
      a lower incidence of transfusions after TaTAVR (10.7% vs RAVR: 57.1%; P < 0.01).
      A trend towards lower Acute Kidney Injury Network Classification 2/3 (3.6% vs
      RAVR 21.4%; P = 0.05) and towards a lower freedom from all-cause mortality at
      follow-up (TaTAVR: 44.3 +/- 21.3% vs RAVR: 86.6 +/- 9.3%; P = .08) was
      demonstrated after TaTAVR, although cardiovascular mortality was comparable
      (TaTAVR: 86.5 +/- 9.7% vs RAVR: 95.2 +/- 4.6%; P = 0.52). Follow-up freedom from
      stroke, acute heart failure, reintervention on AVR and thrombo-embolisms were
      comparable (P = NS). EuroSCORE II (P = 0.02), perioperative stroke (P = 0.01) and
      length of hospitalization (P = 0.02) were the determinants of all-cause mortality
      at follow-up, whereas perioperative stroke (P = 0.03) and length of
      hospitalization (P = 0.04) impacted cardiovascular mortality at follow-up.
      CONCLUSIONS: Reported differences in mortality and morbidity after TaTAVR and
      RAVR reflect differences in baseline risk profiles. Given the lower trend for
      renal complications, patients at higher perioperative renal risk might be better
      served by TaTAVR.

PMID- 26979660
TI  - Load partitioning between the bcc-iron matrix and NiAl-type precipitates in a
      ferritic alloy on multiple length scales.
AB  - An understanding of load sharing among constituent phases aids in designing
      mechanical properties of multiphase materials. Here we investigate load
      partitioning between the body-centered-cubic iron matrix and NiAl-type
      precipitates in a ferritic alloy during uniaxial tensile tests at 364 and 506 
      degrees C on multiple length scales by in situ neutron diffraction and crystal
      plasticity finite element modeling. Our findings show that the macroscopic load
      transfer efficiency is not as high as that predicted by the Eshelby model;
      moreover, it depends on the matrix strain-hardening behavior. We explain the
      grain-level anisotropic load-partitioning behavior by considering the plastic
      anisotropy of the matrix and elastic anisotropy of precipitates. We further
      demonstrate that the partitioned load on NiAl-type precipitates relaxes at 506 
      degrees C, most likely through thermally-activated dislocation rearrangement on
      the microscopic scale. The study contributes to further understanding of load
      partitioning characteristics in multiphase materials.

PMID- 26979659
TI  - Neurobiological correlates of distinct post-traumatic stress disorder symptom
      profiles during threat anticipation in combat veterans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous research in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has
      identified disrupted ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) function in those
      with v. without PTSD. It is unclear whether this brain region is uniformly
      affected in all individuals with PTSD, or whether vmPFC dysfunction is related to
      individual differences in discrete features of this heterogeneous disorder.
      METHOD: In a sample of 51 male veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation
      Iraqi Freedom, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data during a
      novel threat anticipation task with crossed factors of threat condition and
      temporal unpredictability. Voxelwise regression analyses related anticipatory
      brain activation to individual differences in overall PTSD symptom severity, as
      well as individual differences in discrete symptom subscales (re-experiencing,
      emotional numbing/avoidance, and hyperarousal). RESULTS: The vmPFC showed greater
      anticipatory responses for safety relative to threat, driven primarily by
      deactivation during threat anticipation. During unpredictable threat
      anticipation, increased PTSD symptoms were associated with relatively greater
      activation for threat v. SAFETY: However, simultaneous regression on individual
      symptom subscales demonstrated that this effect was driven specifically by
      individual differences in hyperarousal symptoms. Furthermore, this analysis
      revealed an additional, anatomically distinct region of the vmPFC in which re
      experiencing symptoms were associated with greater activation during threat
      anticipation. CONCLUSIONS: Increased anticipatory responses to unpredictable
      threat in distinct vmPFC subregions were uniquely associated with elevated
      hyperarousal and re-experiencing symptoms in combat veterans. These results
      underscore the disruptive impact of uncertainty for veterans, and suggest that
      investigating individual differences in discrete aspects of PTSD may advance our
      understanding of underlying neurobiological mechanisms.

PMID- 26979662
TI  - Evidence for 5d-sigma and 5d-pi covalency in lanthanide sesquioxides from oxygen
      K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
AB  - The electronic structure in the complete series of stable lanthanide
      sesquioxides, Ln2O3 (Ln = La to Lu, except radioactive Pm), has been evaluated
      using oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with a scanning
      transmission X-ray microscope (STXM). The experimental results agree with recent
      synthetic, spectroscopic and theoretical investigations that provided evidence
      for 5d orbital involvement in lanthanide bonding, while confirming the
      traditional viewpoint that there is little Ln 4f and O 2p orbital mixing.
      However, the results also showed that changes in the energy and occupancy of the
      4f orbitals can impact Ln 5d and O 2p mixing, leading to several different
      bonding modes for seemingly identical Ln2O3 structures. On moving from left to
      right in the periodic table, abrupt changes were observed for the energy and
      intensity of transitions associated with Ln 5d and O 2p antibonding states. These
      changes in peak intensity, which were directly related to the amounts of O 2p and
      Ln 5d mixing, were closely correlated to the well-established trends in the
      chemical accessibility of the 4f orbitals towards oxidation or reduction. The
      unique insight provided by the O K-edge XAS is discussed in the context of
      several recent theoretical and physical studies on trivalent lanthanide
      compounds. 

PMID- 26979661
TI  - Identification and characterisation of Dof transcription factors in the cucumber
      genome.
AB  - Cucumber is vulnerable to many foliage diseases. Recent studies reported cloning
      of candidate genes for several diseases in cucumber; however, the exact defence
      mechanisms remain unclear. Dof genes have been shown to play significant roles in
      plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Dof
      genes coding for plant-specific transcription factors can promote large-scale
      expression of defence-related genes at whole genome level. The genes in the
      family have been identified and characterized in several plant species, but not
      in cucumber. In the present study, we identified 36 CsDof members from the
      cucumber draft genomes which could be classified into eight groups. The
      proportions of the CsDof family genes, duplication events, chromosomal locations,
      cis-elements and miRNA target sites were comprehensively investigated.
      Consequently, we analysed the expression patterns of CsDof genes in specific
      tissues and their response to two biotic stresses (watermelon mosaic virus and
      downy mildew). These results indicated that CsDof may be involved in resistance
      to biotic stresses in cucumber. 

PMID- 26979663
TI  - Correlation of Motor Abilities and Executive Functions in Children With ADHD.
AB  - Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly experience
      issues with both cognitive and motor abilities. This study aimed to determine
      whether a correlation exists between these 2 domains in children with ADHD. Tasks
      assessing executive function and motor performance were carried out with a sample
      of 50 children. The data demonstrated significant correlations between
      performance in motor activities and working memory. Performance in working memory
      was explained predominantly by manual dexterity and catching and aiming. These
      results support the hypothesis that training of these motor tasks could improve
      executive functioning in children with ADHD. 

PMID- 26979664
TI  - Disintegration impact on sludge digestion process.
AB  - The anaerobic sludge digestion is a widely used method for sludge stabilization
      in wastewater treatment plant. This process can be improved by applying the
      sludge disintegration methods. As the sludge disintegration is not investigated
      enough, an analysis of how the application of thermal hydrolysis affects the
      sludge digestion process based on full-scale data was conducted. The results
      showed that the maximum volatile suspended solids (VSS) destruction reached the
      value of 65% independently on the application of thermal hydrolysis. The average
      VSS destruction increased by 14% when thermal hydrolysis was applied. In order to
      have the maximum VSS reduction and biogas production, it is recommended to keep
      the maximum defined VSS loading of 5.7 kg VSS/m(3)/d when the thermal hydrolysis
      is applied and to keep the VSS loading between 2.1-2.4 kg VSS/m(3)/d when the
      disintegration of sludge is not applied. The application of thermal hydrolysis
      leads to an approximately 2.5 times higher VSS loading maintenance comparing VSS
      loading without the disintegration; therefore, digesters with 1.8 times smaller
      volume is required. 

PMID- 26979665
TI  - The Effect of a Resourcefulness Training Intervention on Relocation Adjustment
      and Adaptive Functioning among Older Adults in Retirement Communities.
AB  - The population of older adults is increasing rapidly and is expected to reach
      83.7 million by the year 2050. Previous research demonstrates that greater
      resourcefulness is associated with better quality of life and life satisfaction.
      The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a resourcefulness
      training intervention on positive cognitions, resourcefulness, relocation
      adjustment, and adaptive functioning among older adults who have relocated to
      retirement communities. Resourcefulness theory provided the theoretical framework
      for this study. Forty older adults who relocated to three retirement communities
      in Milwaukee, WI were randomly assigned to either a diversional activity group or
      to a resourcefulness training (RT) intervention group. Two older adults dropped
      out of the study (one from the diversional activity group and one from the RT
      group), leaving 38 elders. The results of the study indicated that there were
      slight increases (a trend) in the mean of positive cognitions, relocation
      adjustment, adaptive functioning, and personal resourcefulness in the expected
      direction for the RT intervention group as compared to the diversional group.
      Recommendations for future research include the use of larger and more diverse
      samples over a longer periods of time (6 weeks and 12 weeks post-intervention) as
      well as the use of cut scores on the resourcefulness scale so that the RT
      training intervention is taught to those who need it. 

PMID- 26979666
TI  - TiO2-catalyzed synthesis of sugars from formaldehyde in extraterrestrial impacts
      on the early Earth.
AB  - Recent synthetic efforts aimed at reconstructing the beginning of life on our
      planet point at the plausibility of scenarios fueled by extraterrestrial energy
      sources. In the current work we show that beyond nucleobases the sugar components
      of the first informational polymers can be synthesized in this way. We
      demonstrate that a laser-induced high-energy chemistry combined with TiO2
      catalysis readily produces a mixture of pentoses, among them ribose, arabinose
      and xylose. This chemistry might be highly relevant to the Late Heavy Bombardment
      period of Earth's history about 4-3.85 billion years ago. In addition, we present
      an in-depth theoretical analysis of the most challenging step of the reaction
      pathway, i.e., the TiO2-catalyzed dimerization of formaldehyde leading to
      glycolaldehyde. 

PMID- 26979668
TI  - On the convergence of nanotechnology and Big Data analysis for computer-aided
      diagnosis.
AB  - An overview is provided of the challenges involved in building computer-aided
      diagnosis systems capable of precise medical diagnostics based on integration and
      interpretation of data from different sources and formats. The availability of
      massive amounts of data and computational methods associated with the Big Data
      paradigm has brought hope that such systems may soon be available in routine
      clinical practices, which is not the case today. We focus on visual and machine
      learning analysis of medical data acquired with varied nanotech-based techniques
      and on methods for Big Data infrastructure. Because diagnosis is essentially a
      classification task, we address the machine learning techniques with supervised
      and unsupervised classification, making a critical assessment of the progress
      already made in the medical field and the prospects for the near future. We also
      advocate that successful computer-aided diagnosis requires a merge of methods and
      concepts from nanotechnology and Big Data analysis. 

PMID- 26979669
TI  - Death after cessation of treatment by cystic fibrosis patients: An international
      survey of clinicians.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about cystic fibrosis patients, who are not
      considered to be terminally ill, and who die after voluntary cessation of
      treatment. AIM: This study was undertaken to provide an international snapshot of
      this issue. DESIGN: An online survey was distributed across three continents.
      SETTING: Distribution to the medical directors of the cystic fibrosis centres
      affiliated with the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Cystic Fibrosis Australia
      (inclusion of New Zealand) and to every clinician member of the European Cystic
      Fibrosis Society. RESULTS: More than 200 cystic fibrosis patients not considered
      to be terminally ill and, who voluntarily ceased treatment, were reported by the
      clinicians surveyed. Detailed data were reported in 102 patients (4 children, 25
      adolescents and 73 adults). Only one child, six adolescents and one adult were
      judged by clinicians not to be competent to make the decision to stop treatment.
      Time-consuming and low immediate-impact therapies, such as respiratory
      physiotherapy, were most frequently discontinued. Resignation was the main
      reported reason for discontinuing treatment, followed by reactive depression and
      lack of familial support. A total of 69% of the patients received palliative care
      and 72% died in the 6 months following cessation of treatment. CONCLUSION: Death
      of cystic fibrosis patients, not considered to be terminally ill, is reported in
      Europe, the United States and Australia due to voluntary cessation of treatment.

PMID- 26979667
TI  - Nano-risk Science: application of toxicogenomics in an adverse outcome pathway
      framework for risk assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A diverse class of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) exhibiting a wide
      array of physical-chemical properties that are associated with toxicological
      effects in experimental animals is in commercial use. However, an integrated
      framework for human health risk assessment (HHRA) of ENMs has yet to be
      established. Rodent 2-year cancer bioassays, clinical chemistry, and
      histopathological endpoints are still considered the 'gold standard' for
      detecting substance-induced toxicity in animal models. However, the use of data
      derived from alternative toxicological tools, such as genome-wide expression
      profiling and in vitro high-throughput assays, are gaining acceptance by the
      regulatory community for hazard identification and for understanding the
      underlying mode-of-action. Here, we conducted a case study to evaluate the
      application of global gene expression data in deriving pathway-based points of
      departure (PODs) for multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-induced lung fibrosis,
      a non-cancer endpoint of regulatory importance. METHODS: Gene expression profiles
      from the lungs of mice exposed to three individual MWCNTs with different physical
      chemical properties were used within the framework of an adverse outcome pathway
      (AOP) for lung fibrosis to identify key biological events linking MWCNT exposure
      to lung fibrosis. Significantly perturbed pathways were categorized along the key
      events described in the AOP. Benchmark doses (BMDs) were calculated for each
      perturbed pathway and were used to derive transcriptional BMDs for each MWCNT.
      RESULTS: Similar biological pathways were perturbed by the different MWCNT types
      across the doses and post-exposure time points studied. The pathway BMD values
      showed a time-dependent trend, with lower BMDs for pathways perturbed at the
      earlier post-exposure time points (24 h, 3d). The transcriptional BMDs were
      compared to the apical BMDs derived by the National Institute for Occupational
      Safety and Health (NIOSH) using alveolar septal thickness and fibrotic lesions
      endpoints. We found that regardless of the type of MWCNT, the BMD values for
      pathways associated with fibrosis were 14.0-30.4 MUg/mouse, which are comparable
      to the BMDs derived by NIOSH for MWCNT-induced lung fibrotic lesions (21.0-27.1
      MUg/mouse). CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that transcriptomic data can be
      used to as an effective mechanism-based method to derive acceptable levels of
      exposure to nanomaterials in product development when epidemiological data are
      unavailable.

PMID- 26979671
TI  - In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy observation of Ag nanocrystal evolution
      by surfactant free electron-driven synthesis.
AB  - The study of the interaction of electron irradiation with matter and the response
      of the material to the passage of electrons is a very challenging problem.
      However, the growth mechanism observed during nanostructural evolution appears to
      be a broad and promising scientific field in nanotechnology. We report the in
      situ TEM study of nanostructural evolution of electron-driven silver (Ag)
      nanocrystals through an additive-free synthetic procedure. Observations revealed
      the direct effect of the electron beam on the morphological evolution of Ag
      nanocrystals through different mechanisms, such as mass transport, site-selective
      coalescence, and an appropriate structural configuration after coalescence
      leading to a more stable configuration. A fundamental understanding of the growth
      and formation mechanisms of Ag nanocrystals, which interact with the electron
      beam, is essential to improve the nanocrystal shape-control mechanisms as well as
      the future design and study of nanomaterials. 

PMID- 26979672
TI  - Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging in double aortic arch diagnosed prenatally by
      ultrasound.
AB  - Congenital double aortic arch (DAA) is an uncommon vascular anomaly; however, its
      prenatal detection is associated with congenital heart defects and chromosomal
      abnormalities, including 22q11 deletion. We present a case of DAA diagnosed
      prenatally. DAA can be diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound in the transverse three
      vessel-trachea view, which shows a trident image formed by a complete vascular
      ring and the ductus arteriosus. Postnatal magnetic resonance images in this view
      correlate well with prenatal ultrasound images and help in confirmation of
      diagnosis, evaluation of the risk of airway or esophageal compression, and
      planning of surgery. 

PMID- 26979673
TI  - Communication: Methane dissociation on Ni(111) surface: Importance of azimuth and
      surface impact site.
AB  - Understanding the role of reactant ro-vibrational degrees of freedom (DOFs) in
      reaction dynamics of polyatomic molecular dissociation on metal surfaces is of
      great importance to explore the complex chemical reaction mechanism. Here, we
      present an expensive quantum dynamics study of the dissociative chemisorption of
      CH4 on a rigid Ni(111) surface by developing an accurate nine-dimensional quantum
      dynamical model including the DOF of azimuth. Based on a highly accurate fifteen
      dimensional potential energy surface built from first principles, our simulations
      elucidate that the dissociation probability of CH4 has the strong dependence on
      azimuth and surface impact site. Some improvements are suggested to obtain the
      accurate dissociation probability from quantum dynamics simulations. 

PMID- 26979670
TI  - Retrospective evaluation of palliative care and hospice utilization in
      hospitalized patients with metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospitalizations in patients with metastatic cancer occur commonly at
      the end of life but have not been well-described in individuals with metastatic
      breast cancer. AIM: To describe the reasons for admission and frequency of
      palliative care and hospice utilization in hospitalized patients with metastatic
      breast cancer. DESIGN: This was a retrospective chart review of patients who had
      their first hospitalization with a diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer between
      1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010. To standardize follow-up time, we collected
      data for 3 years post the index hospitalization. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: We
      identified 123 consecutive patients who were hospitalized for the first time with
      a diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer at a single, tertiary care center.
      RESULTS: Uncontrolled symptoms accounted for half (50%, 62/123) of index
      admissions. The majority of patients died during the follow-up period (76%,
      94/123), and the median time from index admission to death was 6 months (range: 0
      34 months). Approximately half (53%, 50/94) died in the hospital or within 14
      days of last hospital discharge, and less than one-third (29%, 27/94) were
      referred to hospice after their last hospitalization. The inpatient palliative
      care team evaluated 57% (54/94) of those who died at least once during an
      admission, but only 17% (16/94) of patients attended an outpatient palliative
      care appointment. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized patients with metastatic breast
      cancer are commonly admitted for uncontrolled symptoms and have a poor prognosis.
      However, only a minority receive outpatient palliative care or are referred to
      hospice during their last hospitalization prior to death.

PMID- 26979674
TI  - Communication: GAIMS--Generalized Ab Initio Multiple Spawning for both internal
      conversion and intersystem crossing processes.
AB  - Full multiple spawning is a formally exact method to describe the excited-state
      dynamics of molecular systems beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. However,
      it has been limited until now to the description of radiationless transitions
      taking place between electronic states with the same spin multiplicity. This
      Communication presents a generalization of the full and ab initio multiple
      spawning methods to both internal conversion (mediated by nonadiabatic coupling
      terms) and intersystem crossing events (triggered by spin-orbit coupling matrix
      elements) based on a spin-diabatic representation. The results of two numerical
      applications, a model system and the deactivation of thioformaldehyde, validate
      the presented formalism and its implementation. 

PMID- 26979675
TI  - Relaxation of hot and massive tracers using numerical solutions of the Boltzmann
      equation.
AB  - A numerical method using B-splines is used to solve the linear Boltzmann equation
      describing the energy relaxation of massive tracer particles moving through a
      dilute bath gas. The smooth and rough hard sphere and Maxwell molecule models are
      used with a variety of mass ratios and initial energies to test the capability of
      the numerical method. Massive tracers are initialized with energies typically
      found in energy loss experiments in mass spectrometry using biomolecules. The
      method is also used to examine the applicability of known expressions for the
      kinetic energy decay from the Fokker-Planck equation for the Rayleigh gas, where
      we find that results are generally good provided that the initial energy is
      properly bounded. Otherwise, the energy decay is not constant and a more complex
      behaviour occurs. The validity of analytical expressions for drag coefficients
      for spherical particles under specular and diffuse scattering is also tested. We
      find such expressions are generally good for hard spheres but cannot account, as
      expected, for the softer repulsive walls of the Maxwell (and real) molecules.
      Overall, the numerical method performed well even when tracers more than 400
      times as massive as the bath were initialized with energies very far from
      equilibrium. This is a range of applicability beyond many of the standard methods
      for solving the Boltzmann equation. 

PMID- 26979676
TI  - Breaking the bottleneck: Use of molecular tailoring approach for the estimation
      of binding energies at MP2/CBS limit for large water clusters.
AB  - A pragmatic method based on the molecular tailoring approach (MTA) for estimating
      the complete basis set (CBS) limit at Moller-Plesset second order perturbation
      (MP2) theory accurately for large molecular clusters with limited computational
      resources is developed. It is applied to water clusters, (H2O)n (n = 7, 8, 10,
      16, 17, and 25) optimized employing aug-cc-pVDZ (aVDZ) basis-set. Binding
      energies (BEs) of these clusters are estimated at the MP2/aug-cc-pVNZ (aVNZ) [N =
      T, Q, and 5 (whenever possible)] levels of theory employing grafted MTA (GMTA)
      methodology and are found to lie within 0.2 kcal/mol of the corresponding full
      calculation MP2 BE, wherever available. The results are extrapolated to CBS limit
      using a three point formula. The GMTA-MP2 calculations are feasible on off-the
      shelf hardware and show around 50%-65% saving of computational time. The
      methodology has a potential for application to molecular clusters containing ~100
      atoms. 

PMID- 26979677
TI  - Guiding ab initio calculations by alchemical derivatives.
AB  - We assess the concept of alchemical transformations for predicting how a further
      and not-tested change in composition would change materials properties. This
      might help to guide ab initio calculations through multidimensional property
      composition spaces. Equilibrium volumes, bulk moduli, and relative lattice
      stability of fcc and bcc 4d transition metals Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, and Ag
      are calculated using density functional theory. Alchemical derivatives predict
      qualitative trends in lattice stability while equilibrium volumes and bulk moduli
      are predicted with less than 9% and 28% deviation, respectively. Predicted
      changes in equilibrium volume and bulk moduli for binary and ternary mixtures of
      Rh-Pd-Ag are in qualitative agreement even for predicted bulk modulus changes as
      large as +100% or -50%. Based on these results, it is suggested that alchemical
      transformations could be meaningful for enhanced sampling in the context of
      virtual high-throughput materials screening projects. 

PMID- 26979678
TI  - Spin density and orbital optimization in open shell systems: A rational and
      computationally efficient proposal.
AB  - The present work describes a new method to compute accurate spin densities for
      open shell systems. The proposed approach follows two steps: first, it provides
      molecular orbitals which correctly take into account the spin delocalization;
      second, a proper CI treatment allows to account for the spin polarization effect
      while keeping a restricted formalism and avoiding spin contamination. The main
      idea of the optimization procedure is based on the orbital relaxation of the
      various charge transfer determinants responsible for the spin delocalization. The
      algorithm is tested and compared to other existing methods on a series of organic
      and inorganic open shell systems. The results reported here show that the new
      approach (almost black-box) provides accurate spin densities at a reasonable
      computational cost making it suitable for a systematic study of open shell
      systems. 

PMID- 26979679
TI  - State-specific tunneling lifetimes from classical trajectories: H-atom
      dissociation in electronically excited pyrrole.
AB  - A trajectory method of calculating tunneling probabilities from phase integrals
      along straight line tunneling paths, originally suggested by Makri and Miller [J.
      Chem. Phys. 91, 4026 (1989)] and recently implemented by Truhlar and co-workers
      [Chem. Sci. 5, 2091 (2014)], is tested for one- and two-dimensional ab initio
      based potentials describing hydrogen dissociation in the (1)B1 excited electronic
      state of pyrrole. The primary observables are the tunneling rates in a
      progression of bending vibrational states lying below the dissociation barrier
      and their isotope dependences. Several initial ensembles of classical
      trajectories have been considered, corresponding to the quasiclassical and the
      quantum mechanical samplings of the initial conditions. It is found that the
      sampling based on the fixed energy Wigner density gives the best agreement with
      the quantum mechanical dissociation rates. 

PMID- 26979680
TI  - Coupled-cluster based basis sets for valence correlation calculations.
AB  - Novel basis sets are generated that target the description of valence correlation
      in atoms H through Ar. The new contraction coefficients are obtained according to
      the Atomic Natural Orbital (ANO) procedure from CCSD(T) (coupled-cluster singles
      and doubles with perturbative triples correction) density matrices starting from
      the primitive functions of Dunning et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 90, 1007 (1989); ibid.
      98, 1358 (1993); ibid. 100, 2975 (1993)] (correlation consistent polarized
      valence X-tuple zeta, cc-pVXZ). The exponents of the primitive Gaussian functions
      are subject to uniform scaling in order to ensure satisfaction of the virial
      theorem for the corresponding atoms. These new sets, named ANO-VT-XZ (Atomic
      Natural Orbital Virial Theorem X-tuple Zeta), have the same number of contracted
      functions as their cc-pVXZ counterparts in each subshell. The performance of
      these basis sets is assessed by the evaluation of the contraction errors in four
      distinct computations: correlation energies in atoms, probing the density in
      different regions of space via ?r(n)? (-3 <= n <= 3) in atoms, correlation
      energies in diatomic molecules, and the quality of fitting potential energy
      curves as measured by spectroscopic constants. All energy calculations with ANO
      VT-QZ have contraction errors within "chemical accuracy" of 1 kcal/mol, which is
      not true for cc-pVQZ, suggesting some improvement compared to the correlation
      consistent series of Dunning and co-workers.

PMID- 26979681
TI  - Efficient estimators for likelihood ratio sensitivity indices of complex
      stochastic dynamics.
AB  - We demonstrate that centered likelihood ratio estimators for the sensitivity
      indices of complex stochastic dynamics are highly efficient with low, constant in
      time variance and consequently they are suitable for sensitivity analysis in long
      time and steady-state regimes. These estimators rely on a new covariance
      formulation of the likelihood ratio that includes as a submatrix a Fisher
      information matrix for stochastic dynamics and can also be used for fast
      screening of insensitive parameters and parameter combinations. The proposed
      methods are applicable to broad classes of stochastic dynamics such as chemical
      reaction networks, Langevin-type equations and stochastic models in finance,
      including systems with a high dimensional parameter space and/or disparate
      decorrelation times between different observables. Furthermore, they are simple
      to implement as a standard observable in any existing simulation algorithm
      without additional modifications. 

PMID- 26979682
TI  - Development of multi-mode diabatic spin-orbit models at arbitrary order.
AB  - The derivation of diabatic spin-orbit (SO) Hamiltonians is presented, which are
      expanded in terms of nuclear coordinates to arbitrary order including the
      treatment of multi-mode systems, having more than one mode of the same symmetry.
      The derivation is based on the microscopic Breit-Pauli SO operator and the
      consequent utilization of time reversal and spatial symmetry transformation
      properties of basis functions and coordinates. The method is demonstrated for a
      set of (2)E and (2)A1 states in C(3v)* (double group) symmetry, once for a 3D
      case of one a1 and one e mode and once for a 9D case of three a1 and three e
      coordinates. It is shown that the general structure of the diabatic SO
      Hamiltonian only depends on the basis states and is strictly imposed by time
      reversal symmetry. The resulting matrix can be expressed easily by a power series
      using six parametrized structure matrices as expansion coefficients multiplied by
      the associated monomials in terms of symmetrized coordinates. The explicit
      example presented here provides a full-dimensional diabatic SO model for methyl
      halide cations, which will be studied in the future.

PMID- 26979683
TI  - Iterative diagonalization of the non-Hermitian transcorrelated Hamiltonian using
      a plane-wave basis set: Application to sp-electron systems with deep core states.
AB  - We develop an iterative diagonalization scheme in solving a one-body self
      consistent-field equation in the transcorrelated (TC) method using a plane-wave
      basis set. Non-Hermiticity in the TC method is well handled with a block-Davidson
      algorithm. We verify that the required computational cost is efficiently reduced
      by our algorithm. In addition, we apply our plane-wave-basis TC calculation to
      some simple sp-electron systems with deep core states to elucidate an impact of
      the pseudopotential approximation to the calculated band structures. We find that
      a position of the deep valence bands is improved by an explicit inclusion of core
      states, but an overall band structure is consistent with a regular setup that
      includes core states into the pseudopotentials. This study offers an important
      understanding for the future application of the TC method to strongly correlated
      solids. 

PMID- 26979684
TI  - Nuclear spatial delocalization silences electron density oscillations in 2-phenyl
      ethyl-amine (PEA) and 2-phenylethyl-N,N-dimethylamine (PENNA) cations.
AB  - We simulate electron dynamics following ionization in 2-phenyl-ethyl-amine and 2
      phenylethyl-N,N-dimethylamine as examples of systems where 3 coupled cationic
      states are involved. We study two nuclear effects on electron dynamics: (i)
      coupled electron-nuclear motion and (ii) nuclear spatial delocalization as a
      result of the zero-point energy in the neutral molecule. Within the Ehrenfest
      approximation, our calculations show that the coherent electron dynamics in these
      molecules is not lost as a result of coupled electron-nuclear motion. In
      contrast, as a result of nuclear spatial delocalization, dephasing of the
      oscillations occurs on a time scale of only a few fs, long before any significant
      nuclear motion can occur. The results have been rationalized using a semi
      quantitative model based upon the gradients of the potential energy surfaces. 

PMID- 26979685
TI  - Focal construct geometry for high intensity energy dispersive x-ray diffraction
      based on x-ray capillary optics.
AB  - We presented a focal construct geometry (FCG) method for high intensity energy
      dispersive X-ray diffraction by utilizing a home-made ellipsoidal single-bounce
      capillary (ESBC) and a polycapillary parallel X-ray lens (PPXRL). The ESBC was
      employed to focus the X-rays from a conventional laboratory source into a small
      focal spot and to produce an annular X-ray beam in the far-field. Additionally,
      diffracted polychromatic X-rays were confocally collected by the PPXRL attached
      to a stationary energy-resolved detector. Our FCG method based on ESBC and PPXRL
      had achieved relatively high intensity diffraction peaks and effectively narrowed
      the diffraction peak width which was helpful in improving the potential d-spacing
      resolution for material phase analysis. 

PMID- 26979687
TI  - Rovibrational energy transfer and dissociation in O2-O collisions.
AB  - A set of state-specific transition rates for each rovibrational level is
      generated for the O2(X(3)Sigma(g)(-))-O(3)P system using the quasi-classical
      trajectory method at temperatures observed in hypersonic flows. A system of
      master equations describes the relaxation of the rovibrational ensemble to
      thermal equilibrium under ideal heat bath conditions at a constant translational
      temperature. Vibrational and rotational relaxation times, obtained from the
      average internal energies, exhibit a pattern inherent in a chemically reactive
      collisional pair. An intrinsic feature of the O3 molecular system with a large
      attractive potential is a weak temperature dependence of the rovibrational
      transition rates. For this reason, the quasi-steady vibrational and rotational
      temperatures experience a maximum at increasing translational temperature. The
      energy rate coefficients, that characterize the average loss of internal energy
      due to dissociation, quickly diminish at high temperatures, compared to other
      molecular systems.

PMID- 26979686
TI  - High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance measurements in inhomogeneous magnetic
      fields: A fast two-dimensional J-resolved experiment.
AB  - High spectral resolution in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a prerequisite
      for achieving accurate information relevant to molecular structures and
      composition assignments. The continuous development of superconducting magnets
      guarantees strong and homogeneous static magnetic fields for satisfactory
      spectral resolution. However, there exist circumstances, such as measurements on
      biological tissues and heterogeneous chemical samples, where the field
      homogeneity is degraded and spectral line broadening seems inevitable. Here we
      propose an NMR method, named intermolecular zero-quantum coherence J-resolved
      spectroscopy (iZQC-JRES), to face the challenge of field inhomogeneity and obtain
      desired high-resolution two-dimensional J-resolved spectra with fast acquisition.
      Theoretical analyses for this method are given according to the intermolecular
      multiple-quantum coherence treatment. Experiments on (a) a simple chemical
      solution and (b) an aqueous solution of mixed metabolites under externally
      deshimmed fields, and on (c) a table grape sample with intrinsic field
      inhomogeneity from magnetic susceptibility variations demonstrate the feasibility
      and applicability of the iZQC-JRES method. The application of this method to
      inhomogeneous chemical and biological samples, maybe in vivo samples, appears
      promising. 

PMID- 26979688
TI  - Infrared spectroscopic studies on the cluster size dependence of charge carrier
      structure in nitrous oxide cluster anions.
AB  - We report infrared photodissociation spectra of nitrous oxide cluster anions of
      the form (N2O)(n)O(-) (n = 1-12) and (N2O)n(-) (n = 7-15) in the region 800-1600
      cm(-1). The charge carriers in these ions are NNO2(-) and O(-) for (N2O)(n)O(-)
      clusters with a solvation induced core ion switch, and N2O(-) for (N2O)n(-)
      clusters. The N-N and N-O stretching vibrations of N2O(-) (solvated by N2O) are
      reported for the first time, and they are found at (1595 +/- 3) cm(-1) and (894
      +/- 5) cm(-1), respectively. We interpret our infrared spectra by comparison with
      the existing photoelectron spectroscopy data and with computational data in the
      framework of density functional theory.

PMID- 26979689
TI  - Ab initio calculation of the cross sections for electron impact vibrational
      excitation of CO via the (2)Pi shape resonance.
AB  - The stabilization method is used to calculate the complex potential energy curve
      of the (2)Pi state of CO(-) as a function of bond length, with the refinement
      that separate potentials are determined for p-wave and d-wave attachment and
      detachment of the excess electron. Using the resulting complex potentials,
      absolute vibrational excitation cross sections are calculated as a function of
      electron energy and scattering angle. The calculated cross sections agree well
      with experiment. 

PMID- 26979691
TI  - A coarse-grain force field for RDX: Density dependent and energy conserving.
AB  - We describe the development of a density-dependent transferable coarse-grain
      model of crystalline hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX) that can be used
      with the energy conserving dissipative particle dynamics method. The model is an
      extension of a recently reported one-site model of RDX that was developed by
      using a force-matching method. The density-dependent forces in that original
      model are provided through an interpolation scheme that poorly conserves energy.
      The development of the new model presented in this work first involved a multi
      objective procedure to improve the structural and thermodynamic properties of the
      previous model, followed by the inclusion of the density dependency via a
      conservative form of the force field that conserves energy. The new model
      accurately predicts the density, structure, pressure-volume isotherm, bulk
      modulus, and elastic constants of the RDX crystal at ambient pressure and
      exhibits transferability to a liquid phase at melt conditions. 

PMID- 26979690
TI  - The transition from the open minimum to the ring minimum on the ground state and
      on the lowest excited state of like symmetry in ozone: A configuration
      interaction study.
AB  - The metastable ring structure of the ozone 1(1)A1 ground state, which theoretical
      calculations have shown to exist, has so far eluded experimental detection. An
      accurate prediction for the energy difference between this isomer and the lower
      open structure is therefore of interest, as is a prediction for the isomerization
      barrier between them, which results from interactions between the lowest two
      (1)A1 states. In the present work, valence correlated energies of the 1(1)A1
      state and the 2(1)A1 state were calculated at the 1(1)A1 open minimum, the 1(1)A1
      ring minimum, the transition state between these two minima, the minimum of the
      2(1)A1 state, and the conical intersection between the two states. The geometries
      were determined at the full-valence multi-configuration self-consistent-field
      level. Configuration interaction (CI) expansions up to quadruple excitations were
      calculated with triple-zeta atomic basis sets. The CI expansions based on eight
      different reference configuration spaces were explored. To obtain some of the
      quadruple excitation energies, the method of Correlation Energy Extrapolation by
      Intrinsic Scaling was generalized to the simultaneous extrapolation for two
      states. This extrapolation method was shown to be very accurate. On the other
      hand, none of the CI expansions were found to have converged to millihartree (mh)
      accuracy at the quadruple excitation level. The data suggest that convergence to
      mh accuracy is probably attained at the sextuple excitation level. On the 1(1)A1
      state, the present calculations yield the estimates of (ring minimum-open
      minimum) ~45-50 mh and (transition state-open minimum) ~85-90 mh. For the (2(1)A1
      (1)A1) excitation energy, the estimate of ~130-170 mh is found at the open
      minimum and 270-310 mh at the ring minimum. At the transition state, the
      difference (2(1)A1-(1)A1) is found to be between 1 and 10 mh. The geometry of the
      transition state on the 1(1)A1 surface and that of the minimum on the 2(1)A1
      surface nearly coincide. More accurate predictions of the energy differences also
      require CI expansions to at least sextuple excitations with respect to the
      valence space. For every wave function considered, the omission of the
      correlations of the 2s oxygen orbitals, which is a widely used approximation, was
      found to cause errors of about +/-10 mh with respect to the energy differences. 

PMID- 26979692
TI  - Effect of simple solutes on the long range dipolar correlations in liquid water.
AB  - Intermolecular correlations in liquid water at ambient conditions have generally
      been characterized through short range density fluctuations described through the
      atomic pair distribution functions. Recent numerical and experimental results
      have suggested that such a description of order or structure in liquid water is
      incomplete and there exist considerably longer ranged orientational correlations
      in water that can be studied through dipolar correlations. In this study, using
      large scale classical, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations using TIP4P-Ew
      and TIP3P models of water, we show that salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl),
      potassium chloride (KCl), caesium chloride (CsCl), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
      have a long range effect on the dipolar correlations, which cannot be explained
      by the notion of structure making and breaking by dissolved ions. Observed
      effects are explained through orientational stratification of water molecules
      around ions and their long range coupling to the global hydrogen bond network by
      virtue of the sum rule for water. The observations for single hydrophilic solutes
      are contrasted with the same for a single methane (CH4) molecule. We observe that
      even a single small hydrophobe can result in enhancement of long range
      orientational correlations in liquid water, contrary to the case of dissolved
      ions, which have been observed to have a reducing effect. The observations from
      this study are discussed in the context of hydrophobic effect. 

PMID- 26979693
TI  - Optimization of classical nonpolarizable force fields for OH(-) and H3O(+).
AB  - We optimize force fields for H3O(+) and OH(-) that reproduce the experimental
      solvation free energies and the activities of H3O(+) Cl(-) and Na(+) OH(-)
      solutions up to concentrations of 1.5 mol/l. The force fields are optimized with
      respect to the partial charge on the hydrogen atoms and the Lennard-Jones
      parameters of the oxygen atoms. Remarkably, the partial charge on the hydrogen
      atom of the optimized H3O(+) force field is 0.8 +/- 0.1|e|--significantly higher
      than the value typically used for nonpolarizable water models and H3O(+) force
      fields. In contrast, the optimal partial charge on the hydrogen atom of OH(-)
      turns out to be zero. Standard combination rules can be used for H3O(+) Cl(-)
      solutions, while for Na(+) OH(-) solutions, we need to significantly increase the
      effective anion-cation Lennard-Jones radius. While highlighting the importance of
      intramolecular electrostatics, our results show that it is possible to generate
      thermodynamically consistent force fields without using atomic polarizability.

PMID- 26979694
TI  - Theoretical study of ionic liquids based on the cholinium cation. Ab initio
      simulations of their condensed phases.
AB  - We have explored by means of ab initio molecular dynamics the homologue series of
      11 different ionic liquids based on the combination of the cholinium cation with
      deprotonated amino acid anions. We present a structural analysis of the liquid
      states of these compounds as revealed by accurate ab initio computations of the
      forces. We highlight the persistent structural motifs that see the ionic couple
      as the basic building block of the liquid whereby a strong hydrogen bonding
      network substantially determines the short range structural behavior of the bulk
      state. Other minor docking features of the interaction network are also
      discovered and described. Special cases along the series such as Cysteine and
      Phenylalanine are discussed in the view of their peculiar properties due to
      zwitterion formation and additional long-range structural organization. 

PMID- 26979695
TI  - Dielectric relaxation in ionic liquid/dipolar solvent binary mixtures: A semi
      molecular theory.
AB  - A semi-molecular theory is developed here for studying dielectric relaxation (DR)
      in binary mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) with common dipolar solvents. Effects
      of ion translation on DR time scale, and those of ion rotation on conductivity
      relaxation time scale are explored. Two different models for the theoretical
      calculations have been considered: (i) separate medium approach, where
      molecularities of both the IL and dipolar solvent molecules are retained, and
      (ii) effective medium approach, where the added dipolar solvent molecules are
      assumed to combine with the dipolar ions of the IL, producing a fictitious
      effective medium characterized via effective dipole moment, density, and
      diameter. Semi-molecular expressions for the diffusive DR times have been derived
      which incorporates the effects of wavenumber dependent orientational static
      correlations, ion dynamic structure factors, and ion translation. Subsequently,
      the theory has been applied to the binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
      tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) with water (H2O), and acetonitrile (CH3CN) for
      which experimental DR data are available. On comparison, predicted DR time scales
      show close agreement with the measured DR times at low IL mole fractions (x(IL)).
      At higher IL concentrations (x(IL) > 0.05), the theory over-estimates the
      relaxation times and increasingly deviates from the measurements with x(IL),
      deviation being the maximum for the neat IL by almost two orders of magnitude.
      The theory predicts negligible contributions to this deviation from the x(IL)
      dependent collective orientational static correlations. The drastic difference
      between DR time scales for IL/solvent mixtures from theory and experiments arises
      primarily due to the use of the actual molecular volume (V(mol)(dip)) for the
      rotating dipolar moiety in the present theory and suggests that only a fraction
      of V(mol)(dip) is involved at high x(IL). Expectedly, nice agreement between
      theory and experiments appears when experimental estimates for the effective
      rotational volume (V(eff)(dip)) are used as inputs. The fraction,
      V(eff)(dip)/V(mol)(dip), sharply decreases from ~1 at pure dipolar solvent to
      ~0.01 at neat IL, reflecting a dramatic crossover from viscosity-coupled
      hydrodynamic angular diffusion at low IL mole fractions to orientational
      relaxation predominantly via large angle jumps at high x(IL). Similar results are
      obtained on applying the present theory to the aqueous solution of an electrolyte
      guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) having a permanent dipole moment associated with the
      cation, Gdm(+).

PMID- 26979696
TI  - Carbon dioxide in an ionic liquid: Structural and rotational dynamics.
AB  - Ionic liquids (ILs), which have widely tunable structural motifs and
      intermolecular interactions with solutes, have been proposed as possible carbon
      capture media. To inform the choice of an optimal ionic liquid system, it can be
      useful to understand the details of dynamics and interactions on fundamental time
      scales (femtoseconds to picoseconds) of dissolved gases, particularly carbon
      dioxide (CO2), within the complex solvation structures present in these uniquely
      organized materials. The rotational and local structural fluctuation dynamics of
      CO2 in the room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
      bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EmimNTf2) were investigated by using ultrafast
      infrared spectroscopy to interrogate the CO2 asymmetric stretch. Polarization
      selective pump probe measurements yielded the orientational correlation function
      of the CO2 vibrational transition dipole. It was found that reorientation of the
      carbon dioxide occurs on 3 time scales: 0.91 +/- 0.03, 8.3 +/- 0.1, 54 +/- 1 ps.
      The initial two are attributed to restricted wobbling motions originating from a
      gating of CO2 motions by the IL cations and anions. The final (slowest) decay
      corresponds to complete orientational randomization. Two-dimensional infrared
      vibrational echo (2D IR) spectroscopy provided information on structural
      rearrangements, which cause spectral diffusion, through the time dependence of
      the 2D line shape. Analysis of the time-dependent 2D IR spectra yields the
      frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF). Polarization-selective 2D IR
      experiments conducted on the CO2 asymmetric stretch in the parallel- and
      perpendicular-pumped geometries yield significantly different FFCFs due to a
      phenomenon known as reorientation-induced spectral diffusion (RISD), revealing
      strong vector interactions with the liquid structures that evolve slowly on the
      (independently measured) rotation time scales. To separate the RISD contribution
      to the FFCF from the structural spectral diffusion contribution, the previously
      developed first order Stark effect RISD model is reformulated to describe the
      second order (quadratic) Stark effect--the first order Stark effect vanishes
      because CO2 does not have a permanent dipole moment. Through this analysis, we
      characterize the structural fluctuations of CO2 in the ionic liquid solvation
      environment, which separate into magnitude-only and combined magnitude and
      directional correlations of the liquid's time dependent electric field. This new
      methodology will enable highly incisive comparisons between CO2 dynamics in a
      variety of ionic liquid systems.

PMID- 26979697
TI  - Insight into the Li2CO3-K2CO3 eutectic mixture from classical molecular dynamics:
      Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics.
AB  - We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the thermodynamics, structure, and
      dynamics of the Li2CO3-K2CO3 (62:38 mol. %) eutectic mixture. We present a new
      classical non-polarizable force field for this molten salt mixture, optimized
      using experimental and first principles molecular dynamics simulations data as
      reference. This simple force field allows efficient molecular simulations of
      phenomena at long time scales. We use this optimized force field to describe the
      behavior of the eutectic mixture in the 900-1100 K temperature range, at
      pressures between 0 and 5 GPa. After studying the equation of state in these
      thermodynamic conditions, we present molecular insight into the structure and
      dynamics of the melt. In particular, we present an analysis of the temperature
      and pressure dependence of the eutectic mixture's self-diffusion coefficients,
      viscosity, and ionic conductivity. 

PMID- 26979698
TI  - Intermolecular electron transfer from intramolecular excitation and coherent
      acoustic phonon generation in a hydrogen-bonded charge-transfer solid.
AB  - Organic materials that produce coherent lattice phonon excitations in response to
      external stimuli may provide next generation solutions in a wide range of
      applications. However, for these materials to lead to functional devices in
      technology, a full understanding of the possible driving forces of coherent
      lattice phonon generation must be attained. To facilitate the achievement of this
      goal, we have undertaken an optical spectroscopic study of an organic charge
      transfer material formed from the ubiquitous reduction-oxidation pair
      hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone. Upon pumping this material, known as
      quinhydrone, on its intermolecular charge transfer resonance as well as an
      intramolecular resonance of p-benzoquinone, we find sub-cm(-1) oscillations whose
      dispersion with probe energy resembles that of a coherent acoustic phonon that we
      argue is coherently excited following changes in the electron density of
      quinhydrone. Using the dynamical information from these ultrafast pump-probe
      measurements, we find that the fastest process we can resolve does not change
      whether we pump quinhydrone at either energy. Electron-phonon coupling from both
      ultrafast coherent vibrational and steady-state resonance Raman spectroscopies
      allows us to determine that intramolecular electronic excitation of p
      benzoquinone also drives the electron transfer process in quinhydrone. These
      results demonstrate the wide range of electronic excitations of the parent of
      molecules found in many functional organic materials that can drive coherent
      lattice phonon excitations useful for applications in electronics, photonics, and
      information technology. 

PMID- 26979699
TI  - Coverage induced structural transformations of tetracene on Ag(110).
AB  - Self-assembly of tetracene on an anisotropic surface of Ag(110) has been
      investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron
      diffraction. We observe multistage structural transformations of the self
      assembled tetracene on Ag(110) as a function of molecular coverages, which are
      accompanied by the changes in molecular orientations. They are analyzed by a
      balance between multiple molecule-molecule and anisotropic substrate-molecule
      interactions. 

PMID- 26979700
TI  - Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for birefringence relaxation of photo-switchable
      molecules on a surface.
AB  - Recent experiments have demonstrated that in a dense monolayer of photo
      switchable dye methyl-red molecules the relaxation of an initial birefringence
      follows a power-law decay, typical for glass-like dynamics. The slow relaxation
      can efficiently be controlled and accelerated by illuminating the monolayer with
      circularly polarized light, which induces trans-cis isomerization cycles. To
      elucidate the microscopic mechanism, we develop a two-dimensional molecular model
      in which the trans and cis isomers are represented by straight and bent needles,
      respectively. As in the experimental system, the needles are allowed to rotate
      and to form overlaps but they cannot translate. The out-of-equilibrium rotational
      dynamics of the needles is generated using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We
      demonstrate that, in a regime of high density and low temperature, the power-law
      relaxation can be traced to the formation of spatio-temporal correlations in the
      rotational dynamics, i.e., dynamic heterogeneity. We also show that the nearly
      isotropic cis isomers can prevent dynamic heterogeneity from forming in the
      monolayer and that the relaxation then becomes exponential. 

PMID- 26979701
TI  - Ag2ZnSn(S,Se)4: A highly promising absorber for thin film photovoltaics.
AB  - The growth in efficiency of earth-abundant kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe)
      solar cells has slowed, due in part to the intrinsic limitations imposed by the
      band tailing attributed primarily to I-II antisite exchange. In this study,
      density functional theory simulations show that when Ag is substituted for Cu to
      form kesterite Ag2ZnSnSe4 (AZTSe), the I-II isolated antisite formation energy
      becomes 3.7 times greater than in CZTSSe, resulting in at least an order of
      magnitude reduction in I-II antisite density. Experimental evidence of an
      optoelectronically improved material is also provided. Comparison of the low
      temperature photoluminescence (PL) structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe), CZTSSe, and
      AZTSe shows that AZTSe has a shallow defect structure with emission significantly
      closer to the band edge than CZTSe. Existence of suppressed band tailing is found
      in the proximity of the room-temperature PL peak of AZTSe to its measured band
      gap. The results are consistent with AZTSe being a promising alternative to
      CZTSSe and CIGSe for thin film photovoltaics. 

PMID- 26979702
TI  - Ab initio parameterization of a charge optimized many-body forcefield for Si
      SiO2: Validation and thermal transport in nanostructures.
AB  - In an effort to extend the reach of current ab initio calculations to simulations
      requiring millions of configurations for complex systems such as
      heterostructures, we have parameterized the third-generation Charge Optimized
      Many-Body (COMB3) potential using solely ab initio total energies, forces, and
      stress tensors as input. The quality and the predictive power of the new
      forcefield are assessed by computing properties including the cohesive energy and
      density of SiO2 polymorphs, surface energies of alpha-quartz, and phonon
      densities of states of crystalline and amorphous phases of SiO2. Comparison with
      data from experiments, ab initio calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations
      using published forcefields including BKS (van Beest, Kramer, and van Santen),
      ReaxFF, and COMB2 demonstrates an overall improvement of the new
      parameterization. The computed temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity
      of crystalline alpha-quartz and the Kapitza resistance of the interface between
      crystalline Si(001) and amorphous silica is in excellent agreement with
      experiment, setting the stage for simulations of complex nanoscale
      heterostructures. 

PMID- 26979703
TI  - Nanopore gating with an anchored polymer in a switching electrolyte bias.
AB  - In this work, we theoretically study the interaction between a solid state
      membrane equipped with a nanopore and a tethered, negatively charged polymer
      chain subjected to a time-dependent applied electrolyte bias. In order to
      describe the movement of the chain in the biomolecule-membrane system immersed in
      an electrolyte solution, Brownian dynamics is used. We show that we can control
      the polymer's equilibrium position with various applied electrolyte biases: for a
      sufficiently positive bias, the chain extends inside the pore, and the removal of
      the bias causes the polymer to leave the pore. Corresponding to a driven process,
      we find that the time it takes for a biomolecular chain to enter and extend into
      a nanopore in a positive bias almost increases linearly with chain length while
      the amount of time it takes for a polymer chain to escape the nanopore is mainly
      governed by diffusion. 

PMID- 26979704
TI  - Effect of excluded volume on the force-extension of wormlike chains in slit
      confinement.
AB  - We use pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method simulations to develop a quantitative
      phase diagram for the stretching of a real wormlike chain confined in a slit. Our
      simulations confirm the existence of a "confined Pincus" regime in slit
      confinement, analogous to the Pincus regime in free solution, where excluded
      volume effects are sensible. The lower bound for the confined Pincus regime in
      the force-molecular weight plane, as well as the scaling of the extension with
      force and slit size, agree with an existing scaling theory for this regime. The
      upper bound of the confined Pincus regime depends on the strength of the
      confinement. For strong confinement, the confined Pincus regime ends when the
      contour length in the Pincus blob is too short to have intrablob excluded volume.
      As a result, the chain statistics become ideal and the confined Pincus regime at
      low forces is connected directly to ideal chain stretching at large forces. In
      contrast, for weak confinement, the confined Pincus regime ends when the Pincus
      blobs no longer fit inside the slit, even though there is sufficient contour
      length to have excluded volume inside the Pincus blob. As a result, weak
      confinement leads to a free-solution Pincus regime intervening between the
      confined Pincus regime for weak forces and ideal chain stretching at strong
      forces. Our results highlight shortcomings in existing models for the stretching
      of wormlike chains in slits. 

PMID- 26979705
TI  - Coarse-grained molecular simulations of allosteric cooperativity.
AB  - Interactions between a protein and a ligand are often accompanied by a
      redistribution of the population of thermally accessible conformations. This
      dynamic response of the protein's functional energy landscape enables a protein
      to modulate binding affinities and control binding sensitivity to ligand
      concentration. In this paper, we investigate the structural origins of binding
      affinity and allosteric cooperativity of binding two Ca(2+) ions to each domain
      of Calmodulin (CaM) through simulations of a simple coarse-grained model. In this
      model, the protein's conformational transitions between open and closed
      conformational ensembles are simulated explicitly and ligand binding and
      unbinding are treated implicitly within the grand canonical ensemble. Ligand
      binding is cooperative because the binding sites are coupled through a shift in
      the dominant conformational ensemble upon binding. The classic Monod-Wyman
      Changeux model of allostery with appropriate binding free energies to the open
      and closed ensembles accurately describes the simulated binding thermodynamics.
      The simulations predict that the two domains of CaM have distinct binding
      affinity and cooperativity. In particular, the C-terminal domain binds Ca(2+)
      with higher affinity and greater cooperativity than the N-terminal domain. From a
      structural point of view, the affinity of an individual binding loop depends
      sensitively on the loop's structural compatibility with the ligand in the bound
      ensemble, as well as the conformational flexibility of the binding site in the
      unbound ensemble. 

PMID- 26979706
TI  - Comparing allosteric transitions in the domains of calmodulin through coarse
      grained simulations.
AB  - Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-binding protein consisting of two
      structurally similar domains with distinct stabilities, binding affinities, and
      flexibilities. We present coarse grained simulations that suggest that the
      mechanism for the domain's allosteric transitions between the open and closed
      conformations depends on subtle differences in the folded state topology of the
      two domains. Throughout a wide temperature range, the simulated transition
      mechanism of the N-terminal domain (nCaM) follows a two-state transition
      mechanism while domain opening in the C-terminal domain (cCaM) involves unfolding
      and refolding of the tertiary structure. The appearance of the unfolded
      intermediate occurs at a higher temperature in nCaM than it does in cCaM
      consistent with nCaM's higher thermal stability. Under approximate physiological
      conditions, the simulated unfolded state population of cCaM accounts for 10% of
      the population with nearly all of the sampled transitions (approximately 95%)
      unfolding and refolding during the conformational change. Transient unfolding
      significantly slows the domain opening and closing rates of cCaM, which can
      potentially influence its Ca(2+)-binding mechanism. 

PMID- 26979707
TI  - Dynamics of the entropic insertion of a large sphere into a cylindrical vessel.
AB  - Insertion of a solute into a vessel comprising biopolymers is a fundamental
      function in a biological system. The entropy originating from the translational
      displacement of solvent particles plays an essential role in the insertion. Here
      we study the dynamics of entropic insertion of a large spherical solute into a
      cylindrical vessel. The solute and the vessel are immersed in small spheres
      forming the solvent. We develop a theoretical method formulated using the Fokker
      Planck equation. The spatial distribution of solute-vessel entropic potential,
      which is calculated by the three-dimensional integral equation theory combined
      with rigid-body models, serves as input data. The key quantity analyzed is the
      density of the probability of finding the solute at any position at any time. It
      is found that the solute is inserted along the central axis of the vessel cavity
      and trapped at a position where the entropic potential takes a local minimum
      value. The solute keeps being trapped without touching the vessel inner surface.
      In a significantly long time tau, the solute transfers to the position in contact
      with the vessel bottom possessing the global potential minimum along the central
      axis. As the solute size increases, tau becomes remarkably longer. We also
      discuss the relevance of our result to the functional expression of a
      chaperonin/cochaperonin in the assistance of protein folding. 

PMID- 26979708
TI  - An implicit divalent counterion force field for RNA molecular dynamics.
AB  - How to properly account for polyvalent counterions in a molecular dynamics
      simulation of polyelectrolytes such as nucleic acids remains an open question.
      Not only do counterions such as Mg(2+) screen electrostatic interactions, they
      also produce attractive intrachain interactions that stabilize secondary and
      tertiary structures. Here, we show how a simple force field derived from a
      recently reported implicit counterion model can be integrated into a molecular
      dynamics simulation for RNAs to realistically reproduce key structural details of
      both single-stranded and base-paired RNA constructs. This divalent counterion
      model is computationally efficient. It works with existing atomistic force
      fields, or coarse-grained models may be tuned to work with it. We provide
      optimized parameters for a coarse-grained RNA model that takes advantage of this
      new counterion force field. Using the new model, we illustrate how the structural
      flexibility of RNA two-way junctions is modified under different salt conditions.

PMID- 26979709
TI  - Erratum: "Influence of grain size on optical properties of Sr2CeO4 nanocrystals"
      [J. Chem. Phys. 142, 184701 (2015)].

PMID- 26979710
TI  - Early detection of novel Leishmania species DNA in the saliva of two HIV-infected
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis caused by two new species of Leishmania; L. siamensis
      and L. martiniquensis have been recently described in Thailand. The disease has
      mainly been documented in AIDS patients from southern Thailand. In this study,
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine HIV-Leishmania co-infection
      in southern Thailand. METHODS: One ml of saliva and 3 ml of EDTA blood were
      collected from HIV-infected patients for PCR detection of Leishmania DNA, cloning
      and sequencing. The positive PCR samples were then cultured on Schneider's insect
      medium. RESULTS: Three out of 316 saliva samples collected from HIV-infected
      patients were found to be positive for Leishmania DNA (0.95%). Among the positive
      samples, one patient was observed with disseminated cutaneous lesions and also
      tested positive via saliva, whole blood and buffy coat in PCR. The second case
      presenting with nodular lesions also gave a positive saliva test via PCR two
      months prior to buffy coat. This diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic
      examination and a culture of biopsy samples from a nodule. The last case was an
      asymptomatic Leishmania infection which tested PCR positive only in saliva with a
      consecutive sample collection conducted for three months. CONCLUSIONS: The
      prevalence of Leishmania infection in HIV infected patients within this study is
      0.95%. Leishmania DNA was detected in saliva by PCR prior to blood and buffy coat
      of two HIV infected patients. Early detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva would
      be beneficial for the follow up of asymptomatic Leishmania infected patients, the
      early treatment of leishmaniasis and for surveillance survey purpose. However,
      full evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of this technique with a large
      cohort of patients is required before deployment.

PMID- 26979713
TI  - Does Mode of Transport Confer a Mortality Benefit in Trauma Patients?
      Characteristics and Outcomes at an Ontario Lead Trauma Hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Evidence-based guidelines regarding the optimal mode of transport for
      trauma patients from scene to trauma centre are lacking. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the relationship between trauma patient outcomes and
      mode of transport at a single Ontario Level I Trauma Centre, and specifically to
      investigate if the mode of transport confers a mortality benefit. METHODS: A
      historical, observational cohort study was undertaken to compare rotor-wing and
      ground transported patients. Captured data included demographics, injury
      severity, temporal and mortality variables. TRISS-L analysis was performed to
      examine mortality outcomes. RESULTS: 387 rotor-wing transport and 2,759 ground
      transport patients were analyzed over an 18-year period. Rotor-wing patients were
      younger, had a higher Injury Severity Score, and had longer prehospital transport
      times. Mechanism of injury was similarly distributed between groups. After
      controlling for heterogeneity with TRISS-L analysis, the mortality of rotor-wing
      patients was found to be lower than predicted mortality, whereas the converse was
      found with ground patients. CONCLUSION: Rotor-wing and ground transported trauma
      patients represent heterogeneous populations. Accounting for these differences,
      rotor-wing patients were found to outperform their predicted mortality, whereas
      ground patients underperformed predictions.

PMID- 26979711
TI  - Chemotherapy-Induced Inflammatory Gene Signature and Protumorigenic Phenotype in
      Pancreatic CAFs via Stress-Associated MAPK.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a characteristically dense stroma
      comprised predominantly of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). CAFs promote
      tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance. This study aimed to
      investigate the molecular changes and functional consequences associated with
      chemotherapy treatment of PDAC CAFs. Chemoresistant immortalized CAFs (R-CAF)
      were generated by continuous incubation in gemcitabine. Gene expression
      differences between treatment-naive CAFs (N-CAF) and R-CAFs were compared by
      array analysis. Functionally, tumor cells (TC) were exposed to N-CAF- or R-CAF
      conditioned media and assayed for migration, invasion, and viability in vitro
      Furthermore, a coinjection (TC and CAF) model was used to compare tumor growth in
      vivo R-CAFs increased TC viability, migration, and invasion compared with N-CAFs.
      In vivo, TCs coinjected with R-CAFs grew larger than those accompanied by N-CAFs.
      Genomic analysis demonstrated that R-CAFs had increased expression of various
      inflammatory mediators, similar to the previously described senescence-associated
      secretory phenotype (SASP). In addition, SASP mediators were found to be
      upregulated in response to short duration treatment with gemcitabine in both
      immortalized and primary CAFs. Inhibition of stress-associated MAPK signaling
      (P38 MAPK or JNK) attenuated SASP induction as well as the tumor-supportive
      functions of chemotherapy-treated CAFs in vitro and in vivo These results
      identify a negative consequence of chemotherapy on the PDAC microenvironment that
      could be targeted to improve the efficacy of current therapeutic regimens.
      IMPLICATIONS: Chemotherapy treatment of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts
      results in a proinflammatory response driven by stress-associated MAPK signaling
      that enhances tumor cell growth and invasiveness. Mol Cancer Res; 14(5); 437-47.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26979714
TI  - Berberine activates Nrf2 nuclear translocation and inhibits apoptosis induced by
      high glucose in renal tubular epithelial cells through a phosphatidylinositol 3
      kinase/Akt-dependent mechanism.
AB  - Apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells is a major feature of diabetic kidney
      disease, and hyperglycemia triggers the generation of free radicals and oxidant
      stress in tubular cells. Berberine (BBR) is identified as a potential anti
      diabetic herbal medicine due to its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity,
      glucose metabolism and glycolysis. In this study, the underlying mechanisms
      involved in the protective effects of BBR on high glucose-induced apoptosis were
      explored using cultured renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E cells) and human
      kidney proximal tubular cell line (HK-2 cells). We identified the pivotal role of
      phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in BBR cellular defense mechanisms and
      revealed the novel effect of BBR on nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related
      factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in NRK-52E and HK-2 cells. BBR
      attenuated reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant defense (GSH and SOD)
      and oxidant-sensitive proteins (Nrf2 and HO-1), which also were blocked by
      LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K) in HG-treated NRK-52E and HK-2 cells.
      Furthermore, BBR improved mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial
      membrane potential. BBR-induced anti-apoptotic function was demonstrated by
      decreasing apoptotic proteins (cytochrome c, Bax, caspase3 and caspase9). All
      these findings suggest that BBR exerts the anti-apoptosis effects through
      activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathways and leads to activation of Nrf2 and
      induction of Nrf2 target genes, and consequently protecting the renal tubular
      epithelial cells from HG-induced apoptosis.

PMID- 26979712
TI  - Acute effects of coffee consumption on self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms,
      blood pressure and stress indices in healthy individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that coffee may affect the gut-brain axis with
      conflicting outcomes. Moreover, there is insufficient evidence to determine
      whether the type or temperature of coffee consumed will have a different impact
      on the gut-brain axis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects
      of acute coffee consumption on the following: 1. self-reported GI symptoms and
      salivary gastrin, 2. stress indices [salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA)]
      and psychometric measures, and 3. blood pressure (BP), in healthy, daily coffee
      consuming individuals in non-stressful conditions. METHODS: This was a
      randomized, double blind, crossover clinical trial, in which 40 healthy
      individuals (20 men, 20 women), 20-55 years of age, randomly consumed four 200 ml
      coffee beverages containing 160 mg caffeine (hot and cold instant coffee, cold
      espresso, hot filtered coffee), 1 week apart. Salivary samples and psychometric
      questionnaires were collected at baseline and post-coffee consumption at 15,30,
      and 60 min for salivary gastrin and sAA measurements and at 60,120, and 180 min
      for cortisol measurements. BP was measured at beginning and end of each
      intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02253628 RESULTS: Coffee consumption
      significantly increased sAA activity (P = 0.041), with significant differences
      only between cold instant and filter coffee at 15 and 30 min post-consumption (P
      < 0.05). Coffee temporarily increased salivary gastrin, without differences
      between coffee types. Coffee did not affect salivary cortisol or self-reported
      anxiety levels. Coffee consumption significantly increased BP, within the healthy
      physiological levels, in a gender specific manner at the end of the experimental
      periods, without differences between coffee types. CONCLUSION: Acute coffee
      consumption in non-stressful conditions activated sAA and BP but not salivary
      cortisol, indicating activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Post-coffee
      sAA increase without a concomitant cortisol increase may also indicate that
      coffee may have some anti-stress properties.

PMID- 26979715
TI  - [Progress due to networking structures. Challenges for the Competence Network
      Malignant Lymphomas in the Era of Precision Medicine].
AB  - The Competence Network Malignant Lymphomas (KML), founded in 1999 at the
      initiative of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), brings
      together interdisciplinary medical and scientific expertise in research on
      malignant lymphomas. The network helps to release synergies in evidence-based
      clinical research and contributes to the accelerated transfer of advances in
      knowledge gained from therapeutic studies for the health care of lymphoma
      patients. During the regular BMBF funding period (1999-2009) individual sub
      projects were hived off, such as the Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group
      (CHMG) or the Scientific Institute of Haematologists and Oncologists in Private
      Practice (WINHO GmbH). At the end of BMBF funding, pivotal KML projects such as
      the reference diagnostic panel for KML lymphoma study groups, site management
      support, health care management and the information and communication section
      could be continued in the scientific association "Kompetenznetz Maligne Lymphome
      e. V." which was founded in 2005. Due to the recent in-depth understanding of the
      molecular and genetic mechanisms of lymphomagenesis and the consequent
      transformation to precision medicine targeting specialised groups of patients,
      the KML is currently facing the challenge of developing modern study, health-care
      and information concepts in ever shorter periods of time. 

PMID- 26979716
TI  - [AFNET. A translational research network develops into an academic research
      organization].
AB  - "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" (Aristotle).Atrial fibrillation
      (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and affects 1-2 % of the population
      in developed countries, especially the elderly. We expect that the prevalence of
      AF will double in the next few decades. The last decades have seen important
      improvements in the management of atrial fibrillation, but many questions remain
      regarding the optimal diagnosis and management of the condition. The German
      Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (AFNET) was one of three cardiovascular competence
      networks in medicine funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research
      between 2003-2014. AFNET has contributed to the understanding of atrial
      fibrillation, and AFNET-led studies have led to improved clinical practices and
      practice guidelines in Germany and in Europe. This work has been expanded and is
      continuing in the AFNET association (AFNET e. V.). The AFNET association, founded
      in 2010 and continuing to this day, has developed into a small but fully formed
      academic research organisation that conducts investigator-initiated clinical
      trials as the responsible sponsor in Germany, Europe, and beyond. The AFNET
      association currently cooperates with EHRA (The European Heart Rhythm
      Association), ESC (The European Society of Cardiology) and DZHK (The German
      Centre for Cardiovascular Research) and receives funding from the European Union
      to generate evidence that can in the future lead to better prevention and
      management of AF. 

PMID- 26979717
TI  - [Dementia Competence Network. Results and outlook].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Dementia Competence Network (DCN) is represented by academic
      memory clinics and has three major aims: (1) To facilitate the development of
      diagnostic tools including neuropsychology, biomarkers, imaging and genetics. (2)
      To implement clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment and dementia and (3) to
      improve standard care for dementia in Germany. AIMS: This article summarizes the
      achievements of the DCN so far and highlights future perspectives. METHODS: The
      DCN has built up two multicentre cohorts. Within the first cohort, patients with
      mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia were examined longitudinally using
      multiple neuropsychological assessments and numerous different biomarkers. In a
      subgroup of the first cohort, patients were treated with antidementive drugs in
      two placebo-controlled clinical trials. The second cohort included cognitively
      healthy older people and examined repetitively clinical, neuropsychological and
      psychosocial parameters for ten years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The DCN has
      generated a large data and biomaterial bank. Numerous publications have helped to
      develop further diagnostic procedures and treatment of cognitive disorders and
      dementia. The DCN has contributed to end stigmatisation of dementia.

PMID- 26979718
TI  - [Competence Network Heart Failure (CNHF). Together against heart failure].
AB  - Heart failure is one of the most urgent medical and socio-economic challenges of
      the 21(st) century. Up to three million people are affected in Germany; this
      means one in ten people over the age of 65  live with heart failure. The current
      demographic changes will accentuate the importance of this grave health problem.
      The care of patients with heart failure, as well as the associated research
      mandates a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach. The Competence Network
      Heart Failure (CNHF) pursues this objective. CNHF is a research alliance with 11
      sites in Germany and was funded by the Federal Ministry of Research (BMBF) from
      2003 through 2014. Since January 2015, the network has been an associate
      cooperating partner of the German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK).
      During the 12-year funding period by the BMBF, scientists in the field of heart
      failure from 30 university hospitals, 5 research institutes, 7 heart centers, 17
      cardiovascular clinics, over 200 general practitioners, 4 rehabilitation clinics,
      as well as numerous organizations and associations were involved in cooperative
      CNHF research. In the context of 22 projects, the CNHF covered basic, clinical,
      and health care research, and generated numerous groundbreaking insights into
      disease mechanisms, as well as diagnosis and treatment of heart failure, which
      are documented in more than 350 publications. With its central study database and
      bank of biomaterials, the network has set up a Europe-wide unique research
      resource, which can be used in the future for national and international
      cooperations with the DZHK and other partners. Furthermore, the CNHF strongly
      promotes nation- and Europe-wide public relations and heart failure awareness
      activities. 

PMID- 26979721
TI  - Interface properties between a low band gap conjugated polymer and a calcium
      metal electrode.
AB  - Interfaces between metal electrodes and pi-conjugated polymers play an important
      role in the organic optoelectronic devices. In this paper, the molecular
      orientation of the pristine poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-5,5-(4',7'
      di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (APFO3) films, chemical reactions and
      the electronic structure during the interface formation of Ca/APFO3 have been
      investigated in detail using synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy
      (SRPES), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption
      fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. It is shown that the APFO3 film has a high
      degree of orientational ordering with its aromatic ring tilted at an angle of 43
      degrees  from the substrate, and the 9,9-dioctyl fluorene unit (F8) is almost in
      the same plane as the benzothiazole unit (BT). Upon vapor-deposition of Ca onto
      APFO3 at room temperature, Ca dopes electrons into APFO3 and induces the downward
      band bending of APFO3. Moreover, Ca can diffuse into the APFO3 subsurface and
      react with N, S and C atoms of APFO3. Finally, the barrier of electron injection
      at the Ca/APFO3 interface is derived by the energy level alignment diagram. These
      results enable us to gain comprehensive insights into APFO3 and will facilitate
      the reasonable design of high performance devices based on APFO3. 

PMID- 26979719
TI  - [Leukemia research in Germany: the Competence Network Acute and Chronic
      Leukemias].
AB  - The Competence Network "Acute and Chronic Leukemias" was founded in 1997 by the
      consolidation of the leading leukemia study groups in Germany. Key results are
      the development of new trials and cooperative studies, the setup of patient
      registries and biobanking facilities, as well as the improvement of study
      infrastructure. In 2003, the concept of the competence network contributed to the
      foundation of the European LeukemiaNet (ELN). Synergy with the ELN resulted in
      cooperation on a European and international level, standardization of diagnostics
      and treatment, and recommendations for each leukemia and interdisciplinary
      specialty. The ultimate goal of the network is the cure of leukemia through
      cooperative research. 

PMID- 26979722
TI  - Hybridization of Surface Plasmon Polariton and Photonic Crystal Modes in Bragg
      Mirror with Periodically Profiled Metal Film.
AB  - The hybridization of the plasmonic and guided modes in the case of one-dimension
      photonic crystal based on Bragg mirror terminated by a corrugated metal film has
      been demonstrated theoretically. The simulations have showed that the hybrid
      plasmonic-photonic mode is characterized by low broadening due to redistribution
      of the electric field intensity between photonic mode and surface plasmon
      polariton. It was found that the Q-factor and the polarisation sensitivity of
      these modes are about 144 and 25, respectively, that is 3 times greater than for
      surface plasmon polariton exciting in similar structure without Bragg mirror. 

PMID- 26979720
TI  - Citicoline retards myopia progression following form deprivation in guinea pigs.
AB  - The retinal dopaminergic system is involved in the myopic shift following form
      deprivation. Citicoline has been demonstrated to stimulate the dopaminergic
      system in the brain and retina. Furthermore, citicoline has been used in many
      neurogenic diseases, such as senile cognitive impairment, stroke and Parkinson's
      disease as well as in amblyopia and glaucoma. Our aim was to investigate the
      effect of citicoline on the refractive state and retinal dopamine level in form
      deprivation myopia of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs, at an age of four weeks, were
      randomly divided into normal control, deprivation, deprived + citicoline and
      deprived + vehicle groups. Form deprivation myopia was induced by a translucent
      eye shield covering the right eye. Citicoline was injected intraperitoneally
      twice a day (500 mg/kg, 9 am and 9 pm) for 10 days. In vitro, retinal explants
      were cultured with citicoline for 24 h, with a final citicoline concentration of
      100 umol/L. The ocular refractive parameters and retinal dopamine content were
      measured. After occlusion for 10 days, the form-deprived eyes became myopic with
      an increase in axial length and a decrease in retinal dopamine content. The
      intraperitoneal injection of citicoline reduced the myopic degree (from -3.25 +/-
      0.77D to -0.62 +/- 0.47D, P < 0.001) and partially raised retinal dopamine levels
      (from 0.55 +/- 0.21 ng to 0.81 +/- 0.24 ng, P < 0.01) in the form-deprived eyes.
      After 24 h of culturing retinal explants with citicoline, retinal dopamine
      content increased significantly (from 0.42 +/- 0.14 ng to 0.62 +/- 0.21 ng, P <
      0.05). These results demonstrated that an intraperitoneal injection of citicoline
      could retard the myopic shift induced by form deprivation in guinea pigs, which
      was mediated by an increase in the retinal dopamine levels.

PMID- 26979723
TI  - Endothelialization of TiO2 Nanorods Coated with Ultrathin Amorphous Carbon Films.
AB  - Carbon plasma nanocoatings with controlled fraction of sp(3)-C bonding were
      deposited on TiO2 nanorod arrays (TNAs) by DC magnetic-filtered cathodic vacuum
      arc deposition (FCVAD). The cytocompatibility of TNA/carbon nanocomposites was
      systematically investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were
      cultured on the nanocomposites for 4, 24, and 72 h in vitro. It was found that
      plasma-treated TNAs exhibited excellent cell viability as compared to the
      untreated. Importantly, our results show that cellular responses positively
      correlate with the sp(3)-C content. The cells cultured on high sp(3)-C-contented
      substrates exhibit better attachment, shape configuration, and proliferation.
      These findings indicate that the nanocomposites with high sp(3)-C content
      possessed superior cytocompatibility. Notably, the nanocomposites drastically
      reduced platelet adhesion and activation in our previous studies. Taken together,
      these findings suggest the TNA/carbon scaffold may serve as a guide for the
      design of multi-functionality devices that promotes endothelialization and
      improves hemocompatibility. 

PMID- 26979724
TI  - Annealing Effects on Structure and Optical Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon
      Films Containing Silver.
AB  - In the present study, diamond-like carbon films with embedded Ag nanoparticles
      (DLC:Ag) were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. Structure of the films
      was investigated by Raman scattering spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy was
      used to define thickness of DLC:Ag films as well as to study the surface
      morphology and size distribution of Ag nanoparticles. Optical absorbance and
      reflectance spectra of the films were studied in the 180-1100-nm range. Air
      annealing effects on structure and optical properties of the DLC:Ag were
      investigated. Annealing temperatures were varied in the 180-400  degrees C range.
      Changes of size and shape of the Ag nanoclusters took place due to agglomeration.
      It was found that air annealing of DLC:Ag films can result in graphitization
      following destruction of the DLC matrix. Additional activation of surface
      enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect in DLC:Ag films can be achieved by
      properly selecting annealing conditions. Annealing resulted in blueshift as well
      as significant narrowing of the plasmonic absorbance and reflectance peaks.
      Moreover, quadrupole surface plasmon resonance peaks appeared. Modeling of
      absorption spectra of the nanoclusters depending on the shape and surrounding
      media has been carried out. 

PMID- 26979725
TI  - Crossbar Nanoscale HfO2-Based Electronic Synapses.
AB  - Crossbar resistive switching devices down to 40 * 40 nm(2) in size comprising 3
      nm-thick HfO2 layers are forming-free and exhibit up to 10(5) switching cycles.
      Four-nanometer-thick devices display the ability of gradual switching in both
      directions, thus emulating long-term potentiation/depression properties akin to
      biological synapses. Both forming-free and gradual switching properties are
      modeled in terms of oxygen vacancy generation in an ultrathin HfO2 layer. By
      applying the voltage pulses to the opposite electrodes of nanodevices with the
      shape emulating spikes in biological neurons, spike-timing-dependent plasticity
      functionality is demonstrated. Thus, the fabricated memristors in crossbar
      geometry are promising candidates for hardware implementation of hybrid CMOS
      neuron/memristor-synapse neural networks. 

PMID- 26979726
TI  - Microstructure and Phase Composition of Cold Isostatically Pressed and
      Pressureless Sintered Silicon Nitride.
AB  - The microstructure and physical properties of new Y2O3 and Al2O3 oxide-doped
      silicon nitride ceramics fabricated by cold isostatic pressing and free sintering
      were investigated. The phase composition of produced material was also studied by
      X-ray diffraction at room and elevated temperature. The fabricated ceramics
      featured a microstructure of Si5AlON7 grains with a fine-grained alpha-Si3N4 with
      a small amount of Y2SiAlON5. Described ceramics is attractive for many high
      temperature structural applications due to beneficial combination of fine-grained
      structure with improved mechanical properties and small weight loss. 

PMID- 26979727
TI  - Solid-Phase Spectrophotometric Analysis of 1-Naphthol Using Silica Functionalized
      with m-Diazophenylarsonic Acid.
AB  - The m-aminophenylarsonic acid (m-APAA) was immobilized onto the silica gel
      surface with covalently grafted quaternary ammonium groups via ion exchange. The
      diazotization of ion-bonded m-APAA resulted in a new solid-phase
      spectrophotometric reagent for detection of 1-naphtol in environmental water
      samples. The procedure of solid-phase spectrophotometric analysis is
      characterized by 20 MUg L(-1) limit of detection (LOD) of 1-naphtol, up to 2000
      concentration factor, and insensitivity to the presence of natural water
      components as well as to 30-fold excess of phenol, resorcinol, and catechol. 

PMID- 26979728
TI  - Stochastic Formation of Fibrillar and Amorphous Superoxide Dismutase Oligomers
      Linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
AB  - Recent reports suggest that the nucleation and propagation of oligomeric
      superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) is effectively stochastic in vivo and in vitro.
      This perplexing kinetic variability-observed for other proteins and frequently
      attributed to experimental error-plagues attempts to discern how SOD1 mutations
      and post-translational modifications linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      (ALS) affect SOD1 aggregation. This study used microplate fluorescence
      spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to measure rates of fibrillar and
      amorphous SOD1 aggregation at high iteration (ntotal = 1.2 * 10(3)). Rates of
      oligomerization were intrinsically irreproducible and populated continuous
      probability distributions. Modifying reaction conditions to mimic random and
      systematic experimental error could not account for kinetic outliers in standard
      assays, suggesting that stochasticity is not an experimental artifact, rather an
      intrinsic property of SOD1 oligomerization (presumably caused by competing
      pathways of oligomerization). Moreover, mean rates of fibrillar and amorphous
      nucleation were not uniformly increased by mutations that cause ALS; however,
      mutations did increase kinetic noise (variation) associated with nucleation and
      propagation. The stochastic aggregation of SOD1 provides a plausible statistical
      framework to rationalize how a pathogenic mutation can increase the probability
      of oligomer nucleation within a single cell, without increasing the mean rate of
      nucleation across an entire population of cells.

PMID- 26979729
TI  - Molecular differentiation of Sarcocystis buffalonis and Sarcocystis levinei in
      water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Sarcocystis hirsuta and Sarcocystis cruzi
      in cattle (Bos taurus).
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to obtain sarcocysts of Sarcocystis
      buffalonis and Sarcocystis levinei from water buffaloes and characterize the
      isolates by molecular methods in order to determine whether the two species were
      genetically different from Sarcocystis hirsuta and Sarcocystis cruzi,
      respectively, from cattle, which had been characterized before. About 35
      macroscopically visible (3-4 * 1-2 mm) and 20 barely visible (1-3 * 0.2 mm)
      sarcocysts were excised from the esophagus of 18 naturally infected and freshly
      slaughtered adult water buffaloes at three slaughterhouses in Egypt. Genomic DNA
      was extracted from the sarcocysts, and all isolates were first characterized at
      the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) gene through PCR
      amplification and direct sequencing. Selected isolates were subsequently further
      characterized at the 18S and 28S ribosomal (r) RNA genes and the internal
      transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the nuclear rDNA unit by direct sequencing
      or cloning. Only six of the isolated macroscopic sarcocysts belonged to S.
      buffalonis, whereas the others belonged to Sarcocystis fusiformis. Twelve of the
      smaller cysts belonged to S. levinei and seven to Sarcocystis sinensis. The
      characterization of the sarcocysts of S. sinensis and some of the sarcocysts of
      S. fusiformis have been reported before. Fifteen additional sarcocyst isolates of
      S. fusiformis were characterized at cox1 in the present study and found to be
      identical or closely similar to previous isolates. At cox1, the sequence identity
      between the six isolates of S. buffalonis was 99.8-100 % (two haplotypes),
      whereas the identity between the 12 isolates of S. levinei was 99.0-100 % (10
      haplotypes). The identity between cox1 sequences of S. buffalonis and S. hirsuta
      (n = 56) was 92.9-93.6 % (on average 93.4 %), and the identity between cox1
      sequences of S. levinei and S. cruzi (n = 22) was 92.9-94.0 % (on average 93.5
      %). The phylogenetic analyses placed with high support the cox1 sequences of S.
      buffalonis and S. hirsuta into two monophyletic sister groups, and the same was
      true for the cox1 sequences of S. levinei and S. cruzi. Hence, the study
      established that S. buffalonis and S. levinei are distinct species different from
      S. hirsuta and S. cruzi, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of S. buffalonis
      could be distinguished from those of S. hirsuta also at the 28S rRNA gene
      (clearly different) and the ITS1 region (small and uncertain difference) but not
      at the 18S rRNA gene. Sequences of S. levinei could be distinguished from those
      of S. cruzi both at the 18S and 28S rRNA genes (ITS1 region not examined).
      However, the cox1 gene was superior to the 18S and 28S rRNA genes as regards the
      ability to unambiguously delimit the species within each species pair, since at
      the latter markers, the number of consistent nucleotide differences between the
      species was low and there was a slight overlap between the intraspecific and
      interspecific sequence divergence. Comparison of the newly generated 18S rRNA
      gene sequences of S. levinei from water buffaloes with similar sequences
      deposited in GenBank suggested that S. levinei and S. cruzi are not strictly
      intermediate host specific but might occasionally infect cattle and water
      buffaloes, respectively. 

PMID- 26979730
TI  - Occurrence of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the
      genital tract and mammary glands of naturally infected dogs.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence of Leishmania
      infantum in the male and female genital tract and female mammary glands of dogs
      and the parasite burden and to identify histological alterations associated with
      this protozoan. Twenty male and 20 female Leishmania-seropositive dogs with
      isolation of L. infantum were examined. Tissue samples of the prepuce, glans,
      epididymis, testes, prostate, vulva, vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and mammary
      glands were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and histopathology. For
      parasitological culture and in situ hybridization, samples were collected from
      the testis, epididymis, and uterus. Additionally, seminal fluid was aspirated
      from the epididymis for parasitological culture. In the genital tract, 34 (85 %)
      dogs, including 18 males and 16 females, were positive for Leishmania. Of these,
      27 (79 %) animals were symptomatic. Leishmania was detected in the mammary glands
      of 13 (65 %) females. L. infantum was isolated for the first time from the
      seminal fluid and uterus of naturally infected dogs. The parasite burden and
      intensity of the inflammatory reaction were greater in the prepuce and glans of
      males and in the vulva and mammary glands of females. In addition to
      inflammation, testicular degeneration, atrophy, absence of spermatogenesis, and
      necrosis were observed. Detection of amastigote forms in the mammary gland lumen
      indicates possible elimination of this parasite in milk. The frequent parasitism
      observed in the genital tract of infected males and females and the viability of
      L. infantum in seminal fluid and uterus suggest the possibility of bidirectional
      venereal and vertical transmission. 

PMID- 26979735
TI  - Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: An Emerging Target in the Treatment of
      Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a major public health concern for
      decades, the pathophysiological mechanism of TBI is not clearly understood, and
      an effective medical treatment of TBI is not available at present. Of particular
      concern is sustained TBI, which has a strong tendency to take a deteriorating
      neurodegenerative course into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and
      dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Tauopathy and beta amyloid (Abeta)
      plaques are known to be the key pathological markers of TBI, which contribute to
      the progressive deterioration associated with TBI such as CTE and Alzheimer's
      disease. The multiple lines of evidence strongly suggest that the inhibition of
      glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a potential target in the treatment of TBI.
      GSK-3 constitutively inhibits neuroprotective processes and promotes apoptosis.
      After TBI, GSK-3 is inhibited through the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and
      canonical Wnt signaling pathways as an innate neuroprotective mechanism against
      TBI. GSK-3 inhibition via GSK-3 inhibitors and drugs activating RTK or Wnt
      signaling is likely to reinforce the innate neuroprotective mechanism. GSK-3
      inhibition studies using rodent TBI models demonstrate that GSK-3 inhibition
      produces diverse neuroprotective actions such as reducing the size of the
      traumatic injury, tauopathy, Abeta accumulation, and neuronal death, by releasing
      and activating neuroprotective substrates from GSK-3 inhibition. These effects
      are correlated with reduced TBI-induced behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Here,
      we review studies on the therapeutic effects of GSK-3 inhibition in TBI rodent
      models, and critically discuss the issues that these studies address.

PMID- 26979731
TI  - Carbonic anhydrase enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for experimental
      trichinellosis.
AB  - Trichinellosis is a globally distributed helminthic infection. There is a
      considerable interest in developing new anti-helminthic drugs affecting all the
      developmental stages of Trichinella. Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase (CA)
      inhibitor) involves a novel mechanism of action by inhibiting such an essential
      enzyme for parasite metabolism. This work aimed to study the effect of
      acetazolamide against different stages of T. spiralis in experimental animals.
      Mice were divided into three groups: group I: infected and treated with
      acetazolamide on day 2 post infection (P.I.), group II: infected and treated with
      acetazolamide on day 12 P.I., and group III: infected non-treated. From each
      group, small intestine and muscles were removed for histopathological and
      immunohistochemical studies. Also, total adult and muscle larval count were
      estimated. We found that acetazolamide was effective in reduction of both adult
      and muscle larval counts. When given early, the effect was more pronounced on the
      adults (62.7 %). However, the efficacy of the drug against muscle larvae was
      increased when given late (63 %). Improvement of the intestinal histopathological
      changes was observed in all the treated groups. Degeneration of encysted larvae
      with minimal pathologic changes of infected skeletal muscle was observed in the
      treated groups. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 showed a statistically
      significant decrease in the intestinal and muscle tissues in all treated groups
      as compared to the control group. In conclusion, the present study revealed that
      acetazolamide, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, could be a promising drug against
      both adults and larvae of T. spiralis. 

PMID- 26979738
TI  - Prague Congress Abstracts.

PMID- 26979737
TI  - Availability and affordability of essential medicines for children in the Western
      part of Ethiopia: implication for access.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Essential medicines (EMs) are those medicines which satisfy the
      priority health care needs of the population. Although it is a fundamental human
      right, access to essential medicines has been a big challenge in developing
      countries particularly for children. WHO recommends assessing the current
      situations on availability and affordability of EMs as the first step towards
      enhancing access to them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess access
      to EMs for children based on availability, affordability, and price. METHODS: We
      adapted the WHO and Health Action International tools to measure availability,
      affordability, and prices of EMs. We collected data on 22 EMs for children from
      15 public to 40 private sectors' drug outlets in east Wollega zone. Availability
      was expressed as percentage of drug outlets per sector that stocked surveyed
      medicines on the day of data collection, and prices were expressed as median
      price ratio. Affordability was measured as the number of daily wages required for
      the lowest-paid government unskilled worker (1.04 US $per day) to purchase one
      standard treatment of an acute condition or treatment for a chronic condition for
      a month. RESULTS: The average availability of essential medicines was 43 % at
      public and 42.8 % at private sectors. Lowest priced medicines were sold at median
      of 1.18 and 1.54 times their international reference prices (IRP) in the public
      and private sectors, respectively. Half of these medicines were priced at 0.90 to
      1.3 in the public sector and 1.23 to 2.07 in the private sector times their
      respective IRP. Patient prices were 36 % times higher in the private sector than
      in the public sector. Medicines were unaffordable for treatment of common
      conditions prevalent in the zone at both public and private sectors as they cost
      a day or more days' wages for the lowest paid government unskilled worker.
      CONCLUSIONS: Access to EMs to children is hampered by low availability and high
      price which is unaffordable. Thus, further study on larger scale is critical to
      identify acute areas for policy interventions such as price and or supply, and to
      enhance access to EMs to children.

PMID- 26979736
TI  - Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology of Voriconazole: Role of
      Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Pharmacotherapy.
AB  - Voriconazole is a potent antifungal agent used for the treatment of invasive
      fungal infections caused by Aspergillus and Candida species in adult and
      pediatric patients. Voriconazole has a narrow therapeutic index and a large intra
      and inter-individual pharmacokinetics (PK) variability. Several factors
      including non-linear PK, age, body weight, cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype,
      concomitant drugs, liver function, and food are responsible for the large
      variability in voriconazole PK. A combination of a narrow therapeutic index with
      a large PK variability results in treatment failure in many patients at
      clinically recommended doses. There is an urgent need to establish an optimal
      dosing regimen for pediatric patients <2 years of age because of a lack of
      recommended dosing guidelines and high (>60 %) treatment failure rates.
      Therapeutic drug monitoring is commonly used in clinical practice to optimize the
      voriconazole dosing regimens in pediatric patients, but it is associated with
      several practical limitations. Implementation of a PK model-guided individualized
      dose selection will help in reducing the PK variability and will improve
      therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we have summarized the covariates
      influencing the PK of voriconazole in adult and pediatric patients, emphasizing
      that the clearance of voriconazole is significantly different between adult and
      pediatric patients owing to developmental changes in the major clearance
      pathways. Moreover, we have provided the limitations of the current dosing
      regimens and have proposed a new dosing method using a PK model-guided dose
      individualization of voriconazole in pediatric patients.

PMID- 26979739
TI  - Subchondral bone density distribution of the talus in clinically normal Labrador
      Retrievers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bones continually adapt their morphology to their load bearing
      function. At the level of the subchondral bone, the density distribution is
      highly correlated with the loading distribution of the joint. Therefore,
      subchondral bone density distribution can be used to study joint biomechanics non
      invasively. In addition physiological and pathological joint loading is an
      important aspect of orthopaedic disease, and research focusing on joint
      biomechanics will benefit veterinary orthopaedics. This study was conducted to
      evaluate density distribution in the subchondral bone of the canine talus, as a
      parameter reflecting the long-term joint loading in the tarsocrural joint.
      RESULTS: Two main density maxima were found, one proximally on the medial
      trochlear ridge and one distally on the lateral trochlear ridge. All joints
      showed very similar density distribution patterns and no significant differences
      were found in the localisation of the density maxima between left and right limbs
      and between dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the density distribution the lateral
      trochlear ridge is most likely subjected to highest loads within the tarsocrural
      joint. The joint loading distribution is very similar between dogs of the same
      breed. In addition, the joint loading distribution supports previous suggestions
      of the important role of biomechanics in the development of OC lesions in the
      tarsus. Important benefits of computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM),
      i.e. the possibility of in vivo imaging and temporal evaluation, make this
      technique a valuable addition to the field of veterinary orthopaedic research.

PMID- 26979740
TI  - Maternal obesity alters endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis in offspring pancreas.
AB  - The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) is increasing in
      parallel with obesity rates. Stress-related alterations in endoplasmic reticulum
      (ER), such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), are associated with obesity.
      The aim of this study was to investigate ER imbalance in the pancreas of a mice
      model of adult and perinatal diet-induced obesity. Twenty female C57BL/6J mice
      were assigned to control (Con) or obesogenic (Ob) diets prior to and during
      pregnancy and lactation. Their offspring were weaned onto Con or Ob diets up to 6
      months post-partum. Then, after sacrifice, plasma biochemical analyses, gene
      expression, and protein concentrations were measured in pancreata. Offspring of
      Ob-fed mice had significantly increased body weight (p < 0.001) and plasma leptin
      (p < 0.001) and decreased insulin (p < 0.01) levels. Maternal obesogenic diet
      decreased the total and phosphorylated Eif2alpha and increased spliced X-box
      binding protein 1 (XBP1). Pancreatic gene expression of downstream regulators of
      UPR (EDEM, homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident (HERP),
      activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP))
      and autophagy-related proteins (LC3BI/LC3BII) were differently disrupted by
      obesogenic feeding in both mothers and offspring (from p < 0.1 to p < 0.001).
      Maternal obesity and Ob feeding in their offspring alter UPR in NAFPD, with
      involvement of proapoptotic and autophagy-related markers. Upstream and
      downstream regulators of PERK, IRE1alpha, and ATF6 pathways were affected
      differently following the obesogenic insults. 

PMID- 26979743
TI  - Environmental-Impact Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Around a Traditional
      Mining Area in Al-Ibedia, Sudan.
AB  - Recently, in the Sudan, traditional gold mining has been growing rapidly and has
      become a very attractive and popular economic activity. Mining activity is
      recognized as one of the sources of radioactivity contamination. Hence, the
      radioactivity concentration and radiological hazard due to exposure of
      radionuclides (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K were evaluated. The measurements were
      performed using gamma-ray spectrometry with an NaI (Tl) detector. The results
      show that (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K activity concentration ranged from 2.66 to
      18.47, 9.20 to 51.87, and 0.17 to 419.77 Bq/kg with average values of 7.54 +/-
      4.91, 20.74 +/- 11.29, and 111.87 +/- 136.84 Bq/kg, respectively. In contrast,
      (222)Rn in soil, (222)Rn in air, and (226)Ra in vegetables along with radiation
      dose were computed and compared with the international recommended levels.
      Potential radiological effects to miners and the public due to (226)Ra, (232)Th,
      (40)K, and (222)Rn are insignificant. (226)Ra transferred to vegetables appears
      to be negligible compared with the allowable limit 1.0 mSv/year set by United
      Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The
      average value of the annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) is lower than the
      global average of 300 uSv/year (UNSCEAR 2000). However, some locations exhibit
      values >300 uSv/year. To the best of our knowledge, so far there seems to be no
      data regarding radioactivity monitoring in traditional mining areas in the Sudan.

PMID- 26979741
TI  - The "bioregulatory effect of exercise" on the innate/inflammatory responses.
AB  - The effects of exercise on the innate response are primarily mediated by the SNS
      (sympathetic nervous system) and/or the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis
      and by stress proteins such as Hsp72. Regular exercise can induce immuno
      neuroendocrine stabilization in persons with deregulated inflammatory and stress
      feedback by reducing the presence of stress hormones and inflammatory cytokines.
      Anti-inflammatory and "anti-stress" responses seem also to be induced
      (paradoxically, opposite to the effects in healthy persons) after sessions of
      exercise, being a promising strategy for treating certain inflammatory
      pathologies. Nevertheless, the biomedical side effects of exercise are also
      needed to be considered. This article defines the "Bioregulatory Effect of
      Exercise" to be one that reduces or prevents any excessive effect of inflammatory
      mediators and stimulates (or at least does not impair) the innate defences (i.e.
      chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicidal activities) against pathogens. It also
      generates immunophysiological adaptations through an optimal balance between the
      pro- and the anti-inflammatory responses. These effects are mediated via immuno
      neuroendocrine interactions. This review analyses concepts and conclusions
      related to how exercise affects the innate and/or inflammatory responses and
      discusses some paradoxical interpretations relevant for the practical use of
      exercise in treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. A potential role of
      exercise as hormesis strategy and the concept of exercise immunization are also
      discussed. 

PMID- 26979742
TI  - Metal Concentrations in Sediment And Biota of the Huludao Coast in Liaodong Bay
      and Associated Human and Ecological Health Risks.
AB  - This study assessed the contamination extent and potential ecological and human
      health impacts for chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc
      (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in sediments and indigenous benthic organisms
      along the coastal area of Huludao, China. We analyzed a total of eight species:
      two benthic fish species, two bivalves, two snails, and two decapod crustaceans.
      Cu, Zn, and Cd levels in sediment exceeded the Chinese marine sediment quality
      criteria. The geoaccumulation index was highest for Cd followed in a decreasing
      order by Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Cr. Metal levels were highest in the four mollusk
      species. The oyster and veined rapa whelk had the highest bioaccumulation
      factors, indicating that these two species would be well suited for monitoring
      the metal pollution in this area. Our comparison of estimated daily intake values
      for human consumption of the seafood species to the Food and Agricultural
      Organization-recommended daily dietary allowances indicate potential health risks
      from the intake of Cd from all shellfish other than our crab species and Zn
      intake from oyster consumption. An analysis of target hazard quotients identified
      noncarcinogenic health risks from Cd (in all shellfish analyzed except for our
      crab species), Cu, and Zn (in oysters and veined rapa whelks). Moreover, an
      analysis of cancer risk from Pb ingestion detected an increased risk for
      consumption of all shellfish except for the crab species. Health risks seem
      especially pronounced for the consumption of oysters and the veined rapa whelks;
      a seafood advisory may be warranted for these mollusks. 

PMID- 26979744
TI  - Are we ready to inject? Individualized LC-CUSUM training in ICSI.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this prospective, single center study was to develop a
      personalized training scheme for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) through
      the use of learning curve-cumulative summation (LC-CUSUM), which allows to tailor
      training to the trainee performance, and to validate it against the performance
      of experienced embryologists. METHODS: Five trainees microinjected latex
      microspheres (LM) into vitro matured oocytes. A microinjection was considered
      successful when the oocyte did not lyse in the 24 h following the injection.
      RESULTS: Each trainee became proficient at ICSI after a variable number of
      injections, ranging from 35 to 80. Trainees that achieved proficiency went on to
      perform ICSI with human gametes in a clinical setting with proficiency comparable
      to that of experienced embryologists. CONCLUSIONS: We show that LC-CUSUM based
      personalized ICSI training is feasible and allows trainees to be as proficient as
      trained embryologists when treating actual patients.

PMID- 26979745
TI  - The effects of psychosocial interventions on the mental health, pregnancy rates,
      and marital function of infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilization: a
      systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of psychosocial
      interventions on the mental health, pregnancy rates, and marital function of
      infertile couples undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), as determined through
      RCT studies. METHODS: Using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBase, Cochrane
      Library, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and CAJ, a systematic literature search was conducted
      in July 2015. MeSH terms, key words, and free words such as "infertility,"
      "fertilization in vitro," "psychotherapy," "intervention," "anxiety,"
      "depression," and "marital satisfaction" were used to identify all potential
      studies. The quality of the studies that were included was assessed using the
      risk of bias assessment tool developed by the Cochrane Back Review Group.
      Descriptive analysis was adopted to synthesize the results. RESULTS: A total of
      20 randomized controlled trials were included in this review. There were reports
      of positive effects on the anxiety levels, pregnancy rates, or marital function
      of infertile couples in six studies that adopted different psychosocial
      approaches, including mind body intervention (Eastern body-mind-spirit,
      Integrative body-mind-spirit, and Mind/body intervention), cognitive behavioral
      therapy, group psychotherapy, and harp therapy. However, there were
      methodological or practical issues related to measurement points and attrition
      rates in these studies. None of these interventions were found to be efficacious
      in relieving the depression or stress of individuals or couples undergoing IVF
      treatment. None of the included studies tackled or measured the mental health
      status of the couples during the most stressful time of waiting for the pregnancy
      results of their treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A complex intervention, based on sound
      evidence, should be developed targeting both females and males of infertile
      couples undergoing IVF treatment, particularly during the stressful period of
      waiting for the results of the pregnancy test result and after failed cycles.

PMID- 26979746
TI  - Risk factors in transient osteoporosis: a retrospective study on 23 cases.
AB  - The aim of this study is to verify the prevalence of risk factors for transient
      osteoporosis (TO) in a cohort of patients selected by strict diagnostic criteria.
      Retrospective observational cohort study on outpatients' data. Inclusion criteria
      were: (1) acute onset of pain at a lower limb joint exacerbated by weight
      bearing; (2) no history of trauma, tumors, rheumatic diseases, or infection; (3)
      presence bone marrow edema on MRI in a weight bearing joint without signs of
      intraarticular lesions; (4) no hyperesthesia and/or allodynia and/or sweeting
      changes. The following risk factors were search for in all patients: (1) previous
      episode of TO; (2) disorders of bone metabolism; (3) cigarette smoke; (4) sudden
      lower limb overuse; (5) presence of osteoporosis/osteopenia. Twenty-three
      patients (8 females, 15 males, mean age 48.4 years) fulfilled the inclusion
      criteria. An average of 1.96 risk factors for TO was present in the cohort. The
      most frequent risk factor was overuse (in 15 patients, 65.2 %) and the second
      risk factor was bone metabolism disorders (in 10 patients, 43.5 %). Seven
      patients (30.4 %) were heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day) and seven
      patients showed a previous episode of TO. Six patients (26.1 % of the overall
      cohort but 60 % of those investigated with DEXA) resulted osteoporotic or
      osteopenic. Our results suggest there are risk factors that must be investigated
      in these patients. The presence of these risk factors might support the thesis
      that their disorder is tied to a decoupling between microdamage accumulation and
      self-reparative ability of bone tissue. The identification of risk factors with a
      precise diagnostic pathway can accelerate the diagnostic process and reduce
      recurrences. 

PMID- 26979747
TI  - Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of rice resistance to planthopper.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: This article presents a comprehensive review on the genetic and
      biochemical mechanisms governing rice-planthopper interactions, aiming to
      contribute substantial planthopper control and facilitate breeding for resistance
      to planthoppers in rice. The rice planthopper is the most destructive pest of
      rice and a substantial threat to rice production. The brown planthopper (BPH),
      white-backed planthopper (WBPH) and small brown planthopper (SBPH) are three
      species of delphacid planthoppers and important piercing-sucking pests of rice.
      Host-plant resistance has been recognized as the most practical, economical and
      environmentally friendly strategy to control planthoppers. Until now, at least
      30, 14 and 34 major genes/quantitative trait loci for resistance to BPH, WBPH and
      SBPH have been identified, respectively. Recent inheritance and molecular mapping
      of gene analysis showed that some planthopper-resistance genes in rice derived
      from different donors aggregate in clusters, while resistance to these three
      species of planthoppers in a single donor is governed not by any one dominant
      gene but by multiple genes. Notably, Bph14, Bph26, Bph3 and Bph29 were
      successfully identified as BPH-resistance genes in rice. Biological and chemical
      studies on the feeding of planthoppers indicate that rice plants have acquired
      various forms of defence against planthoppers. Between the rice-planthopper
      interactions, rice plants defend against planthoppers through activation the
      salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance but not jasmonate-dependent
      hormone response pathways. Transgenic rice for the planthopper-resistance
      mechanism shows that jasmonate and its metabolites function diversely in rice's
      resistance to planthopper. Understanding the genetic and biochemical mechanisms
      underlying resistance in rice will contribute to the substantial control of such
      pests and facilitate breeding for rice's resistance to planthopper more
      efficiently.

PMID- 26979748
TI  - Why, when and how to update a meta-ethnography qualitative synthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meta-ethnography is a unique, systematic, qualitative synthesis
      approach widely used to provide robust evidence on patient and clinician beliefs
      and experiences and understandings of complex social phenomena. It can make
      important theoretical and conceptual contributions to health care policy and
      practice. RESULTS: Since beliefs, experiences, health care contexts and social
      phenomena change over time, the continued relevance of the findings from meta
      ethnographies cannot be assumed. However, there is little guidance on whether,
      when and how meta-ethnographies should be updated; Cochrane guidance on updating
      reviews of intervention effectiveness is unlikely to be fully appropriate. This
      is the first in-depth discussion on updating a meta-ethnography; it explores why,
      when and how to update a meta-ethnography. Three main methods of updating the
      analysis and synthesis are examined. Advantages and disadvantages of each method
      are outlined, relating to the context, purpose, process and output of the update
      and the nature of the new data available. Recommendations are made for the
      appropriate use of each method, and a worked example of updating a meta
      ethnography is provided. CONCLUSIONS: This article makes a unique contribution to
      this evolving area of meta-ethnography methodology.

PMID- 26979750
TI  - Putting pressure on aromaticity along with in situ experimental electron density
      of a molecular crystal.
AB  - When pressure is applied, the molecules inside a crystal undergo significant
      changes of their stereoelectronic properties. The most interesting are those
      enhancing the reactivity of systems that would be otherwise rather inert at
      ambient conditions. Before a reaction can occur, however, a molecule must be
      activated, which means destabilized. In aromatic compounds, molecular stability
      originates from the resonance between two electronic configurations. Here we show
      how the resonance energy can be decreased in molecular crystals on application of
      pressure. The focus is on syn-1,6:8,13-Biscarbonyl[14]annulene, an aromatic
      compound at ambient conditions that gradually localizes one of the resonant
      configurations on compression. This phenomenon is evident from the molecular
      geometries measured at several pressures and from the experimentally determined
      electron density distribution at 7.7 GPa; the observations presented in this work
      are validated by periodic DFT calculations. 

PMID- 26979749
TI  - High genetic diversity in the Culex pipiens complex from a West Nile Virus
      epidemic area in Southern Europe.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Culex pipiens complex includes the most widespread mosquito
      species in the world. Cx. pipiens is the primary vector of the West Nile Virus
      (WNV) in Europe and North America. Cases of WNV have been recorded in Italy since
      1998. In particular, wet areas along the Po River are considered some of the most
      WNV affected areas in Italy. Here, we analyzed the genetic structure of ten Cx.
      pipiens populations collected in the last part of the Po River including the
      Delta area. METHODS: We assessed the genetic variability of two mitochondrial
      markers, cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) and 2 (COII), for a total of 1200 bp, and one
      nuclear marker, a fragment of acetylcholinesterase-2 (ace-2), 502 bp long. The
      effect of the landscape features was evaluated comparing haplotype and nucleotide
      diversity with the landscape composition. RESULTS: The analysis showed a high
      genetic diversity in both COI and COII gene fragments mainly shared by the
      populations in the Delta area. The COI-COII network showed that the set of
      haplotypes found was grouped into three main supported lineages with the higher
      genetic variability gathered in two of the three lineages. By contrast, ace-2
      fragment did not show the same differentiation, displaying alleles grouped in a
      single clade. Finally, a positive correlation between mitochondrial diversity and
      natural wetland areas was found. CONCLUSIONS: The high mitochondrial genetic
      diversity found in Cx. pipiens populations from the Po River Delta contrasts with
      the low variability of inland populations. The different patterns of genetic
      diversity found comparing mitochondrial and nuclear markers could be explained by
      factors such as differences in effective population size between markers, sex
      biased dispersal or lower fitness of dispersing females. Moreover, the
      correlation between genetic diversity and wetland areas is consistent with
      ecosystem stability and lack of insecticide pressure characteristic of this
      habitat. The mtDNA polymorphism found in the Po River Delta is even more
      interesting due to possible linkages between the mitochondrial lineages and
      different biting behaviors of the mosquitoes influencing their vector ability of
      arboviral infections.

PMID- 26979751
TI  - Dendritic Cell-Secreted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein-4 Regulates the
      T-cell Response by Downmodulating Bystander Surface B7.
AB  - The remarkable functional plasticity of professional antigen-presenting cells
      (APCs) allows the adaptive immune system to respond specifically to an incredibly
      diverse array of potential pathogenic insults; nonetheless, the specific
      molecular effectors and mechanisms that underpin this plasticity remain poorly
      characterized. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), the target
      of the blockbuster cancer immunotherapeutic ipilimumab, is one of the most well
      known and well-studied members of the B7 superfamily and negatively regulates T
      cell responses by a variety of known mechanisms. Although CTLA-4 is thought to be
      expressed almost exclusively among lymphoid lineage hematopoietic cells, a few
      reports have indicated that nonlymphoid APCs can also express the CTLA-4 mRNA
      transcript and that transcript levels can be regulated by external stimuli. In
      this study, we substantially build upon these critical observations, definitively
      demonstrating that mature myeloid lineage dendritic cells (DC) express
      significant levels of intracellular CTLA-4 that they constitutively secrete in
      microvesicular structures. CTLA-4(+) microvesicles can competitively bind B7
      costimulatory molecules on bystander DC, resulting in downregulation of B7
      surface expression with significant functional consequences for downstream CD8(+)
      T-cell responses. Hence, the data indicate a previously unknown role for DC
      derived CTLA-4 in immune cell functional plasticity and have significant
      implication for the design and implementation of immunomodulatory strategies
      intended to treat cancer and infectious disease.

PMID- 26979753
TI  - Comparative Influence of Imidafenacin and Oxybutynin on Voiding Function in Rats
      with Functional Urethral Obstruction.
AB  - An antimuscarinic therapy may increase the risk of voiding dysfunction. However,
      it is unclear whether the relative risk of voiding dysfunction is different among
      antimuscarinics. Therefore we determined the potencies both in enhancing the
      bladder capacity (BC), effectiveness, and in decreasing the maximum urinary flow
      rate (Qmax), voiding dysfunction, to compare their therapeutic indices.Under
      urethane anesthesia, urinary flow rate was measured at distal urethra using an
      ultrasonic flow meter in female Sprague-Dawley rats with functional urethral
      obstruction induced by a continuous i. v. infusion of alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist
      A-61603 (0.03 MUg/kg/min). In a separate group of urethane-anesthetized rats
      without urethral obstruction, an intermittent cystometry was performed to
      determine BC.Intravenous imidafenacin and oxybutynin produced a significant dose
      dependent decrease in Qmax with the minimum doses of 0.03 and 1 mg/kg,
      respectively. Imidafenacin and oxybutynin markedly increased BC, with minimum
      doses of 0.01 and 3 mg/kg, respectively. At the minimum dose to increase BC,
      oxybutynin caused a significant increase in residual urine volume with a
      significant decrease in voiding efficiency, whereas imidafenacin had no influence
      on these values. The relative influence index, which is the ratio of the minimum
      influence dose between in decreasing of Qmax and in increasing of BC, of
      imidafenacin was 10 fold higher than that of oxybutynin.This study suggests that
      imidafenacin has a lower relative risk of voiding difficulty compared with
      oxybutynin in rats. These results provide new information that antimuscarinics
      may have varying degrees of impact on voiding difficulty. 

PMID- 26979752
TI  - HLA-A2 Alleles Mediate Alzheimer's Disease by Altering Hippocampal Volume.
AB  - HLA-A is a locus of the major histocompatibility complex situated on chromosome
      6p21.3. HLA-A has been shown to be associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). In this study, we firstly investigated the association of gene
      variants in HLA-A and brain structures on MRI in a large sample from the
      Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to explore the effects of HLA
      A on AD pathogenesis. We selected the hippocampus, parahippocampus, posterior
      cingulate, precuneus, middle temporal, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala as regions
      of interest (ROIs). In hybrid population analysis, our results showed a
      marginally significant association between rs9260168 and the atrophy of the left
      parahippocampus (P = 0.007, Pc = 0.054), rs3823342 and the atrophy of the left
      parahippocampus (P = 0.014, Pc = 0.054), rs76475517, which only exists in
      Caucasians with HLA-A23 or HLA-A24 alleles, and the atrophy of the right amygdala
      (P = 0.010, Pc = 0.085) at baseline. In particular, the haplotype (TGACAAGG), as
      a surrogate marker of HLA-A2, was founded to be positively associated with the
      atrophy of the right hippocampus (P = 0.047) at baseline. Furthermore, we
      detected the above four associations in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
      subpopulation analysis. Our study provided preliminary evidences supporting HLA
      A2 in Caucasians contribute to the risk of AD by modulating the alteration of
      hippocampal volume and HLA-A gene variants appear to play a role in altering AD
      related brain structures on MRI.

PMID- 26979754
TI  - Identification of antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies using high
      throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire.
AB  - High-throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire provides a large number of
      antibody variable region sequences that can be used to generate human monoclonal
      antibodies. However, current screening methods for identifying antigen-specific
      antibodies are inefficient. In the present study, we developed an antibody clone
      screening strategy based on clone dynamics and relative frequency, and used it to
      identify antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies. Enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay showed that at least 52% of putative positive immunoglobulin
      heavy chains composed antigen-specific antibodies. Combining information on
      dynamics and relative frequency improved identification of positive clones and
      elimination of negative clones. and increase the credibility of putative positive
      clones. Therefore the screening strategy could simplify the subsequent
      experimental screening and may facilitate the generation of antigen-specific
      antibodies. 

PMID- 26979756
TI  - Digital anatomical measurements and crucial bending areas of the fixation route
      along the inferior border of the arcuate line for pelvic and acetabular
      fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Better understanding of three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the
      pelvis at the area of inferior border of the arcuate line is very important,
      which could guide the surgeons to treat pelvic and acetabular fractures more
      efficiently. The objective of this study is to provide references for screw
      placement and design of anatomical internal fixators for the fixation route along
      the pelvic inferior border of the arcuate line. METHODS: Seventy five cases of
      computed tomography (CT) scan data were collected using Medical Image Database in
      Shanghai General Hospital between December 2009 and November 2010. 44 males and
      31 females, aging from 21 to 91 years (average: 57.8 years) were enrolled. Using
      MIMICS 13.0, these data were used for three dimensional (3D) reconstructions of
      pelvic model. A curve from the pubic tubercle, along the inferior border of the
      arcuate line, to the sacroiliac joint was depicted and then divided into 11 equal
      parts. The measurements of whole length of the curve, the radius of the curvature
      and the thickness of bone at each decile point were performed, respectively.
      RESULTS: The thinnest bone thickness at acetabular area was 17.24 +/- 2.90 mm and
      9.94 +/- 2.69 mm for male and female, respectively. The radius of curvature at
      the decile points 1, 8 and 10 were smaller compared with the surrounding points.
      CONCLUSIONS: Using a screw shorter than 10 mm perpendicular to the bone surface
      along the inferior border of the arcuate line can avoid intra-articular screw
      penetration. There should be more recontouring of the plate at the areas of pubic
      tubercle and posterior edge of the acetabulum when placing a fixator along this
      fixation route. This study provides solid guidance for pelvic and acetabular
      surgeries as well as designing of anatomical fixators along inferior border
      fixation route at this area.

PMID- 26979755
TI  - Rapid genomic changes in Drosophila melanogaster adapting to desiccation stress
      in an experimental evolution system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Experimental evolution studies, coupled with whole genome
      resequencing and advances in bioinformatics, have become a powerful tool for
      exploring how populations respond to selection at the genome-wide level,
      complementary to genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and linkage mapping
      experiments as strategies to connect genotype and phenotype. In this experiment,
      we analyzed genomes of Drosophila melanogaster from lines evolving under long
      term directional selection for increased desiccation resistance in comparison
      with control (no-selection) lines. RESULTS: We demonstrate that adaptive
      responses to desiccation stress have exerted extensive footprints on the genomes,
      manifested through a high degree of fixation of alleles in surrounding
      neighborhoods of eroded heterozygosity. These patterns were highly convergent
      across replicates, consistent with signatures of 'soft' selective sweeps, where
      multiple alleles present as standing genetic variation become beneficial and
      sweep through the replicate populations at the same time. Albeit much less
      frequent, we also observed line-unique sweep regions with zero or near-zero
      heterozygosity, consistent with classic, or 'hard', sweeps, where novel rather
      than pre-existing adaptive mutations may have been driven to fixation. Genes
      responsible for cuticle and protein deubiquitination seemed to be central to
      these selective sweeps. High divergence within coding sequences between selected
      and control lines was also reflected by significant results of the McDonald
      Kreitman and Ka/Ks tests, showing that as many as 347 genes may have been under
      positive selection. CONCLUSIONS: Desiccation stress, a common challenge to many
      organisms inhabiting dry environments, proves to be a very potent selecting
      factor having a big impact on genome diversity.

PMID- 26979759
TI  - The role of triacylglycerol in cardiac energy provision.
AB  - Triacylglycerols (TAGs) constitute the main energy storage resource in mammals,
      by virtue of their high energy density. This in turn is a function of their
      highly reduced state and hydrophobicity. Limited water solubility, however,
      imposes specific requirements for delivery and uptake mechanisms on TAG-utilising
      tissues, including the heart, as well as intracellular disposition. TAGs
      constitute potentially the major energy supply for working myocardium, both
      through blood-borne provision and as intracellular TAG within lipid droplets, but
      also provide the heart with fatty acids (FAs) which the myocardium cannot itself
      synthesise but are required for glycerolipid derivatives with (non-energetic)
      functions, including membrane phospholipids and lipid signalling molecules.
      Furthermore they serve to buffer potentially toxic amphipathic fatty acid
      derivatives. Intracellular handling and disposition of TAGs and their FA and
      glycerolipid derivatives similarly requires dedicated mechanisms in view of their
      hydrophobic character. Dysregulation of utilisation can result in inadequate
      energy provision, accumulation of TAG and/or esterified species, and these may be
      responsible for significant cardiac dysfunction in a variety of disease states.
      This review will focus on the role of TAG in myocardial energy provision, by
      providing FAs from exogenous and endogenous TAG sources for mitochondrial
      oxidation and ATP production, and how this can change in disease and impact on
      cardiac function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid
      Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.

PMID- 26979757
TI  - Association Between Polymorphism rs678653 in Human Cyclin D1 Gene (CCND1) and
      Susceptibility to Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To assess the association between polymorphism rs678653 in human
      Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) and the risk of cancer. MATERIAL/METHODS: Multiple
      biomedical databases were systematically searched. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and
      95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated in the appropriate model.
      RESULTS: In total, 17 case-control studies from 14 articles were included. When
      combing all available data, no significant association of rs678653 with cancer
      risk was observed under different genetic models. Stratification by ethnicity
      also indicated that rs678653 was not correlated with cancer risk in Taiwanese or
      Indian populations. When stratified by cancer type, no significant association
      was found between polymorphism rs678653 and digestive tract cancer, head and neck
      cancer, and gynecological cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive meta
      analysis suggests that the polymorphism rs678653 in CCND1 has no association with
      cancer risk in different population and disease contexts, indicating that CCND1
      rs678653 does not serve a significant biological function in predicting cancer
      risk.

PMID- 26979758
TI  - Assessing in-vitro estrogenic effects of currently-used flame retardants.
AB  - Flame retardants are chemicals that are added to nearly all manufactured
      materials. Additionally, there has been a steady increase in diseases resulting
      from endocrine-disruption with an aligned increase in use of chemicals. Given the
      persistence, potential bioaccumulation, limited toxicological understanding, and
      vast use of flame retardants, there is a need to investigate potential endocrine
      disruptive activity associated with these compounds in an effort for better risk
      assessment. We therefore used the MCF-7 flow-cytometric proliferation assay in an
      effort to establish potential estrogen-disrupting effects of twelve currently
      used flame retardants. Triphenyl phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)
      phosphate, tris(butyl) phosphate, hexabromocyclododecane, and tetrabromobisphenol
      A showed statistically significant estrogenic activity, with
      hexabromocyclododecane being the most potent of the five (EC20 of 5.5 MUM).
      Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2
      chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(butyl) phosphate, hexabromocyclododecane,
      tetrabromobisphenol A, and tris(2,3,-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate harboured anti
      estrogenic activity when co-treating with 17beta-estradiol, with
      hexabromocyclododecane showing the highest potency (IC20 of 17.6 MUM).
      Interestingly, some compounds showed both estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects,
      indicating both receptor-dependant and -independent mechanisms attributed to some
      of these compounds, in line with other studies. Multiple currently-used flame
      retardants may therefore act as xenoestrogens and anti-estrogens, or alter
      estrogen homeostasis, which could affect endocrine function.

PMID- 26979761
TI  - Performance monitoring in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic literature
      review of event-related potential studies.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is marked by impairments in social-emotional
      situations, executive functioning, and behavioral regulation. These symptoms may
      be related to deficits in performance monitoring, i.e., the ability to observe
      and evaluate one's own behavior and performance which is necessary for the
      regulation of future behavior. The present literature review investigated
      electroencephalic correlates of performance monitoring in ASD. Event-related
      potentials (ERPs) considered in this review included internal performance
      monitoring components (error-related negativity, error positivity), external
      performance monitoring components (feedback-related negativity, feedback-P3), and
      observational performance monitoring components (observer error-related
      negativity, observer feedback-related negativity). The majority of studies point
      to reduced internal performance monitoring in ASD. External performance
      monitoring in reward-processing paradigms, where rewards are independent of
      performance, seems to be intact in ASD. So far, no studies have investigated the
      observer error-related negativity in ASD. Available data on the observer feedback
      related negativity are inconclusive, since only two studies with differential
      study results investigated this construct in ASD. In general, results suggest
      that individuals with ASD have problems with internal performance monitoring and
      with learning from external, abstract feedback. In contrast, the processing of
      external, concrete feedback seems to be largely intact in ASD.

PMID- 26979760
TI  - Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is essential in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, but
      its function does not depend on its biosynthetic pathway.
AB  - Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is a major component of thylakoid membranes,
      occupying approximately 20% of the membrane system. This lipid composition is
      conserved from cyanobacteria to the chloroplasts of terrestrial plants,
      suggesting that DGDG is important for the function of photosynthetic membranes.
      Here we isolated the gene for DGDG synthase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus
      elongatus PCC 7942 (7942dgdA) and found that this gene is essential for this
      species. 7942dgdA could be knocked out only when genes for cyanobacterial or
      plant DGDG synthases were expressed, indicating that the important factor was not
      the specific synthetic pathway but the lipid product. Lack of DGDG could not be
      compensated by the other membrane lipids in S. elongatus PCC 7942 or by
      glucosylgalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesized by the beta-GlcT gene of
      Chloroflexus aurantiacus. These results reveal that DGDG has an indispensable
      role in S. elongatus PCC 7942 and that the second galactose molecule is key.
      Conservation and distribution of the galactolipid synthetic pathway among
      oxygenic phototrophs is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue
      entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.

PMID- 26979762
TI  - Sonic hedgehog is a chemotactic neural crest cell guide that is perturbed by
      ethanol exposure.
AB  - Our aim was to understand the involvement of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) morphogen in
      the oriented distribution of neural crest cells (NCCs) toward the optic vesicle
      and to look for potential disorders of this guiding mechanism after ethanol
      exposure. In vitro directional analysis showed the chemotactic response of NCCs
      up Shh gradients and to notochord co-cultures (Shh source) or to their
      conditioned medium, a response inhibited by anti-Shh antibody, receptor inhibitor
      cyclopamine and anti-Smo morpholino (MO). Expression of the Ptch-Smo receptor
      complex on in vitro NCCs was also shown. In whole embryos, the expression of Shh
      mRNA and protein was seen in the ocular region, and of Ptch, Smo and Gli/Sufu
      system on cephalic NCCs. Anti-Smo MO or Ptch-mutated plasmid (Ptch1(Deltaloop2))
      impaired cephalic NCC migration/distribution, with fewer cells invading the optic
      region and with higher cell density at the homolateral mesencephalic level. Beads
      embedded with cyclopamine (Smo-blocking) or Shh (ectopic signal) supported the
      role of Shh as an in vivo guide molecule for cephalic NCCs. Ethanol exposure
      perturbed in vitro and in vivo NCC migration. Early stage embryos treated with
      ethanol, in a model reproducing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, showed later disruptions
      of craniofacial development associated with abnormal in situ expression of Shh
      morphogen. The results show the Shh/Ptch/Smo-dependent migration of NCCs toward
      the optic vesicle, with the support of specific inactivation with genetic and
      pharmacological tools. They also help to understand mechanisms of accurate
      distribution of embryonic cells and of their perturbation by a commonly consumed
      teratogen, and demonstrate, in addition to its other known developmental
      functions, a new biological activity of cellular guidance for Shh. 

PMID- 26979763
TI  - Conserved mechanism of action of a phosphate analogue in cultured cells.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to further examine a model for the mechanism of
      action of thio-phosphate in cells using the cultured human cell line HEK 293 and
      the bacterium E. coli. Previous work has shown that thio-phosphate is
      incorporated into the nucleic acids of all types of cells and that this
      modification leads to the stabilization and accumulation of mRNA in vivo.
      Evidently, competition for translation occurs between cellular mRNAs, due to the
      limited number of ribosomes in the cell, which impacts the proteins synthesized.
      In both E. coli and HEK 293 cells, a global shift in the distribution of proteins
      on 2D gels was observed when cells were grown in the presence of thio-phosphate.
      In both cases, a significant fraction of the proteins were impacted, namely 17 %
      in E. coli and 28 % in HEK 293 cells. In general, those proteins originally
      expressed at lower levels were enhanced while those at higher levels were
      reduced. In addition, a correlation was observed between the % initial mass and
      the fold change observed, supporting the idea of a global shift. Furthermore, the
      potential identity of some proteins spots was obtained by comparisons with
      computed MW and pI values for known genes. The candidates were cross-referenced
      with known mRNA half-lives when available. The analysis supports the idea that a
      preferential accumulation of proteins derived from mRNAs with half-lives less
      than the cellular mRNA average occurred, at the expense of those proteins derived
      from mRNAs with half-lives greater than the cellular average. In summary, thio
      phosphate is shown to be a useful tool for predictably shifting the distribution
      of proteins in a variety of cell types. The fold enhancement is typically 5- to
      10-fold. Interestingly, there were some proteins elevated more than 20-fold,
      identifying potential regulatory responses. Some of these were further
      characterized using LC-MS/MS. 

PMID- 26979764
TI  - Clinical decision rules for epilepsy care: The case for thinking big.

PMID- 26979765
TI  - Knee Extensor Strength and Gait Characteristics After Minimally Invasive
      Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty vs Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty: A
      Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In light of the existing lack of evidence, it was the aim of this
      study to compare gait characteristics and knee extensor strength after medial
      unicondylar knee arthroplasty (MUKA) with those after total knee arthroplasty
      (TKA), given the same standardized minimally invasive surgery (MIS) approach in
      both groups. METHODS: Patients scheduled for MIS-MUKA or MIS-TKA as part of
      clinical routine were invited to participate. A posterior cruciate ligament
      retaining total knee design was used for all MIS-TKA. A 3-dimensional gait
      analysis was performed preoperatively with a VICON system and at 8 weeks
      postoperative to determine temporospatial parameters, ground reaction forces,
      joint angles, and joint moments. At the same 2 times, isokinetic tests were
      performed to obtain peak values of knee extensor torque. A multivariate analysis
      of variance was conducted and included the main effects time (before and after
      surgery) and surgical group and the group-by-time interaction effect. RESULTS:
      Fifteen MIS-MUKA patients and 17 MIS-TKA patients were eligible for the final
      analysis. The groups showed no differences regarding age, body mass index, sex,
      side treated, or stage of osteoarthritis. We determined neither intergroup
      differences nor time * group interactions for peak knee extensor torque or any
      gait parameters (temporospatial, ground reaction forces, joint angles, and joint
      moments). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that MUKA is not superior to TKA with
      regard to knee extensor strength or 3-dimensional gait characteristics at 8 weeks
      after operation. As gait characteristics and knee extensor strength are only 2 of
      the various potential outcome parameters (knee scores, activity scores...) and
      quadriceps strength might take a longer time to recover, our findings should be
      interpreted with caution.

PMID- 26979766
TI  - Changes in Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment and Prognosis After Implementation
      of the Infarction Code in a Hospital With a Cardiac Catheterization Unit.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Emergency care systems have been created to improve
      treatment and revascularization in myocardial infarction but they may also
      improve the management of all patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: A
      comparative study of all patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome before
      and after implementation of an infarction protocol. RESULTS: The study included
      1210 patients. While the mean age was the same in both periods, the patient group
      admitted after implementation of the protocol had a lower prevalence of diabetes
      mellitus and hypertension but more active smokers and higher GRACE scores. The
      percentage of ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (29.8%-39.5%) and
      coronary revascularizations (82.1%-90.1%) significantly increased among patients
      admitted with acute coronary syndrome, and primary angioplasty became routine
      (51.9%-94.9%); there was also a reduction in time to catheterization and an
      increase in early revascularization. The mean hospital stay was significantly
      shorter after implementation of the infarction protocol. In-hospital mortality
      was unchanged, except in high-risk patients (38.8%-22.4%). After discharge, no
      differences were observed between the 2 periods in cardiovascular mortality, all
      cause mortality, reinfarction, or major cardiovascular complications.
      CONCLUSIONS: After implementation of the infarction protocol, the percentage of
      patients admitted with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and the mean
      GRACE score increased among patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome.
      Hospital stay was reduced, and primary angioplasty use increased. In-hospital
      mortality was reduced in high-risk patients, and prognosis after discharge was
      the same in both periods.

PMID- 26979768
TI  - Towards universal ambient ionization: direct elemental analysis of solid
      substrates using microwave plasma ionization.
AB  - A microwave plasma was used for direct ambient ionization mass spectrometry of
      solid substrates, rapidly yielding atomic spectra without sample digestion or pre
      treatment. Further, molecular spectra for the organic components of the substrate
      were obtained simultaneously, in an ambient ionization format. Initial
      characterization of the microwave plasma coupling to an ion trap mass
      spectrometer was carried out using solution standards and a microwave plasma
      torch (MPT) configuration. The configuration of the microwave plasma was then
      optimized for ambient ionization. The atomic and organic composition for samples
      applicable to nuclear and conventional forensic screening, including
      explosive/radionuclide mixtures and inorganic/organic gunshot residue component
      mixtures were successfully determined. The technologies employed are readily
      fieldable; the feasibility of a multimode ion source that could be coupled with a
      portable ion trap mass spectrometer for rapid, on-site, elemental, isotopic, and
      molecular screening of samples is demonstrated. 

PMID- 26979767
TI  - Prevalence, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Spain. Results
      of the Di@bet.es Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Di@bet.es is a national study designed to estimate
      the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors in the
      Spanish adult population. The prevalence of hypertension and the degree to which
      it is recognized, treated, and controlled are described. METHODS: The study
      included a sample of the Spanish population with 5048 adults aged >= 18 years.
      Patients were questioned and examined, with 3 blood pressure readings while
      seated and at rest to calculate the mean of the 3 readings. Hypertension was
      defined as systolic blood pressure >= 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure >=
      90 mmHg and/or prescription for antihypertensive drug therapy. RESULTS:
      Hypertension was found in 42.6% of the Spanish adult population aged >= 18 years
      and was more common among men (49.9%) than women (37.1%). The prevalence was
      higher among prediabetics (67.9%) and diabetics (79.4%). Undiagnosed hypertension
      was identified in 37.4% of patients and was more common in men (43.3%) than in
      women (31.5%). Among patients with known hypertension, 88.3% were receiving drug
      therapy. Well-controlled blood pressure was found in only 30% and was more common
      among women (24.9%) than men (16%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypertension
      in Spain is high, and a considerable percentage of hypertensive patients have
      still not been diagnosed. Hypertension is associated with diabetes and
      prediabetes, and although drug therapy is increasingly common, the degree of
      control has not improved and remains low. Population campaigns should be
      developed and promoted for hypertension prevention, detection, and treatment.

PMID- 26979769
TI  - Cell density-dependent stimulation of PAI-1 and hyaluronan synthesis by TGF-beta
      in orbital fibroblasts.
AB  - During the course of Graves' orbitopathy (GO), orbital fibroblasts are exposed to
      factors that lead to proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) overproduction.
      Increased levels of tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1
      (SERPINE1)) might promote the accumulation of ECM components. PAI-1 expression is
      regulated by cell density and various cytokines and growth factors including
      transforming growth factorbeta(TGF-beta). We examined the effects of increasing
      cell densities and TGF-beta on orbital fibroblasts obtained from GO patients and
      controls. Responses were evaluated by the measurement of proliferation, PAI-1
      expression, and ECM production. There was an inverse correlation between cell
      density and the per cell production of PAI-1. GO orbital, normal orbital, and
      dermal fibroblasts behaved similarly in this respect. Proliferation rate also
      declined with increasing cell densities. Hyaluronan (HA) production was constant
      throughout the cell densities tested in all cell lines. In both GO and normal
      orbital fibroblasts, but not in dermal fibroblasts, TGF-beta stimulated PAI-1
      production in a cell density-dependent manner, reaching up to a five-fold
      increase above baseline. This has been accompanied by increased HA secretion and
      pericellular HA levels at high cell densities. Increasing cell density is a
      negative regulator of proliferation and PAI-1 secretion both in normal and GO
      orbital fibroblasts; these negative regulatory effects are partially reversed in
      the presence of TGF-beta. Cell density-dependent regulation of PAI-1 expression
      in the orbit, together with the local cytokine environment, may have a regulatory
      role in the turnover of the orbital ECM and may contribute to the expansion of
      orbital soft tissue in GO.

PMID- 26979770
TI  - Meningoencephalitis due to the amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri in ruminants in
      Algeria.
AB  - Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal infection in most cases,
      caused by the amoeba flagellate Naegleria fowleri. This report describes the
      first cases of PAM in Algeria, in a cow and a ewe from Batna, north-eastern
      Algeria. The death of both ruminants occurred a week after the first clinical
      manifestations. The cerebrospinal fluid, after staining with May-Grunwald-Giemsa,
      showed the presence of amoebae cells. Histological sections revealed numerous
      amoebae in all parts of the brain. The presence of N. fowleri was confirmed using
      a species-specific real-time PCR in histological tissue sections. The two PAM
      cases were reported during the hot season, and the source of infection is very
      likely the water where the cattle came to drink. Particular attention should be
      focused on this type of infection in aquatic environments when the temperature is
      high and preventive measures must be taken to avoid the proliferation of N.
      fowleri. 

PMID- 26979771
TI  - Preconditioning at a distance: Involvement of endothelial vasoactive substances
      in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
AB  - There is growing preclinical as well as clinical evidence supporting remote
      ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), in which short cycles of non-fatal ischemia
      followed by reperfusion to an organ or tissue distant from the heart elicits
      cardioprotection. It is the most practical, non-invasive, cost-free, and
      clinically compatible, secure procedure for reducing ischemia-reperfusion induced
      injury. The use of a conventional blood pressure cuff on the upper or lower limb
      in eliciting cardioprotection has expedited its clinical applicability.
      Endothelium has been documented to respond very quickly to blood flow and hypoxia
      by releasing different humoral factors such as endothelium derived releasing
      factor, endothelium derived contracting factor, endothelium derived
      hyperpolarizing factor. In recent years, there have been studies suggesting the
      key role of endothelial derived factors in RIPC induced cardioprotection. The
      signaling cascade involves nitric oxide, gap junctions, epoxyeicosatrienoic
      (EETs) acids, Ca-activated K(+) channels, angiotensin II, thromboxane A2,
      superoxide anions and prostacyclin. The present review describes the role of
      these endothelial derived factors in RIPC induced cardioprotection with possible
      mechanisms. 

PMID- 26979772
TI  - Pulsed magnetic therapy increases osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem
      cells only if they are pre-committed.
AB  - AIM: Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has been documented to be an
      effective, non-invasive, safe treatment method for a variety of clinical
      conditions, especially in settings of recalcitrant healing. The underlying
      mechanisms on the different biological components of tissue regeneration are
      still to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to characterize the
      effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-PEMFs on commitment of mesenchymal stem
      cell (MSCs) culture system, through the determination of gene expression pattern
      and cellular morphology. MAIN METHODS: Human MSCs derived from adipose tissue
      (ADSCs) were cultured in presence of adipogenic, osteogenic, neural, or glial
      differentiative medium and basal medium, then exposed to ELF-PEMFs daily
      stimulation for 21days. Control cultures were performed without ELF-PEMFs
      stimulation for all cell populations. Effects on commitment were evaluated after
      21days of cultures. KEY FINDINGS: The results suggested ELF-PEMFs does not
      influence ADSCs commitment and does not promote adipogenic, osteogenic, neural or
      glial differentiation. However, ELF-PEMFs treatment on ADSCs cultured in
      osteogenic differentiative medium markedly increased osteogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE:
      We concluded that PEMFs affect the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs only if
      they are pre-commitment and that this therapy can be an appropriate candidate for
      treatment of conditions requiring an acceleration of repairing process.

PMID- 26979773
TI  - Fermented papaya preparation modulates the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
      induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Balb/c mice.
AB  - AIM AND MAIN METHOD: The medicinal properties of fermented papaya preparation
      (FPP) derived from Carica papaya fruit was investigated in order to determine its
      ability to modulate the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced
      hepatocellular carcinoma in Balb/c mice. KEY FINDINGS: As well as reducing the
      physical symptoms associated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced
      hepatocellular carcinoma, supplementation of Balb/c mice with 500mg FPP/kg BW for
      92days normalized the blood cell count, led to an increased activity of several
      key antioxidant enzymes (SOD: +20%, CAT: +81%, GPx: +66.1%, GR: +54.4%; P<0.001
      vs. MNU control), increased the ferrous reducing antioxidant potential (+36.7%,
      P<0.001 vs. MNU control) and reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation in the
      liver by 44.3% (P<0.001 vs. MNU control). SIGNIFICANCE: Results demonstrated the
      ability of FPP to preserve the integrity of liver against oxidative damage and
      protect hepatocytes against irreversible DNA structural modifications induced by
      MNU, highlighting its potential role as an immune-defense modulator during
      hepatocarcinoma.

PMID- 26979774
TI  - Effect of retinoic acid on human adrenal corticosteroid synthesis.
AB  - AIMS: Retinoic acid has recently yielded promising results in the treatment of
      Cushing's disease, i.e., excess cortisol secretion due to a pituitary
      corticotropin (ACTH)-secreting adenoma. In addition to its effect on the tumoral
      corticotrope cell, clinical results suggest an additional adrenal site of action.
      Aim of this study was to evaluate whether retinoic acid modulates cortisol
      synthesis and secretion by human adrenals in vitro. MAIN METHODS: Primary
      cultures from 10 human adrenals specimens were incubated with 10nM, 100nM and
      1MUM retinoic acid with and without 10nM ACTH for 24h. Cortisol levels were
      measured by radioimmunoassay and CYP11A1, STAR and MC2R gene expression analyzed
      by real-time PCR. KEY FINDINGS: Retinoic acid increased cortisol secretion
      (149.5+/-33.01%, 151.3+/-49.45% and 129.3+/-8.32% control secretion for 10nM,
      100nM and 1MUM respectively, p<0.05) and potentiated STAR expression (1.51+/
      0.22, 1.56+/-0.15 and 1.59+/-0.14 fold change over baseline, for 10nM, 100nM and
      1MUM respectively, p<0.05). Concurrently, retinoic acid markedly blunted
      constitutional and ACTH-induced MC2R expression (0.66+/-0.11, 0.62+/-0.08 and
      0.53+/-0.07 fold change over baseline, for 10nM, 100nM and 1MUM respectively,
      p<0.05; 0.71+/-0.10, 0.51+/-0.07 and 0.51+/-0.08 fold change over ACTH alone, for
      10nM, 100nM and 1MUM respectively, p<0.05). No effect on CYP11A1 was observed.
      SIGNIFICANCE: Retinoic acid stimulates cortisol synthesis and secretion in human
      adrenals and at the same time markedly blunts ACTH receptor transcription. These
      results reveal a novel, adrenal effect of retinoic acid which may contribute to
      its efficacy in patients with Cushing's disease.

PMID- 26979775
TI  - Oxidative stress upregulates zinc uptake activity via Zrt/Irt-like protein 1
      (ZIP1) in cultured mouse astrocytes.
AB  - AIMS: Zinc released from glutamatergic boutons and astrocytes acts as neuro- and
      glio-transmitters, and thus its extracellular level has to be strictly regulated.
      We previously revealed that uptake of zinc by astrocytes plays a critical role in
      its clearance, and zinc transporter Zrt/Irt-like protein 1 (ZIP1) is the molecule
      responsible for the uptake. However, it is unknown whether or not the
      functionality of the zinc clearance system is altered under oxidative stress
      loaded conditions. Here, we characterized zinc uptake by oxidative stress-loaded
      astrocytes. MAIN METHODS: Cultured mouse astrocytes were treated with hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2) to load oxidative stress. Functional expression of ZIP1 in
      astrocytes was evaluated by means of (65)Zn uptake, Western blotting and
      immunocytochemical analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Treatment of astrocytes with 0.4mM
      H2O2 for 24h increased the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein
      and 4-hydroxynonenal without significant decreases in their viability, indicating
      that induction of oxidative stress in astrocytes. Under oxidative stress-loaded
      conditions, astrocytes exhibited increased (65)Zn uptake activity, and the
      maximum uptake velocity for the uptake was significantly increased compared to
      that in the control group, while there was no change in the Michaelis constants,
      which were almost identical to that of mouse ZIP1. In the H2O2-treated
      astrocytes, the expression levels of ZIP1 were significantly increased in the
      cellular and plasma membrane fractions. SIGNIFICANCE: It appears that under
      oxidative stress-loaded conditions, astrocytes exhibit increased zinc clearance
      activity and this is due, at least in part, to increased ZIP1 expression.

PMID- 26979777
TI  - Electroacupunctre improves motor impairment via inhibition of microglia-mediated
      neuroinflammation in the sensorimotor cortex after ischemic stroke.
AB  - AIMS: Electroacupuncture (EA) is one of the safety and effective therapies for
      improving neurological and sensorimotor impairment via blockade of inappropriate
      inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms of anti-inflammation involved is
      far from been fully elucidated. MAIN METHODS: Focal cerebral ischemic stroke was
      administered by the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R)
      surgery. The MCAO/R rats were accepted EA treatment at the LI 11 and ST 36
      acupoints for consecutive 3days. The neurological outcome, animal behaviors test
      and molecular biology assays were used to evaluate the MCAO/R model and
      therapeutic effect of EA. KEY FINDINGS: EA treatment for MCAO rats showed a
      significant reduction in the infarct volumes accompanied by functional recovery
      in mNSS outcomes, motor function performances. The possible mechanisms that EA
      treatment attenuated the over-activation of Iba-1 and ED1 positive microglia in
      the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex. Simultaneously, both tissue and serum
      protein levels of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta
      (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were decreased by EA treatment in MCAO/R
      injured rats. The levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were decreased in
      the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex and blood serum of MCAO/R injured rats after
      EA treatment. Furthermore, we found that EA treatment prevented from the nucleus
      translocation of NF-kappaB p65 and suppressed the expression of p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)
      in the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings from this
      study indicated that EA improved the motor impairment via inhibition of microglia
      mediated neuroinflammation that invoked NF-kappaB p65, p38 MAPK and MyD88
      produced proinflammatory cytokine in the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex of rats
      following ischemic stroke.

PMID- 26979778
TI  - A novel bisindole-PBD conjugate inhibits angiogenesis by regulating STAT3 and
      VEGF in breast cancer cells.
AB  - AIMS: Breast cancer is highly resistant to chemotherapeutic approach and hence,
      alternative strategies have been developed to fight against this heterogeneous
      group of disease. In particular, many studies have demonstrated about various
      drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. In our study, we assessed the anti
      angiogenenic activities of Bisindole-PBD (5b) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
      MAIN METHODS: In vitro Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) Tube Formation Assay was
      performed to show inhibitory role of 5b along with its role upon wound healing
      process in breast cancer cells in vitro. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription
      PCR (RT-PCR) was also done to examine the expression of VEGF in response to 5b in
      breast cancer cells and in HUVEC cells. siRNA transfection study explored STAT3
      mediated VEGF transcription in breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. CAM
      assay was performed to see the role of 5b on vessel formation in chicken embryo.
      KEY FINDINGS: From in vitro data we have demonstrated that 5b played a role in
      regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting angiogenesis. Test
      drug 5b suppressed the expression VEGF at both transcriptional and post
      transcriptional levels. Apart from this, there was significant down regulation in
      STAT3 level after drug treatment, which was found to be involved in the VEGF
      transcription. Metastasis related MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were also modulated
      by 5b. In vivo study by Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay also showed
      anti-angiogenesis role of the test drug which was consistent with the in vitro
      data. SIGNIFICANCE: Altogether, our data demonstrated 5b as potent small molecule
      with anti-angiogenic activities.

PMID- 26979776
TI  - Attenuated allergic inflammatory response in the lungs during lactation.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the influence of lactation on lung immune function during
      allergic inflammation. MAIN METHODS: Female rats, 60-90days old, were divided
      into three groups: no lung allergy virgins (N group), ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized
      and sensitized virgins (V group), and OVA-immunized and sensitized lactating
      females (L group). On gestation day (GD) 10, all animals in L group received a
      subcutaneous injection of 0.1mg.kg(-1) OVA plus aluminum hydroxide. On GD17, the
      L group received a subcutaneous booster injection of 10MUg OVA plus 10mg aluminum
      hydroxide. After 7days, an inhalatory challenge with 1% OVA was given in 15min
      sessions for 3 consecutive days. Animals from the V group received the same
      treatment, meaning both tests and time intervals between OVA treatment and
      inhalatory challenge were the same as in the L group. Twenty-four hours after the
      last inhalation session, the animals were euthanized, and the following tests
      were performed: total and differential bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and femoral
      marrow lavage (FML) leukocyte counts, quantification of tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) levels in BAL fluid, and
      quantification of plasma corticosterone and catecholamine levels. KEY FINDINGS:
      The L group presented lower BAL total leukocyte counts and decreases in the
      number of eosinophils and macrophages compared with the V group. They also
      expressed higher BAL IFN-gamma and lower plasma corticosterone levels. Plasma
      norepinephrine levels were higher in the L group than in the N and V groups.
      SIGNIFICANCE: Lactating female rats presented less intense allergic lung
      inflammation. Our findings suggest that lactation may protect females from
      asthmatic crises.

PMID- 26979779
TI  - Infant Sleep and Parent Health Literacy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Child sleep problems are prevalent and have been linked to poor
      behavior, worse school performance, and obesity. Low health literacy (HL) is
      associated with suboptimal parenting practices and worse health outcomes, but the
      relationship between parent HL and child sleep-related issues is not known. We
      examined the association between parent HL and child sleep-related issues.
      METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from caregivers enrolled in
      a cluster randomized trial of a primary care-based child obesity prevention
      program in 4 pediatric clinics. Parent HL was assessed using the Short Test of
      Functional Health Literacy in Adults. At the 9-month well-child visit, sleep
      related factors were assessed: presence of TV in room where child sleeps, regular
      naptimes and bedtimes (>=5 days/wk), low daytime and nighttime sleep duration (>1
      SD below mean on the basis of national data). Multiple logistic regression
      analyses were performed. RESULTS: We enrolled 557 caregivers of 9-month-old
      children (49.7% Hispanic, 26.9% black, 56.2% <$20,000 annual income); 49.6%
      reported having a TV in the room where their child sleeps; 26.6% did not have
      regular naptimes norbedtimes. Median sleep duration was 2.3 (interquartile range,
      1.5-3.0) hours (daytime), and 9.0 (interquartile range, 8.0-10.0) hours (night)
      (30.2% low daytime; 20.3% low nighttime sleep duration). Children of parents with
      low HL were more likely to have a bedroom TV (66.7% vs 47.7%, P = .01; adjusted
      odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.3) and low night-time sleep
      (37.0% vs 18.5%; P = .002; adjusted odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2
      4.8). CONCLUSIONS: Low parent HL is associated with TV in the bedroom and low
      night sleep duration. Additional study is needed to further explore these
      associations and intervention strategies to address child sleep problems.

PMID- 26979780
TI  - Communication Challenges: A Qualitative Look at the Relationship Between
      Pediatric Hospitalists and Primary Care Providers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Primary care providers (PCPs) and hospitalists endorse the importance
      of effective communication yet studies illustrate critical communication problems
      between these 2 provider types. Our objective was to develop deeper insight into
      the dimensions of and underlying reasons for communication issues and determine
      ways to improve communication and remove barriers by eliciting the perspectives
      of pediatric PCPs and hospitalists. METHODS: Using qualitative methods, 2 sets of
      focus groups were held: 1) mix of local PCPs serving diverse populations, and 2)
      hospitalists from a free-standing, pediatric institution. The open-ended,
      semistructured question guides included questions about communication
      experiences, patient care responsibilities, and suggestions for improvement.
      Using inductive thematic analysis, investigators coded the transcripts, and
      resolved differences through consensus. RESULTS: Six PCP (n = 27) and 3
      hospitalist (n = 15) focus groups were held. Fifty-six percent of PCPs and 14% of
      hospitalists had been practicing for >10 years. Five major themes were
      identified: problematic aspects of communication, perceptions of provider roles,
      push-pull, postdischarge responsibilities/care, and proposed solutions. Aspects
      of communication included specific problem areas with verbal and written
      communication. Perceptions of provider roles highlighted the issue of PCPs
      feeling devalued. Push-pull described conflicting expectations about a
      counterpart's role and responsibilities. Postdischarge responsibilities/care
      addressed unclear responsibilities related to patient follow-up. Proposed
      solutions were suggested for ways to improve communication. CONCLUSIONS:
      Deficiencies in communication hinder successful collaboration and can cause
      tension between providers in inpatient and outpatient settings. Understanding
      specific issues that contribute to poor communication like perceptions about
      provider roles is critical to improving relationships and facilitating combined
      efforts to improve patient care.

PMID- 26979782
TI  - Norovirus as the cause of medically attended gastroenteritis: a hospital-based
      experience.
AB  - Gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
      With the introduction of vaccines against rotavirus, interest has shifted to
      understanding the epidemiology of norovirus (NoV). While the importance of NoV in
      gastroenteritis outbreaks is well established, its role in sporadic
      gastroenteritis is less known. To better define the role of NoV as a cause of
      sporadic gastroenteritis we investigated its prevalence in the patients seen in
      our paediatric hospital with special emphasis on its seasonal and age
      distribution. Over a 12-month period discarded stool specimens submitted to our
      paediatric hospital for testing of an infectious aetiology were retrieved and
      additionally tested for NoV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
      reaction; demographical and clinical information were also obtained. Overall, NoV
      was the single most commonly identified pathogen and found in 68/892 (7.6%) total
      specimens or 68/258 (26%) of pathogen-positive specimens. The highest rates of
      NoV were detected in children aged 6 months to 4 years (50/332, 15.1%) and
      presenting between October and January (46/314, 14.7%). NoV has become the main
      cause of gastroenteritis in our paediatric population.

PMID- 26979781
TI  - The DmtA methyltransferase contributes to Aspergillus flavus conidiation,
      sclerotial production, aflatoxin biosynthesis and virulence.
AB  - DNA methylation is essential for epigenetic regulation of gene transcription and
      development in many animals, plants and fungi. We investigated whether DNA
      methylation plays a role in the development and secondary metabolism of
      Aspergillus flavus, identified the DmtA methyltransferase from A. flavus, and
      produced a dmtA knock-out mutant by replacing the dmtA coding sequence with the
      pyrG selectable marker. The A. flavus dmtA null mutant lines produced white
      fluffy mycelium in liquid medium, and displayed a slightly flavescent conidial
      pigmentation compared with the normal yellow of the wild-type strain when grown
      on agar. The DeltadmtA lines exhibited decreased conidiation and aflatoxin (AF)
      biosynthesis, compared with the wild-type line, suggesting that the DmtA knock
      out affected the transcriptional level of genes in the AF cluster. In particular,
      sclerotia development and host colonization were altered in the dmtA null
      mutants. Green fluorescent protein tagging at the C-terminus of DmtA showed that
      DmtA localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. DNA methylation content measurements
      in the dmtA mutants revealed no widespread DNA methylation in the mutants or wild
      type lines. Thus, our findings suggest that DmtA, apart from being a C-5 cytosine
      methyltransferase in A. flavus, contributes to asexual development, aflatoxin
      biosynthesis, sclerotial production and virulence. 

PMID- 26979783
TI  - Ongoing effects of burns.

PMID- 26979784
TI  - The pursuit of ignorance.

PMID- 26979786
TI  - Electrochemical and chemical routes to hydride loss from an iridium dihydride.
AB  - With a view towards replacing sacrificial hydrogen acceptors in alkane
      dehydrogenation catalysis, electrochemical methods for oxidative activation of a
      pincer-ligated iridium hydride intermediate were explored. A 1H(+)/2e(-)
      oxidation process was observed in THF solvent, with net hydride loss leading to a
      reactive cationic intermediate that can be trapped by chloride. Analogous
      reactivity was observed with the concerted hydride transfer reagent Ph3C(+),
      connecting chemical and electrochemical hydride loss pathways. 

PMID- 26979787
TI  - Phonon Transport at Crystalline Si/Ge Interfaces: The Role of Interfacial Modes
      of Vibration.
AB  - We studied the modal contributions to heat conduction at crystalline Si and
      crystalline Ge interfaces and found that more than 15% of the interface
      conductance arises from less than 0.1% of the modes in the structure. Using the
      recently developed interface conductance modal analysis (ICMA) method along with
      a new complimentary methodology, we mapped the correlations between modes, which
      revealed that a small group of interfacial modes, which exist between 12-13 THz,
      exhibit extremely strong correlation with other modes in the system. It is found
      that these interfacial modes (e.g., modes with large eigen vectors for
      interfacial atoms) are enabled by the degree of anharmonicity near the interface,
      which is higher than in the bulk, and therefore allows this small group of modes
      to couple to all others. The analysis sheds light on the nature of localized
      vibrations at interfaces and can be enlightening for other investigations of
      localization.

PMID- 26979789
TI  - Commentary on Thomas and Epstein: "Bone Marrow Transplantation in Acute
      Leukemia".

PMID- 26979790
TI  - Intensive Combination Chemotherapy and X-Irradiation in Hodgkin's Disease.

PMID- 26979785
TI  - Identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes.
AB  - Bacteria with two cell membranes (diderms) have evolved complex systems for
      protein secretion. These systems were extensively studied in some model bacteria,
      but the characterisation of their diversity has lagged behind due to lack of
      standard annotation tools. We built online and standalone computational tools to
      accurately predict protein secretion systems and related appendages in bacteria
      with LPS-containing outer membranes. They consist of models describing the
      systems' components and genetic organization to be used with MacSyFinder to
      search for T1SS-T6SS, T9SS, flagella, Type IV pili and Tad pili. We identified
      ~10,000 candidate systems in bacterial genomes, where T1SS and T5SS were by far
      the most abundant and widespread. All these data are made available in a public
      database. The recently described T6SS(iii) and T9SS were restricted to
      Bacteroidetes, and T6SS(ii) to Francisella. The T2SS, T3SS, and T4SS were
      frequently encoded in single-copy in one locus, whereas most T1SS were encoded in
      two loci. The secretion systems of diderm Firmicutes were similar to those found
      in other diderms. Novel systems may remain to be discovered, since some clades of
      environmental bacteria lacked all known protein secretion systems. Our models can
      be fully customized, which should facilitate the identification of novel systems.

PMID- 26979793
TI  - Correction: p53: Protection against Tumor Growth beyond Effects on Cell Cycle and
      Apoptosis.

PMID- 26979792
TI  - Correction: Hydrogen Peroxide-Mediated Cytosolic Acidification Is a Signal for
      Mitochondrial Translocation of Bax during Drug-Induced Apoptosis of Tumor Cells.

PMID- 26979791
TI  - A Chimeric Switch-Receptor Targeting PD1 Augments the Efficacy of Second
      Generation CAR T Cells in Advanced Solid Tumors.
AB  - Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified adoptive T-cell therapy has been
      successfully applied to the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but faces many
      challenges in solid tumors. One major obstacle is the immune-suppressive effects
      induced in both naturally occurring and genetically modified tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes (TIL) by inhibitory receptors (IR), namely PD1. We hypothesized that
      interfering with PD1 signaling would augment CAR T-cell activity against solid
      tumors. To address this possibility, we introduced a genetically engineered
      switch receptor construct, comprising the truncated extracellular domain of PD1
      and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic signaling domains of CD28, into CAR T
      cells. We tested the effect of this supplement, "PD1CD28," on human CAR T cells
      targeting aggressive models of human solid tumors expressing relevant tumor
      antigens. Treatment of mice bearing large, established solid tumors with PD1CD28
      CAR T cells led to significant regression in tumor volume due to enhanced CAR TIL
      infiltrate, decreased susceptibility to tumor-induced hypofunction, and
      attenuation of IR expression compared with treatments with CAR T cells alone or
      PD1 antibodies. Taken together, our findings suggest that the application of
      PD1CD28 to boost CAR T-cell activity is efficacious against solid tumors via a
      variety of mechanisms, prompting clinical investigation of this potentially
      promising treatment modality.

PMID- 26979794
TI  - Correction: The Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp2 Interacts with NPM-ALK and Regulates
      Anaplastic Lymphoma Cell Growth and Migration.

PMID- 26979795
TI  - Functional Divergence in Teleost Cardiac Troponin Paralogs Guides Variation in
      the Interaction of TnI Switch Region with TnC.
AB  - Gene duplication results in extra copies of genes that must coevolve with their
      interacting partners in multimeric protein complexes. The cardiac troponin (Tn)
      complex, containing TnC, TnI, and TnT, forms a distinct functional unit critical
      for the regulation of cardiac muscle contraction. In teleost fish, the function
      of the Tn complex is modified by the consequences of differential expression of
      paralogs in response to environmental thermal challenges. In this article, we
      focus on the interaction between TnI and TnC, coded for by genes that have
      independent evolutionary origins, but the co-operation of their protein products
      has necessitated coevolution. In this study, we characterize functional
      divergence of TnC and TnI paralogs, specifically the interrelated roles of
      regulatory subfunctionalization and structural subfunctionalization. We
      determined that differential paralog transcript expression in response to
      temperature acclimation results in three combinations of TnC and TnI in the
      zebrafish heart: TnC1a/TnI1.1, TnC1b/TnI1.1, and TnC1a/TnI1.5. Phylogenetic
      analysis of these highly conserved proteins identified functionally divergent
      residues in TnI and TnC. The structural and functional effect of these Tn
      combinations was modeled with molecular dynamics simulation to link divergent
      sites to changes in interaction strength. Functional divergence in TnI and TnC
      were not limited to the residues involved with TnC/TnI switch interaction, which
      emphasizes the complex nature of Tn function. Patterns in domain-specific
      divergent selection and interaction energies suggest that substitutions in the
      TnI switch region are crucial to modifying TnI/TnC function to maintain cardiac
      contraction with temperature changes. This integrative approach introduces Tn as
      a model of functional divergence that guides the coevolution of interacting
      proteins. 

PMID- 26979797
TI  - Maintenance of Species Boundaries Despite Ongoing Gene Flow in Ragworts.
AB  - The role of hybridization between diversifying species has been the focus of a
      huge amount of recent evolutionary research. While gene flow can prevent
      speciation or initiate species collapse, it can also generate new hybrid species.
      Similarly, while adaptive divergence can be wiped out by gene flow, new adaptive
      variation can be introduced via introgression. The relative frequency of these
      outcomes, and indeed the frequency of hybridization and introgression in general
      are largely unknown. One group of closely-related species with several documented
      cases of hybridization is the Mediterranean ragwort (genus: Senecio) species
      complex. Examples of both polyploid and homoploid hybrid speciation are known in
      the clade, although their evolutionary relationships and the general frequency of
      introgressive hybridization among them remain unknown. Using a whole genome gene
      space dataset comprising eight Senecio species we fully resolve the phylogeny of
      these species for the first time despite phylogenetic incongruence across the
      genome. Using a D-statistic approach, we demonstrate previously unknown cases of
      introgressive hybridization between multiple pairs of taxa across the species
      tree. This is an important step in establishing these species as a study system
      for diversification with gene flow, and suggests that introgressive hybridization
      may be a widespread and important process in plant evolution. 

PMID- 26979796
TI  - Whole-Genome Identification, Phylogeny, and Evolution of the Cytochrome P450
      Family 2 (CYP2) Subfamilies in Birds.
AB  - The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily defends organisms from endogenous and
      noxious environmental compounds, and thus is crucial for survival. However,
      beyond mammals the molecular evolution of CYP2 subfamilies is poorly understood.
      Here, we characterized the CYP2 family across 48 avian whole genomes representing
      all major extant bird clades. Overall, 12 CYP2 subfamilies were identified,
      including the first description of the CYP2F, CYP2G, and several CYP2AF genes in
      avian genomes. Some of the CYP2 genes previously described as being lineage
      specific, such as CYP2K and CYP2W, are ubiquitous to all avian groups.
      Furthermore, we identified a large number of CYP2J copies, which have been
      associated previously with water reabsorption. We detected positive selection in
      the avian CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2H, CYP2J, CYP2K, and CYP2AC subfamilies. Moreover, we
      identified new substrate recognition sites (SRS0, SRS2_SRS3, and SRS3.1) and heme
      binding areas that influence CYP2 structure and function of functional importance
      as under significant positive selection. Some of the positively selected sites in
      avian CYP2D are located within the same SRS1 region that was previously linked
      with the metabolism of plant toxins. Additionally, we find that selective
      constraint variations in some avian CYP2 subfamilies are consistently associated
      with different feeding habits (CYP2H and CYP2J), habitats (CYP2D, CYP2H, CYP2J,
      and CYP2K), and migratory behaviors (CYP2D, CYP2H, and CYP2J). Overall, our
      findings indicate that there has been active enzyme site selection on CYP2
      subfamilies and differential selection associated with different life history
      traits among birds. 

PMID- 26979799
TI  - Formation of chukanovite in simulated groundwater containing [Formula: see text].
AB  - Chukanovite (Fe2(OH)2CO3) is one of the secondary mineral precipitates on the
      surfaces of zero-valent iron (ZVI) barriers in groundwater containing carbonates.
      Synthesizing experiments were conducted in FeCl2, NaOH, and Na2CO3 solutions to
      investigate the effect of carbonate concentration on the formation of Fe2(OH)2CO3
      and estimate the stability field of Fe2(OH)2CO3 on the potential-pH diagram.
      Results revealed that Fe2(OH)2CO3 is a unique product based on X-ray diffraction.
      The [Formula: see text], OH-, and Fe2+ concentrations and the ratios (R =
      [Fe2+]/[OH-] and R' = [[Formula: see text]]/[OH-]) are important parameters in
      the formation of the Fe2(OH)2CO3. Fe2(OH)2CO3 was better formed in the R = 1.1,
      R' = 0.9 system than in the R = 1.1, R' = 0.7 system. The crystallization of
      Fe2(OH)2CO3was increased with the concentration of [Formula: see text] increased
      from 0.018 to 0.18 mol/L. The standard Gibbs free energy of the formation of
      Fe2(OH)2CO3 was -1151.1 +/- 5.3 kJ/mol from the equilibrium conditions between
      Fe2(OH)2CO3 and Fe2+, [Formula: see text]. Potential-pH diagram of iron,
      including Fe2(OH)2CO3, was drawn in the Fe-C-H2O system. In this diagram, the
      stable domain of Fe2(OH)2CO3 was 7.87 < pH < 10.34, -740 mV < Eh < -400 mV, which
      can be converted into FeCO3 in low pH value in the 0.18mol/L carbonate solution.
      This work will aid in predicting the potential for mineral precipitation, as well
      as estimating the reactivity, porosity, and hydraulic performance of ZVI
      permeable reactive barriers.

PMID- 26979798
TI  - Genetic Evidence of Human Adaptation to a Cooked Diet.
AB  - Humans have been argued to be biologically adapted to a cooked diet, but this
      hypothesis has not been tested at the molecular level. Here, we combine
      controlled feeding experiments in mice with comparative primate genomics to show
      that consumption of a cooked diet influences gene expression and that affected
      genes bear signals of positive selection in the human lineage. Liver gene
      expression profiles in mice fed standardized diets of meat or tuber were affected
      by food type and cooking, but not by caloric intake or consumer energy balance.
      Genes affected by cooking were highly correlated with genes known to be
      differentially expressed in liver between humans and other primates, and more
      genes in this overlap set show signals of positive selection in humans than would
      be expected by chance. Sequence changes in the genes under selection appear
      before the split between modern humans and two archaic human groups, Neandertals
      and Denisovans, supporting the idea that human adaptation to a cooked diet had
      begun by at least 275,000 years ago. 

PMID- 26979800
TI  - Predictors and Correlates of Inattentive/Overactive Behaviors in Internationally
      Adopted Children.
AB  - Children adopted internationally following deprived early care have an elevated
      risk for difficulties with inattention/overactivity (Kreppner et al., 2001 ). The
      current study sought to identify predictors of inattention/overactivity and child
      and adoptive family challenges that co-occur with inattention/overactivity
      difficulties in a sample of internationally adopted children. Forty-eight
      children (mean age at adoption = 57.98 months, SD = 47.7 months) were examined at
      3 yearly assessments, which included semistructured interviews, parent ratings,
      and neuropsychological assessment with children. Results revealed that older age
      at adoption, longer time in the adoptive home, and smaller family size were
      associated with greater parent-rated difficulties with inattention/overactivity.
      Additionally, greater inattention/overactivity difficulties were associated with
      poorer expressive language and reading performance, poorer child emotional
      behavioral outcomes, and poorer adoptive family functioning. Given the increase
      in difficulties over time in the adoptive home, longer-term follow-up may be
      helpful to ensure appropriate intervention. Additionally, interventions may need
      to be more comprehensive given the connection between inattentive/overactive
      behaviors and other areas of functioning. 

PMID- 26979801
TI  - Emotional Reactions to War: What's in a Name?

PMID- 26979802
TI  - Nanoparticle transport across the placental barrier: pushing the field forward!
AB  - The human placenta is a multifunctional organ constituting the barrier between
      maternal and fetal tissues. Nanoparticles can cross the placental barrier, and
      there is increasing evidence that the extent of transfer is dependent on particle
      characteristics and functionalization. While translocated particles may pose
      risks to the growing fetus particles may also be engineered to enable new
      particle-based therapies in pregnancy. In both cases, a comprehensive
      understanding of nanoparticle uptake, accumulation and translocation is
      indispensable and requires predictive placental transfer models. We examine and
      evaluate the current literature to draw first conclusions on the possibility to
      steer translocation of nanoparticles. In addition, we discuss if current
      placental models are suitable for nanoparticle transfer studies and suggest
      strategies to improve their predictability. 

PMID- 26979804
TI  - CURRENT STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL DOSIMETRIC MONITORING IN UKRAINE.
AB  - About 50 000 workers are being occupationally exposed to radiation in Ukraine.
      Individual dosimetric monitoring (IDM) is provided by 77 dosimetry services and
      laboratories of very different scale with a number of monitored workers ranging
      from several persons to ~9000. In the present work, the current status of
      personal dosimetry in Ukraine was studied. The First National Intercomparison
      (FNI) of the IDM labs was accompanied by a survey of the laboratory operation in
      terms of coverage, types of dosimetry provided, instrumentation and methodologies
      used, metrological support, data recording, etc. Totally, 34 laboratories
      responded to the FNI call, and 18 services with 19 different personal dosimetry
      systems took part in the intercomparison exercise providing 24 dosimeters each
      for blind irradiation to photons of 6 different qualities (ISO N-series X-rays, S
      Cs and S-Co sources) in a dose range of 5-60 mSv. Performance of the dosimetry
      labs was evaluated according to ISO 14146 criteria of matching trumpet curves
      with H0 = 0.2 mSv. The test revealed that 8 of the 19 systems meet ISO 14146
      criteria in full, 5 other labs show marginal performance and 6 laboratories
      demonstrated catastrophic quality of dosimetric results. Altogether, 18
      participating labs provide dosimetric monitoring to 37 477 workers (about three
      fourths of all occupationally exposed workers), usually on monthly (nuclear
      industry) or quarterly (rest of applications) basis. Of this number, 20 664
      persons (55 %) receive completely adequate individual monitoring, and the number
      of personnel receiving IDM of inadequate quality counts 3054 persons. 

PMID- 26979805
TI  - THREE-YEAR RETENTION OF RADIOACTIVE CAESIUM IN THE BODY OF TEPCO WORKERS INVOLVED
      IN THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION ACCIDENT.
AB  - Direct measurements of seven highly exposed workers at the Tokyo Electric Power
      Company Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident have been performed
      continuously since June 2011. Caesium clearance in the monitored workers is in
      agreement with the biokinetic models proposed by the International Commission on
      Radiological Protection. After 500 d from the initial measurement, however, the
      caesium clearance slowed. It was thought to be unlikely that additional Cs intake
      had occurred after the initial intake, as activity in foods was kept low. And,
      the contribution from the detector over the chest was enhanced with time. This
      indicates that insoluble Cs particles were inhaled and a long metabolic rate
      showed. 

PMID- 26979803
TI  - Chromatin interactions and candidate genes at ten prostate cancer risk loci.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 100 common single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with prostate cancer risk.
      However, the vast majority of these SNPs lie in noncoding regions of the genome.
      To test whether these risk SNPs regulate their target genes through long-range
      chromatin interactions, we applied capture-based 3C sequencing technology to
      investigate possible cis-interactions at ten prostate cancer risk loci in six
      cell lines. We identified significant physical interactions between risk regions
      and their potential target genes including CAPG at 2p11.2, C2orf43 at 2p24.1,
      RFX6 at 6q22.1, NFASC at 1q32.1, MYC at 8q24.1 and AGAP7P at 10q11.23. Most of
      the interaction peaks were co-localized to regions of active histone modification
      and transcription factor binding sites. Expression quantitative trait locus
      (eQTL) analysis showed suggestive eQTL signals at rs1446669, rs699664 and
      rs1078004 for CAPG (p < 0.004), rs13394027 for C2orf43 (p = 2.25E-27), rs10993994
      and rs4631830 for AGAP7P (p < 8.02E-5). Further analysis revealed an enhancer
      activity at genomic region surrounding rs4631830 which was expected to disrupt
      HOXB-like DNA binding affinity. This study identifies a set of candidate genes
      and their potential regulatory variants, and provides additional evidence showing
      the role of long-range chromatin interactions in prostate cancer etiology.

PMID- 26979806
TI  - RESPONSE OF DOSEMETERS IN FIELDS GENERATED BY LASER-ACCELERATED PROTONS.
AB  - In laser-driven acceleration, ultra-short and intense laser pulses are focussed
      on targets to generate beams of ionising radiation. One of the most important
      issues to be addressed is personal monitoring. While traditional dosemeters were
      designed primarily for measurements in continuous fields, dosemeters for laser
      laboratories must be capable of working in pulsed fields of pulse length below 1
      ps, in a single-shot regime up to the repetition rate of 1 kHz. Responses of
      conventional dosemeters (films, polyallyldiglycol carbonate, electronic personal
      dosemeter) to proton bunches of up to 30 MeV energy produced by South Korean PW
      laser system at the Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of
      Science and Technology were studied, both by means of Monte Carlo simulations and
      experimentally. 

PMID- 26979807
TI  - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF CHEST TOMOSYNTHESIS IN OPTIMISING IMAGING
      RESOURCES IN THORACIC RADIOLOGY.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the potential role of chest tomosynthesis
      (CTS) at a tertiary referral centre by exploring to what extent CTS could
      substitute chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT). The study
      comprised 1433 CXR, 523 CT and 216 CTS examinations performed 5 years after the
      introduction of CTS. For each examination, it was decided if CTS would have been
      appropriate instead of CXR (CXR cases), if CTS could have replaced the performed
      CT (CT cases) or if CT would have been performed had CTS not been available (CTS
      cases). It was judged that (a) CTS had been appropriate in 15 % of the CXR
      examinations, (b) CTS could have replaced additionally 7 % of the CT examinations
      and (c) CT would have been carried out in 63 % of the performed CTS examinations,
      had CTS not been available. In conclusion, the potential role for CTS to
      substitute other modalities during office hours at a tertiary referral centre may
      be in the order of 20 and 25 % of performed CXR and chest CT, respectively. 

PMID- 26979808
TI  - THE VALIDITY OF USING ROC SOFTWARE FOR ANALYSING VISUAL GRADING CHARACTERISTICS
      DATA: AN INVESTIGATION BASED ON THE NOVEL SOFTWARE VGC ANALYZER.
AB  - The purpose of the present work was to investigate the validity of using single
      reader-adapted receiver operating characteristics (ROC) software for analysis of
      visual grading characteristics (VGC) data. VGC data from four published VGC
      studies on optimisation of X-ray examinations, previously analysed using ROCFIT,
      were reanalysed using a recently developed software dedicated to VGC analysis
      (VGC Analyzer), and the outcomes [the mean and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of
      the area under the VGC curve (AUCVGC) and the p-value] were compared. The studies
      included both paired and non-paired data and were reanalysed both for the fixed
      reader and the random-reader situations. The results showed good agreement
      between the softwares for the mean AUCVGC For non-paired data, wider CIs were
      obtained with VGC Analyzer than previously reported, whereas for paired data, the
      previously reported CIs were similar or even broader. Similar observations were
      made for the p-values. The results indicate that the use of single-reader-adapted
      ROC software such as ROCFIT for analysing non-paired VGC data may lead to an
      increased risk of committing Type I errors, especially in the random-reader
      situation. On the other hand, the use of ROC software for analysis of paired VGC
      data may lead to an increased risk of committing Type II errors, especially in
      the fixed-reader situation. 

PMID- 26979810
TI  - Foetal fibular hemimelia with focal femoral deficiency following prenatal
      misoprostol use: A case report.
AB  - Misoprostol is a well known abortifacient. It can cause teratogenicity like
      Mobius sequence and terminal transverse limb defects. We report a rare case of
      proximal focal femoral deficiency with fibular hemimelia in a woman who had
      attempted abortion with self-administered misoprostol and later continued the
      pregnancy. Though the absolute risk of congenital malformations with its use is
      low ~1%, this should be clearly communicated to the women requesting abortion to
      help them make fully informed reproductive health decisions.

PMID- 26979813
TI  - Opposing inequity in medical publishing: Care for quality and cherish diversity.

PMID- 26979811
TI  - In vivo acoustic and photoacoustic focusing of circulating cells.
AB  - In vivo flow cytometry using vessels as natural tubes with native cell flows has
      revolutionized the study of rare circulating tumor cells in a complex blood
      background. However, the presence of many blood cells in the detection volume
      makes it difficult to count each cell in this volume. We introduce method for
      manipulation of circulating cells in vivo with the use of gradient acoustic
      forces induced by ultrasound and photoacoustic waves. In a murine model, we
      demonstrated cell trapping, redirecting and focusing in blood and lymph flow into
      a tight stream, noninvasive wall-free transportation of blood, and the potential
      for photoacoustic detection of sickle cells without labeling and of leukocytes
      targeted by functionalized nanoparticles. Integration of cell focusing with
      intravital imaging methods may provide a versatile biological tool for single
      cell analysis in circulation, with a focus on in vivo needleless blood tests, and
      preclinical studies of human diseases in animal models. 

PMID- 26979817
TI  - Heredity, evolution and development in their (epistemic) environment at the turn
      of the nineteenth century.
AB  - During the early 1870s a young zoologist who worked as a Privatdozent delivering
      lectures at different Prussian universities invested much of his family wealth
      and solicited his fellows' contributions to establish a research facility by the
      sea. The young zoologist happened to be called Anton Dohrn. From the time it
      opened its doors, the Anton Dohrn Zoological Station - or Naples Zoological
      Station, as it was originally called - played a crucial role in shaping life
      sciences as it facilitated research aimed at explaining the mechanics of
      inheritance. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first
      decades of the twentieth, zoologists attempted to explain how evolutionary
      changes occur within a population and become stabilized. In so doing, they looked
      at developmental processes as well as environmental pressure, coming up with
      different hypotheses to explain inheritance. In some cases, their research was
      highly speculative, whereas in other cases they conducted cytological
      observations to identify the material basis of heredity. Research on evolution
      and development has been carried out in different places, and zoological stations
      like the one in Naples have played a major role in this story. However, numerous
      biological institutions active at the turn of the twentieth century have not
      received much attention from historians. 

PMID- 26979816
TI  - Finite element model-based evaluation of tissue stress variations to fabricate
      corrective orthosis in feet with neutral subtalar joint.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The subtalar joint position during static stance is a crucial
      determinant of the peak plantar pressures and forms ideal reference point for any
      intervention in foot-related problems for leprosy-affected patients. OBJECTIVES:
      The study pursued the hypothesis through a three-dimensional model that stress
      will be minimal in the distal joints of the foot when the subtalar joint is in
      neutral static stance position. STUDY DESIGN: Finite element model. METHODS: The
      computed tomography images of the feet for five patients suffering from Hansen's
      disease having no muscle weakness and joint restriction were acquired. The gray
      intensities corresponding to the bones of the foot from the computed tomography
      images were three-dimensionally reconstructed. The three-dimensional model of the
      human foot, incorporating the realistic geometry, and the material properties of
      the hard tissues were then analyzed using a finite element solver for the stress
      distribution on bones of the foot. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that the
      position of the calcaneum in the static stance position does contribute to the
      varying stress in the foot. CONCLUSION: The stresses in the bones of the foot are
      minimal while the subtalar is in neutral position; this position will be suitable
      for foot orthotic fabrication. Clinical relevance The clinicians, therapists, and
      podiatrists having less engineering skills can quickly assess the patient and get
      optimal results on the stress associated with the joints of the foot.

PMID- 26979812
TI  - Neuropsychological and neurophysiological benefits from white noise in children
      with and without ADHD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optimal stimulation theory and moderate brain arousal (MBA) model
      hypothesize that extra-task stimulation (e.g. white noise) could improve
      cognitive functions of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
      (ADHD). We investigate benefits of white noise on attention and inhibition in
      children with and without ADHD (7-12 years old), both at behavioral and at
      neurophysiological levels. METHODS: Thirty children with and without ADHD
      performed a visual cued Go/Nogo task in two conditions (white noise or no-noise
      exposure), in which behavioral and P300 (mean amplitudes) data were analyzed.
      Spontaneous eye-blink rates were also recorded and participants went through
      neuropsychological assessment. Two separate analyses were conducted with each
      child separately assigned into two groups (1) ADHD or typically developing
      children (TDC), and (2) noise beneficiaries or non-beneficiaries according to the
      observed performance during the experiment. This latest categorization, based on
      a new index we called "Noise Benefits Index" (NBI), was proposed to determine a
      neuropsychological profile positively sensitive to noise. RESULTS: Noise exposure
      reduced omission rate in children with ADHD, who were no longer different from
      TDC. Eye-blink rate was higher in children with ADHD but was not modulated by
      white noise. NBI indicated a significant relationship between ADHD and noise
      benefit. Strong correlations were observed between noise benefit and
      neuropsychological weaknesses in vigilance and inhibition. Participants who
      benefited from noise had an increased Go P300 in the noise condition. CONCLUSION:
      The improvement of children with ADHD with white noise supports both optimal
      stimulation theory and MBA model. However, eye-blink rate results question the
      dopaminergic hypothesis in the latter. The NBI evidenced a profile positively
      sensitive to noise, related with ADHD, and associated with weaker cognitive
      control.

PMID- 26979819
TI  - Male Prison Inmates With Gender Dysphoria: When Is Sex Reassignment Surgery
      Appropriate?
AB  - Gender dysphoria (GD), a feeling of persistent discomfort with one's biologic sex
      or assigned gender, is estimated to be more prevalent in male prison inmates than
      in nonincarcerated males; there may be 3000-4000 male inmates with GD in prisons
      in the United States. An increasing number of U.S. prison systems now offer
      gender dysphoric inmates diagnostic evaluation, psychotherapy, cross-sex hormone
      therapy, and opportunities, albeit limited, to enact their preferred gender role.
      Sex reassignment surgery (SRS), however, has not been offered to inmates except
      in response to litigation. In the first case of its kind, the California
      Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation recently agreed to provide SRS to an
      inmate and developed policy guidelines for its future provision. In other recent
      cases, U.S. courts have ruled that male inmates with GD are entitled to SRS when
      it is medically necessary. Although these decisions may facilitate the provision
      of SRS to inmates in the future, many U.S. prison systems will probably remain
      reluctant to offer SRS unless legally compelled to do so. In this review, we
      address the medical necessity of SRS for male inmates with GD. We also discuss
      eligibility criteria and the practical considerations involved in providing SRS
      to inmates. We conclude by offering recommendations for physicians, mental health
      professionals, and prison administrators, designed to facilitate provision of SRS
      to inmates with GD in a manner that provides humane treatment, maximizes the
      likelihood of successful outcomes, minimizes risk of regret, and generates data
      that can help inform future decisions.

PMID- 26979820
TI  - Multiscale structural characterizations of mixed U(iv)-An(iii) oxalates (An(iii)
      = Pu or Am) combining XAS and XRD measurements.
AB  - Mixed actinide(III,IV) oxalates of the general formula M2.2UAn(C2O4)5.nH2O (An =
      Pu or Am and M = H3O(+) and N2H5(+)) have been quantitatively precipitated by
      oxalic precipitation in nitric acid medium (yield >99%). Thorough multiscale
      structural characterization using XRD and XAS measurements confirmed the
      existence of mixed actinide oxalate solid solutions. The XANES analysis confirmed
      that the oxidation states of the metallic cations, tetravalent for uranium and
      trivalent for plutonium and americium, are maintained during the precipitation
      step. EXAFS measurements show that the local environments around U(+IV), Pu(+III)
      and Am(+III) are comparable, and the actinides are surrounded by ten oxygen atoms
      from five bidentate oxalate anions. The mean metal-oxygen distances obtained by
      XAS measurements are in agreement with those calculated from XRD lattice
      parameters.

PMID- 26979821
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26979818
TI  - Engineered nanomaterials: toward effective safety management in research
      laboratories.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is still unknown which types of nanomaterials and associated doses
      represent an actual danger to humans and environment. Meanwhile, there is
      consensus on applying the precautionary principle to these novel materials until
      more information is available. To deal with the rapid evolution of research,
      including the fast turnover of collaborators, a user-friendly and easy-to-apply
      risk assessment tool offering adequate preventive and protective measures has to
      be provided. RESULTS: Based on new information concerning the hazards of
      engineered nanomaterials, we improved a previously developed risk assessment tool
      by following a simple scheme to gain in efficiency. In the first step, using a
      logical decision tree, one of the three hazard levels, from H1 to H3, is assigned
      to the nanomaterial. Using a combination of decision trees and matrices, the
      second step links the hazard with the emission and exposure potential to assign
      one of the three nanorisk levels (Nano 3 highest risk; Nano 1 lowest risk) to the
      activity. These operations are repeated at each process step, leading to the
      laboratory classification. The third step provides detailed preventive and
      protective measures for the determined level of nanorisk. CONCLUSIONS: We
      developed an adapted simple and intuitive method for nanomaterial risk management
      in research laboratories. It allows classifying the nanoactivities into three
      levels, additionally proposing concrete preventive and protective measures and
      associated actions. This method is a valuable tool for all the participants in
      nanomaterial safety. The users experience an essential learning opportunity and
      increase their safety awareness. Laboratory managers have a reliable tool to
      obtain an overview of the operations involving nanomaterials in their
      laboratories; this is essential, as they are responsible for the employee safety,
      but are sometimes unaware of the works performed. Bringing this risk to a three
      band scale (like other types of risks such as biological, radiation, chemical,
      etc.) facilitates the management for occupational health and safety specialists.
      Institutes and school managers can obtain the necessary information to implement
      an adequate safety management system. Having an easy-to-use tool enables a dialog
      between all these partners, whose semantic and priorities in terms of safety are
      often different.

PMID- 26979822
TI  - Negative attitude and low intention to vaccinate universally against varicella
      among public health professionals and parents in the Netherlands: two internet
      surveys.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prior to introduction of universal varicella vaccination, it is
      crucial to gain insight into the willingness to vaccinate among the population.
      This is because suboptimal national vaccination coverage might increase the age
      of infection in children, which will lead to higher complication rates. We
      studied the attitude and intention to vaccinate against varicella among Dutch
      public health professionals who execute the National Immunisation Programme
      (NIP), and parents. METHODS: Medical doctors and nurses of regional public health
      services (RPHS) and child health clinics (CHC), and a random sample of parents
      received an internet survey on varicella vaccination. Separate logistic
      regression models were used to identify determinants for a positive attitude
      (professionals) or a positive intention (parents) to vaccinate against varicella
      within the NIP (free of charge). RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 181
      RPHS professionals (67%), 260 CHC professionals (46%), and 491 parents (33%). Of
      professionals, 21% had a positive attitude towards universal varicella
      vaccination, while 72% preferred to limit vaccination to high-risk groups only.
      Of parents, 28% had a positive intention to vaccinate their child against
      varicella within the NIP. The strongest determinant for a positive attitude or
      intention to vaccinate against varicella among professionals and parents was the
      belief that varicella is a disease serious enough to vaccinate against.
      CONCLUSIONS: We showed that a majority of the Dutch public health professionals
      and parents in this study have a negative attitude or low intention to vaccinate
      universally against varicella, as a result of the perceived low severity of the
      disease. Most participating professionals support selective vaccination to
      prevent varicella among high-risk groups.

PMID- 26979826
TI  - Depression Trajectories during the First Year after Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Major depression is prevalent after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated
      with poor outcomes. Little is known about the course of depression after TBI.
      Participants were 559 consecutively admitted patients with mild to severe TBI
      recruited from inpatient units at Harborview Medical Center, a Level I trauma
      center in Seattle, WA. Participants were assessed with the Patient Health
      Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression measure at months 1-6, 8, 10, and 12 post
      injury. We used linear latent class growth mixture modeling (LCGMM) of PHQ-9
      total scores to identify homogeneous subgroups with distinct longitudinal
      trajectories. A four-class LCGMM had good fit indices and clinical
      interpretability. Trajectory groups were: low depression (70.1%), delayed
      depression (13.2%), depression recovery (10.4%), and persistent depression
      (6.3%). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to distinguish
      trajectory classes based on baseline demographic, psychiatric history, and
      clinical variables. Relative to the low depression group, the other three groups
      were consistently more likely to have a pre-injury history of other mental health
      disorders or major depressive disorder, a positive toxicology screen for cocaine
      or amphetamines at the time of injury, and a history of alcohol dependence. They
      were less likely to be on Medicare versus commercial insurance. Trajectories
      based on LCGMM are an empirical and clinically meaningful way to characterize
      distinct courses of depression after TBI. When combined with baseline predictors,
      this line of research may improve our ability to predict prognosis and target
      groups who may benefit from treatment or secondary prevention efforts (e.g.,
      proactive telephone counseling).

PMID- 26979823
TI  - Untangling the Web: Toxic and Protective Effects of Neuroinflammation and PGE2
      Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - The neuroinflammatory response has received increasing attention as a key factor
      in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia, the innate immune
      cells and resident phagocytes of the brain, respond to accumulating Abeta
      peptides by generating a nonresolving inflammatory response. While this response
      can clear Abeta peptides from the nervous system in some settings, its failure to
      do so in AD accelerates synaptic injury, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline.
      The complex molecular components of this response are beginning to be unraveled,
      with identification of both damaging and protective roles for individual
      components of the neuroinflammatory response. Even within one molecular pathway,
      contrasting effects are often present. As one example, recent studies of the
      inflammatory cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin pathway have revealed both beneficial
      and detrimental effects dependent on the disease context, cell type, and
      downstream signaling pathway. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
      which inhibit cyclooxygenases, are associated with reduced AD risk when taken by
      cognitively normal populations, but additional clinical and mouse model studies
      have added complexities and caveats to this finding. Downstream of cyclooxygenase
      activity, prostaglandin E2 signaling exerts both damaging pro-inflammatory and
      protective anti-inflammatory effects through actions of specific E-prostanoid G
      protein coupled receptors on specific cell types. These complexities underscore
      the need for careful study of individual components of the neuroinflammatory
      response to better understand their contribution to AD pathogenesis and
      progression. 

PMID- 26979827
TI  - Power Day: Addressing the Use and Abuse of Power in Medical Training.
AB  - PROBLEM: Medical student mistreatment, as well as patient and staff mistreatment
      by all levels of medical trainees and faculty, is still prevalent in U.S.
      clinical training. Largely missing in interventions to reduce mistreatment is
      acknowledgement of the abuse of power produced by the hierarchical structure in
      which medicine is practiced. APPROACH: Beginning in 2001, Yale School of Medicine
      has held annual "Power Day" workshops for third year medical students and
      advanced practice nursing students, to define and analyse power dynamics within
      the medical hierarchy and hidden curriculum using literature, guest speakers, and
      small groups. During rotations, medical students write narratives about the use
      of power witnessed in the wards. In response to student and small group leader
      feedback, workshop organizers have developed additional activities related to
      examining and changing the use of power in clinical teams. OUTCOME: Emerging
      narrative themes included the potential impact of small acts and students feeling
      "mute" and "complicit" in morally distressing situations. Small groups provided
      safe spaces for advice, support, and professional identity formation. By 2005,
      students recognized residents that used power positively with Power Day awards
      and alumni served as keynote speakers on the use of power in medicine. By 2010,
      departments including OB/GYN, surgery, psychiatry, and paediatrics, had added
      weekly team Power Hour discussions. NEXT STEPS: The authors highlight barriers,
      benefits, and lessons learned. Barriers include the notion of clinical
      irrelevance and resistance to the word "power" due to perceived accusation of
      abuse. Benefits include promoting open dialogue about power, fostering inter
      professional collaboration, rewarding positive role modelling by residents and
      faculty, and creating a network of trainee empowerment and leadership.
      Furthermore, faculty have started to ask that issues of power be addressed in a
      more transparent way at their level of the hierarchy as well.

PMID- 26979828
TI  - The presence of LC3B puncta and HMGB1 expression in malignant cells correlate
      with the immune infiltrate in breast cancer.
AB  - Several cell-intrinsic alterations have poor prognostic features in human breast
      cancer, as exemplified by the absence of MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated
      protein 1 light chain 3 beta)-positive puncta in the cytoplasm (which indicates
      reduced autophagic flux) or the loss of nuclear HMGB1 expression by malignant
      cells. It is well established that breast cancer is under strong
      immunosurveillance, as reflected by the fact that scarce infiltration of the
      malignant lesion by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes or comparatively dense
      infiltration by immunosuppressive cell types (such as FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells
      or CD68(+) tumor-associated macrophages), resulting in low CD8(+):FOXP3(+) or
      CD8(+):CD68(+) ratios, has a negative prognostic impact. Here, we reveal the
      surprising finding that cell-intrinsic features may influence the composition of
      the immune infiltrate in human breast cancer. Thus, the absence of LC3B puncta is
      correlated with intratumoral (but not peritumoral) infiltration by fewer CD8(+)
      cells and more FOXP3(+) or CD68(+) cells, resulting in a major drop in the
      CD8(+):FOXP3(+) or CD8(+):CD68(+) ratios. Moreover, absence of HMGB1 expression
      in nuclei correlated with a general drop in all immune effectors, in particular
      FOXP3(+) and CD68(+) cells, both within the tumor and close to it. Combined
      analysis of LC3B puncta and HMGB1 expression allowed for improved stratification
      of patients with respect to the characteristics of their immune infiltrate as
      well as overall and metastasis-free survival. It can be speculated that blocked
      autophagy in, or HMGB1 loss from, cancer cells may favor tumor progression due to
      their negative impact on anticancer immunosurveillance.

PMID- 26979829
TI  - Mesenchymal-epithelial signalling in tumour microenvironment: role of high
      mobility group Box 1.
AB  - Glucose deprivation, hypoxia and acidosis are characteristic features of the
      central core of most solid tumours. Myofibroblasts are stromal cells present in
      many such solid tumours, including those of the colon, and are known to be
      involved in all stages of tumour progression. HMGB1 is a nuclear protein with an
      important role in nucleosome stabilisation and gene transcription; it is also
      released from immune cells and is involved in the inflammatory process. We report
      that the microenvironmental condition of glucose deprivation is responsible for
      the active release of HMGB1 from various types of cancer cell lines (HT-29, MCF-7
      and A549) under normoxic conditions. Recombinant HMGB1 (10 ng/ml) triggered
      proliferation in myofibroblast cells via activation of PI3K and MEK1/2.
      Conditioned medium collected from glucose-deprived HT-29 colon cancer cells
      stimulated the migration and invasion of colonic myofibroblasts, and these
      processes were significantly inhibited by immunoneutralising antibodies to HMGB1,
      RAGE and TLR4, together with specific inhibitors of PI3K and MEK1/2. Our data
      suggest that HMGB1 released from cancer cells under glucose deprivation is
      involved in stimulating colonic myofibroblast migration and invasion and that
      this occurs through the activation of RAGE and TLR4, resulting in the activation
      of the MAPK and PI3K signalling pathways. Thus, HMGB1 might be released by cancer
      cells in areas of low glucose in solid tumours with the resulting activation of
      myofibroblasts and is a potential therapeutic target to inhibit solid tumour
      growth.

PMID- 26979831
TI  - Long-Term Outcomes of Short-Term Statin Use in Healthy Adults: A Retrospective
      Cohort Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Data suggest that the beneficial cardiovascular effects of statins
      are maximized after the first year of statin use; yet, the timeline of statin
      associated adverse events is not well delineated. OBJECTIVE: To examine the
      associations of short-term statin use (<=1 year) with short- and long-term
      adverse events and beneficial cardiovascular outcomes in a 'healthy' cohort.
      PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A cohort study of a healthy Tricare population (fiscal
      year [FY] 2002 through FY 2011) who have no cardiovascular disease, major
      comorbidities requiring medications, or functional limitations. Statin users used
      statins for 90-365 days during FY 2005 as their only prescription medication.
      Nonusers had medical encounters but did not receive prescription medications
      during FY 2005, and did not receive any statins throughout the study period from
      FY 2002 to FY 2011. Outcomes were the occurrence of major acute cardiovascular
      events, diabetes mellitus and its complications, kidney diseases, musculoskeletal
      diseases, obesity, cataracts, malignancy, and death. RESULTS: We matched 1525
      statin users to 1525 nonusers. During the follow-up period (FY 2006 to FY 2011),
      statin users had significantly higher odds of developing diabetes and diabetic
      complications that persisted throughout follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, 95 %
      confidence interval [CI] 1.55-2.41 and OR 2.15, 95 % CI 1.20-3.86, respectively).
      Short-term statin use was not associated with decreased odds of major acute
      cardiovascular events (OR 1.17, 95 % CI 0.72-1.92). There were no differences in
      risks of kidney diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, or malignancy. CONCLUSIONS:
      Short-term statin use for primary prevention in this healthy cohort was
      associated with an increased risk of long-term diabetes and diabetic
      complications without cardiovascular benefits. Further study using pragmatic
      studies and prospective observational studies appropriately equipped to eliminate
      unidentified confounders are urgently needed.

PMID- 26979832
TI  - The large contribution of twins to neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in The
      Gambia, a 5-year prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A high twinning rate and an increased risk of mortality among twins
      contribute to the high burden of infant mortality in Africa. This study examined
      the contribution of twins to neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in The Gambia,
      and evaluated factors that contribute to the excess mortality among twins.
      METHODS: We analysed data from the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance
      System (BHDSS) collected from January 2009 to December 2013. Demographic and
      epidemiological variables were assessed for their association with mortality in
      different age groups. RESULTS: We included 32,436 singletons and 1083 twins in
      the analysis (twining rate 16.7/1000 deliveries). Twins represented 11.8 % of all
      neonatal deaths and 7.8 % of post-neonatal deaths. Mortality among twins was
      higher than in singletons [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.33 (95 % CI: 3.09, 6.06)
      in the neonatal period and 2.61 (95 % CI: 1.85, 3.68) in the post-neonatal
      period]. Post-neonatal mortality among twins increased in girls (P for
      interaction = 0.064), being born during the dry season (P for interaction =
      0.030) and lacking access to clean water (P for interaction = 0.042). CONCLUSION:
      Mortality among twins makes a significant contribution to the high burden of
      neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in The Gambia and preventive interventions
      targeting twins should be prioritized.

PMID- 26979835
TI  - Detecting MLC errors in stereotactic radiotherapy plans with a liquid filled
      ionization chamber array.
AB  - Quality assurance of stereotactic radiotherapy demands the use of equipment with
      the highest resolution and sensitivity available. This study examines the
      sensitivity of a commercially available liquid-filled ionization chamber array-
      the Octavius 1000 SRS (PTW, Frieburg, Germany) for detecting small (sub
      millimetre) multi-leaf collimator (MLC) alignment errors in static square fields
      (side length 16-40 mm). Furthermore, the effectiveness of detecting small MLC
      errors in clinical stereotactic radiotherapy patient plans using the device was
      also evaluated. The commonly used gamma pass rate metric (of the measurements
      compared with treatment planning system generated results) was used. The gamma
      pass rates were then evaluated as a function of MLC position error (MLC error
      size 0.1-2.5 mm). The detector array exhibited a drop in pass rate between plans
      without error and those which had MLC errors induced. For example a drop in pass
      rate of 4.5% (gamma criteria 3%, 1 mm) was observed when a 0.8 mm error was
      introduced into a 16 mm square field. Furthermore the drop in pass rate increased
      as the MLC position error increased. This study showed that the Octavius 1000 SRS
      array could be a useful tool for applications requiring the detection of small
      geometric delivery uncertainties.

PMID- 26979833
TI  - Formative research to identify perceptions of e-cigarettes in college students:
      Implications for future health communication campaigns.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This formative study examined perceptions of e-cigarettes in college
      students with the goal of informing future health communication campaigns.
      Differences between e-cigarette users and nonusers were also examined.
      PARTICIPANTS: Thirty undergraduate students were recruited from a large
      southwestern public university (15 users, 15 nonusers). METHODS: Structured
      interviews were conducted and transcripts were coded for themes. RESULTS:
      Although users had more favorable attitudes toward e-cigarettes, both users and
      nonusers believed that e-cigarettes produce water vapor and reported that e
      cigarettes were less harmful than conventional cigarettes. Potential health
      consequences and addiction concerns were the most common perceived threats for
      both users and nonusers. Both nonusers and users cited social stigma as a
      perceived disadvantage of e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: Ultimately, themes with
      particular relevance to future health communication campaigns included negative
      perceptions of e-cigarette users and social stigma, as well as harm perceptions
      and potential health consequences associated with e-cigarette use.

PMID- 26979830
TI  - A Phase II Dose-Ranging Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of the Orexin
      Receptor Antagonist Filorexant (MK-6096) in Patients with Primary Insomnia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Filorexant (MK-6096) is an orexin receptor antagonist; here, we
      evaluate the efficacy of filorexant in the treatment of insomnia in adults.
      METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, two 4-week-period,
      adaptive crossover polysomnography study was conducted at 51 sites worldwide.
      Patients (18 to <65 years) with insomnia received 1 of 4 doses of oral filorexant
      (2.5, 5, 10, 20mg) once daily at bedtime during one period and matching placebo
      in the other period in 1 of 8 possible treatment sequences. Polysomnography was
      performed on night 1 and end of week 4 of each period. The primary endpoint was
      sleep efficiency at night 1 and end of week 4. Secondary endpoints included
      wakefulness after persistent sleep onset and latency to onset of persistent
      sleep. RESULTS: A total of 324 patients received study treatment, 315 received
      >=1 dose of placebo, and 318 >=1 dose of filorexant (2.5mg, n=79; 5mg, n=78;
      10mg, n=80; 20mg, n=81). All filorexant doses (2.5/5/10/20mg) were significantly
      superior to placebo in improving sleep among patients with insomnia as measured
      by sleep efficiency and wakefulness after persistent sleep onset on night 1 and
      end of week 4. The 2 higher filorexant doses (10/20mg) were also significantly
      more effective than placebo in improving sleep onset as measured by latency to
      onset of persistent sleep at night 1 and end of week 4. Filorexant was generally
      well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Orexin receptor antagonism by filorexant
      significantly improved sleep efficiency in nonelderly patients with insomnia.
      Dose-related improvements in sleep onset and maintenance outcomes were also
      observed with filorexant.

PMID- 26979836
TI  - Buried iceberg scours reveal reduced North Atlantic Current during the stage 12
      deglacial.
AB  - Reconstructing past ocean-climate environments and heat transport requires
      proxies from which these conditions can be quantified. This is particularly
      important for the evaluation of numerical palaeoclimate models. Here we present
      new evidence for a reduced North Atlantic Current (NAC) at the termination of the
      third last glacial, for which palaeocurrent information was previously
      unavailable. This is based on an exquisitely preserved set of buried iceberg
      scours seen in three-dimensional seismic reflection images from the mid-Norwegian
      slope. The scours were formed ~430 ka during the transition from glacial to
      interglacial conditions. The spiral geometry of the scours suggests that they
      were carved by grounded icebergs influenced by tidal and geostrophic ocean
      currents. Using the ratio between the estimated tidal and geostrophic current
      velocities and comparing them with velocities from the Last Glacial Maximum and
      the present, we show that the stage 12 NAC velocities may have been ~50% slower
      than the present. 

PMID- 26979837
TI  - A simplified vector system for visualization of localized RNAs in
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - RNA localization is an important event that is essential for the polarization and
      differentiation of a cell. Although several methods are currently used to detect
      localized RNAs, a simplified detection system has not yet been developed for
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In the present study, we describe a new vector system
      for the visualization of localized RNAs in S. pombe using a U1A-tag-GFP system. A
      pREP1-U1A-tag vector plasmid to express U1A-tagged RNA and a pREP2-U1AGFP plasmid
      to produce a U1A-GFP fusion protein were constructed for this system. Since the
      U1A-GFP protein binds U1A-tagged RNA, fluorescence is observed at the location of
      U1A-tagged RNA in cells expressing both of these. The nucleolar localization of
      U3 snoRNA was successfully detected using this system, and a novel RNA localized
      at the DNA region of the nucleus was found by screening localized RNAs. This
      system will accelerate the study of localized RNAs in S. pombe. 

PMID- 26979838
TI  - Effects of Hypoxia on the Phylogenetic Composition and Species Distribution of
      Protists in a Subtropical Harbor.
AB  - Tolo Harbor, a subtropical semi-enclosed coastal water body, is surrounded by an
      expanding urban community, which contributes to large concentrations of nutrient
      runoff, leading to algal blooms and localized hypoxic episodes. Present knowledge
      of protist distributions in subtropical waters during hypoxic conditions is very
      limited. In this study, therefore, we combined parallel 454 pyrosequencing
      technology and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprint
      analyses to reveal the protist community shifts before, during, and after a 2
      week hypoxic episode during the summer of 2011. Hierarchical clustering for DGGE
      demonstrated similar grouping of hypoxic samples separately from oxic samples.
      Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and dissolved inorganic nitrogen:phosphate
      (DIN:PO4) concentrations significantly affected OTU distribution in 454 sequenced
      samples, and a shift toward a ciliate and marine alveolate clade II (MALV II)
      species composition occurred as waters shifted from oxic to hypoxic. These
      results suggest that protist community shifts toward heterotrophic and parasitic
      tendencies as well as decreased diversity and richness in response to hypoxic
      outbreaks.

PMID- 26979839
TI  - The mechanism of mitral regurgitation assessed by preprocedural echocardiography
      is associated with the outcome of catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal
      atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is generally classified as either primary
      (organic) or secondary (functional). Although patients with atrial fibrillation
      (AF) often exhibit MR, the relation between the etiology of MR and the outcome of
      catheter ablation (CA) remains unknown. We conducted this study in order to
      elucidate this association. METHODS: Among 1330 consecutive paroxysmal AF
      patients who underwent initial catheter ablation in our institution, 92 patients
      (62 men, mean age 65 +/- 7 years) who had moderate or severe MR were included in
      this study; 46 were classified to have primary and the remaining 46 to have
      secondary MR by preoperative echocardiography. These patients were prospectively
      monitored after the CA. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 27.9 +/- 28.8
      months, AF recurred in 26/46 (56.6 %) of primary MR patients and in 15/46 (32.6
      %) of those with secondary MR (P < 0.02). Although univariate analysis found that
      diabetes, left atrial volume indexed by body surface area (LAVI), and primary MR
      were significantly associated with AF recurrence, primary MR (hazard ratio (HR),
      2.47; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.30-4.88; P = 0.006) and LAVI (HR, 1.03/1
      mL/m(2) increase; 95 % CI, 1.00-1.06; P = 0.03) remained significant predictors
      on multivariate analysis. The AF recurrence-free rate was lower in patients with
      primary MR after both the initial and final CA. CONCLUSION: In patients with
      paroxysmal AF and moderate or severe MR, primary MR may increase the risk of AF
      recurrence after the initial and final CA.

PMID- 26979841
TI  - High-resolution ultrasound may depict pseudomeningocele.

PMID- 26979840
TI  - Can dietary saturated fat be beneficial in prevention of stroke risk? A meta
      analysis.
AB  - We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize available evidence regarding the
      relation between saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and stroke risk. We searched
      multiple electronic databases through February 2016. Log relative risks (RRs)
      with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of the highest versus the lowest for cohort
      studies were weighed by the inverse variance method to obtain combined RRs. 15
      prospective studies including 476,569 individuals and 11,074 strokes were
      included. Higher SFA intake was associated with reduced overall stroke risk [RR =
      0.89 (95 % CI 0.82-0.96)] and fatal stroke risk [RR = 0.75 (95 % CI 0.59-0.94)].
      Subgroup analysis indicated that higher SFA intake was associated with reduced
      stroke risks for East-Asians [RR = 0.79 (95 % CI 0.69-0.90)], for dose <25 g/day
      [RR = 0.81 (95 % CI 0.71-0.92)], for males [RR = 0.85 (95 % CI 0.75-0.96)], and
      for individuals with body mass index (BMI) <24 [RR = 0.75 (95 % CI 0.65-0.87)],
      but not for non East-Asians, females, and individuals with dose >=25 g/day and
      BMI >=24. This meta-analysis reveals that higher SFA intake is inversely
      associated with risk of stroke morbidity and mortality with race, sex, and BMI as
      key factors influencing this risk. There seems to be a threshold of SFA intake
      for inverse relation of SFA intake with stroke. However, the stroke-reducing or 
      increasing effects for specific subtypes and specific food sources of SFA can be
      concealed. Functions of specific subtypes of SFA (e.g. lignoceric acid) and
      specific food sources of SFA (i.e. plant vs. animal) in relation to stroke need
      to be clarified in further studies. 

PMID- 26979843
TI  - Incisura Morphology as a Risk Factor for Syndesmotic Malreduction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to objectively assess if rotational or
      translational syndesmotic malreduction is associated with certain syndesmotic
      morphologies. Prior studies based on subjective assessment of syndesmotic
      morphology and reduction have not shown any difference between groups. METHODS:
      Thirty-five prospectively recruited patients with operatively treated syndesmotic
      injuries were recruited at an Urban Level I Trauma Center. Patients underwent
      postoperative bilateral computed tomographic (CT) scans of the ankle to assess
      incisura depth and syndesmotic reduction. The uninjured extremity was used as a
      control. Side-to-side differences of syndesmotic reduction were measured at
      several anatomic points and compared to the incisura depth. RESULTS: There was a
      significant correlation between more shallow syndesmoses and increased anterior
      translation of the fibula in the incisura (r = -0.63, P <= .001). Six of 8
      patients with "shallow" (<=2.5 mm) incisura were anteriorly malreduced greater
      than or equal to 1.5 mm compared to the contralateral ankle. The anterior
      malreduction rate in those with a shallow incisura was significantly greater than
      in the "non-shallow" patients (P < .001). There were 9 patients with incisurae
      greater than or equal to 4.5 mm deep. Five of the "deep" patients had posterior
      malreductions greater than or equal to 1.5 mm. The posterior malreduction rate in
      the "deep" group was significantly greater than the "non-deep" patients (P =
      .02). There was a significant correlation between increasing syndesmotic depth
      and increased malrotation (r = .46, P = .01). CONCLUSION: Syndesmotic morphology
      was found to be associated with specific malreduction patterns. Shallow
      syndesmoses were correlated with anterior fibular malreduction, and were less
      likely to be malrotated. Conversely, deep syndesmoses predisposed to posterior
      sagittal plane and rotational malalignment. Preoperative CT scans that assess the
      syndesmosis morphology may allow surgeons to alter reduction strategies to avoid
      syndesmotic malreduction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort
      study.

PMID- 26979842
TI  - Mapping hyper-susceptibility to colitis-associated colorectal cancer in FVB/NJ
      mice.
AB  - Inbred strains of mice differ in susceptibility to colitis-associated colorectal
      cancer (CA-CRC). We tested 10 inbred strains of mice for their response to
      azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced CA-CRC and identified a bimodal inter
      strain distribution pattern when tumor multiplicity was used as a phenotypic
      marker of susceptibility. The FVB/NJ strain was particularly susceptible showing
      a higher tumor burden than any other susceptible strains (12.5-week post
      treatment initiation). FVB/NJ hyper-susceptibility was detected as early as 8
      week post-treatment initiation with FVB/NJ mice developing 5.5-fold more tumors
      than susceptible A/J or resistant B6 control mice. Linkage analysis by whole
      genome scan in informative (FVB/NJ*C3H/HeJ)F2 mice identified a novel
      susceptibility locus designated as C olon c ancer s usceptibility 6 (Ccs6) on
      proximal mouse chromosome 6. When gender was used as a covariate, a LOD score of
      5.4 was computed with the peak marker being positioned at rs13478727, 43.8 Mbp.
      Mice homozygous for FVB/NJ alleles at this locus had increased tumor multiplicity
      compared to homozygous C3H/HeJ mice. Positional candidates in this region of
      chromosome 6 were analyzed with respect to a possible role in carcinogenesis and
      a role in inflammatory response using a new epigenetic gene scoring tool (Myeloid
      Inflammation Score).

PMID- 26979844
TI  - Total Arthroplasty of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint of the Hallux.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current gold standard in the treatment of severe hallux rigidus
      is arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP-I) joint. We present the
      results of a new 3-component MTP-I prosthesis. We determined (1) the
      intraoperative and perioperative complications; (2) survivorship of prosthesis
      components and rate of secondary surgeries for any reason; (3) prosthetic
      component stability and radiographic alignment; (4) the degree of pain relief;
      and (5) the midterm functional outcomes including radiographic range of motion
      (ROM). METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, we prospectively included 29 MTP-I prostheses
      in 25 patients. The average age of the patients was 63.1 years (range, 48-87
      years). The average follow-up was 49.5 months (range, 36-62 months). We observed
      complications and reoperations. A visual analog scale for pain and the American
      Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot score were obtained pre- and
      postoperation. Component stability and alignment were assessed using weight
      bearing radiographs. Fluoroscopy was used to determine radiographic MTP-I ROM.
      RESULTS: Seven (24.1%) patients underwent 1 or more secondary surgeries. Four
      cases (13.7%) eventually had a conversion to MTP-I arthrodesis. Two patients (3
      cases) died from causes not related to the procedure. This left 22 feet in 19
      patients for final follow-up. All but 3 remaining prostheses showed stable
      osteointegration and no migration, but MTP-I alignment showed high variability.
      The average pain score decreased from 5.9 (range, 3-9) to 1.2 (range, 0-5). The
      average AOFAS forefoot score increased from 55 (range, 0-80) to 83.5 (range, 58
      95). Range of motion initially increased from 37.8 degrees (range, 0-60 degrees)
      to 88.6 degrees (range, 45-125 degrees) intraoperatively and decreased to 29.0
      degrees (range, 11-52 degrees) at latest follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest
      that total arthroplasty of MTP-I leads to a high amount of revision surgeries,
      but the remaining patients had significant pain relief at midterm follow-up.
      However, we observed high variability regarding the prosthesis component
      alignment and poor range of motion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, prospective
      cohort study.

PMID- 26979845
TI  - Is caffeine intake a risk factor leading to infertility? A protocol of an
      epidemiological systematic review of controlled clinical studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that high dose of caffeine intake may induce
      some specific human reproductive system diseases, even lead to infertility.
      OBJECTIVES: In consideration of the high consumption of caffeine according to the
      latest population-based survey, this review is aimed to systematically review the
      evidence from all controlled clinical studies of caffeine intake for infertility.
      DESIGNS: Relevant randomized/quasi-randomized controlled trials, non-randomized
      clinical studies, cohort studies, and case-control studies will be included in
      this review. Participants will be either those without a history of infertility
      who are willing to have a baby (for prospective studies) or infertile patients
      with confirmed diagnosis (for retrospective studies). Caffeine or caffeine
      containing beverage will be observed as the exposure factor. The key outcome will
      be the diagnosis of infertility in participants. All relevant
      published/unpublished or ongoing studies will be searched from seven databases
      and four online systems until December 2015. Two authors will screen the
      literatures and extract the data independently. Methodological quality of the
      included studies will be assessed by two authors according to either Risk of Bias
      Assessment or Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We will use R software to analyze the data.
      Dose of caffeine will be quantified on a daily basis, and relative risk with
      their 95 % confidence interval will be measured. If data permit, meta-analysis
      and dose-response analysis will be conducted. Summary of findings tables will be
      generated using Guideline Development Tool online. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
      REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015015714.

PMID- 26979848
TI  - [About diagnoses that come and go].

PMID- 26979847
TI  - Spatial analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the oases of the plains of Kashi
      Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kashi Prefecture of Xinjiang is one of the most seriously affected
      areas with anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis in China. A better understanding
      of space distribution features in this area was needed to guide strategies to
      eliminate visceral leishmaniasis from highly endemic areas. We performed a
      spatial analysis using the data collected in Bosh Klum Township in Xinjiang
      China. METHODS: Based on the report of endemic diseases between 1990 and 2005,
      three villages with a high number of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Bosh Klum
      Township were selected. We conducted a household survey to collect the baseline
      data of kala-azar patients using standard case definitions. The geographical
      information was recorded with GIS equipment. A binomial distribution fitting
      test, runs test, and Scan statistical analysis were used to assess the space
      distribution of the study area. RESULTS: The result of the binomial distribution
      fitting test showed that the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis cases in
      local families was inconsistent (chi(2) = 53.23, P < 0.01). The results of runs
      test showed that the distribution of leishmaniasis infected families along the
      channel was not random in the group of more than five infected families. The
      proportion of this kind of group in all infected families was 63.84 % (113 of
      177). In the Scan statistical analysis, spatial aggregation was analyzed by
      poisson model, which found 3 spatial distribution areas 1) Zone A was located in
      a center point of 76.153447 degrees E, 39.528477 degrees N within its 1.11 mile
      radius, where the cumulative life-incidence of leishmaniasis was 1.95 times as
      high as that in surrounding areas (P < 0.05); 2) Zone B was located in a center
      point of 76.111968 degrees E, 39.531895 degrees N within its 0.54 mile radius,
      where the cumulative life-incidence of leishmaniasis was 1.82 times as high as
      that in surrounding areas (P < 0.01); and 3) Zone C was located in a center point
      of 76.195427 degrees E, 39.563835 degrees N within its 0.68 mile radius, where
      the cumulative life-incidence of leishmaniasis was 1.31 times as high as that in
      surrounding areas (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The spatial distribution of visceral
      leishmaniasis-infected families was clustered. Thus, the proper use of this
      finding would be an improvement in highly endemic areas, which could help
      identify the types of endemic areas and population at high risk and carry out
      appropriate measures to prevent and control VL in this area as well.

PMID- 26979849
TI  - [Working effectively towards rehabilitation goals: long-term outcome of a
      randomised controlled trial of the Boston psychiatric rehabilitation approach].
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands the Boston psychiatric rehabilitation approach
      (bpr) is one of the most widely implemented rehabilitation methods. So far,
      little research has been done on the efficacy of this approach. AIM: To
      investigate the effect of bpr on the attainment of personal rehabilitation goals,
      social functioning and empowerment and on care requirements and quality of life
      in persons with severe mental illness (smi) in the Netherlands. METHOD: In a
      multicentre randomised controlled trial (rct: CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      isrctn73683215) patients with smi were randomly assigned to bpr (n = 80) or 'care
      as usual' (cau; n = 76). The primary outcome was the attainment of the
      rehabilitation goal as formulated by the patient. The secondary outcomes were a
      change in the work situation and in the degree of independent living, in care
      requirements (Camberwell Assessment of Needs), in empowerment (Personal
      Empowerment Scale) and in the quality of life (who-qol). The effects were tested
      at 12 and 24 months. RESULTS: The degree of goal attainment was substantially
      higher in bpr at both 12 months (adjusted risk difference: 16%; 95%ci, 2 to 31;
      nnt = 7) and 24 months (adjusted risk difference: 21%, 95%ci, 4% to 38%; nnt =
      5). The approach was also more effective in the area of societal participation
      (bpr: 21% adjusted increase, cau: 0% adjusted increase; nnt = 5), but not in the
      other secondary outcome measures. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that bpr is
      effective in supporting patients with smi to reach self-formulated rehabilitation
      goals and in enhancing their societal participation.

PMID- 26979850
TI  - [The general practitioner in charge of treatment of patients with bipolar
      disorder: an exploratory study].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of the general practitioner (gp) in the treatment of severe
      psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder (bd), is under discussion. AIM:
      To investigate how many patients with a recognised bd are being treated for their
      illness exclusively in the setting of primary care and to find out how many
      patients are registrated as having bd on their gp's file. METHOD: We made an
      exploratory study in a gp's database containing data for 14,254 Dutch adult
      patients in the Amsterdam over a period of 3.5 years (2010-2013). RESULTS: We
      found that the gp was in charge of the treatment of bd in less than one patient
      per practice. The percentage of patients officially recognised as having bd in
      the database we studied was 0.15%, a percentage that is much lower than the
      percentage of bd in the Dutch population as a whole. There are several possible
      explanations for this discrepancy. CONCLUSION: Given these low numbers, it is
      unlikely that the gps can have adequate experience of giving their bd patients
      the latest type of treatment. In view of the increasing role played by gps in the
      treatment of bd, it is important that there is strong collaboration with
      specialised mental health care, and that a low threshold prevails for
      consultation and referral.

PMID- 26979851
TI  - [Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with somatoform disorders].
AB  - BACKGROUND The daily lives of patients with somatoform disorders are often
      severely impaired by the symptoms of their illness. Cognitive behavioural therapy
      has proved to be an effective treatment for somatoform disorders. However,
      patients with these disorders are often reluctant to consult a psychologist for
      their physical symptoms. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (mbct) might be a
      useful form of treatment because it gives explicit attention to physical
      experiences and because it has a strong focus on acceptance of symptoms. AIM: To
      measure the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mbct for patients with
      somatoform disorders and to provide insight into how the therapy can gradually
      bring about behavioural change. METHOD: In this randomised controlled trial
      (rct), half of the participants (n=61) received mbct and the other half (n=56)
      received usual care. Participants belonged to the 10% of patients who visited
      primary care practitioners the most frequently; they had unexplained medical
      symptoms for at least six months. The primary outcomes were health status and
      mental and physical functioning. Measurements were taken at baseline, after 3
      months and one year after baseline. In addition, records were kept of the costs
      involved so that we could obtain insight into health care use. Twelve patients
      were interviewed extensively at three points in time. RESULTS: Although the
      health status and the physical functioning were almost the same in the two
      conditions, the mental functioning improved in the patients who had attended mbct
      with an effect size of 0.3. At three months past baseline vitality and social
      functioning were significantly higher in the mindfulness condition than in the
      control condition. There was no significant difference between the total
      healthcare costs in the two conditions. The use of hospital care was lower in the
      mbct condition. At the same time, however, greater use was made of mental health
      care in the mbct condition. The interview study enabled us to establish a process
      of change. As a result of this process, patients focused less on short-term
      symptom reduction and more on the acceptance of their symptoms and on self-care.
      CONCLUSION: With the improvement that occurred in patients' mental functioning,
      we conclude that mbct is a meaningful therapy for patients with somatoform
      disorders. The fact that patients increased their use of mental health care after
      mbct could indicate that patients with somatoform disorders become more willing
      to receive mental health care.

PMID- 26979852
TI  - [Moral case deliberation: time for ethical reflection in the daily practice of
      mental health care].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nowadays, reflecting on ethics, which we choose to call moral case
      deliberation, is occurring more and more frequently in psychiatric institutions.
      We have personal experience of organising and supervising moral case deliberation
      in a large psychiatric institute and we can confirm the positive effects of moral
      case deliberation which have been reported in the literature. AIM: To describe a
      structured method for moral case deliberation which enables care-givers in health
      care and/or addiction care to reflect on moral dilemmas. METHOD: We refer to the
      main findings in relevant literature and describe how we developed a structured
      method for implementing moral case deliberation. RESULTS: Our studies of the
      literature indicate that systematic reflection about ethical dilemmas can improve
      the quality of care and make care-givers more satisfied with their work. This is
      why we have developed our own method which is applicable particularly to
      psychiatric and/or addition care and which can be used systematically in
      discussions of moral dilemmas. CONCLUSION: Our method for discussing ethical
      issues works well in clinical practice, particularly when it is embedded in a
      multidisciplinary context. Of course, to ensure the continuity of the system,
      deliberation about moral and ethical issues needs to be financially safeguarded
      and embedded in the organisation. Discussion of moral issues improves the quality
      of care and increases care-givers' satisfaction with their work.

PMID- 26979853
TI  - [The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression postulates that neuronal
      plasticity is a key factor in the development of depression and in the clinical
      response to antidepressants. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an
      important protein in this process. AIM: To provide a survey of the current
      scientific view regarding the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression. METHOD: We
      studied the literature using PubMed. RESULTS: The serum bdnf level was found to
      be consistently lower in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. In
      short open-label antidepressant treatment trials the bdnf levels were found to be
      higher post-treatment than pre-treatment. Longitudinal analysis of a large
      naturalistic cohort study revealed that it was more likely that bdnf serum levels
      were lower as a result of depression than that they represented an etiological
      factor for the illness. CONCLUSION: These findings show that the neurotrophic
      hypothesis of depression is more complex than previously assumed. Animal studies
      have shown a correlation between stress, diminished bdnf expression in the brain
      and depressive-like behavior. Studies in humans, on the other hand, particularly
      those with a longitudinal design, suggest that the decrease in serum bdnf is a
      consequence of the depression rather than vice versa. This is in sharp contrast
      to the original assumptions of the neurotrophic hypothesis.

PMID- 26979854
TI  - [Young adult with psychotic disorders have problems relating to sexuality,
      intimacy and relationships. An explanatory study based on focus group].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research has shown that young adults with psychotic disorders
      frequently have problems relating to sexuality, intimacy and relationships. Such
      problems are often neglected in clinical practice. AIM: To perform a study that
      explores, on the basis of focus groups, how issues such as sexuality, intimacy
      and relationships can be addressed as part of the treatment of adolescents
      suffering from a psychotic disorder. METHOD: We created eight focus groups
      consisting of clients attending the department of psychotic disorders and
      caregivers who worked there. The meetings of each focus group were fully
      transcribed and analysed by means of Nvivo. RESULTS: Clients indicated they
      wanted to address the topics of sexuality, intimacy and relationships in a group
      setting. They expressed the wish to have mixed gender groups and decided that in
      the group discussions the main focus should be on the exchange of personal
      experiences. CONCLUSION: In our view, it is desirable that psychiatry should pay
      more attention to the subject of sexuality. By giving adolescents suffering from
      psychotic disorders the opportunity to discuss their experiences, problems and
      feelings of insecurity in a group setting and in a low-threshold environment,
      psychiatrists can greatly improve the quality of care that they provide for their
      patients.

PMID- 26979855
TI  - [A girl with foetal valproate syndrome and autism spectrum disorder].
AB  - We study the case of a 12-year-old girl who, following intra-uterine exposure to
      valproate, was diagnosed with foetal valproate syndrome, characterised at birth
      by dysmorphic features. The use of valproate during pregnancy (because of
      epilepsy or bipolar disorder) can cause not only structural defects in the
      growing foetus, but also problems in cognitive development and in adaptive and
      emotional/behavioural functioning in later life. We evaluate these domains of
      development in our discussion and suggest several other drugs, less harmful than
      valproate, which can be used to treat epilepsy or bipolar disorder during
      pregnancy. 

PMID- 26979856
TI  - [A case-report on catatonia: a prevalent but under-recognised psychiatric
      illness].
AB  - We describe the case of a 63-year-old female patient with schizoaffective
      disorder who spent more than two months in two different psychiatric wards
      because of an unrecognised psychiatric illness. Ultimately, the patient was
      referred to the psychiatric ward of the university hospital where she was treated
      for catatonia with electroconvulsive therapy (ect). Three treatments with ect led
      to a full recovery of the patient. 

PMID- 26979857
TI  - [Psyche, psychiatric and 'psycho-'].

PMID- 26979859
TI  - Characterization and Application of BiLA, a Psychrophilic alpha-Amylase from
      Bifidobacterium longum.
AB  - In this study, a novel alpha-amylase was cloned from Bifidobacterium longum and
      named BiLA. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 20  degrees C and a pH value
      of 5.0. Kinetic analysis using various carbohydrate substrates revealed that BiLA
      had the highest k(cat/)K(m) value for amylose. Interestingly, analysis of the
      enzymatic reaction products demonstrated that BiLA specifically catalyzed the
      hydrolysis of oligosaccharides and starches up to G5 from the nonreducing ends.
      To determine whether BiLA can be used to generate slowly digestible starch (SDS),
      starch was treated with BiLA, and the kinetic parameters were analyzed using
      porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA) and amyloglucosidase (AMG). Compared to
      normal starch, BiLA-treated starch showed lower k(cat)/K(m) values with PPA and
      AMG, suggesting that BiLA is a potential candidate for the production of SDS.

PMID- 26979858
TI  - [Reaction on 'Functional remission of people with serious mental illness' and
      'Functional recovery and self-regulation'].

PMID- 26979860
TI  - Species differences in the pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil as determined in
      wildtype and humanized PepT1 mice.
AB  - PepT1 (SLC15A1) is a high-capacity low-affinity transporter that is important in
      the absorption of digested di/tripeptides from dietary protein in the small
      intestine. PepT1 is also crucial for the intestinal uptake and absorption of
      therapeutic agents such as the beta-lactam aminocephalosporins and antiviral
      prodrugs. Species differences, however, have been observed in PepT1-mediated
      intestinal absorption and pharmacokinetics, thereby, making it more difficult to
      predict systemic drug exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the in situ
      intestinal permeability of the PepT1 substrate cefadroxil in wildtype and
      humanized PepT1 (huPepT1) mice, and the in vivo absorption and disposition of
      drug after escalating oral doses. The in situ perfusions indicated that
      cefadroxil had a twofold higher affinity (i.e., twofold lower Km) for jejunal
      PepT1 in huPepT1 mice, lower but substantial permeability in all regions of the
      small intestine, and low but measureable permeability in the colon as compared to
      wildtype animals. The in vivo experiments indicated almost superimposable
      pharmacokinetic profiles between the two genotypes after intravenous bolus dosing
      of cefadroxil. In contrast, after oral dose escalation, the systemic exposure of
      cefadroxil was reduced in huPepT1 mice as compared to wildtype animals. Moreover,
      the AUC and Cmax versus dose relationships were nonlinear for huPepT1 but not
      wildtype mice, and similar to that observed from human subjects. In conclusion,
      our findings indicate that huPepT1 mice may provide a valuable tool in the drug
      discovery process by better predicting the oral pharmacokinetic profiles of PepT1
      substrates in humans. 

PMID- 26979863
TI  - Early Fiber Number Ratio Is a Surrogate of Corticospinal Tract Integrity and
      Predicts Motor Recovery After Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The contribution of imaging metrics to predict poststroke
      motor recovery needs to be clarified. We tested the added value of early
      diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the corticospinal tract toward predicting long
      term motor recovery. METHODS: One hundred seventeen patients were prospectively
      assessed at 24 to 72 hours and 1 year after ischemic stroke with diffusion tensor
      imaging and motor scores (Fugl-Meyer). The initial fiber number ratio (iFNr) and
      final fiber number ratio were computed as the number of streamlines along the
      affected corticospinal tract normalized to the unaffected side and were compared
      with each other. The prediction of motor recovery (DeltaFugl-Meyer) was first
      modeled using initial Fugl-Meyer and iFNr. Multivariate ordinal logistic
      regression models were also used to study the association of iFNr, initial Fugl
      Meyer, age, and stroke volume with Fugl-Meyer at 1 year. RESULTS: The iFNr
      correlated with the final fiber number ratio at 1 year (r=0.70; P<0.0001). The
      initial Fugl-Meyer strongly predicted motor recovery (~73% of initial impairment)
      for all patients except those with initial severe stroke (Fugl-Meyer<50). For
      these severe patients (n=26), initial Fugl-Meyer was not correlated with motor
      recovery (R(2)=0.13; p=ns), whereas iFNr showed strong correlation (R(2)=0.56;
      P<0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the iFNr was an independent predictor of
      motor outcome (beta=2.601; 95% confidence interval=0.304-5.110; P=0.031),
      improving prediction compared with using only initial Fugl-Meyer, age, and stroke
      volume (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Early measurement of FNr at 24 to 72 hours
      poststroke is a surrogate marker of corticospinal tract integrity and provides
      independent prediction of motor outcome at 1 year especially for patients with
      severe initial impairment.

PMID- 26979862
TI  - Does Diffusion Lesion Volume Above 70 mL Preclude Favorable Outcome Despite Post
      Thrombolysis Recanalization?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Whether to withhold recanalization treatment when the
      diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion exceeds a given volume is unsettled. Our
      aim was to assess the impact of recanalization on outcome in patients with
      baseline DWI lesion >=70 mL (DWI>=70 mL) treated <=4.5 hours from onset. We
      hypothesized that recanalization is beneficial in a sizeable fraction of these
      patients and that this is associated with a larger DWI lesion reversal. METHODS:
      We analyzed 267 consecutive patients treated with intravenous recombinant tissue
      type plasminogen activator for middle cerebral artery territory stroke in whom an
      occlusion was present on magnetic resonance angiography and 24-hour
      recanalization and 90-day clinical outcome could be assessed. After
      stratification relative to the 70-mL DWI lesion cut point, we calculated the odds
      ratio for recanalization of the primary arterial occlusive lesion (AOL score >=2)
      to predict favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale score <=2). DWI lesion
      reversal was compared between recanalizers with DWI>=70 mL with favorable and
      unfavorable outcomes. RESULTS: Median (interquartile range) DWI lesion volume was
      22 mL (10-60), and median onset time to imaging was 116 minutes (86-151). Twelve
      (22%) of the 54 patients with DWI>=70 mL experienced favorable outcome, of which
      9 had recanalized. In patients with DWI>=70 mL, recanalization was significantly
      associated with favorable outcome after adjustment for age and National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (odds ratio =4.72 [1.09-20.32]; P=0.0375).
      Among recanalizers with DWI>=70 mL, absolute and relative DWI reversal volumes
      were larger in those with favorable as compared with unfavorable outcome (18.8 mL
      [12.2-47.6] versus 8.5 mL [4.3-31.1]; P=0.17; and 19.6% [10.9-62.8] versus 8.7%
      [3.9-16.5], respectively; P=0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DWI lesion volume
      >=70 mL can benefit from recanalization after intravenous recombinant tissue-type
      plasminogen activator. This may partly reflect a larger amount of DWI lesion
      reversal.

PMID- 26979861
TI  - Hepatitis B virus receptors and molecular drug targets.
AB  - Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease
      worldwide. Virus-induced diseases include cirrhosis, liver failure and
      hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapeutic strategies may at best control
      infection without reaching cure. Complementary antiviral strategies aimed at
      viral cure are therefore urgently needed. HBV entry is the first step of the
      infection cycle, which leads to the formation of cccDNA and the establishment of
      chronic infection. Viral entry may thus represent an attractive target for
      antiviral therapy. This review summarizes the molecular virology and cell biology
      of HBV entry, including the discovery and development of new HBV entry
      inhibitors, and discusses their potential in future treatment of HBV infection. 

PMID- 26979866
TI  - Sumoylation of LYS590 of NCX3 f-Loop by SUMO1 Participates in Brain
      Neuroprotection Induced by Ischemic Preconditioning.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a ubiquitin
      like protein involved in posttranslational protein modifications, is activated by
      several conditions, such as heat stress, hypoxia, and hibernation and confers
      neuroprotection. Sumoylation enzymes and substrates are expressed also at the
      plasma membrane level. Among the numerous plasma membrane proteins controlling
      ionic homeostasis during cerebral ischemia, 1 of the 3 brain sodium/calcium
      exchangers (NCX3), exerts a protective role during ischemic preconditioning. In
      this study, we evaluated whether NCX3 is a target for sumoylation and whether
      this posttranslational modification participates in ischemic preconditioning
      induced neuroprotection. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed (1) SUMO1
      conjugation pattern after ischemic preconditioning; (2) the effect of SUMO1
      knockdown on the ischemic damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
      and ischemic preconditioning, (3) the possible interaction between SUMO1 and NCX3
      and (4) the molecular determinants of NCX3 sequence responsible for sumoylation.
      METHODS: Focal brain ischemia and ischemic preconditioning were induced in rats
      by middle cerebral artery occlusion. SUMOylation was evaluated by western blot
      and immunohistochemistry. SUMO1 and NCX3 interaction was analyzed by site
      directed mutagenesis and immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: We found that (1)
      SUMO1 knockdown worsened ischemic damage and reduced the protective effect of
      preconditioning; (2) SUMO1 bound to NCX3 at lysine residue 590, and its silencing
      increased NCX3 degradation; and (3) NCX3 sumoylation participates in SUMO1
      protective role during ischemic preconditioning. Thus, our results demonstrate
      that NCX3 sumoylation confers additional neuroprotection in ischemic
      preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, this study suggests that NCX3 sumoylation
      might be a new target to enhance ischemic preconditioning-induced
      neuroprotection.

PMID- 26979865
TI  - Exendin-4 Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activation and Reduces Infarct
      Growth After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Hyperglycemic Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Admission hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for
      poor outcome of ischemic stroke. Amelioration of hyperglycemia by insulin has not
      been shown to improve the poststroke outcome. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor
      agonists, which modulate glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion, have
      been shown to exert cytoprotective effects by inhibiting inflammation and
      oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate whether the glucagon-like peptide
      1 receptor agonist exendin-4 could reduce glucose levels and exert protective
      effects after acute focal ischemia in hyperglycemic mice. METHODS: Hyperglycemia
      was induced by intraperitoneal injection of dextrose 15 minutes before transient
      middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed for 60 minutes using an
      intraluminal thread. We assessed 4 groups: (1) normal glucose (vehicle control),
      (2) induced hyperglycemia, (3) induced hyperglycemia with insulin treatment, and
      (4) induced hyperglycemia with exendin-4 treatment. Neurovascular injuries in
      brains from each group were evaluated 24 hours and 7 days post ischemia. RESULTS:
      Hyperglycemia significantly increased infarct volume (36.3+/-1.20 versus 26.9+/
      1.28; P<0.001), brain edema (P<0.05), and hemorrhagic transformation compared
      with control (P<0.001). This increase in infarct volume was associated with
      increased blood-brain barrier disruption and matrix metalloproteinase-9
      activation. Exendin-4, but not insulin, attenuated matrix metalloproteinase-9
      activation, proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) release, and
      biomarkers of oxidative stress and showed significant inhibition of infarct
      growth at 24 hours (23.6+/-0.97 versus 36.3+/-1.20; P<0.001) and at 7 days after
      ischemia (21.0+/-0.92 versus 29.3+/-1.41; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with
      exendin-4 could be a potentially useful therapeutic option for treatment of acute
      ischemic stroke with transient hyperglycemia.

PMID- 26979864
TI  - Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, and Recurrent Major Cardiovascular and Major Bleeding
      Events in 19 120 Patients With Recent Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The presumed safety of paracetamol in high-cardiovascular
      risk patients has been questioned. We determined whether paracetamol or ibuprofen
      use is associated with major cardiovascular events (MACE) or major bleeding in 19
      120 patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack of mainly
      atherothrombotic origin included in the Prevention of cerebrovascular and
      cardiovascular events of ischemic origin with terutroban in patients with a
      history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (PERFORM) trial. METHODS:
      We performed 2 nested case-control analysis (2153 cases with MACE during trial
      follow-up and 4306 controls matched on Essen stroke risk score; 809 cases with
      major bleeding matched with 1616 controls) and a separate time-varying analysis.
      RESULTS: 12.3% were prescribed paracetamol and 2.5% ibuprofen. Median duration of
      treatment was 14 (interquartile range 5-145) days for paracetamol and 9 (5-30)
      days for ibuprofen. Paracetamol, but not ibuprofen, was associated with increased
      risk of MACE (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.42) or a major
      bleeding (odds ratio 1.60, 95% CI 1.26-2.03), with no impact of daily dose and
      duration of paracetamol treatment. Time-varying analysis found an increased risk
      of MACE with both paracetamol (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.05-1.43) and ibuprofen
      (hazard ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.06-2.03) and of major bleeding with paracetamol
      (hazard ratio 1.95, 95% CI 1.45-2.62). CONCLUSIONS: There was a weak and
      inconsistent signal for association between paracetamol or ibuprofen and MACE or
      major bleeding, which may be related to either a genuine but modest effect of
      these drugs or to residual confounding. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      http://www.isrctn.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN66157730.

PMID- 26979867
TI  - Retinal Microvascular Calibers Are Associated With Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
      in the Brain.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perivascular enlargement in the brain is a putative
      imaging marker for microvascular brain damage, but this link has not yet been
      confirmed using direct in vivo visualization of small vessels. We investigated
      the relation between microvascular calibers on retinal imaging and enlarged
      perivascular spaces (ePVSs) on brain magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: We
      included 704 participants from the Rotterdam study. Retinal arteriolar and
      venular calibers were measured semiautomatically on fundus photographs. ePVSs
      were counted in the centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and
      mesencephalon, using a standardized rating method. We determined the association
      between retinal microvascular calibers and ePVSs with negative binomial
      regression models, adjusting for age, sex, the other vascular caliber, structural
      brain magnetic resonance imaging markers, and cardiovascular risk factors.
      RESULTS: Both narrower arteriolar and wider venular calibers were associated with
      more ePVSs in the centrum semiovale and hippocampal region. Rate ratios (95%
      confidence interval) for arterioles in the centrum semiovale and hippocampus were
      1.07 (1.01-1.14) and 1.13 (1.04-1.22), respectively, and for venules 1.08 (1.01
      1.16) and 1.09 (1.00-1.18), respectively. These associations were independent
      from other brain magnetic resonance imaging markers and cardiovascular risk
      factors. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal microvascular calibers are related to ePVSs,
      confirming the putative link between microvascular damage and ePVSs.

PMID- 26979868
TI  - Role of the blood smear in febrile returning travelers: Beyond malaria.

PMID- 26979872
TI  - epic3: revised recommendation for intravenous catheter and catheter site care.

PMID- 26979869
TI  - Multiple inflammasome complexes are activated in autistic spectrum disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammasomes are multimeric protein platforms involved in the
      regulation of inflammatory responses whose activity results in the production of
      proinflammatory cytokines. Because neuroinflammation is observed in autistic
      spectrum disorders (ASD), a neurologic condition of childhood resulting in a
      complex behavioural impairment, we analyzed the inflammasomes activity in ASD.
      Additionally we verified whether alterations of the gastrointestinal (GI)
      barriers might play a role in inflammasomes activation. METHODS: The activity of
      the inflammasomes, the concentration of the inflammasomes-derived proinflammatory
      cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18, and serum parameters of GI damage
      were analyzed in 25 ASD children, 23 healthy siblings (HS) and 30 unrelated age
      matched healthy controls (HC). RESULTS: A significant upregulation of the AIM2
      and the NLRP3 inflammasomes and an increased production of IL-1beta and IL-18
      that was associated with a consistent reduction of IL-33, an anti inflammation
      cytokine were observed in ASD alone. Notably, in a possible immune-mediated
      attempt to dampen inflammation, IL-37, a suppressor of innate inflammatory
      responses, was significantly augmented in these same children. Finally,
      intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), an index of altered GI
      permeability, was significantly increased in serum of ASD and HS. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results show that the inflammasomes are activated in ASD and shed light on
      the molecular mechanisms responsible for ASD-associated neuroinflammation. The
      observation that GI alterations could be present as well in ASD offers a possible
      link between such alterations and neuroinflammation. Therapeutic strategies
      targeting inflammasome activation could be useful in ASD.

PMID- 26979871
TI  - Transcriptional profiling of Klebsiella pneumoniae defines signatures for
      planktonic, sessile and biofilm-dispersed cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surface-associated communities of bacteria, known as biofilms, play a
      critical role in the persistence and dissemination of bacteria in various
      environments. Biofilm development is a sequential dynamic process from an initial
      bacterial adhesion to a three-dimensional structure formation, and a subsequent
      bacterial dispersion. Transitions between these different modes of growth are
      governed by complex and partially known molecular pathways. RESULTS: Using RNA
      seq technology, our work provided an exhaustive overview of the transcriptomic
      behavior of the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae derived from free
      living, biofilm and biofilm-dispersed states. For each of these conditions, the
      combined use of Z-scores and principal component analysis provided a clear
      illustration of distinct expression profiles. In particular, biofilm-dispersed
      cells appeared as a unique stage in the bacteria lifecycle, different from both
      planktonic and sessile states. The K-means cluster analysis showed clusters of
      Coding DNA Sequences (CDS) and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes differentially
      transcribed between conditions. Most of them included dominant functional
      classes, emphasizing the transcriptional changes occurring in the course of K.
      pneumoniae lifestyle transitions. Furthermore, analysis of the whole
      transcriptome allowed the selection of an overall of 40 transcriptional signature
      genes for the five bacterial physiological states. CONCLUSIONS: This
      transcriptional study provides additional clues to understand the key molecular
      mechanisms involved in the transition between biofilm and the free-living
      lifestyles, which represents an important challenge to control both beneficial
      and harmful biofilm. Moreover, this exhaustive study identified physiological
      state specific transcriptomic reference dataset useful for the research
      community.

PMID- 26979875
TI  - Multiscale entropy identifies differences in complexity in postural control in
      women with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Loss of postural center-of-pressure complexity (COP complexity) has been
      associated with reduced adaptability that accompanies disease and aging. The aim
      of this study was to identify if COP complexity is reduced: (1) in those with
      Multiple Sclerosis (MS) compared to controls; (2) when vision is limited compared
      to remaining intact; and (3) during more demanding postural conditions compared
      to quiet standing. Additionally, we explored the relationship between the COP
      complexity and disease severity, fatigue, cutaneous sensation and central motor
      drive. Twelve women with MS and 12 age-matched controls were tested under quiet
      standing and postural maximal lean conditions with normal and limited vision. The
      key dependent variable was the complexity index (CI) of the center of pressure.
      We observed a lower CI in the MS group compared to controls in both anterior
      posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions (p's<0.002), during the
      performance of maximal self-regulated leans (AP: p<0.001; ML: p=0.018), and under
      limited vision (AP: p=0.001; ML: p=0.006). No group-by-vision interaction
      (p>0.05) was observed, indicating that limiting vision did not impact COP
      complexity differently in the two groups. Decreased cutaneous sensitivity was
      associated with lower CI values in the AP direction among those with MS
      (r(2)=0.57); all other measures did not exhibit significant relationships. The
      findings reported here suggest that (1) MS is associated with diminished COP
      complexity under both normal and challenging postures, and (2) complexity is
      strongly correlated with cutaneous sensitivity, suggesting the unique
      contribution of impaired somatosensation on postural control deficits in persons
      with MS. 

PMID- 26979870
TI  - Systemic delivery of siRNA by actively targeted polyion complex micelles for
      silencing the E6 and E7 human papillomavirus oncogenes.
AB  - Human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes are essential for the
      immortalization and maintenance of HPV-associated cancer and are ubiquitously
      expressed in cervical cancer lesions. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) coding for E6
      and E7 oncogenes is a promising approach for precise treatment of cervical
      cancer, yet a delivery system is required for systemic delivery to solid tumors.
      Here, an actively targeted polyion complex (PIC) micelle was applied to deliver
      siRNAs coding for HPV E6/E7 to HPV cervical cancer cell tumors in immune
      incompetent tumor-bearing mice. A cell viability assay revealed that both HPV
      type 16 and 18 E6/E7 siRNAs (si16E6/E7 and si18E6/E7, respectively) interfered
      with proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines in an HPV type-specific manner.
      A fluorescence imaging biodistribution analysis further revealed that
      fluorescence dye-labeled siRNA-loaded PIC micelles efficiently accumulated within
      the tumor mass after systemic administration. Ultimately, intravenous injection
      of si16E6/E7 and si18E6/E7-loaded PIC micelles was found to significantly
      suppress the growth of subcutaneous SiHa and HeLa tumors, respectively. The
      specific activity of siRNA treatment was confirmed by the observation that p53
      protein expression was restored in the tumors excised from the mice treated with
      si16E6/E7- and si18E6/E7-loaded PIC micelles for SiHa and HeLa tumors,
      respectively. Therefore, the actively targeted PIC micelle incorporating HPV
      E6/E7-coding siRNAs demonstrated its therapeutic potential against HPV-associated
      cancer.

PMID- 26979874
TI  - Biomechanical and perceived differences between overground and treadmill walking
      in children with cerebral palsy.
AB  - The treadmill is widely used as an instrument for gait training and analysis. The
      primary purpose of this study was to compare biomechanical variables between
      overground and treadmill walking in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Perceived
      differences between the two walking modes were also investigated by comparing
      self-selected walking speeds. Twenty children with CP performed both overground
      and treadmill walking at a matched speed for biomechanical comparison using a 3-D
      motion analysis system. In addition, they were asked to select comfortable and
      fastest walking speeds under each walking condition to compare perceived
      differences. Significant differences in spatiotemporal variables were found
      including higher cadence and shorter stride length during treadmill walking at a
      matched speed (for all, P<.003). The comparison of joint kinematics demonstrated
      significant differences between overground and treadmill walking, which showed
      increases in peak angles of ankle dorsi-flexion, knee flexion/extension, and hip
      flexion (for all, P<.001), increases in ankle and hip excursions and a decrease
      in pelvic rotation excursion while walking on treadmill (for all, P<.002).
      Comparison of perceived difference revealed that children with CP chose
      significantly slower speeds when asked to select their comfortable and fastest
      walking speeds on the treadmill as compared to overground (for both, P<.001). Our
      results suggest that these biomechanical and perceived differences should be
      considered when using a treadmill for gait intervention or assessment. 

PMID- 26979873
TI  - Healing of rotator cuff tendons using botulinum toxin A and immobilization in a
      rat model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We evaluated effects of botulinum toxin A (Botox) and cast
      immobilization on tendon healing in a rat model. Injection of Botox into rat
      supraspinatus was hypothesized to reduce muscle active force and improved
      healing. METHODS: Eighty-four supraspinatus tendons were surgically transected
      and repaired in 42 Sprague-Dawley rats (transosseous technique). After repair,
      supraspinatus muscle was injected with saline or Botox (3 or 6 U/kg). Half the
      shoulders were cast-immobilized for the entire postoperative period; half were
      allowed free cage activity. Histology was examined at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. A
      healing zone cross-sectional area was measured, and biomechanical testing of
      repair strength and tendon viscoelastic properties was conducted at 4 and 12
      weeks. RESULTS: Botox alone and cast immobilization alone exhibited increased
      ultimate load compared with controls (saline injection, no immobilization) at 4
      weeks. No difference in ultimate load occurred between Botox-only and cast-only
      groups. At 12 weeks, the Botox (6 U/kg) plus cast immobilization group was
      significantly weakest (p < 0.05). A trend was shown toward decreased healing zone
      cross-sectional areas in casted groups. CONCLUSIONS: Supraspinatus Botox
      injection after rotator cuff repair might help protect the repair. However, cast
      immobilization plus Botox administration is harmful to rotator cuff healing in a
      rat tendon model.

PMID- 26979877
TI  - Threat-induced changes in attention during tests of static and anticipatory
      postural control.
AB  - Postural threat, manipulated through changes in surface height, influences
      postural control. Evidence suggests changes in attention may contribute to this
      relationship. However, limited research has explored where and how attention is
      reallocated when threatened. The primary aim of this study was to describe
      changes in attention when presented with a postural threat, while a secondary aim
      was to explore associations between changes in attention and postural control.
      Eighty-two healthy young adults completed tests of static (quiet standing) and
      anticipatory (rise to toes) postural control under threatening and non
      threatening conditions. Participants completed an open-ended questionnaire after
      each postural task which asked them to list what they thought about or directed
      their attention toward. Each item listed was assigned a percentage value
      reflecting how much attention it occupied. Exit interviews were completed to help
      confirm where attention was directed. Five attention categories were identified:
      movement processes, threat-relevant stimuli, self-regulatory strategies, task
      objectives, and task-irrelevant information. For both postural tasks, the
      percentage values and number of items listed for movement processes, threat
      relevant stimuli, and self-regulatory strategies increased under threatening
      compared to non-threatening conditions, while the percentage values and number of
      items listed for task objectives and task-irrelevant information decreased.
      Changes in attention related to movement processes and self-regulatory strategies
      were associated with changes in static postural control, while changes in
      attention related to threat-relevant stimuli were associated with changes in
      anticipatory postural control. These results suggest that threat-induced changes
      in attention are multidimensional and contribute to changes in postural control. 

PMID- 26979878
TI  - Reductions in knee joint forces with weight loss are attenuated by gait
      adaptations in class III obesity.
AB  - A consensus exists that high knee joint forces are a precursor to knee
      osteoarthritis and weight loss reduces these forces. Because large weight loss
      also leads to increased step length and walking velocity, knee contact forces may
      be reduced less than predicted by the magnitude of weight loss. The purpose was
      to determine the effects of weight loss on knee muscle and joint loads during
      walking in Class III obese adults. We determined through motion capture, force
      platform measures and biomechanical modeling the effects of weight loss produced
      by gastric bypass surgery over one year on knee muscle and joint loads during
      walking at a standard, controlled velocity and at self-selected walking
      velocities. Weight loss equaling 412 N or 34% of initial body weight reduced
      maximum knee compressive force by 824 N or 67% of initial body weight when
      walking at the controlled velocity. These changes represent a 2:1 reduction in
      knee force relative to weight loss when walking velocity is constrained to the
      baseline value. However, behavioral adaptations including increased stride length
      and walking velocity in the self-selected velocity condition attenuated this
      effect by ~50% leading to a 392 N or 32% initial body weight reduction in
      compressive force in the knee joint. Thus, unconstrained walking elicited
      approximately 1:1 ratio of reduction in knee force relative to weight loss and is
      more indicative of walking behavior than the standard velocity condition. In
      conclusion, massive weight loss produces dramatic reductions in knee forces
      during walking but when patients stride out and walk faster, these favorable
      reductions become substantially attenuated.

PMID- 26979876
TI  - Effect of calendar age on physical performance: A comparison of standard clinical
      measures with instrumented measures in middle-aged to older adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Decline in physical performance is highly prevalent during aging.
      Identification of sensitive markers of age-related changes in physical
      performance is important for early detection, development of therapeutic
      strategies and insight into underlying mechanisms. We studied the association of
      calendar age and familial longevity with standard clinical and instrumented
      measures of physical performance in a cohort of healthy middle-aged to older
      adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis within the Leiden Longevity Study
      consisting of offspring of nonagenarian siblings and their partners (n=300, mean
      age (SD) 65.3 (6.7) years). Standard clinical measures were 25-meter walking
      speed and total duration of the chair stand test (CST). Instrumented measures
      were determined using a body fixed sensor. Dependence of physical performance on
      calendar age and familial longevity (offspring versus partner status) was
      analyzed using linear and logistic regression, respectively, adjusted for gender
      and height. RESULTS: Higher calendar age was associated with slower walking speed
      and longer duration of the CST (standardized beta (95% CI) -.024 (-.042; -.006)
      and .035 (.014;.056), respectively). Instrumented measures showed similar effect
      sizes with strongest associations for gait stability and symmetry in mediolateral
      direction and for the extension and flexion phase of sit-to-stand and stand-to
      sit transfers, respectively. No differences were observed between offspring of
      nonagenarian siblings and their partners. CONCLUSIONS: Standard clinical and
      instrumented measures of physical performance are associated with similar effect
      size to age-related changes in physical performance observable from middle age.
      The potential added value of instrumented measures for understanding underlying
      mechanisms requires further attention.

PMID- 26979879
TI  - Vestibular asymmetry increases double support time variability in a counter
      balanced study on elderly fallers.
AB  - Vestibular asymmetry is a common cause of dizziness in the elderly, for whom it
      precipitates the risk of falling. Previous studies have shown that those with
      vestibular asymmetry displayed an altered variability in double support time
      (DST) compared to controls. However, swing time (SwT) variability findings are
      conflicting. In this study, we investigated if vestibular asymmetry might be
      causally connected to increased DST variability. We studied a group of eight
      elderly fallers with wrist fractures across three months, during which time four
      of them regained vestibular symmetry while four others developed an asymmetry. We
      evaluated the variability of DST and SwT, both when the participants suffered
      from vestibular asymmetry and when they did not. On average, variability in DST
      was significantly greater by 2.38%CV (coefficient of variation) when participants
      scored positive for vestibular asymmetry compared to when not, t(5)=4.39, p=0.01,
      xi=1.67. In contrast, SwT variability differed non-significantly by 0.44%CV when
      participants had tested positive versus negative for vestibular asymmetry, t(5)=
      0.87, p=0.39, xi=-0.29. As a possible rationale for our results, we propose that
      increased DST variability may be the result of a re-stabilization strategy.
      Further research on DST variability and its correlation to the duration of
      vestibular asymmetry is recommended.

PMID- 26979881
TI  - Variability of gait, bilateral coordination, and asymmetry in women with
      fibromyalgia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze how fibromyalgia affected the variability, asymmetry, and
      bilateral coordination of gait walking at comfortable and fast speeds. METHODS:
      65 fibromyalgia (FM) patients and 50 healthy women were analyzed. Gait analysis
      was performed using an instrumented walkway (GAITRite system). Average walking
      speed, coefficient of variation (CV) of stride length, swing time, and step width
      data were obtained and bilateral coordination and gait asymmetry were analyzed.
      RESULTS: FM patients presented significantly lower speeds than the healthy group.
      FM patients obtained significantly higher values of CV_StrideLength (p=0.04;
      p<0.001), CV_SwingTime (p<0.001; p<0.001), CV_StepWidth (p=0.004; p<0.001), phase
      coordination index (p=0.01; p=0.03), and p_CV (p<0.001; p=0.001) than the control
      group, walking at comfortable or fast speeds. Gait asymmetry only showed
      significant differences in the fast condition. CONCLUSION: FM patients walked
      more slowly and presented a greater variability of gait and worse bilateral
      coordination than healthy subjects. Gait asymmetry only showed differences in the
      fast condition. The variability and the bilateral coordination were particularly
      affected by FM in women. Therefore, variability and bilateral coordination of
      gait could be analyzed to complement the gait evaluation of FM patients.

PMID- 26979884
TI  - The effect of weight-bearing asymmetry on dynamic postural stability in healthy
      young individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In people with lateralized disorders, such as stroke, Weight-Bearing
      Asymmetry (WBA) is common. It is associated with postural instability, however,
      WBA is one of several abnormalities that may affect postural stability in these
      disorders. Therefore, we investigated the isolated effects of WBA on dynamic
      postural stability in healthy individuals. METHODS: Ten young participants were
      subjected to multidirectional stance perturbations by support surface
      translations at three levels of WBA (0, 10 and 20% of body weight unloading of
      one leg). The stepping threshold was determined iteratively for each condition
      and in four perturbation directions (forward, backward, leftward and rightward).
      The stepping threshold was defined as the highest perturbation intensity
      recovered from with a feet-in-place response. The Margin of Stability (MOS) at
      the stepping threshold was defined as the smallest distance between the vertical
      projection of the Extrapolated Center of Mass (XCOM) and the edge of the base of
      support. RESULTS: WBA decreased the stepping threshold (stability decreased) for
      perturbations towards the loaded side (translations towards the unloaded side),
      whereas it increased stepping thresholds for perturbations towards the unloaded
      side. No significant effects of WBA were found on the MOS. WBA increased the
      frequency of stepping with the unloaded leg upon forward and backward
      perturbations. CONCLUSION: WBA increased dynamic stability towards the unloaded
      leg following external balance perturbations and resulted in a greater
      probability of stepping with this leg. Future studies are needed to evaluate the
      functional significance of these WBA-related effects on postural stability in
      people with lateralized disorders.

PMID- 26979880
TI  - Ankle muscle coactivation during gait is decreased immediately after anterior
      weight shift practice in adults after stroke.
AB  - Increased ankle muscle coactivation during gait has frequently been observed as
      an adaptation strategy to compensate for postural instability in adults after
      stroke. However, it remains unclear whether the muscle coactivation pattern
      increases or decreases after balance training. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the immediate effects of balance practice on ankle muscle
      coactivation during gait in adults after stroke. Standing balance practice
      performed to shift as much weight anteriorly as possible in 24 participants after
      stroke. The forward movement distance of the center of pressure (COP) during
      anterior weight shifting, gait speed, and ankle muscle activities during 10-m
      walking tests were measured immediately before and after balance practice.
      Forward movement of the COP during anterior weight shifting and gait speed
      significantly increased after balance practice. On the paretic side, tibialis
      anterior muscle activity significantly decreased during the single support and
      second double support phases, and the coactivation index at the ankle joint
      during the first double support and single support phases significantly decreased
      after balance practice. However, there were no significant relationships between
      the changes in gait speed, forward movement of the COP during anterior weight
      shifting, and ankle muscle coactivation during the stance phase. These results
      suggested that ankle muscle coactivation on the paretic side during the stance
      phase was decreased immediately after short-term anterior weight shift practice,
      which was not associated with improved gait speed or forward movement of the COP
      during anterior weight shifting in adults after stroke. 

PMID- 26979882
TI  - In-shoe plantar pressure measurements for the evaluation and adaptation of foot
      orthoses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proof of concept study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Improving foot orthoses (FOs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) by using in-shoe plantar pressure measurements seems promising. The
      objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the outcome on plantar pressure
      distribution of FOs that were adapted using in-shoe plantar pressure measurements
      according to a protocol and (2) the protocol feasibility. METHODS: Forty-five RA
      patients with foot problems were included in this observational proof-of concept
      study. FOs were custom-made by a podiatrist according to usual care. Regions of
      Interest (ROIs) for plantar pressure reduction were selected. According to a
      protocol, usual care FOs were evaluated using in-shoe plantar pressure
      measurements and, if necessary, adapted. Plantar pressure-time integrals at the
      ROIs were compared between the following conditions: (1) no-FO versus usual care
      FO and (2) usual care FO versus adapted FO. Semi-structured interviews were held
      with patients and podiatrists to evaluate the feasibility of the protocol.
      RESULTS: Adapted FOs were developed in 70% of the patients. In these patients,
      usual care FOs showed a mean 9% reduction in pressure-time integral at forefoot
      ROIs compared to no-FOs (p=0.01). FO adaptation led to an additional mean 3%
      reduction in pressure-time integral (p=0.05). The protocol was considered
      feasible by patients. Podiatrists considered the protocol more useful to achieve
      individual rather than general treatment goals. A final protocol was proposed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Using in-shoe plantar pressure measurements for adapting foot
      orthoses for patients with RA leads to a small additional plantar pressure
      reduction in the forefoot. Further research on the clinical relevance of this
      outcome is required.

PMID- 26979885
TI  - Dynamically adjustable foot-ground contact model to estimate ground reaction
      force during walking and running.
AB  - Human dynamic models have been used to estimate joint kinetics during various
      activities. Kinetics estimation is in demand in sports and clinical applications
      where data on external forces, such as the ground reaction force (GRF), are not
      available. The purpose of this study was to estimate the GRF during gait by
      utilizing distance- and velocity-dependent force models between the foot and
      ground in an inverse-dynamics-based optimization. Ten males were tested as they
      walked at four different speeds on a force plate-embedded treadmill system. The
      full-GRF model whose foot-ground reaction elements were dynamically adjusted
      according to vertical displacement and anterior-posterior speed between the foot
      and ground was implemented in a full-body skeletal model. The model estimated the
      vertical and shear forces of the GRF from body kinematics. The shear-GRF model
      with dynamically adjustable shear reaction elements according to the input
      vertical force was also implemented in the foot of a full-body skeletal model.
      Shear forces of the GRF were estimated from body kinematics, vertical GRF, and
      center of pressure. The estimated full GRF had the lowest root mean square (RMS)
      errors at the slow walking speed (1.0m/s) with 4.2, 1.3, and 5.7% BW for anterior
      posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical forces, respectively. The estimated shear
      forces were not significantly different between the full-GRF and shear-GRF
      models, but the RMS errors of the estimated knee joint kinetics were
      significantly lower for the shear-GRF model. Providing COP and vertical GRF with
      sensors, such as an insole-type pressure mat, can help estimate shear forces of
      the GRF and increase accuracy for estimation of joint kinetics. 

PMID- 26979887
TI  - Temporal-spatial gait parameters and neurodevelopment in very-low-birth-weight
      preterm toddlers at 18-22 months.
AB  - Children born preterm with very-low birth-weight (VLBW) have increased risk of
      motor impairment. Early identification of impairment guides treatment to improve
      long-term function. Temporal-spatial gait parameters are an easily-recorded
      assessment of gross motor function. The objective of this study was to
      characterize preterm toddlers' gait and its relationship with neurodevelopment.
      Velocity, cycle time, step width, step length and time asymmetry, %stance,
      %single-limb support, and %double-limb support were calculated for 81 VLBW
      preterm and 43 typically-developing (TD) toddlers. Neurodevelopment was assessed
      with Bayley Scales of Infant Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) motor composite
      and gross motor scores. Mean step width (p=.009) was wider in preterm compared to
      TD toddlers. Preterm toddlers with <85 BSID-III motor composite scores,
      indicating mild-to-moderate delay, had significantly increased step width, step
      length asymmetry, and step time compared to TD toddlers. Step time was also
      significantly longer for lower-scoring compared to higher-scoring (>=85 BSID-III
      motor composite scores) preterm toddlers, suggesting that step time may be
      particularly sensitive to gradations of motor performance. Velocity, cycle time,
      step length asymmetry, %stance, step length, and step time significantly
      correlated with BSID-III gross motor scores, suggesting that these parameters may
      be revealing of gross motor function. The differences in gait between lower
      scoring preterm toddlers and TD toddlers, together with the correlations between
      gait and BSID-III motor scores, suggest that temporal-spatial gait parameters may
      be useful in building a clinically-relevant, easily-conducted assessment of
      toddler gross motor development. 

PMID- 26979888
TI  - Load distribution and postural changes in young adults when wearing a traditional
      backpack versus the BackTpack.
AB  - Backpacks lead to poor posture due to the posterior placement of the load, which
      overtime may contribute to low back pain and musculoskeletal complications. This
      study examined postural and load distribution differences between a traditional
      backpack (BP) and a nontraditional backpack (BTP) in a young adult population.
      Using a 3D motion analysis system, 24 healthy young adults (22.5 +/- 2.5 years,
      12 male) completed both static stance and walking trials on a treadmill with No
      Load and with 15% and 25% of their body weight using the two different backpacks.
      There was a significant difference in trunk angle, head angle, and lower
      extremity joint mechanics between the backpack and load conditions during walking
      (p<.05). Notably, relative to the No Load condition, trunk angle decreased
      approximately 14 degrees  while head angle increased approximately 13 degrees 
      for the BP 25% state on average. In contrast, average trunk and head angle
      differences for the BTP 25% state were approximately 7.5 degrees  and 7 degrees ,
      respectively. There was also a significant difference in head angle from pre- to
      post-walk (p<.05) across backpacks, loads, and time. Taken together, the results
      indicate that the BTP more closely resembled the participants' natural stance and
      gait patterns as determined by the No Load condition. The more upright posture
      supported by the BTP may help reduce characteristics of poor posture and,
      ideally, help to reduce low back pain while carrying loads.

PMID- 26979889
TI  - A new approach of the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural
      control in people complaining from chronic ankle instability.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess dynamic
      balance with accuracy in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). To
      this aim, a motion capture system was used while participants performed the Star
      Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Reached distances for the 8 points of the star
      were automatically computed, thereby excluding any dependence to the
      experimenter. In addition, new relevant variables were also computed, such as
      absolute time needed to reach each distance, lower limb ranges of motion during
      unipodal stance, as well as absolute error of pointing. Velocity of the center of
      pressure and range of variation of ground reaction forces have also been assessed
      during the unipodal phase of the SEBT thanks to force plates. CAI group exhibited
      smaller reached distances and greater absolute error of pointing than the control
      group (p<0.05). Moreover, the ranges of motion of lower limbs joints, the
      velocity of the center of pressure and the range of variation of the ground
      reaction forces were all significantly smaller in the CAI group (p<0.05). These
      reduced quantitative and qualitative performances highlighted a lower dynamic
      postural control. The limited body movements and accelerations during the
      unipodal stance in the CAI group could highlight a protective strategy. The
      present findings could help clinicians to better understand the motor strategies
      used by CAI patients during dynamic balance and may guide the rehabilitation
      process. 

PMID- 26979883
TI  - Influence of non-spatial working memory demands on reach-grasp responses to loss
      of balance: Effects of age and fall risk.
AB  - Reactive balance recovery strategies following an unexpected loss of balance are
      crucial to the prevention of falls, head trauma and other major injuries in older
      adults. While a longstanding focus has been on understanding lower limb recovery
      responses, the upper limbs also play a critical role. However, when a fall
      occurs, little is known about the role of memory and attention shifting on the
      reach to grasp recovery strategy and what factors determine the speed and
      precision of this response beyond simple reaction time. The objective of this
      study was to compare response time and accuracy of a stabilizing grasp following
      a balance perturbation in older adult fallers compared to non-fallers and younger
      adults while loading the processing demands of non-spatial, verbal working
      memory. Working memory was engaged with a progressively challenging verb
      generation task that was interrupted by an unexpected sideways platform
      perturbation and a pre-instructed reach to grasp response. Results revealed that
      the older adults, particularly those at high fall risk, demonstrated
      significantly increased movement time to handrail contact and grasping errors
      during conditions in which non-spatial memory was actively engaged. These
      findings provide preliminary evidence of the cognitive deficit in attention
      shifting away from an ongoing working memory task that underlies delayed and
      inaccurate protective reach to grasp responses in older adult fallers. 

PMID- 26979886
TI  - Runners with patellofemoral pain have altered biomechanics which targeted
      interventions can modify: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is the most prevalent running pathology and associated
      with multi-level biomechanical factors. This systematic review aims to guide
      treatment and prevention of PFP by synthesising prospective, observational and
      intervention studies that measure clinical and biomechanical outcomes in
      symptomatic running populations. Medline, Web of Science and CINAHL were searched
      from inception to April 2015 for prospective, case-control or intervention
      studies in running-related PFP cohorts. Study methodological quality was scored
      by two independent raters using the modified Downs and Black or PEDro scales,
      with meta-analysis performed where appropriate. 28 studies were included. Very
      limited evidence indicates that increased peak hip adduction is a risk factor for
      PFP in female runners, supported by moderate evidence of a relationship between
      PFP and increased peak hip adduction, internal rotation and contralateral pelvic
      drop, as well as reduced peak hip flexion. Limited evidence was also identified
      that altered peak force and time to peak at foot level is a risk factor for PFP
      development. Limited evidence from intervention studies indicates that both
      running retraining and proximal strengthening exercise lead to favourable
      outcomes in both pain and function, but only running retraining significantly
      reduces peak hip adduction, suggesting a possible kinematic mechanism. Put
      together, these findings highlight limited but coherent evidence of altered
      biomechanics which interventions can alter with resultant symptom change in
      females with PFP. There is a clear need for high quality prospective studies of
      intervention efficacy with measurement of explanatory mechanisms. 

PMID- 26979890
TI  - Biomechanical risk factors for tripping during obstacle--Crossing with the
      trailing limb in patients with type II diabetes mellitus.
AB  - People with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) are at a high risk of falling
      especially during more challenging locomotor tasks such as obstacle-crossing. The
      current study aimed to identify the risk factors for tripping in these patients
      during trailing-limb obstacle-crossing. Fourteen patients with type II DM with or
      without mild peripheral neuropathy (PN) and 14 healthy controls walked and
      crossed obstacles of three different heights while their motion data were
      measured using a motion capture system and two forceplates. The DM group was
      found to cross obstacles with significantly reduced trailing toe clearance
      (p<0.05), increasing the probability of the foot hitting the obstacle, and thus
      the risk of tripping. This altered end-point control was associated with
      significantly reduced knee flexion and hip adduction of the trailing swing limb
      (p<0.05), as well as significantly increased ankle plantarflexor moments in the
      leading stance limb (p<0.05). Therefore, reduced knee flexion and hip adduction
      of the swing limb are identified as risk factors for tripping during obstacle
      crossing. Increased mechanical demands on the ankle plantarflexors suggest that
      weakness of these muscles may further reduce the already compromised performance
      of obstacle-crossing in these patients. The current results showed that obstacle
      crossing can be used to detect gait deviations and to identify the associated
      risk of tripping in patients with type II DM without or at an early stage of PN. 

PMID- 26979891
TI  - Estimation of foot trajectory during human walking by a wearable inertial
      measurement unit mounted to the foot.
AB  - To establish a supportive technology for reducing the risk of falling in older
      people, it is essential to clarify gait characteristics in elderly individuals
      that are possibly linked to the risk of falling during actual daily activities.
      In this study, we developed a system to monitor human gait in an outdoor
      environment using an inertial measurement unit consisting of a tri-axial
      accelerometer and tri-axial gyroscope. Step-by-step foot trajectories were
      estimated from the sensor unit attached to the dorsum of the foot. Specifically,
      stride length and foot clearance were calculated by integrating the gravity
      compensated translational acceleration over time during the swing phase. Zero
      vertical velocity and displacement corrections were applied to obtain the final
      trajectory, assuming the slope of the walking surface is negligible. Short,
      normal, and long stride-length walking of 10 healthy participants was
      simultaneously measured using the proposed system and a conventional motion
      capture system to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated foot trajectory. Mean
      accuracy and precision were approximately 20 +/- 50 mm, for stride length, and 2
      +/- 7 mm for foot clearance, indicating that the swing phase trajectory of the
      sensor unit attached to the foot was reconstructed more accurately and precisely
      using the proposed system than with previously published methods owing to the
      flat floor assumption. Although some methodological limitations certainly apply,
      this system will serve as a useful tool to monitor human walking during daily
      activities.

PMID- 26979892
TI  - Knee contact forces are not altered in early knee osteoarthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study calculated knee contact forces (KCF) and its relations with
      knee external knee adduction moments (KAM) and/or flexion moments (KFM) during
      the stance phase of gait in patients with early osteoarthritis (OA), classified
      based on early joint degeneration on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We aimed
      at assessing if altered KCF are already present in early structural degeneration.
      DESIGN: Three-dimensional motion and ground reaction force data in 59 subjects
      with medial compartment knee OA (N=23 established OA, N=16 early OA, N=20
      controls) were used as input for a musculoskeletal model. KAM and KFM, and KCF
      were estimated using OpenSim software. RESULTS: No significant differences were
      found between controls and subjects with early OA. In early OA patients, KAM
      significantly explained 69% of the variance associated with the first peaks KCF
      but only KFM contributed to the second peaks KCF. The multiple correlation,
      combining KAM and KFM, showed to be higher. However, only 20% of the variance of
      second peak KCF was explained by both moments in established OA. CONCLUSION: KCF
      are not increased in patients with early OA, suggesting that knee joint overload
      is more a consequence of further joint degeneration in more advanced stages of
      OA. Additionally, our results clearly show that KAM is not sufficient to predict
      joint loading at the end of the stance, where KFM contributes substantially to
      the loading, especially in early OA.

PMID- 26979893
TI  - Sagittal plane momentum control during walking in elderly fallers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine sagittal plane momentum
      control during walking with the use of center of mass (COM) velocity and
      acceleration. METHODS: COM control in the antero-posterior direction during
      walking of healthy young and elderly adults, and elderly fallers (n=15/group) was
      examined. Using a single-link-plus-foot inverted pendulum model, boundaries for
      the region of stability were determined based on the COM position at toe-off and
      its instantaneous velocity or the peak acceleration prior to toe-off (ROSv or
      ROSa, respectively). RESULTS: Although no significant difference in forward COM
      velocity was detected between healthy young and elderly subjects, the peak
      forward COM acceleration differed significantly, suggesting age-related
      differences in momentum control during walking. Elderly fallers demonstrated
      significantly slower forward COM velocities and accelerations and placed their
      COM significantly more anterior than healthy young and elderly subjects at toe
      off, which resulted in their COM position-velocity combination located within the
      ROSv. Similar results were obtained in the ROSa, where elderly fallers
      demonstrated a larger stability margin than healthy young and elderly subjects.
      INTERPRETATIONS: Significantly slower peak COM accelerations could be indicative
      of a poor momentum control ability, which was more pronounced in elderly fallers.
      Examining COM acceleration, in addition to its velocity, would provide a greater
      understanding of person's momentum control, which would allow us to better reveal
      underlying mechanisms of gait imbalance or falls.

PMID- 26979894
TI  - Repeatability of muscle synergies within and between days for typically
      developing children and children with cerebral palsy.
AB  - Muscle synergies are typically calculated from electromyographic (EMG) signals
      using nonnegative matrix factorization. Synergies identify weighted groups of
      muscles that are commonly activated together during a task, such as walking.
      Synergy analysis has become an emerging tool to evaluate neuromuscular control;
      however, the repeatability of synergies between trials and days has not been
      evaluated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of synergy
      complexity and structure in unimpaired individuals and individuals with cerebral
      palsy (CP). EMG data were collected from eight lower-limb muscles during gait for
      six typically developing (TD) children and five children with CP on two separate
      days, over three walking speeds. To evaluate synergy complexity, we calculated
      the total variance accounted for by one synergy (tVAF1). On a given day, the
      average range in tVAF1 between gait cycles was 18.2% for TD and 19.1% for CP. The
      average standard deviation in tVAF1 between gait cycles was 4.9% for TD and 5.0%
      for CP. Average tVAF1 calculated across gait cycles was not significantly
      different between days for TD or CP participants. Comparing synergy structure,
      the average (standard deviation) within day correlation coefficients of synergy
      weights for two or more synergies were 0.89 (0.15) for TD and 0.88 (0.15) for CP.
      Between days, the average correlation coefficient of synergy weights for two or
      more synergies was greater than 0.89 for TD and 0.74 for CP. These results
      demonstrate that synergy complexity and structure averaged over multiple gait
      cycles are repeatable between days in both TD and CP groups. 

PMID- 26979895
TI  - Is adult gait less susceptible than paediatric gait to hip joint centre
      regression equation error?
AB  - Hip joint centre (HJC) regression equation error during paediatric gait has
      recently been shown to have clinical significance. In relation to adult gait, it
      has been inferred that comparable errors with children in absolute HJC position
      may in fact result in less significant kinematic and kinetic error. This study
      investigated the clinical agreement of three commonly used regression equation
      sets (Bell et al., Davis et al. and Orthotrak) for adult subjects against the
      equations of Harrington et al. The relationship between HJC position error and
      subject size was also investigated for the Davis et al. set. Full 3-dimensional
      gait analysis was performed on 12 healthy adult subjects with data for each set
      compared to Harrington et al. The Gait Profile Score, Gait Variable Score and GDI
      kinetic were used to assess clinical significance while differences in HJC
      position between the Davis and Harrington sets were compared to leg length and
      subject height using regression analysis. A number of statistically significant
      differences were present in absolute HJC position. However, all sets fell below
      the clinically significant thresholds (GPS <1.6 degrees , GDI-Kinetic <3.6
      points). Linear regression revealed a statistically significant relationship for
      both increasing leg length and increasing subject height with decreasing error in
      anterior/posterior and superior/inferior directions. Results confirm a negligible
      clinical error for adult subjects suggesting that any of the examined sets could
      be used interchangeably. Decreasing error with both increasing leg length and
      increasing subject height suggests that the Davis set should be used cautiously
      on smaller subjects. 

PMID- 26979896
TI  - Lower limb joint forces during walking on the level and slopes at different
      inclinations.
AB  - Sloped walking is associated with an increase of lower extremity joint loading
      compared to level walking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse lower
      limb joint compression forces as well as tibiofemoral joint shear forces during
      sloped walking at different inclinations. Eighteen healthy male participants
      (age: 27.0 +/- 4.7 years, height: 1.80 +/- 0.05 m, mass: 74.5 +/- 8.2 kg) were
      asked to walk at a pre-set speed of 1.1m/s on a ramp (6 m * 1.5 m) at the slopes
      of -18 degrees , -12 degrees , -6 degrees , 0 degrees , 6 degrees , 12 degrees 
      and 18 degrees . Kinematic data were captured with a twelve-camera motion capture
      system (Vicon). Kinetic data were recorded with two force plates (AMTI) imbedded
      into a ramp. A musculoskeletal model (AnyBody) was used to compute lower limb
      joint forces. Results showed that downhill walking led to significantly increased
      hip, tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint compression forces (p<0.05) and to
      significantly decreased ankle joint compression forces (p<0.05). Uphill walking
      significantly increased all lower limb joint compression forces with increasing
      inclination (p<0.05). Findings that downhill walking is a stressful task for the
      anterior cruciate ligament could not be supported in the current study, since
      anterior tibiofemoral joint shear forces did not increase with the gradient. Due
      to diverse tibiofemoral joint shear force patterns in the literature, results
      should be treated with caution in general. Finally, lower limb joint force
      analyses provided more insight in the structure loading conditions during sloped
      walking than joint moment analyses.

PMID- 26979897
TI  - Whole-brain grey matter density predicts balance stability irrespective of age
      and protects older adults from falling.
AB  - Functional and structural imaging studies have demonstrated the involvement of
      the brain in balance control. Nevertheless, how decisive grey matter density and
      white matter microstructural organisation are in predicting balance stability,
      and especially when linked to the effects of ageing, remains unclear. Standing
      balance was tested on a platform moving at different frequencies and amplitudes
      in 30 young and 30 older adults, with eyes open and with eyes closed. Centre of
      pressure variance was used as an indicator of balance instability. The mean
      density of grey matter and mean white matter microstructural organisation were
      measured using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging,
      respectively. Mixed-effects models were built to analyse the extent to which age,
      grey matter density, and white matter microstructural organisation predicted
      balance instability. Results showed that both grey matter density and age
      independently predicted balance instability. These predictions were reinforced
      when the level of difficulty of the conditions increased. Furthermore, grey
      matter predicted balance instability beyond age and at least as consistently as
      age across conditions. In other words, for balance stability, the level of whole
      brain grey matter density is at least as decisive as being young or old. Finally,
      brain grey matter appeared to be protective against falls in older adults as age
      increased the probability of losing balance in older adults with low, but not
      moderate or high grey matter density. No such results were observed for white
      matter microstructural organisation, thereby reinforcing the specificity of our
      grey matter findings. 

PMID- 26979899
TI  - Development of adaptive sensorimotor control in infant sitting posture.
AB  - A reliable and adaptive relationship between action and perception is necessary
      for postural control. Our understanding of how this adaptive sensorimotor control
      develops during infancy is very limited. This study examines the dynamic visual
      postural relationship during early development. Twenty healthy infants were
      divided into 4 developmental groups (each n=5): sitting onset, standing alone,
      walking onset, and 1-year post-walking. During the experiment, the infant sat
      independently in a virtual moving-room in which anterior-posterior oscillations
      of visual motion were presented using a sum-of-sines technique with five input
      frequencies (from 0.12 to 1.24 Hz). Infants were tested in five conditions that
      varied in the amplitude of visual motion (from 0 to 8.64 cm). Gain and phase
      responses of infants' postural sway were analyzed. Our results showed that
      infants, from a few months post-sitting to 1 year post-walking, were able to
      control their sitting posture in response to various frequency and amplitude
      properties of the visual motion. Infants showed an adult-like inverted-U pattern
      for the frequency response to visual inputs with the highest gain at 0.52 and
      0.76 Hz. As the visual motion amplitude increased, the gain response decreased.
      For the phase response, an adult-like frequency-dependent pattern was observed in
      all amplitude conditions for the experienced walkers. Newly sitting infants,
      however, showed variable postural behavior and did not systemically respond to
      the visual stimulus. Our results suggest that visual-postural entrainment and
      sensory re-weighting are fundamental processes that are present after a few
      months post sitting. Sensorimotor refinement during early postural development
      may result from the interactions of improved self-motion control and enhanced
      perceptual abilities.

PMID- 26979900
TI  - Immediate and 1 week effects of laterally wedge insoles on gait biomechanics in
      healthy females.
AB  - It is estimated that approximately 45% of the U.S. population will develop knee
      osteoarthritis, a disease that creates significant economic burdens in both
      direct and indirect costs. Laterally wedged insoles have been frequently
      recommended to reduce knee abduction moments and to manage knee osteoarthritis.
      However, it remains unknown whether the lateral wedge will reduce knee abduction
      moments over a prolonged period of time. Thus, the purposes of this study were to
      (1) examine the immediate effects of a laterally wedged insole in individuals
      normally aligned knees and (2) determine prolonged effects after the insole was
      worn for 1 week. Gait analysis was performed on ten women with and without a
      laterally wedged insole. After participants wore the wedges for a week, a second
      gait analysis was performed with and without the insole. The wedged insole did
      not affect peak knee abduction moment, although there was a significant increase
      in knee abduction angular impulse after wearing the insoles for 1 week.
      Furthermore, there was a significant increase in vertical ground reaction force
      at the instance of peak knee abduction moment with the wedges. While the
      laterally wedged insole used in the current study did not alter knee abduction
      moments as expected, other studies have shown alterations. Future studies should
      also examine a longer acclimation period, the influence of gait speed, and the
      effect of different shoe types with the insole. 

PMID- 26979901
TI  - Multiple sclerosis influences the precision of the ankle plantarflexon muscular
      force production.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To quantify the precision of the steady-state isometric control of the
      ankle plantarflexors musculature of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), and
      to evaluate if the precision is related to the mobility impairments. METHODS:
      Individuals with MS and healthy adults performed a submaximal steady-state
      isometric contraction with the ankle plantarflexors. The coefficient of variation
      was used to assess the amount of variability or error in the precision of the
      torques generated by the ankle plantarflexor musculature. The participants also
      walked across a digital mat at their preferred and fast-as-possible walking
      speeds, which recorded their spatiotemporal gait kinematics. RESULTS: The
      individuals with MS: (1) had reduced maximal voluntary torques at the ankle, (2)
      a greater amount of variability in the precision of the isometric ankle torques,
      (3) altered and more variable spatiotemporal gait kinematics, and (4) a greater
      amount of variability in the isometric ankle torques were related to a slower
      walking speed and cadence, shorter step length and a greater amount of gait
      variability. CONCLUSIONS: These results further fuels the impression that a
      reduction in control of the ankle joint musculature may be a key factor in the
      mobility and balance impairments seen in individuals with MS.

PMID- 26979903
TI  - Walking at the preferred stride frequency minimizes muscle activity.
AB  - This study determined whether walking at the preferred stride frequency minimizes
      muscle activity compared with other cadences at the same speed. Anthropometric
      measurements were recorded from 10 subjects and used to estimate their predicted
      resonant stride frequency. The preferred walking speed and stride frequency were
      determined from freely adopted walking on a treadmill. For the experimental
      trials the treadmill was set at each individual's preferred walking speed.
      Participants walked for 6 min at eight cadences prescribed by an auditory
      metronome: preferred stride frequency and -35, -25, -15, 0, +15, +25, +35% of
      predicted resonant stride frequency. Oxygen consumption was measured via gas
      analysis. Muscle activity of the right leg gastrocnemius (GA), tibialis anterior
      (TA), biceps femoris (BF) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles was recorded via
      electromyography (EMG). On average, participants preferred to walk with a stride
      frequency .07 Hz lower than their predicted resonant stride frequency, however a
      strong positive correlation was observed between these variables. Stride
      frequency had a significant and large quadratic effect on VO2 (RLR(2)=.76), and
      activity of the GA (RLR(2)=.66), TA (RLR(2)=.83), BF (RLR(2)=.70) and RF
      (RLR(2)=.78) muscles. VO2, GA and TA activity were all minimal at the preferred
      stride frequency and increased for faster or slower cadences. BF and RF activity
      were minimal across a broad range of slow frequencies including the preferred
      stride frequency and increased for faster frequencies. The preferred stride
      frequency that humans readily adopt during walking minimizes the activation of
      the GA, TA, BF and RF muscles, which in turn minimizes the overall metabolic
      cost.

PMID- 26979902
TI  - Effects of emotional videos on postural control in children.
AB  - The link between emotions and postural control has been rather unexplored in
      children. The objective of the present study was to establish whether the
      projection of pleasant and unpleasant videos with similar arousal would lead to
      specific postural responses such as postural freezing, aversive or appetitive
      behaviours as a function of age. We hypothesized that postural sway would
      similarly increase with the viewing of high arousal videos in children and
      adults, whatever the emotional context. 40 children participated in the study and
      were divided into two groups of age: group 7-9 years (n=23; mean age=8 years +/-
      0.7) and group 10-12 years (n=17; mean age=11 years +/- 0.7). 19 adults (mean
      age=25.8 years +/- 4.4) also took part in the experiment. They viewed emotional
      videos while standing still on a force platform. Centre of foot pressure (CoP)
      displacements were analysed. Antero-posterior, medio-lateral mean speed and sway
      path length increased similarly with the viewing of high arousal movies in the
      younger, older children, and adults. Our findings suggest that the development of
      postural control is not influenced by the maturation of the emotional processing.

PMID- 26979905
TI  - Light finger contact concurrently reduces postural sway and enhances signal
      detection performance in children with developmental coordination disorder.
AB  - The current study examined the effects of light finger touch on postural sway and
      signal detection performance in children with developmental coordination disorder
      (DCD). Children with DCD (n=30; 18 boys, 12 girls; age=11.87 +/- 0.48 years) and
      typically developing children (n=30; 14 boys, 16 girls; age=11.73 +/- 0.52 years)
      were recruited from schools in Pintung County, Taiwan. Participants completed a
      signal detection task under no finger touch (NT) and light finger touch (LT)
      conditions, while postural sway in both anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral
      (ML) axes was recorded. In both conditions, children with DCD exhibited
      significantly higher levels of postural sway (p<0.05) and lower signal detection
      performances (p<0.05) than TDC. Additionally, both groups significantly reduced
      postural sway (p<0.05) and enhanced signal detection performance (p<0.05) when
      engaged in light finger touch compared with no finger touch. While the effect of
      LT on postural sway was greater among TDC relative to children with DCD (p<0.05),
      the effect of LT on signal detection was greater in children with DCD compared
      with TDC (p<0.05). These results suggest that light finger touch is effective in
      concurrently reducing postural sway and enhancing signal detection in both
      groups.

PMID- 26979904
TI  - Unilateral hip osteoarthritis: Its effects on preoperative lower limb muscle
      activation and intramuscular coordination patterns.
AB  - The objective of this study was to test if patients with unilateral hip
      osteoarthritis (OA) show greater muscle activity asymmetry between their affected
      and non-affected limbs than healthy controls between their left and right limbs.
      Seventeen patients with unilateral hip OA (7 females, 10 males) and 17 age
      matched healthy controls (7 females, 10 males) participated in this study. Both
      groups performed instrumented gait analysis at comparable speeds. Muscle activity
      was recorded simultaneously for the tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius
      medialis (GM), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST), tensor fasciae latae
      (TFL), and gluteus medius (GLM) muscles. In hip OA patients, EMG data showed
      greater activity of the TA muscle in the non-affected limb, and greater TFL
      muscle activity in the affected limb. Compared to healthy controls, greater
      asymmetries between paired limbs were observed for the TA and GM muscles.
      Finally, the TFL muscle of the affected limb contributed more to the total limb
      muscle activity than did the non-affected limb. The observed alterations in TA
      and GM muscle activity in hip OA patients may be due to the greater peak braking
      and peak vertical forces measured in the non-affected limb. Contrary to this,
      greater TLF muscle activity of the affected limb indicates the demands put on
      stabilizing the hip during stance phase. Further studies are necessary to test
      whether leg length discrepancy affects muscle activation alterations between the
      affected and non-affected limb in unilateral hip OA patients. 

PMID- 26979909
TI  - Calibration of an instrumented treadmill using a precision-controlled device with
      artificial neural network-based error corrections.
AB  - Instrumented treadmills (ITs) are used to measure reaction forces (RF) and center
      of pressure (COP) movements for gait and balance assessment. Regular in situ
      calibration is essential to ensure their accuracy and to identify conditions when
      a factory re-calibration is needed. The current study aimed to develop and
      calibrate in situ an IT using a portable, precision-controlled calibration device
      with an artificial neural network (ANN)-based correction method. The calibration
      device was used to apply static and dynamic calibrating loads to the surface of
      the IT at 189 and 25 grid-points, respectively, at four belt speeds (0, 4, 6 and
      8 km/h) without the need of a preset template. Part of the applied and measured
      RF and COP were used to train a threelayered, back-propagation ANN model while
      the rest of the data were used to evaluate the performance of the ANN. The
      percent errors of Fz and errors of the Px and Py were significantly decreased
      from a maximum of -1.15%, -1.64 mm and -0.73 mm to 0.02%, 0.02 mm and 0.03 mm
      during static calibration, respectively. During dynamic calibration, the
      corresponding values were decreasing from -3.65%, 2.58 mm and -4.92 mm to 0.30%, 
      0.14 mm and -0.47 mm, respectively. The results suggest that the calibration
      device and associated ANN will be useful for correcting measurement errors in
      vertical loads and COP for ITs.

PMID- 26979898
TI  - Identification of trunk and pelvis movement compensations in patients with
      transtibial amputation using angular momentum separation.
AB  - Patients with unilateral dysvascular transtibial amputation (TTA) have a higher
      risk of developing low back pain than their healthy counterparts, which may be
      related to movement compensations used in the absence of ankle function.
      Assessing components of segmental angular momentum provides a unique framework to
      identify and interpret these movement compensations alongside traditional
      observational analyses. Angular momentum separation indicates two components of
      total angular momentum: (1) transfer momentum and (2) rotational momentum. The
      objective of this investigation was to assess movement compensations in patients
      with dysvascular TTA, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and healthy controls
      (HC) by examining patterns of generating and arresting trunk and pelvis segmental
      angular momenta during gait. We hypothesized that all groups would demonstrate
      similar patterns of generating/arresting total momentum and transfer momentum in
      the trunk and pelvis in reference to the groups (patients with DM and HC). We
      also hypothesized that patients with amputation would demonstrate different
      (larger) patterns of generating/arresting rotational angular momentum in the
      trunk. Patients with amputation demonstrated differences in trunk and pelvis
      transfer angular momentum in the sagittal and transverse planes in comparison to
      the reference groups, which indicates postural compensations adopted during
      walking. However, patients with amputation demonstrated larger patterns of
      generating and arresting of trunk and pelvis rotational angular momentum in
      comparison to the reference groups. These segmental rotational angular momentum
      patterns correspond with high eccentric muscle demands needed to arrest the
      angular momentum, and may lead to consequential long-term effects such as low
      back pain. 

PMID- 26979906
TI  - Accuracy and concurrent validity of a sensor-based analysis of sit-to-stand
      movements in older adults.
AB  - Body-fixed motion sensors have been applied for the assessment of sit-to-stand
      (STS) performance. However, the accuracy and concurrent validity of sensor-based
      estimations of the body's center of mass (CoM) motion during STS are unclear.
      Therefore, this study investigated the accuracy and concurrent validity of sensor
      based measures of CoM motion during STS in older adults. Accuracy and concurrent
      validity were investigated by comparing the sensor-based method to a force plate
      method. Twenty-seven older adults (20 females, 7 males; age: 72-94 years)
      performed five STS movements while data were collected with force plates and
      motion sensors on the hip and chest. Hip maximal acceleration provided an
      accurate estimation of the center of mass (CoM) maximal acceleration (limits of
      agreement (LOA) smaller than 5% of the CoM maximal acceleration; estimated and
      real CoM maximal acceleration did not differ (p=0.823)). Other hip STS measures
      and the chest STS measures did not provide accurate estimations of CoM motion
      (LOA ranged from -155.6% to 333.3% of the CoM value; sensor-based measures
      overestimated CoM motion (range p: <0.001 to 0.01)). However, the hip sensor did
      not overestimate maximal jerk of the CoM (p=0.679). Moderate to very strong
      associations were observed between sensor-based estimations and actual CoM motion
      (range r=0.64-0.94, p<0.001). Hence, sensor-based estimations of CoM motion
      during STS are possible, but accuracy is limited. The sensor-based method cannot
      replace laboratory methods for a mechanical analysis of CoM motion during STS but
      it may be a practical alternative for the clinical assessment of STS performance
      in older persons. 

PMID- 26979908
TI  - Defining the medial-lateral axis of an anatomical femur coordinate system using
      freehand 3D ultrasound imaging.
AB  - Hip rotation from gait analysis informs clinical decisions regarding correction
      of femoral torsional deformities. However, it is among the least repeatable due
      to discrepancies in determining the medial-lateral axis of the femur.
      Conventional or functional calibration methods may be used to define the axis but
      there is no benchmark to evaluate these methods. Freehand 3D ultrasound, the
      coupling of ultrasound with 3D motion capture, may provide such a benchmark. We
      measured the accuracy in vitro and repeatability in vivo of determining the femur
      condylar axis from freehand 3D ultrasound. The condylar axis provided the
      reference medial-lateral axis of the femur and was used to evaluate one
      conventional method and three functional calibration methods, applied to three
      calibration movements. Ten healthy subjects (20 limbs) underwent 3D gait analysis
      and freehand 3D ultrasound. The functional calibration methods were a
      transformation technique, a geometrical method and a method that minimises
      variance of knee varus-valgus kinematics (DynaKAD). The conventional method used
      markers over the femoral epicondyles. The condylar axis determined by 3D
      ultrasound showed good accuracy in vitro, 1.6 degrees  (SD: 0.3 degrees ) and
      good repeatability in vivo, 0.2 degrees  (RSMD: 2.3 degrees ). The DynaKAD method
      applied to the walking calibration movement determined the medial-lateral axis
      closest to the ultrasound reference. The average angular difference in the
      transverse plane was 3.1 degrees  (SD: 6.1 degrees ). Freehand 3D ultrasound
      offers an accurate, non-invasive and relatively fast method to locate the medial
      lateral axis of the femur for gait analysis. 

PMID- 26979912
TI  - Computed tomography confirms a reduction in diaphragm thickness in mechanically
      ventilated patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients who require mechanical ventilation (MV) may experience
      diaphragm atrophy, which may delay the discontinuation of MV. Here, we used
      computed tomographic (CT) scans to confirm this phenomenon. METHOD AND MATERIALS:
      Patients who underwent two chest CT scans while on MV were retrospectively
      evaluated. Diaphragm thickness was measured using a three-dimensional CT image
      processing program. RESULTS: Thirteen patients, including 8 men, who underwent 26
      CT scans were assessed. The mean age was 67.8 +/- 7.5 years. The interval between
      CT scans was 18.4 +/- 14.9 days. The first CT scans revealed that the mean
      thicknesses of the left and right sides of the diaphragm were 3.8 +/- 0.6 and 3.9
      +/- 0.8 mm, respectively (total: 7.7 +/- 1.4 mm). These values were significantly
      reduced to 3.4 +/- 0.6 and 3.5 +/- 0.9 mm, respectively, (total: 6.9 +/- 1.5 mm)
      after the second scan (P < .01). No significant change in body weight (57.3 +/-
      12.6 vs. 56.7 +/- 11.6 kg) or body mass index (21.8 +/- 5.1 vs. 21.6 +/- 4.8
      kg/m(2)) was observed. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography confirmed that diaphragm
      thickness was reduced in critically ill patients who underwent MV.

PMID- 26979907
TI  - Are flexible flat feet associated with proximal joint problems in children?
AB  - The role of flexible flat feet (FF) in the development of musculoskeletal
      symptoms at joints proximal to the ankle is unclear. We undertook an
      observational study to investigate the relationship between foot posture and the
      proximal joints in children. It was hypothesised that reduced arch height would
      be associated with proximal joint symptoms and altered gait kinematics and
      kinetics particularly in the transverse plane at the hip and knee. Ninety-five
      children between the ages of 8-15 were recruited into this ethically approved
      study. Foot posture was classified using the arch height index (AHI). The
      frequency of knee and hip/back pain was documented, and each child underwent
      three dimensional gait analysis. Reduced arch height was associated with
      increased odds of knee symptoms (p<0.01) and hip/back symptoms (p=0.01). A flat
      foot posture was also significantly associated with a reduction in the second
      peak of the vertical ground reaction force (p=0.03), which concomitantly affected
      late stance hip and knee moments. A reduced AHI was also associated with
      increased pelvic retraction and increased knee valgus in midstance. No kinematic
      and kinetic parameter associated with a flat foot posture related to increased
      proximal joint symptoms in the FF group. Children with a flatter foot posture are
      more likely to have pain or discomfort at the knee, hip and back; however, the
      mechanisms by which this occurs remain unclear. Treating FF without explicit
      understanding of how it relates to symptoms is difficult, and further work in
      this area is required. 

PMID- 26979910
TI  - Is proprioception diminished in patients with patellar tendinopathy?
AB  - PURPOSE: Patellar tendinopathy is a highly prevalent overuse injury, and most
      treatments are only effective to some extent. This persistence of complaints
      could be linked to changed proprioception. One study showed diminished
      proprioception in athletes with lateral epicondylitis. Aim of this study was to
      determine differences in proprioception, by measuring threshold to detect passive
      motion (TTDPM) between recreational athletes diagnosed with patellar tendinopathy
      and healthy controls. METHOD: The TTDPM as measure of proprioception was
      determined in 22 recreational athletes with patellar tendinopathy and 22 healthy
      recreational athletes using a validated instrument. Amount of knee flexion and
      extension before the movement was noticed by the subject was determined. 80
      measurements per athlete (left and right leg, towards extension and flexion and
      with two starting angles of 20 degrees  and 40 degrees  flexion) were performed.
      Mean TTDPM was compared between groups and among the injured recreational
      athletes between the affected and unaffected knee. RESULTS: No significant
      difference in TTDPM was found between recreational athletes with patellar
      tendinopathy and healthy controls. We did find a significant difference between
      the injured and non-injured knee in recreational athletes with patellar
      tendinopathy; mean TTDPM was 0.02 degrees  higher in the injured knee (p=0.044).
      CONCLUSION: No difference was found in proprioception between recreational
      athletes with patellar tendinopathy and healthy recreational athletes. It is
      unclear whether such a small difference in TTDPM between affected and unaffected
      knee is important in clinical setting.

PMID- 26979911
TI  - Unplanned intensive care unit admission following trauma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence and outcomes of trauma patients requiring an unplanned
      return to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those initially admitted to a step
      down unit or floor and subsequently upgraded to the ICU, collectively termed
      unplanned ICU (UP-ICU) admission, are largely unknown. METHODS: A retrospective
      review of the trauma registry of a suburban regional trauma center was conducted
      for adult patients who were admitted between 2007 and 2013, focusing on patients
      requiring ICU admission. Prehospital or emergency department intubations and
      patients undergoing surgery immediately after emergency room evaluation were
      excluded. RESULTS: Of 5411 admissions, there were 212 UP-ICU admissions, 541
      planned ICU (PL-ICU) admissions, and 4658 that were never admitted to the ICU (NO
      ICU). Of the 212 UP-ICU admits, 19.8% were unplanned readmissions to the ICU.
      Injury Severity Score was significantly different between PL-ICU (16), UP-ICU
      (13), and NO-ICU (9) admits. UP-ICU patients had significantly more often major
      (Abbreviated Injury Score >= 3) head/neck injury (46.7%) and abdominal injury
      (9.0%) than the NO-ICU group (22.5%, 3.4%), but significantly less often
      head/neck (59.5%) and abdominal injuries (17.9%) than PL-ICU patients. Major
      chest injury in the UP-ICU group (27.8%) occurred at a statistically comparable
      rate to PL-ICU group (31.6%) but more often than the NO-ICU group (14.7%). UP-ICU
      patients also significantly more often underwent major neurosurgical (10.4% vs
      0.7%), thoracic (0.9% vs 0.1%), and abdominal surgery (8.5% vs 0.4%) than NO-ICU
      patients. Meanwhile, the PL-ICU group had statistically comparable rates of
      neurosurgical (6.8%) and thoracic surgical (0.9%) procedures but lower major
      abdominal surgery rate (2.0%) than the UP-ICU group. UP-ICU admission occurred at
      a median of 2 days following admission. UP-ICU median hospital LOS (15 days),
      need for mechanical ventilation (50.9%), and in-hospital mortality (18.4%) were
      significantly higher than those in the PL-ICU (9 days, 13.9%, 5.4%) and NO-ICU (5
      days, 0%, 0.5%) groups. CONCLUSIONS: UP-ICU admission, although infrequent, was
      associated with significantly greater hospital length of stay, rate of major
      abdominal surgery, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality rates than PL
      ICU and NO-ICU admission groups.

PMID- 26979914
TI  - Is there a preferred diuretic class for patients with renal impairment and
      hypertension?
AB  - It is widely believed that "high-ceiling" loop diuretics are required in patients
      with renal impairment and that "low-ceiling" thiazides are not sufficiently
      potent to cause meaningful natriuresis and diuresis. If this statement is true,
      at what level of renal function do thiazides lose their punch? Another related
      issue is the enlightened use of diuretic combinations. Use of diuretics in
      chronic kidney disease and hypertension has been addressed in the many
      guidelines, but further insight is provided in this installment of the
      "Controversies" series by two well-known authorities, William Elliott, M.D. Ph.D.
      and Rajiv Agarwal, M.D. 

PMID- 26979913
TI  - Oxaliplatin Immune-Induced Syndrome Occurs With Cumulative Administration and
      Rechallenge: Single Institution Series and Systematic Review Study.
AB  - Oxaliplatin immune-induced syndrome (OIIS) is an uncommon, potentially life
      threatening, side effect associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. The
      present study reports 5 original cases of OIIS and systematically reviewed the
      available published cases. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical archives of
      the Niguarda Cancer Center from 2009 to 2015 and conducted a search for OIIS
      using the PubMed database, followed by deeper investigation of the references of
      the recorded studies. We pooled our series with other reported cases for
      systematic review in accordance with the recommendations of the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement using only
      English language as the selection criterion. A total of 61 OIIS cases were
      analyzed, the largest series reported to date. Of the 61 patients, 56 (91.8%) had
      received oxaliplatin for metastatic colorectal cancer. In 32 of the 61 patients
      (52.5%), OIIS was associated with grade 4 thrombocytopenia and in 4 (6.6%) with
      grade 4 anemia. OIIS was fatal in 4 patients. In 49 patients, oxaliplatin-induced
      immune system activation was tested using the Coombs test or by detection of
      antiplatelet antibodies and was positive in 87.7% of the patients. The average
      number of oxaliplatin cycles until the onset of OIIS was 16.7, and the number was
      significantly lower when oxaliplatin was administered as a rechallenge after a
      period of vacancy of treatment with this agent (4.6 cycles as rechallenge vs.
      13.6 as first-time exposure; P < .00001). OIIS is triggered by cumulative
      administration of oxaliplatin, characteristically with a threefold earlier onset
      when the drug is administered as a rechallenge. Prompt identification of OIIS can
      be expected to reduce the risk of iatrogenic morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 26979917
TI  - Certification in cardiothoracic surgical critical care: A distinction for some or
      for all?

PMID- 26979918
TI  - Finding the truth in the guidelines and gospels.

PMID- 26979920
TI  - A novel DNA tetrahedron-hairpin probe for in situ"off-on" fluorescence imaging of
      intracellular telomerase activity.
AB  - A novel three-dimensionally structured DNA probe is reported to realize in
      situ"off-on" imaging of intracellular telomerase activity. The probe consists of
      a DNA tetrahedron and a hairpin DNA on one of the vertices of the DNA
      tetrahedron. It is composed of four modified DNA segments: S1-Au nanoparticle
      (NP) inserting a telomerase strand primer (TSP) and S2-S4, three Cy5 dye modified
      DNA segments. Fluorescence of Cy5 at three vertices of the DNA tetrahedron is
      quenched by the Au NP at the other vertex due to the effective fluorescence
      resonance energy transfer (FRET) ("off" state). When the probe meets telomerase,
      the hairpin structure changes to rod-like through complementary hybridization
      with the telomerase-triggered stem elongation product, resulting in a large
      distance between the Au NP and Cy5 and the recovery of Cy5 fluorescence ("on"
      state). The molar ratio of 3 : 1 between the reporter (Cy5) and the target
      related TSP makes the probe show high sensitivity and recovery efficiency of Cy5
      in the presence of telomerase extracted from HeLa cells. Given the functional and
      compact nanostructure, the mechanically stable and noncytotoxic nature of the DNA
      tetrahedron, this FRET-based probe provides more opportunities for biosensing,
      molecular imaging and drug delivery. 

PMID- 26979919
TI  - Clinical assessment of diastolic retrograde flow in the descending aorta for high
      flow systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunting.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether echocardiographic characteristics in the
      descending aorta of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease who have
      received a systemic-to-pulmonary artery (SP) shunt can indicate shunt flow volume
      and predict postoperative adverse events related to high-flow shunting. METHODS:
      Among the 73 consecutive patients who received an SP shunt between 2010 and 2014,
      data for 53 patients who underwent postoperative Doppler echocardiographic
      assessment of diastolic retrograde flow in the descending aorta (dAo-RF) were
      reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The mean dAo-RF ratio was 0.50 +/- 0.15 at
      intensive care unit admission and reached its peak level (0.56 +/- 0.12) at 24
      hours after surgery. All of the patients with a maximal dAo-RF ratio of >=0.80
      had experienced acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock due to postoperative
      high-flow shunting and required emergent surgical interventions to reduce
      pulmonary blood flow. Pulse oximetry-measured oxygen saturation and serum lactate
      level were significantly correlated with dAo-RF ratio, but they had some clinical
      dispersion to match the postoperative adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The dAo-RF
      ratio is a simple, repeatable, and noninvasive index for postoperative assessment
      of SP shunt flow volume. A high dAo-RF ratio is a significant predictor of
      postoperative adverse events of high-flow shunting.

PMID- 26979916
TI  - Extracellular matrix fiber microarchitecture is region-specific in bicuspid
      aortic valve-associated ascending aortopathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) in patients with bicuspid
      aortic valve (BAV) commonly dilate asymmetrically compared with patients with
      tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). This discrepancy in aneurysm geometry led us to
      hypothesize that microarchitectural differences underlie the observed asymmetric
      dilatation pattern. The purpose of this study was to characterize the
      microarchitectural distinctions of the extracellular matrix of the 2 phenotypes
      with a focus on the proportion of radially oriented elastin and collagen fibers
      in different circumferential aortic regions. METHODS: Aortic tissue rings were
      obtained just distal to the sinotubular junction from patients with BAV or TAV
      undergoing elective aneurysm repair. They were sectioned into three
      circumferentially based regions according to adjacent aortic sinus segment (left
      coronary sinus [L], right coronary sinus [R], or noncoronary sinus [N]).
      Multiphoton microscopy was used to quantify and characterize the number of
      radially oriented elastin and collagen fibers. RESULTS: There were fewer radially
      oriented fibers in medial region N and medial-intimal region R of BAV-ATAAs when
      compared with TAV-ATAAs (medial region N, amplitude of angular undulation of
      elastin = 10.67 degrees  +/- 1.35 degrees  vs 15.58 degrees  +/- 1.91 degrees ; P
      = .041; medial-intimal region R, amplitude of angular undulation of elastin =
      9.83 degrees  +/- 0.83 degrees  vs 14.72 degrees  +/- 1.64 degrees ; P = .015).
      Conversely, fibers became more radially oriented in the medial-intimal region L
      of BAV-ATAA when compared with TAV-ATAA (amplitude of angular undulation of
      collagen = 18.67 degrees  +/- 0.95 degrees  vs 14.56 degrees  +/- 1.37 degrees ;
      P = .041). CONCLUSIONS: The differential pattern of fiber orientation noted
      between L and N-R regions help explain the unique pattern of greater curvature
      dilatation of BAV-ATAA. The distinctions noted in matrix microarchitecture may
      form the basis of differing aneurysm geometries and aortic wall integrities in
      ATAAs arising in these different valve morphologies.

PMID- 26979915
TI  - Seizures in patients with primary brain tumors: what is their psychosocial
      impact?
AB  - Seizures occur in most patients with primary malignant tumors and are associated
      with poor quality of life. To our knowledge, no previous studies have sought
      descriptions of quality of life in patients' own words. Patients with a history
      of a malignant primary brain tumor and seizures participated in semi-structured
      interviews, which were analyzed with qualitative methodology. Twenty-seven
      patients participated, most with high grade brain tumors. Most were receiving
      anti-seizure medication. Three distinct themes emerged: (1) the first seizure as
      a sentinel event, as manifested in part by how patients described their first
      seizure in remarkable detail ("I clearly remember the date..."); (2) seizures as
      inextricably tied to the brain tumor itself; for example, one patient explained
      how he "always wondered what was happening with my brain tumor" with each
      seizure; and (3) adaptation and acceptance-or lack therefore-to seizures. With
      respect to this third theme, patients conveyed frustration from an inability to
      work, to drive, and to take care of their children ("It's like you are 15 all
      over again.") Others described frustration with taking antiseizure medications
      ("I felt like an 80 year old, now taking her pills every day"). However, some
      patients had adapted or resigned themselves ("...so much of life is out of
      control-you just gotta take what you get."). These findings have future research
      implications but should also serve to make healthcare providers more aware of the
      heavy emotional burden that seizures thrust upon brain tumor patients.

PMID- 26979922
TI  - Better Height Restoration, Greater Kyphosis Correction, and Fewer Refractures of
      Cemented Vertebrae by Using an Intravertebral Reduction Device: a 1-Year Follow
      up Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study compared the radiologic and clinical outcomes of kyphoplasty
      with intravertebral reduction device (IRD) and vertebroplasty (VP) in treating
      osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      enrolled 75 patients with OVCFs who were aged >60 years and treated them through
      VP or kyphoplasty with IRD. The radiologic outcomes, namely the anterior and
      middle body heights (ABH and MBH, respectively) and kyphotic angle (KA), were
      measured preoperatively and at postoperative 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, and 1
      year. The refracture was identified on the basis of a decrease in ABH, MBH, or KA
      compared with those at postoperative 1 week. Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain
      and complications were recorded. The incidence of adjacent and nonadjacent
      fractures was also recorded. RESULTS: We treated 36 patients with kyphoplasty
      with IRD (IRD group) and 39 through VP (VP group). The patient characteristics
      were comparable in both groups. The KA and its restoration were more favorable
      after IRD than after VP. Although ABHs were not different in either group, their
      restoration was more efficient after IRD than after VP. MBHs, their restoration,
      and their refracture rates were better after IRD than after VP. VAS pain scores
      and complication rates were not different between the groups. The incidences of
      adjacent or nonadjacent fractures were not different between the 2 groups.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal significantly more efficient height restoration
      and kyphosis correction and fewer refractures in the IRD group. IRD may not
      increase the risk of adjacent or nonadjacent fractures.

PMID- 26979924
TI  - Frontal Sinus Morphometry in Relation to Surgically Relevant Landmarks in the
      United States Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Knowledge of frontal sinus morphometry is important in bifrontal,
      pterional, orbitozygomatic, and supraorbital craniotomies. Inadvertent frontal
      sinus violation can lead to infection, cerebrospinal fluid fistula, and mucocele
      formation. In particular, knowledge of anatomy in relation to surgically relevant
      landmarks can help surgeons perform these procedures more precisely and safely.
      We performed a descriptive radiographic analysis to better understand variations
      in frontal sinus anatomy. METHODS: Using 3-dimensional reconstructive software,
      we analyzed 162 normal cranial computerized tomographic angiograms (from 80 men
      and 82 women). A line between the supraorbital notches (SONs) was used as a
      horizontal reference line (HRL). We recorded the maximum sinus height and width
      from the HRL and midline, respectively. In addition, sinus width was measured in
      relation to the SON at 0, 1, and 2 cm above the HRL. RESULTS: The mean maximal
      sinus height from the HRL was 1.8 cm. The mean maximum sinus width was 2.6 cm
      (right and left) from midline and 0.46 cm (right) and 0.49 cm (left) from the
      SON. Less than 11% of sinuses were lateral to the SON at 2.0 cm above the HRL and
      <6% of sinuses were >1.5 cm lateral to the SON at 1.0 cm above the HRL.
      CONCLUSIONS: Planned surgical corridors >1.5 cm lateral to the SON and/or >3.0 cm
      above the HRL are most likely to avoid the frontal sinus based on our
      radiographic measurements of normal sinus anatomy. Careful radiographic study and
      appropriate planning for more medial and/or inferior corridors is suggested.

PMID- 26979923
TI  - Indocyanine Green Videoangiography Transoptic Visualization and Clipping
      Confirmation of an Optic Splitting Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ophthalmic artery aneurysms with medial and superior projection in
      exceptionally rare cases can split the optic nerve. Treatment of these aneurysms
      is challenging, because the aneurysm dome is hidden from the optic nerve,
      rendering its visualization and clipping confirmation difficult. In addition,
      optic nerve function should be preserved during surgical maneuvers. Preoperative
      detection of this growing feature is usually missing. CASE DESCRIPTION: We
      illustrate the first case of indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VA)
      application in an optic penetrating ophthalmic artery aneurysm treatment. A 57
      year-old woman presented with temporal hemianopsia, slight right visual acuity
      deficit, and new onset of headache. The cerebral angiography detected a right
      ophthalmic artery aneurysm medially and superiorly projecting. The A1 tract of
      the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery was elevated and curved, being
      suspicious for an under optic aneurysm growth. Surgery was performed. Initially
      the aneurysm was not visible. ICG-VA permitted the transoptic aneurysm
      visualization. After optic canal opening, the aneurysm was clipped and transoptic
      ICG-VA confirmed the aneurysm occlusion. ICG-VA showed also the slight
      improvement of the optic nerve pial vascularization. Postoperatively, the visual
      acuity was 10/10 and the hemianopsia did not worsen. CONCLUSIONS: The elevation
      and curve of the A1 tract in medially and superiorly projecting ophthalmic
      aneurysms may be an indirect sign of under optic growth, or optic splitting
      aneurysms. ICG-VA transoptic aneurysm detection and occlusion confirmation
      reduces the surgical maneuvers on the optic nerve, contributing to function
      preservation.

PMID- 26979921
TI  - The need for new approaches in CNS drug discovery: Why drugs have failed, and
      what can be done to improve outcomes.
AB  - An important goal of biomedical research is to translate basic research findings
      into useful medical advances. In the field of neuropharmacology this requires
      understanding disease mechanisms as well as the effects of drugs and other
      compounds on neuronal function. Our hope is that this information will result in
      new or improved treatment for CNS disease. Despite great progress in our
      understanding of the structure and functions of the CNS, the discovery of new
      drugs and their clinical development for many CNS disorders has been problematic.
      As a result, CNS drug discovery and development programs have been subjected to
      significant cutbacks and eliminations over the last decade. While there has been
      recent resurgence of interest in CNS targets, these past changes in priority of
      the pharmaceutical and biotech industries reflect several well-documented
      realities. CNS drugs in general have higher failure rates than non-CNS drugs,
      both preclinically and clinically, and in some areas, such as the major
      neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical failure rate for disease-modifying
      treatments has been 100%. The development times for CNS drugs are significantly
      longer for those drugs that are approved, and post-development regulatory review
      is longer. In this introduction we review some of the reasons for failure,
      delineating both scientific and technical realities, some unique to the CNS, that
      have contributed to this. We will focus on major neurodegenerative disorders,
      which affect millions, attract most of the headlines, and yet have witnessed the
      fewest successes. We will suggest some changes that, when coupled with the
      approaches discussed in the rest of this special volume, may improve outcomes in
      future CNS-targeted drug discovery and development efforts. This article is part
      of the Special Issue entitled "Beyond small molecules for neurological
      disorders".

PMID- 26979927
TI  - Time-series analysis of monthly age-specific numbers of newly registered cases of
      active tuberculosis in Japan from 1998 to 2013.
AB  - We investigated the seasonality of age-specific tuberculosis (TB) in Japan. To
      allow the development of TB control strategies for different age groups we used a
      time-series analysis, including a spectral analysis and least squares method, to
      analyse the monthly age-specific numbers of newly registered cases of all forms
      of active TB in Japan from January 1998 to December 2013. The time-series data
      are reported in 10-year age groups: 0-9, 10-19, ..., 70-79, and ?80 years. We
      defined the contribution ratio of the 1-year cycle, Q 1, as the contribution of
      the amplitude of a 1-year cycle to the whole amplitude of the time-series data.
      The Q 1 values in the age groups corresponding to adolescence and middle life (10
      39 years) and old age (?70 years) were high. The peaks in the active TB epidemics
      for the ?70 years age group occurred in August and September, 1-2 months behind
      the peaks for the 10-39 years age group (June and July). An active TB epidemic
      might be attributable to travel by public transport and irregular employment in
      the 10-39 years age group and immune system suppression by low winter
      temperatures in the ?70 years age group.

PMID- 26979929
TI  - Plasmofluidic Disk Resonators.
AB  - Waveguide-coupled silicon ring or disk resonators have been used for optical
      signal processing and sensing. Large-scale integration of optical devices demands
      continuous reduction in their footprints, and ultimately they need to be replaced
      by silicon-based plasmonic resonators. However, few waveguide-coupled silicon
      based plasmonic resonators have been realized until now. Moreover, fluid cannot
      interact effectively with them since their resonance modes are strongly confined
      in solid regions. To solve this problem, this paper reports realized
      plasmofluidic disk resonators (PDRs). The PDR consists of a submicrometer radius
      silicon disk and metal laterally surrounding the disk with a 30-nm-wide channel
      in between. The channel is filled with fluid, and the resonance mode of the PDR
      is strongly confined in the fluid. The PDR coupled to a metal-insulator-silicon
      insulator-metal waveguide is implemented by using standard complementary metal
      oxide semiconductor technology. If the refractive index of the fluid increases by
      0.141, the transmission spectrum of the waveguide coupled to the PDR of radius
      0.9 MUm red-shifts by 30 nm. The PDR can be used as a refractive index sensor
      requiring a very small amount of analyte. Plus, the PDR filled with liquid
      crystal may be an ultracompact intensity modulator which is effectively
      controlled by small driving voltage.

PMID- 26979931
TI  - Removal characteristics and fluctuation of norovirus in a pilot-plant by an
      ultrafiltration membrane for the reclamation of treated sewage.
AB  - When ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes that are able to effectively reduce
      viruses are installed in a waste water reclamation system, the security of
      sanitation safety for water-borne diseases is essential. It is important to
      understand the behaviour of enteric viruses such as Adenovirus, Rotavirus and
      Norovirus (NV), the detection rate of which is relatively high in sewage. This
      study focused on the UF membrane process for the reclaimed water treatment
      process, and investigated the removal performance in NV type GI and GII in the UF
      membrane process by performing coagulation and sedimentation as the pre-treatment
      process in a pilot-plant by considering the concentration fluctuation of the
      influent. The removal ratio of GI and GII by the UF membrane process alone was
      3.3 +/- 0.7 Log in GI and 3.6 +/- 1.0 Log in GII, and no clear difference in the
      removal ratio by NV species type was observed. The removal ratio of NV GII was
      increased by about 0.6 Log on average (4.2 +/- 1.1 Log) compared with the UF
      membrane process only when the coagulation and sedimentation process were
      conducted as pre-treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the
      removal of NV GI by conducting the coagulation and sedimentation process. 

PMID- 26979930
TI  - Are There Subconcussive Neuropsychological Effects in Youth Sports? An
      Exploratory Study of High- and Low-Contact Sports.
AB  - This exploratory study was designed to examine the neuropsychological effects of
      sports-related head trauma-specifically, repetitive subconcussive impacts or head
      blows that do not result in a diagnosable concussion. The researchers compared
      the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)
      neurocognitive test scores of 2 groups of nonconcussed youth athletes (n = 282),
      grouped according to the frequency of concussions in their respective sports,
      with the assumption that more subconcussive impacts occur in sports in which
      there are more reported concussions. The results indicated that high-contact
      sport (football) athletes had significantly poorer performance in processing
      speed and reaction time compared with athletes in low-contact sports (wrestling,
      soccer, baseball, judo, and basketball). This study into the effects of
      repetitive subconcussive head trauma tentatively raises concern that
      participation in high-contact sports, even without evidence of a diagnosable
      concussion, could result in lowered neuropsychological functioning among high
      school athletes. Limitations of this exploratory research effort are discussed.

PMID- 26979926
TI  - The State of Cancer Care in America, 2016: A Report by the American Society of
      Clinical Oncology.

PMID- 26979925
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Trastuzumab Emtansine in Advanced Human Epidermal Growth
      Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer: a Meta-analysis.
AB  - Advanced or metastatic breast cancer is an incurable disease with high mortality
      rate worldwide and about 20% of breast cancers overexpress and amplify the human
      epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Achievements in targeted therapy have
      benefited people during the past decades. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), a novel
      antibody-drug conjugate playing a powerful role in anti-tumor activity, not only
      blocks the HER2 signaling pathways, but also disturbs the microtubule dynamics.
      To access the efficacy and safety of T-DM1, we analyzed 9 clinical trials on T
      DM1. Results showed that fatigue (0.604, 95% CI 0.551, 0.654), nausea (0.450, 95%
      CI 0.365, 0.537), increased transaminases (0.425, 95% CI 0.353, 0.500) and
      thrombocytopenia (0.383, 95% CI 0.322, 0.448) occurred more frequently in
      participants with single T-DM1. In controlled trials, increased transaminases (OR
      = 4.040, 95% CI 1.429, 11.427), thrombocytopenia (OR = 8.500, 95% CI 3.964,
      18.226) and fatigue (OR = 1.288, 95% CI 1.041, 1.593) were statistically
      significant. Only thrombocytopenia appeared as severe adverse event (grade >= 3)
      in single-arm and control-arm studies. Meanwhile, T-DM1 stabilized cancer and
      prolonged life with notable improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall
      survival (OS). In conclusion, it is a safe and effective agent in advanced or
      metastatic breast cancer, but should be carefully applied on patients with severe
      hepatic and neurological disease.

PMID- 26979932
TI  - A New Perspective on Mental Illness: From Nigeria to SW United States.

PMID- 26979934
TI  - Red-light activated photoCORMs of Mn(i) species bearing electron deficient 2,2'
      azopyridines.
AB  - The realization of CO releasing molecules triggered by light (photoCORMs) within
      the phototherapeutic window (lambda > 600 nm) constitutes an important goal for
      potential therapeutic applications of the molecules. The activation of photoCORMs
      with red/NIR light would enable exploiting the higher depth of penetration of
      this radiation with respect to higher energy photons. In this article we report a
      family of carbonyl Mn(i) complexes capable of releasing CO when triggered with
      red light (>=625 nm). Such complexes are based on 2,2'-azopyridine ligands
      modified by the introduction of electron-donating or electron-withdrawing
      substituents. Our results indicate that electron deficient ligands induce a
      gradual decrease of the HOMO-1/LUMO gap of the species (i.e. of the orbitals
      involved in the lowest energy transition), thus enabling a fine tuning of their
      visible absorption maxima between 630 and 693 nm. The synthesis of the complexes
      and their photodecomposition behaviour towards CO release are described. We
      suggest that this approach could be generalized for further development of low
      energy activated photoCORMs. 

PMID- 26979928
TI  - RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its relationship
      to other plant RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
AB  - Cellular RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) catalyze synthesis of double
      stranded RNAs that can serve to initiate or amplify RNA silencing. Arabidopsis
      thaliana has six RDR genes; RDRs 1, 2 and 6 have roles in anti-viral RNA
      silencing. RDR6 is constitutively expressed but RDR1 expression is elevated
      following plant treatment with defensive phytohormones. RDR1 also contributes to
      basal virus resistance. RDR1 has been studied in several species including A.
      thaliana, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), N. benthamiana, N. attenuata and tomato
      (Solanum lycopersicum) but not to our knowledge in potato (S. tuberosum). StRDR1
      was identified and shown to be salicylic acid-responsive. StRDR1 transcript
      accumulation decreased in transgenic potato plants constitutively expressing a
      hairpin construct and these plants were challenged with three viruses: potato
      virus Y, potato virus X, and tobacco mosaic virus. Suppression of StRDR1 gene
      expression did not increase the susceptibility of potato to these viruses.
      Phylogenetic analysis of RDR genes present in potato and in a range of other
      plant species identified a new RDR gene family, not present in potato and found
      only in Rosids (but apparently lost in the Rosid A. thaliana) for which we
      propose the name RDR7. 

PMID- 26979933
TI  - Naming it 'nano': Expert views on 'nano' terminology in informed consent forms of
      first-in-human nanomedicine trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obtaining valid informed consent (IC) can be challenging in first-in
      human (FIH) trials in nanomedicine due to the complex interventions, the hype and
      hope concerning potential benefits, and fear of harms attributed to 'nano'
      particles. AIM: We describe and analyze the opinions of expert stakeholders
      involved in translational nanomedicine regarding explicit use of 'nano'
      terminology in IC documents. METHODS: We draw on content analysis of 46 in-depth
      interviews with European and North American stakeholders. RESULTS: We received a
      spectrum of responses (reluctance, ambivalence, absolute insistence) on explicit
      mention of 'nano' in IC forms with underlying reasons. CONCLUSION: We conclude
      that consistent, clear and honest communication regarding the 'nano' dimension of
      investigational product is critical in IC forms of FIH trials.

PMID- 26979935
TI  - US health officials press Congress for Zika funds.

PMID- 26979936
TI  - By not publishing good qualitative research The BMJ is not fulfilling its values.

PMID- 26979941
TI  - Newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism in the 25th gestational week of pregnancy
      presenting with systolic arterial hypertension only.
AB  - We present a case of a 30-year-old woman diagnosed with arterial hypertension in
      the 25th week of pregnancy. Our search for secondary causes of arterial
      hypertension revealed hyperthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which was
      treated with propilthiouracil. Three weeks after delivery, she was normotensive
      without medication. In the next four months, she developed hypothyroidism and
      treatment with L-thyroxine was started. In conclusion, in the second half of
      pregnancy, a hyperthyroid HT can occur - in spite of the well-known amelioration
      of autoimmune thyroid disorders in that period, and can be the only cause of
      arterial hypertension. 

PMID- 26979939
TI  - Altered expression of acetylcholinesterase gene in rice results in enhancement or
      suppression of shoot gravitropism.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme, exists widely
      in plants, although its role in plant signal transduction is still unclear. We
      have hypothesized that the plant AChE regulates asymmetric distribution of
      hormones and substrates due to gravity stimulus, based on indirect
      pharmacological experiments using an AChE inhibitor. As a direct evidence for
      this hypothesis, our recent study has shown that AChE overexpression causes an
      enhanced gravitropic response in rice seedlings and suggested that the function
      of the rice AChE relates to the promotion of shoot gravitropism in the seedlings.
      Here, we report that AChE suppression inhibited shoot gravitropism in rice
      seedlings, as supportive evidence demonstrating the role of AChE as a positive
      regulator of shoot gravitropic response in plants. 

PMID- 26979937
TI  - Cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor influences intestinal polyp incidence in a
      gender-specific manner in the ApcMin/+ mouse model.
AB  - There is emerging literature emphasizing the role of inflammatory eicosanoids,
      including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, in cancer development. Increased
      expression of both the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) and the enzyme
      responsible for the production of leukotrienes, 5-lipoxygenase, is associated
      with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas. Apc mutation is
      an early event in the development of sporadic and hereditary (familial
      adenomatous polyposis) colorectal cancer. We utilized the Apc(Min/+) mouse model
      of familial adenomatous polyposis/sporadic colorectal cancer to investigate the
      role of CysLTR1 in intestinal tumorigenesis by crossing Apc(Min/+) mice with mice
      lacking the Cysltr1 gene. We could observe a reduced tumor burden in the small
      intestine of double-mutant female (Cysltr1 (-/-) Apc (Min/+) ) but not double
      mutant male mice, compared with gender-matched single-mutant (Cysltr1 (+/+) Apc
      (Min/+) ) mice. This reduction was in a Cysltr1-dependent manner, female double
      mutant mice having significantly reduced tumor formation compared with control
      littermates. The female double-mutant phenotype was accompanied with decreased
      systemic inflammation, as evidenced by significantly reduced serum levels of
      prostaglandin E2 and CysLTs, as well as increased CD3(+)CD8(+) T-cell tumor
      infiltration. Furthermore, the reduced formation of polyps in double-mutant
      (Cysltr1 (-/-) Apc (Min/+) ) female mice could in part be explained by the
      cytotoxic action of CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells in the polyp and reduced nuclear
      accumulation of beta-catenin in the epithelium of small intestinal polyps. Our
      results stress the important role that CysLTR1 plays in colorectal cancer and its
      potential as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy.

PMID- 26979943
TI  - Effect of IGF-I and TNF-alpha on intensification of steroid pathways in women
      with PCOS phenotypes are not identical. Enhancement of progesterone pathway in
      women with PCOS increases the concentration of TNF-alpha.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the
      concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and insulin-like growth factor
      I (IGF-I) in each woman with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes based on
      the levels of androgen. METHODS: Two groups of women with PCOS differing in their
      levels of androgens. The test group composed of 39 women with PCOS according to
      the Rotterdam criteria in their reproductive age. The hormonal levels of
      luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating
      hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), androstenedione, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2)
      and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. Correlations analysis were
      performed calculating Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of hormones with
      relation to TNF-alpha and IGF-I. RESULTS: There was a medium positive correlation
      of IGF-1 with LH levels (p < 0.05) and negative medium correlation of TNF-alpha
      with of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-SO4 levels (p < 0.05) only in group of PCOS
      women with elevated androgens. CONCLUSION: Analysis of TNF-alpha showed that
      women with high testosterone negative correlation between level of TNF-alpha and
      the concentration of DHEA-SO4. Inflammatory state involving TNF-alpha in women
      with PCOS and high concentration of androgens is caused by intensified Delta4
      (progesterone) pathway and omitted or limited Delta5 (dehydroepiandrosterone)
      pathway of testosterone biosynthesis.

PMID- 26979945
TI  - Probiotics in early life: a preventative and treatment approach.
AB  - Microbial colonization of the infant gut plays a key role in immunological and
      metabolic pathways impacting human health. Since the maturation of the gut
      microbiota coincides with early life development, failure to develop a health
      compatible microbiota composition may result in pathology and disease in later
      life. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate
      amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Maternal transfer of microorganisms
      is possible during pregnancy and lactation, and the mother's diet and microbiota
      can influence that of her offspring. Furthermore, pre-term birth, Caesarean
      section birth, formula feeding, antibiotic use, and malnutrition have been linked
      to dysbiosis, which in turn is associated with several pathologies such as
      necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, antibiotic associated
      diarrhea, colic, and allergies. Thus, early life should represent a preferred
      stage of life for probiotic interventions. In this context, they could be
      regarded as a means to 'program' the individual for health maintenance, in order
      to prevent pathologies associated with dysbiosis. In order to elucidate the
      mechanisms underlying the benefits of probiotic administration, pre-clinical
      studies have been conducted and found an array of positive results such as
      improved microbial composition, intestinal maturation, decreased pathogenic load
      and infections, and improved immune response. Moreover, specific probiotic
      strains administered during the perinatal period have shown promise in
      attenuating severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. The mechanisms elucidated
      suggest that probiotic interventions in early life can be envisaged for disease
      prevention in both healthy offspring and offspring at risk of chronic disease. 

PMID- 26979949
TI  - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Is Pre-Injury Antiplatelet Therapy
      Associated with Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage?
AB  - The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate whether
      the pre-injury use of antiplatelet therapy (APT) is associated with increased
      risk of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) on CT scan. PubMed, Medline,
      Embase, Cochrane Central, reference lists, and national guidelines on traumatic
      brain injury were used as data sources. Eligible studies were cohort studies and
      case-control studies that assessed the relationship between APT and tICH. Studies
      without control group were not included. The primary outcome of interest was tICH
      on CT. Two reviewers independently selected studies, assessed methodological
      quality, and extracted outcome data. This search resulted in 10 eligible studies
      with 20,247 patients with head injury that were included in the meta-analysis.
      The use of APT in patients with head injury was associated with significant
      increased risk of tICH compared with control (odds ratio [OR] 1.87, 95%
      confidence interval [CI]1.27-2.74). There was significant heterogeneity in the
      studies (I2 84%), although almost all showed an association between APT use and
      tICH. This association could not be established for patients receiving aspirin
      monotherapy. When considering only patients with mild traumatic brain injury
      (mTBI), the OR is 2.72 (95% CI 1.92-3.85). The results were robust to sensitivity
      analysis on study quality. In summary, APT in patients with head injury is
      associated with increased risk of tICH; this association is most relevant in
      patients with mTBI. Whether this association is the result of a causal
      relationship and whether this relationship also exists for patients receiving
      aspirin monotherapy cannot be established with the current review and meta
      analysis.

PMID- 26979944
TI  - Challenges for the implementation of World Health Organization guidelines for
      acute stress, PTSD, and bereavement: a qualitative study in Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) published new guidelines
      for the management of conditions specifically related to stress, including
      symptoms of acute stress, bereavement, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
      It is important to evaluate potential challenges for the implementation of these
      guidelines in low-resource settings, however, there is a dearth of research in
      this area. The current qualitative study aimed to assess perspectives on the
      feasibility and acceptability of the new guidelines in four clinics that provide
      mental health services in post-conflict northern Uganda. METHODS: In-depth
      interviews were conducted with 19 mental health-care providers and program
      developers in northern Uganda to address three major research objectives: (1)
      describe the current standard practices and guidelines used for treating
      conditions related to stress in Uganda; (2) identify barriers and challenges
      associated with implementing the new WHO guidelines; and (3) identify and
      describe potential strategies for overcoming these barriers and challenges. An
      emergent thematic analysis was used to develop a coding scheme for the
      transcribed interviews. RESULTS: Practices for managing conditions related to
      stress included group psychological interventions, psychoeducation, and
      medication for clients with severe signs and symptoms. Several themes were
      identified from the interviews on barriers to guideline implementation. These
      included (1) a lack of trained and qualified mental health professionals to
      deliver WHO-recommended psychological interventions; (2) a perception that
      psychological interventions developed in high-income countries would not be
      culturally adaptable in Uganda; and (3) reluctance about blanket statements
      regarding medication for the management of acute stress symptoms and PTSD.
      Identified strategies for overcoming these barriers included (1) training and
      capacity building for current mental health staff; (2) a stepped care approach to
      mental health services; and (3) cultural modification of psychological
      interventions to improve treatment acceptability by clients. CONCLUSIONS:
      Guidelines were viewed positively by mental health professionals in Uganda, but
      barriers to implementation were expressed. Recommendations for implementation
      include (1) strengthening knowledge on effectiveness of existing cultural
      practices for improving mental health; (2) improving supervision capacity of
      current mental health staff to address shortage in human resources; and (3)
      increasing awareness of help-seeking clients on the potential effectiveness of
      psychological vs. pharmacological interventions.

PMID- 26979950
TI  - Health-related quality of life in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia
      in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The concept of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was brought up
      decades ago and has been well utilized in many different areas. Regarding immune
      thrombocytopenia (ITP) management, much work has been done to emphasize the
      necessity of taking HRQoL into consideration. However, data on HRQoL of children
      with chronic ITP remain rare. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Children
      with chronic ITP aged from 2 to 18 and their parents were recruited. Participants
      completed the Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM (PedsQLTM) and Kids' ITP
      Tools (KIT) questionnaires at only one time. The Pearson's correlation was
      examined between these measures for the pooled samples. RESULTS: A total of 42
      families participated. Mean child self-report scores of KIT and PedsQLTM were
      78.60 (SD = 12.40) and 85.13 (SD = 14.12), respectively, corresponding to parent
      proxy report scores, which were 73.40 (SD = 19.96) and 85.10 (SD = 13.56),
      respectively. Mean score of KIT parent impact report was only 40.39 (SD = 19.96).
      Significantly higher KIT scores (self-report and parent proxy) were observed in
      children with PLT more than 30 * 10*9/L compared to others, and this difference
      was even more noticeable in the PedsQLTM parent proxy report group (p < 0.001).
      As with intravenous immunoglobulin, the statistics difference appeared only in
      KIT child self-report group (p = 0.03), while for bone marrow examination, the
      difference appeared only in PedsQLTM parent proxy report group (p = 0.01). A
      negative relationship was apparent between duration of disease and scores. Gender
      and use of corticosteroids had no impact on the KIT and PedsQLTM scores here.
      Internal consistency reliability was demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha for all
      scales above the acceptable level of 0.89 (range from 0.88 to 0.97). There was a
      substantial concordance (p < 0.001) between the child and parent proxy scores
      (ICC for KIT is 0.59, ICC for PedsQLTM is 0.85). Meanwhile, KIT scores are
      correlated with PedsQLTM (r = 0.75 for child self report, r = 0.61 for parent
      proxy report). CONCLUSIONS: ITP affects HRQoL of children and parents. Parents
      are much more concerned with the disease than their children, which seriously
      influence their HRQoL as a result. The cross-culture translated KIT is reliable
      and valid with acceptable correlation to the PedsQLTM. KIT provides valuable
      information of childhood ITP and will be a reliable outcome measure for further
      clinical research on HRQoL.

PMID- 26979940
TI  - Principles of dynamical modularity in biological regulatory networks.
AB  - Intractable diseases such as cancer are associated with breakdown in multiple
      individual functions, which conspire to create unhealthy phenotype-combinations.
      An important challenge is to decipher how these functions are coordinated in
      health and disease. We approach this by drawing on dynamical systems theory. We
      posit that distinct phenotype-combinations are generated by interactions among
      robust regulatory switches, each in control of a discrete set of phenotypic
      outcomes. First, we demonstrate the advantage of characterizing multi-switch
      regulatory systems in terms of their constituent switches by building a
      multiswitch cell cycle model which points to novel, testable interactions
      critical for early G2/M commitment to division. Second, we define quantitative
      measures of dynamical modularity, namely that global cell states are discrete
      combinations of switch-level phenotypes. Finally, we formulate three general
      principles that govern the way coupled switches coordinate their function. 

PMID- 26979951
TI  - Biosynthetic investigation of phomopsins reveals a widespread pathway for
      ribosomal natural products in Ascomycetes.
AB  - Production of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides
      (RiPPs) has rarely been reported in fungi, even though organisms of this kingdom
      have a long history as a prolific source of natural products. Here we report an
      investigation of the phomopsins, antimitotic mycotoxins. We show that phomopsin
      is a fungal RiPP and demonstrate the widespread presence of a pathway for the
      biosynthesis of a family of fungal cyclic RiPPs, which we term dikaritins. We
      characterize PhomM as an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent alpha-N-methyltransferase
      that converts phomopsin A to an N,N-dimethylated congener (phomopsin E), and show
      that the methyltransferases involved in dikaritin biosynthesis have evolved
      differently and likely have broad substrate specificities. Genome mining studies
      identified eight previously unknown dikaritins in different strains, highlighting
      the untapped capacity of RiPP biosynthesis in fungi and setting the stage for
      investigating the biological activities and unknown biosynthetic transformations
      of this family of fungal natural products.

PMID- 26979938
TI  - C9orf72 ablation causes immune dysregulation characterized by leukocyte
      expansion, autoantibody production, and glomerulonephropathy in mice.
AB  - The expansion of a hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat in C9ORF72 is the most common
      cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
      Both the function of C9ORF72 and the mechanism by which the repeat expansion
      drives neuropathology are unknown. To examine whether C9ORF72 haploinsufficiency
      induces neurological disease, we created a C9orf72-deficient mouse line. Null
      mice developed a robust immune phenotype characterized by myeloid expansion, T
      cell activation, and increased plasma cells. Mice also presented with elevated
      autoantibodies and evidence of immune-mediated glomerulonephropathy.
      Collectively, our data suggest that C9orf72 regulates immune homeostasis and an
      autoimmune response reminiscent of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occurs in
      its absence. We further imply that haploinsufficiency is unlikely to be the
      causative factor in C9ALS/FTD pathology. 

PMID- 26979952
TI  - Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality.
AB  - Many experiments have shown that local biodiversity loss impairs the ability of
      ecosystems to maintain multiple ecosystem functions at high levels
      (multifunctionality). In contrast, the role of biodiversity in driving ecosystem
      multifunctionality at landscape scales remains unresolved. We used a
      comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in
      209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to
      investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species (alpha-diversity) and
      their turnover between plots (beta-diversity) are related to landscape-scale
      multifunctionality. After accounting for variation in environmental conditions,
      we found that relationships between alpha-diversity and landscape-scale
      multifunctionality varied from positive to negative depending on the
      multifunctionality metric used. In contrast, when significant, relationships
      between beta-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality were always
      positive, because a high spatial turnover in species composition was closely
      related to a high spatial turnover in functions that were supported at high
      levels. Our findings have major implications for forest management and indicate
      that biotic homogenization can have previously unrecognized and negative
      consequences for large-scale ecosystem multifunctionality. 

PMID- 26979953
TI  - Exploring the surfaceome of Ewing sarcoma identifies a new and unique therapeutic
      target.
AB  - The cell surface proteome of tumors mediates the interface between the
      transformed cells and the general microenvironment, including interactions with
      stromal cells in the tumor niche and immune cells such as T cells. In addition,
      the cell surface proteome of individual cancers defines biomarkers for that tumor
      type and potential proteins that can be the target of antibody-mediated therapy.
      We have used next-generation deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) coupled to an in-house
      database of genes encoding cell surface proteins (herein referred to as the
      surfaceome) as a tool to define a cell surface proteome of Ewing sarcoma compared
      with progenitor mesenchymal stem cells. This subtractive RNA-seq analysis
      revealed a specific surfaceome of Ewing and showed unexpectedly that the leucine
      rich repeat and Ig domain protein 1 (LINGO1) is expressed in over 90% of Ewing
      sarcoma tumors, but not expressed in any other somatic tissue apart from the
      brain. We found that the LINGO1 protein acts as a gateway protein internalizing
      into the tumor cells when engaged by antibody and can carry antibody conjugated
      with drugs to kill Ewing sarcoma cells. Therefore, LINGO1 is a new, unique, and
      specific biomarker and drug target for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. 

PMID- 26979942
TI  - Structure and Activation of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase, the Nitric Oxide Sensor.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Soluble guanylyl/guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the primary receptor
      for nitric oxide (NO) and is central to the physiology of blood pressure
      regulation, wound healing, memory formation, and other key physiological
      activities. sGC is increasingly implicated in disease and is targeted by novel
      therapeutic compounds. The protein displays a rich evolutionary history and a
      fascinating signal transduction mechanism, with NO binding to an N-terminal heme
      containing domain, which activates the C-terminal cyclase domains. Recent
      Advances: Crystal structures of individual sGC domains or their bacterial
      homologues coupled with small-angle x-ray scattering, electron microscopy,
      chemical cross-linking, and Forster resonance energy transfer measurements are
      yielding insight into the overall structure for sGC, which is elongated and
      likely quite dynamic. Transient kinetic measurements reveal a role for individual
      domains in lowering NO affinity for heme. New sGC stimulatory drugs are now in
      the clinic and appear to function through binding near or directly to the sGC
      heme domain, relieving inhibitory contacts with other domains. New sGC-activating
      drugs show promise for recovering oxidized sGC in diseases with high inflammation
      by replacing lost heme. CRITICAL ISSUES: Despite the many recent advances, sGC
      regulation, NO activation, and mechanisms of drug binding remain unclear. Here,
      we describe the molecular evolution of sGC, new molecular models, and the linked
      equilibria between sGC NO binding, drug binding, and catalytic activity. FUTURE
      DIRECTIONS: Recent results and ongoing studies lay the foundation for a complete
      understanding of structure and mechanism, and they open the door for new drug
      discovery targeting sGC. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 107-121.

PMID- 26979954
TI  - Circadian clock, nutrient quality, and eating pattern tune diurnal rhythms in the
      mitochondrial proteome.

PMID- 26979956
TI  - Rapid evolution of a Y-chromosome heterochromatin protein underlies sex
      chromosome meiotic drive.
AB  - Sex chromosome meiotic drive, the non-Mendelian transmission of sex chromosomes,
      is the expression of an intragenomic conflict that can have extreme evolutionary
      consequences. However, the molecular bases of such conflicts remain poorly
      understood. Here, we show that a young and rapidly evolving X-linked
      heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) gene, HP1D2, plays a key role in the classical
      Paris sex-ratio (SR) meiotic drive occurring in Drosophila simulans Driver HP1D2
      alleles prevent the segregation of the Y chromatids during meiosis II, causing
      female-biased sex ratio in progeny. HP1D2 accumulates on the heterochromatic Y
      chromosome in male germ cells, strongly suggesting that it controls the
      segregation of sister chromatids through heterochromatin modification. We show
      that Paris SR drive is a consequence of dysfunctional HP1D2 alleles that fail to
      prepare the Y chromosome for meiosis, thus providing evidence that the rapid
      evolution of genes controlling the heterochromatin structure can be a significant
      source of intragenomic conflicts. 

PMID- 26979955
TI  - Detection, phenotyping, and quantification of antigen-specific T cells using a
      peptide-MHC dodecamer.
AB  - Here we report a peptide-MHC (pMHC) dodecamer as a "next generation" technology
      that is a significantly more sensitive and versatile alternative to pMHC
      tetramers for the detection, isolation, and phenotypic analysis of antigen
      specific T cells. In particular, dodecamers are able to detect two- to fivefold
      more antigen-specific T cells in both human and murine CD4(+)and CD8(+)alphabeta
      T-cell compartments compared with the equivalent tetramers. The low-affinity,
      tetramer-negative, dodecamer-positive T cells showed comparable effector cytokine
      responses as those of high-affinity, tetramer-positive T cells. Dodecamers are
      able to detect early stage CD4(+)CD8(+)double-positive thymocytes on which T-cell
      receptors are 10- to 30-fold less dense than mature T cells. Dodecamers also show
      utility in the analysis of gammadelta T cells and in cytometry by time-of-flight
      applications. This construct has a simple structure with a central scaffold
      protein linked to four streptavidin molecules, each having three pMHC ligands or
      other molecules. The dodecamer is straightforward and inexpensive to produce and
      is compatible with current tetramer technology and commercially available
      streptavidin conjugates. 

PMID- 26979957
TI  - Snapshot of sequential SNARE assembling states between membranes shows that N
      terminal transient assembly initializes fusion.
AB  - Many prominent biological processes are driven by protein assembling between
      membranes. Understanding the mechanisms then entails determining the assembling
      pathway of the involved proteins. Because the intermediates are by nature
      transient and located in the intermembrane space, this determination is generally
      a very difficult, not to say intractable, problem. Here, by designing a setup
      with sphere/plane geometry, we have been able to freeze one transient state in
      which the N-terminal domains of SNARE proteins are assembled. A single camera
      frame is sufficient to obtain the complete probability of this state with the
      transmembrane distance. We show that it forms when membranes are 20 nm apart and
      stabilizes by further assembling of the SNAREs at 8 nm. This setup that fixes the
      intermembrane distance, and thereby the transient states, while optically probing
      the level of molecular assembly by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) can
      be used to characterize any other transient transmembrane complexes. 

PMID- 26979958
TI  - Intramolecular allosteric communication in dopamine D2 receptor revealed by
      evolutionary amino acid covariation.
AB  - The structural basis of allosteric signaling in G protein-coupled receptors
      (GPCRs) is important in guiding design of therapeutics and understanding
      phenotypic consequences of genetic variation. The Evolutionary Trace (ET)
      algorithm previously proved effective in redesigning receptors to mimic the
      ligand specificities of functionally distinct homologs. We now expand ET to
      consider mutual information, with validation in GPCR structure and dopamine D2
      receptor (D2R) function. The new algorithm, called ET-MIp, identifies
      evolutionarily relevant patterns of amino acid covariations. The improved
      predictions of structural proximity and D2R mutagenesis demonstrate that ET-MIp
      predicts functional interactions between residue pairs, particularly potency and
      efficacy of activation by dopamine. Remarkably, although most of the residue
      pairs chosen for mutagenesis are neither in the binding pocket nor in contact
      with each other, many exhibited functional interactions, implying at-a-distance
      coupling. The functional interaction between the coupled pairs correlated best
      with the evolutionary coupling potential derived from dopamine receptor sequences
      rather than with broader sets of GPCR sequences. These data suggest that the
      allosteric communication responsible for dopamine responses is resolved by ET-MIp
      and best discerned within a short evolutionary distance. Most double mutants
      restored dopamine response to wild-type levels, also suggesting that tight
      regulation of the response to dopamine drove the coevolution and intramolecular
      communications between coupled residues. Our approach provides a general tool to
      identify evolutionary covariation patterns in small sets of close sequence
      homologs and to translate them into functional linkages between residues. 

PMID- 26979959
TI  - Inbreeding depression across the lifespan in a wild mammal population.
AB  - Inbreeding depression is of major concern for the conservation of threatened
      species, and inbreeding avoidance is thought to be a key driver in the evolution
      of mating systems. However, the estimation of individual inbreeding coefficients
      in natural populations has been challenging, and, consequently, the full effect
      of inbreeding on fitness remains unclear. Genomic inbreeding coefficients may
      resolve the long-standing paucity of data on inbreeding depression in adult
      traits and total fitness. Here we investigate inbreeding depression in a range of
      life history traits and fitness in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus)
      in Scotland using individual inbreeding coefficients derived from dense Single
      Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data (Fgrm). We find associations between[Formula:
      see text]and annual breeding success in both sexes, and between maternal
      inbreeding coefficient and offspring survival. We also confirm previous findings
      of inbreeding depression in birth weight and juvenile survival. In contrast,
      inbreeding coefficients calculated from a deep and comparatively complete
      pedigree detected inbreeding depression in juvenile survival, but not in any
      adult fitness component. The total effect of inbreeding on lifetime breeding
      success (LBS) was substantial in both sexes: for Fgrm = 0.125, a value resulting
      from a half-sib mating, LBS declined by 72% for females and 95% for males. Our
      results demonstrate that SNP-based estimates of inbreeding provide a powerful
      tool for evaluating inbreeding depression in natural populations, and suggest
      that, to date, the prevalence of inbreeding depression in adult traits may have
      been underestimated.

PMID- 26979960
TI  - TFE and Spt4/5 open and close the RNA polymerase clamp during the transcription
      cycle.
AB  - Transcription is an intrinsically dynamic process and requires the coordinated
      interplay of RNA polymerases (RNAPs) with nucleic acids and transcription
      factors. Classical structural biology techniques have revealed detailed snapshots
      of a subset of conformational states of the RNAP as they exist in crystals. A
      detailed view of the conformational space sampled by the RNAP and the molecular
      mechanisms of the basal transcription factors E (TFE) and Spt4/5 through
      conformational constraints has remained elusive. We monitored the conformational
      changes of the flexible clamp of the RNAP by combining a fluorescently labeled
      recombinant 12-subunit RNAP system with single-molecule FRET measurements. We
      measured and compared the distances across the DNA binding channel of the
      archaeal RNAP. Our results show that the transition of the closed to the open
      initiation complex, which occurs concomitant with DNA melting, is coordinated
      with an opening of the RNAP clamp that is stimulated by TFE. We show that the
      clamp in elongation complexes is modulated by the nontemplate strand and by the
      processivity factor Spt4/5, both of which stimulate transcription processivity.
      Taken together, our results reveal an intricate network of interactions within
      transcription complexes between RNAP, transcription factors, and nucleic acids
      that allosterically modulate the RNAP during the transcription cycle. 

PMID- 26979962
TI  - The Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: The Next Chapter.

PMID- 26979961
TI  - Cytonuclear interactions affect adaptive traits of the annual plant Arabidopsis
      thaliana in the field.
AB  - Although the contribution of cytonuclear interactions to plant fitness variation
      is relatively well documented at the interspecific level, the prevalence of
      cytonuclear interactions at the intraspecific level remains poorly investigated.
      In this study, we set up a field experiment to explore the range of effects that
      cytonuclear interactions have on fitness-related traits in Arabidopsis thaliana
      To do so, we created a unique series of 56 cytolines resulting from cytoplasmic
      substitutions among eight natural accessions reflecting within-species genetic
      diversity. An assessment of these cytolines and their parental lines scored for
      28 adaptive whole-organism phenotypes showed that a large proportion of
      phenotypic traits (23 of 28) were affected by cytonuclear interactions. The
      effects of these interactions varied from slight but frequent across cytolines to
      strong in some specific parental pairs. Two parental pairs accounted for half of
      the significant pairwise interactions. In one parental pair, Ct-1/Sha, we
      observed symmetrical phenotypic responses between the two nuclear backgrounds
      when combined with specific cytoplasms, suggesting nuclear differentiation at
      loci involved in cytonuclear epistasis. In contrast, asymmetrical phenotypic
      responses were observed in another parental pair, Cvi-0/Sha. In the Cvi-0 nuclear
      background, fecundity and phenology-related traits were strongly affected by the
      Sha cytoplasm, leading to a modified reproductive strategy without penalizing
      total seed production. These results indicate that natural variation in
      cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes interact to shape integrative traits that
      contribute to adaptation, thereby suggesting that cytonuclear interactions can
      play a major role in the evolutionary dynamics ofA. thaliana.

PMID- 26979963
TI  - Potential Implications of Approaches to Climate Change on the Clean Water Rule
      Definition of "Waters of the United States".
AB  - The 1972 Clean Water Act was passed to protect chemical, physical, and biological
      integrity of United States' waters. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
      U.S. Army Corps of Engineers codified a new "waters of the United States" rule on
      June 29, 2015, because several Supreme Court case decisions caused confusion with
      the existing rule. Climate change could affect this rule through connectivity
      between groundwater and surface waters; floodplain waters and the 100-year
      floodplain; changes in jurisdictional status; and sea level rise on coastal
      ecosystems. Four approaches are discussed for handling these implications: (1)
      "Wait and see"; (2) changes to the rule; (3) use guidance documents; (4) Congress
      statutorily defining "waters of the United States." The approach chosen should be
      legally defensible and achieved in a timely fashion to provide protection to
      "waters of the United States" in proactive consideration of scientifically
      documented effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems. 

PMID- 26979964
TI  - Impact of chronic hepatitis C on mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to
      intensive-care unit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis and severe sepsis are factors associated with increased
      mortality in intensive care unit (ICU), but chronic hepatitis C (CHC) has been
      less studied in ICU. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of CHC on
      the mortality of cirrhotic patients admitted to ICU according to severe sepsis
      and decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study based
      on CHC-cirrhotic patients (CHC-group) admitted to ICU (n = 1138) and recorded in
      the Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set (2005-2010). A control-group (randomly
      selected cirrhotic patients without HIV, HBV, or HCV infections) was also
      included (n = 4127). The primary outcome variable was ICU mortality. The
      cumulative mortality rate on days 7, 30, and 90 in patients admitted to the ICUs
      was calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the number of patients
      admitted to the ICU. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for death in the ICU was
      estimated through a semi-parametric Bayesian model of competing risk. RESULTS:
      The CHC-group had a higher cumulative incidence of severe sepsis than the control
      group in compensated cirrhosis (37.4 vs. 31.1%; p = 0.024), but no differences
      between the CHC-group and the control-group in decompensated cirrhosis were
      found. Moreover, a higher cumulative incidence of severe sepsis was associated
      with decompensated cirrhosis compared to compensated cirrhosis in the control
      group (40.1 vs. 31.1%; p < 0.001) whereas this was not observed in the CHC group
      (38.1 vs. 37.4%; p = 0.872). The CHC-group had higher cumulative mortality than
      the control-group by days 7 (47 vs. 41.3%; p < 0.001), 30 (78.5 vs. 73.5%; p <
      0.001), and 90 (96.3 vs. 95.9%; p < 0.001). In a competitive risk model, the CHC
      group had a higher risk of dying if the ICU course was complicated by severe
      sepsis (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.19; p = 0.003), but no significant values
      in patients with absence of severe sepsis were found (aHR = 1.09; p= 0.068). When
      patients were stratified by cirrhosis stage and severe sepsis, CHC patients with
      compensated cirrhosis had the higher risk of death if they had severe sepsis (aHR
      = 1.35; p = 0.002). Moreover, the survival was low in patients with decompensated
      cirrhosis and severe sepsis but we did not find significant differences between
      CHC-group and control-group. CONCLUSIONS: CHC was associated with an increased
      risk of death in cirrhotic patients admitted to ICUs, particularly in patients
      with compensated cirrhosis and severe sepsis.

PMID- 26979965
TI  - Neural mechanisms linking social status and inflammatory responses to social
      stress.
AB  - Social stratification has important implications for health and well-being, with
      individuals lower in standing in a hierarchy experiencing worse outcomes than
      those higher up the social ladder. Separate lines of past research suggest that
      alterations in inflammatory processes and neural responses to threat may link
      lower social status with poorer outcomes. This study was designed to bridge these
      literatures to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms linking subjective
      social status and inflammation. Thirty-one participants reported their subjective
      social status, and underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while
      they were socially evaluated. Participants also provided blood samples before and
      after the stressor, which were analysed for changes in inflammation. Results
      showed that lower subjective social status was associated with greater increases
      in inflammation. Neuroimaging data revealed lower subjective social status was
      associated with greater neural activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
      (DMPFC) in response to negative feedback. Finally, results indicated that
      activation in the DMPFC in response to negative feedback mediated the relation
      between social status and increases in inflammatory activity. This study provides
      the first evidence of a neurocognitive pathway linking subjective social status
      and inflammation, thus furthering our understanding of how social hierarchies
      shape neural and physiological responses to social interactions.

PMID- 26979967
TI  - The Improvement of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Barrett's after Bariatric
      Surgery.
AB  - Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are prevalent in Western
      populations. In obese patients, high-resolution manometry often shows altered
      gastroesophageal pressure gradients, promoting retrograde gastric content flow
      into the esophagus and esophagogastric junction disruption, leading to a hiatal
      hernia. Hernia recurrence is higher in the obese, and recurrence is seen
      regardless of the operative approach used. Bariatric surgery is the gold-standard
      treatment for GERD in obese patients, and symptom improvement varies depending on
      the specific bariatric procedure performed, Roux-en-Y (RYGB), laparoscopic
      adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Studies have shown
      these surgeries significantly improve GERD, but RYGB had the greatest effect.
      Limited data is available examining the progression or regression of Barrett's
      following bariatric surgery. We currently recommend RYGB for morbidly obese
      patients with Barrett's esophagus. 

PMID- 26979966
TI  - Primary somatosensory contribution to action observation brain activity-combining
      fMRI and cTBS.
AB  - Traditionally the mirror neuron system (MNS) only includes premotor and posterior
      parietal cortices. However, somatosensory cortices, BA1/2 in particular, are also
      activated during action execution and observation. Here, we examine whether BA1/2
      and the parietofrontal MNS integrate information by using functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (fMRI)-guided continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) to
      perturb BA1/2. Measuring brain activity using fMRI while participants are under
      the influence of cTBS shows local cTBS effects in BA1/2 varied, with some
      participants showing decreases and others increases in the BOLD response to
      viewing actions vs control stimuli. We show how measuring cTBS effects using fMRI
      can harness this variance using a whole-brain regression. This analysis
      identifies brain regions exchanging action-specific information with BA1/2 by
      mapping voxels away from the coil with cTBS-induced, action-observation-specific
      BOLD contrast changes that mirror those under the coil. This reveals BA1/2
      exchanges action-specific information with premotor, posterior parietal and
      temporal nodes of the MNS during action observation. Although anatomical
      connections between BA1/2 and these regions are well known, this is the first
      demonstration that these connections carry action-specific signals during
      observation and hence, that BA1/2 plays a causal role in the human MNS.

PMID- 26979968
TI  - Administering Probiotics in Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Surgery Induces More Weight
      Loss in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

PMID- 26979969
TI  - Author's Reply to Dayal: "Therapies to Preserve beta-Cell Function in Type 1
      Diabetes".

PMID- 26979970
TI  - Comment on: "Therapies to Preserve beta-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes".

PMID- 26979971
TI  - Conducting Real-Time Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study via Telepractice: A
      Preliminary Feasibility and Reliability Study.
AB  - A small number of studies have examined the feasibility of conducting
      videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) via telepractice. While the results have
      confirmed this potential, the systems tested to date have either reported issues
      that impacted the ability to analyze/interpret the VFSS recordings in real time,
      or they were not designed to enable real-time interpretation. Further system
      design is needed to establish a telepractice model that enables the VFSS
      assessment to be both guided and interpreted live in real time. The aim of this
      study was to test the feasibility and reliability of using a telepractice system
      to enable live VFSS assessment. Twenty adult patients underwent a VFSS assessment
      directed by a telepractice SLP with competency in VFSS located in another room of
      the hospital. The telepractice clinician led the sessions using a C20 Cisco
      TelePresence System. This was linked in real time via a secure telehealth network
      (at 4 megabits per second (Mbit/s)) to a C60 Cisco TelePresence System located in
      a fluoroscopy suite, connected to the digital fluoroscopy system. Levels of
      agreement were calculated between the telepractice clinician and a face-to-face
      clinician who simultaneously rated the VFSS in real time. High levels of
      agreement for swallowing parameters (range = 75-100 %; k = -0.34 to 1.0) and
      management decisions (range = 70-100 %, k = 0.64-1.0) were found. A post-session
      questionnaire revealed clinicians agreed that the telepractice system enabled
      successful remote assessment of VFSS. The findings support the potential to
      conduct live VFSS assessment via a telepractice model.

PMID- 26979972
TI  - Experiences and attitudes of residents regarding a community-based genome cohort
      study in Japan: a population-based, cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because of the rapid development in genomics, more research findings
      have emerged. However, the association between society and research results
      remains controversial. This article examines the experiences and attitudes of
      residents regarding a community-based genomic cohort study. METHODS: This study
      was conducted as a part of the health survey of the City Health Promotion
      section. At the conclusion of the first stage of the project, a self-administered
      questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 2,500 residents in 2012. RESULTS:
      The response rate was 59 % (n = 1477/2500). The findings show that 70 % of males
      and 50 % of females knew nothing about the project. Females and elderly people
      were more likely to have knowledge of the study, indicating that self-rated
      understanding of the terminology is statistically associated with the level of
      awareness regarding the project. In addition, those who were aware of the project
      were also aware of the benefits of research utilizing genetic information,
      whereas unaware respondents, particularly males, believed that unexpected
      negative effects may occur. Those with higher self-rated understanding of the
      terminology and higher awareness of benefit of the research utilizing genetic
      information had more positive attitudes toward undergoing drug susceptibility
      genetic testing, indicating that the awareness of project in females and concerns
      toward genetic research are not statistically associated with the willingness to
      undergo. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a community-based genome cohort
      project helps raise awareness of benefit of genetic research and that knowledge,
      however, does not directly affect the willingness to participate in related
      activities, such as drug susceptibility genetic testing. Therefore, additional
      research that focuses on the circular relationship between risk and action must
      be conducted in the future.

PMID- 26979973
TI  - Photoacoustics of single laser-trapped nanodroplets for the direct observation of
      nanofocusing in aerosol photokinetics.
AB  - Photochemistry taking place in atmospheric aerosol droplets has a significant
      impact on the Earth's climate. Nanofocusing of electromagnetic radiation inside
      aerosols plays a crucial role in their absorption behaviour, since the radiation
      flux inside the droplet strongly affects the activation rate of photochemically
      active species. However, size-dependent nanofocusing effects in the photokinetics
      of small aerosols have escaped direct observation due to the inability to measure
      absorption signatures from single droplets. Here we show that photoacoustic
      measurements on optically trapped single nanodroplets provide a direct, broadly
      applicable method to measure absorption with attolitre sensitivity. We
      demonstrate for a model aerosol that the photolysis is accelerated by an order of
      magnitude in the sub-micron to micron size range, compared with larger droplets.
      The versatility of our technique promises broad applicability to absorption
      studies of aerosol particles, such as atmospheric aerosols where quantitative
      photokinetic data are critical for climate predictions. 

PMID- 26979974
TI  - An analysis of volumes, prices and pricing trends of the pediatric antiretroviral
      market in developing countries from 2004 to 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pediatric antiretroviral (ARV) market is poorly described in the
      literature, resulting in gaps in understanding treatment access. We analyzed the
      pediatric ARV market from 2004 to 2012 and assessed pricing trends and associated
      factors. METHODS: Data on donor funded procurements of pediatric ARV formulations
      reported to the Global Price Reporting Mechanism database from 2004 to 2012 were
      analyzed. Outcomes of interest were the volume and mean price per patient-year
      ARV formulation based on WHO ARV dosing recommendations for a 10 kg child.
      Factors associated with the price of formulations were assessed using linear
      regression; potential predictors included: country income classification,
      geographical region, market segment (originator versus generic ARVs), and number
      of manufacturers per formulation. All analyses were adjusted for type of
      formulations (single, dual or triple fixed-dose combinations (FDCs)) RESULTS:
      Data from 111 countries from 2004 to 2012 were included, with procurement of 33
      formulations at a total value of USD 204 million. Use of dual and triple FDC
      formulations increased substantially over time, but with limited changes in
      price. Upon multivariate analysis, prices of originator formulations were found
      to be on average 72 % higher than generics (p < 0.001). A 10 % increase in
      procurement volume was associated with a 1 % decrease (p < 0.001) in both
      originator and generic prices. The entry of one additional manufacturer producing
      a formulation was associated with a decrease in prices of 2 % (p < 0.001) and 8 %
      (p < 0.001) for originator and generic formulations, respectively. The mean
      generic ARV price did not differ by country income level. Prices of originator
      ARVs were 48 % (p < 0.001) and 14 % (p < 0.001) higher in upper-middle income and
      lower-middle income countries compared to low income countries respectively, with
      the exception of South Africa, which had lower prices despite being an upper
      middle income country. CONCLUSIONS: The donor funded pediatric ARV market as
      represented by the GPRM database is small, and lacks price competition. It is
      dominated by generic drugs due to the lower prices offered and the practicality
      of FDC formulations. This market requires continued donor support and the current
      initiatives to protect it are important to ensure market viability, especially if
      new formulations are to be introduced in the future.

PMID- 26979975
TI  - Frequency of Lipohypertrophy and Associated Risk Factors in Young Patients with
      Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of
      lipohypertrophy (LH) and the associated risk factors in young patients with type
      1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on
      a sample of 174 patients with T1DM (aged 13-18 years) treated with multiple daily
      insulin injections for a minimum duration of 1 year. The study was performed at
      the Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (Riyadh, Saudi
      Arabia), between July 2015 and September 2015. Information regarding patients'
      age, weight, height, adjusted body mass index (BMI), period of the diabetic
      condition, length of needle used, number of injections per day, injection
      locations, insulin regimen, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were recorded. LH
      was assessed using the palpation technique. RESULTS: Nearly 46% of patients were
      found to reuse needles, while 42.5% failed to alternate the injection site and
      23% revealed unexplained hypoglycemic events. A substantial percentage of
      patients (approximately 47%) showed grade 1 LH, followed by 33.7% with grade 2
      and 19.3% with grade 3 LH. A higher frequency of LH was observed in the thigh
      region (n = 28, 33.7%) than in the arm, which was second highest (n = 23, 27.7%).
      Patients aged >=16 years showed a higher frequency of LH than those aged <16
      years. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus had a greater likelihood of
      having LH (59.5%) than those with controlled diabetes (20.8%). Significant
      differences in LH were observed based on needle length, needle reuse, and
      rotation of the injection sites. On performing regression analysis, the
      independent risk factors for LH were found to be as follows: higher BMI, higher
      HbA1c, a higher number of injection sites, a higher rate of needle reuse and
      failed to alternate the injection site. CONCLUSION: As the frequency of LH was
      found to be high in Saudi patients with T1DM, it is essential to educate patients
      on the risk factors for LH and on diabetic control.

PMID- 26979976
TI  - Prolongation of the degradation period and improvement of the angiogenesis of
      zein porous scaffolds in vivo.
AB  - Zein porous scaffolds modified with fatty acids have shown great improvement in
      mechanical properties and good cell compatibility in vitro, indicating the
      potential application as a bone tissue engineering substitute. The present study
      was conducted to systematically investigate whether the addition of fatty acids
      affects the short-term (up to 12 weeks) and long-term (up to 1 year) behaviors of
      scaffolds in vivo, mainly focusing on changes in the degradation period and
      inflammatory responses. Throughout the implantation period, no abnormal signs
      occurred and zein porous scaffolds modified with oleic acid showed good tolerance
      in rabbits, characterized by the growth of relatively more blood vessels in the
      scaffolds and only a slight degree of fibrosis histology. Moreover, the
      degradation period was prolonged from 8 months to 1 year as compared to the
      control. These results affirmed further that zein could be used as a new kind of
      natural biomaterial suitable for bone tissue engineering.

PMID- 26979977
TI  - Evolutionary study of leporid CD4 reveals a hotspot of genetic variability within
      the D2 domain.
AB  - CD4 is the major receptor on T helper cells involved in the uptake of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) into their
      host cells. Evolutionary studies of CD4 in primates revealed signatures of
      positive selection in the D1 domain that interacts with primate exogenous
      lentivirus gp120 proteins. Here, we studied the evolution of CD4 in lagomorphs by
      comparing sequences obtained for the genera Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus, Lepus, and
      Ochotona. Our results reveal an overall higher divergence in lagomorphs compared
      to primates with highest divergence in the D2 domain. A detailed analysis of a
      small fragment of 33 nucleotides coding for amino acids 169 to 179 in the D2
      domain showed dramatic amino acid alterations with a dN/dS value of 3.2 for
      lagomorphs, suggesting that CD4 is under strong positive selection in this
      particular region. Within each leporid genus, no significant amino acid changes
      were observed for the D2 domain which indicates that the genetic differentiation
      occurred in the ancestor of each genus before the species radiation. The rabbit
      endogenous lentivirus type K (RELIK) found in leporids shares high structural
      similarity with HIV which suggests a possible interaction between RELIK and CD4.
      The presence of RELIK in the studied leporids, the high structural similarity to
      modern-day exogenous lentiviruses and the absence of exogenous lentiviruses in
      leporids, allows us to hypothesize that this endogenous retrovirus, that was most
      probably exogenous in the past, drove the divergent evolution of leporid CD4. 

PMID- 26979978
TI  - Myocutaneous transpelvic flaps do improve quality of life and help to reduce
      wound healing complications in patients receiving abdominoperineal resection in
      the real world.

PMID- 26979979
TI  - Disease pattern in Danish patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this paper, we aimed to collect genetic and medical information on
      all Danish patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), in order to contribute to
      the knowledge of phenotype and genotype. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a hereditary
      syndrome characterized by multiple hamartomatous polyps in the GI tract,
      mucocutaneous pigmentations, and an increased risk of cancer in the GI tract and
      at extraintestinal sites. Over 90 % of patients harbour a pathogenic mutation in
      STK11. METHODS: Based on the Danish Pathology Data Bank, the Danish National
      Patient Register, as well as information from relevant departments at Danish
      hospitals, we identified patients and collected clinical and genetic information.
      RESULTS: We identified 43 patients of which 14 were deceased. The prevalence was
      estimated to be ~1 in 195,000 individuals. The median age at first symptom was
      27.5 with invagination of the small bowel as the most frequent presenting
      symptom. We noted 18 occurrences of cancer at various anatomical sites, including
      a case of thyroid cancer and penile cancer. Eight of the deceased patients had
      died of cancer. Eighteen different mutations in STK11 had been detected in 28
      patients. CONCLUSION: This is the first comprehensive study of patients with
      Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in the Danish population identified from nationwide
      registers and databases. We have demonstrated that the expressivity of Peutz
      Jeghers syndrome varies greatly among the patients, even within the same
      families, underlining the great phenotypic spectrum. Patients with PJS should be
      offered surveillance from childhood in order to prevent morbidity and reduce
      mortality.

PMID- 26979980
TI  - Total caseload of a colorectal surgical unit: baseline measurement and
      identification of areas for efficiency gains.
AB  - PURPOSE: Resource limitations are a concern in most modern public hospital
      systems. The aim of this study is to prospectively quantify the total caseload of
      a tertiary colorectal surgery unit to identify areas of redundancy. METHODS: Data
      was collected prospectively at all points of clinical care (outpatient clinic,
      inpatient referrals, operating theatre and endoscopy) between March 2014 and
      March 2015 using specifically designed templates. The final data was analysed
      using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: During the study period, 4012 patient
      episodes were recorded: 2871 in outpatient clinic, 186 as emergency patient
      referrals, 541 at colonoscopy and 414 at surgery. The largest component of the
      caseload was made up primarily of colonoscopy results follow-up, protocol review
      for previous cancer or polyps and post-operative review. Sixty-eight percent of
      these episodes did not result in any active intervention such as further tests or
      surgery. Most new outpatient referrals were undifferentiated, with the most
      common indications being minor rectal bleeding, non-specific gastrointestinal
      symptoms, and minor non-bleeding anorectal problems. Of the new referrals, 56 %
      were booked for a colonoscopy, and only 13.3 % were booked directly for elective
      surgery. CONCLUSION: A large component of the caseload of a tertiary colorectal
      surgery unit is made up of post-colonoscopy, post-operative, and surveillance
      protocol follow-up, with a significant proportion of patients not requiring any
      active intervention. The majority of new referrals are undifferentiated and
      result in a low rate of direct booking for operative intervention.
      Rationalisation of this resource using evidence-based methods could reduce
      redundancy, workload, and cost.

PMID- 26979981
TI  - Laparoscopy for bowel obstruction--a contradiction? Results of a multi
      institutional survey in Germany.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate on the acceptance
      and frequency of laparoscopic surgery for the management of acute and chronic
      bowel obstruction in a general patient population in German hospitals. METHODS:
      To receive an authoritative opinion on laparoscopic treatment of bowel
      obstruction in Germany, a cross-sectional online study was conducted. We designed
      an online-based survey, supported by the German College of Surgeons
      (Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgen, BDC) to get multi-institutional-based
      data from various level providers of patient care. RESULTS: Between January and
      February 2014, we received completed questionnaires from 235 individuals (16.7
      %). The participating surgeons were a representative sample of German hospitals
      with regard to hospital size, level of center size, and localization. A total of
      74.9 % (n = 176) of all responders stated to use laparoscopy as the initial step
      of exploration in expected bowel obstruction. This procedure was highly
      statistically associated with the frequency of overall laparoscopic interventions
      and laparoscopic experience. The overall conversion rate was reported to be 29.4
      %. CONCLUSIONS: This survey, investigating on the use of laparoscopic exploration
      or interventions in bowel obstruction, was able to show that by now, a majority
      of the responding surgeons accept laparoscopy as an initial step for exploration
      of the abdomen in the case of bowel obstruction. Laparoscopy was considered to be
      at least comparable to open surgery in an emergency setting. Furthermore, data
      analysis demonstrated generally accepted advantages and disadvantages of the
      laparoscopic approach. Indications for or against laparoscopy are made after
      careful consideration in each individual case.

PMID- 26979983
TI  - "Things I did not know": Retrospectives on a Canadian rural male youth suicide
      using an instrumental photovoice case study.
AB  - In Canada, it is young, rural-based men who are at the greatest risk of suicide.
      While there is no consensus on the reasons for this, evidence points to
      contextual social factors including isolation, lack of confidential services, and
      pressure to uphold restrictive norms of rural masculinity. In this article, we
      share findings drawn from an instrumental photovoice case study to distil factors
      contributing to the suicide of a young, Canadian, rural-based man. Integrating
      photovoice methods and in-depth qualitative, we conducted interviews with seven
      family members and close friends of the deceased. The interviews and image data
      were analyzed using constant comparative methods to discern themes related to
      participants' reflections on and perceptions about rural male suicide. Three
      inductively derived themes, "Missing the signs," "Living up to his public image,"
      and "Down in Rural Canada," reflect the challenges that survivors and young rural
      men can experience in attempting to be comply with restrictive dominant ideals of
      masculinity. We conclude that community-based suicide prevention efforts would
      benefit from gender-sensitive and place-specific approaches to advancing men's
      mental health by making tangibly available and affirming an array of
      masculinities to foster the well-being of young, rural-based men.

PMID- 26979982
TI  - A computer-assisted motivational social network intervention to reduce alcohol,
      drug and HIV risk behaviors among Housing First residents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individuals transitioning from homelessness to housing face
      challenges to reducing alcohol, drug and HIV risk behaviors. To aid in this
      transition, this study developed and will test a computer-assisted intervention
      that delivers personalized social network feedback by an intervention facilitator
      trained in motivational interviewing (MI). The intervention goal is to enhance
      motivation to reduce high risk alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and reduce HIV
      risk behaviors. METHODS/DESIGN: In this Stage 1b pilot trial, 60 individuals that
      are transitioning from homelessness to housing will be randomly assigned to the
      intervention or control condition. The intervention condition consists of four
      biweekly social network sessions conducted using MI. AOD use and HIV risk
      behaviors will be monitored prior to and immediately following the intervention
      and compared to control participants' behaviors to explore whether the
      intervention was associated with any systematic changes in AOD use or HIV risk
      behaviors. DISCUSSION: Social network health interventions are an innovative
      approach for reducing future AOD use and HIV risk problems, but little is known
      about their feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy. The current study develops
      and pilot-tests a computer-assisted intervention that incorporates social network
      visualizations and MI techniques to reduce high risk AOD use and HIV behaviors
      among the formerly homeless. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02140359.

PMID- 26979984
TI  - Effects of overexpression of PKAc genes on expressions of lignin-modifying
      enzymes by Pleurotus ostreatus.
AB  - We studied the role of genes encoding the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A
      catalytic subunit (PKAc) in the ligninolytic system in Pleurotus ostreatus. The
      wild-type P. ostreatus strain PC9 has two PKAc-encoding genes: PKAc1 and PKAc2
      (protein ID 114122 and 85056). In the current study, PKAc1 and PKAc2 were fused
      with a beta-tubulin promoter and introduced into strain PC9 to produce the
      overexpression strains PKAc1-97 and PKAc2-69. These strains showed significantly
      higher transcription levels of isozyme genes encoding lignin-modifying enzymes
      than strain PC9, but the specific gene expression patterns differed between the
      two recombinant strains. Both recombinants showed 2.05-2.10-fold faster
      degradation of beechwood lignin than strain PC9. These results indicate that PKAc
      plays an important role in inducing the wood degradation system in P. ostreatus. 

PMID- 26979985
TI  - The case test-negative design for studies of the effectiveness of influenza
      vaccine in inpatient settings.
AB  - Background: The test-negative design (TND) to evaluate influenza vaccine
      effectiveness is based on patients seeking care for acute respiratory infection,
      with those who test positive for influenza as cases and the test-negatives
      serving as controls. This design has not been validated for the inpatient setting
      where selection bias might be different from an outpatient setting. Methods: We
      derived mathematical expressions for vaccine effectiveness (VE) against
      laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations and used numerical simulations to
      verify theoretical results exploring expected biases under various scenarios. We
      explored meaningful interpretations of VE estimates from inpatient TND studies.
      Results: VE estimates from inpatient TND studies capture the vaccine-mediated
      protection of the source population against laboratory-confirmed influenza
      hospitalizations. If vaccination does not modify disease severity, these
      estimates are equivalent to VE against influenza virus infection. If chronic
      cardiopulmonary individuals are enrolled because of non-infectious exacerbation,
      biased VE estimates (too high) will result. If chronic cardiopulmonary disease
      status is adjusted for accurately, the VE estimates will be unbiased. If chronic
      cardiopulmonary illness cannot be adequately be characterized, excluding these
      individuals may provide unbiased VE estimates. Conclusions: The inpatient TND
      offers logistic advantages and can provide valid estimates of influenza VE. If
      highly vaccinated patients with respiratory exacerbation of chronic
      cardiopulmonary conditions are eligible for study inclusion, biased VE estimates
      will result unless this group is well characterized and the analysis can
      adequately adjust for it. Otherwise, such groups of subjects should be excluded
      from the analysis.

PMID- 26979986
TI  - Leisure-time physical inactivity and association with body mass index: a Finnish
      Twin Study with a 35-year follow-up.
AB  - Background: We investigated the stability and change of leisure-time physical
      inactivity in adult men and women during a 35-year follow-up. We also analysed
      the impact of long-term physical inactivity on the development of body mass index
      (BMI). Methods: : In this population-based cohort study, 5254 Finnish twin
      individuals (59% women) participated in four surveys in 1975, 1981, 1990 and
      2011. Mean age at baseline was 23.9 years. Individual long-term leisure-time
      physical activity (LTPA) was categorized into seven classes varying from
      'persistently inactive' to 'persistently active'. We used the multivariate
      multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model and paired-sample t-test in the
      analyses. Co-twin control design was used for examining within-pair associations.
      Results: : Of men 11%, and of women 8%, were persistently inactive. Among both
      sexes, the mean BMI slope trajectories were steeper among the persistently
      inactive and those who became inactive than among those who were persistently
      active. Overall, the inactive participants gained 1.4 kg/m 2 [95% confidence
      interval (CI) 1.2 to 1.7] more in weight than did the active participants from
      1975 to 2011. Among twin pairs discordant for LTPA, the corresponding difference
      was 1.4 kg/m 2 (95% CI 0.83 to 2.0) in dizygotic pairs and 0.68 kg/m 2 (95% CI
      0.05 to1.3) in monozygotic pairs. Conclusions: Over a 35-year time span from
      young adulthood, persistently inactive participants and those who had become
      inactive had greater weight increases than those who were persistently active.
      This association was also found in twin-pair analyses, although attenuated in
      monozygotic pairs. This may support the importance of LTPA in weight management,
      although further causal inference is required.

PMID- 26979987
TI  - Combined body mass index with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as independent
      predictors for chronic kidney disease in a relatively healthy population in
      Taiwan.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity, a chronic inflammatory state, increases risk of
      cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance, which are the leading cause of end
      stage renal disease (ESRD). We evaluated the relationship between body mass index
      (BMI) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level and impaired kidney
      function to determine the predictive value of both markers for estimating chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) risk in a healthy adult population in Taiwan.
      SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study of 4100 subjects ?18
      years, a multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the
      relationship among BMI, high hsCRP levels and CKD. Receiver-operating
      characteristic curve and Youden index were developed to define the discrimination
      power of combining BMI with hsCRP for CKD prediction and to determine the best
      predictive index. RESULTS: Overweight/obese subjects with high hsCRP levels had
      the highest odds ratio for CKD (P=0.048). In females, combining BMI with hsCRP
      for CKD prediction was superior to that of males (0.890 vs 0.623, respectively;
      both P<0.001). For females, the Youden index was 25.65 kg/m(2) for BMI and 1.04
      MUg/ml for hsCRP. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obesity with higher hsCRP levels is
      associated with reduced renal function and increased risk for CKD. BMI and hsCRP
      levels can be used as surrogate markers for CKD risk, especially for females.

PMID- 26979988
TI  - Different effects of living conditions on the variation in BMI and height in
      children before the onset of puberty.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Biological indicators of children's growth, such as the
      mean values for both height and weight, are often used as markers of change in
      living conditions. However, little is known about how the quality of life affects
      the variation in height and weight. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
      assess the variation in height and body mass index (BMI) in Polish children
      between 1966 and 2012. During this period, Poland underwent vast political and
      socioeconomic changes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study included 5597 boys and 5479
      girls aged 7-8 years of age. Socioeconomic status (SES) was defined in three
      categories: high, medium and low. RESULTS: Between 1966 and 2012, the mean values
      for height and BMI significantly increased in both sexes (P<0.001). The variation
      of these two parameters, however, showed a different pattern. Whereas the
      variation in Z-values for height remained unchanged in both sexes, the variation
      in BMI increased in boys (P<0.01) but not in girls. SES affected the variation in
      Z-BMI in 1978 in both sexes (P<0.001), whereas variation in Z-height between SES
      categories remained unchanged across all years of surveys in boys. Before the
      political transformation, significant regional differences were observed in the
      variances of Z-BMI (P<0.05) but not of Z-height. This pattern changed after the
      political transformation, when regional differences in variances of Z-BMI
      disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the mean values and the variation
      of BMI are affected by a changing quality of life, whereas the variation in
      height is usually independent of living conditions.

PMID- 26979989
TI  - Association of serum selenium with thyroxin in severely iodine-deficient young
      children from the Amhara region of Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Selenium (Se) as part of glutathione peroxidase and
      iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes influences thyroid metabolism. This study
      investigated the association of serum Se levels with thyroid metabolism of
      severely iodine-deficient young children from the Amhara region of Ethiopia.
      SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, Se, thyroid-stimulating hormone,
      total thyroxin, total triiodothyronine and thyroglobulin in serum of children
      (N=628) 54-60 months of age from the Amhara region, Ethiopia, were analyzed. In
      addition, iodine in urine and household salt was analyzed, and the presence of
      goiter was assessed. RESULTS: The median serum Se concentration was 61.4 MUg/l
      (10.7-290.9 MUg/l). Selenium deficiency (serum Se <70 MUg/l) was detected in
      57.8% (N=349) of the children. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was
      9.8 MUg/l. The majority (86.6%, N=449) of children had UIC below the recommended
      value (100 MUg/l). In addition, 59.8% (N=310) of children were severely iodine
      deficient (UIC<20 MUg/l). Only 12.7% of salt samples had iodine. Goiter was
      present in 44.6% (N=280) of the children. Selenium-deficient children had higher
      serum thyroxin (T4) than children with normal serum Se concentration (P<0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Serum Se was negatively associated with T4 level in young children
      from the Amhara region of Ethiopia and may endanger the effectiveness of the salt
      iodization program.

PMID- 26979990
TI  - Vitamin D and incident urinary incontinence in older adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine whether vitamin D
      status is associated with incident urinary incontinence (UI) among community
      dwelling older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The University of Alabama at Birmingham
      Study of Aging is a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling Medicare
      enrollees. Standardized assessment of UI was conducted using the validated
      Incontinence Severity Index. The analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels
      was performed on stored baseline sera. UI was assessed every 6-12 months for up
      to 42 months. The analyses included multivariable logistic regression and Cox
      proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Of 350 participants (175 male, 147 black,
      mean age 73.6+/-5.8), 54% (189/350) were vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D <20 ng/ml)
      and 25% (87/350) were vitamin D insufficient (25(OH)D: 20 ng/ml to <30 ng/ml).
      Among the 187 subjects with no UI at baseline, 57% (107/187) were vitamin D
      deficient and 24% (45/187) were vitamin D insufficient. A total of 175 of the 187
      subjects had follow-up evaluation for incident UI over 42 months, and incident UI
      occurred in 37% (65/175). After adjustment, cumulative incident UI at 42 months
      was associated with baseline vitamin D insufficiency (P=0.03) and demonstrated a
      trend association with deficiency (P=0.07). There was no association between
      baseline vitamin D status and the time to incident UI. CONCLUSIONS: These
      preliminary results support an association between vitamin D and incident UI in
      community-dwelling older adults. Future studies may target specific at-risk
      groups, such as men with BPH or women with pelvic floor disorders for evaluation
      of the impact of vitamin D supplementation on urinary symptoms.

PMID- 26979991
TI  - The power of the kashrut: older but shorter. The impact of religious nutritional
      and hygienic rules on stature and life expectancy of Jewish conscripts in the
      early 19th century.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We test the impact of several demographic, economic and
      social factors on stature in an early nineteenth century environment.
      SUBJECTS/METHODS: We use a database of conscripts from the period 1818-1860 of a
      rural province in The Netherlands (Drenthe). This area had a rather high
      biological standard of living. This database of 413 conscripts contains
      information about family structure, family rank order, height, tax income,
      occupation and age of death. Conscripts came from two communities: one from a
      particular village (Oosterhesselen) and the other was Jewish conscripts that came
      from the countryside of the province. RESULTS: Our statistical analysis shows a
      positive significant relationship between family size and height, which confirms
      the resource dilution theory. Remarkably, the sign of the relation between family
      size and life expectancy is inverse. Other factors such as the potato crisis and
      income had the expected effect on conscript heights. The community effect was
      strong. Jewish conscripts were much shorter than their counterparts. Access to
      nutrition, the specific food laws and other factors can explain this difference.
      CONCLUSIONS: An increasing sibship size had a negative impact on body height but
      positive effects on life expectancy when adulthood was reached. Specifically for
      the Jewish community was the positive effect of the death of the father on
      conscript height. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon are unclear and open for
      further research.

PMID- 26979994
TI  - Histological and immunohistochemical effects of L-arginine and silymarin on TNBS
      induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease that affects quality of
      life. Various mediators are involved in IBD pathogenesis including inducible
      nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), cytochrome c,
      heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. L-Arginine
      (L-Arg) can be depleted in IBD, and silymarin inhibits neutrophil infiltration,
      NF-kappaB, and TNF-alpha, which have crucial roles in inducing IBD. This study
      aimed to investigate whether silymarin and L-Arg supplementation decreases IBD
      progression in trinitrobenzine-sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Fifty adult
      male albino rats were randomized into five groups (10 animals per group): Group I
      rats orally received 100 mg silymarin/kg body weight once daily; Group II rats
      orally received 2 mg L-Arg/100 g body weight in 5 mL distilled water once daily;
      Group III rats rectally received 0.85 mL TNBS in 50% ethanol to induce colitis;
      Group IV rats were treated similar to group III and, on recovery from anesthesia,
      received silymarin as described for group I; and Group V rats were treated
      similar to group III and, on recovery from anesthesia, received L-Arg as
      described for group II. On day 7, the rats were anesthetized, and blood samples
      were collected to determine the serum concentrations of TNF-alpha. Laparotomy and
      total colectomy were performed for macroscopic, histological, and
      immunohistochemical investigations. The results showed that silymarin and L-Arg
      macroscopically and microscopically ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis;
      significantly decreased the serum levels of TNF-alpha; inhibited the colonic
      expression of iNOS, NF-kappaB, and cytochrome c; and increased expression of
      HSP70. Our results suggest that these complementary medicines could be used to
      supplement current treatments for IBD. 

PMID- 26979993
TI  - Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry defines an extensive RBM45 protein
      protein interaction network.
AB  - The pathological accumulation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) within inclusion
      bodies is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal
      lobar degeneration (FTLD). RBP aggregation results in both toxic gain and loss of
      normal function. Determining the protein binding partners and normal functions of
      disease-associated RBPs is necessary to fully understand molecular mechanisms of
      RBPs in disease. Herein, we characterized the protein-protein interactions (PPIs)
      of RBM45, a RBP that localizes to inclusions in ALS/FTLD. Using
      immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry (IP-MS), we identified 132
      proteins that specifically interact with RBM45 within HEK293 cells. Select PPIs
      were validated by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry, demonstrating that RBM45
      associates with a number of other RBPs primarily via RNA-dependent interactions
      in the nucleus. Analysis of the biological processes and pathways associated with
      RBM45-interacting proteins indicates enrichment for nuclear RNA
      processing/splicing via association with hnRNP proteins and cytoplasmic RNA
      translation via eiF2 and eiF4 pathways. Moreover, several other ALS-linked RBPs,
      including TDP-43, FUS, Matrin-3, and hnRNP-A1, interact with RBM45, consistent
      with prior observations of these proteins within intracellular inclusions in
      ALS/FTLD. Taken together, our results define a PPI network for RBM45, suggest
      novel functions for this protein, and provide new insights into the contributions
      of RBM45 to neurodegeneration in ALS/FTLD. This article is part of a Special
      Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.

PMID- 26979995
TI  - Correction to Protein-Protein Multilayer Oil-in-Water Emulsions for the
      Microencapsulation of Flaxseed Oil: Effect of Whey and Fish Gelatin
      Concentration.

PMID- 26979996
TI  - EPAC1 promotes adaptive responses in human arterial endothelial cells subjected
      to low levels of laminar fluid shear stress: Implications in flow-related
      endothelial dysfunction.
AB  - Blood flow-associated fluid shear stress (FSS) dynamically regulates the
      endothelium's ability to control arterial structure and function. While arterial
      endothelial cells (AEC) subjected to high levels of laminar FSS express a
      phenotype resistant to vascular insults, those exposed to low levels of laminar
      FSS, or to the FSS associated with oscillatory blood flow, are less resilient.
      Despite numerous reports highlighting how the cAMP-signaling system controls
      proliferation, migration and permeability of human AECs (HAECs), its role in
      coordinating HAEC responses to FSS has received scant attention. Herein we show
      that the cAMP effector EPAC1 is required for HAECs to align and elongate in the
      direction of flow, and for the induction of several anti-atherogenic and anti
      thrombotic genes associated with these events. Of potential therapeutic
      importance, EPAC1 is shown to play a dominant role the in response of HAECs to
      low levels of laminar FSS, such as would be found within atherosclerosis-prone
      areas of the vasculature. Moreover, we show that EPAC1 promotes these HAEC
      responses to flow by regulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 and
      Akt activation, within a VE-cadherin (VECAD)/PECAM1-based mechanosensor. We
      submit that these findings are consistent with the novel proposition that
      promoting EPAC1-signaling represents a novel means through which to promote
      expression of an adaptive phenotype in HAECs exposed to non-adaptive FSS-encoded
      signals as a consequence of vascular disease.

PMID- 26979997
TI  - A Role for Behavior in the Relationships Between Depression and Hostility and
      Cardiovascular Disease Incidence, Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality: the Prime
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Behavioral factors are important in disease incidence and mortality
      and may explain associations between mortality and various psychological traits.
      PURPOSE: These analyses investigated the impact of behavioral factors on the
      associations between depression, hostility and cardiovascular disease(CVD)
      incidence, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Data from the PRIME
      Study (N = 6953 men) were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models,
      following adjustment for demographic and biological CVD risk factors, and other
      psychological traits, including social support. RESULTS: Following initial
      adjustment, both depression and hostility were significantly associated with both
      mortality outcomes (smallest SHR = 1.24, p < 0.001). Following adjustment for
      behavioral factors, all relationships were attenuated both when accounting for
      and not accounting for other psychological variables. Associations with all-cause
      mortality remained significant (smallest SHR = 1.14, p = 0.04). Of the behaviors
      included, the most significant contribution to outcomes was found for smoking,
      but a role was also found for fruit and vegetable intakes and high alcohol
      consumption. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate well-known associations
      between depression, hostility, and mortality and suggest the potential importance
      of behaviors in explaining these relationships.

PMID- 26980000
TI  - A multicentre randomized controlled trial of moderate hypothermia to prevent
      intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Animal models and human case series of acute liver failure
      (ALF) suggest moderate hypothermia (MH) to have protective effects against
      cerebral oedema (CO) development and intracranial hypertension (ICH). However,
      the optimum temperature for patient management is unknown. In a prospective
      randomized controlled trial we investigated if maintenance of MH prevented
      development of ICH in ALF patients at high risk of the complication. METHODS:
      Patients with ALF, high-grade encephalopathy and intracranial pressure (ICP)
      monitoring in specialist intensive care units were randomized by sealed envelope
      to targeted temperature management (TTM) groups of 34 degrees C (MH) or 36
      degrees C (control) for a period of 72h. Investigators were not blinded to group
      assignment. The primary outcome was a sustained elevation in ICP >25mmHg, with
      secondary outcomes the occurrence of predefined serious adverse effects,
      magnitude of ICP elevations and cerebral and all-cause hospital mortality (with
      or without transplantation). RESULTS: Forty-six patients were randomized, of whom
      forty-three were studied. There was no significant difference between the TTM
      groups in the primary outcome during the study period (35% vs. 27%, p=0.56), for
      the MH (n=17) or control (n=26) groups respectively, relative risk 1.31 (95% CI
      0.53-3.2). Groups had similar incidence of adverse events and overall mortality
      (41% vs. 46%, p=0.75). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ALF at high risk of ICH, MH
      at 33-34 degrees C did not confer a benefit above management at 36 degrees C in
      prevention of ICH or in overall survival. This study did not confirm advantage of
      its prophylactic use. (ISRCTN registration number 74268282; no funding.) LAY
      SUMMARY: Studies in animals with acute liver failure (ALF) have suggested that
      cooling (hypothermia) could prevent or limit the development of brain swelling, a
      dangerous complication of the condition. There is limited data on its effects in
      humans. In a randomized controlled trial in severely ill patients with ALF we
      compared the effects of different temperatures and found no benefit on improving
      survival or preventing brain swelling by controlling temperature at 33-34 degrees
      C against 36 degrees C.

PMID- 26979998
TI  - Dorsal Root Ganglion Infiltration by Macrophages Contributes to Paclitaxel
      Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.
AB  - Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a disruptive and persistent
      side effect of cancer treatment with paclitaxel. Recent reports showed that
      paclitaxel treatment results in the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
      signaling and increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)
      in dorsal root ganglion cells. In this study, we sought to determine whether an
      important consequence of this signaling and also a key step in the CIPN phenotype
      was the recruitment and infiltration of macrophages into dorsal root ganglia
      (DRG). Here, we show that macrophage infiltration does occur in a time course
      that matches the onset of the behavioral CIPN phenotype in Sprague-Dawley rats.
      Moreover, depletion of macrophages by systemic administration of liposome
      encapsulated clodronate (clophosome) partially reversed behavioral signs of
      paclitaxel-induced CIPN as well as reduced tumor necrosius factor alpha
      expression in DRG. Intrathecal injection of MCP-1 neutralizing antibodies reduced
      paclitaxel-induced macrophage recruitment into the DRG and also blocked the
      behavioral signs of CIPN. Intrathecal treatment with the TLR4 antagonist
      lipopolysaccharide-RS (LPS-RS) blocked mechanical hypersensitivity, reduced MCP-1
      expression, and blocked the infiltration of macrophages into the DRG in
      paclitaxel-treated rats. The inhibition of macrophage infiltration into DRG after
      paclitaxel treatment with clodronate or LPS-RS prevented the loss of
      intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFs) observed after paclitaxel treatment alone.
      These results are the first to indicate a mechanistic link such that activation
      of TLR4 by paclitaxel leads to increased expression of MCP-1 by DRG neurons
      resulting in macrophage infiltration to the DRG that express inflammatory
      cytokines and the combination of these events results in IENF loss and the
      development of behavioral signs of CIPN. PERSPECTIVE: This paper shows that
      activation of innate immunity by paclitaxel results in a sequence of signaling
      events that results in the infiltration of the dorsal root ganglia by activated
      macrophages. Macrophages appear to drive the development of behavioral
      hypersensitivity and the loss of distal epidermal nerve fibers, and hence play an
      important role in the mechanism of paclitaxel-related neuropathy.

PMID- 26979999
TI  - Perceived function and physical performance are associated with pain and fatigue
      in women with fibromyalgia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia is a condition characterized by chronic widespread
      muscle pain and fatigue and associated with significant impairment in perceived
      function and reduced physical performance. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the degree to which pain and fatigue are associated with perceived
      function and physical performance in women with fibromyalgia. METHODS:
      Hierarchical linear regression determined the contribution of pain and fatigue
      (Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for resting, movement and combined) to perceived
      function (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire Revised - Function Subscale, FIQR
      Function), Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue - Activities of Daily Living
      (MAF-ADL) and SF-36 Physical Function Subscale (SF-36-PF) and physical
      performance (6-Minute Walk Test, 6MWT and Five Time Sit To Stand, 5TSTS) while
      controlling for age, body mass index, pain catastrophizing, fear of movement,
      anxiety, and depression in women with fibromyalgia (N = 94). RESULTS: For
      perceived function, movement pain and movement fatigue together better predicted
      FIQR-function (adjusted R(2) = 0.42, p <= 0.001); MAF-ADL (adjusted R(2) = 0.41,
      p <= 0.001); and SF-36-PF function (adjusted R(2) = 0.34, p <= 0.001). For
      physical performance measures, movement pain and fatigue together predicted 6MWT
      distance (adjusted R(2) = 0.42, p <= 0.001) and movement fatigue alone predicted
      performance time on the 5TSTS (adjusted R(2) = 0.20, p <= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:
      Pain and fatigue are significantly associated with and explain more than one
      third of the variance in perceived function and physical performance in women
      with fibromyalgia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NIH Clinicaltrials.gov REGISTRATION:
      NCT01888640 . Registered 13 June 2013.

PMID- 26980001
TI  - Rapid gene identification in sugar beet using deep sequencing of DNA from
      phenotypic pools selected from breeding panels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The combination of bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and next generation
      sequencing (NGS), also known as mapping by sequencing (MBS), has been shown to
      significantly accelerate the identification of causal mutations for species with
      a reference genome sequence. The usual approach is to cross homozygous parents
      that differ for the monogenic trait to address, to perform deep sequencing of DNA
      from F2 plants pooled according to their phenotype, and subsequently to analyze
      the allele frequency distribution based on a marker table for the parents
      studied. The method has been successfully applied for EMS induced mutations as
      well as natural variation. Here, we show that pooling genetically diverse
      breeding lines according to a contrasting phenotype also allows high resolution
      mapping of the causal gene in a crop species. The test case was the monogenic
      locus causing red vs. green hypocotyl color in Beta vulgaris (R locus). RESULTS:
      We determined the allele frequencies of polymorphic sequences using sequence data
      from two diverging phenotypic pools of 180 B. vulgaris accessions each. A single
      interval of about 31 kbp among the nine chromosomes was identified which indeed
      contained the causative mutation. CONCLUSIONS: By applying a variation of the
      mapping by sequencing approach, we demonstrated that phenotype-based pooling of
      diverse accessions from breeding panels and subsequent direct determination of
      the allele frequency distribution can be successfully applied for gene
      identification in a crop species. Our approach made it possible to identify a
      small interval around the causative gene. Sequencing of parents or individual
      lines was not necessary. Whenever the appropriate plant material is available,
      the approach described saves time compared to the generation of an F2 population.
      In addition, we provide clues for planning similar experiments with regard to
      pool size and the sequencing depth required.

PMID- 26980002
TI  - Biomechanical response of lumbar facet joints under follower preload: a finite
      element study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Facet joints play a significant role in providing stability to the
      spine and they have been associated with low back pain symptoms and other spinal
      disorders. The influence of a follower load on biomechanics of facet joints is
      unknown. A comprehensive research on the biomechanical role of facets may provide
      insight into facet joint instability and degeneration. METHOD: A nonlinear finite
      element (FE) model of lumbar spine (L1-S1) was developed and validated to study
      the biomechanical response of facets, with different values of follower preload
      (0 N,500 N,800 N,1200 N), under loadings in the three anatomic planes. In this
      model, special attention was paid to the modeling of facet joints, including
      cartilage layer. The asymmetry in the biomechanical response of facets was also
      discussed. A rate of change (ROC) and an average asymmetry factor (AAF) were
      introduced to explore and evaluate the preload effect on these facet contact
      parameters and on the asymmetry under different loading conditions. RESULTS: The
      biomechanical response of facets changed according to the loading condition. The
      preload amplified the facet force, contact area and contact pressure in flexion
      extension; the same effect was observed on the ipsilateral facet while an
      opposite effect could be seen on the contralateral facet during lateral bending.
      For torsion loading, the preload increased contact area, decreased the mean
      contact pressure, but had almost no effect on facet force. However, all the
      effects of follower load on facet response became weaker with the increase of
      preload. The greatest asymmetry of facet response could be found on the
      ipsilateral side during lateral bending, followed by flexion, bending
      (contralateral side), extension and torsion. This asymmetry could be amplified by
      preload in the bending (ipsilateral), torsion loading group, while being reduced
      in the flexion group. CONCLUSIONS: An analysis combining patterns of contact
      pressure distribution, facet load, contact area and contact pressure can provide
      more insight into the biomechanical role of facets under various moment loadings
      and follower loads. The effect of asymmetry on facet joint response should be
      fully considered in biomechanical studies of lumbar spine, especially in post
      structures subjected to physiological loadings.

PMID- 26980003
TI  - A highly sensitive and simply operated protease sensor toward point-of-care
      testing.
AB  - Protease sensors for point-of-care testing (POCT) require simple operation, a
      detection period of less than 20 minutes, and a detection limit of less than 1 ng
      mL(-1). However, it is difficult to meet these requirements with protease sensors
      that are based on proteolytic cleavage. This paper reports a highly reproducible
      protease sensor that allows the sensitive and simple electrochemical detection of
      the botulinum neurotoxin type E light chain (BoNT/E-LC), which is obtained using
      (i) low nonspecific adsorption, (ii) high signal-to-background ratio, and (iii)
      one-step solution treatment. The BoNT/E-LC detection is based on two-step
      proteolytic cleavage using BoNT/E-LC (endopeptidase) and l-leucine-aminopeptidase
      (LAP, exopeptidase). Indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are modified partially
      with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to increase their electrocatalytic activities.
      Avidin is then adsorbed on the electrodes to minimize the nonspecific adsorption
      of proteases. Low nonspecific adsorption allows a highly reproducible sensor
      response. Electrochemical-chemical (EC) redox cycling involving p-aminophenol
      (AP) and dithiothreitol (DTT) is performed to obtain a high signal-to-background
      ratio. After adding a C-terminally AP-labeled oligopeptide, DTT, and LAP
      simultaneously to a sample solution, no further treatment of the solution is
      necessary during detection. The detection limits of BoNT/E-LC in phosphate
      buffered saline are 0.1 ng mL(-1) for an incubation period of 15 min and 5 fg mL(
      1) for an incubation period of 4 h. The detection limit in commercial bottled
      water is 1 ng mL(-1) for an incubation period of 15 min. The developed sensor is
      selective to BoNT/E-LC among the four types of BoNTs tested. These results
      indicate that the protease sensor meets the requirements for POCT. 

PMID- 26980004
TI  - Potential identification of a claudicant group vulnerable to acute kidney injury.
AB  - This observational study aimed to investigate the relationship between renal
      injury, endothelial function and oxidative stress in claudicants undergoing
      maximal treadmill exercise. Twenty patients with claudication were identified in
      whom the urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG)/creatinine ratio,
      plasma oxidative state and endothelial function were tested pre- and post-maximal
      treadmill walking exercise. Of the 20 participants in this study, the urinary
      NAG/creatinine (Cr) rose from a pre-exercise level of 8.9, 6.7 to 14.3
      (MUmol/L/mmol Cr; median, IQR) to 12.9, 9.1 to 17.7 post exercise (p = 0.0003,
      Mann Whitney U test). Of the 20 participants, eight participants had a rise of
      the NAG/Cr ratio post exercise whereas 12 did not. Participants with a rise in
      the NAG/Cr ratio post exercise had a greater ability to increase endothelial
      reactivity (%; median, IQR; 2.56, 0.1 to 3.7) cf. (0.1, -4.8 to 0.9, p = 0.03);
      they also walked further (metres; median, IQR; 415, 208 to 908) cf. (170, 100 to
      315, p = 0.04), had a lower pre-exercise H2O2 (median, IQR; 1.9, 1.4 to 2.3 cf.
      2.7, 2.1 to 3.3; p = 0.04) and a greater rise in H2O2 post exercise (18.8, -1.5
      to 129.7 cf., -7.7, -13.9 to -2.0, p = 0.04). The mechanism by which the
      phenotypically distinct sub-group of patients with intermittent claudication who
      experience a NAG/Cr rise involves complex interactions between systemic oxidative
      stress and endothelial function. Implications on cardiovascular risk in this
      group requires further investigation. 

PMID- 26980005
TI  - Agreement between ACT and aPTT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation shows
      intra- and inter-individual variation.
AB  - AIM: We explored the relationship between activated clotting time (ACT) and
      activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) when used to monitor anticoagulation
      in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support.
      METHODS: Data obtained in patients undergoing ECMO support between October 2012
      and August 2013 in a single centre were reviewed. Clinical data were extracted
      from our Clinical Information System and ECMO database. ACT and aPTT values were
      paired when taken from the same patient, with the ACT preceding the aPTT and the
      heparin infusion rate was kept constant between samples. The aPTT and ACT were
      normalized by dividing by the mean of their respective reference ranges and are
      referred to as APR and N-ACT, respectively. Bivariate analysis and Bland-Altman
      plots were used to assess correlation and agreement. Mixed effects regression was
      used to model the effects of variables, including platelet count, creatinine and
      urea levels, plasma free haemoglobin, white cell count and ECMO flow rate on
      concordance between APR and N-ACT measurements. RESULTS: The Pearson product
      moment correlation coefficient in 15 patients was calculated as r=0.55. The Bland
      Altman plot shows a mean difference between the APR and the N-ACT of -0.08. The
      95% limits of agreement were -0.67 to 0.51. Results from mixed effects regression
      analysis on data from the 15 patients identified platelet count (and
      thrombocytopenia) and urea as significant independent predictors of concordance
      between APR and N-ACT. CONCLUSION: We report a moderate degree of positive
      correlation between APR and N-ACT. We conclude that there is poor agreement
      between the ACT and aPTT for the heparin concentrations in patients supported
      with ECMO. Our results indicate that platelet count and urea are significant
      independent variables affecting concordance between ACT and aPTT measurements.

PMID- 26980006
TI  - Puncture and wiring of extracorporeal circuit for cannula safe removal or
      exchange.
AB  - A previously undescribed technique for removing a cannula used in extracorporeal
      life support (ECLS) is proposed, using an over-the-wire technique by puncturing
      the circuit and continuing with a pre-close technique for access site closure. 

PMID- 26980007
TI  - The Effects of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor on Regeneration in Nerve
      Crush Injuries in Rats.
AB  - Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is widely known to have a
      neuroprotective effect, but its effects on function and morphology in mechanical
      nerve injury are not well understood. The aim of this study was to confirm the
      time course of the functional changes and morphological effects of G-CSF in a rat
      model of nerve crush injury. Twelve-eight rats were divided into three group:
      sham-operated control group, G-CSF-treated group, and saline treated group. 2
      weeks after the nerve crush injury, G-CSF was injected for 5 days. After 4 weeks,
      functional tests such as motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), mechanical and
      cold allodynia tests, and morphological studies were performed. G-CSF-treated
      rats had significantly improved nerve function including MNCV and mechanical and
      cold allodynia. In addition, G-CSF-treated rats had significantly higher the
      density of myelinated fibers than saline-treated rats. In conclusion, we found
      that 100 MUg/kg administration of G-CSF promoted long-term functional recovery in
      a rat model of nerve crush injury. 

PMID- 26980008
TI  - Altered Expression of Human Mitochondrial Branched Chain Aminotransferase in
      Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Vascular Dementia.
AB  - Cytosolic and mitochondrial human branched chain aminotransferase (hBCATc and
      hBCATm, respectively) play an integral role in brain glutamate metabolism.
      Regional increased levels of hBCATc in the CA1 and CA4 region of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) brain together with increased levels of hBCATm in frontal and
      temporal cortex of AD brains, suggest a role for these proteins in glutamate
      excitotoxicity. Glutamate toxicity is a key pathogenic feature of several
      neurological disorders including epilepsy associated dementia, AD, vascular
      dementia (VaD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). To further understand if
      these increases are specific to AD, the expression profiles of hBCATc and hBCATm
      were examined in other forms of dementia including DLB and VaD. Similar to AD,
      levels of hBCATm were significantly increased in the frontal and temporal cortex
      of VaD cases and in frontal cortex of DLB cases compared to controls, however
      there were no observed differences in hBCATc between groups in these areas.
      Moreover, multiple forms of hBCATm were observed that were particular to the
      disease state relative to matched controls. Real-time PCR revealed similar
      expression of hBCATm mRNA in frontal and temporal cortex for all cohort
      comparisons, whereas hBCATc mRNA expression was significantly increased in VaD
      cases compared to controls. Collectively our results suggest that hBCATm protein
      expression is significantly increased in the brains of DLB and VaD cases, similar
      to those reported in AD brain. These findings indicate a more global response to
      altered glutamate metabolism and suggest common metabolic responses that might
      reflect shared neurodegenerative mechanisms across several forms of dementia.

PMID- 26980009
TI  - Blocking B7-1/CD28 Pathway Diminished Long-Range Brain Damage by Regulating the
      Immune and Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
AB  - Acute brain injuries can activate bidirectional crosstalk between the injured
      brain and the immune system. The immune system, particularly T lymphocytes and
      cytokines, has been implicated in the progression of brain injury after
      intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Co-stimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80)/B7-2 (CD86)
      binding cognate receptor provides a secondary signaling to T cell activation. The
      aim of our study was to explore the effects of anti-B7-1 antibody on the
      development and prognosis of cerebral hemorrhage and to investigate the possible
      underlying mechanism. Mice were inner canthus veniplex administered with anti-B7
      1 antibody at 10 min and 24 h after ICH and sacrificed on the third day after
      ICH. Immune function was assessed via splenocyte proliferation assay and organism
      index, respectively. IFN-gamma and IL-4 were detected by enzyme-linked immuno
      sorbent assay. The cerebral edema was evaluated via brain water content. The
      levels of autophagy and apoptosis related proteins were measured by western
      blotting analysis. In addition, functional outcome was studied with pole-climbing
      test and morris water maze. The mice were weighed on 0, 1, 3, 14 and 21 days
      after ICH. The treatment with anti-B7-1 antibody significantly lowered immune
      function, and reduced the latency of water maze on 18 and 20 days, the ratio of
      IFN-gamma/IL-4 as well as body weight on day 3 after cerebral hemorrhage. Our
      study suggests that in the cerebral hemorrhage mice brain anti-B7-1 antibody may
      reduce long-range brain damage by reversing immune imbalance. 

PMID- 26980010
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnoea and frequency of occupational injury.
AB  - We sought to determine whether patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are
      at increased risk of occupational injury (OI). Patients referred to the
      University of British Columbia Hospital Sleep Laboratory for suspected OSA (May
      2003 to July 2011 were recruited and rates and types of validated OI (that caused
      at least 1 day of disability) in the 5 years prior to polysomnography were
      calculated. In a sample of 1236, patients with OSA were twice as likely (OR=1.93,
      95% CI 1.06 to 3.50, p=0.03) to suffer at least one OI compared with patients
      without OSA. This association was attenuated (OR=1.76, CI 0.86 to 3.59, p=0.12)
      after controlling for confounders. In a secondary analysis, patients with OSA
      were almost three times more likely (OR=2.88, CI 1.02 to 8.08, p=0.05) to suffer
      from an injury more likely related to reduced vigilance (eg, a fall or commercial
      motor vehicle crash) when compared with patients without OSA, and this again was
      attenuated after controlling for confounders (OR=2.42, CI 0.085 to 6.93, p=0.10).

PMID- 26980011
TI  - Lung cancer tissue diagnosis in poor lung function: addressing the ongoing
      percutaneous lung biopsy FEV1 paradox using Heimlich valve.
AB  - Many centres continue to decline percutaneous lung biopsy (PLB) in patients with
      poor lung function (particularly FEV1 <1 L) due to the theoretically increased
      risk of pneumothorax. This practice limits access to novel lung cancer therapies
      and minimally invasive surgical techniques. Our retrospective single-centre
      analysis of 212 patients undergoing PLB, all performed prospectively and blinded
      to lung function, demonstrates that using ambulatory Heimlich valve chest drain
      (HVCD) to treat significant postbiopsy pneumothorax facilitates safe, diagnostic,
      early discharge lung biopsy irrespective of lung function with neither FEV1 <1 L
      nor transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide (TLCO) <40% predicted shown to be
      independent predictors of HVCD insertion or pneumothorax outcomes. Incorporating
      ambulatory HVCD into standard PLB practice thereby elegantly bridges the gap that
      currently exists between tissue diagnosis in patients with poor lung function and
      the advanced therapeutic options available for this cohort.

PMID- 26980012
TI  - Galectin-1 is a useful marker for detecting neoplastic squamous cells in oral
      cytology smears.
AB  - Cytologic diagnoses in the oral region are very difficult due to the small amount
      of cells in smears, which are also exposed to many stimulating factors and often
      show atypical changes. Galectin-1 (Gal1) is a beta-galactoside binding protein
      that modulates tumor progression. Gal1 is very weakly expressed in normal cells,
      but is often overexpressed in neoplastic lesions. The aim of the present study
      was to determine whether it is possible to differentiate reactive changes from
      neoplastic changes in oral cytology smears based on the expression of Gal1. A
      total of 155 tissue biopsy specimens and 61 liquid-based cytology specimens were
      immunostained by an anti-Gal1 antibody, and Gal1 expression levels were
      subsequently evaluated. These samples consisted of oral squamous cell carcinomas,
      epithelial dysplasia, and oral mucosal diseases. The positive and negative
      expressions of Gal1 were examined in 37 specimens collected by scalpel and
      cytobrush biopsy. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of
      Gal1 were also evaluated in smears. In tissue sections, the positive ratio of
      Gal1 in neoplastic lesions was high (72.3%). In cytology specimens, the positive
      ratio of Gal1 was higher in neoplastic lesions (79.0%) than in those negative for
      intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (22.2%). A correlation was found between
      immunocytochemical Gal1 expression and immunohistochemical Gal1 expression (P <
      .001). The sensitivity (75.0%), specificity (75.0%), and positive predictive
      value (91.3%) of Gal1 were also high in smears. In conclusion, Gal1 may be a
      useful marker for determining whether morphologic changes in cells are reactive
      or neoplastic.

PMID- 26980014
TI  - Use of short tandem repeat analysis in unusual presentations of trophoblastic
      tumors and their mimics.
AB  - Gestational trophoblastic tumors can be difficult to distinguish from
      nongestational neoplasms. Somatic and germ cell tumors can mimic gestational
      choriocarcinoma, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is known for its
      histologic, and sometimes clinical, resemblance to squamous cell carcinoma. Short
      tandem repeat (STR) analysis can separate gestational from nongestational
      neoplasms and can provide useful information about the type of causative
      conceptus. We present a series of cases which demonstrate the utility of STR
      analysis in the evaluation of gestational choriocarcinoma, epithelioid
      trophoblastic tumor, and their mimics. Samples from normal tissue and tumor were
      microdissected. DNA was extracted, and STR analysis was performed. Five cases
      were identified in which there was clinical and/or histologic concern for a
      gestational trophoblastic neoplasm. Case 1 is a choriocarcinoma presenting
      concurrently with a 16-week gestation. STR testing on the tumor, mother, and
      fetus showed that the tumor arose from a previous occult complete hydatidiform
      mole. Case 2 is an ETT presenting as multiple masses in bilateral kidneys,
      initially diagnosed as urothelial carcinoma. However, because of an elevated
      human chorionic gonadotropin, additional workup was performed which showed that
      the tumor was most likely an ETT. STR analysis showed that the tumor arose from a
      nonmolar pregnancy. Cases 3-5 illustrate somatic carcinomas mimicking gestational
      neoplasia. In those cases, STR confirmed a somatic origin. STR can be useful in
      distinguishing gestational from nongestational neoplasms, particularly in unusual
      settings. Also, STR analysis can add clinically useful information that is not
      available from clinical or histologic evaluation.

PMID- 26980013
TI  - SMYD3 stimulates EZR and LOXL2 transcription to enhance proliferation, migration,
      and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are
      involved in the regulation of cancer initiation and progression. SET and MYND
      domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), a methyltransferase, plays an important role
      in transcriptional regulation during human cancer progression. However, SMYD3
      expression and its function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain
      unknown. In this study, SMYD3 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in a
      tumor tissue microarray from 131 cases of ESCC patients. Statistical analysis
      showed that overall survival of patients with high SMYD3 expressing in primary
      tumors was significantly lower than that of patients with low SMYD3-expressing
      tumors (P = .008, log-rank test). Increased expression of SMYD3 was found to be
      associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC (P = .036) and was an independent
      prognostic factor for poor overall survival (P = .025). RNAi-mediated knockdown
      of SMYD3 suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and
      inhibited local tumor invasion in vivo. SMYD3 regulated transcription of EZR and
      LOXL2 by directly binding to the sequences of the promoter regions of these
      target genes, as demonstrated by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.
      Immunohistochemical staining of ESCC tissues also confirmed that protein levels
      of EZR and LOXL2 positively correlated with SMYD3 expression, and the Spearman
      correlation coefficients (rs) were 0.78 (n = 81; P < .01) and 0.637 (n = 103; P <
      .01), respectively. These results indicate that SMYD3 enhances tumorigenicity in
      ESCC through enhancing transcription of genes involved in proliferation,
      migration, and invasion.

PMID- 26980015
TI  - Fluorescent and chromogenic in situ hybridization of CEN17q as a potent useful
      diagnostic marker for Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome-associated chromophobe renal cell
      carcinomas.
AB  - Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD) is a familial disorder associated with a germline
      mutation of FLCN that is a tumor suppressor gene. Patients with BHD have high
      risks for developing multiple renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). The frequent
      histological types are hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors (HOCTs) and
      chromophobe RCCs. The morphology of HOCTs could alert pathologists to the
      possibility of BHD. On the other hand, chromophobe RCCs occurring in BHD patients
      demonstrate positive immunostaining for cytokeratin-7, CD82, and Ksp-cadherin
      similar to their sporadic counterparts. Highly reliable markers for BHD
      associated chromophobe RCCs have not been identified. In the present study, we
      analyzed the state of chromosome 17 in 18 renal tumors composed of 8 chromophobe
      RCCs, 7 HOCTs, and 3 papillary RCCs obtained from BHD patients using fluorescent
      and chromogenic in situ hybridization probes for the centromeric region of
      chromosome 17 long arm. All chromophobe RCCs and HOCTs were disomic except for 1
      chromophobe RCC that showed monosomy. On the other hand, 12 of 14 sporadic
      chromophobe RCCs were monosomic (P = .0008). The state of chromosomes 2 and 6
      were also statistically different (P = .0074 and P = .0007, respectively). Three
      BHD-associated papillary RCCs demonstrated either trisomy (n = 2) or disomy (n =
      1). Three of 5 sporadic papillary RCCs showed trisomy. The results indicate that
      fluorescent and chromogenic in situ hybridization of the centromeric region of
      chromosome 17 long arm should be a potent useful marker for chromophobe RCCs in
      patients who have not been diagnosed with BHD and thereby help to determine
      whether the cases should be considered for genetic testing.

PMID- 26980017
TI  - Round cell pattern of prostatic stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential: a
      subtle newly recognized variant.
AB  - Prostatic stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is a distinct
      entity which includes several different patterns. Four patterns of STUMP have
      been described including stroma with (1) degenerative atypia, (2) hypercellular
      spindle cells, (3) myxoid spindle cells, and (4) phyllodes-like pattern. The
      current study identified a novel round cell pattern. We searched our database
      from 1999 to 2015 and identified 7 patients with round cell pattern out of a
      total number of 98 patients with STUMP. All 7 cases showed mildly increased
      stromal cellularity with rounded nuclei, diagnosed on core biopsies in 5 cases,
      transurethral resection in 1 case, and radical prostatectomy in 1 case. Some
      degree of glandular displacement was observed in 4 cases. In 2 of the cases,
      STUMP was not recognized histologically by the referring pathologists and was
      initially diagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia. As has been described with
      other patterns of STUMP, several cases showed associated epithelial
      proliferations that in some instances masked the neoplastic stromal process. The
      round cell pattern of STUMP is a new deceptively subtle pattern that may not be
      recognized as a neoplasm and may be misdiagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia.
      Although there was no direct evidence in our study that the round cell pattern of
      STUMP has the same behavior as other variants of STUMPs, increased recognition of
      this entity will hopefully lead to additional studies to further understand its
      malignant potential.

PMID- 26980016
TI  - MAGI-2 in prostate cancer: an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain-containing protein 2
      (MAGI-2) is a scaffolding protein that links cell adhesion molecules, receptors,
      and signaling molecules to the cytoskeleton and maintains the architecture of
      cell junctions. MAGI-2 gene rearrangements have recently been described in
      prostate cancer. We studied the immunohistochemical expression of MAGI-2 protein
      in prostate tissue. Seventy-eight radical prostatectomies were used to construct
      3 tissue microarrays consisting of 512 cores, including benign tissue, benign
      prostatic hyperplasia, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN),
      and adenocarcinoma, Gleason patterns 3 to 5. Immunohistochemistry for phosphatase
      and tensin homologue (PTEN) and double-stain MAGI-2/p63 was performed and
      analyzed by visual and image analysis, the latter as percent of analyzed area
      (%AREA), and mean optical density multiplied by %AREA (STAIN). By visual and
      image analysis, MAGI-2 was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma and HGPIN
      compared with benign (benign versus HGPIN P < .001; benign versus adenocarcinoma,
      P < .001). HGPIN and adenocarcinoma did not significantly differ by either
      modality. Using visual intensity to distinguish benign tissue and adenocarcinoma,
      a receiver operating curve yielded an area under the curve of 0.902. A STAIN
      threshold of 1470 yielded a sensitivity of 0.66 and specificity of 0.96. There
      was a significant correlation between PTEN and MAGI-2 staining for normal and
      benign prostatic hyperplasia, but this was lost in HGPIN and cancer. We conclude
      that MAGI-2 immunoreactivity is elevated in prostate cancer and HGPIN compared
      with normal tissue, and suggest that MAGI-2 may contribute to prostate
      carcinogenesis. This is the first report of MAGI-2 staining by
      immunohistochemistry in prostate cancer.

PMID- 26980018
TI  - Secondary malignancies diagnosed using kidney needle core biopsies: a clinical
      and pathological study of 75 cases.
AB  - Involvement of the kidney by secondary malignancies is uncommon. Differentiating
      secondary malignancies from primary kidney/urothelial tumors can be challenging,
      especially on limited biopsy material. A retrospective search of our
      institutional archive from January 2002 to May 2015 identified 1572 cases of
      imaging-guided needle core biopsies of the kidney. Of these, 75 (5%) cases
      revealed a secondary malignancy; 48 (64%) patients had undergone the biopsy with
      a primary kidney tumor favored clinically. There were 39 male and 36 female
      patients with a mean age of 59.4 years (range, 21-83 years). The majority of the
      cases (n = 55, 73%) were metastases from solid tumors, with lung being the most
      common primary site (n = 22, 29%). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most
      common hematological malignancy (n = 6) secondarily involving the kidney.
      Radiographically, 58 (77%) cases presented as a solitary kidney mass. The primary
      malignancy was known prior to the kidney biopsy in 66 (88%) cases. The mean
      interval between diagnoses of the primary tumor and secondary involvement of the
      kidney was 4.5 years. Immunohistochemical stains were performed in 65 (87%)
      cases. Follow-up information was available for 73 patients; mean survival was
      19.4 months, with 43 patients dead of their disease (mean, 12 months) and 30
      patients alive at last follow-up (21 with and 9 without disease; mean, 30
      months). Secondary malignancy in the kidney may clinically and pathologically
      mimic primary kidney tumors. Accurate diagnosis can be rendered by correlating
      pathological features with clinical and radiographic findings and judicious use
      of ancillary studies.

PMID- 26980019
TI  - SOX9 expression predicts relapse of stage II colon cancer patients.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate if the protein expression of sex
      determining region y-box 9 (SOX9) in primary tumors could predict relapse of
      stage II colon cancer patients. One hundred forty-four patients with stage II
      primary colon cancer were retrospectively enrolled in the study. SOX9 expression
      was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and mismatch repair status was assessed by
      both immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation assay. High SOX9
      expression at the invasive front was significantly associated with lower risk of
      relapse when including the SOX9 expression as a continuous variable (from low to
      high expression) in univariate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval
      [CI], 0.56-0.94; P = .01) and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses (HR,
      0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96; P = .02), adjusting for mismatch repair deficiency and
      histopathologic risk factors. Conversely, low SOX9 expression at the invasive
      front was significantly associated with high risk of relapse, when including SOX9
      expression as a dichotomous variable, in univariate (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.14-4.69;
      P = .02) and multivariate analyses (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.14-4.69; P = .02),
      adjusting for histopathologic risk factors and mismatch repair deficiency. In
      conclusion, high levels of SOX9 of primary stage II colon tumors predict low risk
      of relapse, whereas low levels of SOX9 predict high risk of relapse. SOX9 may
      have an important value as a biomarker when evaluating risk of relapse for
      personalized treatment.

PMID- 26980020
TI  - Acidophil bodies in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
AB  - The significance of the quantity of acidophil bodies (AB) in nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH) is not certain. We quantified AB in liver biopsies and
      examined the association with the diagnosis of NASH and other histologic
      features. We reviewed 157 liver biopsies from the NASH Clinical Research Network
      Database collected in 2006. One hundred twenty-seven biopsies were from adult
      patients. Diagnoses were 94 definite NASH, 40 borderline NASH, and 23 definitely
      not NASH. The total length and average width of the core biopsies were measured,
      and the biopsy areas were calculated (mm(2)). Total AB were counted, and mean AB
      count per mm(2) was calculated (AB/mm(2)) to derive acidophil body index (ABI).
      ABI was 0.04 (+/-0.08) in definite NASH and 0.02 (+/-0.05) in
      borderline/definitely not NASH groups combined (P = .02) in all 157 biopsies;
      similar findings were present in the 127 adult-only biopsies (0.04 +/- 0.05 and
      0.02 +/- 0.05, respectively; P = .05). In all 157 biopsies, increased ABI was
      associated with greater lobular inflammation (P = .01) and many ballooned
      hepatocytes (P = .048). There was a positive relationship between ABI and high
      nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores, but this association was not
      statistically significant. There was no association between ABI and steatosis or
      fibrosis stage either in the entire cohorts or in the subset of adult patients.
      In conclusion, the density of AB is associated with lobular inflammation,
      ballooned hepatocytes, and the diagnosis of NASH in adult and pediatric liver
      biopsies, suggesting the implication of the apoptotic pathway in NASH-associated
      liver cell injury.

PMID- 26980021
TI  - BRAF and MAP2K1 mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a study of 50 cases.
AB  - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferation of Langerhans cells, often
      associated with lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and giant cells. BRAF
      mutations, usually V600E, have been reported in 40%-70% of cases, and recently,
      MAP2K1 mutations have been reported in BRAF-negative cases. We assessed 50 cases
      of LCH for BRAF mutations and assessed a subset of cases for MAP2K1 mutations.
      The study group included 28 men and 22 women (median age, 36.5 years; range, 1-78
      years). BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 8 (16%) cases including 3 (30%) skin,
      2 (11%) bone, 1 (50%) colon, 1 (20%) lung, and 1 (33%) extradural, intracranial
      mass. MAP2K1 mutations were detected in 6 of 13 (46%) BRAF-negative cases
      including 2 (100%) lymph node, 2 (50%) bone, 1 (25%) skin, and 1 (100%) orbit.
      Patients with BRAF mutation were younger than patients with wild-type BRAF
      (median age, 28 versus 38 years; P = .026). The median age of MAP2K1-mutated
      patients was 34.5 years, similar to patients without MAP2K1 mutation (41 years; P
      = .368). In agreement with 2 recent studies, we showed a high frequency of MAP2K1
      mutations in BRAF-negative LCH cases. Unlike other studies, the overall frequency
      of BRAF mutation in this cohort is substantially lower than what has been
      reported in pediatric patients, perhaps because most patients in this study were
      adults. Moreover, we showed a high concordance between mutational and
      immunohistochemical analysis for BRAF mutation. There was no statistically
      significant association between BRAF or MAP2K1 mutation and anatomic site,
      unifocal versus multifocal presentation, or clinical outcome.

PMID- 26980022
TI  - Ring finger protein 43 expression is associated with genetic alteration status
      and poor prognosis among patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - Ring finger E3 ligases have roles in processes central to maintenance of genomic
      integrity and cellular homeostasis. Many ring finger E3 ligases are implicated in
      malignancy. Ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) is a ring finger E3 ligase that
      negatively regulates the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. RNF43 is frequently
      mutated in several types of malignancy, including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
      (ICC). The significance of its expression in ICC has not, however, been reported.
      We determined RNF43 expression and identified RNF43 polymorphisms in ICC tissues.
      We also investigated the correlation between RNF43 expression and RNF43 mutation
      status, RNF43 polymorphisms, clinicopathological features, and prognosis of ICC
      patients. RNF43 reduced expression in ICC, and the reduction of RNF43 messenger
      RNA expression was significantly correlated with the presence of rs2257205 and
      RNF43 somatic mutations, confirming that all RNF43 somatic mutations in ICC are
      inactivating. Overall survival was worst in patients with down-regulation of
      RNF43. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that RNF43 expression was an
      independent prognostic factor. There was no statistically significant association
      between RNF43 messenger RNA and protein expression nor any clinicopathological
      features or RNF43 polymorphisms. The results imply that RNF43 is down-regulated
      in ICC and may play a crucial role during development of ICC.

PMID- 26980023
TI  - A single EBUS-TBNA procedure can support a large panel of immunohistochemical
      stains, specific diagnostic subtyping, and multiple gene analyses in the majority
      of non-small cell lung cancer cases.
AB  - Targeted therapies for pulmonary adenocarcinoma (ACA) necessitate specific
      subtyping and molecular testing of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC).
      However, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS
      TBNA) has decreased the tissue available for these assessments. While EBUS-TBNA
      specimens have previously been reported to successfully subtype NSCLC, allow
      immunohistochemistry (IHC), and support molecular diagnostics, no studies have
      documented the extent to which all objectives are possible in a single sample. Of
      107 consecutive EBUS-TBNA specimens that were eligible for molecular testing,
      98.8% had enough tissue for IHC, 80.2% received a definitive subtype, and 71.0%
      had both sufficient tissue to attempt molecular testing and technical success on
      multigene next-generation sequencing and ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization
      assays. Both subtyping and molecular diagnostics were possible in 57.9% of
      patients. The mean number of immunostains performed did not differ between
      patients with or without successful molecular testing (4.4 versus 4.6, P = .88).
      Only 40% of patients with insufficient tissue underwent repeat sampling. These
      findings indicate that a majority of EBUS-TBNA specimens provide sufficient
      tissue for subtyping pulmonary NSCLC, performing IHC, and completing multiple
      gene analyses. Although priorities must be assessed for each case individually,
      performance of IHC does not detract from completion of molecular diagnostics in
      general. Because most patients never undergo repeat sampling, the tissue yield of
      EBUS-TBNA should be improved to maximize evaluation for targeted therapies. 

PMID- 26980024
TI  - BRAF and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary cutaneous melanoma: a role
      for Snail and E-cadherin?
AB  - In vitro studies in melanoma indicate that up-regulation of the transcriptional
      repressor Snail occurs with a concomitant decrease of its target E-cadherin, both
      hallmarks of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-an association not established in
      vivo. We sought to elucidate the relationship between BRAF, Snail, E-cadherin,
      and established histopathologic prognosticators in primary cutaneous melanoma.
      Archived annotated samples with a diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma were
      retrieved (n = 68 cases; 34 BRAF mutant and 34 BRAF wild type) and
      immunohistochemically stained for Snail and E-cadherin protein expression. A
      semiquantitative scoring system was used. Multivariate logistic analysis was used
      to control confounders of BRAF. Snail expression was significantly associated
      only with ulceration (42% versus 13%; P = .02). E-cadherin expression was present
      in 26% of BRAF mutant and 71% of BRAF wild-type cases (P = .0003). Loss of E
      cadherin expression was associated with female sex (60% versus 34%; P = .05),
      BRAF mutation (74% versus 29%; P = .0003), thickness greater than or equal to 1
      mm (68% versus 32%; P = .004), mitosis (63% versus 25%; P = .007), and ulceration
      (75% versus 44%; P = .05). BRAF mutation was associated with male sex (60% versus
      30%; P = .02), Breslow thickness (P = .007), thickness greater than or equal to 1
      mm (68% versus 29%; P = .002), and ulceration (75% versus 42%; P = .02). Snail
      expression did not correlate with loss of E-cadherin expression (47% versus 53%;
      P = .79). After controlling for potential confounding, BRAF mutation was
      associated with loss of E-cadherin (adjusted odds ratio, 8.332; 95% confidence
      interval, 2.257-30.757; P = .0015) and Breslow thickness greater than 1 mm
      (adjusted odds ratio, 7.360; 95% confidence interval, 1.534-35.318; P = .0126).
      Our findings, indicating that mutant BRAF represses E-cadherin expression,
      implicating a catalytic role for BRAF in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

PMID- 26980025
TI  - A favorable role of prolactin in human breast cancer reveals novel pathway-based
      gene signatures indicative of tumor differentiation and favorable patient
      outcome.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) hormone is known to play a key role in mammary gland development
      allowing for successful lactation. The role of this hormone in breast
      tumorigenesis is still controversial. Here, we evaluated PRL protein and gene
      expression levels in human breast cancer using tissue microarray of 100 breast
      cancer cases, as well as different publically available human breast cancer gene
      profiling databases. Interestingly, our results showed a significant
      downregulation of PRL expression in breast cancer compared to normal adjacent
      tissue. Moreover, expression of PRL was associated with more differentiated
      tumors, early stage, smaller tumor size and absence of distant metastasis.
      Importantly, our results indicate that higher PRL mRNA levels are significantly
      associated with prolonged relapse-free survival (RFS) in breast cancer patients
      (P=3.7 x 10(-9)). Additionally, examining expression of PRL pathway-based gene
      signature composed of PRL, PRLR, Jak2 and Stat5a showed a significant association
      with more differentiated tumors (P<.00001), prolonged RFS (P=1.8 x 10(-6)) as
      well as overall survival (OS) (P=.0026). As well, our results indicate that PRL
      directed differentiation program in mammary epithelial cells offer good prognosis
      in human breast cancer. Indeed, expression of a gene signature composed of PRL
      upregulated genes showed a significant association with well-differentiated
      tumors (P<.00001). Whereas expression of a gene signature composed of PRL
      downregulated genes showed a significant association with shortened distant
      metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (P=.0086). Altogether our results highlight that
      PRL hormone and its signaling pathway may play an important role in maintaining
      tumor differentiation state and in turn better patient outcome.

PMID- 26980026
TI  - Serous carcinomatous component championed by heparin-binding EGF-like growth
      factor (HB-EGF) predisposing to metastasis and recurrence in stage I uterine
      malignant mixed mullerian tumor.
AB  - The stage I uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) shows different
      potential for progression. We reason that MMMTs with high-grade carcinomatous
      component and positivity for HB-EGF are prone to recurrence/metastasis in the
      early stage. A retrospective clinical and histopathologic review with
      immunohistochemical staining for HB-EGF, EGFR, and integrin-alpha5 was performed
      for 62 surgically staged MMMT cases. Recurrence/metastasis (RM) is 6/18 (33%) in
      stage I disease. Of all the clinicopathologic variables and biomarkers analyzed
      for stage I MMMT, serous carcinomatous component (83% [5/6] versus 17% [1/12], P
      = .0015) and HB-EGF expression (100% [6/6] versus 50% [6/12], P=.0339) were
      significantly different between groups with RM and without RM. The presence of
      serous carcinoma in all stages was 83% (5/6) in stage I with RM, 8% (1/12) in
      stage I without RM, 20% (1/5) in stage II, 36.4% (8/22) in stage III and 64.7%
      (11/17) in stage IV; this was paralleled by HB-EGF expression of 100% (6/6), 50%
      (6/12), 40% (2/5), 50% (11/22) and 71% (12/17) with a correlation coefficient
      r=0.9131 (P=.027). HB-EGF and integrin-alpha5 were highly expressed in MMMTs
      bearing serous carcinoma component, compared to endometrioid and
      unclassifiable/miscellaneous subtypes (84.6%/47.6%/33.3%, P=.025 for HB-EGF; and
      61.5%/42.9%/20.0%, P=.021 for integrin-alpha5). The EGFR positivity was
      comparable among the three subtypes (48.1%, 47.6% and 26.7%, P=.326). This study
      indicates that serous carcinomatous component championed by expression of HB-EGF
      predisposes to recurrence/metastasis in stage I MMMT. This process might involve
      integrin-alpha5 and does not seem to require overexpression of EGFR. Further
      study is required.

PMID- 26980027
TI  - Translocation t(7;12) as the sole chromosomal abnormality resulting in ACTB-GLI1
      fusion in pediatric gastric pericytoma.
AB  - We hereby report an unusual gastric tumor arising from the pyloric wall of the
      stomach in a 9-year-old child harboring the exceptionally rare translocation
      t(7;12) resulting in ACTB-GLI1 gene fusion. This tumor has been previously
      classified as pericytoma with t(7;12) and described in 6 patients, 2 of them
      children. We discuss the challenges in recognizing this rare entity and the
      importance of the molecular studies in establishing the correct diagnosis. Our
      case is the first report of this type arising in the stomach of a child.

PMID- 26980028
TI  - Detection of TERT promoter mutations in primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary
      bladder.
AB  - TERT promoter mutations (TERT-mut) have been detected in 60% to 80% of urothelial
      carcinomas. A molecular urine-based screening assay for the detection of TERT-mut
      is currently being pursued by our group and others. A small but significant
      number of bladder carcinomas are adenocarcinoma. The current study assesses the
      incidence of TERT-mut in primary adenocarcinomas of urinary bladder. A
      retrospective search of our institutional pathology records identified 23
      cystectomy specimens with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma (2000-2014). All slides
      were reviewed by a senior urologic pathologist to confirm tumor type and select a
      representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block for mutational analysis.
      Adequate material for DNA testing was available in 14 cases (7 enteric type and 7
      not otherwise specified). TERT-mut sequencing analysis was performed using
      previously described SafeSeq technique. Overall, 28.5% of primary adenocarcinoma
      harbored TERT-mut. Interestingly, 57% of nonenteric adenocarcinomas were mutation
      positive, whereas none of the enteric-type tumors harbored mutations. Similar to
      urothelial carcinoma, we found a relatively higher rate of TERT-mut among
      nonenteric-type adenocarcinomas further supporting the potential utility of TERT
      mut urine-based screening assay for bladder cancer.

PMID- 26980029
TI  - Prevalence and distribution of 15 high-risk human papillomavirus types in
      squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum.
AB  - Which subtype(s) of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) are involved in
      squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the scrotum is unknown. Twenty-seven cases of
      SCC of the scrotum were retrieved, and all 15 subtypes of hrHPV and their viral
      loads were assessed using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. The
      results were correlated with the histopathologic features, p16 expression, and in
      situ hybridization for hrHPV. hrHPV was identified in 18 (67%) of 27 of the
      cases, including HPV16 (n=8), HPV35 (n=7), HPV31 (n=5), HPV59 (n=5), HPV33 (n=3),
      HPV18 (n=2), HPV51 (n=2), HPV39 (n=1), HPV56 (n=1), and HPV82 (n=1). Of the 18
      cases, 10 (56%) were infected by multiple hrHPV subtypes. In situ carcinomas had
      higher viral loads than invasive (50M versus 2M in average). The average age of
      HPV-positive and -negative cases was similar, 55 and 51, respectively. Of 11
      cases of invasive carcinoma, 5 (45%) were positive for hrHPV versus 13 of 16
      (81%) of in situ carcinomas. The highest proportion of hrHPV-positive cases was
      seen in basaloid type (7/7; 100%) and warty type (4/4; 100%), followed by usual
      type (7/16; 44%). Of 18 of the HPV-positive cases, 9 (50%) were also positive for
      p16 by immunohistochemistry and 6 of 18 (33%) were positive by in situ
      hybridization. Similar to SCC of the vulva and penis, the most frequently HPV
      positive tumors are basaloid and warty types. However, a proportion of SCC usual
      type are also positive for hrHPV. Our results show that 8 (44%) of 18 of cases
      are associated with hrHPV subtypes other than 16 and 18. Additionally, 7 (70%) of
      10 of hrHPV16/18-positive cases are coinfected with other subtypes.

PMID- 26980030
TI  - Neurofibromin protein loss in desmoplastic melanoma subtypes: implicating NF1
      allelic loss as a distinct genetic driver?
AB  - Loss of the NF1 allele, coding for the protein neurofibromin, and polymorphism in
      the proto-oncogene RET (RETp) are purportedly common in desmoplastic melanoma
      (DM). DM is categorized into pure (PDM) and mixed (MDM) subtypes, which differ in
      prognosis. Most NF1 mutations result in a truncated/absent protein, making
      immunohistochemical screening for neurofibromin an ideal surrogate for NF1
      allelic loss. Using antineurofibromin, our aims were to ascertain the incidence
      of neurofibromin loss in DM subtypes and to evaluate the relationship with RET,
      perineural invasion (PNI) and established histopathologic prognosticators. A
      total of 78 archival samples of DM met criteria for inclusion (54 cases of non-DM
      serving as controls). Immunohistochemistry was performed for neurofibromin,
      whereas direct DNA sequencing was used for RETp and BRAF mutation status.
      Statistical analyses included chi(2) test as well as Fisher exact test.
      Neurofibromin loss was more common in DM than non-DM (69% versus 54%; P=.02). In
      DM, significant differences in neurofibromin loss were noted in the following:
      non-head and neck versus head and neck biopsy site (88% versus 55%) and PDM
      versus MDM variants (80% versus 56%). No significant associations were noted with
      sex, presence of a junctional component, Breslow depth, ulceration, mitoses, host
      response, RETp, BRAF status, or PNI. RETp was marginally associated with PNI
      positive DM versus PNI-negative DM (36 versus 18%; P=.08). Our findings, the
      largest to date investigating neurofibromin in DM, validate the incidence of NF1
      mutations/allelic loss in DM and suggest that the DM subtypes have distinct
      genetic drivers.

PMID- 26980031
TI  - Comparison of the methods for measuring the Ki-67 labeling index in
      adrenocortical carcinoma: manual versus digital image analysis.
AB  - Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, highly malignant neoplasm harboring
      marked histologic heterogeneity. The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) is one of the most
      effective diagnostic and prognostic markers in ACC. However, its assessment has
      by no means been standardized. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the Ki-67 LI
      in 18 ACC cases both by seven pathologists using microscopes (MA; manual
      analysis) and with digital image analysis (DIA) and also compared the Ki-67 LI
      obtained by selecting "hot spots" and formulating the "average" reading of the
      whole tumor specimen. In addition, we performed statistical analysis of the
      association between Ki-67 LI and the clinical and pathologic features of
      individual cases. The DIA was significantly correlated with MA in hot spots but
      not in the average fields. The Ki-67 LI in hot spots was significantly and
      consistently higher than that in average areas by both MA and DIA, indicating
      intratumoral heterogeneity. The Ki-67 LI was significantly correlated with the
      Weiss criteria (eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclear atypia, atypical mitoses, and
      sinusoidal invasion) by any mode of evaluation. The clinical outcome was
      significantly better in the patients with a Ki-67 < 10% than in those with a Ki
      67 > 10% by MA in hot spots. The Ki-67 LI in hot spots measured by MA best
      reflected the clinical and pathologic features of ACC. Employment of DIA to
      obtain the Ki-67 LI in ACC requires further improvement, including correction of
      its overestimation of the value by counting non-tumorous cells and nuclear
      segmentation in areas of high cell density.

PMID- 26980033
TI  - Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma occurring in an ovarian cystic teratoma: expanding
      the spectrum of large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation.

PMID- 26980032
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of NRAS(Q61R) protein in follicular-patterned
      thyroid tumors.
AB  - The NRAS(A182G) mutation, which results in the NRAS(Q61R) protein, is a major
      driver mutation in follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms. Although new
      immunohistochemistry (IHC) for NRAS(Q61R) is now available, its sensitivity,
      specificity, and diagnostic utility for thyroid tumors are not yet established.
      We performed IHC for NRAS(Q61R) and direct sequencing for NRAS codon 61 in 4
      thyroid cancer-derived cell lines and 98 follicular-patterned thyroid tumors that
      included 22 follicular thyroid adenomas (FTAs), 35 follicular thyroid carcinomas
      (FTCs), and 41 cases of nodular hyperplasia (NH). In the tumors with NRAS(Q61R),
      the expression of BRAF(V600E) was further evaluated immunohistochemically. Two
      cell lines with NRAS(A182G) showed selective immunoreactivity for NRAS(Q61R). In
      tumor tissues, NRAS(Q61R) IHC was positive in 18% (4/22), 29% (10/35), and 2%
      (1/41) of FTAs, FTCs, and NH samples, respectively. The frequencies of the
      NRAS(Q61R) in FTAs and FTCs were significantly higher than that in NH (P=.046 and
      P=.001, respectively). All tumors with NRAS(Q61R) expression exhibited uniform
      cytoplasmic positivity with or without accumulation in their cell membranes. Of
      the 15 tumors with NRAS(Q61R) expression, 13 cases showed NRAS(A182G) in direct
      sequencing, whereas all of the tumors without NRAS(Q61R) expression were negative
      for the mutation. There were no tumors with overlapping expression of NRAS(Q61R)
      and BRAF(V600E). In reference to the direct sequencing, sensitivity and
      specificity of the NRAS(Q61R) IHC were 100% and 98%, respectively. In conclusion,
      NRAS(Q61R) IHC is a highly sensitive and specific tool that is useful for
      differentiating follicular-patterned thyroid tumors.

PMID- 26980034
TI  - Expression and prognostic roles of PIK3CA, JAK2, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Epstein-Barr
      virus-associated gastric carcinoma.
AB  - As a special subtype of gastric carcinoma, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated
      gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) has distinct clinicopathological features. The Cancer
      Genome Atlas Research Network revealed that EBVaGC also has distinct molecular
      features: PIK3CA mutations, DNA hypermethylation, and JAK2, PD-L1, and PD-L2
      amplification. Here, we evaluated PIK3CA, JAK2, PD-L1, and PD-L2 expression in 59
      EBVaGC and 796 EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) cases using
      immunohistochemistry and found that PIK3CA, JAK2, PD-L1, and PD-L2 were highly
      expressed in 75.9% and 48.8% (P<.001), 81.8% and 71.1% (P=.091), 92.5% and 84.8%
      (P=.132), and 98.1% and 89.7% (P=.049) of the EBVaGC and EBVnGC cases,
      respectively. However, the expression of PIK3CA, JAK2, PD-L1, or PD-L2 was not
      significantly associated with clinicopathological features or patient outcomes in
      EBVaGC. In contrast, in EBVnGC, high PIK3CA expression was significantly
      associated with indolent clinicopathological features and independently predicted
      better 5-year overall survival (57.8% versus 33.4%, P<.001). Our study indicated
      that the protein expression of the 4 characteristic molecules of EBVaGC was
      basically consistent with their genetic alterations, making them potential
      characteristic protein biomarkers and therapeutic targets of EBVaGC. The
      favorable impact of PIK3CA overexpression on survival found in this study gives
      us new insight into the clinical significance of PIK3CA in EBVnGC.

PMID- 26980035
TI  - Anti-CD8 (SP57) rabbit monoclonal antibody is a useful tool for detecting
      Toxoplasma gondii on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

PMID- 26980036
TI  - TGFBR3 and MGEA5 rearrangements are much more common in "hybrid" hemosiderotic
      fibrolipomatous tumor-myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas than in classical
      myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcomas: a morphological and fluorescence in situ
      hybridization study.
AB  - Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is a rare low-grade sarcoma that
      most often involves the distal extremities of adults. Some MIFSs have been
      reported to show TGFBR3 and MGEA5 rearrangements. TGFBR3 and MGEA5 rearrangements
      have also been reported in hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor (HFLT), in
      pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT), and in rare tumors allegedly
      showing features of both HFLT and MIFS (hybrid HFLT-MIFS). These findings have
      led to speculation that HFLT, MIFS, PHAT, and hybrid HFLT-MIFS are closely
      related; however, areas resembling HFLTs are only very rarely encountered in
      previous series of MIFSs. We studied classic examples of these tumors with the
      goal of clarifying the relationship between MIFS and HFLT-MIFS. Cases of MIFS
      (n=31), hybrid HFLT-MIFS (n=8), PHAT (n=2), HFLT (n=1), and undifferentiated
      pleomorphic sarcoma (n=4) were retrieved from our archives, and the diagnoses
      were verified by 5 soft tissue pathologists. Using previously validated break
      apart fluorescence in situ hybridization probes, we analyzed for TGFBR3 and MGEA5
      rearrangements. Only 2 of 31 MIFSs harbored MGEA5 rearrangements; all lacked
      TGFBR3 rearrangements. Six of 8 hybrid HFLT-MIFSs harbored rearrangements of
      TGFBR3 and/or MGEA5. Both PHATs were positive for rearrangements of TGFBR3 and/or
      MGEA5. The HFLT was positive for rearrangements of both TGFBR3 and MGEA5. All
      undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas with focal myxoid change were negative. We
      conclude that (1) TGFBR3 and/or MGEA5 rearrangements are much more common in
      hybrid HFLT-MIFSs than in classic MIFSs, (2) HFLTs and MIFSs may be unrelated
      lesions, and (3) hybrid HFLT-MIFSs most likely represent HFLTs with sarcomatous
      progression, rather than tumors strictly related to classic MIFSs.

PMID- 26980037
TI  - ARID1A expression in early stage colorectal adenocarcinoma: an exploration of its
      prognostic significance.
AB  - ARID1A is a chromatin remodeling gene that is mutated in a number of cancers
      including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Loss of ARID1A has been associated with an
      adverse outcome in some types of cancer. However, literature data have not been
      consistent. Major limitations of some outcome studies include small sample size
      and heterogeneous patient population. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic
      value of ARID1A in a homogeneous group of early stage CRC patients, a population
      where prognostic markers are particularly relevant. We collected a retrospective
      series of 578 stage I or II CRCs. All patients underwent surgery with curative
      intent and without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. ARID1A expression was
      analyzed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray. We found ARID1A loss in
      49 of 552 analyzable tumors (8.9%). Compared with the ARID1A-retained group,
      cases with ARID1A loss were associated with female sex (P<.001), mismatch-repair
      protein deficiency (P<.001), poor differentiation (P<.001), lymphovascular
      invasion (P=.001), and higher pT stage (P=.047). However, at a median follow-up
      of 49months, ARID1A loss did not correlate with overall, disease-specific, or
      recurrence-free survival. This is the first systematic analysis to evaluate the
      prognostic significance of ARID1A in stage I/II CRCs, and our data indicate that
      ARID1A loss lacks prognostic significance in this population despite its
      association with other adverse features. Such data are clinically relevant, as
      efforts are ongoing in identifying markers that can detect the small but
      significant subset of early stage CRCs that will have a poor outcome.

PMID- 26980038
TI  - Could prominent airway-centered fibroblast foci in lung biopsies predict
      underlying chronic microaspiration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients?
AB  - Chronic occult aspiration of small droplets (microaspiration) due to
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or hiatal hernia is postulated to be a
      contributing factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
      Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is the histopathologic correlate of IPF. We
      hypothesized that chronic microaspiration may manifest as prominent airway
      centered fibroblastic foci (FFs) in IPF. UIP cases diagnosed by wedge biopsies
      over a 6-year period (2006-2011) were identified and scored (1-3) for the
      prominence of airway-centered FFs by 2 authors blinded for clinical history.
      Relevant clinical information was obtained. Thirty-seven patients (22 men) were
      diagnosed with IPF by multidisciplinary approach. Thirteen cases (35.1%)
      demonstrated high airway-centered FF score (score 3). Twenty (54.1%) patients
      carried a clinical diagnosis of GERD, and 3 patients (8.1%) had hiatal hernia.
      High airway-centered FF score was significantly associated with hiatal hernia
      diagnosis (P=.037) but not with a diagnosis of GERD or the use of proton pump
      inhibitors/histamine-2 receptor antagonists. High airway-centered FF score was
      associated with airway-centered acute inflammation (P=.028) and peribronchiolar
      granulomas (P=.042). In summary, IPF cases with hiatal hernia were more likely to
      have a prominent airway-centered FF. Given the strong association between hiatal
      hernia and GERD and their risk for developing chronic microaspiration, the
      prominent airway-centered FF in UIP might predict the presence of chronic
      microaspiration, acknowledging that GERD and proton pump inhibitor/histamine-2
      receptor antagonist use failed to demonstrate a significant association. Larger
      studies are warranted for further investigation.

PMID- 26980039
TI  - A morphological and immunophenotypic map of the immune response in Merkel cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - The susceptibility of Merkel cell carcinoma to the host immune response has
      prompted a search for effective immunotherapy. CD8-positive T lymphocytes are
      considered key effectors of this response, but the cellular infiltrates also
      harbor tumor-protective agents. By developing a comprehensive morphological and
      immunophenotypic map of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) in Merkel cell
      carcinoma, we aimed to establish a useful template for future studies. Twenty-two
      cases (mean age, 79years [range, 52-95]; male-female ratio, 10:12) were studied.
      TILS were categorized as brisk (7), nonbrisk (9), and absent(6). Merkel cell
      polyomavirus (MCPyV)-positive (16) and -negative (6) cases were included, as were
      those with pure (18) and combined (4) morphologies. One MCPyV+ case had undergone
      spontaneous regression. Immunohistochemical markers included CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20,
      CD68, FoxP3, PD-1, and CD123. Statistical analysis used Fisher exact tests and
      Spearman correlations. There was a significant correlation between brisk TILs and
      MCPyV+ status (P=.025). CD8+ T lymphocytes predominated, were present in
      significantly higher proportions in brisk infiltrates (P=.003), and showed a
      significant predilection for the intratumoral environment (P=.003). Immune
      inhibitors including T regulatory cells (FOXP3+) and PD-1+ "exhausted"
      immunocytes were present in lower proportions. Our findings support (1) the link
      between a brisk immune response and MCPyV positivity, (2) the supremacy of CD8+
      cells in effecting immunity, and (3) the incorporation of immune inhibitors
      within the global infiltrate. Efforts to therapeutically arm the "effectors" and
      disarm the "detractors" are well focused. These will likely have the greatest
      impact on MCPyV-positive cases.

PMID- 26980040
TI  - Biologic effect of neurogenesis in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer (PaCA) is a deadly disease with few systemic therapeutic
      options. The head of the pancreas is the most innervated part and most common
      location of cancer. However, little is known about the contribution of the nerve
      cancer interaction to facilitate pancreatic progression. To quantify PaCA
      axonogenesis, we used a 3-dimensional in vitro neurogenesis model. In addition,
      neurogenesis in human PaCA was analyzed using PGP9.5 immunohistochemistry,
      deconvolution imaging, and image segmentation and analysis. There was a
      significant increase of the total area of neurites in the in vitro coculture with
      dorsal root ganglia group than control. The nerve density in PaCA tissue was
      significantly higher than normal pancreatic tissue. To study the functional role
      of nerves in PaCA, male athymic nude (Nu-Nu) mice were divided into 3 groups: (A)
      animals were coinjected with MIA PaCa-2 cells and 20U/kg weight units of
      Botulinum toxin (Botox) (n=10); (B) first injected with Botox and 6weeks later
      MIA PaCa-2 cancer cells (n=4); and (C) control animals were injected with
      equivalent amounts of saline fluid (n=9). Animals were sacrificed 6weeks later.
      Tumor size and apoptotic count (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick
      end labeling) were measured. Tumor size was decreased and apoptotic rate
      increased in Botox-treated PaCA. Our data indicate that neural microenvironment
      may play an important role in the progression of PaCA. It may lead to novel nerve
      targeted coadjuvant therapies for PaCA.

PMID- 26980041
TI  - The role of Alix in the proliferation of human glioma cells.
AB  - Apoptosis-linked-gene-2-interacting protein 1 (Alix) is involved in the endosome
      lysosome system in the cytoplasm. The normal function of Alix may be altered by
      ALG-2 toward a destructive role during active cell death. Alix also may play a
      role in regulation of cell proliferation. However, the role of Alix in human
      glioma has not been elucidated yet. This study intended to clarify the
      relationship between Alix and glioma pathologic grades and its role in the
      proliferation of glioma cells. Our findings showed that Alix protein
      concentrations were significantly elevated in high-grade glioma tissue compared
      with low-grade glioma (P < .0001). Immunohistochemical study revealed that Alix
      was overexpressed in 75 resected glioma tissues and may forecast poor survival.
      Alix expression was increased in resting serum-stimulated glioma cells.
      Additionally, we reduced Alix expression in U251MG cells and then found that cell
      viability was decreased significantly when p21 expression increased. Colony
      formation assay and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that reduced Alix
      expression may lead to growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. In summary, our
      findings suggest that Alix plays an important role in the proliferation of glioma
      cells and may be a novel therapeutic target.

PMID- 26980042
TI  - Brain biopsy in atypical dementia and primary angiitis of the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 26980043
TI  - Brain biopsy in atypical dementia and primary angiitis of the central nervous
      system--reply.

PMID- 26980044
TI  - PAX8, auseful biomarker for ovarianserous tumors.

PMID- 26980045
TI  - Physician scientist research pathway leading to certification by the American
      Board of Pathology.
AB  - In 2014, the American Board of Pathology, in response to the pathology community,
      approved a physician scientist research pathway (PSRP). This brief report
      summarizes the history of and objectives for creating the physician scientist
      research pathway and the requirements of the American Board of Pathology for the
      certification of physician scientist research pathway trainees.

PMID- 26980046
TI  - Impact of peritumoral and intratumoral budding in esophageal adenocarcinomas.
AB  - Tumor budding has prognostic significance in many carcinomas and is defined as
      the presence of detached isolated single cells or small cell clusters up to 5
      cells at the invasion front (peritumoral budding [PTB]) or within the tumor
      (intratumoral budding [ITB]). For esophageal adenocarcinomas (EACs), there are
      currently only few data about the impact of this morphological feature. We
      investigated tumor budding in a large collective of 200 primarily resected EACs.
      Pancytokeratin staining was demonstrated to be superior to hematoxylin and eosin
      staining for the detection of buds with substantial to excellent interobserver
      agreement and used for subsequent analysis. PTB and ITB were scored across 10
      high-power fields (HPFs). The median count of tumor buds was 130/10 HPFs for PTB
      (range, 2-593) and 80/10 HPFs for ITB (range, 1-656). PTB and ITB correlated
      significantly with each other (r = 0.9; P < .001). High PTB and ITB rates were
      seen in more advanced tumor categories (P < .001 each); tumors with lymph node
      metastases (P < .001/P = .002); and lymphatic, vascular, and perineural invasion
      and higher tumor grading (P < .001 each). Survival analysis showed an association
      with worse survival for high-grade ITB (P = .029) but not PTB (P = .385).
      However, in multivariate analysis, lymph node and resection status, but not ITB,
      were independent prognostic parameters. In conclusion, PTB and ITB can be
      observed in EAC to various degrees. High-grade budding is associated with
      aggressive tumor phenotype. Assessment of tumor budding, especially ITB, may
      provide additional prognostic information about tumor behavior and may be useful
      in specific cases for risk stratification of EAC patients.

PMID- 26980047
TI  - The predictive value of kidney biopsy in renal vasculitis: a multicenter cohort
      study.
AB  - The histopathologic classification of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
      associated vasculitis has been demonstrated to have prognostic value in small
      cohorts of patients with pauci-immune extracapillary glomerulonephritis. We aimed
      to validate this histologic subgrouping system in a large cohort of patients with
      renal vasculitis from 3 Spanish centers. The additional value of several
      histologic parameters for predicting renal outcome was investigated. A total of
      151 biopsies of patients with renal vasculitis were reviewed and classified as
      follows: 41% crescentic, 24% mixed, 21% focal, and 14% sclerotic. The cumulative
      proportions of renal survival at 5 years were 83.2%, 81.2%, 60.5%, and 50.7% for
      the focal, mixed, crescentic, and sclerotic categories, respectively (P < .05).
      In the crescentic category, patients with less than 75% of glomeruli showing
      crescents had better survival at 1 and 5 years compared with those having greater
      than or equal to 75% of crescents (77.9% and 70.6% versus 51.3% and 45.6%; P =
      .02). When adjusted by renal function and other histologic parameters, the
      percentage of extracapillary proliferation and glomerulosclerosis remained as
      significant predictors for renal survival (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.01-1.05; P = .001, and hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval,
      1.01-1.05; P = .002, respectively). In conclusion, patients with pauci-immune
      crescentic glomerulonephritis experienced different outcomes depending on the
      percentage of crescents observed, so that extensive extracapillary proliferation
      was associated with the poorest renal survival. These findings validate the
      prognostic utility of the histologic classification scheme in antineutrophil
      cytoplasmic antibody positive and negative patients and suggest a subdivision of
      crescentic category (<75% and >=75% of crescents) based on the different survival
      rates observed among these subgroups.

PMID- 26980048
TI  - Aberrant activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression in Philadelphia
      chromosome-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in germinal center B
      cells and plays a critical role in somatic hypermutation and class-switch
      recombination of immunoglobulin genes. Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+)
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) carries a poor prognosis and is specifically
      treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Interestingly, AID has been shown to be
      aberrantly expressed and functional in Ph+ ALL and is thought to contribute to
      genetic instability. We hypothesized that AID might be detectable in routinely
      processed bone marrow biopsies by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and assist in
      identifying Ph+ ALL. We found that AID was expressed in 26 (70%) of 37 cases of
      Ph+ ALL but only 1 (2.9%) of 38 cases of Ph- ALL cases. There was a significant
      difference in AID expression between these 2 ALL groups (P < .001, Fisher exact
      test). The expression of AID was confirmed by RT-PCR (reverse-transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction) and correlated with IHC scoring. AID protein is
      expressed in a large proportion of Ph+ ALL cases at levels detectable by IHC in
      clinical samples and might be useful to rapidly identify cases likely to have a
      BCR/ABL1 fusion.

PMID- 26980049
TI  - Immune biomarkers PD-1/PD-L1 and TLR3 in malignant pleural mesotheliomas.
AB  - Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor with no effective
      therapy. However PD-L1/PD-1 immunity checkpoint therapies gave encouraging
      results; TLR3 is a programmed death factor, which triggering up-regulates PD-L1.
      As PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies could restore antitumor immune responses alone
      or in combination with TLR3 agonists, we investigated PD-L1/PD-1 and TLR3
      expressions in MPM to select patients for immunotherapy. Sixty-eight pleural
      surgical specimens, including 58 MPM (epithelioid, n = 34; biphasic, n = 11;
      sarcomatoid, n = 13) and 10 benign lesions, were studied. PD-L1 expression was
      assessed using E1L3N and SP142 clones in tumor cells (TCs) and in tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (positivity threshold of 1%), and compared with
      overall survival. PD-1, CD3 and CD8 expression by TILs, and TLR3 expression by
      TCs were analyzed concomitantly. PD-L1 was more expressed by sarcomatoid subtype
      than by other MPM (62% versus 23% and 9% for E1L3N; 38% versus 11% for SP142) (P
      = .01 and .04, respectively). Specificity and sensitivity of E1L3N and SP142 were
      of 53% and 98%, and 90% and 86%, respectively. PD-L1 expression by TILs and TCs
      correlated for SP142 (P = .023), and PD-L1 SP142 expression by TCs was associated
      with shorter overall survival (P = .016). TLR3 was expressed in most MPM, but
      weakly in sarcomatoid MPM. We confirm by comparing two commercially available
      antibodies that PD-L1 expression is higher in sarcomatoid MPM and correlates with
      a shorter survival. Whereas TLR3 agonists could be tested in MPM expressing TLR3,
      the sarcomatoid subtype could benefit from anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapies alone or in
      combination.

PMID- 26980050
TI  - High IFIT1 expression predicts improved clinical outcome, and IFIT1 along with
      MGMT more accurately predicts prognosis in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.
AB  - Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (IFIT1) plays a key
      role in growth suppression and apoptosis promotion in cancer cells. Interferon
      was reported to induce the expression of IFIT1 and inhibit the expression of O-6
      methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT).This study aimed to investigate the
      expression of IFIT1, the correlation between IFIT1 and MGMT, and their impact on
      the clinical outcome in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The expression of IFIT1 and
      MGMT and their correlation were investigated in the tumor tissues from 70
      patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The effects on progression-free
      survival and overall survival were evaluated. Of 70 cases, 57 (81.4%) tissue
      samples showed high expression of IFIT1 by immunostaining. The chi(2) test
      indicated that the expression of IFIT1 and MGMT was negatively correlated (r = 
      0.288, P = .016). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed high IFIT1
      expression as a favorable prognostic indicator for progression-free survival (P =
      .005 and .017) and overall survival (P = .001 and .001), respectively. Patients
      with 2 favorable factors (high IFIT1 and low MGMT) had an improved prognosis as
      compared with others. The results demonstrated significantly increased expression
      of IFIT1 in newly diagnosed glioblastoma tissue. The negative correlation between
      IFIT1 and MGMT expression may be triggered by interferon. High IFIT1 can be a
      predictive biomarker of favorable clinical outcome, and IFIT1 along with MGMT
      more accurately predicts prognosis in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

PMID- 26980051
TI  - Reduced MUTYH, MTH1, and OGG1 expression and TP53 mutation in diffuse-type
      adenocarcinoma of gastric cardia.
AB  - The effects of oxidative stress in adenocarcinomas of gastric cardia (AGCs) have
      not been fully elucidated. With a strict definition of AGC, we examined the
      immunohistochemical expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase; 8-hydroxy
      deoxyguanosine; and the base excision repair enzymes such as MUTYH, MTH1, and
      OGG1, and TP53 mutational status. Sixty-three cases of AGC were characterized by
      younger patient age (P = .0227) and more frequent venous invasion (P = .0106)
      compared with the adenocarcinomas of pylorus (APs). 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine was
      accumulated (P = .0011), whereas MUTYH (P = .0325) and OGG1 (P = .0007) were
      decreased, in the AGCs compared with the adjacent mucosa, but these differences
      were not detected in the APs. Among the AGCs, lower expressions of MUTYH (P =
      .0013) and MTH1 (P = .0059) were each significantly associated with diffuse-type
      histology. A lower expression of OGG1 was correlated with higher T-stage (P =
      .0011), lymphatic invasion (P = .004), and lymph node metastasis (P = .0094). In
      addition, the presence of TP53 mutation was associated with diffuse-type
      histology (P = .0153) and a lower level of MUTYH (P = .0221). The AGCs also
      showed a relatively high rate of a transversion-type mutation of TP53 (50%),
      whereas all TP53 mutations in the APs were transition type. Age 62years or older
      (P = .0073), diffuse-type histology (P = .0020), and TP53 mutation (P = .0066)
      were each associated with worse survival in the AGC patients. Our results
      indicate that oxidative stress accumulation and a downregulation of base excision
      repair enzymes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AGC, in
      particular diffuse-type AGCs. Diffuse-type AGC might involve molecular pathways
      different from those of other subsets of gastric cancer.

PMID- 26980052
TI  - Increased resting state connectivity between ipsilesional motor cortex and
      contralesional premotor cortex after transcranial direct current stimulation with
      physical therapy.
AB  - Non-invasive stimulation of the brain using transcranial direct current
      stimulation (tDCS) during motor rehabilitation can improve the recovery of
      movements in individuals with stroke. However, the neural substrates that
      underlie the clinical improvements are not well understood. In this proof-of
      principle open-label pilot study, five individuals with stroke received 10
      sessions of tDCS while undergoing usual care physical/occupational therapy for
      the arm and hand. Motor impairment as indexed by the Upper Extremity Fugl Meyer
      assessment was significantly reduced after the intervention. Resting state fMRI
      connectivity increased between ipsilesional motor cortex and contralesional
      premotor cortex after the intervention. These findings provide preliminary
      evidence that the neural underpinnings of tDCS coupled with rehabilitation
      exercises, may be mediated by interactions between motor and premotor cortex. The
      latter, of which has been shown to play an important role in the recovery of
      movements post-stroke. Our data suggest premotor cortex could be tested as a
      target region for non-invasive brain-stimulation to enhance connectivity between
      regions that might be beneficial for stroke motor recovery.

PMID- 26980053
TI  - Association of cardiac autonomic modulation with physical and clinical features
      of young people with type 1 diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify possible associations
      between heart rate variability indices and physical activity, body composition,
      and metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
      METHOD: A total of 39 young patients with type 1 diabetes were included. Body
      composition, physical activity, cardiovascular parameters, and metabolic
      parameters were assessed. For the heart rate variability analysis, heart rate was
      recorded beat-by-beat using a Polar S810i heart rate monitor for 30 minutes, with
      the volunteers in the supine position; subsequently, the following indices were
      considered: standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; root-mean square of
      differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval; percentage
      of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration >50 ms; high frequency
      component in milliseconds squared; high frequency component in normalised units;
      standard deviation of the instantaneous variability beat-to-beat; and standard
      deviation of the long-term variability. The association between the heart rate
      variability indices and independent variables was verified through linear
      regression in unadjusted and adjusted models (considering gender and age). The
      statistical significance was set at 5% and the confidence interval at 95%.
      RESULTS: High values of at-rest heart rate were associated with reduced
      parasympathetic activity and global heart rate variability, and higher values of
      waist-to-hip ratio were related to lower parasympathetic activity, independent of
      age or gender. CONCLUSION: For young patients with type 1 diabetes, increases in
      at-rest heart rate values are associated with reduced parasympathetic activity
      and global heart rate variability, whereas higher waist-to-hip ratio values are
      related to lower parasympathetic activity, both independent of age and gender.

PMID- 26980054
TI  - Targeted proteomics identify metabolism-dependent interactors of yeast cytochrome
      c peroxidase: implications in stress response and heme trafficking.
AB  - Recently we discovered that cytochrome c peroxidase (Ccp1) functions primarily as
      a mitochondrial H2O2 sensor and heme donor in yeast cells. When cells switch
      their metabolism from fermentation to respiration mitochondrial H2O2 levels
      spike, and overoxidation of its polypeptide labilizes Ccp1's heme. A large pool
      of heme-free Ccp1 exits the mitochondria and enters the nucleus and vacuole. To
      gain greater insight into the mechanisms of Ccp1's H2O2-sensing and heme-donor
      functions during the cell's different metabolic states, here we use glutathione-S
      transferase (GST) pulldown assays, combined with 1D gel electrophoresis and mass
      spectrometry to probe for interactors of apo- and holoCcp1 in extracts from 1 d
      fermenting and 7 d stationary-phase respiring yeast. We identified Ccp1's
      peroxidase cosubstrate Cyc1 and 28 novel interactors of GST-apoCcp1 and GST
      holoCcp1 including mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) and cytosolic
      Sod1, the mitochondrial transporter Pet9, the three yeast isoforms of
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Tdh3/2/1), heat shock proteins
      including Hsp90 and Hsp70, and the main peroxiredoxin in yeast (Tsa1) as well as
      its cosubstrate, thioreoxin (Trx1). These new interactors expand the scope of
      Ccp1's possible roles in stress response and in heme trafficking and suggest
      several new lines of investigation. Furthermore, our targeted proteomics analysis
      underscores the limitations of large-scale interactome studies that found only 4
      of the 30 Ccp1 interactors isolated here. 

PMID- 26980055
TI  - One-dimensional ionic self-assembly in a fluorous solution: the structure of
      tetra-n-butylammonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate in
      perfluoromethylcyclohexane by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS).
AB  - Fluorous liquids are the least polarizable condensed phases known, and their
      nonpolar members form solutions with conditions the closest to being in vacuo. A
      soluble salt consisting of a large fluorophilic anion, tetrakis[3,5
      bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate, and its counterion, tetra-n-butylammonium,
      dissolved in perfluoromethylcyclohexane produces ionic solutions with extremely
      low conductivity. These solutions were subjected to small-angle neutron
      scattering (SANS) to ascertain the solute structure. At concentrations of 9% mass
      fraction, the fluorophilic electrolyte forms straight, long (>160 A) self
      assembled structures that are, in essence, long, homogeneous cylinders. Molecular
      models were made assuming a requirement for electroneutrality on the shortest
      length scale possible. This shows a structure formed from a stack of alternating
      anions and cations, and the structures fit the experimental scattering well. At
      the lower concentration of 1%, the stacks of ion pairs are shorter and eventually
      break up to form solitary ion pairs in the solution. These characteristics
      suggest such conditions provide an interesting new way to form long, self
      assembling ionic nanostructures with single-molecule diameters in free solution
      onto which various moieties could be attached. 

PMID- 26980056
TI  - Flat Feet and the U.S. Army Through 1918.

PMID- 26980057
TI  - Characterization of Brain-Penetrant Pyrimidine-Containing Molecules with
      Differential Microtubule-Stabilizing Activities Developed as Potential
      Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Tauopathies.
AB  - The microtubule (MT)-stabilizing protein tau disengages from MTs and forms
      intracellular inclusions known as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease
      and related tauopathies. Reduced tau binding to MTs in tauopathies may contribute
      to neuronal dysfunction through decreased MT stabilization and disrupted axonal
      transport. Thus, the introduction of brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing compounds
      might normalize MT dynamics and axonal deficits in these disorders. We previously
      described a number of phenylpyrimidines and triazolopyrimidines (TPDs) that
      induce tubulin post-translational modifications indicative of MT stabilization.
      We now further characterize the biologic properties of these small molecules, and
      our results reveal that these compounds can be divided into two general classes
      based on the cellular response they evoke. One group composed of the
      phenylpyrimidines and several TPD examples showed a bell-shaped concentration
      response effect on markers of MT stabilization in cellular assays. Moreover,
      these compounds induced proteasome-dependent degradation of alpha- and beta
      tubulin and caused altered MT morphology in both dividing cells and neuron
      cultures. In contrast, a second group comprising a subset of TPD molecules (TPD+)
      increased markers of stable MTs in a concentration-dependent manner in dividing
      cells and in neurons without affecting total tubulin levels or disrupting MT
      architecture. Moreover, an example TPD+ compound was shown to increase MTs in a
      neuron culture model with induced tau hyperphosphorylation and associated MT
      deficits. Several TPD+ compounds were shown to be both brain penetrant and orally
      bioavailable, and a TPD+ example increased MT stabilization in the mouse brain,
      making these compounds potential candidate therapeutics for neurodegenerative
      tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 26980058
TI  - An Ethylene-responsive Factor BpERF11 Negatively Modulates Salt and Osmotic
      Tolerance in Betula platyphylla.
AB  - Ethylene responsive factors (ERFs) play important roles in the abiotic stress;
      however, only a few ERF genes from woody plants have been functionally
      characterized. In the present study, an ERF gene from Betula platyphylla (birch),
      BpERF11, was functionally characterized in response to abiotic stress. BpERF11 is
      a nuclear protein, which could specifically bind to GCC boxes and DRE motifs.
      BpERF11-overexpressing and BpERF11 RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown plants were
      generated for gain- and loss-of-function analysis. BpERF11 negatively regulates
      resistance to salt and severe osmotic stress, and the transgenic birch plants
      overexpressing BpERF11 shows increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde
      (MDA) contents. BpERF11 inhibits the expression of an AtMYB61 homologous gene,
      resulting in increased stomatal aperture, which elevated the transpiration rate.
      Furthermore, BpERF11 downregulates the expression of P5CS, SOD and POD genes, but
      upregulates the expression of PRODH and P5CDH, which results in reduced proline
      levels and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. BpERF11 also
      significantly inhibits the expression of LEA and dehydrin genes that involve in
      abiotic stress tolerance. Therefore, BpERF11 serves as a transcription factor
      that negatively regulates salt and severe osmotic tolerance by modulating various
      physiological processes. 

PMID- 26980059
TI  - Computerized Working-Memory Training for Children Following Arterial Ischemic
      Stroke: A Pilot Study With Long-Term Follow-Up.
AB  - Cognitive deficits in the domains of working memory (WM) and executive function
      are well documented following childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS). However,
      there are currently no evidence-based cognitive interventions for this
      population. Computerized, implicit WM training has been demonstrated to generate
      generalized cognitive gains for children with WM and attention deficits and for
      adults following brain injury. This study used a pilot design to investigate the
      efficacy and feasibility of such an intervention program (Cogmed WM Training) for
      a childhood AIS population. Outcomes were measured via psychometric assessment at
      preintervention and postintervention and again at 1-year follow-up. At
      longitudinal follow-up, participants were found to have significant and
      persistent cognitive difficulties, particularly with attention and response
      inhibition. Following the computerized, implicit WM intervention, a significant
      improvement in phonological-loop WM was seen; however, this improvement was not
      maintained after 12 months. No additional significant improvements on
      standardized psychometric outcome measures were seen either immediately or at 12
      month follow-up. Findings of this pilot study therefore do not currently support
      Cogmed as an effective intervention for children with AIS but highlight the need
      for further research, including randomized, controlled trials, to investigate
      cognitive interventions for the childhood AIS population. 

PMID- 26980060
TI  - High applicability of two-dimensional phosphorous in Kagome lattice predicted
      from first-principles calculations.
AB  - A new semiconducting phase of two-dimensional phosphorous in the Kagome lattice
      is proposed from first-principles calculations. The band gaps of the monolayer
      (ML) and bulk Kagome phosphorous (Kagome-P) are 2.00 and 1.11 eV, respectively.
      The magnitude of the band gap is tunable by applying the in-plane strain and/or
      changing the number of stacking layers. High optical absorption coefficients at
      the visible light region are predicted for multilayer Kagome-P, indicating
      potential applications for solar cell devices. The nearly dispersionless top
      valence band of the ML Kagome-P with high density of states at the Fermi level
      leads to superconductivity with Tc of ~9 K under the optimal hole doping
      concentration. We also propose that the Kagome-P can be fabricated through the
      manipulation of the substrate-induced strain during the process of the sample
      growth. Our work demonstrates the high applicability of the Kagome-P in the
      fields of electronics, photovoltaics, and superconductivity.

PMID- 26980062
TI  - FDA Approval of Gefitinib for the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic EGFR
      Mutation-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - On July 13, 2015, the FDA approved gefitinib (Iressa; AstraZeneca UK Limited) for
      the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
      whose tumors have EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution
      mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test. Concurrently, a labeling expansion
      of the therascreen EGFR RGQ PCR Kit (Qiagen) as a companion diagnostic test was
      approved. The approval was based on the results of a multicenter, single-arm,
      open-label clinical study of 106 treatment-naive patients with metastatic EGFR
      mutation-positive NSCLC who received gefitinib, 250 mg daily, until disease
      progression or intolerable toxicity. The major efficacy outcome was RECIST v1.1
      objective response rate (ORR). The blinded independent central review (BICR) ORR
      was 50% [95% confidence interval (CI), 41-59] with a median duration of response
      (DoR) of 6.0 months. Efficacy results were supported by a retrospective
      exploratory analysis of a subset of a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial
      on 1,217 patients with metastatic NSCLC. Of the patients randomized, 186 (15%)
      were retrospectively determined to be EGFR positive and evaluable for a BICR
      assessment. The HR for progression-free survival (PFS) was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.38
      0.79), favoring gefitinib over platinum-doublet chemotherapy. The most common
      (>=20%) adverse reactions were skin reactions, increased aspartate and alanine
      aminotransferase, proteinuria, and diarrhea. Approximately 5% of patients
      discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction. Given the safety profile and
      clinically meaningful ORR, DoR, and PFS, the benefit-risk analysis was deemed
      favorable for FDA approval.

PMID- 26980063
TI  - Yawning, Why and When?

PMID- 26980064
TI  - Magnetic nanoparticles: novel options for vascular repair?

PMID- 26980065
TI  - In vitro extraction and fermentation of polyphenols from grape seeds (Vitis
      vinifera) by human intestinal microbiota.
AB  - The effects of several parameters on the extraction yield of total polyphenols
      from grape seeds by pressurized liquid extraction were investigated. The highest
      recovery of total polyphenols occurred at 80  degrees C within 5 min, and a
      single extraction allowed a recovery of more than 97% of total polyphenols.
      Following the purification with macroporous resin, the effects of grape
      polyphenols (>94.8%) on human intestinal microbiota were monitored over 36 h
      incubation by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and short-chain fatty acids
      (SCFAs) were measured by HPLC. The result showed that the grape polyphenols
      promoted the changes in the relevant microbial populations and shifted the
      profiles of SCFAs. Fermentation of grape polyphenols resulted in a significant
      increase in the numbers of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus-Enterococcus
      group and inhibition in the growth of the Clostridium histolyticum group and the
      Bacteroides-Prevotella group, with no significant effect on the population of
      total bacteria. The findings suggest that grape polyphenols have potential
      prebiotic effects on modulating the gut microbiota composition and generating
      SCFAs that contribute to the improvements of host health. 

PMID- 26980066
TI  - The Hippo pathway member YAP enhances human neural crest cell fate and migration.
AB  - The Hippo/YAP pathway serves as a major integrator of cell surface-mediated
      signals and regulates key processes during development and tumorigenesis. The
      neural crest is an embryonic tissue known to respond to multiple environmental
      cues in order to acquire appropriate cell fate and migration properties. Using
      multiple in vitro models of human neural development (pluripotent stem cell
      derived neural stem cells; LUHMES, NTERA2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines), we
      investigated the role of Hippo/YAP signaling in neural differentiation and neural
      crest development. We report that the activity of YAP promotes an early neural
      crest phenotype and migration, and provide the first evidence for an interaction
      between Hippo/YAP and retinoic acid signaling in this system. 

PMID- 26980068
TI  - Variability in biofilm formation correlates with hydrophobicity and quorum
      sensing among Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from food contact surfaces and the
      distribution of the genes involved in biofilm formation.
AB  - Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the leading foodborne pathogens causing seafood
      contamination. Here, 22 V. parahaemolyticus strains were analyzed for biofilm
      formation to determine whether there is a correlation between biofilm formation
      and quorum sensing (QS), swimming motility, or hydrophobicity. The results
      indicate that the biofilm formation ability of V. parahaemolyticus is positively
      correlated with cell surface hydrophobicity, autoinducer (AI-2) production, and
      protease activity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed
      that strong-biofilm-forming strains established thick 3-D structures, whereas
      poor-biofilm-forming strains produced thin inconsistent biofilms. In addition,
      the distribution of the genes encoding pandemic clone factors, type VI secretion
      systems (T6SS), biofilm functions, and the type I pilus in the V.
      parahaemolyticus seafood isolates were examined. Biofilm-associated genes were
      present in almost all the strains, irrespective of other phenotypes. These
      results indicate that biofilm formation on/in seafood may constitute a major
      factor in the dissemination of V. parahaemolyticus and the ensuing diseases. 

PMID- 26980067
TI  - Actin3 promoter reveals undulating F-actin bundles at shanks and dynamic F-actin
      meshworks at tips of tip-growing pollen tubes.
AB  - The dynamic actin cytoskeleton of pollen tubes is both the driver of the tip
      growth and the organizer of cell polarity. In order to understand this fast re
      arranging cytoskeletal system, we need reliable constructs expressed under
      relevant promoters. Here we are reporting that the Lifeact reporter, expressed
      under the pollen-specific Actin3 promoter, visualizes very dynamic F-actin
      elements both in germinating pollen grains and tip-growing pollen tubes.
      Importantly, we have documented very active actin polymerization at the cell
      periphery, especially in the bulging area during pollen germination and in the
      apical clear zone. Expression of the Lifeact reporter under control of the pollen
      specific Actin3 promoter revealed 2 new aspects: (i) long F-actin bundles in
      pollen tube shanks are dynamic, showing undulating movements, (ii) subapical
      'actin collars' or 'fringes' are absent. 

PMID- 26980069
TI  - Response to ibrutinib in a patient with IgG lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma carrying
      the MYD88 L265P gene mutation.

PMID- 26980070
TI  - Global functional diversity of freshwater fish is concentrated in the Neotropics
      while functional vulnerability is widespread.
AB  - Worldwide biodiversity assessments have mainly focused on species richness but
      little is known about the diversity of species roles, i.e. functional diversity,
      while this is a key facet to understanding the consequences of global changes on
      the ecosystem services to human societies. Here, we report the world pattern of
      functional diversity of freshwater fish using a database encompassing
      morphological characteristics of more than 9,000 species. The Neotropical realm
      hosts more than 75% of global functional diversity while other realms each host
      less than 25%. This discrepancy is mediated by high functional uniqueness in some
      diversified Neotropical fish orders. Surprisingly, functional diversity patterns
      were weakly related to functional vulnerability. In the Neotropics the loss of
      threatened species will cause a limited loss of functional diversity (<10%)
      whereas in the Nearctic and Palearctic realms, decline of the functional
      diversity will reach 43% and 33%, respectively, conferring a high functional
      vulnerability to these realms. Conservation of the Neotropical fish diversity is
      a key target to maintain world fish functional diversity, but this should not
      hide the pressing need to conserve the vulnerable fish faunas of the rest of the
      world, in which functional diversity is to a large extent supported by threatened
      species. 

PMID- 26980071
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of Dimethyl Fumarate Are Tissue Specific and Involve NRF2
      Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms.
AB  - AIMS: Gastro-resistant dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an oral therapeutic indicated
      for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Recent data suggest that a
      primary pharmacodynamic response to DMF treatment is activation of the nuclear
      factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway; however, the gene targets
      modulated downstream of NRF2 that contribute to DMF-dependent effects are poorly
      understood. RESULTS: Using wild-type and NRF2 knockout mice, we characterized DMF
      transcriptional responses throughout the brain and periphery to understand DMF
      effects in vivo and to explore the necessity of NRF2 in this process. Our
      findings identified tissue-specific expression of NRF2 target genes as well as
      NRF2-dependent and -independent gene regulation after DMF administration.
      Furthermore, using gene ontology, we identified common biological pathways that
      may be regulated by DMF and contribute to in vivo functional effects. INNOVATION:
      Together, these data suggest that DMF modulates transcription through multiple
      pathways, which has implications for the cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, and
      clinical properties of DMF. CONCLUSION: These findings provide further
      understanding of the DMF mechanism of action and propose potential therapeutic
      targets that warrant further investigation for treating neurodegenerative
      diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 1058-1071.

PMID- 26980072
TI  - BMA calls for changes to end of life care.

PMID- 26980073
TI  - The effect of orthotic devices on knee adduction moment, pain and function in
      medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: a literature review.
AB  - Background Knee braces and foot orthoses are commonly used to improve knee
      adduction moment, pain and function in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
      However, no literature review has been performed to compare the effects of foot
      orthoses and knee braces in this group of patients. Purpose The aim of this
      review was to evaluate the effects of foot orthoses and knee braces on knee
      adduction moment, pain and function in individuals with knee OA. Study design
      Literature review. Method The search strategy was based on the Population
      Intervention Comparison Outcome method. A search was performed in PubMed, Science
      Direct, Google Scholar and ISI web of knowledge databases using the PRISMA method
      and based on selected keywords. Thirty-one related articles were selected for
      final evaluation. Results The results of the analysis of these studies
      demonstrated that orthotic devices reduce knee adduction moment and also improve
      pain and function in individuals with knee OA. Conclusion Foot orthoses may be
      more effective in improving pain and function in subjects with knee OA. Both knee
      braces and foot orthoses reduce the knee adduction moment in knee OA and
      consequently patients typically do not need to use knee braces for a long period
      of time. Also, foot orthoses and knee braces may be more effective for medial
      compartment knee OA patients due to the fact that this treatment helps improve
      pain and function. Implications for Rehabilitation Knee braces and foot orthoses
      are commonly used for improving knee adduction moment, pain and function in
      subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Orthotic devices can reduce knee
      adduction moment, pain and improve function in knee OA. The combined use of a
      knee braces and foot orthoses can provide more improvement in knee adduction
      moment, reduced pain and increased function.

PMID- 26980074
TI  - Mechanical phenotyping of primary human skeletal stem cells in heterogeneous
      populations by real-time deformability cytometry.
AB  - Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are a sub-population of mesenchymal stromal cells
      (MSCs) present in bone marrow with multipotent differentiation potential. A
      current unmet challenge hampering their clinical translation remains the
      isolation of homogeneous populations of SSCs, in vitro, with consistent
      regeneration and differentiation capacities. Cell stiffness has been shown to
      play an important role in cell separation using microfluidic techniques such as
      inertial focusing or deterministic lateral displacement. Here we report that the
      mechanical properties of SSCs, and of a surrogate human osteosarcoma cell line
      (MG-63), differ significantly from other cell populations found in the bone
      marrow. Using real-time deformability cytometry, a recently introduced method for
      cell mechanical characterization, we demonstrate that both MG-63 and SSCs are
      stiffer than the three primary leukocyte lineages (lymphocytes, monocytes and
      granulocytes) and also stiffer than HL-60, a human leukemic progenitor cell line.
      In addition, we show that SSCs form a mechanically distinct sub-population of
      MSCs. These results represent an important step towards finding the bio-physical
      fingerprint of human SSCs that will allow their label-free separation from bone
      marrow with significant physiological and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 26980075
TI  - Dermatology team.

PMID- 26980076
TI  - Implementation of an intraoperative electron radiotherapy in vivo dosimetry
      program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) is a highly selective
      radiotherapy technique which aims to treat restricted anatomic volumes during
      oncological surgery and is now the subject of intense re-evaluation. In vivo
      dosimetry has been recommended for IOERT and has been identified as a risk
      reduction intervention in the context of an IOERT risk analysis. Despite reports
      of fruitful experiences, information about in vivo dosimetry in intraoperative
      radiotherapy is somewhat scarce. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to report
      our experience in developing a program of in vivo dosimetry for IOERT, from both
      multidisciplinary and practical approaches, in a consistent patient series. We
      also report several current weaknesses. METHODS: Reinforced TN-502RDM-H mobile
      metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and Gafchromic MD-55
      2 films were used as a redundant in vivo treatment verification system with an
      Elekta Precise fixed linear accelerator for calibrations and treatments. In vivo
      dosimetry was performed in 45 patients in cases involving primary tumors or
      relapses. The most frequent primary tumors were breast (37 %) and colorectal (29
      %), and local recurrences among relapses was 83 %. We made 50 attempts to measure
      with MOSFETs and 48 attempts to measure with films in the treatment zones. The
      surgical team placed both detectors with supervision from the radiation
      oncologist and following their instructions. RESULTS: The program was considered
      an overall success by the different professionals involved. The absorbed doses
      measured with MOSFETs and films were 93.8 +/- 6.7 % and 97.9 +/- 9.0 % (mean +/-
      SD) respectively using a scale in which 90 % is the prescribed dose and 100 % is
      the maximum absorbed dose delivered by the beam. However, in 10 % of cases we
      experienced dosimetric problems due to detector misalignment, a situation which
      might be avoided with additional checks. The useful MOSFET lifetime length and
      the film sterilization procedure should also be controlled. CONCLUSIONS: It is
      feasible to establish an in vivo dosimetry program for a wide set of locations
      treated with IOERT using a multidisciplinary approach according to the skills of
      the professionals present and the detectors used; oncological surgeons'
      commitment is key to success in this context. Films are more unstable and show
      higher uncertainty than MOSFETs but are cheaper and are useful and convenient if
      real-time treatment monitoring is not necessary.

PMID- 26980077
TI  - Psychometric evaluation of the Sinhalese version of MacNew Heart Disease Health
      Related Quality of Life Questionnaire in patients with stable angina.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A Sinhalese version of a validated, disease-specific patient-reported
      heart disease health related quality of life instrument is lacking. The purpose
      of this study was to validate the interviewer-administered Sinhalese version of
      the MacNew Heart Disease Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaire (MacNew) in
      patients with clinically diagnosed stable angina. METHODS: The Sinhalese
      translation of the MacNew was carried using standard forward- backward
      translation technique. In this validation study, the MacNew was administered to
      200 patients with stable angina. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency
      and test-retest reliability. Construct validity was explored by exploratory
      factor analysis using principal component analysis and confirmed by confirmatory
      factor analysis using the robust maximum likelihood method and known group
      comparison. The correlation between compatible domain scores of MacNew and the
      World Health Organization's quality of life -brief questionnaire was used to
      assess concurrent validity. RESULTS: The original 3-factor model (Physical,
      Emotional and Social) of the MacNew with cross-loadings was confirmed: principal
      component analysis with 53.42 % of the explained variance and confirmatory factor
      analysis with adequate fit for each of the three model fit criteria considered
      [root mean square error of approximation = 0.044 (90 % CI = 0.031 to 0.056);
      comparative fit index = 0.99; chi(2)/df = 1.39]. Internal consistency of the
      MacNew was acceptable with Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 on the Global scale and on
      the domain scales ranging from 0.85-0.91. Test-retest reliability was also found
      to be satisfactory with intraclass correlation coefficients of >0.9 for total and
      domain scores. A satisfactory level of concurrent validity was demonstrated with
      statistically significant correlations between compatible domain scores of MacNew
      and the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire (Pearson
      correlation ranging from 0.36-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The interviewer-administered
      Sinhalese MacNew is a valid and reliable patient-reported outcome measure to
      assess disease specific health-related quality of life among Sinhalese patients
      with stable angina.

PMID- 26980078
TI  - Reduction in Bladder-Related Autonomic Dysreflexia after OnabotulinumtoxinA
      Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury.
AB  - Bladder-related events, including neurogenic detrusor overactivity, are the
      leading cause of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injured individuals. Self
      reported autonomic dysreflexia is reduced following onabotulinumtoxinA treatment
      for neurogenic detrusor overactivity; however, none of these trials have assessed
      autonomic dysreflexia events using the clinical cutoff of an increase in systolic
      blood pressure >=20 mm Hg. This study used a prospective, open-labelled design
      from 2013 to 2014 to quantitatively assess the efficacy of one cycle 200 U
      intradetrusor-injected onabotulinumtoxinA (20 sites) on reducing the severity and
      frequency of bladder-related autonomic dysreflexia events and improving quality
      of life. Twelve men and five women with chronic, traumatic spinal cord injuries
      at or above the sixth thoracic level, and concomitant autonomic dysreflexia and
      neurogenic detrusor overactivity, underwent blood pressure monitoring during
      urodynamics and over a 24 h period using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring pre
      and 1 month post-treatment. Post-onabotulinumtoxinA, autonomic dysreflexia
      severity was reduced during urodynamics (systolic blood pressure increase: 42 +/-
      23 mm Hg vs. 20 +/- 10 mm Hg, p < 0.001) and during bladder-related events across
      the 24 h period (systolic blood pressure increase: 49 +/- 2 mm Hg vs. 26 +/- 22
      mm Hg, p = 0.004). Frequency of 24 h bladder-related autonomic dysreflexia events
      was also decreased post-onabotulinumtoxinA (4 +/- 2 events vs. 1 +/- 1 events, p
      < 0.001). Autonomic dysreflexia and incontinence quality of life indices were
      also improved post-onabotulinumtoxinA (p < 0.05). Intradetrusor injections of
      onabotulinumtoxinA for the management of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in
      individuals with high level spinal cord injuries decreased the severity and
      frequency of bladder-related episodes of autonomic dysreflexia, and improved
      bladder function and quality of life.

PMID- 26980079
TI  - Fast-crawling cell types migrate to avoid the direction of periodic substratum
      stretching.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between mechanical stimuli from substrata and
      related cell functions, one of the most useful techniques is the application of
      mechanical stimuli via periodic stretching of elastic substrata. In response to
      this stimulus, Dictyostelium discoideum cells migrate in a direction
      perpendicular to the stretching direction. The origins of directional migration,
      higher migration velocity in the direction perpendicular to the stretching
      direction or the higher probability of a switch of migration direction to
      perpendicular to the stretching direction, however, remain unknown. In this
      study, we applied periodic stretching stimuli to neutrophil-like differentiated
      HL-60 cells, which migrate perpendicular to the direction of stretch. Detailed
      analysis of the trajectories of HL-60 cells and Dictyostelium cells obtained in a
      previous study revealed that the higher probability of a switch of migration
      direction to that perpendicular to the direction of stretching was the main cause
      of such directional migration. This directional migration appears to be a
      strategy adopted by fast-crawling cells in which they do not migrate faster in
      the direction they want to go, but migrate to avoid a direction they do not want
      to go.

PMID- 26980080
TI  - Worker, workplace, and community/environmental risk factors for workplace
      violence in emergency departments.
AB  - Workplace violence committed by patients and visitors has high propensity to
      occur against emergency department employees. This article reports the
      association of worker, workplace, and community/environmental factors with
      violence risks. A cross-sectional research design was used with 280 employees
      from six emergency departments in the Midwest United States. Respondents
      completed the Survey of Violence Experienced by Staff and a 10-item demographic
      questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Chi-square
      tests, and adjusted relative risks with 95% confidence intervals. Over 80% of
      respondents experienced at least one type of workplace violence with their
      current employer and approximately 40% experienced all three types. Risks for
      workplace violence were significantly higher for registered nurses and hospital
      based emergency departments. Workplace violence can impact all employees in the
      emergency department regardless of worker, workplace, and community/environmental
      factors.

PMID- 26980082
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26980081
TI  - Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The occurrence of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is rare even in areas
      where tuberculosis is endemic. Here, we report a case of rare primary
      nasopharyngeal tuberculosis, promptly evaluated by nasolaryngoscopy. CASE
      PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old woman presented with postnasal drip and a cough of 1
      month duration. Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx revealed irregular
      mucosal thickening of the right lateral and posterior wall of the naso (epi)
      pharynx, which was covered with yellow discharge presenting as postnasal drip.
      Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated enhanced soft tissue area in the right
      lateral and posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Bacteriological examination from a
      nasopharyngeal swab revealed that staining for acid-fast bacilli was positive and
      the quenching probe PCR test was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
      Histopathological examination from the thickening nasopharyngeal mucosa revealed
      granulomatous formation with caseous necrosis. Ziehl-Nielsen staining directly
      could detect acid-fast bacilli. Chest X-ray and CT scan ruled out the pulmonary
      tuberculosis. Base on these findings, we diagnosed it as primary nasopharyngeal
      tuberculosis. After six months anti-tuberculous therapy, the patient's symptoms
      had completely disappeared. Nasolaryngoscopic examination and CT image after 6
      months post therapy revealed a normal nasopharynx with complete resolution of the
      lesion. CONCLUSION: We recommend endoscopic examination for patients suffering
      from chronic postnasal drips to avoid inappropriate diagnosis.

PMID- 26980083
TI  - GP contact with patients after treatment for hip fracture: frequency and
      determinants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with hip fracture have complex medical issues, both at the
      time of admission and after discharge from hospital. We have observed a surge in
      patient-initiated and carer-initiated contacts with general physicians (GPs) for
      periods longer than those usually reported, in a series of patients sustaining
      fractures from July 2008 to September 2013. OBJECTIVES: To establish (1) the
      frequency of contact with GPs (primary outcome) and (2) the factors influencing
      the frequency of different modes of contact. METHODS: Ten GP practices in West
      Northumberland were asked to retrospectively identify patients sustaining hip
      fractures, and to provide data on the number of GP contacts (patient visits to
      GP, telephone consultations, GP visits to patient's home) up to 1 year before and
      1 year after fracture. Generalised linear models (GLM) were constructed using
      number of postfracture GP contacts as response variable; age, gender, residential
      status, number of prefracture contacts and days to contact postfracture were
      covariates. RESULTS: Each patient recorded cumulative 8.4 GP contacts before and
      10.79 contacts after fracture. There were significantly more telephone contacts
      with GPs and GP home visits, but significantly fewer patient visits to GP
      clinics. In the GLM analysis, patient age and number of prefracture GP contacts
      predicted all types of postfracture contacts, while gender was not. Patients
      discharged home visited their GPs five times more frequently than those
      discharged to institutional care. CONCLUSIONS: After hip fractures, telephone
      contacts and GP visits to patients' homes increase, but patient visits to GP
      clinics decrease, influenced by age and residential status.

PMID- 26980084
TI  - Contrasting scaling properties of interglacial and glacial climates.
AB  - Understanding natural climate variability is essential for assessments of climate
      change. This is reflected in the scaling properties of climate records. The
      scaling exponents of the interglacial and the glacial climates are fundamentally
      different. The Holocene record is monofractal, with a scaling exponent H~0.7. On
      the contrary, the glacial record is multifractal, with a significantly higher
      scaling exponent H~1.2, indicating a longer persistence time and stronger
      nonlinearities in the glacial climate. The glacial climate is dominated by the
      strong multi-millennial Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events influencing the long-time
      correlation. However, by separately analysing the last glacial maximum lacking DO
      events, here we find the same scaling for that period as for the full glacial
      period. The unbroken scaling thus indicates that the DO events are part of the
      natural variability and not externally triggered. At glacial time scales, there
      is a scale break to a trivial scaling, contrasting the DO events from the
      similarly saw-tooth-shaped glacial cycles. 

PMID- 26980085
TI  - In silico tools and transcriptomics analyses in the mutagenicity assessment of
      cosmetic ingredients: a proof-of-principle on how to add weight to the evidence.
AB  - Prior to the downstream development of chemical substances, including
      pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, their influence on the genetic apparatus has to be
      tested. Several in vitro and in vivo assays have been developed to test for
      genotoxicity. In a first tier, a battery of two to three in vitro tests is
      recommended to cover mutagenicity, clastogenicity and aneugenicity as main
      endpoints. This regulatory in vitro test battery is known to have a high
      sensitivity, which is at the expense of the specificity. The high number of false
      positive in vitro results leads to excessive in vivo follow-up studies. In the
      case of cosmetics it may even induce the ban of the particular compound since in
      Europe the use of experimental animals is no longer allowed for cosmetics. In
      this article, an alternative approach to derisk a misleading positive Ames test
      is explored. Hereto we first tested the performance of five existing
      computational tools to predict the potential mutagenicity of a data set of 132
      cosmetic compounds with a known genotoxicity profile. Furthermore, we present, as
      a proof-of-principle, a strategy in which a combination of computational tools
      and mechanistic information derived from in vitro transcriptomics analyses is
      used to derisk a misleading positive Ames test result. Our data shows that this
      strategy may represent a valuable tool in a weight-of-evidence approach to
      further evaluate a positive outcome in an Ames test.

PMID- 26980086
TI  - Effect of thromboprophylaxis with anticoagulant drugs on the incidence of
      arterial thrombotic events in medical inpatients: a systematic review.
AB  - Pharmacological prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is recommended for
      medical inpatients. Since arterial thrombosis (AT) shares some risk factors with
      VTE, it would be reasonable to assess the efficacy of thromboprophylaxis by
      considering both VTE and AT as outcome events. We performed a systematic review
      and meta-analysis of phase III RCTs on thromboprophylaxis in medical inpatients,
      to evaluate the quality of reporting and the incidence of AT, and the effect of
      thromboprophylaxis with anticoagulants on AT incidence. Studies were identified
      by a combined search strategy until May 2015. Differences in outcomes among
      groups were expressed as pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals
      (CI). Statistical heterogeneity was assessed by I (2) statistic. Twenty phase III
      RCTs, encompassing 54,742 patients, were included; of these, 3 (15 %) reported on
      AT as a pre-defined secondary outcome and 8 (40 %) on at least one AT outcome.
      Raw-unweighed incidence of fatal MI in the three RCTs is 0.37 % in patients
      receiving unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin, and 0.38 % in controls (OR 0.97,
      95 % CI 0.62-1.52; I (2) = 0 %). A non-statistically significant increase in AT
      is reported in patients on enoxaparin compared to control (OR 1.95, 95 % CI 0.89
      4.27; I (2) = 13 %). AT is underreported in RCTs on VTE prophylaxis in medical
      inpatients. Published data suggest that incidence of fatal MI in these patients
      may be clinically relevant. Insufficient data are available to draw firm
      conclusions on the effects of thromboprophylaxis with anticoagulants on AT
      incidence in this setting.

PMID- 26980087
TI  - Biological rhythms are independently associated with quality of life in bipolar
      disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that patients with bipolar disorder (BD) experience
      biological rhythm disturbances; however, no studies have examined the impact of
      this disruption on quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study is to investigate
      the influence of biological rhythm, depressive symptoms, sleep quality, and sleep
      medication use on QOL in BD. METHODS: Eighty BD subjects (44 depressed and 36
      euthymic) completed questionnaires assessing QOL (WHOQOL-BREF), biological rhythm
      disruption (BRIAN), depressive symptoms (MADRS), and sleep quality (PSQI). The
      impact of biological rhythm disturbance, depressive symptoms severity, sleep
      quality, and sleep medication use on QOL was determined with multiple regression
      analyses. RESULTS: BRIAN (beta = -0.31, t = -2.73, p < 0.01), MADRS (beta = 
      0.30, t = -2.93, p < 0.01), and sleep medication use (beta = -0.45, t = -2.55, p
      < 0.05) were significant predictors of QOL in this model (F 4, 75 = 20.28; p <
      0.0001). The relationship of these factors with subdomains of QOL showed that
      poorer social QOL was associated with greater biological rhythm disturbance (beta
      = -0.43, t = -3.66, p < 0.01) and sleep medication use (beta = -0.49, t = -2.35,
      p < 0.01), providing support for the social rhythm theory of BD. Physical QOL was
      associated with depression (beta = -0.30, t = -2.93, p < 0.01) and biological
      rhythm disruption (beta = -0.31, t = -2.73, p < 0.01). Main limitations include
      the cross-sectional assessment and the lack of objective measures of biological
      rhythms in relation to QOL. CONCLUSIONS: Disruption in biological rhythm is
      associated with poor QOL in BD, independent of sleep disturbance, sleep
      medication use, and severity of depression. Treatment strategies targeting
      regulation of biological rhythms, such as sleep/wake cycles, eating patterns,
      activities, and social rhythms, are likely to improve QOL in this population.

PMID- 26980088
TI  - An unusual cause of hypertension with hematuria and proteinuria: Questions.

PMID- 26980089
TI  - An unusual cause of hypertension with hematuria and proteinuria: Answers.

PMID- 26980090
TI  - Yeast-based assays for screening 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intracellular metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones plays an
      important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and regulates, among
      many physiological processes, collagen metabolism in skin. At the peripheral
      level the concentration of active glucocorticoids is mainly regulated by the
      11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11beta-HSD1) enzyme, involved in the
      conversion of cortisone into the biologically active hormone cortisol. Cortisol
      interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and regulates the expression of
      different classes of genes within the nucleus. Due to its implication in
      glucocorticoid metabolism, the inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 activity has become a
      dominant strategy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, inhibitors
      of this target enzyme can be used for development of formulations to counteract
      skin ageing. Here we present the construction of two yeast cell based assays that
      can be used for the screening of novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. RESULTS: The yeast
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a host organism for the expression of human
      11beta-HSD1 as well as a genetically encoded assay system that allows
      intracellular screening of molecules with 11beta-HSD1 inhibitory activity. As
      proof of concept the correlation between 11beta-HSD1 inhibition and fluorescent
      output signals was successfully tested with increasing concentrations of
      carbenoxolone and tanshinone IIA, two known 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. The first
      assay detects a decrease in fluorescence upon 11beta-HSD1 inhibition, whereas the
      second assay relies on stabilization of yEGFP upon inhibition of 11beta-HSD1,
      resulting in a positive read-out and thus minimizing the rate of false positives
      sometimes associated with read-outs based on loss of signals. Specific inhibition
      of the ABC transporter Pdr5p improves the sensitivity of the assay strains to
      cortisone concentrations by up to 60 times. CONCLUSIONS: Our yeast assay strains
      provide a cost-efficient and easy to handle alternative to other currently
      available assays for the screening of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. These assays are
      designed for an initial fast screening of large numbers of compounds and enable
      the selection of cell permeable molecules with target inhibitory activity, before
      proceeding to more advanced selection processes. Moreover, they can be employed
      in yeast synthetic biology platforms to reconstitute heterologous biosynthetic
      pathways of drug-relevant scaffolds for simultaneous synthesis and screening of
      11beta-HSD1 inhibitors at intracellular level.

PMID- 26980091
TI  - Minimally invasive approach to colorectal cancer: an evidence-based analysis.
AB  - Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) was initially used for the treatment of
      colorectal benign disease. However, the indications for MIS techniques have
      progressively been expanded to include cancers. Nowadays, the indications for MIS
      are almost the same as those for open surgery. The scientific validation of MIS
      for colorectal cancer has favorably evolved. The advantages awaited for the short
      term outcome were confirmed, although at the cost of longer operating time and
      higher costs. In parallel, tangible evidence of oncologic safety was
      demonstrated, and long-term results of MIS have been found comparable to those of
      open surgery. In the current state of MIS short-term superiority and log-term
      equality, less surgical injury, lower immune function depression and better
      postoperative outcome make MIS particularly suitable for delicate and difficult
      patients, such as elderly or obese; on the contrary, the lower costs have led to
      still consider open surgery as a valid alternative for low-impact resections
      (such as right colectomy). The continuous development in the field of MIS has
      recently led to the introduction of the single-port (SILS) and natural-orifice
      (NOTES) techniques, which allow better esthetic results, even if the their
      validation has not yet reached scientific evidence. 

PMID- 26980092
TI  - Associations between delayed completion of high school and educational attainment
      and symptom levels of anxiety and depression in adulthood.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression among adults
      with lower educational attainment. Delayed completion of high school (HS) is
      common and represents a potentially complicating factor in the relationship
      between educational attainment and anxiety and depression. This study aims to
      investigate whether delayed HS completion is associated with symptom levels of
      anxiety and depression in adulthood and whether it interacts with later
      educational attainment in predicting symptom-levels of anxiety and depression in
      adulthood. METHODS: The sample consisted of 10 149 participants from the Nord
      Trondelag Health Survey (HUNT 3) between 30 and 46 years of age in 2006. The
      outcome variables were symptoms of anxiety and depression as measured by the HADS
      scale. Variables measuring educational attainment were obtained from the National
      Educational Database in Norway. We used linear regression to estimate
      associations between educational attainment, delayed HS completion and symptom
      levels of anxiety and depression in adulthood. RESULTS: We found delayed HS
      completion to be associated with higher symptom levels of both anxiety and
      depression. There was a dose-response association suggesting that each additional
      year of delay in HS was associated with higher symptom levels for both anxiety
      and depression. Mean symptom levels of both anxiety and depression were
      significantly lower among individuals who completed HS within a normative
      timeframe vs those who were substantially delayed in their HS completion. For
      anxiety symptoms, we found a statistically significant interaction between
      delayed HS completion and later educational attainment. This interaction
      suggested that individuals with a combination of being delayed in HS and having
      no higher educational attainment had significantly higher levels of anxiety
      symptoms than all other combinations of later educational attainment and
      normative/delayed HS completion. For depression, associations between predictors
      and symptom levels were additive. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed HS completion is
      associated with symptom levels of both depression and anxiety and interacts with
      later educational attainment in predicting symptom levels of anxiety. Individuals
      with a combination of delayed HS completion and lower educational attainment had
      particularly high symptom levels of anxiety.

PMID- 26980093
TI  - Streptococcus suis in invasive human infections in Poland: clonality and
      determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to perform an analysis of Streptococcus suis human
      invasive isolates, collected in Poland by the National Reference Centre for
      Bacterial Meningitis. Isolates obtained from 21 patients during 2000-2013 were
      investigated by phenotypic tests, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), analysis of
      the TR9 locus from the multilocus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis
      (MLVA) scheme and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI-digested DNA.
      Determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance were detected by
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analysed by sequencing. All isolates
      represented sequence type 1 (ST1) and were suggested to be serotype 2. PFGE and
      analysis of the TR9 locus allowed the discrimination of four and 17 types,
      respectively. Most of the isolates were haemolysis- and DNase-positive, and
      around half of them formed biofilm. Genes encoding suilysin, extracellular
      protein factor, fibronectin-binding protein, muramidase-released protein, surface
      antigen one, enolase, serum opacity factor and pili were ubiquitous in the
      studied group, while none of the isolates carried sequences characteristic for
      the 89K pathogenicity island. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin,
      cefotaxime, imipenem, moxifloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, gentamicin,
      linezolid, vancomycin and daptomycin. Five isolates (24 %) were concomitantly non
      susceptible to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline, and harboured the
      tet(O) and erm(B) genes; for one isolate, lsa(E) and lnu(B) were additionally
      detected. Streptococcus suis isolated in Poland from human invasive infections
      belongs to a globally distributed clonal complex of this pathogen, enriched in
      virulence markers. This is the first report of the lsa(E) and lnu(B) resistance
      genes in S. suis. 

PMID- 26980094
TI  - Influenza A and B co-infection: a case-control study and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Influenza virus infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality during
      winter seasons. Bacterial and virus co-infection is a commonly described
      situation in these patients. However, data on co-infection by influenza A and B
      viruses are lacking. In this study, we present the cases of co-infection by
      influenza A and B viruses during the winter season of 2014-2015 in our
      institution. We analyzed 2759 samples from 2111 patients and found that 625
      samples corresponding to 609 patients were positive for influenza A or B virus. A
      total of 371 patients had influenza A, 228 had influenza B, and 10 (1.6 %) had
      influenza A and B virus detection in the same sample. The median age of co
      infected patients was 78.6 years, and only one of the co-infected patients died
      because of the infection. Comparison with a control group of mono-infected
      patients revealed that co-infection was significantly associated with nosocomial
      acquisition [odds ratio (OR) = 4.5, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-19.25, p
      = 0.042]. However, co-infection was not associated with worse outcome, previous
      underlying condition, or vaccination status. Multivariate analysis revealed that
      co-infection was not an independent risk factor for death and that no single risk
      factor could predict co-infection. 

PMID- 26980096
TI  - Pre-operative templating in total elbow arthroplasty: not useful.
AB  - PURPOSE: Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is a definitive surgical procedure for
      treating rheumatoid arthritis and (posttraumatic) osteoarthritis of the elbow and
      is also useful in comminuted elbow fractures. Pre-operative digital templating
      may theoretically improve the surgical implantation of TEA, but reliability and
      predictive values of templating are unknown. The aim of this study was to
      determine the intra- and inter-observer reliability and the validity of pre
      operative digital templating for TEA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All pre-operative
      plain anterior-posterior and lateral calibrated elbow radiographs from patients
      who underwent TEA in our center from 2008 to June 2014 were reviewed. Two
      independent assessors templated implant sizes using digital overlays twice. Intra
      and inter-observer reliability were evaluated with Cohen's kappa. Two
      experienced elbow surgeons reviewed post-operative radiographs for evaluation.
      The predictive value of templating was the percentage of the correctly templated
      sizes, with the optimal implant size as the reference standard. RESULTS: Twenty
      one cases were included. Intra-observer reliability was substantial to almost
      perfect (kappa = 0.61 and kappa = 0.90) for humeral implants, moderate to
      substantial (kappa = 0.54 and kappa = 0.73) for ulnar implants. Inter-observer
      reliability was substantial (kappa = 0.67) for humeral implants and moderate
      (kappa = 0.60) for ulnar implants. The predictive value was 53 % for both
      implants. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative digital templating for TEA is a reliable
      method to plan implant sizes. However, the predictive value is low.

PMID- 26980095
TI  - Light-sensitive brain pathways and aging.
AB  - Notwithstanding its effects on the classical visual system allowing image
      formation, light acts upon several non-image-forming (NIF) functions including
      body temperature, hormonal secretions, sleep-wake cycle, alertness, and cognitive
      performance. Studies have shown that NIF functions are maximally sensitive to
      blue wavelengths (460-480 nm), in comparison to longer light wavelengths. Higher
      blue light sensitivity has been reported for melatonin suppression, pupillary
      constriction, vigilance, and performance improvement but also for modulation of
      cognitive brain functions. Studies investigating acute stimulating effects of
      light on brain activity during the execution of cognitive tasks have suggested
      that brain activations progress from subcortical regions involved in alertness,
      such as the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the brainstem, before reaching
      cortical regions associated with the ongoing task. In the course of aging, lower
      blue light sensitivity of some NIF functions has been reported. Here, we first
      describe neural pathways underlying effects of light on NIF functions and we
      discuss eye and cerebral mechanisms associated with aging which may affect NIF
      light sensitivity. Thereafter, we report results of investigations on pupillary
      constriction and cognitive brain sensitivity to light in the course of aging.
      Whereas the impact of light on cognitive brain responses appears to decrease
      substantially, pupillary constriction seems to remain more intact over the
      lifespan. Altogether, these results demonstrate that aging research should take
      into account the diversity of the pathways underlying the effects of light on
      specific NIF functions which may explain their differences in light sensitivity.

PMID- 26980097
TI  - Which frailty measure is a good predictor of early post-operative complications
      in elderly hip fracture patients?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Current pre-operative assessment using, e.g., American Society of
      Anaesthesiologists score does not accurately predict post-operative outcomes
      following hip fracture. The multidimensional aspect of frailty syndrome makes it
      a better predictor of post-operative outcomes in hip fracture patients. We aim to
      discover which frailty measure is more suitable for prediction of early post
      operative outcomes in hip fracture patients. METHODS: Hundred consecutive hip
      fracture patients seen by the orthogeriatric service were included. We collected
      baseline demographic, functional and comorbidity data. In addition to ASA, a
      single blinded rater measured frailty using two scales (i) modified fried
      criteria (MFC) and (ii) reported edmonton frail scale (REFS). The MFC adopted a
      surrogate gait speed measure with two questions: (i) Climbing one flight of
      stairs and (ii) Ability to walk 1 km in the last 2 weeks. Immediate post
      operative complications during the inpatient stay were taken as the primary
      outcome measure. RESULTS: Subjects had mean age of 79.1 +/- 9.6 years. Sixty six
      percent were female and 87 % of Chinese ethnicity. Eighty two percent had
      surgery, of which 37.8 % (n = 31) had post-operative complications. Frailty,
      measured by MFC (OR 4.46, p = 0.04) and REFS (OR 6.76, p = 0.01) were the only
      significant predictors of post-operative complications on univariate analyses. In
      the hierarchical logistic regression model, only REFS (OR 3.42, p = 0.04)
      predicted early post-operative complications. At 6 months follow-up, REFS
      significantly predicted [basic activities of daily living (BADL)] function on the
      multivariable logistic regression models. (BADL, OR 6.19, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:
      Frailty, measured by the REFS is a good predictor of early post-operative
      outcomes in our pilot study of older adults undergoing hip surgery. It is also
      able to predict 6 months BADL function. We intend to review its role in longer
      term post-operative outcomes and validate its potential role in pre-operative
      assessment of older adults undergoing hip surgery.

PMID- 26980098
TI  - Self-management of chronic illness: the role of 'habit' versus reflective factors
      in exercise and medication adherence.
AB  - Non-adherence to health behaviors required for chronic illness self-management is
      pervasive. Advancing health-behavior theory to include behavioral initiation and
      maintenance factors, including reflective (e.g., belief- and feedback-based) and
      automatic (e.g., habit-based) mechanisms of adherence to different treatment
      related behaviors could improve non-adherence prediction and intervention
      efforts. To test behavioral initiation and maintenance factors from an extended
      common sense self-regulation theoretical framework for predicting medication
      adherence and physical activity among patients with Type 2 diabetes. Patients (n
      = 133) in an in-person (n = 80) or online (n = 53) version of the study reported
      treatment-related (1) barriers, (2) beliefs and experiential feedback (reflective
      mechanisms of treatment-initiation and short-term repetition), and (3) habit
      strength (automatic mechanism of treatment-maintenance) for taking medication and
      engaging in regular physical activity at baseline. Behaviors were assessed via
      self-reports (n = 133) and objectively (electronic monitoring pill bottles,
      accelerometers; n = 80) in the subsequent month. Treatment-specific barriers and
      habit strength predicted self-reported and objective adherence for both
      behaviors. Beliefs were inconsistently related to behavior, even when habits were
      "weak". Experiential feedback from behavior was not related to adherence. Among
      patients with Type 2 diabetes diagnosis, medication and physical activity
      adherence were better predicted by their degree of automatic behavioral
      repetition than their beliefs/experiences with the treatment-actions. Habit
      strength should be an intervention target for chronic illness self-management;
      assessing it in practice settings may effectively detect non-adherence to
      existing treatment-regimens. However, future research and further refining of CS
      SRM theory regarding the processes required for such habit development are
      needed.

PMID- 26980099
TI  - Fisetin yeast-based bio-capsules via osmoporation: effects of process variables
      on the encapsulation efficiency and internalized fisetin content.
AB  - Osmoporation is an innovative method that can be used with food-grade yeast cells
      of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as natural encapsulating matrices. This technique
      overcomes barriers that difficult encapsulation and enables the internalization
      of fragile bioactive molecules such as fisetin into yeasts. In the present study,
      we assessed the effects of concentration, osmotic pressure, and temperature on
      the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and internalized fisetin content (IF). Two
      different quantification strategies were investigated: direct extraction (DE)
      without cell washing or freeze-drying steps and indirect extraction (IE)
      performed after washings with ethanol and freeze-drying. Our results showed that
      osmoporation improved EE (33 %) and IF (1.199 mg). The best experimental
      conditions were found by using DE. High-resolution images showed that the yeast
      cell envelope was preserved during osmoporation at 30 MPa and 84 % of yeast cells
      remained viable after treatment. Washing cells with organic solvent led to
      decreased EE (0.65 %) and IF (0.023 mg). This was probably due to either damages
      caused to yeast cell envelope or fisetin dragged out of cell. Overall, the
      results demonstrated the adequacy and relevant biotechnological potential of
      yeasts as encapsulating matrices for hydrophobic compounds. This fresh
      biotechnological approach has proven to be a promising tool for the production of
      bioactive-rich food products. 

PMID- 26980100
TI  - Microbial profiling of South African acid mine water samples using next
      generation sequencing platform.
AB  - This study monitored changes in bacterial and fungal structure in a mine water in
      a monthly basis over 4 months. Over the 4-month study period, mine water samples
      contained more bacteria (91.06 %) compared to fungi (8.94 %). For bacteria, mine
      water samples were dominated by Proteobacteria (39.14 to 65.06 %) followed by
      Firmicutes (26.34 to 28.9 %) in summer, and Cyanobacteria (27.05 %) in winter. In
      the collected samples, 18 % of bacteria could not be assigned to a phylum and
      remained unclassified suggesting hitherto vast untapped microbial diversity
      especially during winter. The fungal domain was the sole eukaryotic microorganism
      found in the mine water samples with unclassified fungi (68.2 to 91 %) as the
      predominant group, followed by Basidiomycota (6.9 to 27.8 %). The time of
      collection, which was linked to the weather, had higher impact on bacterial
      community than fungal community. The bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs)
      ranged from 865 to 4052 over the 4-month sampling period, while fungal OTUs
      varied from 73 to 249. The diversity indices suggested that the bacterial
      community inhabiting the mine water samples were more diverse than the fungal
      community. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results highlighted that
      the bacterial community variance had the strongest relationship with water
      temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) content, as compared to
      fungi and water characteristics, had the greatest contribution to both bacterial
      and fungal community variance. The results provided the relationships between
      microbial community and environmental variables in the studied mining sites. 

PMID- 26980101
TI  - Toe-Sparing Surgery for Neuropathic Toe Ulcers With Exposed Bone or Joint in an
      Outpatient Setting: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to review the results of aggressive surgical
      debridement of neuropathic toe ulcers with exposed bone or joint. We identified
      patients with a single toe ulcer with exposed bone or joint that had been
      operated on in an outpatient setting. The surgery had included aggressive
      debridement and was performed using a small curette and rongeur, followed by oral
      antibiotic treatment at home. Success was defined as complete healing with no
      recurrence 6 months after full wound closure and epitheliazation was achieved.
      Twenty-five patients with neuropathic toe ulcers (72% male) had a total of 26
      primary operations. Their mean age was 60 +/- 12 years. In 22 patients, the
      neuropathy resulted from diabetes mellitus of 17 +/- 9 years' duration. The mean
      ulcer duration was 6 weeks (range 1-24). The mean number of visits per patient
      was 6.5 (range 3-20). The ulcers closed in a median of 5 weeks (8 +/- 6 weeks,
      range 3-24 weeks, Q1-Q3 4-10 weeks). At 6 months, 3 (11.5%) patients had needed a
      toe amputation for infection or necrosis that could not be controlled. None
      needed a major amputation or hospitalization related to the ulcer. Toe-sparing
      surgery is feasible and in a select population can have a high success rate
      (88%), even though it does dictate more dedicated patient care. 

PMID- 26980102
TI  - Association of G22A and A4223C ADA1 gene polymorphisms and ADA activity with
      PCOS.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA1) regulates the concentration of adenosine as the main
      modulator of oocyte maturation. There is compelling evidence for the association
      of ADA1 gene polymorphisms with many diseases but the importance of ADA1
      polymorphisms in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has not been studied before.
      This study investigates serum total ADA activity (tADA), ADA1 and ADA2 isoenzyme
      activities, and genotype and allele frequencies of G22A and A4223C polymorphisms
      in healthy and PCOS women. In this case-control study 200 PCOS patients and 200
      healthy women were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and the
      PCR-RFLP technique was used to determine the G22A and A4223C variants. The
      genotype frequencies were calculated and the association between polymorphic
      genotypes and enzyme activities were determined. tADA activity was significantly
      lower in the PCOS group compared with the control group (27.76+/-6.0 vs. 39.63+/
      7.48, respectively). PCOS patients also showed reduced activity of ADA1 and ADA2.
      PCOS was not associated with G22A polymorphism whereas AA, AC, and CC genotypes
      of A4223C polymorphism were found distributed differently between the control and
      the PCOS women where the C allele showed a strong protective role for PCOS (odds
      ratio=1.876, p=0.033). The present study for the first time showed that lower ADA
      activity may be involved in pathogenesis of PCOS by maintaining a higher
      concentration of adenosine affecting follicular growth. As a novel finding, we
      also showed great differences in genotype distribution and allele frequencies of
      A4223C polymorphism between groups indicating a protective role for C allele
      against PCOS. AbbreviationsADA: adenosine deaminase PCOS: polycystic ovary
      syndrome PCR-RFLP: polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
      polymorphism tADA: total adenosine deaminase. 

PMID- 26980103
TI  - Design, synthesis, molecular docking studies and anti-HBV activity of
      phenylpropanoid derivatives.
AB  - In this work, a series of phenylpropanoid derivatives were synthesized, and their
      anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity was evaluated. Most of the synthesized
      derivatives showed effective anti-HBV activity. And compound 4d-3 showed the most
      effective anti-HBV activity, performing strong potent inhibitory not only on the
      secretion of HBsAg (IC50 = 58.28 MUM, SI = 23.26) and HBeAg (IC50 = 97.21 MUM, SI
      = 13.95), but also on the HBV DNA replication (IC50 = 42.28 MUM, SI = 32.06). The
      structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the derivatives had been discussed,
      which were useful for developing phenylpropanoid derivatives as novel anti-HBV
      agents. Moreover, the docking study of all synthesized compounds inside the HLA-A
      protein (PDB ID: 3OX8) active site was carried out to explore the molecular
      interactions and a molecular target for activity and a modified assay method
      measuring the interaction between our derivatives and HBcAg was investigated,
      indicating that the HBV core protein might be their potential target for anti
      HBV. This study identified a new class of potent non-nucleoside anti-HBV agents.

PMID- 26980104
TI  - Substantial decrease in cell wall alpha-1,3-glucan caused by disruption of the
      kexB gene encoding a subtilisin-like processing protease in Aspergillus oryzae.
AB  - Disruption of the kexB encoding a subtilisin-like processing protease in
      Aspergillus oryzae (DeltakexB) leads to substantial morphological defects when
      the cells are grown on Czapek-Dox agar plates. We previously found that the
      disruption of kexB causes a constitutive activation of the cell wall integrity
      pathway. To understand how the disruption of the kexB affects cell wall
      organization and components, we analyzed the cell wall of DeltakexB grown on the
      plates. The results revealed that both total N-acetylglucosamine content, which
      constitutes chitin, and chitin synthase activities were increased. Whereas total
      glucose content, which constitutes beta-1,3-glucan and alpha-1,3-glucan, was
      decreased; this decrease was attributed to a remarkable decrease in alpha-1,3
      glucan. Additionally, the beta-1,3-glucan in the alkali-insoluble fraction of the
      DeltakexB showed a high degree of polymerization. These results suggested that
      the loss of alpha-1,3-glucan in the DeltakexB was compensated by increases in the
      chitin content and the average degree of beta-1,3-glucan polymerization. 

PMID- 26980108
TI  - MicroRNA-10 modulates Hox genes expression during Nile tilapia embryonic
      development.
AB  - Hox gene clusters encode a family of transcription factors that govern anterior
      posterior axis patterning during embryogenesis in all bilaterian animals. The
      time and place of Hox gene expression are largely determined by the relative
      position of each gene within its cluster. Furthermore, Hox genes were shown to
      have their expression fine-tuned by regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the
      mechanisms of miRNA-mediated regulation of these transcription factors during
      fish early development remain largely unknown. Here we have profiled three highly
      expressed miR-10 family members of Nile tilapia at early embryonic development,
      determined their genomic organization as well as performed functional experiments
      for validation of target genes. Quantitative analysis during developmental stages
      showed miR-10 family expression negatively correlates with the expression of
      HoxA3a, HoxB3a and HoxD10a genes, as expected for bona fide miRNA-mRNA
      interactions. Moreover, luciferase assays demonstrated that HoxB3a and HoxD10a
      are targeted by miR-10b-5p. Overall, our data indicate that the miR-10 family
      directly regulates members of the Hox gene family during Nile tilapia
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 26980105
TI  - Responsible implementation of expanded carrier screening.
AB  - This document of the European Society of Human Genetics contains recommendations
      regarding responsible implementation of expanded carrier screening. Carrier
      screening is defined here as the detection of carrier status of recessive
      diseases in couples or persons who do not have an a priori increased risk of
      being a carrier based on their or their partners' personal or family history.
      Expanded carrier screening offers carrier screening for multiple autosomal and X
      linked recessive disorders, facilitated by new genetic testing technologies, and
      allows testing of individuals regardless of ancestry or geographic origin.
      Carrier screening aims to identify couples who have an increased risk of having
      an affected child in order to facilitate informed reproductive decision making.
      In previous decades, carrier screening was typically performed for one or few
      relatively common recessive disorders associated with significant morbidity,
      reduced life-expectancy and often because of a considerable higher carrier
      frequency in a specific population for certain diseases. New genetic testing
      technologies enable the expansion of screening to multiple conditions, genes or
      sequence variants. Expanded carrier screening panels that have been introduced to
      date have been advertised and offered to health care professionals and the public
      on a commercial basis. This document discusses the challenges that expanded
      carrier screening might pose in the context of the lessons learnt from decades of
      population-based carrier screening and in the context of existing screening
      criteria. It aims to contribute to the public and professional discussion and to
      arrive at better clinical and laboratory practice guidelines.

PMID- 26980106
TI  - CAG repeat size in Huntingtin alleles is associated with cancer prognosis.
AB  - The abnormal expansion of a >=36 CAG unit tract in the Huntingtin gene (HTT)
      leads to Huntington's disease (HD), but has also been associated with cancer: the
      incidence of cancer is lower in HD patients than in age-matched controls, but HD
      causing variants of HTT accelerate the progression of breast tumors and the
      development of metastases in mouse models of breast cancer. To investigate the
      relationship between HTT CAGs and cancer, data concerning 2407 women with BRCA1
      or BRCA2 mutations that predispose to breast and ovarian cancers and 431 patients
      with breast cancer without family histories were studied; the size of the CAG
      expansions on both HTT alleles was determined in each subject. The proportion of
      individuals carrying a CAG expansion in a pathological range for HD was 10 times
      more frequent than previously reported in the literature. In carriers of BRCA2
      mutations, the length of the HTT CAG tract was correlated with lower incidence of
      ovarian cancer. Among carriers of BRCA1 mutations who developed a breast cancer,
      its onset occurred 2.4 years earlier in individuals with intermediate HTT alleles
      (>=27) than in those with a CAG tract <27. Finally, in patients with sporadic
      HER2 breast cancer, metastasis increased by a factor of 11.10 per 10 additional
      CAG repeats in HTT. We concluded that whereas long CAG length could be associated
      with lower cancer incidence, it could also be paradoxically associated with
      cancer severity (age of apparition and metastasis development).

PMID- 26980109
TI  - 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine as a Novel Hinge Binder in a Series of PI3Kdelta
      Selective Inhibitors.
AB  - Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kdelta) is an appealing target
      for several hematological malignancies and inflammatory diseases. Herein, we
      describe the discovery and optimization of a series of propeller shaped PI3Kdelta
      inhibitors comprising a novel triaminopyrimidine hinge binder. Combinations of
      electronic and structural strategies were employed to mitigate aldehyde oxidase
      mediated metabolism. This medicinal chemistry effort culminated in the
      identification of 52, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of PI3Kdelta that
      demonstrates efficacy in a rat model of arthritis. 

PMID- 26980110
TI  - Reply to: Eye disorders in children with celiac disease.

PMID- 26980111
TI  - Eye disorders in children with celiac disease.

PMID- 26980112
TI  - Consistency of corneal sublayer thickness measurements using Fourier-domain
      optical coherence tomography after phacoemulsification.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the reliability of corneal epithelial thickness (CET),
      nonepithelial central corneal thickness (NECCT), and central corneal thickness
      (CCT) measurements using Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD
      OCT) in patients who did and did not undergo cataract surgery. METHODS: Forty
      patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification and 40 healthy participants
      were recruited to evaluate the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver
      reproducibility of CET, NECCT, and CCT measurements using Cirrus HD-OCT. To
      analyze repeatability, one examiner obtained 5 consecutive scans in each
      participant; for interobserver reproducibility, another examiner randomly
      obtained another scan. Within-subject standard deviation, coefficient of
      variation (CV), limits of agreement, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)
      data were obtained. RESULTS: For intraobserver repeatability, the intrasession CV
      (CVw) and ICC values of the CET in the operated and nonoperated groups were 3.7%
      and 0.80 and 3.8% and 0.73, respectively; for NECCT, 0.7% and 0.98 and 0.8% and
      0.97; and for CCT, 0.6% and 0.99 and 0.7% and 0.98. For interobserver
      reproducibility, the CVw and ICC values for the CET in the operated and
      nonoperated groups were 2.6% and 0.82 and 2.3% and 0.62, respectively; for NECCT,
      0.7% and 0.98 and 0.5% and 0.98; and for CCT, 0.5% and 0.99 and 0.4% and 0.99.
      CONCLUSIONS: The corneal sublayer thickness can be measured reliably using Cirrus
      HD-OCT in patients who underwent cataract surgery and elderly participants;
      however, the CET consistency is poorer than the NECCT. Corneal epithelial
      thickness modifications exceeding 4% reflect true thickness changes instead of
      random error variations using HD-OCT.

PMID- 26980113
TI  - Glyphosate-based herbicide exposure causes antioxidant defence responses in the
      fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Glyphosate is a non-selective and post-emergent herbicide that affects plant
      growth. Animal exposure to this herbicide can lead to adverse effects, such as
      endocrine disruption, oxidative stress and behavioural disorders. Drosophilids
      have been utilized previously as an effective tool in toxicological tests. In the
      present study, the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup [Original])
      were investigated regarding oxidative stress, the antioxidant defence system and
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies (of both
      genders) that were 1 to 3days old were exposed to different glyphosate
      concentrations (0.0g/L=control, 1.0g/L, 2.0g/L, 5.0g/L and 10.0g/L) [corrected] 
      in the diet for 24h and 96h. After the exposure periods, reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) levels, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and lipid
      peroxidation (LPO) levels were quantified. In addition, the mRNA expression of
      antioxidant genes (i.e., keap1, sod, sod2, cat, irc, gclc, gclm, gss, trxt, trxr
      1 and trxr-2) was evaluated via RT-PCR. Additionally, AChE activity was evaluated
      only after the 96h exposure period. The results indicated that Roundup exposure
      leads to a reduction in ROS levels in flies exposed for 96h. ACAP levels and gene
      expression of the antioxidant defence system exhibited an increase from 24h,
      while LPO did not show any significant alterations in both exposure periods. AChE
      activity was not affected following Roundup exposure. Our data suggest that
      Roundup exposure causes an early activation of the antioxidant defence system in
      D. melanogaster, and this can prevent subsequent damage caused by ROS.

PMID- 26980114
TI  - Lipovitellin as an antigen to improve the precision of sandwich ELISA for
      quantifying zebrafish (Danio rerio) vitellogenin.
AB  - Vitellogenin (Vtg) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a core biomarker for screening
      environmental estrogens in test guidelines of the Organization for Economic
      Cooperation and Development. To accurately quantify zebrafish Vtg, lipovitellin
      (Lv), the main Vtg-derived yolk protein, was used as the antigen to establish a
      sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The purified Lv was a
      phospholipoglycoprotein with apparent molecular weight of ~445kDa, and separated
      into three polypeptides corresponding to ~117, ~102, and ~23.8kDa by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunological analysis
      confirmed the specificity of the anti-Lv antibody for Vtg and the immunological
      similarity between Vtg and Lv. Using the purified Lv and anti-Lv antibody, a
      sandwich ELISA with a detection limit of 4.3ng/mL and a detection range from 7.8
      to 250ng/mL was developed. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation
      were both below 10%. Moreover, the Lv standard curve was nearly identical to the
      Vtg standard curve, and paralleled serial whole-body homogenate dilutions of male
      zebrafish exposed to 17beta-estradiol, demonstrating that the Lv-based ELISA
      could be used for quantification of zebrafish Vtg. Zebrafish Lv showed high
      stability during purification process, heat treatment, -80 degrees C storage, and
      repeated freeze/thaw cycles. Additionally, the standard curve of Lv stored at -80
      degrees C for 3months exhibited higher robustness than that of Vtg stored under
      the same conditions. Finally, the usefulness of the ELISA for detecting
      estrogenic activity was verified by quantifying Vtg inductions in zebrafish
      exposed to monocrotophos. 

PMID- 26980115
TI  - Preparing national health systems to cope with the impending tsunami of ageing
      and its associated complexities: Towards more sustainable health care.
AB  - Healthcare systems across the world are experiencing increased financial,
      organizational and social pressures attributable to a range of critical issues
      including the challenge of ageing populations. Health systems need to adapt, in
      order to sustainably provide quality care to the widest range of patients,
      particularly those with chronic and complex diseases, and especially those in
      vulnerable and low-income groups. We report on a workshop designed to tackle such
      issues under the auspices of ISQua, with representatives from Argentina,
      Australia, Canada, Columbia, Denmark, Emirates, France, Ireland, Jordan, Qatar,
      Malaysia, Norway, Oman, UK, South Africa and Switzerland. We discuss some of the
      challenges facing healthcare systems in countries ageing rapidly, to those less
      so, and touch on current and future reform options. 

PMID- 26980116
TI  - How food marketers can sell smaller portions: Consumer insights and product
      innovation.
AB  - Food portion size has been shown to be an important driver of energy intake.
      Despite the well acknowledged role of portion control in weight management, large
      portion sizes remain ubiquitous in the marketplace. Moving consumers towards
      consumption of smaller portion sizes will require changes in consumer behavior as
      well as changes in products available to consumers in a variety of settings. This
      special supplement presents cutting edge research aimed at understanding consumer
      behavior around portion size and innovations in product design that may promote
      the selection and consumption of smaller portion sizes. We identify further
      research that will be needed to translate basic behavioral findings into real
      world settings and to viable product development. 

PMID- 26980117
TI  - [Frailty and long term mortality, disability and hospitalisation in Spanish older
      adults. The FRADEA Study].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to analyse whether frailty is
      related to long-term mortality, incident disability in basic activities of daily
      living (BADL), and hospitalisation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A concurrent cohort
      study conducted on 993 participants over age 70 from the FRADEA Study. Frailty
      was determined with Fried frailty phenotype. Data was collected on mortality,
      hospitalisation and incident disability in BADL (bathing, grooming, dressing,
      toileting, eating or transferring) during the follow-up period. The risk of
      adverse events was determined by logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and
      Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted for age, sex, Barthel index,
      comorbidity and institutionalization. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 952 days (SD
      408), during which 182 participants (18.4%) died. Frail participants had an
      increased adjusted risk of death (HR 4.5, 95%CI: 1.8-11.1), incident disability
      in BADL (OR 2.7, 95%CI: 1.3-5.9) and the combined event mortality or incident
      disability (OR 3.0, 95%CI: 1.5-6.1). Pre-frail subjects had an increased adjusted
      risk of death (HR 2.9, 95%CI: 1.2-6.5), incident disability in BADL (OR 2.1,
      95%CI: 1.2-3.6), and the combined event mortality or incident disability (OR 2.2,
      95%CI: 1.3-3.6). There was a positive association between frailty and
      hospitalisation, which almost reached statistical significance (OR 1.7, 95%CI:
      1.0-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is long-term associated with mortality and
      incident disability in BADL in a Spanish cohort of older adults.

PMID- 26980118
TI  - Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells toward Functional Pancreatic beta
      Cell Surrogates through Epigenetic Regulation of Pdx1 by Nitric Oxide.
AB  - Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) is a transcription factor that
      regulates the embryonic development of the pancreas and the differentiation
      toward beta cells. Previously, we have shown that exposure of mouse embryonic
      stem cells (mESCs) to high concentrations of diethylenetriamine nitric oxide
      adduct (DETA-NO) triggers differentiation events and promotes the expression of
      Pdx1. Here we report evidence that Pdx1 expression is associated with release of
      polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and P300 from its promoter region. These
      events are accompanied by epigenetic changes in bivalent markers of histones
      trimethylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and H3K4me3, site-specific changes
      in DNA methylation, and no change in H3 acetylation. On the basis of these
      findings, we developed a protocol to differentiate mESCs toward insulin-producing
      cells consisting of sequential exposure to DETA-NO, valproic acid, and P300
      inhibitor (C646) to enhance Pdx1 expression and a final maturation step of
      culture in suspension to form cell aggregates. This small molecule-based protocol
      succeeds in obtaining cells that express pancreatic beta-cell markers such as
      PDX1, INS1, GCK, and GLUT2 and respond in vitro to high glucose and KCl.

PMID- 26980120
TI  - Adverse Childhood Experiences, Resilience and Mindfulness-Based Approaches:
      Common Denominator Issues for Children with Emotional, Mental, or Behavioral
      Problems.
AB  - US children with emotional, mental, or behavioral conditions (EMB) have
      disproportionate exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). There are
      theoretic and empirical explanations for early and lifelong physical, mental,
      emotional, educational, and social impacts of the resultant trauma and chronic
      stress. Using mindfulness-based, mind-body approaches (MBMB) may strengthen
      families and promote child resilience and success. This paper examines
      associations between EMB, ACEs, and protective factors, such as child resilience,
      parental coping/stress, and parent-child engagement. Findings encourage family
      centered and mindfulness-based approaches to address social and emotional trauma
      and potentially interrupt cycles of ACEs and prevalence of EMB. 

PMID- 26980119
TI  - Knee instability scores for ACL reconstruction.
AB  - Despite abundant biological, biomechanical, and clinical research, return to
      sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury remains a significant
      challenge. Residual rotatory knee laxity has been identified as one of the
      factors responsible for poor functional outcome. To improve and standardize the
      assessment of knee instability, a variety of instability scoring systems is
      available. Recently, devices to objectively quantify static and dynamic clinical
      exams have been developed to complement traditional subjective grading systems.
      These devices enable an improved evaluation of knee instability and possible
      associated injuries. This additional information may promote the development of
      new treatment algorithms and allow for individualized treatment. In this review,
      the different subjective laxity scores as well as complementary objective
      measuring systems are discussed, along with an introduction of injury to an
      individualized treatment algorithm. 

PMID- 26980121
TI  - Child Maltreatment Prevention and the Scope of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
AB  - Child maltreatment is one of the most deleterious known influences on the mental
      health and development of children. This article briefly reviews a complement of
      methods that are ready to incorporate into child and adolescent psychiatric
      practice, by having been validated either with respect to the prevention of child
      maltreatment or with respect to adverse outcomes associated with maltreatment
      (and primarily focused on enhancing the caregiving environment); they are
      feasible for integration into clinical decision making, and most importantly, can
      be included in the training of the next generation of clinicians. 

PMID- 26980122
TI  - The Vermont Family Based Approach: Family Based Health Promotion, Illness
      Prevention, and Intervention.
AB  - All health is tied to emotional and behavioral health. To improve population
      health, we need innovative approaches to healthcare that target emotional and
      behavioral health. The Vermont Family Based Approach (VFBA) is a healthcare
      paradigm that aims to improve population health by improving emotional and
      behavioral health. Because the family is a powerful health-promoting social
      institution, the VFBA also aims to shift the delivery of healthcare to the family
      level. This article introduces the VFBA, and presents the main empirical findings
      that informed the approach in the context of the early childhood period.

PMID- 26980124
TI  - Prevention of Depression in Childhood and Adolescence.
AB  - This article discusses strategies and programs used to prevent depression in
      children and adolescents. It describes the rationale for depression prevention
      and discusses prevention approaches in schools and other settings, highlighting
      examples of programs that have been empirically evaluated. Prevention effects are
      small but significant, comparable or greater in magnitude than adolescent
      prevention programs for other issues, including substance use and human
      immunodeficiency virus. Future research should include rigorous design features,
      including attention control groups, allocation concealment, larger sample sizes,
      longer follow-up assessments, and theory-driven tests of moderation and
      mediation, and should test larger-scale implementation of prevention programs. 

PMID- 26980125
TI  - Suicide Prevention Strategies for Improving Population Health.
AB  - Suicide is a public health problem that accounts for more than 1 million deaths
      annually worldwide. This article addresses evidence-based and promising youth
      suicide prevention approaches at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
      Coordinated, developmentally timed, evidence-based suicide prevention approaches
      at all intervention levels are likely to reduce youth suicide. For most youth who
      die by suicide, there are opportunities for intervention before imminent risk
      develops. Current research in suicide prevention points to the value of investing
      in "upstream" universal interventions that build skills and resilience as well as
      policies that enable access to care and protection from lethal means. 

PMID- 26980126
TI  - Bullying.
AB  - Bullying refers to aggressive behavior that is repetitive and intentional in
      which a power differential exists between the victim and bully. The negative
      effects of bullying on an individual's mental and physical health are substantial
      and in line with other major forms of child maltreatment. Efforts to increase
      detection of bullying are indicated, especially among youth presenting with
      school phobia, depression, anxiety, and declining school performance. Several
      antibullying efforts have been developed and promoted at the school and community
      level. Research indicates that many of these programs are effective and share
      some common elements that can help reduce the prevalence and impact of bullying. 

PMID- 26980127
TI  - Prevention of Youth Violence: A Public Health Approach.
AB  - The causes of youth violence are multifactorial and include biological,
      individual, familial, social, and economic factors. The influence of parents,
      family members, and important adults can shape the beliefs of the child toward
      violence in a significant manner. However, the influence of school and the
      neighborhood also have an important role in attitudes and behaviors of children
      toward violence. The complexity of factors related to violence requires a
      comprehensive public health approach. This article focuses on evidence-based
      models of intervention to reduce violence while emphasizing collective impact as
      a guiding principle. 

PMID- 26980123
TI  - The Neurobiological Impact of Postpartum Maternal Depression: Prevention and
      Intervention Approaches.
AB  - The lasting negative impact of postpartum depression (PPD) on offspring is well
      established. PPD seems to have an impact on neurobiological pathways linked to
      socioemotional regulation, cognitive and executive function, and physiologic
      stress response systems. This review focus on examining the current state of
      research defining the effect of universal, selected, and indicated interventions
      for PPD on infant neurodevelopment. Given the established lasting, and
      potentially intergenerational, negative implications of maternal depression,
      enhanced efforts targeting increased identification and early intervention
      approaches for PPD that have an impact on health outcomes in both infants and
      mothers represent a critical public health concern. 

PMID- 26980128
TI  - Empirically Based Strategies for Preventing Juvenile Delinquency.
AB  - Juvenile crime is a serious public health problem that results in significant
      emotional and financial costs for victims and society. Using etiologic models as
      a guide, multiple interventions have been developed to target risk factors
      thought to perpetuate the emergence and persistence of delinquent behavior.
      Evidence suggests that the most effective interventions tend to have well-defined
      treatment protocols, focus on therapeutic approaches as opposed to external
      control techniques, and use multimodal cognitive-behavioral treatment strategies.
      Moving forward, there is a need to develop effective policies and procedures that
      promote the widespread adoption of evidence-based delinquency prevention
      practices across multiple settings. 

PMID- 26980129
TI  - Child Obesity and Mental Health: A Complex Interaction.
AB  - Prevalence rates of childhood obesity have risen steeply over the last 3 decades.
      Given the increased national focus, the frequency of this clinical problem, and
      the multiple mental health factors that coexist with it, make obesity a public
      health concern. The complex relationships between mental health and obesity serve
      to potentiate the severity and interdependency of each. The purpose of this
      review is to create a contextual connection for the 2 conditions as outlined by
      the research literature and consider treatment options that affect both health
      problems. 

PMID- 26980130
TI  - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. Surveillance
      data from 2012 indicate an estimated 1.2 million people aged 13 years and older
      were living with HIV infection in the United States, and 12.8% do not know their
      status. There are approximately 50,000 new HIV infections annually. With no
      available cure for HIV, primary prevention to reduce incident cases of HIV is
      essential. Strategies to prevent HIV transmission include reducing sexual risk
      behavior and needle sharing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has
      multiple resources available for primary and secondary prevention to reduce
      disease transmission and severity.

PMID- 26980131
TI  - Substance Abuse Prevention.
AB  - Substance use disorders account for approximately 6% of deaths worldwide and cost
      about $700 billion in the United States. Approximately 80% of drug users begin
      using during adolescence, underscoring the public health importance of effective
      substance prevention programs for youth and families. Prevention science
      designates 3 intervention categories: (1) universal prevention, targeting all
      individuals in the population, (2) selective interventions, targeting high-risk
      groups, and (3) indicated prevention interventions for youth with risk-taking
      behaviors. School-based and non-school-based interventions are reviewed, as well
      as the limitations of existing research, gaps in access and availability, and
      directions for future research and development. 

PMID- 26980132
TI  - A Population Health Approach to System Transformation for Children's Healthy
      Development.
AB  - What if the goal of child health services was not "merely" treating, or even
      preventing, childhood diseases and disorders, but was expanded to that of
      promoting children's optimal healthy development? Pediatrics has evolved from an
      exclusive focus on the treatment of illness to the opportunity to promote
      children's healthy development. This evolution has profound implications for the
      content of child health services and programs, for system transformation, and for
      public policy. Enhanced understanding of the impact of social determinants on
      children's health and developmental outcomes underscores the importance of an
      evolving framework for system transformation with key policy implications. 

PMID- 26980133
TI  - Appendix.
AB  - This article is designed to serve as a reference for researchers and clinicians
      interested in extant evidence-based programs designed to promote healthy youth
      development. This article begins with a review of 2 freely available online
      registries of evidence-based youth development programs. Both registries compile
      information on healthy youth development programs and rate such programs on pre
      established criteria. This article also outlines several specific model programs,
      which intervene on a variety of targets to promote healthy youth development.
      Lastly, this article also outlines emerging youth development programs. The model
      and emerging programs reviewed have resulted in myriad positive outcomes. 

PMID- 26980134
TI  - Prevention of Mental Health Disorders: Principles and Implementation.

PMID- 26980135
TI  - Generation mechanism of RANKL(+) effector memory B cells: relevance to the
      pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of B cell-depleting therapies for rheumatoid arthritis
      underscores antibody-independent functions of effector B cells such as cognate T
      B interactions and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Receptor activator
      of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a key cytokine involved in bone
      destruction and is highly expressed in synovial fluid B cells in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis. In this study we sought to clarify the generation mechanism
      of RANKL(+) effector B cells and their impacts on osteoclast differentiation.
      METHODS: Peripheral blood and synovial fluid B cells from healthy controls and
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis were isolated using cell sorter. mRNA
      expression of RANKL, osteoprotegerin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and
      Blimp-1 was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels
      of RANKL, CD80, CD86, and CXCR3 were analyzed using flow cytometry. Functional
      analysis of osteoclastogenesis was carried out in the co-culture system using
      macrophage RAW264 reporter cells. RESULTS: RANKL expression was accentuated in
      CD80(+)CD86(+) B cells, a highly activated B-cell subset more abundantly observed
      in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Upon activation via B-cell receptor and
      CD40, switched-memory B cells predominantly expressed RANKL, which was further
      augmented by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but suppressed by interleukin-21.
      Strikingly, IFN-gamma also enhanced TNF-alpha expression, while it strongly
      suppressed osteoprotegerin expression in B cells. IFN-gamma increased the
      generation of CXCR3(+)RANKL(+) effector B cells, mimicking the synovial B cell
      phenotype in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, RANKL(+) effector B
      cells in concert with TNF-alpha facilitated osteoclast differentiation in vitro.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our current findings have shed light on the generation mechanism of
      pathogenic RANKL(+) effector B cells that would be an ideal therapeutic target
      for rheumatoid arthritis in the future.

PMID- 26980136
TI  - Bad splits in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: systematic review and meta
      analysis of reported risk factors.
AB  - An unfavourable and unanticipated pattern of the bilateral sagittal split
      osteotomy (BSSO) is generally referred to as a 'bad split'. Patient factors
      predictive of a bad split reported in the literature are controversial. Suggested
      risk factors are reviewed in this article. A systematic review was undertaken,
      yielding a total of 30 studies published between 1971 and 2015 reporting the
      incidence of bad split and patient age, and/or surgical technique employed,
      and/or the presence of third molars. These included 22 retrospective cohort
      studies, six prospective cohort studies, one matched-pair analysis, and one case
      series. Spearman's rank correlation showed a statistically significant but weak
      correlation between increasing average age and increasing occurrence of bad
      splits in 18 studies (rho=0.229; P<0.01). No comparative studies were found that
      assessed the incidence of bad split among the different splitting techniques. A
      meta-analysis pooling the effect sizes of seven cohort studies showed no
      significant difference in the incidence of bad split between cohorts of patients
      with third molars present and concomitantly removed during surgery, and patients
      in whom third molars were removed at least 6 months preoperatively (odds ratio
      1.16, 95% confidence interval 0.73-1.85, Z=0.64, P=0.52). In summary, there is no
      robust evidence to date to show that any risk factor influences the incidence of
      bad split. 

PMID- 26980137
TI  - Parasite fauna of Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) (Epinephelidae) as
      environmental indicator under heavily polluted conditions in Jakarta Bay,
      Indonesia.
AB  - The objective of this study was to assess the environmental conditions of a
      heavily polluted marine habitat using descriptors of fish parasites. Epinephelus
      coioides from Jakarta Bay as well as off Jakarta Bay was studied for metazoan
      parasites. Based on 70 fish and considering previous studies (230 fish), an
      environmental indicator system was designed. Including the recent study, a total
      of 51 parasite species have been recorded for E. coioides in Indonesian waters.
      Seven of them combined with five parasitological indices are useful descriptors
      for the environmental status of marine ecosystems. The results are visualized in
      a star graph. A significant different parasite infection between nine analyzed
      localities demonstrates the negative influence of the megacity Jakarta onto the
      coastal environment. We herewith complete a parasite based indicator system for
      Indonesian coastal waters, and suggest that it can be used in other marine
      habitats as well as for further epinephelids. 

PMID- 26980138
TI  - Microplastic contamination in natural mussel beds from a Brazilian urbanized
      coastal region: Rapid evaluation through bioassessment.
AB  - Microplastic pollution (particles <5mm) is a widespread marine threat and a
      trigger for biological effects, especially if ingested. The mussel Perna perna,
      an important food resource, was used as bioindicator to investigate the presence
      of microplastic pollution on Santos estuary, the most urbanized area of the coast
      of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. A simple and rapid assessment showed that 75% of
      sampled mussels had ingested microplastics, an issue of human and environmental
      concern. All sampling points had contaminated mussels and this contamination had
      no clear pattern of distribution along the estuary. This was the first time that
      microplastic bioavailability was assessed in nature for the southern hemisphere
      and that wild P. perna was found contaminated with this pollutant. This is an
      important issue that should be better assessed due to an increase in seafood
      consumption and culture in Brazil and worldwide. 

PMID- 26980139
TI  - Systematic identification of phenotypically enriched loci using a patient network
      of genomic disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Network medicine is a promising new discipline that combines systems
      biology approaches and network science to understand the complexity of
      pathological phenotypes. Given the growing availability of personalized genomic
      and phenotypic profiles, network models offer a robust integrative framework for
      the analysis of "omics" data, allowing the characterization of the molecular
      aetiology of pathological processes underpinning genetic diseases. METHODS: Here
      we make use of patient genomic data to exploit different network-based analyses
      to study genetic and phenotypic relationships between individuals. For this
      method, we analyzed a dataset of structural variants and phenotypes for 6,564
      patients from the DECIPHER database, which encompasses one of the most
      comprehensive collections of pathogenic Copy Number Variations (CNVs) and their
      associated ontology-controlled phenotypes. We developed a computational strategy
      that identifies clusters of patients in a synthetic patient network according to
      their genetic overlap and phenotype enrichments. RESULTS: Many of these clusters
      of patients represent new genotype-phenotype associations, suggesting the
      identification of newly discovered phenotypically enriched loci (indicative of
      potential novel syndromes) that are currently absent from reference genomic
      disorder databases such as ClinVar, OMIM or DECIPHER itself. CONCLUSIONS: We
      provide a high-resolution map of pathogenic phenotypes associated with their
      respective significant genomic regions and a new powerful tool for diagnosis of
      currently uncharacterized mutations leading to deleterious phenotypes and
      syndromes.

PMID- 26980140
TI  - Electrochemical detection of protein glycosylation using lectin and protein-gold
      affinity interactions.
AB  - We report a new method for the electrochemical detection of glycosylation on
      proteins, which relies on lectin-protein interaction on a bare gold electrode.
      The target protein isolated by immunoaffinity is directly adsorbed onto a gold
      surface and its glycosylation status is retrieved by subsequent addition of
      specific lectins. The adsorption and subsequent recognition process is monitored
      electrochemically in the presence of [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-) redox system. By decoupling
      target protein capture from glycosylation read-out steps, this approach
      circumvents unwanted antibody-lectin crosstalk while enabling specific
      glycosylation detection of a glycoprotein in serum-spiked samples in less than 1
      h. 

PMID- 26980141
TI  - A qualitative study of patients' perspectives on collaboration to support self
      management in routine rheumatology consultations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-management of inflammatory arthritis (IA) requires patients to
      address the impact of symptoms, treatment, and the psychosocial consequences of a
      long term condition. There are several possible mechanisms for facilitating self
      management, including patient-clinician interactions in routine consultations.
      This requires patients to collaborate in their healthcare, and clinicians to
      specifically encourage and help patients to do so. To design training that
      enables clinicians to support patients to be actively involved and self-manage
      requires understanding both patients' and clinicians' perspectives about what is
      important and feasible. Previous research explored the perspectives of clinicians
      who had undertaken brief training which they were putting into practice in their
      routine consultations. This study explored the perspectives of patients attending
      those routine consultations to identify aspects of the interaction that
      influenced collaboration and self-management. METHODS: Nineteen patients with IA
      who had attended a routine consultation with a rheumatology clinician at one of
      four hospitals in England took part in semi-structured interviews. Interviews
      were transcribed, anonymised and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.
      RESULTS: Three themes encompass participants' thoughts about interactions that
      facilitated collaboration in consultations and their ability to self-manage their
      IA: first, patients and clinicians viewing care as a shared endeavour, including
      patients responding actively to their IA and clinicians exploring and negotiating
      with patients; second, the need for clinicians to understand the challenges faced
      by patients, appreciate the impact of IA and focus on patients' priorities; and
      third, clinicians using an open communication style, including the use of non
      didactic, patient-centred approaches. A fourth theme was perceived benefits of
      actively engaging in consultations, including increased confidence to deal with
      the impact of IA and greater acceptance of a long term condition. CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients perceive that self-management can be facilitated when clinicians and
      patients view healthcare as a shared responsibility, underpinned by clinicians as
      experts in the disease and patients as experts in living with it. Clinicians can
      support patients' self-management by using non-didactic communication skills to
      identify patients' priorities, and to prompt patients to problem-solve and share
      in setting the consultation agenda. This should inform skills-training for
      rheumatology clinicians.

PMID- 26980142
TI  - Diagnostic Stability of ICD/DSM First Episode Psychosis Diagnoses: Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Validity of current International Classification of
      Disease/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (ICD/DSM) first
      episode psychosis diagnoses is essential in clinical practice, research, training
      and public health. METHOD: We provide a meta-analytical estimate of prospective
      diagnostic stability and instability in ICD-10 or DSM-IV first episode diagnoses
      of functional psychoses. Independent extraction by multiple observers. Random
      effect meta-analysis conducted with the "metaprop," "metaninf," "metafunnel,"
      "metabias," and "metareg" packages of STATA13.1. Moderators were tested with meta
      regression analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I 2 index. Sensitivity
      analyses tested robustness of results. Publication biases were assessed with
      funnel plots and Egger's test. FINDINGS: 42 studies and 45 samples were included,
      for a total of 14 484 first episode patients and an average follow-up of 4.5
      years. Prospective diagnostic stability ranked: schizophrenia 0.90 (95% CI 0.85
      0.95), affective spectrum psychoses 0.84 (95% CI 0.79-0.89), schizoaffective
      disorder 0.72 (95% CI 0.61-0.73), substance-induced psychotic disorder 0.66 (95%
      CI 0.51-0.81), delusional disorder 0.59 (95% CI 0.47-0.71), acute and transient
      psychotic disorder/brief psychotic disorder 0.56 (95% CI 0.62-0.60), psychosis
      not otherwise specified 0.36 (95% CI 0.27-0.45, schizophreniform disorder 0.29
      (95% CI 0.22-0.38). Diagnostic stability within schizophrenia spectrum psychoses
      was 0.93 (95% CI 0.89-0.97); changes to affective spectrum psychoses were 0.05
      (95% CI 0.01-0.08). About 0.10 (95% CI 0.05-0.15) of affective spectrum psychoses
      changed to schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Across the other psychotic diagnoses
      there was high diagnostic instability, mostly to schizophrenia. INTERPRETATION:
      There is meta-analytical evidence for high prospective diagnostic stability in
      schizophrenia spectrum and affective spectrum psychoses, with no significant
      ICD/DSM differences. These results may inform the development of new treatment
      guidelines for early psychosis and impact drug licensing from regulatory
      agencies.

PMID- 26980143
TI  - Cortical Gene Expression After a Conditional Knockout of 67 kDa Glutamic Acid
      Decarboxylase in Parvalbumin Neurons.
AB  - In the cortex of subjects with schizophrenia, expression of glutamic acid
      decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), the enzyme primarily responsible for cortical GABA
      synthesis, is reduced in the subset of GABA neurons that express parvalbumin
      (PV). This GAD67 deficit is accompanied by lower cortical levels of other GABA
      associated transcripts, including GABA transporter-1, PV, brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B, somatostatin, GABAA
      receptor alpha1 subunit, and KCNS3 potassium channel subunit mRNAs. In contrast,
      messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), another
      enzyme for GABA synthesis, are not altered. We tested the hypothesis that this
      pattern of GABA-associated transcript levels is secondary to the GAD67 deficit in
      PV neurons by analyzing cortical levels of these GABA-associated mRNAs in mice
      with a PV neuron-specific GAD67 knockout. Using in situ hybridization, we found
      that none of the examined GABA-associated transcripts had lower cortical
      expression in the knockout mice. In contrast, PV, BDNF, KCNS3, and GAD65 mRNA
      levels were higher in the homozygous mice. In addition, our behavioral test
      battery failed to detect a change in sensorimotor gating or working memory,
      although the homozygous mice exhibited increased spontaneous activities. These
      findings suggest that reduced GAD67 expression in PV neurons is not an upstream
      cause of the lower levels of GABA-associated transcripts, or of the
      characteristic behaviors, in schizophrenia. In PV neuron-specific GAD67 knockout
      mice, increased levels of PV, BDNF, and KCNS3 mRNAs might be the consequence of
      increased neuronal activity secondary to lower GABA synthesis, whereas increased
      GAD65 mRNA might represent a compensatory response to increase GABA synthesis.

PMID- 26980144
TI  - Defeatist Performance Beliefs, Negative Symptoms, and Functional Outcome in
      Schizophrenia: A Meta-analytic Review.
AB  - Negative symptoms are a strong predictor of poor functional outcome in people
      with schizophrenia. Unfortunately there are few effective interventions for
      either negative symptoms or functional outcome, despite the identification of
      potential mechanisms. Recent research, however, has elucidated a new potential
      mechanism for negative symptoms and poor functional outcome: defeatist
      performance beliefs (DPB), or negative thoughts about one's ability to
      successfully perform goal-directed behavior that can prevent behavior initiation
      and engagement. We conducted 2 meta-analyses examining the relationship between
      DPB and both negative symptoms (n = 10 studies) and functional outcome (n = 8
      studies) in people with schizophrenia. We found a small effect size for the
      relationship between DPB and negative symptoms, regardless of how negative
      symptoms were measured. We also found a small effect size for the relationship
      between DPB and functional outcome, which was significantly moderated by the
      method of assessing DPB and moderated by the sex composition of the study at a
      trend level. These findings highlight the potential of targeting DPB in
      psychosocial interventions for both negative symptoms and functional outcome.

PMID- 26980145
TI  - Effects of acrolein on aldosterone release from zona glomerulosa cells in male
      rats.
AB  - A positive correlation between smoking and hypertension has been well
      established. Acrolein is a major toxic volatile compound found in cigarette
      smoke. Human exposure to low levels of acrolein is unavoidable due to its
      production in daily activities, such as smoke from industrial, hot oil cooking
      vapors, and exhaust fumes from vehicles. The toxicity and the action mechanism of
      acrolein to induce apoptosis have been extensively studied, but the effects of
      acrolein on hypertension are still unknown. The present study aimed to examine
      the effects of acrolein on aldosterone release both in vivo and in vitro. Male
      rats were divided into three groups, and intraperitoneally injected with normal
      saline, or acrolein (2mg/kg) for 1 (group A-1) or 3 (group A-3) days,
      respectively. After sacrificing, rat blood samples were obtained to measure
      plasma aldosterone and angiotensin II (Ang II) levels. Zona glomerulosa (ZG)
      cells were prepared from rat adrenal cortex, and were incubated with or without
      stimulants. We found that the serum aldosterone was increased by 1.2-fold
      (p<0.05) in A-3 group as compared to control group. Basal aldosterone release
      from ZG cells in A-3 group was also increased significantly. Moreover, acrolein
      enhanced the stimulatory effects of Ang II and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP on aldosterone
      secretion from ZG cells prepared in both A-1 and A-3 groups. Furthermore, the
      enzyme activity of P450scc, the rate-limiting step of aldosterone synthesis, was
      elevated after acrolein injection. Plasma level of Ang II was increased in both A
      1 and A-3 groups. These results suggested that acrolein exposure increased
      aldosterone production, at least in part, through elevating the level of plasma
      Ang II and stimulating steroidogenesis pathways.

PMID- 26980146
TI  - The combination of tetraiodothyroacetic acid and cetuximab inhibits cell
      proliferation in colorectal cancers with different K-ras status.
AB  - Thyroid hormone induces cancer cell proliferation through its cell surface
      receptor integrin alphavbeta3. Acting via integrin alphavbeta3, the deaminated T4
      analog tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), and its nanoparticle formulation nano
      diamino-tetrac (NDAT) could inhibit cell proliferation and xenograft growth. In
      this study, we investigated the T4 effects on proliferation in colorectal cancer
      cell lines based on the proliferation marker expressions at both mRNA and protein
      levels. The effects of tetrac/NDAT, the monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab,
      and their combinations on colorectal cancer cell proliferation were examined
      according to the relevant gene expression profiles and cell count analysis. The
      results showed that T4 significantly enhanced PCNA, Cyclin D1 and c-Myc levels in
      both K-ras wild type HT-29 and mutant HCT 116 cells. In HCT 116 cells, the
      combination of NDAT and cetuximab significantly suppressed the mRNA expressions
      of proliferative genes PCNA, Cyclin D1, c-Myc and RRM2 raised by T4 compared to
      cetuximab alone. In addition, T4-suppressed mRNA expressions of pro-apoptotic
      genes p53 and RRM2B could be significantly elevated by the combination of NDAT
      and cetuximab compared to cetuximab alone. In the K-ras mutant HCT 116 cells, but
      not in the K-ras wild type COLO 205 cells, the combinations of tetrac/NDAT and
      cetuximab significantly reduced cell proliferation compared to cetuximab alone.
      In conclusion, T4 promoted colorectal cancer cell proliferation which could be
      repressed by tetrac and NDAT. The combinations of tetrac/NDAT and cetuximab
      potentiated cetuximab actions in K-ras mutant colorectal cancer cells.

PMID- 26980147
TI  - Including Online-Recruited Seeds: A Respondent-Driven Sample of Men Who Have Sex
      With Men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Technology has changed the way men who have sex with men (MSM) seek
      sex and socialize, which may impact the implementation of respondent-driven
      sampling (RDS) among this population. Initial participants (also known as seeds)
      are a critical consideration in RDS because they begin the recruitment chains.
      However, little information is available on how the online-recruited seeds may
      effect RDS implementation. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to
      compare (1) online-recruited versus offline-recruited seeds and (2) subsequent
      recruitment chains of online-recruited versus offline-recruited seeds. METHODS:
      Between 2012 and 2014, we recruited MSM using RDS in Vancouver, Canada. RDS
      weights were used with logistic regression to address each objective. RESULTS: A
      total of 119 seeds were used, 85 of whom were online-recruited seeds, to recruit
      an additional 600 MSM. Compared with offline-recruited seeds, online-recruited
      seeds were less likely to be HIV-positive (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13-0.88), to have
      attended a gay community group (AOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.90), and to feel gay
      community involvement was "very important" (AOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.93). Online
      recruited seeds were more likely to ask a sexual partner's HIV status always
      versus <50% of the time (AOR 5.21, 95% CI 1.17-23.23), to have watched the Pride
      parade (AOR 6.30, 95% CI 1.69-23.45), and to have sought sex online (AOR 4.29,
      95% CI 1.53-12-12.05). Further, compared with recruitment chains started by
      offline-recruited seeds, recruits from chains started by online-recruited seeds
      (283/600, 47.2%) were less likely to be HIV-positive (AOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16
      0.40), to report "versatile" versus "bottom" sexual position preference (AOR
      0.56, 95% CI 0.35-0.88), and to be in a relationship lasting >1 year (AOR 1.65,
      95% CI 1.06-2.56). Recruits of online seeds were more likely to be out as gay for
      longer (eg, 11-21 vs 1-4 years, AOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.27-3.88) and have fewer
      Facebook friends (eg, 201-500 vs >500, AOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.02-2.80). CONCLUSIONS:
      Online-recruited seeds were more prevalent, recruited fewer participants, but
      were different from those recruited offline. This may therefore help create a
      more diverse overall sample. Our work has shown the value of geosocial networking
      apps for aiding RDS recruitment efforts, especially when faced with slow
      participation uptake by other means. Understanding the degree to which networks
      interact will be an important next step in confirming the efficacy of online RDS
      recruitment strategies.

PMID- 26980149
TI  - A 'bottom up', ab initio computational approach to understanding fundamental
      photophysical processes in nitrogen containing heterocycles, DNA bases and base
      pairs.
AB  - The availability of non-radiative decay mechanisms by which photoexcited
      molecules can revert to their ground electronic state, without experiencing
      potentially deleterious chemical transformation, is fundamental to molecular
      photostability. This Perspective Article combines results of new ab initio
      electronic structure calculations and prior experimental data in an effort to
      systematise trends in the non-radiative decay following UV excitation of selected
      families of heterocyclic molecules. We start with the prototypical uni- and
      bicyclic molecules phenol and indole, and explore the structural and
      photophysical consequences of incorporating progressively more nitrogen atoms
      within the respective ring structures en route to the DNA bases thymine,
      cytosine, adenine and guanine. For each of the latter, we identify low energy non
      radiative decay pathways via conical intersections with the ground state
      potential energy surface accessed by out-of-plane ring deformations. This is
      followed by summary descriptions and illustrations of selected rival (electron
      driven H atom transfer) non-radiative excited state decay processes that demand
      consideration once the nucleobases are merely components in larger biomolecular
      systems like nucleosides, and both individual and stacked base-pairs. 

PMID- 26980148
TI  - Mechanism and inhibition of human UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, the key enzyme in
      sialic acid biosynthesis.
AB  - The bifunctional enzyme UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) plays a key
      role in sialic acid production. It is different from the non-hydrolyzing enzymes
      for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, and it is feed-back inhibited by the
      downstream product CMP-Neu5Ac. Here the complex crystal structure of the N
      terminal epimerase part of human GNE shows a tetramer in which UDP binds to the
      active site and CMP-Neu5Ac binds to the dimer-dimer interface. The enzyme is
      locked in a tightly closed conformation. By comparing the UDP-binding modes of
      the non-hydrolyzing and hydrolyzing UDP-GlcNAc epimerases, we propose a possible
      explanation for the mechanistic difference. While the epimerization reactions of
      both enzymes are similar, Arg113 and Ser302 of GNE are likely involved in product
      hydrolysis. On the other hand, the CMP-Neu5Ac binding mode clearly elucidates why
      mutations in Arg263 and Arg266 can cause sialuria. Moreover, full-length
      modelling suggests a channel for ManNAc trafficking within the bifunctional
      enzyme. 

PMID- 26980150
TI  - Comparison of a rapid point-of-care and two laboratory-based CYP2C19*2 genotyping
      assays for personalisation of antiplatelet therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A quick CYP2C19*2 genotyping assay can be useful in personalised
      antiplatelet-therapy. OBJECTIVE: To apply a rapid point-of-care (POC) CYP2C19*2
      genotyping assay for personalisation of antiplatelet therapy in patients
      undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to compare this POC assay
      to two laboratory-based CYP2C19*2 genotyping assays. SETTING: Cardiac
      Catheterisation Suite and Molecular Diagnostics Unit in a general hospital.
      METHODS: A buccal sample was collected for POC CYP2C19*2 genotyping with the
      SpartanTM RX system (Spartan Bioscience). A whole blood sample was collected from
      the same patients for laboratory-based CYP2C19*2 genotyping with a TaqMan(r)
      allelic discrimination assay (Life Technologies) using real-time quantitative PCR
      and with the GenID(r) reverse dot-blot hybridisation assay (Autoimmun Diagnostika
      GmbH). Each patient was genotyped as a non-carrier of CYP2C19*2 (*1/*1), a
      carrier of one CYP2C19*2 allele (*1/*2), or a carrier of two CYP2C19*2 alleles
      (*2/*2). Genotyping, interpretation and communication of genotype results (*1/*2,
      *2/*2) to the consultant cardiologist was undertaken by a clinical pharmacist
      researcher. Quantitative and qualitative comparison between the three assays was
      carried out. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Application of a rapid POC CYP2C19*2
      genotyping assay for antiplatelet therapy individualisation; comparison of the
      POC CYP2C19*2 genotyping assay to two laboratory-based assays. RESULTS: The total
      sample consisted of 34 Caucasian patients. With the POC assay, 21 patients were
      genotyped as non-carriers of CYP2C19*2, 12 patients as carriers of one CYP2C19*2
      allele and one patient as a carrier of two CYP2C19*2 alleles. With both
      laboratory-based assays, the same 21 patients were genotyped as non-carriers of
      CYP2C19*2, however 13 patients were genotyped as carriers of one CYP2C19*2 allele
      and no patients were genotyped as carriers of two CYP2C19*2 alleles. Agreement in
      genotype results was 97 % (kappa = 0.939) between the POC assay and both
      laboratory-based assays and 100 % (kappa = 1.000) between the two laboratory
      based assays. CONCLUSION: Compared to both laboratory-based genotyping assays,
      the POC assay is accurate and reliable, provides rapid results, can process
      single samples, is portable and more operator-friendly, however the tests are
      more expensive.

PMID- 26980151
TI  - Mining social media data for opinion polarities about electronic cigarettes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing debate about harm and benefit of e-cigarettes,
      usage of which has rapidly increased in recent years. By separating non
      commercial (organic) tweets from commercial tweets, we seek to evaluate the
      general public's attitudes towards e-cigarettes. METHODS: We collected tweets
      containing the words 'e-cig', 'e-cigarette', 'e-liquid', 'vape', 'vaping',
      'vapor' and 'vaporizer' from 23 July to 14 October 2015 (n=757 167). A multilabel
      Naive Bayes model was constructed to classify tweets into 5 polarities (against,
      support, neutral, commercial, irrelevant). We further analysed the prevalence of
      e-cigarette tweets, geographic variations in these tweets and the impact of
      socioeconomic factors on the public attitudes towards e-cigarettes. RESULTS:
      Opinions from organic tweets about e-cigarettes were mixed (against 17.7%,
      support 10.8% and neutral 19.4%). The organic-against tweets delivered strong
      educational information about the risks of e-cigarette use and advocated for the
      general public, especially youth, to stop vaping. However, the organic-against
      tweets were outnumbered by commercial tweets and organic-support tweets by a
      ratio of over 1 to 3. Higher prevalence of organic tweets was associated with
      states with higher education rates (r=0.60, p<0.0001), higher percentage of black
      and African-American population (r=0.34, p=0.01), and higher median household
      income (r=0.33, p=0.02). The support rates for e-cigarettes were associated with
      states with fewer persons under 18 years old (r=-0.33, p=0.02) and a higher
      percentage of female population (r=0.3, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The organic-against
      tweets raised public awareness of potential health risks and could aid in
      preventing non-smokers, adolescents and young adults from using e-cigarettes.
      Opinion polarities about e-cigarettes from social networks could be highly
      influential to the general public, especially youth. Further educational
      campaigns should include measuring their effectiveness.

PMID- 26980152
TI  - Health-related quality of life of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
      associated with CHD: the multicentre cross-sectional ACHILLE study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life in
      patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with CHD and
      correlations with clinical status. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional
      observational study included CHD patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in
      14 tertiary-care centres in France. We used two health-related quality of life
      questionnaires - SF-36 and Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review
      (CAMPHOR) - and one anxiety/depression Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      (HADS) questionnaire. RESULTS: Clinical data were collected for the 208 included
      patients (mean age: 42.6 years, range from 15.1 to 85.8 years, 69.7% female).
      Most patients were in NYHA functional class II (48.1%) and III (37.5%). Patients'
      phenotype was classified as Eisenmenger syndrome (70.7%), pulmonary arterial
      hypertension associated with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts (12.0%), with small
      defects (3.4%), or after corrective cardiac surgery (13.9%). In total, 76.4% of
      the patients were receiving pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific treatments.
      SF-36 scores showed impairment compared with normalised data. Health-related
      quality of life scores were significantly lower in females than in males for most
      dimensions of both questionnaires and were independent of the patients'
      phenotype, even after gender adjustment - except for CAMPHOR functioning - but
      significantly depended on NYHA functional class. The Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale (HADS) scores suggested anxiety and depression associated with
      increasing NYHA functional class but independent of patients' phenotype. NYHA
      functional class, 6-minute walk distance, HADS, gender, and recent stressful
      event significantly affected quality of life in the multivariate analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study showed impairment of quality of life in a large cohort of
      patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with CHD with both
      generic and specific questionnaires. NYHA functional class and HADS scores were
      predictive of most quality of life scores.

PMID- 26980153
TI  - Secure Infant-Mother Attachment Buffers the Effect of Early-Life Stress on Age of
      Menarche.
AB  - Prior research indicates that being reared in stressful environments is
      associated with earlier onset of menarche in girls. In this research, we examined
      (a) whether these effects are driven by exposure to certain dimensions of stress
      (harshness or unpredictability) during the first 5 years of life and (b) whether
      the negative effects of stress on the timing of menarche are buffered by secure
      infant-mother attachment. Results revealed that (a) exposure to greater harshness
      (but not unpredictability) during the first 5 years of life predicted earlier
      menarche and (b) secure infant-mother attachment buffered girls from this effect
      of harsh environments. By connecting attachment research to its evolutionary
      foundations, these results illuminate how environmental stressors and
      relationships early in life jointly affect pubertal timing.

PMID- 26980154
TI  - Is Seeing Gesture Necessary to Gesture Like a Native Speaker?
AB  - Speakers of all languages gesture, but there are differences in the gestures that
      they produce. Do speakers learn language-specific gestures by watching others
      gesture or by learning to speak a particular language? We examined this question
      by studying the speech and gestures produced by 40 congenitally blind adult
      native speakers of English and Turkish (n = 20/language), and comparing them with
      the speech and gestures of 40 sighted adult speakers in each language (20 wearing
      blindfolds, 20 not wearing blindfolds). We focused on speakers' descriptions of
      physical motion, which display strong cross-linguistic differences in patterns of
      speech and gesture use. Congenitally blind speakers of English and Turkish
      produced speech that resembled the speech produced by sighted speakers of their
      native language. More important, blind speakers of each language used gestures
      that resembled the gestures of sighted speakers of that language. Our results
      suggest that hearing a particular language is sufficient to gesture like a native
      speaker of that language.

PMID- 26980155
TI  - Word Retrieval Ability on Phonemic Fluency in Typically Developing Children.
AB  - Verbal fluency tasks are simple behavioral measures useful in assessing word
      retrieval abilities. Among the verbal fluency tasks, the utility of the Phonemic
      Fluency Task in children has received less attention. As the task is dependent on
      phonemic characteristics of each language, there is a great need for
      understanding its developmental trend. The present study, therefore, aims to
      delineate the performance on phonemic fluency in typically developing Malayalam
      speaking children. Verbal fluency performance on 2 tasks of phonemic fluency was
      tested using a cross-sectional study design among 1,015 school-going Malayalam
      speaking typically developing children aged 5 to 15 years old. Performance with
      respect to word productivity and clustering-switching measures was analyzed. The
      effect of age, gender, and tasks on the outcome measures were investigated in the
      present study. Study findings revealed a positive influence of age with no
      statistically significant gender effects. Children employed both task-discrepant
      and task-consistent organizational strategies during tasks of phonemic fluency,
      dependent purely on the Malayalam language. Future research focusing on
      developmental trends across different languages is vital for enhancing the task's
      clinical sensitivity and specificity among childhood disorders. 

PMID- 26980156
TI  - Longitudinal association between toenail zinc levels and the incidence of
      diabetes among American young adults: The CARDIA Trace Element Study.
AB  - Data on primary prevention of zinc status and diabetes risk are sparse and
      inconsistent. Of note, the previous studies measured either dietary zinc intake
      with questionnaire or zinc status in serum or hair. Toenail zinc levels are
      reliable biomarkers of a relatively long-term exposure. A total of 3,960 American
      young adults, aged 20-32 years, free of diabetes at baseline in 1987 when toenail
      clippings were collected, were examined for incident diabetes through 2010.
      Toenail zinc levels were measured with an inductively-coupled-plasma mass
      spectroscopy method. Incident diabetes cases were identified by fasting or non
      fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, hemoglobin A1C
      levels, and/or antidiabetic medications. During the 23-year follow-up, 418
      incident diabetes occurred. After adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, study center,
      body mass index, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical
      activity, family history of diabetes, homeostasis model assessment of insulin
      resistance, and other dietary and non-dietary potential confounders, the hazard
      ratio of incident diabetes comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of
      toenail zinc levels was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.90-1.63; Ptrend = 0.20). Findings from
      this study do not support the hypothesis that zinc status is inversely and
      longitudinally associated with the incidence of diabetes in American young
      adults.

PMID- 26980157
TI  - Mycobacterial escape from macrophage phagosomes to the cytoplasm represents an
      alternate adaptation mechanism.
AB  - Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) within the host macrophage is
      mediated through pathogen-dependent inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion,
      which enables bacteria to persist within the immature phagosomal compartment. By
      employing ultrastructural examination of different field isolates supported by
      biochemical analysis, we found that some of the Mtb strains were in fact poorly
      adapted for subsistence within endocytic vesicles of infected macrophages.
      Instead, through a mechanism involving activation of host cytosolic phospholipase
      A2, these bacteria rapidly escaped from phagosomes, and established residence in
      the cytoplasm of the host cell. Interestingly, by facilitating an enhanced
      suppression of host cellular autophagy, this translocation served as an alternate
      virulence acquisition mechanism. Thus, our studies reveal plasticity in the
      adaptation strategies employed by Mtb, for survival in the host macrophage. 

PMID- 26980158
TI  - Resourcefulness Training for Women Dementia Caregivers: Acceptability and
      Feasibility of Two Methods.
AB  - Almost 10 million women in the United States are caregivers for elders with
      dementia and many experience extreme stress that compromises their health.
      Acceptable and feasible interventions to teach them resourcefulness skills for
      managing stress may improve their health and facilitate continued caregiving.
      This study examined two commonly used methods for practicing skills taught during
      resourcefulness training (RT) to women caregivers of elders with dementia (n=63):
      journaling and digital voice recording. It also explored whether providing
      caregivers a choice between the two methods made it more acceptable or feasible.
      Qualitative and quantitative data were collected before, during, and after RT.
      Caregivers who recorded used more words (M=5446) but recorded fewer days (M=17)
      than those who journaled (M=2792 words and M=27 days). Similar concerns in
      relation to time management and practice method were expressed by women
      caregivers irrespective of practice method (journal versus recorder) or random
      versus choice condition. While journaling was more frequent than recording, more
      words were expressed during recordings. Perceived stress and depressive symptoms
      were unrelated to the number of practice days or word counts, suggesting RT
      acceptability and feasibility even for highly stressed or depressed caregivers.
      Because intervention feasibility is important for RT effectiveness testing,
      alternatives to the journaling and recording methods for practicing RT skills
      should be considered. 

PMID- 26980159
TI  - Direct 3D-printing of cell-laden constructs in microfluidic architectures.
AB  - Microfluidic platforms have greatly benefited the biological and medical fields,
      however standard practices require a high cost of entry in terms of time and
      energy. The utilization of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies has
      greatly enhanced the ability to iterate and build functional devices with unique
      functions. However, their inability to fabricate within microfluidic devices
      greatly increases the cost of producing several different devices to examine
      different scientific questions. In this work, a variable height micromixer (VHM)
      is fabricated using projection 3D-printing combined with soft lithography.
      Theoretical and flow experiments demonstrate that altering the local z-heights of
      VHM improved mixing at lower flow rates than simple geometries. Mixing of two
      fluids occurs as low as 320 MUL min(-1) in VHM whereas the planar zigzag region
      requires a flow rate of 2.4 mL min(-1) before full mixing occurred. Following
      device printing, to further demonstrate the ability of this projection-based
      method, complex, user-defined cell-laden scaffolds are directly printed inside
      the VHM. The utilization of this unique ability to produce 3D tissue models
      within a microfluidic system could offer a unique platform for medical
      diagnostics and disease modeling. 

PMID- 26980160
TI  - Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Disease Spectrum.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver
      dysfunction in the Western world and is increasing owing to its close association
      with obesity and insulin resistance. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver disease
      that, in a minority of patients, can lead to progressive nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma and
      liver failure. NAFLD is a complex trait resulting from the interaction between
      environmental exposure and a susceptible polygenic background and comprising
      multiple independent modifiers of risk, such as the microbiome. The molecular
      mechanisms that combine to define the transition to NASH and progressive disease
      are complex, and consequently, no pharmacological therapy currently exists to
      treat NASH. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD is critical if
      new treatments are to be discovered.

PMID- 26980161
TI  - Gliomas Genomics and Epigenomics: Arriving at the Start and Knowing It for the
      First Time.
AB  - Gliomas are the most common primary human brain tumors and occur in both adults
      and children. Over the past few years, systematic large-scale genomic and
      epigenomic profiling has provided unprecedented insight into their pathogenesis,
      uncovering alterations in an unanticipated number of genes and regulatory
      elements. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries about the genomics and
      epigenomics of adult and pediatric gliomas and highlight how some of the founding
      genetic mutations reshape the cancer epigenome. These studies provide an in-depth
      view of the molecular routes leading to glioma development, offer insight into
      the cancer stem cell model, help refine classifications, and should lay the
      foundation for improved clinical care.

PMID- 26980162
TI  - Bronchiectasis: Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Microbiology.
AB  - Bronchiectasis is a disorder of persistent lung inflammation and recurrent
      infection, defined by a common pathological end point: irreversible bronchial
      dilatation arrived at through diverse etiologies. This suggests an interplay
      between immunogenetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, bacterial infection,
      and lung damage. The damaged epithelium impairs mucus removal and facilitates
      bacterial infection with increased cough, sputum production, and airflow
      obstruction. Lung infection is caused by respiratory bacterial and fungal
      pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus, Aspergillus fumigatus,
      and nontuberculous mycobacteria. Recent studies have highlighted the relationship
      between the lung microbiota and microbial-pathogen niches. Disease may result
      from environments favoring interleukin-17-driven neutrophilia. Bronchiectasis may
      present in autoimmune disease, as well as conditions of immune dysregulation,
      such as combined variable immune deficiency, transporter associated with antigen
      processing-deficiency syndrome, and hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Differences
      in prevalence across geography and ethnicity implicate an etiological mix of
      genetics and environment underpinning susceptibility.

PMID- 26980163
TI  - Effects of intervalley scattering on the transport properties in one-dimensional
      valleytronic devices.
AB  - Based on a one-dimensional valley junction model, the effects of intervalley
      scattering on the valley transport properties are studied. We analytically
      investigate the valley transport phenomena in three typical junctions with both
      intervalley and intravalley scattering included. For the tunneling between two
      gapless valley materials, different from conventional Klein tunneling theory, the
      transmission probability of the carrier is less than 100% while the pure valley
      polarization feature still holds. If the junction is composed of at least one
      gapped valley material, the valley polarization of the carrier is generally
      imperfect during the tunneling process. Interestingly, in such circumstance, we
      discover a resonance of valley polarization that can be tuned by the junction
      potential. The extension of our results to realistic valley materials are also
      discussed. 

PMID- 26980164
TI  - Custom sizing of lower limb exoskeleton actuators using gait dynamic modelling of
      children with cerebral palsy.
AB  - The use of exoskeletons as an aid for people with musculoskeletal disorder is the
      subject to an increasing interest in the research community. These devices are
      expected to meet the specific needs of users, such as children with cerebral
      palsy (CP) who are considered a significant population in pediatric
      rehabilitation. Although these exoskeletons should be designed to ease the
      movement of people with physical shortcoming, their design is generally based on
      data obtained from healthy adults, which leads to oversized components that are
      inadequate to the targeted users. Consequently, the objective of this study is to
      custom-size the lower limb exoskeleton actuators based on dynamic modeling of the
      human body for children with CP on the basis of hip, knee, and ankle joint
      kinematics and dynamics of human body during gait. For this purpose, a multibody
      modeling of the human body of 3 typically developed children (TD) and 3 children
      with CP is used. The results show significant differences in gait patterns
      especially in knee and ankle with respectively 0.39 and -0.33 (Nm/kg) maximum
      torque differences between TD children and children with CP. This study provides
      the recommendations to support the design of actuators to normalize the movement
      of children with CP. 

PMID- 26980165
TI  - Off-label prescription of drugs at hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To develop a procedure for management of off-label medications, and
      to analyze the treatments, indications, and hospital units which will request
      them more frequently, as well as which variables will have an impact on the
      authorization decision, and its economic impact. METHODS: A procedure was
      designed where clinicians would complete request forms and the Hospital Unit
      would prepare reports assessing their efficacy, safety, convenience, and cost.
      The request forms for the past five years were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 834
      applications were received, and 88.1% of these were accepted. The authorization
      rates were higher for Paediatric Units (95.7% vs. 86.6%; p<0.05). The reasons for
      considering prescriptions as off-label were: different indication (73.2%),
      different combination (10.2%), different line of treatment (8.6%) and different
      age (8%). A 73.4% of requests were for antineoplastic drugs, and the most
      frequently prescribed were rituximab (120) and bevacizumab (103). The quality of
      evidence supporting the prescriptions was moderate-low, though no direct
      relationship with the likelihood of approval was demonstrated (p = 0.413). The
      cost of the approved medications was 8,567,537 ?, and the theoretical savings for
      those drugs rejected was of 2,268,642 ?. There was a statistically significant
      decrease in the authorization rate (p < 0.05, Student's t test) when spending
      increased. CONCLUSIONS: The responsibility for assessing off-label prescriptions
      has fallen on the Pharmacy Unit. It has not been demonstrated that the quality of
      evidence represents a decisive variable for approval of treatment; on the other
      hand, age and cost have demonstrated a significant impact.

PMID- 26980166
TI  - Assessment of the quality of sample labelling for clinical research.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of the labels for clinical trial samples through
      current regulations, and to analyze its potential correlation with the specific
      characteristics of each sample. METHOD: A transversal multicenter study where the
      clinical trial samples from two third level hospitals were analyzed. The eleven
      items from Directive 2003/94/EC, as well as the name of the clinical trial and
      the dose on the label cover, were considered variables for labelling quality. The
      influence of the characteristics of each sample on labelling quality was also
      analyzed. OUTCOME: The study included 503 samples from 220 clinical trials. The
      mean quality of labelling, understood as the proportion of items from Appendix
      13, was of 91.9%. Out of these, 6.6% did not include the name of the sample in
      the outer face of the label, while in 9.7% the dose was missing. The samples with
      clinical trial-type samples presented a higher quality (p < 0.049), blinding
      reduced their quality (p = 0.017), and identification by kit number or by patient
      increased it (p < 0.01). The promoter was the variable which introduced the
      highest variability into the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The mean quality of labelling
      is adequate in the majority of clinical trial samples. The lack of essential
      information in some samples, such as the clinical trial code and the period of
      validity, is alarming and might be the potential source for dispensing or
      administration errors.

PMID- 26980167
TI  - Influence of pharmacotherapy complexity on compliance with the therapeutic
      objectives for HIV+ patients on antiretroviral treatment concomitant with therapy
      for dyslipidemia. INCOFAR Project.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship between pharmacotherapeutical complexity
      and compliance of therapeutic objectives in HIV+ patients on antiretroviral
      treatment and concomitant dyslipidemia therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      retrospective observational study including HIV patients on stable antiretroviral
      treatment during the past 6 months, and dyslipidemia treatment between January
      and December, 2013. The complexity index was calculated with the tool developed
      by McDonald et al. Other variables analyzed were: age, gender, risk factor of
      HIV, smoking, alcoholism and drugs, psychiatric disorders, adherence to
      antiretroviral treatment and lipid lowering drugs, and clinical parameters (HIV
      viral load, CD4 count, plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and
      triglycerides). In order to determine the predictive factors associated with the
      compliance of therapeutic objectives, univariate analysis was conducted through
      logistical regression, followed by a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The study
      included 89 patients; 56.8% of them met the therapeutic objectives for
      dyslipidemia. The complexity index was significantly higher (p = 0.02) in those
      patients who did not reach the objective values (median 51.8 vs. 38.9). Adherence
      to lipid lowering treatment was significantly associated with compliance of the
      therapeutic objectives established for dyslipidemia treatment. A 67.0% of
      patients met the objectives for their antiretroviral treatment; however, the
      complexity index was not significantly higher (p = 0.06) in those patients who
      did not meet said objectives. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacotherapeutical complexity
      represents a key factor in terms of achieving health objectives in HIV+ patients
      on treatment for dyslipidemia.

PMID- 26980168
TI  - Use of closed systems in the Hospital Pharmacy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the setting of the increasing use of closed systems for
      reconstitution and preparation of these drugs, we intend to analyze the correct
      use of these systems in the Hospital Pharmacy, with the objective to minimize the
      risks of exposure not only for those professionals directly involved, but also
      for all the staff in the unit, taking also into account efficiency criteria.
      METHOD: Since some systems protect against aerosol formation but not from
      vapours, we decided to review which cytostatics should be prepared using an awl
      with an air inlet valve, in order to implement a new working procedure. We
      reviewed the formulations available in our hospital, with the following criteria:
      method of administration, excipients, and potential hazard for the staff handling
      them. We measured the diameters of the vials. We selected drugs with Level 1 Risk
      and also those including alcohol-based excipients, which could generate vapours.
      OUTCOMES: Out of the 66 reviewed formulations, we concluded that 11 drugs should
      be reconstituted with this type of awl: busulfan, cabazitaxel, carmustine,
      cyclophosphamide, eribulin, etoposide, fotemustine, melphalan, paclitaxel,
      temsirolimus and thiotepa; these represented an 18% of the total volume of
      formulations. CONCLUSIONS: The selection of healthcare products must be done at
      the Hospital Pharmacy, because the use of a system with an air valve inlet only
      for those drugs selected led to an outcome of savings and a more efficient use of
      materials. In our experience, we confirmed that the use of the needle could only
      be avoided when the awl could adapt to the different formulations of cytostatics,
      and this is only possible when different types of awls are available. Besides,
      connections were only really closed when a single awl was used for each vial. The
      change in working methodology when handling these drugs, as a result of this
      study, will allow us to start different studies about environmental contamination
      as a future line of work.

PMID- 26980169
TI  - [Design of a computer program for the registration of implantable medical device,
      field safety corrective action and advers events, as a tool for medical device
      surveillance].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the features of computer program to support the activity
      of the responsible for surveillance of medical devices. To evaluate their use
      after one year of implementation in a hospital. METHOD: The stages of the process
      were: description of the activities of medical devices surveillance and implant
      registration, definition of functionality and data processing, creation of
      databases, implementation in a private hospital which manages PS, validation of
      the program and analysis of their usefulness. RESULTS: SIVIPS was developed using
      Acces. Main variables were described for all the activities of the responsible
      for medical device surveillance (implants, alert, medical device incidents,
      including for in vitro diagnostics) and all the functionalities of the computer
      program. SIVIPS was introduced in a pharmacy service with one pharmacist for the
      management of medical devices. One year after its implementation we had
      registered 564 implants with a description by type of implant, 31 alerts and 6
      incidents. SIVIPS allow monitoring of the actions taken in these cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: SIVIPS is the first tool to support the activity of medical device
      surveillance. It is an easy tool that allows the registration of alerts and
      medical device related incidents, and registration of implants performed in the
      center, which will improve the traceability of the PS.

PMID- 26980170
TI  - Hazardous drugs: new challenges, new opportunities.
AB  - Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs can cause harmful effects on health
      professionals and several protective measures must be taken. Nevertheless,
      classification of hazardous drugs is not the same in all the published
      repertoires and the terminology is still confusing: hazardous drugs, biohazardous
      drugs or risky drugs are terms improperly described and can define very different
      drugs with a very different hazard profiles. In Spain, there is not an updated
      official list of hazardous drugs, and healthcare professionals must consider and
      follow other published lists. In our opinion, it is mandatory to do a consensus
      among these professionals, administration and labor union organizations in order
      to clarify some conflictive questions not only in healthcare settings but in
      investigational and academic scenarios too. These multidisciplinary groups should
      be involved also in teaching new and non-experienced personnel and in the
      knowledge reinforcement for the experienced ones. 

PMID- 26980171
TI  - Oral formulation of pyridoxine for the treatment of pyridoxinedependent epilepsy
      in a paediatric patient.

PMID- 26980172
TI  - [Hepatic toxicity in HER-2(+) breast cancer patient under treatment with
      capecitabine and lapatinib].

PMID- 26980173
TI  - [Pernicious anaemia in a young patient: what is the best route of administration
      of vitammin B12?].

PMID- 26980174
TI  - [Roberto Marin Gil (1979-2016)].

PMID- 26980175
TI  - Pre- and post-treatment serum ferritin levels in patients with higher risk
      myelodysplastic syndromes receiving azacitidine.

PMID- 26980177
TI  - SELEX Modifications and Bioanalytical Techniques for Aptamer-Target Binding
      Characterization.
AB  - The quest to improve the detection of biomolecules and cells in health and life
      sciences has led to the discovery and characterization of various affinity
      bioprobes. Libraries of synthetic oligonucleotides (ssDNA/ssRNA) with randomized
      sequences are employed during Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential
      Enrichment (SELEX) to select highly specific affinity probes called aptamers.
      With much focus on the generation of aptamers for a variety of target molecules,
      conventional SELEX protocols have been modified to develop new and improved SELEX
      protocols yielding highly specific and stable aptamers. Various techniques have
      been used to analyze the binding interactions between aptamers and their cognate
      molecules with associated merits and limitations. This article comprehensively
      reviews research advancements in the generation of aptamers, analyses
      physicochemical conditions affecting their binding characteristics to cellular
      and biomolecular targets, and discusses various field applications of aptameric
      binding. Biophysical techniques employed in the characterization of the molecular
      and binding features of aptamers to their cognate targets are also discussed. 

PMID- 26980176
TI  - Improving Low-dose Cardiac CT Images based on 3D Sparse Representation.
AB  - Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) is a reliable and accurate tool for diagnosis
      of coronary artery diseases and is also frequently used in surgery guidance. Low
      dose scans should be considered in order to alleviate the harm to patients caused
      by X-ray radiation. However, low dose CT (LDCT) images tend to be degraded by
      quantum noise and streak artifacts. In order to improve the cardiac LDCT image
      quality, a 3D sparse representation-based processing (3D SR) is proposed by
      exploiting the sparsity and regularity of 3D anatomical features in CCT. The
      proposed method was evaluated by a clinical study of 14 patients. The performance
      of the proposed method was compared to the 2D spares representation-based
      processing (2D SR) and the state-of-the-art noise reduction algorithm BM4D. The
      visual assessment, quantitative assessment and qualitative assessment results
      show that the proposed approach can lead to effective noise/artifact suppression
      and detail preservation. Compared to the other two tested methods, 3D SR method
      can obtain results with image quality most close to the reference standard dose
      CT (SDCT) images.

PMID- 26980178
TI  - Integrated Practice Improvement Solutions-Practical Steps to Operating Room
      Management.
AB  - Perioperative productivity is a vital concern for surgeons, anesthesiologists,
      and administrators as the OR is a major source of hospital elective admissions
      and revenue. Based on elements of existing Practice Improvement Methodologies
      (PIMs), "Integrated Practice Improvement Solutions" (IPIS) is a practical and
      simple solution incorporating aspects of multiple management approaches into a
      single open source framework to increase OR efficiency and productivity by better
      utilization of existing resources. MATERIALS AND METHODS: OR efficiency was
      measured both before and after IPIS implementation using the total number of
      cases versus room utilization, OR/anesthesia revenue and staff overtime (OT)
      costs. Other parameters of efficiency, such as the first case on-time start and
      the turnover time (TOT) were measured in parallel. RESULTS: IPIS implementation
      resulted in increased numbers of surgical procedures performed by an average of
      10.7%, and OR and anesthesia revenue increases of 18.5% and 6.9%, respectively,
      with a simultaneous decrease in TOT (15%) and OT for anesthesia staff (26%). The
      number of perioperative adverse events was stable during the two-year study
      period which involved a total of 20,378 patients. CONCLUSION: IPIS, an effective
      and flexible practice improvement model, was designed to quickly, significantly,
      and sustainably improve OR efficiency by better utilization of existing
      resources. Success of its implementation directly correlates with the involvement
      of and acceptance by the entire OR team and hospital administration.

PMID- 26980179
TI  - Monitoring of chromosome dynamics of single yeast cells in a microfluidic
      platform with aperture cell traps.
AB  - Chromosome movement plays important roles in DNA replication, repair, genetic
      recombination, and epigenetic phenomena during mitosis and meiosis. In
      particular, chromosome movement in the nuclear space is essential for the
      reorganization of the nucleus. However, conventional methods for analyzing the
      chromosome movements in vivo have been limited by technical constraints of cell
      trapping, cell cultivation, oxygenation, and in situ imaging. Here, we present a
      simple microfluidic platform with aperture-based cell trapping arrays to monitor
      the chromosome dynamics in single living cells for a desired period of time.
      Under the optimized conditions, our microfluidic platform shows a single-cell
      trapping efficiency of 57%. This microfluidic approach enables in situ imaging of
      intracellular dynamics in living cells responding to variable input stimuli under
      the well-controlled microenvironment. As a validation of this microfluidic
      platform, we investigate the fundamental features of the dynamic cellular
      response of the individual cells treated with different stimuli and drug. We
      prove the basis for dynamic chromosome movement in single yeast cells to be the
      telomere and nuclear envelope ensembles that attach to and move in concert with
      nuclear actin cables. Therefore, these results illustrate the monitoring of
      cellular functions and obtaining of dynamic information at a high spatiotemporal
      resolution through the integration of a simple microfluidic platform. 

PMID- 26980180
TI  - The potential for nanotechnology to improve delivery of therapy to the acute
      ischemic heart.
AB  - Treatment of acute cardiac ischemia remains an area in which there are
      opportunities for therapeutic improvement. Despite significant advances, many
      patients still progress to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Timely
      reperfusion is critical in rescuing vulnerable ischemic tissue and is directly
      related to patient outcome, but reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium also
      contributes to damage. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species, initiation of
      an inflammatory response and deregulation of calcium homeostasis all contribute
      to injury, and difficulties in delivering a sufficient quantity of drug to the
      affected tissue in a controlled manner is a limitation of current therapies.
      Nanotechnology may offer significant improvements in this respect. Here, we
      review recent examples of how nanoparticles can be used to improve delivery to
      the ischemic myocardium, and suggest some approaches that may lead to improved
      therapies for acute cardiac ischemia. 

PMID- 26980181
TI  - Electrochemical Platform for the Detection of Transmembrane Proteins
      Reconstituted into Liposomes.
AB  - The development of new methods and strategies for the investigation of membrane
      proteins is limited by poor solubility of these proteins in an aqueous
      environment and hindered by a number of other problems linked to the instability
      of the proteins outside lipid bilayers. Therefore, current research focuses on an
      analysis of membrane proteins incorporated into model lipid membrane, most
      frequently liposomes. In this work, we introduce a new electrochemical
      methodology for the analysis of transmembrane proteins reconstituted into a
      liposomal system. The proposed analytical approach is based on proteoliposomal
      sample adsorption on the surface of working electrodes followed by analysis of
      the anodic and cathodic signals of the reconstituted proteins. It works based on
      the fact that proteins are electroactive species, in contrast to the lipid
      components of the membranes under the given experimental conditions.
      Electroanalytical experiments were performed with two transmembrane proteins; the
      Na(+)/K(+)ATPase that contains transmembrane as well as large extramembraneous
      segments and the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, which is a transmembrane
      protein essentially lacking extramembraneous segments. Electrochemical analyses
      of proteoliposomes were compared with analyses of both proteins solubilized with
      detergents (C12E8 and octyl-PoE) and supported by the following complementary
      methods: microscopy techniques, protein activity testing, molecular model
      visualizations, and immunochemical identification of both proteins. The label
      free electrochemical platform presented here enables studies of reconstituted
      transmembrane proteins at the nanomolar level. Our results may contribute to the
      development of new electrochemical sensors and microarray systems applicable
      within the field of poorly water-soluble proteins. 

PMID- 26980182
TI  - Frizzled-1 receptor regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the adult hippocampus new neurons are continuously generated from
      neural stem cells (NSCs) present at the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus.
      This process is controlled by Wnt signaling, which plays a complex role in
      regulating multiple steps of neurogenesis including maintenance, proliferation
      and differentiation of progenitor cells and the development of newborn neurons.
      Differential effects of Wnt signaling during progression of neurogenesis could be
      mediated by cell-type specific expression of Wnt receptors. Here we studied the
      potential role of Frizzled-1 (FZD1) receptor in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
      RESULTS: In the adult dentate gyrus, we determined that FZD1 is highly expressed
      in NSCs, neural progenitors and immature neurons. Accordingly, FZD1 is expressed
      in cultured adult hippocampal progenitors isolated from mouse brain. To evaluate
      the role of this receptor in vivo we targeted FZD1 in newborn cells using
      retroviral-mediated RNA interference. FZD1 knockdown resulted in a marked
      decrease in the differentiation of newborn cells into neurons and increased the
      generation of astrocytes, suggesting a regulatory role for the receptor in cell
      fate commitment. In addition, FZD1 knockdown induced an extended migration of
      adult-born neurons within the granule cell layer. However, no differences were
      observed in total dendritic length and dendritic arbor complexity between control
      and FZD1-deficient newborn neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that FZD1
      regulates specific stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, being required for
      neuronal differentiation and positioning of newborn neurons into the granule cell
      layer, but not for morphological development of adult-born granule neurons.

PMID- 26980183
TI  - Does duration of physical activity bouts matter for adiposity and metabolic
      syndrome? A cross-sectional study of older British men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Older adults have low physical activity(PA) and high sedentary
      behaviour(SB) levels. We investigate how total volume and specific patterns of
      moderate to vigorous PA(MVPA), light PA(LPA) and SB are related to adiposity and
      metabolic syndrome (MS). Then, with reference to physical activity guidelines
      which encourage MVPA in bouts > =10 min and avoiding "long" sedentary bouts, we
      investigate whether accumulating PA and SB in bouts of different defined
      durations are differently associated with these outcomes. METHODS: Cross
      sectional study of men (71-91 years) recruited in UK primary care centres. Nurses
      made physical measures (weight, height, bio-impedance, blood pressure) and took
      fasting blood samples. 1528/3137 (49%) surviving men had >=3 valid days (>=600
      min) accelerometer data. 450 men with pre-existing chronic disease were excluded.
      1009/1078 (93.6%) had complete covariate data. RESULTS: Men (n = 1009, mean age
      78.5(SD 4.7) years) spent 612(SD 83), 202(SD 64) and 42(SD 33) minutes in SB,
      LIPA and MVPA respectively. Each additional 30 min/day of SB and MVPA were
      associated with 0.32 (95% CI 0.23, 0.40)Kg/m(2) higher Body Mass Index (BMI) and 
      0.72(-0.93, -0.51) lower BMI Kg/m(2) respectively. Patterns for waist
      circumference (WC), fat mass index (FMI), fasting insulin and MS were similar.
      MVPA in bouts lasting <10 min or >=10 min duration were not associated
      differently with outcomes. In models adjusted for total MVPA, each minute
      accumulated in SB bouts lasting 1-15 min was associated with lower BMI -0.012
      kg/m(2), WC -0.029 cm, and OR 0.989 for MS (all p < 0.05), and coefficients for
      LPA bouts 1-9 min were very similar in separate models adjusted for total MVPA.
      Minutes accumulated in SB bouts 1-15 min and LPA bouts 1-9 min were correlated, r
      = 0.62. CONCLUSIONS: Objectively measured MVPA, LPA and SB were all associated
      with lower adiposity and metabolic risk. The beneficial associations of LPA are
      encouraging for older adults for whom initiating MVPA and maintaining bouts
      lasting >=10 min may be particularly challenging. Findings that short bouts of
      LPA (1-9 min) and SB (1-15 min), but that all MVPA, not just MVPA accumulated in
      bouts >=10 min were associated with lower adiposity and better metabolic health
      could help refine older adult PA guidelines.

PMID- 26980185
TI  - The chronic disease explosion: artificial bang or empirical whimper?

PMID- 26980184
TI  - Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections
      caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in
      primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To systematically review studies investigating the prevalence of
      antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli in
      children and, when appropriate, to meta-analyse the relation between previous
      antibiotics prescribed in primary care and resistance. DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS:
      Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled percentage prevalence of resistance
      to the most commonly used antibiotics in children in primary care, stratified by
      the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) status of the
      study country. Random effects meta-analysis was used to quantify the association
      between previous exposure to antibiotics in primary care and resistance. DATA
      SOURCES: Observational and experimental studies identified through Medline,
      Embase, Cochrane, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases, searched for articles
      published up to October 2015. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Studies
      were eligible if they investigated and reported resistance in community acquired
      urinary tract infection in children and young people aged 0-17. Electronic
      searches with MeSH terms and text words identified 3115 papers. Two independent
      reviewers assessed study quality and performed data extraction. RESULTS: 58
      observational studies investigated 77,783 E coli isolates in urine. In studies
      from OECD countries, the pooled prevalence of resistance was 53.4% (95%
      confidence interval 46.0% to 60.8%) for ampicillin, 23.6% (13.9% to 32.3%) for
      trimethoprim, 8.2% (7.9% to 9.6%) for co-amoxiclav, and 2.1% (0.8 to 4.4%) for
      ciprofloxacin; nitrofurantoin was the lowest at 1.3% (0.8% to 1.7%). Resistance
      in studies in countries outside the OECD was significantly higher: 79.8% (73.0%
      to 87.7%) for ampicillin, 60.3% (40.9% to 79.0%) for co-amoxiclav, 26.8% (11.1%
      to 43.0%) for ciprofloxacin, and 17.0% (9.8% to 24.2%) for nitrofurantoin. There
      was evidence that bacterial isolates from the urinary tract from individual
      children who had received previous prescriptions for antibiotics in primary care
      were more likely to be resistant to antibiotics, and this increased risk could
      persist for up to six months (odds ratio 13.23, 95% confidence interval 7.84 to
      22.31). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics
      in primary care in children with urinary tract infections caused by E coli is
      high, particularly in countries outside the OECD, where one possible explanation
      is the availability of antibiotics over the counter. This could render some
      antibiotics ineffective as first line treatments for urinary tract infection.
      Routine use of antibiotics in primary care contributes to antimicrobial
      resistance in children, which can persist for up to six months after treatment.

PMID- 26980186
TI  - Building up the nucleus: nuclear organization in the establishment of totipotency
      and pluripotency during mammalian development.
AB  - In mammals, epigenetic reprogramming, the acquisition and loss of totipotency,
      and the first cell fate decision all occur within a 3-d window after
      fertilization from the one-cell zygote to the formation of the blastocyst. These
      processes are poorly understood in molecular detail, yet this is an essential
      prerequisite to uncover principles of stem cells, chromatin biology, and thus
      regenerative medicine. A unique feature of preimplantation development is the
      drastic genome-wide changes occurring to nuclear architecture. From studying
      somatic and in vitro cultured embryonic stem cells (ESCs) it is becoming
      increasingly established that the three-dimensional (3D) positions of genomic
      loci relative to each other and to specific compartments of the nucleus can act
      on the regulation of gene expression, potentially driving cell fate. However, the
      functionality, mechanisms, and molecular characteristics of the changes in
      nuclear organization during preimplantation development are only now beginning to
      be unraveled. Here, we discuss the peculiarities of nuclear compartments and
      chromatin organization during mammalian preimplantation development in the
      context of the transition from totipotency to pluripotency. 

PMID- 26980187
TI  - A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system.
AB  - Control of protein abundance by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for
      normal brain development and function. Just over a decade ago, the first post
      mitotic function of the anaphase-promoting complex, a major cell cycle-regulated
      E3 ubiquitin ligase, was discovered in the control of axon growth and patterning
      in the mammalian brain. Since then, a large number of studies have identified
      additional novel roles for the anaphase-promoting complex in diverse aspects of
      neuronal connectivity and plasticity in the developing and mature nervous system.
      In this review, we discuss the functions and mechanisms of the anaphase-promoting
      complex in neurogenesis, glial differentiation and migration, neuronal survival
      and metabolism, neuronal morphogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, and
      learning and memory. We also provide a perspective on future investigations of
      the anaphase-promoting complex in neurobiology. 

PMID- 26980188
TI  - Karyomegalic interstitial nephritis and DNA damage-induced polyploidy in Fan1
      nuclease-defective knock-in mice.
AB  - The Fan1 endonuclease is required for repair of DNA interstrand cross-links
      (ICLs). Mutations in human Fan1 cause karyomegalic interstitial nephritis (KIN),
      but it is unclear whether defective ICL repair is responsible or whether Fan1
      nuclease activity is relevant. We show that Fan1 nuclease-defective (Fan1(nd/nd))
      mice develop a mild form of KIN. The karyomegalic nuclei from Fan1(nd/nd) kidneys
      are polyploid, and fibroblasts from Fan1(nd/nd) mice become polyploid upon ICL
      induction, suggesting that defective ICL repair causes karyomegaly. Thus, Fan1
      nuclease activity promotes ICL repair in a manner that controls ploidy, a role
      that we show is not shared by the Fanconi anemia pathway or the Slx4-Slx1
      nuclease also involved in ICL repair. 

PMID- 26980189
TI  - Fan1 deficiency results in DNA interstrand cross-link repair defects, enhanced
      tissue karyomegaly, and organ dysfunction.
AB  - Deficiency of FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1) in humans leads to
      karyomegalic interstitial nephritis (KIN), a rare hereditary kidney disease
      characterized by chronic renal fibrosis, tubular degeneration, and characteristic
      polyploid nuclei in multiple tissues. The mechanism of how FAN1 protects cells is
      largely unknown but is thought to involve FAN1's function in DNA interstrand
      cross-link (ICL) repair. Here, we describe a Fan1-deficient mouse and show that
      FAN1 is required for cellular and organismal resistance to ICLs. We show that the
      ubiquitin-binding zinc finger (UBZ) domain of FAN1, which is needed for
      interaction with FANCD2, is not required for the initial rapid recruitment of
      FAN1 to ICLs or for its role in DNA ICL resistance. Epistasis analyses reveal
      that FAN1 has cross-link repair activities that are independent of the Fanconi
      anemia proteins and that this activity is redundant with the 5'-3' exonuclease
      SNM1A. Karyomegaly becomes prominent in kidneys and livers of Fan1-deficient mice
      with age, and mice develop liver dysfunction. Treatment of Fan1-deficient mice
      with ICL-inducing agents results in pronounced thymic and bone marrow
      hypocellularity and the disappearance of c-kit(+) cells. Our results provide
      insight into the mechanism of FAN1 in ICL repair and demonstrate that the Fan1
      mouse model effectively recapitulates the pathological features of human FAN1
      deficiency. 

PMID- 26980190
TI  - Stepwise and dynamic assembly of the earliest precursors of small ribosomal
      subunits in yeast.
AB  - The eukaryotic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is associated cotranscriptionally with
      numerous factors into an enormous 90S preribosomal particle that conducts early
      processing of small ribosomal subunits. The assembly pathway and structure of the
      90S particle is poorly understood. Here, we affinity-purified and analyzed the
      constituents of yeast 90S particles that were assembled on a series of plasmid
      encoded 3'-truncated pre-18S RNAs. We determined the assembly point of 65
      proteins and the U3, U14, and snR30 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), revealing a
      stepwise and dynamic assembly map. The 5' external transcribed spacer (ETS) alone
      can nucleate a large complex. When the 18S rRNA is nearly complete, the 90S
      structure undergoes a dramatic reorganization, releasing U14, snR30, and 14
      protein factors that bind earlier. We also identified a reference state of 90S
      that is fully assembled yet has not undergone 5'ETS processing. The assembly map
      present here provides a new framework to understand small subunit biogenesis. 

PMID- 26980191
TI  - Tuberculosis infection control measures in health care facilities offering tb
      services in Ikeja local government area, Lagos, South West, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis infection among health care workers is capable of
      worsening the existing health human resource problems of low--and middle-income
      countries. Tuberculosis infection control is often weakly implemented in these
      parts of the world therefore, understanding the reasons for poor implementation
      of tuberculosis infection control guidelines are important. This study was aimed
      at assessing tuberculosis infection control practices and barriers to its
      implementation in Ikeja, Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 20
      tuberculosis care facilities (16 public and 4 private) in Ikeja, Lagos was
      conducted. The study included a facility survey to assess the availability of
      tuberculosis infection control guidelines, the adequacy of facilities to prevent
      transmission of tuberculosis and observations of practices to assess the
      implementation of tuberculosis infection control guidelines. Four focus group
      discussions were carried out to highlight HCWs' perceptions on tuberculosis
      infection control guidelines and barriers to its implementation. RESULTS: The
      observational study showed that none of the clinics had a tuberculosis infection
      control plan. No clinic was consistently screening patients for cough. Twelve
      facilities (60%) consistently provided masks to patients who were coughing.
      Ventilation in the waiting areas was assessed to be adequate in 60% of the
      clinics while four clinics (20%) possessed N-95 respirators. Findings from the
      focus group discussions showed weak managerial support, poor funding, under
      staffing, lack of space and not wanting to be seen as stigmatizing against
      tuberculosis patients as barriers that hindered the implementation of TB
      infection control measures. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis infection control measures
      were not adequately implemented in health facilities in Ikeja, Nigeria. A multi
      pronged approach is required to address the identified barriers to the
      implementation of tuberculosis infection control guidelines.

PMID- 26980192
TI  - The Hand Motor Hotspot is not Always Located in the Hand Knob: A Neuronavigated
      Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study.
AB  - The hand motor hot spot (hMHS) is one of the most salient parameters in
      transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) practice, notably used for targeting. It
      is commonly accepted that the hMHS corresponds to the hand representation within
      the primary motor cortex (M1). Anatomical and imaging studies locate this
      representation in a region of the central sulcus called the "hand knob". The aim
      of this study was to determine if the hMHS location corresponds to its expected
      location at the hand knob. Twelve healthy volunteers and eleven patients with
      chronic neuropathic pain of various origins, but not related to a brain lesion,
      were enrolled. Morphological magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was normal
      in all participants. Both hemispheres were studied in all participants except
      four (two patients and two healthy subjects). Cortical mapping of the hand motor
      area was conducted using a TMS-dedicated navigation system and recording motor
      evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral first dorsal interosseous (FDI)
      muscle. We then determined the anatomical position of the hMHS, defined as the
      stimulation site providing the largest FDI-MEPs. In 45 % of hemispheres of normal
      subjects and 25 % of hemispheres of pain patients, the hMHS was located over the
      central sulcus, most frequently at the level of the hand knob. However, in the
      other cases, the hMHS was located outside M1, most frequently anteriorly over the
      precentral or middle frontal gyrus. This study shows that the hMHS does not
      always correspond to the hand knob and M1 location in healthy subjects or
      patients. Therefore, image-guided navigation is needed to improve the anatomical
      accuracy of TMS targeting, even for M1.

PMID- 26980193
TI  - Electrical impedance tomography to monitor lung sampling during broncho-alveolar
      lavage.

PMID- 26980194
TI  - The ten studies that should be done in ARDS.

PMID- 26980195
TI  - What's new in mechanical ventilation in patients without ARDS: lessons from the
      ARDS literature.

PMID- 26980196
TI  - Ganetespib radiosensitization for liver cancer therapy.
AB  - Therapies for liver cancer particularly those including radiation are still
      inadequate. Inhibiting the stress response machinery is an appealing anti-cancer
      and radiosensitizing therapeutic strategy. Heat-shock-protein-90 (HSP90) is a
      molecular chaperone that is a prominent effector of the stress response machinery
      and is overexpressed in liver cancer cells. HSP90 client proteins include
      critical components of pathways implicated in liver cancer cell survival and
      radioresistance. The effects of a novel non-geldanamycin HSP90 inhibitor,
      ganetespib, combined with radiation were examined on 3 liver cancer cell lines,
      Hep3b, HepG2 and HUH7, using in vitro assays for clonogenic survival, apoptosis,
      cell cycle distribution, gammaH2AX foci kinetics and client protein expression in
      pathways important for liver cancer survival and radioresistance. We then
      evaluated tumor growth delay and effects of the combined ganetespib-radiation
      treatment on tumor cell proliferation in a HepG2 hind-flank tumor graft model.
      Nanomolar levels of ganetespib alone exhibited liver cancer cell anti-cancer
      activity in vitro as shown by decreased clonogenic survival that was associated
      with increased apoptotic cell death, prominent G2-M arrest and marked changes in
      PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/MAPK client protein activity. Ganetespib caused a supra
      additive radiosensitization in all liver cancer cell lines at low nanomolar doses
      with enhancement ratios between 1.33-1.78. These results were confirmed in vivo,
      where the ganetespib-radiation combination therapy produced supra-additive tumor
      growth delay compared with either therapy by itself in HepG2 tumor grafts. Our
      data suggest that combined ganetespib-radiation therapy exhibits promising
      activity against liver cancer cells, which should be investigated in clinical
      studies.

PMID- 26980198
TI  - The Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act 2015: what it is and why it matters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ireland's Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act 2015 was signed by
      President Higgins in December 2015 and scheduled for commencement in 2016. AIMS:
      To explore the content and implications of the 2015 Act. METHODS: Review of the
      2015 Act and related literature. RESULTS: The 2015 Act places the "will and
      preferences" of persons with impaired mental capacity at the heart of decision
      making relating to "personal welfare" (including healthcare) and "property and
      affairs". Capacity is to be "construed functionally" and interventions must be
      "for the benefit of the relevant person". The Act outlines three levels of
      decision-making assistance: "decision-making assistant", "co-decision-maker"
      (joint decision-maker) and "decision-making representative" (substitute decision
      maker). There are procedures relating to "enduring power of attorney" and
      "advance healthcare directives"; in the case of the latter, a "refusal of
      treatment" can be legally binding, while a "request for a specific treatment"
      must "be taken into consideration". CONCLUSIONS: The 2015 Act is considerably
      more workable than the 2013 Bill that preceded it. Key challenges include the
      subtle decision-making required by patients, healthcare staff, Circuit Court
      judges and the director of the Decision Support Service; implementation of
      "advance healthcare directives", especially if they do not form part of a broader
      model of advance care planning (incorporating the flexibility required for
      unpredictable future circumstances); and the over-arching issue of logistics, as
      very many healthcare decisions are currently made in situations where the
      patient's capacity is impaired. A key challenge will lie in balancing the
      emphasis on autonomy with principles of beneficence, mutuality and care.

PMID- 26980197
TI  - C1, a highly potent novel curcumin derivative, binds to tubulin, disrupts
      microtubule network and induces apoptosis.
AB  - We have synthesized a curcumin derivative, 4-{5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-2-[3
      (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-acryloyl]-3-oxo-penta-1,4-dienyl}-piperidine-1
      carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (C1) that displays much stronger
      antiproliferative activity against various types of cancer cells including
      multidrug resistance cells than curcumin. C1 depolymerized both interphase and
      mitotic microtubules in MCF-7 cells and also inhibited the reassembly of
      microtubules in these cells. C1 inhibited the polymerization of purified tubulin,
      disrupted the lattice structure of microtubules and suppressed their GTPase
      activity in vitro The compound bound to tubulin with a dissociation constant of
      2.8+/-1 MUM and perturbed the secondary structures of tubulin. Further, C1
      treatment reduced the expression of Bcl2, increased the expression of Bax and
      down regulated the level of a key regulator of p53, murine double minute 2 (Mdm2)
      (S166), in MCF-7 cells. C1 appeared to induce p53 mediated apoptosis in MCF-7
      cells. Interestingly, C1 showed more stability in aqueous buffer than curcumin.
      The results together showed that C1 perturbed microtubule network and inhibited
      cancer cells proliferation more efficiently than curcumin. The strong
      antiproliferative activity and improved stability of C1 indicated that the
      compound may have a potential as an anticancer agent. 

PMID- 26980199
TI  - Stresses in the midpalatal suture in the maxillary protraction therapy: a 3D
      finite element analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the stress magnitudes and
      directions along the midpalatal suture in the maxillary protraction therapy.
      METHODS: The geometry of the maxilla and teeth were digitally reconstructed based
      on computer tomography images obtained from the skull of a girl in a mixed
      dentition stage with skeletal and dental class III malocclusion. An appliance
      commonly used for rapid palatal expansion (RPE) was also digitally modeled for
      anchorage of the protraction force and meshed for finite element analysis. The
      maxillary protraction was simulated applying 600 cN (300 cN for each side)
      directed 30 degrees  forward and downward to the maxillary occlusal plane.
      RESULTS: The principal stresses, through the force application, exhibited similar
      distribution patterns. A higher stress area was observed in the region of the
      midpalatal suture located in front of the incisive canal. All the sections showed
      vectors of compressive nature. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the compressive nature of
      the stresses distributed along the midpalatal suture in the maxillary protraction
      therapy simulation, which is opposite to the natural growth transversal tendency,
      maxillary expansion is advisable in clinical cases.

PMID- 26980200
TI  - Effect of molar intrusion with temporary anchorage devices in patients with
      anterior open bite: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to assess the effect of molar intrusion
      with temporary anchorage devices on the vertical facial morphology and mandibular
      rotation during open bite treatment in the permanent dentition. METHODS: We
      performed a systematic review of the published data in seven electronic databases
      up to September 2015. We considered studies for inclusion if they were examining
      the effects of posterior teeth intrusion on the vertical facial morphology with
      open bite malocclusion in the permanent dentition. Study selection, risk of bias
      assessment, and data-extraction were performed in duplicate. Meta-analysis was
      not possible due to dissimilarity and heterogeneity among the included studies.
      RESULTS: Out of the 42 articles that met the initial eligibility criteria, 12
      studies were finally selected. Low level of scientific evidence was identified
      after risk of bias assessment of the included studies with no relevant randomized
      controlled trial performed. Out of the 12 selected studies, five studies used
      miniplates and seven studies used miniscrews. Mandibular counterclockwise
      rotation was found to be between 2.3 degrees  and 3.9 degrees  in six studies (as
      sassed by mandibular plane angle, between MeGo or GoGn and SN or FH plane) while
      it was less than 2 degrees  in the remaining studies. CONCLUSIONS: Current weak
      evidence suggests that molar intrusion with temporary anchorage devices may cause
      mandibular counterclockwise autorotation. Future well-conducted and clearly
      reported multicenter randomized controlled trials that include a non-treatment
      control group are needed to make robust recommendations regarding the amount of
      mandibular rotation during open bite treatments.

PMID- 26980201
TI  - Converting ICD-9 to ICD-10.
AB  - Implementing the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)
      to International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) conversion
      on October 1, 2015, in the United States has been a long-term goal. While most
      countries in the world converted more than 10 years ago, the United States was
      still using ICD-9. Many countries in the world have a single-payer healthcare
      system, while there are thousands of different healthcare organizations
      (providers and payers) that presently exist in the United States. With so many
      different software platforms for healthcare providers and payers, the conversion
      had become that much more complicated and capital intensive for all healthcare
      organizations in the country. A few of the present delay reasons to the ICD-10
      conversion in past years were the concurrent timelines for meeting meaningful use
      requirements for the electronic health record, testing with external payers and
      upgrades from vendors which added complexities and extra costs. The authors
      examine the reasoning behind the conversion as well as the delays, before making
      the conversion on October 1, 2015, and review the question regarding whether the
      government's decision to push the date back a year would have been helpful. 

PMID- 26980202
TI  - The Impact of a Pay-for-Performance Program on Central Line-Associated Blood
      Stream Infections in Pennsylvania.
AB  - Healthcare associated infections have significantly contributed to the rising
      cost of hospital care in the United States. The implementation of pay-for
      performance (P4P) programs has been one approach to improve quality at a reduced
      cost. We quantify the impact of Highmark's Quality Blue (QB) hospital P4P program
      on central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI) in Pennsylvania. The
      impact of years of participation in QB on CLABSI is also evaluated. Data from 149
      Pennsylvania hospitals on CLABSI from 2008-2013 are used. Negative binomial
      regression and fixed effects panel regression are performed. Hospitals
      participating in QB have 0.727 times the CLABSI as those hospitals that do not
      participate. Hospitals participating for four or more years have on average 3.13
      fewer CLABSI per year compared to those participating for less than four years.
      Highmark's P4P program has shown improved outcomes with regards to CLABSI, but
      further research is needed to determine if QB is cost effective. 

PMID- 26980203
TI  - Physician Recommendation of Diabetes Clinical Protocols.
AB  - The authors examined the responses of 63 primary care physicians to diabetes
      clinical protocols (DCPs) for the management of type II diabetes (T2DM). We
      measured physician demographics, current diabetes patient loads, and responses to
      DCPs (physician attitudes, physician familiarity, and physician recommendation of
      DCPs) using a 20-question electronic survey. Results of the survey indicate that
      primary care physicians may be unfamiliar with the benefits of diabetes clinical
      protocols for the self-management of T2DM. Given the importance of diabetes self
      management education in controlling T2DM, those interested in implementing DCPs
      should address the beliefs and attitudes of primary care physicians. 

PMID- 26980204
TI  - Human PCSK9 promotes hepatic lipogenesis and atherosclerosis development via apoE
      and LDLR-mediated mechanisms.
AB  - AIMS: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promotes the
      degradation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors (LDLR), thereby,
      decreasing hepatocyte LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) uptake. However, it is unknown
      whether PCSK9 has effects on atherogenesis that are independent of lipid changes.
      The present study investigated the effect of human (h) PCSK9 on plasma lipids,
      hepatic lipogenesis, and atherosclerotic lesion size and composition in
      transgenic mice expressing hPCSK9 (hPCSK9tg) on wild-type (WT), LDLR-/-, or apoE
      /- background. METHODS AND RESULTS: hPCSK9 expression significantly increased
      plasma cholesterol (+91%), triglycerides (+18%), and apoB (+57%) levels only in
      WT mice. The increase in plasma lipids was a consequence of both decreased
      hepatic LDLR and increased hepatic lipid production, mediated transcriptionally
      and post-transcriptionally by PCSK9 and dependent on both LDLR and apoE. Despite
      the lack of changes in plasma lipids in mice expressing hPCSK9 and lacking LDLR
      (the main target for PCSK9) or apoE (a canonical ligand for the LDLR), hPCSK9
      expression increased aortic lesion size in the absence of apoE (268 655 +/- 97
      972 um2 in hPCSK9tg/apoE-/- vs. 189 423 +/- 65 700 um(2) in apoE-/-) but not in
      the absence of LDLR. Additionally, hPCSK9 accumulated in the atheroma and
      increased lesion Ly6C(hi) monocytes (by 21%) in apoE-/- mice, but not in LDLR-/-
      mice. CONCLUSIONS: PCSK9 increases hepatic lipid and lipoprotein production via
      apoE- and LDLR-dependent mechanisms. However, hPCSK9 also accumulate in the
      artery wall and directly affects atherosclerosis lesion size and composition
      independently of such plasma lipid and lipoprotein changes. These effects of
      hPCSK9 are dependent on LDLR but are independent of apoE.

PMID- 26980205
TI  - Exosomes induce and reverse monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice.
AB  - AIMS: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mice with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced
      pulmonary hypertension (PH) induce PH in healthy mice, and the exosomes (EXO)
      fraction of EVs from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can blunt the development of
      hypoxic PH. We sought to determine whether the EXO fraction of EVs is responsible
      for modulating pulmonary vascular responses and whether differences in EXO-miR
      content explains the differential effects of EXOs from MSCs and mice with MCT-PH.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma, lung EVs from MCT-PH, and control mice were divided
      into EXO (exosome), microvesicle (MV) fractions and injected into healthy mice.
      EVs from MSCs were divided into EXO, MV fractions and injected into MCT-treated
      mice. PH was assessed by right ventricle-to-left ventricle + septum (RV/LV + S)
      ratio and pulmonary arterial wall thickness-to-diameter (WT/D) ratio. miR
      microarray analyses were also performed on all EXO populations. EXOs but not MVs
      from MCT-injured mice increased RV/LV + S, WT/D ratios in healthy mice. MSC-EXOs
      prevented any increase in RV/LV + S, WT/D ratios when given at the time of MCT
      injection and reversed the increase in these ratios when given after MCT
      administration. EXOs from MCT-injured mice and patients with idiopathic pulmonary
      arterial hypertension (IPAH) contained increased levels of miRs-19b,-20a,-20b,
      and -145, whereas miRs isolated from MSC-EXOs had increased levels of anti
      inflammatory, anti-proliferative miRs including miRs-34a,-122,-124, and -127.
      CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that circulating or MSC-EXOs may modulate
      pulmonary hypertensive effects based on their miR cargo. The ability of MSC-EXOs
      to reverse MCT-PH offers a promising potential target for new PAH therapies.

PMID- 26980206
TI  - Engineering and systems-level analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production
      of 3-hydroxypropionic acid via malonyl-CoA reductase-dependent pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the future, oil- and gas-derived polymers may be replaced with bio
      based polymers, produced from renewable feedstocks using engineered cell
      factories. Acrylic acid and acrylic esters with an estimated world annual
      production of approximately 6 million tons by 2017 can be derived from 3
      hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), which can be produced by microbial fermentation. For
      an economically viable process 3HP must be produced at high titer, rate and yield
      and preferably at low pH to minimize downstream processing costs. RESULTS: Here
      we describe the metabolic engineering of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      for biosynthesis of 3HP via a malonyl-CoA reductase (MCR)-dependent pathway.
      Integration of multiple copies of MCR from Chloroflexus aurantiacus and of
      phosphorylation-deficient acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC1 genes into the genome of
      yeast increased 3HP titer fivefold in comparison with single integration.
      Furthermore we optimized the supply of acetyl-CoA by overexpressing native
      pyruvate decarboxylase PDC1, aldehyde dehydrogenase ALD6, and acetyl-CoA synthase
      from Salmonella enterica SEacs (L641P). Finally we engineered the cofactor
      specificity of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to increase the
      intracellular production of NADPH at the expense of NADH and thus improve 3HP
      production and reduce formation of glycerol as by-product. The final strain
      produced 9.8 +/- 0.4 g L(-1) 3HP with a yield of 13% C-mol C-mol(-1) glucose
      after 100 h in carbon-limited fed-batch cultivation at pH 5. The 3HP-producing
      strain was characterized by (13)C metabolic flux analysis and by transcriptome
      analysis, which revealed some unexpected consequences of the undertaken metabolic
      engineering strategy, and based on this data, future metabolic engineering
      directions are proposed. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, S. cerevisiae was engineered
      for high-level production of 3HP by increasing the copy numbers of biosynthetic
      genes and improving flux towards precursors and redox cofactors. This strain
      represents a good platform for further optimization of 3HP production and hence
      an important step towards potential commercial bio-based production of 3HP.

PMID- 26980208
TI  - Regulation of the Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase Pathway by the Lipid Phosphatase
      PTEN.

PMID- 26980207
TI  - Developing a clinical translational neuroscience taxonomy for anxiety and mood
      disorder: protocol for the baseline-follow up Research domain criteria Anxiety
      and Depression ("RAD") project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding how brain circuit dysfunctions relate to specific
      symptoms offers promise for developing a brain-based taxonomy for classifying
      psychopathology, identifying targets for mechanistic studies and ultimately for
      guiding treatment choice. The goal of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
      initiative of the National Institute of Mental Health is to accelerate the
      development of such neurobiological models of mental disorder independent of
      traditional diagnostic criteria. In our RDoC Anxiety and Depression ("RAD")
      project we focus trans-diagnostically on the spectrum of depression and anxiety
      psychopathology. Our aims are a) to use brain imaging to define cohesive
      dimensions defined by dysfunction of circuits involved in reactivity to and
      regulation of negatively valenced emotional stimulation and in cognitive control,
      b) to assess the relationships between these dimension and specific symptoms,
      behavioral performance and the real world capacity to function socially and at
      work and c) to assess the stability of brain-symptom-behavior-function
      relationships over time. METHODS AND DESIGN: Here we present the protocol for the
      "RAD" project, one of the first RDoC studies to use brain circuit functioning to
      define new dimensions of psychopathology. The RAD project follows baseline-follow
      up design. In line with RDoC principles we use a strategy for recruiting all
      clients who "walk through the door" of a large community mental health clinic as
      well as the surrounding community. The clinic attends to a broad spectrum of
      anxiety and mood-related symptoms. Participants are unmedicated and studied at
      baseline using a standardized battery of functional brain imaging, structural
      brain imaging and behavioral probes that assay constructs of threat reactivity,
      threat regulation and cognitive control. The battery also includes self-report
      measures of anxiety and mood symptoms, and social and occupational functioning.
      After baseline assessments, therapists in the clinic apply treatment planning as
      usual. Follow-up assessments are undertaken at 3 months, to establish the
      reliability of brain-based subgroups over time and to assess whether these
      subgroups predict real-world functional capacity over time. First enrollment was
      August 2013, and is ongoing. DISCUSSION: This project is designed to advance
      knowledge toward a neural circuit taxonomy for mental disorder. Data will be
      shared via the RDoC database for dissemination to the scientific community. The
      clinical translational neuroscience goals of the project are to develop brain
      behavior profile reports for each individual participant and to refine these
      reports with therapist feedback. Reporting of results is expected from December
      2016 onward. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02220309 .
      Registered: August 13, 2014.

PMID- 26980209
TI  - Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cystinosis Using Immunomagnetically Purified
      Granulocytes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystine determination is a critical biochemical test for the
      diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of the lysosomal storage disease cystinosis.
      The classical mixed-leukocyte cystine assay requires prompt specialized
      recovery/isolation following blood drawing, providing cystine concentrations
      normalized to total protein from assorted types of white blood cells, each with
      varying cystine content. METHODS: We present a new workflow for cystine
      determination using immunomagnetic granulocyte purification, and new reference
      ranges established from 47 patient and 27 obligate heterozygote samples assayed.
      Samples were collected in acid-citrate dextrose tubes and their stability was
      proven to allow for overnight shipping before analysis. Cystine was quantified by
      LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The new method was reproducible (<15% root mean square error)
      and specific, assaying purified granulocytes from blood samples that no longer
      required immediate preparation and therefore allowing for up to 30 h before
      processing. There was a nearly a 2-fold increase in the therapeutic target (1.9
      nmol half-cystine/mg protein) range, established using distributions of patient,
      obligate heterozygote, and control samples. The 2.5-97.5 percentile ranges (-2 SD
      to +2 SD around mean) for these cohorts were 0.67-6.05 nmol/mg protein for
      patients, 0.33-1.35 nmol/mg protein for obligate heterozygotes, and 0.09-0.35
      nmol/mg protein for controls. CONCLUSIONS: The intracellular cystine
      determination method using immunopurified granulocytes followed by LC-MS/MS
      analysis improves the inherent variability of mixed leukocyte analysis and
      eliminates the need for immediate sample preparation following blood draw.

PMID- 26980210
TI  - Prospective Associations of Systemic and Urinary Choline Metabolites with
      Incident Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several compounds in the choline oxidation pathway are associated
      with insulin resistance and prevalent diabetes; however, prospective data are
      scarce.We explored the relationships between systemic and urinary choline-related
      metabolites and incident type 2 diabetes in an observational prospective study
      among Norwegian patients. METHODS: We explored risk associations by logistic
      regression among 3621 nondiabetic individuals with suspected stable angina
      pectoris, of whom 3242 provided urine samples. Reclassification of patients was
      investigated according to continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI >0).
      RESULTS: After median (25th to 75th percentile) follow-up of 7.5 (6.4-8.7) years,
      233 patients (6.4%) were registered with incident type 2 diabetes. In models
      adjusted for age, sex, and fasting status, plasma betaine was inversely related
      to new-onset disease [odds ratio (OR) per 1 SD, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62-0.83; P <
      0.00001], whereas positive associations were observed for urine betaine (1.25;
      1.09-1.43; P = 0.001), dimethylglycine (1.22; 1.06-1.40; P = 0.007), and
      sarcosine (1.30; 1.13-1.49; P < 0.001). The associations were maintained in a
      multivariable model adjusting for body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin
      to-creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein,
      HDL cholesterol, and medications. Plasma betaine and urine sarcosine, the indices
      most strongly related to incident type 2 diabetes, improved reclassification [NRI
      >0 (95% CI) 0.33 (0.19-0.47) and 0.16 (0.01-0.31), respectively] and showed good
      within-person reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic and urinary concentrations
      of several choline metabolites were associated with risk of incident type 2
      diabetes, and relevant biomarkers may improve risk prediction.

PMID- 26980211
TI  - The Importance of Reagent Lot Registration in External Quality
      Assurance/Proficiency Testing Schemes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Providers of external quality assurance (EQA)/proficiency testing
      schemes have traditionally focused on evaluation of measurement procedures and
      participant performance and little attention has been given to reagent lot
      variation. The aim of the present study was to show the importance of reagent lot
      registration and evaluation in EQA schemes. METHODS: Results from the Noklus
      (Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories) urine
      albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and prothrombin time international normalized
      ratio (INR) point-of-care EQA schemes from 2009-2015 were used as examples in
      this study. RESULTS: The between-participant CV for Afinion ACR increased from 6%
      7% to 11% in 3 consecutive surveys. This increase was caused by differences
      between albumin reagent lots that were also observed when fresh urine samples
      were used. For the INR scheme, the CoaguChek INR results increased with the
      production date of the reagent lots, with reagent lot medians increasing from 2.0
      to 2.5 INR and from 2.7 to 3.3 INR (from the oldest to the newest reagent lot)
      for 2 control levels, respectively. These differences in lot medians were not
      observed when native patient samples were used. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting results
      from different reagent lots in EQA feedback reports can give helpful information
      to the participants that may explain their deviant EQA results. Information
      regarding whether the reagent lot differences found in the schemes can affect
      patient samples is important and should be communicated to the participants as
      well as to the manufacturers. EQA providers should consider registering and
      evaluating results from reagent lots.

PMID- 26980212
TI  - Comparison between surgery and definitive chemoradiotherapy for patients with
      resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a propensity score analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Our intent was to compare survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      followed by surgery versus chemoradiotherapy (CRT) among patients with
      potentially resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Information
      about 406 consecutive esophageal cancer patients with resectable disease who
      underwent surgery with neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin plus 5
      fluorouracil or who underwent definitive CRT was reviewed. The survival outcomes
      were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and propensity score-adjusted Cox
      proportional hazards models. Relevant variables were included in the propensity
      score model. RESULTS: Overall, 206 patients planned to undergo surgery (S group)
      and 200 patients planned to undergo CRT (CRT group). In the unadjusted situation,
      progression-free survival and overall survival did not differ statistically
      between the groups. After matching, both survival outcomes were better in the S
      group compared to the CRT group. Subanalysis showed both survival outcomes were
      better in the S group for patients with only stage III disease. However, survival
      outcomes for stages I, II, and IV were not significantly different between
      treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with resectable disease, survival
      outcomes in the S group were favored over those of the CRT group. These results
      indicate that different therapeutic strategies should be used for stage III
      esophageal cancer than for other stages.

PMID- 26980214
TI  - Loeffler endocarditis: silent right ventricular myocardium!
AB  - We present the case of a 54-year-old male patient with Loeffler endocarditis. It
      is a rare disorder characterized by fibrous thickening of the endocardium leading
      to apical obliteration and restrictive cardiomyopathy resulting in heart failure,
      thromboembolic events or atrial fibrillation. To the best of our knowledge, this
      is the first case reporting the electrical silence of the right ventricular (RV)
      apex caused by fibrothrombotic thickening of this area. Under these circumstances
      RV apical implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or
      pacemaker electrode may lead to unsuccessful stimulation of these devices. 

PMID- 26980213
TI  - Association of cytomegalovirus infection with hypertension risk: a meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Information regarding association between cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      infection and essential hypertension (EH) risk is not consistent across studies.
      Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association in detail.
      METHODS: We comprehensively searched the published literature from the PubMed and
      Embase databases for any study analyzing the association between CMV and EH risk.
      A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95 %
      confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Three studies involving 9657 patients were
      included in the meta-analysis, and the results showed a significantly increased
      risk of EH in patients with CMV infection. Overall, 79.3 % of the hypertension
      patients were CMV-positive, which was significantly higher than the percentage
      for controls (OR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 0.95-2.05, P = 0.017). There was significant
      heterogeneity among the studies included (I(2) = 70.5 %). The funnel plot and
      Egger's test also indicated no publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed
      a significant association between CMV and EH, which indicates that CMV infection
      is a possible cause of EH.

PMID- 26980215
TI  - Cardiovagal and adrenergic function tests in unilateral carotid artery stenosis
      patients-a Valsalva manoeuvre tool to show an autonomic dysfunction?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The stability of an arterial baroreflex depends also upon the
      integrity of the afferent limb. For its quantification, we can use a noninvasive
      test such as baroreceptor sensitivity estimation during Valsalva manoeuvre. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate potential autonomic dysfunction in patients
      with unilateral severe carotid disease and compare the results to the results
      obtained from an age and gender matched group of healthy volunteers. METHODS: We
      evaluated dynamic changes during Valsalva manoeuvre (Valsalva ratio, cardiovagal
      and adrenergic baroreceptor sensitivity, sympathetic indexes and its dynamic
      ranges) in 41 patients (29 males; 62.9 +/- 7.4 years) and compared the results to
      results obtained from volunteers (62.8 +/- 7.0 years). RESULTS: Valsalva ratio
      between the patients and control group revealed no significant difference, as
      well as cardiovagal and adrenergic baroreceptor sensitivity. Sympathetic indexes,
      except for sympathetic index 2, reflecting the sympathetic vasoconstrictor
      baroreceptor response in late phase 2 of Valsalva manoeuvre (7.1 +/- 13.1 mmHg in
      patients vs. 11.4 +/- 10.2 mmHg in control group; p = 0.012) showed no
      significant differences between the studied groups. The most prominent dynamic
      range between the groups was within the sympathetic index 2. CONCLUSION: With
      some Valsalva manoeuvre test results, we were not able to show severe autonomic
      dysfunction in unilateral severe carotid stenosis patients except for lower
      vasoconstriction response within the late phase 2 of the manoeuvre.

PMID- 26980216
TI  - Percutaneous instillation of physiological saline solution for the treatment of
      femoral pseudoaneuryms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of para-aneurysmal saline injection for
      closure of postcatheterization pseudo-aneurysm (PA) at the vascular access site.
      METHODS: Fifty-one consecutive patients with postcatheterization PA at the
      vascular access site were included to undergo percutaneous para-aneurysmal saline
      injection. In case of technical failure the day after, PA were treated by bovine
      thrombin injection. Anatomical properties of the PA were recorded as were details
      to injection. RESULTS: Initially all patients exhibited success which was reduced
      to 43 % at day one. A saline volume of median 7 ml (interquartile range 6-8 ml)
      has been injected. The amount of injected saline was not different in patients
      with and without treatment success at day one (P = 0.6). Several anatomical
      properties of the PA exhibited marked differences in patients with or without
      success. The length (10.3 mm (7.8-12.0) vs. 12.5 mm (10.3-15.0); P = 0.009) and
      the angulation (110 degrees  (100-118) vs. 140 degrees  (129-146); P < 0.001) of
      the fistula/vessel axis was statistically different between groups. The peak
      systolic velocity failed to show significance with a tendency to higher values in
      the ineffective study group (P = 0.07). No peripheral complications occurred.
      CONCLUSION: Para-aneurysmal saline injection may be a therapeutic alternative to
      percutaneous thrombin injection in patients exhibiting favorable anatomical
      properties.

PMID- 26980218
TI  - Commentary: How do haematopoietic cell transplants cure leukaemia?

PMID- 26980219
TI  - "Imatinib-induced gastric antral vascular ectasia" in a reporting system of the
      Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database.

PMID- 26980217
TI  - Characterization and pharmacological potential of Lactobacillus sakei 1I1
      isolated from fresh water fish Zacco koreanus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are still a large variety of microorganisms among aquatic
      animals which have not been explored for their pharmacological potential. Hence,
      present study was aimed to isolate and characterize a potent lactic acid
      bacterium from fresh water fish sample Zacco koreanus, and to confirm its
      pharmacological potential. METHODS: Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from
      fresh water fish samples was done using serial dilution method. Biochemical
      identification and molecular characterization of selected LAB isolate 1I1, based
      on its potent antimicrobial efficacy, was accomplished using API kit and 16S rRNA
      gene sequencing analysis. Further, 1I1 was assessed for alpha-glucosidase and
      tyrosinase inhibitory potential as well as antiviral efficacy against highly
      pathogenic human influenza virus H1N1 using MDCK cell line in terms of its
      pharmacological potential. RESULTS: Here, we first time report isolation as well
      as biochemical and molecular characterization of a lactic acid bacterium
      Lactobacillus sakei 1I1 isolated from the intestine of a fresh water fish Z.
      koreanus. As a result, L. sakei 1I1 exhibited potent antimicrobial effect in
      vitro, and diameter of zones of inhibition of 1I1 against the tested pathogens
      was found in the range of 13.32 +/- 0.51 to 23.16 +/- 0.32 mm. Also L. sakei 1I1
      at 100 mg/ml exhibited significant (p < 0.05) alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase
      inhibitory activities by 60.69 and 72.59%, in terms of its anti-diabetic and anti
      melanogenic potential, respectively. Moreover, L. sakei 1I1 displayed profound
      anti-cytopathic effect on MDCK cell line when treated with its ethanol extract
      (100 mg/ml), confirming its potent anti-viral efficacy against H1N1 influenza
      virus. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reinforce the suggestions that L. sakei 1I1
      isolated from the intestine of fresh water fish Z. koreanus might be a candidate
      of choice for using in pharmacological preparations as an effective drug.

PMID- 26980220
TI  - Signet ring cell "lymphoma": mimicking the appearance of signet ring cell
      carcinoma.

PMID- 26980221
TI  - Successful treatment of TAFRO syndrome, a variant type of multicentric Castleman
      disease with thrombotic microangiopathy, with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody and
      steroids.
AB  - TAFRO syndrome is a rare variant type of multicentric Castleman disease, which is
      characterized by thrombocytopenia, anasarca, reticulin fibrosis of bone marrow,
      renal dysfunction and organomegaly. Here, we report a case of TAFRO syndrome that
      was successfully treated with tocilizumab. A 50-year-old man, who presented with
      fever, epigastric pain, abdominal fullness, and massive edema of the extremities,
      was admitted to our hospital. Computed tomography revealed bilateral pleural
      effusions, ascites, and lymphadenopathy. Laboratory data showed renal
      dysfunction, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Examination of bone marrow and
      cervical lymph nodes led to a diagnosis of hyaline vascular-type Castleman
      disease. The level of serum interleukin (IL)-6 was extremely high. TAFRO syndrome
      was finally diagnosed. The patient was treated weekly with tocilizumab, an anti
      IL-6 receptor antibody and steroids. In 4 weeks, all symptoms disappeared and
      serum IL-6 level returned to normal. Activity of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and
      metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13), which was
      significantly decreased (9.9 %) prior to treatment, increased after treatment
      with tocilizumab. The present case suggests that tocilizumab is an effective
      therapeutic agent for TAFRO syndrome. We suggest that hypercytokinemia in TAFRO
      syndrome inhibits ADAMTS13 activity, thereby inducing thrombotic microangiopathy.

PMID- 26980222
TI  - Miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage in patients with congenital factor V
      deficiency: a report of six cases in Iran.
AB  - Miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage have not been reported in women with
      congenital factor V (FV) deficiency. Here we describe cases of both miscarriage
      and recurrent miscarriage in women with congenital FV deficiency (FVD). We
      investigated six women with FVD from the southeast of Iran who had experienced
      miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage. Consequent diagnosis was made by routine
      coagulation tests as well as FV activity and antigen assays. To evaluate the
      presence of an inhibitor, a mixing study via prothrombin time (PT) assay was
      performed. All patients were investigated, and found to be negative for
      antiphospholipid syndrome. Demographic data and clinical presentations were
      obtained by standard questionnaire. The factor assays determined that all six
      women were suffering from moderate FVD. One had experienced eight miscarriages,
      while the others experienced two (two patients), three, and four episodes. Only
      one patient had a single miscarriage. Three of the women experienced successful
      delivery without medical intervention. Miscarriage and recurrent miscarriage
      should be considered as possible presentations of FVD to prevent its life
      threatening consequences. 

PMID- 26980223
TI  - Roles of IDH1/2 and TET2 mutations in myeloid disorders.
AB  - Mutations of the epigenetic enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2, and
      the methylcytosine dioxygenase 'ten-eleven translocation 2' (TET2), are common in
      human myeloid malignancies and drivers of these disorders but the underlying
      mechanisms remain obscure. This review examines mutant IDH1/2 and TET2 enzymes in
      the context of responses to DNA damage and their potential involvement in age
      related genomic instability. The clinical relevance of these findings and their
      potential application in novel therapeutic strategies is also discussed. 

PMID- 26980225
TI  - Tunable quasiparticle trapping in Meissner and vortex states of mesoscopic
      superconductors.
AB  - Nowadays, superconductors serve in numerous applications, from high-field magnets
      to ultrasensitive detectors of radiation. Mesoscopic superconducting devices,
      referring to those with nanoscale dimensions, are in a special position as they
      are easily driven out of equilibrium under typical operating conditions. The out
      of-equilibrium superconductors are characterized by non-equilibrium
      quasiparticles. These extra excitations can compromise the performance of
      mesoscopic devices by introducing, for example, leakage currents or decreased
      coherence time in quantum devices. By applying an external magnetic field, one
      can conveniently suppress or redistribute the population of excess
      quasiparticles. In this article, we present an experimental demonstration and a
      theoretical analysis of such effective control of quasiparticles, resulting in
      electron cooling both in the Meissner and vortex states of a mesoscopic
      superconductor. We introduce a theoretical model of quasiparticle dynamics, which
      is in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. 

PMID- 26980224
TI  - Secondary Antibody Deficiency in Glucocorticoid Therapy Clearly Differs from
      Primary Antibody Deficiency.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of
      hypogammaglobulinemia secondary to glucocorticoid therapy and their value in the
      differential diagnosis to primary forms of antibody deficiency. METHODS: We
      investigated prevalence and character of hypogammaglobulinemia in a cohort of 36
      patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) on
      glucocorticoid therapy in comparison to a gender- and age-matched cohort of
      hospital controls. We therefore determined serum immunoglobulin levels as well as
      B- and T cell-subsets in the peripheral blood of all participants. In addition,
      prior serum immunoglobulin levels and clinical data of the GCA and PMR patients
      were extracted from the electronic patient data-base. RESULTS: 21/36 GCA/PMR
      patients on glucocorticoid treatment developed antibody deficiency. In 19
      patients this included IgG and in 13 patients IgG was the only affected isotype.
      The reduction of IgG was persistent in nearly 50 % of these patients during the
      observed period. GCA/PMR patients had reduced circulating naive and transitional
      B cells (p = 0.0043 and p = 0.0002 respectively) while IgM, IgG and IgA memory B
      cells were preserved. Amongst T-cell subsets, we found a reduction of CD4 memory
      T cells (p < 0.0001), CD4 regulatory T cells (p = 0.0002) and few CD8 memory T
      cell subtypes. CONCLUSION: Persistent humoral immunodeficiency occurs in about a
      quarter of GCA/PMR patients under glucocorticoid therapy. Because most patients
      have isolated IgG deficiency, preserved IgA production and class-switched memory
      B cells, by these markers this form of secondary hypogammaglobulinemia can be
      clearly distinguished from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

PMID- 26980226
TI  - ECU tendon "dislocation" in asymptomatic volunteers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Assess extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon position in the ulnar
      groove, determine the frequency of tendon "dislocation" with the forearm prone,
      neutral, and supine, and determine if an association exists between ulnar groove
      morphology and tendon position in asymptomatic volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Axial proton density-weighted MR was performed through the distal radioulnar
      joint with the forearm prone, neutral, and supine in 38 asymptomatic wrists. The
      percentage of the tendon located beyond the ulnar-most border of the ulnar groove
      was recorded. Ulnar groove depth and length was measured and ECU tendon signal
      was assessed. RESULTS: 15.8 % of tendons remained within the groove in all
      forearm positions. In 76.3 %, the tendon translated medially from prone to
      supine. The tendon "dislocated" in 0, 10.5, and 39.5 % with the forearm prone,
      neutral and supine, respectively. In 7.9 % prone, 5.3 % neutral, and 10.5 %
      supine exams, the tendon was 51-99 % beyond the ulnar border of the ulnar groove.
      Mean ulnar groove depth and length were 1.6 and 7.7 mm, respectively, with an
      overall trend towards greater degrees of tendon translation in shorter, shallower
      ulnar grooves. CONCLUSIONS: The ECU tendon shifts in a medial direction when the
      forearm is supine; however, tendon "dislocation" has not been previously
      documented in asymptomatic volunteers. The ECU tendon medially translated or
      frankly dislocated from the ulnar groove in the majority of our asymptomatic
      volunteers, particularly when the forearm is supine. Overall greater degrees of
      tendon translation were observed in shorter and shallower ulnar grooves.

PMID- 26980227
TI  - Manubrial stress fractures diagnosed on MRI: report of two cases and review of
      the literature.
AB  - In contrast to widely-reported sternal insufficiency fractures, stress fractures
      of the sternum from overuse are extremely rare. Of the 5 cases of sternal stress
      fracture published in the English-language medical literature, 3 were in the
      sternal body and only 2 were in the manubrium. We describe two cases of manubrial
      stress fracture related to golf and weightlifting, and present the first report
      of the MR findings of this injury. In each of these cases, the onset of pain was
      atraumatic, insidious, and associated with increased frequency of athletic
      activity. Imaging was obtained because of clinical diagnostic uncertainty. On
      MRI, each patient had a sagittally oriented stress fracture of the lateral
      manubrium adjacent to the first rib synchondrosis. Both patients had resolution
      of pain after a period of rest, with subsequent successful return to their
      respective activities. One patient had a follow-up MRI, which showed resolution
      of the manubrial marrow edema and fracture line. Based on the sternal anatomy and
      MR findings, we hypothesize that this rare injury might be caused by repetitive
      torque of the muscle forces on the first costal cartilage and manubrium, and
      propose that MRI might be an effective means of diagnosing manubrial stress
      fracture. 

PMID- 26980228
TI  - Voriconazole-induced periostitis: beyond post-transplant patients.
AB  - Voriconazole-induced periostitis (VIP) is a rare but increasingly encountered
      entity since Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the second generation
      antifungal medication in 2002. Literature reports most commonly include
      transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy simultaneously requiring
      antifungal therapy. Nontransplant patients receiving long-term voriconazole have
      an equal risk of developing the disease, but may experience a delay in diagnosis
      due to a lack of familiarity with the process outside of the post-transplant
      and/or immunosuppressed population. We present a case of VIP in a nontransplant,
      immunocompetent patient on suppressive antifungal therapy for prior abdominal
      aortic stent graft fungal infection. Radiologist review of current medications
      and recognition of periostitis on multiple imaging modalities may hasten the
      diagnosis and lead to earlier treatment and resolution of symptoms. 

PMID- 26980229
TI  - Back to "once a caesarean: always a caesarean"? A trend analysis in Switzerland.
AB  - PURPOSE: Caesarean sections (CS) have significantly increased worldwide and a
      previous CS is nowadays an important and increasingly reported indication to
      perform a repeat CS. There is a paucity of information in Switzerland on the
      incidence of repeat CS after previous CS and relationship between the rates of
      vaginal birth after CS (VBAC). The aim of this study was to analyse the actual
      trend in VBAC in Switzerland. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study
      to analyse the proportion of VBAC among all pregnant women with previous sections
      which give birth during two time periods (group 1:1998/1999 vs. group
      2:2004/2005) in our tertiary care referral hospital and in the annual statistics
      of Swiss Women's Hospitals (ASF-Statistics). In addition, the proportion of
      induction of labour after a previous caesarean and its success was analysed.
      RESULTS: In both cohorts studied, we found a significant decrease of vaginal
      births (p < 0.05) and a significant increase of primary elective repeat caesarean
      section (p < 0.05) from the first to the second time period, while there was a
      decrease of secondary repeat caesarean sections. The prevalence of labour
      induction did not decrease. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that vaginal birth after
      a prior caesarean section has decreased over time in Switzerland. There was no
      significant change in labour induction during the study period. While this trend
      might reflect an increasing demand for safety in pregnancy and childbirth, it
      concomitantly increases maternal risks of further pregnancies, and women need to
      be appropriately informed about long-term risks.

PMID- 26980230
TI  - Intramuscular versus intravenous prophylactic oxytocin for postpartum hemorrhage
      after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is essential in the pursuit
      of improved health care for women. Oxytocin, the most commonly used uterotonic
      agent to prevent PPH, has no established the route of administration. In this
      study we aimed to compare whether the mode of oxytocin administration, i.e.,
      intravenous and intramuscular administration, has an effect on the potential
      benefits and side effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 256 women were
      randomised into two groups: intramuscular group (128) or intravenous group (128).
      RESULTS: Estimated blood loss during the third stage of labour was similar
      between the two groups (p = 0.572). Further there were no statistically
      significant difference was noted between the two groups in terms of the mean
      duration of labor, duration of the third stage of labor, manual removal of the
      placenta, need for instrumental delivery, need for blood transfusion, PPH >=500
      mL, PPH >=1000 mL, or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Using oxytocin by
      intravenous and intramuscular route has a similar efficacy and adverse effects.

PMID- 26980231
TI  - The Effects of Perceptions of Organizational Structure on Job Involvement, Job
      Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment Among Indian Police Officers.
AB  - Successful police organizations rely on involved, satisfied, and committed
      workers. The concepts of job involvement (i.e., connection with the job), job
      satisfaction (i.e., affective feeling toward the job), and organizational
      commitment (i.e., bond with the employing organization) have been shown to
      significantly affect intentions and behaviors of employees. The current study
      used multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis on survey
      results from a sample of 827 Indian police officers to explore how perceptions of
      work environment factors affect officers' job involvement, job satisfaction, and
      organizational commitment. Organizational support, formalization (i.e., level of
      codified written rules and guidelines), promotional opportunities, institutional
      communication (i.e., salient work information is transmitted), and input into
      decision-making (i.e., having a voice in the process) significantly influenced
      the job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment of Indian
      police officers. Specifically, in the multivariate analysis, perceptions of
      formalization and instrumental communication had a positive relationship with job
      involvement; perceptions of organizational support, promotional opportunities,
      instrumental communication, and input into decision-making had positive
      associations with job satisfaction; and perceptions of organizational support,
      formalization, promotional opportunities, instrumental communication, and input
      into decision-making had positive relationships with organizational commitment.

PMID- 26980232
TI  - Considerations on antiviral treatment of suspected influenza infections in
      hospitalised children.

PMID- 26980233
TI  - [Geohelminths].
AB  - Millions of people in in rural areas and deprived tropical and subtropical
      regions are infected by soil-transmitted helminths: Ascaris lumbricoides,
      Trichuris trichiura, hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus),
      and Strongyloides stercoralis. Large migratory flows have made their worldwide
      distribution easier. Besides being debilitating and producing a significant
      mortality, they cause high morbidity, leading to physical and intellectual
      impairment in millions of children who live in poverty. Along with the use of
      benzimidazoles (albendazole and mebendazole), large-scale international campaigns
      for treatment and prevention have decreased the number of affected individuals.
      However, re-infestations and benzimidazole-resistance are frequent, so there
      needs to be awareness about the importance and consequences of these neglected
      parasites. 

PMID- 26980234
TI  - Fuhrman Grade and Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Influence on Survival in
      Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With First-Line Tyrosine
      Kinase Inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the various features that might
      influence the overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic renal cell
      carcinoma (RCC) treated with first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of consecutive
      patients with metastatic RCC, in whom treatment with a first-line TKI was
      initiated from January 2010 to December 2014, at the Department of Oncology,
      Military Institute of Medicine (Warsaw, Poland). Cox proportional hazards
      regression was used to construct a prognostic model that included independent
      factors for OS. We validated the model using 2 bootstrap procedures and
      calculation of the bias-corrected concordance index. RESULTS: Of the 266 patients
      included in the study, 201, 45, and 20 received sunitinib, pazopanib, and
      sorafenib, respectively. The median OS for the whole cohort was 24.8 months (95%
      confidence interval, 20.2-29.4 months). Six factors were independently associated
      with poor survival: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status > 0 (P
      < .0001), Fuhrman grade 3 to 4 (P < .0001), hemoglobin less than the lower limit
      of normal (P < .0001), lactate dehydrogenase greater than the upper limit of
      normal (P = .0011), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >= 4 (P < .0001), and > 2
      metastatic sites (P = .0012). The bias-corrected concordance index was 0.751.
      CONCLUSION: Fuhrman grade and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are potential
      factors that affect the survival of patients with metastatic RCC treated with
      first-line TKIs. The presented prognostic model demonstrated satisfactory
      performance but requires external validation with a larger data set.

PMID- 26980235
TI  - Predicting colorectal surgical complications using heterogeneous clinical data
      and kernel methods.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this work, we have developed a learning system capable of
      exploiting information conveyed by longitudinal Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
      for the prediction of a common postoperative complication, Anastomosis Leakage
      (AL), in a data-driven way and by fusing temporal population data from different
      and heterogeneous sources in the EHRs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used linear and
      non-linear kernel methods individually for each data source, and leveraging the
      powerful multiple kernels for their effective combination. To validate the
      system, we used data from the EHR of the gastrointestinal department at a
      university hospital. RESULTS: We first investigated the early prediction
      performance from each data source separately, by computing Area Under the Curve
      values for processed free text (0.83), blood tests (0.74), and vital signs
      (0.65), respectively. When exploiting the heterogeneous data sources combined
      using the composite kernel framework, the prediction capabilities increased
      considerably (0.92). Finally, posterior probabilities were evaluated for risk
      assessment of patients as an aid for clinicians to raise alertness at an early
      stage, in order to act promptly for avoiding AL complications. DISCUSSION:
      Machine-learning statistical model from EHR data can be useful to predict
      surgical complications. The combination of EHR extracted free text, blood samples
      values, and patient vital signs, improves the model performance. These results
      can be used as a framework for preoperative clinical decision support.

PMID- 26980236
TI  - Graphic and haptic simulation for transvaginal cholecystectomy training in NOTES.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) provides an
      emerging surgical technique which usually needs a long learning curve for
      surgeons. Virtual reality (VR) medical simulators with vision and haptic feedback
      can usually offer an efficient and cost-effective alternative without risk to the
      traditional training approaches. Under this motivation, we developed the first
      virtual reality simulator for transvaginal cholecystectomy in NOTES (VTESTTM).
      METHODS: This VR-based surgical simulator aims to simulate the hybrid NOTES of
      cholecystectomy. We use a 6DOF haptic device and a tracking sensor to construct
      the core hardware component of simulator. For software, an innovative approach
      based on the inner-spheres is presented to deform the organs in real time. To
      handle the frequent collision between soft tissue and surgical instruments, an
      adaptive collision detection method based on GPU is designed and implemented. To
      give a realistic visual performance of gallbladder fat tissue removal by cautery
      hook, a multi-layer hexahedral model is presented to simulate the electric
      dissection of fat tissue. RESULTS: From the experimental results, trainees can
      operate in real time with high degree of stability and fidelity. A preliminary
      study was also performed to evaluate the realism and the usefulness of this
      hybrid NOTES simulator. CONCLUSIONS: This prototyped simulation system has been
      verified by surgeons through a pilot study. Some items of its visual performance
      and the utility were rated fairly high by the participants during testing. It
      exhibits the potential to improve the surgical skills of trainee and effectively
      shorten their learning curve.

PMID- 26980237
TI  - Comparison of metoprolol tartrate multiple-unit lipid matrix systems produced by
      different technologies.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop, evaluate and compare extended release mini
      matrices based on metoprolol tartrate (MPT) and either glyceryl behenate (GB) or
      glyceryl palmitostearate (GPS). Mini-matrices were produced by three different
      techniques: hot melt extrusion, compression of melt granulates and prilling. Hot
      melt extrusion and compression of granules obtained from melted material proved
      to be reliable, robust and reproducible techniques with aim of obtaining extended
      release matrices. Prilling tended to be susceptible to increased melt viscosity.
      Direct compression was not applicable for mini-matrix production due to poor
      powder flow. In general MPT release from all matrices was affected by its loading
      and the size of the units/particles. Processing of GB-MPT mixtures by different
      techniques did not lead to different drug release rates and patterns, while in
      case of GPS differently obtained matrices provided diverse MPT release outcomes.
      Matrices based on GB tended to have higher porosity compared to ones composed of
      GPS and thus most of the GB-based formulations showed faster drug delivery. FT-IR
      analysis revealed no interactions between primary components used for matrix
      production and Raman mapping outlined uniform MPT distribution throughout the
      units. DSC and X-ray studies revealed significant changes in the crystallinity of
      glycerides after storage under room conditions (GPS samples) and at increased
      temperature (GB and GPS samples), which was correlated to the changes seen in
      drug release rate and pattern after storage. Media composition in general tended
      to insignificantly affect GB matrices, while in case of GPS matrices increasing
      the pH and presence of biorelevant compounds induced faster drug release. 

PMID- 26980238
TI  - Wewakazole B, a Cytotoxic Cyanobactin from the Cyanobacterium Moorea producens
      Collected in the Red Sea.
AB  - A mass spectrometry (MS)-guided isolation has led to the purification of a new
      cyanobactin, wewakazole B (1), along with the known compound curacin D from a Red
      Sea Moorea producens. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated using a
      combination of NMR and MS techniques. After ozonolysis and acid hydrolysis, the
      absolute configurations of the amino acid components of 1 were determined by
      chiral-phase LC-MS and HPLC analyses. Notably, compound 1 exhibited cytotoxic
      activity toward human MCF7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 0.58 MUM) and human H460
      lung cancer cells (IC50 = 1.0 MUM) and was also found to be inactive in a
      siderophore assay. 

PMID- 26980240
TI  - Longevity(r) constrained cup: an operative technical tip for prevention of
      metallic ring disassembly.
AB  - Constrained liners are a salvage procedure for treating or preventing recurrent
      dislocations. The Longevity(r) constrained liner (Zimmer) has a special design
      with cut-outs on its circumference for avoiding impingement in certain areas and
      a metallic constraining ring that has to be impacted. The ring impaction may be
      technical demanding. We recommend preassembly with the head component prior to
      seating into the acetabular cup, thus avoiding the soft tissue or cement
      interference and malposition due to bad angle of incidence of impaction force. 

PMID- 26980239
TI  - Comparative genomic analysis of pre-epidemic and epidemic Zika virus strains for
      virological factors potentially associated with the rapidly expanding epidemic.
AB  - Less than 20 sporadic cases of human Zika virus (ZIKV) infection were reported in
      Africa and Asia before 2007, but large outbreaks involving up to 73% of the
      populations on the Pacific islands have started since 2007, and spread to the
      Americas in 2014. Moreover, the clinical manifestation of ZIKV infection has
      apparently changed, as evident by increasing reports of neurological
      complications, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and congenital anomalies
      in neonates. We comprehensively compared the genome sequences of pre-epidemic and
      epidemic ZIKV strains with complete genome or complete polyprotein sequences
      available in GenBank. Besides the reported phylogenetic clustering of the
      epidemic strains with the Asian lineage, we found that the topology of
      phylogenetic tree of all coding regions is the same except that of the non
      structural 2B (NS2B) coding region. This finding was confirmed by bootscan
      analysis and multiple sequence alignment, which suggested the presence of a
      fragment of genetic recombination at NS2B with that of Spondweni virus. Moreover,
      the representative epidemic strain possesses one large bulge of nine bases
      instead of an external loop on the first stem-loop structure at the 3'
      untranslated region just distal to the stop codon of the NS5 in the 1947 pre
      epidemic prototype strain. Fifteen amino acid substitutions are found in the
      epidemic strains when compared with the pre-epidemic strains. As mutations in
      other flaviviruses can be associated with changes in virulence, replication
      efficiency, antigenic epitopes and host tropism, further studies would be
      important to ascertain the biological significance of these genomic changes. 

PMID- 26980241
TI  - Subspine impingement: 2 case reports of a previously unreported cause of
      instability in total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Instability is a common cause of revision hip arthroplasty and is
      frequently due to improper component placement and subsequent component
      impingement. Impingement of the greater trochanter upon the anterior inferior
      iliac spine (AIIS) has been described as a cause of symptomatic femoroacetabular
      impingement (FAI), but has never been described as a cause of instability
      following total hip arthroplasty (THA). CASE REVIEW: We present 2 cases of
      patients undergoing THA. Each patient was evaluated preoperatively and found to
      have a prominent AIIS, which was concerning due to it overhanging the
      anterolateral acetabular lip. Both patients had intraoperative posterior
      instability of their THA, the cause of which was determined to be impingement of
      the greater trochanter upon a prominent AIIS. Open resection of the AIIS was
      performed with subsequent resolution of impingement. LITERATURE REVIEW: AIIS
      impingement has been reported as a cause of symptomatic FAI. In these case
      reports, open or arthroscopic resection of the AIIS resulted in resolution of
      symptoms. Morphologically distinct subtypes of the AIIS have been previously
      described based upon computed tomography, and some subtypes are associated with a
      high risk of impingement in the native hip. No previous studies have described
      this phenomenon in the setting of THA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Instability is a
      common cause of revision THA. Impingement of the greater trochanter upon a
      prominent AIIS is a previously unreported cause of THA instability which can be
      addressed with intraoperative resection of the AIIS with good result.

PMID- 26980242
TI  - Development of an experimental rat model of hyperammonemic encephalopathy and
      evaluation of the effects of rifaximin.
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with
      hepatic dysfunction. However, the precise mechanism of HE is unclear. To
      elucidate the mechanism, we developed a new rat model of HE with coma using a
      combination of subcutaneous splenic transposition, partial hepatectomy and portal
      vein stenosis. In this model, blood ammonia levels increase in the postcaval vein
      over time and markedly increase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The
      distribution of ammonia in the various blood vessels in the HE model suggests
      that the origin of peripheral blood and CSF ammonia is the mesenteric veins that
      drain blood from the gastrointestinal tract. Behavioral analysis revealed
      decreased pain response, increased passivity, and decreased pinna and corneal
      reflexes, followed by the development of coma. The development of coma in this
      model was frequent and reproducible. Increased S100 calcium-binding protein B
      (S100B: a biomarker for brain injury) in venous blood, as well as damaged brain
      tissue, increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema were observed in rats
      with coma. A very high correlation was observed between the blood ammonia
      concentration in the postcaval vein and the onset of coma. Rifaximin, a poorly
      absorbed antibiotic that targets gut flora, significantly improved symptoms of
      HE. Based on these results, our rat model appears to reflect the pathological
      state of HE associated with acute liver failure and may be a useful model for
      analysis of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. 

PMID- 26980244
TI  - Hepatoprotective effects of polymethoxyflavones against acute and chronic carbon
      tetrachloride intoxication.
AB  - In the present study, we explore the protective effects of Citrus aurantium L.
      extract (CAE) against acute and chronic CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. The
      quantitative analysis of CAE was performed using HPLC-UV to determine the
      nobiletin content was approximately 27%. For the acute model, the male ICR mice
      were orally treated with water, silymarin (positive control, 200 mg/kg) and CAE
      (50 and 200 mg/kg) for 3 days prior to CCl4 (1 mL/kg, 50% v/v in olive oil) IP
      injection. For the chronic model (n = 6/group), the mice were treated with each
      treatment for 28 consecutive days and CCl4 (1 mL/kg, 20%) was injected twice a
      week. In both the acute and chronic models, the CCl4 alone treated group showed
      histopathologic alterations with a significantly increase in serum hepatic enzyme
      levels together with a disrupted anti-oxidative status. In contrast, the CAE
      treatments restored pathologic alterations and recovered the oxidative status by
      enhancing antioxidant enzymes and reducing lipid peroxidation levels.
      Furthermore, CAE enhanced nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its
      related cytoprotective signals, including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Taken together,
      the present study demonstrates that CAE exerts a protective effect against CCl4
      induced hepatotoxicity with its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti
      apoptotic activity.

PMID- 26980245
TI  - A case report of lethal post-viral lymphocytic myocarditis with exclusive
      location in the right ventricle.
AB  - The inflammatory involvement of vital organs may represent a dangerous and life
      threatening situation: in particular, the inflammation of the myocardial tissue
      of the heart may lead to severe consequences since the clinical history of the
      disease may be completely asymptomatic, any clinical sign may be lacking, thus
      preventing correct diagnosis and treatment. This may occur even in the case of
      myocarditis and may lead to unexpected death whose cause can be assessable only
      by means of a thorough histopathological examination. The article reports the
      case of 61-year old female who developed a flu-like syndrome with very few
      symptoms, followed by sudden death in three weeks. The autopsy and following
      histopathological investigations identified the cause of death in a post-viral
      lymphocytic myocarditis, probably related to the previous infectious disease, and
      alternative causes (as arrhythmic ventricular dysplasia, vasculitis, sarcoidosis
      and giant cell myocarditis) were excluded. The exclusive location in the right
      ventricle was a peculiar finding. The case highlights the importance of the
      myocardium of the right ventricle, a tissue which is often less considered even
      in histopathological surveys. The exclusive location of myocarditis in the right
      ventricle is a rare event but in this case fully responsible for death. 

PMID- 26980243
TI  - Cartilage-specific deletion of ephrin-B2 in mice results in early developmental
      defects and an osteoarthritis-like phenotype during aging in vivo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ephrins and their related receptors have been implicated in some
      developmental events. We have demonstrated that ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) could play a
      role in knee joint pathology associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we
      delineate the in vivo role of EFNB2 in musculoskeletal growth, development, and
      in OA using a cartilage-specific EFNB2 knockout (EFNB2(Col2)KO) mouse model.
      METHODS: EFNB2(Col2)KO was generated with Col2a1-Cre transgenic mice. The
      skeletal development was evaluated using macroscopy, immunohistochemistry,
      histomorphometry, radiology, densitometry, and micro-computed tomography.
      Analyses were performed at P0 (birth) and on postnatal days P15, P21, and on 8
      week- and 1-year-old mice. RESULTS: EFNB2(Col2)KO mice exhibited significant
      reduction in size, weight, length, and in long bones. At P0, the growth plates of
      EFNB2(Col2)KO mice displayed increased type X collagen, disorganized
      hyphertrophic zone, and decreased mineralization. At P15, mutant mice
      demonstrated a significant reduction in VEGF and TRAP at the chondro-osseous
      junction and a delay in the secondary ossification, including a decrease in bone
      volume and trabecular thickness. At P21 and 8 weeks old, EFNB2(Col2)KO mice
      exhibited reduced bone mineral density in the total skeleton, femur and spine.
      One-year-old EFNB2(Col2)KO mice demonstrated OA phenotypic features in both the
      knee and hip. By P15, 27 % of the EFNB2(Col2)KO mice developed a hip locomotor
      phenotype, which further experiments demonstrated reflected the neurological
      midline abnormality involving the corticospinal tract. CONCLUSION: This in vivo
      study demonstrated, for the first time, that EFNB2 is essential for normal long
      bone growth and development and its absence leads to a knee and hip OA phenotype
      in aged mice.

PMID- 26980247
TI  - Experimental drowning lung images on postmortem CT - Difference between sea water
      and fresh water.
AB  - PURPOSE: Experimental drowning models were prepared to investigate the time
      related course of lung changes using postmortem CT. This study was approved by
      our institutional animal ethics committee. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen NZW
      rabbits (female fifteen, 2.6-4.3 (mean 3.3)kg) were divided into 3 groups: fresh
      water drowning (FRESH), sea water drowning (SEA), and sea water drowning with
      anterior chest compression (ACC). All individuals were examined by CT (Aquilion
      CX, Toshiba, Japan) on postmortem time course. The rabbit's head was submerged in
      a water bath for a total of 10 min. In ACC, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was
      performed for 2 min, additionally. The percentage of aerated lung volumes
      (%ALV=100 (aerated lung volume/total lung volume)) were statistically evaluated
      and the lung CT image patterns and pleural fluid appearance time were
      investigated. RESULTS: All lungs had decreased their %ALV within 24h, and there
      were no statistical differences in and among the 3 groups. After 36 h, %ALV
      tended to increase in all groups, and only ACC presented a statistical difference
      between 1h and 36 h (p<0.005). On postmortem lung CT, all lungs presented ground
      glass opacity with interstitial thickening spread pattern (100%) and no pattern
      change during the follow-up period. After presenting pleural space fluid
      collection, the %ALV tended to increase. CONCLUSION: There were no differences
      among FRESH, SEA, and ACC in %ALV within 24h. Only ground-glass opacity could be
      detected on postmortem lung CT, experimentally.

PMID- 26980246
TI  - Hair analysis of an unusual case of Chloroquine intoxication.
AB  - A dead body of middle aged man was exhumed from 6.5 month earth-grave. Autopsy
      findings were non-specific as the body was completely putrefied. Deceased's scalp
      hair and kidney was sent for toxicological analysis. Hair sample (50mg) was
      incubated with 1M NaOH (2 ml). Chloroquine was detected in hair and kidney during
      basic drug screen performed on GC/MS. For confirmation and quantitation,
      chloroquine was extracted using Hypersep verify CX SPE cartridges while mass
      detector was operated in SIM mode using the ions of m/z 245.0, 290.1, 319.0 for
      chloroquine while ions of m/z 260 and 455 were monitored for nalorphine (internal
      standard). Chloroquine was present in high concentration in hair (211 ng/mg) as
      well as in kidney (37.3mg/kg). Moreover, chloroquine was not detected in the wash
      solvents, suggesting ingestion of the drug rather than an external contamination
      of hair. These findings strongly suggested the acute exposure of higher doses of
      chloroquine to the deceased before death.

PMID- 26980248
TI  - New stutter ratio distribution for DNA mixture interpretation based on a
      continuous model.
AB  - In forensic science, DNA mixture interpretation is traditionally based on a
      binary model, which does not account for peak-height information in DNA profiles.
      In recent years, some countries have adopted a continuous model in which peak
      heights are used and stochastic effects are considered to enable rigorous
      calculation of likelihood ratios. However, this model requires certain biological
      parameters which affect the expected allelic and stutter peak heights. In this
      paper, we focused on estimating the distribution of the stutter ratio (SR) in 15
      short tandem repeat loci in relation to the allele repeat number. We estimated
      the SR values of 234 single-source DNA samples by using a commercially available
      kit. In all loci except for D8S1179, D21S11, and D2S1338, a simple log-normal
      distribution model was fitted to the variability of SR. For D21S11, we developed
      a new distribution model in which distinct log-normal distributions between
      complete and incomplete repeat units are used (a separate log-normal distribution
      model). For D8S1179 and D2S1338, we developed another new distribution model that
      mixes two log-normal distributions to explain two types of repeat structures
      appearing within the same number of allele repeats. These two models were fitted
      to the observed SR values more accurately than the simple log-normal distribution
      model. We expected these new SR models to be applied to DNA mixture
      interpretation based on a continuous model.

PMID- 26980249
TI  - Frontal sinus parameters in computed tomography and sex determination.
AB  - The frontal sinus is a sturdy part of the skull that is likely to be retrieved
      for forensic investigations. We evaluated frontal sinus parameters in paranasal
      sinus computed tomography (CT) images for sex determination. The study was
      conducted on 200 normal paranasal sinus CT images of 100 men and 100 women of
      Persian origin. We categorized the studied population into three age groups of 20
      34, 35-49 and ? 50 years. The number of partial septa in the right frontal sinus
      and the maximum height and width were significantly different between the two
      sexes. The highest precision for sex determination was for the maximum height of
      the left frontal sinus (61.3%). In the 20-34 years age-group, height and width of
      the frontal sinus were significantly different between the two sexes and the
      height of the left sinus had the highest precision (60.8%). In the 35-49 years
      age-group, right anterior-posterior diameter had a sex determination precision of
      52.3%. No frontal sinus parameter reached a statistically significant level for
      sex determination in the ? 50 years age-group. The number of septa and
      scallopings were not useful in sex determination. Frontal sinus parameters did
      not have a high precision in sex determination among Persian adults.

PMID- 26980250
TI  - The art of traditional native PAGE: The APLP 48-ID assay for human
      identification.
AB  - When full STR profiles cannot be obtained, further DNA analyses targeting single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may occasionally yield valuable information.
      Although the discrimination power of each SNP is relatively low, combined
      analysis of many SNPs can improve the personal identification ability to a level
      as high as that of commercial STR typing kits. In this study, we developed a new
      SNP typing method, named the amplified-product length polymorphism (APLP) 48-ID
      assay, for genotyping of 47 autosomal SNPs and two X and Y chromosomal markers
      for sex typing. Forty-seven SNPs were selected from all 22 autosomes, showing
      high diversity in European, Nigerian, Han Chinese, and Japanese population in the
      HapMap data. PCR primers were designed to generate amplicons 40-100 bp in length
      to increase the robustness of the PCR. The APLP 48-ID assay consisted of four
      independent PCR reactions followed by electrophoretic run on four lanes in a
      polyacrylamide gel. Complete profiles were obtained when more than 1.2 ng of DNA
      was used. We applied this assay for genotyping of 236 Japanese individuals. The
      random matching probability was 3.3E-20, and the power of exclusion was greater
      than 0.9999999. This method is a rapid, robust, and cost-effective approach for
      human identification and paternity testing.

PMID- 26980252
TI  - Rectal temperature-based death time estimation in infants.
AB  - In determining the time of death in infants based on rectal temperature, the same
      methods used in adults are generally used. However, whether the methods for
      adults are suitable for infants is unclear. In this study, we examined the
      following 3 methods in 20 infant death cases: computer simulation of rectal
      temperature based on the infinite cylinder model (Ohno's method), computer-based
      double exponential approximation based on Marshall and Hoare's double exponential
      model with Henssge's parameter determination (Henssge's method), and computer
      based collinear approximation based on extrapolation of the rectal temperature
      curve (collinear approximation). The interval between the last time the infant
      was seen alive and the time that he/she was found dead was defined as the death
      time interval and compared with the estimated time of death. In Ohno's method, 7
      cases were within the death time interval, and the average deviation in the other
      12 cases was approximately 80 min. The results of both Henssge's method and
      collinear approximation were apparently inferior to the results of Ohno's method.
      The corrective factor was set within the range of 0.7-1.3 in Henssge's method,
      and a modified program was newly developed to make it possible to change the
      corrective factors. Modification A, in which the upper limit of the corrective
      factor range was set as the maximum value in each body weight, produced the best
      results: 8 cases were within the death time interval, and the average deviation
      in the other 12 cases was approximately 80min. There was a possibility that the
      influence of thermal isolation on the actual infants was stronger than that
      previously shown by Henssge. We conclude that Ohno's method and Modification A
      are useful for death time estimation in infants. However, it is important to
      accept the estimated time of death with certain latitude considering other
      circumstances.

PMID- 26980251
TI  - A case of fatal sigmoid volvulus visualized on postmortem radiography: The
      importance of image optimization with multidetector computed tomography.
AB  - This report describes the case of a man who developed fatal sigmoid volvulus that
      was identified on postmortem radiography before forensic autopsy. Postmortem
      radiography is useful for visualizing the body prior to autopsy. We discuss
      postmortem multidetector computed tomography that was tailored for optimum image
      quality to allow reconstruction of the fatal findings in multiple axes and in
      three dimensions, helping to pinpoint the anatomical sites of interest. This
      involves techniques such as manipulation of the scanning beam pitch and
      overlapping CT section acquisition. These techniques are best performed by
      personnel with CT technology training. 

PMID- 26980253
TI  - Detection of a novel X-chromosomal short tandem repeat marker in Xq28 in four
      ethnic groups.
AB  - DNA testing of X-chromosomal short tandem repeat (X-STR) polymorphisms has been
      the focus of attention in several studies, mainly due to its applicability in the
      investigation of complex kinship cases. Studies of X-STR in analyses of DNA
      sequences, population studies and DNA testing applications have been reported. We
      performed detection and population genetic study of a novel tetranucleotide X-STR
      locus in the present study. We identified a unique X-STR locus consisting of two
      tetranucleotides in Xq28. Although the STR is a simple tetranucleotide, its
      polymorphism was comparatively high [polymorphism information content
      (PIC)=0.7140] in Japanese subjects. In addition, the STR varied in structure
      among ethnic groups. We conclude that this locus will be useful for forensic DNA
      testing and anthropological studies. 

PMID- 26980254
TI  - Use of postmortem coronary computed tomography angiography with water-insoluble
      contrast medium to detect stenosis of the left anterior descending artery in a
      case of sudden death.
AB  - A 40-year-old man was found dead on a sidewalk in an expressway parking area one
      hour after he had entered the area on a motorcycle. A medicolegal autopsy was
      performed to reveal the cause of this sudden and unexpected death. Postmortem
      coronary CT angiography after introduction of 5% gelatin-barium emulsion as a
      radiopaque contrast medium into the heart demonstrated a significant arterial
      luminal filling defect in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery.
      Macroscopic and microscopic examinations revealed that a thrombus had become
      deposited on ruptured plaque within the LAD artery, and that a small amount of
      the contrast medium was present between the thrombus and the vessel endothelium.
      These histological findings were consistent with incomplete occlusion of the LAD
      artery in the 3D reconstructed image. The cause of death in this case was
      definitively determined to be ischemic heart disease. Postmortem angiography
      played a role in screening of a vascular lesion that was subsequently verified by
      histology to have been responsible for sudden and unexpected death. 

PMID- 26980255
TI  - The identification of living persons on images: A literature review.
AB  - Personal identification in the forensic context commonly concerns unknown
      decedents. However, recently there has been an increase in cases which require
      identification of living persons, especially from surveillance systems. These
      cases bring about a relatively new challenge for forensic anthropologists and
      pathologists concerning the selection of the most suitable methodological
      approaches with regard to the limitations of the photographic representation of a
      given person for individualization and identity. Facial features are
      instinctively the primary focus for identification approaches. However, other
      body parts (e.g. hands), and body height and gait (on videos) have been
      considered in cases of personal identification. This review aims at summarizing
      the state-of-the-art concerning the identification of the living on images and
      videos, including a critical evaluation of the advantages and limitations of
      different methods. Recommendations are given in order to aid forensic
      practitioners who face cases of identification of living persons. 

PMID- 26980256
TI  - Body height estimation from post-mortem CT femoral F1 measurements in a
      contemporary Swiss population.
AB  - PURPOSE: The present study aimed at the comparison of body height estimations
      from cadaver length with body height estimations according to Trotter and Gleser
      (1952) and Penning and Riepert (2003) on the basis of femoral F1 section
      measurements in post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) images. METHODS: In a post
      mortem study in a contemporary Swiss population (226 corpses: 143 males (mean
      age: 53 +/- 17 years) and 83 females (mean age: 61 +/- 20 years)) femoral F1
      measurements (403 femora: 199 right and 204 left; 177 pairs) were conducted in
      PMCT images and F1 was used for body height estimation using the equations after
      Trotter and Gleser (1952, "American Whites"), and Penning and Riepert (2003).
      RESULTS: The mean observed cadaver length was 176.6 cm in males and 163.6 cm in
      females. Mean measured femoral length F1 was 47.5 cm (males) and 44.1cm (females)
      respectively. Comparison of body height estimated from PMCT F1 measurements with
      body height calculated from cadaver length showed a close congruence (mean
      difference less than 0.95 cm in males and less than 1.99 cm in females) for
      equations both applied after Penning and Riepert and Trotter and Gleser.
      CONCLUSIONS: Femoral F1 measurements in PMCT images are very accurate,
      reproducible and feasible for body height estimation of a contemporary Swiss
      population when using the equations after Penning and Riepert (2003) or Trotter
      and Gleser (1952).

PMID- 26980257
TI  - Detection of toluene in a body buried for years with a fatal cardiac contusion.
AB  - This report aimed to present the postmortem finding of toluene in a homicide
      victim buried under the ground for six years. The bones of the skull and limbs
      were exposed, and the remainder of the subcutaneous tissues, brain and heart had
      formed into adipocere. There were numerous fractures in the skull and the
      anterior side of the ribs. A cardiac contusion extending into the cavity of the
      right ventricle was also observed. No other obvious injuries were identified on
      the body. The concentration of toluene in the bone marrow within the head of the
      humerus was 58.4 MUg/g. The cause of death was suspected as heart rupture,
      possibly from a forceful impact or compression of the anterior chest under
      toluene intoxication. This report presents a rare case where toluene intake by a
      human was disclosed by autopsy even after several years of death.

PMID- 26980258
TI  - Aggressive angiomyxoma. A rare mesenchymal pelvic tumor.

PMID- 26980259
TI  - Locally advanced rectal cancer: Preliminary results of rectal preservation after
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer is total
      mesorectal excision. However, organ preservation has been proposed for tumors
      with good response to neoadjuvant treatment. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the oncologic results of this strategy. METHODS: This is a retrospective
      cohort study (2005-2014) including a consecutive series of patients with rectal
      adenocarcinoma with complete or almost complete clinical response after
      preoperative chemo-radiotherapy, that were treated according to a strategy of
      preservation of the rectum. RESULTS: A total of 204 patients with rectal cancer
      received neoadjuvant therapy. Thirty (14.7%) had a good response and were treated
      with rectal preservation (23 "Watch and Wait" and 7 local resections). Median
      follow-up was 46 months (interquartile range: 30-68). In the group of "Watch &
      Wait", 4 patients had local recurrence before 12 months (actuarial local
      recurrence rate=18.5%). All of them underwent salvage surgery (2 with radical
      surgery and 2 local resections) without any further recurrence. Disease-free
      survival actuarial rate at 3 years follow-up was 94.1% (95% CI 82.9-100). None of
      the 7 patients that were treated by local excision had local recurrence. The
      organ preservation rate for the whole group was 93%. CONCLUSION: The strategy of
      organ preservation in locally advanced rectal cancer is feasible in cases with
      good response to neoadjuvant therapy. When implemented in a highly selected group
      of patients this strategy is associated with satisfactory oncologic results.

PMID- 26980260
TI  - Subcapsular splenic hematoma due to metastatic squamous cell anal carcinoma.

PMID- 26980261
TI  - Structural features and molecular aggregations of designed triple-stranded beta
      sheets in single crystals.
AB  - Design, synthesis and single-crystal conformations of hybrid triple-stranded beta
      sheets composed of E-vinylogous residues are reported. Restricting conformational
      flexibility of beta-strands through the insertion of carbon-carbon double bonds
      at facing positions leads to increased peptide crystallinity, which allowed
      unambiguous structural characterization of three-stranded beta-sheets. This
      strategy can be further explored for the design of functional beta-sheets. 

PMID- 26980262
TI  - Histone retention, protein carbonylation, and lipid peroxidation in spermatozoa:
      Possible role in recurrent pregnancy loss.
AB  - Contribution from a defective paternal genome has been attributed to be an
      important cause for spontaneous recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Increased
      oxidative stress results in decreased detoxification and is a cause for damage to
      chromatin, proteins, and membrane lipids. The present study aimed to explore if
      there is a significant relationship between retained histones due to defective
      packaging of DNA in spermatozoa and oxidative stress. RPL patients (n=16) with a
      history of >=2 embryo losses before the 20th week of gestation and no female
      factor abnormality, and fertile healthy volunteers (n=20) as controls were
      included in the study. A significant difference in the levels of protein
      carbonylation and lipid peroxidation together with an increased retention of
      histones in the experimental groups was noticed. Histone carrying sites for
      oxidative modification such as arginine and lysine might be responsible for
      disturbing the paternal epigenomic control during early stages of embryonic
      differentiation leading to abortion. 

PMID- 26980264
TI  - Topical diltiazem for pain after closed hemorrhoidectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anal sphincter spasm contributes to the appearance of postoperative
      pain following hemorrhoidectomy. AIM: To determine the efficacy of topical
      diltiazem in the control of post-hemorrhoidectomy pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A
      randomized, prospective, experimental, double-blind study was conducted on 2
      groups of patients in the postoperative period of closed hemorrhoidectomy. Each
      group consisted of 17 patients. Group A received topical diltiazem in the anal
      region 3 times a day and group B received a placebo. Ketorolac was administered
      to both groups as rescue therapy. RESULTS: In group A, the mean score on the
      visual analog scale was 2.97+/-1.18cm at 24h, 1.51+/-1.18cm at 48h, and 0.84+/
      0.92cm at 72h. In group B, it was 6.82+/-1.9cm at 24h, 5.3+/-1.66cm at 48h, and
      4.32+/-2.13cm at 72h (P<.001, 95% CI). The mean number of analgesic doses in
      group A was 2.41+/-0.87 at 24h, 1.11+/-0.85 at 48h, and 0.94+/-0.96 at 72h. In
      group B, it was 3.82+/-0.52 at 24h, 3.64+/-0.70 at 48h, and 2.88+/-1.26 at 72h
      (P<.001, 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, topical administration of diltiazem
      resulted in a statistically significant reduction of postoperative pain in
      patients that underwent closed hemorrhoidectomy.

PMID- 26980265
TI  - Three-dimensional ultrasonography and power Doppler for discrimination between
      benign and malignant endometrium in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine
      bleeding.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography has been extensively used in women suspected of
      having a gynecological malignancy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
      efficacy of 3D ultrasonography and power Doppler for discrimination between
      benign and malignant endometrium in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine
      bleeding. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 78 premenopausal women
      with abnormal uterine bleeding scheduled for hysteroscopy and endometrial
      curettage. The endometrial thickness (ET), uterine artery pulsatility index (PI)
      and resistance index (RI), and endometrial volume (EV) and 3D power Doppler
      vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI)
      were measured and compared with hysteroscopic and histopathologic findings.
      RESULTS: The ET (P <0.001), EV (P <0.001), and endometrial VI (P <0.001) and VFI
      (P = 0.043) were significantly increased in patients with atypical endometrial
      hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma (n = 10) than those with benign endometrium
      (n = 68); whereas, the uterine artery PI and RI and endometrial FI were not
      significantly different between the two groups. The best marker for
      discrimination between benign and malignant endometrium was the VI with an area
      under the ROC curve of 0.88 at a cutoff value of 0.81%. CONCLUSION: 3D
      ultrasonography and power Doppler, especially endometrial VI, may be useful for
      discrimination between benign and malignant endometrium in premenopausal women
      with abnormal uterine bleeding.

PMID- 26980266
TI  - Genome-wide identification and functional prediction of novel and fungi
      responsive lincRNAs in Triticum aestivum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst) and powdery
      mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici; Bgt) are important diseases of wheat
      (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Increasingly evidences suggest that long
      intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) are developmentally regulated and play important
      roles in development and stress responses of plants. However, identification of
      lincRNAs in wheat is still limited comparing with functional gene expression.
      RESULTS: The transcriptome of the hexaploid wheat line N9134 inoculated with the
      Chinese Pst race CYR31 and Bgt race E09 at 1, 2, and 3 days post-inoculation was
      recapitulated to detect the lincRNAs. Here, 283 differential expressed lincRNAs
      were identified from 58218 putative lincRNAs, which account for 31.2% of
      transcriptome. Of which, 254 DE-LincRNAs responded to the Bgt stress, and 52
      lincRNAs in Pst. Among them, 1328 SnRNP motifs (sm sites) were detected and
      showed RRU4-11RR sm site element and consensus RRU1-9VU1-7RR SnRNP motifs, where
      the total number of uridine was more than 3 but less than 11. Additionally, 101
      DE-lincRNAs were predicted as targets of miRNA by psRNATarget, while 5 target
      mimics were identified using target mimicry search in TAPIR. CONCLUSIONS: Taken
      together, our findings indicate that the lincRNA of wheat responded to Bgt and
      Pst stress and played important roles in splicesome and inter-regulating with
      miRNA. The sm site of wheat showed a more complex construction than that in
      mammal and model plant. The mass sequence data generated in this study provide a
      cue for future functional and molecular research on wheat-fungus interactions.

PMID- 26980267
TI  - Human Neural Stem Cell Transplantation-Mediated Alteration of
      Microglial/Macrophage Phenotypes after Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Neural stem cells (NSCs) promote recovery from brain trauma, but neuronal
      replacement is unlikely the sole underlying mechanism. We hypothesize that
      grafted NSCs enhance neural repair at least partially through modulating the host
      immune response after traumatic brain injury (TBI). C57BL/6 mice were
      intracerebrally injected with primed human NSCs (hNSCs) or vehicle 24 h after a
      severe controlled cortical impact injury. Six days after transplantation, brain
      tissues were collected for Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses.
      Observations included indicators of microglia/macrophage activation, M1 and M2
      phenotypes, axonal injury detected by amyloid precursor protein (APP), lesion
      size, and the fate of grafted hNSCs. Animals receiving hNSC transplantation did
      not show significant decreases of brain lesion volumes compared to
      transplantation procedures with vehicle alone, but did show significantly reduced
      injury-dependent accumulation of APP. Furthermore, intracerebral transplantation
      of hNSCs reduced microglial activation as shown by a diminished intensity of Iba1
      immunostaining and a transition of microglia/macrophages toward the M2 anti
      inflammatory phenotype. The latter was represented by an increase in the brain
      M2/M1 ratio and increases of M2 microglial proteins. These phenotypic switches
      were accompanied by the increased expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-4
      receptor alpha and decreased proinflammatory interferon-gamma receptor beta.
      Finally, grafted hNSCs mainly differentiated into neurons and were phagocytized
      by either M1 or M2 microglia/macrophages. Thus, intracerebral transplantation of
      primed hNSCs efficiently leads host microglia/macrophages toward an anti
      inflammatory phenotype that presumably contributes to stem cell-mediated
      neuroprotective effects after severe TBI in mice.

PMID- 26980268
TI  - State of science: Choroidal thickness and systemic health.
AB  - The choroid is a highly vascular structure; therefore, a wide range of systemic
      conditions can affect it. Conversely, choroid health may also give us insight
      into systemic health. With the emergence of optical coherence tomography, there
      has been a surge in the research on choroidal thickness and factors affecting it.
      Studies regarding the effect of systemic health on the choroid have largely been
      in the form of cross-sectional, prospective, and case studies. We offer a summary
      of recent findings on the topic.

PMID- 26980269
TI  - Mass spectrometric analysis of accumulated TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis brains.
AB  - TDP-43 is the major disease-associated protein involved in the pathogenesis and
      progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar
      degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions linked to TDP-43 pathology (FTLD
      TDP). Abnormal phosphorylation, truncation and cytoplasmic mis-localization are
      known to be the characteristics for the aggregated forms of TDP-43, and gain of
      toxic abnormal TDP-43 or loss of function of physiological TDP-43 have been
      suggested as the cause of neurodegeneration. However, most of the post
      translational modifications or truncation sites in the abnormal TDP-43 in brains
      of patients remain to be identified by protein chemical analysis. In this study,
      we carried out a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
      analysis of Sarkosyl-insoluble pathological TDP-43 from brains of ALS patients
      and identified several novel phosphorylation sites, deamidation sites, and
      cleavage sites. Almost all modifications were localized in the Gly-rich C
      terminal half. Most of the cleavage sites identified in this study are novel and
      are located in N-terminal half, suggesting that these sites may be more
      accessible to proteolytic enzymes. The data obtained in this study provide a
      foundation for the molecular mechanisms of TDP-43 aggregation and ALS
      pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26980270
TI  - Health Information Technology: Meaningful Use and Next Steps to Improving
      Electronic Facilitation of Medication Adherence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of health information technology (HIT) may improve medication
      adherence, but challenges for implementation remain. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      paper is to review the current state of HIT as it relates to medication adherence
      programs, acknowledge the potential barriers in light of current legislation, and
      provide recommendations to improve ongoing medication adherence strategies
      through the use of HIT. METHODS: We describe four potential HIT barriers that may
      impact interoperability and subsequent medication adherence. Legislation in the
      United States has incentivized the use of HIT to facilitate and enhance
      medication adherence. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical
      Health (HITECH) was recently adopted and establishes federal standards for the so
      called "meaningful use" of certified electronic health record (EHR) technology
      that can directly impact medication adherence. RESULTS: The four persistent HIT
      barriers to medication adherence include (1) underdevelopment of data reciprocity
      across clinical, community, and home settings, limiting the capture of data
      necessary for clinical care; (2) inconsistent data definitions and lack of
      harmonization of patient-focused data standards, making existing data difficult
      to use for patient-centered outcomes research; (3) inability to effectively use
      the national drug code information from the various electronic health record and
      claims datasets for adherence purposes; and (4) lack of data capture for
      medication management interventions, such as medication management therapy (MTM)
      in the EHR. Potential recommendations to address these issues are discussed.
      CONCLUSION: To make meaningful, high quality data accessible, and subsequently
      improve medication adherence, these challenges will need to be addressed to fully
      reach the potential of HIT in impacting one of our largest public health issues.

PMID- 26980271
TI  - Molecular simulations of cytochrome c adsorption on positively charged surfaces:
      the influence of anion type and concentration.
AB  - Contradictory results have been reported regarding cytochrome c (Cyt-c)
      adsorption onto the positively charged SAMs, and the role of small anions in the
      adsorption is still unclear. In this work, the adsorption of Cyt-c on the amino
      terminated SAM (NH2-SAM) and the effect of chloride and phosphate ions on the
      adsorption were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal
      that Cyt-c could not stably adsorb onto the surface even at a relatively high
      ionic strength when chloride ions were added, while phosphate ions could promote
      its adsorption. At a low phosphate concentration, Cyt-c can adsorb on the NH2-SAM
      mainly with two opposite orientations. One is similar to that characterized in
      the experiments for Cyt-c adsorbed on the NH2-SAMs, in which the heme group
      points far away from the surface. The other orientation is similar to that for
      Cyt-c on the carboxyl-terminated SAMs. In the latter case, phosphate ions formed
      a distinct counterion layer near the surface and overcompensated the positive
      charge of the surface. Further analysis shows that chloride ions have no
      significant tendency to aggregate near the NH2-SAM surface and cannot shield the
      electrostatic repulsion between Cyt-c and the surface, while the phosphate ions
      can easily adsorb onto the surface and bind specifically to certain lysine
      residues of Cyt-c, which mediate its adsorption. At a high phosphate
      concentration, the phosphate and sodium ions will aggregate to form clusters,
      which results in random adsorption orientation. This work may provide some
      guidance for the design of Cyt-c-based bioelectronic devices and controlled
      enzyme immobilization. 

PMID- 26980272
TI  - Sudden cardiac arrest following ventricular fibrillation attributed to anabolic
      steroid use in an adolescent.
AB  - Anabolic androgenic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that
      promote the growth of skeletal muscles and have many recognised cardiovascular
      effects. We report the clinical presentation and pathological findings of an
      adolescent male whose sudden cardiac arrest following ventricular fibrillation
      was attributed to anabolic androgenic steroid use. The age of our patient
      reflects the usage of anabolic androgenic steroids among younger athletes and
      highlights the need for increased awareness among practitioners. 

PMID- 26980273
TI  - A relationship between three-dimensional surface hydration structures and force
      distribution measured by atomic force microscopy.
AB  - Hydration plays important roles in various solid-liquid interfacial phenomena.
      Very recently, three-dimensional scanning force microscopy (3D-SFM) has been
      proposed as a tool to visualise solvated surfaces and their hydration structures
      with lateral and vertical (sub) molecular resolution. However, the relationship
      between the 3D force map obtained and the equilibrium water density, rho(r),
      distribution above the surface remains an open question. Here, we investigate
      this relationship at an interface of an inorganic mineral, fluorite, and water.
      The force maps measured in pure water are directly compared to force maps
      generated using the solvent tip approximation (STA) model and from explicit
      molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the simulated STA force map
      describes the major features of the experimentally obtained force image. The
      agreement between the STA data and the experiment establishes the correspondence
      between the water density used as an input to the STA model and the experimental
      hydration structure and thus provides a tool to bridge the experimental force
      data and atomistic solvation structures. Further applications of this method
      should improve the accuracy and reliability of both interpretation of 3D-SFM
      force maps and atomistic simulations in a wide range of solid-liquid interfacial
      phenomena. 

PMID- 26980274
TI  - The chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curve in the green microalga
      Haematococcus pluvialis: further insight into the nature of the P-S-M fluctuation
      and its relationship with the "low-wave" phenomenon at steady-state.
AB  - Chlorophyll fluorescence is an information-rich signal which provides an access
      to the management of light absorbed by PSII. A good example of this is the
      succession of fast fluorescence fluctuations during light-induced photosynthetic
      induction after dark-adaptation. During this period, the fluorescence trace
      exhibits several inflexion points: O-J-I-P-S-M-T. Whereas the OJIP part of this
      kinetics has been the subject of many studies, the processes that underly the
      PSMT transient are less understood. Here, we report an analysis of the PSMT phase
      in the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis in terms of electron acceptors and
      light use by photochemistry, fluorescence and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ).
      We identify additional sub-phases between P and S delimited by an inflexion
      point, that we name Q, found in the second time scale. The P-Q phase expresses a
      transient photochemical quenching specifically due to alternative electron
      transport to oxygen. During the transition from Q to S, the NPQ increases and
      then relaxes during the S-M phase in about 1 min. It is suggested that this
      transient NPQ observed during induction is a high energy state quenching (qE)
      dependent on the alternative electron transport to molecular oxygen. We further
      show that this NPQ is of the same nature than the NPQ, known as the low-wave
      phenomenon, which is transiently observed after a saturating light pulse given at
      steady-state. In both cases, the NPQ is oxygen-dependent. This NPQ is observed at
      external pH 6.0, but not at pH 7.5, which seems correlated with faster saturation
      of the PQ pool at pH 6.0. 

PMID- 26980277
TI  - Cognitive Development and the Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive
      Testing: A Case for Separate Norms in Preadolescents.
AB  - With youth sports participation and concern about sports-related concussions both
      on the rise, it is important to properly measure cognitive function to ensure the
      clinical utility of baseline testing. Computerized testing batteries are often
      employed as baseline and postinjury measures of cognitive function, with the
      Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) being the most
      used of all the current testing platforms. The current study compared 10- to 12
      year-old children across the composite scores yielded by the ImPACT and provided
      normative data on each of the subtests used to calculate the composite scores.
      Normative data are separated by gender for athletes aged 10 to 12 years old, as
      this is the current age bracket used by the ImPACT. These norms may be helpful in
      the interpretation of the ImPACT clinical report and further delineation of areas
      of neurocognitive dysfunction. 

PMID- 26980276
TI  - miR-33-5p, a novel mechano-sensitive microRNA promotes osteoblast differentiation
      by targeting Hmga2.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interfere with the translation of specific target mRNAs and
      are thought to thereby regulate many cellular processes. However, the role of
      miRNAs in osteoblast mechanotransduction remains to be defined. In this study, we
      investigated the ability of a miRNA to respond to different mechanical
      environments and regulate mechano-induced osteoblast differentiation. First, we
      demonstrated that miR-33-5p expressed by osteoblasts is sensitive to multiple
      mechanical environments, microgravity and fluid shear stress. We then confirmed
      the ability of miR-33-5p to promote osteoblast differentiation. Microgravity or
      fluid shear stress influences osteoblast differentiation partially via miR-33-5p.
      Through bioinformatics analysis and a luciferase assay, we subsequently confirmed
      that Hmga2 is a target gene of miR-33-5p that negatively regulates osteoblast
      differentiation. Moreover, miR-33-5p regulates osteoblast differentiation
      partially via Hmga2. In summary, our findings demonstrate that miR-33-5p is a
      novel mechano-sensitive miRNA that can promote osteoblast differentiation and
      participate in the regulation of differentiation induced by changes in the
      mechanical environment, suggesting this miRNA as a potential target for the
      treatment of pathological bone loss. 

PMID- 26980278
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the balance of forces governing the
      formation of a guanine tetrad-a common structural unit of G-quadruplex DNA.
AB  - G-quadruplexes (G4) are nucleic acid conformations of guanine-rich sequences, in
      which guanines are arranged in the square-planar G-tetrads, stacked on one
      another. G4 motifs formin vivoand are implicated in regulation of such processes
      as gene expression and chromosome maintenance. The structure and stability of
      various G4 topologies were determined experimentally; however, the driving forces
      for their formation are not fully understood at the molecular level. Here, we
      used all-atom molecular dynamics to probe the microscopic origin of the G4 motif
      stability. By computing the free energy profiles governing the dissociation of
      the 3'-terminal G-tetrad in the telomeric parallel-stranded G4, we examined the
      thermodynamic and kinetic stability of a single G-tetrad, as a common structural
      unit of G4 DNA. Our results indicate that the energetics of guanine association
      alone does not explain the overall stability of the G-tetrad and that
      interactions involving sugar-phosphate backbone, in particular, the constrained
      minimization of the phosphate-phosphate repulsion energy, are crucial in
      providing the observed enthalpic stabilization. This enthalpic gain is largely
      compensated by the unfavorable entropy change due to guanine association and
      optimization of the backbone topology. 

PMID- 26980280
TI  - f-divergence cutoff index to simultaneously identify differential expression in
      the integrated transcriptome and proteome.
AB  - The ability to integrate 'omics' (i.e. transcriptomics and proteomics) is
      becoming increasingly important to the understanding of regulatory mechanisms.
      There are currently no tools available to identify differentially expressed genes
      (DEGs) across different 'omics' data types or multi-dimensional data including
      time courses. We present fCI (f-divergence Cut-out Index), a model capable of
      simultaneously identifying DEGs from continuous and discrete transcriptomic,
      proteomic and integrated proteogenomic data. We show that fCI can be used across
      multiple diverse sets of data and can unambiguously find genes that show
      functional modulation, developmental changes or misregulation. Applying fCI to
      several proteogenomics datasets, we identified a number of important genes that
      showed distinctive regulation patterns. The package fCI is available at R
      Bioconductor and http://software.steenlab.org/fCI/.

PMID- 26980279
TI  - Using structural-based protein engineering to modulate the differential
      inhibition effects of SAUGI on human and HSV uracil DNA glycosylase.
AB  - Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are highly conserved proteins that can be found in
      a wide range of organisms, and are involved in the DNA repair and host defense
      systems. UDG activity is controlled by various cellular factors, including the
      uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitors, which are DNA mimic proteins that prevent the
      DNA binding sites of UDGs from interacting with their DNA substrate. To date,
      only three uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitors, phage UGI, p56, and Staphylococcus
      aureus SAUGI, have been determined. We show here that SAUGI has differential
      inhibitory effects on UDGs from human, bacteria, Herpes simplex virus (HSV; human
      herpesvirus 1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; human herpesvirus 4). Newly
      determined crystal structures of SAUGI/human UDG and a SAUGI/HSVUDG complex were
      used to explain the differential binding activities of SAUGI on these two UDGs.
      Structural-based protein engineering was further used to modulate the inhibitory
      ability of SAUGI on human UDG and HSVUDG. The results of this work extend our
      understanding of DNA mimics as well as potentially opening the way for novel
      therapeutic applications for this kind of protein.

PMID- 26980281
TI  - Oxidized dNTPs and the OGG1 and MUTYH DNA glycosylases combine to induce CAG/CTG
      repeat instability.
AB  - DNA trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion underlies several neurodegenerative
      disorders including Huntington's disease (HD). Accumulation of oxidized DNA bases
      and their inefficient processing by base excision repair (BER) are among the
      factors suggested to contribute to TNR expansion. In this study, we have examined
      whether oxidation of the purine dNTPs in the dNTP pool provides a source of DNA
      damage that promotes TNR expansion. We demonstrate that during BER of 8
      oxoguanine (8-oxodG) in TNR sequences, DNA polymerase beta (POL beta) can
      incorporate 8-oxodGMP with the formation of 8-oxodG:C and 8-oxodG:A mispairs.
      Their processing by the OGG1 and MUTYH DNA glycosylases generates closely spaced
      incisions on opposite DNA strands that are permissive for TNR expansion. Evidence
      in HD model R6/2 mice indicates that these DNA glycosylases are present in brain
      areas affected by neurodegeneration. Consistent with prevailing oxidative stress,
      the same brain areas contained increased DNA 8-oxodG levels and expression of the
      p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase. Our in vitro and in vivo data support a
      model where an oxidized dNTPs pool together with aberrant BER processing
      contribute to TNR expansion in non-replicating cells.

PMID- 26980283
TI  - De novo reconstruction of DNA origami structures through atomistic molecular
      dynamics simulation.
AB  - The DNA origami method has brought nanometer-precision fabrication to molecular
      biology labs, offering myriads of potential applications in the fields of
      synthetic biology, medicine, molecular computation, etc. Advancing the method
      further requires controlling self-assembly down to the atomic scale. Here we
      demonstrate a computational method that allows the equilibrium structure of a
      large, complex DNA origami object to be determined to atomic resolution. Through
      direct comparison with the results of cryo-electron microscopy, we demonstrate de
      novo reconstruction of a 4.7 megadalton pointer structure by means of fully
      atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, we show that elastic
      network-guided simulations performed without solvent can yield similar accuracy
      at a fraction of the computational cost, making this method an attractive
      approach for prototyping and validation of self-assembled DNA nanostructures.

PMID- 26980284
TI  - Controllable Hysteresis and Threshold Voltage of Single-Walled Carbon Nano-tube
      Transistors with Ferroelectric Polymer Top-Gate Insulators.
AB  - Double-gated field effect transistors have been fabricated using the SWCNT
      networks as channel layer and the organic ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) film spin
      coated as top gate insulators. Standard photolithography process has been adopted
      to achieve the patterning of organic P(VDF-TrFE) films and top-gate electrodes,
      which is compatible with conventional CMOS process technology. An effective way
      for modulating the threshold voltage in the channel of P(VDF-TrFE) top-gate
      transistors under polarization has been reported. The introduction of functional
      P(VDF-TrFE) gate dielectric also provides us an alternative method to suppress
      the initial hysteresis of SWCNT networks and obtain a controllable ferroelectric
      hysteresis behavior. Applied bottom gate voltage has been found to be another
      effective way to highly control the threshold voltage of the networked SWCNTs
      based FETs by electrostatic doping effect. 

PMID- 26980282
TI  - Arabidopsis DNA polymerase epsilon recruits components of Polycomb repressor
      complex to mediate epigenetic gene silencing.
AB  - Arabidopsis ESD7 locus encodes the catalytic subunit of the DNA Pol epsilon
      involved in the synthesis of the DNA leading strand and is essential for embryo
      viability. The hypomorphic allele esd7-1 is viable but displays a number of
      pleiotropic phenotypic alterations including an acceleration of flowering time.
      Furthermore, Pol epsilon is involved in the epigenetic silencing of the floral
      integrator genes FT and SOC1, but the molecular nature of the transcriptional
      gene silencing mechanisms involved remains elusive. Here we reveal that ESD7
      interacts with components of the PRC2 such as CLF, EMF2 and MSI1, and that
      mutations in ESD7 cause a decrease in the levels of the H3K27me3 mark present in
      the chromatin of FT and SOC1 We also demonstrate that a domain of the C-terminal
      region of ESD7 mediates the binding to the different PRC2 components and this
      interaction is necessary for the proper recruitment of PRC2 to FT and SOC1
      chromatin. We unveil the existence of interplay between the DNA replication
      machinery and the PcG complexes in epigenetic transcriptional silencing. These
      observations provide an insight into the mechanisms ensuring that the epigenetic
      code at pivotal loci in developmental control is faithfully transmitted to the
      progeny of eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 26980285
TI  - Classification of Human Pregnane X Receptor (hPXR) Activators and Non-Activators
      by Machine Learning Techniques: A Multifaceted Approach.
AB  - The Human Pregnane X Receptor (hPXR) is a regulator of drug metabolising enzymes
      (DME) and efflux transporters (ET). The prediction of hPXR activators and non
      activators has pharmaceutical importance to predict the multiple drug resistance
      (MDR) and drug-drug interactions (DDI). In this study, we developed and validated
      the computational prediction models to classify hPXR activators and non
      activators. We employed four machine learning methods support vector machine
      (SVM), k-nearest neighbour (k-NN), random forest (RF) and naive bayesian (NB).
      These methods were used to develop molecular and fingerprint based descriptors
      for the prediction of hPXR activators and non-activators. Total 529 molecules
      consitsting of 317 activators and 212 non-activators were used for model
      development. The overall prediction accuracy of models was 69% to 99% to classify
      hPXR activators and nonactivators using RDkit descriptors. In case of 5 and 10
      fold cross validation the prediction accuracy for training set is 74% to 82% and
      79% to 83% for hPXR activators respectively and 50% to 62% and 49% to 65% non
      activators, respectively. The external test prediction is between 59% to 73% for
      hPXR activators and 55% to 68% for hPXR non-activators. In addition, consensus
      models were developed in which the best model shows overall 75% to 83% accuracy
      for fingerprint and RDkit descriptors, respectively. The best developed model
      will be utilized for the prediction of hPXR activators and non-activators.

PMID- 26980286
TI  - Characterization of Seven New Polystyrene Plates Binding Peptides from a Phage
      Displayed Random 12-Peptide Library.
AB  - A random 12-peptide library was screened against Erysipelothrix rhusiopthiae and
      porcine circovirus 2 recombinant Cap protein and the selected peptides were used
      for detecting the corresponding pathogens quickly and effectively. To our
      surprise, seven peptides, P1 (WHWNAP WWNGVY), P2 (FHWTWQFPYTST), P3
      (GAMHLPWHMGTL), P4 (HWNIWWQHHPSP), P5 (HFFKWHTRTNDQ), P6 (HFFRWHPSAHLG) and P7
      (HFAYWWNGVRGP) with the characteristics of polystyrene plate (PS) binding target
      unrelated peptides (TUPs), were selected from the library. It has been found that
      P2 and P4 shared common motif of plastic binding peptide, moreover, P2, P3, P5
      and P7 have been isolated repeatedly in other research groups using different
      targets. Then, the seven peptide phage clones were identified as the PS binding
      TUP phages by phage-ELISA and elution titration, particularly, P1 and P2 showed
      strong PS binding affinity which can not be inhibited by usual blocking buffers.
      In addition, all of the phages were not propagation-related TUP, but P3 showed
      the similar propagation rate with M13KE (vector phage). We also found that the
      seven PS-TUPs are rich in W, H, F, P and G, particularly, both W and H are
      contained in all PS-TUPs. It deduced that they may play a potential role in
      peptide binding to plastic. Although it is difficult to eliminate the TUP phages
      in phage display completely, these PS-TUPs can be used to exclude the false
      positive peptides rapidly and effectively and help us to obtain truly interesting
      peptides more accurately.

PMID- 26980287
TI  - Test-retest reproducibility of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills for
      school-aged children with acquired brain injuries.
AB  - Background Persistent impairments resulting from childhood acquired brain injury
      (ABI) can impact performance of activities of daily living (ADL). Objective and
      reliable measures of ADL skills are required for treatment planning and research.
      Aim To evaluate test-retest reproducibility of the Assessment of Motor and
      Process Skills (AMPS) for children with ABI. Methods Twenty-eight children with
      ABI (mean age 11 years 7 months, SD 2 years 4 months; males = 11) were recruited.
      Two AMPS tasks were performed over two consecutive days, as per standardized AMPS
      procedures. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 2,1), standard error of
      measurement (SEM), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and 95% limits of
      agreement (Bland-Altman) were calculated. Results Test-retest reliability was
      fair to good for AMPS ADL motor (ICC 0.55) and ADL process (ICC 0.58) measures.
      The SEM was 0.36 and 0.34 logits for AMPS ADL motor and ADL process measures
      respectively. The SDD was 1.0 (motor) and 0.93 logits (process) measures. A
      learning effect was evident. Conclusion Test-retest reproducibility of the AMPS
      was fair to good for children with ABI, which is poorer than previously published
      data. Administration of the AMPS in an unfamiliar environment, fatigue, and the
      small time interval between testing sessions may have contributed to poorer
      results. The AMPS remains a useful measure of ADL, contributing to our
      understanding of task execution processes.

PMID- 26980288
TI  - Synergistic cytotoxicity of busulfan, melphalan, gemcitabine, panobinostat, and
      bortezomib in lymphoma cells.
AB  - DNA alkylators busulfan (B) and melphalan (M) act synergistically with
      gemcitabine (G) against lymphoma cells. To further improve the cytotoxicity, we
      combined them with the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (P) and
      proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (V). Lymphoma cell lines U937 and J45.01, and
      patient-derived cell samples were exposed to these drugs and the effects on cell
      proliferation and apoptosis were quantified. The combination BMGPV was found to
      exert strong synergistic cytotoxicity. Drug exposure to these cells activated the
      ATM pathway and modified histones at the epigenetic level. Cell death was
      triggered by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), permeabilization of
      the mitochondrial membrane, upregulation of proapoptotic factors, and activation
      of caspases. Downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins c-MYC, MCL-1, and BCL-2
      and inhibition of the prosurvival PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, culminated in apoptosis.
      The results of this study support a clinical trial using BMGPV as a possible pre
      transplant conditioning regimen for relapsed/refractory lymphoma patients.

PMID- 26980289
TI  - A comparison of no-slip, stress-free and inviscid models of rapidly rotating
      fluid in a spherical shell.
AB  - We investigate how the choice of either no-slip or stress-free boundary
      conditions affects numerical models of rapidly rotating flow in Earth's core by
      computing solutions of the weakly-viscous magnetostrophic equations within a
      spherical shell, driven by a prescribed body force. For non-axisymmetric
      solutions, we show that models with either choice of boundary condition have thin
      boundary layers of depth E(1/2), where E is the Ekman number, and a free-stream
      flow that converges to the formally inviscid solution. At Earth-like values of
      viscosity, the boundary layer thickness is approximately 1 m, for either choice
      of condition. In contrast, the axisymmetric flows depend crucially on the choice
      of boundary condition, in both their structure and magnitude (either E(-1/2) or
      E(-1)). These very large zonal flows arise from requiring viscosity to balance
      residual axisymmetric torques. We demonstrate that switching the mechanical
      boundary conditions can cause a distinct change of structure of the flow,
      including a sign-change close to the equator, even at asymptotically low
      viscosity. Thus implementation of stress-free boundary conditions, compared with
      no-slip conditions, may yield qualitatively different dynamics in weakly-viscous
      magnetostrophic models of Earth's core. We further show that convergence of the
      free-stream flow to its asymptotic structure requires E <= 10(-5).

PMID- 26980290
TI  - The reaction times of drivers aged 20 to 80 during a divided attention driving.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Many studies addressing age-related changes in driving performance
      focus on comparing young vs. older drivers, which might lead to the biased
      conclusion that driving performance decreases only after the age of 65. The main
      aim of the study was to show that changes in driving performance are progressive
      throughout the adult years. METHODS: A sample of 351 drivers aged 20 to 80 was
      assessed for their reaction times while driving between road cones. The drivers
      were exposed to 2 conditions varying according to task complexity. In single task
      conditions, the drivers performed a full stopping maneuver at a given signal; in
      dual task conditions, the drivers were distracted before the signal for stopping
      maneuver was triggered. Reaction times were compared across conditions and age
      groups. RESULTS: The results showed that both reaction times and variability of
      driving performance increased progressively between the ages of 20 and 80. The
      increase in both reaction times and variability was greater in the complex task
      condition. The high-performing quarter of elderly drivers performed equally well
      or better than younger drivers did. CONCLUSIONS: The data clearly supported the
      claim that driving performance changes steadily across age groups: both mean
      reaction time and interindividual variability progressively increase with age. In
      addition, a significant group of older drivers was identified who did not show
      the expected age-related decrease in performance. The findings have important
      implications, suggesting that in relation to driving, aging is a progressive
      phenomenon and may lead to variety of driving performance; age-related studies of
      driving performance should put more emphasis on investigating changes across the
      whole driver age range rather than only comparing younger and older drivers.

PMID- 26980291
TI  - Fetuin A is a Predictor of Liver Fat in Preoperative Patients with Nonalcoholic
      Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH)
      are frequent comorbidities in perioperative patients. However, the predictive
      role of the hepatokine fetuin A was not evaluated in this collective. OBJECTIVE:
      To study fetuin A as predictor of NAFLD/NASH in preoperative patients. METHODS:
      58 subjects were included. Fetuin A was studied in patients undergoing open
      abdominal surgery and in a subset with acute liver failure. Blood and liver
      specimens were sampled. NAFLD was histologically evaluated. Liver fat was
      additionally analyzed by an enzymatic approach, circulating fetuin A by enzyme
      linked-immunosorbent assay, fetuin A mRNA by reverse-transcription PCR. RESULTS:
      Univariate correlation studies linked fetuin A to liver steatosis (r = 0.40, p =
      .029) and hepatocellular ballooning degeneration (r = 0.34, p = .026). Compared
      to non-NAFLD subjects fetuin A was increased in NAFLD (p = .009) and in NASH (p =
      .029). However, when corrected for main confounders by linear modeling, fetuin A
      remained related to hepatic steatosis, but not to ballooning degeneration or
      other NAFLD features. In support of this, biochemically analyzed liver lipids
      correlated with fetuin A in plasma (r = 0.34, p = .033) and with hepatic fetuin A
      mRNA (r = 0.54, p < .001). In addition, plasma fetuin A was related to hepatic
      mRNA (r = 0.32, p = .036), while circulating levels were reduced by 64% with
      acute liver failure (p < .001), confirming the liver as main fetuin A source.
      CONCLUSION: Fetuin A is suggested as noninvasive biomarker of hepatic steatosis
      in preoperative settings.

PMID- 26980294
TI  - David Oliver: Resuscitation orders and reality.

PMID- 26980293
TI  - Advantages of pure platelet-rich plasma compared with leukocyte- and platelet
      rich plasma in promoting repair of bone defects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in leukocyte- and platelet
      rich plasma (L-PRP) may activate the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway to
      counter the beneficial effect of the growth factors on bone regeneration.
      However, to date, no relevant studies have substantiated this. METHODS: L-PRP and
      pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) were isolated. The in vitro effects of L-PRP
      and P-PRP on the proliferation, viability and migration of human bone marrow
      derived mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs) and EaHy926, tube formation of EaHy926,
      and osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs were assessed by cell counting, flow
      cytometry, scratch assay, tube formation assay, and real-time quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting and Alizarin red staining,
      respectively. The in vitro effects of L-PRP and P-PRP on the nuclear
      translocation of NF-kappaB p65, mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide
      synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and production of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxid
      were assessed by western blotting, RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      Griess reaction, respectively. The in vivo effects of L-PRP or P-PRP preprocessed
      beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) on the calvarial defects in rats were
      assessed by histological and immunofluorescence examinations. RESULTS: P-PRP,
      which had similar platelet and growth factors concentrations but significantly
      lower concentrations of leukocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with L
      PRP, promoted the proliferation, viability and migration of HBMSCs and EaHy926,
      tube formation of EaHy926 and osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs in vitro,
      compared with L-PRP. The implantation of P-PRP preprocessed beta-TCP also yielded
      better histological results than the implantation of L-PRP preprocessed beta-TCP
      in vivo. Moreover, L-PRP treatment resulted in the activation of the NF-kappaB
      pathway in HBMSCs and EaHy926 in vitro while the postoperative delivery of
      caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, enhanced the
      histological results of the implantation of L-PRP preprocessed beta-TCP in vivo.
      CONCLUSIONS: Leukocytes in L-PRP may activate the NF-kappaB pathway via the
      increased pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce the inferior effects on bone
      regeneration of L-PRP compared with P-PRP. Hence, P-PRP may be more suitable for
      bone regeneration compared with L-PRP, and the combined use of P-PRP and beta-TCP
      represents a safe, simple, and effective alternative option for autogenous bone
      graft in the treatment of bone defects.

PMID- 26980296
TI  - Targeted next-generation sequencing identification of mutations in patients with
      disorders of sex development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The identification of causative mutations is important for treatment
      decisions and genetic counseling of patients with disorders of sex development
      (DSD). Here, we designed a new assay based on targeted next-generation sequencing
      (NGS) to diagnose these genetically heterogeneous disorders. METHODS: All coding
      regions and flanking sequences of 219 genes implicated in DSD were designed to be
      included on a panel. A total of 45 samples were used for sex chromosome dosage
      validation by targeted sequencing using the NGS platform. Among these, 21 samples
      were processed to find the causative mutation. RESULTS: The sex chromosome
      dosages of all 45 samples in this assay were concordant with their corresponding
      karyotyping results. Among the 21 DSD patients, a total of 11 mutations in SRY,
      NR0B1, AR, CYP17A1, GK, CHD7, and SRD5A2 were identified, including five single
      nucleotide variants, three InDels, one in-frame duplication, one SRY-positive
      46,XX, and one gross duplication with an estimated size of more than 427,038 bp
      containing NR0B1 and GK. We also identified six novel mutations: c.230_231insA in
      SRY, c.7389delA in CHD7, c.273C>G in NR0B1, and c.2158G>A, c.1825A>G, and
      c.2057_2065dupTGTGTGCTG in AR. CONCLUSIONS: Our assay was able to make a genetic
      diagnosis for eight DSD patients (38.1%), and identified variants of uncertain
      clinical significance in the other three cases (14.3%). Targeted NGS is therefore
      a comprehensive and efficient method to diagnose DSD. This work also expands the
      pathogenic mutation spectrum of DSD.

PMID- 26980295
TI  - Impact of conditioning intensity in T-replete haplo-identical stem cell
      transplantation for acute leukemia: a report from the acute leukemia working
      party of the EBMT.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of patients are receiving haplo-identical stem
      cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) for treatment of acute leukemia with reduced
      intensity (RIC) or myeloablative (MAC) conditioning regimens. The impact of
      conditioning intensity in haplo-SCT is unknown. METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective registry-based study comparing outcomes after T-replete haplo-SCT
      for patients with acute myeloid (AML) or lymphoid leukemia (ALL) after RIC (n =
      271) and MAC (n = 425). Regimens were classified as MAC or RIC based on published
      criteria. RESULTS: A combination of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) with
      one calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil (PT-Cy-based regimen) for
      graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was used in 66 (25%) patients in RIC
      and 125 (32%) in MAC groups. Patients of RIC group were older and had been
      transplanted more recently and more frequently for AML with active disease at
      transplant. Percentage of engraftment (90 vs. 92%; p = 0.58) and day 100 grade II
      to IV acute GVHD (24 vs. 29%, p = 0.23) were not different between RIC and MAC
      groups. Multivariable analyses, run separately in AML and ALL, showed a trend
      toward higher relapse incidence with RIC in comparison to MAC in AML (hazard
      ratio (HR) 1.34, p = 0.09), and no difference in both AML and ALL in terms of non
      relapse mortality (NRM) chronic GVHD and leukemia-free survival. There was no
      impact of conditioning regimen intensity in overall survival (OS) in AML (HR =
      0.97, p = 0.79) but a trend for worse OS with RIC in ALL (HR = 1.44, p = 0.10).
      The main factor impacting outcomes was disease status at transplantation (HR >=
      1.4, p <= 0.01). GVHD prophylaxis with PT-Cy-based regimen was independently
      associated with reduced NRM (HR 0.63, p = 0.02) without impact on relapse
      incidence (HR 0.99, p = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that T-replete
      haplo-SCT with both RIC and MAC, in particular associated with PT-Cy, are valid
      options in first line treatment of high risk AML or ALL.

PMID- 26980297
TI  - [An unusual outcome in a patient with acute tonsillitis].

PMID- 26980298
TI  - Genomic Alterations of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Detected by Targeted Massive
      Parallel Sequencing in a BRAF(V600E) Mutation-Prevalent Area.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), the most aggressive type of
      thyroid cancer, has no effective therapy. Due to its dismal prognosis, it is
      vital to understand the genetic alterations of ATC and identify effective
      molecular targets. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed to
      investigate the mutational profile of ATC using a massive parallel sequencing
      approach. METHODS: DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival samples of
      11 ATCs and normal matched pairs were used. A total of 48 genetic alterations
      were identified by targeted exome sequencing. These alterations were validated by
      mass spectrometric genotyping and direct Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The most
      commonly mutated gene was BRAF, identified in 10 samples (91%), all showing the
      V600E point mutation. A KRAS point mutation was observed in the one sample (9%)
      without the BRAF(V600E) mutation. All 11 ATCs harbored BRAF or RAS mutations,
      reflecting the possibility that differentiated thyroid carcinomas progress to
      ATCs after the accumulation of mutations. A loss of function mutation of TP53 was
      observed in eight samples (73%), a PIK3CA mutation was observed in two samples
      (18%), and a frameshift mutation of PTEN was observed in one sample (9%). Twenty
      eight novel mutated genes were found that had not previously been associated with
      ATC. Of these, loss of function mutations of NF2, KMT2D, and PKHD1 were
      repeatedly seen in three samples (27%), two samples (18%), and two samples (18%),
      respectively. Using direct Sanger sequencing, two samples (18%) were also found
      with a RASAL1 mutation. KMT2D and RASAL1 mutations were significantly associated
      with shorter ATC patient survival. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive analysis of
      ATCs using targeted massive parallel sequencing identified several novel
      mutations in ATCs, such as loss of function mutations of NF2 or KMT2D. Future
      studies are needed to confirm the role of these novel mutations as independent
      drivers of ATC development.

PMID- 26980299
TI  - Incidence of Hip Fracture in U.S. Nursing Homes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hip fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality
      in the nursing home. Our objective was to describe the incidence rate (IR) of hip
      fracture according to age, sex, and race in a nationwide sample of long-stay
      nursing home residents. METHODS: Using 2007-2010 Medicare claims data linked with
      the Minimum Data Set, we identified 892,837 long-stay residents (>=100 days in
      the same nursing facility) between May 1, 2007 and April 30, 2008. Hip fractures
      were defined using Part A diagnostic codes (ICD-9). Residents were followed from
      the date they became a long-stay resident until the first event of death,
      discharge, hip fracture, or 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 84 years
      (range 65-113 years), and 74.5% were women. 83.9% were white and 12.0% were
      black. The overall IR of hip fracture was 2.3/100 person years. The IR was
      similar in men and women across age groups. The IR of hip fracture was highest in
      Native Americans aged 85 years or older (3.7/100 person years), in whites
      (2.6/100 person years), and during the first 100 days of institutionalization
      (2.7/100 person years). IRs of hip fracture were lowest in blacks (1.3/100 person
      years). CONCLUSIONS: In nursing home residents surviving 100 days or more in a
      facility, the incidence of hip fracture is high, particularly among older white,
      Native American, and newly admitted residents. This is the first nationwide study
      to provide sex- and age-specific estimates among U.S. nursing home residents, and
      it underscores the magnitude of the problem.

PMID- 26980301
TI  - High gamma-aminobutyric acid production from lactic acid bacteria: Emphasis on
      Lactobacillus brevis as a functional dairy starter.
AB  - gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA-rich foods have shown anti-hypertensive
      and anti-depressant activities as the major functions in humans and animals.
      Hence, high GABA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could be used as functional
      starters for manufacturing novel fermented dairy foods. Glutamic acid
      decarboxylases (GADs) from LAB are highly conserved at the species level based on
      the phylogenetic tree of GADs from LAB. Moreover, two functionally distinct GADs
      and one intact gad operon were observed in all the completely sequenced
      Lactobacillus brevis strains suggesting its common capability to synthesize GABA.
      Difficulties and strategies for the manufacture of GABA-rich fermented dairy
      foods have been discussed and proposed, respectively. In addition, a genetic
      survey on the sequenced LAB strains demonstrated the absence of cell envelope
      proteinases in the majority of LAB including Lb. brevis, which diminishes their
      cell viabilities in milk environments due to their non-proteolytic nature. Thus,
      several strategies have been proposed to overcome the non-proteolytic nature of
      Lb. brevis in order to produce GABA-rich dairy foods.

PMID- 26980302
TI  - Tipping the Balance: Hepatotoxicity and the 4 Apical Key Events of Hepatic
      Steatosis.
AB  - Hepatic steatosis is a condition were fat accumulates in the liver and it is
      associated with extra-hepatic diseases related to metabolic syndrome and systemic
      energy metabolism. If not reversed, steatosis can progress to steatohepatitis and
      irreversible stages of liver disease including fibrosis, cirrhosis,
      hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. From a public health standpoint, identifying
      chemical exposures that may be factors in steatosis etiology are important for
      preventing hepatotoxicity and liver disease progression. It is therefore
      important to identify the biological events that are key for steatosis pathology
      mediated by chemical exposure. In this review, we give a current overview of the
      complex biological cascades that can disrupt lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes in
      the context of 4 apical key events central to hepatic lipid retention: hepatic
      fatty acid (FA) uptake,de novoFA and lipid synthesis, FA oxidation, and lipid
      efflux. Our goal is to review these key cellular events and visually summarize
      them using a network for application in pathway-based toxicity testing. This
      effort provides a foundation to improve next-generation chemical screening
      efforts that may be used to prevent and ultimately reverse the growing incidence
      of fatty liver disease in our population. 

PMID- 26980300
TI  - Proteome distribution between nucleoplasm and nucleolus and its relation to
      ribosome biogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - Ribosome biogenesis is an essential process initiated in the nucleolus. In
      eukaryotes, multiple ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) can be found in the
      nucleolus, the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. They act in processing, folding and
      modification of the pre-ribosomal (r)RNAs, incorporation of ribosomal proteins
      (RPs), export of pre-ribosomal particles to the cytoplasm, and quality control
      mechanisms. Ribosome biogenesis is best established for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
      Plant ortholog assignment to yeast RBFs revealed the absence of about 30% of the
      yeast RBFs in plants. In turn, few plant specific proteins have been identified
      by biochemical experiments to act in plant ribosome biogenesis. Nevertheless, a
      complete inventory of plant RBFs has not been established yet. We analyzed the
      proteome of the nucleus and nucleolus of Arabidopsis thaliana and the post
      translational modifications of these proteins. We identified 1602 proteins in the
      nucleolar and 2544 proteins in the nuclear fraction with an overlap of 1429
      proteins. For a randomly selected set of proteins identified by the proteomic
      approach we confirmed the localization inferred from the proteomics data by the
      localization of GFP fusion proteins. We assigned the identified proteins to
      various complexes and functions and found about 519 plant proteins that have a
      potential to act as a RBFs, but which have not been experimentally characterized
      yet. Last, we compared the distribution of RBFs and RPs in the various fractions
      with the distribution established for yeast. 

PMID- 26980303
TI  - Sulfur Dioxide Contributes to the Cardiac and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between sulfur dioxide
      (SO2) and an increase of morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, such
      as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and arrhythmia. Mitochondrion is the
      most sensitive organelle in myocardium of animals exposed to SO2 Here we study
      the molecular characterization of mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac muscles of
      rat after SO2 exposure. We found that the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity,
      mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), ATP contents, mitochondrial DNA
      (mtDNA) contents, and mRNA expression of complexes IV and V subunits encoded by
      mtDNA were decreased after NaHSO3 treatment in vitro or SO2 inhalation in vivo
      The mitochondrial dysfunctions were accompanied by depressions of co-activator of
      peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PGC-1alpha), nuclear
      respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) mRNA and
      protein. We observed swollen mitochondria and lower amounts of cristae in hearts
      of rats after 3.5 mg/m(3) SO2 inhalation for 30 days. Interestingly, NaHSO3
      induced mitochondrial dysfunctions marked by DeltaPsim and ATP reduction could be
      inhibited by an antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC), accompanied by the
      restoration of transcriptional factors expressions. The cardiac mitochondrial
      dysfunctions could also be alleviated by overexpression of TFAM. SO2 induced
      abnormal left ventricular function was restored by NALC in vivo Our findings
      demonstrate that SO2 induces cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction. And
      inhibition of reactive oxygen species and enhancing the transcriptional network
      controlling mitochondrial biogenesis can mitigate the SO2-induced mitochondrial
      dysfunction.

PMID- 26980304
TI  - Enhancing Important Fluctuations: Rare Events and Metadynamics from a Conceptual
      Viewpoint.
AB  - Atomistic simulations play a central role in many fields of science. However,
      their usefulness is often limited by the fact that many systems are characterized
      by several metastable states separated by high barriers, leading to kinetic
      bottlenecks. Transitions between metastable states are thus rare events that
      occur on significantly longer timescales than one can simulate in practice.
      Numerous enhanced sampling methods have been introduced to alleviate this
      timescale problem, including methods based on identifying a few crucial order
      parameters or collective variables and enhancing the sampling of these variables.
      Metadynamics is one such method that has proven successful in a great variety of
      fields. Here we review the conceptual and theoretical foundations of
      metadynamics. As demonstrated, metadynamics is not just a practical tool but can
      also be considered an important development in the theory of statistical
      mechanics.

PMID- 26980305
TI  - Recent Advances in Quantum Dynamics of Bimolecular Reactions.
AB  - In this review, we survey the latest advances in theoretical understanding of
      bimolecular reaction dynamics in the past decade. The remarkable recent progress
      in this field has been driven by more accurate and efficient ab initio electronic
      structure theory, effective potential-energy surface fitting techniques, and
      novel quantum scattering algorithms. Quantum mechanical characterization of
      bimolecular reactions continues to uncover interesting dynamical phenomena in
      atom-diatom reactions and beyond, reaching an unprecedented level of
      sophistication. In tandem with experimental explorations, these theoretical
      developments have greatly advanced our understanding of key issues in reaction
      dynamics, such as microscopic reaction mechanisms, mode specificity, product
      energy disposal, influence of reactive resonances, and nonadiabatic effects.

PMID- 26980306
TI  - Gas-Phase Femtosecond Particle Spectroscopy: A Bottom-Up Approach to Nucleotide
      Dynamics.
AB  - We summarize how gas-phase ultrafast charged-particle spectroscopy has been used
      to provide an understanding of the photophysics of DNA building blocks. We focus
      on adenine and discuss how, following UV excitation, specific interactions
      determine the fates of its excited states. The dynamics can be probed using a
      systematic bottom-up approach that provides control over these interactions and
      that allows ever-larger complexes to be studied. Starting from a chromophore in
      adenine, the excited state decay mechanisms of adenine and chemically substituted
      or clustered adenine are considered and then extended to adenosine mono-, di-,
      and trinucleotides. We show that the gas-phase approach can offer exquisite
      insight into the dynamics observed in aqueous solution, but we also highlight
      stark differences. An outlook is provided that discusses some of the most
      promising developments in this bottom-up approach.

PMID- 26980307
TI  - Geochemical Insight from Nonlinear Optical Studies of Mineral-Water Interfaces.
AB  - The physics and chemistry of mineral-water interfaces are complex, even in
      idealized systems. Our need to understand this complexity is driven by both pure
      and applied sciences, that is, by the need for basic understanding of earth
      systems and for the knowledge to mitigate our influences upon them. The second
      order nonlinear optical techniques of second-harmonic generation and sum
      frequency generation spectroscopy have proven adept at probing these types of
      interfaces. This review focuses on the contributions to geochemistry made by
      nonlinear optical methods. The types of questions probed have included a basic
      description of the structure adopted by water molecules at the mineral interface,
      how flow and porosity affect this structure, adsorption of trace metal and
      organic species, and dissolution mechanisms. We also discuss directions and
      challenges that lie ahead and the outlook for the continued use of nonlinear
      optical methods for studies of mineral-water boundaries.

PMID- 26980308
TI  - Interfacial Charge Transfer States in Condensed Phase Systems.
AB  - Intermolecular charge transfer (CT) states at the interface between electron
      donating (D) and electron-accepting (A) materials in organic thin films are
      characterized by absorption and emission bands within the optical gap of the
      interfacing materials. CT states efficiently generate charge carriers for some D
      A combinations, and others show high fluorescence quantum efficiencies. These
      properties are exploited in organic solar cells, photodetectors, and light
      emitting diodes. This review summarizes experimental and theoretical work on the
      electronic structure and interfacial energy landscape at condensed matter D-A
      interfaces. Recent findings on photogeneration and recombination of free charge
      carriers via CT states are discussed, and relations between CT state properties
      and optoelectronic device parameters are clarified.

PMID- 26980309
TI  - Charge-Carrier Dynamics in Organic-Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites.
AB  - Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as
      exciting new light-harvesting and charge-transporting materials for efficient
      photovoltaic devices. Yet knowledge of the nature of the photogenerated
      excitations and their subsequent dynamics is only just emerging. This article
      reviews the current state of the field, focusing first on a description of the
      crystal and electronic band structure that give rise to the strong optical
      transitions that enable light harvesting. An overview is presented of the
      numerous experimental approaches toward determining values for exciton binding
      energies, which appear to be small (a few milli-electron volts to a few tens of
      milli-electron volts) and depend significantly on temperature because of
      associated changes in the dielectric function. Experimental evidence for charge
      carrier relaxation dynamics within the first few picoseconds after excitation is
      discussed in terms of thermalization, cooling, and many-body effects. Charge
      carrier recombination mechanisms are reviewed, encompassing trap-assisted
      nonradiative recombination that is highly specific to processing conditions,
      radiative bimolecular (electron-hole) recombination, and nonradiative many-body
      (Auger) mechanisms.

PMID- 26980310
TI  - Vibrational Control of Bimolecular Reactions with Methane by Mode, Bond, and
      Stereo Selectivity.
AB  - Vibrational motions of a polyatomic molecule are multifold and can be as simple
      as stretches or bends or as complex as concerted motions of many atoms. Different
      modes of excitation often possess different capacities in driving a bimolecular
      chemical reaction, with distinct dynamic outcomes. Reactions with vibrationally
      excited methane and its isotopologs serve as a benchmark for advancing our
      fundamental understanding of polyatomic reaction dynamics. Here, some recent
      progress in this area is briefly reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the
      key concepts developed from those studies. The interconnections among mode and
      bond selectivity, Polanyi's rules, and newly introduced vibrational-induced
      steric phenomena are highlighted.

PMID- 26980311
TI  - Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization of Complex Chemical Systems.
AB  - Tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation coupled to mass spectrometry is
      applied to the study of complex chemical systems. The identification of novel
      reactive intermediates and radicals is revealed in flame, pulsed photolysis, and
      pyrolysis reactors, leading to the elucidation of spectroscopy, reaction
      mechanisms, and kinetics. Mass-resolved threshold photoelectron photoion
      coincidence measurements provide unprecedented access to vibrationally resolved
      spectra of free radicals present in high-temperature reactors. Photoionization
      measurements in water clusters, nucleic acid base dimers, and their complexes
      with water provide signatures of proton transfer in hydrogen-bonded and pi
      stacked systems. Experimental and theoretical methods to track ion-molecule
      reactions and fragmentation pathways in intermolecular and intramolecular
      hydrogen-bonded systems in sugars and alcohols are described. Photoionization of
      laser-ablated molecules, clusters, and their reaction products inform
      thermodynamics and spectroscopy that are relevant to astrochemistry and
      catalysis. New directions in coupling VUV radiation to interrogate complex
      chemical systems are discussed.

PMID- 26980312
TI  - Real-Time Probing of Electron Dynamics Using Attosecond Time-Resolved
      Spectroscopy.
AB  - Attosecond science has paved the way for direct probing of electron dynamics in
      gases and solids. This review provides an overview of recent attosecond
      measurements, focusing on the wealth of knowledge obtained by the application of
      isolated attosecond pulses in studying dynamics in gases and solid-state systems.
      Attosecond photoelectron and photoion measurements in atoms reveal strong-field
      tunneling ionization and a delay in the photoemission from different electronic
      states. These measurements applied to molecules have shed light on ultrafast
      intramolecular charge migration. Similar approaches are used to understand
      photoemission processes from core and delocalized electronic states in metal
      surfaces. Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to follow the real
      time motion of valence electrons and to measure the lifetimes of autoionizing
      channels in atoms. In solids, it provides the first measurements of bulk electron
      dynamics, revealing important phenomena such as the timescales governing the
      switching from an insulator to a metallic state and carrier-carrier interactions.

PMID- 26980313
TI  - Qualitative research can inform clinical practice.

PMID- 26980314
TI  - Moderating Effects of Relational Interdependence on the Association Between Peer
      Victimization and Depressive Symptoms.
AB  - This short-term longitudinal study examined the association between relational
      and physical victimization and subsequent depressive symptoms together with the
      roles of social cognitive processes (i.e., relational interdependence) and gender
      in this association. A total of 580 Japanese adolescents in the seventh and
      eighth grades (52 % girls; age range 12-14) participated in this study across an
      academic year. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that
      relational and physical victimization, which was assessed via self- and teacher-
      reports, was concurrently associated with greater depressive symptoms, regardless
      of the gender of the youth and the level of relational interdependence.
      Furthermore, after controlling for the stability and co-occurrence between each
      construct, relational victimization (not physical victimization) was predictive
      of elevated depressive symptoms only for boys who exhibited relatively higher
      relational interdependence. The findings are discussed from developmental,
      gender, and cultural perspectives.

PMID- 26980315
TI  - An integrated miRNA functional screening and target validation method for organ
      morphogenesis.
AB  - The relative ease of identifying microRNAs and their increasing recognition as
      important regulators of organogenesis motivate the development of methods to
      efficiently assess microRNA function during organ morphogenesis. In this context,
      embryonic organ explants provide a reliable and reproducible system that
      recapitulates some of the important early morphogenetic processes during organ
      development. Here we present a method to target microRNA function in explanted
      mouse embryonic organs. Our method combines the use of peptide-based
      nanoparticles to transfect specific microRNA inhibitors or activators into
      embryonic organ explants, with a microRNA pulldown assay that allows direct
      identification of microRNA targets. This method provides effective assessment of
      microRNA function during organ morphogenesis, allows prioritization of multiple
      microRNAs in parallel for subsequent genetic approaches, and can be applied to a
      variety of embryonic organs. 

PMID- 26980316
TI  - Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a life-threatening Mendelian
      disorder with a mean life expectancy of 33 years despite maximally tolerated
      standard lipid-lowering therapies. This disease is an ideal candidate for gene
      therapy, and in the last few years, a number of exciting developments have
      brought this approach closer to the clinic than ever before. In this review, we
      discuss in detail the most advanced of these developments, a recombinant adeno
      associated virus (AAV) vector carrying a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)
      transgene which has recently entered phase 1/2a testing. We also review ongoing
      development of approaches to enhance transgene expression, improve the efficiency
      of hepatocyte transduction, and minimize the AAV capsid-specific adaptive immune
      response. We include a summary of key gene therapy approaches for HoFH in pre
      clinical development, including RNA silencing of t he gene encoding HMG-CoA
      reductase (HMGCR) and induced pluripotent stem cell transplant therapy. 

PMID- 26980318
TI  - Are K-12 school environments harming students with obesity? A qualitative study
      of classroom teachers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Weight bias can negatively impact health, and schools may be risky
      environments for students with obesity. We aimed to explore teachers' perceptions
      of the school experiences and academic challenges of students with obesity.
      METHODS: We conducted interviews with 22 teachers in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic,
      and Midwest in July-August 2014. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded,
      and analyzed for important themes by two researchers using the
      immersion/crystallization approach. RESULTS: Most teachers felt that students
      with obesity were more likely to have academic difficulties. Two main perceptions
      of the reasons for these difficulties emerged: (1) obesity led to lower self
      esteem that caused students to participate less, and (2) poorer nutrition,
      increased screen time, and reduced physical activity were simultaneously causing
      obesity and poorer academic performance. A few teachers described colleagues who
      felt students with obesity were not as motivated to work hard in school as their
      peers. Many teachers described school health promotion efforts focused on weight
      reduction that could exacerbate weight stigma and risk of disordered eating.
      CONCLUSIONS: Students with obesity, particularly girls, may be at risk for
      negative social and academic experiences in K-12 schools and may be perceived as
      struggling academically by their teachers.

PMID- 26980317
TI  - Cardiac MRI and Ischemic Heart Disease: Role in Diagnosis and Risk
      Stratification.
AB  - Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) has been under development for the past
      four decades and has more recently become an essential tool in the evaluation of
      ischemic heart disease (IHD). It is the reference standard for quantification of
      both right and left ventricular volume and function and, after landmark work
      published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2000, has proven effective in
      identifying hibernating myocardium, or hypokinetic myocardium that will recover
      after revascularization. More recent literature continues to support both delayed
      enhancement imaging and CMRI stress perfusion as essential tools in evaluating
      IHD. This review will briefly address the basics of CMRI and the scientific
      literature supporting the use of CMRI in IHD. It will then address more recent
      clinical studies establishing the clinical utility of CMRI in IHD, followed by a
      discussion of future directions in CMRI. 

PMID- 26980319
TI  - A comprehensive review of psychodynamic treatments for eating disorders.
AB  - PURPOSE: To comprehensively review the existing literature on the effectiveness
      of psychodynamic psychotherapies in eating disorders (EDs) and to stimulate both
      debate and research on this topic. METHODS: Online and hand searches were
      conducted to identify papers published between 1980 and 2015 on psychodynamic
      treatments delivered to adults with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN),
      and binge eating disorder (BED). RESULTS: A total of 47 studies were finally
      included in this review. Fifteen studies were available for AN, 9 for BN, 12 for
      BED, and 11 for samples with mixed diagnoses. Several methodological flaws
      emerged, but overall psychodynamic interventions showed promising results at the
      end of treatment and follow-up, when available. CONCLUSIONS: The body of
      literature on psychodynamic treatments is sparse and sometimes methodologically
      questionable; nevertheless, current data provide support to the effectiveness of
      these interventions, particularly for AN. However, both a defined approach
      (focus, themes, and techniques) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are
      warranted to clarify the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies.

PMID- 26980320
TI  - Integrating multidimensional omics data for cancer outcome.
AB  - In multidimensional cancer omics studies, one subject is profiled on multiple
      layers of omics activities. In this article, the goal is to integrate multiple
      types of omics measurements, identify markers, and build a model for cancer
      outcome. The proposed analysis is achieved in two steps. In the first step, we
      analyze the regulation among different types of omics measurements, through the
      construction of linear regulatory modules (LRMs). The LRMs have sound biological
      basis, and their construction differs from the existing analyses by modeling the
      regulation of sets of gene expressions (GEs) by sets of regulators. The
      construction is realized with the assistance of regularized singular value
      decomposition. In the second step, the proposed cancer outcome model includes the
      regulated GEs, "residuals" of GEs, and "residuals" of regulators, and we use
      regularized estimation to select relevant markers. Simulation shows that the
      proposed method outperforms the alternatives with more accurate marker
      identification. We analyze the The Cancer Genome Atlas data on cutaneous melanoma
      and lung adenocarcinoma and obtain meaningful results.

PMID- 26980321
TI  - Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing surgery for pelvic organ
      prolapse.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: We sought to determine the incidence of venous
      thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse
      (POP) based on surgical approach. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons
      National Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was used to select all
      surgeries performed for POP from 2005 to 2013. CPT-4 codes were grouped based on
      surgical approach: vaginal (VAG), laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC), or open
      abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC). Patient demographics, preoperative American
      Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification system scores, and 30-day
      postoperative complications were obtained. RESULTS: Of the 26,103 women who
      underwent surgery for POP, 21,311 (81.7 %) underwent VAG, 3,346 (12.8 %) LSC, and
      1,426 (5.5 %) ASC. VTE occurred in 36 patients (0.17 %) in the VAG group, 8 (0.24
      %) in the LSC group, and 9 (0.63 %) in the ASC group. The ASC group had a
      significantly higher incidence of VTE compared with the VAG group (p < 0.01).
      Upon multivariate analysis, factors associated with a greater incidence of VTE
      included BMI greater than 30 kg/m(2) (p = 0.048), ASA score of 3, 4, or 5 (p =
      0.027), and length of stay above the 75th percentile (p < 0.01). The procedure
      group did not retain statistical significance in multivariate modeling.
      CONCLUSIONS: Venous thromboembolism is rare following surgery for POP. Although
      differences in VTE rates between procedure groups failed to maintain statistical
      significance after multivariate analysis, we were able to identify risk factors
      associated with an increased VTE risk in surgery for POP. Women with obesity, an
      increased length of stay, or ASA score of 3 or higher are at an increased risk
      for developing VTE after undergoing surgery for POP.

PMID- 26980322
TI  - Bare and Polymer-Coated Indium Tin Oxide as Working Electrodes for Manganese
      Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry.
AB  - Though an essential metal in the body, manganese (Mn) has a number of health
      implications when found in excess that are magnified by chronic exposure. These
      health complications include neurotoxicity, memory loss, infertility in males,
      and development of a neurologic psychiatric disorder, manganism. Thus, trace
      detection in environmental samples is increasingly important. Few electrode
      materials are able to reach the negative reductive potential of Mn required for
      anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), so cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) has
      been shown to be a viable alternative. We demonstrate Mn CSV using an indium tin
      oxide (ITO) working electrode both bare and coated with a sulfonated charge
      selective polymer film, polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block
      polystyrene-sulfonate (SSEBS). ITO itself proved to be an excellent electrode
      material for Mn CSV, achieving a calculated detection limit of 5 nM (0.3 ppb)
      with a deposition time of 3 min. Coating the ITO with the SSEBS polymer was found
      to increase the sensitivity and lower the detection limit to 1 nM (0.06 ppb).
      This polymer modified electrode offers excellent selectivity for Mn as no
      interferences were observed from other metal ions tested (Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Pb(2+),
      In(3+), Sb(3+), Al(3+), Ba(2+), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Ni(3+), Bi(3+), and Sn(2+))
      except Fe(2+), which was found to interfere with the analytical signal for Mn(2+)
      at a ratio 20:1 (Fe(2+)/Mn(2+)). The applicability of this procedure to the
      analysis of tap, river, and pond water samples was demonstrated. This simple,
      sensitive analytical method using ITO and SSEBS-ITO could be applied to a number
      of electroactive transition metals detectable by CSV. 

PMID- 26980323
TI  - The effect of a family-based mindfulness intervention on children with attention
      deficit and hyperactivity symptoms and their parents: design and rationale for a
      randomized, controlled clinical trial (Study protocol).
AB  - BACKGROUND: About 4 % of children in Hong Kong have attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The parents of children with ADHD report higher
      levels of stress and show more negative parenting behavior. Medication and
      behavior training are evidence-based treatments, but both show significant
      limitations. In short, medical treatment is not suitable for preschool children
      and would suppress growth, whereas parents under stress may not be capable of
      consistently applying behavior management skills. Mindfulness training can
      improve attention and facilitate cognitive development and overall functioning.
      It has been widely adopted as a treatment option in health care, but its
      application in a family context is limited. In this context, a family-based
      mindfulness intervention (FBMI) has been developed to promote the attention and
      mental health of children with attention symptoms and to reduce the stress
      experienced by their parents. This article describes the design and conduct of
      the trial. METHODS/DESIGN: A multicenter, 8-week, waitlist, randomized controlled
      trial of FBMI is currently being conducted in Hong Kong (from mid-2015 to mid
      2016). Its effectiveness will be examined by comparing the participants who
      receive treatment to those in a waitlist control group. The study population
      consists of one hundred twenty children with ADHD, or with symptoms of
      inattention and hyperactivity, between 5 and 7 years of age and their parents. To
      be included in the study, the children are required to meet or exceed the
      borderline cutoff score of the Chinese version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of
      ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviors Rating Scale (SWAN-C). The primary outcome
      measures are the children's ADHD symptoms and behavior and the parents' stress.
      The secondary outcome measures include the children's overall behavioral problems
      and performance on the Attention Network Test, the parents' ADHD symptoms, the
      parents' mindful parenting scores, and heart rate variability of parents.
      DISCUSSION: This study is probably the first randomized controlled trial of FBMI
      for young children and their caregivers. A rigorous design and multiple outcome
      measures are used to examine the effectiveness of FBMI. If the hypotheses are
      confirmed, FBMI may serve as an additional treatment option for children with
      ADHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical
      Trial Registry (reference number: ChiCTR-IOR-15007292 ). Registered 28 October
      2015.

PMID- 26980324
TI  - Single-step synthesis of heparin-doped polypyrrole nanoparticles for delivery of
      angiogenic factor.
AB  - AIM: To perform one-pot synthesis of heparin-immobilized polypyrrole (PPy)
      nanoparticles and evaluate the use of these nanoparticles for the delivery of
      VEGF. MATERIALS & METHODS: Heparin-stabilized synthesis of PPy nanoparticles was
      performed via oxidative polymerization. VEGF-bound PPy-heparin nanoparticles were
      delivered to endothelial cells and bioactivity of VEGF was assessed by Matrigel
      tube formation. RESULTS: Size-controllable synthesis of heparin-doped PPy
      nanoparticles was achieved, and heparin promoted the conjugation of VEGF.
      Angiogenic activity of the VEGF-conjugated PPy nanoparticles was verified.
      CONCLUSION: Heparin-doped PPy nanoparticles can be synthesized using one-pot
      reaction and provide a delivery platform by which VEGF can be conjugated onto.

PMID- 26980325
TI  - Digital diffraction detection of protein markers for avian influenza.
AB  - Rapid pathogen testing is expected to play a critical role in infection control
      and in limiting epidemics. Smartphones equipped with state-of-the-art computing
      and imaging technologies have emerged as new point-of-use (POU) sensing
      platforms. We herein report a new assay format for fast, sensitive and portable
      detection of avian influenza-associated antibodies. 

PMID- 26980326
TI  - Larval habitats of the Anopheles farauti and Anopheles lungae complexes in the
      Solomon Islands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need for vector control tools to supplement long
      lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying; particularly in
      the Solomon Islands where the primary vector, Anopheles farauti, is highly
      anthropophagic and feeds mainly outdoors and early in the evening. Currently, the
      only supplementary tool recommended by the World Health Organization is larval
      source management (LSM). The feasibility and potential effectiveness of LSM
      requires information on the distribution of anophelines, the productivity of
      larval habitats and the potential impacts of larval control on adult fitness.
      METHODS: The distribution of anophelines in Central and Western Provinces in the
      Solomon Islands was mapped from cross-sectional larval habitat surveys. The
      composition and micro-distribution of larval instars within a large permanent
      river-mouth lagoon was examined with a longitudinal survey. Density-dependent
      regulation of An. farauti larvae was investigated by longitudinally following the
      development and survival of different densities of first instars in floating
      cages in a river-mouth lagoon. RESULTS: Five anopheline species were molecularly
      identified from a range of fresh and brackish water habitats: An. farauti s.s.,
      An. hinesorum, An. lungae, An. nataliae and An. solomonis. The most common
      habitats used by the primary malaria vector, An. farauti, were coastal lagoons
      and swamps. In the detailed study of lagoon micro-productivity, An. farauti was
      non-uniformly distributed with highest densities found at collections sites most
      proximal and distal to the mouth of the lagoon. The survival of An. farauti
      larvae was more than twofold lower when larvae were held at the highest
      experimental density (1 larva per 3.8 cm(2)) when compared with the lowest
      density (1 larva per 38 cm(2)). CONCLUSIONS: The only documented major malaria
      vector collected in larval surveys in both Central and Western Provinces was An.
      farauti. Lagoons and swamps, the most common, largest and (potentially) most
      productive larval sites of this malaria vector, were "few, fixed and findable"
      and theoretically, therefore, amenable to successful LSM. However, the immense
      scale and complexity of these ecosystems in which An. farauti larvae are found
      raises questions regarding the ability to effectively control the larvae, as
      incomplete larviciding could trigger density dependent effects resulting in
      increased larval survivorship. While LSM has the potential to significantly
      contribute to malaria control of this early and outdoor biting vector, more
      information on the distribution of larvae within these extensive habitats is
      required to maximize the effectiveness of LSM.

PMID- 26980327
TI  - Charge localization in a diamine cation provides a test of energy functionals and
      self-interaction correction.
AB  - Density functional theory (DFT) is widely applied in calculations of molecules
      and materials. Yet, it suffers from a well-known over-emphasis on charge
      delocalization arising from self-interaction error that destabilizes localized
      states. Here, using the symmetric diamine N,N'-dimethylpiperazine as a model, we
      have experimentally determined the relative energy of a state with positive
      charge localized on one of the two nitrogen atoms, and a state with positive
      charge delocalized over both nitrogen atoms. The charge-localized state was found
      to be 0.33 (0.04) eV higher in energy than the charge-delocalized state. This
      provides an important test of theoretical approaches to electronic structure
      calculations. Calculations with all DFT functionals commonly used today,
      including hybrid functionals with exact exchange, fail to predict a stable charge
      localized state. However, the application of an explicit self-interaction
      correction to a semi-local functional identifies both states and gives relative
      energy in excellent agreement with both experiment and CCSD(T) calculations. 

PMID- 26980328
TI  - Early attentional bias for negative words when competition is induced.
AB  - Previous research (Zeelenberg, Wagenmakers, & Rotteveel, 2006) revealed that
      emotionally meaningful words were identified significantly better than neutral
      words, with no difference between positive and negative words. Since in that
      study only a single target word was displayed at a time, we hypothesized that the
      equivalent performances for positive and negative words were due to a lack of
      competition. To test this, in our Experiment 1, we replicated Zeelenberg and
      colleagues' finding, using emotion-laden Chinese words and the identical data
      limited method, which measured the accuracy of a briefly shown target. We then
      introduced competition in Experiment 2 by simultaneously presenting two words
      during the target frame, and found evidence for an early attentional bias to
      negative words. In Experiment 3, we confirmed that the bias in Experiment 2 was
      not due to the inevitable repetition of stimuli. Taken together, these results
      support our hypothesis that, in the presence of competition, negative words
      receive attentional priority and consequently have enhanced perceptual
      representations.

PMID- 26980329
TI  - Stapled hemorrhoidopexy complicated by rectourethral fistula.

PMID- 26980330
TI  - Results from the LIDO anemia survey: adherence to EORTC guidelines in cancer
      patients in France.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the LIDOanemia surveys was to assess how anemia in cancer
      patients is managed by oncologists and hematologists according to the key
      messages of the EORTC guidelines. METHODS: LIDO 1 and LIDO 2 (Leaning upon
      International Directives for Optimization: Anemia) were declarative web-based
      surveys conducted in France. LIDO 1 specifically focused on clinical features
      triggering the decision to treat anemia, biological indicators of anemia, the
      hemoglobin (Hb) threshold for initiating treatment and blood transfusion, and the
      Hb treatment target. In LIDO 2, participants were presented the main messages of
      the EORTC guidelines and were asked four questions to assess the impact of the
      guideline's broadcast on their practice. RESULTS: A total of 133 and 319
      physicians took part in the LIDO 1 and 2 surveys, respectively. The majority were
      oncologists (65 and 61 %, respectively). Responses from LIDO 1 showed practice
      habits that differed from those recommended in the EORTC guidelines. However,
      LIDO 2 showed that an average of 18 % of the participating physicians were
      willing to amend their clinical practice after receiving a summary of the EORTC
      recommendations for anemia management. CONCLUSION: These findings raise the
      questions of how often and how to most effectively disseminate key guideline
      messages. With the best interests of patients in mind, the ultimate objective is
      to improve the understanding of consensus recommendations and to close the gap
      between them and actual clinical practice.

PMID- 26980331
TI  - Cancer and fertility preservation in Puerto Rico: a qualitative study of
      healthcare provider perceptions.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aims to examine healthcare provider perceptions of cancer
      related infertility and fertility preservation (FP) in an underserved population
      and to highlight cognitive and structural barriers to use. METHODS: In-depth,
      semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 16 healthcare
      providers participating in a larger ethnographic study on cancer survivorship and
      cancer-related infertility in Puerto Rico, an unincorporated US territory.
      Interviews were conducted in-person, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and
      coded using the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Providers identified
      several barriers to FP in Puerto Rico: high cost in relation to income levels,
      lack of insurance coverage, gaps in provider knowledge of fertility clinics and
      financial assistance, lower prioritization of quality-of-life needs leading to
      inconsistent physician disclosure of fertility risks, geographical location of
      fertility clinics, and logistical challenges to maintaining FP offerings. Two
      factors act as facilitators: a high value placed on patient-provider
      communication and relationships and the formation of local alliances between the
      oncology and reproductive medicine fields, potentially leading to increased cross
      specialty communication and referral. CONCLUSIONS: Infertility is a continuing
      source of distress for cancer patients and survivors, and barriers to FP vary
      cross-culturally. In Puerto Rico, context-specific factors indicate potential
      areas of intervention. Greater awareness of fertility risks and options can be
      fostered through physician training in conjunction with organizational measures
      targeting cost barriers.

PMID- 26980332
TI  - Prediction of skeletal-related events in patients with non-small cell lung
      cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Advanced lung cancer frequently causes bone metastasis which can be
      associated with skeletal-related events (SREs) that may cause significant
      deterioration of the patient's quality of life (QoL). The Spinal Instability
      Neoplastic Score (SINS) can be used to assist in standardizing evaluations of
      neoplastic spinal instability between spinal and non-spine surgeons. This
      research investigated the association between SREs and SINS for patients with non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Between 2009 and 2013, 47 patients with
      NSCLC who were diagnosed with bone metastasis were classified using SINS into
      either a stable group (SINS, 0-6 points) or unstable group (SINS, 7-18 points).
      The primary endpoint was time from diagnosis of metastasis to SREs. Secondary
      endpoints included tumor type and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
      mutational status. SREs were defined as spinal compression, pathologic fracture,
      spinal surgery, and hypercalcemia. RESULTS: Patients included 37 cases of
      adenocarcinoma and 10 cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Mean follow-up time was
      10.2 +/- 13.7 months. SRE incidence was 15.0 % (3/20) in the stable group versus
      44.4 % (12/27) in the unstable group (p = 0.048). A Cox regression model revealed
      that an EGFR-positive mutational status (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.15, 95 % CI,
      0.030.71; p = 0.017) or good spinal stability (HR = 0.49; 0.08-0.99; p = 0.049)
      were favorable prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: The incidence of SREs was
      significantly lower in NSCLC patients with better spinal stability as determined
      by SINS, which was a good prediction tool for SREs from bone metastasis. The
      lower incidence of SREs in EGFR-positive patients suggests tumor biology should
      be considered when predicting SREs.

PMID- 26980333
TI  - Lysine residues K66, K109, and K110 in the bovine foamy virus transactivator
      protein are required for transactivation and viral replication.
AB  - Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is a complex retrovirus that infects cattle. Like all
      retroviruses, BFV encodes a transactivator Tas protein (BTas) that increases gene
      transcription from viral promoters. BFV encodes two promoters that can interact
      with BTas, a conserved promoter in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and a unique
      internal promoter (IP). Our previous study showed that BTas is acetylated by p300
      at residues K66, K109, and K110, which markedly enhanced the ability of BTas to
      bind to DNA. However, whether these residues are important for BFV replication
      was not determined. Therefore, in this study we provide direct evidence that BTas
      is required for BFV replication and demonstrate that residues K66, K109, and K110
      are critical for BTas function and BFV replication. Full-length infectious clones
      were generated, which were BTas deficient or contained lysine to arginine (K->R)
      mutations at position 66, 109, and/or 110. In vivo data indicated that K->R
      mutations at positions 66, 109, and 110 in BTas impaired transactivation of both
      the LTR and IP promoters. In addition, the K->R mutations in full-length
      infectious clones reduced expression of viral proteins, and the triple mutant and
      BTas deletion completely abrogated viral replication. Taken together, these
      results indicate that lysine residues at positions 66, 109, and 110 in the BTas
      protein are crucial for BFV replication and suggest a potential role for BTas
      acetylation in regulating the viral life cycle. 

PMID- 26980334
TI  - Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing African swine fever virus protein
      72 is safe and immunogenic in mice.
AB  - African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease that affects wild and
      domestic swine. The etiological agent of ASF is African swine fever virus (ASFV).
      Since the first case was described in Kenya in 1921, the disease has spread to
      many other countries. No commercial vaccines are available to prevent ASF. In
      this study, we generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) expressing
      ASFV protein 72 (p72) by reverse genetics and evaluated its humoral and cellular
      immunogenicity in a mouse model. The recombinant virus, rNDV/p72, replicated well
      in embryonated chicken eggs and was safe to use in chicks and mice. The p72 gene
      in rNDV/p72 was stably maintained through ten passages. Mice immunized with
      rNDV/p72 developed high titers of ASFV p72 specific IgG antibody, and had higher
      levels of IgG1 than IgG2a. Immunization also elicited T-cell proliferation and
      secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-4. Taken together, these results indicate that rNDV
      expressing ASFV p72 might be a potential vaccine candidate for preventing ASF. 

PMID- 26980335
TI  - Utilization of antihypertensive drugs in obesity-related hypertension: a
      retrospective observational study in a cohort of patients from Southern Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of arterial hypertension
      are different in obese and lean patients, hypertension guidelines do not include
      specific recommendations for obesity-related hypertension and, therefore, there
      is a considerable uncertainty on which antihypertensive drugs should be used in
      this condition. Moreover, studies performed in general population suggested that
      some antihypertensive drugs may increase body weight, glycemia and LDL
      cholesterol but it is unclear how this impact on drug choice in clinical practice
      in the treatment of obese hypertensive patients. Therefore, in order to identify
      current preferences of practitioners for obesity-related hypertension, in the
      present work we evaluated antihypertensive drug therapy in a cohort of 129
      pharmacologically treated obese hypertensive patients (46 males and 83 females,
      aged 51.95 +/- 10.1 years) that came to our observation for a nutritional
      consultation. METHODS: Study design was retrospective observational. Differences
      in the prevalence of use of the different antihypertensive drug classes among
      groups were evaluated with chi(2) square analysis. Threshold for statistical
      significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: 41.1 % of the study sample was treated
      with one, 36.4 % with two and the remaining 22.5 % with three or more
      antihypertensive drugs. In patients under single drug therapy, beta-blockers,
      ACEIs and ARBs accounted each for about 25 % of prescriptions. The prevalence of
      use of beta-blockers was about sixfold higher in females than males. Diuretics
      were virtually never used in monotherapy regimens but were used in more than 60 %
      of patients on dual antihypertensive therapy and in all patients assuming three
      or more drugs. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of use of
      any of the aforementioned drugs among patients with obesity of type I, II and III
      or between patients with or without metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      show that no first choice protocol seems to be adopted in clinical practice for
      the treatment of obesity-related hypertension. Importantly, physicians do not
      seem to differentiate drug use according to the severity of obesity or to the
      presence of metabolic syndrome or to avoid drugs known to detrimentally affect
      body weight and metabolic profile in general population.

PMID- 26980336
TI  - A Rare Case of Chronic Diarrhea and Weight Loss.

PMID- 26980337
TI  - Head and neck cutaneous leishmania: clinical characteristics, microscopic
      features and molecular analysis in a cohort of 168 cases.
AB  - Lebanon, an underendemic area for cutaneous leishmania (CL), is suffering from a
      CL outbreak brought by the massive population influx from endemic Syria. CL
      affects mainly exposed areas; therefore, the head and neck (HN) region is highly
      susceptible. Individuals diagnosed and speciated with CL (n = 168) using
      molecular and microscopic analysis on punch biopsy/scrapings were studied.
      Clinical data, parasitic index (PI) and Ridley's Pattern (RP) were recorded. The
      HN was divided into 11 anatomic locations. Of 168 patients, 96 patients (57.1 %)
      had HN involvement and 72 (42.9 %) had no HN involvement. Lesions from the HN
      were significantly more common in younger patients and were more prone for
      ulceration, had larger size, higher PI and more advanced RP (p < 0.05). There was
      no difference in the anatomic distribution of lesions among age groups and
      genders in the HN group. The cheek area was the most HN involved location.
      Lesions were less commonly encountered in the veiled area in women. In the
      community we studied, HN is commonly involved by CL. Lesions with HN involvement
      were encountered more in pediatric age group and showed more extensive features.

PMID- 26980338
TI  - Head position and increased head velocity to optimize video head impulse test
      sensitivity.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of head position on gain values during video
      head impulse tests (vHITs). Different head positions were used for vHIT of the
      horizontal semicircular canals of 20 healthy controls and 18 patients with
      unilateral vestibular loss (UVL), with head velocities ranging from 150 degrees
      /s to 200 degrees /s. Differences in vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in the control
      and patient groups according to head position (0 degrees  and 30 degrees 
      downward pitch) were analyzed. In the unaffected control group, the 30 degrees 
      pitched-down position resulted in a mean gain increase of up to 1.0 in both ears
      (right ear: 0.85 +/- 0.26 for head-up and 1.05 +/- 0.12 for head-down, p = 0.004;
      left ear: 0.75 +/- 0.18 for head-up and 0.98 +/- 0.16 for head-down, p < 0.001).
      In patients with UVL, the mean gains on the diseased side were 0.92 +/- 0.16 in
      the head-up position and 0.82 +/- 0.2 in the head-down position, at similar head
      velocities (p = 0.046). The pitched-down position also increased the asymmetry
      between ears in patients with UVL, at the same head velocity. A 30 degrees  head
      down position can increase vHIT sensitivity, which resulted in increased mean
      gain in unaffected people and decreased mean gain in most of the patients with
      UVL in this study. This method may more effectively stimulate the horizontal
      semicircular canal. This vHIT modification may be helpful for more precisely
      evaluating vestibular function, thus reducing false-negative findings.

PMID- 26980339
TI  - Antileukotrienes in adenotonsillar hypertrophy: a review of the literature.
AB  - We assessed the use of antileukotrienes for treating adenotonsillar hypertrophy.
      We reviewed the current literature on the anatomy of adenotonsillar tissue,
      adenotonsillar hypertrophy/hyperplasia (and the associated pathophysiology and
      symptoms), and the effects of antileukotrienes used to treat adenotonsillar
      hypertrophy. Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators produced by a number
      of cell types, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, and
      monocytes. There are several types (e.g., LTA4, LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4). By
      competitive binding to the cysLT1 receptor, LT-receptor antagonist drugs such as
      montelukast, zafirlukast, and pranlukast block the effects of cySHLTs, improving
      the symptoms of some chronic respiratory diseases. High numbers of LT receptors
      have been found in the tonsils of children with obstructive sleep apnea.
      Antileukotrienes reduce the apnea-hypopnea index and adenotonsillar inflammation.
      Antileukotrienes may be useful for children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy due
      to their anti-inflammatory effects, which help to reduce adenotonsillar
      inflammation.

PMID- 26980340
TI  - Celecoxib versus diclofenac for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: 12-week
      randomized study in Norwegian patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of two different doses of celecoxib
      and diclofenac in the treatment of Norwegian patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis. METHODS: In this 12-week, double-blind, non-inferiority trial
      patients were randomized to 200 mg once daily (qd) celecoxib, 400 mg qd
      celecoxib, or 50 mg three times daily (tid) diclofenac. The primary objective
      compared patients' assessments of Global Pain Intensity, measured on a visual
      analogue scale. RESULTS: A total of 330 patients were randomized (200 mg
      celecoxib, n = 107; 400 mg celecoxib, n = 108; diclofenac, n = 115). Least
      squares mean changes in Global Pain Intensity at 12 weeks were -25.8 mm, -30.6 mm
      and -28.2 mm, respectively. Both celecoxib treatment groups were non-inferior to
      diclofenac. More patients in the 400 mg celecoxib group met the Assessments in
      Ankylosing Spondylitis 20 responder criteria at Week 12 (60.2%) than in the
      celecoxib 200 mg (51.4%) and the diclofenac 50 mg (57.4%) groups. Adverse events
      were mild-to-moderate in severity, with dyspepsia and diarrhoea the most commonly
      reported. CONCLUSIONS: Celecoxib and diclofenac both provided pain reduction, in
      addition to improvements in disease activity and functional capacity, in patients
      with ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 26980341
TI  - Mammalian X homolog acts as sex chromosome in lacertid lizards.
AB  - Among amniotes, squamate reptiles are especially variable in their mechanisms of
      sex determination; however, based largely on cytogenetic data, some lineages
      possess highly evolutionary stable sex chromosomes. The still very limited
      knowledge of the genetic content of squamate sex chromosomes precludes a reliable
      reconstruction of the evolutionary history of sex determination in this group and
      consequently in all amniotes. Female heterogamety with a degenerated W chromosome
      typifies the lizards of the family Lacertidae, the widely distributed Old World
      clade including several hundreds of species. From the liver transcriptome of the
      lacertid Takydromus sexlineatus female, we selected candidates for Z-specific
      genes as the loci lacking single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We validated the
      candidate genes through the comparison of the copy numbers in the female and male
      genomes of T. sexlineatus and another lacertid species, Lacerta agilis, by
      quantitative PCR that also proved to be a reliable technique for the molecular
      sexing of the studied species. We suggest that this novel approach is effective
      for the detection of Z-specific and X-specific genes in lineages with degenerated
      W, respectively Y chromosomes. The analyzed gene content of the Z chromosome
      revealed that lacertid sex chromosomes are not homologous with those of other
      reptiles including birds, but instead the genes have orthologs in the X-conserved
      region shared by viviparous mammals. It is possible that this part of the
      vertebrate genome was independently co-opted for the function of sex chromosomes
      in viviparous mammals and lacertids because of its content of genes involved in
      gonad differentiation.

PMID- 26980342
TI  - Evolution in situ: hybrid origin and establishment of willows (Salix L.) on
      alpine glacier forefields.
AB  - Little attention has been paid to the evolutionary consequences of the colonizing
      dynamics and succession processes following glacier retreat. Here we studied
      hybrid populations that have recently formed and established on glacier
      forefields of the European Alps owing to secondary contact of a lowland colonizer
      with a subalpine species. We analyzed the composition of two hybrid populations
      between Salix purpurea and Salix helvetica with nine microsatellite markers by
      using Bayesian methods (structure and NewHybrids), and simulations. We also
      studied niche differentiation between the hybrids and the parental species based
      on indicator values, soil pH and water retention potential measurements. Allelic
      structure of hybrids confirms the assumed parentage and in situ origin of the
      crosses on two independent sites within the last decades. Both hybrid populations
      comprised F1 and later generation hybrids (F2 and backcrosses), confirming hybrid
      fertility. The parental species showed significant differences in niche
      characteristics for temperature, soil pH, nutrients and moisture. Remarkably, the
      hybrids exhibited a higher tolerance to cold temperatures, nutrient-poor and
      acidic soils than either parent. Our results show that willow hybrids originated
      after glacier retreat and have established persistent populations within a few
      decades. One factor contributing to hybrid establishment in sympatry with their
      parents is their ability to occupy more extreme niches than either parental
      species within a mosaic-like pattern of microhabitats on the forefield.
      Introgression and/or transgressive segregation may have resulted in novel
      genotypes that are able to expand the ecological spectrum of either parent.

PMID- 26980343
TI  - Interspecific Y chromosome variation is sufficient to rescue hybrid male
      sterility and is influenced by the grandparental origin of the chromosomes.
AB  - Y chromosomes display population variation within and between species. Co
      evolution within populations is expected to produce adaptive interactions between
      Y chromosomes and the rest of the genome. One consequence is that Y chromosomes
      from disparate populations could disrupt harmonious interactions between co
      evolved genetic elements and result in reduced male fertility, sterility or
      inviability. Here we address the contribution of 'heterospecific Y chromosomes'
      to fertility in hybrid males carrying a homozygous region of Drosophila
      mauritiana introgressed in the Drosophila simulans background. In order to detect
      Y chromosome-autosome interactions, which may go unnoticed in a single-species
      background of autosomes, we constructed hybrid genotypes involving three sister
      species: Drosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, and D. sechellia. These engineered
      strains varied due to: (i) species origin of the Y chromosome (D. simulans or D.
      sechellia); (ii) location of the introgressed D. mauritiana segment on the D.
      simulans third chromosome, and (iii) grandparental genomic background (three
      genotypes of D. simulans). We find complex interactions between the species
      origin of the Y chromosome, the identity of the D. mauritiana segment and the
      grandparental genetic background donating the chromosomes. Unexpectedly, the
      interaction of the Y chromosome and one segment of D. mauritiana drastically
      reduced fertility in the presence of Ysim, whereas the fertility is partially
      rescued by the Y chromosome of D. sechellia when it descends from a specific
      grandparental genotype. The restoration of fertility occurs in spite of an
      autosomal and X-linked genome that is mostly of D. simulans origin. These results
      illustrate the multifactorial basis of genetic interactions involving the Y
      chromosome. Our study supports the hypothesis that the Y chromosome can
      contribute significantly to the evolution of reproductive isolation and
      highlights the conditional manifestation of infertility in specific genotypic
      combinations.

PMID- 26980344
TI  - A novel study on the mechanisms of drug release in PLGA-mPEG microspheres with
      fluorescent drug.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to proof the microspheres release mechanism by a
      novel method-detecting and comparing the drugs fluorescent changes on the
      microspheres surface. Fluorescein sodium (FS, 0.4 kDa) and fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA, 66.8 kDa) were employed as model
      drugs. FS and FITC-BSA were encapsulated into PLGA-mPEG microspheres through
      double emulsion evaporation method, and the drug-loaded microspheres in vitro
      degradation and release behaviors were evaluated by scanning electron microscope,
      gel permeation chromatography, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), BCA
      assay kit, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. FS-loaded microspheres revealed a severe
      initial burst release, followed by a sustained release, and we could observe a
      bright fluorescent on the microspheres surface during the early release period
      under the CLSM. The bright fluorescent gradually faded out in the later period as
      only 1~2% FS was remained after 14 days release. FITC-BSA-loaded microspheres
      revealed a typical tri-phase release profile, and we observed a weak fluorescent
      on the microspheres surface after the initial burst release, and the fluorescent
      came bright again after an obvious erosion appeared on the microspheres surface.
      In the later release stage, the fluorescent gradually faded out as the fast
      release of FITC-BSA.

PMID- 26980345
TI  - IL-10-producing regulatory B-cells suppressed effector T-cells but enhanced
      regulatory T-cells in chronic HBV infection.
AB  - Non-specific immune responses to antigens have been demonstrated as being
      enhanced during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Here, we evaluated the
      role of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing regulatory B-cells (Bregs) in the
      pathogenesis of HBV-related liver fibrosis (HBV-LF) and assessed their
      immunoregulatory effects. Sixty-seven patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B
      (CHB) were enrolled in this study. Numbers and frequencies of peripheral B-cells
      (memory CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD27(+) cells, immature/transitional
      CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) cells, mature CD19(+)CD24(int)CD38(int) cells) were
      tested and analysed. Flow cytometry-sorted CD4(+)T cells were cultured with
      autologous Bregs to elucidate the effects of Bregs on CD4(+)T cells, including
      effector T and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). The potential immunoregulatory
      mechanism of Bregs was also investigated. The numbers of total B-cells and Bregs
      were enriched in CHB patients. The frequency of Bregs was negatively correlated
      with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and histological inflammation grades
      (G), but positively correlated with advanced histological fibrosis stages (S) and
      enhanced HBV replication. The phenotype of Bregs was predominantly characterized
      as CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) In co-culture with Bregs, CD4(+)CD25(-)T cells from
      CHB patients produced less interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-17 but more IL-4
      than CD4(+)CD25(-)T cells alone, whereas their conversions into Tregs and IL
      10(+)T cells were enhanced. In addition, Breg depletion in CHB samples
      dramatically decreased Treg numbers and expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
      associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF
      beta). Moreover, the observed regulatory effect was partly dependent on IL-10
      release and cell-to-cell contact. Elevated Bregs can suppress effector T but
      enhance Treg functions, which might influence immune tolerance in chronic HBV
      infection.

PMID- 26980347
TI  - RhinoChill((r))-more than an "ice-cream headache (1)" serious adverse event
      related to transnasal evaporative cooling.

PMID- 26980346
TI  - Impaired glucose tolerance after brief heat exposure: a randomized crossover
      study in healthy young men.
AB  - A high demand on thermoregulatory processes may challenge homoeostasis,
      particularly regarding glucose regulation. This has been understudied, although
      it might concern millions of humans. The objective of this project was to examine
      the isolated and combined effects of experimental short-term mild heat exposure
      and metabolic level on glucoregulation. Two experimental randomized crossover
      studies were conducted. Ten healthy young men participated in study A, which
      comprises four sessions in a fasting state at two metabolic levels [rest and
      exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (O2) for 40 min] in two environmental
      temperatures (warm: 31 degrees C and control: 22 degrees C). Each session ended
      with an ad libitum meal, resulting in similar energy intake across sessions. In
      study B, 12 healthy young men underwent two 3 h oral glucose tolerance tests
      (OGTTs) in warm and control environmental temperatures. Venous blood was sampled
      at several time points. In study A, repeated measure ANOVAs revealed higher
      postprandial serum glucose and insulin levels with heat exposure. Glycaemia
      following the OGTT was higher in the warm temperature compared with control. The
      kinetics of the serum glucose response to the glucose load was also affected by
      the environmental temperature (temperature-by-time interaction, P=0.030), with
      differences between the warm and control conditions observed up to 90 min after
      the glucose load (all P<0.033). These studies provide evidence that heat exposure
      alters short-term glucoregulation. The implication of this environmental factor
      in the physiopathology of Type 2 diabetes has yet to be investigated.

PMID- 26980348
TI  - Cardiopulmonary arrest is the most frequent cause of the unresponsive wakefulness
      syndrome: A prospective population-based cohort study in Austria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The "Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome" (UWS) or previously termed
      vegetative state is a possible consequence of severe brain damage where
      individuals just open their eyes but show no conscious behavioural reaction.
      While head trauma has previously been considered the prevailing cause, clinical
      experience suggests shows that cardiopulmonary arrest plays an increasingly
      important role. We therefore attempted to study this hypothesis in a well-defined
      region of Austria. METHODS: Prospective population-based cohort study to
      calculate the incidence and aetiologies of the UWS. All facilities in the state
      of Styria (n=38), which are involved in the medical care of patients with brain
      damage, participated. Among the adult population of Styria (n=1010,164) we
      identified all individuals who developed UWS over a one year period. The
      diagnosis was based on a formal neurologic evaluation at least 4 weeks after the
      brain damage and had to be in line with the criteria of the "Multi-society Task
      Force on Persistent Vegetative State". RESULTS: We identified 19 individual with
      UWS which correspond to an annual incidence of 1.88/100,000 people. Male gender
      predominated (78.9%) and the mean age was 57.8 years (age range 18-78 years). The
      most frequent cause of UWS was cerebral hypoxia in the wake of cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation (63%), cerebral bleeding (21%) and brain trauma (16%). CONCLUSIONS:
      Cardiopulmonary resuscitation has become the major cause of UWS which leads to an
      increasing incidence with age. These aspects may become even more prominent with
      the ageing of our population and need to be considered in the organisation of
      care.

PMID- 26980349
TI  - National population size estimation of illicit drug users through the network
      scale-up method in 2013 in Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For a better understanding of the current situation of drug use in
      Iran, we utilized the network scale-up approach to estimate the prevalence of
      illicit drug use in the entire country. METHODS: We implemented a self
      administered, street-based questionnaire to 7535 passersby from the general
      public over 18 years of age by street based random walk quota sampling (based on
      gender, age and socio-economic status) from 31 provinces in Iran. The sample size
      in each province was approximately 400, ranging from 200 to 1000. In each
      province 75% of sample was recruited from the capital and the remaining 25% was
      recruited from one of the large cities of that province through stratified
      sampling. The questionnaire comprised questions on demographic information as
      well as questions to measure the total network size of participants as well as
      the network size in each of seven drug use groups including Opium, Shire
      (combination of Opium residue and pure opium), Crystal Methamphetamine,
      heroin/crack (which in Iranian context is a cocaine-free drug that mostly
      contains heroin, codeine, morphine and caffeine with or without other drugs),
      Hashish, Methamphetamine/LSD/ecstasy, and injecting drugs. The estimated size for
      each group was adjusted for transmission and barrier ratios. RESULTS: The most
      common type of illicit drug used was opium with the prevalence of 1500 per
      100,000 population followed by shire (660), crystal methamphetamine (590),
      hashish (470), heroin/crack (350), methamphetamine, LSD and ecstasy (300) and
      injecting drugs (280). All types of substances were more common among men than
      women. The use of opium, shire and injecting drugs was more common in individuals
      over 30 whereas the use of stimulants and hashish was largest among individuals
      between 18 and 30 years of age. CONCLUSION: It seems that younger individuals and
      women are more desired to use new synthetic drugs such as crystal
      methamphetamine. Extending the preventive programs especially in youth as like as
      scaling up harm reduction services would be the main priorities in prevention and
      control of substance use in Iran. Because of poor service coverage and high
      stigma in women, more targeted programs in this affected population are needed.

PMID- 26980350
TI  - Neutralization of IL-23 depresses experimental ocular neovascularization.
AB  - Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a heterodimeric cytokine that consists of p19, a novel
      subunit, and p40, which is shared by IL-12. IL-23 has been demonstrated to play
      an important role in autoimmunity and tumor growth. However, the role of IL-23 in
      ocular neovascularization (NV) diseases remains unclear. In this study, we
      explored the role of IL-23 in the processing of retinal and choroidal
      neovascularization (RNV and CNV). We found a significantly higher expression of
      IL-23 in the retinas with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), and after
      neutralizing IL-23, the mRNA and protein levels of the angiogenic factors
      vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)1/FLT-1, VEGFR2/FLK-1,
      placental growth factor (PIGF), endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase
      (Tie2), inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2
      and MMP9 were significantly down regulated, while the opposite trend was found
      for the anti-angiogenic molecules chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 9 and
      CXCL10. IL-23 blockade caused less NV in both the RNV and CNV mouse models. In
      addition, our in vitro assay showed that IL-23 alone is able to increase the
      ability of endothelial cells to form tubes. Our findings suggest that targeting
      IL-23 could be a potential therapy for RNV and CNV diseases.

PMID- 26980351
TI  - Plication for the treatment of a radio-cephalic fistula with ulnar artery steal.
AB  - PURPOSE: Generally the steal syndrome occurs in proximal arterial-venous fistulas
      and only exceptionally with distal vascular access because of the high number of
      arteries supplying the hand. We describe a rare case of steal syndrome of a
      proximalized distal radio-cephalic fistula stealing from both the radial and
      ulnar artery through the palmar arch. METHODS: An 86 year old man was admitted
      because of a cyanotic, swollen left hand with trophic lesions at the third
      finger. He had a latero-terminal radio-cephalic fistula performed in 2006 with
      subsequent proximalization performed four years later after failure of the first
      one. Duplex ultrasound examination showed a high flow within the fistula (2080
      mL/min) and a retrograde perfusion of the radial artery from the ulnar artery
      through the palmar arch and an angiography excluded stenosis along the radial
      artery. RESULTS: We treated the steal syndrome through a plication technique that
      was performed with careful flow variations measurement, under duplex evaluation,
      during the surgical procedure. That procedure was effective to maintain the
      fistula flow and obtain the symptoms relief. The patient was evaluated the day
      after the intervention and after 10 weeks. The clinical examination highlighted
      the resolution of hand ischemia. The Duplex Ultrasound examination showed a lower
      flow within the fistula (1060 mL/min) and a retrograde perfusion of the radial
      artery from the ulnar artery through the palmar arch with a three-phase flow.
      dialysis access from the fistula was never interrupted from immediately after
      surgery to the present date. CONCLUSIONS: Plication is an effective technique for
      treatment of steal syndrome requiring a short operative time and it is related to
      satisfying post-operative results.

PMID- 26980352
TI  - Bonding strategies of resin cement to Er,Cr:YSGG lased dentin: micro-CT
      evaluation and microshear bond strength testing.
AB  - AIMS: Pretreatment of the tooth surface is essential for establishing effective
      micromechanical retention between it and the restoration. The purpose of this
      study was to evaluate the bond strength between the resin and the Er,Cr:YSGG
      laser irradiated dentin and to examine morphologic characterization of the dentin
      resin interface. In addition, the study evaluated the quantity of opened and
      closed dentinal tubules. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty extracted human molars were
      sectioned into samples of 1 mm thickness. The samples were randomly assigned to
      two groups containing 15 specimens each. Surface treatments were not applied to
      the samples in the control group and the samples in the experimental group were
      irradiated with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Two resin cement samples were polymerized on
      the surface of each sliced dentin. The microshear bond strength (MUSBS) between
      dentin and cement (n = 30 for each group) was measured with a universal testing
      machine. The topography and morphology of the resin-dentin interface were
      evaluated by micro-CT (n = 20 for each group). The areas of closed tubular space,
      closed porosity, area of open tubular space, open porosity, total area of tubular
      space and fractal dimension were investigated by micro-CT. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
      USED: The data for each parameter were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk and Student's t
      test (p<0.05). RESULTS: uSBS values for control group were higher than
      experimental group. Dentin surfaces in the control group revealed less closed and
      more opened dentin tubules compared to the experimental group. Total area of
      tubular space was found to have decreased due to the laser ablation. There was no
      significant difference between the fractal dimensions of the control and
      experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: The lased dentin surface was not favorable for
      the bonding mechanism due to alterations in the dentinal structure.

PMID- 26980353
TI  - Does information overload prevent chronic patients from reading self-management
      educational materials?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-care management is becoming an important part of care for
      chronic patients. However, various kinds of self-management educational materials
      which government or healthcare institutions provide for patients may not achieve
      the expected outcome. One of the critical reasons affecting patients' use
      intention could be patients' perceived information overload regarding the self
      management educational materials. PURPOSE: This study proposed an extended model
      of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which incorporated perceived information
      overload, to explore if information overload will prevent chronic patients from
      reading educational materials for self-care management. The independent variables
      are attitude, subject norm, perceived behavior control and perceived information
      overload while the dependent variable is behavior intention to use the self
      management educational materials. Perceived information overload is also referred
      to as an antecedent variable which may has impacts on attitude and perceived
      behavior control. METHODS: The cross-sectional study interviewed newly diagnosed
      chronic patients with coronary artery disease, who are the potential users of the
      self-management educational materials, in a medical center in Taiwan. Data were
      analyzed using descriptive statistics of the basic information distribution of
      the respondents, and structural equation modeling to study the reliability and
      validity for testing hypotheses. RESULTS: A total of 110 respondents were
      enrolled in this study and successful interview data were collected from 106
      respondents. The result indicates that the patients' perceived information
      overload of self-management educational materials was validated to have impacts
      on attitude and perceived behavioral control constructs of the TPB as well as
      contributing a direct impact on patients' intentions to use self-management
      educational materials. Besides, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control
      constructs were validated to have significant impacts on behavioral intentions,
      whereas the attitude construct was not. Finally, the relationships between
      information overload and attitude, information overload and intention, subjective
      norm and intention, as well as perceived behavioral control and intention varied
      significantly between highly- and less-educated respondents. Differing self
      management educational materials for respondents of various educational levels
      could be formulated to substantially boost the use of self-management educational
      materials. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a comprehensive framework, which
      extended perceived information overload into the TPB model, to predict patients'
      behavioral intention of using self-management educational materials. We expect
      the results of this study will provide useful insights for studying self
      management educational materials usage and information overload from the
      perspectives of academia, governments, and healthcare providers.

PMID- 26980355
TI  - OMARC: An online multimedia application for training health care providers in the
      assessment of respiratory conditions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: OMARC, a multimedia application designed to support the training of
      health care providers for the identification of common lung sounds heard in a
      patient's thorax as part of a health assessment, is described and its positive
      contribution to user learning is assessed. The main goal of OMARC is to
      effectively help health-care students become familiar with lung sounds as part of
      the assessment of respiratory conditions. In addition, the application must be
      easy to use and accessible to students and practitioners over the internet.
      SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: OMARC was developed using an online platform to facilitate
      access to users in remote locations. OMARC's unique contribution as an
      educational software tool is that it presents a narrative about normal and
      abnormal lung sounds using interactive multimedia and sample case studies
      designed by professional health-care providers and educators. Its interface
      consists of two distinct components: a sounds glossary and a rich multimedia
      interface which presents clinical case studies and provides access to lung sounds
      placed on a model of a human torso. OMARC's contents can be extended through the
      addition of sounds and case studies designed by health-care educators and
      professionals. VALIDATION AND RESULTS: To validate OMARC and determine its
      efficacy in improving learning and capture user perceptions about it, we
      performed a pilot study with ten nursing students. Participants' performance was
      measured through an evaluation of their ability to identify several normal and
      adventitious/abnormal sounds prior and after exposure to OMARC. Results indicate
      that participants are able to better identify different lung sounds, going from
      an average of 63% (S.D. 18.3%) in the pre-test evaluation to an average of 90%
      (S.D. of 11.5%) after practising with OMARC. Furthermore, participants indicated
      in a user satisfaction questionnaire that they found the application helpful,
      easy to use and that they would recommend it to other persons in their field.
      CONCLUSIONS: OMARC is an online multimedia application for training health care
      students in the assessment of respiratory conditions. The software integrates
      multimedia technology and health-care education concepts to facilitate learning,
      while being useful and easy to use. Results from a pilot study indicate that
      OMARC significantly helps to improve the capacity of the users to correctly
      identify lung sounds for different respiratory conditions. In addition,
      participants' opinions about OMARC were quite positive: users were likely to
      recommend the application to other persons in their field and found the
      application easy to use and helpful to better identify lung sounds.

PMID- 26980354
TI  - Behavior and attitudes of residents and general practitioners in searching for
      health information: From intention to practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physicians are increasingly encouraged to practice evidence-based
      medicine (EBM), and their decisions require evidence based on valid research.
      Existing literature shows a mismatch between general practitioners' (GPs)
      information needs and evidence available online. The aim of this study was to
      explore the attitudes and behavior of residents in general medicine and GPs when
      seeking medical information online. METHODS: Five focus groups (FGs) involving
      residents in general medicine and GPs were conducted between October 2013 and
      January 2014. The overall number of participants recruited was 35. The focus
      group discussion guide focused on participants' experiences in searching for
      health information on the Internet, perceived barriers and possible solutions for
      improving the quality of their own search processes. Descriptive analysis was
      performed by three researchers. RESULTS: Participants described a wide range of
      research topics, covering all general medicine core competencies, and especially
      patient-oriented topics. They used a limited list of websites. Participants were
      not confident about their ability to assess the quality of the information they
      found. Their assessment of data quality was based on intuition, and they mainly
      sought concordance with their existing knowledge. The way the data were exposed
      was considered very important. Participants were looking for information that was
      directly linked to their clinical practice. Information seeking processes varied
      among participants. They felt they had not mastered query building for conducting
      searches, and were aware of the impact this shortcoming had on the quality of
      their search for information. CONCLUSIONS: Residents in general medicine and GPs
      understood the importance of EBM and the need for objective and reliable
      information. The present study highlights the difficulties in identifying this
      kind of information, and suggests ideas for improvement. Available search tools
      should change in order to fill the gap with real-world clinical practice, for
      example by integrating a patient-centred approach.

PMID- 26980356
TI  - Distributed clinical data sharing via dynamic access-control policy
      transformation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Data sharing in electronic health record (EHR) systems is important
      for improving the quality of healthcare delivery. Data sharing, however, has
      raised some security and privacy concerns because healthcare data could be
      potentially accessible by a variety of users, which could lead to privacy
      exposure of patients. Without addressing this issue, large-scale adoption and
      sharing of EHR data are impractical. The traditional solution to the problem is
      via encryption. Although encryption can be applied to access control, it is not
      applicable for complex EHR systems that require multiple domains (e.g. public and
      private clouds) with various access requirements. OBJECTIVES: This study was
      carried out to address the security and privacy issues of EHR data sharing with
      our novel access-control mechanism, which captures the scenario of the hybrid
      clouds and need of access-control policy transformation, to provide secure and
      privacy-preserving data sharing among different healthcare enterprises. METHODS:
      We introduce an access-control mechanism with some cryptographic building blocks
      and present a novel approach for secure EHR data sharing and access-control
      policy transformation in EHR systems for hybrid clouds. RESULTS: We propose a
      useful data sharing system for healthcare providers to handle various EHR users
      who have various access privileges in different cloud environments. A systematic
      study has been conducted on data sharing in EHR systems to provide a solution to
      the security and privacy issues. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we introduce an
      access-control method for privacy protection of EHRs and EHR policy
      transformation that allows an EHR access-control policy to be transformed from a
      private cloud to a public cloud. This method has never been studied previously in
      the literature. Furthermore, we provide a protocol to demonstrate policy
      transformation as an application scenario.

PMID- 26980357
TI  - Assessing and comparing the usability of Chinese EHRs used in two Peking
      University hospitals to EHRs used in the US: A method of RUA.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the usability level of
      Chinese hospital Electronic Health Records (EHRs) by assessing the completion
      times of EHRs for seven "meaningful use (MU)" relevant tasks conducted at two
      Chinese tertiary hospitals and comparing the results to those of relevant
      research conducted in US EHRs. METHODS: Using Rapid Usability Assessment (RUA)
      developed by the National Center for Cognitive Informatics and Decision Making
      (NCCD), the usability of EHRs from two Peking University hospitals was assessed
      using a three-step Keystroke Level Model (KLM) in a laboratory environment.
      RESULTS: (1) The total EHR task completion time for 7 MU relevant test tasks
      showed no significant differences between the two Chinese EHRs and their US
      counterparts, in which the time for thinking was relatively large and comprised
      35.6% of the total time. The time for the electronic physician order was the
      largest. (2) For specific tasks, the mean completion times of the 2 hospital EHR
      systems spent on recording, modifying and searching (RMS) the medication orders
      were similar to those for the RMS radioactive tests; the mean time spent on the
      RMS laboratory test orders were much less. (3) There were 85 usability problems
      identified in the 2 hospital EHR systems. DISCUSSION: In Chinese EHRs, a
      substantial amount of time is required to complete tasks relevant to MU targets
      and many preventable usability problems can be discovered. The task completion
      time of the 2 Chinese EHR systems was a little shorter than in the 5 reported US
      EHR systems, while the differences in smoking status and CPOE tasks were obvious;
      one main reason for these differences was the use of structured data entry.
      CONCLUSIONS: The efficiency of Chinese and US EHRs was not significantly
      different. The key to improving the efficiency of both systems lies in expediting
      the Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) task. Many usability problems can
      be identified using heuristic assessments and improved by corresponding actions.

PMID- 26980358
TI  - Evaluating Model-Driven Development for large-scale EHRs through the openEHR
      approach.
AB  - PURPOSE: In healthcare, the openEHR standard is a promising Model-Driven
      Development (MDD) approach for electronic healthcare records. This paper aims to
      identify key socio-technical challenges when the openEHR approach is put to use
      in Norwegian hospitals. More specifically, key fundamental assumptions are
      investigated empirically. These assumptions promise a clear separation of
      technical and domain concerns, users being in control of the modelling process,
      and widespread user commitment. Finally, these assumptions promise an easy way to
      model and map complex organizations. METHODS: This longitudinal case study is
      based on an interpretive approach, whereby data were gathered through 440h of
      participant observation, 22 semi-structured interviews and extensive document
      studies over 4 years. RESULTS: The separation of clinical and technical concerns
      seemed to be aspirational, because both designing the technical system and
      modelling the domain required technical and clinical competence. Hence developers
      and clinicians found themselves working together in both arenas. User control and
      user commitment seemed not to apply in large-scale projects, as modelling the
      domain turned out to be too complicated and hence to appeal only to especially
      interested users worldwide, not the local end-users. Modelling proved to be a
      complex standardization process that shaped both the actual modelling and
      healthcare practice itself. CONCLUSION: A broad assemblage of contributors seems
      to be needed for developing an archetype-based system, in which roles,
      responsibilities and contributions cannot be clearly defined and delimited. The
      way MDD occurs has implications for medical practice per se in the form of the
      need to standardize practices to ensure that medical concepts are uniform across
      practices.

PMID- 26980359
TI  - Reasons for intentional guideline non-adherence: A systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reasons for intentional non-adherence to guidelines are largely
      unknown. The objective of this systematic review was to gain insight into and
      categorize reasons for intentional non-adherence and their validity. Non
      adherence might be a conscious choice by either the clinician or the patient, and
      is not influenced by external factors (e.g. lack of knowledge or resources). We
      use the term intentional non-adherence to describe this class of reasons for not
      following guideline recommendations. METHODS: Two independent reviewers examined
      MEDLINE citations for studies that investigated reasons for guideline non
      adherence. The obtained articles were assessed for relevance and quality. Our
      search yielded 2912 articles, of which 16 matched our inclusion criteria and
      quality requirements. We planned to determine an overall ranking of categories of
      non-adherence. RESULTS: Seven studies investigated clinical reasons and performed
      adjudication, while nine studies did not perform adjudication. Non-adherence
      varied between 8.2% and 65.3%. Meta-analysis proved unfeasible due to
      heterogeneity of study methodologies. The percentage of reasons deemed valid by
      adjudication ranged from 6.6% to 93.6%. Guideline non-adherence was predominantly
      valid; contra-indications and patient preference were most often reported as
      reasons for intentional non-adherence. CONCLUSION: We found a wide range of rates
      of non-adherence to clinical guidelines. This non-adherence is often supported by
      valid reasons, mainly related to contra-indications and patient preference.
      Therefore, we submit that many guideline deviations are intentional and these
      deviations do not necessarily impact quality of care.

PMID- 26980360
TI  - Highly grafted polystyrene/polyvinylpyridine polymer gold nanoparticles in a good
      solvent: effects of chain length and composition.
AB  - In this work, the structural features of spherical gold nanoparticles (NPs)
      decorated with highly grafted poly(styrene) (PS), poly(vinylpyridine) (PVP) and
      PS-PVP diblock copolymer brushes immersed in a good solvent are investigated by
      means of Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulations as a function of grafted
      chain length and of homopolymer and copolymer chain composition. For NPs grafted
      either by PS or PVP homopolymer brushes (selected as a proof of concept), good
      agreement between the Daoud-Cotton theory, experimental evidence, and our DPD
      simulations is observed in the scaling behavior of single chain properties,
      especially for longer grafted chains, and in brush thickness prediction. On the
      other hand, for grafted chain lengths comparable to NP dimensions parabolic-like
      profiles of the end-monomer distributions are obtained. Furthermore, a region of
      high concentration of polymer segments is observed in the monomer density
      distribution for long homopolymers. In the case of copolymer-decorated NPs, the
      repulsion between PS and PVP blocks is found to substantially influence the
      radius of gyration and the shape of the end-monomer distribution of the relevant
      polymer shell. Moreover, for diblock chains, the un-swollen region is observed to
      be thinner (and, correspondingly, the swollen layer thicker) than that of a NP
      modified with a homopolymer of the same length. Finally, the lateral segregation
      of PS and PVP blocks is evidenced by our calculations and a detailed analysis of
      the corona behavior is reported, thus revealing the key parameters in controlling
      the surface properties and the response of diblock copolymer modified
      nanoparticles. 

PMID- 26980361
TI  - The importance of transmission electron microscopy analysis of spermatozoa:
      Diagnostic applications and basic research.
AB  - This review is aimed at discussing the role of ultrastructural studies on human
      spermatozoa and evaluating transmission electron microscopy as a diagnostic tool
      that can complete andrology protocols. It is clear that morphological sperm
      defects may explain decreased fertilizing potential and acquire particular value
      in the field of male infertility. Electron microscopy is the best method to
      identify systematic or monomorphic and non-systematic or polymorphic sperm
      defects. The systematic defects are characterized by a particular anomaly that
      affects the vast majority of spermatozoa in a semen sample, whereas a
      heterogeneous combination of head and tail defects found in variable percentages
      are typically non-systematic or polymorphic sperm defects. A correct diagnosis of
      these specific sperm alterations is important for choosing the male infertility's
      therapy and for deciding to turn to assisted reproduction techniques.
      Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also represents a valuable method to
      explore the in vitro effects of different compounds (for example drugs with
      potential spermicidal activity) on the morphology of human spermatozoa. Finally,
      TEM used in combination with immunohistochemical techniques, integrates
      structural and functional aspects that provide a wide horizon in the
      understanding of sperm physiology and pathology. ABBREVIATIONS: transmission
      electron microscopy: TEM; World Health Organization: WHO; light microscopy: LM;
      motile sperm organelle morphology examination: MSOME; intracytoplasmic
      morphologically selected sperm injection: IMSI; intracytoplasmic sperm injection:
      ICSI; dysplasia of fibrous sheath: DFS; primary ciliary dyskinesia: PCD; outer
      dense fibers: ODF; assisted reproduction technologies: ART; scanning electron
      microscopy: SEM; polyvinylpirrolidone: PVP; tert-butylhydroperoxide: TBHP.

PMID- 26980362
TI  - Exercise: An Important Key to Prevent Physical and Cognitive Frailty.

PMID- 26980364
TI  - Frailty Across Age Groups.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The implementation of an aging biomarker into clinical practice is
      under debate. The Frailty Index is a model of deficit accumulation and has shown
      to accurately capture frailty in older adults, thus bridging biological with
      clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: To describe the association of socio-demographic
      characteristics and the Frailty Index in different age groups (from 20 to over
      one hundred years) in a representative sample of Mexican subjects. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional analysis. SETTING: Nationwide and population-representative survey.
      PARTICIPANTS: Adults 20-years and older interviewed during the last Mexican
      National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012). MEASUREMENTS: A 30-item Frailty
      Index following standard construction was developed. Multi-level regression
      models were performed to test the associations of the Frailty Index with multiple
      socio-demographic characteristics across age groups. RESULTS: A total of 29,504
      subjects was analyzed. The 30-item Frailty Index showed the highest scores in the
      older age groups, especially in women. No sociodemographic variable was
      associated with the Frailty Index in all the studied age groups. However,
      employment, economic income, and smoking status were more consistently found
      across age groups. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report
      describing the Frailty Index in a representative large sample of a Latin American
      country. Increasing age and gender were closely associated with a higher score.

PMID- 26980365
TI  - Association between Berg Balance, Physiological Profile Assessment and Physical
      Activity, Physical Function and Body Composition: A Cross-sectional Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Falls are of great concern to older adults and costly to the health
      system. In addition the relationship between falls risk and falls risk predictor
      characteristics is complex. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the
      relationship between two objective fall-risk measures tools, the Physiological
      Profile Assessment and the Berg Balance Scale and to determine how an
      individual's sex, level of physical function, health-related and body composition
      characteristics impact these objective falls risk measures. DESIGN: A cross
      sectional, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: 245 community-dwelling older adults
      (M age=68.12 years, SD=6.21; 69.8% female). MEASUREMENTS: Participants were
      assessed for falls-risk (Physiological Profile Assessment and the Berg Balance
      Scale), physical activity, physical functional and body composition
      characteristics. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated
      to examine bivariate relationships and hierarchical multiple linear regression
      modelling was used to estimate the contribution of each predictor in explaining
      variance in falls-risk. RESULTS: In females, there was a weak association between
      the two objective falls-risk measures (r =-0.17 p <0.05). The number of falls in
      the previous 12 months explained 6% of variance in Physiological Profile
      Assessment scores, with bone density of the lumbar spine contributing a further
      1%. In males and females, variance in the Berg Balance Scale showed that age
      (25%) and physical function (16% for females, 28% for males) contributed
      significantly to the explaining variance in the falls-risk measure. CONCLUSION:
      Sex differences are apparent and as such males and females should be assessed
      (and potentially treated) differently with regards to falls risk. Results
      indicate that both falls risk assessment tools measure aspects of balance but are
      not interchangeable. The Berg Balance Scale may be more discriminative in older,
      less functioning adults and the Physiological Profile Assessment is more useful
      in assessing falls risk in females.

PMID- 26980366
TI  - Validity and Reliability of the Polish Version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator
      (TFI).
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the last decade, studies on frailty have become increasingly
      frequent in the literature on aging, and also the number of available
      questionnaires regarding frailty has increased over the years. Therefore, the
      choice of which questionnaire to use is becoming more difficult. OBJECTIVE: The
      aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Polish version
      of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), an instrument that identifies frailty in
      the elderly population. DESIGN: Setting, and Participants. The study was carried
      out in a community-based setting in Wroclaw, Poland. Nurses and doctors (general
      practitioners) administered the TFI in primary care facilities. Participants
      included a sample of 212 community dwelling elderly aged 60 or older (mean
      age:70.6 SD>=7.16). MEASUREMENTS: The validation (assessment of face validity,
      content validity) was carried out in accordance with the literature. The Tilburg
      Frailty Indicator (TFI) consists of two different parts. One part addresses the
      potential determinants of frailty and the other specifically addresses the
      components of frailty, covering its physical, psychological and social domains.
      Scale reliability was estimated using two methods: Cronbach's alpha, measuring
      the scale's internal consistency, and the test-retest method, determining the
      scale's absolute stability. To assess test-retest reliability, the same group was
      re-interviewed by the same observer within 10-14 days of the first interview.
      RESULTS: The test-retest reliability showed a high level of agreement for all
      items of the instrument, with values ranging from 96 to 100%. The Cronbach's
      Alpha internal consistency was 0.74. CONCLUSION: The Polish version of the TFI
      proved to be a valid and reproducible tool for assessment of Frailty Syndrome for
      the Polish population. We would recommend to be used as the screening tool to
      assess frailty.

PMID- 26980363
TI  - Genetic Moderators of the Impact of Physical Activity on Depressive Symptoms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Converging evidence suggests that physical activity is an effective
      intervention for both clinical depression and sub-threshold depressive symptoms;
      however, findings are not always consistent. These mixed results might reflect
      heterogeneity in response to physical activity, with some subgroups of
      individuals responding positively, but not others. OBJECTIVES: 1) To examine the
      impact of genetic variation and sex on changes in depressive symptoms in older
      adults after a physical activity (PA) intervention, and 2) to determine if PA
      differentially improves particular symptom dimensions of depression. DESIGN:
      Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Four field centers (Cooper Institute,
      Stanford University, University of Pittsburgh, and Wake Forest University).
      PARTICIPANTS: 396 community-dwelling adults aged 70-89 years who participated in
      the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Pilot Study (LIFE-P).
      INTERVENTION: 12-month PA intervention compared to an education control.
      MEASUREMENTS: Polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes; 12-month change in
      the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale total score, as well as
      scores on the depressed affect, somatic symptoms, and lack of positive affect
      subscales. RESULTS: Men randomized to the PA arm showed the greatest decreases in
      somatic symptoms, with a preferential benefit in male carriers of the BDNF Met
      allele. Symptoms of lack of positive affect decreased more in men compared to
      women, particularly in those possessing the 5-HTT L allele, but the effect did
      not differ by intervention arm. APOE status did not affect change in depressive
      symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest that the impact of PA on
      depressive symptoms varies by genotype and sex, and that PA may mitigate somatic
      symptoms of depression more than other symptoms. The results suggest that a
      targeted approach to recommending PA therapy for treatment of depression is
      viable.

PMID- 26980367
TI  - Muscle Disuse as a Pivotal Problem in Sarcopenia-related Muscle Loss and
      Dysfunction.
AB  - An age-associated loss of muscle mass and strength--sarcopenia--begins at around
      the fifth decade of life, with mass being lost at ~0.5-1.2% per year and strength
      at ~3% per year. Sarcopenia can contribute to a variety of negative health
      outcomes, including an increased risk for falls and fractures, the development of
      metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus, and increase the chance of
      requiring assisted living. Linear sarcopenic declines in muscle mass and strength
      are, however, punctuated by transient periods of muscle disuse that can
      accelerate losses of muscle and strength, which could result in increased risk
      for the aforementioned conditions. Muscle disuse is recognizable with bed rest or
      immobilization (for example, due to surgery or acute illness requiring
      hospitalization); however, recent work has shown that even a relative reduction
      in ambulation (reduced daily steps) results in significant reductions in muscle
      mass, strength and possibly an increase in disease risk. Although reduced
      ambulation is a seemingly "benign" form of disuse, compared to bed rest and
      immobilization, reports have documented that 2-3 weeks of reduced daily steps may
      induce: negative changes in body composition, reductions in muscle strength and
      quality, anabolic resistance, and decrements in glycemic control in older adults.
      Importantly, periods of reduced ambulation likely occur fairly frequently and
      appear more difficult to fully recover from, in older adults. Here we explore the
      consequences of muscle disuse due to reduced ambulatory activity in older adults,
      with frequent comparisons to established models of disuse: bed rest and
      immobilization.

PMID- 26980369
TI  - Dietary Protein to Maintain Muscle Mass in Aging: A Case for Per-meal Protein
      Recommendations.
AB  - It is well accepted that daily protein intake is an important dietary
      consideration to limit and treat age-related declines in muscle mass, strength,
      and function. Furthermore, we propose that there is a growing appreciation for
      the need to consider protein intake on a per-meal basis rather than simply
      focusing on the total daily protein intake. The existence of a saturable dose
      response relationship between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and the quantity of
      protein consumed in a single meal/bolus provides the rationale for promoting an
      even/balanced pattern of daily protein intake. We hypothesize that a
      balanced/even protein intake pattern with the ingestion a quantity of protein
      shown to optimally stimulate MPS at each meal may be an effective strategy to
      alleviate sarcopenic muscle loss. In this review we examine the available
      evidence supporting the influence of dietary protein intake pattern on muscle
      protein turnover, muscle mass, and muscle function. We present several practical
      considerations that, it is proposed, should be taken into account when
      translating a per-meal protein recommendation into dietary advice for older
      adults. 

PMID- 26980368
TI  - Frailty and Constellations of Factors in Aging HIV-infected and Uninfected Women-
      The Women's Interagency HIV Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biological similarities are noted between aging and HIV infection.
      Middle-aged adults with HIV infection may present as elderly due to accelerated
      aging or having more severe aging phenotypes occurring at younger ages.
      OBJECTIVES: We explored age-adjusted prevalence of frailty, a geriatric
      condition, among HIV+ and at risk HIV- women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING:
      The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). PARTICIPANTS: 2028 middle-aged (average
      age 39 years) female participants (1449 HIV+; 579 HIV-). MEASUREMENTS: The Fried
      Frailty Index (FFI), HIV status variables, and constellations of variables
      representing Demographic/health behaviors and Aging-related chronic diseases.
      Associations between the FFI and other variables were estimated, followed by
      stepwise regression models. RESULTS: Overall frailty prevalence was 15.2% (HIV+,
      17%; HIV-, 10%). A multivariable model suggested that HIV infection with CD4
      count<200; age>40 years; current or former smoking; income <=$12,000; moderate vs
      low fibrinogen-4 (FIB-4) levels; and moderate vs high estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR) were positively associated with frailty. Low or moderate
      drinking was protective. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is a multidimensional aging
      phenotype observed in mid-life among women with HIV infection. Prevalence of
      frailty in this sample of HIV-infected women exceeds that for usual elderly
      populations. This highlights the need for geriatricians and gerontologists to
      interact with younger 'at risk' populations, and assists in the formulation of
      best recommendations for frailty interventions to prevent early aging, excess
      morbidities and early death.

PMID- 26980370
TI  - Association between Chronic Pain and Frailty in Mexican Elders.
AB  - Chronic pain is defined as pain lasting longer than six weeks and is one of the
      main complaints in elderly subjects. Frailty is a pathological condition that
      increases an individual's vulnerability by diminishing their homeostatic reserve,
      and it is considered a mortality risk factor. We examined the association between
      chronic pain and frailty in subjects who were recruited from a check-up clinic in
      Mexico City. Chronic pain and frailty were evaluated in 131 subjects through
      validated questionnaires. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed.
      Of the participants, 41.9% presented with chronic pain, and 12.2% were frail. The
      unadjusted OR for the presence of frailty in subjects with chronic pain was 14.3
      (95%CI 3.0-67.8), and the phi coefficient showed a weak positive correlation
      between the variables (Phi=0.352, p<0.001). In conclusion, chronic pain is
      associated with a higher risk of frailty. Well-timed diagnosis and treatment of
      chronic pain can help prevent dependency in these individuals. 

PMID- 26980371
TI  - A Phase 2 Randomized Study Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Myostatin
      Antibody LY2495655 versus Placebo in Patients Undergoing Elective Total Hip
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Total hip arthroplasty relieves joint pain in patients with end stage
      osteoarthritis. However, postoperative muscle atrophy often results in suboptimal
      lower limb function. There is a need to improve functional recovery after total
      hip arthroplasty. OBJECTIVES: To assess safety and efficacy of LY2495655, a
      humanized monoclonal antibody targeting myostatin, in patients undergoing
      elective total hip arthroplasty. DESIGN: Phase 2, randomized, parallel, double
      blind, 12-week clinical trial with a 12-week follow-up period. SETTING: Forty-two
      sites in 11 countries. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=400) aged >=50 years
      scheduled for elective total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis within 10 +/- 6
      days after randomization. INTERVENTION: Placebo or LY2495655 (35 mg, 105 mg, or
      315 mg) subcutaneous injections at weeks 0 (randomization date), 4, 8, and 12
      with follow up until week 24. MEASUREMENTS: Primary endpoint: probability that
      LY2495655 increases appendicular lean mass (operated limb excluded) by at least
      2.5% more than placebo at week 12, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
      Exploratory endpoints: muscle strength, performance based and self-reported
      measures of physical function, and whole body composition over time. RESULTS:
      Participants: 59% women, aged 69 +/- 8 years, BMI 29 +/- 5 kg/m2. Groups were
      comparable at baseline. The primary objective was not reached as LY2495655
      changes in lean mass did not meet the superiority threshold at week 12. However,
      LY2495655 105 and LY2495655 315 experienced progressive increases in appendicular
      lean mass that were statistically significant versus placebo at weeks 8 and 16.
      Whole body fat mass decreased in LY2495655 315 versus placebo at weeks 8 and 16.
      No meaningful differences were detected between groups in other exploratory
      endpoints. Injection site reactions occurred more often in LY2495655 patients
      than in placebo patients. No other safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Dose
      dependent increases in appendicular lean body mass and decreases in fat mass were
      observed, although this study did not achieve the threshold of its primary
      objective.

PMID- 26980373
TI  - Nickel-catalyzed ortho-halogenation of unactivated (hetero)aryl C-H bonds with
      lithium halides using a removable auxiliary.
AB  - The first example of Ni-catalyzed halogenation of (hetero)aryl C-H bonds with
      lithium halides (LiX, X = Br, I, Cl) using PIP as a removable directing group is
      reported. This protocol provides an efficient access to ortho-halogenated
      (hetero)arenes with operational simplicity, good functional group tolerance, and
      large-scale synthesis. 

PMID- 26980372
TI  - Investigation of agreement between wastewater-based epidemiology and survey data
      on alcohol and nicotine use in a community.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Alcohol and nicotine are the two most used substances world-wide
      and associated with increased burden of disease. Since surveys on substance use
      may be difficult due to response biases, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was
      developed as a more objective measure of nicotine and alcohol use. This study
      compares estimates of nicotine and alcohol use from a wastewater sampling
      campaign in a medium-sized Belgian city with a concurrently executed population
      survey. METHODS: 29,083 letters about participation in an online survey study on
      weekly alcohol and tobacco use were sent to the inhabitants of Lier, Belgium.
      Wastewater samples were collected from the associated treatment plant in four bi
      weekly periods. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to
      tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Ethylsulfate was used as alcohol biomarker
      and cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine as nicotine biomarker. RESULTS: 263
      (1%) surveys were filled out on average per week. According to survey data,
      alcohol and nicotine were used less than in the rest of Belgium and this was
      matched by the wastewater data. Nicotine use, but not alcohol use, showed a
      significant variation over the sampling periods. Both nicotine and alcohol showed
      increase use during the weekend while only alcohol showed a different use pattern
      throughout the week. CONCLUSION: No correlation between WBE and survey data could
      be demonstrated, possibly due to small sample sizes. However, this study shows
      that weekly trends in alcohol and nicotine use can be quickly detected from
      wastewater analysis and the occurrence of major events such as festivals can be
      identified.

PMID- 26980374
TI  - CD271(+) stromal cells expand in arthritic synovium and exhibit a proinflammatory
      phenotype.
AB  - BACKGROUND: CD271(+) stromal cells (SCs) with multipotent stem cell capacity have
      been identified in synovial tissues, but their functional significance is
      unknown. We analyzed the distribution of CD271(+) cells in inflammatory synovial
      tissues as well as their ex vivo immunomodulatory and inflammatory phenotypes.
      METHODS: CD271 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in synovial
      tissues and by flow cytometry in primary adherent synovial cell cultures from
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and non-inflammatory control
      tissues. Isolation of CD271(+) synovial SCs was carried out by magnetic cell
      sorting. Allogeneic T-cell/SC cocultures were performed to analyze the regulatory
      capacity of these cells on T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. The
      production of inflammatory mediators was analyzed in cultures of sorted
      CD271(+)/(-) SCs. The capacity of CD271(+)/(-) SCs to induce inflammatory cell
      recruitment in vivo was evaluated in subcutaneous implants in immunodeficient
      mice. RESULTS: CD271(+) SC were detected in non-inflammatory as well as in
      arthritic synovial tissues with a specific perivascular distribution. CD271(+) SC
      density was increased in RA and OA compared with normal synovial tissues. T-cell
      proliferation and cytokine synthesis were similarly modified by CD271(+) and
      CD271(-) SCs. Sorted CD271(+) SCs from OA synovial tissues released significantly
      more interleukin (IL)-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and MMP-3 than CD271(
      ) SCs. In immunodeficient mice, implants of CD271(+) SCs induced significantly
      higher myeloid cell infiltration than CD271(-) SCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      demonstrate that CD271(+) perivascular SCs expand in RA and OA synovial tissues.
      CD271(+) cells showed enhanced proinflammatory properties ex vivo and in vivo,
      whereas immunoregulatory properties were equivalent in CD271(+) and CD271(-) SC.

PMID- 26980375
TI  - The contribution of the body and motion to whole person recognition.
AB  - While the importance of faces in person recognition has been the subject of many
      studies, there are relatively few studies examining recognition of the whole
      person in motion even though this most closely resembles daily experience. Most
      studies examining the whole body in motion use point light displays, which have
      many advantages but are impoverished and unnatural compared to real life. To
      determine which factors are used when recognizing the whole person in motion we
      conducted two experiments using naturalistic videos. In Experiment 1 we used a
      matching task in which the first stimulus in each pair could either be a video or
      multiple still images from a video of the full body. The second stimulus, on
      which person recognition was performed, could be an image of either the full body
      or face alone. We found that the body contributed to person recognition beyond
      the face, but only after exposure to motion. Since person recognition was
      performed on still images, the contribution of motion to person recognition was
      mediated by form-from-motion processes. To assess whether dynamic identity
      signatures may also contribute to person recognition, in Experiment 2 we
      presented people in motion and examined person recognition from videos compared
      to still images. Results show that dynamic identity signatures did not contribute
      to person recognition beyond form-from-motion processes. We conclude that the
      face, body and form-from-motion processes all appear to play a role in unfamiliar
      person recognition, suggesting the importance of considering the whole body and
      motion when examining person perception.

PMID- 26980376
TI  - Step down Vascular Calcification Analysis using State-of-the-Art Nanoanalysis
      Techniques.
AB  - New insights into the architecture and formation mechanisms of calcific lesions
      down to the nanoscale open a better understanding of atherosclerosis and its
      pathogenesis. Scanning electron - and atomic force microscope based nano
      analytical characterization techniques were adapted to the assessment of an ex
      vivo calcified coronary artery. Human atherosclerotic tissue and bone tissue
      reside a typical chemistry of Magnesium and Sodium rich Calcium phosphates,
      identified as whitlockite and Calcium apatite, respectively. Despite the obvious
      similarities in both chemistry and crystallography, there are also clear
      differences between calcified vascular tissue and bone such as the highly
      oriented growth in bone, revealing meso-crystal character, as opposed to the
      anisotropic character of calcified vascular lesions. While the grain size in
      vascular calcified plaques is in the range of nanometers, the grain size in bone
      appears larger. Spherical calcific particles present in both the coronary artery
      wall and embedded in plaques reveal concentric layers with variations in both
      organic content and degree of hydration. 

PMID- 26980378
TI  - Chronic rhinosinusitis and extraesophageal reflux: Who is the candidate for
      antireflux treatment?
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the past decade, extraesophageal reflux (EER) has been
      hypothesized to be one of the possible factors that contribute to the worsening
      of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the relationship remains indeterminate
      due to its complexity, and it is not clear whether antireflux treatment is
      indicated for patients with recurrent CRS and who would benefit from it.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the severity of EER in patients
      with variable durations of CRS and different numbers of previous endoscopic
      endonasal surgeries (EES). METHODS: Ninety patients with CRS were recruited for
      the prospective case series. The age, sex, body mass index, reflux symptom index,
      duration of treatment of CRS with corticosteroids, and the number of ESS within
      the previous 5 years were ascertained. The severity of EER was evaluated by
      oropharyngeal pH monitoring by using the Restech system (the presence of EER,
      value of the RYAN score) and compared among the groups with varying durations of
      treatment of CRS (<=10 years, 11-20 years, >20 years) and different numbers of
      ESS within the previous 5 years (no ESS, 1-2 ESS, >2 ESS). RESULTS: Pathologic
      EER was present significantly more often in patients with CRS treated for >10
      years (p = 0.0054) and in patients who underwent >2 ESS within the previous 5
      years (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Patients with CRS treated for >10 years and those
      who had undergone >2 ESS within the previous 5 years had significant EER.
      Antireflux therapy (e.g., proton pump inhibitors) can be recommended for these
      patients. However, its effect has to be confirmed in further studies.

PMID- 26980377
TI  - In vivo and in vitro evaluation of the effects of Urtica dioica and swimming
      activity on diabetic factors and pancreatic beta cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urtica dioica (UD) has been identified as a traditional herbal
      medicine. This study aimed to investigate the effect of UD extract and swimming
      activity on diabetic parameters through in vivo and in vitro experiments.
      METHODS: Adult WKY male rats were randomly distributed in nine groups: intact
      control, diabetic control, diabetic + 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, diabetic + 100
      mg/kg Metformin, diabetic + swimming, diabetic + swimming 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg
      UD, and diabetic +100 mg/kg Metformin + swimming. The hearts of the animals were
      punctured, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The entire
      pancreas was exposed for histologic examination. The effect of UD on insulin
      secretion by RIN-5F cells in 6.25 or 12.5 mM glucose dose was examined. Glucose
      uptake by cultured L6 myotubes was determined. RESULTS: The serum glucose
      concentration decreased, the insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity
      significantly increased in treated groups. These changes were more pronounced in
      the group that received UD extract and swimming training. Regeneration and less
      beta cell damage of Langerhans islets were observed in the treated groups. UD
      treatment increased insulin secretion in the RIN-5F cells and glucose uptake in
      the L6 myotubes cells. CONCLUSIONS: Swimming exercises accompanied by consuming
      UD aqueous extracts effectively improved diabetic parameters, repaired pancreatic
      tissues in streptozotocin-induced diabetics in vivo, and increased glucose uptake
      or insulin in UD-treated cells in vitro.

PMID- 26980380
TI  - Nasal septal deviation with obstructive symptoms: Association found with asthma
      but not with other general health problems.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is a very common deformity. Because it
      may induce chronic upper airway obstruction in the nose, clinicians encounter
      some patients who have concerns about whether this can be a risk factor for
      general health. However, the influence of NSD on general health has rarely been
      studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between NSD, especially NSD with
      nasal obstructive symptom, and general health problems in an adult Korean
      population. METHODS: This nationwide study analyzed data from the Korea National
      Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 2008-2009. NSD was evaluated by using
      a nasal endoscope, and a nasal obstructive symptom was assessed via individual
      interviews. The survey also investigated general health problems, such as medical
      comorbidity, mental health status, and quality of life. Medical conditions
      included neurocardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal,
      gastrointestinal, and malignant diseases. To eliminate the effect of combined
      nasal problems in otorhinolaryngology, subjects with rhinosinusitis and allergic
      rhinitis were excluded. This study focused on obstructive NSD, which is defined
      as an anatomic NSD with a chronic nasal obstructive symptom. RESULTS: We enrolled
      8865 participants, and the prevalence of NSD was 44.8%. No general health
      problems showed a significant association with NSD. However, the prevalence of
      NSD with an obstructive symptom was 2.1%. Obstructive NSD had no association with
      all the general health problems, except asthma. A significant association was
      found between obstructive NSD and asthma (odds ratio 2.648 [95% confidence
      interval, 1.211-5.791]). CONCLUSION: Among various general health problems, our
      study found that NSD was associated with asthma only when NSD was accompanied by
      a chronic nasal obstructive symptom.

PMID- 26980379
TI  - Systematic review of the effectiveness of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics
      for skull base surgeries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perioperative antibiotics are commonly used in endoscopic skull base
      surgeries as prophylaxis for infectious complications, e.g., meningitis. The role
      of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics in endoscopic sinus surgery is unclear,
      and the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in endoscopic skull base surgery
      is also highly debated. Currently, there is no formal recommendation for
      perioperative antibiotic use in skull base surgery, and regimens vary greatly
      from one institution to the next. OBJECTIVE: To assess perioperative antibiotics
      as prophylaxis against infectious complications in patients who underwent
      endoscopic skull base surgery. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Ovid EMBASE, and the
      Cochrane Library. METHODS: A systematic review that examined perioperative
      antibiotic use in endoscopic skull base and craniofacial surgeries was conducted.
      Inclusion criteria were prospective or retrospective study design and clinical
      trials related to the use of antibiotics within 30 days of skull base surgery.
      End points included infectious complications such as (1) meningitis and (2)
      sinusitis. RESULTS: A total of 2543 articles were identified by the initial
      search, and 5 articles met inclusion criteria. The five eligible trials were all
      observational and involved different types of skull base surgical procedures and
      antibiotic regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Despite institutional variability in antibiotic
      regimens, meningitis rarely occurs after skull base procedures and seems to be
      encountered most frequently in open craniofacial surgeries. A systematic review
      revealed a limited number of published studies, all observational in study
      design, which precluded a formal meta-analysis. A novel large-scale randomized
      controlled clinical trial is needed to evaluate antibiotic selection and need in
      endoscopic skull base surgery.

PMID- 26980381
TI  - Evaluation of the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in pediatric patients with
      allergic rhinitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal
      mucosa, the primary mediator of which is immunoglobulin E. Allergic rhinitis
      occurs in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the
      relationship between allergies and the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in children
      with allergic rhinitis with a positive skin-prick test. STUDY DESIGN: This study
      was planned and performed as a case-control study. METHODS: There were 695
      patients who presented to our clinic who were enrolled in the study. Only group 4
      fit the criteria for allergic rhinitis. Group 1 (nonsensitized asymptomatic
      [control group]), group 2 (nonsensitized symptomatic), group 3 (sensitized
      asymptomatic), and group 4 (sensitized symptomatic). The patients' allergy
      symptoms and skin test results were assessed and compared. The eosinophil-to
      lymphocyte ratio for each patient was calculated. The eosinophil and lymphocyte
      counts and the eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were calculated for each group.
      RESULTS: The eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and eosinophil counts in groups 3 and
      4 were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) than those in
      groups 1 and 2. The lymphocyte counts in groups 3 and 4 were significantly lower
      (p = 0.046) than those of groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: The eosinophil-to
      lymphocyte ratio may be used in conjunction with skin-prick testing in pediatric
      patients with allergic rhinitis. This parameter is inexpensive to measure and
      easy to use and calculate.

PMID- 26980382
TI  - Prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms and positive skin-prick test results in
      patients with dry eye.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dry eye is characterized by decreased tear production and/or
      increased evaporation rates of the tear film barrier. Allergic rhinitis is an
      inflammatory disease that develops through immunoglobulin E in the rhino-ocular
      mucosa due to allergens. To investigate the prevalence of allergic rhinitis
      symptoms and positive skin-prick test results in patients with dry eye. METHODS:
      This is a case-control study. The study included 57 patients with dry eye and 48
      healthy subjects. The prevalence of allergic symptoms and skin-prick test results
      were assessed and compared with the control group. RESULTS: With regard to
      positive reactions to allergens in skin-prick tests, Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus allergy (p = 0.0003), Dermatophagoides farinae allergy (p =
      0.0003), grass-mix allergy (p = 0.049), Salicaces allergy (p = 0.006), and
      Compositae allergy (p = 0.019) were significantly observed to be higher in the
      group with dry eye. Nasal obstruction (p = 0.027), discharge (p = 0.0001), sneeze
      (p = 0.0003), itching (p = 0.0001), and postnasal drainage (p = 0.001) symptoms
      were observed to be significantly higher in the group with dry eye. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our study revealed that there was a significant association between dry eye and
      allergic rhinitis with positive skin-prick test results. There may be a possible
      link between dry eye and allergy.

PMID- 26980383
TI  - Quality-of-life outcomes after sinus surgery in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
      versus nonfungal chronic rhinosinusitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Given the differences in pathophysiology between allergic fungal
      rhinosinusitis (AFRS) and other chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) subgroups, it
      remains unclear about whether these patients respond differently to a combination
      of surgical and medical treatments. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in quality
      of-life (QoL) outcomes for a cohort of patients who underwent endoscopic sinus
      surgery (ESS) for CRS. METHODS: This retrospective review included patients with
      CRS who underwent ESS between 2010 and 2013. QoL was measured by using the 22
      item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). Variables collected included baseline
      demographics, SNOT-22 scores before ESS and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after
      ESS. Groups tested were CRS with nasal polyposis, CRS without nasal polyposis
      (CRSsNP), and patients with AFRS. A linear mixed- effects regression model was
      used to calculate the adjusted mean QoL differences. RESULTS: Among the 250
      patients included, 61.6% had CRS with nasal polyposis (n = 154), 28.8% had CRSsNP
      (n = 72), and 9.6% had AFRS (n = 24). Significant differences were seen in SNOT
      22 scores between pre- and postoperative visits and between the etiologic
      subgroups (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed significantly greater
      improvement in QoL for patients with AFRS in comparison with those with CRSsNP at
      the 9-month follow-up (change in SNOT-22 score, 22.6 [95% confidence interval,
      1.2-44.1]; p < 0.0) and the 12-month follow-up (change in SNOT-22 score, 20.2
      [95% confidence interval, 0.5-39.9]; p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AFRS
      experienced a more-prolonged QoL benefit from surgical and targeted medical
      intervention compared with those with CRSsNP, which may reflect the severity of
      inflammation that they presented with compared with other CRS subtypes.

PMID- 26980384
TI  - Evaluation of residual symptoms: A method to assess surgical outcomes for nasal
      polyposis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The assessment of residual symptoms after endoscopic sinus surgery
      for nasal polyposis (NP) could be an accurate way to evaluate surgical outcomes.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess the residual symptoms and their severity at 6 weeks and 7
      months after radical ethmoidectomy for NP. METHODS: Sixty-five patients who had
      surgery for NP were included in this prospective study. Six residual symptoms
      (nasal obstruction, anterior rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, olfactory
      disturbances, facial pain, and cough) were assessed by using the validated
      Dysfonctionnement Nasal Chronique (French) or Chronic Nasal Dysfunction (English)
      questionnaire at 6 weeks and 7 months after surgery. Olfactory measurements were
      performed with the Sniffin' Stick test. A self-rating score of >=1 was considered
      as "having a complaint." RESULTS: Radical ethmoidectomy for NP improved not only
      the number of symptoms but also the intensity of symptoms. Before surgery, 64 of
      65 patients (98.46%) reported at least three of the six symptoms, whereas 26
      patients (40%) reported six symptoms, 16 (24.62%) reported five symptoms, and 14
      (21.54%) reported four symptoms. At 6 weeks and at 7 months after surgery, one
      third of the patients had fewer than three symptoms. Olfactory disturbance
      remained the most mentioned postoperative disabling problem. Posterior discharge
      tended to become more pronounced at 7 months than at 6 weeks after surgery but
      remained considerably improved compared with the preoperative state. CONCLUSION:
      This information is useful to warn patients about the difficulty of getting rid
      of all symptoms and that there is a chance that some symptoms remain or even
      reappear after NP surgery.

PMID- 26980385
TI  - Septoplasty in children.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Physicians have long had concerns about the potential harmful effects
      of pediatric septoplasties on the nasoseptal growth process because septal
      cartilage is important for the growth and development of the face. METHODS: In
      this review article, pediatric septoplasty and its indications are discussed,
      together with a literature survey. In addition, overviews of development of the
      nasal skeleton from neonate to adult, nasal growth, and cartilaginous septum are
      presented. Important issues and comments on pediatric septoplasties are provided.
      RESULTS: During septoplasty procedures, elevation of the mucoperichondrium
      unilaterally or bilaterally does not negatively affect growth of the face.
      Stabilization of the septum may be easier when mucosal elevation is performed
      unilaterally. The nasal floor mucosa should not be elevated so to avoid damage to
      the incisive nerves. Corrections and limited excisions may be done from the
      cartilaginous septum. Separation of the septal cartilage from the perpendicular
      plate, especially at the dorsal part, should not be performed because this area
      is important for the length and height of the nasal septum and nasal dorsum.
      Incisions or excisions should not be performed through the growing and supporting
      zones, especially at the sphenoethmoid dorsal zone. CONCLUSION: If there are
      severe breathing problems related to the septal deviation, septoplasty should be
      performed. In the majority of cases, septal surgery may be conducted in 6-year
      old children. However, if necessary, septal surgery may be performed in younger
      children and even at birth.

PMID- 26980386
TI  - The association between serum lead and total immunoglobulin E levels according to
      allergic sensitization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Results of several studies showed that blood lead concentration is
      positively associated with total immunoglobulin E (IgE) value. However, no study
      has investigated whether allergic sensitization could be responsible for the
      association between lead exposure and total IgE value. OBJECTIVE: We investigated
      whether there was difference in the association between lead exposure and the
      total IgE value, depending on the presence or absence of Dermatophagoides farinae
      sensitization. METHODS: We used data obtained from the Korea National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey. Serum levels of heavy metals, such as mercury,
      cadmium, and lead, were measured. Total and D. farinae specific IgE levels were
      measured, and the urinary cotinine level was investigated. Information about sex,
      age, body mass index, and household income were also obtained. We analyzed the
      association between serum lead and total IgE levels, after adjusting other
      variables. RESULTS: In an multivariate linear regression analysis, only the serum
      concentration of lead among the three heavy metals was positively associated with
      logarithmic transformed total IgE (coefficient [B], 0.026 [95% confidence
      interval {CI}], 0.008-0.044). When we performed the same analysis on groups
      divided by allergic D. farinae sensitization status, we found a significant
      positive association between serum lead and logarithmic transformed total IgE
      values in subjects with D. farinae sensitization (B, 0.043 [95% CI, 0.014-0.071])
      but not in subjects without D. farinae sensitization (B, 0.015 [95% CI, -0.008 to
      0.039]). CONCLUSIONS: A positive association between the serum lead and total IgE
      levels was statistically significant in subjects with D. farinae sensitization,
      which indicated that the immunologic effects of lead exposure may be greater in
      people with allergic sensitization.

PMID- 26980387
TI  - Inverted papilloma: The stubbornly persistent tumor of the sinonasal cavity.

PMID- 26980388
TI  - Smoking, not human papilloma virus infection, is a risk factor for recurrence of
      sinonasal inverted papilloma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The recurrence rate of sinonasal inverted papillomas (SNIP) is 15
      20%. However, few studies have investigated patient-dependent factors related to
      recurrence of SNIPs. OBJECTIVE: To analyze risk factors, including human
      papilloma virus (HPV) infection and smoking, as well as other factors, for
      recurrence of SNIPs. METHODS: Fifty-four patients who were diagnosed with SNIP
      and underwent surgery were enrolled: 39 men and 15 women, with the mean age of
      54.0 years. Their mean follow-up was 40.6 months. Demographics and information
      about the history of smoking, previous surgery, tumor extent, follow-up, and
      recurrence were reviewed retrospectively. Those patients whose tumors were
      associated with malignant transformation were excluded in this study. HPV
      detection and genotyping in the tumor specimens were performed with the HPV DNA
      chip, a polymerase chain reaction-based DNA microarray system. RESULTS: Seven
      patients (13.0%) had recurrence, with a mean time to recurrence of 39.8 months.
      Recurrence rates in T1, T2, T3, and T4 of the Krouse staging system were 0%
      (0/4), 8.3% (2/24), 17.4% (4/23), and 33.3% (1/3), respectively (p > 0.5). Eight
      patients (14.8%) were positive for HPV DNA. All of these patients belonged to the
      group without recurrence (p > 0.5). However, recurrence rates according to HPV
      DNA positivity were not statistically different (0% versus 15.2%). Three (42.9%)
      in the group with recurrence and four (8.5%) in the group without recurrence were
      smokers (p < 0.5). CONCLUSION: Smoking was associated with recurrence of SNIP.
      However, HPV infection is not a recurrence of SNIP risk factor.

PMID- 26980389
TI  - Cytofunctional changes in nasal ciliated cells in patients treated with
      hyaluronate after nasal surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays a significant role in tissue repair of
      mucosal surfaces and, consequently, in surgical injury remodelling of nasal
      mucosa. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of high-molecular-weight HA administered
      by aerosol on the morphofunctional recovery of ciliated cells damaged by surgical
      trauma. METHODS: A single-blind, prospective, randomized trial was carried out
      with 94 patients who were randomly assigned, after endoscopic turbinoplasty,
      either to treatment with nasal saline solution irrigation (control group, n = 47)
      or to treatment with nasal douches based on high concentration (9 mg) and high
      molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate (active treatment group, n = 47). All the
      patients were evaluated by using nasal fiberendoscopy, mucociliary transport
      time, nasal cytologic test, and a visual analog scale in terms of symptoms before
      and at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Visual analog scale values were
      significantly lower in the active treatment (AT) group at week 2 regarding each
      individual symptom. Mucociliary transport time was significantly reduced in
      patients in the AT group but only 1 month after surgery. Both the percentage of
      cellular impairments and the number of cells with hyperchromatic supranuclear
      stria showed significant improvements in the AT group in all postsurgery
      evaluations (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intranasal use of sodium hyaluronate in
      patients who underwent functional nasal surgery improved both mucociliary
      clearance and nasal mucosa regeneration due to a faster recovery of the impaired
      ciliated cells.

PMID- 26980390
TI  - Spleen tyrosine kinase induces MUC5AC expression in human airway epithelial cell.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MUC5AC, a major secreted mucin, is increased in chronic inflammatory
      airway disease. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a mediator, which acts as an
      important regulator of intracellular signal transduction in the inflammatory
      response. SYK was originally identified in hematopoietic cells, and its
      expression in some nonhematopoietic cells, including respiratory epithelial
      cells, was recently demonstrated. However, the effects of SYK on mucin secretion
      in human airway epithelial cells have not been studied. The objective of this
      study was to investigate the effect and brief signaling pathways of SYK on MUC5AC
      expression in human airway epithelial cells. METHODS: In mucin-producing human
      NCI-H292 cells and primary cultures of human nasal epithelial cells, the effects
      and signaling pathways of SYK on MUC5AC expression were investigated by reverse
      transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction,
      enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with several specific inhibitors and
      small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS: SYK induced MUC5AC expression. SYK
      activated significant phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase
      (ERK)1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. SYK
      induced MUC5AC expression was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with U0126
      (ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor). In addition, the
      knockdown of ERK2 and p38 MAPK by ERK2 and p38 MAPK siRNA significantly blocked
      SYK-induced MUC5AC expression. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that SYK
      increased MUC5AC expression via ERK2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in human
      airway epithelial cells.

PMID- 26980391
TI  - Differences in the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 and visual analog scale symptom
      scores in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with and without polyps has a high
      impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL), but the difference in HRQL and
      symptom presentation between two clinical phenotypes of CRS has not been
      specifically evaluated before now. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patterns of symptoms
      and HRQL disease-specific domains affected in patients with CRS by comparing
      differences between two clinical phenotypes, adjusted for demographics, major
      risk factors, comorbidities, current medical treatment, and previous surgery.
      METHODS: A group of 251 patients with CRS completed the visual analog scale (VAS)
      symptom severity score and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22)
      questionnaire. Data sets were analyzed by using principal component analysis
      (PCA) to identify a set of symptom components, together with the items excluded
      from PCA, which were then analyzed for differences between patients with CRS with
      nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).
      RESULTS: PCA of SNOT-22 items identified six components, three referred to CRS
      specific symptoms termed "nasal"; "extranasal, rhinologic"; and
      "olfactory/cough"; and three referred to HRQL impairment termed "sleep
      disturbance," "functional disturbance," and "emotional disturbance." Nasal
      obstruction, ear pain, ear fullness, and fatigue were excluded from PCA and
      treated as separate outcomes. Patients with CRSwNP had significantly worse nasal
      symptoms, olfactory/cough symptoms, and nasal obstruction. Patients with CRSsNP
      scored significantly worse with regard to fatigue and to sleep and functional
      disturbances. The PCA results for VAS scores identified three symptom components:
      pain, nasal symptoms, and pharyngeal symptoms. Patients with CRSwNP had
      significantly worse VAS nasal symptoms but less pronounced VAS pain symptoms than
      patients with CRSsNP. The total SNOT-22 score between the groups was not
      significantly different. CONCLUSION: With controlling of covariates that may
      influence the severity of the disease, this study showed significant differences
      in symptom patterns and different aspects of HRQL impairment between patients
      with CRSwNP and patients with CRSsNP, however, with no difference in the total
      HRQL score.

PMID- 26980392
TI  - Problem-based learning discussion: Medical treatment of pediatric chronic
      rhinosinusitis.
AB  - This problem-based learning case focused on the approach to evaluation and
      management of a 5-year old girl who was "always sick" with sinus infections. The
      discussion unfolds in a "real life" scenario, i.e., based on information
      available to the clinician initially and after the acquisition of laboratory
      data, and, ultimately, after sinus surgery. Emphasis is placed on the
      differential diagnosis of the patient's symptoms, discussion of the initial
      management strategy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), evolution from acute
      rhinosinusitis to CRS, the prevalence of and differential diagnosis of nasal
      polyps in children, treatment considerations specific for CRS with nasal polyps,
      the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sinus infection, the significance of
      an abnormal sweat chloride test in a young child with nasal polyposis, special
      considerations in children with CRS who have cystic fibrosis, treatment
      considerations after endoscopic sinus surgery, and, finally, prognostic factors
      that impact the outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery. This problem-based learning
      case highlights many facets of managing refractory CRS in children. 

PMID- 26980394
TI  - Chronic rhinosinusitis: Epidemiology and burden of disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is based on sinonasal symptoms coupled
      with sinonasal tissue inflammation. Establishing the epidemiology and prevalence
      of CRS, therefore, is challenging given that confirming objective evidence of
      sinonasal inflammation on a large scale is not feasible. Although the sinonasal
      symptoms are well documented at the sinonasal level, analysis of emerging data
      indicates that the impact on the general-health-related domains of health are the
      symptoms that are most bothersome to patients' quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To
      review the literature on the epidemiology and the societal and individual burdens
      of CRS. METHODS: A literature review. RESULTS: A refinement of questionnaire
      based surveys coupled with sampling of respondents for accuracy likely provides
      the most accurate assessment of prevalence. There is geographic variation, but,
      in North American and European countries, the rates range from 4.5 to 12%.
      Although CRS is marked by sinonasal symptoms, the most problematic symptoms for
      patients seem to be the symptoms that affect general-health-related domains.
      Diminished sleep, productivity, cognition, mood, and fatigue are associated with
      the decision to elect surgical intervention and are associated with diminished
      healthy utility values. Direct costs of CRS have been well documented, but new
      data on the indirect costs of decreased productivity surpass direct costs, at
      $12.8 billion dollars per year in the United States. CONCLUSION: CRS is a common
      disease with a large and vast symptom burden with high indirect costs. Although
      clinicians are focused by guidelines on sinus-specific symptoms, patients seem to
      be most impacted by the general-health-related consequences of CRS. An expanded
      understanding of the extent and costs of these symptoms will allow for a cost
      effective allocation of limited health care resources.

PMID- 26980393
TI  - Depression in chronic rhinosinusitis: A controlled cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Depression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is
      underdiagnosed but significantly impacts treatment outcomes and health care
      utilization. OBJECTIVE: To compare undiagnosed depression in a CRS cohort with a
      healthy, non-CRS control cohort. METHODS: A case-control study of patients with
      symptomatic CRS and a non-CRS control cohort was performed. Demographic and
      comorbidity factors were correlated to depression-specific outcomes by using the
      Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). RESULTS: We enrolled 42 patients with CRS and
      88 control patients with no history of CRS. Physician-diagnosed depression was
      equivalent in CRS and control patients (6% and 9%, respectively). BDI-detected
      depression was higher among patients with CRS compared with controls (31% versus
      14.8%, respectively; p = 0.031). BDI scores were higher in patients with CRS even
      when controlling for comorbid asthma, allergy, and aspirin sensitivity. When
      examined by polyp status, the patients without polyps had more depression than
      did the controls (38% versus 14.8%; p = 0.048). The somatic subscale scores of
      the BDI were worse in patients with CRS (p = 0.004), whereas the cognitive
      subscale trended toward significance (p = 0.081). CONCLUSION: Depression may be
      more common in CRS than previously recognized, especially in patients without
      polyps. Somatic subscale scores of the BDI are increased in CRS and may impact
      future treatment outcomes.

PMID- 26980395
TI  - Bleeding risk associated with resection of the middle turbinate during functional
      endoscopic sinus surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The decision to resect the middle turbinate (MT) during functional
      endoscopic sinus surgery is controversial. Although there have been a variety of
      studies that examined the functional outcome related to this maneuver, very few
      studies evaluated the potential for complications, in particular, epistaxis.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if resection of the MT during functional
      endoscopic sinus surgery leads to an increased risk for postoperative bleeding.
      METHODS: Patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic
      sinusitis or nasal polyposis between 2004 and 2014 at a single institution were
      analyzed for bleeding and other complications after resection of the MT. RESULTS:
      Between 2004 and 2014, 1185 sinus surgeries were performed by 18 surgeons. A
      propensity matched set of 228 patients who underwent turbinate resection, and 228
      controls were selected based on predicted probabilities from a logistic
      regression that predicted turbinate resection and that was adjusted for age, sex,
      and procedure. There were 89 patients with bilateral turbinates removed and 139
      with unilateral turbinates removed. There was no significant difference in major
      bleeding or other complication rates between the two groups. Patients who
      underwent resection of at least one MT were 3.95 times more likely to have minor
      bleeding compared with those who did not; this risk increased with the number of
      turbinates resected (trend p = 0.008). Patients on anticoagulation medications
      were at a significant risk of bleeding if their MT was removed (p = 0.007),
      whereas patients on aspirin or antiplatelet therapy were not at a significant
      risk. CONCLUSION: There was no increased risk of major bleeding or other
      complication associated with resection of the MT. However, there was a
      significantly increased minor bleeding rate associated with MT resection,
      particularly if the patient was on anticoagulants.

PMID- 26980396
TI  - Extensive versus functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis
      with nasal polyps and asthma: A 1-year study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is considered to be the
      standard procedure for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).
      However, for CRSwNP that accompanies asthma, the results are not satisfying.
      Extensive endoscopic sinus surgery (EESS) aimed at reducing the inflammatory load
      has been indicated as a viable option for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and safety of EESS (middle turbinate
      and superior turbinate resection and total ethmoidectomy) for patients with
      CRSwNP and with asthma. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-institute cohort
      study conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital. Patients with CRSwNP and with
      asthma who were proceeding to surgery were enrolled. There were 23 patients in
      the EESS group and 24 patients in the FESS group. The preoperative disease
      severity was evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS), Lund-Kennedy (L-K)
      endoscopy score, computed tomography Lund-Mackay score, asthma control test
      (ACT), and pulmonary function test. Clinical outcomes were comparatively
      evaluated between the two groups after a 1-year follow-up by using the VAS score,
      the postoperative endoscopic score (E score), L-K score, ACT score, and pulmonary
      function test. RESULTS: The disease severity (general VAS score, endoscopic L-K
      score, computed tomography score, ACT score) showed no significant differences
      between the two groups before surgery (p > 0.05). One year after surgery, both
      groups achieved significant improvement in the VAS score and endoscopic L-K
      score. The EESS group showed better improvement in the olfactory VAS score and E
      score compared with the FESS group (mean [standard deviation] change of olfactory
      VAS, 6.00 +/- 3.67 versus 3.30 +/- 3.44, p = 0.015; mean [standard deviation] E
      score, 0.31 +/- 0.18 versus 0.66 +/- 0.26, p < 0.001). No significant differences
      were found in the change of general nasal symptom VAS score, other individual VAS
      scores (nasal congestion, discharge, headache and/or facial pain), L-K score, ACT
      score, and pulmonary function between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: EESS
      for patients with CRSwNP and with asthma may help to improve the subjective
      olfaction and endoscopic appearance.

PMID- 26980397
TI  - Atypical presentations of sinonasal inverted papilloma: Surgical management and
      influence on the recurrence rate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP), classically, is a unilateral
      benign tumor of the nasal lateral wall. Numerous variations have been observed,
      depending on location, bilateral presentation, or association with nasal
      polyposis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to describe atypical presentations
      of SNIPs with their management specificities and to assess their influence on the
      recurrence rate in a large case series. METHODS: A retrospective single center
      study of 110 patients treated for SNIP. Atypical inverted papillomas were
      identified according to the following criteria: (1) unusual location (frontal,
      posterior, anterior), (2) bilateral involvement, and (3) association with nasal
      polyposis. Surgical management was detailed, and the influence of each atypical
      group on recurrence was assessed by using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the
      log-rank test. RESULTS: Distribution of atypical presentations was as follows:
      frontal sinus localization (10.9%); posterior localization, including sphenoid
      sinus (9%); nasal anterior localization (3.6%); bilateral involvement (3.6%); and
      nasal polyposis association (10%). The surgical approach was endoscopic (74.5%),
      external (5.5%), or combined endoscopic and external (20%). Except for nasal
      anterior localization, all the groups were associated with a higher recurrence
      rate, without reaching statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Recurrence rates for
      these atypical presentations arise from their specific surgical challenges. The
      choice of the surgical technique is guided by tumor location and extension, and
      by the surgeon's experience; the main objective is a complete resection. The
      endoscopic endonasal approach is the most frequent procedure.

PMID- 26980399
TI  - De novo transcriptomic assembly and profiling of Rigidoporus microporus during
      saprotrophic growth on rubber wood.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The basidiomycete Rigidoporus microporus is a fungus that causes the
      white rot disease of the tropical rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, the major
      source of commercial natural rubber. Besides its lifestyle as a pathogen, the
      fungus is known to switch to saprotrophic growth on wood with the ability to
      degrade both lignin and cellulose. There is almost no genomic or transcriptomic
      information on the saprotrophic abilities of this fungus. In this study, we
      present the fungal transcriptomic profiles during saprotrophic growth on rubber
      wood. RESULTS: A total of 266.6 million RNA-Seq reads were generated from six
      libraries of the fungus growing either on rubber wood or without wood. De novo
      assembly produced 34, 518 unigenes with an average length of 2179 bp. Annotation
      of unigenes using public databases; GenBank, Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of
      Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Gene Ontology
      (GO) produced 25, 880 annotated unigenes. Transcriptomic profiling analysis
      revealed that the fungus expressed over 300 genes encoding lignocellulolytic
      enzymes. Among these, 175 genes were up-regulated in rubber wood. These include
      three members of the glycoside hydrolase family 43, as well as various glycosyl
      transferases, carbohydrate esterases and polysaccharide lyases. A large number of
      oxidoreductases which includes nine manganese peroxidases were also significantly
      up-regulated in rubber wood. Several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and
      degradation as well as natural rubber degradation were expressed in the
      transcriptome. Four genes (acyl-CoA synthetase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3
      hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA acetyltransferase) potentially
      involved in rubber latex degradation pathway were also induced. A number of ATP
      binding cassette (ABC) transporters and hydrophobin genes were significantly
      expressed in the transcriptome during saprotrophic growth. Some genes related to
      energy metabolism were also induced. CONCLUSIONS: The analysed data gives an
      insight into the activation of lignocellulose breakdown machinery of R.
      microporus. This study also revealed genes with relevance in antibiotic
      metabolism (e.g. cephalosporin esterase) as well as those with potential
      applications in fatty acid degradation. This is the first study on the
      transcriptomic analysis of R. microporus on rubber wood and should serve as a
      pioneering resource for future studies of the fungus at the genomic or
      transcriptomic level.

PMID- 26980401
TI  - Density and structural anomalies in soft-repulsive dimeric fluids.
AB  - We report Monte Carlo results for the fluid structure of a system of dimeric
      particles interacting via a core-softened potential. More specifically, dimers
      interact through a repulsive pair potential of an inverse-power form, modified in
      such a way that the repulsion strength is softened for a given range of
      distances. The aim of such a study is to investigate how both the elongation of
      the dimers and the softness of the potential affect some features of the model.
      Our results show that the dimeric fluid exhibits both density and structural
      anomalies, even if the interaction is not characterized by two length scales.
      Upon increasing the aspect ratio of the dimers, such anomalies are progressively
      hindered, with the structural anomaly surviving even after the disappearance of
      the density anomaly. These results shed light on the peculiar behaviour of
      molecular systems of non-spherical shape, showing how geometrical and interaction
      parameters play a fundamental role in determining the presence of anomalies. 

PMID- 26980400
TI  - Ecological Momentary Assessment of Illicit Drug Use Compared to Biological and
      Self-Reported Methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of mHealth methods for capturing illicit drug use and
      associated behaviors have become more widely used in research settings, yet there
      is little research as to how valid these methods are compared to known measures
      of capturing and quantifying drug use. OBJECTIVE: We examined the concordance of
      ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of drug use to previously validated
      biological and audio-computer assisted self-interview (ACASI) methods. METHODS:
      The Exposure Assessment in Current Time (EXACT) study utilized EMA methods to
      assess drug use in real-time in participants' natural environments. Utilizing
      mobile devices, participants self-reported each time they used heroin or cocaine
      over a 4-week period. Each week, PharmChek sweat patch samples were collected for
      measurement of heroin and cocaine and participants answered an ACASI-based
      questionnaire to report behaviors and drug using events during the prior week.
      Reports of cocaine and heroin use captured through EMA were compared to weekly
      biological or self-report measures through percent agreement and concordance
      correlation coefficients to account for repeated measures. Correlates of
      discordance were obtained from logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of
      109 participants were a median of 48.5 years old, 90% African American, and 52%
      male. During 436 person-weeks of observation, we recorded 212 (49%) cocaine and
      103 (24%) heroin sweat patches, 192 (44%) cocaine and 161 (37%) heroin ACASI
      surveys, and 163 (37%) cocaine and 145 (33%) heroin EMA reports. The percent
      agreement between EMA and sweat patch methods was 70% for cocaine use and 72% for
      heroin use, while the percent agreement between EMA and ACASI methods was 77% for
      cocaine use and 79% for heroin use. Misreporting of drug use by EMA compared to
      sweat patch and ACASI methods were different by illicit drug type. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our work demonstrates moderate to good agreement of EMA to biological and
      standard self-report methods in capturing illicit drug use. Limitations occur
      with each method and accuracy may differ by type of illicit drugs used.

PMID- 26980402
TI  - Fabrication of FeOOH hollow microboxes for purification of heavy metal
      contaminated water.
AB  - FeOOH, a frequently used adsorbent, has been widely applied in purifying aqueous
      heavy metals, and its performance can be greatly improved by enlarging the number
      of surface active sites. To this end, we fabricated FeOOH hollow microboxes
      constructed from numerous 2D nanosheets via a template-engaged reaction between
      Prussian blue (PB) and NaOH solution. With combined observations from X-ray
      powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we
      confirmed that the hollow microboxes corroded from PB were composed of ample
      frizzy FeOOH nanosheets, which ensured extensive exposure of the surface active
      sites. Moreover, the FeOOH microboxes were utilized as an adsorbent in the
      removal of heavy metals (As(III), As(V) and Se(IV)) from water and the maximum
      adsorption capacities were reached up to 192.19 mg g(-1), 250.0 mg g(-1) and
      169.9 mg g(-1) at pH = 7.0, 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The superior adsorptive
      performance of the FeOOH microboxes was derived from their large content of
      reactive exposed hydroxyl groups, which was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray
      adsorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS), as well as by surface site density
      analysis.

PMID- 26980403
TI  - Aortic coarctation, aneurysm, and ventricular dysfunction in an asymptomatic
      infant.
AB  - Aortic arch coarctation with post-coarctation aneurysm is rare in infants. We
      present the case of an asymptomatic 3-month-old infant with severe left
      ventricular dysfunction in this setting. The patient underwent surgical repair,
      and the left ventricular ejection fraction improved to recovery the 4th post
      operative month. 

PMID- 26980404
TI  - Nanostructured conducting polymers for energy applications: towards a sustainable
      platform.
AB  - Recently, there has been tremendous progress in the field of nanodimensional
      conducting polymers with the objective of tuning the intrinsic properties of the
      polymer and the potential to be efficient, biocompatible, inexpensive, and
      solution processable. Compared with bulk conducting polymers, conducting polymer
      nanostructures possess a high electrical conductivity, large surface area, short
      path length for ion transport and superior electrochemical activity which make
      them suitable for energy storage and conversion applications. The current status
      of polymer nanostructure fabrication and characterization is reviewed in detail.
      The present review includes syntheses, a deeper understanding of the principles
      underlying the electronic behavior of size and shape tunable polymer
      nanostructures, characterization tools and analysis of composites. Finally, a
      detailed discussion of their effectiveness and perspectives in energy storage and
      solar light harvesting is presented. In brief, a broad overview on the synthesis
      and possible applications of conducting polymer nanostructures in energy domains
      such as fuel cells, photocatalysis, supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries is
      described. 

PMID- 26980406
TI  - NMR Evidence for the Topologically Nontrivial Nature in a Family of Half-Heusler
      Compounds.
AB  - Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is expected to partly determine the topologically
      nontrivial electronic structure of heavy half-Heusler ternary compounds. However,
      to date, attempts to experimentally observe either the strength of SOC or how it
      modifies the bulk band structure have been unsuccessful. By using bulk-sensitive
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with first-principles
      calculations, we reveal that (209)Bi NMR isotropic shifts scale with relativity
      in terms of the strength of SOC and average atomic numbers, indicating strong
      relativistic effects on NMR parameters. According to first-principles
      calculations, we further claim that nuclear magnetic shieldings from relativistic
      p1/2 states and paramagnetic contributions from low-lying unoccupied p3/2 states
      are both sensitive to the details of band structures tuned by relativity, which
      explains why the hidden relativistic effects on band structure can be revealed by
      (209)Bi NMR isotropic shifts in topologically nontrivial half-Heusler compounds.
      Used in complement to surface-sensitive methods, such as angle resolved photon
      electron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, NMR can provide
      valuable information on bulk electronic states. 

PMID- 26980407
TI  - Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Status and Baseline Neurocognitive
      Performance in High School Athletes.
AB  - Approximately 136,000 concussions occur annually in American high school sports.
      Neuropsychological data indicate that children with preexisting cognitive
      difficulties, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), may have
      protracted recovery from concussion. ADHD, with an estimated prevalence of 11% in
      youth, may increase an athlete's vulnerability to sustaining sports-related
      traumatic brain injury (TBI). The preponderance of evidence focusing on TBI and
      ADHD has derived from motor vehicle accidents rather than sports-related
      incidents. Thus, it is paramount to explore how ADHD may relate to injury in the
      sports concussion context, as well as to assess how ADHD may affect baseline
      neurocognitive testing. Adolescent athletes with ADHD (n = 256) demonstrated
      significantly reduced Verbal Memory, Visual Motor, and Impulse Control index
      scores compared with their peers without ADHD (n = 256). Athletes with ADHD were
      nearly twice as likely to have sustained a prior concussion (ADHD, 14.1%; non
      ADHD, 7.8%). Knowledge regarding the unique neurocognitive profile of athletes
      with ADHD may enhance clinical management decisions. 

PMID- 26980409
TI  - Austerity and ecology.

PMID- 26980410
TI  - Worrying tonsillectomy.

PMID- 26980411
TI  - The NHS is no longer an attractive option.

PMID- 26980408
TI  - miR-27a-3p suppresses tumor metastasis and VM by down-regulating VE-cadherin
      expression and inhibiting EMT: an essential role for Twist-1 in HCC.
AB  - Twist-1 and miRNAs have been reported to be associated with tumor metastasis and
      angiogenesis. However, the relationship between Twist-1 and miRNAs and the
      function of miRNAs remain largely undefined. We aimed to reveal the Twist-1
      related miRNA expression profile and to determine whether Twist-1 functions in
      tumor metastasis and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) by regulating miRNA expression in
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results showed that the expression of miR-27a-3p
      was consistently down-regulated in HCC cell lines and tissue samples displaying
      high expression of Twist-1. Both loss- and gain-of-function assays revealed
      suppressive effects of miR-27a-3p. Low miR-27a-3p expression was significantly
      associated with early metastasis in HCC. Subsequent investigations revealed that
      miR-27a-3p mediated the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
      Additional experiments showed that VE-cadherin is a direct target of miR-27a-3p
      and further demonstrated the critical role of miR-27a-3p in suppressing tumor
      metastasis and VM. CONCLUSIONS: Twist-1 up-regulation in HepG2 cells resulted in
      the differential expression of 18 miRNAs. Among them, miR-27a-3p deregulation
      contributed to VM and metastasis. The miR-27a-3p-mediated down-regulation of VE
      cadherin and inhibition of EMT may be essential for Twist-1 to induce tumor
      metastasis and VM. Our findings highlight the importance of miR-27a-3p and
      suggest a promising new strategy for anti-HCC therapy.

PMID- 26980412
TI  - Austerity and old-age mortality in England: a longitudinal cross-local area
      analysis, 2007-2013.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There has been significant concern that austerity measures have
      negatively impacted health in the UK. We examined whether budgetary reductions in
      Pension Credit and social care have been associated with recent rises in
      mortality rates among pensioners aged 85 years and over. DESIGN: Cross-local
      authority longitudinal study. SETTING: Three hundred and twenty-four lower tier
      local authorities in England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Annual percentage changes in
      mortality rates among pensioners aged 85 years or over. RESULTS: Between 2007 and
      2013, each 1% decline in Pension Credit spending (support for low income
      pensioners) per beneficiary was associated with an increase in 0.68% in old-age
      mortality (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.95). Each reduction in the number of beneficiaries
      per 1000 pensioners was associated with an increase in 0.20% (95% CI: 0.15 to
      0.24). Each 1% decline in social care spending was associated with a significant
      rise in old-age mortality (0.08%, 95% CI: 0.0006-0.12) but not after adjusting
      for Pension Credit spending. Similar patterns were seen in both men and women.
      Weaker associations observed for those aged 75 to 84 years, and none among those
      65 to 74 years. Categories of service expenditure not expected to affect old-age
      mortality, such as transportation, showed no association. CONCLUSIONS: Rising
      mortality rates among pensioners aged 85 years and over were linked to reductions
      in spending on income support for poor pensioners and social care. Findings
      suggest austerity measures in England have affected vulnerable old-age adults.

PMID- 26980413
TI  - Astley Cooper's dramatically effective treatment of deafness.

PMID- 26980417
TI  - Clinical significance of physical symptom severity in standardized assessments of
      patient reported outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Standardized measures of physical symptoms predict mortality and
      healthcare utilization, but clinicians remain uncertain about how to apply them
      in routine clinical care. Recognizing the tendency for physician documentations
      to routinely underestimate symptom burden, we assessed whether or not severity
      was an important dimension of symptom assessments that may determine their
      usefulness in clinical encounters. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using data
      from audio computer-assisted self-interviews augmented by chart review of
      patients from a primary care clinic of an urban health system. RESULTS: We
      sampled 145 patients who completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS)
      short form-physical symptom severity measurement-before their primary care visit.
      Most were women (60 %), and non-Hispanic black (59 %), and many responded in
      Spanish (19 %). All but three reported > 1 symptom. Overall, 79 % of elicited
      symptoms were not documented in physician notes from the same day. Severe
      symptoms were more likely to be documented [MSAS mean (95 % confidence interval):
      documented 2.2 (1.9, 2.4) vs. undocumented 1.8 (1.7, 1.9)]. CONCLUSION:
      Documentations reflect usual patient-clinician communications that prioritize
      severe symptoms, while standardized instruments target their comprehensive
      assessments. Among the many validated instruments, those eliciting the severity
      of physical symptoms may simultaneously help clinicians with prioritization and
      risk assessments.

PMID- 26980418
TI  - Quality of life in older individuals with joint contractures in geriatric care
      settings.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between
      functioning and disability and quality of life (QoL) in older individuals with
      joint contractures in the geriatric care setting. More specifically, this study
      aimed to identify determinants of QoL out of a defined set of contracture-related
      categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
      Health (ICF). METHODS: Participants for this multicenter cross-sectional survey
      were recruited from acute geriatric rehabilitation hospitals, nursing homes, and
      community nursing facilities in Germany between February and October 2013. QoL
      was assessed using the validated German version of the EQ-5D index score and the
      EQ-5D visual analog scale (VAS). Manual and automatic variable selection methods
      were used to identify the most relevant variables out of 125 contracture-related
      ICF categories. RESULTS: A total of 241 eligible participants (34.9 % male, mean
      age 80.1 years) were included. The final models contained 14 ICF categories as
      predictors of the EQ-5D index score and 15 categories as predictors of the EQ-5D
      VAS. The statistically significant ICF categories from both models were 'muscle
      power functions (b730),' 'memory functions (b144),' 'taking care of plants
      (d6505),' 'recreation and leisure (d920),' 'religion and spirituality (d930),'
      'drugs (e1101),' and 'products and technology for personal use in daily living
      (e115).' CONCLUSIONS: We identified the most relevant ICF categories for older
      individuals with joint contractures and their health-related quality of life.
      These items describe potential determinants of QoL which may provide the basis
      for future health interventions aiming to improve QoL for the patients with joint
      contractures.

PMID- 26980419
TI  - Phase 1 in the development of a patient-reported measure to quantify perceived
      inconvenience of radiotherapy: generation of issues.
AB  - AIMS: Current patient-reported measures (PROMs) do not specifically address
      radiotherapy (RT) related inconvenience. We conducted, as per guidelines of the
      European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the initial
      (issue generation) phase of development of a RT inconvenience PROM. Specifically,
      we aimed to develop a conceptual framework for RT inconvenience and generate a
      comprehensive list of issues pertaining to it. METHODS: We reviewed existing
      PROMs and literature and gathered qualitative and quantitative data from
      consumers and health professionals, in order to generate a comprehensive list of
      issues pertaining to RT inconvenience. A framework for the consideration of RT
      inconvenience was defined and used to ensure all possible issues were explored
      and to list the issues into conceptual domains. RESULTS: Qualitative data from 26
      consumers and 30 health professionals, and quantitative data from 1191 consumers
      and 253 health professionals resulted in the identification of 38 issues grouped
      into five conceptual domains: (1) inconvenience of RT opportunity, (2)
      inconvenience of decision-making, (3) inconvenience of treatment, (4)
      inconvenience of side effects, and (5) inconvenience of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS:
      This list of RT inconvenience issues will, in future work, be operationalized
      into a set of items for pretesting and then large-scale field testing as per the
      EORTC guidelines.

PMID- 26980421
TI  - Income-related inequality in perceived oral health among adult Finns before and
      after a major dental subsidization reform.
AB  - Objectives In Finland, a dental subsidization reform, implemented in 2001-2002,
      abolished age restrictions on subsidized dental care. The aim of this study was
      to investigate income-related inequality in the perceived oral health and its
      determinants among adult Finns before and after the reform. Materials and methods
      Three identical cross-sectional nationally representative postal surveys,
      concerning perceived oral health and the use of dental services among people born
      before 1971, were conducted in 2001 (n = 2157), in 2004 (n = 1814) and in 2007 (n
      = 1671). Three measures of perceived oral health were used: toothache or oral
      discomfort during the past 12 months, current need for dental care and self
      reported oral health status. Concentration index was used to analyse the income
      related inequalities. Its decomposition was used to study factors related to the
      inequalities. Results The proportion of respondents reporting need for dental
      care decreased from 2001 to 2007, while no changes were seen in reports of
      toothache or self-reported oral health status. Income-related inequalities in
      reports of toothache and perceived need for care widened, while the inequality in
      self-reported oral health remained stable. Most of the inequalities were related
      to income itself, perceived general health and the time since the last visit to
      dental care. Conclusions It seems that the income-related inequalities in
      perceived oral health remained or even widened after the reform. 

PMID- 26980420
TI  - Validity and reliability of the 19-item Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of
      Life (ADDQoL-19) questionnaire in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      in primary care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the 19
      item Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19) in Chinese patients
      with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in primary care setting. METHODS: The ADDQoL
      19 and SF-12v2 were administered to 386 Chinese patients with T2DM in public
      primary outpatient clinic in Hong Kong. Internal consistency reliability was
      determined by Cronbach's alpha, whereas construct validity was assessed by the
      Spearman's correlations between the scores of the ADDQoL-19 and SF-12v2.
      Independent t tests were used in known-group comparisons to identify the
      differences in the ADDQoL-19 scores between respondents with different duration
      of diabetes, treatment modalities, body mass index and glycemic control. RESULTS:
      The ADDQoL-19 had a moderate to weak correlation with SF-12v2 in convergent
      validity but with statistically significant results in known-group comparisons.
      Good internal consistency was generated with an acceptable value of 0.81, which
      was comparable to original English version. Construct validity was proven except
      the convergent validity is found to be weak with the generic SF-12v2, which was
      similar to the results in prior psychometric studies. CONCLUSIONS: Despite weak
      convergent validity, the ADDQoL-19 was found to have a satisfactory psychometric
      property, especially known-group comparisons and internal consistency reliability
      in the primary care setting.

PMID- 26980422
TI  - Efficacy and toxicity of a rituximab and methotrexate based regimen (GMALL B
      ALL/NHL 2002 protocol) in high risk diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma patients
      as a first line treatment.

PMID- 26980423
TI  - Effects of acute intra-abdominal hypertension on multiple intestinal barrier
      functions in rats.
AB  - Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a common and serious complication in
      critically ill patients for which there is no well-defined treatment strategy.
      Here, we explored the effect of IAH on multiple intestinal barriers and discussed
      whether the alteration in microflora provides clues to guide the rational
      therapeutic treatment of intestinal barriers during IAH. Using a rat model, we
      analysed the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs), mucins, chemotactic
      factors, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by immunohistochemistry. We also
      analysed the microflora populations using 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that, in
      addition to enhanced permeability, acute IAH (20 mmHg for 90 min) resulted in
      significant disturbances to mucosal barriers. Dysbiosis of the intestinal
      microbiota was also induced, as represented by decreased Firmicutes (relative
      abundance), increased Proteobacteria and migration of Bacteroidetes from the
      colon to the jejunum. At the genus level, Lactobacillus species and
      Peptostreptococcaceae incertae sedis were decreased, whereas levels of lactococci
      remained unchanged. Our findings outline the characteristics of IAH-induced
      barrier changes, indicating that intestinal barriers might be treated to
      alleviate IAH, and the microflora may be an especially relevant target.

PMID- 26980424
TI  - MicroRNAs provide a novel pathway toward combinatorial immune checkpoint
      blockade.

PMID- 26980425
TI  - Analyzing injury severity factors at highway railway grade crossing accidents
      involving vulnerable road users: A comparative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to identify the main factors
      associated with injury severity of vulnerable road users (VRUs) involved in
      accidents at highway railroad grade crossings (HRGCs) using data mining
      techniques. METHODS: This article applies an ordered probit model, association
      rules, and classification and regression tree (CART) algorithms to the U.S.
      Federal Railroad Administration's (FRA) HRGC accident database for the period
      2007-2013 to identify VRU injury severity factors at HRGCs. RESULTS: The results
      show that train speed is a key factor influencing injury severity. Further
      analysis illustrated that the presence of illumination does not reduce the
      severity of accidents for high-speed trains. In addition, there is a greater
      propensity toward fatal accidents for elderly road users compared to younger
      individuals. Interestingly, at night, injury accidents involving female road
      users are more severe compared to those involving males. CONCLUSIONS: The ordered
      probit model was the primary technique, and CART and association rules act as the
      supporter and identifier of interactions between variables. All 3 algorithms'
      results consistently show that the most influential accident factors are train
      speed, VRU age, and gender. The findings of this research could be applied for
      identifying high-risk hotspots and developing cost-effective countermeasures
      targeting VRUs at HRGCs.

PMID- 26980426
TI  - Effects of mTOR Inhibitors in Prevention of Abdominal Adhesions.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Postsurgical adhesions can occur after laparotomy and can
      cause morbidity. Local delivery of sirolimus prevented adhesion formation in
      various experiments. We analyzed the impact of orally dosed mammalian target of
      rapamycin inhibitors on abdominal adhesion formation and wound tensile strength
      in an experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar albino rats were divided
      into sirolimus, everolimus, and control groups (n = 6 per group). Experimental
      animals underwent midline laparotomy and adhesion induction procedure which
      included cecum abrasion and mesh implantation. Animals were administered oral
      sirolimus (4 mg/kg), everolimus (3 mg/kg), or placebo starting on postoperative
      day 1. Treatments were given until postoperative day 7. At postoperative day 21,
      adhesions were scored. Meshes were resected with the attached abdominal wall and
      cecal segment and stained with Sirius red for collagen density analysis. Midline
      scars were excised for tensile strength measurement. Effects of sirolimus and
      everolimus on fibroblast proliferation were also assessed. RESULTS: Mean adhesion
      score of the everolimus group (7.83 +/- 1.17) was significantly lower compared to
      sirolimus (11.00 +/- 0.63) and control (11.66 +/- 0.51) groups. Mean collagen
      density of the everolimus group (33.5 +/- 7.8) was significantly lower compared
      to sirolimus (50.7 +/- 9.69) and control (53.8 +/- 12.4) groups. Mean tensile
      strength of the control group (26.41 +/- 2.10) was significantly higher compared
      to sirolimus (17.89 +/- 1.9) and everolimus (21.37 +/- 1.25) groups. It was
      significantly lower in sirolimus group than everolimus group. Both sirolimus and
      everolimus treated media inhibited fibroblast proliferation significantly
      compared to media alone. CONCLUSIONS: Everolimus effectively reduced adhesions.
      Nevertheless, it also reduced wound tensile strength: an effect which seemed to
      be due to inhibition of fibroblast proliferation.

PMID- 26980427
TI  - Promote Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer Healing with Low Dose Prednisolone Bilayer
      Mucoadhesive Buccal Film.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is one of the most common ulcerative
      diseases of the oral mucosa which is recurrent, painful and slow to heal.
      Treatment is primarily for pain relief and promotion of healing to shorten the
      disease duration or reduce the rate of recurrence. OBJECTIVE: Development of a
      new design of topical buccal bilayer mucoadhesive films containing sodium
      alginate and gellan gum loaded with low dose of 1 mg prednisolone sodium
      phosphate to reduce the treatment period and decrease side effects of systemic
      treatment. METHODS: Films were prepared by solvent casting technique and
      evaluated to ensure optimum film characteristics, and in vivo efficiency.
      RESULTS: The bilayer films were thin, flexible with good water uptake,
      mucoadhesive and mechanical properties. In vitro drug release was sustained and
      showed anomalous non-Fickian kinetics. SEM confirmed the development of bilayer
      formation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning
      Calorimetery indicated no chemical interaction between the layers. In vivo study
      in rabbits with induced oral ulceration showed complete ulcer healing within 4-5
      days by once daily treatment of the studied film. Histological examination
      indicated no inflammation on treatment sites compared to inflamed tissue on the
      control sites. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that buccal application of the
      developed bilayer mucoadhesive films loaded with only 1mg of prednisolone
      provided mucoadhesive and convenient application and was able to promote RAU
      healing with shorter treatment duration.

PMID- 26980429
TI  - Celastrol, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, ameliorates hypercalciuria and articular
      cartilage lesions in a mouse model of secondary osteoporosis.
AB  - Notwithstanding compelling contribution of NF-kappaB to the progression of
      osteoporosis has been reported, little is known regarding direct inhibition of NF
      kappaB benefiting osteoporosis. In this study, therefore, we evaluated the role
      of celastrol, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, in a mouse model of secondary osteoporosis.
      Animals were divided into three groups as Sham (control), SO (secondary
      osteoporosis) and SO + CA (secondary osteoporosis treated with celastrol).
      Significant decreases in body weight and body fat were observed following
      celastrol treatment in SO group, but leptin levels were much higher. Celastrol
      also exhibited a significant decrease in urinary calcium excretion. Moreover,
      other important events were observed after celastrol treatment, covering
      substantial decrements in serum concentrations of PTH, TRAP-5b, CTX and DPD,
      improved structure of articular cartilage and cancellous bone (revealed by H&E
      and safranin-O staining), and significant decline in levels of NF-kappaB (P65),
      MMP-1, and MMP-9. These findings demonstrated that celastrol treatment not only
      improved abnormal lipid metabolism and hypercalciuria in mice subjected to
      secondary osteoporosis, but also ameliorated articular cartilage lesions. Our
      results provided evidence of targeted therapy for NF-kappaB in the clinical
      treatment of secondary osteoporosis. 

PMID- 26980430
TI  - Antihistamines suppress upregulation of histidine decarboxylase gene expression
      with potencies different from their binding affinities for histamine H1 receptor
      in toluene 2,4-diisocyanate-sensitized rats.
AB  - Antihistamines inhibit histamine signaling by blocking histamine H1 receptor
      (H1R) or suppressing H1R signaling as inverse agonists. The H1R gene is
      upregulated in patients with pollinosis, and its expression level is correlated
      with the severity of nasal symptoms. Here, we show that antihistamine suppressed
      upregulation of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA expression in patients with
      pollinosis, and its expression level was correlated with that of H1R mRNA.
      Certain antihistamines, including mepyramine and diphenhydramine, suppress
      toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)-induced upregulation of HDC gene expression and
      increase HDC activity in TDI-sensitized rats. However, d-chlorpheniramine did not
      demonstrate any effect. The potencies of antihistamine suppressive effects on HDC
      mRNA elevation were different from their H1R receptor binding affinities. In TDI
      sensitized rats, the potencies of antihistamine inhibitory effects on sneezing in
      the early phase were related to H1R binding. In contrast, the potencies of their
      inhibitory effects on sneezing in the late phase were correlated with those of
      suppressive effects on HDC mRNA elevation. Data suggest that in addition to the
      antihistaminic and inverse agonistic activities, certain antihistamines possess
      additional properties unrelated to receptor binding and alleviate nasal symptoms
      in the late phase by inhibiting synthesis and release of histamine by suppressing
      HDC gene transcription. 

PMID- 26980431
TI  - Initial Detection and Molecular Characterization of Namaycush Herpesvirus
      (Salmonid Herpesvirus 5) in Lake Trout.
AB  - A novel herpesvirus was found by molecular methods in samples of Lake Trout
      Salvelinus namaycush from Lake Erie, Pennsylvania, and Lake Ontario, Keuka Lake,
      and Lake Otsego, New York. Based on PCR amplification and partial sequencing of
      polymerase, terminase, and glycoprotein genes, a number of isolates were
      identified as a novel virus, which we have named Namaycush herpesvirus (NamHV)
      salmonid herpesvirus 5 (SalHV5). Phylogenetic analyses of three NamHV genes
      indicated strong clustering with other members of the genus Salmonivirus, placing
      these isolates into family Alloherpesviridae. The NamHV isolates were identical
      in the three partially sequenced genes; however, they varied from other salmonid
      herpesviruses in nucleotide sequence identity. In all three of the genes
      sequenced, NamHV shared the highest sequence identity with Atlantic Salmon
      papillomatosis virus (ASPV; SalHV4) isolated from Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar in
      northern Europe, including northwestern Russia. These results lead one to believe
      that NamHV and ASPV have a common ancestor that may have made a relatively recent
      host jump from Atlantic Salmon to Lake Trout or vice versa. Partial nucleotide
      sequence comparisons between NamHV and ASPV for the polymerase and glycoprotein
      genes differ by >5% and >10%, respectively. Additional nucleotide sequence
      comparisons between NamHV and epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus
      (EEDV/SalHV3) in the terminase, glycoprotein, and polymerase genes differ by >5%,
      >20%, and >10%, respectively. Thus, NamHV and EEDV may be occupying discrete
      ecological niches in Lake Trout. Even though NamHV shared the highest genetic
      identity with ASPV, each of these viruses has a separate host species, which also
      implies speciation. Additionally, NamHV has been detected over the last 4 years
      in four separate water bodies across two states, which suggests that NamHV is a
      distinct, naturally replicating lineage. This, in combination with a divergence
      in nucleotide sequence from EEDV, indicates that NamHV is a new species in the
      genus Salmonivirus. Received April 20, 2015; accepted October 11, 2015.

PMID- 26980432
TI  - Identification, cDNA Cloning, and Characterization of Luteinizing Hormone Beta
      Subunit (lhb) Gene in Catla catla.
AB  - Reproductive hormones play a significant role in the gonadal development and
      gametogenesis process of animals. In the present study luteinizing hormone beta,
      (lhb) subunit gene was cloned and characterized from the brain of Catla catla.
      The lhb full-length of cDNA sequence is 629 bp which consists of 43bp 5'-UTR
      (untranslated region) 447bp, ORF(open reading frame) and 139 bp of 3'-UTR
      respectively. The coding region of lhb gene encoded a peptide of 148 amino acids.
      The coding sequence of lhb gene consist of a single N-linked glycosylation site
      (NET) and 12 cysteine knot residues. Phylogenetic analysis of C. catla Lhbeta
      deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity with Carassius auratus
      followed by Gobiocypris rarus. 3D structure Lhbeta protein comprises of five beta
      sheets and six coils/loops. The qPCR results revealed lhb mRNA is mainly
      expressed in the pituitary, ovary while moderate expression was observed in brain
      and testis. To best our knowledge, this is the first report on the
      identification, molecular characterization and structural information regarding
      luteinizing hormone in Indian major carp. 

PMID- 26980434
TI  - Maillard reaction in food allergy: Pros and cons.
AB  - Food allergens have a notable potential to induce various health concerns in
      susceptible individuals. The majority of allergenic foods are usually subjected
      to thermal processing prior to their consumption. However, during thermal
      processing and long storage of foods, Maillard reaction (MR) often takes place.
      The MR is a non-enzymatic glycation reaction between the carbonyl group of
      reducing sugars and compounds having free amino groups. MR may sometimes be
      beneficial by damaging epitope of allergens and reducing allergenic potential,
      while exacerbation in allergic reactions may also occur due to changes in the
      motifs of epitopes or neoallergen generation. Apart from these modulations, non
      enzymatic glycation can also modify the food protein(s) with various type of
      advance glycation end products (AGEs) such as Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl-)lysine
      (CML), pentosidine, pyrraline, and methylglyoxal-H1 derived from MR. These
      Maillard products may act as immunogen by inducing the activation and
      proliferation of various immune cells. Literature is available to understand
      pathogenesis of glycation in the context of various diseases but there is hardly
      any review that can provide a thorough insight on the impact of glycation in food
      allergy. Therefore, present review explores the pathogenesis with special
      reference to food allergy caused by non-enzymatic glycation as well as AGEs.

PMID- 26980433
TI  - The lack of aspirin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aspirin resistance established by different laboratory methods is
      still a debated problem. Using COX1 specific methods no aspirin resistance was
      detected among healthy volunteers. Here we tested the effect of chronic aspirin
      treatment on platelets from patients with stable coronary artery disease. The
      expression of COX2 mRNA in platelets and its influences on the effect of aspirin
      was also investigated. METHODS: One hundred and forty four patients were enrolled
      in the study. The direct measurement of COX1 acetylation was carried out by
      monoclonal antibodies specific to acetylated and non-acetylated COX1 (acCOX1 and
      nacCOX1) using Western blotting technique. Arachidonic acid (AA) induced TXB2
      production by platelets was measured by competitive immunoassay. AA induced
      platelet aggregation, ATP secretion and VerifyNow Aspirin Assay were also
      performed. COX2 and COX1 mRNA expression in platelets were measured in 56
      patients by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: In 138 patients only acCOX1 was detected, in the
      remaining six patients nacCOX1 disappeared after a compliance period. AA induced
      TXB2 production by platelets was very low in all patients including the 6
      patients after compliance. AA induced platelet aggregation, secretion and with a
      few exceptions the VerifyNow Assay also demonstrated the effect of aspirin.
      Smoking, diabetes mellitus and inflammatory conditions did not influence the
      results. The very low amount of COX2 mRNA detected in 39 % of the investigated
      platelets did not influence the effect of aspirin. CONCLUSIONS: No aspirin
      resistance was detected among patients with stable coronary artery disease. COX2
      expression in platelets did not influence the effect of aspirin.

PMID- 26980435
TI  - Modulation of anti-cancer drug sensitivity through the regulation of
      mitochondrial activity by adenylate kinase 4.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adenylate kinase is a key enzyme in the high-energy phosphoryl
      transfer reaction in living cells. An isoform of this enzyme, adenylate kinase 4
      (AK4), is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and is believed to be involved in
      stress, drug resistance, malignant transformation in cancer, and ATP regulation.
      However, the molecular basis for the AK4 functions remained to be determined.
      METHODS: HeLa cells were transiently transfected with an AK4 small interfering
      RNA (siRNA), an AK4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmid, a control shRNA plasmid,
      an AK4 expression vector, and a control expression vector to examine the effect
      of the AK4 expression on cell proliferation, sensitivity to anti-cancer drug,
      metabolome, gene expression, and mitochondrial activity. RESULTS: AK4 knockdown
      cells treated with short hairpin RNA increased ATP production and showed greater
      sensitivity to hypoxia and anti-cancer drug, cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (II)
      (CDDP). Subcutaneous grafting AK4 knockdown cells into nude mice revealed that
      the grafted cells exhibited both slower proliferation and reduced the tumor sizes
      in response to CDDP. AK4 knockdown cell showed a increased oxygen consumption
      rate with FCCP treatment, while AK4 overexpression lowered it. Metabolome
      analysis showed the increased levels of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
      intermediates, fumarate and malate in AK4 knockdown cells, while AK4
      overexpression lowered them. Electron microscopy detected the increased
      mitochondrial numbers in AK4 knockdown cells. Microarray analysis detected the
      increased gene expression of two key enzymes in TCA cycle, succinate
      dehydrogenase A (SDHA) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenease L (OGDHL), which are
      components of SDH complex and OGDH complex, supporting the metabolomic results.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found that AK4 was involved in hypoxia tolerance, resistance to
      anti-tumor drug, and the regulation of mitochondrial activity. These findings
      provide a new potential target for efficient anticancer therapies by controlling
      AK4 expression.

PMID- 26980436
TI  - Acute interstitial nephritis due to flecainide therapy in the 38(th) week of
      pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) represents a frequent cause of
      acute kidney injury. While many etiologies of AIN have been recognized, the
      majority (60-70 %) are due to allergic reactions or drug exposure. Many different
      classes of drugs and several agents within a class can cause drug induced AIN.
      Flecainide, a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, had thus far not been associated with
      the occurrence of AIN. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we describe a case of biopsy
      proven AIN after flecainide therapy in a pregnant patient. The 24-year old
      Caucasian woman was admitted to our university hospital for a planned c-section.
      She had been put on flecainide at a dose of 200 mg/d for supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmia of the fetus ten days earlier. The only fleaainide drug level was
      obtained 24 h after the last dose. At this time point the serum level was still
      in the therapeutic range (392 ng/mL). After hospital admission the patient
      underwent uneventful c-section and delivered a 3095 g baby girl with mild
      insufficiency of the tricuspid valve. In the hours following the c-section, a
      single dose of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen (600
      mg) as well as single dose of diclofenac (100 mg) was administered. Within 5 days
      after c-section her baseline creatinine of 30 MUmol/L increased to 277 MUmol/L.
      The serum creatinine continued to rise to 411 MUmol/L on hospital day # 7. On
      renal ultrasound kidneys were enlarged and swollen. Urinary sediment at this
      point only revealed slight proteinuria (506 mg/g creatinine). A renal biopsy was
      performed showing acute interstitial nephritis. Within four days the renal
      function improved after discontinuation of flecainide and NSAIDs even without
      steroid therapy and the patient was discharged with a creatinine of 88 MUmol/L
      after 13 days in the hospital. CONCLUSION: This case suggests that flecainide, at
      least in combination with NSAIDs, can cause AIN.

PMID- 26980437
TI  - Dietary Patterns and Plasma Sex Hormones, Prolactin, and Sex Hormone-Binding
      Globulin in Premenopausal Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sex hormones are important for breast cancer, but it is unclear
      whether dietary patterns influence hormone concentrations. METHODS: Dietary
      pattern adherence scores for the alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED), Dietary
      Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Alternative Healthy Eating Index
      (AHEI) were calculated from semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires
      administered in 1995 and 1999. Premenopausal plasma concentrations of sex
      hormones were measured in samples collected in 1996 to 1999. We used generalized
      linear models to calculate geometric mean hormone concentrations across quartiles
      of dietary pattern scores among 1,990 women in the Nurses' Health Study II.
      RESULTS: We did not observe significant associations between sex hormone
      concentrations and the DASH pattern and only one suggestive association between
      follicular estrone concentrations and the aMED pattern [top vs. bottom quartile 
      4.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI), -10.6% to 2.1%; Ptrend = 0.06]. However,
      women in the top versus bottom quartile of AHEI score had lower concentrations of
      follicular (-9.1%; 95% CI, -16.1% to -1.4%; Ptrend = 0.04) and luteal (-7.5%; 95%
      CI, -13.6% to -0.9%; Ptrend = 0.01) estrone, luteal-free (-9.3%; 95% CI, -16.8%
      to -1.1%; Ptrend = 0.01) and total (-6.7 %; 95% CI, -14.3% to 1.5%; Ptrend =
      0.04) estradiol, follicular estradiol (-14.2%; 95% CI, -24.6% to -2.4%; Ptrend =
      0.05), and androstenedione (-7.8%; 95% CI, -15.4% to 0.4%; Ptrend = 0.03).
      CONCLUSION: Diet quality measured by the AHEI is inversely associated with
      premenopausal estrogen concentrations. Given that we did not observe similar
      associations with the aMED or DASH patterns, our findings should be interpreted
      with caution. IMPACT: Given the role of estrogens in breast cancer etiology, our
      findings add to the substantial evidence on the benefits of adhering to a healthy
      diet. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 791-8. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980438
TI  - Evolution to low-dose NSAID therapy.
AB  - All NSAIDs are to varying degrees associated with gastrointestinal,
      cardiovascular and renal adverse effects (AEs). Differences in selectivity for
      inhibition of the COX isozymes (COX-1/COX-2) have been used as an indicator of
      the likelihood of experiencing an AE, but the measure of 'selectivity' commonly
      used is less than desirable, and selectivity has not yielded unequivocal superior
      safety. Recent guidelines recommend that NSAIDs be used at the lowest effective
      dose and for the shortest period of time. In response, 'low-dose' NSAID
      formulations have been developed. Such formulations may help by reducing overall
      systemic exposure, thereby reducing the frequency or severity of AEs. It seems
      timely to review the need, rationale and application of such an approach. 

PMID- 26980439
TI  - Prescription for antibiotics at drug shops and strategies to improve quality of
      care and patient safety: a cross-sectional survey in the private sector in
      Uganda.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to assess practices of
      antibiotic prescription at registered drug shops with a focus on upper
      respiratory tract infections among children in order to provide data for policy
      discussions aimed at improving quality of care and patient safety in the private
      health sector in Uganda. METHODS: A survey was conducted within 57 parishes from
      August to October 2014 in Mukono District, Uganda. Data was captured on the
      following variables: drug shop characteristics, training of staff in management
      of pneumonia, availability of guidelines and basic equipment, available
      antibiotics, knowledge on treatment of pneumonia in children aged <5 years. The
      main study outcome was the proportion of private health facilities prescribing an
      antibiotic. RESULTS: A total of 170 registered drug shops were surveyed between
      August and October 2014. The majority of drug shops, 93.5% were prescribing
      antibiotics, especially amoxicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (septrin).
      The professional qualification of a provider was significantly associated with
      this practice, p=0.04; where lower cadre staff (nursing assistants and enrolled
      nurses) overprescribed antibiotics. A third, 29.4% of drug shop providers
      reported that antibiotics were the first-line treatment for children with
      diarrhoea; yet the standard guideline is to give oral rehydration salts and zinc
      tablets. Only few providers, 8.2%, had training on antibiotics, with 10.6% on
      pneumonia case management. Further to this, 7.1% drug shops had WHO-Integrated
      Management of Childhood Illness guidelines, and a negligible proportion (<1%) had
      respiratory timers and baby weighing scales. Although the majority of providers,
      82.4%, knew severe signs and symptoms of pneumonia, few, 17.6%, knew that
      amoxicillin was the first-line drug for treatment of pneumonia in children
      according to the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: There is urgent need to regulate drug
      shop practices of prescribing and selling antibiotics, for the safety of patients
      seeking care at these outlets.

PMID- 26980440
TI  - Exploring the glycan interaction in vivo: Future prospects of neo-glycoproteins
      for diagnostics.
AB  - Herein the biodistributions and in vivo kinetics of chemically prepared
      neoglycoproteins are reviewed. Chemical methods can be used to conjugate various
      mono- and oligosaccharides onto a protein surface. The kinetics and organ
      specific accumulation profiles of these glycoconjugates, which are introduced
      through intravenous injections, have been analyzed using conventional dissection
      studies as well as noninvasive methods such as single photon emission computed
      tomography, positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging. These studies
      suggest that glycan-dependent protein distribution kinetics may be useful for
      pharmacological and diagnostic applications.

PMID- 26980441
TI  - Identification of IL-23p19 as an endothelial proinflammatory peptide that
      promotes gp130-STAT3 signaling.
AB  - Interleukin-23 (IL-23), a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the unique p19
      peptide (IL-23p19) and a peptide called IL-12p40, which is shared with IL-12, is
      implicated in Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and other immune
      mediated inflammatory diseases. Endothelial cells produce the IL-23p19 peptide in
      the absence of the IL-12p40 chain and thus do not make heterodimeric IL-23. We
      found that intercellular IL-23p19 increased the cell surface abundances of
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
      (VCAM-1) on endothelial cells, which enhanced the attachment of leukocytes and
      increased their transendothelial migration. Intracellular p19 associated with the
      cytokine receptor subunit gp130 and stimulated the gp130-dependent activation of
      signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling.
      Proinflammatory factors promoted the generation of IL-23p19 in endothelial cells.
      The adventitial capillaries of inflamed temporal arteries in patients with giant
      cell arteritis (GCA) had endothelial p19 protein associated with gp130, but did
      not contain the IL-12p40 chain. Because adventitial capillaries are essential for
      the entry of inflammatory cells into arterial walls, these data suggest that p19
      may contribute to GCA disease and could represent a therapeutic target. Our
      results provide evidence that IL-23p19 is a previously unrecognized endothelial
      proinflammatory peptide that promotes leukocyte transendothelial migration,
      advancing our current understanding of the complexities of inflammatory
      responses. 

PMID- 26980442
TI  - Loss of Reelin protects against atherosclerosis by reducing leukocyte-endothelial
      cell adhesion and lesion macrophage accumulation.
AB  - The multimodular glycoprotein Reelin controls neuronal migration and synaptic
      transmission by binding to apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very low
      density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr) on neurons. In the periphery, Reelin is
      produced by the liver, circulates in blood, and promotes thrombosis and
      hemostasis. To investigate if Reelin influences atherogenesis, we studied
      atherosclerosis-prone low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice
      in which we inducibly deleted Reelin either ubiquitously or only in the liver,
      thus preventing the production of circulating Reelin. In both types of Reelin
      deficient mice, atherosclerosis progression was markedly attenuated, and
      macrophage content and endothelial cell staining for vascular cell adhesion
      molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were reduced
      at the sites of atherosclerotic lesions. Intravital microscopy revealed decreased
      leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in the Reelin-deficient mice. In cultured human
      endothelial cells, Reelin enhanced monocyte adhesion and increased ICAM1, VCAM1,
      and E-selectin expression by suppressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)
      activity and increasing nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity in an Apoer2
      dependent manner. These findings suggest that circulating Reelin promotes
      atherosclerosis by increasing vascular inflammation, and that reducing or
      inhibiting circulating Reelin may present a novel approach for the prevention of
      cardiovascular disease. 

PMID- 26980443
TI  - Mouse redox histology using genetically encoded probes.
AB  - Mapping the in vivo distribution of endogenous oxidants in animal tissues is of
      substantial biomedical interest. Numerous health-related factors, including diet,
      physical activity, infection, aging, toxins, or pharmacological intervention, may
      cause redox changes. Tools are needed to pinpoint redox state changes to
      particular organs, tissues, cell types, and subcellular organelles. We describe a
      procedure that preserves the in vivo redox state of genetically encoded redox
      biosensors within histological tissue sections, thus providing "redox maps" for
      any tissue and comparison of interest. We demonstrate the utility of the
      technique by visualizing endogenous redox differences and changes in the context
      of tumor growth, inflammation, embryonic development, and nutrient starvation. 

PMID- 26980444
TI  - Optimizing matching and analysis combinations for estimating causal effects.
AB  - Matching methods are common in studies across many disciplines. However, there is
      limited evidence on how to optimally combine matching with subsequent analysis
      approaches to minimize bias and maximize efficiency for the quantity of interest.
      We conducted simulations to compare the performance of a wide variety of matching
      methods and analysis approaches in terms of bias, variance, and mean squared
      error (MSE). We then compared these approaches in an applied example of an
      employment training program. The results indicate that combining full matching
      with double robust analysis performed best in both the simulations and the
      applied example, particularly when combined with machine learning estimation
      methods. To reduce bias, current guidelines advise researchers to select the
      technique with the best post-matching covariate balance, but this work finds that
      such an approach does not always minimize mean squared error (MSE). These
      findings have important implications for future research utilizing matching. To
      minimize MSE, investigators should consider additional diagnostics, and use of
      simulations tailored to the study of interest to identify the optimal matching
      and analysis combination. 

PMID- 26980445
TI  - A drug safety evaluation of mirabegron in the management of overactive bladder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome describing the
      symptom complex of urgency, with or without urgency incontinence and is usually
      associated with frequency and nocturia. Antimuscarinics are currently the most
      widely prescribed drugs for OAB although persistence with medication is often
      limited due to lack of efficacy or intolerable adverse effects. Mirabegron is
      beta3 adrenoreceptor agonist that is the first new drug licensed for the
      management of overactive bladder (OAB) in over 30 years. AREAS COVERED: This
      review provides a comprehensive overview of the mirabegron clinical trials
      programme, including Phase II, III and IV studies with a particular focus on
      tolerability and safety. A literature search was performed in Pubmed using the
      key words 'mirabegron', 'overactive bladder', 'beta3 adrenoceptor agonist' and
      'detrusor overactivity' with no restriction on dates. EXPERT OPINION: The
      extensive clinical trial programme has shown mirabegron to be safe and
      efficacious in the treatment of OAB symptoms and the evidence would suggest that
      it offers an effective alternative to antimuscarinic therapy.

PMID- 26980446
TI  - GP accused of fraudulently conducting a clinical trial.

PMID- 26980447
TI  - Treatment of vitamin A deficiency retinopathy with sublingual vitamin A
      palmitate.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report treatment of vitamin A deficiency retinopathy with sublingual
      vitamin A drops. METHODS: Case report with review of the literature. RESULTS: A
      69-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of small bowel resection presented
      with progressive symptoms of bilateral nyctalopia and decreased visual acuity.
      Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral conjunctival xerosis and fine white
      granular deposits in the midperipheral retina suggestive of vitamin A deficiency.
      Full-field electroretinogram (ERG), multifocal ERG (mfERG), and two-color dark
      adaptometry revealed significant impairment of rod and cone photoreceptor
      function. Kinetic perimetry demonstrated depressed macular sensitivity with
      constriction of the finer isopters. After 5 months of treatment with sublingual
      vitamin A drops, the patient's vision, ERG, mfERG, dark adaptometry, and
      perimetry normalized. A review of the literature summarizing the
      electrophysiologic testing in vitamin A deficiency is also discussed.
      CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights novel observations on the effects of sublingual
      vitamin A supplementation for acquired vitamin A deficiency retinopathy.
      Sublingual vitamin A may represent a viable and efficacious treatment modality
      for vitamin A deficiency.

PMID- 26980448
TI  - Quenching of Unincorporated Amplification Signal Reporters in Reverse
      Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Enabling Bright, Single
      Step, Closed-Tube, and Multiplexed Detection of RNA Viruses.
AB  - Reverse-transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) has
      frequently been proposed as an enabling technology for simplified diagnostic
      tests for RNA viruses. However, common detection techniques used for LAMP and RT
      LAMP have drawbacks, including poor discrimination capability, inability to
      multiplex targets, high rates of false positives, and (in some cases) the
      requirement of opening reaction tubes postamplification. Here, we present a
      simple technique that allows closed-tube, target-specific detection, based on
      inclusion of a dye-labeled primer that is incorporated into a target-specific
      amplicon if the target is present. A short, complementary quencher hybridizes to
      unincorporated primer upon cooling down at the end of the reaction, thereby
      quenching fluorescence of any unincorporated primer. Our technique, which we term
      QUASR (for quenching of unincorporated amplification signal reporters, read
      "quasar"), does not significantly reduce the amplification efficiency or
      sensitivity of RT-LAMP. Equipped with a simple LED excitation source and a
      colored plastic gel filter, the naked eye or a camera can easily discriminate
      between positive and negative QUASR reactions, which produce a difference in
      signal of approximately 10:1 without background subtraction. We demonstrate that
      QUASR detection is compatible with complex sample matrices such as human blood,
      using a novel LAMP primer set for bacteriophage MS2 (a model RNA virus particle).
      Furthermore, we demonstrate single-tube duplex detection of West Nile virus (WNV)
      and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) RNA. 

PMID- 26980449
TI  - A review of selective laser trabeculoplasty in the Hong Kong Chinese population.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Selective laser trabeculoplasty was first introduced to Hong Kong
      in 2004 for intra-ocular pressure lowering in the treatment of primary glaucoma.
      Since then, it has gained popularity as an alternative to anti-glaucoma
      medications and as a bridging therapy prior to more invasive glaucoma surgeries
      because of the high safety profile of the laser. METHODS: An Ovid search was
      performed using "selective laser trabeculoplasty" as the key word, which
      identified 190 unique articles; 24 reviews and/or meta-analyses were excluded.
      All remaining abstracts of original articles were in English. This review
      particularly focuses on the local population by summarising the findings from
      peer-reviewed publications that involved a Hong Kong Chinese population. RESULTS
      AND CONCLUSION: This review addresses some of the clinically relevant questions
      relating to selective laser trabeculoplasty including laser application, optimal
      energy, efficacies and success rates among different glaucoma subtypes,
      predictors of success, adverse effects, and intra-ocular pressure fluctuation
      after selective laser trabeculoplasty.

PMID- 26980450
TI  - Mushroom poisoning in Hong Kong: a ten-year review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mushroom poisoning is a cause of major mortality and morbidity all
      over the world. Although Hong Kong people consume a lot of mushrooms, there are
      only a few clinical studies and reviews of local mushroom poisoning. This study
      aimed to review the clinical characteristics, source, and outcome of mushroom
      poisoning incidences in Hong Kong. METHODS: This descriptive case series review
      was conducted by the Hong Kong Poison Information Centre and involved all cases
      of mushroom poisoning reported to the Centre from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2015.
      RESULTS: Overall, 67 cases of mushroom poisoning were reported. Of these, 60
      (90%) cases presented with gastrointestinal symptoms of vomiting, diarrhoea, and
      abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal symptoms were early onset (<6 hours post
      ingestion) and not severe in 53 patients and all recovered after symptomatic
      treatment and a short duration of hospital care. Gastrointestinal symptoms,
      however, were of late onset (>=6 hours post-ingestion) in seven patients; these
      were life-threatening cases of amatoxin poisoning. In all cases, the poisonous
      mushroom had been picked from the wild. Three cases were imported from other
      countries, and four collected and consumed the amatoxin-containing mushrooms in
      Hong Kong. Of the seven cases of amatoxin poisoning, six were critically ill, of
      whom one died and two required liver transplantation. There was one confirmed
      case of hallucinogenic mushroom poisoning caused by Tylopilus nigerrimus after
      consumption of a commercial mushroom product. A number of poisoning incidences
      involved the consumption of wild-harvested dried porcini purchased in the market.
      CONCLUSION: Most cases of mushroom poisoning in Hong Kong presented with
      gastrointestinal symptoms and followed a benign course. Life-threatening cases of
      amatoxin poisoning are occasionally seen. Doctors should consider this diagnosis
      in patients who present with gastrointestinal symptoms that begin 6 hours or more
      after mushroom consumption.

PMID- 26980451
TI  - Prevalence of motor problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity
      disorder in Hong Kong.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Local data on the occurrence of motor problems in children with
      attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are not available but an understanding
      of this important issue may enable better planning of medical services. We aimed
      to determine the prevalence of motor problems in children with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder in a local population. METHODS: In this descriptive cross
      sectional study, children aged 6 to 9 years diagnosed with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder over a period of 6 months from 1 July to 31 December 2011
      were recruited from the Joint Paediatric and Child Psychiatric ADHD Program in
      New Territories East Cluster in Hong Kong. Movement Assessment Battery for
      Children and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire-Chinese version
      were used to determine the presence of motor problems. RESULTS: Data from 95
      participants were included in the final analysis. The number of children who had
      no, borderline, or definite motor problems was 63, 15, and 17, respectively. It
      is estimated that up to one third of local children with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder might have developmental coordination disorder.
      CONCLUSIONS: Motor problems are common in local children with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder and figures are comparable with those from other parts of
      the world. Despite the various limitations of this study, the magnitude of the
      problem should not be overlooked.

PMID- 26980452
TI  - Poor preoperative nutritional status is an important predictor of the retardation
      of rehabilitation after cardiac surgery in elderly cardiac patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preoperative nutritional status and physical function are important
      predictors of mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. However, the
      influence of nutritional status before cardiac surgery on physical function and
      the progress of postoperative rehabilitation requires clarification. AIMS: To
      determine the effect of preoperative nutritional status on preoperative physical
      function and progress of rehabilitation after elective cardiac surgery. METHODS:
      We enrolled 131 elderly patients with mean age of 73.7 +/- 5.8 years undergoing
      cardiac surgery. We divided them into two groups by nutritional status as
      measured by the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI): high GNRI group (GNRI >=
      92, n = 106) and low GNRI group (GNRI < 92, n = 25). Physical function was
      estimated by handgrip strength, knee extensor muscle strength (KEMS), the Short
      Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Progress of
      postoperative rehabilitation was evaluated by the number of days to independent
      walking after surgery, length of stay in the ICU, and length of hospital stay.
      RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounding factors, preoperative handgrip
      strength (P = 0.034), KEMS (P = 0.009), SPPB (P < 0.0001), and 6MWT (P = 0.012)
      were all significantly better in the high GNRI group. Multiple regression
      analysis revealed that a low GNRI was an independent predictor of the retardation
      of postoperative rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative nutritional status as
      assessed by the GNRI could reflect perioperative physical function. Preoperative
      poor nutritional status may be an independent predictor of the retardation of
      postoperative rehabilitation in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.

PMID- 26980453
TI  - Predictors of poor cognitive status among older Malaysian adults: baseline
      findings from the LRGS TUA cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concepts of successful aging (SA), usual aging (UA), and mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI) have been developed to identify older adults at high
      risk of Alzheimer's diseases (AD), however, the predictors have rarely been
      investigated in a single study. Thus, this study aims to explore the risk factors
      of MCI as compared to UA and SA among older adults, in a large community based
      cohort study in Malaysia. METHOD: 1993 subjects from four states in Malaysia were
      recruited. A comprehensive interview-based questionnaire was administered to
      determine socio-demographic information, followed by assessments to evaluate
      cognitive function, functional status, dietary intake, lifestyle and psychosocial
      status. Risk factors of cognitive impairment were assessed using the ordinal
      logistic regression (OLR). RESULT: The prevalence of SA, UA and MCI in this study
      was 11, 73 and 16 % respectively. OLR indicated that higher fasting blood sugar,
      hyperlipidemia, disability, lower education level, not regularly involved in
      technical based activities, limited use of modern technologies, lower intake of
      fruits and fresh fruit juices and not practicing calorie restriction were among
      the risk factors of poor cognitive performance in this study. CONCLUSION: This
      study will be a stepping stone for future researchers to develop intervention
      strategies to prevent cognitive decline.

PMID- 26980455
TI  - Stability analysis of the ODE model representation of amyloidogenic processing in
      Alzheimer's disease in the presence of SORLA.
AB  - The proteolytic breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by secretases is
      a complex cellular process that results in the formation of neurotoxic Abeta
      peptides, causative of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Processing
      involves monomeric and dimeric forms of APP that are transported through distinct
      cellular compartments where the various secretases reside. Amyloidogenic
      processing is also influenced by modifiers such as sorting receptor-related
      protein (SORLA), an inhibitor of APP breakdown and a major AD risk factor. This
      paper analyzed the temporal behavior of a mathematical model describing APP
      processing under the influence of SORLA, by performing a stability analysis of
      the mathematical model. We found one biochemically meaningful equilibrium point
      xi. By means of linearization, Hartman-Grobman theorem, and Routh-Hurwitz test,
      it was shown that xi is a locally asymptotically stable equilibrium point. The
      region of attraction of xi was approximated by using the fluctuation lemma. An
      immediate consequence of the stability analysis of the reduced system to the
      temporal behavior of the solutions of the original system was also obtained. The
      biological implications of these results for the dynamic behavior of the activity
      of APP and secretases under SORLA's influence were established.

PMID- 26980454
TI  - Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of Mad2 siRNA-loaded EGFR-targeted chitosan
      nanoparticles in cisplatin sensitive and resistant lung cancer models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study focuses on biodistribution profile and
      pharmacokinetic parameters of EGFR-targeted chitosan nanoparticles (TG CS
      nanoparticles) for siRNA/cisplatin combination therapy of lung cancer. MATERIAL &
      METHODS: Mad2 siRNA was encapsulated in EGFR targeted and nontargeted (NTG) CS
      nanoparticles by electrostatic interaction. The biodistribution of the
      nanoparticles was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively in cisplatin (DDP)
      sensitive and resistant lung cancer xenograft model. RESULTS: TG nanoparticles
      showed a consistent and preferential tumor targeting ability with rapid clearance
      from the plasma to infiltrate and sustain within the tumor up to 96 h. They
      exhibit a sixfold higher tumor targeting efficiency compared with the NTG
      nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: TG nanoparticles present as an attractive drug
      delivery platform for RNAi therapeutics against NSCLC.

PMID- 26980456
TI  - Long-range magnetic coupling across a polar insulating layer.
AB  - Magnetic interactions in solids are normally mediated by short-range exchange or
      weak dipole fields. Here we report a magnetic interaction that can propagate over
      long distances (~10 nm) across a polar insulating oxide spacer. Evidence includes
      oscillations of magnetization, coercivity and field-cooled loop shift with the
      thickness of LaAlO3 in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures. Similar
      modifications of the hysteresis loop appear when two coupled films of
      La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 are separated by LaAlO3, or another polar insulator, but they
      are absent when the oxide spacer layer is nonpolar. The loop shift is attributed
      to strong spin-orbit coupling and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction at the
      interfaces. There is evidence from inelastic light scattering that the polar
      spacer mediates long-range transmission of orbital magnetization. This coupling
      mechanism is expected to apply for any conducting ferromagnetic oxide with mixed
      valence; in view of electron hopping frequency involved, it raises the prospect
      of terahertz tunability of magnetic coupling. 

PMID- 26980457
TI  - Multiple cranial neuropathies following zoledronic acid infusion: a relationship?
      Clinical features and pathogenic discussion concerning a case.
AB  - The widespread use of bisphosphonates, especially in osteoporosis, has led to a
      greater number of reports of side effects. We describe for the first time a case
      of a 75-year-old female patient with a history of indolent sicca syndrome who
      developed multiple cranial neuropathies after zoledronic acid infusion. In this
      case, the elimination of the main causes of multiple cranial neuropathies, the
      chronology with zoledronic acid infusion, the absence of secondary complications
      of the Sjogren's syndrome, reported cases of similar peripheral nerve injuries
      with interferon infusions, the spontaneous remission of this multiple cranial
      neuropathy in parallel with the induced flu-like syndrome, argue for its
      iatrogenic origin, probably by a great release of inflammatory mediators in this
      particular background of primary Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 26980459
TI  - Sequential BART for imputation of missing covariates.
AB  - To conduct comparative effectiveness research using electronic health records
      (EHR), many covariates are typically needed to adjust for selection and
      confounding biases. Unfortunately, it is typical to have missingness in these
      covariates. Just using cases with complete covariates will result in considerable
      efficiency losses and likely bias. Here, we consider the covariates missing at
      random with missing data mechanism either depending on the response or not.
      Standard methods for multiple imputation can either fail to capture nonlinear
      relationships or suffer from the incompatibility and uncongeniality issues. We
      explore a flexible Bayesian nonparametric approach to impute the missing
      covariates, which involves factoring the joint distribution of the covariates
      with missingness into a set of sequential conditionals and applying Bayesian
      additive regression trees to model each of these univariate conditionals. Using
      data augmentation, the posterior for each conditional can be sampled
      simultaneously. We provide details on the computational algorithm and make
      comparisons to other methods, including parametric sequential imputation and two
      versions of multiple imputation by chained equations. We illustrate the proposed
      approach on EHR data from an affiliated tertiary care institution to examine
      factors related to hyperglycemia.

PMID- 26980460
TI  - A double-blind randomized study assessing safety and efficacy following one-year
      adjunctive treatment with bitopertin, a glycine reuptake inhibitor, in Japanese
      patients with schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bitopertin, a glycine reuptake inhibitor, was investigated as a novel
      treatment for schizophrenia. We report all the results of a double-blind
      randomized study assessing safety and efficacy following 52-week adjunctive
      treatment with bitopertin in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: This
      study enrolled Japanese outpatients with schizophrenia who met criteria for
      either "negative symptoms", i.e., patients with persistent, predominant negative
      symptoms of schizophrenia even after long-term treatment with antipsychotics or
      "sub-optimally controlled symptoms", i.e., patients with insufficiently improved
      symptoms of schizophrenia even after long-term treatment with antipsychotics,
      respectively. One hundred sixty-one patients were randomly assigned to receive 52
      week treatments with bitopertin doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/day at ratio of 1:5:5,
      where existing antipsychotics were concomitantly administered. Efficacy endpoints
      included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression
      (CGI), and Personal and Social Performance (PSP). The purpose of the present
      study is primarily to evaluate the safety, and secondarily to investigate the
      clinical efficacy of bitopertin. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients (71 %)
      completed 52-week treatment with bitopertin. Most of the adverse events were mild
      or moderate in their severity. The patients in the 20-mg group experienced more
      adverse events than the patients in the other two groups. Common dose-dependent
      adverse events were somnolence and insomnia associated with worsening
      schizophrenia. The blood hemoglobin levels gradually decreased from baseline in a
      dose-dependent manner, but there were no patients with the decrease below 10 g/dL
      that would have led to their discontinuation. All the efficacy endpoints
      gradually improved in all the treatment groups for both of the two symptoms,
      while there were no clear differences among the three dose groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Altogether, bitopertin was found to be generally safe and well-tolerated for the
      treatment of patients with schizophrenia. All three bitopertin treated groups
      showed improvements in all the efficacy endpoints for both of the two symptoms,
      i.e., "negative symptoms" and "sub-optimally controlled symptoms", throughout the
      duration of the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Pharmaceutical Information
      Center, number JapicCTI-111627 (registered on September 20, 2011).

PMID- 26980458
TI  - Diabetes and disordered bone metabolism (diabetic osteodystrophy): time for
      recognition.
AB  - Diabetes and osteoporosis are rapidly growing diseases. The link between the high
      fracture incidence in diabetes as compared with the non-diabetic state has
      recently been recognized. While this review cannot cover every aspect of diabetic
      osteodystrophy, it attempts to incorporate current information from the First
      International Symposium on Diabetes and Bone presentations in Rome in 2014.
      Diabetes and osteoporosis are fast-growing diseases in the western world and are
      becoming a major problem in the emerging economic nations. Aging of populations
      worldwide will be responsible for an increased risk in the incidence of
      osteoporosis and diabetes. Furthermore, the economic burden due to complications
      of these diseases is enormous and will continue to increase unless public
      awareness of these diseases, the curbing of obesity, and cost-effective measures
      are instituted. The link between diabetes and fractures being more common in
      diabetics than non-diabetics has been widely recognized. At the same time, many
      questions remain regarding the underlying mechanisms for greater bone fragility
      in diabetic patients and the best approach to risk assessment and treatment to
      prevent fractures. Although it cannot cover every aspect of diabetic
      osteodystrophy, this review will attempt to incorporate current information
      particularly from the First International Symposium on Diabetes and Bone
      presentations in Rome in November 2014.

PMID- 26980463
TI  - [Inappropriate ICD shocks after collision with a pole].
AB  - A 60-year-old man experienced inappropriate ICD shocks after collision with a
      pole. Cine-fluoroscopy demonstrated lead fracture of the proximal lead, which was
      not so clearly visible on the chest radiograph. He underwent lead extraction and
      implantation of a new ICD system. 

PMID- 26980462
TI  - Mobile technology habits: patterns of association among device usage,
      intertemporal preference, impulse control, and reward sensitivity.
AB  - Mobile electronic devices are playing an increasingly pervasive role in our daily
      activities. Yet, there has been very little empirical research investigating how
      mobile technology habits might relate to individual differences in cognition and
      affect. The research presented in this paper provides evidence that heavier
      investment in mobile devices is correlated with a relatively weaker tendency to
      delay gratification (as measured by a delay discounting task) and a greater
      inclination toward impulsive behavior (i.e., weaker impulse control, assessed
      behaviorally and through self-report) but is not related to individual
      differences in sensitivity to reward. Analyses further demonstrated that
      individual variation in impulse control mediates the relationship between mobile
      technology usage and delay of gratification. Although based on correlational
      results, these findings lend some backing to concerns that increased use of
      portable electronic devices could have negative impacts on impulse control and
      the ability to appropriately valuate delayed rewards.

PMID- 26980464
TI  - [Peroneal nerve injury due to heterotopic ossification: rare complication
      following surgical treatment of an acetabular fracture].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sciatic nerve entrapment due to heterotopic ossification is a rare
      late complication of the surgical treatment of an acetabular fracture. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: In this article we present the case of a 34-year-old male, who
      developed weakness of the dorsiflexors of his right ankle several months after an
      open reduction of an acetabular fracture. The weakness was caused by isolated
      ectopic bone formation around the peroneal nerve in the presence of an anatomical
      variation, namely a high division of the sciatic nerve into the tibial and
      peroneal nerves. Surgical resection of the heterotopic ossification resulted in
      nearly complete recovery of dorsiflexion function. CONCLUSION: This case
      describes a rare late complication secondary to surgical treatment of an
      acetabular fracture. The anamnesis shows the clinical relevance of knowledge of
      the anatomical variation in the course of the sciatic nerve.

PMID- 26980461
TI  - Does insecticide resistance contribute to heterogeneities in malaria transmission
      in The Gambia?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria hotspots, areas with consistently higher than average
      transmission, may become increasingly common as malaria declines. This
      phenomenon, currently observed in The Gambia, may be caused by several factors,
      including some related to the local vectors, whose contribution is poorly
      understood. METHODS: Using WHO susceptibility bioassays, insecticide resistance
      status was determined in vector populations sampled from six pairs of villages
      across The Gambia, each pair contained a low and high prevalence village.
      RESULTS: Three vector species were observed (23.5% Anopheles arabiensis, 31.2%
      Anopheles gambiae, 43.3% Anopheles coluzzii and 2.0% An. coluzzii * An. gambiae
      hybrids). Even at a fine scale, significant differences in species composition
      were detected within village pairs. Resistance to both DDT and deltamethrin was
      more common in An. gambiae, most markedly in the eastern part of The Gambia and
      partly attributable to differing frequencies of resistance mutations. The Vgsc
      1014F target site mutation was strongly associated with both DDT (OR = 256.7,
      (95% CI 48.6-6374.3, p < 0.001) and deltamethrin survival (OR = 9.14, (95% CI
      4.24-21.4, p < 0.001). A second target site mutation, Vgsc-1575Y, which co-occurs
      with Vgsc-1014F, and a metabolic marker of resistance, Gste2-114T, conferred
      additional survival benefits to both insecticides. DDT resistance occurred
      significantly more frequently in villages with high malaria prevalence (p =
      0.025) though this did not apply to deltamethrin resistance. CONCLUSION: Whilst
      causality of relationships requires further investigation, variation in vector
      species and insecticide resistance in The Gambia is associated with malaria
      endemicity; with a notably higher prevalence of infection and insecticide
      resistance in the east of the country. In areas with heterogeneous malaria
      transmission, the role of the vector should be investigated to guide malaria
      control interventions.

PMID- 26980465
TI  - ['Which breast implant do I have?'; the importance of the Dutch Breast Implant
      Registry].
AB  - About 1 in 300 women in the Netherlands has a breast implant but many patients do
      not know what type of implant was inserted. The quality of breast implants is
      currently monitored by the implant manufacturers. Sufficient incidents have
      occurred to show that an independent registry is required to measure the quality
      of breast implants and to facilitate a national recall, if necessary. Good
      national and international collaboration with the government, the manufacturers
      and other specialist associations is crucial for setting up an implant registry.
      Since April 2015, data about patients and their implants have been collected,
      independently and prospectively, in the Dutch Breast Implant Registry to increase
      patient safety in cases of breast implant surgery in the Netherlands.

PMID- 26980466
TI  - [A female runner with a painful knee].
AB  - A 36-year-old, healthy woman presented with pain in her left knee. The X-ray of
      this knee showed a lytic tumour. The MRI scan also revealed this lesion, which
      was highly suspicious for a giant cell tumour of the distal femur. She was
      treated in a specialised centre. 

PMID- 26980467
TI  - [New medicines at an acceptable cost?].
AB  - The Dutch minister of Health, Welfare and Sport recently informed the Dutch
      Parliament that the current system of access to new medicines has failed because
      it is becoming too costly. She plans to tackle the pricing-problem within the
      current system by e.g. putting restrictions on patenting and market-protection of
      new medicines. In order to reform the system and to achieve rational
      pharmacotherapy, the government should do more. For example, the government could
      set up its own biotechnology companies, reject non-inferiority studies, and stop
      the rapid market access for new medicines when sound clinical evidence is
      lacking. Patients should be protected because they have the right, including
      during end-of-life care, to receive medicines that have been thoroughly
      evaluated. 

PMID- 26980468
TI  - [Tuberculosis among asylum-seekers in the Netherlands: a descriptive study among
      the two largest groups of asylum-seekers].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among
      the two largest groups of asylum-seekers in the Netherlands, i.e. Syrians and
      Eritreans/Ethiopians. DESIGN: Descriptive study. METHOD: We collected data from
      the screening of Syrian and Eritrean/Ethiopian asylum-seekers for the period
      January 2013 - September 2015 and linked these to notifications in the
      Netherlands Tuberculosis Register. RESULTS: Asylum-seekers from Syria and
      Eritrea/Ethiopia represented 65% and 72% of all asylum applications in 2014 and
      in the first nine months of 2015 respectively. Fourteen Syrian asylum-seekers
      applying during the study period were diagnosed with tuberculosis. The prevalence
      was 22 cases per 100,000 persons screened upon arrival (95% CI: 10-44), while the
      incidence within the first year after arrival was 19 per 100,000 persons (95% CI:
      3-62). Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 133 Eritrean/Ethiopian asylum-seekers
      applying during the study period. The prevalence was 283 cases per 100,000
      persons screened upon arrival (95% CI: 198-393) and the incidence in the first
      year after arrival was 1394 per 100,000 persons (95% CI: 1095-1751). CONCLUSION:
      In the last two years, most asylum-seekers have originated from Syria and among
      them tuberculosis is relatively uncommon. However, among Eritrean/Ethiopian
      asylum-seekers, prevalence and incidence in the first year in the Netherlands are
      high. This suggests that many of them have been recently infected, in their
      country of origin or during the journey. Other interventions are required, such
      as screening for latent infection, to prevent tuberculosis among high-risk asylum
      seekers and further reduce the incidence of this disease in the Netherlands.

PMID- 26980470
TI  - [Surfactant doses: From words to action].

PMID- 26980469
TI  - QTL Mapping of Endocochlear Potential Differences between C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ
      mice.
AB  - We reported earlier that the endocochlear potential (EP) differs between C57BL/6J
      (B6) and BALB/cJ (BALB) mice, being lower in BALBs by about 10 mV (Ohlemiller et
      al. Hear Res 220: 10-26, 2006). This difference corresponds to strain differences
      with respect to the density of marginal cells in cochlear stria vascularis. After
      about 1 year of age, BALB mice also tend toward EP reduction that correlates with
      further marginal cell loss. We therefore suggested that early sub-clinical
      features of the BALB stria vascularis may predispose these mice to a condition
      modeling Schuknecht's strial presbycusis. We further reported (Ohlemiller et al.
      J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 12: 45-58, 2011) that the acute effects of a 2-h 110 dB
      SPL noise exposure differ between B6 and BALB mice, such that the EP remains
      unchanged in B6 mice, but is reduced by 40-50 mV in BALBs. In about 25 % of
      BALBs, the EP does not completely recover, so that permanent EP reduction may
      contribute to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts in BALBs. To identify
      genes and alleles that may promote natural EP variation as well as noise-related
      EP reduction in BALB mice, we have mapped related quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
      using 12 recombinant inbred (RI) strains formed from B6 and BALB (CxB1-CxB12). EP
      and strial marginal cell density were measured in B6 mice, BALB mice, their F1
      hybrids, and RI mice without noise exposure, and 1-3 h after broadband noise (4
      45 kHz, 110 dB SPL, 2 h). For unexposed mice, the strain distribution patterns
      for EP and marginal cell density were used to generate preliminary QTL maps for
      both EP and marginal cell density. Six QTL regions were at least statistically
      suggestive, including a significant QTL for marginal cell density on chromosome
      12 that overlapped a weak QTL for EP variation. This region, termed Maced
      (Marginal cell density QTL) supports the notion of marginal cell density as a
      genetically influenced contributor to natural EP variation. Candidate genes for
      Maced notably include Foxg1, Foxa1, Akap6, Nkx2-1, and Pax9. Noise exposure
      produced significant EP reductions in two RI strains as well as significant EP
      increases in two RI strains. QTL mapping of the EP in noise-exposed RI mice
      yielded four suggestive regions. Two of these overlapped with QTL regions we
      previously identified for noise-related EP reduction in CBA/J mice (Ohlemiller et
      al. Hear Res 260: 47-53, 2010) on chromosomes 5 and 18 (Nirep). The present map
      may narrow the Nirep interval to a ~10-Mb region of proximal Chr. 18 that
      includes Zeb1, Arhgap12, Mpp7, and Gjd4. This study marks the first exploration
      of natural gene variants that modulate the EP. Their orthologs may underlie some
      human hearing loss that originates in the lateral wall.

PMID- 26980471
TI  - The Effect of Necitumumab in Combination with Gemcitabine plus Cisplatin on
      Tolerability and on Quality of Life: Results from the Phase 3 SQUIRE Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Necitumumab, a second-generation, recombinant human immunoglobulin
      G1 epidermal growth factor receptor antibody in the phase 3 SQUIRE trial
      (NCT00981058), increased survival benefit for patients randomized to receive
      necitumumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin compared with those who received
      gemcitabine-cisplatin. Here we characterize health-related quality of life
      (HRQoL) and tolerability results. METHODS: A total of 1093 patients with stage IV
      squamous non-small cell lung cancer were randomized 1:1 to receive necitumumab
      (800 mg absolute dose intravenously [IV]) plus gemcitabine-cisplatin (gemcitabine
      = 1250 mg/m(2) IV on days 1 and 8; cisplatin = 75 mg/m(2) IV on day 1) or
      gemcitabine-cisplatin alone (every 21 days) for up to six cycles. Patients
      receiving necitumumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin without disease progression
      continued necitumumab until progression. HRQoL was measured by Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale
      (LCSS), and the European Quality of Life Five-Dimensions questionnaire. Efficacy
      and LCSS outcomes were analyzed using the baseline maximum severity score of the
      LCSS. Tolerability was measured in terms of exposure to the study treatment and
      adverse events. Hospitalization rates were collected. RESULTS: Most patients in
      both study arms similarly maintained Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
      performance status and comparable LCSS and European Quality of Life Five
      Dimensions questionnaire assessments. Patients with a higher baseline LCSS had a
      greater survival benefit on the necitumumab arm. Chemotherapy exposure was
      similar in both treatment arms; 51% of patients on the necitumumab plus
      gemcitabine-cisplatin arm continued on single-agent necitumumab. The most
      frequent grade 4 adverse events were neutropenia (6.1% versus 7.9%) and
      thrombocytopenia (3.2% versus 4.3%) in the necitumumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin
      versus gemcitabine-cisplatin arms, respectively. Hospitalizations were slightly
      higher with necitumumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin (36.4%) than with gemcitabine
      cisplatin (34.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of necitumumab to gemcitabine
      cisplatin was well tolerated, did not negatively affect HRQoL or toxicity, and
      particularly benefited patients with more severe baseline symptoms or lower
      HRQoL.

PMID- 26980472
TI  - Variations in Receipt of Curative-Intent Surgery for Early-Stage Non-Small Cell
      Lung Cancer (NSCLC) by State.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported racial and socioeconomic disparities in
      receipt of curative-intent surgery for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC) in the United States. We examined variation in receipt of surgery and
      whether the racial disparity varies by state. METHODS: Patients in whom stage I
      or II NSCLC was diagnosed from 2007 to 2011 were identified from 38 state and the
      District of Columbia population-based cancer registries compiled by the North
      American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Percentage of patients
      receiving curative-intent surgery was calculated for each registry. Adjusted risk
      ratios were generated by using modified Poisson regression to control for
      sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex, race, insurance) and clinical (e.g., grade,
      stage) factors. Non-Hispanic (NH) whites and Massachusetts were used as
      references for comparisons because they had the lowest uninsured rates. RESULTS:
      In all registries combined, 66.4% of patients with early-stage NSCLC (73,475 of
      110,711) received curative-intent surgery. Receipt of curative-intent surgery for
      early-stage NSCLC varied substantially by state, ranging from 52.2% to 56.1% in
      Wyoming, Louisiana, and New Mexico to 75.2% to 77.2% in Massachusetts, New
      Jersey, and Utah. In a multivariable analysis, the likelihood of receiving
      curative-intent surgery was significantly lower in all but nine states/registries
      compared with Massachusetts, ranging from 7% lower in California to 25% lower in
      Wyoming. Receipt of curative-intent surgery for early-stage NSCLC was lower for
      NH blacks than for NH whites in every state, although statistically significant
      in Florida and Texas. CONCLUSIONS: Receipt of curative-intent surgery for early
      stage NSCLC varies substantially across states in the United States, with
      northeastern states generally showing the highest rates. Further, receipt of
      treatment appeared to be lower in NH blacks than in NH whites in every state,
      although statistically significant in Florida and Texas.

PMID- 26980473
TI  - Icotinib in Patients with Pretreated Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
      with EGFR Overexpression or EGFR Gene Amplification: A Single-Arm, Multicenter
      Phase 2 Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been reported to be
      overexpressed and amplified in a high percentage of patients with esophageal
      squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The activity of icotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor, was assessed in previously treated ESCC with EGFR overexpression or
      amplification. METHODS: For this phase 2, single-arm, multicenter trial
      undertaken at six hospitals in China, we included Chinese patients with
      previously treated, histologically confirmed advanced ESCC and EGFR
      overexpression (immunohistochemical staining sore of 3+) or amplification
      (positive fluorescence in situ hybridization result). These patients received
      oral icotinib (250 mg, three times daily).The primary end point was the
      proportion of patients with objective responses as assessed by an independent
      radiology review committee. RESULTS: Between December 5, 2013, and May 28, 2015,
      a total of 281 patients were screened. Fifty-four eligible patients were
      enrolled. Nine responses were observed, including one complete response and eight
      partial responses, and 16 patients had stable disease, resulting in a 16.7%
      objective response rate (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.7-26.6) and 46.3%
      disease control rate (95% CI: 33.0-59.6). The median progression-free survival
      and overall survival times were 52 (95% CI: 40-95) days and 153 (95% CI: 139-218)
      days, respectively. A total of 43 patients experienced at least one adverse
      event, but most were only grade 1 to 2 in severity. The most frequent was rash
      (48.1%), followed by diarrhea (22.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Icotinib showed favorable
      activity in patients with advanced, previously treated ESCC with EGFR
      overexpression or amplification. These findings suggest further research into
      EGFR overexpression or amplification for selecting responsive patients.

PMID- 26980474
TI  - New technique to improve lower facial contour using a three-dimensional, custom
      made, positional stent.

PMID- 26980475
TI  - Feasibility of eye-tracking technology to quantify expertise in ultrasound-guided
      regional anesthesia.
AB  - Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia (UGRA) requires an advanced procedural
      skill set that incorporates both sonographic knowledge of relevant anatomy as
      well as technical proficiency in needle manipulation in order to achieve a
      successful outcome. Understanding how to differentiate a novice from an expert in
      UGRA using a quantifiable tool may be useful for comparing educational
      interventions that could improve the rate at which one develops expertise.
      Exploring the gaze pattern of individuals performing a task has been used to
      evaluate expertise in many different disciplines, including medicine. However,
      the use of eye-tracking technology has not been previously applied to UGRA. The
      purpose of this preliminary study is to establish the feasibility of applying
      such technology as a measurement tool for comparing procedural expertise in UGRA.
      eye-tracking data were collected from one expert and one novice utilizing Tobii
      Glasses 2 while performing a simulated ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral
      block in a gel phantom model. Area of interest fixations were recorded and heat
      maps of gaze fixations were created. Results suggest a potential application of
      eye-tracking technology in the assessment of UGRA learning and performance.

PMID- 26980477
TI  - Investigating piconewton forces in cells by FRET-based molecular force
      microscopy.
AB  - The ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces is crucial for a
      wide range of developmental and pathophysiological processes. The molecular
      mechanisms underlying cellular mechanotransduction, however, are largely unknown
      because suitable techniques to measure mechanical forces across individual
      molecules in cells have been missing. In this article, we highlight advances in
      the development of molecular force sensing techniques and discuss our recently
      expanded set of FRET-based tension sensors that allows the analysis of mechanical
      forces with piconewton sensitivity in cells. In addition, we provide a
      theoretical framework for the design of additional tension sensor modules with
      adjusted force sensitivity.

PMID- 26980476
TI  - Autophagy and Apoptosis Play Opposing Roles in Overall Survival of Esophageal
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Esophageal cancer is among the most aggressive gastrointestinal tract
      malignancies, and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common subtype. Although
      both autophagy and apoptosis involve programmed cell death, autophagy also
      maintains cell survival by recycling cellular waste. The relationship between
      autophagy and apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear.
      Autophagic and apoptotic markers of ESCC were detected by immunohistochemical
      staining (IHC) in 43 ESCC patients treated during 2007-2011. Chi-square test and
      Kaplan-Meier method were used to determine how clinicopathological parameters
      were related to IHC results for LC3B, Beclin-1 and caspase-3 (CASP-3).
      Correlations among Beclin-1, LC3B, and CASP-3 were analyzed by Spearman rho. The
      statistical analyses revealed no clinicopathological parameters that
      significantly correlated with expressions of Beclin-1, LC3B, and CASP-3. However,
      low CASP-3 expression and high LC3B expression revealed by IHC were predictors of
      a poor prognosis. Additionally, LC3B expression had a significant negative
      correlation with CASP-3 expression. Autophagy is antagonistic to apoptosis and
      predicts poor overall survival in ESCC. 

PMID- 26980478
TI  - Hoxa5 undergoes dynamic DNA methylation and transcriptional repression in the
      adipose tissue of mice exposed to high-fat diet.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The genomic bases of the adipose tissue abnormalities
      induced by chronic positive calorie excess have been only partially elucidated.
      We adopted a genome-wide approach to directly test whether long-term high-fat
      diet (HFD) exposure affects the DNA methylation profile of the mouse adipose
      tissue and to identify the functional consequences of these changes.
      SUBJECTS/METHODS: We have used epididymal fat of mice fed either high-fat (HFD)
      or regular chow (STD) diet for 5 months and performed genome-wide DNA methylation
      analyses by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq). Mouse
      Homeobox (Hox) Gene DNA Methylation PCR, RT-qPCR and bisulphite sequencing
      analyses were then performed. RESULTS: Mice fed the HFD progressively expanded
      their adipose mass accompanied by a significant decrease in glucose tolerance
      (P<0.001) and insulin sensitivity (P<0.05). MeDIP-seq data analysis revealed a
      uniform distribution of differentially methylated regions (DMR) through the
      entire adipocyte genome, with a higher number of hypermethylated regions in HFD
      mice (P<0.005). This different methylation profile was accompanied by increased
      expression of the Dnmt3a DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt; P<0.05) and the methyl-CpG
      binding domain protein Mbd3 (P<0.05) genes in HFD mice. Gene ontology analysis
      revealed that, in the HFD-treated mice, the Hox family of development genes was
      highly enriched in differentially methylated genes (P=0.008). To validate this
      finding, Hoxa5, which is implicated in fat tissue differentiation and remodeling,
      has been selected and analyzed by bisulphite sequencing, confirming
      hypermethylation in the adipose tissue from the HFD mice. Hoxa5 hypermethylation
      was associated with downregulation of Hoxa5 mRNA and protein expression. Feeding
      animals previously exposed to the HFD with a standard chow diet for two further
      months improved the metabolic phenotype of the animals, accompanied by return of
      Hoxa5 methylation and expression levels (P<0.05) to values similar to those of
      the control mice maintained under standard chow. CONCLUSIONS: HFD induces adipose
      tissue abnormalities accompanied by epigenetic changes at the Hoxa5 adipose
      tissue remodeling gene.

PMID- 26980479
TI  - Treatment with TUG891, a free fatty acid receptor 4 agonist, restores adipose
      tissue metabolic dysfunction following chronic sleep fragmentation in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep fragmentation (SF), a frequent occurrence in multiple sleep and
      other diseases leads to increased food intake and insulin resistance via
      increased macrophage activation and inflammation in visceral white adipose tissue
      (VWAT). Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) is reduced in pediatric sleep apnea
      patients and FFA4 agonists have been proposed in the treatment of obesity and
      metabolic dysfunction. METHODS: Male mice were subjected to SF exposures for 6
      weeks, and treated during the last 2 weeks with either TUG891, a potent and
      selective FFA4 agonist, or vehicle (Veh). Glucose and insulin tolerance tests and
      VWAT insulin sensitivity tests were conducted (phosphorylated Akt/total Akt),
      along with flow cytometric assessments of VWAT macrophage polarity, and T-cell
      lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS: SF-TUG891 mice showed reduction in food consumption,
      weight gain and VWAT mass. Furthermore, TUG891 treatment ameliorated glucose
      tolerance test and insulin tolerance test responses and increased VWAT p-Akt/Akt
      responses to insulin. Increases in M1/M2 macrophages and decreased Treg counts in
      VWAT associated with SF were markedly improved by TUG891, and VWAT macrophages
      from TUG891-treated mice had markedly attenuated insulin resistance effects on
      naive cultured adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with an FFA4 agonist reverses
      SF-induced food intake increases and gains in body weight, and significantly
      attenuates VWAT inflammation and insulin resistance. Thus, interventional dietary
      or pharmaceutical strategies aimed at increasing FFA4 activity may serve as
      potentially useful adjunctive therapies for sleep disorders accompanied by
      metabolic morbidity.

PMID- 26980481
TI  - Physical activity, dietary vitamin C, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean
      adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 to 2012.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Metabolic syndrome is a global public health problem, and regular
      physical activity is a well-known critical factor in its management. A recent
      study suggests that the effect of exercise on metabolic syndrome may be enhanced
      by sufficient plasma vitamin C concentrations. We therefore examined the combined
      effect of physical activity and dietary vitamin C on the risk of metabolic
      syndrome in the general Korean population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
      METHODS: We analyzed data from 22,671 adults aged 20 years or older from the
      Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012. Physical
      activity was computed as the total metabolic equivalent (METs-hr/week) summed
      from MET scores of walking, moderate activity, and vigorous activity. Vitamin C
      intake was assessed using a 24-h dietary recall. Participants were classified
      into four combined groups based on median values of physical activity and vitamin
      C intake. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratio
      (OR) for metabolic syndrome in individuals with both high physical activity and
      vitamin C intake (vs. both low physical activity and vitamin C intake) was 0.79
      (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71-0.87). The estimated combined effect was more
      than either high physical activity alone (OR, 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73-0.90)) or high
      vitamin C intake alone (OR, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99)), although each of those was
      beneficial. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and dietary intake of vitamin C are
      both associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome. Our findings suggest
      further that a combination of physical activity and a diet rich in vitamin C may
      help in preventing metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 26980482
TI  - Synthesis of Indeno[1',2':4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-11-ones and
      Chromeno[4',3':4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-ones through Palladium-Catalyzed
      Cascade Reactions of 2-(2-Bromophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
AB  - A novel and efficient synthesis of 11H-indeno[1',2':4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-11
      one, a hybrid structure of indenone with imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, from the
      reaction of 2-(2-bromophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with carbon monoxide through
      palladium-catalyzed CO insertion and C-H bond activation, has been developed.
      Intriguingly, under similar conditions but in the presence of Cu(OAc)2, the
      reaction selectively afforded 6H-chromeno[4',3':4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-one,
      a hybrid structure of chromenone with imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, via a more
      sophisticated cascade process including acetoxylation, deacetylation, CO
      insertion, and C-H bond activation. 

PMID- 26980480
TI  - Human papillomavirus type 16 viral load is decreased following a therapeutic
      vaccination.
AB  - In the dose-escalation phase of a Phase I clinical trial in which six subjects
      each were vaccinated with PepCan at the 50, 100, 250, and 500 MUg per peptide
      dose, the 50 MUg dose showed the best histological regression rate. Ten
      additional subjects were vaccinated at this dose in the final dose phase. As with
      the dose-escalation phase, no dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Overall,
      the histological regression rates were 50% at the 50 MUg dose (7 of 14) and 100
      MUg dose (3 of 6), and 45 % overall (14 of 31). Of subjects in whom HPV type 16
      (HPV 16) was detected at entry, it became undetectable in three subjects after
      vaccination, and the viral loads significantly decreased in nine subjects in whom
      HPV 16 infection was detected at entry and exit (p = 0.008). Immune profiling
      revealed increased T-helper type 1 cells after vaccinations (p = 0.02 and 0.0004
      after 2 and 4 vaccinations, respectively). T-helper type 2 cells initially
      increased after two vaccinations (p = 0.01), but decreased below the baseline
      level after four vaccinations although not significantly. Pre-vaccination
      regulatory T cell levels were significantly lower in histological responders
      compared to non-responders (p = 0.03). Feasibility of testing plasma for
      multiplex cytokine/chemokine analysis and of performing proteomic analysis of
      PBMCs was examined for potentially identifying biomarkers in the future. While
      these analyses are feasible to perform, attention needs to be given to how soon
      the blood samples would be processed after phlebotomy. As sufficient safety of
      PepCan has been demonstrated, enrollment for the Phase II clinical trial has been
      opened.

PMID- 26980483
TI  - Complications and Yield of Computed Tomography-Guided Transthoracic Core Needle
      Biopsy of Lung Nodules at a High-Volume Academic Center in an Endemic
      Coccidioidomycosis Area.
AB  - PURPOSE: Previous studies with small sample sizes have shown a wide range of
      complication rates and no study has investigated the yield of computed tomography
      guided transthoracic core needle biopsies (CTTCB) for coccidioidomycosis. To
      better assess the safety, accuracy, and risk factors for complications of CTTCB
      of pulmonary nodules, we conducted a retrospective study at a high-volume
      academic center in an endemic coccidioidomycosis area. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective study of 203 patients who underwent CTTCB of pulmonary nodules
      between December 2010 and May 2013. We collected demographics, clinical, and
      radiographic data. Each case was reviewed for complications. Diagnostic accuracy
      was assessed by comparing CTTCB with final diagnoses. RESULTS: The overall
      complication rate was 25 %. Pneumothorax accounted for 24 % of complications with
      7 % of pneumothoraces requiring chest tube. 1.5 % were complicated by hemoptysis
      but none required blood transfusions. There was an association between
      complications and age, presence of emphysema on CT, traversed lung length, and
      lesion depth. The overall sensitivity of the CTTCB for all types of lung cancer
      was 93 %, and specificity of 100 %. The positive predictive value of CTTCB for
      lung cancer was 100 %. The sensitivity and specificity of CTTCB for a
      coccidiomycosis lung nodule was 83 % with a specificity of 100 % with a PPV of
      100 %. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that CTTCB is a relatively safe method
      for evaluating lung nodules and highly accurate in evaluating lung nodules due to
      coccidioidomycosis in an endemic area. The primary risk factors for complications
      from CTTCB are the presence of emphysema on CT scan, lesion depth, and traversed
      lung length.

PMID- 26980484
TI  - Competing endogenous RNA networks of CYP4Z1 and pseudogene CYP4Z2P confer
      tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
AB  - Patients with estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive breast cancer can be
      treated with endocrine therapy using anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen;
      nonetheless, patients often develop resistance limiting the success of breast
      cancer treatment. The potential mechanisms remain elusive. In detail, many miRNAs
      have been associated with breast cancer tamoxifen resistance, but no studies have
      addressed the role of miRNA-mediated competitive endogenous RNAs network (ceRNET)
      in tamoxifen resistance. The ceRNET between CYP4Z1 and pseudogene CYP4Z2P has
      been revealed to promote breast cancer angiogenesis. However, its function in
      tamoxifen resistance remains unclear. Here we report CYP4Z1 and CYP4Z2P were
      downregulated in MCF-7 cells compared with tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7-TamR cells.
      Enforced upregulation of CYP4Z1- or CYP4Z2P-3'UTR level renders MCF-7 Cells
      resistant to tamoxifen. We find that overexpression of CYP4Z1- or CYP4Z2P-3'UTR
      enhances the transcriptional activity of ERalpha through the activation of
      ERalpha phosphorylation. Furthermore, we find that CYP4Z1- and CYP4Z2P-3'UTRs
      increase ERalpha activity dependent on cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (CDK3). Reporter
      gene and western blot assays revealed that CYP4Z1- and CYP4Z2P-3'UTRs act as CDK3
      ceRNAs. More importantly, the blocking of CYP4Z1- and CYP4Z2P-3'UTRs reversed
      tamoxifen resistance in MCF-7-TamR cells. Our data demonstrates that the ceRNET
      between CYP4Z1 and pseudogene CYP4Z2P acts as a sub-ceRNET to promote CDK3
      expression in ER-positive breast cancer and is a potential therapeutic target for
      treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. 

PMID- 26980485
TI  - Recycling WEEE: Extraction and concentration of silver from waste crystalline
      silicon photovoltaic modules.
AB  - Photovoltaic modules (or panels) are important power generators with limited
      lifespans. The modules contain known pollutants and valuable materials such as
      silicon, silver, copper, aluminum and glass. Thus, recycling such waste is of
      great importance. To date, there have been few published studies on recycling
      silver from silicon photovoltaic panels, even though silicon technology
      represents the majority of the photovoltaic market. In this study, the extraction
      of silver from waste modules is justified and evaluated. It is shown that the
      silver content in crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules reaches 600g/t.
      Moreover, two methods to concentrate silver from waste modules were studied, and
      the use of pyrolysis was evaluated. In the first method, the modules were milled,
      sieved and leached in 64% nitric acid solution with 99% sodium chloride; the
      silver concentration yield was 94%. In the second method, photovoltaic modules
      were milled, sieved, subjected to pyrolysis at 500 degrees C and leached in 64%
      nitric acid solution with 99% sodium chloride; the silver concentration yield was
      92%. The first method is preferred as it consumes less energy and presents a
      higher yield of silver. This study shows that the use of pyrolysis does not
      assist in the extraction of silver, as the yield was similar for both methods
      with and without pyrolysis.

PMID- 26980486
TI  - The multiple sclerosis drug fingolimod (FTY720) stimulates neuronal gene
      expression, axonal growth and regeneration.
AB  - Fingolimod (FTY720) is a new generation oral treatment for multiple sclerosis
      (MS). So far, FTY720 was mainly considered to target trafficking of immune cells
      but not brain cells such as neurons. Herein, we analyzed FTY720's potential to
      directly alter neuronal function. In CNS neurons, we identified a FTY720 governed
      gene expression response. FTY720 upregulated immediate early genes (IEGs)
      encoding for neuronal activity associated transcription factors such as c-Fos,
      FosB, Egr1 and Egr2 and induced actin cytoskeleton associated genes (actin
      isoforms, tropomyosin, calponin). Stimulation of primary neurons with FTY720
      enhanced neurite growth and altered growth cone morphology. In accordance, FTY720
      enhanced axon regeneration in mice upon facial nerve axotomy. We identified
      components of a FTY720 engaged signaling cascade including S1P receptors, G12/13G
      proteins, RhoA-GTPases and the transcription factors SRF/MRTF. In summary, we
      uncovered a broader cellular and therapeutic operation mode of FTY720, suggesting
      beneficial FTY720 effects also on CNS neurons during MS therapy and for treatment
      of other neurodegenerative diseases requiring neuroprotective and
      neurorestorative processes.

PMID- 26980487
TI  - MLKL inhibition attenuates hypoxia-ischemia induced neuronal damage in developing
      brain.
AB  - Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is a critical molecule mediating
      cell necroptosis. However, its role in brain injury remains obscure. We first
      investigated the functions and mechanisms of MLKL in mediating neuronal damage in
      developing brain after hypoxia-ischemia. Neuronal necroptosis was induced by
      oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) plus caspase inhibitor zVAD treatment
      (OGD/zVAD). We found that two important necroptosis related proteins, receptor
      interacting protein 1 and 3 (RIP1, RIP3) were upregulated. Furthermore, the
      interaction of RIP1-RIP3 with MLKL increased. Inhibition of MLKL through siRNA
      diminished RIP1-RIP3-MLKL interaction and attenuated neuronal death induced by
      OGD/zVAD. The translocation of oligomerized MLKL to the neuronal membrane leading
      to the injury of cellular membrane is the possible new mechanism of neuronal
      necroptosis. Animal experiment with neonatal rats further proved that MLKL
      inhibition attenuated brain damage induced by hypoxia-ischemia. These findings
      suggest that MLKL is a target to attenuate brain damage in developing brain.

PMID- 26980488
TI  - Genetic alteration in phosphofructokinase family promotes growth of muscle
      invasive bladder cancer.
AB  - AIMS: Metabolic alterations in cancer, including bladder cancer, have been
      addressed in recent years. We aimed to study the role of phosphofructokinase
      (PFK) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHOD: By in silico analysis of
      the bladder cancer data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database using the
      cBioPortal platform, we studied genetic alteration of genes within the PFK family
      (PFKL, PFKM, PFKP, PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, and PFKFB4). In vitro studies were
      carried out using the PFK inhibitor 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-6-phosphate. RESULTS:
      Genetic alterations of PFK family genes were observed in ~44% of MIBC cases in
      TCGA. The main alterations were amplification and upregulation. Patients with
      altered PFK gene status were more likely to have a history of noninvasive bladder
      cancer. Altered PFK status was not associated with survival or disease relapse.
      Use of the PFK inhibitor significantly decreased the level of glycolysis and
      inhibited the growth and invasion of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: PFKs were
      critical genes in charge of glycolysis and were upregulated in bladder cancer.
      Targeting this pathway could inhibit cell growth in bladder cancer.

PMID- 26980489
TI  - Immunomodulating microRNAs of mycobacterial infections.
AB  - MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have emerged as key
      regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by sequence
      specific binding to target mRNAs. Some microRNAs block translation, while others
      promote mRNA degradation, leading to a reduction in protein availability. A
      single miRNA can potentially regulate the expression of multiple genes and their
      encoded proteins. Therefore, miRNAs can influence molecular signalling pathways
      and regulate many biological processes in health and disease. Upon infection,
      host cells rapidly change their transcriptional programs, including miRNA
      expression, as a response against the invading microorganism. Not surprisingly,
      pathogens can also alter the host miRNA profile to their own benefit, which is of
      major importance to scientists addressing high morbidity and mortality infectious
      diseases such as tuberculosis. In this review, we present recent findings on the
      miRNAs regulation of the host response against mycobacterial infections,
      providing new insights into host-pathogen interactions. Understanding these
      findings and its implications could reveal new opportunities for designing better
      diagnostic tools, therapies and more effective vaccines. 

PMID- 26980491
TI  - Comparison of the socio-demographic and clinical features of pulmonary TB
      patients infected with sub-lineages within the W-Beijing and non-Beijing
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Highly lethal outbreaks of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively
      drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis are increasing. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      variant Beijing family and its members is regarded as a successful clone of M.
      tuberculosis that is associated with drug resistance in China. Understanding the
      genetic characteristics and molecular mechanism of drug resistant tuberculosis
      within Beijing family may help to clarify its origin and evolutionary history and
      the driving forces behind its emergence and current dissemination. METHODS:
      Totally of 1222 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were recovered from patients
      in six counties of two provinces in eastern China within 2010/2012. Strain
      lineage and its major subgroups were studied respectively by using Spoligotyping
      and MIRU-VNTR. The 1st-line drug susceptibility was analyzed by proportional
      method and 2nd-line drug susceptibility was determined by the HAINs MTBDRsl test.
      The genetic characterization of drug resistance was analyzed by sequencing the
      previously reported genes and loci associated with drug resistance together with
      the multiple genotyping including MIRU-VNTR, Spoligotyping and LSP genotyping.
      RESULTS: Of the 1222 Mtb isolates, 298 (24.4%) were resistant to 1st-line drug
      and 73 (5.9%) were simultaneously resistant to INH and RIF namely MDR-TB.
      Respectively 23.8% of 1st-line drug resistant TB and 12.0% of the drug
      susceptible TB contained the mutation associated with 2nd-line drugs by HAINs
      test. The Spoligotyping of 1222 Mtb isolates revealed the 967 (79.1%) of the
      isolates belonged to the W-Beijing family. Within W-Beijing family, 78.8% MDR-TB
      were observed in the isolates with simultaneous deletion of RD105 and RD207, with
      sub-lineage 181 accounting for 75% of MDR-TB. Analysis of 24 MIRU-VNTR loci
      revealed that 88.2% (15/17) of MDR and extensively drug resistant (XDR) clustered
      isolates were sub-lineage 181. CONCLUSIONS: Sublineage 181 might have the
      capacity to spread throughout the general community in rural China. This is the
      first report on the extensive association of sub-lineage 181 with MDR TB and
      possibly pre-XDR TB and XDR TB. It is important to monitor sublineage 181 to
      verify its heightened transmission and understand its importance in the global
      MDR-TB and XDR-TB epidemics.

PMID- 26980492
TI  - Evaluation of a lens-free imager to facilitate tuberculosis diagnostics in MODS.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) control efforts are hampered by a mismatch in diagnostic
      technology. Lack of adequate early diagnostics and Multi-drug resistant (MDR)
      detection is a critical problem in control efforts. Alternate and novel
      diagnostic approaches are required, especially in low-resources settings where
      they are needed most. The Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS)
      assay is a cost-effective, highly sensitive, and specific method based on the
      detection of characteristic cording growth patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      (MTB), in microscopic examination of a liquid culture under an inverted
      microscope. By adding antimicrobials to the wells, MODS also determines
      antimicrobial susceptibility in both MDR and Extreme Drug Resistant (XDR)
      tuberculosis. The interpretation of a MODS culture performed in a 24 well plate,
      requires an extensive inspection over the entire surface to detect TB cords. This
      process requires significant time and effort from a trained microscopist. We
      evaluated a lens-free imager system, able to render microscopic images of live
      specimens, for the proof of principle to be used for MODS culture interpretation.
      The lens-free imager system is able to digitalize a 24-mm(2) surface with
      approximately 40X magnification in a single capture. The evaluation of the lens
      free imager found that it produced microscopic images that were adequate for MODS
      interpretation by a human expert. Compared to the average time that takes a
      microscopist to completely examine a MODS culture sample, the lens free imager
      notably reduced the time of inspection. Therefore, lens-free imager variants may
      constitute promising systems to aid in the diagnostics of tuberculosis, by
      simplifying and reducing the time of inspection and permitting automatization of
      MODS interpretation. 

PMID- 26980490
TI  - Tuberculosis as a three-act play: A new paradigm for the pathogenesis of
      pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - Lack of access to human tissues with untreated tuberculosis (TB) has forced
      generations of researchers to use animal models and to adopt a paradigm that
      granulomas are the characteristic lesion of both primary and post primary TB. An
      extended search of studies of human lung tissues failed to find any reports that
      support this paradigm. We found scores of publications from gross pathology in
      1804 through high resolution CT scans in 2015 that identify obstructive lobular
      pneumonia, not granulomas, as the characteristic lesion of developing post
      primary TB. This paper reviews this literature together with other relevant
      observations to formulate a new paradigm of TB with three distinct stages: a
      three-act play. First, primary TB, a war of attrition, begins with infection that
      spreads via lymphatics and blood stream before inducing systemic immunity that
      contains and controls the organisms within granulomas. Second, post-primary TB, a
      sneak attack, develops during latent TB as an asymptomatic obstructive lobular
      pneumonia in persons with effective systemic immunity. It is a paucibacillary
      process with no granulomas that spreads via bronchi and accumulates mycobacterial
      antigens and host lipids for 1-2 years before suddenly undergoing caseous
      necrosis. Third, the fallout, is responsible for nearly all clinical post primary
      disease. It begins with caseous necrotic pneumonia that is either retained to
      become the focus of fibrocaseous disease or is coughed out to leave a cavity.
      This three-stage paradigm suggests testable hypotheses and plausible answers to
      long standing questions of immunity to TB. 

PMID- 26980493
TI  - Mutations in lysX as the new and reliable markers for tuberculosis Beijing and
      modern Beijing strains.
AB  - Genotyping results and DNA sequencing analysis of 235 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      (M. tuberculosis) isolates from China indicated that mutations at codon 995 (Pro
      CCG to Pro CCA) and 701 (Ile ATT to Thr ACT) in lysX gene (Rv1640c), are specific
      markers for Beijing and modern Beijing strains, respectively. This observation
      was also confirmed by 24 genomes of M. tuberculosis strains from other countries.
      Moreover, a simple and fast multiplex allele-specific PCR (MAS-PCR) method for
      detecting mutations at codon 995 and 701 in lysX has been established and used to
      screen 235 DNA samples obtained from M. tuberculosis isolates. In all cases,
      Beijing and modern Beijing strains were identified correctly.

PMID- 26980494
TI  - Identification of a novel inhibitor of isocitrate lyase as a potent
      antitubercular agent against both active and non-replicating Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Screen and identify novel inhibitors of isocitrate lyase (ICL) as
      potent antitubercular agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and determine
      their inhibitory characteristics, antitubercular activities and mechanisms of
      action. METHODS: Recombinant ICL of M. tuberculosis was expressed and purified,
      which was used for high-throughput screening (HTS) and the following experiments.
      A total of 71,765 compounds were screened to identify ICL inhibitors which were
      then evaluated for their roles as potent antitubercular agents. To determine the
      inhibitory characteristics of the agents against latent M. tuberculosis in
      persistent infections, a macrophage model (mouse J774A.1 cell) infected with
      Mycobacterium marinum BAA-535 strain was built and assessed. The potent
      antitubercular agents were identified using the macrophage model. Then, the
      inhibitory intensity and mode of the agents that exhibit on ICL protein of M.
      tuberculosis were analyzed, and the interaction mechanisms were preliminarily
      clarified according to the parameters of enzyme kinetics, circular dichroism
      experiments, fluorescence quenching assay, and molecular docking. RESULTS: The
      previously established ICL inhibitor screening model was evaluated to be suitable
      for HTS assay. Of the 71,765 compounds, 13 of them were identified to inhibit ICL
      effectively and stably. IMBI-3 demonstrated the most significant inhibitory
      activity with IC50 of 30.9 MUmol/L. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
      for M. tuberculosis, including extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)
      and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), were determined in the range of
      0.25-1 MUg/mL. When IMBI-3 is used in combination with isoniazid, the colony
      forming units (CFU) counting of latent M. tuberculosis in J774A.1 macrophage
      cells decreased significantly as IMBI-3 concentration increased. The inhibition
      mode of IMBI-3 on ICL was probably competitive inhibition with an inhibition
      constant (Ki) of approximate 1.85 MUmol/L. The interaction between IMBI-3 and ICL
      of M. tuberculosis was also confirmed by circular dichroism experiments and
      fluorescence quenching assay. And seven possible active amino acids of ICL of M.
      tuberculosis were identified in the active site through molecular docking.
      CONCLUSION: IMBI-3, a novel potent antitubercular agent targeting ICL of M.
      tuberculosis, was identified and evaluated. It inhibited both log-phase M.
      tuberculosis in vitro and dormant M. tuberculosis in macrophages. It was the
      first representative compound of this family with the ICL enzyme inhibition and
      antimycobacterial activities.

PMID- 26980496
TI  - The endoplasmic reticulum stress response: A link with tuberculosis?
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the
      worldwide. The endoplasmic-reticulum stress (ERS) response constitutes a cellular
      process that is triggered by mycobacterial infection that disturbs the folding of
      proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The unfolded protein response (UPR)
      is induced to suspend the synthesis of early proteins and reduce the accumulation
      of unfolded- or misfolded proteins in the ER restoring normal physiological cell
      function. Prolonged or uncontrolled ERS leads to the activation of three
      signaling pathways (IRE1, PERK and ATF6) which directs the cell towards
      apoptosis. The absence of this process facilitates spread of the mycobacteria
      within the body. We summarize here recent advances in understanding the signaling
      pathway diversity governing ERS in relation to TB. 

PMID- 26980495
TI  - Association of autophagy-related IRGM polymorphisms with latent versus active
      tuberculosis infection in a Chinese population.
AB  - The autophagy-related immunity-related GTPase family M protein, IRGM, plays an
      important role in the defense against tuberculosis (TB) infection. IRGM
      polymorphisms are associated with TB infection susceptibility, and recent studies
      demonstrate host genetic differences between active and latent TB. Here, we
      investigated the association between IRGM polymorphisms and TB infection type in
      a Chinese population. We recruited 268 and 321 patients with confirmed or latent
      TB, respectively, and 475 TB-free healthy controls. Three single nucleotide
      polymorphisms, rs10065172, rs10051924, and rs13361189 within IRGM were genotyped
      using TaqMan-based assays. Interferon-gamma release levels were tested by T-SPOT.
      rs10065172 (P = 0.024, OR 0.67 (95% CI 0.48-0.95)), rs10051924 (P = 0.01, OR 0.64
      (95% CI 0.46-0.90)), and rs13361189 (P = 0.055, OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.51-1.01)) were
      associated with a protective role against latent TB progression. Haplotype
      analysis showed that TCC was protective for latent TB (P = 0.022, OR 0.74 (95% CI
      0.57-0.96)) whereas TTC conferred a higher risk of active TB. Additionally,
      patients with the rs10065172 TT genotype had a higher response to TB specific
      antigens. Thus, IRGM polymorphism differences between latent and active TB
      suggests that genetic differences in autophagy might partly affect host TB
      infection status.

PMID- 26980497
TI  - First insight into the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
      Santa Catarina, southern Brazil.
AB  - Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is useful for understanding
      disease transmission dynamics, and to establish strategic measures for TB control
      and prevention. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, epidemiological
      and molecular characteristics of MTBC clinical isolates from Santa Catarina
      state, southern Brazil. During one-year period, 406 clinical isolates of MTBC
      were collected from Central Laboratory of Public Health and typed by
      spoligotyping. Demographic and clinical data were collected from the Brazilian
      National Mandatory Disease Reporting System. The majority of cases occurred in
      highest population densities regions and about 50% had some condition associated
      with TB. Among all isolates, 5.7% were MDR, which showed association with drug
      addiction. LAM was the most predominant lineage with 47.5%, followed by the T
      superfamily with 25.9% and Haarlem with 12.3%. The MST showed two major groups:
      the first was formed mainly by the LAM lineage and the second was mainly formed
      by the T and Haarlem lineages. Others lineages were distributed in peripheral
      positions. This study provides the first insight into the population structure of
      M. tuberculosis in SC State. Spoligotyping and other genotyping analyses are
      important to establish strategic measures for TB control and prevention. 

PMID- 26980498
TI  - Morphological changes and differentially expressed efflux pump genes in
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposed to a rifampicin and verapamil combination.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to (i) evaluate the in vitro action of
      rifampicin (RIF), ethambutol or isoniazid with efflux pumps inhibitors (EPIs) in
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv and (ii) evaluate the morphological and
      efflux pumps (EPs) transcriptional changes by the action of rifampicin +
      verapamil combination (RIF + VP). The minimal inhibitory concentration and
      synergic effect of drug combinations were determined by Resazurin Microtiter
      Plate Assay and Resazurin Drugs Combination Microtiter Assay, respectively. VP
      showed greater capacity of ethidium bromide accumulation and RIF + VP had the
      lower fractional inhibitory concentration index. The RIF + VP exerted a similar
      reduction of viable cell counts to RIF by time-kill curve, but decreases in the
      expression of EPs genes were observed by Real time PCR at 72 h of RIF + VP
      exposure. Accumulative morphological changes (wrinkled and rounding) caused by
      each drug were observed by scanning electron microscopy after RIF + VP exposure.
      The downexpression of EPs related genes exposed to RIF + VP, suggest an effective
      inhibitory activity of VP in Mtb H37Rv. The role of EPs and the use of EPIs open
      up a powerful approach and the RIF + VP combination should be studied in Mtb more
      thoroughly.

PMID- 26980499
TI  - Canonical pathways, networks and transcriptional factor regulation by clinical
      strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells.
AB  - Limited knowledge exists on pathways, networks and transcriptional factors
      regulated within epithelial cells by diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      genotypes. This study aimed to elucidate these mechanisms induced in A549
      epithelial cells by dominant clinical strains in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. RNA
      for sequencing was extracted from epithelial cells at 48 h post-infection with 5
      strains at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 10:1. Bioinformatics
      analysis performed with the RNA-Seq Tuxedo pipeline identified differentially
      expressed genes. Changes in pathways, networks and transcriptional factors were
      identified using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The interferon signalling and
      hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation pathways were among the top 5
      canonical pathways in all strains. Hierarchical clustering for enrichment of
      cholesterol biosynthesis and immune associated pathways revealed similar patterns
      for Beijing and Unique; F15/LAM4/KZN and F11; and, F28 and H37Rv strains,
      respectively. However, the induction of top scoring networks varied among the
      strains. Among the transcriptional factors, only EHL, IRF7, PML, STAT1, STAT2 and
      VDR were induced by all clinical strains. Activation of the different pathways,
      networks and transcriptional factors revealed in the current study may be an
      underlying mechanism that results in the differential host response by clinical
      strains of M. tuberculosis.

PMID- 26980500
TI  - Dietary zinc deficiency impairs humoral and cellular immune responses to BCG and
      ESAT-6/CFP-10 vaccination in offspring and adult rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Besides being the world's most widely used vaccine, BCG is the most
      controversial vaccine in current use. Estimates of protection impaired by BCG
      against pulmonary TB vary from nil to 80%. Dietary zinc deficiency has been
      confirmed to impair the immune function of animals. However, knowledge about
      effects of mild dietary zinc deficiency and the time of vaccination on BCG
      vaccine responsiveness in offspring and adult rats is limited. This work
      investigated the consequences of feeding zinc deficient and normal zinc diets to
      rats during gestation, infancy or adulthood on the immune responses to BCG
      vaccination. METHODS: On gestation day 0, sixteen maternal rats were divided into
      two groups and fed with diets bellow: a control diet ad libitum (30 MUg zinc/g
      diet, NC), a zinc deficient diet ad libitum (8 MUg zinc/g diet, ZnD). Pup rats
      were served as experimental subjects. From day 1 of pregnancy upon delivery,
      maternal rats were given a standard diet (30 mg/kg/day zinc) or zinc deficient
      diet (8 mg/kg/day zinc) respectively. Adult male 10-week Wistar rats were divided
      into two dietary groups for 17 weeks of feeding: a control diet ad libitum (30
      MUg zinc/g diet, NC), a zinc deficient diet ad libitum (8 MUg zinc/g diet, ZnD).
      The birth time of newborn pups was recorded as the zero week. For adult male
      rats, the time of receiving different assigned diet was recorded as the zeroth
      week. Newborn pups of these maternal rats were immunized with BCG vaccine or MTB
      antigen ESAT-6/CFP-10 at postnatal 0 and 2 week. The adult male rats were
      immunized on the 12th and 14th week. Then, blood samples, thymus and spleen from
      the rats were harvested for detection of humoral and cell-mediated immune
      responses using ELISA, MTT and QRT-PCR analysis. Decreased INF-gamma and TNF
      alpha production in plasma, changes of expression level of ZIP2, ZIP8, NF-kappaB
      and IL-6 mRNA in immune organs, together with reduced T cell proliferation was
      observed in pups and adult BCG rats suffered from dietary zinc deficiency. Small
      differences were observed between rats received BCG vaccine and MTB antigen ESAT
      6/CFP-10. RESULTS: Our data clearly indicate that dietary zinc deficiency can
      weaken the plasma cytokine levels and cell-mediated responses to BCG and ESAT
      6/CFP-10 vaccine via decreasing T cell proliferation, down-regulating INF-gamma
      and TNF-alpha production and affecting the expression of ZIP2, ZIP8, NF-kappaB
      and IL-6 mRNA. In addition, the vaccine immunogenicity of BCG and ESAT-6/CFP-10
      was not significantly affected by the time of vaccination.

PMID- 26980501
TI  - Dynamics of the T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR and Rpf
      antigens in a Colombian population of household contacts of recently diagnosed
      pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
AB  - Immune response to DosR and Rpf antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
      seems to be important for latency maintenance. Little is known about the dynamics
      of the immune response to these antigens in an endemic community. Thus, the
      IFNgamma response and cytokine production in response to PPD, Esat6-Cfp10 (E6
      C10), DosR and Rpf antigens in healthy HHC of tuberculosis (TB) patients over a
      12 (T12) months period (short-term, stLTBI) was investigated. This response was
      compared with a group of LTBI, who have remained healthy for 5-7 years (long
      term, ltLTBI). According to the IFNgamma response, two groups of HHCs were
      identified in stLTBI in response to E6-C10. At T12, E6-C10(+) HHCs displayed a
      decrease in the IFNgamma levels and a generalized decrease in cytokines
      production. The E6-C10(-) HHC showed an increase in the IFNgamma response and
      cytokine levels. In stLTBI, the responses to E6-C10, DosR, and Rpf may be
      interpreted as a protective immune response controlling Mtb infection and may be
      leading to a state of latent infection. Comparing the response of stLTBI and
      ltLTBI, we observed significant changes in the proportions of CD45RO(+)CD27(+) T
      cells to specific DosR and Rpf, which may indicate a persistent immune response
      to Mtb antigens in ltLTBI. 

PMID- 26980502
TI  - Profiling the human immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human
      cytokine array.
AB  - OBJECT: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the most serious infectious
      diseases in the world, however, no effective biomarkers can be used for rapid
      screening of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active TB. In this study,
      serum cytokines were screened and tested as potential biomarker for TB diagnosis.
      METHOD: Cytokine array was used to track the cytokine profile and its dynamic
      change after TB infection. The different expressions of cytokines were confirmed
      by ELISA assay. ROC curve analyses were used to evaluate the efficacy of a
      cytokine or cytokine combination for diagnosis. RESULTS: Eotaxin-2, ICAM-1, MCSF,
      IL-12p70, and IL-11 were significantly higher in the LTBI individuals. I-309,
      MIG, Eotaxin-2, IL-8, ICAM-1, IL-6sR, and Eotaxin were significantly higher in
      active TB patients. ROC curve analyses gave AUCs of 0.843, 0.898, and 0.888 for I
      309, MIG, and IL-8, respectively, and 0.894 for the combination panel in active
      TB diagnosis. IFN-gamma/IL-4 and IL-2/TNF-alpha ratios exhibit dynamic changes in
      the healthy control and LTBI to different stages of active TB. CONCLUSIONS: Serum
      cytokines, including I-309 and MIG, IL-8, Extoxin-2, ICAM-1 and combinations of
      cytokines, including IFN-gamma/IL-4 and IL-2/TNF-alpha, can be used as serum
      biomarkers for LTBI and active TB screening, thus indicating prospective clinical
      applications.

PMID- 26980503
TI  - Comparison of long-term clinical outcomes after the second-generation cobalt
      chromium sirolimus-eluting stents implantation in diabetic versus non-diabetic
      patients: a subgroup analysis from the prospective FOCUS registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) was broadly acknowledged as a risk factor for
      adverse events after coronary stent implantation. However, the role of DM in
      patients treated with second-generation cobalt-chromium sirolimus-eluting stents
      (CoCr-SES) was less known. METHODS: A total of 4720 patients available for 3-year
      follow-up in the prospective FOCUS registry were subdivided into the DM group and
      the non-DM group to assess the effect of DM on the clinical outcomes after CoCr
      SES implantation both before and after propensity score matching. RESULTS: The
      rates of major adverse cardiovascular event was low (<10%) in both DM and non-DM
      groups but significantly greater in the DM group after matching (9.6% versus
      6.1%; p = 0.005). Although the soft endpoints including target vessel
      revascularization (2.3% versus 2.3%; p = 0.938) and target lesion
      revascularization (1.2% versus 1.1%; p = 0.828) was not significantly different
      between two groups, the hard endpoints represented by cardiovascular death or
      myocardial infarction (7.3% versus 5.3%; p = 0.012) demonstrated a significant
      increase in the DM group. CONCLUSIONS: This subgroup analysis demonstrated that
      DM significantly increased the risk of adverse events after implantation of CoCr
      SES, but the general safety and efficacy performance of CoCr-SES in both diabetic
      and non-diabetic patients was satisfying and comparable with other types of new
      generation drug-eluting stents.

PMID- 26980504
TI  - Celebrating Public Health Lives - Marcus (Marek) Klingberg, 1918-2015.

PMID- 26980505
TI  - Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      isolates in food industry workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen spread not only
      in the hospital environment but also in the community and amongst livestock (LA
      MRSA). LA-MRSA can be transmitted to humans that live in close contact with MRSA
      colonized animals, and human colonization and/or infection has been reported
      worldwide, particularly among those involved with livestock farming. In this
      study the authors evaluated the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA among healthy
      carriers who worked in the food industry in Apulia, Southern Italy. METHODS:
      Nasal swabs were taken from pasta and pork industry workers. All swab samples
      were subjected to tests for the isolation, identification and typing of S. aureus
      and MRSA strains. The identification of the strains was confirmed by molecular
      assessment using multiplex-PCR for the amplification of the nuc and mecA genes.
      The strains identified as MRSA were then subjected to a PCR protocol for the
      characterization of sequence type ST398. RESULTS: In total 26.3% of examined
      nasal swabs were positive for S. aureus, 8.2% of them were methicillin resistant
      strains and 28.5% of MRSA isolates were characterized as ST398. The MRSA
      prevalence among pork factory workers was 3% , whereas among the pasta operators
      the prevalence was 11.5. CONCLUSION: The presence of S. aureus and MRSA among
      food workers represents a public health risk. Further, considering the
      dissemination of S. aureus and MRSA among non-nosocomial environments, including
      communities and livestock, careful surveillance and continuous monitoring of the
      emergence of MRSA is fundamental for safeguarding public health.

PMID- 26980506
TI  - A surveillance system of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in North-Eastern Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: From 2007, in the Veneto Region (Italy), a surveillance system for
      invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) was implemented to estimate the regional
      epidemiology of IPD and to evaluate the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal
      conjugate vaccine (PCV13) vaccination. METHODS: Data were collected from 2007 to
      2014 and the total, annual and age-specific IPD notification rates were
      calculated. A Poisson regression model was used to identify the possible risk
      factors for developing IPD. RESULTS: A total of 713 IPD cases were notified and
      the overall IPD notification rate was equal to 2.0 cases per 100,000 population
      (95% CI: 1.7-2.1), with an increasing trend between 2007 and 2014. The
      pneumococcal serotypes were identified in 608 (85.3%) isolates from biological
      specimens, and the most distributed serotypes were those contained in PCV13.
      Children <5 year-old and the adults over 65 year-old showed the highest PCV13
      vaccine-type IPD notification rate, equal to 2.7/100,000 and 2.8/100,000,
      respectively. The risk to develop IPD was greater in children aged <5 years (RR =
      8.9, 95% CI: 5.1-15.9; p<0.0001) and in adults aged >65 years (RR = 4.3, 95% CI:
      2.7-6.9; p<0.0001), especially in males > 65 years of age (RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0
      2.8; p = 0.042). The invasive pneumococcal disease was mainly caused by the PCV13
      serotypes (RR = 2.9, 95%CI: 2.3-3.9; p<0.0001), principally after the PCV13
      introduction (RR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.8; p<0.001). In spite of that, a
      significant reduction of the overall IPD incidence is evident in the period
      following the PCV13 vaccine introduction (RR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3-0.5; p<0.0001),
      particularly in children aged <5 years (RR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2-0.7; p = 0.002),
      demonstrating the real efficacy of PCV13 immunization for children. CONCLUSIONS:
      In the Veneto Region, the surveillance system has allowed to describe the
      detailed epidemiological profile of invasive pneumococcal disease, pointing out
      that the most circulating pneumococcal serotypes were those contained in the
      PCV13 vaccine.

PMID- 26980507
TI  - Gender perspective in occupational medicine and workplace risk assessment: state
      of the art and research agenda.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the current situation and the research
      agenda in the field of gender differences, both generically in the occupational
      settings and in the specific activity of risk assessment. Gender is a key
      determinant of health; the evaluation of documents and scientific literature
      shows increasing attention to a gender oriented approach, as demonstrated by the
      development of Gender Medicine, actually cross-oriented in all medical
      specialties, the publication of books dedicated to this topic and the birth of
      "ad hoc" new scientific societies and journals. Even today, however, the gender
      differences are not considered as they should in the context of health
      disciplines, including occupational medicine. In this respect, in fact, the
      critical issues to be overcome are numerous, such as the phenomena of
      "segregation", the exposure to risk factors and their effects, related also to
      non-professional, socio-cultural features that differentiate male and female
      workers. All these factors can lead to situations of inequality in health. In
      fact, the European directives on safety at work repeatedly highlight the
      attention to gender differences in prevention, assessment and management of
      risks. In this regard, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
      advocates an approach "more sensitive" to gender in all the processes of
      assessment and risk management, from the research of all potential sources of
      risk to the decision-making processes, in order to address the prevention of
      risks in a holistic manner.

PMID- 26980508
TI  - Work-related stress in healthcare workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the assessment of work-related stress it is crucial to find the
      factors that generate and increase it in order to identify categories of
      individuals at risk, to plan interventions for prevention, elimination or
      reduction of risk. The aim of the study is to assess the subjective stress in 68
      workers of a large Italian company dealing with human health, through the use of
      a questionnaire-indicating tool, elaborated by the Italian National Institute for
      insurance against accidents at work (INAIL) and developed by the Health and
      Safety Executive (HSE). METHODS: We studied a final sample of 68 individuals (34
      drivers/rescuers and 34 video display unit (VDU) operators). The questionnaire
      consists of 35 items (divided into six areas) with five possible answers each,
      that cover working conditions considered potential causes of stress. RESULTS: The
      drivers/rescuers had a better performance than the VDU operators, especially in
      the areas "demand", "relationships" and "role". We compared men and women in the
      two groups, finding that, in VDU operators, women had a better performance than
      men in all areas, except "role" and "changes", in which the overall scores were
      the same in men and women. In the drivers/rescuers women showed more critical
      scores in the items "relationships" and "change". CONCLUSION: The results show
      that: the questionnaire-indicating tool is useful, with a demonstrated
      effectiveness for the occupational physician during the visits and proven
      validity; additional future efforts should focus on understanding the psycho
      social, organizational and individual problems related to stress and the
      consequent implementation of preventive measures.

PMID- 26980510
TI  - Nurses' Job satisfaction: an Italian study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the work presented was to assess job satisfaction of a
      number of nurses from different departments working in public hospitals in Italy.
      The assessment was carried out through the combined use of questionnaires, which
      measured different aspects of job satisfaction, such as coping abilities, stress
      level and optimism/pessimism. The literature supports the fact that nurses' job
      dissatisfaction is closely connected with high levels of stress, burnout and
      physical and mental exhaustion, together with high workload levels and the
      complexity of care. The growing interest in measuring the levels of nurses' job
      satisfaction is attributable to a number of problems that have been raised
      worldwide, two of which are becoming ever so important: turnover and shortage of
      nurses. The research question is: Which are the main motivating factors of
      Italian nurses' job satisfaction/dissatisfaction? METHODS: The study used a
      convenience (non probability) sample of 1,304 nurses from 15 different wards
      working in Italian public hospitals from a number of cities in northern, central
      and southern Italy. The survey instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 205
      items which included 5 different questionnaires combined together. RESULTS: The
      results show a low level of job satisfaction (IWS= 11.5, JSS=126.4). However, the
      participants were overall happy about their job and considered autonomy and
      salary important factors for job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Research has shown
      that the nurses' level of satisfaction in Italian hospitals is low. The results
      revealed dissatisfaction with task requirements, organizational policies and
      advance in career. Nurses interviewed did not feel stressed and showed to be
      optimistic overall. New research on the subject should be conducted by focusing
      on ward differences, North and South of Italy and on gender differences.

PMID- 26980509
TI  - Italy and Argentina compared: an epidemiological study of occupational diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The research presented in this paper analyses the clinic-pathological
      manifestations and work-related health risks identified among outpatients treated
      in the hospitals of Rome and Buenos Aires. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      occupational anamnestic data were collected between 2013 and 2014 through
      questionnaires with specific items aimed at detecting occupational diseases
      classified by target organ systems in outpatient clinics of cardiology,
      dermatology, physical medicine, ophthalmology, orthopedics, endocrinology
      (thyroid and gonads). An inferential statistical analysis was then carried out to
      evaluate the relationship between nationality, exposure to occupational risks and
      the prevalence and incidence of the selected pathologies. An univariate
      statistical analysis was performed for this purpose and, in the case of
      statistically significant results, a subsequent multivariate analysis was used to
      evaluate the incidence of occupational risk factors and nationality on the
      pathology diagnosed in conjunction with other confounding factors such as smoking
      habits and gender. The total sample consisted of 1090 subjects of both sexes.
      Risks were grouped into seven categories and diseases into 12 diagnostic groups.
      We analyzed the correlation between risks and diseases with respect to hospital
      outpatients and to the total sample then comparing Argentina and Italy's data.
      RESULTS: Analysis of data revealed a higher prevalence of hypertension and
      dysmetabolic disorders for DSE (Display Screen Equipment) workers both in Italy
      and Argentina; however, multivariate analysis showed that smoking represents a
      confounding factor for this association. A higher prevalence of allergic contact
      dermatitis (ACD) was found in the population samples of Rome and there appeared
      to be a correlation between eye disorders/defects and Argentine data source.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests the usefulness of collecting occupational
      anamnestic data from outpatient departments to highlight possible associations
      between occupational risks, lifestyles and pathologies, so as to implement the
      appropriate prevention strategies.

PMID- 26980511
TI  - History and Medicine: ex voto as a tool for health and epidemiological
      surveillance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ex voto is a donation for a divinity, a Saint or to Virgin Mary for a
      received mercy. From the analysis of an ex voto it's possible to obtain lots of
      information and therefore it can be used as a tool for health and epidemiological
      surveillance, to study morbidity in the past. The aim of this study was the
      creation of a database to rebuild epidemiological events and diseases, using ex
      voto as a source of health surveillance. METHODS: We chose to study votive
      pictures using three types of sources: photographed alive, on-line archives,
      books and photographic collections. Ex voto have been saved in an Hard Disk,
      numbered and inserted in a database, then analyzed using Stata(r). RESULTS: total
      of 6231 ex voto were collected and catalogued in our database. Ex voto referring
      to diseases are the most represented (41%), but they have decreased with the
      time. Road accidents (21.4%) have a constant increase, especially with the
      appearance of cars and motorcycles. Aggressions (5.45%) decrease constantly;
      warlike accidents (4.44%) had a peak in the period including both world wars; non
      professional accidents (10.60%) and accidents at work (3.79%) increase without
      peaks; maritime accidents (8.88%) have not uniform ups and downs during the time.
      CONCLUSIONS: The database let us rebuild epidemiological events of the past,
      which are not deductible from other sources. Our purpose is to expand in the
      space-time our source data in order to perform an interesting comparison between
      past and present.

PMID- 26980512
TI  - ncRNA orthologies in the vertebrate lineage.
AB  - Annotation of orthologous and paralogous genes is necessary for many aspects of
      evolutionary analysis. Methods to infer these homology relationships have
      traditionally focused on protein-coding genes and evolutionary models used by
      these methods normally assume the positions in the protein evolve independently.
      However, as our appreciation for the roles of non-coding RNA genes has increased,
      consistently annotated sets of orthologous and paralogous ncRNA genes are
      increasingly needed. At the same time, methods such as PHASE or RAxML have
      implemented substitution models that consider pairs of sites to enable proper
      modelling of the loops and other features of RNA secondary structure. Here, we
      present a comprehensive analysis pipeline for the automatic detection of
      orthologues and paralogues for ncRNA genes. We focus on gene families represented
      in Rfam and for which a specific covariance model is provided. For each family
      ncRNA genes found in all Ensembl species are aligned using Infernal, and several
      trees are built using different substitution models. In parallel, a genomic
      alignment that includes the ncRNA genes and their flanking sequence regions is
      built with PRANK. This alignment is used to create two additional phylogenetic
      trees using the neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods. The
      trees arising from both the ncRNA and genomic alignments are merged using
      TreeBeST, which reconciles them with the species tree in order to identify
      speciation and duplication events. The final tree is used to infer the
      orthologues and paralogues following Fitch's definition. We also determine gene
      gain and loss events for each family using CAFE. All data are accessible through
      the Ensembl Comparative Genomics ('Compara') API, on our FTP site and are fully
      integrated in the Ensembl genome browser, where they can be accessed in a user
      friendly manner. Database URL: http://www.ensembl.org.

PMID- 26980513
TI  - Principles of metadata organization at the ENCODE data coordination center.
AB  - The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Data Coordinating Center (DCC) is
      responsible for organizing, describing and providing access to the diverse data
      generated by the ENCODE project. The description of these data, known as
      metadata, includes the biological sample used as input, the protocols and assays
      performed on these samples, the data files generated from the results and the
      computational methods used to analyze the data. Here, we outline the principles
      and philosophy used to define the ENCODE metadata in order to create a metadata
      standard that can be applied to diverse assays and multiple genomic projects. In
      addition, we present how the data are validated and used by the ENCODE DCC in
      creating the ENCODE Portal (https://www.encodeproject.org/). Database URL:
      www.encodeproject.org.

PMID- 26980514
TI  - Effect of database drift on network topology and enrichment analyses: a case
      study for RegulonDB.
AB  - RegulonDB is a database storing the biological information behind the
      transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of the bacterium Escherichia coli. It is
      one of the key bioinformatics resources for Systems Biology investigations of
      bacterial gene regulation. Like most biological databases, the content drifts
      with time, both due to the accumulation of new information and due to refinements
      in the underlying biological concepts. Conclusions based on previous database
      versions may no longer hold. Here, we study the change of some topological
      properties of the TRN of E. coli, as provided by RegulonDB across 16 versions, as
      well as a simple index, digital control strength, quantifying the match between
      gene expression profiles and the transcriptional regulatory networks. While many
      of network characteristics change dramatically across the different versions, the
      digital control strength remains rather robust and in tune with previous results
      for this index. Our study shows that: (i) results derived from network topology
      should, when possible, be studied across a range of database versions, before
      detailed biological conclusions are derived, and (ii) resorting to simple
      indices, when interpreting high-throughput data from a network perspective, may
      help achieving a robustness of the findings against variation of the underlying
      biological information. Database URL: www.regulondb.ccg.unam.mx.

PMID- 26980515
TI  - 2P2Idb v2: update of a structural database dedicated to orthosteric modulation of
      protein-protein interactions.
AB  - 2P2Idb is a hand-curated structural database dedicated to protein-protein
      interactions with known small molecule orthosteric modulators. It compiles the
      structural information related to orthosteric inhibitors and their target [i.e.
      related 3D structures available in the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB)] and provides
      links to other useful databases. 2P2Idb includes all interactions for which both
      the protein-protein and protein-inhibitor complexes have been structurally
      characterized. Since its first release in 2010, the database has grown constantly
      and the current version contains 27 protein-protein complexes and 274 protein
      inhibitor complexes corresponding to 242 unique small molecule inhibitors which
      represent almost a 5-fold increase compared to the previous version. A number of
      new data have been added, including new protein-protein complexes, binding
      affinities, molecular descriptors, precalculated interface parameters and links
      to other webservers. A new query tool has been implemented to search for
      inhibitors within the database using standard molecular descriptors. A novel
      version of the 2P2I-inspector tool has been implemented to calculate a series of
      physical and chemical parameters of the protein interfaces. Several geometrical
      parameters including planarity, eccentricity and circularity have been added as
      well as customizable distance cutoffs. This tool has also been extended to
      protein-ligand interfaces. The 2P2I database thus represents a wealth of
      structural source of information for scientists interested in the properties of
      protein-protein interactions and the design of protein-protein interaction
      modulators. Database URL: http://2p2idb.cnrs-mrs.fr.

PMID- 26980516
TI  - DemaDb: an integrated dematiaceous fungal genomes database.
AB  - Many species of dematiaceous fungi are associated with allergic reactions and
      potentially fatal diseases in human, especially in tropical climates. Over the
      past 10 years, we have isolated more than 400 dematiaceous fungi from various
      clinical samples. In this study, DemaDb, an integrated database was designed to
      support the integration and analysis of dematiaceous fungal genomes. A total of
      92 072 putative genes and 6527 pathways that identified in eight dematiaceous
      fungi (Bipolaris papendorfii UM 226, Daldinia eschscholtzii UM 1400, D.
      eschscholtzii UM 1020, Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis UM 256, Ochroconis mirabilis
      UM 578, Cladosporium sphaerospermum UM 843, Herpotrichiellaceae sp. UM 238 and
      Pleosporales sp. UM 1110) were deposited in DemaDb. DemaDb includes functional
      annotations for all predicted gene models in all genomes, such as Gene Ontology,
      EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG),
      Pfam and InterProScan. All predicted protein models were further functionally
      annotated to Carbohydrate-Active enzymes, peptidases, secondary metabolites and
      virulence factors. DemaDb Genome Browser enables users to browse and visualize
      entire genomes with annotation data including gene prediction, structure,
      orientation and custom feature tracks. The Pathway Browser based on the KEGG
      pathway database allows users to look into molecular interaction and reaction
      networks for all KEGG annotated genes. The availability of downloadable files
      containing assembly, nucleic acid, as well as protein data allows the direct
      retrieval for further downstream works. DemaDb is a useful resource for fungal
      research community especially those involved in genome-scale analysis, functional
      genomics, genetics and disease studies of dematiaceous fungi. Database URL:
      http://fungaldb.um.edu.my.

PMID- 26980517
TI  - HerDing: herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals.
AB  - In recent years, herbs have been researched for new drug candidates because they
      have a long empirical history of treating diseases and are relatively free from
      side effects. Studies to scientifically prove the medical efficacy of herbs for
      target diseases often spend a considerable amount of time and effort in choosing
      candidate herbs and in performing experiments to measure changes of marker genes
      when treating herbs. A computational approach to recommend herbs for treating
      diseases might be helpful to promote efficiency in the early stage of such
      studies. Although several databases related to traditional Chinese medicine have
      been already developed, there is no specialized Web tool yet recommending herbs
      to treat diseases based on disease-related genes. Therefore, we developed a novel
      search engine, HerDing, focused on retrieving candidate herb-related information
      with user search terms (a list of genes, a disease name, a chemical name or an
      herb name). HerDing was built by integrating public databases and by applying a
      text-mining method. The HerDing website is free and open to all users, and there
      is no login requirement. Database URL: http://combio.gist.ac.kr/herding.

PMID- 26980518
TI  - Fish Karyome version 2.1: a chromosome database of fishes and other aquatic
      organisms.
AB  - A voluminous information is available on karyological studies of fishes; however,
      limited efforts were made for compilation and curation of the available
      karyological data in a digital form. 'Fish Karyome' database was the preliminary
      attempt to compile and digitize the available karyological information on
      finfishes belonging to the Indian subcontinent. But the database had limitations
      since it covered data only on Indian finfishes with limited search options.
      Perceiving the feedbacks from the users and its utility in fish cytogenetic
      studies, the Fish Karyome database was upgraded by applying Linux, Apache, MySQL
      and PHP (pre hypertext processor) (LAMP) technologies. In the present version,
      the scope of the system was increased by compiling and curating the available
      chromosomal information over the globe on fishes and other aquatic organisms,
      such as echinoderms, molluscs and arthropods, especially of aquaculture
      importance. Thus, Fish Karyome version 2.1 presently covers 866 chromosomal
      records for 726 species supported with 253 published articles and the information
      is being updated regularly. The database provides information on chromosome
      number and morphology, sex chromosomes, chromosome banding, molecular cytogenetic
      markers, etc. supported by fish and karyotype images through interactive tools.
      It also enables the users to browse and view chromosomal information based on
      habitat, family, conservation status and chromosome number. The system also
      displays chromosome number in model organisms, protocol for chromosome
      preparation and allied techniques and glossary of cytogenetic terms. A data
      submission facility has also been provided through data submission panel. The
      database can serve as a unique and useful resource for cytogenetic
      characterization, sex determination, chromosomal mapping, cytotaxonomy, karyo
      evolution and systematics of fishes. Database URL:
      http://mail.nbfgr.res.in/Fish_Karyome.

PMID- 26980519
TI  - PhyloPro2.0: a database for the dynamic exploration of phylogenetically conserved
      proteins and their domain architectures across the Eukarya.
AB  - PhyloPro is a database and accompanying web-based application for the
      construction and exploration of phylogenetic profiles across the Eukarya. In this
      update article, we present six major new developments in PhyloPro: (i)
      integration of Pfam-A domain predictions for all proteins; (ii) new summary
      heatmaps and detailed level views of domain conservation; (iii) an interactive,
      network-based visualization tool for exploration of domain architectures and
      their conservation; (iv) ability to browse based on protein functional categories
      (GOSlim); (v) improvements to the web interface to enhance drill down capability
      from the heatmap view; and (vi) improved coverage including 164 eukaryotes and 12
      reference species. In addition, we provide improved support for downloading data
      and images in a variety of formats. Among the existing tools available for
      phylogenetic profiles, PhyloPro provides several innovative domain-based features
      including a novel domain adjacency visualization tool. These are designed to
      allow the user to identify and compare proteins with similar domain architectures
      across species and thus develop hypotheses about the evolution of lineage
      specific trajectories. Database URL: http://www.compsysbio.org/phylopro/.

PMID- 26980520
TI  - PolyQ 2.0: an improved version of PolyQ, a database of human polyglutamine
      proteins.
AB  - Proteins with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats are involved in human
      neurodegenerative diseases, via a gain-of-function mechanism of neuronal toxicity
      involving protein conformational changes that result in the formation and
      deposition of beta-sheet-rich aggregates. Aggregation is dependent on the context
      and properties of the host protein, such as domain context and location of the
      repeat tract. In order to explore this relationship in greater detail, here we
      describe PolyQ 2.0, an updated database that provides a comprehensive
      knowledgebase for human polyQ proteins. Compared with the previous PolyQ
      database, our new database provides a variety of substantial updates including
      detailed biological annotations and search options. Biological annotations in
      terms of domain context information, protein structural and functional
      annotation, single point mutations, predicted disordered regions, protein-protein
      interaction partners, metabolic/signaling pathways, post-translational
      modification sites and evolutionary information are made available. Several new
      database functionalities have also been provided, including search using
      multiple/combinatory keywords, and submission of new data entries. Also, several
      third-party plug-ins are employed to enhance data visualization in PolyQ 2.0. In
      PolyQ 2.0 the proteins are reclassified into 3 new categories and contain 9
      reviewed disease-associated polyQ proteins, 105 reviewed non-disease polyQ
      proteins and 146 un-reviewed polyQ proteins (reviewed by UniProt curators). We
      envisage that this updated database will be a useful resource for functional and
      structural investigation of human polyQ proteins. Database URL:
      http://lightning.med.monash.edu/polyq2/.

PMID- 26980521
TI  - Impact of secular trends on sex assessment evaluated through femoral dimensions
      of the Czech population.
AB  - Human skeletal variability is influenced by several factors, including genetics,
      environment, and socio-cultural background. Forensic methods being traditionally
      based on targeted reference groups, it is recognized that they are population
      specific. Additionally, secular trends highly impact on the skeletal morphology,
      but the effect of outdated methods on forensic cases is not yet well documented.
      This paper compares the sexual dimorphism of femoral dimensions in two samples
      from the Czech population separated by 60 years in time (Pachner and the Prague
      National Museum Collections). Significant secular trends are present within this
      short span in both sexes and for most of the seven tested linear variables. The
      consequence of secular trends on sex determination is tested with logistic
      regression, and a decrease in reliability is systematically observed when using
      the older Czech sample on the 20th century sample, whichever the set of variables
      included. A model based on a recent Croatian sample provides a higher reliability
      on contemporaneous Czech individuals. These results imply that above population
      specificity, temporal consistency may be a major criterion to fulfil when
      applying forensic anthropology identification methods. 

PMID- 26980522
TI  - Biologic relativity: Who is the observer and what is observed?
AB  - When quantum physics and biological phenomena are analogously explored, it
      emerges that biologic causation must also be understood independently of its
      overt appearance. This is similar to the manner in which Bohm characterized the
      explicate versus the implicate order as overlapping frames of ambiguity. Placed
      in this context, the variables affecting epigenetic inheritance can be properly
      assessed as a key mechanistic principle of evolution that significantly alters
      our understanding of homeostasis, pleiotropy, and heterochrony, and the purposes
      of sexual reproduction. Each of these become differing manifestations of a new
      biological relativity in which biologic space-time becomes its own frame. In such
      relativistic cellular contexts, it is proper to question exactly who has observer
      status, and who and what are being observed. Consideration within this frame
      reduces biology to cellular information sharing through cell-cell communication
      to resolve ambiguities at every scope and scale. In consequence, it becomes
      implicit that eukaryotic evolution derives from the unicellular state, remaining
      consistently adherent to it in a continuous evolutionary arc based upon
      elemental, non-stochastic physiologic first principles. Furthermore, the entire
      cell including its cytoskeletal apparatus and membranes that participate in the
      resolution of biological uncertainties must be considered as having equivalent
      primacy with genomes in evolutionary terms.

PMID- 26980523
TI  - Disturbances of cardiac wavelength and repolarization precede Torsade de Pointes
      and ventricular fibrillation in Langendorff perfused rabbit hearts.
AB  - Drug-induced proarrhythmia is strongly focused on Torsade de Pointes (TdP), and
      QT prolongation is commonly used as a surrogate for TdP. This surrogate may be of
      limited value, as it produces false positives and false negatives. Cardiac
      electrophysiological parameters were obtained from monophasic action potentials
      recorded from Langendorff perfused female rabbit hearts. In 3939 experiments 179
      VFs and 124 TdPs occurred during testing of various chemicals. TdP occurred with
      prolongation of action potential duration (APD), but also with shortening. Thus,
      APD/QT prolongation alone cannot predict TdP. Drug-induced abnormalities,
      associated with TdP or VF, were identified. The 11 most predictive abnormalities
      were combined in a proarrhythmic score, proportional to the incidence and
      amplitude of the abnormalities. This score significantly increases starting at
      concentrations ~100-fold below that at which TdP/VF developed (P < 0.001) and
      preceded all TdP and ~98% of VF. This derived proarrhythmic score was then tested
      in 451 additional experiments (not used to develop the score) and it was found to
      predict all 15 TdPs and 18 of the 19 VFs. In conclusion, the derived
      proarrhythmic score has fewer false positives and false negative than the widely
      used surrogate (QT-prolongation). As such, it may help in preclinical development
      of safer medications (better rejection of false negatives) and allowing
      development of safe beneficial medications with QT prolongation (less rejection
      of false positives). Recognition of disturbances of the score in the clinical ECG
      may yield safer use of some medications in vulnerable patients.

PMID- 26980524
TI  - P2X7 Receptor Suppression Preserves Blood-Brain Barrier through Inhibiting RhoA
      Activation after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats.
AB  - Blockading P2X7 receptor(P2X7R) provides neuroprotection toward various
      neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and
      subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, whether and how P2X7 receptor suppression
      protects blood-brain barrier(BBB) after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) remains
      unexplored. In present study, intrastriatal autologous-blood injection was used
      to mimic ICH in rats. Selective P2X7R inhibitor A438079, P2X7R agonist BzATP, and
      P2X7R siRNA were administrated to evaluate the effects of P2X7R suppression.
      Selective RhoA inhibitor C3 transferase was administered to clarify the
      involvement of RhoA. Post-assessments, including neurological deficits, Fluoro
      Jade C staining, brain edema, Evans blue extravasation and fluorescence, western
      blot, RhoA activity assay and immunohistochemistry were performed. Then the key
      results were verified in collagenase induced ICH model. We found that endogenous
      P2X7R increased at 3 hrs after ICH with peak at 24 hrs, then returned to normal
      at 72 hrs after ICH. Enhanced immunoreactivity was observed on the neurovascular
      structure around hematoma at 24 hrs after ICH, along with perivascular astrocytes
      and endothelial cells. Both A438079 and P2X7R siRNA alleviated neurological
      deficits, brain edema, and BBB disruption after ICH, in association with RhoA
      activation and down-regulated endothelial junction proteins. However, BzATP
      abolished those effects. In addition, C3 transferase reduced brain injury and
      increased endothelial junction proteins' expression after ICH. These data
      indicated P2X7R suppression could preserve BBB integrity after ICH through
      inhibiting RhoA activation.

PMID- 26980525
TI  - Survival after severe amitriptyline poisoning with prolonged ventricular
      tachycardia and cardiac arrest.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) are becoming one of the most
      frequently used substances in self poisoning. Significant morbidity and mortality
      associated with TCA overdose are often related to and refractory hypotension. We
      report the first case of survival after severe amitriptyline poisoning, leading
      to prolonged cardiac arrest and ventricular tachycardia (VT), resuscitated with 3
      h of uninterrupted cardiac massage and Direct current (DC) shocks. CASE
      PRESENTATION: A 25 year old girl presented with severe amitriptyline poisoning
      causing pulseless VT and prolonged cardiac arrest. After 3 h of uninterrupted
      external cardiac massage, together with nine DC shocks and intra venous
      bicarbonate injections the rhythm reverted to a nodal tachycardia, initial 2D
      echocardiogram showed left ventricular dysfunction, which recovered to normal
      after 2 weeks and the patient had a complete recovery subsequently. CONCLUSION:
      Our case highlights the importance of continued resuscitation in patients
      presenting with TCA poisoning and resistant arrhythmia, especially in young and
      otherwise healthy patients.

PMID- 26980527
TI  - [Pay attention to study on the appropriate populations and mechanism of bronchial
      thermoplasty].

PMID- 26980526
TI  - Safety classification of herbal medicines used in pregnancy in a multinational
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of herbal medicines for health prevention and ailments is an
      increasing trend worldwide. Women in pregnancy are no exception; the reported
      prevalence of herbal medicine use in pregnancy ranges from 1 to 60 %. Despite a
      common perception of safety, herbal medicines may have potent pharmacological
      actions, and historically, have been used for this reason. METHODS: A
      multinational, cross-sectional study on how women treat disease and pregnancy
      related health ailments was conducted between October 2011 and February 2012 in
      Europe, North America, and Australia. This study's primary aim was to evaluate
      and classify the herbal medicines used according to their safety in pregnancy
      and, secondly, to investigate risk factors associated with the use of
      contraindicated herbal medicines during pregnancy. RESULTS: In total, 29.3 % of
      the women (n = 2673) reported the use of herbal medicines in pregnancy; of which
      we were able to identify 126 specific herbal medicines used by 2379 women (89.0
      %). Twenty seven out of 126 herbal medicines were classified as contraindicated
      in pregnancy, and were used by 476 women (20.0 %). Twenty-eight were classified
      as safe for use in pregnancy and used by the largest number of women (n = 1128,
      47.4 %). The greatest number was classified as requiring caution in pregnancy;
      these sixty herbal medicines were used by 751 women (31.6 %). Maternal factors
      associated with the use of contraindicated herbal medicines in pregnancy were
      found to be working in the home, having a university education, not using folic
      acid, and consuming alcohol. Interestingly, the recommendation to take a
      contraindicated herbal medicine was three times more likely to be from a
      healthcare practitioner (HCP) than an informal source. CONCLUSION: Based on the
      current literature the majority of women in this study used an herbal medicine
      that was classified as safe for use in pregnancy. Women who reported taking a
      contraindicated herb were more likely to have been recommended it use by an HCP
      rather than informal source(s), indicating an urgent need for more education
      among HCPs. The paucity of human studies on herbal medicines safety in pregnancy
      stands in stark contrast to the widespread use of these products among pregnant
      women.

PMID- 26980528
TI  - [Diagnostic problems and experts' consensus on patients with fever and lung
      infiltrates].

PMID- 26980529
TI  - [Standardized management of bronchial thermoplasty].

PMID- 26980530
TI  - [Effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with severe
      asthma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty (BT)
      in patients with severe asthma. METHOD: The China-Japan Friendship Hospital
      recruited 12 patients with severe asthma who were voluntary to take BT treatment
      from March 2014 to November 2014. The levels of airway inflammation and
      biological markers (percentage of blood eosinophils, percentage of sputum
      eosinophils, serum IgE, fractional exhaled nitric oxide) of the patients were
      examined before the treatment in order to identify the types of airway
      inflammation. The numbers of severe exacerbations and related hospitalizations
      within 1 year before and after BT were obtained for each patient. The occurrence
      of adverse events within 3 weeks after the treatment was collected. And the
      patient status within 1 year after the BT treatment was compared with that before
      the treatment, in terms of the number of severe exacerbations, exacerbation rate,
      the number of related hospitalizations, hospitalization rate and oral
      corticosteroid dose. RESULTS: For before and 1 year after the treatment, the
      numbers of subjects suffering severe exacerbations were 11 and 6, the numbers of
      total severe exacerbation were 76 and 16, the numbers of patients hospitalized
      due to acute attacks were 10 and 3, and the numbers of total hospitalizations
      were 56 and 6, respectively. The severe exacerbation rate, hospitalization rate
      and oral corticosteroid dose were significantly reduced 1 year after the
      treatment [(1.3+/-0.48 vs. 6.3+/-1.9) events/subject/year, (0.50+/-0.26 vs.
      4.67+/-1.90) events/subject/year, (8.5+/-4.6 vs. 22.0+/-2.6) mg/d, P<0.05]. The
      most common adverse events within 3 weeks after BT treatment were cough (8
      events), expectoration (20 events), temporary PEF reduction (7 events), wheezing
      (4 events), but most of these symptoms were relieved in 1 week. One subject
      suffered pneumonia after each of the 3 procedures but also recovered soon after
      an antibiotic therapy. No adverse events occurred because of BT treatment within
      3 weeks after the treatment. Computed tomographic scans from baseline to 1 year
      after the BT treatment showed no structural abnormalities related to BT.
      CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the benefits of BT with regard to both asthma
      control (based on reduction in severe exacerbations and hospitalizations due to
      acute exacerbations) and safety. BT might offer a new approach to treating severe
      asthma.

PMID- 26980531
TI  - [Bronchial thermoplasty in the treatment of severe asthma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and safety of bronchial thermoplasty (BT)
      in the treatment of severe asthma. METHODS: The safety and effectiveness of BT
      were studied prospectively in 6 patients with poorly controlled severe asthma on
      long-term inhaled high-dose glucocorticoids and long-acting beta2-agonists in the
      First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Outcomes assessed
      after BT included asthma symptoms, frequency of acute exacerbations, pulmonary
      function, medication adjustment, and postoperative complications at 6 and 12
      months after treatment. RESULTS: The mini-AQLQ scores (6.4+/-0.5), the frequency
      of acute exacerbations [0.4(0.1-1.3) times/month], and the symptom-free days
      [(21.2+/-7.2) days/month] were significantly improved at 6 months after operation
      compared to those before operation [5.2+/-0.9, 2.0 (0.9-4.0) times/month, (14.5+/
      3.7) days/month, respectively, P<0.05]. Data collected at the 6(th) month
      indicated significant improvements in the variation rate of PEF, the dose of
      inhaled glucocorticoids and oral glucocorticoids [(5.6+/-3.3)% vs. (21.1+/
      7.8)%), (800+/-620) vs. (1 133+/-432) MUg/d), 9.7 (1.3-10.0) vs. 15.0 (10-20)
      mg/d, P<0.05]. Outcomes mentioned above were improved as well at the 12(th)
      month. But the ACQ-6 scores, ACT scores, the ratio of PEF and its predicted value
      (%), the ratio of FVC and its predicted value (%), the ratio of FEV1 and its
      predicted value (%) were not changed significantly (P>0.05). The PEF values and
      lung function measurements remained stable throughout the study period. The most
      common complications were cough (24.1%), wheezing (13.8%), followed by lower
      respiratory infection and atelectasis during the treatment. Pneumothorax and
      respiratory failure occurred in 1 patient 12 h after the third procedure.
      CONCLUSION: Our preliminary study demonstrated promising effect of BT in the
      treatment of severe asthma, although there are some complications which need
      further observation.

PMID- 26980532
TI  - [Effects and significance of methacholine bronchial provocation tests and
      salbutamol bronchial dilation test on measurements of fractional exhaled nitric
      oxide in patients with asthma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects and significance of methacholine (Mch) bronchial
      provocation tests and salbutamol bronchial dilation test on measurements of
      fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in patients with asthma. METHODS: This was
      a prospective study conducted between November 2014 and August 2015. A total of
      135 patients with asthma visiting the respiratory clinic of Zhujiang Hospital
      were enrolled. The patients received either Mch bronchial provocation test or
      salbutamol bronchial dilation test based on their FEV1/FVC values and cooperative
      degree. Mch bronchial provocation test was performed by using Astograph Jupiter
      21 (Astograh group) or APS-Pro airway reaction testing apparatus (APS group), and
      salbutamol bronchial dilation test was performed by using Jaeger spirometer
      (Dilation group). We compared the differences between FeNO values measured before
      examinations (Pre-FeNO) and 5 min after completion of these examinations (Post
      FeNO). RESULTS: The geometric mean of Pre-FeNO and Post-FeNO was 28.07 ppb and
      24.08 ppb respectively in the Astograh group, with a significant decrease of the
      FeNO value after the examination (Z=-3.093, P=0.002). A significant difference
      between Pre-FeNO and Post-FeNO was found in patients who had positive provocation
      results in the Astograh group (Z=-2.787, P=0.005), but not in the patients with
      negative results (Z=-1.355, P=0.176). The geometric mean of FeNO in the APS group
      decreased significantly from 27.95 ppb to 23.15 ppb after the examination was
      completed (Z=-5.170, P=0.000); both in patients with positive saline or Mch
      provocation results and in patients with negative provocation results, the
      differences between Pre-FeNO and Post-FeNO in the APS group being significant (Z=
      2.705, -3.709, -2.371, P=0.002, 0.000, 0.018). No difference of FeNO
      change(DeltaFeNO) was observed between the 2 Mch bronchial provocation test
      groups (U<918.000, P=0.117). The geometric mean of Pre-FeNO was 36.74 ppb and
      that of Post-FeNO was 34.79 ppb in the Dilation group; the difference being not
      significant (Z=-1.281, P=0.200). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that salbutamol
      bronchial dilation test has minor effect on the measurement of FeNO, but Mch
      bronchial provocation tests can significantly decrease measured FeNO value in
      patients with asthma, and therefore Post-FeNO values should be interpreted with
      caution.

PMID- 26980533
TI  - [A preliminary study of the distribution and the characteristics of nonspecific
      pulmonary function].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the manifestations, pulmonary function test (PFT)
      characteristics and imaging features of patients with nonspecific pulmonary
      function (NSPF). METHODS: All the data from the same PFT apparatus in Beijing
      Hospital were collected from January 2003 to December 2012. NSPF was defined as
      normal FEV1/FVC and TLC, but decreased FEV1 or FVC or both. Patients with
      complete clinical data from January 2012 to June 2012 were enrolled into this
      analysis. The NSPF group was compared with the normal group, the obstructive
      group, the restrictive group and the mixed group. RESULTS: There were totally 14
      771 cases of PFT on this apparatus during 10 year period, and those with NSPF
      were 2759 (18.68%). From January 2012 to June 2012, 341 patients were enrolled
      into this study with a sex ratio of 1.37:1, and an average age of 66+/-12 years.
      Compared with the normal group, the NSPF group had a significantly higher rate of
      small airway abnormalities and elevated RV/TLC. Multiple logistic regression
      analysis showed that statistical differences were found in TLC%pred (OR=0.668,
      P<0.01, 95%CI 0.563-0.791), FEF25-75%pred (OR=0.963, P<0.01, 95%CI 0.939-0.988),
      RV%pred (OR=1.144, P<0.01, 95%CI 1.075-1.217), and RV/TLC (OR=1.31, P<0.01, 95%CI
      1.15-1.492). Compared with the obstructive group, the NSPF group had a
      significantly lower rate of small airway abnormalities. Multiple logistic
      regression analysis showed that female gender(OR=15.283, P<0.001, 95%CI 3.526
      66.248), TLC%pred (OR=0.961, P=0.02, 95%CI 0.928-0.994), and FEF50%%pred
      (OR=1.189, P<0.001, 95%CI 1.103-1.281) were significantly different between the 2
      groups. Respiratory symptoms were more common in the NSPF group. Airway diseases
      were diagnosed in more cases of the NSPF group when compared to the normal group,
      but in fewer cases when compared to the obstructive group. Clinical
      manifestations and imaging features of the NSPF cases were not specific.
      CONCLUSIONS: NSPF is a common clinical condition which mainly affects the small
      airway function with some degree of restrictive dysfunction. NSPF has limited
      predictive value for diagnosis because the manifestations and imaging features
      are not specific.

PMID- 26980534
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of lung cancer complicated with pulmonary embolism].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and
      survival time of patients with lung cancer (LC) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
      METHODS: A total of 17 LC patients complicated with PE admitted to this hospital
      from February 2012 to January 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 13
      males and 4 females, with an average age of (65+/-9) years (range, 38-82 years).
      Twenty LC patients, including 14 males and 6 females with an average age of (63+/
      9) years (range, 34-81 years), and 10 PE patients , including 7 males and 3
      females with an average age of (70+/-7) years (range, 42-85 years), were selected
      respectively as the LC control group and the PE control group. Logistic
      regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for LC complicated with
      PE. The survival of these patients was compared with that of the control subjects
      by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In the 17 patients with LC and PE, the
      diagnosis of PE was made simultaneously with LC in 2, before the diagnosis of LC
      in 4, and after the diagnosis of LC in 11 patients. These patients showed a
      higher incidence of unexplained dyspnea (12 cases) than those with LC only (6
      cases) (P<0.05). These patients also had a higher incidence of cough (11 cases)
      than those with PE only (2 cases) (P<0.05). The patients with both PE and LC had
      a lower PaO2 (67+/-18) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) than those with LC only (87+/-12)
      mmHg (P<0.05). They also showed higher WBC count (8.9+/-5.3) g/L and D-Dimer
      level (850+/-537) MUg/L than those with LC only (4.5+/-3.0) g/L, (306+/-188)
      MUg/L (P<0.05). Multi-factor analysis showed that Hb<100 g/L, WBC>11*10(9)/L, D
      Dimer>500 MUg/L, PO2<80 mmHg, adenocarcinoma, and high pathological grade (TNM
      grade) were the risk factors for LC with PE (odds ratio 1.58, 2.24, 3.06, 3.15,
      3.44, 2.09, respectively). On January 31, 2014, the median survival time of
      patients with LC and PE was 8.7 months, which was significantly lower than that
      of patients with LC only (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The common clinical
      manifestations in patients with both LC and PE included unexplained dyspnea,
      fever and cough. The most common pathological type was adenocarcinoma. The first
      5 months after LC diagnosis were the peak time for PE. Patients with LC and PE
      had a shorter survival time. LC of grade III to IV, lower Hb, higher WBC, higher
      D-Dimer and hyoxemia were independent risk factors for LC complicated with PE.

PMID- 26980535
TI  - [Relationship between gene polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308 and
      phenotypes of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the relationship between gene polymorphisms of tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-308 and phenotypes of acute exacerbation of
      chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (AECOPD). METHODS: 198 AECOPD cases in the
      Minhang Hospital of Shanghai were recruited into the patient group, and 195
      healthy people were recruited into the control group. PCR and sequencing method
      were used to detect the polymorphism of TNF-alpha-308 in all the people. RESULTS:
      Three genotypes with GG, GA and AA were detected in the 2 groups. The frequencies
      of GG/GA/AA genotype in AECOPD group were 87.4%, 10.6% and 2.0% respectively, and
      the control group were 95.4%, 4.6% and 0 respectively. The differences of the
      genotypes between AECOPD and health control were statistically significant
      (P<0.05). The frequencies of G and A were 92.7% and 7.3% in the AECOPD group,
      97.7% and 2.3% in the control group. The differences were statistically
      significant (P<0.05). Dyspnea, smoke index and the increased thickness of
      bronchial wall in lung HRCT were the clinical features in patients with the TNF
      alpha-308 genotype of GA/AA. CONCLUSION: There is correlation between genetic
      predisposition of AECOPD and TNF-alpha-308 genotype of GA/ AA. Clinical dyspnea,
      smoke index and increased thickness of bronchial wall are the chief clinical
      features in patients with genotype of GA/AA.

PMID- 26980536
TI  - [Rosiglitazone inhibited the transformation and synthesis of collagen in rats'
      embryonic lung fibroblasts through the modulation of plasminogen activator
      inhibitor-1].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
      in the inhibition of rosiglitazone on the transformation and collagen synthesis
      of rats' embryo lung fibroblasts and to examine the signal pathways in the
      process. METHODS: Fibroblasts from rats' embryo lung tissues were divided into 3
      groups: Control, Rosiglitazone (Rosiglitazone 30 mmol/L) and PAI-1 (Rosiglitazone
      30 mmol/L and PAI-1 20 mmol/L) groups. The fibroblasts were collected at 24, 48
      and 72 h, and stored at -80  degrees C. RT-PCR was used to determine the
      expressions of collagen type-1 and type-3 at 24 h. Western blot analysis was used
      to determine the expressions of PAI-1, a-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), p-AKT
      and p-ERK at 24, 48 and 72 h. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the
      protein expression of PAI-1 in the Rosiglitazone group (0.732+/-0.015, 0.583+/
      0.005, 0.762+/-0.032) at 24, 48 and 72 h compared with the Control group (1.116+/
      0.046). There was a significant increase in the protein expression in the PAI-1
      group (0.923+/-0.042, 1.024+/-0.009, 1.070+/-0.011) compared with the
      Rosiglitazone group (F=78.609, P<0.01). The alpha-SMA protein expressions were
      significantly reduced in the Rosiglitazone group (0.209+/-0.012, 0.280+/-0.140,
      0.254+/-0.025) compared with the Control group (0.340+/-0.026), while the
      expressions were significantly increased in the PAI-1 group (0.386+/-0.042,
      0.400+/-0.037, 0.385+/-0.026) compared with the Rosiglitazone group (F=35.009,
      P<0.01). The collagen type-1 (1.065+/-0.004) and type-3 (1.282+/-0.001) mRNA
      expressions were significantly reduced in the Rosiglitazone group compared with
      the Control group (1.279+/-0.013, 1.690+/-0.005), while the expressions were
      significantly increased in the PAI-1 groups (1.390+/-0.029, 1.350+/-0.044)
      compared with the Rosiglitazone group (type-1: F=12.429, P<0.01; type-3:
      F=127.456, P<0.01). The expressions of p-AKT showed no differences among the 3
      groups, but there were significant differences in the expressions of p-ERK in the
      Rosiglitazone group (0.288+/-0.010, 0.311+/-0.034, 0.336+/-0.038) compared with
      the Control group (0.506+/-0.032), and in PAI-1 groups (0.561+/-0.101, 0.448+/
      0.022, 0.406+/-0.003) compared with the Rosiglitazone group (F=153.548, P<0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Rosiglitazone inhibits PAI-1 expression in fibroblasts from rats'
      embryo lung tissues and activates the fibrinolytic system. The up-regulation of
      PAI-1 expression alleviates the inhibition effect of rosiglitazone on the
      transformation and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts. The cross-talk between PAI
      1 and ERK signal pathway may play an important role in the regulation of
      rosiglitazone on fibrosis.

PMID- 26980537
TI  - [Progressing of bronchial thermoplasty in asthma].

PMID- 26980538
TI  - [Ten years of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: review and
      future].

PMID- 26980539
TI  - [Interventional treatment of acquired respiratory fistulas].

PMID- 26980540
TI  - [Research progress in breath analysis for patients with pulmonary infection and
      respiratory critical diseases].

PMID- 26980541
TI  - Geometry strategy for engineering the recombination possibility of excitons in
      nanowires.
AB  - We proposed a geometry strategy to engineer the radiative recombination
      possibility and thus the lifetime of excitons in nanowires of some photovoltaic
      semiconductors by using theoretical analysis and first-principles calculations.
      We demonstrated that the shape can engineer the symmetry of the wave-functions of
      band-edge states and influence the radiative recombination possibility. The
      nanowires need to satisfy the following requirements to forbid the radiative
      recombination possibility of band-edge excitons: (i) wurtzite structure; (ii) pxy
      characterized wave-function of VBM state and (iii) C3v-symmetry shape. The
      geometrical symmetry results in the pxy-characterized C3v-symmetry wave-function
      of VBM state and leads to forbidden radiative recombination of band-edge
      excitons. The geometry strategy offers a flexible proposal to prolong the exciton
      lifetime, leaving optical absorption impregnable. 

PMID- 26980543
TI  - Comment on a meta-analysis of re-treatment for intravenous immunoglobulin
      resistant Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 26980542
TI  - Coupled metal partitioning dynamics and toxicodynamics at biointerfaces: a theory
      beyond the biotic ligand model framework.
AB  - A mechanistic understanding of the processes governing metal toxicity to
      microorganisms (bacteria, algae) calls for an adequate formulation of metal
      partitioning at biointerfaces during cell exposure. This includes the account of
      metal transport dynamics from bulk solution to biomembrane and the kinetics of
      metal internalisation, both potentially controlling the intracellular and surface
      metal fractions that originate cell growth inhibition. A theoretical rationale is
      developed here for such coupled toxicodynamics and interfacial metal partitioning
      dynamics under non-complexing medium conditions with integration of the defining
      cell electrostatic properties. The formalism explicitly considers intertwined
      metal adsorption at the biointerface, intracellular metal excretion, cell growth
      and metal depletion from bulk solution. The theory is derived under relevant
      steady-state metal transport conditions on the basis of coupled Nernst-Planck
      equation and continuous logistic equation modified to include metal-induced cell
      growth inhibition and cell size changes. Computational examples are discussed to
      identify limitations of the classical Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) in evaluating
      metal toxicity over time. In particular, BLM is shown to severely underestimate
      metal toxicity depending on cell exposure time, metal internalisation kinetics,
      cell surface electrostatics and initial cell density. Analytical expressions are
      provided for the interfacial metal concentration profiles in the limit where cell
      growth is completely inhibited. A rigorous relationship between time-dependent
      cell density and metal concentrations at the biosurface and in bulk solution is
      further provided, which unifies previous equations formulated by Best and Duval
      under constant cell density and cell size conditions. The theory is sufficiently
      flexible to adapt to toxicity scenarios with involved cell survival-death
      processes. 

PMID- 26980544
TI  - Invariant two-component structure of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of
      Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).
AB  - The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS;
      Randolph, 1998 , 2012 ) is a brief neurocognitive instrument used to evaluate
      cognitive functioning in clinical settings. Prior investigations of the factor
      structure have revealed subtle differences across samples. It was hypothesized
      that these differences are primarily the result of methodological decisions made
      by researchers. The present study utilized empirically supported extraction
      criteria (parallel analysis; minimum average partial procedure) and uniformly
      investigated 5 samples. RBANS data from 4 previously published studies (Carlozzi,
      Horner, Yang, & Tilley, 2008 ; Duff, Hobson, Beglinger, & O'Bryant, 2010 ; Duff
      et al., 2006 ; Wilde, 2006 ) were reanalyzed, and a new clinical sample was
      obtained from the Gundersen Health System Memory Center. The congruence of factor
      structures was investigated by conducting orthogonal vector matrix comparisons
      (Barrett, 2005 ), and a robust 2-factor structure reliably emerged across
      samples. The invariant RBANS 2-factor structure primarily emphasized memory and
      visuospatial functioning. This finding offered further support for a 2-factor
      RBANS structure identified in previous studies and additionally provided
      empirical documentation of replication across diverse samples. Due to the
      expansive use of the RBANS, this psychometric knowledge has significant clinical
      implications. It should facilitate accurate interpretation of test data and allow
      clinicians to make more informed decisions regarding whether the instrument is
      appropriate to use in various clinical settings.

PMID- 26980545
TI  - Aqueous sodium borohydride induced thermally stable porous zirconium oxide for
      quick removal of lead ions.
AB  - Aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is well known for its reducing property and
      well-established for the development of metal nanoparticles through reduction
      method. In contrary, this research paper discloses the importance of aqueous
      NaBH4 as a precipitating agent towards development of porous zirconium oxide. The
      boron species present in aqueous NaBH4 play an active role during gelation as
      well as phase separated out in the form of boron complex during precipitation,
      which helps to form boron free zirconium hydroxide [Zr(OH)4] in the as
      synthesized condition. Evolved in-situ hydrogen (H2) gas-bubbles also play an
      important role to develop as-synthesized loose zirconium hydroxide and the
      presence of intra-particle voids in the loose zirconium hydroxide help to develop
      porous zirconium oxide during calcination process. Without any surface
      modification, this porous zirconium oxide quickly adsorbs almost hundred
      percentages of toxic lead ions from water solution within 15 minutes at normal pH
      condition. Adsorption kinetic models suggest that the adsorption process was
      surface reaction controlled chemisorption. Quick adsorption was governed by
      surface diffusion process and the adsorption kinetic was limited by pore
      diffusion. Five cycles of adsorption-desorption result suggests that the porous
      zirconium oxide can be reused efficiently for removal of Pb (II) ions from
      aqueous solution. 

PMID- 26980547
TI  - Acupuncture for irritable bowel syndrome: 2-year follow-up of a randomised
      controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A recent randomised controlled trial (RCT) of acupuncture as a
      treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) demonstrated sustained benefits over
      a period of 12 months post-randomisation. AIM: To extend the trial follow-up to
      evaluate the effects of acupuncture at 24 months post-randomisation. METHODS:
      Patients in primary care with ongoing IBS were recruited to a two-arm pragmatic
      RCT of acupuncture for IBS. Participants were randomised to the offer of up to 10
      weekly sessions of acupuncture plus usual care (n=116 patients) or to continue
      with usual care alone (n=117). The primary outcome was the self-reported IBS
      symptom severity score (IBS SSS) measured at 24 months post-randomisation.
      Analysis was by intention-to-treat using an unstructured multivariate linear
      model incorporating all repeated measures. RESULTS: The overall response rate was
      61%. The adjusted difference in mean IBS SSS at 24 months was -18.28 (95% CI 
      40.95 to 4.40) in favour of the acupuncture arm. Differences at earlier time
      points estimated from the multivariate model were: -27.27 (-47.69 to -6.86) at 3
      months; -23.69 (-45.17 to -2.21) at 6 months; -24.09 (-45.59 to -2.59) at 9
      months; and -23.06 (-44.52 to -1.59) at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: There were no
      statistically significant differences between the acupuncture and usual care
      groups in IBS SSS at 24 months post-randomisation, and the point estimate for the
      mean difference was approximately 80% of the size of the statistically
      significant results seen at 6, 9 and 12 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      ISRCTN08827905.

PMID- 26980548
TI  - Surface PEGylation of intraocular lens for PCO prevention: An in vivo evaluation.
AB  - Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication in cataract
      surgery. The development of PCO is attributed to the combination of adhesion,
      migration, proliferation, and transdifferentiation of the residual lens
      epithelial cells (LEC) onto the interface of intraocular lens (IOL) material and
      lens posterior, in which the initial adhesion is the beginning step and plays
      important roles. In the present study, hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) was
      immobilized onto IOL surface via plasma-aided chemical grafting procedure. The
      attenuated total reflection - Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and contact
      angle (CA) - measurements indicate the successful surface PEGylation, as well as
      the excellent hydrophilicity of the surfaces. Compared with pristine IOL, the
      PEGylation does not influent its optical property, whereas the initial adhesion
      of LEC is greatly inhibited. In vivo ocular implantation results show that the
      PEGylated IOL presents good in vivo biocompatibility, and can effectively prevent
      the PCO development.

PMID- 26980550
TI  - Blood compatibility evaluations of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid)
      copolymers.
AB  - Poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) copolymers have been widely
      used for various biomedical applications. However, their hemocompatibility has
      not been clarified, which would lag their developments and clinical applications.
      In this work, we studied the effect of PEG-PLA copolymers on key human blood
      components in terms of their structure and bio-functions, including morphology
      and lysis of red blood cells, fibrinogen structure and conformation, and plasma
      and blood coagulation. To elucidate a structure-activity relationship, we used
      diblock PEG-PLA copolymers with different molecular weight, PEG(5 kDa)-PLA(25
      kDa) and PEG(2 kDa)-PLA(2 kDa), abbreviated as PEG5k-PLA25k and PEG2k-PLA2k,
      respectively. The results show that the PEG-PLA copolymers at the concentration
      range studied in this work neither caused morphological alteration and lysis of
      red blood cells nor affected the oxygen delivery function and fibrinogen
      conformation. PEG5k-PLA25k from 10 to 100 mg/mL and PEG2k-PLA2k from 1.5 to 5
      mg/mL disturbed the local microenvironments of fibrinogen molecules. PEG5k-PLA25k
      at up to 0.1 mg/mL did not interfere in the coagulation process of plasma or
      whole blood, while PEG2k-PLA2k from 0.1 mg/mL significantly interfered in the
      intrinsic plasma coagulation pathway and impaired whole blood coagulation. The
      results provide important information for the molecular design and clinical
      applications of PEG-PLA copolymers. 

PMID- 26980549
TI  - Improving PEEK bioactivity for craniofacial reconstruction using a 3D printed
      scaffold embedded with mesenchymal stem cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a bioinert thermoplastic that has been
      investigated for its potential use in craniofacial reconstruction; however, its
      use in clinical practice is limited by a poor integration with adjacent bone upon
      implantation. To improve the bone-implant interface, two strategies have been
      employed: to modify its surface or to impregnate PEEK with bioactive materials.
      This study attempts to combine and improve upon the two approaches by modifying
      the internal structure into a trabecular network and to impregnate PEEK with
      mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, we compare the newly designed PEEK
      scaffolds' interactions with both bone-derived (BMSC) and adipose (ADSC) stem
      cells. DESIGN: Customized PEEK scaffolds were designed to incorporate a
      trabecular microstructure using a computer-aided design program and then printed
      via selective laser sintering (SLS), a 3D-printing process with exceptional
      accuracy. The scaffold structure was evaluated using microCT. Scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate scaffold morphology with and without
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Adipose and bone marrow mesenchymal cells were
      isolated from rats and cultured on scaffolds. Cell proliferation and
      differentiation were assessed using alamarBlue and alkaline phosphatase assays,
      respectively. Cell morphology after one week of co-culturing cells with PEEK
      scaffolds was evaluated using SEM. RESULTS: SLS 3D printing fabricated scaffolds
      with a porosity of 36.38% +/- 6.66 and density of 1.309 g/cm(2). Cell morphology
      resembled viable fibroblasts attaching to the surface and micropores of the
      scaffold. PEEK scaffolds maintained the viability of both ADSCs and BMSCs;
      however, ADSCs demonstrated higher osteodifferentiation than BMSCs (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time that SLS 3D printing can
      be used to fabricate customized porous PEEK scaffolds that maintain the viability
      of adipose and bone marrow-derived MSCs and induce the osteodifferentiation of
      the adipose-derived MSCs. The combination of 3D printed PEEK scaffolds with MSCs
      could overcome some of the limitations using PEEK biopolymers for load-bearing
      bone regeneration in craniofacial reconstruction.

PMID- 26980551
TI  - The Ultrastructures and Mechanical Properties of the Descement's Membrane in
      Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy.
AB  - Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), is the most common corneal
      endothelial dystrophy, and contributes up to 50% of all corneal transplantations
      performed in developed countries. FECD develops in Descemet's membrane (DM) and
      possibly alters the mechanical properties and internal structures in this basal
      lamina. In this work, the morphology and mechanical properties of FECD-DMs are
      studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitative dynamic atomic
      force microscopy (QD-AFM) at nano scale. Pathological wide-space collagens that
      are typical of FECD display different mechanical properties in that they are
      softer than the remaining tissue both for dehydrated- and fully hydrated samples.
      Additionally, the hydration level has major influence on the mechanical
      properties. These findings could help to further understand the structural
      changes in FECD, and possibly be useful for further characterization of the
      disease, the diagnosis and assessment or even pathologic analysis. 

PMID- 26980553
TI  - First preparation of low band gap fulvene-modified polynorbornene via ring
      opening metathesis polymerization.
AB  - New polymers containing intact pendant-fulvene moieties have been successfully
      prepared from 1,3-phenyl-6-norbornenylfulvene via ring-opening metathesis
      polymerization (ROMP). The prepared polyfulvenes have unique electrochemical and
      photophysical properties which make them interesting candidates for light
      harvesting materials. 

PMID- 26980554
TI  - Chlorambucil for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      (CLL) - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
AB  - Randomized clinical trials that compared chlorambucil to different regimens, for
      patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL)
      do not support an overall survival (OS) benefit. To assess the efficacy and
      safety of chlorambucil as frontline treatment, we conducted a systematic review
      and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. OS was the primary outcome.
      Meta-analysis of 18 trials that compared purine analogs, alkylators, alemtuzumab
      and ibrutinib to chlorambucil demonstrated no OS benefit for therapy without
      chlorambucil over chlorambucil (pooled HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.08; 4133 patients).
      PFS was longer with purine analogs compared with chlorambucil with an increased
      risk of infection. The risk of secondary malignancies was not increased with
      chlorambucil. In conclusion, our study showed that chlorambucil is an acceptable
      chemotherapy backbone for unfit patients with CLL. Purine analogs should be
      preferred in fit younger patients because of longer PFS. Future trials should
      focus on unfit patients who are underrepresented in clinical trials.

PMID- 26980555
TI  - Quality of laboratory studies assessing effects of Bt-proteins on non-target
      organisms: minimal criteria for acceptability.
AB  - The potential risks that genetically modified plants may pose to non-target
      organisms and the ecosystem services they contribute to are assessed as part of
      pre-market risk assessments. This paper reviews the early tier studies testing
      the hypothesis whether exposure to plant-produced Cry34/35Ab1 proteins as a
      result of cultivation of maize 59122 is harmful to valued non-target organisms,
      in particular Arthropoda and Annelida. The available studies were assessed for
      their scientific quality by considering a set of criteria determining their
      relevance and reliability. As a case-study, this exercise revealed that when not
      all quality criteria are met, weighing the robustness of the study and its
      relevance for risk assessment is not obvious. Applying a worst-case expected
      environmental concentration of bioactive toxins equivalent to that present in the
      transgenic crop, confirming exposure of the test species to the test substance,
      and the use of a negative control were identified as minimum criteria to be met
      to guarantee sufficiently reliable data. This exercise stresses the importance of
      conducting studies meeting certain quality standards as this minimises the
      probability of erroneous or inconclusive results and increases confidence in the
      results and adds certainty to the conclusions drawn.

PMID- 26980556
TI  - Angiogenic activity mediates bone repair from human pluripotent stem cell-derived
      osteogenic cells.
AB  - Human pluripotent stem cells provide a standardized resource for bone repair.
      However, criteria to determine which exogenous cells best heal orthopedic
      injuries remain poorly defined. We evaluated osteogenic progenitor cells derived
      from both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells
      (hiPSCs). Phenotypic and genotypic analyses demonstrated that these hESCs/hiPSCs
      are similar in their osteogenic differentiation efficiency and they generate
      osteogenic cells comparable to osteogenic cells derived from mesenchymal stromal
      cells (BM-MSCs). However, expression of angiogenic factors, such as vascular
      endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in these osteogenic
      progenitor cells are markedly different, suggesting distinct pro-angiogenic
      potential of these stem cell derivatives. Studies to repair a femur non-union
      fracture demonstrate only osteogenic progenitor cells with higher pro-angiogenic
      potential significantly enhance bone repair in vivo. Together, these studies
      highlight a key role of pro-angiogenic potential of transplanted osteogenic cells
      for effective cell-mediated bone repair. 

PMID- 26980557
TI  - Can progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities be resumed? Results
      of a workshop sponsored by the Transportation Research Board, Alcohol, Other
      Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Despite successes in the 1980s and early 1990s, progress in reducing
      impaired driving fatalities in the United States has stagnated in recent years.
      Since 1997, the percentage of drivers involved in fatal crashes with illegal
      blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels has remained at approximately 20 to 22%.
      Many experts believe that public complacency, competing social and public health
      issues, and the lack of political fortitude have all contributed to this
      stagnation. The number of alcohol-related crashes, injuries, and fatalities is
      still unacceptable, and most are preventable. The public needs to be aware that
      the problem presented by drinking drivers has not been solved. Political leaders
      need guidance on which measures will affect the problem, and stakeholders need to
      be motivated once again to implement effective strategies. METHODS: The National
      Academy of Sciences (NAS) Transportation Research Board (TRB), Alcohol, Other
      Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50) sponsored a workshop held at the NAS
      facility in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on August 24-25, 2015, to discuss the lack
      of progress in reducing impaired driving and to make recommendations for future
      progress. A total of 26 experts in research and policy related to alcohol
      impaired driving participated in the workshop. The workshop began by examining
      the static situation in the rate of alcohol-impaired driving fatal crashes to
      determine what factors may be inhibiting further progress. The workshop then
      discussed 8 effective strategies that have not been fully implemented in the
      United States. Workshop participants (16 of the 26) rated their top 3 strategies.
      RESULTS: 3 strategies received the most support: 1. Impose administrative
      sanctions for drivers with BACs = 0.05 to 0.08 g/dL. 2. Require alcohol ignition
      interlocks for all alcohol-impaired driving offenders. 3. Increase the frequency
      of sobriety checkpoints, including enacting legislation to allow them in the 11
      states that currently prohibit them. 5 other important strategies included the
      following: (1) increase alcohol taxes to raise the price and reduce alcohol
      consumption; (2) reengage the public and raise the priority of impaired driving;
      (3) lower the illegal per se BAC limit to 0.05 for a criminal offense; (4)
      develop and implement in-vehicle alcohol detection systems; and (5) expand the
      use of screening and brief interventions in medical facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Each
      of these strategies is proven to be effective, yet all are substantially
      underutilized. Each is used in some jurisdictions in the United States or Canada,
      but none is used extensively. Any one of the 3 strategies implemented on a
      widespread basis would decrease impaired driving crashes, injuries, and
      fatalities. Based on the research, all 3 together would have a substantial impact
      on the problem.

PMID- 26980558
TI  - The Protective Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Acetylsalicylic Acid
      induced Lung Injury in Rats.
AB  - AIM: We aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl
      ester (CAPE) on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced lung damage in rats in the
      present study. METHODS: A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into five
      groups, with eight rats in each group-group 1: control, not receiving any
      medication; group 2: ASA (50 mg/kg/day); group 3: ASA (50 mg/kg/day) plus CAPE
      (20 MUg/kg/day); group 4: ASA (100 mg/kg/day); and group 5: ASA (100 mg/kg/day)
      plus CAPE (20 MUg/kg/day). ASA and CAPE were given via orogastric gavage for 5
      days. The total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidant
      stress index (OSI), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity of the blood samples and
      lung tissues were determined. Histopathological examinations of the lung tissues
      were performed by using light microscopic methods. RESULTS: CAPE treatment
      significantly increased antioxidant PON-1 level both in the lung tissue and
      plasma (p < .05). Plasma antioxidant marker (TAC, PON-1) levels significantly
      increased and oxidant marker (TOS, OSI) levels significantly decreased in CAPE
      treated rats (groups 3,5) compared to ASA given no-CAPE groups (group 2,4) (p <
      .05). Treatment with CAPE improved pulmonary interstitial inflammation and
      eosinophil accumulation due to ASA histopathologically. CONCLUSION: Eosinophil
      rich inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in ASA-induced lung
      toxicity, and CAPE may protect against ASA-induced lung toxicity by reduction of
      oxidative damage and inflammation in rats.

PMID- 26980560
TI  - Reliability of lumbar movement dysfunction tests for chronic low back pain
      patients.
AB  - Assessment of lumbar movement dysfunction commonly comprises trunk range of
      motion (ROM), movement or control impairment (MCI), and reposition error (RE).
      Those assessments are typically based on visual observation. Consequently it is
      not possible to reliably quantify back movements for intersubject comparisons, or
      for monitoring changes before and after an intervention. Inertial measurement
      unit (IMU)-systems could be used to quantify these movement dysfunctions in
      clinical settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of
      movement dysfunction tests when measured with a novel IMU-system. The reliability
      of eleven movement dysfunction tests (four ROM, six MCI and one RE tests) were
      analysed using generalizability-theory and minimal detectable change, measuring
      21 chronic low back pain patients in seven trials on two days. Reliability varied
      across tests and variables. Four ROM and selected MCI tests and variables were
      identified as reliable. On average, ROM test were more reliable, compared to MCI
      and RE tests. An attempt should be made to improve the reliability of MCI and RE
      measures, for example through better standardizations. Subsequently these
      measures should be studied further for intersubject comparisons and monitoring
      changes after an intervention. 

PMID- 26980561
TI  - A Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection and
      Quantification of Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease Virus (EEDV; Salmonid
      Herpesvirus 3).
AB  - Epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV; salmonid herpesvirus [SalHV3];
      family Alloherpesviridae) causes a systemic disease of juvenile and yearling Lake
      Trout Salvelinus namaycush. No cell lines are currently available for the culture
      and propagation of EEDV, so primary diagnosis is limited to PCR and electron
      microscopy. To better understand the pervasiveness of EEDV (carrier or latent
      state of infection) in domesticated and wild Lake Trout populations, we developed
      a sensitive TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to detect the presence of the
      EEDV terminase gene in Lake Trout tissues. This assay was able to detect a linear
      standard curve over nine logs of plasmid dilution and was sensitive enough to
      detect single-digit copies of EEDV. The efficiency of the PCR assay was 99.4 +/-
      0.06% (mean +/- SD), with a 95% confidence limit of 0.0296 (R(2) = 0.994).
      Methods were successfully applied to collect preliminary data from a number of
      species and water bodies in the states of Pennsylvania, New York, and Vermont,
      indicating that EEDV is more common in wild fish than previously known. In
      addition, through the development of this qPCR assay, we detected EEDV in a new
      salmonid species, the Cisco Coregonus artedi. The qPCR assay was unexpectedly
      able to detect two additional herpesviruses, the Atlantic Salmon papillomatosis
      virus (ASPV; SalHV4) and the Namaycush herpesvirus (NamHV; SalHV5), which both
      share high sequence identity with the EEDV terminase gene. With these unexpected
      findings, we subsequently designed three primer sets to confirm initial TaqMan
      qPCR assay positives and to differentiate among EEDV, ASPV, and NamHV by
      detecting the glycoprotein genes via SYBR Green qPCR. Received April 20, 2015;
      accepted November 10, 2015.

PMID- 26980562
TI  - Focus Groups--What Is the Same, What Is New, What Is Next?

PMID- 26980563
TI  - Germline Competent Pluripotent Mouse Stem Cells Generated by Plasmid Vectors.
AB  - We developed nonintegrated methods to reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)
      cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using pig pOct4, pSox2, and pc
      Myc as well as human hKLF4, hAID, and hTDG that were carried by plasmid vectors.
      The 4F method employed pOct4, pSox2, pc-Myc, and hKLF4 to derive iPSC clones with
      naive embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like morphology. These 4F clones expressed
      endogenous mouse Nanog protein and could generate chimeras. In addition to the
      four conventional reprogramming factors used in the 4F method, hAID and hTDG were
      utilized in a 6F method to increase the conversion efficiency of reprogramming by
      approximately five-fold. One of the 6F plasmid derived iPSC (piPSC) clones was
      shown to be germline transmission competent. 

PMID- 26980564
TI  - Mold spoilage of bread and its biopreservation: A review of current strategies
      for bread shelf life extension.
AB  - Microbial spoilage of bread and the consequent waste problem causes large
      economic losses for both the bakery industry and the consumer. Furthermore the
      presence of mycotoxins due to fungal contamination in cereals and cereal products
      remains a significant issue. The use of conventional chemical preservatives has
      several drawbacks, necessitating the development of clean-label alternatives. In
      this review, we describe current research aiming to extend the shelf life of
      bread through the use of more consumer friendly and ecologically sustainable
      preservation techniques as alternatives to chemical additives. Studies on the in
      situ-production/-expression of antifungal compounds are presented, with special
      attention given to recent developments over the past decade. Sourdough fermented
      with antifungal strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an area of increasing
      focus and serves as a high-potential biological ingredient to produce gluten
      containing and gluten-free breads with improved nutritional value, quality and
      safety due to shelf-life extension, and is in-line with consumer's demands for
      more products containing less additives. Other alternative biopreservation
      techniques include the utilization of antifungal peptides, ethanol and plant
      extracts. These can be added to bread formulations or incorporated in
      antimicrobial films for active packaging (AP) of bread. This review outlines
      recent progress that has been made in the area of bread biopreservation and
      future perspectives in this important area.

PMID- 26980565
TI  - Non-Photoinduced Biological Properties of Verteporfin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Verteporfin is a porphyrinic photosensitizer clinically used for the
      photodynamic treatment of age-related macular degeneration. It has been
      identified almost simultaneously as a YAP/TEAD and an autophagosome inhibitor.
      Over the last few years, YAP (TAZ), the downstream effectors of the Hippo
      pathway, have emerged as promising anticancer targets, as shown by several
      experimental lines of evidence, showing the overproduction of YAP in several
      cancers. However, YAP was also found to be closely connected to autophagy,
      mitochondria and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. We herein, review the recent
      studies where VP was used without photoactivation as a YAP/TEAD inhibitor or
      protein oligomerization promoter, focusing on its effects on the YAP/TEAD gene
      targets and other biomarkers related to autophagy. RESULTS: Since the
      identification of VP as YAP/TEAD inhibitor, several in vitro and in vivo studies
      have revealed the new potential of this molecule in different cancers, where YAP
      is overexpressed. However, detailed structural information about its interaction
      with YAP is still lacking. Concomitantly, VP was identified as autophagosome
      inhibitor by promoting oligomerization of p62. Moreover, VP proves to be tumor
      selective proteotoxic (by oligomerization of p62, STAT3) in colorectal cancer.
      Knowledge on the biological properties of the only YAP inhibitor available to
      date is vital for its pharmacological use on cellular and animal models.
      CONCLUSION: VP is a multi-target drug interacting with several proteins
      implicated in major cellular processes. Although this does not impact its
      clinical use, VP does not seem to be the ideal drug for pharmacological
      inhibitions of YAP/TEAD.

PMID- 26980566
TI  - Is Nitric Oxide Assuming a Janus-Face in The Central Nervous System?
AB  - Nitric Oxide, synthesized from L-arginine by the nitric oxide synthases, has a
      complex role within the human body. It contributes to almost every physiological
      system and has been found to be both protective and toxic in disease states. An
      aging population faces an increasing incidence of neurodegenerative disease and
      the pathological action of nitric oxide in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
      may be important therapeutic targets for the future. Nitric oxide's protective
      effects are also important to consider, through inhibition of caspase-3,
      nitrosylation of NMDA and increased activation of protein kinase B and CREB
      transcription factor. Nitric oxide has been shown to play a part in long term
      potentiation, revealing its importance in synaptic plasticity. Due to nitric
      oxide's mixed effects it is an exciting and varied therapeutic target. Currently,
      the impact of these therapies has been explored and developed in animal studies,
      but is yet to be fully realized in human trials. This paper outlines both the
      pathological and protective roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system
      and the potential pharmacological therapies and targets these indicate. 

PMID- 26980567
TI  - Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine as Disease Modifying Anti- Osteoarthritis Dru
      gs (DMOADs).
AB  - Osteoarthritis is a disabling affliction expected to increase in the coming
      decades, and disease- modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) would be highly
      desirable adjuncts to symptomatic relief and structure reconstruction as they may
      delay the disease process. Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine have been observed
      to exert beneficial effects on the metabolism of various cells involved in
      osteoarthritis as well as in animal models and clinical trials. Clinical trials
      have reported beneficial effects of both these biological agents, alone or in
      combination, on pain and functions as well as their structure-modifying capacity
      reported and analyzed in recent meta-analyses. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of
      these bioactive (macro)molecules as DMOADs reported from randomized trials is
      mismatched. Current studies with varying levels of evidence suggest that
      chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine can modify the disease progression but at the
      same time there are not absolute certainties on their efficacy in modifying the
      course of the disease. This comprehensive review aims to clarify the role of
      these compounds in the therapeutic molecules/ drugs useful to patients affected
      by osteoarthritis. 

PMID- 26980568
TI  - Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Oncogenic Protein Kinases--Structure,
      Mechanisms and Biomedical Effects.
AB  - Cinnamic acid belongs to phenolic-acid class of polyphenols, one of the most
      abundant plant secondary metabolites. These substances are widely studied because
      of plethora of their biological activities. In particular, their inhibition of
      protein kinases contributes to the pleiotropic effects in the cell. Protein
      kinases are essential in controlling cell signaling networks. Selective targeting
      of oncogenic protein kinases increases clinical anticancer efficacy. Cinnamic
      acid and related compounds have inspired researchers in the design of numerous
      synthetic and semisynthetic inhibitors of oncogenic protein kinases for the past
      three decades. Interest in cinnamoyl-scaffold-containing compounds revived in
      recent years, which was stimulated by modern drug design and discovery
      methodologies such as in vitro and in silico HTS. This review presents cinnamic
      acid derivatives and analogs for which direct inhibition of protein kinases was
      identified. We also summarize significance of the above protein kinase families -
      validated or promising targets for anticancer therapies. The inhibition mode may
      vary from ATP-competitive, through bisubstrate-competitive and mixedcompetitive,
      to non-competitive one. Kinase selectivity is often correlated with subtle
      chemical modifications, and may also be steered by an additional non-cinnamoyl
      fragment of the inhibitor. Specific cinnamic acid congeners may synergize their
      effects in the cell by a wider range of activities, like suppression of
      additional enzymes, e.g. deubiquitinases, influencing the same signaling pathways
      (e.g. JAK2/STAT). Cinnamic acid, due to its biological and physicochemical
      properties, provides nature-inspired ideas leading to novel inhibitors of
      oncogenic protein kinases and related enzymes, capable to target a variety of
      cancer cells. 

PMID- 26980569
TI  - New Insight into 2-Methoxyestradiol- a Possible Physiological Link between
      Neurodegeneration and Cancer Cell Death.
AB  - The pathways leading to development of neurodegenerative disease and cancer cell
      death may overlap. Interestingly, the main neurodegeneration-causing factors have
      been suggested to play a pivotal role in the regulation of tumor growth. Another
      common component in neurodegenerations and cancer is nitro-oxidative stress.
      Depending on the environmental conditions, the nitro-oxidative stress may lead to
      cancerogenesis or cancer cell death. On the other side, it may also result in a
      variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the literature data, we suggest
      that 2-methoxyestradiol may be considered as a physiological link between
      development of neurodegenerations and cancer cell death. 2-methoxyestradiol is a
      physiological compound, a metabolite of 17beta-estradiol. Interestingly, 2
      methoxyestradiol, branded as Panzem, is also considered as a potent anticancer
      agent, currently investigated in several clinical trials. The review aims on
      making closer the facts concerning anticancer and plausible neurotoxic activities
      of 2-methoxyestradiol, which may suggest adverse neurological long-term effects
      of the drug in cancer patients. 

PMID- 26980570
TI  - Altered RNA editing in 3' UTR perturbs microRNA-mediated regulation of oncogenes
      and tumor-suppressors.
AB  - RNA editing is a molecular event that alters specific nucleotides in RNA post
      transcriptionally. RNA editing has the potential to impact a variety of cellular
      processes and is implicated in diseases such as cancer. Yet, the precise
      mechanisms by which RNA editing controls cellular processes are poorly
      understood. Here, we characterize sequences altered by RNA editing in patient
      samples from lymphoma, neuroblastoma and head and neck cancers. We show that A-to
      I RNA editing sites are highly conserved across samples of the same tissue type
      and that most editing sites identified in tumors are also detectable in normal
      tissues. Next, we identify the significant changes in editing levels of known
      sites between tumor and paired "normal" tissues across 14 cancer types (627
      pairs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas project and show that the complexity of RNA
      editing regulation cannot be captured by the activity of ADAR family genes alone.
      Our pan-cancer analysis confirms previous results on individual tumor types and
      suggests that changes of RNA editing levels in coding and 3'UTR regions could be
      a general mechanism to promote tumor growth. We also propose a model explaining
      how altered RNA editing levels affect microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional
      regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressors. 

PMID- 26980571
TI  - Systolic MOLLI T1 mapping with heart-rate-dependent pulse sequence sampling
      scheme is feasible in patients with atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: T1 mapping enables assessment of myocardial characteristics. As the
      most common type of arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF) is often accompanied by
      a variety of cardiac pathologies, whereby the irregular and usually rapid
      ventricle rate of AF may cause inaccurate T1 estimation due to mis-triggering and
      inadequate magnetization recovery. We hypothesized that systolic T1 mapping with
      a heart-rate-dependent (HRD) pulse sequence scheme may overcome this issue.
      METHODS: 30 patients with AF and 13 healthy volunteers were enrolled and
      underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at 3 T. CMR was repeated for 3
      patients after electric cardioversion and for 2 volunteers after lowering heart
      rate (HR). A Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) sequence was
      acquired before and 15 min after administration of 0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate
      dimeglumine. For AF patients, both the fixed 5(3)3/4(1)3(1)2 and the HRD sampling
      scheme were performed at diastole and systole, respectively. The HRD pulse
      sequence sampling scheme was 5(n)3/4(n)3(n)2, where n was determined by the heart
      rate to ensure adequate magnetization recovery. Image quality of T1 maps was
      assessed. T1 times were measured in myocardium and blood. Extracellular volume
      fraction (ECV) was calculated. RESULTS: In volunteers with repeated T1 mapping,
      the myocardial native T1 and ECV generated from the 1st fixed sampling scheme
      were smaller than from the 1st HRD and 2nd fixed sampling scheme. In healthy
      volunteers, the overall native T1 times and ECV of the left ventricle (LV) in
      diastolic T1 maps were greater than in systolic T1 maps (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). In
      the 3 AF patients that had received electrical cardioversion therapy, the
      myocardial native T1 times and ECV generated from the fixed sampling scheme were
      smaller than in the 1st and 2nd HRD sampling scheme (all P < 0.05). In patients
      with AF (HR: 88 +/- 20 bpm, HR fluctuation: 12 +/- 9 bpm), more T1 maps with
      artifact were found in diastole than in systole (P < 0.01). The overall native T1
      times and ECV of the left ventricle (LV) in diastolic T1 maps were greater than
      systolic T1 maps, either with fixed or HRD sampling scheme (all P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Systolic MOLLI T1 mapping with heart-rate-dependent pulse sequence
      scheme can improve image quality and avoid T1 underestimation. It is feasible and
      with further validation may extend clinical applicability of T1 mapping to
      patients with atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 26980572
TI  - MicroRNA-203 suppresses gastric cancer growth by targeting PIBF1/Akt signaling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proved involved in many tumorigenic
      behaviors including tumor growth. But, the clinical significance and functions of
      miRNA-203 in gastric cancer (GC) remain elusive. RESULTS: Decreased expression of
      miRNA-203 was correlated with tumor size, poor prognosis and recurrence in GC
      patients. Overexpression of miR-203 or knockdown of its target progesterone
      immunomodulatory binding factor 1 (PIBF1) inhibited GC growth in vitro and in
      vivo, while miR-203 knockdown promoted GC proliferation. In addition, PIBF1
      overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effects of miR-203 on GC growth and
      enhanced that effect on p-Akt expression. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-203 as a tumor
      biomarker suppresses GC growth through targeting the PIBF1/Akt signaling,
      suggesting that it may have the important therapeutic potential for the treatment
      of GC.

PMID- 26980574
TI  - Faster Convergence of Diffusion Anisotropy Detection by Three-Step Relation of
      Single-Particle Trajectory.
AB  - We focus on the issue of limited number of samples in the single particle
      tracking (SPT) when trying to extract the diffusion anisotropy that originates
      from the particle asymmetry. We propose a novel evaluation technique of SPT
      making use of the relation of the consecutive three steps. More specifically, the
      trend of the angle comprised of the three positions and the displacements are
      plotted on a scatter diagram. The particle anisotropy dependence of the shape of
      the scatter diagram is examined through the data from the standard numerical
      model of anisotropic two-dimensional Brownian motion. Comparison with the
      existing method reveals the faster convergence in the evaluation. In particular,
      our proposed method realizes the detection of diffusion anisotropy under the
      conditions of not only less number of data but also larger time steps. This is of
      practical importance not only when the abundant data is hard to achieve but also
      when the rotational diffusion is fast compared to the frame rate of the camera
      equipment, which tends to be more common for smaller particles or molecules of
      interest. 

PMID- 26980573
TI  - Low total cholesterol level is the independent predictor of poor outcomes in
      patients with acute ischemic stroke: a hospital-based prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Total cholesterol is a well-documented risk factor for coronary
      disease. Previous studies have shown that high total cholesterol level is
      associated with better stroke outcomes, but the association of low total
      cholesterol levels and ischemic stroke outcomes is rare. Therefore, we aimed to
      assess the association of low total cholesterol levels and stroke outcomes among
      acute ischemic stroke patients in China. METHODS: This study recruited 6407
      atherothrombotic infarction patients from Tianjin, China, between May 2005 and
      September 2014. All patients were categorized into five groups according to TC
      level quintiles at admission. Differences in subtypes, severity, risk factors,
      and outcomes at 3, 12, and 36 months after stroke were compared between these
      groups. RESULTS: In total, 1256 (19.6%) patients had low cholesterol levels, with
      a higher prevalence in men than in women (23.7% vs. 11.2%, P < 0.001). Compared
      with higher cholesterol levels, the lowest cholesterol level quintile (TC, <4.07
      mmol/L) was associated with older age (64.7 years, P = 0.033), anterior
      circulation infarct (22.8%), atrial fibrillation (4.9%), current smoking (41.1%),
      and alcohol consumption (21.1%) and lower frequencies of hypertension (72.9%),
      diabetes (30.7%), and obesity (9.9%). Dependency and recurrence rates were
      significantly higher at 36 months in patients in the lowest TC level quintile
      than in those with higher cholesterol levels (dependency rates, 51.2% vs 45.2%; P
      = 0.007 and recurrence rates, 46.3% vs 37.3%, P = 0.001). Moreover, these
      differences remained after adjustment for age, sex, stroke severity, and
      Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification (odds ratios [ORs] for
      dependency rate, 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11, 1.79; P = 0.005 and
      recurrence rate, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.19, 1.89; P = 0.001). However, mortality rates
      after stroke were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings suggest that statin treatment for patients with atherothrombotic
      infarction and low cholesterol levels increase long-term dependency and
      recurrence rates, but do not increase mortality rates. It is crucial to highlight
      the different impact of statin treatment on patients with atherothrombotic
      infarction and lower cholesterol levels for secondary stroke prevention in China.

PMID- 26980575
TI  - A new paradigm of genetic testing for hereditary breast/ovarian cancers.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Genetic risk factors and family history play an important role in
      breast cancer development. This review aimed to summarise the current genetic
      testing approach to hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. METHODS: A systematic
      literature review was performed by searching the PubMed database. Publications
      available online until January 2015 that addressed issues related to hereditary
      breast/ovarian cancer genetic counselling/testing were selected. The search terms
      used were "familial breast/ovarian cancer", "susceptibility genes", "genetic
      counselling", and "genetic testing". The data extracted for this review were
      analysed by the authors, with a focus on genetic testing for hereditary
      breast/ovarian cancer. RESULTS: Although a greater proportion of inherited
      breast/ovarian cancers are due to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, a number of new
      genes have emerged as susceptibility candidates, including rare germline
      mutations in high penetrance genes, such as TP53 and PTEN, and more frequent
      mutations in moderate/low penetrance genes, such as PALB2, CHEK2 and ATM. Multi
      gene testing, if used appropriately, is generally a more cost- and time-effective
      method than single-gene testing, and may increase the number of patients who can
      be offered personal surveillance, risk-reduction options, and testing of high
      risk family members. CONCLUSIONS: Recent advances in molecular genetics testing
      have identified a number of susceptibility genes related to hereditary breast
      and/or ovarian cancers other than BRCA1 and BRCA2. The introduction of multi-gene
      testing for hereditary cancer has revolutionised the clinical management of high
      risk patients and their families. Individuals with hereditary breast/ovarian
      cancer will benefit from genetic counselling/testing.

PMID- 26980576
TI  - Response to Intravenous Cyclophosphamide Treatment for Lupus Nephritis Associated
      with Polymorphisms in the FCGR2B-FCRLA Locus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is an immunosuppressant drug widely used to
      treat various diseases including lupus nephritis, but its efficacy highly varies
      from individual to individual. This pharmacogenomics association study searched
      for genetic variations associated with CYC efficacy. METHODS: Genome-wide
      association scan was performed for 109 Korean patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus with lupus nephritis (classes III-V) who received intravenous CYC
      induction therapy. Genetic differences between responders and nonresponders were
      examined using Cochran-Armitage trend tests, and genotype imputation was used for
      defining the association locus. RESULTS: Genetic polymorphisms in the Fcgamma
      receptor gene (FCGR) cluster at human chromosome 1q23, previously associated with
      lupus nephritis susceptibility, were associated with the response to CYC
      treatment for lupus nephritis. Significant response association was found for 3
      perfectly correlated (r(2) = 1) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP): rs6697139,
      rs10917686, and rs10917688, located between the FCGR2B and FCRLA genes (p = 3.4 *
      10(-8)). Carriage of the minor alleles in these SNP was found only in
      nonresponders (31%) and none in responders (0%). CONCLUSION: This first genome
      wide association approach for CYC response yielded a robust profile of genetic
      associations including large-effect SNP in the FCGR2B-FCRLA locus, which may
      provide better insights to CYC metabolism and efficacy.

PMID- 26980577
TI  - Leflunomide Use and Risk of Lung Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic
      Literature Review and Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative risk (RR) of pulmonary disease among patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with leflunomide (LEF). METHODS: We
      searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
      to April 15, 2014. We included double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCT) of
      LEF versus placebo or active comparator agents in adults with RA. Studies with
      fewer than 50 subjects or shorter than 12 weeks were excluded. Two investigators
      independently searched both databases. All authors reviewed selected studies. We
      compared RR differences using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects method to assess
      total respiratory adverse events, infectious respiratory adverse events,
      noninfectious respiratory adverse events, interstitial lung disease, and death.
      RESULTS: Our literature search returned 5673 results. A total of 8 studies, 4
      with placebo comparators, met our inclusion criteria. There were 708 respiratory
      adverse events documented in 4579 participants. Six cases of pneumonitis
      occurred, all in the comparator group. Four pulmonary deaths were reported, none
      in the LEF group. LEF was not associated with an increased risk of total adverse
      respiratory events (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.56-1.78) or infectious respiratory adverse
      events (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.58-1.82). LEF was associated with a decreased risk of
      noninfectious respiratory adverse events (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41-0.97). CONCLUSION:
      Our study found no evidence of increased respiratory adverse events in RCT of LEF
      treatment.

PMID- 26980578
TI  - Gout Prophylaxis Evaluated According to the 2012 American College of Rheumatology
      Guidelines: Analysis from the CORRONA Gout Registry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze prophylaxis using the CORRONA (COnsortium of Rheumatology
      Researchers Of North America) Gout Registry according to the American College of
      Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines, and to evaluate whether differences in disease
      characteristics influenced prophylaxis. METHODS: All patients with gout in the
      CORRONA Gout Registry between November 1, 2012, and November 26, 2013, were
      included. They were divided into 2 groups: "receiving prophylaxis" versus "not
      receiving prophylaxis" at the time of enrollment. Patients having a flare at time
      of visit were excluded. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic
      regression models were performed to evaluate the factors associated with
      prophylaxis. RESULTS: There were 1049 patients with gout available for analysis.
      There were 441 patients (42%) receiving prophylaxis and 608 (58%) not receiving
      prophylaxis. The most common drugs used for prophylaxis were colchicine (78%) and
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (32%). Prophylaxis drug combination was used
      by 45 patients (10.2%). Patients in the "receiving prophylaxis" group were more
      likely to have a gout duration of <= 1 year (n = 68, p < 0.001), >= 1 flare in
      the year previous to enrollment (p < 0.001), >= 1 healthcare uses in the last
      year [Emergency Department (p = 0.029); outpatient visit to primary care,
      rheumatologist, or urgent care clinic (p < 0.001)], have tophi (p < 0.001),
      report pain > 3 (p = 0.001), and have disease activity > 10 (p < 0.001) compared
      with patients in the "not receiving prophylaxis" group. CONCLUSION: Forty-two
      percent of patients with gout in the CORRONA Gout Registry were receiving
      prophylaxis. Prophylaxis was significantly more common in patients with a higher
      disease burden and activity, which is in agreement with the ACR guidelines. Our
      study highlights disease characteristics influencing prophylaxis and furthers our
      knowledge on current use of flare prophylaxis.

PMID- 26980579
TI  - Inflammatory Cells in Patients with Endstage Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comparison
      between the Synovium and the Infrapatellar Fat Pad.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To get a better understanding of inflammatory pathways active in the
      osteoarthritic (OA) joint, we characterized and compared inflammatory cells in
      the synovium and the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) of patients with knee OA.
      METHODS: Infiltrating immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry in 76
      patients with knee OA (mean age 63.3, 52% women, median body mass index 28.9)
      from whom synovial tissue (n = 40) and IFP (n = 68) samples were obtained. Pain
      was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS; 0-100 mm). Spearman rank
      correlations and linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and age were
      performed. RESULTS: Macrophages and T cells, followed by mast cells, were the
      most predominant immune cells in the synovium and IFP, and were equally abundant
      in these tissues. Macrophages and T cells secreted mostly proinflammatory
      cytokines even without additional stimulation, indicating their activated state.
      Accordingly, most CD4+ T cells had a memory phenotype and contained a significant
      population of cells expressing activation markers (CD25+, CD69+). Interestingly,
      the percent of CD69+ T cells was higher in synovial than IFP CD4+ T cells.
      Preliminary analyses indicated that the number of synovial CD4+ T cells were
      associated with VAS pain (beta 0.51, 95% CI 0.09-1.02, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our
      data suggest that the immune cell composition of the synovium and the IFP is
      similar, and includes activated cells that could contribute to inflammation
      through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, preliminary analyses
      indicate that synovial CD4+ T cells might associate with pain in patients with
      endstage OA of the knee.

PMID- 26980580
TI  - Disability in Fibromyalgia Associates with Symptom Severity and Occupation
      Characteristics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is intuitive that disability caused by illness should be reflected
      in illness severity. Because disability rates for fibromyalgia (FM) are high in
      the developed world, we have examined disease and work characteristics for
      patients with FM who were working, unemployed, or receiving disability payments
      for disability as a result of FM. METHODS: Of the 248 participants in a tertiary
      care cohort study of patients with FM, 90 were employed, 81 were not employed and
      not receiving disability payments, and 77 were not working and currently
      receiving disability payments awarded for disability caused by FM. Demographic,
      occupation, and disease characteristics were compared among the groups. RESULTS:
      The prevalence of disability caused by FM was 30.8%. There were no demographic
      differences among the working, unemployed, or disabled patients. With the
      exception of measures for anxiety and depression, all measurements for disease
      severity differed significantly among the groups, with greater severity reported
      for the disabled group, which used more medications and participated less in
      physical activity. Disabled patients were more likely previously employed in
      manual professions or the service industry, whereas employed patients were more
      commonly working in non-manual jobs that included clerical, managerial, or
      professional occupations (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: The one-third rate of
      disability for this Canadian cohort of patients with FM is in line with other
      reports from the western world. Associations of disability compensation were
      observed for subjective report of symptom severity, increased use of medications,
      and previous employment in more physically demanding jobs.

PMID- 26980581
TI  - Assessment of Response to Treatment, Remission, and Minimal Disease Activity in
      Axial Psoriatic Arthritis Treated with Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the response to treatment, remission, and minimal disease
      activity (MDA) in a group of patients with predominant axial psoriatic arthritis
      (axPsA). Predictors of response were also evaluated. METHODS: Patients fulfilling
      the ClASsification of Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) criteria and treated with anti
      tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents adalimumab, etanercept, and golimumab
      were enrolled and prospectively followed every 4 months for 1 year in a clinical
      practice setting. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) 50
      was assessed as a set of response criteria to treatment; Composite Psoriatic
      Disease Activity Index (CPDAI) < 4, Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic
      Arthritis (DAPSA) score <= 3.3, and partial remission (PR) were also evaluated as
      remission criteria. Patients were considered in MDA when they met at least 5/7 of
      the criteria previously defined. Patients achieving BASDAI 50, PR, and MDA were
      compared to identify outcome predictor factors. Concordance between the outcome
      measures was also performed. RESULTS: Of the 58 patients treated with anti-TNF,
      at baseline no patients were in PR or MDA. No patients had a CPDAI < 4 or a DAPSA
      score <= 3.3. After 12 months, BASDAI 50 was achieved in 15/48 patients (31.2%).
      CPDAI < 4, DAPSA score <= 3.3, PR, and MDA were achieved, respectively, in 17/48
      (35.4%), 11/48 (22.9%), 11/48 (22.9%), and 24/48 (50%) patients. No difference
      was found among the 3 anti-TNF. Predictors for MDA were male sex, young age, low
      disease duration, low Health Assessment Questionnaire score, and absence of
      enthesitis. CONCLUSION: This longitudinal observational study, based on a
      clinical practice setting, showed that remission and MDA are achievable targets
      in axPsA treated with anti-TNF. Predictors of remission and MDA were also
      identified.

PMID- 26980582
TI  - Inactive Disease in Enthesitis-related Arthritis: Association of Increased Body
      Mass Index.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients with enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) were less likely to
      achieve and sustain inactive disease than children with other subtypes of
      juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect
      of increased body mass index (BMI) on clinical features of the disease and to
      investigate whether being overweight or obese limits the possibility of achieving
      clinically inactive disease in patients with ERA. METHODS: The hospital charts of
      72 patients with ERA were reviewed. Demographic and clinical findings were
      recorded. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had
      "healthy weight" (BMI < 85th percentile) or "increased weight" (BMI >= 85th
      percentile) at baseline. The primary outcome of this study was to achieve
      inactive disease at 1 year after the initiation of therapy. The inactive disease
      criterion of Wallace, et al was used to define inactive disease status. RESULTS:
      Twenty patients had increased BMI. The frequency of tarsitis and ankle
      involvement was higher in patients with increased weight. Thirty-seven patients
      were inactive at the end of 1 year. In univariate analyses, male sex, increased
      BMI, ankle involvement, and tarsitis were found to be associated with failure to
      achieve inactive disease. Multivariate backward stepwise regression analyses
      revealed that failure to achieve clinically inactive disease was associated with
      increased BMI and ankle involvement. CONCLUSION: Being overweight or obese was
      associated with failure to achieve inactive disease in patients with ERA. Because
      body weight is a modifiable factor, individualized interventions may have
      clinical implications for better therapeutic outcome.

PMID- 26980583
TI  - Longterm Clinical Outcomes in 420 Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Taking Anti
      tumor Necrosis Factor Drugs in Real-world Settings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An observational study to evaluate the longterm clinical outcomes of
      adalimumab (ADA), etanercept (ETN), and infliximab (IFX) in patients with
      psoriatic arthritis (PsA), in real-world settings. METHODS: From a prospective
      cohort we studied 420 biologic-naive patients with PsA who had peripheral
      arthritis and were beginning a treatment with ADA, ETN, or IFX. Drug survival was
      evaluated by Kaplan-Meier life analysis, and baseline predictors of drug
      discontinuation were assessed by Cox regression analysis. The frequency of
      concomitant glucocorticoids and the daily mean dosage were compared by chi-square
      test and ANOVA repeated measures across 4 years. RESULTS: After 4 years the
      overall survival of the first anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF) was
      51.0%, but significantly higher for ETN (58.9%) than ADA (43.9%) or IFX (44.0%; p
      = 0.003). Patients taking ETN also had the lowest HR of drug discontinuation (HR
      0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.93, p = 0.02). The strongest predictor of drug interruption
      was female sex (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.28-3.20, p = 0.002). The disease duration was
      inversely correlated with drug discontinuation (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p =
      0.02). The average daily dose of prednisone significantly decreased from
      baseline: 5.6 +/- 2.5 to 4.7 +/- 1.9 at 1 year (p = 0.01) to 4.0 +/- 1.8 at 4
      years (p = 0.001). Additionally, compared to baseline (49.6%), a significant
      reduction of patients taking glucocorticoids was detected at 2 years (36.5%, p <
      0.05), 3 years (29.9%, p < 0.01), and 4 years (22.6%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In
      real-world settings, TNF inhibitors showed a high rate of drug survival at 4
      years. Further, the need for glucocorticoids for controlling active PsA was
      lowered with time.

PMID- 26980584
TI  - A Family History of Psoriasis in a First-degree Relative in Children with JIA: to
      Include or Exclude?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the consequences of disregarding first-degree relatives
      with psoriasis (FRP) as a classification criterion in juvenile idiopathic
      arthritis (JIA). METHODS: Criteria were examined in children from a prospective
      cohort with unclassified and psoriatic JIA. RESULTS: FRP was the most common
      reason children were unclassified (57/85, 67%); all 57 children could be
      classified if FRP were disregarded as an exclusion criterion. FRP was a necessary
      inclusion criterion to classify 11/77 (14.3%) children with psoriatic JIA.
      CONCLUSION: Eliminating FRP as an exclusion criterion, but keeping it as an
      inclusion criterion in psoriatic JIA simplifies classification, though it is
      unclear whether the resulting classification would be better.

PMID- 26980585
TI  - Nanoparticles for brain-specific drug and genetic material delivery, imaging and
      diagnosis.
AB  - The poor access of therapeutic drugs and genetic material into the central
      nervous system due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier often limits the
      development of effective noninvasive treatments and diagnoses of neurological
      disorders. Moreover, the delivery of genetic material into neuronal cells remains
      a challenge because of the intrinsic difficulty in transfecting this cell type.
      Nanotechnology has arisen as a promising tool to provide solutions for this
      problem. This review will cover the different approaches that have been developed
      to deliver drugs and genetic material efficiently to the central nervous system
      as well as the main nanomaterials used to image the central nervous system and
      diagnose its disorders. 

PMID- 26980587
TI  - Non-affective psychosis in refugees.

PMID- 26980586
TI  - Impact of cadmium on the ecdysteroids production in Gammarus fossarum.
AB  - Gammarus fossarum is an important test organism which is currently used as a bio
      indicator as well as in ecotoxicological tests. Nevertheless, data on
      ecdysteroids in endocrine toxicity test are not yet available for these species,
      despite its crucial role in molting and reproduction. In the present paper,
      ecdysteroids concentrations were studied during the molt cycle (in females) and
      embryonic development in G. fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in order to propose
      an ecdysteroids toxicity test. Ecdysteroids levels in G. fossarum showed a single
      peak during premolt at stage Dl-D2. In embryos, ecdysteroids levels progressively
      increased over stages 3 and 4, with peak levels at stage 4. A Cadmium toxicity
      test was proposed to examine if the molting and embryogenesis disturbances
      previously observed after cadmium exposure (Geffard et al. 2010) could be
      attributed to changes in ecdysteroids titers. Exposure to the different cadmium
      concentrations (3; 9; 300; 900 ug/l) increased ecdysteroids secretion by Y-organs
      in vitro, but it had no significant effect on exposed embryos (in vivo). Based on
      previous findings, we are led to conclude that the molting impairments in cadmium
      exposed females of G. fossarum is connected to the changes in ecdysteroids
      concentrations. 

PMID- 26980588
TI  - Coupling of growth to nutritional status: The role of novel periphery-to-brain
      signaling by the CCHa2 peptide in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The coupling of growth to nutritional status is an important adaptive response of
      living organisms to their environment. For this ability, animals have evolved
      various strategies, including endocrine systems that respond to changing
      nutritional conditions. In animals, nutritional information is mostly perceived
      by peripheral organs, such as the digestive tract and adipose tissues, and is
      subsequently transmitted to other peripheral organs or the brain, which
      integrates the incoming signals and orchestrates physiological and behavioral
      responses. In Drosophila melanogaster, adipose tissue, known as the fat body,
      functions as an endocrine organ that communicates with the brain. This fat body
      brain axis coordinates growth with nutritional status by regulating the secretion
      of Drosophila insulin-like peptides (Dilps) from the brain. However, the
      molecular nature of the fat body-brain axis remains to be elucidated. We recently
      demonstrated that a small peptide, CCHamide-2 (CCHa2), expressed in the fat body
      and gut, directly stimulates its receptor (CCHa2-R) in the brain, leading to Dilp
      production. Notably, the expression of CCHa2 is sensitive to the presence of
      nutrients, particularly sugars. Our results, together with the results of
      previous studies, show that signaling between peripheral organs and the brain is
      a conserved strategy that couples nutritional availability to organismal
      physiology. 

PMID- 26980589
TI  - Approaches to the Assessment of Children in the Context of Disasters.
AB  - Children exposed to disasters are a vulnerable population, making the assessment
      of children post-disaster an important issue. Utilizing a Multiple Gating Stepped
      Care framework, we highlight recent literature related to post-disaster
      assessment and intervention for children. In particular, we focus on screening,
      clinical evaluation, and feedback-informed service delivery. Screening allows
      large populations of children to be assessed at a relatively low cost. Children
      identified by screening as being at risk may then be assessed through more in
      depth clinical evaluations, in order to assess clinical symptoms, strengths, and
      stressors, and to make determinations about appropriate interventions. Continued
      assessment during therapy provides important feedback for the delivery of
      appropriate care. New formats for assessment, as well as issues related to
      identifying sources for assessment, are discussed. Recommendations for future
      directions are provided. 

PMID- 26980590
TI  - The inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: association with obesity
      and IVF outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome
      (PCOS) and associations of these markers with obesity and in vitro fertilization
      (IVF) outcomes. METHODS: A total of 292 women underwent IVF procedure either with
      PCOS (n = 146) or without PCOS (n = 146, age, and body mass index (BMI) matched
      controls) were included in the study. All patients were classified according to
      BMI levels (normal weight: NW, BMI <25 kg/m(2) and obese: OB, BMI >=25 kg/m(2)).
      The inflammatory markers were leukocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR),
      platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV). RESULTS: BMI of PCOS
      was positively correlated with leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte and MPV (p <
      0.05), but negatively correlated with NLR and PLR (p < 0.05). Both NLR and PLR
      increased significantly in PCOS (p < 0.001). PLR increased significantly in NW
      PCOS compared the NW-controls and OB-PCOS. MPV values increased only in OB-PCOS
      subjects. The logistic regression analyzes showed that MPV was the independent
      variable in PCOS to effect CPR (p = 0.000; OR 0.1; CI 0.06-0.2). CONCLUSIONS: NLR
      and PLR were significantly increased in all PCOS subjects compared to the BMI
      matched controls. Despite PLR being decreased by adiposity, PLR increased in NW
      PCOS. These results are supporting the hypothesis that PCOS is a chronic
      inflammatory process independent of obesity. MPV levels were independently
      associated with CPR in PCOS. Further prospective studies concerning inflammation
      and IVF outcomes of PCOS are needed.

PMID- 26980592
TI  - Hermaphroditism in Leonardo da Vinci's Drawing "Angel in the Flesh" (1513-1515).

PMID- 26980591
TI  - Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation for treating the local recurrence of
      thyroid cancers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided
      radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for localized recurrent thyroid cancers. METHODS:
      We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific literature by
      searching the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science,Scopus and the Cochrane Library up
      to November 26, 2015. We assessed the pooled standard mean difference (SMD) of
      nodule volume, largest diameter and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level by comparing
      pre-RFA with post-RFA using fixed or random-effects model. The Newcastle-Ottawa
      Scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies,
      risk of bias in the selective populations, comparability of groups and exposure.
      RESULTS: We finally identified nine articles including 189 patients (male: 54 and
      female: 135) with 255 tumor lesions, who underwent ultrasound (US)-guided RFA
      beyond the mean 6 months of follow-up. The results showed that tumor volume (SWD:
      0.77, 95 % CI: 0.57-0.97, I (2) = 25.9 %, p = 0.231), largest diameter (SWD:
      1.56, 95 % CI: 0.94-2.17, I (2) = 82.6 %, p < 0.001) and Tg level (SWD: 0.52, 95
      % CI: 0.30-0.73, I (2) = 0 %, p = 0.493) were decreased and no significant
      publication bias was detectable. CONCLUSIONS: The pooled data indicated that the
      prognosis improved for patients with localized recurrent thyroid cancers and RFA
      is a promising treatment for these patients with infeasible surgery.

PMID- 26980594
TI  - Opportunities to use drugs and the transition to drug use among adolescents from
      Caracas, Venezuela.
AB  - Few studies have examined exposure to drug use and the lag between exposure and
      use. This paper estimates prevalence of opportunity to use a substance, for use,
      and for use given an opportunity to use among a sample of Venezuelan adolescents.
      Several covariates on the opportunity to use and the transition to use are also
      examined. Findings show that lifetime prevalence of substance use among
      Venezuelan adolescents increases dramatically and more closely resembles rates
      among US and European samples when having had an opportunity to use was taken
      into account. A majority of youth who transitioned to use did so the same year
      exposure occurred, and females had a shorter time difference compared to males.
      Covariates primarily predicted exposure rather than having used after controlling
      for exposure, and their effects varied by substance. Implications for prevention
      efforts are discussed.

PMID- 26980595
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa outcompetes other bacteria in the manifestation and
      maintenance of a biofilm in polyvinylchloride tubing as used in dental devices.
AB  - In a PVC tube as a model system for dental devices, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      outcompetes Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae for the biofilm
      formation. P. aeruginosa has advantage over the other strains due to higher
      tolerance for low-nutrient situations or direct killing by the production of
      soluble factors like pyocyanin. 

PMID- 26980593
TI  - Connecting two proteins using a fusion alpha helix stabilized by a chemical cross
      linker.
AB  - Building a sophisticated protein nano-assembly requires a method for linking
      protein components in a predictable and stable structure. Most of the cross
      linkers available have flexible spacers. Because of this, the linked hybrids have
      significant structural flexibility and the relative structure between their two
      components is largely unpredictable. Here we describe a method of connecting two
      proteins via a 'fusion alpha helix' formed by joining two pre-existing helices
      into a single extended helix. Because simple ligation of two helices does not
      guarantee the formation of a continuous helix, we used EY-CBS, a synthetic cross
      linker that has been shown to react selectively with cysteines in alpha-helices,
      to stabilize the connecting helix. Formation and stabilization of the fusion
      helix was confirmed by determining the crystal structures of the fusion proteins
      with and without bound EY-CBS. Our method should be widely applicable for linking
      protein building blocks to generate predictable structures. 

PMID- 26980596
TI  - Is delayed surgery related to worse outcomes in native left-sided endocarditis?

PMID- 26980597
TI  - Complete carotid and coronary revascularization in brain malperfusion.
AB  - A 54-year-old man presented with unstable angina and stroke with right hemiplegia
      and aphasia due to left main coronary plus 3-vessel disease, severe stenosis of
      bilateral internal carotid, proximal left common carotid, and proximal left
      subclavian arteries. Simultaneous complete revascularization was undertaken with
      the use of conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia (25C).
      The left internal mammary artery and two saphenous vein grafts were used for
      coronary artery bypass, and brain revascularization consisted of a left aorta-to
      common carotid Dacron graft and bilateral carotid endarterectomy. Recovery was
      good. 

PMID- 26980598
TI  - Neoantigen Load, Antigen Presentation Machinery, and Immune Signatures Determine
      Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Tumors commonly harbor multiple genetic alterations, some of which initiate
      tumorigenesis. Among these, some tumor-specific somatic mutations resulting in
      mutated protein have the potential to induce antitumor immune responses. To
      examine the relevance of the latter to immune responses in the tumor and to
      patient outcomes, we used datasets of whole-exome and RNA sequencing from 97
      clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients to identify neoepitopes
      predicted to be presented by each patient's autologous HLA molecules. We found
      that the number of nonsilent or missense mutations did not correlate with patient
      prognosis. However, combining the number of HLA-restricted neoepitopes with the
      cell surface expression of HLA or beta2-microglobulin(beta2M) revealed that an A
      neo(hi)/HLA-A(hi) or ABC-neo(hi)/beta2M(hi) phenotype correlated with better
      clinical outcomes. Higher expression of immune-related genes from CD8 T cells and
      their effector molecules [CD8A, perforin (PRF1) and granzyme A (GZMA)], however,
      did not correlate with prognosis. This may have been due to the observed
      correlation of these genes with the expression of other genes that were
      associated with immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (CTLA-4, PD-1,
      LAG-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, IDO1, and IL10). This suggested that abundant neoepitopes
      associated with greater antitumor effector immune responses were counterbalanced
      by a strongly immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, immunosuppressive
      molecules should be considered high-priority targets for modulating immune
      responses in patients with ccRCC. Blockade of these molecular pathways could be
      combined with immunotherapies targeting neoantigens to achieve synergistic
      antitumor activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 463-71. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980600
TI  - Identification of independent risk factors for flap failure: A retrospective
      analysis of 1530 free flaps for breast, head and neck and extremity
      reconstruction.
AB  - Reconstructive microsurgery is a powerful method of treating various complex
      defects. However, flap loss remains a possibility, leading to additional surgery,
      hospitalisation and costs. Consequently, it is important to know which factors
      lead to an increased risk of flap failure, so that measures can be undertaken to
      reduce this risk. Therefore, we analysed our results over a 20-year period to
      identify risk factors for flap failure after breast, head and neck and extremity
      reconstruction. The medical files of all patients treated between 1992 and 2012
      were reviewed. Patient characteristics, surgical data and post-operative
      complications were scored, and independent risk factors for flap loss were
      identified. Reconstruction with a total of 1530 free flaps was performed in 1247
      patients. Partial and total flap loss occurred in 5.5% and 4.4% of all free
      flaps, respectively. In all flaps, signs of compromised flap circulation were a
      risk factor for flap failure. More specifically, the risk factors for flap
      failure in breast reconstruction were previous radiotherapy, venous anastomosis
      revision, gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flap choice and post-operative
      bleeding. In head and neck reconstruction, pulmonary co-morbidity and anastomosis
      to the lingual vein or superficial temporal artery were risk factors, whereas a
      radial forearm flap reduced the risk. In extremity reconstruction, diabetes,
      prolonged anaesthesia time and post-operative wound infection were risk factors.
      Independent pre-, intra- and post-operative risk factors for flap failure after
      microvascular breast, head and neck and extremity reconstruction were identified.
      These results may be used to improve patient counselling and to adjust treatment
      algorithms to further reduce the chance of flap failure. 

PMID- 26980602
TI  - Erratum to: Annual changes in radiographic indices of the spine in cerebral palsy
      patients.

PMID- 26980601
TI  - Diversity of arsenite oxidase gene and arsenotrophic bacteria in arsenic affected
      Bangladesh soils.
AB  - Arsenic (As) contaminated soils are enriched with arsenotrophic bacteria. The
      present study analyzes the microbiome and arsenotrophic genes-from As affected
      soil samples of Bhanga, Charvadrason and Sadarpur of Faridpur district in
      Bangladesh in summer (SFDSL1, 2, 3) and in winter (WFDSL1, 2, 3). Total As
      content of the soils was within the range of 3.24-17.8 mg/kg as per atomic
      absorption spectroscopy. The aioA gene, conferring arsenite [As (III)] oxidation,
      was retrieved from the soil sample, WFDSL-2, reported with As concentration of
      4.9 mg/kg. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the aioA genes of soil WFDSL-2
      were distributed among four major phylogenetic lineages comprised of alpha, beta,
      gamma Proteobacteria and Archaea with a dominance of beta Proteobacteria (56.67
      %). An attempt to enrich As (III) metabolizing bacteria resulted 53 isolates.
      ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) followed by 16S rRNA gene
      sequencing of the 53 soil isolates revealed that they belong to six genera;
      Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Brevibacillus spp., Delftia spp.,
      Wohlfahrtiimonas spp. and Dietzia spp. From five different genera, isolates
      Delftia sp. A2i, Pseudomonas sp. A3i, W. chitiniclastica H3f, Dietzia sp. H2f,
      Bacillus sp. H2k contained arsB gene and showed arsenite tolerance up-to 27 mM.
      Phenotypic As (III) oxidation potential was also confirmed with the isolates of
      each genus and isolate Brevibacillus sp. A1a showed significant As (III)
      transforming potential of 0.2425 mM per hour. The genetic information of
      bacterial arsenotrophy and arsenite oxidation added scientific information about
      the possible bioremediation potential of the soil isolates in Bangladesh. 

PMID- 26980599
TI  - Expression of the MHC Class II Pathway in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Tumor
      Cells Is Associated with a Good Prognosis and Infiltrating Lymphocytes.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype with heterogeneous patient
      outcomes. Approximately 40% of patients experience rapid relapse, while the
      remaining patients have long-term disease-free survival. To determine if there
      are molecular differences between primary tumors that predict prognosis, we
      performed RNA-seq on 47 macrodissected tumors from newly diagnosed patients with
      TNBC (n = 47; 22 relapse, 25 no relapse; follow-up median, 8 years; range, 2-11
      years). We discovered that expression of the MHC class II (MHC II) antigen
      presentation pathway in tumor tissue was the most significant pathway associated
      with progression-free survival (HR, 0.36; log-rank P = 0.0098). The association
      between MHC II pathway expression and good prognosis was confirmed in a public
      gene expression database of 199 TNBC cases (HR, 0.28; log-rank P = 4.5 * 10(-8)).
      Further analysis of immunohistochemistry, laser-capture microdissected tumors,
      and TNBC cell lines demonstrated that tumor cells, in addition to immune cells,
      aberrantly express the MHC II pathway. MHC II pathway expression was also
      associated with B-cell and T-cell infiltration in the tumor. Together, these data
      support the model that aberrant expression of the MHC II pathway in TNBC tumor
      cells may trigger an antitumor immune response that reduces the rate of relapse
      and enhances progression-free survival. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 390-9. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26980603
TI  - Correlation between severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and pulmonary
      artery systolic pressure: a study of 338 patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Study of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To
      examine the correlation between pulmonary arterial pressure and coronal Cobb
      angle of idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: A total of 338 patients (82.8 % female)
      with idiopathic scoliosis (average age 15.6 years; range 14-20 years) were
      included. Preoperatively, the coronal Cobb angle of curvature and the apex
      location and direction were determined from radiographic records. Tricuspid
      regurgitation velocity (TRV) and inferior vena cava diameter were also measured
      using Doppler echocardiography. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (sPAP) was
      calculated from the TRV according to the modified Bernoulli equation and
      correlations between sPAP and the features of scoliosis were identified by
      statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the 338 patients, there were 305 thoracic
      curves, 276 (90.5 %) of which were right curves, and 265 thoracolumbar/lumbar
      curves. sPAP varied from 5.0 to 37.6 mmHg. Pulmonary hypertension could not be
      excluded in the case of one patient. A mild correlation (Spearman test,
      correlation coefficient = 0.187, P = 0.001) between sPAP and coronal Cobb angle
      of the main thoracic (MT) curves was identified. Correlations between sPAP and
      the degree of other curves were not significant. Patients with sPAP >20 mmHg also
      had larger thoracic curve angles (mean MT 42.16 degrees  vs. 52.45 degrees ; U
      test, P = 0.002). There were no differences in sPAP levels between patients with
      right and left thoracic curves. CONCLUSIONS: A mild positive correlation was
      identified between sPAP and the coronal Cobb angle of the MT curves. There was no
      relationship between sPAP and the direction of the curvature.

PMID- 26980604
TI  - Characterizing the genetic diversity of the monkey malaria parasite Plasmodium
      cynomolgi.
AB  - Plasmodium cynomolgi is a malaria parasite that typically infects Asian macaque
      monkeys, and humans on rare occasions. P. cynomolgi serves as a model system for
      the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax, with which it shares such important
      biological characteristics as formation of a dormant liver stage and a preference
      to invade reticulocytes. While genomes of three P. cynomolgi strains have been
      sequenced, genetic diversity of P. cynomolgi has not been widely investigated. To
      address this we developed the first panel of P. cynomolgi microsatellite markers
      to genotype eleven P. cynomolgi laboratory strains and 18 field isolates from
      Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. We found diverse genotypes among most of the
      laboratory strains, though two nominally different strains were found to be
      genetically identical. We also investigated sequence polymorphism in two
      erythrocyte invasion gene families, the reticulocyte binding protein and Duffy
      binding protein genes, in these strains. We also observed copy number variation
      in rbp genes.

PMID- 26980605
TI  - Whole genome sequencing reveals genetic heterogeneity of G3P[8] rotaviruses
      circulating in Italy.
AB  - After a sporadic detection in 1990s, G3P[8] rotaviruses emerged as a predominant
      genotype during recent years in many areas worldwide, including parts of Italy.
      The present study describes the molecular epidemiology and evolution of G3P[8]
      rotaviruses detected in Italian children with gastroenteritis during two survey
      periods (2004-2005 and 2008-2013). Whole genome of selected G3P[8] strains was
      determined and antigenic differences between these strains and rotavirus vaccine
      strains were analyzed. Among 819 (271 in 2004-2005 and 548 in 2008-2013)
      rotaviruses genotyped during the survey periods, the number of G3P[8] rotavirus
      markedly varied over the years (0/83 in 2004, 30/188 in 2005 and 0/96 in 2008,
      6/88 in 2009, 4/97 in 2010, 0/83 in 2011, 9/82 in 2012, 56/102 cases in 2013).
      The genotypes of the 11 gene segments of 15 selected strains were assigned to G3
      P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1; thus all strains belonged to the Wa genogroup.
      Phylogenetic analysis of the Italian G3P[8] strains showed a peculiar picture of
      segregation with a 2012 lineage for VP1-VP3, NSP1, NSP2, NSP4 and NSP5 genes and
      a 2013 lineage for VP6, NSP1 and NSP3 genes, with a 1.3-20.2% nucleotide
      difference from the oldest Italian G3P[8] strains. The genetic variability of the
      Italian G3P[8] observed in comparison with sequences of rotaviruses available in
      GenBank suggested a process of selection acting on a global scale, rather than
      the emergence of local strains, as several lineages were already circulating
      globally. Compared with the vaccine strains, the Italian G3P[8] rotaviruses
      segregated in different lineages (5-5.3% and 7.2-11.4% nucleotide differences in
      the VP7 and VP4, respectively) with some mismatches in the putative neutralizing
      epitopes of VP7 and VP4 antigens. The accumulation of point mutations and amino
      acid differences between vaccine strains and currently circulating rotaviruses
      might generate, over the years, vaccine-resistant variants.

PMID- 26980606
TI  - Mitochondrial genomes of Heterakis gallinae and Heterakis beramporia support that
      they belong to the infraorder Ascaridomorpha.
AB  - Heterakis gallinae and Heterakis beramporia are the most prevalent nematode
      infecting native chicken breed, causing major economic losses. In the present
      study, the complete mitochondrial genomes (mt) of H. gallinae and H. beramporia
      were amplified by long-PCR and then sequenced. The complete mt genomes of H.
      gallinae and H. beramporia were 13,973bp and 14,012bp in size, respectively. Both
      mt genomes contain 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal
      RNA genes. All genes are transcribed in the same direction and the gene
      arrangement is identical to Ascaridia spp. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 12
      protein-coding genes revealed that the family Heterakidae (represented by H.
      gallinae and H. beramporia) was more closely related to the infraorder
      Ascaridomorpha than it was to the infraorder Oxyuridomorpha. The present study
      determined the complete mt genome sequences for two Heterakis species, providing
      useful markers for studying the systematics, population genetics, and molecular
      epidemiology of these Heterakis parasites.

PMID- 26980607
TI  - Effects of Epoetin Alfa Titration Practices, Implemented After Changes to Product
      Labeling, on Hemoglobin Levels, Transfusion Use, and Hospitalization Rates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about epoetin alfa (EPO) dosing at dialysis centers
      after implementation of the US Medicare prospective payment system and revision
      of the EPO label in 2011. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING &
      PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 412,000 adult hemodialysis patients with Medicare
      Parts A and B as primary payer in 2009 to 2012 to describe EPO dosing and
      hemoglobin patterns; of these, about 70,000 patients clustered in about 1,300
      dialysis facilities to evaluate facility-level EPO titration practices and
      patient-level outcomes in 2012. PREDICTOR: Facility EPO titration practices when
      hemoglobin levels were <10 and >11g/dL (grouped treatment variable) determined
      from monthly EPO dosing and hemoglobin level patterns. OUTCOMES: Patient mean
      hemoglobin levels, red blood cell transfusion rates, and all-cause and cause
      specific hospitalization rates using a facility-based analysis. MEASUREMENTS:
      Monthly EPO dose and hemoglobin level, red blood cell transfusion rates, and all
      cause and cause-specific hospitalization rates. RESULTS: Monthly EPO doses
      declined across all hemoglobin levels, with the greatest decline in patients with
      hemoglobin levels < 10g/dL (July-October 2011). In 2012, nine distinct facility
      titration practices were identified. Across groups, mean hemoglobin levels
      differed slightly (10.5-10.8g/dL) but within-patient hemoglobin standard
      deviations were similar (~0.68g/dL). Patients at facilities implementing greater
      dose reductions and smaller dose escalations had lower hemoglobin levels and
      higher transfusion rates. In contrast, patients at facilities that implemented
      greater dose escalations (and large or small dose reductions) had higher
      hemoglobin levels and lower transfusion rates. There were no clinically
      meaningful differences in all-cause or cause-specific hospitalization events
      across groups. LIMITATIONS: Possibly incomplete claims data; excluded small
      facilities and those without consistent titration patterns; hemoglobin levels
      reported monthly; inferred facility practice from observed dosing. CONCLUSIONS:
      Following prospective payment system implementation and labeling revisions, EPO
      doses declined significantly. Under the new label, facility EPO titration
      practices were associated with mean hemoglobin levels (but not standard
      deviations) and transfusion use, but not hospitalization rates.

PMID- 26980608
TI  - 7-Chlorofolipastatin, an inhibitor of sterol O-acyltransferase, produced by
      marine-derived Aspergillus ungui NKH-007.
AB  - A new depsidone, named 7-chlorofolipastatin, and five known structurally related
      depsidones were isolated from the culture broth of the marine-derived fungus
      Aspergillus ungui NKM-007 by solvent extraction and HPLC using an octadecylsilyl
      column. The structure of 7-chlorofolipastatin was elucidated by various
      spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. 7-Chlorofolipastatin
      inhibited sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) 1 and 2 isozymes in cell-based and
      enzyme assays using SOAT1- and SOAT2-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells.

PMID- 26980609
TI  - Comparative analysis of the small RNA transcriptomes of miiuy croaker revealed
      microRNA-mediated regulation of TLR signaling pathway response to Vibrio
      anguillarum infection.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous noncoding small RNAs
      (sRNAs) that are partially complementary to their target messenger RNA (mRNA),
      which post-transcriptionally regulate various biological processes by repressing
      mRNA translation or inducing mRNA degradation. MiRNAs have been demonstrated to
      play crucial roles in the host response to infection by diverse pathogens. As an
      important bacterial pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum has been caused great economic
      losses in miiuy croaker aquaculture. To identify immune-related miRNAs of miiuy
      croaker in response to V. anguillarum infection, we constructed two sRNA
      libraries with or without bacterial infection. High-throughput deep sequencing
      and subsequent bioinformatic analysis identified 241 conserved and 137 novel
      miRNA precursors in miiuy croaker based on its whole genome sequences, encoding
      293 and 124 mature miRNAs, respectively. Then we compared the expression patterns
      of miRNAs in the two libraries. There were significant differences in the
      expression of 12 miRNAs between the infection group (IG) and control group (CG).
      Further, the expressions of six miRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative
      PCR. The target gene prediction and function analysis were conducted for the 12
      differential miRNAs. This analysis revealed that these miRNAs participated in the
      regulation multiple immune-related signaling pathways. Transcription factors in
      TLR signaling, such as AP-1, IRF5, NF-kappaB and IRF3, were activated by these
      miRNAs via post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of TLRs and TLR
      associated signaling proteins, inducing effective host immune response to
      eradicate infectious pathogens. This is the first study of the identification and
      characterization of miiuy croaker miRNAs in response to V. anguillarum infection.
      The comprehensive analysis of the expression of miRNAs and the target gene and
      function prediction of differently expressed miRNAs may help to understand the
      regulatory mechanisms of miRNA in fish during the interaction between host and
      bacterial pathogens.

PMID- 26980610
TI  - Molecular characterization and expression pattern of tumor suppressor protein p53
      in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi following virus challenge.
AB  - In recent years, the tumor suppressor protein p53, which is crucial for cellular
      defense against tumor development, has also been implicated in host antiviral
      defense. In the present study, a 1555 bp full-length cDNA of p53 from mandarin
      fish (Siniperca chuatsi) (Sc-p53) was cloned and characterized. Quantitative real
      time PCR assays revealed that Sc-p53 was expressed in all tissues examined, and
      it was most abundant in the gill and kidney. Recombinant Sc-p53 fused with a
      His.Tag was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells and a rabbit
      polyclonal antibody was raised against recombinant Sc-p53. In addition, the
      regulation of Sc-p53 gene expression after experimental viral infection was
      determined and characterized. The mRNA and protein expression of Sc-p53 were
      significantly up-regulated in the Chinese perch brain (CPB) cell line and
      mandarin fish after infection with infectious kidney and spleen necrosis virus
      (ISKNV). The results showed a biphasic expression pattern of Sc-p53 protein in
      CPB. However, a different expression pattern of Sc-p53 in response to S. chuatsi
      rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection was found. The mRNA expression of Sc-p53 was
      significantly up-regulated in CPB at 6 h and spleen of mandarin fish at 24 h post
      infection. The protein expression of Sc-p53 was significantly up-regulated in CPB
      at 1 h, remained elevated at 4 h, and then decreased to control level at 8 h post
      infection by SCRV. All of these data suggested that Sc-p53 plays a critical role
      in immune defense and antiviral responses. 

PMID- 26980611
TI  - Identification, expression, and innate immune responses of two insulin-like
      peptide genes in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta.
AB  - Insulin-like peptide (ILP) has emerged as a cell regulatory factor with multiple
      functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we identified
      and characterized two ILP genes, ILP1 and ILP2, in the razor clam Sinonovacula
      constricta. Both ILPs have a signal peptide and a mature domain consisting of six
      strictly conserved cysteines. The tertiary structure is divided into three main
      alpha-helices with a C-domain loop that separates helix 1 from helix 2. Both of
      ILPs were found to be regulated according to tissue type and developmental stage.
      After challenge with Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Micrococcus
      lysodeikticus, the expression of two ILP genes was significantly up-regulated in
      the liver, hemocytes and mantle tissues, suggesting that the ILPs may play roles
      in the innate immunity in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. 

PMID- 26980612
TI  - The Influence of Host Plant Volatiles on the Attraction of Longhorn Beetles to
      Pheromones.
AB  - Host plant volatiles have been shown to strongly synergize the attraction of some
      longhorn beetle species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to their pheromones. This
      synergism is well documented among species that infest conifers, but less so for
      angiosperm-infesting species. To explore the extent of this phenomenon in the
      Cerambycidae, we first tested the responses of a cerambycid community to a
      generic pheromone blend in the presence or absence of chipped material from host
      plants as a source of host volatiles. In the second phase, blends of oak and
      conifer volatiles were reconstructed, and tested at low, medium, and high release
      rates with the pheromone blend. For conifer-infesting species in the subfamilies
      Spondylidinae and Lamiinae, conifer volatiles released at the high rate
      synergized attraction of some species to the pheromone blend. When comparing high
      release rate conifer blend with high-release rate alpha-pinene as a single
      component, species responses varied, with Asemum nitidum LeConte being most
      attracted to pheromones plus alpha-pinene, whereas Neospondylis upiformis
      (Mannerheim) were most attracted to pheromones plus conifer blend and ethanol.
      For oak-infesting species in the subfamily Cerambycinae, with the exception of
      Phymatodes grandis Casey, which were most attracted to pheromones plus ethanol,
      neither synthetic oak blend nor ethanol increased attraction to pheromones. The
      results indicate that the responses to combinations of pheromones with host plant
      volatiles varied from synergistic to antagonistic, depending on beetle species.
      Release rates of host plant volatiles also were important, with some high release
      rates being antagonistic for oak-infesting species, but acting synergistically
      for conifer-infesting species.

PMID- 26980613
TI  - Plasticity-Related Gene 1 Affects Mouse Barrel Cortex Function via Strengthening
      of Glutamatergic Thalamocortical Transmission.
AB  - Plasticity-related gene-1 (PRG-1) is a brain-specific protein that modulates
      glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Here we investigated the functional role of
      PRG-1 in adolescent and adult mouse barrel cortex both in vitro and in vivo.
      Compared with wild-type (WT) animals, PRG-1-deficient (KO) mice showed specific
      behavioral deficits in tests assessing sensorimotor integration and whisker-based
      sensory discrimination as shown in the beam balance/walking test and sandpaper
      tactile discrimination test, respectively. At P25-31, spontaneous network
      activity in the barrel cortex in vivo was higher in KO mice compared with WT
      littermates, but not at P16-19. At P16-19, sensory evoked cortical responses in
      vivo elicited by single whisker stimulation were comparable in KO and WT mice. In
      contrast, at P25-31 evoked responses were smaller in amplitude and longer in
      duration in WT animals, whereas KO mice revealed no such developmental changes.
      In thalamocortical slices from KO mice, spontaneous activity was increased
      already at P16-19, and glutamatergic thalamocortical inputs to Layer 4 spiny
      stellate neurons were potentiated. We conclude that genetic ablation of PRG-1
      modulates already at P16-19 spontaneous and evoked excitability of the barrel
      cortex, including enhancement of thalamocortical glutamatergic inputs to Layer 4,
      which distorts sensory processing in adulthood.

PMID- 26980616
TI  - Time for doctors to practise what they preach and preach what they practise.

PMID- 26980615
TI  - A Model of Representational Spaces in Human Cortex.
AB  - Current models of the functional architecture of human cortex emphasize areas
      that capture coarse-scale features of cortical topography but provide no account
      for population responses that encode information in fine-scale patterns of
      activity. Here, we present a linear model of shared representational spaces in
      human cortex that captures fine-scale distinctions among population responses
      with response-tuning basis functions that are common across brains and models
      cortical patterns of neural responses with individual-specific topographic basis
      functions. We derive a common model space for the whole cortex using a new
      algorithm, searchlight hyperalignment, and complex, dynamic stimuli that provide
      a broad sampling of visual, auditory, and social percepts. The model aligns
      representations across brains in occipital, temporal, parietal, and prefrontal
      cortices, as shown by between-subject multivariate pattern classification and
      intersubject correlation of representational geometry, indicating that structural
      principles for shared neural representations apply across widely divergent
      domains of information. The model provides a rigorous account for individual
      variability of well-known coarse-scale topographies, such as retinotopy and
      category selectivity, and goes further to account for fine-scale patterns that
      are multiplexed with coarse-scale topographies and carry finer distinctions.

PMID- 26980617
TI  - Accupedo pedometer: daily walking step counter.

PMID- 26980614
TI  - Shaping Early Reorganization of Neural Networks Promotes Motor Function after
      Stroke.
AB  - Neural plasticity is a major factor driving cortical reorganization after stroke.
      We here tested whether repetitively enhancing motor cortex plasticity by means of
      intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) prior to physiotherapy might promote
      recovery of function early after stroke. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (fMRI) was used to elucidate underlying neural mechanisms. Twenty-six
      hospitalized, first-ever stroke patients (time since stroke: 1-16 days) with hand
      motor deficits were enrolled in a sham-controlled design and pseudo-randomized
      into 2 groups. iTBS was administered prior to physiotherapy on 5 consecutive days
      either over ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1-stimulation group) or parieto
      occipital vertex (control-stimulation group). Hand motor function, cortical
      excitability, and resting-state fMRI were assessed 1 day prior to the first
      stimulation and 1 day after the last stimulation. Recovery of grip strength was
      significantly stronger in the M1-stimulation compared to the control-stimulation
      group. Higher levels of motor network connectivity were associated with better
      motor outcome. Consistently, control-stimulated patients featured a decrease in
      intra- and interhemispheric connectivity of the motor network, which was absent
      in the M1-stimulation group. Hence, adding iTBS to prime physiotherapy in
      recovering stroke patients seems to interfere with motor network degradation,
      possibly reflecting alleviation of post-stroke diaschisis.

PMID- 26980618
TI  - Silicone ring tourniquet or pneumatic cuff tourniquet for total knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - PURPOSE: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential advantages
      of a silicon ring tourniquet in comparison to the conventional pneumatic cuff
      tourniquet. The tested hypothesis was that the calculated blood loss will be
      decreased after use of the silicone ring tourniquet. METHODS: The study was
      monocentric and mixed retrospective and prospective evaluation of prospectively
      collected data. Inclusion criterion was implantation of a total knee
      arthroplasty. The retrospective control group involved 39 patients operated on
      with a pneumatic cuff tourniquet. The prospective study group involved 33
      patients operated on with a silicone ring tourniquet. All patients were followed
      for three months. Primary criterion was the calculated blood loss (OSTHEO
      formula). Secondary criteria were pain on third post-op day, need for allogenic
      transfusion, haemoglobin drop, delay of discharge, and occurrence of
      complications. RESULTS: The mean calculated blood loss was 901 ml in the study
      group and 989 ml in the control group (NS). There was no significant difference
      in pain evaluation and haemoglobin drop between the two groups. There was a non
      significant decrease of allogeneic transfusion and length of stay in the study
      group. There was a significant decrease of complication rate in the study group,
      and especially for skin complications. CONCLUSIONS: The tested hypothesis was not
      confirmed: there was no significant change in the calculated blood loss. No bias
      was identified in complication analysis. The decreased rate of skin complication
      might be a positive influence of the silicone ring tourniquet.

PMID- 26980619
TI  - Attractive papers and accurate English.

PMID- 26980620
TI  - A method of treatment for nonunion after fractures using mesenchymal stromal
      cells loaded on collagen microspheres and incorporated into platelet-rich plasma
      clots.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is evidence showing that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may
      constitute a potential therapeutic strategy to induce bone regeneration. In this
      work, we investigate the capacity of autologous bone marrow (BM) MSC loaded on
      collagen microspheres (CM) and included into autologous platelet-rich plasma
      (PRP) clots (MSC/CM/PRP) to induce bone formation in patients with nonunion
      lesions. METHODS: MSC were isolated from BM cells of patients with nonunion
      lesions. Phenotypical (marker expression) and functional studies (osteogenic
      differentiation) were performed. MSC were seeded on CM and included into
      autologous PRP clot (MSC/CM/PRP). The capacity of MSC/CM/PRP to induce bone
      formation was evaluated in three patients diagnosed with nonunion. RESULTS: MSC
      loaded on CM/PRP clots maintain their biological functions, in vitro. After three
      months, post-MSC transplantation, all patients showed evidence of osteogenesis at
      the site of nonunion. After one year, all patients showed a complete healing of
      the nonunion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of autologous MSC
      transplanted as MSC/CM/PRP for the treatment of nonunion fractures. Future
      studies incorporating a larger number of patients may confirm the results
      obtained in this work.

PMID- 26980621
TI  - Conversion from knee arthrodesis to arthroplasty: systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Arthrodesis (AD) of the knee reduces pain and provides stability, but
      has severe functional and social limitations. There has been ample discussion on
      the value of a conversion of an AD to a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of
      this study was to perform a review and meta-analysis of the current literature on
      conversion of an AD to TKA and assess clinical outcome, complication rate,
      surgical technique and overall patient-related outcome measures. METHODS: PubMed,
      Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier,
      ScienceDirect and searching by hand for papers on conversion of AD of the knee to
      TKA. Two reviewers independently reviewed all titles and abstracts, and extracted
      the available data. Study eligibility criteria were: conversion of knee AD to
      TKA, five cases or more and non-oncology patients. Data consisted of study
      characteristics, patient demographics, clinical outcome and complications.
      Additionally, details on surgical technique were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 866
      unique references identified, six papers were included for further analyses,
      comprising a total of 123 knees with conversion of AD of the knee to TKA. Mean
      gain of knee flexion was 80 degrees and the mean HSS score improved with 20
      points. A complicated postoperative course was found in 65 % of all cases. The
      most frequent complication was skin necrosis (25 %), followed by arthrofibrosis
      (13 %), infection (11 %) and revision (11 %). Major complications such as
      refusion, amputation and death occurred in less than 5 % of all cases.
      DISCUSSION: The majority of the papers consisted of small case series of moderate
      methodological quality, resulting in 123 included knees. Further series are
      necessary to draw definitive conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      systematic review and meta-analysis on conversion of a knee arthrodesis to TKA.
      Good clinical results can be expected after conversion, albeit at a high risk of
      postoperative complications.

PMID- 26980622
TI  - Assembly of 3-Sulfenylbenzofurans and 3-Sulfenylindoles by Palladium-Catalyzed
      Cascade Annulation/Arylthiolation Reaction.
AB  - A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed cascade annulation/arylthiolation
      reaction has been developed to afford functionalized 3-sulfenylbenzofuran and 3
      sulfenylindole derivatives in moderate to good yields from readily available 2
      alkynylphenols and 2-alkynylamines in ionic liquids. This protocol provides a
      valuable synthetic tool for the assembly of a wide range of 3-sulfenylbenzofuran
      and 3-sulfenylindole derivatives with high atom- and step-economy and exceptional
      functional group tolerance. Moreover, the employment of ionic liquids under mild
      reaction conditions makes this transformation green and practical. Furthermore,
      this approach enriched current C-S bond formation chemistry, making a valuable
      and practical method in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. 

PMID- 26980624
TI  - Contribution of Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to the Burden of
      Liver-Related Morbidity and Mortality.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are
      common causes of chronic liver disease. NAFLD is associated with obesity and
      metabolic syndrome whereas ALD is associated with excessive alcohol consumption.
      Both diseases can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver
      related death. A higher proportion of patients with NAFLD die from cardiovascular
      disorders than patients with ALD, whereas a higher proportion of patients with
      ALD die from liver disease. NAFLD and ALD each are associated with significant
      morbidity, impairment to health-related quality of life, and economic costs to
      society. 

PMID- 26980625
TI  - The inflammatory inception of gallbladder cancer.
AB  - Gallbladder cancer is a lethal disease with notable geographical variations
      worldwide and a predilection towards women. Its main risk factor is prolonged
      exposure to gallstones, although bacterial infections and other inflammatory
      conditions are also associated. The recurrent cycles of gallbladder epithelium
      damage and repair enable a chronic inflammatory environment that promotes
      progressive morphological impairment through a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma,
      along with cumulative genome instability. Inactivation of TP53, which is mutated
      in over 50% of GBC cases, seems to be the earliest and one of the most important
      carcinogenic pathways involved. Increased cell turnover and oxidative stress
      promote early alteration of TP53, cell cycle deregulation, apoptosis and
      replicative senescence. In this review, we will discuss evidence for the role of
      inflammation in gallbladder carcinogenesis obtained through epidemiological
      studies, genome-wide association studies, experimental carcinogenesis,
      morphogenetic studies and comparative studies with other inflammation-driven
      malignancies. The evidence strongly supports chronic, unresolved inflammation as
      the main carcinogenic mechanism of gallbladder cancer, regardless of the initial
      etiologic trigger. Given this central role of inflammation, evaluation of the
      potential for GBC prevention removing causes of inflammation or using anti
      inflammatory drugs in high-risk populations may be warranted. 

PMID- 26980623
TI  - Sestrin2 protects the myocardium against radiation-induced damage.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Sestrin2 in response to
      radiation-induced injury to the heart and on the cardiomyopathy development in
      the mouse. Mice with genetic deletion of the Sestrin2 (Sestrin2 knockout mice
      [Sestrin2 KO]) and treatment with irradiation (22 or 15 Gy) were used as
      independent approaches to determine the role of Sestrin2. Echocardiography
      (before and after isoproterenol challenge) and left ventricular (LV)
      catheterization were performed to evaluate changes in LV dimensions and function.
      Masson's trichrome was used to assess myocardial fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry
      and Western blot were used to detect the capillary density. After 22 or 15 Gy
      irradiation, the LV ejection fraction (EF) was impaired in wt mice at 1 week and
      4 months after irradiation when compared with sham irradiation. Compared to wt
      mice, Sestrin2 KO mice had significant reduction in reduced LVEF at 1 week and 4
      months after irradiation. A significant increase in LV end-diastolic pressure and
      myocardial fibrosis and a significant decrease in capillary density were observed
      in irradiation-wt mice, as well as in irradiation-Sestrin2 KO mice. Sestrin2
      involved in the regulation of cardiomyopathy (such as myocardial fibrosis) after
      irradiation. Overexpression of Sestrin2 might be useful in limiting radiation
      induced myocardial injury.

PMID- 26980626
TI  - Biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil catalyzed by non-commercial
      immobilized heterologous Rhizopus oryzae and Carica papaya lipases.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of biodiesel production by
      transesterification of Jatropha oil with methanol, catalyzed by non-commercial sn
      1,3-regioselective lipases. Using these lipases, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)
      and monoacylglycerols are produced, avoiding the formation of glycerol as
      byproduct. Heterologous Rhizopus oryzae lipase (rROL) immobilized on different
      synthetic resins and Carica papaya lipase (rCPL) immobilized on Lewatit VP OC
      1600 were tested. Reactions were performed at 30 degrees C, with seven stepwise
      methanol additions. For all biocatalysts, 51-65% FAME (theoretical maximum=67%,
      w/w) was obtained after 4h transesterification. Stability tests were performed in
      8 or 10 successive 4h-batches, either with or without rehydration of the
      biocatalyst between each two consecutive batches. Activity loss was much faster
      when biocatalysts were rehydrated. For rROL, half-life times varied from 16 to
      579h. rROL on Lewatit VPOC 1600 was more stable than for rCPL on the same
      support. 

PMID- 26980628
TI  - Plastic cannula use in hemodialysis access.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Successful cannulation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or
      arteriovenous graft (AVG) is an important concept in hemodialysis. Metal needles
      have been used for cannulation in dialysis for over 50 years. Plastic cannula for
      dialysis is currently being introduced into Australia. AIMS: To identify if the
      implementation of plastic cannula could decrease the amount of miscannulations
      and adverse events in AVFs at first cannulation. METHODS: Train all staff in the
      Barwon Health renal department in the new technique of plastic cannula insertion
      and implement a new protocol for cannulation of AVFs in the first two weeks of
      dialysis. RESULTS: The training process took 12 months longer than anticipated
      due to issues with 'expert' to 'novice' reservations from staff, but initial
      results are positive with the statewide key performance indicator of new patients
      using AVF at first dialysis rising from 50% in 2013 to 78% in 2015. Staff were
      significantly more successful cannulating with plastic cannula in patients who
      had AVF only (67% success) than those who had a CVC alternative (24% success).
      CONCLUSIONS: Plastic cannulas offer a new and innovative way to cannulate AVFs
      and with time, expertise and training can be utilized to provide a successful
      cannulation program for patients starting hemodialysis with AVFs.

PMID- 26980627
TI  - Wheat straw: An inefficient substrate for rapid natural lignocellulosic
      composting.
AB  - Composting is a promising method for the management of agricultural wastes.
      However, results for wheat straw composts with different carbon-to-nitrogen
      ratios revealed that wheat straw was only partly degraded after composting for
      25days, with hemicellulose and cellulose content decreasing by 14% and 33%,
      respectively. No significant changes in community structure were found after
      composting according to 454-pyrosequencing. Bacterial communities were
      represented by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes throughout the composting
      process, including relatively high abundances of pathogenic microbes such as
      Pseudomonas and Flexibacter, suggesting that innocent treatment of the composts
      had not been achieved. Besides, the significant lignocellulose degrader
      Thermomyces was not the exclusively dominant fungus with relative abundance only
      accounting for 19% of fungal communities. These results indicated that comparing
      with maize straw, wheat straw was an inefficient substrate for rapid natural
      lignocellulose-based composting, which might be due to the recalcitrance of wheat
      straw. 

PMID- 26980630
TI  - Dynamics of flexible active Brownian dumbbells in the absence and the presence of
      shear flow.
AB  - The dynamical properties of a flexible dumbbell composed of active Brownian
      particles are analytically analyzed. The dumbbell is considered as a simplified
      description of a linear active polymer. The two beads are independently propelled
      in directions which change in a diffusive manner. The relaxation behavior of the
      internal degree of freedom is tightly coupled to the dumbbell activity. The
      latter dominates the dynamics for strong propulsion. As is shown, limitations in
      bond stretching strongly influence the relaxation behavior. Similarly, under
      shear flow, activity determines the relaxation and tumbling behavior at strong
      propulsion. Moreover, shear leads to a preferred alignment and consequently to
      shear thinning. Thereby, a different power-law dependence on the shear rate
      compared to passive dumbbells under flow is found. 

PMID- 26980629
TI  - Self-centering split-tip catheter versus conventional split-tip catheter in
      prevalent hemodialysis patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study compared the patency of a split-tip self-centering catheter
      with a predesigned curve (CentrosFLO; Merit, Salt Lake City, Utah) and a standard
      split-tip catheter with straight distal limbs (Medcomp, Harleysville,
      Pennsylvania) catheter in patients requiring exchange of a dysfunctional tunneled
      dialysis catheter (TDC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective
      chart review was performed between January 2013 and July 2014. Patients had an
      existing dysfunctional TDC that was exchanged over a wire using the same access
      site for either a split-tip self-centering catheter with a predesigned curve or a
      standard split-tip catheter with straight distal limbs catheter. The primary
      endpoint was catheter patency analyzed at 1, 3, and 6 months after initial
      exchange. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients met inclusion criteria (46 in the self
      centering catheter group and 27 in the standard split-tipped group). Mean
      durations of the exchanged catheters were similar between groups. The mean 1-, 3
      , and 6-month patency rates for the self-centering and split-tip catheters were
      89%, 67.4%, and 23.9% and 81.5%, 40.7%, and 14.8%, respectively. Mean blood flow
      rates (BFRs) were similar between groups at 1 and 3 months; however, at 6 months,
      mean rates were 388 mL/min versus 352 mL/min for the self-centering group and
      split-tipped group, respectively (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate
      improved patency with the CentrosFLO self-centering catheter versus the split-tip
      catheter. This may be due to the unique design of the self-centering catheter,
      allowing for preserved BFRs and patency. These results should be further explored
      in prospective, randomized multicenter studies.

PMID- 26980631
TI  - Zika, or the burden of uncertainty.
AB  - In the first phases of an infectious outbreak, health authorities have to face
      the challenge of communicating uncertainty. Just when the attention of the public
      is at the top, information about what is going on is usually still missing. This
      is the case of Zika crisis in Latin America, where an association with
      microcephaly in newborns and neurological complications have been described, but
      not yet confirmed. Despite this, and even if the risk would be mainly limited to
      pregnant women, Zika threat is perceived by the general public as greater than
      others, such as those from dengue or flu. Some peculiarities of this outbreak
      explain such a gap between real and perceived risk. Nevertheless, in such a
      situation, WHO and other health authorities have the duty to act out of an
      abundance of caution, aware of the lose-lose game they are going through: if they
      raise alarm, and this subsided, they could be accused to fuel people's fears
      because of economic interests, as it happened in 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic; if they
      underestimate the threat, they could find themselves in front of a global
      tragedy. 

PMID- 26980632
TI  - Advanced epithelioid pleural mesothelioma, long lasting disease stabilization and
      long term survival with cisplatin-pemetrexed chemotherapy re-challenge: a case
      report.
AB  - In this paper we report the case of a seventy-year old man affected by
      epithelioid malignant mesothelioma with prolonged disease control after
      chemotherapy with cisplatin pemetrexed, followed by single drug chemotherapy with
      pemetrexed. 

PMID- 26980633
TI  - Chest pain due to Pinch-off syndrome: radiological findings and endovascular
      rescue.
AB  - Port-a-cath is widely used as a route for administration of drugs in hematology
      and oncology patients and, recently, has been adapted also for hemodialysis
      patients. Major complications include infection, thrombosis, arrhythmia, and
      embolization. The Pinch-off-syndrome (POS) means the clavicle and the first rib
      compress the long-term central venous catheter. The reported incidence rate
      ranges from 1.4% to 4.1%. This syndrome can be recognized on chest radiography by
      observing a thinning of the catheter lumen through the passage between the
      clavicle and the first rib. Catheter fracture is a rare but potentially life
      threatening complication that must be recognized and treated promptly. Management
      of dislodged ports includes percutaneous transcatheter retrieval, open
      thoracotomy retrieval and oral anticoagulant therapy. Among these techniques,
      percutaneous transcatheter retrieval is an easy, safe and efficient method. We
      report the successful percutaneous endovascular retrieval of dislodged
      intracardiac catheter, separated from its port, in a 58 year-old male patient who
      presented with chest pain. 

PMID- 26980634
TI  - Incidental diagnosis of large colic submucosal lipomas during colorectal cancer
      screening: What we have to do?

PMID- 26980635
TI  - Training exposure and confidence level among medical officers: Does an Emergency
      Physician make a difference?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The training of emergency medical officers has always
      been informal. Only recently, the presence of emergency physician may have a
      positive influence in their training and development. This study aims to
      determine the effect of Emergency Physician (EP) presence on the training
      exposure and confidence level of medical officers in their practice. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to all ED (emergency department) medical
      officers working in 130 Malaysian Ministry of Health hospitals. They were
      required to answer the 14-item questionnaire, which includes demographic section,
      training modalities available and confidence score of listed clinical scenarios
      related to their work practice. RESULTS: The response rate was 41.3% (n=217).
      Only 210 questionnaires were complete for analysis. There were more responses
      gathered from ED medical officers with EP (123 vs 87). ED medical officers
      working with in-house EP were exposed to more training modalities as compared to
      their counterparts in ED with absence of EP. All five responses (100%) that
      stated that there was no training available in their department came from ED
      without EP. Total confidence score was found to be significantly higher among ED
      medical officers in ED with EP presence (mean score 132.5 versus 120.45; p<0.001;
      95%CI: 6.526-17.58). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of EP in the ED have positive
      influences on medical officers training exposure and hence confidence level in
      performing their clinical duties.

PMID- 26980636
TI  - Upper lip reconstruction and aesthetic aspects in the female patient: our point
      of view.
AB  - Brief title: A brief description of our point of view about upper lip
      reconstruction supporting a quite simple and effective surgical option, which
      surgeons could consider whenever little neoformations must be removed from the
      lips, an aesthetically important anatomical region. 

PMID- 26980637
TI  - Economic evaluation of Dental Sealants: A systematic review.

PMID- 26980638
TI  - Telemedicine in pediatric wound care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Telemedical wound care is one of the possible applications of
      teledermatology. The treatment of pediatric wounds needs frequent and periodic
      assessments of their local status and adjustment of dressings choice. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We present our experience using telemedicine in the successful
      assessment and treatment of 19 pediatric patients at the OPBG, Rome . Photographs
      with a digital camera were taken and sent weekly by mail to a wound care
      specialist in Rome. This allowed the expert to diagnose and evaluate the wounds
      periodically. RESULTS: In the shown cases, telemedicine allowed us to have an
      immediate evaluation and therapy adjustment. The quality of the images was good
      enough that the physician could regularly evaluate the status of the wound and
      immediately give his feedback to the parents. Of these 19, 13 patients (68%)
      experienced a wound resolution during the remote monitoring period. The
      satisfaction of the parents detected at 3, 6 and 12 months was found to be
      respectively 57%, 71%, 84%. CONCLUSION: Reducing transportation to the hospital
      to obtain a specialist advice, wound teleconsultation lowers health care costs
      and improve the quality of life for pediatric patients and their family, while
      still maintaining a high quality of pediatric wound care.

PMID- 26980639
TI  - Chiari type 1 malformation in Neurofibromatosis type 1: experience of a center
      and review of the literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible correlation and the true incidence between
      Neurofibromatosis type 1 and Arnold-Chiari malformation type I. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We reviewed all clinical charts, neurological consultations and MRI
      scans of 428 NF1 patients followed by 1994 to 2014 in our Department. NF1
      patients in our clinic are seen usually every year by both the dermatologist and
      the neurologist. All patients also undergo a brain and spinal cord with the same
      1.5 Tesla MRI scan. RESULTS: We found a diagnosis of Arnold Chiari malformation
      type I in 9 of the 428 NF1 cases (2%). CONCLUSION: This frequency is higher than
      that expected on the basis of a chance association. Therefore we underline the
      importance of serial MRI studies in patients with NF1 to assess the presence of
      cranio-cervical anomalies. Future studies should try to better understand what
      are the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this close association.

PMID- 26980640
TI  - Refractory and severe status epilepticus in a patient with ring chromosome 20
      syndrome.
AB  - Ring chromosome 20 [r(20)] syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that is
      characterized by the development of refractory epilepsy during childhood with
      gradual declines in cognitive performance and behavior. Although the prognoses of
      seizures and intellectual disability associated with this condition are poor,
      life-threatening complications have rarely been described. We herein presented a
      case of a 17-year-old female with [r(20)] syndrome who developed recurrent status
      epilepticus (SE) at 14years of age that evolved into unremitting SE in spite of
      vigorous antiepileptic treatments. She was administered thiopental anesthesia for
      1year, and was subsequently left in severe neurological sequelae. It is important
      to note that patients with this syndrome not only have severe epileptic
      encephalopathy persisting into adulthood, but are also at risk of fatal SE. 

PMID- 26980641
TI  - Commentaries on Viewpoint: Reappraisal of the acute, moderate intensity exercise
      catecholamines interaction effect on speed of cognition: Role of the vagal/NTS
      afferent pathway.

PMID- 26980642
TI  - Last Word on Viewpoint: Reappraisal of the acute, moderate intensity exercise
      catecholamines interaction effect on speed of cognition: role of the vagal/NTS
      afferent pathway.

PMID- 26980643
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26980644
TI  - Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery in gynecologic oncology: An update.
AB  - The preferred surgical approach for many gynecologic oncology procedures is now
      laparoscopy. Reduced morbidity, shorter hospitalization and a more rapid recovery
      have been associated with minimally invasive surgical approaches when compared to
      laparotomy. Incisional morbidity, including vascular and viscous injury,
      postoperative hernia, infection, and pain remain significant concerns. Use of
      fewer and smaller incisions during laparoscopy may be expected to further
      minimize these risks. Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), or single
      incision laparoscopy, describes the use of one small skin incision to complete
      laparoscopic surgical procedures. Recent advances in instrumentation have allowed
      increasingly complex procedures in gynecologic cancer patients to be completed.
      This review will serve as an update in regards to implementation of LESS in
      gynecologic oncology. Technical challenges encountered during performance of LESS
      as well as strategies to overcome these challenges will be discussed.

PMID- 26980645
TI  - Surgical tips of intramedullary nailing in severely bowed femurs in atypical
      femur fractures: Simulation with 3D printed model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The surgical management of atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) is
      complex in cases with severe bowing of the femur, being associated with a high
      rate of failure. Our first aim was to use preoperative templating and 3D printed
      model characterise the technical difficulties associated with use of current
      commercially available intramedullary nail (IMN) systems for the management of
      AFFs with severe bowing. Our second aim was to use outcomes of our 3D printing
      analysis to define technical criteria to overcome these problems. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The modelled femur with 3D printing had an anterior bowing curvature
      radius of 772mm and an angle of lateral bowing of 15.4 degrees . Nine
      commercially available IMN systems were evaluated in terms of position of the
      nail within the medullary canal, occurrence of perforation of femoral cortex by
      the distal tip of the nail, and location of the site of perforation relative to
      the knee joint. The following IMN systems were evaluated: unreamed femoral nail
      (UFN), cannulated femoral nail (CFN), Sirus nail, right and left expert Asian
      femoral nail (A2FN), right and left Zimmer Natural Nail (ZNN), proximal femoral
      nail anti-rotation (PFNA), and Zimmer Cephalomedullary Nail (CMN). RESULTS: Along
      the sagittal plane, the UFN, CFN and Sirus systems were acceptably contained
      within the medullary canal, as well as the "opposite side" A2FN and ZNN. Only the
      Sirus IMN system was contained along the coronal plane. The distal part of the
      all other IMN systems perforated the anterior cortex of the femur, at distances
      ranging between 2.8 and 11.7cm above the distal end of the femoral condyles.
      Using simulated fracture reduction in the 3D printed model, none of the 9 IMN
      systems provided acceptable anatomical reduction of the fracture. A residual gap
      in fragment position and translation was provided by the "opposite side" ZNN,
      followed by the UFN and Sirus systems. CONCLUSION: Commercially available IMN
      systems showed mismatch with severely bowed femurs. Our simulation supports that
      fit of these systems can be improved using an IMN system with a small radius of
      curvature and diameter, and by applying specific operative procedures.

PMID- 26980646
TI  - Postoperative negative pressure therapy significantly reduces flap complications
      in distally based peroneus brevis flaps: Experiences from 74 cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The distally based peroneus brevis muscle flap is a valuable
      therapeutic option for coverage of tissue defects around the ankle and the distal
      lower leg. However, the rate of postoperative flap complications requiring
      revisional surgery is high due to an impaired venous drainage and oedema
      formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if postoperative negative
      pressure therapy is able to reduce flap complications. METHODS: From April 2010
      until March 2014, we treated 74 patients with distally based peroneus brevis
      muscle flaps for defect coverage at the lower leg. In four cases, an
      osteomuscular composite flap has been used to treat partly stability-relevant
      bone defects. In 43 cases, negative pressure therapy (75mmHg, continuous) with a
      circular dressing was initiated after the flap procedure for 7 days. In 31 cases
      no negative pressure therapy was initiated. We retrospectively analysed those two
      groups of patients. The primary endpoint was the incidence of flap complications
      with a need for revision surgery, which were classified in three grades. RESULTS:
      The group treated with negative pressure therapy had significantly less flap
      complications when compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Concerning the
      single grades of complication, the negative pressure therapy-group had a
      significantly smaller rate of skin graft necrosis (Grade 1; p=0.014) and partial
      flap loss (Grade 2; p=0.002) compared to the control group. There were no
      statistically significant differences concerning complete flap loss (Grade 3)
      between both groups. CONCLUSION: Postoperative negative pressure therapy for 7
      days reduces flap complications in distally based peroneus brevis flaps.

PMID- 26980647
TI  - Knockout of Foxp2 disrupts vocal development in mice.
AB  - The FOXP2 gene is important for the development of proper speech motor control in
      humans. However, the role of the gene in general vocal behavior in other mammals,
      including mice, is unclear. Here, we track the vocal development of Foxp2
      heterozygous knockout (Foxp2+/-) mice and their wildtype (WT) littermates from
      juvenile to adult ages, and observe severe abnormalities in the courtship song of
      Foxp2+/- mice. In comparison to their WT littermates, Foxp2+/- mice vocalized
      less, produced shorter syllable sequences, and possessed an abnormal syllable
      inventory. In addition, Foxp2+/- song also exhibited irregular rhythmic
      structure, and its development did not follow the consistent trajectories
      observed in WT vocalizations. These results demonstrate that the Foxp2 gene is
      critical for normal vocal behavior in juvenile and adult mice, and that Foxp2
      mutant mice may provide a tractable model system for the study of the gene's role
      in general vocal motor control. 

PMID- 26980648
TI  - [Condylar fracture and temporomandibular joint ankylosis].
AB  - This article summarized the advances in treatment and research of
      temporomandibular joint surgery in the last 5 years which was presented in "The
      2nd Condyle Fracture and Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis Symposium". The
      content includes 5 parts: non-surgical treatment of children condyle fracture and
      long-term follow-up, the improvement of operative approach for condyle fracture
      and key techniques, the importance and the method for the simultanesous reduction
      of disc in condylar fracture treatment, the development of traumatic
      temporomandibular joint ankylosis similar to hypertrophic non-union and the
      improved safety and accuracy by applying digital surgery in joint surgery. 

PMID- 26980649
TI  - [Positive lymph node ratio is an important prognostic factor of oral squamous
      cell carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cutoff value and significance of lymph node ratio
      (LNR) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: This retrospective study included
      286 patients with oral cancer and pathological positive lymph nodes. Used time
      dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to determine which LNR
      best defines different risk groups of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
      patients. All the variables were subjected to the univariate analysis, then only
      the variables that had prognostic potential were subjected to multivariate
      analysis by the COX proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: The cutoff
      value of LNR was 0.092. When LNR was greater than 0.092, the overall survival
      rate was 24.2%, when LNR was less than 0.092, the overall survival rate was 45.8%
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node ratio is a predictor of outcome in patients
      with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and the cutoff value is 0.092.

PMID- 26980650
TI  - [Expression of voltage-gated potassium channel Kv3.4 in oral squamous cell
      carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of voltage-gated potassium channel Kv3.4
      and to determine its significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and
      precancerous lesions. METHODS: Immunohistochemical SP methods were performed to
      detect the expression of Kv3.4 at tissue level on 57 paraffin-embedded samples
      collected from Pathology Department of Anhui Province Stomatological Hospital
      during January 2013 to June 2014. The relationships between the expression of
      Kv3.4 and precancerous lesion and clinical pathologic factors of oral squamous
      cell carcinoma, such as pathologic classification, clinical stage and lymph node
      metastasis, were also analyzed. Totally 6 samples of normal oral mucosa tissue,
      23 samples of OSCC and 13 samples of precancerous lesions were collected from the
      Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital of
      Anhui Medical University during May 2014 to March 2015. Real-time quantitative
      PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of Kv3.4 in these 42
      samples at molecular and protein levels. RESULTS: Real-time quantitative PCR
      showed the relative expression quantity of Kv3.4 in normal oral mucosa,
      precancerous lesions, and OSCC tissues were 0.85+/-0.48, 3.50+/-2.51 and 18.48+/
      7.70, respectively. The relative expression quantity of Kv3.4 in OSCC and
      precancerous lesions were higher than that in normal group, the differences were
      both statistically significant (P=0.002, P=0.029). The relative expression
      quantities of Kv3.4 protein in precancerous and OSCC tissues were 0.87+/-0.14 and
      0.35+/-0.03 respectively by Western blotting, and both were higher than that in
      normal tissues (0.18+/-0.10). The differences were statistically significant
      (P=0.002). In 57 paraffin-embedded samples, the positive expression rates of
      Kv3.4 in normal, precancerous and OSCC tissues were 2/6, 13/18 and 95% (37/39),
      respectively. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). However,
      the expression of Kv3.4 did not show obvious correlation with patients' genders,
      presence of lymph node metastasis and clinical stages (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The
      expression of Kv3.4 is positively correlated to OSCC's occurrence and
      development. Detection of the expression of Kv3.4 may be used for early diagnosis
      and prognostic judgment of oral squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions.

PMID- 26980651
TI  - [Adhesive performance of infiltrating resin bonded on dentin in vitro].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adhesive interface and micro-tensile bond strength
      (MUTBS) of infiltrating resin directly bonded to normal dentin. METHODS: Twenty
      extracted human molars were collected and ground to expose fresh dentin surface.
      An infiltrating resin (ICON, DMG, Germany) was served as experimental group and
      Clearfil SE Bond adhesive (Kuraray, Japan) as control group. Following the
      application of primer (Kuraray, Japan), the specimens were applied infiltrating
      resin or adhesive respectively and blocks of composite resin were built up. The
      adhesive interfaces were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and
      the MUTBS was measured by micro-tensile test before and after thermal cycling.
      RESULTS: The infiltrating resin could penetrate into micro-structure of dentin
      created by SE Bond primer. A layer of about 180 MUm-long and dense resin tags was
      observed under SEM in infiltrating resin group. The MUTBSs were (35 +/- 10) MPa
      before and (35 +/- 9) MPa after thermal cycling respectively in infiltrating
      resin group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The
      MUTBSs were (38+/-8) MPa before and (24+/-7) MPa after thermal cycling
      respectively in control group, and the difference was statistically significant
      (P<0.05). After thermal cycling, the MUTBS of infiltrating resin group was
      significant higher than that of control group. CONCLUSIONS: The infiltrating
      resin could penetrate into the micro-structure of dentin created by SE Bond
      primer. The bond strength and the bonding durability of infiltrating resin were
      similar to that of SE Bond adhesive.

PMID- 26980652
TI  - [Biomodifying effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on dentine substrate splicing
      surface].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on
      biomodification of demineralized dentine substrate, in its permeability,
      hydrophobicity, and inhibition ability to collagen enzymatic degradation.
      METHODS: The dentine substrates were treated with simulated pulpal pressure
      created by mixtures of 0.02%, 0.1% EGCG/bovine serum albumin (BSA) in acidic
      environment (pH4.4) for 48 h. A fluid-transport model was used to measure the
      fluid permeability through demineralized dentine substrate. Positive replicas of
      dentine substrate were fabricated before and after being subjected to acidic
      environment for scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination. The blank group
      contained no EGCG and the positive group were treated with Gluma desensitizer.
      Static contact angle measurements on demineralized dentin and 0.1% EGCG primed
      dentin were performed by contact angle analyzer. The priming time were 60 s, 120
      s, 0.5 h, 1 h. Dentine specimens bonded with Adper single bond 2 were subjected
      to 100 mg/L collagenase and observed under SEM. Resin-bonded specimens (with
      0.02%, 0.1%, 0.5% EGCG priming, or without EGCG priming) were created for micro
      tensile bond strength evaluation (MTBS). Resin-bonded specimens after thermol
      cycling were created for MTBS evaluation. RESULTS: The fluid permeability in the
      blank control group increased ([151.3+/-22.3]%), the fluid permeability in 0.1%
      EGCG/BSA group decreased ([23.7+/-6.3]%). Compared to the blank control group,
      the contact angle of 120 s, 0.5 h, 1 h groups increased by 31.0%, 53.5%, 57.8% in
      deep dentin and 37.4%, 59.3%, 62.4% in shallow dentin. The SEM examination showed
      that 0.1% and 0.5% EGCG priming for 120 s significantly increased dentin
      collagen's resistance to collagenase. The immediate MTBS of 0.1% and 0.5% EGCG
      groups were (29.4+/-4.8) and (19.8+/- 4.9) MPa. After thermol cycling, the MTBS
      of 0.1% and 0.5% EGCG groups were (19.9+/-5.1) and (15.3+/- 6.3) MPa.
      CONCLUSIONS: Under acidic environment (pH4.4), the 0.1% EGCG can reduce dentine
      permeability under acidic environment. The 0.1% EGCG can increase hydrophobicity
      of dentin substrate, and strengthen dentin substrate's resistance to collagenase
      hydrolysis, thus increased the resin-dentin bonding durability.

PMID- 26980653
TI  - [Extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway regulates the
      endothelial differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      (ERK) signaling pathway on the endothelial differentiation of periodontal
      ligament stem cells (PDLSC). METHODS: Human PDLSC was cultured in the medium with
      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (b
      FGF) to induce endothelial differentiation. Endothelial inducing cells was
      incubated with U0126, a specific p-ERK1/2 inhibitor. PDLSC from one person were
      randomly divided into four groups: control group, endothelial induced group,
      endothelial induced+DMSO group and endothelial induced+U0126 group. The protein
      expression of the p-EKR1/2 was analyzed by Western blotting at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12
      hours during endonthelial induction. The mRNA expressions of CD31, VE-cadherin,
      and VEGF were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase
      chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after a 7-day induction. The proportion of CD31(+) to VE
      cadherin(+) cells was identified by flow cytometry, and the ability of capillary
      like tubes formation was detected by Matrigel assay after a 14-day induction. The
      measurement data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Phosphorylated ERK1/2
      protein level in PDLSC was increased to 1.24+/-0.12 and 1.03+/-0.24 at 1 h and 3
      h respectively, during the endothelial induction (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions
      of CD31 and VEGF in induced+U0126 group were decreased to 0.09+/-0.18 and 0.49+/
      0.17, which were both significantly different with those in induced group
      (P<0.05). The proportion of CD31(+) to VE-cadherin(+) cells of induced+U0126
      group were decreased to 5.22+/-0.85 and 3.56+/-0.87, which were both
      significantly different with those in induced group (P<0.05). In Matrigel assay,
      the branching points, tube number and tube length were decreased to 7.0+/-2.7,
      33.5+/-6.4, and (15 951.0+/-758.1) pixels, which were all significantly different
      with those in induced group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The endothelial
      differentiation of PDLSC is positively regulated by ERK signaling pathway.
      Inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation could suppress endothelial differentiation
      of PDLSC.

PMID- 26980655
TI  - [Effect of stiffness of polyelectrolyte multilayer on titanium surface on
      bacterium adhesion].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide a theoretical basis for surface modification of titanium
      implants, the effects of the stiffness of polyelectrolyte multilayer films on
      titanium surface on bacterium adhesion was explored. METHODS: Via layer-by-layer
      technique, catechol functionalized polyelectrolyte multilayer film (cPEM) was
      constructed on titanium surface by using catechol functionalized hyaluronic acid
      (cHA) and lipopolysaccharide-amine nanopolymersomes (NP). The stiffness of cPEM
      was controlled by adjusting the catechol substitution degree of cHA (5%, 10%,
      20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%). Titanium samples covered with cPEM were selected
      as test group, and the cPEM was constructed with the lowest, medium and highest
      stiffness. The polished titanium was used as a control. The surface topography of
      titanium before and after film construction was observed by scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM). At 1 and 24 h after incubation, the adhesion and clonal
      formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) on different titanium surfaces were
      quantified, and their morphology and survival status were observed by SEM and
      laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). RESULTS: When the catechol grafting
      ratio was 5%, 30% and 70%, the lowest, medium and highest cPEM stiffness were
      obtained, and the cPEM stiffness were (10.69+/-4.54) GPa(cPEM-L), (20.99+/- 5.81)
      GPa (cPEM-M) and (32.57+/-6.93) GPa (cPEM-H) respectively, and the stiffness of
      polished titanium was (107.12+/-8.68) GPa (P<0.05). SEM observation showed that
      after cPEM coating, the titanium surface became smoother. After incubation for 1
      and 24 h, the amount of adhesion and clonal formation of S. mutans on cPEM were
      higher than those on control titanium, and the difference was statistically
      significant (P<0.05). SEM images showed that for 1 h incubation, softer surfaces
      were beneficial for S. mutans adhering and agglomerating, while this difference
      nearly disappeared at 24 h. Observation under LSCM revealed that most of bacteria
      were alive on titanium disks at 1 h, and their amount decreased with the increase
      of stiffness. At 24 h, the living/dead bacterium ratios on cPEM-L and control
      titanium was higher than that on cPEM-M and cPEM-H, and cPEM-L surface was
      dominated by living bacteria, while stiffer cPEM-M and cPEM-H had more dead
      bacteria than living bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the stiffness of
      polyelectrolyte films on titanium limits the adhesion of S. mutans. As an
      independent factor, stiffness influences the bacterium adhesion.

PMID- 26980654
TI  - [Effect of aspirin on cell biological activities in murine bone marrow stromal
      cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of aspirin on cell proliferation, alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP) activity, cell cycle and apoptosis in murine bone marrow
      stromal cells, so as to explore an appropriate dose range to improve bone
      regeneration in periodontal treatment. METHODS: ST2 cells were stimulated with
      aspirin (concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1 000 MUmol/L) for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 d.
      Cell proliferation was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay.
      After ST2 cells were treated for 1, 3 and 7 d, ALP activity was measured by ALP
      kit, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry (FCM) after treated
      for 48 h. RESULTS: MTT assays showed that various doses of aspirin have different
      effects on the cell growth. Briefly, lower concentrations (1, 10 MUmol/L) of
      aspirin promoted the cell growth, the A value of 0, 1 and 10 MUmol/L aspirin 7
      day-treated cells were 0.313+/-0.012, 0.413+/-0.010 and 0.387+/-0.017
      respectively (P <0.01 vs control), and so did the ALP level ([4.3+/-0.9], [6.0+/
      0.3] and [7.7+/-0.4] MUmol.min(-1).g(-1), P <0.05 vs control), while higher
      concentrations, especially 1000 MUmol/L of aspirin might inhibit the cell growth
      with time going, A value and ALP level were 0.267+/-0.016, (4.3+/-1.3) MUmol.min(
      1).g(-1) respectively (P <0.05 vs control). Cell cycle analysis revealed no
      changes in comparison to control cells after treatment with 1 or 10 MUmol/L
      aspirin, but it was observed that cell mitosis from S phase to G2/M phase
      proceeded at higher concentrations of 100 MUmol/L aspirin, and the cell cycle in
      phase G0/G1 arrested at 1000 MUmol/L. Parallel apoptosis/necrosis studies showed
      that the percentage of cells in apoptosis decreased dramatically at all doses of
      aspirin, the apoptosis rates of ST2 cells responded to 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000
      MUmol/L aspirin were (11.50+/-0.90)%, (5.30+/-0.10)%, (5.50+/-0.10)%, (4.90+/
      0.90)% and (7.95+/-0.25)% respectively (P<0.05 vs control). CONCLUSIONS: This
      study demonstrated that lower dosage of aspirin can promote ST2 cells growth,
      osteogenic activity and inhibit its apoptosis. Aspirin maybe used for the bone
      reconstruction with a proper concentration.

PMID- 26980656
TI  - [Effect of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine on the protein-repellent
      property of dental adhesive].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
      (MPC) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) on the protein
      repellent property of dental adhesive. METHODS: MPC and NACP were incorporated
      into SBMP as the test group. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) was used as control
      group. Human dentin shear bond strengths were measured. Protein adsorption onto
      samples was determined by micro bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method. A dental plaque
      microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to investigate
      biofilm viability. RESULTS: The dentin bond strength of modified group was
      (28.7+/-2.2) MPa, which was not significantly different from that of the SBMP
      control group. The amount of protein adsorption in the modified group and the
      SBMP control group were (0.21+/-0.02) ug/cm(2) and (4.17+/-0.45) ug/cm(2)
      respectively. Lactic acid production of biofilms in modified group and SBMP
      control were (7.71 +/- 1.01) mmol/L and (19.18 +/- 2.34) mmol/L repectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: MPC-NACP based dental adhesive greatly reduce the protein adsorption
      and bacterial adhesion, without compromising dentin shear bond strength. This
      novel bonding agent may have wide application.

PMID- 26980658
TI  - [The influences of anterior disc displacement on oral mandibular function and
      morphology and their biological mechanisms].
AB  - Anterior disc displacement is a common subtype seen in temporomandibular
      disorders (TMD) patients. It may cause mandibular movement disorders, such as
      clicking of joint, intermittent closed lock, limitation of mouth opening, etc.
      These disorders may affect the life qualities of patients. Anterior disc
      displacement may also cause mandibular malformations, especially among
      adolescents, which may affect the growth of condyle, therefore may have a
      correlation with mandibular retrusion or mandibular deviation when grown up. This
      paper going to review the influences of anterior disc displacement on oral
      mandibular function and morphology and their biological mechanisms. 

PMID- 26980657
TI  - [Trigeminal purinergic P2X4 receptor involved in experimental occlusal
      interference-induced hyperalgesia in rat masseter muscle].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of purinergic p2X4 receptor (P2X4R) in
      trigeminal ganglion of rats after occlusal interference. Investigation of
      peripheral receptor mechanism of occlusal interference-induced masticatory muscle
      pain will aid the development of drug intervention against this condition.
      METHODS: Experimental occlusal interference was established by application of 0.4
      mm metal crown to the upper right first molar of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Real
      time PCR assay was used to investigate P2X4R mRNA level in trigeminal ganglion in
      rats with occlusal interference for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days and in control rats
      without occlusal interference (n=5 in each). Retrograde labelling combining
      immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the percentage of P2X4R-positive
      cells in masseter afferent neurons (n=5 in each group). Graded concentrations of
      P2XR antagonist TNP-ATP (0.1, 10, 125, 250, 500 MUmol/L) or saline (n=5 in each
      group) was administrated in right masseter and the mechanical sensitivity of
      bilateral masseters was measured before occlusal interference application, before
      the injection, and 30 min as well as 60 min after the injection. RESULTS:
      Compared with control rats (P2X4R mRNA: right side: 1.00+/-0.26, left side:
      0.94+/- 0.21; percentage of P2X4R-positive masseter afferents: right side:
      [64.3+/-6.3]%, left side: [67.7+/-5.8]%), the level of P2X4R mRNA in bilateral
      trigeminal ganglia (right side: 5.98+/-3.56; left side: 5.06+/-2.88) of rats with
      occlusal interference for 7 days up-regulated (P<0.01) and the percentage of
      P2X4R-positive masseter afferent neurons(right side: [81.7+/-1.5]%; left side:
      [82.9+/-2.3]%) increased (P<0.05). Local administration of 10, 125, 250, 500
      MUmol/L TNP-ATP increased the mechanical withdrawal threshold in masseter 30 min
      after injection, compared with those before injection (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Increased expression of trigeminal P2X4R involves in the development of occlusal
      interference-induced masseter hyperalgesia.

PMID- 26980659
TI  - [Anatomical and radiographical studies of the bifid mandibular canal].
AB  - To review the recent progress about the anatomical and radiographical studies of
      bifid mandibular canal (BMC) in English literature recorded in PubMed from 2006
      to 2015 to deepen our understanding of BMC. A BMC is an anatomical variation of
      the mandibular canal; its occurrence might be a result of the incomplete fusion
      of mandibular canal during prenatal development. The four types of BMC have been
      classified according to anatomical location and configuration. Characteristic
      radiographic features and identifying methods of BMC on panoramic radiography and
      cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were described; the visibility of BMC on
      panoramic radiographs and CBCT images was compared. Clinical value of identifying
      the location as well as the configuration of BMC for surgical procedures that
      involve the mandible was discussed. 

PMID- 26980660
TI  - [The application of universal adhesives in dental bonding].
AB  - The bonding restoration has become an important clinical technique for the
      development of dental bonding technology. Because of its easy operation and the
      maximum preservation of tooth tissues, bonding repair is widely used in dental
      restoration. The recent multi-mode universal adhesives have brought new progress
      in dental bonding restoration. In this article the universal adhesives were
      reviewed according to its definition, development, improvement, application
      features and possible problems. 

PMID- 26980661
TI  - Validation of the PASAT in Argentina.
AB  - The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is one of the most used
      neuropsychological tests to assess information processing speed and working
      memory in brain injured patients. This study was carried out with the purpose of
      obtaining normative data for the PASAT-3" in a healthy Argentinean population,
      which would result in a reference control population. The PASAT-3" was
      administered in a sample of 296 healthy voluntary subjects, born and living in
      Argentina. The age range went from 20 to 70 years-old. The level of education was
      0 to 13 or more years of schooling. The sample obtained a mean of 44.60 (SD =
      10.72) in the PASAT-3". It was found that the score obtained in the PASAT-3" was
      related to the age and the level of instruction of the participants. Their
      performance diminished as age increased and, conversely, it increased as the
      level of instruction was higher. Normative data was obtained for a Latin American
      population from Argentina. Percentile distributions obtained by decades of age
      and different levels of education should be considered as useful reference values
      for clinicians and investigators when applying the PASAT-3" to assess cognitive
      function in different pathologies. 

PMID- 26980665
TI  - Ultrafine potassium titanate nanowires: a new Ti-based anode for sodium ion
      batteries.
AB  - K2Ti6O13 with an analogous tunnel structure to Na2Ti6O13 is proposed as a new
      anode for sodium-ion batteries. By fabricating ultrafine nanowires growing
      perpendicularly to the Na(+) diffusion direction, the K2Ti6O13 nanowires show a
      much enhanced capacity (186 mA h g(-1)) as well as good rate capability for
      sodium storage. 

PMID- 26980663
TI  - Dynamic Balance of Excitation and Inhibition in Human and Monkey Neocortex.
AB  - Balance of excitation and inhibition is a fundamental feature of in vivo network
      activity and is important for its computations. However, its presence in the
      neocortex of higher mammals is not well established. We investigated the dynamics
      of excitation and inhibition using dense multielectrode recordings in humans and
      monkeys. We found that in all states of the wake-sleep cycle, excitatory and
      inhibitory ensembles are well balanced, and co-fluctuate with slight
      instantaneous deviations from perfect balance, mostly in slow-wave sleep.
      Remarkably, these correlated fluctuations are seen for many different temporal
      scales. The similarity of these computational features with a network model of
      self-generated balanced states suggests that such balanced activity is
      essentially generated by recurrent activity in the local network and is not due
      to external inputs. Finally, we find that this balance breaks down during
      seizures, where the temporal correlation of excitatory and inhibitory populations
      is disrupted. These results show that balanced activity is a feature of normal
      brain activity, and break down of the balance could be an important factor to
      define pathological states. 

PMID- 26980666
TI  - Psychometric Evaluation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in Adults with
      Functional Limitations.
AB  - Enjoyment is an important construct for understanding physical activity
      participation, and it has not been examined in adults with functional
      limitations. This secondary analysis reported the reliability and validity of the
      Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) in a convenience sample of 40 adults
      with functional limitations. The participants completed the PACES, Center for
      Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the Late Life Function and
      Disability Instrument (LLFDI) prior to beginning a 12-week feasibility dance
      intervention study. Results indicated reliability as Cronbach's alpha was .95 and
      mean inter-item correlation was .52. To further support reliability, homogeneity
      of the instrument was evaluated using item-to-total scale correlations.
      Homogeneity was supported as all items had corrected item-to-total correlations
      greater than .30. For validity, the PACES was significantly related to only the
      Physical Function component of the LLFDI (r = .38, p = .02), but not the CES-D.
      Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 3-factor structure that accounted for
      73.76% of the variance. This feasibility intervention dance study represented the
      first attempt to examine the psychometric properties of the PACES in adults with
      functional limitations. The findings demonstrate support for the scale's
      reliability and validity among adults with functional limitations. Results are
      informative as further psychometric testing of the PACES is recommended using
      randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes. Enjoyment for physical
      activity is an important construct for understanding physical activity
      participation in adults with functional limitations. 

PMID- 26980667
TI  - Long-range and high-speed electronic spin-transport at a GaAs/AlGaAs
      semiconductor interface.
AB  - Spin-valves or spin-transistors in magnetic memories and logic elements are
      examples of structures whose functionality depends crucially on the length and
      time-scales at which spin-information is transferred through the device. In our
      work we employ spatially resolved optical pump-and-probe technique to investigate
      these fundamental spin-transport parameters in a model semiconductor system. We
      demonstrate that in an undoped GaAs/AlGaAs layer, spins are detected at distances
      reaching more than ten microns at times as short as nanoseconds. We have achieved
      this unprecedented combination of long-range and high-speed electronic spin
      transport by simultaneously suppressing mechanisms that limit the spin life-time
      and the mobility of carriers. By exploring a series of structures we demonstrate
      that the GaAs/AlGaAs interface can provide superior spin-transport
      characteristics whether deposited directly on the substrate or embedded in
      complex semiconductor heterostructures. We confirm our conclusions by
      complementing the optical experiments with dc and terahertz photo-conductivity
      measurements. 

PMID- 26980664
TI  - TLR3-/4-Priming Differentially Promotes Ca(2+) Signaling and Cytokine Expression
      and Ca(2+)-Dependently Augments Cytokine Release in hMSCs.
AB  - In human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 act
      as key players in the tissue repair process by recognizing their ligands and
      stimulating downstream processes including cytokine release. The mechanisms of
      TLR3- and TLR4-mediated cytokine releases from hMSCs remain uncertain. Here, we
      show that exposure to the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
      (poly(I:C)) or incubation with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      increased the mRNA expression levels of TLR3, TLR4 and cytokines in hMSCs.
      Poly(I:C) exposure rather than LPS incubation not only elevated inositol 1,4,5
      triphosphate receptor (IP3R) expression and IP3R-mediated Ca(2+) release, but
      also promoted Orai and STIM expression as well as store-operated Ca(2+) entry
      into hMSCs. In addition, we also observed that 21 Ca(2+) signaling genes were
      significantly up-regulated in response to TLR3 priming of hMSCs by RNA sequencing
      analysis. Both poly(I:C) and LPS exposure enhanced cytokine release from hMSCs.
      The enhanced cytokine release vanished upon siRNA knockdown and chelation of
      intracellular Ca(2+). These data demonstrate that TLR3- and TLR4-priming
      differentially enhance Ca(2+) signaling and cytokine expression, and Ca(2+) 
      dependently potentiates cytokine release in hMSCs. 

PMID- 26980668
TI  - Exposure factors of Victoria's active motorcycle fleet related to serious injury
      crash risk.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the nature and extent of
      current powered 2-wheeler (PTW) risk exposures in order to support future efforts
      to improve safety for this mode of transport. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis
      of the control arm of a population-based case-control study was conducted. The
      control sample was selected from 204 sites on public roads within 150 km of the
      city of Melbourne that were locations of recent serious injury motorcycle
      crashes. Traffic observations and measurements at each site were sampled for a
      mean of 2 h on the same type of day (weekday, Saturday, or Sunday) and within 1 h
      of the crash time. Photographs of passing riders during this observation period
      recorded data relating to characteristics of PTWs, age of riders, travel speed of
      PTWs and all vehicles, time gaps between vehicles, visibility, and protective
      clothing use. RESULTS: Motorcycles and scooters represented 0.6% of all traffic
      (compared with 4% of all vehicle registrations). Riders were significantly more
      likely to have larger time gaps in front and behind when compared to other
      vehicles. The average travel speed of motorcycles was not significantly different
      than the traffic, but a significantly greater proportion were exceeding the speed
      limit when compared to other vehicles (6 vs. 3%, respectively). The age of
      registered owners of passing motorcycles was 42 years. Over half of riders were
      wearing dark clothing with no fluorescent or reflective surfaces. One third of
      motorcyclists had maximum coverage of motorcycle-specific protective clothing.
      CONCLUSIONS: A very low prevalence of motorcyclists combined with relatively
      higher rates of larger time gaps to other vehicles around motorcycles may help
      explain their overrepresentation in injury crashes where another vehicle fails to
      give way. An increased risk of injury in the event of a crash exists for a small
      but greater proportion of motorcyclists (compared to other vehicle types) who
      were exceeding the speed limit. An apparent shift toward older age of the active
      rider population may be reducing injury crash risk relative to exposure time.
      There is significant scope to improve the physical conspicuity of motorcyclists
      and the frequency of motorcycle specific protective clothing use. These results
      can be used to inform policy development and monitor progress of current and
      future road safety initiatives.

PMID- 26980669
TI  - Quantifying facial skin erythema more precisely by analyzing color channels of
      The VISIA Red images.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The VISIA Red images were developed to document and measure facial
      skin erythema, but diffuse erythema cannot be fully segmented by the VISIA system
      due to the automatic thresholding segmentation method. Moreover, topical area
      analysis is not available in the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Erythema severity
      degrees of 20 simulated Red images were designated 1-20 with 1-20 inflammatory
      lesions for each, respectively. The RGB channel mean values of each simulated
      image were acquired by ImageJ and relative intensity of red values calculated.
      RESULTS: The relative intensity of red values positively correlate to erythema
      severity with a coefficient of 0.999345 (p < 0.001). We also proposed a method
      for calibration when pustules were present in the erythema area. The method was
      proved by mathematical reasoning and verified by certified dermatologists.
      CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a simple and more precise method to quantify and
      compare facial skin erythema by analyzing the RGB channel values of the VISIA Red
      images. Our method brings convenience for erythema evaluation in dermatological
      studies.

PMID- 26980670
TI  - SiC7 siligraphene: a novel donor material with extraordinary sunlight absorption.
AB  - The SiC7 siligraphene (g-SiC7) is a novel 2D nanomaterial with a graphene-like
      structure. Based on theoretical calculations, we have systematically investigated
      the structure, stability, electronic and optical properties of g-SiC7
      siligraphene. The calculated results reveal that g-SiC7 siligraphene is a
      semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.13 eV, which can be easily tuned by
      applying biaxial strain or a perpendicular electric field. Such a g-SiC7
      siligraphene shows superior sunlight optical absorbance and is better than g-SiC2
      siligraphene and single-layer black phosphorus (phosphorene) in near infrared and
      visible photon ranges, thus holding great potential for photovoltaics
      applications as a light donor material. 

PMID- 26980671
TI  - Characteristic amino acid changes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus PA protein
      enhance A(H7N9) viral polymerase activity.
AB  - Human coinfection with a novel H7N9 influenza virus and the 2009 pandemic A(H1N1)
      influenza virus, H1N1pdm09, has recently been reported in China. Because
      reassortment can occur during coinfection, it is necessary to clarify the effects
      of gene reassortment between these two viruses. Among the viral ribonucleoprotein
      complex (vRNP) genes, only the PA gene of H1N1pdm09 enhances the avian influenza
      viral polymerase activity. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, we show a special
      evolutionary feature of the H1N1pdm09 PA gene, which clustered with those of the
      novel H7N9 virus and related H9N2 viruses, rather than in the outgroup as the
      H1N1pdm09 genes do on the phylogenetic trees of other vRNP genes. Using a
      minigenome system of the novel H7N9 virus, we further demonstrate that
      replacement of its PA gene significantly enhanced its polymerase activity,
      whereas replacement of the other vRNP genes reduced its polymerase activity. We
      also show that the residues of PA evolutionarily conserved between H1N1pdm09 and
      the novel H7N9 virus are associated with attenuated or neutral polymerase
      activity. The mutations associated with the increased activity of the novel H7N9
      polymerase are characteristic of the H1N1pdm09 gene, and are located almost
      adjacent to the surface of the PA protein. Our results suggest that the novel
      H7N9 virus has more effective PB1, PB2, and NP genes than H1N1pdm09, and that
      H1N1pdm09-like PA mutations enhance the novel H7N9 polymerase function. 

PMID- 26980673
TI  - Detection of novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens from rodents and shrews in
      southern China.
AB  - The prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of AdVs in rodents and shrews in
      China are still unknown. To explore the epidemiological characteristics of rodent
      and shrew AdVs in southern China, 255 fecal samples derived from four rodent
      species and 90 from shrews were collected in Xiamen and Guangzhou city of
      southern China. Amplification of a 314-324-bp fragment from the DNA polymerase
      gene of AdVs was attempted by using a nested PCR. Twenty-nine (11.4 %) specimens
      from rodents and one (1.1 %) specimen from shrews were tested positive for AdVs.
      Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine samples from Rattus norvegicus in
      Guangzhou city between 2012 and 2013 might be the genuine AdV of R. norvegicus.
      The same putative AdV sequences were derived from samples of different host
      species from different/same places. A novel adenovirus was detected in Suncus
      murinus Linnaeus (SML/14GDGZ72) for the first time. Our findings provide new data
      on the prevalence and diversity of AdVs in rodents and shrews. 

PMID- 26980674
TI  - Molecular characterization of a novel reassortant H1N2 influenza virus containing
      genes from the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 virus in swine from eastern China.
AB  - Pandemic outbreaks of H1N1 swine influenza virus have been reported since 2009.
      Reassortant H1N2 viruses that contain genes from the pandemic H1N1 virus have
      been isolated in Italy and the United States. However, there is limited
      information regarding the molecular characteristics of reassortant H1N2 swine
      influenza viruses in eastern China. Active influenza surveillance programs in
      Zhejiang Province identified a novel H1N2 influenza virus isolated from pigs
      displaying clinical signs of influenza virus infection. Whole-genome sequencing
      was performed and this strain was compared with other influenza viruses available
      in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the novel strain contained genes
      from the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 and swine H3N2 viruses. BALB/c mice were
      infected with the isolated virus to assess its virulence in mice. While the novel
      H1N2 isolate replicated well in mice, it was found to be less virulent. These
      results provide additional evidence that swine serve as intermediate hosts or
      'mixing vessels' for novel influenza viruses. They also emphasize the importance
      of surveillance in the swine population for use as an early warning system for
      influenza outbreaks in swine and human populations. 

PMID- 26980672
TI  - Construction of a bivalent DNA vaccine co-expressing S genes of transmissible
      gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus delivered by attenuated
      Salmonella typhimurium.
AB  - Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea
      virus (PEDV) can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and led to significant
      economic losses. The S proteins are the main structural proteins of PEDV and TGEV
      capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo. In this study, a DNA vaccine
      SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) co-expressing S proteins of TGEV and PEDV delivered by
      attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was constructed and its immunogenicity in
      piglets was investigated. Twenty-day-old piglets were orally immunized with
      SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) at a dosage of 1.6 * 10(11) CFU per piglet and then booster
      immunized with 2.0 * 10(11) CFU after 2 weeks. Humoral immune responses, as
      reflected by virus neutralizing antibodies and specific IgG and sIgA, and
      cellular immune responses, as reflected by IFN-gamma, IL-4, and lymphocyte
      proliferation, were evaluated. SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) simultaneously elicited
      immune responses against TGEV and PEDV after oral immunization. The immune levels
      started to increase at 2 weeks after immunization and increased to levels
      statistically significantly different than controls at 4 weeks post-immunization,
      peaking at 6 weeks and declined at 8 weeks. The humoral, mucosal, and cellular
      immune responses induced by SL7207 (pAXD-PS1-TS) were significantly higher than
      those of the PBS and SL7207 (pVAXD) (p < 0.01). In particular, the levels of IFN
      gamma and IL-4 were higher than those induced by the single-gene vaccine SL7207
      (pVAXD-PS1) (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS)
      possess the immunological functions of the two S proteins of TGEV and PEDV,
      indicating that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) is a candidate oral vaccine for TGE and
      PED. 

PMID- 26980675
TI  - The light and the dark sides of Interleukin-10 in immune-mediated diseases and
      cancer.
AB  - Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is known to be a tolerogenic cytokine since it inhibits
      pro-inflammatory cytokine production and T cell stimulatory capacities of myeloid
      cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. In particular, it has a non
      redundant tolerogenic role in intestinal immune homeostasis, since mice and
      patients with genetic defects in the IL-10/IL-10R pathway develop spontaneously
      colitis in the presence of a normal intestinal flora. However, IL-10 is also a
      growth and differentiation factor for B-cells, can promote autoantibody
      production and has consequently a pathogenic role in systemic lupus
      erythematosus. Moreover, IL-10 can promote cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses and
      this immunogenic activity might be relevant in type-1 diabetes and anti-tumor
      immune responses. This review summarizes these paradoxic effects of IL-10 on
      different types of immune responses, and proposes that different cellular sources
      of IL-10, in particular IL-10-secreting helper and regulatory T-cells, have
      different effects on B-cell and CTL responses. Based on this concept we discuss
      the rationales for targeting the IL-10 pathway in immune-mediated diseases and
      cancer.

PMID- 26980676
TI  - Stimulator of interferon genes (STING): A "new chapter" in virus-associated
      cancer research. Lessons from wild-derived mouse models of innate immunity.
AB  - Thanks to the numerous studies that have been carried out recently in the field
      of cytosolic DNA sensing, STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) is now
      recognized as a key mediator of innate immune signaling. A substantial body of
      evidence derived from in vivo mouse models demonstrates that STING-regulated
      pathways underlie the pathogenesis of many diseases including infectious diseases
      and cancers. It has also become evident from these studies that STING is a
      promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. However, mouse strains
      commonly used for modelling innate immune response against infections or tumors
      do not allow investigators to accurately reproduce certain specific
      characteristics of immune response observed in human cells. In this review, we
      will discuss recent data demonstrating that the use of wild-derived genetically
      distinct inbred mice as a model for investigation into the innate immunity
      signaling networks may provide valuable insight into the STING-regulated pathways
      specific for human cells. The maximum complexity of STING-mediated mechanisms can
      probably be seen in case of DNA virus-induced carcinogenesis in which STING may
      perform unexpected biological activities. Therefore, in another part of this
      review we will summarize emerging data on the role of STING in human DNA virus
      related oncopathologies, with particular attention to HPV-associated cervical
      cancer, aiming to demonstrate that STING indeed "starts a new chapter" in
      research on this issue and that wild-derived mouse models of STING-mediated
      response to infections will probably be helpful in finding out molecular basis
      for clinical observations.

PMID- 26980677
TI  - A biochar-based medium in the biofiltration system: Removal efficiency,
      microorganism propagation, and the medium penetration modeling.
AB  - Biofiltration is a method of biological treatment belonging to cleaner
      technologies because it does not produce secondary air pollutants, but helps to
      integrate natural processes in microorganisms for decomposing volatile air
      pollutants and solving odor problems. The birch wood biochar has been chosen as a
      principal material for biofilter bed medium. The experiments were conducted at
      the temperatures of 24, 28, and 32  degrees C, while the concentration of
      acetone, xylene, and ammonium reached 300 mg/m(3) and the flow rate was 100
      m(3)/hr. Before passing through the stage of the experimental research into the
      packing material inside biofilters, microorganisms were introduced. Four strains
      of microorganisms (including micromycetes Aspergillus versicolor BF-4 and
      Cladosporium herbarum 7KA, as well as yeast Exophiala sp. BF1 and bacterium
      Bacillus subtilis B20) were selected. At the inlet loading rate of 120 g/m(3)/hr,
      the highest elimination capacity of xylene in the biochar-based biofilter with
      the inoculated medium was 103 g/m(3)/hr, whereas that of ammonia was 102
      g/m(3)/hr and that of acetone was 97 g/m(3)/hr, respectively. The maximum removal
      efficiency reached 86%, 85%, and 81%, respectively. The temperature condition
      (though characterized by some rapid changes) can hardly have a considerable
      influence on the biological effect (i.e., microbiological activity) of
      biofiltration; however, it can cause the changes in physical properties (e.g.,
      solubility) of the investigated compounds. IMPLICATIONS: The birch biochar can be
      successfully used in the biofiltration system for propagation of inoculated
      microorganisms, biodegrading acetone, xylene, and ammonia. At the inlet loading
      rate of 120 g/m(3)/hr, the highest elimination capacity of xylene was 103
      g/m(3)/hr, that of ammonia was 102 g/m(3)/hr, and that of acetone was 97
      g/m(3)/hr, respectively. The morphological structure of biochar can be affected
      by the aggressive air contaminants, causing the change in the medium specific
      surface area, which is one of the factors controlling the biofilter performance.
      Although biological effects in biofiltration are typically considered to be more
      important than physical effects, the former may be more important for compounds
      with high Henry's Law coefficient values, and the biofilter design should thus
      provide conditions for better compound absorption.

PMID- 26980678
TI  - Aqueous phase hydration and hydrate acidity of perfluoroalkyl and n:2
      fluorotelomer aldehydes.
AB  - The SPARC software program and comparative density functional theory (DFT)
      calculations were used to investigate the aqueous phase hydration equilibrium
      constants (Khyd) of perfluoroalkyl aldehydes (PFAlds) and n:2 fluorotelomer
      aldehydes (FTAlds). Both classes are degradation products of known industrial
      compounds and environmental contaminants such as fluorotelomer alcohols, iodides,
      acrylates, phosphate esters, and other derivatives, as well as hydrofluorocarbons
      and hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Prior studies have generally failed to consider the
      hydration, and subsequent potential hydrate acidity, of these compounds,
      resulting in incomplete and erroneous predictions as to their environmental
      behavior. In the current work, DFT calculations suggest that all PFAlds will be
      dominantly present as the hydrated form in aqueous solution. Both SPARC and DFT
      calculations suggest that FTAlds will not likely be substantially hydrated in
      aquatic systems or in vivo. PFAld hydrates are expected to have pKa values in the
      range of phenols (ca. 9 to 10), whereas n:2 FTAld hydrates are expected to have
      pKa values ca. 2 to 3 units higher (ca. 12 to 13). In order to avoid spurious
      modeling predictions and a fundamental misunderstanding of their fate, the
      molecular and/or dissociated hydrate forms of PFAlds and FTAlds need to be
      explicitly considered in environmental, toxicological, and waste treatment
      investigations. The results of the current study will facilitate a more complete
      examination of the environmental fate of PFAlds and FTAlds. 

PMID- 26980679
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26980680
TI  - [CME: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease].

PMID- 26980682
TI  - [Effectiveness of an inpatient multimodal psychiatric-psychotherapeutic program
      for the treatment of job burnout].
AB  - We studied the clinical course and long-term effects of inpatient treatment in
      723 patients with job burnout referred with an ICD-10 F diagnosis and Z73.0 code
      ("overwhelming exhaustion") to a Swiss hospital specialized in the treatment of
      job stress-related disorders. Patients were characterized in terms of age,
      gender, socioeconomic status. Self-rated psychological measures related to
      general and burnout-specific symptoms (i. e., emotional exhaustion,
      depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishments) were applied before
      and after a six-week treatment program, as well as at 15 months after hospital
      discharge in 232 patients. The results show that the multimodal inpatient
      psychiatric-psychotherapeutic treatment was successful with a sustainable effect
      on psychological well-being (>90 %), including improvements regarding emotional
      exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishments as well as
      professional reintegration in 71 % of cases.

PMID- 26980683
TI  - [Problems with Ureteral Stents - a Never-Ending Story].
AB  - Temporary drainage of the upper urinary tract by internal ureteral stents is a
      common procedure to assure renal function and to treat pain caused by ureteral
      obstruction. Ureteral stents are frequently associated with side effects like
      urinary symptoms, pain or hematuria resulting in frequent medical consultations.
      In addition to good patient education, symptomatic drug therapy of stent
      associated symptoms is often indicated and sufficient. However, complications
      like stent dysfunction or significant urinary tract infections have to be kept in
      mind, as they require further diagnostics and treatment. Therefore, especially
      general practitioners as a primary point of contact for the patients should be
      familiar with common ureteral stent-associated problems, their treatment and
      indications for patient referrals.

PMID- 26980685
TI  - [Serious Headache].
AB  - A patient with fever, headache and discrete neurologic symptoms developed a coma
      followed by severe paralysis. The cause was a tick-borne encephalitis. In the
      follow-up, the patient required supportive care on the intensive care unit for
      almost two months and further on, a rehabilitation of almost seven months was
      needed. The patient has not been vaccinated, even though he fulfilled the
      criteria for the recommendation of vaccination because he occasionally visited
      areas at risk.

PMID- 26980684
TI  - [Gliomas - What I Have to Know in ten Questions].
AB  - Gliomas are the most common primary tumors involving the central nervous system.
      They can manifest with diverse and non-specific general and neurological
      symptoms. The diagnostic gold standard is cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and
      subsequent histological confirmation of the diagnosis. Steroids, especially
      dexamethasone, are used in case of focal symptoms and of symptoms caused by
      increased intracranial pressure, and antiepileptic drugs are used to manage
      epileptic seizures. Non-enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs are preferable.
      Glioma patients have an inherently elevated thromboembolic risk, and therapeutic
      anticoagulation is indicated following a thromboembolic event. Surgery,
      radiotherapy and systemic therapy are used as tumor-specific therapy modalities
      in gliomas. Molecular markers play an increasing role in the prognosis and
      selection of therapy in daily oncological routine.

PMID- 26980686
TI  - [An Uncommon Cerebral Lesion in Computed Tomography].
AB  - We report the case of a 84-year-old man who suffered a hematoma of the septum
      pellucidum due to a fall. The development of the septum pellucidum and its
      implications on pathomechanisms in head injury are discussed. In the setting of
      trauma, a reliable differentiation to other septal lesions can be impossible in
      computed tomography alone, unless earlier examinations are availabe for
      comparison. Additional magnetic resonance imaging may be warranted in case of
      vicinity of the lesion to the interventricular foramina.

PMID- 26980687
TI  - [Correct and safe treatment of acute, uncomplicated diverticulitis].

PMID- 26980688
TI  - [Empagliflozin: an oral antidiabetic with documented positive effect on cardiac
      mortality].

PMID- 26980694
TI  - Are campus food environments healthy? A novel perspective for qualitatively
      evaluating the nutritional quality of food sold at foodservice facilities at a
      Brazilian university.
AB  - AIMS: The purpose of this novel study was to evaluate the food environment at a
      Brazilian university, encompassing 6 restaurants and 13 snack bars. The
      investigation uniquely analyses the food environment (barriers, facilitators,
      type of foods and prices). This was a food-based analysis of the nutritional
      quality of the products sold on campus. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive
      design was used, applying the classic Nutrition Environment Measures Survey
      Restaurants (NEMS-R) adapted for Brazil and an original methodology to evaluate
      and classify qualitatively the nutritional quality and characteristics of the
      food. A census of all campus food environments was applied. RESULTS: The main
      results show most food and beverage products were made with processed ingredients
      and had a lower nutritional quality and price when compared with similar products
      made on premises, that is, processed iced tea compared with fresh tea ( p <
      .001), fried refined flour salgados compared with baked wholegrain flour salgados
      ( p < .001) and refined flour biscuits compared with those made with whole grains
      ( p = .028). Only 16% of the outlets provided food ingredients or nutritional
      information of products available. CONCLUSION: The overall options for healthy
      food choices and good nutritional quality on campus were mostly limited by the
      availability and higher prices of products. These findings could be used to
      develop new policy perspectives for the offering of healthy food items and to
      facilitate better food choices among students in a healthier food environment.

PMID- 26980693
TI  - Ferritin cage for encapsulation and delivery of bioactive nutrients: From
      structure, property to applications.
AB  - Ferritin is a class of naturally occurring iron storage proteins, which is
      distributed widely in animal, plant, and bacteria. It usually consists of 24
      subunits that form a hollow protein shell with high symmetry. One holoferritin
      molecule can store up to 4500 iron atom within its inner cavity, and it becomes
      apoferritin upon removal of iron from the cavity. Recently, scientists have
      subverted these nature functions and used reversibly self-assembled property of
      apoferritin cage controlled by pH for the encapsulation and delivery of bioactive
      nutrients or anticancer drug. In all these cases, the ferritin cages shield their
      cargo from the influence of external conditions and provide a controlled
      microenvironment. More importantly, upon encapsulation, ferritin shell greatly
      improved the water solubility, thermal stability, photostability, and cellular
      uptake activity of these small bioactive compounds. This review aims to highlight
      recent advances in applications of ferritin cage as a novel vehicle in the field
      of food science and nutrition. Future outlooks are highlighted with the aim to
      suggest a research line to follow for further studies.

PMID- 26980695
TI  - Distinct Biochemical Activities of Eyes absent During Drosophila Eye Development.
AB  - Eyes absent (Eya) is a highly conserved transcriptional coactivator and protein
      phosphatase that plays vital roles in multiple developmental processes from
      Drosophila to humans. Eya proteins contain a PST (Proline-Serine-Threonine)-rich
      transactivation domain, a threonine phosphatase motif (TPM), and a tyrosine
      protein phosphatase domain. Using a genomic rescue system, we find that the PST
      domain is essential for Eya activity and Dac expression, and the TPM is required
      for full Eya function. We also find that the threonine phosphatase activity plays
      only a minor role during Drosophila eye development and the primary function of
      the PST and TPM domains is transactivation that can be largely substituted by the
      heterologous activation domain VP16. Along with our previous results that the
      tyrosine phosphatase activity of Eya is dispensable for normal Eya function in
      eye formation, we demonstrate that a primary function of Eya during Drosophila
      eye development is as a transcriptional coactivator. Moreover, the PST/TPM and
      the threonine phosphatase activity are not required for in vitro interaction
      between retinal determination factors. Finally, this work is the first report of
      an Eya-Ey physical interaction. These findings are particularly important because
      they highlight the need for an in vivo approach that accurately dissects protein
      function. 

PMID- 26980697
TI  - VEGF Promotes Glycolysis in Pancreatic Cancer via HIF1alpha Up-Regulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is highly expressed in many
      types of tumors, including pancreatic cancer. Tumor cellderived VEGF promotes
      angiogenesis and tumor progression. However, the role of VEGF in glucose
      metabolism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the role and the
      underlying mechanism of VEGF in the glucose metabolism of pancreatic cancer
      cells. METHOD: Pancreatic cancer cells were stimulated with VEGF165 for 1 or 2 h.
      The oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR)
      were measured using the Seahorse XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Glycolytic
      enzymes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) was
      silenced by shRNA in order to investigate its role in VEGF-induced glycolysis.
      Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to identify the correlation among VEGF,
      NRP1 and hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1alpha) in pancreatic cancer
      tissues. RESULTS: VEGF stimulation led to a metabolic transition from
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in pancreatic cancer.
      HIF1alpha and NRP1 protein levels were both increased after VEGF stimulation. The
      down-regulation of NRP1 reduced glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells. NRP1 and
      VEGF levels both correlated with HIF1alpha expression in pancreatic tumor
      tissues. CONCLUSION: VEGF enhances glycolysis in pancreatic cancer via HIF1alpha
      up-regulation. NRP1 plays a key role in VEGF-induced glycolysis.

PMID- 26980696
TI  - MBD1 is an Epigenetic Regulator of KEAP1 in Pancreatic Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MBD1 (Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Protein 1) is highly expressed in
      pancreatic cancer. Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) and the 'antioxidant
      response element' (ARE)-driven genes that NRF2 controls are frequently
      upregulated in pancreatic cancer and correlate with poor survival. Keap1 (Kelch
      like ECH-associated protein 1) is a dominant negative regulator of NRF2 and is
      reported to be epigenetically regulated by promoter methylation. However, the
      role of MBD1 with antioxidant response and its association with KEAP1 has never
      been reported before and remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the role of
      MBD1 in antioxidant response and its regulatory function in KEAP1 transcription
      in pancreatic cancer cells. METHOD: MBD1 was silenced to examine its role in
      antioxidant response. To explore the underlying mechanism, transcriptional and
      protein levels of KEAP1 was examined. The correlation between MBD1 and KEAP1 was
      confirmed in pancreatic cancer tissue samples by using immunohistochemistry
      (IHC). Dualluciferase reporter assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
      were used to elucidate he mechanism of MBD1 in KEAP1 transcriptional control.
      Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) assay was performed to uncover the
      regulatory role of MBD1 in KEAP1 transcription through its association with c
      myc. RESULTS: MBD1 silencing decreased antioxidant response and the related ARE
      target genes through epigenetic regulation of KEAP1. MBD1 negatively correlated
      with KEAP1 in pancreatic cancer tissue samples. Moreover, c-myc was a MBD1
      interaction partner in KEAP1 epigenetic regulation. CONCLUSION: MBD1 can induce
      antioxidant response in pancreatic cancer through down-regulation of KEAP1. c-myc
      plays a key role in MBD1 mediated epigenetic silencing of KEAP1.

PMID- 26980698
TI  - Higher Expression of NOD1 and NOD2 is Associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH)
      Syndrome But Not Behcet's Disease (BD).
AB  - NOD1 and NOD2 have been found to play a significant regulatory role in autoimmune
      disease. To analyze the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in the pathogenesis of Vogt-
      Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome and Behcet's disease (BD). We analyzed the
      expression of NOD1 and NOD2 from PBMCs by RT-PCR and Western Blot. PBMCs and DCs
      were cultured with NOD receptor ligands iE-DAP (NOD1) or MDP (NOD2) and cells and
      supernatants were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DCs and CD4+T cells were co-cultured with or without
      stimulation and cells and supernatants were analyzed by FCM and ELISA. A higher
      expression of NOD1 and NOD2 was observed in patients with active VKH syndrome as
      compared with controls. However, no significant differences were found between BD
      patients and controls. Activation of NOD1 and NOD2 with iE-DAP or MDP markedly
      increased the level of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in PBMCs and DCs and induced
      the expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR on DCs. Activation of NOD1
      and NOD2 in DCs promoted the differentiation and proliferation of CD4(+)T cells.
      In conclusion, activation of NOD1 or NOD2 increased the production of pro
      inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs and promoted the maturation and activation of
      human DCs in association with stimulation of Th1 and Th17 cells. Our results
      suggest that over-expression of NOD1 and NOD2 may be involved in the pathogenesis
      of VKH syndrome. 

PMID- 26980700
TI  - The Impact of CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genomic Engineering on Biomedical Research and
      Medicine.
AB  - There has been prolonged and significant interest in manipulating the genome for
      a wide range of applications in biomedical research and medicine. An existing
      challenge in realizing this potential has been the inability to precisely edit
      specific DNA sequences. Past efforts to generate targeted double stranded DNA
      cleavage have fused DNA-targeting elements such as zinc fingers and DNA-binding
      proteins to endonucleases. However, these approaches are limited by both design
      complexity and inefficient, costineffective operation. The discovery of
      CRISPR/Cas9, a branch of the bacterial adaptive immune system, as a potential
      genomic editing tool holds the promise of facile targeted cleavage. Its novelty
      lies in its RNA-guided endonuclease activity, which enhances its efficiency,
      scalability, and ease of use. The only necessary components are a Cas9
      endonuclease protein and an RNA molecule tailored to the gene of interest. This
      lowbarrier of adoption has facilitated a plethora of advances in just the past
      three years since its discovery. In this review, we will discuss the impact of
      CRISPR/Cas9 on biomedical research and its potential implications in medicine. 

PMID- 26980702
TI  - HOX Genes as Potential Markers of Circulating Tumour Cells.
AB  - Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have significant diagnostic potential as they can
      reflect both the presence and recurrence of a wide range of cancers. However,
      this potential continues to be limited by the lack of robust and accessible
      isolation technologies. An alternative to isolation might be their direct
      detection amongst other peripheral blood cells, although this would require
      markers that allow them to be distinguished from an exceptionally high background
      signal. This review assesses the potential role of HOX genes, a family of
      homeodomain containing transcription factors with key roles in both embryonic
      development and oncogenesis, as unique and possibly disease specific markers of
      CTCs. 

PMID- 26980701
TI  - Prostacyclin, Atherothrombosis and Diabetes Mellitus: Physiologic and Clinical
      Considerations.
AB  - Prostacyclin (PGI2) and other metabolites of arachidonic acid are increasingly
      recognized for their role in the pathophysiology of human disease. A growing body
      of evidence from randomized controlled trials, studies of human prostacyclin
      receptor (hIP) variants, and IP-receptor knockout studies in mice has shown that
      PGI2 may have a protective effect on atherothrombotic risk. Increased risk of
      atherosclerosis and thrombotic sequelae may be attributed, in part, to
      downregulation of the prostacyclin pathway. Clinical studies with nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that were selective for the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX
      2) isoenzyme, although protective of mucosa in the gastrointestinal tract, first
      alluded to a potential role of PGI2 in atherothrombotic risk. Outcomes from early
      clinical trials showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in risk of incurring a thrombotic
      event (e.g., myocardial infarction or stroke). Further analyses suggested that
      atherothrombotic risk is a continuous variable with relative NSAID COX-2
      selectivity, and that the COX-2 metabolic product, PGI2, appears to play a key
      role. Effects of reduced PGI2 levels may be felt in particular by patients with
      diabetes mellitus, a patient population at the high end of the cardiovascular
      risk spectrum. Therapies that spare PGI2 may provide the greatest level of
      protection. The mechanism of protection by PGI2 is under intense investigation. 

PMID- 26980703
TI  - Preparation of a Chicken scFv to Analyze Gentamicin Residue in Animal Derived
      Food Products.
AB  - Chicken is an ideal model for simplified recombinant antibody library generation.
      It has been rarely been reported to apply chicken single-chain variable fragments
      (scFvs) in immunoassays for the detection of antibiotic and chemical contaminants
      in animal food products. In this study, the scFvs (S-1 and S-5) were isolated
      from a phage display library derived from a hyperimmunized chicken. The checker
      board titration revealed that the optimum concentrations of S-1 and S-5 were 0.78
      MUg/mL and 0.44 MUg/mL respectively, to obtain OD450 around 1.0 at 5 MUg/mL of
      Gent-OVA coating concentration. Both S-1 and S-5 exhibited negligible cross
      reactivity with kanamycin and amikacin. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50)
      of S-1 and S-5 were 12.418 ng/mL and 14.674 ng/mL respectively. In the indirect
      competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA), the limits of detection for S-1 and S-5 were 0.147
      ng/mL and 0.219 ng/mL respectively. The mean recovery for Gent ranged from 60.91%
      to 118.09% with no more than 10.35% relative standard deviation (RSD) between the
      intra-assay and the inter-assay. These results indicate the chicken scFv based ic
      ELISA method is suitable for the detection of Gent residue in animal derived
      edible tissues and milk. 

PMID- 26980704
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone peptide tethered nanoparticulate system for
      enhanced antitumoral efficacy of paclitaxel.
AB  - AIM: Paclitaxel (PTX) is an effective anticancer agent used in the therapy of a
      wide variety of cancers. However, the drug is difficult to formulate due to its
      low solubility, and therefore, it is administered under slow infusion with castor
      oil/ethanol solution as surfactant that causes serious side effects. This
      investigation investigates leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-tethered
      nanparticulate system as modality for cancer-specific delivery of PTX and
      therefore minimizing the adverse effects. MATERIALS & METHODS: LHRH-tethered
      poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer with poly ethylene glycol side chain was
      synthesized, characterized and employed to formulate PTX-loaded nanoparticulate
      system. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The developed nanoparticulate appears to be
      proficient in carrying as well as targeted delivery of PTX with improved
      therapeutic efficacy and better safety.

PMID- 26980705
TI  - Instigation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glomerular injury in mice on the
      high fat diet: role of acid sphingomyelinase gene.
AB  - Ceramide has been reported to initiate inflammasome formation and activation in
      obesity and different pathological conditions. The present study was performed to
      explore the role of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) in the development of high fat
      diet (HFD)-induced inflammasome and activation and consequent glomerular injury.
      Asm knockout (Asm(-/-)) and wild type (Asm(+/+)) mice with or without Asm short
      hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection were fed a HFD or normal chow for 12 weeks to
      produce obesity and associated glomerular injury. HFD significantly enhanced the
      Asm activity, ceramide production, colocalization of Nlrp3 (Nod-like receptor
      protein 3) with ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein) or Caspase-1, NADPH
      dependent superoxide (O2(*-)) production in glomeruli of Asm(+/+) mice than in
      control diet-fed mice. However, such HFD-induced increases in Asm activity,
      ceramide production, colocalization of Nlrp3 with ASC or Caspase-1, superoxide
      (O(2*-)) production was attenuated in Asm(-/-) or Asm shRNA-transfected wild-type
      mice. In consistency with decreased inflammasome formation, the caspase-1
      activity and IL-1beta production was significantly attenuated in Asm(-/-) or Asm
      shRNA-transfected wild-type mice fed a HFD. Morphological examinations showed
      that HFD-induced profound injury in glomeruli of Asm(+/+) mice which was markedly
      attenuated in Asm(-/-) mice. The decreased glomerular damage index in Asm(-/-)
      mice was accompanied by attenuated proteinuria. Fluorescent immunohistochemical
      examinations using podocin as a podocyte marker showed that inflammasome
      formation induced by the HFD were mostly located in podocytes as demonstrated by
      co-localization of podocin with Nlrp3. In conclusion, these observations disclose
      a pivotal role of Asm in the HFD-induced inflammasome formation and consequent
      glomerular inflammation and injury.

PMID- 26980706
TI  - The Bif-1-Dynamin 2 membrane fission machinery regulates Atg9-containing vesicle
      generation at the Rab11-positive reservoirs.
AB  - Atg9 is a multispanning transmembrane protein that is required for autophagosome
      formation. During autophagy, vesicles containing Atg9 are generated through an
      unknown mechanism and delivered to the autophagosome formation sites. We have
      previously reported that Atg9-containing membranes undergo continuous tubulation
      and fission during nutrient starvation in a manner dependent on the curvature
      inducing protein Bif-1/Sh3glb1. Here, we identify Dynamin 2 (DNM2) as a Bif-1
      interacting protein that mediates the fission of Atg9-containing membranes during
      autophagy. The interaction of Bif-1 and DNM2 is enhanced upon nutrient
      starvation, and Bif-1 and DNM2 cooperatively induce the generation of Atg9
      containing vesicles. Inhibition of the GTPase activity of DNM2 results in the
      accumulation of Atg9-positive tubular structures that originate from a Rab11
      positive reservoir. Although Atg9 seems to be constitutively trafficked to the
      reservoir regardless of Bif-1 expression, membrane tubulation from the Atg9
      reservoir is dependent on Bif-1 and is strongly induced upon nutrient starvation.
      These findings suggest that the generation of Atg9 vesicles from a Rab11-positive
      reservoir is tightly controlled by the Bif-1-DNM2 membrane fission machinery in
      response to cellular demand for autophagy. 

PMID- 26980699
TI  - The High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) Transcriptome in Cancer and Development.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Chromatin structure is the single most important feature
      that distinguishes a cancer cell from a normal cell histologically. Chromatin
      remodeling proteins regulate chromatin structure and high mobility group A
      (HMGA1) proteins are among the most abundant, nonhistone chromatin remodeling
      proteins found in cancer cells. These proteins include HMGA1a/HMGA1b isoforms,
      which result from alternatively spliced mRNA. The HMGA1 gene is overexpressed in
      cancer and high levels portend a poor prognosis in diverse tumors. HMGA1 is also
      highly expressed during embryogenesis and postnatally in adult stem cells.
      Overexpression of HMGA1 drives neoplastic transformation in cultured cells, while
      inhibiting HMGA1 blocks oncogenic and cancer stem cell properties. Hmga1
      transgenic mice succumb to aggressive tumors, demonstrating that dysregulated
      expression of HMGA1 causes cancer in vivo. HMGA1 is also required for
      reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. HMGA1 proteins
      function as ancillary transcription factors that bend chromatin and recruit other
      transcription factors to DNA. They induce oncogenic transformation by activating
      or repressing specific genes involved in this process and an HMGA1
      "transcriptome" is emerging. Although prior studies reveal potent oncogenic
      properties of HMGA1, we are only beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms
      through which HMGA1 functions. In this review, we summarize the list of putative
      downstream transcriptional targets regulated by HMGA1. We also briefly discuss
      studies linking HMGA1 to Alzheimer's disease and type-2 diabetes. CONCLUSION:
      Further elucidation of HMGA1 function should lead to novel therapeutic strategies
      for cancer and possibly for other diseases associated with aberrant HMGA1
      expression.

PMID- 26980707
TI  - Oridonin, a novel lysine acetyltransferases inhibitor, inhibits proliferation and
      induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through p53- and caspase-3-mediated
      mechanisms.
AB  - Lysine acetylation has been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of multiple
      diseases including cancer. In our screening study to identify natural compounds
      with lysine acetyltransferase inhibitor (KATi) activity, oridonin was found to
      possess acetyltransferase-inhibitory effects on multiple acetyltransferases
      including P300, GCN5, Tip60, and pCAF. In gastric cancer cells, oridonin
      treatment inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and
      down-regulated the expression of p53 downstream genes, whereas p53 inhibition by
      PFT-alpha reversed the antiproliferative effects of oridonin. Moreover, oridonin
      treatment induced cell apoptosis, increased the levels of activated caspase-3 and
      caspase-9, and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in gastric cancer
      cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Caspase-3 inhibition by Ac-DEVD-CHO
      reversed the proapoptosis effect of oridonin. In conclusion, our study identified
      oridonin as a novel KATi and demonstrated its tumor suppressive effects in
      gastric cancer cells at least partially through p53-and caspase-3-mediated
      mechanisms. 

PMID- 26980708
TI  - shRNA-armed conditionally replicative adenoviruses: a promising approach for
      cancer therapy.
AB  - The small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been employed to knockdown the
      expression of cancer-associated genes and shown some promise in cancer therapy.
      However, synthetic siRNA duplexes or plasmid mediated delivery of siRNAs have
      several problems, such as short half-life, low transfection efficiency and
      cytotoxicity associated with transfection. Conditionally replicating adenovirus
      (CRAds) as the delivery vector for short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) could overcome
      these limitations and have shown augmented anti-tumor effects in experimental
      studies and preclinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in
      the development of CRAds-shRNA for cancer treatment. Combination of CRAds-shRNA
      with chemotherapeutics, radiation, dendritic cells, monoclonal antibodies and
      small-molecule inhibitors will be necessary to eradicate cancer cells and cancer
      stem cells and achieve superior outcomes. The use of CRAd platform for efficient
      delivery of shRNAs and foreign genes will open a new avenue for cancer therapy. 

PMID- 26980709
TI  - ERalpha propelled aberrant global DNA hypermethylation by activating the DNMT1
      gene to enhance anticancer drug resistance in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Drug-induced aberrant DNA methylation is the first identified epigenetic marker
      involved in chemotherapy resistance. Understanding how the aberrant DNA
      methylation is acquired would impact cancer treatment in theory and practice. In
      this study we systematically investigated whether and how ERalpha propelled
      aberrant global DNA hypermethylation in the context of breast cancer drug
      resistance. Our data demonstrated that anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) augmented
      ERalpha binding to the DNMT1 and DNMT3b promoters to activate DNMT1 and DNMT3b
      genes, enhancing the PTX resistance of breast cancer cells. In support of these
      observations, estrogen enhanced multi-drug resistance of breast cancer cells by
      up-regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3b genes. Nevertheless, the aberrant global DNA
      hypermethylation was dominantly induced by ERalpha-activated-DNMT1, since DNMT1
      over-expression significantly increased global DNA methylation and DNMT1
      knockdown reversed the ERalpha-induced global DNA methylation. Altering DNMT3b
      expression had no detectable effect on global DNA methylation. Consistently, the
      expression level of DNMT1 was positively correlated with ERalpha in 78 breast
      cancer tissue samples shown by our immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis and
      negatively correlated with relapse-free survival (RFS) and distance metastasis
      free survival (DMFS) of ERalpha-positive breast cancer patients. This study
      provides a new perspective for understanding the mechanism underlying drug
      resistance-facilitating aberrant DNA methylation in breast cancer and other
      estrogen dependent tumors. 

PMID- 26980711
TI  - The effect of resveratrol on beta amyloid-induced memory impairment involves
      inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 related signaling.
AB  - Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol found in red wine, has wide spectrum of
      pharmacological properties including antioxidative and antiaging activities. Beta
      amyloid peptides (Abeta) are known to involve cognitive impairment,
      neuroinflammatory and apoptotic processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation
      of cAMP and/or cGMP activities can improve memory performance and decrease the
      neuroinflammation and apoptosis. However, it remains unknown whether the memory
      enhancing effect of resveratrol on AD associated cognitive disorders is related
      to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) subtypes and subsequent increases
      in intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP activities. This study investigated the effect
      of resveratrol on Abeta1-42-induced cognitive impairment and the participation of
      PDE4 subtypes related cAMP or cGMP signaling. Mice microinfused with Abeta1-42
      into bilateral CA1 subregions displayed learning and memory impairment, as
      evidenced by reduced memory acquisition and retrieval in the water maze and
      retention in the passive avoidance tasks; it was also significant that
      neuroinflammatory and pro-apoptotic factors were increased in Abeta1-42-treated
      mice. Abeta1-42-treated mice also increased in PDE4A, 4B and 4D expression, and
      decreased in PKA level. However, PKA inhibitor H89, but not PKG inhibitor KT5823,
      prevented resveratrol's effects on these parameters. Resveratrol also reversed
      Abeta1-42-induced decreases in phosphorylated cAMP response-element binding
      protein (pCREB), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and anti-apoptotic
      factor BCl-2 expression, which were reversed by H89. These findings suggest that
      resveratrol reversing Abeta-induced learning and memory disorder may involve the
      regulation of neuronal inflammation and apoptosis via PDE4 subtypes related cAMP
      CREB-BDNF signaling. 

PMID- 26980710
TI  - FAK and paxillin, two potential targets in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating cancer in large part due
      to late diagnosis and a lack of effective screening tests. In spite of recent
      progress in imaging, surgery and new therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer,
      the overall five-year survival still remains unacceptably low. Numerous studies
      have shown that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated in many cancers
      including PDAC and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. Paxillin, an
      intracellular adaptor protein that plays a key role in cytoskeletal organization,
      connects integrins to FAK and plays a key role in assembly and disassembly of
      focal adhesions. Here, we have reviewed evidence in support of FAK as a potential
      therapeutic target and summarized related combinatorial therapies. 

PMID- 26980712
TI  - Honoring Indigenous culture-as-intervention: Development and validity of the
      Native Wellness AssessmentTM.
AB  - There is a need for Indigenous-centered research to appraise culture's role in
      wellness. Researchers described the development and validity of the Native
      Wellness Assessment (NWATM). The NWA has culture-as-intervention at its apex.
      Wellness, culture, and cultural intervention practices (CIPs) are explored from
      an Indigenous perspective. Indigenous clients completed matching self-report and
      observer versions of the NWA at three time points during addictions treatment.
      Statistically and psychometrically, the NWA content and structure performed well,
      demonstrating that culture is an effective and fair intervention for Indigenous
      peoples with addictions. The NWA can inform Indigenous health and community-based
      programs and policy.

PMID- 26980713
TI  - A triangular connection between Cyclin G, PP2A and Akt1 in the regulation of
      growth and metabolism in Drosophila.
AB  - Size and weight control is a tightly regulated process, involving the highly
      conserved Insulin receptor/target of rapamycin (InR/TOR) signaling cascade. We
      recently identified Cyclin G (CycG) as an important modulator of InR/TOR
      signaling activity in Drosophila. cycG mutant flies are underweight and show a
      disturbed fat metabolism resembling TOR mutants. In fact, InR/TOR signaling
      activity is disturbed in cycG mutants at the level of Akt1, the central kinase
      linking InR and TORC1. Akt1 is negatively regulated by protein phosphatase PP2A.
      Notably the binding of the PP2A B'-regulatory subunit Widerborst (Wdb) to Akt1 is
      differentially regulated in cycG mutants, presumably by a direct interaction of
      CycG and Wdb. Since the metabolic defects of cycG mutant animals are abrogated by
      a concomitant loss of Wdb, CycG presumably influences Akt1 activity at the PP2A
      nexus. Here we show that Well rounded (Wrd), another B' subunit of PP2A in
      Drosophila, binds CycG similar to Wdb, and that its loss ameliorates some, but
      not all, of the metabolic defects of cycG mutants. We propose a model, whereby
      the binding of CycG to a particular B'-regulatory subunit influences the tissue
      specific activity of PP2A, required for the fine tuning of the InR/TOR signaling
      cascade in Drosophila.

PMID- 26980714
TI  - A game of two discs: a case of non-contiguous and occult cervical spine injury in
      a rugby player.
AB  - The aim of this case report was to highlight the application of magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) in elucidating serious and occult injuries in a single
      case of hyperflextion injury of a patient cervical spine (C-Spine). A chart and
      radiology review was performed to establish the sequence of care and how the
      results of imaging studies influenced the clinical management in this trauma
      case. Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) imaging modalities of the C
      Spine revealed bilateral C4/C5 facetal subluxation with no obvious fractures;
      however, the MR imaging of the C-Spine revealed a non-contiguous and occult
      injury to C6/C7 disc with a posterior annular tear and associated disc extrusion.
      This altered the operative intervention that was initially planned. MR imaging
      proved an invaluable diagnostic addition in this particular case of cervical
      trauma in a rugby player following a hyperflextion injury, by revealing a serious
      non-contiguous and occult injury of the C-Spine. 

PMID- 26980716
TI  - Antibiotic resistance in children with E coli urinary tract infection.

PMID- 26980717
TI  - Shedding a Light on Phototherapy Studies with People having Dementia: A Critical
      Review of the Methodology from a Light Perspective.
AB  - Light therapy is applied to older people with dementia as a treatment to reset
      the biological clock, to improve the cognitive functioning, and to reduce
      behavioral symptoms. Although the methodological quality of light therapy studies
      is essential, many aspects concerning the description of the lighting applied are
      missing. This study reviewed light therapy studies concerning the effects on
      people with dementia as a way to check the methodological quality of the
      description of light from a light engineering perspective. Twelve studies meeting
      the inclusion criteria were chosen for further analysis. Each study was scored on
      a list of aspects relevant to a proper description of lighting aspects. The
      overview demonstrates that the overall quality of the methodologies is poor. The
      studies describe the lighting insufficiently and not in the correct metrics. The
      robustness of light therapy studies can be improved by involving a light engineer
      or specialist.

PMID- 26980718
TI  - Hydrogen Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Multidomain Amnestic Mild
      Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia.
AB  - To investigate the value of hydrogen proton magnet resonance spectroscopy ((1)H
      MRS) in the differential diagnosis of multiple-domain amnestic mild cognitive
      impairment (M-aMCI) and vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia (VCIND);
      (1)H-MRS was performed in patients with M-aMCI and VCIND. The level was
      determined for N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), inositol (mI), choline
      (Cho), and creatine (Cr). Compared with the normal control group, the NAA-Cr
      ratio in all regions studied was significantly lower in the M-aMCI and VCIND
      groups. The Glu-Cr ratio in the posterior cingulate gyrus of the M-aMCI group was
      significantly lower than in the VCIND. The mI-Cr ratio in the frontal white
      matter of the VCIND was significantly higher than in the M-aMCI group. In the
      white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles, the Cho-Cr ratio was
      significantly higher in the VCIND than the M-aMCI. Our results suggested (1)H-MRS
      is an effective method in the differential diagnosis of M-aMCI and VCIND.

PMID- 26980715
TI  - Cellular forces and matrix assembly coordinate fibrous tissue repair.
AB  - Planar in vitro models have been invaluable tools to identify the mechanical
      basis of wound closure. Although these models may recapitulate closure dynamics
      of epithelial cell sheets, they fail to capture how a wounded fibrous tissue
      rebuilds its 3D architecture. Here we develop a 3D biomimetic model for soft
      tissue repair and demonstrate that fibroblasts ensconced in a collagen matrix
      rapidly close microsurgically induced defects within 24 h. Traction force
      microscopy and time-lapse imaging reveal that closure of gaps begins with
      contractility-mediated whole-tissue deformations. Subsequently, tangentially
      migrating fibroblasts along the wound edge tow and assemble a progressively
      thickening fibronectin template inside the gap that provide the substrate for
      cells to complete closure. Unlike previously reported mechanisms based on
      lamellipodial protrusions and purse-string contraction, our data reveal a mode of
      stromal closure in which coordination of tissue-scale deformations, matrix
      assembly and cell migration act together to restore 3D tissue architecture. 

PMID- 26980719
TI  - Dietary metabolism, gut microbiota and acute heart failure.

PMID- 26980720
TI  - Updated guidance from NICE on implantable defibrillators: does it work in real
      life?

PMID- 26980722
TI  - Dynamics of Spontaneous Peptidization of l-, d- and dl-Serine in an Abiotic
      Solution as Investigated with Use of TLC-Densitometry and the Auxiliary
      Chromatographic Techniques.
AB  - From our earlier investigations, it comes out that proteinogenic amino acids can
      undergo spontaneous oscillatory reactions of chiral inversion and peptidization.
      l-Serine (l-Ser) is an important proteinogenic amino acid with many vital
      functions in human and mammalian organisms, e.g., it is responsible for good
      condition of the nervous cell membranes. It undergoes spontaneous oscillatory
      processes of chiral inversion and peptidization, and the goal of this study was
      to compare the dynamics of its peptidization with that of d-Ser and dl-Ser
      (racemate). The main analytical technique used in our experiment was TLC
      densitometry, and the auxiliary chromatographic techniques were HPLC-evaporative
      light scattering detector and LC-MS. The results obtained witness to the
      differences in peptidization dynamics of the two Ser enantiomers (l and d) and of
      the racemic mixture thereof (dl). It was shown that dl-Ser characterizes with the
      higher, and l- and d-Ser with the lower peptidization yields. 

PMID- 26980721
TI  - Recurrent AICD shocks in a 60-year-old man.
AB  - CLINICAL INTRODUCTION: We present the case of a 60-year-old man with history of
      non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction of 40%. His
      baseline surface 12-lead ECG shows sinus rhythm with PR interval of 170 ms, no
      evidence of pre-excitation and a normal QT interval. He had a single-chamber
      automated implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD) inserted for sustained wide
      complex tachycardia associated with palpitations. Subsequently, he presented with
      recurrent shocks from the AICD coming on at rest despite treatment with
      amiodarone. He did not experience any significant cardiovascular symptoms except
      for mild palpitations. There were no reversible causes found for his arrhythmia.
      Figure 1 shows the device EGM of the event leading to the shock. QUESTION: What
      is the tachycardia that caused the AICD shock? (figure 1) Atrial fibrillation
      (AF) with pre-excitationVentricular fibrillation (VF)Multiform ventricular
      tachycardia (VT)Atrial tachycardia (AT) with bundle branch blockTorsades de
      Pointes (TdP).

PMID- 26980723
TI  - Development and Validation of a Sensitive and Specific LC-MS-MS Method for the
      Determination of Acotiamide in Rat Plasma.
AB  - Acotiamide is a new prokinetic drug that is used to treat functional dyspepsia
      (FD). A sensitive and specific LC-MS-MS method has been developed and validated
      for the analysis of acotiamide in rat plasma. The assay involved a simple protein
      precipitation (PPT) step with methanol-acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) and a gradient
      elution using a mobile phase consisting of water containing 0.1% formic acid and
      methanol containing 0.1% formic acid. The analytes were chromatographed on a
      reverse-phase Agilent Zorbax XDB C18 column (2.1 mm * 50 mm, 3.5 MUm) with a flow
      rate of 0.50 mL/min. The analytes were monitored by tandem-mass spectrometry with
      positive electrospray ionization. The precursor-product transitions (m/z) in the
      positive ion mode were 451.4 -> 271.3 and 386.2 -> 122.2 for acotiamide and
      buspirone (internal standard, IS), respectively. The assay was shown to be linear
      over the range of 0.10-200 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.10
      ng/mL. The method was shown to be reproducible and reliable with the inter- and
      intra-batch accuracy and precision were within +/-15%. The assay has been
      successfully used for pharmacokinetic evaluation of acotiamide after intravenous
      and oral administration of 10 mg/kg acotiamide in rats. The oral absolute
      bioavailability (F) of acotiamide in rats was estimated to be 38.4 +/- 13.5% with
      an elimination half-life (t1/2) value of 9.11 +/- 0.40 h. 

PMID- 26980724
TI  - Cu-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction of Styrenes, Perfluoroalkyl Halide, Alcohol,
      and tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide: One-Pot Synthesis of (Z)-beta
      Alkoxyperfluoroalkenone.
AB  - An efficient synthesis of Z-perfluoroalkyl-substituted enones by a multicomponent
      reaction strategy has been described. A variety of elusive perfluoroalkylated
      enones are furnished under mild reaction conditions in good yields with unique
      chemo- and stereoselectivity. A sequence of radical-mediated Kornblum-DeLaMare
      reaction, Michael addition, and HF elimination is proposed for the mechanism. 

PMID- 26980725
TI  - Clock gene expression in human and mouse hepatic models shows similar periodicity
      but different dynamics of variation.
AB  - The biological hard-wiring of 24-hour rhythmicity relies on the circadian clock
      circuitry, made of peripheral oscillators operated by molecular clockworks and
      synchronized through humoral and neural outputs by central oscillators located in
      the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Metabolically active tissues, such as
      the liver, are entrained also by local cues represented by metabolic flux related
      to feeding. The mechanics of the molecular clockwork have been explored by
      studies using cell lines and wild type or genetically engineered mouse models.
      There is a compelling need to reduce the use of animals in experimental settings.
      The aim of our study was to evaluate the periodicity and dynamics of functioning
      of the hepatic clock gene machinery in human and mouse hepatic models. We
      compared the results obtained in human hepatoma cells (HepG2 cells) and in mouse
      liver, and a significant 24-hour rhythmic component was found for five clock
      genes in the HepG2 cells (Bmal1, Cry1, Per1, Per2, NR1D1) and for six clock genes
      in the mouse liver (Bmal1, Clock, Cry1, Per1, Per2, NR1D1). The amplitude of
      oscillation rendered by the cosine curve and the dynamics of expression rendered
      by the rate of change (the derivative of gene expression level with respect to
      time) were greater in the mouse liver than in the HepG2 cells for Bmal1, Per1,
      Per2 and NR1D1, and the cosine curve phase was different for many of them. In
      conclusion, the periodicity of expression of the clock genes showed similar
      patterns when the two experimental models were compared, whereas the dynamics of
      transcription in human hepatoma cells cultured in vitro were less vigorous and
      phased in a different way when compared to mouse hepatic tissue. The results
      support the reliability of the human hepatic in vitro model as an alternative to
      animal models only to study the periodicity of function of the molecular
      clockwork, but not to evaluate the dynamics of clock gene expression. 

PMID- 26980726
TI  - Comprehensive mutational profiling of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21) or inv(16) have been recognized as
      unique entities within AML and are usually reported together as core binding
      factor AML (CBF-AML). However, there is considerable clinical and biological
      heterogeneity within this group of diseases, and relapse incidence reaches up to
      40%. Moreover, translocations involving CBFs are not sufficient to induce AML on
      its own and the full spectrum of mutations coexisting with CBF translocations has
      not been elucidated. To address these issues, we performed extensive mutational
      analysis by high-throughput sequencing in 215 patients with CBF-AML enrolled in
      the Phase 3 Trial of Systematic Versus Response-adapted Timed-Sequential
      Induction in Patients With Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia and
      Treating Patients with Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Interleukin-2 trials
      (age, 1-60 years). Mutations in genes activating tyrosine kinase signaling
      (including KIT, N/KRAS, and FLT3) were frequent in both subtypes of CBF-AML. In
      contrast, mutations in genes that regulate chromatin conformation or encode
      members of the cohesin complex were observed with high frequencies in t(8;21) AML
      (42% and 18%, respectively), whereas they were nearly absent in inv(16) AML. High
      KIT mutant allele ratios defined a group of t(8;21) AML patients with poor
      prognosis, whereas high N/KRAS mutant allele ratios were associated with the lack
      of KIT or FLT3 mutations and a favorable outcome. In addition, mutations in
      epigenetic modifying or cohesin genes were associated with a poor prognosis in
      patients with tyrosine kinase pathway mutations, suggesting synergic cooperation
      between these events. These data suggest that diverse cooperating mutations may
      influence CBF-AML pathophysiology as well as clinical behavior and point to
      potential unique pathogenesis of t(8;21) vs inv(16) AML.

PMID- 26980727
TI  - The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid
      neoplasms.
AB  - A revision of the nearly 8-year-old World Health Organization classification of
      the lymphoid neoplasms and the accompanying monograph is being published. It
      reflects a consensus among hematopathologists, geneticists, and clinicians
      regarding both updates to current entities as well as the addition of a limited
      number of new provisional entities. The revision clarifies the diagnosis and
      management of lesions at the very early stages of lymphomagenesis, refines the
      diagnostic criteria for some entities, details the expanding genetic/molecular
      landscape of numerous lymphoid neoplasms and their clinical correlates, and
      refers to investigations leading to more targeted therapeutic strategies. The
      major changes are reviewed with an emphasis on the most important advances in our
      understanding that impact our diagnostic approach, clinical expectations, and
      therapeutic strategies for the lymphoid neoplasms.

PMID- 26980728
TI  - Long-term multilineage engraftment of autologous genome-edited hematopoietic stem
      cells in nonhuman primates.
AB  - Genome editing in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is a promising
      novel technology for the treatment of many human diseases. Here, we evaluated
      whether the disruption of the C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) locus in pigtailed
      macaque HSPCs by zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) was feasible. We show that macaque
      specific CCR5 ZFNs efficiently induce CCR5 disruption at levels of up to 64% ex
      vivo, 40% in vivo early posttransplant, and 3% to 5% in long-term repopulating
      cells over 6 months following HSPC transplant. These genome-edited HSPCs support
      multilineage engraftment and generate progeny capable of trafficking to secondary
      tissues including the gut. Using deep sequencing technology, we show that these
      ZFNs are highly specific for the CCR5 locus in primary cells. Further, we have
      adapted our clonal tracking methodology to follow individual CCR5 mutant cells
      over time in vivo, reinforcing that CCR5 gene-edited HSPCs are capable of long
      term engraftment. Together, these data demonstrate that genome-edited HSPCs
      engraft, and contribute to multilineage repopulation after autologous
      transplantation in a clinically relevant large animal model, an important step
      toward the development of stem cell-based genome-editing therapies for HIV and
      potentially other diseases as well.

PMID- 26980730
TI  - Overall Architecture of the Intraflagellar Transport (IFT)-B Complex Containing
      Cluap1/IFT38 as an Essential Component of the IFT-B Peripheral Subcomplex.
AB  - Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for assembly and maintenance of cilia
      and flagella as well as ciliary motility and signaling. IFT is mediated by
      multisubunit complexes, including IFT-A, IFT-B, and the BBSome, in concert with
      kinesin and dynein motors. Under high salt conditions, purified IFT-B complex
      dissociates into a core subcomplex composed of at least nine subunits and at
      least five peripherally associated proteins. Using the visible
      immunoprecipitation assay, which we recently developed as a convenient protein
      protein interaction assay, we determined the overall architecture of the IFT-B
      complex, which can be divided into core and peripheral subcomplexes composed of
      10 and 6 subunits, respectively. In particular, we identified TTC26/IFT56 and
      Cluap1/IFT38, neither of which was included with certainty in previous models of
      the IFT-B complex, as integral components of the core and peripheral
      subcomplexes, respectively. Consistent with this, a ciliogenesis defect of Cluap1
      deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts was rescued by exogenous expression of wild
      type Cluap1 but not by mutant Cluap1 lacking the binding ability to other IFT-B
      components. The detailed interaction map as well as comparison of subcellular
      localization of IFT-B components between wild-type and Cluap1-deficient cells
      provides insights into the functional relevance of the architecture of the IFT-B
      complex. 

PMID- 26980731
TI  - The use of medical care and out-of-pocket payments in Russia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the constitutional right of all Russian citizens to free
      medical care, out-of-pocket payment is a widespread phenomenon for all types of
      medical treatment. The aims of this paper are twofold: To present new evidence on
      the use of, and payment for, outpatient and inpatient treatment in Russia; and to
      compare the motivations behind both official and informal payments for outpatient
      services provided in public medical institutions. METHODS: This study uses data
      from a quantitative household survey conducted in April 2014. The sample
      comprised 1602 individuals aged ? 18 years, representing the entire adult
      population of the Russian Federation. We studied three types of medical care:
      inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment and medicines. RESULTS: Our study found
      that 22.2% of patients pay for outpatient services, 37.5% pay for inpatient
      services and 91.5% pay for outpatient medicinal treatment. The informal payments
      are almost equally met in both outpatient (13.4%) and inpatient (12.2%) care;
      while the official payments are more common in inpatient care (25.2%), compared
      to outpatient care (8.8%). The main reasons for informal payment include:
      improvements in the quality of care and gratitude for medical staff. The official
      payments are more frequently motivated by an inability to receive a certain
      treatment free of charge. CONCLUSIONS THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT BOTH OFFICIAL
      AND INFORMAL PAYMENTS FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT ARE WIDESPREAD IN RUSSIA INFORMAL
      PAYMENTS ARE STRONGLY PREFERRED OVER OFFICIAL PAYMENTS FOR OUTPATIENT CARE, WHILE
      OFFICIAL PAYMENTS DOMINATE IN INPATIENT CARE.

PMID- 26980729
TI  - Catalytically Active Guanylyl Cyclase B Requires Endoplasmic Reticulum-mediated
      Glycosylation, and Mutations That Inhibit This Process Cause Dwarfism.
AB  - C-type natriuretic peptide activation of guanylyl cyclase B (GC-B), also known as
      natriuretic peptide receptor B or NPR2, stimulates long bone growth, and missense
      mutations in GC-B cause dwarfism. Four such mutants (L658F, Y708C, R776W, and
      G959A) bound (125)I-C-type natriuretic peptide on the surface of cells but failed
      to synthesize cGMP in membrane GC assays. Immunofluorescence microscopy also
      indicated that the mutant receptors were on the cell surface. All mutant proteins
      were dephosphorylated and incompletely glycosylated, but dephosphorylation did
      not explain the inactivation because the mutations inactivated a "constitutively
      phosphorylated" enzyme. Tunicamycin inhibition of glycosylation in the
      endoplasmic reticulum or mutation of the Asn-24 glycosylation site decreased GC
      activity, but neither inhibition of glycosylation in the Golgi by N
      acetylglucosaminyltransferase I gene inactivation nor PNGase F deglycosylation of
      fully processed GC-B reduced GC activity. We conclude that endoplasmic reticulum
      mediated glycosylation is required for the formation of an active catalytic, but
      not ligand-binding domain, and that mutations that inhibit this process cause
      dwarfism. 

PMID- 26980732
TI  - Genomic markers of panitumumab resistance including ERBB2/ HER2 in a phase II
      study of KRAS wild-type (wt) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
AB  - A prospective study was conducted to identify biomarkers associated with
      resistance to panitumumab monotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal
      cancer (mCRC). Patients with previously treated, codon 12/13 KRAS wt, mCRC were
      prospectively administered panitumumab 6 mg/kg IV q2weeks. Of 34 panitumumab
      treated patients, 11 (32%) had progressive disease at 8 weeks and were classified
      as non-responders. A Nanostring nCounter-based assay identified a 5-gene
      expression signature (ERBB2, MLPH, IRX3, MYRF, and KLK6) associated with
      panitumumab resistance (P = 0.001). Immunohistochemistry and in situ
      hybridization determined that the HER2 (ERBB2) protein was overexpressed in 4/11
      non-responding and 0/21 responding cases (P = 0.035). Two non-responding tumors
      had ERBB2 gene amplification only, and one demonstrated both ERBB2 amplification
      and mutation. A non-codon 12/13 KRAS mutation occurred in one panitumumab
      resistant patient and was mutually exclusive with ERBB2/HER2 abnormalities. This
      study identifies a 5-gene signature associated with non-response to single agent
      panitumumab, including a subgroup of non-responders with evidence of aberrant
      ERBB2/HER2 signaling. KRAS wt tumors resistant to EGFRi may be identified by gene
      signature analysis, and the HER2 pathway plays an important role in resistance to
      therapy.

PMID- 26980733
TI  - The long non-coding RNA EPB41L4A-AS2 inhibits tumor proliferation and is
      associated with favorable prognoses in breast cancer and other solid tumors.
AB  - EPB41L4A-AS2 is a novel long non-coding RNA of unknown function. In this study,
      we investigated the expression of EPB41L4A-AS2 in breast cancer tissues and
      evaluated its relationship with the clinicopathological features and prognosis of
      patients with breast cancer. This entailed conducting a meta-analysis and
      prognosis validation study using two cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus
      (GEO). In addition, we assessed EPB41L4A-AS2 expression and its relationship with
      the clinicopathological features of renal and lung cancers using the Cancer
      Genome Atlas cohort and a GEO dataset. We also clarified the role of EPB41L4A-AS2
      expression in mediating cancer cell proliferation in breast, renal, and lung
      cancer cell lines transfected with an EPB41L4A-AS2 expression vector. We found
      that high EPB41L4A-AS2 expression is associated with favorable disease outcomes.
      Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that EPB41L4A-AS2 may be involved in
      processes associated with tumor biology. Finally, overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS2
      inhibited tumor cell proliferation in breast, renal, and lung cancer cell lines.
      Our clinical and in vitro results suggest that EPB41L4A-AS2 inhibits solid tumor
      formation and that evaluation of this long non-coding RNA may have prognostic
      value in the clinical management of such malignancies. 

PMID- 26980734
TI  - Prognostic effect of pregnancy on young female patients with nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma: results from a matched cohort analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the prognosis of pregnancy-associated patients
      with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a young population. METHODS: From June
      1999 to December 2010, 51 patients aged <= 35 years who were diagnosed with NPC
      during pregnancy or within one year after delivery were admitted into the
      pregnancy-associated group in our institution. An additional 51 patients who were
      not pregnant at diagnosis were selected from 451 patients based on the matching
      criteria to match the pregnancy-associated female patients. The primary endpoint
      was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival
      (PFS) and distant-metastasis failure-free survival (DMFS) and locoregional
      failure-free survival (LRFS). RESULTS: The advanced stage was not different
      between the pregnant and the non-pregnant group before matching (69.8% vs. 70.3%,
      P = 0.690). No difference in OS at the median follow-up time of 92 months was
      observed between the pregnancy-associated and the non-pregnant group (85.4% vs.
      92.2%, P = 0.478); likewise, no differences were observed regarding PFS and DMFS.
      However, the pregnancy-associated group had worse LRFS than the non-pregnant
      group (84.8% vs. 95.9%, P = 0.033). When the pregnancy-associated patients were
      dichotomized into an early pregnancy group and a late pregnancy group, our data
      showed that pregnancy interval did not seem to impact the risk of death or
      relapse. CONCLUSION: Our results show that patients in the pregnant group did not
      seem to have more advanced stage or inferior survival than that in the non
      pregnant group.

PMID- 26980735
TI  - Melatonin inhibits TPA-induced oral cancer cell migration by suppressing matrix
      metalloproteinase-9 activation through the histone acetylation.
AB  - Melatonin exerts antimetastatic effects on liver and breast cancer and also
      inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. However, the detailed impacts
      and underlying mechanisms of melatonin on oral cancer cell metastasis are still
      unclear. This study showed that melatonin attenuated the 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced migration of oral cancer cell lines, HSC
      3 and OECM-1. Zymography, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blotting
      analyses revealed that melatonin lessened MMP-9 enzyme activity as well as the
      expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, melatonin suppressed the
      phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signalling pathway, which dampened MMP-9 gene
      transcription by affecting the expression of transcriptional coactivators, such
      as CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) and E1A binding protein p300 (EP300), and
      decreasing histone acetylation in HSC-3 and OECM-1 cells. Examinations on
      clinical samples exhibited that MMP-9, CREBBP, and EP300 were significantly
      increased in oral cancer tissues. Moreover, the relative level of CREBBP was
      positively correlated with the expression of MMP-9 and EP300. In conclusion, we
      demonstrated that melatonin inhibits the motility of HSC-3 and OECM-1 cells in
      vitro through a molecular mechanism that involves attenuation of MMP-9 expression
      and activity mediated by decreased histone acetylation. 

PMID- 26980737
TI  - Mutation based treatment recommendations from next generation sequencing data: a
      comparison of web tools.
AB  - Interpretation of complex cancer genome data, generated by tumor target profiling
      platforms, is key for the success of personalized cancer therapy. How to draw
      therapeutic conclusions from tumor profiling results is not standardized and may
      vary among commercial and academically-affiliated recommendation tools. We
      performed targeted sequencing of 315 genes from 75 metastatic breast cancer
      biopsies using the FoundationOne assay. Results were run through 4 different web
      tools including the Drug-Gene Interaction Database (DGidb), My Cancer Genome
      (MCG), Personalized Cancer Therapy (PCT), and cBioPortal, for drug and clinical
      trial recommendations. These recommendations were compared amongst each other and
      to those provided by FoundationOne. The identification of a gene as targetable
      varied across the different recommendation sources. Only 33% of cases had 4 or
      more sources recommend the same drug for at least one of the usually several
      altered genes found in tumor biopsies. These results indicate further development
      and standardization of broadly applicable software tools that assist in our
      therapeutic interpretation of genomic data is needed. Existing algorithms for
      data acquisition, integration and interpretation will likely need to incorporate
      artificial intelligence tools to improve both content and real-time status. 

PMID- 26980739
TI  - Abrupt quitting is more likely to work than gradual reduction of cigarettes,
      study finds.

PMID- 26980736
TI  - Next-generation sequencing for sensitive detection of BCR-ABL1 mutations relevant
      to tyrosine kinase inhibitor choice in imatinib-resistant patients.
AB  - In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients who fail imatinib treatment, BCR-ABL1
      mutation profiling by Sanger sequencing (SS) is recommended before changing
      therapy since detection of specific mutations influences second-generation
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor (2GTKI) choice. We aimed to assess i) in how many
      patients who relapse on second-line 2GTKI therapy next generation sequencing
      (NGS) may track resistant mutations back to the sample collected at the time of
      imatinib resistance, before 2GTKI start (switchover sample) and ii) whether low
      level mutations identified by NGS always undergo clonal expansion. To this
      purpose, we used NGS to retrospectively analyze 60 imatinib-resistant patients
      (CML, n = 45; Ph+ ALL,n = 15) who had failed second-line 2GTKI therapy and had
      acquired BCR-ABL1 mutations (Group 1) and 25 imatinib-resistant patients (CML, n
      = 21; Ph+ ALL, n = 4) who had responded to second-line 2GTKI therapy, for
      comparison (Group 2). NGS uncovered that in 26 (43%) patients in Group 1, the
      2GTKI-resistant mutations that triggered relapse were already detectable at low
      levels in the switchover sample (median mutation burden, 5%; range 1.1%-18.4%).
      Importantly, none of the low level mutations detected by NGS in switchover
      samples failed to expand whenever the patient received the 2GTKI to whom they
      were insensitive. In contrast, no low level mutation that was resistant to the
      2GTKI the patients subsequently received was detected in the switchover samples
      from Group 2. NGS at the time of imatinib failure reliably identifies clinically
      relevant mutations, thus enabling a more effective therapeutic tailoring. 

PMID- 26980738
TI  - Development of a new outcome prediction model for Chinese patients with penile
      squamous cell carcinoma based on preoperative serum C-reactive protein, body mass
      index, and standard pathological risk factors: the TNCB score group system.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the predictive value and feasibility of the new outcome
      prediction model for Chinese patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma.
      RESULTS: The 3-year disease-specific survival (DSS) survival (DSS) was 92.3% in
      patients with < 8.70 mg/L CRP and 54.9% in those with elevated CRP (P < 0.001).
      The 3-year DSS was 86.5% in patients with a BMI < 22.6 Kg/m2 and 69.9% in those
      with a higher BMI (P = 0.025). In a multivariate analysis, pathological T stage
      (P < 0.001), pathological N stage (P = 0.002), BMI (P = 0.002), and CRP (P =
      0.004) were independent predictors of DSS. A new scoring model was developed,
      consisting of BMI, CRP, and tumor T and N classification. In our study, we found
      that the addition of the above-mentioned parameters significantly increased the
      predictive accuracy of the system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer
      (AJCC) anatomic stage group. The accuracy of the new prediction category was
      verified. METHODS: A total of 172 Chinese patients with penile squamous cell
      cancer were analyzed retrospectively between November 2005 and November 2014.
      Statistical data analysis was conducted using the nonparametric method. Survival
      analysis was performed with the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazard
      model. Based on regression estimates of significant parameters in multivariate
      analysis, a new BMI-, CRP- and pathologic factors-based scoring model was
      developed to predict disease--specific outcomes. The predictive accuracy of the
      model was evaluated using the internal and external validation. CONCLUSIONS: The
      present study demonstrated that the TNCB score group system maybe a precise and
      easy to use tool for predicting outcomes in Chinese penile squamous cell
      carcinoma patients.

PMID- 26980740
TI  - Association between TYK2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune rheumatic
      diseases: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore whether TYK2 polymorphisms are associated
      with susceptibility to autoimmune rheumatic diseases. METHODS: We conducted a
      meta-analysis on the association between TYK2 polymorphisms and autoimmune
      rheumatic diseases. RESULTS: Twelve studies with a total of 16,335 patients and
      30,065 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed an
      association between rheumatic diseases and the 2 allele of the TYK2 rs2304256 (OR
      = 0.885, 95% CI = 0.802-0.978, p = 0.016). Furthermore, stratification by
      ethnicity identified a significant association between this polymorphism and
      rheumatic diseases in Caucasians (OR = 0.822, 95% CI = 0.706-0.889, p = 9.5 * 10(
      7)), but not in Asians (OR = 1.127, 95% CI = 0.835-1.522, p = 0.434). Meta
      analysis by rheumatic disease type revealed a significant association between the
      2 allele of the TYK2 rs2304256 and SLE in Caucasians (OR = 0.737, 95% CI = 0.673
      0.808, p < 1.0 * 10(-8)) but not in Asians (OR = 1.211, 95% CI = 0.813-1.804, p =
      0.347). Meta-analysis revealed that the rs12720356 polymorphism was associated
      with susceptibility to rheumatic diseases in Caucasians (OR = 0.812, 95% CI =
      0.661-0.997, p = 0.046) but not in Asians. Interestingly, the rs280519
      polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to SLE both in
      Caucasians and Asians. However, no associations were found between the
      rs12720270, rs280500, rs280523 and rs8108236 polymorphisms and susceptibility to
      rheumatic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis demonstrates that the TYK2
      rs2304256 and rs12720356 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to
      rheumatic diseases, rs2304256 polymorphism is associated with SLE in Caucasians,
      and rs280519 polymorphism is associated with SLE in Caucasians and Asians.

PMID- 26980741
TI  - Factors associated with thrombosis in pediatric patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The risk of thrombosis is increased in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). Few studies have assessed factors associated with thrombosis
      within the pediatric SLE (pSLE) population. We sought to better characterize
      these associated factors in pSLE patients using the Childhood Arthritis &
      Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) registry. METHODS: Within the CARRA
      registry, patients with a history of thrombosis were compared to those without.
      Univariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios. A multivariable
      logistic regression model was conducted that included variables from the
      univariate analysis that had a p value < 0.10 and other variables identified as
      clinically significant from published literature. RESULTS: Among the 979 pSLE
      patients in the CARRA registry, 24 (2.5%) patients had a history of arterial
      thrombosis and 35 (3.6%) of venous thrombosis. In the univariate analysis, the
      odds ratio of having a thrombotic event were found to be significantly higher in
      patients with a history of vasculitis, avascular necrosis (AVN), or
      antiphospholipid antibody (aPL). Similar results were found for vasculitis, AVN,
      and aPL in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: Our study of pSLE patients
      suggests that vasculitis, positive APL, and AVN are associated with thrombotic
      events in this population.

PMID- 26980742
TI  - Interval estimation in multi-stage drop-the-losers designs.
AB  - Drop-the-losers designs have been discussed extensively in the past decades,
      mostly focusing on two-stage models. The designs with more than two stages have
      recently received increasing attention due to their improved efficiency over the
      corresponding two-stage designs. In this paper, we consider the problem of
      estimating and testing the effect of selected treatment under the setting of
      three-stage drop-the-losers designs. A conservative interval estimator is
      proposed, which is proved to have at least the specified coverage probability
      using a stochastic ordering approach. The proposed interval estimator is also
      demonstrated numerically to have narrower interval width but higher coverage rate
      than the bootstrap method proposed by Bowden and Glimm (Biometrical Journal, vol.
      56, pp. 332-349) in most cases. It is also a straightforward derivation from the
      stochastic ordering result that the family-wise error rate is strongly controlled
      with the maximum achieved at the global null hypothesis.

PMID- 26980743
TI  - The BMJ should be adventurous and lead the way on qualitative research.

PMID- 26980744
TI  - The efficacy and toxicity of individualized intensity-modulated radiotherapy
      based on the tumor extension patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of intensity-modulated
      radiotherapy (IMRT) using individualized clinical target volumes (CTVs) based on
      the loco-regional extension patterns of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS:
      From December 2009 to February 2012, 220 patients with histologically-proven, non
      disseminated NPC were prospectively treated with IMRT according to an
      individualized delineation protocol. CTV1 encompassed the gross tumor volume,
      entire nasopharyngeal mucosa and structures within the pharyngobasilar fascia
      with a margin. CTV2 encompassed bilateral high risk anatomic sites and downstream
      anatomic sites adjacent to primary tumor, bilateral retropharyngeal regions,
      levels II, III and Va, and prophylactic irradiation was gave to one or two levels
      beyond clinical lymph nodes involvement. Clinical outcomes and toxicities were
      evaluated. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 50.8 (range, 1.3-68.0) months, four-year
      local relapse-free, regional relapse-free, distant metastasis-free, disease-free
      and overall survival rates were 94.7%, 97.0%, 91.7%, 87.2% and 91.9%,
      respectively. Acute severe (>= grade 3) mucositis, dermatitis and xerostomia were
      observed in 27.6%, 3.6% and zero patients, respectively. At 1 year, xerostomia
      was mild, with frequencies of Grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 xerostomia of 27.9%, 63.3%,
      8.3% and 0.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IMRT using individualized CTVs provided
      high rates of local and regional control and a favorable toxicity profile in NPC.
      Individualized CTV delineation strategy is a promising one that may effectively
      avoid unnecessary or missed irradiation, and deserve optimization to define more
      precise individualized CTVs.

PMID- 26980745
TI  - PTBP1-associated microRNA-1 and -133b suppress the Warburg effect in colorectal
      tumors.
AB  - It is known that pyruvate kinase in muscle (PKM), which is a rate-limiting
      glycolytic enzyme, has essential roles in the Warburg effect and that expression
      of cancer-dominant PKM2 is increased by polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1
      (PTBP1), which is a splicer of the PKM gene. In other words, PKM2 acts as a
      promoter of the Warburg effect. Previously, we demonstrated that the Warburg
      effect was partially established by down-regulation of several microRNAs (miRs)
      that bind to PTBP1 and that ectopic expression of these miRs suppressed the
      Warburg effect. In this study, we investigated the functions of miR-1 and -133b,
      which are well known as muscle-specific miRs, from the viewpoint of the Warburg
      effect in colorectal tumors. The expression levels of miR-1 and -133b were
      relatively high in colon tissue except muscle and very frequently down-regulated
      in 75 clinical colorectal tumors samples, even in adenomas, compared with those
      of the adjacent normal tissue samples. The ectopic expression of these miRs
      induced growth suppression and autophagic cell death through the switching of PKM
      isoform expression from PKM2 to PKM1 by silencing PTBP1 expression both in vitro
      and in vivo. Also, we showed that the resultant increase in the intracellular
      level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was involved in this mechanism.
      Furthermore, PTBP1 was highly expressed in most of the 30 clinical colorectal
      tumor samples examined, even in adenomas. Our results suggested that PTBP1 and
      PTBP1-associated miR-1 and -133b are crucial molecules for the maintenance of the
      Warburg effect in colorectal tumors. 

PMID- 26980746
TI  - Zoledronic acid-encapsulating self-assembling nanoparticles and doxorubicin: a
      combinatorial approach to overcome simultaneously chemoresistance and
      immunoresistance in breast tumors.
AB  - The resistance to chemotherapy and the tumor escape from host immunosurveillance
      are the main causes of the failure of anthracycline-based regimens in breast
      cancer, where an effective chemo-immunosensitizing strategy is lacking.The
      clinically used aminobisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) reverses chemoresistance
      and immunoresistance in vitro. Previously we developed a nanoparticle-based
      zoledronic acid-containing formulation (NZ) that allowed a higher intratumor
      delivery of the drug compared with free ZA in vivo. We tested its efficacy in
      combination with doxorubicin in breast tumors refractory to chemotherapy and
      immune system recognition as a new combinatorial approach to produce chemo- and
      immunosensitization.NZ reduced the IC50 of doxorubicin in human and murine
      chemoresistant breast cancer cells and restored the doxorubicin efficacy against
      chemo-immunoresistant tumors implanted in immunocompetent mice. By reducing the
      metabolic flux through the mevalonate pathway, NZ lowered the activity of
      Ras/ERK1/2/HIF-1alpha axis and the expression of P-glycoprotein, decreased the
      glycolysis and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, induced a cytochrome
      c/caspase 9/caspase 3-dependent apoptosis, thus restoring the direct cytotoxic
      effects of doxorubicin on tumor cell. Moreover, NZ restored the doxorubicin
      induced immunogenic cell death and reversed the tumor-induced immunosuppression
      due to the production of kynurenine, by inhibiting the STAT3/indoleamine 2,3
      dioxygenase axis. These events increased the number of dendritic cells and
      decreased the number of immunosuppressive T-regulatory cells infiltrating the
      tumors.Our work proposes the use of nanoparticle encapsulating zoledronic acid as
      an effective tool overcoming at the same time chemoresistance and
      immunoresistance in breast tumors, thanks to the effects exerted on tumor cell
      and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. 

PMID- 26980747
TI  - Activation of the IGF1R pathway potentially mediates acquired resistance to
      mutant-selective 3rd-generation EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in
      advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Mutant-selective, 3rd-generation EGFR-TKIs were recently developed to control
      lung cancer cells harboring T790M-mediated resistance. However, the development
      of resistance to these novel drugs seems inevitable. Thus, we investigated the
      mechanism of acquired resistance to the mutant-selective EGFR-TKI WZ4002. We
      established five WZ4002-resistant cells, derived from cells harboring both EGFR
      and T790M mutations by long-term exposure to increasing doses of WZ4002. Compared
      with the parental cells, all resistant cells showed 10-100-folds higher
      resistance to WZ4002, as well as cross-resistance to other mutant-selective
      inhibitors. Among them, three resistant cells (HCC827/WR, PC-9/WR and H1975/WR)
      showed dependency on EGFR signaling, but two other cells (PC-9/GR/WR and PC
      9/ER/WR) were not. Notably, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) was
      aberrantly activated in PC-9/GR/WR cells in phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase
      array, consistently accompanied by loss of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3). Down
      regulation of IGF1R by shRNA, as well as inhibition of IGF1R activity either by
      AG-1024 (a small molecule IGF1R inhibitor) or BI 836845 (a monoclonal anti-IGF1/2
      blocking antibody), restored the sensitivity to WZ4002 both in vitro and
      xenograft. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of the IGF1R
      pathway associated with IGFBP3 loss can induce an acquired resistance to the
      mutant-selective EGFR-TKI, WZ4002. Therefore, a combined therapy of IGF1R
      inhibitors and mutant-selective EGFR-TKIs might be a viable treatment strategy
      for overcoming acquired resistance. 

PMID- 26980748
TI  - Whole transcriptome profiling of patient-derived xenograft models as a tool to
      identify both tumor and stromal specific biomarkers.
AB  - The tumor microenvironment is emerging as a key regulator of cancer growth and
      progression, however the exact mechanisms of interaction with the tumor are
      poorly understood. Whilst the majority of genomic profiling efforts thus far have
      focused on the tumor, here we investigate RNA-Seq as a hypothesis-free tool to
      generate independent tumor and stromal biomarkers, and explore tumor-stroma
      interactions by exploiting the human-murine compartment specificity of patient
      derived xenografts (PDX).Across a pan-cancer cohort of 79 PDX models, we
      determine that mouse stroma can be separated into distinct clusters, each
      corresponding to a specific stromal cell type. This implies heterogeneous
      recruitment of mouse stroma to the xenograft independent of tumor type. We then
      generate cross-species expression networks to recapitulate a known association
      between tumor epithelial cells and fibroblast activation, and propose a
      potentially novel relationship between two hypoxia-associated genes, human MIF
      and mouse Ddx6. Assessment of disease subtype also reveals MMP12 as a putative
      stromal marker of triple-negative breast cancer. Finally, we establish that our
      ability to dissect recruited stroma from trans-differentiated tumor cells is
      crucial to identifying stem-like poor-prognosis signatures in the tumor
      compartment.In conclusion, RNA-Seq is a powerful, cost-effective solution to
      global analysis of human tumor and mouse stroma simultaneously, providing new
      insights into mouse stromal heterogeneity and compartment-specific disease
      markers that are otherwise overlooked by alternative technologies. The study
      represents the first comprehensive analysis of its kind across multiple PDX
      models, and supports adoption of the approach in pre-clinical drug efficacy
      studies, and compartment-specific biomarker discovery. 

PMID- 26980750
TI  - Mutations of SETBP1 and JAK3 in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: a report from
      the Italian AIEOP study group.
AB  - Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare aggressive disease of early
      childhood. Driver mutations in the Ras signaling pathways are a key feature of
      JMML patients. Mutations in SETBP1 and JAK3 were recently identified in a subset
      of JMML patients characterized by poor prognosis and progression of disease. In
      this study, we report the results of a screening for mutations in SETBP1 and JAK3
      of a cohort of seventy Italian patients with JMML, identifying 11.4% of them
      harboring secondary mutations in these two genes and discovering two new
      mutations in the SKI domain of SETBP1.JMML xenotransplantation and colony assay
      provide an initial understanding of the secondary nature of these events
      occurring in early precursor cells and suggest a different propagating capacity
      of clones harboring particular mutations. 

PMID- 26980751
TI  - The holistic rhizosphere: integrating zones, processes, and semantics in the soil
      influenced by roots.
AB  - Despite often being conceptualized as a thin layer of soil around roots, the
      rhizosphere is actually a dynamic system of interacting processes. Hiltner
      originally defined the rhizosphere as the soil influenced by plant roots.
      However, soil physicists, chemists, microbiologists, and plant physiologists have
      studied the rhizosphere independently, and therefore conceptualized the
      rhizosphere in different ways and using contrasting terminology. Rather than
      research-specific conceptions of the rhizosphere, the authors propose a holistic
      rhizosphere encapsulating the following components: microbial community
      gradients, macroorganisms, mucigel, volumes of soil structure modification, and
      depletion or accumulation zones of nutrients, water, root exudates, volatiles,
      and gases. These rhizosphere components are the result of dynamic processes and
      understanding the integration of these processes will be necessary for future
      contributions to rhizosphere science based upon interdisciplinary collaborations.
      In this review, current knowledge of the rhizosphere is synthesized using this
      holistic perspective with a focus on integrating traditionally separated
      rhizosphere studies. The temporal dynamics of rhizosphere activities will also be
      considered, from annual fine root turnover to diurnal fluctuations of water and
      nutrient uptake. The latest empirical and computational methods are discussed in
      the context of rhizosphere integration. Clarification of rhizosphere semantics, a
      holistic model of the rhizosphere, examples of integration of rhizosphere studies
      across disciplines, and review of the latest rhizosphere methods will empower
      rhizosphere scientists from different disciplines to engage in the
      interdisciplinary collaborations needed to break new ground in truly
      understanding the rhizosphere and to apply this knowledge for practical guidance.

PMID- 26980749
TI  - Evaluation and consequences of heterogeneity in the circulating tumor cell
      compartment.
AB  - A growing understanding of the molecular biology of cancer and the identification
      of specific aberrations driving cancer evolution have led to the development of
      various targeted agents. Therapeutic decisions concerning these drugs are often
      guided by single biopsies of the primary tumor. Yet, it is well known that tumors
      can exhibit significant heterogeneity and change over time as a result of
      selective pressure. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed from various tumor
      sites and are thought to represent the molecular landscape of a patient's overall
      tumor burden. Moreover, a minimal-invasive liquid biopsy facilitates monitoring
      of clonal evolution during therapy pressure and disease progression in real-time.
      While more information becomes available regarding heterogeneity among CTCs,
      comparison between these studies is needed. In this review, we focus on the
      genomic and transcriptional heterogeneity found in the CTC compartment, and its
      significance for clinical decision making.

PMID- 26980753
TI  - Is Tradition Trumping Evidence in the Treatment of Young, Febrile Infants?

PMID- 26980752
TI  - A Meta-analysis of the Rates of Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus in
      Febrile Infants.
AB  - CONTEXT: A change in the epidemiology of pathogens causing serious bacterial
      infection (SBI) has been noted since original recommendations were made for the
      empirical antibiotic choices for young infants with fever. OBJECTIVE: To assess
      the prevalence of SBI caused by Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus species.
      DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted on keywords related to SBI, L.
      monocytogenes, and Enterococcus spp. infections. STUDY SELECTION: Eligible
      studies were those conducted in the United States and published between January
      1998 and June 2014 focusing on SBI in infants<=90 days of age. DATA EXTRACTION:
      The rates of urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and meningitis for each
      pathogen were recorded for each study. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate
      the prevalence for each pathogen in a random effects model with 0.5 continuity
      correction added to studies with zero events. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were
      included. A total of 20,703 blood cultures were included, with weighted
      prevalences for L. monocytogenes and Enterococcus spp. bacteremia of 0.03% and
      0.09%, respectively. A total of 13,775 cerebrospinal fluid cultures were included
      with event rates (unweighted prevalences) for L. monocytogenes and Enterococcus
      spp. meningitis of 0.02% and 0.03%, respectively. A total of 18,283 urine
      cultures were included, with no cases of L. monocytogenes and a weighted
      prevalence for Enterococcus spp. urinary tract infection of 0.28%. LIMITATIONS:
      There may have been reporting bias or incomplete retrieval or inadvertent
      exclusion of relevant studies. CONCLUSIONS: SBI caused by L. monocytogenes and
      Enterococcus spp. in febrile infants is rare, and therefore clinicians may
      consider a change in empirical antibiotic choices.

PMID- 26980754
TI  - Trends in US Hospital Stays for Listeriosis in Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although listeriosis is rare in infants, it is common
      for young infants with suspected serious bacterial infection to be treated
      empirically with agents selected, in part, for their activity against Listeria
      monocytogenes. Our objectives were to describe the recent epidemiology of
      hospital discharges for listeriosis among infants in the United States and to
      precisely estimate the incidence of listeriosis according to infant age and
      meningitis status. METHODS: We generated national estimates for listeriosis
      discharges in each of the 6 years for which samples were available in the Kids'
      Inpatient Database during the period 1997-2012. We used random-effects models to
      pool descriptive information and population rates across study years. RESULTS:
      The cumulative number of US hospital discharges for listeriosis in infants was
      344 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 290-397) over the 6 study years. The pooled
      annual incidence rate in infants (per 100,000 births) was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.01
      1.80) after accounting for marked fluctuation in annual rates (range: 0.66-1.86;
      I2=79.3%). Discharges for listeriosis without meningitis were particularly rare
      after the first week of life. Our models predicted only 2.7 (95% CI: 1.1-4.2) and
      1.8 (95% CI: 0.0-3.6) such discharges per year in infants admitted at ages 7 to
      28 days and 29 to 364 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of
      providing coverage against listeriosis, the routine practice of including
      ampicillin in the empirical treatment of febrile infants should be reevaluated
      for those older than 1 week without clinical evidence of meningitis.

PMID- 26980755
TI  - Salicylic acid analogues as chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI contrast
      agents for the assessment of brain perfusion territory and blood-brain barrier
      opening after intra-arterial infusion.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle for drug delivery to the brain.
      Predicted, focal opening of the BBB through intra-arterial infusion of
      hyperosmolar mannitol is feasible, but there is a need to facilitate imaging
      techniques (e.g. MRI) to guide interventional procedures and assess the outcomes.
      Here, we show that salicylic acid analogues (SAA) can depict the brain territory
      supplied by the catheter and detect the BBB opening, through chemical exchange
      saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Hyperosmolar SAA solutions themselves are also
      capable of opening the BBB, and, when multiple SAA agents were co-injected, their
      locoregional perfusion could be differentiated.

PMID- 26980756
TI  - Searching for a truly "iso-metabolic" gas challenge in physiological MRI.
AB  - Hypercapnia challenge (e.g. inhalation of CO2) has been used in calibrated fMRI
      as well as in the mapping of vascular reactivity in cerebrovascular diseases. An
      important assumption underlying these measurements is that CO2 is a pure vascular
      challenge but does not alter neural activity. However, recent reports have
      suggested that CO2 inhalation may suppress neural activity and brain metabolic
      rate. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose and test a gas challenge
      that is truly "iso-metabolic," by adding a hypoxic component to the hypercapnic
      challenge, since hypoxia has been shown to enhance cerebral metabolic rate of
      oxygen (CMRO2). Measurement of global CMRO2 under various gas challenge
      conditions revealed that, while hypercapnia (P = 0.002) and hypoxia (P = 0.002)
      individually altered CMRO2 (by -7.6 +/- 1.7% and 16.7 +/- 4.1%, respectively),
      inhalation of hypercapnic-hypoxia gas (5% CO2/13% O2) did not change brain
      metabolism (CMRO2 change: 1.5 +/- 3.9%, P = 0.92). Moreover, cerebral blood flow
      response to the hypercapnic-hypoxia challenge (in terms of % change per mmHg CO2
      change) was even greater than that to hypercapnia alone (P = 0.007). Findings in
      this study suggest that hypercapnic-hypoxia gas challenge may be a useful
      maneuver in physiological MRI as it preserves vasodilatory response yet does not
      alter brain metabolism.

PMID- 26980757
TI  - Metabolic network expression in parkinsonism: Clinical and dopaminergic
      correlations.
AB  - Little is known of the precise relationship between the expression of disease
      related metabolic patterns and nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in
      parkinsonism. We studied 51 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) (18 non
      demented, 24 demented, and 9 dementia with Lewy bodies) and 127 with atypical
      parkinsonian syndromes (47 multiple system atrophy (MSA), 38 progressive
      supranuclear palsy (PSP), and 42 corticobasal syndrome (CBS)) with 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose PET to quantify the expression of previously validated disease
      related patterns for PD, MSA, PSP, and CBS and 18F-fluoropropyl-beta-CIT PET to
      quantify caudate and putamen dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. The patients in
      each group exhibited significant elevations in the expression of the
      corresponding disease-related pattern ( p < 0.001), relative to 16 healthy
      subjects. With the exception of cerebellar MSA (MSA-C), all groups displayed
      significant reductions in putamen DAT binding relative to healthy subjects ( p <
      0.05). Correlations between the dopaminergic and metabolic measures were
      significant in PD and CBS but not in MSA and PSP. In all patient groups with the
      exception of MSA-C and CBS, pattern expression values and DAT binding correlated
      with disease duration and severity measures. The findings suggest that in these
      parkinsonian disorders, metabolic network expression and DAT binding provide
      complementary information regarding the underlying disease process.

PMID- 26980758
TI  - Qualitative research, observational research, and The BMJ.

PMID- 26980761
TI  - Oncoprotein HBXIP Modulates Abnormal Lipid Metabolism and Growth of Breast Cancer
      Cells by Activating the LXRs/SREBP-1c/FAS Signaling Cascade.
AB  - Abnormal lipid metabolism is a hallmark of tumorigenesis. Accumulating evidence
      demonstrates that fatty acid synthase (FAS, FASN) is a metabolic oncogene that
      supports the growth and survival of tumor cells and is highly expressed in many
      cancers. Here, we report that the oncoprotein, hepatitis B X-interacting protein
      (HBXIP, LAMTOR5) contributes to abnormal lipid metabolism. We show that high
      expression of HBXIP in 236 breast cancer patients was significantly associated
      with decreased overall survival and progression-free survival. Interestingly, the
      expression of HBXIP was positively related to that of FAS in clinical breast
      cancer tissues, and HBXIP overexpression in breast cancer cells resulted in FAS
      upregulation. Mechanistically, HBXIP upregulated SREBP-1c (SREBF1), which
      activates the transcription of FAS, by directly interacting with and coactivating
      nuclear receptor (NR) liver X receptors (LXR). Physiologically, LXRs are
      activated via a coactivator containing NR motif in a ligand-dependent manner.
      However, in breast cancer cells, HBXIP containing the corepressor/nuclear
      receptor motif with special flanking sequence could coactivate LXRs independent
      of ligand. Moreover, overexpressed SREBP-1c was able to activate the
      transcription of HBXIP, forming a positive-feedback loop. Functionally, HBXIP
      enhanced lipogenesis, resulting in the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and
      in vivo Thus, we conclude that the oncoprotein HBXIP contributes to the abnormal
      lipid metabolism in breast cancer through LXRs/SREBP-1c/FAS signaling, providing
      new insights into the mechanisms by which cancer cells reprogram lipid metabolism
      in their favor. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4696-707. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980763
TI  - MIF Maintains the Tumorigenic Capacity of Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells by
      Directly Inhibiting p53.
AB  - Tumor-initiating cells thought to drive brain cancer are embedded in a complex
      heterogeneous histology. In this study, we isolated primary cells from 21 human
      brain tumor specimens to establish cell lines with high tumorigenic potential and
      to identify the molecules enabling this capability. The morphology, sphere
      forming ability upon expansion, and differentiation potential of all cell lines
      were indistinguishable in vitro However, testing for tumorigenicity revealed two
      distinct cell types, brain tumor-initiating cells (BTIC) and non-BTIC. We found
      that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was highly expressed in BTIC
      compared with non-BTIC. MIF bound directly to both wild-type and mutant p53 but
      regulated p53-dependent cell growth by different mechanisms, depending on glioma
      cell line and p53 status. MIF physically interacted with wild-type p53 in the
      nucleus and inhibited its transcription-dependent functions. In contrast, MIF
      bound to mutant p53 in the cytoplasm and abrogated transcription-independent
      induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, MIF knockdown inhibited BTIC-induced tumor
      formation in a mouse xenograft model, leading to increased overall survival.
      Collectively, our findings suggest that MIF regulates BTIC function through
      direct, intracellular inhibition of p53, shedding light on the molecular
      mechanisms underlying the tumorigenicity of certain malignant brain cells. Cancer
      Res; 76(9); 2813-23. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980762
TI  - Analysis of Liver Tumor-Prone Mouse Models of the Hippo Kinase Scaffold Proteins
      RASSF1A and SAV1.
AB  - The tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A is epigenetically silenced in most human
      cancers. As a binding partner of the kinases MST1 and MST2, the mammalian
      orthologs of the Drosophila Hippo kinase, RASSF1A is a potential regulator of the
      Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. RASSF1A shares these properties with the scaffold
      protein SAV1. The role of this pathway in human cancer has remained enigmatic
      inasmuch as Hippo pathway components are rarely mutated in tumors. Here we show
      that Rassf1a homozygous knockout mice develop liver tumors. However, heterozygous
      deletion of Sav1 or codeletion of Rassf1a and Sav1 produced liver tumors with
      much higher efficiency than single deletion of Rassf1a. Analysis of RASSF1A
      binding partners by mass spectrometry identified the Hippo kinases MST1, MST2,
      and the oncogenic IkappaB kinase TBK1 as the most enriched RASSF1A-interacting
      proteins. The transcriptome of Rassf1a(-/-) livers was more deregulated than that
      of Sav1(+/-) livers, and the transcriptome of Rassf1a(-/-), Sav1(+/-) livers was
      similar to that of Rassf1a(-/-) mice. We found that the levels of TBK1 protein
      were substantially upregulated in livers lacking Rassf1a. Furthermore,
      transcripts of several beta-tubulin isoforms were increased in the Rassf1a
      deficient livers presumably reflecting a role of RASSF1A as a microtubule
      stabilizing protein. In human liver cancer, RASSF1A frequently undergoes
      methylation at the promoter but this was not observed for MST1, MST2, or SAV1.
      Our results suggest a multifactorial role of RASSF1A in suppression of liver
      carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2824-35. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980764
TI  - IL15 Agonists Overcome the Immunosuppressive Effects of MEK Inhibitors.
AB  - Many signal transduction inhibitors are being developed for cancer therapy target
      pathways that are also important for the proper function of antitumor
      lymphocytes, possibly weakening their therapeutic effects. Here we show that most
      inhibitors targeting multiple signaling pathways have especially strong negative
      effects on T-cell activation at their active doses on cancer cells. In
      particular, we found that recently approved MEK inhibitors displayed potent
      suppressive effects on T cells in vitro However, these effects could be
      attenuated by certain cytokines that can be administered to cancer patients.
      Among them, clinically available IL15 superagonists, which can activate PI3K
      selectively in T lymphocytes, synergized with MEK inhibitors in vivo to elicit
      potent and durable antitumor responses, including by a vaccine-like effect that
      generated resistance to tumor rechallenge. Our work identifies a clinically
      actionable approach to overcome the T-cell-suppressive effects of MEK inhibitors
      and illustrates how to reconcile the deficiencies of signal transduction
      inhibitors, which impede desired immunologic effects in vivo Cancer Res; 76(9);
      2561-72. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980766
TI  - CK2alpha' Drives Lung Cancer Metastasis by Targeting BRMS1 Nuclear Export and
      Degradation.
AB  - Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) is decreased in non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) and other solid tumors, and its loss correlates with increased
      metastases. We show that BRMS1 is posttranslationally regulated by TNF-induced
      casein kinase 2 catalytic subunit (CK2alpha') phosphorylation of nuclear BRMS1 on
      serine 30 (S30), resulting in 14-3-3epsilon-mediated nuclear exportation,
      increased BRMS1 cytosolic expression, and ubiquitin-proteasome-induced BRMS1
      degradation. Using our in vivo orthotopic mouse model of lung cancer metastases,
      we found that mutation of S30 in BRMS1 or the use of the CK2-specific small
      molecule inhibitor CX4945 abrogates CK2alpha'-induced cell migration and invasion
      and decreases NSCLC metastasis by 60-fold. Analysis of 160 human NSCLC specimens
      confirmed that tumor CK2alpha' and cytoplasmic BRMS1 expression levels are
      associated with increased tumor recurrence, metastatic foci, and reduced disease
      free survival. Collectively, we identify a therapeutically exploitable
      posttranslational mechanism by which CK2alpha-mediated degradation of BRMS1
      promotes metastases in lung cancer. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2675-86. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980768
TI  - Enhanced Histone Deacetylase Activity in Malignant Melanoma Provokes RAD51 and
      FANCD2-Triggered Drug Resistance.
AB  - DNA-damaging anticancer drugs remain a part of metastatic melanoma therapy.
      Epigenetic reprogramming caused by increased histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity
      arising during tumor formation may contribute to resistance of melanomas to the
      alkylating drugs temozolomide, dacarbazine, and fotemustine. Here, we report on
      the impact of class I HDACs on the response of malignant melanoma cells treated
      with alkylating agents. The data show that malignant melanomas in situ contain a
      high level of HDAC1/2 and malignant melanoma cells overexpress HDAC1/2/3 compared
      with noncancer cells. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of class I HDACs
      sensitizes malignant melanoma cells to apoptosis following exposure to alkylating
      agents, while not affecting primary melanocytes. Inhibition of HDAC1/2/3 caused
      sensitization of melanoma cells to temozolomide in vitro and in melanoma
      xenografts in vivo HDAC1/2/3 inhibition resulted in suppression of DNA double
      strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination because of downregulation
      of RAD51 and FANCD2. This sensitized cells to the cytotoxic DNA lesion O(6)
      methylguanine and caused a synthetic lethal interaction with the PARP-1 inhibitor
      olaparib. Furthermore, knockdown experiments identified HDAC2 as being
      responsible for the regulation of RAD51. The influence of class I HDACs on DSB
      repair by homologous recombination and the possible clinical implication on
      malignant melanoma therapy with temozolomide and other alkylating drugs suggests
      a combination approach where class I HDAC inhibitors such as valproic acid or MS
      275 (entinostat) appear to counteract HDAC- and RAD51/FANCD2-mediated melanoma
      cell resistance. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3067-77. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980765
TI  - The EGF Receptor Promotes the Malignant Potential of Glioma by Regulating Amino
      Acid Transport System xc(-).
AB  - Extracellular free amino acids contribute to the interaction between a tumor and
      its microenvironment through effects on cellular metabolism and malignant
      behavior. System xc(-) is composed of xCT and CD98hc subunits and functions as a
      plasma membrane antiporter for the uptake of extracellular cystine in exchange
      for intracellular glutamate. Here, we show that the EGFR interacts with xCT and
      thereby promotes its cell surface expression and function in human glioma cells.
      EGFR-expressing glioma cells manifested both enhanced antioxidant capacity as a
      result of increased cystine uptake, as well as increased glutamate, which
      promotes matrix invasion. Imaging mass spectrometry also revealed that brain
      tumors formed in mice by human glioma cells stably overexpressing EGFR contained
      higher levels of reduced glutathione compared with those formed by parental
      cells. Targeted inhibition of xCT suppressed the EGFR-dependent enhancement of
      antioxidant capacity in glioma cells, as well as tumor growth and invasiveness.
      Our findings establish a new functional role for EGFR in promoting the malignant
      potential of glioma cells through interaction with xCT at the cell surface.
      Cancer Res; 76(10); 2954-63. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980769
TI  - The Prosurvival IKK-Related Kinase IKKepsilon Integrates LPS and IL17A Signaling
      Cascades to Promote Wnt-Dependent Tumor Development in the Intestine.
AB  - Constitutive Wnt signaling promotes intestinal cell proliferation, but signals
      from the tumor microenvironment are also required to support cancer development.
      The role that signaling proteins play to establish a tumor microenvironment has
      not been extensively studied. Therefore, we assessed the role of the
      proinflammatory Ikk-related kinase Ikkepsilon in Wnt-driven tumor development. We
      found that Ikkepsilon was activated in intestinal tumors forming upon loss of the
      tumor suppressor Apc Genetic ablation of Ikkepsilon in beta-catenin-driven models
      of intestinal cancer reduced tumor incidence and consequently extended survival.
      Mechanistically, we attributed the tumor-promoting effects of Ikkepsilon to
      limited TNF-dependent apoptosis in transformed intestinal epithelial cells. In
      addition, Ikkepsilon was also required for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL17A
      induced activation of Akt, Mek1/2, Erk1/2, and Msk1. Accordingly, genes encoding
      pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and anti-microbial peptides were
      downregulated in Ikkepsilon-deficient tissues, subsequently affecting the
      recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and IL17A synthesis. Further studies
      revealed that IL17A synergized with commensal bacteria to trigger Ikkepsilon
      phosphorylation in transformed intestinal epithelial cells, establishing a
      positive feedback loop to support tumor development. Therefore, TNF, LPS, and
      IL17A-dependent signaling pathways converge on Ikkepsilon to promote cell
      survival and to establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment in the intestine
      upon constitutive Wnt activation. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2587-99. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980767
TI  - TGFbeta Signaling in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Fibrosis and
      Immune Evasion to Facilitate Tumorigenesis.
AB  - In early pancreatic carcinogenesis, TGFbeta acts as a tumor suppressor due to its
      growth-inhibitory effects in epithelial cells. However, in advanced disease,
      TGFbeta appears to promote tumor progression. Therefore, to better understand the
      contributions of TGFbeta signaling to pancreatic carcinogenesis, we generated
      mouse models of pancreatic cancer with either epithelial or systemic TGFBR
      deficiency. We found that epithelial suppression of TGFbeta signals facilitated
      pancreatic tumorigenesis, whereas global loss of TGFbeta signaling protected
      against tumor development via inhibition of tumor-associated fibrosis, stromal
      TGFbeta1 production, and the resultant restoration of antitumor immune function.
      Similarly, TGFBR-deficient T cells resisted TGFbeta-induced inactivation ex vivo,
      and adoptive transfer of TGFBR-deficient CD8(+) T cells led to enhanced
      infiltration and granzyme B-mediated destruction of developing tumors. These
      findings paralleled our observations in human patients, where TGFbeta expression
      correlated with increased fibrosis and associated negatively with expression of
      granzyme B. Collectively, our findings suggest that, despite opposing the
      proliferation of some epithelial cells, TGFbeta may promote pancreatic cancer
      development by affecting stromal and hematopoietic cell function. Therefore, the
      use of TGFBR inhibition to target components of the tumor microenvironment
      warrants consideration as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer, particularly
      in patients who have already lost tumor-suppressive TGFbeta signals in the
      epithelium. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2525-39. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26980771
TI  - Usefulness of Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein and Myocardial Performance
      Index for Early Detection of 5-Fluorouracil Cardiotoxicity.
AB  - In the present study, we aimed to evaluate temporal changes in heart-type fatty
      acid-binding protein (h-FABP) and myocardial performance index (Tei index)
      following administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent
      associated with myocardial ischemia induced by coronary vasospasm. Thirty-two
      patients with cancer receiving their first 5-FU-based chemotherapy were included
      in the study. Prior to chemotherapy and 24 hours after the initiation of
      chemotherapy, all patients underwent a comprehensive echocardiographic
      examination. Blood samples were taken for h-FABP and troponin I (TnI)
      measurements at different time points during the first 24 hours of 5-FU
      administration. Postinfusion echocardiography revealed worsening in Tei index
      (0.37 +/- 0.08 vs 0.43 +/- 0.07, P < .001). Clinically overt cardiotoxicity was
      evident in 4 (12.5%) of our patient population. Heart-type fatty acid binding
      protein and TnI levels were within normal ranges at all time points. Our results
      suggest that ischemia coronary vasospasm due to 5-FU cardiotoxicity should be
      reviewed. Furthermore, Tei index might be a sensitive indicator of occult 5-FU
      cardiotoxicity.

PMID- 26980770
TI  - Effectiveness of bilateral tubotubal anastomosis in a large outpatient
      population.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Is bilateral tubotubal anastomosis a successful treatment in an
      outpatient patient population? SUMMARY ANSWER: For women wanting children after
      tubal sterilization, bilateral tubotubal anastomosis is an effective outpatient
      treatment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: With the current emphasis in reproductive
      medicine on high technology procedures, the effectiveness of female surgical
      sterilization reversal is often overlooked. Previous clinical studies of tubal
      sterilization reversal have been mostly retrospective analyses of small patient
      populations. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A cohort of women who underwent
      outpatient bilateral tubotubal anastomosis from January 2000 to June 2013 was
      followed prospectively until December 2014 to determine the proportions of women
      undergoing the procedure who became pregnant and who had live births. Data were
      collected at the time of pregnancy. Differences in pregnancy rates and live birth
      rates associated with age, race and sterilization method were evaluated.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A total of 6692 women, aged 20-51
      years, underwent outpatient bilateral tubotubal anastomosis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE
      ROLE OF CHANCE: The crude overall pregnancy rate was 69%. The crude overall birth
      rate was 35%. Results varied according to age at sterilization reversal and the
      method of sterilization. Women under 30 years of age at reversal of ring/clip
      sterilizations had an 88% pregnancy rate and 62% birth rate. Pregnancy and birth
      rates declined as age increased at sterilization reversal. Coagulation
      sterilization reversals resulted in the lowest rates of pregnancies and births.
      Ligation/resection reversals had intermediate success rates. LIMITATIONS, REASONS
      FOR CAUTION: Limitations of our study include probable underreporting of
      pregnancies based on patient-initiated reports; possible errors in the reporting
      of pregnancies or early miscarriages that may have been based solely on home
      pregnancy tests; and probable over-reporting of the diagnosis of ectopic
      pregnancies. We identified age and sterilization method as being associated with
      subsequent pregnancy, however, in order to be considered predictive, the
      associations would need to be validated in an independent second prospectively
      studied group of representative patients. Finally, we also included patients in
      the study population who had additional surgical procedures performed at the time
      of tubotubal anastomosis (e.g. uterine myomectomy, fimbrioplasty, ovarian
      cystectomy and adhesiolysis), factors that could result in differences in
      pregnancy statistics in our study versus other patient populations. WIDER
      IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The results of this study can help inform patients
      and clinicians about this low technology alternative to IVF. STUDY
      FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

PMID- 26980772
TI  - Plasma Endocan Levels in Patients With Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia.
AB  - Endocan is a soluble proteoglycan, secreted by human vascular endothelial cells.
      Endocan is a marker for vascular pathologies and an important mediator of
      angiogenesis, strongly associated with inflammation, vascular endothelial
      dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. The relationship between coronary artery
      ectasia (CAE) and endocan has not been evaluated. We aimed to investigate this
      association. Fifty-four patients with isolated CAE without coronary stenosis and
      30 controls with normal coronary angiogram were included in this study. Endocan
      plasma concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      Patients with isolated CAE had significantly higher levels of endocan compared to
      the controls (18.9 +/- 7.3 vs 15.6 +/- 3.6 ng/mL; P = .007). There was a
      significant correlation between endocan levels and severity of isolated CAE
      according to the Markis classification ( r = -.593, P < .001). Plasma endocan
      levels may reflect the presence and severity of isolated CAE, suggesting that
      endocan may be involved in pathogenesis of isolated CAE.

PMID- 26980773
TI  - Endovascular Therapy for Infrainguinal Artery Disease With Coronary Devices: A
      Retrospective Observational Study Comparing Drug-Eluting Stents Versus
      Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds.
AB  - Several devices are available for infrainguinal endovascular therapy, with drug
      eluting stents (DES) among the most promising. Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds
      (BVS) may further improve outcomes. We have liberally used in our practice
      coronary DES and BVS for infrainguinal endovascular therapy and hereby report our
      preliminary results. We conducted an observational study by retrospectively
      identifying characteristics of patients undergoing infrainguinal implantation of
      coronary DES or BVS. We compared the risk of major adverse events (MAE: death,
      amputation, or target vessel revascularization [TVR]) and components of MAE in
      the overall sample and after propensity matching. We included a total of 204
      patients (207 limbs), 148 (72.5%) treated with DES and 56 (27.5%) with BVS.
      Bivariate analysis showed that TVR was less common in the DES group (41.9% vs
      18.4%, P = .014). However, propensity-matched analysis showed nearly identical
      risks of MAE, amputation, TVR, or symptom burden with DES and BVS (all P > .05).
      In conclusion, the present pilot experience with coronary BVS suggests that they
      could provide acceptable results for infrainguinal endovascular procedures,
      comparable to those obtained by their metallic counterpart.

PMID- 26980775
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Endovascular Therapy for Aortoiliac TASC D Lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although there is increasing evidence of the effectiveness of
      endovascular therapy for complex aortoiliac (AI) occlusive disease, it is not
      universally applied to TASC D lesions. METHODS: A total of 2096 patients, 2601
      limbs with AI occlusive disease, were enrolled. The lesions were categorized as
      TASC D (395) or TASC A-C (2206), and we compared baseline data, procedure, and
      follow-up result between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The success rate of the procedure
      was significantly lower in the TASC D group (91.6% vs 99.3%, P < .01), and more
      procedure complications occurred in the TASC D group (11.1% vs 5.2%, P < .01).
      The results of a 5-year follow-up revealed no significant difference in primary
      patency (77.9% vs 77.1%, P = .17) and major adverse cardiovascular and limb
      events (MACLE; 30.5% vs 33.4%, P = .42) between the 2 groups. A multivariate
      analysis revealed complications and critical limb ischemia are independent
      predictors of MACLE in the TASC D group. CONCLUSION: The success rate of the
      procedure was lower in the TASC D group. Complications were more frequent in the
      TASC D group, and they were related to MACLE.

PMID- 26980774
TI  - Lipoprotein(a) Levels in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.
AB  - Circulating markers relevant to the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm
      (AAA) are currently required. Lipoprotein(a), Lp(a), is considered a candidate
      marker associated with the presence of AAA. The present meta-analysis aimed to
      evaluate the association between circulating Lp(a) levels and the presence of
      AAA. The PubMed-based search was conducted up to April 30, 2015, to identify the
      studies focusing on Lp(a) levels in patients with AAA and controls. Quantitative
      data synthesis was performed using a random effects model, with standardized mean
      difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as summary statistics. Overall,
      9 studies were identified. After a combined analysis, patients with AAA were
      found to have a significantly higher level of Lp(a) compared to the controls
      (SMD: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.41-1.33, P < .001). This result remained robust in the
      sensitivity analysis, and its significance was not influenced after omitting each
      of the included studies from the meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis
      confirmed a higher level of circulating Lp(a) in patients with AAA compared to
      controls. High Lp(a) levels can be associated with the presence of AAA, and Lp(a)
      may be a marker in screening for AAA. Further studies are needed to establish the
      clinical utility of measuring Lp(a) in the prevention and management of AAA.

PMID- 26980776
TI  - Circulating miR-130a, miR-27b, and miR-210 in Patients With Peripheral Artery
      Disease and Their Potential Relationship With Oxidative Stress.
AB  - Some emerging risk factors such as oxidative stress biomarkers and microRNAs
      (miRs) may add additional value to the established risk factors for peripheral
      artery disease (PAD). We enrolled 27 patients with PAD and 27 age-matched
      controls. We examined the levels of a series of miRs (miR-130a, miR-27b, and miR
      210) in serum samples. The level of well-established oxidative stress biomarkers,
      such as lipid hydroperoxides, isoprostanes, hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and reduced
      glutathione, was also measured in plasma and their relationship with the miRs was
      determined. Levels of miR-130a, miR-27b, and miR-210 were significantly increased
      in patients with PAD when compared to the controls. The level of miR-130 was
      positively correlated with body mass index, whereas miR-210 was inversely
      associated with pain-free walking distance (PfWD). None of the evaluated miRs was
      associated with lowered PfWD of patients with PAD (stage IIa > 250 m, IIb < 250
      m) or oxidative stress parameters. In conclusion, our findings suggest the need
      for more research to assess if miRs can serve as useful markers for the early
      diagnosis and monitoring of PAD.

PMID- 26980778
TI  - Premature closure? Not so fast.

PMID- 26980777
TI  - Gonadotropin ratio affects the in vitro growth of rhesus ovarian preantral
      follicles.
AB  - In vitro follicle growth (IVFG) strategy is critical in the fertility
      preservation of cancer survivors; however, its optimal protocol needs to be
      developed using primate models since the availability of human samples is
      limited. Only a few previous studies have reported the successful IVFG of rhesus
      monkey ovaries using low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (0.3 or 3 ng/mL)
      and long-term culture (up to 5 weeks) and it is still uncertain in regard to the
      optimal culture duration and effective dose of treated gonadotropins applicable
      to the IVFG of rhesus preantral follicles. Recently, we have reported that the
      FSH to luteinizing hormone (LH) ratio affects the in vitro growth of murine
      ovarian follicles. We aimed to investigate whether gonadotropin ratios affect the
      efficiency of rhesus follicular growth in vitro Ovaries were collected from six
      necropsied rhesus macaques (4-9 years) and preantral follicles were retrieved and
      cultured for 14 days using 200 mIU/mL FSH. The characteristics of follicular
      growth were compared between the FSH:LH=1:1 (n=24) and FSH:LH=2:1 (n=24) groups.
      High concentration gonadotropin treatment shortened the duration required for in
      vitro maturation of rhesus preantral follicles. The FSH:LH=2:1 group showed a
      faster follicular growth and enabled the acquisition of mature oocytes, although
      the expression of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-9 and anti-Mullerian
      hormone (AMH) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Taken
      together, high dose gonadotropin treatment can shorten the duration of IVFG and
      the gonadotropin ratio is important in the IVFG of rhesus monkey ovaries.

PMID- 26980780
TI  - Ambiguity produces attention shifts in category learning.
AB  - It has been suggested that people and nonhuman animals protect their knowledge
      from interference by shifting attention toward the context when presented with
      information that contradicts their previous beliefs. Despite that suggestion, no
      studies have directly measured changes in attention while participants are
      exposed to an interference treatment. In the present experiments, we adapted a
      dot-probe task to track participants' attention to cues and contexts while they
      were completing a simple category learning task. The results support the
      hypothesis that interference produces a change in the allocation of attention to
      cues and contexts. 

PMID- 26980779
TI  - Basal levels of AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit phosphorylation at threonine 840 and
      serine 845 in hippocampal neurons.
AB  - Dephosphorylation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 subunits at two sites, serine
      845 (S845) and threonine 840 (T840), is thought to be involved in NMDA receptor
      dependent forms of long-term depression (LTD). Importantly, the notion that
      dephosphorylation of these sites contributes to LTD assumes that a significant
      fraction of GluA1 subunits are basally phosphorylated at these sites. To examine
      this question, we used immunoprecipitation/depletion assays to estimate the
      proportion of GluA1 subunits basally phosphorylated at S845 and T840. Although
      dephosphorylation of S845 is thought to have a key role in LTD, our results
      indicate that few GluA1 subunits in hippocampal neurons are phosphorylated at
      this site. In contrast, ~50% of GluA1 subunits are basally phosphorylated at
      T840, suggesting that dephosphorylation of this site can contribute to the down
      regulation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in LTD. 

PMID- 26980781
TI  - Counterconditioned fear responses exhibit greater renewal than extinguished fear
      responses.
AB  - This series of experiments used rats to compare counterconditioning and
      extinction of conditioned fear responses (freezing) with respect to the effects
      of a context shift. In each experiment, a stimulus was paired with shock in
      context A, extinguished or counterconditioned through pairings with sucrose in
      context B, and then tested for renewal outside of context B. Counterconditioned
      fear responses exhibited greater ABA renewal than extinguished fear responses.
      This result was observed using a between-subjects design (Experiment 1) and a
      within-subject design in which counterconditioned and extinguished stimuli were
      equated in all respects other than their signaling of sucrose (Experiment 2).
      Counterconditioned fear responses also exhibited greater ABC renewal than
      extinguished fear responses (Experiment 3). This result was observed using a
      within-subject design in which context C was identical to context B in terms of
      its associative history, and when counterconditioned and extinguished CSs were
      tested in compounds matched for their association with both shock and sucrose
      (Experiment 4). These results are consistent with models which hold that context
      regulates expression of associations formed in counterconditioning and
      extinction, and allow the level of regulation to be greater following
      counterconditioning than extinction, as noted in previous studies. 

PMID- 26980782
TI  - An omission procedure reorganizes the microstructure of sign-tracking while
      preserving incentive salience.
AB  - Appetitive sign-tracking, in which reward-paired cues elicit approach that can
      result in cue interaction, demonstrates how cues acquire motivational value. For
      example, rats will approach and subsequently interact with a lever insertion cue
      that signals food delivery upon its retraction. However, lever deflections are
      rapidly reduced once rats are trained on an omission schedule in which lever
      interactions cancel food delivery. Here we evaluated the change in sign-tracking
      response topography in rats exposed to such an omission procedure. Lever
      deflections dropped precipitously when they canceled reward. However, rats that
      were on an omission schedule continued to approach, sniff, and contact the lever
      without pressing it, and did so at comparable rates to rats that were not under
      an omission schedule. Thus, sign-tracking was maintained, albeit in a different
      manner, following omission. Such findings show that the motivational attraction
      to reward cues can be expressed with remarkable persistence and flexibility. 

PMID- 26980783
TI  - Proteolytic cleavage of proBDNF into mature BDNF in the basolateral amygdala is
      necessary for defeat-induced social avoidance.
AB  - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is essential for memory processes. The
      present study tested whether proteolytic cleavage of proBDNF into mature BDNF
      (mBDNF) within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) regulates the consolidation of
      defeat-related memories. We found that acute social defeat increases the
      expression of mBDNF, but not proBDNF, in the BLA/central amygdala. We also showed
      that blocking plasmin in the BLA with microinjection of alpha2-antiplasmin
      immediately following social defeat decreases social avoidance 24 h later. These
      data suggest the proteolytic cleavage of BDNF in the BLA is necessary for defeat
      induced social avoidance. 

PMID- 26980785
TI  - Practice makes perfect in memory recall.
AB  - A large variability in performance is observed when participants recall briefly
      presented lists of words. The sources of such variability are not known. Our
      analysis of a large data set of free recall revealed a small fraction of
      participants that reached an extremely high performance, including many trials
      with the recall of complete lists. Moreover, some of them developed a number of
      consistent input-position-dependent recall strategies, in particular recalling
      words consecutively ("chaining") or in groups of consecutively presented words
      ("chunking"). The time course of acquisition and particular choice of positional
      grouping were variable among participants. Our results show that acquiring
      positional strategies plays a crucial role in improvement of recall performance. 

PMID- 26980787
TI  - Lethal bilateral cerebral infarction caused by Moyamoya disease.

PMID- 26980784
TI  - Pretrial functional connectivity differentiates behavioral outcomes during trace
      eyeblink conditioning in the rabbit.
AB  - Fluctuations in neural activity can produce states that facilitate and accelerate
      task-related performance. Acquisition of trace eyeblink conditioning (tEBC) in
      the rabbit is enhanced when trials are contingent on optimal pretrial activity in
      the hippocampus. Other regions which are essential for whisker-signaled tEBC,
      such as the cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IPN), somatosensory and prelimbic
      cortices, may also show optimal connectivity prior to successful performance.
      Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was acquired in nine rabbits during
      tEBC on the first and tenth days of initial training and once again after a 30-d,
      training-free hiatus. Data acquired during the intertrial interval was parsed
      depending on whether or not a conditioned response (CR) occurred on the upcoming
      trial and seed-based functional connectivity was calculated among the IPN,
      hippocampus, somatosensory, and prelimbic cortices. Functional connectivity
      between the left somatosensory cortex and right IPN, regions critical for
      establishing and producing CRs evoked by right vibrissae vibration and right
      corneal airpuff, was significantly negative prior to successful, CR trials as
      compared with unsuccessful, non-CR trials. Differences were not observed for any
      of the other possible combinations of connectivity. Our results demonstrate that
      specific pretrial functional connectivity exists within the rabbit brain and
      differentiates between upcoming behavioral response outcomes. Online analysis of
      network fluctuations has the potential to be used as the basis for therapeutic
      interventions to facilitate learning and memory. 

PMID- 26980788
TI  - Abandoned areas in post-disaster Fukushima, Japan.

PMID- 26980789
TI  - Closing the circle: from organoids back to development.

PMID- 26980790
TI  - An interview with Melissa Little.
AB  - Melissa Little is a Senior Principal Research Fellow at the Murdoch Childrens
      Research Institute in Melbourne, Australia. Her lab has studied kidney
      development and regeneration for over 20 years, recently making notable advances
      in the generation of kidney organoids from human iPSCs. We chatted with Melissa
      about her career, her thoughts on the potential of the organoid and stem cell
      fields, and what she hopes to achieve during her guest editorship with
      Development.

PMID- 26980786
TI  - Phosphorylation of K+ channels at single residues regulates memory formation.
AB  - Phosphorylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins, and
      a known physiological regulator of K+ channel function. Phosphorylation of
      K()channels by kinases has long been presumed to regulate neuronal processing and
      behavior. Although circumstantial evidence has accumulated from behavioral
      studies of vertebrates and invertebrates, the contribution to memory of single
      phosphorylation sites on K+ channels has never been reported. We have used gene
      targeting in mice to inactivate protein kinase A substrate residues in the fast
      inactivating subunit Kv4.2 (T38A mutants), and in the small-conductance Ca2+ 
      activated subunit SK1 (S105A mutants). Both manipulations perturbed a specific
      form of memory, leaving others intact. T38A mutants had enhanced spatial memory
      for at least 4 wk after training, whereas performance in three tests of fear
      memory was unaffected. S105A mutants were impaired in passive avoidance memory,
      sparing fear, and spatial memory. Together with recent findings that excitability
      governs the participation of neurons in a memory circuit, this result suggests
      that the memory type supported by neurons may depend critically on the
      phosphorylation of specific K+ channels at single residues.

PMID- 26980791
TI  - From single genes to entire genomes: the search for a function of nuclear
      organization.
AB  - The existence of different domains within the nucleus has been clear from the
      time, in the late 1920s, that heterochromatin and euchromatin were discovered.
      The observation that heterochromatin is less transcribed than euchromatin
      suggested that microscopically identifiable structures might correspond to
      functionally different domains of the nucleus. Until 15 years ago, studies
      linking gene expression and subnuclear localization were limited to a few genes.
      As we discuss in this Review, new genome-wide techniques have now radically
      changed the way nuclear organization is analyzed. These have provided a much more
      detailed view of functional nuclear architecture, leading to the emergence of a
      number of new paradigms of chromatin folding and how this folding evolves during
      development.

PMID- 26980792
TI  - Development of the lymphatic system: new questions and paradigms.
AB  - The lymphatic system is a blind-ended network of vessels that plays important
      roles in mediating tissue fluid homeostasis, intestinal lipid absorption and the
      immune response. A profound understanding of the development of lymphatic
      vessels, as well as of the molecular cues governing their formation and
      morphogenesis, might prove essential for our ability to treat lymphatic-related
      diseases. The embryonic origins of lymphatic vessels have been debated for over a
      century, with a model claiming a venous origin for the lymphatic endothelium
      being predominant. However, recent studies have provided new insights into the
      origins of lymphatic vessels. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms
      controlling lymphatic specification and sprouting, and we discuss exciting
      findings that shed new light on previously uncharacterized sources of lymphatic
      endothelial cells. 

PMID- 26980793
TI  - H19 controls reactivation of the imprinted gene network during muscle
      regeneration.
AB  - The H19 locus controls fetal growth by regulating expression of several genes
      from the imprinted gene network (IGN). H19 is fully repressed after birth, except
      in skeletal muscle. Using loss-of-function H19(Delta3) mice, we investigated the
      function of H19 in adult muscle. Mutant muscles display hypertrophy and
      hyperplasia, with increased Igf2 and decreased myostatin (Mstn) expression. Many
      imprinted genes are expressed in muscle stem cells or satellite cells.
      Unexpectedly, the number of satellite cells was reduced by 50% in H19(Delta3)
      muscle fibers. This reduction occurred after postnatal day 21, suggesting a link
      with their entry into quiescence. We investigated the biological function of
      these mutant satellite cells in vivo using a regeneration assay induced by
      multiple injections of cardiotoxin. Surprisingly, despite their reduced number,
      the self-renewal capacity of these cells is fully retained in the absence of H19.
      In addition, we observed a better regeneration potential of the mutant muscles,
      with enhanced expression of several IGN genes and genes from the IGF pathway. 

PMID- 26980794
TI  - Reck enables cerebrovascular development by promoting canonical Wnt signaling.

PMID- 26980795
TI  - Pdx1 regulates pancreas tubulogenesis and E-cadherin expression.

PMID- 26980796
TI  - The stroke interventionalist.

PMID- 26980798
TI  - Ethical foundations of the radiological protection system.
AB  - The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has established
      Task Group 94 under Committee 4 to develop a report on the ethical foundations of
      the system of radiological protection. The aim of this report is to consolidate
      the basis of ICRP recommendations, to improve understanding of the system, and to
      provide a basis for communication on radiation risk and its perception. Through a
      series of workshops organised by the Commission in cooperation with the
      International Radiation Protection Association and its associate societies
      involving radiological protection professionals and specialists of ethics around
      the world, Task Group 94 has identified the key ethical and social values
      underpinning the system of radiological protection. The purpose of eliciting the
      ethical principles and values of the radiological protection system is not only
      to clarify the rationale for recommendations made by the Commission, but also to
      assist in discussions related to its practical implementation. A clear
      understanding of the ethical principles will help resolve dilemmas caused by
      potential conflicts in actions that might be considered, or decisions that must
      be made. 

PMID- 26980797
TI  - Operational quantities and new approach by ICRU.
AB  - The protection quantities, equivalent dose in a tissue or organ and effective
      dose, were developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection
      (ICRP) to allow quantification of the extent of exposure of the human body to
      ionising radiation. These quantities are used for the implementation of
      limitation and optimisation principles. Body-related protection quantities are
      not measurable in practice. Therefore, the International Commission on Radiation
      Units and Measurements (ICRU) developed a set of operational dose quantities for
      use in radiation measurements for external exposure that can assess the
      protection quantities. The current ICRU operational quantities were defined more
      than 30 years ago. ICRU Report Committee 26 examined the rationale for the
      operational quantities, taking account of changes in the definitions of the
      protection quantities in ICRP's 2007 Recommendations. The considerations included
      the range of types and energies of particles contributing to exposure of workers
      and members of the public. ICRU Report Committee 26 investigated a set of
      alternative definitions for the operational quantities. The major change to the
      currently favoured set of quantities is redefinition of the operational
      quantities, from being based on doses at specific points in the ICRU sphere and
      soft tissue, to being based on particle fluence and conversion coefficients for
      effective dose and absorbed dose to the lens of the eye and local skin. 

PMID- 26980800
TI  - Use of effective dose.
AB  - International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 103
      provided a detailed explanation of the purpose and use of effective dose and
      equivalent dose to individual organs and tissues. Effective dose has proven to be
      a valuable and robust quantity for use in the implementation of protection
      principles. However, questions have arisen regarding practical applications, and
      a Task Group has been set up to consider issues of concern. This paper focusses
      on two key proposals developed by the Task Group that are under consideration by
      ICRP: (1) confusion will be avoided if equivalent dose is no longer used as a
      protection quantity, but regarded as an intermediate step in the calculation of
      effective dose. It would be more appropriate for limits for the avoidance of
      deterministic effects to the hands and feet, lens of the eye, and skin, to be set
      in terms of the quantity, absorbed dose (Gy) rather than equivalent dose (Sv).
      (2) Effective dose is in widespread use in medical practice as a measure of risk,
      thereby going beyond its intended purpose. While doses incurred at low levels of
      exposure may be measured or assessed with reasonable reliability, health effects
      have not been demonstrated reliably at such levels but are inferred. However,
      bearing in mind the uncertainties associated with risk projection to low doses or
      low dose rates, it may be considered reasonable to use effective dose as a rough
      indicator of possible risk, with the additional consideration of variation in
      risk with age, sex and population group. 

PMID- 26980799
TI  - Radiological protection in ion beam radiotherapy: practical guidance for clinical
      use of new technology.
AB  - Recently introduced technologies in radiotherapy have significantly improved the
      clinical outcome for patients. Ion beam radiotherapy, involving proton and carbon
      ion beams, provides excellent dose distributions in targeted tumours, with
      reduced doses to the surrounding normal tissues. However, careful treatment
      planning is required in order to maximise the treatment efficiency and minimise
      the dose to normal tissues. Radiation exposure from secondary neutrons and
      photons, particle fragments, and photons from activated materials should also be
      considered for radiological protection of the patient and medical staff.
      Appropriate maintenance is needed for the equipment and air in the treatment
      room, which may be activated by the particle beam and its secondary radiation.
      This new treatment requires complex procedures and careful adjustment of
      parameters for each patient. Therefore, education and training for the personnel
      involved in the procedure are essential for both effective treatment and patient
      protection. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has
      provided recommendations for radiological protection in ion beam radiotherapy in
      Publication 127 Medical staff should be aware of the possible risks resulting
      from inappropriate use and control of the equipment. They should also consider
      the necessary procedures for patient protection when new technologies are
      introduced into clinical practice. 

PMID- 26980803
TI  - Correction to "Effects of Phenobarbital on Expression of UDP
      Glucuronosyltransferase 1a6 and 1a7 in Rat Brain".

PMID- 26980804
TI  - Correction to: "A Novel Loading Method for Doxycycline Liposomes for
      Intracellular Drug Delivery: Characterization of In Vitro and In Vivo Release
      Kinetics and Efficacy in a J774A.1 Cell Line Model of Mycobacterium smegmatis
      Infection".

PMID- 26980801
TI  - Stability of Syk protein and mRNA in human peripheral blood basophils.
AB  - In human basophils, Syk expression is 10-fold lower than most other types of
      leukocytes. There are indirect studies that suggest that Syk protein is highly
      unstable (a calculated half-life less than 15 min) in human peripheral blood
      basophils. Therefore, in these studies, Syk stability was directly examined.
      Purified basophils were metabolically labeled and a pulse-chase experimental
      design showed Syk protein to be stable in the time frame of 12 h (95% likelihood
      that half-life is more than 12 h). However, its synthetic rate was very slow (~10
      fold slower) compared with CD34-derived basophils, which have been shown to
      express levels of Syk consistent with other mature circulating leukocytes. Syk
      mRNA expression was found to be 5-30-fold lower than other cell types (CD34
      derived basophils, peripheral blood eosinophils, and plasmacytoid dendritic
      cells). Syk protein and mRNA levels, across cell types, were relatively
      concordant. Syk mRNA in basophils showed a half-life of 3.5 h, which was greater
      than that of interleukin-4 or Fc epsilon receptor I-alpha mRNA (~2 h), but
      somewhat shorter than Fc epsilon receptor I-beta mRNA (8 h). A comparison of miR
      expression between CD34-derived and peripheral blood basophils demonstrated only
      1 significant increase, in miR-150 (77-fold). Transfection in human embryonic
      kidney cells of a stabilized form of miR-150 showed that it modified expression
      of c-Myb mRNA but not of Syk mRNA or protein. These results suggest that low Syk
      expression in basophils results, not from protein instability and perhaps not
      from mRNA stability. Instead, the results point to the transcriptional nature of
      an important point of regulation.

PMID- 26980802
TI  - Retinoic acid-primed human dendritic cells inhibit Th9 cells and induce Th1/Th17
      cell differentiation.
AB  - All-trans-retinoic acid plays a central role in mucosal immunity, where it
      promotes its synthesis by up-regulating CD103 expression on dendritic cells,
      induces gut tropic (alpha4beta7(+) and CCR9(+)) T cells, and inhibits Th1/Th17
      differentiation. Recently, murine studies have highlighted the proinflammatory
      role of retinoic acid in maintaining inflammation under a variety of pathologic
      conditions. However, as a result of limited human data, we investigated the
      effect of retinoic acid on human dendritic cells and CD4(+) T cell responses in
      the presence of polarizing (Th1/Th9/Th17) and inflammatory (LPS-induced dendritic
      cells) conditions. We report a novel role of retinoic acid in an inflammatory
      setup, where retinoic acid-primed dendritic cells (retinoic acid-monocyte-derived
      dendritic cells) up-regulated CCR9(+)T cells, which were observed to express high
      levels of IFN-gamma in the presence of Th1/Th17 conditions. Retinoic acid
      monocyte-derived dendritic cells, under Th17 conditions, also favored the
      induction of IL-17(+) T cells. Furthermore, in the presence of TGF-beta1 and IL
      4, retinoic acid-monocyte-derived dendritic cells inhibited IL-9 and induced IFN
      gamma expression on T cells. Experiments with naive CD4(+) T cells, activated in
      the presence of Th1/Th17 conditions and absence of DCs, indicated that retinoic
      acid inhibited IFN-gamma and IL-17 expression on T cells. These data revealed
      that in the face of inflammatory conditions, retinoic acid, in contrast from its
      anti-inflammatory role, could maintain or aggravate the intestinal inflammation.

PMID- 26980805
TI  - Catalytic behavior of noble metal nanoparticles for the hydrogenation and
      oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
AB  - The catalytic behavior of various noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported
      directly on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was observed using
      environmental transmission electron microscopy (E-TEM). Gasification of the
      MWCNTs via catalytic hydrogenation or oxidation progressed at ~450 degrees C in
      conjunction with certain noble metal NP catalysts at the interface between MWCNTs
      and the NPs. During such catalytic reactions, the NPs were observed to move
      rapidly over the MWCNT surfaces. The mobility and wettability of the NPs varied
      depending on the particular metal NPs employed and the ambient atmosphere. While
      rhodium NPs exhibited high wettability under both hydrogen and oxygen
      atmospheres, the wettability of platinum, palladium and iridium NPs on MWCNTs
      varied with the atmosphere. The metal NPs seemed to have high degrees of
      crystallinity while their morphologies fluctuated throughout the catalytic
      reactions.

PMID- 26980806
TI  - Roles of EDNs in regulating oviductal NO synthesis and smooth muscle motility in
      cows.
AB  - Endothelins (EDNs) participate in various physiological events including smooth
      muscle contraction, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and embryonic development. In
      this study, we investigated the regional roles of EDNs produced by bovine
      oviductal epithelial cells in NO synthesis and smooth muscle motility.
      Quantification of mRNA expressions indicated that expression of EDN receptor B
      (EDNRB) in the ampullary region was higher after ovulation than before ovulation,
      whereas expression of EDNRA in the isthmic region was higher after ovulation than
      before ovulation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the EDN receptors (EDNRA and
      EDNRB) were expressed in the epithelium, whereas smooth muscle showed positive
      staining only for EDNRA. The expressionsPlease suggest whether 'NOS2' can be
      treated as the updated symbol for 'iNOS' as per gene nomenclature. of inducible
      NO synthase (iNOS) protein and its mRNA (NOS2) in cultured epithelial cells
      isolated from the ampulla were stimulated by EDN1, but not by EDN2 or EDN3, after
      1h of incubation. In isthmic epithelial cells, none of the EDNs affected the
      expression of NOS2 Isometric contraction tests indicated that spontaneous waves
      were strong in the isthmic region but weak in the ampullary region. EDN1
      modulated smooth muscle motility in both the regions. The overall findings
      suggest that EDN1 plays region-specific roles in smooth muscle motility and
      epithelial NO synthesis, providing an optimal oviductal microenvironment for
      transport of gametes, fertilization, and development/transport of early embryo.

PMID- 26980807
TI  - N-carbamylglutamate and L-arginine improved maternal and placental development in
      underfed ewes.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to determine how dietary supplementation of N
      carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) in nutrient
      restricted pregnant Hu sheep would affect (1) maternal endocrine status; (2)
      maternal, fetal, and placental antioxidation capability; and (3) placental
      development. From day 35 to day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin
      fetuses were allocated randomly into four groups: 100% of NRC-recommended
      nutrient requirements, 50% of NRC recommendations, 50% of NRC recommendations
      supplemented with 20g/day RP-Arg, and 50% of NRC recommendations supplemented
      with 5g/day NCG product. The results showed that in maternal and fetal plasma and
      placentomes, the activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide
      dismutase were increased (P<0.05); however, the activity of glutathione
      peroxidase and the concentration of maleic dialdehyde were decreased (P<0.05) in
      both NCG- and RP-Arg-treated underfed ewes. The mRNA expression of vascular
      endothelial growth factor and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 was increased (P<0.05)
      in 50% NRC ewes than in 100% NRC ewes, and had no effect (P>0.05) in both NCG-
      and RP-Arg-treated underfed ewes. A supplement of RP-Arg and NCG reduced (P<0.05)
      the concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, and estradiol-17beta; had no effect
      on T4/T3; and improved (P<0.05) the concentrations of leptin, insulin-like growth
      factor 1, tri-iodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in serum from underfed ewes.
      These results indicate that dietary supplementation of NCG and RP-Arg in underfed
      ewes could influence maternal endocrine status, improve the maternal-fetal
      placental antioxidation capability, and promote fetal and placental development
      during early-to-late gestation.

PMID- 26980808
TI  - Meta-analysis of gene expression profiles in granulosa cells during
      folliculogenesis.
AB  - Folliculogenesis involves coordinated profound changes in different follicular
      compartments and significant modifications of their gene expression patterns,
      particularly in granulosa cells. Huge datasets have accumulated from the analyses
      of granulosa cell transcriptomic signatures in predefined physiological contexts
      using different technological platforms. However, no comprehensive overview of
      folliculogenesis is available. This would require integration of datasets from
      numerous individual studies. A prerequisite for such integration would be the use
      of comparable platforms and experimental conditions. The EmbryoGENE program was
      created to study bovine granulosa cell transcriptomics under different
      physiological conditions using the same platform. Based on the data thus
      generated so far, we present here an interactive web interface called
      GranulosaIMAGE (Integrative Meta-Analysis of Gene Expression), which provides
      dynamic expression profiles of any gene of interest and all isoforms thereof in
      granulosa cells at different stages of folliculogenesis. GranulosaIMAGE features
      two kinds of expression profiles: gene expression kinetics during bovine
      folliculogenesis from small (6 mm) to pre-ovulatory follicles under different
      hormonal and physiological conditions and expression profiles of granulosa cells
      of dominant follicles from post-partum cows in different metabolic states. This
      article provides selected examples of expression patterns along with suggestions
      for users to access and generate their own patterns using GranulosaIMAGE. The
      possibility of analysing gene expression dynamics during the late stages of
      folliculogenesis in a mono-ovulatory species such as bovine should provide a new
      and enriched perspective on ovarian physiology.

PMID- 26980809
TI  - Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in repeated IVF failure, a randomized
      trial.
AB  - Recent studies have revealed key roles for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
      (GCSF) in embryo implantation process and maintenance of pregnancy, and some
      studies showed promising results by using local intrauterine infusion of GCSF in
      patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). This multicenter, randomized,
      controlled trial included 112 infertile women with repeated IVF failure to
      evaluate the efficacy of systemic single-dose subcutaneous GCSF administration on
      IVF success in these women. In this study, the Long Protocol of ovarian
      stimulation was used for all participants. Sealed, numbered envelopes assigned 56
      patients to receive subcutaneous 300 ug GCSF before implantation and 56 in the
      control group. The implantation (number of gestational sacs on the total number
      of transferred embryos), chemical pregnancy (positive serum beta-HCG), and
      clinical pregnancy (gestational sac and fetal heart) rates were compared between
      the two groups. This trial is registered at www.irct.ir (IRCT201503119568N11).
      The successful implantation (18% vs 7.2%, P=0.007), chemical pregnancy (44.6% vs
      19.6%, P=0.005), and clinical pregnancy (37.5% vs 14.3%, P=0.005) rates were
      significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. After
      adjustment for participants' age, endometrial thickness, good-quality oocyte
      counts, number of transferred embryos, and anti-Mullerian hormone levels, GCSF
      treatment remained significantly associated with successful implantation
      (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.09-6.96), having chemical pregnancy (OR= 2.74, 95% CI=1.11
      7.38) and clinical pregnancy (OR=2.94, 95% CI=1.23-8.33). In conclusion,
      administration of single-dose systemic subcutaneous GCSF before implantation
      significantly increases the IVF success, implantation, and pregnancy rates in
      infertile women with repeated IVF failure.

PMID- 26980810
TI  - Calcium Supplementation to Prevent Preeclampsia: Translating Guidelines into
      Practice in Low-Income Countries.
AB  - The WHO issued a strong recommendation that pregnant women be provided calcium
      supplements to prevent preeclampsia. This is the first recommended nutritional
      intervention to prevent this condition, a leading cause of maternal mortality
      globally. As health systems seek to implement this new intervention, a number of
      issues require further clarification and guidance, including dosage regimen,
      supplement formulation, and alignment with other antenatal nutritional
      interventions. We summarize key evidence on the above points and offer our views
      on good practices. Most developing countries have low calcium intake, so where
      habitual calcium intake is unknown, calcium supplements are likely beneficial. In
      our view, policymakers and program planners should consider adopting doses
      between 1.0 and 1.5 g elemental calcium/d, depending on the local average and
      variation in dietary calcium intake, logistical feasibility, and acceptability in
      the target population. Prudent practice would entail daily administration as
      calcium carbonate administered in divided doses of not >500 mg elemental calcium
      per dose. For ease of prescribing and adherence, calcium [as with iron and folic
      acid (IFA)] should be administered routinely to pregnant women from the earliest
      contact in pregnancy until delivery. Calcium's acute inhibitory effect on iron
      absorption translates to minimal effects in clinical studies. Therefore, to
      simplify the regimen and facilitate adherence, providers should not counsel that
      calcium and IFA pills must be taken separately. Although further research will
      shed more light on clinical and programmatic issues, policies can be implemented
      with ongoing revision as we continue to learn what works to improve maternal and
      newborn health. 

PMID- 26980811
TI  - Comparison of Formulas Based on Lipid Emulsions of Olive Oil, Soybean Oil, or
      Several Oils for Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Many studies have reported that olive oil-based lipid emulsion (LE) formulas of
      soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF) may be a
      viable alternative for parenteral nutrition. However, some randomized controlled
      clinical trials (RCTs) have raised concerns regarding the nutritional benefits
      and safety of SMOFs. We searched principally the MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to
      Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central
      Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to March 2014 for the
      relevant literature and conducted a meta-analysis of 15 selected RCTs that 1)
      compared either olive oil- or SMOF-based LEs with soybean oil-based LEs and 2)
      reported plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, and omega-6 (n-6)
      and omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and liver
      concentrations of total bilirubin and the enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate
      transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. The meta
      analysis suggested that SMOF-based LEs were associated with higher plasma
      concentrations of plasma alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, and the omega-3 PUFAs
      eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. Olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs
      correlated with lower plasma concentrations of long-chain omega-6 PUFAs and were
      similar to soybean oil-based LEs with regard to their effects on liver function
      indicators. In summary, olive oil- and SMOF-based LEs have nutritional advantages
      over soybean oil-based LEs and are similarly safe. However, their performance in
      clinical settings requires further investigation. 

PMID- 26980812
TI  - Genetic Variation in Human Vitamin C Transporter Genes in Common Complex
      Diseases.
AB  - Adequate plasma, cellular, and tissue vitamin C concentrations are required for
      maintaining optimal health through suppression of oxidative stress and optimizing
      functions of certain enzymes that require vitamin C as a cofactor. Polymorphisms
      in the vitamin C transporter genes, compromising genes encoding sodium-dependent
      ascorbate transport proteins, and also genes encoding facilitative transporters
      of dehydroascorbic acid, are associated with plasma and tissue cellular ascorbate
      status and hence cellular redox balance. This review summarizes our current
      knowledge of the links between variations in vitamin C transporter genes and
      common chronic diseases. We conclude that emerging genetic knowledge has a good
      likelihood of defining future personalized dietary recommendations and
      interventions; however, further validations through biological studies as well as
      controlled dietary trials are required to identify predictive and actionable
      genetic biomarkers. We further advocate the need to consider genetic variation of
      vitamin C transporters in future clinical and epidemiologic studies on common
      complex diseases. 

PMID- 26980813
TI  - PUFAs, Bone Mineral Density, and Fragility Fracture: Findings from Human Studies.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a global health problem that leads to an increased incidence of
      fragility fracture. Recent dietary patterns of Western populations include higher
      than recommended intakes of n-6 (omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
      relative to n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs that may result in a chronic state of sterile
      whole body inflammation. Findings from human bone cell culture experiments have
      revealed both benefits and detriments to bone-related outcomes depending on the
      quantity and source of PUFAs. Findings from observational and randomized
      controlled trials suggest that higher fatty fish intake is strongly linked with
      reduced risk of fragility fracture. Moreover, human studies largely support a
      greater intake of total PUFAs, total n-6 (omega-6) fatty acid, and total n-3
      (omega-3) fatty acid for higher bone mineral density and reduced risk of
      fragility fracture. Less consistent evidence has been observed when investigating
      the role of long chain n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs or the ratio of n-6 (omega-6) PUFAs to
      n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs. Aspects to consider when interpreting the current literature
      involve participant characteristics, study duration, diet assessment tools, and
      the primary outcome measure. 

PMID- 26980814
TI  - Systematic Review of the Methodological Quality of Studies Aimed at Creating
      Gestational Weight Gain Charts.
AB  - A range of adverse outcomes is associated with insufficient and excessive
      maternal weight gain in pregnancy, but there is no consensus regarding what
      constitutes optimal gestational weight gain (GWG). Differences in the
      methodological quality of GWG studies may explain the varying chart
      recommendations. The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the
      methodological quality of studies that aimed to create GWG charts by scoring them
      against a set of predefined, independently agreed-upon criteria. These criteria
      were divided into 3 domains: study design (12 criteria), statistical methods (7
      criteria), and reporting methods (4 criteria). The criteria were broken down
      further into items, and studies were assigned a quality score (QS) based on these
      criteria. For each item, studies were scored as either high (score = 0) or low
      (score = 1) risk of bias; a high QS correlated with a low risk of bias. The
      maximum possible QS was 34. The systematic search identified 12 eligible studies
      involving 2,268,556 women from 9 countries; their QSs ranged from 9 (26%) to 29
      (85%) (median, 18; 53%). The most common sources for bias were found in study
      designs (i.e., not prospective); assessments of prepregnancy weight and
      gestational age; descriptions of weighing protocols; sample size calculations;
      and the multiple measurements taken at each visit. There is wide variation in the
      methodological quality of GWG studies constructing charts. High-quality studies
      are needed to guide future clinical recommendations. We recommend the following
      main requirements for future studies: prospective design, reliable evaluation of
      prepregnancy weight and gestational age, detailed description of measurement
      procedures and protocols, description of sample-size calculation, and the
      creation of smooth centile charts or z scores. 

PMID- 26980815
TI  - Building a Beneficial Microbiome from Birth.
AB  - The microbiota has recently been recognized as a driver of health that affects
      the immune, nervous, and metabolic systems. This influence is partially exerted
      through the metabolites produced, which may be relevant for optimal infant
      development and health. The gut microbiota begins developing early in life, and
      this initial colonization is remarkably important because it may influence long
      term microbiota composition and activity. Considering that the microbiome may
      play a key role in health and disease, maintaining a protective microbiota could
      be critical in preventing dysbiosis-related diseases such as allergies,
      autoimmunity disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Breast milk and milk glycans in
      particular are thought to play a major role in shaping the early-life microbiota
      and promoting its development, thus affecting health. This review describes some
      of the effects the microbiota has on the host and discusses the role microbial
      metabolites play in shaping newborn health and development. We describe the gut
      microbiota structure and function during early life and the factors that
      determine its composition and hypothesize about the effects of human milk
      oligosaccharides and other prebiotic fibers on the neonatal microbiota. 

PMID- 26980817
TI  - Culinary Spice Plants in Dietary Supplement Products and Tested in Clinical
      Trials.
AB  - Dried plant parts used as culinary spices (CSs) in food are permitted as dietary
      ingredients in dietary supplements (DSs) within certain constraints in the United
      States. We reviewed the amounts, forms, and nutritional support
      (structure/function) claims of DSs that contain CS plants listed in the Dietary
      Supplement Label Database (DSLD) and compared this label information with trial
      doses and health endpoints for CS plants that were the subject of clinical trials
      listed in clinicaltrials.gov. According to the DSLD, the CS plants occurring most
      frequently in DSs were cayenne, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, pepper, rosemary, and
      turmeric. Identifying the botanical species, categorizing the forms used, and
      determining the amounts from the information provided on DS labels was
      challenging. CS plants were typically added as a component of a blend, as the
      powered biomass, dried extracts, and isolated phytochemicals. The amounts added
      were declared on about 55% of the labels, rendering it difficult to determine the
      amount of the CS plant used in many DSs. Clinicaltrials.gov provided little
      information about the composition of test articles in the intervention studies.
      When plant names were listed on DS labels and in clinical trials, generally the
      common name and not the Latin binomial name was given. In order to arrive at
      exposure estimates and enable researchers to reproduce clinical trials, the Latin
      binomial name, form, and amount of the CS plant used in DSs and tested in
      clinical trials must be specified. 

PMID- 26980816
TI  - Endogenous Synthesis of Amino Acids Limits Growth, Lactation, and Reproduction in
      Animals.
AB  - Amino acids (AAs) are building blocks of protein. Eight AAs (Ala, Asn, Asp, Glu,
      Gln, Gly, Pro, and Ser) are formed by all animals, whereas de novo synthesis of
      Arg occurs in a species-specific manner in most mammals (e.g., humans, pigs, and
      rats). Synthesizable AAs were traditionally classified as nutritionally
      nonessential for animals, because they were thought to be formed in sufficient
      amounts. However, this assumption is not supported by evidence showing that 1)
      rats grow slowly when their diets do not contain Arg, Glu, or Gln despite
      adequate provision of all other proteinogenous AAs; 2) pigs cannot achieve
      maximum growth, lactation, or reproduction performance when fed corn- and soybean
      meal-based diets meeting National Research Council-recommended requirements of
      protein and AAs without supplemental Arg, Glu, Gln, Gly, or Pro; 3) chickens
      exhibit increases in lean tissue gain and feed efficiency when their diets are
      supplemented with Glu, Gln, Gly, and Pro; 4) lactating cows cannot obtain maximum
      milk protein production without a postruminal supply of Gln or Pro; 5) fish
      cannot achieve maximum growth when diets do not contain Gln or Pro; and 6) men
      fail to sustain spermatogenesis when fed an Arg-deficient diet. Quantitative
      analysis of nitrogen metabolism showed that AA synthesis in animals is
      constrained by both precursor availability and enzyme activity. Taken together,
      these findings support the conclusion that the endogenous synthesis of AAs limits
      growth, lactation, and reproduction in animals. This new knowledge can guide the
      optimization of human nutrition for improving health and well-being. 

PMID- 26980819
TI  - Early Child Development and Nutrition: A Review of the Benefits and Challenges of
      Implementing Integrated Interventions.
AB  - Poor nutrition (substandard diet quantity and/or quality resulting in under- or
      overnutrition) and the lack of early learning opportunities contribute to the
      loss of developmental potential and life-long health and economic disparities
      among millions of children aged <5 y. Single-sector interventions representing
      either early child development (ECD) or nutrition have been linked to positive
      child development and/or nutritional status, and recommendations currently
      advocate for the development and testing of integrated interventions. We reviewed
      the theoretical and practical benefits and challenges of implementing integrated
      nutrition and ECD interventions along with the evidence for best practice and
      benefit-cost and concluded that the strong theoretical rationale for integration
      is more nuanced than the questions that the published empirical evidence have
      addressed. For example, further research is needed to 1) answer questions related
      to how integrated messaging influences caregiver characteristics such as well
      being, knowledge, and behavior and how these influence early child nutrition and
      development outcomes; 2) understand population and nutritional contexts in which
      integrated interventions are beneficial; and 3) explore how varying
      implementation processes influence the efficacy, uptake, and cost-benefit of
      integrated nutrition and ECD interventions. 

PMID- 26980818
TI  - Overview of the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants
      of Anemia (BRINDA) Project.
AB  - Anemia remains a widespread public health problem. Although iron deficiency is
      considered the leading cause of anemia globally, the cause of anemia varies
      considerably by country. To achieve global targets to reduce anemia, reliable
      estimates of the contribution of nutritional and non-nutritional causes of anemia
      are needed to guide interventions. Inflammation is known to affect many
      biomarkers used to assess micronutrient status and can thus lead to incorrect
      diagnosis of individuals and to overestimation or underestimation of the
      prevalence of deficiency in a population. Reliable assessment of iron status is
      particularly needed in settings with high infectious disease burden, given the
      call to screen for iron deficiency to mitigate potential adverse effects of iron
      supplementation. To address these information gaps, in 2012 the CDC, National
      Institute for Child Health and Human Development, and Global Alliance for
      Improved Nutrition formed a collaborative research group called Biomarkers
      Reflecting Inflammation and Nutrition Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA). Data from
      nationally and regionally representative nutrition surveys conducted in the past
      10 y that included preschool children and/or women of childbearing age were
      pooled. Of 25 data sets considered for inclusion, 17 were included, representing
      ~30,000 preschool children, 26,000 women of reproductive age, and 21,000 school
      aged children from all 6 WHO geographic regions. This article provides an
      overview of the BRINDA project and describes key research questions and
      programmatic and research implications. Findings from this project will inform
      global guidelines on the assessment of anemia and micronutrient status and will
      guide the development of a research agenda for future longitudinal studies. 

PMID- 26980820
TI  - Postprandial Metabolism of Macronutrients and Cardiometabolic Risk: Recent
      Developments, Emerging Concepts, and Future Directions.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States.
      Although the role of habitual lifestyle factors such as physical activity and
      dietary patterns in increasing CVD risk has long been appreciated, less is known
      about how acute daily activities may cumulatively contribute to long-term disease
      risk. Here, the term acute refers to metabolic responses occurring in a short
      period of time after eating, and the goal of this article is to review recently
      identified stressors that can occur after meals and during the sleep-wake cycle
      to affect macronutrient metabolism. It is hypothesized that these events, when
      repeated on a regular basis, contribute to the observed long-term behavioral
      risks identified in population studies. In this regard, developments in research
      methods have supported key advancements in 3 fields of macronutrient metabolism.
      The first of these research areas is the focus on the immediate postmeal
      metabolism, spanning from early intestinal adsorptive events to the impact of
      incretin hormones on these events. The second topic is a focus on the importance
      of meal components on postprandial vasculature function. Finally, some of the
      most exciting advances are being made in understanding dysregulation in
      metabolism early in the day, due to insufficient sleep, that may affect
      subsequent processing of nutrients throughout the day. Key future research
      questions are highlighted which will lead to a better understanding of the
      relations between nocturnal, basal (fasting), and early postmeal events, and aid
      in the development of optimal sleep and targeted dietary patterns to reduce
      cardiometabolic risk. 

PMID- 26980822
TI  - The Challenge of Reproducibility and Accuracy in Nutrition Research: Resources
      and Pitfalls.
AB  - Inconsistent and contradictory results from nutrition studies conducted by
      different investigators continue to emerge, in part because of the inherent
      variability of natural products, as well as the unknown and therefore
      uncontrolled variables in study populations and experimental designs. Given these
      challenges inherent in nutrition research, it is critical for the progress of the
      field that researchers strive to minimize variability within studies and enhance
      comparability between studies by optimizing the characterization, control, and
      reporting of products, reagents, and model systems used, as well as the rigor and
      reporting of experimental designs, protocols, and data analysis. Here we describe
      some recent developments relevant to research on plant-derived products used in
      nutrition research, highlight some resources for optimizing the characterization
      and reporting of research using these products, and describe some of the pitfalls
      that may be avoided by adherence to these recommendations. 

PMID- 26980821
TI  - Importance of Accurate Measurements in Nutrition Research: Dietary Flavonoids as
      a Case Study.
AB  - Accurate measurements of the secondary metabolites in natural products and plant
      foods are critical for establishing relations between diet and health. There are
      as many as 50,000 secondary metabolites that may influence human health. Their
      structural and chemical diversity presents a challenge to analytical chemistry.
      With respect to flavonoids, putative identification is accessible, but positive
      identification and quantification are limited by the lack of standards.
      Quantification has been tested with use of both nonspecific and specific methods.
      Nonspecific methods, which include antioxidant capacity methods, fail to provide
      information on the measured components, suffer from numerous interferences, are
      not equatable, and are unsuitable for health research. Specific methods, such as
      LC with diode array and mass spectrometric detection, require the use of internal
      standards and relative molar response factors. These methods are relatively
      expensive and require a high level of expertise and experimental verification;
      however, they represent the only suitable means of relating health outcomes to
      specific dietary components. 

PMID- 26980823
TI  - The Importance of Method Selection in Determining Product Integrity for Nutrition
      Research.
AB  - The American Herbal Products Association estimates that there as many as 3000
      plant species in commerce. The FDA estimates that there are about 85,000 dietary
      supplement products in the marketplace. The pace of product innovation far
      exceeds that of analytical methods development and validation, with new
      ingredients, matrixes, and combinations resulting in an analytical community that
      has been unable to keep up. This has led to a lack of validated analytical
      methods for dietary supplements and to inappropriate method selection where
      methods do exist. Only after rigorous validation procedures to ensure that
      methods are fit for purpose should they be used in a routine setting to verify
      product authenticity and quality. By following systematic procedures and
      establishing performance requirements for analytical methods before method
      development and validation, methods can be developed that are both valid and fit
      for purpose. This review summarizes advances in method selection, development,
      and validation regarding herbal supplement analysis and provides several
      documented examples of inappropriate method selection and application. 

PMID- 26980826
TI  - Selenium.

PMID- 26980825
TI  - Does Insulin Explain the Relation between Maternal Obesity and Poor Lactation
      Outcomes? An Overview of the Literature.
AB  - It is well established that obese women are at increased risk of delayed
      lactogenesis and short breastfeeding duration, but the underlying causal
      contributors remain unclear. This review summarizes the literature examining the
      role of insulin in lactation outcomes. Maternal obesity is a strong risk factor
      for insulin resistance and prediabetes, but until recently a direct role for
      insulin in milk production had not been elucidated. Over the past 6 y, studies in
      both animal models and humans have shown insulin-sensitive gene expression to be
      dramatically upregulated specifically during the lactation cycle. Insulin is now
      considered to play a direct role in lactation, including essential roles in
      secretory differentiation, secretory activation, and mature milk production. At
      the same time, emerging clinical research suggests an important association
      between suboptimal glucose tolerance and lactation difficulty. To develop
      effective interventions to support lactation success in obese women further
      research is needed to identify how, when, and for whom maternal insulin secretion
      and sensitivity affect lactation ability. 

PMID- 26980827
TI  - World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization,
      International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO Press, 2015.

PMID- 26980828
TI  - Residue, Fiber, and Subjectivity.

PMID- 26980824
TI  - Circadian Rhythms, Metabolism, and Chrononutrition in Rodents and Humans.
AB  - Chrononutrition is an emerging discipline that builds on the intimate relation
      between endogenous circadian (24-h) rhythms and metabolism. Circadian regulation
      of metabolic function can be observed from the level of intracellular
      biochemistry to whole-organism physiology and even postprandial responses. Recent
      work has elucidated the metabolic roles of circadian clocks in key metabolic
      tissues, including liver, pancreas, white adipose, and skeletal muscle. For
      example, tissue-specific clock disruption in a single peripheral organ can cause
      obesity or disruption of whole-organism glucose homeostasis. This review explains
      mechanistic insights gained from transgenic animal studies and how these data are
      being translated into the study of human genetics and physiology. The principles
      of chrononutrition have already been demonstrated to improve human weight loss
      and are likely to benefit the health of individuals with metabolic disease, as
      well as of the general population. 

PMID- 26980829
TI  - Nutrition and Autism: Intervention Compared with Identification.

PMID- 26980830
TI  - Erratum for Drewnowski. The Carbohydrate-Fat Problem: Can We Construct a Healthy
      Diet Based on Dietary Guidelines? Adv Nutr 2015;6(Suppl):318S-25S.

PMID- 26980832
TI  - Volatile Compounds Emitted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Stimulate Growth of the
      Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.
AB  - Chronic lung infections with opportunistic bacterial and fungal pathogens are a
      major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in patients with cystic
      fibrosis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently colonizing bacterium in
      these patients, and it is often found in association with the filamentous fungus
      Aspergillus fumigatus. P. aeruginosa is known to inhibit the growth of A.
      fumigatus in situations of direct contact, suggesting the existence of
      interspecies communication that may influence disease outcome. Our study shows
      that the lung pathogens P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus can interact at a distance
      via volatile-mediated communication and expands our understanding of
      interspecific signaling in microbial communities. IMPORTANCE: Microbiota studies
      have shown that pathogens cannot be studied individually anymore and that the
      establishment and progression of a specific disease are due not to a single
      microbial species but are the result of the activity of many species living
      together. To date, the interaction between members of the human microbiota has
      been analyzed in situations of direct contact or liquid-mediated contact between
      organisms. This study showed unexpectedly that human opportunistic pathogens can
      interact at a distance after sensing volatiles emitted by another microbial
      species. This finding will open a new research avenue for the understanding of
      microbial communities.

PMID- 26980831
TI  - SuhB Associates with Nus Factors To Facilitate 30S Ribosome Biogenesis in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - A complex of highly conserved proteins consisting of NusB, NusE, NusA, and NusG
      is required for robust expression of rRNA in Escherichia coli. This complex is
      proposed to prevent Rho-dependent transcription termination by a process known as
      "antitermination." The mechanism of this antitermination in rRNA is poorly
      understood but requires association of NusB and NusE with a specific RNA sequence
      in rRNA known as BoxA. Here, we identify a novel member of the rRNA
      antitermination machinery: the inositol monophosphatase SuhB. We show that SuhB
      associates with elongating RNA polymerase (RNAP) at rRNA in a NusB-dependent
      manner. Although we show that SuhB is required for BoxA-mediated antitermination
      in a reporter system, our data indicate that the major function of the
      NusB/E/A/G/SuhB complex is not to prevent Rho-dependent termination of rRNA but
      rather to promote correct rRNA maturation. This occurs through formation of a
      SuhB-mediated loop between NusB/E/BoxA and RNAP/NusA/G. Thus, we have reassigned
      the function of these proteins at rRNA and identified another key player in this
      complex. IMPORTANCE: As RNA polymerase transcribes the rRNA operons in E. coli,
      it complexes with a set of proteins called Nus that confer enhanced rates of
      transcription elongation, correct folding of rRNA, and rRNA assembly with
      ribosomal proteins to generate a fully functional ribosome. Four Nus proteins
      were previously known, NusA, NusB, NusE, and NusG; here, we discover and describe
      a fifth, SuhB, that is an essential component of this complex. We demonstrate
      that the main function of this SuhB-containing complex is not to prevent
      premature transcription termination within the rRNA operon, as had been long
      claimed, but to enable rRNA maturation and a functional ribosome fully competent
      for translation.

PMID- 26980833
TI  - Features of Circulating Parainfluenza Virus Required for Growth in Human Airway.
AB  - Respiratory paramyxoviruses, including the highly prevalent human parainfluenza
      viruses, cause the majority of childhood croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, yet
      there are currently no vaccines or effective treatments. Paramyxovirus research
      has relied on the study of laboratory-adapted strains of virus in immortalized
      cultured cell lines. We show that findings made in such systems about the
      receptor interaction and viral fusion requirements for entry and fitness-mediated
      by the receptor binding protein and the fusion protein-can be drastically
      different from the requirements for infection in vivo. Here we carried out whole
      genome sequencing and genomic analysis of circulating human parainfluenza virus
      field strains to define functional and structural properties of proteins of
      circulating strains and to identify the genetic basis for properties that confer
      fitness in the field. The analysis of clinical strains suggests that the receptor
      binding-fusion molecule pairs of circulating viruses maintain a balance of
      properties that result in an inverse correlation between fusion in cultured cells
      and growth in vivo. Future analysis of entry mechanisms and inhibitory strategies
      for paramyxoviruses will benefit from considering the properties of viruses that
      are fit to infect humans, since a focus on viruses that have adapted to
      laboratory work provides a distinctly different picture of the requirements for
      the entry step of infection. IMPORTANCE: Mechanistic information about viral
      infection-information that impacts antiviral and vaccine development-is generally
      derived from viral strains grown under laboratory conditions in immortalized
      cells. This study uses whole-genome sequencing of clinical strains of human
      parainfluenza virus 3-a globally important respiratory paramyxovirus-in cell
      systems that mimic the natural human host and in animal models. By examining the
      differences between clinical isolates and laboratory-adapted strains, the
      sequence differences are correlated to mechanistic differences in viral entry.
      For this ubiquitous and pathogenic respiratory virus to infect the human lung,
      modulation of the processes of receptor engagement and fusion activation occur in
      a manner quite different from that carried out by the entry glycoprotein
      expressing pair of laboratory strains. These marked contrasts in the viral
      properties necessary for infection in cultured immortalized cells and in natural
      host tissues and animals will influence future basic and clinical studies.

PMID- 26980834
TI  - Novel Trypanosomatid-Bacterium Association: Evolution of Endosymbiosis in Action.
AB  - We describe a novel symbiotic association between a kinetoplastid protist,
      Novymonas esmeraldas gen. nov., sp. nov., and an intracytoplasmic bacterium,
      "Candidatus Pandoraea novymonadis" sp. nov., discovered as a result of a broad
      scale survey of insect trypanosomatid biodiversity in Ecuador. We characterize
      this association by describing the morphology of both organisms, as well as their
      interactions, and by establishing their phylogenetic affinities. Importantly,
      neither partner is closely related to other known organisms previously implicated
      in eukaryote-bacterial symbiosis. This symbiotic association seems to be
      relatively recent, as the host does not exert a stringent control over the number
      of bacteria harbored in its cytoplasm. We argue that this unique relationship may
      represent a suitable model for studying the initial stages of establishment of
      endosymbiosis between a single-cellular eukaryote and a prokaryote. Based on
      phylogenetic analyses, Novymonas could be considered a proxy for the insect-only
      ancestor of the dixenous genus Leishmania and shed light on the origin of the two
      host life cycle within the subfamily Leishmaniinae. IMPORTANCE: The parasitic
      trypanosomatid protist Novymonas esmeraldas gen. nov., sp. nov. entered into
      endosymbiosis with the bacterium "Ca. Pandoraea novymonadis" sp. nov. This novel
      and rather unstable interaction shows several signs of relatively recent
      establishment, qualifying it as a potentially unique transient stage in the
      increasingly complex range of eukaryotic-prokaryotic relationships.

PMID- 26980838
TI  - Pollen--tiny and ephemeral but not forgotten: New ideas on their ecology and
      evolution.
AB  - Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have been interested in the functional
      biology of pollen since the discovery in the 1800s that pollen grains encompass
      tiny plants (male gametophytes) that develop and produce sperm cells. After the
      discovery of double fertilization in flowering plants, botanists in the early
      1900s were quick to explore the effects of temperature and maternal nutrients on
      pollen performance, while evolutionary biologists began studying the nature of
      haploid selection and pollen competition. A series of technical and theoretic
      developments have subsequently, but usually separately, expanded our knowledge of
      the nature of pollen performance and how it evolves. Today, there is a tremendous
      diversity of interests that touch on pollen performance, ranging from the
      ecological setting on the stigma, structural and physiological aspects of pollen
      germination and tube growth, the form of pollen competition and its role in
      sexual selection in plants, virus transmission, mating system evolution, and
      inbreeding depression. Given the explosion of technical knowledge of pollen cell
      biology, computer modeling, and new methods to deal with diversity in a
      phylogenetic context, we are now more than ever poised for a new era of research
      that includes complex functional traits that limit or enhance the evolution of
      these deceptively simple organisms. 

PMID- 26980836
TI  - Phylogenetic Diversity of Vibrio cholerae Associated with Endemic Cholera in
      Mexico from 1991 to 2008.
AB  - An outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in Mexico, where it had not been reported
      for more than a century and is now endemic. Vibrio cholerae O1 prototype El Tor
      and classical strains coexist with altered El Tor strains (1991 to 1997).
      Nontoxigenic (CTX(-)) V. cholerae El Tor dominated toxigenic (CTX(+)) strains
      (2001 to 2003), but V. cholerae CTX(+) variant El Tor was isolated during 2004 to
      2008, outcompeting CTX(-) V. cholerae. Genomes of six Mexican V. cholerae O1
      strains isolated during 1991 to 2008 were sequenced and compared with both
      contemporary and archived strains of V. cholerae. Three were CTX(+) El Tor, two
      were CTX(-) El Tor, and the remaining strain was a CTX(+) classical isolate.
      Whole-genome sequence analysis showed the six isolates belonged to five distinct
      phylogenetic clades. One CTX(-) isolate is ancestral to the 6th and 7th pandemic
      CTX(+) V. cholerae isolates. The other CTX(-) isolate joined with CTX(-) non
      O1/O139 isolates from Haiti and seroconverted O1 isolates from Brazil and
      Amazonia. One CTX(+) isolate was phylogenetically placed with the sixth pandemic
      classical clade and the V. cholerae O395 classical reference strain. Two CTX(+)
      El Tor isolates possessing intact Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) are
      related to hybrid El Tor isolates from Mozambique and Bangladesh. The third
      CTX(+) El Tor isolate contained West African-South American (WASA) recombination
      in VSP-II and showed relatedness to isolates from Peru and Brazil. Except for one
      isolate, all Mexican isolates lack SXT/R391 integrative conjugative elements
      (ICEs) and sensitivity to selected antibiotics, with one isolate resistant to
      streptomycin. No isolates were related to contemporary isolates from Asia,
      Africa, or Haiti, indicating phylogenetic diversity. IMPORTANCE: Sequencing of
      genomes of V. cholerae is critical if genetic changes occurring over time in the
      circulating population of an area of endemicity are to be understood. Although
      cholera outbreaks occurred rarely in Mexico prior to the 1990s, genetically
      diverse V. cholerae O1 strains were isolated between 1991 and 2008. Despite the
      lack of strong evidence, the notion that cholera was transmitted from Africa to
      Latin America has been proposed in the literature. In this study, we have applied
      whole-genome sequence analysis to a set of 124 V. cholerae strains, including six
      Mexican isolates, to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic
      analysis indicated the six V. cholerae O1 isolates belong to five phylogenetic
      clades: i.e., basal, nontoxigenic, classical, El Tor, and hybrid El Tor. Thus,
      the results of phylogenetic analysis, coupled with CTXphi array and antibiotic
      susceptibility, do not support single-source transmission of cholera to Mexico
      from African countries. The association of indigenous populations of V. cholerae
      that has been observed in this study suggests it plays a significant role in the
      dynamics of cholera in Mexico.

PMID- 26980835
TI  - Molecular and Structural Characterization of a Novel Escherichia coli Interleukin
      Receptor Mimic Protein.
AB  - Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a disease of extremely high incidence in both
      community and nosocomial settings. UTIs cause significant morbidity and
      mortality, with approximately 150 million cases globally per year. Uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause of UTI and is generally treated
      empirically. However, the rapidly increasing incidence of UTIs caused by
      multidrug-resistant UPEC strains has led to limited available treatment options
      and highlights the urgent need to develop alternative treatment and prevention
      strategies. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis to define the
      regulation, structure, function, and immunogenicity of recently identified UPEC
      vaccine candidate C1275 (here referred to as IrmA). We showed that the irmA gene
      is highly prevalent in UPEC, is cotranscribed with the biofilm-associated antigen
      43 gene, and is regulated by the global oxidative stress response OxyR protein.
      Localization studies identified IrmA in the UPEC culture supernatant. We
      determined the structure of IrmA and showed that it adopts a unique domain
      swapped dimer architecture. The dimeric structure of IrmA displays similarity to
      those of human cytokine receptors, including the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R),
      interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R), and interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) binding
      domains, and we showed that purified IrmA can bind to their cognate cytokines.
      Finally, we showed that plasma from convalescent urosepsis patients contains high
      IrmA antibody titers, demonstrating the strong immunogenicity of IrmA. Taken
      together, our results indicate that IrmA may play an important role during UPEC
      infection. IMPORTANCE: Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the primary cause of
      urinary tract infection (UTI), a disease of major significance to human health.
      Globally, the incidence of UPEC-mediated UTI is strongly associated with
      increasing antibiotic resistance, making this extremely common infection a major
      public health concern. In this report, we describe the regulatory, structural,
      functional, and immunogenic properties of a candidate UPEC vaccine antigen, IrmA.
      We demonstrate that IrmA is a small UPEC protein that forms a unique domain
      swapped dimer with structural mimicry to several human cytokine receptors. We
      also show that IrmA binds to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10, is strongly immunogenic in
      urosepsis patients, and is coexpressed with factors associated with biofilm
      formation. Overall, this work suggests a potential novel contribution for IrmA in
      UPEC infection.

PMID- 26980839
TI  - Ulcerative Colitis Is Characterized by a Decrease in Regulatory B Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by Th2-polarized, B
      cell responses. However, neither size, composition, nor activity of the Breg
      compartment in active UC has been evaluated. METHODS: Peripheral blood of 25
      patients with UC, 5 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 15 control subjects
      was examined for Bregs subsets by flow cytometry. Intestinal tissue of 5 patients
      with UC, 3 patients with CD and 5 control subjects was also examined for Bregs.
      The levels of serum interleukin (IL)-10, immunoglobulin (Ig), and C-reactive
      protein (CRP), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in individual
      subjects were measured. Interleukin-10 production in B cells isolated from
      patients with UC was examined. Potential associations between the values of the
      different measures were analysed by the Spearman correlation test. RESULTS:
      Compared with controls, the UC patients had significantly reduced frequencies of
      CD24(high)CD38(high) and CD5(+) Bregs in peripheral blood as well as in
      intestinal tissues, accompanied by lower serum IL-10 levels. Interleukin-10
      production was significantly decreased in stimulated B cells from patients with
      UC, whereas patient IL-10(+) B cells were found to be enriched in
      CD24(high)CD38(high) and CD5(+) B cells. However, increased percentages of
      CD95(+)-exhausted Bregs were encountered in subsets. Furthermore, Mayo clinic
      scores, CRP, and ESR in UC patients was negatively correlated with the frequency
      of Bregs and the IL-10 concentration, whereas these parameters were positively
      correlated with the frequency of CD95(+)-exhausted Bregs and the IgG levels.
      CONCLUSIONS: Active UC is characterized by exhaustion of regulatory control in
      the B cell compartment.

PMID- 26980837
TI  - Early Interactions of Murine Macrophages with Francisella tularensis Map to Mouse
      Chromosome 19.
AB  - Differences among individuals in susceptibility to infectious diseases can be
      modulated by host genetics. Much of the research in this field has aimed to
      identify loci within the host genome that are associated with these differences.
      In mice, A/J (AJ) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice show differential susceptibilities to
      various pathogens, including the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis.
      Because macrophages are the main initial target during F. tularensis infection,
      we explored early interactions of macrophages from these two mouse strains with
      F. tularensis as well as the genetic factors underlying these interactions. Our
      results indicate that bacterial interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages
      (BMDMs) during early stages of infection are different in the AJ and B6 strains.
      During these early stages, bacteria are more numerous in B6 than in AJ
      macrophages and display differences in trafficking and early transcriptional
      response within these macrophages. To determine the genetic basis for these
      differences, we infected BMDMs isolated from recombinant inbred (RI) mice derived
      from reciprocal crosses between AJ and B6, and we followed early bacterial counts
      within these macrophages. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis revealed a
      locus on chromosome 19 that is associated with early differences in bacterial
      counts in AJ versus B6 macrophages. QTL analysis of published data that measured
      the differential susceptibilities of the same RI mice to an in vivo challenge
      with F. tularensis confirmed the F. tularensis susceptibility QTL on chromosome
      19. Overall, our results show that early interactions of macrophages with F.
      tularensis are dependent on the macrophage genetic background. IMPORTANCE:
      Francisella tularensis is a highly pathogenic bacterium with a very low
      infectious dose in humans. Some mechanisms of bacterial virulence have been
      elucidated, but the host genetic factors that contribute to host resistance or
      susceptibility are largely unknown. In this work, we have undertaken a genetic
      approach to assess what these factors are in mice. Analyzing early interactions
      of macrophages with the bacteria as well as data on overall susceptibility to
      infection revealed a locus on chromosome 19 that is associated with both
      phenotypes. In addition, our work revealed differences in the early macrophage
      response between macrophages with different genetic backgrounds. Overall, this
      work suggests some intriguing links between in vitro and in vivo infection models
      and should aid in further elucidating the genetic circuits behind the host
      response to Francisella tularensis infection.

PMID- 26980840
TI  - Early Mucosal Healing with Exclusive Enteral Nutrition is Associated with
      Improved Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Children with Luminal Crohn's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) induction in children with luminal
      Crohn's disease (CD) gives early mucosal healing (MH), but the long-term benefits
      of EEN-induced MH are just emerging. AIMS & METHODS: We prospectively followed an
      Australian cohort of newly diagnosed children with predominantly luminal CD who
      completed at least six weeks EEN and with paired clinical Pediatric Crohn's
      Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), biochemical (C-reactive protein; CRP) and
      endoscopic assessment at diagnosis and post EEN. All commenced immunomodulators
      (IMs) early (<3 months from diagnosis) and had a minimum of 1 year follow-up.
      Complete MH was a simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) of 0, and
      SES-CD>=1 was ascribed to active endoscopic disease (aED) and further divided
      into near complete MH (SES 1-3), mild active disease (SES-CD 4-10) and moderate
      to severe disease (SES-CD>10). The primary outcome was long-term supervised
      sustained remission (SR) on IMs alone without need for corticosteroids,
      infliximab (IFX) or surgery. RESULTS: A total of 54 eligible children (33 males)
      completing EEN induction were analysed. The median duration between pre and post
      EEN assessments was 60.5 days [interquartile range (IQR), 56-69.5]. Post EEN:
      clinical remission (PCDAI < 10) was observed in 45/54 (83%), and biochemical
      remission (PCDAI < 10 and CRP < 5 mg/dl) was observed in 39/54 (72%). Complete MH
      was observed in 18/54 (33%), near complete in 10/54(19%). SR was superior in
      those with complete MH vs. aED; 13/18, (72%) vs. 10/36 (28%), p = 0.003 at 1
      year, 8/16, (50%) vs. 3/24, (8%), p = 0.008 at 2 years and (8/16, (50%) vs. 1/19,
      (6%), p = 0.005) at 3 years. Near-complete MH did not lead to superior SR.
      CONCLUSIONS: Only complete MH post EEN induction predicts more favourable SR for
      up to 3 years.

PMID- 26980841
TI  - Response to 'A relational approach to Saviour Siblings?' by Selgelid.
AB  - In his concise argument, 'A relational approach to saviour siblings?', Selgelid
      reiterates some of the arguments raised in the author meets critics discussion of
      my book, Saviour Siblings In this response, I highlight an important
      misunderstanding in one of the arguments put forward by Selgelid, which forms the
      basis of a large portion of his analysis. Contrary to what Selgelid contends, I
      do not use the deafness case in my discussion of the non-identity problem to
      contend that the case of selecting for deafness is ethically different from the
      case of saviour siblings. As I state in my reply, I use the case of deafness not
      as a comparator for saviour siblings but rather to illustrate the different
      categories of risk that apply in selection cases Given this confusion, I restate
      my objection to relying on the non-identity problem in evaluating risk of harm
      associated with the embryo biopsy process for preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
      Finally, I reiterate that the individual interests of saviour siblings remain
      important in the decision-making matrix and emphasise that Saviour Siblings
      offers a more contextualised approach to the welfare of the child in selective
      reproduction, which includes both individual and collective interests. 

PMID- 26980842
TI  - Colon cancer and Salicylates.

PMID- 26980843
TI  - Determinants of orthodontic treatment need and demand: a cross-sectional path
      model study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To put forward a model predicting orthodontic treatment need and
      demand. Furthermore, to explore how much of the variance in treatment demand
      could be explained by a set of self-assessed measures, and how these measures
      relate to professionally assessed treatment need. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One
      hundred and fifty adolescents, aged 13 years, completed a questionnaire which
      included a set of self-assessed measures dealing with self-esteem, such as dental
      and global self-esteem, various aspects of malocclusion, such as perceived
      malocclusion and perceived functional limitation, and treatment demand. Treatment
      need was assessed by Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic
      Treatment Need grading. Path analysis was used to examine the relations between
      the measures and if they could predict treatment need and demand. RESULTS: The
      measures proved to be reliable and inter-correlated. Path analysis revealed that
      the proposed model had good fit to the data, providing a test of the unique
      effect of all included measures on treatment need and demand. The model explained
      33% of the variance in treatment demand and 22% of the variance in treatment
      need. LIMITATIONS: The specific age group could affect the generalizability of
      the findings. Moreover, although showing good fit to data, the final model is
      based on a combination of theoretical reasoning and semi-explorative approach.
      CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model displays the unique effect of each included
      measure on treatment need and demand, explaining a large proportion of the
      variance in perceived treatment demand and professionally assessed treatment
      need. The model would hopefully lead to improved and more cost-efficient
      predictions of treatment need and demand.

PMID- 26980844
TI  - A Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Clinical Effectiveness of a Measured
      Objective Tensioning Device in Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament
      Reconstruction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Soft tissue grafts are commonly used in surgical reconstruction of
      the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Applying the appropriate tension to the
      final graft reconstruction has traditionally been performed by the surgeon and is
      based on the surgeon's experience and perception of applied tension. Problems
      with manual application of tension to the ACL reconstruction include under- or
      overtightening the reconstruction, inconsistent tension application among
      subjects, and variable load application to each strand. PURPOSE: To assess
      whether measured tensioning of hamstring ACL grafts during fixation improves
      clinical outcome or knee laxity postoperatively when compared with conventional
      tensioning maneuvers. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of
      evidence, 1. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial of
      consecutive primary ACL patients. The device group included patients in whom a
      measured tensioning device was used for graft tensioning (80 N), and the
      physician group did not use a tensioning device. The primary outcome was KT-1000
      arthrometer side-to-side laxity differences between knees at 6, 12, and 18 months
      postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the International Knee Documentation
      Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form and Anterior Cruciate Ligament
      Quality of Life Questionnaire (ACL-QoL) at those intervals. Chi-square and t
      tests were used for analysis. The study had 90% power to detect a difference of 2
      mm between groups. RESULTS: A sample of 127 patients was randomized. Of those, 14
      did not have follow-up data and were excluded from this analysis, resulting in a
      final sample of 113 (55 patients in the device group and 58 in the physician
      group). No significant differences were found in baseline demographics or
      comorbidities. There were no significant differences between the groups
      (physician vs device) at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months in side-to-side
      laxity (4.6 vs 4.7 mm, 1.6 vs 1.3 mm, 1.5 vs 1.3 mm, and 1.1 vs 1.0 mm,
      respectively), IKDC score (58.2 vs 56.4, 72.0 vs 67.9, 79.9 vs 76.0, and 81.3 vs
      78.5, respectively), or ACL-QoL score (998.2 vs 901.2, 1846.4 vs 1647.5, 2150.4
      vs 2268.3, and 2436.9 vs 2231.8, respectively). CONCLUSION: Measured tensioning
      of hamstring ACL grafts during fixation does not improve clinical outcome or knee
      laxity postoperatively when compared with conventional tensioning maneuvers.

PMID- 26980845
TI  - Reliability and Associated Risk Factors for Performance on the Vestibular/Ocular
      Motor Screening (VOMS) Tool in Healthy Collegiate Athletes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) is a newly developed
      screening tool that evaluates vestibular and ocular motor symptom (eg, headache,
      dizziness, nausea, fogginess) provocation after a sport-related concussion.
      Baseline data on the VOMS are needed to extend the application of this measure to
      broad age groups and to document normal variations in performance. PURPOSE: The
      primary purpose of this study was to examine the internal consistency of the VOMS
      in a large sample of healthy, nonconcussed collegiate athletes. The secondary
      purpose was to investigate the effects of patient sex and history of motion
      sickness, migraines, and concussions on baseline VOMS scores. STUDY DESIGN:
      Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: A total of 263 National Collegiate
      Athletic Association Division I athletes (mean +/- SD age, 19.85 +/- 1.35 years)
      completed self-reported demographic and medical history at preseason physical
      examinations and baseline screening. Internal consistency of the VOMS was
      assessed with Cronbach alpha. A series of univariate nonparametric tests (chi(2)
      with odds ratios [ORs] and 95% CIs) were used to examine the associations among
      medical history risk factors and VOMS clinical cutoff scores (score of >=2 for
      any individual VOMS symptom, near point of convergence [NPC] distance of >=5 cm),
      with higher scores representing greater symptom provocation. RESULTS: Internal
      consistency of the VOMS was high (Cronbach alpha = .97), and 89% of athletes
      scored below cutoff levels (ie, 11% false-positive rate). Female athletes (OR,
      2.99 [95% CI, 1.34-6.70]; P = .006) and those with a personal history of motion
      sickness (OR, 7.73 [95% CI, 1.94-30.75]; P = .009) were more likely to have >=1
      VOMS scores above cutoff levels. No risk factors were associated with increased
      odds of an abnormal NPC distance. CONCLUSION: The VOMS possesses internal
      consistency and an acceptable false-positive rate among healthy Division I
      collegiate student-athletes. Female sex and a history of motion sickness were
      risk factors for VOMS scores above clinical cutoff levels among healthy
      collegiate student-athletes. Results support a comprehensive baseline evaluation
      approach that includes an assessment of premorbid vestibular and oculomotor
      symptoms.

PMID- 26980846
TI  - The Inverted Discoid Meniscus Segment: Clinical, Radiographic, and Arthroscopic
      Description of a Hidden Tear Pattern.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A flipped, or inverted, meniscus segment is easily visualized in the
      normal meniscus. However, an inverted discoid meniscus segment may be difficult
      to appreciate because the tear occurs more centrally and leaves more meniscal
      rim; thus, it may be undertreated if not addressed during arthroscopy. PURPOSE:
      To describe findings on clinical history, radiographs, MRI, and arthroscopy of a
      lateral discoid meniscus with an inverted segment and compare them with
      characteristics of a lateral discoid meniscus without an inverted segment. STUDY
      DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2012,
      a retrospective series of 121 consecutive knee arthroscopies for symptomatic
      lateral discoid meniscus were reviewed for the presence of an inverted fragment.
      Chart review of clinical presentation, operative reports, radiographic images,
      and arthroscopic images was performed. Comparative analysis of the clinical
      presentation between lateral discoid menisci with an inverted segment and
      noninverted lateral discoid menisci was performed by use of Fisher exact test and
      Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with an inverted discoid meniscus
      segment (14 males, 5 females; average age, 15.0 years; range, 9.5-17.0 years)
      were compared with 102 patients with a noninverted discoid meniscus (53 males, 49
      females; average age, 12.3 years; range, 5-17.0 years) (P = .011 for sex and P <
      .001 for age). All 19 discoid meniscus patients with an inverted segment had
      activity-related knee pain. Only 4 patients (21.0%) reported mechanical symptoms.
      Patients with an inverted discoid segment, compared with patients with discoid
      menisci without inverted segments, were more likely to have instability and
      effusion (P = .012 and P < .001, respectively). Eighteen discoid meniscus
      patients with an inverted segment (94.7%) had an injury, while only 41.2% of
      patients with noninverted symptomatic discoid menisci had an injury (P < .001).
      On MRI, an inverted discoid segment was seen as a horizontal longitudinal tear, a
      free fragment, or a double meniscus. During arthroscopy, the inverted discoid
      segment appeared normal, without a tear; upon probing, however, the inverted
      segment could be exposed. CONCLUSION: An inverted discoid segment occurs during
      adolescence, and it is more likely to occur in male patients and more likely to
      be associated with activity-related pain and injury compared with a noninverted
      symptomatic discoid meniscus. A discoid meniscus with an inverted segment does
      not have the standard radiographic and arthroscopic features normally associated
      with a discoid meniscus.

PMID- 26980847
TI  - Compliance with the Use of Medical and Cloth Masks Among Healthcare Workers in
      Vietnam.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Masks are often worn in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of
      infection from healthcare workers (HCWs) to patients. Masks are also used to
      protect the employee from patient-generated infectious organisms but poor
      compliance can reduce efficacy. The aim of this study was to examine the factors
      influencing compliance with the use of medical and cloth masks amongst hospital
      HCWs. METHODS: HCWs compliance with the use of medical and cloth masks was
      measured over a 4-week period in a randomized controlled trial in Vietnam. HCWs
      were instructed to record their daily activities in diary cards. Demographic,
      clinical, and diary card data were used to determine the predictors of compliance
      and the relationship of compliance with infection outcomes. RESULTS: Compliance
      rates for both medical and cloth masks decreased during the 4 weeks: medical mask
      use decreased from 77 to 68% (P < 0.001) and cloth masks from 78 to 69% (P <
      0.001). The presence of adverse events (adjusted RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85-0.95), and
      performing aerosol-generating procedures (adjusted RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.82)
      were negatively associated with compliance, while contact with febrile
      respiratory illness patients was positively associated (adjusted RR 1.14, 95% CI
      1.07-1.20). Being compliant with medical or cloth masks use (average use >=70% of
      working time) was not associated with clinical respiratory illness, influenza
      like illness, and laboratory-confirmed viral infection. CONCLUSION: Understanding
      the factors that affect compliance is important for the occupational health and
      safety of HCWs. New strategies and tools should be developed to increase
      compliance of HCWs. The presence of adverse events such as discomfort and
      breathing problems may be the main reasons for the low compliance with mask use
      and further studies should be conducted to improve the design/material of masks
      to improve comfort for the wearer.

PMID- 26980848
TI  - Simultaneous early-onset immune thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease
      following alemtuzumab treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We report two cases of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple
      sclerosis with early-onset thrombocytopenia and autoimmune thyroid disease after
      the first treatment course with 60-mg alemtuzumab. METHODS: Case series and
      review of the literature. RESULTS: Both patients showed severe thrombocytopenia
      with platelet counts of 2 * 10(9) and 11 * 10(9)/L, respectively, as well as
      increased thyroid antibodies within only a few months after initiating
      alemtuzumab treatment (11 and 9 months). Both patients responded considerably
      well to medical therapy including corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins
      with slow platelet recovery over several weeks. Interestingly, both patients were
      previously treated with fingolimod and showed a marked lymphocytopenia that led
      to discontinuation. CONCLUSION: These cases emphasize the necessity of careful
      clinical surveillance and proper education of patients treated with alemtuzumab
      as proposed by the safety-monitoring program. Previous severe lymphocytopenia
      under therapy with other disease-modifying therapies may be a risk factor for the
      development of immune thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 26980849
TI  - Care of the Student With Special Healthcare Needs: The Development of the WISHeS
      Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Training.
AB  - Care of the Student With Special Healthcare Needs is a free resource that can
      assist school nurses in ensuring they are providing the most up-to-date, evidence
      based care to children. Although the training module was developed to improve the
      care provided to Wisconsin children, the module can be accessed by school nurses
      and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) across the United States and
      internationally. School nurses in other states would need to review their state's
      nurse practice act and school district policies to evaluate which procedures they
      are allowed to delegate. 

PMID- 26980850
TI  - Can Grit Be Nurtured in Undergraduate Nursing Students?
AB  - Grit, a positive psychological trait, is a character trait of great benefit to
      the practice of nursing. Nurses who exemplify a combination of excellence,
      determination, and compassion in their practice are often described as having
      grit. This article discusses the five major traits of grit and the development
      and nurturing of these traits in both nursing students and novice nurses. The
      topic of the development of grit is relevant to school nurses who find themselves
      in mentor roles with nursing students and with nurses new to school nursing. 

PMID- 26980851
TI  - Managing Use of Over-the-Counter Medications in the School Setting: Keeping Kids
      in School and Ready to Learn.
AB  - The use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications in our unique school setting has
      proven to be a cost-effective and valuable tool in keeping students in the
      classroom and prepared to learn. Disruptions in educational time due to minor
      complaints become frustrating for students and teachers. Utilizing the assessment
      skills of the school nurse and treatment options available through the use of OTC
      medications decreases those disruptions and protects the educational time. The
      opportunity to increase student understanding and health literacy regarding the
      correct use of OTC medications is a valuable way to protect the health of
      students. Lessons learned in the residential setting may have application to
      other school settings. 

PMID- 26980852
TI  - The Part 1 MFSRH Examination: the new Single Best Answer paper.

PMID- 26980853
TI  - Health, Safety, and a Sustainable Environment Require Participatory Democracy and
      a Commitment to Social Justice and Equality.

PMID- 26980854
TI  - Predictors of health-related quality of life in community-dwelling stroke
      survivors: a cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) post stroke is
      common, though prevalence estimates vary considerably. Few longitudinal studies
      explore post-stroke patterns of HRQoL and factors contributing to their change
      over time. Accurately identifying HRQoL after stroke is essential to
      understanding the extent of stroke effects. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to
      assess change in levels of, and identify independent predictors of, HRQoL over
      the first 12-months post-stroke. METHODS: Design. A prospective cohort study.
      SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling stroke survivors in metropolitan
      Newcastle, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Consecutively recruited stroke
      patients (n = 134) participated in face-to-face interviews at baseline, 3, 6, 9
      and 12 months. OUTCOME MEASURE: HRQoL (measured using the Assessment Quality-of
      life).Independent measures. Physical and psycho-social functioning, including
      depression and anxiety (measured via Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale),
      disability (Modified Rankin Scale), social support (Multi-dimensional Scale
      Perceived Social Support) and community participation (Adelaide Activities
      Profile). ANALYSES: A linear mixed model was used to establish the predictors of,
      change in HRQoL over time. RESULTS: On multivariable analysis, HRQOL did not
      change significantly with time post-stroke. Higher HRQoL scores were
      independently associated with higher baseline HRQoL (P = 0.03), younger age (P =
      0.006), lower disability (P = 0.003), greater community participation (P <=
      0.001) and no history of depression (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: These results
      contribute to an understanding of HRQoL in the first year post-stroke. Community
      participation and stroke-related disability are potentially modifiable risk
      factors affecting post-stroke HRQoL. Interventions aimed at addressing
      participation and disability post-stroke should be developed and tested.

PMID- 26980859
TI  - Understanding Tobacco Use Behaviors Among African Americans: Progress, Critical
      Gaps, and Opportunities.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although multiple factors likely influence the differences between
      African Americans (AAs) and whites in cardiovascular disease and lung cancer
      mortality rates, historical patterns of tobacco use, particularly cigarette
      smoking, are the major contributors. This issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research
      presents original research, a review, and commentaries that will serve to advance
      our understanding of several relevant behavioral similarities and differences
      between AAs and whites. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS: Here, we illustrate how the
      diverging trends in cigarette smoking between AA and white high school seniors
      observed since the mid-1970s were influenced by patterns of ever use and current
      use among ever users. During 1977 to 2014, the percentage of current users among
      ever users was higher, but less variable, among whites than AAs. Among adults,
      trends in self-reported cigarette smoking among non-Hispanic AAs and non-Hispanic
      whites are available since 1978. The trends observed were likely due in part to
      the maturation of the high school senior cohorts from the 1970s and 1980s when AA
      smoking rates declined sharply relative to whites. Later age of initiation among
      AAs and less quitting among older AAs, relative to whites, also contribute.
      CONCLUSIONS: Further research on multiple topics, including the continuation of
      use among ever users, use of multiple combusted and noncombusted products,
      provision of cessation support services, influence of discrimination, and
      validity of self-report would expand the science base. Strategies to reduce the
      marketing and availability of menthol and other characterizing flavorings and to
      enrich environments would promote the public's health.

PMID- 26980860
TI  - The African American Youth Smoking Experience: An Overview.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Beginning in the late 1970s, a very sharp decline in cigarette
      smoking prevalence was observed among African American (AA) high school seniors
      compared with a more modest decline among whites. This historic decline resulted
      in a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking among AA youth that has persisted for
      several decades. METHODS: We synthesized information contained in the research
      literature and tobacco industry documents to provide an account of past
      influences on cigarette smoking behavior among AA youth to help understand the
      reasons for these historically lower rates of cigarette smoking. RESULTS: While a
      number of protective factors including cigarette price increases, religiosity,
      parental opposition, sports participation, body image, and negative attitudes
      towards cigarette smoking may have all played a role in maintaining lower rates
      of cigarette smoking among AA youth as compared to white youth, the efforts of
      the tobacco industry seem to have prevented the effectiveness of these factors
      from carrying over into adulthood. CONCLUSION: Continuing public health efforts
      that prevent cigarette smoking initiation and maintain lower cigarette smoking
      rates among AA youth throughout adulthood have the potential to help reduce the
      negative health consequences of smoking in this population. IMPLICATIONS: While
      AA youth continue to have a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking than white
      youth, they are still at risk of increasing their smoking behavior due to
      aggressive targeted marketing by the tobacco industry. Because AAs suffer
      disproportionately from tobacco-related disease, and have higher incidence and
      mortality rates from lung cancer, efforts to prevent smoking initiation and
      maintain lower cigarette smoking rates among AA youth have the potential to
      significantly lower lung cancer death rates among AA adults.

PMID- 26980861
TI  - Comparison of Smoking History Patterns Among African American and White Cohorts
      in the United States Born 1890 to 1990.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Characterizing smoking history patterns summarizes life course
      exposure for birth cohorts, essential for evaluating the impact of tobacco
      control on health. Limited attention has been given to patterns among African
      Americans. METHODS: Life course smoking histories of African Americans and whites
      were estimated beginning with the 1890 birth cohort. Estimates of smoking
      initiation and cessation probabilities, and intensity can be used as a baseline
      for studying smoking intervention strategies that target smoking exposure. US
      National Health Interview Surveys conducted from 1965 to 2012 yielded cross
      sectional information on current smoking behavior among African Americans and
      whites. Additional detail for smokers including age at initiation, age at
      cessation and smoking intensity were available in some surveys and these were
      used to construct smoking histories for participants up to the date that they
      were interviewed. Age-period-cohort models with constrained natural splines
      provided estimates of current, former and never-smoker prevalence in cohorts
      beginning in 1890. RESULTS: This approach yielded yearly estimates of initiation,
      cessation and smoking intensity by age for each birth cohort. Smoking initiation
      probabilities tend to be lower among African Americans compared to whites, and
      cessation probabilities also were generally lower. Higher initiation leads to
      higher smoking prevalence among whites in younger ages, but lower cessation leads
      to higher prevalence at older ages in blacks, when adverse health effects of
      smoking become most apparent. CONCLUSIONS: These estimates provide a summary that
      can be used to better understand the effects of changes in smoking behavior
      following publication of the Surgeon General's Report in 1964. IMPLICATIONS: A
      novel method of estimating smoking histories was applied to data from the
      National Health Interview Surveys, which provided an extensive summary of the
      smoking history in this population following publication of the Surgeon General's
      Report in 1964. The results suggest that some of the existing disparities in
      smoking-related disease may be due to the lower cessation rates in African
      Americans compared to whites. However, the number of cigarettes smoked is also
      lower among African Americans. Further work is needed to determine mechanisms by
      which smoking duration and intensity can account for racial disparities in
      smoking-related diseases.

PMID- 26980863
TI  - Does a Race-Gender-Age Crossover Effect Exist in Current Cigarette Smoking
      Between Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites? United States, 2001-2013.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: For years, national US surveys have found a lower prevalence of
      cigarette smoking among non-Hispanic (NH) black adolescents and young adults than
      their NH white counterparts while finding either similar or higher prevalence in
      NH blacks among older adults. We present results from four US surveys, including
      one supplemented by cotinine data, to determine if a race-gender-age crossover
      effect exists between NH black and NH white current cigarette smokers. METHODS:
      We present NH black and NH white current cigarette smoking estimates in the
      National Youth Tobacco Survey (2004-2013), National Survey on Drug Use and Health
      (2002-2013), National Health Interview Survey (2001-2013), and National Health
      and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2012). RESULTS: All surveys consistently
      found that NH black females aged 12-25 years had a lower smoking prevalence than
      NH white females of the same age while NH black males aged 26 years or older had
      a higher smoking prevalence than NH white males of the same age. Results were
      inconsistent between surveys for current smoking estimates for males 12-25 years
      and females aged 26 years or older. CONCLUSION: Our results are inconclusive in
      consistently detecting the existence of a race-gender-age crossover effect for
      current cigarette smoking between NH blacks and NH whites. National birth cohort
      studies are better suited to detect a race-gender-age crossover effect in smoking
      prevalence between these two racial groups.

PMID- 26980862
TI  - National Surveys and Tobacco Use Among African Americans: A Review of Critical
      Factors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Beginning in the 1970s, US national surveys showed African American
      youth having a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking than white youth. Yet,
      during adulthood, African Americans have a smoking prevalence comparable to white
      adults. Data sources chosen can contribute in different ways to understanding
      tobacco use behaviors among African American youth and adults; this article is a
      review of national and/or state-based health surveys to examine their
      methodology, racial and ethnic classifications, and tobacco-use related measures.
      METHODS: Eleven national and/or state based surveys were selected for review.
      Eight surveys were multitopic and included questions on tobacco use and three
      surveys were tobacco specific. Survey methods included telephone (4), household
      (3), and school (4). Three major characteristics examined for each survey were:
      (1) survey design and methods, (2) racial and ethnic background classification,
      and (3) selected tobacco smoking questions. Within these three characteristics,
      15 factors considered to be important for examining tobacco use behaviors by
      African Americans were identified a priori using previously published reviews and
      studies. RESULTS: Within survey design and methods, the majority of surveys (>=7)
      oversampled African Americans and did not use proxy respondents for tobacco
      questions. All surveys used Office of Management and Budget standard
      classification for race/ethnicity classification. The majority of surveys (>=7)
      captured five of the seven tobacco-related smoking questions. CONCLUSIONS:
      Programmatic objectives and/or research questions should guide the selection of
      data sources for tobacco control programs and researchers examining African
      American tobacco use behaviors. IMPLICATIONS: This review of 11 national and
      state tobacco-related surveys shows that these surveys provide much needed
      estimates of tobacco use behaviors. However, as tobacco programs and researchers
      seek to examine tobacco use behaviors among African Americans, it is important to
      consider multiple surveys as each can contribute to informing the tobacco
      experience in African Americans. Most importantly, programmatic objectives and/or
      research questions should guide the selection of data sources for tobacco control
      programs and researchers examining African American tobacco use behaviors.

PMID- 26980864
TI  - Understanding Tobacco Use Onset Among African Americans.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Compared to the majority of non-Hispanic white ("white") cigarette
      smokers, many African American smokers demonstrate a later age of initiation. The
      goal of the present study was to examine African American late-onset smoking (ie,
      regular smoking beginning at age 18 or later) and determine whether late-onset
      (vs. early-onset) smoking is protective in terms of quit rates and health
      outcomes. METHODS: We used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development
      in the United States (MIDUS) because the wide age range of participants (20-75 at
      baseline) allowed the examination of smoking cessation and mortality incidence
      across the lifespan. RESULTS: Consistent with previous research, results
      indicated a later average age of smoking onset among African Americans, compared
      to whites. Disentangling effects of race from age-of-onset, we found that the
      cessation rate among late-onset African American smokers was 33%, whereas rates
      for early-onset African American smokers and early- and late-onset white smokers
      ranged from 52% to 57%. Finally, results showed that among white, low
      socioeconomic status (SES) smokers, the hazard rate for mortality was greater
      among early- versus late-onset smokers; in contrast, among African American
      smokers (both low- and high-SES) hazard rates for mortality did not significantly
      differ among early- versus late-onset smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Although late (vs.
      early) smoking onset may be protective for whites, the present results suggest
      that late-onset may not be similarly protective for African Americans. Tobacco
      programs and regulatory policies focused on prevention should expand their
      perspective to include later ages of initiation, in order to avoid widening
      tobacco-related health disparities. IMPLICATIONS: This study indicates that late
      onset smoking is not only the norm among African American adult smokers, but that
      late- versus early-onset smoking (ie, delaying onset) does not appear to afford
      any benefits for African Americans in terms of cessation or mortality. These
      results suggest that prevention and intervention efforts need to consider
      individual groups (not just overall averages) and that tobacco control efforts
      need to be targeted beyond the teenage years. Tobacco programs and regulatory
      policies focused on prevention should expand their perspective to include later
      ages of initiation, to avoid widening tobacco-related health disparities.

PMID- 26980865
TI  - Not Just Cigarettes: A More Comprehensive Look at Marijuana and Tobacco Use Among
      African American and White Youth and Young Adults.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana have generally been studied in
      isolation yet their use does not occur in isolation. Focus on cigarette smoking
      may overstate the observation that African American youth and young adults are
      less likely to smoke any combustible product compared with their white
      counterparts. Assessing cigarette, cigar, and marijuana use trends may help
      identify the extent of this difference. METHODS: Data from the 2002-2012 National
      Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 25 541 to N = 28 232) were used to investigate
      past 30-day cigarette, cigar, and marijuana use trends among African American and
      white youth (12-17) and young adults (18-25). Logistic regressions assessed
      trends in combustible tobacco (cigarettes and cigars) and marijuana use, alone
      and in combination. RESULTS: From 2002-2012, the absolute difference in cigarette
      smoking prevalence between African American and white youth (9.6%-4.2%) and young
      adults (19.0%-10.5%) narrowed. Any combustible tobacco/marijuana use was
      significantly lower among African Americans than whites but, relative to
      cigarettes, the absolute difference was much smaller among youth (7.2%-2.2%) and
      young adults (15.8%-5.6%). Among any combustible tobacco/marijuana users, using
      two or more substances ranged from 31.4% to 40.3% among youth and 29.1% to 39.8%
      among young adults. CONCLUSION: Any combustible tobacco/marijuana use trends
      suggest the smoking prevalence difference between African American and white
      youth and young adults is real, but less pronounced than when assessing cigarette
      smoking alone. Policies and programs addressing smoking behaviors may benefit
      from broadening focus to monitor and address cigar and marijuana use as well.
      IMPLICATIONS: Trends in any use of cigarettes, cigars, and/or marijuana suggest
      the difference in smoking prevalence between African American and white youth and
      young adults is real, but less pronounced than when cigarette smoking is assessed
      alone. In 2012, more than 10% of African American and white youth, more than a
      third of African American young adults, and nearly half of white young adults
      reported past 30-day use of cigarette, cigars, and/or marijuana. Public health
      programs aimed at reducing these behaviors among youth and young adults could be
      informed by considering detailed, race-specific information regarding tobacco and
      marijuana use patterns.

PMID- 26980866
TI  - Understanding the African American "Smoker".
AB  - This commentary draws on the articles contained in this special African American
      youth and adult tobacco use supplement to better understand the apparent paradox
      of low youth smoking rates and high adult smoking rates. Implications for tobacco
      use prevention and control are discussed. IMPLICATIONS: This commentary
      introduces the reader to the topics and questions addressed in the supplement and
      urges an invigorated public health response to address tobacco-caused disease and
      death in African Americans.

PMID- 26980867
TI  - Cigarette Smoking Among Inmates by Race/Ethnicity: Impact of Excluding African
      American Young Adult Men From National Prevalence Estimates.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking prevalence is more than two times greater among
      incarcerated adults, a population usually excluded from national health surveys.
      African American young adult (18-25) men are less likely to smoke cigarettes than
      their white counterparts. However, they are two and a-half-times more likely to
      be incarcerated. This study estimated smoking prevalence with
      noninstitutionalized and incarcerated samples combined to determine if excluding
      incarcerated adults impacts smoking prevalence for certain populations. METHODS:
      The Bureau of Justice Statistics last fielded the Survey of Inmates in State and
      Federal Correction Facilities in 2003-2004. We combined data from Survey of
      Inmates in State and Federal Correction Facilities (n = 17 910) and the 2003 and
      2004 National Health Interview Survey (n = 61 470) to calculate combined
      cigarette smoking estimates by race/ethnicity, sex, and age. RESULTS: Inmates
      represented the greatest proportion of smokers among African American men. Among
      African American young adult men, inmates represented 15.2% of all smokers in the
      combined population, compared to 2.0% among white young adult men. Cigarette
      smoking prevalence was 17.6% in the noninstitutionalized population of young
      adult African American men and 19.7% in the combined population. Among white
      young adult men, cigarette smoking prevalence was 29.8% in the
      noninstitutionalized population, and 30.2% in the combined population. There was
      little difference in estimates among women. CONCLUSIONS: The exclusion of
      incarcerated African American young adult men may result in a small
      underestimation of cigarette smoking prevalence in this population. Increasing
      access to smoking cessation support among inmates may reduce smoking prevalence
      in disproportionately incarcerated segments of the US population. IMPLICATIONS:
      The exclusion of incarcerated adults from national survey data should be
      considered when examining differences in cigarette smoking prevalence estimates
      between African American and white young adult men. Approximately one in six
      African American young adult men who smoke were incarcerated. Increasing access
      to smoking cessation support among inmates may reduce smoking prevalence among
      disproportionately incarcerated segments of the population.

PMID- 26980869
TI  - Race and Tobacco Use: A Global Perspective.
AB  - These findings suggest that there are no "fixed" racial patterns of tobacco use
      around the globe. Cross-country differences in tobacco use among races could be
      modified by cultural influences, domestic tobacco control, or socioeconomic
      factors. There is need for enhanced efforts to monitor tobacco use by
      race/ethnicity to identify existing and emerging patterns in tobacco use by race,
      as well as identify opportunities for interventions. Tailored interventions to
      reduce tobacco use within different settings and countries may help reduce
      tobacco use among racial/ethnic minorities. Implementation of comprehensive
      tobacco control measures could be facilitated by community-based efforts,
      ensuring that disadvantaged populations are engaged as partners to adapt tobacco
      control policies and interventions to local contexts and health equity issues.

PMID- 26980875
TI  - Reply to the Letter by J. Hambraeus, 'Ganglion Impar Blocks for More than
      Coccygodynia'.

PMID- 26980868
TI  - Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and
      African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the
      International Tobacco Control US Survey.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: While cigarette smoking prevalence is declining among US adults,
      quit rates may differ between white and African American smokers. Here, we
      summarize the literature on smoking cessation behaviors in whites and African
      Americans across four study designs and report the findings of new analyses of
      International Tobacco Control (ITC) US Survey cohort data. METHODS: We reviewed
      32 publications containing 39 relevant analyses that compared quit attempts and
      abstinence between US whites and African Americans. Two additional longitudinal
      analyses were conducted on 821 white and 76 African American cigarette smokers
      from Waves 7 and 8 of the ITC US Survey (mean follow-up = 19 months). RESULTS: Of
      17 total analyses of quit attempts, nine (including the ITC US Survey) observed
      that African American smokers were more likely than whites to attempt to quit
      during a given year; seven found no differences. Whites were more likely than
      African Americans to be abstinent in five of six retrospective cohort analyses
      and in two of five considered community- and population-based cohort studies.
      Four of these 11 analyses, including one from the ITC US Survey, found no
      differences. CONCLUSIONS: Of 11 population- or community-based analyses, all
      seven that found significant differences indicated that whites were more likely
      to quit than African Americans. These findings, combined with the similar results
      from population-based birth cohort analyses, support the conclusion that white
      smokers are more likely to quit than African American smokers. Efforts to
      encourage and support quitting among all tobacco users remain a priority.
      IMPLICATIONS: This article provides a review of the literature on smoking
      cessation among African American and white smokers, and adds new analyses that
      compare quit attempts and abstinence between US African Americans and whites.
      Results demonstrate a clear distinction between the findings of cross-sectional
      and retrospective cohort studies with those of cohort studies. Reasons for these
      differences merit further study.

PMID- 26980870
TI  - Why We Must Continue to Investigate Menthol's Role in the African American
      Smoking Paradox.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The disproportionate burden of tobacco use among African Americans is
      largely unexplained. The unexplained disparities, referred to as the African
      American smoking paradox, includes several phenomena. Despite their social
      disadvantage, African American youth have lower smoking prevalence rates,
      initiate smoking at older ages, and during adulthood, smoking rates are
      comparable to whites. Smoking frequency and intensity among African American
      youth and adults are lower compared to whites and American Indian and Alaska
      Natives, but tobacco-caused morbidity and mortality rates are disproportionately
      higher. Disease prediction models have not explained disease causal pathways in
      African Americans. It has been hypothesized that menthol cigarette smoking, which
      is disproportionately high among African Americans, may help to explain several
      components of the African American smoking paradox. PURPOSE: This article
      provides an overview of the potential role that menthol plays in the African
      American smoking paradox. We also discuss the research needed to better
      understand this unresolved puzzle. METHODS: We examined prior synthesis reports
      and reviewed the literature in PubMed on the menthol compound and menthol
      cigarette smoking in African Americans. RESULTS: The pharmacological and
      physiological effects of menthol and their interaction with biological and
      genetic factors may indirectly contribute to the disproportionate burden of
      cigarette use and diseases among African Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies
      that examine taste sensitivity, the menthol compound, and their effects on
      smoking and chronic disease would provide valuable information on how to reduce
      the tobacco burden among African Americans. IMPLICATIONS: Our study highlights
      four counterintuitive observations related to the smoking risk profiles and
      chronic disease outcomes among African Americans. The extant literature provides
      strong evidence of their existence and shows that long-standing paradoxes have
      been largely unaffected by changes in the social environment. African Americans
      smoke menthols disproportionately, and menthol's role in the African American
      smoking paradox has not been thoroughly explored. We propose discrete hypotheses
      that will help to explain the phenomena and encourage researchers to empirically
      test menthol's role in smoking initiation, transitions to regular smoking and
      chronic disease outcomes in African Americans.

PMID- 26980876
TI  - Reply to Yue.

PMID- 26980877
TI  - Bacterial Persistent Infection at the Interface Between Host and Microbiota.

PMID- 26980878
TI  - Using Social Media to Increase HIV Testing Among Gay and Bisexual Men, Other Men
      Who Have Sex With Men, and Transgender Persons: Outcomes From a Randomized
      Community Trial.
AB  - We tested an intervention designed to increase human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      testing among men who have sex with men and transgender persons within existing
      and commonly used social media. At follow-up, intervention communities had
      significantly higher past 12-month HIV testing than the comparison communities.
      Findings suggest that promoting HIV testing via social media can increase
      testing.

PMID- 26980879
TI  - Case Report of Spontaneous Resolution of a Congenital Glioblastoma.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rare, highly aggressive brain tumor associated
      with a poor outcome in both children and adults. Treatment usually involves a
      combination of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, but ultimately
      it is incurable. Evidence suggests that congenital GBM may have a better
      prognosis with improved survival compared with GBM in older children. We describe
      the first known report of spontaneous resolution of a congenital GBM without any
      systemic therapy. A limited debulking procedure was performed at diagnosis, and
      the residual tumor underwent spontaneous resolution over the following 21 months.
      The patient remains in remission, with no tumor recurrence after 5 years of
      follow-up. Despite the tumor regressing, the patient has had an adverse
      neurologic outcome, with severe developmental delay and seizures. This case
      suggests that congenital GBM may be a separate biological entity much like
      neuroblastomas in infants, and therefore associated with better outcomes and even
      spontaneous resolution. 

PMID- 26980880
TI  - Management of Neonates Born to Mothers With Graves' Disease.
AB  - Neonates born to mothers with Graves' disease are at risk for significant
      morbidity and mortality and need to be appropriately identified and managed.
      Because no consensus guidelines regarding the treatment of these newborns exist,
      we sought to generate a literature-based management algorithm. The suggestions
      include the following: (1) Base initial risk assessment on maternal thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies. If levels are negative, no
      specific neonatal follow-up is necessary; if unavailable or positive, regard the
      newborn as "at risk" for the development of hyperthyroidism. (2) Determine levels
      of TSH-receptor antibodies in cord blood, or as soon as possible thereafter, so
      that newborns with negative antibodies can be discharged from follow-up. (3)
      Measurement of cord TSH and fT4 levels is not indicated. (4) Perform fT4 and TSH
      levels at day 3 to 5 of life, repeat at day 10 to 14 of life and follow
      clinically until 2 to 3 months of life. (5) Use the same testing schedule in
      neonates born to mothers with treated or untreated Graves' disease. (6) When
      warranted, use methimazole (MMI) as the treatment of choice; beta-blockers can be
      added for sympathetic hyperactivity. In refractory cases, potassium iodide may be
      used in conjunction with MMI. The need for treatment of asymptomatic infants with
      biochemical hyperthyroidism is uncertain. (7) Assess the MMI-treated newborn on a
      weekly basis until stable, then every 1 to 2 weeks, with a decrease of MMI (and
      other medications) as tolerated. MMI treatment duration is most commonly 1 to 2
      months. (8) Be cognizant that central or primary hypothyroidism can occur in
      these newborns.

PMID- 26980881
TI  - Urgent Care and Emergency Department Visits in the Pediatric Medicaid Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urgent care (UC) is one of the fastest growing venues of health care
      delivery. We compared clinical and cost attributes of pediatric UC and emergency
      department (ED) visits that did not result in admission. METHODS: Our study
      examined 5 925 568 ED and UC visits of children under 19 years old in the 2010
      through 2012 Marketscan Medicaid Multi-State Database. Basic demographics,
      diagnoses, severity, and payments were compared. Between ED and UC visits, chi(2)
      tests were used for proportions and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for
      continuous variables. RESULTS: The UC and ED had the same most common diagnoses.
      Over half the UC visits were low severity. The ED had a higher rate of return
      within 7 days (8.4% vs 6.9%, P < .001) and follow-up with their primary care
      physician (22% vs 17.2%, P < .001). Few (<1%) were admitted on return visits from
      the ED or UC. Payments for UC were significantly less (median $76.90 vs $186.20,
      P < .001). This continued to hold true when comparing payments for selected
      diagnoses and each severity level. By extrapolating the cost savings, a national
      Medicaid per-year savings, if all lowest severity level visits were seen in UC,
      was more than $50 million. CONCLUSIONS: UC and ED Medicaid visits have similar
      most common diagnoses, rate of return, and admission. Severity level and payments
      were lower in UC. There is potential significant cost savings if lower acuity
      cases can be transitioned from the ED to UC.

PMID- 26980884
TI  - Where Have All the Nursing Theories Gone?

PMID- 26980883
TI  - Outcomes With Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Stent Implantation: A Meta-Analysis
      of Randomized Trials in the Era of Drug-Eluting Stents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the era of drug-eluting stents, it is unknown if intravascular
      ultrasound (IVUS) guidance for percutaneous coronary intervention should be
      routinely endorsed. This study aimed to determine if IVUS-guided stent
      implantation is associated with improved outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Randomized trials that reported clinical outcomes and compared routine IVUS
      guided stent implantation with an angiography-guided approach in the era of drug
      eluting stents were included. Summary estimates were constructed primarily using
      the Peto model. Seven trials with 3192 patients were analyzed. The mean length of
      the coronary lesions was 32 mm. At a mean of 15 months, routine IVUS-guided
      percutaneous coronary intervention was associated with a reduction in the risk of
      major adverse cardiac events (6.5% versus 10.3%; odds ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.46-0.77; P<0.0001), mainly because of reduction in the risk of
      ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (4.1% versus 6.6%; odds ratio,
      0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.84; P=0.003). The risk of cardiovascular
      mortality (0.5% versus 1.2%; odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.21
      1.00; P=0.05), and stent thrombosis (0.6% versus 1.3%; odds ratio, 0.49; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.24-0.99; P=0.04) also appeared to be lower in the IVUS
      guided group. CONCLUSIONS: In the era of drug-eluting stents for diffuse coronary
      lesions, IVUS-guided percutaneous coronary intervention is superior to
      angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention in reducing the risk of
      major adverse cardiac events. This is primarily because of reduction in the risk
      of ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization. This analysis also suggests
      that risk of cardiovascular mortality and stent thrombosis might be lower with an
      IVUS-guided approach.

PMID- 26980882
TI  - Genetic Risk Scores Predict Recurrence of Acute Coronary Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several clinical risk estimation tools have established their role in
      the prediction of recurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but the value of
      genetic risk scores (GRSs) remains unclear. We examined how well 2 different GRSs
      estimate recurrent ACS and whether clinical factors are associated with GRSs.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of 2090 consecutive patients with ACS who underwent
      coronary angiography between July 2006 and March 2008 in a single tertiary center
      was genotyped and prospectively followed up for a median of 5.5 years. We formed
      2 partially overlapping GRSs: GRS47 of 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with
      previously reported significant association with coronary artery disease and
      GRS153 of 153 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with significant or suggestive
      association with coronary artery disease. GRS47 showed association with recurrent
      ACS independent of clinical factors (P=0.037; hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.01-1.36). GRS153 had no association with either recurrent ACS or
      composite of recurrent ACS or death. Also, GRS47 was associated inversely with
      smoking and ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (P=0.004; odds ratio,
      0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-0.62 and P=0.041; odds ratio, 0.36; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.13-0.96, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: GRSs combined of 47
      known coronary artery disease risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms were
      associated with recurrent ACS after multivariable adjustments in a heterogenic
      ACS population for the first time. Smoking and ST-segment-elevation myocardial
      infarction had an inverse association with the GRSs. The significance of smoking
      in relation to genetic coronary artery disease predisposition may merit further
      evaluation in patients with ACS.

PMID- 26980885
TI  - I Am Community.
AB  - This column explores the humanbecoming paradigm perspective of community.
      Community is written about as a vastness of the galaxy; as serene valley,
      mountain, turbulent sea; and, as nameless stranger, friend, family. Presented are
      tenets and indicators for living the art of humanbecoming community for health
      professionals. 

PMID- 26980886
TI  - Evidence-Based Practice: What's New Is Old.
AB  - The purpose of this column is to demonstrate that evidence -based practice
      actually grew out of the process of research utilization. To that end, there will
      be a discussion about research utilization and evidence -based practice to expose
      the linkage between them. Then the newer ideas of implementation and de
      implementation science will also be shown to have roots in the process of
      research utilization. 

PMID- 26980887
TI  - Power with Social Media: A Nursing Perspective.
AB  - Power is an emanating force typically associated with personal relationships.
      With the expanding capacities and utilization of social media, power with media
      is an emerging ethical concern to the discipline of nursing. The author here
      discusses potential ethical meanings and implications of power with social media
      while utilizing technology in future nurse practice and education. 

PMID- 26980888
TI  - Community-Centered Service Learning: A Transformative Lens for Teaching-Learning
      in Nursing.
AB  - Although service learning has been proposed as a teaching-learning modality in
      response to an ongoing challenge to transform nursing education, there is a risk
      to community and student when service learning is poorly conceived. A community
      centered service learning approach founded on a nursing theoretical perspective
      and community model is explored as a way to honor the wisdom and perspective of
      the community in changing while illuminating a new way of being a nurse in
      community for the nursing student. 

PMID- 26980889
TI  - Sorting It Out: Cultural Competency and Healthcare Literacy in the World Today.
AB  - Healthcare literacy and cultural competence are necessary components in keeping
      patients informed. Nurses are the foundation of healthcare and pivotal in
      creating trusting relationships with patients by sharing information. Respect is
      key in developing a tailored approach to individuals' healthcare literacy and
      nurses' cultural competence. In practice, the consequence of understanding
      healthcare literacy and being culturally competent should not be understated.
      Whether on a mission trip to another country or working in a clinic in the United
      States, diverse cultures abound. While a person from a particular culture may
      have some of the same beliefs of others in a culture, the breadth of expression
      of culture, personal beliefs, and worldview may be vastly different. Humans
      express themselves in unique ways even within cultures. Seeking ways to
      understand one another is vital not only in healthcare but in all aspects of
      life. 

PMID- 26980890
TI  - Culture: Distinct or an Illusion?

PMID- 26980891
TI  - Are We Really Measuring Cultural Competence?
AB  - One of the major goals of culturally competent nursing and healthcare practice is
      to decrease health and healthcare disparities. All healthcare professionals need
      similar information for cultural competence. However, to date, most of the tools
      measure knowledge, skills and abilities but not true competence from a clinical
      practice setting. Several tools measure and/or evaluate the organization's
      cultural diversity mission but not the providers of healthcare. 

PMID- 26980892
TI  - Humanbecoming Hermeneutic Sciencing: Reverence, Awe, Betrayal, and Shame in The
      Lives of Others.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to report the details of the humanbecoming
      hermeneutic sciencing of dignity--the universal living experiences of reverence,
      awe, betrayal, and shame in The Lives of Others. With this report new language
      for humanbecoming hermeneutic sciencing is introduced. Language both reflects and
      cocreates meanings. Language is an evolutionary patterning of symbols specifying
      meanings for the moment; it is fluid and everchanging. All language evolves
      gradually as generative ideas dawn, shifting the meaning of words and systems of
      words. The new language here includes: humanbecoming hermeneutic sciencing as
      coming to know a text or artform in discoursing with penetrating engaging,
      interpreting with quiescent beholding, and understanding with inspiring
      envisaging; horizon of inquiry; scholar-text; scholar-artform; contextually
      construed circumstance; foreknowings; and newknowings--all of which cocreate new
      meanings.

PMID- 26980893
TI  - Emotional Eating Mediates the Relationship Between Role Stress and Obesity in
      Clergy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between role
      stress, emotional eating, and obesity in clergy. A random sample of United States
      Lutheran Church Missouri Synod clergy who met the study criteria (N = 430),
      response rate 38%, completed the Role Stress and Emotional Eating Behavior
      Scales, and self-reported height and weight for Body Mass Index (BMI)
      calculation. Obesity was high (81.4% overweight/obese, 36.7% obese), and
      emotional eating partially mediated the relationship between role stress and
      obesity. This study tested relations of the Neuman Systems Model. 

PMID- 26980894
TI  - Building a Middle-Range Theory of Adaptive Spirituality.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to describe a Roy adaptation model based- research
      abstraction, the findings of which were synthesized into a middle-range theory
      (MRT) of adaptive spirituality. The published literature yielded 21 empirical
      studies that investigated religion/spirituality. Quantitative results supported
      the influence of spirituality on quality of life, psychosocial adjustment, well
      being, adaptive coping, and the self-concept mode. Qualitative findings showed
      the importance of spiritual expressions, values, and beliefs in adapting to
      chronic illness, bereavement, death, and other life transitions. These findings
      were abstracted into six theoretical statements, a conceptual definition of
      adaptive spirituality, and three hypotheses for future testing. 

PMID- 26980895
TI  - Reformulating the Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation: Toward Parent-Child
      Shared Regulation.
AB  - Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood with nearly 7
      million children affected in the United States. Nonadherence to controller
      medication is a substantial issue that results in higher pediatric asthma disease
      morbidity. The common sense model of self-regulation is a useful theoretical
      framework to understand chronic disease self-management in adults, but has not
      been used in the context of pediatric chronic disease. Using Fawcett's framework,
      the authors analyze and evaluate the common sense model. To conclude, the authors
      propose a reformulation of the model that incorporates parent-child shared
      regulation of pediatric asthma. 

PMID- 26980896
TI  - A Human Science View of Behavioral Health.
AB  - An exclusively quantitative public health approach to substance use in Mexico is
      criticized here as being of limited use to nurses working as clinicians with
      persons, families, and communities struggling with this issue. Three human
      science-based studies from three different countries are discussed to serve as
      options for addressing this limitation. 

PMID- 26980897
TI  - Nursing and Substance Use Disorders in Mexico.
AB  - The authors of this article see substance use disorders as a major public health
      problem in Mexico in which nursing is taking on an increasingly important role in
      addressing. The authors discuss some the challenges and opportunities nurse
      researchers, educators, and clinicians face in the prevention and treatment of
      substance use disorders in Mexico. 

PMID- 26980898
TI  - Collaborative Partnerships: A Leading-Following Perspective.
AB  - In the following article, Dr. Linda Everett, a veteran nurse executive, describes
      the ebb and flow of leading-following within a nursing academic-nursing practice
      partnership that was grounded in respectful collaboration. 

PMID- 26980899
TI  - Academic-Practice Partnerships: The Interdependence Between Leadership and
      Followership.
AB  - In this article, there is a discussion focused on three contemporary nursing
      topics: leadership, followership, and academic-practice partnerships. These
      comments are framed within the context of the current healthcare system
      transformation. There is a focus on why each of these topics is relevant to the
      nursing profession in leading change and advancing health. Finally, there is a
      description about the interdependence of leadership and followership and the
      significance these hold for the interdependence between nursing education and
      nursing practice. 

PMID- 26980900
TI  - Thoughts About Social Issues: A Neuman Systems Model Perspective.
AB  - The Neuman systems model includes social issues as a client system of interest.
      The other client systems of this conceptual model of nursing are individuals,
      families, other groups, and communities, about which exists a considerable amount
      of literature. However, social issues as a client system have not yet been
      defined or described, nor has any application of this client system been
      published. This essay is a discussion of the meaning of social issues as a client
      system from the perspective of the Neuman systems model, and offers examples from
      the literature, from the results of a survey of Neuman systems model trustees,
      including Betty Neuman, and from dialogue with participants at the 15th Biennial
      Neuman systems model symposium. This article was adapted from a paper presented
      at the 15(th) Biennial International Neuman Systems Model Symposium,
      Philadelphia, PA. June 19, 2015. 

PMID- 26980903
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26980904
TI  - Cochlear Implantation in Canal Wall Down Mastoid Cavities.
AB  - Cochlear implantation in canal wall down mastoid (CWD) cavities is fraught with
      the issue of how best to manage the mastoid cavity. Decision points include
      whether the external auditory meatus should be overclosed, whether the
      implantation should be staged, or even if the eustachian tube should be plugged.
      Given these options, we sought to describe our experience of cochlear
      implantation in CWD cavities. Among evaluation of subjects >=18 years of age, 9
      had cochlear implants placed in CWD mastoid cavities, 7 of which had the external
      auditory meatus overclosed, while 2 maintained open cavities following
      implantation. With an average follow-up of 36.7 months (median, 22.8 months), 2
      subjects who had overclosure developed meatal dehiscences requiring further
      intervention, while no complications were observed in the 2 patients who
      maintained open cavities.

PMID- 26980905
TI  - Diode Laser Stapedotomy vs Conventional Stapedotomy in Otosclerosis: A Double
      Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare the efficacy of diode laser stapedotomy (DLS)
      and conventional manual stapedotomy (CMS) in the treatment of otosclerosis. STUDY
      DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary health center. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: We randomly assigned 60 patients with otosclerosis planned for primary
      stapedotomy to receive either DLS or CMS. Primary outcome measure was hearing
      gain measured by pure-tone audiometry (PTA) performed preoperatively and
      postoperatively. Hearing gain was compared within and between the groups.
      Secondary outcome measures were the incidence of intraoperative (bleeding and
      fractured footplate) and postoperative (vomiting, vertigo, sensorineural hearing
      loss, tinnitus, facial nerve paralysis, and hospital stay) morbidities. RESULTS:
      Sixty primary stapedotomies (30 in the CMS group and 30 in the DLS group) done
      for 60 patients (male, n = 42; female, n = 18) were included in the analysis.
      Preoperative mean air-bone (AB) gap in the DLS and CMS groups was 38.51 +/- 8.643
      dB and 36.42 +/- 8.678 dB, respectively. Mean AB gap at 6 month was 10.86 +/-
      5.383 dB and 11.05 +/- 5.236 dB in the CMS and DLS groups, respectively. Air
      conduction was improved by 24.98 +/- 5.348 dB in the DLS group and 24.08 +/-
      5.911 dB in the CMS group at 6 months. No statistically significant differences
      were found in hearing gain between the 2 groups at 6 months (P > .05). A
      decreased rate and severity of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative vertigo,
      and vomiting were observed with the diode laser (0%, 6.6%, and 10%) compared with
      the conventional technique (16.7%, 16.7%, and 16.7%), but these differences were
      not statistically significant (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Hearing outcomes and
      complications of DLS were similar to CMS. These study findings confirm the
      efficacy of the diode laser in stapedotomy, but DLS offers no advantages over CMS
      for otosclerosis surgery.

PMID- 26980906
TI  - Comparison of Robotic versus Conventional Selective Neck Dissection and Total
      Thyroidectomy for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the surgical outcomes of robotic selective neck dissection
      (SND) with total thyroidectomy and conventional transcervical SND with total
      thyroidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: University
      tertiary care facility. SUBJECT AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 66
      patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with SND (>=3 levels of II-V) and
      bilateral central neck dissection for cN1b papillary thyroid carcinoma, of whom
      41 underwent conventional SND and 25 of whom underwent robotic SND. Subjective
      pain, sensory change, and cosmetic satisfaction were evaluated regularly for 3
      months with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional group,
      patients in the robotic group were younger (mean, 36.7 vs 47.5 years; P = .003)
      and more female dominant (96.0% vs 73.2%; P = .023). Mean total operative time
      was longer in the robotic group than the conventional group (298 vs 236 minutes;
      P < .001). Anterior chest pain was higher in the robotic group at postoperative 1
      day (pain score, 1.88 vs 0.62; P = .011), 1 week (1.30 vs 0.43; P = .036), and 1
      month (0.90 vs 0.18; P = .029). Postoperative cosmetic satisfaction was
      significantly superior in the robotic group. CONCLUSION: Compared with
      conventional transcervical SND with total thyroidectomy, robotic SND with total
      thyroidectomy yields superior outcomes for cosmetic satisfaction, longer
      operative time, and higher chest pain in the short term. Further study with a
      larger number of patients is mandatory.

PMID- 26980907
TI  - Robotic Thyroidectomy: Comparison of a Postauricular Facelift Approach with a
      Gasless Unilateral Axillary Approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Robotic thyroidectomy using remote access approaches has gained
      popularity with patients seeking to avoid neck scarring and enhanced cosmetic
      satisfaction. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and advantages of
      a postauricular facelift approach vs a gasless unilateral axillary (GUA) approach
      in robotic thyroidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING:
      University tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively
      analyzed the data of 65 patients who underwent robotic thyroidectomy with or
      without central neck dissection using a GUA approach (45 patients) or a
      postauricular facelift approach (20 patients) between September 2013 and December
      2014. We excluded patients who underwent simultaneous lateral neck dissection or
      completion thyroidectomy. RESULTS: Robotic procedures were completed without
      being converted to an open procedure in all patients. There were no significant
      differences in terms of patient and tumor characteristics, extent of
      thyroidectomy and central neck dissection, operative time, complications, and
      postoperative pain between the 2 approaches, except the higher female ratio in
      the GUA approach group (female ratio, 95.6% vs 75%, P = .042). Cosmetic
      satisfaction evaluated by a questionnaire was not significantly different between
      the 2 groups, and most patients of both groups (85.7%) were satisfied with
      postoperative cosmesis. CONCLUSION: Both GUA and postauricular facelift
      approaches are feasible, with no significant adverse events in patients, and
      result in excellent cosmesis. However, a GUA approach seems to be superior when
      performing total thyroidectomy using a unilateral incision based on the
      preliminary result.

PMID- 26980908
TI  - Upper Airway Stimulation for OSA: Early Adherence and Outcome Results of One
      Center.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review outcome measures and objective adherence data for patients
      treated with hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) therapy for moderate to severe
      obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review.
      SETTING: Academic sleep medicine center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The first 20
      implanted patients to complete postoperative sleep laboratory testing were
      assessed. All patients had moderate to severe OSA, were unable to adhere to
      positive pressure therapy, and met previously published inclusion criteria for
      the commercially available implantable HNS system. Data included demographics,
      body mass index (BMI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Score
      (ESS), nightly hours of device usage, and procedure- and therapy-related
      complications. RESULTS: Mean age was 64.8 +/- 12.0 years, with 50% female. Mean
      BMI was unchanged postoperatively (26.5 +/- 4.2 to 26.8 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2); P >
      .05). Mean AHI (33.3 +/- 13.0 to 5.1 +/- 4.3; P < .0001) and mean ESS (10.3 +/-
      5.2 to 6.0 +/- 4.4; P < .01) decreased significantly. Seventy percent (14/20) of
      patients achieved a treatment AHI <5, 85% (17/20) an AHI <10, and 95% (19/20) an
      AHI <15. Average stimulation amplitude was 1.89 +/- 0.50 V after titration.
      Adherence monitoring via device interrogation showed high rates of voluntary
      device use (mean 7.0 +/- 2.2 h/night). CONCLUSION: For a clinical and anatomical
      subset of patients with OSA, HNS therapy is associated with good objective
      adherence, low morbidity, and improved OSA outcome measures. Early results at one
      institution suggest that HNS therapy can be implemented successfully into routine
      clinical practice, outside of a trial setting.

PMID- 26980909
TI  - Clinical Examination of Tissue Eosinophilia in Patients with Chronic
      Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: (1) Describe clinical and histopathologic findings in patients with
      chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). (2) Determine if tissue and
      serum eosinophilia predicts disease severity in CRSwNP. STUDY DESIGN: Case series
      with chart review. SETTING: Academic hospital specializing in respiratory and
      allergic disease. SUBJECTS: Patients with CRSwNP treated from 2008 to 2010.
      METHODS: Clinical data were collected; sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were
      scored according to the Lund-Mackay system; and surgical specimens were evaluated
      for degree of tissue eosinophilia. Statistical analysis was performed to compare
      eosinophilia with indicators of disease severity. RESULTS: Seventy CRSwNP
      patients were included, with a mean Lund-Mackay score of 16.7; 62.1% of patients
      had severe asthma, and 62.9% were aspirin sensitive. Elevated tissue eosinophil
      level did not correlate with medication usage, olfactory symptoms, or Lund-Mackay
      scores, nor did it correlate with presence of asthma or aspirin-sensitivity (P =
      .09). Patients with mild asthma had significantly more tissue eosinophils versus
      patients with severe asthma, possibly because of the high amount of chronic
      corticosteroid use in severe asthmatics. There was no correlation between tissue
      and serum eosinophil counts (P = .97), but there was a significant positive
      correlation between CT score and peripheral eosinophil level (P < .05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum eosinophil levels may indicate more extensive mucosal
      disease as measured on CT scan. Neither serum nor tissue eosinophilia predicted
      disease severity in our retrospective analysis of CRSwNP patients, and serum
      eosinophil level did not serve as a marker of tissue eosinophilia.

PMID- 26980910
TI  - Impact of Sensory and Motor Defects on Oral Function in an Animal Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the combined functional impact on swallowing of tongue
      sensory and motor loss using a rat model. STUDY DESIGN: Rats underwent selective
      neurectomies with transection of the motor (hypoglossal) nerve or motor and
      sensory (lingual) nerves. Postoperative functional parameters were followed for 2
      weeks. SETTING: Translational research. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six
      adolescent male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: anesthetic (n = 6), sham
      surgery (n = 8), hypoglossal transection (n = 10), and hypoglossal and lingual
      transection (n = 12). Each morning on postoperative days 1 to 14, the water and
      food intake were quantified and the animal weighed. Two-way analyses of variance
      (SigmaPlot; SYSTAT, San Jose, California) were performed with factors of "group"
      and "postoperative day" (POD) to analyze whether a significant difference existed
      between water intake, pellet consumption, and weight change. RESULTS: The
      hypoglossal and lingual group consumed significantly less water during PODs 1 to
      2 and significantly less food during PODs 1 to 3 than any other group. This
      established a significant difference in body weight between the hypoglossal and
      lingual group and all other groups for the duration of the study. Measured
      parameters in the hypoglossal group better approximated those of the control
      anesthetic and sham groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of a sensory loss to a
      motor deficit involving the oral tongue results in a measurably significant
      difference in weight gain, a marker of function, compared with rats with only a
      motor deficit. Additional studies are needed to determine if there would be
      similar findings in a model of sensate vs asensate oral tongue reconstruction.

PMID- 26980911
TI  - Use of Pericranial Flap Coverage in Cochlear Implantation of the Radical Cavity:
      Rationale, Technique, and Experience.
AB  - Cochlear implant (CI) surgery in the setting of an open mastoid cavity is
      evolving. Two strategies are commonly pursued: a staged approach, clearing the
      disease, closing the meatus or the external auditory canal (EAC), and
      reevaluating in 3 to 6 months prior to implantation, or a single-stage procedure
      with mastoid obliteration without EAC closure. Meatal closure is often employed
      in the setting of an open mastoid cavity to reduce the risk of electrode
      extrusion and infection. An open cavity offers the advantages of being a single
      stage procedure, permitting direct surveillance for recurrent cholesteatoma, and
      reducing the need for repeat computed tomography scans. We describe an approach
      to the coverage of a CI within a dry, open mastoid cavity using an anteriorly
      based postauricular pericranial flap.

PMID- 26980912
TI  - Effects of Cell-Based Therapy for Treating Tympanic Membrane Perforations in
      Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of scaffold-embedded mesenchymal stem
      cells (MSCs) as a topical treatment for healing tympanic membrane perforations
      (TMPs) in a mouse model. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING:
      Experimental. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In vitro: under sterile conditions, porcine
      derived (Gelita-Spon [GS]), hyaluronate-derived (EpiDisc [ED]), and polyvinyl
      alcohol (PVA) scaffolds were cut into small pieces and cocultured with murine
      bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) for
      72 hours. The cultures were either analyzed by confocal microscopy or used for
      subsequent in vivo experiments. In vivo: 26 mice were divided into 3 groups (ie,
      control [n = 9], GS [n = 8], ED [n = 9]). Under general anesthesia, TMPs of equal
      sizes were performed bilaterally using a sterile 27-gauge needle under a surgical
      microscope. The BM-MSCs embedded within GS or ED scaffolds were soaked in
      phosphate-buffered saline and then topically applied on right TMPs, and scaffolds
      alone were applied on left TMPs 6 to 8 hours after injury. Control mice did not
      receive treatment. On day 7, animals were euthanized and bullae were harvested
      for histological analysis. RESULTS: In vitro: BM-MSCs grew well on both GS (P =
      .0012) and ED (P = .0001) scaffolds compared with PVA. In vivo: 100% of untreated
      (control) TMPs remained open after 7 days. Animals treated with MSC-embedded ED
      scaffolds had a higher percentage of TMP closure (P = .016) and a thicker
      neotympanum (P = .0033) than control animals. The experimentally applied BM-MSCs
      engrafted and differentiated into epithelial cells suggested by the colocalized
      expression of cytokeratin-19 and GFP. CONCLUSIONS: The topical application of
      bone marrow-derived MSCs enhances the healing of TMPs in this animal model and is
      a promising alternative to tympanoplasty.

PMID- 26980913
TI  - Reconstruction of Lateral Skull Base Defects: A Comparison of the Submental Flap
      to Free and Regional Flaps.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare reconstructive techniques, operative times, duration of
      hospitalization, and need for subsequent flap revisions between reconstructive
      approaches to lateral skull base defects. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart
      review. SETTING: Tertiary academic referral center. SUBJECTS: Patients (n = 31)
      undergoing reconstruction of composite lateral skull base defects from 2002 to
      2014. METHODS: Data were analyzed for demographics, tumor characteristics,
      reconstructive technique, operative time, duration of hospitalization,
      complications, and outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were identified for
      inclusion. Lateral temporal bone defects resulted from resection of malignant
      lesions, including squamous cell carcinoma (n = 25), basal cell carcinoma (n =
      2), and other carcinoma (n = 4). Defects were reconstructed with submental flaps
      (n = 16), pedicled latissimus dorsi flaps (n = 6), and free anterolateral thigh
      flaps (n = 9). All cases involved neurosurgery, neurotology, and head and neck
      surgery services. Although time of surgical resection was similar, time saving
      was noticed with submental reconstruction. Compared with free flaps, submental
      flap reconstruction was associated with significantly reduced total operative
      time (mean, 544 vs 683 min; P = .00817) and duration of hospitalization (4.9 vs
      9.8 days; P = .02067). Submental flaps were significantly less likely to require
      revision debulking procedures (mean = 0.6) compared with latissimus dorsi flaps
      (mean, 1.3; P < .00001) and free flaps (mean, 1.6; P < .00001). There was 100%
      flap survival. CONCLUSION: The musculocutaneous submental flap provides an
      excellent option for reconstruction of lateral skull base defects given its
      proximity, reliability, ease of harvest, and exceptional color match. Submental
      flap reconstruction was associated with reduced operative time, hospitalization
      duration, and flap revisions.

PMID- 26980914
TI  - Contralateral Vocal Fold Reactive Lesions: Nomenclature, Treatment Choice, and
      Outcome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Contralateral reactive lesions (RLs) represent a distinct entity among
      benign bilateral vocal fold (VF) lesions. Lack of uniform nomenclature and a
      myriad of surgical options have hampered attempts to develop treatment
      guidelines. The objective of this study is to better define RLs and their
      prognosis, through the development of a standard nomenclature, with an aim to
      guide treatment and delineate the role of phonosurgery. STUDY DESIGN: Case series
      with chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Analysis
      was performed on patients with Current Procedural Terminology code 31545.
      Operative reports with a primary lesion and contralateral RL were included.
      Outcomes included the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and GRBAS (grade,
      roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain) scale, lesion
      persistence/recurrence, mucosal wave, and edge character based on blinded
      videostroboscopy review. RESULTS: A nomenclature was developed based on
      intraoperative RLs (n = 30), defined by lesion consistency (fibrous or polypoid)
      and relationship to normal VF edge (gradual or steep). Reactive lesion treatment
      included no intervention, excision, potassium titanyl phosphate laser, steroid
      injection, or a combination thereof. Observations included the following:
      inconsistent treatment modalities were employed, excision of RLs did not yield
      better outcomes, fibrous RLs were more likely to persist and polypoid lesions
      more likely to recur, gradual lesions were more likely to remain disease free,
      and most treatments showed improved mucosal wave, VHI-10, and GRBAS. CONCLUSIONS:
      Reactive lesions have not been well classified, and treatments are based on
      subjective intraoperative decision making with unpredictable outcomes. The
      nomenclature proposed will allow for a better definition of the RL and provide a
      framework for future research to identify optimal treatment.

PMID- 26980917
TI  - Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Differences between Normal-Weight, Overweight, Obese,
      and Morbidly Obese Children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The severity of obstructive sleep apnea in children determines
      perioperative management and is an indication for postoperative polysomnography.
      The relationship between increasing weight and sleep apnea severity in children
      remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To compare demographic, clinical, and
      polysomnography parameters in normal-weight, overweight, obese, and morbidly
      obese children, as well as identify demographic factors that predict sleep apnea
      severity. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: Academic
      children's hospital. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 290 children aged 2
      to 18 years who underwent polysomnography at an academic children's hospital was
      performed. Demographics, clinical findings, and polysomnographic parameters were
      recorded. Children were categorized as normal weight, overweight, obese, or
      morbidly obese. Differences were assessed using linear and logistical regression
      models. Significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Morbidly obese were older than
      normal-weight children (mean, 8.0 +/- 0.5 years vs 5.8 +/- 0.3 years; P < .001)
      and less likely to have a normal polysomnogram (16% vs 48%; P = .02). There were
      no differences in sex, ethnicity, birth status (term or preterm), or tonsil size
      between normal-weight, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese children. Sleep
      efficiency and percentage of time in rapid eye movement were decreased in
      morbidly obese compared with other children (P < .05). The apnea-hypopnea index
      was positively correlated with increasing body mass index z score only as a
      function of increasing age (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Obstructive sleep apnea
      severity is correlated with a combination of increasing age and weight but not
      with either variable independently. This study suggests that obese and morbidly
      obese older children are most likely to have severe obstructive sleep apnea.

PMID- 26980915
TI  - Tumor Biomarkers in Spindle Cell Variant Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and
      Neck.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine biomarkers of recurrence and survival in patients with
      spindle cell variant squamous cell carcinoma (SpSCC) of the head and neck. STUDY
      DESIGN: Retrospective case control study. SETTING: Tertiary academic center.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two SpSCC patients (mean age, 68.8) between 1987 and
      2009 were identified and reviewed. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed from
      tumor specimens. Tumor biomarkers under study included p16, epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR), p53, EZH2, cyclin D1, CD104, HGFa, p21, and cMET. An
      additional TMA was constructed from patients with non-SpSCC oral cavity squamous
      cell carcinoma for comparative purposes. The main outcomes were overall survival
      (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS).
      RESULTS: In the SpSCC cohort, tumors positive for cMet had worse OS (P < .001).
      Patients positive for cMet (P = .007), cyclin D1 (P = .019), and p16 (P = .004)
      had worse DSS. Recurrence-free survival was also worse in patients with tumors
      positive for cMet (P = .037), cyclin D1 (P = .012), and p16 (P < .001). Compared
      with the oral cavity cohort, there was a significantly larger proportion of
      patients in the SpSCC group with tumors staining positive for cMet and a lower
      proportion of tumors positive for cyclin D1. CONCLUSION: cMet, cyclin D1, and p16
      are predictive tumor biomarkers for risk of recurrence and worse DSS in patients
      with SpSCC.

PMID- 26980916
TI  - Efficacy of Upper Airway Stimulation on Collapse Patterns Observed during Drug
      Induced Sedation Endoscopy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe upper airway collapse patterns observed on drug-induced
      sedation endoscopy (DISE) during screening for a clinical trial and to evaluate
      the impact of collapse patterns found on preoperative DISE on response rates to
      upper airway stimulation (UAS) therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of an
      ongoing prospective multi-institutional cohort study. SETTING: Twenty-two
      participating institutions of the STAR trial. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: In total, 222
      subjects were screened with DISE to determine eligibility for an implantable UAS
      device. Supine laryngoscopy was performed during moderate sedation (propofol
      and/or midazolam). Airway collapse pattern and severity were graded at 4 levels,
      including velum, oropharynx, tongue base, and epiglottis (VOTE classification).
      Patients with complete concentric collapse (CCC) at the velum were excluded from
      implantation. RESULTS: The CCC at the velum was observed in 52 (23%) of screened
      subjects, and these subjects were subsequently excluded from implantation. Of the
      170 subjects without CCC at the velum, 126 (77%) underwent implantation: 121
      (96%) had multilevel collapse and 5 (4%) had single-level collapse. When
      comparing preimplantation DISE findings, UAS responders at 12 months had lower
      baseline VOTE scores compared with therapy nonresponders. CONCLUSION: Drug
      induced sedation endoscopy is an efficient and safe method for determining UAS
      eligibility and has the potential to identify UAS nonresponders. Most patients
      had multilevel airway collapse, illustrating the limitations of single-level
      upper airway surgery in treating obstructive sleep apnea. Upper airway
      stimulation is effective therapy for most patients with multilevel airway
      collapse; however, patients with complete anterior-posterior or lateral soft
      palate and/or epiglottic collapse may be at increased risk of therapy failure.

PMID- 26980918
TI  - Salivary Duct Carcinoma of the Parotid: Outcomes with a Contemporary
      Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy for
      which an optimal treatment algorithm is lacking. We endeavored to assess the
      current treatment outcomes for SDC with a multimodality treatment approach
      combining surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy +/- concurrent chemotherapy. STUDY
      DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: A National Cancer Institute
      designated comprehensive cancer center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The clinical record
      of 17 patients with salivary duct carcinoma were analyzed to assess locoregional
      control, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival. RESULTS: All SDC cases
      (n = 17) were managed with surgical resection, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy
      (47.1%) or concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (52.9%). Median patient
      follow up was 37 months. An aggressive disease course was generally observed,
      with 3-year recurrence-free survival and overall survival of 34.4% and 35.5%,
      respectively. The majority of recurrences were distant. Intensification with
      adjuvant concurrent chemotherapy was not associated with improved outcomes on
      univariate survival analysis. CONCLUSION: For salivary duct carcinoma, a
      multimodality treatment approach is associated with acceptable locoregional
      control rates but poor distant control and overall survival. Novel systemic
      therapies may be needed to optimize clinical outcomes.

PMID- 26980919
TI  - Oral Flurbiprofen Spray for Posttonsillectomy Pain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tonsillectomy is still one of the most common surgical procedures, but
      there exists no standard guideline for pain management after tonsillectomy. Our
      aim is to determine whether oral spray of flurbiprofen reduces pain and has an
      influence on other morbid outcomes following tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN:
      Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled. SETTING: Patients at
      Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      This study was performed on 84 patients (45 in flurbiprofen group, 39 in placebo
      group) who underwent tonsillectomy. The patients were randomly chosen, and each
      used oral spray of flurbiprofen 3 times daily or placebo solution at the same
      regimen. Efficacy was assessed by changes in Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Data were
      collected at postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7 for pain, bleeding, and healing.
      Data for Mallampati scores were also collected. RESULTS: There were no
      significant difference between groups with respect to the demographic data. The
      flurbiprofen group had statistically significant lower pain scores at days 1, 3,
      5, and 7 (P = .000, P = .002, P = .001, P = .000, respectively). On days 3 and 7,
      pain scores were significantly different between different Mallampati groups (P =
      .049, P = .015, respectively). The flurbiprofen group required less analgesic
      than the placebo group during the study period on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 (P = .001,
      P = .001, P = .03, P = .001, respectively). Healing and side effects were not
      significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, topical
      use of flurbiprofen may reduce posttonsillectomy pain without any evidence of
      additional complications.

PMID- 26980920
TI  - Financial and Health Impacts of Multidisciplinary Aerodigestive Care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: (1) Analyze upstream and downstream activity before and after
      enrollment with the Multidisciplinary Pediatric Aerodigestive Care Team (MPACT).
      (2) Identify potential demand for MPACT services with ICD-9 data. STUDY DESIGN:
      Retrospective review of financial claims data. SETTING: Tertiary care children's
      center. SUBJECTS: Pediatric patients (0-18 years old) enrolled with MPACT
      (pediatric otolaryngology, gastroenterology, pulmonary, speech-language
      pathology). METHODS: Case mix data from fiscal years (FYs) 2010-2013 were
      analyzed for primary, secondary, and tertiary ICD-9 codes in 4 aerodigestive
      diagnostic categories (ADCs): dysphagia, chronic cough, gastroesophageal disease,
      and chronic pulmonary disease/asthma. Inclusion criteria included patients <18
      years old, seen by MPACT, with FY2010-FY2013 case mix data and >=2 ADCs. Unique
      outpatient and inpatient encounters and associated charges were evaluated to
      determine upstream and downstream activity trends. RESULTS: Of the 126 patients
      meeting inclusion criteria, 55 (44%) had >=3 ADCs, and 11 (9%) had 4. These 126
      patients received outpatient care during 3068 unique encounters. Outpatient total
      charges were $282,102 before and $744,542 after MPACT intervention. Eighty-six
      (68%) patients received inpatient care during 423 unique encounters. Inpatient
      charges were $4,257,137 before and $2,872,849 after MPACT enrollment. Overall, a
      net reduction of $921,848 in total charges, $7316 per MPACT patient, was noted.
      FY2010-FY2014 data identified an additional 1728 pediatric patients with >=2 ADCs
      not enrolled in MPACT. CONCLUSION: A cohort of children with aerodigestive
      disease experienced a shift from inpatient to outpatient care with an overall 20%
      reduction in patient charges when the years before and after MPACT enrollment
      were compared. Available ICD-9 data suggest potential demand for MPACT services.

PMID- 26980921
TI  - Impact of Nodal Level Distribution on Survival in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell
      Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Regional lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor in
      squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, decreasing survival by up to 50%.
      Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OC-SCCa) most commonly spreads to levels I,
      II, and III. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of a population-based tumor
      registry. SETTING: Academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for cases
      of OC-SCCa from 2004 to 2011 (22,973 cases). Resulting data including patient
      demographics, clinicopathological features, topographical distribution of nodal
      metastasis, and survival based on lymph node level involvement were analyzed.
      RESULTS: In total, 8281 patients were identified with OC-SCCa who underwent neck
      dissection. Level I, closely followed by levels II and III, represented the most
      commonly involved nodal basins. The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) for
      patients with only level I, II, or III was 42.0% compared with 30.6% for the
      level IV group (P < .0001) and 26.4% for the level V group (P < .0001). Surgery
      with adjuvant radiotherapy improved 5-year DSS for patients with level I to III,
      level IV, and level V neck disease compared with surgery alone (50.7% vs 48.6%, P
      = .0109; 39.9% vs 23.2%, P < .0001; and 33.3% vs 9.1%, P = .0005, for levels I
      III, IV, and V, respectively). CONCLUSION: Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
      most commonly involves nodal levels I, II, and III. Involvement of nodal level IV
      or V portends a worse prognosis than patients with only level I to III disease,
      and multimodality therapy should be considered for these patients.

PMID- 26980922
TI  - An introduced parasitic fly may lead to local extinction of Darwin's finch
      populations.
AB  - Introduced pathogens and other parasites are often implicated in host population
      level declines and extinctions. However, such claims are rarely supported by
      rigorous real-time data. Indeed, the threat of introduced parasites often goes
      unnoticed until after host populations have declined severely. The recent
      introduction of the parasitic nest fly, Philornis downsi, to the Galapagos
      Islands provides an opportunity to monitor the current impact of an invasive
      parasite on endemic land bird populations, including Darwin's finches.In this
      paper we present a population viability model to explore the potential long-term
      effect of P. downsi on Darwin's finch populations. The goal of our study was to
      determine whether P. downsi has the potential to drive host populations to
      extinction and whether management efforts are likely to be effective.Our model is
      based on data from five years of experimental field work documenting the effect
      of P. downsi on the reproductive success of medium ground finch Geospiza fortis
      populations on Santa Cruz Island. Under two of the three scenarios tested, the
      model predicted medium ground finches are at risk of extinction within the next
      century.However, sensitivity analyses reveal that even a modest reduction in the
      prevalence of the parasite could improve the stability of finch populations. We
      discuss the practicality of several management options aimed at achieving this
      goal.Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates the predicted high risk
      of local extinction of an abundant host species, the medium ground finch Geospiza
      fortis due to an introduced parasite, Philornis downsi. However, our study
      further suggests that careful management practices aimed at reducing parasite
      prevalence have the potential to significantly lower the risk of host species
      extinction.

PMID- 26980923
TI  - Serum Galectin and Renal Dysfunction in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum galectin levels and
      renal dysfunction in relation to in-hospital prognosis and unfavorable prognosis
      1 year after ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients were assigned to
      two groups according to the cystatin C-based estimate of GFR on day 12 after
      STEMI: (1) STEMI patients with normal renal function (GFR based on cystatin C
      levels = 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and (2) those with renal dysfunction (RD) (GFR
      based on cystatin C levels <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). A decrease in GFR estimated
      from the CKD-EPI equation on day 12 was more frequently found in patients with a
      reduced GFR based on cystatin C levels (41.9%) compared with those without RD
      (21.3%). Galectin levels exceeded the cut-off value (17.8 ng/mL) in 50.6% of
      cases in the group with GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and in 32% of cases in the group
      with a normal GFR. The presence of RD and elevated galectin levels >17.8 ng/mL on
      day 12 after MI are independent predictors of an adverse prognosis at 1 year in
      STEMI patients. Elevated galectin levels are directly correlated with the
      presence of early postinfarction angina. 

PMID- 26980925
TI  - Seventy Years of the Journal "Medical Archives".
AB  - This year journal "Medical Archives" celebrates 70th anniversary of its
      continuing publication. Medical Archives is oldest biomedical journal in Bosnia
      and Herzegovina and one of the oldest medical journals in Europe, established in
      the year 1947, as official scientific and professional journal of Association of
      Physicians of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Until present Medical Archives has
      published over 5000 articles. Today Medical Archives is internationally
      recognized medical peer-reviewed indexed journal, visible in more than 30
      international on-line databases. 

PMID- 26980926
TI  - Scientometric Analysis of Scientific Validity of Medical Archives Regarding Other
      Medical Journals in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Medical Archives is the oldest medical journal in Bosnia and
      Herzegovina (B&H) (founded in 1947.). A total of 104 articles were published in
      Medical Archives during 2015. Analyzing the type of articles, original articles
      are present in majority during 2015-80.7% (in last seven years, 561 (76%) were
      original out of 738). In last seven years, 651 (88.2%) articles were from the
      field of clinical medicine (preclinical disciplines, in the last three years are
      more represented than in previous years). Collaboration rate in 2015 was 0,92.
      Articles written in collaboration of five authors (21.1 %) are found to be
      predominant. From year to year, most often required time for a decision on
      acceptance or on the revision prior acceptance is between 50 and 60 days (30% of
      cases in 2015). During 2015, 47.1% of articles were originally from B&H (eleven
      countries were represented). H index of Medical Archive for 2014 was 12, and does
      not vary during the last decade. FINDINGS: In 2015 in B&H about twenty-five
      journals are issued in the field of biomedical and life sciences in general (six
      are indexed on Medline/PubMed, one is indexed in the Science Citation Index
      Expanded (SCIE)/Web of Science base). According to GoogleScholar the biggest h5
      index has Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences (BJBMS) and Medical Archives,
      while the biggest h5 median has BJBMS i Acta Informatica Medica. The highest H
      index (13) in B&H has Izet Masic MD, PhD, Enver Zerem MD, PhD and Semir Vranic
      MD, PhD, while highest g-index (22) has Enver Zerem MD, PhD (analyzed by software
      package "Publish or Perish"). CONCLUSION: By comparing the state of medical
      publishing in B&H with neighboring countries (Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro), we
      have concluded that B&H is behind Croatia and Serbia by following parameters:
      Total Documents, Total Cites and H index but in front of Montenegro.

PMID- 26980927
TI  - The Significance of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Diagnosing Lung
      Infiltrates in Children.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this research is to show why is it important in diagnosing
      children with lung infiltrates. METHODS: Our study included 50 children with lung
      infiltrates during period 2005-2012, and was conducted on Pediatric Clinic of the
      University Clinical Center Sarajevo. We sent all cytological BAL analyses to the
      University Clinical Center Sarajevo. Cytology was performed by direct microscopy.
      BAL cytology was performed by the principle of sending samples for centrifuging,
      12000 revolutions during a 10 min Shandon-cyto spin. Then the centrifuged sample
      is dried in the air during 1-2 hours, and is then dyed under the May-Grunwald
      Giemsa staining, and analyzed under the Olympus BX41 microscope. RESULTS:
      Nosocomial pneumonia has occurred in 32% children, acquired pneumonia in 38%, and
      30% children had a lung infiltrates. 6 (12%) of children were younger then 1 year
      old, 23 (46%) children were between 1 to 5 years, 14 (28%) of children were
      between 5 to 10 ages, and 7 (14%) of children were between 10-15 ages. The most
      of the changes in observed children took place on the right lung, 34%, while 26%
      occurred on the left side, 22% were normal and 18% changes have affected both
      lungs, right and left. Percentage of cells in cytological smear in children with
      BAL were: cylindrical cells 28%, lung macrophage 26%, lymphocytes 17%, detritus
      17% and phlegm 12%. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in children with BAL was
      up to 10-52%, to 50-30%, while ESR after first hour was above 50-18 %.
      CONCLUSION: Clinical parameters and local inflammation of the affected lobe are
      associated with positive bronchoalveolar cytology lavage findings.

PMID- 26980928
TI  - Renalase Gene rs2576178 Polymorphism in Hemodialysis Patients: Study in Bosnia
      and Herzegovina.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Renalase is a protein secreted in kidneys and considered as a blood
      pressure modulator. High rates of hypertension and its regulation in patients on
      hemodialysis demands search for potential cause and treatment. The aim of this
      study was to determine the genotype and allele frequencies of renalase gene
      rs2576178 polymorphism in population from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, the
      objective of present study was to find the possible association between renalase
      gene rs2576178 polymorphism and hypertension in patients on hemodialysis.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The genotype of renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism was
      determined in 137 participants (100 patients on hemodialysis and 37 controls),
      using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent cleavage with MspI
      restriction endonuclease. Genotype and allele frequencies were assessed for Hardy
      Weinberg equilibrium using a Chi-squared test. The value of P<0.05 was considered
      as statistically significant. RESULTS: Comparison of genotype distribution and
      allele frequency in participants on hemodialysis with and without hypertension,
      and healthy control showed no statistical difference. CONCLUSION: The results of
      the study suggest that renalase gene rs2576178 polymorphism is not a factor that
      influences blood pressure in patients on hemodialysis.

PMID- 26980924
TI  - A Pathophysiologic Approach to Biomarkers in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
AB  - Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute-onset hypoxic condition
      with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration. It is characterized by an acute
      exudative phase combining diffuse alveolar damage and lung edema followed by a
      later fibroproliferative phase. Despite an improved understanding of ARDS
      pathobiology, our ability to predict the development of ARDS and risk-stratify
      patients with the disease remains limited. Biomarkers may help to identify
      patients at the highest risk of developing ARDS, assess response to therapy,
      predict outcome, and optimize enrollment in clinical trials. After a short
      description of ARDS pathobiology, here, we review the scientific evidence that
      supports the value of various ARDS biomarkers with regard to their major
      biological roles in ARDS-associated lung injury and/or repair. Ongoing research
      aims at identifying and characterizing novel biomarkers, in order to highlight
      relevant mechanistic explorations of lung injury and repair, and to ultimately
      develop innovative therapeutic approaches for ARDS patients. This review will
      focus on the pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications of
      biomarkers in ARDS and on their utility to ultimately improve patient care. 

PMID- 26980929
TI  - Investigation of Cardiac Complications and their Incidence in Patients with
      Ankylosing Spondylitis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with
      unknown etiology which involves the sacroiliac and axial joints, but can also
      cause peripheral conflicts. It also comprises non-joint symptoms such as acute
      anterior uveitis, cardiac conduction defects, upper lobe pulmonary fibrosis,
      neurological involvement and renal amyloidosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study
      was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical survey. In this study, 50
      patients with AS were examined according to the New York Criteria in Army 501
      Hospital in Tehran. Physical examinations, laboratory testing and HLA-B27, as
      well as X-ray of the spine and sacroiliac joint were taken from all subjects and
      involvement grading was identified. The control group consisted of 40 healthy
      people with no evidence of disease. The people resembled the study group in terms
      of age, sex, smoking, presence of high blood pressure, history of ischemic heart
      disease and also diabetes. RESULTS: The mean age of patients in control and study
      group was 33.97 and 33.65 years, respectively. 37 (92.5%) patients in the control
      group and 46 in study group (92%) were male. The mean duration of cardiac
      involvement in patients was 8.6 years with SD=6.26. In AS group, 48 (96%)
      patients suffered from back pain, 43 from enteritis, 100% from Ankylosing
      Spondylitis, one from unilateral involvement, 22(44%) from peripheral arthritis
      and 27 (54%) from HLA-B27. CONCLUSION: In total, Average heart involvement in the
      control group and AS group was 13.25 with SD=7.64 and 16.2 with SA=8.54,
      respectively, indicating no significant difference. In sum, based on the results
      obtained in this study, some types of heart involvements, such as mitral valve
      regurgitation and Mitral Valve Prolapse in AS patients are more prevalent than in
      the normal population.

PMID- 26980930
TI  - The Effects of Total Motile Sperm Count on Spontaneous Pregnancy Rate and
      Pregnancy After IUI Treatment in Couples with Male Factor and Unexplained
      Infertility.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Male infertility factor is defined if the total number of motile
      spermatozoa (TMSC) < 20 * 10(6)/ejaculated, and unexplained infertility if
      spermiogram is normal with normal female factor. THE AIM: of this study was to
      determine the predictive value of TMSC for spontaneous pregnancy (ST) and
      pregnancy after treatment with intrauterine insemination (IUI) in couples with
      male factor and unexplained infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: According to the
      WHO qualification system abnormal spermiogram can be diagnosed as oligozoospermia
      (O), asthenozoospermia (A), teratozoospermia (T) or combination (O+A+T) and
      azoospermia (A). Although this classification indicates the accuracy of findings
      its relevance for prognosis in infertile couple and the choice of treatment is
      questionable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 98 couples with male
      infertility factor (bad spermiogram) and couples with normospermia and normal
      female factor (unexplained infertility). Testing group is randomized at: group
      (A) with TMSC> 3,10(6) / ejaculate and a spontaneous pregnancy, group (B) with
      TMSCl <3 x 10(6) / ejaculate and pregnancy after IUI, plus couples who have not
      achieved SP with TMSC> 3 x 10(6) / ejaculate and couples who have not achieved
      pregnancy. MAIN RESULTS: From a total of 98 pairs of men's and unexplained
      infertility, 42 of them (42.8%) achieved spontaneous pregnancy, while 56 (57.2%)
      pairs did not achieve spontaneous pregnancy. TMSC was significantly higher (42.4
      +/- 28.4 vs. 26.2 +/- 24, p <0.05) in the group A compared to group B. Couples
      with TMSC 1-5 * 10(6) ejaculate had significantly lower (9.8% vs. 22.2%, p
      <0.0001) rate of spontaneous pregnancy in comparison to couples after IUI
      treatment. Couples with unexplained infertility had significantly higher (56.8%
      vs. 29.9%, p <0.01) spontaneous pregnancy rate compared to couples after IUI
      treatment. Infertile couples had significant pregnancy rate with TMSC 5-10 x
      10(6) / ejaculate (OR = 1.45, 95% CI:1.26-1.78, <0.01); with TMSC 10-20 x 10(6) /
      ejaculate (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1:12 to 1:46, <0.0001) with TMSC> 20 x 10(6) /
      ejaculate (RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.56-1.82, <0.001) after treatment with IUI compared
      to spontaneous pregnancy. CONCLUSION / INTERPRETATION: Based on these results we
      can conclude that couples with the TMSC> 5 x 10(6) / ejaculate are indicated for
      treatment with IUI. TMSC can be used as the method of choice for diagnosis and
      treatment of male infertility.

PMID- 26980931
TI  - Elevated Liver Enzymes in Cases of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth
      Restriction.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical parameters in serum of
      women with preeclampsia and IUGR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A clinical prospective
      study was conducted and included 120 pregnant women divided in two groups: non
      IUGR group included healthy pregnant women (n=60) and IUGR group included
      pregnant women with preeclampsia and IUGR (n=60). Outcome measures were following
      values of biochemical parameters in serum of mother and fetuses: aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH), bilirubin (indirect and direct) and cholesterol. A blood for analysis was
      drawn from the cubital vein of mothers and the umbilical vein of the fetuses
      during delivery period. RESULTS: The mean of maternal age was 30.0+/-6.1 years in
      women with preeclampsia and IUGR and 28.1+/-5.1 years in healthy pregnant women,
      p > 0.05. The most of women with preeclampsia and IUGR had grade III of placental
      maturation (48.3%). There is a significant association between the placental
      maturation and the diagnosis, p < 0.001. There was a statistically significant
      difference in body mass of newborns between IUGR and non IUGR groups, p < 0.001.
      There was a significant statistically difference in serum value of AST, ALT, LDH
      and total cholesterol between women with preeclampsia and IUGR and healthy
      pregnant women (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Measurement of AST, ALT, LDH, and
      total cholesterol in serum of pregnant women and newborns with IUGR allows the
      differentiation and threatening risk of perinatal complications due to hypoxia.

PMID- 26980932
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Ascites and Serum Sodium in Patients with Low Meld
      Scores.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to determine ascites and serum sodium significance in short term
      mortality prediction in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. METHODS: a cohort
      of 115 cirrhotic patients referred to our Department were followed up for 6
      months in non-transplant settings. The c index equivalent to the area under the
      receiver operating curve (ROC) was calculated and compared to estimate the short
      term prognostic accuracy of the following parameters: ascites, serum sodium and
      MELD score. RESULTS: in patients with a MELD score less than 21, ascites and low
      serum sodium (c index 0,687, p<0 0,001 and 0,748, p<0,001 respectively) showed
      better prognostic accuracy and were independent predictors of mortality. For MELD
      scores above 21, only MELD was an independent mortality prognostic factor (c
      index 0,710, p<0,001). CONCLUSION: in our study, sample ascites and low serum
      sodium help identify patients with advanced liver disease who are at high risk of
      mortality despite low MELD scores. These parameters should be considered as
      additional prognostic parameters that could improve available treatment options
      and outcomes in this group of patients.

PMID- 26980934
TI  - Vancomycin-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeroginosa in the Cases of Trauma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the main problems in the treatment of cases of P. aeruginosa
      especially in the orthopedic infections is the occurrence of high antibiotic
      resistance. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the
      prevalence of vancomycin-resistant P. aeruginosa in the cases of trauma in Iran.
      METHODS: Two hundred and fifty swab samples were collected from the site of
      trauma from the patients who referred to the orthopedic wards of the Iranian
      health centers. Samples were cultured immediately and those that were P.
      aeruginosa-positive were analyzed by the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Of 250
      swab samples collected, 43 were positive for P. aeruginosa (17.2%). The results
      of the culture technique were also confirmed by the PCR reaction. Of 43 P.
      aeruginosa isolates, 32 strains (74.41%) were resistant to vancomycin. Total
      prevalence of bacteria in Tehran and Mashhad hospitals were 18.46% and 15.83%,
      respectively. Statistically significant difference was seen for the prevalence of
      vancomycin-resistant P. aeruginosa between the samples collected from Tehran and
      Mashhad (P =0.027). More than 55 years old and less than 10 years old patients
      had the highest prevalence of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa strains of male and
      more than 55 years old patients harbored the highest levels of resistance against
      vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: It is logical to primary identification of type of
      bacteria causing infection in the site of trauma and then using from the disk
      diffusion method to choose the best antimicrobial agent. Highest levels of health
      care should be performed for the patients less than 10 years and more than 55
      years old patients.

PMID- 26980935
TI  - Factors Beyond the Language Barrier in Providing Health Care to Immigrant
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the enormous migration as the result of war and disasters
      during the last decades, health systems in Europe are faced with various cultural
      traditions and both healthcare systems and healthcare professionals are
      challenged by human rights and values. In order to minimize difficulties in
      providing healthcare services to patients with different cultural backgrounds,
      cultural competence healthcare professionals are needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Four focus group interviews, were conducted with Kurdish immigrants in
      Scandinavian countries (N=26). The majority were males (n=18) aged between 33-61
      years (M= 51.6 years) and a few were (n=8) females aged 41-63 years (M=50.7
      years). The data were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis method.
      RESULTS: According to the study results participants experienced that diversities
      both in culture and healthcare routines create a number of difficulties regarding
      contact with healthcare services. Though culture related aspects influenced the
      process of all contact with health care services, the obstacles were more obvious
      in the case of psychological issues. The results of the study showed that
      cultural diversities were an obvious reason for immigrants' attitudes regarding
      healthcare services in resettlement countries. CONCLUSION: The results of the
      study revealed a number of difficulties beyond linguistic problems regarding
      immigrants' contact with healthcare services in Scandinavian countries. Problems
      were rooted both in diversities in healthcare services and cultural aspects.
      Immigrants' views of healthcare systems and healthcare professionals' approach in
      providing healthcare were some of the problems mentioned.

PMID- 26980933
TI  - Comparing the Intramedullary Nailing Method Versus Dynamic Hip Screw in Treatment
      of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Dynamic Hip Screw fixation is currently considered as a standard
      treatment for pre-trochanteric fractures; however, due to the long-term
      hospitalization and some other complications, some researchers have proposed
      intramedullary nailing as the alternative surgical treatment. The aim of this
      study was to compare and examine the consequences of the using intramedullary
      nailing method versus Dynamic Hip Screw. METHODS: In this study 114 patients with
      unstable Intertrochanteric fracture refer to Rasoul Akram hospital during 2011 to
      2013 has been selected. After reduction, fixation surgery with PFN nail (60
      patients) and Dynamic Hip Screw (54 patients) has been performed. All patients
      were screen during surgery and six months after surgery and some parameters like,
      bleeding, union, as well as complications such as collapse, varus and
      medialization of the distal fragment were record and patients. RESULTS: About
      some parameters like cutting length, surgery duration, bleeding there were
      significant differences between two groups. In six months follow up period 2
      patinas from nail and 8 patients from DHS group had non-union. Also from the
      point of radiologic and clinical parameters, like anterior thigh pain, cut out,
      medialization of the distal fragment, collapse of the neck, walking recovery and
      daily activities were significant between two groups. CONCLUSION: Due to the
      reduced hospital stay in intramedullary nailing method and the necessity of doing
      repeated surgery and applying intramedullary nailing when the patients are not
      treated with external fixation, the researchers recommend intramedullary nailing
      as the first option in treating such patients.

PMID- 26980936
TI  - Correlation of Osteoporosis and Calcium Urolithiasis in Adult Population.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Scientific studies indicate that there is a correlation between
      decreased bone mineral density and the age of the patient, especially in post
      menopausal women. GOAL: The aim of our study was to assess the connection between
      osteoporosis and the age of respondents, based on the DEXA findings in patients
      with calcium urolithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was prospectively and
      conducted in University Clinical Center Banja Luka, at the Urology Clinic and
      Clinic of Internal Medicine. In this study the respondents were divided into two
      groups: experimental group-subjects with calcium urolithiasis and control group
      without calcium urolithiasis. The study included 240 patients, in both groups of
      120 patients who were divided into three age groups: 20-40 years, 40-60 years and
      more than 60 years. In both groups of respondents was conducted determination of
      bone mineral density in L2-L4 vertebra lumbar spine and hip by DEXA method.
      RESULTS: Observing the whole sample of the experimental group, according to age
      groups it can be noticed that DEXA results are at 72.5% normal, 27.5% below
      expected value, more in women within older subgroups, 20% show signs of
      osteopenia and osteoporosis in 7.5 %. Share of patients with osteoporosis is
      statistically different (p<0.05) only between sub-groups 20-40 years and over 60
      years. Although appears absolute difference in the participation of patients with
      osteopenia by age groups, the differences are not statistically significant
      (p>0.05). The share of patients with normal DEXA values was significantly lower
      in the group over 60 years compared to the other two age groups (p<0.05). At age
      subgroups of the control group, the youngest group of respondents share with
      normal DEXA finding is 95% and among the oldest group (over 60 years) this share
      is much lower and is 60%, which represents a statistically significant
      difference, and confirms the relationship (p<0.01). Normal DEXA findings
      decreases with increasing years, the share of those who do not have normal
      findings is higher in the elderly population. CONCLUSION: Our study has just
      shown that in adult patients with calcium urolithiasis osteoporosis is more
      prevalent in older patients and more pronounced in patients with calcium
      urolithiasis in relation to the population without the same.

PMID- 26980937
TI  - Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Intravenous Thrombolysis with Alteplase
      Applied as Stroke Therapy - Case Report and Review of Literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Stroke is a medical emergency in neurology, and is one of the
      leading causes of death nowadays. At a recent time, a therapeutic method used in
      adequate conditions is thrombolysis, a treatment of an emerging clot in the brain
      vascular system by alteplase. The application of alteplase also has a high risk
      of life threatening conditions. CASE REPORT: This is a brief report of a case
      with thrombolysis complication which manifested as a spleen rupture.

PMID- 26980938
TI  - The Uncommon Localization of Herpes Zoster.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Herpes zoster is an acute, cutaneous viral infection caused by the
      reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that is the cause of varicella. It
      is an acute neurological disease which can often lead to serious postherpetic
      neuralgia (PHN). Different nerves can be included with the skin rash in the area
      of its enervation especially cranial nerves (CV) and intercostal nerves. CASE
      REPORT: In this report we present a patient with herpes zoster which involved
      ulnar nerve with skin rash in the region of ulnar innervations in women with no
      disease previously diagnosed. The failure of her immune system may be explained
      by great emotional stress and overwork she had been exposed to with neglecting
      proper nutrition in that period. CONCLUSION: Herpes zoster may involve any nerve
      with characteristic skin rash in the area of its innervations, and failure in
      immune system which leads reactivation of VZV may be caused by other factors
      besides the underlying illness.

PMID- 26980939
TI  - Aspergilloma Mimicking Metastasis in a Case with Laryngeal Carcinoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Aspergilloma is a fungal ball which is composed of hyphal structure
      fungus, fibrin, mucus and cellular debris and settled in a pre-existing pulmonary
      cavity or an ectatic bronchial. It may cause colonization in patients with an
      immunosuppressive and underlying lung disease. Although chest radiography
      provides valuable information, it can be scanned more effectively by computed
      tomography (CT). Monitoring fungal ball within the cavity in CT provides
      establishing the diagnosis. CASE REPORT: However, in this case report, we
      presented a case with operated laryngeal carcinoma whom we first had considered
      to have metastasis and who had received a diagnosis of aspergilloma in CT and
      Positron emission tomography (PET). CONCLUSION: Imaging findings may remain
      limited in definitive diagnosis of aspergilloma. Therefore, surgical resection
      will allow for both pathological diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 26980940
TI  - A Cause of Mortal Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Aortoesophageal
      Fistula.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Aortoesophageal fistula is an uncommon but mortal cause of massive
      upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The most common causes are thoracic aortic
      aneurisym, foreign body reaction, malignancy and postoperative complication. It
      can be seen in different pattern on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. There are
      surgical, endoscopic and interventional radiological treatment options, however,
      definitive treatment is surgical intervention. Diagnosis and treatment desicion
      should be made quickly because of rapid and mortal course. CASE REPORT: In this
      article, a case of aortoesophageal fistula was presented that resulted in
      mortality as a result of massive bleeding.

PMID- 26980941
TI  - Erratum: Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Treatment of Late Stage Disease:
      Chemotherapeutics and New Frontiers.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1342961.]. 

PMID- 26980942
TI  - Predictors for Return to Work in Subjects with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Objective. To predict return to work (RTW) at 12 months for patients who either
      were sick-listed or were at risk to be sick-listed with persistent postconcussion
      symptoms (PCS) at six to eight weeks after injury. Method. A prospective cohort
      study of 151 patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) admitted
      consecutively to outpatient clinics at two University Hospitals in Norway. The
      study was conducted as part of a randomised clinical trial. Injury
      characteristics were obtained from the medical records. Sick leave data from one
      year before to one year after MTBI were obtained from the Norwegian Labour and
      Welfare Service. Self-report questionnaires were used to obtain demographic and
      symptom profiles. Results. We observed a significant negative association between
      RTW at 12 months and psychological distress, global functioning, and being sick
      listed at two months after MTBI, as well as having been sick-listed the last year
      before injury. Conclusion. Psychological distress, global functioning postinjury,
      and the sick leave trajectory of the subjects were negative predictors for RTW.
      These findings should be taken into consideration when evaluating future
      vocational rehabilitation models. 

PMID- 26980943
TI  - Dietary Cocoa Powder Improves Hyperlipidemia and Reduces Atherosclerosis in apoE
      Deficient Mice through the Inhibition of Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.
AB  - Cocoa powder is rich in flavonoids, which have many beneficial effects on human
      health, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our
      study was to investigate whether the intake of cocoa powder has any influence on
      hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis and examine the underlying molecular
      mechanisms. We fed apoE knockout mice a Western diet supplemented with either
      0.2% (low group) or 2% (high group) cocoa powder for 12 weeks. The groups fed
      dietary cocoa powder showed a significant reduction in both plasma cholesterol
      levels and aortic atherosclerosis compared to the control group. Analysis of mRNA
      profiling of aortic atherosclerotic lesions revealed that the expression of
      several genes related to apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation was
      significantly reduced, while the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 was significantly
      increased in the cocoa powder group compared to the control. RT-PCR analysis
      along with Western blotting revealed that a diet containing cocoa powder
      inhibited the expression of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress. These data
      suggest that cocoa powder intake improves hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, and
      such beneficial effects are possibly mediated through the suppression of hepatic
      endoplasmic reticulum stress. 

PMID- 26980945
TI  - Altered Autophagy-Associated Genes Expression in T Cells of Oral Lichen Planus
      Correlated with Clinical Features.
AB  - Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disease.
      Autophagy has emerged as a fundamental trafficking event in mediating T cell
      response, which plays crucial roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The present
      study mainly investigated the mRNA expression of autophagy-associated genes in
      peripheral blood T cells of OLP patients and evaluated correlations between their
      expression and the clinical features of OLP. Five differentially expressed
      autophagy-associated genes were identified by autophagy array. Quantitative real
      time RT-PCR results confirmed that IGF1 expression in the peripheral blood T
      cells of OLP patients was significantly higher than that in controls, especially
      in female and middle-aged (30-50 years old) OLP patients. In addition, ATG9B mRNA
      levels were significantly lower in nonerosive OLP patients. However, no
      significant differences were found in the expression of HGS, ESR1, and SNCA
      between OLP patients and controls. Taken together, dysregulation of T cell
      autophagy may be involved in immune response of OLP and may be correlated with
      clinical patterns. 

PMID- 26980944
TI  - Metabolism Is Central to Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Function.
AB  - Immunological tolerance is a fundamental tenant of immune homeostasis and overall
      health. Self-tolerance is a critical component of the immune system that allows
      for the recognition of self, resulting in hyporeactivity instead of
      immunogenicity. Dendritic cells are central to the establishment of dominant
      immune tolerance through the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and
      regulatory polarization of T cells. Cellular metabolism holds the key to
      determining DC immunogenic or tolerogenic cell fate. Recent studies have
      demonstrated that dendritic cell maturation leads to a shift toward a glycolytic
      metabolic state and preferred use of glucose as a carbon source. In contrast,
      tolerogenic dendritic cells favor oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid
      oxidation. This dichotomous metabolic reprogramming of dendritic cells drives
      differential cellular function and plays a role in pathologies, such as
      autoimmune disease. Pharmacological alterations in metabolism have promising
      therapeutic potential. 

PMID- 26980949
TI  - From the Author's desk.

PMID- 26980950
TI  - From the Editor's desk.

PMID- 26980948
TI  - Inhibition of P38 MAPK Downregulates the Expression of IL-1beta to Protect Lung
      from Acute Injury in Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Rats.
AB  - Acute lung injury (ALI) induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (II/R) has
      high incidence and mortality, in which IL-1beta was essential for the full
      development of ALI. However, the detailed regulating mechanism for this
      phenomenon remains to be unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate
      whether inhibition of P38 MAPK could downregulate the expression of IL-1beta to
      protect lung from acute injury in II/R rats. Here, we found that the level of
      pulmonary edema at 16 hours after operation (hpo) was obviously enhanced compared
      to that in 8hpo and sham groups. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that IL
      1beta and P38 MAPK were detected in lung tissues. And rats with II/R have the
      highest translation level for IL-1beta and phosphorylation of P38 MAPK in lung
      tissues at 16hpo compared with 8hpo and sham groups. Moreover, administration of
      SB239063, an inhibitor of P38 alpha and beta, could effectively downregulate the
      expressions of IL-1beta and protects lung tissues from injury in II/R rats. Our
      findings indicate that the inhibition of P38 alpha and beta may downregulate the
      expression of IL-1beta to protect lung from acute injury in II/R, which could be
      used as a potential target for reducing ALI induced by II/R in the future
      clinical trial. 

PMID- 26980951
TI  - Cancer Conundrum.

PMID- 26980952
TI  - The Azzopardi phenomenon.

PMID- 26980947
TI  - Cancer Stem Cells and Macrophages: Implications in Tumor Biology and Therapeutic
      Strategies.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique subset of cells within tumors with stemlike
      properties that have been proposed to be key drivers of tumor initiation and
      progression. CSCs are functionally defined by their unlimited self-renewal
      capacity and their ability to initiate tumor formation in vivo. Like normal stem
      cells, CSCs exist in a cellular niche comprised of numerous cell types including
      tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which provides a unique microenvironment to
      protect and promote CSC functions. TAMs provide pivotal signals to promote CSC
      survival, self-renewal, maintenance, and migratory ability, and in turn, CSCs
      deliver tumor-promoting cues to TAMs that further enhance tumorigenesis. Studies
      in the last decade have aimed to understand the molecular mediators of CSCs and
      TAMs, and recent advances have begun to elucidate the complex cross talk that
      occurs between these two cell types. In this review, we discuss the molecular
      interactions that define CSC-TAM cross talk at each stage of tumor progression
      and examine the clinical implications of targeting these interactions. 

PMID- 26980946
TI  - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Induced Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells,
      T Helper Cells, and Natural Killer Helper Cells Can Improve Dendritic Cell
      Vaccination.
AB  - A coordinated cellular interplay is of crucial importance in both host defense
      against pathogens and malignantly transformed cells. The various interactions of
      Dendritic Cells (DC), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and T helper (Th) cells can be
      influenced by a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and
      will lead to enhanced CD8(+) effector T cell responses. Specific Pattern
      Recognition Receptor (PRR) triggering during maturation enables DC to enhance Th1
      as well as NK helper cell responses. This effect is correlated with the amount of
      IL-12p70 released by DC. Activated NK cells are able to amplify the
      proinflammatory cytokine profile of DC via the release of IFN-gamma. The
      knowledge on how PAMP recognition can modulate the DC is of importance for the
      design and definition of appropriate therapeutic cancer vaccines. In this review
      we will discuss the potential role of specific PAMP-matured DC in optimizing
      therapeutic DC-based vaccines, as some of these DC are efficiently activating
      Th1, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells. Moreover, to optimize these vaccines, also
      the inhibitory effects of tumor-derived suppressive factors, for example, on the
      NK-DC crosstalk, should be taken into account. Finally, the suppressive role of
      the tumor microenvironment in vaccination efficacy and some proposals to overcome
      this by using combination therapies will be described. 

PMID- 26980953
TI  - Epstein-Barr virus and its association with rheumatoid arthritis and oral lichen
      planus.
AB  - CONTEXT: Pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (AD) is one of a multifactorial
      milieu. A genetic predisposition, an immune system failure, hormonal imbalance
      and environmental factors play important roles. Among the many environmental
      factors, the role of infection is gaining importance in the pathogenesis of
      various autoimmune disorders; among them, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays a
      pivotal role. Literature states an association of various AD with EBV namely
      multiple sclerosis, autoimmune thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematous, oral
      lichen planus (OLP), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis, Sjogren's
      syndrome and Kawasaki disease; among these, the most commonly occurring are OLP
      and RA. AIM: Considering the frequency of occurrences, our aim was to perform a
      qualitative analysis of EBV viral capsid antigen (EBV VCA) IgG in the sera of
      patients with RA, OLP and establish a comparison with normal. SETTINGS AND
      DESIGN: In-vitro experiment in a research laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Five
      milliliter blood sample was collected from 25 patients diagnosed with RA and OLP.
      Serum was separated and EBV VCA IgG antibody titer was detected using NovaTec EBV
      VCA IgG ELISA kit. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi-square test. RESULTS: Six out
      of 25 subjects with RA and 4 out of 25 subjects with OLP tested positive for EBV
      VCA IgG. CONCLUSIONS: Both environmental and genetic factors are important
      contributory components for autoimmune conditions. Screening for viral etiology
      would improve the efficacy of conventional treatment and reduce the risk of
      relapses.

PMID- 26980954
TI  - Role of tissue eosinophils in oral Leukoplakia: A pilot study.
AB  - CONTEXT: Tissue eosinophilia in oral squamous cell carcinoma has been well -
      recognized. Studies have reported both favorable and unfavorable prognoses
      associated with tissue eosinophils in oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the
      role of eosinophils in the development of tumor is still unclear. AIMS: The
      present study was an attempt to elucidate the potential role of tissue
      eosinophils in oral leukoplakia, a potentially malignant lesion. SETTINGS AND
      DESIGN: To count eosinophils in tissues of normal subjects and oral leukoplakia
      cases. To compare tissue eosinophil count (TEC) between normal and oral
      leukoplakia cases. To compare TEC between dysplastic and non-dysplastic cases of
      oral leukoplakia and to correlate with degree of epithelial dysplasia. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A total of 85 cases (59 cases of oral leukoplakia and 26 normal oral
      tissues) constituted the study material. Tissue eosinophils were counted in 10
      different high- power fields. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Non-parametric tests
      (Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney post hoc analysis and
      Spearman's correlation statistics). RESULTS: Mean eosinophil count (MEC) in oral
      leukoplakia cases was significantly more when compared to normal subjects. MEC in
      dysplastic cases of oral leukoplakia was significantly more when compared to
      those without epithelial dysplasia (Mann-Whitney U-test). Furthermore, MEC was
      directly proportional to the degree of epithelial dysplasia (Spearman's
      correlation statistics). CONCLUSIONS: TEC may be used as an adjunct to predict
      the malignant transformation of dysplastic cases of oral leukoplakia.
      Eosinophilic infiltration in oral dysplastic cases should prompt a thorough
      evaluation for invasiveness, especially when features of invasion are absent or
      suspected in smaller biopsy specimens. Use of TEC as a prognostic indicator
      demands larger sample size and mandates long-term follow-up.

PMID- 26980955
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of tenascin expression in different grades of oral
      submucous fibrosis.
AB  - AIM: Tenascin, a glycoprotein, is one of the major constituents of extracellular
      matrix, which may function in organizing the stroma in normal and pathological
      conditions. The study aimed to correlate the structural organization of tenascin
      with the pathological progression of disease from early, moderate and advanced
      changes in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cross
      sectional immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of OSMF cases was performed. Total
      70 slide samples were prepared for the study from 35 formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded tissue blocks with 10 each from histologically proven and graded as
      early, moderate and advanced OSMF and 5 of normal oral mucosa. The IHC sections
      were analyzed for the intensity and pattern of tenascin expression at the
      junction of epithelium and connective tissue (ECJ) and deeper connective tissue
      (CT), as well as presence or absence of staining around inflammatory cells,
      fibroblast and endothelial cells using anti-human tenascin. RESULT: Most of the
      OSMF cases showed retention of antigen at ECJ and in deeper CT. Its expression
      varied in different grades as well as around inflammatory cells, fibroblast and
      endothelial cells in same tissue section. Highly significant P values of 0.001
      and 0.003 were obtained for tenascin intensity and pattern, respectively, at ECJ
      in different OSMF grades. In addition, for the expression of tenascin pattern in
      deeper CT among different OSMF grades, a significant P value of 0.018 was
      obtained. CONCLUSION: A differential expression of tenascin was observed with the
      progression of disease. The expression of tenascin as bright and continuous
      deposition at ECJ in early and moderate stages of OSMF signifies either
      proliferative organization within the overlying epithelium or an epithelial
      mesenchymal interaction. However, a weak immunoreactivity of tenascin at ECJ was
      observed in advanced stage of OSMF.

PMID- 26980956
TI  - Evaluation of cell proliferation in malignant and potentially malignant oral
      lesions.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the cell proliferation rate by the expression of proliferating
      cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR)
      counts and to assess its usefulness as a marker for malignant potential in oral
      epithelial lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group included 30 cases of
      leukoplakia, 15 nondysplastic (NDL), 15 dysplastic (DL), 15 cases of oral
      squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and 5 cases of normal oral mucosa. Formalin fixed
      paraffin embedded tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for PCNA
      and AgNOR technique. The PCNA labeling index (LI) and the AgNOR dots were
      evaluated for the entire sample. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: ANOVA, Tukey honestly
      significant difference, Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: In this study, the AgNOR
      count of OSCC was lower than the DL lesions moreover the AgNOR counts were found
      to be higher in normal mucosa as compared to the DL and the NDL epithelium. The
      study results also showed that the mean AgNOR count failed to distinguish between
      DL and NDL lesions. Overall we observed increased PCNA expression from normal
      epithelium to NDL to DL lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of the present
      study on oral epithelial precancerous and cancerous lesions we conclude that mean
      AgNOR count alone cannot be a valuable parameter to distinguish between the
      normal, NDL, DL epithelium and OSCC but, on the other hand, we found out that
      PCNA can be a useful biomarker for delineating normal epithelium from DL
      epithelium and OSCC.

PMID- 26980957
TI  - A rapid manual processing technique for resource-limited small laboratories.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical pathology is an integral part of diagnosis and management
      planning in patient care. In the absence of widespread automation, many small
      laboratories are unable to provide this service due to lack of time. Currently,
      the shortest processing schedule for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues is
      16 working hours; most small laboratories cannot complete the rapid schedules
      within the average 8-9 working hours. Thus, the availability of an 8-9 h
      processing schedule that provide satisfactory results can help many small
      laboratories in routinely providing surgical pathology services. OBJECTIVES: To
      evaluate the effectiveness of a new rapid processing schedule and compare it with
      two existing rapid processing schedules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This animal study
      tested a new rapid processing schedule suggested by authors with overnight
      preprocessing in 60% isopropyl alcohol followed by an 8 h processing schedule.
      This was tested and compared with the rapid processing schedules described by
      Godkar's (11 h) and Bancroft's (2 working days). A routinely used automatic
      tissue processor long cycle (17 h) was the control. Each schedule was used on 20
      tongue specimens. The prepared slides were evaluated for surface area and linear
      tissue shrinkage, ease of sectioning, quality of hematoxylin and eosin staining,
      histological appearance and artifacts. RESULTS: No statistical differences were
      found between schedules. Overall total average performance ranking placed
      Bancroft's schedule as the best with only 27.9% of the sections processed and
      stained showing any shortcomings, followed closely by the test schedule suggested
      by authors (28.7%), Godkar's (31.8%) and the automatic processor schedule/control
      (33.3%). CONCLUSION: The test results indicated that the schedule devised by
      authors is an effective rapid processing cycle that produces diagnostic quality
      histological results when compared with other conventional processing schedules
      for small tissue blocks (average 6 mm * 8 mm).

PMID- 26980958
TI  - Comparison of specimen adequacy and smear quality in oral smears prepared by
      manual liquid-based cytology and conventional methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liquid-based cytology (LBC), recommended in the mass screening of
      potentially malignant cervical and oral lesions, suffers from high cost owing to
      the use of expensive automated devices and materials. Considering the need for
      cost-effective LBC techniques, we evaluated the efficacy of an inexpensive manual
      LBC (MLBC) technique against conventional cytological technique in terms of
      specimen adequacy and smear quality of oral smears. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Cytological samples were collected from 21 patients using a cytobrush device.
      After preparation of a conventional smear, the brush containing the remaining
      sample was immersed in the preservative vial. The preserved material was
      processed by an MLBC technique and subsequently, direct smears were made from the
      prepared cell button. Both conventional and MLBC smears were stained by routine
      Papanicolaou technique and evaluated by an independent observer for the thickness
      of the smear, cellular distribution, resolution/clarity of cells, cellular
      staining characteristics and the presence of unsatisfactory background/artifacts.
      Each parameter was graded as satisfactory; or satisfactory, but limited; or
      unsatisfactory. Chi-square test was used to compare the values obtained
      (significance set at P <= 0.05). RESULTS: MLBC technique produced a significant
      number of satisfactory smears with regard to cell distribution,
      clarity/resolution, staining characteristics and background/artifacts compared to
      conventional methods. CONCLUSIONS: MLBC is a cost-effective cytological technique
      that may produce oral smears with excellent cytomorphology and longer storage
      life.

PMID- 26980959
TI  - Cytomegalovirus and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: A possible causal relationship? A
      pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has tropism for salivary gland
      ductal epithelium and establishes a persistent and lifelong infection.
      Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland tumor. Recent
      studies have established that mouse CMV-induced tumorigenesis displays histologic
      and molecular characteristics similar to human MEC. We wished to explore further
      down the lane by analyzing the expression of pp65 and the key oncogenic signaling
      pathway in cases of MEC and their etiological relevance in the Indian scenario as
      a pilot study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histopathologically confirmed cases of MEC
      (n = 4) and normal salivary gland tissue (n = 4) were subjected to
      immunohistochemical analysis using the markers pp65 and epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR). RESULTS: The pp65 antigen expression was found to be negative in
      all the studied cases and one case of high-grade MEC showed EGFR expression.
      CONCLUSION: The purpose of the study was to explore the role of CMV in the
      development of MEC, as it might help to exploit this etiological agent as a
      therapeutic target. Similar to human papillomavirus (HPV), these might identify a
      subset of neoplasms with a varied biological behavior and alternative therapies.
      However, this vision is obscured by contradicting evidence in the literature. As
      of today, surgery remains the only best possible management for these patients
      unless proven otherwise.

PMID- 26980960
TI  - Fibrous architecture of cementodentinal junction in disease: A scanning electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cementodentinal junction (CDJ) forms a biological and structural
      link between cementum and dentin. This biological link is regarded as a distinct
      tissue in its own right. Certain important proteins responsible for periodontal
      regeneration are said to be present in this tissue. Few studies have described
      the structure and composition of this layer by light and electron microscopy.
      Scanning electron microscopic studies pertaining to CDJ in health and disease are
      few and documentation of periodontal pathological changes of CDJ is unclear. In
      the first phase of our study, the collagenous architecture of CDJ of healthy
      teeth has been reported. AIM: The objective of this study is to observe and
      report periodontal pathological changes in the fibrous or collagenous
      architecture of CDJ of periodontitis-affected teeth and discuss the probable
      clinical implications of CDJ in disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty
      periodontitis-affected teeth were collected and processed for observing under a
      scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: The results are as follows: Increased
      width of interface at CDJ in periodontitis samples (7.1 MU) compared to that of
      healthy samples; fewer areas of fiber intermingling at CDJ in periodontitis
      samples as compared to healthy samples; frequent detachment of cementum from
      dentin during sodium hydroxide maceration of samples. CONCLUSION: It may be
      inferred from results that there is a possibility of a definite weakening of CDJ
      in periodontally affected root surfaces and we believe that clinical procedures
      such as scaling and root planning may have a detrimental effect on the
      cementodentinal attachment of periodontally involved root surfaces.

PMID- 26980961
TI  - Reactive hyperplasic lesions of the oral cavity: A survey of 295 cases at a
      Tertiary Health Institution in Kerala.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to review the clinicopathologic features of
      reactive hyperplastic lesions (RHLs) of the oral cavity at a Tertiary Health
      Institution in Kerala and compare these data with those of previously reported
      studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient case files from the Department of
      Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology during the period between January 2007 and
      December 2011 were reviewed for cases of RHLs of the oral cavity. Both clinical
      and histopathological diagnoses of reactive lesions were selected for the study.
      Data including the type of the lesion, age, gender and the site involved were
      collected. RESULTS: From a total of 2753 cases reviewed, 295 histologically
      diagnosed cases of RHLs were obtained with a prevalence of 10.7%. The data
      consist of 85 (28.8%) males and 210 (71.2%) females. The most common lesion
      clinically was traumatic fibroma (69.3%) and histologically fibrous hyperplasia
      (51.9%). The reactive lesions clinically presented as either sessile (54.9%) or
      pedunculated (45.1%) lesions. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of reactive
      hyperplasia among our patients were similar to those reported previously with
      divergence in some analyzed data. The novelty in our study was the correlation
      between histopathology and clinical features which were not reported in
      literature until date.

PMID- 26980962
TI  - Perineural invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Case series and review of
      literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Oral cancer constitutes 3% of all neoplasms and is the
      eighth most frequent cancer in the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
      corresponds to 95% of all oral cancers. It is associated with severe morbidity,
      recurrence and reduced survival rates. Its prognosis is affected by several
      clinicopathologic factors, one of which is perineural invasion (PNI). It is the
      third most common form of tumor spread exhibited by neurotropic malignancies that
      correlate with aggressive behavior, disease recurrence and increased morbidity
      and mortality. In this retrospective study, our aim was to assess the presence of
      PNI in different grades of both primary and recurrent cases of OSCC correlating
      it with tumor size and lymph node status. The various patterns of PNI we
      encountered were also noted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PNI was assessed in 117 cases
      of primary and recurrent cases of OSCC. PNI was correlated with tumor thickness,
      lymph node status and with the different histologic grades. Location of PNI,
      density of PNI and various patterns of PNI were also assessed. STATISTICAL
      ANALYSIS: Chi-square test. RESULTS: Our study showed that 47 out of 117 patients
      (40.5%) showed PNI. Both primary and recurrent tumors showed PNI of 42.50% and
      40.50%, respectively. PNI was present in 34 out of 69 cases (49.3%) of clinically
      positive nodes. Around 79% of the nerves involved by PNI were intratumoral in
      location, 80% of the cases showed PNI density of 1-3 nerves per section and
      incomplete and/or "crescent-like" encirclement was the most common pattern of PNI
      noted in our study. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the incidence of PNI was as
      high as 40% in OSCC. PNI was present in both primary and recurrent tumors,
      irrespective of its histologic grading. Tumor thickness and lymph node status
      correlated well with PNI. Therefore, the presence of PNI should be checked in
      every surgical specimen with OSCC as it gives significant prognostic value,
      influences treatment decisions, recurrence and distant metastasis. The presence
      of PNI necessitates more aggressive resection, coincident management of neck
      lymph nodes and the addition of adjuvant therapy. Also, targeted drug therapy for
      this type of tumor spread can open up new avenues in the treatment of OSCC.

PMID- 26980963
TI  - Honey as an alternative fixative for oral tissue: An evaluation of processed and
      unprocessed honey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fixation is the most imperative step in the practice of diagnostic
      histopathology, which is intimately linked to 10% formalin. As a result of
      increasing concerns about the potential carcinogenicity of the formaldehyde,
      attempt to find safer alternatives is necessary. Honey has been shown to possess
      antimicrobial, antiviral and antimutagenic properties. Many studies have reported
      that honey possesses dehydrating and preserving effects also. AIMS AND
      OBJECTIVES: To study the fixative properties of processed and unprocessed honey
      in oral tissues followed by comparision with formalin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      study group comprised 12 different tissues. Each tissue was cut into 3 segments
      and were immediately fixed in bottles containing 10% unprocessed honey, 10%
      processed honey and 10% formalin, respectively, for 24 h at room temperature.
      After fixation, tissues were processed using the routine standard processing
      protocol followed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were statistically
      analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and
      percentage. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunn's multiple comparisons
      test and Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for small sample size. A P < 0.05
      was considered as significant. Data analysis was done by using software Minitab
      v14.0. RESULTS: When all the stained sections were assessed for the parameters,
      there was no statistically significant difference between tissues fixed in
      processed and unprocessed honey compared to formalin (P = 0.004). The tissue
      morphology and staining adequacy for diagnosis in honey fixed tissue was at par
      with formalin fixed tissue. Hence, our results suggest that both processed honey
      and unprocessed honey can be used as a safe alternative for formalin.

PMID- 26980964
TI  - Are herpes virus associated to aggressive periodontitis? A review of literature.
AB  - Periodontal Disease includes a wide variety of infectious entities with various
      clinical manifestations in the oral cavity and responses to treatment. The
      determinants of clinical manifestations of periodontal disease include the type
      of infectious agent, the host immune response and environmental factors.
      Aggressive periodontitis (AP) is defined as a type of inflammation with specific
      clinical and laboratory features, which distinguish it from other types of
      periodontitis, with high incidence rates in a sub-group of individuals. Bacteria
      have been frequently mentioned as the agent inciting gingival inflammation and
      tissue destruction that underlies the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However,
      recent studies, with some controversial results, have suggested that the herpes
      family of viruses, including CMV and EBV-1 as well as papillomaviruses, HIV,
      Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, Torquetenovirus and hepatitis B and C occur
      with high frequency in active periodontal lesions. There is a lack of information
      about this disease and the role of herpesviruses in its pathophysiology. This
      review provides a critical analysis of the scientific evidence linking bacteria
      and viruses with AP and their potential impact on clinical characteristics,
      prognosis and therapy. 

PMID- 26980965
TI  - Microorganisms in periradicular tissues: Do they exist? A perennial controversy.
AB  - There is no greater association between the basic science and the practice of
      endodontics than that of microbiology. One of the strongest factors contributing
      to the controversies often encountered in the endodontic field is the lack of
      understanding that the disease processes of the pulp and periradicular tissues
      generally have a microbiological etiology. The vast majority of diseases of
      dental pulp and periradicular tissues are associated with microorganisms. After
      the microbial invasion of these tissues, the host responds with both nonspecific
      inflammatory responses and with specific immunologic responses to encounter such
      infections. The aim of this study is to fill the gaps in our knowledge regarding
      the role of microorganisms in endodontics and to discuss in depth whether their
      presence in periradicular lesions is a myth or a reality. An electronic search
      was carried out on PubMed database (custom range of almost 50 years) and Google
      using specific keywords and phrases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were
      specified and around 50 articles were found suitable for inclusion. Full text of
      all the articles was retrieved and studied. Appropriate data were extracted and
      pooled and finally synthesized. It is important to understand the close
      relationship between the presence of microorganisms and endodontic disease
      process to develop an effective rationale for treatment. 

PMID- 26980966
TI  - Oral lichen planus to oral lichenoid lesions: Evolution or revolution.
AB  - The diagnosis between different diseases may be impaired by clinical and
      histopathologic similarities, as observed in the oral lichen planus (OLP) and
      oral lichenoid lesion (OLL). Inspite of similar clinicopathological features;
      etiology, diagnosis and prognosis differ which mandates separation of OLL from
      OLP. Hence, it is essential for the oral physician and oral pathologist to be
      familiarized with the individual variations among clinicopathological features of
      OLP and OLL as well as to obtain a thorough history and perform a complete
      mucocutaneous examination in addition to specific diagnostic testing. The
      difficulties faced to establish the diagnosis between these two pathologies are
      widely investigated in the literature with a lack of definite conclusion. This
      review is an attempt to throw some light on these clinicopathologic entities with
      the aim to resolve the diagnostic dilemma. 

PMID- 26980967
TI  - Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma with pulmonary metastasis.
AB  - Odontogenic ghost cell carcinoma (OGCC) is an exceptionally rare malignant
      odontogenic epithelial tumor. It is characterized by ameloblastic-like islands of
      epithelial cells with aberrant keratinization in the form of ghost cells with
      varying amounts of dysplastic dentin. Malignant histological characteristics
      include infiltration, cellular pleomorphism, numerous mitosis and necrosis. Its
      biological behavior varies from slow-growing locally invasive lesions to rapidly
      growing highly aggressive tumors. OGCC metastasizing to distant sites is
      extremely rare. Only three cases of metastasis have been reported in literature.
      We are reporting the case of a 54-year-old male patient who presented with tender
      swelling in the malar region. Histopathological examination revealed OGCC and he
      received postoperative radiotherapy. Two years later, he presented with a lung
      mass. Biopsy from the lung lesion showed the same morphology as that of maxillary
      tumor with scattered ghost cells. This case points to the aggressive behavior of
      OGCC and its metastatic potential. It also highlights the need for long-term
      follow-up of these patients. 

PMID- 26980969
TI  - Follicular lymphoma transforming into anaplastic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of
      oral cavity: A case report with review of literature.
AB  - Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with
      the ability to transform into a more aggressive disease, frequently to B cell
      lymphoblastic lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a subtype of
      NHL, which is characterized by diffuse proliferation of large neoplastic B
      lymphocytes. It accounts for 30% of all NHL and its occurrence in the mandible is
      very rare. It is often seen in young adults, but in the present case, a 50-year
      old male patient presented with painless swelling in left lower jaw since 25 days
      following extraction of left lower molar teeth. There was a history of fever and
      submandibular lymph nodes were enlarged. On incisional biopsy, features of NHL
      like lesion were observed and confirmed by immunohistochemistry using CD20, bcl
      2, CD10, CD3, CD5, Ki67 markers to be FL (3A) lymphoma transforming into DLBCL.
      This is a very uncommon presentation. 

PMID- 26980968
TI  - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a 5-month heart transplant recipient.
AB  - Mucormycosis is an opportunistic acute fungal infection with a high mortality
      rate seen in immunocompromised patients. It is extremely rare in heart transplant
      recipients. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RM) is the most frequently observed
      presentation. We report a case of RM in a heart transplant recipient 5-month
      after the procedure, with a fatal outcome. 

PMID- 26980970
TI  - Metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma to the jaw bone.
AB  - Oral cavity is an uncommon site for metastasis and is usually an evidence of
      widespread disease. The clinical presentation of the metastatic lesions differs
      between the various sites in the oral region. Metastatic tumors account for 1-3%
      of all oral malignancies. The jawbones, particularly the mandibular molar area is
      more frequently affected than the oral soft tissues (2:1). Here, we report a case
      of a 60-year-old male patient with metastasis from lung to the mandible, where
      the metastasis was detected before primary tumor. 

PMID- 26980971
TI  - Bilateral condylar anomaly: A case report and review.
AB  - A case report of trifid and aplastic condyle in a 26-year-old female has been
      discussed. A marked oval radiolucency in the head of right condyle and absence of
      left condyle was observed on a panoramic radiograph. Diagnosis of trifid condyle
      was established and confirmed using computed tomography. Magnetic resonance
      images showed degenerative changes of the disc. 

PMID- 26980972
TI  - Cystic lymphangioma: A differential diagnosis.

PMID- 26980973
TI  - Age estimation using annulations in root cementum of human teeth: A comparison
      between longitudinal and cross sections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Age estimation is an important factor in the identification of an
      individual in forensic science. Research indicates that cemental annulations may
      be used more reliably than other morphological or histological traits of human
      skeleton for age estimation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five teeth were
      sectioned longitudinally, and twenty-five teeth were cross-sectioned at the mid
      portion of the root. Sections were ground, mounted and viewed under a bright
      light microscope. The area selected for counting was photographed under *10
      objective, magnified 5 times; cemental lines were counted and added to the
      eruption age of that patient, to obtain the chronological age. The statistical
      software SAS 9.2, SPSS 15.0, Stata 10.1, MedCalc 9.0.1, Systat 12.0 and R
      environment ver.2.11.1 were used for the analysis of the data. RESULTS: The P
      value comparing actual age and calculated age using longitudinal sections is
      moderately significant and the P value comparing actual age and calculated age in
      the age group of <30 years is significant. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: The
      middle third of tooth root was most suitable to count annulations. The cross
      sections are easier to count but longitudinal sections give more appropriate
      results on age estimation. Though the procedure predicts under assessment of age
      in the younger age group and over assessment of age in the older age group, it
      provides a close estimate of the actual age of an individual. It can be
      correlated with other age estimation methods for better reliability.

PMID- 26980974
TI  - Sinonasal inverted papilloma: A case report and mini review of histopathological
      features.
AB  - Inverted papilloma is a benign epithelial growth in the underlying stroma of the
      nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The pathogenesis of this lesion remains
      unclear although allergy, chronic sinusitis and viral infections have been
      suggested as possible causes. The tumor is well known for its invasiveness,
      tendency to recur and association with malignancy. Recurrence rates of inverted
      papilloma are unacceptably high, which actually represents residual disease in
      most cases. In this study, we have presented a case report and reviewed the
      histological features of sinonasal inverted papilloma. 

PMID- 26980975
TI  - Cemento-ossifying fibroma of mandible: An unusual case report and review of
      literature.
AB  - The term ossifying fibroma (OF) has recently been included under fibro-osseous
      lesions. Cemento-OF (COF) is a benign neoplasm that arises from the periodontal
      membrane which contains multipotential cells that are capable of forming
      cementum, lamellar bone and fibrous tissue. These tumors occur in the third and
      fourth decades of life with a predilection for women. The mandible is more
      commonly involved than the maxilla. This lesion has caused considerable
      controversy regarding the use of terminology, origin and diagnostic criteria.
      This article describes an unusual case of COF presenting as unilocular lytic
      lesion of mandible in a 38-year-old male patient with review of literature. 

PMID- 26980976
TI  - Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma in odontogenic keratocyst: A rare
      entity.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the wall of an odontogenic cyst (also
      known as primary intraosseous carcinoma) is a rare tumor which occurs only in jaw
      bones. This tumor was first described by Loos in 1913 as a central epidermoid
      carcinoma of the jaw. Primary intraosseous carcinomas (PIOC) may theoretically
      arise from the lining of an odontogenic cyst or de novo from presumed odontogenic
      cell rests. According to the new histological classification of tumors of the
      World Health Organization, odontogenic keratocyst is nowadays considered a
      specific odontogenic tumor and the PIOC derived from it is considered as a
      specific entity which is different from other PIOCs derived from the odontogenic
      cysts. The following report describes a case of such extremely rare entity that
      is primary intraosseous SCC of the mandible derived from an OKC in a 60-year-old
      male patient with brief review of literature. 

PMID- 26980977
TI  - Spindle cell hemangioma: Unusual presentation of an uncommon tumor.
AB  - Spindle cell hemangioma (SCH) is an uncommon tumor that usually presents as
      subcutaneous or deep dermal nodule affecting the extremities and is typically <2
      cm in size. A few cases have been reported in the head and neck region. To the
      best of the authors' knowledge, there are no previous reports of SCH occurring in
      the orbit in the English literature. We, therefore, report the case of a large
      SCH involving the right orbit of a healthy 9-year-old Nigerian girl. 

PMID- 26980978
TI  - Giant osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle.
AB  - Osteochondroma or osteocartilaginous exostosis is an exophytic lesion that arises
      from the cortex of the bone and is cartilage-capped. Osteochondroma of the
      mandibular condyle is extremely rare. The following is a case report of an
      osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle removed via extended preauricular
      approach to the temporomandibular joint. 

PMID- 26980979
TI  - Congenital epulis of the newborn.
AB  - Congenital epulis, a benign tumor of the oral cavity, is an extremely rare
      condition in newborn. It may lead to mechanical obstruction, therefore resulting
      in respiratory distress and difficulty in feeding. Addressing the problem may
      need a multidisciplinary team approach at the time of birth. Antenatal
      ultrasonography and perinatal magnetic resonance imaging are an adjunct to
      treatment planning. Prenatal diagnosis remains difficult as the findings are
      nonspecific due to the late development of the tumor. Surgical excision is,
      therefore, the treatment of choice. Our report discusses this condition and the
      treatment thereafter on a newborn, with an epulis originating from the upper
      alveolar ridge discovered at birth. Histological examination confirmed the
      diagnosis of large polygonal granular cells. The mass was excised under general
      anesthesia, and the outcome was good after surgery allowing regular feeds on the
      second postoperative day. 

PMID- 26980980
TI  - Hybrid lesions comprising central giant cell granuloma and fibrous dysplasia: A
      diagnostic challenge for pathologist.
AB  - Hybrid lesions are the lesions consisting of association of features from
      different pathologies. We present a rare case of hybrid lesion with features of
      central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) involving mandible
      in a 33-year-old male. Hybrid lesions consisting of features of both benign fibro
      osseous lesions and CGCG are very rare. Thus, the purpose of this paper is not
      only to present a rare case of hybrid lesion with features of CGCG and FD but
      also to emphasize on the need of careful clinical, radiological and
      histopathological examination of each and every tissue. There is an important
      need to report similar and other such cases, which will lead us to understand the
      interrelationship between these hybrid lesions in a better way and will further
      clarify their biologic behavior. This will decrease the incidence of misdiagnosis
      for such cases and will help in preventing recurrences. 

PMID- 26980981
TI  - A rare case of primary orofacial granulomatosis of gingiva during pregnancy.
AB  - Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) comprises a group of diseases characterized by
      noncaseating granulomatous inflammation affecting the soft tissues of the oral
      and maxillofacial region. It is important to establish the diagnosis accurately
      because this condition is sometimes a manifestation of many systemic conditions
      like Crohn's disease or sarcoidosis. The clinical outcome of OFG patients
      continues to be unpredictable. Current therapies remain unsatisfactory. This
      article reports a rare case of isolated OFG with langhans type giant cells and
      inflammatory infiltrate without any systemic involvement, in which the condition
      was a manifestation of pregnancy. The diagnostic approach to and the treatment of
      OFG are reviewed. 

PMID- 26980982
TI  - Epidermoid cyst of the soft palate in an infant.
AB  - Epidermoid cysts are benign malformations that can be encountered anywhere in the
      body and are rarely observed in the oral cavity accounting for <0.01% of all
      cysts of the oral cavity. They can be classified as either congenital or acquired
      without any clinical or histologic differences. Our literature search did not
      find any report of a congenital epidermoid cyst located in the soft palate
      associated with a complete palatal cleft in an infant. This is a case report of a
      9-month-old female patient who had a cleft palate with an associated soft tissue
      mass at the junction of soft palate and uvula. 

PMID- 26980984
TI  - Inter and intra-system size variability of reverse shoulder arthroplasty
      polyethylene inserts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As the incidence of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) increases, so
      will the revision burden. At times, the revision surgeon may be faced with a well
      fixed component on one side of the joint and revision implants from a different
      manufacturer. The ability to use glenoid and humeral implants from different
      manufacturers could simplify the revision procedure. This study hypothesized that
      across a range of RSA systems, some implants would demonstrate high size
      compatibility and others would demonstrate low compatibility. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Six polyethylene inserts each from eight reverse total shoulder
      arthroplasty systems were examined (48 total inserts). All inserts were scanned
      using a laboratory micro-computed tomography scanner at 50 MUm isotropic voxel
      spacing, and their surface geometries were reconstructed. The different implant
      geometries were co-registered, and the three-dimensional (3D) variability between
      the articular surfaces of the different implant systems was measured. Intrasystem
      manufacturing variability was also determined by measuring the 3D variability of
      inserts from the same system. RESULTS: The intersystem polyethylene articular
      surface deviations between same-size systems were not significantly different (P
      = 0.61) and were a mean maximum of 60 +/- 16 MUm (range: 30-80 MUm). Intrasystem
      manufacturing variability was equivalent between all but two models, averaging 49
      +/- 17 MUm (range: 23-99 MUm). DISCUSSION: Differences in articular geometry
      between same-size inserts from different systems were on the same scale as
      intrasystem manufacturing variability, suggesting that different implant systems
      of the same nominal diameter could potentially be used interchangeably in
      revision or extenuating circumstances. CONCLUSION: The results of this study
      suggest that surgeons can theoretically interchange same-sized implant components
      from the different RSA systems tested when conducting revisions.

PMID- 26980983
TI  - Midterm clinical outcomes following arthroscopic transosseous rotator cuff
      repair.
AB  - PURPOSE: Arthroscopic transosseous (TO) rotator cuff repair has recently emerged
      as a new option for surgical treatment of symptomatic rotator cuff tears. Limited
      data is available regarding outcomes using this technique. This study evaluated
      midterm clinical outcomes following a novel arthroscopic TO (anchorless) rotator
      cuff repair technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 107
      patients and 109 shoulders underwent arthroscopic TO (anchorless) rotator cuff
      repair for a symptomatic full-thickness tear. Pre and postoperative range of
      motion (ROM) was compared at an average of 11.8 months. Postoperative outcome
      scores were obtained at an average of 38.0 months. Statistical analysis was
      performed to compare pre and postoperative ROM data. Univariate analysis was
      performed using Student's t-test to compare the effect of other clinical
      characteristics on final outcome. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements
      were noted in forward flexion, external rotation and internal rotation (P <
      0.0001). Average postoperative subjective shoulder value was 93.7, simple
      shoulder test 11.6, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score 94.6.
      According to ASES scores, results for the 109 shoulders available for final
      follow-up were excellent in 95 (87.1%), good in 8 (7.3%), fair in 3 (2.8%), and
      poor in 3 (2.8%). There was no difference in ROM or outcome scores in patients
      who underwent a concomitant biceps procedure (tenodesis or tenotomy) compared
      with those who did not. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in
      outcome between patients who underwent either biceps tenodesis or tenotomy. Age,
      history of injury preceding the onset of pain, tear size, number of TO tunnels
      required to perform the repair, and presence of fatty infiltration did not
      correlate with postoperative ROM or subjective outcome measures at final follow
      up. Two complications and four failures were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic TO
      rotator cuff repair technique leads to statistically significant midterm
      improvement in ROM and satisfactory midterm subjective outcome scores with low
      complication/failure rates in patients with average medium-sized rotator cuff
      tears with minimal fatty infiltration. Further work is required to evaluate
      radiographic healing rates with this technique and to compare outcomes following
      suture anchor repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

PMID- 26980985
TI  - Biomechanical evaluation of the Nice knot.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Nice knot is a bulky double-stranded knot. Biomechanical data
      supporting its use as well as the number of half hitches required to ensure knot
      security is lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nice knots with, one, two, or three
      half-hitches were compared with the surgeon's and Tennessee slider knots with
      three half hitches. Each knot was tied 10 times around a fixed diameter using
      four different sutures: FiberWire (Arthrex, Naples, FL), Ultrabraid (Smith and
      Nephew, Andover, MA), Hi-Fi (ConMed Linvatec, Largo, FL) and Force Fiber
      (Teleflex Medical OEM, Gurnee, IL). Cyclic testing was performed for 10 min
      between 10N and 45N, resulting in approximately 1000 cycles. Displacement from an
      initial 10N load was recorded. Knots surviving cyclic testing were subjected to a
      load to failure test at a rate of 60 mm/min. Load at clinical failure: 3 mm
      slippage or opening of the suture loop was recorded. Bulk, mode of ultimate
      failure, opening of the loop past clinical failure, was also recorded. RESULTS:
      During cyclic testing, the Nice knots with one or more half-hitches performed the
      best, slipping significantly less than the surgeon's and Tennessee Slider (P <
      0.002). After one half-hitch, the addition of half-hitches did not significantly
      improve Nice knot performance during cyclic testing (P > 0.06). The addition of
      half-hitches improved the strength of the Nice knot during the force to failure
      test, however after two half-hitches, increase of strength was not significant (P
      = 0.59). While FiberWire was the most bulky of the sutures tested, it also
      performed the best, slipping the least. CONCLUSION: The Nice knot, especially
      using FiberWire, is biomechanically superior to the surgeon's and Tennessee
      slider knots. Two half hitches are recommended to ensure adequate knot security.

PMID- 26980986
TI  - Revision of failed humeral head resurfacing arthroplasty.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the outcomes of a consecutive
      series of patients who underwent revision surgery after humeral head resurfacing
      (HHR). Our joint registry was queried for all patients who underwent revision
      arthroplasty for failed HHR at our institution from 2005 to 2010. Eleven
      consecutive patients (average age 54 years; range 38-69 years) that underwent
      revision of 11 resurfacing arthroplasties were identified. The primary indication
      for resurfacing had been osteoarthritis in six, glenoid dysplasia in two, a
      chondral lesion in two, and postinstability arthropathy in one patient. The
      indication for revision was pain in 10 and infection in one patient. Seven
      patients had undergone an average of 1.9 surgeries prior to resurfacing (range 1
      3). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients were revised to stemmed arthroplasties,
      including one hemiarthroplasty, two reverse, and eight anatomic total shoulder
      arthroplasties at a mean 33 months after primary resurfacing (range 10-131
      months). A deltopectoral approach was used in seven patients; four patients
      required an anteromedial approach due to severe scarring. Subscapularis
      attenuation was found in four cases, two of which required reverse total shoulder
      arthroplasty. Bone grafting was required in one glenoid and three humeri.
      RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 3.5 years (range 1.6-6.9 years), modified Neer
      score was rated as satisfactory in five patients and unsatisfactory in six.
      Abduction and external rotation improved from 73 degrees  to 88 degrees  (P =
      0.32) and from 23 degrees  to 32 degrees  (P = 0.28) respectively. Reoperation
      was required in two patients, including one hematoma and one revision for
      instability. CONCLUSION: Outcomes of revision of HHR arthroplasty in this cohort
      did not improve upon those reported for revision of stemmed humeral implants. A
      comparative study would be required to allow for definitive conclusions to be
      made.

PMID- 26980988
TI  - Type IV acromioclavicular joint dislocation associated with a mid-shaft clavicle
      malunion.
AB  - This reports presents the case of a combined clavicle fracture malunion and
      chronic Type IV acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation. The patient was seen
      acutely in the emergency department following a mountain bike accident at which
      time the clavicle fracture was identified and managed conservatively however the
      AC dislocation was not diagnosed. The patient presented 25 months following the
      injury with persistent pain and disability and was treated with clavicle
      osteotomy and AC stabilization. We document the clinical details, surgical
      treatment and outcome. 

PMID- 26980987
TI  - Surgical options for the young patient with glenohumeral arthritis.
AB  - Young patients with glenohumeral arthritis are an ongoing treatment challenge.
      They typically have high demands of their shoulders, require long-term durability
      due to their young age, and often have altered local anatomy, through their
      disease process (instability arthropathy, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) or
      from previous surgery (capsulorraphy arthropathy, chondrolysis, etc.). Workup to
      evaluate underlying causes of early arthritis, and to exclude infectious causes
      are necessary. When nonoperative management fails, arthroscopic debridement,
      hemiarthroplasty (isolated, with glenoid reaming, or with biological
      interposition), and total shoulder arthroplasty are treatment options available
      to the treating surgeon. Debridement or hemiarthroplasty can provide pain relief
      for a subset of patients, but results have not been reproducible across the
      literature and have not been durable over time. Total shoulder arthroplasty
      provides the most reliable pain relief, but long-term glenoid loosening and wear
      continue to lead to high revision rates in this patient population. 

PMID- 26980990
TI  - Fracture of the proximal humerus with disruption of the tendon of the pectoralis
      major.
AB  - Combined pectoralis major disruption and proximal humeral fractures are uncommon.
      A simple radiologic diagnostic tool which consists of the measurement of the
      displacement from the humeral shaft to the lateral side of the humeral head
      (lateral to the outer proximal cortex) can help to diagnose this combined lesion.

PMID- 26980989
TI  - Early asymptomatic intrathoracic migration of a threaded pin after proximal
      humeral osteosynthesis.
AB  - Pinning with metallic wires is a suitable therapeutic option for proximal humeral
      fractures. Loosening and migration of such devices from this site is uncommon.
      Despite infrequently occurring, however, the literature reports dramatic and
      potentially lethal complications related to wires dislocation. A 69-year-old
      woman underwent closed reduction and fixation of a proximal 3-part humeral
      fracture by mean of two retrograde Kirschner wires and one anterograde threaded
      pin. One month after surgery, during a routine follow-up control, it was
      diagnosed the migration of the threaded pin in the left lung parenchyma. In the
      meantime, the only symptom the patient complained was an episodic intercostal
      pain of mild intensity, with referred onset 1 week after surgery. The migrated
      pin was removed through thoracoscopic approach in the emergency setting, without
      intra- or post-operative complications. Only a few authors reported similar
      complications after fixation of proximal humeral fractures. Immediate surgical
      removal of the device is always mandatory. When considering pinning fixation for
      shoulder girdle's fractures, orthopedic surgeons should take into account the
      risk for wire dislocation, and take up adequate precautions during surgery and
      follow-up control visits. 

PMID- 26980991
TI  - Snapping shoulder caused by glenoid labral bone apposition: A case report.

PMID- 26980992
TI  - A unique bipolar clavicle fracture sustained with minimal trauma.

PMID- 26980993
TI  - Erratum: Posterior shoulder instability following anatomic total shoulder
      arthroplasty: A case report and review of management.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 131 in vol. 9, PMID: 26622130.]. 

PMID- 26980995
TI  - Erratum: Long-term functional results and isokinetic strength evaluation after
      arthroscopic tenotomy of the long head of biceps tendon.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 76 in vol. 8, PMID: 25258498.]. 

PMID- 26980994
TI  - Erratum: The accuracy of "subacromial grind test" in diagnosis of supraspinatus
      rotator cuff tears.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 43 in vol. 9, PMID: 25937713.]. 

PMID- 26980996
TI  - Role of DNA barcoding in marine biodiversity assessment and conservation: An
      update.
AB  - More than two third area of our planet is covered by oceans and assessment of
      marine biodiversity is a challenging task. With the increasing global population,
      there is a tendency to exploit marine resources for food, energy and other
      requirements. This puts pressure on the fragile marine environment and
      necessitates sustainable conservation efforts. Marine species identification
      using traditional taxonomical methods is often burdened with taxonomic
      controversies. Here we discuss the comparatively new concept of DNA barcoding and
      its significance in marine perspective. This molecular technique can be useful in
      the assessment of cryptic species which is widespread in marine environment and
      linking the different life cycle stages to the adult which is difficult to
      accomplish in the marine ecosystem. Other advantages of DNA barcoding include
      authentication and safety assessment of seafood, wildlife forensics, conservation
      genetics and detection of invasive alien species (IAS). Global DNA barcoding
      efforts in the marine habitat include MarBOL, CeDAMar, CMarZ, SHARK-BOL, etc. An
      overview on DNA barcoding of different marine groups ranging from the microbes to
      mammals is revealed. In conjugation with newer and faster techniques like high
      throughput sequencing, DNA barcoding can serve as an effective modern tool in
      marine biodiversity assessment and conservation. 

PMID- 26980997
TI  - Batch culture and repeated-batch culture of Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 for lipid
      production as a comparative study.
AB  - This research was performed based on a comparative study on fungal lipid
      production by a locally isolated strain Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 in batch
      culture and repeated-batch culture using a nitrogen-limited medium. Lipid
      production in the batch culture was conducted to study the effect of different
      agitation rates on the simultaneous consumption of ammonium tartrate and glucose
      sources. Lipid production in the repeated-batch culture was studied by
      considering the effect of harvesting time and harvesting volume of the culture
      broth on the lipid accumulation. The batch cultivation was carried out in a 500
      ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 200 ml of the fresh nitrogen-limited medium.
      Microbial culture was incubated at 30  degrees C under different agitation rates
      of 120, 180 and 250 rpm for 120 h. The repeated-batch culture was performed at
      three harvesting times of 12, 24 and 48 h using four harvesting cultures of 60%,
      70%, 80% and 90%. Experimental results revealed that nitrogen source (ammonium
      tartrate) was fully utilized by C. bainieri 2A1 within 24 h in all agitation
      rates tested. It was also observed that a high amount of glucose in culture
      medium was consumed by C. bainieri 2A1 at 250 rpm agitation speed during the
      batch fermentation. Similar results showed that the highest lipid concentration
      of 2.96 g/L was obtained at an agitation rate of 250 rpm at 120 h cultivation
      time with the maximum lipid productivity of 7.0 * 10(-2) mg/ml/h. On the other
      hand, experimental results showed that the highest lipid concentration produced
      in the repeated-batch culture was 3.30 g/L at the first cycle of 48 h harvesting
      time using 70% harvesting volume, while 0.23 g/L gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was
      produced at the last cycle of 48 h harvesting time using 80% harvesting volume. 

PMID- 26980998
TI  - Antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of aerial
      parts extract from Korean crowberry (Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum).
AB  - Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.) is a wild berry commonly found in the northern
      hemisphere. Crowberry fruits have been suggested as good resources for functional
      applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, but the high
      polyphenolic content in crowberry leaves also indicates crowberry aerial parts as
      potential dietary health supplements. In this study, therefore, the biological
      activities of the aerial parts of Korean crowberry (E. nigrum var. japonicum)
      were investigated. Antioxidant activity was measured by three different assays on
      DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacities.
      Dose-dependent antioxidant activities were exhibited by crude methanol extract
      and its fractions, suggesting that the crude methanol extract and EtOAc fraction
      possessed strong antioxidant activities and capacities. In addition, the crude
      methanol extract and EtOAc strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase activity and
      suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediator and nitrite oxide from LPS
      stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These findings provide valuable evidence for the
      potential of such parts as good dietary sources of natural antioxidant, alpha
      glucosidase inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory components, suggesting that using
      the non-edible parts (e.g., leaves and stems) of crowberry can be a potential
      natural avenue for improving human health. 

PMID- 26981000
TI  - Comparison of cold resistance physiological and biochemical features of four
      Herba Rhodiola seedlings under low temperature.
AB  - To discuss the cold resistance performance of different Herba Rhodiolae and
      successfully transplant Herba Rhodiolae to the Gansu plateau area for nursing,
      domestication and planting, this paper systematically studies six physiological
      and biochemical features of Rhodiola kirilowii, Rhodiola algida, Rhodiola
      crenulata and Herba Rhodiolae that are closely associated with cold resistance
      features and concludes with the cold resistance capability of Rhodiola kirilowii.
      In the selected six main indexes of the Herba Rhodiolae, the POD, SOD and CAT
      activity and MDA and Pro content in the leaf are the main physiological and
      biochemical indexes to indicate the cold resistance performance of four Herba
      Rhodiolae seedlings and can be regarded as the preliminary indexes to assess the
      winter performance of Herba Rhodiolae. The research work will provide the
      theoretical basis for the wild variants of Herba Rhodiolae and GAPJ base
      construction. 

PMID- 26980999
TI  - The recognition of multi-class protein folds by adding average chemical shifts of
      secondary structure elements.
AB  - The recognition of protein folds is an important step in the prediction of
      protein structure and function. Recently, an increasing number of researchers
      have sought to improve the methods for protein fold recognition. Following the
      construction of a dataset consisting of 27 protein fold classes by Ding and
      Dubchak in 2001, prediction algorithms, parameters and the construction of new
      datasets have improved for the prediction of protein folds. In this study, we
      reorganized a dataset consisting of 76-fold classes constructed by Liu et al. and
      used the values of the increment of diversity, average chemical shifts of
      secondary structure elements and secondary structure motifs as feature parameters
      in the recognition of multi-class protein folds. With the combined feature vector
      as the input parameter for the Random Forests algorithm and ensemble
      classification strategy, we propose a novel method to identify the 76 protein
      fold classes. The overall accuracy of the test dataset using an independent test
      was 66.69%; when the training and test sets were combined, with 5-fold cross
      validation, the overall accuracy was 73.43%. This method was further used to
      predict the test dataset and the corresponding structural classification of the
      first 27-protein fold class dataset, resulting in overall accuracies of 79.66%
      and 93.40%, respectively. Moreover, when the training set and test sets were
      combined, the accuracy using 5-fold cross-validation was 81.21%. Additionally,
      this approach resulted in improved prediction results using the 27-protein fold
      class dataset constructed by Ding and Dubchak. 

PMID- 26981001
TI  - Evaluation of red seaweed Gracilaria arcuata as dietary ingredient in African
      catfish, Clarias gariepinus.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of dried marine seaweed, Gracilaria
      arcuata for the first time as dietary ingredient in partial substitution of
      fishmeal on the growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of
      African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Four experimental diets were formulated: D1
      as a control group; D2; D3 and D4 which included 10%, 20% and 30% G. arcuata meal
      respectively. One hundred and eighty African catfish weighing 9.62 +/- 0.42 g,
      (mean +/- SE) was divided into four groups corresponding to the different feeding
      regimes. The final body weight of the fishes showed significant differences (P <
      0.05) between the control (D1); D2 and other treated groups D3 and D4, with
      weights of 66.98, 59.60, 47.34 and 30.73 g recorded for D1, D2, D3 and D4,
      respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also evident in weight
      gain, specific growth rate, and feed utilization between treatment and control
      groups. However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between the
      control group and fishes fed D2 for all previous parameters. Protein productive
      value, protein efficiency ratio, daily dry feed intake and total feed intake were
      also significantly lower in fish fed with a diet containing G. arcuata than in
      the control group and D2 which contains 10% of G. arcuata. Overall, the results
      of the experiment revealed that African catfish fed a diet with G. arcuata
      included in 20% and 30% levels showed poorer growth and feed utilization than the
      control group and D2. However, the study recommended that C. gariepinus can
      accept this ingredient up to 10% in their diets. More defined experiments
      therefore seem to be necessary in order to determine the maximum level of this
      marine seaweed in diets with amino acid supplementation for African catfish. 

PMID- 26981002
TI  - Biodegradation of diesel fuel hydrocarbons by mangrove fungi from Red Sea Coast
      of Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Mangrove sediments were collected from major mangrove stands on the Red Sea Coast
      of Saudi Arabia. Forty five isolates belonging to 12 genera were purified and
      five isolates as well as their consortium were found to be able to grow in
      association with petroleum oil as sole carbon source under in vitro conditions.
      The isolated strains were identified based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS)
      rDNA sequence analysis. The fungal strains with the greatest potentiality to
      degrade diesel oil, without developing antagonistic activity, were identified as
      Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium sphaerospermum,
      Eupenicillium hirayamae and Paecilomyces variotii. As compared to the controls,
      these fungi accumulated significantly higher biomass, produced extracellular
      enzymes and liberated larger volumes of CO2. These observations with GC-MS data
      confirm that these isolates displayed rapid diesel oil bioremoval and when used
      together as a consortium, there was no antagonistic activity. 

PMID- 26981003
TI  - Effects of curcumin on the social behavior, blood composition, reproductive
      hormones in plasma and brain acetylcholinesterase in cadmium intoxicated mice.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) exposure can induce acute lethal health-related threats in humans
      since it has an exceptional ability to accumulate in living organism tissues and
      cause toxicological effects. Curcumin (Cur) on the other hand has a wide variety
      of biological activities and several studies have suggested its potential
      therapeutic or protective effects against several ailments and infections. To
      study the effect of Cur on the toxicity of Cd, Swiss-Webster strain male and
      female mice (sixty each) were divided into 6 groups of ten each at random. Group
      1 served as the naive control and received no treatment. Group-2, 3 and 4 were
      the experimental controls and were administered once a day with a single oral
      dose of 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Cur (300 mg/kg) or Cd (100 mg/kg)
      respectively, for 2 weeks. Group-5 and 6 received Cur and Cd in combination once
      a day orally for 2 weeks except that Cur in a dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg to group
      5 and 6 respectively, was administered one hour before Cd administration to both
      groups. After treatment period, the male animals were subjected to social
      standard opponent test and females were subjected to the tube restraint tests and
      thereafter, their blood was collected to measure the blood composition indices
      and level of reproductive hormones. The animals were sacrificed to collect their
      brain for the estimation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results indicated that
      Cd significantly increased nonsocial activities in males and latency to first
      bite in females, whereas the social activities in males and the number of bites
      in females were significantly decreased. All measured indices of blood
      composition and levels of progesterone (female) and testosterone (male) in blood
      and AChE in their brain tissues were significantly decreased due to Cd treatment.
      However, administration of Cur along with Cd had an ameliorating effect on all
      the behavioral and biochemical parameters studied herein and reduced the toxicity
      of Cd significantly and dose-dependently. Thus, Cur may be beneficial for general
      health and for protection from Cd intoxication. 

PMID- 26981004
TI  - Assessment of biological activity and UPLC-MS based chromatographic profiling of
      ethanolic extract of Ochradenus arabicus.
AB  - Natural products from wild and medicinal plants, either in the form of crude
      extracts or pure compounds provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads
      owing to the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. In the present study,
      the cytotoxic potential of crude ethanolic extract of Ochradenus arabicus was
      analyzed by MTT cell viability assay in MCF-7 adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells.
      We further investigated its effect against oxidative stress induced by anticancer
      drug doxorubicin. In addition, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass
      Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) based chromatographic profiling of crude extract of O.
      arabicus was performed. The MTT assay data showed that the extract is moderately
      toxic to the MCF-7 cells. However, its treatment alone does not induce oxidative
      stress while doxorubicin increases the level of oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells.
      Whereas, simultaneous treatment of plant extract and doxorubicin significantly (p
      < 0.05) decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
      lipid peroxidation while an increase in the reduced glutathione and superoxide
      dismutase activity was observed in time and dose dependent manner. Hence, our
      finding confirmed cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of crude extract of O.
      arabicus in MCF-7 cells. However, further investigations on O. arabicus as a
      potential chemotherapeutic agent are needed. The analysis of bioactive compounds
      present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical
      screening assays such as chromatographic techniques is discussed. 

PMID- 26981005
TI  - Characterization of a Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) isolate in China.
AB  - Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), a causal agent of the destructive sugarcane mosaic
      disease, has a global presence. An isolate of SrMV infecting a commercially-grown
      sugarcane plant was recovered from the Hainan province of China. The virions were
      visualized by an electron microscope, and the coat proteins (CPs) were sequenced
      by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      and tandem mass spectrometry. Discrepancies between the CP predicted and actual
      amino acid sequences were noted, which confounded the phylogenetic assignment of
      the isolate. The apparent variations may have physiological effects on the
      pathogenicity and virulence of SrMV. 

PMID- 26981006
TI  - Expression analysis of ClpB/Hsp100 gene in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants in
      response to heat stress.
AB  - Heat stress adversely affects the growth and yield of faba bean crop.
      Accumulation of ClpB/Hsp100 class of proteins is a critical parameter in
      induction of acquired heat stress tolerance in plants. Heat-induced expression of
      ClpB/Hsp100 genes has been noted in diverse plant species. Using primers
      complementary to soybean ClpB/Hsp100 gene, we analyzed the transcript expression
      profile of faba bean ClpB/Hsp100 gene in leaves of seedlings and flowering plants
      and in pollen grains. ClpB/Hsp100 protein accumulation profile was analyzed in
      leaves of faba bean seedlings using Arabidopsis thaliana cytoplasmic Hsp101
      antibodies. The transcript and protein levels of faba bean ClpB/Hsp100 were
      significantly induced in response to heat stress. 

PMID- 26981007
TI  - In vitro anti-cancer activities of Job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi Linn.)
      extracts on human colon adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The whole seed (W), endosperm (E) and hull (H) of five cultivars of Job's tears
      (Coix lachryma-jobi Linn. var. ma-yuen Stapf) including Thai Black Phayao, Thai
      Black Loei, Laos Black Loei, Laos White Loei and Laos Black Luang Phra Bang were
      processed before solvent extraction by non-cooking, roasting, boiling and
      steaming Each part of the Job's tears was extracted by the cold and hot process
      by refluxing with methanol and hexane. The total of 330 extracts included 150
      methanol extracts and 180 hexane extracts were investigated for anti
      proliferative activity on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) by the
      sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The extracts which gave high anti-proliferative
      activity were tested for apoptotic activity by acridine orange and ethidium
      bromide double staining and anti-oxidative activities including free radical
      scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. The extract from the
      hull of Thai Black Loei roasted before extracting by hot methanol (M-HTBL-R2)
      showed the highest anti-proliferative activity on HT-29 with the IC50 values of
      11.61 +/- 0.95 MUg/ml, while the extract from the non-cooked hull of Thai Black
      Loei by cold methanol extraction (M-HTBL-N1) gave the highest apoptosis (8.17 +/-
      1.18%) with no necrosis. In addition, M-HTBL-R2 and M-HTBL-N1 indicated free
      radical scavenging activity at the SC50 values of 0.48 +/- 0.12 and 2.47 +/- 1.15
      mg/ml, respectively. This study has demonstrated the anti-colorectal cancer
      potential of the M-HTBL-R2 and M-HTBL-N1 extracts. 

PMID- 26981008
TI  - A review of maturation diets for mud crab genus Scylla broodstock: Present
      research, problems and future perspective.
AB  - Study of broodstock maturation diets is important in order to increase the
      quality of berried females, which indirectly improve the larval quantity in the
      hatchery production of cultured species. This paper reviewed the studies on the
      maturation diets for mud crab broodstock, genus Scylla and compared independently
      to identify their effect on reproductive performance and larval quality. The
      broodstock is usually caught from the wild and held in the spawning or maturation
      tank for further use of hatchery seed production. Mud crab broodstock was fed
      either natural diet, artificial diet or mixed diet. Trash fishes were commonly
      used as a natural feed for mud crab broodstock; meanwhile artificial diets are
      from formulated fish meal and various kinds of feed. The results indicated that
      mud crab broodstock has a high dietary requirement for lipids, fatty acids and
      protein which are to be used during the maturation and breeding processes.
      However, the natural diet produce better larval quality compared to the
      artificial diet. The mixed diet is the better diet which resulted in better
      reproductive performances such as growth, survival, fecundity and maturation
      processes. This review also discusses the problems in the previous studies for
      the potential future research to develop very high quality and cost-effective
      formulated diet for the enhancement of broodstock and seed production technology.
      Information from this review can be useful in developing a better quality of
      crustacean broodstock's diet for commercial hatchery production. 

PMID- 26981009
TI  - Assessment of the bacterial contamination of hand air dryer in washrooms.
AB  - The present study was carried out, using standard techniques, to identify and
      count the bacterial contamination of hand air dryers, used in washrooms. Bacteria
      were isolated from the air flow, outlet nozzle of warm air dryers in fifteen air
      dryers used in these washrooms. Bacteria were found to be relatively numerous in
      the air flows. Bacterially contaminated air was found to be emitted whenever a
      warm air dryer was running, even when not being used for hand drying. Our
      investigation shows that Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Micrococcus luteus,
      Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Bacillus cereus and Brevundimonad diminuta/vesicularis
      were emitted from all of the dryers sampled, with 95% showing evidence of the
      presence of the potential pathogen S. haemolyticus. It is concluded that hot air
      dryers can deposit pathogenic bacteria onto the hands and body of users. Bacteria
      are distributed into the general environment whenever dryers are running and
      could be inhaled by users and none-users alike. The results provide an evidence
      base for the development and enhancement of hygienic hand drying practices. 

PMID- 26981010
TI  - Alleviation of cadmium stress in Solanum lycopersicum L. by arbuscular
      mycorrhizal fungi via induction of acquired systemic tolerance.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to evaluate cadmium (Cd) stress-induced changes in
      growth, antioxidants and lipid composition of Solanum lycopersicum with and
      without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Cadmium stress (50 MUM) caused
      significant changes in the growth and physio-biochemical attributes studied. AMF
      mitigated the deleterious impact of Cd on the parameters studied. Cadmium stress
      increased malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide production but AMF reduced these
      parameters by mitigating oxidative stress. The activity of antioxidant enzymes
      enhanced under Cd treatment and AMF inoculation further enhanced their activity,
      thus strengthening the plant's defense system. Proline and phenol content
      increased in Cd-treated as well as AMF-inoculated plants providing efficient
      protection against Cd stress. Cadmium treatment resulted in great alterations in
      the main lipid classes leading to a marked change in their composition. Cadmium
      stress caused a significant reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids resulting in
      enhanced membrane leakage. The present study supports the use of AMF as a
      biological means to ameliorate Cd stress-induced changes in tomato. 

PMID- 26981011
TI  - Immunological characterization of diphtheria toxin recovered from Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis.
AB  - Diphtheria toxin (DT) is a potent toxin produced by the so-called diphtheria
      group which includes Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae),
      Corynebacterium ulcerans (C. ulcerans), and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
      (C. pseudotuberculosis). The present investigation is aimed to study in detail
      the production of DT by C. pseudotuberculosis. Twenty isolates were obtained from
      sheep diseased with caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and twenty-six isolates were
      obtained from 26 buffaloes diseased with oedematous skin disease (OSD). All
      isolates were identified by standard microbiological and DT production was
      assayed serologically by modified Elek test and immunoblotting. All sheep
      isolates were nitrate negative, failed to hydrolyze starch and could not produce
      DT, while all buffalo isolates (biotype II) revealed positive results and a
      specific band of 62 kDa, specific to DT, was resulted in all concentrated cell
      fractions (CF), but was absent from non-toxigenic biotype I isolates. At the same
      time, another band of 31 kDa specific to the PLD gene was obtained with all
      isolates of biotype I and II. Moreover, all isolates showed positive synergistic
      hemolytic activity and antagonistic hemolysis with beta-hemolytic Staphylococci.
      The obtained results also indicated that C. pseudotuberculosis could be
      classified into two strains; non-toxigenic biotype I strain, which failed to
      produce DT as well as being negative to nitrate and starch hydrolysis, and
      toxigenic biotype II strain, which can reduce nitrate, hydrolyze starch as well
      as produce DT. 

PMID- 26981012
TI  - Effects of different inoculum densities of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma
      viride against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato.
AB  - A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different
      inoculum densities of two Saudi isolates of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma
      viride against Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Four densities (10(4), 10(6),
      10(8) and 10(10) spores/g of soil) of each fungus were used. The results indicate
      that all four inoculum densities of the two Trichoderma species suppressed the
      nematode reproduction and root galling; and increased the growth of tomato
      plants, compared to controls. Efficacy of both fungi increased as their inoculum
      densities increased. Generally, efficacy of T. harzianum was better than that of
      T. viride, especially at the highest used density (10(10) spore/g soil) which
      resulted in the best control. 

PMID- 26981013
TI  - Prevalence, distribution and intraspecific variation of Heterodera schachtii
      populations from semiarid environment.
AB  - A two-year survey study was carried-out to identify and determine the
      distribution, community characteristics and intraspecific variation of the sugar
      beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii populations collected from the six major
      sugar beet-producing governorates in Syria, west Asia. A total of 178 composite
      rhizosphere soil samples were collected from the six governorates during 2009 and
      2010 growing seasons as follows: Aleppo (26), Ar Raqqah (17), Dayr az Zawr (33),
      Idlib (34), Hamah (41) and Homs (27 samples). The nematode was originally
      identified on the basis of morphometrics and morphological features of the cyst
      vulvar cones and second-stage juveniles (J2). The communities of H. schachtii
      were then analyzed using the criteria of frequency of occurrence (FO%), mean
      population density (PD) and prominence value (PV). Results showed that H.
      schachtii was the most frequent and prominent in Homs (FO% = 70.37% and PV =
      23472.37) and the least frequent and prominent in Ar Raqqah (FO% = 5.88% and PV =
      28.86). The highest nematode population density was also recorded in Homs in 2009
      (50,545 J2 + eggs/100 g soil) while the least was recorded in Ar Raqqah in 2010
      (119 J2 + eggs/100 g soil). The morphometric data of cyst vulvar cone, second
      stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were also subjected to a multivariate principal
      component analysis to analyze the relationships between the studied populations,
      and to identify the variables that show the highest multiple correlations with
      these populations. Results showed that at the high order of hierarchical cluster
      analysis, four populations (Idlib, Hamah, Homs and Aleppo) formed one main
      cluster, while Dair az Zawr and Ar Raqqah failed to form clusters and separated
      individually. However, at low distance value, the main cluster further subdivided
      to separate the Aleppo population from Idlib, Hamah and Homs populations. The
      morphometric distance values ranged from 0.07 to 0.61. Hamah and Homs were the
      closest populations while Dair az Zawr showed the most diverse population. This
      study also revealed the value of J2 body length, egg length and width, fenestral
      length and width and the number of bullae inside the cyst vulvar cone in
      determining the intraspecific variations among the Syrian populations of H.
      schachtii. 

PMID- 26981014
TI  - Attenuation of hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in diabetes STZ-induced type 1
      by biotin in Swiss albino mice.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems. This study was designed to
      investigate the effect of biotin to regulate blood glucose level, reduced
      toxicity and oxidative stress in liver of diabetic mice STZ-induced type 1. Male
      mice were divided into three groups, the first one served as the control group,
      the second and the third groups received single ip dose of 150 mg/kg of STZ, the
      second group served as the untreated diabetic group, the third group received
      daily oral dose of 15 mg/kg of biotin, livers and liver index showed
      insignificant difference among groups. Blood glucose level showed a significant
      decrease in treated diabetic mice compared to untreated diabetic mice.
      Biochemical analysis showed a significant decrease in liver enzymes AST and ALT
      compared to the control group. Histopathological examination showed severe
      changes in untreated diabetic liver tissue manifested by dilated portal vein,
      leukocytic infiltration, fatty degeneration and moderate to severe
      histopathological score, whereas, treated diabetic mice with biotin showed
      reduction in hepatotoxicity represented by appearance of relative healthy
      hepatocytes and normal histopathological score. Immunohistochemistry of acrolein
      showed intense immunoreactions in liver section of untreated diabetic mice and
      faint immunoreactions in treated diabetic mice with biotin as evidence to
      oxidative stress reduction. 

PMID- 26981015
TI  - Reference intervals: current status, recent developments and future
      considerations.
AB  - Reliable and accurate reference intervals (RIs) for laboratory analyses are an
      integral part of the process of correct interpretation of clinical laboratory
      test results. RIs given in laboratory reports have an important role in aiding
      the clinician in interpreting test results in reference to values for healthy
      populations. Since the 1980s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry
      (IFCC) has been proactive in establishing recommendations to clarify the true
      significance of the term 'RIs, to select the appropriate reference population and
      statistically analyse the data. The C28-A3 guideline published by the Clinical
      and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and IFCC is still the most widely-used
      source of reference in this area. In recent years, protocols additional to the
      Guideline have been published by the IFCC, Committee on Reference Intervals and
      Decision Limits (C-RIDL), including all details of multicenter studies on RIs to
      meet the requirements in this area. Multicentric RIs studies are the most
      important development in the area of RIs. Recently, the C-RIDL has performed many
      multicentric studies to obtain common RIs. Confusion of RIs and clinical decision
      limits (CDLs) remains an issue and pediatric and geriatric age groups are a
      significant problem. For future studies of RIs, the genetic effect would seem to
      be the most challenging area. ?The aim of the review is to present the current
      theory and practice of RIs, with special emphasis given to multicenter RIs
      studies, RIs studies for pediatric and geriatric age groups, clinical decision
      limits and partitioning by genetic effects on RIs.

PMID- 26981018
TI  - The effect of extremely high glucose concentrations on 21 routine chemistry and
      thyroid Abbott assays: interference study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Extremely high glucose concentrations have been shown to interfere
      with creatinine assays especially with Jaffe method in peritoneal dialysate.
      Because diabetes is the fastest growing chronic disease in the world,
      laboratories study with varying glucose concentrations. We investigated whether
      different levels of glucose spiked in serum interfere with 21 routine chemistry
      and thyroid assays at glucose concentrations between 17-51 mmol/L. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Baseline (group I) serum pool with glucose concentration of 5.55 (5.44
      5.61) mmol/L was prepared from patient sera. Spiking with 20% dextrose solution,
      sample groups were obtained with glucose concentrations: 17.09, 34.52, and 50.95
      mmol/L (group II, III, IV, respectively). Total of 21 biochemistry analytes and
      thyroid tests were studied on Abbott c8000 and i2000sr with commercial reagents.
      Bias from baseline value was checked statistically and clinically. RESULTS:
      Creatinine increased significantly by 8.74%, 31.66%, 55.31% at groups II, III,
      IV, respectively with P values of < 0.001. At the median glucose concentration of
      50.95 mmol/L, calcium, albumin, chloride and FT4 biased significantly clinically
      (-0.85%, 1.63%, 0.65%, 7.4% with P values 0.138, 0.214, 0.004, < 0.001,
      respectively). Remaining assays were free of interference. CONCLUSION: Among the
      numerous biochemical parameters studied, only a few parameters are affected by
      dramatically increased glucose concentration. The creatinine measurements
      obtained in human sera with the Jaffe alkaline method at high glucose
      concentrations should be interpreted with caution. Other tests that were affected
      with extremely high glucose concentrations were calcium, albumin, chloride and
      FT4, hence results should be taken into consideration in patients with poor
      diabetic control.

PMID- 26981016
TI  - Phlebotomy, a bridge between laboratory and patient.
AB  - The evidence-based paradigm has changed and evolved medical practice. Phlebotomy,
      which dates back to the age of ancient Greece, has gained experience through the
      evolution of medicine becoming a fundamental diagnostic tool. Nowadays it
      connects the patient with the clinical laboratory dimension building up a bridge.
      However, more often there is a gap between laboratory and phlebotomist that
      causes misunderstandings and burdens on patient safety. Therefore, the scope of
      this review is delivering a view of modern phlebotomy to "bridge" patient and
      laboratory. In this regard the paper describes devices, tools and procedures in
      the light of the most recent scientific findings, also discussing their impact on
      both quality of blood testing and patient safety. It also addresses the issues
      concerning medical aspect of venipuncture, like the practical approach to the
      superficial veins anatomy, as well as the management of the patient's compliance
      with the blood draw. Thereby, the clinical, technical and practical issues are
      treated with the same relevance throughout the entire paper. 

PMID- 26981017
TI  - Laboratory use of hepcidin in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Hepcidin is a small peptide with a critical role in cellular iron homeostasis, as
      it regulates utilization of stored iron and antimicrobial defense in inflammation
      (bacterial and fungal). Since it was isolated in 2000, and especially in the last
      decade, numerous studies aimed to evaluate the clinical use of plasma and urine
      hepcidin as a marker of anemia, especially anemia of chronic disease and post
      transplant anemia (PTA). Hepcidin regulation is delicately tuned by two
      inflammatory pathways activated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and bone morphogenic
      proteins (BMPs) and iron regulated pathway sensitive to circulating transferin
      iron (TR-Fe) complex. BMP-mediated pathway and TR-Fe sensitive pathway seem to be
      connected by hemojuveline, a BMP co-factor that interacts with transferine
      receptor 2 (TRF2) in cases of high TR-Fe circulatory concentration. In addition
      to these regulatory mechanisms other regulators and signaling pathways are being
      extensively researched. ?Hepcidin has been identified as an important contributor
      to morbidity and mortality in end stage renal disease (ESRD) but no such
      association has jet been found in case of PTA. However, there is an association
      between higher doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) and mortality in
      the posttransplant period and the assumption that hepcidin might play a role in
      ESA resistance in PTA. Thus the review's main goal was to summarize papers
      published on the association of hepcidin with PTA, give up-to-date information on
      hepcidin regulation and on potential therapeutics that optimize hepcidin
      regulation. We also compared the performances of tests for hepcidin determination
      and reviewed research on immunosuppressants' (IS) effect on hepcidin
      concentration.

PMID- 26981019
TI  - Failure to review STAT clinical laboratory requests and its economical impact.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Failure to follow-up laboratory test results has been described as
      one of the major processes contributing to unsafe patient care. Currently, most
      of the laboratories do not know with certainty not only their rate of missed (or
      unreviewed) requests but the economical cost and impact that this issue implies.
      The aim of our study was to measure that rate and calculate the resulting costs.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: In January 2015, we checked in our Laboratory Information
      Management System (LIMS) for every emergency request from 1(st) July 2011 to
      30(th) June 2014, if they had been reviewed by any allowed user or not. 319,064
      requests were ordered during that period of time. Results were expressed as
      "ordered requests", "missed requests" and its percentage. Additionally, total
      cost of missed requests was calculated in euros (?). "Non-productive days" were
      theorised (as the days producing requests that were not reviewed) based on these
      results. RESULTS: 7924 requests (2.5%) were never reviewed by clinicians. This
      represented a total cost of 203,039 ? and 27 "non-productive" days in three
      years. Significant differences between inpatients, outpatients and emergency
      department as well as different emergencies units were found after application of
      statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of resources, never reviewed or
      missed requests appear to be a not negligible problem for the clinical laboratory
      management. Electronic result delivery, with electronic endorsement to indicate
      follow-up of requests along with better systems of electronic requesting should
      be investigated as a way of improving patient outcomes and save unnecessary
      expenses.

PMID- 26981020
TI  - Effectiveness of citrate buffer-fluoride mixture in Terumo tubes as an inhibitor
      of in vitro glycolysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Glycolysis affects glucose determination in vitro. The placement of
      sample tubes in ice-water slurry with plasma separation within 30 minutes is
      recommended, or alternatively the use of a glycolysis inhibitor. The aim of our
      two-steps study was to evaluate which Terumo tube is best for glucose
      determination in routine clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the first
      study, blood from 100 volunteers was collected into lithium heparin (LH), NaF/Na
      heparin (FH) and NaF/citrate buffer/Na2EDTA (FC-Mixture) tubes. LH sample was
      treated as recommended and considered as reference, while FH and FC-Mixture
      samples were aliquoted, maintained at room temperature (RT) for 1, 2 and 4 hours;
      centrifuged and plasma analysed in triplicate. In the second study, samples from
      375 volunteers were collected in LH, FH and FC-Mixture tubes and held at RT
      before centrifugation from 10 to 340 minutes, depending on each laboratory
      practice. Samples were analysed in one analytical run. RESULTS: In the first
      study, FH glucose concentrations were 5.15 +/- 0.66 mmol/L, 5.05 +/- 0.65 mmol/L
      and 5.00 +/- 0.65 mmol/L (P < 0.001) in tubes stored at RT for 1, 2 and 4 hours,
      respectively. Mean biases in all time points exceeded the analytical goal for
      desirable bias based on biological variation criteria. FC-Mixture glucose
      concentrations were 5.48 +/- 0.65 mmol/L, 5.46 +/- 0.6 mmol/L and 5.46 +/- 0.64
      mmol/L in tubes stored at RT for 1, 2 and 4 hours, respectively. Mean biases for
      FC-Mixture glucose in all time points reached optimal analytical goals. In the
      second study, the biases for LH and FH glucose compared to reference FC-Mixture
      glucose exceeded the preset analytical goals, regardless of the blood collection
      to centrifugation time interval. CONCLUSIONS: FC-mixture tubes glucose
      concentrations were preserved up to 4h storage at RT. We confirmed that NaF alone
      does not allow immediate glycolysis inhibition in real life pre-centrifugation
      storage conditions (up to 340 minutes). FC-Mixture should be used exclusively for
      glucose determination in laboratories unable to implement the recommended blood
      samples' treatment.

PMID- 26981021
TI  - Unnecessary repeated total cholesterol tests in biochemistry laboratory.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the number of repeated cholesterol (RC) tests
      and the ratio of unnecessary-repeated cholesterol (URC) tests among patients
      admitted to Pamukkale University Hospital (Denizli, Turkey) and provide solutions
      to avoid URC testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total cholesterol (T-cholesterol)
      tests (N = 86,817) between June 2014 and May 2015 were evaluated. The tests
      performed more than once per patient were determined as RC test (N = 28,811). RC
      test with an interval shorter than 4 weeks were determined as URC test (N = 3968)
      according to the shortest retest interval stated in ACC/AHA blood cholesterol
      guideline. RC testing included internal medicine, surgery and paediatric
      outpatients and inpatients. Reference change value (RCV) of total cholesterol was
      calculated. RESULTS: The 33.1% of the T-cholesterol tests were RC tests (N =
      28,811), 13.7% of them were URC tests (N = 3968). Our RCV value was 25%. The
      percentage change between consecutive tests was less than RCV in 86.1% (N = 3418)
      of URC tests. URC tests were performed more frequently in patients with desirable
      total cholesterol value (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a significant part of
      repeated T-cholesterol tests requested in our hospital. URC test requests can be
      evaluated by laboratories and the obtained data should be shared with clinicians.
      Laboratories can calculate RCV for the tests they performed and report this value
      with the test result. To prevent from URC tests, a warning plug-in can be added
      to hospital information software in accordance with guidelines to prevent from
      URC test requests.

PMID- 26981022
TI  - Evaluation of the appropriate time period between sampling and analyzing for
      automated urinalysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Preanalytical specifications for urinalysis must be strictly
      adhered to avoid false interpretations. Aim of the present study is to examine
      whether the preanalytical factor 'time point of analysis' significantly
      influences stability of urine samples for urine particle and dipstick analysis.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 321 pathological spontaneous urine samples, urine
      dipstick (UrisysTM2400, Combur-10-TestTMstrips, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim,
      Germany) and particle analysis (UF-1000 iTM, Sysmex, Norderstedt, Germany) were
      performed within 90 min, 120 min and 240 min after urine collection. RESULTS: For
      urine particle analysis, a significant increase in conductivity (120 vs. 90 min:
      P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min: P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in WBC (120 vs.
      90 min P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001), RBC (120 vs. 90 min P < 0.001, 240
      vs. 90 min P < 0.001), casts (120 vs. 90 min P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001)
      and epithelial cells (120 vs. 90 min P = 0.610, 240 vs. 90 min P = 0.041) were
      found. There were no significant changes for bacteria. Regarding urine dipstick
      analysis, misclassification rates between measurements were significant for pH
      (120 vs. 90 min P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001), leukocytes (120 vs. 90 min
      P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001), nitrite (120 vs. 90 min P < 0.001, 240 vs.
      90 min P < 0.001), protein (120 vs. 90 min P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P<0.001),
      ketone (120 vs. 90 min P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001), blood (120 vs. 90
      min P < 0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001), specific gravity (120 vs. 90 min P <
      0.001, 240 vs. 90 min P < 0.001) and urobilinogen (120 vs. 90 min, P = 0.031).
      Misclassification rates were not significant for glucose and bilirubin.
      CONCLUSION: Most parameters critically depend on the time window between sampling
      and analysis. Our study stresses the importance of adherence to early time points
      in urinalysis (within 90 min).

PMID- 26981023
TI  - The knowledge and understanding of preanalytical phase among biomedicine students
      at the University of Zagreb.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The educational program for health care personnel is important for
      reducing preanalytical errors and improving quality of laboratory test results.
      The aim of our study was to assess the level of knowledge on preanalytical phase
      in population of biomedicine students through a cross-sectional survey. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A survey was sent to students on penultimate and final year of
      Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry--study of medical biochemistry (FPB),
      Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FVM) and School of Medicine (SM), University of
      Zagreb, Croatia, using the web tool SurveyMonkey. Survey was composed of
      demographics and 14 statements regarding the preanalytical phase of laboratory
      testing. Comparison of frequencies and proportions of correct answers was done
      with Fisher's exact test and test of comparison of proportions, respectively.
      RESULTS: Study included 135 participants, median age 24 (23-40) years. Students
      from FPB had higher proportion of correct answers (86%) compared to students from
      other biomedical faculties 62%, P < 0.001. Students from FPB were more conscious
      of the importance of specimen mixing (P = 0.027), prevalence of preanalytical
      errors (P = 0.001), impact of hemolysis (P = 0.032) and lipemia interferences (P
      = 0.010), proper choice of anticoagulants (P = 0.001), transport conditions for
      ammonia sample (P < 0.001) and order of draw during blood specimen collection (P
      < 0.001), in comparison with students from SM and FVM. CONCLUSIONS: Students from
      FPB are more conscious of the importance of preanalytical phase of testing in
      comparison with their colleagues from other biomedical faculties. No difference
      in knowledge between penultimate and final year of the same faculty was found.

PMID- 26981024
TI  - The characterization of four gene expression analysis in circulating tumor cells
      made by Multiplex-PCR from the AdnaTest kit on the lab-on-a-chip Agilent DNA 1000
      platform.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis is a routine method
      for the detection of PCR fragments. The Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer was one of the
      first commercial devices in this field. Our project was designed to study the
      characteristics of Agilent DNA 1000 kit in PCR fragment analysis as a part of
      circulating tumour cell (CTC) detection technique. Despite the common use of this
      kit a complex analysis of the results from a long-term project is still missing.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A commercially available Agilent DNA 1000 kit was used as
      a final step in the CTC detection (AdnaTest) for the determination of the
      presence of PCR fragments generated by Multiplex PCR. Data from 30 prostate
      cancer patients obtained during two years of research were analyzed to determine
      the trueness and precision of the PCR fragment size determination. Additional
      experiments were performed to demonstrate the precision (repeatability,
      reproducibility) and robustness of PCR fragment concentration determination.
      RESULTS: The trueness and precision of the size determination was below 3% and 2%
      respectively. The repeatability of the concentration determination was below 15%.
      The difference in concentration determination increases when Multiplex
      PCR/storage step is added between the two measurements of one sample.
      CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics established in our study are in concordance with
      the manufacturer's specifications established for a ladder as a sample. However,
      the concentration determination may vary depending on chip preparation, sample
      storage and concentration. The 15% variation of concentration determination
      repeatability was shown to be partly proportional and can be suppressed by proper
      normalization.

PMID- 26981025
TI  - Colorectal cancer detection in an asymptomatic population: fecal immunochemical
      test for hemoglobin vs. fecal M2-type pyruvate kinase.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Screening programs for colorectal cancer (CRC) are mainly based on
      a first-line fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin (FIT). Fecal M2-type
      pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) has been evaluated in clinical settings showing promising
      results for early CRC detection. However, the impact of fecal M2-PK assessment on
      the performance of first-round CRC screening programs is not known. We
      investigated whether fecal M2-PK alone or in combination with FIT may improve CRC
      screening efficacy in the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      1027 asymptomatic subjects (median age 66 [59-74] years; females 504 [49.1%]),
      identified through the general practitioners' rosters, were invited for the
      collection of 2 fecal samples for FIT and M2-PK evaluation. Participants with at
      least positive one fecal test were referred for colonoscopy. Quality indicators
      for screening performance were calculated and analyzed using Fisher's exact test.
      RESULTS: Overall, 572 subjects underwent both FIT and M2-PK assessment
      (participation rate 55.7%): 93 participants showed positive results for at least
      one test (positivity rate 16.3%). Only 10 patients were positive for both tests.
      Attendance rate to colonoscopy was 86.0% and a total of 65 adenomas and 7 cancers
      were detected. Combined use of FIT and fecal M2-PK permitted the identification
      of 18 more neoplasm (25%) without improving colonoscopy workload, as deduced by
      the comparable number needed to scope (P = 0.402). CONCLUSION: The addition of M2
      PK testing to FIT offers the potential to detect additional neoplasms that either
      do not bleed or only bleed intermittently without reducing participation rate and
      without increasing endoscopy workload.

PMID- 26981028
TI  - LOW BACK PAIN IN SCHOOLCHILDREN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN A WESTERN CITY OF SAO
      PAULO STATE, BRAZIL.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of low back pain in children and its
      relationship with gender, age, exercise practice and sedentary activities (time
      on TV and on computer and/or video game). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional
      study with a sample of 1,461 students, being 754 males and 707 females enrolled
      in the 5(th) to 8(th) grades of all five local elementary schools of urban
      Ourinhos, SP, Brasil, aged 10-14 years old, from whom sociodemographic data, time
      spent on sedentary activities such as TV and computer and/or video game were
      collected. We conducted a descriptive, bivariate and multivariate binary logistic
      regression. RESULTS: The results showed that the prevalence of low back pain in
      the sample was 18.5%, being 15.5% in boys and 21.6% in girls. Low back pain was
      associated to the female gender, age range between 12-14 years and the habit of
      watching TV more than three times a week and over 3 hours per day. CONCLUSION:
      The students analyzed showed high prevalence of low back pain related to gender,
      age and habit of watching TV. Appropriate interventions should be implemented to
      reduce the occurrences of back pain in schoolchildren. Level of Evidence III,
      Cross Sectioning.

PMID- 26981027
TI  - Viewpoint in the Visual-Spatial Modality: The Coordination of Spatial
      Perspective.
AB  - Sign languages express viewpoint-dependent spatial relations (e.g., left, right)
      iconically but must conventionalize from whose viewpoint the spatial relation is
      being described, the signer's or the perceiver's. In Experiment 1, ASL signers
      and sign-naive gesturers expressed viewpoint-dependent relations egocentrically,
      but only signers successfully interpreted the descriptions non-egocentrically,
      suggesting that viewpoint convergence in the visual modality emerges with
      language conventionalization. In Experiment 2, we observed that the cost of
      adopting a non-egocentric viewpoint was greater for producers than for
      perceivers, suggesting that sign languages have converged on the most cognitively
      efficient means of expressing left-right spatial relations. We suggest that non
      linguistic cognitive factors such as visual perspective-taking and motor
      embodiment may constrain viewpoint convergence in the visual-spatial modality.

PMID- 26981026
TI  - Automatic laboratory-based strategy to improve the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
      in primary care.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To study the pre-design and success of a strategy based on the
      addition of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the blood samples of certain primary care
      patients to detect new cases of type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a
      first step, we retrospectively calculated the number of HbA1c that would have
      been measured in one year if HbA1c would have been processed, according to the
      guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Based on those results we
      decided to prospectively measure HbA1c in every primary care patient above 45
      years, with no HbA1c in the previous 3 years, and glucose concentration between
      5.6-6.9 mmol/L, during an 18 months period. We calculated the number of HbA1c
      that were automatically added by the LIS based on our strategy, we evaluated the
      medical record of such subjects to confirm whether type 2 diabetes was finally
      confirmed, and we calculated the cost of our intervention. RESULTS: In a first
      stage, according to the guidelines, Hb1Ac should have been added to the blood
      samples of 13,085 patients, resulting in a cost of 14,973?. In the prospective
      study, the laboratory added Hb1Ac to 2092 patients, leading to an expense of
      2393?. 314 patients had an HbA1c value >= 6.5% (48 mmol/mol). 82 were finally
      diagnosed as type 2 diabetes; 28 thanks to our strategy, with an individual cost
      of 85.4?; and 54 due to the request of HbA1c by the general practitioners (GPs),
      with a cost of 47.5?. CONCLUSION: The automatic laboratory-based strategy
      detected patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care, at a cost of 85.4? per
      new case.

PMID- 26981029
TI  - TREATMENT OF INFECTION AFTER TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify and compare the rate of success of therapeutic modalities
      applied in surgeries for the treatment of infections associated with total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA), and to evaluate the functional outcome and pain in different
      therapeutic modalities by means of quality of life scores. METHODS: We evaluated
      all patients who developed periprosthetic infection after TKA for primary or
      secondary osteoarthritis, in the period from January 1(st), 2008 to December
      31(st), 2010. RESULTS: In the study period, 29 patients with TKA had infection,
      and 12 of these underwent debridement and retention of the prosthesis (D+R),
      seven received two-stage and six one-stage exchange arthroplasties, and four
      patients were treated with suppressive antibiotic therapy because they could not
      undergo another surgical procedure. CONCLUSION: The D+R, one-stage revision and
      two-stage revision success rates were 75%, 83.3%, and 100%, respectively. The
      best results of quality of life (QoL) and function occur in patients undergoing
      D+R. In contrast, the worst QoL and functional results were obtained in patients
      treated with two-stage revision arthroplasty. Level of Evidence II, Prognostic
      Studies - Investigating the Effect of a Patient Characteristic on the Outcome of
      Disease.

PMID- 26981031
TI  - EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE TERAPY TO TREAT CHRONIC MUSCLE INJURY.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the low energy extracorporeal shock waves therapy (ESWT)
      associated with physical therapy in the treatment of chronic muscle injuries
      classified as grades 2 and 3 in the lower limbs of amateur athletes. METHODS:
      Eight athletes presenting with lower limb muscle injury for more than three weeks
      were treated with physiotherapy and ESWT. We evaluated the following parameters
      during treatment: palpable gap, muscle strength, pain, and Tegner score, as well
      as ultrasound image features and the ability to return to sports practice.
      RESULTS: The average time of the first evaluation of the injury was 8.75 weeks.
      All patients presented muscle strength grade V after eight weeks. The pain score
      evolved from 5.75 to 0.5 points of the visual analogue scale (VAS), at the end of
      the treatment. The Tegner score after treatment was six points on average.
      Patients returned to sports practice after 8.14 weeks. CONCLUSION: ESWT
      associated with physical therapy proved to be effective to treat long-term muscle
      injury, with good performance and the ability to return to sport practice for all
      patients. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series, Prospective Study.

PMID- 26981030
TI  - PROFILE OF PATIENTS ON SICK LEAVE WITH CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report clinical and epidemiological characteristics and risk
      factors of patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) on sick leave admitted in a
      University Hospital. METHODS: This is a transversal study conducted with patients
      admitted sequentially over 18 years of age, without distinction of gender and
      race in the period between September and November 2014. Patients answered a
      questionnaire and underwent physical examination carried out by the authors.
      RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were admitted within three months, all females, the
      mean age was 50.24 years old (standard deviation 10,39) . Among the professions
      they performed, general and cleaning services were the most prevalent. Most
      patients featured obesity, followed by depression and systemic arterial
      hypertension. Approximately half of them were on sick leave. Sleep disorders were
      also a frequent complaint. CONCLUSION: CTS is a frequent cause of sick leave and
      it is related to obesity, dyslipidemia and depression. Level of Evidence IV,
      Series of Cases.

PMID- 26981032
TI  - FATTY MUSCLE INFILTRATION IN CUFF TEAR: PRE AND POST OPERATIVE EVALUATION BY MRI.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the fatty infiltration and atrophy of the supraespinatus
      in the pre- and postoperative of a rotator cuff lesion (RCL), by MRI. METHODS:
      Ten patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears who had undergone surgical
      arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between September and December 2011 were
      included. This is a prospective study, with analysis and comparison of fatty
      infiltration and atrophy of the supraespinatus. The occupation ratio was measured
      using the magic selection tool in Adobe Photoshop CS3((r)) on T1 oblique sagittal
      Y-view MRI. Through Photoshop, the proportion occupied by the muscle belly
      regarding its fossae was calculated. RESULTS: There was a statistically
      significant increase in the muscle ratio (p=0.013) comparing images pre and
      postoperative, analyzed by the Wilcoxon T test. CONCLUSION: The proportion of the
      supraspinal muscle above the pit increases in the immediate postoperative period,
      probably due to the traction exerted on the tendon at the time of repair. Level
      of Evidence II, Cohort Study.

PMID- 26981033
TI  - KIRSCHNER WIRE VERSUS TITANIUM ELASTIC NAILS IN PEDIATRIC FEMORAL SHAFT
      FRACTURES.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intramedullary fixation using the
      Kirschner-wire (K-wire) compared to the titanium elastic nail (TEN) in pediatric
      femoral shaft fractures. METHODS: A sample of 42 pediatric patients with a mean
      age of 6.55+/-2.42 years (range 4-11 years) presenting femoral shaft fractures
      underwent intramedullary fixation using the K-wire or TEN. RESULTS: There was no
      significant difference found between groups, of which 16 (38.1%) patients were
      treated with K-wire and 26 (61.9%) patients were treated with TEN in terms of
      union duration. Moreover, none of the patients showed nonunion or a delayed
      union. CONCLUSIONS: The use of adjusted K-wire instead of TEN in the
      intramedullary fixation of femoral shaft fractures in selected children may be an
      advantageous surgical option due to the lower cost, easy accessibility and no
      need for a second surgery for implant removal. Level of Evidence III,
      Retrospective Study.

PMID- 26981034
TI  - NERVE ENDINGS AND VASCULAR SUPPLY IN SEMITENDINOSUS TENDON OF CEREBRAL PALSY
      CHILDREN.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the distribution of SP (substance P) and S-100 peptide
      immunoreactivity, as well as the vascular supply of tissues commonly used as
      grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. A second aim was to
      compare the above mentioned distribution in the semitendinosus muscle tendons of
      cerebral palsy (CP) patients with the semitendinosus muscle tendons and patellar
      tendons of patients without CP. METHODS: The first group consisted of 14 children
      with cerebral palsy with a mean age of 11.7 years old. At the time of hamstring
      lengthening operation, a sample of semitendinosus muscle was taken for analysis.
      The second group comprised 20 patients treated for isolated ACL rupture of the
      knee (mean age 32 years old). Group three comprised ten patients in the mean age
      of 14.3 years old treated for recurrent lateral patellar dislocation, and from
      whom a sample of patellar tendon was obtained. RESULTS: No statistically
      significant differences were demonstrated with regard to the amount of
      immunopositive nerve fibers expressing SP or S-100 in all 3 groups of patients. A
      significant difference was noted in the number of blood vessels between the adult
      and child semitendinosus muscles, but not between the semitendinosus muscles and
      patellar tendon of children. CONCLUSION: The number of nociceptors as well as
      proprioceptive fibers is similar in patients with CP and patients from a
      neurologically healthy population. Level of Evidence IV, Cases Series.

PMID- 26981035
TI  - COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN OSTEOSYNTHESIS IN CONVENTIONAL AND BIOABSORBABLE
      IMPLANTS IN ANKLE FRACTURES.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the functional results of ankle fractures treated with
      metallic and absorbable plates. Twenty patients were randomized into two groups
      (metallic and absorbable implant groups) and followed prospectively. In the
      immediate postoperative period, patients were immobilized with plaster casts for
      one week, which was replaced by a removable cast for another four weeks. Partial
      weight-bearing was allowed after three weeks, and full weight-bearing after six
      weeks. Functional recovery was similar in both groups. At six months, three
      patients in the metallic group complained of local pain, and had their implants
      removed. One patient in the absorbable group exhibited early dehiscence of the
      suture and underwent debridement and suturing with good evolution. The American
      Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was similar between the two
      groups after six and nine months of follow-up. The absorbable implants showed
      clinical and functional results that were similar to those of metallic implants.
      Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.

PMID- 26981036
TI  - BLEEDING OF FEMORAL HEAD DURING TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY FOR OSTEOARTHROSIS.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bleeding of the femoral head on hip osteoarthritis in
      patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: One hundred and three
      hips affected by primary hip osteoarthritis were evaluated. After surgical
      dislocation, the femoral head was divided into four quadrants, and micro
      perforations were made in order to observe and assess the presence of bleeding,
      as early type (EB), late type (LB) or without bleeding (WB). RESULTS: We observed
      early bleeding (EB) in the upper quadrant in 16 hips (15.5%), late bleeding in 14
      hips (13.6%) and no bleeding (WB) in 73 hips (70.9%). The anterior quadrant
      showed EB in 24 hips (23.3%), LB in 7 hips (6.8%) and WB in 72 hips (69.9%). The
      lower quadrant presented EB in 40 hips (38.8%), LB 14 hips (13.6%) and WB in 49
      hips (47.6%). The posterior quadrant showed EB in 39 hips (37.9%), LB 19 hips
      (18.4%) and WB in 45 hips (43.7%). Comparing BMI and gender, we found no
      association between these parameters (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The inferior and
      posterior quadrant had the highest bleeding levels, following the path of the
      medial circumflex artery. Level of Evidence III, Therapeutic Study.

PMID- 26981037
TI  - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURE TREATED AT
      HOSPITAL SAO PAULO, BRAZIL.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological aspects of proximal humerus fractures
      and describe the profile of patients with proximal humerus fractures hospitalized
      and treated at Hospital Sao Paulo, between 2008 and 2013. METHODS: Hospital
      records were retrospectively analyzed for surgically treated patients diagnosed
      with proximal humerus fracture. Age, gender, injury mechanism, length of hospital
      stay, performed treatment and associated diseases were considered. RESULTS: From
      all patients studied, 52 were female at their sixth decade of life. As for the
      injury mechanism, fall from height was the main cause for women (88.46%) and for
      man it was motorcycle accidents (31.42%). Fixation with locked plate was the most
      frequently used treatment. CONCLUSION: Most patients were female in their fifth
      decade of life, injured mainly by fall from height. Fixation with locked plate
      was the most frequently used treatment and the patients were admitted for 7 days,
      on average. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective Study.

PMID- 26981038
TI  - PROPRIOCEPTION, BODY BALANCE AND FUNCTIONALITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ACL
      RECONSTRUCTION.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : To evaluate and compare proprioception, body balance and knee
      functionality of individuals with or without unilateral anterior cruciate
      ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: : Forty individuals were divided in two
      groups: Experimental group, 20 individuals with ACL reconstruction at six months
      postoperative, and control group, 20 individuals with no history of lower limb
      pathologies. In the experimental group, we assessed lower limbs with
      reconstructed ACL and contralateral limb; in the control group the dominant and
      the non-dominant lower limbs were assessed. All subjects were submitted to joint
      position sense test to evaluate proprioception, postural control measure in
      single-limb, and step up and down (SUD) test for functional assessment. RESULTS:
      : There were no deficits in proprioception and postural control. In the SUD test,
      a 5% decrease in lift up force was found in reconstructed ACL lower limbs,
      however, a statistically not significant difference. The impact and step down
      force during the course of test were 30% greater in anatomic ACL than in control
      lower limbs. CONCLUSION: : The individuals with ACL reconstruction at six months
      postoperative did not show changes in proprioception and postural control, but
      showed motor control changes, influencing knee functionality. Level of Evidence
      IV, Prognostic Studies.

PMID- 26981039
TI  - USE OF SPATIOTEMPORAL GAIT PARAMETERS TO DETERMINE RETURN TO SPORTS AFTER ACL
      RECONSTRUCTION.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : To compare gait spatiotemporal parameters of healthy and ACL
      reconstructed subjects in order to classify the status of gait normality.
      METHODS: : Fourteen healthy subjects and eight patients submitted to ACL
      reconstruction walked along a walkway while the lower limbs movement was captured
      by an infrared camera system. The frames where the initial contact and toe-off
      took place were determined and the following dependent variables, which were
      compared between groups through the Mann-Whitney test (a=0.05) were calculated:
      percentage of time in initial double stance, percentage of time in single stance,
      percentage of time in terminal double stance, stride length and gait velocity.
      Initially, all variables were compared between groups using a Mann-Whitney test.
      A logistic regression was applied, including all dependent variables, to create a
      model that could differentiate healthy and ACL reconstructed subjects. RESULTS: :
      ACL reconstructed group showed no differences in any spatiotemporal parameter of
      gait (p > 0.05) in relation to the control group, although the angular kinematic
      differences of the knee remained altered, as evidenced in a study with a similar
      sample. CONCLUSION: : The regression classified all subjects as healthy,
      including the ACL reconstructed group, suggesting the spatiotemporal variables
      should not be used as the sole criterion of return to sports activities at the
      same level as prior to injury. Level of Evidence III, Case Control Study.

PMID- 26981040
TI  - CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF ELBOWS FROM SPINAL CORD INJURIED
      PATIENTS.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: : To evaluate clinically and radiologically the elbows of spinal cord
      injured patients and compare them to the control group. METHODS: : Twenty
      patients (10 paraplegics and 10 tetraplegics) were clinically evaluated through
      assessment of pain scale, measurement of active and passive range of motion,
      degree of muscle strength and MEPS score. They were also submitted to bilateral
      plain radiography of the elbows. Both groups were compared to the control group.
      RESULTS: : Four paraplegic and three tetraplegic patients referred mild to
      moderate, sporadic and motion related pain. The control group was asymptomatic.
      No statistic significant difference was found in passive range of motion among
      the three groups. The tetraplegic group showed a lower active range of motion as
      well as lower MEPS score as compared to the control group. Equal number of
      patients in the spinal cord injured patients had radiological abnormalities, but
      those were more severe in the tetraplegic group. CONCLUSION: : Spinal cord
      injured patients presented clinical and radiological elbow abnormalities, which
      were more evident on tetraplegics. Level of Evidence III, Case Control.

PMID- 26981041
TI  - EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH RADIAL NECK FRACTURES TREATED WITH FLEXIBLE
      INTRAMEDULLARY NAIL.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : To evaluate the results of displaced radial neck fractures in
      children trated surgically with flexible titanium intramedullary nails. METHOD: :
      This is a retrospective study of five cases of radial neck fractures with
      displacement greater than 30 degrees  fixed with flexible intramedullary nails.
      Patients were evaluated regarding functional outcome through range of motion and
      the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), as well as radiographic exams. RESULTS:
      : Five patients, with a mean age of 8.4 years were assessed, during a mean post
      operative follow up of 12.2 months. Open reduction was necessary in three cases
      with major displacement. At the end of the follow up, 80% of the patients had
      excellent results, 20% good results, and all fractures healed. As complications
      we observed: heterotopic ossification, superficial infection and radial head
      necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: : In spite of the small sample, our results with flexible
      titanium intramedullary nails were similar to the current literature, with good
      functional outcomes. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.

PMID- 26981042
TI  - MANAGEMENT OF INFANTILE BLOUNT'S DISEASE WITH MOLDED ORTHOSES: A NEW PERSPECTIVE.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : This retrospective study evaluated treatment with individually
      contoured molded bracing at early stages of the disease. METHODS: : We evaluated
      the medical records of patients undergoing treatment of Blount's disease with
      molded orthoses for medial decompression between 2010 and 2014. The deformity
      angle (Drennan's metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle) and Langenskiold classification
      were measured before and after treatment by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon with
      over 5 years of practice, blinded for the study and patients. RESULTS: : The mean
      age was 2.57 years old. Four patients were female and six male. Half of the total
      sample had bilateral disease. The average deformity angle showed a statistically
      significant reduction after treatment (p <0.001). Gender and laterality did not
      statistically influence the change of the deformity angle after treatment (p>
      0.05). CONCLUSION: : The nightly use of molded orthoses for medial decompression
      was effective in reducing the metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in Blount's disease in
      children under 3 years of age, regardless of gender and bilateral disease.
      Patients over 3 years old did not benefit from bracing. Level of Evidence IV,
      Case Series.

PMID- 26981043
TI  - ASSESSMENT OF REPRODUCIBILITY OF SANDERS CLASSIFICATION FOR CALCANEAL FRACTURES.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : To assess intra- and interobserver reproducibility of Sanders
      Classification System of calcaneal fractures among experienced and less
      experienced observers. METHODS: : Forty-six CT scans of intra-articular calcaneal
      fractures were reviewed. Four observers, two with ten years of experience in foot
      and ankle surgery and two third-year residents in Orthopedics and Traumatology
      classified the fractures on two separate occasions three weeks apart from each
      other. The intra and inter-observer reliability was analyzed using the Kappa
      index. RESULTS: : There was good intraobserver reliability for the two
      experienced observers and one less experienced observer (Kappa values 0.640,
      0.632 and 0.629, respectively). The interobserver reliability was fair between
      the experienced observers (Kappa = 0.289) and moderate among the less experienced
      observers (Kappa = 0.527). CONCLUSIONS: : The Sanders Classification System
      showed good intraobserver reliability, but interobserver reproducibility below
      the ideal level, both among experienced and less experienced observers. Level of
      Evidence III, Diagnostic Studies.

PMID- 26981044
TI  - INTRAMUSCULAR MARTIN-GRUBER ANASTOMOSIS.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : This paper reports the incidence, origin, course and anatomical
      relationships of intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis. METHODS: : Anatomical
      dissection of 100 limbs from 50 adults cadavers was performed. The intramuscular
      Martin-Gruber anastomosis was found in five forearms, three in the right and two
      in the left side, one was bilateral. All communication were located between the
      anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve. CONCLUSION: : The purpose of
      intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis, which we found in 5% of dissected limbs,
      is to supply the flexor digitorum profundus muscle and it is unlikely to have any
      influence on the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Level of
      Evidence IV, Cases Series.

PMID- 26981045
TI  - GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS AND PROTEOGLYCANS IN PALMAR FASCIA OF PATIENTS WITH DUPUYTREN.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : To evaluate and compare the behavior of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in
      Dupuytren disease (DD). METHODS: : This is an experimental study with 23 patients
      diagnosed with DD. Tissue collected through fasciectomy with incision type
      Brunner or McCash were evaluated by electrophoresis for identification of GAGs.
      The quantification was carried out by immunofluorescence and dosage of proteins
      for different types of glycosaminoglycans. The results were expressed in
      percentage and statistically evaluated. RESULTS: : A significant increase was
      observed through eletrophoresis in GAGs, as compared to the control (p<0.05).
      Immunofluorescence of hyaluronic acid was reduced (23 times) when compared to the
      control (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: : An increase of sulfated GAGs in Dupuytren's
      disease, mainly dermatan sulfate, was evident from our results, as well as a
      pronounced decrease of hyaluronic acid in the palmar aponeurosis from the same
      patients. Level of Evidence III, Case-Control Study.

PMID- 26981046
TI  - CADAVERIC STUDY ON THE LEARNING CURVE OF THE TWO-APPROACH GANZ PERIACETABULAR
      OSTEOTOMY.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a widely used
      technique for the treatment of non-arthritic, dysplastic, painful hips. It is
      considered a highly complex procedure with a steep learning curve. In an attempt
      to minimize complications, a double anterior-posterior approach has been
      described. We report on our experience while performing this technique on
      cadaveric hips followed by meticulous dissection to verify possible
      complications. METHODS: : We operated on 15 fresh cadaveric hips using a combined
      posterior Kocher-Langenbeck and an anterior Smith-Petersen approach, without
      fluoroscopic control. The PAO cuts were performed and the acetabular fragment was
      mobilized. A meticulous dissection was carried out to verify the precision of the
      cuts. RESULTS: : Complications were observed in seven specimens (46%). They
      included a posterior column fracture, and posterior and anterior articular
      fractures. The incidence of complications decreased over time, from 60% in the
      first five procedures to 20% in the last five procedures. CONCLUSIONS: : We
      concluded that PAO using a combined anterior-posterior approach is a reproducible
      technique that allows all cuts to be done under direct visualization. The steep
      learning curve described in the classic single incision approach was also
      observed when using two approaches. EVIDENCE LEVEL: IV, Cadaveric Study.

PMID- 26981047
TI  - PERPENDICULAR DOUBLE-PLATE FIXATION WITH LOCKING SYSTEM FOR ACROMION PEDICLE
      FRACTURE.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: : To describe the surgical technique and preliminary clinical outcomes
      in a series of open reduction internal fixation of basal acromion process
      fractures applying a double-plating technique. METHODS: : Nine consecutive
      patients, mean age 33.4 years old (range, 23-61 years old) with unilateral
      acromion fracture (Type 3 AO/OTA) with more than 1cm displacement who underwent
      fixation utilizing a locked double-plating technique, were evaluated on average
      at 7.8 months (range, 3-15 months) for outcomes related to pain, shoulder
      function, and surgical complications. RESULTS: : Eight patients recovered with
      complete radiographic union and favorable shoulder function. One case failed to
      be fully evaluated for more than 3 months follow-up. The overall scores of
      Constant, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and DASH for the eight
      patients reviewed were 91.9+/- 6.31, 3.11+/- 3.79 and 5.2+/- 6.35, respectively.
      No post-operative infection or surgical hardware irritation was identified at
      final follow-up of these eight patients. CONCLUSION: : While more evidence is
      needed to justify its advantages over traditional implants, perpendicular double
      plate with a locking system may be indicated for acromion pedicle fracture
      treatment, since it performed well for fracture healing and joint function
      rehabilitation. Level of Evidence IV, Therapeutic Study.

PMID- 26981048
TI  - A case control study of the factors associated with occurrence of aerodigestive
      foreign bodies in children in a regional referral hospital in South Western
      Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aerodigestive foreign bodies (ADFB) in children are a common
      emergency in ENT clinics globally. The aim of this study was to determine the
      prevalence and common types of ADFB's presenting to a referral hospital in South
      Western Uganda, and to review clinical presentation and factors that influence
      their occurrence among children under 12 years of age. METHODS: We conducted a
      case control study comprising 40 cases and 80 unmatched controls. Consecutive and
      random sampling were used for the cases and controls respectively. A
      questionnaire was used to collect data. Clinic records were reviewed to calculate
      prevalence. RESULTS: Prevalence was 6.6 % of all paediatric cases seen in the ENT
      department that year. The most common symptoms included: history of choking [45
      %], sudden cough [72.5 %], stridor [60 %] and failure to swallow [35 %]. The most
      common location for an airway foreign body was the right main bronchus [40 %] and
      the upper one third of the oesophagus [32.5 %] for digestive tract foreign
      bodies. Seeds and coins were most frequently removed. Children from upper level
      SES had a significantly lower risk of foreign body occurrence [OR = 0.29, p =
      0.02] compared to those from a low SES. Also significantly, most cases were
      referrals from other government health centres [p = <0.01]. The male to female
      ratio among cases was 2:1. Children of older mothers were less likely to have an
      ADFB. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of ADFB's is relatively high. The most common
      symptoms are a history of choking, cough and failure to swallow. Age under 5
      years, male sex, younger maternal age and low socioeconomic status increased odds
      of ADFBs.

PMID- 26981049
TI  - Knockdown of PSCA induces EMT and decreases metastatic potentials of the human
      prostate cancer DU145 cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) expression has been shown to
      correlate with prostatic carcinogenesis and prostate cancer (PCa) progression.
      The underlying mechanisms for these processes are currently unknown. Epithelial
      to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with the invasiveness and the
      distant metastasis of PCa. In this study, we investigated the effects of knocking
      down the PSCA on the cell migration, the invasiveness, and the EMT of the PCa
      cell line DU145 in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Four target sequences of the small
      hairpin RNA for PSCA were designed, and the best effect knockdown sequence
      shRNA#1 was screened to construct the stable transfected DU145 cell line (DU145
      shRNA#1), the scramble sequence was also designed to construct the stable
      transfected DU145 cell line(DU145 scramble). Cell migration and invasion were
      studied using Transwell assay. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot (WB) were used
      to quantify PSCA, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, Vimentin, Fibronectin expression in
      DU145, DU145 scramble, DU145 shRNA#1 in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR,
      immunofluorescent staining were used to quantify PSCA, E-cadherin, and Vimentin
      expression in vitro. EMT-related genes Snail, Slug, and Twist, were quantified by
      quantitative RT-PCR in vitro. RESULTS: The constructed stable knockdown of the
      PSCA in the DU145 cell had a silencing effect up to 90.5 %. DU145 shRNA#1 became
      scattered from the tightly packed colonies. It was associated with decreased cell
      migration and invasion. There was also an increased Vimentin and Fibronectin
      expression, an inhibited E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression at both the mRNA
      and the protein levels when compared to the DU145 and the DU145 scramble in vitro
      and vivo. Furthermore, with the exception of the Snail, the expression of EMT
      related Slug and Twist genes were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated
      that knockdown of PSCA induced EMT and reduced metastatic potentials of the DU145
      cells, suggesting that PSCA played an important role in prostatic carcinogenesis
      and progression.

PMID- 26981051
TI  - Lets Address Health and Well-Being in Our Profession.

PMID- 26981050
TI  - Causes of death in Vanuatu.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The population of the Pacific Melanesian country of Vanuatu was
      234,000 at the 2009 census. Apart from subsistence activities, economic activity
      includes tourism and agriculture. Current completeness of vital registration is
      considered too low to be usable for national statistics; mortality and life
      expectancy (LE) are derived from indirect demographic estimates from
      censuses/surveys. Some cause of death (CoD) data are available to provide
      information on major causes of premature death. METHODS: Deaths 2001-2007 were
      coded for cause (ICDv10) for ages 0-59 years from: hospital separations (HS) (n =
      636), hospital medical certificates (MC) of death (n = 1,169), and monthly
      reports from community health facilities (CHF) (n = 1,212). Ill-defined causes
      were 3 % for hospital deaths and 20 % from CHF. Proportional mortality was
      calculated by cause (excluding ill-defined) and age group (0-4, 5-14 years), and
      also by sex for 15-59 years. From total deaths by broad age group and sex from
      1999 and 2009 census analyses, community deaths were estimated by deduction of
      hospital deaths MC. National proportional mortality by cause was estimated by a
      weighted average of MC and CHF deaths. RESULTS: National estimates indicate main
      causes of deaths <5 years were: perinatal disorders (45 %) and malaria, diarrhea,
      and pneumonia (27 %). For 15-59 years, main causes of male deaths were:
      circulatory disease 27 %, neoplasms 13 %, injury 13 %, liver disease 10 %,
      infection 10 %, diabetes 7 %, and chronic respiratory disease 7 %; and for
      females: neoplasms 29 %, circulatory disease 15 %, diabetes 10 %, infection 9 %,
      and maternal deaths 8 %. Infection included tuberculosis, malaria, and viral
      hepatitis. Liver disease (including hepatitis and cancer) accounted for 18 % of
      deaths in adult males and 9 % in females. Non-communicable disease (NCD),
      including circulatory disease, diabetes, neoplasm, and chronic respiratory
      disease, accounted for 52 % of premature deaths in adult males and 60 % in
      females. Injuries accounted for 13 % in adult males and 6 % in females. Maternal
      deaths translate into an annual maternal mortality ratio of 130/100,000 for the
      period. CONCLUSION: Vanuatu manifests a double burden of disease with significant
      proportional mortality from perinatal disorders and infection/pneumonia <5 years
      and maternal mortality, coupled with significant proportional mortality in adults
      (15-59 years) from cardiovascular disease (CVD), neoplasms, and diabetes.

PMID- 26981052
TI  - The Axillary View Typically Does Not Contribute to Decision Making in Care for
      Proximal Humeral Fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Convention dictates that an axillary view be obtained when evaluating
      proximal humerus fractures (PHF). However, the axillary view is frequently
      omitted because of pain and technical considerations. Furthermore, its diagnostic
      utility is unclear in this setting. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study
      was to (1) determine the rate of obtaining an adequate axillary X-ray and
      complete shoulder series at a level I trauma center, (2) understand the cost of
      ordering and attempting an axillary radiograph, and (3) determine if axillary
      radiographs influence the management of PHF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PHF treated
      between 2009 and 2011 that were ordered for an AP, scapular Y, and axillary view
      was identified. The types of radiographs actually obtained were recorded. The
      cost of obtaining three views and a single view of the shoulder with X-ray was
      determined. Lastly, three surgeons reviewed 42 PHF, both with and without an
      axillary view (AV), and treatment recommendations were compared. RESULTS: 30% of
      PHF in this series had an adequate axillary view, and 14% received a complete
      trauma series. No factors could be identified that were associated with
      successfully obtaining an axillary view. Reviewers demonstrated substantial
      intraobserver reliability (kappa = 0.759-0.808) regarding treatment
      recommendations for PHF with and without the axillary view. The addition of the
      AV had minimal influence on treatment recommendations. CONCLUSION: Considering
      that the axillary view for PHF is painful, labor-intensive, costly, and does not
      appear to provide additional diagnostic value, orthopedic surgeons can consider
      foregoing the use of the axillary view when evaluating and treating PHF,
      particularly if other advanced imaging is utilized.

PMID- 26981053
TI  - High Rates of Occult Infection After Shoulder Fracture Fixation: Considerations
      for Conversion Shoulder Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Existing hardware may contribute to increased risk of bacterial
      contamination and subsequent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in conversion
      shoulder arthroplasty performed for failed fracture fixation. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES:
      This study examined the incidence of positive pre-operative aspiration and
      inflammatory marker data, along with correlation of pre-operative positive
      aspiration or inflammatory markers and subsequent infection following conversion
      shoulder arthroplasty for failed open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and
      the need for re-operation at 4.6-year follow-up. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients
      who underwent conversion to shoulder arthroplasty for any reason after fracture
      fixation were retrospectively reviewed in a single center. A pre-operative
      aspiration was done in 17 patients; all patients had intra-operative tissue
      sampling. All procedures were single-stage removal of hardware and performance of
      the arthroplasty. In cases of pre-operative positive bacterial growth, a single
      stage procedure was performed according to the septic ENDO-Klinik protocol.
      RESULTS: In 4 of 17 pre-operative joint aspirations, bacterial growth was
      detected; one pre-operative negative aspiration demonstrated bacterial growth in
      intra-operative sampling. In three of them, the infection has been validated
      through intra-operatively results. Pre-operative aspiration showed a sensitivity
      of 75% and specificity of 92% (p < 0.005) for infection. No post-operative PJIs
      were observed. Six revisions were performed, most commonly for aseptic loosening
      (two cases) and conversion of hemiarthroplasty to a reverse design (two cases).
      CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the risk of low-grade shoulder infection after
      fracture osteosynthesis may be higher than in hip and knee joints, based on
      limited study data. Adequate pre-operative testing is recommended to rule out
      occult shoulder infection in this setting.

PMID- 26981054
TI  - Capitellum Fracture Fragment Excision: a Case Series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fractures of the capitellum are rare injuries, and few studies have
      reported the results of fragment excision. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of
      this study was to determine range of motion and short-term clinical outcomes for
      patients treated with capitellum excision. METHODS: A retrospective review was
      performed to identify all patients with an isolated capitellum fracture who
      underwent excision as definitive treatment at our institutions. Mechanism of
      injury, associated elbow injuries, type of capitellum fracture, complications,
      and postoperative outcomes including final elbow range of motion (ROM), elbow
      instability, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were
      recorded. RESULTS: Four patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this
      study. All patients were female with an average age of 69 years (range 42-85).
      Based on the Bryan and Morrey classification system, three (75%) fractures were
      classified as type I and one (25%) fracture as type III. The average clinical
      follow-up was 11 months. Final examination demonstrated a mean elbow range of
      motion from 14 degrees  (range 0-30) of extension to 143 degrees  (range 130-160)
      of flexion. All patients had full forearm rotation, and there was no clinical
      evidence of elbow instability. The average DASH score was 18.3 (12.5-24.2) at
      final follow-up. CONCLUSION: Excision of the capitellum, much like excision of
      the radial head, results in acceptable short-term outcome scores and elbow range
      of motion in patients with fractures that are not amenable to open reduction and
      internal fixation.

PMID- 26981055
TI  - Older Age and Leg Pain Are Good Predictors of Pain and Disability Outcomes in
      2710 Patients Who Receive Lumbar Fusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identifying appropriate candidates for lumbar spine fusion is a
      challenging and controversial topic. The purpose of this study was to identify
      baseline characteristics related to poor/favorable outcomes at 1 year for a
      patient who received lumbar spine fusion. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The aims of this
      study were to describe baseline characteristics of those who received lumbar
      surgery and to identify baseline characteristics from a spine repository that
      were related to poor and favorable pain and disability outcomes for patient who
      received lumbar fusion (with or without decompression), who were followed up for
      1 full year and discriminate predictor variables that were either or in contrast
      to prognostic variables reported in the literature. METHODS: This study analyzed
      data from 2710 patients who underwent lumbar spine fusion. All patient data was
      part of a multicenter, multi-national spine repository. Ten relatively commonly
      captured data variables were used as predictors for the study.
      Univariate/multivariate logistic regression analyses were run against outcome
      variables of pain/disability. RESULTS: Multiple univariate findings were
      associated with pain/disability outcomes at 1 year including age, previous
      surgical history, baseline disability, baseline pain, baseline quality of life
      scores, and leg pain greater than back pain. Notably significant multivariate
      findings for both pain and disability include older age, previous surgical
      history, and baseline mental summary scores, disability, and pain. CONCLUSION:
      Leg pain greater than back pain and older age may yield promising value when
      predicting positive outcomes. Other significant findings may yield less value
      since these findings are similar to those that are considered to be prognostic
      regardless of intervention type.

PMID- 26981057
TI  - Comorbid Profile Rather than Age Determines Hip Fracture Mortality in a
      Nonagenarian Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In light of poor outcomes with nonoperative management of hip
      fractures, orthopedic surgeons are faced with difficult decisions about which
      patients are too ill or too old for surgical treatment. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This
      study sought to investigate if patients over 90 years had different preoperative
      laboratory, clinical, and injury characteristics than younger patients with the
      same injury. We compared our cohort with previously published data. We wished to
      identify if there were pre-injury risk factors associated with 30-day mortality,
      which could be modified to enhance postoperative outcomes. METHODS: This is a
      retrospective review of 198 operatively managed hip fractures in patients 75
      years or older. We collected data on demographics, select preoperative laboratory
      values, injury type, comorbidities, and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Eleven (5.6%)
      of the cohort died within 30 days of surgery, 6.3% in the younger group, and 3.7%
      in the older group; the difference was not statistically significant. For
      baseline characteristics, there was no difference between the age groups for pre
      injury comorbidities, hemoglobin, serum albumin, BUN, prevalence of UTI, or
      fracture type. A total of 67 (35.8%) patients had evidence of UTI on admission.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal that in our dichotomized cohort, pre-injury
      characteristics were similar and age alone was not an independent predictor of
      mortality. These data may inform decision-making for orthopedic surgeons and the
      medical providers who consult to optimize these patients for surgery. We
      identified high rates of UTI in both age groups, a potentially remediable factor
      to optimize outcomes in hip fracture surgery in elderly patients.

PMID- 26981056
TI  - Do Current Recommendations for Upper Instrumented Vertebra Predict Shoulder
      Imbalance? An Attempted Validation of Level Selection for Adolescent Idiopathic
      Scoliosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shoulder balance for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients
      is associated with patient satisfaction and self-image. However, few validated
      systems exist for selecting the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) post-surgical
      shoulder balance. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose is to examine the existing UIV
      selection criteria and correlate with post-surgical shoulder balance in AIS
      patients. METHODS: Patients who underwent spinal fusion at age 10-18 years for
      AIS over a 6-year period were reviewed. All patients with a minimum of 1-year
      radiographic follow-up were included. Imbalance was determined to be radiographic
      shoulder height |RSH| >= 15 mm at latest follow-up. Three UIV selection methods
      were considered: Lenke, Ilharreborde, and Trobisch. A recommended UIV was
      determined using each method from pre-surgical radiographs. The recommended UIV
      for each method was compared to the actual UIV instrumented for all three
      methods; concordance between these levels was defined as "Correct" UIV selection,
      and discordance was defined as "Incorrect" selection. RESULTS: One hundred
      seventy-one patients were included with 2.3 +/- 1.1 year follow-up. For all
      methods, "Correct" UIV selection resulted in more shoulder imbalance than
      "Incorrect" UIV selection. Overall shoulder imbalance incidence was improved from
      31.0% (53/171) to 15.2% (26/171). New shoulder imbalance incidence for patients
      with previously level shoulders was 8.8%. CONCLUSIONS: We could not identify a
      set of UIV selection criteria that accurately predicted post-surgical shoulder
      balance. Further validated measures are needed in this area. The complexity of
      proximal thoracic curve correction is underscored in a case example, where
      shoulder imbalance occurred despite "Correct" UIV selection by all methods.

PMID- 26981058
TI  - Lower-Dose Mepivacaine Plus Fentanyl May Improve Spinal Anesthesia for Knee
      Arthroscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous work indicates that 30 mg isobaric mepivacaine 1.5% plus 10
      MUg fentanyl produces reliable anesthesia for knee arthroscopy with a more rapid
      recovery profile than 45 mg mepivacaine. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This randomized
      controlled trial compared plain mepivacaine to three reduced doses of mepivacaine
      with 10 MUg fentanyl for spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Following written informed
      consent, subjects undergoing outpatient knee arthroscopy were prospectively
      randomized into one of four groups: mepivacaine 37.5 mg (M37.5); mepivacaine 30
      mg plus fentanyl 10 MUg (M30/F10); mepivacaine 27 mg plus fentanyl 10 MUg
      (M27/F10); and mepivacaine 24 mg plus fentanyl 10 MUg (M24/F10). The spinal was
      evaluated by the blinded anesthetist and surgeon. In the post-anesthesia care
      unit, sensory and motor block resolution was assessed. Subjects rated their
      satisfaction with the overall experience. RESULTS: Group M30/F10 (n = 6) had two
      "fair" anesthetics, and group M27/F10 (n = 10) had one "fair" and one
      "inadequate" anesthetic. Both groups were eliminated from further enrollment per
      study protocol. The recovery profiles showed little difference between groups
      M37.5 and M30/F10, except for motor block resolution (median (25th percentile,
      75th percentile): 171 (135, 195) and 128 (120, 135), respectively). Groups
      M27/F10 and M24/F10 demonstrated recovery profiles that were faster than group
      M37.5. Patient satisfaction was 10/10 for all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Adding
      fentanyl 10 MUg to a lower dose of mepivacaine 1.5% can lead to quicker recovery
      profiles. However, this advantage of a quicker recovery must be weighed against
      the likelihood of an incomplete anesthetic.

PMID- 26981059
TI  - Modified Lapidus Procedure with Joint Compression, Meticulous Surface
      Preparation, and Shear-Strain-Relieved Bone Graft Yields Low Nonunion Rate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The modified Lapidus procedure is widely used to correct hallux
      valgus but has been reported with high nonunion rates. In this study, we
      retrospectively reviewed the nonunion rate of the modified Lapidus procedure
      performed with rigid cross screw fixation, meticulous joint preparation, and
      shear-strain-relieved calcaneal bone graft. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: Does the
      performance of the Lapidus procedure with rigid cross screw fixation, complete
      joint preparation, and shear-strain-relieved calcaneal bone graft achieve higher
      union rates than currently reported? If nonunion does occur, what is the clinical
      course? METHODS: We reviewed both radiographic and clinical results of the
      modified Lapidus procedure with the above technique in 171 patients (182 feet).
      Evaluation included age, gender, tobacco use, diabetic status, and radiographic
      analysis at least 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The modified Lapidus
      procedure described above resulted in a union rate of 97.3% (177 of 182 feet).
      Three of the five feet with radiographic nonunions were clinically symptomatic.
      CONCLUSIONS: The union rate of the modified Lapidus procedure is higher than
      previously reported when performed with rigid cross screw fixation, meticulous
      joint preparation, and shear-strain-relieved bone graft. Nonunion of the first
      tarsometatarsal joint should be considered an infrequent occurrence.

PMID- 26981061
TI  - A Case Report of Familial Mediterranean Fever Diagnosed Following the Total Knee
      Arthroplasty.

PMID- 26981062
TI  - Peri-operative DDAVP Use Leading to Severe Hyponatremia after Total Shoulder
      Replacement in a Patient with von Willebrand's Disease.

PMID- 26981060
TI  - Low Vitamin D Levels in Children with Fractures: a Comparative Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The currently accepted ranges for "normal" serum vitamin D have
      recently been challenged in adults on the basis that healthy bone metabolism
      requires higher levels of vitamin D than previously thought. PURPOSE: The purpose
      of this study was to evaluate whether a new "biologically based" classification
      based on 25(OH)vitamin D levels that invoke an endocrine biomarker response (<20
      ng/mL for deficiency and <32 ng/mL for insufficiency) is more appropriate for
      children with fractures than historical criteria. METHODS: Serum 25(OH)vitamin D
      levels were collected from 58 children with acute low-energy fractures from an
      outpatient orthopedic clinic from 2009 to 2012. These vitamin D levels were
      compared with a cohort of 103 children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from an
      adjacent clinic, a condition with acknowledged low levels of vitamin D. Then, the
      prevalence of vitamin D sufficiency in the fracture cohort was evaluated and
      compared using both historical guidelines and newer biologically based criteria.
      RESULTS: 25(OH)vitamin D levels in the fracture cohort did not differ from levels
      in the CKD cohort (27.5 vs. 24.6 ng/mL) indicating a similar distribution of
      vitamin D levels. This finding was consistent when controlling for significant
      covariables using linear regression analyses. In the fracture cohort, there was a
      discrepancy between historical and biologically based criteria in 64% of
      children. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that fracture
      patients are more frequently vitamin D deficient than previously thought. This
      finding is more readily apparent when newer biologically based criteria for
      vitamin D sufficiency are used.

PMID- 26981063
TI  - Stem-Sleeve Junction Failure of a Modular Femoral Hip System: a Retrieval
      Analysis.

PMID- 26981064
TI  - Closing Verses Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy: an Evidence-Based Review.

PMID- 26981066
TI  - Letter from the Editors-in-Chief.

PMID- 26981065
TI  - 24-Hour Fitness: the Orthopedic Resident On-Call Workout.

PMID- 26981067
TI  - New era of treatment and evaluation of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord
      injury.

PMID- 26981068
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and cell-based neurorestorative therapy after brain
      injury.
AB  - Restorative cell-based therapies for experimental brain injury, such as stroke
      and traumatic brain injury, substantially improve functional outcome. We discuss
      and review state of the art magnetic resonance imaging methodologies and their
      applications related to cell-based treatment after brain injury. We focus on the
      potential of magnetic resonance imaging technique and its associated challenges
      to obtain useful new information related to cell migration, distribution, and
      quantitation, as well as vascular and neuronal remodeling in response to cell
      based therapy after brain injury. The noninvasive nature of imaging might more
      readily help with translation of cell-based therapy from the laboratory to the
      clinic. 

PMID- 26981069
TI  - A brief report on MRI investigation of experimental traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability. This is a brief
      report based on a symposium presentation to the 2014 Chinese Neurotrauma
      Association Meeting in San Francisco, USA. It covers the work from our laboratory
      in applying multimodal MRI to study experimental traumatic brain injury in rats
      with comparisons made to behavioral tests and histology. MRI protocols include
      structural, perfusion, manganese-enhanced, diffusion-tensor MRI, and MRI of blood
      brain barrier integrity and cerebrovascular reactivity. 

PMID- 26981070
TI  - The potential of neural transplantation for brain repair and regeneration
      following traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury is a major health problem worldwide. Currently, there is
      no effective treatment to improve neural structural repair and functional
      recovery of patients in the clinic. Cell transplantation is a potential strategy
      to repair and regenerate the injured brain. This review article summarized recent
      development in cell transplantation studies for post-traumatic brain injury brain
      repair with varying types of cell sources. It also discussed the potential of
      neural transplantation to repair/promote recovery of the injured brain following
      traumatic brain injury. 

PMID- 26981071
TI  - RhoA/Rho kinase in spinal cord injury.
AB  - A spinal cord injury refers to an injury to the spinal cord that is caused by a
      trauma instead of diseases. Spinal cord injury includes a primary mechanical
      injury and a much more complex secondary injury process involving inflammation,
      oxidation, excitotoxicity, and cell death. During the secondary injury, many
      signal pathways are activated and play important roles in mediating the
      pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. Among them, the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway plays
      a particular role in mediating spinal degeneration and regeneration. In this
      review, we will discuss the role and mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated spinal
      cord pathogenesis, as well as the potential of targeting RhoA/Rho kinase as a
      strategy for promoting both neuroprotection and axonal regeneration. 

PMID- 26981072
TI  - Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neural stem cells or neurons for
      neurological disorders.
AB  - Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neurons or neural stem cells is one of
      the most important frontier fields in current neuroscience research. Without
      undergoing the pluripotency stage, induced neurons or induced neural stem cells
      are a safer and timelier manner resource in comparison to those derived from
      induced pluripotent stem cells. In this prospective, we review the recent
      advances in generation of induced neurons and induced neural stem cells in vitro
      and in vivo and their potential treatments of neurological disorders. 

PMID- 26981073
TI  - The progress in optic nerve regeneration, where are we?
AB  - Optic nerve regeneration is an important area of research. It can be used to
      treat patients suffering from optic neuropathy and provides insights into the
      treatment of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. There are many hurdles impeding
      optic regeneration in mammals. The mammalian central nervous system is non
      permissive to regeneration and intrinsically lacks the capacity for axonal
      regrowth. Any axonal injury also triggers a vicious cycle of apoptosis.
      Understanding these hurdles provides us with a rough framework to appreciate the
      essential steps to bring about optic nerve regeneration: enhancing neuronal
      survival, axon regeneration, remyelination and establishing functional synapses
      to the original neuronal targets. In this review article, we will go through
      current potential treatments for optic nerve regeneration, which includes
      neurotrophic factor provision, inflammatory stimulation, growth inhibition
      suppression, intracellular signaling modification and modeling of bridging
      substrates. 

PMID- 26981074
TI  - Glucocorticoids and nervous system plasticity.
AB  - Glucocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor (GC/GR) interactions alter numerous
      aspects of neuronal function. These consequences (e.g., anti-inflammatory vs. pro
      inflammatory) can vary depending on the duration of GC exposure or central
      nervous system (CNS) injury model. In this review we discuss how GC/GR
      interactions impact neuronal recovery after a central or peripheral nerve injury
      and discuss how GC exposure duration can produce divergent CNS neuronal growth
      responses. Finally we consider how new findings on gender specific immune cell
      responses after a nerve injury could intersect with GC/GR interactions to impact
      pain processing. 

PMID- 26981076
TI  - Unmasking the responses of the stem cells and progenitors in the subventricular
      zone after neonatal and pediatric brain injuries.
AB  - There is great interest in the regenerative potential of the neural stem cells
      and progenitors that populate the subventricular zone (SVZ). However, a
      comprehensive understanding of SVZ cell responses to brain injuries has been
      hindered by the lack of sensitive approaches to study the cellular composition of
      this niche. Here we review progress being made in deciphering the cells of the
      SVZ gleaned from the use of a recently designed flow cytometry panel that allows
      SVZ cells to be parsed into multiple subsets of progenitors as well as putative
      stem cells. We review how this approach has begun to unmask both the
      heterogeneity of SVZ cells as well as the dynamic shifts in cell populations with
      neonatal and pediatric brain injuries. We also discuss how flow cytometric
      analyses also have begun to reveal how specific cytokines, such as Leukemia
      inhibitory factor are coordinating SVZ responses to injury. 

PMID- 26981075
TI  - SCYL pseudokinases in neuronal function and survival.
AB  - The generation of mice lacking SCYL1 or SCYL2 and the identification of Scyl1 as
      the causative gene in the motor neuron disease mouse model muscle deficient
      (Scyl1(mdf/mdf) ) demonstrated the importance of the SCY1-like family of protein
      pseudokinases in neuronal function and survival. Several essential cellular
      processes such as intracellular trafficking and nuclear tRNA export are thought
      to be regulated by SCYL proteins. However, whether deregulation of these
      processes contributes to the neurodegenerative processes associated with the loss
      of SCYL proteins is still unclear. Here, I briefly review the evidence supporting
      that SCYL proteins play a role in these processes and discuss their possible
      involvement in the neuronal functions of SCYL proteins. I also propose ways to
      determine the importance of these pathways for the functions of SCYL proteins in
      vivo. 

PMID- 26981077
TI  - Tracking of iron-labeled human neural stem cells by magnetic resonance imaging in
      cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) derived from the ventral mesencephalon are
      powerful research tools and candidates for cell therapies in Parkinson's disease.
      However, their clinical translation has not been fully realized due, in part, to
      the limited ability to track stem cell regional localization and survival over
      long periods of time after in vivo transplantation. Magnetic resonance imaging
      provides an excellent non-invasive method to study the fate of transplanted cells
      in vivo. For magnetic resonance imaging cell tracking, cells need to be labeled
      with a contrast agent, such as magnetic nanoparticles, at a concentration high
      enough to be easily detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Grafting of human
      neural stem cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles allows cell tracking by
      magnetic resonance imaging without impairment of cell survival, proliferation,
      self-renewal, and multipotency. However, the results reviewed here suggest that
      in long term grafting, activated microglia and macrophages could contribute to
      magnetic resonance imaging signal by engulfing dead labeled cells or iron
      nanoparticles dispersed freely in the brain parenchyma over time. 

PMID- 26981078
TI  - Macrophage polarization in nerve injury: do Schwann cells play a role?
AB  - In response to peripheral nerve injury, the inflammatory response is almost
      entirely comprised of infiltrating macrophages. Macrophages are a highly plastic,
      heterogenic immune cell, playing an indispensable role in peripheral nerve
      injury, clearing debris and regulating the microenvironment to allow for
      efficient regeneration. There are several cells within the microenvironment that
      likely interact with macrophages to support their function - most notably the
      Schwann cell, the glial cell of the peripheral nervous system. Schwann cells
      express several ligands that are known to interact with receptors expressed by
      macrophages, yet the effects of Schwann cells in regulating macrophage phenotype
      remains largely unexplored. This review discusses macrophages in peripheral nerve
      injury and how Schwann cells may regulate their behavior. 

PMID- 26981080
TI  - Promoting neuronal regeneration using extracellular vesicles loaded with
      superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

PMID- 26981079
TI  - Spinal cord concussion: studying the potential risks of repetitive injury.

PMID- 26981081
TI  - Developmental transcription factors in age-related CNS disease: a phoenix rising
      from the ashes?

PMID- 26981082
TI  - The concentration game: differential effects of bioactive signaling in 2D and 3D
      culture.

PMID- 26981083
TI  - Skeletal muscle activity and CNS neuro-plasticity.

PMID- 26981085
TI  - Schwannomas provide insight into the role of p75(NTR) and merlin in Schwann cells
      following nerve injury and during regeneration.

PMID- 26981084
TI  - Exploiting kinase polypharmacology for nerve regeneration.

PMID- 26981086
TI  - Role of neuronal gap junctions in NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and
      ischemic neuronal death.

PMID- 26981087
TI  - Lipid mediators of inflammation in neurological injury: shifting the balance
      toward resolution.

PMID- 26981088
TI  - Nootropics with potential to (re)build neuroarchitecture.

PMID- 26981089
TI  - Polarizing the immune system towards neuroprotection in brain ischemia.

PMID- 26981090
TI  - Future needs for informed consent in stem cell clinical trials in
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 26981091
TI  - How does resveratrol influence the genesis of some neurodegenerative diseases?

PMID- 26981092
TI  - Lingo-1: a novel target in therapy for Alzheimer's disease?

PMID- 26981093
TI  - Mesenchymal stem cells require the peripheral immune system for immunomodulating
      effects in animal models of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26981094
TI  - Absence of galectin-3 attenuates neuroinflammation improving functional recovery
      after spinal cord injury.

PMID- 26981096
TI  - Verbascoside promotes the regeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      neurons in the substantia nigra.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase is a key enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis. Change in tyrosine
      hydroxylase expression in the nigrostriatal system is closely related to the
      occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease. Verbascoside, an extract from
      Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata has been shown to be clinically effective in treating
      Parkinson's disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. It is
      hypothesized that the effects of verbascoside on Parkinson's disease are related
      to tyrosine hydroxylase expression change in the nigrostriatal system. Rat models
      of Parkinson's disease were established and verbascoside (60 mg/kg) was
      administered intraperitoneally once a day. After 6 weeks of verbascoside
      treatment, rat rotational behavior was alleviated; tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and
      protein expression and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons
      in the rat right substantia nigra were significantly higher than the Parkinson's
      model group. These findings suggest that the mechanism by which verbascoside
      treats Parkinson's disease is related to the regeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. 

PMID- 26981095
TI  - Neuroprotective effect of Shenqi Fuzheng injection pretreatment in aged rats with
      cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
AB  - Shenqi Fuzheng injection is extracted from the Chinese herbs Radix Astragali and
      Radix Codonopsis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
      neuroprotective effects of Shenqi Fuzheng injection in cerebral ischemia and
      reperfusion. Aged rats (20-22 months) were divided into three groups: sham,
      model, and treatment. Shenqi Fuzheng injection or saline (40 mL/kg) was injected
      into the tail vein daily for 1 week, after which a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion
      injury model was established. Compared with model rats that received saline, rats
      in the treatment group had smaller infarct volumes, lower brain water and
      malondialdehyde content, lower brain Ca(2+) levels, lower activities of serum
      lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, and higher superoxide dismutase
      activity. In addition, the treatment group showed less damage to the brain tissue
      ultrastructure and better neurological function. Our findings indicate that
      Shenqi Fuzheng injection exerts neuroprotective effects in aged rats with
      cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and that the underlying mechanism relies on
      oxygen free radical scavenging and inhibition of brain Ca(2+) accumulation. 

PMID- 26981097
TI  - Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation combined with
      hyperbaric oxygen treatment for repair of traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Transplantation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) for
      repair of traumatic brain injury has been used in the clinic. Hyperbaric oxygen
      (HBO) treatment has long been widely used as an adjunctive therapy for treating
      traumatic brain injury. UC-MSC transplantation combined with HBO treatment is
      expected to yield better therapeutic effects on traumatic brain injury. In this
      study, we established rat models of severe traumatic brain injury by pressurized
      fluid (2.5-3.0 atm impact force). The injured rats were then administered UC-MSC
      transplantation via the tail vein in combination with HBO treatment. Compared
      with monotherapy, aquaporin 4 expression decreased in the injured rat brain, but
      growth-associated protein-43 expression, calaxon-like structures, and CM-Dil
      positive cell number increased. Following combination therapy, however, rat
      cognitive and neurological function significantly improved. UC-MSC
      transplantation combined with HBO therapyfor repair of traumatic brain injury
      shows better therapeutic effects than monotherapy and significantly promotes
      recovery of neurological functions. 

PMID- 26981098
TI  - Specific effects of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-interacting protein 1 in neuronal
      axons.
AB  - c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein 3 plays an important role in
      brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) anterograde
      axonal transport. It remains unclear whether JNK-interacting protein 1 mediates
      similar effects, or whether JNK-interacting protein 1 affects the regulation of
      TrkB anterograde axonal transport. In this study, we isolated rat embryonic
      hippocampus and cultured hippocampal neurons in vitro. Coimmunoprecipitation
      results demonstrated that JNK-interacting protein 1 formed TrkB complexes in
      vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemistry results showed that when JNK-interacting
      protein 1 was highly expressed, the distribution of TrkB gradually increased in
      axon terminals. However, the distribution of TrkB reduced in axon terminals after
      knocking out JNK-interacting protein 1. In addition, there were differences in
      distribution of TrkB after JNK-interacting protein 1 was knocked out compared
      with not. However, knockout of JNK-interacting protein 1 did not affect the
      distribution of TrkB in dendrites. These findings confirm that JNK-interacting
      protein 1 can interact with TrkB in neuronal cells, and can regulate the
      transport of TrkB in axons, but not in dendrites. 

PMID- 26981099
TI  - Connectivity differences between adult male and female patients with attention
      deficit hyperactivity disorder according to resting-state functional MRI.
AB  - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a pervasive psychiatric
      disorder that affects both children and adults. Adult male and female patients
      with ADHD are differentially affected, but few studies have explored the
      differences. The purpose of this study was to quantify differences between adult
      male and female patients with ADHD based on neuroimaging and connectivity
      analysis. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained
      and preprocessed in 82 patients. Group-wise differences between male and female
      patients were quantified using degree centrality for different brain regions. The
      medial-, middle-, and inferior-frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule,
      precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, superior- and middle-temporal gyrus, middle
      occipital gyrus, and cuneus were identified as regions with significant group
      wise differences. The identified regions were correlated with clinical scores
      reflecting depression and anxiety and significant correlations were found. Adult
      ADHD patients exhibit different levels of depression and anxiety depending on
      sex, and our study provides insight into how changes in brain circuitry might
      differentially impact male and female ADHD patients. 

PMID- 26981100
TI  - Does hemispheric lateralization influence therapeutic effects of transcranial
      direct current stimulation?
AB  - This study investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation
      (tDCS) polarity depending on lateralized function of task property in normal
      individuals performing visuomotor and simple repetitive tasks. Thirty healthy
      participants with no neurological disorders were recruited to participate in this
      study. Participants were randomly allocated into active or control condition. For
      the active condition, tDCS intensity was 2 mA with stimulation applied for 15
      minutes to the right hemisphere (tDCS condition). For the sham control,
      electrodes were placed in the same position, but the stimulator was turned off
      after 30 seconds (sham condition). The tapping and tracking task tests were
      performed before and after for both conditions. Univariate analysis revealed
      significant difference only in the tracking task. For direct comparison of both
      tasks within each group, the tracking task had significantly higher Z score than
      the tapping task in the tDCS group (P < 0.05). Thus, our study indicates that
      stimulation of the right hemisphere using tDCS can effectively improve visuomotor
      (tracking) task over simple repetitive (tapping) task. 

PMID- 26981101
TI  - Traumatic axonal injury of the medial lemniscus pathway in a patient with
      traumatic brain injury: validation by diffusion tensor tractography.

PMID- 26981102
TI  - Spatiotemporal expression of Nogo-66 receptor after focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - NgR, the receptor for the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-66, plays a critical
      role in the plasticity and regeneration of the nervous system after injury such
      as ischemic stroke. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to
      investigate the regional expression of NgR in rat brain following middle cerebral
      artery occlusion (MCAO). NgR protein expression was not observed in the center of
      the lesion, but was elevated in the marginal zone compared with control and sham
      operated rats. The cerebral cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA2, and CA3) showed the
      greatest expression of NgR. Furthermore, NgR expression was higher in the
      ipsilesional hemisphere than on the control side in the same coronal section.
      Although time-dependent changes in NgR expression across brain regions had their
      own characteristics, the overall trend complied with the following rules: NgR
      expression changes with time showed two peaks and one trough; the first peak in
      expression appeared between 1 and 3 days after MCAO; expression declined at 5
      days; and the second peak occurred at 28 days. 

PMID- 26981103
TI  - Time representation of mitochondrial morphology and function after acute spinal
      cord injury.
AB  - Changes in mitochondrial morphology and function play an important role in
      secondary damage after acute spinal cord injury. We recorded the time
      representation of mitochondrial morphology and function in rats with acute spinal
      cord injury. Results showed that mitochondria had an irregular shape, and
      increased in size. Mitochondrial cristae were disordered and mitochondrial
      membrane rupture was visible at 2-24 hours after injury. Fusion protein mitofusin
      1 expression gradually increased, peaked at 8 hours after injury, and then
      decreased to its lowest level at 24 hours. Expression of dynamin-related protein
      1, amitochondrial fission protein, showed the opposite kinetics. At 2-24 hours
      after acute spinal cord injury, malondialdehyde content, cytochrome c levels and
      caspase-3 expression were increased, but glutathione content, adenosine
      triphosphate content, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and mitochondrial membrane
      potential were gradually reduced. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology altered
      during the acute stage of spinal cord injury. Fusion was important within the
      first 8 hours, but fission played a key role at 24 hours. Oxidative stress was
      inhibited, biological productivity was diminished, and mitochondrial membrane
      potential and permeability were reduced in the acute stage of injury. In summary,
      mitochondrial apoptosis is activated when the time of spinal cord injury is
      prolonged. 

PMID- 26981104
TI  - Treatment with analgesics after mouse sciatic nerve injury does not alter
      expression of wound healing-associated genes.
AB  - Animal models of sciatic nerve injury are commonly used to study neuropathic pain
      as well as axon regeneration. Administration of post-surgical analgesics is an
      important consideration for animal welfare, but the actions of the analgesic must
      not interfere with the scientific goals of the experiment. In this study, we show
      that treatment with either buprenorphine or acetaminophen following a bilateral
      sciatic nerve crush surgery does not alter the expression in dorsal root ganglion
      (DRG) sensory neurons of a panel of genes associated with wound healing. These
      findings indicate that the post-operative use of buprenorphine or acetaminophen
      at doses commonly suggested by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees does
      not change the intrinsic gene expression response of DRG neurons to a sciatic
      nerve crush injury, for many wound healing-associated genes. Therefore,
      administration of post-operative analgesics may not confound the results of
      transcriptomic studies employing this injury model. 

PMID- 26981106
TI  - Cerebrolysin improves sciatic nerve dysfunction in a mouse model of diabetic
      peripheral neuropathy.
AB  - To examine the effects of Cerebrolysin on the treatment of diabetic peripheral
      neuropathy, we first established a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus by
      administering a high-glucose, high-fat diet and a single intraperitoneal
      injection of streptozotocin. Mice defined as diabetic in this model were then
      treated with 1.80, 5.39 or 8.98 mL/kg of Cerebrolysin via intraperitoneal
      injections for 10 consecutive days. Our results demonstrated that the number,
      diameter and area of myelinated nerve fibers increased in the sciatic nerves of
      these mice after administration of Cerebrolysin. The results of several
      behavioral tests showed that Cerebrolysin dose-dependently increased the slope
      angle in the inclined plane test (indicating an improved ability to maintain body
      position), prolonged tail-flick latency and foot-licking time (indicating
      enhanced sensitivity to thermal and chemical pain, respectively, and reduced pain
      thresholds), and increased an index of sciatic nerve function in diabetic mice
      compared with those behavioral results in untreated diabetic mice. Taken
      together, the anatomical and functional results suggest that Cerebrolysin
      ameliorated peripheral neuropathy in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 

PMID- 26981105
TI  - A novel bioactive nerve conduit for the repair of peripheral nerve injury.
AB  - The use of a nerve conduit provides an opportunity to regulate cytokines, growth
      factors and neurotrophins in peripheral nerve regeneration and avoid autograft
      defects. We constructed a poly-D-L-lactide (PDLLA)-based nerve conduit that was
      modified using poly{(lactic acid)-co-[(glycolic acid)-alt-(L-lysine)]} and beta
      tricalcium phosphate. The effectiveness of this bioactive PDLLA-based nerve
      conduit was compared to that of PDLLA-only conduit in the nerve regeneration
      following a 10-mm sciatic nerve injury in rats. We observed the nerve morphology
      in the early period of regeneration, 35 days post injury, using hematoxylin-eosin
      and methylene blue staining. Compared with the PDLLA conduit, the nerve fibers in
      the PDLLA-based bioactive nerve conduit were thicker and more regular in size.
      Muscle fibers in the soleus muscle had greater diameters in the PDLLA bioactive
      group than in the PDLLA only group. The PDLLA-based bioactive nerve conduit is a
      promising strategy for repair after sciatic nerve injury. 

PMID- 26981107
TI  - Dexamethasone prevents vascular damage in early-stage non-freezing cold injury of
      the sciatic nerve.
AB  - Non-freezing cold injury is a prevalent cause of peripheral nerve damage, but its
      pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood, and treatment remains inadequate.
      Glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting
      properties. We therefore examined whether dexamethasone, a synthetic
      glucocorticoid compound, would alleviate early-stage non-freezing cold injury of
      the sciatic nerve. We established Wistar rat models of non-freezing cold injury
      by exposing the left sciatic nerve to cold (3-5 degrees C) for 2 hours, then
      administered dexamethasone (3 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to half of the models. One
      day after injury, the concentration of Evans blue tracer in the injured sciatic
      nerve of rats that received dexamethasone was notably lower than that in the
      injured sciatic nerve of rats that did not receive dexamethasone; neither Evans
      blue dye nor capillary stenosis was observed in the endoneurium, but myelinated
      nerve fibers were markedly degenerated in the injured sciatic nerve of animals
      that received dexamethasone. After dexamethasone administration, however,
      endoneurial vasculopathy was markedly improved, although damage to the myelinated
      nerve fiber was not alleviated. These findings suggest that dexamethasone
      protects the blood-nerve barrier, but its benefit in non-freezing cold injury is
      limited to the vascular system. 

PMID- 26981108
TI  - Angiogenesis in tissue-engineered nerves evaluated objectively using MICROFIL
      perfusion and micro-CT scanning.
AB  - Angiogenesis is a key process in regenerative medicine generally, as well as in
      the specific field of nerve regeneration. However, no convenient and objective
      method for evaluating the angiogenesis of tissue-engineered nerves has been
      reported. In this study, tissue-engineered nerves were constructed in vitro using
      Schwann cells differentiated from rat skin-derived precursors as supporting cells
      and chitosan nerve conduits combined with silk fibroin fibers as scaffolds to
      bridge 10-mm sciatic nerve defects in rats. Four weeks after surgery, three
      dimensional blood vessel reconstructions were made through MICROFIL perfusion and
      micro-CT scanning, and parameter analysis of the tissue-engineered nerves was
      performed. New blood vessels grew into the tissue-engineered nerves from three
      main directions: the proximal end, the distal end, and the middle. The parameter
      analysis of the three-dimensional blood vessel images yielded several parameters,
      including the number, diameter, connection, and spatial distribution of blood
      vessels. The new blood vessels were mainly capillaries and microvessels, with
      diameters ranging from 9 to 301 MUm. The blood vessels with diameters from 27 to
      155 MUm accounted for 82.84% of the new vessels. The microvessels in the tissue
      engineered nerves implanted in vivo were relatively well-identified using the
      MICROFIL perfusion and micro-CT scanning method, which allows the evaluation and
      comparison of differences and changes of angiogenesis in tissue-engineered nerves
      implanted in vivo. 

PMID- 26981110
TI  - Digital Microdroplet Ejection Technology-Based Heterogeneous Objects Prototyping.
AB  - An integrate fabrication framework is presented to build heterogeneous objects
      (HEO) using digital microdroplets injecting technology and rapid prototyping. The
      heterogeneous materials part design and manufacturing method in structure and
      material was used to change the traditional process. The net node method was used
      for digital modeling that can configure multimaterials in time. The relationship
      of material, color, and jetting nozzle was built. The main important
      contributions are to combine the structure, material, and visualization in one
      process and give the digital model for manufacture. From the given model, it is
      concluded that the method is effective for HEO. Using microdroplet rapid
      prototyping and the model given in the paper HEO could be gotten basically. The
      model could be used in 3D biomanufacturing. 

PMID- 26981109
TI  - Vascular endothelial growth factor: an attractive target in the treatment of
      hypoxic/ischemic brain injury.
AB  - Cerebral hypoxia or ischemia results in cell death and cerebral edema, as well as
      other cellular reactions such as angiogenesis and the reestablishment of
      functional microvasculature to promote recovery from brain injury. Vascular
      endothelial growth factor is expressed in the central nervous system after
      hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, and is involved in the process of brain repair via
      the regulation of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and cerebral
      edema, which all require vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. In this
      review, we focus on the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling
      pathway in the response to hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, and discuss potential
      therapeutic interventions. 

PMID- 26981111
TI  - Parallel Digital Watermarking Process on Ultrasound Medical Images in Multicores
      Environment.
AB  - With the advancement of technology in communication network, it facilitated
      digital medical images transmitted to healthcare professionals via internal
      network or public network (e.g., Internet), but it also exposes the transmitted
      digital medical images to the security threats, such as images tampering or
      inserting false data in the images, which may cause an inaccurate diagnosis and
      treatment. Medical image distortion is not to be tolerated for diagnosis
      purposes; thus a digital watermarking on medical image is introduced. So far most
      of the watermarking research has been done on single frame medical image which is
      impractical in the real environment. In this paper, a digital watermarking on
      multiframes medical images is proposed. In order to speed up multiframes
      watermarking processing time, a parallel watermarking processing on medical
      images processing by utilizing multicores technology is introduced. An experiment
      result has shown that elapsed time on parallel watermarking processing is much
      shorter than sequential watermarking processing. 

PMID- 26981112
TI  - The Correlation of PPARalpha Activity and Cardiomyocyte Metabolism and Structure
      in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy during Heart Failure Progression.
AB  - This study aimed to define relationship between PPARalpha expression and
      metabolic-structural characteristics during HF progression in hearts with DCM
      phenotype. Tissue endomyocardial biopsy samples divided into three groups
      according to LVEF ((I) 45-50%, n = 10; (II) 30-40%, n = 15; (III) <30%, n = 15;
      and control (donor hearts, >60%, n = 6)) were investigated. The PPARalpha mRNA
      expression in the failing hearts was low in Group (I), high in Group (II), and
      comparable to that of the control in Group (III). There were analogous changes in
      the expression of FAT/CD36 and CPT-1 mRNA in contrast to continuous
      overexpression of GLUT-4 mRNA and significant increase of PDK-4 mRNA in Group
      (II). In addition, significant structural changes of cardiomyocytes with glycogen
      accumulation were accompanied by increased expression of PPARalpha. For the
      entire study population with HF levels of FAT/CD36 mRNA showed a strong tendency
      of negative correlation with LVEF. In conclusion, PPARalpha elevated levels may
      be a direct cause of adverse remodeling, both metabolic and structural. Thus,
      there is limited time window for therapy modulating cardiac metabolism and
      protecting cardiomyocyte structure in failing heart. 

PMID- 26981113
TI  - Macular Amyloidosis and Epstein-Barr Virus.
AB  - Background. Amyloidosis is extracellular precipitation of eosinophilic hyaline
      material of self-origin with special staining features and fibrillar
      ultrastructure. Macular amyloidosis is limited to the skin, and several factors
      have been proposed for its pathogenesis. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      DNA in this lesion suggests that this virus can play a role in pathogenesis of
      this disease. Objective. EBV DNA detection was done on 30 skin samples with a
      diagnosis of macular amyloidosis and 31 healthy skin samples in the margin of
      removed melanocytic nevi by using PCR. Results. In patients positive for beta
      globin gene in PCR, BLLF1 gene of EBV virus was positive in 23 patients (8
      patients in case and 15 patients in the control group). There was no significant
      difference in presence of EBV DNA between macular amyloidosis (3.8%) and control
      (23.8%) groups (P = 0.08). Conclusion. The findings of this study showed that EBV
      is not involved in pathogenesis of macular amyloidosis. 

PMID- 26981114
TI  - Malignant Biliary Obstruction: Evidence for Best Practice.
AB  - What should be done next? Is the stricture benign? Is it resectable? Should I
      place a stent? Which one? These are some of the questions one ponders when
      dealing with biliary strictures. In resectable cases, ongoing questions remain as
      to whether the biliary tree should be drained prior to surgery. In palliative
      cases, the relief of obstruction remains the main goal. Options for palliative
      therapy include surgical bypass, percutaneous drainage, and stenting or
      endoscopic stenting (transpapillary or via an endoscopic ultrasound approach).
      This review gathers scientific foundations behind these interventions. For
      operable cases, preoperative biliary drainage should not be performed unless
      there is evidence of cholangitis, there is delay in surgical intervention, or
      intense jaundice is present. For inoperable cases, transpapillary stenting after
      sphincterotomy is preferable over percutaneous drainage. The use of plastic
      stents (PS) has no benefit over Self-Expandable Metallic Stents (SEMS). In case
      transpapillary drainage is not possible, Endoscopic Ultrasonography- (EUS-)
      guided drainage is still an option over percutaneous means. There is no
      significant difference between the types of SEMS and its indication should be
      individualized. 

PMID- 26981116
TI  - Drug Efflux Transporters Are Overexpressed in Short-Term Tamoxifen-Induced MCF7
      Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - Tamoxifen is the first line drug used in the treatment of estrogen receptor
      positive (ER+) breast cancer. The development of multidrug resistance (MDR) to
      tamoxifen remains a major challenge in the treatment of cancer. One of the
      mechanisms related to MDR is decrease of drug influx via overexpression of drug
      efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1), multidrug resistance
      associated protein (MRP), or BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein). We aimed to
      investigate whether the sensitivity of tamoxifen to the cells is maintained
      through the short period and whether the expressions of several drug efflux
      transporters have been upregulated. We exposed MCF7 breast cancer cells with
      tamoxifen 1 MUM for 10 passages (MCF7 (T)). The result showed that MCF7 began to
      lose their sensitivity to tamoxifen from the second passage. MCF7 (T) also showed
      a significant increase in all transporters examined compared with MCF7 parent
      cells. The result also showed a significant increase of CC50 in MCF7 (T) compared
      to that in MCF7 (97.54 MUM and 3.04 MUM, resp.). In conclusion, we suggest that
      the expression of several drug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein, MRP2,
      and BCRP might be used and further studied as a marker in the development of
      tamoxifen resistance. 

PMID- 26981118
TI  - Cement Dust Exposure and Perturbations in Some Elements and Lung and Liver
      Functions of Cement Factory Workers.
AB  - Background. Cement dust inhalation is associated with deleterious health effects.
      The impact of cement dust exposure on the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), liver
      function, and some serum elements in workers and residents near cement factory
      were assessed. Methods. Two hundred and ten subjects (50 workers, 60 residents,
      and 100 controls) aged 18-60 years were studied. PEFR, liver function {aspartate
      and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and total and conjugated bilirubin (TB
      and CB)}, and serum elements {lead (Pb), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe),
      cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As)} were
      determined using peak flow meter, colorimetry, and atomic absorption
      spectrometry, respectively. Data were analysed using ANOVA and correlation at p =
      0.05. Results. The ALT, TB, CB, Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Se, Mn, and Cu were significantly
      higher and PEFR, Fe, and Zn lower in workers and residents compared to controls
      (p < 0.05). Higher levels of ALT, AST, and Fe and lower levels of Pb, Cd, Cr, Se,
      Mn, and Cu were seen in cement workers compared to residents (p < 0.05). Negative
      correlation was observed between duration of exposure and PEFR (r = -0.416, p =
      0.016) in cement workers. Conclusions. Cement dust inhalation may be associated
      with alterations in serum elements levels and lung and liver functions while long
      term exposure lowers peak expiratory flow rate. 

PMID- 26981115
TI  - Local Ablative Strategies for Ductal Pancreatic Cancer (Radiofrequency Ablation,
      Irreversible Electroporation): A Review.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has still a dismal prognosis. Locally
      advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for the 40% of the new diagnoses.
      Current treatment options are based on chemo- and radiotherapy regimens. Local
      ablative techniques seem to be the future therapeutic option for stage-III
      patients with PDAC. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) and Irreversible
      Electroporation (IRE) are actually the most emerging local ablative techniques
      used on LAPC. Initial clinical studies on the use of these techniques have
      already demonstrated encouraging results in terms of safety and feasibility.
      Unfortunately, few studies on their efficacy are currently available. Even though
      some reports on the overall survival are encouraging, randomized studies are
      still required to corroborate these findings. This study provides an up-to-date
      overview and a thematic summary of the current available evidence on the
      application of RFA and IRE on PDAC, together with a comparison of the two
      procedures. 

PMID- 26981117
TI  - Inhibition of Mycobacterium-RmlA by Molecular Modeling, Dynamics Simulation, and
      Docking.
AB  - The increasing resistance to anti-tb drugs has enforced strategies for finding
      new drug targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In recent years
      enzymes associated with the rhamnose pathway in Mtb have attracted attention as
      drug targets. The present work is on alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate
      thymidylyltransferase (RmlA), the first enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of L
      rhamnose, of Mtb cell wall. This study aims to derive a 3D structure of RmlA by
      using a comparative modeling approach. Structural refinement and energy
      minimization of the built model have been done with molecular dynamics. The
      reliability assessment of the built model was carried out with various protein
      checking tools such as Procheck, Whatif, ProsA, Errat, and Verify 3D. The
      obtained model investigates the relation between the structure and function.
      Molecular docking interactions of Mtb-RmlA with modified EMB (ethambutol) ligands
      and natural substrate have revealed specific key residues Arg13, Lys23, Asn109,
      and Thr223 which play an important role in ligand binding and selection. Compared
      to all EMB ligands, EMB-1 has shown better interaction with Mtb-RmlA model. The
      information thus discussed above will be useful for the rational design of safe
      and effective inhibitors specific to RmlA enzyme pertaining to the treatment of
      tuberculosis. 

PMID- 26981119
TI  - Biomonitoring with Micronuclei Test in Buccal Cells of Female Farmers and
      Children Exposed to Pesticides of Maneadero Agricultural Valley, Baja California,
      Mexico.
AB  - Feminization of the agricultural labor is common in Mexico; these women and their
      families are vulnerable to several health risks including genotoxicity. Previous
      papers have presented contradictory information with respect to indirect exposure
      to pesticides and DNA damage. We aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effect in buccal
      mucosa from female farmers and children, working in the agricultural valley of
      Maneadero, Baja California. Frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNc) and nuclear
      abnormalities (NA) in 2000 cells were obtained from the buccal mucosa of the
      study population (n = 144), divided in four groups: (1) farmers (n = 37), (2)
      unexposed (n = 35), (3) farmers' children (n = 34), and (4) unexposed children (n
      = 38). We compared frequencies of MNc and NA and fitted generalized linear models
      to investigate the interaction between these variables and exposition to
      pesticides. Differences were found between farmers and unexposed women in MNc (p
      < 0.0001), CC (p = 0.3376), and PN (p < 0.0001). With respect to exposed
      children, we found higher significant frequencies in MNc (p < 0.0001), LN (p <
      0.0001), CC (p < 0.0001), and PN (p < 0.004) when compared to unexposed children.
      Therefore working as a farmer is a risk for genotoxic damage; more importantly
      indirectly exposed children were found to have genotoxic damage, which is of
      concern, since it could aid in future disturbances of their health. 

PMID- 26981120
TI  - Evaluating the Effects of Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, an Active Metabolite of
      Pentachlorophenol, on the Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ), an active metabolite of pentachlorophenol
      (PCP), is genotoxic and potentially carcinogenic. As an electrophilic and
      oxidative molecule, TCBQ can conjugate with deoxyguanosine in DNA molecules
      and/or impose oxidative stress in cells. In the current study, we investigated
      the effects of TCBQ on intracellular ROS production, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity
      against three different subtypes of human breast cancer cells. Luminal A subtype
      MCF7 (ER(+), PR(+), HER2(-)) cells maintained the highest intracellular ROS level
      and were subjected to TCBQ-induced ROS reduction, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity.
      HER2 subtype Sk-Br-3 (ER(-), PR(-), HER2(+)) cells possessed the lowest
      intracellular ROS level. TCBQ promoted ROS production, inhibited apoptosis, and
      elevated cytotoxicity (due to necrosis) against Sk-Br-3 cells. Triple
      negative/basal-like subtype MDA-MB-231 cells were less sensitive towards TCBQ
      treatment. Therefore, the effect of prolonged exposure to PCP and its active
      metabolites on cancer growth is highly cancer-cell-type specific. 

PMID- 26981121
TI  - The Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Incidence of Glycometabolic
      Abnormality in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Men.
AB  - Aim. The relationship between alcohol consumption and glycometabolic abnormality
      is controversial, especially in different ethnic population. In this study, a
      cross-sectional survey was carried out to examine the relationship between
      alcohol consumption and glycometabolic abnormality in middle-aged and elderly
      Chinese men. Methods. Using cluster random sampling, Chinese men aged more than
      40 years from Changchun, China, were given standardized questionnaires. In total,
      1996 individuals, for whom complete data was available, were recruited into the
      study. We calculated the incidence of prediabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes by
      three levels of alcohol consumption: light, moderate, and heavy. Multivariate
      logistic regression models adjusted for socioeconomic variables and diabetes
      related risk factors were used to analyze the association between alcohol
      consumption and the onset of prediabetes and diabetes. Results. The univariate
      analysis revealed higher incidence of prediabetes among drinkers (32.8%) compared
      with nondrinkers (28.6%), particularly in heavy alcohol consumers. The logistic
      regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption, especially heavy
      consumption, was an independent risk factor for prediabetes. Conclusions. Alcohol
      consumption, heavy consumption in particular, is an independent risk factor for
      the development of prediabetes, but not for diabetes. 

PMID- 26981122
TI  - The Oncogenic Functions of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
AB  - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ion channels that are expressed in
      the cell membrane of all mammalian cells, including cancer cells. Recent findings
      suggest that nAChRs not only mediate nicotine addiction in the brain but also
      contribute to the development and progression of cancers directly induced by
      nicotine and its derived carcinogenic nitrosamines whereas deregulation of the
      nAChRs is observed in many cancers, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
      indicate that SNPs nAChRs associate with risks of lung cancers and nicotine
      addiction. Emerging evidences suggest nAChRs are posited at the central
      regulatory loops of numerous cell growth and prosurvival signal pathways and also
      mediate the synthesis and release of stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
      induced by their agonists. Thus nAChRs mediated cell signaling plays an important
      role in stimulating the growth and angiogenic and neurogenic factors and
      mediating oncogenic signal transduction during cancer development in a cell type
      specific manner. In this review, we provide an integrated view of nAChRs
      signaling in cancer, heightening on the oncogenic properties of nAChRs that may
      be targeted for cancer treatment. 

PMID- 26981124
TI  - Sol-Gel Derived Mg-Based Ceramic Scaffolds Doped with Zinc or Copper Ions:
      Preliminary Results on Their Synthesis, Characterization, and Biocompatibility.
AB  - Glass-ceramic scaffolds containing Mg have shown recently the potential to
      enhance the proliferation, differentiation, and biomineralization of stem cells
      in vitro, property that makes them promising candidates for dental tissue
      regeneration. An additional property of a scaffold aimed at dental tissue
      regeneration is to protect the regeneration process against oral bacteria
      penetration. In this respect, novel bioactive scaffolds containing Mg(2+) and
      Cu(2+) or Zn(2+), ions known for their antimicrobial properties, were synthesized
      by the foam replica technique and tested regarding their bioactive response in
      SBF, mechanical properties, degradation, and porosity. Finally their ability to
      support the attachment and long-term proliferation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells
      (DPSCs) was also evaluated. The results showed that conversely to their bioactive
      response in SBF solution, Zn-doped scaffolds proved to respond adequately
      regarding their mechanical strength and to be efficient regarding their
      biological response, in comparison to Cu-doped scaffolds, which makes them
      promising candidates for targeted dental stem cell odontogenic differentiation
      and calcified dental tissue engineering. 

PMID- 26981123
TI  - Exosomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis: Threat or
      Opportunity?
AB  - Nanometre-sized vesicles, also known as exosomes, are derived from endosomes of
      diverse cell types and present in multiple biological fluids. Depending on their
      cellular origins, the membrane-bound exosomes packed a variety of functional
      proteins and RNA species. These microvesicles are secreted into the extracellular
      space to facilitate intercellular communication. Collective findings demonstrated
      that exosomes from HIV-infected subjects share many commonalities with Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) particles in terms of proteomics and lipid
      profiles. These observations postulated that HIV-resembled exosomes may
      contribute to HIV pathogenesis. Interestingly, recent reports illustrated that
      exosomes from body fluids could inhibit HIV infection, which then bring up a new
      paradigm for HIV/AIDS therapy. Accumulative findings suggested that the cellular
      origin of exosomes may define their effects towards HIV-1. This review summarizes
      the two distinctive roles of exosomes in regulating HIV pathogenesis. We also
      highlighted several additional factors that govern the exosomal functions. Deeper
      understanding on how exosomes promote or abate HIV infection can significantly
      contribute to the development of new and potent antiviral therapeutic strategy
      and vaccine designs. 

PMID- 26981125
TI  - Relative Susceptibilities of ABO Blood Groups to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in
      Ghana.
AB  - The clinical outcome of falciparum malaria in endemic areas is influenced by
      erythrocyte polymorphisms including the ABO blood groups. Studies have reported
      association of ABO blood group to resistance, susceptibility, and severity of P.
      falciparum malaria infection. Individuals with blood group "A" have been found to
      be highly susceptible to falciparum malaria whereas blood group "O" is said to
      confer protection against complicated cases. We analyzed samples from 293 young
      children less than six years old with malaria in the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital
      in Accra, Ghana. It was observed that group O was present in about 16.1% of
      complicated cases weighed against 40.9% of uncomplicated controls. Individuals
      with complicated malaria were about twice likely to be of blood groups A and B
      compared to group O (A versus O, OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.59-2.26, P < 0.0001; B
      versus O, OR = 1.82. 95% CI = 1.57-2.23, P < 0.0001). Blood group O participants
      with complicated diseases had low parasitaemia compared to the other blood groups
      (P < 0.0001). This may give blood group O individuals a survival advantage over
      the other groups in complicated malaria as suggested. Participants with
      complicated falciparum malaria were generally anaemic and younger than those with
      uncomplicated disease. 

PMID- 26981126
TI  - The EpiNo(r) Device: Efficacy, Tolerability, and Impact on Pelvic Floor
      Implications for Future Research.
AB  - Aims. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the
      available literature on preventing perineal trauma with the EpiNo. Methods. We
      perfomed a literature research in the MedLine and EMBASE databases for studies
      referring to EpiNo published between 1990 and 2014, without restrictions for
      language and study type. Results. Five published studies were identified,
      regarding the effect of EpiNo on the rate of episiotomy and perineal tears,
      pelvic floor muscle function, and fetal outcome. The device seems to reduce
      episiotomy and perineal tears' rate, as well as the risk for levator ani
      microtrauma and avulsion, though not always statistically significant. It does
      not seem to have an effect on duration of second stage of labour and fetal
      outcome. The device is well tolerated and the adverse events are rare and mild.
      However, design and reporting bias in the reviewed articles do not allow evidence
      based conclusions. Conclusions. The EpiNo device seems to be promising, with
      potential positive effects on natural birth, while being uncomplicated to use and
      without major complications. Well designed, randomized trials are needed in order
      to understand the effects of EpiNo on pelvic floor and make evidence based
      recommendations on its use. 

PMID- 26981127
TI  - A Case of Relapsing Polychondritis Initiating with Unexplained Fever.
AB  - Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the multiple
      organ system. Here, we describe a case of RP initially presenting with high
      fever. The patient was referred to our hospital for further examination of fever
      of unknown origin (FUO). On admission, the patient reported dry cough in addition
      to fever. On physical examination, her red, swollen ears were noted, attributed
      on histology to inflammation with auricular perichondritis. She was diagnosed
      with RP and treated with oral prednisone (50 mg/day); her fever and auricular
      inflammation resolved. The patient no longer reported cough and body temperature
      returned to normal and the elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were
      normalized. In this case, identification of the origin of fever was a challenge
      because of unspecific symptoms; however, awareness of the systemic manifestations
      of RP may lead to the prompt diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. 

PMID- 26981128
TI  - Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Treated with a Targeted CT-Guided Epidural
      Blood Patch.
AB  - Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an important cause of new daily
      persistent headache. It is thought to be due to spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) leaks, which probably have a multifactorial etiology. The classic
      manifestation of SIH is an orthostatic headache, but other neurological symptoms
      may be present. An epidural blood patch is thought to be the most effective
      treatment, but a blind infusion may be ineffective. We describe the case of a
      young man who developed an acute severe headache, with pain worsening when
      assuming an upright posture and relief gained with recumbency. No history of
      previous headache, recent cranial or cervical trauma, or invasive procedures was
      reported. Magnetic resonance imaging showed pachymeningeal enhancement and other
      features consistent with SIH and pointed towards a cervical CSF leak site. After
      failure of conservative treatment, a targeted computer tomography-guided EBP was
      performed, with complete recovery. 

PMID- 26981129
TI  - Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cryopreservation and Thawing
      Decrease alpha4-Integrin Expression.
AB  - Aim. The effects of cryopreservation on adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem
      cells are not clearly documented, as there is a growing body of evidence about
      the importance of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative
      therapies. The aim of this study was to analyze human adipose tissue-derived
      mesenchymal stem cells phenotypic expression (CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105, and
      CD49d), colony forming unit ability, viability, and differentiation potential
      before and after cryopreservation. Materials and Methods. 12 samples of the
      adipose tissue were collected from a healthy donor using the liposuction
      technique. The cell isolation was performed by enzymatic digestion and then the
      cells were cultured up to passage 2. Before and after cryopreservation the
      immunophenotype, cellular viability analysis by flow cytometer, colony forming
      units ability, differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts as
      demonstrated by Oil Red O and Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Results. The
      immunophenotypic markers expression was largely preserved, and their multipotency
      was maintained. However, after cryopreservation, the cells decreased alpha4
      integrin expression (CD49d), cell viability, and number of colony forming units.
      Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADMSC transplanted after
      cryopreservation might compromise the retention of transplanted cells in the host
      tissue. Therefore, further studies are warranted to standardize protocols related
      to cryopreservation to attain full benefits of stem cell therapy. 

PMID- 26981131
TI  - Theoretical and Practical Issues That Are Relevant When Scaling Up hMSC
      Microcarrier Production Processes.
AB  - The potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for allogeneic cell
      therapies has created a large amount of interest. However, this presupposes the
      availability of efficient scale-up procedures. Promising results have been
      reported for stirred bioreactors that operate with microcarriers. Recent
      publications focusing on microcarrier-based stirred bioreactors have demonstrated
      the successful use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and suspension criteria
      (N S1u , N S1) for rapidly scaling up hMSC expansions from mL- to pilot scale.
      Nevertheless, one obstacle may be the formation of large microcarrier-cell
      aggregates, which may result in mass transfer limitations and inhomogeneous
      distributions of stem cells in the culture broth. The dependence of microcarrier
      cell-aggregate formation on impeller speed and shear stress levels was
      investigated for human adipose derived stromal/stem cells (hASCs) at the spinner
      scale by recording the Sauter mean diameter (d 32) versus time. Cultivation at
      the suspension criteria provided d 32 values between 0.2 and 0.7 mm, the highest
      cell densities (1.25 * 10(6) cells mL(-1) hASCs), and the highest expansion
      factors (117.0 +/- 4.7 on day 7), while maintaining the expression of specific
      surface markers. Furthermore, suitability of the suspension criterion N S1u was
      investigated for scaling up microcarrier-based processes in wave-mixed
      bioreactors for the first time. 

PMID- 26981130
TI  - Advances in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolation, Characterization, and
      Application in Regenerative Tissue Engineering.
AB  - Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that has been extensively researched
      in recent times. Obesity is characterized by excess deposition of adipose tissue
      in response to surplus energy. Despite the negative connotations of adipose
      tissue (AT), it serves as a critical endocrine organ. Adipose tissue is a source
      of several adipokines and cytokines which have been deemed important for both
      normal metabolic function and disease formation. The discoveries of metabolically
      active brown AT in adult humans and adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSC) have
      been key findings in the past decade with potential therapeutic implications.
      ADSCs represent an enticing pool of multipotent adult stem cells because of their
      noncontroversial nature, relative abundance, ease of isolation, and
      expandability. A decade and a half since the discovery of ADSCs, the scientific
      community is still working to uncover their therapeutic potential in a wide range
      of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent developments in
      the field of ADSCs and examine their potential use in transplantation and cell
      based therapies for the regeneration of diseased organs and systems. We also hope
      to provide perspective on how to best utilize this readily available, powerful
      pool of stem cells in the future. 

PMID- 26981132
TI  - Fate and Effect of Intravenously Infused Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Mouse Model
      of Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury and Resection.
AB  - Liver ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable during transplantation and
      resection and is characterized by hepatocellular injury. Therapeutic strategies
      to reduce IRI and accelerate regeneration could offer major benefits. Mesenchymal
      stem cells (MSC) are reported to have anti-inflammatory and regeneration
      promoting properties. We investigated the effect of MSC in a model of combined
      IRI and partial resection in the mouse. Hepatic IRI was induced by occlusion of
      70% of the blood flow during 60 minutes, followed by 30% hepatectomy. 2 * 10(5)
      MSC or PBS were infused 2 hours before or 1 hour after IRI. Six, 48, and 120
      hours postoperatively mice were sacrificed. Liver damage was evaluated by liver
      enzymes, histology, and inflammatory markers. Regeneration was determined by
      liver/body weight ratio, proliferating hepatocytes, and TGF-beta levels. Fate of
      MSC was visualized with 3D cryoimaging. Infusion of 2 * 10(5) MSC 2 hours before
      or 1 hour after IRI and resection showed no beneficial effects. Tracking revealed
      that MSC were trapped in the lungs and did not migrate to the site of injury and
      many cells had already disappeared 2 hours after infusion. Based on these
      findings we conclude that intravenously infused MSC disappear rapidly and were
      unable to induce beneficial effects in a clinically relevant model of IRI and
      resection. 

PMID- 26981134
TI  - Transcatheter Arterial Infusion of Autologous CD133(+) Cells for Diabetic
      Peripheral Artery Disease.
AB  - Microvascular lesion in diabetic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) still cannot
      be resolved by current surgical and interventional technique. Endothelial cells
      have the therapeutic potential to cure microvascular lesion. To evaluate the
      efficacy and immune-regulatory impact of intra-arterial infusion of autologous
      CD133(+) cells, we recruited 53 patients with diabetic PAD (27 of CD133(+) group
      and 26 of control group). CD133(+) cells enriched from patients' PB-MNCs were
      reinfused intra-arterially. The ulcer healing followed up till 18 months was 100%
      (3/3) in CD133(+) group and 60% (3/5) in control group. The amputation rate was 0
      (0/27) in CD133(+) group and 11.54% (3/26) in control group. Compared with the
      control group, TcPO2 and ABI showed obvious improvement at 18 months and
      significant increasing VEGF and decreasing IL-6 level in the CD133(+) group
      within 4 weeks. A reducing trend of proangiogenesis and anti-inflammatory
      regulation function at 4 weeks after the cells infusion was also found. These
      results indicated that autologous CD133(+) cell treatment can effectively improve
      the perfusion of morbid limb and exert proangiogenesis and anti-inflammatory
      immune-regulatory impacts by paracrine on tissue microenvironment. The CD133(+)
      progenitor cell therapy may be repeated at a fixed interval according to cell
      life span and immune-regulatory function. 

PMID- 26981133
TI  - Tumor Mesenchymal Stem-Like Cell as a Prognostic Marker in Primary Glioblastoma.
AB  - The isolation from brain tumors of tumor mesenchymal stem-like cells (tMSLCs)
      suggests that these cells play a role in creating a microenvironment for tumor
      initiation and progression. The clinical characteristics of patients with primary
      glioblastoma (pGBM) positive for tMSLCs have not been determined. This study
      analyzed samples from 82 patients with pGBM who had undergone tumor removal,
      pathological diagnosis, and isolation of tMSLC from April 2009 to October 2014.
      Survival, extent of resection, molecular markers, and tMSLC culture results were
      statistically evaluated. Median overall survival was 18.6 months, 15.0 months in
      tMSLC-positive patients and 29.5 months in tMSLC-negative patients (P = 0.014).
      Multivariate cox regression model showed isolation of tMSLC (OR = 2.5, 95% CI =
      1.1~5.6, P = 0.021) showed poor outcome while larger extent of resection (OR =
      0.5, 95% CI = 0.2~0.8, P = 0.011) has association with better outcome. The
      presence of tMSLCs isolated from the specimen of pGBM is associated with the
      survival of patient. 

PMID- 26981135
TI  - Enhanced Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Progenitors on Native and Spin
      Coated Acellular Matrices Prepared from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells.
AB  - The extracellular microenvironment in bone marrow (BM) is known to regulate the
      growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). We
      have developed cell-free matrices from a BM stromal cell line (HS-5), which can
      be used as substrates either in native form or as tissue engineered coatings, for
      the enhanced ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood (UCB) derived HSPC. The
      physicochemical properties (surface roughness, thickness, and uniformity) of
      native and spin coated acellular matrices (ACM) were studied using scanning and
      atomic force microscopy (SEM and AFM). Lineage-specific expansion of HSPC, grown
      on these substrates, was evaluated by immunophenotypic (flow cytometry) and
      functional (colony forming) assays. Our results show that the most efficient
      expansion of lineage-specific HSPC occurred on spin coated ACM. Our method
      provides an improved protocol for ex vivo HSPC expansion and it offers a system
      to study the in vivo roles of specific molecules in the hematopoietic niche that
      influence HSPC expansion. 

PMID- 26981136
TI  - Priming Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Hyaluronan Alters Growth
      Kinetics and Increases Attachment to Articular Cartilage.
AB  - Background. Biological therapeutics such as adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell
      (MSC) therapy are gaining acceptance for knee-osteoarthritis (OA) treatment.
      Reports of OA-patients show reductions in cartilage defects and regeneration of
      hyaline-like-cartilage with MSC-therapy. Suspending MSCs in hyaluronan commonly
      occurs in animals and humans, usually without supporting data. Objective. To
      elucidate the effects of different concentrations of hyaluronan on MSC growth
      kinetics. Methods. Using a range of hyaluronan concentrations, we measured MSC
      adherence and proliferation on culture plastic surfaces and a novel cartilage
      adhesion assay. We employed time-course and dispersion imaging to assess MSC
      binding to cartilage. Cytokine profiling was also conducted on the MSC-secretome.
      Results. Hyaluronan had dose-dependent effects on growth kinetics of MSCs at
      concentrations of entanglement point (1 mg/mL). At higher concentrations,
      viscosity effects outweighed benefits of additional hyaluronan. The cartilage
      adhesion assay highlighted for the first time that hyaluronan-primed MSCs
      increased cell attachment to cartilage whilst the presence of hyaluronan did not.
      Our time-course suggested patients undergoing MSC-therapy for OA could benefit
      from joint-immobilisation for up to 8 hours. Hyaluronan also greatly affected
      dispersion of MSCs on cartilage. Conclusion. Our results should be considered in
      future trials with MSC-therapy using hyaluronan as a vehicle, for the treatment
      of OA. 

PMID- 26981137
TI  - The Dipeptides Ile-Tyr and Ser-Tyr Exert Distinct Effects on Catecholamine
      Metabolism in the Mouse Brainstem.
AB  - Catecholamine synthesis and transmission in the brain are influenced by the
      availability of Tyr in the body. In this study, we compared the effects of oral
      administration of Tyr-containing dipeptides Ile-Tyr, Ser-Tyr, and Tyr-Pro with
      Tyr alone on catecholamine metabolism in the mouse brainstem. Among these
      dipeptides, Ile-Tyr administration led to increases in dopamine, the dopamine
      metabolites homovanillic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, compared to
      administration of Ser-Tyr, Tyr-Pro, or Tyr alone. In comparison, administration
      of Ser-Tyr induced significantly increasing noradrenaline turnover, while Tyr-Pro
      administration suppressed dopamine turnover. Therefore, oral administration of
      Ile-Tyr, Ser-Tyr, and Tyr-Pro differentially affected metabolism of dopamine and
      noradrenaline. These observations strongly suggest that Tyr-containing dipeptides
      exert distinct effects on catecholamine metabolism in the brainstem when ingested
      orally. 

PMID- 26981138
TI  - The Effects of Positive or Neutral Communication during Acupuncture for Relaxing
      Effects: A Sham-Controlled Randomized Trial.
AB  - Introduction. The link between patient-clinician communication and its effect on
      clinical outcomes is an important clinical issue that is yet to be elucidated.
      Objective. Investigating if communication type (positive or neutral) about the
      expected treatment outcome affected (i) participants' expectations and (ii) short
      term relaxation effects in response to genuine or sham acupuncture and
      investigating if expectations were related to outcome. Methods. Healthy
      volunteers (n = 243, mean age of 42) were randomized to one treatment with
      genuine or sham acupuncture. Within groups, participants were randomized to
      positive or neutral communication, regarding expected treatment effects. Visual
      Analogue Scales (0-100 millimeters) were used to measure treatment expectations
      and relaxation, directly before and after treatment. Results. Participants in the
      positive communication group reported higher treatment expectancy, compared to
      the neutral communication group (md 12 versus 6 mm, p = 0.002). There was no
      difference in relaxation effects between acupuncture groups or between
      communication groups. Participants with high baseline expectancy perceived
      greater improvement in relaxation, compared to participants with low baseline
      levels (md 27 versus 15 mm, p = 0.022). Conclusion. Our data highlights the
      importance of expectations for treatment outcome and demonstrates that
      expectations can be effectively manipulated using a standardized protocol that in
      future research may be implemented in clinical trials. 

PMID- 26981139
TI  - Effects of Cymbidium Root Ethanol Extract on Atopic Dermatitis.
AB  - Cymbidium has known antibacterial and antiedema activity and has been used as an
      ingredient in cosmetics and fragrances. The effects of Cymbidium ethanol extract
      (CYM) on allergic response and the underlying mechanisms of action have not been
      reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CYM
      on allergic responses. Topical application of CYM was effective against
      immunoglobulin E (IgE)/dinitrophenyl-conjugated bovine serum albumin- (DNP-BSA-)
      induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells and anaphylaxis in ICR mice. An allergic
      dermatitis-like mouse model was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of CYM
      in vivo. Continuous application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) not only
      induced dermatitis in ICR mice but also aggravated the skin lesioning. However,
      the application of CYM decreased skin lesion severity, scratching behavior, and
      IgE levels. In addition, CYM downregulated the expression of the proinflammatory
      cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 4, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) alpha.
      Studies of signal transduction pathways showed that CYM suppressed the
      phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), an upstream molecule. It also
      inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, phospholipase C- (PLC-) gamma, and mitogen
      activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK). These results indicate that CYM
      may be effective in preventing and reducing allergic response and may have
      therapeutic potential as an antiallergic agent in disorders such as atopic
      dermatitis. 

PMID- 26981140
TI  - Recent Advances and Perspective of Studies on Phlegm Syndrome in Chinese
      Medicine.
AB  - This review paper summarized the current situation of studies on the essence of
      phlegm syndrome and relation between phlegm syndrome, diseases, and therapeutics
      based on published English articles. In studies on the essence of phlegm
      syndrome, omic technologies were used to explore the molecular basis of phlegm
      syndrome; in studies on relation between phlegm syndrome and diseases, discovery
      of markers of phlegm syndrome in diseases becomes a hotspot; the distribution of
      phlegm syndromes in some common chronic diseases was found; in the therapy of
      phlegm syndrome, two therapeutic models, treatment with CM formula and treatment
      with a combination of CM formula and Western medicine, were used most frequently.
      It is certainly that using one omic technology is not able to deal with the
      complexity of phlegm syndrome and that the use of a combination of multiple omic
      methods will be a trend in future studies. Meanwhile, for rapidly increasing
      clinical research quality of phlegm syndrome, a series of agreed criteria, such
      as syndrome diagnostic criteria and efficacy criteria clinical studies of phlegm
      syndrome, needed to be established urgently, and there was an urgent need of
      standardizing syndrome names in English. 

PMID- 26981141
TI  - The Efficacy of Shen Shuaining Capsule on Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of Shen shuaining capsule on treating chronic
      kidney disease (CKD). Methods. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Shen
      shuaining capsule in treating CKD were collected from CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang,
      EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane library clinical controlled trials
      database. Two reviewers independently performed analysis of the included trials
      according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias tool was from
      the Cochrane Handbook version 5.1.0. The Review Manager 5.2 software was employed
      for data analysis. Funnel plot and Egger's test were applied to evaluate
      publication bias. Results. 20 studies including 1606 participants met the
      inclusion criteria, most of which were of low quality. Meta-analysis indicated
      that Shen shuaining capsule was effective for CKD in terms of SCR, BUN, Hb, and
      response rate and with less adverse effects, of which SCR and BUN decreased
      significantly (MD = -84.72, 95% CI: -107.36, -62.07, P < 0.00001) (MD = -4.30,
      95% CI: -5.71, -2.89, P < 0.00001); Hb and response rate increased significantly
      (MD = 9.94, 95% CI: 9.24, 10.64, P < 0.00001) (OR = 4.25, 95% CI (3.32, 5.42), P
      < 0.00001). Conclusion. Shen shuaining capsule significantly reduced SCR and BUN,
      increased HB, and improved total efficiency of the symptoms and signs in patients
      with CKD. Subgroup analysis found that Shen shuaining capsule group was better
      than control group. Due to low quality of the methodology of included studies,
      further high-quality researches were needed to study its efficacy and safety. 

PMID- 26981142
TI  - Assessment of Cardiovascular Parameters during Meditation with Mental Targeting
      in Varsity Swimmers.
AB  - Introduction. Athletes who develop an immunosuppressed state because of intensive
      training get upper respiratory infections (URIs) and may respond to meditation.
      Reflective exercise (RE), a westernized form of Qigong, combines meditation,
      breathing, and targeted mental attention to an internal pulsatile sensation,
      previously shown to protect varsity swimmers from URIs during the height of
      training. We report here the evaluation of cardiovascular parameters measured
      during meditation combined with targeted imagery (interoception) in a cohort of
      varsity swimmers taught RE. Methods. Thirteen subjects were enrolled on a
      prospective protocol that used the CareTaker, a noninvasive cardiovascular
      monitor before, during, and after RE training. Questionnaires regarding targeted
      mental imagery focusing on a pulsatile sensation were collected. The
      cardiovascular parameters include heart rate, blood pressure, and heart rate
      variability (HRV). Results. Increased variance in the subjects' BP and HRV was
      observed over the training period of 8 weeks. In nine subjects there was an
      increased low frequency (LF) HRV that was significantly (p < 0.05) associated
      with the subject's awareness of the pulsatile sensation that makes up a basic
      part of the RE practice. Summary. These data support further evaluation of HRV
      measurements in subjects while meditating with mental imagery. This direction
      could contribute to better understanding of neurocardiac mechanisms that relate
      meditation to enhanced immunity. 

PMID- 26981143
TI  - New Claims for Wild Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. carota) Essential Oil.
AB  - The essential oil of Daucus carota subsp. carota from Portugal, with high amounts
      of geranyl acetate (29.0%), alpha-pinene (27.2%), and 11alphaH-himachal-4-en
      1beta-ol (9.2%), was assessed for its biological potential. The antimicrobial
      activity was evaluated against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,
      yeasts, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus strains. The minimal inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were evaluated showing
      a significant activity towards Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 0.32-0.64 MUL/mL),
      Cryptococcus neoformans (0.16 MUL/mL), and dermatophytes (0.32-0.64 MUL/mL). The
      inhibition of the germ tube formation and the effect of the oil on Candida
      albicans biofilms were also unveiled. The oil inhibited more than 50% of
      filamentation at concentrations as low as 0.04 MUL/mL (MIC/128) and decreased
      both biofilm mass and cell viability. The antioxidant capacity of the oil, as
      assessed by two in chemico methods, was not relevant. Still, it seems to exhibit
      some anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing nitric oxide production around 20%
      in LPS-stimulated macrophages, without decreasing macrophages viability.
      Moreover, the oils safety profile was assessed on keratinocytes, alveolar
      epithelial cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes. Overall, the oil demonstrated a
      safety profile at concentrations below 0.64 MUL/mL. The present work highlights
      the bioactive potential of D. carota subsp. carota suggesting its industrial
      exploitation. 

PMID- 26981145
TI  - Link of dysfunctional attitudes with the negative self-model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Beck's cognitive theory postulates that dysfunctional attitudes
      predisposing to depression are formed by early negative experiences. Meanwhile,
      Bowlby's attachment theory contends that distorted working models built through
      insecure attachment relationships lead to various psychopathologies such as
      depression. The present study examined the correlations of dysfunctional
      attitudes about achievement, dependency, and self-control with working models of
      the self and other, and tried to promote understanding of those dysfunctional
      attitudes from an attachment perspective. METHODS: The subjects were 591 Japanese
      healthy volunteers. Dysfunctional attitudes about achievement, dependency, and
      self-control were evaluated by the corresponding subscales of the 24-item
      Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, and working models of the self and other were
      assessed by the relationship scales questionnaire. RESULTS: The scores of the
      achievement (beta = -0.26, P < 0.001), dependency (beta = -0.41, P < 0.001), and
      self-control (beta = -0.14, P < 0.01) subscales had negative correlations with
      the self-model score, suggesting the connections of all clusters of dysfunctional
      attitudes with the negative self-model. The score of the dependency subscale
      (beta = 0.21, P < 0.001) had a positive correlation with the other-model score,
      suggesting the connection of this cluster of dysfunctional attitudes with the
      positive other-model. Meanwhile, the scores of the achievement (beta = -0.17, P <
      0.001) and self-control (beta = -0.13, P < 0.01) subscales had negative
      correlations with the other-model score, suggesting the connections of these
      clusters of dysfunctional attitudes with the negative other-model. CONCLUSION:
      The present study suggests that dysfunctional attitudes as a whole are linked
      with the negative self-model built through negative attachment experiences, while
      the content specificity of each cluster is related to the differential
      correlations with the other-model.

PMID- 26981144
TI  - Fluorescence characterisation and visual ecology of pseudocheilinid wrasses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wrasses represent the second largest family of marine fishes and
      display a high diversity of complex colours linked to ecological functions.
      Recently, red autofluorescent body colouration has been reported in some of these
      fishes. However, little is known about the distribution of such fluorescent body
      patterns in wrasses or the animals' ability to perceive such colours. RESULTS:
      Against this background, we (1) investigated long-wavelength emission
      autofluorescence in thirteen species of pseudocheilinid wrasses and (2)
      characterised the spectral absorbance of visual pigments in one of the examined
      species, the fairy wrasse Cirrhilabrus solorensis. Spectrophotometric analysis
      revealed that fluorescent body colouration is widespread and diverse within this
      clade, with considerable variation in both fluorescent pattern and maximum
      emission wavelength between species. Characterisation of visual pigments in
      retinal photoreceptors showed a single class of rod and three spectrally distinct
      cone photoreceptors, suggesting possible trichromacy. CONCLUSION: Combining the
      emission characteristics of fluorescence body colouration and the spectral
      sensitivity data of retinal cells suggests that the visual system of C.
      solorensis is sensitive to pseudocheilinid fluorescence.

PMID- 26981146
TI  - Gesture-Controlled Interface for Contactless Control of Various Computer Programs
      with a Hooking-Based Keyboard and Mouse-Mapping Technique in the Operating Room.
AB  - We developed a contactless interface that exploits hand gestures to effectively
      control medical images in the operating room. We developed an in-house program
      called GestureHook that exploits message hooking techniques to convert gestures
      into specific functions. For quantitative evaluation of this program, we used
      gestures to control images of a dynamic biliary CT study and compared the results
      with those of a mouse (8.54 +/- 1.77 s to 5.29 +/- 1.00 s; p < 0.001) and
      measured the recognition rates of specific gestures and the success rates of
      tasks based on clinical scenarios. For clinical applications, this program was
      set up in the operating room to browse images for plastic surgery. A surgeon
      browsed images from three different programs: CT images from a PACS program,
      volume-rendered images from a 3D PACS program, and surgical planning photographs
      from a basic image viewing program. All programs could be seamlessly controlled
      by gestures and motions. This approach can control all operating room programs
      without source code modification and provide surgeons with a new way to safely
      browse through images and easily switch applications during surgical procedures. 

PMID- 26981148
TI  - Novel treatments for complications after bariatric surgery.
AB  - Bariatric surgery has been considered one of best treatments for obesity. As
      every surgical procedure-and any medical intervention, it is not exempt of
      complications, among which leaks, strictures, acute hemorrhages and fistulae
      highlight. Leaks are more common in the gastro-jejunal anastomosis (GJA) in the
      case of Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), while in Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) they
      locate in the stapler line. Stenosis can be seen in the gastro-jejunostomy in the
      RYGB and in the gastric tube in case of the LSG. For each of these complications,
      many innovative solutions have been developed, including new surgical devices. In
      spite of promising good results, evidence regarding utility and safeness of these
      technologies is still scarce. Self-expandable endoscopic stents have been used to
      treat leaks, with an overall success rate of 80-90 % and a migration rate of 15
      35 %. The bear trap-like over-the-scope (Ovesco) clips have been used to treat GI
      hemorrhages, leaks and even fistulae, with a 70-80 % success rate, although more
      endoscopic sessions may be needed. Overstitch, an endosurgical suture devices,
      have been used to treat leaks, fistulae and perforations. Overall, technical
      success achievement approaches to 90 %, while clinical success ranges from 80 to
      90 %, except for leaks closure, where a lower success rate has been observed.
      Despite of all of these advances, early diagnosis and treatment remains the main
      strategy to achieve success. In summary, novel therapies for complication
      management can be very useful, though further studies with larger series are
      still needed in order to confirm their efficacy and safeness. 

PMID- 26981147
TI  - Boolean Modeling of Cellular and Molecular Pathways Involved in Influenza
      Infection.
AB  - Systems virology integrates host-directed approaches with molecular profiling to
      understand viral pathogenesis. Self-contained statistical approaches that combine
      expression profiles of genes with the available databases defining the genes
      involved in the pathways (gene-sets) have allowed characterization of predictive
      gene-signatures associated with outcome of the influenza virus (IV) infection.
      However, such enrichment techniques do not take into account interactions among
      pathways that are responsible for the IV infection pathogenesis. We investigate
      dendritic cell response to seasonal H1N1 influenza A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (NC)
      infection and infer the Boolean logic rules underlying the interaction network of
      ligand induced signaling pathways and transcription factors. The model reveals
      several novel regulatory modes and provides insights into mechanism of cross talk
      between NFkappaB and IRF mediated signaling. Additionally, the logic rule
      underlying the regulation of IL2 pathway that was predicted by the Boolean model
      was experimentally validated. Thus, the model developed in this paper integrates
      pathway analysis tools with the dynamic modeling approaches to reveal the
      regulation between signaling pathways and transcription factors using genome-wide
      transcriptional profiles measured upon influenza infection. 

PMID- 26981149
TI  - Human papillomavirus infection and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of case
      control studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although systematic reviews (SR) report that human papillomavirus
      (HPV) increases the risk of breast cancer, there are still disputes regarding
      this association. In particular, it has been argued that the risk level differs
      depending on nationality, type of tissue, subtype of HPV, and publication year.
      Considering that the searching year of publication for the previous SRs was June
      2013, a renewal meta-analysis needs to be conducted. METHODS: Using articles
      selected in the previous SRs, we compiled a list of references, cited articles,
      and related articles from the PubMed and Scopus databases. Of these, only
      publications with data from case-control studies on HPV DNA-positivity in tissues
      were chosen. Summary odds ratio (SOR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were
      calculated through meta-analysis. Meta-regression analysis was performed for
      nationality, types of tissue, subtype of HPV, and publication year. RESULTS:
      Twenty-two case-control studies were selected, and the total number of
      individuals in the case and control group was 1897 and 948, respectively.
      According to the meta-analysis about the 22 publications, HPV infection increased
      the risk of breast cancer (SOR = 4.02, 95 % CI: 2.42-6.68; I-squared = 44.7 %).
      Statistical significance was not found in meta-regression performed on the four
      variables of nationality, type of tissue, subtype of HPV, and publication year
      which some researchers think sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      of the present study supported the argument that HPV infection increases the risk
      of breast cancer. Age-matched case-control studies are in need in the future.

PMID- 26981151
TI  - Mental health needs and services in the West Bank, Palestine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Palestine is a low income country with scarce resources, which is
      seeking independence. This paper discusses the high levels of mental health need
      found amongst Palestinian people, and examines services, education and research
      in this area with particular attention paid to the West Bank. METHODS: CINAHL,
      PubMed, and Science Direct were used to search for materials. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: Evidence from this review is that there is a necessity to increase
      the availability and quality of mental health care. Mental health policy and
      services in Palestine need development in order to better meet the needs of
      service users and professionals. It is essential to raise awareness of mental
      health and increase the integration of mental health services with other areas of
      health care. Civilians need their basic human needs met, including having freedom
      of movement and seeing an end to the occupation. There is a need to enhance the
      resilience and capacity of community mental health teams. There is a need to
      increase resources and offer more support, up-to-date training and supervision to
      mental health teams.

PMID- 26981150
TI  - Synthesis and structural properties of 2-((10-alkyl-10H-phenothiazin-3
      yl)methylene)malononitrile derivatives; a combined experimental and theoretical
      insight.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Donor acceptor moieties connected through pi-conjugated bridges i.e.
      D-pi-A, in order to facilitate the electron/charge transfer phenomenon, have wide
      range of applications. Many classes of organic compounds, such as cyanine,
      coumarin carbazole, indoline, perylene, phenothiazine, triphenylamine,
      tetrahydroquinoline and pyrrole can act as charge transfer materials.
      Phenothiazines have been extensively studied as electron donor candidates due to
      their potential applications as electrochemical, photovoltaic, photo-physical and
      DSSC materials. RESULTS: Two phenothiazine derivatives, 2-((10-hexyl-10H
      phenothiazin-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile (3a) and 2-((10-octyl-10H-phenothiazin
      3-yl)methylene)malononitrile (3b) have been synthesized in good yields and
      characterized by various spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, UV-vis, (1)H-NMR,
      (13)C-NMR, and finally confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
      Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to compare the
      theoretical results with the experimental and to probe structural properties. In
      order to investigate the excited state stabilities the absorption studies have
      been carried out experimentally as well as theoretically. CONCLUSIONS: Compound
      3a crystallises as monoclinic, P2 (1)/a and 3b as P-1. The X-ray crystal
      structures reveal that asymmetric unit contains one independent molecule in 3a,
      whereas 3b exhibits a very interesting behavior in having a higher Z value of 8
      and four independent molecules in its asymmetric unit. The molecular
      electrostatic potential (MEP) mapped over the entire stabilized geometries of the
      molecules indicates the potential sites for chemical reactivities. Furthermore,
      high first hyperpolarizability values entitle these compounds as potential
      candidates in photonic applications.Graphical abstractPhenothiazines; a
      comparison of experimental and theoretical analysis.

PMID- 26981152
TI  - Oral and maxillofacial considerations in Gardner's syndrome: a report of two
      cases.
AB  - Gardner's syndrome (GS) is a genetic disorder characterised by intestinal polyps,
      multiple osteomas, and soft-tissue tumours. Dentists play an important role in
      the syndrome diagnosis considering that craniomaxillofacial osteomas are a major
      criteria for Gardner's syndrome diagnosis. This study aimed to describe the main
      stomatological manifestation of GS and the importance of dentists in its
      diagnosis. Two patients presenting GS were evaluated. The first one had two
      osteomas in the mandible and GS was suspected. The colonoscopy confirmed the
      presence of polyposis and a prophylactic proctocolectomy was performed. The other
      patient had a late-stage diagnosis of GS and developed a rectum adenocarcinoma.
      The presence of craniomaxillofacial osteomas are a hallmark of the disease. Early
      stage GS diagnosis may enable early diagnosis and preventive strategies in
      carriers. Other dental abnormalities, such as supernumerary teeth,
      hypercementosis and odontomas, can also be observed. 

PMID- 26981153
TI  - Dabrafenib in metastatic melanoma: a monocentric 'real life' experience.
AB  - Dabrafenib is a potent BRAF-kinase inhibitor. Its activity was evaluated on 40
      consecutive metastatic melanoma patients (pts) harboring the V600BRAF mutations.
      Dabrafenib was administered orally at the dosage of 150 mg b.i.d. daily. ORR was
      82%, with 7% CR, 62% PR, 13% SD and 18% PD. The median PFS and OS were seven and
      17 months, respectively (median follow-up: 8.5 months). Increased risk of
      progression was found in pts with elevated LDH, ECOG PS >1 and more than two
      metastatic sites. Grade 3-4 adverse events were recorded in 4 pts. In this
      retrospective analysis, Dabrafenib confirmed its role as the standard clinical
      option in metastatic melanoma pts. 

PMID- 26981154
TI  - Endoscopic detection of the gastric lesions of peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - An 82-year-old Japanese man presented with a gastric involvement of peripheral T
      cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Although gastrointestinal lesions were
      not detected on computed tomography, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a
      slight elevation of the gastric mucosa, with changes in mucosal colour and the
      presence of abnormal microvessels. This led to the prompt detection of gastric
      involvement in lymphoma. This case highlights the usefulness of detailed
      observation of the gastric mucosa for the endoscopic detection of gastric
      involvement of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. 

PMID- 26981155
TI  - Maize feedstocks with improved digestibility reduce the costs and environmental
      impacts of biomass pretreatment and saccharification.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the recognition that feedstock composition influences biomass
      conversion efficiency, limited information exists as to how bioenergy crops with
      reduced recalcitrance can improve the economics and sustainability of cellulosic
      fuel conversion platforms. We have compared the bioenergy potential-estimated as
      total glucose productivity per hectare (TGP)-of maize cultivars contrasting for
      cell wall digestibility across processing conditions of increasing thermochemical
      severity. In addition, exploratory environmental impact and economic modeling
      were used to assess whether the development of bioenergy feedstocks with improved
      cell wall digestibility can enhance the environmental performance and reduce the
      costs of biomass pretreatment and enzymatic conversion. RESULTS: Systematic
      genetic gains in cell wall degradability can lead to significant advances in the
      productivity (TGP) of cellulosic fuel biorefineries under low severity
      processing; only if gains in digestibility are not accompanied by substantial
      yield penalties. For a hypothetical maize genotype combining the best
      characteristics available in the evaluated cultivar panel, TGP under mild
      processing conditions (~3.7 t ha(-1)) matched the highest realizable yields
      possible at the highest processing severity. Under this scenario, both, the
      environmental impacts and processing costs for the pretreatment and enzymatic
      saccharification of maize stover were reduced by 15 %, given lower chemical and
      heat consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic improvements in cell wall composition
      leading to superior cell wall digestibility can be advantageous for cellulosic
      fuel production, especially if "less severe" processing regimes are favored for
      further development. Exploratory results indicate potential cost and
      environmental impact reductions for the pretreatment and enzymatic
      saccharification of maize feedstocks exhibiting higher cell wall degradability.
      Conceptually, these results demonstrate that the advance of bioenergy cultivars
      with improved biomass degradability can enhance the performance of currently
      available biomass-to-ethanol conversion systems.

PMID- 26981156
TI  - Systematic review of time trends in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori
      infection in China and the USA.
AB  - It has been suggested that the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection has
      stabilized in the USA and is decreasing in China. We conducted a systematic
      literature analysis to test this hypothesis. PubMed and Embase searches were
      conducted up to 19 January 2015. Trends in the prevalence of H. pylori infection
      over time were assessed by regression analysis using Microsoft Excel. Overall, 25
      Chinese studies (contributing 28 datasets) and 11 US studies (contributing 11
      datasets) were included. There was a significant decrease over time in the H.
      pylori infection prevalence for the Chinese studies overall (p = 0.00018) and
      when studies were limited to those that used serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) assays
      to detect H. pylori infection (p = 0.014; 20 datasets). The weighted mean
      prevalence of H. pylori infection was 66 % for rural Chinese populations and 47 %
      for urban Chinese populations. There was a significant trend towards a decreasing
      prevalence of H. pylori infection for studies that included only urban
      populations (p = 0.04; 9 datasets). This trend was no longer statistically
      significant when these studies were further restricted to those that used serum
      IgG assays to detect H. pylori infection, although this may have been because of
      low statistical power due to the small number of datasets available for this
      analysis (p = 0.28; 6 datasets). There were no significant trends in terms of
      changes in the prevalence of H. pylori infection over time for studies conducted
      in the USA. In conclusion, the prevalence of H. pylori infection is most likely
      decreasing in China, due to a combination of increasing urbanization, which we
      found to be associated with lower H. pylori infection rates, and possibly also
      decreasing rates of H. pylori infection within urban populations. This will
      probably result in a gradual decrease in peptic ulcer and gastric cancer rates in
      China over time. 

PMID- 26981157
TI  - A graph-based approach to construct target-focused libraries for virtual
      screening.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to exorbitant costs of high-throughput screening, many drug
      discovery projects commonly employ inexpensive virtual screening to support
      experimental efforts. However, the vast majority of compounds in widely used
      screening libraries, such as the ZINC database, will have a very low probability
      to exhibit the desired bioactivity for a given protein. Although combinatorial
      chemistry methods can be used to augment existing compound libraries with novel
      drug-like compounds, the broad chemical space is often too large to be explored.
      Consequently, the trend in library design has shifted to produce screening
      collections specifically tailored to modulate the function of a particular target
      or a protein family. METHODS: Assuming that organic compounds are composed of
      sets of rigid fragments connected by flexible linkers, a molecule can be
      decomposed into its building blocks tracking their atomic connectivity. On this
      account, we developed eSynth, an exhaustive graph-based search algorithm to
      computationally synthesize new compounds by reconnecting these building blocks
      following their connectivity patterns. RESULTS: We conducted a series of
      benchmarking calculations against the Directory of Useful Decoys, Enhanced
      database. First, in a self-benchmarking test, the correctness of the algorithm is
      validated with the objective to recover a molecule from its building blocks.
      Encouragingly, eSynth can efficiently rebuild more than 80 % of active molecules
      from their fragment components. Next, the capability to discover novel scaffolds
      is assessed in a cross-benchmarking test, where eSynth successfully reconstructed
      40 % of the target molecules using fragments extracted from chemically distinct
      compounds. Despite an enormous chemical space to be explored, eSynth is
      computationally efficient; half of the molecules are rebuilt in less than a
      second, whereas 90 % take only about a minute to be generated. CONCLUSIONS:
      eSynth can successfully reconstruct chemically feasible molecules from molecular
      fragments. Furthermore, in a procedure mimicking the real application, where one
      expects to discover novel compounds based on a small set of already developed
      bioactives, eSynth is capable of generating diverse collections of molecules with
      the desired activity profiles. Thus, we are very optimistic that our effort will
      contribute to targeted drug discovery. eSynth is freely available to the academic
      community at www.brylinski.org/content/molecular-synthesis.Graphical
      abstractAssuming that organic compounds are composed of sets of rigid fragments
      connected by flexible linkers, a molecule can be decomposed into its building
      blocks tracking their atomic connectivity. Here, we developed eSynth, an
      automated method to synthesize new compounds by reconnecting these building
      blocks following the connectivity patterns via an exhaustive graph-based search
      algorithm. eSynth opens up a possibility to rapidly construct virtual screening
      libraries for targeted drug discovery.

PMID- 26981159
TI  - Erratum to: Neural selectivity for communicative auditory signals in Phelan
      McDermid syndrome.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9138-9.]. 

PMID- 26981158
TI  - Reduced engagement with social stimuli in 6-month-old infants with later autism
      spectrum disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of infants at high familial
      risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that
      affects more than 1 % of the population and close to 20 % of prospectively
      studied infants with an older sibling with ASD. Although significant progress has
      been made in characterizing the emergence of behavioral symptoms of ASD, far less
      is known about the underlying disruptions to early learning. Recent models
      suggest that core aspects of the causal path to ASD may only be apparent in early
      infancy. Here, we investigated social attention in 6- and 12-month-old infants
      who did and did not meet criteria for ASD at 24 months using both cognitive and
      electrophysiological methods. We hypothesized that a reduction in attention
      engagement to faces would be associated with later ASD. METHODS: In a prospective
      longitudinal design, we used measures of both visual attention (habituation) and
      brain function (event-related potentials to faces and objects) at 6 and 12 months
      and investigated the relationship to ASD outcome at 24 months. RESULTS: High-risk
      infants who met criteria for ASD at 24 months showed shorter epochs of visual
      attention, faster but less prolonged neural activation to faces, and delayed
      sensitization responses (increases in looking) to faces at 6 months; these
      differences were less apparent at 12 months. These findings are consistent with
      disrupted engagement of sustained attention to social stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings suggest that there may be fundamental early disruptions to attention
      engagement that may have cascading consequences for later social functioning.

PMID- 26981161
TI  - Analysis on the Effect of Individualized Aerobic Exercise Intervention for
      Teenagers with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the intervention effect of individualized aerobic
      exercise on type 2 diabetes in teenagers. METHOD: To select 60 cases of teenager
      with type 2 diabetes in Zhoukou Hospital of Traditional Medicine in February 2013
      to February 2014 as the research object, test all enrolled patients' maximal
      oxygen and blood glucose fluctuation, and then give individualized aerobic
      exercise intervention, after 6 months intervention, compare the changes of
      patients' indexes and evaluate the effect of individualized aerobic exercise
      intervention. RESULT: After the intervention, the patients' plasma triglyceride
      and cholesterol content are significantly lower than before (P < 0.05); there's
      no significant difference between high and low-density lipoprotein (P > 0.05).
      Moreover, the patients' insulin and C-peptide level are significantly higher than
      those before intervention (P < 0.05); before intervention, their blood glucose
      and glycated hemogiobin level are higher than normal, after intervention, they
      are weakened, but there's no significant difference (P > 0.05). The maximal
      oxygen uptake and different intensity of metabolic equivalents are higher than
      before, but there's no significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: For
      teenagers with type 2 diabetes, the implementation of individualized aerobic
      exercise intervention can effectively improve the patients' lipid metabolism and
      cardio-pulmonary function, and effectively promote the insulin and C-peptide
      secretion, to provide scientific basis for effective control of blood glucose.

PMID- 26981162
TI  - Weightlifter Lumbar Physiology Health Influence Factor Analysis of Sports
      Medicine.
AB  - Chinese women's weightlifting project has been in the advanced world level,
      suggests that the Chinese coaches and athletes have many successful experience in
      the weight lifting training. Little weight lifting belongs to high-risk sports,
      however, to the lumbar spine injury, some young good athletes often due to lumbar
      trauma had to retire, and the national investment and athletes toil is regret
      things. This article from the perspective of sports medicine, weightlifting
      athletes training situation analysis and put forward Suggestions, aimed at
      avoiding lumbar injury, guarantee the health of athletes. In this paper, first of
      all to 50 professional women's weightlifting athletes doing investigation, found
      that 82% of the athletes suffer from lumbar disease symptoms, the reason is
      mainly composed of lumbar strain, intensity is too large, motion error caused by
      three factors. From the Angle of sports medicine and combined with the
      characteristics of the structure of human body skeleton athletes lumbar
      structural mechanics analysis, find out the lumbar force's two biggest technical
      movement, study, and regulate the action standard, so as to minimize lumbar
      force, for athletes to contribute to the health of the lumbar spine. 

PMID- 26981160
TI  - Dynamic interplay between locus-specific DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation
      regulates distinct biological pathways in prostate carcinogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the significant global loss of DNA hydroxymethylation marks
      in prostate cancer tissues, the locus-specific role of hydroxymethylation in
      prostate tumorigenesis is unknown. We characterized hydroxymethylation and
      methylation marks by performing whole-genome next-generation sequencing in
      representative normal and prostate cancer-derived cell lines in order to
      determine functional pathways and key genes regulated by these epigenomic
      modifications in cancer. RESULTS: Our cell line model shows disruption of
      hydroxymethylation distribution in cancer, with global loss and highly specific
      gain in promoter and CpG island regions. Significantly, we observed locus
      specific retention of hydroxymethylation marks in specific intronic and
      intergenic regions which may play a novel role in the regulation of gene
      expression in critical functional pathways, such as BARD1 signaling and steroid
      hormone receptor signaling in cancer. We confirm a modest correlation of
      hydroxymethylation with expression in intragenic regions in prostate cancer,
      while identifying an original role for intergenic hydroxymethylation in
      differentially expressed regulatory pathways in cancer. We also demonstrate a
      successful strategy for the identification and validation of key candidate genes
      from differentially regulated biological pathways in prostate cancer.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a distinct function for aberrant
      hydroxymethylation within each genomic feature in cancer, suggesting a specific
      and complex role for the deregulation of hydroxymethylation in tumorigenesis,
      similar to methylation. Subsequently, our characterization of key cellular
      pathways exhibiting dynamic enrichment patterns for methylation and
      hydroxymethylation marks may allow us to identify differentially epigenetically
      modified target genes implicated in prostate cancer tumorigenesis.

PMID- 26981163
TI  - Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process-based Chinese Resident Best Fitness Behavior
      Method Research.
AB  - With explosive development in Chinese economy and science and technology,
      people's pursuit of health becomes more and more intense, therefore Chinese
      resident sports fitness activities have been rapidly developed. However,
      different fitness events popularity degrees and effects on body energy
      consumption are different, so bases on this, the paper researches on fitness
      behaviors and gets Chinese residents sports fitness behaviors exercise guide,
      which provides guidance for propelling to national fitness plan's implementation
      and improving Chinese resident fitness scientization. The paper starts from the
      perspective of energy consumption, it mainly adopts experience method, determines
      Chinese resident favorite sports fitness event energy consumption through
      observing all kinds of fitness behaviors energy consumption, and applies fuzzy
      analytic hierarchy process to make evaluation on bicycle riding, shadowboxing
      practicing, swimming, rope skipping, jogging, running, aerobics these seven
      fitness events. By calculating fuzzy rate model's membership and comparing their
      sizes, it gets fitness behaviors that are more helpful for resident health, more
      effective and popular. Finally, it gets conclusions that swimming is a best
      exercise mode and its membership is the highest. Besides, the memberships of
      running, rope skipping and shadowboxing practicing are also relative higher. It
      should go in for bodybuilding by synthesizing above several kinds of fitness
      events according to different physical conditions; different living conditions so
      that can better achieve the purpose of fitness exercises. 

PMID- 26981164
TI  - BP Neural Network Model-based Physical Exercises and Dietary Habits Relationships
      Exploration.
AB  - With the continuous progress of society, increment of social pressure, people
      have paid little and little attentions to physical exercises and dietary
      necessity. Take Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang and Baotou
      university students as research objects, targeted at physical exercises time and
      dietary habits, it starts investigation. Make principal component analysis of
      investigation results, results indicates that cereal intake is principal
      component in dietary habits; strenuous exercise time and general physical
      exercise time are the principal components in physical exercise. Utilize BP
      neural network model, analyze these seven cities' physical exercises and dietary
      habits conditions, the result indicates that except for Shenzhen, all the other
      six cities haven't reached the standard. 

PMID- 26981165
TI  - Screening SIRT1 Activators from Medicinal Plants as Bioactive Compounds against
      Oxidative Damage in Mitochondrial Function.
AB  - Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1) belongs to the family of NAD(+) dependent histone
      deacetylases and plays a critical role in cellular metabolism and response to
      oxidative stress. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), as an important part of
      natural products, have been reported to exert protective effect against oxidative
      stress in mitochondria. In this study, we screened SIRT1 activators from TCMs and
      investigated their activities against mitochondrial damage. 19 activators were
      found in total by in vitro SIRT1 activity assay. Among those active compounds,
      four compounds, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside F1, ginsenoside Rc, and schisandrin
      A, were further studied to validate the SIRT1-activation effects by liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry and confirm their activities against oxidative
      damage in H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The
      results showed that those compounds enhanced the deacetylated activity of SIRT1,
      increased ATP content, and inhibited intracellular ROS formation as well as
      regulating the activity of Mn-SOD. These SIRT1 activators also showed moderate
      protective effects on mitochondrial function in t-BHP cells by recovering oxygen
      consumption and increasing mitochondrial DNA content. Our results suggested that
      those compounds from TCMs attenuated oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial
      damage in cardiomyocytes through activation of SIRT1. 

PMID- 26981166
TI  - Polyethylene Glycol Preconditioning: An Effective Strategy to Prevent Liver
      Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inevitable clinical problem for
      liver surgery. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are water soluble nontoxic polymers
      that have proven their effectiveness in various in vivo and in vitro models of
      tissue injury. The present study aims to investigate whether the intravenous
      administration of a high molecular weight PEG of 35 kDa (PEG 35) could be an
      effective strategy for rat liver preconditioning against IRI. PEG 35 was
      intravenously administered at 2 and 10 mg/kg to male Sprague Dawley rats. Then,
      rats were subjected to one hour of partial ischemia (70%) followed by two hours
      of reperfusion. The results demonstrated that PEG 35 injected intravenously at 10
      mg/kg protected efficiently rat liver against the deleterious effects of IRI.
      This was evidenced by the significant decrease in transaminases levels and the
      better preservation of mitochondrial membrane polarization. Also, PEG 35
      preserved hepatocyte morphology as reflected by an increased F-actin/G-actin
      ratio and confocal microscopy findings. In addition, PEG 35 protective mechanisms
      were correlated with the activation of the prosurvival kinase Akt and the
      cytoprotective factor AMPK and the inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, PEG may become
      a suitable agent to attempt pharmacological preconditioning against hepatic IRI. 

PMID- 26981167
TI  - The complete genome sequence of Eubacterium limosum SA11, a metabolically
      versatile rumen acetogen.
AB  - Acetogens are a specialized group of anaerobic bacteria able to produce acetate
      from CO2 and H2 via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. In some gut environments
      acetogens can compete with methanogens for H2, and as a result rumen acetogens
      are of interest in the development of microbial approaches for methane
      mitigation. The acetogen Eubacterium limosum SA11 was isolated from the rumen of
      a New Zealand sheep and its genome has been sequenced to examine its potential
      application in methane mitigation strategies, particularly in situations where
      hydrogenotrophic methanogens are inhibited resulting in increased H2 levels in
      the rumen. The 4.15 Mb chromosome of SA11 has an average G + C content of 47 %,
      and encodes 3805 protein-coding genes. There is a single prophage inserted in the
      chromosome, and several other gene clusters appear to have been acquired by
      horizontal transfer. These include genes for cell wall glycopolymers, a type VII
      secretion system, cell surface proteins and chemotaxis. SA11 is able to use a
      variety of organic substrates in addition to H2/CO2, with acetate and butyrate as
      the principal fermentation end-products, and genes involved in these metabolic
      pathways have been identified. An unusual feature is the presence of 39 genes
      encoding trimethylamine methyltransferase family proteins, more than any other
      bacterial genome. Overall, SA11 is a metabolically versatile organism, but its
      ability to grow on such a wide range of substrates suggests it may not be a
      suitable candidate to take the place of hydrogen-utilizing methanogens in the
      rumen. 

PMID- 26981168
TI  - Insights into kidney stem cell development and regeneration using zebrafish.
AB  - Kidney disease is an escalating global health problem, for which the formulation
      of therapeutic approaches using stem cells has received increasing research
      attention. The complexity of kidney anatomy and function, which includes the
      diversity of renal cell types, poses formidable challenges in the identification
      of methods to generate replacement structures. Recent work using the zebrafish
      has revealed their high capacity to regenerate the integral working units of the
      kidney, known as nephrons, following acute injury. Here, we discuss these
      findings and explore the ways that zebrafish can be further utilized to gain a
      deeper molecular appreciation of renal stem cell biology, which may uncover
      important clues for regenerative medicine. 

PMID- 26981170
TI  - Use of platelet lysate for bone regeneration - are we ready for clinical
      translation?
AB  - Current techniques to improve bone regeneration following trauma or tumour
      resection involve the use of autograft bone or its substitutes supplemented with
      osteoinductive growth factors and/or osteogenic cells such as mesenchymal stem
      cells (MSCs). Although MSCs are most commonly grown in media containing fetal
      calf serum, human platelet lysate (PL) offers an effective alternative. Bone
      marrow - derived MSCs grown in PL-containing media display faster proliferation
      whilst maintaining good osteogenic differentiation capacity. Limited pre-clinical
      investigations using PL-expanded MSCs seeded onto osteoconductive scaffolds
      indicate good potential of such constructs to repair bone in vivo. In an
      alternative approach, nude PL-coated scaffolds without seeded MSCs have been
      proposed as novel regenerative medicine devices. Even though methods to coat
      scaffolds with PL vary, in vitro studies suggest that PL allows for MSC adhesion,
      migration and differentiation inside these scaffolds. Increased new bone
      formation and vascularisation in comparison to uncoated scaffolds have also been
      observed in vivo. This review outlines the state-of-the-art research in the field
      of PL for ex vivo MSC expansion and in vivo bone regeneration. To minimise
      inconsistency between the studies, further work is required towards
      standardisation of PL preparation in terms of the starting material, platelet
      concentration, leukocyte depletion, and the method of platelet lysis. PL quality
      control procedures and its "potency" assessment are urgently needed, which could
      include measurements of key growth and attachment factors important for MSC
      maintenance and differentiation. Furthermore, different PL formulations could be
      tailor-made for specific bone repair indications. Such measures would undoubtedly
      speed up clinical translation of PL-based treatments for bone regeneration. 

PMID- 26981171
TI  - Human pluripotent stem cells: Towards therapeutic development for the treatment
      of lifestyle diseases.
AB  - There are two types of human pluripotent stem cells: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
      and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), both of which launched themselves on
      clinical trials after having taken measures to overcome problems: Blocking
      rejections by immunosuppressants regarding ESCs and minimizing the risk of
      tumorigenicity by depleting exogenous gene components regarding iPSCs. It is
      generally assumed that clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells
      should be limited to those cases where there are no alternative measures for
      treatments because of the risk in transplanting those cells to living bodies.
      Regarding lifestyle diseases, we have already several therapeutic options, and
      thus, development of human pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics tends to be
      avoided. Nevertheless, human pluripotent stem cells can contribute to the
      development of new therapeutics in this field. As we will show, there is a case
      where only a short-term presence of human pluripotent stem-derived cells can
      exert long-term therapeutic effects even after they are rejected. In those cases,
      immunologically rejections of ESC- or allogenic iPSC-derived cells may produce
      beneficial outcomes by nullifying the risk of tumorigenesis without deterioration
      of therapeutic effects. Another utility of human pluripotent stem cells is the
      provision of an innovative tool for drug discovery that are otherwise
      unavailable. For example, clinical specimens of human classical brown adipocytes
      (BAs), which has been attracting a great deal of attention as a new target of
      drug discovery for the treatment of metabolic disorders, are unobtainable from
      living individuals due to scarcity, fragility and ethical problems. However, BA
      can easily be produced from human pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will
      contemplate potential contribution of human pluripotent stem cells to therapeutic
      development for lifestyle diseases. 

PMID- 26981169
TI  - Generation of diverse neural cell types through direct conversion.
AB  - A characteristic of neurological disorders is the loss of critical populations of
      cells that the body is unable to replace, thus there has been much interest in
      identifying methods of generating clinically relevant numbers of cells to replace
      those that have been damaged or lost. The process of neural direct conversion, in
      which cells of one lineage are converted into cells of a neural lineage without
      first inducing pluripotency, shows great potential, with evidence of the
      generation of a range of functional neural cell types both in vitro and in vivo,
      through viral and non-viral delivery of exogenous factors, as well as chemical
      induction methods. Induced neural cells have been proposed as an attractive
      alternative to neural cells derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem
      cells, with prospective roles in the investigation of neurological disorders,
      including neurodegenerative disease modelling, drug screening, and cellular
      replacement for regenerative medicine applications, however further
      investigations into improving the efficacy and safety of these methods need to be
      performed before neural direct conversion becomes a clinically viable option. In
      this review, we describe the generation of diverse neural cell types via direct
      conversion of somatic cells, with comparison against stem cell-based approaches,
      as well as discussion of their potential research and clinical applications. 

PMID- 26981172
TI  - Human albumin solution for patients with cirrhosis and acute on chronic liver
      failure: Beyond simple volume expansion.
AB  - To provide an overview of the properties of human serum albumin (HSA), and to
      review the evidence for the use of human albumin solution (HAS) in critical
      illness, sepsis and cirrhosis. A MEDLINE search was performed using the terms
      "human albumin", "critical illness", "sepsis" and "cirrhosis". The references of
      retrieved articles were reviewed manually. Studies published between 1980 and
      2014 were selected based on quality criteria. Data extraction was performed by
      all authors. HSA is the main plasma protein contributing greatly to its oncotic
      pressure. HSA demonstrates important binding properties for endogenous and
      exogenous toxins, drugs and drug metabolites that account for its anti-oxidant
      and anti-inflammatory properties. In disease states, hypoalbuminaemia is
      secondary to decreased HSA production, increased loss or transcapillary leakage
      into the interstitial space. HSA function can be also altered in disease with
      reduced albumin binding capacity and increased production of modified isoforms.
      HAS has been used as volume expander in critical illness, but received criticism
      due to cost and concerns regarding safety. More recent studies confirmed the
      safety of HAS, but failed to show any survival benefit compared to the cheaper
      crystalloid fluids, therefore limiting its use. On the contrary, in cirrhosis
      there is robust data to support the efficacy of HAS for the prevention of
      circulatory dysfunction post-large volume paracentesis and in the context of
      spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and for the treatment of hepato-renal syndrome
      and hypervolaemic hyponatraemia. It is likely that not only the oncotic
      properties of HAS are beneficial in cirrhosis, but also its functional
      properties, as HAS replaces the dysfunctional HSA. The role of HAS as the
      resuscitation fluid of choice in critically ill patients with cirrhosis, beyond
      the established indications for HAS use, should be addressed in future studies. 

PMID- 26981174
TI  - Non-initiation of hepatitis C virus antiviral therapy in patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus co-infection.
AB  - AIM: To assess whether reasons for hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy non-initiation
      differentially affect racial and ethnic minorities with human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV)/HCV co-infection. METHODS: Analysis included co-infected HCV
      treatment-naive patients in the University of North Carolina CFAR HIV Clinical
      Cohort (January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011). Medical records were abstracted
      to document non-modifiable medical (e.g., hepatic decompensation, advanced
      immunosuppression), potentially modifiable medical (e.g., substance abuse, severe
      depression, psychiatric illness), and non-medical (e.g., personal, social, and
      economic factors) reasons for non-initiation. Statistical differences in the
      prevalence of reasons for non-treatment between racial/ethnic groups were
      assessed using the two-tailed Fisher's exact test. Three separate regression
      models were fit for each reason category. Odds ratios and their 95%CIs (Wald's)
      were computed. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-one patients with HIV/HCV co
      infection within the cohort met study inclusion. The study sample was racially
      and ethnically diverse; most patients were African-American (74%), followed by
      Caucasian (19%), and Hispanic/other (7%). The median age was 46 years
      (interquartile range = 39-50) and most patients were male (74%). Among the 171
      patients, reasons for non-treatment were common among all patients, regardless of
      race/ethnicity (50% with >= 1 non-modifiable medical reason, 66% with >= 1
      potentially modifiable medical reason, and 66% with >= 1 non-medical reason).
      There were no significant differences by race/ethnicity. Compared to Caucasians,
      African-Americans did not have increased odds of non-modifiable [adjusted odds
      ratio (aOR) = 1.47, 95%CI: 0.57-3.80], potentially modifiable (aOR = 0.72, 95%CI:
      0.25-2.09) or non-medical (aOR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.32-2.52) reasons for non
      initiation. CONCLUSION: Race/ethnicity alone is not predictive of reasons for HCV
      therapy non-initiation. Targeted interventions are needed to improve access to
      therapy for all co-infected patients, including minorities.

PMID- 26981173
TI  - Indocyanine green kinetics to assess liver function: Ready for a clinical dynamic
      assessment in major liver surgery?
AB  - Indocyanine green (ICG) kinetics (PDR/R15) used to quantitatively assess hepatic
      function in the perioperative period of major resective surgery and liver
      transplantation have been the object of an extensive, updated and critical
      review. New, non invasive bedside monitors (pulse dye densitometry technology)
      make this opportunity widely available in clinical practice. After having
      reviewed basic concepts of hepatic clearance, we analysed the most common
      indications ICG kinetic parameters have nowadays in clinical practice, focusing
      in particular on the diagnostic and prognostic role of PDR and R15 in the
      perioperative period of major liver surgery and liver transplantation. As
      recently pointed out, even if of extreme interest, ICG clearance parameters have
      still some limitations, to be considered when using these tests. 

PMID- 26981175
TI  - Significant cohort of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with portal vein
      thrombosis in transplant waiting list.
AB  - AIM: To characterize non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presentation with
      esophageal varices. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study on 258
      patients with esophageal varices at a single tertiary referral center. These
      patients underwent diagnosis of several liver diseases, including: NAFLD
      associated cirrhosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Wilson disease, autoimune liver
      diseases, and others. RESULTS: Of the 258 patients, 39% of patients exhibited
      esophageal varices due to NAFLD-associated cirrhosis. Of the 38 (14.7%) patients
      developed hepatocellular carcinoma during follow-up, 52% were due to hepatitis B,
      26% due to hepatitis C and 13.2% due to NAFLD. Of the 258 patients, 50.0% with
      NAFLD, 33.3% with hepatitis B, 26.3% with hepatitis C, and 58.3% with other
      diseases were alive at the end of the 5-year period with a significant difference
      according to the Kaplan-Meier log Rank test (P = 0.040). Portal vein thrombosis
      was detected in 47.5% of patients with NAFLD, in 29% of patients with hepatitis
      B, in 17% of patients with hepatitis C, and in 62% of patients with other related
      diseases (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study showed a proportionally greater
      elevation in liver transplant candidacy in patients with NAFLD and portal vein
      thrombosis. Older patients were more prone to developing cirrhosis,
      hepatocellular carcinoma and a high mortality rate. However, younger patients
      exhibited more portal vein thrombosis and gastric varices.

PMID- 26981178
TI  - Efforts to increase image quality during endoscopy: The role of pronase.
AB  - Clear visualization of the gastrointestinal mucosal surface is essential for
      thorough endoscopy. An unobstructed assessment can reduce the need for additional
      time-consuming manipulations such as frequent washing and suction, which tend to
      prolong total procedure time. However, mucus, foam, and bubbles often hinder
      clear visibility during endoscopy. Premedication with pronase, a compound of
      mixed proteolytic enzymes, has been studied in order to improve mucosal
      visibility during endoscopy. Although its effects differ according to the
      location in the stomach, premedication with pronase 10 to 20 min before endoscopy
      significantly improves mucosal visibility without affecting the accuracy of
      Helicobacter pylori identification. The effects of pronase as premedication also
      extend to chromoendoscopy, narrow-band imaging, magnifying endoscopy, and
      endoscopic ultrasonography. In addition, endoscopic flushing with pronase during
      endoscopy may improve the quantity and the quality of a biopsy to some degree.
      Although improved mucosal visibility does not necessarily improve clinical
      outcomes, premedication with pronase may be helpful for increasing the detection
      rate of early cancers. 

PMID- 26981177
TI  - Endoscopic imaging of Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has dramatically increased in
      the United States as well as Western European countries. The majority of
      esophageal adenocarcinomas arise from a backdrop of Barrett's esophagus (BE), a
      premalignant lesion that can lead to dysplasia and cancer. Because of the
      increased risk of EAC, GI society guidelines recommend endoscopic surveillance of
      patients with BE. The emphasis on early detection of dysplasia in BE through
      surveillance endoscopy has led to the development of advanced endoscopic imaging
      technologies. These techniques have the potential to both improve mucosal
      visualization and characterization and to detect small mucosal abnormalities
      which are difficult to identify with standard endoscopy. This review summarizes
      the advanced imaging technologies used in evaluation of BE. 

PMID- 26981176
TI  - New era of colorectal cancer screening.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2(nd) most common cancer in women and 3(rd) most
      common cancer in men worldwide. Most CRCs develop from adenomatous polyps arising
      from glandular epithelium. Tumor growth is initiated by mutation of the tumor
      suppressor gene APC and involves other genetic mutations in a stepwise process
      over years. Both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to the
      development of CRC. Screening has been proven to reduce the incidence of CRC.
      Screening has also contributed to the decrease in CRC mortality in the United
      States. However, CRC incidence and/or mortality remain on the rise in some parts
      of the world (Eastern Europe, Asia, and South America), likely due to factors
      including westernized diet, lifestyle, and lack of healthcare infrastructure.
      Multiple screening options are available, ranging from direct radiologic or
      endoscopic visualization tests that primarily detect premalignant or malignant
      lesions such as flexible sigmoidoscopy, optical colonoscopy, colon capsule
      endoscopy, computed tomographic colonography, and double contrast barium enema -
      to stool based tests which primarily detect cancers, including fecal DNA, fecal
      immunochemical test, and fecal occult blood test. The availability of some of
      these tests is limited to areas with high economic resources. This article will
      discuss CRC epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and screening modalities
      with a particular focus on new technologies. 

PMID- 26981179
TI  - Raman spectroscopy for early real-time endoscopic optical diagnosis based on
      biochemical changes during the carcinogenesis of Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the inelastic scattering
      of monochromatic light that represents the molecular composition of the
      interrogated volume to provide a direct molecular fingerprint. Several
      investigations have revealed that confocal Raman spectroscopy can differentiate
      non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus from esophageal high-grade dysplasia and
      adenocarcinoma with high sensitivity and specificity. An automated on-line Raman
      spectral diagnostic system has made it possible to use Raman spectroscopy to
      guide accurate target biopsy instead of multiple random forceps-biopsies, this
      novel system is expected to improve in vivo precancerous diagnosis and tissue
      characterization of Barrett's esophagus. 

PMID- 26981180
TI  - Endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal adenomas > 20 mm: Risk factors for
      recurrence.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate risk factors for local recurrence after endoscopic mucosal
      resection of colorectal adenomas > 20 mm. METHODS: Retrospective data analysis of
      216 endoscopic mucosal resections for colorectal adenomas > 20 mm in 179 patients
      (40.3% female; median age 68 years; range 35-91 years). All patients had at least
      1 follow-up endoscopy with a minimum control interval of 2 mo (mean follow-up 6
      mo/2.0-43.4 mo). Possible factors associated with local recurrence were analyzed
      by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Median size of the lesions was
      30 mm (20-70 mm), 69.0% were localized in the right-sided (cecum, ascending and
      transverse) colon. Most of the lesions (85.6%) showed a non-pedunculated
      morphology and the majority of resections was in piecemeal technique (78.7%).
      Histology showed carcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in 51/216
      (23.6%) lesions including 4 low risk carcinomas (pT1a, L0, V0, R0 - G1/G2).
      Histologically proven recurrence was observed in 33/216 patients (15.3%). Patient
      age > 65 years, polyp size > 30 mm, non-pedunculated morphology, localization in
      the right-sided colon, piecemeal resection and tubular-villous histology were
      found as associated factors in univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis,
      only localization in the right-sided colon (HR = 6.842/95%CI: 1.540-30.394; P =
      0.011), tubular-villous histology (HR = 3.713/95%CI: 1.617-8.528; P = 0.002) and
      polyp size > 30 mm (HR = 2.563/95%CI: 1.179-5.570; P = 0.017) were significantly
      associated risk factors for adenoma recurrence. CONCLUSION: Meticulous endoscopic
      follow-up is warranted after endoscopic mucosal resection of adenomas localized
      in the right-sided colon larger than > 30 mm, with tubular-villous histology.

PMID- 26981181
TI  - Use of fibrates in the metabolic syndrome: A review.
AB  - The use of fibrates in the treatment of dyslipidaemia has changed significantly
      over recent years. Their role appeared clear at the start of this century. The
      Helsinki Heart Study and Veterans Affairs High-Density Cholesterol Intervention
      Trial suggested significant benefit, especially in patients with atherogenic
      dyslipidaemia. However, this clarity disintegrated following the negative
      outcomes reported by the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention, Fenofibrate
      Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes and Action to Control Cardiovascular
      Risk in Diabetes randomised controlled trials. In this review we discuss these
      and other relevant trials and consider patient subgroups such as those with the
      metabolic syndrome and those needing treatment to prevent the microvascular
      complications associated with diabetes in whom fibrates may be useful. We also
      discuss observations from our group that may provide some explanation for the
      varying outcomes reported in large trials. The actions of fibrates in patients
      who are also on statins are interesting and appear to differ from those in
      patients not on statins. Understanding this is key as statins are the primary
      lipid lowering agents and likely to occupy that position for the foreseeable
      future. We also present other features of fibrate treatment we have observed in
      our clinical practice; changes in creatinine, liver function tests and the
      paradoxical high density lipoprotein reduction. Our purpose is to provide enough
      data for the reader to make objective decisions in their own clinical practice
      regarding fibrate use. 

PMID- 26981183
TI  - Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism and diabetes mellitus: Pathophysiology
      assumptions, clinical aspects and implications for management.
AB  - Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) frequently develop electrolyte disorders,
      including hyperkalemia. The most important causal factor of chronic hyperkalemia
      in patients with diabetes is the syndrome of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism
      (HH), but other conditions may also contribute. Moreover, as hyperkalemia is
      related to the blockage of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and HH
      is most common among patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency due to
      diabetic nephropathy (DN), the proper evaluation and management of these patients
      is quite complex. Despite its obvious relationship with diabetic nephropathy, HH
      is also related to other microvascular complications, such as DN, particularly
      the autonomic type. To confirm the diagnosis, plasma aldosterone concentration
      and the levels of renin and cortisol are measured when the RAAS is activated. In
      addition, synthetic mineralocorticoid and/or diuretics are used for the treatment
      of this syndrome. However, few studies on the implications of HH in the treatment
      of patients with DM have been conducted in recent years, and therefore little, if
      any, progress has been made. This comprehensive review highlights the findings
      regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management recommendations for HH in
      patients with DM to clarify the diagnosis of this clinical condition, which is
      often neglected, and to assist in the improvement of patient care. 

PMID- 26981182
TI  - Role of vitamin D in diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.
AB  - Approximately 30%-50% of people are recognized to have low levels of vitamin D,
      and insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin D are recognized as global health
      problems worldwide. Although the presence of hypovitamin D increases the risk of
      rickets and fractures, low vitamin D levels are also associated with
      hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, diabetes mellitus
      (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are also related to vitamin D levels.
      Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to onset and progression of DM. Although in
      patients with DM the relationship between vitamin D and insulin secretion,
      insulin resistance, and beta-cell dysfunction are pointed out, evidence regarding
      vitamin D levels and DM is contradictory, and well controlled studies are needed.
      In addition, vitamin D influences the renin-angiotensin system, inflammation, and
      mineral bone disease, which may be associated with the cause and progression CKD.
      There is increasing evidence that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for
      DM and CKD; however, it remains uncertain whether vitamin D deficiency also
      predisposes to death from DM and CKD. Although at this time, supplementation with
      vitamin D has not been shown to improve glycemic control or prevent incident DM,
      clinical trials with sufficient sample size, study periods, and optimal doses of
      vitamin D supplementation are still needed. This review focuses on the mechanism
      of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in DM or CKD, and discusses the current
      evidence regarding supplementation with vitamin D in patients with these
      diseases. 

PMID- 26981184
TI  - Laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision with central vascular ligation in right
      colon cancer: A comprehensive review.
AB  - Aim of the study is to comprehensively review the latest trends in laparoscopic
      complete mesocolic excision (CME) with central vascular ligation (CVL) for the
      multimodal management of right colon cancer. Historical and up-to-date anatomo
      embryological concepts are analyzed in detail, focusing on the latest studies of
      the mesenteric organ, its dissection by mesofascial and retrofascial cleavage
      planes, and questioning the need for a new terminology in colonic resections. The
      rationale behind Laparoscopic CME with CVL is thoroughly investigated and
      explained. Attention is paid to the current surgical techniques and the quality
      of the surgical specimen, yielded through mesocolic, intramesocolic and
      muscularis propria plane of surgery. We evaluate the impact on long term
      oncologic outcome in terms of local recurrence, overall and disease-free
      survival, according to the plane of resection achieved. Conclusions are drawn on
      the basis of the available evidence, which suggests a pivotal role of
      laparoscopic CME with CVL in the multimodal management of right sided colonic
      cancer: performed in the right mesocolic plane of resection, laparoscopic CME
      with CVL demonstrates better oncologic results when compared to standard non
      mesocolic planes of surgery, with all the advantages of laparoscopic techniques,
      both in faster recovery and better immunological response. The importance of
      minimally invasive meso-resectional surgery is thus stressed and highlighted as
      the new frontier for a modern laparoscopic total right mesocolectomy. 

PMID- 26981186
TI  - Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: From
      technical evolution to oncological benefit.
AB  - Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy
      (ALPPS) is a novel approach in liver surgery that allows for extensive resection
      of liver parenchyma by inducing a rapid hypertrophy of the future remnant liver.
      However, recent reports indicate that not all patients eligible for ALPPS will
      benefit from this procedure. Therefore, careful patient selection will be
      necessary to fully exploit possible benefits of ALPPS. Here, we provide a
      comprehensive overview of the technical evolution of ALPPS with a special
      emphasis on safety and oncologic efficacy. Furthermore, we review the
      contemporary literature regarding indication and benefits, but also limitations
      of ALPPS. 

PMID- 26981185
TI  - Intestinal inflammation and the diet: Is food friend or foe?
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal illness of autoimmune
      origin affecting millions across the globe. The most common subtypes include
      ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. While many medical treatments for
      IBD exist, none come without the risk of significant immunosuppression and in
      general do not have benign side effect profiles. Surgical intervention exists
      only as radical resection for medically refractory UC. There exists a dire need
      for novel treatments that target the inherent pathophysiologic disturbances of
      IBD, rather than global immune suppression. One avenue of investigation that
      could provide such an agent is the interaction between certain dietary elements
      and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a cytosolic transcription
      factor with a rich history in environmental toxicant handling, however, recently
      a role has emerged for the AHR as a modulator of the gastrointestinal immune
      system. Studies have come to elucidate these effects to include the enhancement
      of Th cell subset differentiation, interactions between enteric flora and the
      luminal wall, and modulation of inflammatory interleukin and cytokine signaling.
      This review highlights advancements in our understanding of AHR activity in the
      digestive tract and how this stimulation may be wrought by certain dietary
      "micronutriceuticals", namely indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its derivatives.
      Greater clarity surrounding these dynamics could lead to a novel diet-derived
      agonist of the AHR which is not only non-toxic, but also efficacious in the
      amelioration of clinical IBD. 

PMID- 26981187
TI  - Laparoscopic treatment of complicated colonic diverticular disease: A review.
AB  - Up to 10% of acute colonic diverticulitis may necessitate a surgical
      intervention. Although associated with high morbidity and mortality rates,
      Hartmann's procedure (HP) has been considered for many years to be the gold
      standard for the treatment of generalized peritonitis. To reduce the burden of
      surgery in these situations and as driven by the accumulated experience in
      colorectal and minimally-invasive surgery, laparoscopy has been increasingly
      adopted in the management of abdominal emergencies. Multiple case series and
      retrospective comparative studies confirmed that with experienced hands, the
      laparoscopic approach provided better outcomes than the open surgery. This
      technique applies to all interventions related to complicated diverticular
      disease, such as HP, sigmoid resection with primary anastomosis (RPA) and
      reversal of HP. The laparoscopic approach also provided new therapeutic
      possibilities with the emergence of the laparoscopic lavage drainage (LLD),
      particularly interesting in the context of purulent peritonitis of diverticular
      origin. At this stage, however, most of our knowledge in these fields relies on
      studies of low-level evidence. More than ever, well-built large randomized
      controlled trials are necessary to answer present interrogations such as the
      exact place of LLD or the most appropriate sigmoid resection procedure
      (laparoscopic HP or RPA), as well as to confirm the advantages of laparoscopy in
      chronic complications of diverticulitis or HP reversal. 

PMID- 26981188
TI  - Overview of robotic colorectal surgery: Current and future practical
      developments.
AB  - Minimal access surgery has revolutionised colorectal surgery by offering reduced
      morbidity and mortality over open surgery, while maintaining oncological and
      functional outcomes with the disadvantage of additional practical challenges.
      Robotic surgery aids the surgeon in overcoming these challenges. Uptake of
      robotic assistance has been relatively slow, mainly because of the high initial
      and ongoing costs of equipment but also because of limited evidence of improved
      patient outcomes. Advances in robotic colorectal surgery will aim to widen the
      scope of minimal access surgery to allow larger and more complex surgery through
      smaller access and natural orifices and also to make the technology more
      economical, allowing wider dispersal and uptake of robotic technology. Advances
      in robotic endoscopy will yield self-advancing endoscopes and a widening role for
      capsule endoscopy including the development of motile and steerable capsules able
      to deliver localised drug therapy and insufflation as well as being recharged
      from an extracorporeal power source to allow great longevity. Ultimately robotic
      technology may advance to the point where many conventional surgical
      interventions are no longer required. With respect to nanotechnology, surgery may
      eventually become obsolete. 

PMID- 26981190
TI  - Does autologous blood transfusion during liver transplantation for hepatocellular
      carcinoma increase risk of recurrence?
AB  - AIM: To analyze outcomes in patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) for
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and received autologous intraoperative blood
      salvage (IBS). METHODS: Consecutive HCC patients who underwent LT were studied
      retrospectively and analyzed according to the use of IBS or not. Demographic and
      surgical data were collected from a departmental prospective maintained database.
      Statistical analyses were performed using the Fisher's exact test and the
      Wilcoxon rank sum test to examine covariate differences between patients who
      underwent IBS and those who did not. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression
      models were developed to evaluate recurrence and death, and survival
      probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the
      log-rank test. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2012, 158 consecutive patients who
      underwent LT in the same medical center and by the same surgical team were
      identified. Among these patients, 122 (77.2%) were in the IBS group and 36
      (22.8%) in the non-IBS group. The overall survival (OS) and recurrence free
      survival (RFS) at 5 years were 59.7% and 83.3%, respectively. No differences in
      OS (P = 0.51) or RFS (P = 0.953) were detected between the IBS and non-IBS
      groups. On multivariate analysis for OS, degree of tumor differentiation remained
      as the only independent predictor. Regarding patients who received IBS, no
      differences were detected in OS or RFS (P = 0.055 and P = 0.512, respectively)
      according to the volume infused, even when outcomes at 90 d or longer were
      analyzed separately (P = 0.518 for both outcomes). CONCLUSION: No differences in
      RFS or OS were detected according to IBS use. Trials addressing this question are
      justified and should be designed to detect small differences in long-term
      outcomes.

PMID- 26981189
TI  - Chronic radiation proctopathy: A practical review of endoscopic treatment.
AB  - Chronic radiation proctopathy (CRP) is a troublesome complication of pelvic
      radiotherapy. The most common presentation is rectal bleeding. CRP symptoms
      interfere with daily activities and decrease quality of life. Rectal bleeding
      management in patients with CRP represents a conundrum for practitioners. Medical
      therapy is ineffective in general and surgical approach has a high morbid
      mortality. Endoscopy has a role in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of this
      disease. Currently available endoscopic modalities are formalin, potassium
      titanyl phosphate laser, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, argon laser,
      bipolar electrocoagulation (BiCAP), heater probe, band ligation, cryotherapy,
      radiofrequency ablation and argon plasma coagulation (APC). Among these options,
      APC is the most promising. 

PMID- 26981191
TI  - Laparoscopic surgery for small-bowel obstruction caused by Meckel's diverticulum.
AB  - A 26-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of abdominal distention
      and vomiting. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a blind loop of the
      bowel extending to near the uterus and a fibrotic band connecting the mesentery
      to the top of the bowel, suggestive of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) and a
      mesodiverticular band (MDB). After intestinal decompression, elective
      laparoscopic surgery was carried out. Using three 5-mm ports, MD was dissected
      from the surrounding adhesion and MDB was divided intracorporeally. And
      subsequent Meckel's diverticulectomy was performed. The presence of heterotopic
      gastric mucosa was confirmed histologically. The patient had an uneventful
      postoperative course and was discharged 5 d after the operation. She has remained
      healthy and symptom-free during 4 years of follow-up. This was considered to be
      an unusual case of preoperatively diagnosed and laparoscopically treated small
      bowel obstruction due to MD in a young adult woman. 

PMID- 26981192
TI  - Pneumatosis intestinalis with obstructing intussusception: A case report and
      literature review.
AB  - Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) often represents a benign condition that should not
      be considered as an argument for surgery. We report a patient with PI and
      obstructing intussusception who underwent urgent colectomy and review the
      literatures regarding PI with intussusception. A 20-year-old man presented at our
      hospital with a 3-d intermittent lower abdominal pain history. He underwent
      steroid therapy for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis for 4 years.
      Computed tomography revealed ascending colon intussusception with air within the
      wall. Intraoperative colonoscopy revealed numerous soft polypoid masses with
      normal overlying mucosa and right hemicolectomy was performed. Histological
      examination of colonic wall sections revealed large cysts in the submucosal
      layer. The pathological diagnosis was PI. Nine cases of intussusception
      associated with primary PI have been reported. Although primary PI often
      represents a benign condition that should not be considered as an argument for
      surgery, if the case involves intussusception and obstruction, emergent
      laparotomy should be considered. 

PMID- 26981193
TI  - Yersinia type III effectors perturb host innate immune responses.
AB  - The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens.
      Innate immune cells recognize molecular patterns from the pathogen and mount a
      response to resolve the infection. The production of proinflammatory cytokines
      and reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, and induced programmed cell death are
      processes initiated by innate immune cells in order to combat invading pathogens.
      However, pathogens have evolved various virulence mechanisms to subvert these
      responses. One strategy utilized by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens is the
      deployment of a complex machine termed the type III secretion system (T3SS). The
      T3SS is composed of a syringe-like needle structure and the effector proteins
      that are injected directly into a target host cell to disrupt a cellular
      response. The three human pathogenic Yersinia spp. (Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica,
      and Y. pseudotuberculosis) are Gram-negative bacteria that share in common a 70
      kb virulence plasmid which encodes the T3SS. Translocation of the Yersinia
      effector proteins (YopE, YopH, YopT, YopM, YpkA/YopO, and YopP/J) into the target
      host cell results in disruption of the actin cytoskeleton to inhibit
      phagocytosis, downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production,
      and induction of cellular apoptosis of the target cell. Over the past 25 years,
      studies on the Yersinia effector proteins have unveiled tremendous knowledge of
      how the effectors enhance Yersinia virulence. Recently, the long awaited crystal
      structure of YpkA has been solved providing further insights into the activation
      of the YpkA kinase domain. Multisite autophosphorylation by YpkA to activate its
      kinase domain was also shown and postulated to serve as a mechanism to bypass
      regulation by host phosphatases. In addition, novel Yersinia effector protein
      targets, such as caspase-1, and signaling pathways including activation of the
      inflammasome were identified. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries
      made on Yersinia effector proteins and their contribution to Yersinia
      pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26981194
TI  - Complexity of vitamin E metabolism.
AB  - Bioavailability of vitamin E is influenced by several factors, most are
      highlighted in this review. While gender, age and genetic constitution influence
      vitamin E bioavailability but cannot be modified, life-style and intake of
      vitamin E can be. Numerous factors must be taken into account however, i.e., when
      vitamin E is orally administrated, the food matrix may contain competing
      nutrients. The complex metabolic processes comprise intestinal absorption,
      vascular transport, hepatic sorting by intracellular binding proteins, such as
      the significant alpha-tocopherol-transfer protein, and hepatic metabolism. The
      coordinated changes involved in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin E provide an
      effective physiological pathway to protect tissues against the excessive
      accumulation of, in particular, non-alpha-tocopherol forms. Metabolism of vitamin
      E begins with one cycle of CYP4F2/CYP3A4-dependent omega-hydroxylation followed
      by five cycles of subsequent beta-oxidation, and forms the water-soluble end
      product carboxyethylhydroxychroman. All known hepatic metabolites can be
      conjugated and are excreted, depending on the length of their side-chain, either
      via urine or feces. The physiological handling of vitamin E underlies kinetics
      which vary between the different vitamin E forms. Here, saturation of the side
      chain and also substitution of the chromanol ring system are important. Most of
      the metabolic reactions and processes that are involved with vitamin E are also
      shared by other fat soluble vitamins. Influencing interactions with other
      nutrients such as vitamin K or pharmaceuticals are also covered by this review.
      All these processes modulate the formation of vitamin E metabolites and their
      concentrations in tissues and body fluids. Differences in metabolism might be
      responsible for the discrepancies that have been observed in studies performed in
      vivo and in vitro using vitamin E as a supplement or nutrient. To evaluate
      individual vitamin E status, the analytical procedures used for detecting and
      quantifying vitamin E and its metabolites are crucial. The latest methods in
      analytics are presented. 

PMID- 26981196
TI  - Dynamic interplay between adhesion surfaces in carcinomas: Cell-cell and cell
      matrix crosstalk.
AB  - Cell-cell and cell-matrix signaling and communication between adhesion sites
      involve mechanisms which are required for cellular functions during normal
      development and homeostasis; however these cellular functions and mechanisms are
      often deregulated in cancer. Aberrant signaling at cell-cell and cell-matrix
      adhesion sites often involves downstream mediators including Rho GTPases and
      tyrosine kinases. This review discusses these molecules as putative mediators of
      cellular crosstalk between cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition
      to their attractiveness as therapeutic targets in cancer. Interestingly, inter
      junctional crosstalk mechanisms are frequently typified by the way in which
      bacterial and viral pathogens opportunistically infect or intoxicate mammalian
      cells. This review therefore also discusses the concept of learning from pathogen
      host interaction studies to better understand coordinated communication between
      cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion sites, in addition to highlighting the
      potential therapeutic usefulness of exploiting pathogens or their products to tap
      into inter-junctional crosstalk. Taken together, we feel that increased knowledge
      around mechanisms of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion site crosstalk and
      consequently a greater understanding of their therapeutic targeting offers a
      unique opportunity to contribute to the emerging molecular revolution in cancer
      biology. 

PMID- 26981197
TI  - RNA-binding proteins related to stress response and differentiation in protozoa.
AB  - RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators of gene expression. There are
      several distinct families of RBPs and they are involved in the cellular response
      to environmental changes, cell differentiation and cell death. The RBPs can
      differentially combine with RNA molecules and form ribonucleoprotein (RNP)
      complexes, defining the function and fate of RNA molecules in the cell. RBPs
      display diverse domains that allow them to be categorized into distinct families.
      They play important roles in the cellular response to physiological stress, in
      cell differentiation, and, it is believed, in the cellular localization of
      certain mRNAs. In several protozoa, a physiological stress (nutritional,
      temperature or pH) triggers differentiation to a distinct developmental stage.
      Most of the RBPs characterized in protozoa arise from trypanosomatids. In these
      protozoa gene expression regulation is mostly post-transcriptional, which
      suggests that some RBPs might display regulatory functions distinct from those
      described for other eukaryotes. mRNA stability can be altered as a response to
      stress. Transcripts are sequestered to RNA granules that ultimately modulate
      their availability to the translation machinery, storage or degradation,
      depending on the associated proteins. These aggregates of mRNPs containing mRNAs
      that are not being translated colocalize in cytoplasmic foci, and their numbers
      and size vary according to cell conditions such as oxidative stress, nutritional
      status and treatment with drugs that inhibit translation. 

PMID- 26981195
TI  - New insights into sodium transport regulation in the distal nephron: Role of G
      protein coupled receptors.
AB  - The renal handling of Na(+) balance is a major determinant of the blood pressure
      (BP) level. The inability of the kidney to excrete the daily load of Na(+)
      represents the primary cause of chronic hypertension. Among the different
      segments that constitute the nephron, those present in the distal part (i.e., the
      cortical thick ascending limb, the distal convoluted tubule, the connecting and
      collecting tubules) play a central role in the fine-tuning of renal Na(+)
      excretion and are the target of many different regulatory processes that modulate
      Na(+) retention more or less efficiently. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are
      crucially involved in this regulation and could represent efficient
      pharmacological targets to control BP levels. In this review, we describe both
      classical and novel GPCR-dependent regulatory systems that have been shown to
      modulate renal Na(+) absorption in the distal nephron. In addition to the
      multiplicity of the GPCR that regulate Na(+) excretion, this review also
      highlights the complexity of these different pathways, and the connections
      between them. 

PMID- 26981199
TI  - Recent advances in production, purification and applications of
      phycobiliproteins.
AB  - An obligatory sunlight requirement for photosynthesis has exposed cyanobacteria
      to different quantity and quality of light. Cyanobacteria can exhibit efficient
      photosynthesis over broad region (450 to 650 nm) of solar spectrum with the help
      of brilliantly coloured pigment proteins called phycobiliproteins (PBPs). Besides
      light-harvesting, PBPs are found to involve in several life sustaining phenomena
      including photoprotection in cyanobacteria. The unique spectral features (like
      strong absorbance and fluorescence), proteineous nature and, some imperative
      properties like hepato-protective, anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti
      aging activity of PBPs enable their use in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and
      biomedical industries. PBPs have been also noted to show beneficial effect in
      therapeutics of some disease like Alzheimer and cancer. Such large range of
      applications increases the demand of PBPs in commodity market. Therefore, the
      large-scale and coast effective production of PBPs is the real need of time. To
      fulfil this need, many researchers have been working to find the potential
      producer of PBPs for the production and purification of PBPs. Results of these
      efforts have caused the inventions of some novel techniques like mixotrophic and
      heterotrophic strategies for production and aqueous two phase separation for
      purification purpose. Overall, the present review summarises the recent findings
      and identifies gaps in the field of production, purification and applications of
      this biological and economically important proteins. 

PMID- 26981198
TI  - Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer prevention by dietary
      phytochemicals: From experimental models to clinical trials.
AB  - Chemoprevention is one of the cancer prevention approaches wherein
      natural/synthetic agent(s) are prescribed with the aim to delay or disrupt
      multiple pathways and processes involved at multiple steps, i.e., initiation,
      promotion, and progression of cancer. Amongst environmental chemopreventive
      compounds, diet/beverage-derived components are under evaluation, because of
      their long history of exposure to humans, high tolerability, low toxicity, and
      reported biological activities. This compilation briefly covers and compares the
      available evidence on chemopreventive efficacy and probable mechanism of
      chemoprevention by selected dietary phytochemicals (capsaicin, curcumin, diallyl
      sulphide, genistein, green/black tea polyphenols, indoles, lycopene, phenethyl
      isocyanate, resveratrol, retinoids and tocopherols) in experimental systems and
      clinical trials. All the dietary phytochemicals covered in this review have
      demonstrated chemopreventive efficacy against spontaneous or carcinogen-induced
      experimental tumors and/or associated biomarkers and processes in rodents at
      several organ sites. The observed anti-initiating, anti-promoting and anti
      progression activity of dietary phytochemicals in carcinogen-induced experimental
      models involve phytochemical-mediated redox changes, modulation of enzymes and
      signaling kinases resulting to effects on multiple genes and cell signaling
      pathways. Results from clinical trials using these compounds have not shown them
      to be chemopreventive. This may be due to our: (1) inability to reproduce the
      exposure conditions, i.e., levels, complexity, other host and lifestyle factors;
      and (2) lack of understanding about the mechanisms of action and agent-mediated
      toxicity in several organs and physiological processes in the host. Current
      research efforts in addressing the issues of exposure conditions,
      bioavailability, toxicity and the mode of action of dietary phytochemicals may
      help address the reason for observed mismatch that may ultimately lead to
      identification of new chemopreventive agents for protection against broad
      spectrum of exposures. 

PMID- 26981201
TI  - API2-MALT1 oncoprotein promotes lymphomagenesis via unique program of substrate
      ubiquitination and proteolysis.
AB  - Lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is the most common
      extranodal B cell tumor and accounts for 8% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Gastric
      MALT lymphoma is the best-studied example and is a prototypical neoplasm that
      occurs in the setting of chronic inflammation brought on by persistent infection
      or autoimmune disease. Cytogenetic abnormalities are commonly acquired during the
      course of disease and the most common is chromosomal translocation
      t(11;18)(q21;q21), which creates the API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein. t(11;18)
      positive lymphomas can be clinically aggressive and have a higher rate of
      dissemination than t(11;18)-negative tumors. Many cancers, including MALT
      lymphomas, characteristically exhibit deregulated over-activation of cellular
      survival pathways, such as the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway.
      Molecular characterization of API2-MALT1 has revealed it to be a potent activator
      of NF-kappaB, which is required for API2-MALT1-induced cellular transformation,
      however the mechanisms by which API2-MALT1 exerts these effects are only recently
      becoming apparent. The API2 moiety of the fusion binds tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) 2 and receptor interacting protein 1
      (RIP1), two proteins essential for TNF receptor-induced NF-kappaB activation. By
      effectively mimicking ligand-bound TNF receptor, API2-MALT1 promotes TRAF2
      dependent ubiquitination of RIP1, which then acts as a scaffold for nucleating
      and activating the canonical NF-kappaB machinery. Activation occurs, in part,
      through MALT1 moiety-dependent recruitment of TRAF6, which can directly modify NF
      kappaB essential modulator, the principal downstream regulator of NF-kappaB.
      While the intrinsic MALT1 protease catalytic activity is dispensable for this
      canonical NF-kappaB signaling, it is critical for non-canonical NF-kappaB
      activation. In this regard, API2-MALT1 recognizes NF-kappaB inducing kinase
      (NIK), the essential upstream regulator of non-canonical NF-kappaB, and cleaves
      it to generate a stable, constitutively active fragment. Thus, API2-MALT1
      harnesses multiple unique pathways to achieve deregulated NF-kappaB activation.
      Emerging data from our group and others have also detailed additional gain-of
      function activities of API2-MALT1 that extend beyond NF-kappaB activation.
      Specifically, API2-MALT1 recruits and subverts multiple other signaling factors,
      including LIM domain and actin-binding protein 1 (LIMA1) and Smac/DIABLO. Like
      NIK, LIMA1 represents a unique substrate for API2-MALT1 protease activity, but
      unlike NIK, its cleavage sets in motion a major NF-kappaB-independent pathway for
      promoting oncogenesis. In this review, we highlight the most recent results
      characterizing these unique and diverse gain-of-function activities of API2-MALT1
      and how they contribute to lymphomagenesis. 

PMID- 26981200
TI  - Longevity of animals under reactive oxygen species stress and disease
      susceptibility due to global warming.
AB  - The world is projected to experience an approximate doubling of atmospheric CO2
      concentration in the next decades. Rise in atmospheric CO2 level as one of the
      most important reasons is expected to contribute to raise the mean global
      temperature 1.4  degrees C-5.8  degrees C by that time. A survey from 128
      countries speculates that global warming is primarily due to increase in
      atmospheric CO2 level that is produced mainly by anthropogenic activities.
      Exposure of animals to high environmental temperatures is mostly accompanied by
      unwanted acceleration of certain biochemical pathways in their cells. One of such
      examples is augmentation in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
      subsequent increase in oxidation of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids by ROS.
      Increase in oxidation of biomolecules leads to a state called as oxidative stress
      (OS). Finally, the increase in OS condition induces abnormality in physiology of
      animals under elevated temperature. Exposure of animals to rise in habitat
      temperature is found to boost the metabolism of animals and a very strong and
      positive correlation exists between metabolism and levels of ROS and OS.
      Continuous induction of OS is negatively correlated with survivability and
      longevity and positively correlated with ageing in animals. Thus, it can be
      predicted that continuous exposure of animals to acute or gradual rise in habitat
      temperature due to global warming may induce OS, reduced survivability and
      longevity in animals in general and poikilotherms in particular. A positive
      correlation between metabolism and temperature in general and altered O2
      consumption at elevated temperature in particular could also increase the risk of
      experiencing OS in homeotherms. Effects of global warming on longevity of animals
      through increased risk of protein misfolding and disease susceptibility due to OS
      as the cause or effects or both also cannot be ignored. Therefore, understanding
      the physiological impacts of global warming in relation to longevity of animals
      will become very crucial challenge to biologists of the present millennium. 

PMID- 26981202
TI  - Development of regional specificity of spinal and medullary dorsal horn neurons.
AB  - Extensive studies have focused on the development and regionalization of neurons
      in the central nervous system (CNS). Many genes, which play crucial roles in the
      development of CNS neurons, have been identified. By using the technique "direct
      reprogramming", neurons can be produced from multiple cell sources such as
      fibroblasts. However, understanding the region-specific regulation of neurons in
      the CNS is still one of the biggest challenges in the research field of
      neuroscience. Neurons located in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and in
      the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) play crucial roles in pain and sensorimotor
      functions in the orofacial and other somatic body regions, respectively.
      Anatomically, Vc represents the most caudal component of the trigeminal system,
      and is contiguous with SDH. This review is focused on recent data dealing with
      the regional specificity involved in the development of neurons in Vc and SDH. 

PMID- 26981204
TI  - Engineered magnetic core shell nanoprobes: Synthesis and applications to cancer
      imaging and therapeutics.
AB  - Magnetic core shell nanoparticles are composed of a highly magnetic core material
      surrounded by a thin shell of desired drug, polymer or metal oxide. These
      magnetic core shell nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in biomedical
      research, more specifically in tissue imaging, drug delivery and therapeutics.
      The present review discusses the up-to-date knowledge on the various procedures
      for synthesis of magnetic core shell nanoparticles along with their applications
      in cancer imaging, drug delivery and hyperthermia or cancer therapeutics.
      Literature in this area shows that magnetic core shell nanoparticle-based
      imaging, drug targeting and therapy through hyperthermia can potentially be a
      powerful tool for the advanced diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. 

PMID- 26981203
TI  - Regulation of RNA binding proteins in trypanosomatid protozoan parasites.
AB  - Posttranscriptional mechanisms have a critical role in the overall outcome of
      gene expression. These mechanisms are especially relevant in protozoa from the
      genus Trypanosoma, which is composed by death threatening parasites affecting
      people in Sub-saharan Africa or in the Americas. In these parasites the classic
      view of regulation of transcription initiation to modulate the products of a
      given gene cannot be applied. This is due to the presence of transcription start
      sites that give rise to long polycistronic units that need to be processed
      costranscriptionally by trans-splicing and polyadenylation to give mature
      monocistronic mRNAs. Posttranscriptional mechanisms such as mRNA degradation and
      translational repression are responsible for the final synthesis of the required
      protein products. In this context, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in trypanosomes
      have a relevant role as modulators of mRNA abundance and translational repression
      by associating to the 3' untranslated regions in mRNA. Many different RBPs have
      been proposed to modulate cohorts of mRNAs in trypanosomes. However, the current
      understanding of their functions lacks a dynamic view on the different steps at
      which these RBPs are regulated. Here, we discuss different evidences to propose
      regulatory events for different RBPs in these parasites. These events vary from
      regulated developmental expression, to biogenesis of cytoplasmic
      ribonucleoprotein complexes in the nucleus, and condensation of RBPs and mRNA
      into large cytoplasmic granules. Finally, we discuss how newly identified
      posttranslational modifications of RBPs and mRNA metabolism-related proteins
      could have an enormous impact on the modulation of mRNA abundance. To understand
      these modifications is especially relevant in these parasites due to the fact
      that the enzymes involved could be interesting targets for drug therapy. 

PMID- 26981205
TI  - Arctic ground squirrel neuronal progenitor cells resist oxygen and glucose
      deprivation-induced death.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the influence of ischemia/reperfusion on arctic ground
      squirrel (AGS) neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), we subjected these cultured
      cells to oxygen and glucose deprivation. METHODS: AGS NPCs were expanded and
      differentiated into NPCs and as an ischemia vulnerable control, commercially
      available human NPCs (hNPCs) were seeded from thawed NPCs. NPCs, identified by
      expression of TUJ1 were seen at 14-21 d in vitro (DIV). Cultures were exposed to
      control conditions, hypoxia, oxygen and glucose deprivation or glucose
      deprivation alone or following return to normal conditions to model reperfusion.
      Cell viability and death were assessed from loss of ATP as well as from measures
      of alamarBlue((r)) and lactate dehydrogenase in the media and from counts of TUJ1
      positive cells using immunocytochemistry. Dividing cells were identified by
      expression of Ki67 and phenotyped by double labeling with GFAP, MAP2ab or TUJ1.
      RESULTS: We report that when cultured in NeuraLifeTM, AGS cells remain viable out
      to 21 DIV, continue to express TUJ1 and begin to express MAP2ab. Viability of
      hNPCs assessed by fluorescence alamarBlue (arbitrary units) depends on both
      glucose and oxygen availability [viability of hNPCs after 24 h oxygen glucose
      deprivation (OGD) with return of oxygen and glucose decreased from 48151 +/- 4551
      in control cultures to 43481 +/- 2413 after OGD, P < 0.05]. By contrast, when AGS
      NPCs are exposed to the same OGD with reperfusion at 14 DIV, cell viability
      assessed by alamarBlue increased from 165305 +/- 11719 in control cultures to
      196054 +/- 13977 after OGD. Likewise AGS NPCs recovered ATP (92766 +/- 6089 in
      control and 92907 +/- 4290 after modeled reperfusion; arbitrary luminescence
      units), and doubled in the ratio of TUJ1 expressing neurons to total dividing
      cells (0.11 +/- 0.04 in control cultures vs 0.22 +/- 0.2 after modeled
      reperfusion, P < 0.05). Maintaining AGS NPCs for a longer time in culture lowered
      resistance to injury, however, did not impair proliferation of NPCs relative to
      other cell lineages after oxygen deprivation followed by re-oxygenation.
      CONCLUSION: Ischemic-like insults decrease viability and increase cell death in
      cultures of human NPCs. Similar conditions have less affect on cell death and
      promote proliferation in AGS NPCs.

PMID- 26981206
TI  - High levels of homocysteine downregulate apolipoprotein E expression via nuclear
      factor kappa B.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the effect of high homocysteine (Hcy) levels on
      apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression and the signaling pathways involved in this
      gene regulation. METHODS: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT
      PCR) and Western blot were used to assess apoE expression in cells treated with
      various concentrations (50-500 MUmol/L) of Hcy. Calcium phosphate-transient
      transfections were performed in HEK-293 and RAW 264.7 cells to evaluate the
      effect of Hcy on apoE regulatory elements [promoter and distal multienhancer 2
      (ME2)]. To this aim, plasmids containing the proximal apoE promoter [(
      500/+73)apoE construct] alone or in the presence of ME2 [ME2/(-500/+73)apoE
      construct] to drive the expression of the reporter luciferase gene were used. Co
      transfection experiments were carried out to investigate the downstream effectors
      of Hcy-mediated regulation of apoE promoter by using specific inhibitors or a
      dominant negative form of IKbeta. In other co-transfections, the luciferase
      reporter was under the control of synthetic promoters containing multiple
      specific binding sites for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), activator protein
      1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Chromatin
      immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was accomplished to detect the binding of NF
      kappaB p65 subunit to the apoE promoter in HEK-293 treated with 500 MUmol/L Hcy.
      As control, cells were incubated with similar concentration of cysteine. NF
      kappaB p65 proteins bound to DNA were immunoprecipitated with anti-p65 antibodies
      and DNA was identified by PCR using primers amplifying the region -100/+4 of the
      apoE gene. RESULTS: RT-PCR revealed that high levels of Hcy (250-750 MUmol/L)
      induced a 2-3 fold decrease in apoE mRNA levels in HEK-293 cells, while apoE gene
      expression was not significantly affected by treatment with lower concentrations
      of Hcy (100 MUmol/L). Immunoblotting data provided additional evidence for the
      negative role of Hcy in apoE expression. Hcy decreased apoE promoter activity, in
      the presence or absence of ME2, in a dose dependent manner, in both RAW 264.7 and
      HEK-293 cells, as revealed by transient transfection experiments. The downstream
      effectors of the signaling pathways of Hcy were also investigated. The inhibitory
      effect of Hcy on the apoE promoter activity was counteracted by MAPK/ERK kinase
      1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor U0126, suggesting that MEK1/2 is involved in the
      downregulation of apoE promoter activity by Hcy. Our data demonstrated that Hcy
      induced inhibition of apoE took place through activation of NF-kappaB. Moreover,
      we demonstrated that Hcy activated a synthetic promoter containing three NF
      kappaB binding sites, but did not affect promoters containing AP-1 or NFAT
      binding sites. ChIP experiments revealed that NF-kappaB p65 subunit is recruited
      to the apoE promoter following Hcy treatment of cells. CONCLUSION: Hcy-induced
      stress negatively modulates apoE expression via MEK1/2 and NF-kappaB activation.
      The decreased apoE expression in peripheral tissues may aggravate
      atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and renal dysfunctions.

PMID- 26981207
TI  - Epigenetic alteration to activate Bmp2-Smad signaling in Raf-induced senescence.
AB  - AIM: To investigate epigenomic and gene expression alterations during cellular
      senescence induced by oncogenic Raf. METHODS: Cellular senescence was induced
      into mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) by infecting retrovirus to express
      oncogenic Raf (RafV600E). RNA was collected from RafV600E cells as well as MEFs
      without infection and MEFs with mock infection, and a genome-wide gene expression
      analysis was performed using microarray. The epigenomic status for active H3K4me3
      and repressive H3K27me3 histone marks was analyzed by chromatin
      immunoprecipitation-sequencing for RafV600E cells on day 7 and for MEFs without
      infection. These data for Raf-induced senescence were compared with data for Ras
      induced senescence that were obtained in our previous study. Gene knockdown and
      overexpression were done by retrovirus infection. RESULTS: Although the
      expression of some genes including secreted factors was specifically altered in
      either Ras- or Raf-induced senescence, many genes showed similar alteration
      pattern in Raf- and Ras-induced senescence. A total of 841 commonly upregulated
      841 genes and 573 commonly downregulated genes showed a significant enrichment of
      genes related to signal and secreted proteins, suggesting the importance of
      alterations in secreted factors. Bmp2, a secreted protein to activate Bmp2-Smad
      signaling, was highly upregulated with gain of H3K4me3 and loss of H3K27me3
      during Raf-induced senescence, as previously detected in Ras-induced senescence,
      and the knockdown of Bmp2 by shRNA lead to escape from Raf-induced senescence.
      Bmp2-Smad inhibitor Smad6 was strongly repressed with H3K4me3 loss in Raf-induced
      senescence, as detected in Ras-induced senescence, and senescence was also
      bypassed by Smad6 induction in Raf-activated cells. Different from Ras-induced
      senescence, however, gain of H3K27me3 did not occur in the Smad6 promoter region
      during Raf-induced senescence. When comparing genome-wide alteration between Ras-
      and Raf-induced senescence, genes showing loss of H3K27me3 during senescence
      significantly overlapped; genes showing H3K4me3 gain, or those showing H3K4me3
      loss, also well-overlapped between Ras- and Raf-induced senescence. However,
      genes with gain of H3K27me3 overlapped significantly rarely, compared with those
      with H3K27me3 loss, with H3K4me3 gain, or with H3K4me3 loss. CONCLUSION: Although
      epigenetic alterations are partly different, Bmp2 upregulation and Smad6
      repression occur and contribute to Raf-induced senescence, as detected in Ras
      induced senescence.

PMID- 26981208
TI  - Omega 3 and atrial fibrillation: Where are we?
AB  - Anti-arrhythmic properties of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, at least in part
      mediated by anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic power, have been
      widely proved. Effect of fish oil on atrial fibrillation, both in primary and in
      secondary prevention and after cardiac surgery, are controversial, mostly due to
      lack of homogeneity between studies but also due to individual variability in
      response to fatty acids administration. Inclusion of measurement of incorporation
      of fish oil into cell membranes, appears to be essential in future studies, to
      assess their antiarrhythmic effect. 

PMID- 26981210
TI  - Impact of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.
AB  - Non-ischemic cardiomyopathies include a wide spectrum of disease states
      afflicting the heart, whether a primary process or secondary to a systemic
      condition. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has established itself as an
      important imaging modality in the evaluation of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.
      CMR is useful in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, quantification of ventricular
      function, establishing etiology, determining prognosis and risk stratification.
      Technical advances and extensive research over the last decade have resulted in
      the accumulation of a tremendous amount of data with regards to the utility of
      CMR in these cardiomyopathies. In this article, we review CMR findings of various
      non-ischemic cardiomyopathies and focus on current literature investigating the
      clinical impact of CMR on risk stratification, treatment, and prognosis. 

PMID- 26981209
TI  - Psoriasis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease: Three
      different diseases on a unique background.
AB  - Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated skin disease, frequently
      associated with systemic comorbidities. According to recent data, patients with
      psoriasis show a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome, which confers a higher
      cardiovascular risk. The link between these pathological conditions appears to be
      a chronic low-grade inflammatory status. The aim of this review is to focus on
      the multiple epidemiological and physio-pathogenetic aspects linking non
      alcoholic fatty liver disease, psoriasis, and cardiovascular disease. 

PMID- 26981211
TI  - Mechanical dyssynchrony and deformation imaging in patients with functional
      mitral regurgitation.
AB  - Chronic functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a frequent finding of ischemic
      heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), associated with unfavourable
      prognosis. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved in FMR, such as
      annular dilatation and dysfunction, left ventricle (LV) remodeling, dysfunction
      and dyssynchrony, papillary muscles displacement and dyssynchrony. The best
      therapeutic choice for FMR is still debated. When optimal medical treatment has
      already been set, a further option for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
      and/or surgical correction should be considered. CRT is able to contrast most of
      the pathophysiologic determinants of FMR by minimizing LV dyssynchrony through
      different mechanisms: Increasing closing forces, reducing tethering forces,
      reshaping annular geometry and function, correcting diastolic MR. Deformation
      imaging in terms of two-dimensional speckle tracking has been validated for LV
      dyssynchrony assessment. Radial speckle tracking and three-dimensional strain
      analysis appear to be the best methods to quantify intraventricular delay and to
      predict CRT-responders. Speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with mitral
      valve regurgitation has been usually proposed for the assessment of LV and left
      atrial function. However it has also revealed a fundamental role of
      intraventricular dyssynchrony in determining FMR especially in DCM, rather than
      in ischemic cardiomyopathy in which MR severity seems to be more related to
      mitral valve deformation indexes. Furthermore speckle tracking allows the
      assessment of papillary muscle dyssynchrony. Therefore this technique can help to
      identify optimal candidates to CRT that will probably demonstrate a reduction in
      FMR degree and thus will experience a better outcome. 

PMID- 26981214
TI  - Diagnosis and management of patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis.
AB  - Aortic stenosis (AS) is a disease that progresses slowly for years without
      symptoms, so patients need to be carefully managed with appropriate follow up and
      referred for aortic valve replacement in a timely manner. Development of symptoms
      is a clear indication for aortic valve intervention in patients with severe AS.
      The decision for early surgery in patients with asymptomatic severe AS is more
      complex. In this review, we discuss how to identify high-risk patients with
      asymptomatic severe AS who may benefit from early surgery. 

PMID- 26981212
TI  - Micromanaging cardiac regeneration: Targeted delivery of microRNAs for cardiac
      repair and regeneration.
AB  - The loss of cardiomyocytes during injury and disease can result in heart failure
      and sudden death, while the adult heart has a limited capacity for endogenous
      regeneration and repair. Current stem cell-based regenerative medicine approaches
      modestly improve cardiomyocyte survival, but offer neglectable cardiomyogenesis.
      This has prompted the need for methodological developments that crease de novo
      cardiomyocytes. Current insights in cardiac development on the processes and
      regulatory mechanisms in embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation provide a basis
      to therapeutically induce these pathways to generate new cardiomyocytes. Here, we
      discuss the current knowledge on embryonic cardiomyocyte differentiation and the
      implementation of this knowledge in state-of-the-art protocols to the direct
      reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into de novo cardiomyocytes in vitro and in
      vivo with an emphasis on microRNA-mediated reprogramming. Additionally, we
      discuss current advances on state-of-the-art targeted drug delivery systems that
      can be employed to deliver these microRNAs to the damaged cardiac tissue.
      Together, the advances in our understanding of cardiac development, recent
      advances in microRNA-based therapeutics, and innovative drug delivery systems,
      highlight exciting opportunities for effective therapies for myocardial
      infarction and heart failure. 

PMID- 26981213
TI  - Genetic testing in congenital heart disease: A clinical approach.
AB  - Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect.
      Traditionally, a polygenic model defined by the interaction of multiple genes and
      environmental factors was hypothesized to account for different forms of CHD. It
      is now understood that the contribution of genetics to CHD extends beyond a
      single unified paradigm. For example, monogenic models and chromosomal
      abnormalities have been associated with various syndromic and non-syndromic forms
      of CHD. In such instances, genetic investigation and testing may potentially play
      an important role in clinical care. A family tree with a detailed phenotypic
      description serves as the initial screening tool to identify potentially
      inherited defects and to guide further genetic investigation. The selection of a
      genetic test is contingent upon the particular diagnostic hypothesis generated by
      clinical examination. Genetic investigation in CHD may carry the potential to
      improve prognosis by yielding valuable information with regards to personalized
      medical care, confidence in the clinical diagnosis, and/or targeted patient
      follow-up. Moreover, genetic assessment may serve as a tool to predict recurrence
      risk, define the pattern of inheritance within a family, and evaluate the need
      for further family screening. In some circumstances, prenatal or preimplantation
      genetic screening could identify fetuses or embryos at high risk for CHD.
      Although genetics may appear to constitute a highly specialized sector of
      cardiology, basic knowledge regarding inheritance patterns, recurrence risks, and
      available screening and diagnostic tools, including their strengths and
      limitations, could assist the treating physician in providing sound counsel. 

PMID- 26981215
TI  - Dyslipidemia management in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Current
      guidelines and strategies.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. In
      2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that $444 billion
      was spent on cardiovascular diseases alone, about $1 of every $6 spent on health
      care. As life expectancy continues to increase, this annual cost will also
      increase, making cost-effective primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
      highly desirable. Because of its role in development of atherosclerosis and
      clinical events, dyslipidemia management is a high priority in cardiovascular
      prevention. Multiple major dyslipidemia guidelines have been published around the
      world recently, four of them by independent organizations in the United States
      alone. They share the goal of providing clinical guidance on optimal dyslipidemia
      management, but guidelines differ in their emphasis on pharmacotherapy,
      stratification of groups, emphasis on lifestyle modification, and use of a fixed
      target or percentage reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol. This
      review summarizes eight major guidelines for dyslipidemia management and
      considers the basis for their recommendations. Our primary aim is to enhance
      understanding of dyslipidemia management guidelines in patient care for primary
      prevention of future cardiovascular risk. 

PMID- 26981217
TI  - Red cell distribution width in anemic patients undergoing transcatheter aortic
      valve implantation.
AB  - AIM: To determine the impact of red blood cell distribution width on outcome in
      anemic patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).
      METHODS: In a retrospective single center cohort study we determined the impact
      of baseline red cell distribution width (RDW) and anemia on outcome in 376
      patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVI. All patients were discussed in the
      institutional heart team and declined for surgical aortic valve replacement due
      to high operative risk. Collected data included patient characteristics, imaging
      findings, periprocedural in hospital data, laboratory results and follow up data.
      Blood samples for hematology and biochemistry analysis were taken from every
      patient before and at fixed intervals up to 72 h after TAVI including blood count
      and creatinine. Descriptive statistics were used for patient's characteristics.
      Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used for time to event outcomes. A recursive
      partitioning regression and classification was used to investigate the
      association between potential risk factors and outcome variables. RESULTS: Mean
      age in our study population was 81 +/- 6.1 years. Anemia was prevalent in 63.6%
      (n = 239) of our patients. Age and creatinine were identified as risk factors for
      anemia. In our study population, anemia per se did influence 30-d mortality but
      did not predict longterm mortality. In contrast, a RDW > 14% showed to be highly
      predictable for a reduced short- and longterm survival in patients with aortic
      valve disease after TAVI procedure. CONCLUSION: Age and kidney function determine
      the degree of anemia. The anisocytosis of red blood cells in anemic patients
      supplements prognostic information in addition to that derived from the WHO-based
      definition of anemia.

PMID- 26981216
TI  - Novel epigenetic-based therapies useful in cardiovascular medicine.
AB  - Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and
      microRNA. Gene alterations have been found to be associated with cardiovascular
      diseases, and epigenetic mechanisms are continuously being studied to find new
      useful strategies for the clinical management of afflicted patients. Numerous
      cardiovascular disorders are characterized by the abnormal methylation of CpG
      islands and so specific drugs that could inhibit DNA methyltransferase directly
      or by reducing its gene expression (e.g., hydralazine and procainamide) are
      currently under investigation. The anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory
      properties of histone deacetylase inhibitors and their cardio-protective effects
      have been confirmed in preclinical studies. Furthermore, the regulation of the
      expression of microRNA targets through pharmacological tools is still under
      development. Indeed, large controlled trials are required to establish whether
      current possible candidate antisense microRNAs could offer better therapeutic
      benefits in clinical practice. Here, we updated therapeutic properties, side
      effects, and feasibility of emerging epigenetic-based strategies in
      cardiovascular diseases by highlighting specific problematic issues that still
      affect the development of large scale novel therapeutic protocols. 

PMID- 26981218
TI  - Association of arterial stiffness with coronary flow reserve in revascularized
      coronary artery disease patients.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the association of arterial wave reflection with coronary
      flow reserve (CFR) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients after successful
      revascularization. METHODS: We assessed 70 patients with angiographically
      documented CAD who had undergone recent successful revascularization. We measured
      (1) reactive hyperemia index (RHI) using fingertip peripheral arterial tonometry
      (RH-PAT Endo-PAT); (2) carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVc-Complior);
      (3) augmentation index (AIx), the diastolic area (DAI%) and diastolic reflection
      area (DRA) of the central aortic pulse wave (Arteriograph); (4) CFR using Doppler
      echocardiography; and (5) blood levels of lipoprotein-phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2).
      RESULTS: After adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure parameter, lipidemic,
      diabetic and smoking status, we found that coronary flow reserve was
      independently related to AIx (b = -0.38, r = 0.009), DAI (b = 0.36, P = 0.014),
      DRA (b = 0.39, P = 0.005) and RT (b = -0.29, P = 0.026). Additionally, patients
      with CFR < 2.5 had higher PWVc (11.6 +/- 2.3 vs 10.2 +/- 1.4 m/s, P = 0.019),
      SBPc (139.1 +/- 17.8 vs 125.2 +/- 19.1 mmHg, P = 0.026), AIx (38.2% +/- 14.8% vs
      29.4% +/- 15.1%, P = 0.011) and lower RHI (1.26 +/- 0.28 vs 1.50 +/- 0.46, P =
      0.012), DAI (44.3% +/- 7.9% vs 53.9% +/- 6.7%, P = 0.008), DRA (42.2 +/- 9.6 vs
      51.6 +/- 11.4, P = 0.012) and LpPLA2 (268.1 +/- 91.9 vs 199.5 +/- 78.4 ng/mL, P =
      0.002) compared with those with CFR >= 2.5. Elevated LpPLA2 was related with
      reduced CFR (r = -0.33, P = 0.001), RHI (r = -0.37, P < 0.001) and DRA (r = 
      0.35, P = 0.001) as well as increased PWVc (r = 0.34, P = 0.012) and AIx (r =
      0.34, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Abnormal arterial wave reflections are related with
      impaired coronary flow reserve despite successful revascularization in CAD
      patients. There is a common inflammatory link between impaired aortic wall
      properties, endothelial dysfunction and coronary flow impairment in CAD.

PMID- 26981219
TI  - Biodegradable polymer stents vs second generation drug eluting stents: A meta
      analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the premise, that biodegradable polymer drug eluting stents (BD
      DES) could improve clinical outcomes compared to second generation permanent
      polymer drug eluting stents (PP-DES), we pooled the data from all the available
      randomized control trials (RCT) comparing the clinical performance of both these
      stents. METHODS: A systematic literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, Google
      scholar databases, EMBASE, MEDLINE and SCOPUS was performed during time period of
      January 2001 to April 2015 for RCT and comparing safety and efficacy of BD-DES vs
      second generation PP-DES. The primary outcomes of interest were definite stent
      thrombosis, target lesion revascularization, myocardial infarction, cardiac
      deaths and total deaths during the study period. RESULTS: A total of 11 RCT's
      with a total of 12644 patients were included in the meta-analysis, with 6598
      patients in BD-DES vs 6046 patients in second generation PP-DES. The mean follow
      up period was 16 mo. Pooled analysis showed non-inferiority of BD-DES, comparing
      events of stent thrombosis (OR = 1.42, 95%CI: 0.79-2.52, P = 0.24), target lesion
      revascularization (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.84-1.17, P = 0.92), myocardial infarction
      (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.86-1.29, P = 0.92), cardiac deaths (OR = 1.07, 95%CI 0.82
      1.41, P = 0.94) and total deaths (OR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.80-1.17, P = 0.71).
      CONCLUSION: BD-DES, when compared to second generation PP-DES, showed no
      significant advantage and the outcomes were comparable between both the groups.

PMID- 26981220
TI  - Brainstem tegmental lesions in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy:
      Magnetic resonance diagnosis and clinical outcome.
AB  - Lesions of the brainstem have been reported in the clinical scenarios of hypoxic
      ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), although the prevalence of these lesions is
      probably underestimated. Neuropathologic studies have demonstrated brainstem
      involvement in severely asphyxiated infants as an indicator of poor outcome.
      Among survivors to HIE, the most frequent clinical complaints that may be
      predicted by brainstem lesions include feeding problems, speech, language and
      communication problems and visual impairments. Clinical series, including
      vascular and metabolic etiologies, have found selective involvement of the
      brainstem with the demonstration of symmetric bilateral columnar lesions of the
      tegmentum. The role of brainstem lesions in HIE is currently a matter of debate,
      especially when tegmental lesions are present in the absence of supra-tentorial
      lesions. Differential diagnosis of tegmental lesions in neonates and infants
      include congenital metabolic syndromes and drug-related processes. Brainstem
      injury with the presence of supratentorial lesions is a predictor of poor outcome
      and high rates of mortality and morbidity. Further investigation will be
      conducted to identify specific sites of the brainstem that are vulnerable to
      hypoxic-ischemic and toxic-metabolic insults. 

PMID- 26981221
TI  - Role of imaging in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease: How much is too
      much?
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong condition with waxing and waning
      disease course that requires reassessment of disease status as well as screening
      for complications throughout a patient's lifetime. Laboratory testing, endoscopic
      assessment, and fecal biomarkers are often used in the initial diagnosis and
      ongoing monitoring of a patient with IBD. Imaging plays an integral role in the
      diagnosis and evaluation of IBD. Different imaging modalities can be used over
      the course of a patient's lifetime, from the initial screening and diagnosis of
      IBD, to determining the extent of intestinal involvement, monitoring for disease
      activity, and evaluating for complications of uncontrolled IBD. The various
      imaging modalities available to the provider each have a unique set of risks and
      benefits when considering cost, radiation exposure, need for anesthesia, and
      image quality. In this article we review the imaging techniques available for the
      evaluation of IBD including fluoroscopic small bowel follow-through, computed
      tomography enterography, magnetic resonance enterography, and transabdominal
      ultrasound with particular focus on the judicious use of imaging and the risks
      and benefits of each option. We also review the risks of ionizing radiation,
      strategies to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation, and current imaging
      guidelines among pediatric and adult patient with IBD. 

PMID- 26981222
TI  - Multi-modality imaging review of congenital abnormalities of kidney and upper
      urinary tract.
AB  - Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) include a wide
      range of abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic ectopic kidneys to life
      threatening renal agenesis (bilateral). Many of them are detected in the
      antenatal or immediate postnatal with a significant proportion identified in the
      adult population with varying degree of severity. CAKUT can be classified on
      embryological basis in to abnormalities in the renal parenchymal development,
      aberrant embryonic migration and abnormalities of the collecting system. Renal
      parenchymal abnormalities include multi cystic dysplastic kidneys, renal
      hypoplasia, number (agenesis or supernumerary), shape and cystic renal diseases.
      Aberrant embryonic migration encompasses abnormal location and fusion anomalies.
      Collecting system abnormalities include duplex kidneys and Pelvi ureteric
      junction obstruction. Ultrasonography (US) is typically the first imaging
      performed as it is easily available, non-invasive and radiation free used both
      antenatally and postnatally. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) are useful to confirm the ultrasound detected abnormality,
      detection of complex malformations, demonstration of collecting system and
      vascular anatomy and more importantly for early detection of complications like
      renal calculi, infection and malignancies. As CAKUT are one of the leading causes
      of end stage renal disease, it is important for the radiologists to be familiar
      with the varying imaging appearances of CAKUT on US, CT and MRI, thereby helping
      in prompt diagnosis and optimal management. 

PMID- 26981223
TI  - Importance of establishing radiation protection culture in Radiology Department.
AB  - The increased use of ionization radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic
      purposes, the rapid advances in computed tomography as well as the high radiation
      doses delivered by interventional procedures have raised serious safety and
      health concerns for both patients and medical staff and have necessitated the
      establishment of a radiation protection culture (RPC) in every Radiology
      Department. RPC is a newly introduced concept. The term culture describes the
      combination of attitudes, beliefs, practices and rules among the professionals,
      staff and patients regarding to radiation protection. Most of the time, the
      challenge is to improve rather than to build a RPC. The establishment of a RPC
      requires continuing education of the staff and professional, effective
      communication among stakeholders of all levels and implementation of quality
      assurance programs. The RPC creation is being driven from the highest level.
      Leadership, professionals and associate societies are recognized to play a vital
      role in the embedding and promotion of RPC in a Medical Unit. The establishment
      of a RPC enables the reduction of the radiation dose, enhances radiation risk
      awareness, minimizes unsafe practices, and improves the quality of a radiation
      protection program. The purpose of this review paper is to describe the role and
      highlight the importance of establishing a strong RPC in Radiology Departments
      with an emphasis on promoting RPC in the Interventional Radiology environment. 

PMID- 26981224
TI  - Advances in determining abdominal aortic aneurysm size and growth.
AB  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a common pathology in the aging population of the
      developed world which carries a significant mortality in excess of 80% in case of
      rupture. Aneurysmal disease probably represents the only surgical condition in
      which size is such a critical determinant of the need for intervention and
      therefore the ability to accurately and reproducibly record aneurysm size and
      growth over time is of outmost importance. In the same time that imaging
      techniques may be limited by intra- and inter-observer variability and there may
      be inconsistencies due to different modalities [ultrasound, computed tomography
      (CT)], rapid technologic advancement have taken aortic imaging to the next level.
      Digital imaging, multi-detector scanners, thin slice CT and most- importantly the
      ability to perform 3-dimensional reconstruction and image post-processing have
      currently become widely available rendering most of the imaging modalities used
      in the past out of date. The aim of the current article is to report on various
      imaging methods and current state of the art techniques used to record aneurysm
      size and growth. Moreover we aim to emphasize on the future research directions
      and report on techniques which probably will be widely used and incorporated in
      clinical practice in the near future. 

PMID- 26981225
TI  - Blunt pancreatic trauma: A persistent diagnostic conundrum?
AB  - Blunt pancreatic trauma is an uncommon injury but has high morbidity and
      mortality. In modern era of trauma care, pancreatic trauma remains a persistent
      challenge to radiologists and surgeons alike. Early detection of pancreatic
      trauma is essential to prevent subsequent complications. However early pancreatic
      injury is often subtle on computed tomography (CT) and can be missed unless
      specifically looked for. Signs of pancreatic injury on CT include laceration,
      transection, bulky pancreas, heterogeneous enhancement, peripancreatic fluid and
      signs of pancreatitis. Pan-creatic ductal injury is a vital decision-making
      parameter as ductal injury is an indication for laparotomy. While lacerations
      involving more than half of pancreatic parenchyma are suggestive of ductal injury
      on CT, ductal injuries can be directly assessed on magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) or encoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. Pancreatic trauma also
      shows temporal evolution with increase in extent of injury with time. Hence early
      CT scans may underestimate the extent of injures and sequential imaging with CT
      or MRI is important in pancreatic trauma. Sequential imaging is also needed for
      successful non-operative management of pancreatic injury. Accurate early
      detection on initial CT and adopting a multimodality and sequential imaging
      strategy can improve outcome in pancreatic trauma. 

PMID- 26981226
TI  - Benign neck masses showing restricted diffusion: Is there a histological basis
      for discordant behavior?
AB  - Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) evolved as a complementary tool to morphologic
      imaging by offering additional functional information about lesions. Although the
      technique utilizes movement of water molecules to characterize biological tissues
      in terms of their cellularity, there are other factors related to the
      histological constitution of lesions which can have a significant bearing on DWI.
      Benign lesions with atypical histology including presence of lymphoid stroma,
      inherently increased cellularity or abundant extracellular collagen can impede
      movement of water molecules similar to malignant tissues and thereby, show
      restricted diffusion. Knowledge of these atypical entities while interpreting DWI
      in clinical practice can avoid potential misdiagnosis. This review aims to
      present an imaging spectrum of such benign neck masses which, owing to their
      distinct histology, can show discordant behavior on DWI. 

PMID- 26981227
TI  - Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: What every radiologist should know.
AB  - Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic
      cholecystitis characterized by xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the
      gallbladder. Intramural accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages and acute and
      chronic inflammatory cells is the hallmark of the disease. The
      xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the gallbladder can be very severe and can
      spill over to the neighbouring structures like liver, bowel and stomach resulting
      in dense adhesions, perforation, abscess formation, fistulous communication with
      adjacent bowel. Striking gallbladder wall thickening and dense local adhesions
      can be easily mistaken for carcinoma of the gallbladder, both intraoperatively as
      well as on preoperative imaging. Besides, cases of concomitant gallbladder
      carcinoma complicating XGC have also been reported in literature. So, we have
      done a review of the imaging features of XGC in order to better understand the
      entity as well as to increase the diagnostic yield of the disease summarizing the
      characteristic imaging findings and associations of XGC. Among other findings,
      presence of intramural hypodense nodules is considered diagnostic of this entity.
      However, in some cases, an imaging diagnosis of XGC is virtually impossible. Fine
      needle aspiration cytology might be handy in such patients. A preoperative
      counselling should include possibility of differential diagnosis of gallbladder
      cancer in not so characteristic cases. 

PMID- 26981228
TI  - Impaired swallowing mechanics of post radiation therapy head and neck cancer
      patients: A retrospective videofluoroscopic study.
AB  - AIM: To determine swallowing outcomes and hyolaryngeal mechanics associated with
      post radiation therapy head and neck cancer (rtHNC) patients using
      videofluoroscopic swallow studies. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study,
      videofluoroscopic images of rtHNC patients (n = 21) were compared with age and
      gender matched controls (n = 21). Penetration-aspiration of the bolus and bolus
      residue were measured as swallowing outcome variables. Timing and displacement
      measurements of the anterior and posterior muscular slings elevating the
      hyolaryngeal complex were acquired. Coordinate data of anatomical landmarks
      mapping the action of the anterior muscles (suprahyoid muscles) and posterior
      muscles (long pharyngeal muscles) were used to calculate the distance
      measurements, and slice numbers were used to calculate time intervals. Canonical
      variate analysis with post-hoc discriminant function analysis was performed on
      coordinate data to determine multivariate mechanics of swallowing associated with
      treatment. Pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) was also measured to determine if
      weak pharyngeal constriction is associated with post radiation therapy. RESULTS:
      The rtHNC group was characterized by poor swallowing outcomes compared to the
      control group in regards to: Penetration-aspiration scale (P < 0.0001),
      normalized residue ratio scale (NRRS) for the valleculae (P = 0.002) and NRRS for
      the piriform sinuses (P = 0.003). Timing and distance measurements of the
      anterior muscular sling were not significantly different in the two groups,
      whereas for the PMS time of displacement was abbreviated (P = 0.002) and distance
      of excursion was reduced (P = 0.02) in the rtHNC group. A canonical variate
      analysis shows a significant reduction in pharyngeal mechanics in the rtHNC group
      (P < 0.0001). The PCR was significantly higher in the test group than the control
      group (P = 0.0001) indicating reduced efficiency in pharyngeal clearance.
      CONCLUSION: Using videofluoroscopy, this study shows rtHNC patients have worse
      swallowing outcomes associated with reduced hyolaryngeal mechanics and pharyngeal
      constriction compared with controls.

PMID- 26981229
TI  - Comparisons between glucose analogue 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose and (18)F
      sodium fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography in breast cancer
      patients with bone lesions.
AB  - AIM: To compare 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose((18)F-FDG) and (18)F-sodium
      ((18)F-NaF) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) accuracy in
      breast cancer patients with clinically/radiologically suspected or known bone
      metastases. METHODS: A total of 45 consecutive patients with breast cancer and
      the presence or clinical/biochemical or radiological suspicion of bone metastatic
      disease underwent (18)F-FDG and (18)F-fluoride PET/CT. Imaging results were
      compared with histopathology when available, or clinical and radiological follow
      up of at least 1 year. For each technique we calculated: Sensitivity (Se),
      specificity (Sp), overall accuracy, positive and negative predictive values,
      error rate, and Youden's index. McNemar's chi(2) test was used to test the
      difference in sensitivity and specificity between the two diagnostic methods. All
      analyses were computed on a patient basis, and then on a lesion basis, with
      consideration ofthe density of independent lesions on the co-registered CT
      (sclerotic, lytic, mixed, no-lesions) and the divergent site of disease (skull,
      spine, ribs, extremities, pelvis). The impact of adding (18)F-NaF PET/CT to the
      work-up of patients was also measured in terms of change in their management due
      to (18)F-NaF PET/CT findings. RESULTS: The two imaging methods of (18)F-FDG and
      (18)F-fluoride PET/CT were significantly different at the patient-based analysis:
      Accuracy was 86.7% and 84.4%, respectively (McNemar's chi(2) = 6.23, df = 1, P =
      0.01). Overall, 244 bone lesions were detected in our analysis. The overall
      accuracy of the two methods was significantly different at lesion-based analysis
      (McNemar's chi(2) = 93.4, df = 1, P < 0.0001). In the lesion density-based and
      site-based analysis, (18)F-FDG PET/CT provided more accurate results in the
      detection of CT-negative metastasis (P < 0.002) and vertebral localizations (P <
      0.002); (18)F-NaF PET/CT was more accurate in detecting sclerotic (P < 0.005) and
      rib lesions (P < 0.04). (18)F-NaF PET/CT led to a change of management in 3 of
      the 45 patients (6.6%) by revealing findings that were not detected at (18)F-FDG
      PET/CT. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG PET/CT is a reliable imaging tool in the detection
      of bone metastasis in most cases, with a diagnostic accuracy that is slightly,
      but significantly, superior to that of (18)F-NaF PET/CT in the general population
      of breast cancer patients. However, the extremely high sensitivity of (18)F
      fluoride PET/CT can exploit its diagnostic potential in specific clinical
      settings (i.e., small CT-evident sclerotic lesions, high clinical suspicious of
      relapse, and negative (18)F-FDG PET and conventional imaging).

PMID- 26981233
TI  - Should Israel be concerned by the high proportion of medical care paid for
      privately: comments from a U.S. perspective.
AB  - As a frequent visitor to Israel, I am keenly aware of the concerns of many
      Israelis that limits in government funding is forcing a high proportion of the
      country's medical care to be paid by private sources. Frequently used statistics
      suggested that close to 40 % of health care is paid for by private funds and that
      this generates inequalities in terms of access to needed services. The results of
      a recent IJHPR paper by Engelcin-Nissan and Shmueli cast some doubts on these
      concerns although they do suggest some degree of inequality in access to needed
      care. The authors suggest that a better measure of the proportion of private uses
      of care is not 39 % but about 15 %. And that for some essential medical services
      it is much lower; in particular, it is less than 10 % for primary care. On the
      other hand, the study indicates that, in 2009, 15 % of hospitalizations had some
      private funding. Moreover, a related study has indicated that in 2014 60 % of
      surgeries were supported by private funds. The authors raise additional concerns
      that sicker individuals and those with higher income are more likely to use
      private financing. Whether this level of private spending and its concentration
      on sicker and higher income individuals violates the commitment of equity and
      fairness is up to the citizens of Israel. For those of us in the U.S. we only
      wish our level of inequality was so low. In making the decision on what Israel
      should do about its inequality it would be helpful to understand why individuals
      use private funding for services that are covered by the national health
      insurance system. And, most importantly does using a different source of funds
      (private versus public) impact on the health outcomes of the care involved. This
      issue is particularly relevant with respect to the very high use of private
      financing for surgeries. 

PMID- 26981230
TI  - Functional magnetic resonance imaging of internet addiction in young adults.
AB  - AIM: To report the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      studies pertaining internet addiction disorder (IAD) in young adults. METHODS: We
      conducted a systematic review on PubMed, focusing our attention on fMRI studies
      involving adult IAD patients, free from any comorbid psychiatric condition. The
      following search words were used, both alone and in combination: fMRI, internet
      addiction, internet dependence, functional neuroimaging. The search was conducted
      on April 20(th), 2015 and yielded 58 records. Inclusion criteria were the
      following: Articles written in English, patients' age >= 18 years, patients
      affected by IAD, studies providing fMRI results during resting state or
      cognitive/emotional paradigms. Structural MRI studies, functional imaging
      techniques other than fMRI, studies involving adolescents, patients with comorbid
      psychiatric, neurological or medical conditions were excluded. By reading titles
      and abstracts, we excluded 30 records. By reading the full texts of the 28
      remaining articles, we identified 18 papers meeting our inclusion criteria and
      therefore included in the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: We found 18 studies
      fulfilling our inclusion criteria, 17 of them conducted in Asia, and including a
      total number of 666 tested subjects. The included studies reported data acquired
      during resting state or different paradigms, such as cue-reactivity, guessing or
      cognitive control tasks. The enrolled patients were usually males (95.4%) and
      very young (21-25 years). The most represented IAD subtype, reported in more than
      85% of patients, was the internet gaming disorder, or videogame addiction. In the
      resting state studies, the more relevant abnormalities were localized in the
      superior temporal gyrus, limbic, medial frontal and parietal regions. When
      analyzing the task related fmri studies, we found that less than half of the
      papers reported behavioral differences between patients and normal controls, but
      all of them found significant differences in cortical and subcortical brain
      regions involved in cognitive control and reward processing: Orbitofrontal
      cortex, insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, temporal and parietal
      regions, brain stem and caudate nucleus. CONCLUSION: IAD may seriously affect
      young adults' brain functions. It needs to be studied more in depth to provide a
      clear diagnosis and an adequate treatment.

PMID- 26981232
TI  - Cold temperature blocks thyroid hormone-induced changes in lipid and energy
      metabolism in the liver of Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles to
      low temperature affects many biological processes including lipid metabolism and
      the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling pathway, resulting in arrest of TH-induced
      metamorphosis. To clarify what molecular events occur in this phenomenon, we
      investigated the glycerophospholipid and fatty acid (FA) compositions, the
      activities of mitochondrial enzymes and the transcript levels of related genes in
      the liver of control (26  degrees C) and cold-treated (4  degrees C) tadpoles
      with or without 5 nM 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). RESULTS: Exposure to T3
      decreased the tail height and polyunsaturation of FAs in the
      glycerophospholipids, and increased plasma glucose levels and transcript levels
      of primary TH-response genes including TH receptor, and some energy metabolic
      (cox4, srebp1 and fas) and FA chain elongase genes (elovl3 and elovl5). However,
      these T3-induced responses were abolished at 4  degrees C. Exposure to cold
      temperature enhanced plasma glucose, triglyceride and free FA levels,
      monounsaturation of FAs, mitochondrial enzymes activities (cytochrome c oxidase
      and carnitine palmitoyltransferase; U/g liver), with the upregulation of the
      genes involved in glycogenolysis (pygl), gluconeogenesis (pck1 and g6pc2), FA
      beta-oxidation (acadl), and cholesterol uptake and synthesis (hmgcr, srebp2 and
      ldlr1), glycerophospholipids synthesis (pcyt1, pcyt2, pemt, and pparg), and FA
      monounsaturation (scd1) and chain elongation (elovl1 and elovl2). T3 had little
      effect on the cold-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that
      exposures to T3 and cold temperature exert different effects on lipid metabolism,
      resulting in changes in the FA composition in glycerophospholipids, and suggests
      that a cold-induced signal may block TH-signaling pathway around primary TH
      response genes.

PMID- 26981231
TI  - Chromatin-wide and transcriptome profiling integration uncovers p38alpha MAPK as
      a global regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracellular stimuli induce gene expression responses through
      intracellular signaling mediators. The p38 signaling pathway is a paradigm of the
      mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that, although originally
      identified as stress-response mediator, contributes to establishing stem cell
      differentiation fates. p38alpha is central for induction of the differentiation
      fate of the skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) through not fully
      characterized mechanisms. METHODS: To investigate the global gene transcription
      program regulated by p38alpha during satellite cell differentiation (myogenesis),
      and to specifically address whether this regulation occurs through direct action
      of p38alpha on gene promoters, we performed a combination of microarray gene
      expression and genome-wide binding analyses. For experimental robustness, two
      myogenic cellular systems with genetic and chemical loss of p38alpha function
      were used: (1) satellite cells derived from mice with muscle-specific deletion of
      p38alpha, and (2) the C2C12 murine myoblast cell line cultured in the absence or
      presence of the p38alpha/beta inhibitor SB203580. Analyses were performed at cell
      proliferation and early differentiation stages. RESULTS: We show that p38alpha
      binds to a large set of active promoters during the transition of myoblasts from
      proliferation to differentiation stages. p38alpha-bound promoters are enriched
      with binding motifs for several transcription factors, with Sp1, Tcf3/E47, Lef1,
      FoxO4, MyoD, and NFATc standing out in all experimental conditions. p38alpha
      association with chromatin correlates very well with high levels of
      transcription, in agreement with its classical function as an activator of
      myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, p38alpha also associates with genes
      repressed at the onset of differentiation, thus highlighting the relevance of p38
      dependent chromatin regulation for transcriptional activation and repression
      during myogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: These results uncover p38alpha association and
      function on chromatin at novel classes of target genes during skeletal muscle
      cell differentiation. This is consistent with this MAPK isoform being a
      transcriptional regulator.

PMID- 26981234
TI  - Basophil activation test: food challenge in a test tube or specialist research
      tool?
AB  - Oral food challenge (OFC) is the gold-standard to diagnose food allergy; however,
      it is a labour and resource-intensive procedure with the risk of causing an acute
      allergic reaction, which is potentially severe. Therefore, OFC are reserved for
      cases where the clinical history and the results of skin prick test and/or
      specific IgE do not confirm or exclude the diagnosis of food allergy. This is a
      significant proportion of patients seen in Allergy clinics and results in a high
      demand for OFC. The basophil activation test (BAT) has emerged as a new
      diagnostic test for food allergy. With high diagnostic accuracy, it can be
      particularly helpful in the cases where skin prick test and specific IgE are
      equivocal and may allow reducing the need for OFC. BAT has high specificity,
      which confers a high degree of certainty in confirming the diagnosis of food
      allergy and allows deferring the performance of OFC in patients with a positive
      BAT. The diagnostic utility of BAT is allergen-specific and needs to be validated
      for different allergens and in specific patient populations. Standardisation of
      the laboratory methodology and of the data analyses would help to enable a wider
      clinical application of BAT. 

PMID- 26981236
TI  - miRNA expression profiles in cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with
      Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia - an exploratory study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that function
      as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. Measurements of miRNAs in
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood have just started gaining attention as a
      novel diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions. The purpose of this
      exploratory investigation was to analyze the expression of miRNAs in CSF and
      blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative
      disorders in order to identify potential miRNA biomarker candidates able to
      separate AD from other types of dementia. METHODS: CSF was collected by lumbar
      puncture performed on 10 patients diagnosed with AD and 10 patients diagnosed
      with either vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia or dementia with Lewy
      bodies. Blood samples were taken immediately after. Total RNA was extracted from
      cell free fractions of CSF and plasma, and a screening for 372 known miRNA
      sequences was carried out by real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions
      (miRCURY LNATM Universal RT miRNA PCR, Polyadenylation and cDNA synthesis kit,
      Exiqon). RESULTS: Fifty-two miRNAs were detected in CSF in at least nine out of
      ten patients in both groups. Among these, two miRNAs (let-7i-5p and miR-15a-5p)
      were found significantly up-regulated and one miRNA (miR-29c-3p) was found
      significantly down-regulated in patients with AD compared to controls. One
      hundred and sixty-eight miRNAs were frequently detected in the blood, among which
      miR-590-5p and miR-142-5p were significantly up-regulated and miR-194-5p was
      significantly down-regulated in AD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS:
      Detection of miRNA expression profiles in blood and in particular CSF of patients
      diagnosed with different types of dementia is feasible and it seems that several
      expressional differences between AD and other dementia types do exist when
      measured in a clinically relevant setup. In this explorative pilot study, the
      deregulated miRNAs in CSF of AD patients may be associated with relevant target
      genes related to AD pathology, including APP and BACE1, which suggests that
      miRNAs are interesting candidates for AD biomarkers in the future.

PMID- 26981235
TI  - Human basal body basics.
AB  - In human cells, the basal body (BB) core comprises a ninefold microtubule-triplet
      cylindrical structure. Distal and subdistal appendages are located at the distal
      end of BB, where they play indispensable roles in cilium formation and function.
      Most cells that arrest in the G0 stage of the cell cycle initiate BB docking at
      the plasma membrane followed by BB-mediated growth of a solitary primary cilium,
      a structure required for sensing the extracellular environment and cell
      signaling. In addition to the primary cilium, motile cilia are present in
      specialized cells, such as sperm and airway epithelium. Mutations that affect BB
      function result in cilia dysfunction. This can generate syndromic disorders,
      collectively called ciliopathies, for which there are no effective treatments. In
      this review, we focus on the features and functions of BBs and centrosomes in
      Homo sapiens. 

PMID- 26981237
TI  - Chronic rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: A case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Mucormycosis is a life-threatening disease, were rhinocerebral infection is most
      commonly seen in the clinical setting. Chronic mucormycosis is a rare
      presentation that exhibits a challenging diagnosis. We describe the case of a 47
      year old diabetic man with complains of left zygomatic arch swelling of 3 months
      evolution. He had received previous antibiotic treatment without improvement.
      Biopsy of maxillary sinus revealed the presence of non-septated, 90 degrees 
      angle branched hyphae compatible with zygomicetes. The patient was treated with
      surgical debridement and amphotericin B until there was no evidence of fungi in
      the tissue by biopsy. We reviewed chronic rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis from
      1964-2014 and 22 cases were found, being this the second case of chronic
      mucormycosis reported in Mexico. A quarter of the cases were seen in
      immunocompetent hosts. As only 20% of the causal agent can be isolated by
      culture, the diagnosis is mainly made by biopsy. Besides treatment with
      amphotericin B, posaconazole as alternative, and control of the underlying
      comorbidities, surgical debridement represents the corner stone therapy. We
      recommend at least 36 month follow-up, due to the 13% risk of recurrence. A
      chronic presentation has a general survival rate of approximately 83%. 

PMID- 26981238
TI  - Whole clavicle sequestration from chronic osteomyelitis in a 10 year old boy: A
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Chronic osteomyelitis is a childhood disease and so it is not uncommon to
      diagnose it in a 10 year old boy who is suffering from pains and discharging
      sinuses from the left shoulder girdle. What is not common is the involvement of
      the clavicle in this infective process and even more uncommon is for the whole
      length of the clavicle to sequester. This case report describes a rare case of
      chronic osteomyelitis of the left clavicle in which the entire length was removed
      as a sequestrum during surgery. And despite the removal of an entire length of
      the clavicle in the patient, there was no functional deficit and there was also
      no shoulder asymmetry. 

PMID- 26981239
TI  - Clinical audit of ankle fracture management in the elderly.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ankle fractures in the osteoporotic patient are challenging
      injuries to manage, due to a combination of poor soft tissue, peripheral vascular
      disease and increased bone fragility, often resulting in more complex fracture
      patterns. I aim to audit current practice and introduce change by producing
      recommendations to help improve longer-term functional outcomes. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective 3-week audit was conducted reviewing results of ankle
      fracture management in 50 patients aged between 50 and 80 years. Patients
      admitted for either manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA)/application of cast or
      open-reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were considered. Medical notes,
      including discharge summaries, were used for data extraction. RESULTS: From the
      50 patients included within the cohort, forty-two patients (84%) underwent
      surgical intervention, with eight patients (16%) managed non-operatively.
      Malunion (63%) and failed fracture fixation (25%) were more commonly reported in
      patients managed non-operatively. Surgery performed by trainee surgeons was
      unlikely to prolong theatre time with no statistical significance observed with
      the consultant led cohort (p = 0.380). However, incidence of fracture malunion
      and failed fixation were significantly higher following surgery without
      consultant supervision in the junior trainee group (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Poor
      bone quality and associated co-morbidity can present technical difficulties when
      managing patients surgically. However, our results have shown considerably
      improved anatomical reduction rates following internal fixation in eligible
      patients, irrespective of age or gender.

PMID- 26981240
TI  - Editorial: globalisation and the journal of eating disorders.

PMID- 26981241
TI  - DCE-MRI and IVIM-MRI of rabbit Vx2 tumors treated with MR-HIFU-induced mild
      hyperthermia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether changes could be
      detected in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and intra-voxel incoherent motion
      (IVIM) MR parameters upon MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU)
      induced hyperthermia in a rabbit Vx2 tumor model. METHODS: Five Vx2 tumor-bearing
      New Zealand white rabbits were treated with hyperthermia using a clinical MR-HIFU
      system. Data were acquired before and after hyperthermia. For the DCE analysis,
      the extended Tofts model was used. For the IVIM analysis, a Bayesian approach was
      used. Maps were reconstructed of the DCE parameters (K (trans), k ep, and v p )
      and IVIM parameters (D t , f p , and D p ). Individual parameter histograms and
      two-dimensional cross-correlation histograms were constructed to analyze changes
      in the parameters after hyperthermia. Changes in median values were tested for
      statistical significance with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The MR
      temperature measurements confirmed that mild hyperthermia (40 to 42  degrees C)
      was successfully achieved in all rabbits. One rabbit died during treatment and
      was excluded from the analysis. In the remaining four rabbits, an increase in D t
      was observed. In three rabbits, an increase in K (trans) was observed, while in
      the other rabbits, all three DCE parameter values decreased. Mixed changes were
      seen for v p and f p . CONCLUSIONS: Changes in DCE and IVIM parameters were
      detected after hyperthermia and were variable between the rabbits. DCE- and IVIM
      MRI may be promising tools to assess tumor responses to hyperthermia. Further
      research in a larger number of subjects is necessary in order to assess their
      value for treatment response monitoring.

PMID- 26981242
TI  - Systemic versus local responses in melanoma patients treated with talimogene
      laherparepvec from a multi-institutional phase II study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We previously reported that talimogene laherparepvec, an oncolytic
      herpes virus encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
      resulted in an objective response rate of 26 % in patients with advanced melanoma
      in a phase II clinical trial. The response of individual lesions, however, was
      not reported. Since talimogene laherparepvec is thought to mediate anti-tumor
      activity through both direct tumor cytolysis and induction of systemic tumor
      specific immunity, we sought to determine the independent response rate in virus
      injected and non-injected lesions. METHODS: Fifty patients with stage IIIC or IV
      melanoma were treated with talimogene laherparepvec in a multi-institutional
      single-arm open-label phase II clinical trial. In this study patients were
      treated until a complete response was achieved, all accessible tumors
      disappeared, clinically significant disease progression, or unacceptable
      toxicity. This report is a post hoc analysis of the systemic effects of
      talimogene laherparepvec in injected lesions and two types of uninjected lesions
      non-visceral lesions and visceral lesions. RESULTS: Eleven of 23 patients (47.8
      %) had a >= 30 % reduction in the total burden of uninjected non-visceral
      lesions, and 2 of 12 patients (16.7 %) had a >= 30 % reduction in the total
      burden of visceral lesions. Among 128 evaluable lesions directly injected with
      talimogene laherparepvec, 86 (67.2 %) decreased in size by >= 30 % and 59 (46.1
      %) completely resolved. Of 146 uninjected non-visceral lesions, 60 (41.1 %)
      decreased in size by >= 30 %, the majority of which (44 [30.1 %]) completely
      resolved. Of 32 visceral lesions, 4 (12.5 %) decreased in size by >= 30 %, and 3
      (9.4 %) completely resolved. The median time to lesion response was shortest for
      lesions that were directly injected (18.4 weeks), followed by uninjected non
      visceral lesions (23.1 weeks) and visceral lesions (51.3 weeks), consistent with
      initiation of a delayed regional and systemic anti-tumor immune response to
      talimogene laherparepvec. CONCLUSIONS: These results support a regional and
      systemic effect of talimogene laherparepvec immunotherapy in patients with
      advanced melanoma.

PMID- 26981243
TI  - Systemic inflammation in a melanoma patient treated with immune checkpoint
      inhibitors-an autopsy study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
      associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have
      been recently approved for treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma and non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite important clinical benefits, these
      therapies are associated with a diverse spectrum of immune-related adverse events
      (irAEs) that are typically transient, but occasionally severe or even fatal. CASE
      PRESENTATION: This autopsy case illustrates that clinically overt irAEs may
      represent only a fraction of the total spectrum of immune-related organ pathology
      in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We report a comprehensive
      analysis of systemic irAE pathology based on the autopsy of a 35-year-old female
      patient with metastatic melanoma treated first with ipilimumab and then
      nivolumab. The clinical course was characterized by a mixed tumor response with
      regression of skin and lung metastases and fatal progression of metastatic
      disease in the small bowel, peritoneum and brain. During therapy with ipilimumab,
      radiographic features of immune-related pneumonitis were noted. The autopsy
      examination established a sarcoid-like granulomatous reaction of the lung,
      pulmonary fibrosis and diffuse alveolar damage. Importantly, a clinically
      unapparent but histologically striking systemic inflammation involving the heart,
      central nervous system, liver and bone marrow was identified. Severe immune
      related end-organ damage due to lymphocytic myocarditis was found. CONCLUSIONS:
      Autopsy studies are an important measure of quality control and may identify
      clinically unapparent irAEs in patients treated with immunotherapy. Pathologists
      and clinicians need to be aware of the broad spectrum of irAEs for timely
      management of treatment-related morbidity.

PMID- 26981244
TI  - From bench to bedside a comprehensive review of pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.
AB  - The incidence of pancreatic cancer has been increasing while its 5-year survival
      rate has not changed in decades. In the era of personalized medicine,
      immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment modality in a variety of
      malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. This review will discuss the unique
      pancreatic tumor microenvironment, including the cells and receptors that
      transform the pancreas from its normal architecture into a complex mix of
      suppressor immune cells and dense extracellular matrix that allows for the
      unrestricted growth of cancer cells. Next, we will highlight the recently
      completed immunotherapy clinical trials in pancreatic cancer. Finally, we will
      explore the on-going immunotherapy clinical trials and future directions of this
      engaging and changing field. 

PMID- 26981246
TI  - A role for pre-mNK cells in tumor progression.
AB  - The innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved together to fight infection
      and cancerous tissues. The innate immune system emerges first with the adaptive
      immune system following, both ostensibly being bridged by dendritic cells (DC).
      Recently cells have emerged that possess characteristics of both innate and
      adaptive immune cell qualities, termed interferon-producing killer dendritic
      cells (IKDCs). These cells have an indistinct origin that is not well understood.
      They appear to have more NK cell attributes than DC but purportedly can regulate
      the immune system similar to immunoregulatory NK cells. Because of this, they
      have been renamed pre-mNK cells (pre-mature NK cells). We argue in this
      commentary that pre-mNK cells may contribute to cancer recurrence. 

PMID- 26981248
TI  - Immune monitoring technology primer: immunoprofiling of antigen-stimulated blood.

PMID- 26981245
TI  - Immunodynamics: a cancer immunotherapy trials network review of immune monitoring
      in immuno-oncology clinical trials.
AB  - The efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 targeted therapies in addition to anti-CTLA-4
      solidifies immunotherapy as a modality to add to the anticancer arsenal. Despite
      raising the bar of clinical efficacy, immunologically targeted agents raise new
      challenges to conventional drug development paradigms by highlighting the limited
      relevance of assessing standard pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD).
      Specifically, systemic and intratumoral immune effects have not consistently
      correlated with standard relationships between systemic dose, toxicity, and
      efficacy for cytotoxic therapies. Hence, PK and PD paradigms remain inadequate to
      guide the selection of doses and schedules, both starting and recommended Phase 2
      for immunotherapies. The promise of harnessing the immune response against cancer
      must also be considered in light of unique and potentially serious toxicities.
      Refining immune endpoints to better inform clinical trial design represents a
      high priority challenge. The Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network investigators
      review the immunodynamic effects of specific classes of immunotherapeutic agents
      to focus immune assessment modalities and sites, both systemic and importantly
      intratumoral, which are critical to the success of the rapidly growing field of
      immuno-oncology. 

PMID- 26981249
TI  - Metapopulation viability of an endangered shorebird depends on dispersal and
      human-created habitats: piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) and prairie rivers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many species are distributed as metapopulations in dynamic
      landscapes, where habitats change through space and time. Individuals locate
      habitat through dispersal, and the relationship between a species and landscape
      characteristics can have profound effects on population persistence. Despite the
      importance of connectivity in dynamic environments, few empirical studies have
      examined temporal variability in dispersal or its effect on metapopulation
      dynamics. In response to this knowledge gap, we studied the dispersal,
      demography, and viability of a metapopulation of an endangered, disturbance
      dependent shorebird. We examined three subpopulations of piping plovers
      (Charadrius melodus) on the lower Platte and Missouri rivers from 2008-2013. High
      flow events from an upstream dam on the Missouri River in 2010 and 2011 allowed
      us to assess the effect of total habitat loss and the subsequent creation of new
      habitat associated with a large disturbance at one 'natural' study location. The
      other two sites within the metapopulation, which were maintained by anthropogenic
      activities (e.g., mining, development, habitat restoration), were largely
      unaffected by this disturbance, resulting in a controlled natural experiment.
      RESULTS: High flow events were associated with increased emigration, decreased
      immigration, and decreased survival in the subpopulation that experienced high
      flows. Following the high flow event, immigration into that subpopulation
      increased. Dispersal rates among subpopulations were negatively correlated with
      distance. The metapopulation had a low probability of extinction over 100 years
      (0 %) under the current disturbance interval and associated dispersal and
      survival rates. However, persistence depended on relatively stable, human-created
      habitats, not the dynamic, natural habitat (47.7 % extinction probability for
      this subpopulation). CONCLUSIONS: We found that functional connectivity, as
      measured by the rate of dispersal among subpopulations, increased as a result of
      the high flow event in our study metapopulation. Plovers also increased
      reproductive output following this event. Although the study metapopulation had a
      low overall probability of extinction, metapopulation persistence depended on
      anthropogenically created habitats that provided a small but stable source of
      nesting habitat and dispersers through time. However, all subpopulations remained
      small, even if persistent, making them individually vulnerable to extinction
      through stochastic events. Given the highly dynamic nature of habitat
      availability in this system, maintaining several subpopulations within the
      metapopulation and stable sources of habitat will be critical, and this species
      will likely remain conservation-reliant.

PMID- 26981250
TI  - Are white storks addicted to junk food? Impacts of landfill use on the movement
      and behaviour of resident white storks (Ciconia ciconia) from a partially
      migratory population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The migratory patterns of animals are changing in response to global
      environmental change with many species forming resident populations in areas
      where they were once migratory. The white stork (Ciconia ciconia) was wholly
      migratory in Europe but recently guaranteed, year-round food from landfill sites
      has facilitated the establishment of resident populations in Iberia. In this
      study 17 resident white storks were fitted with GPS/GSM data loggers (including
      accelerometer) and tracked for 9.1 +/- 3.7 months to quantify the extent and
      consistency of landfill attendance by individuals during the non-breeding and
      breeding seasons and to assess the influence of landfill use on daily distances
      travelled, percentage of GPS fixes spent foraging and non-landfill foraging
      ranges. RESULTS: Resident white storks used landfill more during non-breeding
      (20.1 % +/- 2.3 of foraging GPS fixes) than during breeding (14.9 % +/- 2.2).
      Landfill attendance declined with increasing distance between nest and landfill
      in both seasons. During non-breeding a large percentage of GPS fixes occurred on
      the nest throughout the day (27 % +/- 3.0 of fixes) in the majority of tagged
      storks. This study provides first confirmation of year-round nest use by resident
      white storks. The percentage of GPS fixes on the nest was not influenced by the
      distance between nest and the landfill site. Storks travelled up to 48.2 km to
      visit landfills during non-breeding and a maximum of 28.1 km during breeding,
      notably further than previous estimates. Storks nesting close to landfill sites
      used landfill more and had smaller foraging ranges in non-landfill habitat
      indicating higher reliance on landfill. The majority of non-landfill foraging
      occurred around the nest and long distance trips were made specifically to visit
      landfill. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous availability of food resources on landfill
      has facilitated year-round nest use in white storks and is influencing their home
      ranges and movement behaviour. White storks rely on landfill sites for foraging
      especially during the non-breeding season when other food resources are scarcer
      and this artificial food supplementation probably facilitated the establishment
      of resident populations. The closure of landfills, as required by EU Landfill
      Directives, will likely cause dramatic impacts on white stork populations.

PMID- 26981247
TI  - Phase I study with ONCOS-102 for the treatment of solid tumors - an evaluation of
      clinical response and exploratory analyses of immune markers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We conducted a phase I study with a granulocyte macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GMCSF)-expressing oncolytic adenovirus, ONCOS-102, in
      patients with solid tumors refractory to available treatments. The objectives of
      the study were to determine the optimal dose for further use and to assess the
      safety, tolerability and adverse event (AE) profile of ONCOS-102. Further, the
      response rate and overall survival were evaluated as well as preliminary evidence
      of disease control. As an exploratory endpoint, the effect of ONCOS 102 on
      biological correlates was examined. METHODS: The study was conducted using a
      classic 3 + 3 dose escalation study design involving 12 patients. Patients were
      repeatedly treated intratumorally with ONCOS-102 plus daily low-dose oral
      cyclophosphamide (CPO). Tumor response was evaluated with diagnostic positron
      emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). Tumor biopsies were
      collected at baseline and after treatment initiation for analysis of
      immunological correlates. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were
      collected at baseline and during the study to assess antigen specificity of CD8+
      T cells by interferon gamma (IFNgamma) enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT).
      RESULTS: No dose limiting toxicity (DLT) or maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was
      identified for ONCOS-102. Four out of ten (40 %) evaluable patients had disease
      control based on PET/CT scan at 3 months and median overall survival was 9.3
      months. A short-term increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and a
      prominent infiltration of TILs to tumors was seen post-treatment in 11 out of 12
      patients. Two patients showed marked infiltration of CD8+ T cells to tumors and
      concomitant systemic induction of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Interestingly,
      high expression levels of genes associated with activated TH1 cells and TH1 type
      immune profile were observed in the post-treatment biopsies of these two
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: ONCOS-102 is safe and well tolerated at the tested doses.
      All three examined doses may be used in further development. There was evidence
      of antitumor immunity and signals of clinical efficacy. Importantly, treatment
      resulted in infiltration of CD8+ T cells to tumors and up-regulation of PD-L1,
      highlighting the potential of ONCOS-102 as an immunosensitizing agent for
      combinatory therapies with checkpoint inhibitors. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      NCT01598129. Registered 19/04/2012.

PMID- 26981251
TI  - Navigating through the maze of pricing and affordability of branded
      pharmaceuticals in the midst of the financial crisis: a comparative study among
      five European recession countries, from a Cyprus perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Financial recession mandated the introduction of harsh austerity
      measures. Health, and particularly pharmaceuticals, constitute a significant part
      of public expenditure and as such they have been subject to significant budget
      reduction and stringent policies. As a consequence of these measures, an
      increasing percentage of patients resort to private sector for acquisition of
      their prescribed pharmaceuticals, due to exclusion of public health care
      beneficiary status, reduction of breadth of national formularies, delays in
      reimbursement and excessive waiting times. Affordability for pharmaceuticals in
      the private sector is of paramount importance since household disposable income
      plummets and more people are prone to impoverishment. This is critical for
      branded products, whose active substance and trademark are under patent
      protection, since no alternative options exist while their monopoly status imply
      that their prices are high. The impact on affordability regarding access of
      patient to necessary pharmaceutical care has not been documented in developed
      countries. METHODS: A laspeyer index was constructed to compare prices of branded
      pharmaceuticals and assess affordability, by adjusting price index with Gross
      Domestic Product Purchase Power Parity per capita. Laspeyer index compares prices
      based on weights, which in our study are the corresponding sales of products in
      Cyprus. Moreover, we define the percentage of population that will face
      catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditure after acquisition of one product from
      eight major and common therapeutic categories. We used data from five European
      recession countries: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and Cyprus, for 48 products
      which were selected based on sales. RESULTS: Cyprus displays the highest prices
      for pharmaceuticals. By adjusting for Gross Domestic Product Purchase Power
      Parity per capita, affordability is worst for Cyprus and Portugal. CONCLUSIONS:
      As more patients have to resort to private sector for provision of adequate and
      timely healthcare, health agencies must reassess affordability of medicines and
      minimise catastrophic expenditure impact. Health agencies should primarily try to
      enhance efficiency of the system and reduce waste, instead of resorting to blunt
      budget reduction, which can demonstrate unpredictable consequences in public
      health.

PMID- 26981252
TI  - Pharmaceutical policies in a crisis? Challenges and solutions identified at the
      PPRI Conference.
AB  - In October 2015, the third international Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement
      Information (PPRI) Conference was held in Vienna to foster discussion on
      challenges in pricing and reimbursement policies for medicines. The research
      presented highlighted that commonly used pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement
      policies are not sufficiently effective to address current challenges. Conference
      participants called for fundamental reforms to ensure access to medicines,
      particularly to new and potentially more effective and/or safe medicines, while
      safeguarding the financial sustainability of health systems and working towards
      universal health coverage. 

PMID- 26981253
TI  - An apple rootstock overexpressing a peach CBF gene alters growth and flowering in
      the scion but does not impact cold hardiness or dormancy.
AB  - The C-repeat binding factor (CBF) transcription factor is involved in responses
      to low temperature and water deficit in many plant species. Overexpression of CBF
      genes leads to enhanced freezing tolerance and growth inhibition in many species.
      The overexpression of a peach CBF (PpCBF1) gene in a transgenic line of own
      rooted apple (Malus*domestica) M.26 rootstock (T166) trees was previously
      reported to have additional effects on the onset of dormancy and time of spring
      budbreak. In the current study, the commercial apple cultivar 'Royal Gala' (RG)
      was grafted onto either non-transgenic M.26 rootstocks (RG/M.26) or transgenic
      M.26 (T166) rootstocks (RG/T166) and field grown for 3 years. No PpCBF1
      transcript was detected in the phloem or cambium of RG scions grafted on T166
      rootstocks indicating that no graft transmission of transgene mRNA had occurred.
      In contrast to own-rooted T166 trees, no impact of PpCBF1 overexpression in T166
      rootstocks was observed on the onset of dormancy, budbreak or non-acclimated leaf
      cold hardiness in RG/T166 trees. Growth, however, as measured by stem caliper,
      current-year shoot extension and overall height, was reduced in RG/T166 trees
      compared with RG/M.26 trees. Although flowering was evident in both RG/T166 and
      RG/M.26 trees in the second season, the number of trees in flower, the number of
      shoots bearing flowers, and the number of flower clusters per shoot was
      significantly higher in RG/M.26 trees than RG/T166 trees in both the second and
      third year after planting. Elevated levels of RGL (DELLA) gene expression were
      observed in RG/T166 trees and T166 trees, which may play a role in the reduced
      growth observed in these tree types. A model is presented indicating how CBF
      overexpression in a rootstock might influence juvenility and flower abundance in
      a grafted scion. 

PMID- 26981254
TI  - The impact of poor glycaemic control on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in
      men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of poor glycaemic control on the prevalence of
      erectile dysfunction among men with type 2 Diabetics aged 27 to 85 years. DESIGN:
      The databases Embase classic+Embase, Global health, Ovid Medline and PsychINFO,
      were searched for relevant studies in June 2014 using the keywords: (Diabetes
      Mellitus OR diabetes mellitus type2 OR DM2 OR T2DM OR insulin resistance) AND
      (erectile dysfunction OR sexual dysfunction OR impotence) AND glycaemic control.
      SETTING: All study settings were considered (primary care, secondary care and
      tertiary care setting). PARTICIPANTS: Type 2 Diabetic Patients with erectile
      dysfunction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Included studies must include one of the
      following outcomes: (1) HBA1c for assess the level of glycaemic control; (2)
      Erectile dysfunction (any stage: IIEF-5 = 21 or less). RESULTS: Five cross
      sectional studies involving 3299 patients were included. The findings pointed to
      a positive association between erectile dysfunction and glycaemic control. Three
      studies showed a significant positive association, while one study showed only a
      weak correlation and one study showed borderline significance. Patients' age,
      diabetes mellitus duration, peripheral neuropathy and body mass index had
      positive association with erectile dysfunction. However, smoking and hypertension
      were not associated with erectile dysfunction in most included studies. Physical
      activity had a protective effect against erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSION: We may
      conclude that the risk of erectile dysfunction is higher in type 2 diabetic men
      with poor glycaemic control than those with good control.

PMID- 26981255
TI  - Problem-based learning case writing by students based on early years clinical
      attachments: a focus group evaluation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the perception of medical students of the new approach to
      problem-based learning which involves students writing their own problem-based
      learning cases based on their recent clinical attachment, and team assessment.
      DESIGN: Focus group interviews with students using purposive sampling.
      Transcripts of the audio recordings were analysed using thematic analysis.
      SETTING: Imperial College School of Medicine, London. PARTICIPANTS: Medical
      students in the second year of the MBBS course, who attended the problem-based
      learning case writing session. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To elicit the students'
      views about problem-based learning case writing and team assessment. RESULTS: The
      following broad themes emerged: effect of group dynamics on the process;
      importance of defining the tutor's role; role of summative assessment; feedback
      as a learning tool and the skills developed during the process. CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall the students found the new approach, writing problem-based learning cases
      based on patients seen during their clinical attachments, useful in helping them
      to gain a better understanding about the problem-based learning process,
      promoting creativity and reinforcing the importance of team work and peer
      assessment which are vital professional skills. Further tutor development and
      guidance for students about the new approach was found to be important in
      ensuring it is a good learning experience. We hope this evaluation will be of use
      to other institutions considering introducing students' case writing to problem
      based learning.

PMID- 26981257
TI  - The impact of the European Working Time Directive 10 years on: views of the UK
      medical graduates of 2002 surveyed in 2013-2014.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To report doctors' views about the European Working Time Directive
      ('the Directive'). DESIGN: Survey of the medical graduates of 2002 (surveyed in
      2013-2014). PARTICIPANTS: Medical graduates. SETTING: UK. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Questions on views about the Directive. RESULTS: The response rate was 64%
      (2056/3196). Twelve per cent of respondents agreed that the Directive had
      benefited senior doctors, 39% that it benefited junior doctors, and 17% that it
      had benefited the NHS. More women (41%) than men (35%) agreed that the Directive
      had benefited junior doctors. Surgeons (6%) and adult medical specialists (8%)
      were least likely to agree that the Directive had benefited senior doctors.
      Surgeons (20%) were less likely than others to agree that the Directive had
      benefited junior doctors, whilst specialists in emergency medicine (57%) and
      psychiatry (52%) were more likely to agree. Surgeons (7%) were least likely to
      agree that the Directive had benefited the NHS. Most respondents (62%) reported a
      positive effect upon work-life balance. With regard to quality of patient care,
      45% reported a neutral effect, 40% reported a negative effect, and 15% a positive
      effect. Most respondents (71%) reported a negative effect of the Directive on
      continuity of patient care, and 71% felt that the Directive had a negative effect
      upon junior doctors' training opportunities. Fifty-two per cent reported a
      negative effect on efficiency in managing patient care. CONCLUSIONS: Senior
      doctors agreed that the Directive benefited doctors' work-life balance. In other
      respects, they were more negative about it. Surgeons were the least positive
      about aspects of the Directive.

PMID- 26981256
TI  - Why do parents use the emergency department for minor injury and illness? A cross
      sectional questionnaire.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand decision-making when bringing a child to an emergency
      department. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of parents attending with children
      allocated a minor triage category. SETTING: Emergency department in South West
      England, serving 450,000 people per annum. PARTICIPANTS: All English-speaking
      parents/caregivers whose children attended the emergency department and were
      triaged as minor injury/illness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parental and child
      characteristics, injury/illness characteristics, advice seeking behaviour, views
      regarding emergency department service improvement, GP access and determinants of
      emergency department use. RESULTS: In sum, 373 responses were analysed. The
      majority of attendances were for minor injury, although illness was more common
      in <4 year olds. Most presentations were within 4 h of injury/illness and parents
      typically sought advice before attending. Younger parents reported feeling more
      stressed. Parents of younger children perceived the injury/illness to be more
      serious, reporting greater levels of worry, stress, helplessness and upset and
      less confidence. Parents educated to a higher level were more likely to
      administer first-aid/medication. Around 40% did not seek advice prior to
      attending and typically these were parents aged <24 and parents of <1 year olds.
      The main determinants of use were: advised by someone other than a GP; perceived
      urgency; perceived appropriateness. The need for reassurance also featured.
      CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that it is difficult for parents to determine
      whether their child's symptoms reflect minor conditions. Efforts should focus on
      building parental confidence and self-help and be directed at parents of younger
      children and younger parents. This is in addition to appropriate minor
      injury/illness assessment and treatment services.

PMID- 26981258
TI  - Effects of dietary supplementation with rice bran oil on the growth performance,
      blood parameters, and immune response of broiler chickens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of
      dietary supplementation of rice bran oil (RBO) on growth performance, blood
      parameter, and immune response in broiler chickens. METHODS: A total of 240 1-d
      old ROSS 308 male broilers were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with
      six replicated pens consisting of ten chicks. The basal diet was formulated to be
      adequate in energy and nutrients. Three additional diets were prepared by adding
      5, 10 or 20 g/kg of RBO to the basal diet. The experimental diets were fed on an
      ad libitum basis to the birds during 35 d. RESULTS: Results indicated that
      increasing inclusion level of RBO in diets improved BW gain (linear and
      quadratic, P < 0.01), improve feed conversion ratio (linear, P < 0.05) of birds
      during 0 to 35 d. There was no effect of inclusion level of RBO in diets on feed
      intake of birds. There was no effect of inclusion level of RBO in diets on
      erythrocytes of birds. However, heterophil, lymphocyte, and monocytes increased
      (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) with inclusion level of RBO in diets increased.
      Feeding the diets containing increasing amount of RBO to birds increased (linear,
      P < 0.01) the concentrations of total cholesterol. Increasing inclusion level of
      RBO in diets increased concentrations of IgG (linear, P < 0.01). There was no
      effect of inclusion level of RBO in diets on concentrations of IgM. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results suggest that dietary RBO may be used functional ingredient to
      improve growth performance, total cholesterol in serum, and immune response of
      birds.

PMID- 26981260
TI  - Surgery of the airway.

PMID- 26981259
TI  - Effects of poly(L-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) and magnesium hydroxide additives
      on physico-mechanical properties and degradation of poly(L-lactic acid).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is one of the most widely
      used polymer in biomedical devices, but it still has limitations such as inherent
      brittleness and acidic degradation products. In this work, PLLA blends with
      poly(L-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) (PLCL) and Mg(OH)2 were prepared by the
      thermal processing to improve their physico-mechanical and thermal properties. In
      addition, the neutralizing effect of Mg(OH)2 was evaluated by degradation study.
      RESULTS: The elongation of PLLA remarkably increased from 3 to 164.4 % and the
      glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLLA was slightly reduced from 61 to 52 
      degrees C by adding PLCL additive. Mg(OH)2 in polymeric matrix not only improved
      the molecular weight reduction and mechanical strength of PLLA, but also
      neutralized the acidic byproducts generated during polyester degradation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the results demonstrated that the presence of PLCL and
      Mg(OH)2 additives in PLLA matrix could prevent the thermal decomposition and
      control degradation behavior of polyester.

PMID- 26981261
TI  - Surgery of the airway: historic notes.
AB  - Prior to the 20(th) century, the need for surgical procedures on the airway was
      infrequent and consisted mainly of tracheostomy to relieve airway obstruction or
      repair of tracheal injuries such as lacerations. Even the ability of tracheal
      suture lines to heal primarily was viewed with concern due to the rigidity of the
      tracheal wall, its precarious blood supply and uncertainty as to whether the
      cartilage components could heal without complications. In the 20(th) century the
      evolution of tracheal procedures on major airways evolved to meet the challenges
      provided by the expanding fields of thoracic surgery and advent of mechanical
      respiratory support with its associated complications. In the first half of the
      century lobar and lung resections done for tuberculosis and lung cancer required
      methods for safe closure of the resulting bronchial stumps and end-to-end
      bronchial anastomosis in the case of sleeve resections of the lung. Beginning in
      mid-century the advent of respiratory care units for the treatment of polio and
      for the expanding fields of thoracic and cardiac surgery resulted in a
      significant number of post-intubation tracheal stenosis requiring resection and
      primary repair. In the last 20 years of the century the development of lung
      transplantation with its requirement for successful bronchial anastomoses between
      the donor and recipient bronchi, created unique challenges including ischemia of
      the donor bronchus the adverse effects of immunosuppression, donor lung
      preservation and diagnosis and management of post-transplant infection and
      rejection. 

PMID- 26981262
TI  - Surgical anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree.
AB  - Airway surgery is often indicated in the management of benign or malignant
      pathological processes of the tracheobronchial tree. The surgeon undertaking this
      type of work has, however, the responsibility of understanding the particular
      anatomy applicable to these structures and procedures as well as be able to
      correlate imaging, intraoperative findings and anatomy. These are important
      considerations if one wants to reduce operative morbidity and improve potential
      for better long-term results. This paper reviews the most important anatomic
      features of the tracheobronchial tree putting emphasis on those features that are
      important to surgeons performing surgical procedures on those organs. 

PMID- 26981264
TI  - Subglottic tracheal stenosis.
AB  - Benign subglottic stenosis represents a major therapeutic challenge.
      Interventional bronchoscopic treatment has a limited role in this setting due to
      anatomical and technical reasons. The benefit with these techniques is generally
      temporary, due to frequent recurrences, need for repeated procedures and risk of
      extending the area of damage. Laryngotracheal resection is at present the
      curative treatment of choice. Literature data show that surgical treatment may
      allow very high success rates at long term with low perioperative morbidity and
      mortality. Technical aspects and results are reported and discussed. 

PMID- 26981263
TI  - Operative endoscopy of the airway.
AB  - Airway endoscopy has long been an important and useful tool in the management of
      thoracic diseases. As thoracic specialists have gained experience with both
      flexible and rigid bronchoscopic techniques, the technology has continued to
      evolve so that bronchoscopy is currently the foundation for diagnosis and
      treatment of many thoracic ailments. Airway endoscopy plays a significant role in
      the biopsy of tumors within the airways, mediastinum, and lung parenchyma.
      Endoscopic methods have been developed to treat benign and malignant airway
      stenoses and tracheomalacia. And more recently, techniques have been conceived to
      treat end-stage emphysema and prolonged air leaks in select patients. This review
      describes the abundant uses of airway endoscopy, as well as technical
      considerations and limitations of the current technologies. 

PMID- 26981265
TI  - Tracheal resection and reconstruction for malignant disease.
AB  - Malignant tracheal neoplasms are rare diseases, mostly represented by squamous
      cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Symptoms presentation is
      often misleading and diagnosis may be delayed for months or years, so clinical
      suspicion plays a fundamental role. Corner stones in the diagnostic pathway are
      represented by rigid endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan, necessary to
      correctly stage the patients and identify the optimal surgical candidate. When
      appropriate, surgical resection and reconstruction is still the best opportunity
      to achieve a long-term survival with a good quality of life, but this kind of
      surgery is always a very challenging procedure and a wide experience with an in
      depth knowledge of every technical detail, from selection of patient, to choice
      of surgical approach to reconstruction techniques, are needed and recommended. 

PMID- 26981266
TI  - Reresection for recurrent stenosis after primary tracheal repair.
AB  - Failure of the anastomosis after primary tracheal reconstruction for benign
      disease is uncommon. Here we review the available evidence on tracheal restenosis
      and the results of second reconstructions. Factors associated with failed primary
      anastomosis are examined. Temporizing immediate and alternative long-term
      management with T-tube or tracheostomy is described, emphasizing the role of
      tracheal stenting in abating the urgency for reoperation. From available
      evidence, elective reoperative treatment of failed tracheal reconstruction should
      be considered in selected patients after careful review and reversal of patient-
      and operation-specific factors that initiated failure. Referral to a high-volume
      center with a deep bench of nursing, anesthesiologic and surgical expertise is
      recommended for reoperation. 

PMID- 26981267
TI  - Complications after tracheal resection and reconstruction: prevention and
      treatment.
AB  - Tracheal resection and reconstruction (TRR) and laryngotracheal resection and
      reconstruction (LTRR) is commonly performed for post-intubation tracheal
      stenosis, tracheal tumor, idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis (ILTS), and
      tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). Ninety-five percent of patients have a good
      result from surgery. Complications occur in ~20% of patients, of which half are
      anastomotic complications. Complications include granulation tissue formation,
      restenosis of the trachea, anastomotic separation, TEF and tracheoinnominate
      fistula (TIF), wound infection, laryngeal edema, and glottic dysfunction. Risk
      factors for anastomotic complication include diabetes, reoperation, previous
      tracheal appliance, and long-segment tracheal resection. Bronchoscopy should be
      part of the diagnostic workup when a complication is suspected. Anastomotic
      separation-the most feared complication of tracheal surgery-may present subtly
      with stridor and wound infection, or with respiratory distress and extremis.
      Prompt management is required to prevent devastating consequences. The airway
      should be secured, bronchoscopy should be performed to address the degree of
      separation, and the anastomosis should be revised if needed, usually with the
      addition of t-tube or tracheostomy. Anastomotic complications that are managed
      aggressively typically yield good results. More than half of such patients will
      eventually have a satisfactory airway. However, an anastomotic complication is
      associated with a thirteen-fold increase in the risk of death following tracheal
      resection. 

PMID- 26981268
TI  - Reconstruction of the bronchus and pulmonary artery.
AB  - Bronchovascular reconstructive procedures employed in order to avoid
      pneumonectomy (PN) in patients functionally unsuitable have provided, over time,
      excellent results, similar or even better than those obtained by PN. In recent
      years, new successful techniques have been developed that pertain in particular
      the prevention of major complications and the reconstruction of the pulmonary
      artery (PA). Encouraging data from increasing number of published experiences
      support the choice of parenchymal sparing procedures for lung cancer also in
      patients with good functional reserve. This is even more true if considering
      trials published in the last 10 years, thus indicating that improved outcome can
      be achieved with increased experience in reconstructive techniques and
      perioperative management. This article discusses the main technical aspects and
      results of literature. 

PMID- 26981269
TI  - Techniques of protection and revascularization of the bronchial anastomosis.
AB  - Airway anastomosis has been traditionally considered at risk for the onset of
      complications, particularly dehiscence with consequent infection and erosion in
      the adjacent vessels. Although the modifications and improvements of the surgical
      technique has contributed to reduce the incidence of complications, the
      protection and revascularization of the anastomotic site is still considered
      mandatory at many centers Many techniques have been proposed for encircling the
      bronchial anastomosis. 

PMID- 26981270
TI  - Tracheal replacement.
AB  - Non-malignant and malignant obstruction of the tracheal airway causes significant
      morbidity and mortality. With increased use of artificial airways, benign and
      iatrogenic complications are increasing. A tracheal stenosis that is less than 5
      cm in length can be resected with end-to-end anastomosis. Longer tracheal lesions
      can be treated in a palliative way by placement of a stent to secure airway lumen
      patency. The management of tracheal defects is an evolving field. Tracheal
      transplantation and tracheal regeneration may bring major treatment advances to
      cases with long-segment tracheal involvement. This review examines the current
      possibilities and future prospects in the area of tracheal transplantation and
      regeneration. 

PMID- 26981271
TI  - Airway anastomosis for lung transplantation.
AB  - Lung transplantation (LT) is the only viable option for a selected group of
      patients with end stage pulmonary diseases. During the recent years satisfactory
      results in terms of long-term survival and quality of life have been achieved
      with improvements in surgical technique, immunosuppression and perioperative
      management. Since the beginning, the airway anastomosis has been considered
      crucial and significant efforts have been made to understand the healing process.
      A number of experimental studies allowed improving the surgical technique by
      modifying the technique of suturing, the anastomotic protection and type and dose
      of immunosuppression, reducing the risk of airway complications. Furthermore, a
      huge progress has been made in the management of such complications. Early
      diagnosis of bronchial complications and their prompt and correct management are
      crucial to achieve long-term survival. 

PMID- 26981272
TI  - Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis.
AB  - Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis (ILTS) is a rare inflammatory disease of
      unknown etiology. Infectious, traumatic and immunologic processes must first be
      excluded. The majority of patients affected are female who present with
      progressive symptoms of upper airway obstruction, which can extend over a number
      of years. ILTS is characterized by short segment, circumferential stenotic
      lesions, located particularly at the level of the cricoid. Bronchoscopic
      evaluation is essential for establishing the diagnosis and operative planning.
      Various temporizing interventions have historically been utilized, including
      dilation and laser ablation, for symptomatic management. However these
      interventions have demonstrated diminishing returns and poor long-term outcomes.
      Patients with ILTS should be considered early for definitive surgical
      intervention to minimize complications and optimize outcomes. Laryngotracheal
      resection and reconstruction is a viable intervention, which has demonstrated
      good long-term results and low recurrence rates for this patient population. 

PMID- 26981274
TI  - Robotic sleeve lobectomy: technical details and early results.

PMID- 26981273
TI  - Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic bronchoplastic and carinal sleeve
      procedures.
AB  - Despite of the recent advanced with the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
      (VATS), the most common approach for bronchial and carinal resection is still the
      open surgery. The technical difficulties, the steep learning curve and the
      concerns about performing an oncologic and safe reconstruction in advanced cases,
      are the main reasons for the low adoption of VATS for sleeve resections. Most of
      the authors use 3-4 incisions for thoracoscopic sleeve procedures. However these
      surgical techniques can be performed by a single incision approach by skilled
      uniportal VATS surgeons. The improvements of the surgical instruments, high
      definition cameras and recent 3D systems have greatly contributed to facilitate
      the adoption of uniportal VATS techniques for sleeve procedures. In this article
      we describe the technique of thoracoscopic bronchial sleeve, bronchovascular and
      carinal resections through a single incision approach. 

PMID- 26981276
TI  - The Cost of Blindness in the Republic of Ireland 2010-2020.
AB  - Aims. To estimate the prevalence of blindness in the Republic of Ireland and the
      associated financial and total economic cost between 2010 and 2020. Methods.
      Estimates for the prevalence of blindness in the Republic of Ireland were based
      on blindness registration data from the National Council for the Blind of
      Ireland. Estimates for the financial and total economic cost of blindness were
      based on the sum of direct and indirect healthcare and nonhealthcare costs.
      Results. We estimate that there were 12,995 blind individuals in Ireland in 2010
      and in 2020 there will be 17,997. We estimate that the financial and total
      economic costs of blindness in the Republic of Ireland in 2010 were ?276.6
      million and ?809 million, respectively, and will increase in 2020 to ?367 million
      and ?1.1 billion, respectively. Conclusions. Here, ninety-eight percent of the
      cost of blindness is borne by the Departments of Social Protection and Finance
      and not by the Department of Health as might initially be expected. Cost of
      illness studies should play a role in public policy making as they help to
      quantify the indirect or "hidden" costs of disability and so help to reveal the
      true cost of illness. 

PMID- 26981275
TI  - Feeding Patterns and Xenomonitoring of Trypanosomes among Tsetse Flies around the
      Gashaka-Gumti National Park in Nigeria.
AB  - In order to understand the epidemiology of trypanosomoses in Gashaka-Gumti
      National Park, Nigeria, we determined the density, infection rates, and feeding
      patterns of tsetse flies using biconical traps, ITS, and mitochondrial cytochrome
      b PCRs. A total of 631 tsetse flies were captured, of which 531 (84.2%) and 100
      (15.8%) were analyzed for trypanosomes and blood meals, respectively. Tsetse
      distribution varied significantly (p < 0.05) across study sites with average trap
      and daily catches of 4.39 and 26.34, respectively. Overall tsetse infection rate
      was 5.08% and ranged between 3.03% and 6.84% across study sites. We identified 10
      T. brucei, 3 T. congolense savannah, 2 T. congolense forest, and 2 mixed
      infections among the 13 pools made from the 27 flies positive for trypanosomes
      with light microscopy. The distribution of vertebrate blood meals in tsetse flies
      varied significantly (p < 0.05) and ranged between 6.0% and 45% across hosts. We
      also observed dual feeding patterns involving at least 2 hosts in 24% and
      multiple feeding involving at least 3 hosts in 17% of the flies. We observed
      predominance of G. palpalis which also recorded higher infection rate. T. brucei
      was more prevalent among tsetse flies. Tsetse flies fed predominantly on cattle
      and less frequently on humans and also showed mixed feeding habits. 

PMID- 26981277
TI  - Growth Hormone Influence on the Morphology and Size of the Mouse Meibomian Gland.
AB  - Purpose. We hypothesize that growth hormone (GH) plays a significant role in the
      regulation of the meibomian gland. To test our hypothesis, we examined the
      influence of GH on mouse meibomian gland structure. Methods. We studied four
      groups of mice, including (1) bovine (b) GH transgenic mice with excess GH; (2)
      GH receptor (R) antagonist (A) transgenic mice with decreased GH; (3) GHR
      knockout (-/-) mice with no GH activity; and (4) wild type (WT) control mice.
      After mouse sacrifice, eyelids were processed for morphological and image
      analyses. Results. Our results show striking structural changes in the GH
      deficient animals. Many of the GHR-/- and GHA meibomian glands featured
      hyperkeratinized and thickened ducts, acini inserting into duct walls, and poorly
      differentiated acini. In contrast, the morphology of WT and bGH meibomian glands
      appeared similar. The sizes of meibomian glands of bGH mice were significantly
      larger and those of GHA and GHR-/- mice were significantly smaller than glands of
      WT mice. Conclusions. Our findings support our hypothesis that the GH/IGF-1 axis
      plays a significant role in the control of the meibomian gland. In addition, our
      data show that GH modulates the morphology and size of this tissue. 

PMID- 26981278
TI  - Symptom Endorsement and Sociodemographic Correlates of Postnatal Distress in
      Three Low Income Countries.
AB  - Background. Maternal mental illness has been implicated in adverse child
      development outcomes. Factors such as context and culture may influence
      experiences of maternal distress and explain differences in outcomes across
      settings. Methods. We analyzed baseline data from 5,647 mothers in Ethiopia,
      India (Andhra Pradesh), and Vietnam participating in an ongoing cohort study
      (Young Lives) to compare symptom endorsement and sociodemographic correlates of
      distress. Maternal distress was assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire
      20 Items (cutoff: >=8). Logistic regressions were stratified by sample to
      identify correlates of distress. Results. Symptom endorsement was similar among
      distressed women, particularly with regard to feeling unhappy (76%, 80%, and
      79%). Notable differences were observed in three items assessing Depressive
      Thoughts, which were most highly endorsed in Ethiopia (49%-56%). Having a child
      experiencing a life-threatening event was correlated with distress in all three
      samples. A variety of correlates were unique to only one sample. Conclusions.
      There were multiple similarities but also notable differences across sites in the
      expression and correlates of maternal distress. Feeling unhappy appears to be a
      hallmark feature of distress. Correlates highlight the relationship between
      distress and indicators of poverty, child wellbeing, and economic shocks.
      Differences demonstrate the value of further exploration of cross-cultural
      differences. 

PMID- 26981279
TI  - Factor Structure, Internal Consistency, and Screening Sensitivity of the GARS-2
      in a Developmental Disabilities Sample.
AB  - The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARS-2) is a widely used
      screening instrument that assists in the identification and diagnosis of autism.
      The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, internal
      consistency, and screening sensitivity of the GARS-2 using ratings from special
      education teaching staff for a sample of 240 individuals with autism or other
      significant developmental disabilities. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a
      correlated three-factor solution similar to that found in 2005 by Lecavalier for
      the original GARS. Though the three factors appeared to be reasonably consistent
      with the intended constructs of the three GARS-2 subscales, the analysis
      indicated that more than a third of the GARS-2 items were assigned to the wrong
      subscale. Internal consistency estimates met or exceeded standards for screening
      and were generally higher than those in previous studies. Screening sensitivity
      was .65 and specificity was .81 for the Autism Index using a cut score of 85.
      Based on these findings, recommendations are made for instrument revision. 

PMID- 26981280
TI  - Synthesis and Evaluation of Mannitol-Based Inhibitors for Lipopolysaccharide
      Biosynthesis.
AB  - Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat against humankind and the need for new
      therapeutics is crucial. Without working antibiotics, diseases that we thought
      were extinct will come back. In this paper two new mannitol bisphosphate analogs,
      1,6-dideoxy-1,6-diphosphoramidate mannitol and 1,6-dideoxy-1,6
      dimethansulfonamide mannitol, have been synthesized and evaluated as potential
      inhibitors of the enzyme GmhB in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides. 1,6
      Dideoxy-1,6-diphosphoramidate mannitol showed promising result in computational
      docking experiments, but neither phosphate analog showed activity in the Kirby
      Bauer antibiotic susceptibility test. 

PMID- 26981281
TI  - Syntheses and Antibiotic Evaluation of 2-{[(2R,4R)-4-Carboxy-2-hydroxypyrrolidin
      1-yl]carbonyl}benzene-1,5-dicarboxylic Acids and 2-Carbamoylbenzene-1,5
      dicarboxylic Acid Analogues.
AB  - Our search for new antibiotics led to the syntheses and biological evaluation of
      new classes of dicarboxylic acid analogues. The syntheses involve nucleophilic
      addition of different substituted benzylamine, aniline, alkylamine, and 4
      hydroxyl-L-proline with carbamoylbenzoic acid. The results of the antimicrobial
      activity as indicated by the zone of inhibition (ZOI) showed that Z 10 is the
      most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32 mm) and least active against
      Candida stellatoidea (27 mm) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) (27 mm),
      while Z 7 shows the least zone of inhibition (22 mm) against Methicillin
      Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimum inhibition concentration
      (MIC) determination reveals that Z 10 inhibits the growth of tested microbes at a
      low concentration of 6.25 MUg/mL, while Z 9 and Z 12 inhibits the growth of most
      microbes at a concentration of 12.5 MUg/mL, recording the least MIC. The Minimum
      Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC) results revealed that Z 10 has
      the highest bactericidal/fungicidal effect on the test microbes, at a
      concentration of 12.5 MUg/mL, with the exception of Candida stellatoidea and
      Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) with MBC/MFC of 25 MUg/mL. The result of
      this investigation reveals the potential of the target compounds (Z 1-3,5,7-12 )
      in the search for new antimicrobial agents. 

PMID- 26981282
TI  - Routine Head Computed Tomography for Patients in the Emergency Room with Trauma
      Requires Both Thick- and Thin-Slice Images.
AB  - Background. Images of head CT for the supratentorial compartment are sometimes
      recommended to be reconstructed with a thickness of 8-10 mm to achieve lesion
      conspicuity. However, additional images of a thin slice may not be routinely
      provided for patients with trauma in the emergency room (ER). We investigated the
      diagnostic sensitivity of a head CT, where axial images were 10 mm thick slices,
      in cases of linear skull fractures. Methods. Two trauma surgeons retrospectively
      reviewed head CT with 10 mm slices and skull X-rays of patients admitted to the
      ER that were diagnosed with a linear skull fracture. All patients had undergone
      both head CT and skull X-rays (n = 410). Result. The diagnostic sensitivity of
      head CT with a thickness of sequential 10 mm was 89% for all linear skull
      fractures but only 56% for horizontal fractures. This CT technique with 10 mm
      slices missed 6% of patients with linear skull fractures. False-negative
      diagnoses were significantly more frequent for older (>=55 years) than for young
      (<15 years) individuals (p = 0.048). Conclusions. A routine head CT of the
      supratentorial region for patients in the ER with head injuries requires both
      thick-slice images to visualize cerebral hemispheres and thin-slice images to
      detect skull fractures of the cranial vault. 

PMID- 26981283
TI  - The Use of Computer-Assisted Home Exercises to Preserve Physical Function after a
      Vestibular Rehabilitation Program: A Randomized Controlled Study.
AB  - Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether elderly patients
      with vestibular dysfunction are able to preserve physical functional level,
      reduction in dizziness, and the patient's quality of life when assistive computer
      technology is used in comparison with printed instructions. Materials and
      Methods. Single-blind, randomized, controlled follow-up study. Fifty-seven
      elderly patients with chronic dizziness were randomly assigned to a computer
      assisted home exercise program or to home exercises as described in printed
      instructions and followed for tree month after discharge from an outpatient
      clinic. Results. Both groups had maintained their high functional levels three
      months after finishing the outpatient rehabilitation. No statistically
      significant difference was found in outcome scores between the two groups. In
      spite of moderate compliance levels, the patients maintained their high
      functional level indicating that the elderly should not necessarily exercise for
      the first three months after termination of the training in the outpatient
      clinic. Conclusion. Elderly vestibular dysfunction patients exercising at home
      seem to maintain their functional level, level of dizziness, and quality of life
      three months following discharge from hospital. In this specific setup, no
      greater effect was found by introducing a computer-assisted training program,
      when compared to standard home training guided by printed instructions. This
      trial is registered with NCT01344408. 

PMID- 26981284
TI  - Genotyping of Cryptosporidium Species and Their Clinical Manifestations in
      Patients with Renal Transplantation and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
AB  - In the present study we aimed to determine (i) frequency of Cryptosporidium
      species among patients with renal transplantation (RT) and human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) infection and (ii) relationship of the nature, severity, and duration
      of symptoms with different species and load of Cryptosporidium. Stool samples
      from 70 (42 RT and 28 HIV) and 140 immunocompromised patients with and without
      cryptosporidiosis by modified Kinyoun's staining were subjected to qPCR-melting
      curve analysis for identification of parasite species. qPCR detected one
      microscopically negative sample to be positive for cryptosporidiosis. C. hominis,
      C. parvum, and mixed infection were detected in 50/71 (70.4%), 19/71 (26.8%), and
      2/71 (2.8%) patients, respectively. Patients with cryptosporidiosis had higher
      stool frequency (median, IQR: 4, 3-6/d versus 3, 2-4/d; P = 0.017) and watery
      stool (52/71 [73%] versus 64/139 [46%]; P = 0.003). Parasite load (median, IQR:
      Log10 6.37 (5.65-7.12), Log10 5.81 (4.26-6.65); P = 0.046) and nausea/vomiting
      (29/50 [58%] versus 5/19 [26%]; P = 0.032) were more frequent with C. hominis
      than with C. parvum infection. Thus, Cryptosporidium spp. (mainly C. hominis) is
      a common cause of diarrhoea in RT and HIV patients. 

PMID- 26981285
TI  - Flexible Stabilisation of the Degenerative Lumbar Spine Using PEEK Rods.
AB  - Posterior lumbar interbody fusion using cages, titanium rods, and pedicle screws
      is considered today as the gold standard of surgical treatment of lumbar
      degenerative disease and has produced satisfying long-term fusion rates. However
      this rigid material could change the physiological distribution of load at the
      instrumental and adjacent segments, a main cause of implant failure and adjacent
      segment disease, responsible for a high rate of further surgery in the following
      years. More recently, semirigid instrumentation systems using rods made of
      polyetheretherketone (PEEK) have been introduced. This clinical study of 21
      patients focuses on the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients with
      lumbar degenerative disease treated with Initial VEOS PEEK((r))-Optima system
      (Innov'Spine, France) composed of rods made from PEEK-OPTIMA((r)) polymer
      (Invibio Biomaterial Solutions, UK) without arthrodesis. With an average follow
      up of 2 years and half, the chances of reoperation were significantly reduced
      (4.8%), quality of life was improved (ODI = 16%), and the adjacent disc was
      preserved in more than 70% of cases. Based on these results, combined with the
      biomechanical and clinical data already published, PEEK rods systems can be
      considered as a safe and effective alternative solution to rigid ones. 

PMID- 26981286
TI  - Prismatic Adaptation Induces Plastic Changes onto Spatial and Temporal Domains in
      Near and Far Space.
AB  - A large literature has documented interactions between space and time suggesting
      that the two experiential domains may share a common format in a generalized
      magnitude system (ATOM theory). To further explore this hypothesis, here we
      measured the extent to which time and space are sensitive to the same
      sensorimotor plasticity processes, as induced by classical prismatic adaptation
      procedures (PA). We also exanimated whether spatial-attention shifts on time and
      space processing, produced through PA, extend to stimuli presented beyond the
      immediate near space. Results indicated that PA affected both temporal and
      spatial representations not only in the near space (i.e., the region within which
      the adaptation occurred), but also in the far space. In addition, both rightward
      and leftward PA directions caused opposite and symmetrical modulations on time
      processing, whereas only leftward PA biased space processing rightward. We
      discuss these findings within the ATOM framework and models that account for PA
      effects on space and time processing. We propose that the differential and
      asymmetrical effects following PA may suggest that temporal and spatial
      representations are not perfectly aligned. 

PMID- 26981288
TI  - Is It Possible to Maintain Consciousness and Spontaneous Ventilation with Chest
      Compression in the Early Phase of Cardiac Arrest?
AB  - Chest compression is important in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, life
      support algorithms do not specify when chest compression should be initiated in
      patients with persistent spontaneous normal breathing in the early phase after
      cardiac arrest. Here we describe the case of a 69-year-old man who underwent
      femoral bypass surgery and was extubated at the end of the procedure. After
      extubation, the patient's breathing pattern and respiratory rate were normal. The
      patient subsequently developed ventricular fibrillation, evident on two monitors.
      Because defibrillation was ineffective, chest compression was initiated even
      though the patient had spontaneous normal breathing and defensive motor reflexes,
      which were continued throughout resuscitation. He regained consciousness and
      underwent tracheal extubation without neurological sequelae on postoperative day
      1. This case highlights the necessity of chest compression in the early phase of
      cardiac arrest. 

PMID- 26981290
TI  - Tender Endothelium Syndrome: Combination of Hypotension, Bradycardia, Contrast
      Induced Chest Pain, and Microvascular Angina.
AB  - Hypotension, bradycardia, and contrast induced chest pain are potential
      complications of cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography. Catheter
      induced coronary spasm has been occasionally demonstrated, but its relationship
      to spontaneous coronary spasm is unclear. We describe a 64-year-old female who
      underwent coronary artery bypass surgery in 1998 on the basis of an angiographic
      diagnosis of severe left main disease, who recently presented with increasingly
      frequent typical angina. Repeat coronary angiography was immediately complicated
      by severe chest pain, hypotension, and bradycardia but demonstrated only mild
      disease of the left main artery and entire coronary tree with complete occlusion
      of her prior grafts. This reaction was almost identical to that observed during
      her original coronary angiogram. We now believe her original angiogram was
      complicated by severe catheter-induced left main spasm, with the accompanying
      contrast reaction attributed to left main disease, and the occlusion of coronary
      grafts explained by the absence of significant left main disease. The combination
      of these symptoms has not been documented in the literature. In this instance,
      these manifestations erroneously led to coronary bypass surgery. It is unknown
      whether routine, systematic injection of intracoronary nitroglycerin prior to
      angiography might blunt the severity of such reactions. 

PMID- 26981289
TI  - Physiologic Functional Evaluation of Left Internal Mammary Artery Graft to Left
      Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Steal due to Unligated First Thoracic Branch
      in a Case of Refractory Angina.
AB  - Unligated side branches of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) have been
      described in the literature as a cause of coronary steal resulting in angina.
      Despite a number of studies reporting successful side branch embolization to
      relieve symptoms, this phenomenon remains controversial. Hemodynamic evidence of
      coronary steal using angiographic and intravascular Doppler techniques has been
      supported by some and rejected by others. In this case study using an
      intracoronary Doppler wire with adenosine, we demonstrate that a trial occlusion
      of the LIMA thoracic side branch with selective balloon inflation can confirm
      physiologic significant steal and whether coil embolization of the side branch is
      indicated. 

PMID- 26981291
TI  - A Practical Method for No-Reflow Treatment.
AB  - No-reflow is an undesirable result of percutaneous coronary interventions.
      Vasoactive drug administration at the distal part of the coronary artery is
      suggested as a therapeutic option for no-reflow treatment. Here, we represent two
      cases of successful no-reflow management with previously used monorail balloon at
      the same procedure as a hand-made distal infusion catheter. 

PMID- 26981287
TI  - Recent Advance in the Relationship between Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters and
      Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder disease in the
      elderly and is characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons and formation of
      Lewy bodies. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central
      nervous system (CNS). If glutamate is not removed promptly in the synaptic cleft,
      it will excessively stimulate the glutamate receptors and induce excitotoxic
      effects on the CNS. With lack of extracellular enzyme to decompose glutamate,
      glutamate uptake in the synaptic cleft is mainly achieved by the excitatory amino
      acid transporters (EAATs, also known as high-affinity glutamate transporters).
      Current studies have confirmed that decreased expression and function of EAATs
      appear in PD animal models. Moreover, single unilateral administration of EAATs
      inhibitor in the substantia nigra mimics several PD features and this is a solid
      evidence supporting that decreased EAATs contribute to the process of PD. Drugs
      or treatments promoting the expression and function of EAATs are shown to
      attenuate dopamine neurons death in the substantia nigra and striatum, ameliorate
      the behavior disorder, and improve cognitive abilities in PD animal models. EAATs
      are potential effective drug targets in treatment of PD and thus study of
      relationship between EAATs and PD has predominant medical significance currently.

PMID- 26981292
TI  - Spurious Hyperchloremia and Negative Anion Gap in a Child with Refractory
      Epilepsy.
AB  - We report a case with spurious hyperchloremia with negative anion gap in a child
      who was taking potassium bromide for refractory epilepsy. Blood chemistry showed
      a high chloride level (171 mEq/L) and a negative anion gap (-52 mEq/L). Plasma
      chloride concentration is measured by an ion-selective electrode method; however
      the presence of other anions like bromide and iodides can interfere with chloride
      level and largely overestimates the chloride concentration. Thus hyperchloremia
      with a negative anion gap is a clue to the diagnosis of halides like bromide and
      iodide ingestion. 

PMID- 26981293
TI  - Peripheral Developing Odontoma or Peripheral Ameloblastic Fibroodontoma: A Rare
      Challenging Case.
AB  - Peripheral odontogenic lesions are considered to be rare within the
      classification of odontogenic tumors. They share the same microscopic
      characteristics of their central counterparts. Here, we report an ulcerated mass
      of the maxillary gingiva that on histopathological examination was diagnosed as
      peripheral developing odontoma or peripheral ameloblastic fibroodontoma. The
      diagnosis of this tumor is challenging and may lead to unnecessary treatment. 

PMID- 26981295
TI  - Neuroendoscopic Removal of Acute Subdural Hematoma with Contusion: Advantages for
      Elderly Patients.
AB  - Background. Large craniotomy for acute subdural hematoma is sometimes too
      invasive. We report good outcomes for two cases of neuroendoscopic evacuation of
      hematoma and contusion by 1 burr hole surgery. Case Presentation. Both patients
      arrived by ambulance at our hospital with disturbed consciousness after falling.
      Case 1 was an 81-year-old man who took antiplatelet drugs for brain infarction.
      Case 2 was a 73-year-old alcoholic woman. CT scanning showed acute subdural
      hematoma and frontal contusion in both cases. In the acute stage, glycerol was
      administered to reduce edema; CTs after 48 and 72 hours showed an increase of
      subdural hematoma and massive contusion of the frontal lobe. Disturbed
      consciousness steadily deteriorated. The subdural hematoma and contusion were
      removed as soon as possible by neuroendoscopy under local anesthesia, because
      neither patient was a good candidate for large craniotomy considering age and
      past history. 40%~70% of the hematoma was removed, and the consciousness level
      improved. Conclusion. Neuroendoscopic removal of acute subdural hematoma and
      contusion has advantages and disadvantages. For patients with underlying medical
      issues or other risk factors, it is likely to be effective. 

PMID- 26981294
TI  - Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Linagliptin.
AB  - Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor that is approved for
      the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. About 5% of linagliptin is eliminated
      by the kidneys and no dose adjustment is recommended in kidney impairment. We
      report a first case of linagliptin-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) in a
      patient with preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD). We hypothesize that AKI
      was due to renal hypoperfusion from linagliptin-induced natriuresis and
      intravascular volume contraction in the setting of concomitant lisinopril use,
      which is known to impair autoregulation and potentiate hypotension-induced AKI.
      It may be prudent to exert caution and closely monitor kidney function when
      initiating linagliptin in combination with ACE-inhibitors in CKD patients. 

PMID- 26981296
TI  - Metastasis of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer (Suspected to Be Hereditary
      Breast and Ovarian Cancer) to the Brain, Diagnosed at 18 Weeks' Gestation: A Case
      Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - We report a case of pregnancy-associated breast cancer with metastasis to the
      brain, likely resulting from hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). A 35
      year-old woman (gravida 2, para 0-1-0-1) underwent a right mastectomy and right
      axillary dissection after a cesarean section at 30 years of age; her mother died
      at 47 years of age due to breast cancer. Histopathological examination indicated
      an invasive ductal carcinoma with triple-negative cancer (cancer stage 2B
      [pT3N0M0]). The patient refused adjuvant therapy because of the risk of
      infertility. After 4 years, she became pregnant naturally. At 18 weeks'
      gestation, she experienced aphasia and dyslexia due to brain metastasis. The
      pregnancy was terminated at 21 weeks' gestation after thorough counseling. Her
      family history, young-onset disease, and histopathological findings suggested
      HBOC. She declined genetic testing for BRCA1/2, though genetic counseling was
      provided. In cases of pregnancy-related breast cancer, consideration must be
      given to whether the pregnancy should be continued and to posttreatment
      fertility. HBOC should also be considered. Genetic counseling should be provided
      and the patient should be checked for the BRCA mutation, as it is meaningful for
      the future of any potential children. Genetic counseling should be provided even
      if the cancer is advanced or recurrent. 

PMID- 26981297
TI  - Acute Coronary Syndrome Manifesting as an Adverse Effect of All-trans-Retinoic
      Acid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Case Report with Review of the Literature
      and a Spotlight on Management.
AB  - Background. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by t(15;17). This leads
      to the formation of PML/RARalpha which blocks the differentiation of blasts at
      the stage of promyelocytes. This is reversed by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), a
      vitamin A derivative. Acute myocardial ischemia is a rare side effect of ATRA.
      Case Report. We report a case of acute coronary syndrome manifesting as an
      adverse effect of ATRA in a lady with APL who had no other risk factors for
      cardiovascular disease. Conclusions. We emphasize the need for high index of
      suspicion for the diagnosis of this entity. In the light of this case, the rare
      instances of ATRA associated acute myocardial ischemia recorded in the literature
      and the options available for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia sans ATRA
      have been reviewed. 

PMID- 26981298
TI  - A Woman with Rheumatoid Arthritis and a Bilateral Fracture of the Proximal Tibia.
AB  - A 52-year-old woman presented herself with pain on the medial sides of the
      proximal tibia after a minimal trauma. Conventional X-rays did not show any
      pathology. However, the MRI showed a bilateral fracture of the proximal tibia.
      Since the patient was treated with methotrexate due to rheumatoid arthritis,
      methotrexate osteopathy was considered. Long term treatment with low doses of
      methotrexate proved to inhibit osteoblast proliferation and may eventually lead
      to decreased bone formation and osteopenia. On the other hand, immobilization,
      joint deformities, and steroid treatment are associated with rheumatoid arthritis
      and are also known risk factors for fractures. The clinical relevance of
      methotrexate osteopathy still has to be established. However, if a patient
      treated with methotrexate localizes pain in the tibia, methotrexate osteopathy
      should be considered. Withdrawal of the drug may improve symptoms. 

PMID- 26981299
TI  - Group B Streptococcal Septic Arthritis of the Shoulder and Potential Association
      with Pelvic Examination and PAP Smear.
AB  - Group B streptococcal (GBS) infection of a native joint in a nonpregnant adult is
      uncommon. While many women are colonized with this flora, it rarely becomes
      pathogenic in its adult host. GBS associated joint infections have been reported,
      most of which have been related to hematogenous seeding from unknown sources. To
      our knowledge, there are no published case reports of a GBS joint infection in
      association with a pelvic exam and Papanicolaou (PAP) smear. In this case report,
      we present a case of GBS sepsis of a native shoulder, possibly resulting from a
      routine pelvic exam and PAP smear. 

PMID- 26981300
TI  - Severe Hyperacusis, Photophobia, and Skin Hypersensitivity.
AB  - We report a case of a patient with severe hyperacusis, photophobia, and skin
      hypersensitivity. The patient was initially treated with sound therapy and
      medical therapy for 4 months and successfully with a selective serotonin reuptake
      inhibitor (SSRI) and cognitive behavioral therapy which improved her mood and the
      tolerance for sounds and light. 

PMID- 26981301
TI  - Use of Aripiprazole Long Acting Injection in Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia.
AB  - Background. Evidence for the efficacious use of second-generation antipsychotics
      for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia is scant. Case
      Presentation. We report the case of a 34-year-old female of Afro-Caribbean
      origin, who presented with prominent negative symptoms of schizophrenia and was
      successfully treated with aripiprazole long acting injection. Within a period of
      six to nine months, the patient returned to her premorbid level of functioning.
      Conclusion. Aripiprazole long acting injection promises benefits in the treatment
      of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Further research needs to be conducted on
      the use of this drug. 

PMID- 26981302
TI  - Giant Cell Tumor within the Proximal Tibia after ACL Reconstruction.
AB  - 26-year-old female with prior anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction developed
      an enlarging lytic bone lesion around the tibial screw with sequential imaging
      over the course of one year demonstrating progression of this finding, which was
      confirmed histologically to be a giant cell tumor of bone. The lesion originated
      around the postoperative bed, making the diagnosis challenging during the early
      course of the presentation. The case demonstrates giant cell tumor which
      originated in the metaphysis and subsequently grew to involve the epiphysis;
      therefore, early course of the disease not involving the epiphysis should not
      exclude this diagnosis. 

PMID- 26981303
TI  - Segmental Testicular Infarction, an Underdiagnosed Entity: Case Report with
      Histopathologic Correlation and Review of the Diagnostic Features.
AB  - A 30-year-old male presented with a 1-day history of left scrotal pain and a
      tender left testicle and epididymis on physical exam. Scrotal ultrasound showed
      an avascular, heterogeneous, hypoechoic lesion in the superior left testis
      suggestive of infarction or neoplasm. The patient was managed conservatively;
      however, his pain continued and follow-up ultrasound 6 days later showed interval
      increase in the size of the mass. Left radical orchiectomy was done and pathology
      result showed segmental infarction of the left testis. 

PMID- 26981304
TI  - Atypical Cutaneous Manifestations in Adult Onset Still's Disease.
AB  - Adult Onset Still's Disease (AOSD), an adult variant of systemic onset juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis, is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown
      aetiology. The rarity of this disease is associated with low index of suspicion
      and delayed diagnosis in patients suffering from it and in the presence of
      atypical features the diagnosis can be further challenging. This is a case report
      on a 24-year-old woman, who was a diagnostic dilemma for 2 years due to the
      nonspecific symptoms of recurrent fever, generalized maculopapular persistent
      pruritic and tender rash, and polyarthralgia. She was initially diagnosed as
      leukocytoclastic vasculitis on a skin biopsy and was managed by a dermatologist
      with various medications including NSAIDs, hydroxychloroquine, dapsone,
      colchicine, cyclosporine, and high doses of oral steroids with minimal response.
      Subsequently, she has had multiple admissions with similar symptoms with raised
      inflammatory markers and negative septic workup. On one occasion, her iron study
      revealed hyperferritinaemia which led to the suspicion of AOSD. Once the
      rheumatic fever and infectious, malignant, autoimmune, and lymphoproliferative
      disorders were excluded, she was diagnosed as probable AOSD and managed
      successfully with IL-1 (interleukin-1) receptor antagonist, Anakinra, with
      remarkable and lasting response both clinically and biochemically. 

PMID- 26981305
TI  - An Unusual Case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Hemophagocytic Syndrome.
AB  - Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an
      immune mediated phenomenon that can occur in the setting of an autoimmune
      disease, chronic immunosuppression, malignancy, or infection. It has been more
      commonly described in the pediatric population and less commonly in adults. We
      describe a case of a 52-year-old male who presented with a rash. He
      simultaneously met the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)
      criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the
      diagnostic criteria of HS as described in the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
      (HLH) 2004 trial. The bone marrow on autopsy showed the presence of abundant
      hemosiderophages with focal hemophagocytosis. SLE-associated HS might be
      underdiagnosed due to the overlap in clinical findings. This case represents the
      importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment of such a potentially fatal clinical
      syndrome. 

PMID- 26981306
TI  - Glucagonoma and Glucagonoma Syndrome: A Case Report with Review of Recent
      Advances in Management.
AB  - The rarity of glucagonoma imposes a challenge with most patients being diagnosed
      after a long period of treatment for their skin rash (months-years). Awareness of
      physicians and dermatologists of the characteristic necrolytic migratory erythema
      often leads to early diagnosis. Early diagnosis of glucagonoma even in the
      presence of resectable liver metastases may allow curative resection. Herein, we
      present a typical case of glucagonoma treated at our center and review the
      literature pertinent to its management. 

PMID- 26981307
TI  - Coexisting Situs Inversus Totalis and Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
AB  - Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital abnormality with mirror symmetry of
      mediastinal and abdominal organs. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is an
      autoimmune disease with destruction of thrombocytes. This paper is presentation
      of surgical approach to a case with coexistence of these two conditions. 

PMID- 26981308
TI  - Mechanisms and Clinical Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias following Blunt
      Chest Trauma.
AB  - Nonpenetrating, blunt chest trauma is a serious medical condition with varied
      clinical presentations and implications. This can be the result of a dense
      projectile during competitive and recreational sports but may also include other
      etiologies such as motor vehicle accidents or traumatic falls. In this setting,
      the manifestation of ventricular arrhythmias has been observed both acutely and
      chronically. This is based on two entirely separate mechanisms and etiologies
      requiring different treatments. Ventricular fibrillation can occur immediately
      after chest wall injury (commotio cordis) and requires rapid defibrillation.
      Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia can develop in the chronic stage due to
      underlying structural heart disease long after blunt chest injury. The associated
      arrhythmogenic tissue may be complex and provides the necessary substrate to form
      a reentrant VT circuit. Ventricular tachycardia in the absence of overt
      structural heart disease appears to be focal in nature with rapid termination
      during ablation. Regardless of the VT mechanism, patients with recurrent
      episodes, despite antiarrhythmic medication in the chronic stage following blunt
      chest injury, are likely to require ablation to achieve VT control. This review
      article will describe the mechanisms, pathophysiology, and treatment of
      ventricular arrhythmias that occur in both the acute and chronic stages following
      blunt chest trauma. 

PMID- 26981309
TI  - The Role of Adenosine in Pulmonary Vein Isolation: A Critical Review.
AB  - The cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is pulmonary vein isolation
      (PVI), which can be achieved in more than 95% of patients at the end of the
      procedure. However, AF recurrence rates remain high and are related to recovery
      of PV conduction. Adenosine testing is used to unmask dormant pulmonary vein
      conduction (DC). The aim of this study is to review the available literature
      addressing the role of adenosine testing and determine the impact of ablation at
      sites of PV reconnection on freedom from AF. Adenosine infusion, by restoring the
      excitability threshold, unmasks reversible injury that could lead to recovery of
      PV conduction. The studies included in this review suggest that adenosine is
      useful to unmask nontransmural lesions at risk of reconnection and that further
      ablation at sites of DC is associated with improvement in freedom from AF.
      Nevertheless it has been demonstrated that adenosine is not able to predict all
      veins at risk of later reconnection, which means that veins without DC are not
      necessarily at low risk. The role of the waiting period in the setting of
      adenosine testing has also been analyzed, suggesting that in the acute phase
      adenosine use should be accompanied by enough waiting time. 

PMID- 26981311
TI  - Association of Alanine Aminotransferase and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional
      Analysis-NHANES 2009-2012.
AB  - Objective. Alanine Aminotransferase is an enzyme associated with not only liver
      diseases, liver conditions, and metabolic syndrome, but also inflammation.
      Periodontitis is associated with increased cytokines and other markers of
      inflammation. The purpose of this study is to determine if an independent
      association between Alanine Aminotransferase and periodontitis exists. Methods.
      Data from the 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Surveys
      (NHANES) were combined. Data concerning periodontitis and Alanine
      Aminotransferase were extracted and analyzed with Rao Scott Chi-square and
      logistic regressions. Serum Alanine Aminotransferase was dichotomized at 40
      units/liter, and periodontitis was dichotomized to the presence or absence of
      periodontitis. Results. In bivariate Chi-square analyses, periodontitis and
      Alanine Aminotransferase were associated (p = 0.0360) and remained significant in
      unadjusted logistic regression (OR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.65]). However, when
      other known risk factors of periodontitis were included in the analyses, the
      relationship attenuated and failed to reach significance (adjusted OR = 1.17 [95%
      CI: 0.85, 1.60]). Conclusion. Our study adds to the literature a positive but
      attenuated association of serum Alanine Aminotransferase with periodontitis which
      failed to reach significance when other known, strong risk factors of
      periodontitis were included in the analysis. 

PMID- 26981312
TI  - Rotigotine Objectively Improves Sleep in Parkinson's Disease: An Open-Label Pilot
      Study with Actigraphic Recording.
AB  - Sleep disturbances represent important predictors of poor quality of life (QoL)
      in Parkinson's disease (PD). This open-label pilot study aimed to objectively
      assess, by means of actigraphic recording, effect of rotigotine on sleep in PD
      patients with self-reported sleep complaints. 15 PD patients underwent one-week
      actigraphic recording before (T0) and during (T1) rotigotine treatment, which was
      titrated to the dose subjectively improving motor symptoms (4-8 mg/24 h). Sleep
      disturbances, daytime sleepiness, cognitive performance, QoL, and depression were
      also evaluated with questionnaires. Actigraphic recordings showed a significant
      reduction in nocturnal motor activity and mean duration of wake episodes after
      sleep onset during rotigotine treatment compared to baseline. In 10 patients
      presenting objective evidence of poor sleep quality at T0 (sleep efficiency <=
      85%), rotigotine also significantly improved other sleep parameters and further
      reduced nocturnal motor activity and mean duration of wake episodes. A
      significant decrease in number and duration of daytime sleep episodes was also
      observed at T1. Finally we confirmed that rotigotine significantly improves
      perceived sleep quality and QoL. Our study showed for the first time that
      rotigotine is associated with an objective improvement of nocturnal and diurnal
      sleep disturbances in PD patients with self-reported sleep complaints. This study
      is registered with AIFA-observational study registry number 12021. 

PMID- 26981310
TI  - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Arrhythmia by Oxidative Stress.
AB  - Current therapies for arrhythmia using ion channel blockade, catheter ablation,
      or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator have limitations, and it is
      important to search for new antiarrhythmic therapeutic targets. Both atrial
      fibrillation and heart failure, a condition with increased arrhythmic risk, are
      associated with excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are several
      possible ways for ROS to induce arrhythmia. ROS can cause focal activity and
      reentry. ROS alter multiple cardiac ionic currents. ROS promote cardiac fibrosis
      and impair gap junction function, resulting in reduced myocyte coupling and
      facilitation of reentry. In order to design effective antioxidant drugs for
      treatment of arrhythmia, it is essential to explore the molecular mechanisms by
      which ROS exert these arrhythmic effects. Activation of Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent
      kinase II, c-Src tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, and abnormal splicing of
      cardiac sodium channels are among the recently discovered molecular mechanisms of
      ROS-induced arrhythmia. 

PMID- 26981314
TI  - Light and Electron Microscopic Studies on Prenatal Differentiation of Exocrine
      Pancreas in Buffalo.
AB  - The study was conducted on pancreas of 24 buffalo fetuses collected from abattoir
      and Veterinary clinics, GADVASU, Ludhiana. The buffalo fetuses were divided into
      three groups after measuring their CVRL, namely, group I (CVRL between 0 and 20
      cm), group II (CVRL above 20 cm and up to 40 cm), and group III (CVRL above 40
      cm) and their approximate age was calculated. The tissues were processed for
      light and ultrastructural studies. In group I, at 1.2 cm CVRL (34 days), the
      pancreas comprised tubules and solid nest of undifferentiated epithelial cells.
      At 7.5 cm CVRL (63 days) acinar cells with zymogen granules were observed. These
      acinar cells varied in shape from columnar to pyramidal. At 12.8 cm CVRL (86
      days), parenchyma began to organize into lobes and lobules. The centroacinar
      cells were observed at 12.8 cm CVRL (86 days). In group II, at 28.3 cm CVRL (137
      days), there was extensive branching of tubules that resulted in highly branched
      ductal tree connecting exocrine secretary units to the duct system. The
      interlobular and intralobular ducts were well observed at this age yet the
      intercalated ducts were not completely developed. In group III, exocrine pancreas
      showed a massive growth at 48 cm CVRL (182 days) with distinct pancreatic lobes
      and lobules. At 54 cm CVRL (195 days), well developed pancreatic architecture was
      seen with the presence of extensive development of exocrine part organized in
      lobes and lobules with interlobular and intralobular ducts whereas the
      intercalated ducts were observed in 80 cm CVRL (254 days). 

PMID- 26981313
TI  - Comparative mRNA Expression of eEF1A Isoforms and a PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in a
      Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is one of dysregulated pathways in Parkinson's disease
      (PD). Previous studies in nonneuronal cells showed that Akt regulation can be
      increased by eukaryotic protein elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (eEF1A2). eEF1A2 is
      proposed to contribute protection against apoptotic death, likely through
      activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Whether eEF1A2 plays a role in the prevention
      of cell death in PD has not been investigated. Recently, gene profiling on
      dopaminergic neurons from postmortem PD patients showed both upregulation and
      downregulation of some PI3K and mTOR genes. In this paper, the expression of all
      gene members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in relation to those of the eEF1A
      isoforms in a cellular model of PD was investigated at the mRNA level. The
      results showed a similar trend of upregulation of genes of the eEF1A isoforms
      (eEF1A1 and eEF1A2) and of the PI3K (classes I-III)/Akt (Akt1, Akt2, and
      Akt3)/mTOR (mTORC1 and mTORC2) pathway in both nondifferentiated and
      differentiated SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells treated with 1-methyl-4
      phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). Upregulation of eEF1A2, Akt1, and mTORC1 was
      consistent with the relative increase of eEF1A2, Akt, phospho-Akt, and mTORC1
      proteins. The possible role of eEF1A isoforms in the regulation of the
      PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in PD is discussed. 

PMID- 26981315
TI  - Prevalence of Neoplastic Diseases in Pet Birds Referred for Surgical Procedures.
AB  - Neoplastic disease is common in pet birds, particularly in psittacines, and
      treatment should be primarily aimed at tumor eradication. Nineteen cases of pet
      birds submitted to diagnostic and/or therapeutic surgical procedures due to
      neoplastic disease characterized by the presence of visible masses were
      retrospectively analyzed; affected species, types of neoplasms and respective
      locations, and outcomes of surgical procedures were determined. All birds
      undergoing surgery belonged to the order Psittaciformes; the Blue-fronted parrot
      (Amazona aestiva) was the prevalent species. Lipoma was the most frequent
      neoplasm in the sample studied. Most neoplasms affected the integumentary system,
      particularly the pericloacal area. Tumor resection was the most common surgical
      procedure performed, with high resolution and low recurrence rates. 

PMID- 26981316
TI  - A Homemade Snare: An Alternative Method for Mechanical Removal of Dirofilaria
      immitis in Dogs.
AB  - Canine dirofilariosis is a life-threatening parasitic disease that is
      increasingly reported worldwide. Once diagnosed the main treatment goals are to
      improve the animal's clinical condition and to eliminate all life stages of the
      parasite with minimal posttreatment side effects. This can be achieved through
      mechanical, surgical, or chemotherapeutical approaches. Currently, manual
      extraction is the preferred method to remove adult heartworms due to its
      diminished invasiveness, reduced damage to the vascular endothelium, and
      shortened anaesthesia duration. However, it remains an expensive technique that
      can be highly traumatic. To address this issue, a nontraumatic homemade catheter
      guided snare was developed for heartworm removal by adapting and folding a 0.014
      inch coronary wire (BMW, Abbott Vascular). Transvenous heartworm extraction was
      performed on a dog severely infected with adult heartworms by inserting the
      modified snare into a 6-F Judkins right coronary guiding catheter BMW (Cordis)
      and advancing it into the right ventricle under fluoroscopic guidance. Fifteen
      adult specimens of Dirofilaria immitis were successfully extracted from the
      pulmonary artery and right ventricle without complications. To assure the death
      of both larvae and adults, postoperative treatment was successfully managed using
      ivermectin, doxycycline, and melarsomine, with no recurrence after surgery. 

PMID- 26981317
TI  - The New TLC Method for Separation and Determination of Multicomponent Mixtures of
      Plant Extracts.
AB  - The new mode of two-dimensional gradient thin layer chromatography (MGD-2D TLC)
      has been presented. Short distance development of sample in the first dimension
      leads to formation of the preconcentrated narrow zones. They are consecutively
      separated in the second dimension with the mobile phase gradient in several steps
      of development until the eluent reaches the further end of the chromatographic
      plate. The use of the above-mentioned technique allows isolating and then
      identifying the compounds of various polarity from the multicomponent mixture.
      The practical application of two-dimensional gradient thin layer chromatography
      has been performed for isolation of the two plant (Juniperus and Thymus) oils
      components as the examples of test mixtures. The experiments have been carried
      out with the use of silica gel plates as well as a normal phase condition. The
      results of solute separation with isocratic one-dimensional thin layer
      chromatography system have been compared with those of two-dimensional gradient
      system. It has been observed that application of the latter mode leads to almost
      triplicated number of zones in comparison with the former one. It is purposeful
      to apply the proposed mode to control the purity of the dominant component or
      components of the mixture. 

PMID- 26981318
TI  - Pharmacy Students' Knowledge Assessment of Naegleria fowleri Infection.
AB  - A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August 2015 to assess the
      knowledge of pharmacy students towards Naegleria fowleri infection. A
      questionnaire was distributed to senior pharmacy students in different private
      and public sector universities of Karachi. Descriptive statistics were used to
      demonstrate students' demographic information and their responses to the
      questionnaire. Pearson chi-square test was adopted to assess the relationship
      between independent variables and responses of students. The study revealed that
      pharmacy students were having adequate awareness of Naegleria fowleri infection
      and considered it as a serious health issue that necessitates instantaneous steps
      by the government to prevent the general public from the fatal neurological
      infection. The students recommended that appropriate methods should be projected
      in the community from time to time that increases public awareness about the
      associated risk factors. 

PMID- 26981319
TI  - Cellulose Acetate 398-10 Asymmetric Membrane Capsules for Osmotically Regulated
      Delivery of Acyclovir.
AB  - The study was aimed at developing cellulose acetate asymmetric membrane capsules
      (AMCs) of acyclovir for its controlled delivery at the absorption site. The AMCs
      were prepared by phase inversion technique using wet process. A 2(3) full
      factorial design assessed the effect of independent variables (level(s) of
      polymer, pore former, and osmogen) on the cumulative drug release from AMCs. The
      buoyant optimized formulation F7 (low level of cellulose acetate; high levels of
      both glycerol and sodium lauryl sulphate) displayed maximum drug release of 97.88
      +/- 0.77% in 8 h that was independent of variation in agitational intensity and
      intentional defect on the cellulose acetate AMC. The in vitro data best fitted
      zero-order kinetics (r (2) = 0.9898). SEM micrograph of the transverse section
      confirmed the asymmetric nature of the cellulose acetate capsular membrane.
      Statistical analysis by Design Expert software indicated no interaction between
      the independent variables confirming the efficiency of the design in estimating
      the effects of variables on drug release. The optimized formulation F7
      (desirability = 0.871) displayed sustenance of drug release over the drug packed
      in AMC in pure state proving the superiority of osmotically active formulation.
      Conclusively the AMCs have potential for controlled release of acyclovir at its
      absorption site. 

PMID- 26981321
TI  - Frontal lobe signs after posterior fossa surgery: Is hypoperfusion ignored?

PMID- 26981322
TI  - A rare intracranial tumor consisting of malignant anaplastic and papillary
      meningioma subtypes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intracranial tumors with heterogeneous histopathology are a well
      described pathologic entity. Pathologically, distinct tumors in direct contact
      with one another, also known as collision tumors are exceptionally rare, and
      collision between meningioma subtypes has not been previously described in the
      literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 79-year-old female with a history of breast
      carcinoma presenting with visual and motor deficits and imaging/intraoperative
      findings consistent with separate, distinct lesions. Histopathologic findings
      provided evidence for a collision between World Health Organization Grade III
      anaplastic and papillary meningioma. CONCLUSION: We report a possible collision
      tumor between two separate meningioma subtypes based on the unique radiologic,
      intraoperative, and histopathologic findings. Submission of multiple pathologic
      specimens during surgical resection is key for accurate histopathologic
      diagnosis.

PMID- 26981320
TI  - According to which factors in severe traumatic brain injury craniectomy could be
      beneficial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the clinical outcome at 101 patients undergoing
      decompressive craniectomy (DC) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
      METHODS: Age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at the time of intubation, and the
      intraoperative intracranial pressure (ICP) were recorded. Formal DC was performed
      in all cases and the square surface of bone flap was calculated in cm(2) based on
      the length and the width from computed tomography scan. RESULTS: The difference
      of good neurological recovery (Glasgow outcome score 4-5), between patients with
      ICP <=20 mmHg, GCS >=5, age <=60 years, and bone flap >=130 cm(2) and those with
      ICP >20 mmHg, GCS <5, age >60 years, and bone flap <130 cm(2), was statistically
      significant. CONCLUSION: Although the application of DC in severe TBI is
      controversial and the population in this study is small, our study demonstrates
      the threshold of the specific factors (patient age, ICP and GCS on the day of the
      surgery and the size of the bone flap) which may help in the decision of
      performing DC. Furthermore, this study proves that the different combinations and
      mainly at the same time involvement of all prognostic parameters (age <60, GCS
      <5, bone flap >=130 cm(2), and ICP <=20 at time of DC surgery) allow a better
      outcome.

PMID- 26981323
TI  - The new era of anticoagulation.

PMID- 26981324
TI  - Role of computed tomography scores and findings to predict early death in
      patients with traumatic brain injury: A reappraisal in a major tertiary care
      hospital in Nepal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glasgow Coma Scale has been a long sought model to classify patients
      with head injury. However, the major limitation of the score is its assessment in
      the patients who are either sedated or under the influence of drugs or intubated
      for airway protection. The rational approach for prognostication of such patients
      is the utility of scoring system based on the morphological criteria based on
      radiological imaging. Among the current armamentarium, a scoring system based on
      computed tomography (CT) imaging holds the greatest promise in conquering our
      conquest for the same. METHODS: We included a total of 634 consecutive
      neurosurgical trauma patients in this series, who presented with mild-to-severe
      traumatic brain injury (TBI) from January 2013 to April 2014 at a tertiary care
      center in rural Nepal. All pertinent medical records (including all available
      imaging studies) were reviewed by the neurosurgical consultant and the
      radiologist on call. Patients' worst CT image scores and their outcome at 30 days
      were assessed and recorded. We then assessed their independent performance in
      predicting the mortality and also tried to seek the individual variables that had
      significant interplay for determining the same. RESULTS: Both imaging score
      (Marshall) and clinical score (Rotterdam) can be used to reliably predict
      mortality in patients with acute TBI with high prognostic accuracy. Other
      specific CT characteristics that can be used to predict early mortality are
      traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, midline shift, and status of the peri
      mesencephalic cisterns. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated in this cohort that though
      the Marshall score has the high predictive power to determine the mortality,
      better discrimination could be sought through the application of the Rotterdam
      score that encompasses various individual CT parameters. We thereby recommend the
      use of such comprehensive prognostic model so as to augment our predictive power
      for properly dichotomizing the prognosis of the patients with TBI. In the future,
      it will therefore be important to develop prognostic models that are applicable
      for the majority of patients in the world they live in, and not just a privileged
      few who can use resources not necessarily representative of their societal
      environment.

PMID- 26981325
TI  - Characteristics of an Effective International Humanitarian Assistance: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study is to identify the effectiveness
      characteristics, review the definition of them, and develop a conceptual mapping
      of existing domains in the field of International Humanitarian Assistance (IHA).
      METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and searched the major databases
      (Science Direct, Scopus, Springer and Pubmed) and grey literature, including
      references of potentially eligible articles and conference proceedings through
      March 2015. Articles were included if they focused on IHA effectiveness.
      Reviewers independently identified the eligible studies and extracted data.
      RESULTS: 10 studies were included and 48 characteristics were identified. There
      is a lack of scientific studies and agreement on the characteristics of IHA
      effectiveness.  CONCLUSION: This study could be the step toward an understanding
      of IHA effectiveness characteristics and its definitions with the findings making
      a base line for more research in this area.

PMID- 26981326
TI  - Assessing Households Preparedness for Earthquakes: An Exploratory Study in the
      Development of a Valid and Reliable Persian-version Tool.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Iran is placed among countries suffering from the highest number of
      earthquake casualties. Household preparedness, as one component of risk reduction
      efforts, is often supported in quake-prone areas. In Iran, lack of a valid and
      reliable household preparedness tool was reported by previous disaster studies.
      This study is aimed to fill this gap by developing a valid and reliable tool for
      assessing household preparedness in the event of an earthquake. METHODS:  This
      survey was conducted through three phases including literature review and focus
      group discussions with the participation of eight key informants, validity
      measurements and reliability measurements. Field investigation was completed with
      the participation of 450 households within three provinces of Iran. Content
      validity, construct validity, the use of factor analysis; internal consistency
      using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest reliability were carried out
      to develop the tool. RESULTS:  Based on the CVIs, ranging from 0.80 to 0.100, and
      exploratory factor analysis with factor loading of more than 0.5, all items were
      valid. The amount of Cronbach's alpha (0.7) and test-retest examination by
      Spearman correlations indicated that the scale was also reliable. The final
      instrument consisted of six categories and 18 questions including actions at the
      time of earthquakes, nonstructural safety, structural safety, hazard map,
      communications, drill, and safety skills. CONCLUSION:  Using a Persian-version
      tool that is adjusted to the socio-cultural determinants and native language may
      result in more trustful information on earthquake preparedness. It is suggested
      that disaster managers and researchers apply this tool in their future household
      preparedness projects. Further research is needed to make effective policies and
      plans for transforming preparedness knowledge into behavior.

PMID- 26981327
TI  - Rapid and Near Real-Time Assessments of Population Displacement Using Mobile
      Phone Data Following Disasters: The 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sudden impact disasters often result in the displacement of large
      numbers of people. These movements can occur prior to events, due to early
      warning messages, or take place post-event due to damages to shelters and
      livelihoods as well as a result of long-term reconstruction efforts. Displaced
      populations are especially vulnerable and often in need of support. However,
      timely and accurate data on the numbers and destinations of displaced populations
      are extremely challenging to collect across temporal and spatial scales,
      especially in the aftermath of disasters. Mobile phone call detail records were
      shown to be a valid data source for estimates of population movements after the
      2010 Haiti earthquake, but their potential to provide near real-time ongoing
      measurements of population displacements immediately after a natural disaster has
      not been demonstrated. METHODS: A computational architecture and analytical
      capacity were rapidly deployed within nine days of the Nepal earthquake of 25th
      April 2015, to provide spatiotemporally detailed estimates of population
      displacements from call detail records based on movements of 12 million de
      identified mobile phones users. RESULTS: Analysis shows the evolution of
      population mobility patterns after the earthquake and the patterns of return to
      affected areas, at a high level of detail. Particularly notable is the movement
      of an estimated 390,000 people above normal from the Kathmandu valley after the
      earthquake, with most people moving to surrounding areas and the highly-populated
      areas in the central southern area of Nepal. DISCUSSION: This analysis provides
      an unprecedented level of information about human movement after a natural
      disaster, provided within a very short timeframe after the earthquake occurred.
      The patterns revealed using this method are almost impossible to find through
      other methods, and are of great interest to humanitarian agencies.

PMID- 26981328
TI  - Correlating Photoreceptor Mosaic Structure to Clinical Findings in Stargardt
      Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To demonstrate a method for correlating photoreceptor mosaic structure
      with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microperimetry findings in patients
      with Stargardt disease. METHODS: A total of 14 patients with clinically diagnosed
      Stargardt disease were imaged using confocal and split-detection adaptive optics
      scanning light ophthalmoscopy. Cone photoreceptors were identified manually in a
      band along the temporal meridian. Resulting values were compared to a normative
      database (n = 9) to generate cone density deviation (CDD) maps. Manual
      measurement of outer nuclear layer plus Henle fiber layer (ONL+HFL) thickness was
      performed, in addition to determination of the presence of ellipsoid zone (EZ)
      and interdigitation zone (IZ) bands on OCT. These results, along with
      microperimetry data, were overlaid with the CDD maps. RESULTS: Wide variation in
      foveal structure and CDD maps was seen within this small group. Disruption of
      ONL+HFL and/or IZ band was seen in all patients, with EZ band preservation in
      regions with low cone density in 38% of locations analyzed. Normality of retinal
      lamellar structure on OCT corresponded with cone density and visual function at
      50/78 locations analyzed. Outer retinal tubulations containing photoreceptor-like
      structures were observed in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CDD color-coded
      maps enables direct comparison of cone mosaic local density with other measures
      of retinal structure and function. Larger normative datasets and improved tools
      for automation of image alignment are needed. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: The
      approach described facilitates comparison of complex multimodal data sets from
      patients with inherited retinal degeneration, and can be expanded to incorporate
      other structural imaging or functional testing.

PMID- 26981329
TI  - Incorporating Spatial Models in Visual Field Test Procedures.
AB  - PURPOSE: To introduce a perimetric algorithm (Spatially Weighted Likelihoods in
      Zippy Estimation by Sequential Testing [ZEST] [SWeLZ]) that uses spatial
      information on every presentation to alter visual field (VF) estimates, to reduce
      test times without affecting output precision and accuracy. METHODS: SWeLZ is a
      maximum likelihood Bayesian procedure, which updates probability mass functions
      at VF locations using a spatial model. Spatial models were created from empirical
      data, computational models, nearest neighbor, random relationships, and
      interconnecting all locations. SWeLZ was compared to an implementation of the
      ZEST algorithm for perimetry using computer simulations on 163 glaucomatous and
      233 normal VFs (Humphrey Field Analyzer 24-2). Output measures included number of
      presentations and visual sensitivity estimates. RESULTS: There was no significant
      difference in accuracy or precision of SWeLZ for the different spatial models
      relative to ZEST, either when collated across whole fields or when split by input
      sensitivity. Inspection of VF maps showed that SWeLZ was able to detect localized
      VF loss. SWeLZ was faster than ZEST for normal VFs: median number of
      presentations reduced by 20% to 38%. The number of presentations was equivalent
      for SWeLZ and ZEST when simulated on glaucomatous VFs. CONCLUSIONS: SWeLZ has the
      potential to reduce VF test times in people with normal VFs, without detriment to
      output precision and accuracy in glaucomatous VFs. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: SWeLZ
      is a novel perimetric algorithm. Simulations show that SWeLZ can reduce the
      number of test presentations for people with normal VFs. Since many patients have
      normal fields, this has the potential for significant time savings in clinical
      settings.

PMID- 26981330
TI  - Objective Evaluation of Vergence Disorders and a Research-Based Novel Method for
      Vergence Rehabilitation.
AB  - PURPOSE: We performed video-oculography to evaluate vergence eye movement
      abnormalities in students diagnosed clinically with vergence disorders. We tested
      the efficiency of a novel rehabilitation method and evaluated its benefits with
      video-oculography cross-correlated with clinical tests and symptomatology.
      METHODS: A total of 19 students (20-27 years old) underwent ophthalmologic,
      orthoptic examination, and a vergence test coupled with video-oculography. Eight
      patients were diagnosed with vergence disorders with a high symptomatology score
      (CISS) and performed a 5-week session of vergence rehabilitation. Vergence and
      rehabilitation tasks were performed with a trapezoid surface of light emitting
      diodes (LEDs) and adjacent buzzers (US 8851669). We used a novel Vergence double
      step (Vd-s) protocol: the target stepped to a second position before the vergence
      movement completion. Afterward the vergence test was repeated 1 week and 1 month
      later. RESULTS: Abnormally increased intertrial variability was observed for many
      vergence parameters (gain, duration, and speed) for the subjects with vergence
      disorders. High CISS scores were correlated with variability and increased
      latency. After the Vd-s, variability of all parameters dropped to normal or
      better levels. Moreover, the convergence and divergence latency diminished
      significantly to levels better than normal; benefits were maintained 1 month
      after completion of Vd-s. CISS scores dropped to normal level, which was
      maintained up to 1 year. CONCLUSIONS AND TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: Intertrial
      variability is the major marker of vergence disorders. The Vd-s research-based
      method leads to normalization of vergence properties and lasting removal of
      symptoms. The efficiency of the method is due to the spatiotemporal parameters of
      repetitive trials that stimulate neural plasticity.

PMID- 26981331
TI  - VEGF: From Discovery to Therapy: The Champalimaud Award Lecture.
AB  - PURPOSE: Intraocular vascular diseases are leading causes of adult vision loss,
      and in the mid-1900s, I. C. Michaelson postulated that the retina releases a
      soluble, diffusible factor that causes abnormal vascular growth and leakage. What
      became known as "Factor X" eluded investigators for decades. METHODS: The field
      of cancer research, where Judah Folkman pioneered the concept of angiogenesis,
      provided the inspiration for the work honored by the 2014 Champalimaud Vision
      Award. Recognizing that tumors recruit their own blood supply to achieve critical
      mass, Dr Folkman proposed that angiogenic factors could be therapeutic targets in
      cancer. Napoleone Ferrara identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as
      such an angiogenic agent: stimulated by hypoxic tumor tissue, secreted, and able
      to induce neovascularization. VEGF also was a candidate for Factor X, and the
      2014 Champalimaud Laureates and colleagues worked individually and
      collaboratively to identify the role of VEGF in ocular disease. RESULTS: The
      Champalimaud Laureates correlated VEGF with ocular neovascularization in animal
      models and in patients. Moreover, they showed that VEGF not only was sufficient,
      but it also was required to induce neovascularization in normal animal eyes, as
      VEGF inhibition abolished ocular neovascularization in key animal models.
      CONCLUSIONS: The identification of VEGF as Factor X altered the therapeutic
      paradigms for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy,
      retinal vein occlusion, and other retinal disorders. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: The
      translation of VEGF from discovery to therapy resulted in the most successful
      applications of antiangiogenic therapy to date. Annually, over one million
      patients with eye disease are treated with anti-VEGF agents.

PMID- 26981332
TI  - VEGF and Intraocular Neovascularization: From Discovery to Therapy.
AB  - I am honored and humbled to be one of the awardees of the 2014 A. Champalimaud
      Vision Award. I offer my heartfelt thanks to the Champalimaud Foundation
      President, Leonor Beleza, and to the Award Committee Members for this wonderful
      recognition. I feel especially fortunate to have had the opportunity to witness
      my scientific discoveries move from the bench to the clinic. Scientific discovery
      is hugely exciting, but the ability to translate that work into potentially
      helping someone lead a better life is even more fulfilling. This Award is
      dedicated to the patients.

PMID- 26981333
TI  - A Drug Delivery System for Administration of Anti-TNF-alpha Antibody.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the fabrication, evaluation, and preliminary in vivo safety
      of a new drug delivery system (DDS) for topical anti-TNF-alpha antibody
      administration. METHODS: A DDS was fabricated using inverse template fabrication
      of a hydrophobic three-dimensional porous scaffold (100-300 MUm in diameter
      porosity) loaded with 10% polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel carrying 5 mg/ml
      (weight/volume) of anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Drug-loaded DDS was sterilized with
      25 kGy of gamma irradiation. Long-term in vitro antibody affinity and release was
      evaluated at room temperature or 37 degrees C using enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) and protein fluorescence. In vivo clinical and histolopathological
      assessment was performed by subcutaneous implantation in BALB/c mice for 3
      months. RESULTS: Gamma irradiation, repeated dry/wet cycles, and storage at room
      temperature for 1 year or 37 degrees C for 1 month had no deleterious effects on
      antibody affinity. Anti-TNF-alpha release was high during the first minutes of
      aqueous exposure, followed by stabilization and gradual, low-dose, antibody
      release over the next 30 days. Histopathologic evaluation of explanted DDS showed
      a fibrous pseudocapsule and a myxoid acute/chronic inflammation without granuloma
      formation surrounding the implants. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained local delivery of anti
      TNF-alpha antibody is feasible using the described DDS, which provides stability
      of the enclosed antibody for up to 1 year of storage. Preliminary results show
      good in vivo tolerance following subcutaneous placement for 3 months. The
      proposed fabrication and sterilization process opens new possibilities for the
      delivery of biologic agents to the anterior surface of the eye. TRANSLATIONAL
      RELEVANCE: The described DDS will facilitate the treatment of ocular surface
      diseases amenable to biologic therapy.

PMID- 26981334
TI  - Hepatoma-Targeted Radionuclide Immune Albumin Nanospheres: (131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV
      BSA-NPs.
AB  - An effective strategy has been developed for synthesis of radionuclide immune
      albumin nanospheres ((131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV-BSA-NPs). In vitro as well as in vivo
      targeting of (131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV-BSA-NPs to AFP-positive hepatoma was
      examined. In cultured HepG2 cells, the uptake and retention rates of (131)I
      antiAFPMcAb-GCV-BSA-NPs were remarkably higher than those of (131)I alone. As
      well, the uptake rate and retention ratios of (131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV-BSA-NPs in
      AFP-positive HepG2 cells were also significantly higher than those in AFP
      negative HEK293 cells. Compared to (131)I alone, (131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV-BSA-NPs
      were much more easily taken in and retained by hepatoma tissue, with a much
      higher T/NT. Due to good drug-loading, high encapsulation ratio, and highly
      selective affinity for AFP-positive tumors, the (131)I-antiAFPMcAb-GCV-BSA-NPs
      are promising for further effective radiation-gene therapy of hepatoma. 

PMID- 26981335
TI  - A Disease Around the Corner.

PMID- 26981336
TI  - Mediating and Moderating Effects in Ageism and Depression among the Korean
      Elderly: The Roles of Emotional Reactions and Coping Reponses.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the relationship between ageism and depression,
      exploring the stress-mediating and stress-moderating roles of emotional reactions
      and coping behaviors. METHODS: Data were from the 2013 Ageism and Health Study (n
      = 816), a cross-sectional survey of urban and rural community-dwelling seniors
      aged 60-89 years in South Korea. Participants with at least one experience of
      ageism reported on their emotional reactions and coping responses. The measure
      yielded two types of coping: problem-focused (taking formal action,
      confrontation, seeking social support) and emotion-focused (passive acceptance,
      emotional discharge). RESULTS: Although ageism was significantly associated with
      depressive symptoms (B = 0.27, p < 0.0001), the association was entirely mediated
      by emotional reactions such as anger, sadness, and powerlessness. Problem-focused
      coping, especially confrontation and social support, seemingly reduced the impact
      of emotional reactions on depression, whereas emotion-focused coping exacerbated
      the adverse effects. CONCLUSION: These findings support the cultural
      characterization explanation of ageism and related coping processes among Korean
      elderly and suggest that regulating emotional reactions may determine the
      efficacy of coping with ageism.

PMID- 26981337
TI  - Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation from Smartphones on Learning Ability and
      Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nonionizing radiation is emitted from electronic devices, such as
      smartphones. In this study, we intended to elucidate the effect of
      electromagnetic radiation from smartphones on spatial working memory and
      progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus. METHODS: Both male and female
      mice were randomly separated into two groups (radiated and control) and the
      radiated group was exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 9 weeks and 11 weeks
      for male and female mice, respectively. Spatial working memory was examined with
      a Y maze, and proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells were examined by 5
      bromo-2'-deoxyuridine administration and immunohistochemical detection. RESULTS:
      When spatial working memory on a Y maze was examined in the 9(th) week, there was
      no significant difference in the spontaneous alternation score on the Y maze
      between the two groups. In addition, there was no significant difference in
      hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation. However, immunoreactivity to glial
      fibrillary acidic protein was increased in exposed animals. Next, to test the
      effect of recovery following chronic radiation exposure, the remaining female
      mice were further exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 2 more weeks (total 11
      weeks), and spontaneous alternation was tested 4 weeks later. In this experiment,
      although there was no significant difference in the spontaneous alternation
      scores, the number of arm entry was significantly increased. CONCLUSION: These
      data indicate that although chronic electromagnetic radiation does not affect
      spatial working memory and hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation it can
      mediate astrocyte activation in the hippocampus and delayed hyperactivity-like
      behavior.

PMID- 26981338
TI  - Factors associated with health services utilization between the years 2010 and
      2012 in Korea: using Andersen's Behavioral model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the factors associated with health
      services utilization using Andersen's behavioral model. METHODS: We collected
      Korea Health Panel data between the years 2010 and 2012 from the consortium of
      the National Health Insurance Service and the Korea Institute for Health and
      Social Affairs, and analyzed the data to determine the outpatients and inpatients
      of health services utilization. RESULTS: Health services utilization was more
      significantly explained by predisposing and need factors than enabling factors.
      The outpatients were examined more specifically; sex, age, and marital status as
      predisposing factors, and chronic illness as a need factor were the variables
      that had significant effects on health-services-utilization experience. The
      inpatients were examined more specifically: sex, age, and marital status in
      predisposing factors; education level, economic activities, and insurance type in
      enabling factors; and chronic illness and disability status in need factors were
      the significant variables having greater effects on health-services-utilization
      experience. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the practical implications for
      providing health services for outpatients and inpatients. Moreover, verifying the
      general characteristics of outpatients and inpatients by focusing on their health
      services utilization provides the baseline data for establishing health service
      policies and programs with regard to the recently increasing interest in health
      services.

PMID- 26981339
TI  - Are Free Maternity Services Completely Free of Costs?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The Government of Nepal revised free maternity health services, "Aama
      Surakshya Karyakram", beginning at the start of Fiscal Year 2012/13, which
      specifies the services to be funded, the tariffs for reimbursement, and the
      system for claiming and reporting on free deliveries each month. This study was
      designed to investigate the amount of monetary expenditure incurred by families
      using apparently free maternity services. METHODS: Between August 2014 and
      December 2014, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Manipal
      Teaching Hospital and Western Regional Hospital. Nepalese women were not involved
      with family finances and had very little knowledge of income or expenditures.
      Therefore, face-to-face interviews with 384 postpartum mothers with their
      husbands or the head of the family household were conducted at the time of
      discharge by using a pre-tested semi-structural questionnaire. RESULTS: The
      average monthly family income was 19,272.4 NRs (189.01 US$), the median duration
      of hospital stay was 4 days (range, 2-19 days), and the median patient
      expenditure was equivalent to 13% of annual family income. The average total
      visible cost was 3,887.07 NRs (38.1 US$). When the average total hidden cost of
      27,288.5 NRs (267.6 US$) was added, then the average total maternity care
      expenditure was 31,175.6 NRs (305.76 US$), with an average cost per day of
      7,167.5 NRs (70.29 US$). The mean patient expenditure on food and drink, clothes,
      transport, and medicine was equivalent to 53.07%, 9.8%. 7.3%, and 5.6% of the
      mean total maternity care expenditure, respectively. The earnings lost by
      respondent women, husbands, and heads of household were 5,963.7 NRs (58.4 US$),
      7,429.3 NRs (72.9 US$), and 6,175.9 NRs (60.6 US$), respectively. CONCLUSION: The
      free maternity service in Nepal has high out-of-pocket expenditures, and did not
      represent a system completely free of costs. Therefore, arrangements should be
      made by hospitals free of cost to provide medicine that is not included as
      essential during the hospital stay and at discharge time. Similarly, arrangements
      for liquid, food, and hot water, as well as clothes for mothers and newborns,
      should be made by the hospital in order to enhance hospital attendance.

PMID- 26981340
TI  - Drug Resistance Pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates From Patients
      Referred to TB Reference Laboratory in Ahvaz.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis remains one of the top three infectious disease killers.
      The prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has increased
      substantially in the past 20 years. When drug resistance is not detected, MDR-TB
      patients cannot access life-saving treatment; this puts their communities at risk
      of ongoing MDR-TB transmission. We aimed to determine the patterns of resistance
      to antituberculosis drugs among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from
      Khuzestan province in Iran. METHODS: A total of 850 clinical specimens from
      patients suspected of active TB were cultured in 2015. Drug susceptibility
      testing to the first line antiTB drugs for culture positive MTB was performed on
      Lowenstein-Jensen medium using the proportion method. RESULTS: Of 850 cultured
      specimens, 272 (32%) were culture positive for mycobacteria. Of 64 MTB isolates
      that were analyzed by the proportion method, 62 (96.8%) were pan-susceptible and
      two (3.1%) were MDR. CONCLUSION: An important way to prevent the emergence of MDR
      and XDR TB, and the principles of full implementation of the strategy is directly
      observed treatment, short-course (DOTS). The efficient diagnosis and timely
      treatment of MDR-TB patients can prevent disease transmission, reduce the risk of
      drug resistance developing, and avoid further lung damage.

PMID- 26981341
TI  - Impact of Community-Based Approach as Policy Tool: World Health Organization
      Designated Safe Communities of Korea and Health Action Zones of the United
      Kingdom.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to ascertain and identify the effectiveness
      of area-based initiatives as a policy tool mediated by societal and individual
      factors in the five World Health Organization (WHO)-designated Safe Communities
      of Korea and the Health Action Zones of the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: The
      Korean National Hospital discharge in-depth injury survey from the Korea Centers
      for Disease Control and Prevention and causes of death statistics by the
      Statistics Korea were used for all analyses. The trend and changes in injury rate
      and mortality by external causes were compared among the five WHO-designated Safe
      Communities in Korea. RESULTS: The injury incident rates decreased at a greater
      level in the Safe Communities compared with the national average. Similar results
      were shown for the changes in unintentional injury incident rates. In comparison
      of changes in mortality rate by external causes between 2005 and 2011, the rate
      increase in Safe Communities was higher than the national average except for
      Jeju, where the mortality rate by external causes decreased. CONCLUSION: When the
      Healthy Action Zones of the UK and the WHO Safe Communities of Korea were
      examined, the outcomes were interpreted differently among the compared index,
      regions, and time periods. Therefore, qualitative outcomes, such as bringing the
      residents' attention to the safety of the communities and promoting participation
      and coordination of stakeholders, should also be considered as important impacts
      of the community-based initiatives.

PMID- 26981342
TI  - Modeling the Spread of Ebola.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aims to create a mathematical model to better understand
      the spread of Ebola, the mathematical dynamics of the disease, and preventative
      behaviors. METHODS: An epidemiological model is created with a system of
      nonlinear differential equations, and the model examines the disease transmission
      dynamics with isolation through stability analysis. All parameters are
      approximated, and results are also exploited by simulations. Sensitivity analysis
      is used to discuss the effect of intervention strategies. RESULTS: The system has
      only one equilibrium point, which is the disease-free state (S,L,I,R,D) =
      (N,0,0,0,0). If traditional burials of Ebola victims are allowed, the possible
      end state is never stable. Provided that safe burial practices with no
      traditional rituals are followed, the endemic-free state is stable if the basic
      reproductive number, R 0, is less than 1. Model behaviors correspond to empirical
      facts. The model simulation agrees with the data of the Nigeria outbreak in 2004:
      12 recoveries, eight deaths, Ebola free in about 3 months, and an R 0 value of
      about 2.6 initially, which signifies swift spread of the infection. The best way
      to reduce R 0 is achieving the speedy net effect of intervention strategies. One
      day's delay in full compliance with building rings around the virus with
      isolation, close observation, and clear education may double the number of
      infected cases. CONCLUSION: The model can predict the total number of infected
      cases, number of deaths, and duration of outbreaks among others. The model can be
      used to better understand the spread of Ebola, educate about prophylactic
      behaviors, and develop strategies that alter environment to achieve a disease
      free state. A future work is to incorporate vaccination in the model when the
      vaccines are developed and the effects of vaccines are known better.

PMID- 26981343
TI  - The Characteristics of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
      Transmission Dynamics in South Korea.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The outbreak of Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS
      CoV) was one of the major events in South Korea in 2015. In particular, this
      study pays attention to formulating a mathematical model for MERS transmission
      dynamics and estimating transmission rates. METHODS: Incidence data of MERS-CoV
      from the government authority was analyzed for the first aim and a mathematical
      model was built and analyzed for the second aim of the study. A mathematical
      model for MERS-CoV transmission dynamics is used to estimate the transmission
      rates in two periods due to the implementation of intensive interventions.
      RESULTS: Using the estimates of the transmission rates, the basic reproduction
      number was estimated in two periods. Due to the superspreader, the basic
      reproduction number was very large in the first period; however, the basic
      reproduction number of the second period has reduced significantly after
      intensive interventions. CONCLUSION: It turned out to be the intensive isolation
      and quarantine interventions that were the most critical factors that prevented
      the spread of the MERS outbreak. The results are expected to be useful to devise
      more efficient intervention strategies in the future.

PMID- 26981344
TI  - Nurse-Perceived Patient Adverse Events depend on Nursing Workload.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between
      nursing workload and nurse-perceived patient adverse events. METHODS: A total of
      1,816 nurses working in general inpatient units of 23 tertiary general hospitals
      in South Korea were surveyed, and collected data were analyzed through multilevel
      logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among variables related to nursing
      workload, the non-nursing task experience had an influence on all four types of
      patient adverse events. Nurses with non-nursing tasks experienced patient adverse
      events-falls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.31], nosocomial infections (OR = 1.23),
      pressure sores (OR = 1.16), and medication errors (OR = 1.23)-more often than
      occasionally. In addition, when the bed to nurse ratio was higher, nurses
      experienced cases of pressure sores more often (OR = 1.35). By contrast, nurses
      who said the nursing workforce is sufficient were less likely than others to
      experience cases of pressure sores (OR = 0.78). Hospitals with a relatively high
      proportion of nurses who perceived the nursing workforce to be sufficient showed
      a low rate of medication error (OR = 0.28). CONCLUSION: The study suggested that
      the high level of nursing workload in South Korea increases the possibility of
      patient adverse events.

PMID- 26981345
TI  - Factors Affecting Korean Registered Nurses' Intention to Implement Smoking
      Cessation Intervention.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nurses have been identified as an instrumental partner in tobacco
      reduction. This study aimed to examine factors affecting Korean nurses' intention
      to implement smoking cessation intervention in Busan, Korea. METHODS: The
      participants were a total of 215 Korean registered nurses. A self-administered
      questionnaire evaluated predisposing factors, motivational factors (attitude,
      social influence, and self-efficacy) and intention to implement smoking cessation
      intervention. Data were analyzed by t tests, Pearson's correlation, and
      hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was
      28.12 +/- 5.72 years. The majority of the participants were staff nurses (85.6%),
      and 64.2% of the sample had < 5 years of work experience. Significant predictors
      of intention to implement smoking cessation intervention included perceived
      barrier of smoking cessation intervention (beta = -0.128, p = 0.023), willingness
      to receive smoking cessation training (beta = 0.123, p = 0.034), more positive
      attitude (beta = 0.203, p = 0.002), higher social influence (beta = 0.292, p <
      0.001), and higher self-efficacy toward smoking cessation intervention (beta =
      0.151, p = 0.021), which explained 45% of the total variance of intention to
      implement smoking cessation intervention. CONCLUSION: Attitude, social influence,
      and self-efficacy towards smoking cessation intervention had a significant
      positive influence in determining the intention to implement smoking cessation
      intervention. These findings can be used to develop evidence-based smoking
      cessation training programs for nurses in Korea. The programs should aim for
      positive attitude, higher social influence, and higher self-efficacy in hospital
      settings.

PMID- 26981346
TI  - Comparison of the Epidemiological Aspects of Imported Dengue Cases between Korea
      and Japan, 2006-2010.
AB  - To compare the epidemiological characteristics of dengue cases imported by
      travelers or immigration in both Korea and Japan, we determined dengue incidence
      and related risk factors. During 2006-2010, 367 and 589 imported dengue cases
      were reported in Korea and Japan, respectively. In Korea, the presumptive origins
      for the dengue infections were Southeast Asia (82.6%), Southern Asia (13.9%),
      Eastern Asia (1.1%), South America (0.3%), Central America (0.3%), Africa (0.3%),
      and other countries (1.6%). In Japan, the origins of the infections were
      Southeast Asia (69.8%), Southern Asia (20.0%), Eastern Asia (1.7%), South America
      (2.5%), Central America (1.2%), Africa (1.2%), Oceania (2.4%), and other
      countries (1.2%). In both countries, more dengue cases were reported for men than
      for women (p < 0.01), and those aged 20-30 years accounted for > 60% of the total
      cases. The frequency of imported cases in summer and autumn (~70% of total cases)
      was similar in both countries. This study demonstrates that there is a similar
      pattern of imported dengue cases in Korea and Japan. Therefore, there is a risk
      of an autochthonous dengue outbreak in Korea, as indicated by the recent outbreak
      in Japan in 2014. 

PMID- 26981347
TI  - The Escherichia coli transcriptome linked to growth fitness.
AB  - A series of Escherichia coli strains with varied genomic sequences were subjected
      to high-density microarray analyses to elucidate the fitness-correlated
      transcriptomes. Fitness, which is commonly evaluated by the growth rate during
      the exponential phase, is not only determined by the genome but is also linked to
      growth conditions, e.g., temperature. We previously reported genetic and
      environmental contributions to E. coli transcriptomes and evolutionary
      transcriptome changes in thermal adaptation. Here, we describe experimental
      details on how to prepare microarray samples that truly represent the growth
      fitness of the E. coli cells. A step-by-step record of sample preparation
      procedures that correspond to growing cells and transcriptome data sets that are
      deposited at the GEO database (GSE33212, GSE52770, GSE61739) are also provided
      for reference. 

PMID- 26981348
TI  - Transcriptomic analysis of monocytes and macrophages derived from CLL patients
      which display differing abilities to respond to therapeutic antibody immune
      complexes.
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia. While
      therapeutic antibodies show clinical activity in CLL patients, resistance
      inevitably develops resulting in treatment failure. Identifying mechanisms of
      antibody resistance and methods to reduce resistance would be valuable in
      managing CLL. Monocyte derived cells (MDCs), also known as nurse like cells
      (NLCs) in CLL [1], [2], are known to be crucial components of the CLL
      microenvironment network and following "maturation" in in vitro culture systems
      are able to provide support for the survival of the malignant B cells from CLL
      patients. In addition to their protective role, MDCs are key effector cells in
      mediating responses to therapeutic antibody therapies [3]. We have determined
      that macrophages from patients with early stable CLL are able to elicit superior
      cytotoxic response to therapeutic antibodies than macrophages derived from
      patients with progressive CLL. We have exploited this unique finding to gain
      insight into antibody resistance. Thus, we have profiled monocytes on day 0 and
      MDCs on day 7 from antibody sensitive and antibody resistant CLL patients (GEO
      accession number GEO: GSE71409). We show that there are no significant
      differences in transcriptomes from the monocytes or MDCs derived from sensitive
      or resistant patient samples. However, we show that MDCs acquire an M2-like
      macrophage transcriptomic signature following 7 days culture regardless of
      whether they were derived from sensitive or resistant patient samples. 

PMID- 26981349
TI  - Transcriptomic analyses of primary astrocytes under TNFalpha treatment.
AB  - Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell population in the central nervous
      system, have important functional roles in the brain as blood brain barrier
      maintenance, synaptic transmission or intercellular communications [1], [2].
      Numerous studies suggested that astrocytes exhibit a functional and morphological
      high degree of plasticity. For example, following any brain injury, astrocytes
      become reactive and hypertrophic. This phenomenon, also called reactive gliosis,
      is characterized by a set of progressive gene expression and cellular changes
      [3]. Interestingly, in this context, astrocytes can re-acquire neurogenic
      properties. It has been shown that astrocytes can undergo dedifferentiation upon
      injury and inflammation, and may re-acquire the potentiality of neural
      progenitors [4], [5], [6], [7]. To assess the effect of inflammation on
      astrocytes, primary mouse astrocytes were treated with tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNFalpha), one of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines. The strength of
      this study is that pure primary astrocytes were used. As microglia are highly
      reactive immune cells, we used a magnetic cell sorting separation (MACS) method
      to further obtain highly pure astrocyte cultures devoid of microglia. Here, we
      provide details of the microarray data, which have been deposited in the Gene
      Expression Omnibus (GEO) under the series accession number GSE73022. The analysis
      and interpretation of these data are included in Gabel et al. (2015). Analysis of
      gene expression indicated that the NFkappaB pathway-associated genes were induced
      after a TNFalpha treatment. We have shown that primary astrocytes devoid of
      microglia can respond to a TNFalpha treatment with the re-expression of genes
      implicated in the glial cell development. 

PMID- 26981350
TI  - RNA-seq analysis for secondary metabolite pathway gene discovery in Polygonum
      minus.
AB  - Polygonum minus plant is rich in secondary metabolites, especially terpenoids and
      flavonoids. Present study generates transcriptome resource for P. minus to
      decipher its secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Raw reads and the
      transcriptome assembly project have been deposited at GenBank under the
      accessions SRX313492 (root) and SRX669305 (leaf) respectively. 

PMID- 26981351
TI  - Autoimmune disease-associated gene expression is reduced by BET-inhibition.
AB  - For many autoimmune diseases, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. In order
      to get more insight into the etiology of autoimmune diseases, we recently
      published a study were we performed epigenetic profiling and RNA sequencing on
      CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells derived from the site of inflammation of Juvenile
      Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) patients and compared this with healthy controls [1].
      In this "Data in Brief", we focus on the analysis of our RNA sequencing data
      reported in this study, of which the raw and processed files can be found in GEO
      under GSE71595. We provide a detailed description of the downstream analysis,
      quality controls, and different analysis methods or techniques that validate the
      results obtained with RNA-sequencing. 

PMID- 26981352
TI  - RNA-seq analysis for plant carnivory gene discovery in Nepenthes * ventrata.
AB  - Carnivorous plants have the ability to capture and digest insects for nutrients,
      which allows them to survive in land deprived of nitrogenous nutrients. Nepenthes
      spp. are one of the carnivorous plants, which uniquely produce pitcher from the
      tip of an elongated leaf. This study provides the first transcriptome resource
      from pitcher of a Nepenthes ventricosa * Nepenthes alata hybrid, Nepenthes *
      ventrata to understand carnivory mechanism in Nepenthes spp., as well as in other
      carnivorous species. Raw reads and the transcriptome assembly project have been
      deposited to SRA database with the accession numbers SRX1389337 (day 0 control),
      SRX1389392 (day 3 longevity), and SRX1389395 (day 3 chitin-treated). 

PMID- 26981353
TI  - Transcriptomic comparisons between cultured human adipose tissue-derived
      pericytes and mesenchymal stromal cells.
AB  - Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), sometimes called mesenchymal stem cells, are
      cultured cells able to give rise to mature mesenchymal cells such as adipocytes,
      osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, and to secrete a wide range of trophic and
      immunomodulatory molecules. Evidence indicates that pericytes, cells that
      surround and maintain physical connections with endothelial cells in blood
      vessels, can give rise to MSCs (da Silva Meirelles et al., 2008 [1]; Caplan and
      Correa, 2011 [2]). We have compared the transcriptomes of highly purified, human
      adipose tissue pericytes subjected to culture-expansion in pericyte medium or MSC
      medium, with that of human adipose tissue MSCs isolated with traditional methods
      to test the hypothesis that their transcriptomes are similar (da Silva Meirelles
      et al., 2015 [3]). Here, we provide further information and analyses of
      microarray data from three pericyte populations cultured in pericyte medium,
      three pericyte populations cultured in MSC medium, and three adipose tissue MSC
      populations deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number
      GSE67747. 

PMID- 26981354
TI  - Endometrial transcriptional profiling of a bovine fertility model by Next
      Generation Sequencing.
AB  - Studying the multitude of molecular networks and pathways that are potentially
      involved in a complex trait such as fertility requires an equally complex and
      broad strategy. Here, we used Next-Generation Sequencing for the characterization
      of the transcriptional signature of the bovine endometrial tissue. Periovulatory
      endocrine environments were manipulated to generate two distinctly different
      fertility phenotypes. Cycling, non-lactating, multiparous Nelore cows were
      manipulated to ovulate larger (> 13 mm; LF group; high fertility phenotype) or
      smaller (< 12 mm; SF group) follicles. As a result, greater proestrus estrogen
      concentrations, corpora lutea and early diestrus progesterone concentrations were
      also observed in LF group in comparison to SF group. Endometrial cell
      proliferation was estimated by the protein marker MKI67 on tissues collected 4
      (D4) and 7 (D7) days after induction of ovulation. Total RNA extracts from D7
      were sequenced and compared according to the transcriptional profile of each
      experimental group (LF versus SF). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that
      LF and SF endometria were asynchronous in regards to their phenotype
      manifestation. Major findings indicated an LF endometrium that was switching
      phenotypes earlier than the SF one. More specifically, a proliferating SF
      endometrium was observed on D7, whereas the LF tissue, which expressed a
      proliferative phenotype earlier at D4, seemed to have already shifted towards a
      biosynthetically and metabolically active endometrium on D7. Data on MKI67
      support the transcriptomic results. RNA-Seq-derived transcriptional profile of
      the endometrial tissue indicated a temporal effect of the periovulatory endocrine
      environment, suggesting that the moment of the endometrial exposure to the
      ovarian steroids, E2 and P4, regulates the timing of phenotype manifestation.
      Gene expression profiling revealed molecules that may be targeted to elucidate
      ovarian steroid-dependent mechanisms that regulate endometrial tissue
      receptivity. Data was deposited in the SRA database from NCBI (SRA Experiment
      SRP051330) and are associated with the Bio-Project (PRJNA270391). An overview of
      the gene expression data has been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus
      (GEO) and is accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE65450. Further
      assessment of the data in combination with other data sets exploring the
      transcriptional profile of the endometrial tissue during early diestrus may
      potentially identify novel molecular mechanisms and/or markers of the uterine
      receptivity. 

PMID- 26981355
TI  - p53 transcriptional programs in B cells upon exposure to genotoxic stress in
      vivo: Computational analysis of next-generation sequencing data.
AB  - The transcriptional programs activated by p53 in B cells in vivo following
      exposure to ionizing radiation were studied through the integrated analysis of
      various types of next-generation sequencing data: genome-wide profiling of p53
      binding sites, mapping of histone marks and open chromatin regions and
      quantification of gene expression. Moreover, the binding of p53 was associated to
      a series of specific motifs on the DNA, which were directly inferred from the
      data. Here, we describe in detail the computational analysis of the datasets
      associated with our study (Tonelli et al., Oncotarget 6 (2015), 24611-26),
      deposited in the GEO archive (accession code GSE71180), and we provide the R
      scripts needed to generated the figures of the paper. 

PMID- 26981356
TI  - DNA microarray-based experimental strategy for trustworthy expression profiling
      of the hippocampal genes by astaxanthin supplementation in adult mouse.
AB  - Naturally occurring astaxantin (ASX) is one of the noticeable carotenoid and
      dietary supplement, which has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
      properties, and neuroprotective effects in the brain through crossing the blood
      brain barrier. Specially, we are interested in the role of ASX as a brain food.
      Although ASX has been suggested to have potential benefit to the brain function,
      the underlying molecular mechanisms and events mediating such effect remain
      unknown. Here we examined molecular factors in the hippocampus of adult mouse fed
      ASX diets (0.1% and 0.5% doses) using DNA microarray (Agilent 4 * 44 K whole
      mouse genome chip) analysis. In this study, we described in detail our
      experimental workflow and protocol, and validated quality controls with the
      housekeeping gene expression (Gapdh and Beta-actin) on the dye-swap based
      approach to advocate our microarray data, which have been uploaded to Gene
      Expression Omnibus (accession number GSE62197) as a gene resource for the
      scientific community. This data will also form an important basis for further
      detailed experiments and bioinformatics analysis with an aim to unravel the
      potential molecular pathways or mechanisms underlying the positive effects of ASX
      supplementation on the brain, in particular the hippocampus. 

PMID- 26981357
TI  - Genomic variation in recently collected maize landraces from Mexico.
AB  - The present dataset comprises 36,931 SNPs genotyped in 46 maize landraces native
      to Mexico as well as the teosinte subspecies Zea maiz ssp. parviglumis and ssp.
      mexicana. These landraces were collected directly from farmers mostly between
      2006 and 2010. We accompany these data with a short description of the variation
      within each landrace, as well as maps, principal component analyses and neighbor
      joining trees showing the distribution of the genetic diversity relative to
      landrace, geographical features and maize biogeography. High levels of genetic
      variation were detected for the maize landraces (H E = 0.234 to 0.318 (mean
      0.311), while slightly lower levels were detected in Zea m. mexicana and Zea m.
      parviglumis (H E = 0.262 and 0.234, respectively). The distribution of genetic
      variation was better explained by environmental variables given by the
      interaction of altitude and latitude than by landrace identity. This dataset is a
      follow up product of the Global Native Maize Project, an initiative to update the
      data on Mexican maize landraces and their wild relatives, and to generate
      information that is necessary for implementing the Mexican Biosafety Law. 

PMID- 26981359
TI  - Genome sequences of six Phytophthora species associated with forests in New
      Zealand.
AB  - In New Zealand there has been a long association of Phytophthora diseases in
      forests, nurseries, remnant plantings and horticultural crops. However, new
      Phytophthora diseases of trees have recently emerged. Genome sequencing has been
      performed for 12 Phytophthora isolates, from six species: Phytophthora pluvialis,
      Phytophthora kernoviae, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora agathidicida,
      Phytophthora multivora and Phytophthora taxon Totara. These sequences will enable
      comparative analyses to identify potential virulence strategies and ultimately
      facilitate better control strategies. This Whole Genome Shotgun data have been
      deposited in DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession numbers LGTT00000000,
      LGTU00000000, JPWV00000000, JPWU00000000, LGSK00000000, LGSJ00000000,
      LGTR00000000, LGTS00000000, LGSM00000000, LGSL00000000, LGSO00000000, and
      LGSN00000000. 

PMID- 26981358
TI  - In silico genome wide mining of conserved and novel miRNAs in the brain and
      pineal gland of Danio rerio using small RNA sequencing data.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that bind to the mRNA of
      the target genes and regulate the expression of the gene at the post
      transcriptional level. Zebrafish is an economically important freshwater fish
      species globally considered as a good predictive model for studying human
      diseases and development. The present study focused on uncovering known as well
      as novel miRNAs, target prediction of the novel miRNAs and the differential
      expression of the known miRNA using the small RNA sequencing data of the brain
      and pineal gland (dark and light treatments) obtained from NCBI SRA. A total of
      165, 151 and 145 known zebrafish miRNAs were found in the brain, pineal gland
      (dark treatment) and pineal gland (light treatment), respectively. Chromosomes 4
      and 5 of zebrafish reference assembly GRCz10 were found to contain maximum number
      of miR genes. The miR-181a and miR-182 were found to be highly expressed in terms
      of number of reads in the brain and pineal gland, respectively. Other ncRNAs,
      such as tRNA, rRNA and snoRNA, were curated against Rfam. Using GRCz10 as
      reference, the subsequent bioinformatic analyses identified 25, 19 and 9 novel
      miRNAs from the brain, pineal gland (dark treatment) and pineal gland (light
      treatment), respectively. Targets of the novel miRNAs were identified, based on
      sequence complementarity between miRNAs and mRNA, by searching for antisense hits
      in the 3'-UTR of reference RNA sequences of the zebrafish. The discovery of novel
      miRNAs and their targets in the zebrafish genome can be a valuable scientific
      resource for further functional studies not only in zebrafish but also in other
      economically important fishes. 

PMID- 26981360
TI  - Transcriptome sequencing of hematopoietic stem cells and chronic myelgenous
      leukemia stem cells.
AB  - Dipeptide species are accumulated in the chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stem
      cells [1]. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the accumulation of
      dipeptide species in CML stem cells, we performed transcriptome sequencing of
      long-term stem cells, short-term stem cells, progenitor cells from healthy
      control and CML-affected mice (GSE70031). The transcriptome data revealed that
      the expression of a dipeptide transporter (solute carrier family 15, member 2
      (SLC15A2)) was elevated only in the CML stem cells. This result indicates that
      dipeptide species accumulates in CML stem cells through a dipeptide transporter
      SLC15A2. 

PMID- 26981361
TI  - Whole genome sequence of the emerging oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum strain
      CDC-B5653 isolated from an infected human in the USA.
AB  - Pythium insidiosum ATCC 200269 strain CDC-B5653, an isolate from necrotizing
      lesions on the mouth and eye of a 2-year-old boy in Memphis, Tennessee, USA, was
      sequenced using a combination of Illumina MiSeq (300 bp paired-end, 14 millions
      reads) and PacBio (10  Kb fragment library, 356,001 reads). The sequencing data
      were assembled using SPAdes version 3.1.0, yielding a total genome size of 45.6
      Mb contained in 8992 contigs, N50 of 13 Kb, 57% G + C content, and 17,867
      putative protein-coding genes. This Whole Genome Shotgun project has been
      deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession JRHR00000000. 

PMID- 26981362
TI  - DNA-seq analysis of Garcinia mangostana.
AB  - Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is a tropical tree mainly found in South
      East Asia and considered as "the queen of fruits". The asexually produced fruit
      is dark purple or reddish in color, with white flesh which is slightly acidic
      with sweet flavor and a pleasant aroma. The purple pericarp tissue is rich in
      xanthones which are useful for medical purposes. We performed the first genome
      sequencing of this commercially important fruit tree to study its genome
      composition and attempted draft genome assembly. Raw reads of the DNA sequencing
      project have been deposited to SRA database with the accession number SRX1426419.

PMID- 26981363
TI  - Transcriptional profiling of dendritic cells matured in different osmolarities.
AB  - Tissue-specific microenvironments shape the fate of mononuclear phagocytes [1-3].
      Interstitial osmolarity is a tissue biophysical parameter which considerably
      modulates the phenotype and function of dendritic cells [4]. In the present
      report we provide a detailed description of our experimental workflow and
      bioinformatic analysis applied to our gene expression dataset (GSE72174), aiming
      to investigate the influence of different osmolarity conditions on the gene
      expression signature of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We established a
      cell culture system involving murine bone marrow cells, cultured under different
      NaCl-induced osmolarity conditions in the presence of the dendritic cell growth
      factor GM-CSF. Gene expression analysis was applied to mature dendritic cells
      (day 7) developed in different osmolarities, with and without prior stimulation
      with the TLR2/4 ligand LPS. 

PMID- 26981364
TI  - Lists of HumanMethylation450 BeadChip probes with nucleotide-variant information
      obtained from the Phase 3 data of the 1000 Genomes Project.
AB  - The Illumina's Infinium HumanMethylation450 (HM450) BeadChip array provides a
      simultaneous examination of DNA methylation status of more than 480,000 CpG sites
      in the human genome. Its relatively simple protocol is achieved by employing a
      hybridization methodology followed by single-base extension reactions. However,
      nucleotide variations among individuals in the hybridization probe sequences can
      affect the results, i.e. estimates of methylation levels. To investigate possible
      effects of maternal nutritional conditions on the extent of epigenetic
      alterations in utero, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of 33
      chorionic villi samples collected in Japan (GEO accession number GSE62733), and
      revealed using Smirnov-Grubbs' outlier test that epigenetic alterations
      accumulate in placentas under adverse in utero environments. In that study, we
      compiled a list of HM450 probes overlapping with the reported nucleotide variants
      in the Phase 3 dataset (release 20130502) of the 1000 Genomes Project. We
      excluded the probes whose sequences overlapped with variants with minor allele
      frequency (MAF) higher than 1% in the Japanese population from identified
      methylation outliers, to diminish the number of outliers that could have been
      spuriously identified due to variants at/near the target CpG sites. We herein
      compiled lists of HM450 probes with MAF information of the African, European,
      American, South Asian and East Asian populations, in addition to the Japanese
      population. The provided lists are useful for methylome analyses for human
      populations using the HM450 BeadChip arrays. 

PMID- 26981365
TI  - Genome sequence of carboxylesterase, carboxylase and xylose isomerase producing
      alkaliphilic haloarchaeon Haloterrigena turkmenica WANU15.
AB  - We report draft genome sequence of Haloterrigena turkmenica strain WANU15,
      isolated from Soda Lake. The draft genome size is 2,950,899 bp with a G + C
      content of 64% and contains 49 RNA sequence. The genome sequence can be accessed
      at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession no. LKCV00000000. 

PMID- 26981366
TI  - RNA sequencing analysis to demonstrate Erk dependent and independent functions of
      Mek.
AB  - Mek inhibition and Erk knockout (KO) have quite distinct effects on pluripotency
      maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). To test whether there is an Erk
      independent function of Mek, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is carried out on six
      samples, WT KH2 ESCs treated with or without PD0325901 (PD) for 48 h (KH2_PD and
      KH2, respectively), iErk1; Erk KO ESCs cultured in the presence of Dox (P0), 48
      and 96 h after Dox withdrawal (P1 and P2, respectively), and iErk1; Erk KO ESCs
      cultured without Dox for 96 h, and treated with PD in the last 48 h (P2_PD).
      These RNA-seq data demonstrate that Mek inhibition has quite different effect on
      the transcriptional profile of mouse ESCs, compared to Erk KO. Moreover, a
      significant fraction of genes is regulated by Mek inhibition, regardless of the
      presence or absence of Erk, indicating an Erk-independent function of Mek. RNA
      seq data are deposited in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets under accession
      number GSE70304. 

PMID- 26981368
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum epigenome: A distinct dynamic epigenetic regulation of gene
      expression.
AB  - Histone modification profiles are predictive of gene expression and most of the
      knowledge gained is acquired through studies done in higher eukaryotes. However,
      genome-wide studies involving Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of
      malaria, have been rather few, at lower resolution (mostly using ChIP-on-chip),
      and covering limited number of histone modifications. In our recent study [1], we
      have performed extensive genome-wide analyses of multiple histone modifications
      including the active (H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K27ac and H4ac),
      inactive (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3), elongation (H3K79me3) and regulatory element
      (H3K4me1) in a stage-specific manner. Furthermore, we used a ligation-based
      method suitable for sequencing homopolymeric stretches as seen in P. falciparum
      for next-generation sequencing library amplification [2], enabling highly
      quantitative analysis of the extremely AT-rich P. falciparum genome. Our recently
      published study suggests that transcription regulation by virtue of poised
      chromatin and differential histone modifications is unique to P. falciparum [1].
      Here we describe the experiments, quality controls and chromatin
      immunoprecipitation-sequencing data analysis of our associated study published in
      Epigenetics and Chromatin [1]. Stage-specific ChIP-sequencing data for histone
      modifications is submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under the
      accession number GSE63369. 

PMID- 26981367
TI  - Bacterial diversity assessment of pristine mangrove microbial community from
      Dhulibhashani, Sundarbans using 16S rRNA gene tag sequencing.
AB  - The global knowledge of microbial diversity and function in Sundarbans ecosystem
      is still scarce, despite global advancement in understanding the microbial
      diversity. In the present study, we have analyzed the diversity and distribution
      of bacteria in the tropical mangrove sediments of Sundarbans using 16S rRNA gene
      amplicon sequencing. Metagenome is comprised of 1,53,926 sequences with 108.8 Mbp
      data and with 55 +/- 2% G + C content. Metagenome sequence data are available at
      NCBI under the Bioproject database with accession no. PRJNA245459. Bacterial
      community metagenome sequences were analyzed by MG-RAST software representing the
      presence of 56,547 species belonging to 44 different phyla. The taxonomic
      analysis revealed the dominance of phyla Proteobacteria within our dataset.
      Further taxonomic analysis revealed abundance of Bacteroidetes, Acidobactreia,
      Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes and
      Fusobacteria group as the predominant bacterial assemblages in this largely
      pristine mangrove habitat. The distribution of different community datasets
      obtained from four sediment samples originated from one sampling station at two
      different depths providing better understanding of the sediment bacterial
      diversity and its relationship to the ecosystem dynamics of this pristine
      mangrove sediment of Dhulibhashani in, Sundarbans. 

PMID- 26981370
TI  - Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in bone marrow-derived progenitor
      cells from mice with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Bone-marrow derived vascular precursors are an important endogenous repair
      reservoir for vascular repair and neovascularization [1]. Therapies of
      stem/progenitor cells targeting on angiogenesis are considered hopeful solutions
      for tissue repair and regeneration. However, the dysfunction of patient-derived
      progenitor cells has been implicated in diabetes [2], which limited the efficacy
      of autologous cell therapies in the clinic [3,4]. MicroRNAs are important gene
      regulators whose functions remain largely unknown. In this project we reported
      the different microRNA expression profiles in bone marrow-derived progenitor
      cells from type 2 diabetic mice and their normal controls using microRNA array
      analysis. All microarray data are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)
      at NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo), under accession number GSE72616. 

PMID- 26981369
TI  - Transcriptional profile of immediate response to ionizing radiation exposure.
AB  - Astronauts participating in long duration space missions are likely to be exposed
      to ionizing radiation associated with highly energetic and charged heavy
      particles. Previously proposed gene biomarkers for radiation exposure include
      phosphorylated H2A Histone Family, Member X (gammaH2AX), Tumor Protein 53 (TP53),
      and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A). However, transcripts of these
      genes may not be the most suitable biomarkers for radiation exposure due to a
      lack of sensitivity or specificity. As part of a larger effort to develop lab-on
      a-chip methods for detecting radiation exposure events using blood samples, we
      designed a dose-course microarray study in order to determine coding and non
      coding RNA transcripts undergoing differential expression immediately following
      radiation exposure. The main goal was to elicit a small set of sensitive and
      specific radiation exposure biomarkers at low, medium, and high levels of
      ionizing radiation exposure. Four separate levels of radiation were considered: 0
      Gray (Gy) control; 0.3 Gy; 1.5 Gy; and 3.0 Gy with four replicates at each
      radiation level. This report includes raw gene expression data files from the
      resulting microarray experiments from all three radiation levels ranging from a
      lower, typical exposure than an astronaut might see (0.3 Gy) to high, potentially
      lethal, levels of radiation (3.0 Gy). The data described here is available in
      NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), accession GSE64375. 

PMID- 26981371
TI  - mRNA and microRNA transcriptomics analyses in a murine model of dystrophin loss
      and therapeutic restoration.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a pediatric, X-linked, progressive muscle
      wasting disorder caused by loss of function mutations affecting the gene encoding
      the dystrophin protein. While the primary genetic insult in DMD is well
      described, many details of the molecular and cellular pathologies that follow
      dystrophin loss are incompletely understood. To investigate gene expression in
      dystrophic muscle we have applied mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) microarray technology
      to the mdx mouse model of DMD. This study was designed to generate a complete
      description of gene expression changes associated with dystrophic pathology and
      the response to an experimental therapy which restores dystrophin protein
      function. These datasets have enabled (1) the determination of gene expression
      changes associated with dystrophic pathology, (2) identification of
      differentially expressed genes that are restored towards wild-type levels after
      therapeutic dystrophin rescue, (3) investigation of the correlation between mRNA
      and protein expression (determined by parallel mass spectrometry proteomics
      analysis), and (4) prediction of pathology associated miRNA-target interactions.
      Here we describe in detail how the data were generated including the basic
      analysis as contained in the manuscript published in Human Molecular Genetics
      with PMID 26385637. The data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus
      (GEO) with the accession number GSE64420. 

PMID- 26981372
TI  - Microarray expression analysis of genes involved in innate immune memory in
      peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - Immunological memory has been believed to be a feature of the adaptive immune
      system for long period, but recent reports suggest that the innate immune system
      also exhibits memory-like reaction. Although evidence of innate immune memory is
      accumulating, no in vivo experimental data has clearly implicated a molecular
      mechanism, or even a cell-type, for this phenomenon. In this study of data
      deposited into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under GSE71111, we analyzed the
      expression profile of peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice pre-administrated
      with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, mimicking pathogen infection. In these
      macrophages, increased expression of a group of innate immunity-related genes was
      sustained over a long period of time, and these genes overlapped with ATF7
      regulated genes. We conclude that ATF7 plays an important role in innate immune
      memory in macrophages. 

PMID- 26981373
TI  - Identification of genes responsible for RelA-dependent proliferation arrest in
      human mammary epithelial cells conditionally expressing RelA.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms responsible for opposing oncogenic and tumor-suppressor
      activities of NF-kB are obscure. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry of
      primary breast tumors using antibodies to RelA, the pleiotropic NF-kB factor, and
      Ki67 revealed a negative correlation between RelA levels and Ki67-index among ER
      +/HER2 - tumors [1]. Similarly, expression of AURKA, a marker for proliferation,
      negatively correlates with expression of NFKBIA, a surrogate for RelA expression
      and activity, in ER +/HER2 - tumors analyzed by The Cancer Genome Atlas [2], [3],
      [4]. Furthermore, conditional expression of RelA using a Tetracycline-inducible
      system in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells (HRA cells) caused proliferation arrest
      while withdrawal of Doxycycline (Dox) and suppression of RelA expression in
      arrested cells restored cell cycle progression [1]. To identify genes responsible
      for the negative relationship between RelA levels and proliferation, we performed
      genome-wide gene expression analysis of HRA cells under the following conditions:
      RelA un-induced, No Dox (ND); Dox induced for 24 h; Dox induced for 72 h; Dox
      induced for 24 h then Dox withdrawn for 48 h. The expression data was submitted
      to Gene Expression Ominibus (GEO) and the accession number is GSE65040. Analysis
      of the data identified cross-talk between basal RelA activity and the Interferon
      pathway mediated by IRF1, a target of RelA [5]. Activation of the Interferon
      pathway lead to down-regulation of CDK4 expression resulting in RB1 hypo
      phosphorylation and suppression of cell cycle progression. The tumor-suppressor
      activity of NF-kB, specifically RelA, may stem from cross-talk with the
      Interferon pathway. 

PMID- 26981374
TI  - Metagenomic exploration of the bacterial community structure at Paradip Port,
      Odisha, India.
AB  - This is a pioneering report on the metagenomic exploration of the bacterial
      diversity from a busy sea port in Paradip, Odisha, India. In our study, high
      throughput sequencing of community 16S rRNA gene amplicon was performed using 454
      GS Junior platform. Metagenome contain 34,121 sequences with 16,677,333 bp and
      56.3% G + C content. Metagenome sequences data are now available at NCBI under
      the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database with accession no. SRX897055. Community
      metagenome sequence revealed the presence of 11,705 species belonging to 40
      different phyla. Bacteroidetes (23%), Firmicutes (19%), Proteobacteria (17%),
      Spirochaetes (10%), Nitrospirae (8%), Actinobacteria (7%) and Acidobacteria (3%)
      are the predominant bacterial phyla in this port soil. Analysis of metagenomic
      sequences unfolded the interesting distribution of several phyla which pointed to
      the significant anthropogenic intervention influencing the bacterial community
      character of this port. 

PMID- 26981375
TI  - Analysis of copy number variations in Mexican Holstein cattle using axiom genome
      wide Bos 1 array.
AB  - Recently, for copy number variation (CNV) analysis, bovine researchers have
      focused mainly on the use of genome-wide SNP genotyping arrays. One of the
      highest densities commercially available SNPchips for cattle is the Affymetrix
      axiom genome-wide Bos 1, which assays 648,315 informative SNPs across the whole
      bovine genome. Here, we describe the microarray data, quality controls and
      validation implemented in a study published in Genetics and Molecular Research
      Journal in 2015 [1]. The microarray raw data has been deposited into Gene
      Expression Omnibus under accession #GSE54813. 

PMID- 26981376
TI  - Structural insights of microbial community of Deulajhari (India) hot spring using
      16s-rRNA based metagenomic sequencing.
AB  - Insights about the distribution of the microbial community prove to be the major
      goal of understanding microbial ecology which remains to be fully deciphered. Hot
      springs being hub for the thermophilic microbiota attract the attention of the
      microbiologists. Deulajhari hot spring cluster is located in the Angul district
      of Odisha. Covered within a wooded area, Deulajhari hot spring is also fed by the
      plant litter resulting in a relatively high amount of total organic content
      (TOC). For the first time, Illumina sequencing based biodiversity analysis of
      microbial composition is studied through amplicon metagenome sequencing of 16s
      rRNA targeting V3-V4 region using metagenomic DNA from the hot spring sediment.
      Over 28 phyla were detected through the amplicon metagenome sequencing of which
      the most dominating phyla at the existing physiochemical parameters like;
      temperature 69  degrees C, pH 8.09, electroconductivity 0.025 dSm(- 1) and total
      organic carbon 0.356%, were Proteobacteria (88.12%), Bacteriodetes (10.76%),
      Firmicutes (0.35%), Spirochetes (0.18%) and chloroflexi (0.11%). Approximately
      713 species were observed at the above physiochemical parameters. The analysis of
      the metagenome provides the quantitative insights into microbial populations
      based on the sequence data in Deulajhari hot spring. Metagenome sequence is
      deposited to SRA database which is available at NCBI with accession no.
      SRX1459736. 

PMID- 26981377
TI  - Gene expression profiling of Ctr9-regulated transcriptome in ERalpha-positive
      breast cancer.
AB  - Ctr9, the key scaffold subunit in human RNA polymerase II associated factor
      complex (PAFc), has diverse functions in cells and has been implicated in human
      diseases. Recently, our study found that loss of Ctr9 led to apparent
      morphological change, decrease of proliferation, and reduced colony formation in
      ERalpha(+) breast cancer cells. Moreover, Ctr9 and ERalpha show positive
      correlation at protein levels and the high levels of Ctr9 are associated with
      poor survival among all women with ERalpha(+) breast cancers, and specifically
      among those treated with tamoxifen. To gain a molecular understanding of the role
      of Ctr9 in promoting ERalpha(+) breast cancer, we performed a microarray gene
      expression profiling of Ctr9-regulated transcriptome. Here we provide the
      experimental details and analysis of the microarray data, which have been
      deposited into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO): GSE73388. 

PMID- 26981378
TI  - Whole genome analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae T2-1-1 from human oral cavity.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae T2-1-1 was isolated from the human tongue debris and
      subjected to whole genome sequencing on HiSeq platform and annotated on RAST. The
      nucleotide sequence of this genome was deposited into DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the
      accession JAQL00000000. 

PMID- 26981379
TI  - Gene expression profiling of human calcific aortic valve disease.
AB  - Calcific aortic valve disease is a slowly progressive disorder that ranges from
      mild valve thickening (i.e. aortic sclerosis) to severe calcification of valves
      (i.e. aortic stenosis). Gene expression profiling analysis of non-calcified
      controls, sclerotic, and calcified aortic valves was performed to better
      understand the progression of calcific aortic valve disease. The complementary
      information related to processing and statistical analysis of the DNA microarray
      data is provided in this article. Interpretation of this data can be found in a
      research article entitled "MicroRNA-125b and chemokine CCL4 expression are
      associated with calcific aortic valve disease" [1]. The microarray data complies
      with MIAME guidelines and is deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)
      database under accession number GSE51472. 

PMID- 26981380
TI  - Transcriptome profiling of Musculus longissimus dorsi in two cattle breeds with
      different intramuscular fat deposition.
AB  - Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition is a physiological process in cattle and is
      highly variable among breeds suggesting a large influence of genetic factors
      besides environmental factors. In order to elucidate molecular pathways
      underlying the genetic variation in this trait we compared transcriptomes of
      Musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) in steers of Japanese Black and Holstein
      Friesian cattle breeds fed a high energy diet typically applied in Japan to
      achieve maximum IMF content. We identified a total of 569 differentially
      expressed genes (DEGs) with the majority (433) up-regulated in Japanese Black
      cattle. This breed is characterized by an extreme capacity for IMF deposition.
      Subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed a gene network linking
      parameters of cell morphology and maintenance with lipid metabolism. The data
      from this study were deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are
      accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE75348. We provide here a
      dataset which is of potential value to dissect molecular pathways influencing
      differences in fat deposition under high-energy nutrition. 

PMID- 26981382
TI  - LmSmdB: an integrated database for metabolic and gene regulatory network in
      Leishmania major and Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - A database that integrates all the information required for biological processing
      is essential to be stored in one platform. We have attempted to create one such
      integrated database that can be a one stop shop for the essential features
      required to fetch valuable result. LmSmdB (L. major and S. mansoni database) is
      an integrated database that accounts for the biological networks and regulatory
      pathways computationally determined by integrating the knowledge of the genome
      sequences of the mentioned organisms. It is the first database of its kind that
      has together with the network designing showed the simulation pattern of the
      product. This database intends to create a comprehensive canopy for the
      regulation of lipid metabolism reaction in the parasite by integrating the
      transcription factors, regulatory genes and the protein products controlled by
      the transcription factors and hence operating the metabolism at genetic level. 

PMID- 26981381
TI  - Transcriptome profiling of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris CECT 8666 in
      response to agmatine.
AB  - The dairy strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris CECT 8666 (formerly GE2-14)
      synthesizes the biogenic amine putrescine from agmatine via the agmatine
      deiminase (AGDI) pathway [1]. The AGDI cluster of L. lactis is composed by five
      genes aguR, aguB, aguD, aguA and aguC. The last four genes are co-transcribed as
      a single policistronic mRNA forming the catabolic operon aguBDAC, which encodes
      the proteins necessary for agmatine uptake and its conversion into putrescine
      [1], [2]. The first gene of the cluster, aguR, encodes a transmembrane protein
      that functions as a one-component signal transduction system that senses the
      agmatine concentration of the medium and accordingly regulates the transcription
      of aguBDAC[2]. The catabolic operon aguBDAC is transcriptionally activated by
      agmatine [2] and transcriptionally regulated by carbon catabolite repression
      (CCR) via glucose, but not by other sugars such as lactose or galactose [1], [3].
      On the contrary, the transcription of the aguR regulatory gene is not subject to
      CCR regulation [1], [3] nor is regulated by agmatine [2]. In this study we report
      the transcriptional profiling of L. lactis subsp. cremoris CECT 8666 grown in M17
      medium with galactose (GalM17) as carbon source and supplemented with agmatine,
      compared to that of the strain grown in the same culture medium without agmatine.
      The transcriptional profiling data of agmatine-regulated genes were deposited in
      the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under Accession no. GSE74808. 

PMID- 26981383
TI  - Genome Sequencing and Annotation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PR08 strain.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an acid fast bacterial species in the family
      Mycobacteriaceae and is the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis. Here,
      we report the genomic features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient diagnosed with both pulmonary and
      extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The isolated strain was identified as
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis PR08 (MTB PR08). Genomic DNA of the MTB PR08 strain
      was extracted and subjected to whole genome sequencing using MiSeq (Illumina,
      CA,USA). The draft genome size of MTB PR08 strain is 4,292,364 bp with a G + C
      content of 65.2%. This strain was annotated to have 4723 genes and 48 RNAs. This
      whole genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the
      accession number CP010895. 

PMID- 26981385
TI  - Androgen receptor DNA binding and chromatin accessibility profiling in prostate
      cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. The Androgen
      Receptor (AR) is the major driver of PCa and the main target of therapy in the
      advanced setting. AR is a nuclear receptor that binds the chromatin and regulates
      transcription of genes involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. In a
      study by Stelloo et al. (1) we explored prostate cancer on the level of
      transcriptional regulation by means of Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of
      Regulatory Elements and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation coupled with massive
      parallel sequencing (FAIRE-seq and ChIP-seq, respectively). We employed these
      data for the assessment of differences in transcriptional regulation at distinct
      stages of PCa progression and to construct a prognostic gene expression
      classifier. Genomics data includes FAIRE-seq data from normal prostate tissue as
      well as primary, hormone therapy resistant and metastatic PCa. Furthermore, ChIP
      seq data from primary and resistant PCa were generated, along with multiple input
      controls. The data are publicly available through NCBI GEO database with
      accession number GSE65478. Here we describe the genomics and clinical data in
      detail and provide comparative analysis of FAIRE-seq and ChIP-seq data. 

PMID- 26981384
TI  - Draft genome sequence of Kocuria sp. SM24M-10 isolated from coral mucus.
AB  - Here, we describe the genomic features of the Actinobacteria Kocuria sp. SM24M-10
      isolated from mucus of the Brazilian endemic coral Mussismilia hispida. The
      sequences are available under accession number LDNX01000000
      (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/LDNX00000000). The genomic analysis revealed
      interesting information about the adaptation of bacteria to the marine
      environment (such as genes involved in osmotic and oxidative stress) and to the
      nutrient-rich environment provided by the coral mucus. 

PMID- 26981386
TI  - Cultivation-independent comprehensive investigations on bacterial communities in
      serofluid dish, a traditional Chinese fermented food.
AB  - Serofluid dish (or Jiangshui, in Chinese), a traditional food in the Chinese
      culture, is made from vegetables by fermentation. In this study, bacterial
      community of the fermented serofluid dish was assessed by Illumina amplicon
      sequencing. The metagenome comprised of 49,589 average raw reads with an average
      11,497,917 bp and G + C content is 52.46%. This is the first report on V4 hyper
      variable region of the 16S rRNA metagenome sequence employing Illumina platform
      to profile the microbial community of this little known fermented food from Gansu
      Province, China. The metagenome sequence can be accessed at NCBI, SRA database
      accession no. SRP065370. 

PMID- 26981387
TI  - Mapping transcriptome profiles of in vitro iPSC-derived cardiac differentiation
      to in utero heart development.
AB  - The dataset includes microarray data (Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array) from
      WT and Nos3(-/-) mouse embryonic heart ventricular tissues at 14.5 days post
      coitum (E14.5), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from WT and Nos3(
      /-) mouse tail tip fibroblasts, iPSC-differentiated cardiomyocytes at Day 11, and
      mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and differentiated cardiomyocytes as positive
      controls for mouse iPSC differentiation. Both in utero (using embryonic heart
      tissues) and in vitro (using iPSCs and differentiated cells) microarray datasets
      were deposited to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The deposited
      data in GEO include raw microarray data, metadata for sample source information,
      experimental design, sample and data processing, and gene expression matrix. The
      data are available under GEO Access Number GSE69317 (GSE69315 for tissue sample
      microarray data, GSE69316 for iPSCs microarray data,
      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc= GSE69317). 

PMID- 26981388
TI  - Gene expression profile of Musculus longissimus dorsi in bulls of a Charolais *
      Holstein F2-cross with divergent intramuscular fat content.
AB  - Transcriptomes of Musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) were compared between bulls
      from a F2-cross derived from Charolais and Holstein Friesian. Two groups of 10
      bulls were selected which differed significantly in intramuscular fat (IMF)
      deposition despite standardized husbandry and feeding conditions and identical
      sires in both groups. Consequently, genetic factors underlying the different
      capability of IMF deposition should be identified. A total of 32 differentially
      expressed genes (DEGs) were found of which 11 were up-regulated and 21 were down
      regulated in the high IMF group. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) identified a
      gene network comprising DEGs with functions in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid
      metabolism and molecular transport. The data from this study were deposited in
      NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession
      number GSE75347. We provide here a dataset which is of potential value to dissect
      molecular pathways influencing differences in IMF deposition in crossbred cattle
      with standardized genetic background. 

PMID- 26981389
TI  - Metagenomic data of fungal internal transcribed spacer from serofluid dish, a
      traditional Chinese fermented food.
AB  - Serofluid dish (or Jiangshui, in Chinese), a traditional food in the Chinese
      culture for thousands of years, is made from vegetables by fermentation. In this
      work, microorganism community of the fermented serofluid dish was investigated by
      the culture-independent method. The metagenomic data in this article contains the
      sequences of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rRNA genes from
      12 different serofluid dish samples. The metagenome comprised of 50,865 average
      raw reads with an average of 8,958,220 bp and G + C content is 45.62%. This is
      the first report on metagenomic data of fungal ITS from serofluid dish employing
      Illumina platform to profile the fungal communities of this little known
      fermented food from Gansu Province, China. The Metagenomic data of fungal
      internal transcribed spacer can be accessed at NCBI, SRA database accession no.
      SRP067411. 

PMID- 26981390
TI  - Genome wide expression after different doses of irradiation of a three
      dimensional (3D) model of oral mucosal.
AB  - We evaluated a three-dimensional (3D) human oral cell culture that consisted of
      two types of cells, oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts as a model of oral
      mucositis which is a debilitating adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiation
      treatment. The 3D cell culture model was irradiated with 12 or 2 Gy, and total
      RNA was collected 6 h after irradiation to compare global gene expression
      profiles via microarray analysis. Here we provide detailed methods and analysis
      on these microarray data, which have been deposited in Gene Expression Omnibus
      (GEO): GSE62395. 

PMID- 26981391
TI  - Complete metagenome sequencing based bacterial diversity and functional insights
      from basaltic hot spring of Unkeshwar, Maharashtra, India.
AB  - Unkeshwar hot springs are located at geographical South East Deccan Continental
      basalt of India. Here, we report the microbial community analysis of this hot
      spring using whole metagenome shotgun sequencing approach. The analysis revealed
      a total of 848,096 reads with 212.87 Mbps with 50.87% G + C content. Metagenomic
      sequences were deposited in SRA database with accession number (SUB1242219).
      Community analysis revealed 99.98% sequences belonging to bacteria and 0.01% to
      archaea and 0.01% to Viruses. The data obtained revealed 41 phyla including
      bacteria and Archaea and including 719 different species. In taxonomic analysis,
      the dominant phyla were found as, Actinobacteria (56%), Verrucomicrobia (24%),
      Bacteriodes (13%), Deinococcus-Thermus (3%) and firmicutes (2%) and Viruses (2%).
      Furthermore, functional annotation using pathway information revealed dynamic
      potential of hot spring community in terms of metabolism, environmental
      information processing, cellular processes and other important aspects. Kyoto
      Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of each contig sequence
      by assigning KEGG Orthology (KO) numbers revealed contig sequences that were
      assigned to metabolism, organismal system, Environmental Information Processing,
      cellular processes and human diseases with some unclassified sequences. The
      Unkeshwar hot springs offer rich phylogenetic diversity and metabolic potential
      for biotechnological applications. 

PMID- 26981392
TI  - Transcriptional profiling of the epigenetic regulator Smchd1.
AB  - Smchd1 is an epigenetic repressor with important functions in healthy cellular
      processes and disease. To elucidate its role in transcriptional regulation, we
      performed two independent genome-wide RNA-sequencing studies comparing wild-type
      and Smchd1 null samples in neural stem cells and lymphoma cell lines. Using an R
      based analysis pipeline that accommodates observational and sample-specific
      weights in the linear modeling, we identify key genes dysregulated by Smchd1
      deletion such as clustered protocadherins in the neural stem cells and imprinted
      genes in both experiments. Here we provide a detailed description of this
      analysis, from quality control to read mapping and differential expression
      analysis. These data sets are publicly available from the Gene Expression Omnibus
      database (accession numbers GSE64099 and GSE65747). 

PMID- 26981393
TI  - Transcriptomic analysis of mouse EL4 T cells upon T cell activation and in
      response to protein synthesis inhibition via cycloheximide treatment.
AB  - T cell activation involves the recognition of a foreign antigen complexed to the
      major histocompatibility complex on the antigen presenting T cell to the T cell
      receptor. This leads to activation of signaling pathways, which ultimately leads
      to induction of key cytokine genes responsible for eradication of foreign
      antigens. We used the mouse EL4 T cell as a model system to study genes that are
      induced as a result of T cell activation using phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
      and calcium ionomycin (I) as stimuli. We were also interested to examine the
      importance of new protein synthesis in regulating the expression of genes
      involved in T cell activation. Thus we have pre-treated mouse EL4 T cells with
      cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and left the cells unstimulated or
      stimulated with PMA/I for 4 h. We performed microarray expression profiling of
      these cells to correlate the gene expression with chromatin state of T cells upon
      T cell activation [1]. Here, we detail further information and analysis of the
      microarray data, which shows that T cell activation leads to differential
      expression of genes and inducible genes can be further classified as primary and
      secondary response genes based on their protein synthesis dependency. The data is
      available in the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE13278. 

PMID- 26981394
TI  - Transcriptome response to copper heavy metal stress in hard-shelled mussel
      (Mytilus coruscus).
AB  - The hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) has considerably one of the most
      economically important marine shellfish worldwide and considered as a good
      invertebrate model for ecotoxicity study for a long time. In the present study,
      we used Illumina sequencing technology (HiSeq2000) to sequence, assemble and
      annotate the transcriptome of the hard-shelled mussel which challenged with
      copper pollution. A total of 21,723,913 paired-end clean reads (NCBI SRA database
      SRX1411195) were generated from HiSeq2000 sequencer and 96,403 contigs (with N50
      = 1118 bp) were obtained after de novo assembling with Trinity software. Digital
      gene expression analysis reveals 1156 unigenes are upregulated and 1681 unigenes
      are downregulated when challenged with copper. By KEGG pathway enrichment
      analysis, we found that unigenes in four KEGG pathways (aminoacyl-tRNA
      biosynthesis, apoptosis, DNA replication and mismatch repair) show significant
      differential expressed between control and copper treated groups. We hope that
      the gill transcriptome in copper treated hard-shelled mussel can give useful
      information to understand how mussel handles with heavy metal stress at molecular
      level. 

PMID- 26981395
TI  - De novo assembly and comparison of the ovarian transcriptomes of the common
      Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) with different gonadal development.
AB  - The common Chinese cuttlefish (Sepiella japonica) has been considered one of the
      most economically important marine Cephalopod species in East Asia and seed
      breeding technology has been established for massive aquaculture and stock
      enhancement. In the present study, we used Illumina HiSeq2000 to sequence,
      assemble and annotate the transcriptome of the ovary tissues of S. japonica for
      the first time. A total of 53,116,650 and 53,446,640 reads were obtained from the
      immature and matured ovaries, respectively (NCBI SRA database SRX1409472 and
      SRX1409473), and 70,039 contigs (N50 = 1443 bp) were obtained after de novo
      assembling with Trinity software. Digital gene expression analysis reveals 47,288
      contigs show differential expression profile and 793 contigs are highly expressed
      in the immature ovary, while 38 contigs are highly expressed in the mature ovary
      with FPKM > 100. We hope that the ovarian transcriptome and those stage-enriched
      transcripts of S. japonica can provide some insight into the understanding of
      genome-wide transcriptome profile of cuttlefish gonad tissue and give useful
      information in cuttlefish gonad development. 

PMID- 26981396
TI  - Microarray studies on the effect of silencing tynA in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - To study the biological role of the tynA gene product of Escherichia coli, a
      primary amine oxidase (ECAO, E.C. 1.4.3.21), the tynA gene was genetically
      silenced by conjugation with a kanamycin resistance cassette. We used a
      microarray method to compare the mRNA expression in the modified strain
      (DeltatynA) to that in the wild type (wt) strain at the time of induction of ECAO
      expression (0 h) as well as 1 h and 4 h after the induction. These data in brief
      describe the different experimental conditions, sample preparation, data
      collection and analysis of the conducted microarray experiment. The differential
      expression of genes in the studied strains 1 h after the induction of ECAO
      expression is described. The microarray data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene
      Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number
      GSE65385. 

PMID- 26981397
TI  - Genome-wide localization of Rrm3 and Pif1 DNA helicases at stalled active and
      inactive DNA replication forks of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The genome of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is sequenced and the
      location and dynamic of activation of DNA replication origins are known. G1
      synchronized yeast cells can be released into S-phase in the presence of
      hydroxyurea (HU) (1), which slows down DNA replication and retains replication
      forks in proximity of DNA replication origins. In this condition, the Chromatin
      Immuno-Precipitation on chip (ChIP on chip) (2-4) of replisome components allows
      the precise localization of all active DNA replication forks. This analysis can
      be coupled with the ssDNA-BromodeoxyUridine (ssDNA-BrdU) Immuno-Precipitation on
      chip (ssDNA-BrdU IP on chip) technique (5-7), which detects the location of newly
      synthesized DNA. Comparison of binding and BrdU incorporation profiles allows to
      locate a factor of interest at DNA replication forks genome wide. We present
      datasets deposited in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database under accession
      number GSE68214, which show how the DNA helicases Rrm3 and Pif1 (8) associate to
      active and inactive DNA replication forks. 

PMID- 26981398
TI  - Type I and type II interferon responses in two human liver cell lines (Huh-7 and
      HuH6).
AB  - Most studies investigating the biology of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have used the
      human hepatoma cell line Huh-7 or subclones thereof, as these are the most
      permissive cell lines for HCV infection and replication. Other cell lines also
      support replication of HCV, most notably the human hepatoblastoma cell line HuH6.
      HCV replication in cell culture is generally highly sensitive to interferons
      (IFNs) and differences in the IFN-mediated inhibition of virus replication may
      reflect alterations in the IFN-induced antiviral response inherent to different
      host cells. For example, HCV replication is highly sensitive to IFN-gamma
      treatment in Huh-7, but not in HuH6 cells. In this study, we used microarray
      based gene expression profiling to compare the response of Huh-7 and HuH6 cells
      to stimulation with IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. Furthermore, we determined whether
      the resistance of HCV replication in HuH6 cells can be linked to differences in
      the expression profile of IFN-regulated genes. Although both cells lines
      responded to IFNs with rapid changes in gene expression, thereby demonstrating
      functional type I and type II signaling pathways, differences were observed for a
      number of genes. Raw and normalized expression data have been deposited in GEO
      under accession number GSE68927. 

PMID- 26981399
TI  - Genome-wide identification and analysis of mRNA expression in fibroblasts, ES
      cells, and iPS cells.
AB  - Genome-wide expression patterns of mRNA were compared between mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts (MEFs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and various types of induced
      pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs were established and maintained using
      modified Oct4 with or without exogenous leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and used
      to identify mRNAs that were potentially involved in the LIF-independence. The
      data have been deposited in the NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database
      with the accession number GSE65563. 

PMID- 26981400
TI  - Nucleosomal chromatin in the mature sperm of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - During spermiogenesis in mammals and many other vertebrate classes, histone
      containing nucleosomes are replaced by protamine toroids, which can repackage
      chromatin at a 10 to 20-fold higher density than in a typical somatic nucleus.
      However, recent evidence suggests that sperm of many species, including human and
      mouse retain a small compartment of nucleosomal chromatin, particularly near
      genes important for embryogenesis. As in mammals, spermiogenesis in the fruit
      fly, Drosophila melanogaster has also been shown to undergo a programmed
      substitution of nucleosomes with protamine-like proteins. Using chromatin
      immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and whole-genome tiling array hybridization (ChIP
      chip), supported by immunocytochemical evidence, we show that in a manner
      analogous to nucleosomal chromatin retention in mammalian spermatozoa, distinct
      domains packaged by the canonical histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are present in the
      fly sperm nucleus. We also find evidence for the retention of nucleosomes with
      specific histone H3 trimethylation marks characteristic of chromatin repression
      (H3K9me3, H3K27me3) and active transcription (H3K36me3). Raw and processed data
      from the experiments are available at GEO, accession GSE52165. 

PMID- 26981401
TI  - IL-22 regulation of functional gene expression in salivary gland cells.
AB  - TH17 cells and their associated signature cytokines, IL-17 and IL-22, are highly
      elevated in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSjS). The levels of IL-22 present in
      sera showed significant correlations with many disease parameters, specifically
      hyposalivation, anti-SSB, anti-SSA/SSB, hypergammaglobulinemia and rheumatoid
      factor. The present study aims to examine the biological function of IL-22 on
      human salivary glands. To accomplish the goal, microarray analysis using the
      HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip was utilized to determine the biological
      function of IL-22. Differential expression analyses were conducted using the
      LIMMA package from the Bioconductor project. MTT assay, flow cytometry and
      Western blotting were used to identify the function of IL-22 on human salivary
      gland cells. Results indicate an extensive effect of IL-22 on many major
      molecular functions including activation of antimicrobial genes and
      downregulation of immune-associated pathways. Functional studies performed in
      vitro using human salivary gland cells treated with IL-22 indicated a direct
      effect of IL-22 on cell cycling, specifically reducing cellular proliferation at
      the G2-M phase by activation of STAT3. These results suggest the important role
      of IL-22 in the salivary gland function. The present study suggests that IL-22
      might be involved in regulating inflammation and controlling the cell
      proliferation in SjS. 

PMID- 26981402
TI  - Draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant Chryseobacterium indologenes
      isolate from Malaysia.
AB  - Chryseobacterium indologenes is an emerging pathogen which poses a threat in
      clinical healthcare setting due to its multidrug-resistant phenotype and its
      common association with nosocomial infections. Here, we report the draft genome
      of a multidrug-resistant C. indologenes CI_885 isolated in 2014 from Malaysia.
      The 908,704-kb genome harbors a repertoire of putative antibiotic resistance
      determinants which may elucidate the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms of
      its resistant to various classes of antibiotics. The genome sequence has been
      deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number LJOD00000000. 

PMID- 26981404
TI  - High-quality ChIP-seq analysis of MBD3 in human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Chromatin accessibility is tightly regulated by multiple factors/mechanisms to
      establish different cell type-specific gene expression programs from a single
      genome. Dysregulation of this process can lead to diseases including cancer. The
      Mi-2/nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex is thought to
      orchestrate chromatin structure using its intrinsic nucleosome remodeling and
      histone deacetylase activities. However, the detailed mechanisms by which the
      NuRD complex regulates chromatin structure in vivo are not yet known. To explore
      the regulatory mechanisms of the NuRD complex, we mapped genome-wide localization
      of MBD3, a structural component of NuRD, in a human breast cancer cell line (MDA
      MB-231) using a modified ChIP-seq protocol. Our data showed high quality
      localization information (i.e., high mapping efficiency and low PCR duplication
      rate) and excellent consistency between biological replicates. The data are
      deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE76116). 

PMID- 26981403
TI  - Complete genome sequence of Acinetobacter baumannii XH386 (ST208), a multi-drug
      resistant bacteria isolated from pediatric hospital in China.
AB  - Acinetobacter baumannii is an important bacterium that emerged as a significant
      nosocomial pathogen worldwide. The rise of A. baumannii was due to its multi-drug
      resistance (MDR), while it was difficult to treat multi-drug resistant A.
      baumannii with antibiotics, especially in pediatric patients for the therapeutic
      options with antibiotics were quite limited in pediatric patients. A. baumannii
      ST208 was identified as predominant sequence type of carbapenem resistant A.
      baumannii in the United States and China. As we knew, there was no complete
      genome sequence reproted for A. baumannii ST208, although several whole genome
      shotgun sequences had been reported. Here, we sequenced the 4087-kilobase (kb)
      chromosome and 112-kb plasmid of A. baumannii XH386 (ST208), which was isolated
      from a pediatric hospital in China. The genome of A. baumannii XH386 contained
      3968 protein-coding genes and 94 RNA-only encoding genes. Genomic analysis and
      Minimum inhibitory concentration assay showed that A. baumannii XH386 was multi
      drug resistant strain, which showed resistance to most of antibiotics, except for
      tigecycline. The data may be accessed via the GenBank accession number CP010779
      and CP010780. 

PMID- 26981405
TI  - Profiling of microbial community of Odisha hot spring based on metagenomic
      sequencing.
AB  - Deulajhari hot spring has diverse temperature and pH range varying from 43 
      degrees C to 65  degrees C and 7.83 to 8.10 respectively. Dense foliage around
      Deulajhari hot spring contributes to the high total organic carbon content (TOC).
      In our experiment we took sediment samples from the two Deulajhari hot springs
      (S1 and S2) out of the cluster having temperature of 43  degrees C and 55 
      degrees C and pH of 7.83 and 7.14 respectively. Sediment samples were analysed
      using 16S rRNA of V3-V4 region by amplicon metagenome sequencing. Over 34 phyla
      were detected in cluster S1 and 32 phyla in cluster S2 at the existing
      physiochemical parameters temperature 43  degrees C, pH 7.83, electroconductivity
      0.019 dSm(- 1), and total organic carbon (TOC) 3.80% for S1 and temperature 55 
      degrees C, pH 7.14, electroconductivity 0.019 dSm(- 1), and total organic carbon
      (TOC) 0.97% for S2. Existence of a vast number of unresolved sequences 179 out of
      292 in S1 and 186 out of 314 in S2 at the genus level emphasizes the significance
      of our study. Metagenome sequence information for the both clusters S1 and S2 of
      Deulajhari is available at NCBI, SRA database with accession number SRX1459732
      and SRX1459733 respectively. Direct link to the deposited data:
      www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/SRX1459732 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/SRX1459733. 

PMID- 26981406
TI  - Mutation-based structural modification and dynamics study of amyloid beta peptide
      (1-42): An in-silico-based analysis to cognize the mechanism of aggregation.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is the prevalent cause of premature senility, a progressive
      mental disorder due to degeneration in brain and deposition of amyloid beta
      peptide (1-42, a misfolded protein) in the form of aggregation that prevails for
      a prolonged time and obstructs every aspect of life. One of the primary hallmarks
      of the neuropathological disease is the accretion of amyloid beta peptide in the
      brain that leads to Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanism is still a mystery.
      Several investigations have shown that mutations at specific positions have a
      significant impact in stability of the peptide as predicted from aggregation
      profiles. Here in our study, we have analyzed the mutations by substituting
      residues at position A22G, E22G, E22K, E22Q, D23N, L34V and molecular dynamics
      have been performed to check the deviation in stability and conformation of the
      peptide. The results validated that the mutations at specific positions lead to
      instability and the proline substitution at E22P and L34P stalled the aggregation
      of the peptide. 

PMID- 26981407
TI  - Genome sequence of Enterobacter sp. ST3, a quorum sensing bacterium associated
      with marine dinoflagellate.
AB  - Phycosphere environment is a typical marine niche, harbor diverse populations of
      microorganisms, which are thought to play a critical role in algae host and
      influence mutualistic and competitive interactions. Understanding quorum sensing
      based acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) language may shed light on the interaction
      between algal-associated microbial communities in the native environment. In this
      work, we isolated an epidermal bacterium (was tentatively named Enterobacter sp.
      ST3, and deposited in SOA China, the number is MCCC1K02277-ST3) from the marine
      dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea, and found it has the ability to produce
      short-chain AHL signal. In order to better understand its communication
      information at molecular level, the genomic map was investigated. The genome size
      was determined to be 4.81 Mb with a G + C content of 55.59%, comprising 6
      scaffolds of 75 contigs containing 4647 protein-coding genes. The functional
      proteins were predicted, and 3534 proteins were assigned to COG functional
      categories. An AHL-relating gene, LuxR, was found in upstream position at contig
      1. This genome data may provide clues to increase understanding of the chemical
      characterization and ecological behavior of strain ST3 in the phycosphere
      microenvironment. 

PMID- 26981408
TI  - De novo transcriptome assembly of two contrasting pumpkin cultivars.
AB  - Cucurbita pepo (squash, pumpkin, gourd), a worldwide-cultivated vegetable of
      American origin, is extremely variable in fruit characteristics. However, the
      information associated with genes and genetic markers for pumpkin is very
      limited. In order to identify new genes and to develop genetic markers, we
      performed a transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) of two contrasting pumpkin
      cultivars. Leaves and female flowers of cultivars, 'Big Moose' with large round
      fruits and 'Munchkin' with small round fruits, were harvested for total RNA
      extraction. We obtained a total of 6 GB (Big Moose;
      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/?run=SRR3056882) and 5 GB (Munchkin;
      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/?run=SRR3056883) sequence data (NCBI SRA
      database SRX1502732 and SRX1502735, respectively), which correspond to 18,055,786
      and 14,824,292 150-base reads. After quality assessment, the clean sequences
      where 17,995,932 and 14,774,486 respectively. The numbers of total transcripts
      for 'Big Moose' and 'Munchkin' were 84,727 and 68,051, respectively. TransDecoder
      identified possible coding regions in assembled transcripts. This study provides
      transcriptome data for two contrasting pumpkin cultivars, which might be useful
      for genetic marker development and comparative transcriptome analyses. 

PMID- 26981409
TI  - Similarity analysis between chromosomes of Homo sapiens and monkeys with
      correlation coefficient, rank correlation coefficient and cosine similarity
      measures.
AB  - In this paper, we consider correlation coefficient, rank correlation coefficient
      and cosine similarity measures for evaluating similarity between Homo sapiens and
      monkeys. We used DNA chromosomes of genome wide genes to determine the
      correlation between the chromosomal content and evolutionary relationship. The
      similarity among the H. sapiens and monkeys is measured for a total of 210
      chromosomes related to 10 species. The similarity measures of these different
      species show the relationship between the H. sapiens and monkey. This similarity
      will be helpful at theft identification, maternity identification, disease
      identification, etc. 

PMID- 26981410
TI  - The testis and ovary transcriptomes of the rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): A
      bony fish with a unique neo Y chromosome.
AB  - The rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) is considerably one of the most
      economically important marine fish in East Asia and has a unique neo-Y chromosome
      system that is a good model to study the sex determination and differentiation in
      fish. In the present study, we used Illumina sequencing technology (HiSeq2000) to
      sequence, assemble and annotate the transcriptome of the testis and ovary tissues
      of rock bream. A total of 40,004,378 (NCBI SRA database SRX1406649) and
      53,108,992 (NCBI SRA database SRX1406648) high quality reads were obtained from
      testis and ovary RNA sequencing, respectively, and 60,421 contigs (with average
      length of 1301 bp) were obtained after de novo assembling with Trinity software.
      Digital gene expression analysis reveals 14,036 contigs that show gender-enriched
      expressional profile with either testis-enriched (237 contigs) or ovary-enriched
      (581 contigs) with RPKM > 100. There are 237 male- and 582 female-abundant
      expressed genes that show sex dimorphic expression. We hope that the gonad
      transcriptome and those gender-enriched transcripts of rock bream can provide
      some insight into the understanding of genome-wide transcriptome profile of
      teleost gonad tissue and give useful information in fish gonad development. 

PMID- 26981411
TI  - Computational gene expression profiling under salt stress reveals patterns of co
      expression.
AB  - Plants respond differently to environmental conditions. Among various abiotic
      stresses, salt stress is a condition where excess salt in soil causes inhibition
      of plant growth. To understand the response of plants to the stress conditions,
      identification of the responsible genes is required. Clustering is a data mining
      technique used to group the genes with similar expression. The genes of a cluster
      show similar expression and function. We applied clustering algorithms on gene
      expression data of Solanum tuberosum showing differential expression in Capsicum
      annuum under salt stress. The clusters, which were common in multiple algorithms
      were taken further for analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) further
      validated the findings of other cluster algorithms by visualizing their clusters
      in three-dimensional space. Functional annotation results revealed that most of
      the genes were involved in stress related responses. Our findings suggest that
      these algorithms may be helpful in the prediction of the function of co-expressed
      genes. 

PMID- 26981412
TI  - Investigation of the microbial community in the Odisha hot spring cluster based
      on the cultivation independent approach.
AB  - Deulajhari hot spring is located in the Angul district of Odisha. The
      significance of this hot spring is the presence of the hot spring cluster
      adjacent to the cold spring which attracts the attention of microbiologists to
      understand the role of physio-chemical factors of these springs on bacterial
      community structure. Next-generation sequencing technology helps us to depict the
      pioneering microflora of any ecological niche based on metagenomic approach. Our
      study represents the first Illumina based metagenomic study of Deulajhari hot
      spring DH1, and DH2 of the cluster with temperature 65  degrees C to 55  degrees
      C respectively establishing a difference of 10  degrees C. Comprehensive study of
      microbiota of these two hot springs was done using the metagenomic sequencing of
      16S rRNA of V3-V4 region extracting metagenomic DNA from the two hot spring
      sediments. Sequencing community DNA reported about 28 phyla in spring DH1 of
      which the majority were Chloroflexi (22.98%), Proteobacteria (15.51%),
      Acidobacteria (14.51%), Chlorobi (9.52%), Nitrospirae (8.54%), and
      Armatimonadetes (7.07%), at the existing physiochemical conditions like;
      temperature 65  degrees C, pH 8.06, electro conductivity 0.020 dSm(- 1), and
      total organic carbon (TOC) 3.76%. About 40 phyla were detected in cluster DH2 at
      the existing physiochemical parameters like temperature 55  degrees C, pH 8.10,
      electro conductivity 0.019 dSm(- 1), and total organic carbon (TOC) 0.58%
      predominated with Chloroflexi (41.98%), Proteobacteria (10.74%), Nitrospirae
      (10.01%), Chlorobi (8.73%), Acidobacteria (6.73%) and Planctomycetes (3.73%).
      Approximately 68 class, 107 order, 171 genus and 184 species were reported in
      cluster DH1 but 102 class, 180 order, 375 genus and 411 species in cluster DH2.
      The comparative metagenomics study of the Deulajhari hot spring clusters DH1, and
      DH2 depicts the differential profile of the microbiota. Metagenome sequences of
      these two hot spring clusters are deposited to the SRA database and are available
      in NCBI with accession no. SRX1459734 for DH1 and SRX1459735 for DH2. 

PMID- 26981413
TI  - Analyses of MYMIV-induced transcriptome in Vigna mungo as revealed by next
      generation sequencing.
AB  - Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMIV) is the viral pathogen that causes yellow
      mosaic disease to a number of legumes including Vigna mungo. VM84 is a
      recombinant inbred line resistant to MYMIV, developed in our laboratory through
      introgression of resistance trait from V. mungo line VM-1. Here we present the
      quality control passed transcriptome data of mock inoculated (control) and MYMIV
      infected VM84, those have already been submitted in Sequence Read Archive
      (SRX1032950, SRX1082731) of NCBI. QC reports of FASTQ files generated by 'SeqQC
      V2.2' bioinformatics tool. 

PMID- 26981414
TI  - Gene expression profiling of the tumor microenvironment in human intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common type of malignant
      primary tumors in the liver. ICC is an aggressive cancer with a poor survival and
      limited therapeutic options. At the histological level, ICC is characterized by
      an abundant stroma (i.e. the tumor microenvironment that notably includes
      components of the extracellular matrix, stromal cells and soluble factors). Tumor
      microenvironment is known to play a key role in tumor onset and progression but
      it is poorly characterized at the molecular level. Thus, this study was
      specifically designed to identify genes that are significantly deregulated in the
      tumor microenvironment of human ICC. Here we provide a detailed description of
      the experimental design and methods used to acquire the genomic data deposited
      into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under the accession number GSE45001. Our
      genomic dataset provides insights on the molecular pathways altered in the
      microenvironment of ICC and allows the identification of novel ICC biomarkers, as
      exemplified previously in Hepatology (PMID: 23775819). 

PMID- 26981415
TI  - Draft genome of Leisingera aquaemixtae CECT 8399(T), a member of the Roseobacter
      clade isolated from a junction of fresh and ocean water in Jeju Island, South
      Korea.
AB  - We report the draft genome sequence and annotation of Leisingera aquaemixtae CECT
      8399(T) (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession number CYSR00000000) which comprises
      4,614,060 bp, 4313 protein coding genes, 54 tRNA coding genes and 7 rRNA coding
      genes. General findings of the annotated genome, such as pigment indigoidine
      operon, phenylacetate oxidation genes or predictable number of replicons, are
      commented in comparison to other Leisingera species. Average Nucleotide Identity
      between available genomes of type strains of species of Leisingera and
      Phaeobacter genera has been calculated to evaluate its current classification. 

PMID- 26981416
TI  - Draft genome sequence of Thalassobius mediterraneus CECT 5383(T), a poly-beta
      hydroxybutyrate producer.
AB  - Thalassobius mediterraneus is the type species of the genus Thalassobius and a
      member of the Roseobacter clade, an abundant representative of marine bacteria.
      T. mediterraneus XSM19(T) (= CECT 5383(T)) was isolated from the Western
      Mediterranean coast near Valencia (Spain) in 1989. We present here the draft
      genome sequence and annotation of this strain (ENA/DDBJ/NCBI accession number
      CYSF00000000), which is comprised of 3,431,658 bp distributed in 19 contigs and
      encodes 10 rRNA genes, 51 tRNA genes and 3276 protein coding genes. Relevant
      findings are commented, including the complete set of genes required for poly
      beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthesis and genes related to degradation of aromatic
      compounds. 

PMID- 26981417
TI  - MIF inhibition reverts the gene expression profile of human melanoma cell line
      induced MDSCs to normal monocytes.
AB  - Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are potently immunosuppressive innate
      immune cells that accumulate in advanced cancer patients and actively inhibit
      anti-tumor T lymphocyte responses [1]. Increased numbers of circulating MDSCs
      directly correlate with melanoma patient morbidity and reduced anti-tumor immune
      responses [2], [3]. Previous studies have revealed that monocyte-derived
      macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is necessary for the immune
      suppressive function of MDSCs in mouse models of melanoma [4], [5]. To
      investigate whether MIF participates in human melanoma-induced MDSC
      differentiation and/or suppressive function, we have established an in vitro MDSC
      induction model using primary, normal human monocytes co-cultured with human
      melanoma cell lines in the presence or absence of the MIF antagonist-4-IPP [4],
      [6], [7], [8], [9]. To identify potential mechanistic effectors, we have
      performed transcriptome analyses on cultured monocytes and on melanoma-induced
      MDSCs obtained from either untreated or 4-IPP-treated A375:monocyte co-cultures.
      Here, we present a detailed protocol, which can facilitate easy reproduction of
      the microarray results (NCBI GEO accession number GSE73333) published by
      Yaddanapudi et al. (2015) in Cancer Immunology Research [10]. 

PMID- 26981418
TI  - Draft genome sequence of strain MC1A, a UV-resistant bacterium isolated from dry
      soil in Puerto Rico.
AB  - We report here the draft genome sequence of a novel UV-resistant bacterium
      isolated from dry soil on the south coast of Puerto Rico. Based on polyphasic
      taxonomy, strain MC1A represents a new species and the name Solirubrum
      puertoriconensis is proposed. Assembly was performed using NGEN Assembler into
      eight contigs (N50 = 1,292,788), the largest of which included 1,549,887 bp. The
      draft genome consists of 4,810,875 bp and has a GC content of 58.7%. Several
      genes related to DNA repair and UV resistance were found. The Whole Genome
      Shotgun project is available at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession
      LNAL00000000. 

PMID- 26981419
TI  - Genome sequencing and annotation of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis (MDR-TB) PR10 strain.
AB  - Here, we report the draft genome sequence and annotation of a multidrug resistant
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain PR10 (MDR-TB PR10) isolated from a patient
      diagnosed with tuberculosis. The size of the draft genome MDR-TB PR10 is 4.34 Mbp
      with 65.6% of G + C content and consists of 4637 predicted genes. The
      determinants were categorized by RAST into 400 subsystems with 4286 coding
      sequences and 50 RNAs. The whole genome shotgun project has been deposited at
      DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number CP010968. 

PMID- 26981420
TI  - Genome-wide RNA-seq and ChIP-seq reveal Linc-YY1 function in regulating YY1/PRC2
      activity during skeletal myogenesis.
AB  - Little is known how lincRNAs are involved in skeletal myogenesis. Here we
      describe the discovery and functional annotation of Linc-YY1, a novel lincRNA
      originating from the promoter of the transcription factor (TF) Yin Yang 1 (YY1).
      Starting from whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (a.k.a. RNA-seq) data from
      muscle C2C12 cells, a series of bioinformatics analysis was applied towards the
      identification of hundreds of high-confidence novel lincRNAs. Genome-wide
      approaches were then employed to demonstrate that Linc-YY1 functions to promote
      myogenesis through associating with YY1 and regulating YY1/PRC2 transcriptional
      activity in trans. Here we describe the details of the ChIP-seq, RNA-seq
      experiments, and data analysis procedures associated with the study published by
      Zhou and colleagues in the Nature Communications Journal in 2015 Zhou et al.
      (2015) [1]. The data was deposited on NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO,
      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) with accession number GSE74049. 

PMID- 26981421
TI  - Genome-wide analysis of KAP1, the 7SK snRNP complex, and RNA polymerase II.
AB  - The transition of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) from transcription initiation into
      productive elongation in eukaryotic cells is regulated by the P-TEFb kinase,
      which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of paused Pol II at promoter-proximal
      regions. Our recent study found that P-TEFb (in an inhibited state bound to the
      7SK snRNP complex) interacts with the KAP1/TRIM28 transcriptional regulator, and
      that KAP1 and the 7SK snRNP co-occupy most gene promoters containing paused Pol
      II. Here we provide a detailed experimental description and analysis of the ChIP
      seq datasets that have been deposited into Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO):
      GS72622, so that independent groups can replicate and expand upon these findings.
      We propose these datasets would provide valuable information for researchers
      studying mechanisms of transcriptional regulation including Pol II pausing and
      pause release. 

PMID- 26981422
TI  - Transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis gene expression in response to varying
      micronutrient zinc supply.
AB  - Deficiency of the micronutrient zinc is a widespread condition in agricultural
      soils, causing a negative impact on crop quality and yield. Nevertheless, there
      is an insufficient knowledge on the regulatory and molecular mechanisms
      underlying the plant response to inadequate zinc nutrition [1]. This information
      should contribute to the development of plant-based solutions with improved
      nutrient-use-efficiency traits in crops. Previously, the transcription factors
      bZIP19 and bZIP23 were identified as essential regulators of the response to zinc
      deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana [2]. A microarray experiment comparing gene
      expression between roots of wild-type and the mutant bzip19 bzip23, exposed to
      zinc deficiency, led to the identification of differentially expressed genes
      related with zinc homeostasis, namely its transport and plant internal
      translocation [2]. Here, we provide the detailed methodology, bioinformatics
      analysis and quality controls related to the microarray gene expression profiling
      published by Assuncao and co-workers [2]. Most significantly, the present dataset
      comprises new experimental variables, including analysis of shoot tissue, and
      zinc sufficiency and excess supply. Thus, it expands from 8 to 42 microarrays
      hybridizations, which have been deposited at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)
      under the accession number GSE77286. Overall, it provides a resource for research
      on the molecular basis and regulatory events of the plant response to zinc
      supply, emphasizing the importance of Arabidopsis bZIP19 and bZIP23 transcription
      factors. 

PMID- 26981423
TI  - Draft genome sequence of Diaporthe aspalathi isolate MS-SSC91, a fungus causing
      stem canker in soybean.
AB  - Diaporthe aspalathi (Syn. Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis) is the causal
      agent of the southern stem canker (SSC) disease in soybean. This disease can kill
      plants from the middle to the end of the growing season resulting in severe yield
      loss. The mechanisms of SSC disease development and pathogen invasion of soybean
      are not fully understood. The genome sequence of D. aspalathi has not been
      described. In this article, we report the successful assembly of the draft genome
      sequence of a D. aspalathi isolate, designated MS-SSC91, that was isolated from
      the stem of a field-grown soybean plant in Mississippi, USA in 2006. This study
      represents the first reported genome sequence of D. aspalathi in the Diaporthe
      Phomopsis complex. The whole genome shotgun sequence of the MS-SSC91 isolate has
      been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession LJJS00000000 and the
      sequences could be found at the site
      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCA_001447215.1/. The MS-SSC91 genome
      sequences will provide information on the genetic basis of fungal infection of
      the soybean stem. It is valuable for studying soybean-fungal interactions and
      developing new control strategies for this pathogen. 

PMID- 26981424
TI  - Identification of Tox chromatin binding properties and downstream targets by
      DamID-Seq.
AB  - In recent years, DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID) has emerged
      as a powerful tool to profile protein-DNA interaction on a genome-wide scale.
      While DamID has been primarily combined with microarray analyses, which limits
      the spatial resolution and full potential of this technique, our group was the
      first to combine DamID with sequencing (DamID-Seq) for characterizing the binding
      loci and properties of a transcription factor (Tox) (sequencing data available at
      NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus under the accession number GSE64240). Our approach
      was based on the combination and optimization of several bioinformatics tools
      that are here described in detail. Analysis of Tox proximity to transcriptional
      start sites, profiling on enhancers and binding motif has allowed us to identify
      this transcription factor as an important new regulator of neural stem cells
      differentiation and newborn neurons maturation during mouse cortical development.
      Here we provide a valuable resource to study the role of Tox as a novel key
      determinant of mammalian somatic stem cells during development of the nervous and
      lymphatic system, in which this factor is known to be active, and describe a
      useful pipeline to perform DamID-Seq analyses for any other transcription factor.

PMID- 26981425
TI  - Analysis of telomerase target gene expression effects from murine models in
      patient cohorts by homology translation and random survival forest modeling.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive and rapidly fatal blood cancer that
      affects patients of any age group. Despite an initial response to standard
      chemotherapy, most patients relapse and this relapse is mediated by leukemia stem
      cell (LSC) populations. We identified a functional requirement for telomerase in
      sustaining LSC populations in murine models of AML and validated this requirement
      using an inhibitor of telomerase in human AML. Here, we describe in detail the
      contents, quality control and methods of the gene expression analysis used in the
      published study (Gene Expression Omnibus GSE63242). Additionally, we provide
      annotated gene lists of telomerase regulated genes in AML and R code snippets to
      access and analyze the data used in the original manuscript. 

PMID- 26981426
TI  - Microarray analysis of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) bark following challenge
      by the sucking insect Hemiberlesia lataniae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae).
AB  - Both commercial and experimental genotypes of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) exhibit
      large differences in response to insect pests. An understanding of the vine's
      physiological response to insect feeding and its genetic basis will be important
      in assisting the development of varieties with acceptable levels of pest
      resistance. This experiment describes transcriptome changes observed in the bark
      of kiwifruit 2 and 7 days after the commencement of feeding by the armored scale
      insect pest, Hemiberlesia lataniae. Using a cDNA microarray consisting of 17,512
      unigenes, we measured transcriptome changes and analyzed these into functional
      ontology categories using MapMan. Results are available in the GEO database
      GSE73922 and are described fully in Ref. Hill et al. (2015) [1]. After 7 days,
      transcripts associated with photosynthesis were down-regulated and secondary
      metabolism was up-regulated. Differential expression of transcripts associated
      with stress response was consistent with a defense response involving both
      effector and herbivore-triggered immunities, with predominant involvement of the
      salicylic acid phytohormonal pathway. This hypothesis was supported by the
      results of two laboratory experiments. The methods described here could be
      further adapted and applied to the study of plant responses to a wide range of
      sessile sucking pests. 

PMID- 26981427
TI  - Draft genome sequence of Halorubrum tropicale strain V5, a novel halophilic
      archaeon isolated from the solar salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico.
AB  - The genus Halorubrum is a member of the family Halobacteriaceae which currently
      has the highest number of described species (31) of all the haloarchaea. Here we
      report the draft genome sequence of strain V5, a new species within this genus
      that was isolated from the solar salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. Assembly was
      performed and rendered the genome into 17 contigs (N50 = 515,834 bp), the largest
      of which contains 1,031,026 bp. The genome consists of 3.57 MB in length with G +
      C content of 67.6%. In general, the genome includes 4 rRNAs, 52 tRNAs, and 3246
      protein-coding sequences. The NCBI accession number for this genome is
      LIST00000000 and the strain deposit number is CECT9000. 

PMID- 26981428
TI  - Draft genome of Haloarcula rubripromontorii strain SL3, a novel halophilic
      archaeon isolated from the solar salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico.
AB  - The genus Haloarcula belongs to the family Halobacteriaceae which currently has
      10 valid species. Here we report the draft genome sequence of strain SL3, a new
      species within this genus, isolated from the Solar Salterns of Cabo Rojo, Puerto
      Rico. Genome assembly performed using NGEN Assembler resulted in 18 contigs (N50
      = 601,911 bp), the largest of which contains 1,023,775 bp. The genome consists of
      3.97 MB and has a GC content of 61.97%. Like all species of Haloarcula, the
      genome encodes heterogeneous copies of the small subunit ribosomal RNA. In
      addition, the genome includes 6 rRNAs, 48 tRNAs, and 3797 protein coding
      sequences. Several carbohydrate-active enzymes genes were found, as well as
      enzymes involved in the dihydroxyacetone processing pathway which are not found
      in other Haloarcula species. The NCBI accession number for this genome is
      LIUF00000000 and the strain deposit number is CECT9001. 

PMID- 26981429
TI  - Transcriptional analysis of antiviral small molecule therapeutics as agonists of
      the RLR pathway.
AB  - The recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern
      recognition receptors (PRR) during viral infection initiates the induction of
      antiviral signaling pathways, including activation of the Interferon Regulator
      Factor 3 (IRF3). We identified small molecule compounds that activate IRF3
      through MAVS, thereby inhibiting infection by viruses of the families
      Flaviviridae (West Nile virus, dengue virus and hepatitis C virus), Filoviridae
      (Ebola virus), Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A virus), Arenaviridae (Lassa virus)
      and Paramyxoviridae (respiratory syncytial virus, Nipah virus) (1). In this
      study, we tested a lead compound along with medicinal chemistry-derived analogs
      to compare the gene transcriptional profiles induced by these molecules to that
      of other known MAVS-dependent IRF3 agonists. Transcriptional analysis of these
      small molecules revealed the induction of specific antiviral genes and identified
      a novel module of host driven immune regulated genes that suppress infection of a
      range of RNA viruses. Microarray data can be found in Gene Expression Omnibus
      (GSE74047). 

PMID- 26981430
TI  - Differential RNA-seq analysis comparing APC-defective and APC-restored SW480
      colorectal cancer cells.
AB  - The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumour suppressor gene is mutated in about
      80% of colorectal cancers (CRC) Brannon et al. (2014) [1]. APC is a large
      multifunctional protein that regulates many biological functions including Wnt
      signalling (through the regulation of beta-catenin stability) Reya and Clevers
      (2005) [2], cell migration Kroboth et al. (2007), Sansom et al. (2004) [3], [4],
      mitosis Kaplan et al. (2001) [5], cell adhesion Faux et al. (2004), Carothers et
      al. (2001) [6], [7] and differentiation Sansom et al. (2004) [4]. Although the
      role of APC in CRC is often described as the deregulation of Wnt signalling, its
      other biological functions suggest that there are other factors at play that
      contribute to the onset of adenomas and the progression of CRC upon the
      truncation of APC. To identify genes and pathways that are dysregulated as a
      consequence of loss of function of APC, we compared the gene expression profiles
      of the APC mutated human CRC cell line SW480 following reintroduction of wild
      type APC (SW480 + APC) or empty control vector (SW480 + vector control) Faux et
      al. (2004) . Here we describe the RNA-seq data derived for three biological
      replicates of parental SW480, SW480 + vector control and SW480 + APC cells, and
      present the bioinformatics pipeline used to test for differential gene expression
      and pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 1735 genes showed significant
      differential expression when APC was restored and were enriched for genes
      associated with cell polarity, Wnt signalling and the epithelial to mesenchymal
      transition. There was additional enrichment for genes involved in cell-cell
      adhesion, cell-matrix junctions, angiogenesis, axon morphogenesis and cell
      movement. The raw and analysed RNA-seq data have been deposited in the Gene
      Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under accession number GSE76307. This dataset
      is useful for further investigations of the impact of APC mutation on the
      properties of colorectal cancer cells. 

PMID- 26981432
TI  - Whole-genome sequence of Clostridium lituseburense L74, isolated from the larval
      gut of the rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus.
AB  - Clostridium lituseburense L74 was isolated from the larval gut of the rhinoceros
      beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus collected in Yeong-dong, Chuncheongbuk-do, South
      Korea and subjected to whole genome sequencing on HiSeq platform and annotated on
      RAST. The nucleotide sequence of this genome was deposited into DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank
      under the accession NZ_LITJ00000000. 

PMID- 26981431
TI  - Genome-wide analysis of TIAR RNA ligands in mouse macrophages before and after
      LPS stimulation.
AB  - TIA-1 related protein (TIAR) is a RNA-binding protein involved in several steps
      of gene expression such as RNA splicing Aznarez et al. (2008) [1] and translation
      Piecyk et al. (2000) [2]. TIAR contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs)
      allowing its interaction with specific sequences localized in the untranslated
      regions (UTRs) of several mRNAs. In myeloid cells, TIAR has been shown to bind
      and regulate the translation and stability of various mRNA-encoding proteins
      important for the inflammatory response, such as TNFalpha Piecyk et al. (2000),
      Gueydan et al. (1999) [2], [3], Cox-2 Cok et al. (2003) [4] or IL-8 Suswam et al.
      (2005) [5]. Here, we generated two macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cell lines
      expressing either a tagged full-length TIAR protein or a RRM2-truncated mutant
      unable to bind RNA with high affinity Dember et al. (1996), Kim et al. (2013) .
      By a combination of RNA-IP and microarray analysis (RIP-chip), we identified
      mRNAs specifically bound by the full-length protein both in basal conditions and
      in response to LPS (GSE77577). 

PMID- 26981433
TI  - Optimization of gene expression microarray protocol for formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded tissues.
AB  - Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is a widely available clinical
      specimen for retrospective studies. The possibility of long-term clinical follow
      up of FFPE samples makes them a valuable source to evaluate links between
      molecular and clinical information. Working with FFPE samples in the molecular
      research area, especially using high-throughput molecular techniques such as
      microarray gene expression profiling, has come into prominence. Because of the
      harmful effects of formalin fixation process such as degradation of nucleic
      acids, cross-linking with proteins, and chemical modifications on DNA and RNA,
      there are some limitations in gene expression profiling studies using FFPE
      samples. To date many studies have been conducted to evaluate gene expression
      profiling using microarrays (Thomas et al., Thomas et al. (2013) [1]; Scicchitano
      et al., Scicchitano et al. (2006) [2]; Frank et al., Frank et al. (2007) [3];
      Fedorowicz et al., Fedorowicz et al. (2009) [4]). However, there is still no
      generally accepted, efficient and standardized procedure for microarray analysis
      of FFPE samples. This paper describes the microarray data presented in our
      recently accepted to be published article showing a standard protocol from
      deparaffinization of FFPE tissue sections and RNA extraction to microarray gene
      expression analysis. Here we represent our data in detail, deposited in the gene
      expression omnibus (GEO) database with the accession number GSE73883. Four
      combinations of two different cRNA/cDNA preparation and labeling protocols with
      two different array platforms (Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 and
      U133_X3P) were evaluated to determine which combination gives the best percentage
      of present call. The study presents a dataset for comparative analysis which has
      a potential in terms of providing a robust protocol for gene expression profiling
      with FFPE tissue samples. 

PMID- 26981434
TI  - Next generation sequencing (NGS) database for tandem repeats with multiple
      pattern 2 degrees -shaft multicore string matching.
AB  - Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have been rapidly applied in
      biomedical and biological research in recent years. To provide the comprehensive
      NGS resource for the research, in this paper , we have considered 10
      loci/codi/repeats TAGA, TCAT, GAAT, AGAT, AGAA, GATA, TATC, CTTT, TCTG and TCTA.
      Then we developed the NGS Tandem Repeat Database (TandemRepeatDB) for all the
      chromosomes of Homo sapiens, Callithrix jacchus, Chlorocebus sabaeus, Gorilla
      gorilla, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Nomascus leucogenys, Pan
      troglodytes, Papio anubis and Pongo abelii genome data sets for all those locis.
      We find the successive occurence frequency for all the above 10 SSR (simple
      sequence repeats) in the above genome data sets on a chromosome-by-chromosome
      basis with multiple pattern 2 degrees  shaft multicore string matching. 

PMID- 26981435
TI  - Invert emulsion: Method of preparation and application as proper formulation of
      entomopathogenic fungi.
AB  - The present article describes the technique used for preparing the invert
      emulsion (water-in-oil type) then, selecting the most proper formulation of
      invert emulsion for being used as a carrier formulation of entomopathogenic
      fungi. It also describes the method used for testing the efficacy of the
      formulated fungi as biocontrol agents of targeted insects. Detailed examples
      demonstrating the efficacy of formulated strains of entomopathogenic fungi
      against certain species of insect pests were included in the present article. The
      techniques and methods described in this article are reproducible and helpful in
      enhancing the effectiveness of formulated fungi against wide range of targeted
      insects in comparison with the unformulated form of these fungi. Also, these
      techniques and methods can be used effectively in crop protection and in the
      integrated pest management programs. Finally, it is important to indicate that
      the ingredients used for preparation of the invert emulsion have no environmental
      side-effects or health risks since these ingredients are safe to use and can be
      used in manufacturing of cosmetics or as food additives.*Description of method
      used for preparation of invert emulsion (water-in-oil type) and selecting the
      most stable and non-viscous emulsion.*Description of technique used for
      introducing the entomopathogenic fungi into the selected stable and non-viscous
      invert emulsion.*Description of method for testing the efficacy of introduced
      entomopathogenic fungus into the selected invert emulsion against targeted
      insects with detailed examples on the efficacy testing. 

PMID- 26981437
TI  - Major comorbid disease processes associated with increased incidence of acute
      kidney injury.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly seen amongst critically ill and
      hospitalized patients. Individuals with certain co-morbid diseases have an
      increased risk of developing AKI. Thus, recognizing the co-morbidities that
      predispose patients to AKI is important in AKI prevention and treatment. Some of
      the most common co-morbid disease processes that increase the risk of AKI are
      diabetes, cancer, cardiac surgery and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This review article identifies the increased
      risk of acquiring AKI with given co-morbid diseases. Furthermore, the
      pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AKI in relation to co-morbid diseases
      are discussed to understand how the risk of acquiring AKI is increased. This
      paper reviews the effects of various co-morbid diseases including: Diabetes,
      cancer, cardiovascular disease and HIV AIDS, which all exhibit a significant
      increased risk of developing AKI. Amongst these co-morbid diseases, inflammation,
      the use of nephrotoxic agents, and hypoperfusion to the kidneys have been shown
      to be major pathological processes that predisposes individuals to AKI. The
      pathogenesis of kidney injury is complex, however, effective treatment of the co
      morbid disease processes may reduce its risk. Therefore, improved management of
      co-morbid diseases may prevent some of the underlying pathology that contributes
      to the increased risk of developing AKI. 

PMID- 26981438
TI  - Health literacy in kidney disease: Review of the literature and implications for
      clinical practice.
AB  - Health literacy is the capacity of an individual to understand information
      related to a disease in order to make an informed decision. In patients with
      kidney diseases, studies have reported increasing impact of limited health
      literacy on health outcomes. Our paper discusses current literature on health
      literacy in kidney diseases. 

PMID- 26981439
TI  - Proton-pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia: Current research and proposed
      mechanisms.
AB  - Since the early reports nearly a decade ago, proton-pump inhibitor-induced
      hypomagnesemia (PPIH) has become a well-recognized phenomenon. While many
      observational studies in the inpatient and outpatient populations have confirmed
      the association of PPI exposure and serum magnesium concentrations, there are no
      prospective, controlled studies to support causation. Molecular mechanisms of
      magnesium transporters, including the pH-dependent regulation of transient
      receptor potential melastatin-6 transporters in the colonic enterocyte, have been
      proposed to explain the effect of PPIs on magnesium reabsorption, but may be a
      small part of a more complicated interplay of molecular biology, pharmacology,
      and genetic predisposition. This review explores the current state of research in
      the field of PPIH and the proposed mechanisms of this effect. 

PMID- 26981436
TI  - Extracellular vesicles as mediators of vascular inflammation in kidney disease.
AB  - Vascular inflammation is a common cause of renal impairment and a major cause of
      morbidity and mortality of patients with kidney disease. Current studies
      consistently show an increase of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in acute vasculitis
      and in patients with atherosclerosis. Recent research has elucidated mechanisms
      that mediate vascular wall leukocyte accumulation and differentiation. This
      review addresses the role of EVs in this process. Part one of this review
      addresses functional roles of EVs in renal vasculitis. Most published data
      address anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis and
      indicate that the number of EVs, mostly of platelet origin, is increased in
      active disease. EVs generated from neutrophils by activation by ANCA can
      contribute to vessel damage. While EVs are also elevated in other types of
      autoimmune vasculitis with renal involvement such as systemic lupus
      erythematodes, functional consequences beyond intravascular thrombosis remain to
      be established. In typical hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to infection with
      shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, EV numbers are elevated and contribute to
      toxin distribution into the vascular wall. Part two addresses mechanisms how EVs
      modulate vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis, a process that is aggravated
      in uremia. Elevated numbers of circulating endothelial EVs were associated with
      atherosclerotic complications in a number of studies in patients with and without
      kidney disease. Uremic endothelial EVs are defective in induction of vascular
      relaxation. Neutrophil adhesion and transmigration and intravascular thrombus
      formation are critically modulated by EVs, a process that is amenable to
      therapeutic interventions. EVs can enhance monocyte adhesion to the endothelium
      and modulate macrophage differentiation and cytokine production with major
      influence on the local inflammatory milieu in the plaque. They significantly
      influence lipid phagocytosis and antigen presentation by mononuclear phagocytes.
      Finally, platelet, erythrocyte and monocyte EVs cooperate in shaping adaptive T
      cell immunity. Future research is needed to define changes in uremic EVs and
      their differential effects on inflammatory leukocytes in the vessel wall. 

PMID- 26981440
TI  - Upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Paradigm shift towards nephron sparing
      management.
AB  - Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is relatively rare compared to urothelial
      carcinoma of the lower tract, comprising only 5%-10% of all urothelial cancers.
      Although both entities share histologic properties, UTUC tends to be more
      invasive at diagnosis and portend a worse prognosis, with a 5 year overall
      mortality of 23%. To date, the gold standard management of UTUC has been radical
      nephroureterectomy (RNU), with nephron sparing techniques reserved for solitary
      kidneys or cases where the patient could not tolerate radical surgery. Limited
      data from these series, as well as select series where nephron-sparing endoscopic
      management has been offered to a broader patient base, suggest that minimally
      invasive, nephron sparing techniques can offer comparable oncologic and survival
      outcomes to RNU in appropriately selected patients. We review the current
      literature on the topic and discuss long term outcomes and sequelae of the gold
      standard treatment, RNU. We also discuss the oncologic outcomes of minimally
      invasive, endoscopic management of UTUC. Our goal is to provide the reader a
      comprehensive overview of the current state of the field in order to inform and
      guide their treatment decisions. 

PMID- 26981441
TI  - Cooling dialysate during in-center hemodialysis: Beneficial and deleterious
      effects.
AB  - The use of cooled dialysate temperatures first came about in the early 1980s as a
      way to curb the incidence of intradialytic hypotension (IDH). IDH was then, and
      it remains today, the most common complication affecting chronic hemodialysis
      patients. It decreases quality of life on dialysis and is an independent risk
      factor for mortality. Cooling dialysate was first employed as a technique to
      incite peripheral vasoconstriction on dialysis and in turn reduce the incidence
      of intradialytic hypotension. Although it has become a common practice amongst in
      center hemodialysis units, cooled dialysate results in up to 70% of patients
      feeling cold while on dialysis and some even experience shivering. Over the
      years, various studies have been performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of
      cooled dialysate in comparison to a standard, more thermoneutral dialysate
      temperature of 37  degrees C. Although these studies are limited by small sample
      size, they are promising in many aspects. They demonstrated that cooled dialysis
      is safe and equally efficacious as thermoneutral dialysis. Although patients
      report feeling cold on dialysis, they also report increased energy and an
      improvement in their overall health following cooled dialysis. They established
      that cooling dialysate temperatures improves hemodynamic tolerability during and
      after hemodialysis, even in patients prone to IDH, and does so without adversely
      affecting dialysis adequacy. Cooled dialysis also reduces the incidence of IDH
      and has a protective effect over major organs including the heart and brain.
      Finally, it is an inexpensive measure that decreases economic burden by reducing
      necessary nursing intervention for issues that arise on hemodialysis such as IDH.
      Before cooled dialysate becomes standard of care for patients on chronic
      hemodialysis, larger studies with longer follow-up periods will need to take
      place to confirm the encouraging outcomes mentioned here. 

PMID- 26981443
TI  - Sentinel lymph node biopsy in renal malignancy: The past, present and future.
AB  - Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is now an established technique in penile and
      pelvic cancers, resulting in a lower mortality and morbidity when compared with
      the traditional lymph node dissection. In renal cancer however, despite some
      early successes for the SLNB technique, paucity of data remains a problem, thus
      lymph node dissection and extended lymph node dissection remain the management of
      choice in clinically node positive patients, with surveillance of lymph nodes in
      those who are clinically node negative. SLNB is a rapidly evolving technique and
      the introduction of new techniques such as near infra-red fluorescence optical
      imaging agents and positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans, may
      improve sensitivity. Evidence in support of this has already been recorded in
      bladder and prostate cancer. Although the lack of large multi-centre studies and
      issues around false negativity currently prevent its widespread use, with
      evolving techniques improving accuracy and the support of large-scale studies,
      SLNB does have the potential to become an integral part of staging in renal
      malignancy. 

PMID- 26981442
TI  - Use of percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteral stenting in management of ureteral
      obstruction.
AB  - The management options for ureteral obstruction are diverse, including retrograde
      ureteral stent insertion or antegrade nephrostomy placement, with or without
      eventual antegrade stent insertion. There is currently no consensus on the ideal
      treatment or treatment pathway for ureteral obstruction owing, in part, to the
      varied etiologies of obstruction and diversity of institutional practices.
      Additionally, different clinicians such as internists, urologists, oncologists
      and radiologists are often involved in the care of patients with ureteral
      obstruction and may have differing opinions concerning the best management
      strategy. The purpose of this manuscript was to review available literature that
      compares percutaneous nephrostomy placement vs ureteral stenting in the
      management of ureteral obstruction from both benign and malignant etiologies. 

PMID- 26981444
TI  - Experimental models of renal calcium stones in rodents.
AB  - In human nephrolithiasis, most stones are containing calcium and are located
      within urinary cavities; they may contain monohydrate calcium oxalate, dihydrate
      calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphates in various proportion. Nephrolithiasis
      may also be associated with nephrocalcinosis, i.e., crystal depositions in
      tubular lumen and/or interstitium, an entity which suggests specific pathological
      processes. Several rodents models have been developed in order to study the
      pathophysiology of intrarenal crystal formation. We review here calcium rodent
      models classified upon the presence of nephrolithiasis and/or nephrocalcinosis.
      As rodents are not prone to nephrolithiasis, models require the induction of a
      long standing hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria (thus explaining the very few
      studies reported), conversely to nephrocalcinosis which may occur within hours or
      days. Whereas a nephrotoxicity leading to tubular injury and regeneration appears
      as a critical event for crystal retention in nephrocalcinosis models,
      surprisingly very little is known about the physiopathology of crystal attachment
      to urothelium in nephrolithiasis. Creating new models of nephrolithiasis
      especially in different genetic mice strains appears an important challenge in
      order to unravel the early mechanisms of urinary stone formation in papilla and
      fornices. 

PMID- 26981445
TI  - How botulinum toxin in neurogenic detrusor overactivity can reduce upper urinary
      tract damage?
AB  - Intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin are the cornerstone of medical
      treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity. The primary aim of this treatment
      is to ensure a low pressure regimen in the urinary bladder, but the mechanisms
      leading to long-term protection of the urinary tract remain poorly understood. In
      this paper, we highlight the potential benefits of intradetrusor injections of
      botulinum toxin regarding local effects on the bladder structures, urinary tract
      infections, stone disease, vesico ureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, renal function
      based on a comprehensive literature review. 

PMID- 26981446
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinase-2 as a superior biomarker for peritoneal deterioration
      in peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the efficacy of effluent biomarkers for peritoneal
      deterioration with functional decline in peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: From
      January 2005 to March 2013, the subjects included 218 PD patients with end-stage
      renal disease at 18 centers. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), interleukin-6
      (IL-6), hyaluronan, and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) in peritoneal effluent were
      quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peritoneal solute transport
      rate was assessed by peritoneal equilibration test (PET) to estimate peritoneal
      deterioration. RESULTS: The ratio of the effluent level of creatinine (Cr)
      obtained 4 h after injection (D) to that of plasma was correlated with the
      effluent levels of MMP-2 (rho = 0.74, P < 0.001), IL-6 (rho = 0.46, P < 0.001),
      and hyaluronan (rho = 0.27, P < 0.001), but not CA125 (rho = 0.13, P = 0.051).
      The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for the effluent levels of
      MMP-2, IL-6, and hyaluronan against high PET category were 0.90, 0.78, 0.62, and
      0.51, respectively. No patient developed new-onset encapsulating peritoneal
      sclerosis for at least 1.5 years after peritoneal effluent sampling. CONCLUSION:
      The effluent MMP-2 level most closely reflected peritoneal solute transport rate.
      MMP-2 can be a reliable indicator of peritoneal deterioration with functional
      decline.

PMID- 26981447
TI  - Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Brunei Darussalam.
AB  - AIM: To determine epidemiology of Bruneian paediatric chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) patients and factors that affect growth and progression of disease.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted on all children below 18 years old who
      were diagnosed with CKD over a ten year period (2004 to 2013). The reference
      population was all children (< 18 years old) suffering from CKD and attending the
      tertiary paediatric nephrology clinic in Brunei Darussalam. Demographic (current
      age, age of diagnosis, gender, ethnicity), anthropometric (weight and height),
      diagnosis, laboratory data (serum creatinine and haemoglobin, urinalysis) and
      blood pressure were extracted from the patients' clinical case notes and recorded
      using a data collection form. RESULTS: The study revealed a high national
      prevalence [736 per million child population (pmcp)] and incidence (91 pcmp) of
      CKD. If CKD was defined at Stage 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, the associated prevalence
      figures were 736, 132, 83, 50 and 33 pmcp. Glomerulonephritis accounted for 69%
      of all prevalent cases, followed by congenital abnormalities of kidney and
      urinary tract (20%) and tubulointerstitial diseases (8%). Minimal change disease
      being the most common histological diagnosis. The median age of diagnosis was 4.5
      years, with congenital disease patients experiencing an earlier onset of
      diagnosis. A large proportion of patients were below the 5% percentile for height
      and weight. Non-glomerular diseases, adolescent and female patients were
      significantly associated with poor growth, but not glomerular filtration rate,
      age of diagnosis or steroid usage. CONCLUSION: Brunei has a high prevalence of
      chronic kidney disease in the paediatric population with glomerulonephritis being
      the most common disease.

PMID- 26981448
TI  - Comamonas testosteroni-associated peritonitis in a pediatric peritoneal dialysis
      patient.
AB  - Comamonas testosteroni (C. testosteroni) has been rarely observed as an
      infectious agent in clinical practice. Few reports described its potential
      pathogenicity in bloodstream and abdominal infections. Here, we report our
      experience in the treatment of a C. testosteroni-associated peritonitis in a four
      year-old girl receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). The organism was shown
      to be highly susceptible to appropriate antibiotic therapy. Infection responded
      promptly and the patient was managed conservatively without withdrawal from PD. 

PMID- 26981449
TI  - Comparison of dual energy subtraction chest radiography and traditional chest X
      rays in the detection of pulmonary nodules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dual energy subtraction (DES) radiography is a powerful but
      underutilized technique which aims to improve the diagnostic value of an X-ray by
      separating soft tissue from bones, producing two different images. Compared to
      traditional chest X-rays, DES requires exposure to higher doses of radiation but
      may achieve higher accuracy. The objective of this study was to assess the
      clinical benefits of DES radiography by comparing the speed and accuracy of
      diagnosis of pulmonary nodules with DES versus traditional chest X-rays. METHODS:
      Five radiologists and five radiology residents read the DES and traditional chest
      X-rays of 51 patients, 34 with pulmonary nodules and 17 without. Their accuracy
      and speed in the detection of nodules were measured using specialized image
      display software. RESULTS: DES radiography reduced reading time from 13 to 10 sec
      (P<0.0001) in staff and from 21 to 15 sec in residents (P<0.0001). There was also
      a small increase in sensitivity 0.58 to 0.67 overall (P<0.10) with no change in
      specificity (0.85 overall). CONCLUSIONS: By eliminating rib shadows in soft
      tissue images, DES improved the speed and accuracy of radiologists in the
      diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.

PMID- 26981450
TI  - Role of quantitative computed tomography texture analysis in the differentiation
      of primary lung cancer and granulomatous nodules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Texture analysis is a computer tool that enables quantification of
      gray-level patterns, pixel interrelationships, and spectral properties of an
      image. It can enhance visual methods of image analysis. Primary lung cancer and
      granulomatous nodules have identical CT imaging features. The purpose of this
      study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of CT texture analysis in
      differentiating lung cancer and granulomas. METHODS: This retrospective study
      evaluated 55 patients with primary lung cancer and granulomatous nodules who had
      contrast-enhanced (CE) and/or non-contrast-enhanced (NCE) CT within 3 months of
      biopsy. Textural features were extracted from 61 nodules. Mann-Whitney U tests
      were used to compare values for nodules. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      curves were constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) calculated with
      histopathology as outcome. Combinations of features were entered as predictors in
      logistic regression models and optimal threshold criteria were used to estimate
      sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: The model generated by sum of squares, sum
      difference, and sum entropy features for NCE CT yielded 88% sensitivity and 92%
      specificity (AUC =0.90+/-0.06, P<0.0001). For nodules with fluorodeoxyglucose
      positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT, sensitivity for detection of lung
      cancer was 79.2% (CI: 57.8-92.9%), specificity was 38.5% (CI: 13.9-68.4%) and
      accuracy was 64.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative CT texture analysis has the
      potential to differentiate primary lung cancer and granulomatous lesions.

PMID- 26981451
TI  - Lung nodule segmentation in chest computed tomography using a novel background
      estimation method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung cancer results in the highest number of cancer deaths worldwide.
      The segmentation of lung nodules is an important task in computer systems to help
      physicians differentiate malignant lesions from benign lesions. However, it has
      already been observed that this may be a difficult task, especially when nodules
      are connected to an anatomical structure. METHODS: This paper proposes a method
      to estimate the background of the nodule area and how this estimation is used to
      facilitate the segmentation task. RESULTS: Our experiments indicate more than 99%
      of accuracy with less than 1% of false positive rate (FPR). CONCLUSIONS: The
      proposed methods achieved better results than a state-of-the-art approach,
      indicating potential to be used in medical image processing systems.

PMID- 26981452
TI  - Arterial input function placement effect on computed tomography lung perfusion
      maps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A critical source of variability in dynamic perfusion computed
      tomography (DPCT) is the arterial input function (AIF). However, the impact of
      the AIF location in lung DPCT has not been investigated yet. The purpose of this
      study is to determine whether the location of the AIF within the central
      pulmonary arteries influences the accuracy of lung DPCT maps. METHODS: A total of
      54 lung DPCT scans were performed in three pigs using different rates and volumes
      of iodinated contrast media. Pulmonary blood flow (PBF) perfusion maps were
      generated using first-pass kinetics in three different AIF locations: the main
      pulmonary trunk (PT), the right main (RM) and the left main (LM) pulmonary
      arteries. A total of 162 time density curves (TDCs) and corresponding PBF
      perfusion maps were generated. Linear regression and Spearman's rank correlation
      coefficient were used to compare the TDCs. PBF perfusion maps were compared
      quantitatively by taking twenty six regions of interest throughout the lung
      parenchyma. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean PBF values
      among the three AIF locations. Two chest radiologists performed qualitative
      assessment of the perfusion maps using a 3-point scale to determine regions of
      perfusion mismatch. RESULTS: The linear regression of the TDCs from the RM and LM
      compared to the PT had a median (range) of 1.01 (0.98-1.03). The Spearman rank
      correlation between the TDCs was 0.88 (P<0.05). ANOVA analysis of the perfusion
      maps demonstrated no statistical difference (P>0.05). Qualitative comparison of
      the perfusion maps resulted in scores of 1 and 2, demonstrating either identical
      or comparable maps with no significant difference in perfusion defects between
      the different AIF locations. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate PBF perfusion maps can be
      generated with the AIF located either at the PT, RM or LM pulmonary arteries.

PMID- 26981453
TI  - The use of isodose levels to interpret radiation induced lung injury: a
      quantitative analysis of computed tomography changes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for
      lung cancer are often found to have radiation-induced lung injury (RILI)
      surrounding the treated tumor. We investigated whether treatment isodose levels
      could predict RILI. METHODS: Thirty-seven lung lesions in 32 patients were
      treated with SBRT and received post-treatment follow up (FU) computed tomography
      (CT). Each CT was fused with the original simulation CT and treatment isodose
      levels were overlaid. The RILI surrounding the treated lesion was contoured. The
      RILI extension index [fibrosis extension index (FEI)] was defined as the volume
      of RILI extending outside a given isodose level relative to the total volume of
      RILI and was expressed as a percentage. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed
      that the planning target volume (PTV) was positively correlated with RILI volume
      at FU: correlation coefficient (CC) =0.628 and P<0.0001 at 1(st) FU; CE =0.401
      and P=0.021 at 2(nd) FU; CE =0.265 and P=0.306 at 3(rd) FU. FEI -40 Gy at 1(st)
      FU was significantly positively correlated with FEI -40 Gy at subsequent FU's (CC
      =0.689 and P=6.5*10(-5) comparing 1(st) and 2(nd) FU; 0.901 and P=0.020 comparing
      2(nd) and 3(rd) FU. Ninety-six percent of the RILI was found within the 20 Gy
      isodose line. Sixty-five percent of patients were found to have a decrease in
      RILI on the second 2(nd) CT. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that RILI evolves over
      time and 1(st) CT correlates well with subsequent CTs. Ninety-six percent of the
      RILI can be found to occur within the 20 Gy isodose lines, which may prove
      beneficial to radiologists attempting to distinguish recurrence vs. RILI.

PMID- 26981454
TI  - T1 characteristics of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis on 3T MRI-a predictor of
      early interstitial change?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is routinely used for diagnosis and
      characterisation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The technique however
      has limited sensitivity in detection and monitoring of early fibrotic changes.
      The aim of this study was to evaluate T1 characteristics in the radiologically
      diseased lung parenchyma in IPF patient compared to apparently normal parenchyma
      in both interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients and healthy volunteers and to
      investigate the feasibility of the technique in prediction of early fibrotic lung
      changes that may not be visible on CT. METHODS: Ten patients with IPF underwent
      high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      on the same day of attendance. 3T MRI was repeated in seven patients with IPF to
      test the reproducibility of results. The control group included healthy
      volunteers (n=10). A modified look-locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) sequence
      (124*192 acquisition matrix; 8 mm slice) was performed during a 15-20 s
      breathhold in a single slice. The position of MR slice was pre-selected where
      there was CT evidence of normal and fibrotic lung. MOLLI imaging was performed
      prior to the contrast administration, and at 15, 25, 30 and 35 min post
      Gadolinium. The imaging data were then processed with a curve-fitting technique
      to estimate T1 values. T1 values of the apparent fibrotic and normal lung in IPF
      patients and normal lung were compared. RESULTS: Fibrotic lung had a higher pre
      contrast T1 than either morphologically normal lung in ILD patients or control
      lung (P=0.02) in healthy volunteers (1309+/-123, 1069+/-71, and 1011+/-172 ms,
      respectively). Morphologically normal lung T1 and control lung T1 were not
      significantly different pre-contrast, however, at 10 min after administration of
      Gadolinium, control lung had a significantly shorter T1 than either fibrotic or
      morphologically normal lung (494+/-34, 670+/-63, and 619+/-41 ms, respectively;
      P=0.001). T1 for fibrotic lung continued to decrease until 20 min after contrast
      agent administration (P<=0.0001), whereas morphologically normal lung T1 did not
      significantly change after 10 min (P>0.3). This indicates delayed uptake of
      contrast agent in the fibrotic lung compared with morphologically normal lung.
      CONCLUSIONS: T1 mapping of patients with IPF at 3T is feasible and demonstrates a
      significant difference between fibrotic lung tissue and morphologically normal
      lung tissue both before Gadolinium administration and at 10 min delayed post
      contrast images. The technique is able to evaluate early fibrosis in patients
      with apparently morphologically normal lung.

PMID- 26981455
TI  - Quantitative volumetric assessment of pulmonary involvement in patients with
      systemic sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for assessing
      interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). In
      this study, we performed a quantitative calculation of ILD severity by examining
      the lung volume of SSc patients. METHODS: The present study was performed
      retrospectively on 38 patients with SSc who were referred to our clinic. Patients
      were divided into two groups based on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT):
      patients with ILD and patients without ILD.The percentage of lower lobe volume
      (PLLV) was calculated using HRCT. In addition, we evaluated the PLLV in all
      patients according to age, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
      (DLCO) and spirometric findings, and assessed the relationships among these
      factors. RESULTS: PLLV of the right lung in patients with ILD was reduced when
      compared with patients without ILD (P=0.041). The PLLV of the right lung in
      patients with ILD was negatively correlated with age and forced vital capacity
      (FVC; P=0.01 and P=0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The PLLV of the right lung
      may decrease in SSc patients with ILD. In these patients, the PLLV may be a
      quantitative parameter indicating damage in the lung.

PMID- 26981456
TI  - Differentiating inflamed and normal lungs by the apparent reaction rate constants
      of lactate dehydrogenase probed by hyperpolarized (13)C labeled pyruvate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinically translatable hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C-NMR can probe in
      vivo enzymatic reactions, e.g., lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-catalyzed reaction by
      injecting HP (13)C-pyruvate into the subject, which is converted to (13)C labeled
      lactate by the enzyme. Parameters such as (13)C-lactate signals and lactate-to
      pyruvate signal ratio are commonly used for analyzing the HP (13)C-NMR data.
      However, the biochemical/biological meaning of these parameters remains either
      unclear or dependent on experimental settings. It is preferable to quantify the
      reaction rate constants with a clearer physical meaning. Here we report the
      extraction of the kinetic parameters of the LDH reaction from HP (13)C-NMR data
      and investigate if they can be potential predictors of lung inflammation.
      METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (12 controls, 14 treated) were used. One dose
      of bleomycin (2.5 U/kg) was administered intratracheally to the treatment group.
      The lungs were removed, perfused, and observed by the HP-NMR technique, where a
      HyperSense dynamic nuclear polarization system was used to generate the HP (13)C
      pyruvate for injecting into the lungs. A 20 mm (1)H/(13)C dual-tuned coil in a
      9.4-T Varian vertical bore NMR spectrometer was employed to acquire the (13)C
      spectral data every 1 s over a time period of 300 s using a non-selective, 15
      degree radiofrequency pulse. The apparent rate constants of the LDH reaction and
      their ratio were quantified by applying ratiometric fitting analysis to the time
      series data of (13)C labeled pyruvate and lactate. RESULTS: The apparent forward
      rate constant kp =(3.67+/-3.31)*10(-4) s(-1), reverse rate constant kl =(4.95+/
      2.90)*10(-2) s(-1), rate constant ratio kp /kl =(7.53+/-5.75)*10(-3) for the
      control lungs; kp =(11.71+/-4.35)*10(-4) s(-1), kl =(9.89+/-3.89)*10(-2) s(-1),
      and kp /kl =(12.39+/-4.18)*10(-3) for the inflamed lungs at the 7(th) day post
      treatment. Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed that the medians of these kinetic
      parameters of the 7-day cohort were significantly larger than those of the
      control cohort (P<0.001, P=0.001, and P=0.019, respectively). The rate constants
      of individual lungs correlated significantly with the histology scores of
      neutrophils and organizing pneumonia foci but not macrophages. Both kp and kp /kl
      positively correlated with lactate labeling signals. No correlation was found
      between kl and lactate labeling signals. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate
      bleomycin-induced lung inflammation significantly increased both the forward and
      reverse reaction rate constants of LDH and their ratio at day-7 after bleomycin
      treatment.

PMID- 26981457
TI  - (1)H-MR imaging of the lungs at 3.0 T.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One disadvantage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the inability
      to adequately image the lungs. Recent advances in hyperpolarized gas technology
      [e.g., helium-3 ((3)He) and xenon-129 ((129)Xe)] have changed this. However, the
      required technology is expensive and often needing extra physics or engineering
      staff. Hence there is considerable interest in developing (1)H (proton)-based MRI
      approaches that can be readily implemented on standard clinical systems. Thus,
      the purpose of this work was to compare a newly developed free breathing proton
      based MR lung imaging method to that of a standard gadolinium (Gd) based
      perfusion approach. METHODS: Healthy volunteers [10] were scanned using a 3-T MRI
      with 8 parallel receivers, and a cardiac gated fast spin echo (FSE) sequence.
      Acquisition was cardiac triggered, with different time delays incremented to
      cover the entire cardiac cycle. Image k-space was filled rectilinearly. But to
      reduce motion artefacts k-space was retrospectively sorted using the minimal
      variance algorithm (MVA), based on physiologic data recorded from both the
      respiratory bellows and electrocardiogram (ECG). Resorted and reconstructed FSE
      images were compared to contrast enhanced lung images, obtained following
      intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA-BMA. RESULTS: Biphasic variation in FSE lung
      signal intensity was observed across the cardiac cycle with a maximal signal
      change following rapid cardiac ejection (between S and T waves), and following
      rapid isovolumetric relaxation. A difference image between systolic and diastolic
      states in the cardiac cycle resulted in images with improved lung contrast to
      noise ratio (CNR). FSE image intensity was uniform over lung parenchyma while Gd
      based enhancement of spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) images showed
      gravitational dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Here we show how 1H-MR images of lung can
      be obtained during free breathing. The image contrast obtained during this
      approach is likely the result of flow and oxygen modulation during the cardiac
      cycle. This free breathing method provides lung images comparable to those
      obtained using Gd-enhancement. Besides having the advantage of free breathing,
      this approach doesn't require any Gd-contrast or suffer from methodological
      problems associated with perfusion (e.g., poor bolus timing). However, as
      gravitational differences typically observed in lung perfusion are not visible
      with this method it is not providing exclusive microvascular perfusion
      information.

PMID- 26981458
TI  - Quantitative computed tomography imaging of airway remodeling in severe asthma.
AB  - Asthma is a heterogeneous condition and approximately 5-10% of asthmatic subjects
      have severe disease associated with structure changes of the airways (airway
      remodeling) that may develop over time or shortly after onset of disease.
      Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) imaging of the tracheobronchial tree and
      lung parenchyma has improved during the last 10 years, and has enabled
      investigators to study the large airway architecture in detail and assess
      indirectly the small airway structure. In severe asthmatics, morphologic changes
      in large airways, quantitatively assessed using 2D-3D airway registration and
      recent algorithms, are characterized by airway wall thickening, luminal narrowing
      and bronchial stenoses. Extent of expiratory gas trapping, quantitatively
      assessed using lung densitometry, may be used to assess indirectly small airway
      remodeling. Investigators have used these quantitative imaging techniques in
      order to attempt severity grading of asthma, and to identify clusters of
      asthmatic patients that differ in morphologic and functional characteristics.
      Although standardization of image analysis procedures needs to be improved, the
      identification of remodeling pattern in various phenotypes of severe asthma and
      the ability to relate airway structures to important clinical outcomes should
      help target treatment more effectively. 

PMID- 26981460
TI  - Complications of facial rejuvenation surgery.

PMID- 26981459
TI  - AME survey-003 A2: on the attractiveness of an medicine career in current China
      with a survey of 7,508 medical professionals and 443 non-medical professionals.
AB  - This is a part of the study of AME survey-003, aiming to understand the
      motivation and attractiveness of a career in medicine in China. The surveys were
      conducted on DXY platform with 3,564 medical professionals during October 26 to
      November 20; on Sojump platform with 1,587 medical professionals during October
      28 to December 14, and 443 non-medical professionals during November 15 to
      December, all in 2015. Similar to our previous result, the not regretted
      participants vs. regretted participants (N/Y) ratio was 1.1 (P<0.01), and there
      was no significant difference in N/Y ratio between male and female medical
      professionals. Medical professionals working in class-IIIA hospitals, small
      township hospitals, or primary care clinics had a relatively higher job
      satisfaction than those in hospitals of other classes, while lecturer-level
      attending doctors (zhuzhi yishi) had a relatively lower job satisfaction than
      doctors of other grades. A large portion of respondents who replied they
      regretted entered medical profession said they would still like to be in this
      profession if they could be in their preferred hospital class and specialty.
      Public health and basic science research staff, anesthesiologists, oncologists
      had a relatively higher job satisfaction, while accident and emergency
      physicians, nurses, and pediatricians had a relatively lower job satisfaction.
      Medical professionals in Yunnan and Gansu ranked consistently high in job
      satisfaction than other provinces; despite they were not in the economically
      advanced regions in China. Similar to our previous result, the majority of the
      participants favored China to open up medical market to qualified foreign medical
      organizations to take part in fair competition, as well as favor the government
      to support regulated private hospitals. Pooled data of 7,508 medical
      professionals with data from AME survey-003 A1 included showed medicine was the
      top career choice among medical professionals' children (104/508, 20.5%),
      followed by finance and economics (74/508, 14.4%), and then electronic
      engineering or computer science (67/508, 13.2%). Among the 443 non-medical
      professionals, 122 have children who are attending university or have graduated,
      12 (9.8%, 12/122) of them are pursuing a career in medicine. For the 100 non
      medical professional parents whose children did not study medicine and if a
      choice could be given to them to start again, 60 parents (54.5%) replied they
      would support their children to study medicine. Our results consistently show
      medicine remained an attractive profession in China. 

PMID- 26981461
TI  - The use of distraction osteogenesis in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

PMID- 26981462
TI  - Perpendicular serial maxillary distraction osteogenesis in cleft lip and palate
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cleft lip and palate patients often have a retruded maxilla with a
      severely narrowed deficient maxillary arch. This report aims to describe the
      management of severe maxillary retrusion and constriction in cleft lip and palate
      patients using distraction osteogenesis applied in serial sequence in two
      directions perpendicular to each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two adult male
      cleft lip and palate patients were treated with maxillary distraction
      osteogenesis in two stages. In the first stage, surgically assisted rapid palatal
      expansion with a tooth-borne device was performed to significantly expand the
      maxillary arch in the transverse dimension. After the teeth were orthodontically
      aligned, the horizontal distraction of the maxilla was made by two internal
      maxillary distraction devices. RESULTS: In the first patient, the maxilla was
      initially widened by 11 mm and then distracted forward by 20 mm. Despite the
      breakage of the shaft of one of the two distractors at the end of distraction, a
      satisfactory occlusion was found at the time of distractor device removal. The
      maxillary position has remained stable through 8 years of follow-up. In the
      second patient, the palate was widened by 14 mm and the maxilla was distracted
      forward by 22 mm. The maxillary position has remained stable through 3 years of
      follow-up. CONCLUSION: Sequential serial distraction of maxilla in two planes
      perpendicular to each other is a safe and stable approach for the treatment of
      cleft lip and palate patients with severe transverse and anteroposterior
      discrepancies.

PMID- 26981463
TI  - Arthroscopic lysis and lavage for internal derangement of the temporomandibular
      joint.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a valuable
      diagnostic and therapeutic tool for various intra-articular disorders, especially
      internal derangement (ID) of the TMJ. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and
      safety of a standardized arthroscopic procedure for the treatment of two stages
      of ID; early/intermediate stage and intermediate/late stage. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 78 patients (99 joints)
      treated by arthroscopic lysis and lavage in the authors' department during a 5
      year period. Patients were diagnosed preoperatively as suffering from ID of the
      TMJ. The results were stratified according to the stage of ID. Three outcome
      variables were used to assess efficacy of treatment: Maximal interincisal opening
      (MIO), level of pain on a visual analog scale (VAS), and frequency of
      intermittent locking episodes. In addition, complications were reported. RESULTS:
      Mean MIO of the group of patients with intermediate/late stage ID increased from
      27 +/- 4.7 mm preoperatively to 38 +/- 5.4 mm postoperatively (P < 0.0001). For
      the group of patients with early/intermediate stage ID, mean MIO did not change
      significantly after arthroscopy (39.1 +/- 6.2 mm compared to 41.4 +/- 5 mm, P =
      0.06), however, subjective evaluation of pain on a VAS decreased from 7.2 +/- 1.2
      preoperatively to 3.4 +/- 2.2 postoperatively (P < 0.0001), and 80% of the
      patients (25 of 31) denied experiencing intermittent locking episodes after
      treatment (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic lysis and lavage is a safe and
      effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of both mild and advanced stages
      of ID.

PMID- 26981464
TI  - Two stage ear/microtia reconstruction using costal cartilage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of Grade III microtia is a challenging entity in
      maxillofacial esthetic rehabilitation. Several advocacies and philosophies exist
      in this field. The aim of the manuscript is to present a single South Indian
      Experience with Ear reconstruction among South Indian Population. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Retrospective analysis of unilateral Grade III microtia reconstruction
      was performed. Using a set of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the
      population was selected. Outcome measures in terms of the ear size,
      auriculocephalic angle, and the conchal depth were measured in the reconstructed
      and normal side. Descriptive statistics is presented. RESULTS: Twenty-four
      patients formed the study group and had undergone the classical two-stage
      reconstruction in a similar fashion. The mean ear size in normal side was 65.8 +/
      2.8 mm whereas on the reconstructed side, it was 61.3 +/- 5.8 mm. The center's
      technique achieved above 75% similarity as that of the other normal ear. The mean
      auriculocephalic angle was 44.6 +/- 5.2 degrees  whereas for the surgically
      reconstructed ear, it was 41.9 +/- 2.6 degrees . Overall, in these patients, we
      achieved a 79.94% similarity of auriculocephalic angle in the reconstructed ear
      as compared to the normal auricle. The conchal depth was 19.2 +/- 2.1 mm and 16.6
      +/- 1.9 mm for normal and reconstructed ear, respectively. In terms of conchal
      depth, the present study group showed an achievement of 82.88% of accuracy even
      after a prolonged follow-up. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The center employs a
      classic two stage reconstruction with a customized prosthesis that helps to avoid
      the loss of projection geometry and minimizes adhesion, infection, and early loss
      of structural stability.

PMID- 26981465
TI  - Retrospective analysis of etiology and comorbid diseases associated with Ludwig's
      Angina.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ludwig's angina (LA) still presents regularly at our tertiary
      academic hospital. Various etiologies and comorbid diseases are documented
      worldwide, but the South African population has not been studied. AIM: To
      establish whether LA cases presenting to the department are different from
      international reports regarding etiology and comorbidities. SETTINGS AND DESIGN:
      Retrospective analysis of patients presenting with LA to a tertiary hospital.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: 93 patients were included over a 5-year period. Archived
      files were analyzed for data including age, gender, comorbid diseases, etiology,
      airway management, and season on admission. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive
      statistics with the inclusion of frequency distributions. RESULTS: 93 patients
      were included; 65 (69.9%) male and 28 (30.1%) female; age - minimum 20 years,
      maximum 75 years, mean 40.366. ETIOLOGY: 68 (73.1%) odontogenic, 13 (14%)
      nonodontogenic, and 12 (12.9%) unknown cause. Comorbid diseases: 21 (22.6%)
      diabetes mellitus (DM), 19 (20.4%) hypertension, and 18 (19.4%) human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Airway management: 61 (65.6%) tracheostomy and 32
      (34.4%) nonsurgical. COMPLICATIONS: 11 (11.8%) deaths, 8 (8.60%) descending
      mediastinitis, and 7 (7.53%) necrotizing fasciitis. Seasonal occurrence: 30
      (32.3%) spring, 24 (25.8%) winter, 22 (23.7%) summer, and 17 (18.3%) autumn.
      CONCLUSION: A 2.32:1 ratio male: female presentation mirrors previous statistics.
      DM patients had increased risks of complications, which resulted in multiple
      deaths. HIV patients showed increased risks for complications with more intense,
      longer hospital stays, but lower percentages of deaths compared to patients with
      DM and complications who died. There was no statistically significant finding
      regarding seasonal tendency.

PMID- 26981466
TI  - Posteriorly based lateral tongue flap for reconstruction of large palatal
      alveolar fistulas in cleft patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Large palatal fistula in cleft patients is a difficult situation,
      especially with previous multiple surgeries, which have led to severe scars in
      the palatal mucosa. Tongue flaps are useful aids in such situations. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Seven cleft patients who were reconstructed by posteriorly based
      lateral tongue flap between 2005 and 2012 were studied. Variables such as flap
      ability to close the fistula, remaining tongue shape at least 1 year after
      operation, and speech improvement (patients' self-assessment) were evaluated.
      RESULTS: Age range of the patients was 14-45 years. The male-to-female ratio was
      2/7. Posteriorly based lateral tongue flap effectively closed the large fistula
      in 6/7 of patients. The largest dimensions of fistula closed by this flap was 5
      cm * 1.5 cm. Follow-up of 2-7 years showed that the tongue never returned to the
      original size and remained asymmetrical. In addition, the nasal speech did not
      improve dramatically after the closure of large palatal/alveolar fistulas in this
      age group. CONCLUSION: Posteriorly based lateral tongue flap is an effective
      method to solve the problem of large palatal fistulas in adult cleft patients.
      The most useful indication for this flap is a large longitudinal palatal fistula,
      extending to the alveolar process. Asymmetrical tongue shape after surgery is the
      rule and speech improvement depends on patient's age and location of fistula.

PMID- 26981467
TI  - The use of Buccal fat pad free graft in regenerative treatment of peri
      implantitis: A new and predictable technique.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Peri-implantitis is a common condition, but no particular treatment
      protocol has shown to be definitively effective. Fat tissue in the oral cavity is
      widely available and easily accessed. The aim of the current study is to present
      a novel technique in the treatment of peri-implant lesions, utilizing a free fat
      tissue graft from the buccal fat pad (BFP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Free fat graft
      (FFG) was harvested from the BFP in eight patients and used with bone substitutes
      to regenerate 22 peri-implant lesions. Mechanical debridement of the implants
      surface and the granulation tissue were made with curettes or with Er: YAG laser.
      Clinical parameters such as plaque index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth,
      gingival recession, and the clinical attachment level were recorded as a baseline
      during the follow-up period. In addition, radiological evaluation was made
      preoperative during the follow-up period. RESULTS: The donor site of the free fat
      graft was healed without cosmetic defect in all patients. Twenty-two peri-implant
      lesions were followed up for 12 months. Bleeding on probing and the pocket depth
      were significantly improved, and the clinical attachment level was achieved and
      maintained during the follow-up period due to the fibrous healing of the free fat
      graft. Satisfactory esthetic and functional outcomes of the treated implants were
      achieved and maintained. CONCLUSIONS: Free buccal fat graft heals by fibrosis.
      The fibrotic tissue adheres strongly to the implant surface and with stand the
      recurrence of the peri-implant lesion and provides stable and predictable
      outcome.

PMID- 26981468
TI  - Perspectives of patients about bioabsorbable internal fixation for maxillofacial
      fractures.
AB  - PURPOSE: Resorbable/bioabsorbable internal fixation provides effective treatment
      for maxillofacial fractures and avoids the need for metal hardware removal. We
      evaluated the initial knowledge, attitudes, subjective demand, and treatment
      satisfaction of patients concerning bioabsorbable osteofixation for maxillofacial
      trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2007 to October 2009, there were 71
      patients (63 males and 8 females; mean age: 35 +/- 15 years) included in this
      prospective study. The patients completed preoperative and postoperative (4-6
      weeks and 1 year) questionnaires. RESULTS: After receiving information, 70
      patients (99%) preferred resorbable/bioabsorbable bone fixation, usually because
      they preferred to avoid a second operation to remove metal hardware (67 patients
      [94%]). The higher cost of resorbable/bioabsorbable bone fixation was believed
      and justified by 41 patients (58%) and not justified by 30 patients (42%). No
      adverse events were reported by 27 of 34 patients (79%) at 4-6 weeks and by 14 of
      21 patients (67%) at 1 year after surgery. Most patients were very satisfied with
      the outcome of surgery. CONCLUSION: Patients who have maxillofacial trauma have a
      high frequency of preference and high satisfaction with resorbable/bioabsorbable
      than metal osteofixation. Literature review showed increased activity in research
      and publication worldwide about resorbable bone fixation, suggesting that there
      may be increased patient demand for resorbable bone fixation in the future.

PMID- 26981469
TI  - Reconstruction in oral malignancy: Factors affecting morbidity of various
      procedures.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: (1) To study the age and sex distribution of patient with
      oral malignancies. (2) To analyze various types of surgery performed. (3)
      Evaluation of reconstruction and factors affecting complications and its relation
      to the type of reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of oral malignancies,
      undergoing surgery for the same in Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG
      Institute, Indore from the period from October 1, 2012, to March 31, 2015.
      RESULTS: Out of analysis of 111 cases of oral malignancy, 31 (27.9%) cases were
      in the fifth decade of life with male to female ratio 1.9:1. The commonest site
      of cancer was buccal mucosa. Forty-seven cases (43.2%) were in stage IVa.
      Diabetes was the most common co-morbidity reported, accounting for 53.9% of cases
      with reported morbidity. Tobacco chewing was the common entity in personal
      habits. All the cases underwent neck dissection along with resection of the
      primary. Hemimandibulectomy was the most preferred form of primary resection
      accounting for 53.15% (59 cases), followed by wide resection of primary 27% (30
      cases). Pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap only was the most common
      reconstruction across the study population. PMMC alone accounted for 38.7% (43
      cases). The infection rate was 16.21%. PMMC alone accounted for 5 out of 18
      (27.8%) of total infection rate, and 4.5% of the total study population. PMMC +
      deltopectoral accounted for 5 out of 18 (27.8%) of total infection rate, and 4.5%
      of the total study population. CONCLUSION: PMMC is a major workhorse for
      reconstruction with better functional outcome and acceptance among operated
      patients.

PMID- 26981470
TI  - Evaluation of inorganic bovine bone graft in periodontal defects after third
      molar surgery.
AB  - AIM: This study evaluated the e cacy of inorganic bovine bone graft (IBB) in
      periodontal defect after mandibular third molar (3M) surgery. METHODS: The
      authors conducted a split-mouth, prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo
      controlled clinical trial involving 20 participants with a mean age of 21.60 +/-
      6.5 years who had symmetrical bilateral lower 3M randomly assigned to receive IBB
      or left empty (blooding clot). The clinical variables studied were probing depth
      and clinical attachment level (CAL) at preoperative and postoperative periods of
      10, 30, and 60 days. Radiographic measures included the distance from the
      alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction and the bone density at 30 and
      60 days postsurgical procedure. For statistical analysis, we used the paired t
      test at a level of signi cance of 5%. RESULTS: It was observed a reduction in
      pocket depth and CAL in both groups, but IBB did not provide better results than
      blooding clot (P > 0.05). On the other hand, IBB group showed an increased in the
      bone density, and a decrease in the periodontal defect on the distal surface of
      second molar (2M) after 30 and 60 days of surgery compared to the control group
      (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of inorganic bone graft (GenOx) did not enhance
      the probing depth after 3M removal. Although the radiographic ndings have showed
      an increase in bone density and a decrease in the periodontal defect on the
      distal surface of the 2M, we cannot recommend the use of IBB as a treatment for
      periodontal defect prevention after 3M removal.

PMID- 26981472
TI  - Two-dimensional morphometric analysis of young Asian females to determine
      attractiveness.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Attractive people do not seem to consistently possess such ideal
      characteristics or share common features. There is no general consensus about the
      linear and angular characteristics that discriminate between attractive and
      normal persons. AIM: This study determines how young Asian women considered to be
      attractive differ in their twodimensional facial characteristics from normal
      women of the same age and race. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frontal and lateral
      photographs of 70 young Asian females were taken under standardized setting and
      were given to 15 judges who did not know the subjects in the study, to rate the
      attractiveness of each photograph. All 70 photographs were arranged in descending
      order of their total score by all the judges and were classified into three
      groups. Three angular, 8 linear measurements, and 3 ratios were compared between
      these groups. RESULTS: This study showed that most attractive group had least
      convex face, larger forehead, and wider faces. Conversely, the middle facial
      height was larger in the least attractive group. The ratio of middle third to
      total face of the most attractive group is higher than the average attractive
      ones. The ratio of lower third to total face of the most attractive group is
      lower than the average attractive ones.

PMID- 26981471
TI  - Facial nerve reconstruction following radical parotidectomy and subtotal
      petrosectomy for advanced malignant parotid neoplasms.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To describe the oncological management and functional outcome of
      patients with advanced parotid malignant tumors undergoing facial nerve
      reconstruction after radical parotidectomy and subtotal petrosectomy. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A combined approach was used to treat advanced stage parotid
      malignancies with intrapetrous involvement of the facial nerve main trunk or
      abutment on the stylomastoid foramen. Patients underwent facial nerve
      rehabilitation with cable graft reconstruction or with static techniques.
      RESULTS: Six patients were included. All patients had Stage IV disease and
      underwent surgical treatment using a combined approach. Three patients underwent
      facial-nerve cable graft technique and three patients underwent static techniques
      to rehabilitate facial nerve function. Five patients received adjuvant treatment
      with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The mean follow-up was 27.5 months, with a
      minimum of 7 months and a maximum of 8 years. Four patients remain disease-free,
      with an overall survival rate of 66%. Among the patients undergoing dynamic
      reconstruction, first signs of recovery were established at 6 months of follow
      up. All patients achieved a House-Brackmann score of III-IV within the first two
      postoperative years. CONCLUSIONS: When possible, facial nerve grafting is the
      preferred method of facial nerve rehabilitation in an advanced stage parotid
      tumors. A multidisciplinary approach allows better functional and oncological
      outcomes.

PMID- 26981474
TI  - Lemierre's syndrome from odontogenic infection: Review of the literature and case
      description.
AB  - Lemierre's syndrome (LS) is a rare potentially fatal sequel of head and neck
      infection, classically described as thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein
      (IJV) with cervical space infection extending into the thorax. Our objective was
      to answer the clinical question: "Does Lemierre syndrome (LS) from odontogenic
      infection differ from nonodontogenic LS in regard to clinical sequence,
      treatment, and survival." We reviewed the literature on the management of LS over
      the last two decades, with a focus on LS from odontogenic infection. Such a case
      is presented in order to portray the clinical sequence. Only 10 cases met the
      inclusion criteria (including the case presented). The recorded data were
      analyzed in comparison to large case series reviewing LS. Our data reflect the
      moderate differences in regard to IJV thrombosis and bacteriogram. There is an
      overall rise in published LS cases in the last 20 years. Odontogenic infection
      leading to LS is scarce, yet with survival rates similar to nonodontogenic LS.
      Repeated surgical interventions and aggressive wide spectrum antibiotic therapy
      remain the treatment of choice. 

PMID- 26981473
TI  - Comparison of platelet rich plasma and synthetic graft material for bone
      regeneration after third molar extraction.
AB  - AIMS: To compare the efficacy of Platelet rich plasma and synthetic graft
      material for bone regeneration after bilateral third molar extraction. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: This study was conducted in 10 patients visiting the outpatient
      department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yenepoya Dental College & Hospital.
      Patients requiring extraction of bilateral mandibular third molars were taken for
      the study. Following extraction, PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma) was placed in one
      extraction socket and synthetic graft material in form granules [combination of
      Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Bioactive glass (BG)] in another extraction socket. The
      patients were assessed for postoperative pain and soft tissue healing.
      Radiological assessment of the extraction site was done at 8, 12 and 16 weeks
      interval to compare the change in bone density in both the sockets. RESULTS: Pain
      was less on PRP site when compared to HA site. Soft tissue evaluation done using
      gingival healing index given by Landry et al showed better healing on PRP site
      when compared to HA site. The evaluation of bone density by radiological
      assessment showed the grey level values calculated at 4 months at the PRP site
      were comparatively higher than HA site. CONCLUSION: The study showed that the
      platelet rich plasma is a better graft material than synthetic graft material in
      terms of soft tissue and bone healing. However a more elaborate study with a
      larger number of clinical cases is very much essential to be more conclusive
      regarding the efficacy of both the materials.

PMID- 26981475
TI  - Palatopharyngeus the missing palatal muscles: Anatomical and physiological
      review.
AB  - The first true anatomical descriptions of the normal anatomy of the palate and
      pharynx were published by Von Luschka in 1868, and then in 1935 anatomist James
      Whillis described pharyngeal sphincter. Later, in 1941 Michael Oldfield noted
      that the muscular elements of the soft palate have a sling-like function.
      Although there have been conflicting descriptions of the role of the
      palatopharyngeus, multiple function such as speech, swallowing, and respiration,
      it could role in all this function. Although, the palatopharyngeus muscle has
      many important functions, but it remains the missing muscle that we need to know
      more about it. 

PMID- 26981476
TI  - The tensor stitch for soft palate closure revisited.
AB  - The tensor veli palatini muscle is involved in opening of the Eustachian tube
      during chewing and swallowing, allowing for equilibration of pressure between the
      middle ear and external environment. In patients with cleft palate, abnormal
      musculature in the region of the cleft results in Eustachian tube dysfunction. A
      palatoplasty with muscle repositioning is advocated to reduce the incidence of
      otitis media, which is a result of this. A special suture is described which can
      be incorporated into a palatoplasty procedure to further reduce the incidence of
      otitis media. This suture is inserted around the tendon of the tensor veli
      palatini muscle bilaterally, and when activated under tension in the midline, it
      results in opening of the Eustachian tube with improved middle ear ventilation.
      This novel suture results in a reduction in the incidence of otitis media due to
      improved middle ear ventilation and reduces tension across the suture margins. 

PMID- 26981477
TI  - Use of templates and self-tapping metal screws for temporary fixation of a
      resorbable plate system.
AB  - Resorbable plate systems combine the benefits of rigid internal fixation with the
      convenience of biodegradation; thus, precluding the need for removal and reducing
      their interference with craniofacial growth. However, in surgeries involving
      maxillofacial bone, when reduction or repositioning of the bone segment is
      inaccurate, refixation and rebending of the plate may be necessary. Here, we
      report using a temporary plate with self-tapping metal screws to avoid repeated
      rebending of the resorbable plate and using additional screws following
      inaccurate fixation in maxillofacial surgeries. 

PMID- 26981478
TI  - Reconstruction of anterior maxillary defect with buccal pad fat after excision of
      melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy.
AB  - This paper highlights a rare case of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
      involving the anterior maxilla in a 3-month-old infant. The tumor was excised
      completely, and the defect was reconstructed with a bilateral buccal pad of fat.
      The patient has been followed for 2 years without any evidence of recurrence. We
      propose that for similar anterior maxillary defects in infants and children, a
      buccal pad of fat can be utilized as an appropriate pedicled flap for coverage
      after tumor resection. 

PMID- 26981479
TI  - A common tumor in an uncommon location: Lipoma of the palate.
AB  - Lipomas are benign mesenchymal neoplasms that originate in mature adipose cells.
      Although rare in the oral cavity, they are mostly seen in the buccal mucosa,
      tongue, and gingiva; those arising from the palate are very rare. We report a
      case of a 42-year-old male patient with a large intraoral swelling that on
      excision was reported as a lipoma. Oral lipomas are rare and those occurring on
      the hard palate are even rarer. Radiological evaluation is warranted for larger
      lesions to know exact extent. Lipoma should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of a palatal swelling. 

PMID- 26981480
TI  - Carcinosarcoma of parotid gland (malignant mixed tumor).
AB  - Salivary gland carcinosarcoma is a rare neoplasm; with a poor prognosis. The most
      common epithelial components are adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma,
      whereas the most common mesenchymal components are chondrosarcoma. It should not
      be confused with the most common carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma, in which the
      epithelial component alone is malignant. This condition might exhibit with a wide
      variety of presentation and symptoms along with associated conditions. We present
      a case of an old patient who presented with a very unusual type clinically with
      confusing presentation which was eventually diagnosed as carsinosarcoma. In
      addition, the literature is reviewed, and the possible clinical signs and
      management of malignant mixed tumor of the salivary gland are briefly discussed. 

PMID- 26981481
TI  - Chondromyxoid fibroma of zygoma in an elderly patient: A rare presentation.
AB  - Chondromyxoid fibroma (CF) is a benign bone tumor of cartilaginous origin and is
      considered the least common of cartilage-derived neoplasms. The lesion's most
      frequent location is in long bones, while involvement of craniofacial skeleton is
      extremely unusual. It generally appears in the second and third decade of life
      and most frequent in men. We present the case of a 68-year-old female with a CF
      of the zygomatic region. The resection of the tumor and reconstruction of the
      defect is described. 

PMID- 26981482
TI  - Application of virtual three-dimensional surgery planning in management of open
      bite with idiopathic condylar resorption.
AB  - This case report describes the successful treatment of an adult patient with
      idiopathic condylar resorption and Class II skeletal open bite malocclusion and
      temporomandibular joint disorder. A segmental Le Fort I bilateral osteotomy,
      ramus increasing length inverted L-osteotomy, and genioplasty combined with
      orthodontic treatment were performed. The treatment plan and surgery was aided by
      three-dimensional medical modeling, and we managed to resolve functional,
      esthetic, and pain concerns to a satisfactory level. 

PMID- 26981483
TI  - Early magnetic resonance imaging control after temporomandibular joint
      arthrocentesis.
AB  - Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lysis and lavage arthrocentesis with
      viscosupplementation are an effective treatment for acute disc displacement (DD)
      without reduction. Clinical success seems to be related to multiple factors
      despite the lack of understanding of its mechanisms. The authors present a case
      report of 17-year-old women with acute open mouth limitation (12 mm), right TMJ
      pain-8/10 visual analog scale, right deviation when opening her mouth. The
      clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis was acute DD without
      reduction of right TMJ. Right TMJ arthrocentesis was purposed to the patient with
      lysis, lavage, and viscosupplementation of the upper joint space. After 5 days, a
      new MRI was performed to confirm upper joint space distension and disc position.
      Clinical improvement was obtained 5 days and 1 month after arthrocentesis. Upper
      joint space increased 6 mm and the disc remained displaced. We report the first
      early TMJ MRI image postoperative, with measurable upper joint space. 

PMID- 26981484
TI  - A case of isolated abducens nerve paralysis in maxillofacial trauma.
AB  - Nervus abducens is a pure motor nerve located in the pons. It retracts the
      eyeball laterally by stimulating rectus lateralis muscle. In case of their
      paralysis, diplopia and restriction in the eye movements while looking sideways,
      are seen. Since the same signs are seen due to the muscle entrapment in blowout
      fractures, its differential diagnosis has importance in terms of the treatment
      protocol and avoiding unnecessary operations. In this article, we present a 22
      year-old male patient who was referred to our department due to the prediagnosis
      of blowout fracture following maxillofacial trauma. However, he was diagnosed
      with abducens nerve paralysis after the consultations and analysis and his
      restriction of movement was resolved via systemic steroid treatment instead of
      unnecessary operation. 

PMID- 26981485
TI  - Blowout fracture-orbital floor reconstruction using costochondral cartilage
      causing pain, warping, and diplopia.
AB  - Orbital floor reconstruction is the most challenging component in the midfacial
      trauma management. Most often owing to the complexity of the fractures, the floor
      reconstruction requires grafts or other substitutes. Literature reveals several
      sources of autogenous sources of such grafts. Though most of the grafts are well
      taken and gives an ideal result, at certain instances, owing to the complex
      nature of the graft, its biochemical nature, reaction to the grafting,
      biochemical response, a reactionary change may result at late stages. The aim of
      this manuscript is to present a rare instance of warping of a costochondral graft
      that was used as a part of the orbital floor reconstruction giving rise to an
      ophthalmic emergency. The situation was immediately diagnosed and successfully
      managed. The situation, structural, and biochemical mechanisms behind such a
      phenomenon are discussed. 

PMID- 26981486
TI  - Treatment outcome with guiding flange prosthesis in hemimandibulectomy patients:
      Case series of three patients.
AB  - There are various indications that may necessitate partial or complete resection
      of the mandible, from trauma to congenital deformities. However, the most
      prevalent indication that requires surgical resection of the mandible along with
      the involved adjacent oral structures is the presence of a locally aggressive
      neoplastic growth. The resultant continuity defect leads to an alteration in the
      range and direction of mandibular movement, impedes clear articulation of
      syllables and cosmetic disfigurement. The role of a prosthodontist is paramount
      in bringing about the restoration of the esthetic and functional dysfunction.
      This article discusses a series of hemimandibulectomy cases wherein mandibular
      deviation was successfully corrected using guide-flange prosthesis. 

PMID- 26981487
TI  - The closure of postpalatoplasty fistula with local turn-down flap.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The three common complications after cleft palate repair are
      velopharyngeal incompetence, delayed maxillary growth, and fistula formation.
      Fistula formation rates are reported 0-76% in the literature. Wider palatal
      defects are more challenging to avoid excess tension, and recent reports suggest
      defects >15 mm have a significantly higher risk of fistula formation. By
      localization, the fistulas are divided into seven groups with Pittsburgh fistula
      classification system (PFCS). The timing of treatment of fistula can vary
      considerably, and a recurrence rate after surgical correction ranges 10-37%.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients with fistula in the hard palate (PFCS-4) in
      size 7-12 mm, between 2010 and 2012, who underwent fistula repair with local turn
      down flap. In two cases, surgery was the first fistula repair and was the second
      repair in one case. The incisions in the frontal and bilateral edges were made
      around the fistula, in the distal side of fistula incision was made 3-5 mm longer
      than fistula size in the oral mucosa, and separate oral and nasal mucosa was
      rendered by organizing flap. This flap was turn-down and closed nasal side of
      fistula. The oral side of fistula was closed with the two-flap procedure by
      Bardach technique. RESULTS: The postoperative wound was covered initially in all
      cases. CONCLUSION: We believe this two layer method for correction big palatal
      fistula is simpler than tongue, and buccal flap and patients need only
      intervention in this case. In addition, this method involves more effective usage
      of mucosal tissues bilaterally for closure on the oral side of the defect.

PMID- 26981488
TI  - A case of laryngeal leiomyosarcoma and review of the literature.
AB  - Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the larynx is a very rare malignancy that originates from
      blood vessel, smooth muscle or from the heterotopic mesenchymal tissue in the
      larynx. The histological diagnosis of LMS depends on the immunohistochemical
      investigation. The case is here presented of an 82-year-old man with shortness of
      breath and hoarseness. Indirect laryngoscopy showed a pedunculated large glottic
      lesion causing airway obstruction. Direct laryngoscopy was performed and biopsies
      were taken. From the pathological examination, the diagnosis of LMS was made.
      This case is presented of laryngeal LMS with the clinical, radiological, and
      histological findings. 

PMID- 26981489
TI  - Multiple keratocystic odontogenic tumors in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
AB  - Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is of particular interest because its
      recurrence rate is high and its behavior is aggressive. Nevoid basal cell
      carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), which is also known as Gorlin syndrome, is a
      hereditary condition characterized by a wide range of developmental abnormalities
      and with a predisposition to neoplasms. These multiple KCOTs have warranted an
      aggressive treatment at the earliest because of the damage and possible
      complications. Recurrence of these lesions is a characteristic feature that has
      to be considered while explaining the prognosis to the patient. Here, we report a
      case of a 14-year-old boy with clinical features of basal cell nevus syndrome and
      multiple KCOTs. In addition to the other common features, congenitally missing
      third molars in all the four quadrants is a feature which has not been previously
      reported in association with NBCCS in Indian patients. 

PMID- 26981490
TI  - Killian's polyp mimicking malignant tumor.
AB  - Killian polyp is predominantly found in children and any sinonasal tumor in
      elderly presenting with epistaxis and pain usually indicates malignant growth
      until proved otherwise. We present an unusual case of Killian polyp in an elderly
      patient that behaved as a malignant tumor. This case report reminded us that
      paranasal sinuses are still dark hollow mysterious cavities, and we should take
      utmost clinical acumen in managing such cases. 

PMID- 26981491
TI  - Variant anatomy of internal jugular vein branching.
AB  - The knowledge of both normal and abnormal anatomy of the veins of the neck is
      important for clinicians performing catheterization and surgeons operating in the
      region of the neck. The presence of such anomalous communications may also be
      important for radiologists performing angiographic and sonographic studies. This
      study presents three cases of variant anatomy in posterior branching and abnormal
      branching of internal jugular vein found during our routine neck dissection. 

PMID- 26981492
TI  - Keutel syndrome: Augmentation of the nose with serial fat grafting.

PMID- 26981493
TI  - Erratum: Developing a visual rating chart for the esthetic outcome of unilateral
      cleft lip and palate repair.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 55 in vol. 5, PMID: 26389035.]. 

PMID- 26981494
TI  - Insomnia and Restless Leg Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis in
      Rafsanjan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep is one of the most fundamental human needs; without any doubt
      sleep is even more essential for sick patients, especially for patients with
      chronic illnesses. Sleep disturbance may lead to anxiety and reduced quality of
      life. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensory-motor disorder accompanied by a
      strong desire to move the legs or other parts of the body, which can cause sleep
      disturbance. Its etiology is unknown, but increased urea and creatinine levels
      before dialysis, iron deficiency due to kidney failure and end-stage renal
      disease (ESRD) are mentioned as causes. OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to
      examine the prevalence of insomnia and restless leg syndrome in patients
      undergoing chronic hemodialysis in Rafsanjan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: In this study we used two questionnaires to evaluate the presence of
      RLS and insomnia in ESRD patients who were undergoing hemodialysis treatment as
      kidney replacement therapy. RESULTS: According to our results, 54.5% of patients
      were diagnosed with RLS, and of those 65.2% and 42.9% were women and men,
      respectively. RLS is seen more often among patients with blood group type A, but
      this result was not statistically significant. There was a statistically
      significant correlation between RLS and a positive family history of RLS, between
      RLS and the number of hemodialysis treatments per week and also between RLS and
      the Insomnia Severity Index. Unlike previous studies, in this study we did not
      find any statistically significant correlation between RLS and biochemical
      factors such as serum iron, TIBC, BUN, creatinine, potassium, calcium and
      phosphorous levels. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of RLS among our patients was
      remarkable and we conclude that all patients who are undergoing hemodialysis
      should be screened for RLS, which can assist in providing proper attention and
      treatment.

PMID- 26981495
TI  - Improving Compliance With a Single Post-Operative Dose of Intravesical
      Chemotherapy After Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Post-operative single dose intravesical chemotherapy (PSDIVC) in
      patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has been shown to reduce
      recurrence rates by up to 39%. However, some studies have suggested poor
      compliance with PSDIVC stating logistical issues and reluctance to give
      chemotherapy prior to histological confirmation as some of the reasons.
      OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse appropriate administration of PSDIVC
      practice in St. Mary's Hospital against European Association of Urology
      guidelines and implement an intervention bundle to improve practice. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: All patients that underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour
      (TURBT) between March 2012 and February 2013 were analysed retrospectively to
      review indication for post-operative chemotherapy, instillation rates and
      limiting factors preventing appropriate instillation. An intervention bundle
      including pre-operative delivery of mitomycin C (MMC) to the theatre suite,
      proforma placed in the operative notes and designated roles for PSDIVC induction
      was introduced to improve instillation and documentation rates. Prospective re
      audit data was collected over six months between July 2013 and December 2013
      following intervention. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients in group A underwent TURBT
      prior to introduction of the intervention bundle. Fifty-four patients had non
      muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which would have been eligible for
      PSDIVC. Fifteen (28% of NMIBC) were administered PSDIVC. Twenty-three (36% of all
      patients) were either given PSDIVC or had a documented contraindication. Thirty
      one patients in group B underwent TURBT following induction of intervention
      bundle. Twelve (50% of NMIBC) patients were given PSDIVC. Twenty-eight (90% of
      all patients) were either given PSDIVC or had a documented contraindication.
      CONCLUSIONS: The intervention bundle prompted increased administration of PSDIVC
      and documentation. Similar centres may benefit from an intervention to improve
      compliance.

PMID- 26981496
TI  - Serum Klotho Levels in Trained Athletes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Klotho is an anti-aging protein that is predominantly secreted by the
      kidneys. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to measure and compare the
      circulating Klotho levels in the serum of trained athletes and in healthy, non
      athlete controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty trained football players were
      enrolled and their serum Klotho levels were measured the morning after their last
      evening exercise training. RESULTS: The plasma free Klotho concentration was
      significantly higher in the athlete group (3.375 +/- 1.48 ng/mL) compared to the
      non-athletes (1.39 +/- 0.43 ng/mL) (P < 0.05). Serum levels of cholesterol,
      triglycerides, calcium, and phosphorus were not significantly different between
      the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Regular aerobic exercise could increase plasma
      Klotho levels, and this could be an explanation for exercise-related anti-aging
      effects.

PMID- 26981497
TI  - Comparison Between Tadalafil Plus Paroxetine and Paroxetine Alone in the
      Treatment of Premature Ejaculation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have investigated the therapeutic role of
      phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in premature ejaculation (PE) used in
      the treatment of erectile dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: In the present research, the
      efficacy of paroxetine alone and paroxetine plus tadalafil was compared in
      patients referred because of premature ejaculation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This
      quasi-experimental study was performed on 100 consecutive 17 to 49-year-old
      potent men with premature ejaculation and without any clear organic disease. All
      patients had lifelong PE with an intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT)
      shorter than 1.5 minutes. Informed consent was obtained from all patients who
      were randomly divided into two groups using a computer-generated random
      tabulation list. In group A, patients received 10 mg paroxetine daily, in
      addition to four hours before planned sexual activity. In group B, 10 mg
      paroxetine was taken daily, plus 10 mg tadalafil one hour before planned sexual
      activity. The duration of the intervention was six months and patients were
      evaluated for IELT three and six months after the beginning of therapy. RESULTS:
      The mean age of patients in groups A and B were 33 +/- 9.6 and 31.2 +/- 9.3
      years, respectively (P = 0.368). The mean number of intercourses were 1.08 +/-
      0.6 and 1.12 +/- 0.6 per week in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.791). Mean
      IELT at the 3-month follow up in groups A and B was 4.5 +/- 1.5 and 5 +/- 2.4
      minutes, respectively (P = 0.285) and at the 6-month follow up was 4.8 +/- 1 and
      5.3 +/- 2 minutes, respectively (P = 0.278). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the
      study show that tadalafil can increase the mean IELT and can be used for
      treatment of premature ejaculation in combination with paroxetine.

PMID- 26981498
TI  - Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Effects of Withania coagulans Extract on Benign
      Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disorder in
      elderly men. Phytotherapy is frequently used to alleviate the symptoms of this
      condition. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the effect of Withania
      coagulans extract (WCE), which is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
      antihyperglycemic, and anti-cancer properties, on testosterone-induced BPH in
      rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were divided into five groups
      (each n = 8): the control group, the untreated BPH group, and three WCE-treated
      groups (WCE250, 500, and 1000). BPH was induced with 3 mg/kg subcutaneous
      injections of testosterone propionate for four weeks. WCE was concomitantly
      administrated by oral gavage. At the end of the induction schedule, the animals
      were sacrificed and their prostate glands were dissected, weighed, and fixed for
      histological examination (H&E and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]
      staining). Half of each sample was prepared for measurement of malondialdehyde
      (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in the prostate. RESULTS: The
      present study revealed that BPH caused elevation of MDA levels, suppression of
      TAC levels, and increased PCNA expression in the prostate gland. Interestingly,
      in a dose-dependent manner, WCE caused decreased MDA levels and increased TAC
      levels in the prostate gland, compared to the untreated BPH group.
      Histopathological examinations showed a reduction in PCNA expression in the
      prostate epithelium of the WCE animals. CONCLUSIONS: W. coagulans inhibits the
      development of BPH can be useful for the treatment of this condition.

PMID- 26981499
TI  - A Comparison of the Progression and Recurrence Risk Index in Non-Muscle-Invasive
      Bladder Tumors Detected by Narrow-Band Imaging Versus White Light Cystoscopy,
      Based on the EORTC Scoring System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, the second most common
      urologic malignancy, is amenable to early diagnosis. This study presents the
      potential prognostic benefit for a less invasive modification to the standard
      endoscopic approach. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk index for the progression
      and recurrence of additional tumors detected with narrow-band imaging (NBI)
      cystoscopy compared to standard white light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy in non
      muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), based on the European organization for
      research and treatment of cancer (EORTC) scoring system. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Patients with NMIBC, who were scheduled for resection between May 2012 and May
      2013, were studied and mapped under NBI and WLI cystoscopy by independent
      surgeons prior to resection. Detection rates and tumor characteristics, including
      EORTC progression and the recurrence risk index, were compared. RESULTS: Fifty
      patients, aged 63.86 +/- 10.05 years, were enrolled. The overall detection rate
      was 98.9% for NBI vs. 89.4% for WLI (P = 0.001), and the false-positive rates
      were 9.6% and 5.8%, respectively (P = 0.051). Ten tumors were detected by NBI
      alone, including four grade I tumors, four grade III tumors, and two carcinomas
      in situ. The tumor progression index was not significantly reduced with NBI
      compared to WLI (P > 0.05); however, the recurrence index was significantly lower
      in the NBI group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NBI cystoscopy improved the detection
      rate. Although false positives were more common with NBI, this was not
      statistically significant. NBI found additional aggressive tumors, which
      underscores the impact of detection in EORTC recurrence risk scoring.

PMID- 26981500
TI  - Could Urinary Tract Infection Cause Female Stress Urinary Incontinence? A
      Clinical Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the most common type of urinary
      incontinence (UI), is usually defined as leakage of urine during movement or
      activity which puts pressure on the bladder, such as coughing, sneezing, running
      or heavy lifting. It is reported in most countries that 15% to 40% of women
      struggle with SUI and its severe implications for daily life, including social
      interactions, sexuality, and psychological wellbeing. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our
      study was to assess the relationship between urinary tract infection and the
      severity of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This
      research was a cross-sectional study conducted in a public urology clinic in
      Tehran. The study population was all females with complaints of SUI who visited
      the clinic during 2014. We compared Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) in two
      groups of patients, with and without history of urinary tract infection (UTI).
      RESULTS: According to the findings of our study, the mean VLPP was 83.10 cm H2O
      in the group with UTI history, and 81.29 cm H2O in those without history of UTI.
      The difference in VLPP between the two groups was not significant (P < 0.05),
      even after controlling for confounding variables including age, body mass index,
      history of hysterectomy and number of deliveries. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not
      confirm a significant relationship between UTI and severity of SUI as measured by
      VLPP. A decisive opinion would require extensive future studies by prospective
      methods.

PMID- 26981501
TI  - Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCV-CI) to Evaluate Obsessive
      Compulsive Disorder in Children With Early Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease: A
      Case Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common medical condition among
      children and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a frequent, chronic, costly,
      and disabling disorder among them. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to
      investigate obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children with early stages of
      CKD, and to compare it with the occurrence of OCD in healthy children. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: In this case-control study, we evaluated 160 children aged 7 to 17
      years old who were visited in the pediatric clinics of Amir-Kabir hospital, Arak,
      Iran. The control group consisted of 80 healthy children and the case group
      included 80 children with Stage 1 to 3 CKD. The ages and sex of the children in
      the two groups were matched. OCD in children was evaluated using the obsessive
      compulsive inventory-child version (OCI-CV). RESULTS: The mean scores of
      doubting/checking (case: 3.52 +/- 2.54, control: 2.5 +/- 2.32, P = 0.007) and
      ordering (case: 2.59 +/- 1.81, control: 1.5 +/- 2.56, P = 0.005) in the children
      with CKD was significantly higher than in the healthy ones. Moreover, the mean
      total scores for the OCI-CV of the children with CKD at 15.32 +/- 7.69 was
      significantly higher than the scores of the healthy ones at 11.12 +/- 2.54 (P =
      0.021). There was a significant correlation between the CKD duration and
      doubting/checking (P = 0.004, correlation coefficient (CC): 0.4), obsessing (P =
      0.06, CC: 0.02), washing (P = 0.031, CC: 0.8), ordering (P = 0.001, CC: 0.2), and
      the total scores of the OCI-CV questionnaire (P = 0.04, CC: 0.4). CONCLUSIONS:
      The risk of OCD in children with CKD is significantly higher than that in healthy
      children. Although the results seem to suggest that psychiatric intervention can
      be helpful in treating OCD in children with CKD, further investigation into the
      medical condition is required so as to obtain more definitive conclusions.

PMID- 26981502
TI  - Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Suppresses Apoptosis and Promotes Renal Tubular
      Regeneration After Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains a major cause of
      acute kidney injury (AKI), in addition to I/R injury-induced tissue inflammation,
      necrosis and apoptosis. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is defined as a treatment
      in which a patient is intermittently exposed to 100% oxygen pressurized to a
      pressure above sea level (> 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA), 1.0 ATA = 760 mmHg).
      It has been used in a number of medical conditions with a proven efficacy in a
      limited number of disorders. However, the effects of HBO therapy on apoptosis and
      proliferative activity after I/R injury have not been fully understood.
      OBJECTIVES: We studied the possible beneficial effects of HBO therapy on
      apoptosis and tubular cell regeneration after renal I/R injury in rats. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into three groups: Sham
      (Sham-operated rats); I/R (animals submitted to I/R); and I/R + HBO (I/R rats
      exposed to HBO). Tubular cell apoptosis was confirmed by DNA laddering and the
      terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine triphosphate nick end
      labeling (TUNEL) assay. Cellular proliferation activity was determined using the
      anti-Ki-67 antibody. RESULTS: A significant decrease in apoptotic cells and
      increase in proliferative reaction were observed in the I/R + HBO group compared
      to the I/R group. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that HBO suppressed apoptosis,
      which caused inflammation after renal I/R, and promoted tubular cell
      regeneration. HBO has protective effects against AKI caused by renal I/R through
      the inhibition of apoptosis.

PMID- 26981503
TI  - Development of an Accident Reproduction Simulator System Using a Hemodialysis
      Extracorporeal Circulation System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accidents that occur during dialysis treatment are notified to the
      medical staff via alarms raised by the dialysis apparatus. Similar to such real
      accidents, apparatus activation or accidents can be reproduced by simulating a
      treatment situation. An alarm that corresponds to such accidents can be utilized
      in the simulation model. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to create an
      extracorporeal circulation system (hereinafter, the circulation system) for
      dialysis machines so that it sets off five types of alarms for: 1) decreased
      arterial pressure, 2) increased arterial pressure, 3) decreased venous pressure,
      4) increased venous pressure, and 5) blood leakage, according to the five types
      of accidents chosen based on their frequency of occurrence and the degree of
      severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to verify the alarm from the dialysis
      apparatus connected to the circulation system and the accident corresponding to
      it, an evaluation of the alarm for its reproducibility of an accident was
      performed under normal treatment circumstances. The method involved testing
      whether the dialysis apparatus raised the desired alarm from the moment of
      control of the circulation system, and measuring the time it took until the
      desired alarm was activated. This was tested on five main models from four
      dialyzer manufacturers that are currently used in Japan. RESULTS: The results of
      the tests demonstrated successful activation of the alarms by the dialysis
      apparatus, which were appropriate for each of the five types of accidents. The
      time between the control of the circulatory system to the alarm signal was as
      follows, 1) venous pressure lower limit alarm: 7 seconds; 2) venous pressure
      lower limit: 8 seconds; 3) venous pressure upper limit: 7 seconds; 4) venous
      pressure lower limit alarm: 2 seconds; and 5) blood leakage alarm: 19 seconds.
      All alarms were set off in under 20 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we can conclude
      that a simulator system using an extracorporeal circulation system can be set to
      different models of dialyzers, and that the reproduced treatment scenarios can be
      used for simulation training.

PMID- 26981504
TI  - Correlation between cyclin D1 expression and standard clinicopathological
      variables in invasive breast cancer in Eastern India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the leading oncogenic threat in South-East Asian
      women showing an inexplicable biological aggressiveness. High expression of
      cyclin D1, a key molecule in breast cancer pathogenesis, has been shown by
      previous studies in the Western world to be associated with favorable tumoral
      characteristics. Apart from determining the correlation between cyclin D1
      expression and standard clinicopathological variables in invasive breast cancer
      in Eastern India, questions that we aimed to answer through this study included:
      Is there a significant regional difference in expression patterns of this
      protein? And if yes, can it possibly account for the epidemiological differences
      in breast cancer occurrence and biological behavior? Finally, is testing for
      overexpression of this protein in regions with limited resources beneficial?
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was carried out on 110 previously
      untreated, female patients with primary breast carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expression
      was determined by immunohistochemistry using specific anti-cyclin D1 monoclonal
      antibodies. RESULTS: Overexpression of cyclin Dl was found in 78 of 110 cases
      (70.9%). High expression of cyclin D1 showed a significant negative correlation
      with tumor size (P = 0.023) and tumor grade (P = 0.045). Estrogen receptor and
      progesterone receptor positive cases showed a significantly positive correlation
      with cyclin D1 overexpression (P = 0.026 and 0.046, respectively). Interestingly,
      cyclin D1 positivity showed a strong correlation with the type of surgical
      procedure performed (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Cyclin D1 overexpression in breast
      cancer is associated with less aggressive tumoral characteristics. Furthermore,
      its potential epidemiological role and utility as a prognostic marker have been
      discussed.

PMID- 26981505
TI  - Radiobiological case study of volumetric modulated arc therapy planning
      techniques for treatment of low-risk prostate cancer in patients with bilateral
      hip prostheses.

PMID- 26981506
TI  - Molecular classification and prognostication of 300 node-negative breast cancer
      cases: A tertiary care experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The proportion of node-negative breast cancer patients has been
      increasing with improvement of diagnostic modalities and early detection.
      However, there is a 20-30% recurrence in node-negative breast cancers.
      Determining who should receive adjuvant therapy is challenging, as the majority
      are cured by surgery alone. Hence, it requires further stratification using
      additional prognostic and predictive factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ours is a
      single institution retrospective study, on 300 node-negative breast cancer cases,
      who underwent primary surgery over a period of 7 years (2005-2011). We excluded
      all cases who took NACT. Prognostic factors of age, size, lymphovascular emboli,
      estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2neu Ki-67, grade and
      molecular classification were analyzed with respect to those with and without
      early events (recurrence, metastases or second malignancy, death) using-Pearson
      Chi-square method and logistic regression method for statistical analysis.
      RESULTS: Majority belonged to the age group of 50-70 years. On univariate
      analysis, size >5 cm (P = 0.03) and ER negativity had significant association (P
      = 0.05) for early failures; PR negativity and lymphovascular emboli (LVE) had
      borderline significance (P = 0.07). Multivariate analysis showed size >5 cm to be
      significant (P = 0.04) and LVE positivity showed borderline significant
      association (P = 0.07) with early failures. About 62% belonged to luminal
      category followed by basal-like (25%) in molecular classification. CONCLUSIONS:
      ER negativity, PR negativity, LVE/lymphovascular invasion positivity and size >5
      cm (T3 and T4) are associated with poor prognosis in node-negative breast
      cancers.

PMID- 26981508
TI  - Outcomes of adult medulloblastoma treated with a multimodality approach: A
      tertiary cancer center experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Adult medulloblastoma (AMB) is a rare central nervous system tumor.
      We aimed to analyze the treatment outcomes of AMB treated at our institute with
      surgery followed by craniospinal irradiation (CSI) and adjuvant chemotherapy.
      METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the treatment charts of 31 patients of AMB
      treated from 2003-2011. The patient demography, treatment details and survival
      data were collected in a predesigned proforma. Kaplan Meier method was used to
      analyze disease free survival (DFS) and the impact of prognostic factors was
      determined by univariate analysis (log rank test). RESULTS: Male: Female ratio
      was 21:10. Cerebrospinal fluid dissemination was noted in 16% cases. CSI (36 Gray
      at 1.8 Gray/fraction to entire neuraxis and 20 Gray at 2 Gray/fraction boost to
      posterior fossa) was used in all cases. 26 patients received adjuvant
      chemotherapy (carboplatin plus etoposide). Median follows up was 26.85 months
      (9.47-119.73 months). The estimated 3 and 5 years DFS was found to be 84.9% and
      50.7% respectively. On univariate analysis, tumor located laterally had a trend
      towards better DFS (HR 3.04; 95%CI 0.722 to 12.812; P = 0.07) compared to midline
      tumors. Other factors like adjuvant chemotherapy, age, gender, surgical extent
      had no statistically significant impact on survival. CONCLUSION: The results of
      our study (largest series from India) show that the regimen of surgery, adjuvant
      CSI and chemotherapy is feasible and confers descent survival. AMB patients
      should be treated with a multimodality approach in a tertiary care centre.

PMID- 26981509
TI  - A relationship between quality-of-life and head and neck cancer: A systemic
      review.
AB  - AIM: The aim was to identify the literature and to assess the association between
      quality-of-life (QoL) and head and neck cancer (HNC) related outcomes
      systemically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The full articles published in English
      language bio-medical journals between 1992 and December 2014 were searched using
      Medline database. The keywords used for searching the articles include the
      combination of "health-related of QoL," "QoL," "HNC." The search limited only to
      the observational studies using questionnaires European Organization for Research
      and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ C 30 and EORTC QLQ H and N 35. Purely
      psychological studies were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 5055 articles were
      retrieved, and 16 articles were selected for this review. Of 16 observational
      studies, 13 (81.25%) were prospective cohort studies while remaining 3 (18.75%)
      were cross-sectional studies. The main findings of the studies revealed that the
      treatment of HNC had a statistically significant influence on QoL. Others
      associated factors like age, female sex, duration of treatment, advance tumor,
      and site of the tumor has also the impact on QoL on patients suffering from HNC.
      CONCLUSION: This review provides evidence for a positive relationship between
      cancer-related outcomes and QoL. Assessment of QoL in relation to HNC with proper
      methodology and validated instruments is lacking hence there is a need for
      further evidence to support the relation between cancer and QoL.

PMID- 26981507
TI  - Recurrent Glioblastoma: Where we stand.
AB  - Current first-line treatment regimens combine surgical resection and
      chemoradiation for Glioblastoma that provides a slight increase in overall
      survival. Age on its own should not be used as an exclusion criterion of
      glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment, but performance should be factored
      heavily into the decision-making process for treatment planning. Despite
      aggressive initial treatment, most patients develop recurrent diseases which can
      be treated with re-resection, systemic treatment with targeted agents or
      cytotoxic chemotherapy, reirradiation, or radiosurgery. Research into novel
      therapies is investigating alternative temozolomide regimens, convection-enhanced
      delivery, immunotherapy, gene therapy, antiangiogenic agents, poly ADP ribose
      polymerase inhibitors, or cancer stem cell signaling pathways. Given the
      aggressive and resilient nature of GBM, continued efforts to better understand
      GBM pathophysiology are required to discover novel targets for future therapy. 

PMID- 26981510
TI  - Late effects of cancer treatment in breast cancer survivors.

PMID- 26981511
TI  - To evaluate disparity between clinical and pathological tumor-node-metastasis
      staging in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients and its impact on overall
      survival: An institutional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate clinical staging is important for patient counseling,
      treatment planning, prognostication, and rational design of clinical trials. In
      head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, discrepancy between clinical and
      pathological staging has been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate any disparity
      between clinical and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging in oral
      cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) patients and any impact of the same on
      survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review from year 2007 to
      2013, at a tertiary care center. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: All survival analyses were
      performed using SPSS for Windows version 15 (Chicago, IL, USA). Disease-free
      survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier algorithm. RESULTS: One hundred
      and twenty-seven patients with OCSCC were analyzed. Seventy-nine (62.2%) were
      males and 48 (37.8%) females with a mean age at presentation 43.6 years (29-79
      years). The highest congruence between clinical and pathological T-staging seen
      for clinical stage T1 and T4 at 76.9% and 73.4% with pathological T-stage.
      Similarly, the highest congruence between clinical and pathological N-stage seen
      for clinical N0 and N3 at 86.4% and 91.7% with pathological N-stage. Of
      clinically early stage patients, 67.5% remained early stage, and 32.5% were
      upstaged to advanced stage following pathological analysis. Of the clinically
      advanced stage patients, 75% remained advanced, and 25% were pathologically
      downstaged. This staging discrepancy did not significantly alter the survival.
      CONCLUSION: Some disparity exists in clinical and pathological TNM staging of
      OCSCC, which could affect treatment planning and survival of patients. Hence,
      more unified and even system of staging for the disease is required for proper
      decision-making.

PMID- 26981513
TI  - Palliative low dose fortnightly methotrexate in oral cancer.

PMID- 26981512
TI  - Role of iron chelation in improving survival: An integral part of current therapy
      for myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - This review article highlights the current role of iron chelation in MDS to
      optimize survival and quality of life. Its role in specific subtypes of MDS is
      also discussed. 

PMID- 26981514
TI  - The Association between Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio and Osteoporosis in
      Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease that is characterized by a
      decrease in bone mass density and destruction of microstructure, which can lead
      to an increased risk of fracture. Although many studies have been published about
      the relationship between end-stage renal disease and osteoporosis, research on
      the relationship between proteinuria and the prevalence of osteoporosis is still
      lacking. METHODS: We assessed 91 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes who
      visited our hospital from January 2009 to January 2012. RESULTS: Among 91
      patients, the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 35.2% (32 cases) and
      32.9% (30 cases) according to bone mineral density. The patients with
      microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR]
      >= 30) had a significantly higher incidence of osteoporosis compared to subjects
      with normoalbuminuria (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that UACR may
      be a useful biomarker for increased risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
      with type 2 diabetes who have been linked to higher UACR levels.

PMID- 26981515
TI  - Deficiency of Lipocalin-2 Promotes Proliferation and Differentiation of
      Osteoclast Precursors via Regulation of c-Fms Expression and Nuclear Factor-kappa
      B Activation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a small glycoprotein, has a pivotal role in
      diverse biological processes such as cellular proliferation and differentiation.
      We previously reported that LCN2 is implicated in osteoclast formation induced by
      receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (M-CSF). In the present study, we used a knockout mouse model
      to further investigate the role of LCN2 in osteoclast development. METHODS:
      Osteoclastogenesis was assessed using primary bone marrow-derived macrophages.
      RANKL and M-CSF signaling was determined by immunoblotting, cell proliferation by
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and apoptosis
      by cell death detection ELISA. Bone morphometric parameters were determined using
      a micro-computed tomography system. RESULTS: Our results showed that LCN2
      deficiency increases tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive
      multinucleated osteoclast formation in vitro, a finding that reflects enhanced
      proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast lineage cells. LCN2 deficiency
      promotes M-CSF-induced proliferation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs),
      osteoclast precursors, without altering their survival. The accelerated
      proliferation of LCN2-deficient precursors is associated with enhanced expression
      and activation of the M-CSF receptor, c-Fms. Furthermore, LCN2 deficiency
      stimulates the induction of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1
      (NFATc1), key transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis, and promotes RANKL
      induced inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaBalpha) phosphorylation. Interestingly, LCN2
      deficiency does not affect basal osteoclast formation in vivo, suggesting that
      LCN2 might play a role in the enhanced osteoclast development that occurs under
      some pathological conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study establishes LCN2 as a
      negative modulator of osteoclast formation, results that are in accordance with
      our previous findings.

PMID- 26981516
TI  - Serum Sclerostin Levels in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
      and Their Association with Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Densitometry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to compare serum sclerostin levels in human
      im-munodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and healthy controls, and to
      evaluate their relationship with bone turnover markers (BTM) and bone mineral
      density (BMD). METHODS: We prospectively studied 33 HIV treatment-naive patients
      and 63 healthy individuals; matched for age and sex. Serum sclerostin levels,
      BTM, BMD were measured. Viral load and cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) levels
      were also assessed in HIV-infected patients. RESULTS: The mean+/-standard
      deviation (SD) age of sample was 37.6+/-10.3 years (range, 19 to 59 years). Of
      the 96 subjects, 58 (60.4%) were male and 38 (39.6%) were female. Infection with
      HIV is associated with significant reduction in serum sclerostin levels (HIV
      infected: 39.4+/-28.3 vs. non HIV: 76.6+/-15.7 pmol/L; P<0.001) and a decrease in
      BMD at femoral neck and lumbar spine compared to healthy controls. Sclerostin
      however was not correlated with BMD and was not related to age, generally a
      strong correlation. There were no significant correlations between sclerostin and
      BTM (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that untreated HIV and the
      resulting immune deficiency and/or systemic inflammation could be an important
      regulator of serum sclerostin in this population.

PMID- 26981517
TI  - Prevalence of Sarcopenia in the Korean Woman Based on the Korean National Health
      and Nutritional Examination Surveys.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The criteria for defining sarcopenia vary among studies and confusion
      has arisen when defining the cutoff value. As a result, the prevalence of
      sarcopenia differs markedly depending on the definition. This study used the
      Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) definition to determine the prevalence
      of sarcopenia among Korean women. METHODS: This study was based on data obtained
      from the 2008 to 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys IV
      and V. We used the AWGS recommended cutoff value of 5.4 kg/m(2) to determine the
      prevalence of sarcopenia in Korean women. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of
      sarcopenia using a cutoff value of 5.4 kg/m(2) were 385 (19.5%) in women in their
      50s, 286 (16.6%) in women in their 60s, 293 (23.7%) in women in their 70s, and 91
      (30.8%) in women >=80 years. The prevalence rates of sarcopenia were 307 (19.0%)
      in women 65 to 74 years, 194 (27.4%) in women 75 to 84 years, and 32 (40.5%) in
      women >=85 years. The overall prevalence among women >50 years was 20.2%. The
      prevalence of sarcopenia in women >65 years was 22.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The
      prevalence of sarcopenia among Korean women was within the range of values of
      previous research about sarcopenia. Furthermore, using 5.4 kg/m(2) as the cutoff
      value was useful to compare various studies about sarcopenia in Koreans.

PMID- 26981518
TI  - Relationship between Serum Inflammatory Marker and Bone Mineral Density in
      Healthy Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory markers have been shown to play an important role in
      bone remodeling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
      among serum C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNF-alpha) and bone health in healthy adults. METHODS: We measured serum levels
      of CRP, adiponectin, TNF-alpha as well as lumbar spine and femoral neck bone
      mineral density (BMD) in 76 adults. Anthropometric measurements and nutrient
      intake survey of participants were carried out. The participants were divided
      into two groups (normal BMD group=40; 52.6%, decreased BMD group=36; 47.4%).
      RESULTS: The CRP concentration was significantly higher in the decreased BMD
      group. The adiponectin concentration was lower in the decreased BMD group but the
      difference was not significant. The TNF-alpha concentration was higher in the
      decreased BMD group, the difference was not significant. The participants in the
      decreased BMD group were found to have lower calcium intakes. The sodium intake
      of the decreased BMD group was significantly higher. The BMD in the decreased BMD
      group showed inverse correlations with CRP and dietary sodium intake.
      CONCLUSIONS: Serum CRP and dietary sodium intake is associated with BMD. Further
      research is needed to confirm the potential role of inflammatory marker to
      modulate the effects on bone.

PMID- 26981520
TI  - Multiple Fractures in Patient with Graves' Disease Accompanied by Isolated
      Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.
AB  - Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is known to decrease bone mineral
      density due to deficiency of sex steroid hormone. Graves' disease is also an
      important cause of secondary osteoporosis. However, IHH does not preclude the
      development of primary hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease, leading to more
      severe osteoporosis rapidly. Here, we describe the first case of 35-year-old
      Asian female patient with IHH accompanied by Graves' disease and osteoporosis
      induced multiple fractures. Endocrine laboratory findings revealed preserved
      anterior pituitary functions except for secretion of gonadotropins and showed
      primary hyperthyroidism with positive autoantibodies. Sella magnetic resonance
      imaging showed slightly small sized pituitary gland without mass lesion. Dual
      energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed severe osteoporosis in lumbar spine and
      femur neck of the patient. Plain film radiography of the pelvis and shoulder
      revealed a displaced and nondisplaced fracture, respectively. After surgical
      fixation with screws for the femoral fracture, the patient was treated with
      antithyroid medication, calcium, and vitamin D until now and has been recovering
      fairly well. We report a patient of IHH with Graves' disease and multiple
      fractures that is a first case in Korea. 

PMID- 26981519
TI  - Osteoporotic Fracture Risk Assessment Using Bone Mineral Density in Korean: A
      Community-based Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fracture-risk assessment tool (FRAX) using just clinical risk factors
      of osteoporosis has been developed to estimate individual risk of osteoporotic
      fractures. We developed prediction model of fracture risk using bone mineral
      density (BMD) as well as clinical risk factors in Korean, and assessed the
      validity of the final model. METHODS: To develop and validate an osteoporotic
      FRAX, a total of 768 Korean men and women aged 50 to 90 years were followed for 7
      years in a community-based cohort study. BMD as well as clinical risk factors for
      osteoporotic fracture including age, sex, body mass index, history of fragility
      fracture, family history of fracture, smoking status, alcohol intake, use of oral
      glucocorticoid, rheumatoid arthritis, and other causes of secondary osteoporosis
      were assessed biannually. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 86 osteoporotic
      fractures identified (36 in men and 50 in women). The developed prediction models
      showed high discriminatory power and had goodness of fit. CONCLUSIONS: The
      developed a Korean specific prediction model for osteoporotic fractures can be
      easily used as a screening tool to identify individual with high risk of
      osteoporotic fracture. Further studies for validation are required to confirm the
      clinical feasibility in general Korean population.

PMID- 26981521
TI  - Calcaneal Insufficiency Fracture after Ipsilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty.
AB  - Insufficiency fracture of the calcaneus is a rare entity. In the absence of
      trauma, evaluating a painful ankle in an elderly patient can be difficult and
      also it might be overlook the insufficiency fracture. We experienced a case of
      insufficiency calcaneus fracture that occurred after ipsilateral total knee
      arthroplasty. Here, we report our case with a review of literatures. 

PMID- 26981522
TI  - Erratum to: Vitamin D Deficiency Is Highly Concomitant but Not Strong Risk Factor
      for Mortality in Patients Aged 50 Year and Older with Hip Fracture.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 205 in vol. 22, PMID: 26713312.]. 

PMID- 26981523
TI  - The Content and Bioavailability of Mineral Nutrients of Selected Wild and
      Traditional Edible Plants as Affected by Household Preparation Methods Practiced
      by Local Community in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia.
AB  - Edible parts of some wild and traditional vegetables used by the Gumuz community,
      namely, Portulaca quadrifida, Dioscorea abyssinica, Abelmoschus esculentus, and
      Oxytenanthera abyssinica, were evaluated for their minerals composition and
      bioavailability. Mineral elements, namely, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu, were analyzed
      using Shimadzu atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Effects of household
      processing practices on the levels of mineral elements were evaluated and the
      bioavailability was predicted using antinutrient-mineral molar ratios. Fe, Zn,
      Ca, Cu, P, Na, and K level in raw edible portions ranged in (0.64 +/- 0.02-27.0
      +/- 6.24), (0.46 +/- 0.02-0.85 +/- 0.02), (24.49 +/- 1.2-131.7 +/- 8.3), (0.11 +/
      0.01-0.46 +/- 0.04), (39.13 +/- 0.34-57.27 +/- 0.94), (7.34 +/- 0.42-20.42 +/-
      1.31), and (184.4 +/- 1.31-816.3 +/- 11.731) mg/100 g FW, respectively. Although
      statistically significant losses in minerals as a result of household preparation
      practices were observed, the amount of nutrients retained could be valuable
      especially in communities that have limited alternative sources of these
      micronutrients. The predicted minerals' bioavailability shows adequacy in terms
      of calcium and zinc but not iron. 

PMID- 26981524
TI  - Plant Responses to High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.
AB  - High frequency nonionizing electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF) that are increasingly
      present in the environment constitute a genuine environmental stimulus able to
      evoke specific responses in plants that share many similarities with those
      observed after a stressful treatment. Plants constitute an outstanding model to
      study such interactions since their architecture (high surface area to volume
      ratio) optimizes their interaction with the environment. In the present review,
      after identifying the main exposure devices (transverse and gigahertz
      electromagnetic cells, wave guide, and mode stirred reverberating chamber) and
      general physics laws that govern EMF interactions with plants, we illustrate some
      of the observed responses after exposure to HF-EMF at the cellular, molecular,
      and whole plant scale. Indeed, numerous metabolic activities (reactive oxygen
      species metabolism, alpha- and beta-amylase, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate
      pathway, chlorophyll content, terpene emission, etc.) are modified, gene
      expression altered (calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and proteinase
      inhibitor), and growth reduced (stem elongation and dry weight) after low power
      (i.e., nonthermal) HF-EMF exposure. These changes occur not only in the tissues
      directly exposed but also systemically in distant tissues. While the long-term
      impact of these metabolic changes remains largely unknown, we propose to consider
      nonionizing HF-EMF radiation as a noninjurious, genuine environmental factor that
      readily evokes changes in plant metabolism. 

PMID- 26981526
TI  - Menoprogen, a TCM Herbal Formula for Menopause, Increases Endogenous E2 in an
      Aged Rat Model of Menopause by Reducing Ovarian Granulosa Cell Apoptosis.
AB  - The effect of Menoprogen (MPG) on ovarian granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis was
      investigated in vitro and in vivo in an aged rat model of menopause. Intragastric
      administration of Menoprogen or estradiol valerate to 14-month-old senile female
      rats for eight weeks increased plasma E2 levels, as well as the weight of both
      ovarian and uterine tissues. Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of isolated GCs from
      MPG-treated aged rats showed reductions in the G0/G1 ratio and apoptotic peaks.
      Isolated GCs also exhibited an increase in cell size and the number of
      cytoplastic organelles and intracellular gap junctions, the reappearance of
      secretory granules, and a lack of apoptotic bodies as determined by TEM. Results
      from a TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay revealed a reduction in
      TUNEL-positive GCs after MPG treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a
      downregulation of proapoptotic Bax proteins and an upregulation of antiapoptotic
      Bcl-2 proteins. The addition of MPG-medicated serum to the media of cultured GCs
      also reduced cadmium chloride-induced apoptosis and downregulated caspase-3
      protein expression. This work demonstrates that Menoprogen inhibits GC apoptosis
      in aged female rats and thereby increases E2 production. This represents a novel
      mechanism of action for this herbal medicine in the treatment of menopausal
      symptoms. 

PMID- 26981527
TI  - Assessment of Structural and Functional Abnormalities of the Myocardium and the
      Ascending Aorta in Fetus with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.
AB  - Aims. To detect anatomical and intrinsic histopathological features of the
      ascending aorta and left ventricular (LV) myocardium and evaluate right
      ventricular (RV) function in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
      Methods. Twenty-five fetuses diagnosed with HLHS were followed up in the
      antenatal and postpartum periods. 12 necropsy heart specimens were analyzed for
      morphological and histological changes. Results. Prenatal echocardiography and
      pathologic anatomy displayed the typical characteristics of HLHS as a severe
      underdevelopment of the LV in the form of mitral stenosis or atresia or as aortic
      atresia or stenosis, with a decreased ratio of aortic diameter to pulmonary
      artery diameter (median of 0.49 with a range of 0.24 to 0.69, p <= 0.001) and a
      higher ratio of RV diameter to LV diameter (median of 2.44 with a range of 1.33
      to 6.25, p <= 0.001). The RV volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output in HLHS
      fetuses were increased compared with the gestational age-matched normal controls
      (p < 0.01). Histological changes in the 12 HLHS specimens included LV myocardial
      fibrosis, aortic elastic fragmentation, and fibrosis. Conclusions. In addition to
      severe anatomical deformity, distinct histological abnormalities in the LV
      myocardium and aortic wall were identified in the fetuses with HLHS. RV function
      damage may be potentially exists. 

PMID- 26981525
TI  - Substance P Receptor Signaling Mediates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyocyte
      Apoptosis and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Chemoresistance.
AB  - Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline, is broadly considered the most active single
      agent available for treating breast cancer but has been known to induce
      cardiotoxicity. Although DOX is highly effective in treating triple-negative
      breast cancer (TNBC), DOX can have poor outcomes owing to induction of
      chemoresistance. There is an urgent need to develop new therapies for TNBC aimed
      at improving DOX outcome and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Substance P (SP), a
      neuropeptide involved in pain transmission is known to stimulate production of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevated cardiac ROS is linked with heart injury
      and failure. We investigated the role of SP in chemotherapy-associated death of
      cardiomyocytes and chemoresistance. We showed that pretreating a cardiomyocyte
      cell line (H9C2) and a TNBC cell line (MDA-MB 231) with aprepitant, a SP receptor
      antagonist that is routinely used to treat chemotherapy-associated associated
      nausea, decreased DOX-induced reduction of cell viability, apoptotic cell death,
      and ROS production in cardiomyocytes and increased DOX-induced reduction of cell
      viability, apoptotic cell death, and ROS production in TNBC cells compared with
      cells treated with DOX alone. Our findings demonstrate the ability of aprepitant
      to decrease DOX-induced killing of cardiomyocytes and to increase cancer cell
      sensitivity to DOX, which has tremendous clinical significance. 

PMID- 26981528
TI  - Could In-Home Sensors Surpass Human Observation of People with Parkinson's at
      High Risk of Falling? An Ethnographic Study.
AB  - Self-report underpins our understanding of falls among people with Parkinson's
      (PwP) as they largely happen unwitnessed at home. In this qualitative study, we
      used an ethnographic approach to investigate which in-home sensors, in which
      locations, could gather useful data about fall risk. Over six weeks, we observed
      five independently mobile PwP at high risk of falling, at home. We made field
      notes about falls (prior events and concerns) and recorded movement with video,
      Kinect, and wearable sensors. The three women and two men (aged 71 to 79 years)
      having moderate or severe Parkinson's were dependent on others and highly
      sedentary. We most commonly noted balance protection, loss, and restoration
      during chair transfers, walks across open spaces and through gaps, turns, steps
      up and down, and tasks in standing (all evident walking between chair and stairs,
      e.g.). Our unobtrusive sensors were acceptable to participants: they could detect
      instability during everyday activity at home and potentially guide intervention.
      Monitoring the route between chair and stairs is likely to give information
      without invading the privacy of people at high risk of falling, with very limited
      mobility, who spend most of the day in their sitting rooms. 

PMID- 26981529
TI  - The Role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI in Assessing Pathological Complete Response
      to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
      and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: We performed this meta-analysis to determine the utilities of (18)F-FDG
      PET/CT and MRI in assessing the pathological complete response (pCR) after
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in the same cohort of patients with breast cancer.
      METHODS: Two reviewers systematically searched on PubMed, Scopus, and Springer
      (from the beginning of 1992 to Aug. 1, 2015) for the eligible articles.
      Heterogeneity, pooled sensitivity and specificity, positive likelihood ratio,
      negative likelihood ratio, and the summary receiver operating characteristic
      (SROC) curve were calculated to estimate the diagnostic efficacy of (18)F-FDG
      PET/CT and MRI. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies including 382 pathologically
      confirmed patients were eligible. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of (18)F
      FDG PET/CT were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.93) and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.49-0.87),
      respectively. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRI were 0.65 (95% CI: 0.45
      0.80) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.75-0.95), respectively. The area under the SROC curve
      of (18)F-FDG PET/CT and MRI was 0.88 and 0.84, respectively. CONCLUSION: Study
      indicated that (18)F-FDG PET/CT had a higher sensitivity and MRI had a higher
      specificity in assessing pCR in breast cancer patients. Therefore, the combined
      use of these two imaging modalities may have great potential to improve the
      diagnostic performance in assessing pCR after NAC.

PMID- 26981530
TI  - Cancer Related Fatigue and Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Prostate
      Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy.
AB  - Cancer related fatigue (CRF) is a common and debilitating symptom that can
      influence quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients. The increase in survival
      times stresses for a better understanding of how CRF affects patients' QoL. This
      was a cross-sectional descriptive study with 148 randomly recruited prostate
      cancer patients aiming to explore CRF and its impact on QoL. Assessments included
      the Cancer Fatigue Scale, EORTC QLQ-C30, and EORTC QLQ-PR25. Additionally, 15 in
      depth structured interviews were performed. Quantitative data were analyzed with
      simple and multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test.
      Qualitative data were analyzed with the use of thematic content analysis. The
      66.9% of the patients experienced CRF with higher levels being recorded for the
      affective subscale. Statistically significant differences were found between the
      patients reporting CRF and lower levels of QoL (mean = 49.1) and those that did
      not report fatigue and had higher levels of QoL (mean = 72.1). The interviews
      emphasized CRF's profound impact on the patients' lives that was reflected on the
      following themes: "dependency on others," "loss of power over decision making,"
      and "daily living disruption." Cancer related fatigue is a significant problem
      for patients with advanced prostate cancer and one that affects their QoL in
      various ways. 

PMID- 26981532
TI  - TOT 8/4: A Way to Standardize the Surgical Procedure of a Transobturator Tape.
AB  - Suburethral tapes are placed "tension-free" below the urethra. Several studies
      reported considerable differences of the distance between urethra and tape. These
      distances ranged from 1 to 10 mm amongst different patients. This either caused
      urethral obstruction or had no effect on urinary incontinence. Therefore, we
      decided to standardize the procedure by placing a Hegar dilator of 8-millimeter
      diameter in the urethra and another Hegar dilator of 4-millimeter diameter
      between the urethra and the tape during transobturator tape placement. Using that
      simple technique, which we named "TOT 8/4," we observed that 83% of the tapes
      were placed in the desired distance between 3 and 5 millimeters below the
      urethra. 

PMID- 26981531
TI  - Formation and Biopharmaceutical Characterization of Electrospun PVP Mats with
      Propolis and Silver Nanoparticles for Fast Releasing Wound Dressing.
AB  - Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and
      anticancer activities of propolis and its ability to stimulate the immune system
      and promote wound healing make it a proper component for wound dressing
      materials. Silver nanoparticles are recognized to demonstrate strong antiseptic
      and antimicrobial activity; thus, it also could be considered in the development
      of products for wound healing. Combining propolis and silver nanoparticles can
      result in improved characteristics of products designed for wound healing and
      care. The aim of this study was to formulate electrospun fast dissolving mats for
      wound dressing containing propolis ethanolic extract and silver nanoparticles.
      Produced electrospun nano/microfiber mats were evaluated studying their
      structure, dissolution rate, release of propolis phenolic compounds and silver
      nanoparticles, and antimicrobial activity. Biopharmaceutical characterization of
      electrospun mats demonstrated fast release of propolis phenolic compounds and
      silver nanoparticles. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus
      aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and
      Candida albicans strains confirmed the ability of electrospun mats to inhibit the
      growth of the tested microorganisms. 

PMID- 26981534
TI  - Optimized Biotransformation of Icariin into Icariside II by beta-Glucosidase from
      Trichoderma viride Using Central Composite Design Method.
AB  - A crude beta-glucosidase has been produced from Trichoderma viride and used to
      explore a simple method to prepare icariside II from icariin. The crude enzyme
      has been studied by zymography method and used for hydrolysis of ICA. To achieve
      a high conversion rate of ICA, various factors have been studied including pH,
      reaction time, temperature, initial concentration of enzyme, and initial
      concentration of ICA through central composite design experiments. In the
      condition of the optimum hydrolysis parameters with pH 4.0, 41 degrees C, 1.0
      mg/mL ICA, and 9.8 U/mL crude beta-glucosidase, the conversion rate of ICA
      reached 95.03% at 1 h. Moreover, the cytotoxicity test showed that ICA II
      performed inhibition effects on proliferation of A549 cell, while ICA has no
      cytotoxicity. It indicated that the hydrolysis transformation study of ICA is
      valuable for exploration of active new drugs. 

PMID- 26981535
TI  - Molecular Typing Characteristic and Drug Susceptibility Analysis of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis Isolates from Zigong, China.
AB  - China is one of the 22 countries with high TB burden worldwide, and Sichuan
      contained the second-largest number of TB cases among all of the Chinese
      provinces. But the characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulated in
      Zigong, Sichuan, were still unknown. To investigate the character and drug
      resistance profile, 265 clinical isolates were cultured from tuberculosis
      patient's sputum samples in the year of 2010, of which the genetic profile was
      determined by using Spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing methods, and the drug
      sensibility testing to the four first-line and four second-line antituberculosis
      (anti-TB) drugs was performed by using proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen (L
      J) media. The major Spoligotype was Beijing family (143/265, 53.96%), followed by
      T (80/265, 30.19%) and H (9/265, 3.40%) genotypes; the total Hunter-Gaston
      discrimination index (HGDI) of the 24 loci MIRU-VNTR was 0.9995. About 27.17%
      (72/265) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the eight tested anti
      TB drugs, and for Beijing and non-Beijing family isolates the proportion of drug
      resistance was 28.47% (41/144) and 25.62% (31/121), respectively. That is, the
      most prevalent genotype here was Beijing family, and the 24 loci VNTR analysis
      could supply a high resolution for genotyping, and Beijing and non-Beijing
      isolates had no difference (p > 0.05) for drug resistance. 

PMID- 26981533
TI  - Antibacterial Action of a Condensed Tannin Extracted from Astringent Persimmon as
      a Component of Food Addictive Pancil PS-M on Oral Polymicrobial Biofilms.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity against
      polymicrobial (PM) biofilms of a condensed tannin extracted from astringent
      persimmon (PS-M), which is contained in refreshing beverages commercially
      available in Japan. Salivary PM biofilms were formed anaerobically on glass
      coverslips for 24 and 72 h and were treated for 5 min with sterilized deionized
      water (DW), 0.05 and 0.2 wt% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), and 0.5-4.0 wt% PS
      M solution. The colony forming units (CFU/mL) were determined and morphological
      changes of the biofilms were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
      CFUs were lower in all PS-M and CHX groups compared to the DW group. PS-M exerted
      a dose-dependent effect. PS-M (1.53 * 10(7)) at a dose of 4.0 wt% had the same
      effect as 0.2 wt% CHX (2.03 * 10(7)), regardless of the culture period. SEM
      revealed the biofilm structures were considerably destroyed in the 4.0 wt% PS-M
      and 0.2 wt% CHX. These findings indicate that the antibacterial effects of PS-M,
      a naturally derived substance, are comparable to those of CHX. PS-M may keep the
      oral cavity clean and prevent dental caries and periodontal disease related to
      dental plaque, as well as systemic disease such as aspiration pneumonitis. 

PMID- 26981536
TI  - Determining the Independent Risk Factors and Mortality Rate of Nosocomial
      Infections in Pediatric Patients.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the rate, independent risk factors,
      and outcomes of healthcare-associated infections in pediatric patients. This
      study was performed between 2011 and 2014 in pediatric clinic and intensive care
      unit. 86 patients and 86 control subjects were included in the study. Of 86
      patients with nosocomial infections (NIs), there were 100 NIs episodes and 90
      culture growths. The median age was 32.0 months. The median duration of hospital
      stay of the patients was 30.0 days. The most frequent pathogens were Coagulase
      negative Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., and Candida spp.
      Unconsciousness, prolonged hospitalization, transfusion, mechanical ventilation,
      use of central venous catheter, enteral feeding via a nasogastric tube, urinary
      catheter, and receiving carbapenems and glycopeptides were found to be
      significantly higher in NIs patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis
      showed prolonged hospitalization, neutropenia, and use of central venous catheter
      and carbapenems as the independent risk factors for NIs. In the univariate
      analysis, unconsciousness, mechanical ventilation, enteral feeding, use of
      enteral feeding via a nasogastric tube, H2 receptor blockers, and port and
      urinary catheter were significantly associated with mortality. In the multiple
      logistic regression analysis, only mechanical ventilation was found as an
      independent predictor of mortality in patients with NIs. 

PMID- 26981537
TI  - Epidemic Profile of Maternal Syphilis in China in 2013.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological
      characteristics and adverse pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with syphilis
      infection in China. METHODS: Data were from China's Information System of
      Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Syphilis Management. Women who were
      registered in the system and delivered in 2013 were included in the analysis.
      RESULTS: A total of 15884 pregnant women with syphilis infection delivered in
      China in 2013. 79.1% of infected women attended antenatal care at or before 37
      gestational weeks; however, 55.4% received no treatment or initiated the
      treatment after 37 gestational weeks. 14.0% of women suffered serious adverse
      pregnancy outcomes including stillbirth/neonatal death, preterm delivery/low
      birth weight, or congenital syphilis in newborns. High maternal titer (>=1 : 64)
      and late treatment (>37 gestational weeks)/nontreatment were significantly
      associated with increased risk of congenital syphilis and the adjusted ORs were
      1.88 (95% CI 1.27 to 2.80) and 3.70 (95% CI 2.36 to 5.80), respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Syphilis affects a great number of pregnant women in China. Large
      proportions of women are not detected and treated at an early pregnancy stage.
      Burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes is high among infected women. Comprehensive
      interventions still need to be strengthened to improve uptake of screening and
      treatment for maternal syphilis.

PMID- 26981538
TI  - Nanosilica and Polyacrylate/Nanosilica: A Comparative Study of Acute Toxicity.
AB  - We compared the acute toxicity of nanosilica and polyacrylate/nanosilica
      instillation in Wistar rats (n = 60). Exposure to nanosilica and
      polyacrylate/nanosilica showed a 30% mortality rate. When compared with saline
      treated rats, animals in both exposure groups exhibited a significant reduction
      of PO2 (P < 0.05) at both 24 and 72 hr. after exposure. Both exposure groups
      exhibited a significant reduction of neutrophils in arterial blood compared to
      saline controls (P < 0.05) 24 hr. after exposure. The levels of blood ALT and LDH
      in exposed groups were found to be significantly increased (P < 0.05) 24 hr.
      following exposure. The exposed groups exhibited various degrees of pleural
      effusion and pericardial effusion. Our findings indicated respiratory exposure to
      polyacrylate/nanosilica and nanosilica is likely to cause multiple organ
      toxicity.

PMID- 26981539
TI  - Intercellular Adhesion Molecule and Endogenous NOS Inhibitor: Asymmetric
      Dimethylarginine in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of soluble
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) and endogenous NOS inhibitor,
      asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), as markers of endothelium dysfunction in
      patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      levels of s-ICAM-1 and ADMA were analysed in the group of 56 patients with GDM
      and compared to 25 healthy pregnant women. The concentrations of s-ICAM-1 and
      ADMA were measured in serum using ELISA tests. RESULTS: The groups did not differ
      by baseline descriptors: age (30.75 +/- 6.32 versus 28.50 +/- 4.95 years, NS) and
      gestational age (28.96 +/- 2.85 versus 29.12 +/- 2.96 hbd, NS). The patients with
      GDM were more obese (BMI 27.93 +/- 7.02 versus 22.34 +/- 4.21 kg/m(2), p = 0.032)
      and had higher concentration of C-reactive protein (6.46 +/- 6.03 versus 3.18 +/-
      3.83 mg/L, p = 0.029). In the GDM group the level of ADMA was lower (0.38 +/-
      0.17 versus 0.60 +/- 0.28 MUmol/L, p = 0.001) and the level of s-ICAM-1 was
      significantly higher (289.95 +/- 118.12 versus 232.56 +/- 43.31 ng/mL, p = 0.036)
      compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: The pregnant women with GDM are characterized
      by higher concentration of s-ICAM-1 that reflects the activation and dysfunction
      of the endothelial cells. The decreased ADMA level in GDM patients seems to be
      preventive in the limitation of NO synthesis caused by the impaired insulin
      action and the endothelial dysfunction.

PMID- 26981540
TI  - Epigenetic Studies Point to DNA Replication/Repair Genes as a Basis for the
      Heritable Nature of Long Term Complications in Diabetes.
AB  - Metabolic memory (MM) is defined as the persistence of diabetic (DM)
      complications even after glycemic control is pharmacologically achieved. Using a
      zebrafish diabetic model that induces a MM state, we previously reported that, in
      this model, tissue dysfunction was of a heritable nature based on cell
      proliferation studies in limb tissue and this correlated with epigenetic DNA
      methylation changes that paralleled alterations in gene expression. In the
      current study, control, DM, and MM excised fin tissues were further analyzed by
      MeDIP sequencing and microarray techniques. Bioinformatics analysis of the data
      found that genes of the DNA replication/DNA metabolism process group (with
      upregulation of the apex1, mcm2, mcm4, orc3, lig1, and dnmt1 genes) were altered
      in the DM state and these molecular changes continued into MM. Interestingly, DNA
      methylation changes could be found as far as 6-13 kb upstream of the
      transcription start site for these genes suggesting potential higher levels of
      epigenetic control. In conclusion, DNA methylation changes in members of the DNA
      replication/repair process group best explain the heritable nature of cell
      proliferation impairment found in the zebrafish DM/MM model. These results are
      consistent with human diabetic epigenetic studies and provide one explanation for
      the persistence of long term tissue complications as seen in diabetes.

PMID- 26981541
TI  - The Predictive Effects of Early Pregnancy Lipid Profiles and Fasting Glucose on
      the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Stratified by Body Mass Index.
AB  - This study aimed at evaluating the predictive effects of early pregnancy lipid
      profiles and fasting glucose on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
      in patients stratified by prepregnancy body mass index (p-BMI) and to determine
      the optimal cut-off values of each indicator for different p-BMI ranges. A
      retrospective system cluster sampling survey was conducted in Beijing during 2013
      and a total of 5,265 singleton pregnancies without prepregnancy diabetes were
      included. The information for each participant was collected individually using
      questionnaires and medical records. Logistic regression analysis and receiver
      operator characteristics analysis were used in the analysis. Outcomes showed that
      potential markers for the prediction of GDM include early pregnancy lipid
      profiles (cholesterol, triacylglycerols, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios [LDL-C/HDL-C], and triglyceride to high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios [TG/HDL-C]) and fasting glucose, of which
      fasting glucose level was the most accurate indicator. Furthermore, the
      predictive effects and cut-off values for these factors varied according to p
      BMI. Thus, p-BMI should be a consideration for the risk assessment of pregnant
      patients for GDM development.

PMID- 26981542
TI  - Identification of HNF4A Mutation p.T130I and HNF1A Mutations p.I27L and p.S487N
      in a Han Chinese Family with Early-Onset Maternally Inherited Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is characterized by the onset of
      diabetes before the age of 25 years, positive family history, high genetic
      predisposition, monogenic mutations, and an autosomal dominant mode of
      inheritance. Here, we aimed to investigate the mutations and to characterize the
      phenotypes of a Han Chinese family with early-onset maternally inherited type 2
      diabetes. Detailed clinical assessments and genetic screening for mutations in
      the HNF4alpha, GCK, HNF-1alpha, IPF-1, HNF1beta, and NEUROD1 genes were carried
      out in this family. One HNF4A mutation (p.T130I) and two HNF1A polymorphisms
      (p.I27L and p.S487N) were identified. Mutation p.T130I was associated with both
      early-onset and late-onset diabetes and caused downregulated HNF4A expression,
      whereas HNF1A polymorphisms p.I27L and p.S487N were associated with the age of
      diagnosis of diabetes. We demonstrated that mutation p.T130I in HNF4A was
      pathogenic as were the predicted polymorphisms p.I27L and p.S487N in HNF1A by
      genetic and functional analysis. Our results show that mutations in HNF4A and
      HNF1A genes might account for this early-onset inherited type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26981543
TI  - Neck Circumference May Be a Better Alternative to Standard Anthropometric
      Measures.
AB  - This paper evaluates neck circumference as a metabolic risk marker.
      Overweight/obese, nondiabetic Hispanics, 40-65 years old, who are free of major
      cardiovascular diseases, were recruited for the San Juan Overweight Adults
      Longitudinal Study (SOALS). Baseline exams were completed by 1,206 participants.
      Partial correlation coefficients (r) and logistic models adjusted for age,
      gender, smoking status, and physical activity were computed. Neck circumference
      was significantly correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.64), BMI (r = 0.66),
      and body fat % (r = 0.45). Neck circumference, highest (compared to lowest)
      tertile, had higher association with prediabetes: multivariable OR = 2.30 (95%
      CI: 1.71-3.06) compared to waist circumference OR = 1.97 (95% CI: 1.48-2.66) and
      other anthropometric measures. Neck circumference showed higher associations with
      HOMA, low HDL-C, and triglycerides, multivariable OR = 8.42 (95% CI: 5.43-13.06),
      2.41 (95% CI: 1.80-3.21), and 1.52 (95% CI: 1.14-2.03), but weaker associations
      with hs-CRP and hypertension, OR = 3.61 (95% CI: 2.66-4.90) and OR = 2.58 (95%
      CI: 1.90-3.49), compared to waist circumference. AIC for model fit was generally
      similar for neck or waist circumference. Neck circumference showed similar or
      better associations with metabolic factors and is more practicable than waist
      circumference. Hence, neck circumference may be a better alternative to waist
      circumference.

PMID- 26981544
TI  - Sulfatide Preserves Insulin Crystals Not by Being Integrated in the Lattice but
      by Stabilizing Their Surface.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sulfatide is known to chaperone insulin crystallization within the
      pancreatic beta cell, but it is not known if this results from sulfatide being
      integrated inside the crystal structure or by binding the surface of the crystal.
      With this study, we aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the
      integral role for sulfatide in stabilizing insulin crystals prior to exocytosis.
      METHODS: We cocrystallized human insulin in the presence of sulfatide and solved
      the structure by molecular replacement. RESULTS: The crystal structure of insulin
      crystallized in the presence of sulfatide does not reveal ordered occupancy
      representing sulfatide in the crystal lattice, suggesting that sulfatide does not
      permeate the crystal lattice but exerts its stabilizing effect by alternative
      interactions such as on the external surface of insulin crystals. CONCLUSIONS:
      Sulfatide is known to stabilize insulin crystals, and we demonstrate here that in
      beta cells sulfatide is likely coating insulin crystals. However, there is no
      evidence for sulfatide to be built into the crystal lattice.

PMID- 26981545
TI  - Immunological Aspects of Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes in Chinese.
AB  - Background. Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a novel subtype of type 1
      diabetes characterized by extremely rapid onset and complete deficiency of
      insulin due to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells. However, the precise
      mechanisms underlying the etiology of this disease remain unclear. Methods. A
      total of 22 patients with FT1D and 10 healthy subjects were recruited. Serum
      antibodies to GAD, IA2, and ZnT8 in patients were tested. And peripheral T cell
      responses to GAD65, insulin B9-23 peptide, or C peptide were determined in 10
      FT1D patients and 10 healthy controls. The mRNA levels of several related
      cytokines and molecules, such as IFN-gamma, IL-4, RORC, and IL-17 in PBMCs from
      FT1D patients were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Result. We found that a certain
      proportion of Chinese FT1D patients actually have developed islet-related
      autoantibodies after onset of the disease. The GAD, insulin, or C peptide
      reactive T cells were found in some FT1D patients. We also detected a significant
      increase for IFN-gamma expression in FT1D PBMCs as compared with that of healthy
      controls. Conclusion. Autoimmune responses might be involved in the pathogenesis
      of Chinese FT1D. 

PMID- 26981549
TI  - 2-D DIGE proteomic profiles of three strains of Fusarium graminearum grown in
      agmatine or glutamic acid medium.
AB  - 2D DIGE proteomics data obtained from three strains belonging to Fusarium
      graminearum s.s. species growing in a glutamic acid or agmatine containing medium
      are provided. A total of 381 protein species have been identified which do differ
      for abundance among the two treatments and among the strains (ANOVA<0.05 and
      abundance ratio>+/-1.3). Data on the diversity of protein species profiles
      between the two media for each strain are made available. Shared profiles among
      strains are discussed in Pasquali et al. [1]. Here proteins that with diverse
      profile can be used to differentiate strains are highlighted. The full dataset
      allow to obtaining single strain proteomic profiles. 

PMID- 26981548
TI  - The use of intracorneal ring segments in keratoconus.
AB  - Keratoconus is a corneal degeneration that usually appears during puberty and may
      seriously deteriorate the quality of life of the patients. This corneal disease
      is today the first indication of corneal transplantation in young patients. Until
      the last decade of the XX century, keratoplasty procedures were the only
      alternative to treat this pathological condition. In the beginning of the XXI
      century, intracorneal ring segments implantation was proposed as a therapeutic
      choice for treating keratoconus patients. Since then, several published articles
      have reported the benefits of this surgical procedure in treating this type of
      corneal ectatic disorder. The purpose of the present investigative work is to
      summarize the characteristic of the intracorneal ring segments and also to review
      the different features published in the literature in relation to this surgical
      technique for the treatment of keratoconus patients. 

PMID- 26981546
TI  - Molecular Mechanisms of Induction of Tolerant and Tolerogenic Intestinal
      Dendritic Cells in Mice.
AB  - How does the host manage to tolerate its own intestinal microbiota? A simple
      question leading to complicated answers. In order to maintain balanced immune
      responses in the intestine, the host immune system must tolerate commensal
      bacteria in the gut while it has to simultaneously keep the ability to fight
      pathogens and to clear infections. If this tender equilibrium is disturbed,
      severe chronic inflammatory reactions can result. Tolerogenic intestinal
      dendritic cells fulfil a crucial role in balancing immune responses and therefore
      creating homeostatic conditions and preventing from uncontrolled inflammation.
      Although several dendritic cell subsets have already been characterized to play a
      pivotal role in this process, less is known about definite molecular mechanisms
      of how intestinal dendritic cells are converted into tolerogenic ones. Here we
      review how gut commensal bacteria interact with intestinal dendritic cells and
      why this bacteria-host cell interaction is crucial for induction of dendritic
      cell tolerance in the intestine. Hereby, different commensal bacteria can have
      distinct effects on the phenotype of intestinal dendritic cells and these effects
      are mainly mediated by impacting toll-like receptor signalling in dendritic
      cells. 

PMID- 26981550
TI  - Data on synthesis of oligomeric and polymeric poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene
      terephthalate) model substrates for the investigation of enzymatic hydrolysis.
AB  - The aliphatic-aromatic copolyester poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene
      terephthalate) (PBAT), also known as ecoflex, contains adipic acid, 1,4
      butanediol and terephthalic acid and is proven to be compostable [1], [2], [3]).
      We describe here data for the synthesis and analysis of poly(butylene adipate-co
      butylene terephthalate variants with different adipic acid:terephatalic acid
      ratios and 6 oligomeric PBAT model substrates. Data for the synthesis of the
      following oligomeric model substrates are described: mono(4-hydroxybutyl)
      terephthalate (BTa), bis(4-(hexanoyloxy)butyl) terephthalate (HaBTaBHa), bis(4
      (decanoyloxy)butyl) terephthalate (DaBTaBDa), bis(4-(tetradecanoyloxy)butyl)
      terephthalate (TdaBTaBTda), bis(4-hydroxyhexyl) terephthalate (HTaH) and bis(4
      (benzoyloxy)butyl) terephthalate (BaBTaBBa). Polymeric PBAT variants were
      synthesized with adipic acid:terephatalic acid ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20,
      70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. These polymeric and oligomeric substances were used as
      ecoflex model substrates in enzymatic hydrolysis experiments in the article
      "Substrate specificities of cutinases on aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and on
      their model substrates" [4]. 

PMID- 26981547
TI  - The Role of gammadelta T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized
      by the overproduction of autoantibodies against an array of nuclear and
      cytoplasmic antigens and affects multiple organs, such as the skin, joints,
      kidneys, and neuronal tissues. T cells have been recognized as important players
      in the development of SLE due to their functions in cytokine secretion, antigen
      presentation, and supporting B cells for antibody production. gammadelta T cells
      are a minor population of T cells that play important roles in infection and
      tumor-associated disease. In recent years, the role of gammadelta T cells in
      autoimmune diseases has been investigated. In this review, we discussed the role
      of gammadelta T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE. 

PMID- 26981552
TI  - Clinical and immunological data of nine patients with chronic mucocutaneous
      candidiasis disease.
AB  - This paper describes the heterogeneous clinical phenotype of a cohort of nine
      patients diagnosed with heterozygous mutations in STAT1. We report data of
      extended immunophenotyping over time and we show lung damage in four patients.
      The increased phosphorylation of STAT1 in response to IFNgamma and IFNalpha
      stimulation proves the gain-of-function nature of the defects. The data are
      supplemental to our original article concurrently published "Clinical
      heterogeneity of dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease: presenting
      as treatment-resistant candidiasis and chronic lung disease" [1], where
      additional results and interpretation of our research can be found. 

PMID- 26981551
TI  - Active site specificity profiling datasets of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1,
      2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13 and 14.
AB  - The data described provide a comprehensive resource for the family-wide active
      site specificity portrayal of the human matrix metalloproteinase family. We used
      the high-throughput proteomic technique PICS (Proteomic Identification of
      protease Cleavage Sites) to comprehensively assay 9 different MMPs. We identified
      more than 4300 peptide cleavage sites, spanning both the prime and non-prime
      sides of the scissile peptide bond allowing detailed subsite cooperativity
      analysis. The proteomic cleavage data were expanded by kinetic analysis using a
      set of 6 quenched-fluorescent peptide substrates designed using these results.
      These datasets represent one of the largest specificity profiling efforts with
      subsequent structural follow up for any protease family and put the spotlight on
      the specificity similarities and differences of the MMP family. A detailed
      analysis of this data may be found in Eckhard et al. (2015) [1]. The raw mass
      spectrometry data and the corresponding metadata have been deposited in
      PRIDE/ProteomeXchange with the accession number PXD002265. 

PMID- 26981553
TI  - A Clinical Indications Prediction Scale Based on TWIST1 for Human Mesenchymal
      Stem Cells.
AB  - In addition to their stem/progenitor properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
      also exhibit potent effector (angiogenic, antiinflammatory, immuno-modulatory)
      functions that are largely paracrine in nature. It is widely believed that
      effector functions underlie most of the therapeutic potential of MSCs and are
      independent of their stem/progenitor properties. Here we demonstrate that
      stem/progenitor and effector functions are coordinately regulated at the cellular
      level by the transcription factor Twist1 and specified within populations
      according to a hierarchical model. We further show that manipulation of Twist1
      levels by genetic approaches or by exposure to widely used culture supplements
      including fibroblast growth factor 2 (Ffg2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
      alters MSC efficacy in cell-based and in vivo assays in a predictable manner.
      Thus, by mechanistically linking stem/progenitor and effector functions our
      studies provide a unifying framework in the form of an MSC hierarchy that models
      the functional complexity of populations. Using this framework, we developed a
      CLinical Indications Prediction (CLIP) scale that predicts how donor-to-donor
      heterogeneity and culture conditions impact the therapeutic efficacy of MSC
      populations for different disease indications. 

PMID- 26981554
TI  - Circulating Cell Free DNA in the Diagnosis of Trophoblastic Tumors.
AB  - Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) represents a group of diseases
      characterized by production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Since non
      gestational tumors may occasionally secrete hCG, histopathological diagnosis is
      important for appropriate clinical management. However, a histopathological
      diagnosis is not always available. We therefore investigated the feasibility of
      extracting cell free DNA (cfDNA) from the plasma of women with GTN for use as a
      "liquid biopsy" in patients without histopathological diagnosis. cfDNA was
      prepared from the plasma of 20 women with a diagnosis of GTN and five with hCG
      secreting tumors of unknown origin. Genotyping of cfDNA from the patient, genomic
      DNA from her and her partner and DNA from the tumor tissue identified circulating
      tumor DNA (ctDNA) (from 9% to 53% of total cfDNA) in 12 of 20 patients with GTN.
      In one case without a tissue diagnosis, ctDNA enabled a diagnosis of GTN
      originating in a non-molar conception and in another a diagnosis of non
      gestational tumor, based on the high degree of allelic instability and loss of
      heterozygosity in the ctDNA. In summary ctDNA can be detected in the plasma of
      women with GTN and can facilitate the diagnosis of both gestational and non
      gestational trophoblastic tumors in cases without histopathological diagnosis. 

PMID- 26981555
TI  - Rapid Diagnosis of 83 Patients with Niemann Pick Type C Disease and Related
      Cholesterol Transport Disorders by Cholestantriol Screening.
AB  - Niemann Pick type C (NP-C) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by an
      impairment of intracellular lipid transport. Due to the heterogeneous clinical
      phenotype and the lack of a reliable blood test, diagnosis and therapy are often
      delayed for years. In the cell, accumulating cholesterol leads to increased
      formation of oxysterols that can be used as a powerful screening parameter for NP
      C. In a large scale study, we evaluated the oxysterol cholestane
      3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol (c-triol) as potential biomarker for a rapid diagnosis
      of NP-C. Using GC/MS, c-triol has been analyzed in 1902 plasma samples of
      patients with the suspicion for NP-C. Diagnosis in patients with elevated
      oxysterols was confirmed by genetic analysis. 71 new NP-C patients (69 NP-C1 and
      two NP-C2) and 12 Niemann Pick type A/B patients were identified. 24 new
      mutations in NPC1, one new mutation in NPC2 and three new mutations in the SMPD1
      gene were found. Cholestane-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol was elevated in Niemann Pick
      type C1, type C2, type A/B and in CESD disease. No other study has ever
      identified so many NP-C patients, proving that c-triol is a rapid and reliable
      biomarker to detect patients with NP-C disease and related cholesterol transport
      disorders. It should replace the filipin test as the first-line diagnostic assay.

PMID- 26981557
TI  - Disease, iPSCs and a Quest for the Perfect Model.

PMID- 26981556
TI  - The Impact of Alzheimer's Disease on the Chinese Economy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent increases in life expectancy may greatly expand future
      Alzheimer's Disease (AD) burdens. China's demographic profile, aging workforce
      and predicted increasing burden of AD-related care make its economy vulnerable to
      AD impacts. Previous economic estimates of AD predominantly focus on health
      system burdens and omit wider whole-economy effects, potentially underestimating
      the full economic benefit of effective treatment. METHODS: AD-related prevalence,
      morbidity and mortality for 2011-2050 were simulated and were, together with
      associated caregiver time and costs, imposed on a dynamic Computable General
      Equilibrium model of the Chinese economy. Both economic and non-economic outcomes
      were analyzed. FINDINGS: Simulated Chinese AD prevalence quadrupled during 2011
      50 from 6-28 million. The cumulative discounted value of eliminating AD equates
      to China's 2012 GDP (US$8 trillion), and the annual predicted real value
      approaches US AD cost-of-illness (COI) estimates, exceeding US$1 trillion by 2050
      (2011-prices). Lost labor contributes 62% of macroeconomic impacts. Only 10%
      derives from informal care, challenging previous COI-estimates of 56%.
      INTERPRETATION: Health and macroeconomic models predict an unfolding 2011-2050
      Chinese AD epidemic with serious macroeconomic consequences. Significant
      investment in research and development (medical and non-medical) is warranted and
      international researchers and national authorities should therefore target
      development of effective AD treatment and prevention strategies.

PMID- 26981558
TI  - T memory stem cell formation: Caveat mTOR.

PMID- 26981559
TI  - Endothelial Progenitors and Blood Microparticles: Are They Relevant to Heart
      Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction?

PMID- 26981560
TI  - Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapies for tuberculosis.

PMID- 26981561
TI  - Biomarkers for Identifying Risk of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.

PMID- 26981563
TI  - Gene by Environment Interaction Linking the Chromosome 15q25 Locus with Cigarette
      Consumption and Lung Cancer Susceptibility--Are African American Affected
      Differently?--Authors' Reply.

PMID- 26981562
TI  - Circulating Tumor DNA: A Potential Novel Diagnostic Approach in Gestational
      Trophoblastic Neoplasia.

PMID- 26981564
TI  - Matrix Gla-Protein (MGP) Not Only Inhibits Calcification in Large Arteries But
      Also May Be Renoprotective: Connecting the Dots.

PMID- 26981565
TI  - Towards a New Diagnostic Standard for Niemann-Pick C Disease.

PMID- 26981566
TI  - The Puzzle of Structural Brain Connectivity Following Traumatic Incidents.

PMID- 26981567
TI  - The Impact of Alzheimer's Disease in China.

PMID- 26981568
TI  - Precision Medicine: The new era in medicine.

PMID- 26981569
TI  - Emerging Tools for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Ischaemic strokes resulting from atrial fibrillation (AF) constitute a
      devastating condition for patients and their carers with huge burden on health
      care systems. Prophylactic treatment against systemic embolization and ischaemic
      strokes is the cornerstone for the management of AF. Effective stroke prevention
      requires the use of the vitamin K antagonists or non-vitamin K oral
      anticoagulants (NOACs). This article summarises the latest developments in the
      field of stroke prevention in AF and aims to assist physicians with the choice of
      oral anticoagulant for patients with non-valvular AF with different risk factor
      profile. 

PMID- 26981570
TI  - Reversing Gut Damage in HIV Infection: Using Non-Human Primate Models to Instruct
      Clinical Research.
AB  - Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to dramatic improvements in the lives of HIV
      infected persons. However, residual immune activation, which persists despite
      ART, is associated with increased risk of non-AIDS morbidities. Accumulating
      evidence shows that disruption of the gut mucosal epithelium during SIV/HIV
      infections allows translocation of microbial products into the circulation,
      triggering immune activation. This disruption is due to immune, structural and
      microbial alterations. In this review, we highlighted the key findings of gut
      mucosa studies of SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected humans that have
      revealed virus-induced changes of intestinal CD4, CD8 T cells, innate lymphoid
      cells, myeloid cells, and of the local cytokine/chemokine network in addition to
      epithelial injuries. We review the interplay between the host immune response and
      the intestinal microbiota, which also impacts disease progression. Collectively,
      these studies have instructed clinical research on early ART initiation,
      modifiers of microbiota composition, and recombinant cytokines for restoring gut
      barrier integrity. 

PMID- 26981571
TI  - Modulation of mTOR Signalling Triggers the Formation of Stem Cell-like Memory T
      Cells.
AB  - Robust, long-lasting immune responses are elicited by memory T cells that possess
      properties of stem cells, enabling them to persist long-term and to permanently
      replenish the effector pools. Thus, stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells are of
      key therapeutic value and efforts are underway to characterize TSCM cells and to
      identify means for their targeted induction. Here, we show that inhibition of
      mechanistic/mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) by rapamycin
      or the Wnt-beta-catenin signalling activator TWS119 in activated human naive T
      cells leads to the induction of TSCM cells. We show that these compounds switch T
      cell metabolism to fatty acid oxidation as favoured metabolic programme for TSCM
      cell generation. Of note, pharmacologically induced TSCM cells possess superior
      functional features as a long-term repopulation capacity after adoptive transfer.
      Furthermore, we provide insights into the transcriptome of TSCM cells. Our data
      identify a mechanism of pharmacological mTORC1 inhibitors, allowing us to confer
      stemness to human naive T cells which may be significantly relevant for the
      design of innovative T cell-based cancer immunotherapies. 

PMID- 26981572
TI  - Mapping Human Pluripotent-to-Cardiomyocyte Differentiation: Methylomes,
      Transcriptomes, and Exon DNA Methylation "Memories".
AB  - The directed differentiation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs) from pluripotent cells
      provides an invaluable model for understanding mechanisms of cell fate
      determination and offers considerable promise in cardiac regenerative medicine.
      Here, we utilize a human embryonic stem cell suspension bank, produced according
      to a good manufacturing practice, to generate CMs using a fully defined and small
      molecule-based differentiation strategy. Primitive and cardiac mesoderm
      purification was used to remove non-committing and multi-lineage populations and
      this significantly aided the identification of key transcription factors,
      lncRNAs, and essential signaling pathways that define cardiomyogenesis. Global
      methylation profiles reflect CM development and we report on CM exon DNA
      methylation "memories" persisting beyond transcription repression and marking the
      expression history of numerous developmentally regulated genes, especially
      transcription factors. 

PMID- 26981574
TI  - Bacterial Cytological Profiling (BCP) as a Rapid and Accurate Antimicrobial
      Susceptibility Testing Method for Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Successful treatment of bacterial infections requires the timely administration
      of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The failure to initiate the correct therapy
      in a timely fashion results in poor clinical outcomes, longer hospital stays, and
      higher medical costs. Current approaches to antibiotic susceptibility testing of
      cultured pathogens have key limitations ranging from long run times to dependence
      on prior knowledge of genetic mechanisms of resistance. We have developed a rapid
      antimicrobial susceptibility assay for Staphylococcus aureus based on bacterial
      cytological profiling (BCP), which uses quantitative fluorescence microscopy to
      measure antibiotic induced changes in cellular architecture. BCP discriminated
      between methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant (MRSA) clinical isolates of
      S. aureus (n = 71) within 1-2 h with 100% accuracy. Similarly, BCP correctly
      distinguished daptomycin susceptible (DS) from daptomycin non-susceptible (DNS)
      S. aureus strains (n = 20) within 30 min. Among MRSA isolates, BCP further
      identified two classes of strains that differ in their susceptibility to specific
      combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics. BCP provides a rapid and flexible
      alternative to gene-based susceptibility testing methods for S. aureus, and
      should be readily adaptable to different antibiotics and bacterial species as new
      mechanisms of resistance or multidrug-resistant pathogens evolve and appear in
      mainstream clinical practice.

PMID- 26981573
TI  - Pattern of endothelial progenitor cells and apoptotic endothelial cell-derived
      microparticles in chronic heart failure patients with preserved and reduced left
      ventricular ejection fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure (HF) remains a leading cause of cardiovascular
      (CV) mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of the study was to investigate
      whether the pattern of angiogenic endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and
      apoptotic endothelial cell-derived microparticles (EMPs) would be able to
      differentiate HF with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction.
      METHODS: One hundred sixty four chronic HF subjects met inclusion criteria.
      Patients with global left ventricular ejection fraction >= 50% were categorized
      as the HFpEF group (n = 79) and those with <= 45% as the HFrEF group (n = 85).
      Therefore, to compare the circulating levels of biological markers 35 control
      subjects without HF were included in the study. All control individuals were age-
      and sex-matched chronic HF patients. The serum level of biomarkers was measured
      at baseline. The flow cytometric technique was used for predictably
      distinguishing circulating cell subsets depending on expression of CD45, CD34,
      CD14, Tie-2, and CD309 antigens and determining endothelial cell-derived
      microparticles. CD31(+)/annexin V(+) was defined as apoptotic endothelial cell
      derived MPs, MPs labeled for CD105(+) or CD62E(+) were determined as MPs produced
      due to activation of endothelial cells. RESULTS: In multivariate logistic
      regression model T2DM (R(2) = 0.26; P = 0.001), obesity (R(2) = 0.22; P = 0.001),
      previous MI (R(2) = 0.17; P = 0.012), galectin-3 (R(2) = 0.67; P = 0.012),
      CD31(+)/annexin V(+) EMPs (R(2) = 0.11; P = 0.001), NT-proBNP (R(2) = 0.11; P =
      0.046), CD14(+) CD309(+) cells (R(2) = 0.058; P = 0.001), and CD14(+) SD309(+)
      Tie-2(+) cells (R(2) = 0.044; P = 0.028) were found as independent predictors of
      HFpEF. Using multivariate Cox-regression analysis adjusted etiology (previous
      myocardial infarction), cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, type 2 diabetes
      mellitus) we found that NT-proBNP (OR 1.08; 95% CI = 1.03-1.12; P = 0.001) and
      CD31(+)/annexin V(+) EMPs to CD14(+) CD309(+) cell ratio (OR 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02
      1.11; P = 0.02) were independent predictors for HFpEF. CONCLUSION: We found that
      CD31(+)/annexin V(+) EMPs to CD14(+) CD309(+) cell ratio added to NT-proBNP,
      clinical data, and cardiovascular risk factors has exhibited the best
      discriminate value and higher reliability to predict HFpEF compared with NT
      proBNP and clinical data/cardiovascular risk factors alone.

PMID- 26981575
TI  - Adjunctive Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Therapy Improves Antibiotic Response to
      Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Rabbit Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Adjunctive host-directed therapy is emerging as a new potential
      approach to improve the outcome of conventional antimicrobial treatment for
      tuberculosis (TB). We tested the ability of a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor
      (PDE4i) CC-11050, co-administered with the first-line anti-TB drug isoniazid
      (INH), to accelerate bacillary killing and reduce chronic inflammation in the
      lungs of rabbits with experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection.
      METHODS: A rabbit model of pulmonary TB that recapitulates the pathologic
      manifestations seen in humans was used. Rabbits were infected with virulent Mtb
      by aerosol exposure and treated for eight weeks with INH with or without CC
      11050, starting at four weeks post infection. The effect of CC-11050 treatment on
      disease severity, pathology, bacillary load, T cell proliferation and global lung
      transcriptome profiles were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant improvement in
      bacillary clearance and reduced lung pathology and fibrosis were noted in the
      rabbits treated for eight weeks with INH + CC-11050, compared to those treated
      with INH or CC-11050 only. In addition, expression of host genes associated with
      tissue remodeling, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) regulation, macrophage
      activation and lung inflammation networks was dampened in CC-11050-treated,
      compared to the untreated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive CC-11050 therapy
      significantly improves the response of rabbits with experimental pulmonary TB to
      INH treatment. We propose that CC-11050 may be a promising candidate for host
      directed therapy of patients with pulmonary TB, reducing the duration and
      improving clinical outcome of antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 26981576
TI  - Vitamin D, D-dimer, Interferon gamma, and sCD14 Levels are Independently
      Associated with Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A Prospective,
      International Study.
AB  - To determine the immunological profile most important for IRIS prediction, we
      evaluated 20 baseline plasma biomarkers in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
      (AIDS) patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients were enrolled
      in a randomized, placebo-controlled ART initiation trial in South Africa and
      Mexico to test whether maraviroc could prevent IRIS. Participants were classified
      prospectively as having IRIS within 6 months of ART initiation. Twenty plasma
      biomarkers were measured at study enrollment for 267 participants. Biomarkers
      were tested for predicting IRIS with adjustment for covariates chosen through
      forward stepwise selection. Sixty-two participants developed IRIS and of these 19
      were tuberculosis (TB)-IRIS. Baseline levels of vitamin D and higher d-dimer,
      interferon gamma (IFNgamma), and sCD14 were independently associated with risk of
      IRIS in multivariate analyses. TB-IRIS cases exhibited a distinct biosignature
      from IRIS related to other pathogens, with increased levels of C-reactive protein
      (CRP), sCD14, IFNgamma, and lower levels of Hb that could be captured by a
      composite risk score. Elevated markers of Type 1 T helper (Th1) response,
      monocyte activation, coagulation and low vitamin D were independently associated
      with IRIS risk. Interventions that decrease immune activation and increase
      vitamin D levels warrant further study.

PMID- 26981577
TI  - Oral Phage Therapy of Acute Bacterial Diarrhea With Two Coliphage Preparations: A
      Randomized Trial in Children From Bangladesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance is rising in important bacterial pathogens.
      Phage therapy (PT), the use of bacterial viruses infecting the pathogen in a
      species-specific way, is a potential alternative. METHOD: T4-like coliphages or a
      commercial Russian coliphage product or placebo was orally given over 4 days to
      Bangladeshi children hospitalized with acute bacterial diarrhea. Safety of oral
      phage was assessed clinically and by functional tests; coliphage and Escherichia
      coli titers and enteropathogens were determined in stool and quantitative
      diarrhea parameters (stool output, stool frequency) were measured. Stool
      microbiota was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing; the genomes of four fecal
      Streptococcus isolates were sequenced. FINDINGS: No adverse events attributable
      to oral phage application were observed (primary safety outcome). Fecal coliphage
      was increased in treated over control children, but the titers did not show
      substantial intestinal phage replication (secondary microbiology outcome). 60% of
      the children suffered from a microbiologically proven E. coli diarrhea; the most
      frequent diagnosis was ETEC infections. Bacterial co-pathogens were also
      detected. Half of the patients contained phage-susceptible E. coli colonies in
      the stool. E. coli represented less than 5% of fecal bacteria. Stool ETEC titers
      showed only a short-lived peak and were otherwise close to the replication
      threshold determined for T4 phage in vitro. An interim analysis after the
      enrollment of 120 patients showed no amelioration in quantitative diarrhea
      parameter by PT over standard care (tertiary clinical outcome). Stool microbiota
      was characterized by an overgrowth with Streptococcus belonging to the
      Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus salivarius species groups, their
      abundance correlated with quantitative diarrhea outcome, but genome sequencing
      did not identify virulence genes. INTERPRETATION: Oral coliphages showed a safe
      gut transit in children, but failed to achieve intestinal amplification and to
      improve diarrhea outcome, possibly due to insufficient phage coverage and too low
      E. coli pathogen titers requiring higher oral phage doses. More knowledge is
      needed on in vivo phage-bacterium interaction and the role of E. coli in
      childhood diarrhea for successful PT. FUNDING: The study was supported by a grant
      from Nestle Nutrition and Nestle Health Science. The trial was registered with
      Identifier NCT00937274 at ClinicalTrials.gov.

PMID- 26981578
TI  - Phenotypic Plasticity Determines Cancer Stem Cell Therapeutic Resistance in Oral
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumour spread and therapeutic resistance, and can
      undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial
      transition (MET) to switch between epithelial and post-EMT sub-populations.
      Examining oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we now show that increased
      phenotypic plasticity, the ability to undergo EMT/MET, underlies increased CSC
      therapeutic resistance within both the epithelial and post-EMT sub-populations.
      The post-EMT CSCs that possess plasticity exhibit particularly enhanced
      therapeutic resistance and are defined by a CD44(high)EpCAM(low/-) CD24(+) cell
      surface marker profile. Treatment with TGFbeta and retinoic acid (RA) enabled
      enrichment of this sub-population for therapeutic testing, through which the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor and autophagy inhibitor Thapsigargin was
      shown to selectively target these cells. Demonstration of the link between
      phenotypic plasticity and therapeutic resistance, and development of an in vitro
      method for enrichment of a highly resistant CSC sub-population, provides an
      opportunity for the development of improved chemotherapeutic agents that can
      eliminate CSCs. 

PMID- 26981582
TI  - Enabling Precision Medicine With Digital Case Classification at the Point-of
      Care.
AB  - Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system are difficult
      to identify early. Case definitions for aseptic meningitis, encephalitis,
      myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) are available, but
      rarely put to use. The VACC-Tool (Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative Automated Case
      Classification-Tool) is a mobile application enabling immediate case
      ascertainment based on consensus criteria at the point-of-care. The VACC-Tool was
      validated in a quality management program in collaboration with the Robert-Koch
      Institute. Results were compared to ICD-10 coding and retrospective analysis of
      electronic health records using the same case criteria. Of 68,921 patients
      attending the emergency room in 10/2010-06/2013, 11,575 were hospitalized, with
      521 eligible patients (mean age: 7.6 years) entering the quality management
      program. Using the VACC-Tool at the point-of-care, 180/521 cases were classified
      successfully and 194/521 ruled out with certainty. Of the 180 confirmed cases,
      116 had been missed by ICD-10 coding, 38 misclassified. By retrospective
      application of the same case criteria, 33 cases were missed. Encephalitis and
      ADEM cases were most likely missed or misclassified. The VACC-Tool enables
      physicians to ask the right questions at the right time, thereby classifying
      cases consistently and accurately, facilitating translational research. Future
      applications will alert physicians when additional diagnostic procedures are
      required.

PMID- 26981584
TI  - An Elliptic Curve Based Schnorr Cloud Security Model in Distributed Environment.
AB  - Cloud computing requires the security upgrade in data transmission approaches. In
      general, key-based encryption/decryption (symmetric and asymmetric) mechanisms
      ensure the secure data transfer between the devices. The symmetric key mechanisms
      (pseudorandom function) provide minimum protection level compared to asymmetric
      key (RSA, AES, and ECC) schemes. The presence of expired content and the
      irrelevant resources cause unauthorized data access adversely. This paper
      investigates how the integrity and secure data transfer are improved based on the
      Elliptic Curve based Schnorr scheme. This paper proposes a virtual machine based
      cloud model with Hybrid Cloud Security Algorithm (HCSA) to remove the expired
      content. The HCSA-based auditing improves the malicious activity prediction
      during the data transfer. The duplication in the cloud server degrades the
      performance of EC-Schnorr based encryption schemes. This paper utilizes the
      blooming filter concept to avoid the cloud server duplication. The combination of
      EC-Schnorr and blooming filter efficiently improves the security performance. The
      comparative analysis between proposed HCSA and the existing Distributed Hash
      Table (DHT) regarding execution time, computational overhead, and auditing time
      with auditing requests and servers confirms the effectiveness of HCSA in the
      cloud security model creation. 

PMID- 26981580
TI  - Vitamin K Dependent Protection of Renal Function in Multi-ethnic Population
      Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Following activation by vitamin K (VK), matrix Gla protein (MGP)
      inhibits arterial calcification, but its role in preserving renal function
      remains unknown. METHODS: In 1166 white Flemish (mean age, 38.2 years) and 714
      South Africans (49.2% black; 40.6 years), we correlated estimated glomerular
      filtration (eGFR [CKD-EPI formula]) and stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD
      [KDOQI stages 2-3]) with inactive desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), using
      multivariable linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: Among Flemish and white
      and black Africans, between-group differences in eGFR (90, 100 and 122
      mL/min/1.73 m(2)), dp-ucMGP (3.7, 6.5 and 3.2 MUg/L), and CKD prevalence (53.5,
      28.7 and 10.5%) were significant, but associations of eGFR with dp-ucMGP did not
      differ among ethnicities (P >= 0.075). For a doubling of dp-ucMGP, eGFR decreased
      by 1.5 (P = 0.023), 1.0 (P = 0.56), 2.8 (P = 0.0012) and 2.1 (P < 0.0001)
      mL/min/1.73 m(2) in Flemish, white Africans, black Africans and all participants
      combined; the odds ratios for moving up one CKD stage were 1.17 (P = 0.033), 1.03
      (P = 0.87), 1.29 (P = 0.12) and 1.17 (P = 0.011), respectively. INTERPRETATION:
      In the general population, eGFR decreases and CKD risk increases with higher dp
      ucMGP, a marker of VK deficiency. These findings highlight the possibility that
      VK supplementation might promote renal health.

PMID- 26981583
TI  - Say "GDNT": Frequency of Adolescent Texting at Night.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Electronic media use is pervasive among adolescents. However, prior
      studies of media use have not specifically focused on texting behavior, and
      current estimates of teen texting -- a primary form of communication among
      adolescents - are based on teens' self-reported use. Evaluating the frequency of
      nighttime texting is crucial, given evidence that such behaviors may contribute
      to epidemic levels of insufficient sleep among adolescents. METHODS: Descriptive
      analysis of objectively recorded outgoing text message data in a sample of
      adolescents (N=43; M=16.06, SD 1.29 years of age; 63% females). RESULTS: The
      current study found that texting behavior was ubiquitous in the pre-bedtime
      period with 98% of adolescents sending at least one text after 8:00 pm. Texting
      was also very prevalent at night: 70% of participating teens sent at least one
      text between10:00 pm and 5:59 am. CONCLUSIONS: These findings add to a growing
      body of literature highlighting the potential role of mobile electronic devices
      in adolescent sleep disturbances.

PMID- 26981581
TI  - White Matter Abnormalities in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Following a Specific
      Traumatic Event.
AB  - Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are complicated by wide
      variability in the intensity and duration of prior stressors in patient
      participants, secondary effects of chronic psychiatric illness, and a variable
      history of treatment with psychiatric medications. In magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) studies, patient samples have often been small, and they were not often
      compared to similarly stressed patients without PTSD in order to control for
      general stress effects. Findings from these studies have been inconsistent. The
      present study investigated whole-brain microstructural alterations of white
      matter in a large drug-naive population who survived a specific, severe traumatic
      event (a major 8.0-magnitude earthquake). Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI),
      we explored group differences between 88 PTSD patients and 91 matched traumatized
      non-PTSD controls in fractional anisotropy (FA), as well as its component
      elements axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD), and examined these
      findings in relation to findings from deterministic DTI tractography. Relations
      between white matter alterations and psychiatric symptom severity were examined.
      PTSD patients, relative to similarly stressed controls, showed an FA increase as
      well as AD and RD changes in the white matter beneath left dorsolateral
      prefrontal cortex and forceps major. The observation of increased FA in the PTSD
      group suggests that the pathophysiology of PTSD after a specific acute traumatic
      event is distinct from what has been reported in patients with several years
      duration of illness. Alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be an
      important aspect of illness pathophysiology, possibly via the region's
      established role in fear extinction circuitry. Use-dependent myelination or other
      secondary compensatory changes in response to heightened demands for threat
      appraisal and emotion regulation may be involved. 

PMID- 26981579
TI  - Gene by Environment Investigation of Incident Lung Cancer Risk in African
      Americans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms linked
      to both smoking exposure and risk of lung cancer. The degree to which lung cancer
      risk is driven by increased smoking, genetics, or gene-environment interactions
      is not well understood. METHODS: We analyzed associations between 28 single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with smoking quantity and
      lung cancer in 7156 African-American females in the Women's Health Initiative
      (WHI), then analyzed main effects of top nominally significant SNPs and
      interactions between SNPs, cigarettes per day (CPD) and pack-years for lung
      cancer in an independent, multi-center case-control study of African-American
      females and males (1078 lung cancer cases and 822 controls). FINDINGS: Nine
      nominally significant SNPs for CPD in WHI were associated with incident lung
      cancer (corrected p-values from 0.027 to 6.09 * 10(-5)). CPD was found to be a
      nominally significant effect modifier between SNP and lung cancer for six SNPs,
      including CHRNA5 rs2036527[A](betaSNP*CPD = - 0.017, p = 0.0061, corrected p =
      0.054), which was associated with CPD in a previous genome-wide meta-analysis of
      African-Americans. INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that chromosome 15q25.1
      variants are robustly associated with CPD and lung cancer in African-Americans
      and that the allelic dose effect of these polymorphisms on lung cancer risk is
      most pronounced in lighter smokers.

PMID- 26981585
TI  - Front and Back Movement Analysis of a Triangle-Structured Three-Wheeled
      Omnidirectional Mobile Robot by Varying the Angles between Two Selected Wheels.
AB  - Omnidirectional robots can move in all directions without steering their wheels
      and it can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise with reference to their axis. In
      this paper, we focused only on front and back movement, to analyse the square-
      and triangle-structured omnidirectional robot movements. An omnidirectional
      mobile robot shows different performances with the different number of wheels and
      the omnidirectional mobile robot's chassis design. Research is going on in this
      field to improve the accurate movement capability of omnidirectional mobile
      robots. This paper presents a design of a unique device of Angle Variable Chassis
      (AVC) for linear movement analysis of a three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile
      robot (TWOMR), at various angles (theta) between the wheels. Basic mobility
      algorithm is developed by varying the angles between the two selected
      omnidirectional wheels in TWOMR. The experiment is carried out by varying the
      angles (theta = 30 degrees , 45 degrees , 60 degrees , 90 degrees , and 120
      degrees ) between the two selected omniwheels and analysing the movement of TWOMR
      in forward direction and reverse direction on a smooth cement surface.
      Respectively, it is compared to itself for various angles (theta), to get its
      advantages and weaknesses. The conclusion of the paper provides effective
      movement of TWOMR at a particular angle (theta) and also the application of TWOMR
      in different situations. 

PMID- 26981586
TI  - Native Nephrectomy in Renal Transplant Recipients with Autosomal Dominant
      Polycystic Kidney Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Native nephrectomy (NNx) is often done in patients with autosomal
      dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Controversy exists concerning the
      need and timing of nephrectomy in transplant candidates. We hypothesize that post
      transplant NNx does not negatively impact patient and graft survival. METHODS:
      Among 470 ADPKD transplant recipients included in the study, 114 (24.3%)
      underwent pre- (30.7%) or post-transplant (69.3%) NNx. Clinical data was
      retrieved from electronic records. Follow up was until death, graft loss or June
      2014. Perioperative complications were compared between the surgical techniques
      (open or laparoscopic) and between the pre- and post-transplant nephrectomy
      groups. The effect of nephrectomy on graft survival was analyzed as a time
      dependent covariate when performed post-transplant. RESULTS: Mean age at
      transplant was 52.4 years, 53.8% were male, 93% white, 70% were from living
      donors and 56.8% were pre-emptive. Nephrectomy was done laparoscopically in 31%
      and 86% in the pre- and post- transplant nephrectomy groups, respectively.
      Complications were less common in those who underwent nephrectomy post-transplant
      (26.6% vs. 48%, p=0.03) but were similar regardless of surgical technique (open,
      33.3% vs. laparoscopic 33%, p=0.66). Patient and graft survival were similar
      between those who underwent pre-transplant nephrectomy and the rest of the
      recipients. In the post-transplant nephrectomy group, nephrectomy did not affect
      patient (HR 0.77, CI 0.38-1.54, p=0.45) or graft survival (HR 1.0, CI 0.57-1.76,
      p=0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Nephrectomy does not adversely affect patient or graft
      survival. Post-transplant nephrectomy is feasible when indicated without
      compromising long term graft outcome and has fewer complications than pre
      transplant nephrectomy.

PMID- 26981587
TI  - Biomarkers for bladder cancer: The search continues!

PMID- 26981588
TI  - Past, present and future of urological robotic surgery.
AB  - The first urologic robotic program in the world was built at the Vattikuti
      Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, Michigan, in 2000 under the
      vision of surgical innovator, Dr. Mani Menon for the radical prostatectomy. The
      robot-assisted radical prostatectomy continues being modified with techniques to
      improve perioperative and surgical outcomes. The application of robotic surgical
      technique has since been expanded to the bladder and upper urinary tract surgery.
      The evolution of surgical technique and its expansion of application will
      continue to improve quality, outcome parameters and experience for the patients.

PMID- 26981589
TI  - Persistence and compliance with medication management in the treatment of
      overactive bladder.
AB  - Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common and chronic condition that impacts patients'
      daily activities and quality of life. Pharmaco-therapy for OAB is a mainstay of
      treatment. Antimuscarinics and beta3-adrenoceptor agonists are the two major
      classes of oral pharmacotherapy and have similar efficacy for treating the
      symptoms of OAB. Owing to the chronic nature of OAB, long-term use of medication
      is essential for OAB symptom control and positive health outcomes. However, many
      patients elect to stop their medications during the treatment period. Unmet
      expectations of treatment and side effects seem to be the major factors for
      discontinuing OAB pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, the short- and long-term
      persistence and compliance with medication management are markedly worse in OAB
      than in other chronic medical conditions. Improvement in persistence and
      compliance with OAB pharmacotherapy is a hot topic in OAB treatment and should be
      an important goal in the treatment of OAB. Effective strategies should be
      identified to improve persistence and compliance. In this review, we outline what
      is known about persistence and compliance and the factors affecting persistence
      with pharmacotherapy in patients with OAB.

PMID- 26981590
TI  - Prevention of sepsis prior to prostate biopsy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Urosepsis is the most feared complication of transrectal prostate
      biopsy. The incidence may be increasing from <1% to 2%-3% in contemporary series.
      Historically, fluoroquinolones have been effective antibiotic prophylaxis to
      prevent infective complications but antibiotic resistance is increasing. The
      increase in antibiotic resistance may contribute to reported increases in
      urosepsis and hospitalization after transrectal biopsy. This article will review
      other methods clinicians may employ to reduce the incidence of infective
      complications after prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review
      of the literature was conducted using literature databases PubMed and Ovid
      MEDLINE in August 2015 in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items
      for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) criteria. RESULTS: Effective strategies
      to reduce infective complications after transrectal prostate biopsy include
      augmented prophylaxis with other antibiotics, rectal swab culture directed
      antibiotic prophylaxis or a transperineal biopsy approach. Needle disinfection,
      minimizing the number of biopsy needles and rectal disinfectants may also be of
      use. These methods may be of particular utility in patients with risk factors for
      developing urosepsis such as recent antibiotic use and overseas travel.
      CONCLUSIONS: The scientific literature describes various techniques designed to
      reduce infective complications caused by prostate biopsy. Clinicians should
      consider incorporating these novel techniques into their contemporary practice.

PMID- 26981591
TI  - The role of Bosniak classification in malignant tumor diagnosis: A single
      institution experience.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical reliability of the Bosniak classification in
      Korea, and to identify independent predictors of malignancy in complicated renal
      cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 368 patients with renal
      cysts between January 2001 and December 2014; 14 patients were excluded, due to
      interobserver variability in Bosniak classification between the radiologist and
      urologist. Clinical characteristics and radiologic findings of malignant cystic
      masses were analyzed, retrospectively. RESULTS: In 324 surgically excised lesions
      from patients (n=312) with renal cysts, the percentages of malignancy in the
      different Bosniak classifications were as follows: category I, 1.0% (1 of 103);
      II, 3.8% (2 of 53); IIF, 17.1% (7 of 41); III, 38.0% (27 of 71); and IV, 82.1%
      (46 of 56). Mean age and lesion size were 59.88+/-11.9 years (180 men, 144 women)
      and 5.47+/-3.51 cm, respectively. Univariate analysis identified hypertension
      (p=0.011), a history of smoking (p=0.038), and obesity (p=0.015) as the strongest
      risk factors of malignancy. In a study of Bosniak category III patients,
      hypertension (p=0.018), lesion size (p<0.001), and difference of Hounsfield Unit
      (HU) (p=0.027) were the strongest risk factors of malignancy. Multivariate
      analysis identified lesion size as the strongest potential predictor of
      malignancy, followed by hypertension and difference of HU. CONCLUSIONS: Risk
      factors of malignancy in complicated renal cyst patients were not different from
      those published previously. In Bosniak category III lesions, hypertension and
      lesion size were the strongest predictors of malignancy. Characteristically, the
      lesion size was smaller than in benign complicated renal cysts, in contrast with
      other categories.

PMID- 26981592
TI  - Value of urinary topoisomerase-IIA cell-free DNA for diagnosis of bladder cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Topoisomerase-II alpha (TopoIIA ), a DNA gyrase isoform that plays an
      important role in the cell cycle, is present in normal tissues and various human
      cancers, and can show altered expression in both. The aim of the current study
      was to examine the value of urinary TopoIIA cell-free DNA as a noninvasive
      diagnosis of bladder cancer (BC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two patient cohorts were
      examined. Cohort 1 (73 BC patients and seven controls) provided bladder tissue
      samples, whereas cohort 2 (83 BC patients, 54 nonmalignant hematuric patients,
      and 61 normal controls) provided urine samples. Real-time quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction was used to measure expression of TopoIIA mRNA in tissues and
      TopoIIA cell-free DNA in urine samples. RESULTS: The results showed that
      expression of TopoIIA mRNA in BC tissues was significantly higher than that in
      noncancer control tissues (p<0.001). The expression of urinary TopoIIA cell-free
      DNA in BC patients was also significantly higher than that in noncancer patient
      controls and hematuria patients (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). High
      expression of urinary TopoIIA cell-free DNA was also detected in muscle invasive
      bladder cancer (MIBC) when compared with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer
      (NMIBC) (p=0.002). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was
      performed to examine the sensitivity/specificity of urinary TopoIIA cell-free DNA
      for diagnosing BC, NMIBC, and MIBC. The areas under the ROC curve for BC, NMIBC,
      and MIBC were 0.741, 0.701, and 0.838, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the
      results of this study provide evidence that cell-free TopoIIA DNA may be a
      potential biomarker for BC.

PMID- 26981593
TI  - Radiation dosing in the investigation and follow-up of urolithiasis: Comparison
      between historical and contemporary practices.
AB  - PURPOSE: Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard imaging modality for the
      diagnosis and follow-up of urolithiasis. Before the use of CT, intravenous
      urography (IVU) was the imaging modality of choice. CT remains contentious
      because of the cancer risk related to radiation exposure above a threshold level.
      We aimed to compare the radiation exposure dose to the average patient with
      urolithiasis in the era of CT with that of IVU. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our
      hospital medical records database was searched for patients who presented to the
      Emergency Department over a 1-month period in 1990 with a diagnosis of renal
      colic. Patients with the same presentation, from the same month, in 2013 were
      also identified. A total of 14 patients from each year fulfilled the inclusion
      criteria. The estimated effective radiation exposure dose for each patient was
      calculated by using data from population-based studies. RESULTS: The median
      effective radiation dose per patient in the 1990 group, for initial diagnosis and
      subsequent follow-up, was 4.05 mSv (interquartile range [IQR], 3.7-4.4 mSv). The
      corresponding median dose in the 2013 group was 4.2 mSv (IQR, 4.2-4.9 mSv), and
      there was no evidence of a statistical difference between the groups (p=0.8).
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite the contentiousness related to the use of serial CT
      scanning, our study demonstrated that for radiological investigation and follow
      up of urolithiasis, the estimated effective radiation exposure dose to each
      patient is only marginally higher than in the era of IVU, with improvements in
      length of hospital stay and time to definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 26981594
TI  - The mathematical formula of the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT)
      distribution of lifelong premature ejaculation differs from the IELT distribution
      formula of men in the general male population.
AB  - PURPOSE: To find the most accurate mathematical description of the intravaginal
      ejaculation latency time (IELT) distribution in the general male population.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the fitness of various well-known mathematical
      distributions with the IELT distribution of two previously published stopwatch
      studies of the Caucasian general male population and a stopwatch study of Dutch
      Caucasian men with lifelong premature ejaculation (PE). The accuracy of fitness
      is expressed by the Goodness of Fit (GOF). The smaller the GOF, the more accurate
      is the fitness. RESULTS: The 3 IELT distributions are gamma distributions, but
      the IELT distribution of lifelong PE is another gamma distribution than the IELT
      distribution of men in the general male population. The Lognormal distribution of
      the gamma distributions most accurately fits the IELT distribution of 965 men in
      the general population, with a GOF of 0.057. The Gumbel Max distribution most
      accurately fits the IELT distribution of 110 men with lifelong PE with a GOF of
      0.179. There are more men with lifelong PE ejaculating within 30 and 60 seconds
      than can be extrapolated from the probability density curve of the Lognormal IELT
      distribution of men in the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Men with lifelong PE
      have a distinct IELT distribution, e.g., a Gumbel Max IELT distribution, that can
      only be retrieved from the general male population Lognormal IELT distribution
      when thousands of men would participate in a IELT stopwatch study. The
      mathematical formula of the Lognormal IELT distribution is useful for
      epidemiological research of the IELT.

PMID- 26981595
TI  - Vancomycin resistant enterococci in urine cultures: Antibiotic susceptibility
      trends over a decade at a tertiary hospital in the United Kingdom.
AB  - PURPOSE: Enterococci are a common cause of urinary tract infection and vancomycin
      resistant strains are more difficult to treat. The purpose of this surveillance
      program was to assess the prevalence of and determine the risk factors for
      vancomycin resistance in adults among urinary isolates of Enterococcus sp. and to
      detail the antibiotic susceptibility profile, which can be used to guide
      empirical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2014 we retrospectively
      reviewed 5,528 positive Enterococcus sp. urine cultures recorded in a
      computerized laboratory results database at a tertiary teaching hospital in
      Cambridge, United Kingdom. RESULTS: Of these cultures, 542 (9.8%) were vancomycin
      resistant. No longitudinal trend was observed in the proportion of vancomycin
      resistant strains over the course of the study. We observed emerging resistance
      to nitrofurantoin with rates climbing from near zero to 40%. Ampicillin
      resistance fluctuated between 50% and 90%. Low resistance was observed for
      linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Female sex and inpatient status were
      identified as risk factors for vancomycin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence
      of vancomycin resistance among urinary isolates was stable over the last decade.
      Although resistance to nitrofurantoin has increased, it still serves as an
      appropriate first choice in uncomplicated urinary tract infection caused by
      vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp.

PMID- 26981596
TI  - Penile inversion through a penoscrotal incision for the treatment of penile
      urethral strictures.
AB  - PURPOSE: This article describes a novel technique for the repair of penile
      urethral strictures and establishes the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of this
      innovative surgical approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with urethral
      strictures underwent a one-sided anterior dorsal oral mucosal graft urethroplasty
      through a penoscrotal inversion technique. The clinical outcome was considered a
      failure when any instrumentation was needed postoperatively, including
      dilatation. RESULTS: Five patients underwent the novel procedure. The patients'
      mean age was 58 years. The cause of stricture was instrumentation in 2 cases
      (40%), lichen sclerosis in 1 case (20%), and failed hypospadias repair in 2 cases
      (40%). The mean stricture length was 3 cm. The overall mean (range) follow-up was
      6 months (range, 3-9 months). Of the 5 patients, 4 (80%) had a successful outcome
      and 1 (20%) had a failed outcome. The failure was successfully treated by use of
      a meatotomy. CONCLUSIONS: The penile inversion technique through a penoscrotal
      incision is a viable option for the management of penile urethral strictures with
      several advantages to other techniques: namely, no penile skin incision, a single
      stage operation, and supine positioning.

PMID- 26981597
TI  - Robot-assisted "Santosh-Post Graduate Institute tubularized flap
      pyelovesicostomy" in a solitary functioning kidney with giant hydronephrosis: A
      minimally invasive salvage procedure.
AB  - We describe a case of a solitary functioning kidney with giant hydronephrosis
      secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a young girl who underwent
      successful robot-assisted tubularized flap pyelovesicostomy. The aim of this
      report was to highlight the feasibility and efficacy of this technique in
      salvaging such renal moieties and to present a brief review of the surgical
      options available for the management of giant hydronephrosis.

PMID- 26981598
TI  - Simultaneous Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and partial
      nephrectomy.
AB  - We present a 61-year-old man who was diagnosed with synchronous prostate cancer
      and suspicious renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney, treated with combined
      Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) and robot-assisted
      partial nephrectomy (RAPN). The combined approach using RS-RARP and RAPN is
      technically feasible and safe surgical option for treatment of concomitant
      prostate cancer and suspicious renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 26981599
TI  - Letter to the editor: Comment on "Simultaneous treatment of anterior vaginal wall
      prolapse and stress urinary incontinence by using transobturator four arms
      polypropylene mesh".

PMID- 26981600
TI  - The authors reply: Simultaneous treatment of anterior vaginal wall prolapse and
      stress urinary incontinence by using transobturator four arms polypropylene mesh.

PMID- 26981601
TI  - Time flies and the new year of 2016 has finally arrived. Introduction.

PMID- 26981602
TI  - Human Papilloma Virus and Oropharyngeal Carcinoma - Lessons from History.
AB  - The human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common virus that infects epithelium in 10%
      of the world's population. While most sexually active people become infected, the
      majority with a healthy natural immunity control their infection. When the
      infection becomes persistent in cervical mucosa for instance, it is associated
      with nearly all cervical cancers. Fortunately cervical cancer screening is both
      sensitive and specific and when accessed has led to significant reductions of
      this disease. Despite this, cervical cancer still remains one of the leading
      causes of death from cancer. Oropharyngeal mucosa is becoming persistently
      infected with HPV in an increasing number of people leading to a potential
      epidemic of oropharyngeal carcinoma. While only 10% of new oropharyngeal
      infections persist, those in elderly men who smoke are more likely to do so. Some
      centres report more than 70% of oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV
      infection, which is different to cancers caused by alcohol and tobacco. Other
      centres report only a 20% association. Education against high-risk sexual
      behaviour has been met with limited success. Screening for oropharyngeal HPV
      infection has been disappointing with a pickup rate of only 40%. Some hope lies
      in detecting viral DNA in both the saliva and plasma. A HPV vaccine has been
      available since 2006 but is not yet routinely given to both sexes in many
      countries. Its effect on the incidence of HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinomas
      is currently unknown. Vigilance by dental and medical colleagues in the meantime
      is essential. 

PMID- 26981603
TI  - Human Papilloma Virus in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - The Enigma Unravelled.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) has long been regarded as a
      disease entity having a remarkable incidence worldwide and a fairly onerous
      prognosis; thus encouraging further research on factors that might modify disease
      outcome. Squamous cell carcinomas encompass at least 90% of all oral
      malignancies. Several factors like tobacco and tobacco-related products, alcohol,
      genetic predisposition and hormonal factors are suspected as possible causative
      factors. Human papilloma virus (HPV), the causal agent of cervical cancer also
      appears to be involved in the aetiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer.
      HPVpositive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) seems to differ from HPV-negative SCC.
      Many questions about the natural history of oral HPV infection remain under
      investigation. The aim of this review is to highlight the current understanding
      of HPV-associated oral cancer with an emphasis on its prognosis, detection and
      management. 

PMID- 26981604
TI  - Molecular Mechanisms of Chemoresistance in Oral Cancer.
AB  - Oral cancer is an aggressive disease with the propensity for local recurrence and
      distal metastasis in the head and neck region. Currently, cisplatin-based
      chemotherapy or concurrent radiochemotherapy is still the first choice to treat
      the advanced stage cancers, in particular, the unresectable tumours.
      Unfortunately, innate and acquired resistance to chemotherapy agent greatly
      limited its effectiveness and often led to treatment failure in these patients.
      Hence, it is urgent to clarify the mechanisms underlying the development of
      chemoresistance in patients with oral cancer. In this article, the current
      understandings on molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in oral cancer were
      reviewed, including drug efflux, apoptosis, DNA damage and repair, epithelial
      mesenchymal transition, autophagy and miRNA. 

PMID- 26981605
TI  - Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Attenuate Hyperalgesia and Block
      Upregulation of Trigeminal Ganglionic Sodium Channel 1.7 after Induction of
      Temporomandibular Joint Inflammation in Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the analgesic effect of non
      steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7)
      expression in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). METHODS: Temporomandibular joint
      (TMJ) inflammation was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in female
      rats. Ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium and meloxicam were given intragastrically
      before induction of TMJ inflammation. Histopathological evaluation and scoring of
      TMJ inflammation was used to evaluate the level of inflammation. The head
      withdrawal threshold and food intake were measured to evaluate TMJ nociceptive
      responses. The mRNA and protein expression of trigeminal ganglionic Nav1.7 was
      examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. RESULTS:
      Twenty-four hours after the injection of CFA into the TMJs, NSAIDs attenuated
      hyperalgesia of inflamed TMJ and simultaneously blocked inflammation-induced
      upregulation of Nav1.7 mRNA and protein expression in the TG. However, ibuprofen
      and diclofenac sodium slightly attenuated TMJ inflammation and meloxicam did not
      affect TMJ inflammation. CONCLUSION: Attenuation of hyperalgesia of inflamed TMJ
      by NSAIDs might be associated with their role in blocking upregulation of
      trigeminal ganglionic Nav1.7.

PMID- 26981606
TI  - Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Thermoplastics PETG/ PC2858 after Blending.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To characterise and compare the tensile characteristics after multi
      proportional blending, to determine the proper blending ratio for new
      thermoplastic material and to compare its mechanical performance with commercial
      thermoplastics. METHODS: PETG and PC2858 aggregates were blended in five
      different ratios. Standard specimens of each ratio were molded and tested to
      determine their mechanical performance. Then the new material with the proper
      blending ratio was chosen and compared against commercial thermoplastics.
      RESULTS: With the increase of PC2858 content, the tensile and impact strength
      increased but elongation at break decreased. When blending ratio (wt %) was
      70/30, the PETG/PC2858 exhibited optimal mechanical properties, with a tensile
      strength of 63.42 +/- 1.67 MPa, and a stress relaxation rate of 0.0080 +/- 0.0005
      N/s, which exceeded those of Erkodur and Biolon. CONCLUSION: By blending PETG and
      PC2858 at the weight ratio 70/30, we obtained new thermoplastic material which
      outperformed commercial products.

PMID- 26981607
TI  - Preliminary Evaluation of Platelet Rich Fibrin-Mediated Tissue Repair in Immature
      Canine Pulpless Teeth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the regenerative
      therapy of immature canine permanent teeth. METHODS: Eight immature premolars of
      beagle dogs were pulp extracted and cleaned with irrigation, then divided into
      two groups of empty root canals and those filled with a PRF clot. All of the
      eight premolars were sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate and glass ionomer
      cement. Two premolars were left naturally grown as a positive control. The root
      development was assessed radiographically and histologically after 12 weeks.
      RESULTS: The radiological findings showed greater increases in the thickness of
      lateral dentinal wall in the PRF group than in the vacant group. Histologically,
      dental-associated mineral tissue, connective tissue, and bone-like mineral tissue
      grew into the root canals independent of PRF clot use. The PRF was able to
      increase the thickness of dental-associated mineral tissue. However, the vital
      tissue differed from the pulp dentin complex. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated
      the feasibility of using PRF-mediated regenerative therapy in pulpless immature
      teeth for improving tissue repair.

PMID- 26981608
TI  - Comprehensive Oral Health Care to Reduce the Incidence of Severe Early Childhood
      Caries (s-ECC) in Urban China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of comprehensive oral health care to
      reduce the caries incidence for children with severe early childhood caries (s
      ECC) in an urban area in China. METHODS: A total of 357 children aged 3 to 4
      years old and diagnosed with s-ECC were recruited in this randomised controlled,
      single-blinded clinical trial for 1 year. Children of two different kindergarten
      classes were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into a test group (205
      children) and a control group (152 children). The test group received
      comprehensive oral health care, which included: oral health examination, oral
      health education, topical fluoride application and dental treatment, and the
      children in the control group only received the oral health examination. The
      evaluation of the oral health questionnaire for parents was also performed. An
      evaluation was carried out at the time of recruitment and 1 year later to explore
      the effectiveness of the comprehensive oral health care model. RESULTS: The
      differences in decayed teeth (dt), decayed tooth surfaces (ds), filled teeth
      (ft), filled tooth surfaces (fs) and the ratio of ft /(dt + ft) between the two
      groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001) at 1 year. The incidence of
      caries in the control group was higher than that of the test group (P = 0.02).
      The rate of awareness of oral health knowledge (P = 0.01) and the practice of
      good diet habits (P = 0.02) by parents in the test group were significantly
      higher than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: The present study
      demonstrated that the comprehensive oral health care program reduces and prevents
      caries amongst children with s-ECC.

PMID- 26981610
TI  - Sensitive and selective colorimetric detection of Hg(2+) by a Hg(2+) induced dual
      signal amplification strategy based on cascade-type catalytic reactions.
AB  - A simple and fast colorimetric method is developed for the sensitive and
      selective detection of Hg(2+) based on a dual signal amplification strategy: in
      situ Hg(2+) induced catalytic synthesis of oxidase-like AuHg nanoparticles and
      subsequent catalytic oxidation of TMB by AuHg nanoparticles. 

PMID- 26981609
TI  - Development and comparative investigation of Ag-sensitive layer based SAW and QCM
      sensors for mercury sensing applications.
AB  - Piezoelectric acoustic wave devices integrated with noble metal surfaces provide
      exciting prospects for the direct measurement of toxic gas species such as
      mercury (Hg) in the atmosphere. Even though gold (Au) based acoustic wave sensors
      have been utilized extensively for detecting Hg, the potential of using other
      metal surfaces such as silver (Ag) is yet to be thoroughly studied. Here, we
      developed Ag sensitive layer-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) and quartz crystal
      microbalance (QCM) sensors and focused on their comparative analysis for Hg
      sensing applications with parameters such as the sensor sensitivity, selectivity,
      adsorption/desorption isotherm and Hg diffusion into the surface thoroughly
      studied. The SAW sensor was fabricated with nickel (Ni) interdigitated transducer
      (IDT) electrodes and a Ag thin film on the delay line of the device. In the case
      of the QCM sensor, the electrodes were constructed of Ag thin film and
      simultaneously employed as a sensitive layer. Mercury sensing experiments were
      conducted for a range of concentrations between 24-365 ppbv without/with the
      presence of some common industrial interfering gas species (i.e. ammonia,
      acetaldehyde, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulphide, methyl ethyl ketone and
      humidity) at various operating temperatures in the range of 35-95  degrees C. The
      SAW sensor was found to possess up to 70 times higher response magnitudes than
      its QCM counterpart at 35  degrees C while up to 30 and 23 times higher response
      magnitudes were observed for the SAW sensor at elevated temperatures of 75 and 95
      degrees C, respectively. Furthermore, the SAW sensor showed good selectivity
      (>89%) toward Hg(0) vapor in the presence of all the interferents tested at an
      operating temperature of 75  degrees C while the QCM sensor exhibited significant
      cross-sensitivity when ethyl mercaptan was introduced along with Hg(0) vapor.
      Overall, it is indicative that Ag-based acoustic wave sensors do have great
      potential for Hg sensing applications, given that right operating conditions are
      applied. 

PMID- 26981611
TI  - In vitro and in cell analysis of chemically synthesized histone H2A with multiple
      modifications.
AB  - The chemical synthetic route to histone H2A is described. An H2A-H2B dimer,
      histone octamer, and nucleosome were reconstituted with the synthetic H2A.
      Fluorescein-labeled H2A and multiply modified H2A, which has three different
      posttranslational modifications, were also synthesized, and applied to live-cell
      imaging and in vitro nucleosome stability assays, respectively. 

PMID- 26981613
TI  - Flexible Near-Field Nanopatterning with Ultrathin, Conformal Phase Masks on
      Nonplanar Substrates for Biomimetic Hierarchical Photonic Structures.
AB  - Multilevel hierarchical platforms that combine nano- and microstructures have
      been intensively explored to mimic superior properties found in nature. However,
      unless directly replicated from biological samples, desirable multiscale
      structures have been challenging to efficiently produce to date. Departing from
      conventional wafer-based technology, new and efficient techniques suitable for
      fabricating bioinspired structures are highly desired to produce three
      dimensional architectures even on nonplanar substrates. Here, we report a facile
      approach to realize functional nanostructures on uneven microstructured platforms
      via scalable optical fabrication techniques. The ultrathin form (~3 MUm) of a
      phase grating composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) makes the material physically
      flexible and enables full-conformal contact with rough surfaces. The near-field
      optical effect can be identically generated on highly curved surfaces as a result
      of superior conformality. Densely packed nanodots with submicron periodicity are
      uniformly formed on microlens arrays with a radius of curvature that is as low as
      ~28 MUm. Increasing the size of the gratings causes the production area to be
      successfully expanded by up to 16 in(2). The "nano-on-micro" structures mimicking
      real compound eyes are transferred to flexible and stretchable substrates by
      sequential imprinting, facilitating multifunctional optical films applicable to
      antireflective diffusers for large-area sheet-illumination displays.

PMID- 26981614
TI  - Identification of cytokines for early prediction of malignant middle cerebral
      artery infarction.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to profile cytokines in patients with malignant middle cerebral
      artery infarction (MMI) and non-acute cerebral infarction (NACI), and identify
      potential cytokines for early prediction of MMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total
      of 16 subjects were recruited, including 8 patients with MMI and 8 patients with
      NACI. Cytokine profiles and levels in serums were analyzed by Quantibody(r) Human
      Cytokine Antibody Array700. The two-tailed Student t-test and Fisher's Exact Test
      were respectively conducted for continuous variables and categorical variables to
      evaluate their differences between patients with MMI and those with NACI. Binary
      logistic regression was further conducted to verify the association of
      differentially expressed cytokines with MMI. RESULTS: The concentrations of 320
      unique inflammatory cytokines in serums were measured. Ten cytokines were
      discovered to be differentially expressed between patients with MMI and patients
      with NACI, including transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1), matrix
      metallopeptidase 10 (MMP10), neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), interleukin
      27 (IL27), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-binding
      protein 6 (IGFBP6), platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), C-C motif
      chemokine 2 (C-C CCL2), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Lipocalin 2)
      and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1 (LYVE1). Among these
      cytokines, the concentrations of NCAM1, IGFBP6, Lipocalin2 and LYVE1 were
      significantly higher while the concentrations of the other six cytokines were
      significantly lower in patients with MMI compared with those in patients with
      NACI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis verified the association of these
      10 cytokines with MMI except for IL-27 (p = 0.5422). CONCLUSIONS: Nine cytokines,
      including NCAM1, IGFBP6, Lipocalin2, LYVE1, TGFB1, MMP10, EGF, PDGFA and CCL2,
      might act as potential markers for early prediction of MMI and involve in the
      progression from NACI to MMI. Further studies with a better control group are
      still needed.

PMID- 26981615
TI  - Cannonballs in Pap Smears: Double Whammy of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated
      Infections.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cannonballs are structures consisting of neutrophils adherent to
      epithelial cells, often seen in vaginal Pap smears of patients with
      trichomoniasis and chlamydiasis. We frequently observed these cannonballs in
      inflammatory Pap smears showing evidence of bacterial vaginosis. OBJECTIVE: To
      study the association between cannonballs and bacterial vaginosis with associated
      infections in inflammatory Pap smears. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective
      study performed over a period of 6 months between April 2014 and September 2014.
      Three hundred consecutive Pap smears assessed during the study period were
      retrieved from the archives and studied. RESULTS: A total of 280 smears were
      studied. Neutrophilic infiltrates were seen in 83.6%, cannonballs in 82.3%, and
      bacterial vaginosis in 70.7% of the smears. Cannonballs were found in 84.4% of
      the smears showing evidence of bacterial vaginosis with associated inflammatory
      infiltrates. There was a significant association between cannonballs and
      bacterial vaginosis (p = 0.0001). The odds ratio was 13.8 (95% CI: 7.2-26.2).
      CONCLUSION: The present study shows a significant association between cannonballs
      and bacterial vaginosis and associated vaginal infections.

PMID- 26981616
TI  - Prevalence, Patterns, and Predictors of T'ai Chi and Qigong Use in the United
      States: Results of a Nationally Representative Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of t'ai
      chi and qigong use in the U.S. general population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional
      survey. METHODS: Data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (n =
      34,525). Weighted frequencies were used to analyze lifetime and 12-month
      prevalence and patterns of use. Independent predictors of practice were analyzed
      by using logistic regression models. Analyzes were conducted in 2015. RESULTS:
      The lifetime and 12-month prevalence of t'ai chi/qigong practice were 3.1% and
      1.2%, respectively. The 12-month prevalence was associated with age older than 30
      years; being African American, Asian, or other ethnic origin; living in the West;
      being college educated and single; and being a light to heavy alcohol consumer.
      Almost 39% of users attended formal classes. T'ai chi/qigong was practiced for
      wellness/disease prevention and to improve energy, immune function, athletic
      performance, or memory/concentration. Stress, arthritis, and joint problems were
      the most frequent specific health problems for practice. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an
      only marginal increase of t'ai chi/qigong practice in the United States over the
      past 10 years, the proportion of minorities among practitioners has increased
      significantly. Gaps between clinical application and research are discussed.

PMID- 26981618
TI  - Considerations for the Characterization and Interpretation of Results Related to
      Alternative Complement Activation in Monkeys Associated with Oligonucleotide
      Based Therapeutics.
AB  - This article provides an overview of the discussions held by the Immunomodulatory
      Subcommittee of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group on complement activation
      induced by oligonucleotides, most notably the phosphorothioate-containing
      oligonucleotides. Alternative complement pathway activation in monkeys is a
      common effect of single-stranded phosphorothioate backbone oligonucleotides in
      toxicology studies. This article discusses the mechanism for activation, general
      investigational strategy, and the impact of various chemical modifications. The
      goal is to provide the best practice approach to characterizing this effect,
      understanding the implication of the species specificity, and the interpretation
      of clinical relevance.

PMID- 26981617
TI  - Antitumor and Antimetastatic Effect of Small Immunostimulatory RNA against B16
      Melanoma in Mice.
AB  - Small interfering RNAs, depending on their structure, delivery system and
      sequence, can stimulate innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was
      to investigate the antitumor and antimetastatic effects of immunostimulatory 19
      bp dsRNA with 3'- trinucleotide overhangs (isRNA) on melanoma B16 in C57Bl/6
      mice. Recently developed novel cationic liposomes 2X3-DOPE were used for the in
      vivo delivery of isRNA. Administration of isRNA/2X3-DOPE complexes significantly
      inhibits melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. Histopathological analysis of
      spleen cross sections showed hyperplasia of the lymphoid white pulp and formation
      of large germinal centers after isRNA/2X3-DOPE administration, indicating
      activation of the immune system. The treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with
      isRNA/2X3-DOPE decreases the destructive changes in the liver parenchyma. Thus,
      the developed isRNA displays pronounced immunostimulatory, antitumor and
      antimetastatic properties against melanoma B16 and may be considered a potential
      agent in the immunotherapy of melanoma. 

PMID- 26981612
TI  - Bombesin related peptides/receptors and their promising therapeutic roles in
      cancer imaging, targeting and treatment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite remarkable advances in tumor treatment, many patients still
      die from common tumors (breast, prostate, lung, CNS, colon, and pancreas), and
      thus, new approaches are needed. Many of these tumors synthesize bombesin (Bn)
      related peptides and over-express their receptors (BnRs), hence functioning as
      autocrine-growth-factors. Recent studies support the conclusion that Bn
      peptides/BnRs are well-positioned for numerous novel antitumor treatments,
      including interrupting autocrine-growth and the use of over-expressed receptors
      for imaging and targeting cytotoxic-compounds, either by direct-coupling or
      combined with nanoparticle-technology. AREAS COVERED: The unique ability of
      common neoplasms to synthesize, secrete, and show a
      growth/proliferative/differentiating response due to BnR over-expression, is
      reviewed, both in general and with regard to the most frequently investigated
      neoplasms (breast, prostate, lung, and CNS). Particular attention is paid to
      advances in the recent years. Also considered are the possible therapeutic
      approaches to the growth/differentiation effect of Bn-peptides, as well as the
      therapeutic implication of the frequent BnR over-expression for tumor-imaging
      and/or targeted-delivery. EXPERT OPINION: Given that Bn-related-peptides/BnRs are
      so frequently ectopically-expressed by common tumors, which are often malignant
      and become refractory to conventional treatments, therapeutic interventions using
      novel approaches to Bn-peptides and receptors are being explored. Of particular
      interest is the potential of reproducing with BnRs in common tumors the recent
      success of utilizing overexpression of somatostatin-receptors by neuroendocrine
      tumors to provide the most sensitive imaging methods and targeted delivery of
      cytotoxic-compounds.

PMID- 26981619
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of food intolerance after a banded gastric bypass: inducing
      band erosion for removal using a plastic stent.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Ring complications after a banded Roux-en-Y gastric
      bypass (RYGB) are usually managed surgically. The aim of this study was to
      analyze the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic removal of noneroded rings
      after banded-RYGB, by inducing intragastric erosion of the ring using a self
      expandable plastic stent (SEPS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 41 patients
      with banded RYGB who had noneroded rings and food intolerance were prospectively
      enrolled. Patients were treated with endoscopic SEPS placement and ring removal.
      Data from time of stenting, resolution of symptoms, need for endoscopic dilation,
      and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Successful ring removal was possible in
      all patients. In 21 cases, the SEPS induced complete erosion, and in 17 cases the
      ring was removed a month later because of incomplete erosion at the time of SEPS
      removal. Nine patients (22.0 %) needed endoscopic dilation after stent removal in
      order to treat fibrotic strictures. Food tolerance was observed in 32 patients
      (78.0 %) after the procedure. No patient needed surgery and there were no deaths.
      CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic removal of the ring using SEPS appeared to be safe and
      effective after a banded RYGB.

PMID- 26981621
TI  - Septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients - a single-center study on
      its incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcome predictors.
AB  - Purpose The objective of this study is to examine the incidence, clinical
      characteristics, and outcome (90-day mortality) of critically ill Chinese
      patients with septic AKI. Methods Patients admitted to the ICU of a regional
      hospital from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013 were included, excluding those
      on chronic renal replacement therapy. AKI was defined using KDIGO criteria.
      Patients were followed till 90 days from ICU admission or death, whichever
      occurred earlier. Demographics, diagnosis, clinical characteristics, and outcome
      were analyzed. Results In total, 3687 patients were included and 54.7% patients
      developed AKI. Sepsis was the most common cause of AKI (49.2%). Compared to those
      without AKI, AKI patients had higher disease severity, more physiological and
      biochemical disturbance, and carried significant co-morbidities. Ninety-day
      mortality increased with severity of AKI (16.7, 27.5, and 48.3% for KDIGO stage
      1, 2, and 3 AKI, p < 0.001). Full renal recovery was achieved in 71.6% of AKI
      patients. Compared with non-septic AKI, septic AKI was associated with higher
      disease severity and required more aggressive support. Non-recovery of renal
      function occurred in 2.5% of patients with septic AKI, compared with 6.4% in non
      septic AKI (p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that age, emergency ICU
      admission, post-operative cases, admission diagnosis, etiology of AKI, disease
      severity score, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, and blood parameters
      (like albumin, potassium and pH) independently predicted 90-day mortality.
      Conclusions AKI, especially septic AKI is common in critically ill Chinese
      patients and is associated with poor patient outcome. Etiology of AKI has a
      significant impact on 90-day mortality and may affect renal outcome. 

PMID- 26981620
TI  - MamO Is a Repurposed Serine Protease that Promotes Magnetite Biomineralization
      through Direct Transition Metal Binding in Magnetotactic Bacteria.
AB  - Many living organisms transform inorganic atoms into highly ordered crystalline
      materials. An elegant example of such biomineralization processes is the
      production of nano-scale magnetic crystals in magnetotactic bacteria. Previous
      studies implicated the involvement of two putative serine proteases, MamE and
      MamO, during the early stages of magnetite formation in Magnetospirillum
      magneticum AMB-1. Here, using genetic analysis and X-ray crystallography, we show
      that MamO has a degenerate active site, rendering it incapable of protease
      activity. Instead, MamO promotes magnetosome formation through two genetically
      distinct, noncatalytic activities: activation of MamE-dependent proteolysis of
      biomineralization factors and direct binding to transition metal ions. By solving
      the structure of the protease domain bound to a metal ion, we identify a surface
      exposed di-histidine motif in MamO that contributes to metal binding and show
      that it is required to initiate biomineralization in vivo. Finally, we find that
      pseudoproteases are widespread in magnetotactic bacteria and that they have
      evolved independently in three separate taxa. Our results highlight the
      versatility of protein scaffolds in accommodating new biochemical activities and
      provide unprecedented insight into the earliest stages of biomineralization. 

PMID- 26981622
TI  - Oral Nitrate Administration Ameliorates Cardiogenic Shock due to Eclipsed Mitral
      Regurgitation.
AB  - Eclipsed mitral regurgitation (MR) has been reported as transient massive
      functional MR caused by a sudden coaptation defect in the absence of left
      ventricular remodeling or epicardial coronary artery stenosis. Coronary spasm or
      microvascular dysfunction has been suggested to be associated with the
      pathogenesis. Here, we present a 68-year-old woman with eclipsed MR with
      cardiogenic shock ameliorated by nitrate. She was admitted for transient shock
      with massive functional MR. Transient MR was associated with a complete absence
      of mitral leaflet coaptation owing to tethering of the lateral posterior mitral
      leaflet. The leaflet tethering was triggered by transient myocardial ischemia
      around the anterolateral papillary muscle, which could have been caused by
      coronary spasm and/or microvascular dysfunction. During admission, she
      experienced similar repeated episodes, which were ameliorated by oral nitrate
      administration. This is the first described case of eclipsed MR with shock
      ameliorated by nitrate. Although eclipsed MR, a cause of life-threatening shock,
      is uncommon, we need to keep in mind that nitrate administration could be a
      treatment option even in patients with cardiogenic shock.

PMID- 26981623
TI  - Characteristics of Patients at First Visit to a Polio Clinic in Sweden.
AB  - AIM: Describe polio patients visiting a polio clinic in Sweden, a country where
      vaccination was introduced in 1957. DESIGN: A consecutive cohort study. PATIENTS:
      Prior polio patients. METHODS: All patients (n = 865) visiting the polio clinic
      at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg Sweden, between 1994 and 2012 were
      included in this study. Data at first visit regarding patient characteristics,
      polio classification, data of electromyography, origin, assistive devices and
      gait speed as well as muscle strength were collected for these patients. Twenty
      three patients were excluded because no polio diagnosis could be established. A
      total of 842 patients with confirmed polio remained in the study. RESULTS: More
      than twenty percent of the patients were from countries outside the Nordic region
      and considerably younger than those from the Nordic region. The majority of the
      emigrants were from Asia and Africa followed by Europe (outside the Nordic
      region). Of all patients included ninety-seven percent (n = 817) had polio in the
      lower extremity and almost 53% (n = 444) had polio in the upper extremity while
      28% (n = 238) had polio in the trunk, according to clinical classification of
      polio. Compared with a sample of the normal population, the polio patients walked
      61-71% slower, and were 53-77% weaker in muscle strength of the knee and foot as
      well as grip strength. CONCLUSION: The younger patients with polio emigrating
      from countries with different cultures may lead to a challenge for the multi
      professional teams working with post-polio rehabilitation and are of importance
      when planning for the care of polio patients the coming years.

PMID- 26981624
TI  - Terpenoid Oligomers of Dammar Resin.
AB  - Dammar is a triterpenoid resin containing a volatile fraction, a monomeric
      fraction, and a high-molecular weight fraction. Although the low-molecular-weight
      components comprising sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids have been extensively
      studied, the nature of the macromolecular components is still not fully
      understood, and different and sometimes contradictory theories have been
      proposed. The aim of this paper is to clarify the nature of the macromolecular
      components of dammar resin. A multianalytical approach was adopted based on
      thermoanalytical-thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and thermogravimetric analysis
      coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA/FTIR)--and mass
      spectrometric techniques-direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE/MS), pyrolysis
      coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py/GC/MS), flow injection
      analysis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (FIA/ESI/MS), and gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data indicate that the oligomeric
      fraction comprises triterpenoids bound through ester bonds, and that these
      triterpenoids are the same as those found in the free terpenoid fraction. The
      oligomeric fraction also includes triterpenoids containing carbonyl moieties,
      such as formyl groups, thus suggesting that these are involved in the esters in
      their corresponding enolic form.

PMID- 26981626
TI  - Cross-Cultural Register Differences in Infant-Directed Speech: An Initial Study.
AB  - Infant-directed speech (IDS) provides an environment that appears to play a
      significant role in the origins of language in the human infant. Differences have
      been reported in the use of IDS across cultures, suggesting different styles of
      infant language-learning. Importantly, both cross-cultural and intra-cultural
      research suggest there may be a positive relationship between the use of IDS and
      rates of language development, underscoring the need to investigate cultural
      differences more deeply. The majority of studies, however, have conceptualized
      IDS monolithically, granting little attention to a potentially key distinction in
      how IDS manifests across cultures during the first two years. This study examines
      and quantifies for the first time differences within IDS in the use of baby
      register (IDS/BR), an acoustically identifiable type of IDS that includes
      features such as high pitch, long duration, and smooth intonation (the register
      that is usually assumed to occur in IDS), and adult register (IDS/AR), the type
      of IDS that does not include such features and thus sounds as if it could have
      been addressed to an adult. We studied IDS across 19 American and 19 Lebanese
      mother-infant dyads, with particular focus on the differential use of registers
      within IDS as mothers interacted with their infants ages 0-24 months. Our results
      showed considerable usage of IDS/AR (>30% of utterances) and a tendency for
      Lebanese mothers to use more IDS than American mothers. Implications for future
      research on IDS and its role in elucidating how language evolves across cultures
      are explored. 

PMID- 26981627
TI  - HIV post-test practices: an online survey examining perceived delivery of HIV
      test results, post-test discussion and referral in healthcare settings across the
      WHO European Region.
AB  - Background The aim of this study was to assess perceptions of health
      professionals involved in HIV testing policy and practice in national settings
      across the WHO European Region regarding the delivery of HIV test results, post
      test discussion and referral to specialist HIV services as recommended in
      authoritative guidelines. METHODS: An online self-report survey was completed by
      a convenience sample of 338 respondents (response rate 34.1%) from 55 countries.
      Respondents worked with non-government organisations (49.4%), health services
      (32.8%), non-health service government agencies (6.2%) or other organisations
      (11.5%; e.g. prisons, education and research, international development).
      RESULTS: Experts' perceptions indicate that delivery of HIV-positive test results
      and related post-test discussion in their country generally corresponded to
      recommendations. However, results pointed to a significant gap perceived by
      experts between recommendations and the practice of delivering HIV-negative test
      results. Fewer respondents thought that suitable time is taken to deliver a
      negative HIV-test result (54.1%) than a positive result (73.1%). Also, fewer
      respondents thought there was a procedure for referral to specialist treatment,
      care and support services for people receiving a HIV-negative test result (34.9%)
      than for people receiving an HIV-positive test result (86.2%). Experts also
      reported low perceived use of communication technologies (i.e. telephone, email,
      text messaging, a secure website) for delivering HIV test results. CONCLUSIONS:
      This expert survey offers new insight into perceived HIV post-test practices in
      almost all national settings across the WHO European Region. The findings provide
      valuable guidance for future HIV testing guidelines for the WHO European Region.

PMID- 26981625
TI  - Higher Dimensional Meta-State Analysis Reveals Reduced Resting fMRI Connectivity
      Dynamism in Schizophrenia Patients.
AB  - Resting-state functional brain imaging studies of network connectivity have long
      assumed that functional connections are stationary on the timescale of a typical
      scan. Interest in moving beyond this simplifying assumption has emerged only
      recently. The great hope is that training the right lens on time-varying
      properties of whole-brain network connectivity will shed additional light on
      previously concealed brain activation patterns characteristic of serious
      neurological or psychiatric disorders. We present evidence that multiple
      explicitly dynamical properties of time-varying whole-brain network connectivity
      are strongly associated with schizophrenia, a complex mental illness whose
      symptomatic presentation can vary enormously across subjects. As with so much
      brain-imaging research, a central challenge for dynamic network connectivity lies
      in determining transformations of the data that both reduce its dimensionality
      and expose features that are strongly predictive of important population
      characteristics. Our paper introduces an elegant, simple method of reducing and
      organizing data around which a large constellation of mutually informative and
      intuitive dynamical analyses can be performed. This framework combines a discrete
      multidimensional data-driven representation of connectivity space with four core
      dynamism measures computed from large-scale properties of each subject's
      trajectory, ie., properties not identifiable with any specific moment in time and
      therefore reasonable to employ in settings lacking inter-subject time-alignment,
      such as resting-state functional imaging studies. Our analysis exposes pronounced
      differences between schizophrenia patients (Nsz = 151) and healthy controls (Nhc
      = 163). Time-varying whole-brain network connectivity patterns are found to be
      markedly less dynamically active in schizophrenia patients, an effect that is
      even more pronounced in patients with high levels of hallucinatory behavior. To
      the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration that high-level dynamic
      properties of whole-brain connectivity, generic enough to be commensurable under
      many decompositions of time-varying connectivity data, exhibit robust and
      systematic differences between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. 

PMID- 26981628
TI  - Effectiveness of a Mobile Short-Message-Service-Based Disease Outbreak Alert
      System in Kenya.
AB  - We conducted a randomized, controlled trial to test the effectiveness of a text
      messaging system used for notification of disease outbreaks in Kenya. Health
      facilities that used the system had more timely notifications than those that did
      not (19.2% vs. 2.6%), indicating that technology can enhance disease surveillance
      in resource-limited settings. 

PMID- 26981630
TI  - Methotrexate for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - New Developments.
AB  - Methotrexate (MTX) is an established therapy for patients with steroid-dependent
      Crohn's disease (CD). MTX is also frequently used in combination with anti-TNF
      agents to suppress anti-drug antibody formation. It has been suggested in the
      past that MTX lacks any clinical effectiveness in patients with ulcerative
      colitis (UC); however, newer data at least partially contradict this assumption.
      The following review will discuss recent data for the use of MTX in CD, UC and in
      combination with anti-TNF agents. 

PMID- 26981632
TI  - Smoking and Diet: Impact on Disease Course?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of current smoking on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
      course has been studied extensively; smoking is deleterious in Crohn's disease
      (CD), and beneficial in ulcerative colitis (UC). Except for enteral nutrition,
      there are only limited data regarding the impact of diet on disease course. KEY
      MESSAGES: Current smoking worsens the course of CD, increasing the incidence of
      flares, the need for steroids, immunosuppressants and re-operations. Conversely,
      smoking cessation has a rapid beneficial effect on disease course, decreasing the
      risk of flares and of post-operative recurrences. From 3 months after the quit
      date, quitters have a disease course similar to that of never smokers. Achieving
      smoking cessation in CD is thus an important goal of therapy. On the contrary,
      smoking improves the course of UC and in particular, is associated with a
      decreased need for colectomy. Smoking cessation increases the risk of flare and
      the need for steroids or immunosuppressants. However, patients with UC should not
      be discouraged to quit, because the beneficial effect of smoking for their
      disease is counterbalanced by the deleterious systemic effects of tobacco. Among
      dietary interventions, only exclusive enteral nutrition was shown to induce
      remission and achieve mucosal healing in some patients with CD. The beneficial
      effect of liquid-defined diet is observed whatever be the type of administration
      (orally or by tube), the type of diet regarding protein and fat content and
      resulting alterations in the gut microbiota. In UC, enteral nutrition has no
      effect. Finally, popularized restrictive diets in IBD as the specific
      carbohydrate diet and the gluten-free diet have not been rigorously tested. In a
      small trial, a semi-vegetarian diet was shown to be effective in maintaining
      remission over 2 years in CD. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IBD should not smoke and
      avoid passive smoking. Aside from the defined liquid diets, there is no rationale
      for advising particular diets.

PMID- 26981631
TI  - High Resolution Ultrasonography for Assessment of Renal Cysts in the PCK Rat
      Model of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The PCK rat model of polycystic kidney disease is characterized
      by the progressive development of renal medullary cysts. Here, we evaluated the
      suitability of high resolution ultrasonography (HRU) to assess the kidney and
      cyst volume in PCK rats, testing three different ultrasound image analysis
      methods, and correlating them with kidneys weights and histological examinations.
      METHODS: After inducing anesthesia, PCK rats (n=18) were subjected to HRU to
      visualize the kidneys, to perform numeric and volumetric measurements of the
      kidney and any cysts observed, and to generate 3-dimensional images of the cysts
      within the kidney parenchyma. RESULTS: HRU provided superior information in
      comparison to microscopic analysis of stained kidney sections. HRU-based kidney
      volumes correlated strongly with kidney weights (R2=0.809; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:
      HRU represents a useful diagnostic tool for kidney and cyst volume measurements
      in PCK rats. Sequential HRU examinations may be useful to study the effect of
      drugs on cyst growth without the need to euthanize experimental animals.

PMID- 26981633
TI  - REG4 Is Highly Expressed in Mucinous Ovarian Cancer: A Potential Novel Serum
      Biomarker.
AB  - Preoperative diagnostics of ovarian neoplasms rely on ultrasound imaging and the
      serum biomarkers CA125 and HE4. However, these markers may be elevated in non
      neoplastic conditions and may fail to identify most non-serous epithelial cancer
      subtypes. The objective of this study was to identify histotype-specific serum
      biomarkers for mucinous ovarian cancer. The candidate genes with mucinous
      histotype specific expression profile were identified from publicly available
      gene-expression databases and further in silico data mining was performed
      utilizing the MediSapiens database. Candidate biomarker validation was done using
      qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissue
      microarrays. The expression level of the candidate gene in serum was compared to
      the serum CA125 and HE4 levels in a patient cohort of prospectively collected
      advanced ovarian cancer. Database searches identified REG4 as a potential
      biomarker with specificity for the mucinous ovarian cancer subtype. The specific
      expression within epithelial ovarian tumors was further confirmed by mRNA
      analysis. Immunohistochemical staining of ovarian tumor tissue arrays showed
      distinctive cytoplasmic expression pattern only in mucinous carcinomas and
      suggested differential expression between benign and malignant mucinous
      neoplasms. Finally, an ELISA based serum biomarker assay demonstrated increased
      expression only in patients with mucinous ovarian cancer. This study identifies
      REG4 as a potential serum biomarker for histotype-specific detection of mucinous
      ovarian cancer and suggests serum REG4 measurement as a non-invasive diagnostic
      tool for postoperative follow-up of patients with mucinous ovarian cancer. 

PMID- 26981634
TI  - The Association between VEGFR Gene Polymorphisms and Stroke: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Several published articles investigated the relationship between VEGF receptor
      gene polymorphisms and stroke, but they failed to reach the same conclusion. This
      meta-analysis was performed to identify the relationships between VEGF receptor
      gene and the risk of stroke. The PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge
      Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Wanfang Chinese database, and VIP Chinese
      database were systemically searched. Data was extracted by two independent
      reviewers. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were
      calculated. 5 case-control studies with a total of 2904 patients with stroke and
      2824 control subjects were included, including 2904 cases and 2824 controls for 
      604T>C, 2733 cases and 2663 controls for +1192C>T, and 2733 cases and 2663
      controls for +1719A>T. Under the dominant and recessive models, respectively, the
      overall ORs and 95% CIs of -604 C were 0.749, 0.493-1.138 (P = 0.176) and 0.819,
      0.544-1.234 (P = 0.340); the overall ORs and 95% CIs of +1192 T were 1.148, 0.876
      1.504 (P = 0.318) and 1.611, 1.004-2.586 (P = 0.048); the overall ORs and 95% CIs
      of +1719 T were 1.227, 0.932-1.615 (P = 0.146) and 1.139, 1.015-1.279 (P =
      0.027). Our finding indicates that +1192C>T and +1719A>T may be associated with
      the risk of stroke, but not -604T>C. 

PMID- 26981635
TI  - Sialyltransferase and Neuraminidase Levels/Ratios and Sialic Acid Levels in
      Peripheral Blood B Cells Correlate with Measures of Disease Activity in Patients
      with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We attempted to determine whether the level of enzymes
      sialyltransferase (ST) and neuraminidase (Neu) and sialic acid (SIA) in patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) correlates with the SLE Disease Activity
      Index (SLEDAI) and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) correlates with the
      Disease Activity Score28 (DAS28). METHODS: We examined cell-surface levels of
      ST6Gal-1, Neu1, ST3Gal-1, Neu3, alpha-2,6-SIA, and alpha-2,3-SIA by using
      fluorescent anti-enzyme antibodies, fluorescent-conjugated Sambucus nigra lectin,
      and fluorescent-conjugated Maackia amurensis lectin on blood cells in SLE and RA
      patients and assessed correlations of these levels with SLEDAI and with DAS28.
      Areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated for different variables against
      SLEDAI. RESULTS: The B-cell ST3Gal-1/Neu3 ratio positively correlated with SLEDAI
      scores (rho = 0.409 and P = 0.002, statistically significant after Bonferroni'
      correction for multiple analyses.). It was supported by the inverse correlation
      of B-cell Neu3 levels with SLEDAI scores (rho = -0.264, P = 0.048). The B-cell
      ST3Gal-1/Neu3 ratio against SLEDAI yielded an AUC of 0.689, which was comparable
      to that of anti-dsDNA levels at 0.635. In contrast, both ST3Gal-1 and Neu3 levels
      of RA B cells (r = 0.376, P = 0.013; r = 0.425, P = 0.005, respectively)
      correlated positively with high disease-activity DAS28 scores. CONCLUSION: B-cell
      ST3Gal-1/Neu3 ratios in SLE and B-cell ST3Gal-1 and Neu3 levels in RA with high
      disease-activity DAS28 scores correlated with disease activity measures and may
      be useful in monitoring disease activities.

PMID- 26981637
TI  - Driving Forces of Dynamic Changes in Soil Erosion in the Dahei Mountain
      Ecological Restoration Area of Northern China Based on GIS and RS.
AB  - Dynamic change in soil erosion is an important focus of regional ecological
      restoration research. Here, the dynamic changes of soil erosion and its driving
      forces in the Dahei Mountain ecological restoration area of northern China were
      analyzed by LANDSAT TM remote sensing captured via geographic information system
      (GIS) technologies during three typical periods in 2004, 2008 and 2013. The
      results showed the following: (1) a decrease in intensive erosion and moderate
      erosion areas, as well as an increase in light erosion areas, was observed during
      two periods: one from 2004 to 2008 and the other from 2008 to 2013. (2) Between
      2004 and 2008, the variation in the range of slight erosion was the largest
      (24.28%), followed by light erosion and intensive erosion; between 2008 and 2013,
      the variation in the range of intensive erosion area was the largest (9.89%),
      followed by slight erosion and moderate erosion. (3) Socioeconomic impact,
      accompanied by natural environmental factors, was the main driving force
      underlying the change in soil erosion within the ecological restoration area. In
      particular, the socioeconomic factors of per capita forest area and land
      reclamation rate, as well as the natural environmental factor of terrain slope,
      significantly influenced soil erosion changes within the ecological restoration
      area. 

PMID- 26981636
TI  - Stigma against People Living with HIV/AIDS in China: Does the Route of Infection
      Matter?
AB  - In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that people who contracted HIV
      from "blameless" routes (e.g., blood transfusion, sex with stable partners) are
      less stigmatized compared to people who contracted HIV from "blamable" routes
      (e.g., injection drug use, sex with sex workers). A cross-sectional study was
      conducted among 2,987 participants in Guangxi province, China, between 2012 and
      2013. We employed both explanatory and predictive modeling strategy by using
      multivariate linear regression models. In the explanatory models, we assessed the
      association between routes of infection and three types of stigma (perceived,
      internalized, and enacted). From identified routes of infection that
      significantly contributed to higher stigma, we employed predictive modeling to
      explore predictors for the specific type of stigma. Multiple-imputation was
      employed for sensitivity analyses. Of the total sample, 63% were male and the
      average age was 42.9 years (ranged between 18 and 88). Multivariate regression
      models revealed that contraction from commercial sex increased the perceived
      (beta = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.02, 0.90) and internalized stigma (beta = 0.60, 95%CI =
      0.09, 1.10), while injecting drug use increased the perceived (beta = 0.65, 95%CI
      = 0.07, 1.22) and enacted stigma (beta = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.02, 0.16) after
      controlling for confounders. Among PLWHA who were infected via commercial sex
      partners, social support was negatively associated with perceived (beta = -0.47,
      95%CI = -0.79, -0.14) and internalized stigma (beta = -0.80, 95%CI = -1.24, 
      0.35). Among PLWHA who were infected via injecting drugs, no adherence to
      antiretroviral treatment (beta = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.01, 0.82) was positively
      associated with perceived stigma, and disclosure of serostatus to others was
      negatively associated with enacted stigma (beta = -0.20, 95%CI = -0.34, -0.05).
      Knowledge of the association between routes of infection and stigma can guide
      health professionals and policy makers to develop tailored intervention
      strategies to mitigate the effects of stigma and enhance HIV care utilization
      among PLWHA in China. 

PMID- 26981638
TI  - Modification of the hTERT promoter by heat shock elements enhances the efficiency
      and specificity of cancer targeted gene therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: One of the current challenges facing cancer gene therapy is the tumour
      specific targeting of therapeutic genes. Effective targeting in gene therapy
      requires accurate spatial and temporal control of gene expression. To develop a
      sufficient and accurate tumour-targeting method for cancer gene therapy, we have
      investigated the use of hyperthermia to control the expression of a transgene
      under the control of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter
      and eight heat shock elements (8HSEs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Luciferase
      reporters were constructed by inserting eight HSEs and the hTERT promoter (8HSEs
      hTERTp) upstream of the pGL4.20 vector luciferase gene. The luciferase activity
      of the hTERT promoter and 8HSEs-hTERT promoter were then compared in the presence
      and absence of heat. The differences in luciferase activity were analysed using
      dual luciferase assays in SW480 (high hTERT expression), MKN28 and MRC-5 cells
      (low hTERT expression). The luciferase activity of the Hsp70B promoter was also
      compared to the 8HSEs-hTERT promoter in the above listed cell lines. Lentiviral
      vector and heat-induced expression of EGFP expression under the control of the
      8HSEs-hTERT promoter in cultured cells and mouse tumour xenografts was measured
      by reverse transcription polymerase (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunofluorescence
      assays. RESULTS: hTERT promoter activity was higher in SW480 cells than in MKN28
      or MRC-5 cells. At 43  degrees C, the luciferase activity of the 8HSEs-hTERT
      promoter was significantly increased in SW480 cells, but not in MKN28 or MRC-5
      cells. Importantly, the differences in luciferase activity were much more obvious
      in both high (SW480) and low (MKN28 and MRC-5) hTERT expressing cells when the
      activity of the 8HSEs-hTERT promoter was compared to the Hsp70B promoter.
      Moreover, under the control of 8HSEs-hTERT promoter in vitro and in vivo, EGFP
      expression was obviously increased by heat treatment in SW480 cells but not in
      MKN28 or MRC-5 cells, nor was expression increased under normal temperature
      conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The hTERT promoter is a potentially powerful tumour
      specific promoter and gene therapy tool for cancer treatment. Incorporating heat
      inducible therapeutic elements (8HSEs) into the hTERT promoter may enhance the
      efficiency and specificity of cancer targeting gene therapy under hyperthermic
      clinical conditions.

PMID- 26981639
TI  - A Comparison of Frontal Theta Activity During Shooting among Biathletes and Cross
      Country Skiers before and after Vigorous Exercise.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies using electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain
      activity have linked higher frontal theta activity to more focused attention and
      superior performance in goal-directed precision tasks. In biathlon, shooting
      performance requires focused attention after high-intensity cross-country skiing.
      PURPOSE: To compare biathletes (serving as experts) and cross-country skiers
      (novices) and examine the effect of vigorous exercise on frontal theta activity
      during shooting. METHODS: EEG frontal theta (4-7 Hz) activity was compared
      between nine biathletes and eight cross-country skiers at comparable skiing
      performance levels who fired 100 shots on a 5-m indoor shooting range in
      quiescent condition followed by 20 shots after each of five 6-min high-intensity
      roller skiing sessions in the skating technique on a treadmill. RESULTS:
      Biathletes hit 80+/-14% and 81+/-10% before and after the roller skiing sessions,
      respectively. For the cross-country skiers these values were significantly lower
      than for the biathletes and amounted to 39+/-13% and 44+/-11% (p<0.01).
      Biathletes had on average 6% higher frontal theta activity during shooting as
      compared to cross-country skiers (F1,15 = 4.82, p = 0.044), but no significant
      effect of vigorous exercise on frontal theta activity in either of the two groups
      were found (F1,15 = 0.14, p = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Biathletes had significantly
      higher frontal theta activity than cross-country skiers during shooting,
      indicating higher focused attention in biathletes. Vigorous exercise did not
      decrease shooting performance or frontal theta activity during shooting in
      biathletes and cross-country skiers.

PMID- 26981641
TI  - Using Variable Ionization Energy Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with
      Comprehensive GC*GC To Identify Isomeric Species.
AB  - Although GC*GC-ToF-MS allows the separation of thousands of peaks, many of these
      peaks are not positively identified owing to the lack of mass spectral library
      data and/or standard materials, leading to a substantial amount of information
      being inaccessible. The fragmentation patterns of molecules in mass spectrometers
      using electron impact ionization at 70 eV can be useful for molecule
      identification, provided a match is available in a published EI MS library, but
      are indistinguishable for many isomeric organic compounds (for example, linear
      and branched alkanes). Lower ionization energies have been exploited leading to
      organic compounds being ionized with lower excess internal energy and less
      fragmentation, retaining the molecular ion and maximizing its relative signal.
      This has enabled the identification of a large number of isomeric organic
      compounds, both aliphatic and aromatic, between C12-C36, in the previously
      unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of two motor oil samples. This technique also
      demonstrates problems associated with separation of coeluting isomers,
      particularly for the n-alkanes, which are routinely measured by 1D GC/MS and may
      be overestimated, due to coelution. As a consequence retention times in 2
      dimensions and mass spectra at variable ionization energies are shown to give
      unparalleled power to identify specific isomers. 

PMID- 26981640
TI  - Evaluation of Tigecycline Efficacy and Post-Discharge Outcomes in a Clinical
      Practice Population with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection: A Propensity
      Score-Matched Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The utility of tigecycline as compared with other antibiotic
      therapies in the treatment of patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection
      (cIAI) and the short- and long-term outcomes of a large cohort of severely ill
      patients were examined. We provide the first published data on post-discharge
      events for these patients. METHODS: Retrospective data for the cIAI cohort were
      obtained from a large clinical database. Patients aged >=18 y were selected for
      inclusion based on hospitalization with a relevant diagnosis code and procedure
      code, and guideline-compliant antimicrobial therapy. Propensity scoring was used
      to reduce treatment-selection bias introduced by the use of observational data.
      Tigecycline patients were placed into quintiles based on propensity score and
      were matched 1:3. RESULTS: The final model based on propensity score matching
      included 2,424 patients: Tigecycline (n = 606) and other antibiotic therapy (n =
      1,818). Treatment was successful in 426 (70.3%) tigecycline-treated patients and
      in 1,294 (71.2%) patients receiving other antibiotics. Similar treatment success
      occurred across all infection sites. Among survivors, treatment failure was
      associated with a greater need for all-cause re-hospitalization at 30 d and 180
      d. No differences in cIAI-related re-hospitalization and discharge status were
      observed. CONCLUSIONS: Using propensity scores to match populations, similar
      outcomes were demonstrated between treatment with tigecycline and other
      antibiotics as expressed by treatment success, the need for re-admission, similar
      30-d discharge status, and the need for re-admission at 180 d.

PMID- 26981642
TI  - Ritual Slaughter as Overlooked Risk Factor for Brucellosis.

PMID- 26981643
TI  - Iontophoresis for drug delivery into the nail apparatus: exploring hyponychium as
      the site of delivery.
AB  - In present studies, a hyponychium pathway (from ventral side of the nail plate)
      was investigated as a potential route of drug delivery into the nail apparatus
      using iontophoresis as an active physical method. In vitro transport studies were
      performed across the human nail plate using sodium fluorescein as a marker
      substrate for 24 h. After transport studies, the amount of sodium fluorescein
      extracted from an active diffusion area of the nail plate in case of
      iontophoresis was found to be ~54-folds more to that of passive. The amount of
      sodium fluorescein retained in the peripheral area of the nail plate after
      application of iontophoresis was found to be ~30-folds more relative to passive.
      Ex vivo transport studies were performed on excised human cadaver toe using
      terbinafine hydrochloride as a model drug for three days (8 h/day). The amount of
      terbinafine retained in the nail plate after application of iontophoresis (3.43
      +/- 1.34 ug/mg) was ~20-folds more when compared with passive (0.17 +/- 0.10
      ug/mg). The amount of drug extracted from the nail bed and nail matrix was 1.73
      +/- 0.12 ug/mg and 0.55 +/- 0.22 ug/mg, respectively. On the other hand, there
      was no detectable amount of terbinafine found in the nail bed and nail matrix in
      case of control (passive delivery). These studies show that the iontophoretic
      drug delivery through hyponychium region to other parts of the nail apparatus
      could be a potential way of onychomycosis treatment. 

PMID- 26981644
TI  - Multimodal Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Circuit-Based
      Psychiatry.

PMID- 26981645
TI  - Targeted training planned in older people's care.
AB  - The government plans to develop nurses' skills in caring for older people through
      targeted pre and post-registration training.

PMID- 26981646
TI  - Extra funding for HCAs who want to become nurses.
AB  - The boards that assumed responsibility for commissioning nurse education and
      training this week will each be given L1 million in 2013/14 to explore ways to
      encourage healthcare assistants (HCAs) to train as nurses.

PMID- 26981647
TI  - Managers should do more to support long-serving nurses under stress.
AB  - Employers have been urged to address burnout among experienced nurses by
      providing special supervision to help them manage stress at work.

PMID- 26981649
TI  - Annual appraisals will focus on staff values.
AB  - NHS staff appraisals should focus on individuals' behaviour and attitudes, the
      government said in its response to the Francis report last week.

PMID- 26981648
TI  - Hunt rejects calls for statutory HCA regulation.
AB  - Regulation of healthcare assistants will not be introduced by the government
      because it would create a 'bureaucratic quagmire', says health secretary Jeremy
      Hunt.

PMID- 26981650
TI  - Statutory duty of candour rejected.
AB  - The government is holding off from agreeing to criminal sanctions for NHS staff
      who fail to be open and transparent about poor care.

PMID- 26981653
TI  - Patient records are 'too defensive'.
AB  - Ward nurses need extra support to help them identify deteriorating patients, says
      the author of an analysis of patient records.

PMID- 26981652
TI  - Notice period extended for NHS Direct nurses.
AB  - Some NHS Direct staff have been asked to continue working for the service until
      June to provide clinical advice to patients where new NHS 111 providers are not
      yet in place.

PMID- 26981654
TI  - World in brief.
AB  - What's happening in nursing across the globe.

PMID- 26981655
TI  - Children prefer the flavour of ibuprofen over other analgesics.
AB  - Ibuprofen is the most palatable analgesic medicine for children, suggests a UK
      study of young people's opinions on the taste of commonly used medicines in
      liquid form.

PMID- 26981656
TI  - Association between aspirin use and lower melanoma risk warrants further
      investigation.
AB  - Long-term use of aspirin may reduce the risk of melanoma in postmenopausal women,
      an analysis of findings from a large study of women in the United States
      suggests.

PMID- 26981657
TI  - Techniques for training memory boost nutrition in people with dementia.
AB  - Nurse researchers in Taiwan have developed an intervention that helps people with
      dementia remember to eat. People who have dementia are known to be at risk of
      poor nutrition, and decreased food intake has been associated with depression.

PMID- 26981658
TI  - Information about resuming sex postpartum may allay anxiety in new parents.
AB  - Most first-time mothers wait more than six weeks after their baby's birth to
      resume vaginal sex, reveals an Australian study.

PMID- 26981659
TI  - Mental disorders are strongly associated with risk of death by homicide.
AB  - People with mental health disorders have a significantly increased risk of
      becoming a victim of homicide compared to the general population, according to a
      nationwide study in Sweden.

PMID- 26981660
TI  - Nurses in every setting can help improve dementia care.
AB  - The Department of Health launched a new nursing vision and strategy for dementia
      care last month.

PMID- 26981662
TI  - Passing fad.
AB  - Never underestimate a woman, it is said, but I would add my own adage - never
      underestimate constipation.

PMID- 26981661
TI  - Just like you and me.
AB  - At the top of a hill in the pretty German town of Hadamar, a memorial garden sits
      in the grounds of a hospital.

PMID- 26981663
TI  - Teletubby health.
AB  - According to a recent article in the British Medical Journal, the supposed
      benefits of telehealth could be a myth. Telehealth? Sorry, but what on earth is
      telehealth?

PMID- 26981664
TI  - Clinicians need national guidance on physical restraint.
AB  - The brutal treatment handed out to residents at Winterbourne View hospital in
      Bristol - shown on the BBC's Panorama programme in 2011 - shocked and appalled
      the nation.

PMID- 26981665
TI  - Readers panel - The burden of entitlement.
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day.

PMID- 26981666
TI  - Starting out - I must confront my own health problems if I am to care for others.
AB  - I was two months into my nursing training when I was diagnosed with type 2
      diabetes at just 24 years of age.

PMID- 26981667
TI  - Transcribing of medicines should only be undertaken in exceptional circumstances.
AB  - Is it legal for nurses to transcribe controlled drugs?

PMID- 26981668
TI  - James Buchan explains why some trusts are upping expenditure on temporary staff.
AB  - Reports that some NHS trusts' spending on temporary nurses may be on the rise
      flies in the face of fiscal logic, especially given that other organisations are
      reported to be reducing agency use as a cost-cutting measure.

PMID- 26981669
TI  - The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of
      Evidence - Seventh edition Grove Susan K The Practice of Nursing Research:
      Appraisal, Synthesis, and Generation of Evidence - Seventh edition 752pp Elsevier
      9781455707362 1455707368 [Formula: see text].
AB  - This classic research text has been updated for nursing students and those in
      nursing practice. Though a substantial book, it is easy to dip in and out of,
      covering a wide range of topics from the research process and analysing data to
      sampling and seeking funding.

PMID- 26981670
TI  - Social Media for Nurses - Educating Practitioners and Patients in a Networked
      World Nelson Ramona Social Media for Nurses - Educating Practitioners and
      Patients in a Networked World 284pp Springer Publishing Company 9780826195883
      0826195881 [Formula: see text].
AB  - This book's three American authors describe how social media is changing the way
      nurses and patients interact. They argue that not only do healthcare
      professionals need to establish their telepresence, they also have a
      responsibility to educate patients to use Health 2.0 tools in managing their
      health and health care.

PMID- 26981671
TI  - Parkinson's Disease - A Personal Account in Pictures Rummins Terry Parkinson's
      Disease - A Personal Account in Pictures 37pp Matador 9781780885520 1780885520
      [Formula: see text].
AB  - Terry Rummins was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease at the age of 58. She was
      working full time, married and with a family. Illustrated by her husband Jack,
      her book is dedicated to everyone living with the condition. In an A4, 'comic
      magazine' format, she describes ten years of living with Parkinson's, the trauma
      of diagnosis, changing realities and building a new understanding of herself. She
      discusses relaxation techniques, drug regimens, movement, slowing down, exercise,
      sleeping, lifestyle changes and her speech. Terry looks at her present self and
      the need to take all possible action to help her future, less capable self. She
      considers 'deep brain stimulation' to lessen her tremors and her concern of how
      to prepare for the time when the drugs become less effective. Her book ends with
      'PS. I decided against the brain op. PPS. Thanks to all the people who have given
      up their seats to me on London's buses and underground trains over the past ten
      years.' This is an excellent guide for all those affected by Parkinson's and
      their health and social care practitioners.

PMID- 26981672
TI  - The best of the week's health-related TV and radio.
AB  - Our roundup of what's on.

PMID- 26981673
TI  - Why does the government assume there are problems with all nurses?
AB  - Commenting on the government's proposal that nurses spend a year working as
      healthcare assistants, Dean Fathers, director of the centre for health enterprise
      at Cass Business School in London, says: 'The need for care and compassion in the
      health system is essential.

PMID- 26981674
TI  - Nurse managers risk losing sight of quality patient care.
AB  - I am most grateful to Michael Owen (letters March 27) for his kind words about me
      winning the nurse of the year award.

PMID- 26981675
TI  - Commercial probiotic yogurts have few, if any, health benefits.
AB  - Mary Hickson's article examining the evidence for the use of probiotics in
      clinical practice (art&science March 20) is most informative.

PMID- 26981676
TI  - Can anyone help me disseminate my body of nursing research?
AB  - More than 40 years ago, I researched the nurse-patient relationship in The
      Unpopular Patient. My research, particularly on unmet social needs, has led me to
      investigate the key issue of maternal-infant bonding.

PMID- 26981677
TI  - Trans people report significant prejudice within health services.
AB  - We welcome Yvonne Coghill's comment (reflections March 27) that prejudice against
      trans people is totally at odds with the ethos of the NHS.

PMID- 26981678
TI  - Royal london hospital set P28 plans 30th anniversary reunion.
AB  - Members of Set P28 at the Royal London Hospital who began their training in
      February 1980 are planning a reunion on July 27 in London. The venue will be
      announced later. Email fran-joy@hotmail.com for details.

PMID- 26981679
TI  - Correction.
AB  - Heather Hasthorpe, rheumatology specialist nurse at Norfolk and Norwich
      University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and winner of the Innovations in Your
      Specialty award at the Nurse Awards 2013, was misquoted in our nurse awards
      supplement (March 13). Talking about her work with patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis, she was quoted as saying: 'My responsibility is to patients, to
      prevent the disability, pain and deformity associated with this degenerative
      disease.' Rather than describing the disease as 'degenerative', Ms Hasthorpe used
      the word 'destructive'. Nursing Standard apologises for the error.

PMID- 26981682
TI  - Taxing matters.
AB  - Nurses who earn income that is not taxed at source are required to complete a tax
      return form after April 6.

PMID- 26981681
TI  - Notice board.
AB  - Courses, events, grants, and awards to progress your career.

PMID- 26981685
TI  - Serum and Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in the Cape Griffon Vulture (Gyps
      coprotheres).
AB  - Vulture (Accipitridae) poisonings are a concern in South Africa, with hundreds of
      birds dying annually. Although some of these poisonings are accidental, there has
      been an increase in the number of intentional baiting of poached rhinoceros
      (Rhinocerotidae) and elephant (Elephantidae) carcasses to kill vultures that
      alert officials to poaching sites by circling overhead. The primary chemicals
      implicated are the organophosphorous and carbamate compounds. Although most
      poisoning events can be identified by dead vultures surrounding the scavenged
      carcass, weak birds are occasionally found and brought to rehabilitation centers
      for treatment. The treating veterinarian needs to make an informed decision on
      the cause of illness or poisoning prior to treatment. We established the
      reference interval for serum and plasma cholinesterase activity in the Cape
      Griffon Vulture ( Gyps coprotheres ) as 591.58-1,528.26 U/L, providing a clinical
      assay for determining potential exposure to cholinesterase-depressing pesticides.
      Both manual and automated samplers were used with the butyrylthiocholine method.
      Species reference intervals for both serum and plasma cholinesterase showed good
      correlation and manual and automated measurements yielded similar results.

PMID- 26981683
TI  - Mast Cell Inhibition Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling and Diastolic Dysfunction in
      Middle-aged, Ovariectomized Fischer 344 * Brown Norway Rats.
AB  - The incidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) increases in women
      after menopause, yet the mechanisms are unclear. Because mast cells participate
      in the pathological processes of various cardiac diseases, we hypothesized that
      mast cell inhibition would protect against estrogen loss-induced LVDD. The mast
      cell stabilizer, cromolyn sodium (30 mg.kg.d), or vehicle was administered
      subcutaneously by osmotic minipump to ovariectomized (OVX) female Fischer 344 *
      Brown Norway (F344BN) rats starting at 4 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after
      OVX, systolic blood pressure increased by 20% in OVX versus sham rats, and this
      effect was attenuated after 4 weeks of cromolyn treatment. Also, cromolyn
      mitigated the adverse reductions in myocardial relaxation (e') and increases in
      left ventricle (LV) filling pressures (E/e'), LV mass, wall thicknesses, and
      interstitial fibrosis from OVX. Although cardiac mast cell number was increased
      after OVX, cardiac chymase activity was not overtly altered by estrogen status
      and tended to decrease by cromolyn. Contrariwise, Ang II content was greater in
      hearts of OVX versus sham rats, and cromolyn attenuated this effect. Taken
      together, mast cell inhibition with cromolyn attenuates LV remodeling and LVDD in
      OVX-Fischer 344 * Brown Norway rats possibly through actions on the heart level
      and/or through vasodilatory effects at the vascular level. 

PMID- 26981684
TI  - Cell-Specific Polymorphism and Hormonal Regulation of DNA Methylation in
      Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type I.
AB  - The scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI), is a cell-surface glycoprotein
      that mediates selective uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-derived
      cholesteryl ester. SR-BI plays an important role in cellular delivery of
      cholesterol. Both human and rodent SR-BI are expressed most abundantly in the
      liver parenchymal cells and steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland and gonads,
      where the selective pathway exhibits its highest activity. In steroidogenic
      cells, the expression of SR-BI is regulated by trophic hormones
      (adrenocorticotropic hormone or gonadotropins luteinizing hormone or follicle
      stimulating hormone) in concert with the regulation of steroid hormone
      production. DNA methylation has been implicated in a large number of biological
      processes mainly by regulating gene expression. The SR-BI promoter contains one
      CpG island (CGI) in its promoter and seven CGIs in its intronic regions. Here, we
      studied the DNA methylation status of SR-BI gene and provide evidence that the
      DNA methylation is cell specific in this gene promoter as well as in intronic
      regions. The DNA methylation in the SR-BI promoter is subject to N(6), 2'-O
      dibutyryladenosine3':5'-cyclic monophosphate regulation in mouse adrenal Y1 cells
      and mouse Leydig tumor cells (MLTCs). The seven intron CGIs are methylated
      differentially in Y1 cells, MLTCs, ovarian granulosa cells, and mouse liver hepa
      1-6 cells. Our experiments raised the possibility that DNA methylation
      participates in hormonal regulation of SR-BI expression in a tissue-specific
      manner. We further suggest that the cell-specific DNA methylation in SR-BI
      intronic regions may be associated with specific biological function(s) of these
      regions, including regulation of gene expression. 

PMID- 26981686
TI  - ALTERNATE FOOD-CHAIN TRANSFER OF THE TOXIN LINKED TO AVIAN VACUOLAR MYELINOPATHY
      AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENDANGERED FLORIDA SNAIL KITE (ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS).
AB  - Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a neurologic disease causing recurrent
      mortality of Bald Eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and American Coots ( Fulica
      americana ) at reservoirs and small impoundments in the southern US. Since 1994,
      AVM is considered the cause of death for over 170 Bald Eagles and thousands of
      American Coots and other species of wild birds. Previous studies link the disease
      to an uncharacterized toxin produced by a recently described cyanobacterium,
      Aetokthonos hydrillicola gen. et sp. nov. that grows epiphytically on submerged
      aquatic vegetation (SAV). The toxin accumulates, likely in the gastrointestinal
      tract of waterbirds that consume SAV, and birds of prey are exposed when feeding
      on the moribund waterbirds. Aetokthonos hydrillicola has been identified in all
      reservoirs where AVM deaths have occurred and was identified growing abundantly
      on an exotic SAV hydrilla ( Hydrilla verticillata ) in Lake Tohopekaliga (Toho)
      in central Florida. Toho supports a breeding population of a federally endangered
      raptor, the Florida Snail Kite ( Rostrhamus sociabilis ) and a dense infestation
      of an exotic herbivorous aquatic snail, the island applesnail ( Pomacea maculata
      ), a primary source of food for resident Snail Kites. We investigated the
      potential for transmission in a new food chain and, in laboratory feeding trials,
      confirmed that the AVM toxin was present in the hydrilla/A. hydrillicola matrix
      collected from Toho. Additionally, laboratory birds that were fed apple snails
      feeding on hydrilla/A. hydrillicola material from a confirmed AVM site displayed
      clinical signs (3/5), and all five developed brain lesions unique to AVM. This
      documentation of AVM toxin in central Florida and the demonstration of AVM toxin
      transfer through invertebrates indicate a significant risk to the already
      diminished population of endangered Snail Kites.

PMID- 26981687
TI  - Demodicosis in Chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra subsp. rupicapra) in the Italian
      Alps, 2013-14.
AB  - We report demodicosis in five alpine chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra subsp.
      rupicapra) from the Italian Alps that showed moderate crusts on the head and
      dorsal aspect of the trunk. We detected intramural folliculitis, moderate
      dermatitis, and T-lymphocytes and macrophages associated with Demodex spp. in
      follicles and sebaceous glands.

PMID- 26981688
TI  - Occurrence of Prosthenorchis elegans in Free-living Primates from the Atlantic
      Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil.
AB  - Parasite prevalence and abundance are important factors affecting species'
      conservation. During necropsies on a free-living golden-headed lion tamarin (
      Leontopithecus chrysomelas ) and two Wied's marmosets ( Callithrix kuhlii ) in
      the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil, we collected a large number of
      adult intestinal parasites that we identified as Prosthenorchis elegans. This
      parasite is pathogenic for neotropical primates. Prosthenorchis spp. infestation
      is influenced by diet with increased risk of exposure from ingesting invertebrate
      intermediate hosts. The biological similarities and sympatric nature of these two
      nonhuman primates support that they may harbor similar infectious and parasitic
      agents.

PMID- 26981689
TI  - Osseous Metaplasia in a Free-living Snake (Patagonian Green Racer; Philodryas
      patagoniensis) in Brazil, 2012.
AB  - We describe an osseous metaplasia in a wild Patagonian green racer (Philodryas
      patagoniensis). The 5.5*1.5-cm lesion of irregular contour on the right
      dorsolateral surface proximal to the snake's cloaca was raised, hard, ulcerated
      centrally, and radiopaque and interfered with mobility. Microscopy revealed
      osseous metaplasia on skin and muscle.

PMID- 26981690
TI  - Chlamydia pecorum Infection in Free-ranging Koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) on
      French Island, Victoria, Australia.
AB  - We detected Chlamydia pecorum in two koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) from a
      closed island population in Victoria, Australia, previously free of Chlamydia
      infection. The ompA and multilocus sequence type were most closely related to
      published isolates of livestock rather than koala origin, suggesting potential
      cross-species transmission of C. pecorum .

PMID- 26981691
TI  - Toxoplasmosis May Lead to Road Kills of Persian Leopards ( Panthera pardus
      saxicolor) in Golestan National Park, Iran.
AB  - Three Persian leopards ( Panthera pardus saxicolor) that died from car accidents
      in Golestan National Park, Iran, were tested for Toxoplasma gondii and rabies
      virus infection. Acute T. gondii infection was diagnosed in two Persian leopards;
      no rabies virus was detected. Acute toxoplasmosis may be a factor in Persian
      leopard road kills.

PMID- 26981692
TI  - SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF VESPER SPARROWS (POOECETES GRAMINEUS) TO
      WEST NILE VIRUS: A POTENTIAL AMPLIFICATION HOST IN SAGEBRUSH-GRASSLAND HABITAT.
AB  - West Nile virus (WNV) spread to the US western plains states in 2003, when a
      significant mortality event attributed to WNV occurred in Greater Sage-grouse (
      Centrocercus urophasianus ). The role of avian species inhabiting sagebrush in
      the amplification of WNV in arid and semiarid regions of the North America is
      unknown. We conducted an experimental WNV challenge study in Vesper Sparrows (
      Pooecetes gramineus ), a species common to sagebrush and grassland habitats found
      throughout much of North America. We found Vesper Sparrows to be moderately
      susceptible to WNV, developing viremia considered sufficient to transmit WNV to
      feeding mosquitoes, but the majority of birds were capable of surviving infection
      and developing a humoral immune response to the WNV nonstructural 1 and envelope
      proteins. Despite clearance of viremia, after 6 mo, WNV was detected molecularly
      in three birds and cultured from one bird. Surviving Vesper Sparrows were
      resistant to reinfection 6 mo after the initial challenge. Vesper sparrows could
      play a role in the amplification of WNV in sagebrush habitat and other areas of
      their range, but rapid clearance of WNV may limit their importance as competent
      amplification hosts of WNV.

PMID- 26981693
TI  - SURVEY FOR WEST NILE VIRUS ANTIBODIES IN WILD DUCKS, 2004-06, USA.
AB  - Detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in ducks has been reported in North America in
      isolated cases of mortality in wild waterbirds and following outbreaks in farmed
      ducks. Although the virus has been noted as an apparent incidental finding in
      several species of ducks, little is known about the prevalence of exposure or the
      outcome of infection with WNV in wild ducks in North America. From 2004-06, we
      collected sera from 1,406 wild-caught American Wigeon ( Anas americana ), Mallard
      ( Anas platyrhynchos ), and Northern Pintail ( Anas acuta ) ducks at national
      wildlife refuges (NWRs) in North Dakota and Wood Ducks ( Aix sponsa ) at NWRs in
      South Carolina and Tennessee. We measured the prevalence of previous exposure to
      WNV in these ducks by measuring WNV antibodies and evaluated variation in
      exposure among species, age, and year. Additionally, we evaluated the performance
      of a commercial antibody to wild bird immunoglobulin in duck species that varied
      in their phylogenetic relatedness to the bird species the antibody was directed
      against. As determined by a screening immunoassay and a confirmatory plaque
      reduction neutralization assay, the prevalence of WNV antibody was 10%. In light
      of experimental studies that show ducks to be relatively resistant to mortality
      caused by WNV, the antibody prevalence we detected suggests that wild ducks may
      be less-frequently exposed to WNV than expected for birds inhabiting wetlands
      where they may acquire infection from mosquitoes.

PMID- 26981696
TI  - Editor's message.

PMID- 26981697
TI  - The multisystem adverse effects of NSAID therapy.
AB  - The clinical utility of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAlDs) to manage
      pain and inflammation is limited by adverse side effects. Although effective
      analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, NSAlDs are associated with side effects
      that are a consequence of nonspecific inhibition of both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)
      and 1 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).The primary adverse events associated with NSAID
      therapy are upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration, perforation, or bleeding, all
      of which involve mucosal damage of varying severity and can be asymptomatic and I
      occur with little warning. Clinicians who prescribe NSAIDs should be able to
      identify patients who are at risk of an NSAID-induced GI adverse event and to
      detect and manage the event should one occur. The use of COX-2-specific
      inhibitors to manage pain and inflammation may minimize the risks of NSAID
      associated toxicities.

PMID- 26981695
TI  - Genomic Organization Under Different Environmental Conditions: Hoplosternum
      Littorale as a Model.
AB  - The Amazon has abundant rivers, streams, and floodplains in both polluted and
      nonpolluted environments, which show great adaptability. Thus, the goal of this
      study was to map repetitive DNA sequences in both mitotic chromosomes and
      erythrocyte micronuclei of tamoatas from polluted and nonpolluted environments
      and to assess the possible genotoxic effects of these environments. Individuals
      were collected in Manaus, Amazonas (AM), and submitted to classical and molecular
      cytogenetic techniques, as well as to a blood micronucleus test. Diploid number
      equal to 60 chromosomes are present in all individuals, with 18S ribosomal DNA
      sites present in one chromosome pair and no interstitial telomeric sites on
      chromosomes. The micronucleus test showed no significant differences in pairwise
      comparisons between environments or collection sites, but the Rex3 retroelement
      was dispersed on the chromosomes of individuals from unpolluted environments and
      compartmentalized in individuals from polluted environments. Divergent numbers of
      5S rDNA sites are present in individuals from unpolluted and polluted
      environments. The mapping of repetitive sequences revealed that micronuclei have
      different compositions both intra- and interindividually that suggests different
      regions are lost in the formation of micronuclei, and no single fragile region
      undergoes breaks, although repetitive DNA elements are involved in this process.

PMID- 26981698
TI  - Celecoxib for the treatment of pain and inflammation: the preclinical and
      clinical results.
AB  - Inflammation and pain, the principal signs and symptoms of arthritis along with
      swelling and stiffness, are routinely controlled by treatment with a nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). Celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory and analgesic
      agent indicated for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, is
      the first cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor with well-defined cyclooxygenase-2 (COX
      2) specificity. Preclinical studies of celecoxib in vitro and in vivo support the
      COX-2 hypothesis that the therapeutic effects of NSAIDs are due to the inhibition
      of COX-2, and the adverse events associated with NSAID therapy are due to the
      inhibition of cyclooxygenase-I (COX-I), the constitutively expressed isoform of
      COX. Clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
      found that the efficacy of celecoxib is superior to that of placebo and
      comparable to that of naproxen, a conventional NSAID. Clinical studies also found
      celecoxib to be safe and well tolerated, with no evidence of alteration in
      platelet aggregation or gastrointestinal ulceration.

PMID- 26981699
TI  - COX-2--specific inhibition: Implications for clinical practice.
AB  - Although conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have long
      been a major therapeutic choice for the management of arthritic conditions, the
      potential adverse effects of these agents sometimes compromise their clinical
      utility. New modes of therapy have recently been introduced, and data on the
      cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-specific inhibitors celecoxib and rofecoxib suggest that
      these agents will meet the need for safe and effective therapeutic alternatives
      to conventional NSAIDs.

PMID- 26981700
TI  - CME QUIZ.

PMID- 26981701
TI  - COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease.
AB  - Nearly 30 years ago, cyclooxygenase (COX) was identified as an enzyme that
      initiates the biotransformation of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. It is now
      known that COX exists as two distinct but similar isozymes, COX-l and COX-2.
      Prostaglandins (PGs) formed by the enzymatic activity of COX-l are primarily
      involved in the regulation of homeostatic functions throughout the body, whereas
      PGs formed by COX-2 primarily mediate pain and inflammation. Based on structural
      differences in the active sites of COX-l and COX-2, a new class of drugs has been
      developed that specifically inhibits COX-2 but not COX-l activity. By preserving
      the synthesis of homeostatic PGs, these specific inhibitors of COX-2 provide the
      clinical benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and minimize the
      consequences of nonspecific inhibition of PG synthesis.

PMID- 26981703
TI  - Pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut?
AB  - The ability to correctly recognize the disease necrotic enteritis (NE) is
      important not only to those involved in control and treatment of the disease at
      farm level, but it is also critically important to the search for virulence
      factors, since a fundamental part of that process is the correct assignation of
      strains of Clostridium perfringens with respect to virulence. Thus,
      diagnosticians and investigators need to be able to correctly recognize the
      lesions of NE. To do this, they must be able to distinguish NE lesions from (1)
      other enteric diseases such as coccidiosis or viral enteritis, (2) normal
      features of the intestine, such as the small raised, sometimes red, foci that
      represent gut-associated lymphoid tissue, (3) autolytic change which may be
      mistaken for lesions, especially at the microscopical level, by the
      inexperienced. Errors in diagnosis of NE due to C. perfringens or failure to
      culture affected areas in which the bacteria of interest with respect to NE are
      definitively found, might explain some of the early apparently conflicting
      results with respect to the role of netB in NE. This paper describes at the
      gross, microscopical and bacteriological level, important features of the
      intestine of normal poultry and those with NE due to C. perfringens, as well as
      the common interpretative pitfalls that can lead both to underdiagnosis and
      overdiagnosis of NE, and to incorrect determination of the virulence of
      individual C. perfringens strains. 

PMID- 26981702
TI  - Metacognitive Confidence Increases with, but Does Not Determine, Visual
      Perceptual Learning.
AB  - While perceptual learning increases objective sensitivity, the effects on the
      constant interaction of the process of perception and its metacognitive
      evaluation have been rarely investigated. Visual perception has been described as
      a process of probabilistic inference featuring metacognitive evaluations of
      choice certainty. For visual motion perception in healthy, naive human subjects
      here we show that perceptual sensitivity and confidence in it increased with
      training. The metacognitive sensitivity-estimated from certainty ratings by a
      bias-free signal detection theoretic approach-in contrast, did not. Concomitant
      3Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was applied in compliance
      with previous findings on effective high-low cross-frequency coupling subserving
      signal detection. While perceptual accuracy and confidence in it improved with
      training, there were no statistically significant tACS effects. Neither
      metacognitive sensitivity in distinguishing between their own correct and
      incorrect stimulus classifications, nor decision confidence itself determined the
      subjects' visual perceptual learning. Improvements of objective performance and
      the metacognitive confidence in it were rather determined by the perceptual
      sensitivity at the outset of the experiment. Post-decision certainty in visual
      perceptual learning was neither independent of objective performance, nor
      requisite for changes in sensitivity, but rather covaried with objective
      performance. The exact functional role of metacognitive confidence in human
      visual perception has yet to be determined. 

PMID- 26981704
TI  - A comparison between surgical risk scores for predicting outcome in patients
      undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical risk scoring systems are of modest value in predicting
      outcome following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). There is no
      consensus as to which scoring system is the most useful. We examined the efficacy
      of all four currently available global scorings systems (Additive EuroScore
      [aES], Logistic EuroScore [LES], EuroScore II [ES II], Society of Thoracic
      Surgeons [STS] Score) in predicting outcome, both in the short (30 day) and
      longer term, in patients undergoing TAVI. METHODS: Additive EuroScore (aES),
      Logistic EuroScore (LES), EuroScore II (ES II), and Society of Thoracic Surgeons
      (STS) score were assessed in 312 consecutive TAVI patients. Mortality tracking
      was obtained from the Office of National Statistics as of May 2014. RESULTS: Mean
      age was 81.2+/-7.0 years; 53.2% were male. Mean aES, LES, ESII and STS were 9.7+/
      1.9, 17.4+/-9.4, 6.1+/-4.3 and 4.6+/-2.8, respectively. Thirty-day mortality was
      4.8%; long-term mortality (maximum 5.8 years, mean 2.2+/-1.5 years) was 25.3%.
      Using both univariate and multivariate modelling all four scoring systems failed
      to predict outcomes in the short term. In the longer term, univariable analysis
      demonstrated that higher aES and LES scores were associated with higher mortality
      (aES P=0.0048, LES P=0.054, respectively). After multivariable analysis, only
      higher aES remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical risk scores are poor at
      predicting outcomes in patients undergoing TAVI, particularly in the short term.

PMID- 26981706
TI  - The perceived impact of stuttering on personality as measured by the NEO-FFI-3.
AB  - The NEO-FFI has been widely used to demonstrate personality differences between
      people who stutter (PWS) and those who do not. These differences can be
      interpreted as indicators of internal sources of disability that contribute to
      handicaps associated with stuttering. The aim of the current study was to use
      this same tool to determine the perceived impact of stuttering on personality in
      order to provide a similar indicator of how external factors may contribute to
      the stuttering disability. A total of 49 non-stuttering young adults were given
      the NEO-FFI-3 after watching a video of someone stuttering (moderately to
      severely) and after watching a video of someone speaking fluently. Participants
      were asked to answer test items while imagining that they had spoken like the
      persons in the videos for their entire lives. When asked to assume the stuttering
      perspective, participants reported themselves to be significantly more neurotic
      (P < 0.01) and less extraverted (P < 0.01) than when they assumed the perspective
      of the fluent speaker. The large differences (~10 points; greater than one
      standard deviation) in these domains between the fluent and stuttered
      perspectives are consistent with existing stereotypes about PWS. These
      differences are greater than and only partially consistent with differences in
      personality found between PWS and non-stuttering individuals. The findings
      support the notion that external factors (e.g. listener reactions and stereotypes
      about PWS) contribute strongly to the manner in which stuttering restricts
      function and results in handicaps.

PMID- 26981707
TI  - Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Pig Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens with
      Elevated Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for Macrolides.
AB  - Macrolides are often used to treat and control bacterial pathogens causing
      respiratory disease in pigs. This study analyzed the whole genome sequences of
      one clinical isolate of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis,
      Pasteurella multocida, and Bordetella bronchiseptica, all isolated from
      Australian pigs to identify the mechanism underlying the elevated minimum
      inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for erythromycin, tilmicosin, or tulathromycin.
      The H. parasuis assembled genome had a nucleotide transition at position 2059 (A
      to G) in the six copies of the 23S rRNA gene. This mutation has previously been
      associated with macrolide resistance but this is the first reported mechanism
      associated with elevated macrolide MICs in H. parasuis. There was no known
      macrolide resistance mechanism identified in the other three bacterial genomes.
      However, strA and sul2, aminoglycoside and sulfonamide resistance genes,
      respectively, were detected in one contiguous sequence (contig 1) of A.
      pleuropneumoniae assembled genome. This contig was identical to plasmids
      previously identified in Pasteurellaceae. This study has provided one possible
      explanation of elevated MICs to macrolides in H. parasuis. Further studies are
      necessary to clarify the mechanism causing the unexplained macrolide resistance
      in other Australian pig respiratory pathogens including the role of efflux
      systems, which were detected in all analyzed genomes.

PMID- 26981708
TI  - Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections in
      Healthcare Settings, Abu Dhabi.
AB  - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections sharply
      increased in the Arabian Peninsula during spring 2014. In Abu Dhabi, United Arab
      Emirates, these infections occurred primarily among healthcare workers and
      patients. To identify and describe epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of
      persons with healthcare-associated infection, we reviewed laboratory-confirmed
      MERS-CoV cases reported to the Health Authority of Abu Dhabi during January 1,
      2013-May 9, 2014. Of 65 case-patients identified with MERS-CoV infection, 27
      (42%) had healthcare-associated cases. Epidemiologic and genetic sequencing
      findings suggest that 3 healthcare clusters of MERS-CoV infection occurred,
      including 1 that resulted in 20 infected persons in 1 hospital. MERS-CoV in
      healthcare settings spread predominantly before MERS-CoV infection was diagnosed,
      underscoring the importance of increasing awareness and infection control
      measures at first points of entry to healthcare facilities. 

PMID- 26981709
TI  - Utilizing the Experience of Consumers in Consultation to Develop the Australasian
      Oncofertility Consortium Charter.
AB  - PURPOSE: In Australia and New Zealand, there has not been a national systematic
      development of oncofertility services for cancer patients of reproductive age
      although many cancer and fertility centers have independently developed services.
      A number of barriers exist to the development of these services, including a lack
      of clear referral pathways, a lack of communication between clinicians and
      patients about fertility preservation, differences in the knowledge base of
      clinicians about the risk of cancer treatment causing infertility and fertility
      preservation options, a lack of national health insurance funding covering all
      aspects of fertility preservation, and storage costs and cultural, religious, and
      ethical barriers. The development of strategies to overcome these barriers is a
      high priority for oncofertility care to ensure that equitable access to the best
      standard of care is available for all patients. METHOD: The FUTuRE Fertility
      Research Group led a collaborative consultation process with the Australasian
      Oncofertility Consumer group and oncofertility specialists to explore consumers'
      experiences of oncofertility care. Consumers participated in qualitative focus
      group meetings to define and develop a model of consumer driven or informed "gold
      standard oncofertility care" with the aim of putting together a Charter that
      specifically described this. CONCLUSIONS: The finalized Australasian
      Oncofertility Consortium Charter documents eight key elements of gold standard
      oncofertility care that will be used to monitor the implementation of
      oncofertility services nationally, to ensure that these key elements are
      incorporated into standard practice over time.

PMID- 26981710
TI  - The impact of spatial arrangements on epidemic disease dynamics and intervention
      strategies.
AB  - The role of spatial arrangements on the spread and management strategies of a
      cholera epidemic is investigated. We consider the effect of human and pathogen
      movement on optimal vaccination strategies. A metapopulation model is used,
      incorporating a susceptible-infected-recovered system of differential equations
      coupled with an equation modelling the concentration of Vibrio cholerae in an
      aquatic reservoir. The model compared spatial arrangements and varying scenarios
      to draw conclusions on how to effectively manage outbreaks. The work is motivated
      by the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti. Results give guidance for vaccination
      strategies in response to an outbreak. 

PMID- 26981712
TI  - L-Tetrahydropalmatine alleviates mechanical hyperalgesia in models of chronic
      inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice.
AB  - Chronic pain is categorized as inflammatory and neuropathic, and there are common
      mechanisms underlying the generation of each pain state. Such pain is difficult
      to treat and the treatment at present is inadequate. Corydalis yanhusuo is a
      traditional Chinese medicine with demonstrated analgesic efficacy in humans. The
      potential antihyperalgesic effect of its active component is L
      tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP). L-THP has been used for the treatment of headache
      and other mild pain. However, little is known about its analgesic effect on
      chronic pain and its mechanism. Here, we report that L-THP exerts remarkable
      antihyperalgesic effects on neuropathic and inflammatory pain in animal models.
      Neuropathic hypersensitivity was induced by segmental spinal nerve ligation and
      inflammatory hypersensitivity was induced by an intraplantar injection of
      complete Freund's adjuvant. To determine the receptor mechanism underlying the
      antihyperalgesic actions of L-THP, we used SCH23390, an antagonist of a dopamine
      D1 receptor, in an attempt to block the antihyperalgesic effects of L-THP. We
      found that L-THP (1-4 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent antihyperalgesic
      effect in spinal nerve ligation and complete Freund's adjuvant models. The
      antihyperalgesic effects of L-THP were abolished by a dopamine D1 receptor
      antagonist SCH23390 (0.02 mg/kg). Furthermore, L-THP (4 mg/kg, i.p.) did not
      influence motor function. These findings suggest that L-THP may ameliorate
      mechanical hyperalgesia by enhancing dopamine D1 receptor-mediated dopaminergic
      transmission. 

PMID- 26981711
TI  - Comparative outcomes of active and passive hearing devices by transcutaneous bone
      conduction.
AB  - Conclusion Bonebridge (BB) and Sophono (SP) devices improved hearing; with the BB
      implant showing a better performance at medium and high frequencies. Furthermore,
      the BB, as an active implant, showed higher functional gain and increased time of
      use, when compared to the SP, a passive system. Objectives This study aims to
      compare surgical and audiological outcomes of SP and BB devices in order to
      assess and further differentiate the indication criteria. Methods Fourteen
      patients with conductive and mixed hearing loss were evaluated pre- and post
      operatively (BB or SP) (period 2013-2014). Age, gender, surgical history, cause
      and type of hearing loss, implant use per day, levels of bone and air conduction,
      and functional gain were recorded. Data was analysed by Wilcoxon singed-rank and
      Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Fourteen patients (BB; n = 10 and SP; n = 4)
      with an average age = 25.42 years (CI95 = 12.41-38.43) were evaluated. The gender
      relation was equal (1:1), with pre-implantation osseous thresholds of 20.42 dB
      (CI95 = 11.15-29.69), and pre-implantation aerial thresholds of 70.83 dB (CI95 =
      62.52-79.14). The SP wearing time was significantly lower than that of the BB (SP
      = 7-10 h/day, BB = 8-12 h/day; p = 0.0323). The functional gain did not differ
      significantly between the two devices (BB = 40.00 +/- 13.19 dB, SP = 34.06 +/-
      15.63 dB; p = 0.3434), but a significant improvement from pre- to post
      implantation was observed (p < 0.05). BB and SP decreased auditory thresholds at
      1 and 2 kHz (< 0.01), respectively. The BB even significantly decreased
      thresholds at 0.5 kHz (p = 0.0140) and 4 kHz (p < 0.0001). No relevant surgical
      complications were found. 

PMID- 26981713
TI  - Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a diagnostic biomarker in mild
      cognitive impairment following stroke in acute phase.
AB  - To investigate proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HMRS) as a diagnostic
      biomarker to identify mild cognitive impairment (MCI) following stroke in the
      acute phase. A total of 72 stroke patients were recruited in the acute phase of
      stroke from the Department of Neurology, including 36 stroke patients with MCI
      and 36 stroke patients without MCI. All patients underwent brain MRI/MRS
      examination on a 3.0 T scanner and a neuropsychological test in the acute phase
      of stroke. Single-voxel HMRS was performed to obtain hippocampal metabolism
      intensities and brain infarcts were assessed on MRI. Group difference in
      metabolite ratios was analyzed using a T-test. Spearman rank correlation was used
      to study the correlation between metabolite ratios and Montreal Cognitive
      Assessment scores. The hippocampal n-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) ratio was
      found to be significantly lower in stroke patients with MCI compared with stroke
      patients without MCI (P<0.02). However, we found no differences in the metabolite
      ratios between hippocampus ipsilateral to infarctions and the contralateral side
      (P>0.05) in stroke patients with MCI. Furthermore, a correlation was found
      between hippocampal NAA/Cr ratios and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores in
      stroke patients with MCI (P<0.01). HMRS could be a biomarker to identify MCI
      following stroke in the acute phase by capturing neurodegenerative changes.

PMID- 26981715
TI  - Structural and Energetic Characterization of Prebiotic Molecules: The Case Study
      of Formamide and Its Dimer.
AB  - State-of-the-art quantum-chemical computations have been employed to determine
      the accurate equilibrium structure of formamide and its symmetric dimer as well
      as the interaction energy of the latter, thus extending available reference data
      for the peptide (also denoted as amide) bond and the hydrogen-bond interaction
      that characterizes peptides and proteins. Equilibrium geometries and electronic
      energies have been evaluated by means of a composite scheme based on coupled
      cluster calculations, including up to triple excitations, which also accounts for
      extrapolation to the complete basis set limit and core-correlation effects. This
      approach provides molecular structures with an accuracy of 0.001-0.002 A and 0.05
      0.1 degrees  for bond lengths and angles, respectively, and relative energies
      with an accuracy of about 1-2 kJ/mol. 

PMID- 26981714
TI  - Evidence of altered corticomotor excitability following targeted activation of
      gluteus maximus training in healthy individuals.
AB  - It has been proposed that strengthening and skill training of gluteus maximus
      (GM) may be beneficial in treating various knee injuries. Given the redundancy of
      the hip musculature and the small representational area of GM in the primary
      motor cortex (M1), learning to activate this muscle before prescribing strength
      exercises and modifying movement strategy would appear to be important. This
      study aimed to determine whether a short-term activation training program
      targeting the GM results in neuroplastic changes in M1. Using transcranial
      magnetic stimulation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained in 12 healthy
      individuals at different stimulation intensities while they performed a double
      leg bridge. Participants then completed a home exercise program for ~1 h/day for
      6 days that consisted of a single exercise designed to selectively target the GM.
      Baseline and post-training input-output curves (IOCs) were generated by graphing
      average MEP amplitudes and cortical silent period durations against corresponding
      stimulation intensities. Following the GM activation training, the linear slope
      of both the MEP IOC and cortical silent period IOC increased significantly. Short
      term GM activation training resulted in a significant increase in corticomotor
      excitability as well as changes in inhibitory processes of the GM. We propose
      that the observed corticomotor plasticity will enable better utilization of the
      GM in the more advanced stages of a rehabilitation/training program.

PMID- 26981716
TI  - Turnover of hydrogen isotopes in lake sturgeon blood: implications for tracking
      movements of wild populations.
AB  - Naturally occurring deuterium ((2)H) in biota can be used to trace movement,
      migration and geographic origin of a range of organisms. However, to evaluate
      movements of animals using delta(2)H measurements of tissues, it is necessary to
      establish the turnover time of (2)H in the tissues and the extent of isotopic
      discrimination from different environmental (2)H sources to those tissues. We
      investigated the turnover of (2)H in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) blood
      by manipulating both environmental water delta(2)H and diet delta(2)H over a four
      month period. The half-life of deuterium in lake sturgeon blood was 37.9 days
      after an increase in the environmental water delta(2)H of +714 0/00. However, no
      clear turnover in blood (2)H occurred over the same period in a separate trial
      following a change of -63.8 0/00 or +94.2 0/00 in diet. These findings suggest
      that environmental water (2)H exchanges much faster with blood than diets and
      that blood delta(2)H values can be used to trace movements of sturgeon and other
      fish moving among isotopically distinct waters. 

PMID- 26981718
TI  - Prevention of Thyroidectomy Scars in Asian Adults With Low-Level Light Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abnormal wound-healing after thyroidectomy with a resulting scar is a
      common dermatologic consultation. Despite many medical and surgical approaches,
      prevention of postoperative scars is challenging. OBJECTIVE: This study validated
      the efficacy and safety of low-level light therapy (LLLT) using an 830/590 nm
      light-emitting diode (LED)-based device for prevention of thyroidectomy scars.
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-five patients with linear surgical suture lines
      after thyroidectomy were treated with 830/590 nm LED-LLLT. Daily application of
      60 J/cm (11 minutes) for 1 week starting on postoperative day 1 was followed by
      treatment 3 times per week for 3 additional weeks. The control group (n = 15)
      remained untreated. Scar-prevention effects were evaluated 1 and 3 months after
      thyroidectomy with colorimetric evaluation using a tristimulus-color analyzer.
      The Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score, global assessment, and a subjective
      satisfaction score (range: 1-4) were also determined. RESULTS: Lightness (L*) and
      chrome values (a*) decreased significantly at the 3-month follow-up visit in the
      treatment group compared with those of controls. The average VSS and GAS scores
      were lower in the treatment group, whereas the subjective score was not
      significantly different. CONCLUSION: Light-emitting diode based LLLT treatment
      suppressed the formation of scars after thyroidectomy and could be safely used
      without noticeable adverse effects.

PMID- 26981719
TI  - Treating Filler Related Visual Loss.

PMID- 26981720
TI  - Changes in Saphenous Vein Stump and Low Incidence of Endovenous Heat-Induced
      Thrombosis After Radiofrequency Ablation of Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Relationship between the distance of the catheter tip from the
      saphenous femoral junction and the length of residual stump after radiofrequency
      ablation (RFA) has not been sufficiently examined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the change of great saphenous vein (GSV) stump with
      clinical outcomes after RFA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2014 to September
      2014, 67 patients (91 limbs) underwent GSV RFA and the collected data were
      analyzed prospectively. Change of GSV stump length and clinical symptoms was
      evaluated at 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals. Ablations were performed between 2 to
      2.5 cm distal to the saphenofemoral junction. RESULTS: The residual GSV stump
      decreased in length to 1.465 +/- 0.504 cm at the first month follow-up. This
      length persisted throughout the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups. There were no
      statistically significant differences during the follow-up period. Both the
      Venous Clinical Severity Score and the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Symptom Severity
      Score was significantly improved at 1 month and improved even further at 3
      months. One patient (1.1%) developed endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT)
      Class 3 at 1-month follow-up and was treated with anticoagulation. CONCLUSION:
      This study has shown that the adequate positioning of RFA catheter tip (2.0-2.5
      cm) is recommended to decrease the incidence of EHIT.

PMID- 26981721
TI  - Absence of Koebnerization Following Ablative and Nonablative Laser Therapy in
      Patients With Plaque Psoriasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The adverse effects of laser procedures performed in patients with
      psoriasis have not been reported to date. OBJECTIVE: The authors report the
      incidence of koebnerization in patients with psoriasis who underwent laser
      treatment with different devices over the past 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The medical records of 38 patients with psoriasis treated with laser therapy were
      reviewed. Patient characteristics, including duration and severity of psoriasis,
      baseline psoriasis treatment, laser modality and settings, facial areas treated,
      and number of sessions, were collected. The primary outcome of interest was
      incidence of koebnerization. RESULTS: None of the 38 patients with psoriasis
      treated with laser therapy experienced subsequent koebnerization. Seven patients
      were on oral systemic medications, 14 were on biologic agents, and 3 were on
      combination therapy. None of the patients experienced skin infections, delayed
      healing, or scarring, irrespective of their psoriasis therapy. CONCLUSION:
      Koebnerization did not occur on the face, neck, or scalp of patients with
      psoriasis who underwent laser therapy, irrespective of psoriasis severity or
      types of psoriasis medications they were receiving. Although these results are
      encouraging, the risk of koebnerization should be discussed with patients with
      psoriasis who wish to undergo laser procedures.

PMID- 26981722
TI  - Vitiligo Involving the Nipple and Areola: A Good Indication for Epidermal
      Grafting.

PMID- 26981723
TI  - A Rethink on Hyaluronidase Injection, Intraarterial Injection, and Blindness: Is
      There Another Option for Treatment of Retinal Artery Embolism Caused by
      Intraarterial Injection of Hyaluronic Acid?

PMID- 26981725
TI  - Urban health and well-being.

PMID- 26981726
TI  - The rise of the urbanite.

PMID- 26981727
TI  - Mobility: The urban downshift.

PMID- 26981728
TI  - Flooding: Water potential.

PMID- 26981724
TI  - Micelle Mixtures for Coadministration of Gemcitabine and GDC-0449 To Treat
      Pancreatic Cancer.
AB  - Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an important role in the development and metastasis
      of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although gemcitabine (GEM) has been
      used as a first-line therapy for PDAC, its rapid metabolism and short plasma half
      life restrict its use as a single chemotherapy. Combination therapy with more
      than one drug is a promising approach for treating cancer. Herein, we report the
      use of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene
      carbonate)-graft-dodecanol (mPEG-b-PCC-g-DC) copolymer for conjugating GEM and
      encapsulating a Hh inhibitor, vismodegib (GDC-0449), into its hydrophobic core
      for treating PDAC. Our objective was to determine whether the micelle mixtures of
      these two drugs could show better response in inhibiting Hh signaling pathway and
      restraining the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The in vivo
      stability of GEM significantly increased after conjugation, which resulted in its
      increased antitumor efficacy. Almost 80% of encapsulated GDC-0449 and 19%
      conjugated GEM were released in vitro at pH 5.5 in 48 h in a sustained manner.
      The invasion, migration, and colony forming features of MIA PaCa-2 cells were
      significantly inhibited by micelle mixture carrying GEM and GDC-0449. Remarkable
      increase in PARP cleavage and Bax proved increased apoptosis by this combination
      formulation compared to individual micelles. This combination therapy efficiently
      inhibited tumor growth, increased apoptosis, reduced Hh ligands PTCH-1 and Gli-1,
      and lowered EMT-activator ZEB-1 when injected to athymic nude mice bearing
      subcutaneous tumor generated using MIA PaCa-2 cells compared to monotherapy as
      observed from immunohistochemical analysis. In conclusion, micelle mixtures
      carrying GEM and GDC-0449 have the potential to treat pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26981729
TI  - Green space: A natural high.

PMID- 26981730
TI  - Stress: The privilege of health.

PMID- 26981731
TI  - Perspective: City farming needs monitoring.

PMID- 26981732
TI  - Disease: Poverty and pathogens.

PMID- 26981733
TI  - Policy: Urban physics.

PMID- 26981735
TI  - Distinctive Pattern of Adipophilin Expression in Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma.

PMID- 26981734
TI  - Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer With Aggressive Subclinical Extension in Immunosuppressed
      Patients.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Immunosuppression (IS), such as in solid-organ transplant recipients
      (SOTRs) and patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hematologic
      malignant neoplasms, increases the risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancers
      (NMSCs). However, it is unknown whether IS patients are at increased risk of
      developing NMSCs with aggressive subclinical extensions (NMSC-ASE), which may
      extend aggressively far beyond conventional surgical margins. OBJECTIVE: To study
      clinical characteristics of NMSC-ASE among immunocompetent (IC) and various
      subgroups of IS patients and to suggest a predictive model for NMSC-ASE lesions.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A 6-year retrospective review of 2998 NMSC
      cases between February 26, 2007, and February 17, 2012, at the Dermatologic and
      Mohs Micrographic Surgery Unit of the University of California, San Diego,
      Medical Center. Nonmelanoma skin cancers that required at least 3 Mohs
      micrographic surgery stages with final surgical margins of at least 10 mm were
      defined as ASE lesions. All cases were categorized into 1 of 2 groups, IS or IC.
      Immunosuppressed cases were further subcategorized into 3 subgroups: SOTRs and
      patients with HIV or hematologic malignant neoplasm. The data were analyzed in
      December 2012. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We evaluated the odds ratio of having
      NMSC-ASE lesions in IS patients (SOTRs, HIV, hematologic malignant neoplasm)
      compared with IC patients. Other clinical characteristics and preoperative risks
      were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Of all 2998 cases, we identified 805 NMSC
      ASE cases: 137 IS and 668 IC. Immunosuppressed patients had an odds ratio of 1.94
      of having ASE lesions compared with IC patients (95% CI, 1.54-2.44; P < .001).
      Additionally, the SOTR subgroup was associated with a 2.74 odds of having NSMC
      ASE compared with non-SOTRs (95% CI, 2.00-3.76; P < .001), and the presence of
      hematologic malignant neoplasm was associated with 1.74 times the odds compared
      with IC patients (95% CI, 1.04-2.90; P = .04). Multivariate analysis found older
      age (P < .001), lesion locations such as zone 1 (OR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.04-1.85]; P
      = .02) or zone 2 (OR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.08-1.94]; P = .01), and IS status (OR, 1.94
      [95% CI, 1.54-2.44]; P < .001) to be significant predictors of ASE. CONCLUSIONS
      AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this study suggest an increased risk for NMSC-ASE
      lesions in IS patients, especially in SOTRs and those with hematologic malignant
      neoplasm, but not patients with HIV. Statistically significant predictors of NMSC
      ASE lesions such as age, location, and IS status can help physicians choose the
      most appropriate treatment modalities and optimize surgical planning.

PMID- 26981736
TI  - Gunshot Entry Wound of the Skin.

PMID- 26981737
TI  - Actinic Prurigo Cheilitis: A Clinicopathologic Review of 75 Cases.
AB  - Actinic prurigo (AP) is a chronic idiopathic photodermatosis that primarily
      affects American Indians in the United States and Mestizos in Latin American
      countries. Clinically, the onset of the disease is usually in the first decade of
      life but may appear initially in adult life, and it is characterized by symmetric
      involvement of sun-exposed areas of the skin, particularly areas of the face,
      resulting in polymorphic erythematous papules, macules, and plaques in different
      stages of evolution. Lower lip involvement includes swelling, scaling, fissures,
      hyperpigmentation, and ulcerations of the vermilion border. and in some cases
      could represent the only manifestation of the disease. The histopathologic
      features of AP have been studied; however, there is a controversy regarding
      whether AP cheilitis has distinct histopathologic features that could allow
      accurate separation from other specific and nonspecific forms of cheilitis. The
      diagnosis can be challenging, mainly when lip lesions are the only manifestation
      of the disease. In this study, the authors investigate the clinicopathologic
      features of 75 cases of AP cheilitis to provide further criteria for its
      diagnosis and classification. All 75 patients presented with lip lesions. Thirty
      three cases were diagnosed as AP cheilitis with cutaneous lesions and 42 cases
      were diagnosed as AP cheilitis without cutaneous lesions (only lip lesions).
      Histologically, of the 33 cases with AP cheilitis with cutaneous lesions, 17
      (52%) cases showed follicular cheilitis, and of the 42 cases that had only lip
      lesions, 18 (43%) cases showed follicular cheilitis. Histologically, AP cheilitis
      can present as follicular cheilitis; thus, supporting the diagnosis. Also, our
      findings confirm that lip lesions can present as the only manifestation of the
      disease, showing typical histological and clinical features. This form of
      cheilitis has not being well described in the dermatologic and dermatopathologic
      literature. 

PMID- 26981738
TI  - A Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder Arising in
      a Patient With Multiple Myeloma and Cutaneous Amyloidosis.
AB  - CD30-positive cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders, a group of T-cell
      neoplasms, including lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and cutaneous anaplastic large
      cell lymphoma, require careful clinicopathologic correlation for diagnosis. An
      association between LyP and the development of a second hematolymphoid malignancy
      has been established in the literature. LyP has also been reported with systemic
      amyloidosis, but no such reports have documented coexisting cutaneous amyloid
      deposition with LyP to our knowledge. A 66-year-old woman with cutaneous
      amyloidosis, secondary to multiple myeloma, in remission, presented with
      erythematous and dark-brown papules involving the right arm, scalp, and torso.
      Punch biopsy of the arm showed a dermal infiltrate of intermediate-sized
      lymphocytes, some of which displayed a plasmacytoid morphology and prominent
      nodular subepidermal amyloid deposition. Punch biopsy of the scalp similarly
      showed a nonepidermotropic dense dermal infiltrate of intermediate-sized
      plasmacytoid lymphocytes and multifocal amyloid deposition. Both infiltrates were
      immunophenotypically CD30-positive, anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative T-cell
      lymphoproliferative processes. Subsequent studies showed no systemic involvement,
      and clinical correlation suggested a final diagnosis of LyP. We present this case
      of LyP, which histologically mimics a B-cell proliferation with a plasmacytoid
      morphology arising in association with cutaneous amyloidosis to highlight the
      importance of clinicopathologic correlation, a thorough battery of
      immunohistochemical studies, and consideration for a second hematologic
      malignancy arising in the setting of LyP. 

PMID- 26981739
TI  - Cutaneous Adenomyoepithelioma: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Adenomyoepithelioma (AME) is a biphasic neoplasm of epithelial and myoepithelial
      cells. It is most commonly found in the breast, although rare cases have been
      reported from the lung, salivary glands, and skin. There are 5 well-documented
      cases of cutaneous AME in the literature. We report a new case of cutaneous AME.
      Our case was commingled with apocrine hidrocystoma. This is the first report of
      cutaneous AME in a male patient and the first to describe SOX10 immunostaining in
      cutaneous AME. We review the literature on cutaneous AME and note the greater
      than chance colocalization with other adnexal tumors. We speculate that AME may
      represent localized overgrowth of myoepithelial cells within a pre-existent sweat
      gland tumor. Histopathologists should be aware of the potential of SOX10-positive
      myoepithelial neoplasms to mimic nodular melanocytic proliferations. 

PMID- 26981740
TI  - An Unusual Association of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma With Hyalohyphomycosis.
AB  - Infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) causes deregulation of the
      immune system, which makes the infected individuals more susceptible to
      infectious diseases. Immune deregulation is even more pronounced in HTLV-1
      carriers with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which results in frequent
      opportunistic infections. Hyalohyphomycosis is a rare subcutaneous mycosis which
      is more commonly associated with immunocompromised patients. We report a case of
      a HTLV-1-infected man with skin tumors, inguinal lymphadenomegaly, and
      lymphocytosis. Histopathological examination of skin biopsies revealed a T-cell
      lymphoma intermingled with a granulomatous process with abscesses and hyaline
      septated hyphae. The lymph node showed only a T-cell lymphoma. The patient was
      diagnosed with acute ATLL and hyalohyphomycosis. He was treated with itraconazole
      for the subcutaneous mycosis and with chemotherapy for ATLL. A few months later,
      despite the treatment, he died because of progression of ATLL. 

PMID- 26981741
TI  - "Secretory" Carcinoma of the Skin Mimicking Secretory Carcinoma of the Breast:
      Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Secretory carcinoma is a unique kind of adenocarcinoma. It has distinct
      histological features and a special genetic change, that is, t (12; 15) (p13;
      q25) translocation which leads to the expression of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene.
      Secretory carcinoma has been found to occur both in the breast and salivary
      gland. Here the authors present a case of 22-year-old woman with a unique
      cutaneous neoplasm located at the axilla. The tumor was characterized
      histologically with the formation of round to ovoid microcysts and papillary
      structure, which was similar to the secretory carcinoma of the breast and
      salivary gland. Furthermore, the gene sequence analysis of reverse-transcription
      polymerase chain reaction products demonstrated the expression of the ETV6-NTRK3
      fusion gene. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of secretory
      carcinoma from the skin which has the same genetic change as those from the
      breast and salivary gland. Local excision was performed on this patient. She had
      been followed up for nearly 1 year. No recurrence or metastasis was found yet. 

PMID- 26981742
TI  - Symplastic Pilar Leiomyoma: Description of a Rare Entity.

PMID- 26981743
TI  - Direct Immunofluorescence Findings in Discoid Lupus Erythematosus and Bullous
      Pemphigoid.

PMID- 26981745
TI  - Ultrasonographic characteristics of volar-lateral ligament constrains after
      proximal interphalangeal joint injuries.
AB  - Objective To characterise posttraumatic constrains of the volar-lateral ligaments
      by analysing volar plate (VP) dynamics after proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
      injuries using ultrasonography. Materials and methods From the anatomical and
      biomechanical perspectives of the VP and its surrounding structures,
      posttraumatic constrains of the volar-lateral ligament were evaluated by
      analysing the changes of VP motion. Using ultrasound, VP motion during active
      flexion of 0-60 degrees  was recorded in the central sagittal plane at 12 weeks
      after injury. VP trajectories visualised by 5-point tracing on the VP were
      analysed qualitatively to detect differential patterns of the ligament
      constrains. Quantitatively, correlation between averaged constrain index
      determined by measuring volar locational values of the 5 points on the VP and
      limitation in extension at the final follow-up was assessed. Results Eleven
      patients with PIP joint injuries involving five VP avulsions, three volar intra
      articular fractures, or three dorsal fracture-dislocations were included. All
      patients with VP avulsion revealed a totally-constrained pattern, whereas
      patients with intra-articular or fracture-dislocation injuries showed distally
      constrained pattern or normal. Averaged constrain index was negatively correlated
      with limitation in extension, indicating positive contribution of volar-lateral
      ligament constrains to residual flexion contracture. Conclusion Ultrasonographic
      visualisation of VP motion characterised posttraumatic constrained conditions of
      the volar-lateral ligaments. Knowledge of the manner of ligament damages might be
      useful to set treatment strategies for PIP joint injuries. 

PMID- 26981744
TI  - Novel conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies against amyloidogenic forms of
      transthyretin.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is caused by the
      misfolding and deposition of the transthyretin (TTR) protein and results in
      progressive multi-organ dysfunction. TTR epitopes exposed by dissociation and
      misfolding are targets for immunotherapeutic antibodies. We developed and
      characterized antibodies that selectively bound to misfolded, non-native
      conformations of TTR. METHODS: Antibody clones were generated by immunizing mice
      with an antigenic peptide comprising a cryptotope within the TTR sequence and
      screened for specific binding to non-native TTR conformations, suppression of in
      vitro TTR fibrillogenesis, promotion of antibody-dependent phagocytic uptake of
      mis-folded TTR and specific immunolabeling of ATTR amyloidosis patient-derived
      tissue. RESULTS: Four identified monoclonal antibodies were characterized. These
      antibodies selectively bound the target epitope on monomeric and non-native
      misfolded forms of TTR and strongly suppressed TTR fibril formation in vitro.
      These antibodies bound fluorescently tagged aggregated TTR, targeting it for
      phagocytic uptake by macrophage THP-1 cells, and amyloid-positive TTR deposits in
      heart tissue from patients with ATTR amyloidosis, but did not bind to other types
      of amyloid deposits or normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Conformation-specific anti-TTR
      antibodies selectively bind amyloidogenic but not native TTR. These novel
      antibodies may be therapeutically useful in preventing deposition and promoting
      clearance of TTR amyloid and in diagnosing TTR amyloidosis.

PMID- 26981747
TI  - Many-Electron Integrals over Gaussian Basis Functions. I. Recurrence Relations
      for Three-Electron Integrals.
AB  - Explicitly correlated F12 methods are becoming the first choice for high-accuracy
      molecular orbital calculations and can often achieve chemical accuracy with
      relatively small Gaussian basis sets. In most calculations, the many three- and
      four-electron integrals that formally appear in the theory are avoided through
      judicious use of resolutions of the identity (RI). However, for the intrinsic
      accuracy of the F12 wave function to not be jeopardized, the associated RI
      auxiliary basis set must be large. Here, inspired by the Head-Gordon-Pople and
      PRISM algorithms for two-electron integrals, we present an algorithm to directly
      compute three-electron integrals over Gaussian basis functions and a very general
      class of three-electron operators without invoking RI approximations. A general
      methodology to derive vertical, transfer, and horizontal recurrence relations is
      also presented. 

PMID- 26981746
TI  - 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Diazo Compounds in the Presence of Azides.
AB  - The diazo group has untapped utility in chemical biology. The tolerance of
      stabilized diazo groups to cellular metabolism is comparable to that of azido
      groups. However, chemoselectivity has been elusive, as both groups undergo 1,3
      dipolar cycloadditions with strained alkynes. Removing strain and tuning
      dipolarophile electronics yields diazo group selective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions
      that can be performed in the presence of an azido group. For example,
      diazoacetamide but not its azido congener react with dehydroalanine residues, as
      in the natural product nisin. 

PMID- 26981748
TI  - Is advising food allergic patients to avoid food with precautionary allergen
      labelling out of date?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) continues to be used by
      the food manufacturing industry to alert the food allergic consumer that cross
      contact may have occurred during the supply chain for ingredients or the
      manufacturing process. This review will summarize recent evidence regarding use
      and interpretation of precautionary labels by industry, healthcare professionals,
      and food allergic consumers. Consumers find precautionary labels difficult to
      interpret and often distrust them as disclaimers of product liability. It is
      unclear from a clinician's perspective how healthcare professionals should advise
      their patients regarding these statements. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies
      suggest that consumers do not always read food labels and that these labels are
      difficult to interpret and are often distrusted by consumers as disclaimers of
      liability. There is evidence to suggest that this behaviour occurs in all
      countries assessed that use PAL. The healthcare professional remains confused
      about the interpretation and value of the current PAL system as it is unclear
      whether foods that contain no advisory labels are safe to consume. There is a
      need for improvement in the value and use of precautionary labelling for allergen
      risk assessment for allergic consumers. SUMMARY: New studies have shown the
      confusion that currently exists in regard to PAL for the healthcare professional
      and the consumer alike. The studies have also highlighted certain gaps in the
      literature that, once addressed, will improve the uniformity of PAL and provide
      the healthcare professional with appropriate advice which they can in turn relay
      to the allergic consumer. Because of the global supply of food products there is
      a need for an international approach in improving PAL.

PMID- 26981749
TI  - Parental influence on children's answers to an oral-health-related quality of
      life questionnaire.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate parental influence on children's answers to
      an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaire. A cross-sectional
      study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 84 pairs of 5-year-olds
      and parents/guardians. The participants were selected from a primary family
      healthcare center in Campina Grande, Brazil. First, the children and parents
      answered respective versions of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for Five-Year
      Old Children (SOHO-5). Seven days later, the children answered their version of
      the SOHO-5, without the presence of their parents/guardians, and underwent a
      clinical exam of dental caries, traumatic dental injury and malocclusion, by a
      previously calibrated researcher. Statistical analysis involved a comparison of
      mean scores and the calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
      Poisson regression models were used to associate the variables (alpha = 5%). No
      significant differences were found between the mean SOHO-5 scores of the children
      when alone or accompanied by parents/guardians (p > 0.05). The ICC between the
      answers of the children alone or accompanied was 0.84. White spot (PR = 6.32;
      95%CI: 1.36 - 29.40) and cavitated lesions (PR = 9.81; 95%CI: 3.22 - 29.85) had
      an impact on OHRQoL, according to the children's self-report, whereas cavitated
      lesions (PR = 90.52; 95%CI: 13.26 - 617.74) and anterior open bite (PR = 1.95;
      95%IC: 1.07 - 3.53) remained on the final model, according to the parents'
      version of the SOHO-5. In conclusion, parents did not influence the children's
      responses, and dental caries are the oral health problem exerting the greatest
      impact on the children's OHRQoL. 

PMID- 26981750
TI  - Micro-CT evaluation of the radioprotective effect of resveratrol on the
      mandibular incisors of irradiated rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to perform a microcomputed tomographic evaluation
      of the radioprotective effect of resveratrol on the volume of mandibular incisors
      of irradiated rats. A second aim was to make a quantitative assessment of the
      effect of x-ray exposure on these dental tissues. Twenty adult male rats were
      divided into four groups: control, irradiated control, resveratrol, and
      irradiated resveratrol. The resveratrol groups received 100 mg/kg of resveratrol,
      whereas the irradiated groups were exposed to 15 Gy of irradiation. The animals
      were sacrificed 30 days after the irradiation procedure, and their mandibles were
      removed and scanned in a microcomputed tomography unit. The images were loaded
      into Mimics software to allow segmentation of the mandibular incisor and
      assessment of its volume. The results were compared by One-way ANOVA and Tukey's
      post hoc test, considering a 5% significance level. The irradiated groups showed
      significantly diminished volumes of the evaluated teeth, as compared with the
      control group (p < 0.05). The resveratrol group presented higher values than
      those of the irradiated groups, and volumes similar to those of the control
      group. High radiation doses significantly affected tooth formation, resulting in
      alterations in the dental structure, and thus lower volumes. Moreover,
      resveratrol showed no effective radioprotective impact on dental tissues. Future
      studies are needed to evaluate different concentrations of this substance, in an
      endeavor to verify its potential as a radioprotector for these dental tissues. 

PMID- 26981751
TI  - Tomographic evaluation of the temporomandibular joint in malocclusion subjects:
      condylar morphology and position.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate condyle concentricity and morphology,
      and their association with Class I and II malocclusions (Angle). The sample
      consisted of 49 individuals of both genders, between 11 and 35 years old, divided
      into two groups, G1: 26 patients with Class I malocclusion, and G2: 23 patients
      with Class II malocclusion, selected for orthodontic treatment. Evaluation of the
      condyle morphology and position was performed by the same previously calibrated
      examiner using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the subjects. The
      CBCT scans were analyzed by means of a 3D program (Dolphin 11.5, Dolphin Imaging
      & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, CA, USA), with a 25% level of sensitivity.
      The images obtained from the coronal slices were employed for the condyle
      morphology analysis, which classified the condyle form as rounded, as flat or
      convex, and as triangular or angled. The sagittal slices were used to classify
      further the condyles as concentric and displaced anteriorly or posteriorly. A
      clinical examination was also performed, including TMJ and muscle palpation. The
      kappa test was used to evaluate investigator calibration; the Chi-square and
      paired t-tests were used for analysis. The convex and anteriorly positioned
      condyles were found most frequently, regardless of the type of malocclusion. No
      association was observed between the groups regarding condylar characteristics. 

PMID- 26981752
TI  - LPS levels in root canals after the use of ozone gas and high frequency
      electrical pulses.
AB  - The present study aims to verify the effect of ozone gas (OZY(r) System) and high
      frequency electric pulse (Endox(r) System) systems on human root canals
      previously contaminated with Escherichia colilipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fifty
      single-rooted teeth had their dental crowns removed and root lengths standardized
      to 16 mm. The root canals were prepared up to #60 hand K-files and sterilized
      using gamma radiation with cobalt 60. The specimens were divided into the
      following five groups (n = 10) based on the disinfection protocol used: OZY(r)
      System, one 120-second-pulse (OZY 1p); OZY(r) System, four 24-second-pulses (OZY
      4p); and Endox(r) System (ENDOX). Contaminated and non-contaminated canals were
      exposed only to apyrogenic water and used as positive (C+) and negative (C-)
      controls, respectively. LPS (O55:B55) was administered in all root canals except
      those belonging to group C-. After performing disinfection, LPS samples were
      collected from the canals using apyrogenic paper tips. Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate
      (LAL) was used to quantify the LPS levels, and the data obtained was analyzed
      using one-way ANOVA. The disinfection protocols used were unable to reduce the
      LPS levels significantly (p = 0.019). The use of ozone gas and high frequency
      electric pulses was not effective in eliminating LPS from the root canals. 

PMID- 26981754
TI  - Mixed biofilms formed by C. albicans and non-albicans species: a study of
      microbial interactions.
AB  - Most Candida infections are related to microbial biofilms often formed by the
      association of different species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the
      interactions between Candida albicans and non-albicans species in biofilms formed
      in vitro. The non-albicans species studied were:Candida tropicalis, Candida
      glabrata and Candida krusei. Single and mixed biofilms (formed by clinical
      isolates of C. albicans and non-albicans species) were developed from
      standardized suspensions of each strain (10(7) cells/mL), on flat-bottom 96-well
      microtiter plates for 48 hour. These biofilms were analyzed by counting colony
      forming units (CFU/mL) in Candida HiChrome agar and by determining cell
      viability, using the XTT 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl)-5
      [(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide colorimetric assay. The results
      for both the CFU/mL count and the XTT colorimetric assay showed that all the
      species studied were capable of forming high levels of in vitro biofilm. The
      number of CFU/mL and the metabolic activity of C. albicans were reduced in mixed
      biofilms with non-albicans species, as compared with a single C. albicans
      biofilm. Among the species tested, C. krusei exerted the highest inhibitory
      action against C. albicans. In conclusion, C. albicans established antagonistic
      interactions with non-albicans Candida species in mixed biofilms.

PMID- 26981753
TI  - Medium modification with bone morphogenetic protein 2 addition for odontogenic
      differentiation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate whether medium modification improves the
      odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) in vitro and
      in vivo. DPSC isolated from human impacted third molar teeth were analysed for
      clusters of differentiation with flow cytometry. Odontogenic differentiation was
      stimulated by medium modification with the addition of bone morphogenetic protein
      2 (BMP2). The expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1,
      enamelysin/matrix metalloproteinase 20 and the phosphate-regulating gene with
      homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome of the cells were analysed with
      RT-PCR at 7, 14 and 21 days. Then, DPSC were transplanted on the back of
      immunocompromised mice via a hydroxyapatite tricalcium phosphate scaffold, and
      the structure of the formed tissue was investigated. The cells were identified as
      mesenchymal stem cells with a 98.3% CD73 and CD90 double-positive cell rate. The
      increase in mineralization capacity and expression of human enamel-dentin
      specific transcripts proportional to the culture period were determined after
      differentiation. Six weeks after transplantation, an osteo-dentin matrix was
      formed in the group in which odontogenic differentiation was stimulated, and the
      odontogenic characteristics of the matrix were confirmed by histological
      examination and RT-PCR analysis. Odontogenic differentiation of the isolated and
      characterized human DPSC was improved with medium modification by the addition of
      BMP2 in vitro and in vivo. The defined medium and applied technique have a
      potential use for forming reparative dentin in the future, but the effects of the
      method should be investigated in long-term studies. 

PMID- 26981755
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of new MTA-based cement formulations on fibroblast-like MDPL-20
      cells.
AB  - The present study aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic effects of a novel cement
      called CER on periodontal fibroblast-like cells of mice (MDPL-20), in comparison
      with different formulations of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), by means of the
      cell viability test (MTT) and cell morphology analysis. Thirty-two round-shaped
      samples were fabricated with the following cements: white MTA, white and gray CER
      and experimental white MTA. The samples were immersed in serum-free culture
      medium for 24 hours or 7 days (n = 16). The extracts (culture medium + components
      released from the cements) were applied for 24 hours to previously cultured cells
      (40.000 cells/cm2) in the wells of 24-well plates. Cells seeded in complete
      culture medium were used as a negative control. Cell viability was assessed using
      the MTT assay. Two samples of each cement were used for cell morphology analysis
      by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The extracts obtained at the 7-day period
      presented higher cytotoxicity compared with the 24-hour period (p < 0.05). The
      gray CER obtained at 24 hours presented the highest cytotoxic effect, whereas the
      experimental white MTA presented the lowest, similar to the control (p > 0.05).
      However, at the 7-day period, the experimental white MTA presented no significant
      difference in comparison with the other cements (p > 0.05). At the 7-day period,
      CER cement presented cytotoxic effects on fibroblast-like cells, similar to
      different MTA formulations. However, the immersion period in the culture medium
      influenced the cytotoxicity of the cements, which was greater for CER cement at
      24 hours. 

PMID- 26981756
TI  - Antiseptics and microcosm biofilm formation on titanium surfaces.
AB  - Oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is a way to restore esthetics
      and masticatory function in edentulous patients, but bacterial colonization
      around the implants may lead to mucositis or peri-implantitis and consequent
      implant loss. Peri-implantitis is the main complication of oral rehabilitation
      with dental implants and, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the
      potential effects of antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX), chloramine T (CHT),
      triclosan (TRI), and essential oils (EO) on bacterial adhesion and on biofilm
      formation. To assess the action of these substances, we used the microcosm
      technique, in which the oral environment and periodontal conditions are simulated
      in vitro on titanium discs with different surface treatments (smooth surface -
      SS, acid-etched smooth surface - AESS, sand-blasted surface - SBS, and sand
      blasted and acid-etched surface - SBAES). Roughness measurements yielded the
      following results: SS: 0.47 um, AESS: 0.43 um, SB: 0.79 um, and SBAES: 0.72 um.
      There was statistical difference only between SBS and AESS. There was no
      statistical difference among antiseptic treatments. However, EO and CHT showed
      lower bacterial counts compared with the saline solution treatment (control
      group). Thus, the current gold standard (CHX) did not outperform CHT and EO,
      which were efficient in reducing the biofilm biomass compared with saline
      solution. 

PMID- 26981758
TI  - Combined effect of end-rounded versus tapered bristles and a dentifrice on plaque
      removal and gingival abrasion.
AB  - Two previous clinical studies evaluated the effect of end-rounded versus tapered
      bristles of soft manual brushes on the removal of plaque and gingival abrasion.
      However, the combined effect of an abrasive dentifrice on these outcomes has yet
      to be understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare the incidence
      of gingival abrasion and the degree of plaque removal obtained after the use of
      toothbrushes with tapered or end-rounded bristles in the presence or absence of
      an abrasive dentifrice. The study involved a randomized, single-blind, crossover
      model (n = 39) with a split-mouth design. Subjects were instructed to refrain
      from performing oral hygiene procedures for 72 hours. Quadrants were randomized
      and subjects brushed with both types of toothbrushes using a dentifrice (relative
      dentin abrasion = +/- 160). Plaque and gingival abrasion were assessed before and
      after brushing. After 7 days, the experiment was repeated without the dentifrice.
      The average reduction in plaque scores and the average increase in the number of
      abrasion sites were assessed by repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc
      tests. End-rounded bristles removed significantly more plaque than tapered
      bristles, regardless of the use of a dentifrice. The dentifrice did not improve
      plaque removal. In the marginal area (cervical free gingiva), no difference in
      the incidence of gingival abrasion was detected between toothbrush types when
      used with a dentifrice (p >= 0.05). However, the dentifrice increased the
      incidence of abrasion (p < 0.001), irrespective of the toothbrush type tested.
      End-rounded bristles therefore removed plaque more effectively without causing a
      higher incidence of gingival abrasion when compared with tapered bristles. An
      abrasive dentifrice can increase the incidence of abrasion, and should be used
      with caution by individuals who are at risk of developing gingival recession. 

PMID- 26981757
TI  - Does a toothpaste containing blue covarine have any effect on bleached teeth? An
      in vitro, randomized and blinded study.
AB  - The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of bleaching toothpastes,
      both conventional and those containing the new whitening agent Blue Covarine, on
      teeth previously bleached by conventional techniques (in-office and at-home).
      Squared bovine enamel/dentin blocks (6.0 x 6.0 x 2.0 mm) were randomly
      distributed in 6 groups (n = 15), according to the technique used to bleach them
      (in-office: HP35%; at-home: PC10%) and the type of bleaching toothpaste (none:
      control; Blue Covarine containing: BC; and without Blue Covarine: NBC).
      Experimental groups denominated HP35%, HP35%BC and HP35%NBC received in-office
      tooth bleaching before toothbrushing, and groups PC10%, PC10%BC and PC10%NBC were
      subjected to at-home tooth bleaching prior to toothbrushing. After bleaching
      treatment, groups HP35%BC, PC10%BC, HP35%NBC and PC10%NBC underwent daily tooth
      brushing in a brushing machine for 3 minutes (150 strokes/min, with a load of 375
      g). Tooth color alteration was measured by reflectance spectroscopy (Vita
      EasyShade, Vident, Brea, CA, USA) at: T0 (baseline) - after in-office or at-home
      bleaching treatment; T1 - immediately after tooth brushing; T2 - 7 days and T3 -
      14 days after tooth brushing. Data was analyzed by repeated measures mixed ANOVA
      and the Bonferroni post hoc test, with a significance level of 5%. Statistically
      significant differences were found between different experimental groups,
      evaluation times and for the interaction between them (p < 0.001). Tooth brushing
      using either bleaching toothpaste (conventional or with Blue Covarine) showed no
      color alteration on teeth previously bleached by in-office and at-home tooth
      bleaching. The use of bleaching toothpastes on previously bleached teeth did not
      produce a color alteration.

PMID- 26981760
TI  - Effects of different torque levels on the implant-abutment interface in a conical
      internal connection.
AB  - The fit of the implant-abutment interface was assessed by the metallographic
      technique and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), using solid abutment types
      at different torque levels. Forty Morse taper connections and forty solid
      abutments were used at different torque levels (repeated after 10 minutes) in the
      following groups (n = 10): 25 Ncm (group g1), 30 Ncm (group g2), 35 Ncm (group
      g3), and 40 Ncm (group g4). The samples were embedded in a metallographic resin,
      sectioned lengthwise, and polished. SEM images were used to measure the linear
      contacts and the fits between abutments and the internal walls of the implant.
      The overall mean gap and standard deviation were as follows: 9.0 +/- 1.36 um for
      group g1, 7.9 +/- 2.81 um for group g2, 2.0 +/- 0.76 um for group g3, and 0.3 +/-
      0.40 um for group g4. A significant difference was observed in the average fit
      values between the groups (p < 0.05). The linear area of contact between the
      abutment and the implant increased as torque augmented. This study demonstrated
      that higher insertion torque values in a conical internal connection increase the
      fit (contact) of the implant-abutment interface. 

PMID- 26981759
TI  - Antimicrobial action of calcium hydroxide-based endodontic sealers after setting,
      against E. faecalis biofilm.
AB  - Enterococcus faecalis are gram positive bacteria that can mostly resist
      endodontic therapy, inducing persistent infection in the root canal system.
      Endodontic sealers with antimicrobial activity may help eliminate residual
      microorganisms that survive endodontic treatment. The present study aimed at
      comparing the antimicrobial activity of Acroseal, Sealapex and AH Plus endodontic
      sealers in an in vitro biofilm model. Bovine dentin specimens (144) were
      prepared, and twelve blocks for each sealer and each experimental time point (2,
      7 and 14 days) were placed and left in contact with plates containing inoculum of
      E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), to induce biofilm formation. After 14 days, the samples
      were transferred to another plate with test sealers and kept at 37 degrees C and
      5% CO2 for 2, 7 and 14 days. The specimens without sealers were used as a control
      for each period. The samples were agitated in a sonicator after each experiment.
      The suspensions were agitated in a vortex mixer, serially diluted in saline, and
      triple plated onto m-Enterococcus agar. Colonyforming units were counted, and the
      data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis one
      way tests (p < 0.05) to determine antimicrobial potential. Sealapex showed
      significant differences at all the experimental time points, in comparison with
      all the other groups. AH Plus and Acroseal showed antimicrobial activity only on
      the 14th experimental day. Neither of the sealers tested were able to completely
      eliminate the biofilm. Sealapex showed the highest antimicrobial activity in all
      the experimental periods. The antimicrobial activity of all the sealers analyzed
      increased over time. 

PMID- 26981761
TI  - Zika virus infection spread through saliva--a truth or myth?
AB  - In this Point-of-view article we highlighted some features related to saliva and
      virus infection, in special for zika virus. In addition, we pointed out the
      potential oral problems caused by a microcephaly originated by a zika virus
      infection. In the end the, we demonstrated the importance of a more comprehensive
      exploration of saliva and their components as a fluid for diagnostic and
      therapeutic approaches on oral and systemic diseases. 

PMID- 26981763
TI  - Domain-specific interference between storage and processing in complex span is
      driven by cognitive and motor operations.
AB  - The role of domain-specific interference in the complex-span paradigm is still
      controversial. Here we distinguish two operations within the processing task of
      this paradigm-a cognitive operation to solve the task and a motor operation to
      give the answer. Their domain-specific interference with maintenance was
      investigated within the complex-span paradigm. Presentation of the memoranda-six
      words or four spatially distributed dots-was interleaved with the presentation of
      letter pairs to be processed. Cognitive operation domain was manipulated by
      asking participants to make either a rhyme judgment or a symmetry judgment for
      each letter pair. Motor operation domain was varied by requiring a response by
      either speaking or pointing. Cognitive load was held constant. Cognitive and
      motor operation showed separate domain-specific effects on memory: Visuospatial
      memory was impaired more by visuospatial than verbal cognitive operations and
      more by manual-spatial than oral motor operations. In contrast, verbal memory
      performance was worse when verbal cognitive operations and oral motor operations
      were executed. The results are discussed in relation to the multicomponent model,
      the time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) model, and the Serial Order in a Box
      Complex-Span (SOB-CS) model. They imply that models of working memory must
      incorporate mechanisms that allow for domain-specific interference in the verbal
      and the visuospatial domain.

PMID- 26981762
TI  - Novel Infection Site and Ecology of Cryptic Didymocystis sp. (Trematoda) in the
      Fish Scomberomorus maculatus.
AB  - An undescribed, cryptic species of Didymocystis, as determined from sequences of
      2 ribosomal genes and superficially similar to Didymocystis scomberomori (
      MacCallum and MacCallum, 1916 ), infected the skin of the Spanish mackerel,
      Scomberomorus maculatus , in the north-central Gulf of Mexico (GOM). An analysis
      of 558 fish from 2011 to 2013 from Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and the
      Florida panhandle showed the prevalence of the trematode varied both spatially
      and temporally but not with sex of the fish host. Month, year, and geographic
      location were identified by a negative binomial generalized linear model as
      indicators of the abundance and intensity of infection. Prevalence, abundance,
      and intensity of infection were greatest in spring and fall months off the
      Florida panhandle. Furthermore, the abundance and intensity of infection
      correlated negatively with fork length, weight, and gonad weight of mature fish
      but positively with longitude. Therefore, smaller adult fish tended to be more
      infected than larger adults, and prevalence and intensity increased from west to
      east (Louisiana to Florida). Spatial and temporal trends seemed to result from
      physical factors (e.g., water temperature, salinity, bottom type), but they also
      coincided with the annual migration of S. maculatus as fish moved northward along
      the GOM coastline from the southern tip of Florida in the spring months and
      returned in the fall, being present in the north-central GOM from late spring
      through fall. This pattern suggests the possibility that acquisition of
      infections occurred from a molluscan host in waters off the Florida panhandle.

PMID- 26981764
TI  - Ratio of cystatin C and creatinine-based estimates of the glomerular filtration
      rate predicts mortality in healthy seniors independent of kidney function.

PMID- 26981765
TI  - Temporal changes in extracellular polymeric substances on hydrophobic and
      hydrophilic membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor.
AB  - Membrane surface hydrophilic modification has always been considered to
      mitigating biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Four hollow-fiber
      ultrafiltration membranes (pore sizes ~0.1 MUm) differing only in hydrophobic or
      hydrophilic surface characteristics were operated at a permeate flux of 10 L/m(2)
      h in the same lab-scale MBR fed with synthetic wastewater. In addition, identical
      membrane modules without permeate production (0 L/m(2) h) were operated in the
      same lab-scale MBR. Membrane modules were autopsied after 1, 10, 20 and 30 days
      of MBR operation, and total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulated
      on the membranes were extracted and characterized in detail using several
      analytical tools, including conventional colorimetric tests (Lowry and Dubois),
      liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD), fluorescence
      excitation - emission matrices (FEEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and
      confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The transmembrane pressure (TMP)
      quickly stabilized with higher values for the hydrophobic membranes than
      hydrophilic ones. The sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) membrane had the highest
      negatively charged membrane surface, accumulated the least amount of foulants and
      displayed the lowest TMP. The same type of organic foulants developed with time
      on the four membranes and the composition of biopolymers shifted from protein
      dominance at early stages of filtration (day 1) towards polysaccharides dominance
      during later stages of MBR filtration. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of LC
      OCD data showed that biofilm samples clustered according to the sampling event
      (time) regardless of the membrane surface chemistry (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
      or operating mode (with or without permeate flux). These results suggest that EPS
      composition may not be the dominant parameter for evaluating membrane performance
      and possibly other parameters such as biofilm thickness, porosity, compactness
      and structure should be considered in future studies for evaluating the
      development and impact of biofouling on membrane performance.

PMID- 26981766
TI  - Enabling and Probing Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at a Group 14
      Metal Center: Cleavage and Functionalization of E-H Bonds by a
      Bis(boryl)stannylene.
AB  - By employing strongly sigma-donating boryl ancillary ligands, the oxidative
      addition of H2 to a single site Sn(II) system has been achieved for the first
      time, generating (boryl)2SnH2. Similar chemistry can also be achieved for protic
      and hydridic E-H bonds (N-H/O-H, Si-H/B-H, respectively). In the case of ammonia
      (and water, albeit more slowly), E-H oxidative addition can be shown to be
      followed by reductive elimination to give an N- (or O-)borylated product. Thus,
      in stoichiometric fashion, redox-based bond cleavage/formation is demonstrated
      for a single main group metal center at room temperature. From a mechanistic
      viewpoint, a two-step coordination/proton transfer process for N-H activation is
      shown to be viable through the isolation of species of the types Sn(boryl)2.NH3
      and [Sn(boryl)2(NH2)](-) and their onward conversion to the formal oxidative
      addition product Sn(boryl)2(H)(NH2). 

PMID- 26981767
TI  - Prenatal and Postnatal Clinical Course of an Urachus Identified as an Allantoic
      Cyst in the Umbilical Cord.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to clarify the prenatal and postnatal clinical
      courses of an urachus identified as an allantoic cyst in the umbilical cord.
      METHODS: Allantoic cysts in the umbilical cord were identified in five fetuses
      over the past 12 years at our hospital. The prenatal and postnatal clinical
      courses of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The presence of
      allantoic cysts in the umbilical cord was first detected at 15 to 27 weeks of
      gestation. The cysts subsequently became enlarged, reaching a maximum diameter of
      34 to 61 mm at 17 to 32 weeks of gestation. The cysts then suddenly disappeared
      due to spontaneous rupture at 26 to 35 weeks of gestation. After being born at 38
      (35-39) weeks of gestation, four patients were diagnosed with a patent urachus
      requiring surgery in the infantile period and one was diagnosed with an urachal
      cyst, which is currently being observed without surgery. CONCLUSION: The presence
      of an urachus identified as an allantoic cyst in the umbilical cord is frequently
      associated with spontaneous rupture during the prenatal period, resulting in a
      patent urachus after birth that requires surgical intervention.

PMID- 26981769
TI  - Sequestration of host metabolism by an intracellular pathogen.
AB  - For intracellular pathogens, residence in a vacuole provides a shelter against
      cytosolic host defense to the cost of limited access to nutrients. The human
      pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis grows in a glycogen-rich vacuole. How this large
      polymer accumulates there is unknown. We reveal that host glycogen stores shift
      to the vacuole through two pathways: bulk uptake from the cytoplasmic pool, and
      de novo synthesis. We provide evidence that bacterial glycogen metabolism enzymes
      are secreted into the vacuole lumen through type 3 secretion. Our data bring
      strong support to the following scenario: bacteria co-opt the host transporter
      SLC35D2 to import UDP-glucose into the vacuole, where it serves as substrate for
      de novo glycogen synthesis, through a remarkable adaptation of the bacterial
      glycogen synthase. Based on these findings we propose that parasitophorous
      vacuoles not only offer protection but also provide a microorganism-controlled
      metabolically active compartment essential for redirecting host resources to the
      pathogens. 

PMID- 26981768
TI  - The human SKA complex drives the metaphase-anaphase cell cycle transition by
      recruiting protein phosphatase 1 to kinetochores.
AB  - The spindle- and kinetochore-associated (Ska) complex is essential for normal
      anaphase onset in mitosis. The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Ska1 binds microtubules
      and was proposed to facilitate kinetochore movement on depolymerizing spindle
      microtubules. Here, we show that Ska complex recruits protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)
      to kinetochores. This recruitment requires the Ska1 CTD, which binds PP1 in vitro
      and in human HeLa cells. Ska1 lacking its CTD fused to a PP1-binding peptide or
      fused directly to PP1 rescues mitotic defects caused by Ska1 depletion. Ska1
      fusion to catalytically dead PP1 mutant does not rescue and shows dominant
      negative effects. Thus, the Ska complex, specifically the Ska1 CTD, recruits PP1
      to kinetochores to oppose spindle checkpoint signaling kinases and promote
      anaphase onset. Microtubule binding by Ska, rather than acting in force
      production for chromosome movement, may instead serve to promote PP1 recruitment
      to kinetochores fully attached to spindle microtubules at metaphase. 

PMID- 26981771
TI  - Two new compounds from the fruits of Arctium lappa.
AB  - Phytochemical investigation of the extract of Arctii Fructus led to the isolation
      and characterization of two new compounds, named arctiisesquineolignan B (1) and
      arctiiphenolglycoside A (2). Their structures were elucidated by means of
      spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical evidence,
      as well as by comparison with known analogs in the literature. Compound 2
      exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the positive control ascorbic acid
      at a concentration of 10 MUM. 

PMID- 26981772
TI  - Follow-up of Ebola Patient, 2014-2015.

PMID- 26981770
TI  - Deletion Variants of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from Humans,
      Jordan, 2015.
AB  - We characterized Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses from a hospital
      outbreak in Jordan in 2015. The viruses from Jordan were highly similar to
      isolates from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, except for deletions in open reading frames
      4a and 3. Transmissibility and pathogenicity of this strain remains to be
      determined. 

PMID- 26981773
TI  - Dual-targeting triplebody 33-3-19 mediates selective lysis of biphenotypic CD19+
      CD33+ leukemia cells.
AB  - Simultaneous targeting of multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in cancer
      immunotherapy is presumed to enhance tumor cell selectivity and to reduce immune
      escape.The combination of B lymphoid marker CD19 and myeloid marker CD33 is
      exclusively present on biphenotypic B/myeloid leukemia cells. Triplebody 33-3-19
      binds specifically to both of these TAAs and activates T cells as immune
      effectors. Thereby it induces specific lysis of established myeloid (MOLM13, THP
      1) and B-lymphoid cell lines (BV173, SEM, Raji, ARH77) as well as of primary
      patient cells. EC50 values range from 3 pM to 2.4 nM. In accordance with our
      hypothesis, 33-3-19 is able to induce preferential lysis of double- rather than
      single-positive leukemia cells in a target cell mixture: CD19/CD33 double
      positive BV173 cells were eliminated to a significantly greater extent than CD19
      single-positive SEM cells (36.6% vs. 20.9% in 3 hours, p = 0.0048) in the
      presence of both cell lines. In contrast, equivalent elimination efficiencies
      were observed for both cell lines, when control triplebody 19-3-19 or a mixture
      of the bispecific single chain variable fragments 19-3 and 33-3 were used. This
      result highlights the potential of dual-targeting agents for efficient and
      selective immune-intervention in leukemia patients. 

PMID- 26981774
TI  - Identification of extracellular vesicle-borne periostin as a feature of muscle
      invasive bladder cancer.
AB  - Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive malignancy with high
      mortality, and heterogeneity in MIBC results in variable clinical outcomes,
      posing challenges for clinical management. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived
      from MIBC have been shown to promote cancer progression. EVs derived from bladder
      cell lines were subjected to proteomic analysis, and periostin was chosen for
      further characterization due to its stage-specific gene expression profile.
      Knockdown of periostin by RNA interference reduces invasiveness in vitro and
      produces a rounder morphology. Importantly, treating low grade BC cells with
      periostin-rich EVs promotes cell aggressiveness and activates ERK oncogenic
      signals, and periostin suppression reverses these effects. These data suggest
      that MIBC might transfer periostin in an EV-mediated paracrine manner to promote
      the disease. To determine the potential of periostin as a bladder cancer
      indicator, patient urinary EVs were examined and found to have markedly higher
      levels of periostin than controls. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of a
      bladder cancer tissue microarray revealed that the presence of periostin in MIBC
      cells is correlated with worse prognosis. In conclusion, periostin is a component
      of bladder cancer cells associated with poor clinical outcome, and EVs can
      transfer oncogenic molecules such as periostin to affect the tumor environment
      and promote cancer progression. 

PMID- 26981775
TI  - Near infrared photoimmunotherapy with an anti-mesothelin antibody.
AB  - Near Infrared-Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new, highly selective tumor
      treatment that employs an antibody-photon absorber conjugate (APC). When the APC
      attaches to its target cell and is exposed to NIR light, highly selective cell
      killing is observed. NIR-PIT has been demonstrated with a limited number of
      antibodies. Mesothelin is overexpressed in several malignancies and is emerging
      as a therapeutic target. A recently humanized antibody (hYP218) has been
      generated against mesothelin that demonstrates high affinity binding. Here, we
      describe the efficacy of NIR-PIT, using hYP218 as the antibody within the APC to
      target a mesothelin expressing A431/H9 cell. The hYP218 antibody was conjugated
      to a photo-absorber, IR700 and incubated with the cells. The hYP218-IR700 showed
      specific binding to cells and cell-specific killing was observed in vitro. After
      implanting A431/H9 cells in an athymic nude mouse, tumor-bearing mice were
      treated with the following regimen of NIR-PIT; 100 MUg of hYP218-IR700 i.v., NIR
      light was administered at 50 J/cm2 on day 1 after injection and 100 J/cm2 of
      light on day 2 after injection. The hYP218-IR700 showed high tumor accumulation
      and a high tumor-background ratio (TBR). Tumor growth was significantly inhibited
      by NIR-PIT treatment compared with the other control groups (p < 0.001), and
      significantly prolonged survival (p < 0.0001 vs other groups). Thus, the new anti
      mesothelin antibody, hYP218, is suitable as an antibody-drug conjugate for NIR
      PIT. Furthermore, NIR-PIT with hYP218-IR700 is a promising candidate for the
      treatment of mesothelin-expressing tumors that could be readily translated to
      humans. 

PMID- 26981776
TI  - Regulation of limited N-terminal proteolysis of APE1 in tumor via acetylation and
      its role in cell proliferation.
AB  - Mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1), a ubiquitous and
      multifunctional protein, plays an essential role in the repair of both endogenous
      and drug-induced DNA damages in the genome. Unlike its E.coli counterpart Xth,
      mammalian APE1 has a unique N-terminal domain and possesses both DNA damage
      repair and transcriptional regulatory functions. Although the overexpression of
      APE1 in diverse cancer types and the association of APE1 expression with
      chemotherapy resistance and poor prognosis are well documented, the cellular and
      molecular mechanisms that alter APE1 functions during tumorigenesis are largely
      unknown. Here, we show the presence of full-length APE1 and N-terminal truncated
      isoforms of APE1 in tumor tissue samples of various cancer types. However,
      primary tumor tissue has higher levels of acetylated APE1 (AcAPE1) as well as
      full-length APE1 compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue. We found that APE1 is
      proteolytically cleaved by an unknown serine protease at its N-terminus following
      residue lysine (Lys) Lys6 and/or Lys7 and after Lys27 and Lys31 or Lys32.
      Acetylation of these Lys residues in APE1 prevents this proteolysis. The N
      terminal domain of APE1 and its acetylation are required for modulation of the
      expression of hundreds of genes. Importantly, we found that AcAPE1 is essential
      for sustained cell proliferation. Together, our study demonstrates that increased
      acetylation levels of APE1 in tumor cells inhibit the limited N-terminal
      proteolysis of APE1 and thereby maintain the functions of APE1 to promote tumor
      cells' sustained proliferation and survival. 

PMID- 26981777
TI  - Therapy of solid tumors using probiotic Symbioflor-2: restraints and potential.
AB  - To date, virulent bacteria remain the basis of most bacteria mediated cancer
      therapies. For clinical application attenuation is required. However, this might
      result in a drastically lowered therapeutic capacity. Herein we argue that the E.
      coli probiotic Symbioflor-2, with a history of safe application may constitute a
      viable tumor therapeutic candidate. We demonstrate that Symbioflor-2 displays a
      highly specific tumor targeting ability as determined in murine CT26 and RenCa
      tumor models. The excellent specificity was ascribed to reduced levels of adverse
      colonization. A high safety standard was demonstrated in WT and Rag1-/- mice.
      Thus, Symbioflor-2 may represent an ideal tumor targeting delivery system for
      therapeutic molecules. Moreover, Symbioflor-2 was capable of inducing CT26 tumor
      clearance as result of an adjuvant effect on tumor specific CD8+ T cells
      analogous to the Salmonella variant SL7207. However, lower therapeutic efficacy
      against RenCa tumors suggested a generally reduced therapeutic potency for
      probiotics. Interestingly, concurrent depletion of Gr-1+ or Ly6G+ cells installed
      therapeutic efficacy equal to SL7207, thus highlighting the role of innate
      effector cells in restraining the anti-tumor effects of Symbioflor-2.
      Collectively, our findings argue for a strategy of safe strain application and a
      more sustainable use of bacteria as a delivery system for therapeutic molecules. 

PMID- 26981778
TI  - ABCG1 maintains high-grade glioma survival in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The overall survival for adults with malignant glioma (glioblastoma) remains poor
      despite advances in radiation and chemotherapy. One of the mechanisms by which
      cancer cells develop relative resistance to treatment is through de-regulation of
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. We have recently shown that ABCG1, an ATP
      binding cassette transporter, maintains ER homeostasis and suppresses ER stress
      induced apoptosis in low-grade glioma. Herein, we demonstrate that ABCG1
      expression is increased in human adult glioblastoma, where it correlates with
      poor survival in individuals with the mesenchymal subtype. Leveraging a mouse
      model of mesenchymal glioblastoma (NPcis), shRNA-mediated Abcg1 knockdown (KD)
      increased CHOP ER stress protein expression and resulted in greater NPcis glioma
      cell death in vitro. Moreover, Abcg1 KD reduced NPcis glioma growth and increased
      mouse survival in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ABCG1 is
      critical for malignant glioma cell survival, and might serve as a future
      therapeutic target for these deadly brain cancers. 

PMID- 26981781
TI  - Metal-metal chalcogenide molecular precursors to binary, ternary, and quaternary
      metal chalcogenide thin films for electronic devices.
AB  - Bulk metals and metal chalcogenides are found to dissolve in primary amine
      dithiol solvent mixtures at ambient conditions. Thin-films of CuS, SnS, ZnS,
      Cu2Sn(S(x),Se(1-x))3, and Cu2ZnSn(S(x)Se(1-x))4 (0 <= x <= 1) were deposited
      using the as-dissolved solutions. Cu2ZnSn(S(x)Se(1-x))4 solar cells with
      efficiencies of 6.84% and 7.02% under AM1.5 illumination were fabricated from two
      example solution precursors, respectively.

PMID- 26981782
TI  - Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of N-Dihydrocoptisine-8-ylidene
      Aromatic Amines and N-Dihydrocoptisine-8-ylidene Aliphatic Amides as
      Antiulcerative Colitis Agents Targeting XBP1.
AB  - In this study, natural quaternary coptisine was used as a lead compound to design
      and synthesize structurally stable and actively potent coptisine analogues. Of
      the synthesized library, 13 N-dihydrocoptisine-8-ylidene amines/amides were found
      not only to be noncytotoxic toward intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), but they
      were also able to activate the transcription of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1)
      targets to varying extents in vitro. Antiulcerative colitis (UC) activity levels
      were assessed at the in vitro molecular level as well as in vivo in animals using
      multiple biomarkers as indices. In an in vitro XBP1 transcriptional activity
      assay, four compounds demonstrated good dose-effect relationships with EC50
      values of 0.0708-0.0132 MUM. Moreover, two compounds were confirmed to be more
      potent in vivo than a positive control, demonstrating a curative effect for UC in
      experimental animals. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that these
      coptisine analogues are promising candidates for the development of anti-UC
      drugs. 

PMID- 26981783
TI  - Don't be afraid of anesthesia mumps.

PMID- 26981780
TI  - Ruxolitinib synergizes with DMF to kill via BIM+BAD-induced mitochondrial
      dysfunction and via reduced SOD2/TRX expression and ROS.
AB  - We determined whether the myelofibrosis drug ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of Janus
      kinases 1/2 (JAK1 and JAK2), could interact with the multiple sclerosis drug
      dimethyl-fumarate (DMF) to kill tumor cells; studies used the in vivo active form
      of the drug, mono-methyl fumarate (MMF). Ruxolitinib interacted with MMF to kill
      brain, breast, lung and ovarian cancer cells, and enhanced the lethality of
      standard of care therapies such as paclitaxel and temozolomide. MMF also
      interacted with other FDA approved drugs to kill tumor cells including
      Celebrex(r) and Gilenya(r). The combination of [ruxolitinib + MMF] inactivated
      ERK1/2, AKT, STAT3 and STAT5; reduced expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, SOD2 and TRX;
      increased BIM expression; decreased BAD S112 S136 phosphorylation; and enhanced
      pro-caspase 3 cleavage. Expression of activated forms of STAT3, MEK1 or AKT each
      significantly reduced drug combination lethality; prevented BAD S112 S136
      dephosphorylation and decreased BIM expression; and preserved TRX, SOD2, MCL-1
      and BCL-XL expression. The drug combination increased the levels of reactive
      oxygen species in cells, and over-expression of TRX or SOD2 prevented drug
      combination tumor cell killing. Over-expression of BCL-XL or knock down of BAX,
      BIM, BAD or apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) protected tumor cells. The drug
      combination increased AIF : HSP70 co-localization in the cytosol but this event
      did not prevent AIF : eIF3A association in the nucleus. 

PMID- 26981779
TI  - Genomic portfolio of Merkel cell carcinoma as determined by comprehensive genomic
      profiling: implications for targeted therapeutics.
AB  - Merkel cell carcinoma is an ultra-rare cutaneous neuroendocrine cancer for which
      approved treatment options are lacking. To better understand potential
      actionability, the genomic landscape of Merkel cell cancers was assessed. The
      molecular aberrations in 17 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma were, on
      physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
      laboratory (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) using next-generation sequencing
      (182 or 236 genes) and analyzed by N-of-One, Inc. (Lexington, MA). There were 30
      genes harboring aberrations and 60 distinct molecular alterations identified in
      this patient population. The most common abnormalities involved the TP53 gene
      (12/17 [71% of patients]) and the cell cycle pathway (CDKN2A/B, CDKN2C or RB1)
      (12/17 [71%]). Abnormalities also were observed in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
      (AKT2, FBXW7, NF1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN or RICTOR) (9/17 [53%]) and DNA repair
      genes (ATM, BAP1, BRCA1/2, CHEK2, FANCA or MLH1) (5/17 [29%]). Possible cognate
      targeted therapies, including FDA-approved drugs, could be identified in most of
      the patients (16/17 [94%]). In summary, Merkel cell carcinomas were characterized
      by multiple distinct aberrations that were unique in the majority of analyzed
      cases. Most patients had theoretically actionable alterations. These results
      provide a framework for investigating tailored combinations of matched therapies
      in Merkel cell carcinoma patients. 

PMID- 26981784
TI  - Modeling Method for Increased Precision and Scope of Directly Measurable Fluxes
      at a Genome-Scale.
AB  - Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is considered to be the gold standard for
      determining the intracellular flux distribution of biological systems. The
      majority of work using MFA has been limited to core models of metabolism due to
      challenges in implementing genome-scale MFA and the undesirable trade-off between
      increased scope and decreased precision in flux estimations. This work presents a
      tunable workflow for expanding the scope of MFA to the genome-scale without trade
      offs in flux precision. The genome-scale MFA model presented here, iDM2014,
      accounts for 537 net reactions, which includes the core pathways of traditional
      MFA models and also covers the additional pathways of purine, pyrimidine,
      isoprenoid, methionine, riboflavin, coenzyme A, and folate, as well as other
      biosynthetic pathways. When evaluating the iDM2014 using a set of measured
      intracellular intermediate and cofactor mass isotopomer distributions (MIDs),1 it
      was found that a total of 232 net fluxes of central and peripheral metabolism
      could be resolved in the E. coli network. The increase in scope was shown to
      cover the full biosynthetic route to an expanded set of bioproduction pathways,
      which should facilitate applications such as the design of more complex
      bioprocessing strains and aid in identifying new antimicrobials. Importantly, it
      was found that there was no loss in precision of core fluxes when compared to a
      traditional core model, and additionally there was an overall increase in
      precision when considering all observable reactions. 

PMID- 26981787
TI  - Everyday memory in individuals with Down syndrome: Validation of the Observer
      Memory Questionnaire - Parent Form.
AB  - The memory profile of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has mainly been
      examined through traditional laboratory tasks, often revealing substantial
      deficits in episodic and declarative memory. Little is known about the relation
      between memory abilities as measured in the laboratory versus naturalistic
      settings in this population, and no questionnaire assessments of everyday memory
      have been formally validated for this group. The current study's aims were
      twofold: 1) to describe the psychometric characteristics of a parent-reported
      everyday memory measure (the Observer Memory Questionnaire - Parent Form, OMQ-PF)
      in this population with known hippocampal and memory impairment (i.e., DS, ages 7
      35 years), and 2) to determine if the measure has the sensitivity to detect
      impairments, thus providing some of the first data to document parent reports of
      everyday memory in individuals with DS. The results indicate that this scale is a
      reliable instrument for detecting and tracking memory deficits over time in this
      population. We found a correlation between parent reports of everyday memory
      difficulties and well-replicated deficits in a laboratory-based memory task
      (i.e., place-object paired associates learning). Our results suggest that the OMQ
      PF has the potential to be used as a tool to help to track the status of memory
      function in this group both for use in descriptive studies and in studies of
      behavior and pharmacological intervention.

PMID- 26981788
TI  - Role of PALB2 Polymorphisms with Regard to Susceptibility to Female Breast Cancer
      Risk in the Chinese Population.
AB  - AIMS: PALB2 (partner and localizer of BRCA2) is a nuclear partner of BRCA2 and
      promotes its localization and stability in the nucleus, allowing it to function
      in DNA repair and at the S-phase checkpoint. It has been hypothesized that
      polymorphisms in the PALB2 gene may be associated with tumorigenesis,
      particularly with respect to susceptibility to breast cancer. METHODS: To assess
      the association of polymorphisms in the PALB2 gene with breast cancer risk in a
      Chinese female population a total of 351 female breast cancer patients and 360
      age-, gender-matched tumor-free individuals were enrolled in this case-control
      study. The genotypes of five PALB2 gene polymorphic sites (rs120963, rs16940342,
      rs249954, rs447529, and rs249935) were characterized by using the Sequenom
      MassARRAY platform. RESULTS: The data showed that the genotypes rs249954 CT
      (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10-2.09),
      TT (adjusted OR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.39-4.02), and CT/TT (adjusted OR = 1.65; 95%
      CI, 1.22-2.24) were associated with increased risk of breast cancer,
      respectively, relative to the CC genotype. Similarly, the rs120963 TC (adjusted
      OR = 1.89; 95% CI, 1.38-2.59), CC (adjusted OR = 3.88; 95% CI, 1.75-8.60), and
      TC/CC (adjusted OR = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.51-2.78) genotypes were associated with
      increased risk of breast cancer, respectively, relative to the TT genotype.
      Additionally, a weakly significant association was observed between G allele
      (AG/GG genotype) carriers of the rs249935 SNP in the sub-group of T1-2 (Adjusted
      OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.03-10.84) and negative lymphatic involvement (Adjusted OR =
      3.23; 95% CI, 0.97-10.84) and risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This case
      control study provided evidence that rs120963 and rs249954 of the PALB2 gene are
      associated with increased breast cancer risk, and that the association of
      rs249935 with breast cancer risk may be modified by the tumor pathological
      characteristics.

PMID- 26981786
TI  - Lassa Virus Seroprevalence in Sibirilia Commune, Bougouni District, Southern
      Mali.
AB  - Lassa virus (LASV) is endemic to several nations in West Africa. In Mali, LASV
      was unknown until an exported case of Lassa fever was reported in 2009. Since
      that time, rodent surveys have found evidence of LASV-infected Mastomys
      natalensis rats in several communities in southern Mali, near the border with
      Cote d'Ivoire. Despite increased awareness, to date only a single case of Lassa
      fever has been confirmed in Mali. We conducted a survey to determine the
      prevalence of LASV exposure among persons in 3 villages in southern Mali where
      the presence of infected rodents has been documented. LASV IgG seroprevalence
      ranged from 14.5% to 44% per village. No sex bias was noted; however,
      seropositivity rates increased with participant age. These findings confirm human
      LASV exposure in Mali and suggest that LASV infection/Lassa fever is a potential
      public health concern in southern Mali. 

PMID- 26981789
TI  - The protective role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) on
      methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in human renal epithelium cells.
AB  - Nephrotoxicity is an important problem during methotrexate (MTX) treatment, which
      has been widely used for the treatment of several cancer types. Females are less
      susceptible to kidney diseases; however, the reason for this condition has not to
      be fully clarified. But sex hormones such as estrogen may have a protective
      effect on the kidney. We aimed to evaluate the possible protective role of
      estrogen on the MTX-induced renal epithelial cell death. Primary renal proximal
      tubular epithelial cells (RPTEC) were incubated with MTX (1, 10 and 100 MUM),
      either alone or in combination with the 17beta-estradiol, G protein-coupled
      estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) agonist G-1, estrogen receptor alpha agonist propyl
      pyrazole triol (PPT), estrogen receptor beta agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN).
      Cell viability was determined by MTT assays. Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6,
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in
      RPTEC. Approximately half of the cell death was observed with 10 MUM MTX
      incubation for 48 h. The cell death was prevented by co-incubating with17beta
      estradiol, PPT and G-1. MTX was significantly induced IL-1beta and IL-6.17beta
      estradiol, PPT and G-1 significantly decreased effects of MTX. SOD activity was
      significantly decreased treatment with MTX compared to control group. SOD
      activity was increased with co-incubation with 17beta-estradioland G-1 compared
      to treatment with MTX. MDA levels significantly increased in treatment with MTX
      compared with the control group. Increased MDA levels by MTX-induced was
      decreased significantly by the treatment with 17beta-estradiol and G-1. These
      data indicate that especially 17beta-estradiol and G-1 may be useful in
      preventing undesirable effects of MTX in renal failure. 

PMID- 26981790
TI  - Prevalence of the C-terminal truncations of NS1 in avian influenza A viruses and
      effect on virulence and replication of a highly pathogenic H7N1 virus in
      chickens.
AB  - Highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIV) evolve from low pathogenic
      (LP) precursors after circulation in poultry by reassortment and/or single
      mutations in different gene segments including that encoding NS1. The carboxyl
      terminal end (CTE) of NS1 exhibits deletions between amino acid 202 and 230 with
      still unknown impact on virulence of AIV in chickens. In this study, NS1 protein
      sequences of all AIV subtypes in birds from 1902 to 2015 were analyzed to study
      the prevalence and distribution of CTE truncation (DeltaCTE). Thirteen different
      DeltaCTE forms were observed in NS1 proteins from 11 HA and 8 NA subtypes with
      high prevalences in H9, H7, H6 and H10 and N9, N2, N6 and N1 subtypes
      particularly in chickens and minor poultry species. With 88% NS217 lacking amino
      acids 218-230 was the most common DeltaCTE form followed by NS224 (3.6%). NS217
      was found in 10 and 8 different HA and NA subtypes, respectively, whereas NS224
      was detected exclusively in the Italian HPAIV H7N1 suggesting relevance for
      virulence. To test this assumption, 3 recombinant HPAIV H7N1 were constructed
      carrying wild-type HP NS1 (Hp-NS224), NS1 with extended CTE (Hp-NS230) or NS1
      from LPAIV H7N1 (Hp-NSLp), and tested in-vitro and in-vivo. Extension of CTE in
      Hp NS1 significantly decreased virus replication in chicken embryo kidney cells.
      Truncation in the NS1 decreased the tropism of Hp-NS224 to the endothelium,
      central nervous system and respiratory tract epithelium without significant
      difference in virulence in chickens. This study described the variable forms of
      DeltaCTE in NS1 and indicated that CTE is not an essential virulence determinant
      particularly for the Italian HPAIV H7N1 but may be a host-adaptation marker
      required for efficient virus replication.

PMID- 26981791
TI  - Chikusetsusaponin V attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice.
AB  - Chikusetsusaponin V (CsV), a saponin from Panax japonicus, has been reported to
      inhibit inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage
      cells. However, whether CsV could alleviate LPS-induced liver injury in vivo and
      the potential mechanisms involved remain unclear. In the present study, we
      investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CsV on LPS-induced acute liver
      injury in mice and further explored the potential mechanisms involved. Our
      results showed that CsV significantly attenuated elevation of alanine
      transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and improved liver
      histopathological changes in LPS-induced mice. In addition, CsV decreased serum
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels
      and inhibited mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF
      alpha and IL-1beta in LPS challenged mice. Furthermore, CsV inhibited nuclear
      factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation by downregulating phosphorylated NF-kappaB,
      IkappaB-alpha, ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 levels in the liver
      tissue, which ultimately decreased nucleus NF-kappaB protein level. In
      conclusion, our data suggested that CsV could be a promising drug for preventing
      LPS challenged liver injury since it attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory
      responses, partly via inhibiting NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways. 

PMID- 26981794
TI  - Continence charity appoints specialist.
AB  - A children's charity has recruited a nurse dedicated to help young people with
      continence problems.

PMID- 26981793
TI  - MPs say nurse's dismissal was heavy-handed.
AB  - Two MPs have criticised a trust for sacking a nurse who stole soft drinks from a
      faulty vending machine at work.

PMID- 26981792
TI  - Glove Perforation Rate in Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Study To Evaluate the
      Efficacy of Double Gloving.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The risk of exposure of either the patient or the surgeon to
      communicable disease when the surgical glove is perforated is important. Both
      patients and the surgical team need to be protected from this risk. Therefore, we
      intended to determine the efficacy of double gloving in our center. METHODS: This
      was a prospective cohort study, involving (randomly selected) surgeons, who wore
      single or double latex surgical gloves during procedures. Gloves were collected
      and evaluated for perforations (using air insufflation and water leak methods).
      RESULTS: A total of 1,536 gloves were collected (512 single gloves and 1,024
      double gloves), with 78 of 512 gloves perforated, giving a rate of 15.2%.
      Perforation rate was 15.2% in single gloves, 14.4% in double gloves, 15.5% in
      emergency operations, and 14.3% in elective surgery. It was highest (30.8%) among
      registrars in training, particularly when doing any deep (16.0%) surgery. Glove
      perforation rate was highest (17.4%) among general surgery procedures as opposed
      to pediatric surgery (14.6%), urology (13.9%), neurosurgery (11.7%), and plastic
      surgery (10.6%), with (42.1%) index finger injury. In unused (control group)
      gloves, the rate of perforation was (0.8%). There was a substantial difference in
      the overall perforation rate between single and double glove sets (15.2% versus
      14.4%) (X(2) = 1748, p < 0.0001). However, among the double set, total gloves
      [outer and inner set] analysis revealed a perforation rate of 27.5% (141 of 512).
      Of this set, the number of inner gloves that perforated as a result of a through
      and through puncture from outer to the inner gloves gave a rate of 1.17% (six of
      512). Thus, the protection offered by double gloves was 98.83% (X(2) = 280.9, p <
      0.0001) even if the outer gloves were perforated. CONCLUSION: The use of double
      gloves has more than 90% protection to patient and the surgeon. Therefore,
      wearing double gloves should be encouraged in surgery.

PMID- 26981795
TI  - Staff need to 'listen more to patient concerns'.
AB  - The Labour MP heading up a major review of the way the NHS in England deals with
      complaints has urged staff to 'listen more' to patient concerns.

PMID- 26981796
TI  - NHS Direct personnel asked to stay on to help new NHS 111 service cope.
AB  - NHS Direct nurses are working 'flat out' as teething problems with the new NHS
      111 service continue.

PMID- 26981797
TI  - Nursing cuts could put vaccination programme at risk.
AB  - The national immunisation programme to protect people against flu, shingles and
      diarrhoea could be hampered by a lack of nursing staff to administer the
      vaccines, the union Unite has warned.

PMID- 26981798
TI  - Support for return to civvie street.
AB  - A former army sergeant who retrained as a nurse has helped develop a government
      programme to support forces veterans experiencing mental health problems.

PMID- 26981799
TI  - NHS announces biggest ever staff development scheme.
AB  - Thousands of healthcare professionals are to receive leadership and communication
      training over the next three years through the largest ever NHS development
      initiative.

PMID- 26981802
TI  - World in brief.
AB  - What's happening in nursing across the globe.

PMID- 26981801
TI  - Children's sticker books are a passport to reassurance.
AB  - A game to help young patients combat their fears of being in hospital has been so
      successful it is being introduced in all children's hospitals in Scotland.

PMID- 26981803
TI  - Private hospital vows to meet key standards.
AB  - Nursing staff at a private hospital that failed to meet eight out of nine basic
      standards were working without policies on how to manage pain in children or
      guidelines for analgesia.

PMID- 26981805
TI  - 'So listen to us, hear us goddamn roar'.
AB  - Second-year nursing student Molly Case penned her poem Nursing the Nation after
      she and fellow students became demoralised by the barrage of media criticism
      about the profession.

PMID- 26981804
TI  - Home closures trigger concerns.
AB  - Plans to close government-funded residential care homes in Northern Ireland will
      place extra pressure on community nurses at a time when numbers are dwindling,
      the RCN warns.

PMID- 26981806
TI  - Home visits help ease stresses and worries in pregnant couples.
AB  - A nursing intervention for distressed pregnant women that also involves their
      partners has proved effective in reducing symptoms of depression.

PMID- 26981807
TI  - Women who have undergone endometriosis surgery have a reduced risk of ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - Surgical treatment for endometriosis reduces the risk of ovarian cancer
      significantly, suggests a study of women in Sweden.

PMID- 26981808
TI  - Optimal potassium intake improves blood pressure in adults with hypertension.
AB  - The health benefits of potassium are greatest when at least 90mmol a day is
      consumed, according to a new systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

PMID- 26981810
TI  - Consuming moderately less salt in the long-term can lower blood pressure
      significantly.
AB  - A modest reduction in salt intake for four or more weeks causes significant falls
      in blood pressure.

PMID- 26981809
TI  - Likelihood of being obese or overweight increases with each subsequent
      generation.
AB  - Young adults today are less healthy than their counterparts in previous
      generations, suggests a large cohort study in the Netherlands.

PMID- 26981811
TI  - Ten APPS approved by the NHS.
AB  - At the NHS Innovation Expo conference in March, ten new NHS-approved apps were
      unveiled by the then NHS Commissioning Board (now NHS England). Most are
      available to all, often free of charge, but others require links to clinical
      systems. All have received the NHS 'stamp of approval'.

PMID- 26981812
TI  - Voices - A fully inclusive workforce is good for patient care, writes Yvonne
      Coghill.
AB  - At last month's RCN congress I was invited to give a presentation at a Nursing
      Standard fringe event on how equality and diversity will be managed in the new
      NHS.

PMID- 26981813
TI  - Another side to the story.
AB  - I came into nursing to nurse people. My mother and my aunt were nurses, and most
      of my best friends are nurses.

PMID- 26981814
TI  - None too clever.
AB  - I am sure many of you are fans of the BBC TV programme 'Call the Midwife'. As a
      Londoner, I remember that world from my childhood, when I was taught by nuns as
      kind and gentle as those in Nonnatus House.

PMID- 26981816
TI  - Readers panel - When protection is unwanted.
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day.

PMID- 26981815
TI  - Blurred vision.
AB  - I have just discovered beer goggles. Not as in: 'He had drunk at least six pints
      so he must have been wearing beer goggles if he fancied her!' But 'visual
      impairment glasses', which are optically designed 'to simulate the effects of
      intoxication'.

PMID- 26981817
TI  - On a high.
AB  - I always find it reassuring how RCN congress treads the same path every year: the
      opening night and the president's rousing speech, followed by the awards ceremony
      celebrating the amazing diversity of nursing achievement.

PMID- 26981818
TI  - Starting out - Patient's appreciative words taught me to look for the good in
      others.
AB  - I remember clearly my placement in a hospice as a first-year nursing student. My
      thoughts when I started the placement were that it would involve death and a lot
      of sadness, but this was not what I found.

PMID- 26981819
TI  - yecco.com.
AB  - Keeping patients in the comfortable and familiar surroundings of their homes for
      as long as possible is a key part of today's care pathways.

PMID- 26981820
TI  - My Journey - Reflections on Life from a Cancer Survivor Shirley Shirley My
      Journey - Reflections on Life from a Cancer Survivor 128pp $11.95/L7.83 WestBow
      Press 978 1 4497 4822 7 1449748228 [Formula: see text].
AB  - The journey that follows a cancer diagnosis should not be undertaken alone, but
      involve caring and compassion from many people who provide help, guidance and
      support.

PMID- 26981821
TI  - A Nurse's Survival Guide to the Ward - Third edition Richards Ann Edwards Sharon
      A Nurse's Survival Guide to the Ward - Third edition 500pp L19.99 Elsevier 978 0
      7020 4603 2 0702046035 [Formula: see text].
AB  - This guide is a useful 'friend and companion' to keep close at hand. It is an
      essential reference for nurses, not only on the ward but in every field of
      practice where patient care is given. In fact, it makes an accessible guide for
      all healthcare practitioners.

PMID- 26981822
TI  - A Place in History - Britain's Headline News Stories Remembered Philpott Colin A
      Place in History - Britain's Headline News Stories Remembered 248pp L14.99
      Ammonite Press 978 1 9077 0869 5 1907708693 [Formula: see text].
AB  - There is an endless fascination to be found in browsing photographs of historic
      places associated with key events in history, whether they serve to jog our own
      memory or give insight into a time before we were born.

PMID- 26981824
TI  - In uncertain times, it is vital nurses keep communication channels open.
AB  - Last month's RCN congress could not have happened at a more turbulent time (news
      May 1). Nursing is having such a bad press and much of what is fundamental to our
      profession is being attacked.

PMID- 26981823
TI  - The best of the week's health-related TV and radio.
AB  - Our roundup of what's on.

PMID- 26981825
TI  - Great response to my chernobyl vigil, despite the pie thieves.
AB  - On April 26, I held my 27th annual solitary vigil in Glasgow's George Square on
      the anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine (letters April 24).

PMID- 26981826
TI  - Although nurses' fund is closed, financial help is still available.
AB  - Reviewing the book Football and Management - Comparisons Between Sport and
      Enterprise, Nicola Evans points out that football is big business, much like
      health care (reviews April 17).

PMID- 26981827
TI  - Sponsor my run in aid of a good friend who died of mesothelioma.
AB  - My last sponsored run was a marathon in the 1980s to raise funds for the miners.
      Now I will be running a half-marathon on Sunday May 12 in honour of my friend
      Simon Pickvance.

PMID- 26981828
TI  - RCN should resist temptation to quit international nursing body.
AB  - The RCN is on the cusp of a decision that could have profound effects on nursing
      worldwide. RCN council faces a momentous choice about whether and when to
      exercise its new power to withdraw the college from membership of the
      International Council of Nurses (ICN) (letters April 10, analysis and letters
      April 17, news and letters May 1).

PMID- 26981829
TI  - Exorbitant ICN fees could be better spent elsewhere.
AB  - Delegates at RCN congress recently voted overwhelmingly in favour of giving RCN
      council the option to decide if the college will quit the International Council
      of Nurses (ICN), the global nursing body (news and letters May 1).

PMID- 26981830
TI  - Leave the nurse station where it is and address staffing levels.
AB  - Ann Clwyd MP wants nurses' stations to be replaced by desks dotted around wards
      (news April 10). She claims that staff just gather and chat constantly, rather
      than spending time at the bedside.

PMID- 26981832
TI  - Shop locally for food to help reduce your carbon footprint.
AB  - Writing about the role of the nurse in addressing the health effects of climate
      change (learning zone May 1), Benny Goodman says nurses should be viewed as
      global citizens for health.

PMID- 26981833
TI  - Charities such as GMFA need to be supported and encouraged.
AB  - It is a tough time for charities and particularly difficult for organisations
      such as GMFA, the health promotion charity campaigning to improve gay men's
      health (letters April 24).

PMID- 26981834
TI  - Fond memories of Susan Pembrey, the best line manager i ever had.
AB  - Thank you for the obituaries of nursing research pioneer Susan Pembrey - a short
      obituary on the letters pages (April 24) and a longer version on the Nursing
      Standard website ( www.nursing-standard.co.uk ).

PMID- 26981835
TI  - Jillian MacGuire 1936-2013 Emeritus professor of nursing, University of Wales,
      Cardiff.
AB  - Jill's varied career began with a sociology degree from the London School of
      Economics, from where she graduated in 1958. A keen interest in nursing followed
      and she qualified as an RGN in 1984.

PMID- 26981836
TI  - Notice board.
AB  - Courses, events, grants, and awards to progress your career.

PMID- 26981837
TI  - 'I used the technique to summon help for a critically ill patient'.
AB  - Communication is critical when a patient is deteriorating rapidly. Lisa Johnson
      describes an experience as a second-year student.

PMID- 26981838
TI  - Long Noncoding RNA Highly Upregulated in Liver Cancer Regulates the Tumor
      Necrosis Factor-alpha-Induced Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is the major cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, which is
      a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. During the
      pathological process of atherosclerosis, inflammation participates in all stages
      of atherosclerosis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), one of the most
      important inflammatory factor, induces apoptosis of endothelial cells, which play
      a central role in endothelial dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism
      involved in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) remains unclear. In the present study, we
      demonstrated the role of lncRNA highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) in TNF
      alpha-induced apoptosis. HULC expression was decreased with TNF-alpha treatment.
      Restoring HULC expression rescued the apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha. HULC
      regulated TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis through regulation of miR-9 expression.
      Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays showed that HULC
      modulated miR-9 expression through association with DNA methyltransferases and
      suppression of miR-9 expression. HULC-miR-9 pathway may be a potential target for
      treating atherosclerosis. 

PMID- 26981839
TI  - Deformability properties of timolol-loaded transfersomes based on the extrusion
      mechanism. Statistical optimization of the process.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to analyze the deformability properties of different
      timolol maleate (TM)-loaded transfersomes by extrusion. This was performed
      because elastic liposomes may contribute to the elevation of amount and rate of
      drug permeation through the corneal membrane. This paper describes the
      optimization of a transfersome formulation by use of Taguchi orthogonal
      experimental design and two different statistical analysis approaches were
      utilized. The amount of cholesterol (F1), the amount of edge-activator (F2), the
      distribution of the drug into the vesicle (F3), the addition of stearylamine (F4)
      and the type of edge-activator (F5) were selected as causal factors. The
      deformability index, the phosphorous recovery, the vesicle size, the
      polydispersity index, the zeta potential and percentage of drug entrapped were
      fixed as the dependent variables and these responses were evaluated for each
      formulation. Two different statistical analysis approaches were applied. The
      better statistical approach was determined by comparing their prediction errors,
      where regression analysis provided better optimized responses than marginal
      means. From the study, an optimized formulation of TM-loaded transfersomes was
      prepared and obtained for the proposed ophthalmic delivery for the treatment of
      open angle glaucoma. It was found that the lipid to surfactant ratio and type of
      surfactant are the main key factors for determining the flexibility of the
      bilayer of transfersomes. From in vitro permeation studies, we can conclude that
      TM-loaded transfersomes may enhance the corneal transmittance and improve the
      bioavailability of conventional TM delivery. 

PMID- 26981841
TI  - Efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a
      pathogenic strain of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.
AB  - The efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (NE) was
      investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a
      Clostridium perfringens (Cp) feed inoculum challenge model. Treatments consisted
      of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin
      at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. Avilamycin was
      administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. Challenge inoculum
      was administered on day 14 and delivered approximately 10(9) CFU Cp/bird. NE
      mortality rates from day 14-35 were significantly (P < 0.0001) lower in birds
      treated with avilamycin at 15 and 30 ppm when compared to nonmedicated,
      challenged birds. Treatment with avilamycin also resulted in a significant
      reduction in ileal Cp count on day 21 (P < 0.0001) and NE lesion scores on day 17
      (P < 0.006) when compared to nonmedicated, challenged birds. The performance of
      birds treated with avilamycin was also improved when compared to nonmedicated,
      challenged birds. Cockerels that received either 15 or 30 ppm avilamycin had a
      significantly (P < 0.0001) increased body weight on day 35 and average daily gain
      from days 0-35 than nonmedicated, challenged birds. Furthermore, birds treated
      with avilamycin had an improved feed conversion rate from days 0-35 compared to
      both nonmedicated, nonchallenged birds and nonmedicated, challenged birds. This
      study confirms that avilamycin is effective at controlling mortality related to
      NE in growing broiler chickens. 

PMID- 26981840
TI  - Analysis of cognitive variables and sexual risk behaviors among infected and HIV
      uninfected people from Spain.
AB  - The wider availability of anti-retroviral treatment has brought about an
      improvement in the immunological situation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      positive individuals, which in turn has led to significant reductions in AIDS
      related morbidity and mortality and better quality of life for patients. However,
      the rate of diagnosis of new cases of HIV among the adult population is on the
      increase due to high-risk sexual behavior practices, particularly not using
      condoms, sexual relations with a large number of partners and starting sexual
      relations at a younger age, with unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted
      infections (STIs), including HIV. For this reason, public health managers have
      invested considerable effort in recent years in creating STI and HIV prevention
      programs. Yet, in spite of the implementation of measures for reducing the rates
      of infection, few studies have been published in Spain comparing individuals
      living with HIV with the general population about cognitive variables and the
      link between these variables and high-risk sexual behavior. The objective was to
      compare a group of individuals living with HIV with another group from the
      general population in terms of cognitive variables (knowledge about STIs and HIV,
      concern about STI/HIV and pregnancy, self-efficacy to refuse sexual relations and
      resilience) and sexual behavior. The sample consisted of 318 adults, 159 were
      from the general population and 159 were individuals living with HIV. Individuals
      living with HIV had higher scores for concern about HIV/AIDS, STIs, pregnancy and
      knowledge of STI/HIV compared with the general population. We concluded that
      uninfected people who had low and high level of concern about HIV/AIDS began
      having anal sex at a younger age than those with a medium level of concern.
      Overall, results indicate that the concern about HIV/AIDS should be addressed in
      preventive health interventions to minimize the risks of sexual behavior.

PMID- 26981842
TI  - The Importance of Antenatal Partner Support.

PMID- 26981843
TI  - Introduction of cationic virosome derived from vesicular stomatitis virus as a
      novel gene delivery system for sf9 cells.
AB  - Insect-derived cell lines are used extensively to produce recombinant proteins
      because they are capable of performing a range of post-translational
      modifications. Due to their significance in biotechnological applications,
      various methods have been developed to transfect them. In this study, we
      introduce a virosome constructed from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a new
      delivery system for sf9 cells. We labeled these VSV virosomes by fluorescent
      probe Rhodamine B chloride (R18). By fluorescence microscope observation and
      conducting a fusion assay, we confirmed the uptake of VSV virosomes via
      endocytosis by sf9 cells and their fusion with the endosomal membrane. Moreover,
      we incubated cationic VSV virosomes with a GFP-expressing bacmid and transfected
      sf9 cells, after 24 h some cells expressed GFP indicating the ability of VSV
      virosomes to deliver heterologous DNA to these cells. This is the first report of
      a virosome-based delivery system introduced for an insect cell line.

PMID- 26981844
TI  - Facility Design and Health Management Program at the Sinnhuber Aquatic Research
      Laboratory.
AB  - The number of researchers and institutions moving to the utilization of zebrafish
      for biomedical research continues to increase because of the recognized
      advantages of this model. Numerous factors should be considered before building a
      new or retooling an existing facility. Design decisions will directly impact the
      management and maintenance costs. We and others have advocated for more rigorous
      approaches to zebrafish health management to support and protect an increasingly
      diverse portfolio of important research. The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research
      Laboratory (SARL) is located ~3 miles from the main Oregon State University
      campus in Corvallis, Oregon. This facility supports several research programs
      that depend heavily on the use of adult, larval, and embryonic zebrafish. The new
      zebrafish facility of the SARL began operation in 2007 with a commitment to build
      and manage an efficient facility that diligently protects human and fish health.
      An important goal was to ensure that the facility was free of Pseudoloma
      neurophilia (Microsporidia), which is very common in zebrafish research
      facilities. We recognize that there are certain limitations in space, resources,
      and financial support that are institution dependent, but in this article, we
      describe the steps taken to build and manage an efficient specific pathogen-free
      facility.

PMID- 26981845
TI  - Overcoming challenges of treating inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is frequently diagnosed before or during the
      peak reproductive years. Overall management of inflammatory bowel disease is
      becoming more complex given the nuances involved with multiple mechanisms of
      action of the current treatment and need for therapeutic monitoring for safety
      and efficacy; another layer of complexity is added in the setting of a pregnancy.
      In this review, we have identified several key challenges that health care
      providers face when caring for patients with IBD during pregnancy. The goal of
      this review is to provide the most up-to-date evidence and provide our expert
      recommendations so that providers can more comfortably address patients'
      questions about pregnancy in IBD and the associated risks as well as optimize
      their care to ensure the best outcomes possible. 

PMID- 26981846
TI  - Lactoferrin, a Pleiotropic Protein in Health and Disease.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Lactoferrin (Lf) is a nonheme iron-binding glycoprotein strongly
      expressed in human and bovine milk and it plays many functions during infancy
      such as iron homeostasis and defense against microorganisms. In humans, Lf is
      mainly expressed in mucosal epithelial and immune cells. Growing evidence
      suggests multiple physiological roles for Lf after weaning. RECENT ADVANCES: The
      aim of this review is to highlight the recent advances concerning multifunctional
      Lf activities. CRITICAL ISSUES: First, we will provide an overview of the
      mechanisms related to Lf intrinsic synthesis or intestinal absorption as well as
      its interaction with a wide spectrum of mammalian receptors and distribution in
      organs and cell types. Second, we will discuss the large variety of its
      physiological functions such as iron homeostasis, transportation, immune
      regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis while specifying the
      mechanisms of action. Third, we will focus on its recent physiopathology
      implication in metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and
      cardiovascular diseases. Additional efforts are necessary before suggesting the
      potential use of Lf as a diagnostic marker or as a therapeutic tool. FUTURE
      DIRECTIONS: The main sources of Lf in human cardiometabolic disorders should be
      clarified to identify new perspectives for future research and develop new
      strategies using Lf in therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 813-836.

PMID- 26981847
TI  - Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Clones of
      Staphylococcus epidermidis in Iranian Hospitals: Clonal Relatedness to Healthcare
      Associated Methicillin-Resistant Isolates in Northern Europe.
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of
      Staphylococcus epidermidis in Iranian hospitals and to compare the genotypes with
      a previously characterized collection of >1,300 S. epidermidis isolates of
      nosocomial and community origin from Northern Europe, Australia, and USA. In
      total, 82 clinical S. epidermidis isolates from three Iranian hospitals were
      examined by multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
      and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. In addition,
      antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of the ica operon, and the
      predilection to biofilm formation were assessed. Three predominant PFGE clones
      were found. The PFGE patterns of the most common sequence type (PFGE type 040
      ST2) showed 80% similarity to multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis (MDRSE) clinical
      isolates from eight hospitals in Northern Europe. The second most common (PFGE
      024-ST22) showed an unique PFGE pattern, whereas the third most predominant
      genotype (PFGE 011-ST5) proved indistinguishable to the PFGE Co-ST5 identified in
      five hospitals in Northern Europe. In conclusion, the study documented the
      dissemination of three MDRSE clones within and between hospitals in Iran and
      revealed an intercontinental spread of two clonal multidrug-resistant lineages
      (ST2 and ST5) in the hospital environment. Isolates of the predominant clones
      were significantly more frequently associated with multidrug-resistance and
      biofilm formation compared to nonclonal isolates. Further studies are needed to
      explore and characterize the genetic traits that enable these successful MDRSE
      clones to persist and disseminate worldwide in the healthcare settings.

PMID- 26981849
TI  - Lanthanum Nitrate As Electrolyte Additive To Stabilize the Surface Morphology of
      Lithium Anode for Lithium-Sulfur Battery.
AB  - Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is regarded as one of the most promising candidates
      beyond conventional lithium ion batteries. However, the instability of the
      metallic lithium anode during lithium electrochemical dissolution/deposition is
      still a major barrier for the practical application of Li-S battery. In this
      work, lanthanum nitrate, as electrolyte additive, is introduced into Li-S battery
      to stabilize the surface of lithium anode. By introducing lanthanum nitrate into
      electrolyte, a composite passivation film of lanthanum/lithium sulfides can be
      formed on metallic lithium anode, which is beneficial to decrease the
      reducibility of metallic lithium and slow down the electrochemical
      dissolution/deposition reaction on lithium anode for stabilizing the surface
      morphology of metallic Li anode in lithium-sulfur battery. Meanwhile, the cycle
      stability of the fabricated Li-S cell is improved by introducing lanthanum
      nitrate into electrolyte. Apparently, lanthanum nitrate is an effective additive
      for the protection of lithium anode and the cycling stability of Li-S battery. 

PMID- 26981850
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26981848
TI  - A Study Protocol for the Australasian Oncofertility Registry: Monitoring Referral
      Patterns and the Uptake, Quality, and Complications of Fertility Preservation
      Strategies in Australia and New Zealand.
AB  - Improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment in patients of a reproductive age
      have led to significant improvements in survival rates; however, a patient's
      fertility can be affected by both cancer and its treatment. As survival rates
      improve, there is an expectation by clinicians and patients that patient's
      reproductive potential should be considered and protected as much as possible.
      However, there is a lack of data about current fertility preservation (FP) uptake
      as well as accurate data on the acute or permanent reproductive risks of cancer
      treatment, complications of FP in cancer patients, and the use and success of
      assisted reproductive technology by cancer survivors. FP remains a major gap in
      acute cancer management with lifelong implications for cancer survivors. The
      FUTuRE Fertility research team has established the first binational multisite
      Australasian Oncofertility Registry, which is collecting a complete oncofertility
      data set from cancer and fertility centers in Australia and New Zealand. Outcomes
      from the research study will monitor referral, uptake, and complications of FP,
      document patient's reproductive potential after treatment, and collect data on
      the use of assisted reproductive technology following cancer treatment. The data
      will be linked to other routine health and administrative data sets to allow for
      other research projects to be carried out. The changes in oncofertility care will
      be benchmarked against the Australasian Oncofertility Charter. The data will be
      used to develop evidence-based guidelines and resources, including development of
      accurate risk projections for patients' risk of infertility, allowing clinicians
      to make recommendations for FP or assisted reproductive technology. Australian
      New Zealand Clinical Trials Number-12615000221550.

PMID- 26981851
TI  - The auditory characteristics of children with inner auditory canal stenosis.
AB  - Conclusions This study shows that the prevalence of auditory neuropathy spectrum
      disorder (ANSD) in the children with inner auditory canal (IAC) stenosis is much
      higher than those without IAC stenosis, regardless of whether they have other
      inner ear anomalies. In addition, the auditory characteristics of ANSD with IAC
      stenosis are significantly different from those of ANSD without any middle and
      inner ear malformations. Objectives To describe the auditory characteristics in
      children with IAC stenosis as well as to examine whether the narrow inner
      auditory canal is associated with ANSD. Method A total of 21 children, with inner
      auditory canal stenosis, participated in this study. A series of auditory tests
      were measured. Meanwhile, a comparative study was conducted on the auditory
      characteristics of ANSD, based on whether the children were associated with
      isolated IAC stenosis. Results Wave V in the ABR was not observed in all the
      patients, while cochlear microphonic (CM) response was detected in 81.1% ears
      with stenotic IAC. Sixteen of 19 (84.2%) ears with isolated IAC stenosis had CM
      response present on auditory brainstem responses (ABR) waveforms. There was no
      significant difference in ANSD characteristics between the children with and
      without isolated IAC stenosis. 

PMID- 26981852
TI  - Development, Technical, and User Evaluation of a Web Mobile Application for Self
      Control of Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a Web
      based mobile application (app) known as "Diario Diabetes" on both a technical and
      user level, by means of which individuals with diabetes may monitor their illness
      easily at any time and in any place using any device that has Internet access.
      METHODS: The technologies used to develop the app were HTML, CSS, JavaScript,
      PHP, and MySQL, all of which are an open source. Once the app was developed, it
      was evaluated on a technical level (by measuring loading times) and on a user
      level, through a survey. RESULTS: Different loading times for the application
      were measured, with it being noted that under no circumstances does this exceed 2
      s. Usability was evaluated by 150 users who initially used the application. A
      majority (71%) of users used a PC to access the app, 83% considered the app's
      design to be attractive, 67% considered the tasks to be very useful, and 67%
      found it very easy to use. CONCLUSIONS: Although applications exist for
      controlling diabetes both at mobile virtual shops or on a research level, our app
      may help to improve the administration of these types of patients and they are
      the ones who will ultimately opt for one or the other. According to the results
      obtained, we can state that all users would recommend the app's use to other
      users.

PMID- 26981853
TI  - The Susceptibility to Dental Erosion Differs among Individuals.
AB  - Studies of wine tasters and patients with self-induced vomiting have revealed
      that 30-50% of individuals at high risk do not develop erosive lesions. The aim
      was to investigate this apparent individual susceptibility to enamel erosion. Two
      enamel specimens were made from each of 3 premolars from 8 persons (donors). Six
      acrylic mouth appliances were worn by 6 volunteers (carriers). One specimen from
      each donor was mounted on each appliance. The carriers wore the appliances for 9
      days. The appliances were immersed in 0.01 M HCl for 3 min twice per day to
      imitate a vomiting/reflux situation. The enamel specimens were analysed by a
      white-light interferometer to measure enamel loss (in micrometres). The enamel
      loss varied significantly both between the donor teeth (p = 0.009) and the
      carriers (p = 0.004). The lesion in the specimen with the largest amount of
      enamel loss was 4 times as deep as in the specimen with the lowest. In 1 carrier,
      all specimens displayed enamel loss above the mean, including the specimen from
      the donor with the most resistant enamel. The variation in susceptibility to
      erosion among individuals appears to be influenced both by the sustainability of
      the enamel and by factors in the oral environment. This could explain the
      variation in prevalence and severity of dental erosions among patients exposed to
      similar acidic challenges. The results suggest that for certain individuals, only
      minimal acidic challenges may be sufficient to cause damage to the teeth, while
      others may never develop dental erosions despite extensive exposure to acid.

PMID- 26981854
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26981855
TI  - 'Treat to Target' - Lessons Learnt.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Therapeutic management in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has
      significantly changed in the last decades with the advent of biological therapy
      resulting in new treatment targets other than clinical symptoms. KEY MESSAGES:
      Patient stratification in the early stage of the disease is an important step to
      identify patients with poor prognosis, who might benefit from early aggressive
      treatment to avoid complications in the later disease course. Recent randomized
      and hypothesis driven (e.g., Randomized Evaluation of an Algorithm for Crohn's
      Treatment, Post-Operative Crohn's Endoscopic Recurrence) clinical trials
      conducted in the biological era underscore the need of objective disease
      monitoring including assessment of biomarkers (e.g., C-reactive protein and
      calprotectin), mucosal healing and, for biologically treated patients,
      therapeutic drug monitoring beside clinical symptom assessment in both Crohn's
      disease and ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing the treatment efficacy
      objectively has become an important element of patient monitoring besides
      clinical symptom assessment. Further clinical studies are needed to assess
      whether implementation of new therapeutic algorithms based on these targets and
      tight monitoring in clinical practice have the potential to further improve long
      term disease outcomes in IBD.

PMID- 26981856
TI  - A Novel Scoring System Based on Fibrinogen and the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as
      a Predictor of Chemotherapy Response and Prognosis in Patients with Advanced
      Gastric Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We assessed the clinical applicability of the F-NLR score, which is
      based on fibrinogen (F) and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the
      Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) to predict the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy
      or chemoradiotherapy on advanced gastric cancer and the prognoses of patients.
      METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with first
      line chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were classified into two groups based on
      tumor response. Furthermore, we categorized patients according to cutoff F-NLR
      scores of 2 [hyperfibrinogenemia (>400 mg/dl) and high NLR (>3.0)], 1 [one of
      these hematological abnormalities], and 0 [neither hyperfibrinogenemia nor high
      NLR]. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients had progressive disease (PD) and 41 did
      not. The F-NLR scores were significantly higher in the PD than in the non-PD
      group (p = 0.003). Survival was significantly shorter for patients with high F
      NLR scores and GPS (p = 0.0071 and p = 0.0065, respectively). Multivariate
      analysis selected the F-NLR score as an independent prognostic factor (p =
      0.017). CONCLUSION: A novel grading system based on F-NLR scores, as well as the
      GPS, appears to have value as a clinical predictor of the therapeutic response of
      advanced gastric cancer to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and the prognoses of
      patients.

PMID- 26981857
TI  - Analysis of Road Network Pattern Considering Population Distribution and Central
      Business District.
AB  - This paper proposes a road network growing model with the consideration of
      population distribution and central business district (CBD) attraction. In the
      model, the relative neighborhood graph (RNG) is introduced as the connection
      mechanism to capture the characteristics of road network topology. The simulation
      experiment is set up to illustrate the effects of population distribution and CBD
      attraction on the characteristics of road network. Moreover, several topological
      attributes of road network is evaluated by using coverage, circuitness, treeness
      and total length in the experiment. Finally, the suggested model is verified in
      the simulation of China and Beijing Highway networks. 

PMID- 26981858
TI  - Nodular Fasciitis: Definitive Diagnosis by Fine Needle Aspiration.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nodular fasciitis (NF) is a self-limited, mass-forming, fibrous
      proliferation that can occur in the head and neck and may mimic malignancy. Fine
      needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a minimally invasive, rapid, accurate method
      of obtaining diagnostic material from head and neck masses. In this study, we
      verify the usefulness of FNAB in obtaining a definitive diagnosis of NF. METHODS:
      Cases were identified from our laboratory information system. Cytology slides
      were reviewed to note morphologic features and confirm diagnoses. Clinical
      history was obtained to document the case presentations and outcomes. RESULTS:
      All 9 cases were found to have clinical presentations and common distinguishing
      morphologic features consistent with NF. Two cases were excised surgically, and
      the remainder regressed spontaneously. There were no recurrences. CONCLUSIONS:
      FNAB can produce a definitive diagnosis of NF, providing an opportunity to avoid
      surgical excision in patients with a typical clinical presentation.

PMID- 26981859
TI  - Incidence and Predictive Factors of Central Nervous System Dysfunction in
      Patients Consulting for Dengue Fever in Cayenne Hospital, French Guiana.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The frequency, the clinical characteristics, and the prognosis of
      dengue is highly variable. Dengue fever is associated with a range of
      neurological manifestations. The objective of the present study was to determine
      the incidence of neurological signs and their predictive factors using data from
      cases of dengue seen and followed in Cayenne Hospital during the Dengue 2
      epidemic in 2013. METHODS: In 2013, a longitudinal study using data from all
      cases of dengue seen in Cayenne hospital was collected. Medical records used a
      standardized form to collect demographic information, clinical signs and
      biological results and the date at which they were present. The analysis used Cox
      proportional modeling to obtain adjusted Hazard ratios. RESULTS: A total of 1574
      patients were included 221 of whom developed central nervous system signs. These
      signs were spontaneously resolutive. There were 9298person days of follow-up and
      the overall incidence rate for central nervous system signs was 2.37 per 100
      person-days. The variables independently associated with central nervous system
      anomalies were headache, Adjusted Hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.9(95%CI = 1.4-2.6),
      bleeding AHR = 2 ((95%CI = 1.3-3.1), P = 0.001, abdominal pain AHR = 1.9 ((95%CI
      = 1.4-2.6), P<0.001, aches AHR = 2.1 ((95%CI = 1.5-2.9), P<0.001, and fatigue AHR
      = 1.5 ((95%CI = 1.3-1.7), P<0.001. DISCUSSION: Overall, the present study
      suggests that neurological signs of dengue are not exceptional even in patients
      without the most severe features of dengue. These manifestations were
      spontaneously resolutive. Here it was not possible to distinguish between
      encephalitis or encephalopathy. Further studies would require more in depth
      exploration of the patients.

PMID- 26981860
TI  - Developing Repair Materials for Stress Urinary Incontinence to Withstand Dynamic
      Distension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polypropylene mesh used as a mid-urethral sling is associated with
      severe clinical complications in a significant minority of patients. Current in
      vitro mechanical testing shows that polypropylene responds inadequately to
      mechanical distension and is also poor at supporting cell proliferation. AIMS AND
      OBJECTIVES: Our objective therefore is to produce materials with more appropriate
      mechanical properties for use as a sling material but which can also support cell
      integration. METHODS: Scaffolds of two polyurethanes (PU), poly-L-lactic acid
      (PLA) and co-polymers of the two were produced by electrospinning. Mechanical
      properties of materials were assessed and compared to polypropylene. The
      interaction of adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) with the scaffolds was also
      assessed. Uniaxial tensiometry of scaffolds was performed before and after seven
      days of cyclical distension. Cell penetration (using DAPI and a fluorescent red
      cell tracker dye), viability (AlamarBlue assay) and total collagen production
      (Sirius red assay) were measured for ADSC cultured on scaffolds. RESULTS:
      Polypropylene was stronger than polyurethanes and PLA. However, polypropylene
      mesh deformed plastically after 7 days of sustained cyclical distention, while
      polyurethanes maintained their elasticity. Scaffolds of PU containing PLA were
      weaker and stiffer than PU or polypropylene but were significantly better than PU
      scaffolds alone at supporting ADSC. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, prolonged mechanical
      distension in vitro causes polypropylene to fail. Materials with more appropriate
      mechanical properties for use as sling materials can be produced using PU.
      Combining PLA with PU greatly improves interaction of cells with this material.

PMID- 26981861
TI  - Self-Generated Chemoattractant Gradients: Attractant Depletion Extends the Range
      and Robustness of Chemotaxis.
AB  - Chemotaxis is fundamentally important, but the sources of gradients in vivo are
      rarely well understood. Here, we analyse self-generated chemotaxis, in which
      cells respond to gradients they have made themselves by breaking down globally
      available attractants, using both computational simulations and experiments. We
      show that chemoattractant degradation creates steep local gradients. This leads
      to surprising results, in particular the existence of a leading population of
      cells that moves highly directionally, while cells behind this group are
      undirected. This leading cell population is denser than those following,
      especially at high attractant concentrations. The local gradient moves with the
      leading cells as they interact with their surroundings, giving directed movement
      that is unusually robust and can operate over long distances. Even when gradients
      are applied from external sources, attractant breakdown greatly changes cells'
      responses and increases robustness. We also consider alternative mechanisms for
      directional decision-making and show that they do not predict the features of
      population migration we observe experimentally. Our findings provide useful
      diagnostics to allow identification of self-generated gradients and suggest that
      self-generated chemotaxis is unexpectedly universal in biology and medicine. 

PMID- 26981863
TI  - Modulation of the Cutaneous Silent Period in the Upper-Limb with Whole-Body
      Instability.
AB  - The silent period induced by cutaneous electrical stimulation of the digits has
      been shown to be task-dependent, at least in the grasping muscles of the hand.
      However, it is unknown if the cutaneous silent period is adaptable throughout
      muscles of the entire upper limb, in particular when the task requirements are
      substantially altered. The purpose of the present study was to examine the
      characteristics of the cutaneous silent period in several upper limb muscles when
      introducing increased whole-body instability. The cutaneous silent period was
      evoked in 10 healthy individuals with electrical stimulation of digit II of the
      right hand when the subjects were seated, standing, or standing on a wobble board
      while maintaining a background elbow extension contraction with the triceps
      brachii of ~5% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength. The first
      excitatory response (E1), first inhibitory response (CSP), and second excitatory
      response (E2) were quantified as the percent change from baseline and by their
      individual durations. The results showed that the level of CSP suppression was
      lessened (47.7 +/- 7.7% to 33.8 +/- 13.2% of baseline, p = 0.019) and the
      duration of the CSP inhibition decreased (p = 0.021) in the triceps brachii when
      comparing the seated and wobble board tasks. For the wobble board task the amount
      of cutaneous afferent inhibition of EMG activity in the triceps brachii
      decreased; which is proposed to be due to differential weighting of cutaneous
      feedback relative to the corticospinal drive, most likely due to presynaptic
      inhibition, to meet the demands of the unstable task. 

PMID- 26981864
TI  - High Altitude Journeys, Flights and Hypoxia: Any Role for Disease Flares in IBD
      Patients?
AB  - The importance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis including their
      disease-modifying potential are increasingly recognized in inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD) patients, largely driven by the perception that the prevalence and
      incidence of IBD are on the rise within the last few years, especially in non
      western countries. One of those factors is believed to be hypoxia. The role of
      hypoxia as a modifying or even causative factor in the genesis and maintenance of
      inflammation has been increasingly elucidated in recent years. Hypoxia is
      believed to be a main inducing factor of inflammation. This has been studied in
      different animal experiments as well as in humans exposed to hypoxia. In several
      studies - mainly in mice - animals exposed to short-term hypoxia accumulated
      inflammatory cells in multiple organs and showed elevated cytokines in the blood.
      Comparable studies were performed in humans, mainly in healthy mountaineers.
      Recently, we reported on the association between IBD flare-up episodes and
      antecedent journeys to high-altitude region and aircraft travels. According to
      these findings, we concluded that flights and stays at high altitudes of >2,000
      mg are a risk factor for increased disease activity in IBD. To evaluate the
      potential influence of hypoxia on the course of IBD on a biomolecular level and
      to test the effects of hypoxia under standardized conditions, we initiated a
      prospective and controlled investigation in both healthy controls and IBD
      patients in stable remission. The study participants underwent a 3-hour exposure
      to hypoxic conditions simulating an altitude of 4,000 m above sea level in a
      hyperbaric pressure chamber and clinical parameters as well as blood and stool
      samples were collected at several time points. The first results of this study
      are expected in the near future. 

PMID- 26981862
TI  - CYP1B1 Enhances Cell Proliferation and Metastasis through Induction of EMT and
      Activation of Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling via Sp1 Upregulation.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is a major E2 hydroxylase involved in the metabolism
      of potential carcinogens. CYP1B1 expression has been reported to be higher in
      tumors compared to normal tissues, especially in hormone-related cancers
      including breast, ovary, and prostate tumors. To explore the role of CYP1B1 in
      cancer progression, we investigated the action of CYP1B1 in cells with increased
      CYP1B1 via the inducer 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) or an
      overexpression vector, in addition to decreased CYP1B1 via the inhibitor
      tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) or siRNA knockdown. We observed that CYP1B1 promoted
      cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells. To
      understand its molecular mechanism, we measured key oncogenic proteins including
      beta-catenin, c-Myc, ZEB2, and matrix metalloproteinases following CYP1B1
      modulation. CYP1B1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activated
      Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via upregulation of CTNNB1, ZEB2, SNAI1, and TWIST1.
      Sp1, a transcription factor involved in cell growth and metastasis, was
      positively regulated by CYP1B1, and suppression of Sp1 expression by siRNA or DNA
      binding activity using mithramycin A blocked oncogenic transformation by CYP1B1.
      Therefore, we suggest that Sp1 acts as a key mediator for CYP1B1 action.
      Treatment with 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), a major metabolite generated by
      CYP1B1, showed similar effects as CYP1B1 overexpression, indicating that CYP1B1
      activity mediated various oncogenic events in cells. In conclusion, our data
      suggests that CYP1B1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis by inducing EMT
      and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via Sp1 induction. 

PMID- 26981865
TI  - Safe Oral Triiodo-L-Thyronine Therapy Protects from Post-Infarct Cardiac
      Dysfunction and Arrhythmias without Cardiovascular Adverse Effects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large body of evidence suggests that thyroid hormones (THs) are
      beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. We have shown that 3
      days of triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) treatment in myocardial infarction (MI) rats
      increased left ventricular (LV) contractility and decreased myocyte apoptosis.
      However, no clinically translatable protocol is established for T3 treatment of
      ischemic heart disease. We hypothesized that low-dose oral T3 will offer safe
      therapeutic benefits in MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adult female rats underwent left
      coronary artery ligation or sham surgeries. T3 (~6 MUg/kg/day) was available in
      drinking water ad libitum immediately following MI and continuing for 2 month(s)
      (mo). Compared to vehicle-treated MI, the oral T3-treated MI group at 2 mo had
      markedly improved anesthetized Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based LV ejection
      fraction and volumes without significant negative changes in heart rate, serum TH
      levels or heart weight, indicating safe therapy. Remarkably, T3 decreased the
      incidence of inducible atrial tachyarrhythmias by 88% and improved remodeling.
      These were accompanied by restoration of gene expression involving several key
      pathways including thyroid, ion channels, fibrosis, sympathetic, mitochondria and
      autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose oral T3 dramatically improved post-MI cardiac
      performance, decreased atrial arrhythmias and cardiac remodeling, and reversed
      many adverse changes in gene expression with no observable negative effects. This
      study also provides a safe and effective treatment/monitoring protocol that
      should readily translate to humans.

PMID- 26981866
TI  - Documenting Penicillin Allergy: The Impact of Inconsistency.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Allergy documentation is frequently inconsistent and incomplete. The
      impact of this variability on subsequent treatment is not well described.
      OBJECTIVE: To determine how allergy documentation affects subsequent antibiotic
      choice. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 232,616 adult patients
      seen by 199 primary care providers (PCPs) between January 1, 2009 and January 1,
      2014 at an academic medical system. MAIN MEASURES: Inter-physician variation in
      beta-lactam allergy documentation; antibiotic treatment following beta-lactam
      allergy documentation. KEY RESULTS: 15.6% of patients had a reported beta-lactam
      allergy. Of those patients, 39.8% had a specific allergen identified and 22.7%
      had allergic reaction characteristics documented. Variation between PCPs was
      greater than would be expected by chance (all p<0.001) in the percentage of their
      patients with a documented beta-lactam allergy (7.9% to 24.8%), identification of
      a specific allergen (e.g. amoxicillin as opposed to "penicillins") (24.0% to
      58.2%) and documentation of the reaction characteristics (5.4% to 51.9%). After
      beta-lactam allergy documentation, patients were less likely to receive
      penicillins (Relative Risk [RR] 0.16 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.15-0.17]) and
      cephalosporins (RR 0.28 [95% CI 0.27-0.30]) and more likely to receive
      fluoroquinolones (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.5-1.6]), clindamycin (RR 3.8 [95% CI 3.6-4.0])
      and vancomycin (RR 5.0 [95% CI 4.3-5.8]). Among patients with beta-lactam
      allergy, rechallenge was more likely when a specific allergen was identified (RR
      1.6 [95% CI 1.5-1.8]) and when reaction characteristics were documented (RR 2.0
      [95% CI 1.8-2.2]). CONCLUSIONS: Provider documentation of beta-lactam allergy is
      highly variable, and details of the allergy are infrequently documented.
      Classification of a patient as beta-lactam allergic and incomplete documentation
      regarding the details of the allergy lead to beta-lactam avoidance and use of
      other antimicrobial agents, behaviors that may adversely impact care quality and
      cost.

PMID- 26981867
TI  - Demonstrating Functional Equivalence of Pilot and Production Scale Freeze-Drying
      of BCG.
AB  - Process analytical technology (PAT)-tools were used to monitor freeze-drying of
      Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) at pilot and production scale. Among the evaluated
      PAT-tools, there is the novel use of the vacuum valve open/close frequency for
      determining the endpoint of primary drying at production scale. The duration of
      primary drying, the BCG survival rate, and the residual moisture content (RMC)
      were evaluated using two different freeze-drying protocols and were found to be
      independent of the freeze-dryer scale evidencing functional equivalence. The
      absence of an effect of the freeze-dryer scale on the process underlines the
      feasibility of the pilot scale freeze-dryer for further BCG freeze-drying process
      optimization which may be carried out using a medium without BCG. 

PMID- 26981868
TI  - Challenges for the management of health work in the public sector.

PMID- 26981869
TI  - [Educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity according to
      gender and color/race: the Pro-Health Study, 1999-2001 and 2011-2012].
AB  - Cross-sectional data from the Pro-Health Study in 1999-2001 and 2011-2012
      revealed important gender and color/race differences in the size and variation
      across time in educational inequalities related to abdominal obesity. Probability
      of obesity increased steadily in women (independently of color/race) and men
      (brown/black) with less schooling. These gradients were quantified according to
      the relative index of inequality (RII). Over the course of the decade, there was
      a reduction in inequality in brown/black women (DeltaRII: 0.5; 95%CI: 0.2-1.1),
      underlying a relatively higher increase in the prevalence of abdominal obesity in
      women with more schooling. RII was stable in white women and brown/black men,
      indicating a similar increase in the prevalence of abdominal obesity in
      educational subgroups. The association between schooling and abdominal obesity
      was affected by the multiple interaction of socio-demographic factors. Our
      results recommend joint stratification by gender and color/race in the study of
      socioeconomic inequalities related to abdominal obesity. 

PMID- 26981870
TI  - Lobbying by Big Pharma, bottlenecks for clinical research, and loosening of
      ethical standards in Brazil.

PMID- 26981871
TI  - The tragedy of mining and development in Brazil: public health challenges.

PMID- 26981872
TI  - Synthesis of Vinyl Isocyanides and Development of a Convertible Isonitrile.
AB  - The reaction of isocyanomethylenetriphenylphosphorane, generated in situ from the
      corresponding phosphonium salt, with a diverse set of aldehydes afforded vinyl
      isocyanides in good to high yields. Excellent E-selectivity was observed for
      aliphatic aldehydes and 2,6-disubstituted aromatic aldehydes, whereas Z-olefins
      were formed predominantly with ortho-substituted aryl aldehydes. (Z)-1-Bromo-2-(2
      isocyanovinyl)benzene (5l) was found to be a truly universal isonitrile since,
      after Ugi reaction, the resulting secondary amide unit (RNHCO-) is convertible
      under both acidic and basic conditions. The application of 5l in the synthesis of
      polyheterocycles is also illustrated. 

PMID- 26981873
TI  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases Also Exhibit Chaperone like
      Activity In-Vitro and In-Vivo.
AB  - Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (Ppiases), also known as cyclophilins, are
      ubiquitously expressed enzymes that assist in protein folding by isomerization of
      peptide bonds preceding prolyl residues. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is
      known to possess two Ppiases, PpiA and PpiB. However, our understanding about the
      biological significance of mycobacterial Ppiases with respect to their
      pleiotropic roles in responding to stress conditions inside the macrophages is
      restricted. This study describes chaperone-like activity of mycobacterial
      Ppiases. We show that recombinant rPpiA and rPpiB can bind to non-native proteins
      in vitro and can prevent their aggregation. Purified rPpiA and rPpiB exist in
      oligomeric form as evident from gel filtration chromatography.E. coli cells
      overexpressing PpiA and PpiB of M.tb could survive thermal stress as compared to
      plasmid vector control. HEK293T cells transiently expressing M.tb PpiA and PpiB
      proteins show increased survival as compared to control cells in response to
      oxidative stress and hypoxic conditions generated after treatment with H2O2 and
      CoCl2 thereby pointing to their likely role in adaption under host generated
      oxidative stress and conditions of hypoxia. The chaperone-like function of these
      M.tuberculosis cyclophilins may possibly function as a stress responder and
      consequently contribute to virulence. 

PMID- 26981875
TI  - Sustained Elevated Cytokine Levels during Recovery Phase of Mayaro Virus
      Infection.

PMID- 26981874
TI  - Isolation of Bartonella henselae and Two New Bartonella Subspecies,
      Bartonellakoehlerae Subspecies boulouisii subsp. nov. and Bartonella koehlerae
      Subspecies bothieri subsp. nov. from Free-Ranging Californian Mountain Lions and
      Bobcats.
AB  - Domestic cats are the natural reservoir of Bartonella henselae, B. clarridgeiae
      and B. koehlerae. To determine the role of wild felids in the epidemiology of
      Bartonella infections, blood was collected from 14 free-ranging California
      mountain lions (Puma concolor) and 19 bobcats (Lynx rufus). Bartonella spp. were
      isolated from four (29%) mountain lions and seven (37%) bobcats. These isolates
      were characterized using growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, molecular
      techniques, including PCR-RFLP of selected genes or interspacer region, pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), partial sequencing of several genes, and DNA
      DNA hybridization. Two isolates were identical to B. henselae genotype II. All
      other isolates were distinguished from B. henselae and B. koehlerae by PCR-RFLP
      of the gltA gene using endonucleases HhaI, TaqI and AciI, with the latter two
      discriminating between the mountain lion and the bobcat isolates. These two novel
      isolates displayed specific PFGE profiles distinct from B. henselae, B. koehlerae
      and B. clarridgeiae. Sequences of amplified gene fragments from the three
      mountain lion and six bobcat isolates were closely related to, but distinct from,
      B. henselae and B. koehlerae. Finally, DNA-DNA hybridization studies demonstrated
      that the mountain lion and bobcat strains are most closely related to B.
      koehlerae. We propose naming the mountain lion isolates B. koehlerae subsp.
      boulouisii subsp. nov. (type strain: L-42-94), and the bobcat isolates B.
      koehlerae subsp. bothieri subsp. nov. (type strain: L-17-96), and to emend B.
      koehlerae as B. koehlerae subsp. koehlerae. The mode of transmission and the
      zoonotic potential of these new Bartonella subspecies remain to be determined. 

PMID- 26981876
TI  - Stabilization of the Amorphous Ezetimibe Drug by Confining Its Dimension.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of nanoconfinement on
      the molecular mobility, as well as on the physical stability, of amorphous
      ezetimibe drug. Two guest/host systems, ezetimibe-Aeroperl 300 and ezetimibe
      Neusilin US2, were prepared and studied using various experimental techniques,
      such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and
      broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). Our investigation has shown that the
      molecular mobility of the examined anticholesterol agent incorporated into
      nanopore matrices strongly depends on the pore size of the host system. Moreover,
      it was found that the amorphous ezetimibe confined in 30 nm pores of Aeroperl 300
      has a tendency to recrystallize, while the drug incorporated into the smaller--5
      nm--pores of Neusilin US2 is not able to crystallize. It has been shown that this
      significant stabilization of ezetimibe drug can be achieved by an interplay of
      three factors: changes in molecular dynamics of the confined amorphous drug, the
      immobilization effect of pore walls on a part of ezetimibe molecules, and the use
      of host materials with pores that are smaller than the critical size of the drug
      crystal nuclei.

PMID- 26981877
TI  - Low-Cost National Media-Based Surveillance System for Public Health Events,
      Bangladesh.
AB  - We assessed a media-based public health surveillance system in Bangladesh during
      2010-2011. The system is a highly effective, low-cost, locally appropriate, and
      sustainable outbreak detection tool that could be used in other low-income,
      resource-poor settings to meet the capacity for surveillance outlined in the
      International Health Regulations 2005. 

PMID- 26981878
TI  - Two new phenolic compounds from the tuber of Sparganium stoloniferum.
AB  - Two new phenolic compounds, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methoxycarbonyl-5
      hydroxybenzofuran (1) and 1-methoxycarbonyl-2, 3-dihydroxydibenzo[b, f]oxepine
      (2), were isolated from the tuber of Sparganium stoloniferum. The structures of
      both new compounds were determined on basis of spectroscopic means including HR
      ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. 

PMID- 26981879
TI  - Pathway analysis of whole exome sequence data provides further support for the
      involvement of histone modification in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
AB  - Weighted burden pathway analysis was applied to whole exome sequence data for
      2045 schizophrenic patients and 2045 controls. Overall, there was a statistically
      significant excess of pathways with more rare, functional variants in cases than
      in controls. Among the highest ranked were pathways relating to histone
      modification, as well as neuron differentiation and membrane and vesicle
      function. This bolsters the evidence from previous studies that histone
      modification pathways may be important in the aetiology of schizophrenia.

PMID- 26981880
TI  - Associations between APOE polymorphisms and seven diseases with cognitive
      impairment including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia
      with Lewy bodies in southeast China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of APOE polymorphisms on patients with cognitive
      impairments in The Chinese Han population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1027
      cases with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 40 cases with vascular dementia (VaD), 28
      cases with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 54 cases with
      semantic dementia (SD), 44 cases with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 583 cases
      with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 32 cases with vascular cognitive
      impairment no dementia (VCIND) were recruited consecutively from memory disorders
      clinics in Huashan Hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. The 1149
      cognitively normal controls were recruited from the community epidemiologic
      investigations. The APOE genotypes were determined using the TaqMan assay.
      RESULTS: The distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of APOE differed
      significantly between control and AD or MCI, with epsilon4 increasing the risk of
      AD and MCI in a dose-dependent pattern and epsilon2 decreasing the risk of AD,
      but not the risk of MCI. As for VaD, significant differences in the APOE genotype
      distribution were found compared with the controls. E4/4 increased the risk of
      VaD and epsilon4 increased the risk of VCIND in women. The allele distribution
      differed between bvFTD and controls, but genotype and allele frequencies of APOE
      did not affect the risk of bvFTD, SD, and DLB. CONCLUSION: In The Chinese Han
      population, APOE epsilon4 increased the risk of AD and MCI in a dose-dependent
      manner and epsilon2 decreased the risk of AD as reported previously. APOE
      epsilon4 might increase risk in VaD and female patients with VCIND, but no
      effects of APOE on bvFTD, DLB, and SD were found.

PMID- 26981881
TI  - Propofol, but not ketamine or midazolam, exerts neuroprotection after ischaemic
      injury by inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain
      enhancer of activated B-cell signalling: A combined in vitro and animal study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Propofol, midazolam and ketamine are widely used in today's
      anaesthesia practice. Both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects have been
      attributed to all three agents. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether propofol,
      midazolam and ketamine in the same neuronal injury model exert neuroprotective
      effects on injured neurones in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the Toll-like
      receptor 4-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (TLR-4
      NF-kappaB) pathway. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cell-based laboratory (n = 6 repetitions
      per experiment) and animal (n = 6 per group) studies using a neuronal cell line
      (SH-SY5Y cells) and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Cells were exposed
      to oxygen-glucose deprivation before or after treatment using escalating,
      clinically relevant doses of propofol, midazolam and ketamine. In animals,
      retinal ischaemia (60 min) was induced followed by reperfusion and randomised
      treatment with saline or propofol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neuronal cell death was
      determined using flow-cytometry (mitochondrial membrane potential) and lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Nuclear factor NF-kappaB and hypoxia-inducible
      factor 1 alpha-activity were analysed by DNA-binding ELISA, expression of NF
      kappaB-dependent genes and TLR-4 by luciferase-assay and flow-cytometry,
      respectively. In animals, retinal ganglion cell density, caspase-3 activation and
      gene expression (TLR-4, NF-kappaB) were used to determine in vivo effects of
      propofol. Results were compared using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and t test. A
      P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Post
      treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of propofol (1 to 10 MUg ml)
      preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential in oxygen-glucose deprivation
      injured cells by 54% and reduced LDH release by 21%. Propofol diminished TLR-4
      surface expression and preserved the DNA-binding activity of the protective
      hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha transcription factor. DNA-binding and
      transcriptional NF-kappaB-activity were inhibited by propofol. Neuronal
      protection and inhibition of TLR-4-NF-kappaB signalling were not consistently
      seen with midazolam or ketamine. In vivo, propofol treatment preserved rat
      retinal ganglion cell densities (cells mm, saline 1504 +/- 251 vs propofol 2088
      +/- 144, P = 0.0001), which was accompanied by reduced neuronal caspase-3, TLR-4
      and NF-kappaB expression. CONCLUSION: Propofol, but neither midazolam nor
      ketamine, provides neuroprotection to injured neuronal cells via inhibition of
      TLR-4-NF-kappaB-dependent signalling.

PMID- 26981882
TI  - Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomic Profiling Reveals
      Alterations in Mouse Plasma and Liver in Response to Fava Beans.
AB  - Favism is a life-threatening hemolytic anemia resulting from the intake of fava
      beans by susceptible individuals with low erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. However, little is known about the metabolomic
      changes in plasma and liver after the intake of fava beans in G6PD normal and
      deficient states. In this study, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to
      analyze the plasma and liver metabolic alterations underlying the effects of fava
      beans in C3H- and G6PD-deficient (G6PDx) mice, and to find potential biomarkers
      and metabolic changes associated with favism. Our results showed that fava beans
      induced oxidative stress in both C3H and G6PDx mice. Significantly, metabolomic
      differences were observed in plasma and liver between the control and fava bean
      treated groups of both C3H and G6PDx mice. The levels of 7 and 21 metabolites in
      plasma showed significant differences between C3H-control (C3H-C)- and C3H fava
      beans-treated (C3H-FB) mice, and G6PDx-control (G6PDx-C)- and G6PDx fava beans
      treated (G6PDx-FB) mice, respectively. Similarly, the levels of 7 and 25
      metabolites in the liver showed significant differences between C3H and C3H-FB,
      and G6PDx and G6PDx-FB, respectively. The levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid,
      and creatinine were significantly increased in the plasma of both C3H-FB and
      G6PDx-FB mice. In the liver, more metabolic alterations were observed in G6PDx-FB
      mice than in C3H-FB mice, and were involved in a sugar, fatty acids, amino acids,
      cholesterol biosynthesis, the urea cycle, and the nucleotide metabolic pathway.
      These findings suggest that oleic acid, linoleic acid, and creatinine may be
      potential biomarkers of the response to fava beans in C3H and G6PDx mice and
      therefore that oleic acid and linoleic acid may be involved in oxidative stress
      induced by fava beans. This study demonstrates that G6PD activity in mice can
      affect their metabolic pathways in response to fava beans. 

PMID- 26981883
TI  - (99m)Tc-DPD scintigraphy as a novel imaging modality for identification of
      skeletal muscle amyloid deposition in light-chain amyloidosis.

PMID- 26981885
TI  - X-ray absorption study of ceria nanorods promoting the disproportionation of
      hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - A quasi in situ X-ray absorption study demonstrated that the disproportionation
      of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promoted by ceria nanorods was associated with a
      reversible Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) reaction and structural transformations in ceria. The
      direction of this reversible reaction was postulated to depend on the H2O2
      concentration and the fraction of Ce(3+) species in ceria nanorods. 

PMID- 26981886
TI  - Conduction and Reactivity in Heterogeneous-Molecular Catalysis: New Insights in
      Water Oxidation Catalysis by Phosphate Cobalt Oxide Films.
AB  - Cyclic voltammetry of phosphate cobalt oxide (CoPi) films catalyzing O2-evolution
      from water oxidation as a function of scan rate, phosphate concentration and film
      thickness allowed for new insights into the coupling between charge transport and
      catalysis. At pH = 7 and low buffer concentrations, the film is insulating below
      0.8 (V vs SHE) but becomes conductive above 0.9 (V vs SHE). Between 1.0 to 1.3 (V
      vs SHE), the mesoporous structure of the film gives rise to a large thickness
      dependent capacitance. At higher buffer concentrations, two reversible proton
      coupled redox couples appear over the capacitive response with 0.94 and 1.19 (V
      vs SHE) pH = 7 standard potentials. The latter is, at most, very weakly catalytic
      and not responsible for the large catalytic current observed at higher
      potentials. CV-response analysis showed that the amount of redox-active cobalt
      species in the film is small, less than 10% of total. The catalytic process
      involves a further proton-coupled-electron-transfer and is so fast that it is
      controlled by diffusion of phosphate, the catalyst cofactor. CV-analysis with
      newly derived relationships led to a combination of the catalyst standard
      potential with the catalytic rate constant and a lower-limit estimation of these
      parameters. The large currents resulting from the fast catalytic reaction result
      in significant potential losses related to charge transport through the film.
      CoPi films appear to combine molecular catalysis with semiconductor-type charge
      transport. This mode of heterogeneous molecular catalysis is likely to occur in
      many other catalytic films.

PMID- 26981888
TI  - The uranium isotopes in the characterisation of groundwater in the Thermi
      Vasilika region, northern Greece.
AB  - The activity concentrations of (238)U and (234)U have been determined in
      groundwater samples in the Thermi-Vasilika region, northern Greece. The analysis
      was performed by alpha spectrometry after pre-concentration and separation of
      uranium by cation exchange and finally its electrodeposition on stainless steel
      discs. The obtained isotopic ratio (234)U/(238)U varies between 0.95 and 3.50 and
      is correlated with the different aquifer types and water flow paths in the study
      area. Lower values (up to 1.10) are located in the shallow porous aquifer
      indicating younger waters. Moderate values of the activity ratio characterise the
      deeper porous aquifer as well as the fissured rock aquifer (1.5-2.05). The
      geothermal spring illustrates the highest activity ratio (3.5) due to older
      water. 

PMID- 26981889
TI  - Indicators for Remission of Suicidal Ideation Following Magnetic Seizure Therapy
      in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a novel therapeutic option for
      treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Suicidal ideation is often associated with
      TRD and contributes to the increased mortality and morbidity of the disorder.
      OBJECTIVE: To identify a biomarker that may serve as an indicator of remission of
      suicidal ideation following a course of MST by using cortical inhibition measures
      from interleaved transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography
      (TMS-EEG). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three patients with TRD were
      part of an open-label clinical trial of MST treatment. Data from 27 patients
      (82%) were available for analysis in this study. Baseline TMS-EEG measures were
      assessed within 1 week before the initiation of MST treatment using the TMS-EEG
      measures of cortical inhibition (ie, N100 and long-interval cortical inhibition
      [LICI]) from the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left motor cortex,
      with the latter acting as a control site. INTERVENTIONS: The MST treatments were
      administered under general anesthesia, and a stimulator coil consisting of 2
      individual cone-shaped coils was used. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Suicidal
      ideation was evaluated before initiation and after completion of MST using the
      Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI). Measures of cortical inhibition (ie, N100 and
      LICI) from the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were selected. N100 was
      quantified as the amplitude of the negative peak around 100 milliseconds in the
      TMS-evoked potential (TEP) after a single TMS pulse. LICI was quantified as the
      amount of suppression in the double-pulse TEP relative to the single-pulse TEP.
      RESULTS: Of the 27 patients included in the analyses, 15 (56%) were women; mean
      (SD) age of the sample was 46.0 (15.3) years. At baseline, patients had a mean
      SSI score of 9.0 (6.8), with 8 of 27 patients (30%) having a score of 0. After
      completion of MST, patients had a mean SSI score of 4.2 (6.3) (pre-post treatment
      mean difference, 4.8 [6.7]; paired t26 = 3.72; P = .001), and 18 of 27
      individuals (67%) had a score of 0 for a remission rate of 53%. The N100 and LICI
      in the frontal cortex-but not in the motor cortex-were indicators of remission of
      suicidal ideation with 89% accuracy, 90% sensitivity, and 89% specificity (area
      under the curve, 0.90; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results
      suggest that cortical inhibition may be used to identify patients with TRD who
      are most likely to experience remission of suicidal ideation following a course
      of MST. Stronger inhibitory neurotransmission at baseline may reflect the
      integrity of transsynaptic networks that are targeted by MST for optimal
      therapeutic response.

PMID- 26981887
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma cases with high levels of c-Raf-1 expression may benefit
      from postoperative adjuvant sorafenib after hepatic resection even with high risk
      of recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Liver resection combined with postoperative sorafenib to
      prevent recurrence remains a controversial approach for cases of hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC), especially cases with a high risk of recurrence. This study
      aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of liver resection combined with
      sorafenib for HCC with a high risk of recurrence. RESULTS: Most of the cases of
      HCC were caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (23 cases, 92%). Most of
      these tumors (21 cases, 84%) were stage III according to the TNM staging system
      (12 cases with IIIa, 9 cases with IIIb). In the months after hepatic resection,
      19 of the 25 cases (76%) were diagnosed with HCC recurrence or metastasis. Based
      on the tumor histological biomarker grading system, the group with higher
      expression levels of c-Raf-1 showed significantly longer overall survival than
      the group with lower expression of c-Raf-1 (P = 0.012). However, the long-term
      tumor-free survival advantage disappeared (P = 0.061). Univariate and
      multivariate analyses indicated that higher expression of c-Raf-1 was
      significantly associated with better overall survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.842;
      95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.211-2.542; P = 0.031) and tumor-free survival
      (HR: 1.319; 95% CI: 1.017-1.543; P = 0.046) in HCC patients who underwent radical
      hepatic resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected 25 HCC
      cases with a high risk of recurrence who underwent radical liver resection and
      who took sorafenib postoperatively from Jan 2010 to Dec 2012. Factors that might
      contribute to tumor recurrence and treatment failure such as clinical factors,
      tumor features, and molecular biomarkers were included in our analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: HCC patients with a high risk of post-hepatic resection recurrence
      may benefit from postoperative sorafenib administered as an adjuvant therapy,
      especially in cases with high levels of c-Raf-1 expression on histological
      examination.

PMID- 26981890
TI  - Usefulness of mycophenolic acid monitoring with PETINIA for prediction of adverse
      events in kidney transplant recipients.
AB  - Background Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) is required to
      optimize the immunosuppressive effect and minimize toxicity. We validated a new
      particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) for the
      determination of MPA levels and evaluated the relationship of MPA trough level
      with drug-related adverse events. Methods PETENIA and liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to determine MPA concentrations from 54 kidney
      transplant recipients (KTRs). Agreement between PETINIA and LC-MS results was
      assessed by Passing-Bablok regression and the Bland-Altman plot method. The
      association of adverse events with MPA trough level obtained by PETINIA was
      analyzed. Results PETINIA revealed a good agreement with the LC-MS; Regression
      analysis gave an equation of y = 1.27x - 0.12 (r(2) = 0.975, p < 0.001). PETINIA
      showed a systemic positive bias with a mean difference of 0.66 mg/L compared to
      LC-MS. However, the magnitude of the positive bias decreased to 0.44 mg/L within
      the therapeutic range of MPA. Multiple logistic regression showed that MPA trough
      level determined by PETINIA was an independent risk factor for adverse events
      (odds ratio 2.28, 95% CI 1.25-4.16, p = 0.007). MPA trough level predicted
      adverse events with a sensitivity of 77.8% and a specificity of 86.7% using a cut
      off level of 5.25 mg/L. Conclusions Good correlation between the two methods
      indicates that PETINIA is an acceptable method for the monitoring of MPA
      therapeutic levels. Furthermore, MPA trough level obtained by PETINIA is a useful
      monitoring tool to minimize toxicity in KTRs. 

PMID- 26981893
TI  - From the FDA: Abbott aggrees to correct manufacturing deficiencies.

PMID- 26981895
TI  - CME QUIZ.

PMID- 26981892
TI  - Engineering of a Nepetalactol-Producing Platform Strain of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae for the Production of Plant Seco-Iridoids.
AB  - The monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a valuable family of chemicals that
      include the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine. These compounds are of
      global significance-appearing on the World Health Organization's list of model
      essential medicines-but remain exorbitantly priced due to low in planta levels.
      Chemical synthesis and genetic manipulation of MIA producing plants such as
      Catharanthus roseus have so far failed to find a solution to this problem.
      Synthetic biology holds a potential answer, by building the pathway into more
      tractable organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent work has taken the
      first steps in this direction by producing small amounts of the intermediate
      strictosidine in yeast. In order to help improve on these titers, we aimed to
      optimize the early biosynthetic steps of the MIA pathway to the metabolite
      nepetalactol. We combined a number of strategies to create a base strain
      producing 11.4 mg/L of the precursor geraniol. We also show production of the
      critical intermediate 10-hydroxygeraniol and demonstrate nepetalactol production
      in vitro. Lastly we demonstrate that activity of the iridoid synthase toward the
      intermediates geraniol and 10-hydroxygeraniol results in the synthesis of the
      nonproductive intermediates citronellol and 10-hydroxycitronellol. This discovery
      has serious implications for the reconstruction of the MIA in heterologous
      organisms.

PMID- 26981894
TI  - Editorial comments.

PMID- 26981896
TI  - Medi-notes: OMT versus standard care for patients with low back pain.

PMID- 26981891
TI  - Strategies for improving the intratumoral distribution of liposomal drugs in
      cancer therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A major limitation of current liposomal cancer therapies is the
      inability of liposome therapeutics to penetrate throughout the entire tumor mass.
      This inhomogeneous distribution of liposome therapeutics within the tumor has
      been linked to treatment failure and drug resistance. Both liposome particle
      transport properties and tumor microenvironment characteristics contribute to
      this challenge in cancer therapy. This limitation is relevant to both
      intravenously and intratumorally administered liposome therapeutics. AREAS
      COVERED: Strategies to improve the intratumoral distribution of liposome
      therapeutics are described. Combination therapies of intravenous liposome
      therapeutics with pharmacologic agents modulating abnormal tumor vasculature,
      interstitial fluid pressure, extracellular matrix components, and tumor
      associated macrophages are discussed. Combination therapies using external
      stimuli (hyperthermia, radiofrequency ablation, magnetic field, radiation, and
      ultrasound) with intravenous liposome therapeutics are discussed. Intratumoral
      convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of liposomal therapeutics is reviewed. EXPERT
      OPINION: Optimization of the combination therapies and drug delivery protocols
      are necessary. Further research should be conducted in appropriate cancer types
      with consideration of physiochemical features of liposomes and their timing
      sequence. More investigation of the role of tumor associated macrophages in
      intratumoral distribution is warranted. Intratumoral infusion of liposomes using
      CED is a promising approach to improve their distribution within the tumor mass.

PMID- 26981897
TI  - New England Journal of Medicine article may be misleading about OMT.

PMID- 26981898
TI  - Obesity article ignores surgery as possible option.

PMID- 26981899
TI  - Response: Obesity article ignores surgery as possible option.

PMID- 26981900
TI  - The dichotomy of overdosing or underdosing for pain.

PMID- 26981901
TI  - The importance of referencing osteopathic medical literature.

PMID- 26981902
TI  - From the FDA: FDA approves Tamiflu for influenza.

PMID- 26981903
TI  - From the FDA: Abbott aggrees to correct manufacturing deficiencies.

PMID- 26981904
TI  - From the FDA: FDA allows soy health claim on food labels.

PMID- 26981905
TI  - From the CDC: Flu, pneumonia shots urged.

PMID- 26981906
TI  - From the CDC: Obesity increases dramatically in the United States.

PMID- 26981907
TI  - From the CDC: Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from market.

PMID- 26981908
TI  - From the CDC: Guidelines modified for meningitis vaccination.

PMID- 26981909
TI  - From the NICHHD: Day care has impact on mother-child bond.

PMID- 26981910
TI  - Heliobacter pylori in gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 26981911
TI  - Prevalence of sensitization to methylisothiazolinone in an Italian Skin Allergy
      Unit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An alarming increase in the prevalence of sensitization to the
      preservative methylisothiazolinone (MI), alone or in combination with
      methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), has recently been reported, mainly in Northern
      Europe. Prevalence data from Southern Europe are scanty. METHODS: We evaluated
      the prevalence of contact allergy to MI and MCI/MI among 1392 patients
      consecutively patch tested in 2012-2013 at the Clinica Dermatologica of San
      Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy. The patients were patch tested with 2000 ppm MI
      aq. in addition to the Italian baseline series. The MOAHLFA Index (Male,
      Occupation, Atopic Dermatitis, Hand, Legs, Face, Age above 40 years) was
      registered for all patients. Relevant exposures to MI and/or MI/MCI were
      determined and the patients' clinical outcome after isothiazolinones avoidance
      was evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of sensitization to MI showed a steep
      increase of prevalence from 2.3% in 2012 to 6.9% in 2013 while sensitization to
      MI/MCI rose from 6.76% in 2012 to 9.04% in 2013. Hand and face dermatitis were
      significantly prevalent in MI allergic patients. Cosmetics, followed by household
      products, were the most common sources of relevant exposure to both MI and
      MI/MCI. Clinical improvement after avoidance of isothiazolinones containing
      products was reported by 85.3% of followed up patients. CONCLUSIONS: In Italy the
      prevalence of MI and MI/MCI contact allergy is alarmingly high and it is
      increasing.

PMID- 26981912
TI  - Extemporaneous transposition flap for closing two contiguous surgical excision.
AB  - The authors present a surgical procedure to remove two contiguous cutaneous
      lesions using a single transposition flap and suture line without an evident
      scar. This method is useful when rhomboid surgical exeresis could not represent
      the best choice to obtain an optimum aesthetic result.

PMID- 26981913
TI  - Comparison of the Radiation Dose from Cone Beam Computed Tomography and
      Multidetector Computed Tomography in Examinations of the Hand.
AB  - PURPOSE: Comparison of radiation dose of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and
      multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in examinations of the hand. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Dose calculations were carried out by means of Monte Carlo
      simulations in MDCT and CBCT. A corpse hand was examined in a 320-row MDCT
      scanner and a dedicated extremities CBCT scanner with standard protocols and
      multiple low-dose protocols. The image quality of the examinations was evaluated
      by 5 investigators using a Likert scale from 1 (very good) to 5 (very poor)
      regarding depiction of cortical bone, cancellous bone, joint surfaces, soft
      tissues and artifacts. For a sum of ratings of all structures < 50 a good overall
      image quality was expected. The studies with at least good overall image quality
      were compared with respect to the dose. RESULTS: The dose of the standard
      examination was 13.21 (12.96 to 13.46 CI) mGy in MDCT and 7.15 (6.99 to 7.30 CI)
      mGy in CBCT. The lowest dose in a study with good overall image quality was 4.54
      (4.43 to 4.64 CI) mGy in MDCT and 5.72 (5.59 to 5.85 CI) mGy in CBCT. CONCLUSION:
      Although the dose of the standard protocols in the CBCT is lower than in the
      MDCT, the MDCT can realize a good overall image quality at a lower dose than the
      CBCT. Dose optimization of CT examination protocols for the hand is useful in
      both modalities, the MDCT has an even greater potential for optimization. KEY
      POINTS: * Low dose examinations of the hand are feasible in CBCT and MDCT.* In
      default settings CBCT has a lower dose than MDCT.* MDCT enables a good image
      quality at a lower dose than CBCT. Citation Format: * Neubauer J, Neubauer C,
      Gerstmair A et al. Comparison of the Radiation Dose from Cone Beam Computed
      Tomography and Multidetector Computed Tomography in Examinations of the Hand.
      Fortschr Rontgenstr 2016; 188: 488 - 493.

PMID- 26981914
TI  - Fast Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
AB  - Abdominal imaging is the driving force that necessitates the development of
      numerous techniques for accelerated image acquisition in magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI). Today, numerous techniques are available that enable rapid, high
      spatial resolution acquisition for both T1 and T2 weighted images. These
      techniques open new opportunities in the detection and classification of numerous
      pathologies in the abdomen. However, there is still ongoing progress in the
      development of fast and ultrafast sequences and promising techniques are
      currently close to clinical application. With these 4D-technologies, MRI is
      becoming the central imaging modality for dynamic, motion-compensated imaging of
      the parenchymal abdominal organs such as liver, pancreas and kidney. KEY POINTS:
      * Fast imaging techniques are especially valuable in the upper abdomen, as this
      region is particularly affected by respiratory motion.* Parallel imaging and k
      space-based acceleration techniques are the basic components of fast 3 D
      sequences.* By further accelerating 3 D imaging with high spatial resolution, 4 D
      techniques become available. Citation Format: * Budjan J., Schoenberg S. O.,
      Riffel P. Fast Abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Fortschr Rontgenstr 2016;
      188: 551 - 558.

PMID- 26981915
TI  - Thermoablation of Bone Tumors.
AB  - The aim of this article is to review the significance of percutaneous thermal
      ablation in the treatment of bone tumors. We describe available ablation
      techniques as well as advantages and disadvantages in specific settings. In
      detail, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), laser ablation,
      high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and cryoablation are presented. In the
      second part of this review curative and palliative indications for the treatment
      of benign and malignant bone tumors are discussed. This includes especially RFA,
      laser or cryoablation for the treatment of osteoid osteoma, as well as the
      palliative treatment of painful bone metastases, for example, by means of MWA or
      MR-guided HIFU. KEY POINTS: * The various thermoablative techniques demonstrate
      specific advantages and disadvantages.* Radiofrequency ablation is the evidence
      based method of choice for treating osteoid osteoma.* Laser ablation is primarily
      suited for the treatment of small lesions of the hands and feet.* The
      intrinsically analgesic effect of cryoablation is advantageous when treating
      painful lesions.* Palliative treatment of painful bone metastases can for example
      be performed using MWA or MR-guided HIFU, by itself or combined with
      cementoplasty. Citation Format: * Ringe KI, Panzica M, von Falck C.
      Thermoablation of Bone Tumors. Fortschr Rontgenstr 2016; 188: 539 - 550.

PMID- 26981916
TI  - [In Process Citation].

PMID- 26981917
TI  - [In Process Citation].

PMID- 26981918
TI  - [In Process Citation].

PMID- 26981920
TI  - A SrTiO3 photoanode prepared by the particle transfer method for oxygen evolution
      from water with high quantum efficiencies.
AB  - A photoanode prepared from flux-synthesized Al-doped SrTiO3 by the particle
      transfer method with a Ta contact layer exhibited a high IPCE of 69% at 320 nm.
      The photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 particles was very sensitive to the
      synthesis method used to make the SrTiO3 particles, while its
      photoelectrochemical performance was not. 

PMID- 26981921
TI  - Dual Sensing by Simple Heteroditopic Salt Receptors Containing an Anthraquinone
      Unit.
AB  - We synthesized simple ion pair receptors consisting of a crown ether cation
      binding site and an anthraquinone-supported thiourea anion binding domain and
      studied their anion-, cation-, and salt-binding properties using spectroscopic,
      spectrophotometric, and electrochemical measurements in acetonitrile solution.
      Apart from carboxylate anions, which cause deprotonation, all the anions tested
      were found to associate with receptor 1 more strongly in the presence of sodium
      cations, whereas in the presence of potassium or ammonium cation the anion
      binding strength was greatly diminished. A homotopic anion receptor 3, lacking a
      crown ether unit, was unable to bind sodium salt more strongly than
      tetrabutylammonium salts. Solution and solid-state X-ray measurements revealed
      that strong sodium coordination with the cation-binding domain is responsible for
      the salt-binding enhancement. Electrochemical measurements showed that the
      addition of anions to the receptor 1 pretreated with sodium cations resulted in
      greater changes in reduction potentials compared to the addition of anions to
      receptor 1 in the absence of Na(+). 

PMID- 26981919
TI  - [In Process Citation].

PMID- 26981923
TI  - Intravenous Heroin Abuse and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Forensic Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate chronic intravenous
      heroin abuse and its potential to induce acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It
      also aims to examine the causative factors and the incidence of heroin-induced
      myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The hearts of 113 intravenous heroin
      abusers were studied for a duration exceeding 3 years. The parameters studied
      included sex, age, time of intravenous heroin abuse, medical history, and body
      and heart weight. Macroscopic histological studies of the heart were also
      performed. RESULTS: The histological examination revealed only 1 case of AMI. The
      victim was an intravenous heroin abuser for the last 7 years. The age and the
      medical history of the victim do not act as dissuading factors for the potential
      of an AMI. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of heroin-induced myocardial infarction is
      rare, and the actual mechanism remains unclear. The increased heart weight in
      relation to the increased thickness of the heart walls may be an aggravating
      factor, and thus, it is a fact that should be investigated.

PMID- 26981922
TI  - Secretion and Reversible Assembly of Extracellular-like Matrix by Enzyme-Active
      Colloidosome-Based Protocells.
AB  - The secretion and reversible assembly of an extracellular-like matrix by enzyme
      active inorganic protocells (colloidosomes) is described. Addition of N-fluorenyl
      methoxycarbonyl-tyrosine-(O)-phosphate to an aqueous suspension of alkaline
      phosphatase-containing colloidosomes results in molecular uptake and
      dephosphorylation to produce a time-dependent sequence of supramolecular hydrogel
      motifs (outer membrane wall, cytoskeletal-like interior and extra-protocellular
      matrix) that are integrated and remodelled within the microcapsule architecture
      and surrounding environment. Heat-induced disassembly of the extra-protocellular
      matrix followed by cooling produces colloidosomes with a densely packed hydrogel
      interior. These procedures are exploited for the fabrication of nested
      colloidosomes with spatially delineated regions of hydrogelation. 

PMID- 26981924
TI  - Rapid Clozapine Titration in an Acutely Agitated Patient With Schizoaffective
      Disorder: A Case Report.

PMID- 26981925
TI  - The US Food and Drug Administration's Proposed Rule to Increase Regulation of
      Indoor Tanning Devices.

PMID- 26981927
TI  - Screening for Fabry's disease in young patients with ischemic stroke in a Chinese
      population.
AB  - PURPOSE: Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder frequently
      associated with cerebrovascular disease. Data regarding Fabry disease and
      ischemic stroke has been lacking in China. In this study, we investigated the
      prevalence of Fabry disease and the distribution of the alpha-galactosidase A
      (alpha-GalA) gene - GLA mutations in young stroke patients in the Chinese
      population and its association with stroke subtypes. METHODS: A total of 357
      ischemic stroke patients admitted to Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical
      University, aged 18-55 years old, including 293 patients with cerebral infarction
      and 64 patients with transient ischemic attack, were enrolled in this study.
      Mutations in the GLA gene were screened by Sanger sequencing. Enzyme levels were
      measured to further confirm the disease in patients with the gene mutation. The
      mutation frequency was compared among different stroke subtypes and further
      compared with the control group individually. RESULTS: No pathogenic mutations in
      the coding regions of the GLA gene were identified in this group of patients and
      thus no Fabry disease was found in our study. However, the frequency of an
      intronic polymorphism c.-10C>T was significantly different among different Trial
      of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment subtypes (p < 0.01). The frequency of the
      c.-10C>T polymorphism in patients with stroke due to other causes and
      undetermined causes was much higher than that in the control group (OR = 3.18,
      95% CI: 1.29-7.83, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Fabry disease is a rare disease, and
      it will not benefit to screen all stroke patients. In addition, our results
      suggested that the c.-10C>T polymorphism may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke
      of other and undetermined causes. Further study is required to confirm our
      findings.

PMID- 26981929
TI  - Cu,Zn-SOD deficiency induces the accumulation of hepatic collagen.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic
      diseases, and results in the development of fibrosis. Oxidative stress is thought
      to be one of the underlying causes of NAFLD. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase
      (SOD1) is a primary antioxidative enzyme that scavenges superoxide anion
      radicals. Although SOD1 knockout (KO) mice have been reported to develop fatty
      livers, it is not known whether this lack of SOD1 leads to the development of
      fibrosis. Since the accumulation of collagen typically precedes liver fibrosis,
      we assessed the balance between the synthesis and degradation of collagen in
      liver tissue from SOD1 KO mice. We found a higher accumulation of collagen in the
      livers of SOD1 KO mice compared to wild type mice. The level of expression of
      HSP47, a chaperone of collagen, and a tissue inhibitor (TIMP1) of matrix
      metalloproteinases (a collagen degradating enzyme) was also increased in SOD1 KO
      mice livers. These results indicate that collagen synthesis is increased but that
      its degradation is inhibited in SOD1 KO mice livers. Moreover, SOD1 KO mice liver
      sections were extensively modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs),
      which suggest that collagen in SOD1 KO mice liver might be also modified with
      AGEs and then would be more resistant to the action of collagen degrading
      enzymes. These findings clearly show that oxidative stress plays an important
      role in the progression of liver fibrosis. 

PMID- 26981930
TI  - Scandal as a Sentinel Event--Recognizing Hidden Cost-Quality Trade-offs.

PMID- 26981928
TI  - Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans Associated with Drinking Traditional
      Liquor Made from Date Palm Sap, Bangladesh, 2011-2014.
AB  - Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus, and Pteropus spp. bats are the natural
      reservoir. From December 2010 through March 2014, hospital-based encephalitis
      surveillance in Bangladesh identified 18 clusters of NiV infection. The source of
      infection for case-patients in 3 clusters in 2 districts was unknown. A team of
      epidemiologists and anthropologists investigated these 3 clusters comprising 14
      case-patients, 8 of whom died. Among the 14 case-patients, 8 drank fermented date
      palm sap (tari) regularly before their illness, and 6 provided care to a person
      infected with NiV. The process of preparing date palm trees for tari production
      was similar to the process of collecting date palm sap for fresh consumption. Bat
      excreta was reportedly found inside pots used to make tari. These findings
      suggest that drinking tari is a potential pathway of NiV transmission.
      Interventions that prevent bat access to date palm sap might prevent tari
      associated NiV infection. 

PMID- 26981931
TI  - Beyond the VA Crisis--Becoming a High-Performance Network.

PMID- 26981932
TI  - Health Care Tax Inversions--Robbing Both Peter and Paul.

PMID- 26981934
TI  - A Randomized Trial of a Cervical Pessary to Prevent Preterm Singleton Birth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal and infant death and
      of disability among survivors. It is unclear whether a pessary inserted around
      the cervix reduces the risk of preterm singleton birth. METHODS: We conducted a
      multicenter, randomized, controlled trial comparing pessary placement with
      expectant management (control) in girls and women who were pregnant with
      singletons (singleton pregnancies) and who had a cervical length of 25 mm or less
      at 20 weeks 0 days to 24 weeks 6 days of gestation. Participants in either group
      who had a cervical length of 15 mm or less, at randomization or at subsequent
      visits, received treatment with vaginal progesterone. The primary outcome was
      spontaneous delivery before 34 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: In an intention-to
      treat analysis, there was no significant difference between the pessary group
      (465 participants) and the control group (467 participants) in the rate of
      spontaneous delivery before 34 weeks (12.0% and 10.8%, respectively; odds ratio
      in the pessary group, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 1.69; P=0.57). There
      were no significant differences in the rates of perinatal death (3.2% in the
      pessary group and 2.4% in the control group, P=0.42), adverse neonatal outcome
      (6.7% and 5.7%, respectively; P=0.55), or neonatal special care (11.6% and 12.9%,
      respectively; P=0.59). The incidence of new or increased vaginal discharge was
      significantly higher in the pessary group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Among girls and women with singleton pregnancies who had a short cervix, a
      cervical pessary did not result in a lower rate of spontaneous early preterm
      delivery than the rate with expectant management. (Funded by the Fetal Medicine
      Foundation; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN01096902.).

PMID- 26981935
TI  - Safer Prescribing--A Trial of Education, Informatics, and Financial Incentives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-risk prescribing and preventable drug-related complications are
      common in primary care. We evaluated whether the rates of high-risk prescribing
      by primary care clinicians and the related clinical outcomes would be reduced by
      a complex intervention. METHODS: In this cluster-randomized, stepped-wedge trial
      conducted in Tayside, Scotland, we randomly assigned participating primary care
      practices to various start dates for a 48-week intervention comprising
      professional education, informatics to facilitate review, and financial
      incentives for practices to review patients' charts to assess appropriateness.
      The primary outcome was patient-level exposure to any of nine measures of high
      risk prescribing of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or selected
      antiplatelet agents (e.g., NSAID prescription in a patient with chronic kidney
      disease or coprescription of an NSAID and an oral anticoagulant without
      gastroprotection). Prespecified secondary outcomes included the incidence of
      related hospital admissions. Analyses were performed according to the intention
      to-treat principle, with the use of mixed-effect models to account for clustering
      in the data. RESULTS: A total of 34 practices underwent randomization, 33 of
      which completed the study. Data were analyzed for 33,334 patients at risk at one
      or more points in the preintervention period and for 33,060 at risk at one or
      more points in the intervention period. Targeted high-risk prescribing was
      significantly reduced, from a rate of 3.7% (1102 of 29,537 patients at risk)
      immediately before the intervention to 2.2% (674 of 30,187) at the end of the
      intervention (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to
      0.68; P<0.001). The rate of hospital admissions for gastrointestinal ulcer or
      bleeding was significantly reduced from the preintervention period to the
      intervention period (from 55.7 to 37.0 admissions per 10,000 person-years; rate
      ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.86; P=0.002), as was the rate of admissions for
      heart failure (from 707.7 to 513.5 admissions per 10,000 person-years; rate
      ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.95; P=0.02), but admissions for acute kidney
      injury were not (101.9 and 86.0 admissions per 10,000 person-years, respectively;
      rate ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.09; P=0.19). CONCLUSIONS: A complex
      intervention combining professional education, informatics, and financial
      incentives reduced the rate of high-risk prescribing of antiplatelet medications
      and NSAIDs and may have improved clinical outcomes. (Funded by the Scottish
      Government Chief Scientist Office; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01425502.).

PMID- 26981936
TI  - Colorectal Adenomas.

PMID- 26981933
TI  - Loss of B Cells in Patients with Heterozygous Mutations in IKAROS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by late
      onset hypogammaglobulinemia in the absence of predisposing factors. The genetic
      cause is unknown in the majority of cases, and less than 10% of patients have a
      family history of the disease. Most patients have normal numbers of B cells but
      lack plasma cells. METHODS: We used whole-exome sequencing and array-based
      comparative genomic hybridization to evaluate a subset of patients with CVID and
      low B-cell numbers. Mutant proteins were analyzed for DNA binding with the use of
      an electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) and confocal microscopy. Flow
      cytometry was used to analyze peripheral-blood lymphocytes and bone marrow
      aspirates. RESULTS: Six different heterozygous mutations in IKZF1, the gene
      encoding the transcription factor IKAROS, were identified in 29 persons from six
      families. In two families, the mutation was a de novo event in the proband. All
      the mutations, four amino acid substitutions, an intragenic deletion, and a 4.7
      Mb multigene deletion involved the DNA-binding domain of IKAROS. The proteins
      bearing missense mutations failed to bind target DNA sequences on EMSA and
      confocal microscopy; however, they did not inhibit the binding of wild-type
      IKAROS. Studies in family members showed progressive loss of B cells and serum
      immunoglobulins. Bone marrow aspirates in two patients had markedly decreased
      early B-cell precursors, but plasma cells were present. Acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia developed in 2 of the 29 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Heterozygous mutations
      in the transcription factor IKAROS caused an autosomal dominant form of CVID that
      is associated with a striking decrease in B-cell numbers. (Funded by the National
      Institutes of Health and others.).

PMID- 26981937
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Froin's Syndrome.

PMID- 26981938
TI  - CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 8-2016. A 71-Year-Old
      Man with Recurrent Fevers, Hypoxemia, and Lung Infiltrates.

PMID- 26981939
TI  - A CRISPR Way to Block PERVs--Engineering Organs for Transplantation.

PMID- 26981940
TI  - Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 26981941
TI  - Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 26981942
TI  - Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 26981943
TI  - Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 26981944
TI  - Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 26981945
TI  - Lixisenatide in Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome.

PMID- 26981946
TI  - Lixisenatide in Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome.

PMID- 26981948
TI  - Immunotherapy-Associated Hemolytic Anemia with Pure Red-Cell Aplasia.

PMID- 26981947
TI  - Lixisenatide in Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome.

PMID- 26981949
TI  - Osteochemonecrosis after Mandible Reconstruction.

PMID- 26981950
TI  - VIDEOS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Transfusion of Red Cells.

PMID- 26981951
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Scabies.

PMID- 26981952
TI  - Investor Outlook: After the Biotech Bubble Popped.
AB  - After a few torrid years of value appreciation, the biotech "bubble" has
      precipitously popped over the past few months. In this report, we take a look at
      some of the factors that drove the run-up in valuations, the triggers that led to
      their substantial pullback, and where the industry may be headed from here. Gene
      therapy/editing companies have been particularly affected by these dynamics,
      raising a new set of questions and challenges for the group. 

PMID- 26981953
TI  - Protective effect of propolis on methotrexate-induced kidney injury in the rat.
AB  - Objectives Propolis is a potent antioxidant and a free radical scavenger.
      Pharmacological induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) has been investigated for
      restoring normal cellular function following an injury. In this study, effect of
      propolis on HSP-70 expression in methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity and direct
      preventive effect of propolis in this toxicity were investigated. Material and
      methods A total of 40 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups:
      Group 1 was the untreated control. On the eighth day of the experiment, groups 2
      and 3 received single intraperitoneal injections of methotrexate (MTX) at 20
      mg/kg. Groups 3 and 4 received 100 mg/kg/day propolis (by oral gavage) for 15 d
      by the first day of the experimental protocol. Then the rats were decapitated
      under ketamine esthesia and their kidney tissues were removed. HSP-70 expression,
      apoptosis, and histopathological damage scores were then compared. Results MTX
      caused epithelial desquamation into the lumen of the tubules, dilatation, and
      congestion of the peritubular vessels and renal corpuscles with obscure Bowman's
      space. The number of apoptotic cells (p = 0.000) and HSP-70 (p = 0.002)
      expression were increased in group 2. Propolis prevented the rise in number of
      apoptotic cells (p = 0.017), HSP-70 (p = 0.000) expression, and improved kidney
      morphology. Conclusions It was found that methotrexate gives rise to serious
      damage in the kidney and propolis is a potent antioxidant agent in preventing
      kidney injury. 

PMID- 26981954
TI  - Laparoscopic-Assisted Anorectal Pull-Through for High Imperforate Anus: 14 Years
      Experience in a Single Center.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report our 14 years experience with the laparoscopic-assisted
      anorectal pull-through (LAARP) for the treatment of male neonates with high
      imperforate anus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed all medical charts of
      patients who underwent LAARP from January 2001 to January 2015 collecting
      information regarding demographic data, associated anomalies, type of fistula,
      pelvic floor muscles tropism, surgery (operative time, conversion to open
      technique, and complications), and follow-up. Follow-up data were obtained
      through the use of validated questionnaires that aim to assess the intestinal
      function in terms of constipation and continence. RESULTS: At the Department of
      Pediatric Surgery of the University of Bologna, 13 male patients were operated in
      the study period (our protocol consisted of colostomy at birth followed by
      delayed LAARP). Mean age at operation was 4.75 months (range 1-14). There was one
      conversion to open technique due to a strong tension from the colostomy (this
      patient was excluded). Functional results were acceptable at a minimum 2-year
      long follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: LAARP is a good choice for the correction of the
      high imperforate anus. Short-term outcomes are similar to those after posterior
      sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP). Long-term outcomes should be better assessed.

PMID- 26981957
TI  - Academy of Surgical Research 28th Annual Meeting Charlotte, North Carolina
      October 2-6, 2012, Part 2.

PMID- 26981958
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26981956
TI  - Overexpression of ADAM9 Promotes Colon Cancer Cells Invasion.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: ADAM9 is a membrane-anchored metalloprotease that is markedly
      upregulated in several human carcinomas. We previously showed that ADAM9 staining
      was increased in colon cancer tissues. In the present work, we investigated the
      expression pattern of ADAM9 in colon cell lines, and the effects of
      overexpression ADAM9 on colon cancer proliferation and invasion. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: ADAM9 mRNA expression was determined in colon cancer tissues by RT-PCR
      assay, meanwhile, ADAM9 DNA and protein levels were measured in colon cancer cell
      lines by PCR and western blot, respectively. ADAM9 transfection was carried out
      in HT-29 colon cancer cells, and cell growth was measured by MTT assay, cell
      invasion ability was assessed by Matrigel assay. RESULTS: ADAM9 mRNA was
      upregulated in colon cancer tissues, ADAM9 DNA and protein was overexpressed in
      Lovo cell lines, while the ADAM9 expression levels in HT-29, HCT-8, and Ls174t
      cells were below the levels of detection. Enhanced ADAM9 expression by ADAM9
      transfection in HT-29 cells promoted cell invasion without increasing cell
      proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ADAM9 contributes to cell
      invasion and progression in colon cancer.

PMID- 26981955
TI  - Efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from Pseudomonas mendocina
      PSU using a biodiesel liquid waste (BLW) as the sole carbon source.
AB  - Conditions for the optimal production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by
      Pseudomonas mendocina PSU using a biodiesel liquid waste (BLW) were determined by
      response surface methodology. These were an initial carbon to nitrogen ratio
      (C/N) of 40 (mole/mole), an initial pH of 7.0, and a temperature of 35  degrees
      C. A biomass and PHA concentration of 3.65 g/L and about 2.6 g/L (77% DCW),
      respectively, were achieved in a growth associated process using 20 g/L glycerol
      in the BLW after 36 h of exponential growth. The PHA monomer compositions were
      3HB (3-hydroxybutyrate), a short-chain-length-PHA, and the medium-chain-length
      PHA e.g. 3-hydroxyoctanoate and 3-hydroxydecanoate. Both the phbC and phaC genes
      were characterized. The phbC enzyme had not been previously detected in a
      Pseudomonas mendocina species. A 2.15 g/L of an exopolysaccharide, alginate, was
      also produced with a similar composition to that of other Pseudomonas species. 

PMID- 26981959
TI  - Oriental Medicine Woohwangchungsimwon Attenuates Kainic Acid-Induced Seizures and
      Neuronal Cell Death in the Hippocampus.
AB  - Woohwangchungsimwon (WCW) is an oriental medicine that has been extensively
      prescribed in Asia to patients with apoplexy, high blood pressure, acute/chronic
      convulsion, and so on. However, the potential therapeutic value of WCW in
      treating the pathologic brain has not yet been fully investigated. In the present
      study, we evaluated whether WCW has beneficial effects on kainic acid (KA)
      induced excitotoxicity. An intraperitoneal injection of KA (40 mg/kg) and an
      intracerebroventricular injection of KA (0.2 MUg) produced typical seizure
      behavior and neuronal cell death in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal layers of the
      hippocampus, respectively. However, the systemic administration of WCW
      significantly attenuated the seizure behavior and neuronal cell death. WCW was
      found to exert the best protective effect when it was administrated 2 hours
      before a KA injection. Moreover, this WCW-induced neuroprotection was accompanied
      by a reduction in microglia activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha,
      interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxyganase
      2 in the hippocampus. These results suggest that WCW has therapeutic potential to
      suppress KA-induced pathogenesis in the brain by inhibiting inflammation.

PMID- 26981961
TI  - Carter reassures over new neglect crime.
AB  - RCN general secretary Peter Carter urged nurses not to be unduly concerned about
      a new law that will mean healthcare professionals can be jailed for up to five
      years if they wilfully neglect patients.

PMID- 26981960
TI  - Focus on safe staffing levels as ministers respond to Francis report.
AB  - Senior nurses running a safe staffing campaign have welcomed the government's
      commitment to ensuring wards are staffed appropriately.

PMID- 26981962
TI  - Whitehall to turn down uniform call.
AB  - The government is expected to reject the call by Robert Francis for standard
      uniforms for each professional group to be introduced across the NHS as a way of
      avoiding confusion about roles.

PMID- 26981964
TI  - New GP contracts will end some annual checks.
AB  - Practice nurses' workloads will involve less paperwork when GPs' terms and
      conditions change, the British Medical Association says.

PMID- 26981963
TI  - NHS direct nurses are disillusioned by 111 recruitment policies, says college.
AB  - Nurses at risk of redundancy following the demise of NHS Direct will be
      frustrated at proposals to boost the numbers of clinical staff working for its
      beleaguered replacement, according to the RCN.

PMID- 26981967
TI  - Degree-only entry to profession 'thwarts skilled and caring HCAs'.
AB  - Making entry to nursing degree-only was 'probably a mistake' because it has
      prevented many healthcare assistants from pursuing a nursing career, a government
      adviser says.

PMID- 26981966
TI  - Michael helps with typhoon aid effort.
AB  - Members of the Philippine Nurses Association of UK say they have been overwhelmed
      by the response to an appeal to help victims of the typhoon.

PMID- 26981965
TI  - Unions make case for pay award in face-to-face talks.
AB  - The RCN represented health unions at the NHS Pay Review Body (RB) last week, when
      it pushed for a minimum 1 per cent pay increase from next April.

PMID- 26981968
TI  - Laptops could help prevent care scandal.
AB  - An online programme that logs nurses' complaints could be used as an early
      warning system to prevent a scandal on the scale of Mid Staffs happening again.

PMID- 26981969
TI  - Learning empathy from social science.
AB  - A two-year series of seminars will explore how social sciences can contribute to
      nurse education.

PMID- 26981970
TI  - Wireless patient monitor detects deterioration earlier.
AB  - Nurses are preparing to test a wireless device the size of a sticking plaster
      that is placed on a patient's chest and provides almost constant monitoring of
      vital signs.

PMID- 26981973
TI  - World in brief.
AB  - What's happening in nursing across the globe.

PMID- 26981972
TI  - Career progression needed to relieve pressure and increase job satisfaction.
AB  - Providing nurses with greater opportunities for career progression and access to
      continuing professional development is vital for improving retention and reducing
      burnout, a conference heard last week.

PMID- 26981974
TI  - Calendar reveals professional heritage and recipes for patients.
AB  - A bygone era of district nursing is being celebrated in a new calendar produced
      by the Queen's Nursing Institute (QNI).

PMID- 26981975
TI  - Political notebook.
AB  - The NHS has made 'good progress' towards achieving its goal of being one of the
      best health services in Europe for helping people with long-term conditions, an
      NHS England senior official has told MPs.

PMID- 26981976
TI  - Cannabis triggers impulsive behaviour among all users.
AB  - Regular cannabis users have increased levels of impulsive behaviour, leaving them
      vulnerable to developing addictions, according to a study.

PMID- 26981977
TI  - Analysis of obesity treatments shows the potential benefits of surgical
      intervention.
AB  - Bariatric surgery is more effective than non-surgical obesity treatments at
      inducing weight loss, remission of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome,
      according to the most comprehensive review of the evidence yet conducted.

PMID- 26981978
TI  - Study dismisses the link between headaches and autoimmune disorder lupus.
AB  - Headache is common in patients with lupus, but a study suggests it is not a
      direct consequence of the disease or its treatment.

PMID- 26981979
TI  - New analysis of existing data finds that flu vaccine is of benefit to older
      people.
AB  - The case for vaccinating older people against influenza appeared to be weakened
      in 2010 when a Cochrane review confirmed the vaccine's safety, but found no
      evidence of its effectiveness in this group.

PMID- 26981980
TI  - Topical eczema treatments are less effective when children resist their
      application.
AB  - Poor adherence to application of topical treatments is the main cause of
      treatment failure in childhood eczema.

PMID- 26981981
TI  - A time to speak.

PMID- 26981982
TI  - Voices - Jane Cummings reflects on what has been achieved in a busy 2013.
AB  - December marks one year since Compassion in Practice (CiP) was launched, in which
      we aimed to get to the essence of great care. Through the 6Cs, I am confident we
      have done this.

PMID- 26981983
TI  - The closest of bonds.
AB  - I first became aware of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) programme when I travelled
      to Colombia before studying to be a children's nurse.

PMID- 26981984
TI  - In the dark.
AB  - 'For the patients in ED' I heard someone say while I was attending some statutory
      training. ED? What's that? ED phone home? No, that was ET.

PMID- 26981985
TI  - Older but wiser.
AB  - I told him so. I tried to warn him. I said: 'Listen son, you could do yourself an
      injury.' But was he bothered? Teenagers are never bothered.

PMID- 26981986
TI  - Starting out - Being the only non-native speaker changed my view of
      communication.
AB  - A two-week observational placement in Spain during my final year of training
      provided a valuable learning opportunity about effective communication.

PMID- 26981987
TI  - Readers panel - Losing the connection.
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day.

PMID- 26981988
TI  - Take courage.
AB  - I have never been scared to speak up when something is wrong, but I have come to
      realise that advocating for patients can be hard, especially when balanced
      against other constraints.

PMID- 26981989
TI  - Brain Facts.
AB  - The Brain Facts website is a treasure trove of information about neuroscience and
      the brain. It covers a range of diseases and disorders, as well as the science of
      ageing, and is relevant to practitioners and students in all branches of nursing
      and midwifery.

PMID- 26981990
TI  - Granddaughter of the Windrush Nnaemeka Barbara Maria Granddaughter of the
      Windrush 129pp L10.99 Book Guild Publishing 978 1 8462 4841 2 1846248418
      [Formula: see text].
AB  - This memoir will take older nurses down nostalgia lane, particularly those who
      travelled from the Caribbean in the post-war years to start a new life in the UK.
      It will also appeal to students and younger nurses interested in what life in
      England has been like for a nurse during the past 50 years.

PMID- 26981991
TI  - Disraeli or The Two Lives Hurd Douglas and Young Edward Disraeli or The Two Lives
      320pp L20 Weidenfeld & Nicolson 978 0 2978 6097 6 0297860976 [Formula: see text].
AB  - As prime minister during some of the most important years of Britain's imperial
      power, the Conservative politician Benjamin Disraeli was surprisingly forward
      thinking.

PMID- 26981992
TI  - MRSA eGuideline app MRSA eGuideline app L2.49 [Formula: see text].
AB  - This Guidelines Pocketcard app on MRSA from the International Guidelines Center
      is now available in an updated and debugged version 1.1 at a competitive price.

PMID- 26981993
TI  - The best of the week's health-related TV and radio.
AB  - Our roundup of what's on.

PMID- 26981994
TI  - Fighting the good fight from Lambeth to Cambridgeshire.
AB  - Please join us for the next meeting of Lambeth Keep Our NHS Public on Thursday
      November 21, from 7pm at the Duke of Cambridge, 74 Lansdowne Way, London SW8 2DR.
      For further details, email lambethkonp@gmail.com.

PMID- 26981996
TI  - Notice board.
AB  - Courses, events, grants, and awards to progress your career.

PMID- 26981998
TI  - Is there a hero in your team?
AB  - Do you know an outstanding healthcare assistant, brilliant assistant practitioner
      or inspirational support worker? If so, then now is the time to nominate them for
      a Nursing Standard award.

PMID- 26981997
TI  - The management challenge.
AB  - The RCN executive nurse network celebrates its first anniversary this year, at a
      time when all nurse managers face many challenges.

PMID- 26981999
TI  - Courses & resources.
AB  - Courses, events, grants, and awards to progress your career.

PMID- 26982000
TI  - News update.
AB  - A roundup of the latest nursing news.

PMID- 26982001
TI  - SPRY4 Intronic Transcript 1 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through
      Association with Snail1 in Osteosarcoma.
AB  - Osteosarcoma is an aggressive tumor and the most common malignancy of the
      skeleton. Due to pulmonary metastasis, the 5-year survival rate is still
      unsatisfactory. It has been reported that SPRY4 intronic transcript 1 (SPRY4-IT1)
      promotes cell growth, invasion, and inhibits apoptosis in several cancers.
      However, the role of SPRY4-IT1 in osteosarcoma remains unclear. In the present
      study, we investigated the role of SPRY4-IT1 in osteosarcoma cells. Loss- and
      gain-of-function assays demonstrated that SPRY4-IT1 promoted cell proliferation,
      migration, and invasion in osteosarcoma. Moreover, SPRY4-IT1 induced epithelial
      mesenchymal transition phenotype in osteosarcoma cells. Subsequent investigations
      revealed that SPRY4-IT1 promoted migration and invasion through association with
      Snail1 and regulating its stability. Based on these findings, the SPRY4
      IT1/Snail1/E-cadherin pathway may play a crucial role in promoting osteosarcoma
      metastasis. Thus, SPRY4-IT1 may be a potential target for new therapies of
      osteosarcoma. 

PMID- 26982002
TI  - Longitudinal associations between perceived age discrimination and subjective
      well-being: variations by age and subjective life expectancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Perceived age discrimination can have negative effects on one's
      subjective well-being (SWB). The response to age discrimination might differ
      based on age, and based on perceived longevity, or subjective life expectancy
      (SLE). These differential effects have not yet been prospectively examined within
      adult life span samples. METHOD: We examined the association between perceived
      age discrimination at baseline (T1) and SWB at follow-up (T2), and the moderation
      effect of SLE. We compared differences in these effects between middle-aged and
      older adults. Analyses were based on participants who took part in the 2008 (T1)
      and 2011 (T2) assessments of the German Ageing Survey (DEAS; listwise N = 1534),
      a population-based representative sample of the German adult population.
      Participants were categorized as middle-aged (ages 40-64; n = 919) or older
      adults (ages 65-93; n = 615). RESULTS: Regression analyses indicated that T1
      perceived age discrimination significantly predicts lower T2 SWB among middle
      aged, but not among older adults, after adjusting for covariates and T1 SWB.
      There is a significant interaction between age discrimination and SLE for
      predicting SWB, only among middle-aged participants, suggesting that age
      discrimination predicts decreases in SWB for those reporting higher, but not
      lower levels of SLE. CONCLUSION: People in the transition from midlife to old
      age, who hold higher SLE, appear to be more vulnerable to age discrimination.
      This may be due to the experience of age discrimination as an 'off-time', or
      unexpected event for those in midlife who have a higher expectation to live
      longer.

PMID- 26982003
TI  - Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying
      cycles. What are the challenges?
AB  - In the past 50 years, selection starting initially at the breed level and then
      using quantitative genetics coupled with a sophisticated breeding pyramid, has
      resulted in a very productive hybrid for a variety of traits associated with egg
      production. One major trait currently being developed further is persistency of
      lay and the concept of the "long life" layer. Persistency in lay however cannot
      be achieved without due consideration of how to sustain egg quality and the
      health and welfare of the birds in longer laying cycles. These multiple goals
      require knowledge and consideration of the bird's physiology, nutritional
      requirements, which vary depending on age and management system, reproductive
      status and choice of the selection criteria applied. The recent advent of
      molecular genetics offers considerable hope that these multiple elements can be
      balanced for the good of all in the industry including the hens. The "long life"
      layer, which will be capable of producing 500 eggs in a laying cycle of 100
      weeks, is therefore on the horizon, bringing with it the benefits of a more
      efficient utilisation of diminishing resources, including land, water, raw
      materials for feed as well as a reduction in waste, and an overall reduced carbon
      footprint. 

PMID- 26982004
TI  - Controlling Endemic Pathogens-Challenges and Opportunities.
AB  - By most measures, the University of Utah Centralized Zebrafish Animal Resource is
      a successful zebrafish core facility: we house ~4000-5000 tanks for over 16
      research groups; provide services and equipment for ~150 users; are currently
      undergoing an expansion by 3000 tanks; and have been praised by institutional and
      national regulatory agencies for the cleanliness and efficiency of our facility.
      In recent years, we have implemented new programs to improve the overall health
      of our colony and believe we have seen a reduction in apparently sick fish.
      However, there are still deficiencies in our monitoring and pathogen control
      programs. Our histopathology sample sizes have been insufficient to estimate
      prevalence, but our sentinel tank program reveals the presence of Pseudoloma
      neurophilia and myxozoan, presumably Myxidium streisinger, in our facility. As we
      develop protocols to further reduce the burden of disease, we are focused on
      defining our baseline, establishing goals, and implementing methods to monitor
      our progress. The data generated by this approach will allow us to evaluate and
      implement the most cost-effective protocols to improve fish health.

PMID- 26982005
TI  - Pentraxin 3: an immune modulator of infection and useful marker for disease
      severity assessment in sepsis.
AB  - The acute phase protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a pattern recognition receptor
      involved in regulation of the host immune response. This relatively newly
      discovered member of the pentraxin superfamily elicits both immunostimulatory and
      immunoregulatory functions preventing autoimmune pathology and orchestrated
      clearance of pathogens through opsonization of damage- and pathogen-associated
      molecular patterns (DAMP/PAMP). Thus, PTX3 has been described as a possible
      evolutionary precursor to immunoglobulins. While shown to provide protection
      against specific bacterial and fungal pathogens, persistent elevation of PTX3
      levels following initial onset of infection appear to predict poor patient
      outcome and may contribute to disease sequelae such as tissue damage and
      coagulopathy. Measurement of PTX3 following onset of sepsis may improve patient
      risk assessment and thus be useful in guiding subsequent therapeutic
      interventions including steroidal anti-inflammatory and altered antibiotic
      therapies. In this review, we summarize the role of PTX3 in inflammatory
      syndromes and its utility as a marker of sepsis disease severity. 

PMID- 26982006
TI  - A niosomal bilayer of sorbitan monostearate in complex with flavones: a molecular
      dynamics simulation study.
AB  - Bilayers prepared from sorbitan fatty acid esters (Span) have been frequently
      used for delivery of drugs including flavonoids. We applied molecular dynamics
      simulation to characterize the structure of a sorbitan monostearate (Span 60)
      bilayer in complex with three representative flavones, a subclass of flavonoids.
      At a low concentration, unsubstituted flavone, the most hydrophobic member, was
      able to flip over and cross the bilayer with a large diffusion coefficient. At a
      high concentration, it was accumulated at the bilayer center resulting in a phase
      separation. The leaflets of the bilayer were pushed in the opposite directions
      increasing the membrane thickness. Order parameter of the stearate chain of Span
      60 was not affected significantly by unsubstituted flavone. In contrast, chrysin
      with hydroxylated ring A was lined up with the acyl chains of Span 60 with its
      hydroxyl group facing the membrane surface. Neither flipping nor transbilayer
      movement were allowed. Diffusion coefficient was only 15-25% of that of
      unsubstituted flavone and order parameter decreased with the concentration of
      chrysin. Luteolin, the most hydroxylated member, interacted mainly with the
      headgroup of Span 60 and assumed many different orientations without crossing the
      bilayer. Unlike chrysin and unsubstituted flavone the bilayer integrity was
      disrupted at 50 mol% luteolin. These behaviors and structures of flavones in a
      Span 60 bilayer can be accounted for by their hydrophobicity and sites of
      hydroxylation. 

PMID- 26982007
TI  - Narratives of Participants in National Career Development Programs for Women in
      Academic Medicine: Identifying the Opportunities for Strategic Investment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Academic medicine has initiated changes in policy, practice, and
      programs over the past several decades to address persistent gender disparity and
      other issues pertinent to its sociocultural context. Three career development
      programs were implemented to prepare women faculty to succeed in academic
      medicine: two sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges, which
      began a professional development program for early career women faculty in 1988.
      By 1995, it had evolved into two programs one for early career women and another
      for mid-career women. By 2012, more than 4000 women faculty from medical schools
      across the U.S and Canada had participated in these intensive 3-day programs. The
      third national program, the Hedwig van Ameringen Executive Leadership in Academic
      Medicine((r)) (ELAM) program for women, was developed in 1995 at the Drexel
      University College of Medicine. METHODS: Narratives from telephone interviews
      representing reflections on 78 career development seminars between 1988 and 2010
      describe the dynamic relationships between individual, institutional, and
      sociocultural influences on participants' career advancement. RESULTS: The
      narratives illuminate the pathway from participating in a career development
      program to self-defined success in academic medicine in revealing a host of
      influences that promoted and/or hindered program attendance and participants'
      ability to benefit after the program in both individual and institutional
      systems. The context for understanding the importance of these career development
      programs to women's advancement is nestled in the sociocultural environment,
      which includes both the gender-related influences and the current status of
      institutional practices that support women faculty. CONCLUSIONS: The findings
      contribute to the growing evidence that career development programs, concurrent
      with strategic, intentional support of institutional leaders, are necessary to
      achieve gender equity and diversity inclusion.

PMID- 26982008
TI  - Diabetes Incidence and Glucose Tolerance after Termination of Pioglitazone
      Therapy: Results from ACT NOW.
AB  - CONTEXT: Thiazolidinediones have proven efficacy in preventing diabetes in high
      risk individuals. However, the effect of thiazolidinediones on glucose tolerance
      after cessation of therapy is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of
      pioglitazone (PIO) on incidence of diabetes after discontinuing therapy in ACT
      NOW. Design, Settings and Patients: Two-hundred ninety-three subjects (placebo
      [PLAC], n = 138; PIO, n = 152) completed a median followup of 11.7 mo after study
      medication was stopped. RESULTS: Diabetes developed in 138 (12.3%) of PLAC vs 17
      of 152 PIO patients (11.2%; P = not significant, PIO vs PLAC). However, the
      cumulative incidence of diabetes from start of study medication to end of washout
      period remained significantly lower in PIO vs PLAC (10.7 vs 22.3%; P < .005).
      After therapy was discontinued, 23.0% (35/152) of PIO-treated patients remained
      normal-glucose tolerant (NGT) vs 13.8% (19/138) of PLAC-treated patients (P =
      .04). Insulin secretion/insulin resistance index (I0-120/G0-120 * Matsuda index)
      was markedly lower in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who
      converted to diabetes during followup vs those who remained IGT or NGT. The
      decline in-cell function (insulin secretion/insulin resistance index) was similar
      in subjects with IGT who developed diabetes, irrespective of whether they were
      treated with PIO or PLAC. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The protective effect of PIO on
      incidence of diabetes attenuates after discontinuation of therapy, 2) cumulative
      incidence of diabetes in individuals exposed to PIO remained significantly (56%)
      lower than PLAC and a greater number of PIO-treated individuals maintained NGT
      after median followup of 11.4 mo, and 3) low insulin secretion/insulin resistance
      index is a strong predictor of future diabetes following PIO discontinuation.

PMID- 26982009
TI  - Somatic GPR101 Duplication Causing X-Linked Acrogigantism (XLAG)-Diagnosis and
      Management.
AB  - CONTEXT: Recent reports have proposed that sporadic or familial germline Xq26.3
      microduplications involving the GPR101 gene are associated with early-onset X
      linked acrogigantism (XLAG) with a female preponderance. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 4
      year-old boy presented with rapid growth over the previous 2 years. He complained
      of sporadic headaches and had coarse facial features. His height Z-score was
      +4.89, and weight Z-score was +5.57. Laboratory testing revealed elevated serum
      prolactin (185 MUg/L; normal, <18 MUg/L), IGF-1 (745 MUg/L; normal, 64-369
      MUg/L), and fasting GH > 35.0 MUg/L. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a
      homogenous bulky pituitary gland (18 * 15 * 13 mm) without obvious adenoma. A
      pituitary biopsy showed hyperplastic pituitary tissue with enlarged cords of GH
      and prolactin cells. Germline PRKAR1A, MEN1, AIP, DICER1, CDKN1B, and somatic
      GNAS mutations were negative. Medical management was challenging until
      institution of continuous sc infusion of short-acting octreotide combined with sc
      pegvisomant and oral cabergoline. The patient remains well controlled with
      minimal side effects 7 years after presentation. His phenotype suggested XLAG,
      but his peripheral leukocyte-, saliva-, and buccal cell-derived DNA tested
      negative for microduplication in Xq26.3 or GPR101. However, DNA isolated from the
      pituitary tissue and forearm skin showed duplicated dosage of GPR101, suggesting
      that he is mosaic for this genetic abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient is the
      first to be described with somatic microduplication leading to typical XLAG
      phenotype. This patient demonstrates that a negative test for Xq26.3
      microduplication or GPR101 duplication on peripheral blood DNA does not exclude
      the diagnosis of XLAG because it can result from a mosaic mutation affecting the
      pituitary.

PMID- 26982011
TI  - Novel Management of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome with Rituximab and Continuous
      Glucose Monitoring.
AB  - CONTEXT: Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS), or Hirata's disease, is a rare
      hypoglycemic disorder characterized by spontaneous hypoglycemia without evidence
      of exogenous insulin administration, a high serum concentration of total
      immunoreactive insulin, and the presence of insulin autoantibodies in high titer.
      The majority of cases occur in the Asian population, and treatment is generally
      successful with watchful waiting or steroids. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report the
      case of a 71-year-old Caucasian man with severe hypoglycemia due to IAS that was
      refractory to a prolonged course of high-dose steroids. Type 1 diabetes
      prevention trials using rituximab have shown selective suppression of insulin
      autoantibodies, which are the pathogenic antibodies in IAS, and therefore we
      provided this therapy. Treatment with two doses of rituximab and daily use of a
      continuous glucose monitor resulted in disease remission. CONCLUSION: We present
      the first case where potentially life-threatening hypoglycemia due to IAS was
      successfully managed with rituximab and a continuous glucose monitor. We conclude
      that these treatment modalities are effective for the management of severe,
      refractory IAS.

PMID- 26982010
TI  - C1q/TNF-Related Protein-9 (CTRP9) Levels Are Associated With Obesity and Decrease
      Following Weight Loss Surgery.
AB  - CONTEXT: C1q/TNF-related protein-9 (CTRP9) is a novel adipokine that has
      beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular effects in various animal models.
      Alterations in circulating CTRP9 have also been observed in patients with
      cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but little is known about the impact of
      obesity and bariatric surgery on CTRP9 concentrations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to compare CTRP9 levels in obese and lean subjects and to determine
      whether circulating CTRP9 levels in morbidly obese patients are altered by
      bariatric surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-nine obese bariatric
      surgical patients and 62 lean controls were recruited to participate in a cross
      sectional study at an academic medical center. The obese patients were further
      invited to participate in a cohort study, and 21 returned for analysis at 3 and 6
      months postsurgery. INTERVENTION: Bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and
      vertical sleeve gastrectomy) was the intervention for this study. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Fasting serum was obtained from all subjects on entry to the study and
      was analyzed in the core laboratory for hemoglobin A1c, glucose, aspartate
      aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, high- and low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides; CTRP9, insulin, adiponectin,
      and leptin were measured by ELISA. Serum from the patients in the cohort study
      was also analyzed at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Serum CTRP9 was significantly
      higher in the obese group compared to the lean group. CTRP9 was associated with
      obesity, even after controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity. Following
      bariatric surgery, there was a significant decrease in weight at 3 and 6 months
      postprocedure, accompanied by decreases in CTRP9, hemoglobin A1c and leptin, and
      an increase in serum adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS: CTRP9 levels are elevated in
      obesity and significantly decrease following weight loss surgery. Our data
      suggest that CTRP9 may play a compensatory role in obesity, similar to that of
      insulin, and is down-regulated following weight loss surgery.

PMID- 26982012
TI  - Anti-Integrins in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease: What Is Their Place?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of heterogeneous
      conditions, characterized by immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal
      tract. Traditionally, medical management of these disorders has been based on use
      of systemic immunosuppressives. The development of new drugs that selectively
      inhibit leukocyte trafficking to the gut has the potential to reduce inflammation
      and minimize systemic toxicities. KEY MESSAGES: In this article, we review the
      immunology of the gut and the mechanism of action these emerging therapies for
      IBD. Natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody to the alpha4 integrin, was approved for
      the treatment of multiple sclerosis and showed promise in Crohn's disease (CD),
      however it is encumbered by the risk of progressive multifocal
      leukoencephalopathy. Vedolizumab inhibits the alpha4beta7 integrin to induce
      clinical remission in patients with both ulcerative colitis and CD. Long-term
      safety data on this agent is not yet available. We also review agents in the
      pipeline. Finally, we discuss the positioning of therapies and potential
      alterations to therapeutic algorithms as new medications emerge. CONCLUSIONS: New
      therapies are emerging for IBD; however, long-term data are pending. The
      positioning of these agents in algorithms will evolve.

PMID- 26982013
TI  - Three-Dimensional Imaging Using Contrast-Enhanced and Three-Dimensional
      Ultrasound Techniques in the Ablative Zone Treated with a Multipolar
      Radiofrequency Ablation System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to generate three-dimensional (3D) images
      of the ablative zone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with
      multipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) using contrast-enhanced ultrasound
      (CEUS) and 3DUS and to investigate the shape of the ablative zone among several
      patterns after insertion of two or three electrodes. METHODS: This study included
      16 patients and 20 HCCs treated with a multipolar RFA system. All patients
      underwent CEUS within 14 days after multipolar RFA therapy. The 3D scanning
      functionality of the LOGIQ E9 US imaging system (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wis.,
      USA), which acquires volume data using a manually controlled sweep on perfusion
      defects of CEUS, was used in this study to acquire CEUS/3DUS data. The ablative
      area shapes resulting from three insertion patterns were investigated, using two
      electrodes (T20-T20 and T30-T30) or three electrodes (T30-T30-T30). RESULTS: The
      resulting shapes using two electrodes were globule-like (T20-T20) or elliptical
      (T30-T30). The shape using three electrodes (T30-T30-T30) was almost ellipse-like
      but slightly irregular. CONCLUSIONS: Generating 3D images using CEUS/3DUS
      techniques is simple and useful for evaluating the shape of the ablative area,
      and these images provide informational or educational tools for patients and
      medical staff associated with multipolar RFA procedures.

PMID- 26982014
TI  - Generalized Arterial Calcification in a Recipient Twin: Discordant Fetal
      Hemodynamics Result in Differing Phenotypes in Monozygotic Twins with an ABCC6
      Mutation.
AB  - Recipients of the twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) often develop cardiac
      manifestations, but arterial calcification has rarely been reported. Generalized
      arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is a genetic disorder with high
      infantile mortality. We report the case of a TTTS recipient with moderate
      cardiomyopathy at diagnosis who developed progressive calcification of the
      pulmonary arteries and aorta after successful in utero laser therapy.
      Postnatally, both twins were diagnosed with a heterozygous ABCC6 gene mutation
      associated with GACI. The recipient had progressive supravalvular pulmonary and
      aortic stenosis, was treated with bisphosphonate therapy, and successfully
      underwent cardiac surgery at 4 months of age. The donor twin with the same
      mutation remained phenotypically normal at 15 months of age. This case
      illustrates monozygotic fetuses with discordant in utero hemodynamics, with
      subsequent development of phenotypic differences. TTTS recipients with arterial
      calcifications should undergo genetic testing for GACI.

PMID- 26982015
TI  - Thermally Stable Siloxane Hybrid Matrix with Low Dielectric Loss for Copper-Clad
      Laminates for High-Frequency Applications.
AB  - We report vinyl-phenyl siloxane hybrid material (VPH) that can be used as a
      matrix for copper-clad laminates (CCLs) for high-frequency applications. The
      CCLs, with a VPH matrix fabricated via radical polymerization of resin blend
      consisting of sol-gel-derived linear vinyl oligosiloxane and bulky siloxane
      monomer, phenyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, achieve low dielectric constant (Dk)
      and dissipation factor (Df). The CCLs with the VPH matrix exhibit excellent
      dielectric performance (Dk = 2.75, Df = 0.0015 at 1 GHz) with stability in wide
      frequency range (1 MHz to 10 GHz) and at high temperature (up to 275  degrees C).
      Also, the VPH shows good flame resistance without any additives. These results
      suggest the potential of the VPH for use in high-speed IC boards. 

PMID- 26982017
TI  - Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Health Mobile Apps for Individuals
      with Type 2 Diabetes Living in Rural Communities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), living in rural communities,
      are not optimally managing the disease through their diet and physical
      activities. Mobile apps have the potential to facilitate self-management
      activities, such as providing educational content, assisting with problem
      solving, and self-regulation. The goal of this study was to understand the
      perceived barriers, benefits, and facilitators among rural adults with T2D
      regarding the use of free mobile apps available in Apple App store or Google Play
      store for diabetes management or behavior monitoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four
      focus groups were conducted with 18 participants with T2D who owned a smartphone
      (age: M = 54.4, SD = 12.7; 27.8% male). The participants were asked about their
      general app and health-specific app usage. They were then shown features of four
      apps related to diabetes self-management (Glucose Buddy, mySugr, MyFitnessPal,
      and MapMyWalk) and prompted to provide feedback. The focus groups were audio
      recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded using inductive thematic analysis.
      RESULTS: Four themes were identified as follows: (1) perceived barriers to use or
      continuous use, (2) perceived benefits of desired features of diabetes self
      management, (3) facilitators to motivate use, and (4) information sharing with
      family, friends, and health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide
      initial user perceptions regarding the feasibility and acceptability of mobile
      apps for T2D self-management. These findings regarding perceived barriers,
      benefits, and facilitators can guide the development and design of apps for
      individuals with T2D and help researchers determine best practices when
      developing apps for other chronic conditions.

PMID- 26982016
TI  - Enterococcus faecium ST17 from Coastal Marine Sediment Carrying Transferable
      Multidrug Resistance Plasmids.
AB  - The multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium 17i48, sequence type 17, from marine
      sediment, carrying erm(B), tet(M), and tet(L) genes, was analyzed for the
      presence of antibiotic resistance plasmids and for the ability to transfer
      resistance genes. The strain was found to harbor the replicon type (repA) of
      pRE25, pRUM, pHTbeta, and the axe-txe toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. In mating
      experiments, tet(M) and tet(L) were cotransferred with the repApRE25, whereas
      erm(B) was consistently cotransferred with the axe-txe and repApRUM, suggesting
      that tetracycline and erythromycin resistance genes were carried on different
      elements both transferable by conjugation, likely via pHTbeta-mediated
      mobilization. Hybridization and PCR mapping demonstrated that tet(M) and tet(L)
      were located in tandem on a pDO1-like plasmid that also carried the repApRE25,
      whereas erm(B) was carried by a pRUM-like plasmid. Sequencing of the latter
      plasmid showed a high nucleotide identity with pRUM and the presence of cat,
      aadE, sat4, and a complete aphA resistance genes. These findings show that the
      genetic features of E. faecium 17i48 are consistent with a hospital-adapted clone
      and suggest that antibiotic resistance may spread in the environment, also in the
      absence of antibiotic pressure, due to TA system plasmid maintenance.

PMID- 26982018
TI  - The expression and prognostic relevance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in tongue
      squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Conclusion IDO might be useful for predicting progression of primary tumor stage
      T2 and T3 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), but does not seem like a
      specific biomarker for diagnosing TSCC and predicting patient survival.
      Objectives Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is expressed in many cells and it
      catabolises the essential amino acid tryptophan to kynurenine. IDO acts as an
      immune modulator through suppression of T-cell immunity and other pathways. In
      cancer cells, IDO has been proposed to promote tumor progression by enabling
      malignant cells to escape from the immune system. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the association and prognostic relevance of IDO expression in TSCC.
      Method One hundred and eight retrospective tongue and lymph node specimens were
      stained immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibody anti-indoleamine 2,3
      dioxygenase. The relative abundance of IDO positive epithelial cells, IDO
      staining intensity, and inflammation were assessed semi-quantitatively with light
      microscopy. Results IDO was expressed stronger in tongue hyperplasia than in
      TSCC. However, IDO expression associated with poor survival in the sub-groups
      with primary tumor stage T2-T4 and in the sub-group with strong inflammation in
      tumors' invasive front. 

PMID- 26982020
TI  - Flagging fortunes invite reform.

PMID- 26982019
TI  - A network of knowledge.

PMID- 26982021
TI  - Eye on the prize, but grasp loosens.

PMID- 26982022
TI  - Swimming against the tide.

PMID- 26982023
TI  - Top teams to be reckoned with.

PMID- 26982024
TI  - A guide to the Nature Index.

PMID- 26982025
TI  - Nature Index 2016 Japan.

PMID- 26982026
TI  - Intramolecular Functionalization of Benzylic Methylene Adjacent to the Ring
      Nitrogen Atom in N-Aryltetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives.
AB  - Functionalization at the benzylic methylene group that is adjacent to the ring
      nitrogen atom in a series of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline compounds has been
      realized through intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. The
      presented transformation provided straightforward access to the formation of
      C(sp(3))-Y (Y = C, N or O) bond via I(III) reagent. 

PMID- 26982027
TI  - Risk Genes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Asia: What Are the Most Important
      Pathways Affected?
AB  - Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD), and IBD is now recognized as a complex disease that results from
      interplay between genetic and environment factors. To date, over 160 IBD
      susceptible loci have been identified using genome-wide association studies
      (GWAS). The risk genes identified in these studies are involved in various
      pathways in innate and adaptive immune response such as innate bacterial sensing,
      autophagy and interleukin-23 receptor/T-helper cell 17 pathway. It was initially
      believed that the genetic backgrounds of Asian IBD patients differ from that of
      other populations. Recent GWAS and meta-analysis found that there is pervasive
      sharing of risk loci between the East and West. Overlapping risk genes between
      populations of different ancestries indicate that pathways underlying the
      etiology of IBD may be common between Asia and other areas. However, the
      importance of individual pathways may be different in Asia from the Western
      countries. Identifying the most important pathways affected in Asian IBD patients
      may provide a better understanding of pathogenesis of IBD in Asia and improve the
      clinical management of the patients. 

PMID- 26982028
TI  - Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Micro Economic Activities in Rome Reveals Patterns of
      Mixed-Use Urban Evolution.
AB  - Understanding urban growth is one with understanding how society evolves to
      satisfy the needs of its individuals in sharing a common space and adapting to
      the territory. We propose here a quantitative analysis of the historical
      development of a large urban area by investigating the spatial distribution and
      the age of commercial activities in the whole city of Rome. We find that the age
      of activities of various categories presents a very interesting double
      exponential trend, with a transition possibly related to the long-term economical
      effects determined by the oil crisis of the Seventies. The diversification of
      commercial categories, studied through various measures of entropy, shows, among
      other interesting features, a saturating behaviour with the density of
      activities. Moreover, different couples of commercial categories exhibit over the
      years a tendency to attract in space. Our results demonstrate that the spatio
      temporal distribution of commercial activities can provide important insights on
      the urbanisation processes at work, revealing specific and non trivial socio
      economical dynamics, as the presence of crisis periods and expansion trends, and
      contributing to the characterisation of the maturity of urban areas. 

PMID- 26982029
TI  - Thyroid Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration: The Positive Influence of On
      Site Adequacy Assessment and Number of Needle Passes on Diagnostic Cytology Rate.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Nondiagnostic cytology is the most important limitation of thyroid
      ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA). This study aimed to identify
      factors associated with the adequacy rate of thyroid US-FNA. STUDY DESIGN:
      Consecutive thyroid US-FNAs (2006-2013) were retrospectively included. Attending
      radiologists, radiology fellows and radiology residents performed US-FNA, usually
      involving 2-3 needle passes. In more recent years, rapid on-site adequacy
      assessment (ROSAA) was performed to ensure specimen adequacy. US characteristics,
      procedural variations and cytology results were extracted from US and pathology
      reports and statistically evaluated. RESULTS: Diagnostic cytology was obtained in
      64.6% of 1,381 thyroid US-FNAs. Factors associated with nondiagnostic cytology
      were ROSAA (74.6% diagnostic cytology, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71), >=3 clinic
      visits for US-FNA of the same thyroid nodule (54.7%, OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.16-2.10)
      and increased intranodular vascularization (51.8%, OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.17-2.57).
      With ROSAA, an increasing number of needle passes demonstrated improving adequacy
      rates. The adequacy rate was not operator-dependent. CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrates that ROSAA improves the adequacy rate of thyroid US-FNA. Without
      ROSAA, we recommend performing at least 3 needle passes. Less diagnostic cytology
      is obtained from nodules with increased intranodular vascularization or from
      those undergoing US-FNA >=3 times.

PMID- 26982030
TI  - Monitoring Flower Visitation Networks and Interactions between Pairs of Bumble
      Bees in a Large Outdoor Flight Cage.
AB  - Pollinators, such as bees, often develop multi-location routes (traplines) to
      exploit subsets of flower patches within larger plant populations. How
      individuals establish such foraging areas in the presence of other foragers is
      poorly explored. Here we investigated the foraging patterns of pairs of bumble
      bees (Bombus terrestris) released sequentially into an 880m2 outdoor flight cage
      containing 10 feeding stations (artificial flowers). Using motion-sensitive video
      cameras mounted on flowers, we mapped the flower visitation networks of both
      foragers, quantified their interactions and compared their foraging success over
      an entire day. Overall, bees that were released first (residents) travelled 37%
      faster and collected 77% more nectar, thereby reaching a net energy intake rate
      64% higher than bees released second (newcomers). However, this prior-experience
      advantage decreased as newcomers became familiar with the spatial configuration
      of the flower array. When both bees visited the same flower simultaneously, the
      most frequent outcome was for the resident to evict the newcomer. On the rare
      occasions when newcomers evicted residents, the two bees increased their
      frequency of return visits to that flower. These competitive interactions led to
      a significant (if only partial) spatial overlap between the foraging patterns of
      pairs of bees. While newcomers may initially use social cues (such as olfactory
      footprints) to exploit flowers used by residents, either because such cues
      indicate higher rewards and/or safety from predation, residents may attempt to
      preserve their monopoly over familiar resources through exploitation and
      interference. We discuss how these interactions may favour spatial partitioning,
      thereby maximising the foraging efficiency of individuals and colonies. 

PMID- 26982031
TI  - Analysis of Gene Expression in 3D Spheroids Highlights a Survival Role for ASS1
      in Mesothelioma.
AB  - To investigate the underlying causes of chemoresistance in malignant pleural
      mesothelioma, we have studied mesothelioma cell lines as 3D spheroids, which
      acquire increased chemoresistance compared to 2D monolayers. We asked whether the
      gene expression of 3D spheroids would reveal mechanisms of resistance. To address
      this, we measured gene expression of three mesothelioma cell lines, M28, REN and
      VAMT, grown as 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. A total of 209 genes were
      differentially expressed in common by the three cell lines in 3D (138 upregulated
      and 71 downregulated), although a clear resistance pathway was not apparent. We
      then compared the list of 3D genes with two publicly available datasets of gene
      expression of 56 pleural mesotheliomas compared to normal tissues. Interestingly,
      only three genes were increased in both 3D spheroids and human tumors:
      argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), annexin A4 (ANXA4) and major vault protein
      (MVP); of these, ASS1 was the only consistently upregulated of the three genes by
      qRT-PCR. To measure ASS1 protein expression, we stained 2 sets of tissue
      microarrays (TMA): one with 88 pleural mesothelioma samples and the other with
      additional 88 pleural mesotheliomas paired with matched normal tissues. Of the
      176 tumors represented on the two TMAs, ASS1 was expressed in 87 (50%; staining
      greater than 1 up to 3+). For the paired samples, ASS1 expression in mesothelioma
      was significantly greater than in the normal tissues. Reduction of ASS1
      expression by siRNA significantly sensitized mesothelioma spheroids to the pro
      apoptotic effects of bortezomib and of cisplatin plus pemetrexed. Although
      mesothelioma is considered by many to be an ASS1-deficient tumor, our results
      show that ASS1 is elevated at the mRNA and protein levels in mesothelioma 3D
      spheroids and in human pleural mesotheliomas. We also have uncovered a survival
      role for ASS1, which may be amenable to targeting to undermine mesothelioma
      multicellular resistance. 

PMID- 26982033
TI  - 2016 - a second step.

PMID- 26982034
TI  - Ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury prevention: many options, no choices.

PMID- 26982032
TI  - MKS5 and CEP290 Dependent Assembly Pathway of the Ciliary Transition Zone.
AB  - Cilia have a unique diffusion barrier ("gate") within their proximal region,
      termed transition zone (TZ), that compartmentalises signalling proteins within
      the organelle. The TZ is known to harbour two functional modules/complexes
      (Meckel syndrome [MKS] and Nephronophthisis [NPHP]) defined by genetic
      interaction, interdependent protein localisation (hierarchy), and proteomic
      studies. However, the composition and molecular organisation of these modules and
      their links to human ciliary disease are not completely understood. Here, we
      reveal Caenorhabditis elegans CEP-290 (mammalian Cep290/Mks4/Nphp6 orthologue) as
      a central assembly factor that is specific for established MKS module components
      and depends on the coiled coil region of MKS-5 (Rpgrip1L/Rpgrip1) for TZ
      localisation. Consistent with a critical role in ciliary gate function, CEP-290
      prevents inappropriate entry of membrane-associated proteins into cilia and keeps
      ARL-13 (Arl13b) from leaking out of cilia via the TZ. We identify a novel MKS
      module component, TMEM-218 (Tmem218), that requires CEP-290 and other MKS module
      components for TZ localisation and functions together with the NPHP module to
      facilitate ciliogenesis. We show that TZ localisation of TMEM-138 (Tmem138) and
      CDKL-1 (Cdkl1/Cdkl2/Cdkl3/Cdlk4 related), not previously linked to a specific TZ
      module, similarly depends on CEP-290; surprisingly, neither TMEM-138 or CDKL-1
      exhibit interdependent localisation or genetic interactions with core MKS or NPHP
      module components, suggesting they are part of a distinct, CEP-290-associated
      module. Lastly, we show that families presenting with Oral-Facial-Digital
      syndrome type 6 (OFD6) have likely pathogenic mutations in CEP-290-dependent TZ
      proteins, namely Tmem17, Tmem138, and Tmem231. Notably, patient fibroblasts
      harbouring mutated Tmem17, a protein not yet ciliopathy-associated, display
      ciliogenesis defects. Together, our findings expand the repertoire of MKS module
      associated proteins--including the previously uncharacterised mammalian Tmem80-
      and suggest an MKS-5 and CEP-290-dependent assembly pathway for building a
      functional TZ.

PMID- 26982036
TI  - The Manchester Respiratory Activities of Daily Living questionnaire for use in
      COPD patients: translation into Portuguese and cross-cultural adaptation for use
      in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To translate The Manchester Respiratory Activities of Daily Living
      (MRADL) questionnaire into Portuguese and to create a version of the MRADL that
      is cross-culturally adapted for use in Brazil. METHODS: The English-language
      version of the MRADL was translated into Portuguese by two health care
      researchers who were fluent in English. A consensus version was obtained by other
      two researchers and a pulmonologist. That version was back-translated into
      English by another translator who was a native speaker of English and fluent in
      Portuguese. The cognitive debriefing process consisted in having 10 COPD patients
      complete the translated questionnaire in order to test its understandability,
      clarity, and acceptability in the target population. On the basis of the results,
      the final Portuguese-language version of the MRADL was produced and approved by
      the committee and one of the authors of the original questionnaire. RESULTS: The
      author of the MRADL questioned only a few items in the translated version, and
      some changes were made to the mobility and personal hygiene domains. Cultural
      differences regarding the domestic activities domain were found, in particular
      regarding the item "Do you have the ability to do a full clothes wash and hang
      them out to dry?", due to socioeconomic and climatic issues. The item "Do you
      take care of your garden?" was questioned by the participants who lived in
      apartments, being modified to "Do you take care of your garden or plants in your
      apartment?" CONCLUSIONS: The final Portuguese-language version of the MRADL
      adapted for use in Brazil was found to be easy to understand and easily applied.

PMID- 26982035
TI  - Effects of N-acetylcysteine and pentoxifylline on remote lung injury in a rat
      model of hind-limb ischemia/reperfusion injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and
      pentoxifylline in a model of remote organ injury after hind-limb
      ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats, the lungs being the remote organ system.
      METHODS: Thirty-five male Wistar rats were assigned to one of five conditions (n
      = 7/group), as follows: sham operation (control group); hind-limb ischemia,
      induced by clamping the left femoral artery, for 2 h, followed by 24 h of
      reperfusion (I/R group); and hind-limb ischemia, as above, followed by
      intraperitoneal injection (prior to reperfusion) of 150 mg/kg of NAC (I/R+NAC
      group), 40 mg/kg of pentoxifylline (I/R+PTX group), or both (I/R+NAC+PTX group).
      At the end of the trial, lung tissues were removed for histological analysis and
      assessment of oxidative stress. RESULTS: In comparison with the rats in the other
      groups, those in the I/R group showed lower superoxide dismutase activity and
      glutathione levels, together with higher malondialdehyde levels and lung injury
      scores (p < 0.05 for all). Interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration of the
      lungs was also markedly greater in the I/R group than in the other groups. In
      addition, I/R group rats showed various signs of interstitial edema and
      hemorrhage. In the I/R+NAC, I/R+PTX, and I/R+NAC+PTX groups, superoxide dismutase
      activity, glutathione levels, malondialdehyde levels, and lung injury scores were
      preserved (p < 0.05 for all). The differences between the administration of NAC
      or pentoxifylline alone and the administration of the two together were not
      significant for any of those parameters (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that NAC and pentoxifylline both protect lung tissue from the
      effects of skeletal muscle I/R. However, their combined use does not appear to
      increase the level of that protection.

PMID- 26982037
TI  - Restrictive pattern on spirometry: association with cardiovascular risk and level
      of physical activity in asymptomatic adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a restrictive pattern on spirometry is associated
      with the level of physical activity in daily life (PADL), as well as with
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, in asymptomatic adults. METHODS: A
      total of 374 participants (mean age, 41 +/- 14 years) underwent spirometry, which
      included the determination of FVC and FEV1. A restrictive pattern on spirometry
      was defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio > 0.7 and an FVC < 80% of the predicted value.
      After conducting demographic, anthropometric, and CVD risk assessments, we
      evaluated body composition, muscle function, and postural balance, as well as
      performing cardiopulmonary exercise testing and administering the six-minute walk
      test. The PADL was quantified with a triaxial accelerometer. RESULTS: A
      restrictive pattern on spirometry was found in 10% of the subjects. After
      multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for confounders (PADL and
      cardiorespiratory fitness), the following variables retained significance (OR;
      95% CI) as predictors of a restrictive pattern: systemic arterial hypertension
      (17.5; 1.65-184.8), smoking (11.6; 1.56-87.5), physical inactivity (8.1; 1.43
      46.4), larger center-of-pressure area while standing on a force platform (1.34;
      1.05-1.71); and dyslipidemia (1.89; 1.12-1.98). CONCLUSIONS: A restrictive
      pattern on spirometry appears to be common in asymptomatic adults. We found that
      CVD risk factors, especially systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, and
      physical inactivity, were directly associated with a restrictive pattern, even
      when the analysis was adjusted for PADL and cardiorespiratory fitness.
      Longitudinal studies are needed in order to improve understanding of the etiology
      of a restrictive pattern as well as to aid in the design of preventive
      strategies.

PMID- 26982038
TI  - Respiratory therapy: a problem among children and adolescents with cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of self-reported adherence to physical therapy
      recommendations in pediatric patients (6-17 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) and
      to ascertain whether the different levels of adherence correlate with pulmonary
      function, clinical aspects, and quality of life. METHODS: This was a cross
      sectional study. The patients and their legal guardians completed a questionnaire
      regarding adherence to physical therapy recommendations and a CF quality of life
      questionnaire. We collected demographic, spirometric, and bacteriological data,
      as well as recording the frequency of hospitalizations and Shwachman-Kulczycki (S
      K) clinical scores. RESULTS: We included 66 patients in the study. Mean age, FEV1
      (% of predicted), and BMI were 12.2 +/- 3.2 years, 90 +/- 24%, and 18.3 +/- 2.5
      kg/m2, respectively. The patients were divided into two groups: high-adherence (n
      = 39) and moderate/poor-adherence (n = 27). No statistically significant
      differences were found between the groups regarding age, gender, family income,
      and total S-K clinical scores. There were statistically significant differences
      between the high-adherence group and the moderate/poor-adherence group, the
      latter showing lower scores for the "radiological findings" domain of the S-K
      clinical score (p = 0.030), a greater number of hospitalizations (p = 0.004), and
      more days of hospitalization in the last year (p = 0.012), as well as lower
      scores for the quality of life questionnaire domains emotion (p = 0.002),
      physical (p = 0.019), treatment burden (p < 0.001), health perceptions (p =
      0.036), social (p = 0.039), and respiratory (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Low self
      reported adherence to physical therapy recommendations was associated with worse
      radiological findings, a greater number of hospitalizations, and decreased
      quality of life in pediatric CF patients.

PMID- 26982039
TI  - Alternative diagnoses based on CT angiography of the chest in patients with
      suspected pulmonary thromboembolism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of alternative diagnoses based on chest CT
      angiography (CTA) in patients with suspected pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) who
      tested negative for PTE, as well as whether those alternative diagnoses had been
      considered prior to the CTA. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective
      study involving 191 adult patients undergoing CTA for suspected PTE between
      September of 2009 and May of 2012. Chest X-rays and CTAs were reviewed to
      determine whether the findings suggested an alternative diagnosis in the cases
      not diagnosed as PTE. Data on symptoms, risk factors, comorbidities, length of
      hospital stay, and mortality were collected. RESULTS: On the basis of the CTA
      findings, PTE was diagnosed in 47 cases (24.6%). Among the 144 patients not
      diagnosed with PTE via CTA, the findings were abnormal in 120 (83.3%). Such
      findings were consistent with an alternative diagnosis that explained the
      symptoms in 75 patients (39.3%). Among those 75 cases, there were only 39 (20.4%)
      in which the same alterations had not been previously detected on chest X-rays.
      The most common alternative diagnosis, made solely on the basis of the CTA
      findings, was pneumonia (identified in 20 cases). Symptoms, risk factors,
      comorbidities, and the in-hospital mortality rate did not differ significantly
      between the patients with and without PTE. However, the median hospital stay was
      significantly longer in the patients with PTE than in those without (18.0 and 9.5
      days, respectively; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that chest CTA
      is useful in cases of suspected PTE, because it can confirm the diagnosis and
      reveal findings consistent with an alternative diagnosis in a significant number
      of patients.

PMID- 26982040
TI  - The Program for the Prevention of Childhood Asthma: a specialized care program
      for children with wheezing or asthma in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present the Programa Infantil de Prevencao de Asma (PIPA, Program
      for the Prevention of Childhood Asthma) and the characteristics of the patients
      followed in this program. METHODS: Implemented in the city of Uruguaiana, Brazil,
      PIPA has as its target population children and adolescents (< 18 years of age)
      with asthma or suspected asthma. Patients either enroll in PIPA spontaneously or
      are referred by pediatricians or primary care physicians. In this retrospective
      study, we use a standardized protocol to assess PIPA patients. RESULTS: By the
      end of the study period, 646 patients were being followed. Of those, 298 (46.1%)
      were <= 3 years of age. In this group of patients, recurrent wheezing was
      identified in 60.7%, and the first episode of wheezing occurred in the first six
      months of life in 86.0%. Severe wheezing was identified in 29.5% and 45.4% in the
      children <= 3 and > 3 years of age, respectively. Physician-diagnosed asthma was
      reported in 26.5% and 82.2%, respectively. In the sample as a whole, the
      prevalence of passive smoking was high (> 36%), occurring during pregnancy in >
      15%; > 40% of the patients had been born by cesarean section; and 30% had a
      mother who had had < 8 years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: A prevention program for
      children with asthma is an effective strategy for controlling the disease.
      Knowledge of local epidemiological and environmental characteristics is essential
      to reducing the prevalence of the severe forms of asthma, to improving the use of
      health resources, and to preventing pulmonary changes that could lead to COPD in
      adulthood.

PMID- 26982041
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea related to rapid-eye-movement or non-rapid-eye-movement
      sleep: comparison of demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic features.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are significant differences between rapid
      eye-movement (REM)-related obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non-REM (NREM)
      related OSA, in terms of the demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic
      characteristics of the subjects. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 110
      patients (75 males) with either REM-related OSA (n = 58) or NREM-related OSA (n =
      52). To define REM-related and NREM-related OSA, we used a previously established
      criterion, based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): AHI-REM/AHI-NREM ratio > 2
      and <= 2, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with REM-related
      OSA was 49.5 +/- 11.9 years, whereas that of the patients with NREM-related OSA
      was 49.2 +/- 12.6 years. The overall mean AHI (all sleep stages combined) was
      significantly higher in the NREM-related OSA group than in the REM-related OSA
      group (38.6 +/- 28.2 vs. 14.8 +/- 9.2; p < 0.05). The mean AHI in the supine
      position (s-AHI) was also significantly higher in the NREM-related OSA group than
      in the REM-related OSA group (49.0 +/- 34.3 vs. 18.8 +/- 14.9; p < 0.0001). In
      the NREM-related OSA group, the s-AHI was higher among the men. In both groups,
      oxygen desaturation was more severe among the women. We found that REM-related
      OSA was more common among the patients with mild-to-moderate OSA, whereas NREM
      related OSA was more common among those with severe OSA. CONCLUSIONS: We found
      that the severity of NREM-related OSA was associated mainly with s-AHI. Our
      findings suggest that the s-AHI has a more significant effect on the severity of
      OSA than does the AHI-REM. When interpreting OSA severity and choosing among
      treatment modalities, physicians should take into consideration the sleep stage
      and the sleep posture.

PMID- 26982042
TI  - Cervical computed tomography in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: influence
      of head elevation on the assessment of upper airway volume.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has a high prevalence and
      carries significant cardiovascular risks. It is important to study new
      therapeutic approaches to this disease. Positional therapy might be beneficial in
      reducing the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Imaging methods have been employed in
      order to facilitate the evaluation of the airways of OSAS patients and can be
      used in order to determine the effectiveness of certain treatments. This study
      was aimed at determining the influence that upper airway volume, as measured by
      cervical CT, has in patients diagnosed with OSAS. METHODS: This was a
      quantitative, observational, cross-sectional study. We evaluated 10 patients who
      had been diagnosed with OSAS by polysomnography and on the basis of the clinical
      evaluation. All of the patients underwent conventional cervical CT in the supine
      position. Scans were obtained with the head of the patient in two positions
      (neutral and at a 44 degrees  upward inclination), and the upper airway volume
      was compared between the two. RESULTS: The mean age, BMI, and neck circumference
      were 48.9 +/- 14.4 years, 30.5 +/- 3.5 kg/m2, and 40.3 +/- 3.4 cm, respectively.
      The mean AHI was 13.7 +/- 10.6 events/h (range, 6.0-41.6 events/h). The OSAS was
      classified as mild, moderate, and severe in 70%, 20%, and 10% of the patients,
      respectively. The mean upper airway volume was 7.9 cm3 greater when the head was
      at a 44 degrees  upward inclination than when it was in the neutral position, and
      that difference (17.5 +/- 11.0%) was statistically significant (p = 0.002).
      CONCLUSIONS: Elevating the head appears to result in a significant increase in
      the caliber of the upper airways in OSAS patients.

PMID- 26982044
TI  - Angiosarcoma of the lung.
AB  - Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant vascular tumor. Pulmonary involvement is usually
      attributable to metastasis from other primary sites, primary pulmonary
      angiosarcoma therefore being quite uncommon. We report a case of angiosarcoma
      with pulmonary involvement, probably primary to the lung, which had gone
      untreated for more than two years. We describe this rare neoplasm and its growth,
      as well as the extensive local invasion and hematogenous metastasis at
      presentation. We also discuss its poor prognosis. 

PMID- 26982045
TI  - Tumor seeding along the needle track after percutaneous lung biopsy.

PMID- 26982043
TI  - Psychological distress related to smoking cessation in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Among all causes of preventable deaths, smoking is responsible for the greatest
      number of deaths worldwide and predisposes to fatal, noncommunicable diseases,
      especially cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle changes are effective in the
      treatment of patients with smoking-related diseases and assist in the prevention
      of premature mortality. Our objective was to investigate the available scientific
      evidence regarding the psychological distress related to smoking cessation in
      patients who have had acute myocardial infarction. To that end, we conducted an
      integrative review of the literature in order to summarize relevant studies on
      this topic. The selected databases were Scopus, PubMed Central, Institute for
      Scientific Information Web of Science (Core Collection), ScienceDirect, EMBASE,
      SciELO, LILACS e PsycINFO. On the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria
      adopted for this study, 14 articles were selected for analysis. Those studies
      showed that the prevalence of psychological distress is higher among smokers than
      among nonsmokers, and distress-related symptoms are much more common in smokers
      with acute myocardial infarction than in those without. Smoking cessation depends
      on the active participation of the smoker, whose major motivation is the
      underlying disease. Most studies have shown that there is a need to create
      treatment subgroups as a means of improving the treatment provided. This review
      article expands the knowledge regarding smoking cessation and shows the need to
      invest in future research that investigates subgroups of smokers diagnosed with
      the major smoking-related comorbidities, such as acute myocardial infarction, in
      order to develop specific interventions and psychological support strategies. 

PMID- 26982046
TI  - Tracheal lobular capillary hemangioma treated with laser photocoagulation.

PMID- 26982047
TI  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis can be a transient diagnosis.

PMID- 26982049
TI  - What is survival analysis, and when should I use it?

PMID- 26982050
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 26982051
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 26982048
TI  - Crazy-paving pattern.

PMID- 26982052
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 26982053
TI  - IBD and Environment: Are There Differences between East and West.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Crohn's disease (CD) and
      ulcerative colitis (UC) occur worldwide with differences in epidemiology,
      etiology and phenotype between regions. Breakthroughs have occurred in IBD
      genetics, although the genes that predispose to IBD differ between racial groups.
      What do we know about the 'envirotype' of those who develop IBD, and are there
      differences between the East and the West? KEY MESSAGES: The strongest IBD risk
      factor identified to date is a family history of IBD. Whilst likely representing
      an underlying genetic predisposition, it may also reflect shared environmental
      factors amongst family members. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of
      developing CD, whilst smoking is less common in those who develop UC. Having
      ceased smoking increases the risk of developing UC subsequently. Unlike the West,
      cigarette smoking appears to play a lesser role in the East. Other environmental
      risk factors are inconsistent. Studies of migrant populations moving from regions
      of low to high IBD incidence point to early life as a key time for environmental
      triggers. In these populations, it is the second generation (those born in the
      high incidence region) with higher IBD incidence rates than their parents. Early
      life environmental exposures have been studied exhaustively but, except for
      having been breastfed, few putative early childhood environmental risk factors
      have been shown consistently to alter the risk of developing IBD. CONCLUSIONS:
      The identification of IBD environmental risk factors remains elusive in both the
      East and West. In the West, case-control studies are unlikely to move the field
      forward without multi-level (phenotype, genotype, diet history, 'envirotype' and
      microbiome) data, ideally collected prospectively. Cohort studies (such as the
      Genes, Environment, Microbiome project) may address some of these issues.
      However, in the East where IBD incidence is still increasing, well-designed
      comprehensive case-control studies may identify differences that give an insight
      into the 'envirotype' driving IBD incidence.

PMID- 26982054
TI  - Compatible Models of Carbon Content of Individual Trees on a Cunninghamia
      lanceolata Plantation in Fujian Province, China.
AB  - We tried to establish compatible carbon content models of individual trees for a
      Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation from Fujian
      province in southeast China. In general, compatibility requires that the sum of
      components equal the whole tree, meaning that the sum of percentages calculated
      from component equations should equal 100%. Thus, we used multiple approaches to
      simulate carbon content in boles, branches, foliage leaves, roots and the whole
      individual trees. The approaches included (i) single optimal fitting (SOF), (ii)
      nonlinear adjustment in proportion (NAP) and (iii) nonlinear seemingly unrelated
      regression (NSUR). These approaches were used in combination with variables
      relating diameter at breast height (D) and tree height (H), such as D, D2H, DH
      and D&H (where D&H means two separate variables in bivariate model). Power,
      exponential and polynomial functions were tested as well as a new general
      function model was proposed by this study. Weighted least squares regression
      models were employed to eliminate heteroscedasticity. Model performances were
      evaluated by using mean residuals, residual variance, mean square error and the
      determination coefficient. The results indicated that models with two dimensional
      variables (DH, D2H and D&H) were always superior to those with a single variable
      (D). The D&H variable combination was found to be the most useful predictor. Of
      all the approaches, SOF could establish a single optimal model separately, but
      there were deviations in estimating results due to existing incompatibilities,
      while NAP and NSUR could ensure predictions compatibility. Simultaneously, we
      found that the new general model had better accuracy than others. In conclusion,
      we recommend that the new general model be used to estimate carbon content for
      Chinese fir and considered for other vegetation types as well. 

PMID- 26982055
TI  - Facile Preparation of Nanostructured, Superhydrophobic Filter Paper for Efficient
      Water/Oil Separation.
AB  - In this paper, we present a facile and cost-effective method to obtain
      superhydrophobic filter paper and demonstrate its application for efficient
      water/oil separation. By coupling structurally distinct organosilane precursors
      (e.g., octadecyltrichlorosilane and methyltrichlorosilane) to paper fibers under
      controlled reaction conditions, we have formulated a simple, inexpensive, and
      efficient protocol to achieve a desirable superhydrophobic and superoleophilic
      surface on conventional filter paper. The silanized superhydrophobic filter paper
      showed nanostructured morphology and demonstrated great separation efficiency (up
      to 99.4%) for water/oil mixtures. The modified filter paper is stable in both
      aqueous solutions and organic solvents, and can be reused multiple times. The
      present study shows that our newly developed binary silanization is a promising
      method of modifying cellulose-based materials for practical applications, in
      particular the treatment of industrial waste water and ecosystem recovery. 

PMID- 26982056
TI  - The Ecology of Defensive Medicine and Malpractice Litigation.
AB  - Using an evolutionary game, we show that patients and physicians can interact
      with predator-prey relationships. Litigious patients who seek compensation are
      the 'predators' and physicians are their 'prey'. Physicians can adapt to the risk
      of being sued by performing defensive medicine. We find that improvements in
      clinical safety can increase the share of litigious patients and leave unchanged
      the share of physicians who perform defensive medicine. This paradoxical result
      is consistent with increasing trends in malpractice claims in spite of safety
      improvements, observed for example in empirical studies on anesthesiologists.
      Perfect cooperation with neither defensive nor litigious behaviors can be the
      Pareto-optimal solution when it is not a Nash equilibrium, so maximizing social
      welfare may require government intervention. 

PMID- 26982057
TI  - [Results of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment in the Slovak Republic
      in the years from 1993 to 2012].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Analysis and epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
      treatment in the Slovak Republic in the years 1993-2012. DESIGN: Retrospective
      epidemiological national study. SETTING: Centre for gestational trophoblastic
      disease Ministry of Health the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis results of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia treatment
      according to prognostic scoring and staging system FIGO/WHO in Centre for
      gestational trophoblastic disease Ministry of Health the Slovak Republic
      Bratislava in the years 1993-2012. RESULTS: The treatment of gestational
      trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) in the Czech and Slovak Republics started in 1955
      and lasted till 1993. After the split of the former Czechoslovakia the Centre for
      gestational trophoblastic disease was created in Slovakia. 75 patients were
      treated in this Centre in the years 1993-2012. According to prognostic scoring
      and staging system FIGO/WHO 56 (75%) patients had low-risk gestational
      trophoblastic neoplasia and 19 (25%) of patients had high-risk gestational
      trophoblastic neoplasia. There were 41 patients (55%), 2 (3%), 24 (32%) and 8
      (11%) in stage I., II., III. and IV. respectively. Total curability rate was
      94.7% and mortality rate was 5.3%. Curability rate 100% was achieved in stage I &
      II and all placental site trophoblastic tumours (PSTT), 98.3% in stage III and
      50% stage IV. In the years 1993-2012 the incidence of choriocarcinoma was one in
      76 273 pregnancies and one in 53 203 deliveries. The incidence of other
      gestational trophoblastic neoplasia in the same years was for PSTT one in 533 753
      pregnancies and one in 372 422 deliveries, invasive mole one in 145 611
      pregnancies and one in 101 569 deliveries, and persistent GTN one in 40 043
      pregnancies and one in 27 932 deliveries. 225-241 patients were treated in the
      same period of time in the Czech Republic with curability rate 98.2-98. 3%.
      CONCLUSION: Early detection and treatment in the centre for trophoblastic disease
      are crucial points in the manage-ment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia,
      because the effective therapy of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with high
      curability rate is available.

PMID- 26982058
TI  - [Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to introduce the issue of post-traumatic stress disorder
      after childbirth to health care professionals. The text focuses on the diagnostic
      definition of post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth, symptoms,
      physiological background, prevalence, course, risk factors and consequences of
      post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth for a woman, her child and her
      partner. Options for interventions and therapy are outlined as well. 

PMID- 26982059
TI  - [Hematocervix as a complication after thermal balloon ablation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Case report of the hematocervix following thermal balloon ablation.
      DESIGN: Case report. SETTINGS: Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, Royal
      United Hospital in Bath, UK. METHODOLOGY: Case report of the 46-year-old patient
      who has been treated in our department due to the hematocervix following thermal
      balloon ablation. We discuss the etiopathogenesis in the discussion section.
      CONCLUSION: A cyclical bleeding from the area of the cervix or hematocervix is a
      rare complication of subtotal hysterectomy. Our case report describes the first
      reported case following thermal balloon ablation.

PMID- 26982060
TI  - [Level of AMH as a predictor of the result of ovarian stimulation].
AB  - AMH levels are commonly measured in fertility clinics to assess ovarian reserve
      and give an indication of female fertility potential. AMH levels are useful in
      deciding on stimulation protocols for IVF cycles. High AMH levels are useful to
      confirm a diagnosis of polycystic ovaries. AMH is useful to predict ovarian
      response to stimulation. Currently AMH levels can not be used to predict a
      couples ability to conceive naturally. 

PMID- 26982061
TI  - [Intracranial haemorrhage due to decompensationof hypertension in severe
      preeclampsia with the needof a hysterectomy - case report].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present a case of intracranial haemorrhage due to decompensated
      hypertension in case of severe preeclampsia which resulted in acute caesarean
      section followed by hysterectomy. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Department of
      Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Kladno. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a
      36-year old multiparous woman in the 35th week of pregnancy with no prenatal
      care. According to her medical history, she had a caesarean section three years
      earlier and six previous spontaneous deliveries without complications (including
      spontaneously delivered twins). She underwent three abortions and one spontaneous
      miscarriage. This patient arrived to our department in serious condition with
      critical values of blood pressure, strong headache, impaired vision, dysarthria
      and right hemiparesis. In cooperationwith a neurologist we performed an acute
      native brain CT which revealed an acute intracranial haemorrhage. According to
      the neurosurgeon, this finding was not suitable for neurosurgical intervention.
      The patient was indicated for acute caesarean section. Due to heavy bleeding
      during the caesarean section, a hysterectomy was performed. CONCLUSION: In
      presenting this serious case of preeclampsia, the authors want to emphasize the
      need for early diagnosis, interdisciplinary cooperation, sufficient treatment and
      knowledge of surgical interventions such as abdominal hysterectomy, as a final
      solution for a life-threatening perinatal haemorrhage.

PMID- 26982062
TI  - [Functional morphology of recently discovered telocytes inside the female
      reproductive system].
AB  - Discovery of telocytes has become an important and key challenge in past few
      years. These cells are interstitial cells extending very long cytoplasmic
      processes named telopodes, by which they create functional networks in the
      interstitium of different organs. Telocytes are considered to be connective
      tissue elements that create contacts among each other, but they also function as
      intercellular structures, functionally connected with cells of the immune system,
      neurons and smooth muscle cells. Telocytes can be found also in the different
      parts of female reproductive system with functions and purpose, which is
      summarized in our overview. Telocytes regulate for example peristaltic movements
      in fallopian tubes. The decrease of their number (due to inflammatory disease or
      endometriosis) causes impairment in transport through fallopian tubes which may
      result in sterility or tubal gravidity. In uterus they regulate contraction of
      myometrial smooth muscle (blood expulsion in menstrual phase, childbirth) as well
      as they contribute in immunological care during embryo implantation. Telocytes
      probably control also the involution of uterus after delivery. Their function in
      vagina has not been yet clearly defined; they probably take part in slow muscle
      contraction movement during sexual intercourse. In mammary glands some scientists
      suppose their function in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis, that is
      why, they may play a role in carcinogenesis. In placenta they probably monitor
      and regulate flow of blood in vessels of chorionic villi and they may be
      responsible also for etiopathogenesis of pre-eclampsy. All these mentioned
      functions of telocytes are only in the level of hypothesis and have been
      published recently. New research and studies will try to answer the questions
      whether telocytes play a key role in these processes. Our review we completed
      with some original microphotographs of telocytes in different organs of female
      reproductive system. 

PMID- 26982063
TI  - [Electrical cardioversion in pregnancy - case report].
AB  - OBJECT: Describing the course of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in a patient
      with supraventricular tachycardia treated by electrical cardioversion. DESIGN:
      Case report. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2nd Faculty of
      Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital. CASE
      REPORT: We report a case of electrical cardioversion performed during pregnancy.
      Young patient with a history of surgical correction of congenital heart defect
      (double outlet right ventricle, aortic arch hypoplasia and coarctation) with
      implanted pacemaker for dysfunction of both SA and AV node was diagnosed with
      persistent atrial flutter leading to incipient heart failure during pregnancy. At
      30 weeks of pregnancy, the electrical cardioversion was performed under
      continuous fetal monitoring. Rest of the pregnancy was uneventful, delivery via
      caesarean section with obstetric indication (breech presentation, premature
      rupture of membranes at 37+3/7 weeks) without any complications.

PMID- 26982064
TI  - [The experiences, attitudes and knowledge of medical personnel towards women with
      intellectual disabilities being mothers].
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study was to analyse experiences, attitudes and knowledge of
      Czech medical personnel towards women with intellectual disabilities being
      pregnant and/or mothers. TYPE OF STUDY: Survey research. SETTING: Charles
      University, Faculty of Education, Department of Special Education, Prague.
      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: There were 175 medical personnel who completed a survey.
      The statistical analysis was conducted in a statistical program SPSS21. The data
      was analysed using the factor analysis approach. FINDINGS: The majority of
      respondents were medical personnel with decades of practice in their fields,
      however with minimal experiences with women with intellectual disabilities who
      are pregnant and/or mothers. The respondents had a relatively low level of
      knowledge about services available to these women. The participating medical
      personnel identified the diverse needs of women with intellectual disabilities
      during antenatal period, childbirth and in a postnatal period, however they also
      believed that these needs are not addressed accordingly. The majority of
      participants believed that women with intellectual disabilities can be successful
      mothers and should be allowed to have children in their custody. However more
      than half of the medical personnel admitted the possibility of abortion, and two
      thirds of the participants would not allow women with intellectual disabilities
      to make a decision about how many children they wish to have. CONCLUSION:
      Information and development of practical competencies in providing complex and
      individually oriented support to women with intellectual disabilities needs to be
      included in systemic education of medical personnel.

PMID- 26982065
TI  - [Leiomyomas of the uterine body: Molecular-genetical aspects of formation and
      development].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An overview of the molecular-genetical aspects of formation and
      development of leiomyomas of the uterine body. DESIGN: A review article. SETTING:
      Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin,
      Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic. METHODS: An analysis of the
      literature using database search engines PubMed, Blast, Science direct and Web of
      Knowledge focused on tumorigenesis of leiomyoma. RESULTS: Benign uterine
      leiomyomas, also known as myoma, fibroids or fibromyomas are the most common
      tumours located in the pelvic area of women. The prevalence of this disease
      reaches, on the global scale, values higher than 50%, depending on the ethnicity
      even up to 80% of women of reproductive age. Despite such a high value, the
      origin of leiomyomas is still unknown. The main reason is the heterogeneity of
      the disease, and a number of factors that influence their development. In the
      case of leiomyomata occurrence, it has so far been observed several genome
      rearrangements and a number of aberrantly expressed genes. There are several
      reasons for overexpression or underexpression of a particular gene, from a point
      mutation in the exon region of the gene, promoter or other regulatory sequences
      to epigenetic modifications, most commonly the nature of methylation, or more
      precisely inadequate regulation short molecule miRNA. Many of these genes belong
      to the group of tumour-suppressor genes, or more precisely to genes, which can
      affect the cell cycle in a different way and thus can affect even the cell
      division. The aim of this work is to describe the various factors influencing the
      formation of leiomyomas and their impact on tumorigenesis.

PMID- 26982067
TI  - [Laparoscopic abdominal cerclage in a patient with recurrent miscarriages
      abortions - case report].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The use of laparoscopic abdominal cerclage in a patient with habitual
      miscarriage. DESIGN: Case report and literature review. SETTING: Department of
      Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine,
      Palacky University Olomouc, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital
      Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University Olomouc, Institute of Medical
      Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University
      Olomouc. CASE REPORT: The patient is a 37 years old woman with a history of
      recurrent miscarriages. She had one labor at term and six pregnancies that were
      lost in the second trimester despite McDonald cerclages. Abdominal cerclages are
      necessary when the standard transvaginal cerclages fail or anatomical
      abnormalities preclude the vaginal placement. The disadvantage of the
      transabdominal approach is that it requires at least 2 laparotomies with
      significant morbidity and hospital stays. We discuss a case of abdominal cerclage
      performed laparoscopically. A 5 mm Mersilene tape was placed laparoscopically at
      the level of the internal os as an interval procedure. We feel it offers less
      morbidity and in the proper hands eliminates or significantly shortens hospital
      stays. Subsequent pregnancy was terminated at 28 weeks by caesarean section after
      premature rupture of membranes. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic abdominal cerclage seems
      to be relatively effective option for the prevention of habitual abortion
      patients, which fail conventional surgical procedures in dealing with cervical
      incompetence. The success of subsequent full term pregnancy is given as 70%.

PMID- 26982066
TI  - Comparative analysis of perinatal outcomes among different typesof deliveries in
      term pregnancies in a reference maternity of Southeast Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the perinatal outcomes of women undergoing an elective
      cesarean section (CS) with those who had an emergency CS during the labor.
      DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Hospital Estadual Azevedo Lima
      (HEAL), Niteroi, Brazil. METHODS: We analysed elective CS, emergent CS and
      vaginal delivery as dependent variables and neonatal data (admission in intensive
      care unit) as independent variables. Using the Statement of Live Birth during a
      three-month period, all patients who had their children after 38 complete weeks
      of pregnancy were selected. chi2 test and Student t-tests were applied to compare
      the groups. RESULTS: When patients who had vaginal delivery were compared with
      those who had an elective CS, we observed 219 normal deliveries with 1.8% of
      hospitalizations in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), and 88 patients of
      elective CS with 2.3% of admissions in closed units (p = 0.401). We had a sample
      of 108 newborns delivered by CS during the labor with 8.3% rate of
      hospitalization in NICU versus 1.8% of 219 newborns delivered vaginally (p =
      0.005). CONCLUSION: The worst perinatal outcomes occurred when emergency CS were
      performed.

PMID- 26982068
TI  - [Ectopic pregnancy in the ultrasound. Case reports. Retrospektive analysis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ultrasound findings of ectopic pregnancy in the group
      of women examined in our department transvaginal ultrasound. Analysis of ectopic
      pregnancy cases covers the period from 1. 8. 2012. to 31. 9. 2015. We introduced
      several case studies. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Department of
      Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Jindrichuv Hradec. METHODS: The methodology
      is based on a retrospective evaluation of the history, laboratory and ultrasound
      findings in a group of 30 patients with ectopic pregnancy. RESULTS: At the first
      visit were diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound 82% ectopic pregnancy. A
      patological adnexal mass was visualised in 84% cases. A negative ultrasound
      finding was observed in 16% cases. The results of our group of patients are more
      or less comparable with other studies. We recorded the same risk factors for
      ectopic pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Most ectopic pregnancies can be diagnosed at the
      first examination before starting treatment and treated at an early stage.
      Transvaginal ultrasound is the "gold standard" diagnostic tool of choice in the
      diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in combination with the dynamics of serum levels
      beta-hCG..

PMID- 26982069
TI  - [Giant uterine fibroid - case report].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to present a patient with a giant uterine
      fibroid who underwent surgery in our department. Uniqueness of this case is the
      extent of uterine fibroid. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Department of Obstetrics
      and Gynaecology, Masaryk Municipal Hospital Jilemnice. CASE REPORT: We report a
      case of 42 years old female patient with a giant myoma who underwent surgery in
      our department. Fibroid weihgt was more than 15 kg. CONCLUSION: Fibroids gigantic
      proportions are extreme and rare benign tumor variant of normal uterine muscle.
      Their formation is possible inertia or disimulation patients and their treatment
      is mostly surgical.

PMID- 26982070
TI  - [Transdermal estrogen spray in therapy of postmenopausal syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To show possibilities of new application method of estrogen
      replacement therapy - mettered-dose transdermal spray. DESIGN: Review
      articleResults: Transdermal spray contains 1.53 mg estradiol in one dose. It
      gives possibility of individual aproach in estradiol application 1, 2 or 3 doses
      daily. About 85% of patients showed the significant reduction of hot flushes.
      Perfect safety profile is predicted especially in cardiovascular point.

PMID- 26982071
TI  - "Pandemic Public Health Paradox": Time Series Analysis of the 2009/10 Influenza A
      / H1N1 Epidemiology, Media Attention, Risk Perception and Public Reactions in 5
      European Countries.
AB  - In 2009, influenza A H1N1 caused the first pandemic of the 21st century. Although
      a vaccine against this influenza subtype was offered before or at the onset of
      the second epidemic wave that caused most of the fatal cases in Europe,
      vaccination rates for that season were lower than expected. We propose that the
      contradiction between high risk of infection and low use of available prevention
      measures represents a pandemic public health paradox. This research aims for a
      better understanding of this paradox by exploring the time-dependent interplay
      among changing influenza epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control
      measures, risk perception and public health behavior among five European
      countries (Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Spain and the UK). Findings suggest
      that asynchronicity between media curves and epidemiological curves may
      potentially explain the pandemic public health paradox; media attention for
      influenza A H1N1 in Europe declined long before the epidemic reached its peak,
      and public risk perceptions and behaviors may have followed media logic, rather
      than epidemiological logic. 

PMID- 26982072
TI  - Enterovirus A71 Genogroups C and E in Children with Acute Flaccid Paralysis, West
      Africa.

PMID- 26982073
TI  - The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Modifies
      Exercise-Induced Muscle Metabolism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A silencer region (I-allele) within intron 16 of the gene for the
      regulator of vascular perfusion, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is
      implicated in phenotypic variation of aerobic fitness and the development of type
      II diabetes. We hypothesised that the reportedly lower aerobic performance in non
      carriers compared to carriers of the ACE I-allele, i.e. ACE-DD vs. ACE-ID/ACE-II
      genotype, is associated with alterations in activity-induced glucose metabolism
      and capillarisation in exercise muscle. METHODS: Fifty-three, not-specifically
      trained Caucasian men carried out a one-legged bout of cycling exercise to
      exhaustion and/or participated in a marathon, the aim being to identify and
      validate genotype effects on exercise metabolism. Respiratory exchange ratio
      (RER), serum glucose and lipid concentration, glycogen, and metabolite content in
      vastus lateralis muscle based on ultra-performance lipid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (UPLC-MS), were assessed before and after the cycling exercise in
      thirty-three participants. Serum metabolites were measured in forty subjects that
      completed the marathon. Genotype effects were assessed post-hoc. RESULTS: Cycling
      exercise reduced muscle glycogen concentration and this tended to be affected by
      the ACE I-allele (p = 0.09). The ACE-DD genotype showed a lower maximal RER and a
      selective increase in serum glucose concentration after exercise compared to ACE
      ID and ACE-II genotypes (+24% vs. +2% and -3%, respectively). Major metabolites
      of mitochondrial metabolism (i.e. phosphoenol pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate, L-Aspartic acid, glutathione) were selectively affected
      in vastus lateralis muscle by exercise in the ACE-DD genotype. Capillary-to-fibre
      ratio was 24%-lower in the ACE-DD genotype. Individuals with the ACE-DD genotype
      demonstrated an abnormal increase in serum glucose to 7.7 mM after the marathon.
      CONCLUSION: The observations imply a genetically modulated role for ACE in
      control of glucose import and oxidation in working skeletal muscle. ACE-DD
      genotypes thereby transit into a pre-diabetic state with exhaustive exercise,
      which relates to a lowered muscle capillarisation, and deregulation of
      mitochondria-associated metabolism.

PMID- 26982074
TI  - Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection, Guangdong Province, China, 2012.
AB  - We used active and passive surveillance to estimate nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS)
      infection during 2012 in Guangdong Province, China. Under passive surveillance,
      for every reported NTS infection, an estimated 414.8 cases occurred annually.
      Under active surveillance, an estimated 35.8 cases occurred. Active surveillance
      provides remarkable advantages in incidence estimate. 

PMID- 26982075
TI  - Two natural compounds - a benzofuran and a phenylpropane - from Artemisia
      dracunculus.
AB  - The structure elucidation of three metabolites herniarin (7-methoxy-2H-chromen-2
      one, 1), phytoalexin (5-acetyl-6-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzofuran,
      2), and prestragol (3-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-prop-1,2-diol, 3) isolated from
      Artemisia dracunculus was determined on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR methods and by an
      X-ray crystallographic determination. 

PMID- 26982076
TI  - The Blurred Line between Form and Process: A Comparison of Stream Channel
      Classification Frameworks.
AB  - Stream classification provides a means to understand the diversity and
      distribution of channels and floodplains that occur across a landscape while
      identifying links between geomorphic form and process. Accordingly, stream
      classification is frequently employed as a watershed planning, management, and
      restoration tool. At the same time, there has been intense debate and criticism
      of particular frameworks, on the grounds that these frameworks classify stream
      reaches based largely on their physical form, rather than direct measurements of
      their component hydrogeomorphic processes. Despite this debate surrounding stream
      classifications, and their ongoing use in watershed management, direct
      comparisons of channel classification frameworks are rare. Here we implement four
      stream classification frameworks and explore the degree to which each make
      inferences about hydrogeomorphic process from channel form within the Middle Fork
      John Day Basin, a watershed of high conservation interest within the Columbia
      River Basin, U.S.A. We compare the results of the River Styles Framework, Natural
      Channel Classification, Rosgen Classification System, and a channel form-based
      statistical classification at 33 field-monitored sites. We found that the four
      frameworks consistently classified reach types into similar groups based on each
      reach or segment's dominant hydrogeomorphic elements. Where classified channel
      types diverged, differences could be attributed to the (a) spatial scale of input
      data used, (b) the requisite metrics and their order in completing a framework's
      decision tree and/or, (c) whether the framework attempts to classify current or
      historic channel form. Divergence in framework agreement was also observed at
      reaches where channel planform was decoupled from valley setting. Overall, the
      relative agreement between frameworks indicates that criticism of individual
      classifications for their use of form in grouping stream channels may be
      overstated. These form-based criticisms may also ignore the geomorphic tenet that
      channel form reflects formative hydrogeomorphic processes across a given
      landscape. 

PMID- 26982077
TI  - The normal tissue effects of microbeam radiotherapy: What do we know, and what do
      we need to know to plan a human clinical trial?
AB  - Purpose Microbeam Radiotherapy (MRT) is a promising pre-clinical cancer therapy
      which represents a radical departure from the radiobiological principles of
      conventional radiotherapy (CRT). In order to translate MRT to human clinical
      trials, robust normal tissue toxicity data are required. This review summarizes
      the normal tissue effects reported by pre-clinical MRT animal studies and
      compares these data to clinical recommendations in CRT. Conclusion Few pre
      clinical studies are specifically designed to evaluate the dose-response of
      normal tissue to MRT. However, it remains clear that a range of normal tissues
      can tolerate peak MRT doses at least an order of magnitude higher than CRT.
      Furthermore, the dose deposited in the valley regions, predominantly determined
      by microbeam spacing, has a greater influence on the normal tissue response to
      MRT compared to the peak regions. The development of a new normal tissue
      complication probability model for MRT, in conjunction with a treatment planning
      system, will be pivotal in the collection of robust normal tissue toxicity data
      and the translation of MRT to clinical use.

PMID- 26982078
TI  - Impact of Type of Needle on Incidence of Intravascular Injection During
      Diagnostic Lumbar Medial Branch Block.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intravascular (IV) injection of local anesthetics is a
      potential cause of false-negative results after lumbar medial branch nerve
      blockade (L-MBB) performed to diagnose facetogenic back pain. The aim of the
      present study was to identify the relationship between the needle type and the
      incidence of IV injection in patients undergoing L-MBB using fluoroscopy with
      digital subtraction imaging (DSI). METHODS: In this prospective randomized study,
      we compared the incidence of IV uptake of contrast medium using the Quincke
      needle and Whitacre needle under real-time DSI during L-MBB. Clinical and
      demographic factors associated with the occurrence of IV uptake were also
      investigated. RESULTS: In total, 126 patients were randomized into the Quincke
      needle group (n = 62) and Whitacre needle group (n = 64). Intravascular uptake of
      contrast medium was observed in 66 (9.8%) of 671 L-MBB procedures under DSI. The
      incidence of IV uptake was 13.9% (47/338) using the Quincke needle and 5.7%
      (19/333) using the Whitacre needle. In the multivariate generalized estimating
      equations analysis, use of a Quincke needle was related to positive IV injection
      at a 1.898-fold higher rate than was use of a Whitacre needle (95% confidence
      interval, 1.025-3.516) and a positive aspiration test predicted IV injection at a
      21.735-fold higher rate (95% confidence interval, 11.996-52.258). CONCLUSIONS:
      Lumbar medial branch nerve blockade using the Quincke needle was associated with
      a 1.9-fold higher rate of IV injection than was L-MBB using the Whitacre needle
      under DSI. Although further study is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy,
      Whitacre needles can be considered to reduce the risk of IV injection during L
      MBB.

PMID- 26982079
TI  - Lumbar Epidural Hematoma Following Interlaminar Fluoroscopically Guided Epidural
      Steroid Injection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Spinal epidural steroid injections are generally considered a safe,
      effective treatment for radicular pain in a variety of spinal conditions.
      Complications secondary to these injections, although rare, can result in
      devastating neurologic symptoms. Patients with preexisting moderate-to-severe
      spinal stenosis and recent use of chronic anticoagulation pose a challenging
      dilemma when making treatment decisions, as a history of both can increase the
      risk of complications. CASE REPORT: The following case study provides a
      description of a patient with spinal stenosis who discontinued anticoagulation
      therapy according to the recommended guidelines but who experienced a subsequent
      acute epidural hematoma and significant neurologic injury. CONCLUSIONS: This case
      report describes the potential risk factors present in this patient. Presence of
      spinal stenosis and the interlaminar approach seem to be significant risk factors
      in this case. Presence of an intrinsic coagulopathy was not determined.

PMID- 26982080
TI  - Preparation and investigation of a novel levobupivacaine in situ implant gel for
      prolonged local anesthetics.
AB  - In this study, levobupivacaine (LBP) was successfully incorporated into implant
      application based on the concept of in situ gel (PECE). The physicochemical
      characterization (preparation, phase transition temperature, in vitro release)
      were investigated. The results of viscosity measurement showed that the
      preparations behaved like a fluid but formed a rigid gel when exposed to
      increasing temperature (37  degrees C). In vitro release, LBP was graduated
      released from the gels as time lapsed, suggesting that LBP was well entrapped in
      PECE in situ gels. As is shown in pharmacokinetic parameters, the half-life of
      LBP injection (2.7 h) was shorter than that of LBP in situ gels (23.9 h),
      suggesting that LBP injection was taken up by other tissues more rapidly than
      gels. The area under the curve of LBP in situ gels was 2.18 times the size of
      that of LBP injection (P< 0.05). In pharmacodynamic test, even after nine hours
      of injection, gel group could still maintain rather good anesthesia effect and
      rats' stinging reaction maintained at a relatively low level, which had obvious
      statistical differences compared to injection group.

PMID- 26982081
TI  - Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Earthworm Eisenia fetida at
      Different Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Exposure Levels.
AB  - Recognized as ubiquitous contaminants in soil, the environmental risk of phthalic
      acid esters (PAEs) is of great concern recently. Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate
      (DnBP), an extensively used PAE compound to Eisenia fetida have been investigated
      in spiked natural brown yellow soil (Alfisol) for soil contact test. The toxicity
      of DnBP to E. fetida on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,
      peroxidase (POD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and the apoptosis of
      coelomocytes and DNA damage at the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of the incubation
      have been paid close attention to. In general, SOD activity and ROS content were
      significantly induced, opposite to total protein content and POD activity, during
      the toxicity test of 28 days especially under concentrations higher than 2.5 mg
      kg-1. The reduction in neutral red retention (NRR) time along with the increase
      of dead coelomocytes as the increasing of DnBP concentrations, indicating severe
      damage to cell viability under varying pollutant stress during cultivation, which
      could also be proved by comet assay results for exerting evident DNA damage in
      coelomocytes. DnBP in spiked natural soil could indeed cause damage to tissues,
      coelomocytes and the nucleus of E. fetida. The key point of the apparent change
      in different indices presented around 2.5 mg DnBP kg-1 soil, which could be
      recommended as the threshold of DnBP soil contamination, so that further
      investigation on threshold values to other soil animals or microorganisms could
      be discussed. 

PMID- 26982082
TI  - Internal Activation of Peptidyl Prolyl Thioesters in Native Chemical Ligation.
AB  - Prolyl thioesters have shown significantly lower reactivities in native chemical
      ligation (NCL) in comparison to that of the alanyl thioester. This report
      describes a mild and efficient internal activation protocol of peptidyl prolyl
      thioesters in NCL without using any thiol-based additives, where the introduction
      of a 4-mercaptan substituent on the C-terminal proline significantly improves the
      reactivity of prolyl thioesters via the formation of a bicyclic thiolactone
      intermediate. The kinetic data indicate that the reaction rate is comparable to
      that of the reported data of alanyl thioesters, and the mechanistic studies
      suggest that the ligation of two peptide segments proceeds through an NCL-like
      pathway instead of a direct aminolysis, which ensures the chemoselectivity and
      compatibility of various amino acid side chains. This 4-mercaptoprolyl thioester
      based protocol also allows an efficient one-pot ligation-desulfurization
      procedure. The utility of this method has been further demonstrated in the
      synthesis of a proline-rich region of Wilms tumor protein 1. 

PMID- 26982083
TI  - TNFSF10/TRAIL regulates human T4 effector memory lymphocyte radiosensitivity and
      predicts radiation-induced acute and subacute dermatitis.
AB  - Sensitivity of T4 effector-memory (T4EM) lymphocytes to radiation-induced
      apoptosis shows heritability compatible with a Mendelian mode of transmission.
      Using gene expression studies and flow cytometry, we show a higher TNF-Related
      Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10)mRNA level and a higher level of
      membrane bound TRAIL (mTRAIL) on radiosensitive compared to radioresistant T4EM
      lymphocytes. Functionally, we show that mTRAIL mediates a pro-apoptotic autocrine
      signaling after irradiation of T4EM lymphocytes linking mTRAIL expression to T4EM
      radiosensitivity. Using single marker and multimarker Family-Based Association
      Testing, we identified 3 SNPs in the TRAIL gene that are significantly associated
      with T4EM lymphocytes radiosensitivity. Among these 3 SNPs, two are also
      associated with acute and subacute dermatitis after radiotherapy in breast cancer
      indicating that T4EM lymphocytes radiosensitivity may be used to predict response
      to radiotherapy. Altogether, these results show that mTRAIL level regulates the
      response of T4EM lymphocytes to ionizing radiation and suggest that TRAIL/TNFSF10
      genetic variants hold promise as markers of individual radiosensitivity. 

PMID- 26982084
TI  - Intraspecific variability of carbon isotope discrimination and its correlation
      with grain yield in safflower: prospects for selection in a Mediterranean
      climate.
AB  - The goals of the present study were to obtain a first estimate of intraspecific
      variability of carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) in safflower, a thistle-like
      herbaceous plant, and to determine the statistical relationship between Delta and
      grain yield as well as its components in a collection of 45 accessions of
      different origins. Grain yield and aboveground biomass, harvest index, average
      grain weight, and Delta (measured on the bulk leaf organic matter) were
      investigated in experimental field conditions. A large variability was noted for
      all traits but a principal component analysis (PCA) allowed to identify several
      homogeneous groups of accessions. Average grain yield per plant varied between 1
      and 39 g. Delta varied between 21.3 and 25.2 0/00, i.e. a large variation of 3.9
      0/00. In our experiment, the variation of Delta was not significantly related to
      that of grain yield in the whole accession sample. However, we found contrasting
      trends for this relation within accession groups. These initial results motivate
      further experiments to assess more in depth correlation between Delta and yield
      in safflower and are encouraging regarding the possibility of using Delta as an
      effective selection index in safflower to obtain genotypes that efficiently
      consume water. This study also highlighted one accession that combines the two
      characters required in the Mediterranean regions, i.e. high yield performance and
      high water-use efficiency. 

PMID- 26982087
TI  - CHRNA4 was associated with prepulse inhibition of schizophrenia in Chinese: a
      pilot study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the auditory startle reflex, as an
      operational measurement used to evaluate the function of brain sensorimotor
      gating, appears to be a sensitive potential endophenotype for schizophrenia.
      CHRNA4 is highly expressed in the central nervous system and has been
      demonstrated to be significantly associated with schizophrenia by previous
      studies. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of CHRNA4 on
      PPI and acoustic startle parameters in schizophrenia. METHODS: 77 patients with
      schizophrenia and 62 controls were administered the test PPI, and 3 single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3746372, rs1044396, and rs3787140) of CHRNA4
      were genotyped in these subjects. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia showed
      significantly lower levels of PPI at the 120 ms prepulse intervals and longer
      peak latency than controls, and the GG genotype of rs3746372 and the TT genotype
      of rs1044396 were associated with decreased PPI levels in schizophrenia but not
      in controls. CONCLUSION: PPI may be influenced by the polymorphisms of the CHRNA4
      in schizophrenia and it may be a potential endophenotype of schizophrenia. An
      independent replication would greatly increase the value of this study.

PMID- 26982088
TI  - The history of Brugada syndrome -- Continuum with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
      or lone disease?

PMID- 26982086
TI  - Individual Case Analysis of Postmortem Interval Time on Brain Tissue
      Preservation.
AB  - At autopsy, the time that has elapsed since the time of death is routinely
      documented and noted as the postmortem interval (PMI). The PMI of human tissue
      samples is a parameter often reported in research studies and comparable PMI is
      preferred when comparing different populations, i.e., disease versus control
      patients. In theory, a short PMI may alleviate non-experimental protein
      denaturation, enzyme activity, and other chemical changes such as the pH, which
      could affect protein and nucleic acid integrity. Previous studies have compared
      PMI en masse by looking at many different individual cases each with one unique
      PMI, which may be affected by individual variance. To overcome this obstacle, in
      this study human hippocampal segments from the same individuals were sampled at
      different time points after autopsy creating a series of PMIs for each case.
      Frozen and fixed tissue was then examined by Western blot, RT-PCR, and
      immunohistochemistry to evaluate the effect of extended PMI on proteins, nucleic
      acids, and tissue morphology. In our results, immunostaining profiles for most
      proteins remained unchanged even after PMI of over 50 h, yet by Western blot
      distinctive degradation patterns were observed in different protein species.
      Finally, RNA integrity was lower after extended PMI; however, RNA preservation
      was variable among cases suggesting antemortem factors may play a larger role
      than PMI in protein and nucleic acid integrity. 

PMID- 26982089
TI  - Visual and acoustic information supporting a happily expressed speech-in-noise
      advantage.
AB  - There was an advantage found for recognizing happily expressed audio and audio
      visual speech-in-noise relative to speech spoken with neutral or sad expressions.
      The advantage of happily expressed speech was explored in a set of visual and
      acoustic manipulations designed to isolate the potential contributions from each
      signal. For this research, a replication of previous research with the happily
      expressed speech advantage was completed with a novel inclusion of a learning
      paradigm. Additional experiments directly investigated the role of the
      fundamental frequency of the voice for affect, and the affective facial
      components with the eyes and mouth. We found that the happily expressed speech
      advantage persisted despite constraints to the amount of frequency modulation and
      with distortions to the talker's face. These findings seem largely attributable
      to the influences of affect on low-level acoustical and articulatory information,
      with only a very subtle role of approach/withdrawal motivation.

PMID- 26982085
TI  - Structural Brain Abnormalities in Youth With Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Structural brain abnormalities are prominent in psychotic disorders,
      including schizophrenia. However, it is unclear when aberrations emerge in the
      disease process and if such deficits are present in association with less severe
      psychosis spectrum (PS) symptoms in youth. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence
      of structural brain abnormalities in youth with PS symptoms. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a prospectively
      accrued, community-based sample of 9498 youth who received a structured
      psychiatric evaluation. A subsample of 1601 individuals underwent neuroimaging,
      including structural magnetic resonance imaging, at an academic and children's
      hospital health care network between November 1, 2009, and November 30, 2011.
      MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Measures of brain volume derived from T1-weighted
      structural neuroimaging at 3 T. Analyses were conducted at global, regional, and
      voxelwise levels. Regional volumes were estimated with an advanced multiatlas
      regional segmentation procedure, and voxelwise volumetric analyses were conducted
      as well. Nonlinear developmental patterns were examined using penalized splines
      within a general additive model. Psychosis spectrum (PS) symptom severity was
      summarized using factor analysis and evaluated dimensionally. RESULTS: Following
      exclusions due to comorbidity and image quality assurance, the final sample
      included 791 participants aged youth 8 to 22 years. Fifty percent (n = 393) were
      female. After structured interviews, 391 participants were identified as having
      PS features (PS group) and 400 participants were identified as typically
      developing comparison individuals without significant psychopathology (TD group).
      Compared with the TD group, the PS group had diminished whole-brain gray matter
      volume (P = 1.8 * 10-10) and expanded white matter volume (P = 2.8 * 10-11).
      Voxelwise analyses revealed significantly lower gray matter volume in the medial
      temporal lobe (maximum z score = 5.2 and cluster size of 1225 for the right and
      maximum z score = 4.5 and cluster size of 310 for the left) as well as in
      frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex. Volumetric reduction in the medial
      temporal lobe was correlated with PS symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Structural brain abnormalities that have been commonly reported in adults with
      psychosis are present early in life in youth with PS symptoms and are not due to
      medication effects. Future longitudinal studies could use the presence of such
      abnormalities in conjunction with clinical presentation, cognitive profile, and
      genomics to predict risk and aid in stratification to guide early interventions.

PMID- 26982090
TI  - S100B and the influence of seasonal variation.
AB  - Background A blood test for S100B can be used to rule out intracranial
      complications after minor head injury and thereby reduce the need for computed
      tomography (CT) examinations. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      clinical importance of a possible influence of seasonal variation on S100B.
      Methods The individual seasonal variation of S100B in 69 healthy volunteers
      living at latitudes with extremely variable seasonal exposure to sunlight was
      investigated. Results The mean serum concentration of S100B was 13% higher in
      August than in February, but however, not statistically significant (p = 0.068).
      A good agreement between summer and winter S100B values was confirmed by Bland
      Altman analysis and a significant correlation (r = 0.317, p = 0.008) was shown
      between summer and winter S100B values. Conclusion This study did not show any
      clinical importance of seasonal variation of S100B that may influence the
      decision of CT scanning patients with head injuries. 

PMID- 26982092
TI  - Editor's message.

PMID- 26982093
TI  - Procedures and lifestyle changes that can enhance the lives of diabetic patients.
AB  - This article emphasizes to primary care physicians the importance of maintaining
      a diabetic patient's blood sugar level within the normal range. Additionally, it
      aims to impress on those who care for diabetic patients some of the adverse
      consequences of surgical and dental procedures that can be avoided by proper
      precautionary measures taken before the procedures.

PMID- 26982094
TI  - Complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a brief overview.
AB  - The recent findings of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have
      focused attention on the need to prevent complications in type 2 diabetes
      mellitus. Understanding the pathogenesis and physiologic mechanisms that lead to
      complications in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is imperative to
      prevent their progression and improve treatment. This article discusses the more
      common complications and their possible etiologies, progression, and contribution
      to the morbidity of the diabetic population. It also reviews treatment of these
      complications and recent advances. In addition, some of the less common
      complications will be identified so that primary care physicians and specialists
      will be aware and not overlook these in patients who can be treated early and
      aggressively.

PMID- 26982091
TI  - The RNA binding protein IMP3 facilitates tumor immune escape by downregulating
      the stress-induced ligands ULPB2 and MICB.
AB  - Expression of the stress-induced ligands MICA, MICB and ULBP 1-6 are up-regulated
      as a cellular response to DNA damage, excessive proliferation or viral infection;
      thereby, they enable recognition and annihilation by immune cells that express
      the powerful activating receptor NKG2D. This receptor is present not exclusively,
      but primarily on NK cells. Knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms controlling
      ULBP expression is still vague. In this study, we report a direct interaction of
      the oncogenic RNA binding protein (RBP) IMP3 with ULBP2 mRNA, leading to ULBP2
      transcript destabilization and reduced ULBP2 surface expression in several human
      cell lines. We also discovered that IMP3 indirectly targets MICB with a mechanism
      functionally distinct from that of ULBP2. Importantly, IMP3-mediated regulation
      of stress-ligands leads to impaired NK cell recognition of transformed cells. Our
      findings shed new light on the regulation of NKG2D ligands and on the mechanism
      of action of a powerful oncogenic RBP, IMP3. 

PMID- 26982096
TI  - CME QUIZ.

PMID- 26982095
TI  - Pharmacologic management of diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Recently, the number of agents to treat type 2 diabetes has increased markedly.
      In the past, the only agents practitioners had available to treat patients with
      type 2 diabetes mellitus were insulin and sulfonylureas. Today, three additional
      classes of agents with a total of six new drugs are available: acarbose, migital,
      repaglinide, metformin hydrochloride, troglitazone, and rosiglitazone. In the not
      too-distant future, several other agents will be available for treating patients
      with diabetes. These new agents will allow physicians to control their diabetic
      patients' blood sugar levels without the need for insulin injections. This
      article reviews the new agents and provides practical suggestions regarding their
      use as monotherapy or in combination therapy.

PMID- 26982097
TI  - Herbal products and supplemental nutrients used in the management of diabetes.
AB  - As companies, including large pharmaceutical houses, try to market supplemental
      nutrients and herbal products to ever-increasing numbers of consumers, diabetics
      will start to approach their physicians about these alternative remedies. A whole
      new industry know as "neutraceuticals" has evolved. This new industry is a
      combination of the vitamin supplement and herbal industries trying to work with
      regulatory agents to develop good manufacturing processes to ensure that
      consumers obtain good products. In fact, some diabetics may be taking herbal or
      nutritional supplements without their physician's knowledge. Therefore, it is
      important to query diabetic patients at least once a year as to whether they are
      using any herbal or nutritional products. Once it is determined that a patient is
      using these products, physicians must decide if they or someone else should
      address the issue of taking these products. Physicians who have a good comfort
      level with herbal products by all means should recommend them to their patients.
      If such a comfort level is lacking or low, patients can be referred for a
      consultation on the use of supplements or told that information will be forwarded
      to them after contact is made with someone who has knowledge of diabetes and use
      of appropriate supplements. This article reviews nine nutrient and herbal
      remedies commonly used for diabetes to facilitate such patient education.

PMID- 26982098
TI  - Vitamin D status, body composition and glycemic control in Polish adolescents
      with type 1 diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with type 1
      diabetes (T1DM) has been recorded but data focused on the relationship between
      vitamin D, glycemic control and body composition is limited in T1DM patients. The
      study was aimed to investigate vitamin D status in T1DM patients and its
      association with body composition (fat and lean body mass) and clinical data.
      METHODS: The study group comprised of 100 adolescents (15.3+/-1.9 yrs; 54 girls),
      including 60 T1DM patients (15.1+/-1.9 yrs; 32 girls) and 40 controls (15.6+/-1.8
      yrs; 20 girls) from Warsaw, Poland. Serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)
      levels and iPTH were measured by an ECLIA (Roche Diagnostics). Glycosylated
      hemoglobin (% HbA1c), serum calcium and inorganic phosphorous, and the use of
      dietary supplements were also assessed. DXA (GE Prodigy) was used to assess lean
      body mass (LBM; g), fat mass (FM; g), FM/LBM ratio, and respective Z-scores.
      RESULTS: Mean 25(OH)D level of 15.3+/-7.0 ng/mL (range 4.2-37.7 ng/mL) in T1DM
      was not different from that observed in controls (17.9+/-9.3 ng/mL; range 6.3
      40.4 ng/mL). Eighty-two percent of T1DM patients and 67% controls had 25(OH)D
      levels <20 ng/mL, among them 25% T1DM and 12.5% controls revealed values <10
      ng/mL. 5% T1DM and 15% controls had 25(OH)D>30 ng/mL. 25% from T1DM and 22% from
      control groups declared to use vitamin D supplementation and had significantly
      higher 25(OH)D levels compared to non-users (22.6+/-7.6 vs. 12.8+/-4.8 ng/mL in
      the T1DM; 26.9+/-11.5 vs. 15.3+/-6.8 ng/mL in controls, respectively). In the
      T1DM, low 25(OH)D levels negatively correlated with HbA1c (r=-0.320, P=0.013) and
      with iPTH (r=-0.434, P=0.001). 25(OH)D levels correlated negatively with Z-scores
      for FM/LBM ratio (r=-0.324; P=0.012) and Z-scores for FM (r=-0.229; P=0.079) and
      positively with LBM Z-scores (r=0.300; P=0.020). Serum Ca, serum iPTH did not
      differ T1DM and control groups but serum P level was significantly higher in T1DM
      patients compared to controls (1.39+/-0.19 mmol/L vs. 1.18+/-0.18 mmol/L;
      P=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In T1DM adolescents vitamin D deficiency
      coincided with poor glycemic control and disturbed body composition. 25(OH)D
      levels were positively related to muscle stores and negatively with fat stores.
      Therefore, to limit a risk of disease related clinical complications both
      disturbed body composition and vitamin D deficiency should be corrected by
      implementation of regular vitamin D supplementation and increased intake of
      vitamin D-rich foods, as well as increased outdoors activities.

PMID- 26982099
TI  - [In Process Citation].

PMID- 26982100
TI  - A Case of Vivid Hallucinations Secondary to Ropinirole.

PMID- 26982101
TI  - Probing binding mechanism of interleukin-6 and olokizumab: in silico design of
      potential lead antibodies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
AB  - Computer-aided antibody engineering has been successful in the design of new
      biologics for disease diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. Interleukin-6 (IL
      6), a well-recognized drug target for various autoimmune and inflammatory
      diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis, was
      investigated in silico to design potential lead antibodies. Here, crystal
      structure of IL-6 along with monoclonal antibody olokizumab was explored to
      predict antigen-antibody (Ag - Ab)-interacting residues using DiscoTope,
      Paratome, and PyMOL. Tyr56, Tyr103 in heavy chain and Gly30, Ile31 in light chain
      of olokizumab were mutated with residues Ser, Thr, Tyr, Trp, and Phe. A set of
      899 mutant macromolecules were designed, and binding affinity of these
      macromolecules to IL-6 was evaluated through Ag - Ab docking (ZDOCK, ClusPro, and
      Rosetta server), binding free-energy calculations using Molecular
      Mechanics/Poisson Boltzman Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method, and interaction energy
      estimation. In comparison to olokizumab, eight newly designed theoretical
      antibodies demonstrated better result in all assessments. Therefore, these newly
      designed macromolecules were proposed as potential lead antibodies to serve as a
      therapeutics option for IL-6-mediated diseases.

PMID- 26982102
TI  - Exploiting the equilibrium dynamics in the self-assembly of inorganic macrocycles
      based upon polyoxothiometalate building blocks.
AB  - We report the preparation and characterization of two new polyoxothiometalate
      species, {Mo16} = {(Mo2O2S2)8(OH)16(C4O4)2}(4-) (compound 1) and {Mo12} =
      {(Mo2O2S2)6(OH)12(CH3COO)2}(2-) (compound 2). Control of synthesis is achieved by
      the addition of the organic-template and further re-arrangement is controlled
      simply by the addition of potassium to a precursor compound yielding compound 2.
      The structures of the compounds are discussed and we also show that ion-mobility
      mass spectrometry can be used to resolve the species and their building blocks in
      solution. 

PMID- 26982103
TI  - Tigecycline: Alone or in combination?
AB  - Background The broad spectrum antibiotic tigecyline has promising efficacy
      against many multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. However, when used clinically,
      many reports about treatment failures of tigecycline monotherapy indicate that it
      might not be sufficient to control severe infections. Combination therapy has
      become an option to treat infection with MDR bacteria because of the distinct
      advantage in terms of broad coverage, synergistic effect and prevention of drug
      resistance development. Methods Search terms 'tigecycline', 'GAR-936' and
      'glycylcycline' combined with the term 'combination' were applied to retrieve the
      available in vitro and in vivo studies on tigecycline combination therapy from
      PubMed database (January 1993-August 2015). Results Colistin-tigecycline was the
      most studied combination and showed promising efficacy. Other combination
      regimens, such as tigecycline plus sulbactam, carbapenem or rifampicin, also
      showed synergistic effects against different bacteria. However, most of the data
      was from in vitro and animal studies. Only some case reports indicated that
      tigecycline containing combination therapy had favourable outcomes. Conclusions
      Although this study could not conclude that combination therapy with tigecycline
      was superior to monotherapy, when severe infection leaves no other choice,
      selection of combination drugs according to infection status and in vitro
      susceptibility testing is recommended. There is a great need for well-designed
      studies to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy compared
      to tigecyline monotherapy. 

PMID- 26982104
TI  - Determinants and Drivers of Infectious Disease Threat Events in Europe.
AB  - Infectious disease threat events (IDTEs) are increasing in frequency worldwide.
      We analyzed underlying drivers of 116 IDTEs detected in Europe during 2008-2013
      by epidemic intelligence at the European Centre of Disease Prevention and
      Control. Seventeen drivers were identified and categorized into 3 groups:
      globalization and environment, sociodemographic, and public health systems. A
      combination of >2 drivers was responsible for most IDTEs. The driver category
      globalization and environment contributed to 61% of individual IDTEs, and the top
      5 individual drivers of all IDTEs were travel and tourism, food and water
      quality, natural environment, global trade, and climate. Hierarchical cluster
      analysis of all drivers identified travel and tourism as a distinctly separate
      driver. Monitoring and modeling such disease drivers can help anticipate future
      IDTEs and strengthen control measures. More important, intervening directly on
      these underlying drivers can diminish the likelihood of the occurrence of an IDTE
      and reduce the associated human and economic costs. 

PMID- 26982106
TI  - A Simple Technique to Avoid Restenosis for Dacryocystorhinostomy.
AB  - The most common reason for failure in dacryocystorhinostomy has been proven to be
      the granuloma or membranous obstruction of scar tissue formation on lacrimal
      opening in the nasal cavity during the healing process. In this article, the
      authors suggest an easy maneuver to avoid the risk of scarring and collapsing of
      the knot in bony window by using a piece of an aspiration catheter. Using this
      easy maneuver, the authors can manage to reduce the risk of scarring and
      stenosis, and when the authors take out the tubes after 2 months, removing the
      silicone tube was easier with our technique. Moreover with the present technique
      the authors observed there was no embedding of the knot in the scar. 

PMID- 26982105
TI  - Comparing Publicly Reported Surgical Outcomes With Quality Measures From a
      Statewide Improvement Collaborative.

PMID- 26982107
TI  - Endoscopic Intradural Subtemporal Keyhole Kawase Approach to the Petroclival and
      Ventrolateral Brainstem Regions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the endoscope anatomy of the petroclival and ventrolateral
      brainstem regions via the intradural subtemporal keyhole Kawase approach and
      discuss the feasibility and indications of this approach to the regions.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Craniotomy procedures performed via the intradural
      subtemporal keyhole Kawase approach were simulated on 16 sides of 8 adult
      cadaveric heads fixed by formalin, and the related anatomical structures were
      observed through the 0-degree endoscope or alternatively 30-degree one.
      Measurements of the shortest distances from the highest point of arcuate eminence
      to the 4 anatomic marks and the lengths of the Kawase rhombus were recorded, and
      the 2 kinds of milled ranges of petrous apex were compared. RESULT: Most of the
      related anatomical structures could be clearly observed under the endoscope. The
      shortest distances from the highest point of arcuate eminence to the foramen
      spinosum, the greater superficial petrosal nerve hiatus, the intersection of the
      greater superficial petrosal nerve and mandibular nerve, and the outside edge of
      the trigeminal impression are 22.90 +/- 2.34, 14.05 +/- 2.09, 24.94 +/- 1.98,
      23.49 +/- 2.38 mm. The area of routine milled Kawase rhombus is 3.04 +/- 0.47 cm,
      which would increase 0.66 cm on average after the maximum drilling of the petrous
      apex. CONCLUSIONS: The intradural subtemporal keyhole Kawase approach can provide
      an ideal exposure to the petroclival and ventrolateral brainstem regions via the
      endoscope with less damaging of the normal structures. It can be used to treat
      the lesions located in those areas through the natural gap combined with the
      drilling of petrous apex bone.

PMID- 26982108
TI  - Aberrant Internal Carotid Artery: A Rare Cause of Dysphagia.

PMID- 26982109
TI  - Clinical Features and Treatment of Distal Intracranial Aneurysms.
AB  - To analyze the clinical characteristics, therapies, and outcomes of distal
      intracranial aneurysms, the authors retrospectively studied the clinical and
      imaging data of 18 patients with distal intracranial aneurysms. There were 10
      males and 8 females, aged from 11 months to 59 years (mean, 40.4 +/- 11.4 years).
      All patients were diagnosed by digital subtract angiography. Aneurysm locations
      were as follows: distal anterior cerebral artery (n = 5), distal middle cerebral
      artery (n = 2), distal posterior cerebral artery (n = 6), distal posterior
      inferior cerebellar artery (n = 3), distal anterior inferior cerebellar artery (n
      = 1), and distal superior cerebellar artery (n = 1). Endovascular embolization
      was performed on 16 patients, including coil embolization on 10 patients and
      embolization using Glubran 2 surgical glue on 6 patients, and 7 of the 16
      patients also underwent parent artery occlusion. Aneurysms were all completely
      embolized at the first phase for these 16 patients. The other 2 patients
      underwent craniotomy with hematoma evacuation and complete aneurysm clipping.
      Postoperatively, 14 patients showed a good recovery, 2 patients had neurological
      deficits, 1 patient had seizures and was managed with drugs, 1 patient developed
      hydrocephalus, and a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was performed. Follow-up
      angiographies showed no aneurysm recurrence. Clinical manifestations of distal
      intracranial aneurysms are varied. Their treatment should follow the principle of
      individual choice. Endovascular embolization is an effective way to treat distal
      intracranial aneurysms; and for those with intracranial hematoma, craniotomy with
      hematoma evacuation and aneurysm clipping may be a feasible treatment. 

PMID- 26982110
TI  - Changes in Corneal Curvature After Upper Eyelid Surgery Measured by Corneal
      Topography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze corneal curvature changes (eg, central corneal power and
      corneal astigmatism) after upper eyelid surgery, and to compare the effects of
      different upper eyelid procedures on corneal curvature. METHODS: Fifty eyes of 34
      patients with various degrees of dermatochalasis or ptosis underwent corneal
      topography before surgery, and at 6 weeks after blepharoplasty or levator
      resection. Patients were divided into groups according to the method of surgery.
      Preoperative and postoperative changes in corneal curvature of each operated eye
      were compared within each group. RESULTS: At 6 weeks after levator resection, 50%
      of the eyes showed an increase in corneal power, 34.6% showed a decrease, and
      15.4% showed no change. The corneal astigmatism in 50% of eyes with levator
      resection decreased, increased in 19.2% of eyes, and showed no change in 30.8% of
      eyes. At 6 weeks after blepharoplasty, 12.5% of the eyes showed an increase in
      corneal power, 37.5% showed a decrease, and 66.7% showed no change. Regarding
      corneal astigmatism in patients who underwent blepharoplasty, 16.7% of the eyes
      decreased, 16.7% increased, and 66.6% showed no change. Comparing eyes treated
      with the 2 surgical techniques, there was a statistical difference in the
      percentage eye which showed corneal diopter and astigmatism change using these 2
      techniques (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Repositioning of the upper eyelid after
      levator resection showed greater changes of corneal curvature (eg, central
      corneal power and corneal astigmatism) than blepharoplasty. The advanced
      aponeurosis technique may have a greater effect on the lid/cornea interface, by
      lifting the eyelids pressing against the eyeball to affect corneal curvature.

PMID- 26982111
TI  - Meta-analysis of the Incidence of Lingual Nerve Deficits After Mandibular
      Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy is a relatively common
      maxillofacial surgical procedure. The most commonly reported complication is
      neurosensory disturbances (NSD). The inferior alveolar nerve is by far the most
      commonly affected but sporadic reports of NSD of the lingual nerve also exist.
      The aim of this meta-analysis is to estimate the incidence of lingual nerve NSD
      following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic
      search of the English literature was conducted in February 2015 including several
      databases and using numerous MeSH terms. Article selection was based on preset
      criteria. Then pertinent data were collected and the incidence of the
      complications was calculated. RESULTS: Three articles were included in the meta
      analysis. Incidence rates ranged between 0.3% and 18% with a pooled incidence of
      0.7%. DISCUSSION: Lingual nerve NSD is an infrequent complication of bilateral
      sagittal split osteotomy. Fortunately, the complication usually resolves within 1
      year of the procedure.

PMID- 26982112
TI  - Repair of Critical Calvarias Defects With Systemic Epimedium sagittatum Extract.
AB  - It is well established in reconstructive surgery the repair of great bone defects
      is a difficult goal to be achieved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      influence of an extract rich in icariin on bone neoformation in critically sized
      defects in rat calvaria. Under continual saline irrigation, a circular bone
      defect was created in 40 rat calvarias with an 8-mm diameter trephine drill.
      Animals were randomly divided into a test group that received an Epimedium
      sagittatum extract (containing 5.8 mg/mL of icariin) and a control group that
      received an equal volume of saline solution. Substances were administered daily
      through a feeding tube until euthanasia. After 7, 14, 21, and 42 days, 5 animals
      from each group were euthanized. Calvaria defect samples were fixed in 10%
      formalin for 48 hours, X-rayed, and histologically processed. In the test group,
      there was a significant reduction in the bone defect area on X-ray images and an
      increase in new bone area in all of the experimental periods in the test group.
      At 42 days, the bone in the test group also exhibited a significant reduction in
      osteocyte (P = 0.002) and osteoclast density (P = 0.041). The authors conclude
      that administration of systemic Epimedium extracts containing high concentrations
      of icariin can induce bone neoformation and reduce osteocyte and osteoclast
      densities, thereby altering the normal deposition and remodeling patterns that
      are present in critically sized bone defects. 

PMID- 26982113
TI  - Upper Triangular Flap in Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair.
AB  - In this article, the authors describe their use of the upper triangular flap
      method to repair unilateral cleft lips in 250 patients with cosmetically
      appealing and predictable results. This method produces a straight philtral
      column scar that is parallel to the noncleft side and hides the surgical scars on
      the medial aspect of the nostril and in the lip-columellar crease. The first step
      is to assign the reference points along the vermilion border and the nostril
      sills. It is important to identify the nostril sill on the cleft nose, which
      could be particularly attenuated in wide clefts. Next, the upper triangular flap
      is designed on the upper part of the cleft side, having made allowance for the
      sillo-columellar distance. The dissections are performed along the drawn line
      joining functional points. The repair begins from the floor of the nostril, where
      the "neo-sill" is sutured directly opposite to the noncleft sill. The sillo
      columellar distance (s-c) must be reestablished and the small triangular flap is
      not dissected into 3 layers to avoid devitalizing the skin. The muscle layers are
      identified, approximated, and held on stay sutures, which are tied in sequence.
      In this work, the authors identify the apparent lip length and the real lip
      length. It must be noted that the correction for shortening of the cleft philtral
      column is done on the real lip length by all other methods used for unilateral
      cleft lip repair, including our upper triangular flap method. On the basis of its
      simplicity and their postoperative results, the authors believe this approach
      offers further insight into cleft lip repair. 

PMID- 26982114
TI  - Urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation in Danish overweight/obese children and
      youths.
AB  - Urinary excretion of the RNA and DNA oxidation markers, 8-oxo-7,8
      dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in
      newly diagnosed adult type 2 diabetics are reported to be long-term predictors of
      mortality independent of conventional risk factors. In the current study, we
      investigated the relationships between urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation
      concentrations and the degree of obesity and glucose metabolism in overweight
      compared to lean children. Forty-two (24 girls) overweight and 35 lean (19 girls)
      children and adolescents were recruited from the Registry of the Danish Childhood
      Obesity Biobank. Anthropometric measurements were collected at baseline and
      glucose metabolism was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test. A urine sample
      was obtained during the test. Linear regression did not demonstrate any
      associations between the urinary markers and the degree of obesity or glucose
      metabolism in lean and obese children. However, sub-analyses adjusted for age,
      sex, and the degree of obesity showed positive associations between the 2 h
      glucose and the urinary markers, 8-oxoGuo (p = 0.02, r(2)= 0.63) and 8-oxodG (p =
      0.046, r(2)= 0.48), and between the insulinogenic index and 8-oxoGuo (p = 0.03,
      r(2 )=( )0.60) in the 12 obese children exhibiting impaired glucose tolerance.
      Excretion of the urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation and the degree of
      obesity or the glucose metabolism were not associated in this study.
      Nevertheless, obese children with impaired glucose tolerance seem to exhibiting
      an increased oxidative stress level, but due to the small sample size in this
      study, further investigations are required to elucidate this correlation. 

PMID- 26982116
TI  - The obese patient undergoing nonbariatric surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article provides the reader with recent findings on the
      pathophysiology of comorbidities in the obese, as well as evidence-based
      treatment options to deal with perioperative respiratory challenges. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Our understanding of obesity-associated asthma, obstructive sleep
      apnea, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome is still expanding. Routine screening
      for obstructive sleep apnea using the STOP-Bang score might identify high-risk
      patients that benefit from perioperative continuous positive airway pressure and
      close postoperative monitoring. Measures to most effectively support respiratory
      function during induction of and emergence from anesthesia include optimal
      patient positioning and use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.
      Appropriate mechanical ventilation settings are under investigation, so that only
      the use of protective low tidal volumes could be currently recommended. A
      multimodal approach consisting of adjuvants, as well as regional
      anesthesia/analgesia techniques reduces the need for systemic opioids and related
      respiratory complications. SUMMARY: Anesthesia of obese patients for nonbariatric
      surgical procedures requires knowledge of typical comorbidities and their
      respective treatment options. Apart from cardiovascular diseases associated with
      the metabolic syndrome, awareness of any pulmonary dysfunction is of paramount. A
      multimodal analgesia approach may be useful to reduce postoperative pulmonary
      complications.

PMID- 26982115
TI  - Parental and Volunteer Perception of Pyloromyotomy Scars: Comparing Laparoscopic,
      Open, and Nonsurgical Volunteers.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite evidence from prospective trials and meta-analyses
      supporting laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LP) over open pyloromyotomy (OP), the open
      technique is still utilized by some surgeons on the premise that there is minimal
      clinical benefit to LP over OP. Although the potential cosmetic benefit of LP
      over OP is often cited in reports, it has never been objectively evaluated.
      METHODS: After internal review board approval, the parents of patients from a
      previous prospective trial who had undergone LP (n = 9) and OP (n = 10) were
      contacted. After consent was obtained, the parents and patients were asked to
      complete a validated scar scoring questionnaire that was compared between groups.
      Standardized photos were taken of study subjects and controls with no abdominal
      procedures. Blinded volunteers were recruited to view the photos, identify if
      scars were present, and complete questions if a scar(s) was seen. Volunteers were
      also asked about the degree of satisfaction if their child had similar scars on a
      four-point scale from happy to unacceptable. RESULTS: Mean age was 7 years in
      both groups. Parental scar assessment scores were superior in the LP group in
      every category. Blinded volunteers detected abdominal scars significantly more
      often in the OP group (98%) vs. the LP group (28%; P < .001). The volunteers
      detected a scar in 16% of the controls, comparable to the 28% detected in the LP
      group (P = .17). The degree of satisfaction estimate by volunteers was 1.78 for
      OP and 1.02 for LP and controls, generating a Cohen's d effect size of 5.1
      standard deviation units comparing OP to either LP or controls (very large
      >=1.3). CONCLUSIONS: Parents of children scored LP scars superior to OP scars.
      Surgical scars are almost always identifiable with OP while the surgical scars
      associated with LP approach invisibility to the observer, appearing similar to
      patients with no prior abdominal operation.

PMID- 26982118
TI  - Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites via Heterovalent Substitution of Noble
      Metals.
AB  - Lead-based halide perovskites are emerging as the most promising class of
      materials for next-generation optoelectronics; however, despite the enormous
      success of lead-halide perovskite solar cells, the issues of stability and
      toxicity are yet to be resolved. Here we report on the computational design and
      the experimental synthesis of a new family of Pb-free inorganic halide double
      perovskites based on bismuth or antimony and noble metals. Using first-principles
      calculations we show that this hitherto unknown family of perovskites exhibits
      very promising optoelectronic properties, such as tunable band gaps in the
      visible range and low carrier effective masses. Furthermore, we successfully
      synthesize the double perovskite Cs2BiAgCl6, perform structural refinement using
      single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and characterize its optical properties via
      optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements. This new perovskite
      belongs to the Fm3m space group and consists of BiCl6 and AgCl6 octahedra
      alternating in a rock-salt face-centered cubic structure. From UV-vis and
      photoluminescence measurements we obtain an indirect gap of 2.2 eV. 

PMID- 26982120
TI  - Protestors give voice to staffing concerns.
AB  - Members of safe staffing pressure group 4:1 protested last week against the
      government's decision not to introduce minimum staffing levels.

PMID- 26982117
TI  - Evaluation of Viremia Frequencies of a Novel Human Pegivirus by Using
      Bioinformatic Screening and PCR.
AB  - Next-generation sequencing has critical applications in virus discovery,
      diagnostics, and environmental surveillance. We used metagenomic sequence
      libraries for retrospective screening of plasma samples for the recently
      discovered human hepegivirus 1 (HHpgV-1). From a cohort of 150 hepatitis C virus
      (HCV)-positive case-patients, we identified 2 persons with HHpgV-1 viremia and a
      high frequency of human pegivirus (HPgV) viremia (14%). Detection of HHpgV-1 and
      HPgV was concordant with parallel PCR-based screening using conserved primers
      matching groups 1 (HPgV) and 2 (HHPgV-1) nonstructural 3 region sequences. PCR
      identified 1 HHPgV-1-positive person with viremia from a group of 195 persons
      with hemophilia who had been exposed to nonvirally inactivated factor VII/IX; 18
      (9%) were HPgV-positive. Relative to HCV and HPgV, active infections with HHpgV-1
      were infrequently detected in blood, even in groups that had substantial
      parenteral exposure. Our findings are consistent with lower transmissibility or
      higher rates of virus clearance for HHpgV-1 than for other bloodborne human
      flaviviruses. 

PMID- 26982119
TI  - Structural transition of kidney cystatin in dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal
      cancer in rats: identification as a novel biomarker for kidney cancer and
      prognosis.
AB  - In our study, renal cancer is induced in rats making use of dimethylnitrosamine
      (DMN). G1 - Group 1 were control rats and G2 - Group 2 rats were given a single
      intra-peritoneal injection of DMN of 50 mg/kg body weight resulting in 100%
      incidences of renal tumors after 12 months. SEM and histopathology confirmed the
      presence of renal cancer in the DMN-treated rats. Making use of ammonium sulfate
      precipitation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-100HR column, a
      thiol protease inhibitor was isolated from kidney of control rats known as Rat
      kidney Cystatin (RKC) as well as from kidney of cancerous rat called as Cancerous
      Rat Kidney Cystatin (CRKC). Both these inhibitors were characterized, and
      interestingly, it was found that CRKC showed greater anti-papain activity and
      also it was stable in a broad pH and temperature range thus implying that CRKC is
      more stable as compared to RKC. UV and fluorescence spectroscopy point out in
      structural difference between RKC and CRKC which was further confirmed by
      Circular dichroism (CD) and FTIR spectroscopy. Our study clearly showed that
      kidney cystatin is structurally modified in the case of renal cancer and performs
      its role in a more efficacious manner.

PMID- 26982121
TI  - Chief nurse and minister launch guide to identifying malnutrition risk.
AB  - Nurses should care for patients in the same way they would a member of their own
      family, Northern Ireland's chief nurse has said.

PMID- 26982122
TI  - Hunt focuses on patient safety and defining success.
AB  - Patient safety must be transformed within the NHS, health secretary Jeremy Hunt
      told hundreds of senior nurses last week.

PMID- 26982124
TI  - Revalidation fears for those appraised by chief execs.
AB  - Directors of nursing are concerned that they may struggle to meet proposed
      revalidation requirements drawn up by the Nursing and Midwifery Council if they
      are appraised by their trust chief executive.

PMID- 26982125
TI  - Sister honoured for ward plan.
AB  - A ward sister who improved older people's care by changing the ward culture has
      become RCN Wales's nurse of the year.

PMID- 26982123
TI  - Boards need to share responsibility for safe staffing levels.
AB  - Nursing directors should not shoulder sole responsibility for ensuring safe
      staffing on every shift, because trust boards are also accountable.

PMID- 26982127
TI  - Lack of specialist lung cancer care.
AB  - Three quarters of UK lung cancer patients do not have regular access to 'vital'
      clinical nurse specialists, a new report reveals.

PMID- 26982126
TI  - Trust-wide smoking ban reduces violence and promotes cessation.
AB  - A mental health trust's pilot scheme to make some of its hospital grounds smoke
      free has reduced the incidence of violence among patients, according to the nurse
      who led the project.

PMID- 26982128
TI  - NICE gives green light to wound treatment technique.
AB  - A procedure to treat open abdominal wounds has been approved as safe by the
      National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

PMID- 26982130
TI  - Scotland could break away on pay if the 'yes' campaign wins.
AB  - Health unions warned last week that any proposals to change nurses' pay, terms
      and conditions under an independent Scotland would require staff-side
      negotiations.

PMID- 26982131
TI  - Political notebook.
AB  - Labour MSP Jayne Baxter tabled a motion last week in support of RCN Scotland's
      Health Visitors for Scotland campaign during a parliamentary debate on the
      Children and Young People Bill. The campaign calls for the bill to specify that
      the named person caring for under fives is always a health visitor.

PMID- 26982132
TI  - World in brief.
AB  - What's happening in nursing across the globe.

PMID- 26982134
TI  - Late shifts aim to deliver better winter care.
AB  - Matrons at Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust in Surrey have had
      their working hours extended to oversee care this winter.

PMID- 26982133
TI  - Police launch investigation into claims of falsified cancer lists.
AB  - Police have launched a criminal investigation into claims that cancer waiting
      lists were altered at Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust.

PMID- 26982135
TI  - Hospitalisation of pregnant women raises risk of blood clots.
AB  - Women admitted to hospital during pregnancy for reasons other than delivery have
      an increased risk of blood clots, according to a UK study.

PMID- 26982136
TI  - Bisphosphonates may help to reduce bone loss caused by antiepileptic drugs.
AB  - Many patients with epilepsy control their seizures by taking antiepileptic drugs
      (AEDs) that may accelerate bone loss and increase the risk of osteoporotic
      fractures.

PMID- 26982137
TI  - Testosterone therapy increases risk of death or serious conditions.
AB  - Rates of testosterone therapy have increased markedly in the United States over
      the past decade, with annual prescriptions reaching 5.3 million in 2011.

PMID- 26982138
TI  - Academics might have increased public anxiety and demand for flu drugs.
AB  - Analysis of UK media reporting of the 2009/10 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic has found
      that public health academics with links to pharmaceutical companies were more
      likely than other academics to assess the risk to the public as higher than
      official predictions.

PMID- 26982139
TI  - Support needed to address surgeons' emotional wellbeing following complications.
AB  - Surgeons who are involved in major surgical complications often feel guilt and
      other emotions that can negatively effect their practice.

PMID- 26982140
TI  - Voices - Black and minority ethnic nurses lack recognition, writes Yvonne
      Coghill.
AB  - November was the NHS awards season, hot on the heels of October's Black History
      Month, which celebrated the achievements and contribution to society of people of
      African origin.

PMID- 26982141
TI  - Open to inspection.
AB  - The nursing profession has never been more under the microscope. Inspections by
      the Care Quality Commission and foundation trust regulator Monitor are on the
      increase, not to mention the local checks, mystery shoppers and talk of CCTV
      cameras in care homes.

PMID- 26982142
TI  - Give me a break.
AB  - What is it about me and Friday afternoons? I am not superstitious, but it feels
      as though the most eagerly-awaited time of the working week for most of the
      population has become my nemesis.

PMID- 26982144
TI  - Readers panel - Providing food for thought.
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day.

PMID- 26982143
TI  - Aisle be there.
AB  - I like grocery shopping. Does that make me weird? Then I might as well tell the
      whole truth - I actually enjoy pushing a trolley round a supermarket, even on a
      Saturday morning. Phew. I feel better for getting that off my chest.

PMID- 26982145
TI  - Numbers game.
AB  - In last month's long-awaited response to the Francis report, the government
      committed to introducing mandatory reporting of ward staff numbers.

PMID- 26982146
TI  - Starting out - It was a surprise and an inspiration to meet someone unafraid of
      dying.
AB  - During the final week of my community placement, I accompanied my mentor to see
      an elderly lady who was reaching the end of her life. I will call her Ann.

PMID- 26982147
TI  - Medicines management.
AB  - I am moving from a hospital-based role to primary care where my patients will
      have a much broader range of conditions. What prescribing advice can you give me?

PMID- 26982148
TI  - Sign of the times.
AB  - The news that one in three NHS trusts in England has recruited nurses from abroad
      says as much about the state of Europe as it does about the NHS.

PMID- 26982149
TI  - College of Health Care Chaplains.
AB  - The London-based College of Health Care Chaplains is a multi-faith,
      interdenominational organisation open to paid and voluntary healthcare chaplaincy
      staff and those with an interest in this area. It is a professional section of
      Unite, the UK's largest trades union.

PMID- 26982150
TI  - Caring in Nursing Classics - An Essential Resource Smith Marlaine C et al Caring
      in Nursing Classics - An Essential Resource 532pp $75/L63.50 Springer Publishing
      Company 978 0 8261 7111 5 0826171117 [Formula: see text].
AB  - While most nurses would agree that warm, empathetic human interactions should
      form the core of their professional practice, defining this largely intangible
      phenomenon remains challenging.

PMID- 26982151
TI  - On a Wing and a Prayer - Flight to Redemption Wing Peter On a Wing and a Prayer -
      Flight to Redemption 304pp L7.99 Troubador 978 1 7808 8137 9 1780881371 [Formula:
      see text].
AB  - Peter Wing reflects on his interesting and somewhat dysfunctional life working as
      cabin crew, nurse and charity worker, inviting us on a journey through the highs
      and lows of his professional and personal life.

PMID- 26982152
TI  - Nursing Central app Nursing Central app One-year subscription $169.95/L104
      [Formula: see text].
AB  - Nursing Central is a comprehensive mobile and web-aligned American app providing
      detailed information on diseases, tests, procedures, medicines and access to a
      range of evidence-based nursing journals and resources.

PMID- 26982155
TI  - On the move.
AB  - Promotions / new appointments.

PMID- 26982153
TI  - The best of the week's health-related TV and radio.
AB  - Our roundup of what's on.

PMID- 26982156
TI  - Notice board.
AB  - Courses, events, grants, and awards to progress your career.

PMID- 26982157
TI  - Neonatal Fc Receptor-Mediated IgG Transport Across Porcine Intestinal Epithelial
      Cells: Potentially Provide the Mucosal Protection.
AB  - It has been well characterized that piglets can absorb colostrum IgG across the
      intestine to neonatal bloodstream and a certain level of IgG has been found in
      the mucosal secretions of the porcine intestinal tract. However, little is known
      about how the maternal IgG transport across the intestinal barrier and how IgG
      enter the lumen of intestinal tract. In this study, we demonstrated that the
      porcine neonatal Fc receptor (pFcRn) was expressed in a model of normal porcine
      intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) as well as in kidney cells (PK-15), and
      pFcRn was mainly distributed in the apical side of the polarized IPEC-J2 cells.
      Analyzing the phylogenetic relatedness of this gene we found that swine and human
      neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) amino acid sequence are closer than rodents. We also
      showed that pFcRn mediated bidirectional IgG transport across polarized IPEC-J2
      cells and bound to IgG in a pH-dependent manner. Furthermore, pFcRn-transcytosed
      viral-specific IgG reduced the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) yield
      from the luminal direction by a 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) assay.
      Our results indicate that pFcRn-dependent bidirectional IgG transport across the
      intestinal epithelium plays critical role in the acquisition of humoral immunity
      in early life and in host defense at mucosal surfaces. 

PMID- 26982158
TI  - A natural lipopeptide of surfactin for oral delivery of insulin.
AB  - Surfactin, a natural lipopeptide produced by Bacillus, is gaining attention for
      potentially biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Here, surfactin was
      assayed for oral delivery of insulin (INS) by its ability to bind to and promote
      protein to penetrate through the cell membrane. Analysis by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, surfactin was found to form co
      precipitates with INS to protect it from acidic and enzymatic attack in the
      gastrointestinal tract. Further analysis by non-reductive electrophoresis showed
      surfactin could bind to INS forming heteropolymers. Analysis with circular
      dichroism, we found this binding significantly influenced the INS structure with
      decreased rigid alpha-helix and beta-turn, but with increased flexible beta-sheet
      and random coil. The change with more flexible structure was favorable for INS to
      penetrate through the cell membrane. Fluorescence spectra analysis also showed
      surfactin could lead Phe and Tyr in the inner of INS exposed outside, further
      promoting INS permeabilization by improving the hydrophobic-lipophilic
      interactions between INS and cell membrane. As a result, the effective
      permeability (Peff) of INS plus surfactin was 4.3 times of that of INS alone. In
      vivo assay showed oral INS with surfactin displayed excellent hypoglycemic
      effects with a relative bioavailability of 12.48% and 5.97% in diabetic mice and
      non-diabetic dogs, respectively. Summary, surfactin is potential for oral
      delivery of INS by its role as an effective protease inhibitor and permeability
      enhancer. 

PMID- 26982159
TI  - 'I shouldn't have had to push and fight': health care experiences of persons with
      dementia and their caregivers in primary care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Most persons with dementia (PWD) receive the majority of their care
      from primary care providers (PCPs). A number of challenges have been identified
      with providing quality dementia care in primary care from the perspective of PCP.
      However, less is known of the primary care health care experience (HCE) of PWD
      and their caregivers. We examined the primary care HCE of PWD and their
      caregivers in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Participants were recruited through local
      Alzheimer Society chapter support groups. A semi-structured interview guide was
      developed. Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, anonymized,
      and then reviewed and coded for themes independently by two study authors.
      Thematic analysis was conducted to identify major themes and a model proposing
      the common components of a perceived positive HCE was created. RESULTS: Five
      focus groups were conducted across urban and rural settings. Each focus group
      included both PWD and their caregivers and a total of eight PWD and 21 caregivers
      participated. Four main themes emerged from the analysis: communication,
      caregiver as manager, system navigation, ease of access. The model for positive
      HCE included: an informed patient/caregiver; supported patient/caregiver; strong
      PCP-patient/caregiver relationship; an accessible provider; a knowledgeable
      provider; and strong communication by the provider. CONCLUSION: The HCE of PWD
      and their caregivers is complex and a number of factors which are potentially
      modifiable by PCP may improve the HCE for the growing number of PWD in primary
      care. Understanding these experiences may help to identify strategies to improve
      care and patient and provider experiences.

PMID- 26982160
TI  - Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 Improves the Development of Mouse Somatic Cell
      Nuclear Transfer Embryos.
AB  - Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins (MBPs) connect DNA methylation and histone
      modification, which are the key changes of somatic cell reprogramming. Methyl-CpG
      binding protein 2 (MeCP2) was the first discovered MBP that has been extensively
      studied in the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome. However, a role for
      MeCP2 during cellular reprogramming associated with somatic cell nuclear transfer
      (SCNT) has not been examined. In this study, we discovered that MeCP2 expression
      was significantly lower in embryos generated by SCNT compared with those
      generated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). We genetically modified
      mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to overexpress MeCP2 and serve as donor cells
      for nuclear transfer (NT) to investigate the effects of MeCP2 on preimplantation
      development of SCNT embryos. The blastocyst rate (35.71%) of MeCP2 overexpressed
      embryos (NT(+)) was significantly greater than in nontransgenic embryos (NT(-),
      24.29%). Furthermore, immunofluorescence experiments revealed that 5
      methylcytosine (5mC) was transferred to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) to a
      greater extent in NT(+) embryos than in NT(-) embryos. Real-time PCR evaluation
      of gene expression also showed that embryonic development-associated genes, such
      as Oct4 and Nanog, were significantly higher in the NT(+) group compared to the
      NT(-) group. Collectively, these results suggested that MeCP2 facilitated Tet3
      activity, enhanced expression of pluripotency-related genes, and eventually
      improved the development of NT embryos. Finally, we performed chromatin
      immunoprecipitation to identify direct targets of MeCP2 and constructed a protein
      interaction network to elucidate several putative MeCP2 targets. 

PMID- 26982162
TI  - Education Platform at ZDM8.
AB  - Interest among the zebrafish community in education and science accessibility for
      all ages has increased. At the 8th Annual Zebrafish Disease Models Conference
      (ZDM8), a specifically designed session enabled professional scientists,
      educators, and students to have a venue to present their science, discuss ideas
      in education, and partner to navigate a scientific meeting as an educational
      experience. This meeting report describes the format of the Platform Session as
      well as challenges and future plans to leverage impact of conferences on the
      local communities. 

PMID- 26982163
TI  - Risk-adapted treatment and follow-up management in childhood-onset
      craniopharyngioma.
AB  - Craniopharyngiomas are rare embryonic malformations of the sellar/parasellar
      region with low histological grade. Here, we review findings on the diagnosis,
      treatment, clinical course, follow-up, and prognosis of craniopharyngioma
      patients. Clinical manifestations develop from increased intracranial pressure,
      anterior visual pathway damage, and hypothalamic/pituitary deficiencies. If the
      tumor is favorably localized (no anatomical involvement with the hypothalamic and
      optical structures) therapy of choice is complete resection, meticulously
      performed to preserve hypothalamic and optic functions. In patients with
      unfavorable tumor involvement, optimal therapy is limited hypothalamus-sparing
      surgical strategy, followed by judicious irradiation dosage to minimize
      recurrences and progression. Surgical lesions and/or anatomical involvement of
      posterior hypothalamic areas result in serious sequelae, mainly hypothalamic
      syndrome. Craniopharyngioma is a chronic disease and must be managed as such,
      providing ongoing care of pediatric and adult patients by experienced
      multidisciplinary teams in the context of multicenter trials.

PMID- 26982164
TI  - Tumor delivery of liposomal doxorubicin prepared with poly-L-glutamic acid as a
      drug-trapping agent.
AB  - CONTEXT: Poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) is an anionic polymer with a large number of
      carboxyl groups that can interact electrostatically with cationic drugs such as
      doxorubicin (DOX). OBJECTIVE: For stable encapsulation of DOX into liposomes, we
      prepared triethylamine (TEA)-PGA-liposomes using PGA as an internal trapping
      agent. METHODS: We prepared TEA-PGA-liposomes by remote loading of DOX with a TEA
      gradient into preformed liposomes prepared with 1, 2, or 4 mg/mL PGA (molecular
      weights 4800, 9800, and 20 500), and evaluated their biodistribution and
      antitumor effects on Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS: TEA
      PGA-liposomes using the higher the molecular weight or concentration of PGA
      showed a slower release of DOX from the liposomes. TEA-PGA-liposomes prepared
      with a high concentration of PGA could enhance DOX accumulation in tumors and
      prolonged DOX circulation in the serum, indicating that DOX may be retained
      stably in the liposomal interior by interaction with PGA. Furthermore, injection
      of TEA-PGA-liposomes prepared with 4 mg/mL of PGA9800 or 2 mg/mL PGA20500
      strongly inhibited tumor growth in LLC tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS: PGA may
      be a potential trapping agent for liposomal DOX for tumor drug delivery.

PMID- 26982161
TI  - Hearing Assessment in Zebrafish During the First Week Postfertilization.
AB  - The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable vertebrate model for human hearing
      disorders because of many advantages in genetics, embryology, and in vivo
      visualization. In this study, we investigated auditory function of zebrafish
      during the first week postfertilization using microphonic potential recording.
      Extracellular microphonic potentials were recorded from hair cells in the inner
      ear of wild-type AB and transgenic Et(krt4:GFP)(sqet4) zebrafish at 3, 5, and 7
      days postfertilization in response to 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400-Hz acoustic
      stimulation. We found that microphonic threshold significantly decreased with age
      in zebrafish. However, there was no significant difference of microphonic
      responses between wild-type and transgenic zebrafish, indicating that the
      transgenic zebrafish have normal hearing like wild-type zebrafish. In addition,
      we observed that microphonic threshold did not change with the recording
      electrode location. Furthermore, microphonic threshold increased significantly at
      all tested stimulus frequencies after displacement of the saccular otolith but
      only increased at low frequencies after displacement of the utricular otolith,
      showing that the saccule rather than the utricle plays the major role in larval
      zebrafish hearing. These results enhance our knowledge of early development of
      auditory function in zebrafish and the factors affecting hearing assessment with
      microphonic potential recording. 

PMID- 26982166
TI  - High-Mobility Group Box-1 Protein Disrupts Alveolar Elastogenesis of Hyperoxia
      Injured Newborn Lungs.
AB  - Although high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) levels in tracheal aspirates are
      associated with the pathological features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD),
      the role of HMGB1 in the terminal stage of abnormal alveologenesis has not yet
      been understood. In this study, we addressed the role of HMGB1 in the
      elastogenesis disruption in the lungs of newborn mice with BPD. We found that
      elevations of whole lung HMGB1 level were associated with impaired alveolar
      development and aberrant elastin production in 85% O2-exposed lungs. HMGB1
      neutralizing antibody attenuated the structural disintegration developed in
      hyperoxia-damaged lungs. Furthermore, HMGB1 inhibition rescued the neutrophil
      influx in hyperoxia-injured lung and partially abolished the mRNA level of the
      proinflammatory mediators, interleukin (IL)-1beta and transforming growth factor
      (TGF)-beta1. These data suggested that pulmonary HMGB1 plays an important role in
      the disruption of elastogenesis in the terminal stage of lung development through
      reduced pulmonary inflammatory response. 

PMID- 26982165
TI  - Hepatitis C Viral Kinetic Changes in a Retrospective Cohort Study of Chronic
      Hepatitis C Virus Egyptian Patients on Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin
      Therapy.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of the kinetics of
      antiviral response compared to baseline host and virological factors for
      predicting treatment outcome. A retrospective analysis of 285 chronic hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) patients, encompassing genotypes 4 treated with peginterferon alpha
      2a and ribavirin, was performed. Baseline characteristics were compared across
      HCV genotypes and pretreatment factors associated with rapid virological response
      (RVR) were identified. The relative significance of RVR compared to other
      baseline factors for predicting sustained virological response was analyzed by
      multiple logistic regression analysis. Ninety-seven percent of the patients
      harbored HCV genotype 4a patients. The positive predictive value (PPV) of RVR for
      end-of-treatment response (ETR) was 88% and of early virological response (EVR)
      was 85%, which means that achievement of both RVR and EVR is a good positive
      predictive factor of response. The negative predictive value (NPV) of RVR for ETR
      was low and equals 26.77%, which means that approximately two-thirds of patients
      were able to achieve ETR despite not experiencing RVR, which means RVR is a bad
      negative predictive factor of response. The NPV of EVR for ETR was high and
      equals 90%, which means that only 10% of patients were able to achieve an ETR
      despite not experiencing EVR, which explains that EVR is a very good negative
      predictive factor of response. In univariate logistic regression analysis, which
      included the following: female gender, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate
      transaminase, alpha-fetoprotein, baseline HCV-RNA levels, grade of activity,
      stage of fibrosis, and positive HCV-RNA, by polymerase chain reaction at week 4,
      none of the previous factors was a significant independent factor of failure of
      response to treatment. The current study demonstrated that a viremia at week 4
      has a good PPV, but it has a very low NPV. The NPV of EVR was more robust for ETR
      (90%). EVR is regarded as a robust indicator of treatment outcome, and a 12-week
      stopping rule for patients is strongly evident. 

PMID- 26982168
TI  - Rabies in Costa Rica: Documentation of the Surveillance Program and the Endemic
      Situation from 1985 to 2014.
AB  - This is the first comprehensive epidemiological analysis of rabies in Costa Rica.
      We characterized the occurrence of the disease and demonstrated its endemic
      nature in this country. In Costa Rica, as in other countries in Latin America,
      hematophagous vampire bats are the primary wildlife vectors transmitting the
      rabies virus to cattle herds. Between 1985 and 2014, a total of 78 outbreaks of
      bovine rabies was reported in Costa Rica, with documented cases of 723 dead
      cattle. Of cattle outbreaks, 82% occurred between 0 and 500 meters above sea
      level, and seasonality could be demonstrated on the Pacific side of the country,
      with significantly more outbreaks occurring during the wet season. A total of
      1588 animal samples, or an average of 55 samples per year, was received by the
      veterinary authority (SENASA) for rabies diagnostic testing at this time. Of all
      samples tested, 9% (143/1588) were positive. Of these, 85.6% (125/1588) were from
      cattle; four dogs (0.3% [4/1588]) were diagnosed with rabies in this 30-year
      period. Simultaneously, an extremely low number (n = 3) of autochthonous rabies
      cases were reported among human patients, all of which were fatal. However, given
      the virus' zoonotic characteristics and predominantly fatal outcome among both
      cattle and humans, it is extremely important for healthcare practitioners and
      veterinarians to be aware of the importance of adequate wound hygiene and
      postexpositional rabies prophylaxis when dealing with both wild and domestic
      animal bites.

PMID- 26982169
TI  - Small-Colony Variants in Persistent and Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus
      Bacteremia.
AB  - The small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype of Staphylococcus aureus is associated
      with intracellular persistence and reduced antimicrobial susceptibility, which
      can lead to therapeutic failure. Since SCVs grow slowly and have a confusing
      morphology, the identification of infections due to SCV is difficult. We have
      identified SCVs in two patients who presented with persistent methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia complicated by surgical site
      infections after cardiothoracic surgery. Nine blood isolates were collected from
      the two patients for species identification, antimicrobial susceptibility
      testing, and phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Colonies on Columbia
      blood agar were pinpoint, nonpigmented, nonhemolytic, and reverted to normal
      colonies after 48 hr of incubation on Schaedler agar. Auxotrophy assays revealed
      hemin dependence. Susceptibility to vancomycin (minimal inhibitory concentrations
      1.0 MUg/mL) was confirmed by E-test and broth microdilution test. All the
      isolates were identified as MRSA by multiplex polymerase chain reaction specific
      for the mecA, femA, and 16S rRNA genes, and all had the same genotype: Multilocus
      sequence typing ST5, SCCmec type II, agr type II, and spa type t2460. Moreover
      pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing revealed that all nine isolates belonged
      to the same clone. Mutations in the relA gene were not found, and none of the
      isolates was identified as hVISA by population analysis profiling-AUC ratio. A
      high level of suspicion is required to detect SCVs, and although it is not
      common, the possibility of the SCV phenotype has to be considered in persistent
      S. aureus bacteremia.

PMID- 26982170
TI  - Mucosal Healing - How Deep Is Enough?
AB  - Mucosal healing has emerged as an important outcome measure of treatment in
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is increasingly incorporated in the outcome
      measures of clinical trials along with patient reported outcomes and used in
      clinical practice as a therapeutic target or goal. The exact definition of
      mucosal healing continues to evolve and several scoring systems have been
      developed, some of which require further validation. Considerable inter-observer
      variation may also exist in interpretation of mucosal appearance in IBD. Novel
      endoscopic techniques demonstrate that even in patients who have achieved mucosal
      healing by conventional criteria, subtle inflammation may continue to persist.
      Whether mucosal healing needs to incorporate or reflect histological healing is a
      topic of intense debate and further studies. In addition, surrogate markers of
      mucosal healing, such as fecal calprotectin, may serve as a therapeutic target,
      but there is debate about whether normalization of fecal calprotectin always
      reflects mucosal healing. Patients with mucosal healing may also continue to have
      clinical symptoms reflecting visceral hypersensitivity. 

PMID- 26982167
TI  - Microfluidic Droplet-Facilitated Hierarchical Assembly for Dual Cargo Loading and
      Synergistic Delivery.
AB  - Bottom-up hierarchical assembly has emerged as an elaborate and energy-efficient
      strategy for the fabrication of smart materials. Herein, we present a
      hierarchical assembly process, whereby linear amphiphilic block copolymers are
      self-assembled into micelles, which in turn are accommodated at the interface of
      microfluidic droplets via cucurbit[8]uril-mediated host-guest chemistry to form
      supramolecular microcapsules. The monodisperse microcapsules can be used for
      simultaneous carriage of both organic (Nile Red) and aqueous-soluble (fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-dextran) cargo. Furthermore, the well-defined compartmentalized
      structure benefits from the dynamic nature of the supramolecular interaction and
      offers synergistic delivery of cargos with triggered release or through
      photocontrolled porosity. This demonstration of premeditated hierarchical
      assembly, where interactions from the molecular to microscale are designed,
      illustrates the power of this route toward accessing the next generation of
      functional materials and encapsulation strategies. 

PMID- 26982171
TI  - Validation of the Balance Board for Clinical Evaluation of Balance During Serious
      Gaming Rehabilitation Exercises.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Balance and posture can be affected in various conditions or become
      decreased with aging. A diminution of balance control induces an increase of
      fall's risk. INTRODUCTION: The Nintendo Wii Balance BoardTM (WBB) is used in
      rehabilitation to perform balance exercises (using commercial video games). The
      WBB has also been validated to assess balance and posture in static conditions.
      However, there is currently no study investigating the use of WBB to assess
      balance during the realization of balance exercises using this device. The aim of
      this study was to validate the use of WBB, coupled with specially developed
      serious games, to assess dynamic balance during rehabilitation exercises.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty five subjects participated in this study. Subjects
      were asked to play two specially developed serious games. Center of pressure (CP)
      displacements were simultaneously recorded with a WBB and a gold standard force
      plate (FP). Nine parameters were derived from CP displacement. Bland and Altman
      plots, paired-sample t tests, intraclass correlation coefficient's, and Pearson's
      coefficient correlations were computed. RESULTS: Excellent correlation between
      both devices was found for each parameter for the two games (R = 0.95 and 0.96).
      DISCUSSION: Unlike previous work on the WBB, these excellent results were
      obtained without using any calibration procedure. Despite this, results were
      highly correlated between the WBB and the FP. CONCLUSIONS: The WBB could be used
      in clinics to assess balance during rehabilitation exercises and, thus, allows a
      more regular patient follow-up.

PMID- 26982172
TI  - Superparamagnetic nanoparticles as vectors for inner ear treatments: driving and
      toxicity evaluation.
AB  - Conclusion Super paramagnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are a promising vector to
      achieve controlled drug delivery into the cochlea. Objective The goal of the
      study was to evaluate the toxicological risk of MNP upon the inner ear. Methods
      Fe3O4-MNP displacement was studied in various catheter materials, shape, and
      solvent with a local magnetic field. EC5V cells (derived from the inner ear) were
      cultured with MNP (100 and 500 nm) at various concentrations or without MNP. Cell
      survival was assessed with a flow cytometry analysis. Localization of MNP within
      the cells was studied with confocal microscopy. In vivo, a single intra-cochlear
      administration of 200 nm MNP (3 * 10(10)MNP/mL, n = 8; 1.5 * 10(12) MNP/mL, n =
      6) or saline (n = 14) was performed in guinea pigs. Hearing thresholds were
      assessed with auditory brainstem responses at Day 7. Results MNP could be
      concentrated at different locations of the catheter with sequential activation of
      solenoids. MNP were internalized in the cytoplasm, but not in the nuclei nor in
      endosomes at 48 h. After 48 h of incubation, no difference for cell survival
      between the groups was observed, whatever the MNP concentration. A size effect
      was observed with less survival in the 100 nm group. In guinea pigs at day 7,
      hearing threshold shift was not different in the three groups. 

PMID- 26982173
TI  - De Novo Asymmetric Synthesis of a 6-O-Methyl-D-glycero-L-gluco-heptopyranose
      Derived Thioglycoside for the Preparation of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168
      Capsular Polysaccharide Fragments.
AB  - An enantioselective de novo synthesis of a thioglycoside derivative of the 6-O
      methyl-D-glycero-L-gluco-heptopyranose residue found in the Campylobacter jejuni
      NCTC11168 (HS:2) capsular polysaccharide is reported. The compound is obtained
      from a furfural-derived chiral diol in 11 steps. Notably, compared to the only
      previous synthesis of this molecule, this approach significantly reduces the
      number of purification steps required to obtain the target.

PMID- 26982174
TI  - The p.Gly61Glu Mutation in CYP1B1 Affects the Extracellular Matrix in Glaucoma
      Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to assess the possible effects of CYP1B1
      mutations on the extracellular matrix (ECM) in glaucoma patients. CYP1B1
      mutations are the cause of disease in a notable fraction of primary congenital
      glaucoma (PCG) patients and in a smaller fraction of primary open angle glaucoma
      (POAG) patients. METHODS: The study was performed on a glaucoma family with the
      common homozygous p.Gly61Glu CYP1B1 mutation. The father was affected with POAG
      and three siblings had PCG. Microscopy was performed on the skin of the father
      and one son, as well as controls. Immunohistochemical studies were done using
      anti-CYP1B1 and anti-fibrillin-1 antibodies. Fibrillin-1 served as a marker for
      the ECM, and electron microscopy was also performed. RESULTS: CYP1B1 expression
      patterns were the same in the patients and controls. However, microfibrils that
      are associated with fibrillin-1 were less abundant and more fragmented in both
      patients. Electron microscopy showed disturbed collagen fibers only in the PCG
      patient. CONCLUSIONS: The p.Gly61Glu mutation in CYP1B1 affects the ECM
      structure. This implies that the ECM of the trabecular meshwork may also be
      disrupted in a manner that affects aqueous humor flow resulting in increased
      intraocular pressure and contributing to the glaucoma phenotype.

PMID- 26982175
TI  - Genotype and Phenotype Characteristics in 22 Patients with Vitamin D-Dependent
      Rickets Type I.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vitamin D-dependent rickets type I (VDDR1) is an autosomal
      recessive disorder caused by mutations in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha
      hydroxylase gene (CYP27B1). Mutations in CYP27B1 disrupt or lead to a total loss
      of the 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity and require treatment with physiological
      doses of calcitriol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A genetic analysis of the CYP27B1 gene
      was conducted in 22 Turkish patients with VDDR1 from 13 families. Presenting
      characteristics, biochemical features, treatment, and results from the genetic
      analysis are described. RESULTS: A splice donor site mutation c.195 + 2T>G was
      found in 10 patients. The novel missense p.192K>E (c.574A>G) mutation was
      detected in 5 patients, and a novel missense p.197G>D (c.590G>A) mutation was
      found in 4 patients. A previously reported 7-bp duplication 1319-1325dupCCCACCC
      (Phe443Profs*24) in exon 8 was detected in 1 patient, and 1 patient was a
      compound heterozygote for the novel p.192K>E and the previously described 1319
      1325dupCCCACCC mutations. A novel single base pair deletion, c.171_171delG,
      leading to a frameshift, was found in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 3
      novel and 2 previously described mutations in the CYP27B1 gene. A marked
      phenotypical diversity was observed between families that carried identical
      mutations, suggesting phenotypical heterogeneity.

PMID- 26982176
TI  - CCR2 and CCR5 genes polymorphisms in women with cervical lesions from Pernambuco,
      Northeast Region of Brazil: a case-control study.
AB  - Polymorphisms in chemokine receptors play an important role in the progression of
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to cervical cancer (CC). Our study
      examined the association of CCR2-64I (rs1799864) andCCR5-Delta32 (rs333)
      polymorphisms with susceptibility to develop cervical lesion (CIN and CC) in a
      Brazilian population. The genotyping of 139 women with cervical lesions and 151
      women without cervical lesions for the CCR2-64I and CCR5-Delta32 polymorphisms
      were performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
      polymorphism. The individuals carrying heterozygous or homozygous genotypes
      (GA+AA) for CCR2-64I polymorphisms seem to be at lower risk for cervical lesion
      [odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, p = 0.0008)]. The same was observed for the A allele (OR
      = 0.39, p = 0.0002), while no association was detected (p > 0.05) with CCR5
      Delta32 polymorphism. Regarding the human papillomavirus (HPV) type, patients
      carrying the CCR2-64Ipolymorphism were protected against infection by HPV type 16
      (OR = 0.35, p = 0.0184). In summary, our study showed a protective effect ofCCR2
      64I rs1799864 polymorphism against the development of cervical lesions (CIN and
      CC) and in the susceptibility of HPV 16 infection. 

PMID- 26982177
TI  - Novel point mutations in the ERG11 gene in clinical isolates of azole resistant
      Candida species.
AB  - The azoles are the class of medications most commonly used to fight infections
      caused by Candida sp. Typically, resistance can be attributed to mutations in
      ERG11 gene (CYP51) which encodes the cytochrome P450 14alpha-demethylase, the
      primary target for the activity of azoles. The objective of this study was to
      identify mutations in the coding region of theERG11 gene in clinical isolates of
      Candida species known to be resistant to azoles. We identified three new
      synonymous mutations in the ERG11 gene in the isolates of Candida glabrata
      (C108G, C423T and A1581G) and two new nonsynonymous mutations in the isolates of
      Candida krusei--A497C (Y166S) and G1570A (G524R). The functional consequence of
      these nonsynonymous mutations was predicted using evolutionary conservation
      scores. The G524R mutation did not have effect on 14alpha-demethylase
      functionality, while the Y166S mutation was found to affect the enzyme. This
      observation suggests a possible link between the mutation and dose-dependent
      sensitivity to voriconazole in the clinical isolate of C. krusei. Although the
      presence of the Y166S in phenotype of reduced azole sensitivity observed in
      isolate C. krusei demands investigation, it might contribute to the search of new
      therapeutic agents against resistant Candida isolates.

PMID- 26982178
TI  - New host, geographic records, and histopathologic studies of Angiostrongylus spp
      (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) in rodents from Argentina with updated summary of
      records from rodent hosts and host specificity assessment.
AB  - To date, 21 species of the genus Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae)
      have been reported around the world, 15 of which are parasites of rodents. In
      this study, new host, geographic records, and histopathologic studies of
      Angiostrongylus spp in sigmodontine rodents from Argentina, with an updated
      summary of records from rodent hosts and host specificity assessment, are
      provided. Records of Angiostrongylus costaricensis from Akodon montensis and
      Angiostrongylus morerai from six new hosts and geographical localities in
      Argentina are reported. The gross and histopathologic changes in the lungs of the
      host species due to angiostrongylosis are described. Published records of the
      genus Angiostrongylus from rodents and patterns of host specificity are
      presented. Individual Angiostrongylus species parasitise between one-19 different
      host species. The most frequent values of the specificity index (STD) were
      between 1-5.97. The elevated number of host species (n = 7) of A. morerai with a
      STD = 1.86 is a reflection of multiple systematic studies of parasites from
      sigmodontine rodents in the area of Cuenca del Plata, Argentina, showing that an
      increase in sampling effort can result in new findings. The combination of low
      host specificity and a wide geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus spp
      indicates a troubling epidemiological scenario although, as yet, no human cases
      have been reported.

PMID- 26982180
TI  - Phytoplankton across Tropical and Subtropical Regions of the Atlantic, Indian and
      Pacific Oceans.
AB  - We examine the large-scale distribution patterns of the nano- and
      microphytoplankton collected from 145 oceanic stations, at 3 m depth, the 20%
      light level and the depth of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum, during the
      Malaspina-2010 Expedition (December 2010-July 2011), which covered 15
      biogeographical provinces across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, between
      35 degrees N and 40 degrees S. In general, the water column was stratified, the
      surface layers were nutrient-poor and the nano- and microplankton (hereafter
      phytoplankton, for simplicity, although it included also heterotrophic protists)
      community was dominated by dinoflagellates, other flagellates and
      coccolithophores, while the contribution of diatoms was only important in zones
      with shallow nutriclines such as the equatorial upwelling regions. We applied a
      principal component analysis to the correlation matrix among the abundances
      (after logarithmic transform) of the 76 most frequent taxa to synthesize the
      information contained in the phytoplankton data set. The main trends of
      variability identified consisted of: 1) A contrast between the community
      composition of the upper and the lower parts of the euphotic zone, expressed
      respectively by positive or negative scores of the first principal component,
      which was positively correlated with taxa such as the dinoflagellates Oxytoxum
      minutum and Scrippsiella spp., and the coccolithophores Discosphaera tubifera and
      Syracosphaera pulchra (HOL and HET), and negatively correlated with taxa like
      Ophiaster hydroideus (coccolithophore) and several diatoms, 2) a general
      abundance gradient between phytoplankton-rich regions with high abundances of
      dinoflagellate, coccolithophore and ciliate taxa, and phytoplankton-poor regions
      (second principal component), 3) differences in dominant phytoplankton and
      ciliate taxa among the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific oceans (third
      principal component) and 4) the occurrence of a diatom-dominated assemblage (the
      fourth principal component assemblage), including several pennate taxa,
      Planktoniella sol, Hemiaulus hauckii and Pseudo-nitzschia spp., in the divergence
      regions. Our findings indicate that consistent assemblages of co-occurring
      phytoplankton taxa can be identified and that their distribution is best
      explained by a combination in different degrees of both environmental and
      historical influences. 

PMID- 26982179
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses in adult patients with Chagas
      disease treated with a new formulation of benznidazole.
AB  - Pharmacological treatment of Chagas disease with benznidazole (BNZ) is effective
      in children in all stages, but it is controversial in chronically infected
      adults. We report the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in six adult patients
      with Chagas disease treated with the new BNZ formulation (ABARAX(r)) in doses
      between 2.5-5.5 mg/Kg/day. All but one patient had plasmatic BNZ concentrations
      within the expected range. All patients finalised treatment with nondetectable
      Trypanosoma cruzi quantitative polymerase chain reaction, which remained
      nondetectable at the six month follow-up. Our data suggests parasitological
      responses with the new BNZ and supports the hypothesis that treatment protocols
      with lower BNZ doses may be effective.

PMID- 26982181
TI  - The Promise of Epigenetics. Has It Delivered New Insights?
AB  - Enrichment of GWAS signals within cell-specific enhancers defines cellular
      subsets most associated to IBD and highlights the critical role of epigenetics in
      IBD. We review the central role of the interleukin 23 (IL-23) pathway in cellular
      plasticity, mechanisms which are significantly mediated by epigenetic regulation
      of master transcription factors of various CD4+ T-cell subsets. Present studies
      need to be complemented by a deeper understanding of intestine-specific gene
      expression and epigenetics, especially in mononuclear phagocytes, given their
      enormous plasticity, and tissue-dependent function. A deeper understanding and
      application of epigenetics may impact and guide early treatment and ultimately,
      disease prevention in IBD. 

PMID- 26982182
TI  - Periostin Contributes to Cisplatin Resistance in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
      A549 Cells via Activation of Stat3 and Akt and Upregulation of Survivin.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Periostin is upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
      This study was done to explore the function of periostin in the development of
      cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in NSCLC. METHODS: The effects of overexpression or
      knockdown of periostin on CDDP sensitivity was examined in A549 cells. The
      involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and Akt
      signaling in the action of periostin was checked. The in vivo effect of periostin
      silencing on CDDP susceptibility was determined in a mouse xenograft model.
      RESULTS: Periostin was significantly upregulated in CDDP-resistant A549 cells,
      compared to parental controls. Overexpression of periostin rendered A549 cells
      more resistant to CDDP-induced apoptosis and enhanced Stat3 and Akt
      phosphorylation and survivin expression. Periostin-mediated protection against
      CDDP-induced apoptosis was compromised by downregulation of survivin.
      Furthermore, knockdown of periostin re-sensitized CDDP-resistant A549 cells to
      CDDP. After CDDP treatment, greater volume reduction was observed in periostin
      silenced xenograft tumors than in control tumors, which was accompanied by
      reduced levels of phosphorylated Stat3 and survivin in periostin-depleted tumors.
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, periostin promotes CDDP resistance in NSCLC cells
      largely through activation of Stat3 and Akt and upregulation of survivin and thus
      represents a promising target for overcoming CDDP resistance.

PMID- 26982183
TI  - Production of 15N-Labelled Liquid Organic Fertilisers Based on Manure and Crop
      Residue for Use in Fertigation Studies.
AB  - Large quantities of crop residue and animal manure from agricultural and
      livestock activities are annually produced worldwide. With proper management,
      these residues are potentially valuable sources of plant nutrients, mainly N.
      Recycling such subproducts in sustainably-based agricultural systems can minimise
      the use of mineral fertilisers, and hence reduce the potential risk of surface
      and groundwater pollution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain
      (small scale) two liquid labelled-organic fertilisers, an animal- and a vegetal
      based organic (AO and VO, respectively) fertiliser, to be used as organic N
      sources in subsequent fertigation studies. Forage maize (Zea mays L.) grown under
      15N-labelled fertiliser supply was used as raw material for VO fertiliser
      production, and also as 15N-labelled sheep feed to obtain 15N-labelled manure.
      The labelled faeces fraction was used as raw material for the AO fertiliser. The
      VO fertiliser was obtained after an acidic and an enzyme-driven hydrolysis. The
      AO fertiliser was obtained after acidic hydrolysis. The VO liquid fertiliser
      presented an N concentration of 330 mg.L-1, 85% of total N was organic, while
      ammonium and nitrate N accounted for 55% and 45% of the mineral nitrogen
      fraction, respectively. This fertiliser also exhibited high K, Ca and S
      concentrations and notable values for the remaining macro- and micronutrients.
      The AO liquid fertiliser had a similar total N concentration (496 mg.L-1, 82% of
      total N in an organic form) to that of VO, but its mineral N fraction
      significantly differed, which came in a predominantly (95%) ammonia form. It also
      had a high content of N, P, K and other macronutrients, and sufficient Fe, Zn,
      Mn, Cu and B levels, which suggests its suitability as a potential fertiliser.
      The percentage of 15N enrichment in both VO and AO liquid fertilisers exceeded 2%
      15N atom excess, which enabled their use in subsequent assays run to assess
      nitrogen uptake efficiency. 

PMID- 26982186
TI  - [Existing laparoscopic simulators and their benefit for the surgeon].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, laparoscopic operations are a common part of surgical
      practice. However, they have their own characteristics and require a specific
      method of preparation. Recently, simulation techniques have been increasingly
      used for the training of skills. The aim of this review is to provide a summary
      of available literature on the topic of laparoscopic simulators, to assess their
      contribution to the training of surgeons, and to identify the most effective type
      of simulation. METHODS: PubMed database, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were
      used to search for relevant publications. The keywords "laparoscopy, simulator,
      surgery, assessment" were used in the search. The search was limited to
      prospective studies published in the last 5 years in the English language.
      RESULTS: From a total of 354 studies found, we included in the survey 26 that
      matched our criteria. Nine studies compared individual simulators to one another.
      Five studies evaluated "high and low fidelity" (a virtual box simulator) as
      equally effective (EBM 2a). In three cases the "low fidelity" box simulator was
      found to be more efficient (EBM 2a3b). Only one study preferred the virtual
      simulator (VR) (EBM2b).Thirteen studies evaluated the benefits of simulators for
      practice. Twelve found training on a simulator to be an effective method of
      preparation (EBM 1b3b). In contrast, one study did not find any difference
      between the training simulator and traditional preparation (EBM 3b). Nine studies
      evaluated directly one of the methods of evaluating laparoscopic skills. Three
      studies evaluated VR simulator as a useful assessment tool. Other studies
      evaluated as successful the scoring system GOALS-GH. The hand motion analysis
      model was successful in one case. Most studies were observational (EBM 3b) and
      only 2 studies were of higher quality (EBM 2b). CONCLUSION: Simulators are an
      effective tool for practicing laparoscopic techniques (EBM: 1b). It cannot be
      determined based on available data which of the simulators is most effective. The
      virtual simulator, however, still remains the most self-sufficient unit suitable
      for teaching as well as evaluation of laparoscopic techniques (EBM 2b3b). Further
      studies are needed to find an effective system and parameters for an objective
      evaluation of skills. KEY WORDS: laparoscopy - simulator - surgery assessment.

PMID- 26982185
TI  - Estimation of Directed Effective Connectivity from fMRI Functional Connectivity
      Hints at Asymmetries of Cortical Connectome.
AB  - The brain exhibits complex spatio-temporal patterns of activity. This phenomenon
      is governed by an interplay between the internal neural dynamics of cortical
      areas and their connectivity. Uncovering this complex relationship has raised
      much interest, both for theory and the interpretation of experimental data (e.g.,
      fMRI recordings) using dynamical models. Here we focus on the so-called inverse
      problem: the inference of network parameters in a cortical model to reproduce
      empirically observed activity. Although it has received a lot of interest,
      recovering directed connectivity for large networks has been rather unsuccessful
      so far. The present study specifically addresses this point for a noise-diffusion
      network model. We develop a Lyapunov optimization that iteratively tunes the
      network connectivity in order to reproduce second-order moments of the node
      activity, or functional connectivity. We show theoretically and numerically that
      the use of covariances with both zero and non-zero time shifts is the key to
      infer directed connectivity. The first main theoretical finding is that an
      accurate estimation of the underlying network connectivity requires that the time
      shift for covariances is matched with the time constant of the dynamical system.
      In addition to the network connectivity, we also adjust the intrinsic noise
      received by each network node. The framework is applied to experimental fMRI data
      recorded for subjects at rest. Diffusion-weighted MRI data provide an estimate of
      anatomical connections, which is incorporated to constrain the cortical model.
      The empirical covariance structure is reproduced faithfully, especially its
      temporal component (i.e., time-shifted covariances) in addition to the spatial
      component that is usually the focus of studies. We find that the cortical
      interactions, referred to as effective connectivity, in the tuned model are not
      reciprocal. In particular, hubs are either receptors or feeders: they do not
      exhibit both strong incoming and outgoing connections. Our results sets a
      quantitative ground to explore the propagation of activity in the cortex. 

PMID- 26982187
TI  - [Colorectal cancer in the elderly].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: High incidence of colorectal cancer in the Czech Republic is an
      actual and demographically significant health issue. Half of all of the patients
      is older than 70 years. Both surgical and non-surgical treatment options in this
      group of patients depend on factors that are difficult to measure only by current
      oncological and anesthesiological classifications (cTcNcM, ASA). The objective of
      this paper is to measure the impact of age on the use of various treatment
      modalities within the protocol and their results, and also to suggest alternative
      options for therapy tolerance assessment. METHODS: Analysis of data over a five
      year period from the NOR database prepared by the Institute of Biostatistics and
      Analyses, Masaryk University. RESULTS: In all parameters a difference was
      demonstrated between patients below the age of 70 and those above the age of 70
      years. Older patients were disadvantaged. Only 11.2% of patients younger than 70
      years were not treated, whereas 25.2% over the age of 70 years were not treated.
      CONCLUSION: A complex geriatric examination could improve the indication process
      in various treatment modalities, including surgery. KEY WORDS: colorectal cancer 
      elderly - treatment - geriatric assesment.

PMID- 26982184
TI  - Ideal Binocular Disparity Detectors Learned Using Independent Subspace Analysis
      on Binocular Natural Image Pairs.
AB  - An influential theory of mammalian vision, known as the efficient coding
      hypothesis, holds that early stages in the visual cortex attempts to form an
      efficient coding of ecologically valid stimuli. Although numerous authors have
      successfully modelled some aspects of early vision mathematically, closer
      inspection has found substantial discrepancies between the predictions of some of
      these models and observations of neurons in the visual cortex. In particular
      analysis of linear-non-linear models of simple-cells using Independent Component
      Analysis has found a strong bias towards features on the horoptor. In order to
      investigate the link between the information content of binocular images,
      mathematical models of complex cells and physiological recordings, we applied
      Independent Subspace Analysis to binocular image patches in order to learn a set
      of complex-cell-like models. We found that these complex-cell-like models
      exhibited a wide range of binocular disparity-discriminability, although only a
      minority exhibited high binocular discrimination scores. However, in common with
      the linear-non-linear model case we found that feature detection was limited to
      the horoptor suggesting that current mathematical models are limited in their
      ability to explain the functionality of the visual cortex. 

PMID- 26982188
TI  - [Development of tracheal resection technique - our experience].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tracheal resections are very frequent interventions on the trachea
      in general. In borderline cases where the tracheal resection length is too high,
      the situation can be resolved by inserting a stent or Montgomerys T cannula.
      Tracheal stenoses are of benign origin in 94%, and malignant in 6% of cases. We
      present a summary of tracheal resection interventions for the last 21 years.
      METHOD: 235 tracheal resections were performed at the authors institution in 1993
      2013. In total 221 benign stenosis cases (85 % developed after tracheostomy, 15%
      developed after intubation) and 14 malignant cases were treated. The patients
      were divided into two groups: A resection in years 19932002 and B - resection in
      years 20032013. The comparison of these two time periods is presented with focus
      on surgical procedures development and recommendations based on experienced
      complications. RESULTS: Restenosis (early or late) is the most common
      complication during the process of tracheal resection treatment. Tiny fistulas in
      the suture can be diagnosed easily by minor air leaking and are treated
      conservatively without intervention. Fortunately, suture insufficiency is
      relatively rare. In some cases the restenoses can be resected or treated by stent
      application or by Montgomerys T-cannula application. Complications were observed
      in 2% of the treated patients, which is a number presented also by international
      studies. CONCLUSION: Tracheal resection is definitely an optimal solution for
      patients suffering from tracheal stenosis. As presented in our study, in the
      hands of experienced thoracic surgeons tracheal resections is a safe and final
      solution of tracheal stenosis. KEY WORDS: trachea - stenosis resection.

PMID- 26982189
TI  - [Short-term results of minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair in adult
      patients].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital chest wall
      deformity. Aproximatelly 1 out of 400 to 1000 newborns are affected by this
      diagnosis. Surgical correction is indicated in patients that fulfil the
      indication criteria. The highly modified Ravitch correction (HMRR) and minimally
      invasive pectus excavatum repair (MIRPE) are by far the most popular methods of
      correction. MIRPE has been established as the method of choice amongst children.
      Feasibility of the minimally invasive approach in the funnel chest correction in
      adult population still remains controversial. METHODS: The authors present a
      retrospective analysis of adult patients treated by MIRPE in their institution.
      Sixty adult patients with pectus excavatum underwent MIRPE from October 2010 to
      March 2015. Various parameters were evaluated retrospectively. The effectiveness
      and safety of both techniques were evaluated with the use of statistical software
      SPSS(r) version 21.0 (IBM, USA). Data were evaluated using Student's t-test or
      Mann-Whitney U-test for normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively.
      The comparison of categorical variables between the groups was evaluated by
      Pearson's chi-square test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered
      statistically significant. RESULTS: 45 men and 15 women underwent MIRPE during
      the period. Median age in the group was 23 years without any statistically
      significant difference between males and females (p=0.386). Median Haller index
      was 3.93 and was slightly higher in women (p= 0.285). Asymmetric deformities were
      present in 20 patients (33.3%) without any statistically significant difference
      between the sexes (p=0.206). Median duration of the surgical correction was 73
      minutes and was longer in males (p=0.312). Two bars were implanted in 27 patients
      with no significant difference between the sexes (p=0.454). Complication rate was
      25% (15/60) without any significant difference based on the number of implanted
      bars (p=0.178), sex (p=0.863) or the presence of an asymmetric deformity
      (p=0.527). Wound seromas with 10% (6/60) were the most common complication.
      Median postoperative length of stay was 5 days without any significant difference
      between males and females (p=0.653) and patients with different number of bars
      implanted (p=0.600). The need for rehospitalisation and reoperation was indicated
      in 5 patients (8.3%). Allergy to chromium led to bar extraction in 1 patient and
      4 patients were treated by V.A.C.(r) therapy (KCI, USA) because of wound abscess
      (1) and seroma (3). CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair is an
      effective surgical technique for the treatment of pectus excavatum in adult
      patients. This technique can be learned and performed safely even without any
      former experience with this correction in children. KEY WORDS: adult patients -
      MIRPE pectus excavatum.

PMID- 26982191
TI  - [Granulomatous inflammation in differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary
      malignancy].
AB  - The authors present two case reports to demonstrate wide differential diagnosis
      of granulomatous disorders of the hepatobiliary tract. Isolated granulomatous
      disorders are very rare in this area. Differantial diagnosis includes infectious
      and systemic diseases or chemical irritation. Granulomas often immitate malignant
      tumors and the surgeon could be first to diagnose this disease during liver
      resection or cholecystectomy. KEY WORDS: granulomatous inflammation hepatic
      granuloma non-specific inflammation liver resection cholecystectomy.

PMID- 26982190
TI  - [Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) our experience].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this paper is to present our experience with
      transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) as an operative approach in a selected
      group of patients with rectal tumours. METHODS: We present a retrospective study
      of 80 patients operated for rectal tumour using TEM. Specific preoperative and
      postoperative indicators were gathered and statistically evaluated. We assessed
      histological examination before the surgery and definitive histology of the
      resected tumour, resection depth and basic demographic data of our patients.
      RESULTS: Our experience suggests that there is no significant difference between
      the age of patients according to sex, even if malignant and benign tumours are
      assessed separately. The majority of our operated patients were male patients,
      mean age of 64 years who were primarily referred to our department because of
      bleeding low-grade adenomas of the rectum. In 17 patients a malignant tumour was
      diagnosed based on final histopathologic examination. None of them had signs of
      malignancy before the surgery. CONCLUSION: In the hands of an experienced
      surgeon, TEM is a feasible option of radical removal of rectal, locally not
      advanced malignancies if within reach of TEM rectoscope. TEM is a safe procedure
      that does not result in any alteration of rectal sphincter functions. Possible
      false negative preoperative benign diagnosis leads us to approach radical removal
      of the tumour with full wall thickness resection. Although the posterior aspect
      of the rectum is an optimal location for the rectoscope, anterior tumours were
      found in almost one half of our patients. Considering technical feasibility of
      the rectal wall suture, the base of the tumour should not extend beyond one half
      of the rectal circumference. Low non-stenotising noninvasive tumours of the
      rectum are suitable for TEM. Our good results are particularly due to strict
      patient selection criteria, mastering the operating technique and long-time
      experience. KEY WORDS: transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) benign rectal
      tumours rectal cancer.

PMID- 26982192
TI  - [Extragenital malignant Mullerian carcinosarcoma with invasion of inferior vena
      cava - a case report].
AB  - The authors present the case of a 57-year-old woman with a very rare extragenital
      malignant retroperitoneal Mullerian carcinosarcoma invading the inferior vena
      cava. Tumor resection with partial resection of the vena cava wall and resection
      of metastases in the pelvic area is described. The authors further discuss
      diagnostic options of metastases of this tumour and the recommended adjuvant
      chemotherapy. KEY WORDS: extragenital Mullerian carcinosarcoma malignant mixed
      Mullerian tumour - diagnosis therapy.

PMID- 26982193
TI  - ASCA, ANCA, ALCA and Many More: Are They Useful in the Diagnosis of Inflammatory
      Bowel Disease?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by excessive immune
      responses to altered intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible
      individuals. The diagnosis of IBD depends on clinical, endoscopic, histological,
      radiological and biochemical criteria, which may be invasive, time consuming and
      usually not accepted by patients with IBD. KEY MESSAGES: Serological biomarkers
      have been demonstrated to be a series of rapid, non-invasive approaches for
      assessments of early diagnosis, disease activity and prognosis for IBD.
      Importantly, serum antibodies against microbial antigens or auto-antigens have
      been used as biomarkers in predicting disease course, complications and responses
      to medications and surgery. Moreover, they have been demonstrated to be useful in
      distinguishing patients with Crohn's disease (CD) from those with ulcerative
      colitis (UC). Recently, a great number of new serum biomarkers (e.g., anti
      glycoprotein 2, anti-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, anti
      neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody, anti
      laminaribioside carbohydrate IgG antibody, anti-mannobioside carbohydrate IgG
      antibody, antibody to the outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli, anti-CBir1)
      have been found to be present in patients with IBD and are potentially used in
      the diagnosis and prediction. The presence of these antibodies in the sera is due
      to the disruption of intestinal mucosa barrier and they may reflect a possibly
      genetic loss of immunological tolerance toward microbiota-derived antigens. Due
      to their non-invasive, easily accessible, repetitive and economical
      characteristics, these biomarkers have been found to serve as precious
      supplementary means in the diagnosis and disease evaluation of IBD. CONCLUSIONS:
      Currently, the most important utility of serological biomarkers is to evaluate
      the aggressive risks of disease phenotype, complications or surgery requirement,
      predict prognosis of the disease and distinguish CD from UC. However, they have
      limited values in making initially definite diagnosis for IBD. Therefore, more
      effective biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity need to be further
      explored in the future.

PMID- 26982194
TI  - Co-Culture of S. epidermidis and Human Osteoblasts on Implant Surfaces: An
      Advanced In Vitro Model for Implant-Associated Infections.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Total joint arthroplasty is one of the most frequent and effective
      surgeries today. However, despite improved surgical techniques, a significant
      number of implant-associated infections still occur. Suitable in vitro models are
      needed to test potential approaches to prevent infection. In the present study,
      we aimed to establish an in vitro co-culture setup of human primary osteoblasts
      and S. epidermidis to model the onset of implant-associated infections, and to
      analyze antimicrobial implant surfaces and coatings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For
      initial surface adhesion, human primary osteoblasts (hOB) were grown for 24 hours
      on test sample discs made of polystyrene, titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, bone cement
      PALACOS R(r), and PALACOS R(r) loaded with antibiotics. Co-cultures were
      performed as a single-species infection on the osteoblasts with S. epidermidis
      (multiplicity of infection of 0.04), and were incubated for 2 and 7 days under
      aerobic conditions. Planktonic S. epidermidis was quantified by centrifugation
      and determination of colony-forming units (CFU). The quantification of biofilm
      bound S. epidermidis on the test samples was performed by sonication and CFU
      counting. Quantification of adherent and vital primary osteoblasts on the test
      samples was performed by trypan-blue staining and counting. Scanning electron
      microscopy was used for evaluation of topography and composition of the species
      on the sample surfaces. RESULTS: After 2 days, we observed approximately 104
      CFU/ml biofilm-bound S. epidermidis (103 CFU/ml initial population) on the
      antibiotics-loaded bone cement samples in the presence of hOB, while no bacteria
      were detected without hOB. No biofilm-bound bacteria were detectable after 7 days
      in either case. Similar levels of planktonic bacteria were observed on day 2 with
      and without hOB. After 7 days, about 105 CFU/ml planktonic bacteria were present,
      but only in the absence of hOB. Further, no bacteria were observed within the
      biofilm, while the number of hOB was decreased to 10% of its initial value
      compared to 150% in the mono-culture of hOB. CONCLUSION: We developed a co
      culture setup that serves as a more comprehensive in vitro model for the onset of
      implant-associated infections and provides a test method for antimicrobial
      implant materials and coatings. We demonstrate that observations can be made that
      are unavailable from mono-culture experiments.

PMID- 26982195
TI  - Hepatitis E Virus Prevalence among Blood Donors, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

PMID- 26982197
TI  - Mortality Salience, System Justification, and Candidate Evaluations in the 2012
      U.S. Presidential Election.
AB  - Experiments conducted during the 2004 and 2008 U.S. presidential elections
      suggested that mortality salience primes increased support for President George
      W. Bush and Senator John McCain, respectively. Some interpreted these results as
      reflecting "conservative shift" following exposure to threat, whereas others
      emphasized preferences for "charismatic" leadership following exposure to death
      primes. To assess both hypotheses in the context of a new election cycle
      featuring a liberal incumbent who was considered to be charismatic, we conducted
      four experiments shortly before the 2012 election involving President Barack
      Obama and Governor Mitt Romney. Contrary to earlier studies, there was little
      evidence that mortality salience, either by itself or in interaction with
      political orientation, affected overall candidate ratings or voting intentions.
      However, a significant interaction between mortality salience and system
      justification in some studies indicated a more circumscribed effect. The failure
      to "replicate" previous results in the context of this election may be
      attributable to disagreement among participants as to which of the candidates
      better represented the societal status quo. 

PMID- 26982198
TI  - Computer Simulation Studies of the Mechanism of Hydrotrope-Assisted
      Solubilization of a Sparingly Soluble Drug Molecule.
AB  - The effect of hydrotrope sodium cumene sulfonate (SCS) on the solubility of a
      sparingly water-soluble drug, griseofulvin, is studied by employing classical
      molecular dynamics simulation technique. We mainly focus on the underlying
      mechanism by which SCS enhances the solubility of a sparingly soluble or
      insoluble solute in water. The main observations are the following: (a) The self
      aggregation of SCS molecules (through its hydrophobic tail) above the minimum
      hydrotrope concentration (MHC) causes the formation of micellar-like frameworks.
      Interestingly, though the drug griseofulvin possesses both polar and nonpolar
      groups, it prefers to get encapsulated inside the hydrophobic core of SCS
      aggregates. The decomposition of total SCS-drug interaction energy into van der
      Waals and electrostatic components suggests that the former plays a major role in
      this interaction. (b) The calculated Flory-Huggins interaction parameter values
      give a strong indication of the mixing ability of hydrotrope SCS and griseofulvin
      drug molecules. (c) As expected, we do not observe any strong effect of SCS
      aggregates on SCS-water and water-water average hydrogen-bond number, but it
      affects water-drug griseofulvin average hydrogen-bond number. With the help of
      these observations we try to elucidate the hydrotropic action of hydrotrope SCS
      on the solubility of drug griseofulvin. 

PMID- 26982196
TI  - Timed Rise from Floor as a Predictor of Disease Progression in Duchenne Muscular
      Dystrophy: An Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of timed items, and more specifically, of the time to rise
      from the floor, has been reported as an early prognostic factor for disease
      progression and loss of ambulation. The aim of our study was to investigate the
      possible effect of the time to rise from the floor test on the changes observed
      on the 6MWT over 12 months in a cohort of ambulant Duchenne boys. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 487 12-month data points were collected from 215 ambulant
      Duchenne boys. The age ranged between 5.0 and 20.0 years (mean 8.48 +/-2.48 DS).
      RESULTS: The results of the time to rise from the floor at baseline ranged from
      1.2 to 29.4 seconds in the boys who could perform the test. 49 patients were
      unable to perform the test at baseline and 87 at 12 month The 6MWT values ranged
      from 82 to 567 meters at baseline. 3 patients lost the ability to perform the
      6mwt at 12 months. The correlation between time to rise from the floor and 6MWT
      at baseline was high (r = 0.6, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both time to rise from the
      floor and baseline 6MWT were relevant for predicting 6MWT changes in the group
      above the age of 7 years, with no interaction between the two measures, as the
      impact of time to rise from the floor on 6MWT change was similar in the patients
      below and above 350 m. Our results suggest that, time to rise from the floor can
      be considered an additional important prognostic factor of 12 month changes on
      the 6MWT and, more generally, of disease progression.

PMID- 26982199
TI  - Severe Infections with Human Adenovirus 7d in 2 Adults in Family, Illinois, USA,
      2014.
AB  - Human adenovirus 7d, a genomic variant with no reported circulation in the United
      States, was isolated from 2 adults with severe respiratory infections in
      Illinois. Molecular typing identified a close relationship with strains of the
      same genome type isolated from cases of respiratory disease in several provinces
      of China since 2009. 

PMID- 26982201
TI  - Two new prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum scabrum.
AB  - Two new prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives (1-2), and a known compound
      furohyperforim isomer 2 (3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum
      scabrum. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods,
      including MS, IR, UV, and NMR. 

PMID- 26982200
TI  - HIV-1 Protease in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HIV-1 protease (PR) is an essential viral enzyme. Its primary
      function is to proteolyze the viral Gag-Pol polyprotein for production of viral
      enzymes and structural proteins and for maturation of infectious viral particles.
      Increasing evidence suggests that PR cleaves host cellular proteins. However, the
      nature of PR-host cellular protein interactions is elusive. This study aimed to
      develop a fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) model system and to examine
      the possible interaction of HIV-1 PR with cellular proteins and its potential
      impact on cell proliferation and viability. RESULTS: A fission yeast strain RE294
      was created that carried a single integrated copy of the PR gene in its
      chromosome. The PR gene was expressed using an inducible nmt1 promoter so that PR
      specific effects could be measured. HIV-1 PR from this system cleaved the same
      indigenous viral p6/MA protein substrate as it does in natural HIV-1 infections.
      HIV-1 PR expression in fission yeast cells prevented cell proliferation and
      induced cellular oxidative stress and changes in mitochondrial morphology that
      led to cell death. Both these PR activities can be prevented by a PR-specific
      enzymatic inhibitor, indinavir, suggesting that PR-mediated proteolytic
      activities and cytotoxic effects resulted from enzymatic activities of HIV-1 PR.
      Through genome-wide screening, a serine/threonine kinase, Hhp2, was identified
      that suppresses HIV-1 PR-induced protease cleavage and cell death in fission
      yeast and in mammalian cells, where it prevented PR-induced apoptosis and
      cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-8. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to
      show that HIV-1 protease is functional as an enzyme in fission yeast, and that it
      behaves in a similar manner as it does in HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 PR-induced cell
      death in fission yeast could potentially be used as an endpoint for mechanistic
      studies, and this system could be used for developing a high-throughput system
      for drug screenings.

PMID- 26982202
TI  - Transcriptome Analysis for Abnormal Spike Development of the Wheat Mutant dms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spike development is the foundation for
      grain yield. We obtained a novel wheat mutant, dms, characterized as dwarf, multi
      pistil and sterility. Although the genetic changes are not clear, the heredity of
      traits suggests that a recessive gene locus controls the two traits of multi
      pistil and sterility in self-pollinating populations of the medium plants (M),
      such that the dwarf genotype (D) and tall genotype (T) in the progeny of the
      mutant are ideal lines for studies regarding wheat spike development. The
      objective of this study was to explore the molecular basis for spike
      abnormalities of dwarf genotype. RESULTS: Four unigene libraries were assembled
      by sequencing the mRNAs of the super-bulked differentiating spikes and stem tips
      of the D and T plants. Using integrative analysis, we identified 419 genes highly
      expressed in spikes, including nine typical homeotic genes of the MADS-box family
      and the genes TaAP2, TaFL and TaDL. We also identified 143 genes that were
      significantly different between young spikes of T and D, and 26 genes that were
      putatively involved in spike differentiation. The result showed that the
      expression levels of TaAP1-2, TaAP2, and other genes involved in the majority of
      biological processes such as transcription, translation, cell division,
      photosynthesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and energy production and
      conversion were significantly lower in D than in T. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a
      set of genes related to wheat floral organ differentiation, including typical
      homeotic genes. Our results showed that the major causal factors resulting in the
      spike abnormalities of dms were the lower expression homeotic genes, hormonal
      imbalance, repressed biological processes, and deficiency of construction
      materials and energy. We performed a series of studies on the homeotic genes,
      however the other three causal factors for spike abnormal phenotype of dms need
      further study.

PMID- 26982203
TI  - Inflammation in arthritis induces expression of BMP3, an inhibitor of bone
      formation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Inflammation in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stimulates
      osteoclast-mediated articular bone erosion and inhibits osteoblast-mediated bone
      formation, leading to a net loss of bone. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and
      antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway have been implicated in the inhibition
      of osteoblast differentiation and activity in RA, contributing to the erosive
      process and impairing erosion healing. Importantly, osteoblast differentiation
      and function are also regulated by the osteogenic bone morphogenetic protein
      (BMP) signalling pathway, which is antagonized by BMP3. We therefore examined the
      potential role of BMP3 in inflammatory arthritis. METHOD: Two murine models of
      RA, K/BxN serum transfer arthritis (STA) and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA),
      were used to establish the temporal expression of BMP3 and the cellular sources
      of BMP3 mRNA and protein in inflammatory arthritis. To determine the effects of
      inflammation on the expression of BMP3 in osteoblasts, murine calvarial
      osteoblasts were treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and BMP3 expression was
      assessed. RESULTS: In both murine models of RA, BMP3 mRNA and protein are highly
      expressed by osteoblasts lining inflammation-bone interfaces late in the course
      of arthritis. Synovial tissues are not a significant source of BMP3. BMP3
      expression is induced in osteocalcin-expressing osteoblasts in vitro following
      stimulation by tumour necrosis factor (TNF). CONCLUSIONS: These data implicate
      BMP3 as a novel factor that may act locally to contribute to the erosive process
      and inhibit the repair of articular bone in RA through inhibition of osteoblast
      differentiation and function.

PMID- 26982204
TI  - Large arterial occlusive strokes as a medical emergency: need to accurately
      predict clot location.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke with a large
      intracranial occlusion was recently shown to be effective. Timely knowledge of
      the presence, site, and extent of arterial occlusions in the ischemic territory
      has the potential to influence patient selection for endovascular treatment. We
      aimed to find predictors of large vessel occlusive strokes, on the basis of
      available demographic, clinical, radiological, and laboratory data in the
      emergency setting. METHODS: Patients enrolled in ASTRAL registry with acute
      ischemic stroke and computed tomography (CT)-angiography within 12 h of stroke
      onset were selected and categorized according to occlusion site. Easily
      accessible variables were used in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of 1645
      patients enrolled, a significant proportion (46.2%) had a large vessel occlusion
      in the ischemic territory. The main clinical predictors of any arterial occlusion
      were in-hospital stroke [odd ratios (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.4-3.1],
      higher initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (OR 1.1, 1.1-1.2),
      presence of visual field defects (OR 1.9, 1.3-2.6), dysarthria (OR 1.4, 1.0-1.9),
      or hemineglect (OR 2.0, 1.4-2.8) at admission and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.7,
      1.2-2.3). Further, the following radiological predictors were identified: time-to
      imaging (OR 0.9, 0.9-1.0), early ischemic changes (OR 2.3, 1.7-3.2), and silent
      lesions on CT (OR 0.7, 0.5-1.0). The area under curve for this analysis was 0.85.
      Looking at different occlusion sites, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale
      and early ischemic changes on CT were independent predictors in all subgroups.
      CONCLUSION: Neurological deficits, stroke risk factors, and CT findings
      accurately identify acute ischemic stroke patients at risk of symptomatic vessel
      occlusion. Predicting the presence of these occlusions may impact emergency
      stroke care in regions with limited access to noninvasive vascular imaging.

PMID- 26982205
TI  - Intranasal fentanyl for the prehospital management of acute pain in children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Acute pain is the most common symptom in the emergency setting and
      its optimal management continues to challenge prehospital emergency care
      practitioners, particularly in the paediatric population. Difficulty in
      establishing vascular access and fear of opiate administration to small children
      are recognized reasons for oligoanalgesia. Intranasal fentanyl (INF) has been
      shown to be as safe and effective as intravenous morphine in the treatment of
      severe pain in children in the Emergency Department setting. AIM: This study
      aimed to describe the clinical efficacy and safety of INF when administered by
      advanced paramedics in the prehospital treatment of acute severe pain in
      children. METHODS: A 1-year prospective cross-sectional study was carried out of
      children (>1 year, <16 years) who received INF as part of the prehospital
      treatment of acute pain by the statutory national emergency medical services in
      Ireland. RESULTS: Ninety-four children were included in the final analysis
      [median age 11 years (interquartile range 7-13)]; 53% were males and trauma was
      implicated in 86% of cases. A clinically effective reduction in the pain score
      was found in 78 children [83% (95% confidence interval: 74-89%)]. The median
      initial pain rating score was 10. Pain assessment at 10 min after INF
      administration indicated a median pain rating of 5 (interquartile range 2-7). No
      patient developed an adverse event as a result of INF. DISCUSSION: INF at a dose
      of 1.5 ug/kg appears to be a safe and effective analgesic in the prehospital
      management of acute severe pain in children and may be an attractive alternative
      to both oral and intravenous opiates.

PMID- 26982206
TI  - Examination of the Impact of Copper(II) alpha-(N)-Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazone
      Complexes on DNA Topoisomerase IIalpha.
AB  - Type II DNA topoisomerases resolve topological knots and tangles in DNA that
      result from routine cellular processes and are effective targets for anticancer
      therapeutics. To this end, thiosemicarbazones have been identified as having the
      ability to kill cancer cells from several cell lines. Literature evidence
      suggests that at least some thiosemicarbazones have an impact on topoisomerase II
      activity. However, the mechanism is not as clearly defined. Therefore, we set out
      to analyze the activity of four alpha-(N)-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone
      compounds against topoisomerase IIalpha. The ligands, acetylpyridine
      ethylthiosemicarbazone (APY-ETSC) and acetylpyrazine-methylthiosemicarbazone (APZ
      MTSC), and their copper(II) [Cu(II)] complexes [Cu(APY-ETSC)Cl] and [Cu(APZ
      MTSC)Cl] were examined for the ability to impact the catalytic cycle of human
      topoisomerase IIalpha. Both [Cu(APY-ETSC)Cl] and [Cu(APZ-MTSC)Cl] were more
      effective at inhibiting DNA relaxation compared with the ligands alone. Further,
      both [Cu(APY-ETSC)Cl] and [Cu(APZ-MTSC)Cl] increased double-stranded DNA cleavage
      levels without inhibiting topoisomerase IIalpha-mediated DNA ligation. The Cu(II)
      complexes inactivate enzyme activity over time suggesting a critical interaction
      with the enzyme. Additionally, we found that the Cu(II)-thiosemicarbazone
      complexes do not significantly impact DNA cleavage by the catalytic core of the
      enzyme. This evidence is supported by the fact that both [Cu(APY-ETSC)Cl] and
      [Cu(APZ-MTSC)Cl], and to a lesser extent the ligands, inhibit topoisomerase
      IIalpha-mediated ATP hydrolysis. Based upon kinetic analysis, the Cu(II)
      complexes appear to be noncompetitive inhibitors of the ATPase domain of
      topoisomerase IIalpha. Taken together, our results provide evidence that Cu(II)
      complexes of alpha-(N)-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones catalytically inhibit the
      enzyme through the ATPase domain but also promote double-stranded DNA cleavage by
      the enzyme. 

PMID- 26982207
TI  - Windows Instant Messaging App Forensics: Facebook and Skype as Case Studies.
AB  - Instant messaging (IM) has changed the way people communicate with each other.
      However, the interactive and instant nature of these applications (apps) made
      them an attractive choice for malicious cyber activities such as phishing. The
      forensic examination of IM apps for modern Windows 8.1 (or later) has been
      largely unexplored, as the platform is relatively new. In this paper, we seek to
      determine the data remnants from the use of two popular Windows Store application
      software for instant messaging, namely Facebook and Skype on a Windows 8.1 client
      machine. This research contributes to an in-depth understanding of the types of
      terrestrial artefacts that are likely to remain after the use of instant
      messaging services and application software on a contemporary Windows operating
      system. Potential artefacts detected during the research include data relating to
      the installation or uninstallation of the instant messaging application software,
      log-in and log-off information, contact lists, conversations, and transferred
      files. 

PMID- 26982208
TI  - A NEW TECHNIQUE WITH AUTOLOGOUS FIBRIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT OPTIC PIT
      MACULOPATHY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the use of autologous fibrin for the treatment of persistent
      optic pit maculopathy. METHODS: The authors report two patients with an optic pit
      related serous macular detachment, which persisted after vitrectomy and internal
      limiting membrane peeling. Autologous fibrin was prepared from the patients'
      whole blood and injected over the optic disk pit area to seal the pit/coloboma
      area followed by fluid-air-gas exchange. RESULTS: Retina stayed attached starting
      from the first postoperative visit till the last visit at 27 (Case 1) and 14
      (Case 2) months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of autologous fibrin for the
      treatment of optic disk pit-related serous macular detachment seems a worthy
      contribution to the treatment of persistent cases.

PMID- 26982209
TI  - INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANTATION FOR BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINOPATHY.
AB  - PURPOSE: Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a rare form of posterior uveitis. This
      article reports a case series of patients with HLA-A29+ birdshot
      chorioretinopathy managed with intravitreal dexamethasone implants. METHODS:
      Retrospective case report. RESULTS: Three patients with birdshot
      chorioretinopathy (6 eyes) were seen from 2013 to 2015 and managed with
      dexamethasone intravitreal implant; there was an average of 6 months between
      implants. All 3 experienced control of ocular inflammation and macular edema with
      intravitreal dexamethasone and achieved best-corrected visual acuity of at least
      20/25 during the course of treatment. Two patients tolerated serial dexamethasone
      implants for over a year without glaucoma or cataract surgery. Dexamethasone
      implantation was not repeated in one patient with preexisting uveitic glaucoma
      because of persistently elevated intraocular pressure. In this series, all
      patients had improvement in visual acuity, macular edema, intraocular
      inflammation, and quality of life, and no patients developed visually significant
      cataracts. Only one eye with preexisting uveitic glaucoma exhibited an increased
      intraocular pressure requiring discontinuation of therapy. CONCLUSION:
      Intravitreal dexamethasone implant can be an effective alternative in the
      management of birdshot chorioretinopathy.

PMID- 26982212
TI  - Strong pyro-catalysis of pyroelectric BiFeO3 nanoparticles under a room
      temperature cold-hot alternation.
AB  - A strong pyro-catalytic dye degradation with an ultrahigh degradation efficiency
      (>99%) in hydrothermally synthesized pyroelectric BiFeO3 nanoparticles was
      achieved under a room-temperature cold-hot alternating excitation (between 27 
      degrees C to 38  degrees C). The pyro-catalysis originated from a combination of
      the pyroelectric effect and the electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction. The
      intermediate products (hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals) of pyro-electro
      catalysis were observed. Pyro-catalysis provides a highly efficient and reusable
      dye wastewater decomposition technology through utilizing environmental day-night
      temperature variation. 

PMID- 26982210
TI  - Important differences in the durability of glycaemic response among second-line
      treatment options when added to metformin in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective
      cohort study.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: There is limited information about the durability of glycaemic
      control when different oral glucose-lowering therapies (GLTs) are used as add-on
      treatments to metformin (MET) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
      OBJECTIVE: To compare time to treatment failure between different classes of oral
      GLT when used as second line (add-on) treatments to MET monotherapy at HbA1c >=
      7.5%. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study on 20,070
      patients who were newly treated with a sulphonylurea (SU), dipeptidyl-peptidase-4
      (DPP-4) inhibitor or thiazolidinedione (TZD) following MET therapy failure (2007
      2014). Patients' data was sourced from UK General Practices via The Health
      Improvement Network (THIN) database. The risk of dual therapy failure was
      compared between three treatment groups: MET + SU (reference group, n = 15,508),
      MET + DPP-4 inhibitor (n = 3,080) and MET + TZD (n = 1,482). Follow-up was until
      treatment substitution or intensification with a 3rd GLT, or for up to 5 years
      (totalling 46,430 person-years). Propensity score weighting and Cox proportional
      hazard regression analyses were employed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Risk of
      dual therapy failure was compared between treatment groups while adjusting for
      baseline covariates. RESULTS: Unadjusted survival analysis showed the incidence
      of dual therapy failure at 1 year was 15% with SU, 23% with DPP-4 inhibitor and
      8% with TZD. Corresponding failure rates at 2 years were 26, 38 and 12%,
      respectively. Adjusted multivariate models showed that, compared to the SU group,
      adding a DPP-4 inhibitor was associated with an increased risk of treatment
      failure (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR, 1.58; 95% CI: 1.48-1.68), while adding a TZD
      was associated with a reduced hazard (aHR, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.41-0.50). Baseline
      parameters associated with an increased hazard of intensification included HbA1c,
      diabetes duration, gender, smoking status and the use of statins. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: In routine clinical practice, adding a DPP-4 inhibitor to MET is
      associated with an increased, earlier requirement for treatment intensification
      compared to adding an SU or TZD. Adding a TZD to MET resulted in the most durable
      glycaemic response. Key messages The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
      has suggested that the durability of glycaemic response after treatment
      intensification is best investigated using well-designed long-term observational
      studies. In routine clinical practice, among patients with T2DM receiving a
      second line glucose lowering treatment as add-on to MET, the addition of a
      Thiazolidinediones is associated with the most durable glycaemic response,
      followed by a Sulfonylurea and then a DPP-4 inhibitor. Factors associated with
      earlier dual therapy failure included concomitant use of statin therapy, being
      female, a smoker, those with longer diabetes duration and higher baseline HbA1c
      levels. The addition of a Thiazolidinediones was associated with significant
      weight gain (1.8 kg, p < 0.001), while add-on DPP-4 inhibitor produced a
      significant weight reduction (-1.8 kg, p < 0.001). A very small reduction in body
      weight was observed with the SU (-0.2 kg, p < 0.001).

PMID- 26982211
TI  - Establishment of a standard reference material (SRM) herbal DNA barcode library
      of Vitex negundo L. (lagundi) for quality control measures.
AB  - The majority of the population in the Philippines relies on herbal products as
      their primary source for their healthcare needs. After the recognition of Vitex
      negundo L. (lagundi) as an important and effective alternative medicine for
      cough, sore throat, asthma and fever by the Philippine Department of Health
      (DOH), there was an increase in the production of lagundi-based herbal products
      in the form of teas, capsules and syrups. The efficiency of these products is
      greatly reliant on the use of authentic plant material, and to this day no
      standard protocol has been established to authenticate plant materials. DNA
      barcoding offers a quick and reliable species authentication tool, but its
      application to plant material has been less successful due to (1) lack of a
      standard DNA barcoding loci in plants and (2) poor DNA yield from powderised
      plant products. This study reports the successful application of DNA barcoding in
      the authentication of five V. negundo herbal products sold in the Philippines.
      Also, the first standard reference material (SRM) herbal library for the
      recognition of authentic V. negundo samples was established using 42 gene
      accessions of ITS, psbA-trnH and matK barcoding loci. Authentication of the
      herbal products utilised the SRM following the BLASTn and maximum-likelihood (ML)
      tree construction criterion. Barcode sequences were retrieved for ITS and psbA
      trnH of all products tested and the results of the study revealed that only one
      out of five herbal products satisfied both BLASTn and ML criterion and was
      considered to contain authentic V. negundo. The results prompt the urgent need to
      utilise DNA barcoding in authenticating herbal products available in the
      Philippine market. Authentication of these products will secure consumer health
      by preventing the negative effects of adulteration, substitution and
      contamination. 

PMID- 26982214
TI  - Confinement properties of 2D porous molecular networks on metal surfaces.
AB  - Quantum effects that arise from confinement of electronic states have been
      extensively studied for the surface states of noble metals. Utilizing small
      artificial structures for confinement allows tailoring of the surface properties
      and offers unique opportunities for applications. So far, examples of surface
      state confinement include thin films, artificial nanoscale structures, vacancy
      and adatom islands, self-assembled 1D chains, vicinal surfaces, quantum dots and
      quantum corrals. In this review we summarize recent achievements in changing the
      electronic structure of surfaces by adsorption of nanoporous networks whose
      design principles are based on the concepts of supramolecular chemistry. Already
      in 1993, it was shown that quantum corrals made from Fe atoms on a Cu(1 1 1)
      surface using single atom manipulation with a scanning tunnelling microscope
      confine the Shockley surface state. However, since the atom manipulation
      technique for the construction of corral structures is a relatively time
      consuming process, the fabrication of periodic two-dimensional (2D) corral
      structures is practically impossible. On the other side, by using molecular self
      assembly extended 2D porous structures can be achieved in a parallel process,
      i.e. all pores are formed at the same time. The molecular building blocks are
      usually held together by non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, metal
      coordination or dipolar coupling. Due to the reversibility of the bond formation
      defect-free and long-range ordered networks can be achieved. However, recently
      also examples of porous networks formed by covalent coupling on the surface have
      been reported. By the choice of the molecular building blocks, the dimensions of
      the network (pore size and pore to pore distance) can be controlled. In this way,
      the confinement properties of the individual pores can be tuned. In addition, the
      effect of the confined state on the hosting properties of the pores will be
      discussed in this review article.

PMID- 26982213
TI  - Light-Emitting Superstructures with Anion Effect: Coordination-Driven Self
      Assembly of Pure Tetraphenylethylene Metallacycles and Metallacages.
AB  - Herein, we describe the synthesis of tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based di-Pt(II)
      acceptors as shown by X-ray analysis, which are subsequently used to construct
      pure TPE-based 2D hexagonal metallacycles and 3D drumlike metallacages with three
      different counteranions via coordination-driven self-assembly. The metallacycles
      possess alternating TPE donor and acceptor units that arrange 12 pendant phenyl
      rings along the outer perimeter that provide the basis for the observed
      aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior. The metallacages are similarly
      constructed from TPE-based building blocks, specifically two donors and four
      acceptors, resulting in eight freely rotating phenyl rings decorating the
      prismatic core. The fluorescence of these cages in dilute solution is intensified
      when hexane is added to CH2Cl2 solutions, indicative of aggregation-induced
      enhanced emission (AIEE). The influence of the counteranions on the photophysics
      of the assemblies was investigated. The molar absorption coefficients (epsilon),
      fluorescence emission intensities, and quantum yield (PhiF) values of the SCCs
      with different counteranions in CH2Cl2 follow the order PF6(-) > OTf(-) > NO3(-).
      The same trend also applies to the AIE characteristics of the SCCs in the
      aggregated state. The metal-organic materials developed here not only enrich a
      newly emerging library of self-assembly AIE metallacycles and cages that are
      promising candidates for turn-on fluorescent sensors and advanced optical devices
      but also provide an understanding of how structural factors affect the
      photophysics of AIE-active SCCs. 

PMID- 26982215
TI  - Correlations of Electrophysiological Measurements with Identification Levels of
      Ancient Chinese Characters.
AB  - Studies of event-related potential (ERP) in the human brain have shown that the
      N170 component can reliably distinguish among different object categories.
      However, it is unclear whether this is true for different identifiable levels
      within a single category. In the present study, we used ERP recording to examine
      the neural response to different identification levels and orientations (upright
      vs. inverted) of Chinese characters. The results showed that P1, N170, and P250
      were modulated by different identification levels of Chinese characters.
      Moreover, time frequency analysis showed similar results, indicating that
      identification levels were associated with object recognition, particularly
      during processing of a single categorical stimulus. 

PMID- 26982216
TI  - Bactericidal Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy Against Periodontal Pathogens in
      Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the bactericidal efficacy of
      antimicrobial photodynamic dynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to scaling and
      root planing (SRP) against periodontal pathogens. BACKGROUND DATA: SRP followed
      by laser therapy has better clinical outcomes than conventional SRP alone.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The question addressed was "Does aPDT as an adjunct to SRP
      exhibit better bactericidal effect against periodontal pathogens than the use of
      SRP alone in periodontal disease?" MEDLINE((r))/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of
      Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1977 to December 2015,
      using different combinations of key words. Review articles, in vitro and
      experimental studies, and articles in languages other than English were excluded.
      RESULTS: Seventeen clinical studies were included. Laser wavelengths and duration
      of irradiation ranged between 470 and 810 nm and 60 and 300 sec, respectively.
      All studies showed that aPDT application was effective in reducing the counts of
      periodontal microbes at follow-up. Four studies showed significantly reduced
      bacterial counts for aPDT as an adjunct to SRP compared with SRP alone. Thirteen
      studies showed comparable reduction in the counts of periodontal bacteria when
      aPDT alone or as an adjunct to SRP was compared with SRP alone. CONCLUSIONS: The
      bactericidal efficacy of aPDT as an adjunct to SRP against periodontal pathogens
      in periodontal disease remains debatable.

PMID- 26982217
TI  - Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults and Risk of Dementia.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Depression has been identified as a risk factor for dementia.
      However, most studies have measured depressive symptoms at only one time point,
      and older adults may show different patterns of depressive symptoms over time.
      OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between trajectories of depressive
      symptoms and risk of dementia in older adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      This was a prospective cohort investigation of black and white community-dwelling
      older adults in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study. Participants were
      enrolled between May 1997 and June 1998 and followed up through 2001-2002. The
      dates of this analysis were September 2014 to December 2015. The setting was
      community research centers in Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
      Trajectories of depressive symptoms were assessed from baseline to year 5.
      Symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
      Short Form, and trajectories were calculated using latent class growth curve
      analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incident dementia through year 11,
      determined by dementia medication use, hospital records, or significant cognitive
      decline (>=1.5 SD race-specific decline on the Modified Mini-Mental State
      Examination). We examined the association between depressive symptom trajectories
      and dementia incidence using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted
      for demographics, health factors that differed between groups, and cognition
      during the depressive symptom assessment period (baseline to year 5). RESULTS:
      The analytic cohort included 2488 black and white older adults with repeated
      depressive symptom assessments from baseline to year 5 who were free of dementia
      throughout that period. Their mean (SD) age at baseline was 74.0 (2.8) years, and
      53.1% (n = 1322) were female. The following 3 depressive symptom trajectories
      were identified: consistently minimal symptoms (62.0% [n = 1542] of
      participants), moderate and increasing symptoms (32.2% [n = 801] of
      participants), and high and increasing symptoms (5.8% [n = 145] of participants).
      Compared with the consistently minimal trajectory, having a high and increasing
      depressive symptom trajectory was associated with significantly increased risk of
      dementia (fully adjusted hazard ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.30-2.90), while the
      moderate and increasing trajectory was not associated with risk of dementia after
      full adjustment. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the high and increasing
      trajectory was associated with dementia incidence, while depressive symptoms at
      individual time points were not. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Older adults with a
      longitudinal pattern of high and increasing depressive symptoms are at high risk
      for dementia. Individuals' trajectory of depressive symptoms may inform dementia
      risk more accurately than one-time assessment of depressive symptoms.

PMID- 26982220
TI  - Correction: Nanobodies: site-specific labeling for super-resolution imaging,
      rapid epitope-mapping and native protein complex isolation.

PMID- 26982221
TI  - Editorial comments.

PMID- 26982222
TI  - From the FDA: Asthma inhalers recalled.

PMID- 26982218
TI  - "Stockpile" of Slight Transcriptomic Changes Determines the Indirect Genotoxicity
      of Low-Dose BPA in Thyroid Cells.
AB  - Epidemiological and experimental data highlighted the thyroid-disrupting activity
      of bisphenol A (BPA). Although pivotal to identify the mechanisms of toxicity,
      direct low-dose BPA effects on thyrocytes have not been assessed. Here, we report
      the results of microarray experiments revealing that the transcriptome reacts
      dynamically to low-dose BPA exposure, adapting the changes in gene expression to
      the exposure duration. The response involves many genes, enriching specific
      pathways and biological functions mainly cell death/proliferation or DNA repair.
      Their expression is only slightly altered but, since they enrich specific
      pathways, this results in major effects as shown here for transcripts involved in
      the DNA repair pathway. Indeed, even though no phenotypic changes are induced by
      the treatment, we show that the exposure to BPA impairs the cell response to
      further stressors. We experimentally verify that prolonged exposure to low doses
      of BPA results in a delayed response to UV-C-induced DNA damage, due to
      impairment of p21-Tp53 axis, with the BPA-treated cells more prone to cell death
      and DNA damage accumulation. The present findings shed light on a possible
      mechanism by which BPA, not able to directly cause genetic damage at
      environmental dose, may exert an indirect genotoxic activity. 

PMID- 26982223
TI  - From the FDA: New drug approved to reduce stroke.

PMID- 26982224
TI  - From the CDC: Influenza is hitting 37 states.

PMID- 26982225
TI  - Exercise and Circulation in Health and Disease.

PMID- 26982219
TI  - Stereotyped spatial patterns of functional synaptic connectivity in the
      cerebellar cortex.
AB  - Motor coordination is supported by an array of highly organized heterogeneous
      modules in the cerebellum. How incoming sensorimotor information is channeled and
      communicated between these anatomical modules is still poorly understood. In this
      study, we used transgenic mice expressing GFP in specific subsets of Purkinje
      cells that allowed us to target a given set of cerebellar modules. Combining in
      vitro recordings and photostimulation, we identified stereotyped patterns of
      functional synaptic organization between the granule cell layer and its main
      targets, the Purkinje cells, Golgi cells and molecular layer interneurons. Each
      type of connection displayed position-specific patterns of granule cell synaptic
      inputs that do not strictly match with anatomical boundaries but connect distant
      cortical modules. Although these patterns can be adjusted by activity-dependent
      processes, they were found to be consistent and predictable between animals. Our
      results highlight the operational rules underlying communication between modules
      in the cerebellar cortex. 

PMID- 26982226
TI  - CME QUIZ.

PMID- 26982227
TI  - Take the time to teach to ensure the legacy and future of our profession.

PMID- 26982228
TI  - From the FDA: FDA approves Keppra.

PMID- 26982229
TI  - From the FDA: Breast scanning system receives second FDA regulatory approval.

PMID- 26982230
TI  - From the FDA: First drug device combined treatment for certain precancerous skin
      lesions approved.

PMID- 26982231
TI  - From the CDC: CDC urges caution to reduce workplace needlestick injuries.

PMID- 26982232
TI  - From the CDC: Pet reptiles pose health hazard.

PMID- 26982233
TI  - Geriatrics at Your Fingertips.

PMID- 26982234
TI  - 5-((3-Amidobenzyl)oxy)nicotinamides as Sirtuin 2 Inhibitors.
AB  - Derived from our previously reported human sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) inhibitors that were
      based on a 5-aminonaphthalen-1-yloxy nicotinamide core structure, 5-((3
      amidobenzyl)oxy)nicotinamides offered excellent activity against SIRT2 and high
      isozyme selectivity over SIRT1 and SIRT3. Selected compounds also exhibited
      generally favorable in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
      properties. Kinetic studies revealed that a representative SIRT2 inhibitor acted
      competitively against both NAD(+) and the peptide substrate, an inhibitory
      modality that was supported by our computational study. More importantly, two
      selected compounds exhibited significant protection against alpha-synuclein
      aggregation-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, 5-((3
      amidobenzyl)oxy)nicotinamides represent a new class of SIRT2 inhibitors that are
      attractive candidates for further lead optimization in our continued effort to
      explore selective inhibition of SIRT2 as a potential therapy for Parkinson's
      disease. 

PMID- 26982235
TI  - Recurrent implantation failure: a comprehensive review.
AB  - Successful pregnancy involves a synchronized, coordinated cross-talk between an
      embryo capable of implanting, and an endometrium enabling implantation. Recurrent
      implantation failure (RIF) refers to unsuccessful implantation after repeated
      transfers of morphologically good quality embryos into a normal uterus. The
      etiology for RIF can be attributed to the embryo itself, the mother or, in some
      cases, both. Despite extensive research on underlying causes for RIF, our
      understanding of this condition is still limited. With the evolving molecular
      technologies, efforts are focused on studying the implantation process itself,
      including the molecular aspects of endometrial-embryonic interactions, normal
      human embryonic development, and preimplantation genetic evaluation. This
      knowledge will pave the way toward new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for
      RIF. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of our current knowledge
      on this topic. 

PMID- 26982236
TI  - Forward thinking: where next for delirium prevention research?

PMID- 26982237
TI  - Nab-paclitaxel-induced cystoid macular edema in a patient with pre-existing optic
      neuropathy.
AB  - Paclitaxel is a widely used chemotherapy agent that has rarely been associated
      with ophthalmic toxicities. Cystoid macular edema is one such rare side effect of
      paclitaxel therapy. Its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we
      report on a 69-year-old woman who developed cystoid macular edema associated with
      the albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel after several months of therapy for
      breast cancer. After 2 months of drug withdrawal, her vision improved and there
      was a significant improvement in the macular edema by imaging with spectral
      domain optical coherence tomography. Oncologists using taxane agents should be
      aware of this rare adverse outcome for timely patient referral to an
      ophthalmologist and appropriate treatment to preserve a patient's visual acuity.

PMID- 26982238
TI  - Schedule-dependent interaction between temsirolimus and cetuximab in head and
      neck cancer: a preclinical study.
AB  - Aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is associated with
      tumor growth in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is a major
      focus of targeted therapy. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target
      of the rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway is frequently mutated in HNSCC
      and is involved in disease progression and resistance to EGFR inhibitors. The aim
      of this study was to assess the antiproliferative effects of mTOR inhibition
      (temsirolimus) combined with the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab,
      administered according to different combination schedules. Antiproliferative
      effects of the combination of temsirolimus and cetuximab were determined on the
      representative HNSCC CAL33 cell line (PI3KCA H1047R mutated and K-RAS wild-type).
      In addition, key proteins related to the EGFR pathway (pEGFR/EGFR, pAKT/AKT) and
      the mTOR pathway (p-p70S6K1, p4E-BP1) were determined to explain the cytotoxic
      effects. Temsirolimus and cetuximab showed a synergistic effect when administered
      in combination. Supra-additive effect was lost when the two drugs were
      administered sequentially, irrespective of which drug was administered first.
      Synergistic effect of the combination was corroborated by a marked downregulation
      of pEGFR, significant downregulation of pAKT expression, and a marked diminution
      of p70S6K1 and p4E-BP1 expression. Our study demonstrated a synergistic effect of
      temsirolimus and cetuximab administered in combination, well illustrated by a
      simultaneous blockade of intracellular signaling pathways regulating cell
      proliferation and survival. These results establish the notion of a schedule
      dependency for the combined treatment, which can be of importance at the clinical
      level.

PMID- 26982239
TI  - A successful approach to overcome imatinib-induced skin toxicity in a GIST
      patient.
AB  - Since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in gastrointestinal stromal
      tumor patients, the median survival of patients has increased from less than 1 to
      more than 5 years. The chronic use of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor has an impact
      on quality of life because of its toxicity. Adequate supportive therapy is
      therefore important. We describe a female patient with a metastatic
      gastrointestinal stromal tumor. During treatment with the c-KIT inhibitor
      imatinib, she developed severe therapy-limiting skin toxicity. After several
      different supportive attempts, the combination of doxycycline and clemastine
      proved to be the solution, enabling successful chronic treatment with imatinib.
      Chronic use of doxycycline and clemastine is useful in the management of skin
      toxicity caused by c-KIT inhibitors, enabling the needed long-term use of these
      kind of anticancer drugs without hampering the quality of life.

PMID- 26982241
TI  - Coordination complexes of niobium and tantalum pentahalides with a bulky NHC
      ligand.
AB  - The 1 : 1 molar reactions of niobium and tantalum pentahalides with the
      monodentate NHC ligand 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (Ipr), in
      toluene (or benzene) at ca. 80  degrees C, afforded the complexes NbX5(Ipr) (X =
      F, ; Br, ) and TaX5(Ipr) (X = F, ; Cl, ; Br, ), in generally good yields.
      Complexes represent uncommon cases of stable NHC adducts of metal halides with
      the metal in an oxidation state higher than +4, and also rare examples of Nb-NHC
      and Ta-NHC bonding systems. In particular, the X-ray molecular structure
      determined for provides the unprecedented crystallographic characterization of a
      tantalum compound with a monodentate NHC ligand. DFT results indicate that the
      metal-carbon bond in is a purely sigma one. According to NMR studies ((1)H,
      (13)C, (93)Nb), the formation of , , , as well as the previously communicated
      NbCl5(Ipr), , proceeded with the intermediacy of [MX6](-) salts, presumably due
      to steric reasons. On the other hand, the intermediate formation of MF6(-) in the
      pathways to and was not observed, according to (19)F (and (93)Nb in the case of )
      NMR. DFT calculations were carried out in order to shed light on structural and
      mechanistic aspects, and allowed to trace possible reaction routes. 

PMID- 26982240
TI  - Hearing, reactive metabolite formation, and oxidative stress in cochleae after a
      single acute overdose of acetaminophen: an in vivo study.
AB  - CONTEXT: Although the liver is the primary target organ in acetaminophen (APAP)
      toxicity, other organs are affected. Previous data suggested that chronic APAP
      abuse can be ototoxic and the mechanism involves APAP-induced oxidative stress
      and reactive metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, NAPQI)-induced
      endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the effect of a single acute overdose on
      hearing has not been tested. OBJECTIVES: To determine if a single acute APAP
      overdose causes hearing damage, and to explore possible mechanisms of APAP
      ototoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male C57BL/6 J mice were treated with a
      single human-relevant overdose of APAP (300 mg APAP per kg bodyweight). Blood,
      liver and cochleae were harvested at 0, 2, 6 and 24 h post-APAP. In some mice,
      auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to a range of frequencies were measured at 24
      h. The furosemide plus kanamycin (FS/K) model of drug ototoxicity was used as a
      positive control for hearing loss. NAPQI formation after APAP was assessed by
      measuring glutathione depletion and covalent protein binding, and oxidative
      stress was assessed by measuring glutathione disulfide. RESULTS: There was no
      evidence of reactive metabolite formation or hearing loss after a single overdose
      of APAP at a clinically relevant dose. However, there was a transient increase in
      oxidative stress. DISCUSSION: Although a single acute overdose was not ototoxic,
      there was evidence of oxidative stress which may support a role for oxidative
      stress in hearing loss due to chronic APAP abuse. CONCLUSION: A single human
      relevant acute overdose of APAP causes transient oxidative stress in cochleae but
      not hearing loss.

PMID- 26982242
TI  - Asymptomatic faecal carriage of ESBL producing enterobacteriaceae in Hungarian
      healthy individuals and in long-term care applicants: A shift towards CTX-M
      producers in the community.
AB  - Background Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing
      Enterobacteriaceae in healthy individuals was examined and compared to previous
      results obtained in such individuals a few years earlier. Methods Faecal samples
      from 779 individuals screened for employment purposes and from 225 applicants to
      long-term care (LTC) were screened between November 2013 and May 2014. Results
      The overall rate of faecal carriage was 3.0% (30/1004). The carriage rate was
      significantly higher in applicants for LTC (5.3% vs 2.3%; p = 0.019). All
      isolates carried CTX-M ESBLs, with an overwhelming dominance of blaCTX-M-15
      (84.4%) in both groups and in both E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions
      The prevalences were comparable to those in the earlier study, but a marked
      decrease of the diversity of ESBL genes in E. coli from the employment screening
      group was found, suggesting that the ESBL-producing isolates originating from
      diverse sources are being replaced by highly successful blaCTX-M-15 producing
      strains. 

PMID- 26982245
TI  - Differential Outcomes of Sleep Problems in Children with and Without Special
      Health Care Needs: Australian Population Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In a nationally representative sample of Australian children at ages 4
      to 5, 6 to 7, 8 to 9, 10 to 11, and 12 to 13 years, we aim to examine the (1)
      prevalence of sleep problems in children with and without special health care
      needs (SHCN); (2) association of sleep problems with child behavior, health
      related quality of life, learning and parent mental health outcomes; and (3)
      whether associations between sleep problems and outcomes among children with SHCN
      are larger in magnitude than among children without SHCN. METHOD: Biennial data
      from 5 waves of the Growing Up in Australia Study. EXPOSURES: Child SHCN as
      defined by the Children Special Health Care Needs Screener and parent report of
      child sleep problem. OUTCOMES: Child: parent-reported health-related quality of
      life; parent-reported and teacher-reported behavior; nonverbal and verbal
      cognition and teacher-reported learning. Parent: self-report mental health.
      ANALYSIS: Logistic and linear regression, adjusted for family socioeconomic
      position. RESULTS: Children with SHCN were more likely to have sleep problems,
      odds ranging from 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-2.5) at 4 to 5 years to
      3.9 (95% CI, 3.0-5.2) at 8 to 9 years. Compared with children who had neither
      condition, those with either sleep problems or SHCN had similarly poor child and
      maternal outcomes. Children with both SHCN and sleep problems had the poorest
      outcomes at every age (all p < .001). Tests of interaction found sleep problems
      are more strongly associated with poorer behavior and health-related quality of
      life among children with SHCN than those without during the preschool and early
      school years. CONCLUSION: Sleep problems in children with SHCN are common and are
      associated with poorer child and maternal outcomes. These associations are
      stronger for poorer behavior and health-related quality of life among children
      with SHCN than those without during the preschool and early school years.

PMID- 26982243
TI  - Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157, England and Wales, 1983-2012.
AB  - We evaluated clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in
      England and Wales during 1983-2012 to describe changes in microbiological and
      surveillance methods. A strain replacement event was captured; phage type (PT) 2
      decreased to account for just 3% of cases by 2012, whereas PT8 and PT21/28
      strains concurrently emerged, constituting almost two thirds of cases by 2012.
      Despite interventions to control and reduce transmission, incidence remained
      constant. However, sources of infection changed over time; outbreaks caused by
      contaminated meat and milk declined, suggesting that interventions aimed at
      reducing meat cross-contamination were effective. Petting farm and school and
      nursery outbreaks increased, suggesting the emergence of other modes of
      transmission and potentially contributing to the sustained incidence over time.
      Studies assessing interventions and consideration of policies and guidance should
      be undertaken to reduce Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 infections in England
      and Wales in line with the latest epidemiologic findings. 

PMID- 26982244
TI  - Bundled Payments for Surgical Colectomy Among Medicare Enrollees: Potential
      Savings vs the Need for Further Reform.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Initiative was proposed by
      the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to obtain and reward a greater
      value of care. Still in its infancy, little is known regarding the potential
      effects of the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Initiative on hospital
      payments and net margins. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential effects of the
      Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Initiative on net margins among Medicare
      patients undergoing colectomy at a tertiary care hospital. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional retrospective analysis conducted in October 2015.
      Medicare enrollees undergoing an elective colectomy at a large tertiary care
      hospital between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, were identified using
      diagnosis-related group and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
      Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to calculate risk
      adjusted, diagnosis-related group-specific hospital costs and payments for each
      patient. Net margins were calculated as the difference between total hospital
      costs and total payments received. RESULTS: A total of 821 Medicare enrollees
      underwent an elective colectomy and met inclusion criteria. The median age of
      patients was 69 years (interquartile range [IQR], 65-74 years), with 51.3% being
      female. Postoperative complications were observed among 27.5% of patients (n =
      226) and the median length of stay was 8 days (IQR, 5-14 days). The median risk
      adjusted cost among all patients was $24 951 (IQR, $16 197-$38 922). Risk
      adjusted costs were higher among patients who developed a postoperative
      complication ($42 537 [IQR, $28 918-$72 316] vs $22 829 [IQR, $14 820-$26 150]; P
      < .001) and among patients with an observed to expected length of stay greater
      than 1 ($36 826 [IQR, $24 951-$65 016] vs $16 197 [IQR, $14 182-$23 998]; P <
      .001). The median payment under the fee-for-service structure was $29 603 (IQR,
      $17 742-$44 819), resulting in an overall net margin of $3177 (IQR, -$1692 to $10
      773), with 33.7% of patients (n = 277) contributing to an overall negative
      margin. In contrast, under the bundled payment paradigm, the net margin per
      patient was $3442 (IQR, -$9311 to $8203), with 41.7% of patients (n = 342)
      contributing to a net negative margin. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Postoperative
      complications, length of stay, and total hospital costs were strongly associated
      with hospital costs. Payments under the bundled payments system were lower and
      the proportion of patients contributing to a net negative margin increased.
      Further study is warranted to define the effect of bundled payments on quality of
      care and hospital finances.

PMID- 26982247
TI  - Sleep and Self-Regulation from Birth to 7 Years: A Retrospective Study of
      Children with and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at 8 to 9
      Years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine mean level differences and longitudinal and reciprocal
      relations among behavioral sleep problems, emotional dysregulation, and
      attentional regulation across early childhood for children with and without
      attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at 8 to 9 years. METHOD: This
      study used data from Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of
      Australian Children (LSAC)-Infant Cohort (n = 4,109 analyzed). Children with and
      without ADHD were identified at age 8 to 9 years via parent report of ADHD
      diagnosis and the 5-item Inattention-Hyperactivity subscale from the Strengths
      and Difficulties Questionnaire. Maternal report of child sleep problems and self
      regulation was collected at 0 to 1, 2 to 3, 4 to 5, and 6 to 7 years of age.
      Analysis of variance was used to compare mean level differences in sleep problems
      and emotional and attentional regulation by ADHD group. Longitudinal structural
      equation modeling examined the relations among sleep and self-regulation across
      time in children with and without ADHD. RESULTS: Children with ADHD had
      persistently elevated levels of sleep problems (from infancy) and emotional and
      attentional dysregulation compared to controls (from 2 to 3 years of age). Sleep
      problems, emotional dysregulation, and attentional regulation were stable over
      time for both groups. Sleep problems were associated with greater emotional
      dysregulation 2 years later from 2 to 3 years of age for both groups, which in
      turn was associated with poorer attentional regulation. There was no direct
      relationship between sleep problems and later attentional regulation. CONCLUSION:
      Sleep problems in children with and without ADHD are associated with emotional
      dysregulation, which in turn contributes to poorer attentional functioning. This
      study highlights the importance of assessing and managing sleep problems in young
      children.

PMID- 26982246
TI  - Prevalence of Diagnosed Sleep Disorders and Related Diagnostic and Surgical
      Procedures in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Sleep disorders are common and important comorbid conditions in
      children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and can contribute to cognitive and
      behavioral problems. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a diagnosable and
      treatable cause of behavioral problems in children. We aimed to quantify the
      relative risk for children with ASD versus controls of being diagnosed with sleep
      disorders including SDB and undergoing related diagnostic and surgical
      procedures. METHOD: This retrospective case-cohort study included 48,762 children
      with ASD aged 2 to 18 years enrolled in the military health system (MHS) from
      2000 to 2013. Children with ASD were matched 1:5 by birthdate, sex, and
      enrollment time to children without an ASD diagnosis. The MHS database was
      queried for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical
      Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for sleep disorders or ICD-9-CM and Current
      Procedural Terminology codes for diagnostic and surgical procedures. Relative
      risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined with binary Poisson
      regression conditional on the match and adjusting for confounders. RESULTS:
      Children with ASD were at higher risk of receiving any sleep disorder diagnosis
      (RR: 1.97 [95% CI, 1.91-2.02]) including SDB (RR: 1.96 [95% CI, 1.88-2.05]).
      Children with ASD also were at increased risk of undergoing polysomnography (RR:
      3.74 [95% CI, 3.56-3.93]) and sleep disorder-related surgery (RR: 1.50 [95% CI,
      1.46-1.54]). CONCLUSION: Children with ASD are more likely to be given a sleep
      disorder diagnosis including SDB and are more likely to undergo related
      diagnostic and surgical procedures compared with controls without ASD.

PMID- 26982248
TI  - Hydrogen sulfide attenuates ferric chloride-induced arterial thrombosis in rats.
AB  - Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gaseous transmitter, regulating a multitude of
      biological processes in the cardiovascular and other systems. However, it remains
      unclear whether it exerts any effect on arterial thrombosis. In this study, we
      examined the effect of H2S on ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced thrombosis in the
      rat common carotid artery (CCA). The results revealed a decrease of the H2S
      producing enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) expression and H2S production
      that persisted until 48 h after FeCl3 application. Intriguingly, administration
      with NaHS at appropriate regimen reduced the thrombus formation and enhanced the
      blood flow, accompanied with the alleviation of CSE and CD31 downregulation, and
      endothelial cell apoptosis in the rat CCA following FeCl3 application. Moreover,
      the antithrombotic effect of H2S was also observed in Rose Bengal photochemical
      model in which the development of thrombosis is contributed by oxidative injury
      to the endothelium. The in vitro study demonstrated that the mRNA and protein
      expression of CSE, as well as H2S production, was decreased in hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2)-treated endothelial cells. Exogenous supplement of NaHS and CSE
      overexpression consistently alleviated the increase of cleaved caspase-3 and
      endothelial cell damage caused by H2O2. Taken together, our findings suggest that
      endogenous H2S generation in the endothelium may be impaired during arterial
      thrombosis and that modulation of H2S, either exogenous supplement or boost of
      endogenous production, may become a potential venue for arterial thrombosis
      therapy. 

PMID- 26982249
TI  - An Analysis of Complications, Quality of Life, and Nutritional Index After
      Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy with Regard to Spleen Preservation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether splenectomy is adverse or spleen preservation offers
      significant advantages in distal pancreatic resection is unclear. The aim was to
      compare the early/late clinical results and the functional outcomes in terms of
      quality of life (QoL) and nutrition between conventional laparoscopic distal
      pancreatectomy (LDP) and laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy
      (LSPDP). STUDY DESIGN: Clinical data and computed tomography findings of 111
      laparoscopic distal resections (79 LDPs and 32 LSPDPs) between 1999 and 2012 were
      retrospectively reviewed. QoL was assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30. Body mass index
      and biochemical tests were examined as nutritional indices. Comparative analysis
      was done. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 25 months. The operation time was
      shorter in LSPDP (127.9 minutes vs. 158.0 minutes, P < .001). The lesion size was
      larger in LDP (36.8 mm vs. 27.2 mm, P < .01). Mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) was
      the most common diagnosis in LDP and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
      (IPMN) in LSPDP. Early results showed similar hospital days and infection
      episodes. Nonvascular complications were more frequent in LDP owing to more fluid
      collections (43.0% vs. 21.9%, P = .04). The ISGPF grade B/C pancreatic fistula
      rates were similar (27.8% in LDP vs. 25.0% in LSPDP, P = .760). Vascular
      complications were more frequent in LSPDP (64.5% vs. 26.0%, P < .01). Excluding
      some fluid collections, none required a specific treatment. Late results
      demonstrated no differences in nonvascular results. Vascular complications were
      more frequent in LSPDP (65.6% vs. 4.2%, P < .01). The vascular complications did
      not require any specific treatment or have any serious sequelae. There was no
      overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. QoL and nutritional indices showed no
      difference. QoL decreased at discharge and recovered from 3 months thereafter.
      Nutritional indices showed a similar pattern. CONCLUSION: LDP is associated with
      more fluid collections and LSPDP with more vascular complications, all with a
      minimal clinical impact. Both methods had similar functional outcomes. Either LDP
      or LSPDP could be performed depending on the indication and surgeon's experiences
      considering the comparable results.

PMID- 26982251
TI  - Fetal Implications of Diagnostic Radiation Exposure During Pregnancy: Evidence
      based Recommendations.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to review the fetal and long-term implications of
      diagnostic radiation exposure during pregnancy. Evidence-based recommendations
      for radiologic imaging modalities utilizing exposure of diagnostic radiation
      during pregnancy, including conventional screen-film mammography, digital
      mammography, tomosynthesis, and contrast-enhanced mammography are described. 

PMID- 26982252
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging modality that is complementary to
      mammography and ultrasound in the evaluation of breast disease. It has
      demonstrated utility in many clinical scenarios, and shows promise in others. In
      this chapter, we discuss the indications and contraindications to MRI. We include
      information that is essential for the clinician to understand when considering a
      breast MRI for his patient. 

PMID- 26982250
TI  - Tobacco Mosaic Virus Delivery of Phenanthriplatin for Cancer therapy.
AB  - Phenanthriplatin, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl(phenanthridine)](NO3), is a cationic
      monofunctional DNA-binding platinum(II) anticancer drug candidate with unusual
      potency and cellular response profiles. Its in vivo efficacy has not yet been
      demonstrated, highlighting the need for a delivery system. Here we report tobacco
      mosaic virus (TMV) as a delivery system for phenanthriplatin. TMV forms hollow
      nanotubes with a polyanionic interior surface; capitalizing on this native
      structure, we developed a one-step phenanthriplatin loading protocol.
      Phenanthriplatin release from the carrier is induced in acidic environments. This
      delivery system, designated PhenPt-TMV, exhibits matched efficacy in a cancer
      cell panel compared to free phenanthriplatin. In vivo tumor delivery and efficacy
      were confirmed by using a mouse model of triple negative breast cancer. Tumors
      treated with PhenPt-TMV were 4* smaller than tumors treated with free
      phenanthriplatin or cisplatin, owing to increased accumulation of
      phenanthriplatin within the tumor tissue. The biology-derived TMV delivery system
      may facilitate translation of phenanthriplatin into the clinic.

PMID- 26982253
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 26982254
TI  - Molecular Imaging and Its Role in the Management of Breast Cancer.
AB  - Molecular imaging plays an important role in the management of breast cancer. An
      understanding of all the available technologies and their appropriate use are
      important to navigate patient care in this evolving specialty. The information
      gained from molecular imaging will impact patient care and may become a
      springboard for molecular therapy. 

PMID- 26982256
TI  - Ultrafast Structural Evolution and Chromophore Inhomogeneity inside a Green
      Fluorescent-Protein-Based Ca(2+) Biosensor.
AB  - Understanding excited-state structural dynamics of fluorescent-protein-based
      biosensors for Ca(2+) imaging is crucial for developing new in vivo Ca(2+)
      indicators and advancing bioimaging. We implemented wavelength-tunable
      femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) with a 530 nm Raman pump to
      uncover the working mechanism of an intensiometric fluorescent-protein biosensor,
      G-GECO1.1, highlighting the deprotonation process of its embedded chromophore.
      Besides confirming the dynamic difference of excited-state proton transfer (ESPT)
      in the Ca(2+)-free/bound protein, we revealed a chromophore two-ring twisting
      process with time constants of 36/60 ps that competes with ESPT. In contrast with
      FSRS data collected using the 800 nm Raman pump, the bluer Raman pump enables us
      to access a subset of reactant population with partially deprotonated character
      that exhibits an additional ESPT component on the ~5 ps time scale. These
      findings provide deep mechanistic insights into the inhomogeneity and
      subpopulation-specific conformational dynamics of biosensor chromophores, which
      will guide the rational design of improved biosensors for metal ion imaging. 

PMID- 26982255
TI  - Shiga Toxin 1-Producing Shigella sonnei Infections, California, United States,
      2014-2015.
AB  - Shiga toxins (Stx) are primarily associated with Shiga toxin-producing
      Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. Stx production by other
      shigellae is uncommon, but in 2014, Stx1-producing S. sonnei infections were
      detected in California. Surveillance was enhanced to test S. sonnei isolates for
      the presence and expression of stx genes, perform DNA subtyping, describe
      clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of case-patients, and investigate for
      sources of infection. During June 2014-April 2015, we identified 56 cases of Stx1
      producing S. sonnei, in 2 clusters. All isolates encoded stx1 and produced active
      Stx1. Multiple pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were identified. Bloody
      diarrhea was reported by 71% of case-patients; none had hemolytic uremic
      syndrome. Some initial cases were epidemiologically linked to travel to Mexico,
      but subsequent infections were transmitted domestically. Continued surveillance
      of Stx1-producing S. sonnei in California is necessary to characterize its
      features and plan for reduction of its spread in the United States. 

PMID- 26982257
TI  - Chiral Asymmetric Structures in Aspartic Acid and Valine Crystals Assessed by
      Atomic Force Microscopy.
AB  - Structures of crystallized deposits formed by the molecular self-assembly of
      aspartic acid and valine on silicon substrates were imaged by atomic force
      microscopy. Images of d- and l-aspartic acid crystal surfaces showing extended
      molecularly flat sheets or regions separated by single molecule thick steps are
      presented. Distinct orientation surfaces were imaged, which, combined with the
      single molecule step size, defines the geometry of the crystal. However, single
      molecule step growth also reveals the crystal chirality, i.e., growth
      orientations. The imaged ordered lattice of aspartic acid (asp) and valine (val)
      mostly revealed periodicities corresponding to bulk terminations, but a
      previously unreported molecular hexagonal lattice configuration was observed for
      both l-asp and l-val but not for d-asp or d-val. Atomic force microscopy can then
      be used to identify the different chiral forms of aspartic acid and valine
      crystals. 

PMID- 26982258
TI  - Left ventricular free wall rupture complicating acute STEMI.

PMID- 26982259
TI  - Muscle co-activation and its influence on running performance and risk of injury
      in elite Kenyan runners.
AB  - The relationship between muscle co-activation and energy cost of transport and
      risk of injury (initial loading rate and joint stiffness) has not been jointly
      studied. Fourteen elite Kenyan male runners were tested at two speeds (12 and 20
      km . h-1), where oxygen consumption, kinematic, kinetic and electromyography were
      recorded. Electromyography of seven lower limb muscles was recorded. Pre
      activation and ground contact of agonist:antagonist co-activation was determined.
      All muscles displayed higher activity during pre-activation except rectus femoris
      (RF). Conversely, no differences were found during ground contact except for
      higher biceps femoris (BF) at 20 km . h-1. Knee stiffness was correlated to RF-BF
      co-activation during both pre-activation and ground contact at both running
      speeds. However, energy cost of transport was only positively correlated to the
      above-mentioned muscle pairs at 20 km . h-1 (r = 0620, P = 0.032; r = 0.682, P =
      0.015, respectively). These findings emphasise the influence of neuromuscular
      control and performance and its support to musculoskeletal system to optimise
      function and modulate risk of injury. Further, neuromuscular activity during
      terminal swing is also important and necessary to execute and maintain
      performance.

PMID- 26982260
TI  - Predicting Outcomes after Severe and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: An External
      Validation of Impact and Crash Prognostic Models in a Large Spanish Cohort.
AB  - Prognostic models that were developed by the International Mission on Prognosis
      and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury (IMPACT) study group
      and the Corticosteroid Randomization After Signification Head injury (CRASH)
      collaborators are the most commonly used prognostic models for outcome after
      traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although they have been considered to be useful
      tools in clinical practice, a continuous process of external validation in recent
      cohorts of different populations is necessary. The objective of this study was to
      determine the external validity and compare the IMPACT and CRASH-refitted models
      for prediction of outcomes after moderate or severe TBI in a non-selected 1301
      patient Spanish cohort. We studied discrimination, calibration, and overall fit
      as external validation measures. Excellent discrimination was indicated (area
      under the curve [AUC] 0.78-0.87) by the higher values in the validation than in
      the development sample for both models and outcomes. Calibration revealed that
      IMPACT models, in general, predict lower probabilities of both outcomes
      (mortality and disability). In contrast, CRASH-refitted models provided higher
      predicted probabilities than those observed. We can conclude that both models
      demonstrate an adequate performance in our representative traumatic brain
      Mediterranean population. Therefore, these models can be sensibly applied in our
      clinical practice so long as their limitations are observed during individual
      outcome prediction.

PMID- 26982261
TI  - Deciphering the mechanism behind the varied binding activities of COXIBs through
      Molecular Dynamic Simulations, MM-PBSA binding energy calculations and per
      residue energy decomposition studies.
AB  - COX-2 is a well-known drug target in inflammatory disorders. COX-1/COX-2
      selectivity of NSAIDs is crucial in assessing the gastrointestinal side effects
      associated with COX-1 inhibition. Celecoxib, rofecoxib, and valdecoxib are well
      known specific COX-2 inhibiting drugs. Recently, polmacoxib, a COX-2/CA-II dual
      inhibitor has been approved by the Korean FDA. These COXIBs have similar
      structure with diverse activity range. Present study focuses on unraveling the
      mechanism behind the 10-fold difference in the activities of these sulfonamide
      containing COXIBs. In order to obtain insights into their binding with COX-2 at
      molecular level, molecular dynamics simulations studies, and MM-PBSA approaches
      were employed. Further, per-residue decomposition of these energies led to the
      identification of crucial amino acids and interactions contributing to the
      differential binding of COXIBs. The results clearly indicated that Leu338,
      Ser339, Arg499, Ile503, Phe504, Val509, and Ser516 (Leu352, Ser353, Arg513,
      Ile517, Phe518, Val523, and Ser530 in PGHS-1 numbering) were imperative in
      determining the activity of these COXIBs. The binding energies and energy
      contribution of various residues were similar in all the three simulations. The
      results suggest that hydrogen bond interaction between the hydroxyl group of
      Ser516 and five-membered ring of diarylheterocycles augments the affinity in
      COXIBs. The SAR of the inhibitors studied and the per-residue energy
      decomposition values suggested the importance of Ser516. Additionally, the
      positive binding energy obtained with Arg106 explains the binding of COXIBs in
      hydrophobic channel deep in the COX-2 active site. The findings of the present
      work would aid in the development of potent COX-2 inhibitors.

PMID- 26982262
TI  - Do normal-weight women pregnant with twins are at the lowest risk of developing
      preeclampsia?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between preeclampsia (PE) and pregravid body
      mass index (BMI) in twin pregnancy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 542
      women pregnant with twins. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients developed PE (9%).
      Underweight, overweight and obese women were at a higher risk of PE than normal
      weight mothers. There was no linear (p = 0.7) but significant U-shaped relation
      between BMI and PE (p < 0.006). The lowest risk of PE development was related to
      BMI of about 23 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Nonlinear relation between PE occurrence and
      BMI suggests that using homogeneous PE risks of BMI groups may be incorrect.

PMID- 26982265
TI  - GPs succumb to patient pressure as antibiotic prescribing surges by 40 per cent.
AB  - The proportion of patients being given antibiotics for coughs and colds has
      soared by 40 per cent since the millennium, amid warnings the public is
      developing a worrying reliance on the drugs.

PMID- 26982263
TI  - Can gaze-contingent mirror-feedback from unfamiliar faces alter self-recognition?
AB  - This study focuses on learning of the self, by examining how human observers
      update internal representations of their own face. For this purpose, we present a
      novel gaze-contingent paradigm, in which an onscreen face mimics observers' own
      eye-gaze behaviour (in the congruent condition), moves its eyes in different
      directions to that of the observers (incongruent condition), or remains static
      and unresponsive (neutral condition). Across three experiments, the mimicry of
      the onscreen face did not affect observers' perceptual self-representations.
      However, this paradigm influenced observers' reports of their own face. This
      effect was such that observers felt the onscreen face to be their own and that,
      if the onscreen gaze had moved on its own accord, observers expected their own
      eyes to move too. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 26982264
TI  - Claudin 1 Expression Levels Affect miRNA Dynamics in Human Basal-Like Breast
      Cancer Cells.
AB  - Deemed a putative tumor suppressor in breast cancer, the tight junction protein
      claudin 1 has now been shown to be highly expressed in the basal-like molecular
      subtype. Moreover, recent in vitro studies show that claudin 1 can regulate
      breast cancer cell motility and proliferation. Herein, we investigated whether
      microRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is associated with alterations in the level of
      claudin 1. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we identified seven miRNAs
      (miR-9-5p, miR-9-3p, let-7c, miR-127-3p, miR-99a-5p, miR-129-5p, and miR-146a-5p)
      that were deregulated as a consequence of claudin 1 overexpression in the MDA
      MB231 human breast cancer (HBC) cell line. Most of these miRNAs have been
      associated with tumor suppression in a variety of cancers, including breast
      cancer. Moreover, through gene expression profiling analysis, we identified
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes, including platelet-derived
      growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRB) and cadherin 1 (CDH1, E cadherin), whose
      downregulation correlated with claudin 1 overexpression. Collectively, we show
      for the first time that in HBC, claudin 1 can alter the dynamics of a number of
      miRNAs involved in tumor progression. Our data suggest that the dysregulated
      expression of these miRNAs, in conjunction with the high claudin 1 levels, could
      serve as a useful biomarker that identifies a subset of tumors within the poorly
      characterized basal-like subtype of breast cancer. Further studies are warranted
      to determine the role of these miRNAs in facilitating the function of claudin 1
      in breast cancer. 

PMID- 26982266
TI  - US study shows nurses benefit from naturally lit wards.
AB  - Nurses perform more effectively when they have access to windows and natural
      daylight, a US study has found.

PMID- 26982267
TI  - News digest August 05 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982268
TI  - Nurses applauded for work with anxiety disorder patients.
AB  - Two general nurses have been recognised for their outstanding achievement in
      treating more than 70 patients with the anxiety disorder cyberchondria.

PMID- 26982269
TI  - Researchers to explore possible benefits of exercise for people with leg ulcers.
AB  - Scientists are examining whether exercise can help improve outcomes for patients
      with leg ulcers caused by chronic venous insufficiency.

PMID- 26982270
TI  - News digest August 04 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982271
TI  - Health Education England invites nurses to share their views on education and
      training.
AB  - Health Education England (HEE) said it wants to hear nurses' views on how their
      education and training might be improved.

PMID- 26982272
TI  - Nurses in Northern Ireland feel blamed for A&E problems, says RCN.
AB  - Emergency nurses in Northern Ireland believe they are being scapegoated for
      delays in A&E departments when these are the result of broader failings in the
      health and social care system, the RCN has warned.

PMID- 26982274
TI  - Spectre of industrial action shows extent of pay-freeze anger among NHS nurses
      and midwives.
AB  - Nursing and health unions plan to ballot members on industrial action over pay
      during August and September.

PMID- 26982273
TI  - News digest August 01 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982275
TI  - Lib Dems move closer to making minimum nurse-patient staffing ratios law in
      Wales.
AB  - Draft legislation that paves the way for Wales to become the first country in the
      UK to set mandatory nurse-patient staffing ratios has been published.

PMID- 26982276
TI  - News digest July 31 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982277
TI  - Global mental health: anthropological perspectives, edited by Brandon A. Kohrt
      and Emily Mendenhall.

PMID- 26982278
TI  - Does the Bovine Pre-Ovulatory Follicle Harbor Progenitor Stem Cells?
AB  - Recent studies have revealed the presence of a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)
      population in human and in gilt granulosa cells (GCs), thus increasing the
      interest in identifying the same population in the bovine species. We first
      isolated GCs by scraping from bovine preovulatory follicles and then tested
      several different media to define the ideal conditions to select granulosa
      derived stem cells. Although expressing MSC-associated markers, none of the media
      tested proven to be efficient in selecting MSC-like cells that were able to
      differentiate into mesodermic or ectodermic lineages. We performed another
      experimental approach exposing cells to a chemical stress, such as lowering of
      pH, as a system to select a more plastic population. Following the treatment,
      granulosa-specific granulose markers [follicle-stimulating hormone receptor
      (FSHR), follistatin (FST), and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR)] were
      lost in bovine GCs, whereas an increase in multi- (CD29, CD44, CD73) and
      pluripotent (Oct-4 and c-Myc) genes was noticed. The stress allowed up-regulation
      of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta expression and the
      dedifferentiation of GCs, which was demonstrated by differentiation studies.
      Indeed, pH-treated cells were able to differentiate into the mesodermic and
      ectodermic lineages, thus suggesting that the chemical stress allows for the
      selection of cells that are more prone to adjust and respond to the environmental
      changes. 

PMID- 26982279
TI  - Interest in Use of Technology for Healthcare Among Veterans Receiving Treatment
      for Mental Health.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is great interest in leveraging technology, including cell
      phones and computers, to improve healthcare. A range of e-health applications
      pertaining to mental health such as messaging for prescription refill or mobile
      device videoconferencing are becoming more available, but little is known about
      the mental health patient's interest in using these newer applications. METHODS:
      We mailed a survey to 300 patients seen in the general mental health clinic of a
      local Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Survey questions focused on interest in
      use of cell phones, tablets, and other computers in patients' interactions with
      the healthcare system. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients, primarily treated for
      depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety disorders, returned
      completed surveys. Nearly all reported having a cell phone (72/74, 97%), but
      fewer than half reported having a smartphone (35/74, 47%). Overall, a substantial
      majority (64/74, 86%) had access to an Internet-capable device (smartphone or
      computer, including tablets). Respondents appeared to prefer computers to cell
      phones for some health-related communications, but did not express differential
      interest for other tasks (such as receiving appointment reminders). Interest in
      use was higher among younger veterans. DISCUSSION: Most veterans with a mental
      health diagnosis have access to technology (including cell phones and computers)
      and are interested in using that technology for some types of healthcare-related
      communications. CONCLUSIONS: While there is capacity to utilize information
      technology for healthcare purposes in this population, interests vary widely, and
      a substantial minority does not have access to relevant devices. Although
      interest in using computers for health-related communication was higher than
      interest in using cell phones, single-platform technology-based interventions may
      nonetheless exclude crucial segments of the population.

PMID- 26982280
TI  - Effects of milk flow on the physiological and behavioural responses to feeding in
      an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
AB  - Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome often experience difficulty with
      oral feeding, which contributes to growth failure, morbidity, and mortality. In
      response to feeding difficulty, clinicians often change the bottle nipple, and
      thus milk flow rate. Slow-flow nipples have been found to reduce the stress of
      feeding in other fragile infants, but no research has evaluated the responses of
      infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome to alterations in milk flow. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological and behavioural responses
      of an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome to bottle feeding with either a
      slow-flow (Dr. Brown's Preemie) or a standard-flow (Dr. Brown's Level 2) nipple.
      A single infant was studied for three feedings: two slow-flow and one standard
      flow. Oral feeding, whether with a slow-flow or a standard-flow nipple, was
      distressing for this infant. During slow-flow feeding, she experienced more
      coughing events, whereas during standard-flow she experienced more gagging.
      Disengagement and compelling disorganisation were most common during feeding 3,
      that is slow-flow, which occurred 2 days after surgical placement of a
      gastrostomy tube. Clinically significant changes in heart rate, oxygen
      saturation, and respiratory rate were seen during all feedings. Heart rate was
      higher during standard-flow and respiratory rate was higher during slow-flow.
      Further research is needed to examine the responses of infants with hypoplastic
      left heart syndrome to oral feeding and to identify strategies that will support
      these fragile infants as they learn to feed. Future research should evaluate an
      even slower-flow nipple along with additional supportive feeding strategies.

PMID- 26982281
TI  - Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      Bloodstream Isolates in a Turkish University Hospital Between 2002 and 2012.
AB  - AIMS: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most
      important pathogens in the hospital environment. Monitoring of this pathogen by
      molecular characterization and phenotypic methods is important for the
      development of suitable infection control measures and proper therapy design. In
      this study, our aim was to investigate the molecular epidemiological
      characteristics of MRSA bloodstream isolates obtained from patients hospitalized
      at Ankara University Ibn-i Sina Hospital in a 10-year period (2002-2012) and
      monitor the possible changes. A total of 134 isolates were characterized
      according to their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, biofilm formation
      capabilities, accessory gene regulator (agr) locus types, presence of genes
      encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), staphylococcal enterotoxins A-J (SEs
      A-J), toxic shock syndrome toxin, sasX, and genes associated with biofilm
      formation (icaD, icaA, IS256) by polymerase chain reaction. The staphylococcal
      cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of isolates were also defined and their
      clonal relationships were investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
      analysis and multilocus sequence typing was performed for representative isolates
      obtained by PFGE. RESULTS: The majority of the isolates were resistant to
      rifampin (100%), ciprofloxacin (97%), tetracycline (97.7%), and gentamicin
      (94.7%); 100% carried type-III SCCmec and 89.5% were agr type-1. All the isolates
      were negative for PVL, and sasX genes while all of them carried the icaD, icaA,
      and IS256 genes. The most common SE was enterotoxin A (97%). Four major PFGE
      patterns with the dominance of one pattern and seven unique patterns were
      obtained. All the representative PFGE isolates (n = 11) belonged to sequence type
      239. CONCLUSION: We have documented the characteristics of the dominant MRSA
      clone in our hospital, which was a PVL (-), sasX (-) ST239 clone carrying sea (+)
      with type-III SCCmec, and type-1 agr locus.

PMID- 26982282
TI  - Premature Infants 750-1,250 g Birth Weight Supplemented with a Novel Human Milk
      Derived Cream Are Discharged Sooner.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Infants may benefit from early nutritional intervention to decrease
      hospital stay. To evaluate the effects of adding a human milk (HM)-derived cream
      (Cream) product to a standard feeding regimen in preterm infants. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In a prospective multicenter randomized study, infants with birth
      weights 750-1,250 g were assigned to a Control or Cream group. The Control group
      received a standard feeding regimen consisting of mother's own milk or donor HM
      with donor HM-derived fortifier. The Cream group received the standard feeding
      regimen along with an additional HM-derived cream supplement when the HM they
      received was <20 kcal/oz. Primary outcomes of this secondary analysis included
      comorbidities, length of stay (LOS), and postmenstrual age (PMA) at discharge.
      RESULTS: We enrolled 75 infants (Control n = 37, Cream n = 38) with gestational
      age 27.7 +/- 1.8 weeks and birth weight 973 +/- 145 g (mean +/- SD). After
      adjusting for gestational age, birth weight, and presence of bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia (BPD), the Cream group had a decreased PMA at discharge (39.9 +/- 4.8
      versus 38.2 +/- 2.7 weeks, p = 0.03) and LOS (86 +/- 39 versus 74 +/- 22 days, p
      = 0.05). For 21 infants with BPD, these values trended toward significance for
      PMA at discharge (44.2 +/- 6.1 versus 41.3 +/- 2.7 weeks, p = 0.08) and LOS (121
      +/- 49 versus 104 +/- 23 days, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Very preterm infants who
      received an HM-derived cream supplement were discharged earlier. Infants with BPD
      may have benefited the most.

PMID- 26982283
TI  - Effect of Bilberry Extract on Development of Form-Deprivation Myopia in the
      Guinea Pig.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of bilberry extract, Difrarel, on form
      deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. METHOD: Thirty healthy pigmented guinea pigs,
      at the age of 3 weeks, were randomly assigned to 3 groups: 2 groups receiving
      daily orally administered Difrarel (300 mg/kg) either from the outset for 4 or 2
      weeks after form deprivation and a control group. Form deprivation was induced
      with translucent eye patches on the right eye and lasted for 4 weeks. Another 12
      guinea pigs without the form deprivation were assigned into 2 groups for oral
      administration of Difrarel and saline for 4 weeks. The refractive errors and
      axial length were measured in both eyes, and the posterior sclera was removed and
      assayed to evaluate the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and
      collagen I by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS:
      Oral administration of Difrarel for 4 weeks was found to inhibit the axial
      elongation and decrease the myopic shift of refractive errors in the form
      deprived eye. Upregulation of MMP2 and degradation of collagen I in the sclera of
      form-deprived eye were observed, and these were prevented by orally administered
      Difrarel. Moreover, oral administration of Difrarel had no effects on axial
      length, refractive errors, and the expression of MMP2 in the normal eye.
      CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates that orally administered Difrarel has an
      effect against form-deprivation myopia and raises the possibility that bilberry
      extracts or specific components might represent a useful treatment for preventing
      the progression of myopia in clinical practice.

PMID- 26982285
TI  - Alkyne [2 + 2 + 2]-Cyclotrimerization Approach for Synthesis of 6,7
      Cyclopropylallocolchicinoids.
AB  - Employing a cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] alkyne cyclotrimerization as the final
      step, the short and efficient synthesis of cyclopropylallocolchicinoid and its
      analogues having functional group variations at C9 and/or C10 and C11 of ring C
      has been accomplished. 

PMID- 26982286
TI  - Personalizing IBD Therapy: The Asian Perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: All patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) share common
      therapeutic goals, such as complete mucosal healing and improved long-term
      outcomes (e.g., reduction in hospitalization, surgery and mortality). However,
      because IBD patients have diverse features in terms of severity, phenotypes,
      clinical courses and responses to therapy, therapeutic options for achieving
      these goals differ among patients, from no therapy to early introduction of
      combination therapy with anti-TNF and immunosuppressive agents. KEY MESSAGES: By
      personalizing IBD therapy, we may be able to maximize management efficacy,
      minimize the risk of adverse events and ultimately decrease costs. The initial
      steps of personalized therapy involve the selection of the right patients by
      predicting the clinical course of IBD and the subsequent selection of the right
      therapy by predicting the response to therapy. The next step of personalized
      therapy involves the adjustment of therapy through therapeutic response
      evaluation and therapeutic drug monitoring. Notably, current recommendations on
      personalized IBD therapy are mainly based on results derived from Western
      populations. However, Asian patients with IBD are different from Western patients
      in many respects, including clinical characteristics, therapeutic response and
      prognosis, probably due to differences in environmental and genetic backgrounds.
      In addition, the healthcare systems and sociocultural backgrounds of Asian
      countries are not the same as those of Western countries. Therefore, personalized
      IBD therapy for Asians may differ from that for Westerners in some aspects.
      CONCLUSIONS: This review discusses the current progress of personalized IBD
      therapy and its application from the Asian perspective.

PMID- 26982287
TI  - The Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology at the dawn of its 19 th year of existence.

PMID- 26982288
TI  - Tribute to Mr. Mervyn Susser and Mr. Ruy Laurenti.

PMID- 26982289
TI  - Mervyn Susser.

PMID- 26982290
TI  - ...the timeline...

PMID- 26982291
TI  - Sickness absence due to mental disorders and psychosocial stressors at work.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mental disorders are the third leading cause of social security
      benefit due to sickness in Brazil. Occupational exposure to psychosocial
      stressors can affect the workers' mental health. The social security medical
      experts are responsible for characterizing if those sicknesses are work-related.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with sick leave due to mental
      disorders, in particular, the perception of workers on psychosocial factors at
      work. METHODS: This is an analytical study carried out in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with
      131 applicants for sickness benefit due to mental disorders. Questionnaires were
      applied to assess the sociodemographic data, habits/lifestyle information, and
      perceived psychosocial factors at work. RESULTS: The most common diagnosis was
      depressive disorders (40.4%). The medical experts considered 23.7% of all
      applications as work-related. Most of the participants were female (68.7%), up to
      40 years of age (73.3%), married/common-law marriage (51.1%), with educational
      level greater than or equal to 11 years (80.2%), nonsmokers (80.9%), not alcohol
      consumers (84%), and practice of physical activities (77.9%). Regarding
      psychosocial factors, most of the participants informed a high job strain
      (56.5%), low social support (52.7%), effort-reward imbalance (55.7%), and high
      overcommitment (87.0%). There was no statistical association between the work
      related mental disorders sickness benefits and independent variables. CONCLUSION:
      The concession of social security sickness benefits is not associated with
      sociodemographic data, habits/lifestyle, or psychosocial factors at work.
      Occupational exposure to unfavorable psychosocial factors was reported by most
      workers on sick leave due to mental disorders. However, several cases were not
      recognized by the social security medical experts as work-related, which may have
      influenced the results of the associations.

PMID- 26982292
TI  - Assessing vaccine data recording in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Vaccines represent an important advancement for improving the general
      health of a population. The effective recording of vaccine data is a factor for
      the definition of its supply chain. This study investigated vaccine data
      recording relatively to data collected from vaccination rooms and data obtained
      from a government-developed Internet platform. METHODS: The monthly recorded
      total number of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (alone or in
      combination with the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine) doses
      administered in a medium-sized city of the Southeast region of Brazil was
      collected for the period January/2006 through December/2010 from two sources:
      City level (directly from vaccination rooms, the study "gold standard"), and
      Federal level (from an Internet platform developed by the country government).
      Data from these sources were compared using descriptive statistics and the
      Percentage error. RESULTS: The data values made available by the Internet
      platform differed from those obtained from the vaccination rooms, with a
      Percentage error relatively to the actual values in the range [-0.48; 0.39].
      Concordant values were observed only in one among the sixty analyzed months
      (1.66%). CONCLUSIONS: A frequent and large difference between the number of
      diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine doses administered in the
      two levels was detected.

PMID- 26982293
TI  - The independent effect of chronic diseases, sociodemographic and behavioral
      factors related to disability in older people living in Ribeirao Preto, SP, 2007 
      The EPIDCV Project.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and correlates of functional disability
      in elderly people living in Ribeirao Preto, SP. METHODS: This is a cross
      sectional population-based epidemiological study with multistage sampling. Design
      effect was corrected using a weighted sample composed by 536 elderly people.
      Disability based on daily living activities dependence (outcome) was assessed by
      using a validated questionnaire for population-based epidemiological studies.
      Points and 95% confidence intervals estimated crude and stratified prevalence
      rates of the outcome according to sociodemographic, behavioral, health-related,
      and self-reported morbidity variables. To identify the correlates, the crude and
      adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The
      crude prevalence of disability was 50.31%. In the multivariate models, after
      simultaneous intra-group adjustment (final models), the following variables
      remained independently associated with the outcome: sociodemographic (age,
      education, and contribution to familiar income); behavioral (daily mean of
      sitting time); health-related factors (hypertension, ischemic heart disease,
      medicines taken, and low cognitive performance); and self-reported morbidity
      (number of diseases and low hearing performance). CONCLUSIONS: The high
      prevalence of disability among elderly people in Ribeirao Preto and the presence
      of modifiable variables impose the need for specific health promotion and
      prevention measures, aiming a better quality of life for this population group,
      which is already well represented in the city's most recent population pyramids.

PMID- 26982294
TI  - Characterization of hospitalizations due to external causes in the public health
      system, Brazil, 2011.
AB  - The aim of this work is to describe the characteristics of hospital admissions
      owing to external causes in the public health system in Brazil in 2011. Data from
      the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH/SUS) were
      analyzed to obtain the frequency, coefficient of hospitalization, and hospital
      morbidity indicators. Of the 973,015 admissions, falls (38.4%) predominated,
      followed by traffic accidents (15.8%). The estimated coefficient of
      hospitalization owing to external causes increased with the age, and it was
      higher in male patients and in the midwest region of the country. The average
      stay was higher in hospitalizations for traffic accidents (6.1 days) and assaults
      (6.0 days), while the hospital mortality rate reached higher values in
      hospitalizations for assaults (4.7%) and self-harms (4.0%). It is evident from
      the knowledge of the characteristics described the usefulness of hospital
      morbidity data for planning care actions and prevention of the external causes. 

PMID- 26982295
TI  - Factors that contribute to the body image concern of female college students.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of sociodemographic and labor variables
      and body mass index to body image concern. METHODS: In order to estimate body
      image concern, the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Weight Concerns Scale
      (WCS) were applied. A confirmatory factor analysis of scales was carried out. The
      reason chi2 by degree of freedom ratio (chi2/df ), Comparative Fit Index (CFI),
      Normed Fit Index (NFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were
      used. Convergent validity was assessed through the average variance extracted and
      composed reliability and the internal consistency through standardized Cronbach's
      alpha coefficient (alpha). A structural model was developed, and the body image
      concern was the second-order main construct. The model appropriation was
      evaluated based on the goodness-of-fit indices. The z test was used to estimate
      the significance of trajectories (beta) using a 5% significance level. RESULTS:
      Totally, 595 female college students participated in the study, with a mean age
      of 20.42 +/- 2.44 years. The entire model, with the inclusion of all independent
      variables, showed unsatisfactory adjustment and was refined. The final model
      presented a satisfactory adjustment (chi2/df = 5.75; CFI = 0.87; NFI = 0.85;
      RMSEA = 0.09) with inclusion of medication use because of studies (beta = 0.08; p
      = 0.04), academic performance (beta = 0.09; p = 0.02), economic class (beta =
      0.08; p = 0.03), and body mass index (beta = 0.44; p < 0.001). This model
      explained 22% of body image concern. CONCLUSION: Medication use due to studies,
      academic performance, economic class and body mass index significantly contribute
      to body image concern.

PMID- 26982296
TI  - Dietary intake of adolescents compared with the Brazilian Food Guide and their
      differences according to anthropometric data and physical activity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the dietary intake of adolescents compared with the
      Brazilian Food Guide and to explore their differences according to anthropometric
      data and physical activity. METHODS: A total of 476 adolescents from public
      schools of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil participated in this study. A semi-quantitative
      food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate food group intake of
      adolescents. Height, weight and waist circumference of all participants were
      measured. Physical activity pattern was determined by questioning about
      participation in regular sport activities. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight
      was 36.1% and 60% were not physically active. 7.8, 7.1, 6.3, and 0.2% of
      adolescents consumed vegetables, fruits, milk and derivatives, and cereals,
      respectively, according to recommendations. About 55 and 79% of adolescents
      consumed excessively oils/fats and sugar/sweets, respectively. Physically active
      adolescents consumed more cereals, fruits, vegetables, milk and derivatives, and
      meats and eggs. CONCLUSION: Most adolescents did not follow the food group
      recommendations and those who were physically active have healthier food habits.

PMID- 26982297
TI  - Delays in tuberculosis suspicion and diagnosis and related factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To measure the delays in tuberculosis (TB) suspicion and diagnosis and
      to identify factors related. METHODS: We defined the delay in TB suspicion as the
      time between the perception of the symptoms by the patient and the search for
      health-care service and the diagnosis, as the time between the first visit to the
      health-care service and the diagnosis. We interviewed 100 patients treated at the
      health services in Sao Jose do Rio Preto that were diagnosed and
      reported/notified in 2008 and 2009, and the delays were quantified. We obtained
      the possible explanatory variables from interviews and secondary information
      available in the surveillance system. The addresses of TB patients and health
      care services were geocoded. Variables were assessed by multiple linear
      regression analysis and, when spatial dependency was detected, by spatial
      regression. RESULTS: The median values for the delays in TB suspicion and
      diagnosis were both 15 days. The first was modeled by linear regression and a
      positive relationship was found with the distances covered by the patients in
      order to get primary health-care service. The last was modeled by spatial
      regression and a positive relationship was found with the age and the frequency
      with the patients sought health-care services and a negative relationship with
      the pulmonary clinical form. CONCLUSION: The study revealed the existence of gaps
      in TB control activities related to the patients and the organization of the
      health-care services and showed the importance of taking into account the spatial
      dependence of the phenomena analyzed.

PMID- 26982299
TI  - Dietary patterns: a literature review of the methodological characteristics of
      the main step of the multivariate analyzes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the solutions adopted in the multiple steps of the use of
      multivariate techniques to obtain a dietary pattern (DP) concerning: the
      objective of the studies, the selection of the method for measuring food intake,
      the criteria for grouping the foods, the number of food groups used, the number
      of DP obtained, and the nomenclature criteria. METHODS: The articles were
      selected from MEDLINE and Lilacs scientific databases using the following
      keywords: "dietary patterns" versus "factor analysis"; "principal components
      analysis"; "cluster analysis" and "reduced regression rank." The initial search
      resulted in 1,752 articles. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 189
      publications were selected. RESULTS: The following aspects were relevant among
      the studies: the prevalence of the principal component analysis (PCA); the
      prevalence of the use of 4 to 5 DPs in the studies of association with health
      outcomes; the use of 30 or more food groups from the food frequency questionnaire
      (FFQ); the prevalence of studies that associated DPs with health outcomes and
      socioeconomic factors; and the heterogeneity of criteria used throughout the
      analytical stages of the multivariate techniques. CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity
      between the publications concentrates on the criteria for food grouping, the
      nomenclature, and the number of dietary patterns calculated, which varied
      depending on the number of food groups present in these analyses. To understand,
      apply, and explore in full, the multivariate techniques has become necessary in
      order to improve the reliability of the results and, consequently, to improve the
      relationships with health outcomes and socioeconomic factors.

PMID- 26982298
TI  - Vitamin A supplementation in Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women: a
      systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of vitamin A supplementation on adult pregnant
      and puerperal women in Brazil regarding the content of vitamin A and secretory
      immunoglobulin A on colostrum and breast milk, in child's health conditions, and
      in mother-child binomial vitamin A status. METHODS: A research was conducted in
      Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs electronic databases for the studies
      published between January 2000 and January 2014. The methodological quality of
      the studies was assessed according to Jadad scale. The study search was conducted
      in January 2014, independently by two authors. RESULTS: Seven studies were found
      concerning the effects of vitamin A supplementation in the puerperal period on
      breast milk and infant morbidity. No study regarding pregnant women
      supplementation was found. The supplementation in the puerperal period raised the
      retinol content on breast milk, thus increasing the offer of vitamin A for the
      child and the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A on colostrum. There was
      no description of effects on infant morbidity. CONCLUSION: It seems that the
      advantages of postpartum supplementation were not established in the Brazilian
      program, although the supplementation contributes to a better nutritional status
      of vitamin A for both the child and the puerperal woman and increases the offer
      of vitamin A for the newborn through the breast milk.

PMID- 26982300
TI  - Prevalence and factors associated with excessive weight gain in pregnancy in
      health units in the southwest of Bahia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of excessive gestational weekly weight
      gain and to identify its association with demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric,
      anthropometric, and behavioral characteristics. METHODS: This cross-sectional
      study included 328 pregnant women attending all health units in the urban area of
      Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia. The data were collected from May 2010 to June 2011.
      The weekly weight gain was evaluated according to the current recommendations of
      the Institute of Medicine. The association among the studied factors and the
      excessive weekly weight gain was observed in pregnant women in the second and
      third trimesters, using the Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The
      prevalence rate of excessive weekly weight gain in pregnant women in the second
      and third trimesters was found to be 42.5%. The determinants of excessive weekly
      weight gain were family income < 1 minimum wage (PR: 2.65; 95%CI 1.18 - 4.83) and
      pregestational weight status overweight/obesity (PR: 1.33; 95%CI 1.01 - 1.75).
      CONCLUSION: The results emphasize the importance of monitoring the weight gain
      during pregnancy. The evaluation of the weekly weight gain enables early
      interventions with the goal of preventing the excessive total weight gain and its
      consequences for both the mother and the child.

PMID- 26982301
TI  - Analysis of vaccination status of preschool children in Teresina (PI), Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Immunization is a priority action of the Ministry of Health for
      contributing to reducing child mortality; however, studies show increased
      vaccination delays and non-vaccination. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the
      immunization status of preschool children in Teresina - PI. METHODS: Cross
      sectional study involving 542 children, aged 2-6 years, enrolled in local public
      schools in four Municipal Childhood Education Centers selected at random,
      following the proportional division by regions of the city. Data were collected
      through a pre-coded and pre-tested form, in addition to scanning the children's
      vaccination card. For univariate descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson's chi2
      Test and Fisher's Exact Test were used, and for multivariate analysis, multiple
      logistic regression was conducted using SPSS version 17.0. The study complied
      with the ethical aspects in accordance with current legislation. RESULTS: The
      frequency of delayed vaccination/non-vaccination was 24.9%. The average of non
      administered vaccines was 1.7 (SD +/- 1.2) and of delayed vaccines was 3.3 (SD +/
      1.6). The binomial logistic regression model showed a significant association (p
      < 0.05) between young caregivers (under 24 years) and low frequency in childcare
      consultations with delayed vaccination/non-vaccination. There was no association
      with the variables related to the experience of children in the vaccination room
      and with the implementation of the Family Health Strategy. CONCLUSION: Ensuring
      and strengthening primary healthcare actions are essential tools to reduce non
      vaccination and vaccine delays. Professionals who care for children in
      vaccination rooms need to sensitize themselves to guide and encourage
      parents/caregivers to meet the vaccination schedules without delays or errors.

PMID- 26982302
TI  - Automatic coding and selection of causes of death: an adaptation of Iris software
      for using in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prepare a dictionary in Portuguese for using in Iris and to
      evaluate its completeness for coding causes of death. METHODS: Iniatially, a
      dictionary with all illness and injuries was created based on the International
      Classification of Diseases - tenth revision (ICD-10) codes. This dictionary was
      based on two sources: the electronic file of ICD-10 volume 1 and the data from
      Thesaurus of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2). Then, a
      death certificate sample from the Program of Improvement of Mortality Information
      in Sao Paulo (PRO-AIM) was coded manually and by Iris version V4.0.34, and the
      causes of death were compared. Whenever Iris was not able to code the causes of
      death, adjustments were made in the dictionary. RESULTS: Iris was able to code
      all causes of death in 94.4% death certificates, but only 50.6% were directly
      coded, without adjustments. Among death certificates that the software was unable
      to fully code, 89.2% had a diagnosis of external causes (chapter XX of ICD-10).
      This group of causes of death showed less agreement when comparing the coding by
      Iris to the manual one. CONCLUSION: The software performed well, but it needs
      adjustments and improvement in its dictionary. In the upcoming versions of the
      software, its developers are trying to solve the external causes of death
      problem.

PMID- 26982303
TI  - Associated factors with oral cancer: a study of case control in a population of
      the Brazil's Northeast.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the association between factors such as
      age, sex, skin color, occupation, educational level, marital status, place of
      residence, and tobacco and alcohol consumptions and oral cancer in individuals in
      a city in the northeast of Brazil between 2002 and 2012. METHODS: This is a case
      control study. The case group consisted of 127 people attended at the Oral Injury
      Reference Center with histopathological diagnosis of oral squamous cell
      carcinoma. The control group consisted of 254 individuals treated at the same
      center. The study considered two controls for each case. The cases and controls
      were adjusted according to sex and age. Univariate and bivariate analyses were
      performed (Pearson chi2-test) to verify the correlation between the dependent
      variable (oral cancer) and the independent variables; odds ratio (OR) and the
      confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) were calculated. Finally, in the multivariate
      analysis, it was used as the hierarchical model with logistic regression to
      explain the interrelationships between the independent variables and oral cancer.
      RESULTS: Consumption of more than 20 cigarettes per day [OR = 6.64; 95%CI 2.07 -
      21.32; p <= 0.001], an excessive alcohol consumption [OR = 3.25; 95%CI 1.03 -
      10.22; p <= 0.044], and the synergistic consumption of tobacco and alcohol [OR =
      9.65; 95%CI 1.57 - 59.08; p <= 0.014] are the most important risk factors for
      oral cancer. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that tobacco and alcohol consumptions
      are the most important factors for the development of oral cancer.
      Sociodemographic factors were not associated with this neoplasm after adjusting
      for smoking and drinking.

PMID- 26982305
TI  - Psychiatric hospitalizations in the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) from 2000 to
      2011.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the variation in the rates of psychiatric hospitalization
      and the mean hospital stay time in the public health system in the state of Rio
      Grande do Sul, in the south of Brazil, from 2000 to 2011. METHODS: This was an
      ecological study. Data were collected from DATASUS. The rates were obtained from
      diagnosis of admissions due to psychoactive substance use and to other causes,
      stratified by the gender of the patients. The data were analyzed using Poisson
      regression and Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Increasing
      hospitalization rates were observed for women with disorders due to substance use
      (p < 0.001) and other causes (p < 0.001), and among men with disorders due to the
      use of alcohol or other drugs (p < 0.001). This elevation of the rates remained
      statistically significant and inversely correlated to the length of hospital stay
      (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: In a period of expansion of the local care networks for
      mental health, an increase in the occupancy of psychiatric beds in the state was
      noticed, with shorter length of stay and greater diversity of gender and causes
      of hospitalization.

PMID- 26982304
TI  - Food and nutrition security in families with children under five years old in the
      city of Campina Grande, Paraiba.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and identify the socioeconomic risk factors
      for food insecurity in households with children under five years in the city of
      Campina Grande, Paraiba. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 793
      families with children assisted in municipal day care centers in Campina Grande,
      Paraiba, Brazil. Household socioeconomic variables were analyzed as the possible
      predictors of mild food insecurity and moderate/severe food insecurity. For the
      evaluation of food and nutrition security of households, the Brazilian Food
      Insecurity Scale was used. RESULTS: Mild food insecurity was characterized in
      37.6% of families, and moderate/severe food insecurity affected 31.6% of
      households. Regarding the household socioeconomic variables, none was associated
      with mild food insecurity. Meanwhile, the highest prevalence of moderate/severe
      food insecurity, when compared with reference categories, was present in
      households without water treatment for drinking purposes, with toilets that are
      not flushable and individual, with larger families, and without a refrigerator.
      Being a beneficiary, or not, of the social welfare program "Bolsa Familia" did
      not represent a factor associated with food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      show high rates of food insecurity with the most severe degrees being related to
      factors dependent on the family purchasing power, indicating a major challenge
      for them.

PMID- 26982306
TI  - Fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine relations between fatty acids intake and metabolic syndrome
      (MetS) status among overweight and obese women (n = 223). METHODS: This was a
      cross-sectional study. The physical and laboratory tests included anthropometry,
      body composition evaluation and measurements of blood pressure, fasting blood
      glucose, insulinemia and lipid profiles. A three-day food diary was used to
      evaluate fatty acids consumption. Statistical analysis included chi2 test and
      odds ratio measurements. RESULTS: The women had 35.2 (6.9) years old and 15.2%
      presented MetS. Women with MetS presented higher serum levels of very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin in addition to higher
      diastolic blood pressure in comparison to women without MetS. Overweight women
      with MetS consumed higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids - 24.3 g (24.7 -
      36.4) versus overweight women without MetS - 23.9 g (23.8 - 26.8),
      polyunsaturated fatty acids - 16.7 g (14.6 - 21.1) versus overweight women
      without MetS - 13.6 g (13.8 - 15.8) and linoleic fatty acids - 15.9 g (6.5)
      versus overweight women without MetS - 13.1 g (5.1). Among obese women with MetS,
      higher intake of linoleic fatty acids was also noted - 17.6 g (6.1) versus obese
      women without MetS - 14.3 g (6.6) in addition to higher consumption of trans
      fatty acids - 4.7 g (4.8 - 6.3) versus obese women without MetS - 3.9 g (2.9 -
      4.6). Increased quartiles of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, linoleic and trans
      fatty acid intake were significantly associated with a greater occurrence of
      MetS. CONCLUSION: Lipid intake may be related to MetS, although other factors
      also need to be considered, such as lifestyle, genetics and metabolism.

PMID- 26982307
TI  - Development of the Brazilian brief version of the Diabetes Quality of Life
      Measure (DQOL-Brazil-8).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide for Brazil, through the selection of items of the Brazilian
      version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brazil), a concise
      instrument. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which the DQOL-Brazil was
      administered to 150 type 1 diabetic patients and 146 type 2 diabetic patients.
      The items of the instrument were selected according to the analysis of the
      principal components and Spearman's correlations with treatment satisfaction,
      glycated hemoglobin level, and Nottingham Health Profile. RESULTS: From a total
      of 44 items, only 8 were selected to compose the summary instrument (DQOL-Brazil
      8). The DQOL-Brazil-8 presented Spearman's correlation of 0.873 with the DQOL
      Brazil and a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.702. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian
      health professionals now have a brief tool for a fast application that preserves
      the best features of the full DQOL-Brazil.

PMID- 26982309
TI  - Perinatal outcomes and changes in the oral cavity: Brazilian cohorts of Ribeirao
      Preto and Sao Luis.
AB  - Studies have shown a possible association of oral diseases during pregnancy with
      preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW). These perinatal outcomes appear
      to be associated with enamel defects in the primary dentition, which, in turn,
      seem to predispose to future development of caries in children. Therefore it is
      relevant to include oral health variables of the mother/child dyad in cohort
      studies to understand how these factors are associated. The objectives of this
      study are: 1) check if there is an association between diseases of the oral
      cavity of pregnant women and PTB, 2) test the hypothesis of association between
      perinatal outcomes and enamel defects/dental caries in children, 3) examine
      whether there are associations between perinatal outcomes and disorders of tooth
      eruption in children; 4) build theoretical models to study social inequities as a
      common factor between oral conditions and perinatal outcomes. We used an
      integrated, collaborative approach between two Brazilian cities with contrasting
      socioeconomic conditions: Sao Luis , MA, and Ribeirao Preto, SP - British Birth
      Cohort Studies study (BRISA Ribeirao Preto, Sao Luis). Two cohorts were
      evaluated: one initiated at birth, representative of the population of live
      births, and another, initiated prenatally. Participants were reassessed from the
      beginning of the second year of life. It is expected that these cohorts will
      contribute to foster the development and consolidation of population-based follow
      up studies in Brazil. 

PMID- 26982308
TI  - Prevalence and associated factors of diabetes in the elderly population in
      Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with diabetes in the
      elderly population and verify the correlation between the use of medications for
      diabetes and information about the disease. METHODS: This epidemiological cross
      sectional study was conducted in Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with 621 elderly
      people aged 60 years or older selected by simple random sampling. A semi
      structured questionnaire was used as a research tool and included questions about
      socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle, health conditions, and nutritional status.
      The weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. The dependent variable
      was the self-reported diabetes. In the association analysis between explanatory
      variables and self-reported diabetes, the Poisson regression analysis with robust
      variance was used. In the bivariate analysis, a p value < 0.25 was used to
      include the variables for the multivariate modeling, and in the final model, the
      variables with p value < 0.10 association were included. RESULTS: The prevalence
      of diabetes was 22.4%. The multivariate hierarchical analysis showed the
      following factors independently and positively associated with diabetes: gender,
      self-reported health, history of hypertension/dyslipidemia, polypharmacy, and
      waist circumference. The elderly schooling was negatively associated with
      diabetes. CONCLUSION: The results showed the need for implementation of
      educational public policies to promote behavior changes of the population to
      prevent and control diabetes and its complications.

PMID- 26982310
TI  - The Critical Epidemiology of the 21 st century and cyberspace.

PMID- 26982311
TI  - Epidemiology of the 21 st century and cyberspace: rethinking power and the social
      determination of health.
AB  - The study of epidemiologic processes as a form of socially determined movement
      requires a renewed understanding of the social order, and thus, an updated
      understanding of the social relations that move society. Recently, the dominance
      of big corporations on cyberspace has become visible as a new historical process
      that conditions the social order and extends the technological subordination of
      daily life, therefore expanding community massive submission to standard
      conducts. The new digital technological revolution, about which some frightening
      prognoses are made for the next decades, could easily imply the advent of an era
      of radical subsumption of life processes. This will negatively affect not only
      our general way of living, thinking and planning, but also our deepest daily
      intimacy. This movement implies radical effects on health which we call
      cybernetic determination and subsumption. This novel process raises new questions
      on public health and prevention; but also requires a new reading of reality, a
      rethinking of human life and health, of its social determination, which implies
      the need for new new categories and analysis and renewed challenges for critical
      epidemiology. 

PMID- 26982312
TI  - Health and empowerment in the 21 st Century: reification and vulnerability in the
      context of cybertechnologies.

PMID- 26982313
TI  - Capitalism, cyberspace and society: avoiding extremism.

PMID- 26982315
TI  - Answers to commentaries: implications and challenges in the frontier of
      epidemiology.

PMID- 26982314
TI  - The challenges of critical epidemiology and responses of capitalism to their
      reproductive difficulties: the cybersphere case.

PMID- 26982316
TI  - Labor in early life, vulnerability for health in Brazilian schoolchildren:
      National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012).

PMID- 26982317
TI  - Sexual initiation among adolescents (10 to 14 years old) and health behaviors.

PMID- 26982318
TI  - Mineralocorticoid Antagonists in the Treatment of Central Serous
      Chorioretinopathy: A Comparative Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Overaction of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathways
      has been implicated in the pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy
      (CSCR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate MR antagonists in the treatment
      of CSCR. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of
      all CSCR patients at one center treated with spironolactone or eplerenone (50 mg
      p.o. b.i.d.) or observation. Patients were followed at monthly intervals with
      examination and optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: 32 patients (12
      eplerenone, 12 spironolactone, 8 observation) were enrolled in the study. Both MR
      antagonists demonstrated statistically significant visual acuity improvement and
      subretinal fluid reduction at 1, 2, and 3 months compared to baseline (p < 0.05).
      58.3% of patients had complete resolution of subretinal fluid at 2 months on MR
      antagonists, compared to 12.5% under observation (p < 0.05). Photodynamic therapy
      was used to treat refractory subretinal fluid past 6 months in 1/24 (4.2%) on MR
      antagonists and 2/8 (25%) patients under observation. There was no difference in
      efficacy between eplerenone and spironolactone. Spironolactone exhibited
      increased side effects (8/12, 75%) compared to eplerenone (3/12, 25%; p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: This data supports the use of MR antagonists in CSCR and suggests an
      accelerated improvement compared to observation. Prospective randomized trials
      are needed to better elucidate the precise role of MR antagonists in the
      management of CSCR.

PMID- 26982319
TI  - Influence of Antenatal Glucocorticosteroid Exposure on Osteoprotegerin and
      Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor x03BA;B Ligand Levels in Newborn Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The physiologic relevance of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the
      receptor activator of nuclear factor x03BA;B ligand (RANKL) in the preterm
      neonate is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of
      prematurity on OPG and RANKL concentrations at birth and to investigate in
      particular whether antenatal corticosteroid (ACS) exposure affects serum OPG and
      RANKL levels in premature neonates. METHODS: Quantitative determination (enzyme
      immunoassay) of serum OPG and RANKL at 24 postnatal hours was performed in 47
      healthy term neonates, 43 preterm newborns not exposed to ACS, and 55 preterm
      infants exposed to ACS. RESULTS: OPG in the ACS-exposed preterm group (median
      5.13 pmol/l, range 1.62-15.12) was significantly higher compared to preterm
      neonates not exposed to ACS (median 4.52 pmol/l, range 0.86-8.98, p < 0.05) and
      to unexposed term neonates (median 4.47 pmol/l, range 2.70-10.72, p < 0.05).
      Conversely, there was no difference in RANKL levels between the study groups. OPG
      and RANKL values were also similar between term and preterm neonates not exposed
      to ACS. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm neonates exposed to ACS have higher serum levels of
      OPG, while premature neonates not exposed to ACS have serum OPG and RANKL levels
      similar to those measured in healthy term neonates.

PMID- 26982320
TI  - Preformulation Studies on Piperlongumine.
AB  - Piperlongumine is a natural alkaloid extracted from piper plants which has been
      used traditionally for the treatment of certain diseases. This compound shows
      interesting in vitro pharmacological activity such as selective anticancer
      activity and higher cytotoxicity than methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and
      adriamycin on breast, colon, and osteosarcoma cancers, respectively. However, the
      physicochemical properties for this compound have not been well characterized. In
      this research, preformulation studies for piperlongumine have been performed to
      determine factors which influence solubility and stability which, in turn, can be
      used to assist future formulation development. The solubility of piperlongumine
      in water was found to be approximately 26 MUg/ml. Using 10% polysorbate 80 as a
      surfactant resulted in a 27 fold increase in solubility. Cosolvents and
      cyclodextrins afforded concentrations of 1 mg/ml and higher. The pH degradation
      rate profile for piperlongumine at various temperatures shows significant
      instability of the drug at pH values >= 7 and 3, and maximum stability around pH
      4. It was estimated that it would take approximately 17 weeks for piperlongumine
      to degrade by 10% at 25 degrees C, pH 4. Additionally, piperlongumine showed
      marked photo-degradation upon exposure to an ultraviolet light source, especially
      in aqueous media. 

PMID- 26982321
TI  - Environment and Genes: What Is the Interaction?
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a continuum of complex interactions
      between a quartet of host-derived and external elements that involve various
      aspects of the intestinal microbiota, the immune system that is centered around
      the intestinal epithelial cell barrier, the genetic composition of the host and
      specific environmental factors. Recent studies into the complexity of these
      arrangements increasingly support the syndromic nature of this disorder and
      involve a wide range of interacting biologic pathways that affect innate
      immunity, adaptive immunity, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy as well
      as metabolic pathways associated with cellular homeostasis. It is further likely
      that all of the aforementioned host factors including the microbiota, which is as
      much a part of ourselves as is any organ system, are under the influence of yet
      to-be-understood environmental factors that predispose to and precipitate IBD.
      Notwithstanding the importance of genetic predisposition, these environmental
      influences are no doubt central to disease pathogenesis in light of the rapid
      emergence of IBD throughout the world and assumption of disease in migrating
      populations from low to high risk environments. It can thus be anticipated that
      environmental factors that modify the risk for development of IBD have the common
      attribute of affecting the relationship between the commensal microbiota and the
      immune system in a manner that intersects with the functionally relevant immuno
      genetic pathways, and potentially modifies them through epigenetic effects, in a
      manner that are uniquely operative within a particular syndromic context of IBD
      and occur sequentially and in a reiterative fashion, perhaps beginning in early
      life. 

PMID- 26982323
TI  - Life Satisfaction and the Pursuit of Happiness on Twitter.
AB  - Life satisfaction refers to a somewhat stable cognitive assessment of one's own
      life. Life satisfaction is an important component of subjective well being, the
      scientific term for happiness. The other component is affect: the balance between
      the presence of positive and negative emotions in daily life. While affect has
      been studied using social media datasets (particularly from Twitter), life
      satisfaction has received little to no attention. Here, we examine trends in
      posts about life satisfaction from a two-year sample of Twitter data. We apply a
      surveillance methodology to extract expressions of both satisfaction and
      dissatisfaction with life. A noteworthy result is that consistent with their
      definitions trends in life satisfaction posts are immune to external events
      (political, seasonal etc.) unlike affect trends reported by previous researchers.
      Comparing users we find differences between satisfied and dissatisfied users in
      several linguistic, psychosocial and other features. For example the latter post
      more tweets expressing anger, anxiety, depression, sadness and on death. We also
      study users who change their status over time from satisfied with life to
      dissatisfied or vice versa. Noteworthy is that the psychosocial tweet features of
      users who change from satisfied to dissatisfied are quite different from those
      who stay satisfied over time. Overall, the observations we make are consistent
      with intuition and consistent with observations in the social science research.
      This research contributes to the study of the subjective well being of
      individuals through social media. 

PMID- 26982322
TI  - Regulation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation Through Crosstalk
      Between SMAD7 and CYLD.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: SMAD7 is a key inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta
      (TGFbeta) receptor signaling, which regulates the alteration of cancer cell
      invasiveness through epithelial-mesenchymal cell conversion. Dysfunction of
      protein ubiquitination plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, whereas the
      involvement a deubiquitinating enzyme, cylindromatosis gene (CYLD), in the tumor
      invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is unknown. METHODS: Here, we
      studied the role of CYLD in regulation of OSCC cell invasion, using clinic
      specimens and cell lines. We modified SMAD7 levels in OSCC cells, and examined
      its effects on CYLD mRNA and protein levels by RT-qPCR and by Western blot,
      respectively. We also modified CYLD levels in OSCC cells, and examined its
      effects on SMAD7 mRNA and protein levels by RT-qPCR and by Western blot,
      respectively. Then, we examined the cell invasiveness in CYLD and/or SMAD7
      modified OSCC cells in a transwell cell invasion assay. RESULTS: We found that
      the levels of CYLD and SMAD7 were significantly decreased in OSCC specimens,
      compared to the paired normal tissue. Metastatic OSCC appeared to contained lower
      levels of CYLD and SMAD7. Moreover, CYLD and SMAD7 levels strongly correlated in
      OSCC specimens. Low CYLD levels were associated with poor patients' survival.
      Moreover, SMAD did not regulate CYLD, but CYLD regulated the levels of SMAD7 in
      OSCC cells. Furthermore, CYLD overexpression inhibited SMAD7-mediated cell
      invasion, while CYLD depletion increased SMAD7-mediated cell invasion in OSCC
      cells. CONCLUSION: Suppression of CYLD in OSCC cells may promote SMAD7-mediated
      cancer invasion. Thus, CYLD appears to be an intriguing therapeutic target to
      prevent OSCC metastases.

PMID- 26982325
TI  - Observing Oxygen Vacancy Driven Electroforming in Pt-TiO2-Pt Device via Strong
      Metal Support Interaction.
AB  - Oxygen vacancy formation, migration, and subsequent agglomeration into conductive
      filaments in transition metal oxides under applied electric field is widely
      believed to be responsible for electroforming in resistive memory devices,
      although direct evidence of such a pathway is lacking. Here, by utilizing strong
      metal-support interaction (SMSI) between Pt and TiO2, we observe via transmission
      electron microscopy the electroforming event in lateral Pt/TiO2/Pt devices where
      the atomic Pt from the electrode itself acts as a tracer for the propagating
      oxygen vacancy front. SMSI, which originates from the d-orbital overlap between
      Pt atom and the reduced cation of the insulating oxide in the vicinity of oxygen
      vacancies, was optimized by fabricating nanoscale devices causing Pt atom
      migration tracking the moving oxygen vacancy front from the anode to cathode
      during electroforming. Experiments performed in different oxidizing and reducing
      conditions, which tune SMSI in the Pt-TiO2 system, further confirmed the role of
      oxygen vacancies during electroforming. These observations also demonstrate that
      the noble metal electrode may not be as inert as previously assumed. 

PMID- 26982324
TI  - Porcine Deltacoronavirus, Thailand, 2015.

PMID- 26982326
TI  - Music and Video Gaming during Breaks: Influence on Habitual versus Goal-Directed
      Decision Making.
AB  - Different systems for habitual versus goal-directed control are thought to
      underlie human decision-making. Working memory is known to shape these decision
      making systems and their interplay, and is known to support goal-directed
      decision making even under stress. Here, we investigated if and how decision
      systems are differentially influenced by breaks filled with diverse everyday life
      activities known to modulate working memory performance. We used a within-subject
      design where young adults listened to music and played a video game during breaks
      interleaved with trials of a sequential two-step Markov decision task, designed
      to assess habitual as well as goal-directed decision making. Based on a
      neurocomputational model of task performance, we observed that for individuals
      with a rather limited working memory capacity video gaming as compared to music
      reduced reliance on the goal-directed decision-making system, while a rather
      large working memory capacity prevented such a decline. Our findings suggest
      differential effects of everyday activities on key decision-making processes. 

PMID- 26982328
TI  - Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation as a Tool for Homogeneous Dispersion of Nanographite
      Platelets within the Polymer Matrices: Toward Tailoring the Properties of
      PEDOT:PSS/Nanographite Nanocomposites.
AB  - Performance of the polymer nanocomposites is dependent to a great extent on
      efficient and homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in polymeric matrices. The
      dispersion of nanographite platelets (NGPs) in polymer matrix is a great
      challenge because of the inherent inert nature of the NGPs, poor wettability
      toward polymer matrices, and easy agglomeration due to van der Waals
      interactions. In the present study, attempts have been made to use a new approach
      involving the irradiation of polymer nanocomposites through swift heavy ion (SHI)
      to homogeneously disperse the NGPs within the polymer matrices. Poly(3,4
      ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT: PSS)/nanographite
      nanocomposite (NC) films prepared by the solution blending method were irradiated
      with SHI (Ni ion beam, 80 MeV) at a fluence range of 1 * 10(10) to 1 * 10(12)
      ions/cm(2). XRD studies revealed that ion irradiation results in delamination and
      better dispersion of NGPs in the irradiated nanocomposite films compared to
      unirradiated films, which is also depicted through SEM, AFM, TEM, and Raman
      studies. In the irradiated polymer nanocomposite films, the conformation of PEDOT
      chains changes from coiled to extended coiled structure, which, along with
      homogeneously dispersed NGPs in irradiated NCs, shows an excellent synergistic
      effect facilitating charge transport. The remarkable improvement in conductivity
      from 1.9 * 10(-2) in unirradiated NCs to 0.45 S/cm in irradiated NCs is observed
      with marked improvement in sensing the response toward nitroaromatic vapors at
      room temperature. The temperature induced conductivity studies have been carried
      out for PEDOT: PSS/nanographite NCs to comprehend the charge transport mechanism
      in NC films using the 3D Mott variable range hopping model also. The study
      reveals SHI as a novel method, addressing the challenge associated with the
      dispersion of NGPs within the polymer matrix for their enhanced performance
      toward various applications.

PMID- 26982329
TI  - Calprotectin or Lactoferrin: Do They Help.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has
      traditionally relied on clinical assessment, serum markers of inflammation and
      endoscopic examination. Fecal biomarkers such as calprotectin (FC) and
      lactoferrin (FL) are predominantly derived from neutrophils, are easily
      detectable in the feces and are now established as valuable markers of intestinal
      inflammation. In recent years, a 'treat to target' concept has emerged for the
      management of IBD. Adequate control of inflammation in IBD at a biochemical level
      is quickly becoming an important target in IBD management. KEY MESSAGES: Fecal
      biomarkers have been shown to be significantly and consistently increased in both
      adult and pediatric patients with IBD versus those without IBD. Fecal biomarkers
      are therefore useful in determining those patients with gastrointestinal symptoms
      who are likely to benefit from colonoscopy versus those in whom colonoscopy is
      likely to be normal. Fecal biomarkers correlate significantly with endoscopic
      disease in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Suggested cutoffs for FC
      for endoscopically active disease in IBD range from 50 to 280 MUg/g. Fecal
      biomarkers reflect the success of treatment intensification and can help predict
      clinical relapse. Both FC and FL are accurate in the detection of postoperative
      endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease, and FC may be clinically useful in
      predicting those patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis who may progress
      to colectomy. There are limitations to these fecal tests including a false
      positive rate and intra-individual variability. CONCLUSIONS: This review focuses
      on the role of fecal biomarkers in the diagnosis, monitoring and management of
      IBD and how best to interpret results. We will discuss the emerging role of these
      biomarkers in the IBD management landscape including FC-guided drug dosing and
      the development of home-based testing and e-health applications. Fecal biomarker
      results must always be interpreted in a clinical context. Endoscopic assessment
      remains the gold standard for diagnosis and monitoring of IBD.

PMID- 26982327
TI  - Hybrid Dysgenesis in Drosophila simulans Associated with a Rapid Invasion of the
      P-Element.
AB  - In a classic example of the invasion of a species by a selfish genetic element,
      the P-element was horizontally transferred from a distantly related species into
      Drosophila melanogaster. Despite causing 'hybrid dysgenesis', a syndrome of
      abnormal phenotypes that include sterility, the P-element spread globally in the
      course of a few decades in D. melanogaster. Until recently, its sister species,
      including D. simulans, remained P-element free. Here, we find a hybrid dysgenesis
      like phenotype in the offspring of crosses between D. simulans strains collected
      in different years; a survey of 181 strains shows that around 20% of strains
      induce hybrid dysgenesis. Using genomic and transcriptomic data, we show that
      this dysgenesis-inducing phenotype is associated with the invasion of the P
      element. To characterize this invasion temporally and geographically, we survey
      631 D. simulans strains collected on three continents and over 27 years for the
      presence of the P-element. We find that the D. simulans P-element invasion
      occurred rapidly and nearly simultaneously in the regions surveyed, with strains
      containing P-elements being rare in 2006 and common by 2014. Importantly, as
      evidenced by their resistance to the hybrid dysgenesis phenotype, strains
      collected from the latter phase of this invasion have adapted to suppress the
      worst effects of the P-element.

PMID- 26982330
TI  - Hypervirulent emm59 Clone in Invasive Group A Streptococcus Outbreak,
      Southwestern United States.
AB  - The hyper-virulent emm59 genotype of invasive group A Streptococcus was
      identified in northern Arizona in 2015. Eighteen isolates belonging to a genomic
      cluster grouped most closely with recently identified isolates in New Mexico. The
      continued transmission of emm59 in the southwestern United States poses a public
      health concern. 

PMID- 26982331
TI  - Influence of In Vitro IL-2 or IL-15 Alone or in Combination with Hsp 70 Derived
      14-Mer Peptide (TKD) on the Expression of NK Cell Activatory and Inhibitory
      Receptors on Peripheral Blood T Cells, B Cells and NKT Cells.
AB  - Previous studies from Multhoff and colleagues reported that plasma membrane Hsp70
      acts as a tumour-specific recognition structure for activated NK cells, and that
      the incubation of NK cells with Hsp70 and/or a 14-mer peptide derived from the N
      terminal sequence of Hsp70 (TKDNNLLGRFELSG, TKD, aa 450-463) plus a low dose of
      IL-2 triggers NK cell proliferation and migration, and their capacity to kill
      cancer cells expressing membrane Hsp70. Herein, we have used flow cytometry to
      determine the influence of in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells from healthy individuals with IL-2 or IL-15, either alone or in combination
      with TKD peptide on the cell surface expression of CD94, NK cell activatory
      receptors (CD16, NK2D, NKG2C, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKp80, KIR2DL4, DNAM-1 and
      LAMP1) and NK cell inhibitory receptors (NKG2A, KIR2DL2/L3, LIR1/ILT-2 and NKR
      P1A) by CD3+CD56+ (NKT), CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ and CD19+ populations. NKG2D, DNAM-1,
      LAMP1 and NKR-P1A expression was upregulated after the stimulation with IL-2 or
      IL-15 alone or in combination with TKD in NKT, CD8+ T cells and B cells. CD94 was
      upregulated in NKT and CD8+ T cells. Concurrently, an increase in a number of
      CD8+ T cells expressing LIR1/ILT-2 and CD4+ T cells positive for NKR-P1A was
      observed. The proportion of CD8+ T cells that expressed NKG2D was higher after IL
      2/TKD treatment, when compared with IL-2 treatment alone. In comparison with IL
      15 alone, IL-15/TKD treatment increased the proportion of NKT cells that were
      positive for CD94, LAMP1 and NKRP-1A. The more potent effect of IL-15/TKD on cell
      surface expression of NKG2D, LIR1/ILT-2 and NKRP-1A was observed in B cells
      compared with IL-15 alone. However, this increase was not of statistical
      significance. IL-2/TKD induced significant upregulation of LAMP1 in CD8+ T cells
      compared with IL-2 alone. Besides NK cells, other immunocompetent cells present
      within the fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were influenced by the
      treatment with low-dose interleukins themselves or in combination with hsp70
      derived (TKD) peptide. 

PMID- 26982333
TI  - Two new 28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene saponins from roots of Camellia oleifera
      and their cytotoxic activity.
AB  - Two new 28-nor-oleanane-type triterpene saponins, oleiferoside U (1), and
      oleiferoside V (2) were isolated from the 50% EtOH extract of the roots of
      Camellia oleifera C. Abel. Their structures were elucidated as camellenodiol
      3beta-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-d
      galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-d-glucuronopyranoside and camellenodiol 3beta-O
      beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-d
      galactopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-d-glucuronopyranoside. Their chemical structures
      were established mainly on the basis of integrated spectroscopic techniques. In
      vitro, cytotoxic activities of the two new triterpene saponins were evaluated
      against three human tumor cell lines (A549, SMMC-7721, and MCF-7) using the MTT
      assay. Both of them showed a certain cytotoxic activities toward the tested cell
      lines and gave IC50 values in the range of 45.04-63.22 MUM. 

PMID- 26982332
TI  - Estradiol and Estrogen Receptor Agonists Oppose Oncogenic Actions of Leptin in
      HepG2 Cells.
AB  - Obesity is a significant risk factor for certain cancers, including
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Leptin, a hormone secreted by white adipose
      tissue, precipitates HCC development. Epidemiology data show that men have a much
      higher incidence of HCC than women, suggesting that estrogens and its receptors
      may inhibit HCC development and progression. Whether estrogens antagonize
      oncogenic action of leptin is uncertain. To investigate potential inhibitory
      effects of estrogens on leptin-induced HCC development, HCC cell line HepG2 cells
      were treated with leptin in combination with 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estrogen
      receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) selective agonist PPT, ER-beta selective agonist DPN,
      or G protein-coupled ER (GPER) selective agonist G-1. Cell number, proliferation,
      and apoptosis were determined, and leptin- and estrogen-related intracellular
      signaling pathways were analyzed. HepG2 cells expressed a low level of ER-beta
      mRNA, and leptin treatment increased ER-beta expression. E2 suppressed leptin
      induced HepG2 cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent
      manner. Additionally E2 reversed leptin-induced STAT3 and leptin-suppressed
      SOCS3, which was mainly achieved by activation of ER-beta. E2 also enhanced ERK
      via activating ER-alpha and GPER and activated p38/MAPK via activating ER-beta.
      To conclude, E2 and its receptors antagonize the oncogenic actions of leptin in
      HepG2 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and stimulating cell apoptosis,
      which was associated with reversing leptin-induced changes in SOCS3/STAT3 and
      increasing p38/MAPK by activating ER-beta, and increasing ERK by activating ER
      alpha and GPER. Identifying roles of different estrogen receptors would provide
      comprehensive understanding of estrogenic mechanisms in HCC development and shed
      light on potential treatment for HCC patients. 

PMID- 26982334
TI  - Genetic Diversity and Local Connectivity in the Mediterranean Red Gorgonian Coral
      after Mass Mortality Events.
AB  - Estimating the patterns of connectivity in marine taxa with planktonic dispersive
      stages is a challenging but crucial task because of its conservation
      implications. The red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata is a habitat forming species,
      characterized by short larval dispersal and high reproductive output, but low
      recruitment. In the recent past, the species was impacted by mass mortality
      events caused by increased water temperatures in summer. In the present study, we
      used 9 microsatellites to investigate the genetic structure and connectivity in
      the highly threatened populations from the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean). No
      evidence for a recent bottleneck neither decreased genetic diversity in sites
      impacted by mass mortality events were found. Significant IBD pattern and high
      global FST confirmed low larval dispersal capability in the red gorgonian. The
      maximum dispersal distance was estimated at 20-60 km. Larval exchange between
      sites separated by hundreds of meters and between different depths was detected
      at each site, supporting the hypothesis that deeper subpopulations unaffected by
      surface warming peaks may provide larvae for shallower ones, enabling recovery
      after climatically induced mortality events. 

PMID- 26982335
TI  - Effective treatment with azathioprine for renal amyloidosis secondary to familial
      Mediterranean fever.

PMID- 26982337
TI  - Insulin resistance is associated with esophageal varices in alcoholic liver
      disease patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Insulin resistance plays an important role in chronic liver
      disease, where it has been associated with the progression of fibrosis and
      correlated with portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients with mixed etiology.
      However, the impact of insulin resistance in alcoholic liver disease remains
      mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between
      insulin resistance, portal hypertension, severity of liver disease, and mortality
      in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 106
      consecutive alcoholic cirrhotic patients undergoing hepatic venous pressure
      gradient measurement at Erasme Hospital were included. Insulin resistance was
      estimated using the homeostatic model assessment-2 index. RESULTS: The median
      model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 15 (9-21) and the mean hepatic
      venous pressure gradient was16.3+/-6 mmHg. Twenty-six percent of the patients had
      compensated cirrhosis. Insulin resistance was significantly associated with
      portal hypertension in compensated cirrhotic patients and with the presence of
      esophageal varices, but was not associated with the MELD score and mortality.
      MELD score was the only independent covariate associated with mortality at 6
      (P<0.001) and 12 months (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance is associated
      with the presence of esophageal varices, suggesting that the presence of insulin
      resistance could be harmful to alcoholic liver disease patients.

PMID- 26982338
TI  - Comparative analysis of online patient education material pertaining to hepatitis
      and its complications.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Approximately 50% of patients leave the doctor's office with
      a poor understanding of their diagnosis. Online patient education websites are
      becoming a major source of information for many of the patients. Here, we
      determine the reading grade level of online patient education materials on
      hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer and compare it
      with the National Institutes of Health-recommended reading grade level of sixth
      to seventh grade or under. METHODS: A Google search was performed to retrieve
      patient reading materials. Text was modified to remove medical terms that were
      defined within the article. Documents were then divided into categories of
      introduction, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Each
      document was then analyzed using six validated readability tests to determine the
      grade level and complexity on the basis of the number of words, syllables, or
      number of uncommon words. RESULTS: Modified documents had a mean readability
      score of 10.23, although the recommended score is less than 7.0. Cirrhosis had
      the highest reading grade level, with a median of 11.3, whereas hepatitis B and
      hepatocellular carcinoma had the easiest readability, with a median of 9.5.
      Furthermore, treatment subsection was the most difficult, with a median score of
      10.8. CONCLUSION: Patient reading materials reviewed in this study were written
      well above the recommended reading grade level. These findings suggest review of
      patient education materials in an effort to close the gap between the average
      reading level and the reading materials.

PMID- 26982336
TI  - An Approach to Function Annotation for Proteins of Unknown Function (PUFs) in the
      Transcriptome of Indian Mulberry.
AB  - The modern sequencing technologies are generating large volumes of information at
      the transcriptome and genome level. Translation of this information into a
      biological meaning is far behind the race due to which a significant portion of
      proteins discovered remain as proteins of unknown function (PUFs). Attempts to
      uncover the functional significance of PUFs are limited due to lack of easy and
      high throughput functional annotation tools. Here, we report an approach to
      assign putative functions to PUFs, identified in the transcriptome of mulberry, a
      perennial tree commonly cultivated as host of silkworm. We utilized the mulberry
      PUFs generated from leaf tissues exposed to drought stress at whole plant level.
      A sequence and structure based computational analysis predicted the probable
      function of the PUFs. For rapid and easy annotation of PUFs, we developed an
      automated pipeline by integrating diverse bioinformatics tools, designated as
      PUFs Annotation Server (PUFAS), which also provides a web service API
      (Application Programming Interface) for a large-scale analysis up to a genome.
      The expression analysis of three selected PUFs annotated by the pipeline revealed
      abiotic stress responsiveness of the genes, and hence their potential role in
      stress acclimation pathways. The automated pipeline developed here could be
      extended to assign functions to PUFs from any organism in general. PUFAS web
      server is available at http://caps.ncbs.res.in/pufas/ and the web service is
      accessible at http://capservices.ncbs.res.in/help/pufas. 

PMID- 26982339
TI  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dental erosions in adults: influence of
      acidified food intake and impact on quality of life.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and dental erosions
      (DE) have an established association. We assessed whether GORD is associated with
      DE controlling for acidified food intake and their relationships with quality of
      life (QOL). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 419 adult patients who sought
      dentistry consultation were considered eligible. Patients responded to
      questionnaires for GORD symptoms, acidified food ingestion and World Health
      Organization quality of life (WHOQOL Bref), followed by an oral examination, in
      which DE were characterized according to the Smith & Knight criteria. RESULTS: A
      total of 417 patients were included (43.8+/-13.7 years; 68.8% women). There were
      143 patients with GORD (34.3%) and 274 controls without GORD. The prevalence of
      DE was higher in GORD patients compared with the controls (25.9 vs. 17.2%;
      P=0.041). GORD was associated with DE after adjusting for acidified food intake
      (P=0.035), with a prevalence ratio of 1.52 (0.95 confidence interval 1.03-2.22).
      The WHOQOL Bref score was significantly lower in the presence of GORD [median
      17.2 (GORD-DE-) vs. 15.4 (GORD+DE+); P<0.01], irrespective of DE. CONCLUSION: In
      adults examined in a referential dentistry centre in South America, DE were
      prevalent and significantly associated with GORD. This association was
      independent of the intake of acidified food in our study. Impairment in QOL was
      observed in GORD patients irrespective of the presence of DE.

PMID- 26982340
TI  - OUTCOMES AFTER PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR EPIRETINAL MEMBRANES ASSOCIATED WITH
      TOXOPLASMOSIS.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes and complications of pars plana vitrectomy in
      patients with epiretinal membrane secondary to toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.
      METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of the records of 14 patients who underwent
      pars plana vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane secondary to toxoplasmic
      retinochoroiditis. The best-corrected visual acuity, intraoperative and
      postoperative complications, and macular optical coherence tomography were
      analysed. All patients received postoperative prophylactic treatment with
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. RESULTS: Fourteen patients, 5 men and 9 women,
      were included. Mean follow-up period after surgery was 6.07 +/- 2.64 months.
      Preoperative mean best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200, and postoperative mean
      best-corrected visual acuity was 20/60. There were no intraoperative
      complications. Three patients developed posterior capsule opacification, and one
      patient developed cataract. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy is a safe and
      effective procedure in patients with epiretinal membrane secondary to toxoplasmic
      retinochoroiditis, improving both visual acuity and anatomical result on macular
      optical coherence tomography. The most frequent postoperative complications were
      posterior capsule opacification and cataract. No recurrences of the disease were
      recorded.

PMID- 26982341
TI  - Automatic Multiple-Needle Surgical Planning of Robotic-Assisted Microwave
      Coagulation in Large Liver Tumor Therapy.
AB  - The "robotic-assisted liver tumor coagulation therapy" (RALTCT) system is a
      promising candidate for large liver tumor treatment in terms of accuracy and
      speed. A prerequisite for effective therapy is accurate surgical planning.
      However, it is difficult for the surgeon to perform surgical planning manually
      due to the difficulties associated with robot-assisted large liver tumor therapy.
      These main difficulties include the following aspects: (1) multiple needles are
      needed to destroy the entire tumor, (2) the insertion trajectories of the needles
      should avoid the ribs, blood vessels, and other tissues and organs in the
      abdominal cavity, (3) the placement of multiple needles should avoid interference
      with each other, (4) an inserted needle will cause some deformation of liver,
      which will result in changes in subsequently inserted needles' operating
      environment, and (5) the multiple needle-insertion trajectories should be
      consistent with the needle-driven robot's movement characteristics. Thus, an
      effective multiple-needle surgical planning procedure is needed. To overcome
      these problems, we present an automatic multiple-needle surgical planning of
      optimal insertion trajectories to the targets, based on a mathematical
      description of all relevant structure surfaces. The method determines the
      analytical expression of boundaries of every needle "collision-free reachable
      workspace" (CFRW), which are the feasible insertion zones based on several
      constraints. Then, the optimal needle insertion trajectory within the
      optimization criteria will be chosen in the needle CFRW automatically. Also, the
      results can be visualized with our navigation system. In the simulation
      experiment, three needle-insertion trajectories were obtained successfully. In
      the in vitro experiment, the robot successfully achieved insertion of multiple
      needles. The proposed automatic multiple-needle surgical planning can improve the
      efficiency and safety of robot-assisted large liver tumor therapy, significantly
      reduce the surgeon's workload, and is especially helpful for an inexperienced
      surgeon. The methodology should be easy to adapt in other body parts. 

PMID- 26982342
TI  - Intractable Central Hyperthermia in the Setting of Brainstem Hemorrhage.
AB  - Hyperthermia from a central cause is associated with increased morbidity and
      mortality. Dysfunction of brainstem thermoregulatory pathways may explain the
      intractable rise in temperature. Antipyretics, dantrolene, bromocriptine, and
      surface and intravascular cooling devices have been attempted for temperature
      control. We report the case of a 54-year-old woman with history of hypertension
      who presented with pontine hemorrhage with extension into the midbrain and
      medulla. On days 8-9 of her hospital admission, she developed intractable fever
      and expired the same day despite aggressive treatment of hypothermia, including
      antipyretics, ice lavage, cold fluid boluses, surface cooling, dantrolene, and
      bromocriptine. Hyperthermia from brainstem hemorrhage can be difficult to manage
      with current treatment options. Early recognition of those patients who may
      develop hyperthermia could lead to early intervention and possibly better
      outcomes. More evidence from prospective randomized controlled trials will
      elucidate the risk-benefit profile of achieving normothermia with aggressive
      fever control in these patients. 

PMID- 26982343
TI  - Loss of BAP1 Expression Is Very Rare in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is both common and highly lethal and therefore new
      biomarkers or potential targets for treatment are needed. Loss of BRCA associated
      protein-1 (BAP1) expression has been found in up to a quarter of intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinomas. Given the close anatomical relationship between intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we therefore sought to
      investigate the frequency of loss of BAP1 expression in pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinoma. METHODS: The records of the department of Anatomical Pathology
      Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia, were searched for cases of
      pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 1992 and 2014 with material
      available in archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks.
      Immunohistochemistry for BAP1 was performed on tissue microarray sections and if
      staining was equivocal or negative it was confirmed on whole sections. Negative
      staining for BAP1 was defined as loss of expression in all neoplastic nuclei,
      with preserved expression in non-neoplastic cells which acted as an internal
      positive control. RESULTS: Loss of BAP1 expression was found in only 1 of 306
      (0.33%) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. This case was confirmed to demonstrate
      diffuse loss of expression throughout all neoplastic cells in multiple blocks,
      consistent with BAP1 loss being an early clonal event. All other cases
      demonstrated positive expression of BAP1. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, in
      contrast to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, loss of expression of BAP1 occurs
      very rarely in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Therefore BAP1 inactivation is
      unlikely to be a frequent driver abnormality in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 26982345
TI  - Pancreas Transplantation of US and Non-US Cases from 2005 to 2014 as Reported to
      the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) and the International Pancreas
      Transplant Registry (IPTR).
AB  - This report is an update of pancreas and kidney transplant activities in the US
      and non-US region in two periods, 2005-2009 and 2010-2014. The aim of the report
      was to analyze transplant progress and success in the US compared to non-US
      countries, and to compare trends between the two periods. Between 2005-2009 and
      2010-2014, the number of US pancreas transplants declined by over 20%, while the
      overall number of pancreas transplants performed outside the US has increased.
      The decline in US numbers is predominantly due to the decline in primary and
      secondary pancreas after kidney transplants (PAK). During the time period
      studied, the number of PAK transplants dropped by 50%. In contrast, the number of
      simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplants (SPK) declined by only 10%, and the
      number of pancreas transplants alone (PTA) by 20%. Over 90% of pancreas
      transplants worldwide were performed, with a simultaneous kidney transplant and
      excellent results. Transplant outcomes in SPK improved significantly because of a
      decrease in the rates of technical and immunologic graft loss. In 2010-2014 vs.
      2005-2009, US SPK transplant patient survival at 1 year post-transplant increased
      from 95.7% to 97.4%, pancreas graft function from 88.3% to 91.3%, and kidney
      function from 93.6% to 95.5%. A significant improvement was also noted in PAK
      transplants. One-year patient survival increased from 96.4% to 97.9% and pancreas
      graft function from 81.0% to 86.0%. PTA 1-year patient survival remained constant
      at 97%, and pancreas 1-year graft survival improved from 81.0% to 85.7%. With the
      decline in the number of transplants, a change towards better pancreas donor
      selection was observed. In solitary transplants, the donors were primarily young
      trauma victims, and the pancreas preservation time was relatively short. A
      general tendency towards transplanting older recipients was noted. In 2010-2014
      vs. 2005-2009, PTA recipients 50 years of age or older accounted for 32% vs. 22%,
      PAK for 28% vs. 22%, and SPK for 22% vs. 20%. This may be due to a relatively
      lower immunologic graft loss rate, especially in solitary transplants, which
      historically has been high in young recipients. The number of pancreas
      transplants in patients with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease has
      increased, and accounted for 9% of all SPK recipients in 2010-2014. 

PMID- 26982346
TI  - Pediatric liver transplantation: a North American perspective.
AB  - Liver transplantation (LT) is an important component in the therapeutic
      armamentarium of managing end-stage liver disease. In North American children,
      biliary atresia remains the most common indication for LT compared to hepatitis C
      in adults, while hepatoblastoma is the most common liver tumor requiring LT,
      versus Hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Rejection, lymphoproliferative
      disease, renal insufficiency, metabolic syndrome, recurrent disease, 'de novo'
      autoimmune hepatitis and malignancy require careful surveillance and prompt
      action in adults and children after LT. In children, specific attention to EBV
      viremia, growth, development, adherence and transition to the adult services is
      also required. Antibody mediated rejection and screening for donor specific
      antibodies is becoming important in managing liver graft dysfunction. Biomarkers
      to identify and predict tolerance are being developed. Machine perfusion and stem
      cells (iPS) to synthesize organs are generating interest and are a focus for
      research. 

PMID- 26982347
TI  - Effects of CO2 Lasers on Dental Pulp Biology in Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CO2 lasers
      on the proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp cells, and their latent
      self-recovery in connection with their stemness using reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The first molars from male Sprague-Dawley rats, each weighing ~150-200
      g, were used for this study. The upper first molars were irradiated with a 10,600
      nm wavelength CO2 laser under identical parameters (2 W CO2 laser, energy 4J,
      energy density 203.84 J/cm(2) for 8.8 sec) through the dentin of the occlusal
      surface. The molars were extracted immediately, or at 1, 3 or 5 days after the
      laser irradiation. RT-PCR analysis using primers specific for heat shock protein
      70 (Hsp70), adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2),
      dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), and
      immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for proliferating cell nuclear
      antigen (PCNA), ABCG2, CD34, and CD44 were performed. RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis
      revealed that Hsp70 mRNA expression in the immediate group and ABCG2 mRNA
      expression at day 1 were the highest. DSPP and DMP1 mRNA expression in the laser
      irradiated groups increased gradually, reaching its peak on the 5th day of the
      experiment, although no significant difference found among groups with regard to
      DMP1 expression. Immunohistochemically, PCNA-positive cells were observed at all
      times after the laser irradiation; however, they were most evident on day 3. CD44
      positive cells were observed strongly on day 1 and day 3, while ABCG2-positive
      cells were the most evident on day 3. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that
      CO2 laser irradiation induces degeneration in the pulp tissue, which is then
      repaired by newly formed odontoblast-like cells.

PMID- 26982348
TI  - Changing the Direction of Suicide Prevention Research: A Necessity for True
      Population Impact.

PMID- 26982349
TI  - Pertuzumab for the treatment of breast cancer: a safety review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Approximately twenty to thirty percent of newly diagnosed breast
      cancers are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive. The use of
      trastuzumab, and more recently pertuzumab, has significantly improved the
      progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in this patient
      population. However, pertuzumab has side effects that can impact treatment
      tolerability and quality of life. AREAS COVERED: This review describes the safety
      and tolerability of pertuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted at HER2 approved
      by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the
      neoadjuvant and first line metastatic settings. EXPERT OPINION: The combination
      of trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and chemotherapy is approved in the neoadjuvant and
      first line metastatic settings and should be strongly considered by providers.
      Further studies are needed to look at side effect prevention, novel pertuzumab
      containing regimens, and re-treating patients with pertuzumab.

PMID- 26982350
TI  - Interaction between the Rev1 C-Terminal Domain and the PolD3 Subunit of Polzeta
      Suggests a Mechanism of Polymerase Exchange upon Rev1/Polzeta-Dependent
      Translesion Synthesis.
AB  - Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a mutagenic branch of cellular DNA damage
      tolerance that enables bypass replication over DNA lesions carried out by
      specialized low-fidelity DNA polymerases. The replicative bypass of most types of
      DNA damage is performed in a two-step process of Rev1/Polzeta-dependent TLS. In
      the first step, a Y-family TLS enzyme, typically Poleta, Poliota, or Polkappa,
      inserts a nucleotide across a DNA lesion. In the second step, a four-subunit B
      family DNA polymerase Polzeta (Rev3/Rev7/PolD2/PolD3 complex) extends the
      distorted DNA primer-template. The coordinated action of error-prone TLS enzymes
      is regulated through their interactions with the two scaffold proteins, the
      sliding clamp PCNA and the TLS polymerase Rev1. Rev1 interactions with all other
      TLS enzymes are mediated by its C-terminal domain (Rev1-CT), which can
      simultaneously bind the Rev7 subunit of Polzeta and Rev1-interacting regions
      (RIRs) from Poleta, Poliota, or Polkappa. In this work, we identified a
      previously unknown RIR motif in the C-terminal part of PolD3 subunit of Polzeta
      whose interaction with the Rev1-CT is among the tightest mediated by RIR motifs.
      Three-dimensional structure of the Rev1-CT/PolD3-RIR complex determined by NMR
      spectroscopy revealed a structural basis for the relatively high affinity of this
      interaction. The unexpected discovery of PolD3-RIR motif suggests a mechanism of
      "inserter" to "extender" DNA polymerase switch upon Rev1/Polzeta-dependent TLS,
      in which the PolD3-RIR binding to the Rev1-CT (i) helps displace the "inserter"
      Poleta, Poliota, or Polkappa from its complex with Rev1, and (ii) facilitates
      assembly of the four-subunit "extender" Polzeta through simultaneous interaction
      of Rev1-CT with Rev7 and PolD3 subunits. 

PMID- 26982352
TI  - Tissue-Resident Macrophage Ontogeny and Homeostasis.
AB  - Defining the origins and developmental pathways of tissue-resident macrophages
      should help refine our understanding of the role of these cells in various
      disease settings and enable the design of novel macrophage-targeted therapies. In
      recent years the long-held belief that macrophage populations in the adult are
      continuously replenished by monocytes from the bone marrow (BM) has been
      overturned with the advent of new techniques to dissect cellular ontogeny. The
      new paradigm suggests that several tissue-resident macrophage populations are
      seeded during waves of embryonic hematopoiesis and self-maintain independently of
      BM contribution during adulthood. However, the exact nature of the embryonic
      progenitors that give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages is still debated,
      and the mechanisms enabling macrophage population maintenance in the adult are
      undefined. Here, we review the emergence of these concepts and discuss current
      controversies and future directions in macrophage biology. 

PMID- 26982351
TI  - The Impact of Myeloperoxidase and Activated Macrophages on Metaphase II Mouse
      Oocyte Quality.
AB  - Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant heme-containing enzyme present in neutrophils,
      monocytes, and macrophages, is produced in high levels during inflammation, and
      associated with poor reproductive outcomes. MPO is known to generate hypochlorous
      acid (HOCl), a damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) utilizing hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2) and chloride (Cl-). Here we investigate the effect of activated immune
      cells and MPO on oocyte quality. Mouse metaphase II oocytes were divided into the
      following groups: 1) Incubation with a catalytic amount of MPO (40 nM) for
      different incubation periods in the presence of 100 mM Cl- with and without H2O2
      and with and without melatonin (100 MUM), at 37 degrees C (n = 648/648 total
      number of oocytes in each group for oocytes with and without cumulus cells); 2)
      Co-cultured with activated mouse peritoneal macrophage and neutrophils cells (1.0
      x 106 cells/ml) in the absence and presence of melatonin (200 MUM), an MPO
      inhibitor/ROS scavenger, for different incubation periods in HTF media, at 37
      degrees C (n = 200/200); 3) Untreated oocytes incubated for 4 hrs as controls (n
      = 73/64). Oocytes were then fixed, stained and scored based on the microtubule
      morphology and chromosomal alignment. All treatments were found to negatively
      affect oocyte quality in a time dependent fashion as compared to controls. In all
      cases the presence of cumulus cells offered no protection; however significant
      protection was offered by melatonin. Similar results were obtained with oocytes
      treated with neutrophils. This work provides a direct link between MPO and
      decreased oocyte quality. Therefore, strategies to decrease MPO mediated
      inflammation may influence reproductive outcomes. 

PMID- 26982354
TI  - Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process.
AB  - It has been a century since the death of Elie Metchnikoff, who championed the
      role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity. Whereas others had observed the uptake
      of particles by cells from simple to complex organisms, he grasped its
      significance in the host response to injury and infection and established a firm
      basis for our understanding of inflammation and tissue homeostasis. The past
      century has brought improved tools of cellular and molecular biology to the study
      of phagocytosis and its contribution to physiological and pathological processes,
      including receptor function in innate and acquired immunity. In this review, I
      assess our present knowledge and consider opportunities for future research and
      therapeutic targeting. 

PMID- 26982355
TI  - Molecular Determinants in Phagocyte-Bacteria Interactions.
AB  - Phagocytes are crucial for host defense against bacterial pathogens. As first
      demonstrated by Metchnikoff, neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes share the
      capacity to engulf, kill, and digest microbial invaders. Generally, neutrophils
      focus on extracellular, and mononuclear phagocytes on intracellular, pathogens.
      Reciprocally, extracellular pathogens often capitalize on hindering phagocytosis
      and killing of phagocytes, whereas intracellular bacteria frequently allow their
      engulfment and then block intracellular killing. As foreseen by Metchnikoff,
      phagocytes become highly versatile by acquiring diverse phenotypes, but still
      retaining some plasticity. Further, phagocytes engage in active crosstalk with
      parenchymal and immune cells to promote adjunctive reactions, including
      inflammation, tissue healing, and remodeling. This dynamic network allows the
      host to cope with different types of microbial invaders. Here we present an
      update of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying phagocyte functions in
      antibacterial defense. We focus on four exemplary bacteria ranging from an
      opportunistic extracellular to a persistent intracellular pathogen. 

PMID- 26982357
TI  - Microglial Physiology and Pathophysiology: Insights from Genome-wide
      Transcriptional Profiling.
AB  - Microglia originate from erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs) in the yolk sac and
      develop in the forming CNS. Microglia are fundamental for the development and
      function of a healthy brain. By contrast, their role in immune host defense of
      the CNS remains speculative, given the immune privilege of this organ.
      Alterations in microglia functionality are involved in brain aging, as well as in
      neurodegenerative disease severity and progression. The combination of their
      ontogeny with the influence of the complex environment of the CNS makes microglia
      a unique cell population. Recent observations about microglia ontogeny combined
      with extensive gene expression profiling allow us to better capture the variety
      of nuances that microglia can manifest. Here, we provide a contemporary appraisal
      of microglial uniqueness based on their origin, functions, and expression
      profiles. Furthermore, we give an overview of the impact of aging and
      neurodegenerative diseases on microglia transcriptomes. 

PMID- 26982358
TI  - A Pioneer's Tail.
AB  - In this issue of Immunity, Boller et al. (2016) show that a C-terminal domain of
      EBF1 is required for chromatin binding and induction of DNase I hypersensitive
      sites. These properties mark EBF1 as a pioneer factor in B cell development and
      demonstrate a role for non-DNA binding domains in this process.

PMID- 26982353
TI  - Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis.
AB  - Inflammatory monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages are key regulators of
      tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. After tissue injury, monocytes and
      macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes to play critical
      roles during the initiation, maintenance, and resolution phases of tissue repair.
      Disturbances in macrophage function can lead to aberrant repair, such that
      uncontrolled production of inflammatory mediators and growth factors, deficient
      generation of anti-inflammatory macrophages, or failed communication between
      macrophages and epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and stem or
      tissue progenitor cells all contribute to a state of persistent injury, and this
      could lead to the development of pathological fibrosis. In this review, we
      discuss the mechanisms that instruct macrophages to adopt pro-inflammatory, pro
      wound-healing, pro-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, pro-resolving, and
      tissue-regenerating phenotypes after injury, and we highlight how some of these
      mechanisms and macrophage activation states could be exploited therapeutically. 

PMID- 26982359
TI  - Taking the Broad View on B Cell Affinity Maturation.
AB  - Germinal center (GC) responses are required for the generation of high-affinity
      antigen-specific B cells. Kuraoka et al. (2016) explore the importance of inter
      clonal competition in GC affinity maturation through the use of complex
      immunizing antigens and discover an unexpected increase in clonal diversity over
      the course of the response.

PMID- 26982360
TI  - Silence of the ROS.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during T cell activation and serve a
      signaling function but can also be damaging. In this issue of Immunity, Zhang et
      al. (2016) show that miR-23a prevents ROS-elicited necrosis by suppressing
      cyclophilin D (PPIF), a regulator of ROS escape from mitochondria.

PMID- 26982356
TI  - Macrophages and Iron Metabolism.
AB  - Iron is a transition metal that due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons
      with a variety of molecules is essential to support life. In mammals, iron exists
      mostly in the form of heme, enclosed within an organic protoporphyrin ring and
      functioning primarily as a prosthetic group in proteins. Paradoxically, free iron
      also has the potential to become cytotoxic when electron exchange with oxygen is
      unrestricted and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. These
      biological properties demand that iron metabolism is tightly regulated such that
      iron is available for core biological functions while preventing its cytotoxic
      effects. Macrophages play a central role in establishing this delicate balance.
      Here, we review the impact of macrophages on heme-iron metabolism and,
      reciprocally, how heme-iron modulates macrophage function.

PMID- 26982361
TI  - Chitosan: An Adjuvant with an Unanticipated STING.
AB  - Adjuvants promote adaptive immunity through the triggering of innate signals that
      are largely poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, Lavelle and colleagues
      describe an unexpected role for the DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway in the
      mechanism of action of the Th1 cell-promoting polysaccharide adjuvant chitosan. 

PMID- 26982362
TI  - Cancer Immunosurveillance Caught in the Act.
AB  - The role of the immune system in the control of cancer formation and progression
      has been a matter of considerable debate over many years. In this issue of
      Immunity, Mlecnik et al. (2016) show the importance of immunosurveillance in
      controlling tumors in a series of microsatellite-instable human colon carcinomas.

PMID- 26982363
TI  - Pioneering Activity of the C-Terminal Domain of EBF1 Shapes the Chromatin
      Landscape for B Cell Programming.
AB  - Lymphopoiesis requires the activation of lineage-specific genes embedded in
      naive, inaccessible chromatin or in primed, accessible chromatin. The mechanisms
      responsible for de novo gain of chromatin accessibility, known as "pioneer"
      function, remain poorly defined. Here, we showed that the EBF1 C-terminal domain
      (CTD) is required for the regulation of a specific gene set involved in B cell
      fate decision and differentiation, independently of activation and repression
      functions. Using genome-wide analysis of DNaseI hypersensitivity and DNA
      methylation in multipotent Ebf1(-/-) progenitors and derivative EBF1wt- or
      EBF1DeltaC-expressing cells, we found that the CTD promoted chromatin
      accessibility and DNA demethylation in previously naive chromatin. The CTD
      allowed EBF1 to bind at inaccessible genomic regions that offer limited co
      occupancy by other transcription factors, whereas the CTD was dispensable for
      EBF1 binding at regions that are occupied by multiple transcription factors.
      Thus, the CTD enables EBF1 to confer permissive lineage-specific changes in
      progenitor chromatin landscape.

PMID- 26982364
TI  - NEMO Prevents RIP Kinase 1-Mediated Epithelial Cell Death and Chronic Intestinal
      Inflammation by NF-kappaB-Dependent and -Independent Functions.
AB  - Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) regulate gut immune homeostasis, and impaired
      epithelial responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel
      diseases (IBD). IEC-specific ablation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)
      essential modulator (NEMO) caused Paneth cell apoptosis and impaired
      antimicrobial factor expression in the ileum, as well as colonocyte apoptosis and
      microbiota-driven chronic inflammation in the colon. Combined RelA, c-Rel, and
      RelB deficiency in IECs caused Paneth cell apoptosis but not colitis, suggesting
      that NEMO prevents colon inflammation by NF-kappaB-independent functions.
      Inhibition of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) kinase activity or
      combined deficiency of Fas-associated via death domain protein (FADD) and RIPK3
      prevented epithelial cell death, Paneth cell loss, and colitis development in
      mice with epithelial NEMO deficiency. Therefore, NEMO prevents intestinal
      inflammation by inhibiting RIPK1 kinase activity-mediated IEC death, suggesting
      that RIPK1 inhibitors could be effective in the treatment of colitis in patients
      with NEMO mutations and possibly in IBD. 

PMID- 26982365
TI  - Lymphoid-Tissue-Resident Commensal Bacteria Promote Members of the IL-10 Cytokine
      Family to Establish Mutualism.
AB  - Physical separation between the mammalian immune system and commensal bacteria is
      necessary to limit chronic inflammation. However, selective species of commensal
      bacteria can reside within intestinal lymphoid tissues of healthy mammals. Here,
      we demonstrate that lymphoid-tissue-resident commensal bacteria (LRC) colonized
      murine dendritic cells and modulated their cytokine production. In germ-free and
      antibiotic-treated mice, LRCs colonized intestinal lymphoid tissues and induced
      multiple members of the IL-10 cytokine family, including dendritic-cell-derived
      IL-10 and group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3)-derived IL-22. Notably, IL-10
      limited the development of pro-inflammatory Th17 cell responses, and IL-22
      production enhanced LRC colonization in the steady state. Furthermore, LRC
      colonization protected mice from lethal intestinal damage in an IL-10-IL-10R
      dependent manner. Collectively, our data reveal a unique host-commensal-bacteria
      dialog whereby selective subsets of commensal bacteria interact with dendritic
      cells to facilitate tissue-specific responses that are mutually beneficial for
      both the host and the microbe. 

PMID- 26982368
TI  - Self-learning kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of Al diffusion in Mg.
AB  - Vacancy-mediated diffusion of an Al atom in the pure Mg matrix is studied using
      the atomistic, on-lattice self-learning kinetic Monte Carlo (SLKMC) method.
      Activation barriers for vacancy-Mg and vacancy-Al atom exchange processes are
      calculated on the fly using the climbing image nudged-elastic-band method and
      binary Mg-Al modified embedded-atom method interatomic potential. Diffusivities
      of an Al atom obtained from SLKMC simulations show the same behavior as observed
      in experimental and theoretical studies available in the literature; that is, an
      Al atom diffuses faster within the basal plane than along the c-axis. Although
      the effective activation barriers for an Al atom diffusion from SLKMC simulations
      are close to experimental and theoretical values, the effective prefactors are
      lower than those obtained from experiments. We present all the possible vacancy
      Mg and vacancy-Al atom exchange processes and their activation barriers
      identified in SLKMC simulations. A simple mapping scheme to map an HCP lattice
      onto a simple cubic lattice is described, which enables simulation of the HCP
      lattice using the on-lattice framework. We also present the pattern recognition
      scheme which is used in SLKMC simulations to identify the local Al atom
      configuration around a vacancy. 

PMID- 26982366
TI  - Intestinal Interleukin-17 Receptor Signaling Mediates Reciprocal Control of the
      Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Inflammation.
AB  - Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) signaling are essential for
      regulating mucosal host defense against many invading pathogens. Commensal
      bacteria, especially segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), are a crucial factor
      that drives T helper 17 (Th17) cell development in the gastrointestinal tract. In
      this study, we demonstrate that Th17 cells controlled SFB burden. Disruption of
      IL-17R signaling in the enteric epithelium resulted in SFB dysbiosis due to
      reduced expression of alpha-defensins, Pigr, and Nox1. When subjected to
      experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, IL-17R-signaling-deficient mice
      demonstrated earlier disease onset and worsened severity that was associated with
      increased intestinal Csf2 expression and elevated systemic GM-CSF cytokine
      concentrations. Conditional deletion of IL-17R in the enteric epithelium
      demonstrated that there was a reciprocal relationship between the gut microbiota
      and enteric IL-17R signaling that controlled dysbiosis, constrained Th17 cell
      development, and regulated the susceptibility to autoimmune inflammation.

PMID- 26982369
TI  - Four types of ensemble coding in data visualizations.
AB  - Ensemble coding supports rapid extraction of visual statistics about distributed
      visual information. Researchers typically study this ability with the goal of
      drawing conclusions about how such coding extracts information from natural
      scenes. Here we argue that a second domain can serve as another strong
      inspiration for understanding ensemble coding: graphs, maps, and other visual
      presentations of data. Data visualizations allow observers to leverage their
      ability to perform visual ensemble statistics on distributions of spatial or
      featural visual information to estimate actual statistics on data. We survey the
      types of visual statistical tasks that occur within data visualizations across
      everyday examples, such as scatterplots, and more specialized images, such as
      weather maps or depictions of patterns in text. We divide these tasks into four
      categories: identification of sets of values, summarization across those values,
      segmentation of collections, and estimation of structure. We point to unanswered
      questions for each category and give examples of such cross-pollination in the
      current literature. Increased collaboration between the data visualization and
      perceptual psychology research communities can inspire new solutions to
      challenges in visualization while simultaneously exposing unsolved problems in
      perception research. 

PMID- 26982367
TI  - Integrative Analyses of Colorectal Cancer Show Immunoscore Is a Stronger
      Predictor of Patient Survival Than Microsatellite Instability.
AB  - Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer predicts favorable outcomes.
      However, the mechanistic relationship between microsatellite instability, tumor
      infiltrating immune cells, Immunoscore, and their impact on patient survival
      remains to be elucidated. We found significant differences in mutational
      patterns, chromosomal instability, and gene expression that correlated with
      patient microsatellite instability status. A prominent immune gene expression was
      observed in microsatellite-instable (MSI) tumors, as well as in a subgroup of
      microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. MSI tumors had increased frameshift
      mutations, showed genetic evidence of immunoediting, had higher densities of Th1,
      effector-memory T cells, in situ proliferating T cells, and inhibitory PD1-PDL1
      cells, had high Immunoscores, and were infiltrated with mutation-specific
      cytotoxic T cells. Multivariate analysis revealed that Immunoscore was superior
      to microsatellite instability in predicting patients' disease-specific recurrence
      and survival. These findings indicate that assessment of the immune status via
      Immunoscore provides a potent indicator of tumor recurrence beyond microsatellite
      instability staging that could be an important guide for immunotherapy
      strategies.

PMID- 26982370
TI  - Binocular contrast discrimination needs monocular multiplicative noise.
AB  - The effects of signal and noise on contrast discrimination are difficult to
      separate because of a singularity in the signal-detection-theory model of two
      alternative forced-choice contrast discrimination (Katkov, Tsodyks, & Sagi,
      2006). In this article, we show that it is possible to eliminate the singularity
      by combining that model with a binocular combination model to fit monocular,
      dichoptic, and binocular contrast discrimination. We performed three experiments
      using identical stimuli to measure the perceived phase, perceived contrast, and
      contrast discrimination of a cyclopean sine wave. In the absence of a fixation
      point, we found a binocular advantage in contrast discrimination both at low
      contrasts (<4%), consistent with previous studies, and at high contrasts (>=34%),
      which has not been previously reported. However, control experiments showed no
      binocular advantage at high contrasts in the presence of a fixation point or for
      observers without accommodation. We evaluated two putative contrast
      discrimination mechanisms: a nonlinear contrast transducer and multiplicative
      noise (MN). A binocular combination model (the DSKL model; Ding, Klein, & Levi,
      2013b) was first fitted to both the perceived-phase and the perceived-contrast
      data sets, then combined with either the nonlinear contrast transducer or the MN
      mechanism to fit the contrast-discrimination data. We found that the best model
      combined the DSKL model with early MN. Model simulations showed that, after going
      through interocular suppression, the uncorrelated noise in the two eyes became
      anticorrelated, resulting in less binocular noise and therefore a binocular
      advantage in the discrimination task. Combining a nonlinear contrast transducer
      or MN with a binocular combination model (DSKL) provides a powerful method for
      evaluating the two putative contrast-discrimination mechanisms. 

PMID- 26982371
TI  - Flexible timing of eye movements when catching a ball.
AB  - In ball games, one cannot direct ones gaze at the ball all the time because one
      must also judge other aspects of the game, such as other players' positions. We
      wanted to know whether there are times at which obtaining information about the
      ball is particularly beneficial for catching it. We recently found that people
      could catch successfully if they saw any part of the ball's flight except the
      very end, when sensory-motor delays make it impossible to use new information.
      Nevertheless, there may be a preferred time to see the ball. We examined when six
      catchers would choose to look at the ball if they had to both catch the ball and
      find out what to do with it while the ball was approaching. A catcher and a
      thrower continuously threw a ball back and forth. We recorded their hand
      movements, the catcher's eye movements, and the ball's path. While the ball was
      approaching the catcher, information was provided on a screen about how the
      catcher should throw the ball back to the thrower (its peak height). This
      information disappeared just before the catcher caught the ball. Initially there
      was a slight tendency to look at the ball before looking at the screen but,
      later, most catchers tended to look at the screen before looking at the ball.
      Rather than being particularly eager to see the ball at a certain time, people
      appear to adjust their eye movements to the combined requirements of the task. 

PMID- 26982372
TI  - Bcl-2/MDM2 Dual Inhibitors Based on Universal Pyramid-Like alpha-Helical
      Mimetics.
AB  - No alpha-helical mimetic that exhibits Bcl-2/MDM2 dual inhibition has been
      rationally designed due to the different helicities of the alpha-helixes at their
      binding interfaces. Herein, we extracted a one-turn alpha-helix-mimicking ortho
      triarene unit from o-phenylene foldamers. Linking benzamide substrates with a
      rotatable C-N bond, we constructed a novel semirigid pyramid-like scaffold that
      could support its two-turn alpha-helix mimicry without aromatic stacking
      interactions and could adopt the different dihedral angles of the key residues of
      p53 and BH3-only peptides. On the basis of this universal scaffold, a series of
      substituent groups were installed to capture the key residues of both p53TAD and
      BimBH3 and balance the differences of the bulks between them. Identified by FP,
      ITC, and NMR spectroscopy, a compound 6e (zq-1) that directly binds to Mcl-1, Bcl
      2, and MDM2 with balanced submicromolar affinities was obtained. Cell-based
      experiments demonstrated its antitumor ability through Bcl-2/MDM2 dual inhibition
      simultaneously. 

PMID- 26982374
TI  - The treatment of Ta-T1 bladder cancer in the era of worldwide BCG shortage.

PMID- 26982375
TI  - The case for salvage cystectomy after pelvic radiation.
AB  - Radical cystectomy is considered the standard of care for muscle invasive bladder
      cancer (MIBC), as well as some high-grade or recurrent non-muscle invasive
      bladder cancers. There are a number of reasons that urologic surgeons may find
      themselves considering a salvage cystectomy (SC) for a patient. Understanding the
      risks associated with performing SC is important for patient counseling when
      considering primary management of MIBC. Awareness of the unique complications
      that can occur can alter surgical technique and approach and can equip clinical
      staff with knowledge to properly monitor the patient during post-operative
      surveillance to identify and treat these situations. In this review, we
      characterize the outcomes of patients who underwent SC, elucidate the special
      considerations that must be made when performing this surgery, and discuss these
      outcomes in comparison to primary surgery in the absence of radiation. 

PMID- 26982373
TI  - Dexmedetomidine Protects against Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion
      Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a major
      perioperative complication, and diabetes increases the response of oxidative
      stress and inflammation induced by I/R. The objective of this study was to
      determine the protective effect of dexmedetomidine against transient global
      cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress and inflammation in
      diabetic rats. METHODS: Sixty-four rats were assigned into four experimental
      groups: normoglycemia, normoglycemia + dexmedetomidine, hyperglycemia, and
      hyperglycemia + dexmedetomidine and all subsequent neurological examinations were
      evaluated by a blinded observer. Damage to the brain was histologically assessed
      using the TUNEL staining method while western blotting was used to investigate
      changes in the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins as well as the
      microglia marker, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1). Water
      content in the brain was also analyzed. In addition, hippocampal concentrations
      of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nox2 (a member of the Nox family of NADPH oxidases),
      and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were analyzed. Finally,
      changes in serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and
      interleukin (IL)-6 were detected. RESULTS: Results showed that diabetes increased
      brain water content, the number of apoptotic neurons, early neurological deficit
      scores, oxidative stress (MDA and Nox2) and inflammation (pro-inflammatory
      cytokines including TNF-alpha and IL-6) levels following transient global I/R
      injury, but that these symptoms were attenuated following administration of
      dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that dexmedetomidine can
      significantly alleviate damage resulting from I/R, and this mechanism may be
      related to a reduction in both oxidative stress and inflammation which is
      normally associated with I/R.

PMID- 26982376
TI  - Catheter impregnation, coating or bonding for reducing central venous catheter
      related infections in adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The central venous catheter (CVC) is essential in managing acutely
      ill patients in hospitals. Bloodstream infection is a major complication in
      patients with a CVC. Several infection control measures have been developed to
      reduce bloodstream infections, one of which is impregnation of CVCs with various
      forms of antimicrobials (either with an antiseptic or with antibiotics). This
      review was originally published in June 2013 and updated in 2016. OBJECTIVES: Our
      main objective was to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial impregnation,
      coating or bonding on CVCs in reducing clinically-diagnosed sepsis, catheter
      related blood stream infection (CRBSI), all-cause mortality, catheter
      colonization and other catheter-related infections in adult participants who
      required central venous catheterization, along with their safety and cost
      effectiveness where data were available. We undertook the following comparisons:
      1) catheters with antimicrobial modifications in the form of antimicrobial
      impregnation, coating or bonding, against catheters without antimicrobial
      modifications and 2) catheters with one type of antimicrobial impregnation
      against catheters with another type of antimicrobial impregnation. We planned to
      analyse the comparison of catheters with any type of antimicrobial impregnation
      against catheters with other antimicrobial modifications, e.g. antiseptic
      dressings, hubs, tunnelling, needleless connectors or antiseptic lock solutions,
      but did not find any relevant studies. Additionally, we planned to conduct
      subgroup analyses based on the length of catheter use, settings or levels of care
      (e.g. intensive care unit, standard ward and oncology unit), baseline risks,
      definition of sepsis, presence or absence of co-interventions and cost
      effectiveness in different currencies. SEARCH METHODS: We used the standard
      search strategy of the Cochrane Anaesthesia, Critical and Emergency Care Review
      Group (ACE). In the updated review, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 3), MEDLINE (OVID SP; 1950 to March
      2015), EMBASE (1980 to March 2015), CINAHL (1982 to March 2015), and other
      Internet resources using a combination of keywords and MeSH headings. The
      original search was run in March 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed any type of impregnated catheter against
      either non-impregnated catheters or catheters with another type of impregnation
      in adult patients cared for in the hospital setting who required CVCs. We planned
      to include quasi-RCT and cluster-RCTs, but we identified none. We excluded cross
      over studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data using the standard
      methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two authors independently
      assessed the relevance and risk of bias of the retrieved records. We expressed
      our results using risk ratio (RR), absolute risk reduction (ARR) and number need
      to treat to benefit (NNTB) for categorical data and mean difference (MD) for
      continuous data, where appropriate, with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
      MAIN RESULTS: We included one new study (338 participants/catheters) in this
      update, which brought the total included to 57 studies with 16,784 catheters and
      11 types of impregnations. The total number of participants enrolled was unclear,
      as some studies did not provide this information. Most studies enrolled
      participants from the age of 18, including patients in intensive care units
      (ICU), oncology units and patients receiving long-term total parenteral
      nutrition. There were low or unclear risks of bias in the included studies,
      except for blinding, which was impossible in most studies due to the catheters
      that were being assessed having different appearances. Overall, catheter
      impregnation significantly reduced catheter-related blood stream infection
      (CRBSI), with an ARR of 2% (95% CI 3% to 1%), RR of 0.62 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.74)
      and NNTB of 50 (high-quality evidence). Catheter impregnation also reduced
      catheter colonization, with an ARR of 9% (95% CI 12% to 7%), RR of 0.67 (95% CI
      0.59 to 0.76) and NNTB of 11 (moderate-quality evidence, downgraded due to
      substantial heterogeneity). However, catheter impregnation made no significant
      difference to the rates of clinically diagnosed sepsis (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.88 to
      1.13; moderate-quality evidence, downgraded due to a suspicion of publication
      bias), all-cause mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.07; high-quality evidence)
      and catheter-related local infections (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.07; 2688
      catheters, moderate quality evidence, downgraded due to wide 95% CI).In our
      subgroup analyses, we found that the magnitudes of benefits for impregnated CVCs
      varied between studies that enrolled different types of participants. For the
      outcome of catheter colonization, catheter impregnation conferred significant
      benefit in studies conducted in ICUs (RR 0.70;95% CI 0.61 to 0.80) but not in
      studies conducted in haematological and oncological units (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.51
      to 1.11) or studies that assessed predominantly patients who required CVCs for
      long-term total parenteral nutrition (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.74 to 1.34). However,
      there was no such variation for the outcome of CRBSI. The magnitude of the
      effects was also not affected by the participants' baseline risks.There were no
      significant differences between the impregnated and non-impregnated groups in the
      rates of adverse effects, including thrombosis/thrombophlebitis, bleeding,
      erythema and/or tenderness at the insertion site. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This
      review confirms the effectiveness of antimicrobial CVCs in reducing rates of
      CRBSI and catheter colonization. However, the magnitude of benefits regarding
      catheter colonization varied according to setting, with significant benefits only
      in studies conducted in ICUs. A comparatively smaller body of evidence suggests
      that antimicrobial CVCs do not appear to reduce clinically diagnosed sepsis or
      mortality significantly. Our findings call for caution in routinely recommending
      the use of antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs across all settings. Further randomized
      controlled trials assessing antimicrobial CVCs should include important clinical
      outcomes like the overall rates of sepsis and mortality.

PMID- 26982377
TI  - Cryopreservation of human blood for alkaline and Fpg-modified comet assay.
AB  - The Comet assay is a reproducible and sensitive assay for the detection of DNA
      damage in eukaryotic cells and tissues. Incorporation of lesion specific,
      oxidative DNA damage repair enzymes (for example, Fpg, OGG1 and EndoIII) in the
      standard alkaline Comet assay procedure allows for the detection and measurement
      of oxidative DNA damage. The Comet assay using white blood cells (WBC) has proven
      useful in monitoring DNA damage from environmental agents in humans. However, it
      is often impractical to performance Comet assay immediately after blood sampling.
      Thus, storage of blood sample is required. In this study, we developed and tested
      a simple storage method for very small amount of whole blood for standard and Fpg
      modified modified Comet assay. Whole blood was stored in RPMI 1640 media
      containing 10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine at a sample to media ratio of
      1:50. Samples were stored at -20  degrees C and -80  degrees C for 1, 7, 14 and
      28 days. Isolated lymphocytes from the same subjects were also stored under the
      same conditions for comparison. Direct DNA strand breakage and oxidative DNA
      damage in WBC and lymphocytes were analyzed using standard and Fpg-modified
      alkaline Comet assay and compared with freshly analyzed samples. No significant
      changes in either direct DNA strand breakage or oxidative DNA damage was seen in
      WBC and lymphocytes stored at -20  degrees C for 1 and 7 days compared to fresh
      samples. However, significant increases in both direct and oxidative DNA damage
      were seen in samples stored at -20  degrees C for 14 and 28 days. No changes in
      direct and oxidative DNA damage were observed in WBC and lymphocytes stored at 
      80  degrees C for up to 28 days. These results identified the proper storage
      conditions for storing whole blood or isolated lymphocytes to evaluate direct and
      oxidative DNA damage using standard and Fpg-modified alkaline Comet assay. 

PMID- 26982378
TI  - Strangulated lesser omentum hiatus hernia: a rare case report and a literature
      review.
AB  - Intestinal obstruction caused by primary intraperitoneal hernia is infrequent and
      difficult to diagnose. Incorrect diagnosis and delayed surgical treatment will
      lead to serious consequences. We report a rare case of a 62-year-old Chinese
      woman with strangulated lesser omentum hiatus hernia. Contrast-enhanced abdominal
      computed tomography(CT) scan is recommended for early revealing direct and
      indirect signs. We propose three diagnostic points of primary intraperitoneal
      hernia: 1. "Three-no" pathography: with no history of abdominal operation,
      abdominal trauma and abdominal infection. 2. It begins with mechanical intestinal
      obstruction, then turns into strangulated intestinal obstruction easily. 3.
      Exclude intestinal wall lesions and intestinal blockage. We also summarize
      surgical procedure into four steps. We hope this case can provide a reference for
      the diagnosis and treatment of similar situations.

PMID- 26982380
TI  - Setting a National Agenda for Surgical Disparities Research: Recommendations From
      the National Institutes of Health and American College of Surgeons Summit.
AB  - Health care disparities (differential access, care, and outcomes owing to factors
      such as race/ethnicity) are widely established. Compared with other groups,
      African American individuals have an increased mortality risk across multiple
      surgical procedures. Gender, sexual orientation, age, and geographic disparities
      are also well documented. Further research is needed to mitigate these
      inequities. To do so, the American College of Surgeons and the National
      Institutes of Health-National Institute of Minority Health and Disparities
      convened a research summit to develop a national surgical disparities research
      agenda and funding priorities. Sixty leading researchers and clinicians gathered
      in May 2015 for a 2-day summit. First, literature on surgical disparities was
      presented within 5 themes: (1) clinician, (2) patient, (3) systemic/access, (4)
      clinical quality, and (5) postoperative care and rehabilitation-related factors.
      These themes were identified via an exhaustive preconference literature review
      and guided the summit and its interactive consensus-building exercises. After
      individual thematic presentations, attendees contributed research priorities for
      each theme. Suggestions were collated, refined, and prioritized during the latter
      half of the summit. Breakout sessions yielded 3 to 5 top research priorities by
      theme. Overall priorities, regardless of theme, included improving patient
      clinician communication, fostering engagement and community outreach by using
      technology, improving care at facilities with a higher proportion of minority
      patients, evaluating the longer-term effect of acute intervention and
      rehabilitation support, and improving patient centeredness by identifying
      expectations for recovery. The National Institutes of Health and American College
      of Surgeons Summit on Surgical Disparities Research succeeded in identifying a
      comprehensive research agenda. Future research and funding priorities should
      prioritize patients' care perspectives, workforce diversification and training,
      and systematic evaluation of health technologies to reduce surgical disparities.

PMID- 26982379
TI  - Nosocomial Co-Transmission of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) and A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses
      between 2 Patients with Hematologic Disorders.
AB  - A nosocomial cluster induced by co-infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) and
      A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) viruses occurred in 2 patients at a hospital in Zhejiang
      Province, China, in January 2014. The index case-patient was a 57-year-old man
      with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who had been occupationally exposed to poultry.
      He had co-infection with H7N9 and pH1N1 viruses. A 71-year-old man with
      polycythemia vera who was in the same ward as the index case-patient for 6 days
      acquired infection with H7N9 and pH1N1 viruses. The incubation period for the
      second case-patient was estimated to be <4 days. Both case-patients died of
      multiple organ failure. Virus genetic sequences from the 2 case-patients were
      identical. Of 103 close contacts, none had acute respiratory symptoms; all were
      negative for H7N9 virus. Serum samples from both case-patients demonstrated
      strong proinflammatory cytokine secretion but incompetent protective immune
      responses. These findings strongly suggest limited nosocomial co-transmission of
      H7N9 and pH1N1 viruses from 1 immunocompromised patient to another. 

PMID- 26982381
TI  - Effects of diuretics on sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
      induced changes in blood pressure in obese rats suffering from the metabolic
      syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Experiments were carried out to investigate whether diuretics
      (hydrochlorothiazide + furosemide) impact on the effects of a sodium-dependent
      glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor on glucose metabolism and blood
      pressure (BP) in metabolic syndrome SHR/NDmcr-cp(+/+) rats (SHRcp). METHODS: Male
      13-week-old SHRcp were treated with: vehicle; the SGLT2-inhibitor luseogliflozin
      (10 mg/kg per day); diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide; 10 mg/kg/day + furosemide; 5
      mg/kg per day); or luseogliflozin + diuretics (n = 5-8 for each group) daily by
      oral gavage for 5 weeks. BP and glucose metabolism were evaluated by a telemetry
      system and oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. RESULTS: Vehicle-treated
      SHRcp developed nondipper type hypertension (dark vs. light-period mean arterial
      pressure: 148.6 +/- 0.7 and 148.0 +/- 0.7 mmHg, respectively, P = 0.2) and
      insulin resistance. Compared with vehicle-treated animals, luseogliflozin-treated
      rats showed an approximately 4000-fold increase in urinary excretion of glucose
      and improved glucose metabolism. Luseogliflozin also significantly decreased BP
      and turned the circadian rhythm of BP from a nondipper to dipper pattern (dark
      vs. light-period mean arterial pressure: 138.0 +/- 1.6 and 132.0 +/- 1.3 mmHg,
      respectively, P < 0.01), which were associated with a significant increase in
      urinary excretion of sodium. Addition of diuretics did not influence
      luseogliflozin-induced improvement of glucose metabolism and circadian rhythm of
      BP in SHRcp. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a SGLT2 inhibitor elicits its
      beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and hypertension in study participants
      with metabolic syndrome undergoing treatment with diuretics.

PMID- 26982382
TI  - Management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: Statement of the
      Second Consensus Conference endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension.
AB  - In June 2015, a panel of experts gathered in a consensus conference to plan
      updating recommendations on the management of the hypertensive patient with
      elevated heart rate (HR), previously released in 2006. The issues examined during
      that meeting and further discussed by the participants during the following
      months involved the assessment of HR, the relevance of HR as a cardiovascular
      risk factor, the definition of tachycardia and the treatment of the hypertensive
      patient with high HR. For the measurement of resting HR the panel experts
      recommended that scientific investigations focusing on HR should report
      information on length of resting period before measurement, information about
      temperature and environment, method of measurement, duration of measurement,
      number of readings, time interval between measurements, body position and type of
      observer. According to the panellists there is convincing evidence that HR is an
      important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and they suggest to routinely
      include HR measurement in the assessment of the hypertensive patient. Regarding
      the definition of tachycardia, the panellists acknowledged that in the absence of
      convincing data any threshold used to define tachycardia is arbitrary. Similarly,
      as there are no outcome studies of HR lowering in tachycardia hypertension, the
      panellists could not make practical therapeutic suggestions for the management of
      such patients. However, the experts remarked that absence of evidence does not
      mean evidence against the importance of tachycardia as a risk factor for
      cardiovascular disease and that long-term exposure to a potentially important
      risk factor may impair the patient's prognosis. The main aims of the present
      document are to alert researchers and physicians about the importance of
      measuring HR in hypertensive patients, and to stimulate research to clarify
      unresolved issues.

PMID- 26982383
TI  - Prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances in hypertension.

PMID- 26982384
TI  - Effectiveness of estrogen treatment before transcervical resection of adhesions
      on moderate and severe uterine adhesion patients.
AB  - Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), also known as Asherman's syndrome, is a common
      disease for among women. The extent of adhesion and pre-surgery hormone therapy
      greatly affects the function of uterine cavity. This current study investigates
      the association of different doses of estrogen before transcervical resection of
      adhesions (TCRA) surgery and clinical outcome in serious IUA. About 120 newly
      diagnostic serious IUA patients who underwent TCRA were randomly divided into
      three study groups: Estradiol valerate (progynova) 3 or 9 mg per diet before
      surgery and the control group. Follow-up hysteroscopy checkups were taken in 1-
      and 3-month post-operation. The effective power of 9 mg group was significantly
      higher than other groups. The 9 mg group achieved the best menstrual recovery
      rate in all study groups compared with the other two groups in 6 months post
      operatively (p < 0.05). Our results confirmed estradiol valerateas an alternative
      effective drug for the prevention of IUAs before and after hysteroscopic surgery.

PMID- 26982385
TI  - Supine Colonoscopy: An Advantage over Left Lateral in Synchronous Proctological
      Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Repositioning sedated or anesthetized patients between colonoscopy
      and further surgical procedures is potentially unsafe and time consuming. We aim
      to show that colonoscopy performed in the modified lithotomy position offers
      surgical, anesthetic, and patient advantage. METHODS: Patients presenting for
      colonoscopy and a synchronous surgical procedure between May 2013 and August 2014
      were prospectively included. Colonoscopy duration, cecal intubation rate (CIR),
      terminal ileum intubation rate, and patient characteristics were recorded.
      RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients were included in this study. Of them, 24 (35%) were
      women and mean age was 42.3 years. Mean colonoscopy duration was 7 minutes (2-24
      minutes). CIR was 100%. Terminal ileum intubation rate was 92%. Utilization of
      ancillary colonoscopic maneuvers was easier for the operator/assistant. Overall
      theatre time was reduced and there was no increase in length of stay. CONCLUSION:
      The modified lithotomy position offers multiple surgical, anesthetic, theatre,
      and patient advantage in those undergoing a colonoscopy followed by a further
      proctological or surgical procedure.

PMID- 26982387
TI  - Continued advances for hepatology in 2015.

PMID- 26982386
TI  - Protein-Assisted Assembly of Modular 3D Plasmonic Raspberry-like Core/Satellite
      Nanoclusters: Correlation of Structure and Optical Properties.
AB  - We present a bottom-up assembly route for a large-scale organization of plasmonic
      nanoparticles (NPs) into three-dimensional (3D) modular assemblies with
      core/satellite structure. The protein-assisted assembly of small spherical gold
      or silver NPs with a hydrophilic protein shell (as satellites) onto larger metal
      NPs (as cores) offers high modularity in sizes and composition at high satellite
      coverage (close to the jamming limit). The resulting dispersions of metal/metal
      nanoclusters exhibit high colloidal stability and therefore allow for high
      concentrations and a precise characterization of the nanocluster architecture in
      dispersion by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Strong near-field coupling
      between the building blocks results in distinct regimes of dominant satellite-to
      satellite and core-to-satellite coupling. High robustness against satellite
      disorder was proved by UV/vis diffuse reflectance (integrating sphere)
      measurements. Generalized multiparticle Mie theory (GMMT) simulations were
      employed to describe the electromagnetic coupling within the nanoclusters. The
      close correlation of structure and optical property allows for the rational
      design of core/satellite nanoclusters with tailored plasmonics and well-defined
      near-field enhancement, with perspectives for applications such as surface
      enhanced spectroscopies.

PMID- 26982388
TI  - Arenavirus Diversity and Phylogeography of Mastomys natalensis Rodents, Nigeria.
AB  - Mastomys natalensis rodents are natural hosts for Lassa virus (LASV). Detection
      of LASV in 2 mitochondrial phylogroups of the rodent near the Niger and Benue
      Rivers in Nigeria underlines the potential for LASV emergence in fresh
      phylogroups of this rodent. A Mobala-like sequence was also detected in eastern
      Nigeria. 

PMID- 26982389
TI  - Trial of Portable Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for the Management of
      Tracheobronchomalacia.

PMID- 26982390
TI  - Far-Infrared Signatures of Hydrogen Bonding in Phenol Derivatives.
AB  - One of the most direct ways to study the intrinsic properties of the hydrogen
      bond interaction is by gas-phase far-infrared (far-IR) spectroscopy because the
      modes involving hydrogen-bond deformation are excited in this spectral region;
      however, the far-IR regime is often ignored in molecular structure identification
      due to the absence of strong far-IR light sources and difficulty in assigning the
      observed modes by quantum chemical calculations. Far-IR/UV ion-dip spectroscopy
      using the free electron laser FELIX was applied to directly probe the
      intramolecular hydrogen-bond interaction in a family of phenol derivatives. Three
      vibrational modes have been identified, which are expected to be diagnostic for
      the hydrogen-bond strength: hydrogen-bond stretching and hydrogen-bond-donating
      and -accepting OH torsion vibrations. Their position is evaluated with respect to
      the hydrogen bond strength, that is, the length of the hydrogen-bonded OH length.
      This shows that the hydrogen bond stretching frequency is diagnostic for the size
      of the ring that is closed by the hydrogen bond, while the strength of the
      hydrogen bond can be determined from the hydrogen-bond-donating OH torsion
      frequency. The combination of these two normal modes allows the direct probing of
      intramolecular hydrogen-bond characteristics using conformation-selective far-IR
      vibrational spectroscopy. 

PMID- 26982392
TI  - The effects of localised fatigue on upper extremity jump shot kinematics and
      kinetics in team handball.
AB  - Team handball is a popular sport worldwide that requires numerous throws to be
      made throughout the course of a game. Because of the upper extremity demands of
      repetitive throwing, it is possible that fatigue can alter the mechanics of a
      shot. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of localised
      fatigue on jump shot kinematics and kinetics. Eleven male team handball players
      (23.1 +/- 3.1 years; 185.1 +/- 8.3 cm; 89.7 +/- 12.2 kg) volunteered. An
      electromagnetic tracking system was used to examine the jump shot prior to and
      following localised fatigue. The fatiguing protocol consisted of throwing a 2.2
      kg medicine ball into a rebounder until volitional fatigue. No significant
      kinematic or kinetic differences were observed following fatigue. Shoulder
      external rotation was -74.8 +/- 14.9 degrees  prior to and -79.0 +/- 14.7 degrees
      following fatigue at MER. Scapula, external rotation at ball release (BR) prior
      to fatigue was -2.2 +/- 7.0 degrees  and -3.2 +/- 11.1 degrees  following
      fatigue. Scapular internal rotation, at maximum shoulder internal rotation (MIR),
      changed from 18.4 +/- 11.2 degrees  to 20.4 +/- 11.8 degrees . Ball velocity
      decreased from19.8 m . s-1 to 18.8 m . s-1 (P = 0.12). Accuracy percentage in the
      pre-fatigue trials was 60.8 +/- 14.1% and 52.8 +/- 12.7% following fatigue (P =
      0.20). While no significant changes were observed, it is possible that other
      fatiguing protocols that more closely represent the aerobic and throwing demands
      of the sport may have a greater effect on the kinematics and kinetics of the jump
      shot.

PMID- 26982391
TI  - Transposition of great arteries with natural partial Senning: A rare case report.
AB  - The association of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and anomalous
      pulmonary venous connection is extremely rare. Children with transposition of the
      great arteries improved dramatically with the advent of the atrial repair. In
      this report, we describe a 40-day old male infant with TGA and associated
      anomalous pulmonary venous connection who presented with the history of cyanosis
      and hurried breathing. This patient underwent successful balloon atrial
      septostomy and discharged with uneventful recovery. 

PMID- 26982393
TI  - QSAR models on H4 receptor antagonists associated with inflammation and
      anaphylaxis.
AB  - Histamine, an endogenous amine is implicated in hypersensitivity (allergic)
      responses, gastric acid secretion, neurotransmission, immuno-modulation, cell
      differentiation, and embryonic development. It exerts its effects via four
      histamine receptor subtypes, termed H1 to H4 receptors (H1R-H4R) belonging to the
      superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. The latest discovered histamine
      receptor, H4R, is implicated in the chemotaxis of several cell types and strongly
      associated with immune and inflammatory responses. Thus, we found interesting to
      analyze in terms of 2D-QSAR a number of H4 antagonists in order to highlight the
      most important physicochemical properties implicated in their mechanism of action
      and in continuation to suggest structural modifications. The C-QSAR platform of
      Biobyte has been used in this study. The study reveals that lipophilicity, clog P
      (linear or bilinear model) as well as steric factors such as the overall molar
      refractivity (CMR), molar volume or the substitutents molar refractivity (linear)
      or the sterimol parameters B1 and B5 are important. Electronic effects appear
      only in one model. The study shows that log P as calculated from the C-QSAR
      program of Biobyte is suitable for this form of QSAR study.

PMID- 26982395
TI  - Prince does the honours for leading nurses.
AB  - A community nurse consultant spoke of her pride at collecting an OBE from Prince
      William at Buckingham Palace.

PMID- 26982396
TI  - Outsourcing is compromising quality, says Peter Carter.
AB  - Too many NHS contracts are being outsourced to private sector companies based on
      cost and at the expense of quality, RCN general secretary Peter Carter told the
      annual general meeting.

PMID- 26982398
TI  - Membership fee set to increase by 1% as vote is passed to set rate for five
      years.
AB  - The RCN's annual membership fee may rise by 16p a month from next year, after
      members voted to allow the college's council to set the rate for the next five
      years.

PMID- 26982394
TI  - Menstrual cyclicity post OC withdrawal in PCOS: Use of non-hormonal options.
AB  - There is no data on menstrual cyclicity post oral contraceptive (OC) withdrawal
      with nonhormonal options in PCOS patients. OC could affect obesity, insulin and
      gonadotropins factors integral to pathogenesis of PCOS, thereby adversely
      affecting the HPG axis. Menstrual cycles of PCOS patients were retrospectively
      studied post OCP. Patients developing regular versus irregular cycles post OC
      were compared. Forty-eight PCOS patients were followed for an average of 1.9
      years post OC. Thirty-six (75%) achieved regular cycles over a period of one year
      with other nonhormonal options like spironolactone and metformin. Seven patients
      required no treatment. Patients who continued to have irregular cycles had a
      longer pre OC cycle length (p < 0.01) and a greater duration of menstrual
      irregularity (p < 0.02), though age, BMI and hormones were similar in the two
      groups. In conclusion, spironolactone and metformin are effective nonhormonal
      options for regular periods post OC. Around 15% PCOS may not require any
      treatment post OC.

PMID- 26982397
TI  - Revalidation is a 'nightmare' for some nurses.
AB  - Proposals on revalidation drawn up by the Nursing and Midwifery Council that
      would require nurses to ask for patient feedback could prove to be a 'nightmare'
      for independent nurses, it has been claimed.

PMID- 26982400
TI  - NMC report reveals fall in FtP referrals.
AB  - The number of new referrals to the Nursing and Midwifery Council fell between
      2011 and 2013.

PMID- 26982399
TI  - Brown is ready to tackle the big issues.
AB  - Safe staffing is the RCN's priority, the incoming chair of the college's council
      told Nursing Standard last week.

PMID- 26982401
TI  - Pension rights retained for transferred NHS workers.
AB  - Nurses who are transferred compulsorily from the NHS into a private company
      delivering NHS-funded services will remain in the public sector pension scheme.

PMID- 26982403
TI  - Nurse's hep C test yields speedy results.
AB  - A successful nurse-led screening programme to tackle hepatitis C prevalence in
      south Asian and Somali communities is to be expanded.

PMID- 26982404
TI  - Institute strives to increase the number of BME Queen's nurses.
AB  - The Queen's Nursing Institute (QNI) has launched a drive to recruit more nurses
      from minority communities for its nurse programme.

PMID- 26982406
TI  - World in brief.
AB  - What's happening in nursing across the globe.

PMID- 26982405
TI  - Political notebook.
AB  - Urgent action is needed to solve a health crisis in Wales, Plaid Cymru leader
      Leanne Wood claims.

PMID- 26982407
TI  - Appeal for return of stolen badge.
AB  - A nurse's daughter has appealed for help in tracing her late mother's prized pre
      war nursing badge after it was taken by burglars.

PMID- 26982409
TI  - Men at greater risk of almost all post-operative complications than women.
AB  - Older black and Hispanic patients have a higher risk than white patients of
      developing complications following surgery, a study undertaken in the United
      States suggests.

PMID- 26982408
TI  - Exercise is an effective treatment for lower limb osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and one of the leading causes
      of pain and disability worldwide. The economic burden of treatment costs and lost
      productivity is substantial, with the total cost to the UK estimated at 1 per
      cent of gross national product.

PMID- 26982410
TI  - Adalimumab keeps bowel disease in remission aft er up to four years of treatment.
AB  - Long-term treatment with adalimumab can help patients with Crohn's disease
      maintain remission for up to four years, with no increased risk of adverse
      effects, according to an analysis of data from two clinical trials.

PMID- 26982411
TI  - Benefits of bisphosphonates outweigh risks, despite links to atypical femural
      fractures.
AB  - A review of recent evidence linking bisphosphonate (BP) drugs used to treat
      osteoporosis with atypical femural fractures (AFFs) has found that long-term use
      of the drugs increases the risk of these rare fractures.

PMID- 26982413
TI  - Global outreach service.

PMID- 26982412
TI  - Unemployment levels after the global financial crisis linked to increase in
      suicides.
AB  - The 2008 global economic crisis appears to have triggered an increase in
      suicides, particularly among men in Europe and America. To investigate the impact
      of the economic crisis on international trends in suicide, researchers conducted
      an analysis comparing the number of suicides in 2009 with the number that would
      have been expected based on trends before the crisis (2000-2007). The analysis
      included data from 54 countries.

PMID- 26982415
TI  - The enemy within.
AB  - An interesting article recently appeared on The Guardian website. Written by June
      Girvin, nurse and pro-vice chancellor at Oxford Brookes University, and Mark
      Hayter, professor in the faculty of health and social care at the University of
      Hull, it argued why nursing needs to be a graduate profession.

PMID- 26982414
TI  - Voices - Going 'back to the floor' reinforced Yvonne Coghill's pride in her
      profession.
AB  - Earlier this month I went 'back to the floor' to work alongside nursing
      colleagues at Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust in north west
      England.

PMID- 26982416
TI  - On deaf ears.
AB  - 'I am sure it is the eye clinic, nurse,' the woman pushing the wheelchair said
      indignantly. I took her to be the patient's daughter.

PMID- 26982418
TI  - Readers panel- Intervention at an early age.
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day.

PMID- 26982417
TI  - Trial and error.
AB  - I have never taken part in a drug trial, but I can see the appeal. 'That new
      doctor said they were trialling these tablets. Of course I agreed to help out.
      Who knows? They might do the trick.'

PMID- 26982419
TI  - Reason for rage.
AB  - Following health secretary Jeremy Hunt's announcement about NHS wages, it is time
      for nurses to bombard their MPs with letters and emails to express their
      indignation at being targeted yet again.

PMID- 26982420
TI  - Starting out - Inpatients with dementia showed me how much we need to improve
      care.
AB  - I was on a gastroenterology ward placement during my first year of training when
      I read a poem by an unknown author with dementia.

PMID- 26982421
TI  - National Numeracy.
AB  - The National Numeracy charity provides information and resources to ensure
      'numeracy for everyone, for life'. Its website is a fantastic resource for those
      involved in recruitment or teaching numeracy.

PMID- 26982422
TI  - Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research Martella Ronald C et al
      Understanding and Interpreting Educational Research 704pp $80/L46.99 The
      Guildford Press 978 1 4625 0962 1462509622 [Formula: see text].
AB  - This American text is a comprehensive and substantial tool for research design.

PMID- 26982423
TI  - Nursing Ethics in Everyday Practice Ulrich Connie M Nursing Ethics in Everyday
      Practice 256pp $39.95/L25.61 Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of
      Nursing 978 1 9354 7650 4 1935476505 [Formula: see text].
AB  - This is a useful and informative book for nurses, nursing students, managers and
      lecturers. It is, however, an American text that has not been adapted for readers
      outside the United States in terms of the role of nurses, or the way that health
      care is delivered.

PMID- 26982425
TI  - The best of the week's health-related TV and radio.
AB  - Our roundup of what's on.

PMID- 26982424
TI  - NHS Symptom Checker app NHS Symptom Checker app Free [Formula: see text].
AB  - What started out as an app that was prone to crashing is now available in a much
      improved version 2.0.3. Developed by NHS Direct, it is targeted at users in
      England.

PMID- 26982426
TI  - Help me research Edith Cavell, who saved a relative of mine.
AB  - I was moved by Terri Arthur's account of nurse Edith Cavell, her arrest for
      treason and execution in 1915 (Reflections October 16). Almost a century after
      her death, Miss Cavell's professionalism and courage continue to inspire us.

PMID- 26982428
TI  - Notice board.
AB  - Courses, events, grants, and awards to progress your career.

PMID- 26982429
TI  - Employment tribunals in action.
AB  - Most people will never need to become familiar with the Employment Tribunals
      (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2013, which came into force in
      July. But for some nurses, whose grievance against an employer cannot be resolved
      locally, the changes are significant.

PMID- 26982430
TI  - Student life - Inspired improvements.
AB  - Through its 1,000 Lives Plus campaign, NHS Wales is committed to saving lives and
      delivering the best quality and safest health care for people in Wales.

PMID- 26982431
TI  - Involvement of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 during Postovulatory Aging-Mediated
      Abortive Spontaneous Egg Activation in Rat Eggs Cultured In Vitro.
AB  - Freshly ovulated rat eggs do not remain arrested at metaphase II (MII) and
      undergo exit from MII arrest with initiation of extrusion of the second polar
      body (PBII), a characteristic feature of abortive spontaneous egg activation
      (SEA). The biochemical and molecular changes during postovulatory aging-mediated
      abortive SEA remain poorly understood. We investigated the morphological,
      cellular, and molecular changes during postovulatory aging-mediated abortive SEA
      in eggs cultured in vitro. Our results suggest that postovulatory egg aging in
      vitro induced initiation of PBII extrusion in a time-dependent manner.
      Postovulatory aging increased Wee1 kinase and Thr-14/Tyr-15 phosphorylated cyclin
      dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) levels, whereas Thr-161 phosphorylated Cdk1 and cyclin
      B1 levels were significantly decreased in eggs cultured in vitro. The early
      mitotic inhibitor 2 (Emi2) level was significantly reduced, but anaphase
      promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and mitotic arrest deficient protein (MAD2)
      levels were increased initially and then reduced during a later period of in
      vitro culture. These results suggest that an increased Wee1 kinase level
      modulated the specific phosphorylation status of Cdk1, increased Cdk1 activity,
      and decreased the cyclin B1 level. Furthermore, the decreased Emi2 level was
      associated with an increased level of APC/C and decreased level of cyclin B1,
      which resulted in maturation promoting factor (MPF) destabilization and finally
      led to postovulatory aging-mediated abortive SEA in rat eggs cultured in vitro. 

PMID- 26982432
TI  - Rethinking the social history in the era of biolegitimacy: global health and
      medical education in the care of Palestinian and Syrian refugees in Beirut,
      Lebanon.
AB  - The critiques leveled towards medical humanitarianism by the social sciences have
      yet to be felt in medical education. The elevation of biological suffering, at
      the detriment of sociopolitical contextualization, has been shown to clearly
      impact both acute and long-term care of individuals and communities. With many
      medical students spending a portion of their educational time in global learning
      experiences, exposure to humanitarianism and its consequences becomes a unique
      component of biomedical education. How does the medical field reconcile global
      health education with the critiques of humanitarianism? This paper argues that
      the medical response to humanitarian reason should begin at the level of a social
      history. Using experiential data culled from fieldwork with Palestinian and
      Syrian refugees in Lebanon, the authors argue that an expanded social history,
      combined with knowledge derived from the social sciences, can have significant
      clinical implications. The ability to contextualize an individual's disease and
      life within a complex sociopolitical framework means that students must draw on
      disciplines as varied as anthropology, sociology, and political history to
      further their knowledge base. Moreover, situating these educational goals within
      the framework of physician advocacy can build a strong base in medical education
      from both a biomedical and activist perspective. 

PMID- 26982433
TI  - 'The body remembers': narrating embodied reconciliations of eating disorder and
      recovery.
AB  - After severe illness, there are stories: narrative strands to suture
      discontinuities of identities, practices, and lives. But within these narratives
      of illness and recovery, the body's discontinuities stand apart, striking in the
      materiality of change, in the tangible multiplicity of bodies - healthy, ill,
      recovering, recovered - that a person can call one's own. Based on longitudinal
      research interviews with Israeli women who identified as recovered from long-term
      eating disorders (fieldwork conducted in 2005-2006 and in 2011), this paper
      explores how these bodily discontinuities are expressed, drawing particular
      attention to the narrative role of embodied memory in linking past and present
      tense bodies and selves. Embodied memory, as narrated by the participants, is
      deeply, sometimes surprisingly, embedded in lived experience, imbuing recovered
      bodies with moments of sensory continuity, the past coming into presence through
      forms of sensation and perception learned at the height of disorder. Examining
      narrative moments of sensory remembrance, this paper analyses how participants
      narrate embodied memory as a mode of reflection, self-protection, and dynamic
      integration, wherein the experience of disorder informs practices of recovery,
      and the body becomes a site for the reconciliation of past and present. 

PMID- 26982434
TI  - Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Latin America and the Caribbean:
      progress and lessons learned.
AB  - In Latin America and the Caribbean, pneumococcus has been estimated to cause
      12,000-28,000 deaths, 182,000 hospitalizations, and 1.4 million clinic visits
      annually. Countries in the Americas have been among the first developing nations
      to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccines into their Expanded Programs on
      Immunization, with 34 countries and territories having introduced these vaccines
      as of September 2015. Lessons learned for successful vaccine introduction include
      the importance of coordination between political and technical decision makers,
      adjustments to the cold chain prior to vaccine introduction, and the need for
      detailed plans addressing the financial and technical sustainability of
      introduction. Though many questions on the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine remain
      unanswered, the experience of the Americas suggests that the vaccines can be
      introduced quickly and effectively.

PMID- 26982436
TI  - Structure and Evolution of Insect Sperm: New Interpretations in the Age of
      Phylogenomics.
AB  - This comprehensive review of the structure of sperm in all orders of insects
      evaluates phylogenetic implications, with the background of a phylogeny based on
      transcriptomes. Sperm characters strongly support several major branches of the
      phylogeny of insects-for instance, Cercophora, Dicondylia, and Psocodea-and also
      different infraordinal groups. Some closely related taxa, such as Trichoptera and
      Lepidoptera (Amphiesmenoptera), differ greatly in sperm structure. Sperm
      characters are very conservative in some groups (Heteroptera, Odonata) but highly
      variable in others, including Zoraptera, a small and morphologically uniform
      group with a tremendously accelerated rate of sperm evolution. Unusual patterns
      such as sperm dimorphism, the formation of bundles, or aflagellate and immotile
      sperm have evolved independently in several groups.

PMID- 26982435
TI  - Co-encapsulation of Nigella sativa oil and plasmid DNA for enhanced gene therapy
      of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer disease involves genetic and non-genetic factors and hence it is
      rational to be treated with genetic and non-genetic therapeutic agents. Nigella
      sativa has multiple therapeutic properties including neuroregeneration. Nigella
      sativa oil (NSO) was encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles and pDNA was loaded
      either by adsorption on chitosan-modified particles or encapsulation within PLGA
      nanoparticles. The particle size and zeta potential of NSO-pDNA-chitosan-PLGA
      nanoparticles were highly dependent on the medium and exhibited high burst
      release. Meanwhile, NSO-pDNA-PLGA nanoparticles were more consistent with lower
      burst release. The fabricated nanoparticles revealed the expected outcomes of
      both pDNA and NSO. The pDNA transfected N2a cell while the encapsulated NSO
      promoted neurite outgrowth that is crucial for neuroregeneration. Results from
      this study suggest that NSO could be added to the gene delivery carrier to
      enhance treatment benefits for Alzheimer disease. 

PMID- 26982438
TI  - Remote Sensing and Reflectance Profiling in Entomology.
AB  - Remote sensing describes the characterization of the status of objects and/or the
      classification of their identity based on a combination of spectral features
      extracted from reflectance or transmission profiles of radiometric energy. Remote
      sensing can be benchtop based, and therefore acquired at a high spatial
      resolution, or airborne at lower spatial resolution to cover large areas. Despite
      important challenges, airborne remote sensing technologies will undoubtedly be of
      major importance in optimized management of agricultural systems in the twenty
      first century. Benchtop remote sensing applications are becoming important in
      insect systematics and in phenomics studies of insect behavior and physiology.
      This review highlights how remote sensing influences entomological research by
      enabling scientists to nondestructively monitor how individual insects respond to
      treatments and ambient conditions. Furthermore, novel remote sensing technologies
      are creating intriguing interdisciplinary bridges between entomology and
      disciplines such as informatics and electrical engineering.

PMID- 26982437
TI  - Antarctic Entomology.
AB  - The Antarctic region comprises the continent, the Maritime Antarctic, the sub
      Antarctic islands, and the southern cold temperate islands. Continental
      Antarctica is devoid of insects, but elsewhere diversity varies from 2 to more
      than 200 species, of which flies and beetles constitute the majority. Much is
      known about the drivers of this diversity at local and regional scales; current
      climate and glacial history play important roles. Investigations of responses to
      low temperatures, dry conditions, and varying salinity have spanned the
      ecological to the genomic, revealing new insights into how insects respond to
      stressful conditions. Biological invasions are common across much of the region
      and are expected to increase as climates become warmer. The drivers of invasion
      are reasonably well understood, although less is known about the impacts of
      invasion. Antarctic entomology has advanced considerably over the past 50 years,
      but key areas, such as interspecific interactions, remain underexplored.

PMID- 26982439
TI  - Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Functions of Chitin in Insects.
AB  - Chitin is a major component of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of
      insects. It forms complex structures in association with different assortments of
      cuticle and peritrophic matrix proteins to yield biocomposites with a wide range
      of physicochemical and mechanical properties. The growth and development of
      insects are intimately coupled with the biosynthesis, turnover, and modification
      of chitin. The genes encoding numerous enzymes of chitin metabolism and proteins
      that associate with and organize chitin have been uncovered by bioinformatics
      analyses. Many of these proteins are encoded by sets of large gene families.
      There is specialization among members within each family, which function in
      particular tissues or developmental stages. Chitin-containing matrices are
      dynamically modified at every developmental stage and are under developmental
      and/or physiological control. A thorough understanding of the diverse processes
      associated with the assembly and turnover of these chitinous matrices offers many
      strategies to achieve selective pest control.

PMID- 26982441
TI  - Plasticity in Insect Olfaction: To Smell or Not to Smell?
AB  - In insects, olfaction plays a crucial role in many behavioral contexts, such as
      locating food, sexual partners, and oviposition sites. To successfully perform
      such behaviors, insects must respond to chemical stimuli at the right moment.
      Insects modulate their olfactory system according to their physiological state
      upon interaction with their environment. Here, we review the plasticity of
      behavioral responses to different odor types according to age, feeding state,
      circadian rhythm, and mating status. We also summarize what is known about the
      underlying neural and endocrinological mechanisms, from peripheral detection to
      central nervous integration, and cover neuromodulation from the molecular to the
      behavioral level. We describe forms of olfactory plasticity that have contributed
      to the evolutionary success of insects and have provided them with remarkable
      tools to adapt to their ever-changing environment.

PMID- 26982440
TI  - Chemical Ecology of Neuroptera.
AB  - With 6,000 species, Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions, dustywings, and allies) is a
      relatively small order; however, most larval neuropterans are predacious, often
      in agricultural systems, lending added importance to this group. Advances in
      neuropteran phylogeny, most recently through genomic studies, stabilized the
      nomenclature of this ancestral order of Holometabola, facilitating basic and
      applied research on these important and interesting insects. The first pheromones
      for green lacewings (Chrysopidae) have been identified; this, and other research
      on antlions (Myrmeleontidae), suggests that male-produced long-range pheromones
      are the norm for the order. Characterizations of the myriad neuropteran exocrine
      gland systems, including prothoracic, metathoracic, abdominal, dermal, and anal
      glands, are revealing unforeseen trophic relationships with biological control
      implications. For examples, males of Chrysopa and other lacewing genera evidently
      must sequester specific chemical precursors from prey or plants to produce their
      attractant pheromones, and larval antlion venoms are potentially important
      genetic leads for insecticidal peptides.

PMID- 26982442
TI  - Studying the Complex Communities of Ants and Their Symbionts Using Ecological
      Network Analysis.
AB  - Ant colonies provide well-protected and resource-rich environments for a plethora
      of symbionts. Historically, most studies of ants and their symbionts have had a
      narrow taxonomic scope, often focusing on a single ant or symbiont species. Here
      we discuss the prospects of studying these assemblies in a community ecology
      context using the framework of ecological network analysis. We introduce three
      basic network metrics that we consider particularly relevant for improving our
      knowledge of ant-symbiont communities: interaction specificity, network
      modularity, and phylogenetic signal. We then discuss army ant symbionts as
      examples of large and primarily parasitic communities, and symbiotic
      sternorrhynchans as examples of generally smaller and primarily mutualistic
      communities in the context of these network analyses. We argue that this approach
      will provide new and complementary insights into the evolutionary and ecological
      dynamics between ants and their many associates, and will facilitate comparisons
      across different ant-symbiont assemblages as well as across different types of
      ecological networks.

PMID- 26982443
TI  - Rift Valley Fever: An Emerging Mosquito-Borne Disease.
AB  - Rift Valley fever (RVF), an emerging mosquito-borne zoonotic infectious viral
      disease caused by the RVF virus (RVFV) (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus), presents
      significant threats to global public health and agriculture in Africa and the
      Middle East. RVFV is listed as a select agent with significant potential for
      international spread and use in bioterrorism. RVFV has caused large, devastating
      periodic epizootics and epidemics in Africa over the past ~60 years, with severe
      economic and nutritional impacts on humans from illness and livestock loss. In
      the past 15 years alone, RVFV caused tens of thousands of human cases, hundreds
      of human deaths, and more than 100,000 domestic animal deaths. Cattle, sheep,
      goats, and camels are particularly susceptible to RVF and serve as amplifying
      hosts for the virus. This review highlights recent research on RVF, focusing on
      vectors and their ecology, transmission dynamics, and use of environmental and
      climate data to predict disease outbreaks. Important directions for future
      research are also discussed.

PMID- 26982444
TI  - The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate
      Mites.
AB  - Chelicerate mites diverged from other arthropod lineages more than 400 million
      years ago and subsequently developed specific and remarkable xenobiotic
      adaptations. The study of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, for
      which a high-quality Sanger-sequenced genome was first available, revealed
      expansions and radiations in all major detoxification gene families, including
      P450 monooxygenases, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and
      ATP-binding cassette transporters. Novel gene families that are not well studied
      in other arthropods, such as major facilitator family transporters and
      lipocalins, also reflect the evolution of xenobiotic adaptation. The acquisition
      of genes by horizontal gene transfer provided new routes to handle toxins, for
      example, the beta-cyanoalanine synthase enzyme that metabolizes cyanide. The
      availability of genomic resources for other mite species has allowed researchers
      to study the lineage specificity of these gene family expansions and the distinct
      evolution of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism in mites. Genome-based tools
      have been crucial in supporting the idiosyncrasies of mite detoxification and
      will further support the expanding field of mite-plant interactions.

PMID- 26982445
TI  - Foreword.

PMID- 26982446
TI  - Adult Cancer Patient Recruitment and Enrollment into Cell Phone Text Message
      Trials.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Text messaging (TMs) on cell phones is emerging as an effective
      means of delivering behavioral interventions. However, little is known about TM
      use in adult cancer patients. The present study aimed to extend knowledge on
      acceptability of a TM intervention in adult cancer patients; examine factors of
      those screened and enrolled; and compare recruitment at a large national
      specialty pharmacy versus community-based cancer clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Screening, enrollment, and baseline data collected in two randomized controlled
      trials examining the efficacy of TMs on medication adherence or symptom severity
      in adults prescribed oral anticancer agents were linked. Chi-square, Fisher's
      exact, t-tests, and generalized linear modeling were used to examine
      sociodemographics, cancer type and stage, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy,
      social support, and symptoms. RESULTS: The cancer clinics screened 293 patients,
      43% were eligible, and 56% consented. The specialty pharmacy screened 169
      patients, 72% were eligible, and 74% consented. Mean age was 58 years and did not
      differ by recruitment setting. Later stage disease (p = 0.01) and higher number
      of symptoms (p < 0.01), and symptom severity (p = 0.02) and interference (p =
      0.01) were observed among patients recruited at the specialty pharmacy. No group
      differences were found for depression, physical function, cognition, self
      efficacy, or social support. DISCUSSION: Adult cancer patients were likely to
      participate in a TM intervention trial. Recruiting through the specialty pharmacy
      reached a population with higher cell phone ownership and TM usage; with greater
      interest in a TM intervention compared to the cancer clinics.

PMID- 26982447
TI  - Eye-Directed Overpressure Airwave-Induced Trauma Causes Lasting Damage to the
      Anterior and Posterior Globe: A Model for Testing Cell-Based Therapies.
AB  - PURPOSE: Characterization of the response of the Balb/c mouse to an eye-directed
      overpressure airwave, with the hypothesis that this mouse strain and model is
      useful for testing potential therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic eye
      injury. METHODS: The left eyes of adult Balb/c mice were exposed to an eye
      directed overpressure airwave. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured and eyes
      were inspected for gross pathology changes. Optical coherence tomography and
      histology were used to examine the structural integrity of the retina and optic
      nerve. Immunohistochemistry, in vivo molecular fluorophores, and a multiplex
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were utilized to identify changes in cell
      death, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. RESULTS: This model induced a
      transient increase in IOP, corneal injuries, infrequent large retinal
      detachments, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) vacuolization, glial reactivity,
      and retinal cell death. Both the corneal damage and RPE vacuolization persisted
      with time. Optic nerve degeneration occurred as early as 7 days postinjury and
      persisted out to 60 days. Retinal cell death, increased levels of reactive oxygen
      species, and neuroinflammation were detected at 7 days postinjury. CONCLUSIONS:
      The injury profile of the Balb/c mouse is consistent with commonly observed
      pathologies in blast-exposed patients. The damage is throughout the eye and
      persistent, making this mouse model useful for testing cell-based therapies.

PMID- 26982449
TI  - An Update from the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine's Ethics Committee: Key
      Policy Revised.

PMID- 26982448
TI  - Fatty Acid Content of Plasma Triglycerides May Contribute to the Heterogeneity in
      the Relationship Between Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: About one-third of the people with abdominal obesity do not exhibit
      the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Fatty acids in plasma triglycerides (TGs) may help
      to explain part of this heterogeneity. This study compared TG fatty acid profile
      of adults with and without abdominal obesity and examined the associations of
      these fatty acids with MetS components. METHODS: Fifty-four abdominally obese
      subjects were matched by age and sex with 54 adults without abdominal obesity.
      People were classified with MetS according to the harmonizing criteria for MetS.
      Fatty acids in plasma TGs were analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS: There
      were no differences in fatty acids of plasma TGs between people with and without
      abdominal obesity. However, there were differences between abdominally obese
      people with and without MetS. The abdominally obese group with MetS had higher
      palmitic (+2.9%; P = 0.012) and oleic (+4.0%; P = 0.001) acids and lower linoleic
      (-6.4%; P = 0.018) and arachidonic (-1.2%; P = 0.004) acids. After adjustment for
      abdominal obesity, age, and sex, a stepwise regression analysis showed that
      palmitic acid positively contributed to the variance in insulin (beta = +1.08 +/-
      1.01; P = 0.000) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)
      index (beta = +1.09 +/- 1.01; P = 0.000) and myristic acid positively contributed
      to the variance in systolic blood pressure (beta = +1.09 +/- 1.03; P = 0.006). In
      contrast, linoleic acid negatively contributed to the variance in glucose (beta =
      -0.321 +/- 0.09; P = 0.001) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; beta
      = -1.05 +/- 1.01; P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in the
      plasma TG fatty acid profile between people with and without abdominal obesity.
      Likewise, fatty acids in plasma TGs associated with many of the MetS variables
      independently of abdominal obesity. These results suggest that the plasma TG
      fatty acid profile may help to explain part of the heterogeneity between
      abdominal obesity and the MetS.

PMID- 26982450
TI  - Mechanisms of modulation of cytokine release by human cord blood monocytes
      exposed to high concentrations of caffeine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serum caffeine concentrations >20 MUg/ml (100 MUmol/l) in infants
      treated for apnea of prematurity increases TNF-alpha and decreases IL-10, changes
      that perhaps are linked to comorbidities. We hypothesize that this
      proinflammatory cytokine profile may be linked to differential binding of
      caffeine to adenosine receptor subtypes (AR), inhibition of phosphodiesterases
      (PDEs), and modulation of toll-like receptors (TLR). METHODS: Lipopolysaccharide
      activated cord blood monocytes (CBM) from 19 infants were exposed to caffeine (0
      200 MUmol/l) with or without previous exposure to A1R, A3R, or PDE IV antagonists
      to determine changes in dose-response curves. Cytokines levels (enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA)), intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
      accumulation (enzyme immunoassay (EIA)), and TLR gene expression (real time qRT
      PCR) were measured. RESULTS: Caffeine at <=100 MUmol/l decreased TNF-alpha levels
      (~25%, P = 0.01) and cAMP. All caffeine concentrations decreased IL-10 levels (17
      35%, P < 0.01). A1R, A3R, and PDE blockades decreased TNF-alpha (31, 21, and 88%,
      P <= 0.01), but not IL-10. Caffeine further decreased TNF-alpha following A3R and
      PDE blockades. Caffeine concentrations directly correlated to TLR4 gene
      expression (r = 0.84; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Neither A3R, nor PDE blockades are
      involved in caffeine's modulation of cytokine release by CBM at any
      concentration. Besides A1R blockade, caffeine's upregulation of TLR4 may promote
      inflammation at high concentrations.

PMID- 26982451
TI  - Fecal microbiota transplantation in children: a brief review.
AB  - There has been a growing interest in fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) over
      recent years, in part due to the increasing prevalence of Clostridium difficile
      infection (CDI) and expanding association of intestinal dysbiosis with a wide
      range of human diseases. Many adult studies have shown that FMT is an effective
      treatment for recurrent CDI and may possibly have applications in other illnesses
      such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, there is a paucity of data
      available in children who may differ from adults for many reasons including
      having a dynamic developing microbiome compared to adults who have a relatively
      stable microbiome. Here, we review published studies looking at FMT in children,
      for CDI and IBD, and discuss special considerations needed when conducting FMT in
      children.

PMID- 26982452
TI  - Assessment of the measurement properties of the post stroke motor function
      instruments available in Brazil: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While there are several instruments in Brazil that measure motor
      function in patients after stroke, it is unknown whether the measurement
      properties of these instruments are appropriate. OBJECTIVE: To identify the motor
      function instruments available in Brazil for patients after stroke. To assess the
      methodological quality of the studies and the results related to the measurement
      properties of these instruments. METHOD: Two independent reviewers conducted
      searches on PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies that
      aimed to cross-culturally adapt an existing instrument or create a Brazilian
      instrument and test at least one measurement property related to motor function
      in patients after stroke were included. The methodological quality of these
      studies was checked by the COSMIN checklist with 4-point rating scale and the
      results of the measurement properties were analyzed by the criteria developed by
      Terwee et al. RESULTS: A total of 11 instruments were considered eligible, none
      of which were created in Brazil. The process of cross-cultural adaptation was
      inadequate in 10 out of 11 instruments due to the lack of back-translation or due
      to inappropriate target population. All of the instruments presented flaws in the
      measurement properties, especially reliability, internal consistency, and
      construct validity. CONCLUSION: The flaws observed in both cross-cultural
      adaptation process and testing measurement properties make the results
      inconclusive on the validity of the available instruments. Adequate procedures of
      cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties of these instruments are
      strongly needed.

PMID- 26982453
TI  - Effects of chest wall compression on expiratory flow rates in patients with
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Manual chest wall compression (CWC) during expiration is a technique
      for removing airway secretions in patients with respiratory disorders. However,
      there have been no reports about the physiological effects of CWC in patients
      with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVE: To compare the
      effects of CWC on expiratory flow rates in patients with COPD and asymptomatic
      controls. METHOD: Fourteen subjects were recruited from among patients with COPD
      who were receiving pulmonary rehabilitation at the University Hospital (COPD
      group). Fourteen age-matched healthy subjects were also consecutively recruited
      from the local community (Healthy control group). Airflow and lung volume changes
      were measured continuously with the subjects lying in supine position during 1
      minute of quiet breathing (QB) and during 1 minute of CWC by a physical
      therapist. RESULTS: During CWC, both the COPD group and the healthy control group
      showed significantly higher peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs) than during QB
      (mean difference for COPD group 0.14 L/sec, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to
      0.24, p<0.01, mean difference for healthy control group 0.39 L/sec, 95% CI 0.25
      to 0.57, p<0.01). In the between-group comparisons, PEFR was significantly higher
      in the healthy control group than in the COPD group (-0.25 L/sec, 95% CI -0.43 to
      -0.07, p<0.01). However, the expiratory flow rates at the lung volume at the PEFR
      during QB and at 50% and 25% of tidal volume during QB increased in the healthy
      control group (mean difference for healthy control group 0.31 L/sec, 95% CI 0.15
      to 0.47, p<0.01: 0.31 L/sec, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.47, p<0.01: 0.27 L/sec, 95% CI 0.13
      to 0.41, p<0.01, respectively) but not in the COPD group (0.05 L/sec, 95% CI 
      0.01 to 0.12: -0.01 L/sec, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.08: 0.02 L/sec, 95% CI -0.05 to
      0.90) with the application of CWC. CONCLUSION: The effects of chest wall
      compression on expiratory flow rates was different between COPD patients and
      asymptomatic controls.

PMID- 26982454
TI  - Inductive plethysmography potential as a surrogate for ventilatory measurements
      during rest and moderate physical exercise.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Portable respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) systems have
      been validated for ventilatory assessment during resting conditions and during
      incremental treadmill exercise. However, in clinical settings and during field
      based exercise, intensity is usually constant and submaximal. A demonstration of
      the ability of RIP to detect respiratory measurements accurately during constant
      intensity conditions would promote and validate the routine use of portable RIP
      devices as an alternative to ergospirometry (ES), the current gold standard
      technique for ventilatory measures. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the agreement
      between respiratory variables recorded by a portable RIP device and by ES during
      rest and constant intensity exercise. METHOD: Tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate
      (RR) and minute ventilation (VE) were concurrently acquired by portable RIP and
      ES in seven healthy male volunteers during standing rest position and constant
      intensity treadmill exercise. RESULTS: Significant agreement was found between
      RIP and ES acquisitions during the standing rest position and constant intensity
      treadmill exercise for RR and during the standing rest position for VE.
      CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that portable RIP devices might represent a
      suitable alternative to ES during rest and during constant submaximal exercise.

PMID- 26982455
TI  - Reliability of measuring pectoralis minor muscle resting length in subjects with
      and without signs of shoulder impingement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pectoralis minor adaptive shortening may change scapula resting
      position and scapular kinematics during arm elevation. A reliable and clinically
      feasible method for measuring pectoralis minor length will be useful for clinical
      decision making when evaluating and treating individuals with shoulder pain and
      dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate intrarater, interrater, and between-day
      reliability of a pectoralis minor (PM) muscle length measurement in subjects with
      and without signs of shoulder impingement. METHOD: A convenience sample of 100
      individuals (50 asymptomatic and 50 symptomatic) participated in this study.
      Intra- and interrater reliability of the measurement was estimated in 50
      individuals (25 asymptomatic and 25 symptomatic), and between-day reliability of
      the measurement repeated over an interval of 7 days was estimated in an
      independent sample of 50 additional participants. Pectoralis minor length was
      measured using a flexible tape measure with subjects standing. RESULTS:
      Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,k) for intrarater and interrater
      reliability ranged from 0.86-0.97 and 0.95 for between-day reliability in both
      groups. Standard error of measurements (SEM) ranged from 0.30-0.42 cm, 0.70-0.84
      cm, and 0.40-0.41 cm for intrarater, interrater, and between-day reliability,
      respectively, across the sample. The minimal detectable change (MDC) for between
      day measurements ranged from 1.13-1.14 cm for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In
      asymptomatic individuals and in those with signs of shoulder impingement, a
      single rater or pair of raters can measure pectoralis minor muscle length using a
      tape measure with very good reliability. This measurement can also be reliably
      used by the same rater over a seven day interval.

PMID- 26982457
TI  - The Future of IBD Therapy: Where Are We and Where Should We Go Next?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The advent of biologic agents opens up a new era for the treatment of
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this era, the treatment goal has evolved
      from the traditional goal of clinical remission to a combination of clinical
      remission, laboratory normalization and mucosal healing, designated as 'complete
      deep remission'. Such complete deep remission comprises a more ambitious disease
      control strategy that is believed to probably modify the natural course of IBD.
      KEY MESSAGES: To achieve this goal, optimization of current strategy and
      introduction of novel therapies have gained significant interest. In this concise
      review, we aim to provide an overview of the current status and future direction
      of IBD treatment. Specifically, we will describe the application of personalized
      therapy, development of new biologics, intestinal microbiome manipulation and out
      of-the-box agents for IBD. CONCLUSIONS: More evidence is still desirable to
      better optimize the current treatment and apply novel biologics. Personalized
      medicine has the potential to optimize efficacy, decrease the risk of adverse
      events and minimize costs and should be proposed as a standard of care for the
      management of IBD.

PMID- 26982458
TI  - Decreasing the Effective Thermal Conductivity in Glass Supported Thermoelectric
      Layers.
AB  - As thermoelectric devices begin to make their way into commercial applications,
      the emphasis is put on decreasing the thermal conductivity. In this purely
      theoretical study, finite element analysis is used to determine the effect of a
      supporting material on the thermal conductivity of a thermoelectric module. The
      simulations illustrate the heat transfer along a sample, consisting from Cu, Cu2O
      and PbTe thermoelectric layers on a 1 mm thick Pyrex glass substrate. The
      influence of two different types of heating, at a constant temperature and at a
      constant heat flux, is also investigated. It is revealed that the presence of a
      supporting material plays an important role on lowering the effective thermal
      conductivity of the layer-substrate ensemble. By using thinner thermoelectric
      layers the effective thermal conductivity is further reduced, almost down to the
      value of the glass substrate. As a result, the temperature gradient becomes
      steeper for a fixed heating temperature, which allows the production of devices
      with improved performance under certain conditions. Based on the simulation
      results, we also propose a model for a robust thin film thermoelectric device.
      With this suggestion, we invite the thermoelectric community to prove the
      applicability of the presented concept for practical purposes. 

PMID- 26982460
TI  - Weakened Flexural Strength of Nanocrystalline Nanoporous Gold by Grain
      Refinement.
AB  - High density of grain boundaries in solid materials generally leads to high
      strength because grain boundaries act as strong obstacles to dislocation
      activity. We find that the flexural strength of nanoporous gold of grain size 206
      nm is 33.6% lower than that of grain size 238 MUm. We prepared three gold-silver
      precursor alloys, well-annealed, prestrained, and high-energy ball-milled, from
      which nanoporous gold samples were obtained by the same free-corrosion dealloying
      process. Ligaments of the same size are formed regardless of precursor alloys,
      and microstructural aspects of precursor alloys such as crystallographic
      orientation and grain size is preserved in the dealloying process. While the
      nanoindentation hardness of three nanoporous golds is independent of
      microstructural variation, flexural strength of nanocrystalline nanoporous gold
      is significantly lower than that of nanoporous golds with much larger grain size.
      We investigate weakening mechanisms of grain boundaries in nanocrystalline
      nanoporous gold, leading to weakening of flexural strength. 

PMID- 26982461
TI  - Ebola Virus in Breast Milk in an Ebola Virus-Positive Mother with Twin Babies,
      Guinea, 2015.

PMID- 26982459
TI  - Examining the effects of emotion regulation on the ERP response to highly
      negative social stigmas.
AB  - In order to determine if highly negative stigma is a more salient cue than other
      negative emotional, non-stigmatized cues, participants underwent
      electroencephalography while passively viewing or actively regulating their
      emotional response to images of highly negative stigmatized (e.g., homeless
      individuals, substance abusers) or highly negative non-stigmatized (e.g., a man
      holding a gun, an injured person) individuals. Event-related potential (ERP)
      analyses focused on the N2 (associated with detecting novelty), the early
      positive potential (associated with processing emotion), and a sustained late
      positive potential (associated with modulating regulatory goals). A salience
      effect for highly negative stigma was revealed in the early positive potential,
      with higher magnitude ERP responses to images of highly negative stigmatized as
      compared to highly negative non-stigmatized individuals 355 ms poststimulus
      onset. Moreover, the amplitude of this effect was predicted by individual
      differences in implicit bias. Our results also demonstrated that the late
      positivity response was not modulated by regulatory goals (passively view versus
      to reappraise) for images of highly negative stigmatized individuals, but was for
      images of highly negative, non-stigmatized individuals (replicating previous
      findings). Our findings suggest that the neural response to highly negative
      stigma is salient and rigid.

PMID- 26982462
TI  - Dengue vaccine: an update on recombinant subunit strategies.
AB  - Dengue is an increasing public health problem worldwide, with the four serotypes
      of the virus infecting over 390 million people annually. There is no specific
      treatment or antiviral drug for dengue, and prevention is largely limited to
      controlling the mosquito vectors or disrupting the human-vector contact. Despite
      the considerable progress made in recent years, an effective vaccine against the
      virus is not yet available. The development of a dengue vaccine has been hampered
      by many unique challenges, including the need to ensure the absence of vaccine
      induced enhanced severity of disease. Recombinant protein subunit vaccines offer
      a safer alternative to other vaccine approaches. Several subunit vaccine
      candidates are presently under development, based on different structural and non
      structural proteins of the virus. Novel adjuvants or immunopotentiating
      strategies are also being tested to improve their immunogenicity. This review
      summarizes the current status and development trends of subunit dengue vaccines. 

PMID- 26982463
TI  - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: ways to establish and maintain non-cytolytic
      persistent infection.
AB  - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a prototype virus of the
      Arenaviridae family that is attracting considerable attention both as an
      important experimental model system to study acute and persistent viral
      infections, and as a neglected human pathogen of clinical significance. Notably,
      LCMV is capable of persisting in an infected host, and escaping the immune
      system. Here we describe the strategies used by the virus to establish and
      maintain long-term infection in vitro and/or persistent infection in vivo. We
      discuss how the viral components (RNA, nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, Z protein)
      manipulate the host cell machinery to facilitate survival and spread of the virus
      without disturbing the basal cellular processes. Deep understanding of these
      strategies is inevitable for the development of approaches towards restricting
      the virus spread and/or preventing its harmful reactivation. This review
      summarizes the current status in this area and presents ideas emerging from
      existing data. 

PMID- 26982464
TI  - Modifications in the glycerophospholipid composition between the Coxiella
      burnetii phase I and phase II cells suggest an association with phase variation
      of the bacterium.
AB  - Glycerophospholipids (GP) extracted from the Coxiella burnetii strain Nine Mile
      in virulent phase I (NM I) and low virulent phase II (NM II) were analyzed by
      Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS) that
      gave a superior mass resolution and mass accuracy allowing unambiguous peak
      recognition and precise assignment of ions. We showed that GP present in the
      pathogen's outer membrane underwent considerable modifications during the phase
      variation that might be related to impact of various environmental factors. It
      was found that GP from phase I cells were much more complex than those from phase
      II cells. While glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE), glycerophosphocholines (PC) and
      glycerophosphoglycerols (PG) were present in both phases of C. burnetii, major
      differences were observed in the presence of glycerophosphates (PA) and
      glycerophosphoserines (PS). Thus, PA but no PS were detected in NM I variant in
      contrast with NM II cells where PS but no PA were identified. It is suggested
      that enzymes for PA head group modifications to form PS, PE, and PG become active
      during the phase variation of the bacterium. 

PMID- 26982465
TI  - Genotypic characterization of Indian isolates of infectious bursal disease virus
      strains by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction combined with
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
AB  - The reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) combined with restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) is used for the differentiation of classical virulent (cv),
      virulent (v) and very virulent (vv) strains of infectious bursal disease virus
      (IBDV) isolates from chicken bursal tissues in southern states of India. In the
      present study, six different isolates (MB11, HY12, PY12, BGE14, VCN14 and NKL14)
      of IBDV strains were subjected for genotyping along with vaccine virus (Georgia,
      intermediate strain) using RT-PCR for amplification of a 743 bp sequence in the
      hypervariable region of VP2 gene followed by restriction enzyme digestion with 5
      different restriction enzymes (BspMI, SacI, HhaI, StuI and SspI). The RT-PCR
      products obtained from vvIBDV strains were digested by SspI enzyme except PY12,
      BGE14 and MB11 isolates. The SacI digested the isolate MB11, PY12 and the vaccine
      strain, but it did not cleave the very virulent isolates of IBDV. HhaI cleaved
      all the isolates with different restriction profile patterns. StuI digested all
      the vvIBDV isolates and BspMI was not able to differentiate field isolates from
      vaccine strain. Though RT-PCR combined with RFLP is a genotypic method, further
      confirmation of serotypes to distinguish the vvIBDV from cvIBDV has to be carried
      out using pathogenicity studies. 

PMID- 26982467
TI  - Genome sequence of a divergent Colombian isolate of potato virus V (PVV)
      infecting Solanum phureja.
AB  - Deep sequencing analysis of the transcriptome of a Solanum phureja cv. Criolla
      Colombia plant with symptoms typical of a virus disease revealed an infection
      with potato virus V (PVV). The PVV-phureja genome comprises 9904 nt, exhibits 83%
      nucleotide identity with currently fully sequenced PVV isolates and contains one
      large ORF that codes for a polyprotein of 3065 residues flanked by 5' and 3' UTR
      of 217 and 448 nt, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the PVV-phureja
      polyprotein indicates that it is divergent with respect to most PVV isolates.
      This is the first complete PVV genome of an isolate infecting a host different to
      S. tuberosum and, to this date, the only one from the South American Andes. 

PMID- 26982466
TI  - Accumulation of a soluble form of human nectin-2 is required for exerting the
      resistance against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in transfected cells.
AB  - Cell entry of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) requires the interaction of
      viral glycoprotein D (gD) with the receptor nectin-1 and herpesvirus entry
      mediator (HVEM). In addition, it is known that nectin-2 is also functional as a
      receptor for HSV-2, although the binding to the gD is weak. To examine an
      antiviral potential of a soluble form of human nectin-2 (hNectin-2Ig),
      transfected Vero cells expressing the entire ectodomain of nectin-2 fused to the
      Fc portion of human IgG were established. Specific binding of hNectin-2Ig to HSV
      2 gD was confirmed by ELISA. Competitive ELISA demonstrated that accumulation of
      hNectin-2Ig in transfected cells increased significantly in a cell culture time
      dependent manner. Viral growth of several HSV-2 strains was significantly
      inhibited in the transfected cells that were cultured for 72 hr compared with
      control Vero cells, but not in cells that were cultured for 24 hr. These results
      indicate that accumulation of a soluble form of nectin-2 is required for exerting
      the resistance against HSV-2 infection. 

PMID- 26982468
TI  - The rate of co-infection for piglet diarrhea viruses in China and the genetic
      characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine kobuvirus.
AB  - Piglet diarrhea epidemics result in major economic losses for the swine industry.
      Four viruses are closely linked to porcine diarrhea: porcine kobuvirus (PKV),
      porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis
      virus (TGEV), and porcine rotavirus (PRoV). We have conducted an epidemiology
      study to determine the frequency of infection and co-infection with these viruses
      in China, and characterized the genetic variation of the isolated PEDV and PKV
      strains. Stool and intestinal samples (n = 314) were collected from piglets with
      diarrhea in China from years 2012 to 2014. RT-PCR was used to detect PKV, PEDV,
      TGEV, and PRoV. Phylogenetic relationships between reference strains and the
      isolated PEDV and PKV strains were determined based on the M and 3D gene
      sequence. The rates of infection with PKV, PEDV, TGEV and PRoV were 29.9%, 24.2%,
      1.91%, and 0.31%, respectively. Co-infections with PKV and the other three
      viruses were very common. Co-infection of PKV and PEDV was detected in 15.0%
      (47/314) of the samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the PKV 3D gene indicated that
      there were some phylogenetic differences in the PKV strains across regions within
      China. However, according to the PEDV M gene, strains clustered into three groups
      and the primary group was distinct from the vaccine strain CV777. This study
      provides insights in to the prevalence of diarrhea viruses and their prevention
      and control in China. 

PMID- 26982470
TI  - Kinetic analysis of RNA editing of Newcastle disease virus P gene in the early
      period of infection.
AB  - As a paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has the ability to edit its P
      (phosphoprotein) gene to synthesize three kinds of viral protein (P, V and W). It
      is technically very difficult to differentiate P, V and W mRNAs, and little was
      known about NDV regulation of RNA-editing frequency. To investigate the rules of
      NDV RNA editing, the ratio of the P gene-derived transcripts (P, V and W) was
      determined by sequencing at different time points post-infection. The results
      showed unstable ratio of V and W mRNA at different time points, and the frequency
      of NDV editing was significantly increased at the early period of infection (P 
      KEYWORDS: Newcastle disease virus; phosphoprotein; RNA editing; G insertion.

PMID- 26982471
TI  - Establishment of indirect immunofluorescence assay for rotavirus.
AB  - Rotavirus infection is the most frequent cause of infantile gastroenteritis
      worldwide and a significant cause of death in infants and young children,
      following severe diarrhea and dehydration. Rotavirus vaccines are considered the
      most effective way to prevent rotavirus infections. In the process of developing
      rotavirus vaccines, it is crucial to establish a reliable and standardized method
      to determine vaccine titer. In this study, we developed an indirect
      immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to determine the infectious titer of Lanzhou lamb
      rotavirus (LLR) vaccine grown in MA104 cells. The activating concentration of
      trypsin was 1 ug/ml for healthy monolayers of MA104 cells at 100% confluence.
      After incubation for 18 hr, a rabbit anti-SA11 polyclonal antibody, diluted at
      1:800 in PBS, was added to all wells, followed by an Alexa-488-conjugated
      secondary antibody diluted at 1:500 in PBS. Cells were examined with a
      fluorescence microscope. Our results show that IFA was more reproducible, more
      sensitive, simpler, and more rapid than the log 50% cell culture infectious dose
      ELISA (lgCCID50-ELISA) in measuring the rotavirus vaccines. IFA provided a
      reliable basis for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of rotavirus, and
      the certification of rotavirus vaccine production. 

PMID- 26982469
TI  - The split Renilla luciferase complementation assay is useful for identifying the
      interaction of Epstein-Barr virus protein kinase BGLF4 and a heat shock protein
      Hsp90.
AB  - Protein-protein interactions can regulate different cellular processes, such as
      transcription, translation, and oncogenic transformation. The split Renilla
      luciferase complementation assay (SRLCA) is one of the techniques that detect
      protein-protein interactions. The SRLCA is based on the complementation of the LN
      and LC non-functional halves of Renilla luciferase fused to possibly interacting
      proteins which after interaction form a functional enzyme and emit luminescence.
      The BGLF4 of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a viral protein kinase that is expressed
      during the early and late stages of lytic cycles, which can regulate multiple
      cellular and viral substrates to optimize the DNA replication environment. The
      heat shock protein Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that maintains the integrity of
      structure and function of various interacting proteins, which can form a complex
      with BGLF4 and stabilize its expression in cells. The interaction between BGLF4
      and Hsp90 could be specifically detected through the SRLCA. The region of aa 250
      295 of BGLF4 is essential for the BGLF4/Hsp90 interaction and the mutation of Phe
      254, Leu-266, and Leu-267 can disrupt this interaction. These results suggest
      that the SRLCA can specifically detect the BGLF4/Hsp90 interaction and provide a
      reference to develop inhibitors that disrupt the BGLF4/Hsp90 interaction. 

PMID- 26982472
TI  - Bovine Mx1 enables resistance against foot-and-mouth disease virus in naturally
      susceptible cells by inhibiting the replication of viral RNA.
AB  - Innate immunity, especially the anti-viral genes, exerts an important barrier
      function in preventing viral infections. Myxovirus-resistant (Mx) gene take an
      anti-viral role, whereas its effects on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in
      naturally susceptible cells are still unclear. The bovine primary fetal tracheal
      epithelial cell line BPTE-siMx1, in which bovine Mx1 gene was silenced, was
      established and treated with IFN alpha for 6 hr before FMDV infection. The copy
      numbers of the negative and positive strand viral RNA were determined by strand
      specific real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. The TCID50 of BPTE-siMx1
      cells increased at least 17-fold as compared to control cells BPTE-LacZ at 8 hr
      post infection, thus silencing of bovine Mx1 could promote the replication of
      FMDV. The amount of both the negative and positive strand viral RNA in BPTE-siMx1
      cells significantly increased as compared to BPTE-LacZ cells, indicating that the
      replication levels of viral RNA were promoted by silencing bovine Mx1. The bovine
      Mx1 gene could provide resistance against FMDV in the bovine primary fetal
      tracheal epithelial cells via suppressing the replication of viral RNA. 

PMID- 26982473
TI  - Mapping of the regions involved in self-interaction of rice stripe virus P3
      protein.
AB  - Rice stripe virus (RSV) protein P3 is a suppressor of RNA silencing in plants. P3
      has been shown by biomolecular fluorescence complementation assay to self
      interact in planta but the regions responsible for homotypic interaction have not
      been determined. Here we analyzed the domains for the self-interaction of P3 by
      using yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence experiments. The
      results showed that P3 was also able to interact with itself in yeast and insect
      cells. The domain responsible for P3-P3 interaction was mapped to amino acids 15
      30 at the N-terminal region of P3. Furthermore, subcellular localization
      suggested that the homo-oligomerization was the prerequisite for P3 to form
      larger protein aggregates in the nucleus of insect cell.

PMID- 26982474
TI  - Sequence variation of block III segment identifies three distinct lineages within
      Eggplant mottled dwarf virus isolates from Italy, Spain and Greece.
AB  - Partial polymerase (L) gene sequences of 919 nts, including the conserved
      segments pre-motif A and motif A of block III, of 20 Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
      (EMDV) isolates were generated, and trimmed sequences of 889 nts, based on the
      length of available sequences of other isolates, were used to determine
      phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic reconstructions revealed two divergent
      lineages, designated as genetic group A (Italian isolates) and group B, with the
      latter further divided into subgroups BI (Greek isolates) and BII (Spanish
      isolates). No evidence of recombination signals among sequences was detected,
      whereas analysis of the nonsynonymous/synonymous ratio indicated strong purifying
      selection, with codons under negative selection uniformly distributed along the
      sequences. An RT-PCR-RFLP method able to discriminate EMDV isolates of the two
      main genetic groups was proposed. 

PMID- 26982475
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene of canine parvovirus and comparison with Indian
      and world isolates.
AB  - Canine parvovirus (CPV) causes hemorrhagic enteritis, especially in young dogs,
      leading to high morbidity and mortality. It has four main antigenic types CPV-2,
      CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c. Virus protein 2 (VP2) is the main capsid protein and
      mutations affecting VP2 gene are responsible for the evolution of various
      antigenic types of CPV. Full length VP2 gene from field isolates was amplified
      and cloned for sequence analysis. The sequences were submitted to the GenBank and
      were assigned Acc. Nos., viz. KP406928.1 for P12, KP406927.1 for P15, KP406930.1
      for P32, KP406926.1 for Megavac-6 and KP406929.1 for NobivacDHPPi. Phylogenetic
      analysis indicated that the samples were forming a separate clad with vaccine
      strains. When the samples were compared with the world and Indian isolates, it
      was observed that samples formed a separate node indicating regional genetic
      variation in CPV. 

PMID- 26982476
TI  - Sequence variability among murine herpesvirus isolates shows possible effect of
      long-term in vitro passaging on their genome.
AB  - No abstract Keywords: murine herpesvirus 68; virus isolates; sequence analysis;
      restriction fragment length polymorphism. 

PMID- 26982477
TI  - Genetic diversity of 2006-2009 Chikungunya virus outbreaks in Andhra Pradesh,
      India, reveals complete absence of E1:A226V mutation.

PMID- 26982480
TI  - Ultrasonic Relaxation Study of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Room-Temperature
      Ionic Liquids: Probing the Role of Alkyl Chain Length in the Cation.
AB  - Ultrasound absorption spectra of four 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
      bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides were determined as a function of the alkyl
      chain length on the cation from 1-propyl to 1-hexyl from 293.15 to 323.15 K at
      ambient pressure. Herein, the ultrasound absorption measurements were carried out
      using a standard pulse technique within a frequency range from 10 to 300 MHz.
      Additionally, the speed of sound, density, and viscosity have been measured. The
      presence of strong dissipative processes during the ultrasound wave propagation
      was found experimentally, i.e., relaxation processes in the megahertz range were
      observed for all compounds over the whole temperature range. The relaxation
      spectra (both relaxation amplitude and relaxation frequency) were shown to be
      dependent on the alkyl side chain length of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ring.
      In most cases, a single-Debye model described the absorption spectra very well.
      However, a comparison of the determined spectra with the spectra of a few other
      imidazolium-based ionic liquids reported in the literature (in part recalculated
      in this work) shows that the complexity of the spectra increases rapidly with the
      elongation of the alkyl chain length on the cation. This complexity indicates
      that both the volume viscosity and the shear viscosity are involved in relaxation
      processes even in relatively low frequency ranges. As a consequence, the sound
      velocity dispersion is present at relatively low megahertz frequencies. 

PMID- 26982481
TI  - Haptic Guidance Needs to Be Intuitive Not Just Informative to Improve Human Motor
      Accuracy.
AB  - Humans make both random and systematic errors when reproducing learned movements.
      Intuitive haptic guidance that assists one to make the movements reduces such
      errors. Our study examined whether any additional haptic information about the
      location of the target reduces errors in a position reproduction task, or whether
      the haptic guidance needs to be assistive to do so. Holding a haptic device,
      subjects made reaches to visible targets without time constraints. They did so in
      a no-guidance condition, and in guidance conditions in which the direction of the
      force with respect to the target differed, but the force scaled with the distance
      to the target in the same way. We examined whether guidance forces directed
      towards the target would reduce subjects' errors in reproducing a prior position
      to the same extent as do forces rotated by 90 degrees or 180 degrees, as it might
      because the forces provide the same information in all three cases. Without
      vision of the arm, both the accuracy and precision were significantly better with
      guidance directed towards the target than in all other conditions. The errors
      with rotated guidance did not differ from those without guidance. Not
      surprisingly, the movements tended to be faster when guidance forces directed the
      reaches to the target. This study shows that haptic guidance significantly
      improved motor performance when using it was intuitive, while non-intuitively
      presented information did not lead to any improvements and seemed to be ignored
      even in our simple paradigm with static targets and no time constraints. 

PMID- 26982478
TI  - Links of Autophagy Dysfunction to Inflammatory Bowel Disease Onset.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Autophagy is a cellular stress response that plays key roles in
      physiological processes, such as adaptation to starvation, degradation of
      aberrant proteins or organelles, anti-microbial defense, protein secretion, and
      innate and adaptive immunity. Dysfunctional autophagy is recognized as a
      contributing factor in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory
      bowel disease (IBD). Genetic studies have identified multiple IBD-associated risk
      loci that include genes required for autophagy, and several lines of evidence
      demonstrate that autophagy is impaired in IBD patients. How dysfunctional
      autophagy contributes to IBD onset is currently under investigation by
      researchers. KEY MESSAGES: Dysfunctional autophagy has been identified to play a
      role in IBD pathogenesis by altering processes that include (1) intracellular
      bacterial killing, (2) anti-microbial peptide secretion by Paneth cells, (3) pro
      inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages, (4) antigen presentation by
      dendritic cells, (5) goblet cell function, and (6) the endoplasmic reticulum
      stress response in enterocytes. The overall effect of dysregulation of these
      processes varies by cell type, stimulus, as well as cellular context.
      Manipulation of the autophagic pathway may provide a new avenue in the search for
      effective therapies for IBD. CONCLUSION: Autophagy plays multiple roles in IBD
      pathogenesis. A better understanding of the role of autophagy in IBD patients may
      provide better subclassification of IBD phenotypes and novel approaches to
      disease management.

PMID- 26982479
TI  - Adding Glucagon-Stimulated GH Testing to the Diagnostic Fast Increases the
      Detection of GH-Sufficient Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The evaluation of children with unexplained hypoglycemia may
      include a diagnostic fast. However, low growth hormone (GH) concentration during
      hypoglycemia is not specific to GH deficiency (GHD). The aim of this study was to
      determine if serial GH measurement following glucagon administration, in the
      setting of a diagnostic fast, would increase the number of children identified as
      not having GHD. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of children
      who had serial GH measurements performed after glucagon administration at the end
      of a diagnostic fast. Glucagon was administered at the end of the fasting study,
      and GH was measured every 30 min for 210 min. RESULTS: Of the 29 children in this
      series, only 3 (10%) had GH concentrations >7 ng/ml at the end of the fast, which
      increased by 16 (55%) after serial GH testing. The percentages of samples with GH
      concentrations >7 ng/ml were: 10% at baseline, and 25, 39, 41, 41, 33, 43, and 0%
      every 30 min thereafter. CONCLUSION: Additional GH measurements after glucagon
      administration following a diagnostic fast can improve the identification of
      children without GHD and thereby save them unnecessary GH stimulation testing and
      potential GH treatment.

PMID- 26982482
TI  - Leishmania infantum Infection in Blood Donors, Northeastern Brazil.

PMID- 26982483
TI  - Chemical constituents from Piper hainanense and their cytotoxicities.
AB  - Two new compounds, (Z,R)-1-phenylethylcinnamate (1) and (1R,2R,3R,6S)-pipoxide
      (2) were isolated from the aerial part of Piper hainanense, along with 12 known
      compounds, including nine benzene derivatives (4-11), one isobutylamide (12), and
      two polyoxygenated cyclohexene derivatives (13-14). Their structures were
      elucidated on the basis of the HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, and
      ECD in cases of 2 and 3. The absolute configuration of ellipeiopsol B (3) was
      determined for the first time. All these compounds 1-14 were reported from the
      titled plant for the first time. Most of the isolates were tested for their
      cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines. Four of which, 2, 3, 9, 14
      showed moderate bioactivities. Among them, the new compound 2 showed potential
      cytotoxicity against SMMC-7721, MCF-7, and SW-480 with IC50 values of 9.7, 15.0,
      and 13.2 MUM, respectively. 

PMID- 26982484
TI  - Simulating the Oceanic Migration of Silver Japanese Eels.
AB  - The oceanic migration of silver Japanese eels starts from their continental
      growth habitats in East Asia and ends at the spawning area near the West Mariana
      Ridge seamount chain. However, the actual migration routes remain unknown. In
      this study, we examined the possible oceanic migration routes and strategies of
      silver Japanese eels using a particle tracking method in which virtual eels (v
      eels) were programmed to move vertically and horizontally in an ocean circulation
      model (Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment 2, JCOPE2). Four horizontal
      swimming strategies were tested: random heading, true navigation (readjusted
      heading), orientation toward the spawning area (fixed heading), and swimming
      against the Kuroshio. We found that all strategies, except random swimming,
      allowed v-eels swimming at 0.65 m s-1 to reach the spawning area within eight
      months after their departure from the south coast of Japan (end of the spawning
      season). The estimated minimum swimming speed required to reach the area spawning
      within eight months was 0.1 m s-1 for true navigation, 0.12 m s-1 for constant
      compass heading, and 0.35 m s-1 for swimming against the Kuroshio. The lowest
      swimming speed estimated from tracked Japanese eels at sea was 0.03 m.s-1, which
      would not allow them to reach the spawning area within eight months, through any
      of the tested orientation strategies. Our numerical experiments also showed that
      ocean circulation significantly affected the migration of Japanese v-eels. A
      strong Kuroshio could advect v-eels further eastward. In addition, western
      Pacific ocean currents accelerated the migration of navigating v-eels. The
      migration duration was shortened in years with a stronger southward flow,
      contributed by a stronger recirculation south of Japan, an enhanced subtropical
      gyre, or a higher southward Kuroshio velocity. 

PMID- 26982485
TI  - The discriminative value of inflammatory back pain in patients with persistent
      low back pain.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of inflammatory back pain (IBP)
      characteristics and analyse the discriminative value of IBP relative to axial
      spondyloarthritis (SpA) according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis
      international Society (ASAS) criteria. METHOD: Patients who had low back pain for
      > 3 months were selected from a cohort of secondary care patients aged 18-40
      years. Data included information on SpA features, human leucocyte antigen (HLA)
      B27 typing, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of
      the sacroiliac joints, and self-reported IBP questions covering the pain
      characteristics included in the Calin, Berlin, and ASAS IBP definitions. RESULTS:
      Of the 759 included patients, 99% [95% confidence interval (CI) 98-100] had at
      least one IBP characteristic. The prevalence of the single IBP characteristics
      ranged from 10% (95% CI 7-12) for 'pain worst in the morning' to 79% (95% CI 76
      82) for 'morning stiffness'. Two-thirds of the patients (67%, 95% CI 63-70), met
      at least one of the three IBP definitions. In all, 86 (11%) were classified as
      'SpA according to ASAS'. All three IBP definitions were significantly associated
      with 'SpA according to ASAS'; however, the discriminative value was low, with
      sensitivity, specificity, and balanced accuracy values of 64, 50, and 57% for
      Calin, 59, 60, and 60% for Berlin, and 35, 79, and 57% for ASAS IBP definitions,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population, IBP characteristics were in
      general common and the discriminative value was low, as IBP could not
      differentiate patients with SpA according to ASAS criteria from patients with
      other causes of back pain.

PMID- 26982487
TI  - Contribution of indigenous foods towards nutrient intakes and nutritional status
      of women in the Santhal tribal community of Jharkhand, India.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The indigenous food environment, dietary intake and nutritional status
      of women in the Santhal tribal community of Jharkhand were assessed. Contribution
      of indigenous foods to nutritional status and nutrient intakes was explored.
      DESIGN: Exploratory cross-sectional study with a longitudinal dietary intake
      assessment component. Household and dietary surveys were conducted to elicit
      information on socio-economic and demographic profile and food consumption
      patterns at household level. A 24 h dietary recall for two consecutive days
      (repeat surveys in two more seasons) and anthropometric assessments were carried
      out on one woman per household. SETTING: Households (n 151) with at least one
      woman of reproductive age in four villages of Godda district of Jharkhand, India.
      SUBJECTS: Women aged 15-49 years. RESULTS: Almost all households owned
      agricultural land and grew fruits and vegetables in backyards for household
      consumption. A wide variety of indigenous foods were reported but dietary recalls
      revealed low intake. Women consumed adequate energy and protein but micronutrient
      intake was inadequate (less than 66 % of recommended) in the majority (more than
      50 %) for Ca, Fe, vitamin B2, folate and vitamin B12. Women consuming indigenous
      foods in the past 2 d had significantly higher intakes of Ca (P=0.008) and Fe
      (P=0.010) than those who did not. Varying degrees of underweight were observed in
      50 % of women with no significant association between underweight and consumption
      of indigenous foods. CONCLUSIONS: Promotion of preferential cultivation of
      nutrient-dense indigenous food sources and effective nutrition education on their
      importance may facilitate better micronutrient intakes among women in Santhal
      community of Jharkhand.

PMID- 26982488
TI  - Iron Deficiency, Zinc, Magnesium, Vitamin Deficiencies in Crohn's Disease:
      Substitute or Not?
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by inflammatory reactions,
      complications, extraintestinal manifestations and a loss of intestinal functions,
      for example, failures of absorption and secretion. According to intestinal
      dysfunction, a wide array of pathogenetic pathways is existing leading to iron
      deficiency and numerous vitamins as well as trace element deficiencies.
      Complications, symptoms and signs of those deficiencies are common in IBD with
      varying degrees of clinical significance. This review focuses on selected
      micronutrients including iron, zinc, magnesium and some vitamins. Epidemiology
      with respect to IBD, pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical aspects are
      addressed. Finally, some suggestions for treatment of deficient situations are
      discussed. In conclusion, some micronutrients have significant impact on
      complications and quality of life in IBD. Deficiencies may even influence the
      course of the disease. Those deficiencies should be thoroughly supplemented. 

PMID- 26982486
TI  - Evolution of KaiC-Dependent Timekeepers: A Proto-circadian Timing Mechanism
      Confers Adaptive Fitness in the Purple Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
AB  - Circadian (daily) rhythms are a fundamental and ubiquitous property of eukaryotic
      organisms. However, cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotic group for which bona
      fide circadian properties have been persuasively documented, even though homologs
      of the cyanobacterial kaiABC central clock genes are distributed widely among
      Eubacteria and Archaea. We report the purple non-sulfur bacterium
      Rhodopseudomonas palustris (that harbors homologs of kaiB and kaiC) only poorly
      sustains rhythmicity in constant conditions-a defining characteristic of
      circadian rhythms. Moreover, the biochemical characteristics of the
      Rhodopseudomonas homolog of the KaiC protein in vivo and in vitro are different
      from those of cyanobacterial KaiC. Nevertheless, R. palustris cells exhibit
      adaptive kaiC-dependent growth enhancement in 24-h cyclic environments, but not
      under non-natural constant conditions. Therefore, our data indicate that
      Rhodopseudomonas does not have a classical circadian rhythm, but a novel
      timekeeping mechanism that does not sustain itself in constant conditions. These
      results question the adaptive value of self-sustained oscillatory capability for
      daily timekeepers and establish new criteria for circadian-like systems that are
      based on adaptive properties (i.e., fitness enhancement in rhythmic
      environments), rather than upon observations of persisting rhythms in constant
      conditions. We propose that the Rhodopseudomonas system is a "proto" circadian
      timekeeper, as in an ancestral system that is based on KaiC and KaiB proteins and
      includes some, but not necessarily all, of the canonical properties of circadian
      clocks. These data indicate reasonable intermediate steps by which bona fide
      circadian systems evolved in simple organisms. 

PMID- 26982490
TI  - Geography of community health information organization activity in the United
      States: Implications for the effectiveness of health information exchange.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The United States has invested nearly a billion dollars in creating
      community health information organizations (HIOs) to foster health information
      exchange. Community HIOs provide exchange services to health care organizations
      within a distinct geographic area. While geography is a key organizing principle
      for community HIOs, it is unclear if geography is an effective method for
      organization or what challenges are created by a geography-based approach to
      health information exchange. PURPOSE: This study describes the extent of reported
      community HIO coverage in the United States and explores the practical and policy
      implications of overlaps and gaps in HIO service areas. Furthermore, because self
      reported service areas may not accurately reflect the true extent of HIOs
      activities, this study maps the actual markets for health services included in
      each HIO. METHODOLOGY: An inventory of operational community HIOs that included
      self-reported geographic markets and participating organizations was face
      validated using a crowd-sourcing approach. Aggregation of the participating
      hospitals' individual health care markets provided the total geographic market
      served by each community HIO. Mapping and overlay analyses using geographic
      information system methods described the extent of community HIO activity in the
      United States. FINDINGS: Evidence suggests that community HIOs may be
      inefficiently distributed. Parts of the United States have multiple, overlapping
      HIOs, while others do not have any providing health information exchange
      services. In markets served by multiple community HIOs, 45% of hospitals were
      participants of only one HIO. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The current geography of
      community HIO activity does not provide comprehensive patient information to
      providers, nor community-wide information for public health agencies. The discord
      between the self-reported and market geography of community HIOs raises concerns
      about the potential effectiveness of health information exchange, illustrates the
      limitations of geography as an organizing principle, and indicates operational
      challenges facing those leading and working with community HIOs.

PMID- 26982489
TI  - Effects of Multi-Generational Stress Exposure and Offspring Environment on the
      Expression and Persistence of Transgenerational Effects in Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - Plant phenotypes can be affected by environments experienced by their parents.
      Parental environmental effects are reported for the first offspring generation
      and some studies showed persisting environmental effects in second and further
      offspring generations. However, the expression of these transgenerational effects
      proved context-dependent and their reproducibility can be low. Here we study the
      context-dependency of transgenerational effects by evaluating parental and
      transgenerational effects under a range of parental induction and offspring
      evaluation conditions. We systematically evaluated two factors that can influence
      the expression of transgenerational effects: single- versus multiple-generation
      exposure and offspring environment. For this purpose, we exposed a single
      homozygous Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 line to salt stress for up to three
      generations and evaluated offspring performance under control and salt conditions
      in a climate chamber and in a natural environment. Parental as well as
      transgenerational effects were observed in almost all traits and all environments
      and traced back as far as great-grandparental environments. The length of
      exposure exerted strong effects; multiple-generation exposure often reduced the
      expression of the parental effect compared to single-generation exposure.
      Furthermore, the expression of transgenerational effects strongly depended on
      offspring environment for rosette diameter and flowering time, with opposite
      effects observed in field and greenhouse evaluation environments. Our results
      provide important new insights into the occurrence of transgenerational effects
      and contribute to a better understanding of the context-dependency of these
      effects. 

PMID- 26982491
TI  - Rehabilitation Utilization following a Work-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: A Sex
      Based Examination of Workers' Compensation Claims in Victoria, Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To report on and examine differences in the use of four types of
      rehabilitation services (occupational therapy, physiotherapy, psychology, and
      speech therapy) by men and women following a work-related traumatic brain injury
      in Victoria, Australia; and to examine the importance of demographic, need, work
      related and geographic factors in explaining these differences. METHODS: A
      retrospective cohort design was used to analyze 1786 work-related traumatic brain
      injury workers' compensation claims lodged between 2004 and 2012 in Victoria,
      Australia. ZINB regressions were conducted for each type of rehabilitation
      service to examine the relationship between sex and rehabilitation use.
      Covariates included demographic, need-related, work-related, and geographic
      factors. RESULTS: Out of all claims (63% male, 37% female), 13% used occupational
      therapy, 23% used physiotherapy, 9% used psychology, and 2% used speech therapy
      at least once during the first year of service utilization. After controlling for
      demographic, need-related, work-related, and geographic factors, women were more
      likely to use physiotherapy compared to men. Men and women were equally likely to
      use occupational therapy and psychology services. The number of visits in the
      first year for each type of service did not differ between male and female users.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a sex-based approach to studying rehabilitation
      utilization in work-related populations. Future research is needed to examine
      other factors associated with rehabilitation utilization and to determine the
      implications of different rehabilitation utilization patterns on health and
      return-to-work outcomes.

PMID- 26982492
TI  - Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Everolimus: A Consensus Report.
AB  - In 2014, the Immunosuppressive Drugs Scientific Committee of the International
      Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology called a
      meeting of international experts to provide recommendations to guide therapeutic
      drug monitoring (TDM) of everolimus (EVR) and its optimal use in clinical
      practice. EVR is a potent inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin,
      approved for the prevention of organ transplant rejection and for the treatment
      of various types of cancer and tuberous sclerosis complex. EVR fulfills the
      prerequisites for TDM, having a narrow therapeutic range, high interindividual
      pharmacokinetic variability, and established drug exposure-response
      relationships. EVR trough concentrations (C0) demonstrate a good relationship
      with overall exposure, providing a simple and reliable index for TDM. Whole-blood
      samples should be used for measurement of EVR C0, and sampling times should be
      standardized to occur within 1 hour before the next dose, which should be taken
      at the same time everyday and preferably without food. In transplantation
      settings, EVR should be generally targeted to a C0 of 3-8 ng/mL when used in
      combination with other immunosuppressive drugs (calcineurin inhibitors and
      glucocorticoids); in calcineurin inhibitor-free regimens, the EVR target C0 range
      should be 6-10 ng/mL. Further studies are required to determine the clinical
      utility of TDM in nontransplantation settings. The choice of analytical method
      and differences between methods should be carefully considered when determining
      EVR concentrations, and when comparing and interpreting clinical trial outcomes.
      At present, a fully validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
      assay is the preferred method for determination of EVR C0, with a lower limit of
      quantification close to 1 ng/mL. Use of certified commercially available whole
      blood calibrators to avoid calibration bias and participation in external
      proficiency-testing programs to allow continuous cross-validation and proof of
      analytical quality are highly recommended. Development of alternative assays to
      facilitate on-site measurement of EVR C0 is encouraged.

PMID- 26982493
TI  - Assuring the Proper Analytical Performance of Measurement Procedures for
      Immunosuppressive Drug Concentrations in Clinical Practice: Recommendations of
      the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical
      Toxicology Immunosuppressive Drug Scientific Committee.
AB  - Monitoring immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs) in blood or plasma is still a key
      therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) application in clinical settings. Narrow target
      ranges and severe side effects at drug underexposure or overexposure make
      accurate and precise measurements a must. This overview prepared by the
      Immunosuppressive Drugs Scientific Committee of the International Association of
      Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology is intended to serve as a
      summary and guidance document describing the current state-of-the-art in the TDM
      of ISDs.

PMID- 26982494
TI  - Health Risks in Same-Sex Attracted Ugandan University Students: Evidence from Two
      Cross-Sectional Studies.
AB  - Widespread discrimination across much of sub-Saharan Africa against persons with
      same-sex sexuality, including recent attempts in Uganda to extend criminal
      sanctions against same-sex behavior, are likely to have profound effects on this
      group's health, health care access, and well-being. Yet knowledge of the
      prevalence of same-sex sexuality in this region is scarce. This study aimed to
      systematically examine prevalence of same-sex sexuality and related health risks
      in young Ugandan adults. We conducted two cross-sectional survey studies in south
      western Uganda targeting student samples (n = 980, n = 1954) representing 80% and
      72% of the entire undergraduate classes attending a university in 2005 and 2010,
      respectively. A questionnaire assessed items concerning same-sex sexuality (same
      sex attraction/fantasies, same-sex sexual relations), mental health, substance
      use, experience of violence, risky sexual behavior, and sexual health counseling
      needs. Our findings showed that same-sex sexual attraction/fantasies and behavior
      were common among male and female students, with 10-25% reporting having sexual
      attraction/fantasies regarding persons of the same-sex, and 6-16% reporting same
      sex sexual relations. Experiences of same-sex sexuality were associated with
      health risks, e.g. poor mental health (2010, AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), sexual
      coercion (2010, AOR 2.9; CI: 1.9-4.6), and unmet sexual health counseling needs
      (2010, AOR 2.2; CI: 1.4-3.3). This first study of young adults in Uganda with
      same-sex sexuality found high levels of health needs but poor access to health
      care. Effective response is likely to require major shifts in current policy,
      efforts to reduce stigmatization, and reorientation of health services to better
      meet the needs of this vulnerable group of young people. 

PMID- 26982496
TI  - Methods for Measuring Lung Volumes: Is There a Better One?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of lung volumes is of paramount importance to
      establish the presence of ventilatory defects and give insights for diagnostic
      and/or therapeutic purposes. OBJECTIVES: It was the aim of this study to measure
      lung volumes in subjects with respiratory disorders and in normal controls by 3
      different techniques (plethysmographic, dilutional and radiographic methods), in
      an attempt to clarify the role of each of them in performing such a task, without
      any presumptive 'a priori' superiority of one method above others. Patients
      andMethods: In different groups of subjects with obstructive and restrictive
      ventilatory defects and in a normal control group, total lung capacity,
      functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume were measured by body
      plethysmography, multi-breath helium (He) dilution and radiographic CT scan
      method with spirometric gating. RESULTS: The 3 methods gave comparable results in
      normal subjects and in patients with a restrictive defect. In patients with an
      obstructive defect, CT scan and plethysmography showed similar lung volumes,
      while on average significantly lower lung volumes were obtained with the He
      dilution technique. Taking into account that the He dilution technique does
      primarily measure FRC during tidal breathing, our data suggest that in some
      patients with an obstructive defect, a number of small airways can be
      functionally closed at end-expiratory lung volume, preventing He to reach the
      lung regions subserved by these airways. CONCLUSION: In all circumstances, both
      CT scan with spirometric gating and plethysmographic methods provide similar
      values of lung volumes. In contrast, the He dilution method can measure lower
      lung volumes in some patients with chronic airflow obstruction.

PMID- 26982495
TI  - Long-Term Toxicity of 213Bi-Labelled BSA in Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Short-term toxicological evaluations of alpha-radioimmunotherapy have
      been reported in preclinical assays, particularly using bismuth-213 (213Bi).
      Toxicity is greatly influenced not only by the pharmacokinetics and binding
      specificity of the vector but also by non-specific irradiation due to the
      circulating radiopharmaceutical in the blood. To assess this, an acute and
      chronic toxicity study was carried out in mice injected with 213Bi-labelled
      Bovine Serum Albumin (213Bi-BSA) as an example of a long-term circulating vector.
      METHOD: Biodistribution of 213Bi-BSA and 125I-BSA were compared in order to
      evaluate 213Bi uptake by healthy organs. The doses to organs for injected 213Bi
      BSA were calculated. Groups of nude mice were injected with 3.7, 7.4 and 11.1 MBq
      of 213Bi-BSA and monitored for 385 days. Plasma parameters, including alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen
      (BUN) and creatinine, were measured and blood cell counts (white blood cells,
      platelets and red blood cells) were performed. Mouse organs were examined
      histologically at different time points. RESULTS: Haematological toxicity was
      transient and non-limiting for all evaluated injected activities. At the highest
      injected activity (11.1 MBq), mice died from liver and kidney failure (median
      survival of 189 days). This liver toxicity was identified by an increase in both
      ALT and AST and by histological examination. Mice injected with 7.4 MBq of 213Bi
      BSA (median survival of 324 days) had an increase in plasma BUN and creatinine
      due to impaired kidney function, confirmed by histological examination. Injection
      of 3.7 MBq of 213Bi-BSA was safe, with no plasma enzyme modifications or
      histological abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Haematological toxicity was not limiting
      in this study. Liver failure was observed at the highest injected activity (11.1
      MBq), consistent with liver damage observed in human clinical trials.
      Intermediate injected activity (7.4 MBq) should be used with caution because of
      the risk of long-term toxicity to kidneys.

PMID- 26982498
TI  - Leptin as a Potential Regulator of FGF21.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a potent metabolic
      regulator, has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in animal models of
      insulin resistance. Several studies have focused on identifying mediators of
      FGF21 effects. However, the identification of factors involved in FGF21
      regulation is far from complete. As leptin is a potent metabolic modulator as
      well, we aimed at characterizing whether leptin may regulate FGF21. METHODS: We
      investigated a potential regulation of FGF21 by leptin in vivo in Wistar rats and
      in vitro using human derived hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. This model was chosen
      as the liver is considered the main FGF21 expression site. RESULTS: We found that
      leptin injections increased plasma FGF21 levels in adult Wistar rats. This was
      confirmed in vitro, as leptin increased FGF21 expression in HepG2 cells. We also
      showed that the leptin effect on FGF21 expression was mediated by STAT3
      activation in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: New findings regarding a leptin-STAT3
      FGF21 axis were provided in this study, although investigating the exact
      mechanisms linking leptin and FGF21 are still needed. These results are of great
      interest in the context of identifying potential new clinical approaches to treat
      metabolic diseases associated with insulin resistance, such as obesity and type 2
      diabetes.

PMID- 26982497
TI  - An Unusual Inverted Saline Microbial Mat Community in an Interdune Sabkha in the
      Rub' al Khali (the Empty Quarter), United Arab Emirates.
AB  - Salt flats (sabkha) are a recognized habitat for microbial life in desert
      environments and as analogs of habitats for possible life on Mars. Here we report
      on the physical setting and microbiology of interdune sabkhas among the large
      dunes in the Rub' al Khali (the Empty Quarter) in Liwa Oasis, United Arab
      Emirates. The salt flats, composed of gypsum and halite, are moistened by
      relatively fresh ground water. The result is a salinity gradient that is inverted
      compared to most salt flat communities with the hypersaline layer at the top and
      freshwater layers below. We describe and characterize a rich photosynthetically
      based microbial ecosystem that is protected from the arid outside environment by
      a translucent salt crust. Gases collected from sediments under shallow ponds in
      the sabkha contain methane in concentrations as high as 3400 ppm. The salt crust
      could preserve biomarkers and other evidence for life in the salt after it dries
      out. Chloride-filled depressions have been identified on Mars and although
      surface flow of water is unlikely on Mars today, ground water is possible. Such a
      near surface system with modern groundwater flowing under ancient salt deposits
      could be present on Mars and could be accessed by surface rovers. 

PMID- 26982499
TI  - Advances in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
AB  - Non-selective beta-blockers and handling of esophageal varices has been key
      elements in the treatment of portal hypertension in recent decades. Liver vein
      catheterization has been essential in diagnosis and monitoring of portal
      hypertension, but ongoing needs for noninvasive tools has led to research in
      areas of both biomarkers, and transient elastography, which displays promising
      results in discerning clinically significant portal hypertension. Novel research
      into the areas of hepatic stellate cell function and the dynamic components of
      portal hypertension has revealed promising areas of treatment modalities,
      targeting intestinal decontamination, angiogenesis, inflammation and oxidative
      stress. Future studies may reveal if these initiatives lead to developments of
      new drugs for treatment of portal hypertension. 

PMID- 26982500
TI  - Set Configuration in Resistance Exercise: Muscle Fatigue and Cardiovascular
      Effects.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cardiovascular responses of traditional resistance (TS) training have
      been extensively explored. However, the fatigue mechanisms associated with an
      intra-set rest configuration (ISR) have not been investigated. This study
      compares two modalities of set configurations for resistance exercise that
      equates work to rest ratios and measures the central and peripheral fatigue in
      combination with cortical, hemodynamic and cardiovascular measures. METHODS: 11
      subjects performed two isometric knee extension training sessions using TS and
      ISR configurations. Voluntary activation (VA), single twitch amplitude, low
      frequency fatigue (LFF), Mwave, motor evoked potential (MEP), short intracortical
      inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF) and heart rate variability
      were evaluated before and after each training session. During each session beat
      to beat heart rate, blood pressure and rate pressure product (RPP) were also
      evaluated. RESULTS: After exercise VA decreased significantly for TS but not for
      ISR (P < 0.001), single twitch amplitude and LFF values were lower for TS than
      ISR (P < 0.004), and SICI was reduced only for the TS configuration (P = 0.049).
      During exercise RPP values were significantly higher for the TS than for ISR (P =
      0.001). RPP correlated with VA for TS (r = -.85 P < 0.001) suggesting a
      relationship between central fatigue and cardiovascular stress. CONCLUSIONS: We
      conclude that ISR induced lower central and peripheral fatigue as well as lower
      cardiovascular stress in comparison with TS configuration. Our study suggests
      that set configuration is a key factor in the regulation of the neuromuscular and
      cardiovascular responses of resistance training.

PMID- 26982501
TI  - CD117+ Dendritic and Mast Cells Are Dependent on RasGRP4 to Function as Accessory
      Cells for Optimal Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Responses to Lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein-4 (RasGRP4) is an evolutionarily
      conserved calcium-regulated, guanine nucleotide exchange factor and
      diacylglycerol/phorbol ester receptor. While an important intracellular signaling
      protein for CD117+ mast cells (MCs), its roles in other immune cells is less
      clear. In this study, we identified a subset of in vivo-differentiated splenic
      CD117+ dendritic cells (DCs) in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice that unexpectedly
      contained RasGRP4 mRNA and protein. In regard to the biologic significance of
      these data to innate immunity, LPS-treated splenic CD117+ DCs from WT mice
      induced natural killer (NK) cells to produce much more interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) than comparable DCs from RasGRP4-null mice. The ability of LPS-responsive
      MCs to cause NK cells to increase their expression of IFN-gamma was also
      dependent on this intracellular signaling protein. The discovery that RasGRP4 is
      required for CD117+ MCs and DCs to optimally induce acute NK cell-dependent
      immune responses to LPS helps explain why this signaling protein has been
      conserved in evolution. 

PMID- 26982503
TI  - Sunlight mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a novel actinobacterium
      (Sinomonas mesophila MPKL 26) and its antimicrobial activity against multi drug
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microorganism are many, but there are
      only scanty reports using actinobacteria. In the present study, the
      actinobacterium of the genus Sinomonas was reported to synthesis silver
      nanoparticles for the first time. A photo-irradiation based method was developed
      for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, which includes two day old cultural
      supernatant of novel species Sinomonas mesophila MPKL 26 and silver nitrate
      solution, exposed to sunlight. The preliminary synthesis of silver nanoparticles
      was noted by the color change of the solution from colorless to brown; the
      synthesis was further confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy which shows a peak
      between 400 and 450nm. Spherical shape silver nanoparticles of size range 4-50nm
      were synthesized, which were characterized using transmission electron
      microscopy. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy result indicates that,
      the metabolite produced by the novel species S. mesophila MPKL 26 was the
      probable reducing/capping agent involved in the synthesis of silver
      nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles maintained consistent shape
      with respect to different time periods. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were
      evaluated for the antimicrobial activity against multi drug resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus which show good antimicrobial activity. The method
      developed for synthesis is easy, requires less time (20min) and produces
      spherical shape nanoparticles of size as small as 4nm, having good antimicrobial
      activity. Hence, our study enlarges the scope of actinobacteria for the rapid
      biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and can be used in formulating remedies for
      multi drug resistant S. aureus. 

PMID- 26982505
TI  - The Ethics of Introducing New Surgical Technology Into Clinical Practice: The
      Importance of the Patient-Surgeon Relationship.

PMID- 26982506
TI  - Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection in Patients with Sarcopenia: A Retrospective
      Case-Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous study has reported that sarcopenia increases
      the risk of postoperative complications following open colorectal resection. The
      aim of this retrospective case-control study was to evaluate the feasibility of
      laparoscopic colorectal resection in patients with sarcopenia. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed 60 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal
      resection for primary colorectal cancer between April 2012 and March 2015 at our
      institution. The patients were divided into two groups: sarcopenia group
      (normalized total psoas muscle area in males, <538 mm/m(2); in females, <346
      mm/m(2); n = 20) and nonsarcopenia group (n = 40). RESULTS: No significant
      differences in the overall rate of postoperative complications (20% vs. 20%) or
      major postoperative complications of Clavien-Dindo Grade III or more (5% vs. 5%)
      were observed between the patients in the sarcopenia and nonsarcopenia groups.
      Sarcopenia was not found to be a predictor of postoperative complications by
      univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic colorectal resection was feasible
      in patients with sarcopenia.

PMID- 26982502
TI  - Coumarin Derivatives as Substrate Probes of Mammalian Cytochromes P450 2B4 and
      2B6: Assessing the Importance of 7-Alkoxy Chain Length, Halogen Substitution, and
      Non-Active Site Mutations.
AB  - Using a combined structural and biochemical approach, the functional importance
      of a recently described peripheral pocket bounded by the E-, F-, G-, and I
      helices in CYP2B4 and 2B6 was probed. Three series of 4-substituted-7
      alkoxycoumarin derivatives with -H, -CH3, or -CF3 at the 4 position of the
      coumarin core were used initially to monitor functional differences between
      CYP2B4 and 2B6. 7-Ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-EFC) displayed the
      highest catalytic efficiency among these substrates. Mutants were made to alter
      side-chain polarity (V/E194Q) or bulk (F/Y244W) to alter access to the peripheral
      pocket. Modest increases in catalytic efficiency of 7-EFC O-deethylation by the
      mutants were magnified considerably by chlorination or bromination of the
      substrate ethoxy chain. A structure of CYP2B6 Y244W in complex with (+)-alpha
      pinene was solved at 2.2 A and showed no CYMAL-5 in the peripheral pocket. A
      ligand free structure of CYP2B4 F244W was solved at 3.0 A with CYMAL-5 in the
      peripheral pocket. In both instances, comparison of the respective wild-type and
      mutant CYP2B enzymes revealed that CYMAL-5 occupancy of the peripheral pocket had
      little effect on the topology of active site residue side-chains, despite the
      fact that the peripheral pocket and active site are located on opposite sides of
      the I-helix. Analysis of available CYP2B structures suggest that the effect of
      the amino acid substitutions within the peripheral pocket derive from altered
      interactions between the F and G helices. 

PMID- 26982504
TI  - Quantifying Transmission of Clostridium difficile within and outside Healthcare
      Settings.
AB  - To quantify the effect of hospital and community-based transmission and control
      measures on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), we constructed a transmission
      model within and between hospital, community, and long-term care-facility
      settings. By parameterizing the model from national databases and calibrating it
      to C. difficile prevalence and CDI incidence, we found that hospitalized patients
      with CDI transmit C. difficile at a rate 15 (95% CI 7.2-32) times that of
      asymptomatic patients. Long-term care facility residents transmit at a rate of
      27% (95% CI 13%-51%) that of hospitalized patients, and persons in the community
      at a rate of 0.1% (95% CI 0.062%-0.2%) that of hospitalized patients. Despite
      lower transmission rates for asymptomatic carriers and community sources, these
      transmission routes have a substantial effect on hospital-onset CDI because of
      the larger reservoir of hospitalized carriers and persons in the community.
      Asymptomatic carriers and community sources should be accounted for when
      designing and evaluating control interventions. 

PMID- 26982507
TI  - Photodynamic Therapy in Patients with Advanced Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma:
      Percutaneous Cholangioscopic Versus Peroral Transpapillary Approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients with
      advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CC) who underwent photodynamic therapy (PDT)
      with either percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) or endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). BACKGROUND DATA: PDT has been
      proposed as a promising therapy for treatment of unresectable hilar CC that is
      resistant to conventional standard treatment. However, few studies have compared
      the delivery methods of PDT in unresectable hilar CC patients. METHODS: Thirty
      seven adult patients with advanced hilar CC were included in this study. Twenty
      four patients treated with PTCS-directed PDT and 13 patients treated with ERCP
      directed PDT were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The PTCS- and ERCP-directed
      PDT groups were comparable with respect to age, gender, health status,
      pretreatment bilirubin levels, Bismuth type, and hilar CC stage. The length of
      hospital stay differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the two groups, with a
      median hospital stay of 37 days (range, 13-77 days) in the ERCP-directed PDT
      group versus 63 days (range, 23-125 days) in the PTCS-directed group. PTCS
      directed PDT patients demonstrated an overall survival similar to that of ERCP
      directed PDT patients, with a median survival of 11.6 versus 9.5 months,
      respectively (p = 0.96). Only lower pre-PDT bilirubin levels (p = 0.002) were a
      significant predictor of improved survival in all patients who underwent PDT, as
      determined by multivariate analysis. Median metal stent patency was similar
      between the groups [PTCS-directed PDT group (n = 8), 6.2 months; ERCP-directed
      PDT group (n = 7), 7.2 months; p = 0.642]. Survival after PTCS- or ERCP-directed
      PDT was not statistically different in patients with advanced hilar CC.
      CONCLUSIONS: Lower pre-PDT bilirubin levels were associated with longer survival
      in all patients.

PMID- 26982508
TI  - Neural Control of Inflammation: Implications for Perioperative and Critical Care.
AB  - Inflammation and immunity are regulated by neural reflexes. Recent basic science
      research has demonstrated that a neural reflex, termed the inflammatory reflex,
      modulates systemic and regional inflammation in a multiplicity of clinical
      conditions encountered in perioperative medicine and critical care. In this
      review, the authors describe the anatomic and physiologic basis of the
      inflammatory reflex and review the evidence implicating this pathway in the
      modulation of sepsis, ventilator-induced lung injury, postoperative cognitive
      dysfunction, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and traumatic hemorrhage.
      The authors conclude with a discussion of how these new insights might spawn
      novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the
      context of perioperative and critical care medicine. 

PMID- 26982509
TI  - No Silver Medal for Nobel Prize Contenders: Why Anesthesia Pioneers Were
      Nominated for but Denied the Award.
AB  - Taking the examples of the pioneers Carl Ludwig Schleich, Carl Koller, and
      Heinrich Braun, this article provides a first exploratory account of the history
      of anesthesiology and the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine. Besides the
      files collected at the Nobel Archive in Sweden, which are presented here for the
      first time, this article is based on medical literature of the early 20th
      century. Using Nobel Prize nominations and Nobel committee reports as points of
      departure, the authors discuss why no anesthesia pioneer has received this
      coveted trophy. These documents offer a new perspective to explore and to better
      understand aspects of the history of anesthesiology in the first half of the 20th
      century. 

PMID- 26982510
TI  - The safety of monoclonal antibodies for treatment of colorectal cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Monoclonal antibodies such as bevacizumab, ramucirumab, cetuximab
      and panitumumab play an important role in the treatment of metastatic colorectal
      cancer (mCRC). With the introduction of these drugs considerable improvements in
      both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were achieved.
      However these antibodies are associated with a unique side effect profile. AREAS
      COVERED: This review provides an overview about drug efficacy of bevacizumab,
      cetuximab, panitumumab and ramucirumab in the treatment algorithm of mCRC.
      Additionally, we discuss the most common toxicites of these monoclonal
      antibodies. EXPERT OPINION: The most common toxicities associated with the VEGF-A
      directed antibody bevacizumab are hypertension, proteinuria, thromboembolism,
      bleeding, gastrointestinal perforation and prolonged wound healing. Similarly,
      the rate of hypertension and proteinuria is increased during treatment with the
      VEGFR2 antibody ramucirumab. On the other hand the most frequent side effects of
      EGFR targeted antibodies are skin rash, hypersensitivity reactions and
      hypomagnesemia. Due to the murine portions of cetuximab the incidence of infusion
      reactions is more frequent compared to panitumumab which is a pure human
      monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 26982511
TI  - Hair and Nail Changes During Long-term Therapy With Ibrutinib for Chronic
      Lymphocytic Leukemia.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a new targeted
      agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom
      macroglobulinemia. Ibrutinib is overall well tolerated but long-term treatment is
      required until disease progression or intolerable toxic effects occur. Little is
      known regarding its cutaneous adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: To describe the hair
      and nail manifestations associated with the long-term use of ibrutinib for the
      treatment of CLL. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective study of 66
      patients with CLL enrolled in a single-arm phase 2 clinical trial of ibrutinib
      for CLL between March 2014 and October 2015 at the National Institutes of Health.
      MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome, nail and hair changes associated
      with ibrutinib therapy, was assessed by an 11-question survey. In addition, the
      severity of nail changes was determined from a 0 to 3 rating scale for both
      onychoschizia and onychorrhexis. RESULTS: Among 66 patients (43 men and 23 women
      with ages ranging from 55 to 85 years), 44 (67%) reported brittle fingernails at
      a median of 6.5 (95% CI, 6-12) months after starting ibrutinib therapy. Fifteen
      patients (23%) developed brittle toenails after a median of 9 (95% CI, 6-15)
      months of ibrutinib therapy. Textural hair changes were reported in 17 patients
      (26%), at a median of 9 (95% CI, 6-12) months of ibrutinib treatment. CONCLUSIONS
      AND RELEVANCE: Hair and nail abnormalities are commonly associated with ibrutinib
      and appear several months after initiating therapy. Ibrutinib inhibits Bruton
      tyrosine kinase by covalently binding to cysteine 481. Whether ibrutinib affects
      the hair and nails by binding and altering cysteine-rich proteins of hair and
      nails or by means of another mechanism remains unknown. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01500733.

PMID- 26982512
TI  - On the structural origin of the single-ion magnetic anisotropy in LuFeO3.
AB  - The electronic structure for the conduction bands of both hexagonal and
      orthorhombic LuFeO3 thin films have been measured using x-ray absorption
      spectroscopy at oxygen K (O K) edge. Dramatic differences in both the spectral
      features and the linear dichroism are observed. These differences in the spectra
      can be explained using the differences in crystal field splitting of the metal
      (Fe and Lu) electronic states and the differences in O 2p-Fe 3d and O 2p-Lu 5d
      hybridizations. While the oxidation states have not changed, the spectra are
      sensitive to the changes in the local environments of the Fe(3+) and Lu(3+) sites
      in the hexagonal and orthorhombic structures. Using the crystal-field splitting
      and the hybridizations that are extracted from the measured electronic structures
      and the structural distortion information, we derived the occupancies of the spin
      minority states in Fe(3+), which are non-zero and uneven. The single ion
      anisotropy on Fe(3+) sites is found to originate from these uneven occupancies of
      the spin minority states via spin-orbit coupling in LuFeO3. 

PMID- 26982514
TI  - Keratinocytes as modulators of sensory afferent firing.

PMID- 26982513
TI  - Plumbagin Protects Mice from Lethal Sepsis by Modulating Immunometabolism
      Upstream of PKM2.
AB  - Sepsis is characterized by dysregulated systemic inflammation with release of
      early (for example, interleukin (IL)-1beta) and late (for example, HMGB1)
      proinflammatory mediators from macrophages. Plumbagin, a medicinal plant-derived
      naphthoquinone, has been reported to exhibit antiinflammatory activity, but the
      underling mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we have demonstrated that plumbagin
      inhibits the inflammatory response through interfering with the immunometabolism
      pathway in activated macrophages. Remarkably, plumbagin inhibited
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced aerobic glycolysis by downregulating the
      expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a protein kinase responsible for the
      final and rate-limiting reaction step of the glycolytic pathway. Moreover, the
      NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-mediated oxidative stress was required for LPS-induced
      PKM2 expression, because pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of NOX4 by plumbagin
      or RNA interference limited LPS-induced PKM2 expression, lactate production and
      subsequent proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta and HMGB1) release in macrophages.
      Finally, plumbagin protected mice from lethal endotoxemia and polymicrobial
      sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. These findings identify a new
      approach for inhibiting the NOX4/PKM2-dependent immunometabolism pathway in the
      treatment of sepsis and inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 26982515
TI  - Unexplained resolution of diagnosed hypogonadism.

PMID- 26982516
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26982518
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26982517
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26982519
TI  - Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Supplementary oxygen is routinely administered to low-risk pregnant
      women during an elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia; however,
      maternal and foetal outcomes have not been well established. This is an update of
      a review first published in 2013. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to
      determine whether supplementary oxygen given to low-risk term pregnant women
      undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia can prevent
      maternal and neonatal desaturation. The secondary objective was to compare the
      mean values of maternal and neonatal blood gas levels between mothers who
      received supplementary oxygen and those who did not (control group). SEARCH
      METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL;
      2014, issue 11), MEDLINE (1948 to November 2014) and EMBASE (1980 to November
      2014). The original search was first performed in February 2012. We reran the
      search in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE in February 2016. One potential new study of
      interest was added to the list of 'Studies awaiting Classification' and will be
      incorporated into the formal review findings during the next review update.
      SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of low-risk
      pregnant women undergoing an elective caesarean section under regional
      anaesthesia and compared outcomes with, and without, oxygen supplementation. DATA
      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted data,
      assessed methodological quality and performed subgroup and sensitivity analyses.
      MAIN RESULTS: We found one new included study in this updated version. In total,
      our updated review includes 11 trials (with 753 participants). The low quality of
      evidence showed no significant differences in average Apgar scores at one minute
      (N = six trials, 519 participants; 95% confidence (CI) -0.16 to 0.31, P = 0.53)
      and at five minutes (N = six trials, 519 participants; 95% CI -0.06 to 0.06, P =
      0.98). None of the 11 trials reported maternal desaturation. The very low quality
      of evidence showed that in comparison to room air, women in labour receiving
      supplementary oxygen had higher maternal oxygen saturation (N = three trials, 209
      participants), maternal PaO2 (oxygen pressure in the blood; N = six trials, 241
      participants), UaPO2 (foetal umbilical arterial blood; N = eight trials, 504
      participants; 95% CI 1.8 to 4.9, P < 0.0001) and UvPO2 (foetal umbilical venous
      blood; N = 10 trials, 683 participants). There was high heterogeneity among these
      outcomes. A subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in UaPO2 between
      the two intervention groups in low-risk studies, whereas the high-risk studies
      showed a benefit for the neonatal oxygen group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we
      found no convincing evidence that giving supplementary oxygen to healthy term
      pregnant women during elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia is
      either beneficial or harmful for either the mother or the foetus' short-term
      clinical outcome as assessed by Apgar scores. Although, there were significant
      higher maternal and neonatal blood gas values and markers of free radicals when
      extra oxygen was given, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the
      low grade quality of the evidence.

PMID- 26982520
TI  - The why's and wherefore's of this vascular biology section of Current Opinion in
      Hematology.

PMID- 26982521
TI  - Is therapeutic judgement influenced by the patient's socio-economic status? A
      factorial vignette survey.
AB  - Background In Denmark patients are entitled to rehabilitation regardless of socio
      economic status (SES). During this process therapists have to balance cost
      effectiveness with providing equal treatment. Aim To investigate whether
      occupational therapists and physiotherapists were influenced by the patient's
      SES. Material and method An experimental factorial vignette survey was used. Four
      different vignettes describing fictitious patient cases with different SES
      variables were randomly allocated to therapists working in somatic hospitals.
      Thereafter, the therapists judged specific clinical situations and general
      attitudes in relation to the patient's SES. Chi-square was used to test the
      statistical association between the variables. Results No statistically
      significant associations were found between the specific clinical situations and
      the patient's SES. A statistical significant association was found between
      general attitudes and the patient's SES. Subgroup analysis revealed a
      statistically significant association between the therapist's gender, age, and
      the therapeutic judgement in relation to SES. Conclusion In the specific clinical
      situations, Danish therapists seem to maintain their professional ethical
      principles, although they might face ethical dilemmas during their clinical
      decision-making. In order to prevent and resolve these dilemmas, they have to be
      made explicit. However, further research on how SES influences the health care
      professional's judgement is warranted. 

PMID- 26982524
TI  - Multicolor detection of every chromosome as a means of detecting mosaicism and
      nuclear organization in human embryonic nuclei.
AB  - Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) revolutionized cytogenetics using
      fluorescently labelled probes with high affinity with target (nuclear) DNA. By
      the early 1990s FISH was adopted as a means of preimplantation genetic diagnosis
      (PGD) sexing for couples at risk of transmitting X-linked disorders and later for
      detection of unbalanced translocations. Following a rise in popularity of PGD by
      FISH for sexing and the availability of multicolor probes (5-8 colors), the use
      of FISH was expanded to the detection of aneuploidy and selective implantation of
      embryos more likely to be euploid, the rationale being to increase pregnancy
      rates (referral categories were typically advanced maternal age, repeated IVF
      failure, repeated miscarriage or severe male factor infertility). Despite initial
      reports of an increase in implantation rates, reduction in trisomic offspring and
      spontaneous abortions criticism centered around experimental design (including
      lack of randomization), inadequate control groups and lack of report on live
      births. Eleven randomized control trials (RCTs) (2004-2010) showed that
      preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) with FISH did not increase delivery rates
      with some demonstrating adverse outcomes. These RCTs, parallel improvements in
      culturing and cryopreservation and a shift to blastocyst biopsy essentially
      outdated FISH as a tool for PGS and it has now been replaced by newer
      technologies (array CGH, SNP arrays, qRT-PCR and NGS). Cell-by-cell follow up
      analysis of individual blastomeres in non-transferred embryos is however usually
      prohibitively expensive by these new approaches and thus FISH remains an
      invaluable resource for the study of mosaicism and nuclear organization. We thus
      developed the approach described herein for the FISH detection of chromosome copy
      number of all 24 human chromosomes. This approach involves 4 sequential layers of
      hybridization, each with 6 spectrally distinct fluorochromes and a bespoke
      capturing system. Here we report previously published studies and hitherto
      unreported data indicating that 24 chromosome FISH is a useful tool for studying
      chromosome mosaicism, one of the most hotly debated topics currently in
      preimplantation genetics. Our results suggest that mosaic embryo aneuploidy is
      not highly significantly correlated to maternal age, probably due, in part, to
      the large preponderance of post-zygotic (mitotic) errors. Chromosome loss
      (anaphase lag) appears to be the most common mechanism, followed by chromosome
      gain (endoreduplication), however 3:1 mitotic non-disjunction of chromosomes
      appears to be rare. Nuclear organization (i.e. the spatial and temporal topology
      of chromosomes or sub-chromosomal compartments) studies indicate that human
      morula or blastocyst embryos (days 4-5) appear to adopt a "chromocentric" pattern
      (i.e. almost all centromeric signals reside in the innermost regions of the
      nuclear volume). By the blastocyst stage however, a more ordered organization
      with spatial and temporal cues important for embryo development appears. We have
      however found no association between aneuploidy and nuclear organization using
      this approach despite our earlier studies. In conclusion, while FISH is mostly
      "dead and buried" for mainstream PGS, it still has a place for basic biology
      studies; the development of a 24 chromosome protocol extends the power of this
      analysis. 

PMID- 26982522
TI  - Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Peptide-Organic Coassemblies on Amyloid
      Aggregation.
AB  - Inhibition of amyloid aggregation is important for developing potential
      therapeutic strategies of amyloid-related diseases. Herein, we report that the
      inhibition effect of a pristine peptide motif (KLVFF) can be significantly
      improved by introducing a terminal regulatory moiety (terpyridine). The molecular
      level observations by using scanning tunneling microscopy reveal stoichiometry
      dependent polymorphism of the coassembly structures, which originates from the
      terminal interactions of peptide with organic modulator moieties and can be
      attributed to the secondary structures of peptides and conformations of the
      organic molecules. Furthermore, the polymorphism of the peptide-organic
      coassemblies is shown to be correlated to distinctively different inhibition
      effects on amyloid-beta 42 (Abeta42) aggregations and cytotoxicity.

PMID- 26982523
TI  - Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[1,5-a]quinoline as Highly
      Potent Ligands of Central Benzodiazepine Receptors.
AB  - A series of imidazo[1,5-a]quinoline derivatives was designed and synthesized as
      central benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) ligands. Most of the compounds showed high
      CBR affinity with Ki values within the submicromolar and subnanomolar ranges with
      interesting modulations in their structure-affinity relationships. In particular,
      fluoroderivative 7w (Ki = 0.44 nM) resulted in the most potent ligand among the
      imidazo[1,5-a]quinoline derivatives described so far. Overall, these observations
      confirmed the assumption concerning the presence of a large though apparently
      saturable lipophilic pocket in the CBR binding site region interacting with
      positions 4 and 5 of the imidazo[1,5-a]quinoline nucleus. The in vivo biological
      characterization revealed that compounds 7a,c,d,l,m,q,r,w show anxiolytic and
      antiamnestic activities without the unpleasant myorelaxant side effects of the
      classical 1,4-BDZ. Furthermore, the effect of 7l,q,r, and 8i in lowering lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) release induced by ischemia-like conditions in rat brain
      slices suggested neuroprotective properties for these imidazo[1,5-a]quinoline
      derivatives. 

PMID- 26982525
TI  - Telehealth for patients with Parkinson's disease: delivering efficient and
      sustainable long-term care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We set out to demonstrate the benefits of providing long-term care
      via telehealth for patients with Parkinson's disease living in continuous care
      facilities. METHODS: A cohort of 16 patients with Parkinson's disease residing at
      one of 2 locations of a multi-facility continuous care retirement organization
      were seen virtually in follow-up over a 3-year period by Telehealth Services at a
      large, academic, tertiary care hospital in southeastern Pennsylvania. The data
      collected during that period, studied retrospectively, included demographic
      information, number of telehealth visits, and UPDRS scores obtained at each
      visit. Satisfaction and potential cost savings were also reviewed. RESULTS: UPDRS
      scores declined over the period of observation, from a range of 18-60 at study
      start to 28-72 at study end. Actual cost savings are difficult to define;
      however, the cost per telehealth visit at $117.30 was often lower than the
      facility's average cost for transporting patients to a visit in the neurologist's
      office. Patients, families, subspecialists, and the nursing staff expressed
      uniformly high satisfaction with telehealth. CONCLUSION: This model for providing
      care proved to be sustainable and efficient, and promoted collaboration among the
      providers at the long-term care facility and those at the remote site. These
      benefits may be applicable to patients with degenerative disorders in similar
      settings.

PMID- 26982526
TI  - Elevated Toxoplasma gondii Infection Rates for Retinas from Eye Banks, Southern
      Brazil.
AB  - We found significantly higher incidence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in eye bank
      specimens from Joinville in southern Brazil (13/15, 87%) than in Sao Paulo (3/42,
      7%; p = 2.1 * 10E-8). PCR DNA sequence analysis was more sensitive at locus NTS2
      than at locus B1; a high frequency of mixed co-infections was detected. 

PMID- 26982527
TI  - The color lexicon of the Somali language.
AB  - This empirical study had three goals: (a) to describe Somali color naming and its
      motifs, (b) to relate color naming by Somali informants to their color vision,
      and (c) to search for historical and demographic clues about the diversity of
      Somali color naming. Somali-speaking informants from Columbus, Ohio provided
      monolexemic color terms for 83 or 145 World Color Survey (WCS) color samples.
      Proximity analysis reduced the 103 color terms to the eight chromatic color
      meanings from the WCS plus black, white, and gray. Informants' data sets were
      grouped by spectral clustering analysis into four WCS color naming motifs named
      after the terms for the cool colors: (a) Green-Blue, (b) Grue (a single term
      meaning "green or blue"), (c) Gray, and (d) Dark. The results show that, first,
      the Somali language has about four motifs among its speakers. Second,
      individuals' color vision test results and their motifs were not correlated,
      suggesting that multiple motifs do not arise from individual variation in color
      vision. Last, the Somali color lexicon has changed over the past century. New
      color terms often came from the names of familiar colored objects, and
      informants' motifs were closely related to their ages and genders, suggesting
      that the diversity of color naming across speakers of Somali probably results
      from ongoing language change. 

PMID- 26982528
TI  - Geometric figure-ground cues override standard depth from accretion-deletion.
AB  - Accretion-deletion is widely considered a decisive cue to surface depth ordering,
      with the accreting or deleting surface interpreted as behind an adjoining
      surface. However, Froyen, Feldman, and Singh (2013) have shown that when
      accretion-deletion occurs on both sides of a contour, accreting-deleting regions
      can also be perceived as in front and as self-occluding due to rotation in three
      dimensions. In this study we ask whether geometric figure-ground cues can
      override the traditional "depth from accretion-deletion" interpretation even when
      accretion-deletion takes place only on one side of a contour. We used two tasks:
      a relative-depth task (front/back), and a motion-classification task
      (translation/rotation). We conducted two experiments, in which texture in only
      one set of alternating regions was moving; the other set was static. Contrary to
      the traditional interpretation of accretion-deletion, the moving convex and
      symmetric regions were perceived as figural and rotating in three dimensions in
      roughly half of the trials. In the second experiment, giving different motion
      directions to the moving regions (thereby weakening motion-based grouping)
      further weakened the traditional accretion-deletion interpretation. Our results
      show that the standard "depth from accretion-deletion" interpretation is
      overridden by static geometric cues to figure-ground. Overall, the results
      demonstrate a rich interaction between accretion-deletion, figure-ground, and
      structure from motion that is not captured by existing models of depth from
      motion. 

PMID- 26982529
TI  - Characterization of Intersubunit Communication in the Virginiamycin trans-Acyl
      Transferase Polyketide Synthase.
AB  - Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) direct the biosynthesis of clinically
      valuable secondary metabolites in bacteria. The fidelity of chain growth depends
      on specific recognition between successive subunits in each assembly line:
      interactions mediated by C- and N-terminal "docking domains" (DDs). We have
      identified a new family of DDs in trans-acyl transferase PKSs, exemplified by a
      matched pair from the virginiamycin (Vir) system. In the absence of C-terminal
      partner (VirA (C)DD) or a downstream catalytic domain, the N-terminal DD (VirFG
      (N)DD) exhibits multiple characteristics of an intrinsically disordered protein.
      Fusion of the two docking domains results in a stable fold for VirFG (N)DD and an
      overall protein-protein complex of unique topology whose structure we support by
      site-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, using small-angle X-ray scattering
      (SAXS), the positions of the flanking acyl carrier protein and ketosynthase
      domains have been identified, allowing modeling of the complete intersubunit
      interface. 

PMID- 26982530
TI  - Effect of aliskiren and carvedilol on expression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase II delta-subunit isoforms in cardiac hypertrophy rat model.
AB  - CONTEXT: The critical role of CaMKIIdelta isoforms in cardiac hypertrophy is well
      documented. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to investigate the possible
      inhibitory effects of aliskiren (ALS) and/or carvedilol (CAV) on CaMKIIdelta
      isoforms expression in experimental cardiac hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Male Wistar albino rats were subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol (ISO) (5
      mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertrophied rats were
      daily treated with either ALS (10 mg/kg) and/or CAV (10 mg/kg). At the end of the
      treatment, rats were killed; blood and hearts were collected for assessing
      different biochemical parameters. RESULTS: ISO treatment significantly increased
      heart weight to body weight (HW/BW) ratio, serum creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and
      troponin T (Tn-T) levels, and plasma renin activity (PRA) as compared to control
      rats. Additionally, ISO treatment produced a significant increase in the
      expression of myocardial CaMKIIdelta2 and CaMKIIdelta3 that were associated with
      significant elevation in myocardial caspase-3 protein expression.
      Histopathological examination of rats exposed to ISO treatment showed severe
      myocardial cell degeneration. ALS and/or CAV treatment significantly reduced the
      altered HW/BW ratio, serum CK-MB and Tn-T levels, PRA, and caspase-3 protein
      expression in hypertrophied rats, with maximal improvement in the combination
      group. These biochemical findings were supported by the histopathological
      examination of the heart tissue. Additionally, treatment with ALS and CAV
      significantly inhibited ISO-induced increase in CaMKIIdelta2 and CaMKIIdelta3
      expression levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that
      ALS and CAV treatment ameliorated ISO-induced hypertrophy via inhibiting the
      expression and the activity of CaMKIIdelta isoforms and the associated myocardial
      apoptosis.

PMID- 26982531
TI  - Mechanistic insights into transient severe mitral regurgitation.
AB  - Acute mitral regurgitation (AMR), a known complication of acute coronary
      syndromes, is usually associated with posterior papillary muscle
      dysfunction/rupture. In severe cases, management of AMR requires surgical
      intervention. Reversible severe AMR in patients in the absence of left
      ventricular systolic dysfunction and coronary artery stenosis may result from
      processes which cause transient subendocardial ischemia, such as intermittent
      episodes of hypotension or coronary artery vasospasm. We present two cases of
      reversible transient AMR due to subendocardial and/or endocardial ischemia, both
      of which offer insight into the mechanism of transient severe AMR. 

PMID- 26982532
TI  - Revisiting Street Intersections Using Slot-Based Systems.
AB  - Since their appearance at the end of the 19th century, traffic lights have been
      the primary mode of granting access to road intersections. Today, this centuries
      old technology is challenged by advances in intelligent transportation, which are
      opening the way to new solutions built upon slot-based systems similar to those
      commonly used in aerial traffic: what we call Slot-based Intersections (SIs).
      Despite simulation-based evidence of the potential benefits of SIs, a
      comprehensive, analytical framework to compare their relative performance with
      traffic lights is still lacking. Here, we develop such a framework. We approach
      the problem in a novel way, by generalizing classical queuing theory. Having
      defined safety conditions, we characterize capacity and delay of SIs. In the 2
      road crossing configuration, we provide a capacity-optimal SI management system.
      For arbitrary intersection configurations, near-optimal solutions are developed.
      Results theoretically show that transitioning from a traffic light system to SI
      has the potential of doubling capacity and significantly reducing delays. This
      suggests a reduction of non-linear dynamics induced by intersection bottlenecks,
      with positive impact on the road network. Such findings can provide
      transportation engineers and planners with crucial insights as they prepare to
      manage the transition towards a more intelligent transportation infrastructure in
      cities. 

PMID- 26982533
TI  - The effect of dimple error on the horizontal launch angle and side spin of the
      golf ball during putting.
AB  - This study aimed to examine the effect of the impact point on the golf ball on
      the horizontal launch angle and side spin during putting with a mechanical
      putting arm and human participants. Putts of 3.2 m were completed with a
      mechanical putting arm (four putter-ball combinations, total of 160 trials) and
      human participants (two putter-ball combinations, total of 337 trials). The
      centre of the dimple pattern (centroid) was located and the following variables
      were measured: distance and angle of the impact point from the centroid and
      surface area of the impact zone. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to
      identify whether impact variables had significant associations with ball roll
      variables, horizontal launch angle and side spin. Significant associations were
      identified between impact variables and horizontal launch angle with the
      mechanical putting arm but this was not replicated with human participants. The
      variability caused by "dimple error" was minimal with the mechanical putting arm
      and not evident with human participants. Differences between the mechanical
      putting arm and human participants may be due to the way impulse is imparted on
      the ball. Therefore it is concluded that variability of impact point on the golf
      ball has a minimal effect on putting performance.

PMID- 26982534
TI  - Chemico-biological interaction of Etravirine and its beta-Cyclodextrin complex
      with macromolecular targets.
AB  - The interaction of etravirine with beta-cyclodextrin is analyzed by UV-visible
      absorption, infrared, fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance, two-dimensional
      rotational frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, and molecular modeling
      studies. The 4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethylbenzonitrile moiety is found to take part in
      the binding. The stoichiometry of the inclusion complex of ET with beta-CD is 1:1
      with the binding constant of 2.03 * 103 mol-1 dm3. The binding of ET with calf
      thymus DNA (ctDNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein is investigated in the
      presence and the absence of beta-CD. Fluorescence enhancement is observed during
      the binding of ET with ctDNA in the absence of beta-CD, whereas in the presence
      of beta-CD, fluorescence quenching is observed. The binding constants of the
      binding of ET and ET-beta-CD to ctDNA are 7.84 * 104 and 4.38 * 104 mol-1 dm3,
      respectively. The binding constant of the binding of ET and ET-beta-CD to BSA are
      3.14 * 104 and 1.6396 * 104 mol-1 dm3, respectively. The apparent binding
      constants between ET-beta-CD complex and ctDNA or BSA protein decreases
      significantly. The numbers of binding sites of interaction of ET with BSA protein
      and the binding distance between BSA protein and ET the absence and the presence
      of beta-CD differ. beta-CD modulates the binding of ET with the macromolecular
      targets.

PMID- 26982535
TI  - An unusual case of Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) associated with visceroatrial
      heterotaxy and facial anomalies.

PMID- 26982536
TI  - Group-based delivery of interventions in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: a
      scoping review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Whilst there are potential advantages of group-based interventions in
      rehabilitation, facilitation of groups for patients following traumatic brain
      injury (TBI) has challenges due to the complexity of impairments experienced.
      This paper aims to review the literature concerning therapy groups within TBI
      rehabilitation. METHOD: A scoping review with systematic searching of relevant
      databases and review of reference lists of included studies was conducted. Key
      search terms included brain injury, group and rehabilitation OR therapy OR
      intervention. Studies were included if at least some participants had a TBI
      diagnosis and they investigated rehabilitation interventions conducted in a group
      setting. Articles were collated, summarised and key findings are presented.
      RESULTS: The total number of included articles was 99. The results indicated
      group interventions are widely practised in TBI rehabilitation. Existing research
      consists mostly of pre-post intervention studies addressing cognitive impairments
      with outpatient participants. Most studies have identified significant positive
      changes on some targeted outcome measures suggesting group interventions are
      effective. CONCLUSIONS: Studies of the effectiveness of interventions targeting
      'real-world' activities and participation-based goals are under-represented in
      the TBI rehabilitation literature. Further research investigating the
      effectiveness of group processes and the perceptions of patients and clinicians
      is warranted to guide clinical practice. Implications for Rehabilitation Group
      based interventions are common in TBI rehabilitation, usually targeting cognitive
      skills and impairments. The majority of studies demonstrated positive changes pre
      post group interventions on some outcome measures. Few studies directly compare
      the outcome of an intervention delivered in a group setting to the same
      intervention delivered in an individual setting. Patients perceive group
      interventions to be beneficial for sharing experiences and reducing isolation,
      receiving help and feedback and, assisting with adjustment and adaptation to life
      after TBI, however, this research is limited. Greater emphasis on group-delivered
      interventions that target 'real world' activities, or participation may be
      beneficial with this population. Further research regarding consumer experiences
      and processes that facilitate effective group interventions in TBI rehabilitation
      is recommended.

PMID- 26982537
TI  - Report into clostridium difficile deaths at Vale of Leven reveals poor care and
      lack of leadership.
AB  - An inquiry into the deaths of patients from clostridium difficile at the Vale of
      Leven Hospital in Scotland has criticised nurses for providing substandard care.

PMID- 26982538
TI  - 1 per cent pay rise would be cheaper than paying midwives for their overtime.
AB  - If midwives claimed for every hour of overtime they worked in a year it would
      cost the government significantly more than if they awarded them the recommended
      1 per cent pay rise, the Royal College of Midwives (RCM) has said.

PMID- 26982539
TI  - News digest November 25 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982541
TI  - Don't demonise overweight nurses, says obesity expert.
AB  - Nurses can be healthy role models for their patients, but it would be wrong to
      'demonise' those who are overweight, an obesity expert has said.

PMID- 26982540
TI  - Nurses and midwives stage second pay strike.
AB  - Thousands of nurses and midwives in England are on strike today (November 24) for
      the second time in six weeks.

PMID- 26982542
TI  - News digest November 24 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982543
TI  - Nurses in Wales to receive 1 per cent pay rise in 2015.
AB  - Nurses in Wales will get a 1 per cent pay rise next year after health unions
      agreed a new pay deal with the Welsh Government and NHS Wales.

PMID- 26982545
TI  - News digest November 20 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982544
TI  - News digest November 21 2014.
AB  - A round-up of nursing and health stories from today's papers.

PMID- 26982546
TI  - Influence of Age, Gender, and Living Circumstances on Patterns of Attention
      Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Use in Children and Adolescents With or
      Without Intellectual Disabilities.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine whether there are
      differences in psychopharmacological practice for attention-deficit/hyperactivity
      disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents dependent on the presence or absence
      of associated intellectual disability; and if there are, whether the differences
      are influenced by factors such as age, gender, and living circumstances.
      METHODOLOGY: A case-control cross-sectional design was used. Each arm of the
      study had a total of 107 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years. Case
      participants had diagnoses of having intellectual disability and ADHD; comparison
      participants had diagnoses of having ADHD, but no intellectual disability.
      Outcome measurements were (1) concurrent use of medications-single medication
      event as against concurrent multiple medication events-and (2) type of medication
      used-stimulants versus nonstimulants. Demographic factors considered were gender,
      age, and living circumstances. RESULTS: Male-to-female ratio in each group was
      90:17. Mean age in the case group was 10.93 years (standard deviation [SD]: 3.39
      years) and in the comparison group, 12.34 years (SD: 3.22 years). Seventy percent
      of the case group lived with their biological families, while 84% of the
      comparison group did so. In the case group, 7.5% were in residential school
      placements compared with only 0.9% of the comparison group. There were no
      statistically significant differences in broad measurements of outcomes between
      the case and comparison groups. Age appeared to be an important moderating factor
      for type of medication prescribed. Younger children with intellectual
      disabilities and ADHD were more likely to be established on nonstimulant
      medications than those with ADHD and no intellectual disabilities (p = 0.024,
      odds ratio: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Being between the ages of 5 and
      12 years and having intellectual disability and ADHD are associated with raised
      likelihood of being prescribed nonstimulant medications for ADHD. This difference
      is maintained irrespective of gender and living circumstances. Reasons for these
      differences in prescribing practice require further exploration.

PMID- 26982547
TI  - Serological Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in Pigs and Wild Boars
      from Different Production Systems in the Moravian Region, Czech Republic.
AB  - Human yersiniosis caused by pathogenic Yersinia spp. is one of the most common
      reported zoonoses in the European Union and pigs are considered as the major
      reservoir of these bacteria. Serological testing represents a suitable method to
      obtain information about the prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in food
      animals. The prevalence of antibodies against enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. was
      studied in 319 slaughtered pigs and 135 wild boars from different production
      systems in the Moravian region (Czech Republic) using a commercially available
      ELISA test (an apparent prevalence). The seroprevalence was significantly
      associated with the type of breeding system, with the lowest seroprevalence being
      observed in household-raised pigs (13/29, 44.8%). No significant difference
      between the prevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in conventional (146/180,
      81.1%) and organic pigs (92/110, 83.6%) was found. Antibodies were found in 65.9%
      (89/135) of wild boars without a significant difference between adult (23/41,
      56.1%) and young (66/94, 70.2%) animals. Seropositivity was significantly higher
      in domestic (251/319, 78.7% in total) compared to feral pigs. A Bayesian approach
      taking into account the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test was used to
      estimate the true prevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in pigs and wild boars.
      According to our results, domestic pigs and wild boars proved to be an important
      reservoir of enteropathogenic Yersinia in the Czech Republic. Attention should be
      paid to good hygienic practice during slaughtering and handling of meat to
      prevent meat contamination and subsequently human infection.

PMID- 26982548
TI  - Telehealth Measures Screening for Developmental Language Disorders in Spanish
      Speaking Toddlers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This is the second of two studies that described the use of
      telehealth language screening measures for use with young Spanish-speaking
      children. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to describe the
      classification accuracy of individual telehealth language screening measures as
      well as the accuracy of combinations of measures used with Spanish-speaking
      toddler-age children from rural and underserved areas of the country. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This study applied an asynchronous hybrid telehealth approach that
      implemented parent-structured play activities with a standard set of stimuli, and
      interaction with a My First Words e-book. These interactions were recorded with a
      mini camcorder. In addition, a traditional pen and paper parent questionnaire
      measure was collected. Sixty-two mostly Spanish-speaking preschool-age children
      and their parents participated. Twenty-two children had developmental language
      disorders (DLDs) and 40 had typical language development. RESULTS: Although
      several of the individual measures were significantly and strongly associated
      with standardized language scores, only reported vocabulary had classification
      accuracy values that were desirable for screening for DLDs. An improvement was
      observed when reported vocabulary was combined with a number of different words
      children produced during interactions with parents. CONCLUSIONS: This research
      provides additional evidence showing the effectiveness of a hybrid telehealth
      model in screening the language development of Spanish-speaking children. More
      specifically, reported vocabulary combined with number of different words
      produced by a child can provide informative and accurate diagnostic information
      when screening Spanish-speaking toddler-age children for DLDs. These findings
      replicate the first study in showing that hybrid telehealth approaches that
      combine the use of video technology and traditional pen and paper surveys yield
      strong results, and may be a viable screening alternative when face-to-face
      access to a bilingual provider is not possible.

PMID- 26982549
TI  - The Value of Mouse Models for Glaucoma Drug Discovery.

PMID- 26982550
TI  - Differences in false recollection according to the cognitive reserve of healthy
      older people.
AB  - We present an associative recognition experiment comparing three samples of
      healthy people (young people, older people with high cognitive reserve [HCR], and
      older people with low cognitive reserve [LCR], with each sample consisting of 40
      people), manipulating stimuli repetition during the study phase. The results show
      significant differences among the three samples in their overall performance.
      However, these differences are not due to a different use of familiarity, but
      rather due to a different way of using recollection: although there are no
      differences in the hit rates between the HRC and LRC samples, the LCR group makes
      significantly more recollective false alarms than the HCR group. Moreover,
      repetition provokes an increase in the recollective false alarms in the LCR
      group, but this does not occur in the group of young people or in the HCR group.
      These findings are explained in terms of recollection-based monitoring errors and
      seem to provide support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis.

PMID- 26982551
TI  - An Alternative Strategy to Solve the Problem of the Discontinuity of
      Breastfeeding Care.

PMID- 26982552
TI  - Targeting Tumor Cells by Natural Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies Using Rhamnose
      Functionalized Liposomes.
AB  - Recruitment of antibodies in human immune systems for targeted destruction of
      tumor cells has emerged as an exciting area of research due to its low occurrence
      of side effects, high efficacy, and high specificity. The presence of large
      amounts of anticarbohydrate natural antibodies in human sera has prompted
      research efforts to utilize carbohydrate epitopes for immune recruitment. Here,
      we have developed a general strategy for specific targeted destruction of tumor
      cells based on rhamnose-functionalized liposomes. Tumor cells artificially
      decorated with rhamnose epitopes were subjected to complement-mediated
      cytotoxicity in vitro and showed delayed tumor growth in vivo. This study
      highlights the therapeutic potential for activation of endogenous immune response
      through cell-surface glycan engineering.

PMID- 26982554
TI  - Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and genital and urinary tract
      infections in type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Coincident with the high and increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes
      (T2D), a growing armamentarium of antidiabetes medications has been introduced to
      target different organ systems that play a role in the pathophysiology of T2D.
      Among these, the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were
      introduced in the United States in 2013 as a new treatment option to address the
      hyperglycemia associated with T2D. SGLT-2 inhibitors decrease renal glucose
      reabsorption, resulting in glucosuria, alleviation of hyperglycemia, and modest
      weight loss and are associated with a low risk of hypoglycemia. The SGLT-2
      inhibitors have been linked to an increased incidence of genital mycotic
      infections and, to a lesser extent, urinary tract infections, which may limit
      their utility in some patients. This review examines the prevalence, recurrence
      rates, treatment options, and responses to treatment of genital and urinary tract
      infections in patients with T2D receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors, with the aim of
      guiding clinicians in the most effective use of these agents for the treatment of
      hyperglycemia. 

PMID- 26982556
TI  - Correlation study and histopathological description of intestinal alterations in
      dogs infected with Leishmania infantum.
AB  - The aim of this work was a correlation study and histopathological description of
      alterations associated with the presence of Leishmania infantumamastigote in the
      intestinal wall of dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Three
      groups were used: G1 (n = 8), comprising naturally infected dogs with CVL with
      amastigotes of L. infantum in the small and large intestines; G2 (n = 9),
      infected dogs with CVL, without intestinal amastigotes; and G3 (n = 3),
      uninfected dogs. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods were used for
      histopathology and amastigotes identification. 47.1% (8/17) of dogs from G1 group
      had amastigotes in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle layers of the small and large
      intestines and it was observed a prominent inflammatory reaction characterized by
      chronic infiltration of mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma
      cells. Comparison between the groups showed only a significant difference in
      relation to mucosal microscopic structural alterations in dogs from G1 in
      relation to G2 and G3. Parasite burden showed significant correlations with the
      microscopic alterations and clinical status of dogs in G1. By the conclusion, the
      inflammatory reactions caused by the parasites in the intestines might have
      contributed towards alterations in digestive processes, worsening the dogs'
      clinical status of CVL. 

PMID- 26982555
TI  - Risk factors associated with seropositivity for Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma
      cruzi in dogs in the state of Paraiba, Brazil.
AB  - The aim of this survey was to determine the seropositivity and risk factors for
      Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs in the State of Paraiba,
      Northeastern Brazil. A total of 1,043 dogs were tested, and the serological
      diagnoses of Chagas disease (CD) and canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was
      performed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Animals that tested
      seropositive for both diseases (by IFAT) were further subjected to ELISA. Of the
      1,043 dogs 81 (7.8%; 95% CI = 6.1-9.4%) tested seropositive for Leishmania spp.,
      while 83 were seropositive for T. cruzi (7.9%; 95% CI = 6.3-9.6%). Simultaneous
      serological reactions were detected in 49 animals (4.6%; 95% CI= 3.6-6.2%). Semi
      domiciled housing (OR = 2.044), free housing (OR = 4.151), and soil (OR = 3.425)
      and soil/cement (OR = 3.065) environmental conditions were identified as risk
      factors for CVL seropositivity. The risk factors identified for CD seropositivity
      were semi-domiciled (OR = 2.353) or free housing (OR = 3.454), and contact with
      bovine (OR = 2.015). This study revealed the presence of dogs in the Paraiba
      State seropositive for CVL and CD, suggesting the need for revisiting and
      intensification of disease control measures through constant monitoring of the
      canine population.

PMID- 26982553
TI  - Development of new fusion proteins for visualizing amyloid-beta oligomers in
      vivo.
AB  - The intracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) oligomers critically
      contributes to disease progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can be the
      potential target of AD therapy. Direct observation of molecular dynamics of Abeta
      oligomers in vivo is key for drug discovery research, however, it has been
      challenging because Abeta aggregation inhibits the fluorescence from fusion
      proteins. Here, we developed Abeta1-42-GFP fusion proteins that are oligomerized
      and visualize their dynamics inside cells even when aggregated. We examined the
      aggregation states of Abeta-GFP fusion proteins using several methods and
      confirmed that they did not assemble into fibrils, but instead formed oligomers
      in vitro and in live cells. By arranging the length of the liker between Abeta
      and GFP, we generated two fusion proteins with "a long-linker" and "a short
      linker", and revealed that the aggregation property of fusion proteins can be
      evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensities using rat primary culture neurons
      transfected with Abeta-GFP plasmids and Abeta-GFP transgenic C. elegans. We found
      that Abeta-GFP fusion proteins induced cell death in COS7 cells. These results
      suggested that novel Abeta-GFP fusion proteins could be utilized for studying the
      physiological functions of Abeta oligomers in living cells and animals, and for
      drug screening by analyzing Abeta toxicity. 

PMID- 26982557
TI  - Prevalence of antibodies against Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis neurona in donkeys
      from northeastern Brazil.
AB  - Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi are coccidian protozoa that can cause
      neurological illness in horses in America. In this study we report seroprevalence
      of Neospora spp. andS. neurona in sera of 333 donkeys from the northeastern
      region of Brazil. Antibodies to Neospora spp. were detected in 2% (7 donkeys) of
      333 sera tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with a cut-off
      dilution of 1:40. Antibodies to S. neurona were found in 3% (10 donkeys) of the
      samples tested by IFAT (cut-off >=50) and 21% (69 donkeys) by the direct
      agglutination test (SAT >=50). The SAT and IFAT results for S. neurona showed a
      poor concordance (value of Kappa=0.051). This is the first report of Neospora
      spp. antibodies in Brazilian donkeys and the first detection of antibodies
      against S. neurona in this animal species.

PMID- 26982558
TI  - New records of mites (Acari: Spinturnicidae) associated with bats (Mammalia,
      Chiroptera) in two Brazilian biomes: Pantanal and Caatinga.
AB  - A first survey of mite species that ectoparasitize bats in the states of Ceara
      and Mato Grosso was conducted. The specimens of bats and their mites were
      collected in areas of the Caatinga and Pantanal biomes. A total of 450
      spinturnicids representing two genera and ten species was collected from 15 bat
      species in the Private Reserve of the Natural Patrimony Serra das Almas, Ceara
      State, Northeast Brazil and 138 spinturnicids represented by two genera and four
      species were found in seven bats species collected in Private Reserve of the
      Natural Patrimony Sesc Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Central-Western Brazil. The
      occurrence of Cameronieta genus and the species Mesoperiglischrus natali as well
      as four new associations (Periglischrus iheringi - Chiroderma vizottoi; P.
      micronycteridis - Micronycteris sanborni; P. paracutisternus - Trachops
      cirrhosus; Spinturnix americanus - Myotis riparius) are registered for the first
      time in Brazil.

PMID- 26982560
TI  - Overview of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of small
      ruminants in Brazil.
AB  - Frequent and inappropriate use of all classes of antiparasitic drugs in small
      ruminants has led to failures in their effectiveness, culminating in a global
      problem of anthelmintic resistance. Brazil stands out as one of the world's
      leaders in publications about anthelmintic resistance, and for having the most
      numerous reports of this resistance in small ruminants in the Americas. These
      studies have involved mainly the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and its
      correlation with field management practices. In vivoeffectiveness testing is
      conducted in areas where livestock is of greater economic significance, e.g., in
      the South (sheep) and Northeast (goats), or is important for research and
      economic centers, such as the Southeast (sheep). The most widely studied species
      is sheep, for which the widest range of drugs is also evaluated. Despite
      significant advances achieved in molecular research, laboratory analyses should
      include knowledge about the reality in the field so that they can become feasible
      for the producer. Moreover, molecular studies can be underpinned by the analysis
      of field studies, such as the maintenance of antiparasitic effectiveness over
      time and the mechanisms involved in this process. 

PMID- 26982561
TI  - First record of Paratanaisia bragai (Digenea: Eucotylidae) in blue and gold macaw
      (Ara ararauna).
AB  - The aim of this study was to provide the first report on a new host for the
      digenean Paratanaisia bragai in the caninde macaw Ara ararauna along with the
      pathological aspects of the infection in the new host. The microscopic findings
      revealed the presence of granulomatous interstitial nephritis. This study
      contributes towards knowledge of parasitism by P. bragai in A. ararauna, and
      emphasizes the need to use best practices in wildlife conservation parks. 

PMID- 26982562
TI  - Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras
      (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Itu Municipality, Sao Paulo.
AB  - Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are the largest rodents found in South
      America. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anti
      Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in 170 free-living
      capybaras in a residential park area in Itu Municipality, Sao Paulo State,
      Brazil. Serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)
      for T. gondii (IFAT >= 1:16) and N. caninum (IFAT >= 1:50). Among the 170 samples
      analyzed, 10% (17/170) and 0% (0/170) were seropositive for T. gondii and N.
      caninum, respectively. This study confirms the widespread presence of T. gondii
      and reinforces the role of capybaras in the life cycle of this parasite.
      Capybaras may not be important as intermediate hosts of N. caninum in the studied
      environment. 

PMID- 26982563
TI  - Alterations in the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
      ticks in response to exposure to the insect growth regulator fluazuron.
AB  - Aiming to characterize the potential off-target effects of fluazuron on ticks,
      biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate changes in the carbohydrate
      metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks after exposure to
      fluazuron. Hemolymph and fat body were collected from female ticks before and
      after (4, 8 and 15 days) exposure to fluazuron. Spectrophotometric analyses were
      done to quantify glucose concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity
      in the hemolymph and the concentration of glycogen in the tick's fat body. High
      Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed to determine the
      concentration of carboxylic acids in the hemolymph and to evaluate changes in
      intermediary metabolic processes requiring oxygen consumption. Increases in the
      levels of LDH activity and lactic acid concentration indicated that fluazuron
      enhanced fermentative metabolism in ticks. Exposure to fluazuron was also found
      to increase glucose concentrations in the hemolymph over time, although no
      significant differences were noted daily. In addition to expanding the body of
      knowledge about the mode of action of fluazuron, investigations into these
      mechanisms may also be useful in discovering new and as yet unexplored secondary
      effects. 

PMID- 26982564
TI  - Early Liver Failure after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in
      Patients with Cirrhosis with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score of 12 or
      Less: Incidence, Outcome, and Prognostic Factors.
AB  - Purpose To evaluate the incidence, outcomes, and prognostic factors of early
      liver failure (ELF) after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
      creation in patients with cirrhosis with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)
      score of 12 or less. Materials and Methods Institutional review board approved
      this retrospective study, with waiver of written informed consent. Two-hundred
      sixteen consecutive patients with cirrhosis (140 men, 76 women; mean age, 55.9
      years; virus-related cirrhosis, 67.6% [146 of 216 patients]) with baseline MELD
      score of 12 or less who underwent TIPS placement between September 1999 and July
      2012 were followed until last clinical evaluation, liver transplantation, or
      death. The Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve, and univariate and multivariate analyses were used, as
      appropriate. Results Twenty of 216 patients (9.2%) developed ELF within 3 months
      of TIPS (10 patients died, one required liver transplantation, and nine increased
      the MELD score to >18). ELF was associated with lower survival, 37% versus 95% at
      6 months, and 24% versus 86% at 12 months (P < .001) compared with patients
      without ELF. ELF occurred in 16 of 95 (16.8%) patients with refractory ascites
      and in four of 121 (3.3%) patients with other indications for TIPS. Multivariate
      analysis confirmed MELD scores of 11 or 12 (odds ratio, 3.96 [95% confidence
      interval: 1.07, 14.67]; P = .040), decreased hemoglobin level (odds ratio, 0.68
      [95% confidence interval: 0.49, 0.95]; P = .022), and decreased platelet count
      (odds ratio, 0.99 [95% confidence interval: 0.99, 0.99]; P = .024) as predictors
      for ELF in patients with refractory ascites. Conclusion ELF is not uncommon in
      cirrhotic patients with a MELD score of 12 or less who undergo TIPS placement for
      refractory ascites (especially in patients with MELD of 11 or 12) and decreased
      hemoglobin level and platelet count. ((c)) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 26982565
TI  - Current-Induced Spin Polarization in Topological Insulator-Graphene
      Heterostructures.
AB  - Further development of the field of all-electric spintronics requires the
      successful integration of spin transport channels with spin injector/generator
      elements. While with the advent of graphene and related 2D materials high
      performance spin channel materials are available, the use of nanostructured spin
      generators remains a major challenge. Especially promising for the latter purpose
      are 3D topological insulators, whose 2D surface states host massless Dirac
      Fermions with spin-momentum locking. Here, we demonstrate injection of spin
      polarized current from a topological insulator into graphene, enabled by its
      intimate coupling to an ultrathin Bi2Te2Se nanoplatelet within a van der Waals
      epitaxial heterostructure. The spin switching signal, whose magnitude scales
      inversely with temperature, is detectable up to ~15 K. Our findings establish
      topological insulators as prospective future components of spintronic devices
      wherein spin manipulation is achieved by purely electrical means. 

PMID- 26982566
TI  - Chronic Infection of Domestic Cats with Feline Morbillivirus, United States.

PMID- 26982567
TI  - Changes in Gait Balance and Brain Connectivity in Response to Equine-Assisted
      Activity and Training in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Equine-assisted activity and training (EAAT) is thought to improve
      body balance and clinical symptoms in children with attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study hypostheses were that EAAT would improve
      the clinical symptoms and gait balance in children with ADHD and that these
      improvements would be associated with increased brain connectivity within the
      balance circuit. METHODS: A total of 12 children with ADHD and 12 age- and sex
      matched healthy control children were recruited. EAAT consisted of three training
      sessions, each 70 minutes long, once a week for 4 weeks. Brain functional
      connectivity was assessed by using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
      RESULTS: After 4 weeks of EAAT, children with ADHD showed improved scores on the
      Korean ADHD scale (K-ARS), while the K-ARS scores of healthy children did not
      change. During the 4 weeks, the plantar pressure difference between the left foot
      and right foot decreased in both the healthy control group and the ADHD group.
      After 4 weeks of EAAT, healthy controls showed increased brain connectivity from
      the cerebellum to the left occipital lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus, right and
      left thalami, right caudate, right precentral gyrus, and right superior frontal
      gyrus. However, children with ADHD showed increased brain connectivity from the
      cerebellum to the right insular cortex, right middle temporal gyrus, left
      superior temporal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus. In contrast, children with
      ADHD exhibited decreased brain connectivity from the cerebellum to the left
      inferior frontal gyrus. CONCLUSION: EAAT may improve clinical symptoms, gait
      balance, and brain connectivity, the last of which controls gait balance, in
      children with ADHD. However, children with ADHD who have deficits in the fronto
      cerebellar tract did not exhibit changes in brain connectivity as extensive as
      those in healthy children in response to EAAT.

PMID- 26982568
TI  - An (Anti)-Inflammatory Microbiota: Defining the Role in Inflammatory Bowel
      Disease?
AB  - While it is now accepted that the gut microbiota contribute to the genotype
      environment-lifestyle interactions triggering inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
      episodes, efforts to identify the pathogen(s) that cause these diseases have met
      with limited success. The advent of culture-independent techniques for
      characterizing the structure and/or function of microbial communities (hereafter
      referred to as metagenomics) has provided new insights into the events associated
      with the onset, remission and recurrence of IBD. A large number of observational
      and/or case-control studies of IBD patients have confirmed substantive changes in
      gut bacterial profiles (dysbiosis) associated with disease. These types of
      studies have been augmented by new profiling approaches that support the
      identification of more 'colitogenic' bacteria from numerically predominant taxa.
      Evidence of alterations in lesser abundant taxa such as the methanogenic archaea,
      to favor types that are more immunogenic, has also been forthcoming. Several
      recent longitudinal studies of patients with Crohn's disease have produced
      additional insights, including evidence for the role of 'anti-inflammatory'
      microbiota in providing a protective effect and/or promoting remission. In
      summation, the implications of dysbiosis and restoration of a 'healthy
      microbiota' in IBD patients requires definition beyond a taxonomic assessment of
      the changes in the gut microbiota during disease course. The available evidence
      does suggest that specific members of the gut microbiota can contribute either
      pro- or anti-inflammatory effects, and their ecological fitness in the large
      bowel affects the onset and recurrence of IBD. While metagenomics and related
      approaches offer the potential to provide novel and important insights into these
      microbiota and thereby the pathophysiology of IBD, we also need to better
      understand factors affecting the ecological fitness of these microbes, if new
      treatment of IBD patients are to be delivered. 

PMID- 26982570
TI  - PFC and Triglyme for Li-Air Batteries: A Molecular Dynamics Study.
AB  - In this work, we present an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) study of triglyme
      and perfluorinated carbons (PFCs) using classical atomistic force fields.
      Triglyme is a typical solvent used in nonaqueous Li-air battery cells. PFCs were
      recently reported to increase oxygen availability in such cells. We show that O2
      diffusion in two specific PFC molecules (C6F14 and C8F18) is significantly faster
      than in triglyme. Furthermore, by starting with two very different initial
      configurations for our MD simulation, we demonstrate that C8F18 and triglyme do
      not mix. The mutual solubility of these molecules is evaluated both theoretically
      and experimentally, and a qualitative agreement is found. Finally, we show that
      the solubility of O2 in C8F18 is considerably higher than in triglyme. The
      significance of these results to Li-air batteries is discussed. 

PMID- 26982569
TI  - Smelling the Diagnosis: The Electronic Nose as Diagnostic Tool in Inflammatory
      Arthritis. A Case-Reference Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether exhaled breath analysis using an electronic
      nose can identify differences between inflammatory joint diseases and healthy
      controls. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the exhaled breath of 21
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 18 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients with active
      disease was compared to 21 healthy controls using an electronic nose (Cyranose
      320; Smiths Detection, Pasadena, CA, USA). Breathprints were analyzed with
      principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, and area under curve (AUC)
      of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Volatile organic compounds
      (VOCs) were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and
      relationships between breathprints and markers of disease activity were explored.
      RESULTS: Breathprints of RA patients could be distinguished from controls with an
      accuracy of 71% (AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.60-0.90, sensitivity 76%, specificity 67%).
      Breathprints from PsA patients were separated from controls with 69% accuracy
      (AUC 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.92, sensitivity 72%, specificity 71%). Distinction
      between exhaled breath of RA and PsA patients exhibited an accuracy of 69% (AUC
      0.72, 95% CI 0.55-0.89, sensitivity 71%, specificity 72%). There was a positive
      correlation in RA patients of exhaled breathprints with disease activity score
      (DAS28) and number of painful joints. GC-MS identified seven key VOCs that
      significantly differed between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Exhaled breath analysis
      by an electronic nose may play a role in differential diagnosis of inflammatory
      joint diseases. Data from this study warrant external validation.

PMID- 26982572
TI  - Antimicrobial and antifouling efficacy of urinary catheters impregnated with a
      combination of macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibiotics against Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - The incidence of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) is
      increasing worldwide. This study was designed to modify a biomaterial by
      impregnating a silicone urinary catheter with combination of a macrolide,
      azithromycin (AZM) and a fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin (CIP). Drug release
      profiles showed slow yet continuous release of antibiotics from catheters for one
      month. In vitro efficacy testing showed that group B catheters [3% (w v(-1)) CIP
      + 6% (w v(-1)) AZM] outperformed group A catheters [2% (w v(-1)) CIP + 5% (w v(
      1)) AZM] by (1) showing larger zones of inhibition (>31 mm) compared to group A
      (<28 mm) for up to 30 days against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1; (2) killing
      adhered bacteria in 24 h compared to 24-48 h in group A; (3) showing longer
      antimicrobial durability for four weeks; and (4) exhibiting a stable real-time
      shelf life of one year, suggesting that these catheters can be explored in
      clinical settings, especially in long-term CAUTI. 

PMID- 26982571
TI  - Morbillivirus and Pilot Whale Deaths, Canary Islands, Spain, 2015.

PMID- 26982573
TI  - Hygiene Hypothesis: Is the Evidence the Same All Over the World?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The hygiene hypothesis refers to where modern living conditions are
      responsible for the increasing incidences of immune-related diseases including
      the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Improved hygiene may result
      in decreased enteric microbiota diversity and dysbiosis, which may be responsible
      for the development of IBD. KEY MESSAGES: The rising incidence of IBD is well
      documented in developing regions of the world, in accordance with the hygiene
      hypothesis. What is unknown, however, is whether the hygiene hypothesis is
      applicable all over the world. Hygiene cannot be easily measured and proxy
      markers need to be used. These include regional data such as a country's gross
      domestic product or an individual's affluence or exposure to infection risk
      factors. A comparative case-control study of Caucasian Australian IBD subjects
      versus migrants from the Middle East to Australia identified that environmental
      risk factors are different in the 2 populations. Among Australian Caucasians,
      hygiene-related environmental risk factors are no longer relevant in the
      development of IBD. Given the country's high affluence, there has been high
      hygienic standard for several generations. However, migrants from less affluent
      countries exposed to hygiene-related environmental factors are at increased risks
      of developing IBD, especially in the second generation migrants born in the
      affluent country. Divergent risk factors include the use of antibiotics in
      childhood increasing the risk of IBD in developed societies but being a risk
      factor for developing IBD in migrants. In India, risk factors associated with
      infections were found to be positively associated with the development of
      ulcerative colitis, rather than protective. CONCLUSIONS: The hygiene hypothesis
      is not applicable to all populations worldwide, being most relevant in societies
      undergoing increasing affluence or following migration from less to more affluent
      countries. This review examines data from around the world that link the hygiene
      hypothesis with the development of IBD and in particular the divergent results
      arising from data from affluent countries versus less-affluent countries.

PMID- 26982574
TI  - Hind limb perconditioning renoprotection by modulation of inflammatory cytokines
      after renal ischemia/reperfusion.
AB  - Purpose Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical problem
      associated with significant mortality and morbidity. One newly described strategy
      to reduce this damage is remote perconditioning (RPEC), in which short-time
      ischemia of a limb during renal ischemia reduces the I/R-induced kidney injury.
      This study aimed to assess whether RPEC confer protection through changes in pro
      inflammatory mediators. Methods Rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and
      randomized into: sham (no intervention), I/R (subjected to 45-min left renal
      ischemia) and RPEC group (subjected to four cycles of 5-min I/R of the femoral
      artery administered during renal ischemia). After 24-h, blood, urine, and kidney
      samples were collected. Biochemical indicators of renal dysfunction were measured
      in the cases of Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and N-acetyl-B
      diglucosaminidase (NAG) activity. Inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-alpha] expression in the renal tissues as well
      as Periodic acid-Schiff stained histological sections were evaluated. Results I/R
      resulted in renal dysfunction, as evidenced by higher renal NGAL expression and
      urinary NAG activities. This was accompanied by increased TNF-alpha and IL-6
      expressions as well as histological changes in this group. However, RPEC improved
      renal histology and function compared with the I/R group. Furthermore, the RPEC
      group showed decreases in TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression. Conclusions These
      results suggest that RPEC reduces the dysfunction and injury associated with I/R
      of the kidney. This technique reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine in the
      kidney. RPEC could be a promising strategy against I/R-induced acute kidney
      injury partly by down-regulation of inflammatory mediators. 

PMID- 26982575
TI  - Practice of the Treatment of Milk Allergy  in the UK: A National Audit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The management of cow's milk allergy (CMA) includes initial dairy
      exclusion with suitable dietary substitution, diagnostic challenges where
      indicated, and supervised re-introduction as the condition resolves. Information
      on clinician practice is limited. We audited the current practice of clinicians
      in the UK to evaluate adherence to international guidelines. METHODS: An online
      questionnaire was sent to all clinicians whose practice included children
      identified on the national allergy society website. One hundred and sixty
      questionnaires were sent and 116 (73%) responded. RESULTS: Skin prick tests were
      more commonly used than serum-specific IgE as diagnostic tests. Respective
      proportions selecting amino acid formulas (AAF) or extensively hydrolysed
      formulas (EHF) in severe versus mild/moderate presentations were 78 and 40%
      versus 20 and 88%; soya formula was the first choice in 8.6 and 24%. The criteria
      for selection of AAF as the first choice were predominantly severe IgE-mediated
      and non-IgE-mediated reactions, failure to thrive and if infants refused EHF.
      Oral challenges might be used to diagnose CMA in 69%, whereas nearly 90%
      performed challenges to assess tolerance. Most of these were open challenges,
      more commonly with fresh milk (90%) than baked milk (60%). Home baked milk
      challenges were frequently considered (70%), although only after consideration of
      the clinical scenario. Practice did not vary with experience. CONCLUSIONS:
      Current practice amongst UK clinicians of the management of CMA is broadly in
      line with current guidance, particularly the positioning of hypoallergenic milks
      as substitute milk choices. A notable deviation was the use of home baked milk
      challenges or re-introduction.

PMID- 26982576
TI  - Cloning and Expression of Multiple Cytochrome P450 Genes: Induction by Fipronil
      in Workers of the Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren).
AB  - Both exogenous and endogenous compounds can induce the expression of cytochrome
      P450 genes. The insect cytochrome P450 genes related to insecticide resistance
      are likely to be expressed as the "first line of defense" when challenged with
      insecticides. In this study, four cytochrome P450 genes, SinvCYP6B1, SinvCYP6A1,
      SinvCYP4C1, and SinvCYP4G15, were firstly isolated from workers of the red
      imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) through rapid amplification of cDNA ends
      (RACE) and sequenced. The fipronil induction profiles of the four cytochrome P450
      genes and the two previously isolated CYP4AB1 and CYP4AB2 were characterized in
      workers. The results revealed that the expression of SinvCYP6B1, SinvCYP6A1,
      CYP4AB2, and SinvCYP4G15, increased 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold more than those of
      acetone control, respectively, after 24 h exposure to fipronil at concentrations
      of 0.25 MUg mL-1 (median lethal dose) and 0.56 MUg mL-1 (90% lethal dose), while
      no significant induction of the expression of CYP4AB1 and SinvCYP4C1 was
      detected. Among these genes, SinvCYP6B1 was the most significantly induced, and
      its maximum expression was 3.6-fold higher than that in acetone control. These
      results might suggest that multiple cytochrome P450 genes are co-up-regulated in
      workers of the fire ant through induction mechanism when challenged with
      fipronil. These findings indicated that cytochrome P450 genes play an important
      role in the detoxification of insecticides and provide a theoretical basis for
      the mechanisms of insecticide metabolism in the fire ant. 

PMID- 26982577
TI  - Heparan Sulfate in the Developing, Healthy, and Injured Lung.
AB  - Remarkable progress has been achieved in understanding the regulation of gene
      expression and protein translation, and how aberrancies in these template-driven
      processes contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, much of cellular
      physiology is controlled by non-DNA, nonprotein mediators, such as glycans. The
      focus of this Translational Review is to highlight the importance of a specific
      glycan polymer-the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS)-on lung health and
      disease. We demonstrate how HS contributes to lung physiology and pathophysiology
      via its actions as both a structural constituent of the lung parenchyma as well
      as a regulator of cellular signaling. By highlighting current uncertainties in HS
      biology, we identify opportunities for future high-impact pulmonary and critical
      care translational investigations.

PMID- 26982578
TI  - Multiple Paternity in a Reintroduced Population of the Orinoco Crocodile
      (Crocodylus intermedius) at the El Frio Biological Station, Venezuela.
AB  - The success of a reintroduction program is determined by the ability of
      individuals to reproduce and thrive. Hence, an understanding of the mating system
      and breeding strategies of reintroduced species can be critical to the success,
      evaluation and effective management of reintroduction programs. As one of the
      most threatened crocodile species in the world, the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus
      intermedius) has been reduced to only a few wild populations in the Llanos of
      Venezuela and Colombia. One of these populations was founded by reintroduction at
      Cano Macanillal and La Ramera lagoon within the El Frio Biological Station,
      Venezuela. Twenty egg clutches of C. intermedius were collected at the El Frio
      Biological Station for incubation in the lab and release of juveniles after one
      year. Analyzing 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci from 335 hatchlings we found
      multiple paternity in C. intermedius, with half of the 20 clutches fathered by
      two or three males. Sixteen mothers and 14 fathers were inferred by
      reconstruction of multilocus parental genotypes. Our findings showed skewed
      paternal contributions to multiple-sired clutches in four of the clutches (40%),
      leading to an overall unequal contribution of offspring among fathers with six of
      the 14 inferred males fathering 90% of the total offspring, and three of those
      six males fathering more than 70% of the total offspring. Our results provide the
      first evidence of multiple paternity occurring in the Orinoco crocodile and
      confirm the success of reintroduction efforts of this critically endangered
      species in the El Frio Biological Station, Venezuela. 

PMID- 26982579
TI  - Ineffectiveness of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists for treatment
      resistant depression: a meta-analysis.
AB  - Emerging preclinical and clinical evidences suggest a potential role of nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors in the pathophysiology of depression. Several clinical
      trials have investigated the efficacy of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      antagonists in treatment-resistant depression. We carried out this meta-analysis
      to investigate whether nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists significantly
      improve symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder who have an
      inadequate response to standard antidepressant therapy. A comprehensive
      literature search identified six randomized-controlled trials. These six trials,
      which included 2067 participants, were pooled for this meta-analysis using a
      random-effects model. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists failed to show
      superior efficacy compared with placebo in terms of the mean change in the
      Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score [mean difference=-0.12 (95%
      confidence interval (CI)=-0.96 to 0.71]; response rate [risk ratio=0.92 (95%
      CI=0.83-1.02)]; and remission rate [risk ratio=1.01 (95% CI=0.83-1.23)]. This
      meta-analysis failed to confirm preliminary positive evidence for the efficacy of
      nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists in treatment-resistant depression.
      Further studies investigating the efficacy of various alternative treatment
      strategies for treatment-resistant depression will help clinicians to better
      understand and choose better treatment options for these populations.

PMID- 26982582
TI  - Buried Alive: The Behavioural Response of the Mussels, Modiolus modiolus and
      Mytilus edulis to Sudden Burial by Sediment.
AB  - Sedimentation in the sea occurs through natural processes, such as wave and tidal
      action, which can be exacerbated during storms and floods. Changes in terrestrial
      land use, marine aggregate extraction, dredging, drilling and mining are known to
      result in substantial sediment deposition. Research suggests that deposition will
      also occur due to the modern development of marine renewable energy. The response
      to individual burial under three depths of sediment, three sediment fractions and
      five burial durations was investigated in two mussel species, Modiolus modiolus
      and Mytilus edulis in specialist mesocosms. Both mussel species showed
      substantial mortality, which increased with duration of burial and burial by
      finer sediment fractions. M. modiolus was better able to survive short periods of
      burial than M. edulis, but at longer durations mortality was more pronounced. No
      mortality was observed in M. modiolus in burial durations of eight days or less
      but by 16 days of burial, over 50% cumulative mortality occurred. Under variable
      temperature regimes, M. edulis mortality increased from 20% at 8 degrees C to
      over 60% at 14.5 and 20 degrees C. Only M. edulis was able to emerge from burial,
      facilitated by increased byssus production, laid mostly on vertical surfaces but
      also on sediment particles. Emergence was higher from coarse sediment and shallow
      burials. Byssus production in M. edulis was not related to the condition index of
      the mussels. Results suggest that even marginal burial would result in mortality
      and be more pronounced in warm summer periods. Our results suggest that in the
      event of burial, adult M. modiolus would not be able to emerge from burial unless
      local hydrodynamics assist, whereas a small proportion of M. edulis may regain
      contact with the sediment water interface. The physiological stress resulting in
      mortality, contribution of local hydrodynamics to survival and other ecological
      pressures such as mussels existing in aggregations, are discussed. 

PMID- 26982581
TI  - Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans DNA in the Environment, Ivory Coast.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ivory Coast is a West African country with the highest reported cases
      of Buruli ulcer, a disabling subcutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium
      ulcerans. However, the prevalence of environmental M. ulcerans is poorly known in
      this country. METHODS: We collected 496 environmental specimens consisting of
      soil (n = 100), stagnant water (n = 200), plants (n = 100) and animal feces (n =
      96) in Ivory Coast over five months in the dry and wet seasons in regions which
      are free of Buruli ulcer (control group A; 250 specimens) and in regions where
      the Buruli ulcer is endemic (group B; 246 specimens). After appropriate total DNA
      extraction incorporating an internal control, the M. ulcerans IS2404 and KR-B
      gene were amplified by real-time PCR in samples. In parallel, a calibration curve
      was done for M. ulcerans Agy99 IS2404 and KR-B gene. RESULTS: Of 460 samples free
      of PCR inhibition, a positive real-time PCR detection of insertion sequence
      IS2404 and KR-B gene was observed in 1/230 specimens in control group A versus
      9/230 specimens in group B (P = 0.02; Fisher exact test). Positive specimens
      comprised seven stagnant water specimens, two feces specimens confirmed to be of
      Thryonomys swinderianus (agouti) origin by real-time PCR of the cytb gene; and
      one soil specimen. Extrapolation from the calibration curves indicated low
      inoculums ranging from 1 to 102 mycobacteria/mL. CONCLUSION: This study confirms
      the presence of M. ulcerans in the watery environment surrounding patients with
      Buruli ulcer in Ivory Coast. It suggests that the agouti, which is in close
      contacts with populations, could play a role in the environmental cycle of M.
      ulcerans, as previously suggested for the closely related possums in Australia.

PMID- 26982583
TI  - Is a Heated Breathing Tube the Emergent Factor for Continuous Positive Airway
      Pressure Therapy in Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

PMID- 26982585
TI  - Infectious clones of the crinivirus cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus are
      competent for plant systemic infection and vector transmission.
AB  - Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a recently identified bipartite
      crinivirus, causes economic losses in cucurbit plants. CCYV is naturally
      transmitted only by whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Here we constructed full-length cDNA
      clones of CCYV (RNA1 and RNA2) fused to the T7 RNA polymerase promoter and the
      cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. CCYV replicated and accumulated
      efficiently in Cucumis sativus protoplasts transfected with in vitro transcripts.
      Without RNA2, RNA1 replicated efficiently in C. sativus protoplasts.
      Agroinoculation with the infectious cDNA clones of CCYV resulted in systemic
      infection in the host plants of C. sativus and Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus
      derived from the infectious clones could be transmitted between cucumber plants
      by vector whiteflies. This system will greatly enhance the reverse genetic
      studies of CCYV gene functions.

PMID- 26982580
TI  - Regulation of Budding Yeast CENP-A levels Prevents Misincorporation at Promoter
      Nucleosomes and Transcriptional Defects.
AB  - The exclusive localization of the histone H3 variant CENP-A to centromeres is
      essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis
      helps to ensure that CENP-A does not mislocalize to euchromatin, which can lead
      to genomic instability. Consistent with this, overexpression of the budding yeast
      CENP-A(Cse4) is lethal in cells lacking Psh1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase that
      targets CENP-A(Cse4) for degradation. To identify additional mechanisms that
      prevent CENP-A(Cse4) misincorporation and lethality, we analyzed the genome-wide
      mislocalization pattern of overexpressed CENP-A(Cse4) in the presence and absence
      of Psh1 by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high throughput sequencing.
      We found that ectopic CENP-A(Cse4) is enriched at promoters that contain histone
      H2A.Z(Htz1) nucleosomes, but that H2A.Z(Htz1) is not required for CENP-A(Cse4)
      mislocalization. Instead, the INO80 complex, which removes H2A.Z(Htz1) from
      nucleosomes, promotes the ectopic deposition of CENP-A(Cse4). Transcriptional
      profiling revealed gene expression changes in the psh1Delta cells overexpressing
      CENP-A(Cse4). The down-regulated genes are enriched for CENP-A(Cse4)
      mislocalization to promoters, while the up-regulated genes correlate with those
      that are also transcriptionally up-regulated in an htz1Delta strain. Together,
      these data show that regulating centromeric nucleosome localization is not only
      critical for maintaining centromere function, but also for ensuring accurate
      promoter function and transcriptional regulation.

PMID- 26982584
TI  - Decreasing Fires in Mediterranean Europe.
AB  - Forest fires are a serious environmental hazard in southern Europe. Quantitative
      assessment of recent trends in fire statistics is important for assessing the
      possible shifts induced by climate and other environmental/socioeconomic changes
      in this area. Here we analyse recent fire trends in Portugal, Spain, southern
      France, Italy and Greece, building on a homogenized fire database integrating
      official fire statistics provided by several national/EU agencies. During the
      period 1985-2011, the total annual burned area (BA) displayed a general
      decreasing trend, with the exception of Portugal, where a heterogeneous signal
      was found. Considering all countries globally, we found that BA decreased by
      about 3020 km2 over the 27-year-long study period (i.e. about -66% of the mean
      historical value). These results are consistent with those obtained on longer
      time scales when data were available, also yielding predominantly negative trends
      in Spain and France (1974-2011) and a mixed trend in Portugal (1980-2011).
      Similar overall results were found for the annual number of fires (NF), which
      globally decreased by about 12600 in the study period (about -59%), except for
      Spain where, excluding the provinces along the Mediterranean coast, an upward
      trend was found for the longer period. We argue that the negative trends can be
      explained, at least in part, by an increased effort in fire management and
      prevention after the big fires of the 1980's, while positive trends may be
      related to recent socioeconomic transformations leading to more hazardous
      landscape configurations, as well as to the observed warming of recent decades.
      We stress the importance of fire data homogenization prior to analysis, in order
      to alleviate spurious effects associated with non-stationarities in the data due
      to temporal variations in fire detection efforts. 

PMID- 26982586
TI  - Practical Considerations and the Intestinal Microbiome in Disease: Antibiotics
      for IBD Therapy.
AB  - The inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, have been
      treated with a range of antibiotics for inducing and maintaining remission, as
      well as the prevention of post-operative symptoms. To date, many studies have
      been performed assessing the efficacy of antibiotics when used alone, in
      combination with other antibiotics, or as an adjunctive therapy to other
      pharmaceutical treatments. Literature evidence supporting the use of antibiotics
      in IBD can be ambiguous, especially when considering the potential role of
      dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal tract. The review considers the systemic effect
      of antibiotics and the evidence base for their efficacy in the treatment of IBD. 

PMID- 26982587
TI  - Rice Grain Quality and Consumer Preferences: A Case Study of Two Rural Towns in
      the Philippines.
AB  - Hedonic pricing analysis is conducted to determine the implicit values of various
      attributes in the market value of a good. In this study, hedonic pricing analysis
      was applied to measure the contribution of grain quality search and experience
      attributes to the price of rice in two rural towns in the Philippines. Rice
      samples from respondents underwent quantitative routine assessments of grain
      quality. In particular, gelatinization temperature and chalkiness, two parameters
      that are normally assessed through visual scores, were evaluated by purely
      quantitative means (differential scanning calorimetry and by digital image
      analysis). Results indicate that rice consumed by respondents had mainly similar
      physical and chemical grain quality attributes. The respondents' revealed
      preferences were typical of what has been previously reported for Filipino rice
      consumers. Hedonic regression analyses showed that grain quality characteristics
      that affected price varied by income class. Some of the traits or socioeconomic
      factors that affected price were percent broken grains, gel consistency, and
      household per capita rice consumption. There is an income effect on rice price
      and the characteristics that affect price vary between income classes. 

PMID- 26982588
TI  - D, L-Sulforaphane Loaded Fe3O4@ Gold Core Shell Nanoparticles: A Potential
      Sulforaphane Delivery System.
AB  - A novel design of gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles was fabricated as a
      potential delivery system to improve the efficiency and stability of d, l
      sulforaphane as an anticancer drug. To this purpose, the surface of gold-coated
      iron oxide nanoparticles was modified for sulforaphane delivery via furnishing
      its surface with thiolated polyethylene glycol-folic acid and thiolated
      polyethylene glycol-FITC. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by
      different techniques such as FTIR, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV
      visible spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The average
      diameters of the synthesized nanoparticles before and after sulforaphane loading
      were obtained ~ 33 nm and ~ 38 nm, respectively, when ~ 2.8 mmol/g of
      sulforaphane was loaded. The result of cell viability assay which was confirmed
      by apoptosis assay on the human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 line) as a model of in
      vitro-cancerous cells, proved that the bare nanoparticles showed little inherent
      cytotoxicity, whereas the sulforaphane-loaded nanoparticles were cytotoxic. The
      expression rate of the anti-apoptotic genes (bcl-2 and bcl-xL), and the pro
      apoptotic genes (bax and bak) were quantified, and it was found that the
      expression rate of bcl-2 and bcl-xL genes significantly were decreased when MCF-7
      cells were incubated by sulforaphane-loaded nanoparticles. The sulforaphane
      loaded into the designed gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles, acceptably induced
      apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. 

PMID- 26982591
TI  - Pterostilbene Inhibits the Growth of Human Esophageal Cancer Cells by Regulating
      Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural dimethylated resveratrol analog
      from blueberries, is known to have diverse pharmacological activities, including
      anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of
      PTE against human esophageal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and explored
      the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) signaling in this process.
      METHODS: Cell viability, the apoptotic index, Caspase 3 activity, adhesion,
      migration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and glutathione (GSH) levels
      were detected to explore the effect of PTE on human EC109 esophageal cancer
      cells. Furthermore, siRNA transfection and a chemical inhibitor were employed to
      confirm the role of ERS. RESULTS: PTE treatment dose- and time-dependently
      decreased the viability of human esophageal cancer EC109 cells. PTE also
      decreased tumor cell adhesion, migration and intracellular GSH levels while
      increasing the apoptotic index, Caspase 3 activity and ROS levels, which suggest
      the strong anticancer activity of PTE. Furthermore, PTE treatment increased the
      expression of ERS-related molecules (GRP78, ATF6, p-PERK, p-eIF2alpha and CHOP),
      upregulated the pro-apoptosis-related protein PUMA and downregulated the anti
      apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 while promoting the translocation of cytochrome c
      from mitochondria to cytosol and the activation of Caspase 9 and Caspase 12. The
      downregulation of ERS signaling by CHOP siRNA desensitized esophageal cancer
      cells to PTE treatment, whereas upregulation of ERS signaling by thapsigargin
      (THA) had the opposite effect. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, also
      desensitized esophageal cancer cells to PTE treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the
      results indicate that PTE is a potent anti-cancer pharmaceutical against human
      esophageal cancer, and the possible mechanism involves the activation of ERS
      signaling pathways.

PMID- 26982589
TI  - Stopped-Flow Studies of the Reduction of the Copper Centers Suggest a Bifurcated
      Electron Transfer Pathway in Peptidylglycine Monooxygenase.
AB  - Peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHM) is a dicopper enzyme that plays a vital role
      in the amidation of glycine-extended pro-peptides. One of the crucial aspects of
      its chemistry is the transfer of two electrons from an electron-storing and 
      transferring site (CuH) to the oxygen binding site and catalytic center (CuM)
      over a distance of 11 A during one catalytic turnover event. Here we present our
      studies of the first electron transfer (ET) step (reductive phase) in wild-type
      (WT) PHM as well as its variants. Stopped flow was used to record the reduction
      kinetic traces using the chromophoric agent N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine
      dihydrochloride (DMPD) as the reductant. The reduction was found to be biphasic
      in the WT PHM with an initial fast phase (17.2 s(-1)) followed by a much slower
      phase (0.46 s(-1)). We were able to ascribe the fast and slow phase to the CuH
      and CuM sites, respectively, by making use of the H242A and H107AH108A mutants
      that contain only the CuH site and CuM site, respectively. In the absence of
      substrate, the redox potentials determined by cyclic voltammetry were 270 mV (CuH
      site) and -15 mV (CuM site), but binding of substrate (Ac-YVG) was found to alter
      both potentials so that they converged to a common value of 83 mV. Substrate
      binding also accelerated the slow reductive phase by ~10-fold, an effect that
      could be explained at least partially by the equalization of the reduction
      potential of the copper centers. Studies of H108A showed that the ET to the CuM
      site is blocked, highlighting the role of the H108 ligand as a component of the
      reductive ET pathway. Strikingly, the rate of reduction of the H172A variant was
      unaffected despite the rate of catalysis being 3 orders of magnitude slower than
      that of the WT PHM. These studies strongly indicate that the reductive phase and
      catalytic phase ET pathways are different and suggest a bifurcated ET pathway in
      PHM. We propose that H172 and Y79 form part of an alternate pathway for the
      catalytic phase ET while the H108 ligand along with the water molecules and
      substrate form the reductive phase ET pathway.

PMID- 26982590
TI  - Shedding Light on the Nature of Seminal Round Cells.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In this investigation we assess the incidence of round cells (RCs)
      in semen samples in our infertile patient population and their significance on
      intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle outcomes. We also evaluate the
      usefulness of RCs as indicators of bacterial infection and highlight the origin
      of this cell-type, as well as its role in the human ejaculate. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: In a prospective fashion, a total of 4,810 ejaculated samples were
      included in the study during a period of 24 months. RCs were characterized for
      white blood cell (WBC) components versus exfoliated germ cells by testing for
      multiple markers of ploidy as well as protamine assays. Cases displaying >= 2 x
      106/ml RCs were screened for bacteria. Raw specimens containing RC were processed
      by peroxidase and other leukocyte assays, specific stains for protamines were
      used to identify spermiogenic stage, aneuploidy (FISH) assessment was carried
      out, and the presence of various Sertoli-cell cytoplasmic remnants was analyzed
      to identify and characterize immature germ cells. The effect of RC on clinical
      outcome was assessed in specimens used for ICSI. RESULTS: The average age of the
      men involved was 39.2 +/- 7 years. Semen samples had a mean concentration of 40.7
      +/- 31 x 106/ml, motility of 42.6 +/- 35%, and morphology of 2.3 +/- 2%. RCs were
      identified in 261 specimens, representing a proportion of 5.4%. Men with RCs had
      comparable age but lower sperm concentration and morphology than the control
      group (P<0.001). The aneuploidy rate of 4.3% in RCs group was remarkably higher
      than the control group (2.3%; P<0.001). Sperm aneuploidy rate positively
      correlated with the number of RCs (P<0.001). Of 44 men, 17 of them in 18 cycles
      had up to 1.9 x 106/ml RCs without affecting fertilization and clinical pregnancy
      rates when compared to controls (n = 365 cycles). In 27 men undergoing 33 ICSI
      cycles with >= 2 x 106/ml RCs, the fertilization rate trended lower and the
      miscarriage rate was significantly increased (P = 0.05). There was lack of
      correlation between RC and bacteriological growth. Specific markers indicated
      that seminal RCs are mostly immature germ cells encased in the remnants of
      Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Moreover, their modest protamine content and their
      haploid status confirm that they are post-meiotic. Sequential observation in the
      same man showed that RC episodes were followed by an amelioration of semen
      parameters, and interestingly, the episodic occurrence of RCs often coincides
      with flu season peaks. CONCLUSIONS: Seminal RCs are not a marker of
      infectiousness but rather a transient indicator of spermatogenic insult that
      possibly occurs in most men following a mild and transient ailment such as the
      flu.

PMID- 26982592
TI  - Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Induce Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells
      Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in regulating normal skeletal
      homeostasis and, in case of injury, in bone healing and reestablishment of
      skeletal integrity. Recent scientific literature is focused on the development of
      bone regeneration models where MSCs are combined with biomimetic three
      dimensional scaffolds able to direct MSC osteogenesis. In this work the
      osteogenic potential of human MSCs isolated from adipose tissue (hADSCs) has been
      evaluated in vitro in combination with collagen/Mg doped hydroxyapatite
      scaffolds. Results demonstrate the high osteogenic potential of hADSCs when
      cultured in specific differentiation induction medium, as revealed by the
      Alizarin Red S staining and gene expression profile analysis. In combination with
      collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffold, hADSCs differentiate into mature osteoblasts
      even in the absence of specific inducing factors; nevertheless, the supplement of
      the factors markedly accelerates the osteogenic process, as confirmed by the
      expression of specific markers of pre-osteoblast and mature osteoblast stages,
      such as osterix, osteopontin (also known as bone sialoprotein I), osteocalcin and
      specific markers of extracellular matrix maturation and mineralization stages,
      such as ALPL and osteonectin. Hence, the present work demonstrates that the
      scaffold per se is able to induce hADSCs differentiation, while the addition of
      osteo-inductive factors produces a significant acceleration of the osteogenic
      process. This observation makes the use of our model potentially interesting in
      the field of regenerative medicine for the treatment of bone defects. 

PMID- 26982594
TI  - Microevolution of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium during Epidemic, United
      Kingdom, 2005-2010.
AB  - Microevolution associated with emergence and expansion of new epidemic clones of
      bacterial pathogens holds the key to epidemiologic success. To determine
      microevolution associated with monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium during an
      epidemic, we performed comparative whole-genome sequencing and phylogenomic
      analysis of isolates from the United Kingdom and Italy during 2005-2012. These
      isolates formed a single clade distinct from recent monophasic epidemic clones
      previously described from North America and Spain. The UK monophasic epidemic
      clones showed a novel genomic island encoding resistance to heavy metals and a
      composite transposon encoding antimicrobial drug resistance genes not present in
      other Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, which may have contributed to
      epidemiologic success. A remarkable amount of genotypic variation accumulated
      during clonal expansion that occurred during the epidemic, including multiple
      independent acquisitions of a novel prophage carrying the sopE gene and multiple
      deletion events affecting the phase II flagellin locus. This high level of
      microevolution may affect antigenicity, pathogenicity, and transmission. 

PMID- 26982595
TI  - IL-27 suppresses type 2 immune responses in vivo via direct effects on group 2
      innate lymphoid cells.
AB  - Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) were recently characterized by their ability
      to produce significant amounts of type-2 signature cytokines and drive central
      beneficial and pathological features of type-2 immune responses. Although factors
      such as IL-33 and IL-25 were shown to have ILC2 activating capacity, it is not
      well understood, how ILC2 responses are regulated in vivo. Here we provide
      compelling evidence that IL-27-signalling directly inhibits ILC2 responses and
      reveal a novel mechanism for negative regulation of the innate arm of type-2
      immunity. We demonstrate that IL-27-deficiency is linked to increased mucosal
      presence of ILC2 in a model of inflammatory lung disease. Moreover, IL-27
      treatment inhibited ILC2 proliferation and cytokine production and significantly
      reduced their accumulation in vivo. During helminth infection, regulation of ILC2
      by IL-27 directly impacted anti-parasitic immunity. Thus, therapeutic modulation
      of the IL-27/IL-27R axis may be relevant in a number of inflammatory conditions
      associated with dysregulated type-2 responses.

PMID- 26982600
TI  - Potential Barriers to the Diffusion of Surgical Innovation.

PMID- 26982598
TI  - Suboptimal HIV Testing Uptake Among Men Who Engage in Commercial Sex Work with
      Men in Asia.
AB  - PURPOSE: Men who have sex with men and are sex workers (MSMSW) are
      disproportionately affected by the growing and emerging HIV epidemic. As sex work
      and same-sex behavior are heavily stigmatized and often illegal in most Asian
      countries, HIV research focusing on MSMSW has been limited. The goal of this
      analysis is to examine HIV testing practices and identify correlates of HIV
      testing among MSMSW in Asia. METHODS: The Asia Internet MSM Sex Survey, an online
      cross-sectional survey of 10,861 men who have sex with men (MSM), was conducted
      in 2010. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, HIV testing behaviors, and
      sexual behaviors were collected. Five hundred and seventy-four HIV
      negative/unknown respondents reported receiving payment for sex with men at least
      once in the past 6 months and were included in this analysis. Multivariable
      logistic regression was conducted to identify independent correlates of HIV
      testing in the past year. RESULTS: About half (48.6%) of the participants had
      been tested for HIV at least once within the past year, and 30.5% had never been
      tested. We also found that MSMSW participants who engaged in risky behaviors were
      less likely to be tested. CONCLUSION: While one might expect a high HIV testing
      rate among MSMSW due to the risks associated with engaging in sex work, we found
      that HIV testing uptake is suboptimal among MSMSW in Asia. These results suggest
      that targeted HIV prevention and testing promotion among MSMSW are needed.

PMID- 26982596
TI  - Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 ion channel in macrophages modulates
      colitis through a balance-shift in TNF-alpha and interleukin-10 production.
AB  - The transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family is well characterized
      in sensory neurons; however, little is known about its role in the immune system.
      Here we show that the cold-sensing TRPM8 has an unexpected role in innate
      immunity. TRPM8 expression and function in macrophages were demonstrated in vitro
      using molecular techniques and calcium imaging. In addition, adoptive macrophage
      transfer and systemic interleukin (IL)-10 overexpression were performed in
      experimental colitis. TRPM8 activation induced calcium-transients in murine
      peritoneal macrophages (PM) and bone marrow-derived macrophages of wild-type (WT)
      but not TRPM8-deficient mice. TRPM8-deficient PM exhibited defective phagocytosis
      and increased motility compared with those in WT, whereas the opposite effects of
      TRPM8 activation were induced in WT PM. TRPM8 activation or blockage/genetic
      deletion induced a anti- or pro-inflammatory macrophage cytokine profile,
      respectively. WT mice treated with repeated menthol (TRPM8 agonist) enemas were
      consistently protected from experimental colitis, whereas TRPM8-deficient mice
      showed increased colitis susceptibility. Adoptive transfer of TRPM8-deficient
      macrophages aggravated colitis, whereas systemic IL-10 overexpression rescued
      this phenotype. TRPM8 activation in peptidergic sensory neurons did not affect
      neuropeptide release from the inflamed colon. TRPM8 in macrophages determines pro
      or anti-inflammatory actions by regulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha and
      interleukin-10 production. These findings suggest novel TRPM8-based options for
      immunomodulatory intervention.

PMID- 26982599
TI  - When helping hurts: the effect of surgical interventions on ovarian reserve.
AB  - This commentary reviews some of the major papers that have been published on the
      effect of ovarian reserve after surgical interventions. At the end, the authors
      outline a summary on the effect of these interventions, in terms of future
      fertility and menopause. 

PMID- 26982601
TI  - Linear Vesicles in Newborn Resolving With Hyperpigmented Macules.

PMID- 26982602
TI  - Combination of pregabalin with duloxetine for fibromyalgia: a randomized
      controlled trial.
AB  - Fibromyalgia is a syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain and
      associated with sleep disturbance, depression, fatigue, and cognitive
      dysfunction. Polypharmacy is commonly used, but supportive evidence is limited.
      Most fibromyalgia trials focus primarily on pain reduction with monotherapy. This
      trial compares a pregabalin-duloxetine combination to each monotherapy. Using a
      randomized, double-blind, 4-period crossover design, participants received
      maximally tolerated doses of placebo, pregabalin, duloxetine, and pregabalin
      duloxetine combination-for 6 weeks. Primary outcome was daily pain (0-10);
      secondary outcomes included global pain relief, Fibromyalgia Impact
      Questionnaire, SF-36 survey, Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale, Beck Depression
      Inventory (BDI-II), adverse events, and other measures. Of 41 participants
      randomized, 39 completed >=2 treatments. Daily pain during placebo, pregabalin,
      duloxetine, and combination was 5.1, 5.0, 4.1, and 3.7, respectively (P < 0.05
      only for combination vs placebo, and pregabalin). Participants (%) reporting
      >=moderate global pain relief were 18%, 39%, 42%, and 68%, respectively (P < 0.05
      for combination vs placebo, pregabalin, and duloxetine). Fibromyalgia Impact
      Questionnaire scores were 42.9, 37.4, 36.0, and 29.8, respectively (P < 0.05 for
      combination vs placebo, pregabalin, and duloxetine). SF-36 scores were 50.2,
      55.7, 56.0, and 61.2, respectively (P < 0.05 for combination vs placebo,
      pregabalin, and duloxetine). Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale scores were 48.9,
      35.2, 46.1, and 32.1, respectively (P < 0.05 only for combination vs placebo, and
      duloxetine). BDI-II scores were 11.9, 9.9, 10.7, and 8.9, respectively (P < 0.05
      only for combination vs placebo). Moderate-severe drowsiness was more frequent
      during combination vs placebo. Combining pregabalin and duloxetine for
      fibromyalgia improves multiple clinical outcomes vs monotherapy. Continued
      research should compare this and other combinations to monotherapy for
      fibromyalgia.

PMID- 26982603
TI  - Experimental study on the detection of rabbit intracranial hemorrhage using four
      coil structures based on magnetic induction phase shift.
AB  - Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the bleeding induced by parenchyma vascular
      rupture. In this paper, four novel coils (a contralateral hemisphere cancellation
      coil, a coaxial coil, a double-end exciting coil, and a Helmholtz coil) were
      developed to detect the volume change of ICH with the magnetic induction phase
      shift (MIPS) technique. Both numerical studies on an ICH model and animal
      experiments on rabbits' hemorrhage model were performed with four coils. Twenty
      rabbits were measured for each coil. The animal results were consistent with the
      simulation and the theoretical analysis for each coil. The MIPS first declined
      and then increased with increasing injection volume, indicating the existence of
      a turning point. The MRI images showed that the average CSF decreased in the
      heads of five rabbits after blood injection was approximately equal to the
      average injection volume corresponding to the turning point of all animals. Thus,
      we concluded that when the MIPS turning point occurs, the CSF is already
      exhausted and the compensatory stage has ended. The results show that the MIPS
      technique has the potential to detect ICH growth and MIPS changes with increasing
      blood in a regular way. The turning point is expected to provide an early warning
      for ICH growth.

PMID- 26982604
TI  - Association of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in human blood with
      nephropathy among US teens and young adults.
AB  - We assessed the association of three chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, a chlorinated
      dibenzofuran, and four dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human
      blood with nephropathy (microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria) among teens and
      young adults (12-30 years old) having normal glycohemoglobin (A1c <5.7%). The
      data were derived from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey (unweighted n=1504, population estimate=38,806,338). In this paper,
      nephropathy refers to normal A1c with nephropathy. In an all-adult sample
      (Everett CJ, Thompson OM. Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in human blood:
      causes or consequences of diabetic nephropathy? Environ Res 2014;132:126-31), the
      cut-offs for these chemicals being considered elevated, were defined as the 75th
      percentile. Using these same cut-offs again, the proportion of those with one or
      more of the eight dioxin-like compounds elevated was 9.9%. The four chemicals
      associated with nephropathy were 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PCB 126,
      PCB 169, and PCB 156. The proportion with one or more of these four dioxin-like
      chemicals elevated was 3.9% (unweighted n=46) and the odds ratio (OR) for
      nephropathy was 7.1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-28.1]. The association was
      strong among females (OR 17.4, 95% CI 3.4-88.6), but among males there were no
      cases of nephropathy when one or more of the four dioxin-like chemicals were
      elevated, and therefore no association. In a separate analysis, elevated toxic
      equivalency, defined using the eight dioxin-like chemicals (TEQ8), was associated
      with nephropathy. TEQ8 >=50.12 fg/g included 2.6% of the sample (unweighted n=28)
      and had an OR of 5.8 (95% 1.3-25.9) for nephropathy. As found in the analysis of
      one or more of four dioxin-like chemicals elevated, TEQ8 >=50.12 fg/g was
      associated with nephropathy among females (OR 11.9, 95% CI 1.6-87.2), but not
      males. Trends for least-squares means also differed by gender, but there were no
      significant differences in mean TEQ8 between normal subjects and those having
      nephropathy in either males or females. We also evaluated pre-diabetes (A1c 5.7
      6.4%) without nephropathy and found no associations when one or more of four
      dioxin-like compounds were elevated, or when TEQ8 was >=50.12 fg/g. In this
      study, associations of dioxin-like chemicals with nephropathy were found among
      females at an early age. Prospective studies are needed to determine if dioxin
      like compounds cause nephropathy, or if these relationships are cases of reverse
      causation. 

PMID- 26982605
TI  - Traditional and emerging environmental hazards in South-East Asia: double-trouble
      in the 21st century.

PMID- 26982597
TI  - Altered gut microbiota profile in common variable immunodeficiency associates
      with levels of lipopolysaccharide and markers of systemic immune activation.
AB  - Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary
      immunodeficiency characterized by low immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA, and/or IgM.
      In addition to bacterial infections, a large subgroup has noninfectious
      inflammatory and autoimmune complications. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA-based
      profiling of stool samples in 44 CVID patients, 45 patients with inflammatory
      bowel disease (disease controls), and 263 healthy controls. We measured plasma
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and markers of immune cell activation (i.e., soluble (s)
      CD14 and sCD25) in an expanded cohort of 104 patients with CVID and in 30 healthy
      controls. We found a large shift in the microbiota of CVID patients characterized
      by a reduced within-individual bacterial diversity (alpha diversity, P<0.001)
      without obvious associations to antibiotics use. Plasma levels of both LPS
      (P=0.001) and sCD25 (P<0.0001) were elevated in CVID, correlating negatively with
      alpha diversity and positively with a dysbiosis index calculated from the
      taxonomic profile. Low alpha diversity and high dysbiosis index, LPS, and immune
      markers were most pronounced in the subgroup with inflammatory and autoimmune
      complications. Low level of IgA was associated with decreased alpha diversity,
      but not independently from sCD25 and LPS. Our findings suggest a link between
      immunodeficiency, systemic immune activation, LPS, and altered gut microbiota.

PMID- 26982606
TI  - Novel industrial wastewater treatment integrated with recovery of water and salt
      under a zero liquid discharge concept.
AB  - Conventional industrial effluent treatment systems are designed to reduce
      biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) but not total
      dissolved solids (TDS), mainly contributed by chlorides. In addition to the
      removal of TDS, it is necessary to recover water for reuse to meet the challenges
      of shortage of quality water. To recover water, the wastewater needs to be
      further treated by adopting treatment systems including microfilters, low
      pressure membrane units such as ultrafiltration (UF), membrane bioreactors (MBR),
      etc., for the application of reverse osmosis (RO) systems. By adopting the RO
      system, 75%-80% of quality water with <500 mg/L of TDS is recovered from treated
      effluent. The management of 20%-25% of the saline water rejected from the RO
      system with high TDS concentration is being addressed by methods such as forced
      evaporation systems. The recovery of water from domestic and industrial waste for
      reuse has become a reality. The membrane system has been used for different
      applications. It has become mandatory to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) in
      many states in India and other countries such as Spain, China, etc., and resulted
      in development of new treatment technologies to suit the local conditions. 

PMID- 26982607
TI  - Environmental exposures due to natural disasters.
AB  - The environmental mobilization of contaminants by "natural disasters" is a
      subject of much interest, however, little has been done to address these
      concerns, especially in the developing world. Frequencies and predictability of
      events, both globally and regionally as well as the intensity, vary widely. It is
      clear that there are greater probabilities for mobilization of modern
      contaminants in sediments. Over the past 100 years of industrialization many
      chemicals are buried in riverine, estuarine and coastal sediments. There are a
      few studies, which have investigated this potential risk especially to human
      health. Studies that focus on extreme events need to determine the pre-existing
      baseline, determine the medium to long term fate and transport of contaminants
      and investigate aquatic and terrestrial pathways. Comprehensive studies are
      required to investigate the disease pathways and susceptibility for human health
      concerns. 

PMID- 26982608
TI  - Children's environmental health indicators in Australia: are we collecting the
      right information?
AB  - In order to assess progress in improving children's health objectively
      standardized measurements are required. The World Health Organization (WHO)
      undertook a pilot project to develop and implement a series of children's
      environmental health indicators (CEHI) to facilitate this process. No countries
      in Oceania were included in this pilot. This project was undertaken to determine
      whether data collected and publicly available in Australia were sufficient to
      address the CEHI. Government documents and websites were searched to obtain
      publicly available data. These data adequately reflected outcome indicators but
      data addressing many exposure indicators were either missing or not available in
      a child-specific format. Australia does collect data on child health and well
      being but not in a form compatible with the WHO CEHI. 

PMID- 26982609
TI  - Correlation of intrapartum translabial ultrasound parameters with computed
      tomographic 3D reconstruction of the female pelvis.
AB  - AIMS: Intrapartum translabial ultrasound [ITU] can be an objective, reproducible
      and more reliable method than digital vaginal examination when evaluating fetal
      head position and station in prolonged second stage of labor. However, two
      dimensional (2D) ultrasound is not sufficient to demonstrate the ischial spines
      and other important "landmarks" of the female pelvis. Therefore, the purpose of
      this study was to evaluate the distance of the interspinous plane as a parallel
      line to the infrapubic line in 2D ITU with the help of 3D computed tomography and
      digital reconstruction. RESULTS: Mean distance between the infrapubic plane and
      the tip of the ischiadic spine was 32.35 (+/-4.46) mm. The mean height was 166
      (+/-7) cm; the mean weight was 67.5 (+/-18.4) kg. Body height and the measured
      distance were significantly correlated (P=0.025; correlation coefficient of 0.5),
      whereas body weight was not (P=0.37; correlation coefficient of -0.214).
      CONCLUSIONS: With the present results, clinicians were enabled to transfer the
      reproducible measurements of the "head station" by ITU to the widespread but
      observer-depending vaginal examination. Furthermore, ITU can be verified as an
      objective method in comparison to subjective palpation with the ability to
      optimize the evaluation of the head station according to bony structures as
      landmarks in a standardized application.

PMID- 26982610
TI  - Risk and protective profile of tobacco and alcohol use among Iranian adolescents:
      a population- based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of risk and protective factors is of great importance
      in designing preventive and interventional programs. The aim of the present study
      has been to investigate peer/individual, family, school, and community risk and
      protective factors as predictors of tobacco and alcohol use among Iranian
      adolescents. METHODS: In a cross-sectional population-based study, 870 Iranian
      adolescents aged 15-18 years old, filled out the adopted form of "Communities
      That Care Youth Survey". Thirty-two risk and protective factors were entered in
      adjusted logistic regression analyses to predict the lifetime cigarette and
      alcohol use. RESULTS: Sixteen risk and seven protective factors predicted both
      lifetime cigarette and alcohol use in the bivariate logistic regression analysis.
      In the multivariate logistic regression analysis 12 risk factors including
      friends' use of drugs, interaction with antisocial peers, sensation seeking,
      intention to use, perceived risks of drug use, family history of drug use, poor
      family management, parental attitudes favorable toward drug use, family conflict,
      academic failure, school low commitment, perceived availability of drugs
      predicted both lifetime cigarette and alcohol use as well as four protective
      factors including religiosity, self-esteem, family rewards for prosocial
      involvement, and school rewards for prosocial involvement. The highest OR were
      related to the risk factor of "Rewards for antisocial involvement" [3.9(1.5-10)],
      and protective factor of "Religiosity" [0.1(0.1-0.3)]. CONCLUSION: The present
      study has produced evidences about risk and protective factors related to
      adolescents substance use and can help designing and implementing of preventive
      interventions for maintaining and promoting adolescents health.

PMID- 26982611
TI  - Laboratory screening in overweight/obese adolescents: do the results change the
      management?
AB  - Due to the growth of the epidemic of obesity and the association of obesity with
      both short-term and long-term medical complications, many professional
      organizations have recommended performing laboratory testing as part of the
      initial evaluation of overweight and obese children and adolescents. We report on
      the results of laboratory testing performed on 110 patients (mean age 14.0 years,
      range 8-20 years) referred to our weight management program between 2011 and
      2013. Our results showed mild abnormalities in levels of cholesterol, glucose,
      liver enzymes, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in fewer than 5% of patients
      for each test and no changes in management based on these results for any of the
      patients. We call for re-consideration of the recommendations for laboratory
      testing in children and adolescents being evaluated and treated for overweight
      and obesity.

PMID- 26982612
TI  - Cross-sectional analysis of food choice frequency, sleep confounding beverages,
      and psychological distress predictors of sleep quality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Poor sleep quality is a significant public health problem. The role
      of nutrition in predicting sleep quality is a relatively unexplored area of
      inquiry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of 10 food choice
      categories, sleep confounding beverages, and psychological distress to predict
      the sleep quality of college students. METHODS: A logistic regression model
      comprising 10 food choice variables (healthy proteins, unhealthy proteins,
      healthy dairy, unhealthy dairy, healthy grains, unhealthy grains, healthy fruits
      and vegetables, unhealthy empty calories, healthy beverages, unhealthy
      beverages), sleep confounding beverages (caffeinated/alcoholic beverages), as
      well as psychological distress (low, moderate, serious distress) was computed to
      determine the capacity of the variables to predict sleep quality (good/poor).
      RESULTS: The odds of poor sleep quality were 32.4% lower for each unit of
      increased frequency of healthy proteins consumed (p<0.001; OR=0.676), 14.1% lower
      for each unit of increased frequency of healthy dairy food choices consumed
      (p=0.024; OR=0.859), 13.1% higher for each unit of increased frequency of empty
      calorie food choices consumed (p=0.003; OR=1.131), and 107.3% higher for those
      classified in the moderate psychological distress (p=0.016; OR=2.073).
      CONCLUSION: Collectively, healthy proteins, healthy dairy, unhealthy empty
      calories, and moderate psychological distress were moderately predictive of sleep
      quality in the sample (Nagelkerke R2=23.8%). Results of the study suggested
      higher frequency of consumption of healthy protein and healthy dairy food choices
      reduced the odds of poor sleep quality, while higher consumption of empty
      calories and moderate psychological distress increased the odds of poor sleep
      quality.

PMID- 26982613
TI  - Urate crystals deposition in the feet of overweight juveniles and those with
      symptomatic hyperuricemia: a dual-energy CT study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study evaluated the clinical value of dual-energy
      computed tomography (DECT) for detecting urate crystals in juveniles with
      symptomatic hyperuricemia. METHODS: We recruited 24 juveniles (15 male and 9
      female) who presented with symptomatic hyperuricemia. The mean body mass index
      (BMI) was 26.4 kg/m2 (standard deviation, SD 11.3 kg/m2). Fifteen juveniles
      (71.4%) were overweight. DECT scans of the feet were performed. For post
      processing, a color-coding gout software protocol was used. RESULTS: Urate
      crystals deposition was observed in 21/24 (87.5%) juveniles with symptomatic
      hyperuricemia. Urate crystals were detected in or around the anatomic site
      included the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints (5/24, 20.8%); the calcaneus
      (5/24, 20.8%); any other toe joints (3/24, 12.5%); the astragalus (3/24, 12.5%);
      the ankle joints (3/24, 12.5%); the metatarsals (2/24, 8.3%); the cuboid (1/24,
      4.2%); and other parts of the feet (2/24, 8.3%). Importantly, urate crystals
      deposition weas located in the soft tissue (tendon/tendon insertion
      sites/entheses) around the above-mentioned sites in a majority of these patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Urate crystals deposition can be detected by dual-energy CT in the
      feet of symptomatic hyperuricemia juveniles. DECT can be a valuable diagnostic
      tool for helping diagnose in juvenile gout.

PMID- 26982614
TI  - Interrelations between cognitive dysfunction and motor symptoms of Parkinson's
      disease: behavioral and neural studies.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides
      the cardinal symptoms (tremor, bradykinesia/akinesia, and rigidity), PD patients
      also show other motor deficits, including gait disturbance, speech deficits, and
      impaired handwriting. However, along with these key motor symptoms, PD patients
      also experience cognitive deficits in attention, executive function, working
      memory, and learning. Recent evidence suggests that these motor and cognitive
      deficits of PD are not completely dissociable, as aspects of cognitive
      dysfunction can impact motor performance in PD. In this article, we provide a
      review of behavioral and neural studies on the associations between motor
      symptoms and cognitive deficits in PD, specifically akinesia/bradykinesia,
      tremor, gait, handwriting, precision grip, and speech production. This review
      paves the way for providing a framework for understanding how treatment of
      cognitive dysfunction, for example cognitive rehabilitation programs, may in turn
      influence the motor symptoms of PD.

PMID- 26982615
TI  - Nephroprotective effect of beta-sitosterol on N-diethylnitrosamine initiated and
      ferric nitrilotriacetate promoted acute nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most abundant plant sterol beta-sitosterol is widely used for
      treating heart diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions. The objective of the
      current study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of beta-sitosterol
      against nephrotoxicants which were studied using renal function markers,
      antioxidant and lipid peroxidation status, and inflammatory markers. METHODS:
      Male albino Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four: group 1 was vehicle
      control rats (0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]); group 2 was rats treated with
      N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg body weight [bw] i.p. on the 15th day) and
      ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (9 mg/kg bw i.p. on 30th and 32nd days); group
      3 was rats that received beta-sitosterol (20 mg/kg bw in 0.1% CMC, p.o. for 32
      days) 2 weeks prior to the exposure to the nephrotoxicant; and group 4 was rats
      that received beta-sitosterol alone. The experiment was terminated after the 24 h
      of last dosage of Fe-NTA, and all the animals were sacrificed. The blood, liver
      and kidney from each group were analyzed for biochemical, molecular and
      histological changes. RESULTS: All the parameters showed significant changes in
      DEN and Fe-NTA treated animals, whereas beta-sitosterol pretreated animals'
      altered biochemical parameters were restored to near normal. Histopathological
      and immunoexpression studies on tissues also corroborate the biochemical
      endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of beta-sitosterol to nephrotoxicity
      induced rats showed significant positive changes in biochemical parameters,
      histopathological and immunohistochemical observations, and up-regulation of Nrf2
      gene expression. From this, it was clear that beta-sitosterol showed renal
      protective function.

PMID- 26982616
TI  - Lessons from mammalian hibernators: molecular insights into striated muscle
      plasticity and remodeling.
AB  - Striated muscle shows an amazing ability to adapt its structural apparatus based
      on contractile activity, loading conditions, fuel supply, or environmental
      factors. Studies with mammalian hibernators have identified a variety of
      molecular pathways which are strategically regulated and allow animals to endure
      multiple stresses associated with the hibernating season. Of particular interest
      is the observation that hibernators show little skeletal muscle atrophy despite
      the profound metabolic rate depression and mechanical unloading that they
      experience during long weeks of torpor. Additionally, the cardiac muscle of
      hibernators must adjust to low temperature and reduced perfusion, while the
      strength of contraction increases in order to pump cold, viscous blood.
      Consequently, hibernators hold a wealth of knowledge as it pertains to
      understanding the natural capacity of myocytes to alter structural, contractile
      and metabolic properties in response to environmental stimuli. The present review
      outlines the molecular and biochemical mechanisms which play a role in muscular
      atrophy, hypertrophy, and remodeling. In this capacity, four main networks are
      highlighted: (1) antioxidant defenses, (2) the regulation of structural,
      contractile and metabolic proteins, (3) ubiquitin proteosomal machinery, and (4)
      macroautophagy pathways. Subsequently, we discuss the role of transcription
      factors nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), Myocyte enhancer
      factor 2 (MEF2), and Forkhead box (FOXO) and their associated posttranslational
      modifications as it pertains to regulating each of these networks. Finally, we
      propose that comparing and contrasting these concepts to data collected from
      model organisms able to withstand dramatic changes in muscular function without
      injury will allow researchers to delineate physiological versus pathological
      responses. 

PMID- 26982617
TI  - Differential methylation tests of regulatory regions.
AB  - Differential methylation of regulatory elements is critical in epigenetic
      researches and can be statistically tested. We developed a new statistical test,
      the generalized integrated functional test (GIFT), that tests for regional
      differences in methylation based on the methylation percent at each CpG site
      within a genomic region. The GIFT uses estimated subject-specific profiles with
      smoothing methods, specifically wavelet smoothing, and calculates an ANOVA-like
      test to compare the average profile of groups. In this way, possibly correlated
      CpG sites within the regulatory region are compared all together. Simulations and
      analyses of data obtained from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      indicate that GIFT has good statistical properties and is able to identify
      promising genomic regions. Further, GIFT is likely to work with multiple
      different types of experiments since different smoothing methods can be used to
      estimate the profiles of data without noise. Matlab code for GIFT and sample data
      are available at http://www.augusta.edu/mcg/biostatepi/people/software/gift.html.

PMID- 26982618
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on oxidative stress
      and serum levels of lipids, insulin and hs-CRP in adult patients with metabolic
      syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a plant with antihyperlipidemic
      and antihypertensive effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of roselle
      calyces on the serum levels of lipids and insulin, inflammation, and oxidative
      stress in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: Forty adult patients
      with MetS were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg of H. sabdariffa calyx
      powder or placebo once daily for 4 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures
      (SBP and DBP) and BMI (body mass index) as well as fasting serum levels of
      glucose (FPG; fasting plasma glucose), insulin, lipoproteins, triglycerides (TG),
      high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were
      determined pre- and post-intervention and compared. RESULTS: H. sabdariffa
      significantly reduced serum TG (p=0.044) and SBP (p=0.049) compared to placebo.
      All other variables were not significantly affected by the interventions.
      CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of 500 mg of H. sabdariffa L. calyx powder can
      decrease SBP and serum TG in MetS patients.

PMID- 26982619
TI  - Comparative Proteome Analysis of the Tuberous Roots of Six Cassava (Manihot
      esculenta) Varieties Reveals Proteins Related to Phenotypic Traits.
AB  - Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food and an important source of
      starch, and the attributes of its tuberous root largely depend on the variety.
      The proteome of cassava has been investigated; however, to date, no study has
      focused on varieties that reveal the molecular basis of phenotypical
      characteristics. Therefore, we aimed to compare the proteome of the tuberous
      roots of six cassava varieties that differed in carbohydrates, carotenoids, and
      resistance to diseases, among other attributes. Two-dimensional gels showed 146
      differential spots between the varieties, and the functional roles of some
      differential proteins were correlated to phenotypic characteristics of the
      varieties, such as the amount of carbohydrates or carotenoids and the resistance
      to biotic or abiotic stresses. The results obtained here highlight elements that
      might help to direct the improvement of new cultivars of cassava, which is an
      economically and socially relevant crop worldwide. 

PMID- 26982621
TI  - Trichomes and chemical composition of the volatile oil of Trichogonia cinerea
      (Gardner) R. M. King & H. Rob. (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae).
AB  - Trichogonia cinerea is endemic to Brazil and occurs in areas of cerrado and campo
      rupestre. In this study, we characterized the glandular and non-glandular
      trichomes on the aerial parts of this species, determined the principal events in
      the development of the former, and identified the main constituents of the
      volatile oil produced in its aerial organs. Fully expanded leaves, internodes,
      florets, involucral bracts, and stem apices were used for the characterization of
      trichomes. Leaves, internodes, florets, and involucral bracts were examined by
      light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, whereas stem apices were
      examined only by light microscopy. Branches in the reproductive phase were used
      for the extraction and determination of the composition of the volatile oil. The
      species has three types of glandular trichomes, biseriate vesicular, biseriate
      pedunculate, and multicellular uniseriate, which secrete volatile oils and
      phenolic compounds. The major components identified in the volatile oil were 3,5
      muuroladiene (39.56%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (13.07%). 

PMID- 26982620
TI  - Post-encoding emotional arousal enhances consolidation of item memory, but not
      reality-monitoring source memory.
AB  - The current study examined whether the effect of post-encoding emotional arousal
      on item memory extends to reality-monitoring source memory and, if so, whether
      the effect depends on emotionality of learning stimuli and testing format. In
      Experiment 1, participants encoded neutral words and imagined or viewed their
      corresponding object pictures. Then they watched a neutral, positive, or negative
      video. The 24-hour delayed test showed that emotional arousal had little effect
      on both item memory and reality-monitoring source memory. Experiment 2 was
      similar except that participants encoded neutral, positive, and negative words
      and imagined or viewed their corresponding object pictures. The results showed
      that positive and negative emotional arousal induced after encoding enhanced
      consolidation of item memory, but not reality-monitoring source memory,
      regardless of emotionality of learning stimuli. Experiment 3, identical to
      Experiment 2 except that participants were tested only on source memory for all
      the encoded items, still showed that post-encoding emotional arousal had little
      effect on consolidation of reality-monitoring source memory. Taken together,
      regardless of emotionality of learning stimuli and regardless of testing format
      of source memory (conjunction test vs. independent test), the facilitatory effect
      of post-encoding emotional arousal on item memory does not generalize to reality
      monitoring source memory.

PMID- 26982622
TI  - Current concepts: diagnosis and management of food allergy in children.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Advances in the prevention and treatment of food allergy have
      been published in the last few years and are placed in context using a review
      format. RECENT FINDINGS: Preventing food allergy has been studied for years with
      questions of whether avoidance or exposure was a better strategy. Recent research
      has suggested that peanut allergy can be substantially reduced in high-risk
      infants through intentional oral exposure. For children with food allergy, the
      primary treatment remains avoidance, but controlled trials have shown some
      success with oral immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy. SUMMARY: Providers
      who see children with food allergies should be aware of the newer recommendations
      of preventing peanut allergy and the emerging therapies for children with
      immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy.

PMID- 26982625
TI  - Hot Carrier Extraction with Plasmonic Broadband Absorbers.
AB  - Hot charge carrier extraction from metallic nanostructures is a very promising
      approach for applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and photodetection.
      One limitation is that many metallic nanostructures support a single plasmon
      resonance thus restricting the light-to-charge-carrier activity to a spectral
      band. Here we demonstrate that a monolayer of plasmonic nanoparticles can be
      assembled on a multistack layered configuration to achieve broadband, near-unit
      light absorption, which is spatially localized on the nanoparticle layer. We show
      that this enhanced light absorbance leads to ~40-fold increases in the photon-to
      electron conversion efficiency by the plasmonic nanostructures. We developed a
      model that successfully captures the essential physics of the plasmonic hot
      electron charge generation and separation in these structures. This model also
      allowed us to establish that efficient hot carrier extraction is limited to
      spectral regions where (i) the photons have energies higher than the Schottky
      junctions and (ii) the absorption of light is localized on the metal
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 26982624
TI  - A Feasibility Study Evaluating Extraoral Photobiomodulation Therapy for
      Prevention of Mucositis in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility, safety,
      and tolerability of providing extraoral photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) for
      prevention of oral mucositis (OM) in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation
      (HCT). BACKGROUND DATA: OM is a frequent complication in pediatric HCT. METHODS:
      Patients 4-21 years of age scheduled for myeloablative HCT were eligible to
      participate. PBT was delivered using a THOR Model LX2M with a 69 Diode LED
      Cluster Probe (34 * 660 nm 10 mW, 35 * 850 nm 30 mW; 1390 mW total power output)
      at an irradiance of 50 mW/cm(2). Daily treatment exposed six sites (right, left,
      and midline face and neck) for 60 sec each, for a total dose of 3.0 J/cm(2).
      Treatment was initiated on the 1st day of conditioning, through day +20. OM
      assessments were completed at baseline then daily, from day -1 through day +20.
      Feasibility assessment included both qualitative and quantitative measures and
      outcomes from patients and providers. RESULTS: Thirteen patients with a median
      age of 15 years (range, 4.8-21.6) were consented and enrolled, and completed the
      protocol. The incidence of severe OM [World Health Organization (WHO) Grade >=3]
      was 77%, with a median duration of 4 days (range, 1-14). Of 355 attempted PBT
      administrations, there were six refusals, and the mean proportion of days with
      data submitted was 96.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 78.5-97.2%]. The 10
      trained nurses all reported that the device was accessible, maneuverable, and
      lightweight, and that training was effective. There was no reported toxicity
      attributed to the PBT. CONCLUSIONS: Daily delivery of external PBT and completion
      of OM evaluations is feasible in children undergoing HCT.

PMID- 26982623
TI  - Discovery of a 9-mer Cationic Peptide (LTX-315) as a Potential First in Class
      Oncolytic Peptide.
AB  - Oncolytic immunotherapies represent a new promising strategy in the treatment of
      cancer. In our efforts to develop oncolytic peptides, we identified a series of
      chemically modified 9-mer cationic peptides that were highly effective against
      both drug-resistant and drug-sensitive cancer cells and with lower toxicity
      toward normal cells. Among these peptides, LTX-315 displayed superior anticancer
      activity and was selected as a lead candidate. This peptide showed relative high
      plasma protein binding abilities and a human plasma half-life of 160 min,
      resulting in formation of nontoxic metabolites. In addition, the lead candidate
      demonstrated relatively low ability to inhibit CYP450 enzymes. Collectively these
      data indicated that this peptide has potential to be developed as a new
      anticancer agent for intratumoral administration and is currently being evaluated
      in a phase I/IIa study. 

PMID- 26982627
TI  - The effect of occupational therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - Aim The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of individualized
      occupational therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD). Additionally, the authors wanted to explore the occupational problems
      experienced in daily life by individuals with COPD. Methods A total of 52
      patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (occupational therapy)
      or control group (treatment as usual). The primary outcome was assessed using the
      Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and participants were assessed
      at baseline and after four and 12 months. Results There were no treatment effects
      on occupational performance or satisfaction with performance, as measured by the
      COPM. However, we found a significant effect in favour of the intervention group
      at exertion when performing an individually chosen activity, and in the activity
      dimension of St George's Respiratory Questionnaire. A total of 595 occupational
      problems were reported, most frequently within mobility, active recreation, and
      household management. Conclusions The results show that, compared with the usual
      care, individualized occupational therapy did not improve occupational
      performance or satisfaction with performance. Small but significant changes in
      activity performance in favour of the intervention group were found in some of
      the secondary outcomes.

PMID- 26982626
TI  - A no-gold-standard technique for objective assessment of quantitative nuclear
      medicine imaging methods.
AB  - The objective optimization and evaluation of nuclear-medicine quantitative
      imaging methods using patient data is highly desirable but often hindered by the
      lack of a gold standard. Previously, a regression-without-truth (RWT) approach
      has been proposed for evaluating quantitative imaging methods in the absence of a
      gold standard, but this approach implicitly assumes that bounds on the
      distribution of true values are known. Several quantitative imaging methods in
      nuclear-medicine imaging measure parameters where these bounds are not known,
      such as the activity concentration in an organ or the volume of a tumor. We
      extended upon the RWT approach to develop a no-gold-standard (NGS) technique for
      objectively evaluating such quantitative nuclear-medicine imaging methods with
      patient data in the absence of any ground truth. Using the parameters estimated
      with the NGS technique, a figure of merit, the noise-to-slope ratio (NSR), can be
      computed, which can rank the methods on the basis of precision. An issue with NGS
      evaluation techniques is the requirement of a large number of patient studies. To
      reduce this requirement, the proposed method explored the use of multiple
      quantitative measurements from the same patient, such as the activity
      concentration values from different organs in the same patient. The proposed
      technique was evaluated using rigorous numerical experiments and using data from
      realistic simulation studies. The numerical experiments demonstrated that the NSR
      was estimated accurately using the proposed NGS technique when the bounds on the
      distribution of true values were not precisely known, thus serving as a very
      reliable metric for ranking the methods on the basis of precision. In the
      realistic simulation study, the NGS technique was used to rank reconstruction
      methods for quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) based
      on their performance on the task of estimating the mean activity concentration
      within a known volume of interest. Results showed that the proposed technique
      provided accurate ranking of the reconstruction methods for 97.5% of the 50 noise
      realizations. Further, the technique was robust to the choice of evaluated
      reconstruction methods. The simulation study pointed to possible violations of
      the assumptions made in the NGS technique under clinical scenarios. However,
      numerical experiments indicated that the NGS technique was robust in ranking
      methods even when there was some degree of such violation. 

PMID- 26982629
TI  - Mechanical Characterization of Ultralow Interfacial Tension Oil-in-Water Droplets
      by Thermal Capillary Wave Analysis in a Microfluidic Device.
AB  - Measurements of the ultralow interfacial tension and surfactant film bending
      rigidity for micron-sized heptane droplets in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium
      sulfosuccinate-NaCl aqueous solutions were performed in a microfluidic device
      through the analysis of thermally driven droplet interface fluctuations. The
      Fourier spectrum of the stochastic droplet interface displacement was measured
      through bright-field video microscopy and a contour analysis technique. The
      droplet interfacial tension, together with the surfactant film bending rigidity,
      was obtained by fitting the experimental results to the prediction of a capillary
      wave model. Compared to existing methods for ultralow interfacial tension
      measurements, this contactless, nondestructive, all-optical approach has several
      advantages, such as fast measurement, easy implementation, cost-effectiveness,
      reduced amount of liquids, and integration into lab-on-a-chip devices. 

PMID- 26982628
TI  - Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup X in Sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - The epidemiology of meningococcal disease varies by geography and time. Whole
      genome sequencing of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X isolates from sub-Saharan
      Africa and Europe showed that serogroup X emergence in sub-Saharan Africa
      resulted from expansion of particular variants within clonal complex 181.
      Virulence of these isolates in experimental mouse models was high. 

PMID- 26982630
TI  - Practical implications of novel serum ELISA-assay for matrix metalloproteinase-8
      in acute cardiac diagnostics.
AB  - Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a major role in inflammatory processes as
      they degrade extracellular proteins and modify immune responses. Inflammation is
      the driving factor in atherogenesis and MMPs, particularly MMP-8, has been linked
      to atherosclerotic plaque progression. MMP-8 is shown to be strongly associated
      with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and its complications thus providing a
      potential marker to identify patients at risk. Previously, laborious and
      expensive immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) was needed to reliably detect MMP-8
      levels in serum. In this study, we compared a novel in-house ELISA-assay,
      dentoELISA, to the standard IFMA in determination of serum MMP-8 concentrations.
      As a cheaper and non-laborious assay, ELISA proved to be diagnostically as
      sensitive and specific as the IFMA. ROC statistics showed highly similar areas
      under the curve for both assays (0.779 versus 0.781). Furthermore, the
      concentrations measured by ELISA correlated significantly with concentrations
      determined with IFMA (r = 0.881, P < 0.001). In our study population, MMP-8
      levels were significantly higher in the acute coronary syndrome patients (n =
      2071) in comparison to reference population without significant coronary artery
      disease (n = 653). With this background, MMP-8-ELISA could provide interesting
      new approaches to novel CVD diagnostics. 

PMID- 26982631
TI  - Outcome Analysis of The B.E. S.T.R.O.N.G. Childhood Obesity Treatment Program:
      Effectiveness of an Eight-Week Family-Based Childhood Obesity Program Using an
      Internet-Based Health Tracker.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We describe the development, testing, and analysis of the B.E.
      S.T.R.O.N.G. program, a comprehensive family-based multidisciplinary child
      obesity treatment program. The program uses an innovative Internet-based health
      tracker that was developed by the Children's Wellness Institute (CWI) for data
      collection, analysis, and storage. METHODS: Data were obtained on 112 subjects
      who enrolled in the B.E. S.T.R.O.N.G. program in several healthcare institutions
      during the 2013-2014 academic year. There were 74 females and 38 males. The mean
      age was 9.75 +/- 2.21 years. There were 89 white, 14 African American, 3
      Hispanic, and 6 listed as other. Height and weight data were collected during the
      first, fourth, and seventh week. Diet and exercise data were collected in a HIPAA
      compliant manner each week for seven weeks, using the health tracker, and
      transmitted electronically for statistical analysis and storage. RESULTS:
      Subjects involved in the program demonstrated significant weight loss, averaging
      3.8% reduction in BMI from their starting point. Weight loss in these subjects
      was associated with significant and measurable changes in diet, physical
      activity, and screen time. Participants in the B.E. S.T.R.O.N.G. program
      increased fruit and vegetable consumption to more than five daily servings and
      also demonstrated significant increases in the consumption of grains and protein
      foods. Furthermore, they maintained screen time at less than one hour per day,
      and increased all forms of physical activity to exceed one hour daily.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Internet-based health tracker demonstrated the effectiveness of
      the B.E. S.T.R.O.N.G. program, delivered by several healthcare institutions, in
      treating childhood obesity.

PMID- 26982633
TI  - Identification of abelson tyrosine kinase inhibitors as potential therapeutics
      for Alzheimer's disease using multiple e-pharmacophore modeling and molecular
      dynamics.
AB  - Efforts to combat Alzheimer's disease are focused predominantly on inhibiting the
      activity of the enzyme(s) that have been identified to be responsible for the
      production of the amyloid-forming peptide. However, the inherent complexity
      associated with the network of pathways leading to the disease may involve
      additional targets for designing effective therapies. Recent experimental
      findings have identified abelson tyrosine kinase, a non-receptor kinase as a new
      target for Alzheimer's. In this work, we employed energy optimized multiple
      pharmacophore modeling strategy from multiple c-Abl structures bound with ligands
      in the inactive ATP binding conformation (DFG-out). Virtual screening followed by
      docking of molecules from ChemBridge resulted in the identification of 10 best
      scoring molecules. MD simulations of the top three complexes revealed that
      Compound A, C are the most stable complexes with the most persistent protein
      ligand interactions consistent with the calculated binding affinities for the top
      three compounds. Given the implied role of c-Abl not only in AD but in
      Parkinson's disease, the identified compounds may serve as leads for effective
      neurotherapeutics.

PMID- 26982635
TI  - HoxA13 Stimulates Myometrial Cells to Secrete IL-1beta and Enhance the Expression
      of Contraction-Associated Proteins.
AB  - Bipedalism in humans requires regionalization of myometrial function with a
      contracted lower uterine segment and a relaxed fundus during pregnancy to prevent
      fetal pressure on the cervix and reversal of this phenotype during labor. The
      HoxA13 gene is highly expressed in the lower uterine segment before term labor
      and regulates the regionalization of myometrium contractility. However, how
      HoxA13 regulates signal pathways to exert its functions remains unclear. Using a
      gene microarray technique, we profiled HoxA13 transcriptome in myometrial cells
      containing immune response genes (eg, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8) and contraction
      associated proteins (CAPs) such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and connexin-43. IL
      1beta is responsible for mediating HoxA13 actions in up-regulating IL-6, IL-8,
      Cox-2, and connexin-43 expression. Blocking IL-1beta with its inhibitor abolishes
      these HoxA13 actions. HoxA13-induced IL-1beta stimulates the recruitment of
      activated THP-1 monocytes to myometrial cells, which in turn amplify the
      secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 through a mutual feed-forward loop between
      these cell types. As a result, Cox-2 expression is dramatically enhanced. These
      findings lead us to conclude that HoxA13 increases myometrial cell contractility
      by enhancing the secretion of IL-1beta, resulting in an up-regulation of CAP and
      other proinflammatory cytokine expression. HoxA13-induced IL-1beta in myometrial
      cells also prompts leukocyte recruitment and further amplifies CAP expression.

PMID- 26982632
TI  - Stimulant Treatment of Young People in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe national stimulant treatment patterns among young people
      focusing on patient age and prescribing specialty. METHODS: Stimulant
      prescriptions to patients aged 3-24 were analyzed from the 2008 IMS LifeLink LRx
      Longitudinal Prescription database (n = 3,147,352), which includes 60% of all
      U.S. retail pharmacies. A subset of young people from 2009 with service claims (n
      = 197,654) were also analyzed. Denominators were adjusted to generalize estimates
      to the U.S. POPULATION: Population percentages filling >=1 stimulant prescription
      during the study year by sex and age group (younger children, 3-5 years; older
      children, 6-12 years; adolescents, 13-18 years; and young adults, 19-24 years)
      were determined. Percentages prescribed stimulants by psychiatrists, child and
      adolescent psychiatrists, pediatricians, and other physicians were also
      determined along with percentages that were treated for a long or short duration;
      coprescribed other psychotropic medications; used psychosocial services; and
      received clinical psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS: Population percentages with any
      stimulant use varied across younger children (0.4%), older children (4.5%),
      adolescents (4.0%), and young adults (1.7%). Among children and adolescents,
      males were over twice as likely as females to receive stimulants. Percentages of
      stimulant-treated young people with >=1 stimulant prescription from a child and
      adolescent psychiatrist varied from younger children (19.1%), older children
      (17.1%), and adolescents (18.2%) to young adults (10.1%), and these percentages
      increased among those who were also prescribed other psychotropic medications:
      young children (31.0%), older children (37.9%), adolescents (35.1%), and young
      adults (15.8%). Antipsychotics were the most commonly coprescribed class to
      stimulant-treated younger (15.0%) and older children (11.8%), while
      antidepressants were most commonly coprescribed to adolescents (17.5%) and young
      adults (23.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant treatment peaks during middle childhood,
      especially for boys. For young people treated with stimulants, including younger
      children, low rates of treatment by child and adolescent psychiatrists highlight
      difficulties with access to specialty mental health services.

PMID- 26982634
TI  - A Functional Coupling Between Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Contributes to
      Increased Vasopressin Neuronal Activity in Heart Failure rats.
AB  - Despite the pathophysiological importance of neurohumoral activation in patients
      with heart failure (HF), the precise underlying mechanisms contributing to
      elevated vasopressin (VP) activation in HF remains unknown. Carbon monoxide (CO)
      is a gaseous neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that stimulates VP
      neuronal firing activity. Recently, we showed that the excitatory effect of CO on
      VP neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was mediated by
      inhibition of nitric oxide (NO). Given that previous studies showed that VP
      neuronal activity is enhanced, whereas NO inhibitory signaling is blunted in HF
      rats, we tested whether an enhanced endogenous CO availability within the PVN
      contributes to elevated VP neuronal activity and blunted NO signaling in HF rats.
      We found that both haeme-oxygenase 1 (the CO-synthesizing enzyme) protein and
      mRNA expression levels were enhanced in the PVN of HF compared with sham rats
      (~18% and ~38%, respectively). We report that in sham rats, bath application of a
      CO donor (tricarbonyldichlororuthenium dimer) increased the firing activity of
      identified PVN VP neurons (P < .05), whereas inhibition of endogenous CO
      production (Tin-protoporphyrin IX [SnPP]) failed to affect neuronal activity. In
      HF rats, however, SnPP decreased VP activity (P < .05), an effect that was
      occluded by previous NO synathase blockade NG-nitro-larginine methyl ester.
      Finally, we found that SnPP increased the mean frequency of gamma-aminobutyric
      acid inhibitory postsynaptic currents in VP neurons in HF (P < .05) but not sham
      rats. Our results support an enhanced endogenous CO excitatory signaling in VP
      neurons, which likely contributes to blunted NO and gamma-aminobutyric acid
      inhibitory function in HF rats.

PMID- 26982637
TI  - Targeted Foxe1 Overexpression in Mouse Thyroid Causes the Development of
      Multinodular Goiter But Does Not Promote Carcinogenesis.
AB  - Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several single nucleotide
      polymorphisms in the forkhead box E1 gene (FOXE1) locus, which are strongly
      associated with the risk for thyroid cancer. In addition, our recent work has
      demonstrated FOXE1 overexpression in papillary thyroid carcinomas. To assess
      possible contribution of Foxe1 to thyroid carcinogenesis, transgenic mice
      overexpressing Foxe1 in their thyroids under thyroglobulin promoter (Tg-Foxe1)
      were generated. Additionally, Tg-Foxe1 mice were exposed to x-rays at the age of
      5 weeks or crossed with Pten(+/-) mice to examine the combined effect of Foxe1
      overexpression with radiation or activated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt
      pathway, respectively. In 5- to 8-week-old Tg-Foxe1 mice, severe hypothyroidism
      was observed, and mouse thyroids exhibited hypoplasia of the parenchyma. Adult 48
      week-old mice were almost recovered from hypothyroidism, their thyroids were
      enlarged, and featured colloid microcysts and multiple benign nodules of
      macrofollicular-papilloid growth pattern, but no malignancy was found. Exposure
      of transgenic mice to 1 or 8 Gy of x-rays and Pten haploinsufficiency promoted
      hyperplastic nodule formation also without carcinogenic effect. These results
      indicate that Foxe1 overexpression is not directly involved in the development of
      thyroid cancer and that proper Foxe1 dosage is essential for achieving normal
      structure and function of the thyroid.

PMID- 26982639
TI  - eLearning or technology enhanced learning in medical education-Hope, not hype.
AB  - This Personal View elaborates on my strong conviction that the excitement and
      positive feelings that many of us have for eLearning or Technology enhanced
      learning (TeL) is well founded, and will argue why our hopes are justified, and
      not misplaced. In a nutshell, I believe that eLearning or TeL is a significant
      advance from previous generations of educational innovation, and offers benefits
      for students, educators and administrators; by synergistically combining the
      capabilities of digital content, the Internet, and mobile technology, supported
      by software and applications or "Apps". 

PMID- 26982638
TI  - Possible relationship between amino acids, aggression and psychopathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Aggressive behaviour is associated with reduced serotonin metabolism
      in the brain, but there is not enough knowledge on potential changes of the
      serotonin precursor levels among violent offenders. In this study, we aimed to
      evaluate the relationships among the tendency of psychopathy, anger and the basic
      amino acids. METHODS: Fifty-two young adult male patients with antisocial
      personality disorder (APD) and 30 healthy men included the study. Serum amino
      acid levels were measured by HPLC method. Aggression questionnaire and Hare
      Psychopathology Scale were used for all participants. RESULTS: Blood levels of
      phosphoserine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, aminoadipic acid and 1
      methylhistidine in group of patients with APD were significantly higher than the
      control group. Blood levels of TRP, asparagine, citrulline, cystine, isoleucine,
      tyrosine, histidine, hydroxylysine, lysine, ethanolamine and arginine in the
      group of patients were found lower than the control group. A significant positive
      correlation between anger scores and histidine, methionine and GABA was found.
      GABA and methionine showed a significant correlation with the indirect aggression
      score. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a relationship between serum amino acid
      levels and the scores of aggression and psychopathy. We think that this is a
      productive research area for understanding the relationship among biochemical
      factors, aggression and psychopathy.

PMID- 26982636
TI  - A Human Variant of Glucose-Regulated Protein 94 That Inefficiently Supports IGF
      Production.
AB  - IGFs are critical for normal intrauterine and childhood growth and sustaining
      health throughout life. We showed previously that the production of IGF-1 and IGF
      2 requires interaction with the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94)
      and that the amount of secreted IGFs is proportional to the GRP94 activity.
      Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that functional polymorphisms of human GRP94
      affect IGF production and thereby human health. We describe a hypomorphic variant
      of human GRP94, P300L, whose heterozygous carriers have 9% lower circulating IGF
      1 concentration. P300L was found first in a child with primary IGF deficiency and
      was later shown to be a noncommon single-nucleotide polymorphism with frequencies
      of 1%-4% in various populations. When tested in the grp94(-/-) cell-based
      complementation assay, P300L supported only approximately 58% of IGF secretion
      relative to wild-type GRP94. Furthermore, recombinant P300L showed impaired
      nucleotide binding activity. These in vitro data strongly support a causal
      relationship between the GRP94 variant and the decreased concentration of
      circulating IGF-1, as observed in human carriers of P300L. Thus, mutations in
      GRP94 that affect its IGF chaperone activity represent a novel causal genetic
      mechanism that limits IGF biosynthesis, quite a distinct mechanism from the known
      genes in the GH/IGF signaling network.

PMID- 26982641
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26982640
TI  - The role of Aflibercept in the management of age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, significant advances have occurred in the
      management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV-AMD). The advent
      of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has shifted the
      treatment goal of NV-AMD from merely salvaging vision to improving visual acuity
      and maintaining a good quality of life. Aflibercept (AFL) is a significant
      addition to the arsenal of anti-VEGF therapies against the NV-AMD. In the index
      review, pharmacology and efficacy of AFL has been reviewed. AREAS COVERED: An
      extensive literature search was performed to identify preclinical and clinical
      studies performed to illustrate the role of AFL in NV-AMD. Randomized clinical
      trials evaluating other anti-VEGF agents were also included for comparison.
      Additionally, studies where AFL was employed to treat anti-VEGF-resistant cases
      agents have been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION: AFL is an effective agent in the
      management of NV-AMD and its efficacy has been found to be comparable to
      ranibizumab (RBZ). Additionally, AFL is a good alternative agent in patients with
      NV-AMD resistant to RBZ and bevacizumab (BVZ), and can potentially lessen the
      treatment burden. As more research is conducted, the role of AFL in varying
      dosing regimens, as monotherapy and in combination with other agents, will become
      further defined.

PMID- 26982642
TI  - [Developments in modern cataract surgery - a critical overview].
AB  - Cataract surgery has tremendously evolved in recent years. Innovations include
      micro-incision cataract surgery through incisions smaller than 2mm, high-fluidics
      phacoaspiration and laser phacoemulsification to minimize or replace the use of
      ultrasound, the advent of femtolasers for high-precision incisions in the cornea,
      the lens capsule and the cataractous lens, aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) to
      enhance the quality and contrast of the image, multifocal and enhanced-depth-of
      focus IOLs to correct presbyopia, advancements in biometry and IOL power
      calculation, prevention of secondary capsule opacification by improvements in the
      design and material of the IOLs and surgical techniques like capsule polishing
      and posterior capsulorhexis, and pharmacological prophylaxis and possible future
      treatment of the cataract itself. Finally, cost-effectiveness and future
      potential of same-session bilateral cataract surgery are discussed.

PMID- 26982644
TI  - [Early detection and treatment of strabismus].
AB  - An early diagnosis of strabismus is important in order to rule out treatable
      organic causes and in children, if indicated, to start as early as possible with
      an amblyopia treatment. Early detection will also decrease the risk for accidents
      secondary to diplopia, to the loss of binocular vision and to the restriction of
      the binocular visual field in case of esodeviations. The following therapeutic
      options exist: in some cases the prescription of the correct refraction will be
      sufficient, for small deviations a prismatic correction may allow a longstanding
      treatment, for larger or incomitant deviations strabismus surgery will be
      necessary, which nowadays can be performed using minimal-invasive technique on an
      outpatient base.

PMID- 26982643
TI  - [Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery].
AB  - The majority of ophthalmic interventions can be done today under locoregional
      anesthesia using "Monitored Anesthesia Care" (MAC). General anesthesia techniques
      are mostly reserved for the pediatric segment and for patients with specific
      comorbidity and/or lengthy procedure. Cataract surgery in predominantly geriatric
      patients belongs to the field of the so-called "high volume-surgery": Given the
      low perioperative risk in this patient group, adapted and optimized processes are
      indicated. A focused premedication and informing these patients ensures good
      perioperative compliance. Preoperative tests are be conducted in this patient
      population only as a function of relevant comorbidity. Premedication usually
      takes place as a classical anesthesia consultation, but new methods such as an
      internet-based premedication for healthy patients offers a new option. The
      intraoperative anesthesia method depends on the needs of the surgeon and the
      expectations and possibilities of cooperation of the patient.

PMID- 26982646
TI  - [Age-related macular degeneration - a challenge for public health care].
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant cause of legal
      blindness in the population over 50 years of age. The disorder shows
      exponentially increasing prevalence with age, and the late forms with their
      vision threatening evolution are found in approximately one third of cases. The
      late AMD may be purely atrophic and so far untreatable. Or it may be neovascular
      and exudative, for which medical treatment is available, consisting of repetitive
      intravitreous injections of Anti-VEGF molecules. The treatment is highly
      effective in blocking the growth of the pathological vessels and allowing
      resolution of the accompanying edema. Visual improvement is variable but often
      very meaningful for the patients. However, the final visual level depends mostly
      on early intervention. Thus, screening for the first signs of neovascular AMD is
      crucial for the endresult. However, the repetitive intraocular injections are an
      important burden for the patients. Due to the high patient numbers, the chronic
      care management with steadily adding new patients is a major challenge for
      treating institutions. Limited resources may put patients at risk of
      undertreatment with resulting visual loss. Various strategies have been developed
      to cope with the burden. In addition, the financial cost is high for the health
      care system. On the other hand, timely and ongoing treatment is the best
      investment to achieve meaningful visual improvement, which is extremely important
      for the quality of life and autonomy of the patients. Side effects of the
      treatment are limited and mostly procedure related. Systemic side effects are
      possible but despite the large studies not conclusive. However, care must be
      taken in cases of high cardiovascular risk, as thromboembolic risk increase may
      rarely happen. So far unsolved problems include the long term visual results, the
      degree of reversibility of neovascularization, and the missing treatment options
      of atrophic AMD. Basic and clinical research on various treatment options for AMD
      is ongoing, and some additional molecules are expected for the near future,
      hopefully not only for neovascular AMD but including atrophic AMD as well.

PMID- 26982647
TI  - [Retinal vein occlusion: an interdisciplinary approach].
AB  - Retinal vein occlusion provide a common cause of significant visual reduction but
      also late ocular complications. The medical care of these patients pursue two
      goals: On the one hand vision threatening complications need to be identified and
      treated, and on the other hand treatable risk factors are need to be identified
      and treated. This paper summarizes the common ophthalmological therapeutic
      approaches as well as recommended medical evaluations carried out by the general
      practitioner. This supports the interdisciplinary approach in evaluating and
      treating retinal vein occlusions by ophthalmologists and the general
      practitioners/specialist in internal medicine.

PMID- 26982645
TI  - [Visual training in children].
AB  - The visual system has a pivotal role in most human activities. Many health
      disorders and psychomotor deficits involve the visual system at some level. From
      this some therapists infer a causal relation and apply a variety of visual
      therapies and trainings to cure a variety of deficits. The most prominent example
      is dyslexia, a disorder not caused by a defect in the primary visual system.
      Worldwide various non-evidence based therapies are used to treat dyslexia. The
      great number of exercises and visual trainings is contrasted by scientific
      evidence, which shows that exercises are useful in only few and selected
      disorders. The human visual system seems to be optimized such that no improvement
      can be achieved with training.

PMID- 26982649
TI  - [Early recognition and management of the disease].
AB  - Glaucoma is a progressive disease of the optic nerve potentially leading to a
      destruction of the nerve and therefore to blindness. It is a multifactorial
      disease and patients of all age groups can be affected. Different risk factors
      influence the course of the disease. The quality of life of the patients is
      already reduced when the patients show moderate changes of their visual field.
      The patients experience more falls and may be forced to stop driving. With an
      early and adequate treatment the progression of the disease can be slowed down.
      The early recognition of the disease is important and belongs into the hands of
      ophthalmologists. The treatment for glaucoma is a difficult task and needs an
      intense collaboration of the ophthalmologist with the patient and the treating
      primary care physician.

PMID- 26982650
TI  - [Dry Eye - not always easy to detect].
AB  - Dry Eye Disease (DED) is in its milder forms often fairly easy to diagnose and to
      fairly easy treat in a way satisfactory for the patient. In moderate to severe
      DED or in patients who show no solid signs of dry eye despite suffereing from
      severe symptoms, diagnosis and treatment is often much more difficult. A
      systematic approach is required, but both the patient and the doctor need
      patience, too. Patient education and training is one focus in the therapy. In
      addition, this multifactorial disease often needs further evaluation, if
      clinically plausible, in the fields of dermatology, gastroenterology,
      rheumatology and endocrinology.

PMID- 26982648
TI  - [Fitness to drive under traffic ophthalmological aspects in elderly drivers].
AB  - The Federal Roads Office (FEDRO), Switzerlands federal authority carries
      responsibility for the action program "Via Sicura" in order to reduce drastically
      the number of road traffic fatalities and serious injuries on Swiss roads. The
      revision of the VZV (Verkehrszulassungsverordnung) included in this program will
      come in to force on 1.July 2016. On that account the legal medical requirements
      for driver will be renewed. In particular, the requirements for vision (visual
      acuity, visual field) will be adjusted to international standards. Due to
      demographic changes the number of elderly drivers with old age (85 - 90+) with
      eye associated diseases increases. Therefore, questions concerning traffic
      ophthalmological problems have to be increasingly considered within traffic
      medical assessments. The driver's vision in traffic's safety must enable him to
      perceive relevant information, process information quickly and perform an
      adequate reaction in time, even if visibility is limited (e. g. due to rain,
      night, darkness) or in the presence of physical or psychical constraints.

PMID- 26982651
TI  - Triterpenoids from the stems of Schisandra grandiflora and their biological
      activity.
AB  - One new ursane-type triterpenoid (1), named granditriol, along with 14 known
      compounds (2-15), was isolated from the organic extracts of Schisandra
      grandiflora stems. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by extensive
      spectroscopic methods as 28-norursa-12,17,19,21-tetraen-2alpha,3alpha,23-triol.
      These isolates were evaluated for anti-phytopathogenic fungi activity and
      cytotoxicity against human cancer cell line (HepG2). Asiatic acid (8) and
      2alpha,3alpha,19alpha-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (9) inhibited the growth of
      two plant pathogens, Alternaria alternata and Alternaria solani. In addition,
      compounds 12, 15, and 11 displayed notable anti-proliferative activity against
      HepG2 cells. Compound 1 is the first report of 28-nortriterpenoid from the
      Schisandraceae family. All these were obtained from this plant for the first
      time. 

PMID- 26982652
TI  - CD40 Ligand and GMCSF Coexpression Enhance the Immune Responses and Protective
      Efficacy of PCV2 Adenovirus Vaccine.
AB  - Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) capsid protein (Cap) is the major structural protein
      that is responsible for neutralizing antibodies development and protective
      immunity, thus it is usually used to develop vaccines against porcine circovirus
      associated disease (PCVAD). Porcine CD40 ligand (CD40L) and granulocyte
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) have positive immunostimulatory
      effects on immunocytes and have been applied in vaccine efficacy improvement as
      attractive adjuvant cytokines, respectively. However, whether these two cytokines
      can produce synergistic effect in vaccines still need to be further studied. In
      this study, porcine CD40L and GMCSF were inserted into recombinant adenoviruses
      to test the immunogenicity of PCV2 adenovirus vaccine in mice. Western blot and
      indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that Ad-Cap, Ad-CD40L-Cap, Ad-Cap-GMCSF,
      and Ad-CD40L-Cap-GMCSF were successfully constructed. Indirect ELISA and virus
      neutralizing assay showed that CD40L and GMCSF could enhance humoral immune
      responses, and PCV2 Cap-specific antibody titer and neutralizing activities were
      significantly higher in Ad-CD40L-Cap-GMCSF group than that in the other groups
      that just inserted either porcine CD40L or GMCSF in recombinant adenoviruses.
      Moreover, lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokine release assay showed that
      CD40L and GMCSF enhanced the cellular immune responses of Ad-Cap, and had
      synergistic effects in lymphocyte proliferative activities and Th1-type cytokine
      production. Following PCV2 challenge, the viral loads in lungs of Ad-CD40L-Cap
      GMCSF group were significantly lower compared with Ad-Cap, Ad-CD40L-Cap, and Ad
      Cap-GMCSF group. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that
      CD40L and GMCSF could synergistically enhance the protective immune responses of
      PCV2 adenovirus vaccine, which would be used as a potent vaccine for the
      prevention and control of PCVAD. 

PMID- 26982653
TI  - Successful Implementation of a Program for Increasing Donor Eyes for Research:
      The Duke-Miracles In Sight Program.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although essential for development of ocular therapeutics, the quality
      and quantity of human donor eyes for research have been on the decline. To
      streamline procurement protocols, provide better medical documentation of tissue,
      and improve freshness and number of eyes, a pilot cooperative program was
      undertaken between the Duke University Eye Center and Miracles In Sight Eye Bank.
      METHODS: For research eye donors who expire at Duke University Hospital, age
      restrictions to procurement were lifted, access to donors' electronic medical
      records was granted to researchers, and eye tissue was delivered directly to
      scientists. The number of eye pairs received per month and the time from death to
      arrival in the laboratory were documented, and independent-samples t-tests were
      used to compare the number of paired eyes and the death-to-laboratory time before
      and after implementation of the program. A cost analysis of the program was also
      conducted. RESULTS: Implementation of the program decreased the time from death
      to arrival in the laboratory from an average of 22.1 +/- 1.5 h (n = 22) to 11.6
      +/- 0.8 h (n = 75) for a pair of eyes (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the number of whole
      eye pairs increased from 1.57 +/- 0.32 to 3.26 +/- 0.27 donors per month (P =
      0.0019). Cost analysis indicates that our program is financially viable and
      sustainable for the eye bank. CONCLUSIONS: The Duke-Miracles In Sight Program
      implemented a number of operational changes that resulted in improved quantity
      and quality of ocular tissue to researchers. Such a model appears feasible for
      adoption between other eye centers and eye banks.

PMID- 26982654
TI  - The protective role of long-term meditation on the decline of the executive
      component of attention in aging: a preliminary cross-sectional study.
AB  - Life expectancy is constantly increasing. However, a longer life not always
      corresponds to a healthier life. Indeed, even normal aging is associated with a
      decline in different cognitive functions. It has been proposed that a central
      mechanism that could contribute to this widespread cognitive decline is an
      ineffective inhibitory attentional control. Meditation, to the other hand, has
      been associated, in young adults, to enhancement of several attentional
      processes. Nevertheless, attention is not a unitary construct. An influent model
      proposed the distinction of three subsystems: the alerting (the ability to reach
      and maintain a vigilance state), the orienting (the capacity of focusing
      attention on a subset of stimuli), and the conflict resolution or executive
      component (the ability to resolve conflict or allocate limited resources between
      competing stimuli). Here, we investigated, employing the Attentional Network Task
      (ANT), the specific impact of age on these three subcomponents, and the
      protective role of long-term meditation testing a group of older adults naive to
      meditation, a group of age-matched adults with long-term practice of meditation,
      and a group of young adults with no previous meditation experience. We reported a
      specific decline of the efficiency of the executive component in elderly that was
      not observed in age-matched meditators. Our results are encouraging for the
      investigation of the potential beneficial impact of meditation on other cognitive
      processes that decline in aging such as memory. Moreover, they could inform
      geriatric healthcare prevention and intervention strategies, proposing a new
      approach for cognitive remediation in elderly populations.

PMID- 26982656
TI  - Breastmilk-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro Are Likely to Be Mediated
      Through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

PMID- 26982655
TI  - Structural Abnormalities in the Hair of a Patient with a Novel Ribosomopathy.
AB  - We report the biophysical characterization of hair from a patient with a de novo
      ribosomopathy. The patient was diagnosed with a mutation on gene RPS23, which
      codes for a protein which comprises part of the 40S subunit of the ribosome. The
      patient presents with a number of phenotypes, including hypotonia, autism, extra
      teeth, elastic skin, and thin/brittle hair. We combined optical microscopy,
      tensile tests, and X-ray diffraction experiments on hair samples obtained from
      the scalp of the patient to a multi-scale characterization of the hair from
      macroscopic to molecular length scales and observe distinct differences in the
      biophysical properties in the patient's hair when compared to hair from other
      family members. While no differences were observed in the coiled-coil structure
      of the keratin proteins or the structure of the intermediate filaments, the
      patient's hair was 22% thinner, while the Young's modulus remained roughly
      constant. The X-ray diffraction results give evidence that the amount of lipids
      in the cell membrane complex is reduced by 20%, which well accounts for the other
      observations. The pathologies characterized by these techniques may be used to
      inform the diagnosis of similar de novo mutations in the future. 

PMID- 26982658
TI  - Prevalence of Occlusal Traits in the Deciduous Dentition of Children of Kaski
      District, Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of occlusal traits varies among various populations.
      Ethnic, genetic and environmental factors are the major contributors, with a role
      in the specific cause of malocclusion. The aim of this epidemiological study was
      to assess the prevalence of occlusal traits in the deciduous dentition of
      children of Kaski District,Nepal. METHODS: A total of 506 children (251 girls,
      255 boys), aged 3-5 years, were assessed. The occlusion examination was carried
      out by three examiners, in the school camps,community dental care centre and
      general health camps, utilizing a mouih mirror and probe. Intra investigator
      error was calculated using kappa statistics. The data were analyzed by the
      statistical program SPSS version 17 using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The
      present study studied occlusal traits of 506 children (251 girls, 255 boys), aged
      3-5 years. The study result showed that bilateral mesial step seen in
      40.3%,bilateral flush terminal plane in 33.5%, bilateral distal steps in
      8.5%,mesial step one side and flush terminal other side in 12.7%,mesial step one
      side and distal step other side in 2.6%,flush terminal one side and distal step
      other side in 2.4%,anterior crossbite in 3%,posterior crossbite in 0.4% and non
      spaced dentition in 20% children. CONCLUSIONS: Mesial step was the most prevalent
      followed by straight terminal plane and the distal terminal plane showed least
      prevalence. There were diverse traits for malocclusion. There was no significant
      difference(p>0.05) in occlusal traits between male and female children.

PMID- 26982657
TI  - Predicting Structures of Ru-Centered Dyes: A Computational Screening Tool.
AB  - Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) represent a means for harvesting solar energy
      to produce electrical power. Though a number of light harvesting dyes are in use,
      the search continues for more efficient and effective compounds to make
      commercially viable DSCs a reality. Computational methods have been increasingly
      applied to understand the dyes currently in use and to aid in the search for
      improved light harvesting compounds. Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods have
      a well-deserved reputation for giving good quality results in a very short amount
      of computer time. The most recent semiempirical models such as PM6 and PM7 are
      parametrized for a wide variety of molecule types, including organometallic
      complexes similar to DSC chromophores. In this article, the performance of PM6 is
      tested against a set of 20 molecules whose geometries were optimized using a
      density functional theory (DFT) method. It is found that PM6 gives geometries
      that are in good agreement with the optimized DFT structures. In order to reduce
      the differences between geometries optimized using PM6 and geometries optimized
      using DFT, the PM6 basis set parameters have been optimized for a subset of the
      molecules. It is found that it is sufficient to optimize the basis set for Ru
      alone to improve the agreement between the PM6 results and the DFT results. When
      this optimized Ru basis set is used, the mean unsigned error in Ru-ligand bond
      lengths is reduced from 0.043 to 0.017 A in the set of 20 test molecules. Though
      the magnitude of these differences is small, the effect on the calculated UV/vis
      spectra is significant. These results clearly demonstrate the value of using PM6
      to screen DSC chromophores as well as the value of optimizing PM6 basis set
      parameters for a specific set of molecules. 

PMID- 26982659
TI  - Effect of Gender and Body Weight on Postprandial Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in
      Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The magnitude of the healthcare problem of type-2-diabetes
      increases according to its association with several risk factors for
      cardiovascular diseases such as obesity and dyslipidemia. METHODS: This study
      took place in the north-western region of Algeria. We aimed to assess the effect
      of body weight and gender on postprandial lipid and glucose in type-2-diabetes
      patients. 93 diabetic patients (age 55.65+/-13.81 years) were studied.
      Anthropometric parameters and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Fasting and
      postprandial (PP) glucose and lipid (total cholesterol, HDLcholesterol, LDL
      cholesterol, triglycerides, apo A-I and apo B) profiles were evaluated. RESULTS:
      There were a positive correlation between postprandial glucose and BMI in women
      (r2 = 0.041). Negative correlation with BMI was noticed for PP TG in both males
      (r2 = 0.011) and females (r2 = 0.021). A significant difference (p= 0.019) was
      observed for PP HDL-c in women (0.39 +/- 0.10 g/L vs. men 0.33 +/- 0.12 g/L) and
      also for PP apo A-I (women: 1.33 +/- 0.27 g/L vs. men: 1.09 +/- 0.34 g/L; p=
      0.0003). According to gender and weight groups, our results indicated that female
      gender and overweight are associated with elevated PP HDL-c and PP apo A-I
      levels. However, obesity in women is related to high concentration of PP TG.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that gender difference and weight classes
      are important factors that contribute to determining the postprandial responses,
      both for glucose and lipids, in type 2 diabetic patients.

PMID- 26982660
TI  - Emergency Department Overcrowding in Turkey: Reasons, Facts and Solutions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting
      the long waiting times of the patients in a university hospital. METHODS: This
      study included 3000 of the adults above 18 years and pediatric trauma patients
      under 18 years who applied to emergency department between February 2009 and
      April 2009. The examination period of the physician, length of stay, length of
      hospitalization, waiting times for hospitalization and follow up times in the
      emergency department were recorded. Moreover, the patients were divided into four
      groups according to the reasons for waiting. RESULTS: In our study, the time
      period between 4 pm-12 pm was determined as the busiest time for the
      applications. Average length of stay in the emergency department for 3000
      patients was 146.7+/-160.2 minutes. The length of stay for the patients consulted
      was longer than the length of stay for the ones who were not consulted. Because
      of the fact that our hospital did not have appropriate bed capacity, 41.1% of the
      patients waited less than two hours, 13. 4% of the patients waited more than 8
      hours. It was also found that the waiting times of the Group two patients
      (206,7+/-145,2 minutes) was longer than Group one (95,5+/-73,9 minutes) patients
      and the waiting times of Group three patients (470,7+/-364,7 minutes) was longer
      than Group one patients. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, cooperation of the managers,
      relevant departments and a multidisciplinary approach are necessary to achieve
      the goals to reduce overcrowding in the emergency departments.

PMID- 26982661
TI  - Clinico-microbiological Profile and Visual outcome in Traumatic Endophthalmitis
      following Pars Plana Vitrectomy at a Tertiary Eye Care Centre of Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Endophthalmitis is a potentially devastating ocular complication of
      perforating eye injury (PEI) where prompt intervention can save some vision. This
      study aims to explore the clinico-microbiologic profile and visual outcome
      following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in traumatic endophthalmitis. METHODS: This
      is a retrospective interventional case series study conducted at a tertiary eye
      care centre of Nepal. A total of 49 consecutive cases (49 eyes) of
      endophthalmitis following PEI, who underwent PPV from January 2007 to June 2010
      were included in the study. RESULTS: Mean age was 14.7 years (S.D. 14.27). Twenty
      seven patients (55%) were of age group below 10 years. Male to female ratio was
      2.75:1. Mean duration of presentation was 8.9 days. Nineteen eyes (36.73%) had
      injuries with wooden sticks, followed by injury with metallic objects in 16
      patients (32.56%). PEI involving zone I was found in 31 eyes (63.25%). The
      retained intraocular foreign body was found in seven patients (14.2%). The post
      operative vision improved in almost 24 cases (49%) with visual recovery of 20/200
      and better in six cases (12.24%). The vitreous culture was positive in five cases
      (12.8%) with predominant streptococcus pneumonia in four cases (10.25%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Children were the mostly affected group with males outnumbering
      females. Wooden sticks and metallic objects were the commonest insulting agents.
      Despite the late presentation and predominant zone I injury, eye could be
      salvaged in majority with visual recovery of 20/200 and better in six cases
      (12.24%).

PMID- 26982662
TI  - Effect of Physical Exercise on some Hematological Parameters in Female Athletes
      in Bangladesh.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Long term physical training has been considered to adversely affect
      the performance of athletes especially the females. It may be due to the iron
      depletion caused by hemolysis or hemodilution results from plasma volume
      expansion. This study aims to assess the effect of heavy exercise on hemoglobin
      concentration and some other hematological parameters in female athletes.
      METHODS: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of
      physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2010-June 2011. A total
      number of 105 females (70 athletes and 35 non athletes) between 15-25 years of
      age were recruited. The 35 apparently healthy female non athletes were taken as
      control (Group-A) and 70 female athletes comprise the study group (Group-B).
      According to sporting category, Group-B was further subdivided as B1:Runners and
      B2:Cyclists. Hemoglobin percentages (Hb %), red blood cell (RBC) concentration,
      packed cell volume (PCV), serum iron, serum ferritin and total iron binding
      capacity (TIBC) were measured in fasting state after two months training.
      Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS/ win.15.0 for comparison between the
      groups, using student's unpaired "t" test. RESULTS: Mean Hb%, RBC, PCV, iron and
      ferritin level were significantly (P<0.001) lower in athletes than those of
      control group. Within the study groups, runner's serum iron and ferritin level
      were lower than cyclists. TIBC significantly (P<0.001) rose in Group-B2 in
      comparison to Group-A. CONCLUSIONS: The current study showed that intense
      physical exercise leads to early stages of Hb%, RBC, PCV, iron and ferritin
      depletion which might compromise the health and performance of athletes.

PMID- 26982663
TI  - Frontalis Sling Operation using Silicone Rod Compared with Autogenous Fascia Lata
      for Simple Congenital Ptosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the cosmetic results and recurrence of unilateral
      frontalis sling surgery using a silicone rod compared with autogenous fascia lata
      in cases of simple congenital ptosis. METHODS: This is a retrospective
      comparative study of 59 patients who underwent a frontalis sling operation for
      congenital ptosis. Patients were divided into two groups according to the sling
      material used; an autogeneous fascia lata (fl) group (n = 24) and a silicone rod
      group (sl) (n = 35). Cosmetic results and recurrence rates were compared between
      these 2 groups. The cosmetic results of the frontalis sling operation were
      assessed as good, fair, or poor based on the difference between the Margin Reflex
      Distance (MRD) of both eyelids and graded as good if the difference in two eyes
      was <=1mm and poor if it was 2mm or more. Recurrence was defined as the
      conversion of the cosmetic result from good or fair to poor category. RESULTS: At
      postoperative day seven and 30, MRD of both the groups were good but on three
      months follow-up MRD of silicon rod group dropped, however it was not
      statistically significant .Lid contour was good in both the groups, however, lid
      symmetry was poor in two cases of fascia lata at three months follow-up. Repeat
      surgery for poor outcome was done in 8.6% of cases in silicon rod and 8.3% of
      fascia lata group. CONCLUSIONS: The frontalis sling operation using either a
      silicone rod or autogenous fascia lata showed equally good cosmetic results and
      lower recurrence rate at three months follow up.

PMID- 26982664
TI  - Screening for Oral Cavity Cancer: A 1-year Experience of a Regional Hospital in
      Taiwan.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors affecting
      precancerous lesions, and cancer of oral cavity, and to assess efficacy of visual
      screening for oral mucosal lesions. METHODS: The medical records of patients
      older than 30 years of age with history of habitual cigarette smoking or betel
      quid chewing that received screening for oral mucosal lesions between January
      2012 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' age, gender,
      risk factors, screening findings, and histopathology results of biopsy were
      included for further analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1341 patients were enrolled in
      this study. There were 1080 males and 261 females ranging from 30 to 96 years of
      age, with a mean age of 53.9+/-13.6 years. After screening, 226 (16.9%) were
      found to be positive of oral lesions. Among these 226 patients, 69 (30.5%)
      underwent biopsy under local anesthesia, and the histopathology showed malignancy
      in 13 (5.8%). All of the confirmed malignant cases were squamous cell carcinoma.
      Among them, 12 received further staging examination and one was lost to follow-up
      resulting in unknown stage. The early stage oral cavity cancer (stage I and II)
      accounted for 84.6% (11/13). CONCLUSIONS: The detection rate of early stage oral
      cavity cancer in our study was reasonable. Therefore, visual screening for oral
      cavity cancer is recommended for patients with habitual cigarette smoking or
      betel quid chewing.

PMID- 26982665
TI  - Clinical Profile, Dyslipidemia and ACS - a Correlation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To analyze lipid profile in patients with ACS, and to study the
      pattern of the involvement and complication in ACS. METHODS: Hundred and eight
      consecutive cases of ACS, attending the CCU of Tribhuvan University Teaching
      Hospital fulfilling the criteria, were taken for the present study. Patient from
      age 30 and older were studied. All cases were scrutinized to detail serial 12
      lead EKG, serial cardiac biochemical markers, laboratory test, echocardiographic
      study. Design of the study was carried out in prospective, cross sectional study.
      RESULTS: Hyperlipidemia was present in 61% of the patients. Only 27% of them were
      on statins. Most of them had high cholesterol level 68%, high Tgl level 75%, Ldl
      50%, where as <40 Hdl (93%) patient were found to be low. 40% was found to have
      UAP. In addition patient with hypertension (76%) diabetes (65%) also had
      comorbidity for obesity 35%, and lipid abnormalities 75% for triglycerides, 66%
      for TC, 50% for LDL-C, 93% for low HDL-C, and a family history of CAD in 57%.
      CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of this study showed that the majority are male,
      relatively younger as compared to Western population. USA and STEMI were the
      dominant types of ACS. Strong correlations between TC, LDL-C, and low HDL-C in
      patient with ACS were noted. Majority of patients had hypertension, IHD in their
      families and Hyperlipidemia diabetes, smoking as the major risk factors. Better
      control of risk factors and the awareness of preventive strategies are needed.

PMID- 26982666
TI  - Prevalence of Conventional Risk Factors in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction Patients in Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are
      labelled as conventional risk factors for coronary artery disease. Prevalence of
      these risk factors varies across populations. This study aimed to assess the
      prevalence of these conventional risk factors in patients, who were discharged
      from our hospital, with the diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction.
      METHODS: Medical records of 495 ST elevation myocardial infarction patients
      discharged from our centre in between January 2012 to December 2012 were
      retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the prevalence of conventional risk factors.
      RESULTS: Clear dominance (75%) of male patients was seen. Inferior wall
      myocardial infarction (29.9%) was the most common diagnosis followed by anterior
      wall myocardial infarction (25.1%). Hypertension (65%), smoking (57.8%) and
      dyslipidemia (45.5%) were the most common risk factors. Diabetes (31.1%) was the
      least common. Prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia was similar among male and
      female. Smoking was statistically common in male (76.8%vs 49.5%),though diabetes
      was common in female (36.5%vs.29.3%) not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS:
      Conventional risk factors are common among ST elevation myocardial infarction
      patients. Early detection and treatment of these risk factors play a vital role
      for the prevention of coronary artery disease. Much more focus should be stressed
      on preventive programs throughout the country.

PMID- 26982667
TI  - Effect of Dexamethasone and Pheniramine Maleate in Patients Undergoing Elective
      Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is elective surgical procedure
      for uncomplicated gallstone disease and gallbladder polyp. The objective of this
      study was to assess the efficacy of Dexamethasone and Pheniramine hydrogen
      maleate on reducing stress response and pain after surgery in patients undergoing
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: After obtaining approval from the
      institutional ethics committee and written informed consent, 120 patients
      undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were enrolled in the study from
      Sep 2103 to Aug 2014 at Department of Surgery, Manipal College of Medical
      Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. Patients were randomized to receive either 8mg/2ml of
      Dexamethasone + 45.5/2ml Pheniramine hydrogen maleate (treatment group, n= 60) or
      5 ml of normal saline (control group, n=60) 90 minutes before skin incision.
      RESULTS: There was a reduction of total bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP) value
      and Visual Analogue Score (VAS) in treatment group as compared to control group
      (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Use of Dexamethasone and Pheniramine hydrogen maleate
      prior to surgical skin incision helps to reduce both postoperative pain and acute
      physiological stress.

PMID- 26982668
TI  - Construction and Validation of a Women's Autonomy Measurement Scale with
      Reference to Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services in Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Women's autonomy is one of the predictors of maternal health care
      service utilization. This study aimed to construct and validate a scale for
      measuring women's autonomy with relevance to developing countries. METHODS: We
      conducted a study for construction and validation of a scale in Rupandehi and
      further validated in Kapilvastu districts of Nepal. Initially, we administered a
      24-item preliminary scale and finalized a 23-item scale using psychometric tests.
      After defining the construct of women's autonomy, we pooled 194 items and
      selected 24 items to develop a preliminary scale. The scale development process
      followed different steps i.e. definition of construct, generation of items pool,
      pretesting, analysis of psychometric test and further validation. RESULTS: The
      new scale was strongly supported by Cronbach's Alpha value (0.84), test-retest
      Pearson correlation (0.87), average content validity ratio (0.8) and overall
      agreement- Kappa value of the items (0.83) whereas all values were found
      satisfactory. From factor analysis, we selected 23 items for the final scale
      which show good convergent and discriminant validity. From preliminary draft, we
      removed one item; the remaining 23 items were loaded in five factors. All five
      factors had single loading items by suppressing absolute coefficient value less
      than 0.45 and average coefficient was more than 0.60 of each factor. Similarly,
      the factors and loaded items had good convergent and discriminant validity which
      further showed strong measurement capacity of the scale. CONCLUSIONS: The new
      scale is a reliable tool for assessing women's autonomy in developing countries.
      We recommend for further use and validation of the scale for ensuring the
      measurement capacity.

PMID- 26982670
TI  - A Giant Urethral Calculus.
AB  - Urethral calculi are rare forms of urolithiasis. Majority of the calculi are
      migratory from urinary bladder or upper urinary tract. Primary urethral calculi
      usually occur in presence of urethral stricture or diverticulum. In this article
      we report a case of a giant posterior urethral calculus measuring 7x3x2 cm in a
      47 years old male. Patient presented with acute retention of urine which was
      preceded by burning micturition and dribbling of urine for one week. The calculus
      was pushed in to the bladder through the cystoscope and was removed by suprapubic
      cystolithotomy. 

PMID- 26982671
TI  - Crossed Testicular Ectopia.
AB  - Crossed testicular ectopia also known as transverse testicular ectopia is a rare
      anomaly of the testis which is ectopically located in contralateral hemiscrotum
      with absent testis in the ipsilateral hemiscrotum. Most case are incidentally
      discovered intraopeartively during operation of inguinal hernia and few case
      reports are available which have reported preoperative diagnosis of crossed
      testicular ectopia. We report a case of crossed testicular ectopia in 12 year old
      boy who presented with right undescended testis diagnosed preoperative on
      Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging as crossed testicular ectopia. 

PMID- 26982669
TI  - Status of Vitamin D and its Association with Stroke Risk Factors in Patients with
      Acute Ischemic Stroke in a Tertiary Care Hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with many neurological
      illnesses. The status of Vitamin D in Nepalese ischemic stroke patients is still
      unknown. This study aims to assess the status of vitamin D and its association
      with stroke risk factors in patients with acute ischemic stroke from Central
      Nepal. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with ischemic stroke were included in the
      study. Their clinical profile and Vitamin D status were assessed. Frequency
      distribution, Pearson chi2test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed for
      statistical analysis using SPSS-IBM 20. RESULTS: The median (IQR) age of the
      patient was 65 (53.25, 70.75) years, ranging from 18-87 years. Thirty-four
      (56.7%) were males. Fourty-eight (80%) patients had hypertension and 34 (56.7%)
      were smoker. Previous stroke was present in six (10%) cases. Thirty-seven (61.6%)
      patients had low levels of Vitamin D out of which 26 (43.3%) had vitamin D
      insufficiency and 11 (18.3%) had vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D level was
      significantly associated with previous history of stroke (P=0.043). CONCLUSIONS:
      Vitamin D deficiency occurs in patients with ischemic stroke. Previous episodes
      of stroke with low vitamin D levels could be a cause of recurrent strokes.
      Further studies are necessary to establish the role of vitamin D in acute
      ischemic stroke in Nepalese population.

PMID- 26982672
TI  - Uncommon course of the ulnar artery through the pronator teres muscle.
AB  - In this paper, we describe a very rare variant in the course of the ulnar artery
      that we encountered in dissecting the right upper limb of a 74-year-old man. The
      ulnar artery arose standardly from the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.
      However, its ensuing course differed from the norm. The artery entered together
      with the ulnar vein and median nerve into the pronator canal (between the humeral
      and ulnar heads of the pronator teres). Further, the ulnar artery descended
      classically to the ulnar side of the forearm between the flexor carpi ulnaris and
      flexor digitorum superficialis. Knowledge of this variation in the course of the
      ulnar artery may have significance in clinical practice because accumulation of
      anatomical structures in the pronator canal could be a predisposing factor for
      the compression of nerve or blood vessels. 

PMID- 26982673
TI  - Unusual Presentation of Lacrimal Gland Pleomorphic Adenoma.
AB  - The pleomorphic adenoma of lacrimal gland presents as a painless, progressive,
      slowly growing supero-temporal swelling with variable proptosis. This tumor is
      usually found in adults and extremely rare in teenage. We report a case of a 15
      year-old boy with pleomorphic adenoma of lacrimal gland which mimicked
      pseudotumor of orbit due to its presentation as an orbital inflammatory disease
      and the age distribution. Neuroimaging also suggested pseudotumor and oral
      steroid was started. But, there was no improvement on steroids and ultrasound
      guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was performed which suggested
      Pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland. En-bloc excision of the mass through
      antero-lateral orbitotomy was done with satisfactory final outcome The
      histopathological evaluation was consistent with pleomorphic adenoma of the
      lacrimal gland. 

PMID- 26982674
TI  - Radiation induced myxoma of superior vena cava origin presenting as a right
      atrial mass.
AB  - Myxomas are the most common benign cardiac tumors. Myxomas are more common in the
      left heart chamber than the right side chamber. An extracardiac origin presenting
      as a right atrial mass is very rare. Right-sided tumors are considerably less
      common than left-sided tumors, and however myxoma of great vessels origin
      presenting as right atrial masses are rare but radiation induced villous myxoma
      in superior vena cava (SVC) is exceedingly rare tumor. A case of radiation
      induced myxoma originating in a previously undescribed location and presenting as
      a right atrial mass is reported. 

PMID- 26982675
TI  - A Rare Case of Multiorgan Involvement of Rosai Dorfman Disease in an Elderly
      Female.
AB  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), Rosai-Dorfman Disease,
      is a rare histiocytic syndrome first described by Rosai and Dorfman, most
      frequently seen in children and young adults.The disease is more common in males
      and in individuals of African descent but rare in Asians. It is mainly
      characterized by painless bilateral cervical lymph node enlargement and is often
      associated with fever and leucocytosis. This case is being reported for its
      rarity in presentation in an elderly female with both generalized nodal as well
      as extranodal manifestations. Without the awareness about RDD, the diagnosis of
      RDD is unexpected especially in South East Asian Countries where certain
      lymphadenopathies such as tuberculosis, metastatic malignancies and lymphomas are
      common. 

PMID- 26982676
TI  - Restoration of finger and thumb movement using one-stage free muscle
      transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Functional reconstruction following severe traumatic muscle loss may
      cause problems for reconstructive surgeons. In such situations, functioning free
      muscle transplantation (FFMT) represents an important alternative treatment
      option. METHODS: The clinico-demographic characteristics of 11 patients receiving
      modified FFMT between 2005-2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The muscle
      strength, range of joint motion (ROM), total active motion (TAM) of the fingers,
      and Disability of Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were adopted to assess the
      functional results. RESULTS: All FFMTs were performed in the secondary stage. The
      authors found that the mean ROM, TAM, ratio of TAM compared with the
      contralateral side, and DASH score were 112 degrees, 150 degrees, 62%, and 22.8,
      respectively; and eight and nine patients achieved greatly improved grip function
      and M4 muscle strength, respectively. CONCLUSION: Using one-stage free muscle
      transplantation to restore finger and thumb movement simultaneously is an
      effective method for functional restoration following traumatic multi-muscle
      loss.

PMID- 26982678
TI  - Three-dimensional MR Cholangiopancreatography in a Breath Hold with Sparsity
      based Reconstruction of Highly Undersampled Data.
AB  - Purpose To develop a three-dimensional breath-hold (BH) magnetic resonance (MR)
      cholangiopancreatographic protocol with sampling perfection with application
      optimized contrast using different flip-angle evolutions (SPACE) acquisition and
      sparsity-based iterative reconstruction (SPARSE) of prospectively sampled 5% k
      space data and to compare the results with conventional respiratory-triggered
      (RT) acquisition. Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant prospective study
      was institutional review board approved. Twenty-nine patients underwent
      conventional RT SPACE and BH-accelerated SPACE acquisition with 5% k-space
      sampling at 3 T. Spatial resolution and other parameters were matched when
      possible. BH SPACE images were reconstructed by enforcing joint multicoil
      sparsity in the wavelet domain (SPARSE-SPACE). Two board-certified radiologists
      independently evaluated BH SPARSE-SPACE and RT SPACE images for image quality
      parameters in the pancreatic duct and common bile duct by using a five-point
      scale. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare BH SPARSE-SPACE and RT
      SPACE images. Results Acquisition time for BH SPARSE-SPACE was 20 seconds, which
      was significantly (P < .001) shorter than that for RT SPACE (mean +/- standard
      deviation, 338.8 sec +/- 69.1). Overall image quality scores were higher for BH
      SPARSE-SPACE than for RT SPACE images for both readers for the proximal, middle,
      and distal pancreatic duct, but the difference was not statistically significant
      (P > .05). For reader 1, distal common bile duct scores were significantly higher
      with BH SPARSE-SPACE acquisition (P = .036). More patients had acceptable or
      better overall image quality (scores >= 3) with BH SPARSE-SPACE than with RT
      SPACE acquisition, respectively, for the proximal (23 of 29 [79%] vs 22 of 29
      [76%]), middle (22 of 29 [76%] vs 18 of 29 [62%]), and distal (20 of 29 [69%] vs
      13 of 29 [45%]) pancreatic duct and the proximal (25 of 28 [89%] vs 22 of 28
      [79%]) and distal (25 of 28 [89%] vs 24 of 28 [86%]) common bile duct. Conclusion
      BH SPARSE-SPACE showed similar or superior image quality for the pancreatic and
      common duct compared with that of RT SPACE despite 17-fold shorter acquisition
      time. ((c)) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 26982679
TI  - Health problems among nursing workers in a haemodialysis service.
AB  - Objective The aim was to measure work-related health problems among nursing
      workers at a haemodialysis unit in southern Brazil and associate these issues
      with the socio-occupational characteristics of the workers. Method This is a
      qualitative study conducted with 46 nursing workers. Data were collected using a
      general health questionnaire with socio-occupational information and a work
      related health assessment scale. The data were subjected to descriptive,
      correlational, bivariate analysis with significance levels of 5% using Epi
      info(r) and Predictive Analytics Software. Results Physical, psychological, and
      social problems were considered bearable, and job satisfaction was associated
      with current income and work absenteeism for health treatment (p< 0.05). Back
      pain (3.74 +/- 2.04) and leg pain (3.48 +/- 2.10) were considered severe. There
      was a direct correlation between the health issues (r> 0.31, p <0.05). Conclusion
      In spite of the positive results of the work-related health assessment among the
      studied population, the results confirm the need to promote the health of nursing
      workers. 

PMID- 26982677
TI  - Three-dimensional Radiologic Assessment of Chemotherapy Response in Ewing Sarcoma
      Can Be Used to Predict Clinical Outcome.
AB  - Purpose To compare the agreement of three-dimensional (3D) tumor measurements for
      therapeutic response assessment of Ewing sarcoma according to the Children's
      Oncology Group (COG) criteria, one-dimensional (1D) Response Evaluation Criteria
      in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and two-dimensional (2D) measurements defined by the
      World Health Organization (WHO) with tumor volume measurements as the standard of
      reference and to determine which method correlates best with clinical outcomes.
      Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional
      review board of three institutions. Seventy-four patients (mean age +/- standard
      deviation, 14.5 years +/- 6.5) with newly diagnosed Ewing sarcoma treated at
      three medical centers were evaluated. Primary tumor size was assessed on pre- and
      posttreatment magnetic resonance images according to 1D RECIST, 2D WHO, and 3D
      COG measurements. Tumor responses were compared with the standard of reference
      (tumor volume) on the basis of RECIST, COG, and WHO therapeutic response
      thresholds. Agreement between the percentage reduction measurements of the
      methods was assessed with concordance correlation, Bland-Altman analysis, and
      Spearman rank correlation. Agreement between therapeutic responses was assessed
      with Kendall tau and unweighted kappa statistics. Tumor responses were compared
      with patient survival by using the log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier plots, and Cox
      regression. Results Agreement with the reference standard was significantly
      better for 3D measurement than for 1D and 2D measurements on the basis of RECIST
      and COG therapeutic response thresholds (concordance correlation of 0.41, 0.72,
      and 0.84 for 1D, 2D, and 3D measurements, respectively; P < .0001). Comparison of
      overall survival of responders and nonresponders demonstrated P values of .4133,
      .0112, .0032, and .0027 for 1D, 2D, 3D, and volume measurements, respectively,
      indicating that higher dimensional measurements were significantly better
      predictors of overall survival. Conclusion The 3D tumor measurements according to
      COG are better predictors of therapeutic response of Ewing sarcoma than 1D RECIST
      or 2D WHO measurements and show a significantly higher correlation with clinical
      outcomes. ((c)) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this
      article.

PMID- 26982680
TI  - Socioeconomic and regional inequalities of pap smear coverage.
AB  - Objectives To identify socioeconomic and regional inequalities of pap smear
      coverage in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods An ecological study based on
      data of the 2011-2012 national health information system to estimate the annual
      coverage of pap smears for the overall female population of the state and for
      women without private health insurance. We estimated annual pap smear coverage
      according to the Municipal Social Vulnerability Index and health macro-regions
      and regions of the state. Results The percentage of women without private health
      insurance ranged from 38.1% to 94.2% in the health regions. Pap smear coverage
      was 17.3% for the overall female population and 23.8% for women without private
      health insurance. Pap smear coverage was higher in more socially vulnerable
      municipalities and regions with a higher percentage of women with private health
      insurance. Conclusions The prevalence of private health insurance should be
      considered in studies that address the coverage of the Brazilian Unified Health
      System (SUS). 

PMID- 26982681
TI  - Children and adolescents living with diabetes and celiac disease.
AB  - Objective To understand the experience of children and adolescents living with
      type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. Method This is a qualitative exploratory
      descriptive study. The participants were 3 children and 2 adolescents. The data
      were collected by means of semi-structured interviews between January and
      September 2012 at the participant's residence or at the diabetic outpatient
      clinic of the Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo
      in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The content analysis technique was used to process the
      data. Results The key aspect of the illness experience of the patients was their
      diet, but with different meanings. The children had difficulty following the
      diet, while the adolescents reported that they had greater difficulty coping with
      the social and affective aspects of their diet. Conclusion The results reinforce
      the importance of nurses who seek strategies, together with the patients and
      their families, that help minimize the difficulties of these patients, especially
      with regard to managing the diet imposed by both diseases. 

PMID- 26982682
TI  - Terms used by nurses in the documentation of patient progress.
AB  - Objective Describe the terms used in written records of patients' progress by
      nurses. Methods Descriptive research with a quantitative method that used a
      software to extract terms related to 148,200 nursing documentations of patient's
      progress, from 2010 to 2012, in a university hospital in Curitiba - Parana. The
      terms were normalized, if appropriate, in spelling, gender, number and tense;
      then corpus of 2.638 terms was classified for analysis. Results There were
      problems related to the identification of the records; the use of trade names for
      designating artifacts used in the nursing practice; unconventional acronyms and
      abbreviations; and colloquial terms. Records of terms contained in standardized
      language of nursing diagnoses were found. Conclusion The language used by nurses
      is heterogeneous. There is a tendency to use terms of specialized language, even
      when there is no formal terminology standardization in the institution. 

PMID- 26982683
TI  - Information needs of family caregivers regarding liver transplant candidates.
AB  - Objective To assess the information needs of family caregivers of candidates on
      the waiting list for a liver transplant. Methods It is a cross-sectional study
      conducted in a transplant center in Sao Paulo State in the period between April
      and October of 2012. For the assessment of information needed, an instrument
      submitted to face and content value was used. The caregivers put 10 subjects in
      order according to their importance and the amount of interest they had in
      learning about each, prior to the transplant their family member would be
      subjected to. Sociodemographic characteristics were also recorded. For data
      analysis, descriptive statistics were used. Results 42 families participated in
      the study. The information need about liver disease complications, complications
      after transplantation and care needed after surgery had higher averages.
      Conclusions Knowing the information needs of caregivers is important to plan
      teaching-learning strategies aimed at improving assistance to patients and
      families in transplant programs. 

PMID- 26982684
TI  - Morphological Expression of the Coherence and Relative Phase of Optical Inputs to
      the Photoelectrodeposition of Nanopatterned Se-Te Films.
AB  - Highly anisotropic and ordered nanoscale lamellar morphologies can be
      spontaneously generated over macroscopic areas, without the use of a photomask or
      any templating agents, via the photoelectrodeposition of Se-Te alloy films. To
      form such structures, the light source can be a single, linearly polarized light
      source that need not necessarily be highly coherent. In this work, the variation
      in the morphologies produced by this deposition process was evaluated in response
      to differences in the coherence and relative phase between multiple simultaneous
      linearly polarized illumination inputs. Specifically, the morphologies of
      photoelectrodeposits were evaluated when two tandem same-wavelength sources with
      discrete linear polarizations, both either mutually incoherent or mutually
      coherent (with defined phase differences), were used. Additionally, morphologies
      were simulated via computer modeling of the interfacial light scattering and
      absorption during the photoelectrochemical growth process. The morphologies that
      were generated using two coherent, in-phase sources were equivalent to those
      generated using only a single source. In contrast, the use of two coherent, out
      of-phase sources produced a range of morphological patterns. For small out-of
      phase addition of orthogonal polarization components, lamellar-type patterns were
      observed. When fully out-of-phase orthogonal sources (circular polarization) were
      used, an isotropic, mesh-type pattern was instead generated, similar to that
      observed when unpolarized illumination was utilized. In intermediate cases,
      anisotropic lamellar-type patterns were superimposed on the isotropic mesh-type
      patterns, and the relative height between the two structures scaled with the
      amount of out-of-phase addition of the orthogonal polarization components.
      Similar results were obtained when two incoherent sources were utilized. In every
      case, the long axis of the lamellar-type morphology component aligned parallel to
      the intensity-weighted average polarization orientation. The observations
      consistently agreed with computer simulations, indicating that the observed
      morphologies were fully determined by the nature of the illumination utilized
      during the growth process. The collective data thus indicated that the
      photoelectrodeposition process exhibits sensitivity toward the coherency,
      relative phase, and polarization orientations of all optical inputs and that this
      sensitivity is physically expressed in the morphology of the deposit.

PMID- 26982685
TI  - Difficulties in Schistosomiasis Assessment, Corsica, France.

PMID- 26982691
TI  - Percutaneous Microwave Ablation Liver Partition and Portal Vein Embolization for
      Rapid Liver Regeneration: A Minimally Invasive First Step of ALPPS for
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

PMID- 26982686
TI  - Does Acupuncture Treatment Affect Utilization of Other Hospital Services at an
      Urban Safety-Net Hospital?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the interaction between acupuncture and
      biomedical healthcare among vulnerable patient populations. In particular, the
      association between acupuncture and total cost of healthcare has not been
      characterized. METHODS: Total hospital system visits and associated charges were
      retrospectively reviewed among patients who received acupuncture at a large
      safety-net hospital system from 2007 to 2014. Inclusion criteria were Medicare or
      Medicaid insurance coverage, older than age 18 years, and one or more on-site
      acupuncture appointments. Patients were stratified into five groups based on the
      number of acupuncture visits: 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, or 13-15 treatments. The
      total number of biomedical hospital visits and total associated charges were
      compared 6 months before and 6 months after initiation of acupuncture. RESULTS: A
      total of 329 patients met our inclusion criteria. Although not statistically
      significant, there appeared to be an association between acupuncture treatment
      and a decrease in total hospital charges. The group receiving 1-3 acupuncture
      treatments showed a per-patient average increase in total charges in the 6-month
      period after acupuncture ($1771.34; p = 0.38). The patients who received 7-9
      treatments showed the largest average decrease in total charges ($8967.24; p =
      0.17). CONCLUSION: This study shows a previously unreported aggregate
      relationship between number of treatments and total healthcare charges in a
      single urban safety-net hospital. Given the sample size available and the
      heterogeneity of the patient population, no statistically significant
      associations could be established between initiation of acupuncture treatment and
      charges. However, some suggestive patterns were observed. Further prospective
      studies with a matched-group control are warranted to further explore this
      relationship. Additional study across wider locations is warranted to best guide
      practitioners and hospitals in designing efficacious, high-value integrative
      medicine programs.

PMID- 26982693
TI  - Serogroup-specific Seasonality of Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Ireland.

PMID- 26982694
TI  - Amikacin induced renal damage and the role of the antioxidants on neonatal rats.
AB  - Amikacin (AK) is frequently used on the treatment of Gram-negative infections on
      neonates, but its usage is restricted because of nephrotoxicity. In this study,
      on neonatal rats, we aimed to investigate the effects of erythropoietin and
      vitamin E on AK induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 35 newborn Wistar Albino rats
      were divided into four groups: (1) injected with saline (serum physiological was
      administered to placebo controls), (2) injected with AK (1200 mg/kg), (3)
      injected with AK + vitamin E (150 mg/kg), (4) injected with AK + erythropoietin
      (EPO) (300 IU/kg/day). In renal tissue, AK levels were significantly high in all
      groups except the control. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)
      levels were statistically higher in AK -treated group than the control. MDA and
      NO levels were significantly decreased with the administration of vitamin E and
      EPO. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were statistically low in AK group
      compared with the controls. The levels of GPX, in vitamin E group, were increased
      significantly. However, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were not
      significantly different in none of the groups. Insulin-like growth factor-1
      values in AK, EPO and vitamin E groups were significantly higher than the control
      group. Histomorphological changes such as tubular epithelial necrosis were seen
      in AK treated group. Histopathological improvements observed with EPO and vitamin
      E administration. AK nephrotoxicity is related to oxidative stress and is
      supported with biochemical and histopathological findings. Vitamin E and EPO, as
      antioxidants, can be useful renoprotective agents for ameliorating AK induced
      nephrotoxicity in neonates. 

PMID- 26982695
TI  - Natural and anthropogenic variations in the Po river waters (northern Italy):
      insights from a multi-isotope approach.
AB  - Po is the main Italian river and the delta(18)O and delta(2)H of its water reveal
      a similarity between the current meteoric fingerprint and that of the past
      represented by groundwater. As concerns the hydrochemisty, the Ca-HCO3 facies
      remained constant over the last 50 year, and only nitrate significantly increased
      from less than 1 mg/L to more than 10 mg/L in the 1980s, and then attenuated to a
      value of 9 mg/L. Coherently, delta(13)CDIC and delta(34)SSO4 are compatible with
      the weathering of the lithologies outcropping in the basin, while extremely
      variable delta(15)NNO3 indicates contribution from pollutants released by urban,
      agricultural and zootechnical activities. This suggests that although the origin
      of the main constituents of the Po river water is geogenic, anthropogenic
      contributions are locally significant. Noteworthy, the associated aquifers have
      the same nitrogen isotopic signature of the Po river, but are characterized by
      significantly higher NO(-) 3 concentration. This implies that aquifers' pollution
      is not ascribed to inflow of current river water, and that the attenuation of the
      nitrogen load recorded in the river is not occurring in the aquifers, due to
      their longer water residence time and delayed recovery from anthropogenic
      contamination. 

PMID- 26982698
TI  - Awareness, Interest, and HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Candidacy Among Young
      Transwomen.

PMID- 26982700
TI  - Endothelial Cell-Immune Cell Interaction in IBD.
AB  - The proper delivery of immune cells throughout the host's various tissues and
      organs is essential to health, and abnormalities in the type and quantity of
      leukocyte distribution is usually associated with disease. Because of its size
      and presence of a very large amount of immunocytes in the mucosa and mesenteric
      lymph nodes, the gut is the recipient of a constant influx of leukocytes, a
      process tightly regulated by multiple factors. These include cell adhesion
      molecules on the leukocytes and their counter-receptors on the microvascular
      endothelial cells in the bowel wall, a number of chemokines and cytokines that
      help attracting immune cells, platelets, bacterial products, danger signals, the
      size of the vascular and lymphatic beds and the process of leukocyte exit and
      circulation in the blood and lymphatic fluid. The disruption of any of the above
      regulatory mechanism can lead to inflammation, as is the case for inflammatory
      bowel disease. Learning how leukocyte and endothelial cells mutually function in
      health and what goes wrong in inflammation offers the opportunity to intervene
      therapeutically and re-establish the normal crosstalk between leukocytes and
      endothelial cells. 

PMID- 26982701
TI  - The Hartford Consensus revisited: Notes from the field.

PMID- 26982697
TI  - Cluster Randomised Trials in Cochrane Reviews: Evaluation of Methodological and
      Reporting Practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Systematic reviews can include cluster-randomised controlled trials (C
      RCTs), which require different analysis compared with standard individual
      randomised controlled trials. However, it is not known whether review authors
      follow the methodological and reporting guidance when including these trials. The
      aim of this study was to assess the methodological and reporting practice of
      Cochrane reviews that included C-RCTs against criteria developed from existing
      guidance. METHODS: Criteria were developed, based on methodological literature
      and personal experience supervising review production and quality. Criteria were
      grouped into four themes: identifying, reporting, assessing risk of bias, and
      analysing C-RCTs. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched (2nd
      December 2013), and the 50 most recent reviews that included C-RCTs were
      retrieved. Each review was then assessed using the criteria. RESULTS: The 50
      reviews we identified were published by 26 Cochrane Review Groups between June
      2013 and November 2013. For identifying C-RCTs, only 56% identified that C-RCTs
      were eligible for inclusion in the review in the eligibility criteria. For
      reporting C-RCTs, only eight (24%) of the 33 reviews reported the method of
      cluster adjustment for their included C-RCTs. For assessing risk of bias, only
      one review assessed all five C-RCT-specific risk-of-bias criteria. For analysing
      C-RCTs, of the 27 reviews that presented unadjusted data, only nine (33%)
      provided a warning that confidence intervals may be artificially narrow. Of the
      34 reviews that reported data from unadjusted C-RCTs, only 13 (38%) excluded the
      unadjusted results from the meta-analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The methodological and
      reporting practices in Cochrane reviews incorporating C-RCTs could be greatly
      improved, particularly with regard to analyses. Criteria developed as part of the
      current study could be used by review authors or editors to identify errors and
      improve the quality of published systematic reviews incorporating C-RCTs.

PMID- 26982702
TI  - Firearm injury prevention: A consensus approach to reducing preventable deaths.

PMID- 26982699
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Elastography of the Liver: Qualitative and Quantitative
      Comparison of Gradient Echo and Spin Echo Echoplanar Imaging Sequences.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare 2-dimensional (2D) gradient
      recalled echo (GRE) and 2D spin echo echoplanar imaging (SE-EPI) magnetic
      resonance elastography (MRE) sequences of the liver in terms of image quality and
      quantitative liver stiffness (LS) measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      prospective study involved 50 consecutive subjects (male/female, 33/17; mean age,
      58 years) who underwent liver magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 T including 2 MRE
      sequences, 2D GRE, and 2D SE-EPI (acquisition time 56 vs 16 seconds,
      respectively). Image quality scores were assessed by 2 independent observers
      based on wave propagation and organ coverage on the confidence map (range, 0-15).
      A third observer measured LS on stiffness maps (in kilopascal). Mean LS values,
      regions of interest size (based on confidence map), and image quality scores
      between SE-EPI and GRE-MRE were compared using paired nonparametric Wilcoxon
      test. Reproducibility of LS values between the 2 sequences was assessed using
      intraclass coefficient correlation, coefficient of variation, and Bland-Altman
      limits of agreement. T2* effect on image quality was assessed using partial
      Spearman correlation. RESULTS: There were 4 cases of failure with GRE-MRE and
      none with SE-EPI-MRE. Image quality scores and region of interest size were
      significantly higher using SE-EPI-MRE versus GRE-MRE (P < 0.0001 for both
      measurements and observers). Liver stiffness measurements were not significantly
      different between the 2 sequences (3.75 +/- 1.87 kPa vs 3.55 +/- 1.51 kPa, P =
      0.062), were significantly correlated (intraclass coefficient correlation,
      0.909), and had excellent reproducibility (coefficient of variation, 10.2%; bias,
      0.023; Bland-Altman limits of agreement, -1.19; 1.66 kPa). Image quality scores
      using GRE-MRE were significantly correlated with T2* while there was no
      correlation for SE-EPI-MRE. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that SE-EPI-MRE may be
      a better alternative to GRE-MRE. The diagnostic performance of SE-EPI-MRE for
      detection of liver fibrosis needs to be assessed in a future study.

PMID- 26982703
TI  - Gunshot wounds: A review of ballistics, bullets, weapons, and myths.

PMID- 26982704
TI  - Sociable Weavers Increase Cooperative Nest Construction after Suffering
      Aggression.
AB  - The major transitions in evolution rely on the formation of stable groups that
      are composed of previously independent units, and the stability of these groups
      requires both cooperation and reduced conflict. Conflict over group resources may
      be common, as suggested by work in both cichlids and humans that has investigated
      how societies resolve conflict regarding investment in group resources, i.e.
      public goods. We investigated whether sociable weavers (Philetairus socius) use
      aggressive behaviors to modulate the cooperative behavior of group mates. We find
      that the individuals that build the communal thatch of the nest, i.e. the
      individuals most at risk of exploitation, are the most aggressive individuals. We
      show that individuals that invest in interior chamber maintenance, possibly a
      more selfish behavior, suffer relatively more aggression. After suffering
      aggression individuals significantly increase cooperative construction of the
      communal nest thatch. We show that cooperative individuals target aggression
      towards selfish individuals, and the individuals suffering aggression perform
      cooperative behaviors subsequent to suffering aggression. In addition to other
      evolutionary mechanisms, these results suggest that aggression, possibly via the
      pay-to-stay mechanism, is possibly being used to maintain a public good.

PMID- 26982705
TI  - Bullying in the American Graduate Medical Education System: A National Cross
      Sectional Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To deliver an estimate of bullying among residents and fellows in the
      United States graduate medical education system and to explore its prevalence
      within unique subgroups. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A national cross-sectional
      survey from a sample of residents and fellows who completed an online bullying
      survey conducted in June 2015. The survey was distributed using a chain sampling
      method that relied on electronic referrals from 4,055 training programs, with
      1,791 residents and fellows completing the survey in its entirety. Survey
      respondents completed basic demographic and programmatic information plus four
      general bullying and 20 specific bullying behavior questions. Between-group
      differences were compared for demographic and programmatic stratifications. MAIN
      OUTCOMES/MEASURES: Self-reported subjected to workplace bullying from peers,
      attendings, nurses, ancillary staff, or patients in the past 12 months. RESULTS:
      Almost half of the respondents (48%) reported being subjected to bullying
      although both those subjected and not subjected reported experiencing >= 1
      bullying behaviors (95% and 39% respectively). Attendings (29%) and nurses (27%)
      were the most frequently identified source of bullying, followed by patients,
      peers, consultants and staff. Attempts to belittle and undermine work and
      unjustified criticism and monitoring of work were the most frequently reported
      bullying behaviors (44% each), followed by destructive innuendo and sarcasm (37%)
      and attempts to humiliate (32%). Specific bullying behaviors were more frequently
      reported by female, non-white, shorter than < 5'8 and BMI >= 25 individuals.
      CONCLUSIONS/RELEVANCE: Many trainees report experiencing bullying in the United
      States graduate medical education programs. Including specific questions on
      bullying in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education annual
      resident/fellow survey, implementation of anti-bullying policies, and a
      multidisciplinary approach engaging all stakeholders may be of great value to
      eliminate these pervasive behaviors in the field of healthcare.

PMID- 26982706
TI  - Immune Response to Dengue Virus Infection in Pediatric Patients in New Delhi,
      India--Association of Viremia, Inflammatory Mediators and Monocytes with Disease
      Severity.
AB  - Dengue virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a causative agent for dengue
      infection, which manifests with symptoms ranging from mild fever to fatal dengue
      shock syndrome. The presence of four serotypes, against which immune cross
      protection is short-lived and serotype cross-reactive antibodies that might
      enhance infection, pose a challenge to further investigate the role of virus and
      immune response in pathogenesis. We evaluated the viral and immunological factors
      that correlate with severe dengue disease in a cohort of pediatric dengue
      patients in New Delhi. Severe dengue disease was observed in both primary and
      secondary infections. Viral load had no association with disease severity but
      high viral load correlated with prolonged thrombocytopenia and delayed recovery.
      Severe dengue cases had low Th1 cytokines and a concurrent increase in the
      inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. A transient increase in
      CD14+CD16+ intermediate monocytes was observed early in infection. Sorting of
      monocytes from dengue patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that it
      is the CD14+ cells, but not the CD16+ or the T or B cells, that were infected
      with dengue virus and were major producers of IL-10. Using the Boruta algorithm,
      reduced interferon-alpha levels and enhanced aforementioned pro-inflammatory
      cytokines were identified as some of the distinctive markers of severe dengue.
      Furthermore, the reduction in the levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were identified as the
      most significant markers of recovery from severe disease. Our results provide
      further insights into the immune response of children to primary and secondary
      dengue infection and help us to understand the complex interplay between the
      intrinsic factors in dengue pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26982709
TI  - Oral or Topical 5-ASA in Ulcerative Colitis.
AB  - Aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) are foundational therapies for patients with mild
      moderate active ulcerative colitis (UC) and to maintain remissions. A variety of
      oral and topical formulations have been evaluated in both active and quiescent
      disease in both extensive and distal UC. This review summarizes data on
      pharmacokinetics and applications of oral and topical 5-ASA therapies in active
      and quiescent, extensive colitis and distal disease, both as monotherapies and in
      combination and reviews dosing and dosing intervals for oral 5-ASA in both active
      disease and to maintain remissions. 

PMID- 26982708
TI  - The Intestinal Eukaryotic Virome in Healthy and Diarrhoeic Neonatal Piglets.
AB  - Neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology has been reported from a number
      of European countries. The aim of the present study was to use viral metagenomics
      to examine a potential viral involvement in this diarrhoea and to describe the
      intestinal virome with focus on eukaryotic viruses. Samples from the distal
      jejunum of 50 diarrhoeic and 19 healthy piglets from 10 affected herds were
      analysed. The viral fraction of the samples was isolated and nucleic acids (RNA
      and DNA fractions) were subjected to sequence independent amplification. Samples
      from diarrhoeic piglets from the same herds were pooled whereas samples from
      healthy piglets were analysed individually. In total, 29 clinical samples, plus
      two negative controls and one positive control consisting of a mock metagenome
      were sequenced using the Ion Torrent platform. The resulting sequence data was
      subjected to taxonomic classification using Kraken, Diamond and HMMER. In the
      healthy specimens, eight different mammalian virus families were detected
      (Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Circoviridae,
      Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae) compared to four in the pooled
      diarrhoeic samples (Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae).
      It was not possible to associate a particular virus family with the investigated
      diarrhoea. In conclusion, this study does not support the hypothesis that the
      investigated diarrhoea was caused by known mammalian viruses. The results do,
      however, indicate that known mammalian viruses were present in the intestine as
      early as 24-48 hours after birth, indicating immediate infection post-partum or
      possibly transplacental infection. 

PMID- 26982707
TI  - Microglia-Derived Cytokines/Chemokines Are Involved in the Enhancement of LPS
      Induced Loss of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons in DJ-1 Knockout Mice.
AB  - Mutation of DJ-1 (PARK7) has been linked to the development of early-onset
      Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still
      unclear. This study is aimed to compare the sensitivity of nigrostriatal
      dopaminergic neurons to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge between DJ-1 knockout
      (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice, and explore the underlying cellular and molecular
      mechanisms. Our results found that the basal levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma
      (the hub cytokine) and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC)
      (a downstream mediator) were elevated in the substantia nigra of DJ-1 KO mice and
      in microglia cells with DJ-1 deficiency, and the release of cytokine/chemokine
      was greatly enhanced following LPS administration in the DJ-1 deficient
      conditions. In addition, direct intranigral LPS challenge caused a greater loss
      of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine content in DJ-1 KO
      mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, the sensitization of microglia cells to LPS
      challenge to release IFN-gamma and I-TAC was via the enhancement of NF-kappaB
      signaling, which was antagonized by NF-kappaB inhibitors. LPS-induced increase in
      neuronal death in the neuron-glia co-culture was enhanced by DJ-1 deficiency in
      microglia, which was antagonized by the neutralizing antibodies against IFN-gamma
      or I-TAC. These results indicate that DJ-1 deficiency sensitizes microglia cells
      to release IFN-gamma and I-TAC and causes inflammatory damage to dopaminergic
      neurons. The interaction between the genetic defect (i.e. DJ-1) and inflammatory
      factors (e.g. LPS) may contribute to the development of PD. 

PMID- 26982710
TI  - Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.

PMID- 26982711
TI  - Dermal Structure in Lymphedema Patients with History of Acute
      Dermatolymphangioadenitis Evaluated by Histogram Analysis of Ultrasonography
      Findings: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) is a risk factor for
      increasing of edema and worsening severity. Reducing ADLA frequency is an
      important objective of lymphedema management because ADLA episodes are strongly
      associated with poor quality of life. Lymphedema changes dermal and subcutaneous
      structure, favoring ADLA; ADLA recurrence may be caused by structural change of
      the dermis. However, the structure of the skin following ADLA episodes has not
      been studied in depth. The aim of this study was to examine changes in the skin
      after episodes of ADLA in breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) using histogram
      analysis of ultrasonography findings. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a case
      control study with matching for the duration of lymphedema. We compared 10 limbs
      (5 BCRL patients, Cases) with a history of ADLA and 14 limbs (7 BCRL patients,
      Controls) without. Ultrasonography was performed using a 20-MHz probe, and
      measurements were made at a site 10 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid process. We
      compared "skewness" of the images in the dermis from the histogram analysis. This
      study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kanazawa University. Skewness was
      significantly different between the affected and unaffected limbs (p = 0.02).
      Cases showed a positive value (median 0.74, range -0.18 to 1.26), whereas
      Controls showed a negative value (median -0.21, range -0.45 to 0.31).
      CONCLUSIONS: Episodes of ADLA changed the distribution of echogenicity on
      imaging, which indicates a change in the collagen fibers in the dermis. These
      findings might contribute to improving the management of lymphedema and
      prevention of recurrent ADLA.

PMID- 26982714
TI  - Molecular Typing and Epidemiology of Human Listeriosis Cases, Denmark, 2002-2012.
AB  - Denmark has a high incidence of invasive listeriosis (0.9 cases/100,000
      population in 2012). We analyzed patient data, clinical outcome, and trends in
      pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of
      Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated in Denmark during 2002-2012. We performed
      2-enzyme PFGE and serotyping on 559 isolates and MLST on 92 isolates and
      identified some correlation between molecular type and clinical outcome and
      patient characteristics. We found 178 different PFGE types, but isolates from 122
      cases belonged to just 2 closely related PFGE types, clonal complex 8 and
      sequence type 8. These 2 types were the main cause of a peak in incidence of
      invasive listeriosis during 2005-2009, possibly representing an outbreak or the
      presence of a highly prevalent clone. However, current typing methods could not
      fully confirm these possibilities, highlighting the need for more refined
      discriminatory typing methods to identify outbreaks within frequently occurring
      L. monocytogenes PFGE types. 

PMID- 26982715
TI  - Clonal expansion of Escherichia coli ST38 carrying a chromosomally integrated OXA
      48 carbapenemase gene.
AB  - Many isolates of Escherichia coli carrying blaOXA-48 referred to Public Health
      England's national reference laboratory during 2014 and 2015 shared similar
      pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, despite coming from patients in
      multiple different hospitals and regions. Whole genome sequencing on an Illumina
      platform revealed that these belonged to sequence type (ST) 38. The OXA-48 gene
      is usually carried on a 62 kb IncL/M plasmid (pOXA48a), but those belonging to
      this ST appeared either to lack plasmid elements or to have only a partial
      complement. Two isolates, one belonging to a main cluster sharing identical PFGE
      profiles and the other having a distinct profile, were further sequenced on a
      minION. The long reads provided by the nanopore sequencing technology facilitated
      assembly of a much larger contig around the blaOXA-48 region, showing that both
      isolates shared a similar arrangement, with a plasmid fragment containing blaOXA
      48 flanked by IS1R elements integrated into the chromosome, although the length
      of the plasmid fragment and the insertion site differed between the two isolates.
      That belonging to the main cluster contained a 21.9 kb Tn6237 insert, as
      previously described in E. coli EC-15 from Lebanon, but in a different insertion
      site. PCR mapping indicated that a further 14/31 representatives of this cluster
      also contained this insert in the same insertion site, with most of the remainder
      differing only by having additional E. coli sequence on one side of the
      insertion. This sub-cluster of ST38 was found from 25 different hospital
      laboratories, suggesting widespread distribution of a successful type. 

PMID- 26982717
TI  - Brain-Computer Interface Controlled Cyborg: Establishing a Functional Information
      Transfer Pathway from Human Brain to Cockroach Brain.
AB  - An all-chain-wireless brain-to-brain system (BTBS), which enabled motion control
      of a cyborg cockroach via human brain, was developed in this work. Steady-state
      visual evoked potential (SSVEP) based brain-computer interface (BCI) was used in
      this system for recognizing human motion intention and an optimization algorithm
      was proposed in SSVEP to improve online performance of the BCI. The cyborg
      cockroach was developed by surgically integrating a portable microstimulator that
      could generate invasive electrical nerve stimulation. Through Bluetooth
      communication, specific electrical pulse trains could be triggered from the
      microstimulator by BCI commands and were sent through the antenna nerve to
      stimulate the brain of cockroach. Serial experiments were designed and conducted
      to test overall performance of the BTBS with six human subjects and three
      cockroaches. The experimental results showed that the online classification
      accuracy of three-mode BCI increased from 72.86% to 78.56% by 5.70% using the
      optimization algorithm and the mean response accuracy of the cyborgs using this
      system reached 89.5%. Moreover, the results also showed that the cyborg could be
      navigated by the human brain to complete walking along an S-shape track with the
      success rate of about 20%, suggesting the proposed BTBS established a feasible
      functional information transfer pathway from the human brain to the cockroach
      brain. 

PMID- 26982718
TI  - Drug monitoring and individual dose optimization of antimicrobial drugs:
      oxazolidinones.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oxazolidinones are synthetic antibiotics with bacteriostatic
      activity against Gram-positive pathogens. Linezolid, the first marketed
      oxazolidinone, has shown also activity against Mycobaterium tuberculosis,
      including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains. Recently, a
      second agent of this class (tedizolid) has been approved for the treatment of
      acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, and other oxazolidinones are
      under active investigation in clinical trials. AREAS COVERED: In the present
      review, we consider factors that affect oxazolidinones pharmacokinetics and their
      role in reducing the effectiveness of these drugs and increasing the risk of drug
      related adverse events. Furthermore, we review the potential role of strategies
      aimed at individualizing drug doses. A MEDLINE PubMed search for articles
      published from January 1990 to November 2015 was completed matching the terms
      oxazolidinones, linezolid, or tedizolid with pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug
      monitoring, pharmacology or clinical trials. Moreover, additional studies were
      identified from the reference list of retrieved papers. EXPERT OPINION:
      Consistent evidence is now available showing that therapeutic drug monitoring and
      guided individual dose optimization of linezolid is justified and feasible in
      clinical practice to improve tolerability and possibly response to therapy. The
      role of individualized drug dosing regimens for other oxazolidinones remains to
      be proven.

PMID- 26982720
TI  - Erratum: Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to
      orient mitosis.

PMID- 26982719
TI  - PGC1alpha drives NAD biosynthesis linking oxidative metabolism to renal
      protection.
AB  - The energetic burden of continuously concentrating solutes against gradients
      along the tubule may render the kidney especially vulnerable to ischaemia. Acute
      kidney injury (AKI) affects 3% of all hospitalized patients. Here we show that
      the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator, PGC1alpha, is a pivotal determinant of
      renal recovery from injury by regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
      biosynthesis. Following renal ischaemia, Pgc1alpha(-/-) (also known as Ppargc1a(
      /-)) mice develop local deficiency of the NAD precursor niacinamide (NAM, also
      known as nicotinamide), marked fat accumulation, and failure to re-establish
      normal function. Notably, exogenous NAM improves local NAD levels, fat
      accumulation, and renal function in post-ischaemic Pgc1alpha(-/-) mice. Inducible
      tubular transgenic mice (iNephPGC1alpha) recapitulate the effects of NAM
      supplementation, including more local NAD and less fat accumulation with better
      renal function after ischaemia. PGC1alpha coordinately upregulates the enzymes
      that synthesize NAD de novo from amino acids whereas PGC1alpha deficiency or AKI
      attenuates the de novo pathway. NAM enhances NAD via the enzyme NAMPT and
      augments production of the fat breakdown product beta-hydroxybutyrate, leading to
      increased production of prostaglandin PGE2 (ref. 5), a secreted autacoid that
      maintains renal function. NAM treatment reverses established ischaemic AKI and
      also prevented AKI in an unrelated toxic model. Inhibition of beta
      hydroxybutyrate signalling or prostaglandin production similarly abolishes
      PGC1alpha-dependent renoprotection. Given the importance of mitochondrial health
      in ageing and the function of metabolically active organs, the results implicate
      NAM and NAD as key effectors for achieving PGC1alpha-dependent stress resistance.

PMID- 26982721
TI  - The 'Tully monster' is a vertebrate.
AB  - Problematic fossils, extinct taxa of enigmatic morphology that cannot be assigned
      to a known major group, were once a major issue in palaeontology. A long-favoured
      solution to the 'problem of the problematica', particularly the 'weird wonders'
      of the Cambrian Burgess Shale, was to consider them representatives of extinct
      phyla. A combination of new evidence and modern approaches to phylogenetic
      analysis has now resolved the affinities of most of these forms. Perhaps the most
      notable exception is Tullimonstrum gregarium, popularly known as the Tully
      monster, a large soft-bodied organism from the late Carboniferous Mazon Creek
      biota (approximately 309-307 million years ago) of Illinois, USA, which was
      designated the official state fossil of Illinois in 1989. Its phylogenetic
      position has remained uncertain and it has been compared with nemerteans,
      polychaetes, gastropods, conodonts, and the stem arthropod Opabinia. Here we
      review the morphology of Tullimonstrum based on an analysis of more than 1,200
      specimens. We find that the anterior proboscis ends in a buccal apparatus
      containing teeth, the eyes project laterally on a long rigid bar, and the
      elongate segmented body bears a caudal fin with dorsal and ventral lobes. We
      describe new evidence for a notochord, cartilaginous arcualia, gill pouches,
      articulations within the proboscis, and multiple tooth rows adjacent to the
      mouth. This combination of characters, supported by phylogenetic analysis,
      identifies Tullimonstrum as a vertebrate, and places it on the stem lineage to
      lampreys (Petromyzontida). In addition to increasing the known morphological
      disparity of extinct lampreys, a chordate affinity for T. gregarium resolves the
      nature of a soft-bodied fossil which has been debated for more than 50 years. 

PMID- 26982722
TI  - The amino acid sensor GCN2 controls gut inflammation by inhibiting inflammasome
      activation.
AB  - The integrated stress response (ISR) is a homeostatic mechanism by which
      eukaryotic cells sense and respond to stress-inducing signals, such as amino acid
      starvation. General controlled non-repressed (GCN2) kinase is a key orchestrator
      of the ISR, and modulates protein synthesis in response to amino acid starvation.
      Here we demonstrate in mice that GCN2 controls intestinal inflammation by
      suppressing inflammasome activation. Enhanced activation of ISR was observed in
      intestinal antigen presenting cells (APCs) and epithelial cells during amino acid
      starvation, or intestinal inflammation. Genetic deletion of Gcn2 (also known as
      Eif2ka4) in CD11c(+) APCs or intestinal epithelial cells resulted in enhanced
      intestinal inflammation and T helper 17 cell (TH17) responses, owing to enhanced
      inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1beta production. This was caused by
      reduced autophagy in Gcn2(-/-) intestinal APCs and epithelial cells, leading to
      increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), a potent activator of inflammasomes.
      Thus, conditional ablation of Atg5 or Atg7 in intestinal APCs resulted in
      enhanced ROS and TH17 responses. Furthermore, in vivo blockade of ROS and IL
      1beta resulted in inhibition of TH17 responses and reduced inflammation in Gcn2(
      /-) mice. Importantly, acute amino acid starvation suppressed intestinal
      inflammation via a mechanism dependent on GCN2. These results reveal a mechanism
      that couples amino acid sensing with control of intestinal inflammation via GCN2.

PMID- 26982723
TI  - Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells.
AB  - Diploidy is a fundamental genetic feature in mammals, in which haploid cells
      normally arise only as post-meiotic germ cells that serve to ensure a diploid
      genome upon fertilization. Gamete manipulation has yielded haploid embryonic stem
      (ES) cells from several mammalian species, but haploid human ES cells have yet to
      be reported. Here we generated and analysed a collection of human parthenogenetic
      ES cell lines originating from haploid oocytes, leading to the successful
      isolation and maintenance of human ES cell lines with a normal haploid karyotype.
      Haploid human ES cells exhibited typical pluripotent stem cell characteristics,
      such as self-renewal capacity and a pluripotency-specific molecular signature.
      Moreover, we demonstrated the utility of these cells as a platform for loss-of
      function genetic screening. Although haploid human ES cells resembled their
      diploid counterparts, they also displayed distinct properties including
      differential regulation of X chromosome inactivation and of genes involved in
      oxidative phosphorylation, alongside reduction in absolute gene expression levels
      and cell size. Surprisingly, we found that a haploid human genome is compatible
      not only with the undifferentiated pluripotent state, but also with
      differentiated somatic fates representing all three embryonic germ layers both in
      vitro and in vivo, despite a persistent dosage imbalance between the autosomes
      and X chromosome. We expect that haploid human ES cells will provide novel means
      for studying human functional genomics and development. 

PMID- 26982724
TI  - Corrigendum: CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion.

PMID- 26982727
TI  - Cancer immunotherapy: Killers on sterols.

PMID- 26982726
TI  - Deletions linked to TP53 loss drive cancer through p53-independent mechanisms.
AB  - Mutations disabling the TP53 tumour suppressor gene represent the most frequent
      events in human cancer and typically occur through a two-hit mechanism involving
      a missense mutation in one allele and a 'loss of heterozygosity' deletion
      encompassing the other. While TP53 missense mutations can also contribute gain-of
      function activities that impact tumour progression, it remains unclear whether
      the deletion event, which frequently includes many genes, impacts tumorigenesis
      beyond TP53 loss alone. Here we show that somatic heterozygous deletion of mouse
      chromosome 11B3, a 4-megabase region syntenic to human 17p13.1, produces a
      greater effect on lymphoma and leukaemia development than Trp53 deletion.
      Mechanistically, the effect of 11B3 loss on tumorigenesis involves co-deleted
      genes such as Eif5a and Alox15b (also known as Alox8), the suppression of which
      cooperates with Trp53 loss to produce more aggressive disease. Our results imply
      that the selective advantage produced by human chromosome 17p deletion reflects
      the combined impact of TP53 loss and the reduced dosage of linked tumour
      suppressor genes. 

PMID- 26982728
TI  - Memory retrieval by activating engram cells in mouse models of early Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
      progressive memory decline and subsequent loss of broader cognitive functions.
      Memory decline in the early stages of AD is mostly limited to episodic memory,
      for which the hippocampus has a crucial role. However, it has been uncertain
      whether the observed amnesia in the early stages of AD is due to disrupted
      encoding and consolidation of episodic information, or an impairment in the
      retrieval of stored memory information. Here we show that in transgenic mouse
      models of early AD, direct optogenetic activation of hippocampal memory engram
      cells results in memory retrieval despite the fact that these mice are amnesic in
      long-term memory tests when natural recall cues are used, revealing a retrieval,
      rather than a storage impairment. Before amyloid plaque deposition, the amnesia
      in these mice is age-dependent, which correlates with a progressive reduction in
      spine density of hippocampal dentate gyrus engram cells. We show that optogenetic
      induction of long-term potentiation at perforant path synapses of dentate gyrus
      engram cells restores both spine density and long-term memory. We also
      demonstrate that an ablation of dentate gyrus engram cells containing restored
      spine density prevents the rescue of long-term memory. Thus, selective rescue of
      spine density in engram cells may lead to an effective strategy for treating
      memory loss in the early stages of AD. 

PMID- 26982725
TI  - Acceleration of petaelectronvolt protons in the Galactic Centre.
AB  - Galactic cosmic rays reach energies of at least a few petaelectronvolts (of the
      order of 10(15) electronvolts). This implies that our Galaxy contains
      petaelectronvolt accelerators ('PeVatrons'), but all proposed models of Galactic
      cosmic-ray accelerators encounter difficulties at exactly these energies. Dozens
      of Galactic accelerators capable of accelerating particles to energies of tens of
      teraelectronvolts (of the order of 10(13) electronvolts) were inferred from
      recent gamma-ray observations. However, none of the currently known accelerators-
      not even the handful of shell-type supernova remnants commonly believed to supply
      most Galactic cosmic rays--has shown the characteristic tracers of
      petaelectronvolt particles, namely, power-law spectra of gamma-rays extending
      without a cut-off or a spectral break to tens of teraelectronvolts. Here we
      report deep gamma-ray observations with arcminute angular resolution of the
      region surrounding the Galactic Centre, which show the expected tracer of the
      presence of petaelectronvolt protons within the central 10 parsecs of the Galaxy.
      We propose that the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* is linked to this
      PeVatron. Sagittarius A* went through active phases in the past, as demonstrated
      by X-ray outburstsand an outflow from the Galactic Centre. Although its current
      rate of particle acceleration is not sufficient to provide a substantial
      contribution to Galactic cosmic rays, Sagittarius A* could have plausibly been
      more active over the last 10(6)-10(7) years, and therefore should be considered
      as a viable alternative to supernova remnants as a source of petaelectronvolt
      Galactic cosmic rays.

PMID- 26982730
TI  - Boreal and temperate trees show strong acclimation of respiration to warming.
AB  - Plant respiration results in an annual flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the
      atmosphere that is six times as large as that due to the emissions from fossil
      fuel burning, so changes in either will impact future climate. As plant
      respiration responds positively to temperature, a warming world may result in
      additional respiratory CO2 release, and hence further atmospheric warming. Plant
      respiration can acclimate to altered temperatures, however, weakening the
      positive feedback of plant respiration to rising global air temperature, but a
      lack of evidence on long-term (weeks to years) acclimation to climate warming in
      field settings currently hinders realistic predictions of respiratory release of
      CO2 under future climatic conditions. Here we demonstrate strong acclimation of
      leaf respiration to both experimental warming and seasonal temperature variation
      for juveniles of ten North American tree species growing for several years in
      forest conditions. Plants grown and measured at 3.4  degrees C above ambient
      temperature increased leaf respiration by an average of 5% compared to plants
      grown and measured at ambient temperature; without acclimation, these increases
      would have been 23%. Thus, acclimation eliminated 80% of the expected increase in
      leaf respiration of non-acclimated plants. Acclimation of leaf respiration per
      degree temperature change was similar for experimental warming and seasonal
      temperature variation. Moreover, the observed increase in leaf respiration per
      degree increase in temperature was less than half as large as the average
      reported for previous studies, which were conducted largely over shorter time
      scales in laboratory settings. If such dampening effects of leaf thermal
      acclimation occur generally, the increase in respiration rates of terrestrial
      plants in response to climate warming may be less than predicted, and thus may
      not raise atmospheric CO2 concentrations as much as anticipated. 

PMID- 26982731
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: Lost memories found.

PMID- 26982732
TI  - Microbial oceanography: Viral strategies at sea.

PMID- 26982729
TI  - Lytic to temperate switching of viral communities.
AB  - Microbial viruses can control host abundances via density-dependent lytic
      predator-prey dynamics. Less clear is how temperate viruses, which coexist and
      replicate with their host, influence microbial communities. Here we show that
      virus-like particles are relatively less abundant at high host densities. This
      suggests suppressed lysis where established models predict lytic dynamics are
      favoured. Meta-analysis of published viral and microbial densities showed that
      this trend was widespread in diverse ecosystems ranging from soil to freshwater
      to human lungs. Experimental manipulations showed viral densities more consistent
      with temperate than lytic life cycles at increasing microbial abundance. An
      analysis of 24 coral reef viromes showed a relative increase in the abundance of
      hallmark genes encoded by temperate viruses with increased microbial abundance.
      Based on these four lines of evidence, we propose the Piggyback-the-Winner model
      wherein temperate dynamics become increasingly important in ecosystems with high
      microbial densities; thus 'more microbes, fewer viruses'. 

PMID- 26982733
TI  - Visualization of immediate immune responses to pioneer metastatic cells in the
      lung.
AB  - Lung metastasis is the lethal determinant in many cancers and a number of lines
      of evidence point to monocytes and macrophages having key roles in its
      development. Yet little is known about the immediate fate of incoming tumour
      cells as they colonize this tissue, and even less known about how they make first
      contact with the immune system. Primary tumours liberate circulating tumour cells
      (CTCs) into the blood and we have developed a stable intravital two-photon lung
      imaging model in mice for direct observation of the arrival of CTCs and
      subsequent host interaction. Here we show dynamic generation of tumour
      microparticles in shear flow in the capillaries within minutes of CTC entry.
      Rather than dispersing under flow, many of these microparticles remain attached
      to the lung vasculature or independently migrate along the inner walls of
      vessels. Using fluorescent lineage reporters and flow cytometry, we observed
      'waves' of distinct myeloid cell subsets that load differentially and
      sequentially with this CTC-derived material. Many of these tumour-ingesting
      myeloid cells collectively accumulated in the lung interstitium along with the
      successful metastatic cells and, as previously understood, promote the
      development of successful metastases from surviving tumour cells. Although the
      numbers of these cells rise globally in the lung with metastatic exposure and
      ingesting myeloid cells undergo phenotypic changes associated with microparticle
      ingestion, a consistently sparse population of resident conventional dendritic
      cells, among the last cells to interact with CTCs, confer anti-metastatic
      protection. This work reveals that CTC fragmentation generates immune-interacting
      intermediates, and defines a competitive relationship between phagocyte
      populations for tumour loading during metastatic cell seeding. 

PMID- 26982735
TI  - Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for
      the treatment of primary peritoneal serous carcinoma: Results of a Chinese
      retrospective study.
AB  - Purpose Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) is a rare condition with a
      poor survival rate, even after treatment with debulking surgery followed by
      systemic chemotherapy. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of
      cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the treatment of PPSC. Patients and methods This
      retrospective study included 22 female patients with primary advanced PPSC (group
      A, n = 12) or recurrent PPSC (group B, n = 10) treated with 25 CRS + HIPEC
      procedures. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), and the secondary
      end points were safety profiles. Results A total of 25 CRS + HIPEC procedures
      were performed in these 22 patients. The median OS was 31.0 months (95%
      confidence interval (CI) 22.3-39.7), and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates
      were 100%, 45.5%, and 27.3%, respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that the
      median OS was 31.0 months (95% CI 19.8-42.2) for group A vs. 38.5 months (95% CI
      9.6-67.4) for group B (P = 0.832, log rank test); 51.5 months (95% CI 34.9-68.1)
      for peritoneal cancer index (PCI) <= 15 vs. 20.3 months (95% CI 12.6-28.0) for
      PCI > 15 (P = 0.000, log rank test); and 38.5 months (95% CI 22.5-54.5) for
      completeness of cytoreduction (CC) of 0-1 vs. 23.5 months (95% CI 15.3-31.7) for
      CC of 2-3 (P = 0.178, log rank test). There were no perioperative deaths. Serious
      adverse events (SAEs) occurred in two patients (9.1%). A univariate analysis
      identified PCI <= 15 as the only prognostic predicator (hazard ratio (HR) 13.1,
      95% CI 2.7-63.4, P = 0.001). Conclusions CRS + HIPEC could contribute to
      favourable outcomes for select PPSC patients with acceptable safety profiles.

PMID- 26982736
TI  - Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia manifesting as subdural empyema.
AB  - Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu
      disease is a rare autosomal dominant condition causing vascular dysplasia.
      Cerebral abscess formation, secondary to paradoxical septic emboli via HHT
      derived pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (pAVMs) in this context is well
      documented. Herein, we present the first case of subdural empyema with this
      aetiology. 

PMID- 26982734
TI  - Potentiating the antitumour response of CD8(+) T cells by modulating cholesterol
      metabolism.
AB  - CD8(+) T cells have a central role in antitumour immunity, but their activity is
      suppressed in the tumour microenvironment. Reactivating the cytotoxicity of
      CD8(+) T cells is of great clinical interest in cancer immunotherapy. Here we
      report a new mechanism by which the antitumour response of mouse CD8(+) T cells
      can be potentiated by modulating cholesterol metabolism. Inhibiting cholesterol
      esterification in T cells by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of
      ACAT1, a key cholesterol esterification enzyme, led to potentiated effector
      function and enhanced proliferation of CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T cells. This is due
      to the increase in the plasma membrane cholesterol level of CD8(+) T cells, which
      causes enhanced T-cell receptor clustering and signalling as well as more
      efficient formation of the immunological synapse. ACAT1-deficient CD8(+) T cells
      were better than wild-type CD8(+) T cells at controlling melanoma growth and
      metastasis in mice. We used the ACAT inhibitor avasimibe, which was previously
      tested in clinical trials for treating atherosclerosis and showed a good human
      safety profile, to treat melanoma in mice and observed a good antitumour effect.
      A combined therapy of avasimibe plus an anti-PD-1 antibody showed better efficacy
      than monotherapies in controlling tumour progression. ACAT1, an established
      target for atherosclerosis, is therefore also a potential target for cancer
      immunotherapy. 

PMID- 26982738
TI  - US Hospitals Prepare for Penis Transplants.

PMID- 26982737
TI  - Genomic Instability Associated with p53 Knockdown in the Generation of
      Huntington's Disease Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
AB  - Alterations in DNA damage response and repair have been observed in Huntington's
      disease (HD). We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from primary
      dermal fibroblasts of 5 patients with HD and 5 control subjects. A significant
      fraction of the HD iPSC lines had genomic abnormalities as assessed by karyotype
      analysis, while none of our control lines had detectable genomic abnormalities.
      We demonstrate a statistically significant increase in genomic instability in HD
      cells during reprogramming. We also report a significant association with repeat
      length and severity of this instability. Our karyotypically normal HD iPSCs also
      have elevated ATM-p53 signaling as shown by elevated levels of phosphorylated p53
      and H2AX, indicating either elevated DNA damage or hypersensitive DNA damage
      signaling in HD iPSCs. Thus, increased DNA damage responses in the HD genotype is
      coincidental with the observed chromosomal aberrations. We conclude that the
      disease causing mutation in HD increases the propensity of chromosomal
      instability relative to control fibroblasts specifically during reprogramming to
      a pluripotent state by a commonly used episomal-based method that includes p53
      knockdown. 

PMID- 26982740
TI  - Association of CYP2C19 *17/*17 Genotype With the Risk of Voriconazole-Associated
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

PMID- 26982739
TI  - Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Tumor Seeding along Percutaneous
      Nephrostomy Track: Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) account for 5-10% of all
      transitional cells neoplasms. Kidney-sparing treatment should be considered for
      low grade (LG) UTUC and for imperative conditions. Percutaneous approach may have
      a role in LG tumors not manageable endoscopically. Tumor seeding along
      nephrostomy track is a rare report. We describe the case of a 73-year-old male,
      with a history of high-grade UC of the left renal pelvis. A CT scan showed the
      thickening of left renal pelvic wall, and percutaneous biopsy was performed. The
      patient underwent laparoscopic left nephroureterectomy. Seven months later, he
      was admitted for left flank pain due to a mass along the percutaneous track site.
      Mass en-bloc resection was performed, and histopathology finding demonstrated
      undifferentiated carcinoma, compatible with UTUC metastasis. The percutaneous
      approach should be considered to be the possible cause of tumor seeding.
      Multimodal therapy seems mandatory, as highlighted in our outcomes, with 5 years
      of recurrence free survival.

PMID- 26982742
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26982741
TI  - Single Nucleotide Variant rs2232710 in the Protein Z-Dependent Protease Inhibitor
      (ZPI, SERPINA10) Gene Is Not Associated with Deep Vein Thrombosis.
AB  - Rare mutations in PROC, PROS1 or SERPINC1 as well as common variants in F5, F2,
      F11 and SERPINC1 have been identified as risk factors for deep vein thrombosis
      (DVT). To identify novel genetic risk factors for DVT, we have developed and
      applied next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) of the coding area of hemostatic and
      proinflammatory genes. Using this strategy, we previously identified a single
      nucleotide variant (SNV) rs6050 in the FGA gene and novel, rare SNVs in the
      ADAMTS13 gene associated with DVT. To identify novel coding variants in the
      genetic predisposition to DVT, we applied NGS analysis of the coding area of 186
      hemostatic and proinflammatory genes in 94 DVT cases and 98 controls and we
      identified 18 variants with putative role in DVT. A group of 585 Italian
      idiopathic DVT patients and 550 healthy controls was used to genotype all the 18
      risk-associated variants identified by NGS. Replication study in the Italian
      population identified the rs2232710 variant in the protein Z-dependent protease
      inhibitor (ZPI) gene to be associated with an increased risk of DVT (OR 2.74; 95%
      CI 1.33-5.65; P = 0.0045; Bonferroni P = 0.081). However, the rs2232710 SNV
      showed no association with DVT in two Dutch replication cohorts the LETS study
      (454 patients and 451 controls) and the MEGA study (3799 patients and 4399
      controls), indicating that the rs2232710 variant is not a risk factor for DVT. 

PMID- 26982743
TI  - TheBDKRB2 +9/-9 Polymorphisms Influence Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Knee
      Osteoarthritis by Altering TLR-2 Expression: Clinical and in Vitro Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2) +9/-9 gene polymorphisms
      have been shown to be associated with the susceptibility and severity of
      osteoarthritis (OA); however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this
      study, we investigated the correlation between the BDKRB2 +9/-9 polymorphisms and
      pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in OA and the molecular mechanisms involved.
      METHODS: A total of 156 patients with primary knee OA and 121 healthy controls
      were enrolled. The BDKRB2 +9/-9 polymorphisms were genotyped. The tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were determined
      using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The toll-like receptor (TLR)-2
      and TLR-4 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The basal
      and bradykinin-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human OA
      synoviocytes and the involvement of TLR-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases
      (MAPKs) were investigated. RESULTS: The presence of -9 bp genotype is associated
      with higher TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 levels and higher TLR-2 expression in OA
      patients. The basal and bradykinin-induced TLR-2 expressions in human OA
      synoviocytes were significantly reduced by specific inhibitors of p38, JNK1/2,
      and ERK1/2. Both the B2 receptor antagonist MEN16132 and TLR-2 silencing
      inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in human OA synoviocytes. CONCLUSION: The data
      suggested that the BDKRB2 +9/-9 polymorphisms influence pro-inflammatory cytokine
      levels in knee osteoarthritis by altering TLR-2 expression.

PMID- 26982745
TI  - Gut Microbiota Differences in Children From Distinct Socioeconomic Levels Living
      in the Same Urban Area in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare gut microbiota in impoverished children versus children of
      high socioeconomic status living in the same urban area in Brazil. METHODS: A
      cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate 100 children living in a slum and
      30 children from a private school, ages between 5 and 11 years old, in Sao Paulo
      State, Brazil. To characterize the groups, data based on socioeconomic status,
      sanitation, and housing conditions were collected. Anthropometric measurements
      and neonatal data were obtained from both groups. Gut microbiota were quantified
      in fecal samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The children in
      the private school group had higher rates of cesarean delivery and premature
      birth than the children in the slum group. Staphylococcus aureus (90% vs 48.0%)
      and Clostridium difficile (100% vs 43.0%) were more commonly found in the
      children from the private school than in the impoverished children (P < 0.0001).
      C perfringens was most frequently identified in the group of children from the
      slum (92.0% vs 80%; P = 0.064). Higher counts of total eubacteria, Firmicutes and
      Bacteroidetes phyla organisms, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp., and
      Methanobrevibacter smithii were found in the children living in poverty, whereas
      higher counts of Salmonella spp., C difficile, and C perfringens were observed in
      the children living in satisfactory housing conditions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Important differences were observed between the gut microbiota of children living
      under distinct socioeconomic and environmental conditions within the same city.
      Our findings suggest that children of high socioeconomic status have less
      favorable gut microbiota than do children who live in poverty.

PMID- 26982744
TI  - Diaryl Disulfides as Novel Stabilizers of Tumor Suppressor Pdcd4.
AB  - The translation inhibitor and tumor suppressor Pdcd4 was reported to be lost in
      various tumors and put forward as prognostic marker in tumorigenesis. Decreased
      Pdcd4 protein stability due to PI3K-mTOR-p70S6K1 dependent phosphorylation of
      Pdcd4 followed by beta-TrCP1-mediated ubiquitination, and proteasomal destruction
      of the protein was characterized as a major mechanism contributing to the loss of
      Pdcd4 expression in tumors. In an attempt to identify stabilizers of Pdcd4, we
      used a luciferase-based high-throughput compatible cellular assay to monitor
      phosphorylation-dependent proteasomal degradation of Pdcd4 in response to mitogen
      stimulation. Following a screen of approximately 2000 compounds, we identified
      1,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)disulfide as a novel Pdcd4 stabilizer. To determine an
      initial structure-activity relationship, we used 3 additional compounds,
      synthesized according to previous reports, and 2 commercially available compounds
      for further testing, in which either the linker between the aryls was modified
      (compounds 2-4) or the chlorine residues were replaced by groups with different
      electronic properties (compounds 5 and 6). We observed that those compounds with
      alterations in the sulfide linker completely lost the Pdcd4 stabilizing
      potential. In contrast, modifications in the chlorine residues showed only minor
      effects on the Pdcd4 stabilizing activity. A reporter with a mutated phospho
      degron verified the specificity of the compounds for stabilizing the Pdcd4
      reporter. Interestingly, the active diaryl disulfides inhibited proliferation and
      viability at concentrations where they stabilized Pdcd4, suggesting that Pdcd4
      stabilization might contribute to the anti-proliferative properties. Finally,
      computational modelling indicated that the flexibility of the disulfide linker
      might be necessary to exert the biological functions of the compounds, as the
      inactive compound appeared to be energetically more restricted. 

PMID- 26982746
TI  - Investigation of an Immunoassay with Broad Specificity to Quinolone Drugs by
      Genetic Algorithm with Linear Assignment of Hypermolecular Alignment of Data Sets
      and Advanced Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis.
AB  - A polyclonal antibody against the quinolone drug pazufloxacin (PAZ) but with
      surprisingly broad specificity was raised to simultaneously detect 24 quinolones
      (QNs). The developed competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ciELISA) exhibited limits of detection (LODs) for the 24 QNs ranging from 0.45
      to 15.16 ng/mL, below the maximum residue levels (MRLs). To better understand the
      obtained broad specificity, a genetic algorithm with linear assignment of
      hypermolecular alignment of data sets (GALAHAD) was used to generate the desired
      pharmacophore model and superimpose the QNs, and then advanced comparative
      molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and advanced comparative molecular similarity
      indices analysis (CoMSIA) models were employed to study the three-dimensional
      quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) between QNs and the
      antibody. It was found that the QNs could interact with the antibody with
      different binding poses, and cross-reactivity was mainly positively correlated
      with the bulky substructure containing electronegative atom at the 7-position,
      while it was negatively associated with the large bulky substructure at the 1
      position of QNs. 

PMID- 26982747
TI  - Dwarfism in art.
AB  - Throughout the history of mankind the birth of a child with congenital
      malformation raised anxiety and torment, along with attempts to explain its
      origins. It is possible to find relics of such events in prehistoric rock
      drawings and primitive sculptures, in numerous art pieces produced through the
      centuries up to modern sculptures, paintings and drawings. The aim of the present
      article is to show how dwarfs were portrayed in a variety of art forms at
      different moments in the history of our world. 

PMID- 26982748
TI  - Imaging in the diagnosis of rare diseases.
AB  - A disease is considered rare if it affects no more than 5 in 10,000 people. More
      than six thousand rare diseases have been detected so far and they affect 6-8% of
      the population which equals 2.3-3 million people in Poland. Some of the rare
      diseases are already diagnosed in utero, e.g. skeletal dysplasias on
      ultrasonography or central nervous system diseases on magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). Many cases are finally diagnosed after radiologist's suggestion in a
      radiological report. Although diagnostic imaging cannot be considered as a basis
      for diagnosis of most of rare diseases, these studies represent an important
      element in the diagnostic chain. The complicated and long process of diagnosis
      may be significantly shortened by suggestions of the radiologist, based on the
      observation of these elements of radiological appearance of the lesions that are
      characteristic for a particular group of diseases, or even for a particular
      disease entity. However, the absolute condition for success is the close clinical
      radiological cooperation, with clinicians providing the radiologists with their
      knowledge of patient's history, clinical manifestations, and the results of other
      investigations.

PMID- 26982749
TI  - Genetic analysis in inherited metabolic disorders--from diagnosis to treatment.
      Own experience, current state of knowledge and perspectives.
AB  - Inherited metabolic disorders, also referred to as inborn errors of metabolism
      (IEM), are a group of congenital disorders caused by mutation in genomic or
      mitochondrial DNA. IEM are mostly rare disorders with incidence ranging from
      1/50,000-1/150,000), however in total IEM may affect even 1/1000 people. A
      particular mutation affects specific protein or enzyme that improper function
      leads to alterations in specific metabolic pathway. Inborn errors of metabolism
      are monogenic disorders that can be inherited in autosomal recessive manner or,
      less frequently, in autosomal dominant or X-linked patterns. Some exceptions to
      Mendelian rules of inheritance have also been described. Vast majority of
      mutations responsible for IEM are small DNA changes affecting single or several
      nucleotides, although larger rearrangements were also identified. Therefore, the
      methods used for the identification of pathogenic mutations are mainly based on
      molecular techniques, preferably on Sanger sequencing. Moreover, the next
      generation sequencing technique seems to be another prospective method that can
      be successfully implemented for the diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. The
      identification of the genetic defect underlying the disease is not only
      indispensable for genetic counseling, but also might be necessary to apply
      appropriate treatment to the patient. Therapeutic strategies for IEM are
      continuously elaborated and tested (eg. enzyme replacement therapy, specific
      cells or organ transplantation or gene therapy, both in vivo and ex vivo) and
      have already been implemented for several disorders. In this article we present
      current knowledge about various aspects of IEM on the basis of our own experience
      and literature review.

PMID- 26982750
TI  - Novel cytogenetic and molecular techniques in the diagnosis of congenital
      anomalies in newborns.
AB  - Knowledge of what causes developmental disorders, including congenital structural
      defects/anomalies, in the newborn population, facilitates the choice of further
      investigations, therapy and rehabilitation, allows the use of appropriate
      prophylaxis against comorbidities, makes it possible to specify prognosis, as
      well as provide reliable family counselling (both pre- and postnatal). Attempting
      to formulate a clinical diagnosis of a specific congenital anomaly syndrome, with
      or without dysmorphic features, based on history and detailed physical
      examination, remains crucial for the selection of the right genetic testing.
      Modern methods of molecular cytogenetics and molecular biology are targeted in
      nature (microdeletion MLPA, single gene sequencing) or are capable of analyzing
      the genome as a whole (array CGH, newgeneration sequencing). Especially the
      latter techniques are now causing a rapid increase of diagnostic efficacy across
      different age groups, including newborns. 

PMID- 26982751
TI  - Clinical manifestation of mitochondrial diseases.
AB  - Mitochondrial disorders (MD) represent a clinically, biochemically and
      genetically heterogeneous group of diseases associated with dysfunction of the
      oxidative phosphorylation system and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Our aim was
      to illustrate the most common clinical presentation of MD on the example of
      selected diseases and syndromes. The minimal prevalence of MD is estimated as 1
      to 5,000. MD may manifest at any age since birth until late-adulthood with acute
      manifestation or as a chronic progressive disease. Virtually any organ may be
      impaired, but the organs with the highest energetic demands are most frequently
      involved, including brain, muscle, heart and liver. Some MD may manifest as a
      characteristic cluster of clinical features (e.g. MELAS syndrome, Kearns-Sayre
      syndrome). Diagnostics includes detailed history, the comprehensive clinical
      examination, results of specialized examinations (especially cardiology, visual
      fundus examination, brain imaging, EMG), laboratory testing of body fluids
      (lactate, aminoacids, organic acids), and analysis of bioptic samples of muscle,
      skin, and liver, eventually. Normal lactate level in blood does not exclude the
      possibility of MD. Although the aimed molecular genetic analyses may be indicated
      in some of mitochondrial diseases, the methods of next generation sequencing come
      into focus. Examples of treatment are arginine supplementation in MELAS syndrome,
      ketogenic diet in pyruvate oxidation disorders or quinone analogs in patients
      with LHON. Conclusion: The clinical suspicion of a mitochondrial disorder is
      often delayed, or the disease remains undiagnosed. The correct diagnosis and
      adequate treatment can improve prognosis of the patient. Access to genetic
      counseling is also of great importance.

PMID- 26982752
TI  - Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency--diagnostic difficulties and
      own experience in multidisciplinary management.
AB  - A 19-year old female patient presented with a two-year history of muscle pain and
      weakness before she was admitted to an acute medical ward with rhabdomyolysis
      (creatine kinase of 83,344 IU/L) and normal renal function tests. Following
      admission she was under the care of the rheumatology and neurology teams, which
      investigated her thoroughly. As part of the belt-and-braces approach, both teams
      contacted the specialist Adult Inherited Metabolic Disorders team for advice,
      instigating definitive diagnostic investigations. An accurate diagnosis was
      required, as an inherited metabolic disorders can present in adult patients as a
      milder form of the disease. Very-long-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)
      deficiency should always be considered as a differential diagnosis of myopathy
      related symptoms. Hence, the liaison between neurologists, rheumatologists and
      metabolic physicians is essential in early diagnosis and the management of
      patients with conditions causing myopathy. 

PMID- 26982753
TI  - Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency due to SLC2A1 gene mutations--a rare but
      treatable cause of metabolic epilepsy and extrapyramidal movement disorder; own
      experience and literature review.
AB  - THE AIM: To present the molecular and clinical characteristics of three children
      with glucose deficiency syndrome, an inborn rare metabolic disease, caused by
      mutations in the SLC2A1 gene. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation was carried
      out in three children: two girls and one boy showing symptoms of GLUT1 deficiency
      syndrome (GLUT1-DS). They were referred for SLC2A1 gene analysis. RESULTS: The
      presence of mutations in all of them was confirmed. Only point mutations were
      identified, two missenses p.Gly132Ser, p.Arg212Cys and amino acid insertion
      p.Ser_Val227insValProPro. In two cases the mutations arose de novo, one was
      heritable of paternal origin. CONCLUSIONS: GLUT1-DS shows high clinical
      variability. It should be suspected in children of any age presenting with single
      features or a combination of any form of intractable epilepsy with seizures of
      various types, movement disorders and paroxysmal events, especially triggered by
      exercise, exertion, or fasting, and any unexplainable neurological deterioration.
      The basic diagnostic hallmarks of GLUT1-DS are CSF hypoglycorrhachia and lowered
      CSF/Blood serum glucose ratio. This is why lumbar punction should be considered
      more frequently than it is in practice being performed nowadays. Antiepileptic
      drug treatment may be ineffective or even potentially detrimental. Early
      identification and molecular confirmation of GLUT1-DS is important, because this
      is a metabolic disorder and patients should as soon as possible primarily be
      treated with a ketogenic diet.

PMID- 26982754
TI  - A multidisciplinary treatment of patients with craniofacial disorders. Own
      experience.
AB  - Oral rehabilitation of patients with craniofacial disorders is a great challenge
      and needs a multidisciplinary approach. This is due to the diverse etiology of
      the disease and severity of changes in tissues and organs. Congenital absence of
      tooth germs manifested in the form of oligodontia or anodontia, the presence of
      persistent deciduous teeth in ectodermal dysplasia (ED), cleft lip and hard
      palate or cancer-induced changes in the tissues of the stomatognathic system are
      the most common causes of these disorders. The observed abnormalities are
      responsible for functional disorders of musculo-articular system, speech and
      chewing. In addition, noticeable adverse changes in the appearance have a huge
      psychological impact on patients and their well-being. Therefore, the treatment
      of these medical conditions should begin in childhood and comprise
      interdisciplinary rehabilitation, involving prosthetics and orthodontics
      supported by surgery, as well as speech or laryngological therapy. In this paper
      the interdisciplinary treatment of patients with oral hard and soft tissues
      disorders during ectodermal dysplasia is discussed. Early oral rehabilitation can
      restore lost or abnormally shaped tissues and proper functions of the masticatory
      system. It can also have a positive impact on further physical and psychological
      development of patients.

PMID- 26982755
TI  - Occluso-facial manifestations in a child with the Rasmussen syndrome and
      intercurrent Lyme disease--a case report.
AB  - The Rasmussen Syndrome (RS) is a rare neurological disease, usually diagnosed in
      the 1st decade of life, leading to damage of the central nervous system. It is
      characterised by sudden seizures in previously healthy children. In this paper we
      present a case of a 14-year-old female patient with malocclusion who reported to
      the orthodontic clinic to start orthodontic treatment. The first symptoms of
      nervous system disorders manifested when the patient was 8 years old. Until then,
      the patient had been developing correctly. The interview revealed that at the age
      of 9 the patient was diagnosed with Lyme disease and a long-term antibiotics
      therapy was started. At the age of 10, the Rasmussen syndrome was diagnosed (the
      antibiotics therapy was discontinued) and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) and histopathological examination after brain biopsy. The study focuses in
      particular on the changes in the craniofacial skeleton and oral cavity, taking
      into account dynamically developing and increasing occlusion defects. The ethical
      aspect of the treatment has also been considered. 

PMID- 26982757
TI  - Advances in treatment of Rett syndrome.

PMID- 26982756
TI  - Dental issues in Rett syndrome.
AB  - The advancements in science and technology allowed saving the lives of children,
      who had no chance of survival before. Hence the problem of so called rare
      diseases, usually genetically determined. It is a new challenge for both the
      physicians and the health services. These children require a coordinated multi
      specialist oriented health care, which includes also dentists. This situation is
      reflected by the case of an 18 years old girl with Rett Syndrome, described by
      us. In this patient despite numerous visits to various dental practices, no
      decision of a radical surgical extraction of the tooth has been conducted. In our
      Department the extraction of teeth 22, 16 and 14 has been performed, as a part of
      1 day surgery procedures, thus eliminating the dental infections and pain.
      Conclusion: Elaboration and introduction into praxis principles of dental care in
      children and young adults with rare diseases are needed.

PMID- 26982758
TI  - Compound odontoma in the mandible--case study and literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Odontomas constitute a developmental defect of hard dental tissues
      and are classified as benign odontogenic tumours. They are composed of all dental
      structures and tissues: enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. As regards
      histomorphological features, two types of odontomas have been differentiated:
      complex and compound. Odontomas represent from 4.7% to 76% of odontogenic
      tumours. Their aetiology has not been fully understood, yet injury, infection and
      genetic factors are often named among the causes. Odontomas are usually detected
      by chance in radiographic images taken in relation to disrupted eruption or
      mislocation of teeth. AIM OF STUDY: To present the case study of an erupting
      compound odontoma on the right side of the mandible in an 11-year-old girl.
      MATERIAL, METHODS AND RESULTS: The analysis covered medical documentation of the
      patient, diagnostic casts, orthopantomographs and cone beam computed tomography
      scans. The case study has been complemented with the review of up-to-date
      literature. A lesion composed of 30 odontoids was removed during one-day surgery
      without subsequent augmentation with bone substitute material. There were no post
      surgery complications. A follow-up orthopantomograph taken 3 months later showed
      that the wound had been healing correctly, which made it possible to plan
      subsequent orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance. CONCLUSIONS: 1.
      Odontomas are benign lesions which can be removed during one-day surgery without
      the absolute need of augmentation with xenogenic or allogenic material. 2. The
      pressure exerted by the plate of a removable appliance is very likely to initiate
      the eruption of the odontoma.

PMID- 26982760
TI  - Dental problems in a patient with the classic type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome--a
      case report.
AB  - The huge progress in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in developmental
      medicine allowed not only to save lives of many children and adolescents, but
      also enforced the necessity of close cooperation between many specialists.
      Unfortunately dental treatment is still not an integral part of taking care of
      disabled children and youth with chronic diseases. The situation worsens, when we
      come across the so-called rare diseases. Lack of access to dental services, when
      it comes to disabled patients, results from financial situation, healthcare
      system, as well as parents' ignorance of necessity of more frequent prophylactic
      and treatment visits. Whereas the reluctance of dentists towards the care of
      disabled patients is caused by difficulties with enforcing the recommendations
      and lack of procedures for taking care of patients with rare diseases, which was
      repeatedly signalled by us. Such situation is ideally pictured by yet another
      described case of the 17 year old patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Despite
      many dental visits, no vital treatment decisions have been made. In our
      Department, in the procedures of 1-day surgery, tooth 48, being the cause of
      pain, has been extracted. Basing on all of the above, it can be deduced that
      preserving the continuation and consequence in spreading the knowledge of rare
      diseases among patients, as well as physicians and dentists, is a responsibility
      of everyone who even once came across this problem. 

PMID- 26982759
TI  - Malocclusions and craniofacial anomalies in a child with velo-cardio-facial
      syndrome.
AB  - Velo-Cardio-Facial syndrome (VCFS), also called 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome,
      is a rare pathology. The syndrome is caused by 22q11.2 deletion, recognized as
      one of the most frequent pathogenic human microdeletions. The scope and severity
      of the phenotypic expression of 22q11.2 microdeletion is characterised by high
      variability, although cleft palate and congenital conotruncal malformations are
      among the clinical features often associated with that syndrome. In the presented
      case of a boy patient with submucous cleft palate and congenital cardiac defect,
      22q11.2 microdeletion was identified at the age of 13 months. In the presented
      paper particular emphasis was placed on the issue of dental and orthodontic care
      in patients with changes in the oral cavity and the craniofacial area, as well as
      on the possibilities of treatment and prophylaxis. The necessity to perform a
      thorough examination of the oral cavity in infants was also underlined as a vital
      element of clinical assessment, in particular in the case of co-occurring
      structural defects of internal organs. 

PMID- 26982761
TI  - Multiple, supernumerary retained teeth in the course of cleido-cranial dysplasia.
      A case report.
AB  - Cleido-cranial dysplasia, often referred to as Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton
      syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the musculo-skeletal system.
      Patients with cleido-cranial dysplasia are characterized by short stature,
      frequent varus or valgus hip, kyphoscoliosis, underdevelopment of the scapulas
      and the sternum, incorrect number of ribs. The most characteristic feature is
      unilateral or bilateral, partial or total underdevelopment of clavicles. Mental
      development is not affected in this syndrome. Malocclusion, occlusal
      irregularities, multiple supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, and persistent milk
      teeth are found in the stomatognathic system. Teeth often have abnormal anatomy.
      Gothic palate, cleft hard and soft palate are diagnosed. The aim of this paper is
      to present a case of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with irregularities in the
      masticatory system involving an additional number of retained teeth. The boy was
      referred by an orthodontist for surgical and orthodontic team therapy. The case
      presented confirms the observations of other authors that only the multi
      specialty collaboration of a pediatrician, a geneticist, an orthopedist, an
      orthodontist, a maxillofacial surgeon, an implant prosthetic surgeon and a
      physiotherapist can provide proper diagnosis and treatment. 

PMID- 26982762
TI  - Alkaptonuria--first inborn error of metabolism known for a century and new
      treatment option--preliminary report.
AB  - Alkaptonuria is a rare inborn error of metabolism, identified over a century ago.
      But its basic pathomechanism (i.e. ochronosis) is still not completely explained.
      Though clinical onset of osteoarthropathy and complications from other organs
      (including: heart and blood vessels, skin, eyes, kidneys) occurs at adult age,
      the symptoms are progressive, cause severe pains and significantly limit everyday
      life of the patients. Until now no effective therapeutic methods have been known
      in alkaptonuria. Recently, thanks to an initiative of the international patient
      organization for alkaptonuria, a hope for a potential treatment availability,
      appears. So, alkaptonuria is an example of a role of multidysciplinary care,
      cooperation and ongoing progress in the area of rare diseases. 

PMID- 26982763
TI  - Challenges of caring for a patient with a rare disease--as demonstrated by
      Cornelia de Lange Syndrome.
AB  - There are over 12,500 diseases defined by European researchers as rare disorders
      occurring in less than 1:2000 live births. The majority of these manifest in
      childhood. The clinical picture of a rare disorder is dominated by intellectual
      disability of various severity and organ defects. Targeted therapy is not
      available for the majority of rare disorders, therefore multidisciplinary patient
      care is the only means of improving the quality and duration of the patient's
      life. In this paper, the authors share their experience organizing a system of
      care for patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. Over the last 13 years,
      multidisciplinary diagnostics and consultations were provided to 92 patients and
      their families, including rehabilitation and psychological support. The model
      suggested here demonstrates a shorter diagnostic process, continuous contact with
      the patient, his/her family and pediatrician. Guidelines and recommendations
      regarding the particular rare disease should be published.

PMID- 26982764
TI  - Pediatric rehabilitation in children with rare diseases--preliminary report.
AB  - As consultants in rehabilitation medicine and pediatrics sometimes we realize
      that most of our patients and their families are left unsupported and alone in
      terms of rehabilitation therapy during the treatment of their primary disease.
      Probably we forget that rehabilitation should be an integral part of every
      treatment process. In the case of rare diseases, their basic treatment should be
      carried out in speciality facilities (speciality hospitals) where personel and
      equipment are able to run the most effective treatment. Rehabilitation medicine
      offers full range of cheap, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Well-chosen equipment
      can help with physical therapy and allow the independence of the child and full
      social integration. In an era of rapid change in civilization and progress of
      science, professionals use new technologies more often. This also refers to the
      field of rehabilitation medicine. Exoskeletons and lokomats created nowadays
      allow the use of new technologies in rehabilitation treatment processes. For
      specific disorders effective treatment may include even virtual reality (VR).
      Early initiation of the rehabilitation process can improve the therapeutic
      effects and the overall outcome of the treatment, identifying the needs and
      realizing the available goals of rehabilitation that could build the sense of
      safety in the family and enhance their trust in the therapeutic team. 

PMID- 26982765
TI  - Procreation in families with inborn error of metabolism--new challenges for
      medical care.
AB  - Several years ago genetic counseling with the estimation of the risk of the
      disease in the next pregnancies of the same parents was the only offer for the
      family with a child with an inborn error of metabolism (IEM). Nowadays
      diagnostics and treatment of IEM improve. So there are more and more adult
      patients thinking about having their own offspring. Each woman with IEM who wants
      to have own child needs special medical care from preconception time up to
      postpartum period. Depending on the type of disease, such elements as the
      mother's diet and medicines used for her treatment may influence the foetus and
      child health and development. In the opposite the growing foetus may have an
      influence on mother's metabolic status and on her health complications. Therefore
      interdisciplinary team of specialists should be involved in the health care of
      women with inborn errors of metabolism. 

PMID- 26982766
TI  - The principles of the transition process from paediatric to adult services in
      inborn errors of metabolism--own experience.
AB  - The transition from the paediatric to the adult service is a complex process that
      requires early planning to prepare young adults and their families for the
      transfer to the adult hospital. The article outlines the main principles of the
      successful transition period. Importantly, a young adult becomes an independent
      individual, interacts with medical professionals independently, and makes the
      appropriate choices. Both healthcare professionals and parents should facilitate
      the process of building new relationships between the adolescent and the adult
      metabolic teams. 

PMID- 26982767
TI  - Economic aspects of rare diseases.
AB  - Economic problems related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of rare
      diseases are presented paying particular attention to the costs of financing
      treatment, including the issue of its refund, which is a fundamental and
      difficult to solve economic problem of the health care system. Rare diseases,
      despite the low frequency of occurrence, together cover a large group of diseases
      being a serious medical, social and economic problem. The adoption of Polish
      National Plan for Rare Diseases resulting from the recommendations of the Council
      of the European Union, the extension of institutional activities related to the
      area of public health and social initiatives seeking innovative solutions to
      create a model of social support for patients and their families, with very high
      complexity of the issues regarding rare diseases, results in the need for a
      coherent, comprehensive, system operations and adoption of comprehensive
      solutions. 

PMID- 26982768
TI  - Ethical issues in rare diseases.
AB  - Scientific, technical and medical advances continue to raise consequential
      ethical questions and dilemmas also in the field of rare diseases. Difficult and
      complex issues of medical ethics in rare diseases are presented and several
      different ethical problems, like those regarding inborn errors of metabolism, are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26982769
TI  - Polish activity within Orphanet Europe--state of art of database and services.
AB  - Orphanet is an international project aiming to help in improvement the diagnostic
      process, care and treatment of patients with rare diseases, and to provide
      information on development in research and new therapy. Orphanet is currently
      represented in 38 countries. The infrastructure and coordination activities are
      jointly funded by Inserm, the French Directorate General for Health, and the
      European Commission. Moreover, certain services are specially funded by other
      partners. Orphanet's activities in each country of the network are partially
      financed by national institutions and(or) specific contracts. In this paper we
      present the Orphanet portal as well as the Polish national activity within this
      project. 

PMID- 26982770
TI  - A flexible fast spin echo triple-echo Dixon technique.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a flexible fast spin echo (FSE) triple-echo Dixon (FTED)
      technique. METHODS: An FSE pulse sequence was modified by replacing each readout
      gradient with three fast-switching bipolar readout gradients with minimal
      interecho dead time. The corresponding three echoes were used to generate three
      raw images with relative phase shifts of -theta, 0, and theta between water and
      fat signals. A region growing-based two-point Dixon phase correction algorithm
      was used to joint process two separate pairs of the three raw images, yielding a
      final set of water-only and fat-only images. The flexible FTED technique was
      implemented on 1.5T and 3.0T scanners and evaluated in five subjects for fat
      suppressed T2-weighted imaging and in one subject for post-contrast fat
      suppressed T1-weighted imaging. RESULTS: The flexible FTED technique achieved a
      high data acquisition efficiency, comparable to that of FSE, and was flexible in
      scan protocols. The joint two-point Dixon phase correction algorithm helped to
      ensure consistency in the processing of the two separate pairs of raw images.
      Reliable and uniform separation of water and fat was achieved in all of the test
      cases. CONCLUSION: The flexible FTED technique incorporates the benefits of both
      FSE and Dixon imaging and provided more flexibility than the original FTED in
      applications such as fat-suppressed T2-weighted and T1-weighted imaging. Magn
      Reson Med 77:1049-1057, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic
      Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 26982771
TI  - New Year.

PMID- 26982773
TI  - Evaluation of treatment with carboxymethylcellulose on chronic venous ulcers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Among the chronic leg ulcers, venous ulcers are the most common and
      constitute a major burden to public health. Despite all technology available,
      some patients do not respond to established treatments. In our study,
      carboxymethylcellulose was tested in the treatment of refractory chronic venous
      ulcers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of carboxymethylcellulose 20% on the
      healing of chronic venous ulcers refractory to conventional treatments. METHODS:
      This is an analytical, pre-experimental study. Thirty patients were included with
      refractory venous ulcers, and applied dressings with carboxymethylcellulose 20%
      for 20 weeks. The analysis was based on measurement of the area of ulcers,
      performed at the first visit and after the end of the treatment. RESULTS: There
      was a reduction of 3.9 cm2 of lesion area (p=0.0001), corresponding to 38.8%
      (p=0.0001). There was no interruption of treatment and no increase in lesion area
      in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Carboxymethylcellulose 20% represents a low cost and
      effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of refractory chronic venous
      ulcers. However, controlled studies are necessary to prove its efficacy.

PMID- 26982774
TI  - Correlation of serum IgE levels and clinical manifestations in patients with
      actinic prurigo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Actinic prurigo is an idiopathic photodermatosis, the pathophysiology
      of which has been hypothesized to involve subtype IV type b (Th2) hypersensitive
      response, whereby IL4, IL5, and IL13 are secreted and mediate the production of B
      cells, IgE, and IgG4. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of serum IgE levels
      and the clinical severity of injuries. METHODS: This case-control study comprised
      patients with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of actinic prurigo, as
      well as clinically healthy subjects, from whom 3cc of peripheral blood was taken
      for immunoassay. Cases were classified by lesion severity as mild, moderate, and
      severe. Descriptive statistics were analyzed, and chi-square test was performed.
      RESULTS: We included 21 actinic prurigo patients and 21 subjects without disease;
      11 patients with actinic prurigo had elevated serum IgE levels, and 10 had low
      serum levels. Six actinic prurigo (AP) patients with elevated serum levels of IgE
      had moderate injuries, 4 had severe injuries, and 1 had minor injuries. Eight out
      of 10 patients with normal IgE levels presented with minor injuries in the
      clinical evaluation. The 21 controls did not have increased serum IgE levels.
      CONCLUSIONS: Elevated IgE levels are associated with moderate to severe clinical
      lesions, suggesting that actinic prurigo entails a type IV subtype b
      hypersensitivity response in which Th2 cells predominate.

PMID- 26982772
TI  - Psoriasis: new comorbidities.
AB  - Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with several
      comorbidities. A few decades ago, it was considered an exclusive skin disease but
      today it is considered a multisystem disease. It is believed that 73% of
      psoriasis patients have at least one comorbidity. Studies have demonstrated the
      association of psoriasis with inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, psychiatric
      disorders, metabolic syndrome and its components and cardiovascular diseases. The
      systemic inflammatory state seems to be the common denominator for all these
      comorbidities. This work aims at presenting a review of the current literature on
      some new comorbidities that are associated with psoriasis as osteoporosis,
      obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While there is
      still controversy, many studies already point to a possible bone involvement in
      patients with psoriasis, especially in the male group, generally less affected by
      osteoporosis. Psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease present some
      risk factors in common as obesity, smoking and physical inactivity. Besides, both
      diseases are associated with the metabolic syndrome. These factors could be
      potential confounders in the association of the two diseases. Further prospective
      studies with control of those potential confounders should be developed in an
      attempt to establish causality. Existing data in the literature suggest that
      there is an association between obstructive sleep apnea and psoriasis, but
      studies performed until now have involved few patients and had a short follow-up
      period. It is, therefore, premature to assert that there is indeed a correlation
      between these two diseases. 

PMID- 26982775
TI  - Leprosy incidence, characterization of cases and correlation with household and
      cases variables of the Brazilian states in 2010.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leprosy is millenary disease and still persists in several countries.
      OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of leprosy in the Brazilian states and for
      the country in the year 2010; to describe the cases reported according to the
      studied variables; to verify the correlation between the overall incidence and
      the studied variables. METHODS: Ecological descriptive study, with population
      data from the 27 states, 2010. Information about reported cases were collected:
      gender, race, percentage of patients younger than 15 years old and living
      conditions. The analysis was performed using percentages, means, incidence rates
      and the Spearman correlation test. RESULTS: The states of Mato Grosso and
      Tocantins recorded the highest incidence rates; Rio Grande do Sul and Santa
      Catarina, the lowest; there was a higher incidence of leprosy among men; the
      incidence of leprosy increases proportionally with the nonwhites among the
      inhabitants; patients younger than 15 years; the average number of residents per
      household; and a decrease in coverage of water supply and presence of bathrooms.
      CONCLUSION: The incidence of leprosy is related to factors as gender, race and
      house conditions (p<0,05 for all).

PMID- 26982776
TI  - Ultraviolet index: a light in atopic dermatitis and vitamin D research?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role played by vitamin D in atopic dermatitis is controversial
      and has been the focus of many studies. The ultraviolet index has not been
      considered in this type of research. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were
      to assess 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] serum level in atopic dermatitis
      patients and control group, to investigate the association between atopic
      dermatitis clinical severity (using the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis index - SCORAD)
      and 25(OH)D serum levels, and to evaluate the independent predictors, including
      Ultraviolet index, SCORAD and 25(OH)D. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional
      study of 106 atopic dermatitis patients. A control group was matched with a
      subsample of 54 participants with atopic dermatitis. SCORAD index, laboratory
      tests, and local Ultraviolet index were assessed. RESULTS: The atopic dermatitis
      patients had serum 25(OH)D levels and mean UVI significantly higher than the
      control group. Immunoglobulin E and Ultraviolet index were associated with the
      SCORAD index. Skin type, age and Ultraviolet index were independent predictors of
      25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically significant, the different levels of
      25(OH)D between the paired groups may be attributed to the higher mean
      Ultraviolet index in atopic dermatitis patients. Since Ultraviolet index is an
      independent predictor of SCORAD index and of 25(OH)D level, it may work as a
      confounding factor in studies involving atopic dermatitis and 25(OH)D and must be
      considered in this kind of research.

PMID- 26982777
TI  - Melanoma patterns of distant relapse: a study of 108 cases from a South Brazilian
      center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased over the last
      decades. Recurrences occur most frequently within the first 2-3 years after
      diagnosis but patients carry a lifelong risk of relapse. Nevertheless, there is
      no consensus in the literature on what screening tests patients should undergo.
      OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the most common melanoma metastasis sites among a South
      Brazilian population from a city with one of the highest melanoma rates, and
      establish the best screening method for these patients. METHODS: A cross
      sectional retrospective study of 108 consecutive melanoma patients followed up at
      a center from 2009 to 2013. Data were collected on demographic and tumoral
      characteristics, as well as the site of the first diagnosed metastasis. RESULTS:
      Patients were divided into 3 groups for analytical purposes: Non-visceral
      metastases (48% of patients), visceral metastasis (39%) and brain metastasis
      (13%). We tried to correlate age, gender, mean Breslow thickness, mitosis and
      death rates with the aforementioned groups but none showed any statistically
      significant association. CONCLUSION: Melanoma patients must be monitored to
      detect early relapse and subsequent effective treatment but the best follow-up
      strategy remains to be established.

PMID- 26982778
TI  - Variants of CARD14 gene and psoriasis vulgaris in southern Chinese cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent mutation analysis identified several missense mutations in
      CARD14 in psoriasis. OBJECTIVES: We performed the genomic sequence analysis on
      CARD14 in southern Chinese Han Cantonese with Psoriasis Vulgaris (PsV) to reveal
      more causative missense mutations. METHODS: A total of 131 patients with PsV and
      207 matched controls were included. We conducted sequence analysis of all the
      exon and exon-intron boundaries of CARD14 in the group of PsV patients and
      subsequent case control analysis of potential sequence variants of significance.
      RESULTS: We found five rare mutations and four of them are annotated or reported.
      Only the variant (c.1291C>G) has not been reported and annotated, but the variant
      was also found in controls. No significant difference was detected among all rare
      variant allele frequencies of patients and controls. CONCLUSION: None of the new
      definite variants were pathogenic. The other pathogenic mutations for PsV are
      still elusive in our cohort.

PMID- 26982780
TI  - Skin barrier in rosacea.
AB  - Recent studies about the cutaneous barrier demonstrated consistent evidence that
      the stratum corneum is a metabolically active structure and also has adaptive
      functions, may play a regulatory role in the inflammatory response with
      activation of keratinocytes, angiogenesis and fibroplasia, whose intensity
      depends primarily on the intensity the stimulus. There are few studies
      investigating the abnormalities of the skin barrier in rosacea, but the existing
      data already show that there are changes resulting from inflammation, which can
      generate a vicious circle caused a prolongation of flare-ups and worsening of
      symptoms. This article aims to gather the most relevant literature data about the
      characteristics and effects of the state of the skin barrier in rosacea. 

PMID- 26982779
TI  - Brazilian guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of primary cutaneous
      melanoma - Part II.
AB  - The last Brazilian guidelines on melanoma were published in 2002. Development in
      diagnosis and treatment made updating necessary. The coordinators elaborated ten
      clinical questions, based on PICO system. A Medline search, according to specific
      MeSH terms for each of the 10 questions was performed and articles selected were
      classified from A to D according to level of scientific evidence. Based on the
      results, recommendations were defined and classified according to scientific
      strength. The present Guidelines were divided in two parts for editorial and
      publication reasons. In this second part, the following clinical questions were
      answered: 1) which patients with primary cutaneous melanoma benefit from sentinel
      lymph node biopsy? 2) Follow-up with body mapping is indicated for which
      patients? 3) Is preventive excision of acral nevi beneficious to patients? 4) Is
      preventive excision of giant congenital nevi beneficious to patients? 5) How
      should stages 0 and I primary cutaneous melanoma patients be followed? 

PMID- 26982781
TI  - Patch-test results in children and adolescents: systematic review of a 15-year
      period.
AB  - The number of studies on patch-test results in children and adolescents has
      gradually increased in recent years, thus stimulating reviews. This paper is a
      systematic review of a 15-year period devoted to studying the issue. Variations
      pertaining to the number and age groups of tested children and/or adolescents,
      the number of subjects with atopy/atopic dermatitis history, the quantity, type
      and concentrations of the tested substances, the test technique and type of data
      regarding clinical relevance, must all be considered in evaluating these studies,
      as they make it harder to formulate conclusions. The most common allergens in
      children were nickel, thimerosal, cobalt, fragrance, lanolin and neomycin. In
      adolescents, they were nickel, thimerosal, cobalt, fragrance, potassium
      dichromate, and Myroxylon pereirae. Knowledge of this matter aids health
      professionals in planning preventive programs aimed at improving children's
      quality of life and ensuring that their future prospects are not undermined. 

PMID- 26982782
TI  - Cutaneous invasion from sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma: clinical and
      dermatopathologic features.
AB  - In Brazil, without considering the non-melanoma skin tumors, bladder cancer in
      men is the eighth most common, and the urothelial carcinoma or transitional cell
      carcinoma is the most common among these. Cutaneous metastases from urothelial
      neoplasms appear as single or multiple erythematous, infiltrated nodules or
      plaques, and like other cases of distant disease, it is indicative of poor
      prognosis. The invasive urothelial carcinoma is recognized for its ability to
      present divergent differentiation and morphological variants. The sarcomatoid
      urothelial carcinoma is a rare cancer that consists of two different components:
      one composed of epithelial tissue and the other with sarcomatoid features of
      mesenchymal origin. The authors describe a case of cutaneous metastasis of
      sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma in a 63-year-old male patient. 

PMID- 26982783
TI  - Cutaneous involvement by cytomegalovirus in a renal transplant recipient as an
      indicator of severe systemic infection.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic virus that commonly affects immunosuppressed
      patients. Cutaneous involvement by this virus is rare and occurs in significantly
      immunocompromised hosts, with a poor prognosis. Skin ulcers may represent the
      first sign of systemic infection by cytomegalovirus in these patients. Herein, a
      case of a systemic infection by Cytomegalovirus presenting as genital and oral
      ulcers in a kidney-transplant recipient is reported. 

PMID- 26982784
TI  - Erosive lichen planus: a therapeutic challenge.
AB  - Erosive lichen planus is an uncommon variant of lichen planus. Chronic erosions
      of the soles, accompanied by intense and disabling pain, are some of its most
      characteristic manifestations. We present the case of a woman who developed oral
      and plantar erosive lichen planus associated with lichen planus pigmentosus and
      ungueal lichen planus that were diagnosed after several years. The patient failed
      to respond to multiple therapies requiring longstanding medication but remained
      refractory. Knowledge of the treatment options for erosive lichen planus is
      insufficient. Further research is required to clarify their effectiveness,
      ideally adopting an evidence-based methodology. 

PMID- 26982785
TI  - Infantile generalized hypertrichosis caused by topical minoxidil.
AB  - Rare cases of hypertrichosis have been associated with topically applied
      minoxidil. We present the first reported case in the Brazilian literature of
      generalized hypertrichosis affecting a 5-year-old child, following use of
      minoxidil 5%, 20 drops a day, for hair loss. The laboratory investigation
      excluded hyperandrogenism and thyroid dysfunction. Topical minoxidil should be
      used with caution in children. 

PMID- 26982786
TI  - Phaeohyphomycosis in renal transplantation: report of two cases.
AB  - Phaeohyphomycosis is an infection caused by a filamentous fungus that contains
      pigment melanin in its cell wall. We report two cases caused by Exophiala sp.
      emphasizing the clinical variability of the disease, as well as diagnostic and
      therapeutic difficulties of this opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed
      patients (kidney transplant). 

PMID- 26982787
TI  - Sweet's syndrome associated with cellulitis - a challenging diagnosis.
AB  - Sweet's syndrome is a neutrophilic dermatosis with worldwide distribution that
      has been associated with inflammatory autoimmune diseases, infections,
      malignancies, drugs, and pregnancy. The disease is idiopathic in up to 50% of
      patients. A 64-year-old woman, diagnosed with right limb cellulitis (4 days of
      evolution), was seen at our department, due to persistent cellulitis and
      progressive appearance of painful nodules and plaques in both shins and the right
      forearm (2 days of evolution). Taken together, clinical, laboratory and
      pathological data suggested the diagnosis of Sweet's syndrome, probably secondary
      to cellulitis of the right inferior limb. We suggest that cellulitis may be
      associated with Sweet's syndrome, a rare association in the literature. 

PMID- 26982788
TI  - Myxofibrosarcoma - Case report.
AB  - Myxofibrosarcoma is recognized as a malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic origin
      with increased prevalence in the elderly, presenting as nodules or tumors that
      may extend to the dermis and skeletal muscle, preferably in the lower limbs.
      Histologically it is characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells in a
      myxoid stroma. Myxofibrosarcoma has a high potential for local recurrence and
      metastasis, mainly when it presents a high or intermediate histological grade. We
      report the case of an eighty-four year old patient with a difficult diagnosis of
      a highly aggressive tumor. 

PMID- 26982789
TI  - Pretibial mucinosis in an euthyroid patient.
AB  - A case of exuberant pretibial mucinosis in a patient with normal thyroid function
      is reported. A review of literature on possible etiologies other than thyroid
      disease for the accumulation of mucin in the pretibial area is presented. In the
      patient described, it is possible that vascular insufficiency is involved.
      However, this is not the only factor responsible for the accumulation of mucin,
      since there are still unidentified causes and many patients with vascular
      diseases do not develop similar injuries. 

PMID- 26982790
TI  - Surgical management for large chest keloids with internal mammary artery
      perforator flap.
AB  - Therapy for large symptomatic keloids is often plagued with complicated
      reconstruction manner and recurrence. This article reports a rare treatment
      combination for a chest keloid with internal mammary artery perforator flap
      reconstruction and radiation therapy. We excised the keloid and covered the
      defect with an internal mammary artery perforator flap. Immediate electron-beam
      irradiation therapy was applied on the second postoperative day. There was no
      sign of recurrence over the follow-up period of 18 months. The combination of
      internal mammary artery perforator flap and immediate radiation therapy is useful
      when faced with chest keloids of similar magnitude and intractability. 

PMID- 26982791
TI  - Pitted keratolysis.
AB  - Pitted keratolysis is a skin disorder that affects the stratum corneum of the
      plantar surface and is caused by Gram-positive bacteria. A 30-year-old male
      presented with small punched-out lesions on the plantar surface. A superficial
      shaving was carried out for scanning electron microscopy. Hypokeratosis was noted
      on the plantar skin and in the acrosyringium, where the normal elimination of
      corneocytes was not seen. At higher magnification (x 3,500) bacteria were easily
      found on the surface and the described transversal bacterial septation was
      observed. 

PMID- 26982792
TI  - Cutaneous ectopic schistosomiasis: diagnostic challenge.
AB  - Cutaneous schistosomiasis is a rare clinical manifestation of schistosomiasis, an
      infectious and parasitic disease, caused in Brazil by the trematode Schistosoma
      mansoni. The lesions are due to the deposition of eggs or, rarely, adult worms,
      usually involving the genital and groin areas. Extra-genital lesions occur mainly
      on the torso as papules of zosteriform appearance. The case of a patient with
      ectopic cutaneous schistosomiasis is reported in this article, due to the rarity
      of its occurrence and its difficult clinical diagnosis. 

PMID- 26982793
TI  - Syndrome in question.
AB  - Ross syndrome is a rare disease characterized by peripheral nervous system
      dysautonomia with selective degeneration of cholinergic fibers. It is composed by
      the triad of unilateral or bilateral segmental anhidrosis, deep hyporeflexia and
      Holmes-Adie's tonic pupil. The presence of compensatory sweating is frequent,
      usually the symptom that most afflicts patients. The aspects of the syndrome are
      put to discussion due to the case of a male patient, caucasian, 47 years old,
      with clinical onset of 25 years. 

PMID- 26982795
TI  - Effect of Electron-Hole Overlap and Exchange Interaction on Exciton Radiative
      Lifetimes of CdTe/CdSe Heteronanocrystals.
AB  - Wave function engineering has become a powerful tool to tailor the optical
      properties of semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals. Core-shell systems allow to
      design the spatial extent of the electron (e) and hole (h) wave functions in the
      conduction- and valence bands, respectively. However, tuning the overlap between
      the e- and h-wave functions not only affects the oscillator strength of the
      coupled e-h pairs (excitons) that are responsible for the light emission, but
      also modifies the e-h exchange interaction, leading to an altered excitonic
      energy spectrum. Here, we present exciton lifetime measurements in a strong
      magnetic field to determine the strength of the e-h exchange interaction,
      independently of the e-h overlap that is deduced from lifetime measurements at
      room temperature. We use a set of CdTe/CdSe core/shell heteronanocrystals in
      which the electron-hole separation is systematically varied. We are able to
      unravel the separate effects of e-h overlap and e-h exchange on the exciton
      lifetimes, and we present a simple model that fully describes the recombination
      lifetimes of heteronanostructures (HNCs) as a function of core volume, shell
      volume, temperature, and magnetic fields.

PMID- 26982794
TI  - Use of clobetasol in lacquer for plaque psoriasis treatment.
AB  - Clobetasol benefits to control psoriasis lesions are well defined, but there were
      not studies about its action when used in lacquer vehicle to control skin
      lesions. A double-blind study was conducted with 40 patients that utilized
      clobetasol 0.05% in one hemibody and just the vehicle in the other hemibody.
      Twenty of them used petrolatum as vehicle and the others used lacquer. An
      assessment was conducted using the clinical index PASI and a quality of life
      questionnaire (Dermatological Life Quality Index). There was no statistical
      difference between groups. There was a trend of favorable response particularly
      in the hemibody treated with clobetasol. 

PMID- 26982796
TI  - A new cytotoxic diterpenoid glycoside from the leaves of Blumea lacera and its
      effects on apoptosis and cell cycle.
AB  - A new diterpenoid glycoside, 6E,10E,14Z-(3S)-17-hydroxygeranyllinalool-17-O-beta
      d-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-[alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 6)]-beta-d
      glucopyranoside (1) together with the known diterpenoid glycoside (2) and two
      known flavonoid glycosides (3, 4) were isolated from the methanol extract of
      Blumea lacera leaves. The structures were determined by the interpretation of
      their spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature. All compounds were
      isolated for the first time from B. lacera and evaluated for their cytotoxic
      activity. Only the new compound (1) showed strong cytotoxic activity with the
      lowest IC50 value (8.3 MUM) being displayed against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In
      apoptosis and cell cycle analysis, 1 revealed strong apoptotic activity against
      MCF-7 cells (45.5% AV+/PI-) after 24 h, but showed no arresting of any of the
      cell cycle phases in MCF-7.

PMID- 26982797
TI  - The "Gatekeeper" Residue Influences the Mode of Binding of Acetyl Indoles to
      Bromodomains.
AB  - Small-molecule hits for the bromodomains of CREBBP and BAZ2B have been identified
      by scaffold hopping followed by docking of a set of ~200 compounds containing the
      acetyl indole scaffold. Chemical synthesis of nearly 30 derivatives has resulted
      in ligands of representatives of three subfamilies of human bromodomains with
      favorable ligand efficiency. The X-ray crystal structures of three different
      bromodomains (CREBBP, BAZ2B, and BRPF1b) in complex with acetyl indole
      derivatives reveal the influence of the gatekeeper residue on the orientation of
      small-molecule ligands in the acetyl lysine binding site. 

PMID- 26982798
TI  - Measurement of intrinsic rise times for various L(Y)SO and LuAG scintillators
      with a general study of prompt photons to achieve 10 ps in TOF-PET.
AB  - The coincidence time resolution (CTR) of scintillator based detectors commonly
      used in positron emission tomography is well known to be dependent on the
      scintillation decay time (taud) and the number of photons detected (n'), i.e. CTR
      proportional variant ?taud/n'. However, it is still an open question to what
      extent the scintillation rise time (taur) and other fast or prompt photons, e.g.
      Cherenkov photons, at the beginning of the scintillation process influence the
      CTR. This paper presents measurements of the scintillation emission rate for
      different LSO type crystals, i.e. LSO:Ce, LYSO:Ce, LSO:Ce codoped Ca and LGSO:Ce.
      For the various LSO-type samples measured we find an average value of 70 ps for
      the scintillation rise time, although some crystals like LSO:Ce codoped Ca seem
      to have a much faster rise time in the order of 20 ps. Additional measurements
      for LuAG:Ce and LuAG:Pr show a rise time of 535 ps and 251 ps, respectively. For
      these crystals, prompt photons (Cherenkov) can be observed at the beginning of
      the scintillation event. Furthermore a significantly lower rise time value is
      observed when codoping with calcium. To quantitatively investigate the influence
      of the rise time to the time resolution we measured the CTR with the same L(Y)SO
      samples and compared the values to Monte Carlo simulations. Using the measured
      relative light yields, rise- and decay times of the scintillators we are able to
      quantitatively understand the measured CTRs in our simulations. Although the rise
      time is important to fully explain the CTR variation for the different samples
      tested we determined its influence on the CTR to be in the order of a few percent
      only. This result is surprising because, if only photonstatistics of the
      scintillation process is considered, the CTR would be proportional to the square
      root of the rise time. The unexpected small rise time influence on the CTR can be
      explained by the convolution of the scintillation rate with the single photon
      time resolution (SPTR) of the photodetector and the photon travel spread (PTS) in
      the crystal. The timing benefits of prompt photons at the beginning of the
      scintillation process (Cherenkov etc) are further studied, which leads to the
      conclusion that the scintillation rise time, SPTR and PTS have to be lowered
      simultaneously to fully profit from these fast photons in order to improve the
      CTR significantly.

PMID- 26982799
TI  - The rate of joint replacement in osteoarthritis depends on the patient's
      socioeconomic status.
AB  - Background and purpose - Assessment of potential disparities in access to care is
      a vital part of achieving equity in health and healthcare. We have therefore
      studied the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the rates of knee and hip
      replacement due to osteoarthritis. Methods - This was a cohort study in Skane,
      Sweden. We included all residents aged >= 35 years with consultations between
      2004 and 2013 for hip or knee osteoarthritis. We retrieved individual information
      on income, education, and occupation and evaluated the rates of knee and hip
      replacement according to SES, with adjustment for age and sex. Professionals,
      legislators, senior officials, and managers, and individuals with the longest
      education, served as the reference group. Results - We followed 50,498 knee
      osteoarthritis patients (59% women) and 20,882 hip osteoarthritis patients (58%
      women). The mutually adjusted rate of knee replacement was lower in those with an
      elementary occupation (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.72-0.92), in craft
      workers and those with related trades (HR = 0.88, CI: 0.79-0.98), and in skilled
      agricultural/fishery workers (HR = 0.83, CI: 0.72-0.96), but higher in the 2
      least educated groups (HR = 1.2 in both). The rate of hip replacement was lower
      in those with an elementary occupation (HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.68-0.87), in plant
      and machine operators/assemblers (HR = 0.83, CI: 0.75-0.93), and service
      workers/shop assistants (HR = 0.88, CI: 0.80-0.96). The rate of hip replacement
      was higher in the highest income group (HR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2).
      Interpretation - There was a lower rate of joint replacement in osteoarthritis
      patients working in professions often associated with lower socioeconomic status,
      suggesting inequity in access to care. However, the results are not unanimous, as
      the rate of knee replacement was higher in the least educated groups.

PMID- 26982800
TI  - Cross-Neutralization between Human and African Bat Mumps Viruses.
AB  - Recently, a new paramyxovirus closely related to human mumps virus (MuV) was
      detected in bats. We generated recombinant MuVs carrying either or both of the
      fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bat virus glycoproteins. These viruses
      showed replication kinetics similar to human MuV in cultured cells and were
      neutralized efficiently by serum from healthy humans. 

PMID- 26982804
TI  - Beyond Attributable Burden: Estimating the Avoidable Burden of Disease Associated
      with Household Air Pollution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies have transformed global
      understanding of health risks by producing comprehensive estimates of
      attributable disease burden, or the current disease that would be eliminated if a
      risk factor did not exist. Yet many have noted the greater policy significance of
      avoidable burden, or the future disease that could actually be eliminated if a
      risk factor were eliminated today. Avoidable risk may be considerably lower than
      attributable risk if baseline levels of exposure or disease are declining, or if
      a risk factor carries lagged effects on disease. As global efforts to deliver
      clean cookstoves accelerate, a temporal estimation of avoidable risk due to
      household air pollution (HAP) becomes increasingly important, particularly in
      light of the rapid uptake of modern stoves and ongoing epidemiologic transitions
      in regions like South and Southeast Asia. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We estimate the
      avoidable burden associated with HAP using International Futures (IFs), an
      integrated forecasting system that has been used to model future global disease
      burdens and risk factors. Building on GBD and other estimates, we integrated a
      detailed HAP exposure estimation and exposure-response model into IFs. We then
      conducted a counterfactual experiment in which HAP exposure is reduced to
      theoretical minimum levels in 2015. We evaluated avoidable mortality and DALY
      reductions for the years 2015 to 2024 relative to a Base Case scenario in which
      only endogenous changes occurred. We present results by cause and region, looking
      at impacts on acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and four noncommunicable
      diseases (NCDs). We found that just 2.6% of global DALYs would be averted between
      2015 and 2024, compared to 4.5% of global DALYs attributed to HAP in the 2010 GBD
      study, due in large part to the endogenous tendency towards declining traditional
      stove usage in the IFs base case forecast. The extent of diminished impact was
      comparable for ALRI and affected NCDs, though for different reasons. ALRI impacts
      diminish due to the declining burden of ALRI in the base case forecast,
      particularly apparent in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Although NCD burdens are
      rising in regions affected by HAP, the avoidable risk of NCD nonetheless
      diminishes due to lagged effects. Because the stove transition and the decline of
      ALRI are proceeding more slowly in Sub-Saharan Africa, avoidable impacts would
      also be more persistent (3.9% of total DALY due to HAP) compared to South Asia
      (3.6%) or Southeast Asia (2.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results illustrate how a
      temporal dynamic calculation of avoidable risk may yield different estimates,
      compared to a static attributable risk estimate, of the global and regional
      burden of disease. Our results suggest a window of rising and falling opportunity
      for HAP interventions that may have already closed in Southeast Asia and may be
      closing quickly in South Asia, but may remain open longer in Sub-Saharan Africa.
      A proper accounting of global health priorities should apply an avoidable risk
      framework that considers the role of ongoing social, economic and health
      transitions in constantly altering the disease and risk factor landscape.

PMID- 26982801
TI  - Traditional Banana Diversity in Oceania: An Endangered Heritage.
AB  - This study aims to understand the genetic diversity of traditional Oceanian
      starchy bananas in order to propose an efficient conservation strategy for these
      endangered varieties. SSR and DArT molecular markers are used to characterize a
      large sample of Pacific accessions, from New Guinea to Tahiti and Hawaii. All
      Pacific starchy bananas are shown of New Guinea origin, by interspecific
      hybridization between Musa acuminata (AA genome), more precisely its local
      subspecies M. acuminata ssp. banksii, and M. balbisiana (BB genome) generating
      triploid AAB Pacific starchy bananas. These AAB genotypes do not form a subgroup
      sensu stricto and genetic markers differentiate two subgroups across the three
      morphotypes usually identified: Iholena versus Popoulu and Maoli. The
      Popoulu/Maoli accessions, even if morphologically diverse throughout the Pacific,
      cluster in the same genetic subgroup. However, the subgroup is not strictly
      monophyletic and several close, but different genotypes are linked to the
      dominant genotype. One of the related genotypes is specific to New Caledonia
      (NC), with morphotypes close to Maoli, but with some primitive characters. It is
      concluded that the diffusion of Pacific starchy AAB bananas results from a series
      of introductions of triploids originating in New Guinea area from several sexual
      recombination events implying different genotypes of M. acuminata ssp. banksii.
      This scheme of multiple waves from the New Guinea zone is consistent with the
      archaeological data for peopling of the Pacific. The present geographic
      distribution suggests that a greater diversity must have existed in the past. Its
      erosion finds parallels with the erosion of cultural traditions, inexorably
      declining in most of the Polynesian or Melanesian Islands. Symmetrically,
      diversity hot spots appear linked to the local persistence of traditions: Maoli
      in New Caledonian Kanak traditions or Iholena in a few Polynesian islands. These
      results will contribute to optimizing the conservation strategy for the ex-situ
      Pacific Banana Collection supported collectively by the Pacific countries. 

PMID- 26982806
TI  - Dendritic Cell-T-Cell Circuitry in Health and Changes in Inflammatory Bowel
      Disease and Its Treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dendritic, antigen-presenting cells (DCs) determine not only whether
      lymphocytes produce different types of immune response but also tissue-homing
      profiles of lymphocytes they stimulate. For example, in health, mucosal DC
      stimulate T cells focused to home to the mucosa; DC/T-cell circuitry thus targets
      immune responses to specific tissue locations. Therapies being introduced for
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include antibodies to gut-homing molecules such
      as alpha4beta7 (Vedolizumab) used ostensibly to block gut-homing lymphocytes.
      However, such lymphocytes are dependent on the tissue specificity of DC that
      stimulated them. KEY MESSAGES: In health, blood DCs have the potential to home to
      multiple tissues including gut (alpha4beta7+) and skin (CLA+). DCs have become
      gut-specific within the intestinal microenvironment stimulated partially by local
      retinoid to express alpha4beta7 (mucosal homing marker) and/or CCR9 (ileal homing
      marker) in the absence of skin-specific indicators. They spread veiled
      extensions, sample their environment, acquire/process antigens, produce cytokines
      and initiate innate immunity. Myeloid DC also traffic to draining lymph nodes
      where compartmentalization of adaptive immune responses is determined by DCs from
      the site of antigen exposure which dictate the homing profiles of lymphocytes
      they stimulate. In IBD, site and activity of disease are reflected in changes in
      homing/activation of gut DCs and T-cells they stimulate and also, in greater gut
      specificity and activation of blood DC. Homing potential of DC can be modulated
      toward mucosa or skin by vitamins A and D, respectively. Infliximab or
      interleukin-6 can divert homing profiles toward skin, perhaps predisposing to
      skin involvement in IBD. Probiotic bacteria or their products can also change
      homing profiles of gut DC toward skin homing and away from gut. CONCLUSIONS: In
      conclusion, development of gut focused inflammation and its treatment relies on
      changes in DC tissue specificity; therefore, removal or diversion of gut-homing
      DC as well as T-cells is likely to be critical in prevention of gut-focused
      inflammation in IBD.

PMID- 26982805
TI  - Antigen-Specific Antibody Glycosylation Is Regulated via Vaccination.
AB  - Antibody effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity,
      complement deposition, and antibody-dependent phagocytosis, play a critical role
      in immunity against multiple pathogens, particularly in the absence of
      neutralizing activity. Two modifications to the IgG constant domain (Fc domain)
      regulate antibody functionality: changes in antibody subclass and changes in a
      single N-linked glycan located in the CH2 domain of the IgG Fc. Together, these
      modifications provide a specific set of instructions to the innate immune system
      to direct the elimination of antibody-bound antigens. While it is clear that
      subclass selection is actively regulated during the course of natural infection,
      it is unclear whether antibody glycosylation can be tuned, in a signal-specific
      or pathogen-specific manner. Here, we show that antibody glycosylation is
      determined in an antigen- and pathogen-specific manner during HIV infection.
      Moreover, while dramatic differences exist in bulk IgG glycosylation among
      individuals in distinct geographical locations, immunization is able to overcome
      these differences and elicit antigen-specific antibodies with similar antibody
      glycosylation patterns. Additionally, distinct vaccine regimens induced different
      antigen-specific IgG glycosylation profiles, suggesting that antibody
      glycosylation is not only programmable but can be manipulated via the delivery of
      distinct inflammatory signals during B cell priming. These data strongly suggest
      that the immune system naturally drives antibody glycosylation in an antigen
      specific manner and highlights a promising means by which next-generation
      therapeutics and vaccines can harness the antiviral activity of the innate immune
      system via directed alterations in antibody glycosylation in vivo.  . 

PMID- 26982808
TI  - Coupling Demographic and Genetic Variability from Archived Collections of
      European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus).
AB  - It is well known that temporal fluctuations in small populations deeply influence
      evolutionary potential. Less well known is whether fluctuations can influence the
      evolutionary potentials of species with large census sizes. Here, we estimated
      genetic population parameters from as survey of polymorphic microsatellite DNA
      loci in archived otoliths from Adriatic European anchovy (Engraulis
      encrasicolus), a fish with large census sizes that supports numerous local
      fisheries. Stocks have fluctuated greatly over the past few decades, and the
      Adriatic fishery collapsed in 1987. Our results show a significant reduction of
      mean genetic parameters as a consequence of the population collapse. In addition,
      estimates of effective population size (Ne) are much smaller than those expected
      in a fishes with large population census sizes (Nc). Estimates of Ne indicate low
      effective population sizes, even before the population collapse. The ratio Ne/Ne
      ranged between 10-6 and 10-8, indicating a large discrepancy between the anchovy
      gene pool and population census size. Therefore, anchovy populations may be more
      vulnerable to fishery effort and environmental change than previously thought. 

PMID- 26982809
TI  - When to Start Immunomodulators in Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunomodulators (IMMs), including thiopurines (TPs) and methotrexate
      (MTX), are commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
      KEY MESSAGES: In ulcerative colitis (UC), TPs have modest steroid-sparing effects
      and established efficacy in maintenance of remission. The role of MTX in UC is
      unclear but current evidence suggests no benefit over placebo. In Crohn's disease
      (CD), MTX is not effective for induction but has a modest steroid-sparing effect
      and is superior to placebo in maintenance of remission in responders. The
      addition of MTX to infliximab reduces immunogenicity and boosts infliximab levels
      but does not improve outcomes in active CD. TPs are not effective for induction
      of remission in CD but have proven steroid-sparing effects and modest efficacy in
      maintenance of remission and prevention of postoperative recurrence. Although
      effective in pediatric CD, recent evidence has questioned the benefit of early
      TPs in newly diagnosed adult CD. The addition of TPs to infliximab reduces
      immunogenicity and inflammatory markers, leads to higher infliximab levels and
      improves outcomes in patients with early disease. However, the benefit of
      continued TP therapy in this setting is unclear and should be weighed against
      possible side effects including an increased risk of opportunistic infections,
      lymphoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. CONCLUSIONS: IMMs are an important
      therapeutic option in IBD particularly in non-severe steroid-dependent disease
      and for maintenance of remission. Combination with anti-TNF agents is an
      important emerging option as part of a treat-to-target strategy but further
      research regarding patient selection, long-term use and de-escalation options is
      needed.

PMID- 26982807
TI  - Evaluation of a Mixing versus a Cycling Strategy of Antibiotic Use in Critically
      Ill Medical Patients: Impact on Acquisition of Resistant Microorganisms and
      Clinical Outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of two strategies of antibiotic use (mixing vs.
      cycling) on the acquisition of resistant microorganisms, infections and other
      clinical outcomes. METHODS: Prospective cohort study in an 8-bed intensive care
      unit during 35- months in which a mixing-cycling policy of antipseudomonal beta
      lactams (meropenem, ceftazidime/piperacillin-tazobactam) and fluoroquinolones was
      operative. Nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs and respiratory secretions were
      obtained within 48h of admission and thrice weekly thereafter. Target
      microorganisms included methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant
      enterococci, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non
      fermenters. RESULTS: A total of 409 (42%) patients were included in mixing and
      560 (58%) in cycling. Exposure to ceftazidime/piperacillin-tazobactam and
      fluoroquinolones was significantly higher in mixing while exposure to meropenem
      was higher in cycling, although overall use of antipseudomonals was not
      significantly different (37.5/100 patient-days vs. 38.1/100 patient-days). There
      was a barely higher acquisition rate of microorganisms during mixing, but this
      difference lost its significance when the cases due to an exogenous Burkholderia
      cepacia outbreak were excluded (19.3% vs. 15.4%, OR 0.8, CI 0.5-1.1). Acquisition
      of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to the intervention antibiotics or with
      multiple-drug resistance was similar. There were no significant differences
      between mixing and cycling in the proportion of patients acquiring any infection
      (16.6% vs. 14.5%, OR 0.9, CI 0.6-1.2), any infection due to target microorganisms
      (5.9% vs. 5.2%, OR 0.9, CI 0.5-1.5), length of stay (median 5 d for both groups)
      or mortality (13.9 vs. 14.3%, OR 1.03, CI 0.7-1.3). CONCLUSIONS: A cycling
      strategy of antibiotic use with a 6-week cycle duration is similar to mixing in
      terms of acquisition of resistant microorganisms, infections, length of stay and
      mortality.

PMID- 26982810
TI  - Occupational exposure limit for silver nanoparticles: considerations on the
      derivation of a general health-based value.
AB  - With the increased production and widespread commercial use of silver
      nanoparticles (AgNPs), human and environmental exposures to silver nanoparticles
      are inevitably increasing. In particular, persons manufacturing and handling
      silver nanoparticles and silver nanoparticle containing products are at risk of
      exposure, potentially resulting in health hazards. While silver dusts, consisting
      of micro-sized particles and soluble compounds have established occupational
      exposure limits (OELs), silver nanoparticles exhibit different physicochemical
      properties from bulk materials. Therefore, we assessed silver nanoparticle
      exposure and related health hazards in order to determine whether an additional
      OEL may be needed. Dosimetric evaluations in our study identified the liver as
      the most sensitive target organ following inhalation exposure, and as such serves
      as the critical target organ for setting an occupational exposure standard for
      airborne silver nanoparticles. This study proposes an OEL of 0.19 MUg/m(3) for
      silver nanoparticles derived from benchmark concentrations (BMCs) from subchronic
      rat inhalation toxicity assessments and the human equivalent concentration (HEC)
      with kinetic considerations and additional uncertainty factors. It is anticipated
      that this level will protect workers from potential health hazards, including
      lung, liver, and skin damage.

PMID- 26982811
TI  - Expression Profiling of Developing Zebrafish Retinal Cells.
AB  - During retinal development, a variety of different types of neurons are produced.
      Understanding how each of these types of retinal nerve cells is generated is
      important from a developmental biology perspective. It is equally important if
      one is interested in how to regenerate cells after an injury or a disease. To
      gain more insight into how retinal neurons develop in the zebrafish, we performed
      single-cell mRNA profiling and in situ hybridizations (ISHs) on retinal sections
      and whole-mount zebrafish. Through the series of ISHs, designed and performed
      solely by undergraduate students in the laboratory, we were able to
      retrospectively identify our single-cell mRNA profiles as most likely coming from
      developing amacrine cells. Further analysis of these profiles will reveal genes
      that can be mutated using genome editing techniques. Together these studies
      increase our knowledge of the genes driving development of different cell types
      in the zebrafish retina.

PMID- 26982813
TI  - Secukinumab (AIN457) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease
      characterised by inflammation and new bone formation in the axial skeleton.
      Current therapeutic strategies include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
      local glucocorticoids and tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. However, an unmet
      need exists for more treatment options particularly for patients who become
      unresponsive to and/or cannot tolerate these medications. Interleukin (IL)-17A, a
      proinflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AS, has
      emerged as a promising target in the search for new therapies. Recently, the IL
      17A inhibitor secukinumab has demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing the
      signs and symptoms of AS. AREAS COVERED: Inhibition of IL-17A by secukinumab
      represents a novel therapeutic approach in the management of AS. Secukinumab
      selectively targets IL-17A and inhibits its interaction with the IL-17 receptor,
      thus inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and
      mediators of tissue damage. Here we provide an overview of the pharmacology,
      clinical efficacy and safety of secukinumab in the treatment of AS. EXPERT
      OPINION: Secukinumab has shown strong efficacy and a good safety profile in
      several immune-mediated diseases including psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and AS.
      Secukinumab recently received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European
      Union (EU) approval for the treatment of adult patients with active AS and can be
      expected to become an established therapy for AS over the next 5 years.

PMID- 26982814
TI  - Enhanced Flexibility of the O2 + N2 Interaction and Its Effect on Collisional
      Vibrational Energy Exchange.
AB  - Prompted by a comparison of measured and computed rate coefficients of Vibration
      to-Vibration and Vibration-to-Translation energy transfer in O2 + N2 non-reactive
      collisions, extended semiclassical calculations of the related cross sections
      were performed to rationalize the role played by attractive and repulsive
      components of the interaction on two different potential energy surfaces. By
      exploiting the distributed concurrent scheme of the Grid Empowered Molecular
      Simulator we extended the computational work to quasiclassical techniques,
      investigated in this way more in detail the underlying microscopic mechanisms,
      singled out the interaction components facilitating the energy transfer, improved
      the formulation of the potential, and performed additional calculations that
      confirmed the effectiveness of the improvement introduced. 

PMID- 26982812
TI  - Association between SCAP and SREBF1 gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in
      schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The use of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) in the treatment of
      schizophrenia has been relevant because of the high prevalence of metabolic
      syndrome (MetS). The sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway
      may contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of AAP-induced metabolic adverse
      effects. We explored the association between the variants of the sterol
      regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1 (SREBF1) gene and the SREBP
      cleavage-activation protein (SCAP) gene with AAP-induced MetS in a genetic case
      control study. METHODS: Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SREBF1
      and five of SCAP were genotyped in a Han Chinese population in Beijing, China: a
      sample of 722 schizophrenia patients on monotherapy with AAPs (clozapine,
      olanzapine or risperidone). Metabolic parameters were collected and evaluated for
      MetS criteria. RESULTS: The rs11654081 T-allele of the SREBF1 gene was
      significantly associated with an increased risk for MetS after correction (P =
      0.019, odds ratio, OR =2.56, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4 4-4.54). The
      rs11654081-TT genotype appeared more frequently in MetS than in non-MetS after
      correction (P = 0.026, OR =2.37, 95% CI: 1.3 6-4.12). SCAP polymorphisms with
      drug-induced MetS were negative in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic
      polymorphisms of SREBF1 could play a role in the mechanism for interindividual
      variation of AAP-induced MetS.

PMID- 26982815
TI  - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase IIb trial evaluating the
      safety and efficacy of tirasemtiv in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Our objectives were to evaluate the safety and tolerability of tirasemtiv over 12
      weeks and its effect on the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and
      other secondary functional measures. This randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial enrolled adults with ALS and slow vital capacity (SVC) > 50%
      from 73 centers in eight countries. Patients who tolerated open-label tirasemtiv
      125 mg b.i.d. for one week were randomized to double-blind treatment either to
      placebo or tirasemtiv, escalating to a maximum tolerated dose up to 250 mg b.i.d.
      The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in ALSFRS-R; secondary
      endpoints included SVC, maximum voluntary ventilation, sniff nasal inspiratory
      pressure, isometric muscle strength, and sub-maximum handgrip fatigue. Of 711
      patients enrolled, 596 were randomized and received at least one dose of double
      blind treatment. The primary endpoint showed no treatment effect (tirasemtiv: 
      2.98 +/- 0.28, placebo: -2.40 +/- 0.25, p = 0.114); however, SVC and muscle
      strength declined significantly more slowly on tirasemtiv (95% CI p = 0.0006, p =
      0.0158, respectively). Dropouts and serious adverse events occurred more
      frequently in the tirasemtiv group. In conclusion, this was a negative study with
      respect to the primary endpoint; however, the effects on SVC and muscle strength
      suggest a potentially important effect of tirasemtiv warranting further
      evaluation over a longer period in ALS.

PMID- 26982816
TI  - Pt-Doped NiFe2O4 Spinel as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for H2 Selective Catalytic
      Reduction of NO at Room Temperature.
AB  - H2 selective catalytic reduction (H2-SCR) has been proposed as a promising
      technology for controlling NOx emission because hydrogen is clean and does not
      emit greenhouse gases. We demonstrate that Pt doped into a nickel ferrite spinel
      structure can afford a high catalytic activity of H2-SCR. A superior NO
      conversion of 96% can be achieved by employing a novel NiFe1.95Pt0.05O4 spinel
      type catalyst at 60  degrees C. This novel catalyst is different from traditional
      H2-SCR catalysts, which focus on the role of metallic Pt species and neglect the
      effect of oxidized Pt states in the reduction of NO. The obtained Raman and XPS
      spectra indicate that Pt in the spinel lattice has different valence states with
      Pt(2+) occupying the tetrahedral sites and Pt(4+) residing in the octahedral
      ones. These oxidation states of Pt enhance the back-donation process, and the
      lack of filling electrons of the 5d band causes Pt to more readily hybridize with
      the 5sigma orbital of the NO molecule, especially for octahedral Pt(4+), which
      enhances the NO chemisorption on the Pt sites. We also performed DFT calculations
      to confirm the enhancement of adsorption of NO onto Pt sites when doped into the
      Ni-Fe spinel structure. The prepared Pt/Ni-Fe catalysts indicate that increasing
      the dispersity of Pt on the surfaces of the individual Ni-Fe spinel-type
      catalysts can efficiently promote the H2-SCR activity. Our demonstration provides
      new insight into designing advanced catalysts for H2-SCR.

PMID- 26982818
TI  - ENTPRISE: An Algorithm for Predicting Human Disease-Associated Amino Acid
      Substitutions from Sequence Entropy and Predicted Protein Structures.
AB  - The advance of next-generation sequencing technologies has made exome sequencing
      rapid and relatively inexpensive. A major application of exome sequencing is the
      identification of genetic variations likely to cause Mendelian diseases. This
      requires processing large amounts of sequence information and therefore
      computational approaches that can accurately and efficiently identify the subset
      of disease-associated variations are needed. The accuracy and high false positive
      rates of existing computational tools leave much room for improvement. Here, we
      develop a boosted tree regression machine-learning approach to predict human
      disease-associated amino acid variations by utilizing a comprehensive combination
      of protein sequence and structure features. On comparing our method, ENTPRISE, to
      the state-of-the-art methods SIFT, PolyPhen-2, MUTATIONASSESSOR, MUTATIONTASTER,
      FATHMM, ENTPRISE exhibits significant improvement. In particular, on a testing
      dataset consisting of only proteins with balanced disease-associated and neutral
      variations defined as having the ratio of neutral/disease-associated variations
      between 0.3 and 3, the Mathews Correlation Coefficient by ENTPRISE is 0.493 as
      compared to 0.432 by PPH2-HumVar, 0.406 by SIFT, 0.403 by MUTATIONASSESSOR, 0.402
      by PPH2-HumDiv, 0.305 by MUTATIONTASTER, and 0.181 by FATHMM. ENTPRISE is then
      applied to nucleic acid binding proteins in the human proteome. Disease
      associated predictions are shown to be highly correlated with the number of
      protein-protein interactions. Both these predictions and the ENTPRISE server are
      freely available for academic users as a web service at
      http://cssb.biology.gatech.edu/entprise/. 

PMID- 26982820
TI  - Mechanism of Action of Thymol on Cell Membranes Investigated through Lipid
      Langmuir Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface and Molecular Simulation.
AB  - A major challenge in the design of biocidal drugs is to identify compounds with
      potential action on microorganisms and to understand at the molecular level their
      mechanism of action. In this study, thymol, a monoterpenoid found in the oil of
      leaves of Lippia sidoides with possible action in biological surfaces, was
      incorporated in lipid monolayers at the air-water interface that represented cell
      membrane models. The interaction of thymol with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
      (DPPC) at the air-water interface was investigated by means of surface pressure
      area isotherms, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), polarization-modulation
      reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and molecular dynamics simulation.
      Thymol expands DPPC monolayers, decreases their surface elasticity, and changes
      the morphology of the lipid monolayer, which evidence the incorporation of this
      compound in the lipid Langmuir film. Such incorporation could be corroborated by
      PM-IRRAS since some specific bands for DPPC were changed upon thymol
      incorporation. Furthermore, potential of mean force obtained by molecular
      dynamics simulations indicates that the most stable position of the drug along
      the lipid film is near the hydrophobic regions of DPPC. These results may be
      useful to understand the interaction between thymol and cell membranes during
      biochemical phenomena, which may be associated with its pharmaceutical properties
      at the molecular level. 

PMID- 26982819
TI  - FKBP5 is associated with amygdala volume in the human brain and mood state: A
      voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study.
AB  - The present study was to investigate the effects of 6 FK506 binding protein 51
      (FKBP5) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on brain structure using voxel
      based morphometry (VBM) and the psychological tests to psychological stress. We
      genotyped 112 healthy controls with respect to 6 SNPs (rs) of FKBP5. We examined
      the Beck Depression Inventory and the State (STAI-S) and Trait (STAI-T) versions
      of the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) to
      evaluate mood. The right amygdala was larger in subjects with the minor allele
      (C) of rs3800373 and rs992105 and the minor allele (T) of rs1360780. The right
      middle orbitofrontal region in those with the minor allele (C) of rs3800373 and
      the right inferior orbitofrontal region in those with the minor allele (T) of
      rs9470080 was larger. Both the amygdala volumes were associated significantly
      with FKBP5 SNPs. We found significant relationships between factors in POMS and
      the right and left amygdala and left insula. Our results suggest that FKBP5 SNPs
      are associated with the alternations of volumes in right amygdala and the right
      middle and inferior orbitofrontal region. Genetic variants of FKBP5 may be
      associated with depressive and anxiety state via differential effects on amygdala
      and orbitofrontal region. 

PMID- 26982821
TI  - Generation and Validation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Maltose Binding
      Protein.
AB  - The maltose binding protein (MBP) is a commonly used protein tag. Two monoclonal
      antibodies (mAbs) were generated against the MBP by immunizing mice with purified
      6xHis-tagged MBP (6xHis-MBP). A nontoxic adjuvant cocktail of poly(I:C) and anti
      CD40 mAb was used. The two mAbs, 3D7 and 2A1, are demonstrated to be effective in
      immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, western blot hybridization, and the ELISA
      assay. These two mAbs are available individually or in combination at cost
      through the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, a nonprofit National Resource
      created by the National Institutes of Health. 

PMID- 26982822
TI  - Paltry pay award is an immoral affront.

PMID- 26982824
TI  - Admit failures early or face tough FtP penalties, legal expert warns.

PMID- 26982823
TI  - Bryony shows she's a fighter and a winner.

PMID- 26982826
TI  - Protected time needed for safety training.

PMID- 26982825
TI  - Changes in workplace culture key to tackling nurses' work-related stress.

PMID- 26982827
TI  - Mental health staff bear brunt of police shortage.

PMID- 26982829
TI  - Cardiac clinic brings care closer.

PMID- 26982828
TI  - NHS 1% pay rise falls far short of what nurses deserve, says Unison.

PMID- 26982830
TI  - Taking the pressure off.

PMID- 26982832
TI  - NICE consultation on learning disabilities and mental health.

PMID- 26982831
TI  - Care home staff 'ill equipped' to improve end of life dementia care.

PMID- 26982833
TI  - Online hydration course for nurses.

PMID- 26982835
TI  - NHS adopts the carrot approach to staff wellbeing--but will it pay off?

PMID- 26982841
TI  - Irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 26982842
TI  - Practice nursing: the pitfalls and the potential.
AB  - A survey by the Queen's Nursing Institute has confirmed that practice nursing is
      facing major pressures, with one third of practice nurses due to retire by 2020,
      patchy access to training and widespread discrepancies in pay. But there is also
      cause for optimism, as new initiatives aim to ensure practice nurses are better
      supported and rewarded.

PMID- 26982843
TI  - 'A patient hurt me and got away with it'.
AB  - A mental health nurse who was assaulted by a patient says she has been let down
      by managers, who promised to support her but instead undermined her case by
      advising the police that the patient lacked capacity, which she disputes. She
      argues that a double standard exists, where mental health patients are only
      considered to have capacity for decisions that benefit them, but are exempt if
      they do harm.

PMID- 26982856
TI  - Sleep Cycle alarm clock app.

PMID- 26982857
TI  - How are you? Quiz is a tick-box exercise and misses key points.

PMID- 26982844
TI  - The changing face of modern nursing.

PMID- 26982858
TI  - Jeremy Hunt's rhetoric on patient safety must be reflected in reality.

PMID- 26982859
TI  - We should take lessons from France in how we run the NHS.

PMID- 26982860
TI  - Spare beds for patients but no staff to run mothballed wards.

PMID- 26982863
TI  - Join our London run in support of meningitis research.

PMID- 26982864
TI  - A mountain of paperwork is turning nursing into a desk job.

PMID- 26982866
TI  - How to manage an arterial catheter.

PMID- 26982867
TI  - Creating an environment for learning.
AB  - This article, the third in a series of 11, provides guidance to new and existing
      mentors and practice teachers to enable them to progress in their role and
      develop a portfolio of evidence that meets the Nursing and Midwifery Council's
      Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice (SSLAP). The importance
      of developing a high quality practice placement is discussed in relation to the
      fifth domain of the SSLAP, 'creating an environment for learning'. The article
      provides learning activities and suggests ways in which mentors and practice
      teachers can undertake various self-assessments, enabling them to gather relevant
      evidence to demonstrate how they can meet and maintain the requirements of this
      domain. 

PMID- 26982869
TI  - IM injection.

PMID- 26982868
TI  - An integrated practice approach to mobility care for older people.
AB  - Mobility is important to older people in nursing homes and residential facilities
      since it contributes to their health and quality of life. Many residents in such
      facilities require some form of assistance to move and accomplish activities of
      daily living. Therefore, nurses and healthcare assistants should have the
      knowledge and skills to provide effective mobility care. This article discusses
      three important aspects of mobility care: safety, mobility optimisation and
      person-centred approaches to care. Safety is important as residents and staff are
      at risk of injury during mobility care. Mobility optimisation is essential to
      ensure residents maintain their independence. Person-centred approaches to care
      are central to providing an integrated approach to mobility care. 

PMID- 26982870
TI  - Secure that ideal job.

PMID- 26982871
TI  - Local role that's hard to ignore.

PMID- 26982873
TI  - Up against the clock.

PMID- 26982874
TI  - Intranasal administration of oxytocin modulates behavioral and amygdala responses
      to infant crying in females with insecure attachment representations.
AB  - The current study examined the effects of oxytocin administration on the response
      to infant crying in individuals with secure or insecure attachment
      representations as assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview. We measured
      feelings of irritation and the use of excessive force as indicated by grip
      strength using a handgrip dynamometer during exposure to infant crying in 42
      women without children who were administered intranasal oxytocin or a placebo. In
      addition, amygdala responses to infant crying and control sounds were measured
      with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The effects of oxytocin on
      reactivity to crying were moderated by attachment security. Oxytocin decreased
      the use of excessive handgrip force and amygdala reactivity in response to crying
      in individuals with insecure attachment representations. Our findings indicate
      that insecure individuals, who show emotional, behavioral, and neural
      hyperreactivity to crying, benefit the most from intranasal oxytocin. 

PMID- 26982875
TI  - Prior participation in the strange situation and overstress jointly facilitate
      disorganized behaviours: implications for theory, research and practice.
AB  - We seek to understand why a relatively high percentage (39%; vs the meta-analytic
      average, 15-18%) of disorganized/disoriented (D) classifications has accrued in
      the low-risk Uppsala Longitudinal Study (ULS) study, using experienced D coders.
      Prior research indicates that D behaviours do not always indicate attachment
      disorganization stemming from a history of frightening caregiving. We examined
      the role of two other presumed factors: participation in a previous strange
      situation and overstress. Our findings indicate that both factors were highly
      prevalent in the ULS sample and that they jointly predicted higher rates of D.
      First, participation in a previous strange situation was associated with
      significantly higher distress displays during the second visit than occurred
      among previously untested children, suggesting that prior participation in the
      strange situation had a sensitizing effect on child distress during the second
      visit. Second, unless separations were cut short in lieu of high distress during
      the second visit, re-tested children were disproportionately likely (ca 60%) to
      be classified D. We argue that these findings have important implications for
      theory, research, and practice. In particular, we conclude that practitioners
      must refrain from misattributing the appearance of any D behaviors observed to a
      history of maltreatment. 

PMID- 26982876
TI  - Parental PTSD, adverse parenting and child attachment in a refugee sample.
AB  - In contrast with traumatic experiences, there is a dearth of studies on the link
      between trauma symptoms, disconnected (frightened, threatening and dissociative)
      parenting behavior, extremely insensitive parenting behavior and child
      attachment. This study extends previous work on the impact of posttraumatic
      stress disorder (PTSD) on families by studying the unique contribution of
      disconnected and extremely insensitive parenting behavior on child attachment in
      a highly traumatized sample of 68 asylum seekers and refugees and their children
      (18-42 months). The results show that parental symptoms of PTSD are directly
      related to children's insecure attachment and disorganized attachment. The
      greatest proportion of the risk could be attributed to factors related to the
      dyad and not the family. A mediation effect of adverse parenting behavior was not
      confirmed. On the one hand the results indicate the need for an effective
      treatment of PTSD symptomatology while on the other hand the results indicate the
      need for clinical attention to insecure attachment relationships. 

PMID- 26982877
TI  - Ghosts of Cultivation Past - Native American Dispersal Legacy Persists in Tree
      Distribution.
AB  - A long-term assumption in ecology is that species distributions correspond with
      their niche requirements, but evidence that species can persist in unsuitable
      habitat for centuries undermines the link between species and habitat. Moreover,
      species may be more dependent on mutualist partners than specific habitats. Most
      evidence connecting indigenous cultures with plant dispersal is anecdotal, but
      historical records suggest that Native Americans transported and cultivated many
      species, including Gleditsia triacanthos ("Honey locust"). Gleditsia triacanthos
      was an important medicinal/culinary (e.g., sugar), cultural (e.g., game sticks)
      and spiritual tree for the Cherokee (southeastern U.S. Native Americans). This
      study tests the hypothesis that a Cherokee cultivation legacy drives current
      regional G. triacanthos distribution patterns. Gleditsia triacanthos occurs in
      rocky uplands and xeric fields, but inexplicably also occurs in mesic riverine
      corridors and floodplains where Cherokee once settled and farmed. I combined
      field experiments and surveys in the Southern Appalachian Mountain region (U.S.)
      to investigate G. triacanthos recruitment requirements and distribution patterns
      to determine whether there is a quantifiable G. triacanthos association with
      former Cherokee settlements. Moreover, I also investigated alternate dispersal
      mechanisms, such as stream transport and domestic cattle. The results indicate
      that a centuries-old legacy of Native American cultivation remains intact as G.
      triacanthos' current southern Appalachian distribution appears better explained
      Cherokee settlement patterns than habitat. The data indicate that the tree is
      severely dispersal limited in the region, only moving appreciable distances from
      former Cherokee settlements where cattle grazing is prevalent. Human land use
      legacy may play a long-term role in shaping species distributions, and pre
      European settlement activity appears underrated as a factor influencing modern
      tree species distributions. 

PMID- 26982878
TI  - Repetition blindness and homophone blindness in young and older adults.
AB  - We tested age effects on repetition blindness (RB), defined as the reduced
      probability of reporting a target word following presentation of the same word in
      a rapidly presented list. We also tested age effects on homophone blindness (HB),
      in which the first word is a homophone of the target word rather than a repeated
      word. Thirty young and 28 older adults viewed rapidly presented lists of words
      containing repeated, homophone, or unrepeated word pairs and reported all of the
      words immediately after each list. Older adults exhibited a greater degree of RB
      and HB than young adults using a conditional scoring method that provides
      certainty that blindness has occurred. The existence of RB and HB for both age
      groups, and increased blindness for older compared to young adults, supports
      predictions of a binding theory that has successfully accounted for a wide range
      of phenomena in cognitive aging.

PMID- 26982880
TI  - Computational Performance Assessment of k-mer Counting Algorithms.
AB  - This article is about the assessment of several tools for k-mer counting, with
      the purpose to create a reference framework for bioinformatics researchers to
      identify computational requirements, parallelizing, advantages, disadvantages,
      and bottlenecks of each of the algorithms proposed in the tools. The k-mer
      counters evaluated in this article were BFCounter, DSK, Jellyfish, KAnalyze,
      KHMer, KMC2, MSPKmerCounter, Tallymer, and Turtle. Measured parameters were the
      following: RAM occupied space, processing time, parallelization, and read and
      write disk access. A dataset consisting of 36,504,800 reads was used
      corresponding to the 14th human chromosome. The assessment was performed for two
      k-mer lengths: 31 and 55. Obtained results were the following: pure Bloom filter
      based tools and disk-partitioning techniques showed a lesser RAM use. The tools
      that took less execution time were the ones that used disk-partitioning
      techniques. The techniques that made the major parallelization were the ones that
      used disk partitioning, hash tables with lock-free approach, or multiple hash
      tables. 

PMID- 26982879
TI  - Complete Reversible Refolding of a G-Protein Coupled Receptor on a Solid Support.
AB  - The factors defining the correct folding and stability of integral membrane
      proteins are poorly understood. Folding of only a few select membrane proteins
      has been scrutinised, leaving considerable deficiencies in knowledge for large
      protein families, such as G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Complete
      reversible folding, which is problematic for any membrane protein, has eluded
      this dominant receptor family. Moreover, attempts to recover receptors from
      denatured states are inefficient, yielding at best 40-70% functional protein. We
      present a method for the reversible unfolding of an archetypal family member, the
      beta1-adrenergic receptor, and attain 100% recovery of the folded, functional
      state, in terms of ligand binding, compared to receptor which has not been
      subject to any unfolding and retains its original, folded structure. We exploit
      refolding on a solid support, which could avoid unwanted interactions and
      aggregation that occur in bulk solution. We determine the changes in structure
      and function upon unfolding and refolding. Additionally, we employ a method that
      is relatively new to membrane protein folding; pulse proteolysis. Complete
      refolding of beta1-adrenergic receptor occurs in n-decyl-beta-D-maltoside (DM)
      micelles from a urea-denatured state, as shown by regain of its original helical
      structure, ligand binding and protein fluorescence. The successful refolding
      strategy on a solid support offers a defined method for the controlled refolding
      and recovery of functional GPCRs and other membrane proteins that suffer from
      instability and irreversible denaturation once isolated from their native
      membranes. 

PMID- 26982881
TI  - Prawn biomonitors of nutrient and trace metal pollution along Asia-Pacific
      coastlines.
AB  - To assess coastal ecosystem status and pollution baselines, prawns were collected
      from the commercial catches of eight Asia-Pacific countries (Australia,
      Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand).
      Samples collected from 21 sites along regional coastlines were analysed for trace
      metal and stable isotopic compositions of H, C, N, O and S. A combination of
      simple averaging and multivariate analyses was used to evaluate the data. Sites
      could be assigned to easily recognise polluted and unpolluted groups based on the
      prawn results. Some filter-feeding clams were also collected and analysed
      together with the benthic-feeding prawns, and the prawns generally had lower
      trace metal burdens. Climate change effects were not strongly evident at this
      time, but altered ocean circulation and watershed run-off patterns accompanying
      future climate change are expected to change chemical patterns recorded by prawns
      along these and other coastlines. Stable isotopes, especially (15)N, can help to
      distinguish between relatively polluted and unpolluted sites. 

PMID- 26982882
TI  - Synergy in Science and Resources.

PMID- 26982884
TI  - Monoclonal Antibodies.

PMID- 26982885
TI  - Impact of metallurgical activities on the content of trace elements in the
      spatial soil and plant parts of Rubus fruticosus L.
AB  - The concentrations of the trace elements (TEs), Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Ni, were
      determined in parts of Rubus fruticosus L. and in topsoil, collected from eight
      different locations around the copper smelter in Bor, Serbia. Extremely high
      concentrations of Cu were determined in the soil and in R. fruticosus L., and for
      arsenic at some locations. The enrichment factors for TEs in soil showed
      enrichment with Cu, Zn, Pb, and As among which extremely high values were
      determined for Cu (EFsoil = 8.5-126.1) and As (EFsoil = 6.6-44.4). The enrichment
      factors for the parts of R. fruticosus L. showed enrichment with all TEs, except
      for nickel. The most extreme enrichment was found to occur in roots and stems for
      Cu (EFplant = 56.2 and 51.1) and leaves for Pb (EFplant = 45.68). The mean values
      of the three ratios of concentrations between plant parts for all TEs indicated
      pollution via the atmosphere while leaves appeared to be the best indicators for
      this kind of pollution. Numerous and very strong Pearson's correlations between
      TEs in the R. fruticosus L. parts confirmed these results. Principal Component
      Analysis showed that the major pollution source is the copper smelter that
      contaminates vegetation through soil and air.

PMID- 26982883
TI  - Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Taiwan: A Cardiometabochip Study by the
      Taichi Consortium.
AB  - By means of a combination of genome-wide and follow-up studies, recent large
      scale association studies of populations of European descent have now identified
      over 46 loci associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). As part of the TAICHI
      Consortium, we have collected and genotyped 8556 subjects from Taiwan, comprising
      5423 controls and 3133 cases with coronary artery disease, for 9087 CAD SNPs
      using the CardioMetaboChip. We applied penalized logistic regression to ascertain
      the top SNPs that contribute together to CAD susceptibility in Taiwan. We
      observed that the 9p21 locus contributes to CAD at the level of genome-wide
      significance (rs1537372, with the presence of C, the major allele, the effect
      estimate is -0.216, standard error 0.033, p value 5.8x10-10). In contrast to a
      previous report, we propose that the 9p21 locus is a single genetic contribution
      to CAD in Taiwan because: 1) the penalized logistic regression and the follow-up
      conditional analysis suggested that rs1537372 accounts for all of the CAD
      association in 9p21, and 2) the high linkage disequilibrium observed for all
      associated SNPs in 9p21. We also observed evidence for the following loci at a
      false discovery rate >5%: SH2B3, ADAMTS7, PHACTR1, GGCX, HTRA1, COL4A1, and LARP6
      LRRC49. We also took advantage of the fact that penalized methods are an
      efficient approach to search for gene-by-gene interactions, and observed that two
      way interactions between the PHACTR1 and ADAMTS7 loci and between the SH2B3 and
      COL4A1 loci contribute to CAD risk. Both the similarities and differences between
      the significance of these loci when compared with significance of loci in studies
      of populations of European descent underscore the fact that further genetic
      association of studies in additional populations will provide clues to identify
      the genetic architecture of CAD across all populations worldwide. 

PMID- 26982886
TI  - Telemental Health in Schools.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the potential and limits of
      school telemental health (TMH) to support a full continuum from mental health
      promotion to intervention, particularly for students less likely to access
      community care. METHODS: A review of school TMH literature and model programs,
      and of data from focus groups with child psychiatry fellows, was undertaken to
      inform best practices and future directions for TMH in schools. RESULTS: Existing
      data suggest that TMH with children and adolescents is promising and well
      received. Child and adolescent psychiatrists use various models for conducting
      school-based TMH, which differ in the level of direct care and types of services
      provided. Literature review and focus group data suggest that advantages of
      school TMH include greater efficiency, the capacity for higher volume, and
      increased access to care for many students who would be unlikely to reach
      traditional community mental healthcare because of barriers such as
      transportation and healthcare coverage. Disadvantages of school TMH service
      provision include patient concerns about their own privacy as well as concerns
      related to the psychiatrist's ability to effectively engage families in care
      without being present in person. Fellows also noted that the training experience
      of physically being in the school building and experiencing the school
      expectations and culture helps them move toward greater appreciation and
      understanding of the structures, policies, and opportunities and challenges for
      schools and school-based professionals. Most agreed that a "hybrid" model of
      care, with some in-person and some TMH care may be most beneficial to all
      parties, promoting both engagement and efficiency simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS:
      School TMH should be considered as part of a comprehensive service delivery
      system for students, in order to address shortages and gaps in specialty child
      and adolescent mental healthcare, and to maximize efficiency and productivity.

PMID- 26982887
TI  - Evaluation of serum cysteine-rich protein 61 and cystatin C levels for assessment
      of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.
AB  - Objective The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiopulmonary
      bypass (CPB) can lead to morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that cysteine
      rich protein 61 (CYR61) and cystatin C (CysC) may be potential novel biomarkers
      of AKI after cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Patients were classified into AKI
      and non-AKI group depending on serum creatinine. Levels of creatinine, CysC, and
      CYR61 were measured at five time-points before and within 48 h after the surgery.
      Results Fifty patients were included in the study. Serum creatinine pre-operative
      values were 74.0 +/- 43.3 MUmol/L in AKI group vs. 64.8 +/- 17.9 MUmol/L in non
      AKI group. During 48 h, the values increased to 124.6 +/- 67.2 MUmol/L in AKI
      group (p < 0.001) but in non-AKI group they did not change significantly. Serum
      CysC values were significantly increased already 2 h after CBP in AKI group (949
      +/- 557 MUg/L, p < 0.05) compared to non-AKI group (700 +/- 170 MUg/L). Pre
      operative serum CYR61 tended to be lower in AKI group (12.4 MUg/L) than in non
      AKI group (20.3 MUg/L), but 24 h after the surgery, the levels in AKI group
      tended to be higher than non-AKI group. Conclusion Serum CYR61 does not seem to
      be an early predictor of AKI in patients after cardiac surgery with CPB, but it
      might possibly identify patients at risk of developing more severe kidney injury.
      Serum CysC could be a promising biomarker of AKI, differentiating patients at
      risk of developing AKI after cardiac surgery as early as 2 h after surgery. 

PMID- 26982888
TI  - Using a community of practice to evaluate falls prevention activity in a
      residential aged care organisation: a clinical audit.
AB  - Objective This study evaluates whether a community of practice (CoP) could
      conduct a falls prevention clinical audit and identify gaps in falls prevention
      practice requiring action. Methods Cross-sectional falls prevention clinical
      audits were conducted in 13 residential aged care (RAC) sites of a not-for-profit
      organisation providing care to a total of 779 residents. The audits were led by
      an operationalised CoP assisted by site clinical staff. A CoP is a group of
      people with a shared interest who get together to innovate for change. The CoP
      was made up of self-nominated staff representing all RAC sites and comprised of
      staff from various disciplines with a shared interest in falls prevention.
      Results All 13 (100%) sites completed the audit. CoP conduct of the audit met
      identified criteria for an effective clinical audit. The priorities for
      improvement were identified as increasing the proportion of residents receiving
      vitamin D supplementation (mean 41.5%, s.d. 23.7) and development of mandatory
      falls prevention education for staff and a falls prevention policy, as neither
      was in place at any site. CoP actions undertaken included a letter to visiting
      GPs requesting support for vitamin D prescription, surveys of care staff and
      residents to inform falls education development, defining falls and writing a
      falls prevention policy. Conclusion A CoP was able to effectively conduct an
      evidence-based falls prevention activity audit and identify gaps in practice. CoP
      members were well positioned, as site staff, to overcome barriers and facilitate
      action in falls prevention practice. What is known about the topic? Audit and
      feedback is an effective way of measuring clinical quality and safety. CoPs have
      been established in healthcare using workplace staff to address clinical problems
      but little is known about their ability to audit and influence practice change.
      What does this paper add? This study contributes to the body of knowledge on CoPs
      in healthcare by evaluating the performance of one in the domain of falls
      prevention audit action. What are the implications for practitioners? A CoP is an
      effective model to engage staff in the clinical audit process. Clinical audits
      can raise staff awareness of gaps in practice and motivate staff to plan and
      action change as recommended in best practice guidelines.

PMID- 26982889
TI  - Hyperthermia treatment planning for cervical cancer patients based on electrical
      conductivity tissue properties acquired in vivo with EPT at 3 T MRI.
AB  - Introduction The reliability of hyperthermia treatment planning (HTP) is strongly
      dependent on the accuracy of the electric properties of each tissue. The values
      currently used are mostly based on ex vivo measurements. In this study, in vivo
      conductivity of human muscle, bladder content and cervical tumours, acquired with
      magnetic resonance-based electric properties tomography (MR-EPT), are exploited
      to investigate the effect on HTP for cervical cancer patients. Methods
      Temperature-based optimisation of five different patients was performed using
      literature-based conductivity values yielding certain antenna settings, which are
      then used to compute the temperature distribution of the patient models with EPT
      based conductivity values. Furthermore, the effects of altered bladder and muscle
      conductivity were studied separately. Finally, the temperature-based optimisation
      was performed with patient models based on EPT conductivity values. Results The
      tumour temperatures for all EPT-based dielectric patient models were lower
      compared to the optimal tumour temperatures based on literature values. The
      largest deviation was observed for patient 1 with DeltaT90 = -1.37  degrees C. A
      negative impact was also observed when the treatment was optimised based on the
      EPT values. For four patients DeltaT90 was less than 0.6  degrees C; for one
      patient it was 1.5  degrees C. Conclusions Electric conductivity values acquired
      by EPT are higher than commonly used from literature. This difference has a
      substantial impact on cervical tumour temperatures achieved during hyperthermia.
      A higher conductivity in the bladder and in the muscle tissue surrounding the
      tumour leads to higher power dissipation in the bladder and muscle, and therefore
      to lower tumour temperatures.

PMID- 26982891
TI  - Effectiveness of degradable and non-degradable implants to close large septal
      perforations in an experimental model.
AB  - Background Reparation of large nasal septum perforations continues to be
      challenging. Bipedicled mucoperichondrial and inter-positional grafts currently
      show the most promising results. New implants have emerged to be used as a
      support membrane to carry on the mucosal cells, taking advantage of the innate
      proliferative properties of the mucosal tissue. Objective To compare the
      effectiveness of two kinds of material; non-absorbable dimethylsiloxane (silicone
      elastomers) and absorbable porcine small intestinal submucosa (Surgisis), both
      used as an inter-positional graft without neighbouring flaps to close nasal
      septal perforations in an experimental model. Methods Fifteen dogs were divided
      into three groups. One group received Surgisis, the other sheets of
      dimethylsiloxane and the last group a sham group. The dogs were followed for 6
      weeks. Results The initial perforation of the nasal septum showed complete
      mucosal closure in the dimethylsiloxane group. The Surgisis group, on the other
      hand, had a smaller reduction than that at the beginning (final mean area = 23.0
      +/- 5.4 mm(2) (p < 0.05); however, complete closure was not achieved. Sham
      animals showed an inconstant and slight reduction in dimension from 100 mm(2) to
      70 +/- 16 mm(2) of mucosa and cartilage, but closure was not achieved. A
      significantly higher number of capillaries were observed in the Surgisis group
      compared to the dimethylsiloxane group (p < 0.05) without differences in
      inflammation, fibrosis, or necrosis. Conclusions The non-absorbable implant;
      dimethylsiloxane facilitates a better closure of the nasal septum. 

PMID- 26982890
TI  - Limited Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase- and Plasmid-Encoded
      AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli from Food and Farm Animals, Sweden.
AB  - Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmid-encoded ampC (pAmpC)
      producing Enterobacteriaceae might spread from farm animals to humans through
      food. However, most studies have been limited in number of isolates tested and
      areas studied. We examined genetic relatedness of 716 isolates from 4,854 samples
      collected from humans, farm animals, and foods in Sweden to determine whether
      foods and farm animals might act as reservoirs and dissemination routes for
      ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli. Results showed that clonal spread to
      humans appears unlikely. However, we found limited dissemination of genes
      encoding ESBL/pAmpC and plasmids carrying these genes from foods and farm animals
      to healthy humans and patients. Poultry and chicken meat might be a reservoir and
      dissemination route to humans. Although we found no evidence of clonal spread of
      ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli from farm animals or foods to humans, ESBL/pAmpC
      producing E. coli with identical genes and plasmids were present in farm animals,
      foods, and humans. 

PMID- 26982892
TI  - Effect of Vacuum on Venous Drainage: an Experimental Evaluation on Pediatric
      Venous Cannulas and Tubing Systems.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To observe how vacuum assisted venous drainage (VAVD) may influence
      the flow in a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit with different size of venous lines
      and cannulas. METHODS: The experimental circuit was assembled to represent the
      cardiopulmonary bypass circuit routinely used during cardiac surgery. Wall
      suction was applied directly, modulated and measured into the venous reservoir.
      The blood flow was measured with a flow-meter positioned on the venous line. The
      circuit prime volume was replaced with group O date expired re-suspended red
      cells and Plasmalyte 148 to a hematocrit of 28% to 30%. RESULTS: In an open
      circuit with gravity siphon venous drain, angled cannulae drain more than
      straight ones regardless the amount of suction applied to the venous line (16 Fr
      straight cannula (S) drains 90 ml/min less than a 16 Fr angled (A) with a siphon
      gravity). The same flow can be obtained with lower cannula size and higher
      suction (i.e. 12 A with and -30 mmHg). Tables have been created to list how the
      flow varies according to the size of the cannulas, the size of the venous tubes,
      and the amount of suction applied to the system. CONCLUSIONS: Vacuum assisted
      venous drainage allows the use of smaller cannulae and venous lines to maintain a
      good venous return, which is very useful during minimally invasive approaches.
      The present study should be considered as a preliminary attempt to create a
      scientific-based starting point for a uniform the use of VAVD.

PMID- 26982894
TI  - Clinico-epidemiological Study on Pesticide Poisoning in a Tertiary Care Hospital
      in Eastern Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pesticide poisoning is a major health problem worldwide. In Nepal
      the most common cause is suicidal and pesticides account for more than fifty
      percent of cases. The objective of the study was to look in detail regarding the
      pesticide poisoning cases admitted at BPKIHS; their epidemiological profile,
      presentation, treatment and their outcome during the hospital stay. METHODS: It
      was a retrospective study which included 2621 patients with poisoning of which
      1661 cases were related to pesticides. RESULTS: The mean duration of hospital
      stay was 6.7 days. The majority of patients 81.16% showed improvement whereas
      6.6% of patients died within 24 hours of admission and 3.54% after 48 hours of
      admission. Among all the patients 0.5% patients were given ICU care and all
      others were managed in the different units of medicine ward. The total amount of
      atropine administered varied considerably. Most of the cases were under the
      influence of alcohol. All the patients had a psychiatry evaluation before
      discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Pesticide poisoning is increasing in incidence and it is
      one of the preventable public health problems and includes mainly the patients'
      age group 20-30 years. Due to easy availability of pesticides it is the most
      preferred method of suicide and the main reasons being impulsive act and
      increased indebtedness in the society.

PMID- 26982893
TI  - Intradialytic Muscle Cramp and its Association with Peripheral Arterial Disease
      in End Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION:  Muscle cramp is a common intradialytic complication observed in
      hemodialysis patients. Similarly Peripheral arterial disease is a common
      condition in the hemodialysis population. METHODS:  Fifty patients with a
      diagnosis of End Stage Renal Disease who were on hemodialysis were studied over a
      period of one year. Muscle cramp was defined clinically as contractions of a
      large muscle group and Peripheral arterial disease was diagnosed on the basis of
      the ankle -brachial index (ABI). RESULTS:  A total of 50 End Stage Renal Disease
      patients were analyzed. The major causes of End Stage Renal Disease in the study
      population was Chronic Glomerulonephritis 40 % (n=20). Muscle cramps were present
      in 26% (n=13) cases. Peripheral arterial disease was present in 30% (n=15) of
      patients. However there was no statistically significant association between the
      presence of Intradialytic Muscle cramps and peripheral arterial disease (p value
      =0.18) CONCLUSIONS: Intradialytic Muscle cramps and peripheral arterial disease
      were common occurrence in end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis
      patients, however there was no association between the presence of intradialytic
      Muscle cramps and peripheral arterial disease.

PMID- 26982895
TI  - Growing Resistance to Vancomycin among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus
      Aureus Isolates from Different Clinical Samples.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), majorly
      associated with nosocomial and community infections worldwide, are emerging as
      resistant strains to many antibiotics narrowing down the efficacy of
      antimicrobial therapy. In order to investigate the changing resistant pattern of
      MRSA to empirical drugs, the study was carried out at KIST Medical College and
      Hospital, Nepal. It also aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
      (MIC) of vancomycin among MRSA. METHODS: Altogether 3500 clinical samples
      including 1303 blood, 1489 urine and 708 body fluids were collected and
      processed. Isolated S. aureus were further screened for methicillin resistance by
      Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique using cefoxitin (30ug) disk. All MRSA were
      subjected to in vitro determination of MIC of vancomycin by agar dilution method
      as recommended by CLSI guidelines. RESULTS: Total 287 S. aureus were isolated
      from the different clinical samples. Altogether 248 (86.41%) were found to be
      multidrug resistance (MDR) while 42 (14.63%) of the isolates were methicillin
      resistance with the highest prevalence in the age group of 16-30. All 42 (100%)
      MRSA isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin followed by 41
      (97.62%), 32 (76.19%), 31(73.81%), 29 (69.05%), 9 (21.43%) and seven (16.67%) to
      cefotaxime, gentamycin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline and
      ciprofloxacin respectively. Although all MRSA strains were sensitive to
      vancomycin on disc diffusion, four isolates were intermediates in vitro
      determination of MIC of vancomycin. The break point for vancomycin was found to
      be 15mm. CONCLUSIONS: The increment in vancomycin MIC among MRSA is alarming.
      Strict control measures to prevent MRSA spread and a routine surveillance for
      VRSA must be incorporated in hospitals.

PMID- 26982896
TI  - Routine Measurement of Serum Amylase in Acute Abdomen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute abdominal pain is a common condition presenting to both the
      emergency department (ED) and surgical admission unit. Increase in serum amylase
      levels are found in much gastrointestinal pathology. Serum amylase level is
      consistently high in acute pancreatitis though high values are not pathognomonic
      of pancreatitis .The aim of this study to assess the level of serum amylase in
      various diseases presenting with acute abdominal pain and to evaluate the role of
      routine measurement of serum amylase in the screening of patient with acute
      abdominal pain for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in a prospective series.
      METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed from 15th May 2014 -
      15th Nov 2014 (6 months) at Department of Surgery of Kathmandu medical College
      Teaching Hospital; Kathmandu. All consecutive patients presented at emergency
      department and required admissions in surgical ward were included. A multivariate
      analysis was performed to assess the level of serum amylase in various diseases
      presenting with acute abdominal pain including acute pancreatitis. RESULTS:
      Overall, 318 patients were included during a period of 6 months among them 48
      patients were excluded. 34 cases (12.6 %) were diagnosed of acute pancreatitis.
      three cases (1.1%) of non pancreatic pathology with raised serum amylase level (>
      1000 U?L). CONCLUSIONS: Routine assessment of serum amylase is helpful in
      excluding differential diagnosis of patient presenting with acute abdomen and
      this study identified serum amylase as a good screening tool if done in cases
      with clinical suspicion.

PMID- 26982897
TI  - Diversity of Hepatitis B genotypes in Nepal and updated Phylogenetic Tree: a
      Pilot Survey in 2012.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a current global health problem. HBV
      genotypes influence the treatment and long term outcome of HBV infected patients.
      Moreover, HBV genotypes differ in various region of the world. Such data was
      reported haphazardly but yet to be comprehensive for Nepal. This study attempted
      to find out the diverse hepatitis B genotypes in Nepal. METHODS: A convenient
      serum sample of 58 HBsAg positive patients from different parts of the country
      mainly from Nepalgunj, Palpa and Kathmandu were screened for hepatitis B
      genotype. Sequencing was done and Phylogenetic tree was created. RESULTS: Among
      58 samples, 23 were genotype D, 17were genotype A and B wereC/D recombinant.
      Phylogenetic trees were created by distance-matrix and neighbor-joining analyses
      after bootstrapping to 1000 replicates. DISCUSSION: HBV genotypes A and D are the
      most common genotype in Nepal. Horizontal transmission is common in these
      genotypes. C/D recombinant genotype may be transmitted from Tibetan people living
      in Kathmandu. Prophylactic major controlling, horizontal and cross border
      transmission could be effective. CONCLUSIONS: Three major genotypes of HBV in
      Nepal were found to be A, C and D. Despite being a low prevalence area, Nepal has
      a diversity of hepatitis B genotypes Keywords: genotypes; HBV; phylogenetic.

PMID- 26982898
TI  - Surgical Results of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Surgery remains the only curative modality for early stage of Non
      small cell lung caner (NSCLC). We reviewed overall scenario of lung cancer and
      surgical results in Nepal. METHODS: 1000 patients with the pathological diagnosis
      of lung cancer were analyzed to summarize the overall scenario of lung cancer.
      157 NSCLC patients underwent pulmonary resection. cIA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA (N1)
      underwent surgery as initial modality of treatment. cIIIA (N2) patients were
      taken for surgery after neoadjuvant chemo/ chemoradiation. RESULTS: Analysis of
      1000 patients showed squamous cell carcinoma in 41.3%, incurable stage (IIIB/ IV)
      in 66.8% and rate of curative resection in 6.7% cases. Surgery as a single
      modality of treatment was used in 38%. Neoadjuvant Chemo/ chemoradiation/
      radiation followed by surgery and surgery followed by chemo/ chemoradiation/
      radiation was done in 12% and 50%, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 2%
      (post pneumonectomy: 5.5%; post lobectomy: 1.5%; post sublobar resection: 0%). R0
      resction was achieved in 91% cases. Median survival and 5-year overall survival
      were 36 months and 18%, respectively. Better survival was achieved in pI-II vs
      pIII/ IV, pN0-1 vs pN2 and pR0 vs pR+ (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Earlier stage (pI
      II), R0 resection and pathological pNo-1 has the best five year overall survival
      in Nepalese patients with NSCLC as well.

PMID- 26982899
TI  - Community Based Survey on Psychiatric Morbidity in Eastern Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mental health problem is common and ubiquitous. Mental illness cuts
      across all sections of society, irrespective of socio-economic status. Recent
      international survey showed a varying prevalence rates ranged (4.7%- 12.0%). The
      Community study in Nepal yielded prevalence rate of mental illness at 14.0%.
      METHODS: This is a descriptive, epidemiologic study with systematic randomization
      sampling. RESULTS: Of 911 respondents majority was married (76.1%), of age group
      20-59 yrs. Overall, 113 (12.4%) respondents had at least one psychiatric disorder
      and the commonest were: Depression, Anxiety disorders, Alcohol use disorders with
      1.9% had seizure/epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: Community prevalence rate of some common
      psychiatric disorders is high which calls for special attention to address
      depressive and alcohol related disorder from all quarters of society particularly
      from government.

PMID- 26982900
TI  - Clinical Profile of Neonates with Perinatal Asphyxia in a Tertiary Care Hospital
      of Central Nepal.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Birth asphyxia is a serious clinical problem worldwide. It claims
      approximately 9 million deaths each year. It can lead to serious neurological
      sequaele, such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and epilepsy. METHODS: All
      babies admitted in College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Chiwan, Nepal,
      NICU from January 2013 to December 2013 with a diagnosis of birth asphyxia (5 min
      Apgar<7 or those with no spontaneous respirations after birth) were included in
      the study (n=125). This was a descriptive observational study. Clinical
      information was collected (gravida, hour at presentation, mode of delivery, sex
      of baby, gestational age of the baby, requirement of resuscitation). Neonates
      were admitted to NICU, observed for complications and managed as per hospital
      protocol. RESULTS: Among the 722 neonates admitted to NICU, 125 had perinatal
      asphyxia (17.3%). Babies with Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) Grade I had a
      very good outcome but HIE III was associated with a poor outcome. Outborn
      neonates had higher grades of perinatal asphyxia as compared to inborns
      (p=0.018). Term gestation, Males and Multigravida were associated with a higher
      rate of birth asphyxia. 22.4% neonates were delivered via caesarean section and
      74.4% required bag and mask ventilation at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Birth asphyxia was
      one of the commonest causes of admission NICU. Babies with HIE Grade III had a
      very poor prognosis. Outborn neonates with birth asphyxia had a higher mortality.
      Males were frequently affected than females.

PMID- 26982901
TI  - Comparison of Phacotrabeculectomy and Phacotrabeculectomy with Subconjunctival 5
      Fluorouracil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.
      Phacotrabeculectomy is a technique in which glaucoma and cataract surgery
      performed. METHODS: Prospective study was carried out in the department of
      glaucoma at Lumbini Eye Institute, Bhairahawa.100 patients who underwent
      phacotrabeculectomy within a period of two years. Patients were divided into two
      groups those who received 5FU (n=47) and no antifibrotic agent (n= 53) RESULTS:
      The age range was from 38 to 80 years; mean age of 62.97+/-9.14 SD. 55% were male
      and 45% were female.The postoperative IOP reduction in last follow- up group A
      was mean=13.08+/-1.57SD and mean=13.23+/-1.73SD in group B. This was statically
      significant with P <0.001. Bleb survival was almost similar in two groups
      3.17(78.31%) in group A and 3.20 (78.93%) in group B. 85% visual acuity was
      improved in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Phacotrabeculectomy and phacotrabeculectomy
      with inj. 5FU, both were equally effective surgical techniques in terms of visual
      acuity, IOP control and bleb survival.There was no significant statistical
      difference vis-a-vis the success of Phacotrabeculectomy using of either these two
      techniques.

PMID- 26982902
TI  - Cytodiagnosis of Sacral Chordoma.
AB  - We report the cytological findings of a sacro-coccygeal chordoma in a 53 year
      male diagnosed preoperatively by guided fine needle aspiration cytology. The
      smears shows characteristic Physalliphorous cells in a metachromatic background
      of myxoid material entrapping cords of cuboidal cells. Differential diagnosis in
      cytology include conventional and myxoid chondrosarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma,
      myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH), metastatic mucinous carcinoma and
      myxo-papillary ependymoma. The distinguishing features between these neoplasms
      are discussed. Preoperative diagnosis of chordoma permits optimum planned
      surgery. 

PMID- 26982903
TI  - Splenic Infarct: A Rare Presentation in a Pediatric Patient.
AB  - A previously healthy 16-year-old male presented with a two day history of
      persistent epigastric pain. His physical examination was significant for
      tenderness in the left hypochondriac region with a palpable spleen 2cm below the
      left sub-costal margin. A CT scan of the abdomen showed a splenic infarct.
      Heterophile and EBV VCA IgM antibody test were positive. This is a rare case of
      infectious mononucleosis presenting with splenic infarct in an adolescent male
      without co-morbidities. 

PMID- 26982905
TI  - Visual Axis Opacification in Children Following Paediatric Cataract Surgery.
AB  - Visual axis opacification (VAO) occurs in up to 40% of pediatric patients after
      cataract surgery withintraocular lens implantation(IOL) even with a primary
      posterior capsulotomy (PPC). In both children and adult group, opacification does
      obscure the visual axis. However, in children after PPC, there is no capsule.
      Hence, the terminology VAO is used in children rather than posterior capsular
      opacification. This opacification is caused by a proliferation of epithelial
      cells on the posterior capsule or anterior vitreous face and can hinder the
      optical image quality needed for normal visual development. The rate of
      epithelial mitotic activity is higher in children compared to adult. It can be
      managed by Yag laser or surgical membranectomy, the latter is preferable.
      International and national published articles were systematically reviewed on
      aetio-pathogenesis, surgical techniques and equipment, type and material of IOL,
      and management of VAO in children operated for cataract. Author's experience was
      also included to write manuscript. VAO is frequent complication following
      cataract surgery in pediatric patients. Age of cataract patients, surgical
      technique and type and materials of IOL are most common influencing factor for
      VAO. Immediate management with advance equipment of VAO reduces the incidence for
      development of irreversible stimulation deprivation amblyopia. 

PMID- 26982904
TI  - Allergic BronchoPulmonary Aspergillosis in Nepal.
AB  - Allergic BronchoPulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is clinically under recognized and
      often misdiagnosed in Nepal. A total of 15 cases of ABPA were enrolled in this
      case series. Cases were followed up after the 3 months of start of treatment and
      clinical responses were assessed. The mean age of the patients was 33.06 +/- 9.2
      yrs. 80% were male. 26.6% patients were empirically on anti-tubercular treatment
      at the time of presentation. 40% patients were misdiagnosed and already treated
      as pulmonary Tuberculosis. 10 patients were previously treated as cases of
      refractory asthma. Majority of patients had significant eosinophillia and raised
      total serum IgE. All patients required treatment with bronchodilator and systemic
      steroid. 80% patients underwent remission with the treatment. Pulmonary
      Tuberculosis and refractory bronchial asthma are common condition that leads to
      the misdiagnosis of this disease. 

PMID- 26982906
TI  - Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude
      and Utilization Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Most health professions recognize the value of evidence-based practice
      (EBP), yet the uptake of EBP across most health disciplines has been suboptimal.
      To improve EBP uptake, it is important to first understand the many dimensions
      that affect EBP use. The Evidence-Based practice Attitude and utilization SurvEy
      (EBASE) was designed to measure the attitudes, skills, and use of EBP among
      practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM); however, the
      dimensionality of the instrument is not well understood. The aim of the current
      research was to examine the psychometric properties of the attitudes, skills, and
      use subscales of EBASE. DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of data obtained
      from the administration of EBASE. Data were examined using principal components
      analyses and confirmatory methods. Internal consistency reliabilities of
      resultant subscales were also computed. PARTICIPANTS: 1314 U.S. chiropractors and
      554 Canadian chiropractors. RESULTS: A unidimensional structure best fit the
      attitudes and use subscales. Skills subscale items were best represented by
      subscales with a multidimensional structure. Specifically, the skills construct
      was best modeled with three dimensions (identification of the research question,
      locating research, and application of EBP). All subscales had acceptable internal
      consistency reliability estimates. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the
      modification of the scoring guidelines for the original EBASE. These changes are
      likely to result in a more accurate measure of EBP attitudes, skills, and use
      among chiropractors, and possibly CAM providers more generally.

PMID- 26982907
TI  - A new benzofuran derivative from Nicotiana tabacum.
AB  - A new benzofuran derivative, methyl 3-acetyl-7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2
      methylbenzofuran-4-carboxylate (1), and a known compound pyrrolezanthine (2),
      were isolated from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Compound 1 was elucidated by
      means of spectroscopic methods, as well as X-ray diffraction. Both compounds 1
      and 2 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities on human cancer cell lines. 

PMID- 26982908
TI  - Comparison of HIV Testing Uptake in an Urban Academic Emergency Department Using
      Different Testing Assays and Support Systems.
AB  - Despite 2006 recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
      for opt-out HIV testing in all healthcare settings, Emergency Department (ED)
      testing has been limited. We conducted an observational cohort study to assess
      the impact of two workflow interventions on the proportion of HIV tests ordered
      in an urban academic ED. First, a 4(th)-generation HIV antigen/antibody
      combination test replaced the existing assay, and ED staff continued to notify
      patients of their reactive tests. Six months later, the HIV Rapid Diagnosis Team,
      composed of an Infectious Diseases (ID) physician and the HIV Advanced Practice
      Nurse, immediately assisted with disclosure of positive results to the patients
      and facilitated linkage to outpatient care. The new assay did not change the
      proportion of HIV tests ordered (0.14-0.11%, chi2, p = 0.2). However, ID support
      was associated with a statistically significant increase in the proportion of HIV
      tests ordered (0.14-0.43%, chi2, p < 0.00010) and a nonstatistically significant
      increase in the proportion of new HIV diagnoses (1.6-6.8%, Fisher exact test =
      0.113). Male gender and lack of insurance were associated with a reactive HIV
      test. Reduction of barriers to linkage to outpatient HIV care through a
      collaborative relationship between the ED and ID team increased HIV testing and
      diagnosis. The role of this model as a component of a universal HIV screening
      program will need to be further assessed. 

PMID- 26982909
TI  - Determining Consistency of Surrogate Decisions and End-of-Life Care Received with
      Patient Goals-of-Care Preferences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Care consistent with preferences is the goal of advance care planning
      (ACP). However, comparing written preferences to actual end-of-life care may not
      capture consistency of care with preferences. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated four
      additional types of consistency, using prospective data on written preferences
      and active clinical decision making by patients and their surrogates. METHODS:
      Secondary analysis of data was done from a trial of an ACP intervention for
      patient-surrogate dyads. Forty-five patients died during the trial and comprised
      the sample for the analysis. Sources of data included patients' preferences in a
      written goals-of-care tool, medical record reviews, and two-week postbereavement
      interviews with surrogates to complement medical record reviews. RESULTS: Twenty
      four patients (53.3%) received care consistent with written preferences and 11
      (24.4%) inconsistent with written preferences. The remaining 10 patients (22.2%)
      died suddenly with no opportunity for treatment decision making. Eleven (24.4%)
      were able to participate in decision making with their surrogates; of those, 9
      (81.8%) received care consistent with their expressed preferences. Twenty-two
      patients were incapacitated and thus the surrogate made treatment decisions
      alone; of those, 18 (81.8%) made decisions consistent with the patient's written
      preference. CONCLUSIONS: Simply comparing documented preferences for end-of-life
      care and medical records of care delivered does not adequately reflect the
      process of ACP and treatment decision making at the end of life. To understand
      consistency between preferences and end-of-life care, investigators need data on
      written and real-time expressed preferences.

PMID- 26982910
TI  - The Unbearable Whiteness of Bioethics: Exhorting Bioethicists to Address Racism.

PMID- 26982912
TI  - Racism and Bioethics: Experiences and Reflections.

PMID- 26982911
TI  - Bioethicists Can and Should Contribute to Addressing Racism.
AB  - The problems of racism and racially motivated violence in predominantly African
      American communities in the United States are complex, multifactorial, and
      historically rooted. While these problems are also deeply morally troubling,
      bioethicists have not contributed substantially to addressing them. Concern for
      justice has been one of the core commitments of bioethics. For this and other
      reasons, bioethicists should contribute to addressing these problems. We consider
      how bioethicists can offer meaningful contributions to the public discourse,
      research, teaching, training, policy development, and academic scholarship in
      response to the alarming and persistent patterns of racism and implicit biases
      associated with it. To make any useful contribution, bioethicists will require
      preparation and should expect to play a significant role through collaborative
      action with others. 

PMID- 26982913
TI  - Race and Bioethics: Bioethical Engagement With a Four-Letter Subject.

PMID- 26982914
TI  - Bioethics Skill Sets Can Work, But It Would Take Moral Courage to Apply Them and
      Get Desired Results.

PMID- 26982915
TI  - The Really New Jim Crow: Why Bioethicists Must Ally With Undocumented Immigrants.

PMID- 26982916
TI  - Racism and Bioethics: Are We Part of the Problem?

PMID- 26982917
TI  - Keeping an Eye on Power in Maintaining Racial Oppression and Race-Based Violence.

PMID- 26982918
TI  - My Bioethics Will Be Intersectional or It Will Be [Bleep].

PMID- 26982919
TI  - Policy, Advocacy, and Activism: On Bioethicists' Role in Combating Racism.

PMID- 26982920
TI  - Bioethicist or Philosopher King?

PMID- 26982921
TI  - The Role of Historically Black Medical Schools in Expanding the Purview of
      Bioethics.

PMID- 26982923
TI  - NIDA's Pharmacologic Calvinism.

PMID- 26982924
TI  - Research on Controlled Drug Use: A Paradigm for Public Health Research in
      Sustainable Health.

PMID- 26982925
TI  - Justice and Research on Controlled Substances With HIV+ Persons.

PMID- 26982922
TI  - An Ethical Exploration of Barriers to Research on Controlled Drugs.
AB  - We examine the ethical, social, and regulatory barriers that may hinder research
      on therapeutic potential of certain controversial controlled substances like
      marijuana, heroin, or ketamine. Hazards for individuals and society and potential
      adverse effects on communities may be good reasons for limiting access and
      justify careful monitoring of these substances. Overly strict regulations, fear
      of legal consequences, stigma associated with abuse and populations using illicit
      drugs, and lack of funding may, however, limit research on their considerable
      therapeutic potential. We review the surprisingly sparse literature and address
      the particular ethical concerns pertinent to research with illicit and addictive
      substances, such as undue inducement, informed consent, therapeutic
      misconception, and risk to participants, researchers, and institutions. We
      consider the perspectives of key research stakeholders and explore whether they
      may be infected with bias. We conclude by proposing an empirical research agenda
      to provide an evidentiary basis for ethical reasoning. 

PMID- 26982926
TI  - Barriers To Research Using Controlled Drugs Are Not Created Equal.

PMID- 26982927
TI  - Supervised Controlled Substance Use.

PMID- 26982928
TI  - Changes Need To Be Made To Make Research More Feasible on Scheduled Drugs for
      Recreational Purposes as Well.

PMID- 26982930
TI  - Obligations to Act on Patient Reported Outcomes in Electronic Health Records.

PMID- 26982929
TI  - Research Moratoria and Off-Label Use of Ketamine.

PMID- 26982931
TI  - Informed Consent for PROs in EHR Research: Are Additional Requirements Necessary?

PMID- 26982932
TI  - Patient Reported Outcomes at the Crossroads of Clinical Research and Informatics.

PMID- 26982933
TI  - PROs in the Balance: Ethical Implications of Collecting Patient Reported Outcome
      Measures in the Electronic Health Record.

PMID- 26982934
TI  - Selecting Children for an Autism Spectrum Disorder Study: Justice and Geography.

PMID- 26982935
TI  - Fair Participant Selection: A Negative Obligation Not to Exclude.

PMID- 26982936
TI  - Unequal Individual Risk and Potential Benefit Balanced by Benefits to the
      Population at Large in Autism Clinical Trials?

PMID- 26982937
TI  - Justice in Selecting Participants for a Study in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome.

PMID- 26982943
TI  - The Porosity of Autonomy: (Some) Replies to Open Peer Commentaries on "The
      Porosity of Autonomy: Social and Biological Constitution of the Patient in
      Biomedicine".

PMID- 26982938
TI  - Research With Controlled Drugs: Why and Why Not? Response to Open Peer
      Commentaries on "An Ethical Exploration of Barriers to Research on Controlled
      Drugs".

PMID- 26982944
TI  - Art Caplan's Missed Opportunity to Engage Across Difference on Abortion.

PMID- 26982945
TI  - A Panglossian Analysis of the Abortion Controversy.

PMID- 26982946
TI  - Comments on Progressive Thinning of Regional Macular Thickness After Epiretinal
      Membrane Surgery.

PMID- 26982947
TI  - Author Response: Progressive Thinning of Regional Macular Thickness After
      Epiretinal Membrane Surgery.

PMID- 26982949
TI  - Editorial: Issue 30.1.

PMID- 26982950
TI  - The impact of epilepsy on the quality of life of patients with meningioma: A
      systematic review.
AB  - Quality of life (QoL) is regarded as an important outcome measure in meningioma,
      and studies have investigated the role of various clinical and demographic
      factors. Epilepsy is known to impair quality of life but the impact of epilepsy
      on quality of life in a meningioma population is not well defined. The aim of
      this systematic review is to identify and summarise the current literature on
      meningioma, epilepsy and quality of life. A PubMed search was performed that
      identified 162 articles. Only 4 articles relevant to meningioma, epilepsy and QoL
      were found and each were analysed in terms of design, data, findings and
      conclusions. Each article was different in terms of study population, aims and
      outcome measure, but all suggest that epilepsy has an impact on quality of life.
      Anti-epileptic drugs, uncontrolled seizures and cognitive dysfunction may be
      particularly significant. The identified articles were weakened by small sample
      size, short follow-up, a lack of recorded epilepsy variables and the use of
      quality of life measures that are either too specific or not validated. Future
      studies are warranted to improve understanding in this topic, aid clinical
      decisions and improve QoL in these patients. 

PMID- 26982951
TI  - Cervical epidural extra-osseous Ewing sarcoma mimicking an epidural abscess.
AB  - We report a case of a 21-year-old woman presenting with quadriplegia which was
      initially diagnosed with an epidural abscess in view of her MR scan and raised
      inflammatory marker levels. Histology revealed an epidural extra-osseous Ewing's
      sarcoma (EES). Epidural location of EES is a very rare condition which can be
      very challenging to diagnose. Early diagnosis and surgical excision followed by
      chemotherapy represent the main stem of management. 

PMID- 26982953
TI  - A Paired Kidney Analysis of Multiorgan Transplantation: Implications for
      Allograft Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: United Network for Organ Sharing multiorgan transplantation
      allocation policy allows sequestration of a kidney by another solid organ
      regardless of the priority of the candidate for the kidney allograft. The
      implications of this policy for kidney allograft survival are not well
      understood. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of pairs of
      deceased donor kidney transplants where 1 kidney was allocated to a simultaneous
      liver-kidney (SLK) or simultaneous heart-kidney (SHK) recipient and the
      contralateral kidney to a kidney transplant alone (KTA) recipient (cohort from
      February 2002 to December 2010). Graft and patient survivals were assessed with
      Cox regression models. RESULTS: There were 1998 SLK and 276 SHK transplants with
      matching KTA transplants. Five-year kidney graft (64% [SLK] vs 75% [KTA], P <
      0.001) and patient survivals (66% [SLK] vs 81% [KTA], P < 0.001) were
      significantly lower in SLK versus KTA recipients of the contralateral kidney.
      Among the entire cohort of SLK in this analysis, the cumulative difference in
      graft survival 1 year after transplant was 115 years, and by 5 years, the
      difference increased to 1062 years. Among the SHK arm of our study, 5-year graft
      survival (72% [SHK] vs 73% [KTA], P = 0.71) did not significantly differ,
      although patient survival (75% [SHK] vs 84% [KTA], P = 0.02) was higher in KTA
      recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney graft survival is inferior among SLK relative to
      KTA, but not SHK. Multiorgan transplantation allocation may not be congruent with
      the intention of new kidney allocation policies that attempt to maximize survival
      after kidney transplantation.

PMID- 26982952
TI  - Assessment of Immune Isolation of Allogeneic Mouse Pancreatic Progenitor Cells by
      a Macroencapsulation Device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived beta cells hold the promise of
      providing a renewable source of tissue for the treatment of insulin-dependent
      diabetes. Encapsulation may allow ESC-derived beta cells to be transplanted
      without immunosuppression, thus enabling wider application of this therapy.
      METHODS: In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity of mouse pancreatic
      progenitor cells and efficacy of a new macroencapsulation device in protecting
      these cells against alloimmune and autoimmune responses in mouse models. RESULTS:
      Mouse pancreatic progenitor cells activated the indirect but not the direct
      pathway of alloimmune response and were promptly rejected in immune competent
      hosts. The new macroencapsulation device abolished T cell activation induced by
      allogeneic splenocytes and protected allogeneic MIN6 beta cells and pancreatic
      progenitors from rejection even in presensitized recipients. In addition, the
      device was effective in protecting MIN6 cells in spontaneously diabetic nonobese
      diabetic recipients against both alloimmune and recurring autoimmune responses.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that macroencapsulation can effectively
      prevent immune sensing and rejection of allogeneic pancreatic progenitor cells in
      fully sensitized and autoimmune hosts.

PMID- 26982954
TI  - Does Donation After Cardiac Death Utilization Adversely Affect Hepatocellular
      Cancer Survival?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is an established indication for liver
      transplantation. This group is often allocated a donor after cardiac death (DCD)
      liver as a solution for waiting times. There are concerns that this approach may
      oncologically disadvantage HCC recipients. The aim of this study was to determine
      whether DCD transplantation was associated with poorer cancer-related survival in
      HCC. METHODS: Study population was from a single institute (2001-2014) with an
      HCC listing diagnosis. Variables related to recipient, tumor, and graft were
      analyzed to determine association with HCC death. RESULTS: There were 347
      recipients listed for HCC of which 91 received a DCD. Donor after cardiac death
      and donor after brain stem death (DBD) had equivalent 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall
      (P = 0.115) and cancer-specific survival (P = 0.7). On univariate analysis
      recipient age, sex, model for end stage liver disease, viral etiology had no
      bearing on the risk of HCC death. Neither did the graft variables of type (DCD vs
      DBD), donor age, steatosis, cold ischemic time, peak aspartate transaminase, day
      5 bilirubin or international normalized ratio after transplant. Only tumor
      variables of alpha-fetoprotein, number, total diameter, microvascular invasion,
      and differentiation were predictors of HCC death. On multivariate analysis,
      predictors of HCC death remained tumor number (P = 0.002), total diameter of
      tumor(s) (P < 0.001), microvascular invasion (P = 0.025), and poor
      differentiation (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Donor liver quality in terms of graft
      type (DCD) has no influence on cancer related survival in transplant for HCC
      (hazards ratio, 1.143; 95% confidence interval, 0.528-2.423; P = 0.752).

PMID- 26982955
TI  - Cardiac Screening for Kidney Transplantation: The Clinical Conundrum Continues.

PMID- 26982956
TI  - Coronary Artery Disease Assessment and Intervention in Renal Transplant Patients:
      Analysis from the KiHeart Cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The value of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessment and coronary
      intervention in the prognosis of patients who undergo renal transplantation is
      controversial. We investigated whether pretransplant identification of patients
      with CAD is helpful for defining prognosis and whether preemptive coronary
      intervention reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events and death after
      engraftment. METHODS: We analyzed the impact of coronary assessment by clinical
      stratification and coronary angiography and of coronary intervention on prognosis
      in 535 chronic kidney disease patients on the transplantation waiting list who
      underwent renal transplantation. RESULTS: Patients with 70% or greater narrowing
      experienced more coronary events than patients with less significant lesions (P =
      0.01) and subjects at low risk (P = 0.001). Coronary assessment did not
      discriminate between the risk of death in patients with or without significant
      CAD, and the independent predictors of death were age (hazards ratio, 1.04; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.01-1.06, P = 0.001) and diabetes (hazards ratio, 1.63; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.11-2.39, P = 0.01). No difference occurred in events and
      mortality between patients treated medically or by intervention, but the severity
      of CAD was higher in the latter. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary assessment identified
      patients at increased risk of posttransplant coronary events and was also useful
      to define a low-risk population that may be safely transplanted without in-depth
      cardiovascular evaluation. However, it did not differentiate between the risk of
      death in patients with and those without significant CAD. Survival was similar in
      patients undergoing either medical or interventional treatment for CAD.

PMID- 26982957
TI  - Fifty years of the Revista de Saude Publica.

PMID- 26982958
TI  - Validation of an instrument to evaluate health promotion at schools.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate an instrument designed to assess health promotion in the
      school environment. METHODS: A questionnaire, based on guidelines from the World
      Health Organization and in line with the Brazilian school health context, was
      developed to validate the research instrument. There were 60 items in the
      instrument that included 40 questions for the school manager and 20 items with
      direct observations made by the interviewer. The items' content validation was
      performed using the Delphi technique, with the instrument being applied in 53
      schools from two medium-sized cities in the South region of Brazil. Reliability
      (Cronbach's alpha and split-half) and validity (principal component analysis)
      analyses were performed. RESULTS: The final instrument remained composed of 28
      items, distributed into three dimensions: pedagogical, structural and relational.
      The resulting components showed good factorial loads (> 0.4) and acceptable
      reliability (> 0.6) for most items. The pedagogical dimension identifies
      educational activities regarding drugs and sexuality, violence and prejudice,
      auto care and peace and quality of life. The structural dimension is comprised of
      access, sanitary structure, and conservation and equipment. The relational
      dimension includes relationships within the school and with the community.
      CONCLUSIONS: The proposed instrument presents satisfactory validity and
      reliability values, which include aspects relevant to promote health in schools.
      Its use allows the description of the health promotion conditions to which
      students from each educational institution are exposed. Because this instrument
      includes items directly observed by the investigator, it should only be used
      during periods when there are full and regular activities at the school in
      question.

PMID- 26982959
TI  - Finding Aedes aegypti in a natural breeding site in an urban zone, Sao Paulo,
      Southeastern Brazil.
AB  - This is the description of how nine Aedes aegypti larvae were found in a natural
      breeding site in the Pinheiros neighborhood, city of Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern
      Brazil. The record was conducted in December 2014, during an entomological
      surveillance program of dengue virus vectors, with an active search of potential
      breeding sites, either artificial or natural. FindingAe. aegypti larvae in a tree
      hole shows this species' ability to use both artificial and natural environments
      as breeding sites and habitats, which points towards the importance of
      maintaining continuous surveillance on this mosquito in all kinds of water
      holding containers.

PMID- 26982960
TI  - Air pollution and its impacts on health in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of air pollution on respiratory and
      cardiovascular morbidity of children and adults in the city of Vitoria, state of
      Espirito Santo. METHODS: A study was carried out using time-series models via
      Poisson regression from hospitalization and pollutant data in Vitoria, ES,
      Southeastern Brazil, from 2001 to 2006. Fine particulate matter (PM10), sulfur
      dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were tested as independent variables in simple and
      cumulative lags of up to five days. Temperature, humidity and variables
      indicating weekdays and city holidays were added as control variables in the
      models. RESULTS: For each increment of 10 ug/m3 of the pollutants PM10, SO2, and
      O3, the percentage of relative risk (%RR) for hospitalizations due to total
      respiratory diseases increased 9.67 (95%CI 11.84-7.54), 6.98 (95%CI 9.98-4.17)
      and 1.93 (95%CI 2.95-0.93), respectively. We found %RR = 6.60 (95%CI 9.53-3.75),
      %RR = 5.19 (95%CI 9.01-1.5), and %RR = 3.68 (95%CI 5.07-2.31) for respiratory
      diseases in children under the age of five years for PM10, SO2, and O3,
      respectively. Cardiovascular diseases showed a significant relationship with O3,
      with %RR = 2.11 (95%CI 3.18-1.06). CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory diseases presented a
      stronger and more consistent relationship with the pollutants researched in
      Vitoria. A better dose-response relationship was observed when using cumulative
      lags in polynomial distributed lag models.

PMID- 26982961
TI  - Increase in cases of malaria in Mozambique, 2014: epidemic or new endemic
      pattern?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the increase in cases of malaria in Mozambique. METHODS:
      Cross-sectional study conducted in 2014, in Mozambique with national weekly
      epidemiological bulletin data. I analyzed the number of recorded cases in the
      2009-2013 period, which led to the creation of an endemic channel using the
      quartile and C-Sum methods. Monthly incidence rates were calculated for the first
      half of 2014, making it possible to determine the pattern of endemicity. Months
      in which the incidence rates exceeded the third quartile or line C-sum were
      declared as epidemic months. RESULTS: The provinces of Nampula, Zambezia, Sofala,
      and Inhambane accounted for 52.7% of all cases in the first half of 2014. Also
      during this period, the provinces of Nampula, Sofala and Tete were responsible
      for 54.9% of the deaths from malaria. The incidence rates of malaria in children,
      and in all ages, have showed patterns in the epidemic zone. For all ages, the
      incidence rate has peaked in April (2,573 cases/100,000 inhabitants).
      CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the occurrence of an epidemic pattern of malaria
      in the first half of 2014 in Mozambique. It is strategic to have a more accurate
      surveillance at all levels (central, provincial and district) to target
      prevention and control interventions in a timely manner.

PMID- 26982962
TI  - Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of apixaban in the
      treatment of thrombosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disorder. Heparin and
      vitamin K antagonists have been the standard treatment for VTE for over 50 years.
      The development of apixaban and other direct oral anticoagulants has greatly
      increased the range of anticoagulants available for the treatment of VTE. AREA
      COVERED: Studies on the chemistry, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of
      apixaban are reviewed. Its clinical efficacy and safety are discussed, with an
      emphasis on randomized controlled Phase III clinical trials on treatment of
      thrombosis. EXPERT OPINION: Apixaban is a safe and effective anticoagulant for
      VTE treatment. It has several attractive features: its oral activity, rapid
      action, limited drug- interaction profile and limited need for laboratory
      monitoring. An antidote may become available in the near future. Further studies
      of certain patient populations such as patients with cancers, elderly (aged 75
      years and older) and those with severe renal and liver disease, are required as
      these patients have not yet been studied in sufficient numbers. As clinical
      trials included only selected patients, data from these studies may not reflect
      the 'real-life' patients in clinical practice. There is therefore an unmet need
      for large post-registration studies of unselected 'real-life' patients, such as
      registry studies, to validate the clinical trial findings.

PMID- 26982963
TI  - Treatment of Skin Ulcers Secondary to Sneddon Syndrome With Alprostadil
      (Prostaglandin E1).

PMID- 26982964
TI  - Role of Structural H2O in Intercalation Electrodes: The Case of Mg in
      Nanocrystalline Xerogel-V2O5.
AB  - Cointercalation is a potential approach to influence the voltage and mobility
      with which cations insert in electrodes for energy storage devices. Combining a
      robust thermodynamic model with first-principles calculations, we present a
      detailed investigation revealing the important role of H2O during ion
      intercalation in nanomaterials. We examine the scenario of Mg(2+) and H2O
      cointercalation in nanocrystalline Xerogel-V2O5, a potential cathode material to
      achieve energy density greater than Li-ion batteries. Water cointercalation in
      cathode materials could broadly impact an electrochemical system by influencing
      its voltages or causing passivation at the anode. The analysis of the stable
      phases of Mg-Xerogel V2O5 and voltages at different electrolytic conditions
      reveals a range of concentrations for Mg in the Xerogel and H2O in the
      electrolyte where there is no thermodynamic driving force for H2O to shuttle with
      Mg during electrochemical cycling. Also, we demonstrate that H2O shuttling with
      the Mg(2+) ions in wet electrolytes yields higher voltages than in dry
      electrolytes. The thermodynamic framework used to study water and Mg(2+)
      cointercalation in this work opens the door for studying the general phenomenon
      of solvent cointercalation observed in other complex solvent-electrode pairs used
      in the Li- and Na-ion chemical spaces. 

PMID- 26982965
TI  - Proximal Junctional Kyphosis.
AB  - Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a common complication following adult
      spinal deformity surgery. It is defined by two criteria: a proximal junctional
      sagittal Cobb angle (1) >= 10 degrees  and (2) at least 10 degrees  greater than
      the preoperative measurement. PJK is multifactorial in origin and likely stems
      from surgical, radiographic, and patient-related risk factors. The diagnosis of
      PJK represents a broad spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic patients
      with recurrence of deformity to those presenting with increased pain, functional
      deficit, and, in the most severe cases, neurologic deficits. Recent studies have
      demonstrated increased pain levels in select patients with PJK. In keeping with
      the broad spectrum of the disease, classification schemes are needed to better
      describe and stratify the severity of PJK. The most severe form is proximal
      junctional failure. A consensus on a uniform definition of proximal junctional
      failure is needed to allow for more systematic study of this phenomenon.

PMID- 26982966
TI  - Twisting in the excited state of an N-methylpyridinium fluorescent dye modulated
      by nano-heterogeneous micellar systems.
AB  - A push-pull N-methylpyridinium fluorescent dye with a pyrenyl group as the
      electron-donor portion was investigated within the nano-heterogeneous media
      provided by some micellar systems. The molecule was studied by stationary and
      time-resolved spectroscopic techniques in spherical micellar solutions and
      viscoelastic hydrogels, in order to throw light on the role played by twisting in
      its excited state deactivation. As proven by femtosecond fluorescence up
      conversion and transient absorption experiments, the excited state dynamics of
      the molecule is ruled by charge transfer and twisting processes, which, from the
      locally excited (LE) state initially populated upon excitation, progressively
      lead to twisted (TICT) and planar (PICT) intramolecular charge transfer states.
      The inclusion within micellar aggregates was found to slow down and/or limit the
      rotation of the molecule with respect to what had previously been observed in
      water, while its confinement within the hydrophobic domains of the gel matrixes
      prevents any molecular torsion. The increasing viscosity of the medium, when
      passing from water to micellar systems, implies that the detected steady-state
      fluorescence comes from an excited state which is not fully relaxed, as is the
      case with the TICT state in micelles or the LE state in hydrogels, where the
      detected emission changes its usual orange colour to yellow. 

PMID- 26982967
TI  - Six-Minute Walk Test in Renal Failure Patients: Representative Results,
      Performance Analysis and Perceived Dyspnea Predictors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Six-minute walk test in dialysis population hasn't been consistently
      evaluated for the isolated impact of renal failure and other predictive factors.
      We measured six-minute walk distance in patients representative for low level of
      comorbidity and searched for potentially modifiable predictive factors of
      performance and dyspnea. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with
      hemodialysis patients (N = 90) and control subjects (N = 140). MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: six-minute walk test distance and dyspnea severity using the 10-item
      Borg scale. RESULTS: Median distance decreased from 600m below the 6th decade to
      420m in the 8th decade of age. Dialysis dependence predicted 101.5m shorter
      distance in the adjusted model that explained 70% of variability in results.
      Adjusted for significant covariates of age, height and spontaneous gait speed,
      fat mass (but not lean body mass) and serum total iron binding capacity were
      significantly associated with distance (95% CI for B coefficients -4.6 to -1.4
      m/kg and 0.1 to 5 m/MUmol/l, respectively). Serum total iron binding capacity as
      an explanatory variable was superior to C-reactive protein and albumin. Dialysis
      dependence, odds ratio (OR) 2.97 (1.11-7.94), spontaneous gait speed, OR 0.08
      (0.02-0.41), rate-pressure product, OR 1.15 (1.08-1.23) and hemoglobin, OR 0.95
      (0.92-0.98) predicted dyspnea in the adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: Renal failure
      without the confounding effect of comorbidity is a significant negative predictor
      of performance at six-minute walk test and perceived level of dyspnea. Body fat
      mass and serum total iron binding capacity are the main potentially modifiable
      predictors of performance, total iron binding capacity being superior to C
      reactive protein and albumin. Although hemoglobin is not associated with test
      performance, it negatively predicts perceived shortness of breath.

PMID- 26982969
TI  - Preseason Functional Movement Screen Component Tests Predict Severe Contact
      Injuries in Professional Rugby Union Players.
AB  - Tee, JC, Klingbiel, JFG, Collins, R, Lambert, MI, and Coopoo, Y. Preseason
      Functional Movement Screen component tests predict severe contact injuries in
      professional rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3194-3203, 2016
      Rugby union is a collision sport with a relatively high risk of injury. The
      ability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) or its component tests to predict
      the occurrence of severe (>=28 days) injuries in professional players was
      assessed. Ninety FMS test observations from 62 players across 4 different time
      periods were compared with severe injuries sustained during 6 months after FMS
      testing. Mean composite FMS scores were significantly lower in players who
      sustained severe injury (injured 13.2 +/- 1.5 vs. noninjured 14.5 +/- 1.4, Effect
      Size = 0.83, large) because of differences in in-line lunge (ILL) and active
      straight leg raise scores (ASLR). Receiver-operated characteristic curves and 2 *
      2 contingency tables were used to determine that ASLR (cut-off 2/3) was the
      injury predictor with the greatest sensitivity (0.96, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] = 0.79-1.0). Adding the ILL in combination with ASLR (ILL + ASLR) improved
      the specificity of the injury prediction model (ASLR specificity = 0.29, 95% CI =
      0.18-0.43 vs. ASLR + ILL specificity = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.39-0.66, p <= 0.05).
      Further analysis was performed to determine whether FMS tests could predict
      contact and noncontact injuries. The FMS composite score and various combinations
      of component tests (deep squat [DS] + ILL, ILL + ASLR, and DS + ILL + ASLR) were
      all significant predictors of contact injury. The FMS composite score also
      predicted noncontact injury, but no component test or combination thereof
      produced a similar result. These findings indicate that low scores on various FMS
      component tests are risk factors for injury in professional rugby players.

PMID- 26982968
TI  - Pyelonephritis Caused by Salmonella Anatum: An Unusual Case.
AB  - Salmonella species are a very rare cause of urinary tract infection in healthy
      children. This species is associated with a high incidence of genitourinary
      abnormalities and immune deficiencies. We report the first pediatric case of a
      healthy 9-year-old girl with pyelonephritis due to Salmonella Anatum.

PMID- 26982970
TI  - Physical and Physiological Responses of Amateur Football Players on Third
      Generation Artificial Turf Systems During Simulated Game Situations.
AB  - Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Garcia-Unanue, J, Felipe, JL, Jimenez-Reyes, P, Viejo-Romero,
      D, Gomez-Lopez, M, Hernando, E, Burillo, P, and Gallardo, L. Physical and
      physiological responses of amateur football players on third generation
      artificial turf systems during simulated game situations. J Strength Cond Res
      30(11): 3165-3177, 2016-The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical and
      physiological load imposed on amateur football players in a simulated game
      situation on different artificial turf systems. For that purpose, 20 football
      players (21.65 +/- 3.10 year old) were monitored with Global Positioning Systems
      and heart rate bands during 45-minutes games on 4 selected artificial turf
      systems. The results show more covered distance in high-intensity ranges on the
      system with lower levels of damping and higher rates of rotational traction (p <=
      0.05). Likewise, this system of artificial turf demonstrated a high number of
      sprints (12.65 +/- 5.67) and more elevated maximum speed peaks during the last
      part of the game (28.16 +/- 2.90 km.h) in contrast to the systems with better
      damping capacity (p <= 0.05). On the other hand, the physiological load was
      similar across the 4 artificial turf systems (p > 0.05). Finally, the regression
      analysis demonstrated a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the
      surface on global distance (15.4%), number (12.6%), and maximum speed (16.6%) of
      the sprints. To conclude, the mechanical variability of the artificial turf
      systems resulted in differences in the activity profiles and the players'
      perceptions during simulated football games.

PMID- 26982971
TI  - Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Subelite Gaelic Football Players
      From Under Thirteen to Senior Age Groups.
AB  - Roe, M and Malone, S. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance in subelite
      Gaelic football players from under thirteen to senior age groups. J Strength Cond
      Res 30 (11): 3187-3193, 2016-Gaelic football is indigenous to Ireland and has
      similar locomotion profiles to soccer and Australian Football. Given the
      increasing attention on long-term player development, investigations on age
      related variation in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-YoIR1)
      performance may provide useful information in talent identification, program
      design, and player monitoring. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate
      Yo-YoIR1 performance across Gaelic football age groups. Male participants (n =
      355) were recruited from division one, Gaelic football teams. Participants were
      allocated to one of the 7 groups according to respective age groups from under 13
      (U13), under 14, under 15 (U15), under 16 (U16), minor, under 21 (U21), to senior
      age groups. Total Yo-YoIR1 distance (m) increased progressively from U13 (885 +/-
      347 m) to U16 (1,595 +/- 380 m) equating to a rate of change of 180.2%. In
      comparison to U13, total distance at minor (1,206 +/- 327 m) increased by 136.4%.
      Subsequent increases were observed in U21 (1,585 +/- 445 m) and senior players
      (2,365 +/- 489). Minimum (800-880 m) and maximum (2,240-2,280 m) total distances
      were comparable for U15, U16, and U21 players. Differences in total distance (m)
      for all age groups were statistically significant when compared to U13 players (p
      < 0.002). In comparison to U13 players, the magnitude of differences between age
      groups for total distance was deemed to be large (effect size > 0.8). Similar
      trends were observed for maximum velocity and estimated V[Combining Dot
      Above]O2max. The evolution of Yo-YoIR1 performance in Gaelic football players
      from adolescents to adulthood highlights how maturation may influence sport
      related running ability. Changes in Yo-YoIR1 performance should be closely
      monitored to optimize interventions for individuals transitioning across age
      groups.

PMID- 26982972
TI  - Change of Direction Deficit: A More Isolated Measure of Change of Direction
      Performance Than Total 505 Time.
AB  - Nimphius, S, Callaghan, SJ, Spiteri, T, and Lockie, RG. Change of direction
      deficit: A more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total
      505 time. J Strength Cond Res 30 (11): 3024-3032, 2016-Most change of direction
      (COD) tests use total time to evaluate COD performance. This makes it difficult
      to identify COD ability because the majority of time is a function of linear
      running. The COD deficit has been proposed as a practical measure to isolate COD
      ability independent of sprint speed. This study evaluated relationships between
      sprint time, 505 time, and COD deficit, and whether the COD deficit identified a
      different and more isolated measure of COD ability compared with 505 time.
      Seventeen cricketers performed the 505 for both left and right sides and 30-m
      sprint tests (with 10-m split time). The COD deficit for both sides was
      calculated as the difference between average 505 and 10-m time. Correlations were
      calculated between all variables (p <= 0.05). To compare 505 time and COD
      deficit, z-scores were calculated; the difference in these scores was evaluated
      for each subject. The COD deficit correlated to 505 (r = 0.74-0.81) but not
      sprint time (r = -0.11 to 0.10). In contrast, 505 time did correlate with sprint
      time (r = 0.52-0.70). Five of 17 subjects were classified differently for COD
      ability when comparing standardized scores for 505 time vs. COD deficit. Most
      subjects (88-94%) had a meaningful difference between 505 time and COD deficit.
      Using 505 time to determine COD ability may result in a large amount of
      replication to linear speed assessments. The COD deficit may be a practical tool
      to better isolate and identify an athlete's ability to change direction.

PMID- 26982973
TI  - An Analysis of the Pacing Strategies Adopted by Elite Cross-Country Skiers.
AB  - Losnegard, T, Kjeldsen, K, and Skattebo, O. An analysis of the pacing strategies
      adopted by elite cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3256-3260,
      2016-Understanding the pacing strategies used by the most successful skiers may
      provide insight into the most desirable pacing approach in cross-country (XC)
      skiing. This study examined the pacing strategies adopted by male and female XC
      skiers of different performance standards during 10 and 15 km races in World Cup,
      World Championships, and Olympic events. Analyses were performed on races
      involving 5 km laps in the men's 15 km (number of races = 22) and the women's 10
      km (n = 14) individual start races (classic and freestyle) from season 2002/2003
      to season 2013/2014. Final rank and lap times for the 40 top finishers in each
      race were analyzed. Both sexes demonstrated a positive pacing pattern shown by a
      decline in velocity from the first to the last lap (men: 6.76 +/- 0.43 m.s vs.
      6.47 +/- 0.46 m.s; p < 0.001; women: 6.0 +/- 0.47 m.s vs. 5.87 +/- 0.53 m.s; p <
      0.001). For the men, slower skiers (final ranking 21st-30th and 31st-40th) were
      characterized by a quick start relative to their average velocity, with a greater
      decrease during the race compared with the fastest skiers (1st-10th) (p = 0.007
      and p < 0.001, respectively). For the women, no group differences in pacing
      strategy were found. In conclusion, this study shows that the pacing strategy
      indicates the standard of elite male XC skiers. Examining the pacing strategies
      of the best male performers suggests that lower-performing male skiers should
      consider a more even pacing strategy to improve their performance.

PMID- 26982974
TI  - The Association Between Visual Assessment of Quality of Movement and Three
      Dimensional Analysis of Pelvis, Hip, and Knee Kinematics During a Lateral Step
      Down Test.
AB  - Rabin, A, Portnoy, S, and Kozol, Z. The association between visual assessment of
      quality of movement and three-dimensional analysis of pelvis, hip, and knee
      kinematics during a lateral step down test. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3204
      3211, 2016-Altered movement patterns including contralateral pelvic drop,
      increased hip adduction, knee abduction, and external rotation have been
      previously implicated in several lower extremity pathologies. Although various
      methods exist for assessing movement patterns, real-time visual observation is
      the most readily available method. The purpose of this study was to determine
      whether differing visual ratings of trunk, pelvis, and knee alignment, as well as
      overall quality of movement, are associated with differences in 3-dimensional
      trunk, pelvis, hip, or knee kinematics during a lateral step down test. Trunk,
      pelvis, and knee alignment of 30 healthy participants performing the lateral step
      down were visually rated as "good" or "faulty" based on previously established
      criteria. An additional categorization of overall quality of movement as either
      good or moderate was performed based on the aggregate score of each individual
      rating criterion. Three-dimensional motion analysis of trunk, pelvis, hip, and
      knee kinematics was simultaneously performed. A faulty pelvis alignment displayed
      a greater peak contralateral pelvic drop (effect size [ES], 1.65; p < 0.01) and a
      greater peak hip adduction (ES: 1.04, p = 0.01) compared with participants with a
      good pelvis alignment. Participants with a faulty knee alignment displayed
      greater peak knee external rotation compared with participants with a good knee
      alignment (ES, 0.78; p = 0.02). Participants with an overall moderate quality of
      movement displayed increased peak contralateral pelvic drop (ES, 1.07; p = 0.01)
      and peak knee external rotation (ES, 0.72; p = 0.04) compared with those with an
      overall good quality of movement. Visual rating of quality of movement during a
      lateral step down test, as performed by an experienced physical therapist, is
      associated with differences in several kinematics previously implicated in
      various pathologies.

PMID- 26982975
TI  - Core Muscle Activation During Unstable Bicep Curl Using a Water-Filled
      Instability Training Tube.
AB  - Glass, SC, Blanchette, TW, Karwan, LA, Pearson, SS, O'Neil, AP, and Karlik, DA.
      Core muscle activation during unstable bicep curl using a water-filled
      instability training tube. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3212-3219, 2016-The
      purpose of this study was to assess compensatory muscle activation created during
      a bicep curl using a water-filled, unstable lifting tube. Ten men (age = 21 +/-
      1.6 years, height = 180.0 +/- 3.3 cm, mass = 87.4 +/- 15.0 kg) and 10 women (age
      = 19.6 +/- 1.3 years, height = 161.4 +/- 12.0 cm, mass = 61.2 +/- 7.4 kg)
      completed bicep curls using an 11.4-kg tube partially filled with water during a
      50% open-valve, 100% open, and control setting. Subjects completed 8 repetitions
      within each condition with integrated electromyographic signal (converted to
      percent maximal voluntary contraction) of the bicep, deltoid, rectus abdominus,
      and paraspinal muscles measured. Compensatory activation was determined using the
      natural log of coefficient of variation across concentric (CON) and eccentric
      (ECC) contractions. There were no differences between gender for any condition.
      Significant variability was seen across treatments for paraspinal muscles for CON
      and ECC at 50% (CON LnCV = 3.13 +/- 0.56%, ECC LnCV = 3.34 +/- 0.58%) and 100%
      (CON = 3.24 +/- 0.34%, ECC = 3.46 +/- 0.35%) compared with control (CON = 2.59 +/
      0.47%, ECC = 2.80 +/- 0.61%). Deltoid variability was greater at the 100% open
      setting (CON = 3.51 +/- 0.53%, ECC = 3.56 +/- 0.36%) compared with control (CON =
      2.98 +/- 0.35%, ECC = 2.97 +/- 0.45%). The abdominal CON 100% showed variability
      (3.02 +/- 0.47%) compared with control (2.65 +/- 0.43%). Bicep activation
      remained unvaried. Compensatory activation of postural muscles contribute to
      postural stability. This device may be a useful tool for neuromuscular training
      leading to improved stability and control.

PMID- 26982976
TI  - Influences of Fascicle Length During Isometric Training on Improvement of Muscle
      Strength.
AB  - Tanaka, H, Ikezoe, T, Umehara, J, Nakamura, M, Umegaki, H, Kobayashi, T,
      Nishishita, S, Fujita, K, Araki, K, and Ichihashi, N. Influences of fascicle
      length during isometric training on improvement of muscle strength. J Strength
      Cond Res 30(11): 3249-3255, 2016-This study investigated whether low-intensity
      isometric training would elicit a greater improvement in maximum voluntary
      contraction (MVC) at the same fascicle length, rather than the joint angle,
      adopted during training. Sixteen healthy women (21.8 +/- 1.5 years) were randomly
      divided into an intervention group and a control group. Before (Pre) and after
      (Post) training, isometric plantarflexion MVCs were measured every 10 degrees 
      through the range of ankle joint position from 20 degrees  dorsiflexion to 30
      degrees  plantarflexion (i.e., 6 ankle angles). Medial gastrocnemius fascicle
      length was also measured at each position, using B-mode ultrasound under 3
      conditions of muscle activation: at rest, 30%MVC at respective angles, and MVC.
      Plantarflexion resistance training at an angle of 20 degrees  plantarflexion was
      performed 3 days a week for 4 weeks at 30%MVC using 3 sets of twenty 3-second
      isometric contractions. Maximum voluntary contraction in the intervention group
      increased at 0 and 10 degrees  plantarflexion (0 degrees ; Pre: 81.2 +/- 26.5
      N.m, Post: 105.0 +/- 21.6 N.m, 10 degrees ; Pre: 63.0 +/- 23.6 N.m, Post: 81.3 +/
      20.3 N.m), which was not the angle used in training (20 degrees ). However, the
      fascicle length adopted in training at 20 degrees  plantarflexion and 30%MVC was
      similar to the value at 0 or 10 degrees  plantarflexion at MVC. Low-intensity
      isometric training at a shortened muscle length may be effective for improving
      MVC at a lengthened muscle length because of specificity of the fascicle length
      than the joint angle.

PMID- 26982977
TI  - Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull Correlates With Strength, Sprint, and Agility
      Performance in Collegiate Rugby Union Players.
AB  - Wang, R, Hoffman, JR, Tanigawa, S, Miramonti, AA, La Monica, MB, Beyer, KS,
      Church, DD, Fukuda, DH, and Stout, JR. Isometric mid-thigh pull correlates with
      strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players. J
      Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3051-3056, 2016-The purpose of this investigation was
      to examine the relationships between isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force and
      strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate rugby union players.
      Fifteen members of a champion-level university's club rugby union team (mean +/-
      SD: 20.67 +/- 1.23 years, 1.78 +/- 0.06 m, and 86.51 +/- 14.18 kg) participated
      in this investigation. One repetition maximum (1RM) squat, IMTP, speed (40 m
      sprint), and agility (proagility test and T-test) were performed during 3
      separate testing sessions. Rate of force development (RFD) and force output at
      30, 50, 90, 100, 150, 200, and 250 milliseconds of IMTP, as well as the peak
      value were determined. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was used to
      examine the relationships between these measures. Performance in the 1RM squat
      was significantly correlated to the RFD between 90 and 250 milliseconds from the
      start of contraction (r's ranging from 0.595 to 0.748), and peak force (r =
      0.866, p <= 0.05). One repetition maximum squat was also correlated to force
      outputs between 90 and 250 milliseconds (r's ranging from 0.757 to 0.816, p <=
      0.05). Sprint time over the first 5 m in the 40 m sprint was significantly (p <=
      0.05) correlated with peak RFD (r = -0.539) and RFD between 30 and 50
      milliseconds (r's = -0.570 and -0.527, respectively). Time for the proagility
      test was correlated with peak RFD (r = -0.523, p <= 0.05) and RFD between 30 and
      100 milliseconds (r's ranging from -0.518 to -0.528, p's < 0.05). Results of this
      investigation indicate that IMTP variables are significantly associated with
      strength, agility, and sprint performance. Future studies should examine IMTP as
      a potential tool to monitor athletic performance during the daily training of
      rugby union players.

PMID- 26982979
TI  - Elevated B Cell Activation is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Development in
      Obese Subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite strong association between obesity and the pathogenesis
      of type 2 diabetes (T2D), only a subset of obese individuals eventually develops
      T2D. We sought to determine the immunological factors behind this heterogeneity.
      METHODS: Peripheral blood of obese non-diabetic subjects and obese diabetic
      subjects were collected and the B cell responses in these subjects were analyzed.
      RESULTS: We found that the B cells from obese diabetic subjects had similar B
      cell subtype composition and secreted similar levels of low-grade pro
      inflammatory cytokines to obese non-diabetic subjects, characteristic to the
      background chronic immune activation frequently observed in obese subjects. When
      examining adaptive B cell antibody responses, however, obese diabetic subjects
      presented much higher levels of polyclonal activation and antibody secretion,
      with impaired ability to response to new antigens such as seasonal influenza
      vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that in obese diabetic
      subjects, B cell adaptive response is impaired and potentially contribute to
      overall higher inflammation.

PMID- 26982978
TI  - FTH1P3, a Novel H-Ferritin Pseudogene Transcriptionally Active, Is Ubiquitously
      Expressed and Regulated during Cell Differentiation.
AB  - Ferritin, the major iron storage protein, performs its essential functions in the
      cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. The variable assembly of 24 subunits of the
      Heavy (H) and Light (L) type composes the cytoplasmic molecule. In humans, two
      distinct genes code these subunits, both belonging to complex multigene families.
      Until now, one H gene has been identified with the coding sequence interrupted by
      three introns and more than 20 intronless copies widely dispersed on different
      chromosomes. Two of the intronless genes are actively transcribed in a tissue
      specific manner. Herein, we report that FTH1P3, another intronless pseudogene, is
      transcribed. FTH1P3 transcript was detected in several cell lines and tissues,
      suggesting that its transcription is ubiquitary, as it happens for the parental
      ferritin H gene. Moreover, FTH1P3 expression is positively regulated during the
      cell differentiation process. 

PMID- 26982981
TI  - Masked form priming is moderated by the size of the letter-order-free
      orthographic neighbourhood.
AB  - University students made lexical decisions to targets preceded by masked primes.
      In Experiment 1, transposed-letter primes were used also in the sandwich priming
      paradigm, in which the target is briefly pre-presented prior to the prime. The
      priming effects in the masked paradigm, but not in the sandwich paradigm, were
      moderated by the density of the letter-order-free neighbourhood of the target. In
      Experiment 2, letter-order-free neighbour prime words produced a priming cost in
      masked priming. These results are consistent with the idea that sandwich priming
      attenuates letter-order-free neighbour competition in target identification.
      Unexpectedly, no priming cost was produced by conventional (letter-position
      preserving) word neighbour primes. Order-free neighbours may produce facilitation
      of target processing less, and more variably, than conventional neighbours.

PMID- 26982980
TI  - Prostate Stem Cell Antigen Expression in Radical Prostatectomy Specimens Predicts
      Early Biochemical Recurrence in Patients with High Risk Prostate Cancer Receiving
      Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy.
AB  - We aimed to identify tissue biomarkers that predict early biochemical recurrence
      (BCR) in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PC), toward the goal of
      increasing the benefits of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT). In 2005-2012,
      prostatectomy specimens were collected from 134 PC patients who had received NHT
      and radical prostatectomy. The expression of 13 tissue biomarkers was assessed in
      the specimens via immunohistochemistry. Time to BCR and factors predictive of BCR
      were determined by using the Cox proportional hazards model. During the follow-up
      period (median, 57.5 months), 67 (50.0%) patients experienced BCR. Four (3.0%)
      patients were tumor-free in the final pathology assessment, and 101 (75.4%) had
      negative resection margins. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) was the only
      significant prognostic tissue biomarker of BCR [hazard ratio (HR), 2.58; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 1.06-6.27; p = 0.037] in a multivariable analysis
      adjusted by the clinicopathological variables that also significantly predicted
      BCR; these were seminal vesicle invasion (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.32-4.34), initial
      prostate serum antigen level (HR 1.01; 95% CI, 1.001-1.020), prostate size (HR,
      0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97), and the Gleason score of preoperative biopsies (HR,
      1.34; 95% CI, 1.01-1.79). We suggest that PSCA is a useful tissue marker for
      predicting BCR in patients with high risk PC receiving NHT and radical
      prostatectomy. 

PMID- 26982982
TI  - Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the investigation of temporal lobe
      epilepsy: 'reading between the lines' of metabolic abnormalities.

PMID- 26982983
TI  - The broad clinical spectrum of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure
      palsy (HNPP).

PMID- 26982984
TI  - Extratemporal abnormalities in phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of
      patients with mesial temporal sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We evaluated extratemporal metabolic changes with phosphorus magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in patients with unilateral mesial temporal
      sclerosis (MTS). METHOD: 31P-MRS of 33 patients with unilateral MTS was compared
      with 31 controls. The voxels were selected in the anterior, posterior insula
      basal ganglia (AIBG, PIBG) and frontal lobes (FL). Relative values of
      phosphodiesters- PDE, phosphomonoesters-PME, inorganic phosphate - Pi,
      phosphocreatine- PCr, total adenosine triphosphate [ATPt = gamma- + a- + b-ATP]
      and the ratios PCr/ATPt, PCr/gamma-ATP, PCr/Pi and PME/PDE were obtained.
      RESULTS: We found energetic abnormalities in the MTS patients compared to the
      controls with Pi reduction bilaterally in the AIBG and ipsilaterally in the PIBG
      and the contralateral FL; there was also decreased PCr/gamma-ATP in the
      ipsilateral AIBG and PIBG. Increased ATPT in the contralateral AIBG and increased
      gamma-ATP in the ipsilateral PIBG were detected. CONCLUSION: Widespread energy
      dysfunction was detected in patients with unilateral MTS.

PMID- 26982985
TI  - Clinical and neurophysiological features of the hereditary neuropathy with
      liability to pressure palsy due to the 17p11.2 deletion.
AB  - The hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is an
      autossomal dominant disorder manifesting recurrent mononeuropathies. Objective
      Evaluate its clinical and nerve conduction studies (NCS) characteristics,
      searching for diagnostic particularities. Method We reviewed the neurological
      manifestations of 39 and the NCS of 33 patients. Results Family history was
      absent in 16/39 (41%). The onset complaints were weakness in 24, pain in 6,
      sensory deficit in 5 and paresthesias in 4. Pain was seen in 3 other patients.
      The following neuropathy patterns were found: multiple mononeuropathy (26),
      mononeuropathy (7), chronic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (4), chronic sensory
      polyneuropathy (1) and unilateral brachial plexopathy (1). NCS showed a
      sensorimotor neuropathy with focal conduction slowing in 31, two had
      mononeuropathy and another brachial plexopathy. Conclusion HNPP presentation is
      variable and may include pain. The most frequent pattern is of an asymmetrical
      sensory and motor neuropathy with focal slowing at specific topographies on NCS. 

PMID- 26982986
TI  - A disturbed processing of graviceptive pathways may be involved in the
      pathophysiology of balance disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perception of
      verticality and balance disorders in multiple sclerosis patients. We evaluated
      patients and healthy controls. Patients were divided into two groups according to
      their risk of fall, with or without risk of fall, measured by a Dynamic Gait
      Index scale. Graviceptive perception was assessed using the subjective visual
      vertical test. Patients with risk of fall showed worse perception than those
      without risk of fall, p < 0.001. Misperception of verticality was correlated with
      the dynamic gait index scores (p < 0.001), suggesting that the larger the error
      for verticality judgment, the greater risk for falling. Considering that the
      perception of verticality is essential for postural control, our results
      suggested that the disturbed processing of graviceptive pathways may be involved
      in the pathophysiology of balance disorders in these patients. 

PMID- 26982988
TI  - Speech disorders did not correlate with age at onset of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Speech disorders are common manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Objective To
      compare speech articulation in patients according to age at onset of the disease.
      Methods Fifty patients was divided into two groups: Group I consisted of 30
      patients with age at onset between 40 and 55 years; Group II consisted of 20
      patients with age at onset after 65 years. All patients were evaluated based on
      the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores, Hoehn and Yahr scale and
      speech evaluation by perceptual and acoustical analysis. Results There was no
      statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding
      neurological involvement and speech characteristics. Correlation analysis
      indicated differences in speech articulation in relation to staging and axial
      scores of rigidity and bradykinesia for middle and late-onset. Conclusions
      Impairment of speech articulation did not correlate with age at onset of disease,
      but was positively related with disease duration and higher scores in both
      groups. 

PMID- 26982987
TI  - Main determinants of physical activity levels in individuals with Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - This study analyzed the relationship between patient characteristics, factors
      associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), and physical activity level of
      individuals affected by the disease. Forty-six volunteers with mild-to-moderate
      idiopathic PD were assessed using sections II/III of the Unified Parkinson's
      Disease Rating Scale and their motor functions were classified according to the
      modified Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scale. Data such as age, disease duration, the Human
      Activity Profile (HAP), the Fatigue Severity Scale were collected. Lower limb
      bradykinesia and clinical subtypes of PD were defined. Two models that explained
      76% of the variance of the HAP were used. The first comprised age, ability to
      perform activities of daily living (ADL), and the HY scale; the second comprised
      age, ability to perform ADL, and lower limb bradykinesia. Possible modifiable
      factors such as the ability to perform ADL and lower limb bradykinesia were
      identified as predictors of physical activity level of individuals with PD. 

PMID- 26982989
TI  - Patients with essential tremor can have manual dexterity and attention deficits
      with no impairments in other cognitive functions.
AB  - Essential tremor (ET) was long believed to be a monosymptomatic disorder.
      However, studies have evidenced structural changes and attention is now being
      focused on non-motor symptoms. The objective of the study is to describe and
      compare ET patients with control groups according to their cognitive functions,
      and secondarily, to compare their sociodemographic characteristics and other
      clinical features. All participants were assessed using the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin
      Tremor Rating Scale for the severity of tremor; a neuropsychological assessment
      battery and a screening questionnaire for mood and anxiety symptoms. There were
      no significant age and gender differences between all groups. As for
      neuropsychological assessment results, a significant difference was found only in
      the Pegboard test. We also found a significant negative correlation between a
      poorer cognitive test results and disease severity and a significant differences
      regarding depression or anxiety symptoms in patients with ET. The study results
      suggest that patients with ET have impaired manual dexterity and attention. 

PMID- 26982990
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid examination may be useful in diagnosing neurosyphilis in
      asymptomatic HIV+ patients with syphilis.
AB  - Lumbar puncture in neurologically asymptomatic HIV+ patients is still under
      debate. There are different criteria for detecting neurosyphilis through
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially in cases that are negative through the
      Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), regarding cellularity and protein
      content. However, a diagnosis of neurosyphilis can still exist despite negative
      VDRL. Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) titers and application of
      the TPHA index in albumin and IgG improve the sensitivity, with a high degree of
      specificity. Thirty-two patients were selected for this study. VDRL was positive
      in five of them. The number of diagnoses reached 14 when the other techniques
      were added. It was not determined whether cellularity and increased protein
      levels were auxiliary tools in the diagnosis. According to our investigation, CSF
      analysis using the abovementioned techniques may be useful in diagnosing
      neurosyphilis in these patients. 

PMID- 26982991
TI  - Performance of four ischemic stroke prognostic scores in a Brazilian population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ischemic stroke (IS) prognostic scales may help clinicians in their
      clinical decisions. This study aimed to assess the performance of four IS
      prognostic scales in a Brazilian population. METHOD: We evaluated data of IS
      patients admitted at Hospital Paulistano, a Joint Commission International
      certified primary stroke center. In-hospital mortality and modified Rankin score
      at discharge were defined as the outcome measures. The performance of National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Stroke Prognostication Using Age and
      NIHSS (SPAN-100), Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL), and
      Totaled Health Risks in Vascular Events (THRIVE) were compared. RESULTS: Two
      hundred six patients with a mean +/- SD age of 67.58 +/- 15.5 years, being 55.3%
      male, were included. The four scales were significantly and independently
      associated functional outcome. Only THRIVE was associated with in-hospital
      mortality. With area under the curve THRIVE and NIHSS were the scales with better
      performance for functional outcome and THRIVE had the best performance for
      mortality. CONCLUSION: THRIVE showed the best performance among the four scales,
      being the only associated with in-hospital mortality.

PMID- 26982992
TI  - The minimal caloric test asymmetric response in vertigo-free migraine patients.
AB  - Vertigo symptoms and subclinical vestibular dysfunctions may occur in migraine.
      The Minimal Caloric Test (MCT), an easy-to-perform, convenient and yet
      informative procedure was used to test the vestibular function in 30 vertigo-free
      migraine patients outside attacks and 30 paired controls. Although not
      statistically significant, a right-to-left nystagmus duration asymmetry greater
      than 25% was present in both groups. This difference was greater in the patients
      group, suggesting the presence of subclinical vestibular imbalance in migraine. 

PMID- 26982993
TI  - Educational program on fatigue for brain tumor patients: possibility strategy?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on improvement
      of fatigue and quality of life of patients with high-grade glioma during
      radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment. METHOD: This is a longitudinal,
      experimental study. Twenty-three patients with high-grade glioma were randomly
      assigned to one of two groups. Both groups completed the Functional Assessment of
      Cancer Therapy: Fatigue questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory, and one
      of the groups received the educational intervention. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The
      groups did not show any change in quality of life and fatigue in this study, for
      this reason, the educational program did not present any significant difference.
      However, there was a significant difference in depressive symptoms during the
      educational program showing positive evidence for its applicability.

PMID- 26982995
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26982994
TI  - Clinical and epidemiological profiles of non-traumatic myelopathies.
AB  - Non-traumatic myelopathies represent a heterogeneous group of neurological
      conditions. Few studies report clinical and epidemiological profiles regarding
      the experience of referral services. Objective To describe clinical
      characteristics of a non-traumatic myelopathy cohort. Method Epidemiological,
      clinical, and radiological variables from 166 charts of patients assisted between
      2001 and 2012 were compiled. Results The most prevalent diagnosis was subacute
      combined degeneration (11.4%), followed by cervical spondylotic myelopathy
      (9.6%), demyelinating disease (9%), tropical spastic paraparesis (8.4%) and
      hereditary spastic paraparesis (8.4%). Up to 20% of the patients presented non
      traumatic myelopathy of undetermined etiology, despite the broad clinical,
      neuroimaging and laboratorial investigations. Conclusion Regardless an extensive
      evaluation, many patients with non-traumatic myelopathy of uncertain etiology.
      Compressive causes and nutritional deficiencies are important etiologies of non
      traumatic myelopathies in our population. 

PMID- 26982997
TI  - Atomic-Scale Sliding Friction on Graphene in Water.
AB  - The sliding of a sharp nanotip on graphene completely immersed in water is
      investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) and atomic force microscopy. MD
      simulations predict that the atomic-scale stick-slip is almost identical to that
      found in ultrahigh vacuum. Furthermore, they show that water plays a purely
      stochastic role in sliding (solid-to-solid) friction. These observations are
      substantiated by friction measurements on graphene grown on Cu and Ni, where,
      oppositely of the operation in air, lattice resolution is readily achieved. Our
      results promote friction force microscopy in water as a robust alternative to
      ultra-high-vacuum measurements.

PMID- 26982996
TI  - A cognitive assessment of highly superior autobiographical memory.
AB  - Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM) is characterised as the ability to
      accurately recall an exceptional number of experiences and their associated dates
      from events occurring throughout much of one's lifetime. The source of this
      ability has only begun to be explored. The present study explores whether other
      enhanced cognitive processes may be critical influences underlying HSAM
      abilities. We investigated whether enhanced abilities in the domains of verbal
      fluency, attention/inhibition, executive functioning, mnemonic discrimination,
      perception, visual working memory, or the processing of and memory for emotional
      details might contribute critically to HSAM. The results suggest that superior
      cognitive functioning is an unlikely basis of HSAM, as only modest advantages
      were found in only a few tests. In addition, we examined HSAM subjects' memory of
      the testing episodes. Interestingly, HSAM participants recalled details of their
      own experiences far better than those experiences that the experimenter shared
      with them. These findings provide additional evidence that HSAM involves,
      relatively selectively, recollection of personal, autobiographical material.

PMID- 26982999
TI  - Bioactive Octahydroxylated C21 Steroids from the Root Bark of Lycium chinense.
AB  - Lyciumsterols A-K (1-11), 11 new octahydroxylated C21 steroids, were isolated
      from the root bark of Lycium chinense, along with 15 known compounds.
      Characterization of these C21 steroids showed the presence of eight hydroxy
      groups on the C21 steroid skeleton with a (2E,4E)-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate
      group at C-12 or C-20 and various 2,6-deoxy sugar residues at C-3. The structures
      of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic data interpretation.
      Compounds 2, 3, and 7 exhibited dose-dependent protective effects on pancreatic
      islet cells and may help to improve cell viability. In addition, it was found
      that compounds 7, 8, 9, and 11 exhibited autophagy activation. 

PMID- 26982998
TI  - The relation of illness perceptions to stress, depression, and fatigue in
      patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most prevalent adult
      leukaemia and is incurable. The course and treatment of CLL is unique and
      characterised by repeated cycles of treatment, stable disease and relapse.
      Utilising a Self-Regulatory Model framework, we examined the relationship between
      patients' illness perceptions and cancer-specific stress, depressive symptoms and
      fatigue. Our aim was to test illness perceptions as predictors of these outcomes
      when variance due to disease and treatment variables was controlled. DESIGN: Data
      were collected on 147 patients with relapsed/refractory CLL as they entered a
      phase II clinical trial of an investigational medication at a university
      affiliated, National Cancer Institute designated comprehensive cancer center.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cancer-specific stress, depressive symptoms and fatigue
      interference. RESULT: . Hierarchical multiple regression was used. Consequences
      and emotional representation were related to all outcomes (ps < .01). Illness
      concern was related to cancer-specific stress (p < .01), and identity was related
      to fatigue interference (p < .01). All relationships were observed while
      controlling for number of previous CLL therapies received. CONCLUSION: Illness
      perceptions are related to cancer-specific stress, depressive symptoms and
      fatigue interference in relapsed/refractory CLL. Interventions targeted at
      restructuring maladaptive illness perceptions may have clinical benefit in this
      population.

PMID- 26983000
TI  - Pediatric sepsis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sepsis is the leading cause of pediatric death worldwide. In
      the United States alone, there are 72 000 children hospitalized for sepsis
      annually with a reported mortality rate of 25% and an economic cost estimated to
      be $4.8 billion. However, it is only recently that the definition and management
      of pediatric sepsis has been recognized as being distinct from adult sepsis.
      RECENT FINDINGS: The definition of pediatric sepsis is currently in a state of
      evolution, and there is a large disconnect between the clinical and research
      definitions of sepsis which impacts the application of research findings into
      clinical practice. Despite this, it is the speed of diagnosis and the timely
      implementation of current treatment guidelines that has been shown to improve
      outcomes. However, adherence to treatment guidelines is currently low and it is
      only through the implementation of protocols that improved care and outcomes have
      been demonstrated. SUMMARY: The current management of pediatric sepsis is largely
      based on adaptations from adult sepsis treatment; however, distinct physiology
      demands more prospective pediatric trials to tailor management to the pediatric
      population. Adherence to current and emerging practice guidelines will require
      that protocolized care pathways become a commonplace.

PMID- 26983001
TI  - New Delhi Metallo-beta-Lactamase-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Florida,
      USA(1).

PMID- 26983002
TI  - Stanniocalcin-2 overexpression reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic
      mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The metalloproteinase pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A
      (PAPP-A) has been suggested as a proatherogenic molecule by its ability to
      locally increase insulin-like growth factor signaling. Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was
      recently discovered to be a potent inhibitor of PAPP-A activity, but has not
      previously been implicated in vascular disease. The aim of this study was to
      substantiate the interaction between PAPP-A and STC2 as a potential local
      regulatory mechanism in the artery wall. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that PAPP
      A is secreted from cultured primary smooth muscle cells obtained from human
      aortas as a covalent complex with STC2, devoid of proteolytic activity. Extracts
      of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques contain both complexed and uncomplexed
      PAPP-A, and we show by immunohistochemistry that PAPP-A and STC2 are present in
      the tissue throughout early human lesion development. We then used adeno
      associated virus-mediated expression of STC2 to increase the fraction of PAPP-A
      present in the inhibited state and found that it decreased the development of
      atherosclerosis by 47% (P = 0.0005) in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice challenged
      with a Western type diet compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the
      first to suggest the involvement of STC2 in regulating PAPP-A activity during the
      development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that lesion
      development can be inhibited in an experimental model by driving the balance
      towards inhibited PAPP-A.

PMID- 26983003
TI  - Outcome of total hip arthroplasty, but not of total knee arthroplasty, is related
      to the preoperative radiographic severity of osteoarthritis (Acta Orthop 2016;
      87(1): 67-71.).

PMID- 26983004
TI  - Definitive Hosts of Versteria Tapeworms (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Causing Fatal
      Infection in North America.
AB  - We previously reported fatal infection of a captive Bornean orangutan with
      metacestodes of a novel taeniid tapeworm, Versteria sp. New data implicate
      mustelids as definitive hosts of these tapeworms in North America. At least 2
      parasite genetic lineages circulate in North America, representing separate
      introductions from Eurasia. 

PMID- 26983007
TI  - Child abuse and physical health in adulthood.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large literature exists on the association between child abuse and
      mental health, but less is known about associations with physical health. The
      study objective was to determine if several types of child abuse were related to
      an increased likelihood of negative physical health outcomes in a nationally
      representative sample of Canadian adults. DATA AND METHODS: Data are from the
      2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (n = 23,395). The study
      sample was representative of the Canadian population aged 18 or older. Child
      physical abuse, sexual abuse, and exposure to intimate partner violence were
      assessed in relation to self-perceived general health and 13 self-reported,
      physician-diagnosed physical conditions. RESULTS: All child abuse types were
      associated with having a physical condition (odds ratios = 1.4 to 2.0) and
      increased odds of obesity (odds ratios = 1.2 to 1.4). Abuse in childhood was
      associated with arthritis, back problems, high blood pressure, migraine
      headaches, chronic bronchitis/emphysema/COPD, cancer, stroke, bowel disease, and
      chronic fatigue syndrome in adulthood, even when sociodemographic
      characteristics, smoking, and obesity were taken into account (odds ratios = 1.1
      to 2.6). Child abuse remained significantly associated with back problems,
      migraine headaches, and bowel disease when further adjusting for mental
      conditions and other physical conditions (odds ratios = 1.2 to 1.5). Sex was a
      significant moderator between child abuse and back problems, chronic
      bronchitis/emphysema/COPD, cancer, and chronic fatigue syndrome, with slightly
      stronger effects for women than men. INTERPRETATION: Abuse in childhood was
      associated with increased odds of having 9 of the 13 physical conditions assessed
      in this study and reduced self-perceived general health in adulthood. Awareness
      of associations between child abuse and physical conditions is important in the
      provision of health care.

PMID- 26983006
TI  - Development and implementation of microsimulation models of neurological
      conditions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As part of a program of the first National Population Health Study of
      Neurological Conditions launched in 2009, a series of microsimulation models of
      neurological conditions (called POHEM-Neurological meta-model) was developed to
      project health and economic impacts of seven neurological conditions (NCs)
      Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, multiple
      sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and traumatic spinal cord
      injury-over a 20-year horizon. DATA AND METHODS: The common framework of the
      seven models allows for dynamic, continuous-time, discrete-event simulation of
      synthetic large populations in which persons are subject to the risk of
      developing the NC under study and are assigned a value of functional health and a
      probability of receiving a caregiver and of entering long-term care. Calculations
      for transitions are done every year over the life course, and costs are
      accumulated throughout the life of the synthetic person. The need to reconcile
      empirical estimates of incidence and mortality with prevalence required
      implementation of "cure" parameters for two of the NCs. RESULTS: The POHEM
      Neurological meta-model integrates the latest Canadian microdata on neurological
      conditions and satisfies most criteria for validation of microsimulation models,
      including conceptualization, computer implementation, assessment of output
      plausibility, and comparison with external data. Limitations include an absence
      of risk factors and the lack of uncertainty measures. INTERPRETATION: The POHEM
      Neurological meta-model has been useful for projections of health and economic
      impacts of NCs on persons affected and their caregivers, and allows for
      comparison of specific scenarios to the base case.

PMID- 26983009
TI  - Psychological Stress and Depression: Risk Factors for IBD?
AB  - While it is widely accepted that chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD) may trigger negative psychological emotions such as distress and
      even depression, it is unknown if this response to a chronic illness like IBD is
      solely a psychological response to an adverse situation or whether it also
      represents a biological response, that is, the active inflammatory state of IBD
      intersecting with the pathobiology of what mediates mood and anxiety disorders.
      There is a bi-directionality between psychological comorbidity and IBD with each
      influencing the course of the other when they coexist. Furthermore, there is much
      to learn in terms of the underlying pathobiology of depression and anxiety and
      how this may impact on the pathobiology of IBD. Several important questions in
      regards to psychological comorbidity and IBD will be reviewed in this chapter. 

PMID- 26983005
TI  - Comparative Genomic Analysis of Sulfurospirillum cavolei MES Reconstructed from
      the Metagenome of an Electrosynthetic Microbiome.
AB  - Sulfurospirillum spp. play an important role in sulfur and nitrogen cycling, and
      contain metabolic versatility that enables reduction of a wide range of electron
      acceptors, including thiosulfate, tetrathionate, polysulfide, nitrate, and
      nitrite. Here we describe the assembly of a Sulfurospirillum genome obtained from
      the metagenome of an electrosynthetic microbiome. The ubiquity and persistence of
      this organism in microbial electrosynthesis systems suggest it plays an important
      role in reactor stability and performance. Understanding why this organism is
      present and elucidating its genetic repertoire provide a genomic and ecological
      foundation for future studies where Sulfurospirillum are found, especially in
      electrode-associated communities. Metabolic comparisons and in-depth analysis of
      unique genes revealed potential ecological niche-specific capabilities within the
      Sulfurospirillum genus. The functional similarities common to all genomes, i.e.,
      core genome, and unique gene clusters found only in a single genome were
      identified. Based upon 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis and average nucleotide
      identity, the Sulfurospirillum draft genome was found to be most closely related
      to Sulfurospirillum cavolei. Characterization of the draft genome described
      herein provides pathway-specific details of the metabolic significance of the
      newly described Sulfurospirillum cavolei MES and, importantly, yields insight to
      the ecology of the genus as a whole. Comparison of eleven sequenced
      Sulfurospirillum genomes revealed a total of 6246 gene clusters in the pan
      genome. Of the total gene clusters, 18.5% were shared among all eleven genomes
      and 50% were unique to a single genome. While most Sulfurospirillum spp. reduce
      nitrate to ammonium, five of the eleven Sulfurospirillum strains encode for a
      nitrous oxide reductase (nos) cluster with an atypical nitrous-oxide reductase,
      suggesting a utility for this genus in reduction of the nitrous oxide, and as a
      potential sink for this potent greenhouse gas. 

PMID- 26983008
TI  - The Effect of Disease-Modifying Drugs on Brain Atrophy in Relapsing-Remitting
      Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The quantification of brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple
      sclerosis (RRMS) may serve as a marker of disease progression and treatment
      response. We compared the association between first-line (FL) or second-line (SL)
      disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) and brain volume changes over time in RRMS.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed clinical trials in RRMS between January 1,
      1995 and June 1, 2014 that assessed the effect of DMDs and reported data on brain
      atrophy in Medline, Embase, the Cochrane database and meeting abstracts. First,
      we designed a meta-analysis to directly compare the percentage brain volume
      change (PBVC) between FLDMDs and SLDMDs at 24 months. Second, we conducted an
      observational and longitudinal linear regression analysis of a 48-month follow-up
      period. Sensitivity analyses considering PBVC between 12 and 48 months were also
      performed. RESULTS: Among the 272 studies identified, 117 were analyzed and 35
      (18,140 patients) were included in the analysis. Based on the meta-analysis,
      atrophy was greater for the use of an FLDMD than that of an SLDMD at 24 months
      (primary endpoint mean difference, -0.86; 95% confidence interval: -1.57--0.15; P
      = 0.02). Based on the linear regression analysis, the annual PBVC significantly
      differed between SLDMDs and placebo (-0.27%/y and -0.50%/y, respectively, P =
      0.046) but not between FLDMDs (-0.33%/y) and placebo (P = 0.11) or between FLDMDs
      and SLDMDs (P = 0.49). Based on sensitivity analysis, the annual PBVC was reduced
      for SLDMDs compared with placebo (-0.14%/y and -0.56%/y, respectively, P<0.001)
      and FLDMDs (-0.46%/y, P<0.005), but no difference was detected between FLDMDs and
      placebo (P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: SLDMDs were associated with reduced PBVC slope
      over time in RRMS, regardless of the period considered. These results provide new
      insights into the mechanisms underlying atrophy progression in RRMS.

PMID- 26983013
TI  - Probing Ionic Complexes of Ethylene and Acetylene with Vacuum-Ultraviolet
      Radiation.
AB  - Mixed complexes of acetylene-ethylene are studied using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV)
      photoionization mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. These complexes
      are produced and ionized at different distances from the exit of a continuous
      nozzle followed by reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection.
      Acetylene, with a higher ionization energy (11.4 eV) than ethylene (10.6 eV),
      allows for tuning the VUV energy and initializing reactions either from a C2H2(+)
      or a C2H4(+) cation. Pure acetylene and ethylene expansions are separately
      carried out to compare, contrast, and hence identify products from the mixed
      expansion: these are C3H3(+) (m/z = 39), C4H5(+) (m/z = 53), and C5H5(+) (m/z =
      65). Intensity distributions of C2H2, C2H4, their dimers and reactions products
      are plotted as a function of ionization distance. These distributions suggest
      that association mechanisms play a crucial role in product formation closer to
      the nozzle. Photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of the mixed complexes
      demonstrate rising edges closer to both ethylene and acetylene ionization
      energies. We use density functional theory (omegaB97X-V/aug-cc-pVTZ) to study the
      structures of the neutral and ionized dimers, calculate their adiabatic and
      vertical ionization energies, as well as the energetics of different isomers on
      the potential energy surface (PES). Upon ionization, vibrationally excited
      clusters can use the extra energy to access different isomers on the PES. At
      farther ionization distances from the nozzle, where the number densities are
      lower, unimolecular decay is expected to be the dominant mechanism. We discuss
      the possible decay pathways from the different isomers on the PES and examine the
      ones that are energetically accessible. 

PMID- 26983010
TI  - Integrated Cytogenetic and Mitochondrial DNA Analyses Indicate That Two Different
      Phenotypes of Hypancistrus (L066 and L333) Belong to the Same Species.
AB  - The diversity of Hypancistrus species in the Xingu River is remarkable and the
      variation in color morphs represents a real challenge to taxonomists to delimit
      species boundaries. One of the most recognizable Hypancistrus complexes is the
      worm-lined species, known in the aquarium trade as King Tiger Plec in English,
      Hypancistrus "pao" in Portuguese or under the L-numbers L066 and L333 that
      represent two melanic pigment pattern phenotypes. To assess the identity of these
      two phenotypes, we described their karyotypes and sequenced part of the
      mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (DNA barcode). These fishes have 52
      chromosomes (40 meta-submetacentric and 12 subtelo-acrocentric) and a strong
      heteromorphism in chromosome pair 21 was observed, which does not correlate with
      the two phenotypes or sex. DNA barcodes separated the samples analyzed from
      Hypancistrus zebra and other publicly available sequences of Loricariidae showing
      no divergence between the two phenotypes. The data set indicates that worm-lined
      Hypancistrus from the Xingu form a single species with clear chromosomal and
      melanic pigment pattern polymorphisms.

PMID- 26983011
TI  - Salivary alpha-amylase, secretory IgA and free cortisol as neurobiological
      components of the stress response in the acute phase of anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Objectives One novel hypothesis of the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is
      the possible role of mental stress in hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous
      system (ANS) and of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Two components
      of stress response - salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and free cortisol - have been
      proposed. They can be determined in saliva, which closely reflects their
      concentrations in plasma. The purpose of this study was to measure salivary free
      cortisol, sAA and their correlation to secretory IgA (sIgA) of patients with AN
      in comparison to the average population. Methods A controlled clinical trial was
      designed for a matched group of 47 AN patients and 54 healthy individuals. After
      clinical examination, unstimulated salivary samples were taken during the acute
      stage of AN (BMI < 15 kg/m(2)) in the first week of hospitalisation. An enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suitable for measuring sAA, sIgA and free
      cortisol were used. Results Anorexic patients exhibited disturbances in sAA
      secretion, and significantly increased cortisol and sIgA levels with a distinct
      correlation between these two parameters. Conclusions The behaviour of cortisol,
      sAA and sIgA levels can be assessed as an effect of stress reaction among AN
      patients with hyperactivity of the HPA axis and ANS dysregulation. The effect of
      stress response can be assessed reliably in saliva. 

PMID- 26983012
TI  - Attack and Success of Native and Exotic Parasitoids on Eggs of Halyomorpha halys
      in Three Maryland Habitats.
AB  - Egg parasitoids of the exotic invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha
      halys (Stal), were investigated using lab-reared fresh (live) and frozen (killed)
      lab-reared sentinel egg masses deployed for 72h on foliage in three habitats
      woods, orchard, and soybean field-in Maryland, USA, in summer 2014. Four native
      hymenopteran species, Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Scelionidae), Trissolcus
      euschisti (Ashmead) and Tr. brochymenae Ashmead (Scelionidae), and Anastatus
      reduvii (Howard) (Eupelmidae), developed and emerged from H. halys eggs. One
      exotic parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), emerged, providing the first
      known occurrence of this species in North America. Native parasitoids emerged
      from frozen eggs significantly more often than from fresh eggs (89.3% of egg
      masses and 98.1% of individual eggs), whereas the exotic Tr. japonicus did not
      show a similar difference, strongly suggesting adaptation to H. halys as a host
      by Tr. japonicus but not by the native species. Parasitoids were habitat
      specific: all three Trissolcus species were significantly more likely to occur in
      the woods habitat, whereas Te. podisi was found exclusively in the soybean field.
      Further investigations are required to elucidate evolving host-parasitoid
      relationships, habitat specificity, and non-target effects of Tr. japonicus over
      the expanded range of H. halys in North America. 

PMID- 26983015
TI  - Anti-TNFs: Originators and Biosimilars.
AB  - In the last 20 years, the advent of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)
      biologics has revolutionized the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD) but the cost of biologic therapy now constitutes a large proportion
      of all healthcare expenditures. Patent expiration has sparked the healthcare
      industry's interest in the production of biosimilar (BS) versions of first
      generation biologics (originators [ORGs]) for market sharing. Having no access to
      the production line of the ORG, the sponsor of a BS needs to develop his own
      manufacturing process to produce a highly similar version of the reference
      product. Similarity in structure, physicochemical properties, biologic activity,
      efficacy and safety must be demonstrated by a comprehensive comparability
      exercise that includes the most sensitive in vitro tests, models and clinical
      condition with pre-defined equivalence margins. Extrapolation of indications,
      inter-changeability and automatic substitution between BS and ORG depend on a
      legal framework that varies between different agencies. It is not, therefore,
      unexpected that marketing authorization by the European Medicines Agency and
      other regulatory agencies (but not Health Canada) of CT-P13 (Remsima/Inflectra)
      as infliximab (Remicade) BSs for IBD by indication extrapolation has led to
      stormy discussions in the IBD community and beyond regarding the scientific
      adequacy of this decision. However, as we now have to live with BSs, we hope that
      the impeding automatic substitution in association with post-marketing
      pharmacovigilance, full traceability, registries and new studies will settle the
      controversy and will increase the confidence of physicians and patients. A
      universally adopted legal framework should be implemented because, as expected,
      the non-anti-TNFalpha BSs will be soon on the stage.

PMID- 26983016
TI  - Human biology of poverty.

PMID- 26983014
TI  - Is MTHFR 677 C>T Polymorphism Clinically Important in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
      (PCOS)? A Case-Control Study, Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optimum efficiency of the folate pathway is considered essential for
      adequate ovarian function. 677 C>T substitution in the 5, 10-methylene
      tertrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR) gene compromises activity of the MTHFR enzyme
      by about 50%. The significance of correlation between 677C>T substitution and
      PCOS remains dubious due to the low power of published studies. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We analyzed MTHFR 677 C>T site in ethnically two different PCOS case
      control groups (total 261 cases and 256 controls) from India. The data analysis
      revealed a lack of association between this polymorphism and PCOS [OR = 1.11
      (95%CI = 0.71-1.72), P = 0.66]. Group-wise analysis on the basis of ethnicity
      also revealed no association in any of the ethnic groups [Indo-Europeans, P = 1;
      Dravidians, P = 0.70]. Homocysteine levels did not differ significantly between
      cases (15.51 MUmol/L, SD = 2.89) and controls (15.89 MUmol/L, SD = 2.23). We also
      undertook a meta-analysis on 960 cases and 1028 controls, which suggested a
      significant association of the substitution with PCOS in the dominant model of
      analysis (OR = 1.47 (95%CI = 1.04-2.09), P = 0.032]. Trial sequential analysis
      corroborated findings of the traditional meta-analysis. However, we found that
      the conclusions of meta-analysis were strongly influenced by studies that
      deviated from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. A careful investigation of each
      study and a trial sequential analysis suggested that 677 C>T substitution holds
      no clinical significance in PCOS in most of the populations. CONCLUSION: In
      conclusion, MTHFR 677 C>T polymorphism does not affect PCOS risk in India. The
      association seen in the meta-analysis is due to an outlier study and studies
      showing deviation from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

PMID- 26983019
TI  - Silencing PRDX3 Inhibits Growth and Promotes Invasion and Extracellular Matrix
      Degradation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.
AB  - PRDX3 is a mitochondrial peroxide reductase that regulates cellular redox state.
      It has been reported that PRDX3 is overexpressed in liver cancer, but how PRDX3
      is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and progression has
      not been well-characterized. In the present study, we established two stable cell
      lines by overexpressing or knocking down PRDX3 in HepG2 cells. We found that
      PRDX3 silencing decreased the growth rate of HepG2 cells and increased mtDNA
      oxidation. Quantitative proteomics identified 475 differentially expressed
      proteins between the PRDX3 knockdown and the control cells. These proteins were
      involved in antioxidant activity, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, cell growth, ATP
      synthesis, nucleic acid binding, redox, and chaperones. PRDX3 knockdown led to
      the down-regulation of ATP synthases and the decreased cellular ATP level,
      contributing to the slow-down of cell growth. Furthermore, silencing PRDX3
      enhanced invasive properties of HepG2 cells via TIMP-1 down-regulation and the
      increased ECM degradation. Taken together, our results indicate that PRDX3
      promotes HCC growth and mediates cell migration and invasiveness and is a
      potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

PMID- 26983020
TI  - Eating during treatment can be a cost-effective way to improve outcomes: a letter
      to the editor.

PMID- 26983018
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness of Capsaicin 8% Patch Compared with Pregabalin for the
      Treatment of Patients with Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in Scotland.
AB  - We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of capsaicin 8% patch (QUTENZATM) versus
      pregabalin in patients with PNP from the perspective of the National Health
      Service (NHS) and Personal and Social Services in Scotland, UK. A decision-tree
      cost-effectiveness model was developed for non-diabetic patients with peripheral
      neuropathic pain (PNP) who were pregabalin-naive and had not achieved adequate
      pain relief or tolerated conventional first- or second-line treatments. Patients
      entering the model received either a single application of capsaicin 8% patch or
      titrated daily dosing with pregabalin; after 8 weeks patients were classified as
      responders, non-responders, or were assumed to discontinue treatment due to
      intolerable adverse events. Responders continued to receive baseline treatment at
      intervals observed in clinical practice. Non-responders and those who
      discontinued treatment were assumed to receive last-line therapy (duloxetine).
      The base-case time horizon was 2 years. Model inputs for effectiveness,
      discontinuations and health-state utilities were taken from a head-to-head non
      inferiority study (ELEVATE, NCT01713426). Other inputs were obtained from
      published sources or clinical expert opinion. Costs were expressed in GBP
      2013/14. Results were presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER),
      i.e. cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Model assumptions were
      tested with scenario analyses. Parameter uncertainty was tested using one-way and
      probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Compared with dose-optimized pregabalin,
      capsaicin 8% patch was the dominant treatment strategy (total cost difference, 
      L11; total QALY gain, 0.049). Capsaicin 8% patch was also the dominant treatment
      strategy versus pregabalin in 6 out of 7 scenario analyses. The model was most
      sensitive to variation in time to capsaicin 8% patch retreatment (maximum ICER,
      L7,951/QALY at lower-bound 95% confidence interval). At a willingness-to-pay
      threshold of L20,000/QALY, the probability of capsaicin 8% patch being cost
      effective versus pregabalin was 97%. Capsaicin 8% patch is a cost-effective
      treatment option compared with dose-optimized pregabalin in patients with PNP who
      have failed one or more previous systemic treatments. 

PMID- 26983021
TI  - GeneAnalytics: An Integrative Gene Set Analysis Tool for Next Generation
      Sequencing, RNAseq and Microarray Data.
AB  - Postgenomics data are produced in large volumes by life sciences and clinical
      applications of novel omics diagnostics and therapeutics for precision medicine.
      To move from "data-to-knowledge-to-innovation," a crucial missing step in the
      current era is, however, our limited understanding of biological and clinical
      contexts associated with data. Prominent among the emerging remedies to this
      challenge are the gene set enrichment tools. This study reports on
      GeneAnalyticsTM ( geneanalytics.genecards.org ), a comprehensive and easy-to
      apply gene set analysis tool for rapid contextualization of expression patterns
      and functional signatures embedded in the postgenomics Big Data domains, such as
      Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), RNAseq, and microarray experiments.
      GeneAnalytics' differentiating features include in-depth evidence-based scoring
      algorithms, an intuitive user interface and proprietary unified data.
      GeneAnalytics employs the LifeMap Science's GeneCards suite, including the
      GeneCards(r)--the human gene database; the MalaCards-the human diseases database;
      and the PathCards--the biological pathways database. Expression-based analysis in
      GeneAnalytics relies on the LifeMap Discovery(r)--the embryonic development and
      stem cells database, which includes manually curated expression data for normal
      and diseased tissues, enabling advanced matching algorithm for gene-tissue
      association. This assists in evaluating differentiation protocols and discovering
      biomarkers for tissues and cells. Results are directly linked to gene, disease,
      or cell "cards" in the GeneCards suite. Future developments aim to enhance the
      GeneAnalytics algorithm as well as visualizations, employing varied graphical
      display items. Such attributes make GeneAnalytics a broadly applicable
      postgenomics data analyses and interpretation tool for translation of data to
      knowledge-based innovation in various Big Data fields such as precision medicine,
      ecogenomics, nutrigenomics, pharmacogenomics, vaccinomics, and others yet to
      emerge on the postgenomics horizon.

PMID- 26983022
TI  - Hyperlipidemia, Disease Associations, and Top 10 Potential Drug Targets: A
      Network View.
AB  - The prevalence of acquired hyperlipidemia has increased due to sedentary life
      style and lipid-rich diet. In this work, a lipid-protein-protein interaction
      network (LPPIN) for acquired hyperlipidemia was prepared by incorporating
      differentially expressed genes in obese fatty liver as seed nodes, protein
      interactions from PathwayLinker, and lipid interactions from STITCH4.0.
      Cholesterol, diacylglycreol, phosphatidylinositol-bis-phosphate, and inositol
      triphosphate were identified as core lipids that influence the signaling pathways
      in the LPPIN. RACalpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) was a highly
      essential central protein. The gastrin-CREB pathway was greatly enriched; all
      enriched pathways in the LPPIN showed crosstalk with the phosphatidylinositol-3
      kinase-Akt pathway, correlating with the central role of AKT1 in the network. The
      disease clusters identified in the LPPIN were cardiovascular disease, cancer,
      Alzheimer's disease, and Type II diabetes. In this context, we note that the
      commercially approved drug targets for hyperlipidemia in each disease cluster may
      potentially be repurposed for treatment of the specific disease. We report here
      top 10 potential drug targets that may mediate progression from hyperlipidemia to
      the respective disease state. ToppGene Suite was employed to identify candidates
      followed by a) discarding high closeness centrality nodes, and b) selecting nodes
      with high bridging centrality. Three potential targets could be mapped to
      specific disease clusters in the LPPIN. Lipids associated with acquired
      hyperlipidemia and each disease cluster identified may be useful as prognostic
      fingerprints. These findings provide an integrative view of lipid-protein
      interactions leading to acquired hyperlipidemia and the associated diseases, and
      might prove useful in future translational pharmaceutical research. 

PMID- 26983023
TI  - A Systems Biology Interpretation of Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
      (aCGH) Data through Phylogenetics.
AB  - Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) is a rapid screening technique to
      detect gene deletions and duplications, providing an overview of chromosomal
      aberrations throughout the entire genome of a tumor, without the need for cell
      culturing. However, the heterogeneity of aCGH data obfuscates existing methods of
      data analysis. Analysis of aCGH data from a systems biology perspective or in the
      context of total aberrations is largely absent in the published literature. We
      present here a novel alternative to the functional analysis of aCGH data using
      the phylogenetic paradigm that is well-suited to high dimensional datasets of
      heterogeneous nature, but has not been widely adapted to aCGH data. Maximum
      parsimony phylogenetic analysis sorts out genetic data through the simplest
      presentation of the data on a cladogram, a graphical evolutionary tree, thus
      providing a powerful and efficient method for aCGH data analysis. For example,
      the cladogram models the multiphasic changes in the cancer genome and identifies
      shared early mutations in the disease progression, providing a simple yet
      powerful means of aCGH data interpretation. As such, applying maximum parsimony
      phylogenetic analysis to aCGH results allows for the differentiation between
      drivers and passenger genes aberrations in cancer specimens. In addition to
      offering a novel methodology to analyze aCGH results, we present here a crucial
      software suite that we wrote to carry out the analysis. In a broader context, we
      wish to underscore that phylogenetic analysis of aCGH data is a non-parametric
      method that circumvents the pitfalls and frustrations of standard analytical
      techniques that rely on parametric statistics. Organizing the data in a cladogram
      as explained in this research article provides insights into the disease common
      aberrations, as well as the disease subtypes and their shared aberrations (the
      synapomorphies) of each subtype. Hence, we report the method and make the
      software suite publicly and freely available at http://software.phylomcs.com so
      that researchers can test alternative and innovative approaches to the analysis
      of aCGH data. 

PMID- 26983024
TI  - Metformin Revisited.

PMID- 26983025
TI  - Limitations of Continuous Glucose Monitor Usage.
AB  - Much progress has been made in diabetes treatments since the first dose of
      insulin was administered in 1921. However, a truly transformational moment in
      diabetes care occurred when urine testing gave way to capillary blood home
      glucose monitoring. As improvements were made to these devices, continuous
      glucose monitoring (CGM) was introduced. The advantages of experiential learnings
      gleaned from seeing continuous real-time data have been borne out in numerous
      peer-reviewed journals. Limitations to use of CGM include patient's level of
      numeracy and literacy, development of alarm fatigue, interfering substances
      leading to erroneous readings, high rates of discontinuation, and poor
      reimbursement.

PMID- 26983028
TI  - Governing Global Health - Challenge, Response, Innovation Schrecker Ted Kirton
      John J Cooper Andrew F Governing Global Health - Challenge, Response, Innovation
      320 Ashgate 9780754648734 0754648737.
AB  - This excellent book provides a comprehensive and analytical overview of the socio
      political and economic factors that contribute to an understanding of global
      health governance. The opening chapter outlines compelling arguments for why such
      an understanding should be everyone's business.

PMID- 26983026
TI  - Comparative Renal Toxicopathology of Antisense Oligonucleotides.
AB  - This review summarizes the current understanding of nephrotoxicity related to the
      administration of therapeutic oligonucleotides, particularly those with 2'
      methoxy-ethyl (2'-MOE) modifications. To best understand the effects of antisense
      oligonucleotides (ASOs) on the kidney, the reader should have a general
      understanding of renal microanatomy, physiology, and general mechanisms related
      to toxicity, so a short review is presented. Preclinical-clinical correlates are
      also discussed. Collectively, the data for PS ODN and 2'-MOE-modified ASOs have
      shown the laboratory animal species utilized in toxicology studies generally
      overpredict renal effects of these agents. As such, 2'-MOE ASOs do not appear to
      pose as much of a risk to patients as the preclinical data would suggest. This
      observation has been confirmed so far in clinical investigations.

PMID- 26983030
TI  - Vital Notes for Nurses - Promoting Health Wills Jane Vital Notes for Nurses -
      Promoting Health 196 Blackwell 9781405139991 1405139994.
AB  - Although presented in scholarly form, the authors ground each chapter in practice
      through reference to the key issues that most nurses will recognise.

PMID- 26983027
TI  - Spatial distribution and temporal variability of stable water isotopes in a large
      and shallow lake.
AB  - Stable isotopic compositions of lake water provide additional information on
      hydrological, meteorological and paleoclimate processes. In this study, lake
      water isotopic compositions were measured for more than three years in Lake
      Taihu, a large and shallow lake in southern China, to investigate the isotopic
      spatial and seasonal variations. The results indicated that (1) the whole-lake
      mean delta(2)H and delta(18)O values of the lake water varied seasonally from 
      48.4 +/- 5.8 to -25.1 +/- 3.2 0/00 and from -6.5 +/- 0.9 to -3.5 +/- 0.8 0/00,
      respectively, (2) the spatial pattern of the lake water isotopic compositions was
      controlled by the direction of water flow and not by local evaporation rate, and
      (3) using a one-site isotopic measurement to represent the whole-lake mean may
      result in unreasonable estimates of the isotopic composition of lake evaporation
      and the lake water residence time in poorly mixed lakes. The original data,
      documented here as an online supplement, provides a good reference for testing
      sensitivity of lake water budget to various isotopic sampling strategies. We
      propose that detailed spatial measurement of lake water isotopic compositions
      provides a good proxy for water movement and pollutant and alga transports,
      especially over big lakes. 

PMID- 26983032
TI  - Detection of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Methicillin-Resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage among Egyptian Health Care Workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      among patients is linked mainly to health care personnel. The Panton-Valentine
      leukocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin that causes leukocyte lysis. Virulence of pvl
      positive-MRSA has been attributed to its ability to express PVL toxin. METHODS:
      Swabs for detection of nasal carriage of pvl-positive MRSA among health care
      personnel at Fayoum University Hospital, Fayoum, Egypt, were collected from 223
      health care personnel including 70 doctors (31.4%), 95 nurses (42.6%), 21
      laboratory technicians (9.4%), and 37 housekeeping staff (16.6%). Detection of
      MRSA was done using conventional screening methods and confirmed by multiplex
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mecA, or its homologue mecC, and pvl genes
      amplification. Re-swabbing after decolonization therapy was done to evaluate the
      efficacy of decolonization therapy. RESULTS: Fifty-one of 223 participants
      (22.9%) were colonized with S. aureus. This included 13.5% (30/223) colonized
      with MRSA and 2.2% (5/223) colonized with PVL-positive MRSA. Moreover, all MRSA
      isolates were negative for mecC genes. Decolonization therapy was successful in
      80% of MRSA carriers including all pvl-positive MRSA carriers. CONCLUSIONS: This
      is the first report on nasal carriage of pvl-positive MRSA among Egyptian health
      care personnel. High carriage rate of MRSA among health care personnel has been
      attributed mainly to poor hand hygiene compliance and non-judicious use of
      antibiotics. Improving compliance, reducing antibiotic overuse, screening for
      carriers, and decolonization are recommended strategies for reducing the spread
      of MRSA. Multiplex PCR could be used for confirmation of results obtained by
      conventional phenotypic methods.

PMID- 26983031
TI  - A Proof of Concept, Phase II Randomized European Trial, on the Efficacy of ALF
      5755, a Novel Extracellular Matrix-Targeted Antioxidant in Patients with Acute
      Liver Diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: No efficient medical treatment is available for severe acute hepatitis
      (SAH) except N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. The
      human C-type lectin Reg3alpha, referred to as ALF-5755, improved survival in an
      animal model of acute liver failure and was well tolerated in a phase 1 trial in
      humans. We performed a phase 2a trial of ALF5755 in non-acetaminophen induced
      SAH. DESIGN: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. The primary end
      point was the improvement in the coagulation protein synthesis assessed by the
      change of Prothrombin (PR) during the 72 hours following treatment initiation
      calculated as PRH0 minus PRH72 divided by 72 (PR slope H0H72). Intention to treat
      (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis of the entire group and the Hepatitis B
      virus (HBV)/AIH (auto-immune hepatitis) sub-group were done separately. RESULTS:
      57 patients were included. Twenty-eight received ALF-5755, 29 the placebo.
      Etiologies were: Hepatitis A (n = 10), HBV (n = 13), AIH (n = 9), drug-induced (n
      = 8), other (n = 17). On the whole group, nor the PR slope H0H72 (0.18+/-0.31 vs
      0.25+/-0.32), nor the transplant-free survival rate at day 21 (75 vs 86%)
      differed between groups. Conversely, in the HBV-AIH subgroup, in which ALF was
      more severe, PR slope H0-H72 was higher in the ALF-5755 arm, the difference being
      significant in PP analysis (0.048+/-0.066 vs -0.040+/-0.099, p = 0.04); the
      median length of hospitalization was lower in the ALF-5755 group (8 vs 14 days, p
      = 0.02). CONCLUSION: ALF-5755 was not efficient in a ITT analysis performed on
      the whole sample; however it led to a significant, although moderate, clinical
      benefit in a PP analysis of the sub-group of patients with HBV or AIH related
      SAH. As HBV is the major cause of SAH in Asia and Africa and AIH a growing cause,
      this study emphasizes the need to pursuit the evaluation of this novel medical
      treatment of SAH. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01318525.

PMID- 26983034
TI  - Quality of Oocytes Derived from Vitrified Ovarian Follicles Cultured in Two- and
      Three-Dimensional Culture System in the Presence and Absence of Kit Ligand.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Kit Ligand (KL) on the
      growth of vitrified follicle, oocyte quality, and embryo development in two- and
      three-dimensional culture systems. Vitrified and nonvitrified mouse whole ovaries
      were cultured for 1 week, then their isolated preantral follicles were cultured
      for 12 days in two- or three-dimensional culture systems in the presence and
      absence of KL. The growth and diameter of follicles, maturation of oocytes, and
      hormonal level were assessed. Finally, embryo developmental rate and oocytes
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and
      distribution of mitochondria were examined. The results showed the maturation and
      survival rates and steroidogenesis of follicles were significantly higher not
      only in the three-dimensional culture system but also in the presence of KL (p <
      0.001). The embryo development, ATP content, and ROS level of collected oocytes
      were not significantly different in all groups. Mitochondrial distribution within
      the oocyte was similar in all groups of the study. Our results demonstrated that
      KL supplementation during follicular culture in two- and three-dimensional
      culture systems appeared to significantly increase follicular function and
      development. The ovarian vitrification had no harmful effect on the
      steroidogenesis, growth, and maturation of follicles. 

PMID- 26983033
TI  - High Dose Atorvastatin Associated with Increased Risk of Significant
      Hepatotoxicity in Comparison to Simvastatin in UK GPRD Cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Occasional risk of serious liver dysfunction and autoimmune
      hepatitis during atorvastatin therapy has been reported. We compared the risk of
      hepatotoxicity in atorvastatin relative to simvastatin treatment. METHODS: The UK
      GPRD identified patients with a first prescription for simvastatin [164,407] or
      atorvastatin [76,411] between 1997 and 2006, but with no prior record of liver
      disease, alcohol-related diagnosis, or liver dysfunction. Incident liver
      dysfunction in the following six months was identified by biochemical value and
      compared between statin groups by Cox regression model adjusting for age, sex,
      year treatment started, dose, alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index and
      comorbid conditions. RESULTS: Moderate to severe hepatotoxicity [bilirubin
      >60MUmol/L, AST or ALT >200U/L or alkaline phosphatase >1200U/L] developed in 71
      patients on atorvastatin versus 101 on simvastatin. Adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]
      for all atorvastatin relative to simvastatin was 1.9 [95% confidence interval 1.4
      2.6]. High dose was classified as 40-80mg daily and low dose 10-20mg daily.
      Hepatotoxicity occurred in 0.44% of 4075 patients on high dose atorvastatin
      [HDA], 0.07% of 72,336 on low dose atorvastatin [LDA], 0.09% of 44,675 on high
      dose simvastatin [HDS] and 0.05% of 119,732 on low dose simvastatin [LDS]. AHRs
      compared to LDS were 7.3 [4.2-12.7] for HDA, 1.4 [0.9-2.0] for LDA and 1.5 [1.0
      2.2] for HDS. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of hepatotoxicity was increased in the first
      six months of atorvastatin compared to simvastatin treatment, with the greatest
      difference between high dose atorvastatin and low dose simvastatin. The numbers
      of events in the analyses were small.

PMID- 26983036
TI  - Association of interleukin 18-607A/C and -137C/G polymorphisms with oxidative
      stress in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Objectives IL-18 mediates various inflammatory and oxidative responses including
      renal injury, fibrosis, and graft rejection. It has been reported that the
      promoter -607 and -137 polymorphisms of IL-18 influence the level of IL-18. This
      prospective observational study investigated the association between oxidative
      stress with IL-18-607 and -137 polymorphisms in renal transplant recipients.
      Patients and methods This study included 75 renal transplant recipients (28
      female, 47 male) from living-related donors. Blood samples were collected
      immediately before and after transplantation at day 7 and month 1. Serum IL-18,
      creatinine, cystatin C, CRP, and oxidative stress markers (TOS, TAC) were
      measured. The Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) was calculated. Polymorphisms of the
      promoter region of the IL-18 gene, IL18-607A/C, and -137C/G were determined by
      analysis of a "real-time PCR/Melting curve". Results Serum creatinine, cystatin
      C, CRP, IL-18, TOS, and OSI levels significantly decreased after transplantation.
      Post-transplant levels of serum TAC and estimated GFR demonstrated consistent
      significant increases. Serum IL-18 levels were significantly higher in patients
      with IL-18-137 GG and IL-18-607 CC genotypes before transplantation. Conclusion
      Our results indicate that the IL-18-137 GG and -607 CC genotypes contribute to
      higher IL-18 levels; however, the influence of these polymorphisms on oxidative
      stress has not been observed. 

PMID- 26983035
TI  - Clinical Malaria Transmission Trends and Its Association with Climatic Variables
      in Tubu Village, Botswana: A Retrospective Analysis.
AB  - Good knowledge on the interactions between climatic variables and malaria can be
      very useful for predicting outbreaks and preparedness interventions. We
      investigated clinical malaria transmission patterns and its temporal relationship
      with climatic variables in Tubu village, Botswana. A 5-year retrospective time
      series data analysis was conducted to determine the transmission patterns of
      clinical malaria cases at Tubu Health Post and its relationship with rainfall,
      flood discharge, flood extent, mean minimum, maximum and average temperatures.
      Data was obtained from clinical records and respective institutions for the
      period July 2005 to June 2010, presented graphically and analysed using the
      Univariate ANOVA and Pearson cross-correlation coefficient tests. Peak malaria
      season occurred between October and May with the highest cumulative incidence of
      clinical malaria cases being recorded in February. Most of the cases were
      individuals aged >5 years. Associations between the incidence of clinical malaria
      cases and several factors were strong at lag periods of 1 month; rainfall (r =
      0.417), mean minimum temperature (r = 0.537), mean average temperature (r =
      0.493); and at lag period of 6 months for flood extent (r = 0.467) and zero month
      for flood discharge (r = 0.497). The effect of mean maximum temperature was
      strongest at 2-month lag period (r = 0.328). Although malaria transmission
      patterns varied from year to year the trends were similar to those observed in
      sub-Saharan Africa. Age group >5 years experienced the greatest burden of
      clinical malaria probably due to the effects of the national malaria elimination
      programme. Rainfall, flood discharge and extent, mean minimum and mean average
      temperatures showed some correlation with the incidence of clinical malaria
      cases. 

PMID- 26983038
TI  - Pedicle versus free flap reconstruction in patients receiving intraoperative
      brachytherapy.
AB  - Introduction This study compared complication rates between pedicle flaps and
      free flaps used for resurfacing of intraoperative brachytherapy (IOBT) implants
      placed following head and neck tumour extirpation to help clarify the ideal
      reconstructive procedure for this scenario. Patients and methods A retrospective
      review of reconstructions with IOBT at our institution was conducted. Patient and
      treatment details were recorded, as were the number and type of flap
      complications, including re-operations. Logistic regressions compared
      complications between flap groups. Results Fifty free flaps and 55 pedicle flaps
      were included. On multivariate analysis, free flap reconstruction with IOBT was
      significantly associated with both an increased risk of having any flap
      complication (OR = 2.9, p = 0.037) and with need for operative revision (OR =
      3.5, p = 0.048) compared to pedicle flap reconstruction. Conclusions In the
      setting of IOBT, free flaps are associated with an increased risk of having
      complications and requiring operative revisions. 

PMID- 26983037
TI  - Post-Ebola Syndrome, Sierra Leone.
AB  - Thousands of persons have survived Ebola virus disease. Almost all survivors
      describe symptoms that persist or develop after hospital discharge. A cross
      sectional survey of the symptoms of all survivors from the Ebola treatment unit
      (ETU) at 34th Regimental Military Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone (MH34), was
      conducted after discharge at their initial follow-up appointment within 3 weeks
      after their second negative PCR result. From its opening on December 1, 2014,
      through March 31, 2015, the MH34 ETU treated 84 persons (8-70 years of age) with
      PCR-confirmed Ebola virus disease, of whom 44 survived. Survivors reported
      musculoskeletal pain (70%), headache (48%), and ocular problems (14%). Those who
      reported headache had had lower admission cycle threshold Ebola PCR than did
      those who did not (p<0.03). This complete survivor cohort from 1 ETU enables
      analysis of the proportion of symptoms of post-Ebola syndrome. The Ebola epidemic
      is waning, but the effects of the disease will remain. 

PMID- 26983039
TI  - Finasteride and Tamsulosin Combination in Benign Prostatic Enlargement in a
      Tertiary Hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Due to aging of the general population, prevalence of Benign
      Prostatic Enlargement is increasing. Symptoms of BPE may vary between the
      patients. Aim of the study was to analyze and compare the usefulness of
      combination drugs therapy and monotherapy after a trial period of six months.
      METHODS: Out of 100 male patients aged 45 years and above diagnosed with BPE, 92
      were included in the study. Patients were randomized using computer generated
      random number table. Of which, 47 patients received combination therapy with
      Tamsulosin plus Finasteride and 45 patients received monotherapy with Tamsulosin
      once daily at bed time. RESULTS: The baseline demographic variables were
      comparable in both groups. The decrease in the total American Urological
      Association symptom score was statistically significant in the combination group
      (p<0.0001) as compared to monotherapy (p=0.0715) respectively. There was a
      statistically significant reduction in the residual urine volume with combination
      therapy (p<0.0001) than in patients with monotherapy (p= 0.1271). CONCLUSIONS:
      The combination therapy is effective in decreasing the irritative and obstructive
      symptoms in patients with BPE than monotherapy.

PMID- 26983040
TI  - Efficacy of Combined Antithrombotic, Statins and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in Acute
      Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Anti-thrombotic, statins and antihypertensive drugs are commonly
      used for the management of acute ischemic stroke in Nepal but there is no
      evidence regarding their efficacy in our context. This study aims to explore the
      efficacy of these combined medications (anti-thrombotic, statins and
      antihypertensive drugs) in acute ischemic stroke patients for the first time and
      to assess the risk factors present in those patients. METHODS: The study was
      conducted on 37 acute ischemic stroke patients admitted and treated at the
      Neurology Department of College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Chitwan,
      Nepal and they were followed at three months (90+/-10 days). The initial stroke
      severity and functional disability were evaluated at admission and at 3 months
      using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin Scale
      (mRS) respectively. The outcome parameters were functional independence (mRS<=2)
      and mortality at three months (mRS=6). Frequency distribution, Mann-Whitney U
      test and chi2 test were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Out of 37
      patients, 27 (73%) were Smoker, 22 (59.5%) had hypertension and 19 (51.4%) were
      alcohol consumer. The stroke severity on admission was statistically significant
      with functional independence (P=0.003) and mortality (P=0.015) at three month.
      Similarly, Rankin grade on admission was statistically significant with
      functional independence (P=0.001) and mortality (P=0.048) at three month. At
      three months, 20 (69%) survived patients were independent while mortality was
      seen in eight (21.6%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The management of acute ischemic
      stroke with combined anti-thrombotic, statins and antihypertensive drugs seems
      promising and efficacious in mild to moderately severe ischemic stroke.

PMID- 26983041
TI  - Role of Eosinophils in Acute Appendicitis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: High negative appendectomy rate still prevails on conventional
      histologic examination. Increased mural eosinophilic infiltrate had been observed
      in acute appendicitis. Present study aimed to evaluate the role of mural
      eosinophils in clinically suspected acute appendicitis but histological normal
      appendix, as an indicator of acute inflammation, alone or in association with
      edema and to estimate the cut off value for high eosinophil count for the
      diagnosis of acute appendicitis. METHODS: A prospective cross sectional study was
      conducted on appendectomy specimens which were categorized into three groups of
      classical acute appendicitis, negative appendectomy and control. HandE and Giemsa
      stained section were studied for the presence of mural eosinophilic infiltrate,
      mast cells and edema. RESULTS: Of total 170 cases, group 1 comprised of 68 cases,
      group 2 consisted of 78 cases and group 3 consisted of 24 cases. Mean eosinophil
      and mast cell counts in the muscularis propria were significantly higher in CAA
      and NA categories when compared to control group. Positive association was found
      between high eosinophil count and edema in CAA and NA categories. Cut off value
      of >=6/ mm2 for mural eosinophil count was not significantly different in between
      NA and control categories. CONCLUSIONS: Increased mural eosinophils were
      significantly present in acute appendicitis and clinically suspected acute
      appendicitis but histological normal appendix when compared with control group.
      Sole presence of increased mural eosinophils might represent acute inflammation.
      However, cut off value for high eosinophil count could not be established to
      suggest acute appendicitis.

PMID- 26983043
TI  - Implementation and Effectiveness of Early Chest Tube Removal during an Enhanced
      Recovery Programme after Oesophago-gastrectomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oesophageal resection were notoriously complicated and produces a
      cohort of patients prone to postoperative complications and here we would like to
      focus on the implementation and effectiveness of early chest tube removal in ERAS
      after oesophago-gastrectomy considering the various aspect like pleural effusion
      and reducing the length of hospital stay which ultimately lead to reducing the
      economic burden on patient. METHODS: An ERAS programme was devised and
      implemented with the support of a dedicated in-hospital task-force. The patients
      underwent esophago-gastrectomy were randomly divided into two groups: the ERAS
      group and the control group (non-ERAS). The ERAS group was treated with early
      removal of the chest tube after surgery, and the control group was treated with
      traditional way and outcomes were compared between them. RESULTS: The length of
      hospital stay and the cost of hospitalization in the ERAS group were
      significantly lower than those in the control group(p<0.05. However, there was no
      statistical significant difference in the incidences of pleural effusion between
      the two groups(p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of early chest tube removal
      as an ERAS programme after oesophago-gastrectomy would not increase the risk of
      pleural effusion and would not increase the total length of stay and cost of
      hospitalisation without jeopardising patient safety or clinical outcomes.

PMID- 26983044
TI  - Cytological Diagnosis of Primary Thyroid Tuberculosis.
AB  - Primary thyroid tuberculosis is an extremely rare disease, even in countries
      where other forms of tuberculosis are abundant. TT has no age bar but usually
      affects women in fourth and fifth decade. Hereby, we report a case of 16-years
      old girl presented with complaint of progressively increasing, painful thyroid
      swelling. Diagnosis of TT was made on cytology and there was no evidence of
      involvement of any other organ by tuberculosis. Despite of its rarity, TT is
      usually misdiagnosed. So, a clinician should always consider this entity in the
      differential diagnosis of thyroid swelling. Fine needle aspiration cytology is
      the best diagnostic method and can result in the avoidance of unnecessary thyroid
      surgeries. 

PMID- 26983042
TI  - Patterns of Lesions in Hysterectomy Specimens in a Tertiary Care Hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hysterectomy is one of the most common gynaecological procedures
      performed all over the world. The most frequent indications for hysterectomy are
      fibroids, abnormal uterine bleeding uterovaginal prolapse and endometriosis. The
      objective of this study was to present the histopathological patterns of various
      uterine and adnexal pathologies in the hysterectomy specimens and also to
      correlate its pre-operative clinical diagnosis with histopathology. METHODS: This
      is a two-year descriptive study of hysterectomy specimens carried out in the
      Department of Pathology, Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS), Lalitpur,
      Nepal. Data of all the hysterectomy specimens collected during this period was
      analyzed. RESULTS: Out of the 533 cases, fibroid was the most common indication
      for hysterectomy that was seen in 229 (42.94%) cases followed by uterovaginal
      prolapse in 101 (18.93%) cases. Leiomyoma was the most common pathology reported
      in 250 (46.90%) hysterectomy specimens, followed by ovarian tumours in 95
      (17.82%) cases. In 17.82% (95/533) cases, no pathology was seen. Overall, the pre
      operative indications in 533 cases of hysterectomy were histopathologically
      verifiable in 487 (91.37%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Though the histopathological
      examination correlates well with the pre-operative clinical diagnosis, a number
      of lesions were also encountered as pure incidental findings. Hence, it is
      mandatory that every hysterectomy specimen should be subjected to
      histopathological examination so as to ensure better post-operative management.

PMID- 26983045
TI  - Diagnosis Delayed but not Denied - Sheehan's syndrome.
AB  - Sheehan's syndrome is a rare complication of postpartum hemorrhage. With
      advancement in obstetric care, Sheehan's syndrome has become uncommon except in
      developing countries. Here, we report a patient with Sheehan's syndrome who
      escaped diagnosis for 22 years and presented with life threatening complications.
      This patient also had certain unusual features of Sheehan's syndrome like
      pancytopenia and renal failure. A high index of suspicion is necessary in
      diagnosing such patients. 

PMID- 26983046
TI  - Ruptured Gall Bladder containing Stones following Blunt Trauma Abdomen: A Rare
      Presentation of Hemodynamic Instability.
AB  - Gall bladder injuries are seen in 2% of patients undergoing laparotomy for blunt
      trauma abdomen. Isolated gall bladder injury is a rare event with associated
      presence of stones is even rarer. The associated visceral injuries lead to
      intraoperative identification in most cases. Here we present a case of 30 years
      old male with isolated gall bladder laceration following blunt abdominal trauma.
      The diagnosis of gallbladder perforation after blunt injury may be suspected in
      patients with signs of an acute abdomen and hypotension that is not explained by
      blood loss. Early suspicion and prompt exploration is imperative. Cholecystectomy
      is an adequate treatment for the condition. 

PMID- 26983047
TI  - Unilateral Pulmonary Hypoplasia in a Child.
AB  - Pulmonary hypoplasia is an uncommon congenital anomaly. A case reported in a six
      year old male child from Bangladesh who presented with chronic dry cough,
      episodic fever and occasional haemoptysis causing confusion with tuberculosis. X
      ray suggested lung collapse. Final diagnosis reached by combined bronchoscopy,
      computed tomogram scan of chest and pulmonary angiogram. In a child with complete
      radiological lung collapse possibility of pulmonary hypoplasia should be kept in
      mind. 

PMID- 26983048
TI  - Facilitation of free residential training inside the country - The fundamental
      health service responsibility of the Government and its regulatory body.
AB  - For optimum Peripheral Health Service and implementation of various Vertical
      Public Health Programme Services, network of public Rural and Urban Health
      Centers with trained Specialists in General Practice (GP) is essential. Later
      such Specialist GPs will thus fulfill both comprehensive training and experience
      required for Health Management and Planning Service in the centre. About 40%-50%
      of all Residential Trainings and Specialists are required in GP. There are
      further up to 100 to 150 possible specialties in which remaining doctors can be
      trained for Specialty Health Services. Though free Residential Training has
      numerous advantages, its shortage inside country is the bottleneck to provide
      above mentioned Health Services. Planning for health service delivery by at least
      trainee residents under supervision or appropriately trained specialists guides
      Residential Training's regulations. Fulfillment of objective training criteria as
      its core focus is the concept now with the major role of Faculty as supervising
      residents to provide required service in the specialty and simultaneously
      updating themselves and their team for Evidence-Based Medicine practice.
      Similarly the need of Ambulatory Health Service and joint management of in
      patients by specialists in hospitals has changed unit and bed divisions and
      requirements for Residential Training. Residents, already the licensed doctors,
      are thus providing required hospital service as indispensable part of its
      functional hierarchy for which they need to be paid. With such changing concepts
      and trends, there are some essential points in existing situation to facilitate
      free Residential Training inside country. For Government doctors, relevant
      amendment in their regulation is accordingly required. 

PMID- 26983049
TI  - Interprofessional Care and Role of Team Leaders.
AB  - Interprofessional care is an essential part of the health service delivery
      system. It helps to achieve improved care and to deliver the optimal and desired
      health outcomes by working together, sharing and learning skills. Health care
      organisation is a collective sum of many leaders and followers. Successful
      delivery of interprofessional care relies on the contribution of
      interprofessional care team leaders and health care professionals from all
      groups. The role of the interprofessional care team leader is vital to ensuring
      continuity and consistency of care and to mobilise and motivate health care
      professionals for the effective delivery of health services. Medical
      professionals usually lead interprofessional care teams. Interprofessional care
      leaders require various skills and competencies for the successful delivery of
      interprofessional care. 

PMID- 26983051
TI  - A Comparison of the Haider Tube-Guard(r) Endotracheal Tube Holder Versus Adhesive
      Tape to Determine if This Novel Device Can Reduce Endotracheal Tube Movement and
      Prevent Unplanned Extubation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endotracheal tube security is a critical safety issue. We compared
      the mobility of an in situ endotracheal tube secured with adhesive tape to the
      one secured with a new commercially available purpose-designed endotracheal tube
      holder device (Haider Tube-Guard). We also observed for the incidence of
      oropharyngeal or facial trauma associated with the 2 tube fixation methods.
      METHODS: Thirty adult patients undergoing general anesthesia with neuromuscular
      blockade were prospectively enrolled. Immediately after intubation, a single
      study author positioned the endotracheal tube tip in the distal trachea using a
      bronchoscope. Anesthesiologists caring for patients secured the tube in their
      normal fashion (always with adhesive tape). A force transducer was used to apply
      linear force, increasing to 15 N or until the principal investigator deemed that
      the force be aborted for safety reasons. The displacement of the endotracheal
      tube was measured with the bronchoscope. Any tape was then removed and the
      endotracheal tube secured with the Haider Tube-Guard device. The linear force was
      reapplied and the displacement of the endotracheal tube measured. The Haider Tube
      Guard device was left in place for the duration of the case. The patient's face
      and oropharynx were examined for any evidence of trauma during surgery and in the
      recovery room. On discharge from the postanesthesia care unit, the patient
      answered a brief survey assessing for any subjective evidence of minor facial or
      oropharyngeal trauma. RESULTS: Under standardized tension, the endotracheal tube
      withdrew a mean distance of 3.4 cm when secured with adhesive tape versus 0.3 cm
      when secured with the Haider Tube-Guard (P <0.001). Ninety-seven percent of
      patients (29/30) experienced clinically significant endotracheal tube movement
      (>1 cm) when adhesive tape was used to secure the tube versus 3% (1/30) when the
      Haider Tube-Guard was used (P <0.001). Thirty percent of patients (9/30) were
      potentially deemed a high extubation risk (endotracheal tube movement >4 cm) when
      the endotracheal tube was secured with tape versus 0% (0/30) when secured with
      the Haider Tube-Guard (P = 0.004). Six patients with taped endotracheal tubes
      required the traction to be aborted before 15 N of force was achieved to prevent
      potential extubation as the tape either separated from the face or stretched to
      allow excessive endotracheal tube movement. None of the patients appeared to
      sustain any injury from the Haider Tube-Guard device. CONCLUSIONS: The Haider
      Tube-Guard significantly reduced the mobility of the endotracheal tube when
      compared with adhesive tape and was well tolerated in our observations.

PMID- 26983052
TI  - Anesthetic Care in Mozambique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Bank and Lancet Commission in 2015 have prioritized surgery
      in Low-Income Countries (LIC) and Lower-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). This is
      consistent with the shift in the global burden of disease from communicable to
      noncommunicable diseases over the past 20 years. Essential surgery must be
      performed safely, with adequate anesthesia monitoring and intervention.
      Unfortunately, a huge barrier to providing safe surgery includes the paucity of
      an anesthesia workforce. In this study, we qualitatively evaluated the anesthesia
      capacity of Mozambique, a LIC in Africa with limited access to anesthesia and
      safe surgical care. Country-based solutions are suggested that can expand to
      other LIC and LMICs. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the Mozambique anesthesia
      system was conducted through interviews with personnel in the Ministry of Health
      (MOH), a school of medicine, a public central referral hospital, a general first
      referral hospital, a private care hospital, and leaders in the physician
      anesthesia community. Personnel databases were acquired from the MOH and Maputo
      Central Hospital. RESULTS: Quantitative results reveal minimal anesthesia
      capacity (290 anesthesia providers for a population of >25 million or
      0.01:10,000). The majority of physician anesthesiologists practice in urban
      settings, and many work in the private sector. There is minimal capacity for
      growth given only 1 Mozambique anesthesia residency with inadequate resources.
      The most commonly perceived barriers to safe anesthesia in this critical shortage
      are lack of teachers, lack of medical student interest in and exposure to
      anesthesia, need for more schools, low allocation to anesthesia from the list of
      available specialist prospects by MOH, and low public payments to
      anesthesiologists. Qualitative results show assets of a good health system
      design, a supportive environment for learning in the residency, improvement in
      anesthetic care in past decades, and a desire for more educational opportunities
      and teachers. CONCLUSIONS: Mozambique has a strong health system design but few
      resources for surgery and safe anesthesia. At present, similar to other LICs,
      human resources, access to essential medicines, and safety monitoring limit safe
      anesthesia in Mozambique.

PMID- 26983053
TI  - Three new cembranoids from the Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp.
AB  - Three new cembranoid diterpenes, 10-hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (1), 7,8-epoxy-10
      hydroxy-nephthenol acetate (2), and 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy-10-hydroxy-nephthenol
      acetate (3), along with a known compound, 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxy-nephthenol acetate
      (4), were isolated from the Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Antibacterial and
      anticancer activities were exhibited by compounds 1 and 2 against Staphylococcus
      aureus (ATCC 6538)/Escherichia coli (ATCC 13311) and Hela/MCF-7, respectively. 

PMID- 26983050
TI  - Prothrombin Complex Concentrates for Bleeding in the Perioperative Setting.
AB  - Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) contain vitamin K-dependent clotting
      factors (II, VII, IX, and X) and are marketed as 3 or 4 factor-PCC formulations
      depending on the concentrations of factor VII. PCCs rapidly restore deficient
      coagulation factor concentrations to achieve hemostasis, but like with all
      procoagulants, the effect is balanced against thromboembolic risk. The latter is
      dependent on both the dose of PCCs and the individual patient prothrombotic
      predisposition. PCCs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the
      reversal of vitamin K antagonists in the setting of coagulopathy or bleeding and,
      therefore, can be administered when urgent surgery is required in patients taking
      warfarin. However, there is growing experience with the off-label use of PCCs to
      treat patients with surgical coagulopathic bleeding. Despite their increasing
      use, there are limited prospective data related to the safety, efficacy, and
      dosing of PCCs for this indication. PCC administration in the perioperative
      setting may be tailored to the individual patient based on the laboratory and
      clinical variables, including point-of-care coagulation testing, to balance
      hemostatic benefits while minimizing the prothrombotic risk. Importantly, in
      patients with perioperative bleeding, other considerations should include
      treating additional sources of coagulopathy such as hypofibrinogenemia,
      thrombocytopenia, and platelet disorders or surgical sources of bleeding.
      Thromboembolic risk from excessive PCC dosing may be present well into the
      postoperative period after hemostasis is achieved owing to the relatively long
      half-life of prothrombin (factor II, 60-72 hours). The integration of PCCs into
      comprehensive perioperative coagulation treatment algorithms for refractory
      bleeding is increasingly reported, but further studies are needed to better
      evaluate the safe and effective administration of these factor concentrates. 

PMID- 26983054
TI  - Supporting Veterinary Preceptors in a Distributed Model of Education: A Faculty
      Development Needs Assessment.
AB  - Effective faculty development for veterinary preceptors requires knowledge about
      their learning needs and delivery preferences. Veterinary preceptors at community
      practice locations in Alberta, Canada, were surveyed to determine their
      confidence in teaching ability and interest in nine faculty development topics.
      The study included 101 veterinarians (48.5% female). Of these, 43 (42.6%)
      practiced veterinary medicine in a rural location and 54 (53.5%) worked in mixed
      animal or food-animal practice. Participants reported they were more likely to
      attend an in-person faculty development event than to participate in an online
      presentation. The likelihood of attending an in-person event differed with the
      demographics of the respondent. Teaching clinical reasoning, assessing student
      performance, engaging and motivating students, and providing constructive
      feedback were topics in which preceptors had great interest and high confidence.
      Preceptors were least confident in the areas of student learning styles,
      balancing clinical workload with teaching, and resolving conflict involving the
      student. Disparities between preceptors' interest and confidence in faculty
      development topics exist, in that topics with the lowest confidence scores were
      not rated as those of greatest interest. While the content and format of clinical
      teaching faculty development events should be informed by the interests of
      preceptors, consideration of preceptors' confidence in teaching ability may be
      warranted when developing a faculty development curriculum. 

PMID- 26983055
TI  - Traditional Thermal Therapy with Indirect Moxibustion Decreases Renal Arterial
      Resistive Index in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immediate effects of traditional local thermal therapy
      with indirect moxibustion on renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic kidney
      disease (CKD) by using Doppler ultrasonography (US). DESIGN: Examiner-blinded
      crossover study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three participants with CKD (mean age +/-
      standard deviation [SD], 44 +/- 15 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate,
      69.5 +/- 25.5 mL/min per 1.73 m(2); 20 men and 23 women). INTERVENTION:
      Participants received three successive treatment sessions of indirect moxibustion
      bilaterally at BL 23, a crucial acupuncture point, in the session. In the control
      session, the examiner was blinded by using smoke and aroma produced by
      moxibustion performed in an ashtray placed near the patient's body. OUTCOME
      MEASURES: The main outcome measure was resistive index (RI) in the renal
      segmental arteries. Blood flow parameters, including RI, were measured for six
      renal segmental arteries by using Doppler US at rest (baseline), immediately
      after completion of moxibustion (post 1), and 10 minutes later (post 2). Adverse
      events were monitored during intervention. RESULTS: In the control session, RI at
      post 1 (median [first, third quartile]: 0.587 [0.562, 0.626]) and post 2 (0.583
      [0.567, 0.629]) did not change significantly compared with baseline (0.592
      [0.563, 0.636]), while in the treatment session, RI at post 1 (0.565 [0.530,
      0.618]) and post 2 (0.561 [0.533, 0.614]) decreased significantly compared with
      baseline (0.590 [0.550, 0.652]) (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The
      reduction in RI from baseline to post 2 in treatment session was significantly
      greater than in control session (mean +/- SD, -0.026 +/- 0.028 versus -0.003 +/-
      0.028; mean difference, -0.023 [95% confidence interval, -0.036 to -0.010]; p =
      0.001]. No adverse events, such as burns, were observed during the study period.
      CONCLUSION: Renal vascular resistance was decreased after indirect moxibustion
      therapy in patients with CKD.

PMID- 26983057
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26983058
TI  - Editor's message.

PMID- 26983059
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome.
AB  - The chronic fatigue syndrome is an illness of unknown etiology characterized by
      severe fatigue, myalgias, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, chills, fevers, and
      postexertional malaise. Recognizing chronic fatigue syndrome is primarily a
      method of exclusion with no definitive diagnostic test or physical findings. As
      research continues to delve into the many possible etiologic agents for chronic
      fatigue syndrome-infectious, immunologic, neurologic, or psychiatric alone or in
      combination- the answer remains elusive. What is known is that chronic fatigue
      syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder very possibly involving an interaction of
      biological systems. Therefore, chronic fatigue syndrome may describe a large
      subset of patients, each exhibiting unique symptoms and serologic profiles
      dependent on the nature of the onset of illness and the genetic profile of
      individual patients.

PMID- 26983060
TI  - Medications frequently used for asthma and rhinitis.
AB  - Multiple medications are available to treat asthma and other allergic diseases,
      making it difficult to determine which medications to use. The decision should be
      based on efficacy, cost, and other advantages and disadvantages. Comparative
      tables can help for rapid selection and can be used as a tool for enhancing
      prescribing practices. This article organizes this information into a tabular
      format, allowing for rapid review.

PMID- 26983061
TI  - CME QUIZ.

PMID- 26983056
TI  - The Impact of Youth-Friendly Structures of Care on Retention Among HIV-Infected
      Youth.
AB  - Limited data exist on how structures of care impact retention among youth living
      with HIV (YLHIV). We describe the availability of youth-friendly structures of
      care within HIV Research Network (HIVRN) clinics and examine their association
      with retention in HIV care. Data from 680 15- to 24-year-old YLHIV receiving care
      at 7 adult and 5 pediatric clinics in 2011 were included in the analysis. The
      primary outcome was retention in care, defined as completing >=2 primary HIV care
      visits >=90 days apart in a 12-month period. Sites were surveyed to assess the
      availability of clinic structures defined a priori as 'youth-friendly'.
      Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models assessed structures
      associated with retention in care. Among 680 YLHIV, 85% were retained. Nearly
      half (48%) of the 680 YLHIV attended clinics with youth-friendly waiting areas,
      36% attended clinics with evening hours, 73% attended clinics with adolescent
      health-trained providers, 87% could email or text message providers, and 73%
      could schedule a routine appointment within 2 weeks. Adjusting for demographic
      and clinical factors, YLHIV were more likely to be retained in care at clinics
      with a youth-friendly waiting area (AOR 2.47, 95% CI [1.11-5.52]), evening clinic
      hours (AOR 1.94; 95% CI [1.13-3.33]), and providers with adolescent health
      training (AOR 1.98; 95% CI [1.01-3.86]). Youth-friendly structures of care impact
      retention in care among YLHIV. Further investigations are needed to determine how
      to effectively implement youth-friendly strategies across clinical settings where
      YLHIV receive care. 

PMID- 26983062
TI  - Chronic sinusitis in patients with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis is a lethal genetic disorder whose victims currently have a
      median life span of approximately 30 years. With this increased life span, new
      aspects of the disease are identified in patients with cystic fibrosis, including
      chronic sinusitis. Sinusitis severely affects the quality of life of patients
      with sinusitis. This article discusses several aspects of sinusitis in patients
      with cystic fibrosis, including clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and
      treatment options. By recognizing and treating sinusitis in patients with cystic
      fibrosis, physicians may improve the quality of life of these patients.

PMID- 26983063
TI  - Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma are common diseases in the developed world,
      and they often coexist in patients. Animal experiments, epidemiologic data, and
      clinical studies suggest that gastroesophageal reflux may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of asthma. In addition to classic reflux symptoms, such patients may
      notice nightly exacerbations of asthma or postprandial worsening of their
      pulmonary symptoms. Empiric treatment with an acid-suppressive regimen is the
      most cost-effective approach for asthmatic patients with classic gastroesophageal
      reflux symptoms, especially if the asthma remains poorly controlled despite
      conventional treatment. If patients have persistent problems after an adequate
      duration of acid-suppressive therapy or if they report symptoms indicating
      complicated reflux disease, such as dysphagia, additional diagnostic studies
      should be initiated. In most cases, medical therapy should be chosen for the long
      term treatment of patients with asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. With the
      availability of less-invasive laparoscopic surgery, fundoplication may be an
      alternative in selected, mostly young individuals who have documented reflux and
      symptoms responsive to appropriate acid-suppressive regimens.

PMID- 26983064
TI  - A cross-sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking.
AB  - Cadmium contamination of tobacco may contribute to the health hazards of
      cigarette smoking. The 2005-2012 United States National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey data provided a unique opportunity to conduct a cross
      sectional survey of cadmium biomarkers and cigarette smoking. Among a sample of
      6761 participants, we evaluated mean differences and correlations between cadmium
      biomarkers in the blood and urine and characteristics of never, former and
      current smokers. We found statistically significant differences in mean cadmium
      biomarker levels between never and former smokers as well as between never and
      current smokers. In current smokers, duration in years had a higher correlation
      coefficient with urinary than blood cadmium levels. In contrast, number of
      cigarettes smoked per day had a higher correlation coefficient with blood than
      urinary cadmium levels. These data suggest that blood and urine cadmium biomarker
      levels differ by duration and dose. These findings should be considered in
      evaluating any association between cadmium and smoking related diseases,
      especially cardiovascular disease. 

PMID- 26983065
TI  - Stage-structured wild and sterile mosquito population models and their dynamics.
AB  - To study the impact of the sterile insect technique and effects of the
      mosquitoes' metamorphic stage structure on the transmission dynamics of mosquito
      borne diseases, we formulate stage-structured continuous-time mathematical
      models, based on systems of differential equations, for the interactive dynamics
      of the wild and sterile mosquitoes. We incorporate different strategies for the
      releases of sterile mosquitoes in the models and investigate the model dynamics,
      including the existence of positive equilibria and their stability. Numerical
      examples are provided to demonstrate the dynamical features of the models.

PMID- 26983066
TI  - Risk Factors Associated With Pressure Ulcer Formation in Critically Ill Cardiac
      Surgery Patients: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery patients are among those most at risk for developing
      pressure ulcers (PUs), with a reported incidence as high as 29.5%. Although
      numerous studies documenting PU risk factors and prevention strategies exist, the
      availability of literature examining risk factors specific to the cardiac surgery
      population is limited. AIM: A systematic review was completed that aimed to
      identify the risk factors associated with PU development in critically ill,
      adult, cardiac surgery patients. METHODS: The MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane
      databases were searched. Studies that focused on PU risk factors in critical
      care, surgical intensive care, or cardiac surgery populations and used PU
      occurrences as an outcome variable were included in the review. FINDINGS: Twelve
      high-quality studies were retrieved and included in the review; they revealed 30
      potential PU risk factors. Current evidence is limited in 2 important ways.
      First, the impact of intraoperative factors, such as cardiopulmonary bypass time
      or body temperature, appears to be underexplored. Second, a substantive
      discussion of the risk factors associated specifically with deep tissue injuries,
      a unique PU category, is absent. CONCLUSION: The relatively high PU incidence
      among cardiac surgery patients suggests that typical PU prevention methods are
      insufficient for this population. Targeted prevention measures must be developed
      and implemented. Completion of this task required identification of risk factors
      unique to this population. Specific risk factors likely to increase risk among
      cardiac surgery patients include prolonged exposure to pressure during long
      surgical procedures, vascular disease, and/or vasopressor use postoperatively.
      Additional research concerning risk factors specific to this population is
      urgently needed.

PMID- 26983068
TI  - Premature Mortality and Schizophrenia-The Need to Heal Right From the Start.

PMID- 26983067
TI  - Thinking About Electroconvulsive Therapy: The Opinions of Parents of Adolescents
      with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the experience with, knowledge of, and attitudes toward
      electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) among parents of adolescents with schizophrenia
      spectrum disorders (SSD) who have received ECT. METHODS: A self-administered
      questionnaire was used to assess the experience with, knowledge of, and attitudes
      toward ECT in a sample of parents of adolescents diagnosed with SSD. Parents of
      adolescents treated with ECT before the age of 18 years (ECT group; n = 19) were
      compared with a randomly selected group of parents of adolescents treated only
      with antipsychotics (No ECT group; n = 20). RESULTS: Most parents in the ECT
      group claimed that they had received adequate information about the ECT procedure
      (94.7%), most of them thought it had been helpful for their children (73.7%) and
      none thought that it had made things worse. The large majority of parents in the
      ECT group (80%) thought that the illness had been worse than ECT or medication,
      and none thought that ECT was the worst. Parents in the ECT group generally had
      better knowledge of what ECT is and its indications. All the parents in the ECT
      group (100%) and almost all of those in the No ECT group (94.7%) would agree to
      the treatment for their children if recommended in the future by a doctor, there
      being no differences between the groups in this respect (p = 0.447). Most parents
      in the ECT group (88.9%) thought it was a legitimate treatment when used
      appropriately, an opinion that was held by a much smaller proportion of parents
      in the No ECT group (52.6%), although the remaining parents in that group were
      unsure about it (47.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Most parents of adolescents with SSD
      treated with ECT had positive views about the treatment. Parents of adolescents
      treated only with antipsychotics tended either to have positive views about ECT
      or claimed to have no knowledge about it, with negative views being uncommon.

PMID- 26983069
TI  - Discovery of Strecker-type alpha-aminonitriles as a new class of human carbonic
      anhydrase inhibitors using differential scanning fluorimetry.
AB  - A new type of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors was identified via differential
      scanning fluorimetry (DSF) screening. The compounds displayed interesting
      inhibition profile against human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII
      with an obvious selectivity displayed by one compound toward carbonic anhydrase
      (CA) IX, an established anti-cancer target. A hypothetical mechanism of
      inhibitory action by the Strecker-type alpha-aminonitriles has been proposed. 

PMID- 26983070
TI  - Anagen Effluvium Caused by Thallium Poisoning.

PMID- 26983071
TI  - Correction to Total Synthesis of (+/-)-Gracilioether F.

PMID- 26983072
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Voxel-Based Morphometric Study of Age- and Sex-Related Changes
      in Gray Matter Volume in the Normal Aging Brain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to carry out a cross-sectional study of 124
      cognitively normal Chinese adults using the voxel-based morphometry approach to
      delineate age-related changes in the gray matter volume of regions of interest
      (ROI) in the brain and further analyze their correlation with age. METHODS: One
      hundred twenty-four cognitively normal adults were divided into the young age
      group, the middle age group, and the old age group. Conventional magnetic
      resonance imaging was performed with the Achieva 3.0 T system. Structural images
      were processed using VBM8 and SPM8. Regions of interest were obtained by WFU
      PickAtlas and all realigned images were spatially normalized. RESULTS: Females
      showed significantly greater total gray matter volume than males (t = 4.81, P =
      0.0000, false discovery rate corrected). Compared with young subjects, old-aged
      subjects showed extensive reduction in gray matter volumes in all ROIs examined
      except the occipital lobe. In young- and middle-aged subjects, female and male
      subjects showed significant difference in the right middle temporal gyrus, right
      superior temporal gyrus, left angular gyrus, right middle occipital lobe, left
      middle cingulate gyrus, and the pars triangularis of the right inferior frontal
      gyrus, suggesting an interaction between age and sex (P < 0.001, uncorrected).
      Logistic regression analysis revealed linear negative correlation between the
      total gray matter volume and age (R = 0.529, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Significant
      age-related differences are present in gray matter volume across multiple brain
      regions during aging. The VPM approach may provide an emerging paradigm in the
      normal aging brain that may help differentiate underlying normal neurobiological
      aging changes of specific brain regions from neurodegenerative impairments.

PMID- 26983074
TI  - Recognizing Patients' Emotions: Teaching Health Care Providers to Interpret
      Facial Expressions.
AB  - PURPOSE: Facial expressions are an important clue to a patient's emotions. The
      authors developed a 90-minute workshop in May 2011 to teach physicians and
      physicians-in-training to interpret facial expressions and to use that skill in
      the context of patient care. METHOD: The workshop included a didactic
      presentation in which facial expression features were taught using progressively
      more difficult examples, followed by three interactive exercises. The authors
      presented the workshop at six separate venues in the United States in 2011 and
      2012. To test the effectiveness of this workshop, the authors designed a
      comprehensive pre- and postworkshop evaluation which assessed participants'
      skill, knowledge, attitude (toward importance), and confidence. RESULTS: A total
      of 156 health care providers participated in the workshop and completed pre- and
      postworkshop evaluations. Participants showed substantial improvement in skill
      and knowledge (fact- and case-based) scores, as well as modest improvement in
      importance and confidence ratings. Faculty and medical students demonstrated
      similar baseline measures of skill, knowledge, and importance, though faculty
      reported a slightly higher confidence in their skills. No correlation was found
      between baseline ratings of confidence in abilities and any baseline measure of
      performance. CONCLUSIONS: Given the similar baseline performance of faculty and
      medical students, the ability to interpret facial expressions does not appear to
      be learned through routine clinical practice, highlighting the need for dedicated
      facial expression training. The authors were able to demonstrate that physicians
      and physicians-in-training could effectively learn to recognize emotion by
      interpreting facial expressions through a short workshop.

PMID- 26983073
TI  - A Chronic Disease Management Student-Faculty Collaborative Practice: Educating
      Students on Innovation in Health Care Delivery.
AB  - PROBLEM: In the current transformative health care landscape, it is imperative
      that clinician educators inspire future clinicians to practice primary care in a
      dynamic environment. A focus on patient-centered, goal-oriented care for patients
      with chronic conditions is critical. APPROACH: In 2009, Harvard Medical School
      founded the Crimson Care Collaborative, a student-faculty collaborative practice
      (SFCP) network. With the aim of expanding clinical and educational opportunities
      for medical students and improving patient control of chronic disease (i.e.,
      hypertension, obesity, and diabetes) in an innovative learning environment, in
      2012, the authors developed a novel SFCP at their hospital-based academic primary
      care practice. In this SFCP, students learn to explore patient priorities,
      provide focused counseling and education, and assist patients with self
      management goals during clinical visits. OUTCOMES: From 2012 to 2014, 250 student
      volunteers participated in the SFCP as clinicians, innovators, educators, and
      leaders, with between 80 and 95 medical students engaging each semester. Between
      January 2012 and March 2014, there were 476 urgent care or chronic disease
      management visits. Patients with chronic diseases were seen at least twice on
      average, and by 2014, chronic disease management visits accounted for
      approximately 74% of visits. NEXT STEPS: Work is under way to create assessment
      tools to evaluate the practice's educa tional impact and student understanding of
      the current health care system, develop interdisciplinary care teams, expand
      efforts in registry management and broaden the patient recruitment scope, further
      emphasize patient engage ment and retention, and evaluate chronic disease
      management and patient satisfaction effectiveness.

PMID- 26983076
TI  - How Residents Develop Trust in Interns: A Multi-Institutional Mixed-Methods
      Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although residents trust interns to provide patient care, little is
      known about how trust forms. METHOD: Using a multi-institutional mixed-methods
      study design, the authors interviewed (March-September 2014) internal medicine
      (IM) residents in their second or third postgraduate year at a single institution
      to address how they develop trust in interns. Transcript analysis using grounded
      theory yielded a model for resident trust. Authors tested (January-March 2015)
      the model with residents from five IM programs using a two-section quantitative
      survey (38 items; 31 rated 0 = not at all to 100 = very much; 7 rated 0 =
      strongly disagree to 100 = strongly agree) to identify influences on how
      residents form trust. RESULTS: Qualitative analysis of 29 interviews yielded 14
      themes within five previously identified factors of trust (resident, intern,
      relationship, task, and context). Of 478 residents, 376 (78.7%) completed the
      survey. Factor analysis yielded 11 factors that influence trust. Respondents
      rated interns' characteristics (reliability, competence, and propensity to make
      errors) highest when indicating importance to trust (respective means 86.3
      [standard deviation = 9.7], 76.4 [12.9], and 75.8 [20.0]). They also rated
      contextual factors highly as influencing trust (access to an electronic medical
      record, duty hours, and patient characteristics; respective means 79.8 [15.3],
      73.1 [14.4], and 71.9 [20.0]). CONCLUSIONS: Residents form trust based on
      primarily intern- and context-specific factors. Residents appear to consider
      trust in a way that prioritizes interns' execution of essential patient care
      tasks safely within the complexities and constraints of the hospital environment.

PMID- 26983075
TI  - Leveraging a Redesigned Morbidity and Mortality Conference That Incorporates the
      Clinical and Educational Missions of Improving Quality and Patient Safety.
AB  - PROBLEM: The morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference is a vital event that can
      affect medical education, quality improvement, and peer review in academic
      departments. Historically, M&M conferences have emphasized cases that highlight
      diagnostic uncertainty or complex management conundrums. In this report, the
      authors describe the development, pilot, and refinement of a systems-based M&M
      conference model that combines the educational and clinical missions of improving
      quality and patient safety in the University of Colorado Department of Medicine.
      APPROACH: In 2011, a focused taskforce completed a literature review that
      informed the development of a framework for the redesigned systems-based M&M
      conference. The new model included a restructured monthly conference,
      longitudinal curriculum for residents, and formal channels for interaction with
      clinical effectiveness departments. Each conference features an in-depth
      discussion of an adverse event using specific quality improvement tools. Areas
      for improvement and suggested action items are identified during the conference
      and delegated to the relevant clinical departments. OUTCOMES: The new process has
      enabled the review of 27 adverse events over two years. Sixty-three action items
      were identified, and 33 were pursued. An average of 50 to 60 individuals
      participate in each conference, including interprofessional and interdisciplinary
      colleagues. Resident and faculty feedback regarding the new format has been
      positive, and other departments are starting to adopt this model. NEXT STEPS: A
      more robust process for identifying and selecting cases to discuss is needed, as
      is a stable, sufficient mechanism to manage the improvement initiatives that come
      out of each conference.

PMID- 26983078
TI  - New-onset toxicity with programmed death-1 inhibitor rechallenge.
AB  - Immunotherapy has become a mainstay in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
      Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors and programmed
      death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, which have been added more recently, represent two of
      the main classes of immunomodulating agents. PD-1 inhibitors are well tolerated
      and are known to have a decreased rate of occurrence of adverse effects compared
      with CTLA-4 inhibitors. However, the risk remains for serious immune-mediated
      adverse reactions. Given their long half and extended efficacy, treatment with a
      CTLA-4 inhibitor before use of a PD-1 inhibitor may increase the risk of adverse
      effects. In addition, caution should be exercised when rechallenging grade 3 or 4
      adverse effects with the same agent or a different agent of the same class. The
      re-emergence of a previous toxicity may occur or, as found in this case, a new
      severe effect may arise. This article will present a case of fatal immune-related
      hepatoxicity in a patient treated with a CTLA-4 inhibitor, followed by treatment
      with a PD-1 inhibitor. The mechanisms of action and safety profiles for both
      classes of drugs will also be reviewed.

PMID- 26983079
TI  - Patient-derived tumor xenograft strategies for informed management of patients
      with metastatic melanoma.
AB  - Metastatic melanoma has benefited from immunotherapy and targeted therapy
      advances. Faced with the inescapable onset of treatment resistance, the choice of
      a second-line treatment can be guided by a patient-derived tumor xenograft
      (PDTX). This new approach requires an excellent multidisciplinary collaboration
      where the surgeon has a key role to play. Each patient included (stage IIIC or
      IV) presented with subcutaneous melanoma metastasis that could be surgically
      resected. The surgeon performed orthotopic PDTX on CB17-SCID mice. To validate
      the model, tumor material was amplified over three successive generations of
      animals to obtain cohorts compatible with carrying out a study to compare
      treatment response by targeted therapy (vemurafenib versus controls). Tumors were
      characterized (histologically and genetically) at all stages of the generations'
      amplification. Functional imaging by fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET scan was
      performed for the third generation PDTX. Seventeen patients with a mutated BRAF
      V600E subcutaneous metastasis were included, yielding 257 PDTX. Clinical,
      histological, and genetic characteristics of the grafted tumors were stable over
      the three mice generations. The treatment response to vemurafenib was observed
      for all PDTX. The fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET scan evidenced a decreased
      in glucose uptake in the treated tumors. PDTX models are being widely used in
      fundamental research and are more compatible with clinical issues. If PDTX are
      simple and easily reproducible in metastatic melanoma, an organized
      multidisciplinary platform is essential to implement them. In our experience,
      surgeons have a key role to play in the cohesion of this new therapeutic
      approach.

PMID- 26983080
TI  - Lap Shear and Impact Testing of Ochre and Beeswax in Experimental Middle Stone
      Age Compound Adhesives.
AB  - The production of compound adhesives using disparate ingredients is seen as some
      of the best evidence of advanced cognition outside of the use of symbolism.
      Previous field and laboratory testing of adhesives has shown the complexities
      involved in creating an effective Middle Stone Age glue using Acacia gum.
      However, it is currently unclear how efficient different adhesive recipes are,
      how much specific ingredients influence their performance, and how difficult it
      may have been for those ingredients to be combined to maximum effect. We
      conducted a series of laboratory-based lap shear and impact tests, following
      modern adhesion testing standards, to determine the efficacy of compound
      adhesives, with particular regard to the ingredient ratios. We tested rosin
      (colophony) and gum adhesives, containing additives of beeswax and ochre in
      varying ratios. During both lap shear and impact tests compound rosin adhesives
      performed better than single component rosin adhesives, and pure acacia gum was
      the strongest. The large difference in performance between each base adhesive and
      the significant changes in performance that occur due to relatively small changes
      in ingredient ratios lend further support to the notion that high levels of skill
      and knowledge were required to consistently produce the most effective adhesives.

PMID- 26983082
TI  - Mechano-Pharmacological Characterization of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human
      Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Common systems for the quantification of cellular contraction
      rely on animal-based models, complex experimental setups or indirect approaches.
      The herein presented CellDrum technology for testing mechanical tension of
      cellular monolayers and thin tissue constructs has the potential to scale-up
      mechanical testing towards medium-throughput analyses. Using hiPS-Cardiac
      Myocytes (hiPS-CMs) it represents a new perspective of drug testing and brings us
      closer to personalized drug medication. METHODS: In the present study, monolayers
      of self-beating hiPS-CMs were grown on ultra-thin circular silicone membranes and
      deflect under the weight of the culture medium. Rhythmic contractions of the hiPS
      CMs induced variations of the membrane deflection. The recorded contraction
      relaxation-cycles were analyzed with respect to their amplitudes, durations, time
      integrals and frequencies. Besides unstimulated force and tensile stress, we
      investigated the effects of agonists and antagonists acting on Ca2+ channels (S
      Bay K8644/verapamil) and Na+ channels (veratridine/lidocaine). RESULTS: The
      measured data and simulations for pharmacologically unstimulated contraction
      resembled findings in native human heart tissue, while the pharmacological dose
      response curves were highly accurate and consistent with reference data.
      CONCLUSION: We conclude that the combination of the CellDrum with hiPS-CMs offers
      a fast, facile and precise system for pharmacological, toxicological studies and
      offers new preclinical basic research potential.

PMID- 26983083
TI  - Foxn1 Is Dynamically Regulated in Thymic Epithelial Cells during Embryogenesis
      and at the Onset of Thymic Involution.
AB  - Thymus function requires extensive cross-talk between developing T-cells and the
      thymic epithelium, which consists of cortical and medullary TEC. The
      transcription factor FOXN1 is the master regulator of TEC differentiation and
      function, and declining Foxn1 expression with age results in stereotypical thymic
      involution. Understanding of the dynamics of Foxn1 expression is, however,
      limited by a lack of single cell resolution data. We have generated a novel
      reporter of Foxn1 expression, Foxn1G, to monitor changes in Foxn1 expression
      during embryogenesis and involution. Our data reveal that early differentiation
      and maturation of cortical and medullary TEC coincides with precise sub-lineage
      specific regulation of Foxn1 expression levels. We further show that initiation
      of thymic involution is associated with reduced cTEC functionality, and
      proportional expansion of FOXN1-negative TEC in both cortical and medullary sub
      lineages. Cortex-specific down-regulation of Foxn1 between 1 and 3 months of age
      may therefore be a key driver of the early stages of age-related thymic
      involution. 

PMID- 26983081
TI  - Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Alleles Alter HIV Disease in Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HLA class I molecules are ligands for killer cell immunoglobin like
      receptors (KIR) that control the antiviral response of natural killer (NK) cells.
      However, the effects of KIR and HLA (KIR/HLA) alleles on HIV disease of children
      have not been studied. METHODS: 993 antiretroviral naive children with
      symptomatic HIV infection from PACTG protocols P152 and P300 were genotyped for
      KIR and HLA alleles using the Luminex platform. Linear regression was used to
      test the association between genotypes and baseline pre-ART HIV RNA, CD4+
      lymphocyte count, and cognitive score, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity and
      study. The interaction between genetic markers and age was investigated. To
      account for multiple testing the false discovery rate (FDR) was controlled at
      0.05. RESULTS: Children with the KIR2DS4*ALL FULL LENGTH (KIR2DS4*AFL) allele had
      higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Among children <=2 years of age, the KIR2DS4*AFL
      was associated with lower plasma HIV RNA and higher cognitive index scores. KIR
      Cent2DS3/5_1 had lower CD4+ lymphocyte counts in children <=2 years of age, while
      the presence of Tel1, Tel2DS4_2, Tel2DS4_4, Tel8, Tel2DS4_6 had higher CD4+
      lymphocyte counts in all children. Presence of Cent2, Cent4 and Cent8 was
      associated with increased HIV RNA load in children <=2 years. Presence of
      KIR3DL1+Bw4 was associated with higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts in all children.
      Among children >2 years old, KIR3DS1+Bw4-80I was associated with higher plasma
      HIV RNA, and Bw6/Bw6 was associated with lower plasma HIV RNA compared to
      children with KIR3DS1+Bw4-80I. CONCLUSIONS: Presented data show for the first
      time that specific KIR alleles independently or combined with HLA ligands are
      associated with HIV RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts in infected, antiretroviral
      naive children; and many of these effect estimates appear to be age dependent.
      These data support a role for specific KIR alleles in HIV pathogenesis in
      children.

PMID- 26983084
TI  - Continuity effects on rotifers and microcrustaceans caused by the construction of
      a downstream reservoir in a cascade series (Iguacu River, Brazil).
AB  - This study evaluated changes in the community of rotifers and microcrustaceans
      associated with the construction of a large and dendritic reservoir in Iguacu
      River (Brazil), as the last reservoir of a sequence of five cascading systems.
      Differences were clear between pre-filling and post-filling phases for organisms
      and some of environmental variables. In the pre-filling phase, the community was
      more homogeneous along the downstream river gradient, and spatial
      compartmentalization in the new reservoir was common during the post-filling
      phase. From 140 identified taxa, 10 species occurred exclusively in the pre
      filling phase and 32 in the post-filling phase. After completion of the fifth
      reservoir filling-up, opportunistic, pioneer and fast-developing species quickly
      dominated, and downstream of the fourth reservoir the pre-filling decreasing
      gradient of richness, diversity and evenness disappeared. Richness of rotifers
      and cladocerans, cladocerans diversity, and evenness of rotifers, cladocerans and
      copepods were generally higher in the post-filling phase. A non-metric
      multidimensional analysis based on a presence/absence matrix depicted a
      homogeneous and dense group of species associated to the pre-filling phase and a
      second, dispersed group related to the post-filling phase. Spearman correlations
      pointed out significant positive effects of transparency on rotifer species
      richness in the post-filling phase, and negative effects on the microcrustacean
      richness in the pre-filling phase. Dam construction caused disruption of the
      downstream lotic gradient along the series of dams, leading to the development of
      distinct species in lentic spatial compartments. 

PMID- 26983086
TI  - Effect of temperature on immatures of Stiretrus decastigmus (Hemiptera:
      Pentatomidae).
AB  - Stiretrus decastigmus (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an
      important predator of the insect pest Microtheca ochroloma Stal (Coleoptera:
      Chrysomelidae). The present study investigated the pre-imaginal development of S.
      decastigmus at different temperatures. The temperatures were: 20, 25, and 30 
      degrees C, with a relative humidity of 70 +/- 10% and a photofase of 12 h, and
      the nymphs were fed larvae of M. ochroloma. We evaluated the duration and
      viability of the egg and nymphal stages, the duration of each instar, and the
      predation potential. The incubation time decreased with increasing temperature,
      and the viability was highest at 25  degrees C. The duration of the nymphal stage
      was inversely proportional to the temperature, ranging from 18 days at 30 
      degrees C to 40.6 days at 20  degrees C. The highest S. decastigmus predation
      rates were found at 20  degrees C (90.4 larvae) and 30  degrees C (72.5 larvae).
      S. decastigmus showed the highest viability and lowest consumption of larvae of
      M. ochroloma at 25  degrees C. 

PMID- 26983085
TI  - Antioxidant and antifungal activities of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze leaves
      obtained by different forms of production.
AB  - The antioxidant and anticandidal activities of leaves obtained from Camellia
      sinensis by non-fermentation (green and white teas), semi-fermentation (red tea)
      and fermentation method (black tea) were investigated. It was evaluated the total
      phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteau assay; antioxidant capacities were evaluated
      in vitro using DPPH and ABTS radicals, hypochlorous acid and superoxide anion
      scavenger assays, induced hemolysis, lipid peroxidation by conjugated diene
      formation and myeloperoxidase activity. Anticandidal activity was performed on
      three strains of Candida spp. The results showed that non-fermented teas have a
      higher concentration of phenolic compounds, and then presented the best
      inhibitory activity of AAPH-induced hemolysis, the best inhibition of conjugated
      diene formation and more pronounced antioxidant activity in all tests. The
      highest anticandidal activity was obtained from fermented tea, followed by non
      fermented tea. These results indicate that the antioxidant activity demonstrated
      has no direct relation with the anticandidal activity. 

PMID- 26983087
TI  - Synthesis of Peramine, an Anti-insect Defensive Alkaloid Produced by Endophytic
      Fungi of Cool Season Grasses.
AB  - A seven-step synthesis of peramine, which required three chromatographic
      separations, is described. Key to the synthesis is an enolate alkylation of a
      pyrrole-fused diketopiperazine, reduction of the acyl pyrrole, and dehydration of
      the intermediate pyrrolyl carbinol to establish the pyrrolopyrazine core of
      peramine. 

PMID- 26983090
TI  - Part II: General Aspects.
AB  - In this second article on contact allergy to and chemical composition of
      essential oils, some general aspects of essential oils are kprovided, including
      what they are, their applications, their mode of production, factors influencing
      their chemical composition, analysis of essential oil, and quality aspects. 

PMID- 26983089
TI  - Essential Oils, Part I: Introduction.
AB  - Essential oils are widely used in the flavor, food, fragrance, and cosmetic
      industries in many applications. Contact allergy to them is well known and has
      been described for 80 essential oils. The relevance of positive patch test
      reactions often remains unknown. Knowledge of the chemical composition of
      essential oils among dermatologists is suspected to be limited, as such data are
      published in journals not read by the dermatological community. Therefore, the
      authors have fully reviewed and published the literature on contact allergy to
      and chemical composition of essential oils. Selected topics from this publication
      will be presented in abbreviated form in Dermatitis starting with this issue,
      including I. Introduction; II. General aspects; III. Chemistry; IV. General
      aspects of contact allergy; V. Peppermint oil, lavender oil and lemongrass oil;
      VI: Sandalwood oil, ylang-ylang oil, and jasmine absolute. 

PMID- 26983091
TI  - Burden of Sleep and Fatigue in US Adults With Atopic Dermatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intense itch associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) can negatively
      impact sleep. However, the nature of sleep disturbance and fatigue in AD has not
      been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the
      burden of sleep disturbance and fatigue in US adults with AD. METHODS: This study
      used a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey using a nationally
      representative sample of 5563 adults from the 2005 to 2006 National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey. Respondents were asked about history of AD, sleep
      disturbance, and fatigue-related instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)
      impairment. RESULTS: There was no significant association between having AD and
      having a diagnosed sleep disorder (10.44% vs 7.27%; odds ratio [OR] [95%
      confidence interval (CI)], 1.49 [0.84-2.64]; P = 0.23); however, respondents were
      more likely to report sleep disturbances to clinicians (33.38% vs 23.67%; OR [95%
      CI], 1.62 [1.10-2.38]; P = 0.04). In multivariate regression models controlling
      for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, adults with AD had higher odds of
      sleep disturbances, including shorter sleep duration (adjusted OR [95% CI], 1.61
      [1.16-2.25]), trouble falling asleep (adjusted OR [95% CI], 1.57 [1.10-2.24]),
      and early morning awakenings (adjusted OR [95% CI], 1.86 [1.24-22.78]). Those
      with AD also had significantly higher odds of feeling unrested and feeling too
      tired to perform IADLs. CONCLUSIONS: United States adults with AD have
      significantly impaired sleep and fatigue affecting IADLs, and sleep disturbances
      may be underdiagnosed in this population.

PMID- 26983093
TI  - Lidocaine Allergy: Do Positive Patch Results Restrict Future Use?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adverse reactions from lidocaine are commonly reported. When allergy
      is suspected, patients may be referred for specific skin testing to confirm the
      association of their clinical findings. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate 13
      cases of suspected lidocaine allergy to analyze if positive patch results
      restricted future use as an injectable local anesthetic. METHODS: A prospective
      study was conducted from March 2013 to September 2014 at 2 academic hospital
      based patch test clinics in Toronto. Patients were tested to the North American
      Contact Dermatitis Group standard series (Smart Practice, Phoenix, AZ) and, if
      suspicion for lidocaine allergy was high, a local anesthetic series
      (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Malmo, Sweden) was added. Intradermal skin testing
      to local anesthetics below irritant concentrations was subsequently conducted in
      lidocaine-positive patients. If negative, a subcutaneous challenge with 1%
      lidocaine was done. RESULTS: Thirteen of 756 patients patch tested were positive
      to lidocaine. Seven patients had relevant reactions to over-the-counter products
      containing lidocaine, 2 reacted to subcutaneous lidocaine, and 4 had incidental
      findings. There were no patients with positive results to intradermal testing.
      Three patients had delayed reactions to the subcutaneous challenge. CONCLUSIONS:
      Patients with positive patch tests to lidocaine and negative results to
      intradermal testing and subcutaneous challenge may be safe to use lidocaine as an
      injectable local anesthetic in the future.

PMID- 26983092
TI  - Lack of Association Between Dust Mite Sensitivity and Atopic Dermatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dust mites (DMs) play a role in type I respiratory allergy. Studies
      relating to DM irritant versus immune reactions are somewhat conflicting in
      atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the
      diagnostic use of patch testing to DM in patients with AD and other dermatitides.
      METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 323 adults recruited in a patch
      testing clinic. Patch testing antigens were DM extract (0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, and
      20% in petrolatum; Chemotechnique) and/or 200 index of reactivity in petrolatum
      (Stallergenes). Patches were placed and read at 48 hours with delayed readings
      after 72 to 168 hours. RESULTS: There was no association of DM positivity with
      AD, asthma, hay fever, or demographic factors. There was no association of DM
      positivity with the clinical diagnosis or phenotype. The number of positive (+,
      ++, and +++) and doubtful reactions to Chemotechnique DM extract increased with
      higher concentrations. Positive reactions to DM had a morphological appearance
      characterized by numerous discrete erythematous papules and, rarely,
      papulovesicles. Positive reactions to Stallergenes DM 200 IR were infrequent and
      all weak reactions, similar to DM 0.01%. CONCLUSIONS: Patch testing to DM does
      not seem to have clinical use for determining the etiology of dermatitis.

PMID- 26983094
TI  - When Marking Nut Traveled to Washington, DC.

PMID- 26983095
TI  - Sea Anemone: A Rare Case of Contact Dermatitis in Italy.

PMID- 26983096
TI  - Severe Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Dermabond Prineo, a Topical Skin Adhesive
      of 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Increasingly Used in Surgeries to Close Wounds.

PMID- 26983097
TI  - Everolimus-Induced Symmetrical Drug-Related Intertriginous and Flexural Exanthema
      (SDRIFE).

PMID- 26983098
TI  - Visual feature binding in younger and older adults: encoding and suffix
      interference effects.
AB  - Three experiments investigated younger (18-25 yrs) and older (70-88 yrs) adults'
      temporary memory for colour-shape combinations (binding). We focused upon
      estimating the magnitude of the binding cost for each age group across encoding
      time (Experiment 1; 900/1500 ms), presentation format (Experiment 2;
      simultaneous/sequential), and interference (Experiment 3; control/suffix)
      conditions. In Experiment 1, encoding time did not differentially influence
      binding in the two age groups. In Experiment 2, younger adults exhibited poorer
      binding performance with sequential relative to simultaneous presentation, and
      serial position analyses highlighted a particular age-related difficulty
      remembering the middle item of a series (for all memory conditions). Experiments
      1-3 demonstrated small to medium binding effect sizes in older adults across all
      encoding conditions, with binding less accurate than shape memory. However,
      younger adults also displayed negative effects of binding (small to large) in two
      of the experiments. Even when older adults exhibited a greater suffix
      interference effect in Experiment 3, this was for all memory types, not just
      binding. We therefore conclude that there is no consistent evidence for a visual
      binding deficit in healthy older adults. This relative preservation contrasts
      with the specific and substantial deficits in visual feature binding found in
      several recent studies of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 26983100
TI  - [Consider the quality of evidence].

PMID- 26983101
TI  - [Consider the quality of evidence - in reply].

PMID- 26983102
TI  - [Higher cradiovascular risc with hypomagnesemia].

PMID- 26983099
TI  - The Impact of Short-Term Video Games on Performance among Children with
      Developmental Delays: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - This prospective, randomized controlled study investigated the effects of short
      term interactive video game playing among children with developmental delays
      participating in traditional rehabilitation treatment at a rehabilitation clinic.
      One hundred and one boys and 46 girls with a mean age of 5.8 years (range: 3 to
      12 years) were enrolled in this study. All patients were confirmed to suffer from
      developmental delays, and were participating in traditional rehabilitation
      treatment. Children participated in two periods of 4 weeks each, group A being
      offered intervention of eight 30-minute sessions of interactive video games in
      the first period, and group B in the second, in addition to the traditional
      rehabilitation treatment. The physical, psychosocial, and total health of the
      children was periodically assessed using the parent-reported Pediatric Quality of
      Life Inventory-Generic Core Scales (PedsQL); and the children's upper extremity
      and physical function, transfer and basic mobility, sports and physical
      functioning, and global functioning were assessed using the Pediatric Outcomes
      Data Collection Instrument. Parental impact was evaluated using the PedsQL-Family
      Impact Module for family function, PedsQL-Health Satisfaction questionnaire for
      parents' satisfaction with their children's care and World Health Organization
      Quality of Life-Brief Version for quality of life. Compared with the baseline,
      significant improvements of physical function were observed in both groups (5.6
      +/- 19.5, p = 0.013; 4.7 +/- 13.8, p = 0.009) during the intervention periods. No
      significant improvement of psychosocial health, functional performance, or family
      impact was observed in children with developmental delays. Short-term interactive
      video game play in conjunction with traditional rehabilitation treatment improved
      the physical health of children with developmental delays. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02184715.

PMID- 26983103
TI  - [One pill for all HCV-genotypes?].

PMID- 26983104
TI  - [Critically ill patients with high serum lactate have poor prognosis].

PMID- 26983105
TI  - [Old and new anticoagulants are similarly effective].

PMID- 26983107
TI  - [Palliative and terminal care: doctors have to face the discussion].

PMID- 26983108
TI  - [Legal basics in palliative care].
AB  - The German legal framework concerning end of life decisions is based on two
      pillars: the medical standards and the patient's autonomy. Every medical
      treatment, including life-saving and palliative measures, requires medical
      indication and, crucially, the patient's consent. Without the patient's consent
      even medically indicated treatment is prohibited.In other cases, complying with
      the patient's wishes, doctors have to treat symptoms the best they can. This
      includes palliative sedation accepting that the indicated medication may shorten
      life.It is prohibited to actively kill a patient to shorten his suffering.
      Assisting a suicide is only permitted if the suicide decision is made freely and
      on the patient's own responsibility. Businesslike suicide assistance is
      prohibited. 

PMID- 26983106
TI  - [43-year old woman with dizziness and dyspnea].

PMID- 26983110
TI  - [Personal and dignified death. The role of pastoral care in palliative medicine].
AB  - Palliative pastoral care is not about "adding days to life, but about "adding
      life to days". It does not matter whether the dying process is short or long.
      What matters is to ensure the best possible quality of life until the very end
      through mindful companionship. Palliative pastoral care is a path towards a
      personal dying, dying where the person is taken seriously as an individual until
      the last moment. Palliative care includes medical assistance, careful care,
      psychosocial support, and counselling that addresses the spiritual needs of the
      dying. This palliative care includes inpatient and outpatient hospice work and
      accompanies not only the patients but also their relatives. It must become the
      standard procedure in end of life care. The palliative pastoral care also take
      the needs of medical staff into account: Time-consuming care for the dying
      exceeds the staff's time budget. A sudden death can be perceived as traumatic. In
      this case palliative pastoral care must perform the tasks of crisis management,
      crisis intervention and de-escalation. The debriefing of involved staff can
      prevent the development of burn-out syndrome. In the view of holistic healthcare,
      health insurance funds should co-finance pastoral care. Society and humanity
      benefit from addressing the needs of the dying. In an economically dominated
      environment it is a social responsibility to make dying humane.

PMID- 26983109
TI  - [Advance Care Planning and Decisions to limit treatment at the end of life - the
      view from medical ethics and psychooncology].
AB  - Decisions to limit treatment are important in order to avoid overtreatment at the
      end of life. They proceed more than half of expected deaths in Europe and the US,
      but are not always communicated with the patient in advance. One reason for non
      involvement is that conversations that prepare patients for end-of-life decisions
      and work out their preferences do not take place on a regular basis. At the same
      time there is growing evidence that such communication improves patients' quality
      of life, reduces anxiety and depression and allows patients to develop a
      realistic understanding of their situation - which in turn is a prerequisite for
      shared decision making about limiting treatment. In this paper we define
      "treatment limitation" and explain the medical ethics perspective. The main
      focus, however, is on the causes that hinder advanced care planning and
      conversations about limiting treatment in the care of patients with advanced
      disease. Finally the evidence for approaches to improve the situation is
      presented with concrete suggestions for solutions.

PMID- 26983111
TI  - [The role of palliative care].
AB  - The aim of palliative care is the improvement of quality of life of patients with
      life limiting disease and their relatives through symptom control, psychosocial
      and spiritual care. Thorough assessment, treatment of reversible causes and drug
      therapy supported by other therapeutic measures are essential for symptom relief.
      Honest, respectful and empathic communication is crucial for the care of
      patients. In the terminal phase, symptom control, reduction of unnecessary
      diagnostic and therapeutic measures, as well as care for the relatives are most
      important. Palliative care should be provided to all patients with advanced
      disease irrespective of diagnosis and prognosis. Most patients can be seen in
      generalist palliative care. Specialist palliative care should be offered to
      patients with complex symptoms and needs through specialist palliative home care,
      on palliative care units and hospital support teams. 

PMID- 26983112
TI  - [How to do: Bone marrow biopsy].
AB  - Bone marrow examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of hematological
      and oncological diseases. Confirmation of a leukemia, clarification of cytopenias
      and risk stratification of a disease are possible indications for a bone marrow
      puncture.Here we describe, step by step, the workflow, possible pitfalls and
      complications of this procedere. 

PMID- 26983113
TI  - [A rare cause of severe gastrointestinal bleeding].
AB  - Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage represents a common symptom in the internal
      medical practice. This Case Report depicts a severe gastrointestinal bleeding
      from an angiosarcoma that required multiple blood transfusion. As shown in this
      case, the actual cause may initially remain unclear. Repeated tissue sampling is
      mandatory to confirm a diagnosis and provide adequate treatment. Primary
      gastrointestinal angiosarcomas are extremely rare and highly aggressive malignant
      tumors that tend to grow multifocally and metastasise early. The only curative
      treatment option is radical surgery, thus an early stage diagnosis is crucial.
      Palliative care for metastatic angiosarkoma is currently a topic for clinical
      studies. 

PMID- 26983114
TI  - [Acute rheumatic fever].
AB  - We report on a young women with acute rheumatic fever. Acute rheumatic fever has
      become a rare disease in Germany, especially in adults. This carries the risk
      that it can be missed in the differential diagnostic considerations of acute
      rheumatic disorders and febrile status. If rheumatic fever is not diagnosed and
      treated correctly, there is a considerable risk for rheumatic valvular heart
      disease. In this article diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of
      rheumatic fever are discussed extensively. 

PMID- 26983115
TI  - [Nosocomial infections and infections with multidrug-resistant pathogens -
      frequency and mortality].
AB  - There is no agreement about the frequency of nosocomial infections and infections
      caused by multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) in Germany. The aim of this review
      is to generate updated estimates of the national burden of these infections and
      to discuss them in an international context. The most important sources of this
      analysis are the data of the national prevalence studies conducted in various
      European countries and in the U.S. It can be assumed that there are between
      400,000 and 600,000 patients with nosocomial infections each year in Germany. The
      mortality attributable to them is between 6000 and 15,000 patients. About 30,000
      to 35,000 patients develop nosocomial infections caused by MDRO. Currently there
      are no robust data how many patients die each year because of MDRO infections.
      According to the best available estimate, the annual number may be between 1000
      and 4000 cases. The problems of nosocomial infections and the increase of
      antimicrobial resistance are highly relevant and should not be belittled.
      However, an overestimation of this dangerous trend may lead to inappropriate use
      of limited resources.

PMID- 26983116
TI  - [Is the time ripe for cytosorb].
AB  - Hemofiltration with Cytosorb can reduce cytokines in sepsis. Since cytokines are
      involved in the development of vasodilatatory shock in sepsis, their reduction
      might improve the chance of survival in this condition. In spite of the CE
      approval of Cytosorb clinical efficacy has not been proved so far. Other
      techniques reducing cytokines by direct or indirect manners failed to prove an
      influence on sepsis mortality. Moreover, the nonspecific elimination of pro- and
      anti-inflammatory cytokines may result in different clinical effects. Benefits
      and risks of nonspecific cytokine elimination may be determined by the
      interaction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the usefulness of
      cytokine elimination using Cytosorb cannot be estimated without clinical data.
      The application of cytosorb in life threatening septic shock should be
      accompanied by a critical discussion of the limits of these curing trials.

PMID- 26983117
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983118
TI  - [First Results of the German consulting center for infection control outbreak
      registry].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of infectious diseases and / or colonization pose an
      increasing burden on hospitals and the health system in general and can be a
      threat to patient safety. METHODS: At the end of 2013 we implemented a quality
      assurance registry of outbreak investigations performed by the Deutsches
      Beratungszentrum fur Hygiene (German Consulting Center for Infection Control and
      prevention) in Freiburg. Now we analyzed the registered outbreaks until January
      2015. RESULTS: Norovirus was the leading causative organism and gram negative
      bacteria dominated the group of bacterial outbreaks. Outbreaks lasted between 6
      and 185 days. 24 % of outbreaks were related to colonization only. Within 29
      outbreaks we had 187 infected patients, 50 colonized patients und 92 infected
      health care workers (64 x norovirus, 20 x influenza, 8 x scabies). No deaths were
      recorded. Several risk factors and improvement potentials for future outbreaks
      could be identified. CONCLUSION: Lack of staff compliance with vaccination or
      prophylactic therapy, misuse of personal protective equipment and lapses in
      absence from work for the required time can play an important role for prolonged
      outbreak situations esp. with viral outbreaks and scabies. A structured and goal
      directed outbreak management especially in the initial phase of an outbreak seems
      to be important for an efficient and fast termination of an outbreak.

PMID- 26983119
TI  - [Treatment of coronary three-vessel disease in patients above 75 years].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic ischemic heart disease take the first place in cause of death
      in Germany. The proportion of patients aged 75 years or older amounts more than
      80 %. Due to their growing part of population the medical care of older patients
      becomes increasingly important. In this investigation patients aged >= 75 years
      with coronary three-vessel disease were characterized and various treatment
      strategies were compared. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This analysis was retrospective.
      The data of patients aged 75 years or older with three-vessel disease diagnosed
      by coronary angiography at the Klinikum Lippe Detmold between 2005 and 2007 were
      collected. Depending on the received therapy they were parted in three groups:
      optimal drug therapy (OMT), interventional - (PCI) and surgical revascularization
      (CABG). Patient characteristics as well as survival- and MACCE-rates during
      follow up were ascertained. Subgroup analyzes were performed for acute coronary
      syndrom (ACS) and stable coronary artery disease( CAD). RESULTS: The data of 434
      patients with an average age of 79 years were documented. 139 (32.0 %) were
      assigned to the OMT- 189 (43.6 %) to the PCI- and 106 (24.4 %) to the CABG-group.
      Overall there was no significant difference between the three groups regarding
      mortality. In the subgroup of patients wit ACS (n = 180) mortality significantly
      increased in the OMT-group compared to the two invasive therapies (PCI (p =
      0.029), CABG (p = 0.045)). The subgroup of patients with stable CAD showed no
      significant differences in mortality between the three types of therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Older patients benefit from an interventional or surgical
      revascularization in the context of ACS. In contrast, in elderly with stable CAD
      optimal medical therapy provides a reasonable alternative to invasive therapy
      without increase in mortality.

PMID- 26983121
TI  - Take, eat!

PMID- 26983122
TI  - Co-publication of systematic reviews.

PMID- 26983120
TI  - Murciano-Granadina Goat Performance and Methane Emission after Replacing Barley
      Grain with Fibrous By-Products.
AB  - The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting dietary
      barley grain with orange pulp or soybean hulls on energy, nitrogen and carbon
      balance, methane emission and milk performance in dairy goats. Twelve Murciano
      Granadina dairy goats in midlactation were selected and divided into three groups
      based on similar body weight (42.1 +/- 1.2 kg) and milk yield (2.16 +/- 0.060
      kg/goat/day). The experiment was conducted in an incomplete crossover design
      where one group of four goats was fed a mixed ration of barley grain (BRL),
      another group of four goats replaced barley grain with orange pulp (OP) and the
      last group of four goats with soybean hulls (SH). After adaptation to diets, the
      goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages and intake, faeces, urine and
      milk were recorded and analysed. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded by
      a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Dry matter
      intake was similar for all three groups (2.03 kg/d, on average). No influence of
      the diet was observed for energy balance and the efficiency of use of
      metabolizable energy for milk production was 0.61. The OP and SH diets showed
      greater (P < 0.05) fat mobilization (-42.8 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) than BRL
      (19.2 kJ/kg of BW0.75). Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0)
      were potential biomarkers of rumen function because the higher contents found in
      the milk of OP and SH goats than BRL suggest a negative impact of these diets on
      rumen bacterial metabolism; probably linked to the lower nitrogen supply of diet
      OP to synthesize microbial protein and greater content of fat in diet SH.
      Replacement of cereal grain with fibrous by-products did not increased enteric
      methane emissions (54.7 L/goat per day, on average). Therefore, lactating goats
      could utilize dry orange pulp and soybean hulls diets with no detrimental effect
      on milk performance. 

PMID- 26983123
TI  - [Time to change track].

PMID- 26983124
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983125
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983126
TI  - [Re: A man in his 60s with acute back pain and kidney failure].

PMID- 26983127
TI  - [S. Konradsen and colleagues reply].

PMID- 26983128
TI  - [Re: An illogical and unfortunate side effect concept].

PMID- 26983129
TI  - [Re: An illogical and unfortunate side effect concept].

PMID- 26983130
TI  - [Re: Basic course--only for advanced students?].

PMID- 26983131
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983132
TI  - [For a better emergency medical service in Norway].

PMID- 26983133
TI  - Same-day discharge after percutaneous coronary intervention.

PMID- 26983134
TI  - [Clinical withdrawal assessment scale for benzodiazepines now in Norwegian].

PMID- 26983135
TI  - [The child on the immigration policy altar?].

PMID- 26983136
TI  - [Towards national tests in medical school].

PMID- 26983137
TI  - [The future is bright!].

PMID- 26983138
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome and experience with the Lightning Process.

PMID- 26983139
TI  - [Prednisolone against myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome?].

PMID- 26983141
TI  - [Celiac disease in children--new guidelines].

PMID- 26983140
TI  - Serum concentration measurements of addictive drugs.

PMID- 26983142
TI  - [Proper food is the proper prescription!].

PMID- 26983143
TI  - [When the patient has a rare diagnosis].

PMID- 26983144
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983145
TI  - Use of forms for follow-up of diabetes in general practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are followed up in
      general practice. We have investigated whether the use of forms by GPs for
      recording clinical data contributes to lower mortality and morbidity for this
      patient group. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This systematic review is based on literature
      searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL and PubMed. We
      included studies that 1) dealt with adults over 18 years of age with diabetes who
      were followed up in the primary health service and 2) compared mortality and
      morbidity with and without the use of forms. We summarised the results
      qualitatively and using meta-analyses. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. One
      study (1262 participants) investigated the effect of the form on hard endpoints,
      without finding clear effects on mortality (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.72-1.14),
      retinopathy (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.53-1.52), peripheral nerve injury (OR 0.86; 95% CI
      0.57-1.29), myocardial infarction (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.31-1.35) or stroke (OR 0.89;
      95% CI 0.39-2.01). Use of forms appears to have little or no effect on body
      weight (3 studies), and a small, positive effect on blood pressure (5 studies)
      and total cholesterol (2 studies). INTERPRETATION: Published data at present
      provide no clear answers, but shows that use of forms in the follow-up of
      patients with diabetes in general practice may tend to contribute to lower
      mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 26983147
TI  - [Avalanche accidents and treatment of avalanche victims].
AB  - Avalanches may be provoked spontaneously or as a result of human activity, and
      they trigger the need for considerable rescue resources. Avalanche search and
      rescue operations are complex and characterised by physical and mental stress.
      The guidelines for resuscitation of avalanche victims may be perceived as complex
      and abstruse, which can lead to suboptimal treatment and an increased strain on
      rescue teams. The purpose of this article is to summarise the principles for
      medical treatment of avalanche victims. 

PMID- 26983146
TI  - Risk adjustment in measurements of predicted mortality after myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2014, the government introduced elements of quality-based funding
      (pay-for-performance) for the hospital sector. Survival is included as a quality
      indicator. If such quality indicators are to be used for funding purposes, it
      must be established that the observed variations are caused by conditions that
      the hospital trusts are able to influence, and not by any underlying variables.
      The objective of this study was to investigate how the predicted mortality after
      myocardial infarction was influenced by various forms of risk adjustment.
      MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data from the Norwegian Patient Register on 10,717 patients
      who had been discharged with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in 2009 were
      linked to data on socioeconomic status, comorbidity, travel distances and
      mortality. The predicted 30-day mortality after myocardial infarction was
      analysed at the hospital-trust level, using three different models for risk
      adjustment. RESULTS: Unadjusted 30-day mortality was highest in the catchment
      area of Forde Hospital Trust (12.5%) and lowest in Asker og Baerum (5.2%). Risk
      adjustment changed the estimates of mortality for many of the hospital trusts. In
      the model involving the most comprehensive risk adjustment, mortality was highest
      in the catchment area of Akershus University Hospital (10.9%) and lowest in the
      catchment areas of Sunnmore Hospital Trust (5.2%) and Nordmore og Romsdal
      Hospital Trust (5.2%). INTERPRETATION: The variation in treatment quality between
      the hospital trusts, as measured by predicted mortality after myocardial
      infarction, is influenced by the methods used for risk adjustment. If the quality
      based funding scheme is to continue, well-documented models for risk adjustment
      of the quality indicators need to be established.

PMID- 26983148
TI  - [Genetically determined variation in bioactivation of tamoxifen and clopidogrel].

PMID- 26983149
TI  - ["A most strange instance of illness in several siblings"--first description of a
      rare neurological disease in 1830?].
AB  - Was district medical officer Jensen the first doctor to describe patients with
      Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) in Volda in 1830? A case
      series of four siblings with the same disease written by district medical officer
      Peter Jensen (1799-1832) in Aalesund in 1830, was published in the Norwegian
      medical journal Eyr in 1832. The children, who were healthy almost up to school
      age, developed dystonic involuntary movements and deformities in all extremities,
      lost their ability to speak and were emaciated before they died at around the age
      of nine years. Further information about the family and a fifth affected child
      has been found in the parish records. The clinical picture is consistent with
      Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN), a rare condition with
      basal ganglia iron deposition, described in 1922 by the German neuropathologists
      Julius Hallervorden (1882-1965) and Hugo Spatz (1888-1969). The disease was
      formerly called Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, but because of the medical
      activities undertaken by these two researchers before and during the Second World
      War, this eponym is no longer recommended.

PMID- 26983151
TI  - [Trust gained, lost and renewed].

PMID- 26983150
TI  - Finn Boe--war, medicine, music.
AB  - In January 1944 the Norwegian Resistance Movement placed a radio transmitter in
      the attic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the National Hospital
      (Rikshospitalet), Oslo. Knut Haugland (1917-2009) used this to send messages to
      the Norwegian government-in-exile in London. The transmitter was discovered by
      the Gestapo, and German troops surrounded the building on 1 April 1944. Haugland
      survived a dramatic escape. While the transmitter was in operation, Haugland
      lived with senior registrar Finn Boe (1906-70) and his family in a hospital
      apartment. Boe risked his own life and that of his family to assist during a
      dramatic phase of the resistance struggle. Boe had completed a focused and
      purposeful clinical and academic training when he was appointed senior registrar
      at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the National Hospital, in 1943.
      He was professionally ambitious. His thesis from 1938 was disqualified, but four
      years later he submitted a new, experimental thesis which he successfully
      defended in 1945. In 1955, Boe became the first senior consultant at the
      Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Aker hospital. Under his leadership,
      it became the largest in the Oslo area, and one of the most active in Norway with
      regard to science. Several of Boe's own academic works on placental morphology
      and blood circulation have become classics. Outside of medicine, his great
      interest was music, and not only as a piano player. He also wrote a book about
      his fellow townsman Edvard Grieg.

PMID- 26983153
TI  - [Use of drugs beyond approved indications].

PMID- 26983152
TI  - Children in Norway who have no right to medical treatment--do they exist?

PMID- 26983154
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983155
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983157
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983158
TI  - [Working hours and health is connected].

PMID- 26983160
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983159
TI  - First-class training in health care leadership.

PMID- 26983161
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983162
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983163
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26983165
TI  - Photoluminescence of Sinthetic Scapolite Na4Ca4Al6Si9O24 Phosphors Activated with
      Ce3+ and Tb3+ and Energy Transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+.
AB  - Natural scapolite including the S2- impurity is a typical silicate luminescent
      mineral. According to the formation conditions and chemical composition of
      natural scapolite, we synthesized Na4 Ca4 Al6 Si9O24 (scapolite) by the high
      temperature solid-phase reaction, and prepared the synthetic scapolite phosphors
      activated with Ce3+ and Tb3+. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of the
      obtained phosphors were studied. The results indicated that the PL intensity of
      green (545 nm) emission corresponding to the 5D4-->7F5 transition within Tb3+ in
      the Ce3+, Tb3+-codoped samples was much higher than that of the Tb3+-doped
      samples. The PL properties of the samples activated with various Ce3+
      concentrations were measured, and their fluorescence lifetime and energy transfer
      mechanism were analyzed. We proved that there was energy transfer from Ce3+ to
      Tb3+, and the energy transfer efficiency was at its maximum when the Ce3+ to Tb3+
      mass ratio was 0.02: 0.03. Upon measurement by chromaticity coordinates, we found
      that the luminescence of the samples could be adjusted in the green area with
      varying Ce3+ concentrations. We thus deem that scapolite phosphors Na4Ca4 Al6 Si9
      O24:Ce3+, Tb3+ are promising to become the new white LED phosphors.

PMID- 26983164
TI  - Analgesia in Neurocritical Care: An International Survey and Practice Audit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To characterize analgesic administration in neurocritical care.
      DESIGN: ICU pharmacy database analgesic delivery audits from five countries. A 31
      question analgesic agent survey was constructed, validated, and e-distributed in
      four countries. SETTING: International multicenter neuro-ICU database audit and
      electronic survey. PATIENTS: Six ICUs provided individual, anonymized analgesic
      delivery data in primary neurological diagnosis patients. Prescriber surveys were
      disseminated by neurocritical care societies. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: Analgesic delivery data from 173 patients in French, Canadian,
      American, and Australian and New Zealand ICUs suggest that
      acetaminophen/paracetamol is the most common first-line analgesic (49.1% of
      patients); opiates are the "second line" in 31.5% of patients; however, 33%
      patients received no second agent. In the 2.3% with demyelinating disease,
      gabapentin was the most likely second analgesic (50.0%). Third-line analgesics
      were scarce across sites and neuropathologies. Few national or regional
      differences were found. The analgesic preference rankings noted by the 95
      international physicians who completed the survey matched the audits. However,
      self-reported analgesic prescription rates were much higher than pharmacy records
      indicate, with self-reported prescribing of both acetaminophen/paracetamol and
      opiates in 97% of patients and gabapentin in 45% of patients. Third-line
      analgesic variability appeared to be driven by neuropathology; ibuprofen was
      preferred for traumatic brain injury, postcraniotomy, and thromboembolic stroke
      patients, whereas gabapentin/pregabalin were favored in subarachnoid hemorrhage,
      intracranial hemorrhage, spine, demyelinating disease, and epileptic patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Opiates and acetaminophen are preferred analgesic agents, and
      gabapentin is a contextual third choice, in neurocritically ill patients. Other
      agents are rarely prescribed. The discordance in physician self-reports and
      objective audits suggest that pain management optimization studies are warranted.

PMID- 26983169
TI  - New venues in STS.

PMID- 26983168
TI  - Effects of passages through a suitable host of the fungus, Metarhizium
      anisopliae, on the virulence of acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains of
      the tick, Rhipicephalus microplus.
AB  - The aim of this work was to assess the virulence of strain M379 of the fungus,
      Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) after
      different passages through a suitable host and at different concentrations for
      the control of both acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains of the tick,
      Rhipicephalus (formerly Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Ixodida:Ixodidae) in
      vitro. The highest value of LC50 for the susceptible strain corresponded to zero
      passage with 7.68 * 107 conidia/ml followed by the fourth passage with 2.68 *
      107, which reduced 2.87-fold the lethal concentration. When comparing LC50 values
      of the fourth vs. the seventh passage (2.59 * 105 conidia/ml), the lethal
      concentration was reduced 103.47-fold by the seventh passage. In addition, in the
      resistant strain the LC50 highest value corresponded to zero passage with 4.95 *
      107 conidia/ml followed by the fourth passage with 7.86 * 106, which reduced 6.30
      fold the lethal concentration. When comparing LC50 values of the fourth vs. the
      seventh passage (1.04 * 105 conidia/ml) in the resistant strain, the lethal
      concentration was reduced 75.58-fold by the seventh passage. These results
      suggest that the number of passages on M. anisopliae through a suitable host
      increased its virulence on both R. microplus strains. When comparing LC50 of the
      zero passage through a suitable host of both acaricide-susceptible and resistant
      strains, the highest LC50 values corresponded to the susceptible strain with 7.68
      * 107 conidia/ml followed by the resistant one with 4.95 * 107, showing that on
      the resistant strain the lethal concentration is reduced by 1.55-fold. When
      comparing the fourth passage, the highest values of LC50 corresponded to the
      susceptible strain with 2.68 x 107 conidia/ml followed by the resistant one with
      7.86 * 106 conidia/ml, showing for the resistant strain a 3.41-fold reduced
      lethal concentration. Moreover, when comparing the seventh passages, the highest
      values of LC50 corresponded to the susceptible strain with 2.59 * 105 followed by
      the resistant with 1.04 * 105 conidia/ml, revealing for the resistant strain a
      2.49-fold reduced lethal concentration. These results suggest that the resistant
      strain needs a lower concentration of conidia than the susceptible strain. In
      this case, the acaricide-resistant strain is more susceptible to M. anisopliae of
      zero- and seven-passage strains.

PMID- 26983170
TI  - Constructing failure in big biology: The socio-technical anatomy of Japan's
      Protein 3000 Project.
AB  - This study focuses on the 5-year Protein 3000 Project launched in 2002, the
      largest biological project in Japan. The project aimed to overcome Japan's
      alleged failure to contribute fully to the Human Genome Project, by determining
      3000 protein structures, 30 percent of the global target. Despite its achievement
      of this goal, the project was fiercely criticized in various sectors of society
      and was often branded an awkward failure. This article tries to solve the mystery
      of why such failure discourse was prevalent. Three explanatory factors are
      offered: first, because some goals were excluded during project development,
      there was a dynamic of failed expectations; second, structural genomics, while
      promoting collaboration with the international community, became an 'anti
      boundary object', only the absence of which bound heterogeneous domestic actors;
      third, there developed an urgent sense of international competition in order to
      obtain patents on such structural information.

PMID- 26983171
TI  - The anxious production of beauty: Unruly bodies, surgical anxiety and invisible
      care.
AB  - This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork at a plastic surgery clinic in
      Seoul, South Korea. Examining the three phases of plastic--consultation,
      operation and recovery--I show how surgeons work to shape not only patients'
      bodies but also expectations and satisfaction. Surgeons do so in part to assuage
      their own anxieties, which arise from the possibility of misaligned beauty
      standards and unforeseen anatomies, as well as the possible dissatisfaction of
      the patient. I offer the concept of 'surgical anxiety', which occurs in relation
      to inherently unruly patient bodies in which worries, fear, frustration, self
      pity, cynicism, anger and even loneliness are symptomatic. The unpredictability
      and uncontrollability of patients' bodies, which generates anxiety for both
      patients and surgeons, work to constrain the power of plastic surgery and making
      it inherently vulnerable. This study also pays attention to the invisible work of
      taking care of surgical anxiety, as practised by female staff members, and
      surgeons' dependence on these workers. My focus on anxiety is a kind of remedy
      for the predominant concern with 'ambivalence' in constructivist science and
      technology studies; rather than continue to highlight the power differentials
      between experts/practitioners and lay people/patients, this study illuminates
      surgical anxiety as their shared vulnerability. Thus, this study proposes a new
      politics of care in technoscience and medicine, which begins with anxiety.

PMID- 26983172
TI  - Controlled human malaria infection trials: How tandems of trust and control
      construct scientific knowledge.
AB  - Controlled human malaria infections are clinical trials in which healthy
      volunteers are deliberately infected with malaria under controlled conditions.
      Controlled human malaria infections are complex clinical trials: many different
      groups and institutions are involved, and several complex technologies are
      required to function together. This functioning together of technologies, people,
      and institutions is under special pressure because of potential risks to the
      volunteers. In this article, the authors use controlled human malaria infections
      as a strategic research site to study the use of control, the role of trust, and
      the interactions between trust and control in the construction of scientific
      knowledge. The authors argue that tandems of trust and control play a central
      role in the successful execution of clinical trials and the construction of
      scientific knowledge. More specifically, two aspects of tandems of trust and
      control will be highlighted: tandems are sites where trust and control coproduce
      each other, and tandems link the personal, the technical, and the institutional
      domains. Understanding tandems of trust and control results in setting some
      agendas for both clinical trial research and science and technology studies.

PMID- 26983173
TI  - Trust, regulatory processes and NICE decision-making: Appraising cost
      effectiveness models through appraising people and systems.
AB  - This article presents an ethnographic study of regulatory decision-making
      regarding the cost-effectiveness of expensive medicines at the National Institute
      for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in England. We explored trust as one
      important mechanism by which problems of complexity and uncertainty were
      resolved. Existing studies note the salience of trust for regulatory decisions,
      by which the appraisal of people becomes a proxy for appraising technologies
      themselves. Although such (dis)trust in manufacturers was one important
      influence, we describe a more intricate web of (dis)trust relations also
      involving various expert advisors, fellow committee members and committee Chairs.
      Within these complex chains of relations, we found examples of both more blind
      acquiescent and more critical-Investigative forms of trust as well as, at times,
      pronounced distrust. Difficulties in overcoming uncertainty through other means
      obliged trust in some contexts, although not in others. (Dis)trust was
      constructed through inferences involving abstract systems alongside actors' oral
      and written presentations-of-self. Systemic features and 'forced options' to
      trust indicate potential insidious processes of regulatory capture.

PMID- 26983176
TI  - Quotas for alternative modalities? Maybe.

PMID- 26983174
TI  - The pluralization of the international: Resistance and alter-standardization in
      regenerative stem cell medicine.
AB  - The article explores the formation of an international politics of resistance and
      'alterstandardization' in regenerative stem cell medicine. The absence of
      internationally harmonized regulatory frameworks in the clinical stem cell field
      and the presence of lucrative business opportunities have resulted in the
      formation of transnational networks adopting alternative research standards and
      practices. These oppose, as a universal global standard, strict evidence-based
      medicine clinical research protocols as defined by scientists and regulatory
      agencies in highly developed countries. The emergence of transnational spaces of
      alter-standardization is closely linked to scientific advances in rapidly
      developing countries such as China and India, but calls for more flexible
      regulatory frameworks, and the legitimization of experimental for-profit
      applications outside of evidence-based medical care, are emerging increasingly
      also within more stringently regulated countries, such as the United States and
      countries in the European Union. We can observe, then, a trend toward the
      pluralization of the standards, practices, and concepts in the stem cell field.

PMID- 26983175
TI  - The symbolic economy of drugs.
AB  - This essay reviews four recent studies representing a new direction in the
      history of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical science. To this end, it introduces
      the notion of a symbolic economy of drugs, defined as the production,
      circulation, and reception of signs that convey information about drugs and
      establish trust in them. Each of the studies under review focuses on one key
      signifier in this symbolic economy, namely the brand, the patent, the clinical
      trial, and the drug itself. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the economy of
      symbolic goods, I conceptualize these signifiers as symbolic assets, that is, as
      instruments of communication and credit, delivering knowledge, carrying value,
      and producing authority. The notion of a symbolic economy is offered with a
      threefold intention. First, I introduce it in order to highlight the implications
      of historical and anthropological work for a broader theory of the economy of
      drugs, thus suggesting a language for interdisciplinary conversations in the
      study of pharmaceuticals. Second, I deploy it in an attempt to emphasize the
      contributions of the recent scholarship on drugs to a critical understanding of
      our own contemporary ways of organizing access to drugs and information about
      drugs. Finally, I suggest ways in which it might be of use to scholars of other
      commodities and technologies.

PMID- 26983177
TI  - Clinicians, payers at odds on CKD identification, management, and prevention.

PMID- 26983178
TI  - Progress in kidney transplantation: Three recommendations.

PMID- 26983179
TI  - Using a transitional start dialysis unit to improve modality selection.

PMID- 26983180
TI  - Answer all the questions when bringing dialysis home.

PMID- 26983181
TI  - Technology for new home dialysis machines emphasizing simplicity, connectivity.

PMID- 26983182
TI  - Improving kidney care for residents in nursing facilities: a national model.
AB  - The RRC Staff Assisted Home Hemodialysis Program started in September 2013 with
      the target of improving care for the frail elderly residents in skilled
      facilities by offering hemodialysis in their home setting. Residents all receive
      short time, frequent dialysis. The residents no longer need to be transported to
      a local dialysis center three times per week in all types of weather and subject
      to long waits by the transport company. In addition, Medicare/Medicaid save
      significant dollars on transportation expenses. Residents needing rehabilitation
      services can receive their therapy while their dialysis schedule is adjusted
      around the resident's therapy. Residents no longer miss meals and medications or
      family visits. Collaboration between RRC and the skilled facility is patient
      centric whereby the care of each patient is consistent and individualized. The
      most meaningful measure of the success of this program is the residents
      themselves. They have self-reported how much better they feel with more energy.
      The residents can increase their socialization activities within the skilled
      facility. The dietitians report that the residents are eating better because
      there are fewer restrictions on foods and fluids.

PMID- 26983183
TI  - NKF finalizes update for adequacy guidelines.

PMID- 26983184
TI  - [Epidemiology, morbidity, mortality, cost to society and the individual, and main
      causes for falls].
AB  - Falls are the leading cause of accidental death among the elderly, accounting for
      about 12 000 deaths per year. The risk of falls increases with age: one-third of
      subjects over 65 years old living in the community and half of those over 85 fall
      at least once a year. Despite their frequency, falls should not be trivialized,
      as they are associated with significant morbidity and care expenditure: 10% of
      falls have severe traumatic consequences, and30 % of hospital admissions for
      traumatic injury among elderly individuals are due to falls. Even when they have
      no physical repercussions, falls can have psychological effects (anxiety while
      walking, fear of falling), and can be complicated by a psychomotor disadaptation
      syndrome with voluntary restriction of activities of daily living in 30% of
      cases. Risk factors for falls are numerous, and falls are rarely due a single,
      precise reason. Recurrent falls are associated with balance and gait impairment
      and decreased muscle strength, sometimes due to a latent pathological condition.
      Factors that may favor falls in the home must be taken into account through
      targeted prevention actions. Among institutionalized populations, the risk of
      falls increases with the severity of dementia, the use of certain drugs
      (particularly psycho tropics) and the existence of wasting, which leads to a
      decline in quadriceps strength. About 1.5% of all health expenditure is related
      to falls. The majority of these costs are due to hospitalization, fractures of
      the proximal femur being the most costly complication. In recent years, thanks to
      the prevention of both osteoporosis and falls, the annual number of hip fractures
      has been stable at about 79,500 cases per year, standardized hospitalization
      rates have declined, and the average length of stay has decreased. With the
      increasing number of elderly people, one priority to reduce healthcare costs is
      to identify and correct factors of frailty in midlife, using a preventive
      approach.

PMID- 26983185
TI  - [Neurologic examination of the patient who has fallen and of the patient who has
      not yet fallen but is aging].

PMID- 26983186
TI  - [Can falls be prevented?].
AB  - Most recommendations and measures intended to prevent falls focus on the elderly
      (see HAS guideline of April 2009) but, in our opinion, this isfar too late:
      prevention must begin much earlier, not only by identifying persons at risk, but
      also by providing personalized lifestyle advice adapted to each individual's
      biomechanical, somatic, neurological and biological characteristics. The first
      preventive measure is to identify a possible deterioration of balance, starting
      with a physical examination at the age of 45 and repeated regularly throughout
      life. Extrinsic preventive measures focusing on the domestic and external
      environments are clearly necessary. But what is most important is to detect and,
      if necessary, correct any degradation of intrinsic (intracorporeal or somatic)
      factors starting at the age of 45 years; these include vision, vestibular
      function and balance, proprioception, and psychological and neurological status.
      Chronic illnesses and their treatments must also be taken into account: treatment
      must be limited to indispensable drugs; sedative psychotropics must be avoided if
      possible; and polymedication must be tightly controlled, as it is a major risk
      factor for falls. Prevention also requires a diet sufficiently rich in protein,
      calcium and vitamin D3 (to prevent osteoporosis), and regular daily exercise
      adapted to the individual, if possible associated with a simultaneous cognitive
      task. The last key point is the absolute need for thorough functional
      rehabilitation after any accidental or medical trauma, regardless of age, with
      the aim of restoring functional status to that existing prior to the accident.

PMID- 26983187
TI  - [Hereditary porphyrias and heme related disorders].
AB  - Hereditary porphyrias comprise a group of eight metabolic disorders of the haem
      biosynthesis pathway, characterised by acute neurovisceral symptoms and/or skin
      lesions. Each porphyria is caused by abnormal functioning of a particular
      enzymatic step, resulting in specific accumulation of heme precursors. Seven
      porphyrias are due to a partial enzyme deficiency, while a gain-of-function
      mechanism has recently been identify in a novel porphyria. Acute porphyrias
      present with severe abdominal pain, nausea, constipation and confusion, and are
      sometimes complicated by seizures and severe neurological disorders, which may be
      life-threatening. Cutaneous porphyrias can also be present, with either acute
      painful photosensitivity or skin fragility and blisters. Rare recessive
      porphyrias usually manifest in early childhood with either severe chronic
      neurological symptoms or chronic haemolysis and severe cutaneous
      photosensitivity. Porphyrias are still under-diagnosed, but recent advances in
      the pathogenesis and genetics of human porphyrias are leading to better care of
      these patients and their families.

PMID- 26983188
TI  - [The eyes of the labyrinth].
AB  - Reliable knowledge of one's space is a prerequisite for effective action, and
      only sensory experience, although not alone sufficient, can provide access to
      knowledge of reality. All the diferent sensory modalities help to make sense of
      this mental construct, but visual information, when available, is predominant.
      This requires stable images and constant updating of one's awareness of gaze
      direction and position in space at the moment of acquisition. The vestibular
      system is sensitive to angular and linear accelerations and thus acts as a
      reference for stability--an inertial base which stabilizes and characterizes the
      gaze direction and encodes the subject's movement tracking. In clinical practice,
      loss of these capacities induces eye drift, nystagmus, oscillopsia, vertical eye
      misalignment and a shift in the representation of mental space, leading to
      dizziness, translational illusions, integration path error, and "senseless"
      perceptions of the self in space. The reaction time of the eye and of mental
      image stabilization is of the order of afew tens of milliseconds. Recent tools
      for vestibular exploration allow us to measure this reactivity, which is a
      determining factor for quality of life. The video head impulse test, dynamic
      visual acuity, and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials explore the
      structures involved in gaze and image stabilization, while subjective visual
      vertical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials provide an approach to
      the utricular contribution. This clinical and instrumental semiology sometimes
      proves more sensitive than the most advanced and accurate medical imaging
      methods, but rational listening and multidisciplinary skills on the part of the
      physician remain necessary to identify "self in space perceptual alterations.

PMID- 26983189
TI  - [Olfaction: from nose to cortex].
AB  - Olfactory physiology involves four main steps: nasal airflow perireceptor events,
      transduction, and central olfaction. Complex and diverse physiological processes
      are involved at each step and may be undermined by numerous pathological
      processes. Nasal airflow physiology involves fluid mechanics and specifc
      physicochemical properties of odorants; its main pathology is nasal polyposis.
      Perireceptor events involve transport molecules and enzymes which eliminate
      xenobiotics; its main pathology is chronic rhinitis. Transduction is the role of
      primary olfactory neurons, which detect and discriminate various chemical
      molecules across a wide range of concentrations. To fulfill this task, these
      cells use a large family of G protein-coupled receptors (odorant receptors). The
      main pathology is acute viral rhinitis affecting the olfactory organ. Finally,
      after olfactory signals are generated, the information is processed and coded in
      the olfactory bulb before being disseminated to several areas of the brain; its
      pathology is dominated by neurodegenerative disorders.

PMID- 26983190
TI  - [Non elective cesarean section: use of a color code to optimize management of
      obstetric emergencies].
AB  - The medical team of the Croix Rousse teaching hospital maternity unit has
      developed, over the last ten years, a set of procedures designed to respond to
      various emergency situations necessitating Caesarean section. Using the Lucas
      classification, we have defined as precisely as possible the degree of urgency of
      Caesarian sections. We have established specific protocols for the implementation
      of urgent and very urgent Caesarean section and have chosen a simple means to
      convey the degree of urgency to all team members, namely a color code system
      (red, orange and green). We have set time goals from decision to delivery: 15
      minutes for the red code and 30 minutes for the orange code. The results seem
      very positive: The frequency of urgent and very urgent Caesareans has fallen over
      time, from 6.1 % to 1.6% in 2013. The average time from decision to delivery is
      11 minutes for code red Caesareans and 21 minutes for code orange Caesareans.
      These time goals are now achieved in 95% of cases. Organizational and anesthetic
      difficulties are the main causes of delays. The indications for red and orange
      code Caesarians are appropriate more than two times out of three. Perinatal
      outcomes are generally favorable, code red Caesarians being life-saving in 15% of
      cases. No increase in maternal complications has been observed. In sum: Each
      obstetric department should have its own protocols for handling urgent and very
      urgent Caesarean sections. Continuous monitoring of their implementation,
      relevance and results should be conducted Management of extreme urgency must be
      integrated into the management of patients with identified risks (scarred uterus
      and twin pregnancies for example), and also in structures without medical
      facilities (birthing centers). Obstetric teams must keep in mind that
      implementation of these protocols in no way dispenses with close monitoring of
      labour.

PMID- 26983191
TI  - [Vitamin B12 and related genetic disorders].
AB  - Vitamin B12 (B12, cobalamin (Cbl)) is a water-soluble vitamin that requires
      complex mechanisms for its assimilation, blood transport and intracellular
      metabolism. Three proteins, intrinsic factor (IF), haptocorrin (HC), and
      transcobalamin (TC), and their specific receptors are involved in B12 absorption
      and transport. Acquired and inherited deficiencies can result in megaloblastic
      anemia and neurological manifestations. Several genetic diseases are linked to
      these two steps, namely inherited deficits in FI and TC, and Imerslund-Grasbeck
      disease. In mammalian cells, only two enzymes depend on vitamin B12: L
      methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2) in mitochondria, and methionine synthase
      (EC 2.1.1.13) in cytoplasm. Direct metabolic consequences of impaired B12
      absorption and metabolism are the accumulation of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and of
      homocysteine (HCy), respectively. More than a dozen genes are involved in the
      intracellular metabolism of B12, and their defects result in several diseases
      designated cblA through cblJ This article reviews the steps involved in vitamin
      B12 absorption, transport and intracellular metabolism, and the main related
      genetic defects.

PMID- 26983192
TI  - [Application of cytometric bead array in rapid high-throughput detection of small
      molecules].
AB  - Cytometric bead array (CBA) is a new analytical technique, which can achieve real
      time and rapid detection of targeted components in a small amount of sample. With
      many advantages of high throughput screening, high specificity and sensitivity,
      low cost, easy operation and good repeatability, this CBA technique has been
      widely used for the detection of various components in foods, agricultural
      products and environmental samples. Recently, it has got significant development
      in rapid detection of small molecules. This review briefly introduced the theory
      of CBA technique, summarized the application in the analysis of small molecules,
      such as mycotoxins, pesticide residues, shellfish toxins, and then prospected the
      application of trace small molecules detection in the complex matrices of
      traditional Chinese medicine and the development trend of it.

PMID- 26983193
TI  - [Interaction between CYP450 enzymes and metabolism of traditional Chinese
      medicine as well as enzyme activity assay].
AB  - Drugs are exogenous compounds for human bodies, and will be metabolized by many
      enzymes after administration. CYP450 enzyme, as a major metabolic enzyme, is an
      important phase I drug metabolizing enzyme. In human bodies, about 75% of drug
      metabolism is conducted by CYP450 enzymes, and CYP450 enzymes is the key factor
      for drug interactions between traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) -TCM, TCM
      medicine and other drug combination. In order to make clear the interaction
      between metabolic enzymes and TCM metabolism, we generally chose the enzymatic
      activity as an evaluation index. That is to say, the enhancement or reduction of
      CYP450 enzyme activity was used to infer the inducing or inhibitory effect of
      active ingredients and extracts of traditional Chinese medicine on enzymes. At
      present, the common method for measuring metabolic enzyme activity is Cocktail
      probe drugs, and it is the key to select the suitable probe substrates. This is
      of great significance for study drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and
      excretion (ADME) process in organisms. The study focuses on the interaction
      between TCMs, active ingredients, herbal extracts, cocktail probe substrates as
      well as CYP450 enzymes, in order to guide future studies.

PMID- 26983194
TI  - [Advances in research of pharmacological effects and formulation studies of
      linalool].
AB  - Linalool, as a major volatile compound, is widely distributed in natural plant
      essential oil. In addition, it can also be artificially synthesized. Linalool is
      used frequently as an important ingredient of perfumes and household detergents.
      It is still employed in food flavor and industries. Besides, linalool has some
      positive effect on healthcare. Many studies have showed that linalool exhibited a
      variety of pharmacological activities, including analgesic, anxiolytic, sedative,
      anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-bacterial effects. Therefore, linalool
      will be a promising agent for clinical application. This article reviews the
      pharmacological effects and formulation studies of linalool so as to provide a
      theoretical basis for its further development and utilization.

PMID- 26983195
TI  - [Research status on regulation of Chinese herbal compound on intestinal
      microecology].
AB  - The ralationship between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and intestinal
      microecology is increasingly being given more and more attention. Combined with
      the devolopment of intestinal microecology disciplines, effects of TCM on
      regulation of intestinal microecology have been gradually explained. Both
      clinical studies and animal experiments have confirmed that TCM can maintain the
      balance of intestinal microecology and regulate the intestinal flora. The author
      arrangemented the documents related to Chinese herbal compound adjusting
      intestinal flora in the recent ten years, summarized that the Chinese herbal
      compound which can strength spleen and replenish Qi, relax bowels and regulate
      Qi, dissipate dampness and check diarrhea, clear away heat and toxic materials,
      promote digestion and relieve stasis had certain regulation effects on intestinal
      microecology, providing basis for revealing the TCM essence of intestinal
      microecology.

PMID- 26983196
TI  - [Study on standard of safe application of thiamethoxam on GAP of Lonicera
      japonica].
AB  - The paper is aimed to establish a method of residue analysis for thiamethoxam and
      to study its degradation dynamic and final residue and its standard of safe
      application of thiamethoxam on Lonicera japonica. Samples extracted with methanol
      by ultrasonication were purified with dichloromethane by liquid-liquid extraction
      and SPE column and analysed by HPLC-UV. The results showed that average rate was
      84.91%-94.44% and RSD 1.74%-4.96% with addition of thiamethoxam in respectively
      diverse concentration, which meets inspection requirement of pesticide residue.
      Two kinds of dosages of thiamethoxam were treated- varying from recommended
      dosage (90 g x hm(-2)) to high dosage (135 g x hm(-2)), Results of two years test
      showed that thiamethoxam was degraded more than 90% seven days after application
      and the half - life period of thiamethoxam was 1.54-1.66 d. The digestion rate of
      thiamethoxam was fast in the L. japonica. The recommended MRL of thiamethoxam in
      the L. japonica is 0.1 mg x kg(-1), the dosage of 25% thiamethoxam WDG from 90
      135 g x hm(-2) is sprayed less than three times a year on L. japonica and 14 days
      is proposed for the safety interval of the last pesticide application's and
      harvest's date.

PMID- 26983197
TI  - [Effects of P and K fertilizer on content of coumarin and yield of Glehnia
      littoralis].
AB  - By a orthogonal experiment, the influence of different ratio of phosphorus and
      potassium fertilizers on imperatorin, isoimperatorin and psoralen contents and
      yield of Glehnia littoralis were studied. The results showed that root dry weight
      and the yield of G. littoralis increased when reasonably applied phosphorus
      fertilizer combined with potassium fertilizer within a certain range. And the
      influence of phosphorus fertilizer was greater than that of potassium fertilizer.
      The optimal value of root dry weight and yield achieved at both P2O5 360 kg x hm(
      2), K2O 270 kg x hm(-2) and P2O5 360 kg x hm(-2), K2O 180 kg x hm(-2). The
      effects of different phosphorus and potassium treatments on the content of
      imperatorin, isoimperatorin and psoralen in G. littoralis were determined, which
      shows that the content increased with the moderate increase of phosphorus and
      potassium. And the effects of phosphorus fertilizer were more significantly. The
      isoimperatorin content achieved the largest value at P2O5 360 kg x hm(-2), K2O
      270 kg x hm(-2), also a larger content of imperatorin and psoralen. The
      imperatorin content is the largest when applied P2O5 360 kg x hm(-2), K2O 180 kg
      x hm(-2), and the isoimperatorin content was higher as well. So that the
      treatment of P2O5 360 kg x hm(-2), K2O 180 kg x hm(-2) are suitable for promote
      to the agricultural production, which could improve the quality and yield of G.
      littoralis.

PMID- 26983198
TI  - [Study on suitable harvest time of Dendrobium officinale in Yunnan province].
AB  - In order to determine the suitable harvest time of Dendrobium officinale from
      different regions in Yunnan province, the drying rate, mannose and glucose peak
      area ratio, extract, contents of polysaccharide and mannose of D. officinale
      samples collected from six producing areas in Ynnnan province were determined.
      The results indicate that drying rate and the contents of polysaccharide and
      mannose arrived the peak from January to April, extract reached a higher content
      from September to December, and mannose and glucose peak area ratio from October
      to February of the coming met the requirment of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Hence,
      the suitable harvesting time of D. officinale in Yunnan province is from December
      to February of the coming year,according to the experimental results and the
      request of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

PMID- 26983199
TI  - [Effect of salicylic acid on photosynthesis, physio-biochemistry and quality of
      Panax ginseng under full sun shine in spring].
AB  - In order to search for a new pathway to improve the yield of ginseng through
      growing at the full sun shine accompanied by salicylic acid (SA), the net
      photosynthetic rate (P(n)), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),
      peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA) in Panax ginseng leaves, and the content
      of ginsenosides in roots were compared under various concentrations of SA and
      full sun shine with the traditional shade shed. Under the full sun shine, 0.05,
      0.2 mmol x L(-1) SA increased net photosynthetic rate to a great extent. Under
      the cloudy day, the average net photosynthetic rate increased by 127.8% and
      155.0% over the traditional shade shed, 13.9% and 27.5% over the treatment
      without SA respectively; under the clear day, 23.5% and 30.4% over the
      traditional shade shed, 8.6% and 14.6% over the treatment without SA,
      particularly obvious in the morning and late afternoon. With such concentration,
      SA increased activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and decreased the contents of the MDA.
      This difference resulted from different light intensity, rise of light saturation
      point, and fall of compensation point. Full sun shine decreased ginsenosides
      contents, but with SA, the ginsenosides regained, the content of Rg1 and Re, Rb1,
      total six types of ginsenosides in SA 0.2 mmol x L(-1) group were higher than
      those in the control group (P < 0.05) and other groups. The application of 0.2
      mmol x L(-1) SA under full sun shine during a short time has little threat to the
      P. ginseng in spring, and could enhance the resistance to the adversity, which
      would improve the yield of ginseng heavily.

PMID- 26983200
TI  - [Study on identification of traditional Chinese medicine Yangqishi and Yinqishi
      by X-ray diffraction].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to clarify the mineral origin of traditional Chinese
      medicine (TCM) Yangqishi and Yinqishi and guide identification of the both, by X
      ray diffraction (XRD) Fourier patterns. Morphological identification and
      conventional physical and chemical analysis wee used to identify 22 batches of
      Yangqishi and Yinqishi. It used XRD Fourier patterns which has been collected
      from sample powders to analyze phase composition. It has been found
      experimentally that the mineral origin of Yinqishi is Talc schist and the mineral
      origin of Yangqishi is tremolite and actinolite. The results also showed that the
      method using XRD can get not only an accurate but also rapid identification of
      Yangqishi and Yinqishi. There are many differences in medicinal properties,
      efficacy, indications and composition of Yangqishi and Yinqishi, so be careful
      not to mix them up.

PMID- 26983201
TI  - [Study on exogenous hormones inducing parthenocarpy fruit growth and development
      and quality of Siraitia grosvenorii].
AB  - To explore the growth and development and analyze the quality of the
      parthenocarpy fruit induced by exogenous hormones of Siraitia grosvenorii. the
      horizontal and vertical diameter, volume of the fruit were respectively measured
      by morphological and the content of endogenous hormones were determined by ELISA.
      The size and seed and content of mogrosides of mature fruit were determined. The
      results showed that the fruit of parthenocarpy was seedless and its growth and
      development is similar to the diploid fruit by hand pollination and triploid
      fruit by hand pollination or hormones. But the absolute value of horizontal and
      vertical diameter, volume of parthenocarpy fruit was less than those of fruit by
      hand pollination, while triploid was opposite. The content of IAA, ABA and ratio
      of ABA/GA was obviously wavy. At 0-30 d the content of IAA and ABA of
      parthenocarpy fruit first reduced then increased, content of IAA and GA
      parthenocarpy fruit was higher than that of fruit by hand pollination. Mogrosides
      of parthenocarpy fruit was close to pollination fruit. Hormones can induce S.
      grosvenorii parthenocarpy to get seedless fruit and the fruit shape and size and
      quality is close to normal diploid fruit by hand pollination and better than
      triploid fruit by hormone or hand pollination.

PMID- 26983203
TI  - [Preparation and stability of beta-carotene loaded using mesoporous silica
      nanoparticles as carriers system].
AB  - 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (1,3,5-TMB) was used as the pore-enlarging modifier to
      expand the pore size of MCM-41 (mobil company of matter) mesoporous silica
      nanoparticles. The solvent impregnation method was adopted to assemble non-water
      soluble beta-carotene into the pore channel of MCM-41. The MCM-41 and drug
      assemblies were characterized by TEM, FT-IR, elemental analysis and N2 adsorption
      desorption. The results showed that MCM-41 has good sphericity and regular pore
      structure. The research also investigated the optimal loading time, the drug
      loading and the vitro stability of the beta-carotene. As a drug carrier, the
      modified MCM-41 showing a shorter drug loading time, the drug loading as high as
      85.58% and the stability of beta-carotene in drug assemblies has improved. The
      study of this new formulation provides a new way for beta-carotene application.

PMID- 26983202
TI  - [Identification of Bletillae Rhizoma and its adulterants by SNPs in ITS2].
AB  - To establish a molecular identification method for Bletillae Rhizoma, this paper
      extracted genome DNA from Bletillae Rhizoma and its adulterants. The sequences of
      rDNA ITS2 were sequenced after amplifying. Then multiple alignments of ITS2 were
      constructed phylogenetic tree with Neighbor Joining by MEGA 5. 1 and found out
      SNPs loci. The result showed that rDNA ITS2 region could identify Bletillae
      Rhizoma and its adulterants. There existed the SNPs loci, which could identify
      Bletilla striata and B. ochracea. Furthermore, we designed specific primers
      against the SNPs loci of B. striata and B. ochracea, then screened primers and
      optimized the PCR amplification conditions. Finally, the DNA of B. striata and B.
      ochracea were specifically amplified by BJ59-412F, BJ59-412R and HHBJ-225R. The
      length of amplification products were respectively about 350 bp and 520 bp that
      were effectively identified of B. striata and B. ochracea. While, the adulterants
      of Bletillae Rhizoma were no-reaction occurring. To sum up, the amplification
      conditions of the primers can identify B. striata, B. ochracea and their
      adulterants successfully at the same time. This method was easy, time-saving, and
      reliable, which can be used as a rapid method for molecular identification of
      Bletillae Rhizoma.

PMID- 26983204
TI  - [Optimization of spraying dry technology of Biqiu ranules ethanol extract by Box
      Behnken response surface method].
AB  - With inlet temperature, specific gravity, feeding speed as independent variables,
      the comprehensive evaluating indexes of content of schisandrin and arctiin as
      dependent variable, the experimental data were fitted to a second order
      polynomial equation. Based on establishing the mathematical relationship between
      the comprehensive evaluating indexes and respective variables, Box-Benhnken
      central composite test and response surface analysis method was employed to
      optimize the spray drying technology of Biqiu granules ethanol extract. The
      optimal drying parameter was as follows: the inlet temperature was 175 degrees C,
      the specific gravity was 1.10, feeding speed was 32 r x min(-1). Under these
      conditions, the comprehensive evaluating indexes of spraying dry processes was
      92.68, which was close to the model prediction. The spraying dry technology of
      Biqiu granules ethanol extract optimized by response surface methodology was
      accurate and feasible, which provided theoretical experiment basis for the
      industrialization production.

PMID- 26983205
TI  - [Optimization of extraction technology for salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and
      gallic acid in Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma with orthogonal test].
AB  - The extracting technology of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid
      from Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma was optimized. With extraction rate of
      salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid as indexes, orthogonal test was
      used to evaluate effect of 4 factors on extracting technology, including
      concentration of solvent, the dosage of solvent, duration of extraction, and
      frequency of extraction. The results showed that, the best extracting technology
      was to extract in 70% alcohol with 8 times the weight of herbal medicine for 2
      times, with 3 hours once. High extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol,
      crenulatin and gallic acid were obtained with the present technology. The
      extracting technology was stable and feasible with high extraction rate of four
      compounds from Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma, it was suitable for
      industrial production.

PMID- 26983207
TI  - [Chemical constituents from Cinnamomum cassia].
AB  - Various column chromatography, such as silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, and semi
      preparative HPLC was used to isolate and purify the chemical constituents from
      Cinnamomum cassia. The structures were determined on the basis of NMR and MS
      spectral data analysis, together with the comparison with literature data.
      Fifteen compounds were isolated from the 85% aqueous ethanol extract of C.
      cassia, and their structures were identified as (2R, 3R)-5,7,3',4'
      tetramethoxyflavan-3-ol( 1), (2R, 3R)-5,7-dimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavan-3
      ol (2), coumarin (3), cinnamic acid (4), (E)-2-hydroxy-phenylpropionic acid
      cinnamoyl ester (5), 3, 3', 4, 4'-tetrahydroxy biphenyl (6), methylstictic acid
      (7), epi-boscialin (8), (1R,2S,3S,4S)-2,3-epoxy-1, 4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-5
      cyelohexene (9), 4,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl cyclohex-2-enone (10), cis-4
      hydroxymellein (11), and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyl-cinnamaldehyde (12). Compounds 5-11
      were obtained from this genus plants for the first time.

PMID- 26983206
TI  - [Studies on coumarins from fruit of Cnidium monnieri and their cytotoxic
      activities].
AB  - This study is to study is to investigate the coumarins from Fruit of Cnidium
      monnieri and their cytotoxic activities. The constituents were separated by
      column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data
      analyses. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytoxic activities by
      MTT method. Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as osthole (1),
      bergaptan (2), xanthotoxol (3), xanthotoxin (4), imperatorin (5), isopimpinellin
      (6), osthenol (7), psoralen (8), 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (9), oxypeucedaninhydrate
      (10), and swietenocoumarin F (11). Compounds 7, 9-11 were isolated from the
      Cnidium genus for the first time. Compounds 1,5,10 and 11 showed significant
      cytotoxic activities against L1210 cell lines at a concentration of 1 x 10(-5)
      mol x L(-1) with inhibitory rates of were 70.13, 63.10, 55.77, and 75.08%
      respectively.

PMID- 26983208
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Swertia angustifolia].
AB  - This present work is to study the chemical constituents of Swertia angustifolia.
      The whole plants of air-dried Swertia angustifolia was extracted with 90% EtOH.
      The water extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc
      and nBuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column
      chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses
      (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Fourteen compounds were isolated and characterized as 1, 8
      dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (1), 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 5, 7-trimethoxyxanthone
      (2), 7-hydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxyxanthone-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), 8-0-[beta-D
      xylopyranosyl-(1-6) -beta-D-glucopyranosyl] -1, 7-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone
      (4), (+) -syringaresinol (5), ferulic acid (6), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (7),
      sinapaldehyde (8), trans-coniferyl alcohol (9), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10),
      2-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), isophthalic acid (12), 2-furoic acid (13), and 2
      methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone(14). Compounds 2-14 were obtained from this plant for
      the first time.

PMID- 26983209
TI  - [Quantitative models of Raman spectroscopy for five kinds of traditional Chinese
      medicine containing CaCO3 based on an improved siPLS].
AB  - The aim of this paper is to apply Raman spectroscopy technique to develop rapid
      quantitative models for five kinds of Traditional Chinese Medicine containing
      CaCO3. In the experiment, Raman spectras of 67 batch of sample including
      Otolithum Sciaenae, Galaxeae Os, Ophicalcitum, Calcite, Stalactite and their
      mixture which had different content of CaCO3 were collected, and the quantitative
      models were established by using an improved siPLS to optimize the characteristic
      spectral bands and using the CaCO3 contents which were measured by EDTA titration
      method as references. Compared with the results by EDTA titration, the
      established quantitative model for CaCO, content showed a prediction result that
      the average relative deviation of the prediction results is 2. 71% and the
      average recovery rate was 100.46%, when the content is between 0.465 4-0.999 7,
      and when the characteristic spectral bands of 1 290-1 280, 730-714, 700-690, 660
      650, 465-460, 455-445, 405-385 cm(-1) had been optimized. The result also showed
      that the model using Raman spectroscopy and based on an improved siPLS can get a
      rapid determination for contents of 5 kinds of Traditional Chinese Medicine
      containing CaCO3.

PMID- 26983210
TI  - [Preliminary study on substitution of Antelope Horn in Danqi Piantan capsule with
      artificial bezoar].
AB  - To study the protective effect of Danqi Piantan capsule ( DPC) and its antelope
      horn substitution (DPCAS) on the cerebral ischemia, in order to preliminary study
      the possibility of replacing antelope horn with artificial bezoar. In this study,
      the left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was adopted. Totally 150 SD rats
      were randomly divided into 5 groups: the sham operation group, the model group,
      the Danqi Piantan capsule (DPC) group (0.246 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)), the Danqi
      Piantan capsule without antelope horn (DPCRA) group (0.246 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)),
      the Danqi Piantan capsule without antelope horn and with double artificial bezoar
      (DPCDB) group (0.246 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The MCAO model was prepared 1 h later
      after the administration on the 5th day. At 24 h after the operation, the inner
      canthus blood was collected to determine the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      activity and the endothelin (ET) content. At 72 h after the operation, the
      cerebral infarct size and the cerebral index were determined by TTC-staining. The
      fluorescent quantitative PCR method was used to detect brain Bcl-2, Caspase-3, IL
      1beta, P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1 mRNA expressions. The mmunohistochemical
      method was used to detect ICAM-1, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 expressions in
      ischemic penumbra. According to the results, compared with the model group, DPCDB
      and DPC groups showed almost consistent results, indicating both of the two group
      can significantly improved cerebral infarction index and cerebral index (P <
      0.05), increase the serum SOD activity (P < 0.05), decrease the serum ET level
      and Caspase-3 expression, IL-1beta, P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1 mRNA
      expressions in brain tissues (P < 0.05) and expressions of ICAM-1, IL-1,6, TNF
      alpha, IL-6 positive cells in ischemic penumbra (P < 0.05) and increase the Bcl-2
      expression (P < 0.05). The DPCRA group showed much lower impacts on indexes than
      DPCDB and DPC groups. This suggests that DPCDB and DPC reveal similar efficacies
      and antelope horn in Danqi Piantan capsule can be substitutes by artificial
      bezoar.

PMID- 26983211
TI  - [Study on hemolytic mechanism of polyphyllin II].
AB  - To study the hemolytic effect of polyphyllin II (PP II) mediated by anion channel
      protein and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), in order to initially reveal its
      hemolytic mechanism in vitro. In the experiment, the spectrophotometric method
      was adopted to detect the hemolysis of PP II in vitro and the effect of anion
      channel-related solution and blocker, glucose channel-related inhibitor and multi
      target drugs dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and diazepam on the hemolysis of PP
      II. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were
      used to observe the effect of PP II on erythrocyte (RBC) morphology. The results
      showed that PP II -processed blood cells were severely deformed into spherocytes,
      acanthocyturia and vesicae. According to the results of the PP II hemolysis
      experiment in vitro, the anion hypertonic solution LiCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4 and PBS
      significantly inhibited the hemolysis induced by PP II (P < 0.05), while blockers
      NPPB and DIDS remarkably promoted it (P < 0.01). Hyperosmotic sodium chloride,
      fructose and glucose at specific concentrations notably antagonized the hemolysis
      induced by PP II (P < 0.05). The glucose channel inhibitor Cytochalasin B and
      verapamil remarkably antagonized the hemolysis induced by PP II (P < 0.01). The
      hemolysis induced by PP II could also be antagonized by 1 gmol x L(1) diazepam
      and 100 MUmol x L(-1) DHEA pretreated for 1 min (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the
      hemolytic mechanism of PP II in vitro may be related to the increase in
      intracellular osmotic pressure and rupture of erythrocytes by changing the anion
      channel transport activity, with GLUT1 as the major competitive interaction site.

PMID- 26983212
TI  - [Antagonistic effect of gingerols against TNF-alpha release, ROS overproduction
      and RIP3 expression increase induced by lectin from Pinellia ternata].
AB  - To explore the antagonistic effect of gingerols against the inflammation induced
      by lectin from Pinellia ternata. In this study, ELISA method was used to
      determine the effect of different extracts from gingerols on the release of
      inflammatory factor TNF-alpha from macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata.
      The fluorescence probe was used to determine the effect of gingerols on the
      changes in ROS of macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata. The western-blot
      method was applied to study the effect of gingerols on the increase in expression
      of cell receptor interacting protein RIP3 in macrophages induced by lectin from
      P. ternata. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the effect
      of gingerols on morphological changes in macrophages induced by lectin from P.
      ternata. According to the results, gingerols can significantly inhibit the
      release of inflammatory factor from macrophages induced by lectin from P.
      ternata, ROS overproduction and increase in RIP3 expression. SEM results showed
      that gingerols can inhibit the cytomorphosis and necrocytosis induced by lectin
      from P. ternata. Fresh ginger's detoxication may be related to gingerols' effects
      in inhibiing release of inflammatory factor, ROS overproduction and increase in
      RIP3 expression caused by macrophages induced by lectin from P. ternata, which
      are mainly inflammatory development.

PMID- 26983213
TI  - [Mechanism of tanshinone II A in inhibiting transformation of aortic valvular
      myofibroblast to osteoblast-like phenotype].
AB  - Aortic valve calcification (AVC) is a pathological process correlated with
      multiple disease causes and actively regulated by cardiac valve cells. In this
      study, porcine aortic valve myofibroblasts cultured in vitro were treated with 50
      MUg z L(-1) of pathological factor tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).
      Tanshinone II A (TSN) with the concentration of 50 mg x L(-1) and TNF-alpha were
      combined in incubating cells for 72 h (3 d) and 120 h (5 d). The Western blotting
      and Real-time PCR were adopted to detect the changes in smooth muscle alpha actin
      (alpha-SMA), bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( BMP2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in
      cells, and expressions of key effect proteins GSK-3beta and beta-catenin on
      Wnt/beta-catenin signal pathway. According to the findings, TNF-alpha can
      significantly increase the expression of myofibroblasts alpha-SMA and add the
      transformation activity to them, with nearly no expression of BMP2, ALP and mRNA
      in the control group and the TSN group but significant increase in their
      expressions in the TNF-alpha group (P < 0.01), which showed osteoblast-like
      phenotype. Moreover, TNF-alpha down-regulated the expression of up-streaming
      regulator GSK-3beta and mRNA expression (P < 0. 01) , notably increased the
      expression of key effect protein beta-catenin, but with no significant difference
      in mRNA with the control group and the TSN group. The result demonstrated that
      TSN showed a certain inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha's pathological impact (P <
      0.05) in a time-dependent manner. Inflammatory factor TNF-alpha may promote the
      transformation of aortic valvular myofibroblasts to osteoblast-like phenotype by
      activating Wnt/beta-catenin signal pathway in aortic valvular myofibroblasts, so
      as to cause AVC. Tanshinone II A can have a preventive effect in AVC by
      activating GSK-3beta proteins and regulating signal transduction of Wnt/beta
      catenin signal pathway.

PMID- 26983214
TI  - [Establishment of animal model with gastric hot syndrome].
AB  - This study is to establish the gastric hot model of rats. After gastric feeding
      with ethanol solution for 3 weeks and feeding with extra capsaicin and ethanol
      solution for another 2 weeks, model group show distinct physical sign of gastric
      hot syndrome. The pathology of gastrics reveals gastricism of model group, while
      treatment group (treat with Zuojin Wan) shows mild lesion. Elisa detection of
      model group show that the solution of interleukin-2 (IL-2) is higher than the
      blank group. The obvious difference among model group, treatment group and blank
      group reveals the success of the establishment of gastric hot model.

PMID- 26983215
TI  - [Discovering L-type calcium channels inhibitors of antihypertensive drugs based
      on drug repositioning].
AB  - This study was amid to construct the pharmacophore model of L-type calcium
      channel antagonist in the application of screening Drugbank and TCMD. This paper
      repositions the approved drugs resulting from virtual screening and discusses the
      relocation-based drug discovery methods, screening antihypertensive drugs with L
      type calcium channel function from TCMD. Qualitative hypotheses wre generated by
      HipHop separately on the basis of 12 compounds with antagonistic action on L-type
      calcium channel expressed in rabbit cardiac muscle. Datebase searching method was
      used to evaluate the generated hypotheses. The optimum hypothesis was used to
      search Drugbank and TCMD. This paper repositions the approved drugs and evaluates
      the antihypertensive effect of the chemical constituent of traditional Chinese
      medicine resulting from virtual screening by the matching score and literature.
      The results showed that optimum qualitative hypothesis is with six features,
      which were two hydrogen-bond acceptors, four hydrophobic groups, and the CAI
      value of 2.78. Screening Drugbank achieves 93 approved drugs. Screening TCMD
      achieves 285 chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine. It was
      concluded that the hypothesis is reliable and can be used to screen datebase. The
      approved drugs resulting from virtual screening, such as pravastatin, are
      potentially L-type calcium channels inhibitors. The chemical constituents of
      traditional Chinese medicine, such as Arctigenin III and Arctigenin are
      potentially antihypertensive drugs. It indicates that Drug Repositioning based on
      hypothesis is possible.

PMID- 26983217
TI  - [Design method of constitution regulating and healthcare foods based on medicinal
      property combination mode].
AB  - Currently, the herbal prescription therapy for corresponding constitutional
      diseases is a common constitution regulating method. This method has an obvious
      effect in treating and regulating constitution-related diseases. However, for
      people who do not have disease, they prefer to regulate constitution with dietary
      therapy. In this paper, the researchers came up with a design method of
      constitution regulating and healthcare foods based on medicinal property
      combination mode of clinical empirical formulas. With "Yupinfeng San", a common
      formula for Qi-insufficiency constitution and specific endowment constitution, as
      the example for constitution regulating and healthcare foods, the researchers
      proved the effectiveness and rationality of healthcare food schemes in terms of
      the efficacy of single herb and the modern pharmacological study.

PMID- 26983216
TI  - [Filtration of active fractions with function of expelling water retention with
      drastic purgative from Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar].
AB  - To study the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative of
      different polarities of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar on the cancerous
      ascites model rats, the furosemide was taken as positive control drug, and the
      cancerous ascites model rats were respectively orally administered with different
      polarities of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar for 7 d. The amount of urine
      and ascites, the level of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion and pH, and the
      content of PRL1, AII, ALD in serum were investigated. Compared with model groups,
      ethyl acetate extract group showed a decreasing trend in ascites; the amount of
      urine of showed a significant increase (P < 0.05); the level of urinary sodium,
      potassium, chloride ion (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), pH (P < 0.05), and the content of
      PRL1, AII, ALD in serum all showed a significant decrease (P < 0.01). The effects
      of petroleum ether extract and n-butanol extract were weaker than that of ethyl
      acetate extract. The water exact was the weakest. The results showed that ethyl
      acetate extract is the active part of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar on the
      function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative on the cancerous
      ascites model rats, alleviating the water-electrolyte disorder and body fluid
      acid-base imbalance, regulating the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

PMID- 26983218
TI  - [Food matching based on herbal properties of formulas in "Treatise on Febrile
      Diseases"].
AB  - Based on databases for herbal properties of formulas and foods recorded in
      "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", a case study was conducted for the food matching
      method according to herbal properties of formulas in "Treatise on Febrile
      Diseases". The result show that the method was technically feasible once the
      herbal properties of foods were determined. Moreover, according to herbal
      properties of target formulas, the compositions of foods were effectively
      defined. In this study, researchers determined the similarity between the food
      matching scheme and the target formulas in function and efficacy, provided a
      quantitative method for food formulation and promote the development of
      application technology of the herbal property theory and the compatibility
      theory.

PMID- 26983219
TI  - [In vitro microdialysis recoveries of nine active ingredients in Mahuang
      decoction].
AB  - To detect the in vitro probe microdialysis recoveries based on an HPLC-DAD method
      for simultaneous quantification of nine active ingredients (ephedrine,
      pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, amygdalin, liquiritin, cinnamyl alcohol,
      cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizic acid) in Mahuang decoction, which
      provides reference for in vivo pharmacokinetic study. The concentrations of nine
      active ingredients in dialysate were detected by HPLC-DAD, to investigate the
      effect of flow rates (incremental method and subtraction method) and intraday
      stability of the probe recoveries and medium concentrations on the recoveries.
      Nine active ingredients could be well separated in 52 min. At the perfusion rate
      of 1.0 MUL x min(-1), the relative recoveries of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
      methylephedrine, amygdalin, liquiritin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid,
      cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizic acid were (50.95 +/- 0.82)%, (52.74 +/- 1.13)%,
      (51.29 +/- 0.51)%, (32.56 +/- 0.84)%, (45.36 +/- 0.83)%, (70.94 +/- 0.99)%,
      (69.98 +/- 2.30)%, (71.68 +/- 0.63)%, and (22.14 +/- 0.48)%, respectively. And
      the probe kept steady in 7 hours. At the same medium concentration, the probe
      recoveries decreased exponentially with the increase in flow rates. The
      recoveries of seven ingredients detected by these two methods were similar at
      certain flow rates, except for amygdalin and cinnamaldehyde. At the same flow
      rate, the relative recoveries of cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid and
      cinnamaldehyde changed greatly (9.55%-16.2%) and the others six ingredients had
      less change (3.27%-5.71%) with the changes in medium concentrations.
      Microdialysis method could be used to detect the in vitro recoveries of nine
      ingredients in Mahuang decoction. Reverse dialysis method could be used for the
      in vivo probe recovery calibration of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
      methylephedrine, liquiritin, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid at the flow rate
      of 2.0 MUL x min(-1).

PMID- 26983220
TI  - [Network meta-analysis on selecting Chinese medical injections in radiotherapy
      for esophageal cancer].
AB  - To assess the clinical effect and safety of Chinese traditional medicine
      injection combined with radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. The relative
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese medical injections (CMI) combined
      with radiotherapy as well as simple radiotherapy for esophageal cancer were
      searched from PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature
      Database(CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database
      and VIP Database as at September 2014. Two researchers completed the data
      extraction and quality evaluation independently. The data were analyzed by GeMTC
      0.14.3 and Stata 12. 0 software. Finally, 43 RCTs involving 3 289 patients were
      finally included. The star network was constructed by different comparison
      groups. The results of network meta-analysis showed that the seven CMIs combined
      with radiotherapy was superior to simple radiotherapy in the treatment of
      esophageal cancer in efficacy, quality of life, and reduction in the incidence of
      nausea and leucopenia, but with no significant difference among the seven CMIs.
      Probability ranking result showed a great possibility for Shenqi Fuzheng and
      astragalus polysaccharide injections in improving the overall response rate and
      quality of life, which were followed by cinobufagin and kangai injections.
      However, only one study was included for Shenqi Fuzheng and astragalus
      polysaccharide injections. Therefore, cinobufagin or kangai injections were
      preferred in improving the overall response rate and quality of life. Aidi or
      compound sophora injections were better than other CMIs in reducing? the
      incidences of nausea (III-IV) and leukopenia. More RCTs of Shenqi Fuzheng and
      astragalus polysaccharide injections combined with radiotherapy for patients with
      esophageal cancer were expected in the future to confirm our results. Moreover,
      study findings will be reported, particularly for the adverse events in
      radiotherapy for esophageal cancer.

PMID- 26983221
TI  - [Research on distribution of patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in
      treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular based on cluster analysis].
AB  - To discuss the distribution of patents' holders for Chinese herbal compounds in
      treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, the patents' holders for Chinese
      herbal compounds in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular were cluster
      analyzed by means of simple statistics and cluster analysis. Clustering variables
      were composed of patent applications, patent maintained number, related papers'
      quantity, etc. Chinese herbal compound patents' holders were divided into four
      categories according to their different scientific research and patent strength.
      It is the magic weapon for Chinese herbal compound patents' holders that have
      scientific research patents' transforming and make coordination of patent
      protection and scientific innovation.

PMID- 26983222
TI  - [Effect of Yunnan herb Laggera pterodonta against influenza A (H1N1) virus in
      vitro].
AB  - Laggera pterodonta is commonly used for treating influenza in Southwest China,
      especially in Yunnnan province. The main clinical effects of L. pterodonta
      include anti-influenza, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory. To investigate the
      anti-influenza A (H1N1) virus effect of L. pterodonta, neutralization inhibition
      and proliferation inhibition tests were performed. MDCK culture method was used
      to observe the cytopathic effect (CPE) of extracts from L. pterodonta in
      inhibiting influenza A (H1N1) virus and haemagglutination titre of H1N1 virus in
      vitro. The culture medium were collected at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and detected
      by Real time RT-PCR, in order to compare the effect of different extracts from L.
      pterodonta on in vitro proliferation of H1N1, virus. The result of neutralization
      inhibition test showed that hemagglutination titer of ethyl acetate extract were
      8 times lower at 72 h; in proliferation inhibition test, hemagglutination titer
      of ethyl acetate extracts reduced by 2 and 4 times. According to the results of
      Real time RT-PCR test, the H1N1 inhibition ratio of ethyl acetate extract was
      72.5%, while the proliferation inhibition ratio of ethyl acetate extract was
      25.3%; as for petroleum ether extracts, the H1N1 inhibition ratio was 60.2%,
      while the proliferation inhibition ratio was 81.4%. In conclusion, both ethyl
      acetate extract and petroleum ether extract of L. pterodonta have significant
      neutralization and direct proliferation inhibition effects on influenza A virus.

PMID- 26983223
TI  - [Establish research model of post-marketing clinical safety evaluation for
      Chinese patent medicine].
AB  - The safety of Chinese patent medicine has become a focus of social. It is
      necessary to carry out work on post-marketing clinical safety evaluation for
      Chinese patent medicine. However, there have no criterions to guide the related
      research, it is urgent to set up a model and method to guide the practice for
      related research. According to a series of clinical research, we put forward some
      views, which contained clear and definite the objective and content of clinical
      safety evaluation, the work flow should be determined, make a list of items for
      safety evaluation project, and put forward the three level classification of risk
      control. We set up a model of post-marketing clinical safety evaluation for
      Chinese patent medicine. Based this model, the list of items can be used for
      ranking medicine risks, and then take steps for different risks, aims to lower
      the app:ds:risksrisk level. At last, the medicine can be managed by five steps in
      sequence. The five steps are, collect risk signal, risk recognition, risk
      assessment, risk management, and aftereffect assessment. We hope to provide new
      ideas for the future research.

PMID- 26983224
TI  - [Correlation Analysis Between Physicochemical Properties of Rhizosphere Soil and
      Appearance Characters of Codonopsis pilosula Root in Jiuzhaigou County].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil and their
      influence on appearance characters of semi-natural cultivated Codonopsis pilosula
      root. METHODS: The comprehensive methods by combining outdoor investigating with
      indoor analyzing were applied. Rhizosphere soil samples and plant materials were
      collected from 35 collection points, the physicochemical properties of soil and
      the appearance characters of plant materials were investigated. RESULTS: The
      physical property of rhizosphere soil under semi-natural cultivated condition was
      good, the soil texture was coarse powder of loam, slightly alkaline. The
      cultivated layer contained abundant nutrient components, the average organic
      matter content of 35 soil samples was 60.66 g/kg,and 2.99 g/kg for total
      nitrogen, 115.46 mg/g for available nitrogen, 0.8 g/kg for total phosphorus, 6.43
      mg/kg for available phosphorus, 23.69 g/kg for total potassium and 124.48 mg/kg
      for available potassium, respectively. The result of correlation analysis
      indicated that the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil had significant
      influence on the appearance characters of Codonopsis pilosula root. CONCLUSION:
      The semi-natural cultivated model can maintain the structure of soil and hold
      nutrient components, it is conducive to the growth of Codonopsis pilosula and the
      standardized production base establishment. To increase the yield of Codonopsis
      pilosula root, it is recommended to increase the application of nitrogen and
      phosphorus fertilizer.

PMID- 26983225
TI  - [Isolation of Actinomycete DF02 from Composting and Its Application in Biological
      Control of Botrytis cinerea].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify the biocontrol actinomycete from composting,
      and to investigate its potted control effect against Botrytis cinerea. METHODS:
      Actinomycetes were isolated from composting by pour plate method. Inhibitory
      activities of acti- nomycetes were determined by dilution plate method and
      cylinder plate method. Strain with high activities was identified based on mor-
      phology and biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. And
      its potted control effect was also investigated. RESULTS: 31 strains of
      actinomycetes were isolated, three of them had inhibitory effects on the test
      strains. Of which, the strain DF02 showed antagonistic to five plant pathogenic
      fungi of all the tested strains, and its inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea
      was the strongest. The results of potted control effect test showed that the
      protective and therapeutic efficacy of the fermentation suspension to Botrytis
      cinerea was 58.47% and 53.83%, respectively. According to taxonomic
      identification, the strain DF02 was identified as Strepto- myces neopeptinius.
      CONCLUSION: Strain DF02 is a biocontrol actinomycete with broad development
      potential, and these results provide ex- perimental basis for the biocontrol of
      Botrytis cinerea.

PMID- 26983226
TI  - [Study on Embryonic Development of Four Species of Gentiana (Gentianaceae)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the embryonic development of Gentiana straminea, G. robusta,
      G. crassicaulis and G. tibetica. METHODS: The seed germination rates, length and
      width of embryos, starch grains and chloroplasts were observed and analyzed by
      statistic software. RESULTS: The seed germination rates of the four species were
      all high. The increase of the length of embryo depended mainly on the increase of
      the length of hypocotyl. Starch grains were stored in cells and chloroplasts
      appeared in cotyledons. The process of germination was divided into eight
      periods. CONCLUSION: The embryo growth characteristics of the four species are
      recognized, and the results can be used to study the in situ conservation,
      genetic breeding and cultivation of Sect. Cruciata.

PMID- 26983227
TI  - [Correlation Analysis Between Common Peaks of Angelica sinensis HPLC Fingerprint
      and Mineral Elements in Its Growing Soil].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between common peaks of Angelica
      sinensis HPLC fingerprint and mineral elements in its growing soil. METHODS: The
      fingerprints of 120 batches of Angelica sinensis from 12 habitats were determined
      by HPLC. The contents of Pb, As, Cr, Sb, Hg, Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Na
      and K in corresponding soil were determined by ICP-MS and AAS. Bivariate and
      multiple linear regression were used to analyze the correlation. RESULTS: There
      were significant ( P < 0. 01 or P < 0.05) positive and negative correlation
      between many common peaks in HPLC fingerprint of Angelica sinensis and mineral
      elements in its growing soil. The contribution of mineral elements in soil on
      peak 1 were Zn > K > Sb > Fe > Na; on peak 6 (3-butylphthalide) were Mn > Mg >
      Ca; on peak 7 were Cr > Zn; on peak 8 were Mn > Na; on peak 11 were As > K > Fe >
      Cd; on peak 12 were Zn > Mn > K; on peak 13 (Z-butylidenephthalide) were Mn > Zn
      > Cd; on peak 15 were Zn > K; on peak 16 were Fe > Ni; on peak 17 were Zn > Mn >
      Ni > Fe > K; on peak 18 were Zn > Na; peaks 2,3 (ferulic acid), 4 and 14 (Z
      ligustilide) was mainly affected by As, Zn, Sb and Cu, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      The relationship between HPLC fingerprint peak of Angelica sinensis and mineral
      elements in its growing soil shows complexity, multiplicity and interactivity,
      which should be selectively examined during manuring micronutrient fertilizer and
      Angelica sinensis cultivation.

PMID- 26983228
TI  - [Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Phenotypic Traits in Cultivated Pseudostellaria
      heterophylla].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the phenotypic genetic diversity of cultivated
      Pseudostellaria heterophylla, in order to provide theoretical basis for creative
      utilization and breeding of Pseudostellaria heterophylla germplasm resources.
      METHODS: The phenotypic genetic diversity of 80 germplasm of Pseudostellaria
      heterophylla from two superior provenance was analyzed, and the phenotypic
      characteristics among germplasm and within population were researched by
      correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. RESULTS:
      There were abundant phenotypic genetic diversity of Pseudostellaria heterophylla
      in two cultivated provenance. The genetic diversity index ranged from 1.2446 to
      2.0560 and variation coefficient ranged from 13.22% to 59.24%. The leaf dry
      weight and leaf number had significant correlation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) with
      traits among root tuber. Six main principal components reflected most information
      of 23 phenotypic traits, and the accumulative contribution rate was 76.47%. The
      result of the cluster analysis was that 80 germplasm of Pseudostellaria
      heterophylla could be divided into four groups based on phenotypic difference,
      the first group can be parents of progenies with high yield potential, the second
      group could be optimal parents of progenies with high yield, the third group can
      be parents of first class goods. CONCLUSION: The germplasm resources of
      cultivated Pseudostellaria heterophylla from Guizhou is useful for breeding of
      new varieties with abundant diversity. The second group and the third group of
      Pseudostellaria heterophylla have better germplasm,which can be provide parents
      for cross breeding of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.

PMID- 26983229
TI  - [Study on Monosaccharide Compositions of Polysaccharide in Dendrobium Stems of
      Different Resources by PMP-HPCE].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish a PMP-HPCE method for comparing the monosaccharides of
      polysaccharide in tissue-cultured and wild Dedrobium huoshanese and Dedrobium
      moniliforme as well as wild Dedrobium henanese, in order to investigate the
      similarities of their bioactive components. METHODS: The PMP-monosaccharides of
      polysaccharide from the five investigated Dedrobium samples were separated by
      HPCE on a fused silica capillary column(100 cm x 50 um) at 25  degrees C with 350
      mmol/L BAS (adjusted to pH 10 with 1.0 mol/L NaOH) as running buffer for 34 min.
      The applied voltage was 20 kV and the detection wavelength was set at 250 nm.
      RESULTS: Total six monosaccharides including xylose, glucose, mannose, galactose,
      galacturonic acid and ribose were detected in the five Dendrobiurms samples and
      the similarity coefficients between the ten batches of the same Dendrobium
      species were all above 0. 98,while remarkable dissimilarity were exhibited among
      species and different resources. CONCLUSION: PMP-HPCE technique combined with
      chemometrics is simple, convenient, precise, reproducible and proved to be an
      effective strategy for identifying the species and origins, especially in the
      quality assessment of Dendrobium stems.

PMID- 26983230
TI  - [Evaluation for Merchandise Character and Quality of Bupleurum chinense Root from
      Different Habitats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the merchandise character and quality of Bupleurum
      chinense root from different habitats. METHODS: The spectrophotometer method was
      used to determine the content of total saponins and total flavonoids in Bupleurum
      chinense root. The content of alcohol-soluble extract and total ash were
      determined according to the method in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. RESULTS: The
      quality of Bupleuri Radix from different habitats varied greatly. There were also
      differences (P < 0.05) between the merchandise packaged with selection and the
      merchandise packaged without selection of Bupleurum chinense root from the same
      habitats. The merchandise packaged without selection had the better quality,
      whose root length, root diameter, weight, total length proportional share of
      residual stems, total saponins, total flavonoids, total alcohol-soluble extract
      and total ash was 14.50 cm/plant, 0.59 cm/plant, 5.14 g/plant, 36.85%, 0.721%,
      0.615%, 12.993% and 4.890%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bupleurum chinense root
      from Tong'an, Jiangsu has the best quality in the test samples from different
      habitats.

PMID- 26983231
TI  - [Simultaneous Determination of Ten Kinds of Saponins in Raw and Steamed Panax
      notoginseng Root and Rhizome by HPLC].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of
      notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides Rg1 Re, Rh1, Rb1, Rd, Rk3, Rh4, 20(S)-Rg3 and
      20(R)-Rg3 in raw and steamed Panax notoginseng root and rhizome. METHODS: Vision
      HT C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 um) was used with the mobile phase consisted of
      acetonitrile-H2O in a gradient elution mode at the flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. The
      column temperature was maintained at 20  degrees C and the detection wavelength
      was set at 203 nm. RESULTS: The methodological study showed a good linear
      relationship ( r > 0. 9995 ) . The average recoveries of the ten saponins were
      95.93%-102.54%. CONCLUSION: The method is accurate and reproducible, which can be
      used for simultaneous determination of saponins in raw and steamed Panax
      notoginseng root and rhizome, and can provide reference for the relationship
      between material basis and pharmacological effects.

PMID- 26983232
TI  - [Effect of Different Processed Products and Extracts of Morinda officinalis Root
      on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effects of different processed products and
      extracts of Morinda officinalis root in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA)
      model, and to explore the possible mechanism. METHODS: AA model in SD rats was
      established, then the arthritic rats were randomly divided into seven groups such
      as model, Tripterygium Glycosides Tablet (TGT), morinda with xylem, morinda, salt
      steamed morinda, licorice-processed morinda, morinda EtOAc extract, morinda n
      BuOH extract, H2O residue, total polysaccharides and control groups. The paw
      edema and arthritis indexes were observed, and the contents of tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-2 and INF-gamma
      in AA rats serum were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Morinda processed by salt and n
      BuOH extract could reduce paw swelling and levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6
      and INF-gamma in AA rats serum, which followed by morinda EtOAc extract. The
      differences were significant compared with the model group (P < 0.05 or P <
      0.01). CONCLUSION: Salt-steamed morinda and morinda n-BuOH extract have the best
      curative effect, followed by morinda EtOAc extract. Reducing TNF-alpha, IL-1beta,
      IL-6 and INF-gamma contents in serum may be the mechanism of drug treatment of
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 26983233
TI  - [Study on UPLC Fingerprint of Corydalis bungeana].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography fingerprint of
      Corydalis bungeana from different habitats. METHODS: UPLC-PDA was adopted to
      analysis ten batches of Corydalis bungeana from different habitats with
      Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 um) eluted with the mobile phase
      of acetonitrile and 0. 02% triethylamine in a gradient mode. The flow rate was
      0.3 mL/min and the column temperature was 30  degrees C. The detection wavelength
      was set at 289 nm. RESULTS: The fingerprints of ten batches of Corydalis bungeana
      from different habitats had 13 common peaks, three of them were identified. The
      similarities were larger than 0.80. Ten batches of samples were divided into
      three categories by cluster analysis. Three principal components were ob- served
      via principal component analysis and the value of three principal components
      accounted for 89. 607% of the total variance. Two major chemical components of
      Corydalis bungeana were confirmed. CONCLUSION: The high-performance and rapid
      method is successfully used for fingerprint analysis and can be used to evaluate
      the quality of Corydalis bungeana.

PMID- 26983234
TI  - [Application of Rapid PCR Technology on Authentication of Species in Panax
      Genus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish an accurate, rapid and efficient method for
      authentication of Panax species by using PCR amplification of specific alleles.
      METHODS: The samples of Panax species were collected for extracting the total
      DNA. matK sequence from the Panax species was amplified by PCR and sequenced
      directionally, and then aligned by using Clustal W. Specific primers were
      designed and amplified by two-steps PCR amplification method. RESULTS: By
      optimizing the denatured and annealing temperature and time, cycle numbers, the
      rapid PCR methods for authentication of Panax species were established
      respectively. When SYBR Green I was added in the PCR product, strong green
      fluorescence was visualized under 365 nm UV lamp whereas adulterants were not.
      CONCLUSION: The rapid PCR method can identify the Panax species rapidly. This
      study provides the technical support for authentication of Chinese medicinal
      materials.

PMID- 26983235
TI  - [Genetic Diversity and Genetic Relationship of Different Forms of Trichosanthes
      kirilowii from Shandong Province].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of
      different forms of Trichosanthes kirilowii from Shandong Province. METHODS:
      Different forms of Trichosanthes kirilowii from the same planting base were
      detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA( RAPD) with eight random primers.
      The amplified bands were detected and the fingerprint was drawn by Biosens Gel
      Imaging System software. The Jaccard coefficient was worked out by using NTSYS-pc
      software, and a cluster dendrogram of different samples was established based on
      unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA). RESULTS: The eight
      primers produced 56 bands, among which, 32 bands were polymorphic. The cluster
      dendrogram displayed there was some differences of genetic relationship of
      different samples. CONCLUSION: There is similar genetic material basis of
      Trichosanthes kirilowii from the same planting base, but also there is apparent
      individual differences.

PMID- 26983236
TI  - [Study on Chemical Constituents in Seeds of Datura metel from Xinjiang].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in the seeds of Datura metel from
      Xinjiang Province. METHODS: The constituents were isolated and purified by silica
      gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographic methods. Their chemical
      structures were analyzed and identified on the basis of physical and chemical
      properties and spectral data. RESULTS: Ten compounds were isolated and identified
      as Isofraxidin (1), Scopatone (2), Daturadiol (3),1,4-Benzenediol (4), Arenarine
      D (5), Vanillin (6), N-trans-Feruloyl-tyramine (7), Scopoletin (8), G-Sitosterol
      (9) and Hyoscyamilactol (10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 and 2 are firstly isolated
      from the plants in Solanaceae, compounds 3-8 are firstly isolated from this
      plant.

PMID- 26983237
TI  - [Chemical Constituents from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Psidium guajava Leaves
      (II)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from ethyl acetate extract of
      Psidium guajava leaves. METHODS: The constituents were separated and purified by
      silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and their structures were
      identified on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS:
      Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as 6,10,14-trimethyl-2
      pentadecanone (1), phytyl-acetate (2), cubenol (3), eucalyptin (4), n-docosanoic
      acid-p-hydroxy-phenethylol ester (5),8-methyl-5,7- dihydroxy-flavonone (6), 6
      methyl-5,7-dihydroxy-flavonone (7), betulinic acid (8), carnosol (9), quercetin
      (10), and 2,4,6-tirhydroxy- 3,5-dimethyl-diphenylketone-4-O-(6'"-O-galloyl)-beta
      D-glucoside (11). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-9 are isolated from this plant for the
      first time.

PMID- 26983239
TI  - [Chemical Constituents from Angelica keiskei].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from Angelica keiskei.
      METHODS: The constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH
      20 column chromatography, and preparative TLC. Their structures were identified
      on the basis of spectral data and physiochemical characteristics. RESULTS: 14
      compounds were isolated from 70% ethanol extracts and identified as falcarindiol
      (1), selinidin (2), isobavachalcone (3), pteryxin (4), kaempferol-5-O-(6"-O
      acetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), beta-amyrin ace- tate (6), beta-sitosteryl
      glucoside-6'-O-heptadecoicate (7), 2,5-dimethyl-6,8-dihydroxyl-chromone (8),
      quercetin-3,3'-di-O-alpha-L-rhamno- side (9), 2-hydroxynaringenin-4'-O
      glucopyranoside (10), 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)
      alpha-L-rhamnosyl (1--> 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin-28-O-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (11), chrysoeriol (12),
      orientin (13) and 1beta,6alpha-dihydroxyeudesm-4 (15)-ene (14). CONCLUSION: All
      compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 26983238
TI  - [Triterpenoids from Leaves of Ilex latifolia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from the leaves of Ilex
      latifolia. METHODS: The constituents were iso- lated and purified by various
      chromatographic techniques. Their structures were identified by UV, IR, MS and
      NMR spectroscopic analy- sis. RESULTS: Ten compounds were isolated from the
      leaves of flex latifolia. Their structures were respectively identified as
      3beta,13beta-Di- hydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid-13-lactone (1), beta-sitosterol
      (2) 3-hydroxy-11-oxours-12-ene (3), (20S,24S)-epoxydammarane-3beta,25- diol (4),
      25-deuteriostigmasterol (5), alpha-amyrin (6), foliasalacin A4 (7), 23
      hydroxyursolic acid (8), p-coumaric acid (9) and beta-dau- costerol (10).
      CONCLUSION: Compounds 1,3-5,7 and 9 are isolated from this plant for the first
      time.

PMID- 26983240
TI  - [Study on Chemical Constituents from Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Sanicula
      lamelligera].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from ethyl acetate extraction of
      Sanicula lamelligera. METHODS: Compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel
      and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographic method, and their structures were
      identified by using spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated
      and identified as angelicin (I), isoferulaldehyde (II), 12- hydroxybakuchiol
      (III), 22-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol (IV), 5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone
      (V),3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (VI), isobavachin (VII),
      isoliquiritigenin (VIII) and furano (2",3",7,6) 4'-hydroxyflavanone (IX).
      CONCLUSION: All compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 26983241
TI  - [Chemical Constituents from Rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the rhizome of Valeriana
      jatamansi. METHODS: The chemical constituents were separated and purified by
      silica gel, medium pressure column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Their
      structures were determined by physicochemical properties and spectral data.
      RESULTS: Six compounds were isolated from the dibromochloromethane extract in the
      rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi, and identified as decursidin (1), decursitin B
      (2), decursitin A (3), 3'(S)-acetoxy-4'(R)-angeloyloxy-3',4'-dihydroxanthyletin
      (4), 8-acetoxyl-pathchouli alcohol (5) and dibutyl phthalate (6). CONCLUSION:
      Compounds 1-4 are coumarins which are isolated from this genus for the first
      time,and compound 6 is isolated from this genus for the first time.

PMID- 26983242
TI  - [Study on Chemical Constituents of Panzeria alaschanica].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract from
      Panzeria alaschanica. METHODS: The chemical constituents of ethyl acetate extract
      from Panzeria alaschanica were isolated and purified by silica gel. Their
      structures were i- dentified by means of spectra. RESULTS: Nine compounds were
      obtained and identified as 7-Methoxy coumarin (1), Isorhamnetin (2), Caf- feic
      acid (3), 5-Hydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone (4), 5-Hydroxy-7,4'
      dimethoxyflavone (5),Kaempferol (6), Isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D- glucoside (7)
      Kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (8), and Isorhamnetin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronyl-(1-
      >6)-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (9). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-4,6,7 and 9 are isolated
      from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 26983243
TI  - [Chemical Constituents from Macaranga denticulata Root].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from Macaranga denticulata Root.
      METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica-gel
      column chromatography and recrystallization, and their structures were identified
      by physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS: Nine compounds were
      isolated and identified as: gheddic acid (1), aleuritolic acid-3-acetate (2),
      beta-sitosterol (3), stigmast-4-en-6beta-ol-3 -one (4), 2alpha-hydroxyaleuritolic
      acid 3-p-hydroxybenzoate (5), scopoletin (6), daucosterol (7), 2, 6-dimethoxy-1,4
      benzoquinone (8) and maslinic acid(9). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-9 are obtained
      from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 26983245
TI  - [Effect of Esculentoside A on Expression of AQP2 and AQP4 Protein of Kidney in
      Water-Loaded Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the regulatory effect of Esculentoside A (EsA) on urination
      and the expression of AQP2 and AQP4 protein of kidney in water-loaded rats, and
      to discuss its mechanism of diuresis. METHODS: 50 male SD rats were randomly
      divided into five groups, including blank control group, hydrochlorothiazide
      group (0.4 mg/kg) and EsA high, middle and low dose groups (5.2, 2.6 and 1.3
      mg/kg, respectively). After intraperitoneally injecting of different
      concentrations of EsA, urinary amount of model rats in continuous six hours was
      measured. Then the expression of AQP2 and AQP4 protein and mRNA of kidney were
      detected by immunohistochemistry method and Real-Time quantitative PCR. RESULTS:
      Compared with blank control group, the expression of AQP2 and AQP4 protein and
      mRNA of kidney were significantly reduced as well as the urinary amount was
      significantly increased in EsA high dose group (P < 0.05), while the expression
      of AQP2, AQP4 protein and mRNA of kidney as well as urinary amount had no obvious
      difference in EsA middle and low dose groups. CONCLUSION: 5.2 mg/kg of EsA can
      reduce the expression of AQP2 and AQP4 protein and mRNA of kidney and the
      reabsorption of water, which results in diuresis.

PMID- 26983244
TI  - [Effects of Ethanol Extracts of Phellinus lonicerinus on Hepatic Stellate Cells
      of Fibrosis Liver in Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of ethanol extracts of Phellinus lonicerinus on
      hepatic stellate cells of fibrosis liver in rats. METHODS: The model rats of
      hepatic fibrosis were established by intraperitoneally injection of CCl4 olive
      oil solution at the dose of 2 mL/kg. And then the model rats were administered
      orally ethanol extract of Phellinus lonicerinus with 1 g/(kg . d) and 0.5 g/( kg
      . d) for consecutive eight weeks. Serum transforming growth factor-beta1, (TGF
      beta1), liver total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase( T
      SOD) activity and the content of malondialdehyde ( MDA) were determined. The
      alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and
      tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) were determined by
      immunohistochemical. RESULTS: Compared to the model group, the ethanol extracts
      of Phellinus lonicerinus decreased the content of serum TGF-beta1 and MDA in
      liver tissue, as well as increased the activity of T-SOD and the level of T-AOC.
      Immunohistochemical showed that the ethanol extracts of Phellinus lonicerinus
      downregulated the expression of alpha-SMA in liver tissue and the expression of
      TIMP-1, as well as upregulated the expression of MMP-1. CONCLUSION: The ethanol
      extracts of Phellinus lonicerinus has good antioxidative activity with
      application prospects in prevention of hepatic fibrosis. The mechanism may be
      related to inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by
      oxidative stress,reducing the TGF-beta1, and cytokines activating the hepatic
      stellate cells,and upregulating the expression of MMP-1 promoting the collagen
      degradation.

PMID- 26983246
TI  - [Protective Effects of Total Saponins from Panax japonicus on H2O2Induced Injury
      via Mitochondia Pathway in SH-SY5Y Cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective mechanism of total saponins from Panax
      japonicus (SPJ) on H2O2 induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells
      were divided into three groups: blank control group, model group (600 umol/L
      H2O2) and drug treatment groups. Different concentrations of SPJ (0.1, 1, 5 and
      20 ug/mL) were incubated with SH-SY5Y cells for 12 hours prior to exposing to 600
      umol/L H2O2 for another 12 h. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected
      by JC-1 method. Protein expressions of Sirt1 , PGC-1alpha, Foxo3a, LC3-II and
      Beclin1 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared to the H2O2 model
      group, SPJ pretreatment significantly increased MMP level and enhanced the
      protein expressions of Sirt1, PGC-1alpha, Foxo3a, LC3-II and Beclin1. CONCLUSION:
      SPJ exerts protective effect on H2O2 induced SH-SY5Y cell injury through
      mitochondria pathway.

PMID- 26983247
TI  - [Protective Effects of Ginkgolide N Against Glutamate-Induced Injury in PC12
      Cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effects of ginkgolide N against glutamte
      induced injury in PC12 cells and its mechanisms. METHODS: The injury model was
      established by treating PC12 cells with glutamate, and PC12 cells were treated
      with different concentrations of ginkgolide N with ginkgolide B as control. The
      cells activity was analyzed by MTT assay. The apoptosis of PC12 cells were
      examined by acridine orange( AO) staining, the reactive oxygen species and
      mitochondrial membrane potential of PC12 cells were examined by flow cytometry.
      Western blot method was used to examine the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3
      protein. RESULTS: Ginkgolides N of 2-8 ugmol/L inhibited PC12 cells apoptosis and
      ROS accumulation induced by glutamate,stabilized membrane potential of damaged
      PC12, and reduced the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 protein. CONCLUSION:
      Ginkgolide N has a protective effect on PC12 cells injury induced by glutamate,
      and the mechanism may be associated with reducing ROS generation, stabilizing
      membrane potential and inhibiting the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 protein.

PMID- 26983248
TI  - [Optimization of Ethanol Extraction and Water Extraction Technologies of Zuogui
      Pills by Orthogonal Test].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To optimize the ethanol extraction and water extraction technologies
      of Luogui Pills. METHODS: An orthogonal test was used to study the influence of
      ethanol concentration, amount of ethanol and reflux time on hyperoside in
      Cuscutae Semen, ursolic acid in Corni Fructus and the yield of dry paste. Also,
      The effect of soaking time, amount of water and extraction time on acteoside in
      Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata and the yield of dry paste were investigated. All
      these factors were adopted as the indices for choosing the best ethanol
      extraction and water extraction technologies. RESULTS: The best ethanol
      extraction technology for Cuscutae Semen, Corni Fructus and Achyranthis
      Bidentatae Radix was reflux extracting for 1 h each time for two times with eight
      times of 70% ethanol. The best water extraction technology for the residue and
      the rest herbs after the ethanol extraction was soaking for 0. 5 h and then
      decocting for 0. 5 h each time for two times with twelve times of water.
      CONCLUSION: The optimal extraction technologies are stable and feasible, the
      extraction rate of the alcohol soluble and water soluble effective components is
      high, and it provides the reference basis for the secondary development of Zuogui
      Pills.

PMID- 26983249
TI  - [Study on Effects of Incompatible Herbal Medicine on Intestinal Bacterial
      Metabolism of Wu-Tou-Tang by ESI-MS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to detect
      samples of Wu-Tou-Tang as well as the co-decoction of it with Pinelliae Rhizoma,
      Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus and Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus before and after
      intestinal bacterial metabolism. METHODS: Semi-quantitative method of mass
      spectrometry was established for analyzing the biotransformation of major
      chemical constituents in Chinese medicine formula. Based on the changes of
      relative abundance ratio of alkaloids to internal standard for each decoction
      before and after intestinal bacterial metabolism, effects of incompatible herbal
      medicine on the intestinal bacterial metabolism of aconite alkaloids from Wu-Tou
      Tang were analyzed. RESULTS: Pinelliae Rhizoma, Fritillariae Thunbergii and
      Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus inhibited the intestinal bacterial
      biotransformation of diester-alkaloids, which could be considered that the above
      three Chinese herbal medicines increased the toxicity of Wu-Tou-Tang. CONCLUSION:
      This study illustrates the scientific connotation of traditional Chinese medicine
      "eighteen incompatible medicaments" theory from the point of intestinal bacterial
      metabolism.

PMID- 26983250
TI  - [Study and Evaluation on Preparation of Monolithic Osmotic Pump Tablet of
      Resveratrol].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prepare monolithic osmotic pump tablet of resveratrol. METHODS:
      Inclusion technology was adopted to enhance its solubility. The optimal
      formulation of resveratrol inclusion complex osmotic pump tablets was selected by
      the single-factor method and orthogonal design. The release in vitro of the
      optimized formulation was also fitted to different models. RESULTS: The tablets
      with optimized formulation achieved the desired zero-order release profile in 12
      h (r = 0.9963) with the cumulative release over 90%. CONCLUSION: Resveratrol can
      be prepared into monolithic osmotic pump tablets based on the intermediate of
      inclusion technology, which have obvious characteristic of zero release.

PMID- 26983251
TI  - [Alexander Alexandrovich Kiter (1813-1879)].

PMID- 26983252
TI  - [ULTRASONIC ASSESSMENT OF DIAPHRAGM CONDITION OF THE PATIENTS, WHO PASSED THE
      SELECTION FOR LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION SURGERY].
AB  - The article showed the results of ultrasonic assessment of topographic and
      functional diaphragm indices in patients with severe diffuse emphysema. They
      passed the selection for lung volume reduction surgery. The comparison of
      diaphragm indices was presented in patients with diffuse emphysema and control
      group of healthy volunteers. Dynamics of diaphragm condition was studied after
      surgical treatment. There wasn't noted any statistical difference of diaphragm
      topographic indices as compared with the control group. There wasn't shown a
      correlation between respiratory function indices and functional diaphragm
      indices, but it was noted a positive tendency in characteristics during quiet
      breathing.

PMID- 26983253
TI  - [CONTROL OF APPLICATION EFFICACY OF THE ASCENDING GAS--FLUID STREAM METHOD IN
      TREATMENT OF DIFFUSE PERITONITIS].
AB  - The ascending gas and fluid stream method was applied in 12 patients with
      repeated purulent diffuse peritonitis. The number of leukocytes was determined in
      lavage fluid in order to estimate the efficacy of the method. Dynamics of general
      laboratory and clinical indices was compared with dynamics of leukocytes quan-
      tity. The research showed the adequacy of investigation results of lavage fluid
      to the course of inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity. The study
      presented an application possibility of given test for regulation usage
      correction of the ascending gas- fluid stream method.

PMID- 26983254
TI  - [SUBSTANTIATION OF SURGICAL APPROACH IN IATROGENIC INJURIES OF THE BILE-EXCRETING
      DUCTS].
AB  - The results of examination and treatment were analyzed in 51 patients with
      iatrogenic injuries of the bile-excreting ducts. Patients were divided into 5
      groups according to international classification (EAES, 2013). It depended on the
      time of detection, the nature and scale of damage of the bile ducts, mechanism of
      injury, development of infectious and septic complications. Injuries of the main
      bile duct were detected intraoperatively (n = 14). The complete intersection was
      in 10 patients (the first group) and the edge intersection--in 4 cases (the
      second group). Iatrogenic injuries of the bile-excreting ducts were revealed in
      37 patients in postoperative period. There were the complete intersections in 28
      cases (the third group) and the edge intersections--in 7 cases (the fifth group).
      Injuries of additional bile ducts were determined in 2 patients (the fifth
      group). An analysis of the main qualifying features of iatrogenic injuries of the
      bile-excreting ducts allowed defining indications to reconstructive-restorative
      surgery in 60.8% patients, restorative operations--in 29.4%, an external drainage
      -in 5.8% and reclipping of additional bile ducts in relaparoscopy--in 3.9%. The
      rational surgical approach allowed obtaining perfect results in 65.8% and good,
      satisfactory results in immediate and long-term period with low postoperative
      lethality of 1.95%. The study of diagnostics results and treatment of the
      patients with iatrogenic injuries of the bile- excreting ducts indicated about
      reasonability of assessment of main factors, which are based on iatrogenic
      injuries according to the EAES classification. An individual program of
      examination and more rational variant of surgery could be chosen due to this
      approach, which provides minimization of negative results and good quality of
      life.

PMID- 26983255
TI  - [LONG-TERM RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOLLICULAR TUMORS OF
      THE THYROID].
AB  - The article analyzed an experience of treatment of 51 patients with follicular
      tumors. It was proved, that there weren't any complications and recurrences in
      case of typically performed operation and adequate replacement therapy in
      postoperative period. It was noted a good quality of life from 2 to 5 years.

PMID- 26983256
TI  - [SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF BLOCKING INTRAMEDULLARY OSTEOSYNTHESIS OF FOREARM
      FRACTURES].
AB  - An introduction of blocking osteosynthesis was recently included into practice of
      treatment of forearm fractures. The forearm has a very difficult biomechanics and
      extremely important functional value. There are really high requirements to
      accuracy of reposition and stability of forearm fracture fixation. The blocking
      osteosynthesis successfully combines fixation stability with functionality,
      although its performance technique isn't so simple, that forces experts to use
      other methods of fixation. It is possible successfully use advantages of the
      method by studying and keeping variety of operation nuances of blocking
      osteosynthesis on forearm in order to restore anatomy, biomechanics and obtain
      the stable fixation. The period of rehabilitation could be combined with period
      of union of bones in this case without postoperative complications such as
      nonunion of bones, construction fractures and instability of osteosynthesis. The
      method would be optimal provided that a surgeon masters the technique of
      construction implantation. There are maximum advantages in treatment of
      complicated fractures (nonunion of bones, false joint and defects) due to
      functionality of the method.

PMID- 26983258
TI  - [METHOD OF OSTEOSYNTHESIS OF SUPRACONDULAR FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS].
AB  - A treatment of fractures of distal metadiaphysis of the humeral bone remains an
      actual problem of modern traumatology at present time. This is associated with
      immediate proximity of the radial nerve and risk of iatrogenic injury in external
      fixation, presence of short distal fragment, comminuted nature of fracture,
      complexity of treatment method selection, need of extensible approach.
      Biomechanical features of different fixators were analyzed in consideration of
      presence of short distal fragment, traumatic of. external fixation and risk of
      iatrogenic injury of the nerve. The authors suggested the method of
      osteosynthesis of the humerus by using blocking osteosynthesis with preliminary
      extension of intra-medullary canal of distal fragment for obtaining stable
      osteosynthesis (priority No 2014105323 from 14.02.2014). The proposed method
      allowed avoiding the iatrogenic neuropathy of the radial nerve, providing the
      stability of fixation higher, than in case of external fixation. It excludes the
      need of external immobilization and combines the period of bony union with the
      period of rehabilitation and socially integrates the patient in minimal terms.

PMID- 26983257
TI  - [PROGNOSIS OF DEEP INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN HIP ARTHROPLASTY].
AB  - The retrospective research analyzed the data of 893 patients undergoing total hip
      arthroplasty. There were used the data about patients undergoing hip arthroplasty
      without complications (the first group--808 cases) and patients with developed
      deep surgical site infection following total joint arthroplasty after 12 months
      (the second group--85 patients). It was applied as the training matrix in
      creation of mathematical prognosis and algorithm of prophylaxis of deep infection
      in patients undergoing the primary total hip arthroplasty. There were revealed 21
      prognostic significant criteria of deep infection development in surgical site.
      The program was tested in prospective investigation (293 clinical cases) with
      follow-up term of 12 months after operation. The rate of development of
      postoperative deep infection in surgical wound reduced as compared with the rate
      in group of retrospective research from 1.7% to 0.7%. The efficacy of proposed
      program was 80%.

PMID- 26983259
TI  - [ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY OF TEMPORARY EPICARDIAL BIVENTRICULAR RESYNCHRONIZATION
      PACING AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY].
AB  - The temporary pacing is provided as a key principle of maintenance and correction
      of hemodynamics after weaning the patient from cardiopulmonary bypass. There are
      conventional algorithms of temporary pacing, but the substantiation of electrode
      fixation areas is variable. The authors experimentally investigated the efficacy
      of temporary epicardial pacing in DDD and DDDBV using 18 laboratory animals after
      cardiac surgery with application of cardiopulmonary bypass. The hemodynamic
      parameters were compared in given groups. It was noted that in case of temporary
      epicardial pacing in DDDBV conditions was the best hemodynamic effect. The
      authors recommended more optimal areas for electrode fixation in temporary
      pacing: bachmans bunble (closest to the artrial septum), proximal part of the
      crista terminalis for the right atrium electrodes; the front-side free wall of
      the right ventricle at the distance of 3-4 cm from the apex of the heart,
      diaphragmatic surface of the right ventricle proximal to artioventricular groove
      for the right ventricle electrodes; obtuse margin (side wall of the left
      ventricle), diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle proximal to
      artioventricular groove for the left ventricle electrodes.

PMID- 26983260
TI  - [TRANSPLANTATION OF TRACHEAL-LUNG COMPLEX IN EXPERIMENT].
AB  - The article described the developed and patented method of removal of trancheal
      lung complex from dead body and its transplantation to the recipient-corps.

PMID- 26983261
TI  - [RESULTS OF APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF STERNAL INFECTION ELIMINATION IN
      CARDIOSURGICAL PATIENTS].
AB  - A retrospective analysis of cases of sternal infection development was made in
      388 cardiovascular patients from 2006 to 2012. The standard preventive measures
      of wound infection development were applied in the first period from 2006 to
      2009. The method of "elimination of sternal infection" was used in the second
      period from 2009 to 2012. The application of the method of "elimination of
      sternal infection" allowed reducing the rate of sternal infection from 7.7 to
      0.5% (odds ratio 0.099, 95% CI: 0.013-0.747; p = 0.025). According to results of
      statistical analysis the most significant factors were: body mass index (p =
      0.002), resternotomy in early postoperative period (p < 0.001), risk according
      EuroSCORE Logistics (p < 0.001) and usage of the method of "elimination of
      sternal infection" (p = 0.006). The prevention of postoperative infectious
      complications shorthens the terms of hospital stay no less than 3 weeks, improves
      the quality of life for the patients and decreases treatment costs on 2.5 times.

PMID- 26983262
TI  - [SYNDROME OF DIABETIC FOOT: MODERN APPROACHES OF COMPLEX TREATMENT].
AB  - The article presents the results of treatment of 201 patients with neuroischemic
      form of diabetic foot syndrome. The research included 158 women and 43 men of the
      middle age of 62.5 +/- 11.2 years. The complex approach was applied in treatment
      including medicamentous treatment, revasculization of extremity, an application
      of modern combined collagenous coating and foot relieving using silicone insoles
      and orthopedic footwear. The endovascular and open reconstructive operations were
      performed in order to obtain the revasculization of extremity. Given complex
      approach allowed reducing the terms of hospital stay, the rate of ulcerous
      defects recurrences and relapses of ischemia of lower extremities during one year
      after endovascular interventions.

PMID- 26983263
TI  - [REGIONAL LASER THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH STRANGULATED VENTRAL
      HERNIA].
AB  - An analysis of treatment was made of 265 patients with strangulated hernia of the
      anterior abdominal wall. The patients were divided into main group (n = 138) and
      control group n = 127). Nonstrain and conventional methods of hernioplasty and
      low-intensive laser radiation (LILR) were used for the patients of the first
      group. LILR wasn't applied in the control group. The studied groups were
      statistically comparable on the basis of main disease, sex and age. Computed
      thermography was used in addition to standard methods of diagnostics in order to
      dentify the wound complications in postoperative period. The application of low
      intensive laser radiation for patients of main group allowed reducing the rate of
      development of local infectious complications in the area of plasty as compared
      with control group from 15.7 and 53.4% to 8.9 and 32.8% (p < 0.05); terms of
      drainage of postoperative wound decreasing from 8.1 +/- 1.0 to 4.2 +/- 1.0 days
      and hospital stay shortening from 11.6 +/- 1.0 to 6.2 +/- 1.0 days (p < 0.05).
      The intensity of pain syndrome and rate of complications declined from 38.1 to
      17% in control group. There wasn't any recurrence in the main group. Prosthetic
      methods of plasty and application of LILR significantly improve the immediate and
      long-term results in case of strangulated hernia of anterior abdominal wall. This
      rate would approach the results of treatment in planned surgery. Computed
      thermography allowed well-timed revealing of wound complications and forecasting
      the course of postoperative period.

PMID- 26983264
TI  - [ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY OF MELATONIN IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLON TUMORS].
AB  - Melatonin is neurohormone, which is involved in regulation of many functions of
      an organism, including the digestive system. Therefore the authors offered to
      include this hormone as a preconditioner factor in surgical treatment of colon
      tumors using laparotomy and laparoscopy. Preoperative application of melatonin
      allowed shortening the terms of postoperative period and hospital stay.

PMID- 26983265
TI  - [COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CURRENT METHODS OF ANESTHESIA IN PERFORMANCE OF
      TRANSRECTAL PROSTATE BIOPSY].
AB  - Prostate biopsy guided by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is largely used in
      prostate cancer diagnostics. This procedure is usually quite painful and fear of
      pain could scare patients from this important research. The aim of the study was
      to compare methods of anesthesia for prostate biopsy. The patients were divided
      into 4 groups (40 patients in each group). TRUS-guided periprostatic anesthesia
      with 1% solution of lidocaine (10 ml) was carried out in the first group. An
      intrarectal introduction of 5 g EMLA cream (lidocaine 2,5% and prilocaine 2,5%)
      was applied in the second group. The intrarectal introduction of 10% lidocaine
      spray (3 doses) was used in the third group. Placebo as ultrasonic gel was
      utilized for the fourth group. The authors used the 100-score linear visual
      analog scale (LVS 1-100) and 5-score numeric visual scale (NVS-4). Minimal scores
      of pain were obtained in patients using TRUS-guided periprostatic anesthesia with
      1% solution of lidocaine (10 ml). This type of anesthesia didn't lead to increase
      of the number of complications.

PMID- 26983266
TI  - [Combined therapy of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with sympathetic temporal
      epilepsy diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy].

PMID- 26983267
TI  - [Rare case of undiagnosed foreign body in bronchus].

PMID- 26983268
TI  - [CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS: CURRENT STATE OF THE ISSUE].
AB  - The article analyzed disadvantages of "Atlanta-92" classification of acute
      pancreatitis and its two modifications: APCWG-2012 and IAP-2011. The school of
      Saint-Petersburg pancreatologists suggested the classification AP of Russian
      Surgical Society (2014), which represented the concept of disease staging.

PMID- 26983269
TI  - [ORGANIZATIONAL AND TACTICAL FEATURES OF EMERGENCY SURGERY PERFORMANCE FOR
      PREGNANT WOMEN AND PUERPERAS].
AB  - The results of treatment of acute surgical diseases are worse in pregnant women,
      than in ordinary people, because of changes in patient's organism. However, these
      patients would be treated the same way as ordinary patient according to
      conventional standards. The authors launched the special centre for treatment of
      acute surgical diseases of abdominal cavity for pregnant women and puerperas in
      order to provide the adequacy of treatment to the changes of patient's organism.
      There was suggested a new standard of diagnostics, based on limited term (4-5
      hours) with the following diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy in obscure cases.
      The experience of treatment of 171 patients with acute pancreatitis proved the
      high efficacy of the new strategy and developed standard of diagnostics. The main
      part of the patients were operated at the first 2-4 hours (105 patients--61.4%)
      after hospitalization and 43 (25.1%) patients--within 4-6 hours. The cattaral
      form (92 patients--53.8%) and phlegmonous (74 patients--43.3%) form of the
      appendix changes were revealed in majority of patients. The gangrenous
      appendicitis was detected in 5 cases (2%). All the patients recovered. There
      wasn't maternal or perinatal mortality.

PMID- 26983271
TI  - [Surgeon Anna Ivanovna Morozova and her contribution in development of Russian
      surgery].

PMID- 26983272
TI  - [Minimally invasive esophagectomy in surgical treatment of esophageal carcinoma].

PMID- 26983270
TI  - [POSTOPERATIVE INTRAABDOMINAL COMPLICATIONS IN COLON CANCER SURGERY COMPLICATED
      BY BOWEL OBSTRUCTION AND PERFORATION OF THE TUMOR].
AB  - The article presents a retrospective analysis of the results of surgical
      treatment of postoperative intraabdominal complications in 42 patients with colon
      cancer complicated by bowel obstruction and perforation of the tumor. The
      pyoinflammatory processes such as peritonitis and abscesses of abdominal cavity
      took a leading place in the structure of postoperative complications according to
      the authors. Method of "closed" decompression and intraluminal irrigation of the
      large intestine without wide opening of organ lumen was developed and applied
      into practice as perioperative prophylaxis of pyoinflammatory processes. These
      measures allowed reducing the rate of postoperative intraabdominal complications
      from 19.2 to 7.7%.

PMID- 26983273
TI  - [Professor Peter Nikolaevich Zubarev (to his 70th birthday)].

PMID- 26983274
TI  - [BEHAVIOURAL AND FUNCTIONAL VESTIBULAR DISTURBANCES AFTER SPACE FLIGHT. 1.
      MAMMALS].
AB  - The review contains data on functional changes in mammals caused by changes in
      the operation of vestibular system after space flight. These data show that the
      vestibular system of mammals responds to weightlessness challenge differently at
      various ontogenetic stages. Orbital space flight conditions have a weak effect on
      the developing vestibular system during embryonic period. The weightlessness
      conditions have rather beneficial effect on development of the fetuses. During
      the early postnatal period, when optimal sensory-motor tactics are created, the
      prolonged stay under conditions of space flight leads to development of novel,
      "extraterrestrial" sensory-motor programs that can be fixed in CNS, apparently,
      for the whole life. In adult individuals after landing essential vestibular
      changes and disturbances may occur that depend on the spaceflight duration. The
      adult organism must simultaneously solve two contradicting problems--it should
      adapt to weightlessness conditions, and should not adapt to them to pass the
      process of readaptation after returning easier. Thus, individuals must protect
      themselves against weightlessness influence to keep the intact initial state of
      health. The protection methods against weightlessness ought to be adjusted
      according to the duration of space flight. It should be mentioned that not all
      functional changes registered in adult individuals after landing can be
      adequately explained. Some of these changes may have chronic or even pathological
      character. The question of necessity to examine the influence of weightlessness
      on an aging (senile) organism and on its vestibular system is raised for the
      first time in this review. In our opinion the development of space gerontology,
      as a special branch of space biology and medicine, is of undoubted interest, and
      in the future it may be of practical importance especially taking into account
      the steadily growing age of cosmonauts (astronauts).

PMID- 26983276
TI  - [COMPARATIVE SENSITIVITY OF CHOLINESTERASES IN VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES TO
      HIGHLY SPECIFIC ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INHIBITORS DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE (DFP) AND
      (2-ETHOXYMETHYL PHOSPHORYL THIOETHYL) ETHYL (METHYL) SULPHONIUM SULPHOMETHYLAT
      (GD-42)].
AB  - The review presents data on comparative reactivity of 68 cholinesterase
      preparation from various organs and tissues in a number of vertebrates and
      invertebrates based on sensitivity to two highly specific and most studied
      organophosphorus inhibitors--diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) and (2
      ethoxymethyl phosphoryl thioethyl) ethyl (methyl) sulphonium sulphomethylat (GD
      42). Analysis of these data suggests a great diversity in enzymologic
      characteristics of cholinesterase preparation in representatives of vertebrates
      and invertebrates, this variety observed even for closely related enzymes in
      animals of almost the same level of development.

PMID- 26983275
TI  - [AMYGDALA: NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF FEAR].
AB  - This work describes neuroanatomical and neurophysiological mechanisms of
      Pavlovian fear conditioning, focusing on contributions of the amygdala, a
      subcortical nuclear group, to control of conditioned fear responses. The
      mechanisms of synaptic plasticity at projections to the amygdala and within
      amygdala were shown to mediate the formation and retention of fear memory. This
      work reviews current data on anatomical organization of the amygdala, as well as
      its afferent and efferent projections, in respect to the role of the amygdala in
      auditory fear conditioning during which acoustic signals serve as the conditioned
      stimulus.

PMID- 26983277
TI  - [ROLE OF CASPASE-3 IN REGULATION OF THE CONTENT OF THE AMYLOID-DEGRADING
      NEUROPEPTIDASE NEPRILYSIN IN THE CORTEX OF RATS AFTER HYPOXIA].
AB  - Analysis of the effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor on the content of the amyloid
      degrading neuropeptidase neprilysin (NEP) in the cortex of rats subjected to
      prenatal hypoxia (7% O2, 3 h) on the 14-th day of the embryonic development (E14)
      was performed. It was found that rats subjected to prenatal hypoxia on days 20-30
      after birth have an increased content and activity of caspase-3 with reduced
      levels of NEP and of the C-terminal fragment of the amyloid precursor protein
      (AICD) regulating NEP expression. In hypoxic animals 3 days after a single
      injection of a caspase inhibitor (i. v., Ac-DEVD-CHO, P20) the content of AICD
      and NEP was found to be increased up to the levels observed in control rats. The
      data obtained suggest that the increase of caspase-3 enzyme activity could affect
      NEP expression via proteolytic degradation of its transcription factor AICD.
      These data for the first time demonstrate the role of caspases in AICD-dependent
      regulation of NEP production in the brain of mammals under hypoxic conditions.

PMID- 26983278
TI  - [THE INFLUENCE OF LONG-TERM THYROXINE TREATMENT ON THE ACTIVITY OF NO-SYNTHASES
      IN TISSUES OF RATS WITH OBESITY INDUCED BY HIGH-FAT DIET].
AB  - Under obesity, a component of metabolic syndrome (MS), macro- and
      microcirculation are attenuated, which is associated with abnormalities of NO
      dependent cascades and leads to pathology of the cardiovascular system. Among the
      activators of NO-synthases (NOS), the enzymes catalyzing NO synthesis, are
      thyroid hormones. Since obesity and MS are characterized by reduced functions, of
      the thyroid gland, the replacement therapy with thyroid hormones, possessing the
      properties of vasodilators, is one of approached to restore functioning of the
      cardiovascular system. However, data on influence of thyroid hormones on NOS
      activity in obesity are not currently available. The aim of this work was to
      study the effect of four-week treatment of rats with obesity induced by high-fat
      diet with L-thyroxine (at a daily dose of 20 mg-kg) on functional activity of
      total NOS, as well as one endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) isoforms of the
      enzyme in the brain, myocardium and skeletal muscles of animals. In obese rats
      the decrease of thyroid hormones level, impaired glucose toleranse, and
      dyslipidemia were detected. In the myocardium and skeletal muscles of obese rats
      the activity of total NOS and eNOS was strongly decreased, whereas in the brain
      the activity of these enzymes was not significantly changed. Long-term treatment
      of obese rats with thyroxine led to a significant increase in activity of total
      NOS and eNOS in the myocardium and skeletal muscles and to an increase in
      activity of total NOS and nNOS in the brain, with the enzyme activity exceeding
      that in control. In healthy animals treated with thyroxine a significant increase
      in activity of total NOS and eNOS in the myocardium and skeletal muscles and in
      activity of total NOS in the brain was also eNOS in the myocardium and skeletal
      muscles and in activity of total NOS in the brain was also found. A significant
      contribution to the increasing activity of total NOS in obese rats and healthy
      animals treated with thyroxine belonged to the inducible isoform of the enzyme
      whose activity was found by calculation. Thus, the four-week thyroxine treatment
      of obese rats with deficiency of thyroid hormones led to a complete restoration
      of activity of total NOS and eNOS, reduced in obesity, in the myocardium and
      skeletal muscles which indicated the prospects of thyroxine therapy for treatment
      of vascular pathology in obesity and MS.

PMID- 26983279
TI  - [THE REGULATING EFFECT OF DIPEPTIDES ON CELL PROLIFERATION IN NERVE TISSUE
      CULTURE IN MAMMALS AND ON ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING IN INSECTS].
AB  - The effect of dipeptides AspPro and AspSer and of their composing amino acids
      (asparagine acid--Asp, proline--Pro, serin--Ser) on the proliferative activity in
      the explants of cortex and subcortical structures of the rat brain and on the
      functional activity of CNS of the honeybee was studied. The square index defined
      as a proportion of the whole explant square to the square of its central zone was
      determined. The number of bees responded with the conditional reaction (proboscis
      extension in the direction to aromatized solution) after 1 min (short-term
      memory) and 180 min (long-term memory) was detected after single learning
      procedure. Both dipeptides, as well as the asparagine acid, stimulated an
      increase of the growth zone of the subcortical structure explants in rats and of
      the number of honeybees with retention of conditional reaction in the short
      term/long-term memory independently of the effect of the second member of the
      dipeptide. The unidirectionality of the effect suggests the existence of common
      mechanisms of reception and signal transduction established during evolution that
      require the further study.

PMID- 26983280
TI  - [INFLUENCE OF OLEAMIDE OF WATER AND ION TRANSPORT IN THE OSMOREGULATORY ORGANS].
AB  - Application of oleamide (final concentration of 10 MUM) at the skin basal surface
      of the frog, Rana temporaria L., augmented the short-circuit current (SCC) from
      59.8 +/- 2.5 to 78.2 +/- 1.4 MUA/cm2. Oleamide added to the serous membrane of
      the frog urinary bladder at a final dose of 1 MUM induced more than 30-fold
      increase of osmotic permeability. The addition of arginine-vasotocin on the
      background of oleamide action further increased SCC across the isolated frog skin
      and osmotic permeability of the frog urinary bladder. Intraperitoneal injection
      of oleamide at a dose of 0.1 mM/100 g BW to water-loaded non-anesthetized Wistar
      rats decreased diuresis by 22%, enhanced solute-free water reabsorption and
      urinary sodium excretion by 31% and 55% respectively, but did not affect the
      renal potassium excretion. The results obtained provide evidence of similarity of
      oleamide and neurohypophyseal hormones effects on water and ion transport in
      epithelial cells of osmoregulatory organs in vertebrates.

PMID- 26983281
TI  - [NEURONS IN VISUAL THALAMIC CENTERS OF TURTLES, PROJECTING UPON THE
      TELENCEPHALON, EXPRESS DIFFERENT TYPES OF CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS: COMBINED
      IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND TRACER STUDY].
AB  - In turtles (Testudo horsfieldi, Emys orbicularis) the immunoreactivity for
      calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), and colocalization of PV and
      CB in neurons of visual thalamic nuclei (Rot, GLD) projecting to the
      telencephalon were studied using combined immunohistochemical and tracer method.
      The predominance of CB-ir neurons in Rot, CB-ir and CR-ir neurons in GLD and a
      lower amount of PV-ir neurons in both nuclei were shown. With double labeling
      fluoroimmunohistochemistry technique the colocalization of PV with CB was
      revealed in the majority of PV-ir neurons and in a fewer number of CB-ir neurons
      within both nuclei. After delivery of horseradish peroxidase into the
      telencephalic projection fields of Rot and GLD, retrograde labeling was found in
      the corresponding thalamic projection neurons immunoreactive for every protein
      investigated. After fluorescent tracer (Fluoro Gold) injection into the same
      telencephalic regions retrograde labeling was observed in Rot and GLD neurons,
      immunoreactive only for PV or CB, as well in neurons with colocalization of the
      both proteins. These data support predominance of CB-ir component in the rotundo
      telencephalic pathway and CB/CR components in the geniculo-telencephalic pathway
      in turtles. The role of functional specialization in segregation of neurons
      expressing different types of calcium-binding proteins is postulated.

PMID- 26983282
TI  - [NEUROGLOBIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELLS].

PMID- 26983283
TI  - [EFFECT OF COCKROACH PHEROMONE ON CHARACTERISTICS OF CALLING SOUND EMISSION IN
      THE CRICKET GRYLLUS BIMACULATUS].

PMID- 26983284
TI  - Just Breathe.

PMID- 26983285
TI  - This Is My Truth.

PMID- 26983286
TI  - Lights, Camera ... PREDIABETES?

PMID- 26983287
TI  - The Perfect Storm.

PMID- 26983288
TI  - Are We There Yet?

PMID- 26983289
TI  - THYROID WOES.

PMID- 26983290
TI  - The Sweet Stuff.

PMID- 26983291
TI  - Food.

PMID- 26983292
TI  - The Kids Aren't All Right.

PMID- 26983293
TI  - Understanding the CDC's updated HIV test protocol.

PMID- 26983295
TI  - Biomarkers and personalized cancer medicine.

PMID- 26983294
TI  - A20 modulation: a potential biological threat that can be mitigated by
      immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 26983296
TI  - Management of diabetes: the future is now.

PMID- 26983297
TI  - Paving the way for prediabetes diagnostics: biomarkers that reflect impaired
      glucose tolerance.

PMID- 26983298
TI  - Train the trainer: taking control of your lab's software education.

PMID- 26983300
TI  - Improving the molecular diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy with complex genetic
      testing.

PMID- 26983299
TI  - The laboratory's contribution to advanced medical analytics.

PMID- 26983301
TI  - First validated clinical test selects best embryos for IVF and viable
      pregnancies.

PMID- 26983303
TI  - Industry leader weighs in on glucose monitor regulation controversy.

PMID- 26983302
TI  - Soaring demand for genetic testing highlights need for streamlined data
      interpretation.

PMID- 26983305
TI  - [How to cope in this world marked by uncertainty and concern?].

PMID- 26983306
TI  - [Image of the month. A coronary-left ventricular fistula].

PMID- 26983307
TI  - [How I TREAT AN ASYMPTOMATIC AORTIC STENOSIS?].
AB  - Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in adults. The
      most frequent aetiology is now degenerative AS. There is general agreement that,
      in the absence of serious co-morbidity, surgery must be recommended for patients
      with symptomatic disease. The management of asymptomatic patients with severe
      aortic disease remains controversial for several reasons: sudden death in
      asymptomatic patients has been reported with an incidence < 1 % per year. In
      addition, operative mortality is significantly higher in symptomatic, when
      compared with asymptomatic, patients. Patients should be carefully educated about
      the importance of follow-up and reporting symptoms as soon as they develop.
      Echocardiography confirms the diagnosis and the severity of aortic stenosis.
      Exercise testing may be helpful when the patient is asymptomatic. If the patient
      develops symptoms during test, he should be referred for surgery. The management
      of patients with AS in everyday practice is based on the guidelines developed by
      ESC in October 2012.

PMID- 26983308
TI  - [A RARE CAUSE OF THORACIC MYELOPATHY: THE OSSIFICATION OF THE LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM].
AB  - Ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is a rare cause of thoracic
      myelopathy. Mostly described in Japan and East Asia, a number of cases have
      recently been reported in western subjects. We present the case of a patient, an
      asymptomatic carrier of lumbar canal stenosis, presenting with a slowly
      progressive posterior cord compression and a T12 sensitive level. The diagnosis
      of thoracic OLF was retrospectively made thanks to medical imaging. We reviewed
      the literature and focused on the epidemiology, physiopathology, presentation,
      treatment and prognosis of the thoracic OLJ with or without lumbar spinal
      stenosis.

PMID- 26983309
TI  - [VENOUS THROMBOSIS OF THE LEFT OVARIAN AND EXTENSION TO THE RENAL VEIN].
AB  - Ovarian vein thrombosis is a rare, but potentially serious postpartum
      complication. In 80% of the cases, it occurs on the right side and in less than
      6% on the left side; it is bilateral in 14% of cases. The usual clinical features
      include abdominal pain, fever and leucocytosis. However, the diagnosis is often
      complicated by other non specific signs and symptoms. Ovarian vein thrombosis may
      cause sepsis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and thrombosis of the inferior vena cava
      and the renal vein. The diagnosis can be established by CT scan or nuclear
      magnetic resonance imaging, which has a high sensitivity and specificity.
      Treatment for the ovarian vein thrombosis includes antibiotics and
      anticoagulation. The complications can sometimes be surgically managed. Prompt
      diagnosis and treatment can decrease the morbidity and the mortality. Nowadays,
      the fatal issue is rare as the appropriate treatment is quickly instaured.

PMID- 26983310
TI  - [CARDIOVASCULAR INVOLVEMENTS IN BEHCET'S DISEASE: "ANGIO-BEHCET"].
AB  - Behcet's disease is a relapsing, immune-mediated systemic vasculitis that may
      affect blood vessels of all types and sizes. Nowadays, the etiology remains
      unclear. In the absence of a biological marker or pathognomonic radiology, the
      diagnosis is mainly based on clinical manifestations. The cardiovascular
      involvement, known as "angio-Behcet", is relatively common and affects up to 40%
      of patients. It typi- cally occurs in a young male, usually during the onset of
      the disease. In general, immunosuppressive and anticoagulant therapies initiated
      early are likely to induce a remarkable cli- nical improvement. Nevertheless,
      prompt recognition of the polymorphous cardiovascular manifestations of the
      disease is challenging and may be responsible for some considerable delay prior
      to initiation of adequate therapy. The aim of this article is to describe the
      spectrum of cardiovascular involve- ments of Behcet's disease in order to
      optimize detection and therapeutic management.

PMID- 26983311
TI  - [FIRST CONSULTATION IN TEENAGERS FOR CONTRACEPTION PRESCRIPTION].
AB  - Adequate contraception prescription is mandatory for teenagers to avoid any
      unwanted pregnancy. Counselling and description of side effect improve
      compliance. Use of condom is important to avoid sexually transmitted infections.
      Combined estroprogestin contraception has multiple non-contraceptive benefits,
      e.g. dysmenorrhea improvement. Familial and personal history is needed before
      contraception prescription. Further consultation 3 months later has to be planned
      to evaluate compliance, side effects and to adapt contraception if needed.

PMID- 26983312
TI  - [PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER].
AB  - Non small cell lung cancer is the most frequent type of lung cancer and its
      prognosis is still very poor. Relapse is frequent and can be observed even in
      early stages of the disease, in spite of a surgical management with curative
      intent. This paper gives an overview of the main prognostic factors, the two most
      important of which remain the staging and tumor histology. These also determine
      the therapeutic strategy. Other factors of poor prognosis might also be useful
      for clinicians, particularly in their decision to refer patients for adjuvant
      therapies.

PMID- 26983313
TI  - [THE MALADAPTIVE BELIEFS OF PATIENTS WITH LOW BACK PAIN. A NARRATIVE REVIEW].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to summarize the knowledge regarding the maladaptive beliefs of
      patients with non-specific low back pain. METHODS: a narrative literature review
      on these beliefs was conducted by an international and multidisciplinary team of
      experts in the field. RESULTS: these beliefs, which can result in negative
      consequences on functioning and on patient prognosis, have various origins:
      family and friends, media, previous experience and/or health care professionals'
      messages. The latter, who have a considerable and enduring influence, have the
      potential to change and correct the patients' misbeliefs; however, they can also
      reinforce them in case of inappropriate messages and attitudes. Informing and
      educating the patient (by means of reassurance, explanations of the non
      systematic association pain-injury, encouragement to get and stay physically
      active) are the basis of treatment. Taking into account the consequences of some
      words which may be misinterpreted, the results of imaging should be wisely
      discussed with the patient. Pain neurophysiology education and cognitive
      behavioral therapy (i.a., in vivo graded exposure techniques) are effective
      additional treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Misbeliefs are frequent in patient with low
      back pain. They do need to be looked for and corrected.

PMID- 26983314
TI  - [FIXED COMBINATION ATORVASTATIN-EZETIMIBE (ATOZET(r))].
AB  - Cardiovascular prevention in subjects at high or very high risk requires a
      drastic reduction in LDL cholesterol according to the concept "the lower, the
      better". The combination of an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and a selective
      inhibitor of intestinal absorption results in a complementary and synergistic LDL
      lowering activity. Besides a first fixed combination ezetimibe-simvastatin
      (Inegy(r)), a new fixed combination is presented, Atozet(r) that combines
      atorvastatin and ezetimibe. Because atorvastatin is more potent than simvastatin,
      this novel fixed combination should facilitate reaching therapeutic goals in
      terms of LDL cholesterol amongst patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia
      and/or at high or very high cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 26983315
TI  - [HOW I EXPLORE... SKIN COMPLEXION BY ANALYTICAL APPROACH].
AB  - Skin colour is important for interindividual relationships considerations, as
      well as for the assessment of some physiopathological aspects. Its subjective
      assessments varies among observers and according to light. By contrast, an
      objective approach, both qualitative and quantitative by analytical measurements,
      has been available for some years. Its application in routine clinical settings
      is possible. The aspects are dependent on the incident light wavelengths.
      Accordingly, a series of skin diseases, but also ictera, uremia, anemia and
      hemochromatosis are possibly assessed in the field of internal medecine according
      to variations of skin colors.

PMID- 26983316
TI  - Starting Over on Nuclear Waste Storage.

PMID- 26983318
TI  - New First Aid and CPR Guidelines: Step In to Save a Life.

PMID- 26983317
TI  - Common Questions Safety Managers Ask About Using ESLIs for Organic Vapors.

PMID- 26983319
TI  - New California AED Laws: Bull Rush From the Bear State?.

PMID- 26983320
TI  - Utilizing Technology in Manual Material Handling and Safe Lifting.
AB  - There is great potential to decrease injuries with the use of these new
      technologies, especially musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive task-related
      injuries. Initial costs can be considerable for some of these units, but they are
      much cheaper than a back surgery. As with all technology, the first designs cost
      a small fortune, but as we are seeing even now, the pricing is decreasing and the
      quality is increasing for these devices. In 30 years, we might all have flying
      cars like "Back to the Future II" predicted we would in 2015 or be able to figure
      out a tricorder like on "Star Trek"! For more information on exoskeletons,
      exoskeletonreport.com is a great resource.

PMID- 26983321
TI  - Keys to Preventing Eye Injuries.

PMID- 26983322
TI  - Infrared Sensors Shine a New Light on LEL Combustible Gas Measurement.

PMID- 26983323
TI  - Whole Air Sampling: No Pump, No Problem.

PMID- 26983324
TI  - Trends in Marijuana Legalization: A Wake-Up Call for Employers.

PMID- 26983325
TI  - Marijuana Use and Its Impact on Workplace Safety and Productivity.

PMID- 26983326
TI  - Get Acquainted With EU Safety Glove Standards.
AB  - As with many of the standards developed as a result of the EU Directive on PPE,
      the classification of a glove in a particular test is usually defined as one of a
      series of performance levels (usually between 1 and 4 or 5). It is then left to
      the user, following a suitable risk assessment exercise, to select a glove with a
      suitable profile of performance levels in relevant tests.

PMID- 26983327
TI  - Help Protect Hard-Working Hands from Occupational Skin Disorders.

PMID- 26983328
TI  - Solving a Tough Guarding Challenge.

PMID- 26983330
TI  - Forward Pressure for Courageous Leadership.

PMID- 26983329
TI  - Contractor Safety Management: Aligning Strategy and Culture.

PMID- 26983331
TI  - [Diabetes: regression instead progress?].

PMID- 26983332
TI  - [New targets in pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes].
AB  - The number of people with diabetes is expected to increase worldwide to 360
      million within the next 15 years of which 90% will have type 2 diabetes (non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Established therapies mainly focus on the
      following principles: increase in plasma insulin, improving insulin sensitivity
      of tissues, reducing the rate of carbohydrate absorption and gluconeogenesis. The
      demand on compounds with new mechanisms of action is obvious. This articles
      summarizes new targets and compounds under development for pharmacotherapy of typ
      2 diabetes; at present approx. 180 compounds are going to be developed worldwide.

PMID- 26983333
TI  - [Drug treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2].

PMID- 26983334
TI  - [Comment by Prof. Dr. med Dirk Muller-Wieland. The therapeutic goal for blood
      sugar lowering in diabetes treatment].

PMID- 26983335
TI  - [Risk and benefit of sulfonylureas--their role in view of new treatment options
      for type 2 diabetes].
AB  - Currently, the therapy with oral antidiabetic drugs undergoes major changes. The
      use of sulfonylureas is in marked decline. The major argument in favor of newer
      oral antidiabetic drugs is the lower risk of hypoglycemia. At the present time
      however, it is unclear whether DDP4 inhibitors or SGLT2 inhibitors lead to better
      outcomes with respect to cardiovascular events and overall mortality. Most
      evidence on the therapeutic use of sulfonylureas has been gained with
      glibenclamide and to some degree sulfonylureas and glibenclamide have become
      synonymous. Since sulfonylureas vary considerably in their affinity for the
      K(ATP) channel subtypes and in their pharmacokinetic properties, the
      epidemiological evidence that outcomes tend to be less favorable with
      glibenclamide than with glimepiride or gliclazide has gained some attention.
      Beyond debate is the efficacy of metformin to diminish cardiovascular events in
      type 2 diabetes, probably due to effects beyond the lowering of blood glucose.

PMID- 26983336
TI  - [Metformin for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome].
AB  - For several years there is an evidence for a relationship between the polycystic
      ovary syndrome (PCOS) and of insulin resistance; therefore metformin, an insulin
      sensitizer, is used for the treatment for more than 10 years. However, the
      evidence for metformin is assessed controversially. This review will give an
      overview about the data published on this topic.

PMID- 26983337
TI  - [Is vaccination with the meningococcal vaccine Bexsero recommended for
      asplenia?].

PMID- 26983338
TI  - [Larazotide as an option in case of failure of a gluten-free diet].

PMID- 26983339
TI  - Big Steps in the Right Direction.

PMID- 26983341
TI  - Start With Yes.

PMID- 26983340
TI  - Standards, Practices, and How the ADA Has Our Backs.

PMID- 26983343
TI  - Disaster Preparedness Meets Dentistry.

PMID- 26983342
TI  - Principle and Practice in Ethics and Morality--Part One.

PMID- 26983344
TI  - Smoking, Smokeless Tobacco, and Alcohol Consumption as Contributing Factors to
      Periodontal Disease.

PMID- 26983345
TI  - The Healing Power of Forgiveness.

PMID- 26983346
TI  - Expression, localization and possible functions of aquaporins 3 and 8 in rat
      digestive system.
AB  - Although aquaporins (AQPs) play important roles in transcellular water movement,
      their precise quantification and localization remains controversial. We
      investigated expression levels and localizations of AQP3 and AQP8 and their
      possible functions in the rat digestive system using real-time polymerase chain
      reactions, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. We investigated the
      expression levels and localizations of AQP3 and AQP8 in esophagus, forestomach,
      glandular stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal and distal colon, and
      liver. AQP3 was expressed in the basolateral membranes of stratified epithelia
      (esophagus and forestomach) and simple columnar epithelia (glandular stomach,
      ileum, and proximal and distal colon). Expression was particularly abundant in
      the esophagus, and proximal and distal colon. AQP8 was found in the subapical
      compartment of columnar epithelial cells of the jejunum, ileum, proximal colon
      and liver; the most intense staining occurred in the jejunum. Our results suggest
      that AQP3 and AQP8 play significant roles in intestinal function and/or fluid
      homeostasis and may be an important subject for future investigation of disorders
      that involve disruption of intestinal fluid homeostasis, such as inflammatory
      bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. 

PMID- 26983347
TI  - Screening and kinetic studies of catharanthine and ajmalicine accumulation and
      their correlation with growth biomass in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots.
AB  - Context Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae) is still one of the most
      important sources of terpene indole alkaloids including anticancer and
      hypertensive drugs as vincristine and vinblastine. These final compounds have
      complex pathway and many enzymes are involved in their biosynthesis. Indeed,
      ajmalicine and catharanthine are important precursors their increase can lead to
      enhance levels of molecules of interest. Objective This study aims at selecting
      the highest yield of hairy root line(s) and at identifying best times for further
      treatments. We study kinetics growth and alkaloids (ajmalicine and catharanthine)
      accumulation of three selected hairy root lines during the culture cycle in order
      to determine the relationship between biomass production and alkaloids
      accumulation. Materials and methods Comparative analysis has been carried out on
      three selected lines of Catharanthus roseus hairy roots (LP10, LP21 and L54) for
      their kinetics of growth and the accumulation of ajamalicine and catharanthine,
      throughout a 35-day culture cycle. The methanolic extract for each line in
      different times during culture cycle is analyzed using liquid chromatography
      coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Maximum accumulation of
      the alkaloids is recorded for LP10 line in which the peak of ajmalicine and
      catharanthine accumulation reached to 3.8 and 4.3 mg/g dry weight (DW),
      respectively. This increase coincides with an exponential growth phase.
      Discussion and conclusion Our results suggest that the evolution of accumulation
      of ajmalicine and catharanthine are positively correlated with the development of
      the biomass growth. Significantly, for LP10 line the most promising line to
      continue optimizing the production of TIAs. Additionally, the end of exponential
      phase remains the best period for elicitor stimuli. 

PMID- 26983348
TI  - Co3V2O8 Sponge Network Morphology Derived from Metal-Organic Framework as an
      Excellent Lithium Storage Anode Material.
AB  - Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based synthesis of battery electrodes has presntly
      become a topic of significant research interest. Considering the complications to
      prepare Co3V2O8 due to the criticality of its stoichiometric composition, we
      report on a simple MOF-based solvothermal synthesis of Co3V2O8 for use as
      potential anodes for lithium battery applications. Characterizations by X-ray
      diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution electron
      microscopy, and porous studies revealed that the phase pure Co3V2O8 nanoparticles
      are interconnected to form a sponge-like morphology with porous properties.
      Electrochemical measurements exposed the excellent lithium storage (~1000 mAh g(
      1) at 200 mA g(-1)) and retention properties (501 mAh g(-1) at 1000 mA g(-1)
      after 700 cycles) of the prepared Co3V2O8 electrode. A notable rate performance
      of 430 mAh g(-1) at 3200 mA g(-1) was also observed, and ex situ investigations
      confirmed the morphological and structural stability of this material. These
      results validate that the unique nanostructured morphology arising from the use
      of the ordered array of MOF networks is favorable for improving the cyclability
      and rate capability in battery electrodes. The synthetic strategy presented
      herein may provide solutions to develop phase pure mixed metal oxides for high
      performance electrodes for useful energy storage applications. 

PMID- 26983350
TI  - Medical innovations and discoveries: the mind of a scientist is the most
      important research instrument.

PMID- 26983349
TI  - The Relationship Between 24-Hour Symptoms and COPD Exacerbations and Healthcare
      Resource Use: Results from an Observational Study (ASSESS).
AB  - This observational study assessed the relationship between nighttime, early
      morning and daytime chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms and
      exacerbations and healthcare resource use. COPD symptoms were assessed at
      baseline in patients with stable COPD using a standardised questionnaire during
      routine clinical visits. Information was recorded on exacerbations and healthcare
      resource use during the year before baseline and during a 6-month follow-up
      period. The main objective of the analysis was to determine the predictive nature
      of current symptoms for future exacerbations and healthcare resource use. 727
      patients were eligible (65.8% male, mean age: 67.2 years, % predicted forced
      expiratory volume in 1 second: 52.8%); 698 patients (96.0%) provided information
      after 6 months. Symptoms in any part of the day were associated with a prior
      history of exacerbations (all p < 0.05) and nighttime and early-morning symptoms
      were associated with the frequency of primary care visits in the year before
      baseline (both p < 0.01). During follow-up, patients with baseline symptoms
      during any part of the 24-hour day had more exacerbations than patients with no
      symptoms in each period (all p < 0.05); there was also an association between 24
      hour symptoms and the frequency of primary care visits (all p <= 0.01). Although
      there was a significant association between early-morning and daytime symptoms
      and exacerbations during follow-up (both p < 0.01), significance was not
      maintained when adjusted for potential confounders. Prior exacerbations were most
      strongly associated with future risk of exacerbation. The results suggest 24-hour
      COPD symptoms do not independently predict future exacerbation risk.

PMID- 26983351
TI  - Peduncular hallucinosis due to brain metastases from cervix cancer: a case
      report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brain metastases from cervical carcinoma are rare. Accompanying
      symptoms depend on the location of the metastatic lesions. Penduncular
      hallucinosis is a vivid form of hallucination with clinical findings indicating a
      lesion of the upper midbrain. We hereby report a probable first case of
      peduncular hallucinosis associated with brain metastases from cervical cancer.
      CASE: A 42-year-old woman had been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of cervix. On
      admission for her increasing pelvic pain, she had complex visual hallucinations
      comprising cartoon children, figurative people and a foggy room. Magnetic
      resonance imaging of the head revealed a lesion in the left mesencephalothalamic
      area. CONCLUSION: Peduncular hallucinosis is well known for its vivid and life
      like characteristics associated with a mesencephalic area lesion, and recognition
      of this may be useful of its diagnosis and differential diagnosis from confusion
      and other hallucinations.

PMID- 26983352
TI  - Identification of candidate genes for schizophrenia based on natural resistance
      to infectious diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of candidate genes for schizophrenia may be more
      successful than genome screens as the latter have not found consistent linkages.
      OBJECTIVE: To assist in the gene search, a model of schizophrenia based on
      resistance to infectious diseases, rather than susceptibility, is proposed. The
      theory blends the geography of schizophrenia with the assumption that genes that
      cause schizophrenia likely evolved and persist from selection pressure. The
      theory includes the notion that schizophrenia enhances biological survival at the
      cost of psychological and social functioning. METHOD: To demonstrate the utility
      of using this model, the Medline literature was searched for resistance genes,
      mostly identified in mice. RESULTS: Based on homologous locations in the human
      genome, these resistance genes are shown to be located in human chromosome
      regions linked significantly, in at least one genome screen, with schizophrenia
      or some physiologically related function or condition associated with
      schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: The infectious disease resistance theory of
      schizophrenia is offered as a viable model for understanding the origins of
      schizophrenia. The theory also allows for the inclusion of persistent infections,
      seasonal variability and translational pathophysiology to contribute to the
      etiology of schizophrenia.

PMID- 26983353
TI  - Hypothalamic digoxin-mediated model for epileptogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study assessed the changes in the isoprenoid pathway and
      its metabolites in seizure disorder (ILAE classification - I generalized -
      idiopathic generalized epilepsy with age-related onset - epilepsy with
      generalized tonic clonic seizures on awakening) and the metabolic cascade
      produced by isoprenoid pathway dysregulation. METHODS: The following parameters
      were assessed in seizure disorder: isoprenoid pathway metabolites, tyrosine and
      tryptophan catabolites, glycoconjugates metabolism and red blood cell (RBC)
      membrane composition. RESULTS: There was elevation in plasma HMG-CoA reductase
      activity, serum digoxin and dolichol and a reduction in RBC membrane Na-K+ ATPase
      activity, serum magnesium and ubiquinone levels. Serum tryptophan, serotonin,
      strychnine, nicotine and quinolinic acid were elevated while tyrosine, dopamine,
      morphine and norepinephrine were decreased. The total serum glycosaminoglycans
      and glycosaminoglycan fractions (except dermatan sulfate), the activity of
      glycosaminoglycans (GAG) degrading enzymes and glycohydrolases, carbohydrate
      residues of glycoproteins and serum glycolipids were elevated. Total serum
      cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and free fatty acids were increased while HDL
      cholesterol and triglycerides were unaltered. The concentration of membrane
      hexose, fucose, cholesterol and phospholipids in the RBC membrane decreased
      significantly but the total RBC membrane GAG was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS:
      Epileptogenesis could be due to a dysfunctional isoprenoidal pathway and
      paroxysmal hypothalamic digoxin hypersecretion.

PMID- 26983354
TI  - Influence of whole body cryotherapy on depressive symptoms - preliminary report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy has a long tradition in somatic medicine. Yet we know
      very little about its impact on psyche and mood disturbances in particular.
      Therefore there is a real need for scientific investigations into this problem.
      OBJECTIVE: The study reported here was an initial approach to whole-body
      cryotherapy (WBCT) as a potential treatment modality for depression and was
      expected to provide rough data helping to design a future project with extended
      methodology, larger sample groups and longer follow-up. METHODS: Twenty-three
      patients aged 37-70 years gave informed consent to participate in the study. Ten
      WBCT procedures (160 s, -150 degrees C) were applied within 2 weeks. Participants
      were recruited from depressed day hospital patients. Antidepressive medication
      was not ceased. Symptoms were rated at the beginning and end of this intervention
      using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Changes in scores were
      analyzed in the group of patients for every item separately as well as for the
      sum of all items for each patient. RESULTS: Almost for each individual HDRS item,
      the overall score for all patients together was significantly lower after WBCT.
      This means that all symptoms, except for day-night mood fluctuations, were
      presumably positively influenced by cryotherapy. The HDRS sum-score for each
      patient after WBCT was lower than that of the baseline and reached statistical
      significance in a paired samples t-test. Every patient was therefore considerably
      relieved after WBCT. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that WBCT helps in alleviating
      depression symptoms. Should this be confirmed in the extended study we are
      currently implementing, WBCT may become an auxiliary treatment in depression.

PMID- 26983355
TI  - The serotonin-2A receptor polymorphism and clinical symptoms in mood disorders,
      schizophrenia and alcohol dependence in Japan.
AB  - In the past, there have been many epidemiological and genetic studies of mood
      disorders, schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence, and in this study, the human
      serotonin 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) polymorphism was examined in 80 patients with
      mood disorders, 50 patients with schizophrenia and 41 patients with alcohol
      dependence. 5-HTR is related to affectivity, regulation, and pharmacologic
      effects of antidepressant, anti-anxiety and antipsychotic medications. The
      polymorphism in 5-HTR2A (102T/C, -1438 A/G) was identified by the polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP). The results suggest that 5-HTR2A (102T/C, -1438G/A) polymorphism might
      not be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia or mood disorders, and it
      might not be a risk factor contributing to alcohol dependency. We found that the
      102T/C polymorphism was in linkage disequilibrium with the -1438G/A polymorphism
      in psychosis (mood disorder, schizophrenia, and alcohol dependence) and in health
      controls. Further studies are needed to determine whether or not the novel
      serotonin receptor (5-HTR) polymorphism reflects the pathogenesis of
      schizophrenia, mood disorders, and alcohol dependence. 

PMID- 26983356
TI  - Quetiapine in relapsing schizophrenia: clinical efficacy and effect on
      monoaminergic parameters.
AB  - METHODS: Tolerability, safety and effectiveness of quetiapine in an in-patient
      group with a relapse of schizophrenia and the possible role of plasma amino acid
      concentrations, 5-HT parameters and HVA in the prediction of response to
      treatment were investigated in an open-label baseline-controlled trial of 14
      weeks in 21 hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Responders were defined as those
      patients who exhibit at least a 40% reduction of BPRS total scores. Secondary
      efficacy measures were the PANSS, the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)-severity
      scale and the MADRS. Extrapyramidal side-effects were evaluated with the AIMS.
      Other side-effects were monitored at regular intervals. Amino acids and the
      derived tryptophan and tyrosine ratios, as well as monoaminergic parameters, were
      assessed in plasma at baseline and at weeks 3, 6 and 14. RESULTS: Treatment with
      quetiapine resulted in the predefined treatment effect in 10 out of the 17
      patients who completed at least 4 weeks of treatment. Effect in responders was
      observed on all efficacy parameters, including lower MADRS scores. No
      extrapyramidal side-effects emerged. Clinical and biochemical parameters did not
      predict response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the moderate
      antipsychotic efficacy of quetiapine on preferentially positive symptoms in a
      group of relatively young schizophrenics. Some observed changes in biochemical
      parameters are discussed.

PMID- 26983357
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging studies on autism and childhood-onset schizophrenia in
      children and adolescents - a review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To find out whether the neurodevelopmental disorders autism and
      childhood-onset schizophrenia have a common developmental pathway and whether the
      abnormalities detected are 'disorder-specific', by reviewing magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) studies. METHODS: As a result of a Medline search, we were able to
      access 28 studies on autism and 12 studies on childhood-onset schizophrenia,
      which focused on children and adolescents. RESULTS: Larger lateral ventricles
      were found to be a common abnormality in both disorders. 'Disorder-specific'
      abnormalities in patients with autism were larger brains, a larger thalamic area,
      and a smaller right cingulate gyrus. Subjects with childhood-onset schizophrenia
      were found to have smaller brains, a smaller amygdalum and thalamus, and a larger
      nucleus caudatus. In subjects with childhood-onset schizophrenia, abnormalities
      appeared to progress over a limited period of time. CONCLUSIONS: Because the
      study designs varied so much, the results should be interpreted cautiously.
      Before abnormalities found in the disorders can be designated as equal or
      'disorder-specific', it will be essential to perform large longitudinal and cross
      sectional follow-up studies.

PMID- 26983358
TI  - The role of the cytokine network in psychological stress.
AB  - Although a considerable amount of evidence has shown that psychological stress
      alters peripheral and brain cytokines, the physiological significance of cytokine
      alteration in psychological stress remains to be elucidated. The aims of this
      review are to analyze the influence of acute and chronic psychological stresses
      on the cytokine network in animals and in humans, and to explore the
      pathophysiological implication of the cytokine changes in psychological stress.
      Acute psychological stress may increase proinflammatory cytokines both in animals
      and in humans, and increase T-helper-1 cell cytokines in humans. Investigations
      into the effect of chronic psychological stress on cytokine production in animals
      gives mixed results. However, in humans, academic exam stress or care-giver's
      stress appears to induce a shift in the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance toward a Th2
      response and increase proinflammatory cytokines. Psychological stress-induced
      cytokines stimulate the activity of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) and could
      induce serotonin depletion-related disorders such as depression in susceptible
      individuals. Psychological stress-induced production of cytokines may increase
      the risk for human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and exacerbation of
      autoimmune diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines may also play a regulatory role in
      glucocorticoid resistance and may be involved in wound healing and skin barrier
      function alterations. Finally, psychological stress-induced production of
      cytokines may play a role in neurodegenerative changes in the brain. 

PMID- 26983360
TI  - A novel curcuminoid exhibits enhanced antitumor activity in nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.
AB  - Curcumin shows growth-inhibition against tumor cells through multi-target
      mechanisms. Nevertheless, the poor stability and pharmacokinetics considerably
      limit its clinical functions. Increased effort has been put into the chemical
      alteration of curcumin to find potential analogues with improved bioavailability
      and antitumor activities. In this study, the antitumor activity of a novel
      curcuminoid (B63) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was examined. The MTT and
      colony formation assays were used to detect NPC cell viability and proliferation.
      Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle distribution. The Annexin V/PI
      staining assay and cleavage PARP and cleavage caspase-3 expression were used to
      examine apoptosis. Western blotting was used to examine the protein expression of
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway markers, XBP-1, ATF-4 and CHOP. The
      suppressive effect of B63 on tumor growth was examined in vivo by subcutaneously
      inoculated NPC in a tumor model using nude mice. Treatment with B63 potentially
      caused growth inhibition and apoptosis in NPC cells in a dose- and time
      responsive manner. Its antitumor effect was associated with the ER stress
      activation. Nevertheless, the same dose of curcumin did not activate ER stress.
      In addition, knockdown of Chop attenuated B63-induced cell viability inhibition,
      suggesting that the apoptotic pathway is ER stress-dependent. The tumor volume
      and weight were significantly reduced by pretreating the NPC cells with B63
      before implantation in the in vivo mouse model. B63 exhibited a more potent
      antitumor action than curcumin in NPC. These observations on the novel compound
      B63 indicate a novel candidate for NPC therapy.

PMID- 26983359
TI  - Targeted Delivery of C/EBPalpha -saRNA by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
      specific RNA Aptamers Inhibits Tumor Growth In Vivo.
AB  - The 5-year survival rate for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains
      dismal despite current chemotherapeutic agents and inhibitors of molecular
      targets. As the incidence of PDAC constantly increases, more effective multidrug
      approaches must be made. Here, we report a novel method of delivering
      antitumorigenic therapy in PDAC by upregulating the transcriptional factor
      CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha), recognized for its
      antiproliferative effects. Small activating RNA (saRNA) duplexes designed to
      increase C/EBPalpha expression were linked onto PDAC-specific 2'-Fluropyrimidine
      RNA aptamers (2'F-RNA) - P19 and P1 for construction of a cell type-specific
      delivery vehicle. Both P19- and P1-C/EBPalpha-saRNA conjugates increased
      expression of C/EBPalpha and significantly suppressed cell proliferation. Tail
      vein injection of the saRNA/aptamer conjugates in PANC-1 and in gemcitabine
      resistant AsPC-1 mouse-xenografts led to reduced tumor size with no observed
      toxicity. To exploit the specificity of the P19/P1 aptamers for PDAC cells, we
      also assessed if conjugation with Cy3 would allow it to be used as a diagnostic
      tool on archival human pancreatic duodenectomy tissue sections. Scoring pattern
      from 72 patients suggested a positive correlation between high fluorescent signal
      in the high mortality patient groups. We propose a novel aptamer-based strategy
      for delivery of targeted molecular therapy in advanced PDAC where current
      modalities fail.

PMID- 26983362
TI  - An unexpected transmetalation intermediate: isolation and structural
      characterization of a solely CH3 bridged di-copper(i) complex.
AB  - Structural characterization of unsupported, two metal centres bridging methyl
      groups is rare. They have been proposed as transmetalation intermediates in
      cuprate chemistry, but as yet no structural evidence has been presented. We have
      isolated a di-copper(i) complex with solely a methyl ligand bridging two Cu(i)
      atoms, representing a new bonding mode of CH3. 

PMID- 26983361
TI  - Three chromosomal rearrangements promote genomic divergence between migratory and
      stationary ecotypes of Atlantic cod.
AB  - Identification of genome-wide patterns of divergence provides insight on how
      genomes are influenced by selection and can reveal the potential for local
      adaptation in spatially structured populations. In Atlantic cod - historically a
      major marine resource - Northeast-Arctic- and Norwegian coastal cod are
      recognized by fundamental differences in migratory and non-migratory behavior,
      respectively. However, the genomic architecture underlying such behavioral
      ecotypes is unclear. Here, we have analyzed more than 8.000 polymorphic SNPs
      distributed throughout all 23 linkage groups and show that loci putatively under
      selection are localized within three distinct genomic regions, each of several
      megabases long, covering approximately 4% of the Atlantic cod genome. These
      regions likely represent genomic inversions. The frequency of these distinct
      regions differ markedly between the ecotypes, spawning in the vicinity of each
      other, which contrasts with the low level of divergence in the rest of the
      genome. The observed patterns strongly suggest that these chromosomal
      rearrangements are instrumental in local adaptation and separation of Atlantic
      cod populations, leaving footprints of large genomic regions under selection. Our
      findings demonstrate the power of using genomic information in further
      understanding the population dynamics and defining management units in one of the
      world's most economically important marine resources. 

PMID- 26983363
TI  - PAHs and PM2.5 emissions and female breast cancer incidence in metro Atlanta and
      rural Georgia.
AB  - Environmental chemical exposure could be an important etiologic factor for
      geographic differences in breast cancer incidence. In this study, we examined
      emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PM2.5 in relation to
      breast cancer incidence in metro Atlanta and rural Georgia by analyzing data from
      the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and the Environmental
      Protection Agency. The results showed that metro Atlanta had a significantly
      higher age-adjusted annual incidence rate of female breast cancer than rural
      Georgia (132.6 vs. 113.7 per 100,000) for 1992-2011. Emissions of both PAHs
      [adjusted beta = 0.568 (95 % CI: 0.209, 0.927); p = 0.004] and PM2.5 [adjusted
      beta = 2.964 (95 % CI: 0.468, 5.459); p = 0.023] were significantly associated
      with breast cancer incidence in metro Atlanta area. This study suggests that
      ambient air pollution, especially PAHs and PM2.5, could have a significant impact
      on the increased incidence of female breast cancer in urban areas. 

PMID- 26983364
TI  - Reviewing Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Suicidal Behavior.
AB  - This article describes the rationale for using mindfulness-based interventions
      (MBIs) to prevent suicidal behavior in high suicide-risk individuals. A narrative
      review of studies testing the feasibility of MBIs with individuals at risk for
      suicidal behavior and the effectiveness of MBIs for reducing suicidality was
      conducted. Studies testing the effectiveness of MBIs for reducing deficits
      specific to suicide attempters among depressed individuals were also reviewed as
      were studies examining moderators of MBI treatment adherence and effectiveness to
      the extent that these might suggest possible limitations to using MBIs with high
      suicide-risk individuals. Findings from the handful of available studies support
      targeting suicidal ideation with MBI. Additional studies show deficits associated
      with suicide attempt, namely attentional dyscontrol, problem solving deficits,
      and abnormal stress response, are improved by MBI and thus strengthen the
      rationale for using MBIs with high suicide-risk individuals.

PMID- 26983365
TI  - Sobriety checkpoint and open container laws in the United States: Associations
      with reported drinking-driving.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess how 2 types of drinking
      driving laws-permitting sobriety checkpoints and prohibiting open containers of
      alcohol in motor vehicles-are associated with drinking-driving and how
      enforcement efforts may affect these associations. METHODS: We obtained 2010 data
      on state-level drinking-driving laws and individual-level self-reported drinking
      driving from archival sources (Alcohol Policy Information System, NHTSA, and
      Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). We measured enforcement of the laws
      via a 2009 survey of state patrol agencies. We computed multilevel regression
      models (separate models for each type of law) that first examined how having the
      state law predicted drinking-driving, controlling for various state- and
      individual-level covariates; we then added the corresponding enforcement measure
      as another potential predictor. RESULTS: We found that states with a sobriety
      checkpoint law, compared with those without a law, had 18.2% lower drinking
      driving; states that conducted sobriety checks at least monthly (vs. not
      conducting checks) had 40.6% lower drinking-driving (the state law variable was
      not significant when enforcement was added). We found no significant association
      between having an open container law and drinking-driving, but states that
      conducted open container enforcement, regardless of having a law, had 17.6% less
      drinking-driving. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that having a sobriety
      checkpoint law and conducting checkpoints as well as enforcement of open
      containers laws may be effective strategies for addressing drinking-driving.

PMID- 26983366
TI  - Cu(I)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Furan-Substituted Allenes by Use of Conjugated Ene
      yne Ketones as Carbene Precursors.
AB  - The synthesis of furan-substituted allenes using conjugated ene-yne ketones as
      carbene source has been developed. For this reaction, bases play vital roles in
      controlling the reaction pathways, allowing for access to two types of allene
      products through trapping of different electrophiles. Mechanistically, the
      catalytic procedure generated a Cu(I) (2-furyl)carbene intermediate, which is
      subsequently followed by a migratory insertion process to afford nucleophilic
      organocopper species. The organocopper species thus generated can be trapped by
      proton or allyl halide, affording tri- or tetrasubstituted allenes, respectively.
      The reaction, which is characterized by its mild reaction conditions and the
      utilization of cheap copper(I) iodide as catalyst, allows for synthesis of a
      variety of furan-substituted allenes with a wide range of functional groups
      tolerance. 

PMID- 26983367
TI  - Immunological identification of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory
      subunit-like protein from the Trypanosoma equiperdum TeAp-N/D1 isolate.
AB  - Polyclonal immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies were produced in chicken eggs
      against the purified R(II)-subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)
      from pig heart, which corresponds to the Sus scrofa R(II)alpha isoform. In order
      to evaluate whether Trypanosoma equiperdum possessed PKA R-like proteins,
      parasites from the Venezuelan TeAp-N/D1 strain were examined using the generated
      anti-R(II) IgY antibodies. Western blot experiments revealed a 57-kDa polypeptide
      band that was distinctively recognized by these antibodies. Likewise, polyclonal
      antibodies raised in mice ascites against the recombinant T. equiperdum PKA R
      like protein recognized the PKA R(II)-subunit purified from porcine heart and the
      recombinant human PKA R(I)beta-subunit by immunoblotting. However, a partially
      purified fraction of the parasite PKA R-like protein was not capable of binding
      cAMP, implying that this protein is not a direct downstream cAMP effector in T.
      equiperdum. Although the function of the S. scrofa PKA R(II)alpha and the T.
      equiperdum PKA R-like protein appear to be different, their cross-reactivity
      together with results obtained by bioinformatics techniques corroborated the high
      level of homology exhibited by both proteins. Moreover, its presence in other
      trypanosomatids suggests an important cellular role of PKA R-like proteins in
      parasite physiology. 

PMID- 26983368
TI  - Correction to: Refining the Openness-Performance Relationship: Construct
      Specificity, Contextualization, Social Skill, and the Combination of Trait Self-
      and Other-Ratings.

PMID- 26983370
TI  - Origin of the step structure of molecular exchange-correlation potentials.
AB  - The exact exchange-correlation potential of a stretched heteronuclear diatomic
      molecule exhibits a localized upshift in the region around the more
      electronegative atom; by this device the Kohn-Sham scheme ensures that the
      molecule dissociates into neutral atoms. Baerends and co-workers showed earlier
      that the upshift originates in the response part of the exchange-correlation
      potential. We describe a reliable numerical method for constructing the response
      potential of a given many-electron system and report accurate plots of this
      quantity. We also demonstrate that the step feature itself can be obtained
      directly from the interacting wavefunction of the system by computing the so
      called average local electron energy. These findings illustrate in previously
      unavailable detail the mechanism of the formation of the upshift and the role
      played by static correlation in this process. 

PMID- 26983371
TI  - Field enhancement factors and self-focus functions manifesting in field emission
      resonances in scanning tunneling microscopy.
AB  - Field emission (FE) resonance (or Gundlach oscillation) in scanning tunneling
      microscopy (STM) is a phenomenon in which the FE electrons emitted from the
      microscope tip couple into the quantized standing-wave states within the STM
      tunneling gap. Although the occurrence of FE resonance peaks can be semi
      quantitatively described using the triangular potential well model, it cannot
      explain the experimental observation that the number of resonance peaks may
      change under the same emission current. This study demonstrates that the
      aforementioned variation can be adequately explained by introducing a field
      enhancement factor that is related to the local electric field at the tip apex.
      The peak number of FE resonances increases with the field enhancement factor. The
      peak intensity of the FE resonance on the reconstructed Au(111) surface varies in
      the face-center cubic, hexagonal-close-packed, and ridge regions, thus providing
      the contrast in the mapping through FE resonances. The mapping contrast is
      demonstrated to be nearly independent of the tip-sample distance, implying that
      the FE electron beam is not divergent because of a self-focus function
      intrinsically involved in the STM configuration. 

PMID- 26983374
TI  - Catalytic test reactions for the evaluation of hierarchical zeolites.
AB  - Hierarchical zeolites have received increasing attention in the last decade due
      to their outstanding catalytic performance. Several types of hierarchical
      zeolites can be prepared by a large number of different techniques. Hierarchical
      zeolites combine the intrinsic catalytic properties of conventional zeolites and
      the facilitated access and transport in the additional meso- or macropore system.
      In this tutorial review, we discuss several test reactions that have been
      explored to show the benefit of the hierarchical pore system with respect to
      their suitability to prove the positive effects of hierarchical porous zeolites.
      It is important to note that positive effects on activity, stability and less
      frequently selectivity observed for hierarchically structured catalysts not
      necessarily are only a consequence of the additional meso- or macropores but also
      the number, strength and location of active sites as well as defects and
      impurities. With regard to these aspects, the test reaction has to be chosen
      carefully and potential changes in the chemistry of the catalyst have to be
      considered as well. In addition to the determination of conversion, yield and
      selectivity, we will show that the calculation of the activation energy and the
      determination of the Thiele modulus and the effectiveness factor are good
      indicators of the presence or absence of diffusion limitations in hierarchical
      zeolites compared to their parent materials. 

PMID- 26983369
TI  - The canonical Wingless signaling pathway is required but not sufficient for
      inflow tract formation in the Drosophila melanogaster heart.
AB  - The inflow tracts of the embryonic Drosophila cardiac tube, termed ostia, arise
      in its posterior three segments from cardiac cells that co-express the homeotic
      transcription factor Abdominal-A (abdA), the orphan nuclear receptor Seven-up
      (Svp), and the signaling molecule Wingless (Wg). To define the roles of these
      factors in inflow tract development, we assessed their function in inflow tract
      formation. We demonstrate, using several criteria, that abdA, svp, and wg are
      each critical for normal inflow tract formation. We further show that Wg acts in
      an autocrine manner to impact ostia fate, and that it mediates this effect at
      least partially through the canonical Wg signaling pathway. By contrast, neither
      wg expression nor Wg signaling are sufficient for inflow tract formation when
      expressed in anterior Svp cells that do not normally form inflow tracts in the
      embryo. Instead, ectopic abd-A expression throughout the cardiac tube is required
      for the formation of ectopic inflow tracts, indicating that autocrine Wg
      signaling must be supplemented by additional Hox-dependent factors to effect
      inflow tract formation. Taken together, these studies define important cellular
      and molecular events that contribute to cardiac inflow tract development in
      Drosophila. Given the broad conservation of the cardiac regulatory network
      through evolution, our studies provide insight into mechanisms of cardiac
      development in higher animals. 

PMID- 26983372
TI  - Acute Kidney Injury Classification for Critically Ill Cirrhotic Patients: A
      Comparison of the KDIGO, AKIN, and RIFLE Classifications.
AB  - Critically ill cirrhotic patients have high mortality rates, particularly when
      they present with acute kidney injury (AKI) on admission. The Kidney Disease:
      Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) group aimed to standardize the definition of
      AKI and recently published a new AKI classification. However, the efficacy of the
      KDIGO classification for predicting outcomes of critically ill cirrhotic patients
      is unclear. We prospectively enrolled 242 cirrhotic patients from a 10-bed
      specialized hepatogastroenterology intensive care unit (ICU) in a 2000-bed
      tertiary-care referral hospital. Demographic parameters and clinical variables on
      day 1 of admission were prospectively recorded. The overall in-hospital mortality
      rate was 62.8%. Liver diseases were usually attributed to hepatitis B viral
      infection (26.9%). The major cause of ICU admission was upper gastrointestinal
      bleeding (38.0%). Our result showed that the KDIGO classification had better
      discriminatory power than RIFLE and AKIN criteria in predicting in-hospital
      mortality. Cumulative survival rates at the 6-month after hospital discharge
      differed significantly between patients with and without AKI on ICU admission
      day. In summary, we identified that the outcome prediction performance of KDIGO
      classification is superior to that of AKIN or RIFLE classification in critically
      ill cirrhotic patients. 

PMID- 26983375
TI  - Is There an Additional Value of Inpatient Treatment for Patients with Atopic
      Dermatitis?
AB  - An inpatient treatment and education programme has been developed for patients
      with difficult to control atopic dermatitis (AD), with the aim of achieving
      adequate self-management and long-term disease control. This observational study
      included adult patients diagnosed with difficult to control AD, admitted for a
      structured inpatient treatment and education programme. The primary outcome was
      the Six Area, Six Sign Atopic Dermatitis (SASSAD) score. In total, 79 patients
      (mean +/- SD age 38.8 +/- 17.1 years) were included. The median duration of
      hospitalization was 11 days (interquartile range 8-14). The mean percentage
      decrease in SASSAD score between admission and discharge was 60.7%, of which 64
      (81.0%) patients achieved SASSAD50. The mean percentage decrease in SASSAD score
      was 69.0% during follow-up, of which 63 (79.7%) patients still had a SASSAD50. In
      the majority of these patients with difficult to control AD the admission
      resulted in sustained disease control. This could be achieved by optimization of
      treatment with topical corticosteroids. 

PMID- 26983376
TI  - Instabilities, defects, and defect ordering in an overdamped active nematic.
AB  - We consider a phenomenological continuum theory for an extensile, overdamped
      active nematic liquid crystal, applicable in the dense regime. Constructed from
      general principles, the theory is universal, with parameters independent of any
      particular microscopic realization. We show that it exhibits two distinct
      instabilities, one of which arises due to shear forces, and the other due to
      active torques. Both lead to the proliferation of defects. We focus on the active
      torque bend instability and find three distinct nonequilibrium steady states
      including a defect-ordered nematic in which +1/2 disclinations develop polar
      ordering. We characterize the phenomenology of these phases and identify the
      relationship of this theoretical description to experimental realizations and
      other theoretical models of active nematics.

PMID- 26983377
TI  - Access to Healthcare among People with Physical Disabilities in Rural Louisiana.
AB  - The aim was to explore the perceptions about factors that impede and facilitate
      access to healthcare among rural residents in Louisiana with physical
      disabilities. The participants were recruited through local churches and word of
      mouth. Nine in-depth interviews were conducted. The interviews were analyzed
      using content analysis. Seven categories containing barriers and facilitators
      were found. The interviewees described lack of transportation, lack of
      specialized care locally, limits in insurance coverage, lack of financial
      resources, and lack of knowledge about health care to be the main barriers. The
      main facilitators were social support, mainly from family and friends,
      transportation assistance, continuity of care, trust in doctors, and insurance
      coverage. People with disabilities in rural areas face several barriers when
      accessing health care but also multiple facilitators. A group that was identified
      as particularly vulnerable were low-income households that were not eligible for
      Medicare/Medicaid but still had high expenditures on health care due to
      disabilities. 

PMID- 26983373
TI  - Clinically Evaluated Cancer Drugs Inhibiting Redox Signaling.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: There are a number of redox-active anticancer agents currently in
      development based on the premise that altered redox homeostasis is necessary for
      cancer cell's survival. Recent Advances: This review focuses on the relatively
      few agents that target cellular redox homeostasis to have entered clinical trial
      as anticancer drugs. CRITICAL ISSUES: The success rate of redox anticancer drugs
      has been disappointing compared to other classes of anticancer agents. This is
      due, in part, to our incomplete understanding of the functions of the redox
      targets in normal and cancer tissues, leading to off-target toxicities and low
      therapeutic indexes of the drugs. The field also lags behind in the use
      biomarkers and other means to select patients who are most likely to respond to
      redox-targeted therapy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: If we wish to derive clinical benefit
      from agents that attack redox targets, then the future will require a more
      sophisticated understanding of the role of redox targets in cancer and the
      increased application of personalized medicine principles for their use.
      Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 262-273.

PMID- 26983378
TI  - Child and teacher acceptability of school-based echocardiographic screening for
      rheumatic heart disease in Uganda.
AB  - : Introduction Rheumatic heart disease causes substantial morbidity in children
      in low-income countries. School-based echocardiographic screening has been
      suggested as a means to identify children with latent disease; however, little is
      known about the experience of children and teachers participating in screenings.
      The aim of our study was to assess students' and teachers' experience of school
      based echocardiographic screening and identify areas for improvement. Materials
      and methods A school-based echocardiographic screening programme was conducted in
      five schools in Northern Uganda in 2013. After 8 months, an age- and gender
      stratified population that included 5% of the participating students and teachers
      completed a questionnaire via an in-person interview. Responses were reviewed by
      question and coded to identify key themes. RESULTS: A total of 255 students (mean
      10.7 years; 48% male) and 35 teachers participated in our study. In total, 95% of
      the students and 100% of the teachers were happy to have participated in the
      screening; however, students reported feeling scared (35%) and nervous (48%)
      during the screening process. Programmatic strengths included the following:
      knowing one's health status, opportunity to receive treatment, and staff
      interactions. Although 43% of the patients did not suggest a change with open
      ended questioning, concerns regarding privacy, fear of the screening process, and
      a desire to include others in the community were noted. Discussion School-based
      echocardiographic rheumatic heart disease screening was well received by students
      and teachers. Future programmes would likely benefit from improved pre-screening
      education regarding the screening process and diagnosis of rheumatic heart
      disease. Furthermore, education of teachers and students could improve screening
      perception and establish realistic expectations regarding the scope of screening.

PMID- 26983381
TI  - [Being of one heart and one mind, with you in the future].

PMID- 26983379
TI  - Semiconductor-inspired design principles for superconducting quantum computing.
AB  - Superconducting circuits offer tremendous design flexibility in the quantum
      regime culminating most recently in the demonstration of few qubit systems
      supposedly approaching the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum information
      processing. Competition in the solid-state comes from semiconductor qubits, where
      nature has bestowed some very useful properties which can be utilized for spin
      qubit-based quantum computing. Here we begin to explore how selective design
      principles deduced from spin-based systems could be used to advance
      superconducting qubit science. We take an initial step along this path proposing
      an encoded qubit approach realizable with state-of-the-art tunable Josephson
      junction qubits. Our results show that this design philosophy holds promise,
      enables microwave-free control, and offers a pathway to future qubit designs with
      new capabilities such as with higher fidelity or, perhaps, operation at higher
      temperature. The approach is also especially suited to qubits on the basis of
      variable super-semi junctions. 

PMID- 26983382
TI  - [Working together to promote the development of hepatology in China].

PMID- 26983380
TI  - The measurement of psychological constructs in people with osteoarthritis of the
      knee: a psychometric evaluation.
AB  - Purpose To examine the measurement properties of measures of psychological
      constructs in people with knee osteoarthritis. Method Participants with
      osteoarthritis of the knee completed the beck depression inventory (BDI-II),
      state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), arthritis helplessness index (AHI), fatigue
      severity scale (FSS), coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ), beliefs about pain
      control questionnaire (BPCQ), illness perceptions questionnaire-revised (IPQ-R),
      pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) at home as part of a set of measures
      covering different aspects of osteoarthritis pain. The questionnaires were
      returned by pre-paid envelope. Rasch analysis was used to check the psychometric
      properties of the scales in people with osteoarthritis. Results The STAI-SF was
      an acceptable measure of anxiety and the revised FSS an acceptable measure of
      fatigue, with removal of items 1 and 2. The BDI subscales were acceptable for
      measuring negative thoughts and behaviours related to depressive symptomatology
      with some modifications to the scale. The helplessness scale of the AHI was
      acceptable as a measure of helplessness. The PSEQ was an acceptable measure of
      self-efficacy and the CSQ as a measure of cognitive coping strategies. The BPCQ
      and IPQ-R did not fit the Rasch model. Conclusions These findings indicate that
      questionnaires need to be checked for their ability to measure psychological
      constructs in the clinical groups to which they will be applied. Implications for
      Rehabilitation For people with osteoarthritis, the STAI-SF is an acceptable
      measure of anxiety and the revised FSS an acceptable measure of fatigue with
      removal of items 1 and 2. The BDI subscales, but not the total score, are
      acceptable for measuring depressive symptomatology with some modifications to the
      scoring of the scale. And helplessness can be measured using the Helplessness
      subscale of the AHI. The PSEQ was an acceptable measure of self-efficacy and
      cognitive coping strategies can be measured with the CSQ. Rasch analysis
      highlighted lack of unidimensionality, disordered response thresholds and poor
      targeting in some measures commonly used for people with osteoarthritis.

PMID- 26983383
TI  - [The management of autoimmune liver diseases: from the consensus to the
      guideline].
AB  - Autoimmune liver disease is an aberrant autoimmunity-mediated liver injury, its
      early diagnosis and management can significantly improve the prognosis of
      patients and their quality of life. Most recently, the 3 societies of Hepatology,
      Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases of the Chinese Medical Association
      jointly released 4 consensuses about the diagnosis and management of autoimmune
      liver diseases. This academic milestone in the Chinese hepatology field should
      have major impact on the standardization and improvement of autoimmune liver
      disease management in China. We urgently need to carry out the joint clinical
      studies, in particular, multicenter randomized control prospective trials, to
      clarify the clinical and pathological features of Chinese patients with
      autoimmune liver diseases. We hope more and more original findings in China may
      promote the transition from the consensuses to guidelines in the near future. 

PMID- 26983384
TI  - [Consensus on the diagnosis and management of primary biliary cirrhosis
      (cholangitis)].

PMID- 26983385
TI  - [Consensus on the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis
      (2015 version)].

PMID- 26983386
TI  - [Chinese consensus on the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis
      (2015)].

PMID- 26983387
TI  - [Drug-resistant mutations in hepatitis B virus found in chronic HBV carriers
      using PCR sequencing technology].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate drug-resistant mutations in and genotypes of hepatitis
      B virus (HBV) in chronic HBV carriers using PCR sequencing technology. METHODS:
      Chronic HBV carriers were recruited from Tianjin Second People's Hospital between
      June 2013 and May 2014 and 317 were enrolled in the study according to receipt of
      nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) for at least three months prior. Drug-resistant
      mutations were detected by PCR followed by sequencing. SPSS21.0 was used for
      statistical analysis. RESULTS: Drug-resistant mutations were detected in 119 of
      the 317 patients, including 20 of 46 patients who received lamivudine (LAM), 16
      of 34 patients who received adefovir (ADV), 13 of 80 patients who received
      entecavir (ETV), 5 of 23 patients who received telbivudine (LdT), and 65 of 124
      patients who received various sequential/combined NA therapies. Each of the NAs
      had dominant drug-resistant mutational profiles, with rtM204I+rtL180M+/-rtL80I
      (30.9%) for LAM, rtA181T/N (21.3%), rtS213T/N (21.3%) and rtV214A (21.3%) for
      ADV, rtl180M (48%) for ETV, rtM204I for LdT, and rtA194T for tenofovir disoproxil
      fumarate (TDF). A total of 308 HBV genotypes were detected, including type B in
      27 cases (8.8%), type C in 279 cases (90.6%), and type D in 2 cases (0.6%). The
      different HBV genotypes had no statistically significant difference in drug
      resistance mutations, though (chi(2) = 1.11, P > 0.05). Two TDF drug-resistant
      mutations rtA194T were detected. CONCLUSION: The results provide new information
      on NA drug-resistant mutations and HBV genotype profiles in chronic HBV carriers
      and may have important clinical implication for HBV drug resistance management.
      In addition, the data confirmed the preexisting TDF mutation rtA194T.

PMID- 26983388
TI  - [Oxymatrine inhibits target cell infection in the HCVcc system].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate the antiviral effect of oxymatrine against hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) in the construction of the cell culture-based infectious virus system
      HCVcc. METHODS: An HCVcc system was established by infecting Huh7.5.1 cells with
      the J6 adapted virus (J6cc). Cells of the HCVcc system were then treated with
      different concentrations of oxymatrine for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, or left untreated
      (controls). MTT assay was used to detect effects on proliferation. Real-time
      quantitative PCR was used to detect effects on HCV mRNA expression level, and
      immunofluorescence was used to detect effects on HCV protein expression. Data
      were expressed as mean+/-standard deviation, and statistically assessed using one
      way ANOVA and one-sample t-test. RESULTS: Treatment with 2, 4, 8 and 12 mg/mL of
      oxymatrine for 24 h inhibited proliferation of the J6cc-infected cells by 8.4%,
      15.2%, 29.6% and 48.6% respectively, 48 h treatment inhibited by 14.3%, 25.7%,
      46.1% and 66.4% respectively, and 72 h treatment inhibited by 36.5%, 46.6%, 70.6%
      and 85.4% respectively. Thus, the effects of oxymatrine were time- and dose
      dependent (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression level in the oxymatrine-treated cells
      of the HCVcc system was 0.59 +/- 0.12, which was significantly lower than that in
      the control cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, as the oxymatrine concentration increased
      from 2 mg/mL to 12 mg/mL, the expression levels of HCV proteins also showed a
      decreasing trend. CONCLUSION: We successfully constructed a J6cc infection HCVcc
      system and verified the antiviral effect of oxymatrine against HCV.

PMID- 26983389
TI  - [Hepatitis B virus X protein-regulated expression of Plk1].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ability and underlying mechanism of hepatitis B
      virus X protein (HBx) regulation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) expression.
      METHODS: The human HCC cell line HepG2 was transfected (transiently and stably)
      with an HBx plasmid expression vector (pCMV-HA-HBx) or empty plasmid vector
      (control), with and without expression plasmids with the Plk1 promoter. Effects
      on Plk1 expression were assessed by western blotting. Functional effects on the
      Plk1 promoter were assessed by luciferase reporter assay. Effects on the mRNA
      level of Plk1 in S phase HepG2 cells were assessed by quantitative real-time
      reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. After blocking protein synthesis
      by treatment with cycloheximide (CHX), the turnover rate of Plk1 was assessed by
      western blotting. Lastly, the effect of HBx on cell cycle was assessed by flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: HBx did not increase the protein expression of Plk1 in non
      synchronized HepG2 cells, but did significantly up-regulate the Plk1 protein
      level in the synchronized S phase cells (P = 0.026 and P = 0.003, respectively).
      Ectopic expression of HBx did not increase the mRNA level of Plk1 in HepG2 cells,
      but did inhibit the degradation of Plk1, as evidenced by an increased half-life
      of Plk1 protein (from 30 to 90 minutes). The HBx-expressing HepG2 cells showed
      more frequent entry into the S or G(2)/M phase than the control cells (31.65% vs.
      24.56% or 9.43% vs. 4.47%, respectively) and less in the G(0)/G(1) phase
      (decrease from 70.97% to 58.92% for the HBx-expressing HepG2 cells). CONCLUSION:
      HBx is able to up-regulate the expression of Plk1 in HepG2 cells by a mechanism
      involving stabilization of the Plk1 protein primarily in the S phase of the cell
      cycl.

PMID- 26983390
TI  - [Safety and efficacy of human umbilical cord derived-mesenchymal stem cell
      transplantation for treating patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively investigate the efficacy of human umbilical cord
      derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) as clinical treatment for HBV-related
      decompensated liver cirrhosis (HBV-DLC)*D. METHODS: Sixty patients with HBV-DLC
      were given standard medical treatment combined with a 3-month regimen of UC-MSC
      at a dose of 0.5-1.0*10(6) cells/kg/month. Another group of patients with HBV-DLC
      (n=120; control group) that was matched (2:1) to the case group by age, sex,
      diagnosis, and follow-up period was given the standard medical treatment only. We
      reviewed all patients' data of biochemical tests, imaging examinations, Child
      Pugh scores, and adverse reactions. Comparisons of continuous data between the
      two groups were made by independent-sample t-test, and comparisons of categorical
      data were made by chi-square test. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the
      group that received the combination UC-MSC treatment showed a significant rise in
      cholinesterase, globulin and alkaline phosphatase, and reduced Child-Pugh scores
      during the follow-up period. However, there was no significant difference between
      the groups of patients for levels of alanine transaminase, total bilirubin,
      albumin, total cholesterol, or prothrombin activity. CONCLUSIONS: Addition of the
      UC-MSC treatment to the standard therapy could help to improve liver function in
      patients with HBV-DLC.

PMID- 26983391
TI  - [Combination measurement of liver and spleen stiffness with portal vein width to
      evaluate risk of bleeding in esophageal and gastric varices patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of combined liver stiffness measurement (LSM)
      and spleen stiffness measurement (SSM), by transient elastography, along with
      measurement of portal vein width (PVW) for evaluating risk of bleeding in
      patients with esophageal and gastric varices (EV). METHODS: A total of 73
      patients with cirrhosis who were treated in the Department of Gastroenterology of
      the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between April 2014
      and March 2015 were included in the study. Child-Pugh classifications were
      obtained, portal vein widths were measured by ultrasound, liver and spleen
      stiffness were measured by transient elastography using FibroTouch(r). Patients
      were examined by electronic endoscopy, upper abdominal computed tomography and
      standard serum testing. The serum indexes of fibrosis (aspartate aminotransferase
      (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI), and AST to alanine aminotransferase ratio
      (AAR)) were calculated. Patients were grouped according to the results of
      gastroscopy, with severe (EV) and high risk of bleeding comprising group A and no
      or mild-to-moderate EV and low risk of bleeding comprising group B. Statistical
      analysis was carried out with t-test for continuous variables and chi(2) test for
      categorical variables to first screen out variables different between groups then
      the correlation with severe EV was assessed by generating receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curves. Lastly, binary logistic regression was used to
      evaluate the performance of combined variables for diagnosing severe EV and their
      predictive value for risk of bleeding. RESULTS: Group A and B showed significant
      differences for LSM, SSM and PVW (all P < 0.05). The cutoff values for diagnosing
      severe EV were 23.4 kPa for LSM, 40.3 kPa for SSM and 11.5 mm for PVW, with areas
      under the ROC curve (AUROC) as 0.655, 0.788 and 0.709 respectively. For combined
      measurements, the AUROC was 0.773 for LSM plus PVW and 0.840 for LSM plus PVW
      (with highest diagnostic performance). CONCLUSIONS: Combination of SSM plus PVW
      measurement shows high diagnostic performance for evaluating severe EV, and
      better performance than LSM plus SSM plus PVW and LSM plus PVW, with good
      predictive value for risk of EV bleeding.

PMID- 26983392
TI  - [Meta-analysis of anti-GP210 antibody and anti-SP100 antibody detection for
      diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of studies assessing the association of
      anti-GP210 antibody and anti-SP100 antibody with diagnosis of primary biliary
      cirrhosis (PBC) using meta-analysis. METHODS: Five research literature databases,
      including the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, VIP, CNKI and WanFang, were searched for
      studies of anti-GP210 antibody and anti-SP100 antibody in diagnosis of PBC. Meta
      disc statistical software was used for analysis. RESULTS: The meta-analysis
      included a total of 25 studies on anti-GP210 antibody and 21 studies on anti
      SP100 antibody. The diagnostic odds ratio, sensitivity, and specificity of anti
      GP210 antibody for diagnosis of PBC were 24.854 (11.957-51.660), 0.272 (0.257
      0.288), and 0.985 (0.982-0.988), respectively, and for anti-SP100 antibody they
      were 9.133 (4.739-17.600), 0.231 (0.213-0.249), and 0.977 (0.973-0.981),
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both anti-GP210 antibody and anti-SP100 antibody show
      high specificity but low sensitivity in diagnosis of PBC.

PMID- 26983393
TI  - [Efficiency and influencing factors of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation
      as treatment in hepatic malignant tumors].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency and influencing factors of ultrasound
      guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as treatment of hepatic
      malignant tumors. METHODS: Clinical data and follow-up radiographic images of
      patients with hepatic malignant tumors who had undergone treatment with
      ultrasound-guided percutaneous RFA at our hospital between March 2012 and March
      2014 were reviewed. Rates of incomplete ablation, recurrence, and tumor
      progression were calculated, and the factors affecting each were analyzed.
      RESULTS: Four hundred and twelve lesions were ablated in a total of 392
      ultrasound-guided percutaneous RFA procedures applied to 360 patients. The
      average tumor size was 2.51+/-1.10 cm. During at least 3 months of follow-up, the
      complete ablation rate was 86.11% (310/360), the recurrence rate was 7.78%
      (28/360), and the progression rate was 6.1% (22/360). Tumors with vessel-proximal
      location, size of >= 3 cm and >= 3 month presence had significantly higher rates
      of residual lesions after ablation (chi(2) = 4.431, 10.889 and 8.000,
      respectively; p<0.05). Tumors with >= 3 month presence had significantly higher
      rates of recurrence and progression (chi(2) = 29.032 and 22.092, P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous RFA can effectively control local
      progression of hepatic malignant tumors. Tumor size, length of presence, and
      vessel-proximal location are influencing factors of complete ablation rate, while
      length of presence is also an influencing factor for the recurrence and
      progression rates.

PMID- 26983394
TI  - [The First CSH-AASLD Dialogue: meeting highlights and minutes].

PMID- 26983395
TI  - [Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis related to mutation of the TJP2
      gene: recent advances].
AB  - Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis is a common cause for jaundice and
      hepatic dysfunction in infancy. Recent studies have provided novel insights into
      the etiology and pathogenesis of this childhood disease. Japanese scholars have
      proposed that mutation in the gene encoding the tight junction protein 2 (TJP2)
      may result in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 4. Gaining a
      detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease form, and of its
      molecular underpinnings, will promote the development of new and more effective
      diagnostic tools for infantile progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. 

PMID- 26983396
TI  - Flaxseed supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot
      randomized, open labeled, controlled study.
AB  - A two-arm randomized open labeled controlled clinical trial was conducted on 50
      patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Participants were
      assigned to take either a lifestyle modification (LM), or LM +30 g/day brown
      milled flaxseed for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, body weight, liver
      enzymes, insulin resistance and hepatic fibrosis and steatosis decreased
      significantly in both groups (p< 0.05); however, this reduction was significantly
      greater in those who took flaxseed supplementation (p < 0.05). The significant
      mean differences were reached in hepatic markers between flaxseed and control
      group, respectively: ALT [-11.12 compared with -3.7 U/L; P< 0.001], AST [-8.29
      compared with -4 U/L; p < 0.001], GGT [-15.7 compared with -2.62 U/L; p < 0.001],
      fibrosis score [-1.26 compared with -0.77 kPa; p = 0.013] and steatosis score [
      47 compared with -15.45 dB/m; p = 0.022]. In conclusion, flaxseed supplementation
      plus lifestyle modification is more effective than lifestyle modification alone
      for NAFLD management. 

PMID- 26983397
TI  - TRIM-directed selective autophagy regulates immune activation.
AB  - Selectivity of autophagy is achieved by target recognition; however, the number
      of autophagy receptors identified so far is limited. In this study we demonstrate
      that a subset of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins mediate selective autophagy of
      key regulators of inflammatory signaling. MEFV/TRIM20, and TRIM21 act as
      autophagic receptors recognizing their cognate targets and delivering them for
      autophagic degradation. MEFV recognizes the inflammasome components NLRP3, CASP1
      and NLRP1, whereas TRIM21 specifically recognizes the activated, dimeric from of
      IRF3 inducing type I interferon gene expression. MEFV and TRIM21 have a second
      activity, whereby they act not only as receptors but also recruit and organize
      key components of autophagic machinery consisting of ULK1, BECN1, ATG16L1, and
      mammalian homologs of Atg8, with a preference for GABARAP. MEFV capacity to
      organize the autophagy apparatus is affected by common mutations causing familial
      Mediterranean fever. These findings reveal a general mode of action of TRIMs as
      autophagic receptor-regulators performing a highly-selective type of autophagy
      (precision autophagy), with MEFV specializing in the suppression of inflammasome
      and CASP1 activation engendering IL1B/interleukin-1beta production and implicated
      in the form of cell death termed pyroptosis, whereas TRIM21 dampens type I
      interferon responses.

PMID- 26983398
TI  - Improved Production of Active Streptomyces griseus Trypsin with a Novel Auto
      Catalyzed Strategy.
AB  - N-terminal sequences play crucial roles in regulating expression, translation,
      activation and enzymatic properties of proteins. To reduce cell toxicity of
      intracellular trypsin and increase secretory expression, we developed a novel
      auto-catalyzed strategy to produce recombinant trypsin by engineering the N
      terminus of mature Streptomyces griseus trypsin (SGT). The engineered N-terminal
      peptide of SGT was composed of the thioredoxin, glycine-serine linker, His6-tag
      and the partial bovine trypsinogen pro-peptide (DDDDK). Furthermore, we
      constructed a variant TLEI with insertion of the artificial peptide at N-terminus
      and site-directed mutagenesis of the autolysis residue R145. In fed-batch
      fermentation, the production of extracellular trypsin activity was significantly
      improved to 47.4 +/- 1.2 U.ml(-1) (amidase activity, 8532 +/- 142.2 U.ml(-1) BAEE
      activity) with a productivity of 0.49 U.ml(-1).h(-1), which was 329% greater than
      that of parent strain Pichia pastoris GS115-SGT. This work has significant
      potential to be scaled-up for microbial production of SGT. In addition, the N
      terminal peptide engineering strategy can be extended to improve heterologous
      expression of other toxic enzymes. 

PMID- 26983399
TI  - Population aging in local areas and subjective well-being of older adults:
      Findings from two studies in Japan.
AB  - Subjective well-being (SWB) of older adults could be affected by both individual
      and community characteristics. However, the effect of community characteristics,
      such as population aging in local areas, remains unclear. This study examined the
      cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the area-level population
      aging and SWB of older individuals from two distinct surveys. Those analyzed were
      572 respondents aged 75 years and older for a cross-sectional survey in a
      metropolitan area in Tokyo, Japan (Study 1) and 1,257 and 859 respondents for a
      cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis, respectively, for a 2-year
      longitudinal survey project in urban and rural areas of Fukui Prefecture (Study
      2). Area-level population aging was assessed by the number of people aged 65
      years or older per 100 residents. SWB was assessed with the Life Satisfaction
      Index-A (LSIA). Multilevel analysis was performed to examine unconditional and
      conditional associations between the area-level number of older adults per 100
      residents and the individual-level LSIA scores. The area-level number of older
      adults per 100 residents was significantly and positively associated with the
      LSIA scores in Study 1 (p = 0.042), even after controlling for the area- and
      individual-level covariates. In Study 2, we also found a significant effect of
      the area-level number of older adults per 100 residents on LSIA scores in the
      longitudinal multivariate analysis (p = 0.049). Findings from two survey projects
      suggested cross-validity in the positive effect of area-level population aging on
      older adults' SWB. Policymakers should consider older citizens' SWB in the recent
      urban-to-rural migration governmental policy as well as in urban renovation
      planning. 

PMID- 26983400
TI  - SIK2 regulates fasting-induced PPARalpha activity and ketogenesis through p300.
AB  - Fatty acid oxidation and subsequent ketogenesis is one of the major mechanisms to
      maintain hepatic lipid homeostasis under fasting conditions. Fasting hormone
      glucagon has been shown to stimulate ketone body production through activation of
      PPARalpha; however, the signal pathway linking glucagon to PPARalpha is largely
      undiscovered. Here we report that a SIK2-p300-PPARalpha cascade mediates
      glucagon's effect on ketogenesis. p300 interacts with PPARalpha through a
      conserved LXXLL motif and enhances its transcriptional activity. SIK2 disrupts
      p300-PPARalpha interaction by direct phosphorylation of p300 at Ser89, which in
      turn decreases PPARalpha-mediated ketogenic gene expression. Moreover, SIK2
      phosphorylation defective p300 (p300 S89A) shows increased interaction with
      PPARalpha and abolishes suppression of SIK2 on PPARalpha-mediated ketogenic gene
      expression in liver. Taken together, our results unveil the signal pathway that
      mediates fasting induced ketogenesis to maintain hepatic lipid homeostasis. 

PMID- 26983402
TI  - A word of caution on renal risks of prothrombin complex concentrate use in
      cardiac surgery.

PMID- 26983401
TI  - miR-148a downregulates the expression of transforming growth factor-beta2 and
      SMAD2 in gastric cancer.
AB  - The effects of miR-148a in regulating the expression of TGFbeta2 and SMAD2 in
      MNNG-initiated gastric cancer rats and the mechanism of action in GC cells were
      determined. Effects of miR-148a on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of
      GC cell lines were demonstrated. We used Wistar rats, Balb/c nude mice, and GC
      cell lines. Rats were treated with MNNG to establish a GC rat model. Levels of
      miR-148a, TGFalpha, TGFbeta2, SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 were tested in gastric
      tissues from different groups. In GC cell lines, we constructed and transfected a
      primary miR-148a plasmid to determine the expression patterns of TGFbeta2, SMAD2,
      and SMAD4. A luciferase activity assay was used to monitor the effects of miR
      148a on the TGFbeta2- and SMAD2-3'UTRs. We identified nude mouse models bearing
      BGC-823-miR-148a or BGC-823-vector cells. Tumor volumes were detected, and
      TGFbeta2, SMAD2 expression levels were determined in tumor tissues. The in vivo
      study demonstrated an increase in the mRNA and protein levels of TGFbeta2, SMAD2,
      and SMAD4 in the MNNG-treated group compared with the control group. However,
      there were no differences in the mRNA and protein levels in either TGFalpha or
      SMAD3. The in vitro study demonstrated that overexpression of miR-148a reduced
      TGFbeta2 and SMAD2 significantly in GC cells. The results of the luciferase
      activity assay showed that miR-148a could bind to the 3'UTRs of TGFbeta2 and
      SMAD2 and inhibited their activity. Overexpression of miR-148a inhibited
      proliferation, migration, and invasion significantly in GC cell lines. In vivo,
      tumor volume of BGC-823-miR-148a was smaller than that of BGC-823-vector.
      Overall, miR-148a inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and
      expression of TGFbeta2 and SMAD2 in GC cells. It was concluded that miR-148a
      might play an important role in gastric cancer, and is a potential candidate for
      GC treatment.

PMID- 26983403
TI  - Shifts in taxonomic and functional microbial diversity with agriculture: How
      fragile is the Brazilian Cerrado?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Cerrado--an edaphic type of savannah--comprises the second
      largest biome of the Brazilian territory and is the main area for grain
      production in the country, but information about the impact of land conversion to
      agriculture on microbial diversity is still scarce. We used a shotgun metagenomic
      approach to compare undisturbed (native) soil and soils cropped for 23 years with
      soybean/maize under conservation tillage--"no-till" (NT)--and conventional
      tillage (CT) systems in the Cerrado biome. RESULTS: Soil management and
      fertilizer inputs with the introduction of agriculture improved chemical
      properties, but decreased soil macroporosity and microbial biomass of carbon and
      nitrogen. Principal coordinates analyses confirmed different taxonomic and
      functional profiles for each treatment. There was predominance of the Bacteria
      domain, especially the phylum Proteobacteria, with higher numbers of sequences in
      the NT and CT treatments; Archaea and Viruses also had lower numbers of sequences
      in the undisturbed soil. Within the Alphaproteobacteria, there was dominance of
      Rhizobiales and of the genus Bradyrhizobium in the NT and CT systems, attributed
      to massive inoculation of soybean, and also of Burkholderiales. In contrast,
      Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas and Acidobacterium predominated
      in the native Cerrado. More Eukaryota, especially of the phylum Ascomycota were
      detected in the NT. The functional analysis revealed lower numbers of sequences
      in the five dominant categories for the CT system, whereas the undisturbed
      Cerrado presented higher abundance. CONCLUSION: High impact of agriculture in
      taxonomic and functional microbial diversity in the biome Cerrado was confirmed.
      Functional diversity was not necessarily associated with taxonomic diversity, as
      the less conservationist treatment (CT) presented increased taxonomic sequences
      and reduced functional profiles, indicating a strategy to try to maintain soil
      functioning by favoring taxa that are probably not the most efficient for some
      functions. Our results highlight that underneath the rustic appearance of the
      Cerrado vegetation there is a fragile soil microbial community.

PMID- 26983406
TI  - Meeting report on the first Sino-Dutch symposium on oncology.
AB  - On October 31, 2015, the first Sino-Dutch symposium on oncology was organized in
      Guangzhou (China). The symposium revealed similarities between Chinese and Dutch
      efforts to improve the care of tumor patients and to create enhanced insight into
      the nature of cancers. In particular, it became evident for some types of cancer
      that immunotherapy should focus on counteracting interleukin-17-associated
      immunity and targeting cancer stroma. Targeting specific cancer microenvironment
      and stroma also opens new therapeutic options, including the use of radio-active
      theranostics and live tumor imaging-guided surgeries. 

PMID- 26983404
TI  - Gender differences in white matter pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction in
      Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dementia risk in women is higher than in men, but the molecular
      neuropathology of this gender difference remains poorly defined. In this study,
      we used unbiased, discovery-driven quantitative proteomics to assess the
      molecular basis of gender influences on risk of Alzheimer's disease with
      cerebrovascular disease (AD + CVD). RESULTS: We detected modulation of several
      redox proteins in the temporal lobe of AD + CVD subjects, and we observed sex
      specific alterations in the white matter (WM) and mitochondria proteomes of
      female patients. Functional proteomic analysis of AD + CVD brain tissues revealed
      increased citrullination of arginine and deamidation of glutamine residues of
      myelin basic protein (MBP) in female which impaired degradation of degenerated
      MBP and resulted in accumulation of non-functional MBP in WM. Female patients
      also displayed down-regulation of ATP sub-units and cytochromes, suggesting
      increased severity of mitochondria impairment in women. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      demonstrates that gender-linked modulation of white matter and mitochondria
      proteomes influences neuropathology of the temporal lobe in AD + CVD.

PMID- 26983407
TI  - www.kanjidatabase.com: a new interactive online database for psychological and
      linguistic research on Japanese kanji and their compound words.
AB  - Most experimental research making use of the Japanese language has involved the
      1945 officially standardized kanji (Japanese logographic characters) in the Joyo
      kanji list (originally announced by the Japanese government in 1981). However,
      this list was extensively modified in 2010: five kanji were removed and 196 kanji
      were added; the latest revision of the list now has a total of 2136 kanji. Using
      an up-to-date corpus consisting of 11 years' worth of articles printed in the
      Mainichi Newspaper (2000-2010), we have constructed two novel databases that can
      be used in psychological research using the Japanese language: (1) a database
      containing a wide variety of properties on the latest 2136 Joyo kanji, and (2) a
      novel database containing 27,950 two-kanji compound words (or jukugo). Based on
      these two databases, we have created an interactive website (
      www.kanjidatabase.com ) to retrieve and store linguistic information to be used
      in psychological and linguistic experiments. The present paper reports the most
      important characteristics for the new databases, as well as their value for
      experimental psychological and linguistic research.

PMID- 26983405
TI  - Enhancing evidence informed policymaking in complex health systems: lessons from
      multi-site collaborative approaches.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an increasing interest worldwide to ensure evidence-informed
      health policymaking as a means to improve health systems performance. There is a
      need to engage policymakers in collaborative approaches to generate and use
      knowledge in real world settings. To address this gap, we implemented two
      interventions based on iterative exchanges between researchers and
      policymakers/implementers. This article aims to reflect on the implementation and
      impact of these multi-site evidence-to-policy approaches implemented in low
      resource settings. METHODS: The first approach was implemented in Mexico and
      Nicaragua and focused on implementation research facilitated by communities of
      practice (CoP) among maternal health stakeholders. We conducted a process
      evaluation of the CoPs and assessed the professionals' abilities to acquire,
      analyse, adapt and apply research. The second approach, called the Policy
      BUilding Demand for evidence in Decision making through Interaction and Enhancing
      Skills (Policy BUDDIES), was implemented in South Africa and Cameroon. The
      intervention put forth a 'buddying' process to enhance demand and use of
      systematic reviews by sub-national policymakers. The Policy BUDDIES initiative
      was assessed using a mixed-methods realist evaluation design. RESULTS: In Mexico,
      the implementation research supported by CoPs triggered monitoring by local
      health organizations of the quality of maternal healthcare programs. Health
      programme personnel involved in CoPs in Mexico and Nicaragua reported improved
      capacities to identify and use evidence in solving implementation problems. In
      South Africa, Policy BUDDIES informed a policy framework for medication adherence
      for chronic diseases, including both HIV and non-communicable diseases.
      Policymakers engaged in the buddying process reported an enhanced recognition of
      the value of research, and greater demand for policy-relevant knowledge.
      CONCLUSIONS: The collaborative evidence-to-policy approaches underline the
      importance of iterations and continuity in the engagement of researchers and
      policymakers/programme managers, in order to account for swift evolutions in
      health policy planning and implementation. In developing and supporting evidence
      to-policy interventions, due consideration should be given to fit-for-purpose
      approaches, as different needs in policymaking cycles require adapted processes
      and knowledge. Greater consideration should be provided to approaches embedding
      the use of research in real-world policymaking, better suited to the complex
      adaptive nature of health systems.

PMID- 26983408
TI  - Safety of vemurafenib in patients with BRAF V600 mutated metastatic melanoma: the
      Spanish experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Vemurafenib tolerability was assessed in a large, open-label,
      multicentre study in patients with BRAF V600 mutated advanced melanoma. We
      investigated safety, tolerability and efficacy of vemurafenib in Spanish patients
      participating in that study. METHODS: Patients with previously treated or
      treatment-naive, unresectable stage IIIC or stage IV, BRAF V600 mutation-positive
      melanoma received vemurafenib 960 mg twice daily until disease progression,
      unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent or death. The primary endpoint was
      safety; secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), progression
      free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: 301 Spanish patients were
      included, 70 % with M1c disease, 22 % with brain metastases and 51 % with prior
      systemic therapy for metastatic disease. Most frequent adverse events included
      fatigue (48 %), arthralgia (45 %), rash (41 %), photosensitivity (34 %) and skin
      neoplasms (21 %). Grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 156 patients (52 %),
      including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (including keratoacanthoma; 16 %),
      fatigue (6 %) and arthralgia (5 %). The ORR was 28 % (95 % CI 23-34 %). Responses
      occurred in patients with brain metastases (18 %), elevated baseline lactate
      dehydrogenase (19 %) and poor performance status (15 %), and elderly patients (22
      %). Median PFS was 5.8 (95 % CI 5.0-6.4) months; median OS was 10.5 (95 % CI 9.5
      13.5) months. CONCLUSION: Our results for Spanish patients in the vemurafenib
      safety study indicate similar efficacy and a comparable safety profile in Spanish
      patients with no new safety signals compared with the overall population.
      Clinical benefit was demonstrated in poor-prognosis patients and in those with
      favourable baseline characteristics, suggesting that poor-prognosis patients may
      also benefit from vemurafenib treatment.

PMID- 26983409
TI  - Prediction of posterior ligamentous complex injury in thoracolumbar fractures
      using non-MRI imaging techniques.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to formulate a radiological index based on plain radiographs
      and computer tomography (CT) to reliably detect posterior ligamentous complex
      (PLC) injury without need for MRI. METHODS: Sixty out of 148 consecutive
      thoracolumbar fractures with doubtful PLC were assessed with MRI, CT and
      radiographs. PLC injury was assessed with the following radiological parameters:
      superior-inferior end plate angle (SIEA), vertebral body height (BH), local
      kyphosis (LK), inter-spinous distance (ISD) and inter-pedicular distance (IPD)
      and correlated with MRI findings of PLC injury. Statistical analysis was
      performed to identify the predictive values for the parameters to identify PLC
      damage. RESULTS: MRI identified PLC injury in 25/60 cases. The ISD and LK were
      found to be significant predictors of PLC injury. On radiographs the mean LK with
      PLC damage was 25.86 degrees  compared to 21.02 degrees  with an intact PLC (p =
      0.006). The ISD difference was 6.70 mm in cases with PLC damage compared to 2.86
      mm with an intact PLC (p = 0.011). In CT images, the mean LK with PLC damage was
      22.96 degrees  compared to 18.44 degrees  with an intact PLC ( p = 0.019). The
      ISD difference was 3.10 mm with PLC damage compared to 1.62 mm without PLC damage
      (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: On plain radiographs the presence of LK greater than 20
      degrees (CI 64-95) and ISD difference greater than 2 mm (CI 70-97) can predict
      PLC injury. These guidelines may be utilised in the emergency room especially
      when the associated cost, availability and time delay in performing MRI are a
      concern.

PMID- 26983410
TI  - One-stage posterior focus debridement, interbody graft using titanium mesh cages,
      posterior instrumentation and fusion in the surgical treatment of lumbo-sacral
      spinal tuberculosis in the aged.
AB  - PURPOSE: Aged patients represent a high risk group for acquiring spinal
      tuberculosis, and it still remains a leading cause of kyphosis and paraplegia in
      developing nations. Aged patients often combined with cardiovascular and
      respiratory disease and single lung ventilation via anterior approach surgery
      could result in more post-operative complications. We aimed to analyze the
      efficacy and feasibility of surgical management of aged patients with lumbo
      sacral spine tuberculosis using one-stage posterior focus debridement, interbody
      graft using titanium mesh cages, posterior instrumentation, and fusion. METHODS:
      From March 2009 and July 2012, 17 aged patients with lumbo-sacral spinal
      tuberculosis were treated with one-stage posterior focus debridement, interbody
      graft using titanium mesh cages, posterior instrumentation, and fusion. There
      were eight male and nine female with a mean age of 63.3 years (range: 60-71
      years). The mean follow-up was 46.5 months (range 38-70 months). Patients were
      evaluated before and after surgery in terms of ESR, neurological status, visual
      analog scale (VAS), and lumbosacral angle. RESULTS: Spinal tuberculosis was
      completely cured and the grafted bones were fused in all 17 patients. There were
      no recurrent tuberculous infections. ESR became normal within three months in all
      patients. The ASIA neurological classification and VAS scores improved in all
      cases. The average preoperative lumbosacral angle was 20.6 degrees  (range 18.1
      degrees -22.5 degrees ) and became 29.4 degrees  (range 27.1 degrees -32.5
      degrees ) at final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that one-stage
      posterior focus debridement, interbody graft using titanium mesh cages, posterior
      instrumentation, and fusion was an effective treatment for aged patients with
      lumbo-sacral spinal tuberculosis. It is characterized with minimum surgical
      trauma, good pain relief, good neurological recovery, and good reconstruction of
      the spinal stability.

PMID- 26983411
TI  - Effect of the percutaneous pedicle screw fixation at the fractured vertebra on
      the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of
      percutaneous pedicle screw fixation at the fractured vertebra in the treatment of
      thoracolumbar fractures. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients were enrolled
      in the study. All patients received percutaneous pedicle screw fixation, and they
      were randomly divided into two groups to undergo either the placement of pedicle
      screws into the fractured vertebra (fractured group) or not (control group). The
      operation time and intra-operative blood loss were recorded. Oswestry disability
      index (ODI) questionnaire and visual analogue scale (VAS) as clinical assessments
      were quantified. Radiographic follow-up was defined by the vertebral body index
      (VBI), anterior vertebral body height (AVBH), and Cobb angle (CA). RESULTS: No
      significant difference was observed in the operation time and intra-operative
      blood loss between the two groups. Clinical results (VAS and ODI scores) showed
      no significant difference during all the follow-up periods. In the fractured
      group, there were better correction and less loss of AVBH and VBI compared with
      the control group. However, post-operative correction of the CA immediately after
      surgery and the correction loss at the final follow-up showed no significant
      difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous screw fixation
      combined with intermediate screws at the fractured vertebra could more
      effectively restore and maintain fractured vertebral height, and is an
      acceptable, minimally invasive surgical choice for patients with type A
      thoracolumbar fractures.

PMID- 26983412
TI  - A dual approach for improving homogeneity of a human-type N-glycan structure in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - N-glycosylation is an important feature of therapeutic and other industrially
      relevant proteins, and engineering of the N-glycosylation pathway provides
      opportunities for developing alternative, non-mammalian glycoprotein expression
      systems. Among yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most established host
      organism used in therapeutic protein production and therefore an interesting host
      for glycoengineering. In this work, we present further improvements in the
      humanization of the N-glycans in a recently developed S. cerevisiae strain. In
      this strain, a tailored trimannosyl lipid-linked oligosaccharide is formed and
      transferred to the protein, followed by complex-type glycan formation by Golgi
      apparatus-targeted human N-acetylglucosamine transferases. We improved the glycan
      pattern of the glycoengineered strain both in terms of glycoform homogeneity and
      the efficiency of complex-type glycosylation. Most of the interfering structures
      present in the glycoengineered strain were eliminated by deletion of the MNN1
      gene. The relative abundance of the complex-type target glycan was increased by
      the expression of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter from Kluyveromyces
      lactis, indicating that the import of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into the Golgi
      apparatus is a limiting factor for efficient complex-type N-glycosylation in S.
      cerevisiae. By a combination of the MNN1 deletion and the expression of a UDP-N
      acetylglucosamine transporter, a strain forming complex-type glycans with a
      significantly improved homogeneity was obtained. Our results represent a further
      step towards obtaining humanized glycoproteins with a high homogeneity in S.
      cerevisiae. 

PMID- 26983413
TI  - Smells like inhibition: The effects of olfactory and visual alcohol cues on
      inhibitory control.
AB  - RATIONALE: How the smell of alcohol impacts alcohol-related thoughts and
      behaviours is unclear, though it is well-documented that alcohol-related stimuli
      and environments may trigger these. OBJECTIVES: The current study, therefore,
      aimed to investigate the priming effects of both visual and olfactory alcohol
      cues on inhibitory control. METHOD: Forty individuals (M age = 23.65, SD = 6.52)
      completed a go/no-go association task (GNAT) which measured reaction times,
      response accuracy and false alarm rates whilst being exposed to alcohol-related
      (or neutral) olfactory and visual cues. RESULTS: Alcohol-related visual cues
      elicited lower false alarm rates, slower reaction times and higher accuracy rates
      relative to neutral pictorial cues. False alarm rates were significantly higher
      for those exposed to alcohol as opposed to neutral olfactory cues. CONCLUSIONS:
      By highlighting that exposure to alcohol-related olfactory cues may impede
      response inhibition, the results indicate that exposure to such stimuli may
      contribute to the activation of cognitive responses which may drive consumption.

PMID- 26983415
TI  - Tobacco use is associated with reduced amplitude and intensity dependence of the
      cortical auditory evoked N1-P2 component.
AB  - RATIONALE: Tobacco use is linked to cerebral atrophy and reduced cognitive
      performance in later life. However, smoking-related long-term effects on brain
      function remain largely uncertain. Previous studies suggest that nicotine affects
      serotonergic signaling, and the intensity dependence (alias loudness dependence)
      of the auditory evoked N1-P2 potential has been proposed as a marker of
      serotonergic neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we assesed the
      effects of chronic smoking on amplitude and intensity dependence of the auditory
      evoked N1-P2 potential. METHODS: Subjects underwent a 15-min intensity dependence
      of auditory evoked potentials (IAEP) paradigm. From N = 1739 eligible subjects
      (40-79 years), we systematically matched current smokers, ex-smokers, and never
      smokers by sex, age, alcohol and caffeine consumption, and socioeconomic status.
      Between-group differences and potential dose-dependencies were evaluated.
      RESULTS: Analyses revealed higher N1-P2 amplitudes and intensity dependencies in
      never-smokers relative to ex- and current smokers, with ex-smokers exhibiting
      intermediate intensity dependencies. Moreover, we observed pack years and number
      of cigarettes consumed per day to be inversely correlated with amplitudes in
      current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: According to the IAEP serotonin hypothesis, our
      results suggest serotonin activity to be highest in current smokers, intermediate
      in ex-smokers, and lowest in never-smokers. To our knowledge, the present study
      is the first providing evidence for a dose-dependent reduction in N1-P2
      amplitudes. Further, we extend prior research by showing reduced amplitudes and
      intensity dependencies in ex-smokers even 25 years, on average, after cessation.
      While we can rule out several smoking-related confounders to bias observed
      associations, causal inferences remain to be established by future longitudinal
      studies.

PMID- 26983418
TI  - Becoming an Academic Researcher in Psychiatry: A View From the Trenches.

PMID- 26983416
TI  - Global Mental Health: Five Areas for Value-Driven Training Innovation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the field of global mental health, there is a need for identifying
      core values and competencies to guide training programs in professional practice
      as well as in academia. This paper presents the results of interdisciplinary
      discussions fostered during an annual meeting of the Society for the Study of
      Psychiatry and Culture to develop recommendations for value-driven innovation in
      global mental health training. METHODS: Participants (n = 48), who registered for
      a dedicated workshop on global mental health training advertised in conference
      proceedings, included both established faculty and current students engaged in
      learning, practice, and research. They proffered recommendations in five areas of
      training curriculum: values, competencies, training experiences, resources, and
      evaluation. RESULTS: Priority values included humility, ethical awareness of
      power differentials, collaborative action, and "deep accountability" when working
      in low-resource settings in low- and middle-income countries and high-income
      countries. Competencies included flexibility and tolerating ambiguity when
      working across diverse settings, the ability to systematically evaluate personal
      biases, historical and linguistic proficiency, and evaluation skills across a
      range of stakeholders. Training experiences included didactics, language
      training, self-awareness, and supervision in immersive activities related to
      professional or academic work. Resources included connections with diverse
      faculty such as social scientists and mentors in addition to medical
      practitioners, institutional commitment through protected time and funding, and
      sustainable collaborations with partners in low resource settings. Finally,
      evaluation skills built upon community-based participatory methods, 360-degree
      feedback from partners in low-resource settings, and observed structured clinical
      evaluations (OSCEs) with people of different cultural backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS:
      Global mental health training, as envisioned in this workshop, exemplifies an
      ethos of working through power differentials across clinical, professional, and
      social contexts in order to form longstanding collaborations. If incorporated
      into the ACGME/ABPN Psychiatry Milestone Project, such recommendations will
      improve training gained through international experiences as well as the everyday
      training of mental health professionals, global health practitioners, and social
      scientists.

PMID- 26983420
TI  - [Heart valve diseases].

PMID- 26983419
TI  - Psychiatry Enrichment Initiatives: A Review of Current Programs, Summer Schools,
      and Institutes.

PMID- 26983414
TI  - A mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome shows prefrontal
      neurophysiological dysfunctions and attentional impairment.
AB  - RATIONALE: A microdeletion at locus 15q13.3 is associated with high incidence
      rates of psychopathology, including schizophrenia. A mouse model of the 15q13.3
      microdeletion syndrome has been generated (Df[h15q13]/+) with translational
      utility for modelling schizophrenia-like pathology. Among other deficits,
      schizophrenia is characterised by dysfunctions in prefrontal cortical (PFC)
      inhibitory circuitry and attention. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to
      assess PFC-dependent functioning in the Df(h15q13)/+ mouse using
      electrophysiological, pharmacological, and behavioural assays. METHOD:
      Experiments 1-2 investigated baseline firing and auditory-evoked responses of PFC
      interneurons and pyramidal neurons. Experiment 3 measured pyramidal firing in
      response to intra-PFC GABAA receptor antagonism. Experiments 4-6 assessed PFC
      dependent attentional functioning through the touchscreen 5-choice serial
      reaction time task (5-CSRTT). Experiments 7-12 assessed reversal learning, paired
      associate learning, extinction learning, progressive ratio, trial-unique non
      match to sample, and object recognition. RESULTS: In experiments 1-3, the
      Df(h15q13)/+ mouse showed reduced baseline firing rate of fast-spiking
      interneurons and in the ability of the GABAA receptor antagonist gabazine to
      increase the firing rate of pyramidal neurons. In assays of auditory-evoked
      responses, PFC interneurons in the Df(h15q13)/+ mouse had reduced detection
      amplitudes and increased detection latencies, while pyramidal neurons showed
      increased detection latencies. In experiments 4-6, the Df(h15q13)/+ mouse showed
      a stimulus duration-dependent decrease in percent accuracy in the 5-CSRTT. The
      impairment was insensitive to treatment with the partial alpha7nAChR agonist EVP
      6124. The Df(h15q13)/+ mouse showed no cognitive impairments in experiments 7-12.
      CONCLUSION: The Df(h15q13)/+ mouse has multiple dysfunctions converging on
      disrupted PFC processing as measured by several independent assays of inhibitory
      transmission and attentional function.

PMID- 26983422
TI  - Testing mediation effects in cross-classified multilevel data.
AB  - In this article, we propose an approach to test mediation effects in cross
      classified multilevel data in which the initial cause is associated with one
      crossed factor, the mediator is associated with the other crossed factor, and the
      outcome is associated with Level-1 units (i.e., the 2(A)?2(B)?1 design). Multiple
      membership models and cross-classified random effects models are used to estimate
      the indirect effects. The method is illustrated using real data from the Early
      Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (1998). The results from the
      simulation study show that the proposed method can produce a consistent estimate
      of the indirect effect and reliable statistical inferences, given an adequate
      sample size.

PMID- 26983421
TI  - The association between familial ASD diagnosis, autism symptomatology and
      developmental functioning in young children.
AB  - Few studies have directly compared individuals with and without a relative
      diagnosed with ASD on various domains. The present study aimed to examine the
      relationship between familial ASD diagnosis and the exhibition of ASD symptoms in
      young children with and without ASD diagnoses. Participants included 8353
      children aged 17-37 months old and their families. They were divided into four
      groups based on individual and family diagnosis, then compared on autism
      symptomatology and developmental domains. No differences were found between ASD
      groups on overall scores and each of the factor domains, indicating no
      association between family ASD diagnosis and ASD symptomatology or developmental
      functioning. Disparate results were found for atypically developing groups with
      and without relatives diagnosed with ASD. Implications of these results are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26983423
TI  - The intraoperative portable CT scanner-based spinal navigation: a viable option
      for instrumentation in the region of cervico-thoracic junction.
AB  - PURPOSE: Innovative intraoperative imaging modalities open new horizons to more
      precise image acquisition and possibly to better results of spinal navigation.
      Planning of screw entry points and trajectories in this prospective study had
      been based on intraoperative imaging obtained by a portable 32-slice CT scanner.
      The authors evaluated accuracy and safety of this novel approach in the initial
      series of 18 instrumented surgeries in anatomically complex segment of cervico
      thoracic junction. METHODS: We report on the single-institution results of
      assessment of anatomical accuracy of C5-T3 pedicle screw insertion as well as its
      clinical safety. The evaluation of total radiation dose and of time demands was
      secondary endpoint of the study. RESULTS: Out of 129 pedicle screws inserted in
      the segment of C5-T3, only 5 screws (3.9 %) did not meet the criteria for correct
      implant positioning. These screw misplacements had not been complicated by
      neural, vascular or visceral injury and surgeon was not forced to change the
      position intraoperatively or during the postoperative period. Quality of
      intraoperative CT imaging sufficient for navigation was obtained at all spinal
      segments regardless of patient's habitus, positioning or comorbidity. A higher
      radiation exposition of the patient and 27 min longer operative time are
      consequences of this technique. CONCLUSIONS: The intraoperative portable CT
      scanner-based spinal navigation is a reliable and safe method of pedicle screw
      insertion in cervico-thoracic junction.

PMID- 26983424
TI  - Comparison of the safety outcomes between two surgical approaches for anterior
      lumbar fusion surgery: anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) and extreme
      lateral interbody fusion (ELIF).
AB  - PURPOSE: To review the evidence on safety of anterior lumbar interbody fusion
      (ALIF) and extreme lateral transpsoas interbody fusion (ELIF) in the treatment of
      degenerative spinal disorders with an emphasis on the association between
      neuromonitoring and complications. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature
      search in the Cochrane (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and the FDA Medical Devices
      databases. We abstracted information on study design, sample size, population,
      procedure, number and location of involved levels, follow-up time and
      complications, as well as information on conflict of interest and source of
      funding. In addition, for ELIF we collected information on the use of
      neuromonitoring during the procedure. RESULTS: 34 publications were included in
      the review: 24 ELIF (all case series), 9 ALIF (8 randomized controlled trials and
      1 case series) and one retrospective cohort that directly compared ELIF with
      ALIF. 18 out of 24 ELIF studies reported using neuromonitoring. The overall
      complication rate for ELIF was lower compared to ALIF without FDA reports (16.61
      vs. 26.47 %, respectively). However, the rate of neurologic complications in ELIF
      was almost twice as high compared to ALIF without FDA reports (8.92 and 4.96 %,
      respectively). The rate of overall complications in ELIF studies that were
      reported using neuromonitoring was lower compared to the studies that did not
      report using neuromonitoring (16.34 vs. 21.74 %, respectively). CONCLUSION:
      Although the overall complications rate for ELIF was lower compared to ALIF, ELIF
      is associated with a greater risk of neurological complications compared to ALIF
      even when used with neuromonitoring.

PMID- 26983425
TI  - Treatment options and prognosis for repeatedly recurrent giant cell tumor of the
      spine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Giant cell tumor of the spine has high rate of postoperative
      recurrence. There are not much published studies on repeatedly recurrent GCTS
      (RRGCTS). Also, there are controversies as to the prognostic factors and
      treatment options for RRGCTS. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective survival
      analysis between 2000 and September 2014 was performed on the 74 times of in
      hospital treatment of the 21 patients. Recurrence-free survival was defined as
      the time between the date of surgery and the date of recurrence. Factors with P
      values <0.05 in univariate analysis were subjected to multivariate analysis by
      means of proportional hazard analysis. RESULT: A total of 21 patients comprising
      ten males and 11 females with a mean age of 29.7 years (range 15-49) were
      included, with a total of 74 times of surgery performed. Eighteen patients had no
      evidence of disease. Univariate and multivariate analysis suggested that total
      spondylectomy and bisphosphonate therapy were independent prognostic factors for
      better RFS in RRGCTS patients. CONCLUSION: Patients of RRGCTS are suitable for
      further surgical treatment with relatively good healing process and restoration
      of nervous function. Early diagnosis of recurrence may be associated with better
      prognosis. Total spondylectomy in combination with bisphosphonate therapy could
      reduce postoperative recurrence rate.

PMID- 26983426
TI  - Editorial Comment: Current Issues in Orthopaedic Trauma: Tribute to Clifford H.
      Turen.

PMID- 26983427
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Antibiotic-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Persists on
      Arthroplasty Materials.

PMID- 26983428
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Validation of the HOOS, JR: A Short-form Hip Replacement
      Survey.

PMID- 26983430
TI  - Bioprobes Based on Aptamer and Silica Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Bacteria
      Salmonella typhimurium Detection.
AB  - In this study, we have developed an efficient method based on single-stranded DNA
      (ssDNA) aptamers along with silica fluorescence nanoparticles for bacteria
      Salmonella typhimurium detection. Carboxyl-modified Tris(2,2'
      bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate (RuBPY)-doped silica nanoparticles
      (COOH-FSiNPs) were prepared using reverse microemulsion method, and the
      streptavidin was conjugated to the surface of the prepared COOH-FSiNPs. The
      bacteria S. typhimurium was incubated with a specific ssDNA biotin-labeled
      aptamer, and then the aptamer-bacteria conjugates were treated with the synthetic
      streptavidin-conjugated silica fluorescence nanoprobes (SA-FSiNPs). The results
      under fluorescence microscopy show that SA-FSiNPs can be applied effectively for
      the labeling of bacteria S. typhimurium with great photostable property. To
      further verify the specificity of SA-FSiNPs out of multiple bacterial conditions,
      variant concentrations of bacteria mixtures composed of bacteria S. typhimurium,
      Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis were treated with SA-FSiNPs.In addition,
      the feasibility of SA-FSiNPs for bacteria S. typhimurium detection in chicken
      samples was assessed. All the results display that the established aptamer-based
      nanoprobes exhibit the superiority for bacteria S. typhimurium detection, which
      is referentially significant for wider application prospects in pathogen
      detection. 

PMID- 26983431
TI  - Modelling of Three-Dimensional Nanographene.
AB  - Monte Carlo simulations and tight-binding calculations shed light on the
      properties of three-dimensional nanographene, a material composed of interlinked,
      covalently-bonded nanoplatelet graphene units. By constructing realistic model
      networks of nanographene, we study its structure, mechanical stability, and
      optoelectronic properties. We find that the material is nanoporous with high
      specific surface area, in agreement with experimental reports. Its structure is
      characterized by randomly oriented and curved nanoplatelet units which retain a
      high degree of graphene order. The material exhibits good mechanical stability
      with a formation energy of only ~0.3 eV/atom compared to two-dimensional
      graphene. It has high electrical conductivity and optical absorption, with values
      approaching those of graphene. 

PMID- 26983429
TI  - Volume measurements of individual muscles in human quadriceps femoris using atlas
      based segmentation approaches.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Atlas-based segmentation is a powerful method for automatic
      structural segmentation of several sub-structures in many organs. However, such
      an approach has been very scarcely used in the context of muscle segmentation,
      and so far no study has assessed such a method for the automatic delineation of
      individual muscles of the quadriceps femoris (QF). In the present study, we have
      evaluated a fully automated multi-atlas method and a semi-automated single-atlas
      method for the segmentation and volume quantification of the four muscles of the
      QF and for the QF as a whole. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 32
      young healthy males, using high-resolution magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the
      thigh. The multi-atlas-based segmentation method was conducted in 25 subjects.
      Different non-linear registration approaches based on free-form deformable (FFD)
      and symmetric diffeomorphic normalization algorithms (SyN) were assessed. Optimal
      parameters of two fusion methods, i.e., STAPLE and STEPS, were determined on the
      basis of the highest Dice similarity index (DSI) considering manual segmentation
      (MSeg) as the ground truth. Validation and reproducibility of this pipeline were
      determined using another MRI dataset recorded in seven healthy male subjects on
      the basis of additional metrics such as the muscle volume similarity values,
      intraclass coefficient, and coefficient of variation. Both non-linear
      registration methods (FFD and SyN) were also evaluated as part of a single-atlas
      strategy in order to assess longitudinal muscle volume measurements. The multi-
      and the single-atlas approaches were compared for the segmentation and the volume
      quantification of the four muscles of the QF and for the QF as a whole. RESULTS:
      Considering each muscle of the QF, the DSI of the multi-atlas-based approach was
      high 0.87 +/- 0.11 and the best results were obtained with the combination of two
      deformation fields resulting from the SyN registration method and the STEPS
      fusion algorithm. The optimal variables for FFD and SyN registration methods were
      four templates and a kernel standard deviation ranging between 5 and 8. The
      segmentation process using a single-atlas-based method was more robust with DSI
      values higher than 0.9. From the vantage of muscle volume measurements, the multi
      atlas-based strategy provided acceptable results regarding the QF muscle as a
      whole but highly variable results regarding individual muscle. On the contrary,
      the performance of the single-atlas-based pipeline for individual muscles was
      highly comparable to the MSeg, thereby indicating that this method would be
      adequate for longitudinal tracking of muscle volume changes in healthy subjects.
      CONCLUSION: In the present study, we demonstrated that both multi-atlas and
      single-atlas approaches were relevant for the segmentation of individual muscles
      of the QF in healthy subjects. Considering muscle volume measurements, the single
      atlas method provided promising perspectives regarding longitudinal
      quantification of individual muscle volumes.

PMID- 26983432
TI  - The effect of intermittent intraabdominal pressure elevations and low cardiac
      output on the femoral to carotid arterial blood pressure difference in piglets.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our previous work in a laparoscopic setting in piglets revealed that
      the systolic femoral artery pressure was approximately 5 % higher than its
      carotid counterpart, whereas the mean and diastolic values showed no significant
      difference. This remained idem when the intraabdominal pressure (IAP) was
      gradually increased. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of (1)
      intermittent IAP elevations and (2) a low cardiac output (CO) on the blood
      pressure (BP) difference cranially (carotid artery) and caudally (femoral artery)
      of a capnoperitoneum (DeltaP = P a fem-P a carot). METHODS: A total of twenty-two
      piglets (mean body weight 11.0 kg; range 8.9-13.3 kg) were studied. Of these, 14
      underwent intermittent IAP elevations at 8 and 16 mmHg, and DeltaP was measured.
      In another 8 piglets, a model of reduced CO was created by introducing an air
      embolism (2 ml/kg over 30 s) in the inferior caval vein (VCI) at 12 mmHg IAP to
      further assess the influence of this variable on DeltaP. RESULTS: Systolic DeltaP
      remained at a mean of 5.6 mmHg and was not significantly affected by insufflation
      or exsufflation up to an IAP of 16 mmHg. Diastolic and mean values showed no
      differences between P a carot and P a fem. P a fem, systol remained higher than
      its carotid counterpart as long as the cardiac index (CI) was above 1.5 l/min/m2,
      but fell significantly below P a carot, systol at a low CI. There was no CO
      dependent effect on diastolic and mean DeltaP. Repeated IAP elevations do not
      significantly influence DeltaP. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent IAP elevations do not
      significantly influence DeltaP. Despite of a CO-dependent inversion of systolic
      DeltaP, mean BP measurements at the leg during laparoscopy remain representative
      even at low CO values.

PMID- 26983433
TI  - Insulation failure in electrosurgery instrumentation: a prospective evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of electrosurgery has expanded to a wide variety of surgical
      specialities, but it has also been accompanied by its share of complications,
      including thermal injuries to nontargeted tissues, caused by a break or defect in
      the insulation of the instrument's coat. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the prevalence and the location of insulation failures (IFs) in
      electrosurgical instruments, then to assess the necessity of routine IF testing.
      METHODS: Electrosurgical instruments were visually inspected and checked for IF
      using a high-voltage detector. Two different detectors were used during two
      testing sessions: DTU-6 (Petel company) and DIATEG (Morgate company).
      Laparoscopic and non-laparoscopic instruments were determined to have IF if
      current crossed the instrument's insulation, signaled by an alarm sound. RESULTS:
      A total of 489 instruments were tested. The overall prevalence of IFs was 24.1 %
      with only visual inspection and 37.2 % with the IF detector. Among the 489
      instruments, 13.1 % were visually intact, but had an electric test failure. DTU-6
      and DIATEG detectors showed comparable efficiency in detection of overall IFs and
      for laparoscopic and non-laparoscopic instruments. The median location of IFs was
      more pronounced for laparoscopic instruments (50.4 %) and the distal location for
      non-laparoscopic instruments (40.4 %). CONCLUSION: Accidental burns are a hidden
      problem and can lead to patient complications. In Central Sterilization Service
      Department, prevention currently includes only visual control of electrosurgery
      instrumentation, but testing campaigns are now necessary in order to identify
      maximum instruments' defects.

PMID- 26983434
TI  - Single-port laparoscopic surgery in acute appendicitis: retrospective comparative
      analysis for 618 patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transumbilical single-port laparoscopic appendectomy (SPLA) is a
      promising procedure that features less pain, faster recovery of postoperative
      bowel function and superior cosmetic results. We performed a retrospective
      comparative analysis of SPLA versus conventional laparoscopic surgery (CLA) to
      evaluate the safety and efficacy in acute appendicitis. METHODS: From December
      2008 to November 2013, laparoscopic surgery was performed on 636 patients with
      acute appendicitis at the Department of Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital.
      Under approval of Institutional Review Board, data concerning baseline
      characteristics, operative outcomes, postoperative complications and
      postoperative functional recovery were compared between both procedures. RESULTS:
      After exclusion of 18 patients, 618 patients treated for acute appendicitis were
      included. SPLA was performed in 375 patients and CLA in 243 patients. Complicated
      appendicitis was more prevalent in the CLA group (26.3 %) than in the SPLA group
      (17.1 %) (p = 0.005). There was no difference between groups in operation time (p
      = 0.235), postoperative duration of hospital stay (p = 0.672) and readmission
      rate (p = 0.688). The rate of postoperative complications was similar in both
      groups (10.7 % in SPLA vs. 11.1 % in CLA, p = 0.862). In subgroup analysis of
      complicated appendicitis, more patients needed conversion to open surgery in the
      SPLA group (15.6 vs. 1.6 %, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: In uncomplicated
      appendicitis, SPLA can be performed safely and efficiently. However, more
      selective indication for SPLA should be applied in cases of complicated
      appendicitis because of the greater risk of open conversion.

PMID- 26983435
TI  - A comparative cost analysis of robotic-assisted surgery versus laparoscopic
      surgery and open surgery: the necessity of investing knowledgeably.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery has been proposed as a minimally invasive surgical
      technique with advantages for both surgeons and patients, but is associated with
      high costs (installation, use and maintenance). The Health Technology Assessment
      Unit of the Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital sought to investigate the economic
      sustainability of robotic surgery, having foreseen its impact on the hospital
      budget METHODS: Break-even and cost-minimization analyses were performed. A
      deterministic approach for sensitivity analysis was applied by varying the values
      of parameters between pre-defined ranges in different scenarios to see how the
      outcomes might differ. RESULTS: The break-even analysis indicated that at least
      349 annual interventions would need to be carried out to reach the break-even
      point. The cost-minimization analysis showed that robotic surgery was the most
      expensive procedure among the considered alternatives (in terms of the
      contribution margin). CONCLUSIONS: Robotic surgery is a good clinical alternative
      to laparoscopic and open surgery (for many pediatric operations). However, the
      costs of robotic procedures are higher than the equivalent laparoscopic and open
      surgical interventions. Therefore, in the short run, these findings do not seem
      to support the decision to introduce a robotic system in our hospital.

PMID- 26983437
TI  - Use of the Ambu(r) aScope 2TM in laparoscopic common bile duct exploration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have recently begun to use a sterile disposable endoscope to
      perform laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. We evaluated our practice in a
      large district general hospital and reported the early feasibility of this
      equipment in performing bile duct exploration. METHODS: We began to use the
      Ambu(r) aScope 2TM from June 2015 in our institution. Any case eligible for a
      laparoscopic common bile duct exploration was included. Our study period is from
      June 2015 to November 2015. Data were collected and analysed retrospectively.
      RESULTS: Thirteen patients were included. Nine were female and five were male.
      The mean age was 59 years old (range 28 to 82 years). Seven were performed as an
      emergency and six were performed for elective cases. All patients had common bile
      duct stones with no history of previous cholecystectomy. The Ambu(r) aScope 2TM
      was used in 11 cases, and a standard choledocoscope was used in two cases due to
      lack of availability of the Ambu(r) aScope 2TM. There was one conversion due to
      an impacted bile duct stone and technical difficulty intra-operatively. Five
      cases were performed as a transcystic exploration with 1 case being converted to
      a choledocotomy due to inability to pass the cystic duct using the Ambu(r) aScope
      2TM. The mean operating time was 158 min (range 85-255 min). The mean operative
      time using the reusable endoscope was 130 min. The mean postoperative stay was 3
      days (range 0-8 days). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Ambu(r) aScope 2TM is safe and
      feasible in laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. It confers significant
      financial benefits and offers an economical alternative to expensive reusable
      endoscopes.

PMID- 26983436
TI  - Effectivity of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TAPP) in daily clinical
      practice: early and long-term result.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of
      laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in daily clinical practice. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: All patients admitted to the hospital for surgery of an inguinal hernia
      during a 1-year period were prospectively documented and included in a follow-up
      study. The follow-up was performed at least 5 years after surgery and consisted
      of a clinical examination, ultrasound investigation and a questionnaire. RESULTS:
      From January 2000 to January 2001 a total of 1208 inguinal hernias in 952
      patients were consecutively operated by a total of 11 general surgeons in daily
      clinical routine. Of the patients, 98.02 % were operated on laparoscopically with
      the transabdominal preperitoneal patch plasty technique (TAPP) and 1.98 % had an
      open repair. The frequency of intraoperative and early postoperative
      complications was 2.8 %. The complication rate in the patients presenting a
      complex hernia was not higher than in patients with uncomplicated unilateral
      hernias. Life-threatening complications were seen in four patients (bowel lesion
      0.4 %), but all four patients presented extensive adhesions in the abdominal
      cavity after previous abdominal surgery. The follow-up rate after 5 years was
      85.3 %. After 5 years the recurrence rate was 0.4 % and the rate of severe
      chronic pain 0.59 %. None of the patients took analgesics or had to change his
      occupation. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic repair can be applied to all types of
      inguinal hernia as a daily routine procedure with low rates of recurrences and
      chronic pain. Limiting factor may be extensive adhesions after previous major
      surgery in the lower abdomen.

PMID- 26983438
TI  - The low incidence of bacteremia after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection
      (ESD) obviates the need for prophylactic antibiotics in esophageal ESD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although a high incidence of bacteremia after esophageal endoscopic
      procedures has been reported, the incidence of bacteremia associated with
      esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains unknown. Therefore, we
      investigated the incidence of bacteremia associated with esophageal ESD. METHODS:
      From April 2013 to March 2014, patients who underwent esophageal ESD were
      enrolled prospectively. Two sets of blood cultures were collected from patients
      at the following time points: (1) immediately after ESD; (2) the next morning;
      and (3) when fever >=38  degrees C was present after ESD. RESULTS: A total of 424
      blood culture sets were collected from 101 patients. Six patients had positive
      blood cultures immediately after ESD (4 %, 7/202 sets). Another patient had a
      positive blood culture the next morning (0.5 %, 1/202 sets). Ten patients (10 %)
      developed a post-ESD fever >=38  degrees C, and blood cultures from these
      patients were all negative (0/20 sets). The seven patients with positive blood
      cultures had no post-ESD fever or infectious symptoms. Growth of Bacteroides
      thetaiotaomicron was only observed in one patient (1 %) with positive blood
      cultures immediately after ESD, and this patient was diagnosed with transient
      bacteremia. The other six patients were considered to have contaminants in their
      blood cultures. Thus, the incidence of bacteremia after esophageal ESD was 1 %
      [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0-5 %]. No patient had infectious symptoms, and
      none required antibiotics after ESD. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of bacteremia
      after esophageal ESD was low and post-ESD fever was not associated with
      bacteremia. We conclude that use of routine prophylactic antibiotics to patients
      undergoing esophageal ESD is unnecessary. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER:
      UMIN000012908.

PMID- 26983439
TI  - Clinical outcomes of and management strategy for perforations associated with
      endoscopic submucosal dissection of an upper gastrointestinal epithelial
      neoplasm.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Perforation is one of the major complications of endoscopic
      submucosal dissection (ESD). In the present study, we investigated the clinical
      outcomes of and management strategies for ESD-related perforations. METHODS:
      Between February 2010 and April 2014, a total of 3821 patients who underwent ESD
      for an upper gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasm were analyzed using the Yonsei
      University Severance Hospital database. Clinical outcomes of and management
      strategies for perforations in 90 patients (2.4 %) were analyzed. The risk
      factors for the development of perforation were also investigated. RESULTS: The
      mean age of our subjects was 64.7 +/- 12.2 years (male to female ratio, 3.2:1),
      and the mean size of the resected specimens was 39.4 +/- 12.5 mm. Endoscopically
      visible perforations (visible perforation group) were noted in 74 of the 90
      patients (82.2 %), and clinically suspected perforations (suspected perforation
      group) were noted in 16 patients (17.8 %). Immediate closure with endoclips was
      attempted in cases with a visible perforation and was successful in 72 (97.3 %)
      cases. Two patients in whom endoscopic closure failed underwent surgery.
      Conservative care, including fasting and intravenous antibiotic administration,
      was attempted in the suspected perforation group, and all the patients were
      treated successfully without surgery. The mean durations of fasting, antibiotic
      treatment, and hospital stay were 3.8 +/- 3.1, 6.8 +/- 4.2, and 8.7 +/- 5.3 days,
      respectively. Subgroup analysis of perforation type (visible perforation vs.
      suspected perforation) revealed no significant difference in the clinical course.
      Tumor location at the upper or middle third of the stomach was significantly
      associated with perforation. CONCLUSION: Most of the ESD-related perforations in
      upper gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasm could be managed successfully in a non
      surgical manner under strict monitoring.

PMID- 26983440
TI  - Gaze entropy reflects surgical task load.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Task (over-)load imposed on surgeons is a main contributing factor to
      surgical errors. Recent research has shown that gaze metrics represent a valid
      and objective index to asses operator task load in non-surgical scenarios. Thus,
      gaze metrics have the potential to improve workplace safety by providing accurate
      measurements of task load variations. However, the direct relationship between
      gaze metrics and surgical task load has not been investigated yet. We studied the
      effects of surgical task complexity on the gaze metrics of surgical trainees.
      METHODS: We recorded the eye movements of 18 surgical residents, using a mobile
      eye tracker system, during the performance of three high-fidelity virtual
      simulations of laparoscopic exercises of increasing complexity level: Clip
      Applying exercise, Cutting Big exercise, and Translocation of Objects exercise.
      We also measured performance accuracy and subjective rating of complexity.
      RESULTS: Gaze entropy and velocity linearly increased with increased task
      complexity: Visual exploration pattern became less stereotyped (i.e., more
      random) and faster during the more complex exercises. Residents performed better
      the Clip Applying exercise and the Cutting Big exercise than the Translocation of
      Objects exercise and their perceived task complexity differed accordingly.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that gaze metrics are a valid and reliable surgical
      task load index. These findings have potential impacts to improve patient safety
      by providing accurate measurements of surgeon task (over-)load and might provide
      future indices to assess residents' learning curves, independently of expensive
      virtual simulators or time-consuming expert evaluation.

PMID- 26983442
TI  - Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 associated with Behcet's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little information is available regarding the association between
      vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (VIN3) and Behcet's disease (BD). We
      report here concomitant VIN3 and genital ulcers in a patient with BD. CASE: A 44
      year-old Caucasian woman with a history of BD, which had been evolving for 6
      years, presented with ulcerated and papillomatous lesions on the vulva. Biopsies
      revealed a multifocal VIN3 positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) 33.
      Multiple biopsies were performed to exclude invasive cancer and VIN3 was treated
      with laser vaporization. CONCLUSION: We report clinical and anatomopathological
      features of a rare case of multifocal, high-risk, HPV-related VIN3. We also
      discuss the possible pathogenesis in the context of BD, featuring chronic
      ulceration and intrinsic or treatment-induced immunosuppression.

PMID- 26983441
TI  - Temperature-Dependent Persistence of Human Norovirus Within Oysters (Crassostrea
      virginica).
AB  - This study characterizes the persistence of human norovirus in Eastern oysters
      (Crassostrea virginica) held at different seawater temperatures. Oysters were
      contaminated with human norovirus GI.1 (Norwalk strain 8FIIa) by exposing them to
      virus-contaminated water at 15  degrees C, and subsequently holding them at 7,
      15, and 25  degrees C for up to 6 weeks. Viral RNA was extracted from oyster
      tissue and hemocytes and quantitated by RT-qPCR. Norovirus was detected in
      hemocytes and oysters held at 7 and 15  degrees C for 6 weeks and in hemocytes
      and oysters held at 25  degrees C for up to 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Results
      confirm that NoV is quite persistent within oysters and demonstrate that cooler
      water temperatures extend norovirus clearance times. This study suggests a need
      for substantial relay times to remove norovirus from contaminated shellfish and
      suggests that regulatory authorities should consider the effects of water
      temperature after a suspected episodic norovirus-contamination event.

PMID- 26983443
TI  - Radical nephrectomy and regional lymph node dissection for locally advanced type
      2 papillary renal cell carcinoma in an at-risk individual from a family with
      hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an
      autosomal dominant tumor susceptibility syndrome, and the disease-related gene
      has been identified as fumarate hydratase (fumarase, FH). HLRCC-associated kidney
      cancer is an aggressive tumor characterized by early metastasis to regional lymph
      nodes and distant organs. Since early diagnosis and provision of definitive
      therapy is thought to be the best way to reduce the tumor burden, it is widely
      accepted that germline testing and active surveillance for an at-risk individual
      from a family with HLRCC is very important. However, it still remains
      controversial how we should treat HLRCC-associated kidney cancer. We successfully
      treated the patient with locally advanced HLRCC-associated kidney cancer, who has
      received active surveillance because of at-risk individual, by radical
      nephrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and examined
      surgically resected samples from a molecular point of view. CASE PRESENTATION: We
      recommended that 13 at-risk individuals from a family with HLRCC should receive
      active surveillance for early detection of renal cancer. A 48-year-old woman with
      a left renal tumor and involvement of multiple regional lymph nodes with high
      accumulation of fluorine-18-deoxyglucose on positron emission tomography was
      treated with axitinib as a neoadjuvant therapy. Preoperative axitinib induced the
      shrinkage of the tumor with decreased fluorine-18-deoxyglucose accumulation.
      Resected samples showed two thirds tumor tissue necrosis as well as high
      expression of serine/threonine kinase Akt and low expression of nuclear factor E2
      related factor 2 (Nrf2) which activates anti-oxidant response and protects
      against oxidative stress in viable cancer cells. Targeted next-generation
      sequencing revealed that FH mutation and loss of the second allele were
      completely identical between blood and tumor samples, suggesting that FH mutation
      plays a direct role in FH-deficient RCC. She has remained well after radical
      operation for over 33 months. CONCLUSIONS: FH mutation plays a role in
      tumorigenic feature, a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis, and increased an
      anti-oxidant response phenotype in HLRCC-associated kidney cancer.

PMID- 26983445
TI  - Tribunal was "unduly lenient" over psychiatrist's deception, says High Court.

PMID- 26983444
TI  - Ethno-Specific Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Findings from the
      Born in Bradford Cohort Study.
AB  - Objectives Preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) are major
      causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Previous studies indicated a range
      of risk factors associated with these poor outcomes, including maternal
      psychosocial and economic wellbeing. This paper will explore a range of psycho
      social and economic factors in an ethnically diverse population. Methods The UK's
      Born in Bradford cohort study recruited pregnant women attending a routine
      antenatal appointment at 26-28 weeks' gestation at the Bradford Royal Infirmary
      (2007-2010). This analysis includes 9680 women with singleton live births who
      completed the baseline questionnaire. Data regarding maternal socio-demographic
      and mental health were recorded. Outcome data were collected prospectively, and
      analysed using multivariate regression models. The primary outcomes measured
      were: PTB (<37 weeks' gestation) and SGA (<10th customised centile). Results
      After adjustment for socio-demographic and medical factors, financial strain was
      associated with a 45 % increase in PTB (OR 1.45: 95 % CI 1.06-1.98). Contrary to
      expectation, maternal distress in Pakistani women was negatively associated with
      SGA (OR 0.65: CI 0.48-0.88). Obesity in White British women was protective for
      PTB (OR 0.67: CI 0.45-0.98). Previously recognized risk factors, such as smoking
      in pregnancy and hypertension, were confirmed. Conclusions This study confirms
      known risk factors for PTB and SGA, along with a new variable of interest,
      financial strain. It also reveals a difference in the risk factors between
      ethnicities. In order to develop appropriate targeted preventative strategies to
      improve perinatal outcome in disadvantaged groups, a greater understanding of
      ethno-specific risk factors is required.

PMID- 26983447
TI  - Ephedrae herba stimulates hepatocyte growth factor-induced MET endocytosis and
      downregulation via early/late endocytic pathways in gefitinib-resistant human
      lung cancer cells.
AB  - The MET tyrosine kinase receptor and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),
      are known to be overexpressed in a variety of malignant tumor cells, and are
      implicated in the development of gefitinib-resistance in human non-small cell
      lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Ephedrae herba was previously reported to prevent HGF
      induced cancer cell motility by directly suppressing HGF/MET signaling through
      the inhibition of MET tyrosine kinase, and treatment with its extract also
      considerably reduced MET protein levels. To further investigate the mechanism
      underlying the Ephedrae herba-induced inhibition of MET phosphorylation as well
      as its degradation and subsequent disappearance, we examined the effect of
      Ephedrae herba on HGF-stimulated MET endocytosis and downregulation via
      early/late endocytic pathways in an NSCLC cell line. Using immunofluorescence
      microscopy, we found that pretreatment of cells with Ephedrae herba extract
      dramatically changed the intracellular distribution of plasma membrane-associated
      MET, and that the resultant MET staining was distributed throughout the
      cytoplasm. Pretreatment of the cells with Ephedrae herba extract also led to the
      rapid loss of MET and phosphorylated (p)-MET in HGF-stimulated cells. In
      contrast, inefficient endocytic delivery of MET and p-MET from early to late
      endosomes was observed in the absence of Ephedrae herba extract, since
      considerable amounts of the internalized MET accumulated in the early endosomes
      and were not delivered to lysosomes up to 1 h after HGF-stimulation. Furthermore,
      large amounts of MET and p-MET that had accumulated in late endosomes of Ephedrae
      herba-pretreated cells after HGF stimulation were observed along with bafilomycin
      A1. Therefore, we inferred that degradation of MET occurred in the late
      endosome/lysosome pathway. Moreover, western blot analysis revealed the
      accelerated degradation of MET and p-MET proceeds in cells pretreated with
      Ephedrae herba extract. Collectively, our results suggest that some components of
      Ephedrae herba have a novel role in promoting HGF-stimulated MET and p-MET
      endocytosis followed by its downregulation, likely mediated by the early/late
      endocytic pathways.

PMID- 26983446
TI  - The impact of oophorectomy on survival after breast cancer in BRCA1-positive
      breast cancer patients.
AB  - The aim of the study is to identify treatments which predict survival for women
      with a BRCA1 mutation, including oophorectomy and chemotherapy. 476 women with
      stage I to stage III breast cancer who carried a BRCA1 mutation were followed
      from diagnosis until April 2015. Information on treatment was obtained from chart
      review and patient questionnaires. Dates of death were obtained from the Poland
      vital statistics registry. Survival curves were compared for different subgroups
      according to treatment received. Predictors of overall survival were determined
      using the Cox proportional hazards model. The ten-year overall survival was 78.3
      % (95 % CI 74.2-82.6 %) and the ten-year breast cancer-specific survival was 84.2
      % (95 % CI 80.5-88.0 %). Sixty-two patients died of breast cancer, 14 patients
      died of ovarian cancer, and 2 patients died of peritoneal cancer. Oophorectomy
      was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality in the entire
      cohort (adjusted HR = 0.41; 95 % CI 0.24-0.69; p = 0.0008) and in breast cancer
      specific mortality among ER-negative breast cancer patients (HR = 0.44; 95 % CI
      0.22-0.89; p = 0.02). Among women with breast cancer and a BRCA1 mutation,
      survival is greatly improved by oophorectomy due to the prevention of deaths from
      both breast and ovarian cancer. 

PMID- 26983448
TI  - Improvement in Functioning and Psychological Distress in Adolescents With
      Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Following Interdisciplinary Treatment.
AB  - Significant functional impairment and psychological distress have been observed
      in adolescent patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).
      Interdisciplinary rehabilitation programs have been shown to be beneficial in the
      treatment of chronic pain in adults and adolescents. Only preliminary data have
      examined interdisciplinary rehabilitation efforts in patients with POTS. This
      study evaluated the impact of an interdisciplinary rehabilitation program on the
      functional impairment and psychological distress in 33 adolescents diagnosed with
      POTS. Patients included in the study were adolescents ages 11 to 18 diagnosed
      with POTS. Measures completed at admission and discharge from the program
      included the Functional Disability Index, Center for Epidemiological Studies
      Depression-Child scale, and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children. After
      participation in the 3-week program, adolescents with POTS demonstrated a
      significant increase in overall functional ability and significant reductions in
      depression and catastrophizing.

PMID- 26983449
TI  - Observational study of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity in early and metastatic
      breast cancer.
AB  - Introduction Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity has been a major concern in
      clinical practice, since observational studies have shown higher incidences than
      that reported in clinical trials. We aim to measure the incidence of trastuzumab
      related cardiotoxicity in patients with early and metastatic breast cancer in the
      south of Brazil. Methods Multicenter prospective observational study, which
      included 109 patients with early or metastatic HER-2+ breast cancer undergoing
      any trastuzumab-based regimen. Cardiac events were measured by transthoracic
      echocardiography assessments and by signs and symptoms of heart failure. Results
      Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity was observed in 58 patients (53.2%). Emergency
      and hospitalization admissions were necessary in seven and three patients,
      respectively, due to symptoms of heart failure. One patient died in consequence
      of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity. In total, trastuzumab was discontinued in
      31.2% of patients, of which almost a third could not return to treatment. In this
      study, no risk factors were significantly associated with the development of
      cardiotoxicity. Discussion The incidence of TRC and trastuzumab's early
      discontinuation observed was significantly higher in comparison with other
      studies. These findings endorse the fact that trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity
      is a relevant adverse reaction, and therefore, cardiac dysfunction's monitoring
      must be highlighted in order to allow a safe use of trastuzumab in this
      population.

PMID- 26983450
TI  - Drug Survival and Predictors of Drug Survival for Methotrexate Treatment in a
      Retrospective Cohort of Adult Patients with Localized Scleroderma.
AB  - Data regarding the efficacy and safety of methotrexate (MTX) in adults with
      localized scleroderma (LoS) is scarce. This study gathered data from a
      retrospective cohort of adult patients with LoS (n?=?107), treated with MTX (1993
      2015). MTX drug survival and predictors thereof were analysed. After 1 and 2
      years, 26% and 63% of patients stopped MTX due to disease remission,
      respectively. Patients with younger age at MTX initiation (hazard ratio (HR)
      1.159 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.052-1.277)) and those with no other
      autoimmune diseases (HR 3.268 (95% CI 1.334-8.009)) more often stopped MTX due to
      disease remission. In addition, 24% of patients stopped MTX due to treatment
      failure within one year. Patients with circumscribed superficial LoS (HR 0.221
      (95% CI 0.081-0.601)) experienced treatment failure less often than those with
      other LoS subtypes. Finally, adding folic acid (HR 0.184 (95% CI 0.079-0.425))
      and reducing treatment delay (HR 1.056 (95% CI 1.004-1.112)) could be the most
      important factors in minimizing MTX treatment failure in LoS in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 26983451
TI  - Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs correlates with the risk of venous
      thromboembolism in knee osteoarthritis patients: a UK population-based case
      control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine whether the current users of specific NSAIDs have
      an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among knee OA patients.
      METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study using The Health
      Improvement Network, a database of patient records from general practices in the
      UK. For every VTE case, we identified five controls matched on age, sex and
      calendar year of study enrolment. We used conditional logistic regression to
      assess the association between current use of specific NSAIDs and risk of VTE
      relative to remote NSAID users. RESULTS: Among knee OA patients with at least one
      NSAID prescription, we identified 4020 incident cases of VTE and 20 059 matched
      controls. Adjusted odd ratios (ORs) relative to the remote users were 1.38 (95%
      CI: 1.32, 1.44) for recent users and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.36, 1.49) for current users.
      Among the current NSAID users, the risk of VTE was increased with diclofenac [OR
      1.63 (95% CI: 1.53, 1.74)], ibuprofen [OR = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.38, 1.62)], meloxicam
      [OR = 1.29 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.50)] and coxibs [celecoxib, OR = 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11,
      1.51); rofecoxib, OR = 1.44 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.76)]; naproxen did not increase VTE
      risk [OR = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.12)]. CONCLUSION: Compared with the remote users
      of NSAIDs, the risk of VTE increased for current users of diclofenac, ibuprofen,
      meloxicam, and coxibs, but not for naproxen, in the knee OA population.
      Clinicians should consider the risk profile for specific NSAIDs when recommending
      their use.

PMID- 26983452
TI  - Ultrasound Doppler but not temporal summation of pain predicts DAS28 response in
      rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested a link between inflammation and
      central sensitization of pain in patients with RA. We conducted a prospective
      cohort study to determine whether US Doppler (USD), temporal summation (TS) of
      pain-assessed at baseline-and the potential interaction between them could
      predict the treatment response in RA. METHODS: Patients were recruited from
      Departments of Rheumatology in the Copenhagen area and from private clinics. RA
      patients, who were scheduled to initiate therapy with either a conventional
      synthetic DMARD (csDMARD; including DMARD-naive patients) or a biologic DMARD
      (bDMARD) agent (including bDMARD switch), were included and examined before the
      start of treatment and after 4 months. During the 4 months, patients received
      routine care from their treating rheumatologist. RESULTS: Multiple regression
      analysis was conducted, with change in DAS28 as the dependent variable. In
      unadjusted models, baseline USD score was significantly associated with DAS28
      (beta = 0.06; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.09; P < 0.001), whereas TS and their interaction
      were not. After adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, baseline DAS28 and
      whether patients initiated a csDMARD or a bDMARD, the USD score was still
      significantly associated with change in DAS28 (beta = 0.032; 95% CI: 0.001,
      0.064; P = 0.046), whereas TS remained insignificant. CONCLUSION: USD assessed at
      baseline is valuable as a prognostic factor for change in disease activity in
      'real-life' RA patients. We did not find evidence to suggest that TS or the
      interaction between USD and TS was prognostically important for this group of
      patients.

PMID- 26983453
TI  - A genome-wide association study identifies SLC8A3 as a susceptibility locus for
      ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: RA patients with serum ACPA have a strong and specific genetic
      background. The objective of the study was to identify new susceptibility genes
      for ACPA-positive RA using a genome-wide association approach. METHODS: A total
      of 924 ACPA-positive RA patients with joint damage in hands and/or feet, and 1524
      healthy controls were genotyped in 582 591 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      in the discovery phase. In the validation phase, the most significant SNPs in the
      genome-wide association study representing new candidate loci for RA were tested
      in an independent cohort of 863 ACPA-positive patients with joint damage and 1152
      healthy controls. All individuals from the discovery and validation cohorts were
      Caucasian and of Southern European ancestry. RESULTS: In the discovery phase, 60
      loci not previously associated with RA risk showed evidence for association at P
      < 5*10(-4) and were tested for replication in the validation cohort. A total of
      12 loci were replicated at the nominal level (P < 0.05, same direction of effect
      as in the discovery phase). When combining the discovery and validation cohorts,
      an intronic SNP in the Solute Carrier family 8 gene (SLC8A3) was found to be
      associated with ACPA-positive RA at a genome-wide level of significance RA [odds
      ratio (95% CI): 1.42 (1.25, 1.6), Pcombined = 3.19*10(-8)]. CONCLUSIONS: SLC8A3
      was identified as a new risk locus for ACPA-positive RA. This study demonstrates
      the advantage of analysing relevant subsets of RA patients to identify new
      genetic risk variants.

PMID- 26983454
TI  - Computer aided morphometric analysis of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - We compared the changes in the cells in the basal layer of normal mucosa, oral
      leukoplakia with dysplasia and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma
      (OSCC) using computer aided image analysis of tissue sections. We investigated
      three morphometric parameters: nuclear area (NA), cell area (CA) and their ratio
      (NA:CA). NA and NA:CA ratio showed a statistically significant increase from
      dysplasia to increasing grades of OSCC. Nuclear size was useful for
      differentiating normal tissue, potentially malignant leukoplakia and OSCC. 

PMID- 26983455
TI  - Absorption mechanism of oxymatrine in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cell
      monolayers.
AB  - Context Oxymatrine (OMT) is beneficial to human health by exerting various
      biological effects. Objective To investigate the absorption mechanism of OMT and
      discover absorption enhancers using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell
      monolayers. Materials and methods Concentration effects on the transport of OMT
      were measured in the range of 1.0 * 10(-5)-1.0 * 10(-3) M in 2 h. Then, the
      effect of time, direction, temperature and pH on the transport of OMT at 10(-4) M
      was studied. Moreover, Papp of OMT was determined in the absence/presence of
      cyclosporine and surfactants at 100 MUM to further confirm the relative transport
      mechanism. Results The Papp AP->BL ranged from (3.040 +/- 0.23) * 10(-6) to
      (3.697 +/- 0.19) * 10(-6 )cm/s as the concentration varied from 10(-5) to 10(-3)
      M. OMT showed similar Papp at 4 and 37  degrees C (p > 0.05). Increasing the
      apical pH 7.4 and 8.0 resulted in Papp versus pH 5.0 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in
      the presence of cyclosporine and surfactants including sodium citrate, sodium
      dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and deoxysodium cholate, Papp was (0.318 +/- 0.033) * 10(
      5), (0.464 +/- 0.048) * 10(-5), (0.897 +/- 0.115) * 10(-5) and (1.341 +/- 0.122)
      * 10(-5 )cm/s, respectively. In the presence of surfactants, Papp significantly
      increased up to 1.5-4.3-fold (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusion OMT transport
      across MDCK cell monolayers was by passive diffusion. Sodium citrate, SDS and
      deoxysodium cholate serve as excellent absorption enhancers which are useful for
      the related research improving the oral bioavailability of OMT. 

PMID- 26983456
TI  - Frequency of Exposure to and Engagement in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among
      Inpatient Adolescents.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between frequency of exposure to non
      suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and engagement in NSSI among adolescents. Ninety
      inpatient adolescents with a history of NSSI, ages 12 to 17, completed a
      structured interview. The majority of participants had learned about NSSI prior
      to initiating the behavior themselves. More frequent exposure to specific methods
      of NSSI was associated with greater frequency of using those same methods.
      Greater exposure to NSSI in the media and seeking out NSSI content were related
      to greater frequency of engagement in NSSI. Clinicians may help those who self
      injure to become more knowledgeable and educated consumers of media to prevent
      NSSI behavior and contagion.

PMID- 26983457
TI  - Modification of Knee Flexion Angle Has Patient-Specific Effects on Anterior
      Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk Factors During Jump Landing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries may be
      decreased through the use of intervention programs that focus on increasing the
      knee flexion angle during jump landing, which decreases strain on the ACL.
      PURPOSE: To investigate whether intervention training designed to change the knee
      flexion angle during landing causes secondary changes in other known measures
      associated with the risk of ACL injuries and to examine the time points when
      these secondary measures change. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study.
      METHODS: A total of 39 healthy recreational athletes performed a volleyball block
      jump task in an instrumented gait laboratory. The participants first completed
      the jumps without any modification to their normal landing technique. They were
      then given oral instruction to land softly and to increase their knee flexion
      angle during landing. Lower body kinematics and kinetics were measured before and
      after the modification using an optoelectronic motion capture system. RESULTS:
      The knee flexion angle after the modification significantly increased from 11.2
      degrees  to 15.2 degrees  at initial contact and from 67.8 degrees  to 100.7
      degrees  at maximum flexion, and the time between initial contact and maximum
      flexion increased from 177.4 to 399.4 milliseconds. The flexion modification
      produced a substantial reduction in vertical ground-reaction force (243.1 to
      187.8 %BW) with a concomitant reduction in the maximum flexion moment.
      Interestingly, the flexion modification only affected the abduction angle and
      abduction moment for the group of participants that landed in an initial adducted
      position before the modification and had no significant effect on the group that
      landed in an abducted position. CONCLUSION: Increasing the knee flexion angle
      during jump landing may be an effective intervention to improve knee
      biomechanical risk factors associated with an ACL injury. However, the fact that
      the flexion modification only influenced critical risk factors (the abduction
      angle and abduction moment) in participants who initially landed in an adducted
      position suggests that the selection of interventions to prevent ACL injuries
      should account for patient-specific characteristics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The
      study helps elucidate how increasing the knee flexion angle affects lower body
      biomechanics and provided evidence for the need to introduce patient-specific
      strategies for preventing ACL injuries.

PMID- 26983458
TI  - Trends in the Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of Little League Shoulder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With rising participation in youth sports such as baseball, proximal
      humeral epiphysiolysis, or Little League shoulder (LLS), is being seen with
      increasing frequency. However, there remains a paucity of literature regarding
      the causes, natural history, or treatment outcomes of LLS. PURPOSE: To analyze
      the demographic, clinical, and diagnostic features of a population of LLS
      patients, with an emphasis on identifying underlying risk factors for the
      development and recurrence of LLS after nonoperative treatment. STUDY DESIGN:
      Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A departmental database at a high
      volume regional children's hospital was queried to identify cases of LLS between
      1999 and 2013. Medical records were reviewed to allow for analysis of age, sex,
      athletic information, physical examination and radiologic findings, treatment
      details, clinical course, and rates of recurrence. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients
      (93 males, 2 females; mean age, 13.1 years; range, 8-16 years) were diagnosed
      with LLS. The number of diagnosed cases increased annually over the study period.
      All patients had shoulder pain with overhead athletics; secondary symptoms
      included elbow pain in 13%, shoulder fatigue or weakness in 10%, and mechanical
      symptoms in 8%. While the majority of patients (97%) were baseball players (86%
      pitchers, 8% catchers, 7% other positions), a small subset (3%) were tennis
      players. On physical examination, 30% were reported to have glenohumeral internal
      rotation deficit (GIRD), defined as a decreased arc of rotational range of motion
      of the shoulder. Treatment recommendations included rest in 99% of cases,
      physical therapy in 79% (including 100% of patients with GIRD), and position
      change upon return to play in 26%. Average time to full resolution of symptoms
      was 2.6 months, while average time to return to competition was 4.2 months.
      Recurrent symptoms were reported in 7% of the overall cohort at a mean of 7.6
      months after initial diagnosis. The odds of recurrence in the group with
      diagnosed GIRD (14%) were 3.6 times greater than those without GIRD (5%; 95% CI:
      0.7-17.1), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .11).
      CONCLUSION: Little League shoulder is being diagnosed with increasing frequency.
      While most common in male baseball pitchers, the condition can occur in females,
      youth catchers, other baseball positions players, and tennis players. Concomitant
      elbow pain may be seen in up to 13%. After rest and physical therapy, recurrent
      symptoms may occur in a small subset of patients (7%), generally 3 to 6 months
      after return to sports. Almost one-third of LLS patients had GIRD, and this group
      had approximately three times higher probability of recurrence compared with
      those without GIRD.

PMID- 26983459
TI  - Fastball Pitch Velocity Helps Predict Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in
      Major League Baseball Pitchers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ulnar collateral ligament injury and its subsequent surgical
      reconstruction are some of the most common issues among Major League Baseball
      (MLB) players. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to determine
      factors predictive of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) among MLB
      pitchers. The hypothesis was that pitchers who underwent UCLR would have higher
      preinjury peak fastball pitch velocity. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level
      of evidence, 3. METHODS: Data on pitch velocity, number, and type (fastball,
      curveball, etc) for every pitcher and game within MLB from April 2, 2007 to April
      14, 2015 were gathered from the publically available PitchFx database. Pitcher
      demographic information was also recorded. Data from after 2012 were excluded to
      avoid lead-time bias. Using publically available information, the names and
      approximate dates of surgery for every MLB pitcher who ever underwent UCLR,
      including those before 2007 and after 2012, were collected. Each pitcher-game was
      then classified as "control," "preinjury," or "postoperative." Control and
      preinjury pitchers were then compared to determine risk factors for UCLR.
      RESULTS: Overall, 1327 pitchers were included, of whom 309 (26.8%) had undergone
      UCLR. Of these, 145 had preinjury velocity data. Peak pitch velocity was
      significantly higher among preinjury pitchers than control pitchers (mean [95%
      CI], 93.3 mph [92.8-93.8] vs 92.1 mph [91.9-92.3]; P < .001), as was mean pitch
      velocity (87.8 mph [87.3-88.3] vs 86.9 mph [86.7-87.1]; P = .001). Both
      demonstrated a dose-response relationship. Although height did not differ (P =
      .934), weight was significantly higher for preinjury pitchers than controls (P =
      .005). Pitch counts per year were significantly lower for preinjury pitchers
      compared with control pitchers, although preinjury pitchers threw more breaking
      pitches (P = .003). On multivariate regression, peak pitch velocity was the
      primary independent predictor of whether a pitcher underwent UCLR (P < .001),
      with mean velocity (P = .013), body mass index (P = .010), and age (P = .006)
      being secondary predictors. However, a model constructed with these variables
      only explained 7% of the variance in UCLR rates. Pitch counts were not
      significant predictors. CONCLUSION: Higher pitch velocity is the most predictive
      factor of UCLR in MLB pitchers, with higher weight and younger age being
      secondary predictors, although these factors only explained 7% of the variance in
      UCLR rates.

PMID- 26983460
TI  - Implicit attitudes towards people with visible difference: findings from an
      Implicit Association Test.
AB  - Research on implicit and explicit attitudes towards those with a visible
      difference has provided contradictory findings. While studies suggest explicit
      attitudes towards those with a visible difference are positive, implicit
      attitudes are likely to be negative. An Implicit Association Test measured
      attitudes towards visible differences in 129 adults finding no evidence of
      negative implicit attitudes. This contrasts with previous findings and accounts
      of those with a visible difference who report perceiving negative behaviours by
      the general public. Results are discussed in terms of what is known about
      perceiving faces that are different, as well as socio-cultural changes. These
      findings provide preliminary evidence that implicit attitudes towards visible
      difference are not negative, and that behaviour may be a result of uncertainty
      regarding how to behave.

PMID- 26983462
TI  - Current Opinion and Use of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography in Traumatic
      Brain Injury in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify and review clinical studies using
      transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in children with severe traumatic
      brain injury (TBI) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We identified 16
      articles from January 2005 to July 2015 that met inclusion (TBI, five or more
      cases in case series, subjects <18 years old, TCD performed in PICU) and
      exclusion criteria (age not stated, data from subjects <18 years not separated
      from adult data, <85% study population <18 years in mixed population with
      adults). TCD parameters were used to assess autoregulation, intracranial
      pressure, and vasospasm, and to predict neurological outcome. Incidence of
      impaired autoregulation varied in severe TBI from 25% to 80%. Altered TCD flows
      and pulsatility index variably predicted intracranial hypertension across
      studies. Sonographic vasospasm in the middle cerebral artery occurred in 34% of
      69 children with severe TBI. Outcomes seem to be related to altered TCD-derived
      flow velocities while in the ICU. TCD may be a useful tool to assess
      autoregulation, intracranial pressure, and vasospasm following TBI in the PICU.
      Further research is needed to establish gold standards and validate the findings
      in children. TCD may then impact day-to-day management in the PICU, and
      potentially improve outcomes in children with severe TBI.

PMID- 26983461
TI  - Epigenetic Regulation of Monocyte and Macrophage Function.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Monocytes and macrophages are key players in tissue homeostasis and
      immune responses. Epigenetic processes tightly regulate cellular functioning in
      health and disease. Recent Advances: Recent technical developments have allowed
      detailed characterizations of the transcriptional circuitry underlying monocyte
      and macrophage regulation. Upon differentiation and activation, enhancers are
      selected by lineage-determining and signal-dependent transcription factors.
      Enhancers are shown to be very dynamic and activation of these enhancers
      underlies the differences in gene transcription between monocytes and macrophages
      and their subtypes. CRITICAL ISSUES: It has been shown that epigenetic enzymes
      regulate the functioning of these cells and targeting of epigenetic enzymes has
      been proven to be a valuable tool to dampen inflammatory responses. We give a
      comprehensive overview of recent developments and understanding of the epigenetic
      pathways that control monocyte and macrophage function and of the epigenetic
      enzymes involved in monocyte and macrophage differentiation and activation.
      FUTURE DIRECTIONS: The key challenges in the upcoming years will be to study
      epigenetic changes in human disease and to better understand how epigenetic
      pathways control the inflammatory repertoire in disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
      25, 758-774.

PMID- 26983463
TI  - FBW7 (F-box and WD Repeat Domain-Containing 7) Negatively Regulates Glucose
      Metabolism by Targeting the c-Myc/TXNIP (Thioredoxin-Binding Protein) Axis in
      Pancreatic Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: FBW7 functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting oncoproteins for
      destruction. We previously reported that the oncogenic mutation of KRAS inhibits
      the tumor suppressor FBW7 via the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway, which facilitates the
      proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. However, the underlying
      mechanism by which FBW7 suppresses pancreatic cancer remains unexplored. Here, we
      sought to elucidate the function of FBW7 in pancreatic cancer glucose metabolism
      and malignancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Combining maximum standardized uptake value
      (SUVmax), which was obtained preoperatively via a PET/CT scan, with
      immunohistochemistry staining, we analyzed the correlation between SUVmax and
      FBW7 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues. The impact of FBW7 on glucose
      metabolism was further validated in vitro and in vivo Finally, gene expression
      profiling was performed to identify core signaling pathways. RESULTS: The
      expression level of FBW7 was negatively associated with SUVmax in pancreatic
      cancer patients. FBW7 significantly suppressed glucose metabolism in pancreatic
      cancer cells in vitro Using a xenograft model, MicroPET/CT imaging results
      indicated that FBW7 substantially decreased 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG)
      uptake in xenograft tumors. Gene expression profiling data revealed that TXNIP, a
      negative regulator of metabolic transformation, was a downstream target of FBW7.
      Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TXNIP was a c-Myc target gene and that FBW7
      regulated TXNIP expression in a c-Myc-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      thus reveal that FBW7 serves as a negative regulator of glucose metabolism
      through regulation of the c-Myc/TXNIP axis in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res;
      22(15); 3950-60. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983464
TI  - Neddylation Inhibition Activates the Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway through ATF4
      CHOP-DR5 Axis in Human Esophageal Cancer Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: Targeting the protein neddylation pathway has become an attractive
      anticancer strategy; however, the role of death receptor-mediated extrinsic
      apoptosis during treatment remained to be determined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The
      activation of extrinsic apoptosis and its role in MLN4924 treatment of human
      esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were evaluated both in vitro and in
      vivo The expression of the components of extrinsic apoptotic pathway was
      determined by immunoblotting analysis and downregulated by siRNA silencing for
      mechanistic studies. RESULTS: Pharmaceutical or genetic inactivation of
      neddylation pathway induced death receptor 5 (DR5)-mediated apoptosis and led to
      the suppression of ESCC in murine models. Mechanistically, neddylation inhibition
      stabilized activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a Cullin-Ring E3 ubiquitin
      ligases (CRL) substrate. Transcription factor CHOP was subsequently
      transactivated by ATF4 and further induced the expression of DR5 to activate
      caspase-8 and induce extrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, the entire neddylation
      pathway was hyperactivated in ESCC and was negatively associated with patient
      overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight a critical role of ATF4
      CHOP-DR5 axis-mediated extrinsic apoptosis in neddylation-targeted cancer therapy
      and support the clinical investigation of neddylation inhibitors (e.g., MLN4924)
      for the treatment of ESCC, a currently treatment-resistant disease with
      neddylation hyperactivation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4145-57. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983465
TI  - The Abbreviated Character Strengths Test (ACST): A Preliminary Assessment of Test
      Validity.
AB  - The 24-item Abbreviated Character Strengths Test (ACST) was developed to
      efficiently measure character strengths (Peterson, Park, & Castro, 2011 ).
      However, its validity for this purpose has not yet been sufficiently established.
      Using confirmatory factor analysis to test a series of structural models, only a
      modified bifactor model showed reasonably acceptable fit. Further analyses of
      this model failed to demonstrate measurement invariance between male and female
      respondents. Relationships between ACST dimension and Big Five personality trait
      scores were generally weak-to-moderate, and support for hypotheses regarding each
      ACST virtue's expected correspondence with specific Big Five dimensions was
      mixed. Finally, scores on ACST dimensions accounted for a combined 12% of the
      variance in satisfaction with life scores, after controlling for socially
      desirability. Although an abbreviated measure of character strengths represents a
      practical need, considerable improvements to the ACST are needed for it to
      adequately meet this purpose.

PMID- 26983468
TI  - Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction School-Age
      Children.
AB  - CONTEXT: Children who experienced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may be
      at increased risk for adverse neurologic developmental outcomes during the school
      age years of life. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of IUGR on cognition and
      behavior in school-aged children. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO
      were searched for English-language articles published after 1980. DATA SELECTION:
      We included case-control studies reporting cognitive and/or behavioral data of
      children who had IUGR and were evaluated afterfifth birthday. DATA EXTRACTION:
      Cognitive data from 15 studies and behavioral data from 6 studies were selected
      with a total of 1559 cases and 1630 controls. The cognitive scores and behavioral
      outcomes were extracted. RESULTS: The controls had significantly higher cognitive
      scores than the children with IUGR (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.38, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] -0.51 to -0.25, P < .00001). The IQ scores of the IUGR
      group were not significantly correlated with mean birth weight and gestational
      age (P > .05). Five trials were included in the behavioral outcomes trial, the
      behavior scores were significantly different between the groups with and without
      IUGR (SMD 0.31, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.48, P = .001). The incidence of attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was not significantly different between 2
      groups (P = .11). LIMITATIONS: The number of studies that assessed behavioral and
      ADHD outcome is small. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that IUGR is
      associated with lower cognitive scores in school-age children. However, further
      large-scale trials are needed to assess the effects of IUGR on the outcome of
      behavioral disorder and ADHD.

PMID- 26983466
TI  - A role for ABCG2 beyond drug transport: Regulation of autophagy.
AB  - The ABC drug transporters, including ABCG2, are well known for their ability to
      efflux a wide spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents, thereby conferring a multidrug
      resistant phenotype. However, studies over the past several years suggest that
      the ABC transporters may play additional role(s) in cell survival in the face of
      stress inducers that are not ABCG2 substrates (i.e., nutrient deprivation,
      ionizing radiation, rapamycin). The mechanism by which this occurs is largely
      unknown. In the present study, using several cancer cell lines and their ABCG2
      overexpressing sublines, we show that cells overexpressing ABCG2 were more
      resistant to these stressors. This resistance was associated with an elevated
      level of autophagy flux, as measured by a higher rate of SQSTM1/p62 degradation
      and greater accumulation of LC3-II when compared to parental cells. Knockdown of
      ABCG2 reduced autophagic activity in resistant cells to a level similar to that
      observed in parental cells, confirming that the enhanced autophagy was ABCG2
      dependent. Moreover, using cell viability, apoptosis, and clonogenic assays, we
      demonstrated that the ABCG2-expressing cells were more resistant to amino acid
      starvation and radiation-induced cell death. Importantly, knockdown of the
      critical autophagy factors ATG5 and ATG7 greatly reduced cell survival, verifying
      that enhanced autophagy was critical for this effect. Taken together, these data
      indicate that autophagy induced by various stressors is enhanced/accelerated in
      the presence of ABCG2, resulting in delayed cell death and enhanced cell
      survival. This defines a new role for this transporter, one with potential
      clinical significance.

PMID- 26983467
TI  - Efficacy of phytosterols and fish-oil supplemented high-oleic-sunflower oil rich
      diets in hypercholesterolemic growing rats.
AB  - Phytosterols (P) and fish-oil (F) efficacy on high-oleic-sunflower oil (HOSO)
      diets were assessed in hypercholesterolemic growing rats. Controls (C) received a
      standard diet for 8 weeks; experimental rats were fed an atherogenic diet (AT)
      for 3 weeks, thereafter were divided into four groups fed for 5 weeks a
      monounsaturated fatty acid diet (MUFA) containing either: extra virgin olive oil
      (OO), HOSO or HOSO supplemented with P or F. The diets did not alter body weight
      or growth. HOSO-P and HOSO-F rats showed reduced total cholesterol (T-chol), non
      high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-chol) and triglycerides and
      increased HDL-chol levels, comparably to the OO rats. Total body fat (%) was
      similar among all rats; but HOSO-F showed the lowest intestinal, epididymal and
      perirenal fat. However, bone mineral content and density, and bone yield stress
      and modulus of elasticity were unchanged. Growing hypercholesterolemic rats fed
      HOSO with P or F improved serum lipids and fat distribution, but did not
      influence material bone quality. 

PMID- 26983469
TI  - Local Pharmacy Partnership to Prevent Pediatric Asthma Reutilization in a
      Satellite Hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In our previous work, providing medications in-hand at discharge was
      a key strategy to reduce asthma reutilization (readmissions and emergency
      revisits) among children in a large, urban county. We sought to spread this work
      to our satellite hospital in an adjacent county. A key initial barrier was the
      lack of an outpatient pharmacy on site, so we sought to determine if a
      partnership with community pharmacies could improve the percentage of patients
      with medications in-hand at discharge, thus decreasing reutilization. METHODS: A
      multidisciplinary team partnered with community pharmacies. Using rapid-cycle
      improvement methods, the team aimed to reduce asthma reutilization by providing
      medications in-hand at discharge. Run charts were used to display the proportion
      of patients with asthma discharged with medications in-hand and to track 90-day
      reutilization rates. RESULTS: During the intervention period, the median
      percentage of patients with asthma who received medications in-hand increased
      from 0% to 82%. A key intervention was the expansion of the medication in-hand
      program to all patients. Additional changes included expanding team to evening
      stakeholders, narrowing the number of community partners, and building electronic
      tools to support key processes. The mean percentage of patients with asthma
      discharged from the satellite who had a readmission or emergency department
      revisit within 90 days of their index admission decreased from 18% to 11%.
      CONCLUSIONS: Impacting population-level asthma outcomes requires partnerships
      between community resources and health providers. When hospital resources are
      limited, community pharmacies are a potential partner, and providing access to
      medications in-hand at hospital discharge can reduce asthma reutilization.

PMID- 26983471
TI  - [Advances in diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease].
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease seen in
      patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an
      important predictor of the severe form of NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
      (NASH), and NASH patients with diabetes have an increased risk of liver cirrhosis
      and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the prevalence of obesity and diabetes around
      the world, NAFLD has become a global public health problem. NAFLD is not only one
      of the most important causes of liver-related disability and mortality, but also
      associated with the increasing incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
      The effective prevention and treatment of NAFLD is expected to reduce the burden
      of liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this article overviews
      the advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NAFLD. 

PMID- 26983472
TI  - [New advances in diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease].
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver
      disease, and the spectrum of this disease includes simple liver steatosis,
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. At present,
      liver biopsy is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of NAFLD and can
      determine the degree of steatosis, inflammation grade, and fibrosis stage, but
      its clinical application is limited by its invasiveness and static nature. New
      diagnostic markers and noninvasive diagnostic methods have been reportedly
      recently, and the constant development of magnetic resonance imaging, transient
      elastography, and controlled attenuation parameter provides new methods for the
      noninvasive diagnosis of NAFLD. 

PMID- 26983473
TI  - [Studies on association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and
      hyperuricemia: current status and future prospects].
AB  - Uric acid is the end-product of purine metabolism. It has been widely accepted
      that the increase in the level of uric acid significantly raises the risks of
      gout, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. The studies in recent years
      have shown that hyperuricemia is closed related to nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease (NAFLD). This review summarizes the research advances in the association
      between hyperuricemia and NAFLD and related mechanisms based on the author's
      recent research findings. 

PMID- 26983470
TI  - Determinants of Social Outcomes in Adults With Childhood-onset Epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adults with childhood-onset epilepsy experience poorer adult social
      outcomes than their peers. The relative roles of seizures over time versus
      learning and psychiatric problems are unclear. METHODS: We examined independent
      influences of psychiatric and learning disorders and of seizure course in 241
      young adults (22-35 years old) with uncomplicated epilepsy in a longitudinal
      community-based cohort study. Social outcomes were ascertained throughout the
      study. A history of psychiatric and learning problems was ascertained ~9 years
      after study entry. Seizure course was: "Excellent," no seizures after the first
      year, in complete remission at last contact (N = 95, 39%); "Good," seizures
      occurred 1 to 5 years after diagnosis, in complete remission at last contact (N =
      56, 23%); "Fluctuating," more complicated trajectories, but never
      pharmacoresistant (N = 70, 29%); "Pharmacoresistant," long-term pharmacoresistant
      (N = 20, 8%). Multiple logistic regression was used to identify contributors to
      each social outcome. RESULTS: Better seizure course predicted college completion,
      being either employed or pursuing a degree, and driving, but was not
      substantially associated with other social outcomes. Poorer seizure course was
      associated with a greater likelihood of having offspring, particularly in women
      without partners. Learning problems, psychiatric disorders, or both negatively
      influenced all but 2 of the social outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In young adults with
      uncomplicated epilepsy, the course of seizures contributed primarily to
      education, employment, and driving. A history of learning problems and
      psychiatric disorders adversely influenced most adult outcomes. These findings
      identify potential reasons for vocational and social difficulties encountered by
      young adults with childhood epilepsy and areas to target for counseling and
      transition planning.

PMID- 26983474
TI  - [Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the elderly].
AB  - Along with the aging process, the spectrum of liver disease changes greatly.
      Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in elderly people lead to low liver
      function and is also the major cause of extrahepatic diseases, such as
      cardiovascular disease and malignant tumor. This review provides an overview of
      the morphological structure and function of the liver in aged people, and
      discusses the characteristics of weakness, malnutrition and limited movement in
      the elderly, as well as the current status of multiple diseases and multiple drug
      use. Finally, this article puts forward some appropriate regimens for the
      diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD in elderly people to provide a reference for
      clinical practice. 

PMID- 26983475
TI  - [Value of serum osteoprotegerin in noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) with the
      progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the noninvasive
      prediction and diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS: A total
      of 136 patients with NAFLD were enrolled, and their tissue samples for liver
      biopsy and serum samples obtained at 1 week after liver biopsy were collected; 83
      healthy subjects without the symptoms of fatty liver disease proved by ultrasound
      examination were enrolled as controls. The physiological indicators including
      height, body weight, and waist circumference were measured, and body mass index
      was calculated. The biochemical parameters including alanine aminotransferase
      (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma
      glutamyl transferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured.
      Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine
      the serum level of OPG. The rank sum test, chi-square test, t-test, one-way
      analysis of variance, Spearman correlation analysis, least significant difference
      test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were applied for
      statistical analysis of various data. RESULTS: Serum OPG level was correlated
      with AST and TG (P < 0.05), and was highly correlated with hepatocyte fatty
      degeneration, ballooning degeneration, intralobular inflammation, portal
      inflammation, and fibrosis degree (P < 0.01). With the increasing NAFLD activity
      score (NAS), serum OPG level decreased, and there was a highly negative
      correlation between them (r = -0.928, P < 0.01). Serum OPG level was
      significantly lower in NASH patients than non-NASH patients. The area under the
      ROC curve of serum OPG level was 0.963, and according to the Youden index, its
      optimal sensitivity and specificity were 96.1% and 97.4%, respectively, at an
      optimal cut-off value of 242.96 ng/L, which suggested a high diagnostic power.
      CONCLUSION: In NASH patients, serum OPG level decreases significantly. Serum OPG
      level can be used as an independent predictive factor to evaluate NASH and its
      severity, as well as a noninvasive diagnostic index for NASH.

PMID- 26983476
TI  - [Role and mechanism of action of fibroblast growth factor-21 in reducing
      triglyceride in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role and mechanism of action of fibroblast growth
      factor-21 (FGF-21) in reducing triglyceride (TG) in the in vitro and in vivo
      models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: (1) A mixture of
      free fatty acids was used to establish a model of steatosis in L02 cells, and the
      cells were treated with various concentrations of FGF-21 or fenofibrate. Twenty
      four hours later, oil red O staining was performed to observe the degree of
      steatosis, and intracellular TG content was determined. RT-PCR and Western blot
      were applied to measure the mRNA and protein expression of sterol regulatory
      element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). (2) High-fat diet was used to establish a
      mouse model of steatosis, and these mice were intraperitoneally injected with FGF
      21 or fenofibrate. Eight weeks later, whole blood and liver samples were
      collected, and HE staining was performed to observe steatosis. Meanwhile, the
      serum levels of TG, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST) were measured, and TG content in the liver was also
      measured. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of data between
      multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for
      comparison between any two groups. RESULTS: (1) Compared with the control group,
      the model group showed significant steatosis, with significant increases in
      intracellular lipid droplets and TG content (t = -20.57, P < 0.01), while FGF-21
      reduced the number of intracellular lipid droplets and TG content (F = 98.16, P <
      0.01) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the model group had significantly
      increased mRNA and protein expression of SREBP-1c compared with the control group
      (t = -10.73 and -0.1006, both P < 0.01), while FGF-21 down-regulated the mRNA and
      protein expression of SREBP-1c (F = 161.35 and 36.72, both P < 0.01). (2)
      Compared with the mice in the control group, those in the model group showed
      significant steatosis and had significant increases in serum TG level and TG
      content in the liver (t = -18.84 and 15.71, both P < 0.01). FGF-21 relieved
      hepatic steatosis and reduced the serum TG level and TG content in the liver (t =
      18.11 and 9.46, both P < 0.01). Moreover, FGF-21 reduced the serum levels of ALT
      and AST in NAFLD mice (t = 25.93 and 12.50, both P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: FGF-21
      can inhibit the synthesis of TG through suppressing the expression of SREBP-1c,
      which further confirms the potential therapeutic effect of FGF-21 in the
      treatment of NAFLD. This may provide new ideas for the treatment of NAFLD.

PMID- 26983477
TI  - [Value of controlled attenuation parameter in diagnosis of fatty liver using
      FibroScan].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) in
      the diagnosis of fatty liver using FibroScan in patients with chronic liver
      disease (CLD). METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed for the patients
      with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and non-alcoholic
      fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who underwent liver pathological examination followed
      by CAP measurement within 1 week in The Second People's Hospital of Tianjin from
      February 2013 to May 2014. According to related guidelines, hepatocyte steatosis
      was classified as S0: <5%, S1: 5%-33%, S2: 34%-66%, or S3: >=67%. The receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted with positive results as the
      diagnostic criteria, and the optimal cut-off values were determined at the
      maximum Youden index. Single linear regression and multiple stepwise regression
      were applied to analyze the influencing factors for CAP. RESULTS: A total of 427
      patients were enrolled, consisting of 19 patients (4.4%) with NAFLD, 383 (89.7%)
      with CHB, and 25 (5.9%) with CHC. The optimal cut-off values for CAP in the
      diagnosis of steatosis >=5%, >=34%, and >=67% were 230 dB/m, 252 dB/m, and 283
      dB/m, respectively, and the areas under the ROC curve were 0.803, 0.942, and
      0.938, respectively (Z = 14.194, 28.385, and 16.486, respectively, all P < 0.01).
      CAP differentiated S0 from S1, S1 from S2, S0 from S2, S0 from S3, and S1 from S3
      (Z = 10.109, 10.224, 47.81, 29.917, and 10.999, all P < 0.01), but was not able
      to differentiate S2 from S3 (Z = 0.656, P = 0.5116). The single linear regression
      and multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that only body mass index (BMI;
      B = 4.001, P < 0.01) and hepatic steatosis (B = 33.015, P = 0.000) were
      correlated with CAP. The coincidence rates between CAP and liver pathological
      diagnosis were 77.4%, 81.0%, and 96.2% for S0, S3, and >=S2, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: CAP has a good value in the diagnosis of fatty liver in CLD patients,
      and can well differentiate between all stages of fatty liver except S2 and S3.
      CAP is influenced by BMI, but is not found to be associated with liver fibrosis,
      inflammation, liver stiffness measurement, and etiology.

PMID- 26983478
TI  - [Association between protective effect of Liuwei Wuling tablets against acute
      liver injury and its inhibitory effect on cytoplasmic translocation of high
      mobility group box-1 in hepatocytes in mice].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Liuwei Wuling tablets on the cytoplasmic
      translocation and release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in hepatocytes in
      mice with acute live injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: A Balb/c mouse model of acute liver injury was
      established by intraperitoneal injection of D-GalN (400 mg/kg) and LPS (5 ug/kg).
      A total of 24 healthy mice were randomly and equally divided into acute liver
      injury control group and Liuwei Wuling tablet treatment group. The serum levels
      of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were
      measured in both groups at each time point within one week. Liver tissues were
      collected at 36 hours to perform pathological examination. The serum levels of
      HMGB1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta),
      interleukin-6 (IL-6), complement 3a (C3a), and complement 5a (C5a) were measured.
      Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression and cytoplasmic
      translocation of HMGB1 in hepatocytes. RESULTS: At 6, 12, and 24 hours, the
      Liuwei Wuling tablet treatment group had significantly lower serum levels of ALT
      than the control group (225.33+/-181.64 U/L vs 471.17+/-174.72 U/L, t = 3.38, P <
      0.01; 1509.53+/-182.51 U/L vs 7149.52+/-734.25 U/L, t = 25.82, P < 0.01; 162.89+/
      86.51 U/L vs 1318.16+/-557.71 U/L, t = 7.09, P < 0.01), as well as significantly
      lower serum levels of AST than the control group (179.22+/-94.57 U/L vs 561.91+/
      209.6 U/L, t = 5.76, P < 0.01; 590.92+/-190.92 U/L vs 2266.48+/-705.64 U/L, t =
      7.94, P < 0.01; 231.24+/-87.7 U/L vs 444.32+/-117.01 U/L, t = 5.05, P < 0.01).
      The treatment group had significantly lower levels of HMGB1 than the control
      group at 6 and 12 hours (54.21+/-11.89 ng/ml vs 72.07+/-13.65 ng/ml, t = 3.41, P
      < 0.01; 49.23+/-5.97 ng/ml vs 68.71+/-13.07 ng/ml, t = 4.70, P < 0.01). The
      treatment group had significantly lower levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6
      than the control group at 12 hours (163.62+/-9.12 pg/ml vs 237.09+/-51.47 pg/ml,
      t = 4.86, P < 0.01; 15.66+/-13.13 pg/ml vs 37.43+/-18.68 pg/ml, t = 3.30, P <
      0.01; 7.10+/-3.06 pg/ml vs 21.42+/-8.23 pg/ml, t = 5.65, P < 0.01). The treatment
      group had significantly lower levels of C3a and C5a than the control group at 12
      hours (2.52+/-1.27 pg/ml vs 9.83+/-2.96 ng/ml, t = 7.86, P < 0.01; 2.16+/-1.03
      ng/ml vs 7.23+/-1.55 ng/ml, t = 9.67, P < 0.01). Compared with the control group,
      the treatment group had significantly reduced liver inflammation and necrosis,
      and a significantly lower cytoplasmic translocation rate of HMGB1 in hepatocytes
      (38.76%+/-7.37% vs 8.15%+/-2.11%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Liuwei Wuling tablets
      can reduce the cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in hepatocytes and relieve
      liver inflammation in mice with acute liver injury.

PMID- 26983479
TI  - [Correlation between red blood cell count and liver function status].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in red blood cell count in patients with
      different liver diseases and the correlation between red blood cell count and
      degree of liver damage. METHODS: The clinical data of 1427 patients with primary
      liver cancer, 172 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 185 patients with hepatitis
      were collected, and the Child-Pugh class was determined for all patients. The
      differences in red blood cell count between patients with different liver
      diseases were retrospectively analyzed, and the correlation between red blood
      cell count and liver function status was investigated. The Mann-Whitney U test,
      Kruskal-Wallis H test, rank sum test, Spearman rank sum correlation test, and chi
      square test were performed for different types of data. RESULTS: Red blood cell
      count showed significant differences between patients with chronic hepatitis,
      liver cancer, and liver cirrhosis and was highest in patients with chronic
      hepatitis and lowest in patients with liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). In the patients
      with liver cirrhosis, red blood cell count tended to decrease in patients with a
      higher Child-Pugh class (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: For patients with liver
      cirrhosis, red blood cell count can reflect the degree of liver damage, which may
      contribute to an improved liver function prediction model for these patients.

PMID- 26983481
TI  - [Ephedra protects rats against acute liver failure induced by D-galactosamine and
      lipopolysaccharide].

PMID- 26983480
TI  - [Clinical value of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography in differential
      diagnosis of focal liver lesions].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of acoustic radiation force impulse
      (ARFI) elastography in the differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions.
      METHODS: ARFI elastography was performed for 169 lesions from 163 patients with
      focal liver lesions and 15 healthy volunteers, and the virtual touch tissue
      imaging (VTI) findings and measured value of shear wave velocity (SWV) of liver
      lesions were obtained and compared between groups. The t-test was applied for
      comparison of means between two groups; the one-way analysis of variance was
      applied for comparison of means between multiple groups, and the Student-Newman
      Keuls test was applied for further comparison between any two groups. RESULTS:
      Benign focal liver lesions were stiffer or softer than or had the same stiffness
      as the surrounding liver parenchyma. These lesions had a uniform texture, and the
      ratio between their diameters on elastographic images and two-dimensional images
      was close to 1. The typical VTI finding of hemangioma lesions
      was"honeycomb"pattern. Most malignant focal liver lesions were stiffer than the
      surrounding liver parenchyma, and the ratio between their diameters on
      elastographic images and two-dimensional images was greater than 1. The typical
      VTI finding of metastatic lesions was"bull's eye"sign. With a measured SWV of
      2.08 m/s as the diagnostic threshold for malignant liver lesions, its
      sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 90.3%, 76.9%, and 84.2%,
      respectively. Poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showed a
      significant increase in stiffness compared with moderately differentiated HCC (t
      = 5.319, P = 0.025) and well-differentiated HCC (t = 6.372, P = 0.011).
      CONCLUSION: ARFI elastography can reflect changes in the stiffness of focal liver
      lesions accurately, and is useful for the differential diagnosis of benign and
      malignant focal liver lesions.

PMID- 26983482
TI  - [Value of red blood cell distribution width in assessing the severity of
      hepatitis C virus-related liver diseases].

PMID- 26983483
TI  - [Clinical effect of TACE combined with radiofrequency ablation in treatment of
      malignant tumor at the second porta hepatis].

PMID- 26983484
TI  - [Value of ANI in differentiating between alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic
      fatty liver disease].

PMID- 26983485
TI  - [One case of Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome].

PMID- 26983486
TI  - [Nucleos(t)ide antiviral agents for preventing mother-to-child transmission of
      hepatitis B virus: an interpretation of relevant international guidelines].
AB  - A high maternal viral load is the most important factor affecting
      immunoprophylaxis against mother-infant transmission of HBV. The application of
      antiviral drugs in pregnant women with a high serum HBV DNA level (>10(6)~10(7)
      IU/ml) during the second and third trimesters can reduce the prenatal serum HBV
      DNA level and significantly increase the success rate of blocking mother-infant
      transmission in neonates. This article interprets the contents related to
      antiviral therapy for pregnant women carrying HBV with the purpose of blocking
      mother-infant transmission of HBV in the guidelines published by Asian Pacific
      Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of the
      Liver, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Korean Association for
      the Study of the Liver, and World Health Organization. 

PMID- 26983487
TI  - [De novo autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation].
AB  - Patients who transplanted for non-autoimmune indication may developed de novo
      autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation. It happens about 1.7%-6.6% in
      liver transplanted population. Most patients with de novo AIH had transplanted
      for HCV infection, biliary atresia and Cholestatic liver disease. The interval
      between transplantation and de novo AIH onset is from 3 month to 16 years, mostly
      more than 1 year. The disease can be seen at any age. More female patients are
      present in children, while there is no significant difference between male and
      female in adults. Clinical manifestations of de novo AIH are similar to those of
      AIH, namely characterized by elevated transaminase with or without bilirubin, as
      well as elevated serum gammaglobulin (IgG) and positive autoantibodies, while the
      histological features of an infiltrate rich in plasma cells with interface
      hepatitis and necro-inflammation and fibrosis. Treatment with corticosteroids and
      Azathioprine brings good outcomes, but it tends to fluctuate.

PMID- 26983488
TI  - [Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma].
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer worldwide. Most
      of the HCC occur in developing countries. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      infection is an important risk factor for HCC development. HBV induces immune
      mediated chronic hepatitis, liver injury, regeneration and scar forming
      responses, leading to an inflammatory, fibrotic and immune deficient
      microenvironment. HBV may integrate into host genome, inducing genetic
      abnormality and altering the expression of HCC-related genes. HBV also expresses
      active proteins such as X (HBx) and S proteins, which may trans-activate HCC
      related proteins expression, interact with intracellular specific proteins,
      activate a variety of signaling pathways, and induce aberrant epigenetic
      modifications. HBV mutation also has impact on HBV related HCC development. 

PMID- 26983489
TI  - [Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a new challenge for hepatitis B vaccine to
      block mother-to-child transmission].
AB  - Occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) could occur in infants born to HBsAg
      positive mothers after active and passive immunization, even though their
      serological patterns suggested successful protection from HBV mother-to-infant
      transmission according to the current criteria of being HBsAg-negative and anti
      HBs positive. We should take into account its potential clinical impact and
      reconsider the effectiveness of the present immunoprophylaxis against HBV in this
      population. This review will focus on topics including the prevalence,
      serological features and probable risk factors underlying the phenomenon of OBI
      in infants with HBsAg carrier mothers after immunization. 

PMID- 26983490
TI  - Survey of Information Sharing Related to the Occupational Considerations of
      Working Cancer Patients Between Occupational Physicians and Treating Physicians.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although a vital element in providing career support to workers with
      medical ailments is coordination between the worker, the treating physician, and
      the company (the occupational health staff), little is known about factors that
      promote or impede coordination between these parties. This study aims to
      demonstrate what kinds of actions by treating physicians promote or impede the
      occupational considerations made by occupational physicians. METHODS: A total of
      43 occupational physicians who had completed the postgraduate training course (4
      years) at the University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan and were
      current or former instructors at the Occupational Health Training Center were
      surveyed using a self-reported questionnaire form. The questionnaire asked about
      individual attributes (age, years of experience as an occupational physician,
      etc.) and actions taken by treating physicians that were useful in making
      occupational considerations in the workplace (good practice cases) or that
      impeded such considerations (trouble cases). Responses about cases were obtained
      as freely written descriptions. Case content was analyzed qualitatively according
      to the KJ method. RESULTS: During the survey period from December 17, 2013 to
      January 18, 2014, responses were received from 33 occupational physicians (valid
      response rate, 76.7%; mean age, 37.4+/-6.1 years). Of these, 60.6% exclusively
      specialized in occupational medicine. Respondents provided 32 good practice cases
      and 16 trouble cases. The timing of coordination was the period of rehabilitation
      in 35 of the 48 cases (72.9%). Actions by the treating physicians that influenced
      occupational considerations were divided into seven major categories: "providing
      treatment information," "providing physical information," "appropriateness of
      rehabilitation or occupational considerations," "consistency of information
      provided," "issuing documentation," "communication that was cognizant of the
      occupational physician's presence," and "providing information unknown to the
      worker." CONCLUSIONS: This study clarified the kind of actions by the treating
      physicians that were relevant to occupational support provided by occupational
      physicians. Additionally, this study clarified the need for information sharing
      with occupational physician and treating physician. The good practice cases and
      trouble cases presented by the respondents were inextricably linked, and actions
      by the treating physicians that are based on good practices are highly likely to
      lead to smooth information sharing and occupational considerations.

PMID- 26983491
TI  - Development of a check sheet for collecting information necessary for
      occupational safety and health activities and building relevant systems in
      overseas business places.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop an information gathering check sheet to
      efficiently collect information necessary for Japanese companies to build global
      occupational safety and health management systems in overseas business places.
      METHODS: The study group consisted of 2 researchers with occupational physician
      careers in a foreign-affiliated company in Japan and 3 supervising occupational
      physicians who were engaged in occupational safety and health activities in
      overseas business places. After investigating information and sources of
      information necessary for implementing occupational safety and health activities
      and building relevant systems, we conducted information acquisition using an
      information gathering check sheet in the field, by visiting 10 regions in 5
      countries (first phase). The accuracy of the information acquired and the
      appropriateness of the information sources were then verified in study group
      meetings to improve the information gathering check sheet. Next, the improved
      information gathering check sheet was used in another setting (3 regions in 1
      country) to confirm its efficacy (second phase), and the information gathering
      check sheet was thereby completed. RESULTS: The information gathering check sheet
      was composed of 9 major items (basic information on the local business place,
      safety and health overview, safety and health systems, safety and health staff,
      planning/implementation/evaluation/improvement, safety and health activities,
      laws and administrative organs, local medical care systems and public health, and
      medical support for resident personnel) and 61 medium items. We relied on the
      following eight information sources: the internet, company (local business place
      and head office in Japan), embassy/consulate, ISO certification body, university
      or other educational institutions, and medical institutions (aimed at Japanese
      people or at local workers). CONCLUSIONS: Through multiple study group meetings
      and a two-phased field survey (13 regions in 6 countries), an information
      gathering check sheet was completed. We confirmed the possibility that this check
      sheet would enable the user to obtain necessary information when expanding safety
      and health activities in a country or region that is new to the user. It is
      necessary in the future to evaluate safety and health systems and activities
      using this information gathering check sheet in a local business place in any
      country in which a Japanese business will be established, and to verify the
      efficacy of the check sheet by conducting model programs to test specific
      approaches.

PMID- 26983492
TI  - A case of a young employee with new type of depression who could return to work
      as a result of an effective therapeutic alliance and daily life guidance based on
      salutogenesis.

PMID- 26983493
TI  - Challenges and solutions in immigrant occupational health in the United States: a
      literature review and comparative analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Because of the declining birthrate in Japan, an increasing number of
      companies are hiring immigrants to fill the labor shortage. Although research on
      migrant occupational health has progressed in the United States, this topic has
      received little attention in Japan. The aim of this study was to elucidate the
      current situation, challenges, and solutions surrounding the occupational health
      of immigrant workers in the United States. METHODS: Data and selected studies
      were reviewed and analyzed. The results are discussed, and a few anecdotal
      experiences in the United States are introduced and compared. RESULTS: Possible
      causes of disparities in immigrant occupational health fell into the following
      seven categories. (Keywords for each category are shown in parentheses.) (1)
      Occupation (hazardous job, injury, missed workday, blue-collar worker, low birth
      weight); (2) Education (academic record, health literacy, training); (3) Culture
      (culture-specific, community-based); (4) Environment (poor hygiene, regional
      disparities, environmental change); (5) Access (language, statistics, workers'
      compensation, health insurance, voluntary restraint); (6) Infection
      (tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, follow-up); and (7)
      Discrimination (race, assault, harassment). Lack of data on immigrant workers was
      found to be a common problem. Some businesses and community groups achieved
      positive results by simultaneously dealing with multiple aforementioned
      categories. DISCUSSION: In the United States, the occupational health of
      immigrant workers has been studied mainly in terms of health disparities.
      Possible causes of disparities in immigrant occupational health fell into seven
      categories. Solutions centered on the keywords in each category were inferred.
      Some businesses and community groups achieved positive results by simultaneously
      dealing with multiple aforementioned categories. Occupational health
      professionals have to take each of seven categories into account to improve
      immigrant occupational health. Even the United States-a developed country facing
      many migrant occupational health problems-needs further research and better data.
      To address this issue in Japan, we too need more data and further research on
      immigrants, along with efforts by businesses and community groups.

PMID- 26983494
TI  - Chemical management and occupational cholangiocarcinoma among workers in printing
      industry.

PMID- 26983495
TI  - Survivin selective inhibitor YM155 promotes cisplatin-induced apoptosis in
      embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, functions as a
      key regulator of programmed cell death. YM155 is a small molecule that
      selectively inhibits survivin. We investigated the effect of YM155 on survivin
      suppression in the human rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell line RD. The efficacy of
      YM155 in combination with cisplatin was also determined in a xenograft model. The
      effect of YM155 on survivin expression in the RD cell line was examined at both
      mRNA and protein levels using real-time PCR and western blot analysis. RD cells
      were cultured with various concentrations of YM155, then cisplatin was added to
      the medium and the anti-proliferation response was determined. Cell growth was
      evaluated by WST-8 assay. Finally, the efficacy of YM155 combined with cisplatin
      was examined in an established xenograft model. Survivin mRNA levels in the RD
      cell line were decreased to 72 and 24% at 24 and 48 h, respectively, after 10 nM
      of YM155 was added. YM155 also decreased the levels of survivin protein. YM155
      treatment (10 nM) inhibited cell proliferation of RD in a dose-dependent manner
      in vitro, with 58% of cells viable at 48 h. When cultured with 10 nM of YM155 and
      10 uM cisplatin, RD cells demonstrated only 25% of the growth observed when
      cultured with cisplatin alone. YM155 in combination with cisplatin significantly
      inhibited tumor growth by 13% compared with control (P<0.0001) in RD xenograft
      tumors. YM155 increased the sensitivity of cisplatin by suppressing survivin in
      the embryonal RMS cell line RD. Further studies should investigate the use of
      YM155 as an apoptosis inducer, either alone or in combination with cisplatin, for
      the treatment of malignant RMS.

PMID- 26983496
TI  - Observation of a shape resonance of the positronium negative ion.
AB  - When an electron binds to its anti-matter counterpart, the positron, it forms the
      exotic atom positronium (Ps). Ps can further bind to another electron to form the
      positronium negative ion, Ps(-) (e(-)e(+)e(-)). Since its constituents are solely
      point-like particles with the same mass, this system provides an excellent
      testing ground for the three-body problem in quantum mechanics. While theoretical
      works on its energy level and dynamics have been performed extensively,
      experimental investigations of its characteristics have been hampered by the weak
      ion yield and short annihilation lifetime. Here we report on the laser
      spectroscopy study of Ps(-), using a source of efficiently produced ions,
      generated from the bombardment of slow positrons onto a Na-coated W surface. A
      strong shape resonance of (1)P(o) symmetry has been observed near the Ps (n=2)
      formation threshold. The resonance energy and width measured are in good
      agreement with the result of three-body calculations. 

PMID- 26983497
TI  - To Be a Flower or Fruiting Branch: Insights Revealed by mRNA and Small RNA
      Transcriptomes from Different Cotton Developmental Stages.
AB  - The architecture of the cotton plant, including fruit branch formation and
      flowering pattern, is the most important characteristic that directly influences
      light exploitation, yield and cost of planting. Nulliplex branch is a useful
      phenotype to study cotton architecture. We used RNA sequencing to obtain mRNA and
      miRNA profiles from nulliplex- and normal-branch cotton at three developmental
      stages. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs were identified that
      preferentially/specifically expressed in the pre-squaring stage, which is a key
      stage controlling the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. The DEGs
      identified were primarily enriched in RNA, protein, and signalling categories in
      Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum. Interestingly, during the pre
      squaring stage, the DEGs were predominantly enriched in transcription factors in
      both G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, and these transcription factors were mainly
      involved in branching and flowering. Related miRNAs were also identified. The
      results showed that fruit branching in cotton is controlled by molecular pathways
      similar to those in Arabidopsis and that multiple regulated pathways may affect
      the development of floral buds. Our study showed that the development of fruit
      branches is closely related to flowering induction and provides insight into the
      molecular mechanisms of branch and flower development in cotton. 

PMID- 26983498
TI  - Hypoxia-induced sensitisation of TRPA1 in painful dysesthesia evoked by transient
      hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion in mice.
AB  - Dysesthesia is an unpleasant abnormal sensation, which is often accompanied by
      peripheral neuropathy or vascular impairment. Here, we examined the roles of
      transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in dysesthesia-like behaviours
      elicited by transient hindlimb ischemia (15-60 min) by tightly compressing the
      hindlimb, and reperfusion by releasing the ligature. The paw-withdrawal responses
      to tactile stimulation were reduced during ischemia and lasted for a while after
      reperfusion. Hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion elicited spontaneous licking of the
      ischemic hindpaw that peaked within 10 min. The licking was inhibited by reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, a TRPA1 antagonist, or TRPA1 deficiency, but not
      by TRPV1 deficiency. In human TRPA1-expressing cells as well as cultured mouse
      dorsal root ganglion neurons, the H2O2-evoked TRPA1 response was significantly
      increased by pretreatment with hypoxia (80 mmHg) for 30 min. This hypoxia-induced
      TRPA1 sensitisation to H2O2 was inhibited by overexpressing a catalytically
      inactive mutant of prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 2 or in a TRPA1 proline mutant
      resistant to PHDs. Consistent with these results, a PHD inhibitor increased H2O2
      evoked nocifensive behaviours through TRPA1 activation. Our results suggest that
      transient hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion-evoked spontaneous licking, i.e. painful
      dysesthesia, is caused by ROS-evoked activation of TRPA1 sensitised by hypoxia
      through inhibiting PHD-mediated hydroxylation of a proline residue in TRPA1. 

PMID- 26983500
TI  - Study of flux pinning mechanism under hydrostatic pressure in optimally doped
      (Ba,K)Fe2As2 single crystals.
AB  - Strong pinning depends on the pinning force strength and number density of
      effective defects. Using the hydrostatic pressure method, we demonstrate here
      that hydrostatic pressure of 1.2 GPa can significantly enhance flux pinning or
      the critical current density (Jc) of optimally doped Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 crystals by
      a factor of up to 5 in both low and high fields, which is generally rare with
      other Jc enhancement techniques. At 4.1 K, high pressure can significantly
      enhance Jc from 5 * 10(5 )A/cm(2) to nearly 10(6 )A/cm(2) at 2 T, and from 2 *
      10(5 )A/cm(2) to nearly 5.5 * 10(5 )A/cm(2) at 12 T. Our systematic analysis of
      the flux pinning mechanism indicates that both the pinning centre number density
      and the pinning force are greatly increased by the pressure and enhance the
      pinning. This study also shows that superconducting performance in terms of flux
      pinning or Jc for optimally doped superconducting materials can be further
      improved by using pressure. 

PMID- 26983499
TI  - Looking at the carcinogenicity of human insulin analogues via the intrinsic
      disorder prism.
AB  - Therapeutic insulin, in its native and biosynthetic forms as well as several
      currently available insulin analogues, continues to be the protein of most
      interest to researchers. From the time of its discovery to the development of
      modern insulin analogues, this important therapeutic protein has passed through
      several stages and product generations. Beside the well-known link between
      diabetes and cancer risk, the currently used therapeutic insulin analogues raised
      serious concerns due to their potential roles in cancer initiation and/or
      progression. It is possible that structural variations in some of the insulin
      analogues are responsible for the appearance of new oncogenic species with high
      binding affinity to the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor. The
      question we are trying to answer in this work is: are there any specific features
      of the distribution of intrinsic disorder propensity within the amino acid
      sequences of insulin analogues that may provide an explanation for the
      carcinogenicity of the altered insulin protein? 

PMID- 26983502
TI  - Metropolis now.

PMID- 26983501
TI  - Tunable Lattice Coupling of Multipole Plasmon Modes and Near-Field Enhancement in
      Closely Spaced Gold Nanorod Arrays.
AB  - Considering the nanogap and lattice effects, there is an attractive structure in
      plasmonics: closely spaced metallic nanoarrays. In this work, we demonstrate
      experimentally and theoretically the lattice coupling of multipole plasmon modes
      for closely spaced gold nanorod arrays, offering a new insight into the higher
      order cavity modes coupled with each other in the lattice. The resonances can be
      greatly tuned by changes in inter-rod gaps and nanorod heights while the
      influence of the nanorod diameter is relatively insignificant. Experimentally,
      pronounced suppressions of the reflectance are observed. Meanwhile, the near
      field enhancement can be further enhanced, as demonstrated through surface
      enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We then confirm the correlation between the
      near-field and far-field plasmonic responses, which is significantly important
      for maximizing the near-field enhancement at a specific excitation wavelength.
      This lattice coupling of multipole plasmon modes is of broad interest not only
      for SERS but also for other plasmonic applications, such as subwavelength imaging
      or metamaterials. 

PMID- 26983503
TI  - Africa's elite.

PMID- 26983504
TI  - Practical DNA.

PMID- 26983505
TI  - The elephant in the room we can't ignore.

PMID- 26983517
TI  - What Google's winning Go algorithm will do next.

PMID- 26983516
TI  - 'Brain doping' may improve athletes' performance.

PMID- 26983518
TI  - Fermat's last theorem earns Andrew Wiles the Abel Prize.

PMID- 26983519
TI  - Mars launch to test collaboration between Europe and Russia.

PMID- 26983520
TI  - NASA Mars woes could delay other planetary missions.

PMID- 26983521
TI  - On the hunt for a mystery planet.

PMID- 26983523
TI  - Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals.

PMID- 26983522
TI  - The red-hot debate about transmissible Alzheimer's.

PMID- 26983524
TI  - Reproducibility: Team up with industry.

PMID- 26983528
TI  - IPBES: Biodiversity central to food security.

PMID- 26983529
TI  - Junior researchers: Hasty publication compromises rigour.

PMID- 26983530
TI  - Environment: China draws lines to green future.

PMID- 26983531
TI  - Australia: Short-sighted to cut environment posts.

PMID- 26983532
TI  - Advisory network: Six principles for EU peer review.

PMID- 26983533
TI  - Materials science: How crystals get an edge.

PMID- 26983534
TI  - Global warming: China's contribution to climate change.

PMID- 26983536
TI  - Microrobotics: Swimmers by design.

PMID- 26983537
TI  - Virology: The X-Files of hepatitis B.

PMID- 26983538
TI  - Interface dynamics and crystal phase switching in GaAs nanowires.
AB  - Controlled formation of non-equilibrium crystal structures is one of the most
      important challenges in crystal growth. Catalytically grown nanowires are ideal
      systems for studying the fundamental physics of phase selection, and could lead
      to new electronic applications based on the engineering of crystal phases. Here
      we image gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanowires during growth as they switch between
      phases as a result of varying growth conditions. We find clear differences
      between the growth dynamics of the phases, including differences in interface
      morphology, step flow and catalyst geometry. We explain these differences, and
      the phase selection, using a model that relates the catalyst volume, the contact
      angle at the trijunction (the point at which solid, liquid and vapour meet) and
      the nucleation site of each new layer of GaAs. This model allows us to predict
      the conditions under which each phase should be observed, and use these
      predictions to design GaAs heterostructures. These results could apply to phase
      selection in other nanowire systems. 

PMID- 26983539
TI  - Enhancing coherence in molecular spin qubits via atomic clock transitions.
AB  - Quantum computing is an emerging area within the information sciences revolving
      around the concept of quantum bits (qubits). A major obstacle is the extreme
      fragility of these qubits due to interactions with their environment that destroy
      their quantumness. This phenomenon, known as decoherence, is of fundamental
      interest. There are many competing candidates for qubits, including
      superconducting circuits, quantum optical cavities, ultracold atoms and spin
      qubits, and each has its strengths and weaknesses. When dealing with spin qubits,
      the strongest source of decoherence is the magnetic dipolar interaction. To
      minimize it, spins are typically diluted in a diamagnetic matrix. For example,
      this dilution can be taken to the extreme of a single phosphorus atom in silicon,
      whereas in molecular matrices a typical ratio is one magnetic molecule per 10,000
      matrix molecules. However, there is a fundamental contradiction between reducing
      decoherence by dilution and allowing quantum operations via the interaction
      between spin qubits. To resolve this contradiction, the design and engineering of
      quantum hardware can benefit from a 'bottom-up' approach whereby the electronic
      structure of magnetic molecules is chemically tailored to give the desired
      physical behaviour. Here we present a way of enhancing coherence in solid-state
      molecular spin qubits without resorting to extreme dilution. It is based on the
      design of molecular structures with crystal field ground states possessing large
      tunnelling gaps that give rise to optimal operating points, or atomic clock
      transitions, at which the quantum spin dynamics become protected against dipolar
      decoherence. This approach is illustrated with a holmium molecular nanomagnet in
      which long coherence times (up to 8.4 microseconds at 5 kelvin) are obtained at
      unusually high concentrations. This finding opens new avenues for quantum
      computing based on molecular spin qubits. 

PMID- 26983540
TI  - The contribution of China's emissions to global climate forcing.
AB  - Knowledge of the contribution that individual countries have made to global
      radiative forcing is important to the implementation of the agreement on "common
      but differentiated responsibilities" reached by the United Nations Framework
      Convention on Climate Change. Over the past three decades, China has experienced
      rapid economic development, accompanied by increased emission of greenhouse
      gases, ozone precursors and aerosols, but the magnitude of the associated
      radiative forcing has remained unclear. Here we use a global coupled
      biogeochemistry-climate model and a chemistry and transport model to quantify
      China's present-day contribution to global radiative forcing due to well-mixed
      greenhouse gases, short-lived atmospheric climate forcers and land-use-induced
      regional surface albedo changes. We find that China contributes 10% +/- 4% of the
      current global radiative forcing. China's relative contribution to the positive
      (warming) component of global radiative forcing, mainly induced by well-mixed
      greenhouse gases and black carbon aerosols, is 12% +/- 2%. Its relative
      contribution to the negative (cooling) component is 15% +/- 6%, dominated by the
      effect of sulfate and nitrate aerosols. China's strongest contributions are 0.16
      +/- 0.02 watts per square metre for CO2 from fossil fuel burning, 0.13 +/- 0.05
      watts per square metre for CH4, -0.11 +/- 0.05 watts per square metre for sulfate
      aerosols, and 0.09 +/- 0.06 watts per square metre for black carbon aerosols.
      China's eventual goal of improving air quality will result in changes in
      radiative forcing in the coming years: a reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions
      would drive a faster future warming, unless offset by larger reductions of
      radiative forcing from well-mixed greenhouse gases and black carbon. 

PMID- 26983542
TI  - Living factories of the future.

PMID- 26983541
TI  - Hepatitis B virus X protein identifies the Smc5/6 complex as a host restriction
      factor.
AB  - Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a leading cause of cirrhosis and liver
      cancer. Hepatitis B virus encodes the regulatory HBx protein whose primary role
      is to promote transcription of the viral genome, which persists as an
      extrachromosomal DNA circle in infected cells. HBx accomplishes this task by an
      unusual mechanism, enhancing transcription only from extrachromosomal DNA
      templates. Here we show that HBx achieves this by hijacking the cellular DDB1
      containing E3 ubiquitin ligase to target the 'structural maintenance of
      chromosomes' (Smc) complex Smc5/6 for degradation. Blocking this event inhibits
      the stimulatory effect of HBx both on extrachromosomal reporter genes and on
      hepatitis B virus transcription. Conversely, silencing the Smc5/6 complex
      enhances extrachromosomal reporter gene transcription in the absence of HBx,
      restores replication of an HBx-deficient hepatitis B virus, and rescues wild-type
      hepatitis B virus in a DDB1-knockdown background. The Smc5/6 complex associates
      with extrachromosomal reporters and the hepatitis B virus genome, suggesting a
      direct mechanism of transcriptional inhibition. These results uncover a novel
      role for the Smc5/6 complex as a restriction factor selectively blocking
      extrachromosomal DNA transcription. By destroying this complex, HBx relieves the
      inhibition to allow productive hepatitis B virus gene expression. 

PMID- 26983544
TI  - Dry-season greening of Amazon forests.

PMID- 26983545
TI  - Morton et al. reply.

PMID- 26983546
TI  - The favorable role of homozygosity for killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)
      A haplotype in patients with advanced-stage classic Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interim positron emission tomography after 2 cycles of ABVD (iPET-2)
      is a good predictor of outcome in advanced-stage classic Hodgkin lymphoma. So
      far, there are no other prognostic biomarkers capable of identifying chemotherapy
      refractory patients with comparable accuracy. Despite the considerable amount of
      evidence suggesting that antitumor immune surveillance is downregulated in
      classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), few data exist on the impairment of natural
      killer cell function and the role of their killer immunoglobulin-like receptors
      (KIRs). METHODS: We investigated KIR gene frequencies, KIR haplotypes, and KIR
      ligand combinations in a cohort of 135 patients with advanced-stage classic
      Hodgkin lymphoma and 221 healthy controls. We furthermore evaluated the
      correlation of KIR genes and KIR haplotypes with the achievement of negative iPET
      2. RESULTS: In the cohort of patients, the 5-year overall survival and
      progression-free survival were 93.6 and 79%, respectively. Homozygosity for KIR A
      haplotype and the HLA-C1 KIR ligand (KIR-AA/C1C1) was significantly higher in
      healthy controls (15.7 vs. 4.8%, p = 0.001). The KIR-AA genotype resulted to have
      a significant predictive power for achieving iPET-2 negativity (p = 0.039).
      CONCLUSIONS: Homozygosity for KIR A haplotype offers protection against classic
      Hodgkin lymphoma. The association found for the KIR-AA genotype and achievement
      of negative iPET-2 suggests that KIR-AA could be used in clinical practice to
      enhance the chemosensitivity predictive power of iPET-2. Our results point to the
      possibility of adapting treatment strategies based on the combination of KIR
      biomarkers and PET scan.

PMID- 26983547
TI  - Integration of genetic, genomic and transcriptomic information identifies
      putative regulators of adventitious root formation in Populus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adventitious roots (AR) develop from tissues other than the primary
      root, in a process physiologically regulated by phytohormones. Adventitious roots
      provide structural support and contribute to water and nutrient absorption, and
      are critical for commercial vegetative propagation of several crops. Here we
      quantified the number of AR, root architectural traits and root biomass in
      cuttings from a pseudo-backcross population of Populus deltoides and Populus
      trichocarpa. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and whole-transcriptome
      analysis of individuals with alternative QTL alleles for AR number were used to
      identify putative regulators of AR development. RESULTS: Parental individuals and
      progeny showed extensive segregation for AR developmental traits. Quantitative
      trait loci for number of AR mapped consistently in the same interval of linkage
      group (LG) II and LG XIV, explaining 7-10 % of the phenotypic variation. A time
      series transcriptome analysis identified 26,121 genes differentially expressed
      during AR development, particularly during the first 24 h after cuttings were
      harvested. Of those, 1929 genes were differentially regulated between individuals
      carrying alternative alleles for the two QTL for number of AR, in one or more
      time point. Eighty-one of these genes were physically located within the QTL
      intervals for number of AR, including putative homologs of the Arabidopsis genes
      SUPERROOT2 (SUR2) and TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHASE ALPHA CHAIN (TSA1), both of which are
      involved in the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the involvement of two genes of the tryptophan
      dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway, SUR2 and TSA1, in the regulation of a
      critical trait for the clonal propagation of woody species. A possible model for
      this regulation is that poplar individuals that have poor AR formation synthesize
      auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) primarily through the tryptophan (Trp) pathway.
      Much of the Trp pathway flux appears to be directed to the synthesis of indole
      glucosinolates (IG), as suggested by the over-expression of SUR2. Individuals
      that are efficient in AR formation may utilize alternative (non-Trp) pathways to
      synthesize IAA, based on the observation that they down-regulate the expression
      of TSA1, one of the critical steps in the synthesis of tryptophan.

PMID- 26983549
TI  - Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Esophageal Neoplasm: A Growing
      Body of Evidence.

PMID- 26983551
TI  - Financing and collaboration on research and development for nodding syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nodding syndrome is a neurological disease with no known cure or
      treatment, impacting children aged 3-18 years old, mainly in East Africa.
      Children progressively develop varying degrees of cognitive impairment which may
      lead to severe wasting, a vegetative state and, eventually, death. Despite its 50
      year existence, little is known about its cause, risk factors and prognosis. It
      is a disease where markets will not provide solutions because the patients are
      both too few and too poor, making it especially neglected. Open source innovation
      has been recommended as an approach to neglected disease research in order to
      maximize available funding through greater collaboration and openness to results.
      Nodding syndrome is a useful case to examine the relevance of open source
      innovation. METHODS: We assessed the magnitude of research related to nodding
      syndrome, its availability, financing and the amount of collaboration. We
      surveyed researchers regarding their motivations, attitudes toward open source
      innovation concepts and barriers to greater collaboration. RESULTS: Little
      research is occurring for nodding syndrome, but it is openly available and
      researchers are highly collaborative. The disease is largely unknown, which is
      partly attributed to WHO not classifying nodding syndrome as a neglected tropical
      disease and not including it in any formal programme. Impacted countries,
      particularly Uganda, demonstrate a strong degree of ownership through both
      authorship and research financing. Nodding syndrome researchers have been
      allocated a total of ?5 million from 2013 to 2019 in grant funding. Annual
      financing, due to three new grants, doubled from 2014 to 2015. CONCLUSIONS:
      Nodding syndrome, a disease previously ignored by the international community, is
      starting to receive greater attention, although financing remains modest. If
      infectious, a larger epidemic could take the world by surprise. Open source
      innovation can likely help by sharing research protocols (to avoid duplication)
      and early research results (to adjust to the findings of others). The existing
      scientists have already endorsed open source innovation, but increased financing
      is needed. The support of just a few high-income countries could reap a large
      impact.

PMID- 26983548
TI  - Glutamatergic medication in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
      and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - study protocol for a randomised controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Compulsivity is a cross-disorder trait underlying phenotypically
      distinct psychiatric disorders that emerge in childhood or adolescence. Despite
      the effectiveness of serotonergic compounds in the treatment of obsessive
      compulsive disorder, treatment-resistant symptoms remaining in 40 to 60 % of
      patients present a pressing clinical problem. There are currently no medications
      that effectively treat the core impairments of autism spectrum disorder. There is
      an urgent need for the development of conceptually novel pharmacological
      strategies. Agents targeting glutamate neurotransmission, such as memantine,
      represent promising candidates. This proof-of-concept clinical study will allow
      pilot-testing of memantine for both clinical effectiveness and
      tolerability/safety. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist,
      approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia in a number of countries.
      METHODS/DESIGN: This 12-week study has an add-on, randomised, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled design of treatment with memantine, including an up-titration
      phase (forced flexible dose design, 5-15 mg/day), in patients aged 6-17 years and
      9 months with obsessive-compulsive disorder or autism spectrum disorder. It is
      planned to include patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (N = 50) or autism
      spectrum disorder (N = 50) across four centres in three European countries.
      Patients will be randomly assigned to memantine or placebo in a 1:1 ratio.
      Primary objectives are the investigation of the effectiveness of memantine in
      paediatric patients for improving symptoms of compulsivity (primary outcome
      measure: total score on the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale) and
      to explore its tolerability and safety. Secondary objectives are to explore the
      effects of memantine at the level of structure, function and biochemistry of the
      fronto-striatal circuits, and to collect blood for genetic analyses and
      biomarkers. Tertiary objectives are to explore the role of new candidate genes
      and pathways for compulsivity by linking genes to clinical phenotypes, response
      to treatment, neurocognitive test performance, and key structural and functional
      neuroimaging measures of the fronto-striatal circuits and to explore
      biomarkers/proteomics for compulsivity traits. DISCUSSION: This study is part of
      the large, translational project TACTICS ( http://www.tactics-project.eu/ ) that
      is funded by the European Union and investigates the neural, genetic and
      molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of compulsivity. Its results will
      provide clinically relevant solid information on potential new mechanisms and
      medication treatment in obsessive-compulsive and autism spectrum disorders. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: EudraCT Number: 2014-003080-38 , date of registration: 14 July
      2014.

PMID- 26983553
TI  - Structure and Abundance of Nitrous Oxide Complexes in Earth's Atmosphere.
AB  - We have investigated the lowest energy structures and binding energies of a
      series of atmospherically relevant nitrous oxide (N2O) complexes using explicitly
      correlated coupled cluster theory. Specifically, we have considered complexes
      with nitrogen (N2-N2O), oxygen (O2-N2O), argon (Ar-N2O), and water (H2O-N2O). We
      have calculated rotational constants and harmonic vibrational frequencies for the
      complexes and the constituent monomers. Statistical mechanics was used to
      determine the thermodynamic parameters for complex formation as a function of
      temperature and pressure. These results, in combination with relevant atmospheric
      data, were used to estimate the abundance of N2O complexes in Earth's atmosphere
      as a function of altitude. We find that the abundance of N2O complexes in Earth's
      atmosphere is small but non-negligible, and we suggest that N2O complexes may
      contribute to absorption of terrestrial radiation and be relevant for
      understanding the atmospheric fate of N2O. 

PMID- 26983552
TI  - Akt Specific Activator SC79 Protects against Early Brain Injury following
      Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
AB  - A growing body of evidence demonstrates that Akt may serve as a therapeutic
      target for treatment of early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage
      (SAH). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the neuroprotective
      effect of Akt specific activator SC79 in an experimental rat model of SAH. SAH
      was induced by injecting 300 MUL of blood into the prechiasmatic cistern.
      Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of SC79 (30 min post-SAH) induced the p
      Akt (Ser473) expression in a dose-dependent manner. A single ICV dose treatment
      of SC79 (100 MUg/rat) significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2 and p-GSK
      3beta (Ser9), decreased the protein levels of Bax, cytoplasm cytochrome c, and
      cleaved caspase-3, indicating the antiapoptotic effect of SC79. As a result, the
      number of apoptotic cells was reduced 24 h post SAH. Moreover, SC79 treatment
      alleviated SAH-induced oxidative stress, restored mitochondrial morphology, and
      improved neurological deficits. Strikingly, treatment of SC79 provided a
      beneficial outcome against neurologic deficit with a therapeutic window of at
      least 4 h post SAH by ICV injection and 30 min post SAH by intraperitoneal
      injection. Collectively, SC79 exerts its neuroprotective effect likely through
      the dual activities of antioxidation and antiapoptosis. These data provide a
      basic platform to consider SC79 as a novel therapeutic agent for treatment of
      SAH.

PMID- 26983550
TI  - A glimpse of the ERM proteins.
AB  - In all eukaryotes, the plasma membrane is critically important as it maintains
      the architectural integrity of the cell. Proper anchorage and interaction between
      the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton is critical for normal cellular
      processes. The ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) proteins are a class of highly
      homologous proteins involved in linking the plasma membrane to the cortical actin
      cytoskeleton. This review takes a succinct look at the biology of the ERM
      proteins including their structure and function. Current reports on their
      regulation that leads to activation and deactivation was examined before taking a
      look at the different interacting partners. Finally, emerging roles of each of
      the ERM family members in cancer was highlighted.

PMID- 26983556
TI  - PREFACE: "The Lower the Better" Association between White-coat Effect-excluded
      Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Events in High-risk Hypertension: Insights from
      SPRINT.

PMID- 26983554
TI  - Variation in Linked Selection and Recombination Drive Genomic Divergence during
      Allopatric Speciation of European and American Aspens.
AB  - Despite the global economic and ecological importance of forest trees, the
      genomic basis of differential adaptation and speciation in tree species is still
      poorly understood. Populus tremula and Populus tremuloides are two of the most
      widespread tree species in the Northern Hemisphere. Using whole-genome re
      sequencing data of 24 P. tremula and 22 P. tremuloides individuals, we find that
      the two species diverged ~2.2-3.1 million years ago, coinciding with the severing
      of the Bering land bridge and the onset of dramatic climatic oscillations during
      the Pleistocene. Both species have experienced substantial population expansions
      following long-term declines after species divergence. We detect widespread and
      heterogeneous genomic differentiation between species, and in accordance with the
      expectation of allopatric speciation, coalescent simulations suggest that neutral
      evolutionary processes can account for most of the observed patterns of genetic
      differentiation. However, there is an excess of regions exhibiting extreme
      differentiation relative to those expected under demographic simulations, which
      is indicative of the action of natural selection. Overall genetic differentiation
      is negatively associated with recombination rate in both species, providing
      strong support for a role of linked selection in generating the heterogeneous
      genomic landscape of differentiation between species. Finally, we identify a
      number of candidate regions and genes that may have been subject to positive
      and/or balancing selection during the speciation process.

PMID- 26983557
TI  - Leak-tight vertical membrane microvalves.
AB  - Pneumatic microvalves are fundamental control components in a large range of
      microfluidic applications. Their key performance parameters are small size, i.e.
      occupying a minimum of microfluidic real estate, low flow resistance in the open
      state, and leak-tight closing at limited control pressures. In this work we
      present the successful design, realization and evaluation of the first leak
      tight, vertical membrane, pneumatic microvalves. The realization of the vertical
      membrane microvalves is enabled by a novel dual-sided molding method for
      microstructuring monolithic 3D microfluidic networks in PDMS in a single step,
      eliminating the need for layer-to-layer alignment during bonding. We demonstrate
      minimum lateral device features down to 20-30 MUm in size, and vertical via
      density of ~30 000 per cm(2), which provides significant gains in chip real
      estate compared to previously reported PDMS manufacturing methods. In contrast to
      horizontal membrane microvalves, there are no manufacturing restrictions on the
      cross-sectional geometry of the flow channel of the vertical membrane
      microvalves. This allows tuning the design towards lower closing pressure or
      lower open state flow resistance compared to those of horizontal membrane
      microvalves. 

PMID- 26983555
TI  - Optimization of Conformational Dynamics in an Epistatic Evolutionary Trajectory.
AB  - The understanding of protein evolution depends on the ability to relate the
      impact of mutations on molecular traits to organismal fitness. Biological
      activity and robustness have been regarded as important features in shaping
      protein evolutionary landscapes. Conformational dynamics, which is essential for
      protein function, has received little attention in the context of evolutionary
      analyses. Here we employ NMR spectroscopy, the chief experimental tool to
      describe protein dynamics at atomic level in solution at room temperature, to
      study the intrinsic dynamic features of a metallo- Beta: -lactamase enzyme and
      three variants identified during a directed evolution experiment that led to an
      expanded substrate profile. We show that conformational dynamics in the
      catalytically relevant microsecond to millisecond timescale is optimized along
      the favored evolutionary trajectory. In addition, we observe that the effects of
      mutations on dynamics are epistatic. Mutation Gly262Ser introduces slow dynamics
      on several residues that surround the active site when introduced in the wild
      type enzyme. Mutation Asn70Ser removes the slow dynamics observed for few
      residues of the wild-type enzyme, but increases the number of residues that
      undergo slow dynamics when introduced in the Gly262Ser mutant. These effects on
      dynamics correlate with the epistatic interaction between these two mutations on
      the bacterial phenotype. These findings indicate that conformational dynamics is
      an evolvable trait, and that proteins endowed with more dynamic active sites also
      display a larger potential for promoting evolution.

PMID- 26983558
TI  - Free energy contributions and structural characterization of stacking disordered
      ices.
AB  - Crystallization of ice from deeply supercooled water and amorphous ices - a
      process of fundamental importance in the atmosphere, interstellar space, and
      cryobiology - results in stacking disordered ices with a wide range of
      metastabilities with respect to hexagonal ice. The structural origin of this high
      variability, however, has not yet been elucidated. Here we use molecular dynamics
      simulations with the mW water model to characterize the structure of ice freshly
      grown from supercooled water at temperatures from 210 to 270 K, the
      thermodynamics of stacking faults, line defects, and interfaces, and to elucidate
      the interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics in determining the structure of
      ice. In agreement with experiments, the ice grown in the simulations is stacking
      disordered with a random distribution of cubic and hexagonal layers, and a
      cubicity that decreases with growth temperature. The former implies that the
      cubicity of ice is determined by processes at the ice/liquid interface, without
      memory of the structure of buried ice layers. The latter indicates that the
      probability of building a cubic layer at the interface decreases upon approaching
      the melting point of ice, which we attribute to a more efficient structural
      equilibration of ice at the liquid interface as the driving force for growth
      wanes. The free energy cost for creating a pair of cubic layers in ice is 8.0 J
      mol(-1) in experiments, and 9.7 +/- 1.9 J mol(-1) for the mW water model. This
      not only validates the simulations, but also indicates that dispersion in
      cubicity is not sufficient to explain the large energetic variability of stacking
      disordered ices. We compute the free energy cost of stacking disorder, line
      defects, and interfaces in ice and conclude that a characterization of the
      density of these defects is required to predict the degree of metastability and
      vapor pressure of atmospheric ices. 

PMID- 26983559
TI  - Shear-driven aggregation of binary colloids for randomly distributing
      nanoparticles in a matrix.
AB  - We propose a methodology for preparing composite materials where A nanoparticles
      (NPs) are uniformly and randomly distributed inside a matrix of B NPs. It is
      based on intense shear-driven aggregation of binary colloids composed of A and B
      NPs, without using any additives. Its feasibility has been demonstrated using
      stable binary colloids composed of poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles and
      polystyrene (PS) particles. The PS particles alone undergo shear-driven
      aggregation (shear-active), while the PMMA particles alone do not exhibit any
      aggregation under the same conditions (shear-inactive). It is found that the
      shear-driven aggregation of the binary colloids does occur, and the formed
      clusters are composed of both the "shear-active" PS and "shear-inactive" PMMA
      particles. The SEM pictures demonstrate that the PMMA particles are uniformly and
      randomly distributed among the PS particles in the clusters, thus confirming the
      feasibility of the proposed methodology. The mechanism leading to the aggregation
      of the binary colloids has been discussed based on the experimental observations.

PMID- 26983560
TI  - Molybdenum carbide as an efficient catalyst for low-temperature hydrogenation of
      dimethyl oxalate.
AB  - Silica-supported molybdenum carbide (Mo2C/SiO2) is found to be a highly active,
      selective and stable catalyst for the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to
      ethanol at low temperatures (473 K). Moreover, the formation of ethanol over the
      Mo2C catalyst performs via the novel intermediate methyl acetate instead of
      ethylene glycol forming over the Cu catalyst. 

PMID- 26983561
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with a double aortic arch.
AB  - In this study, we present a case of prenatally diagnosed tetralogy of Fallot with
      a double aortic arch, correlating images from fetal echocardiography,
      transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac MRI. 

PMID- 26983562
TI  - The body in the brain: towards a representational neurobiology of somatoform
      disorders.

PMID- 26983563
TI  - Somatoform disorders revisited.

PMID- 26983564
TI  - Assessment of somatoform disorders: a review of strategies and instruments.
AB  - We provide an overview of methods and instruments developed for the assessment of
      somatoform disorders. Four diagnostic purposes have been identified: (i)
      classification according to a diagnostic system; (ii) screening for probable
      cases; (iii) dimensional measurement of syndrome severity; and (iv) assessment of
      associated clinical features. Existing instruments designed for each of these
      strategies are described, including specifications of their psychometric
      properties, particular features, advantages and disadvantages. A conclusion of
      this review is that the currently existing 'family of assessment instruments' in
      the field of somatoform disorders should be used to improve the comparability of
      scientific findings in different cultures and settings. 

PMID- 26983565
TI  - Negative priming for threatening vs. non-threatening information in body
      dysmorphic disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) suffer from
      unpleasant, repetitive thoughts about imagined defects in appearance which are
      difficult to control. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test for
      deficits in cognitive inhibition in BDD. METHODS: To test for deficits in
      cognitive inhibition in BDD, we applied a negative priming paradigm.
      Specifically, we explored whether BDD patients exhibit greater deficits in
      cognitive inhibition when lexical targets are threatening than when they are non
      threatening. RESULTS: Surprisingly, BDD patients exhibited deficits in cognitive
      inhibition only for non-threatening but not for threatening information.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although BDD patients often describe their negative thoughts about
      their appearance as distressing, they may experience them as valid and thus may
      not try to control them.

PMID- 26983566
TI  - Enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Alterations of the immune-neuroendocrine interplay have been described
      in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Employing a recently developed method, the
      study set out to investigate whether patients with CFS have an altered
      sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GCs) when under stress. METHODS: A total of 21
      CFS patients and 20 healthy age- and gender-matched controls underwent a
      standardized psychosocial stress test (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST). Salivary
      and plasma cortisol levels were measured repeatedly following exposure to the
      stressor. GC sensitivity was assessed in vitro by dexamethasone inhibition of
      lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNC-alpha). RESULTS: Cortisol responses following the TSST
      did not differ significantly between CFS patients and healthy controls. GC
      sensitivity differed significantly between CFS patients and healthy controls,
      with CFS patients showing a greater sensitivity towards GCs (TNF-alpha: F 1/39 =
      7.32, P = 0.01; IL-6: F 1/39 = 9.73, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Consistent with
      recent evidence, CFS patients are characterized by an enhanced sensitivity to
      glucocorticoids. The implications for secondary processes, such as the regulatory
      influence of glucocorticoids on immune processes, are discussed.

PMID- 26983567
TI  - Somatoform disorders in patients with musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases
      in comparison to the general population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present epidemiological study investigates sex- and age-adjusted 4
      week, 12-month, and lifetime prevalence rates of somatoform disorders in in
      patients with musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases in comparison with
      prevalence rates of these disorders in the general population in Germany.
      METHODS: Prevalence rates were calculated from two samples, one from
      rehabilitation in-patients with musculoskeletal (n = 187) or cardiovascular (n =
      116) diseases, and one from a large sample of the German National Health
      Interview and Examination Survey - Mental Health Supplement (GHS-MHS; n = 3889).
      The prevalence rates were based on the M-CIDI, an interview for the assessment of
      mental disorders. RESULTS: The adjusted prevalence rates of any mental disorder
      in both clinical samples are higher compared with rates of the general population
      (e.g. lifetime musculoskeletal, 59.3%; cardiovascular, 56.2%; general population,
      47.9%). Prevalence rates of patients with cardiovascular (e.g. 12.2%) and
      musculoskeletal (21.5%) diseases do not indicate an increased prevalence of
      somatoform disorders compared with the general population (18.2%). CONCLUSIONS:
      The results confirm that patients with chronic somatic diseases have increased
      prevalence rates of mental disorders. However, these increased prevalence rates
      go primarily back to affective and anxiety disorders and not to somatoform
      disorders. The diagnostic criteria for somatoform disorders and the question
      algorithm of the M-CIDI are probably responsible for potential underestimation of
      somatoform disorders in patients with chronic somatic diseases.

PMID- 26983568
TI  - The role of negative and positive affectivity on perceived stress-subjective
      health relationships.
AB  - This article reviews the arguments that support the approach regarding the
      'inflationary' influence of the negative affectivity (NA) trait, or neuroticism,
      on relationships between perceived stress (e.g. different means of self-report of
      psychosocial stress such as major life events or daily stress) and subjective
      physical health (e.g. somatic symptomatology, health complaints). It has been
      explained that the said inflationary effect could distort the interpretation of
      the results that are found if it is done in terms of stress-objective health
      relationships (known in terms of health behavior, biological markers, morbidity
      and mortality) and that, in this sense, the NA would be a contaminant. This is
      why it has been suggested that in these cases, the effect of NA on predictor and
      criterion relationships should be controlled. The present critical review doesn't
      support these conclusions. Also, this paper deals with the empirical analysis of
      some matters that refer to one of the arguments mentioned, namely that NA is a
      general and penetrating factor that impregnates perceived stress (we will focus
      on daily stress or hassles) and subjective health measures (we will focus on
      somatic symptoms), as well as its relationships. We also analyze the role of
      positive affectivity (PA). The empirical analysis carried out uses a combination
      of within and interindividual methods. Contrary to the hypothesis regarding the
      moderating effects (specifically, inflationary) of NA on relationships between
      daily stress and somatic symptomatology, NA has only presented direct significant
      effects on both variables (between subjects), while its moderating effects are
      modest and non-significant. However, PA appears not to have any direct
      significant effects, but it does have moderating effects (specifically, buffering
      effects). Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings and we make some
      suggestions for future research. 

PMID- 26983569
TI  - Psychopharmacotherapy of somatoform disorders: effects of opipramol on symptoms
      of somatization, anxiety, and depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The psychopharmacotherapy of somatoform disorders (SD; ICD-10: F45)
      has been less frequently investigated and is not as well established as in other
      (neurotic) disorders of ICD-10 section F4, i.e. generalized anxiety disorder
      (GAD; ICD-10: F41.1). The atypical compound opipramol is very often used to treat
      SD and GAD in clinical practice in Germany. However, state-of-the-art controlled
      clinical trials have not yet been performed. OBJECTIVES: Two clinical trials were
      performed with the aim of confirming the efficacy and tolerability of opipramol
      in SD and GAD. METHODS: Both trials were performed as randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. While the GAD trial was a three-arm
      study with opipramol (200 mg/day) vs. placebo and alprazolam (2 mg/day) for 28
      days, the SD trial was a placebo-controlled two-arm study with a treatment
      duration of 42 days. Each group consisted of about 100 patients. RESULTS:
      Significant differences (alpha = 0.05) were found for the primary efficacy
      criteria (HAMA total score in GAD, HAMA somatic subscore in SD) and most of the
      secondary criteria in favor of the active drug therapies. Considerable
      differences between the psychopathology of SD and GAD were detected. CONCLUSION:
      The well-tolerated anxiolytic opipramol is the first psychotropic drug with
      proven efficacy in somatoform disorders with effects on symptoms of somatization,
      anxiety, and depression. The compound is also effective and safe in GAD.

PMID- 26983570
TI  - Atypical depression spectrum disorder - neurobiology and treatment.
AB  - Depressive syndromes are a group of heterogeneous disorders. Atypical depression
      (AD) with reversed vegetative signs, such as hyperphagia or hypersomnia, is
      traditionally neglected, demonstrated by the fact that in the most widely used
      depression scales, such as the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), melancholic
      symptoms have a specific weight, while, by contrast, reversed vegetative signs
      are not included. However, epidemiologically and phenomenologically related
      disorders to AD do exist, such as somatoform disorders, neurasthenia (chronic
      fatigue syndrome) and fibromyalgia (FM). In this spectrum, here called the AD
      spectrum, instead a decrease in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis
      activity seems to exist. This has similarities to Cushing's disease, where a
      suppression of central HPA system activity is accompanied by features of AD and
      somatization in a considerable number of patients. Opposite vegetative features
      might therefore be related to the opposite dysregulation of the HPA system. The
      psychopharmacological intervention in the AD spectrum should therefore differ
      from that used in typical major depression. MAO inhibitors, low-dose tricyclic
      antidepressants and 5-HT3 antagonists demonstrated therapeutic efficacy, but the
      existing studies focused on different aspects. Hypericum extracts might be an
      alternative pharmacological intervention, which demonstrated therapeutic efficacy
      in the symptom range of the spectrum. 

PMID- 26983571
TI  - Cognitive behavior therapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders: is group
      treatment effective?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The intention of this study was to evaluate therapy outcome of a
      cognitive-behavioral group treatment program for functional gastrointestinal
      disorders. As a particular characteristic, gastrointestinal symptoms were
      investigated independently from diagnostic categories on a dimensional basis,
      considering the persistence of symptoms as well as the aspect of severity.
      METHODS: A total of 64 subjects participated in the 10-week treatment program,
      and 49 completed the study. Subjects underwent four assessments (baseline, pre-,
      post-treatment, 12-month follow-up), each comprising several self-rated
      questionnaires on gastrointestinal, somatoform, depressive, hypochondriacal and
      anxious symptoms, and health locus of control, as well as a diagnostic interview
      of functional gastrointestinal and mental disorders at the baseline assessment.
      Treatment effects were controlled by subjects' waiting list period before
      treatment. RESULTS: Gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as comorbid
      psychopathology scores, decreased significantly during treatment and remained
      unchanged during the follow-up period, whereas no relevant changes were found in
      health locus of control. Largest effect sizes were found for gastrointestinal
      symptoms, which decreased by 30-50% of their initial number. CONCLUSIONS: The
      group treatment investigated was effective and particularly successful with
      respect to functional gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the mechanisms of
      treatment outcome remain indistinct. Further studies comparing different setting
      conditions directly are required to clarify the question of whether group
      treatment is significantly superior or inferior to individual therapy.

PMID- 26983572
TI  - Biofeedback-based interventions in somatoform disorders: a randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the controlled therapy study was to evaluate the
      effect of a 6 session biofeedback intervention program on cognitive aspects of
      patients with somatoform disorders. The treatment consisted of psycho
      physiological demonstrations how mental processes can influence biological
      functions. We expected this treatment to be of high credibility, to change
      maladaptive cognitions, to enhance acceptance of psychosocial causal attribution
      and to improve coping. METHODS: Patients were assessed using a structured
      interview to diagnose somatization syndrome (SSI-8) and comorbidity according to
      DSM-IV criteria. Fifty patients were recruited and randomly assigned to
      biofeedback treatment or control relaxation group. Participants completed a
      questionnaire battery assessing cognitive characteristics, causal attributions
      and controllability before and after intervention as well as evaluation protocols
      for each session. RESULTS: The results suggest that biofeedback modified the
      patients' cognitive schemata: Patients with somatization syndrome of the
      biofeedback group showed a greater reduction of catastrophizing of somatic
      sensations and higher acceptance of psychosocial causal attributions than the
      control group. Both groups improved significantly in the conviction of self
      efficacy.

PMID- 26983573
TI  - Osseous choristoma of the tongue: two case reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osseous choristoma is a very rare, benign lesion in the maxillofacial
      region. It appears as a benign mass of normally matured bony tissue covered by
      the normal epithelium of the tongue. It is usually seen in front of the foramen
      cecum of the tongue. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice with an
      excellent prognosis and there have been very few cases of recurrence. CASE
      PRESENTATION: Here we present two cases of osseous choristoma on the dorsum of
      the tongue. Case 1 was a 15-year-old Japanese girl who presented with a painless
      but gradually growing swelling on the dorsum of her tongue approximately 1 year
      before her admission. Case 2 was a 21-year-old Japanese woman with a complaint of
      pain in the lower left, posterior side of her mouth. Histological findings showed
      that both lesions were composed of well-organized, mature, compact bone beneath
      the oral mucosal membrane. Subsequent to simple surgical excision, no recurrence
      of the lesions was observed after the follow-up period. Previous literatures have
      proposed both malformation and trauma hypotheses as the etiopathologies of
      osseous choristoma. However, the histopathological findings of the two cases in
      the present study do not support the trauma hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Although
      osseous choristoma is clinically a benign condition, the underlying
      histopathological processes are important. The outcome of aberrant formation of
      calcified tissue in the vicinity of vital structures such as nerves and blood
      vessels may be of clinical significance.

PMID- 26983574
TI  - Epigenetic silencing of miR-181c by DNA methylation in glioblastoma cell lines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs is recognized as one of
      the major pathways for the control of cellular homeostasis. Less well understood
      is the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of genes encoding microRNAs. In
      the present study we addressed the epigenetic regulation of the miR-181c in
      normal and malignant brain cells. METHODS: To explore the epigenetic regulation
      of the miR-181c we evaluated its expression using RT-qPCR and the in vivo binding
      of the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) to its regulatory region in different
      glioblastoma cell lines. DNA methylation survey, chromatin immunoprecipitation
      and RNA interference assays were used to assess the role of CTCF in the miR-181c
      epigenetic silencing. RESULTS: We found that miR-181c is downregulated in
      glioblastoma cell lines, as compared to normal brain tissues. Loss of expression
      correlated with a notorious gain of DNA methylation at the miR-181c promoter
      region and the dissociation of the multifunctional nuclear factor CTCF. Taking
      advantage of the genomic distribution of CTCF in different cell types we propose
      that CTCF has a local and cell type specific regulatory role over the miR-181c
      and not an architectural one through chromatin loop formation. This is supported
      by the depletion of CTCF in glioblastoma cells affecting the expression levels of
      NOTCH2 as a target of miR-181c. CONCLUSION: Together, our results point to the
      epigenetic role of CTCF in the regulation of microRNAs implicated in
      tumorigenesis.

PMID- 26983576
TI  - Tetrandrine reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer by
      downregulating Gli-1.
AB  - Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is considered to play a crucial role in
      vertebrate development and carcinogenesis. Additionally, epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) is a cellular process during which epithelial cells become
      mesenchymal-appearing cells, facilitating cancer metastasis and invasion.
      Accumulating evidence has indicated that the Hh signaling pathway could
      potentiate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, we
      demonstrated that tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from
      Stephaniae, exerts its anti-metastatic ability in bladder cancer cells by
      regulating GLI family zinc finger 1 (Gli-1), a key factor of Hedgehog signaling
      pathway. In our study, we confirmed that tetrandrine could impede migration and
      invasion in bladder cancer 5637 and T24 cells. Additionally, tetrandrine reverses
      EMT by increasing the expression of E-cadherin and reducing the N-cadherin,
      vimentin and Slug expression in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly,
      tetrandrine also decreases mobility and reduces the expression of Gli-1 in
      bladder cancer cells. Moreover, we verified that tetrandrine inhibits metastasis
      and induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) of bladder cancer through
      downregulation of Gli-1, which could be partially reversed by Gli-1
      overexpression. In conclusion, our findings show that tetrandrine inhibits
      migration and invasion, and reverses EMT of bladder cancer cells through
      negatively regulating Gli-1. It indicates that Gli-1 may be a potential
      therapeutic target of tetrandrine against bladder cancer.

PMID- 26983575
TI  - The antitumor effects of geraniol: Modulation of cancer hallmark pathways
      (Review).
AB  - Geraniol is a dietary monoterpene alcohol that is found in the essential oils of
      aromatic plants. To date, experimental evidence supports the therapeutic or
      preventive effects of geraniol on different types of cancer, such as breast,
      lung, colon, prostate, pancreatic, and hepatic cancer, and has revealed the
      mechanistic basis for its pharmacological actions. In addition, geraniol
      sensitizes tumor cells to commonly used chemotherapy agents. Geraniol controls a
      variety of signaling molecules and pathways that represent tumor hallmarks; these
      actions of geraniol constrain the ability of tumor cells to acquire adaptive
      resistance against anticancer drugs. In the present review, we emphasize that
      geraniol is a promising compound or chemical moiety for the development of a safe
      and effective multi-targeted anticancer agent. We summarize the current knowledge
      of the effects of geraniol on target molecules and pathways in cancer cells. Our
      review provides novel insight into the challenges and perspectives with regard to
      geraniol research and to its application in future clinical investigation. 

PMID- 26983577
TI  - Modulation of R-gene expression across environments.
AB  - Some environments are more conducive to pathogen growth than others, and, as a
      consequence, plants might be expected to invest more in resistance when pathogen
      growth is favored. Resistance (R-) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana have unusually
      extensive variation in basal expression when comparing the same R-gene among
      accessions collected from different environments. R-gene expression variation was
      characterized to explore whether R-gene expression is up-regulated in
      environments favoring pathogen proliferation and down-regulated when risks of
      infection are low; down-regulation would follow if costs of R-gene expression
      negatively impact plant fitness in the absence of disease. Quantitative reverse
      transcription-PCR was used to quantify the expression of 13 R-gene loci in plants
      grown in eight environmental conditions for each of 12 A. thaliana accessions,
      and large effects of the environment on R-gene expression were found.
      Surprisingly, almost every change in the environment--be it a change in biotic or
      abiotic conditions--led to an increase in R-gene expression, a response that was
      distinct from the average transcriptome response and from that of other stress
      response genes. These changes in expression are functional in that environmental
      change prior to infection affected levels of specific disease resistance to
      isolates of Pseudomonas syringae. In addition, there are strong latitudinal
      clines in basal R-gene expression and clines in R-gene expression plasticity
      correlated with drought and high temperatures. These results suggest that
      variation in R-gene expression across environments may be shaped by natural
      selection to reduce fitness costs of R-gene expression in permissive or
      predictable environments.

PMID- 26983578
TI  - Efficacy and acceptability of a home-based, family-inclusive intervention for
      veterans with TBI: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often undermines community re
      integration, impairs functioning and produces other symptoms. This study tested
      an innovative programme for veterans with TBI, the Veterans' In-home Programme
      (VIP), delivered in veterans' homes, involving a family member and targeting the
      environment (social and physical) to promote community re-integration, mitigate
      difficulty with the most troubling TBI symptoms and facilitate daily functioning.
      SETTING: Interviews and intervention sessions were conducted in homes or by
      telephone. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-one veterans with TBI at a VA polytrauma
      programme and a key family member. DESIGN: This was a 2-group randomized
      controlled trial. Control-group participants received usual-care enhanced by two
      attention-control telephone calls. Follow-up interviews occurred up to 4 months
      after baseline interview. MAIN MEASURES: VIP's efficacy was evaluated using
      measures of community re-integration, target outcomes reflecting veterans' self
      identified problems and self-rated functional competence. RESULTS: At follow-up,
      VIP participants had significantly higher community re-integration scores and
      less difficulty managing targeted outcomes, compared to controls. Self-rated
      functional competence did not differ between groups. In addition, VIP's
      acceptability was high. CONCLUSION: A home-based, family-inclusive service for
      veterans with TBI shows promise for improving meaningful outcomes and warrants
      further research and clinical application.

PMID- 26983581
TI  - Prisconnatanones A, a cytotoxic naphthoquinone from Prismatomeris connata,
      suppresses the proliferation of human laryngocarcinoma HEp-2 cells in vitro.
AB  - Prisconnatanones A (Priscon-A) is a rare tetrahydroanthraquinone isolated from
      herbal Prismatomeris connate. In this study, we examine its anti-tumour activity
      on human laryngocarcinoma HEp-2 cells in vitro. The CCK-8 assay was performed to
      evaluate its cytotoxicity. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed using flow
      cytometric analysis. Here, we showed Priscon-A inhibited the proliferation of HEp
      2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and at 5 MUM it almost completely inhibited
      cell growth. Its cytotoxicity was associated with the cell cycle arrest at G2/M
      phase. The Annexin V-FITC/PI binding assay showed that the cell death induced by
      Priscon-A was associated with apoptosis. And, western blot analysis revealed that
      the levels of the apoptosis protein, cleaved caspase-3, PARP, p21 and Bax protein
      increased, while the level of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 decreased.. These data
      demonstrated that Priscon-A significantly inhibited HEp-2 cell growth, induced
      the cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and efficiently induced cell apoptosis.

PMID- 26983580
TI  - Differences in the Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions for Suicidal
      Ideation and Behaviour in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Randomised
      Controlled Trials.
AB  - The objective of this study was to explore outcomes of preventive programs and
      psychosocial treatments for suicidal ideation and behaviour in gender sub-groups
      in mixed gender studies and in studies limited to one gender. The method used was
      a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which included women
      or men only, or reported and/or examined outcomes of psychosocial interventions
      in mixed gender samples. A total of 27 (18%) of RCTs reported or examined
      differences in intervention outcomes. Of the mixed gender RCTs, 5 (33%) reported
      greater effectiveness for females than males. The review identified promising
      interventions in female-only samples. None of the trials reported greater
      effectiveness of the intervention in men. The majority of reviewed studies
      looking at treatment outcomes in gender sub-groups showed no differences between
      women and men or indicated that some psychosocial interventions are effective for
      women. There is a need for studies which look at gender effects and development
      of interventions more effective and appealing for men at risk of suicide.

PMID- 26983579
TI  - Trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities of flavonoids isolated from Stevia
      satureiifolia var. satureiifolia.
AB  - Context Chagas' disease and leishmaniasis produce significant disability and
      mortality with great social and economic impact. The genus Stevia (Asteraceae) is
      a potential source of antiprotozoal compounds. Objective Aerial parts of four
      Stevia species were screened on Trypanosoma cruzi. Stevia satureiifolia (Lam.)
      Sch. Bip. var. satureiifolia (Asteraceae) dichloromethane extract was selected
      for a bioassay-guided fractionation in order to isolate its active compounds.
      Additionally, the antileishmanial activity and the cytotoxicity of these
      compounds on mammalian cells were assessed. Materials and methods The
      dichloromethane extract was fractionated by column chromatography. The isolated
      compounds were evaluated using concentrations of 0-100 MUg/mL on T. cruzi
      epimastigotes and on Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes for 72 h, on
      trypomastigotes and amastigotes of T. cruzi for 24 h and 120 h, respectively. The
      compounds' cytotoxicity (12.5-500 MUg/mL) was assessed on Vero cells by the MTT
      assay. The structure elucidation of each compound was performed by spectroscopic
      methods and HPLC analysis. Results The dichloromethane extracts of Stevia species
      showed significant activity on T. cruzi epimastigotes. The flavonoids eupatorin
      (1.3%), cirsimaritin (1.9%) and 5-desmethylsinensetin (1.5%) were isolated from
      S. satureiifolia var. satureiifolia extract. Eupatorin and 5-desmethylsinensetin
      showed IC50 values of 0.2 and 0.4 MUg/mL on T. cruzi epimastigotes and 61.8 and
      75.1 MUg/mL on trypomastigotes, respectively. The flavonoid 5-desmethylsinensetin
      showed moderate activity against T. cruzi amastigotes (IC50  value = 78.7 MUg/mL)
      and was the most active compound on L. braziliensis promastigotes (IC50  value =
      37.0 MUg/mL). Neither of the flavonoids showed cytotoxicity on Vero cells, up to
      a concentration of 500 MUg/mL. 

PMID- 26983582
TI  - ' ... They should understand why ... ' The knowledge, attitudes and impact of the
      HIV criminalisation law on a sample of HIV+ women living in Ontario.
AB  - Over 60 countries criminalise 'the "willful" transmission of HIV'. Such a law has
      the potential to hinder public health interventions. There is limited literature
      discussing the perceptions of this law and the impact, it has had on HIV-positive
      women. This paper describes the knowledge of and attitudes of this law by HIV
      positive women living in Ontario; and their experiences with its application.
      Three group discussions (n = 10) and 17 in-depth interviews with HIV-positive
      women age: 21-56 years. Data were analysed using a modified thematic approach.
      Most of the respondents knew about the law with regard to adult HIV transmission.
      However, very few knew about any laws related to mother to child HIV
      transmission, although some reported having had their children taken away because
      of breastfeeding. Respondents felt that the law could be fair and protective if
      there were means of providing a priori support to those women who have been
      disadvantaged social-culturally and structurally. Without this support, the law
      could potentially lead HIV-positive women into hiding and not accessing services
      that could help them. There is need for the law implementers to consider these
      findings if they are to support the public health efforts to control HIV.

PMID- 26983583
TI  - Various simultaneous nail changes due to valproic acid use.
AB  - There are only a few case reports about nail changes due to valproic acid in the
      literature despite its widespread use. We present a 50-year-old man who had
      onycholysis, roughness of the nail surface and brownish-yellow discoloration of
      both fingernails and toenails, which remarkably ameliorated upon cessation of
      valproic acid.

PMID- 26983584
TI  - The effect of personal and group discrimination on the subjective well-being of
      people with mental illness: the role of internalized stigma and collective action
      intention.
AB  - The goal of this study is to test a model in which personal discrimination
      predicts internalized stigma, while group discrimination predicts a greater
      willingness to engage in collective action. Internalized stigma and collective
      action, in turn, are associated to positive and negative affect. A cross
      sectional study with 213 people with mental illness was conducted. The model was
      tested using path analysis. Although the data supported the model, its fit was
      not sufficiently good. A respecified model, in which a direct path from
      collective action to internalized stigma was added, showed a good fit. Personal
      and group discrimination appear to impact subjective well-being through two
      different paths: the internalization of stigma and collective action intentions,
      respectively. These two paths, however, are not completely independent, as
      collective action predicts a lower internalization of stigma. Thus, collective
      action appears as an important tool to reduce internalized stigma and improve
      subjective well-being. Future interventions to reduce the impact of stigma should
      fight the internalization of stigma and promote collective action are suggested.

PMID- 26983585
TI  - Lesbians and Gay Men's Vacation Motivations, Perceptions, and Constraints: A
      Study of Cruise Vacation Choice.
AB  - This study explores the push-pull vacation motivations of gay male and lesbian
      consumers and examines how these underpin their perceptions and purchase
      constraints of a mainstream and LGBT(1) cruise. Findings highlight a complex
      vacation market. Although lesbians and gay men share many of the same travel
      motivations as their heterosexual counterparts, the study reveals sexuality is a
      significant variable in their perception of cruise vacations, which further
      influences purchase constraints and destination choice. Gay men have more
      favorable perceptions than lesbians of both mainstream and LGBT cruises. The
      article recommends further inquiry into the multifaceted nature of motivations,
      perception, and constraints within the LGBT market in relation to cruise
      vacations. 

PMID- 26983587
TI  - In focus: Fe3O4 nanoparticles and human mesenteric artery interaction in vitro.
AB  - AIM: The growing implementation of iron oxide nanoparticles in medicine requires
      a thorough investigation of their physiological influence. Therefore, effects of
      Fe3O4 nanoparticles on isometric contractions of healthy human mesenteric artery
      in vitro were investigated. MATERIALS & METHODS: The effect of increasing
      concentrations (0.023, 0.069, 0.23, 0.69 and 2.31 MUg/MUl) of Fe3O4 nanoparticles
      (50-100 nm) on the contractility of mesenteric artery ring preparations was
      studied using wire myography technique. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: A lack of effects
      of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50-100 nm) on isometric contractions of human mesenteric
      artery segments both in conditions of basal tension and precontraction was found.
      The observed unresponsiveness of human mesenteric arteries in vitro to Fe3O4
      nanoparticles could be attributed to their safe mode of use in biomedicine.

PMID- 26983586
TI  - Obesity and Diabetic Kidney Disease: Role of Oxidant Stress and Redox Balance.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and
      redox processes are of key importance in obesity- and diabetes-related kidney
      disease; however, there remains significant controversy in the field. RECENT
      ADVANCES: New data from imaging and in vivo models of obesity and diabetic kidney
      disease have shed new insights into this field. In the setting of obesity- and
      diabetes-related kidney injury, there is a growing recognition that the major
      moieties of ROS and RNS are hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite with the
      enzymatic sources being NADPH oxidases and nitric oxide synthase, respectively.
      However, the role of mitochondrial superoxide as a driver of renal complications
      remains unclear. CRITICAL ISSUES: Several key issues that are often not discussed
      are the specific ROS and RNS molecules, the source of generation, the location of
      production, and downstream targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Further understanding of
      the role of ROS/RNS/redox and their relationship with key signaling and metabolic
      pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and hypoxia-inducible factor
      1-alpha (HIF1alpha) will be critical to a new understanding of kidney
      complications of caloric challenges and new therapeutic approaches. Antioxid.
      Redox Signal. 25, 208-216.

PMID- 26983588
TI  - Sexual Harassment, Psychological Distress, and Problematic Drinking Behavior
      Among College Students: An Examination of Reciprocal Causal Relations.
AB  - Sexual harassment on college campuses is a frequent occurrence and serious public
      health concern. Victims of sexual harassment are at risk for many possible
      negative health consequences. In addition, certain psychological distress
      symptoms and/or alcohol use may put individuals at increased risk of being
      victims of sexual harassment. Data from more than 2,000 college students in the
      Midwestern United States were used to examine reciprocal causal effects of the
      relations between (a) experiencing sexual harassment and alcohol use and (b)
      experiencing sexual harassment and psychological distress symptoms, specifically
      depression and anger/hostility. Analyses were conducted separately for sexual
      harassment which occurs at school and which occurs in college students'
      workplaces, and also separately for men and women. Results of cross-lagged panel
      models showed that there were reciprocal causal effects between sexual harassment
      and alcohol problems, depression, and anger. Discussion focuses on the overall
      patterns of results as well as the nuances within these findings.

PMID- 26983590
TI  - Unusual chest wall pain caused by thoracic disc herniation in a professional
      baseball pitcher.
AB  - Symptomatic thoracic disc herniation is clinically rare. There are few cases of
      disc herniation of the thoracic spine in top athletes described in the
      literature. We herein present a rare case of chest wall pain due to thoracic disc
      herniation in a professional baseball pitcher. A 30-year-old, left-handed pitcher
      complained of left-sided chest wall pain in the region of his lower ribs during a
      game. Neurological examination revealed hypoesthesia of the left side of the
      chest at the level of the lower thoracic spine. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      of the thoracic spine showed a left-sided paramedian disc herniation at the T9
      T10 level. The player was initially prescribed rest, administration of pregabalin
      (150 mg twice a day), and subsequent physical rehabilitation. He was able to
      resume full training and pitching without medication 6 months after the onset. A
      follow-up MRI of the thoracic spine showed a reduction in the size of the
      herniated disc compared to the initial findings. Though relatively rare, thoracic
      disc herniation should be considered in cases of chest wall pain in athletes. 

PMID- 26983591
TI  - Curcumin and dexmedetomidine prevents oxidative stress and renal injury in hind
      limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model.
AB  - Curcumin and dexmedetomidine have been shown to have protective effects in
      ischemia-reperfusion injury on various organs. However, their protective effects
      on kidney tissue against ischemia-reperfusion injury remain unclear. We aimed to
      determine whether curcumin or dexmedetomidine prevents renal tissue from injury
      that was induced by hind limb ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Fifty rats were
      divided into five groups: sham, control, curcumin (CUR) group (200 mg/kg
      curcumin, n = 10), dexmedetomidine (DEX) group (25 MUg/kg dexmedetomidine, n =
      10), and curcumin-dexmedetomidine (CUR-DEX) group (200 mg/kg curcumin and 25
      MUg/kg dexmedetomidine). Curcumin and dexmedetomidine were administered
      intraperitoneally immediately after the end of 4 h ischemia, just 5 min before
      reperfusion. The extremity re-perfused for 2 h and then blood samples were taken
      and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS) levels, and
      oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured, and renal tissue samples were
      histopathologically examined. The TAC activity levels in blood samples were
      significantly lower in the control than the other groups (p < 0.01 for all
      comparisons). The TOS activity levels in blood samples were significantly higher
      in Control group and than the other groups (p <  0.01 for all comparison). The
      OSI were found to be significantly increased in the control group compared to
      others groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Histopathological examination
      revealed less severe lesions in the sham, CUR, DEX, and CUR-DEX groups, compared
      with the control group (p < 0.01). Rat hind limb ischemia-reperfusion causes
      histopathological changes in the kidneys. Curcumin and dexmedetomidine
      administered intraperitoneally was effective in reducing oxidative stress and
      renal histopathologic injury in an acute hind limb I/R rat model. 

PMID- 26983592
TI  - Polarized three-photon-pumped laser in a single MOF microcrystal.
AB  - Higher order multiphoton-pumped polarized lasers have fundamental technological
      importance. Although they can be used to in vivo imaging, their application has
      yet to be realized. Here we show the first polarized three-photon-pumped (3PP)
      microcavity laser in a single host-guest composite metal-organic framework (MOF)
      crystal, via a controllable in situ self-assembly strategy. The highly oriented
      assembly of dye molecules within the MOF provides an opportunity to achieve 3PP
      lasing with a low lasing threshold and a very high-quality factor on excitation.
      Furthermore, the 3PP lasing generated from composite MOF is perfectly polarized.
      These findings may eventually open up a new route to the exploitation of
      multiphoton-pumped solid-state laser in single MOF microcrystal (or nanocrystal)
      for future optoelectronic and biomedical applications. 

PMID- 26983589
TI  - Protection from lethal herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by vaccination with
      a UL41-deficient recombinant strain.
AB  - The UL41 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a virion host shut
      off protein which is involved in immune evasion. The growth and virulence of HSV
      1 is markedly reduced by the deletion of UL41. In this report, the UL41-deleted
      recombinant HSV-1 strain VR?41 was evaluated as a prophylactic live attenuated
      vaccine against lethal HSV-1 infection in a mouse model. Intraperitoneal (i.p.)
      inoculation with the VR?41 strain clearly inhibited lethal wild-type HSV-1 (VR-3
      strain) infection after both i.p. and intracerebral (i.c.) inoculations.
      Vaccination with the VR?41 strain was safer than VR-3 vaccination and was able to
      protect against a wild-type challenge to the same degree as VR-3 vaccination. In
      contrast, i.p. inoculation with ultraviolet-irradiated VR-3 induced resistance
      against i.p. infection, but not against i.c. INFECTION: Although replication of
      the VR?41 strain in mice was greatly reduced compared to that of the VR-3 strain,
      VR?41 strain maintained the ability to spread to the central nervous system (CNS)
      from a peripheral inoculation site. These results indicated that the VR?41 strain
      evoked a potent immune reaction through viral protein expression within CNS
      without the induction of lethal encephalitis. The entry of antigens into the CNS
      was essential for the establishment of protective immunity against the lethal HSV
      encephalitis. We concluded that only a live attenuated vaccine is able to afford
      a prophylactic effect against CNS infection with HSV. In order to fulfill this
      requirement, UL41-deleted viruses provide a strong candidate for use as a
      recombinant live vaccine.

PMID- 26983593
TI  - Superconducting H5S2 phase in sulfur-hydrogen system under high-pressure.
AB  - Recently, hydrogen sulfide was experimentally found to show the high
      superconducting critical temperature (Tc) under high-pressure. The
      superconducting Tc shows 30-70 K in pressure range of 100-170 GPa (low-Tc phase)
      and increases to 203 K, which sets a record for the highest Tc in all materials,
      for the samples annealed by heating it to room temperature at pressures above 150
      GPa (high-Tc phase). Here we present a solid H5S2 phase predicted as the low-Tc
      phase by the application of the genetic algorithm technique for crystal structure
      searching and first-principles calculations to sulfur-hydrogen system under high
      pressure. The H5S2 phase is thermodynamically stabilized at 110 GPa, in which
      asymmetric hydrogen bonds are formed between H2S and H3S molecules. Calculated Tc
      values show 50-70 K in pressure range of 100-150 GPa within the harmonic
      approximation, which can reproduce the experimentally observed low-Tc phase.
      These findings give a new aspect of the excellent superconductivity in compressed
      sulfur-hydrogen system. 

PMID- 26983594
TI  - Generation and transplantation of reprogrammed human neurons in the brain using
      3D microtopographic scaffolds.
AB  - Cell replacement therapy with human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons has the
      potential to ameliorate neurodegenerative dysfunction and central nervous system
      injuries, but reprogrammed neurons are dissociated and spatially disorganized
      during transplantation, rendering poor cell survival, functionality and
      engraftment in vivo. Here, we present the design of three-dimensional (3D)
      microtopographic scaffolds, using tunable electrospun microfibrous polymeric
      substrates that promote in situ stem cell neuronal reprogramming, neural network
      establishment and support neuronal engraftment into the brain. Scaffold
      supported, reprogrammed neuronal networks were successfully grafted into
      organotypic hippocampal brain slices, showing an ~ 3.5-fold improvement in
      neurite outgrowth and increased action potential firing relative to injected
      isolated cells. Transplantation of scaffold-supported neuronal networks into
      mouse brain striatum improved survival ~ 38-fold at the injection site relative
      to injected isolated cells, and allowed delivery of multiple neuronal subtypes.
      Thus, 3D microscale biomaterials represent a promising platform for the
      transplantation of therapeutic human neurons with broad neuro-regenerative
      relevance.

PMID- 26983595
TI  - Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells express functional pituitary and gonadal sex hormone
      receptors: Therapeutic implications.
AB  - Evidence has accumulated that sex hormones play an important role in several
      types of cancer. Because they are also involved in skeletal muscle development
      and regeneration, we were therefore interested in their potential involvement in
      the pathogenesis of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a skeletal muscle tumor. In the
      present study, we employed eight RMS cell lines (three fusion positive and five
      fusion negative RMS cell lines) and mRNA samples obtained from RMS patients. The
      expression of sex hormone receptors was evaluated by RT-PCR and their
      functionality by chemotaxis, adhesion and direct cell proliferation assays. We
      report here for the first time that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
      luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors are expressed in established human RMS cell
      lines as well as in primary tumor samples isolated from RMS patients. We also
      report that human RMS cell lines responded both to pituitary and gonadal sex
      hormone stimulation by enhanced proliferation, chemotaxis, cell adhesion and
      phosphorylation of MAPKp42/44 and AKT. In summary, our results indicate that sex
      hormones are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of RMS, and therefore,
      their therapeutic application should be avoided in patients that have been
      diagnosed with RMS. 

PMID- 26983596
TI  - Abrupt suspension of probiotics administration may increase host pathogen
      susceptibility by inducing gut dysbiosis.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the risk associated with suspension of probiotics
      administration in tilapia, an animal model that may mimic immune-compromised
      conditions in humans. Tilapias were fed for 14 days using a probiotics
      supplemented diet, followed by a three-day suspension of probiotics treatment and
      a subsequent challenge by Aeromonas hydrophila. Unexpectedly, the suspension of a
      probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum JCM1149 significantly triggered
      susceptibility of the host to A. hydrophila. We further observed that suspension
      of JCM1149 resulted in host gut microbiota dysbiosis and the subsequent disorder
      in the intestinal metabolites (bile acids, amino acids, and glucose) and damage
      in the intestinal epithelium, giving rise to a condition similar to antibiotics
      induced gut dysbiosis, which collectively impaired tilapia's gut health and
      resistance to pathogenic challenges. Additionally, we determined that JCM1149
      adhered relatively poorly to tilapia intestinal mucosa and was rapidly released
      from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) after suspension, with the rapid loss of
      probiotic strain probably being the direct cause of gut dysbiosis. Finally, three
      other probiotic Lactobacillus strains with low intestinal mucosa binding activity
      showed similar rapid loss phenotype following administration suspension, and
      induced higher host susceptibility to infection, indicating that the risk is a
      generic phenomenon in Lactobacillus. 

PMID- 26983597
TI  - Identification of E-cadherin signature motifs functioning as cleavage sites for
      Helicobacter pylori HtrA.
AB  - The cell adhesion protein and tumour suppressor E-cadherin exhibits important
      functions in the prevention of gastric cancer. As a class-I carcinogen,
      Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has developed a unique strategy to interfere with
      E-cadherin functions. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that H. pylori
      secretes the protease high temperature requirement A (HtrA) which cleaves off the
      E-cadherin ectodomain (NTF) on epithelial cells. This opens cell-to-cell
      junctions, allowing bacterial transmigration across the polarised epithelium.
      Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the HtrA-E-cadherin interaction
      and identified E-cadherin cleavage sites for HtrA. Mass-spectrometry-based
      proteomics and Edman degradation revealed three signature motifs containing the
      [VITA]-[VITA]-x-x-D-[DN] sequence pattern, which were preferentially cleaved by
      HtrA. Based on these sites, we developed a substrate-derived peptide inhibitor
      that selectively bound and inhibited HtrA, thereby blocking transmigration of H.
      pylori. The discovery of HtrA-targeted signature sites might further explain why
      we detected a stable 90 kDa NTF fragment during H. pylori infection, but also
      additional E-cadherin fragments ranging from 105 kDa to 48 kDa in in vitro
      cleavage experiments. In conclusion, HtrA targets E-cadherin signature sites that
      are accessible in in vitro reactions, but might be partially masked on epithelial
      cells through functional homophilic E-cadherin interactions. 

PMID- 26983600
TI  - Risk factors for occurrence and recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers among Iraqi
      diabetic patients.
AB  - There are a few studies that discuss the medical causes for diabetic foot (DF)
      ulcerations in Iraq, one of them in Wasit province. The aim of our study was to
      analyze the medical, therapeutic, and patient risk factors for developing DF
      ulcerations among diabetic patients in Baghdad, Iraq. 

PMID- 26983598
TI  - Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals L-Arginine Activates Ethanol Degradation
      Pathways in HepG2 Cells.
AB  - L-Arginine (Arg) is a versatile amino acid that plays crucial roles in a wide
      range of physiological and pathological processes. In this study, to investigate
      the alteration induced by Arg supplementation in proteome scale, isobaric tags
      for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) based proteomic approach was
      employed to comparatively characterize the differentially expressed proteins
      between Arg deprivation (Ctrl) and Arg supplementation (+Arg) treated human liver
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. A total of 21 proteins were identified as
      differentially expressed proteins and these 21 proteins were all up-regulated by
      Arg supplementation. Six amino acid metabolism-related proteins, mostly metabolic
      enzymes, showed differential expressions. Intriguingly, Ingenuity Pathway
      Analysis (IPA) based pathway analysis suggested that the three ethanol
      degradation pathways were significantly altered between Ctrl and +Arg. Western
      blotting and enzymatic activity assays validated that the key enzymes ADH1C,
      ALDH1A1, and ALDH2, which are mainly involved in ethanol degradation pathways,
      were highly differentially expressed, and activated between Ctrl and +Arg in
      HepG2 cells. Furthermore, 10 mM Arg significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity
      induced by 100 mM ethanol treatment (P < 0.0001). This study is the first time to
      reveal that Arg activates ethanol degradation pathways in HepG2 cells. 

PMID- 26983601
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26983599
TI  - Metabolic role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in primary human (pre)adipocytes.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is the target of the gliptins, a recent class of
      oral antidiabetics. DPP4 (also called CD26) was previously characterized in
      immune cells but also has important metabolic functions which are not yet fully
      understood. Thus, we investigated the function of DPP4 in human white
      preadipocytes and adipocytes. We found that both cell types express DPP4 in high
      amounts; DPP4 release markedly increased during differentiation. In
      preadipocytes, lentiviral DPP4 knockdown caused significant changes in gene
      expression as determined by whole-genome DNA-array analysis. Metabolic genes were
      increased, e.g. PDK4 18-fold and PPARgammaC1alpha (=PGC1alpha) 6-fold, and
      proliferation-related genes were decreased (e.g. FGF7 5-fold). These effects,
      contributing to differentiation, were not inhibited by the PPARgamma antagonist
      T0070907. Vice versa, the PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone induced a different set
      of genes (mainly FABP4). DPP4 knockdown also affected growth factor signaling
      and, accordingly, retarded preadipocyte proliferation. In particular, basal and
      insulin-induced ERK activation (but not Akt activation) was markedly diminished
      (by around 60%). This indicates that DPP4 knockdown contributes to adipocyte
      maturation by mimicking growth factor withdrawal, an early step in fat cell
      differentiation. In mature adipocytes, DPP4 becomes liberated so that adipose
      tissue may constitute a relevant source of circulating DPP4. 

PMID- 26983602
TI  - Adenosine kinase facilitated astrogliosis-induced cortical neuronal death in
      traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Adenosine kinase (ADK) plays a pivotal role in regulating brain function by
      regulating adenosine level, and ADK inhibition protects against neuronal damage
      in cerebral ischemia and epilepsy; however, the effects of ADK in traumatic brain
      injury (TBI) have not been investigated. For exploring its effects, we generated
      a blade-induced rat focal brain injury model. Western blot analysis,
      immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent staining suggested that ADK was up
      regulated after TBI, and it was temporally and spatially associated with
      astrogliosis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated-dUTP
      nick-end labeling showed that neuronal apoptosis was paralleled with TBI-induced
      ADK up-regulation and astrogliosis. For further investigating the role of ADK in
      astrogliosis-induced neuronal death, primary cultured astrocytes and neurons were
      utilized, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was employed to mediate astrogliosis, and
      condition medium (CM) of reactive astrocytes was used to treat neurons. The
      results showed that astrocytes increased iNOS expression and secreted pro
      inflammatory cytokines after LPS treatment, and CM of reactive astrocytes
      resulted neuronal death. Additionally, ADK knock-down didn't ameliorate LPS
      induced astrocyte proliferation, but it protected against neuronal death by
      reducing iNOS expression, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta
      secretion of reactive astrocytes. Taken together, ADK was associated with
      astrogliosis after TBI, its inhibition in reactive astrocytes ameliorated
      astrogliosis-induced neuronal death. Our findings extended the current knowledge
      on the role of ADK in astrogliosis, and also provided new evidence for the TBI
      treatment. 

PMID- 26983603
TI  - The Cost of Intramedullary Nailing for Femoral Shaft Fractures in Dar es Salaam,
      Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Femoral shaft fractures are one of the most common injuries seen by
      surgeons in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Surgical repair in LMICs is
      often dismissed as not being cost-effective or unsafe, though little evidence
      exists to support this notion. Therefore, the goal of this study is to determine
      the cost of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures in Tanzania.
      METHODS: We used micro-costing methods to estimate the fixed and variable costs
      of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Variable costs assessed
      included medical personnel costs, ward personnel costs, implants, medications,
      and single-use supplies. Fixed costs included costs for surgical instruments and
      administrative and ancillary staff. RESULTS: 46 adult femoral shaft fracture
      patients admitted to Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute between June and September
      2014 were enrolled and treated with intramedullary fixation. The total cost per
      patient was $530.87 (SD $129.99). The mean variable cost per patient was $419.87
      (SD $129.99), the largest portion coming from ward personnel $144.47 (SD
      $123.30), followed by implant $134.10 (SD $15.00) medical personnel $106.86 (SD
      $28.18), and medications/supplies $30.05 (SD $12.28). The mean fixed cost per
      patient was $111.00, consisting of support staff, $103.50, and surgical
      instruments, $7.50. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides empirical information on the
      variable and fixed costs of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures in
      LMICs. Importantly, the lack of surgical capacity was the primary driver of the
      largest cost for this procedure, preoperative ward personnel time. Our results
      provide the cost data for a formal cost-effectiveness analysis on this
      intervention.

PMID- 26983604
TI  - Evaluation of virus resistance and agronomic performance of rice cultivar ASD 16
      after transfer of transgene against Rice tungro bacilliform virus by backcross
      breeding.
AB  - Severe losses of rice yield in south and southeast Asia are caused by Rice tungro
      disease (RTD) induced by mixed infection of Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV)
      and Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). In order to develop transgene-based
      resistance against RTBV, one of its genes, ORF IV, was used to generate
      transgenic resistance based on RNA-interference in the easily transformed rice
      variety Pusa Basmati-1, and the transgene was subsequently introgressed to rice
      variety ASD 16, a variety popular in southern India, using transgene marker
      assisted selection. Here, we report the evaluation of BC3F4 and BC3F5 generation
      rice plants for resistance to RTBV as well as for agronomic traits under
      glasshouse conditions. The BC3F4 and BC3F5 generation rice plants tested showed
      variable levels of resistance, which was manifested by an average of twofold
      amelioration in height reduction, 1.5-fold decrease in the reduction in
      chlorophyll content, and 100- to 10,000-fold reduction in the titers of RTBV, but
      no reduction of RTSV titers, in three backcrossed lines when compared with the
      ASD 16 parent. Agronomic traits of some of the backcrossed lines recorded
      substantial improvements when compared with the ASD 16 parental line after
      inoculation by RTBV and RTSV. This work represents an important step in
      transferring RTD resistance to a susceptible popular rice variety, hence
      enhancing its yield in areas threatened by the disease. 

PMID- 26983605
TI  - Rapid and Sensitive Detection of sFAT-1 Transgenic Pigs by Visual Loop-Mediated
      Isothermal Amplification.
AB  - Genetically modified (GM) livestock have the potential to contribute to improving
      the environment and human health, with consumption of fewer resources and reduced
      waste production. However, the transgene process also poses risks. The safety
      assessment and control of transgenic animal products have drawn wide attention,
      and the relevant regulations and technology are being developed. Quick testing
      technology plays a significant role in on-site and customs sampling. Nowadays,
      loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was widely applied in nucleic acid
      analysis because of its simplicity, rapidity, high efficiency and specificity. In
      this study, a specific, sensitive detection system for detecting sFAT-1
      transgenic pigs was designed. A set of six primers including two loop primers was
      designed for the target sequence. The DNA samples were amplified in less than 1 h
      at the optimized temperature and detecting by both Nephelometer LA-320c and
      unaided eyes directly adding calcein. The detection limit of sFAT-1 LAMP was as
      low as 1.26 ng/MUL. Furthermore, blind tests of transgenic and non-transgenic DNA
      samples were all correctly detected. Hence, the results in this study
      demonstrated that LAMP is a very useful tool for transgenic detection. 

PMID- 26983607
TI  - Combination of low-contact cerclage wiring and osteosynthesis in the treatment of
      femoral fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Objectives were (1) to evaluate results after cerclage
      wiring technique for femoral primary and periprosthetic fracture (PPF); (2) to
      report the incidence of complications and their treatment; (3) to analyze
      possible prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 54 patients
      treated with different techniques associated with low-contact cerclage wires for
      femoral fracture. Fractures were stratified according to AO, Vancouver or
      Rorabeck classification. Cerclage was used as an exclusive implant in four PPFs
      or combined with internal devices in 50 cases. Comorbidities were assessed using
      Charlson Comorbidity Index. The Glasgow Outcome Scale was used to compare
      activities of daily living pre/postoperatively. RESULTS: Cerclage wires with
      three or four spacers were used in 22 and 32 cases, respectively. Nine patients
      died within 6 months. Mean follow-up of the remaining 42 patients was 10.5
      months. Fracture healing was achieved in 38/42 patients (71 %), with a mean time
      to callus formation of 57 days and to radiographic union of 3 months (1.5-9
      months). Four patients had nonunion. Survival to major complications was 92 and
      70 % at 1 and 2 years, respectively, significantly better in cerclage wires with
      three spacers than those with four spacers (p = 0.0188). No other statistical
      correlations were found. CONCLUSION: Cerclage wiring in difficult femoral
      fractures offers minimally invasive reduction and fixation technique, low cost
      and early holding. We reinforce the concept of "reduce with cerclage cables
      first, then nail" for displaced long subtrochanteric fractures and support the
      use of cerclage wiring for challenge PPF using low-contact wires. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, Level IV.

PMID- 26983606
TI  - Angiotensin AT2-receptor stimulation improves survival and neurological outcome
      after experimental stroke in mice.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of post-stroke, direct AT2-receptor (AT2R)
      stimulation with the non-peptide AT2R-agonist compound 21 (C21) on infarct size,
      survival and neurological outcome after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)
      in mice and looked for potential underlying mechanisms. C57/BL6J or AT2R-knockout
      mice (AT2-KO) underwent MCAO for 30 min followed by reperfusion. Starting 45 min
      after MCAO, mice were treated once daily for 4 days with either vehicle or C21
      (0.03 mg/kg ip). Neurological deficits were scored daily. Infarct volumes were
      measured 96 h post-stroke by MRI. C21 significantly improved survival after MCAO
      when compared to vehicle-treated mice. C21 treatment had no impact on infarct
      size, but significantly attenuated neurological deficits. Expression of brain
      derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) (receptor
      for BDNF) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) were significantly increased
      in the peri-infarct cortex of C21-treated mice when compared to vehicle-treated
      mice. Furthermore, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased in
      the peri-infarct cortex in mice treated with C21 compared to controls. There were
      no effects of C21 on neurological outcome, infarct size and expression of BDNF or
      GAP-43 in AT2-KO mice. From these data, it can be concluded that AT2R stimulation
      attenuates early mortality and neurological deficits after experimental stroke
      through neuroprotective mechanisms in an AT2R-specific way. Key message * AT2R
      stimulation after MCAO in mice reduces mortality and neurological deficits.* AT2R
      stimulation increases BDNF synthesis and protects neurons from apoptosis.* The
      AT2R-agonist C21 acts protectively when applied post-stroke and peripherally.

PMID- 26983608
TI  - Nutrient reference value: non-communicable disease endpoints--a conference
      report.
AB  - Nutrition is complex-and seemingly getting more complicated. Most consumers are
      familiar with "essential nutrients," e.g., vitamins and minerals, and more
      recently protein and important amino acids. These essential nutrients have
      nutrient reference values, referred to as dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
      developed by consensus committees of scientific experts convened by the Institute
      of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and
      carried out by the Food and Nutrition Board. The DRIs comprise a set of four
      nutrient-based reverence values, the estimated average requirements, the
      recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), the adequate intakes and the tolerable
      upper intake levels for micronutrient intakes and an acceptable macronutrient
      distribution range for macronutrient intakes. From the RDA, the US Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) derives a labeling value called the daily value (DV), which
      appears on the nutrition label of all foods for sale in the US. The DRI reports
      do not make recommendations about whether the DV labeling values can be set only
      for what have been defined to date as "essential nutrients." For example, the FDA
      set a labeling value for "dietary fiber" without having the DV. Nutrient
      reference values-requirements are set by Codex Alimentarius for essential
      nutrients, and regulatory bodies in many countries use these Codex values in
      setting national policy for recommended dietary intakes. However, the focus of
      this conference is not on essential nutrients, but on the "nonessential
      nutrients," also termed dietary bioactive components. They can be defined as
      "Constituents in foods or dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet
      basic human nutritional needs, which are responsible for changes in health status
      (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Public Health and
      Science, Department of Health and Human Services in Fed Regist 69:55821-55822,
      2004)." Substantial and often persuasive scientific evidence does exist to
      confirm a relationship between the intake of a specific bioactive constituent and
      enhanced health conditions or reduced risk of a chronic disease. Further,
      research on the putative mechanisms of action of various classes of bioactives is
      supported by national and pan-national government agencies, and academic
      institutions, as well as functional food and dietary supplement manufacturers.
      Consumers are becoming educated and are seeking to purchase products containing
      bioactives, yet there is no evaluative process in place to let the public know
      how strong the science is behind the benefits or the quantitative amounts needed
      to achieve these beneficial health effects or to avoid exceeding the upper level
      (UL). When one lacks an essential nutrient, overt deficiency with concomitant
      physiological determents and eventually death are expected. The absence of
      bioactive substances from the diet results in suboptimal health, e.g., poor
      cellular and/or physiological function, which is relative and not absolute.
      Regrettably at this time, there is no DRI process to evaluate bioactives,
      although a recent workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health (Options
      for Consideration of Chronic Disease Endpoints for Dietary Reference Intakes
      (DRIs); March 10-11, 2015; http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dri/ ) did explore
      the process to develop DVs for nutrients, the lack of which result in increased
      risk of chronic disease (non-communicable disease) endpoints. A final report is
      expected soon. This conference (CRN-International Scientific Symposium; "Nutrient
      Reference Value-Non-Communicable Disease (NRV-NCD) Endpoints," 20 November in
      Kronberg, Germany; http://www.crn-i.ch/2015symposium/ ) explores concepts related
      to the Codex NRV process, the public health opportunities in setting NRVs for
      bioactive constituents, and further research and details on the specific class of
      bioactives, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (also termed omega-3 fatty
      acids) and their constituents, specifically docosahexaenoic acid and
      eicosapentaenoic acid.

PMID- 26983609
TI  - Dietary fatty acids specifically modulate phospholipid pattern in colon cells
      with distinct differentiation capacities.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although beneficial effects of the dietary n-3 docosahexaenoic acid
      (DHA) or butyrate in colon carcinogenesis have been implicated, the mechanisms of
      their action are not fully clear. Here, we investigated modulations of
      composition of individual phospholipid (PL) classes, with a particular emphasis
      on cardiolipins (CLs), in colon cells treated with DHA, sodium butyrate (NaBt),
      or their combination (DHA/NaBt), and we evaluated possible associations between
      lipid changes and cell fate after fatty acid treatment. METHODS: In two distinct
      human colon cell models, foetal colon (FHC) and adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) cells,
      we compared patterns and composition of individual PL classes following the fatty
      acid treatment by HPLC-MS/MS. In parallel, we measured the parameters reflecting
      cell proliferation, differentiation and death. RESULTS: In FHC cells, NaBt
      induced primarily differentiation, while co-treatment with DHA shifted their
      response towards cell death. In contrast, NaBt induced apoptosis in HCT-116
      cells, which was not further affected by DHA. DHA was incorporated in all main PL
      types, increasing their unsaturation, while NaBt did not additionally modulate
      these effects in either cell model. Nevertheless, we identified an unusually wide
      range of CL species to be highly increased by NaBt and particularly by DHA/NaBt,
      and these effects were more pronounced in HCT-116 cells. DHA and DHA/NaBt
      enhanced levels of high molecular weight and more unsaturated CL species,
      containing DHA, which was specific for either differentiation or apoptotic
      responses. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a wide range of CL species in the colon
      cells which composition was significantly modified after DHA and NaBt treatment.
      These specific CL modulations might contribute to distinct cellular
      differentiation or apoptotic responses.

PMID- 26983610
TI  - Theoretical insights into thermal cyclophanediene to dihydropyrene electrocyclic
      reactions; a comparative study of Woodward Hoffmann allowed and forbidden
      reactions.
AB  - The thermally allowed electrocyclic reaction syn-cyclophanediene (CPD) to
      dihydropyrene (DHP) was compared with the disallowed thermal electrocyclic
      reaction in anti CPD through density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the
      B3LYP/6-31 + G(d) level. Moreover, the results were also compared with the
      electrocyclization of 1,3,5 hexatriene to 1,3-cyclohexadiene . The Woodward
      Hoffmann (W-H) allowed thermal reaction in syn CPD 11 has a calculated activation
      barrier of 6.23 kcal mol(-1), compared with 29 kcal mol(-1) for the
      electrocyclization of 1,3,5 hexatriene to 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The enhanced
      acceleration of electrocyclization is believed to arise from geometrically
      enforced spatially aligned termini of the hexatriene. Substituents at the
      electrocyclic terminus of cyclophanediene significantly affected (up to three
      fold) the activation barriers. Mono-substitution of CPD has substituent dependent
      acceleration or deceleration whereas di-substitution always increased the
      activation barrier. The activation barrier for electrocyclization in 33 is 4.44
      kcal mol(-1), which is the lowest activation barrier for any thermal
      electrocyclic reaction. Cyclophanedienes (CPDs) substituted with electron-rich
      substituents cyclized with high activation barriers and vice versa, a phenomenon
      significantly different from electrocyclic reaction of 1,3,5-hexatriene where no
      such trend is traceable. Comparison of W-H allowed and forbidden
      electrocyclization in syn and anti CPDs, respectively, revealed quite similar
      electronic demand, although the transition states are different in nature. The
      transition state for a W-H forbidden reaction is biradicaloid, with most of the
      spin density at the electrocyclic termini; however, the transition state for a W
      H allowed reaction has no such contribution. We also believe that this is the
      first study of its type, where W-H allowed and forbidden reactions are compared
      on a similar set of molecules, and compared for electronic effect through
      substituents. 

PMID- 26983611
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulations of trihalomethanes removal from water using boron
      nitride nanosheets.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the separation of
      trihalomethanes (THMs) from water using boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs). The
      studied systems included THM molecules and a functionalized BNNS membrane
      immersed in an aqueous solution. An external pressure was applied to the z axis
      of the systems. Two functionalized BNNSs with large fluorinated-hydrogenated pore
      (F-H-pores) and small hydrogen-hydroxyl pore (H-OH-pores) were used. The pores of
      the BNNS membrane were obtained by passivating each nitrogen and boron atoms at
      the pore edges with fluorine and hydrogen atoms in the large pore or with
      hydroxyl and hydrogen atoms in the small pore. The results show that the BNNS
      with a small functionalized pore was impermeable to THM molecules, in contrast to
      the BNNS with a large functionalized pore. Using these membranes, water
      contaminants can be removed at lower cost.

PMID- 26983612
TI  - Theoretical study of the effect of N-oxides on the performances of energetic
      compounds.
AB  - In order to study the effects of N-oxide on structure and performance, six
      categories of energetic compounds were systemically investigated. The results
      indicated that the C-C bonds in the rings were shortened, and the C-N bonds close
      to the N -> O bond were elongated when N atoms was oxidized to form N -> O bonds.
      N -> O bonds can increase the densities of most categories of compounds, and the
      increment will increase with the number of N -> O bonds. As to their detonation
      performances, almost all categories of compounds had an increased trend, except
      for some NO2-, NHNO2- and ONO2-substituted compounds. The contribution of 1,2,3,4
      tetrazine and 1,2,4,5-tetrazine to performances was better than that of pyrazine
      and [1,2,5] oxadiazolo [3,4-b] pyrazine on the whole, and the groups, especially
      energetic groups, made a huge contribution to performance. When R was a NH2 or
      ONO2 group, all compounds had lower impact sensitivities, and thus represent
      candidates for novel energetic compounds. However, other than the sixth category
      of compounds, all compounds had higher impact sensitivities when R was a NO2 or
      NHNO2 group, and have little significance in application.

PMID- 26983614
TI  - Use and Evaluation of Newly Synthesized Fluorescence Probes to Detect Generated
      OH* Radicals in Fibroblast Cells.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pro-oxidant molecules synthesized in body with
      various functions and are essential for life. Increasing in reactive oxygen
      species or decreasing in antioxidants level cause oxidative stress which is very
      harmful. OH* radical is one of ROS's, with tendency to bind to lipids, DNA and
      proteins which cause irreversible damage in cells. The most devastating
      consequences related to excess OH* radicals occur via direct binding to nucleic
      acids and proteins. Quantification of this high reactive radical with short life
      time is difficult. Electron Spin Resonance, Fluorescence, and Luminescence
      Spectroscopy are commonly used to determine the level of ROS. Fluorescence Probes
      have higher specificity and sensitivity with their excellent sensors to detect
      ROS's compare to the other methods. Also, there are different probes specifically
      designed for each radical. The purpose of this study was to identify the probe
      better suiting for detection of OH* radical levels. The two most recommended
      fluorescence probes, 2-[6-(4 V-Hydroxy) phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid
      (HPF) and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (3-CCA) to determine OH* radical levels were
      compared. Following the formation of OH* radical with Fenton reaction, HPF and 3
      CCA probes were added to cells and spectrofluorometric measurements were
      performed in their respective wavelengths. The mean amplitude of fluorescence for
      HPF was 32.72 +/- 2.37 F.I (n = 40) and for 3-CCA was 52.11 +/- 0.5 F.I (n = 40).
      This difference was statistically significant. 3-CCA also demonstrated more
      stable measurements at different days compered to HPF. 

PMID- 26983617
TI  - Erratum to: Nebulized Magnesium Sulfate in Acute Bronchiolitis: A Randomized
      Controlled Trial.
AB  - In the original article, the authors failed to cite the study by Kose M et al.
      entitled "The efficacy of nebulized salbutamol, magnesium sulfate and
      salbutamol/magnesium sulfate combination in moderate bronchiolitis. Eur J Pediatr
      2014;173: 1157-1160" as the first in literature to assess the efficacy of
      magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis. The authors apologize
      for this unintentional omission.

PMID- 26983613
TI  - S-adenosylmethionine Administration Attenuates Low Brain-Derived Neurotrophic
      Factor Expression Induced by Chronic Cerebrovascular Hypoperfusion or Beta
      Amyloid Treatment.
AB  - Chronic cerebrovascular hypoperfusion is a high-risk factor for Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) as it is conducive to beta amyloid (Abeta) over-production. Brain
      derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family widely
      expressed in the central nervous system. The structure of the rat BDNF gene is
      complex, consisting of eight non-coding exons (I-VIII) and one coding exon (IX).
      The BDNF gene is transcribed from multiple promoters located upstream of
      different 5' non-coding exons to produce a heterogeneous population of BDNF
      mRNAs. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) produced in the methionine cycle is the primary
      methyl donor and the precursor of glutathione. In this study, a cerebrovascular
      hypoperfusion rat model and an Abeta intrahippocampal injection rat model were
      used to explore the expression profiles of all BDNF transcripts in the
      hippocampus with chronic cerebrovascular hypoperfusion or Abeta injection as well
      as with SAM treatment. We found that the BDNF mRNAs and protein were down
      regulated in the hippocampus undergoing chronic cerebrovascular hypoperfusion as
      well as Abeta treatment, and BDNF exons IV and VI played key roles. SAM improved
      the low BDNF expression following these insults mainly through exons IV and VI.
      These results suggest that SAM plays a neuroprotective role by increasing the
      expression of endogenous BDNF and could be a potential target for AD therapy. 

PMID- 26983616
TI  - The role of public policies in reducing smoking prevalence: results from the
      Michigan SimSmoke tobacco policy simulation model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Michigan has implemented several of the tobacco control policies
      recommended by the World Health Organization MPOWER goals. We consider the effect
      of those policies and additional policies consistent with MPOWER goals on smoking
      prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths (SADs). METHODS: The SimSmoke tobacco
      control policy simulation model is used to examine the effect of past policies
      and a set of additional policies to meet the MPOWER goals. The model is adapted
      to Michigan using state population, smoking, and policy data starting in 1993.
      SADs are estimated using standard attribution methods. Upon validating the model,
      SimSmoke is used to distinguish the effect of policies implemented since 1993
      against a counterfactual with policies kept at their 1993 levels. The model is
      then used to project the effect of implementing stronger policies beginning in
      2014. RESULTS: SimSmoke predicts smoking prevalence accurately between 1993 and
      2010. Since 1993, a relative reduction in smoking rates of 22 % by 2013 and of 30
      % by 2054 can be attributed to tobacco control policies. Of the 22 % reduction,
      44 % is due to taxes, 28 % to smoke-free air laws, 26 % to cessation treatment
      policies, and 2 % to youth access. Moreover, 234,000 SADs are projected to be
      averted by 2054. With additional policies consistent with MPOWER goals, the model
      projects that, by 2054, smoking prevalence can be further reduced by 17 % with
      80,000 deaths averted relative to the absence of those policies. CONCLUSIONS:
      Michigan SimSmoke shows that tobacco control policies, including cigarette taxes,
      smoke-free air laws, and cessation treatment policies, have substantially reduced
      smoking and SADs. Higher taxes, strong mass media campaigns, and cessation
      treatment policies would further reduce smoking prevalence and SADs.

PMID- 26983619
TI  - Approach to Pediatric Chest Radiograph.
AB  - Chest radiograph remains the first line imaging modality even today, especially
      in ICU settings. Hence proper interpretation of chest radiographs is crucial,
      which can be achieved by adopting a systematic approach and proper description
      and identification of abnormalities. In this review, the authors describe a short
      and comprehensive way of interpreting the pediatric chest radiograph. 

PMID- 26983615
TI  - Residential cancer cluster investigation nearby a Superfund Study Area with
      trichloroethylene contamination.
AB  - PURPOSE: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent associated with liver
      cancer, kidney cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It is unclear whether an
      excess of TCE-associated cancers have occurred surrounding the Middlefield-Ellis
      Whisman Superfund site in Mountain View, California. We conducted a population
      based cancer cluster investigation comparing the incidence of NHL, liver, and
      kidney cancers in the neighborhood of interest to the incidence among residents
      in the surrounding four-county region. METHODS: Case counts and address
      information were obtained using routinely collected data from the Greater Bay
      Area Cancer Registry, part of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
      program. Population denominators were obtained from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 US
      censuses. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with two-sided 99 % confidence
      intervals (CIs) were calculated for time intervals surrounding the US Censuses.
      RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the
      neighborhood of interest and the larger region for cancers of the liver or
      kidney. A statistically significant elevation was observed for NHL during one of
      the three time periods evaluated (1996-2005: SIR = 1.8, 99 % CI 1.1-2.8). No
      statistically significant NHL elevation existed in the earlier 1988-1995 (SIR =
      1.3, 99 % CI 0.5-2.6) or later 2006-2011 (SIR = 1.3, 99 % CI 0.6-2.4) periods.
      CONCLUSION: There is no evidence of an increased incidence of liver or kidney
      cancer, and there is a lack of evidence of a consistent, sustained, or more
      recent elevation in NHL occurrence in this neighborhood. This evaluation included
      existing cancer registry data, which cannot speak to specific exposures incurred
      by past or current residents of this neighborhood.

PMID- 26983621
TI  - [Pulmonary embolism and direct oral anticoagulants].
AB  - A new European guideline for the diagnostics and therapy of venous
      thromboembolism has been published in 2014. As previously, high-risk and low-risk
      pulmonary embolism is distinguished, however, in the new guideline there is also
      a definition of intermediate risk PE. The risk finally decides about the
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.Previously, nearly only heparinoids were
      available for therapy of acute venous thromboembolism and after some days they
      were switched to a vitamin K antagonist. The direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC)
      represent a group of drugs that start working as rapidly as heparinoids and can
      be applied as long-term oral medication. In contrast to vitamin K antagonists,
      repeated coagulation tests are not necessary. Dosing is easy, although in quite a
      few cases dose adaptations compared to the standard dose may be necessary. The
      following article tries to give a rapid orientation.

PMID- 26983620
TI  - Strategy of arm movement control is determined by minimization of neural effort
      for joint coordination.
AB  - Optimality criteria underlying organization of arm movements are often validated
      by testing their ability to adequately predict hand trajectories. However,
      kinematic redundancy of the arm allows production of the same hand trajectory
      through different joint coordination patterns. We therefore consider movement
      optimality at the level of joint coordination patterns. A review of studies of
      multi-joint movement control suggests that a 'trailing' pattern of joint control
      is consistently observed during which a single ('leading') joint is rotated
      actively and interaction torque produced by this joint is the primary contributor
      to the motion of the other ('trailing') joints. A tendency to use the trailing
      pattern whenever the kinematic redundancy is sufficient and increased utilization
      of this pattern during skillful movements suggests optimality of the trailing
      pattern. The goal of this study is to determine the cost function minimization of
      which predicts the trailing pattern. We show that extensive experimental testing
      of many known cost functions cannot successfully explain optimality of the
      trailing pattern. We therefore propose a novel cost function that represents
      neural effort for joint coordination. That effort is quantified as the cost of
      neural information processing required for joint coordination. We show that a
      tendency to reduce this 'neurocomputational' cost predicts the trailing pattern
      and that the theoretically developed predictions fully agree with the
      experimental findings on control of multi-joint movements. Implications for
      future research of the suggested interpretation of the trailing joint control
      pattern and the theory of joint coordination underlying it are discussed.

PMID- 26983624
TI  - Management of Pregnant Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Consequences
      of Fetal Programming in Their Offspring.
AB  - The obesity epidemic has fueled an epidemic of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
      mellitus in women of childbearing age. This paper examines the state of the
      science on preconception and pregnancy management of women with type 2 diabetes
      to optimize outcomes for the women and their infants. In addition, the
      consequence of fetal programming as a result of suboptimal maternal glycemic
      control is discussed. The paper focuses on type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes
      or gestational diabetes. Management of women with type 2 diabetes includes
      preconception counseling, preconception weight management and weight loss, proper
      weight gain during pregnancy, self-monitoring of blood glucose levels,
      medication, medical nutrition therapy, and exercise. 

PMID- 26983622
TI  - An Evaluation of Psychosocial and Religious Belief Differences in a Diverse
      Racial and Socioeconomic Urban Cancer Population.
AB  - Despite years of research aimed at decreasing the cancer mortality rates, the
      disparity between African-Americans and whites continues to grow. The fundamental
      psychosocial and belief differences that may mediate these disparities are poorly
      studied and rarely disentangle race versus specific socioeconomic status (SES)
      effects. In this study, breast, colon, and lung cancer patients presenting for
      their first oncology appointment completed a self-administered survey utilizing
      previously validated instruments regarding psychosocial and belief factors.
      Results were analyzed by self-identified race, income, and education. In total,
      161 African-American (37 %) and 269 white (63 %) new oncology patients with
      breast (47 %), colon (16 %), or lung (37 %) cancer enrolled. African-Americans
      were more likely to be in the US$<20,000 income group (45 vs. 9 %) but 21 % had
      incomes US$>60,000. Apparent racial differences in health literacy and cancer
      knowledge were primarily mediated by income and education. Significant racial
      differences in God's perceived role in their cancer remained after adjustments
      for income and education with African-Americans more likely to feel that God was
      in control of their cancer (67 vs. 30 %). These findings suggest the need for a
      more nuanced understanding of how race and socioeconomic status exert both
      independent and interrelated effects in the health care setting. Only then can
      effective interventions that reduce disparities in survival be designed. This
      study adds further substantive evidence to the crucial importance of God's
      perceived role in the cancer experience for African-Americans. An important area
      for future research is to examine whether these racial differences in religious
      belief are also associated with differences in health-related behavior and
      medical decision-making.

PMID- 26983625
TI  - Genetic Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes in the 22 Arab Countries.
AB  - Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder that results from the T
      cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and is due to interactions
      between environmental and genetic factors. Although Arabs have one of the highest
      global incidence and prevalence rates of T1D, unfortunately, there is a dearth of
      information regarding the genetic epidemiology of T1D in the Arab world. Arabs
      share several HLA haplotypes with other ethnic groups, which confer either
      susceptibility or protection to T1D, but they have specific haplotypes that are
      distinctive from other ethnicities. Among different Arab countries, several non
      HLA genes were reported to be associated with susceptibility to T1D, including
      CTLA4, CD28, PTPN22, TCRbeta, CD3z, IL15, BANK1, and ZAP70. In Arab countries,
      consanguinity, endogamy, and first-cousin marriage rates are some of the highest
      reported worldwide and are responsible for the creation of several inbreeding
      communities within the Arab world that have led to an increase in homozygosity of
      both the HLA haplotypes and non-HLA genes associated with either protection or
      susceptibility to T1D among Arabs. Homozygosity reduces the HLA complexity and is
      expected to facilitate our understanding of the mode of inheritance of HLA
      haplotypes and provide valuable insight into the intricate genotype-phenotype
      correlations in T1D patients. In this review, based on literature studies, I will
      discuss the current epidemiological profile and molecular genetic risks of Arabs
      with T1D. 

PMID- 26983623
TI  - Racial Disparities in Fertility Care: an Analysis of 4537 Intrauterine
      Insemination Cycles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that race may affect access to fertility treatments
      and their outcomes. We examined whether race affects the following: duration of
      infertility prior to seeking evaluation, diagnosis, treatment cycle
      characteristics, and outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Design: Retrospective
      cohort. SETTINGS: Academic fertility center. PATIENTS: 4537 intrauterine
      insemination +/- ovulation induction (IUI +/- OI) cycles/1495 patients.
      INTERVENTIONS: IUI following: (i) OI with either clomiphene citrate or
      gonadotropins and (ii) ultrasound-monitored natural cycles. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Duration of infertility prior to seeking treatment, SART diagnosis, treatment
      cycle characteristics and outcomes (spontaneous abortion (SABR), clinical (CPR)
      and multiple pregnancy rates (MPR)). RESULTS: Asians and Hispanics compared to
      Caucasians waited significantly longer prior to seeking fertility evaluation (p <
      0.01). The mean age of patients seeking infertility evaluation did not differ
      between groups nor did the type of treatment initially chosen by the patients.
      Idiopathic infertility was more common among Caucasians (p < 0.05, compared to
      all others) while PCOS and tubal factor infertility were more frequent among
      Hispanics (p < 0.05, compared to Caucasian, Asian, and mixed ancestry women) and
      decreased ovarian reserve was more common among African-Americans (p < 0.01,
      compared to Caucasians, Asians, and Hispanics). Gonadotropin cycle
      characteristics including dosing and duration of treatment, follicular
      recruitment, peak estradiol levels, and endometrial lining thickness differed
      between certain groups. However, no difference was found in CPR, MPR, and SABR
      between groups. CONCLUSION: Race affects timely access to infertility care,
      diagnosis, and treatment cycle characteristics but not outcomes. Considering the
      nation's growing multiracial population, understanding the effect of race on
      fertility care becomes increasingly important.

PMID- 26983626
TI  - New Insights into Diabetes Cell Therapy.
AB  - Since insulin discovery, islet transplantation was the first protocol to show the
      possibility to cure patients with type 1 diabetes using low-risk procedures. The
      scarcity of pancreas donors triggered a burst of studies focused on the
      production of new beta cells in vitro. These were rapidly dominated by
      pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) demonstrating diabetes-reversal potential in
      diabetic mice. Subsequent enthusiasm fostered a clinical trial with
      immunoisolated embryonic-derived pancreatic progenitors. Yet safety is the
      Achilles' heel of PSCs, and a whole branch of beta cell engineering medicine
      focuses on transdifferentiation of adult pancreatic cells. New data showed the
      possibility to chemically stimulate acinar or alpha cells to undergo beta cell
      neogenesis and provide opportunities to intervene in situ without the need for a
      transplant, at least after weighing benefits against systemic adverse effects.
      The current studies suggested the pancreas as a reservoir of facultative
      progenitors (e.g., in the duct lining) could be exploited ex vivo for expansion
      and beta cell differentiation in timely fashion and without the hurdles of PSC
      use. Diabetes cell therapy is thus a growing field not only with great potential
      but also with many pitfalls to overcome for becoming fully envisioned as a
      competitor to the current treatment standards. 

PMID- 26983627
TI  - Diagnosis and Management of IUGR in Pregnancy Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes
      Mellitus.
AB  - This review discusses available literature on the diagnosis and management of
      intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in women with type 1 diabetes. IUGR is
      diagnosed when ultrasound-estimated fetal weight is below the 10th percentile for
      gestational age. IUGR diagnosis implies a pathologic process behind low fetal
      weight. IUGR in pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes is usually caused by
      placental dysfunction related to maternal vasculopathy. Prevention of IUGR should
      ideally start before pregnancy. Strict glycemic control and intensive treatment
      of nephropathy and hypertension are essential. Low-dose aspirin initiated before
      16 gestational weeks can also reduce IUGR risk in women with vasculopathy.
      Umbilical and uterine artery Doppler studies can guide diagnosis and surveillance
      of fetuses with IUGR. Decisions regarding the timing of delivery should be based
      on assessment of umbilical artery Doppler. The risk of prematurity and impaired
      fetal lung maturation should always be considered, especially in fetuses younger
      than 32 weeks. 

PMID- 26983630
TI  - Diuretics in the treatment of hypertension.
AB  - Diuretics have long been used for the treatment of hypertension. Thiazide
      diuretics are the most commonly prescribed diuretics for hypertension, but other
      classes of diuretics may be useful in alternative circumstances. Although
      diuretics are no longer considered the preferred agent for treatment of
      hypertension in adults and children, they remain acceptable first-line options.
      Diuretics effectively decrease blood pressure in hypertensive patients, and in
      adults with hypertension reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
      Because of varied pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences, chlorthalidone
      may be the preferred thiazide diuretic in the treatment of primary hypertension.
      Other types of diuretics (e.g., loop, potassium sparing) may be useful for the
      treatment of hypertension related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other
      varied conditions. Common side effects of thiazides are mostly dose-related and
      involve electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities.

PMID- 26983629
TI  - Interleukin-22 promotes lung cancer cell proliferation and migration via the IL
      22R1/STAT3 and IL-22R1/AKT signaling pathways.
AB  - Lung cancer continues to be an enormous burden on current health care systems
      throughout the world, with more than a million deaths every year. Previous
      studies have shown that interleukin-22 (IL-22) promotes survival and resistance
      to chemotherapy in human lung cancer cells. However, the association of IL-22
      expression with recurrence of lung cancer is still unclear. In this study, we
      found that expression of IL-22 was upregulated in tumor tissues and serum from
      patients with recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as compared to primary
      NSCLC samples. Treatment with IL-22 promoted cell proliferation and enhanced
      migration and invasion in A549 and H125 cell lines. Furthermore, we revealed that
      phosphorylation of STAT3 and AKT was highly induced by treatment with IL-22 via
      IL-22R1. IL-22R1 was also consistently overexpressed in recurrent NSCLC tissues.
      Finally, we found that siRNA-mediated depletion of IL-22R1 completely abrogated
      the effects of IL-22 treatment on cell proliferation and migration activity in
      NSCLC cell lines. Our findings indicate that IL-22 and IL-22R1 may be novel
      therapeutic targets for treatment of advanced NSCLC. 

PMID- 26983628
TI  - Targeting Homeostatic T Cell Proliferation to Control Beta-Cell Autoimmunity.
AB  - Immunomodulation of the autoreactive T cell response is considered a major
      strategy to control beta-cell autoimmunity, both in the natural history of type 1
      diabetes and in islet transplantation, which can be affected by autoimmunity
      recurrence. So far, these strategies have had modest results, prompting efforts
      to define novel cellular and molecular targets to control autoreactive T cell
      expansion and activation. Novel findings highlighted the important role of the
      homeostatic cytokine interleukin-7 in inducing proliferation and differentiation
      of autoreactive T cell clones that causes beta-cell autoimmunity. In this review,
      we discuss recent evidences and novel findings on the role of IL-7 mediated
      homeostatic T cell proliferation in the process of beta-cell destruction and
      evidences of how targeting IL-7 and its receptor could be an innovative and
      effective strategy to control beta-cell autoimmunity. 

PMID- 26983631
TI  - Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and Gastric Bypass for The Aging Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy
      (SG) are the two most common bariatric surgeries for treating morbid obesity. The
      purpose of this study is to determine differences in outcomes from RYGB or SG
      between patients ages >= 60 years and < 60 years. METHODS: A retrospective review
      of patients who underwent RYGB and SG at our institution from 01/2008 to 05/2012
      was conducted. Forty patients from each group (>=60 years and < 60 years) were
      matched based on gender, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities, and type of
      bariatric surgery performed, and their charts were reviewed up to 1 year post
      operatively. Primary end points measured were mean length of stay, operative
      time, incidence of complications, and readmissions in the first post-operative
      year. A secondary end point measured was percent total weight loss (%TWL) and
      excess weight loss (%EWL). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between
      group < 60 and group >= 60 in operative time (210 vs. 229 min; p = 0.177), in
      hospital post-operative complication rates (2.5 vs. 5 %; p = 1.0), long-term
      complication rates (2.5 vs. 10 %; p = 0.359), and 30-day readmission rates (2.5
      vs. 12.5 %; p = 0.2). Patients in group < 60 had shorter lengths of stay (2.2 vs.
      2.7 days; p = 0.031), but this difference is not clinically significant. Both
      groups achieved similar %TWL (21.4 vs. 20.5 %; p = 0.711) and %EWL (50.6 vs. 50.7
      %; p = 0.986). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age (>=60 years) is not a significant
      predictor of a worse outcome for SG and RYGB.

PMID- 26983634
TI  - Successful treatment of very late drug-eluting stent thrombosis using bare-metal
      stent evaluated using intravascular ultrasound and optical frequency domain
      imaging.
AB  - A 65-year-old man who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with sirolimus
      eluting stents (SESs) 2 years ago was admitted with recurrent acute chest pain.
      Coronary angiography showed thrombotic occlusion within the SESs. After
      aspiration thrombectomy, multi-focal peri-stent contrast staining (PSS) was
      observed. Optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) showed intracoronary thrombus,
      incomplete stent apposition (ISA), and multiple inter-strut hollows.
      Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images showed positive vessel remodeling. We
      deployed bare-metal stents in the SESs. Follow-up angiography showed no in-stent
      restenosis or PSS. OFDI showed well-covered stent surface with homogeneous
      neointima, without ISA. Additionally, IVUS images showed that the vessel
      remodeling had not worsened.

PMID- 26983632
TI  - Sex Effect on Obesity Indices and Metabolic Outcomes in Patients with Obese
      Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Type 2 Diabetes After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric
      Bypass Surgery: a Preliminary Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is an effective therapy for
      obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, little attention has been paid to the
      treatment goals systematically stratified by sex. The objective of this study was
      to assess how sex differences affect obesity indices and metabolic outcomes after
      RYGB surgery. METHODS: A sleep questionnaire was conducted and medical histories
      were taken. Full-night polysomnography (PSG), anthropometric variables, and blood
      samples were collected. RESULTS: Thirty-five consecutive patients with OSA who
      underwent laparoscopic RYGB surgery were prospectively examined for at least 6
      months were included in the study. Significant improvements (p < 0.01) in sleep
      parameters (except for micro-arousal), obesity indices, and metabolic outcomes
      [except low-density lipoprotein in men and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in
      women] were obtained in men and women with OSA. Men had higher baseline
      triglyceride (TG) (p < 0.01) and lower HDL levels (p < 0.01) but a larger neck
      circumference (NC) (p = 0.03) at follow-up than did women. However, only TG in
      men improved more than in women (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep parameters,
      obesity indices, and metabolic outcomes after RYGB surgery were of similar
      magnitude in women and men with OSA. Alleviating sleep and obesity problems was
      correlated with metabolic outcomes in men and women.

PMID- 26983633
TI  - Doctor, How Much Weight Will I Lose?-a New Individualized Predictive Model for
      Weight Loss.
AB  - Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for weight loss, but the patient's
      ability to reach a sustained weight loss depends upon several technical and
      individual factors. Creating an easy model that adapts bariatric surgery's weight
      loss goals for each patient is very important for pre-surgery and follow-up
      evaluations.

PMID- 26983635
TI  - Angiotensin II increases gene expression after selective intra-arterial
      adenovirus delivery in a rabbit model assessed using in vivo SSTR2-based reporter
      imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gene therapy has been hampered by low expression upon in vivo
      delivery. Using a somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2)-based reporter, we
      assessed whether angiotensin II (AII) can improve gene expression by adenovirus
      upon intra-arterial (IA) delivery in a large animal model. METHODS: A SSTR2-based
      reporter that can be imaged by a clinically approved radiopharmaceutical was used
      to assess gene expression. Eight rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in each thigh were
      randomly injected IA with adenovirus containing a human SSTR2 (Ad-CMV-HA-SSTR2)
      gene chimera +/- AII or control adenovirus containing green fluorescent protein
      (Ad-CMV-GFP). Three days later, (111)In-octreotide was given IV after computed
      tomography (CT) imaging using a clinical CT scanner and intravenous contrast.
      Tumor uptake of (111)In-octreotide was evaluated the next day using a clinical
      gamma camera. Gene expression was normalized to tumor weight and morphology from
      CT to obtain in vivo biodistribution. RESULTS: SSTR2-based expression was readily
      visualized. VX2 tumors infected with Ad-CMV-HA-SSTR2 upon intra-arterial delivery
      with AII had greater in vivo biodistribution, thus greater gene expression, than
      those without AII (p < 0.01, n = 6). VX2 tumors infected with Ad-CMV-HA-SSTR2
      upon IA delivery had greater biodistribution, thus greater gene expression, than
      those with the negative control Ad-CMV-GFP (p < 0.02). Similarly, VX2 tumors
      infected with Ad-CMV-HA-SSTR2 upon IA delivery with AII had greater
      biodistribution, thus greater gene expression, than those with the negative
      control Ad-CMV-GFP (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Angiotensin II improves in vivo gene
      expression by adenovirus upon intra-arterial delivery and thus may improve gene
      therapy efficacy. In vivo SSTR2-based reporter imaging can be used to compare
      methodologies for improving gene expression.

PMID- 26983636
TI  - Engineering anti-Lewis-Y hu3S193 antibodies with improved therapeutic ratio for
      radioimmunotherapy of epithelial cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to explore Fc mutations of a humanised anti
      Lewis-Y antibody (IgG1) hu3S193 as a strategy to improve therapeutic ratios for
      therapeutic payload delivery. METHODS: Four hu3S193 variants (I253A, H310A, H435A
      and I253A/H310A) were generated via site-directed mutagenesis and radiolabelled
      with diagnostic isotopes iodine-125 or indium-111. Biodistribution studies in
      Lewis-Y-positive tumour-bearing mice were used to calculate the dose in tumours
      and organs for therapeutic isotopes (iodine-131, yttrium-90 and lutetium-177).
      RESULTS: (111)In-labelled I253A and H435A showed similar slow kinetics (t
      1/2beta, 63.2 and 62.2 h, respectively) and a maximum tumour uptake of 33.11 +/-
      4.05 and 33.69 +/- 3.77 percentage injected dose per gramme (%ID/g),
      respectively. (111)In-labelled I253A/H310A cleared fastest (t 1/2beta, 9.1 h)
      with the lowest maximum tumour uptake (23.72 +/- 0.85 %ID/g). The highest
      increase in tumour-to-blood area under the curve (AUC) ratio was observed with
      the metal-labelled mutants ((90)Y and (177)Lu). (177)Lu-CHX-A" DTPA-hu3S193
      I253A/H310A (6:1) showed the highest tumour-to-blood AUC ratio compared to wild
      type (3:1) and other variants and doubling of calculated dose to tumour based on
      red marrow dose constraints. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that hu3S193 Fc
      can be engineered with improved therapeutic ratios for (90)Y- and (177)Lu-based
      therapy, with the best candidate being hu3S193 I253A/H310A for (177)Lu-based
      therapy.

PMID- 26983637
TI  - Radioimmunotherapy of prostate cancer targeting human kallikrein-related
      peptidase 2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer ranks as the second most lethal malignancy in the
      Western world. Previous targeting of prostate-specific antigen and human
      kallikrein-related peptidase 2, two related enzymes abundantly expressed in
      prostatic malignancies, with radioimmunoconjugates intended for diagnostic
      purposes, have proven successful in rodent prostate cancer (PCa) models. In this
      study, we investigated the uptake and therapeutic efficacy of (177)Lu-m11B6, a
      human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2)-targeting radioimmunoconjugate in a
      pre-clinical setting. METHODS: The murine 11B6 antibody, m11B6, with high
      affinity for hK2, was labeled with (177)Lu. Therapy planning was done from a
      biokinetic study in LNCaP xenografts, and therapeutic activities of (177)Lu-m11B6
      were administered to groups of mice. Body weight and general conditions of the
      mice were followed over a period of 120 days. RESULTS: The tumor uptake in LNCaP
      xenografts was 30 +/- 8.2 % injected activity per gram 1 week post-injection. In
      vivo targeting was hK2-specific as verified by a 2.5-fold decrease in tumor
      uptake in pre-dosed xenografts or by a fourfold lower tumor accumulation in hK2
      negative DU 145 xenografts. Therapy showed a dose-dependent efficacy in LNCaP
      xenografts treated with (177)Lu-m11B6. No therapeutic effect was seen in the
      control groups. The median survival for the lowest given activity of (177)Lu
      m11B6 was 88 days compared to that of 38 days in mice given labeled non-specific
      IgG. For the higher administrated activities, total tumor regression was seen
      with minimal normal organ toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: We have proven the possibility
      of radioimmunotherapy targeting hK2 in subcutaneous prostate cancer xenografts.
      (177)Lu-m11B6 exhibited high therapeutic efficacy, with low observed toxicity.
      Additionally, an evaluation of the concept of pre-therapy planning using a
      dosimetry model was included in this radioimmunotherapy study.

PMID- 26983638
TI  - Dynamic-Electromembrane Extraction: A Technical Development for the Extraction of
      Neuropeptides.
AB  - In this work, a dynamic-electromembrane extraction (d-EME) device was developed
      for the extraction of neuropeptides. On the basis of a thin polypropylene hollow
      fiber (50 MUm of wall-thickness and 280 MUm i.d.), this setup allowed for a
      continual renewal of the acceptor compartment. Because of the reduced size of the
      device, high preconcentration factors were obtained (up to 50-fold). The
      extraction remained constant regardless of the extraction time (from 15 to 45
      min); accordingly, this new setup minimized the effect of electrolysis on
      extraction performance while enabling high extraction yield (up to 72%) for most
      lipophilic neuropeptides.

PMID- 26983640
TI  - Comparing survival curves based on medians.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although some nonparametric methods have been proposed in the
      literature to test for the equality of median survival times for censored data in
      medical research, in general they have inflated type I error rates, which make
      their use limited in practice, especially when the sample sizes are small.
      METHODS: In this paper, we propose a new nonparametric test with a simple test
      statistic to compare median survival times. RESULTS: The results from our
      comprehensive simulation study show the new test controls type I error rate very
      well under all situations considered, even for small sample sizes. In addition,
      it has comparable detecting power compared to existing methods. Another advantage
      of the proposed test is its relatively simple formula that requires less
      computation. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a new statistical method for comparing
      survival curves based on their medians. The new method can be easily implemented
      and applied to censored event time data.

PMID- 26983639
TI  - Anti-proliferative effects of T cells expressing a ligand-based chimeric antigen
      receptor against CD116 on CD34(+) cells of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a fatal,
      myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm of early childhood. Patients with
      JMML have mutually exclusive genetic abnormalities in granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor (GMR, CD116) signaling pathway.
      Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only curative
      treatment option for JMML; however, disease recurrence is a major cause of
      treatment failure. We investigated adoptive immunotherapy using GMR-targeted
      chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) for JMML. METHODS: We constructed a novel CAR
      capable of binding to GMR via its ligand, GM-CSF, and generated piggyBac
      transposon-based GMR CAR-modified T cells from three healthy donors and two
      patients with JMML. We further evaluated the anti-proliferative potential of GMR
      CAR T cells on leukemic CD34(+) cells from six patients with JMML (two NRAS
      mutations, three PTPN11 mutations, and one monosomy 7), and normal CD34(+) cells.
      RESULTS: GMR CAR T cells from healthy donors suppressed the cytokine-dependent
      growth of MO7e cells, but not the growth of K562 and Daudi cells. Co-culture of
      healthy GMR CAR T cells with CD34(+) cells of five patients with JMML at effector
      to target ratios of 1:1 and 1:4 for 2 days significantly decreased total colony
      growth, regardless of genetic abnormality. Furthermore, GMR CAR T cells from a
      non-transplanted patient and a transplanted patient inhibited the proliferation
      of respective JMML CD34(+) cells at onset to a degree comparable to healthy GMR
      CAR T cells. Seven-day co-culture of GMR CAR T cells resulted in a marked
      suppression of JMML CD34(+) cell proliferation, particularly CD34(+)CD38(-) cell
      proliferation stimulated with stem cell factor and thrombopoietin on AGM-S3
      cells. Meanwhile, GMR CAR T cells exerted no effects on normal CD34(+) cell
      colony growth. CONCLUSIONS: Ligand-based GMR CAR T cells may have anti
      proliferative effects on stem and progenitor cells in JMML.

PMID- 26983641
TI  - Subarachnoid haemorrhage (spontaneous aneurysmal).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) may arise spontaneously or as a
      result of trauma. Spontaneous SAH accounts for about 5% of all strokes. Ruptured
      aneurysms are the cause of 85% of spontaneous SAH. The most characteristic
      clinical feature is sudden-onset severe headache. Other features include
      vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficit or seizures, or both. As
      the headache may have insidious onset in some cases, or may even be absent, a
      high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose SAH with less typical
      presentations. METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic review, aiming to
      answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of surgical
      treatments for people with confirmed aSAH? We searched: Medline, Embase, The
      Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2014 (Clinical
      Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most
      up-to-date version of this review). RESULTS: At this update, searching of
      electronic databases retrieved 82 studies. After deduplication and removal of
      conference abstracts, 47 records were screened for inclusion in the overview.
      Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 33 studies and the
      further review of 14 full publications. Of the 14 full articles evaluated, one
      systematic review, one RCT, and four further reports were added at this update.
      We performed a GRADE evaluation for six PICO combinations. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      systematic overview, we categorised the efficacy for one comparison based on
      information about the effectiveness and safety of endovascular coiling versus
      surgical clipping.

PMID- 26983642
TI  - Oral PSORI-CM01, a Chinese herbal formula, plus topical sequential therapy for
      moderate-to-severe psoriasis vulgaris: pilot study for a double-blind,
      randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To provide evidence that the Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) PSORI-CM01
      combined with Western medicine reduces the relapse rate of psoriasis vulgaris
      (PV), we plan to conduct a large-scale randomized control trial (RCT). In order
      to improve and perfect the RCT, this pilot study was designed to determine the
      feasibility and the potential of a modified protocol for the full-scale RCT.
      METHODS: Eligible patients with psoriasis vulgaris (PV) were enrolled into a
      randomized comparison in which all subjects received topical sequential therapy
      and PSORI-CM01 or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the
      relapse rate. Treatment response was computed from Psoriasis Area and Severity
      Index (PASI), body surface area (BSA), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI).
      The secondary outcome measures included time to relapse, time to onset, rebound
      rate, PASI score, pruritus scores on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), BSA, DLQI and
      SF-36 (short form health survey), and incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs).
      RESULTS: Six of 7 (86 %) subjects reached the PASI-50 in the CHM group compared
      with nine of 10 (90 %) in the placebo group during the treatment period. Among
      the subjects who reached PASI-50, one out of six subjects (17 %) relapsed in the
      CHM group during the treatment period compared with six out of nine patients in
      the placebo group (67 %). No subjects met the rebound criteria. Changes to
      baseline in the PASI scores were not significantly different between the two
      groups (t = 1.764, P = 0.098). CONCLUSION: Oral PSORI-CM01 combined with topical
      sequential treatment showed a smaller recurrence rate (P = 0.118) than placebo
      combined with the same topical therapy for moderate-to-severe PV in this pilot
      study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (
      http://www.chictr.org.cn/searchproj.aspx ) ChiCTR-TRC-13003233 ; date of
      registration: 15 April 2013.

PMID- 26983643
TI  - Automation of cellular therapy product manufacturing: results of a split
      validation comparing CD34 selection of peripheral blood stem cell apheresis
      product with a semi-manual vs. an automatic procedure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Automation of cell therapy manufacturing promises higher productivity
      of cell factories, more economical use of highly-trained (and costly)
      manufacturing staff, facilitation of processes requiring manufacturing steps at
      inconvenient hours, improved consistency of processing steps and other benefits.
      One of the most broadly disseminated engineered cell therapy products is
      immunomagnetically selected CD34+ hematopoietic "stem" cells (HSCs). METHODS: As
      the clinical GMP-compliant automat CliniMACS Prodigy is being programmed to
      perform ever more complex sequential manufacturing steps, we developed a CD34+
      selection module for comparison with the standard semi-automatic CD34 "normal
      scale" selection process on CliniMACS Plus, applicable for 600 * 10(6) target
      cells out of 60 * 10(9) total cells. Three split-validation processings with
      healthy donor G-CSF-mobilized apheresis products were performed; feasibility,
      time consumption and product quality were assessed. RESULTS: All processes
      proceeded uneventfully. Prodigy runs took about 1 h longer than CliniMACS Plus
      runs, albeit with markedly less hands-on operator time and therefore also
      suitable for less experienced operators. Recovery of target cells was the same
      for both technologies. Although impurities, specifically T- and B-cells, were 5
      +/- 1.6-fold and 4 +/- 0.4-fold higher in the Prodigy products (p = ns and p =
      0.013 for T and B cell depletion, respectively), T cell contents per kg of a
      virtual recipient receiving 4 * 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg was below 10 * 10(3)/kg even
      in the worst Prodigy product and thus more than fivefold below the specification
      of CD34+ selected mismatched-donor stem cell products. The products' theoretical
      clinical usability is thus confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: This split validation exercise
      of a relatively short and simple process exemplifies the potential of automatic
      cell manufacturing. Automation will further gain in attractiveness when applied
      to more complex processes, requiring frequent interventions or handling at
      unfavourable working hours, such as re-targeting of T-cells.

PMID- 26983645
TI  - Anti-diabetic effect of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, an endoplasmic reticulum
      stress-reducing chemical chaperone.
AB  - Lots of experimental and clinical evidences indicate that chronic exposure to
      saturated fatty acids and high level of glucose is implicated in insulin
      resistance, beta cell failure and ultimately type 2 diabetes. In this study, we
      set up cell-based experimental conditions to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      stress and insulin resistance using high concentration of palmitate (PA).
      Hydroxynaphthoic acids (HNAs) were formerly identified as novel chemical
      chaperones to resolve ER stress induced by tunicamycin. In this study, we found
      the compounds have the same suppressive effect on PA-induced ER stress in HepG2
      cells. The representing compound, 3-HNA reduced PA-induced phosphorylation of
      JNK, IKKbeta and IRS1 (S307) and restored insulin signaling cascade which
      involves insulin receptor beta, IRS1 and Akt. The insulin sensitizing effect of 3
      HNA was confirmed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, where the compound augmented insulin
      signaling and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) membrane translocation. 3-HNA also
      protected the pancreatic beta cells from PA-induced apoptosis by reducing ER
      stress. Upon 3-HNA treatment to ob/ob mice at 150mg/kg/day dosage, the diabetic
      parameters including glucose tolerance and systemic insulin sensitivity were
      significantly improved. Postmortem examination showed that 3-HNA markedly reduced
      ER stress and insulin resistance in the liver tissues and it sensitized insulin
      signaling in the liver and the skeletal muscle. Our results demonstrated that 3
      HNA can sensitize insulin signaling by coping with lipotoxicity-induced ER stress
      as a chemical chaperone and suggested it holds therapeutic potential for insulin
      resistance and type 2 diabetes. 

PMID- 26983644
TI  - Association of glucose homeostasis measures with heart rate variability among
      Hispanic/Latino adults without diabetes: the Hispanic Community Health
      Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reduced heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of cardiac autonomic
      function, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
      and mortality. Glucose homeostasis measures are associated with reduced cardiac
      autonomic function among those with diabetes, but inconsistent associations have
      been reported among those without diabetes. This study aimed to examine the
      association of glucose homeostasis measures with cardiac autonomic function among
      diverse Hispanic/Latino adults without diabetes. METHODS: The Hispanic community
      Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL; 2008-2011) used two-stage area
      probability sampling of households to enroll 16,415 self-identified
      Hispanics/Latinos aged 18-74 years from four USA communities. Resting, standard
      12-lead electrocardiogram recordings were used to estimate the following
      ultrashort-term measures of HRV: RR interval (RR), standard deviation of all
      normal to normal RR (SDNN) and root mean square of successive differences in RR
      intervals (RMSSD). Multivariable regression analysis was used to estimate
      associations between glucose homeostasis measures with HRV using data from 11,994
      adults without diabetes (mean age 39 years; 52 % women). RESULTS: Higher fasting
      glucose was associated with lower RR, SDNN, and RMSSD. Fasting insulin and the
      homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was negatively associated with
      RR, SDNN, and RMSSD, and the association was stronger among men compared with
      women. RMSSD was, on average, 26 % lower in men with higher fasting insulin and
      29 % lower in men with lower insulin resistance; for women, the corresponding
      estimates were smaller at 4 and 9 %, respectively. Higher glycated hemoglobin was
      associated with lower RR, SDNN, and RMSSD in those with abdominal adiposity,
      defined by sex-specific cut-points for waist circumference, after adjusting for
      demographics and medication use. There were no associations between glycated
      hemoglobin and HRV measures among those without abdominal adiposity. CONCLUSIONS:
      Impairment in glucose homeostasis was associated with lower HRV in
      Hispanic/Latino adults without diabetes, most prominently in men and individuals
      with abdominal adiposity. These results suggest that reduced cardiac autonomic
      function is associated with metabolic impairments before onset of overt diabetes
      in certain subgroups, offering clues for the pathophysiologic processes involved
      as well as opportunity for identification of those at high risk before autonomic
      control is manifestly impaired.

PMID- 26983646
TI  - Analyses of methyltransferases across the pathogenicity spectrum of different
      mycobacterial species point to an extremophile connection.
AB  - Tuberculosis is a devastating disease, taking one human life every 20 seconds
      globally. We hypothesize that professional pathogens such as M.tb have acquired
      specific features that might assist in causing infection, persistence and
      transmissible pathology in their host. We have identified 121 methyltransferases
      (MTases) in the M.tb proteome, which use a variety of substrates - DNA, RNA,
      protein, intermediates of mycolic acid biosynthesis and other fatty acids - that
      are involved in cellular maintenance within the host. A comparative analysis of
      the proteome of the virulent strain H37Rv and the avirulent strain H37Ra
      identified 3 MTases, which displayed significant variations in terms of N
      terminal extension/deletion and point mutations, possibly impacting various
      physicochemical properties. The cross-proteomic comparison of MTases of M.tb
      H37Rv with 15 different Mycobacterium species revealed the acquisition of novel
      MTases in a MTB complex as a function of evolution. Phylogenetic analysis
      revealed that these newly acquired MTases showed common roots with certain
      extremophiles such as halophilic and acidophilic organisms. Our results establish
      an evolutionary relationship of M.tb with halotolerant organisms and also the
      role of MTases of M.tb in withstanding the host osmotic stress, thereby pointing
      to their likely role in pathogenesis, virulence and niche adaptation.

PMID- 26983648
TI  - Paramagnetic dioxovanadium(IV) molecules inside the channels of zeolite BEA--EPR
      screening of VO2 reactivity toward small gas-phase molecules.
AB  - Interaction of small gas-phase molecules (NO, N2O, O2, CO) with VO2 radicals
      inside the channels of a dealuminated SiBEA zeolite was investigated by means of
      electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), infrared (IR), and mass (QMS)
      spectroscopies to provide direct insights into the chemistry of a unique
      paramagnetic state of vanadium - VO2 molecules. A facile way of forming VO2
      inside the channels of SiBEA via thermal reduction of VO2(+) precursor cations
      was shown. Dioxovanadium(IV) was identified based on its unusual EPR signal
      which, as compared with the typical monooxovanadium(IV) (VO(2+) cation), is
      featured by rhombic symmetry and a positive Aiso value leading to a hyperfine
      splitting as large as 32 mT. VO2 molecules exhibit reducing properties
      transforming N2O and O2 into vanadium intrachannel cage adducts comprising of
      reactive oxygen species (O(-) and O2(-), respectively). Interaction with CO led
      to its oxidation to CO2, while paramagnetic NO acted as a scavenger for VO2
      radicals producing diamagnetic adducts. The observed reactivity was rationalized
      in terms of spin-pairing, electron transfer, and oxygen transfer processes. As a
      result new chemical pathways of vanadium reactivity were demonstrated which were
      not observed so far either in the homogeneous molecular systems or supported
      vanadium materials.

PMID- 26983647
TI  - Safety of Intra-arterial Catheter Directed Thrombolysis: Does Level of Care
      Matter?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim was to assess whether the level of care influenced the safety
      related outcomes of catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) for patients presenting
      with limb ischaemia and dialysis access thrombosis. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective cohort study. All consecutive patients at two tertiary referral
      centres for vascular surgery undergoing CDT for limb ischaemia and dialysis
      access thrombosis (N = 252) between 2012 and 2014 were included. Patients at
      Centre 1 were cared for on a general vascular ward and patients at Centre 2 were
      kept on a post-operative recovery unit with an increased level of care including
      invasive haemodynamic monitoring. Patient medical records were retrospectively
      scrutinised and data collected on comorbidities, anti-thrombotic medication,
      indications for CDT, technical success of CDT, bleeding and non-bleeding related
      complications, and transfer to a higher level of care. RESULTS: There were no
      differences in the frequency of non-bleeding related complications between Centre
      1 and Centre 2. Patients on the vascular ward had a higher frequency of minor
      bleeding (p = .002) but there was no difference in major bleeding (p = .12).
      Eleven patients on the ward required an increased level of care for medical
      reasons and six were moved for a lack of resources. The presence of cardiac
      disease was an independent risk factor for patient transfer (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.04
      9.8, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: CDT may be undertaken outside of a high dependency
      setting without a significantly increased risk of complications. Pre-existing
      cardiac disease was an independent risk factor for transfer to a higher level of
      care. These findings could have an implication for the clinical cost
      effectiveness of CDT.

PMID- 26983649
TI  - Long-term follow-up of patients with prior polio over a 17-year period.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Follow-up of the health of patients with prior polio over a 17-year
      period. DESIGN: Follow-up study. PATIENTS: Patients with prior polio. METHODS:
      The study questionnaire was answered in 1995 by 270 patients. In 2012 the
      questionnaire was sent again to the surviving patients. RESULTS: Of the patients
      who answered the questionnaire in 1995, 116 (40%) were still alive in 2012. The
      group of patients who had died was older, and had a mean age of 70 years in 1995.
      A total of 60 patients participated in the study by answering the questionnaire
      in both 1995 and 2012. Most of these patients (84%) reported that they felt
      progressively worse, with poor mobility and increased muscle weakness in 2012
      compared with 1995, and more than half reported a lower quality of life in 2012.
      The number of wheelchair users had increased significantly. Furthermore, the
      patients experienced increasing problems with activities of daily living (ADL)
      function. CONCLUSION: More than half of the patients with prior polio had died
      between 1995 and 2012. These patients were, on average, older than patients
      surviving in 2012. When interviewed in 2012 most of the patients felt
      progressively worse, with poor mobility and increased muscle weakness.

PMID- 26983650
TI  - Application of anatomically accurate, patient-specific 3D printed models from MRI
      data in urological oncology.

PMID- 26983651
TI  - Virtual Special Issue Radiation dose reduction in CT: dose optimisation gains
      both increasing importance and complexity!

PMID- 26983652
TI  - Prenatal maternal mental health and fetal growth restriction: a systematic
      review.
AB  - Maternal mental disorders during pregnancy are associated with a range of adverse
      health outcomes for offspring. This systematic review examines studies reporting
      on the relationship between maternal depression, anxiety or stress during
      pregnancy and fetal growth measured during pregnancy using ultrasound biometry. A
      systematic search of PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase was
      conducted and 1575 records were identified, with nine studies meeting inclusion
      criteria gathering data from over 7000 participants. All studies measured
      depression, six examined anxiety and depression, and five examined all three
      exposures. The majority measured symptoms rather than clinically diagnosable
      disorder. Studies consistently reported significant associations between maternal
      mental health, particularly anxiety symptoms, and reduced fetal head growth.
      Other fetal growth parameters showed inconsistent findings. A number of studies
      suggest that cortisol dysregulation associated with maternal mental health may
      play a role in fetal growth restriction. However, heterogeneity in the timing of
      growth measurement, assessment measures used for mental health and
      inconsistencies in adjustment for confounders, limits the synthesis and
      interpretation of findings. Future studies should consider differences in the
      timing, intensity and duration of mental health symptoms over pregnancy and
      should employ diagnostic assessment of mental disorders. Fetal growth should be
      repeatedly measured and further work is needed to establish the biological
      mechanisms involved.

PMID- 26983653
TI  - Association between -174 G/C polymorphism of interleukin-6 gene and alcoholism.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: IL-6 plays the role as a physiological neuromodulator involved in
      dopaminergic, serotonergic and other neurotransmissions. The aim of the present
      association study was to examine the effect of the G/C -174 polymorphism of the
      IL-6 gene on disposition to alcoholism. METHODS: We investigated the relationship
      between the G/C -174 polymorphism of the IL-6 gene and alcohol dependence in 281
      alcoholics and 242 control subjects. RESULTS: The significant difference in G
      allele frequency between alcoholic group (0.52) and control group (0.59) was
      found (P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first finding
      providing evidence for an association between alcoholism and the polymorphism of
      the IL-6 gene. The background of the relationship between the IL-6 gene and
      alcoholism is discussed.

PMID- 26983654
TI  - Borna disease virus and deficit schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is controversial whether Borna disease virus (BDV) infects humans
      and causes psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES: The relationship between BDV
      infection and schizophrenia with deficit syndrome was investigated. STUDY DESIGN:
      Using the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, 62 schizophrenic in-patients were
      selected from three psychiatric hospitals. RNA was extracted from peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells and analyzed using nested reverse transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction with primers to detect BDV p24 and p40. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSIONS: BDV transcripts were not detected in samples from any of the 62
      schizophrenic patients. These data do not support an etiologic association
      between BDV infection and the deficit form of schizophrenia.

PMID- 26983655
TI  - Isoprenoid pathway dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The isoprenoid pathway was assessed in 15 patients with
      chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The pathway was also assessed in individuals with
      differing hemispheric dominance to assess whether hemispheric dominance has any
      correlation with these disease states. METHODS: The isoprenoid metabolites -
      digoxin, dolichol and ubiquinone - RBC membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity, serum
      magnesium and tyrosine/tryptophan catabolic patterns were assessed. The free
      radical metabolism, glycoconjugate metabolism and RBC membrane composition were
      also assessed. RESULTS: Membrane Na+-K+ ATPase activity and serum magnesium
      levels were decreased while HMG-CoA reductase activity and serum digoxin levels
      were increased in CFS. There were increased levels of tryptophan catabolites -
      nicotine, strychnine, quinolinic acid and serotonin - and decreased levels of
      tyrosine catabolites -dopamine, norepinephrine and morphine - in CFS. There was
      an increase in dolichol levels, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins,
      glycolipids, total/individual glycosaminoglycans (GAG) fractions and lysosomal
      enzymes in CFS. Reduced levels of ubiquinone, reduced glutathione and free
      radical scavenging enzymes as well as increased lipid peroxidation products and
      nitric oxide were noticed in CFS. The biochemical patterns in CFS correlated with
      those obtained in right hemispheric dominance. CONCLUSIONS: The role of
      hypothalamic digoxin and neurotransmitter-induced immune activation, altered
      glycoconjugate metabolism and resultant defective viral antigen presentation,
      NMDA excitotoxicity and cognitive and mitochondrial dysfunction in the
      pathogenesis of CFS is stressed. CFS occurs in individuals with right hemispheric
      dominance.

PMID- 26983656
TI  - The spectrum of subjective effects of antipsychotic medication.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study examined the spectrum of subjective experiences which
      patients attribute to the use of antipsychotic medication. METHODS: We collected
      interview data and answers to structured questions based on a comprehensive
      checklist in 77 patients using various types of classical or atypical
      antipsychotic drugs. RESULTS: The responses of the patients could be categorized
      into psychological and somatic domains. The psychological domain could be
      subdivided into emotional, cognitive and sociability domains. The somatic set
      could be subdivided into activation and physiological domains. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data reveal that the same effects may be experienced in either a positive or a
      negative way by different patients. We conclude that existing scales for
      measuring subjective effects of antipsychotic medication are incomplete.

PMID- 26983657
TI  - Disturbed cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms: two independent problem
      areas in schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research findings on the relationship between cognitive functioning
      and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia have yielded inconsistent results.
      Although several models were postulated linking cognition and symptoms, the most
      recent studies point in the direction of cognition and symptoms being relatively
      independent disease processes. OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis that cognitive decline
      and psychiatric symptoms are independent disease processes was tested. METHODS:
      The relationship between cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms was examined
      in a large sample of 100 schizophrenia patients. RESULTS: The hypothesis was
      largely confirmed. CONCLUSION: No convincing evidence was found that symptoms and
      cognition were related.

PMID- 26983658
TI  - An investigation of criteria used to indicate cranial CT in males with
      schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the increased accessibility of the CT scanner, psychiatrists
      managing schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis have incorporated this imaging
      technique into their diagnostic work-up. This practice has been reinforced by
      published criteria for CT scanning in psychiatric patients suggesting that
      cranial CT should be used as a screening tool to exclude intracranial pathology
      in all patients with a first presentation of schizophrenia or first psychotic
      episode. OBJECTIVES: This study reviews the performance of these criteria.
      METHOD: This consisted of a 3-year retrospective case-note audit, using published
      criteria, of all male in-patients with an established diagnosis of schizophrenia
      who had a cranial CT during the review period. RESULTS: The efficacy of the
      published criteria is not supported. In addition, non-specific abnormalities on
      cranial CT are related to duration of illness and not age in this sample.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to establish new and clinically meaningful
      approaches for the use of cranial CT and similar technologies in clinical
      psychiatry. Cranial CT performs poorly as a universal screening tool in this
      population. The decision to use such imaging techniques should be made on a case
      by-case basis using all available clinical evidence.

PMID- 26983659
TI  - The prevalence of Capgras syndrome in a university hospital setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Capgras syndrome (CS), the most common type of delusional
      misidentification syndrome, is the delusional belief that significant people in
      the patient's life have been replaced by identical doubles. Capgras syndrome is
      thought to be a rare syndrome which commonly occurs in a psychotic context.
      OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the 5-year prevalence rate
      of CS in a university hospital in-patient setting and determine associated
      etiological and sociodemographic factors. METHODS: All patient files and medical
      records were reviewed in detail for the presence of Capgras syndrome. The
      sociodemographic variables, clinical manifestations, and psychiatric and medical
      diagnoses of patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for Capgras syndrome were
      recorded for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: The retrospective evaluation of
      patient files in 920 cases admitted to our psychiatric in-patient unit over 5
      years revealed that 12 patients fulfilled the criteria for Capgras syndrome. The
      crude prevalence of Capgras syndrome in this population during 5-year period was
      1.3% (1.8% for females, 0.9% for males). Schizophrenia (50%) was the most common
      psychiatric diagnosis in these patients. Only two patients presented with an
      organic etiology underlying Capgras syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this
      study indicate that Capgras syndrome is not a rare syndrome, and commonly occurs
      during the course of either functional or organic psychotic illness. Age seems to
      be an important predicting factor for the etiology of psychosis underlying
      Capgras syndrome.

PMID- 26983660
TI  - Recognition memory abnormalities in asymptomatic biological parents of a patient
      with schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recognition memory dysfunction has been frequently reported in
      schizophrenic populations, and has been linked with the development of delusions
      and thought disorder. A range of neuropsychological abnormalities have also been
      documented in the biological asymptomatic relatives of patients with
      schizophrenia; however, recognition memory has not been one of them. AIM: This
      study was carried out in order to investigate: (i) verbal and facial recognition
      memory in terms of accuracy and false alarm rates; and (ii) contributions from
      the episodic and semantic memory systems to recognition memory, in the biological
      asymptomatic parents of a reported schizophrenic patient and a set of male and
      female psychotic controls. RESULTS: Gender differences failed to emerge between
      the psychotic controls on any of the recognition measures (discrimination
      accuracy, response bias, hit and false alarm rates, 'remember' and 'know'
      recognition memory decisions). However, there was evidence of recognition
      dysfunction in the female relative, and to a lesser extent, in the male. Both
      parent's recognition memory performance profiles were marked by a pathologically
      elevated false alarm rate, and an increased dependence 'remember' judgements,
      i.e. input from the episodic memory system, to drive recognition memory
      decisions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are discussed in the context of models of
      episodic and semantic memory impairment in schizophrenia.

PMID- 26983661
TI  - Association of schizophrenia and Carpenter syndrome.

PMID- 26983663
TI  - CXCR1 promotes malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in
      AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
AB  - CXCR1 is a member of the chemokine receptor family, which was reported to play an
      important role in several cancers. The present study investigated the influence
      of CXCR1 stable knockdown or overexpression on the malignant behavior of gastric
      cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and the potential mechanisms. MKN45 and BGC823
      cells were stably transfected with plasmid pYr-1.1-CXCR1-shRNA (knockdown) and
      pIRES2-ZsGreen1-CXCR1 (overexpression), respectively. Malignant behavior was
      evaluated in vitro for changes in proliferation by MTT and colony forming assays;
      cell cycle and apoptosis by flow cytometry; and migration and invasion using
      transwell and wound-healing assays. Proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis,
      migration and invasion-related signaling molecule expression were measured by
      real-time RT-PCR and western blot analysis. CXCR1 knockdown and overexpressing
      xenografts were monitored for in vivo tumor growth. Stable knockdown of CXCR1
      inhibited MKN45 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but were reversed in
      BGC823 cells stably overexpressing CXCR1. In addition, MKN45 cells stably
      transfected with CXCR1 shRNA inhibited AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, protein
      expression of cyclin D1, EGFR, VEGF, MMP-9, MMP-2 and Bcl-2, and increased
      protein expression of Bax and E-cadherin (all P<0.05). In vivo CXCR1-shRNA-MKN45
      cells transplanted into nude mice formed smaller tumors than non-transfected or
      scrambled-shRNA cells (both P<0.05). In contrast BGC823 cells overexpressing
      CXCR1 formed larger tumors in mice than cells carrying an empty expression
      plasmid or non-transfected cells (both P<0.05). CXCR1 promoted gastric cancer
      cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The present study provides
      preclinical data to support CXCR1 as a novel therapeutic target for gastric
      cancer.

PMID- 26983664
TI  - Factors Affecting Long-Term Results of Above-Knee Femoropopliteal Bypass: A
      Single-Center Contemporary Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess whether individual patients' or
      bypass characteristics may influence long-term results of prosthetic above-knee
      femoropopliteal bypasses in patients with claudication in today's endovascular
      era. METHODS: Seventy-one consecutivee Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE)
      bypasses were considered. All patients presented a debilitating claudication.
      Patency of grafts was achieved by Kaplan-Meier method. The association between
      individual patients' or graft characteristics and primary patency (PP) or
      secondary patency (SP) was assessed via Cox regression models. RESULTS: An
      immediate technical success was achieved in all cases. No patient was lost during
      follow-up (8-90 months, median = 34 months). The median PP was 48 months.
      Occlusion occurred in 32 bypasses (45%). Eight (25%) of these were treated
      conservatively. Fifty-two bypasses (73%) were still patent at the end of follow
      up, and 13 (25%) of these had been submitted to one or more surgical revisions.
      There were 2 graft infections. Of 17 (25%) patients with occluded graft at the
      end of follow-up, 2 (2.8%) had significant aggravation followed by limb loss. The
      PP was directly influenced by undetected minor distal anastomosis technical
      defects (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.89, P value = .000002), popliteal artery size (HR
      = 0.62, P value = 0.007), and distal anastomosis angle >=40 degrees  (HR = 5.55,
      P value = .003). The SP was associated strictly to technical defects (HR = 11.08,
      P value = .000007). Multivariable analyses confirmed the influence of technical
      defects (HR = 6.42, P value = .000003) and anastomosis angle (HR = 1.05, P value
      = .009) on PP and that of technical defects on SP (HR = 10.84, P value = .00003).
      A significantly shorter SP was also observed after a previous failed endovascular
      treatment on the superficial femoral artery (HR = 3.73, P value = .02).
      CONCLUSION: An adequate arterial size, an ideal anastomotic angle, and the
      absence of minor, technical defects have a major role in prosthetic above-knee
      femoropopliteal bypass long-term outcome. A previous, failed endovascular
      procedure on the superficial femoral artery could markedly alter the natural
      history of patients with claudication because this approach seems to have a
      detrimental effect on long-term outcome of grafts needing surgical revisions.

PMID- 26983665
TI  - Retrievable Stent-Assisted Coiling Technique Using a Solitaire Stent: Treatment
      of Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysm Associated With Celiac Artery Occlusion.
AB  - True aneurysm of pancreaticoduodenal arcade (PDA) is usually accompanied by
      stenosis or occlusion of celiac trunk (CeT). The up-to-date and first choice
      treatment modality of PDA aneurysm is the endovascular approach in nearly all
      cases except few selected ones necessitating surgery. The main approach in
      endovascular treatment is embolization of the aneurysm by preserving the parent
      artery. A case with concomitant CeT occlusion and PDA aneurysm was treated with
      coil embolization by preserving inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery with
      retrievable Solitaire((r)) stent. In our knowledge, this is the first case with
      PDA aneurysm treated with this technique. 

PMID- 26983666
TI  - Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm Caused by Aortic Valve Endocarditis: The Case
      Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Infectious aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery are a rare but life
      threatening condition due to the risk of visceral ischemia, sepsis, or
      hemorrhage. In this study, we report the case of a superior mesenteric artery
      aneurysm (SMAA) secondary to a bioprosthetic valve endocarditis, successfully
      managed with aneurysm resection and saphenous vein interposition graft. We
      performed an extensive PubMed-based rewiew of the literature of the last 10 years
      on SMAA, which include the detection of 38 articles quoting 41 SMAAs. The case
      histories were divided in 2 groups: 18 cases belonged to nonmycotic group A and
      23 cases were included in mycotic group B. In group A, 44.4% of patients were
      treated surgically, whereas in group B, 90.5%. The 2 study groups significantly
      differed (P = .01) in terms of surgical treatment. The surgical approach still
      remains the first choice of treatment in mycotic aneurysm. 

PMID- 26983668
TI  - Dyslipidemia Part 2: Review of Dyslipidemia Treatment in Patients With
      Noncoronary Vascular Disease.
AB  - Dyslipidemia is one of the major modifiable risk factors associated with
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Appropriate modification of lipid
      profiles reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in vessel walls across all
      vascular beds. The management of dyslipidemia has evolved over the last several
      decades, especially since the discovery of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
      reductase inhibitors, also known as statins. Statin use in atherosclerotic heart
      disease is well described in observational and prospective placebo-controlled
      studies, citing both lipid-lowering and pleiotropic effects. However, the effect
      of statins and other lipid-lowering agents on noncoronary arterial beds (the
      aorta, arteries to the extremities, renal, and carotid arteries) is less
      understood. This article is part 2 of a 2-part review, with part 1 having focused
      on lipid metabolism and the downstream effects of lipids on the development of
      atherosclerosis. The current review (part 2) will discuss trials, retrospective
      reviews, and observational cohort studies regarding the use of statins and/or
      other lipid-lowering drugs for primary and secondary prevention of peripheral
      noncoronary atherosclerotic disease. 

PMID- 26983667
TI  - Dyslipidemia Part 1--Review of Lipid Metabolism and Vascular Cell Physiology.
AB  - Dyslipidemia, more specifically, high-serum low-density lipoproteins and low
      serum high-density lipoproteins, are known risk factors for cardiovascular
      disease. The current clinical treatment of dyslipidemia represents the outcome of
      a large body of fundamental basic science research on lipids, lipid metabolism,
      and the effects of different lipids on cellular components of the artery,
      inflammatory cells, and platelets. In general, lower density lipids activate
      intracellular pathways to increase local and systemic inflammation, monocyte
      adhesion, endothelial cell dysfunction and apoptosis, and smooth muscle cell
      proliferation, resulting in foam cell formation and genesis of atherosclerotic
      plaque. In contrast, higher density lipids prevent or attenuate atherosclerosis.
      This article is part 1 of a 2-part review, with part 1 focusing on lipid
      metabolism and the downstream effects of lipids on the development of
      atherosclerosis, and part 2 on the clinical treatment of dyslipidemia and the
      role of these drugs for patients with arterial disease exclusive of the coronary
      arteries. 

PMID- 26983669
TI  - Sinomenine prevents metastasis of human osteosarcoma cells via S phase arrest and
      suppression of tumor-related neovascularization and osteolysis through the CXCR4
      STAT3 pathway.
AB  - Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the bone. The long
      term survivals continue to be unsatisfactory for patients with metastatic and
      recurrent disease. Metastasis is still a severe challenge in osteosarcoma
      treatment. Sinomenine, an alkaloid from traditional Chinese medicine, has been
      proved to possess potent antitumor and anti-invasion effect on various cancers.
      However, the effect of sinomenine on human osteosarcoma and the underlying
      mechanisms remains unknown. We report here that sinomenine inhibited
      proliferation by inducing S phase arrest and suppressing the clone formation.
      Significant inhibitory effects were found in invasion and metastasis in
      osteosarcoma, but little cytotoxicity was observed in tested concentrations.
      Exposure to sinomenine resulted in suppression of invasion and migration in
      osteosarcoma cells as well as tube formation ability in the human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells (HUVEC) and U2OS cells. Furthermore, it demonstrated that CXCR4
      played a key role contributing to invasion in osteosarcoma which is considered to
      be a core target site in sinomenine treatment. Sinomenine inhibited invasion by
      suppressing CXCR4 and STAT3 phosphorylation then downregulating the expression of
      MMP-2, MMP-9, RANKL, VEGF downstream. In addition, then RANKL-mediated bone
      destruction stimulated by osteoclastogenesis and VEGF-related neovascularization
      were restrained. Importantly, in vivo, sinomenine suppressed proliferation,
      osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction. Through these various comprehensive
      means, sinomenine inhibits metastasis in osteosarcoma. Taken together, our
      results revealed that sinomenine caused S phase arrest, inhibited invasion and
      metastasis via suppressing the CXCR4-STAT3 pathway and then osteoclastogenesis
      mediated bone destruction and neovascularization in osteosarcoma. Sinomenine is
      therefore a promising adjuvant agent for metastasis control in osteosarcoma.

PMID- 26983671
TI  - A New Era of Pulmonary Delivery of Nano-antimicrobial Therapeutics to Treat
      Chronic Pulmonary Infections.
AB  - Pulmonary infections may be fatal especially in immunocompromised patients and
      patients with underlying pulmonary dysfunction, such as those with cystic
      fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, etc. According to the WHO,
      lower respiratory tract infections ranked first amongst the leading causes of
      death in 2012, and tuberculosis was included in the top 10 causes of death in low
      income countries, placing a considerable strain on their economies and healthcare
      systems. Eradication of lower respiratory infections is arduous, leading to high
      healthcare costs and requiring higher doses of antibiotics to reach optimal
      concentrations at the site of pulmonary infection for protracted periods. Hence
      direct inhalation to the respiratory epithelium has been investigated extensively
      in the past decade, and seems to be an attractive approach to eradicate and hence
      overcome this widespread problem. Moreover, engineering inhalation formulations
      wherein the antibiotics are encapsulated within nanoscale carriers could serve to
      overcome many of the limitations faced by conventional antibiotics, like
      difficulty in treating intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria spp. and
      salmonella spp., biofilmassociated pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
      Staphylococcus aureus, passage through the sputum associated with disorders like
      cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, systemic side effects
      following oral/parenteral delivery and inadequate concentrations of antibiotic at
      the site of infection leading to resistance. Encapsulation of antibiotics in
      nanocarriers may help in providing a protective environment to combat antibiotic
      degradation, confer controlled-release properties, hence reducing dosing
      frequency, and may increase uptake via specific and non-specific targeting
      modalities. Hence nanotechnology combined with direct administration to the
      airways using commercially available delivery devices, is a highly attractive
      formulation strategy to eradicate microorganisms from the lower respiratory
      tract, which might otherwise present opportunities for multi-drug resistance.

PMID- 26983670
TI  - Effects of CC-chemokine receptor 5 on ROCK2 and P-MLC2 expression after focal
      cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) plays a pivotal role in reperfusion
      after stroke. This study assessed and confirmed the effects of CCR5 in
      experimental stroke via regulation of ROCK/P-MLC pathway. METHODS: Male Sprague
      Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham group, ischaemia-reperfusion
      group (I/R group) and DAPTA group (I/R + CCR5 antagonist group). The rats of the
      I/R group were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)
      for 2 hours, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Animals were measured for
      neurologic deficit, cerebral infarct volume, TUNEL and hematoxylin-eosin (HE)
      staining. The protein expressions of ROCK2 and P-MLC2(Ser19) were determined by
      western blot. RESULTS: Pre-treatment with DAPTA displayed significantly improved
      neurological functional outcome and reduced cerebral lesion compared with the I/R
      group animals (p < 0.05); HE staining showed that the I/R group had severe
      neuronal damage in the ischaemia core and penumbral; Compared with the I/R group,
      ROCK2 and P-MLC2(Ser19) protein expression in the DAPTA group was reduced (p <
      0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that CCR5 is correlated with up
      regulation of the expression of ROCK2 and P-MLC2(Ser19) in the ischaemia cortex.
      Treated with CCR5 antagonist protects the brain against focal cerebral ischaemia
      reperfusion injury in rats.

PMID- 26983672
TI  - Biochemical markers of bone turnover in patients with spinal metastases after
      resistance training under radiotherapy--a randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare the effects of resistance training versus passive physical
      therapy on bone turnover markers (BTM) in the metastatic bone during radiation
      therapy (RT) in patients with spinal bone metastases. Secondly, to evaluate an
      association of BTM to local response, skeletal-related events (SRE), and number
      of metastases. METHODS: In this randomized trial, 60 patients were allocated from
      September 2011 to March 2013 into one of the two arms: resistance training (Arm
      A) or passive physical therapy (Arm B) with thirty patients in each arm during
      RT. Biochemical markers such as pyridinoline (PYD), desoxy-pyridinoline (DPD),
      bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), total amino-terminal propeptide of type I
      collagen (PINP), beta-isomer of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen
      (CTX-I), and cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX) were analyzed at
      baseline, and three months after RT. RESULTS: Mean change values of PYD and CTX-I
      were significantly lower at 3 months after RT (p = 0.035 and p = 0.043) in Arm A.
      Importantly, all markers decreased in both arms, except of PYD and CTX-I in arm
      B, although significance was not reached for some biomarkers. In arm A, the local
      response was significantly higher (p = 0.003) and PINP could be identified as a
      predictor for survivors (OR 0.968, 95%CI 0.938-0.999, p = 0.043). BAP (OR 0.974,
      95%CI 0.950-0.998, p = 0.034) and PINP (OR 1.025, 95%CI 1.001-1.049, p = 0.044)
      were related with an avoidance of SRE. CONCLUSIONS: In this group of patients
      with spinal bone metastases, we were able to show that patients with guided
      resistance training of the paravertebral muscles can influence BTM. PYD and CTX-I
      decreased significantly in arm A. PINP can be considered as a complementary tool
      for prediction of local response, and PINP as well as BAP for avoidance of SRE.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial identifier NCT 01409720. August 2, 2011.

PMID- 26983673
TI  - Monomelic amyotrophy with proximal upper limb involvement: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monomelic amyotrophy is an uncommon, benign, unilateral disorder of
      the lower motor neurons, affecting predominantly the hand and forearm muscles.
      Proximal involvement of the arm and shoulder muscles is an unusual presentation
      that has been rarely reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 28-year-old
      white man presented with insidious-onset, slowly progressive, unilateral weakness
      and atrophy of his left shoulder girdle and deltoid muscles. A neurological
      examination revealed weakness and atrophy in his left deltoid, infraspinatus and
      supraspinatus muscles. Electromyography demonstrated an active and chronic
      neurogenic pattern affecting his left C5 and C6 myotomes; magnetic resonance
      imaging of his cervical spine was normal. He did well with conservative
      treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Upper limb proximal form of monomelic amyotrophy is a
      rare clinical entity with a wide differential diagnosis. Physicians, especially
      neurologists, should be familiar with this benign condition to avoid
      inappropriately labeling patients as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and
      other disorders with less favorable outcomes.

PMID- 26983675
TI  - Chemical composition and biological activities of Eruca vesicaria subsp.
      longirostris essential oils.
AB  - Context To date, there are no reports to validate the Tunisian traditional and
      folklore claims of Eruca vesicaria (L) Cav. subsp. longirostris (Brassicaceae)
      for the treatment of disease. Objective Investigation of the chemical composition
      antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Eruca longirostris
      leaves, stems, roots and fruits. Materials and methods The essential oils of E.
      longirostris from leaves, stems, roots and fruits were obtained after 4 h of
      hydrodistillation. Chemical compositions were determined using a combination of
      GC/FID and GC/MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the volatile
      constituents of E. longirostris was performed in sterile 96-well microplates
      against three Gram-positive, four Gram-negative bacteria and one strain as yeast.
      The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration
      values were reported. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH
      and ABTS assays. Results The main compound for fruits, stems and roots was the
      erucin (96.6%, 85.3% and 83.7%, respectively), while beta-elemene (35.7%),
      hexahydrofarnesylacetone (23.9%), (E)-beta-damascone (15.4%), erucin (10.6%) and
      alpha-longipinene (9.6%) constituted the major compounds in the essential oil of
      the leaves. The experimental results showed that in all tests, essential oil of
      fruits showed the better antioxidant activity than the others. On the other hand,
      the oils of stems, fruits and roots showed significant antimicrobial activity
      with MIC values ranging from 0.125 to 0.31 mg/mL against Candida species, Gram
      positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Salmonella enterica. Conclusions The
      present results indicate that essential oils of E. longirostris can be used as a
      source of erucin. 

PMID- 26983676
TI  - Comparison of Subjective Well-Being and Personality Assessments in the Clouded
      Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), and African Lion
      (Panthera leo).
AB  - The study of subjective well-being in nonhuman animals is growing in the field of
      psychology, but there are still only a few published studies and the focus is on
      primates. To consider whether the construct of subjective well-being could be
      found in another mammal, this study aimed to assess subjective well-being in
      felids and to examine its association with personality. Personality is one of the
      strongest and most consistent predictors of well-being in humans. This
      relationship could have important implications for other species, because
      personality has also been shown to affect health outcomes including stress,
      morbidity, and mortality. As in previous studies in nonhuman animals, the study
      results revealed that subjective well-being was related to agreeableness/openness
      and neuroticism in clouded leopards, neuroticism in snow leopards, and
      impulsiveness and neuroticism in African lions. The implications of these results
      for health outcomes and the welfare of animals in captivity are discussed. More
      research on any direct links among personality, subjective well-being, and these
      outcomes is important to advancing this field and adding another tool for
      improving captive animals' lives. 

PMID- 26983674
TI  - Health Information Seeking, Source Trust, and Culture: A Comparative Analysis of
      Health Information Trends and Needs Between Guam and the United States.
AB  - The Guam population offers a unique glimpse into Americans of Pacific Island
      ancestry and their communication and information-seeking behaviors, experiences,
      and needs relevant to cancer. National surveys do not typically include the U.S.
      territories, so there are limited data on the health and cancer information
      seeking behaviors of these populations, in which health disparities persist. To
      fill this information gap, we conducted a survey on health communication in Guam
      using a modified version of the Health Information National Trends Survey
      instrument supplemented with items measuring specific cultural factors and
      communication practices. The results of the survey (N = 511) revealed some
      differences in health and cancer information-seeking patterns in Guam and the
      mainland United States. Sociodemographic variables, including sex, age,
      education, income, and employment, were significantly associated with health and
      cancer information seeking and Internet use. Levels of trust in various
      information sources were differentiated in the Guam and mainland U.S. SAMPLES:
      Logistic regression models revealed differences in factors predicting health and
      cancer information seeking and Internet use. The results suggest that these
      health information-seeking patterns and factors should be taken into account when
      developing communication strategies for more effective prevention and control
      programs.

PMID- 26983677
TI  - Antiviral effects of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) seed extract and its
      polyphenolic compounds on norovirus surrogates.
AB  - Black raspberry seeds, a byproduct of wine and juice production, contain large
      quantities of polyphenolic compounds. The antiviral effects of black raspberry
      seed extract (RCS) and its fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa (RCS
      F1) were examined against food-borne viral surrogates, murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1)
      and feline calicivirus-F9 (FCV-F9). The maximal antiviral effect was achieved
      when RCS or RCS-F1 was added simultaneously to cells with MNV-1 or FCV-F9,
      reaching complete inhibition at 0.1-1 mg/mL. Transmission electron microscopy
      (TEM) images showed enlarged viral capsids or disruption (from 35 nm to up to 100
      nm) by RCS-F1. Our results thus suggest that RCS-F1 can interfere with the
      attachment of viral surface protein to host cells. Further, two polyphenolic
      compounds derived from RCS-F1, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and gallic acid,
      identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showed inhibitory
      effects against the viruses. C3G was suggested to bind to MNV-1 RNA polymerase
      and to enlarge viral capsids using differential scanning fluorimetry and TEM,
      respectively. 

PMID- 26983678
TI  - Successful Outcomes in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty Using a
      Unidirectional Barbed Suture.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intracorporeal suturing is considered to be the most challenging
      aspect of laparoscopic and robotic surgery. To overcome this problem, barbed self
      retaining sutures have been effectively employed in various minimally invasive
      endourologic surgeries. However, the use of this suture has been recently
      cautioned for pyeloplasty due to a high failure rate. Our objective was to report
      our experience using barbed suture during robotic pyeloplasty. METHODS: We
      retrospectively identified 13 consecutive patients who underwent robotic
      pyeloplasty with a barbed monofilament (4-0 V-LocTM) suture for the ureteropelvic
      anastomosis from 2011 to 2014. We compared these patients to 12 consecutive
      patients who underwent robotic pyeloplasty with a 4-0 nonbarbed suture from 2007
      to 2011. We evaluated patient demographics, operative times, preoperative and
      postoperative symptoms, renal function, and diuretic renograms (DRG). Successful
      repair was defined as resolution of preoperative symptoms and/or T1/2 improvement
      on DRG to less than 20 minutes. RESULTS: The median age was 26 (interquartile
      range [IQR] 20.7-38) years and 35 (IQR 18.3-44) years for the barbed and
      nonbarbed suture groups, respectively. In the barbed suture group, preoperative
      DRG revealed ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in 11 patients, equivocal
      UPJO (T1/2 10-20 minutes) in one patient, and no obstruction in one patient. In
      the nonbarbed group, preoperative DRG revealed UPJO in 10 patients, equivocal
      UPJO in one patient, and no obstruction in one patient. In the barbed suture
      group, postoperative DRG was obtained in 11 patients, which showed no obstruction
      in 10/11 patients with 92% of patients experiencing symptom resolution.
      Similarly, postoperative DRG was obtained in 11 patients in the nonbarbed group,
      which showed no obstruction in 10/11 patients with 100% postoperative symptom
      resolution. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest series reporting use of V-Loc suture for
      robotic pyeloplasty, the V-Loc suture was safely and effectively used for robotic
      pyeloplasty repair.

PMID- 26983680
TI  - Cancer patient experience measures: An evidence review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This research investigates the instruments currently available to
      measure the cancer patient experience of health care. An investigation of the
      number of instruments, the domains covered by the instruments, and the structure
      and psychometric performance of instruments is undertaken. METHODS: A narrative
      synthesis approach is used to gather evidence from multiple studies and explain
      the findings. Purposely broad search terms and strategies are used to capture
      studies with cancer patients at all stages of disease and across a range of
      cancer types and health care settings. RESULTS: The majority of identified
      instruments were originally designed for the oncology field. Twelve of the
      studies developed new cancer patient measures; eight studies adapted existing or
      utilized items from existing instruments, and seven studies assessed the
      psychometric properties of existing instruments or assessed validated tools under
      different conditions (e.g., cross-cultural adaptation). The number of instruments
      assessing cancer patient experience that have sound psychometric properties
      across items was found to be low. The properties least tested are test-retest
      reliability, construct, convergent and discriminant validity, scale variability
      (floor/ceiling effects), and interpretability. CONCLUSION: This review examined
      10 years of research on the development of instruments to measure the cancer
      patient experience of health care. It found that research in this area is still
      in early stages of development. Further inquiry based on development and
      validation of cancer patient experience measures is required to support
      improvements in cancer care based on the perspective of cancer patients.

PMID- 26983681
TI  - Tripod USPIONs with high aspect ratio show enhanced T2 relaxation and
      cytocompatibility.
AB  - AIM: We synthesized ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) with tripod
      morphology and studied the effect of the aspect ratio (AR) of the tripod arms on
      mass magnetization, T2 relaxation and cytocompatibility in human cell lines.
      MATERIALS & METHODS: Tripods were prepared by controlling the temperature during
      the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5, and their magnetic properties were
      characterized by superconducting quantum interference device, and NMR. Citric
      acid stabilized USPIONs were used to assess cytocompatibility. RESULTS: T2
      relaxivity of tripods showed dependency on AR of the tripod arm. Liver enzyme
      levels in presence of tripods were comparable to spherical USPIONs, and
      surprisingly tripods induced lower levels of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION:
      Tripod USPIONs with high AR arms possess excellent magnetic properties and
      cytocompatibility for further exploration as MRI contrast agents.

PMID- 26983683
TI  - Development and evaluation of an interferon-gamma release assay in Asian
      elephants (Elephas maximus).
AB  - We developed an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) specific for Asian
      elephants (Elephas maximus). Whole blood collected from forty captive Asian
      elephants was stimulated with three different mitogens i.e., phytohemagglutinin
      (PHA), pokweed mitogen (PWM) and phorbol myristate aceteate/ionomycin (PMA/I). A
      sandwich ELISA that was able to recognize the recombinant elephant interferon
      gamma (rEIFN-gamma) as well as native interferon-gamma from the Asian elephants
      was performed using anti-elephant IFN-gamma rabbit polyclonal antibodies as
      capture antibodies and biotinylated anti-elephant IFN-gamma rabbit polyclonal
      antibodies as detection antibodies. PMA/I was the best mitogen to use as a
      positive control for an Asian elephant IGRA. The development of an Asian elephant
      specific IGRA that detects native IFN-gamma in elephant whole blood provides
      promising results for its application as a potential diagnostic tool for
      diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) in Asian elephants. 

PMID- 26983682
TI  - How Condom Discontinuation Occurs: Interviews With Emerging Adult Women.
AB  - We have almost no data on how and when couples stop using condoms. This
      qualitative study investigated the process of condom discontinuation. From
      November 2013 to April 2014, a total of 25 women living in a college town in the
      Midwest, ages 18 to 25, participated in semistructured interviews centered around
      three domains: partner interactions, contraceptive use, and sexually transmitted
      infection (STI) prevention. Analysis followed a critical qualitative research
      orientation. Participants described actively seeking the best options to prevent
      pregnancy, perceiving condom discontinuation in favor of hormonal methods as a
      smart decision, and reported wanting to discontinue using condoms due to physical
      discomfort. Oftentimes, nonverbal communication around contextual instances of
      condom unavailability paved the way for discontinuation. Participants indicated
      the decision to stop using condoms was neither deliberate nor planned. Condom
      discontinuation rarely occurred at one point in time; instead, it was preceded by
      a period of occasional use. Even after participants described themselves as not
      using condoms, sporadic condom use was normal (typically related to fertility
      cycles). This study provides a more detailed understanding of how and why
      emerging adults negotiate condom discontinuation, thereby enhancing our ability
      to design effective condom continuation messages. Attention should be paid to
      helping emerging adults think more concretely about condom discontinuation.

PMID- 26983679
TI  - Regulation of sGC via hsp90, Cellular Heme, sGC Agonists, and NO: New Pathways
      and Clinical Perspectives.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is an intracellular enzyme that
      plays a primary role in sensing nitric oxide (NO) and transducing its multiple
      signaling effects in mammals. Recent Advances: The chaperone heat shock protein
      90 (hsp90) associates with signaling proteins in cells, including sGC, where it
      helps to drive heme insertion into the sGC-beta1 subunit. This allows sGC-beta1
      to associate with a partner sGC-alpha1 subunit and mature into an NO-responsive
      active form. CRITICAL ISSUES: In this article, we review evidence to date
      regarding the mechanisms that modulate sGC activity by a pathway where binding of
      hsp90 or sGC agonist to heme-free sGC dictates the assembly and fate of an active
      sGC heterodimer, both by NO and heme-dependent or heme-independent pathways.
      FUTURE DIRECTIONS: We discuss some therapeutic implications of the NO-sGC-hsp90
      nexus and its potential as a marker of inflammatory disease. Antioxid. Redox
      Signal. 26, 182-190.

PMID- 26983684
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in South Korea:
      Craniodental geometric morphometry.
AB  - Sexual dimorphism of the craniodental morphology of the Eurasian otter in South
      Korea was studied with geometric morphometrics. 29 adult skulls (15 males and 14
      females) were used. Images of the dorsal and ventral view of the cranium and
      right lateral view of the mandible were taken and then digitized, and
      measurements were taken on the right side. Results showed that size difference
      between males and females was significant. Correlations between the size and
      shape variations have not been observed in this study. The bivariate plots with
      centroid size showed size dimorphism between males and females with some
      overlapping. Most relative warp (RW) scores were not significantly different
      between males and females. We observed only RW2 for dorsal and ventral view of
      the skull, and only RW1 for mandible was significantly different between the
      sexes. Shape dimorphisms were revealed at the postorbital constriction, temporal
      mandibular joint, coronoid process, mandibular condyle and angular process of the
      skull. Based on our study, sexual dimorphism exists in Eurasian otter from the
      South Korean population in terms of both the size and shape. Furthermore, the
      degree of size dimorphism is greater than shape dimorphism. 

PMID- 26983685
TI  - Infant Parenteral Nutrition Remains a Significant Source for Aluminum Toxicity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aluminum toxicity is associated with anemia, impaired bone
      metabolism, neurologic defects, and parenteral nutrition (PN)-associated liver
      disease. This element is a ubiquitous contaminant of PN components, especially in
      infant formulations. We assessed the current levels of aluminum contamination in
      infant PN at a level III neonatal intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Thirty samples of PN prepared in the same hospital for infants aged <30 days
      (mean [SD] weight, 1.54 [0.71] kg) were collected from discarded solution. Each
      sample was analyzed for aluminum content via inductively coupled plasma mass
      spectrometry. The components of PN (from label) and measured aluminum content
      were then compared using linear regression and 1-way analysis of variance.
      RESULTS: The mean (SD) aluminum contamination of infant PN was 14.02 (6.51)
      mcg/kg/d. Only 3 samples were <5 mcg/kg/d. Aluminum levels and infant weight were
      not associated. Linear regression revealed a significant correlation between
      aluminum and both calcium gluconate ( P < .0001) and phosphate ( P = .05), with a
      trend between aluminum and potassium ( P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Aluminum
      contamination in infant PN remains almost 3 times higher than the advised maximum
      exposure (<5 mcg/kg/d, Food and Drug Administration 2004). Unexpectedly, an
      association between infant weight and aluminum exposure was not apparent, likely
      due to the homogeneity of our population. Isolating the source of aluminum
      contamination is difficult, as multiple components appear to be involved. Calcium
      gluconate is likely still a major contributor, but further investigations into
      individual components are warranted to promote the reduction of aluminum in
      infant PN.

PMID- 26983686
TI  - Reporting and use of the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators at national and
      regional level in 15 countries.
AB  - QUALITY PROBLEM OR ISSUE: OECD member states are involved since 2003 in a project
      coordinated by the OECD on Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI). All OECD
      countries are biennially requested by the OECD to deliver national data on the
      quality indicators for international benchmarking purposes. INITIAL ASSESSMENT:
      Currently, there is no knowledge whether the OECD HCQI information is used by the
      countries themselves for healthcare system accountability and improvement
      purposes. CHOICE OF SOLUTION: The objective of the study is to explore the
      reporting and use of OECD HCQI in OECD member-states. IMPLEMENTATION: Data were
      collected through a questionnaire sent to all OECD member-states containing
      factual questions on the reporting on all OECD HCQ-indicators. Responses were
      received between June and December 2014. In this timeframe, two reminders were
      sent to the participants. The work progress was presented during HCQI Meetings in
      November 2014 and May 2015. EVALUATION: Fifteen countries reported to have a
      total of 163 reports in which one or more HCQIs were reported. One hundred and
      sixteen were national and 47 were regional reports. Forty-nine reports had a
      general system focus, 80 were disease specific, 10 referred to a specific type of
      care setting, 22 were thematic and 2 were a combination of two (disease specific
      for a particular type of care and thematic for a specific type of care). Most
      reports were from Canada: 49. All 15 countries use one or more OECD indicators.
      LESSONS LEARNED: The OECD quality indicators have acquired a clear place in
      national and regional monitoring activities. Some indicators are reported more
      often than others. These differences partly reflect differences between
      healthcare systems. Whereas some indicators have become very common, such as
      cancer care indicators, others, such as mental healthcare and patient experience
      indicators are relatively new and require some more time to be adopted more
      widely.

PMID- 26983687
TI  - Almost three million hospital bed days have been lost through social care cuts,
      charity warns.

PMID- 26983690
TI  - Safety and efficacy of mizoribine treatment in nephrotic syndrome complicated
      with hepatitis B virus infection: a clinical study.
AB  - Objective The objective of this study is to explore the efficacy and safety of
      mizoribine (MZR) in treating nephrotic syndrome patients afflicted with hepatitis
      B virus (HBV). Methods The present study included 36 nephrotic syndrome patients
      accompanied with HBV infection. A draft of MZR (150-200 mg/d), methylprednisolone
      (0.6-0.8 mg/kg.d), and entecavir (0.5 mg/d) was administered to study patients
      over 24 weeks. The serum albumin (AlB), 24-h urine protein (24-U-TP), liver and
      renal functions, and HBV-DNA were quantified before and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
      and 24 weeks after the treatment. The adverse responses were recorded. Results
      The AlB levels of patients increased gradually after comprehensive treatment,
      while the 24-U-TP, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels declined
      gradually. The changes at 24 weeks post-treatment were statistically significant.
      Compared with the levels before treatment, the HBV-DNA, transaminase, and renal
      functions of the patients were not significantly altered after the treatment. No
      evident adverse response was found. Conclusion Treatment using MZR in combination
      with methylprednisolone and entecavir in HBV-positive nephrotic syndrome patients
      displays significant efficacy with a low incidence of adverse reactions. 

PMID- 26983691
TI  - Cardiomyopathies: The happy heart syndrome.

PMID- 26983689
TI  - Kinase-Dependent and -Independent Roles for PTK6 in Colon Cancer.
AB  - Disruption of the gene encoding Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 (Ptk6) delayed
      differentiation and increased growth in the mouse intestine. However, Ptk6-null
      mice were also resistant to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis. To further
      explore functions of PTK6 in colon cancer, expression of epithelial and
      mesenchymal markers, as well as proliferation, migration, and xenograft tumor
      growth, was examined in human colon tumor cell lines with knockdown or
      overexpression of PTK6. PTK6 protein, transcript, and activation were also
      examined in a human colon tumor tissue array, using immunohistochemistry and qRT
      PCR. Knockdown of PTK6 led to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in
      SW480 and HCT116 cells, whereas overexpression of PTK6 in SW620 cells restored an
      epithelial phenotype in a kinase-independent manner. PTK6 knockdown also
      increased xenograft tumor growth of SW480 cells, suggesting tumor suppressor
      functions. In clinical specimens, PTK6 expression was highest in normal
      differentiated epithelial cells and reduced in tumors. In contrast,
      overexpression of constitutively active PTK6 promoted STAT3 and ERK5 activation
      in colon cancer cells, and endogenous PTK6 promoted cell survival and oncogenic
      signaling in response to DNA-damaging treatments. These data indicate that PTK6
      has complex, context-specific functions in colon cancer; PTK6 promotes the
      epithelial phenotype to antagonize the EMT in a kinase-independent manner,
      whereas activation of PTK6 promotes oncogenic signaling. IMPLICATIONS:
      Understanding context-specific functions of PTK6 is important, because although
      it promotes cell survival and oncogenic signaling after DNA damage, expression of
      PTK6 in established tumors may maintain the epithelial phenotype, preventing
      tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 563-73. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983692
TI  - Cardiac resuscitation: Optimal duration of prehospital resuscitation after OHCA.

PMID- 26983693
TI  - MTDH genetic variants in colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - The colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex process encompassing genetic
      alterations. The oncoprotein AEG-1, encoded by the MTDH gene, was shown
      previously to be involved in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was
      to determine the frequency and the spectrum of MTDH variants in tumor tissue, and
      their relationship to clinicopathological variables in CRC patients. The study
      included tumors from 356 unselected CRC patients. Mutation analysis of the MTDH
      gene, including coding region and adjacent intronic sequences, was performed by
      direct DNA sequencing. The corresponding normal colorectal tissue was analyzed in
      the carriers of exonic variant to confirm germline or somatic origin. We detected
      42 intronic variants, where 25 were novel. Furthermore, we found 8 exonic
      variants of which four, one missense (c.977C > G-germline) and three frameshift
      mutations (c.533delA-somatic, c.1340dupA-unknown origin, c.1731delA-unknown
      origin), were novel. In silico prediction analyses suggested four deleterious
      variants (c.232G > T, c.533delA, c.1340dupA, and c.1731delA). There were no
      correlations between the MTDH variants and tumor stage, differentiation or
      patient survival. We described several novel exonic and intronic variants of the
      MTDH gene. The detection of likely pathogenic truncating mutations and
      alterations in functional protein domains indicate their clinical significance,
      although none of the variants had prognostic potential. 

PMID- 26983694
TI  - Regulation of the collagen cross-linking enzymes LOXL2 and PLOD2 by tumor
      suppressive microRNA-26a/b in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Our recent studies of microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures in human cancers
      revealed that microRNA-26a (miRNA-26a) and microRNA-26b (miRNA-26b) were
      significantly reduced in cancer tissues. To date, few reports have provided
      functional analyses of miR-26a or miR-26b in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim
      of the present study was to investigate the functional significance of miR-26a
      and miR-26b in RCC and to identify novel miR-26a/b-mediated cancer pathways and
      target genes involved in RCC oncogenesis and metastasis. Downregulation of miR
      26a or miR-26b was confirmed in RCC clinical specimens. Restoration of miR-26a or
      miR-26b in RCC cell lines (786-O and A498) revealed that these miRNAs
      significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Our in silico
      analysis and luciferase reporter assays showed that lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2)
      and procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) were directly
      regulated by these miRNAs. Moreover, downregulating the PLOD2 gene significantly
      inhibited cell migration and invasion in RCC cells. Thus, our data showed that
      two genes promoting metastasis, LOXL2 and PLOD2, were epigenetically regulated by
      tumor-suppressive microRNAs, miR-26a and miR-26b, providing important insights
      into the molecular mechanisms of RCC metastasis. 

PMID- 26983688
TI  - New Era of Lipid-Lowering Drugs.
AB  - There are several established lipid-modifying agents, including statins,
      fibrates, niacin, and ezetimibe, that have been shown in randomized clinical
      outcome trials to reduce the risk of having an atherosclerotic cardiovascular
      event. However, in many people, the risk of having an event remains unacceptably
      high despite treatment with these established agents. This has stimulated the
      search for new therapies designed to reduce residual cardiovascular risk. New
      approaches that target atherogenic lipoproteins include: 1) inhibition of
      proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 to increase removal of atherogenic
      lipoproteins from plasma; 2) inhibition of the synthesis of apolipoprotein (apo)
      B, the main protein component of atherogenic lipoproteins; 3) inhibition of
      microsomal triglyceride transfer protein to block the formation of atherogenic
      lipoproteins; 4) inhibition of adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase to inhibit
      the synthesis of cholesterol; 5) inhibition of the synthesis of lipoprotein(a), a
      factor known to cause atherosclerosis; 6) inhibition of apoC-III to reduce
      triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and to enhance high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      functionality; and 7) inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, which not
      only reduces the concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins but also increases the
      level and function of the potentially antiatherogenic HDL fraction. Other new
      therapies that specifically target HDLs include infusions of reconstituted HDLs,
      HDL delipidation, and infusions of apoA-I mimetic peptides that mimic some of the
      functions of HDLs. This review describes the scientific basis and rationale for
      developing these new therapies and provides a brief summary of established
      therapies. 

PMID- 26983695
TI  - Efficient monitoring of the blood-stage infection in a malaria rodent model by
      the rotating-crystal magneto-optical method.
AB  - Intense research efforts have been focused on the improvement of the efficiency
      and sensitivity of malaria diagnostics, especially in resource-limited settings
      for the detection of asymptomatic infections. Our recently developed magneto
      optical (MO) method allows the accurate quantification of malaria pigment
      crystals (hemozoin) in blood by their magnetically induced rotation. First
      evaluations of the method using beta-hematin crystals and in vitro P. falciparum
      cultures implied its potential for high-sensitivity malaria diagnosis. To further
      investigate this potential, here we study the performance of the method in
      monitoring the in vivo onset and progression of the blood-stage infection in a
      rodent malaria model. Our results show that the MO method can detect the first
      generation of intraerythrocytic P. berghei parasites 66-76 hours after sporozoite
      injection, demonstrating similar sensitivity to Giesma-stained light microscopy
      and exceeding that of flow cytometric techniques. Magneto-optical measurements
      performed during and after the treatment of P. berghei infections revealed that
      both the follow up under treatment and the detection of later reinfections are
      feasible with this new technique. The present study demonstrates that the MO
      method - besides being label and reagent-free, automated and rapid - has a high
      in vivo sensitivity and is ready for in-field evaluation. 

PMID- 26983696
TI  - Intra-articular injection of synovial mesenchymal stem cells improves cartilage
      repair in a mouse injury model.
AB  - Controversy remains whether articular cartilage has an endogenous stem/progenitor
      cell population, since its poor healing capacity after injury can lead to
      diseases such as osteoarthritis. In the joint environment there are mesenchymal
      stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) in the synovial membrane and synovial fluid that can
      differentiate into cartilage, but it is still under debate if these cells
      contribute to cartilage repair in vivo. In this study, we isolated a Sca-1
      positive, chondrogenesis capable population of mouse synovial MSCs from C57BL6
      and MRL/MpJ "super-healer" strains. Intra-articular injection of Sca-1 + GFP +
      synovial cells from C57BL6 or MRL/MpJ into C57BL6 mice following cartilage injury
      led to increased cartilage repair by 4 weeks after injury. GFP expression was
      detected in the injury site at 2 weeks, but not 4 weeks after injury. These
      results suggest that synovial stem/progenitor cells, regardless of strain
      background, have beneficial effects when injected into an injured joint. MSCs
      derived from MRL/MpJ mice did not promote an increased repair capacity compared
      to MSCs derived from non-healing C57BL6 controls; however, MRL/MpJ MSCs were
      observed within the defect area at the time points examined, while C57BL6 MSCs
      were not. 

PMID- 26983697
TI  - Complex responses of spring vegetation growth to climate in a moisture-limited
      alpine meadow.
AB  - Since 2000, the phenology has advanced in some years and at some locations on the
      Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, whereas it has been delayed in others. To understand the
      variations in spring vegetation growth in response to climate, we conducted both
      regional and experimental studies on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We used
      the normalized difference vegetation index to identify correlations between
      climate and phenological greening, and found that greening correlated negatively
      with winter-spring time precipitation, but not with temperature. We used open top
      chambers to induce warming in an alpine meadow ecosystem from 2012 to 2014. Our
      results showed that in the early growing season, plant growth (represented by the
      net ecosystem CO2 exchange, NEE) was lower in the warmed plots than in the
      control plots. Late-season plant growth increased with warming relative to that
      under control conditions. These data suggest that the response of plant growth to
      warming is complex and non-intuitive in this system. Our results are consistent
      with the hypothesis that moisture limitation increases in early spring as
      temperature increases. The effects of moisture limitation on plant growth with
      increasing temperatures will have important ramifications for grazers in this
      system. 

PMID- 26983698
TI  - Joint effects of diabetic-related genomic loci on the therapeutic efficacy of
      oral anti-diabetic drugs in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.
AB  - Previous pharmacogenomic studies of oral anti-diabetic drugs have primarily
      focused on the effect of a single site. This study aimed to examine the joint
      effects of multiple loci on repaglinide or rosiglitazone efficacy in newly
      diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. A total of 209 newly
      diagnosed T2DM patients were randomly assigned to treatment with repaglinide or
      rosiglitazone for 48 weeks. The reductions in fasting glucose (DeltaFPG), 2h
      glucose (Delta2hPG) and glycated hemoglobin (DeltaHbA1c) levels were
      significantly associated with genetic score that was constructed using the sum of
      the effect alleles both in the repaglinide (P = 0.0011, 0.0002 and 0.0067,
      respectively) and rosiglitazone cohorts (P = 0.0002, 0.0014 and 0.0164,
      respectively) after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index and dosage.
      Survival analyses showed a trend towards a greater attainment rate of target
      HbA1c level in individuals with a high genetic score in the repaglinide cohort
      and rosiglitazone cohort (Plog-rank = 0.0815 and 0.0867, respectively) when the
      attainment of treatment targets were defined as more than 20% decrease of FPG,
      2hPG, and HbA1c levels after treatment. In conclusion, we identified the joint
      effects of several T2DM-related loci on the efficacy of oral anti-diabetic drugs;
      moreover, we built a model to predict the drug efficacy. 

PMID- 26983699
TI  - Production of unstable proteins through the formation of stable core complexes.
AB  - Purification of proteins that participate in large transient complexes is impeded
      by low amounts, heterogeneity, instability and poor solubility. To circumvent
      these difficulties we set up a methodology that enables the production of stable
      complexes for structural and functional studies. This procedure is benchmarked
      and applied to two challenging protein families: the human steroid nuclear
      receptors (SNR) and the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. In the context of
      transcriptional regulation studies, we produce and characterize the ligand
      binding domains of the glucocorticoid nuclear receptor and the oestrogen receptor
      beta in complex with a TIF2 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2) domain
      containing the three SNR-binding motifs. In the context of retroviral
      integration, we demonstrate the stabilization of the HIV-1 integrase by formation
      of complexes with partner proteins and DNA. This procedure provides a powerful
      research tool for structural and functional studies of proteins participating in
      non-covalent macromolecular complexes. 

PMID- 26983701
TI  - The co-occurrence of an ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with a thyroid
      carcinoma is highly suggestive of a DICER1 syndrome.
AB  - The DICER1 gene encodes an endoribonuclease involved in the production of mature
      microRNAs which regulates gene expression through several mechanisms. Carriers of
      germline DICER1 mutations are predisposed to a rare cancer syndrome, the DICER1
      syndrome. Pleuropulmonary blastoma is the most frequent lesion seen in this
      syndrome. Thyroid abnormalities are also a common finding, essentially concerning
      multinodular goiter. However, differentiated thyroid carcinoma is infrequently
      seen in such pedigrees. In addition to germline DICER1 mutations, specific
      somatic mutations have been identified in the DICER1 RNase IIIb catalytic domain
      in several tumor types, including ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. We report
      two cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma associated with ovarian Sertoli
      Leydig cell tumor and with a heterozygous DICER1 gene mutation, occurring in two
      unrelated young girls without pleuropulmonary blastoma. Both thyroid carcinomas
      showed an E1813 mutation in exon 25 while the ovarian tumors harboured a somatic
      mutation in E1705 in exon 24 and a D1709 mutation in exon 25. Our observations
      confirm that the occurrence of an ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor with a
      thyroid carcinoma is highly suggestive of a DICER1 syndrome. We contend that the
      possibility of a relationship between sporadic thyroid carcinoma in young
      patients and somatic DICER1 gene mutation needs further investigation. 

PMID- 26983702
TI  - Association of coexisting morphological umbilical cord abnormality and clinical
      cord compromise with hypoxic and thrombotic placental histology.
AB  - To assess the usefulness and limitations of placental histology when
      morphological umbilical cord (UC) abnormality coexists with clinical UC
      compromise, 5634 consecutive placentas were divided into four groups and
      statistically compared: group 1-182 placentas from pregnancies with clinical
      features of UC compromise (variable decelerations, UC entanglement, prolapse, or
      true knot at delivery); group 2-1355 placentas with abnormal UC morphology or
      insertion; group 3-152 placentas with at least one phenotype from group 1 and one
      from group 2; group 4-3945 placentas with no clinical or morphological UC-related
      phenotypes (control group).Differences were analyzed by ANOVA or chi (2). Of 68
      phenotypes studied, 13 clinical and 18 placental phenotypes were statistically
      significant. In group 1, 2 phenotypes were most common (oligohydramnios and
      abnormal fetal heart rate tracing). In group 2, 6 phenotypes were most common,
      including 4 clinical (abnormal umbilical artery Dopplers, nonmacerated
      stillbirth, multiple pregnancy, and fetal growth restriction) and 2 placental. In
      group 3, 23 phenotypes were most common, including 7 clinical (gestational
      hypertension, polyhydramnios, induction of labor, cesarean section, macerated
      stillbirth, congenital malformations, and abnormal 3rd stage of labor) and 16
      placental. The existence of clinical signs of UC compromise alone was associated
      with the absence of pathomorphological placental abnormalities. However, the
      coexistence of clinical and abnormal morphological UC phenotypes was
      statistically significantly associated with placental histological signs of
      decreased fetal blood flow, hypoxia (acute and chronic post uterine), shallow
      placental implantation, and/or amnion nodosum. Thus, confirmation of clinical UC
      compromise should not be expected on placental examination if no morphological UC
      abnormality or abnormal UC insertion has been found. 

PMID- 26983700
TI  - Total peroxiredoxin expression is associated with survival in patients with
      follicular lymphoma.
AB  - Redox state-regulating enzymes may have roles in chemoresistance and also in
      lymphomagenesis, but there have been only a limited number of studies on this
      topic in lymphomas. Our aim was to assess expression of the redox state
      regulating enzymes peroxiredoxins (Prxs) I-VI and thioredoxin (Trx) and the
      oxidative stress marker nitrotyrosine in follicular lymphomas (FLs). We
      immunohistochemically assessed Prxs I-VI, Trx and nitrotyrosine in a cohort of 76
      histologically confirmed, untreated FLs. We also studied the localisation of Prxs
      I, II, III, V and VI by means of immunoelectron microscopy (IEM).
      Immunohistochemistry results were correlated with disease-specific survival
      (DSS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and clinical
      prognostic factors. When all Prx expression intensities were grouped as a single
      variable, we discovered that high total Prx intensity correlated with favourable
      DSS (p = 0.024) and OS (p = 0.035) but not with PFS. No deaths due to lymphoma
      were recorded amongst patients with high total Prx expression during the median
      follow-up period of 7.6 years. IEM results were in line with earlier ones
      demonstrating wide subcellular localisation of Prx isoenzymes. In conclusion, our
      results demonstrate an association between high total Prx expression and
      prolonged survival and suggest that Prxs may have a protective role in FL that
      cannot be compensated by other antioxidant mechanisms. 

PMID- 26983704
TI  - The Role of Time-Resolved MRA for Post-treatment Assessment of Pulmonary
      Arteriovenous Malformations: A Pictorial Essay.

PMID- 26983703
TI  - Convenient Preparation of [(68)Ga]DKFZ-PSMA-11 Using a Robust Single-Vial Kit and
      Demonstration of Its Clinical Efficacy.
AB  - PURPOSE: [(68)Ga]DKFZ-PSMA-11 has proved to be an important diagnostic
      radiotracer for targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)
      overexpression in both recurrent prostate cancer (PC) and relevant metastatic
      sites. However, the widespread, routine clinical use of such a potential
      radiopharmaceutical demands availability of a ready-to-use kit formulation to
      enable convenient radiopharmaceutical preparation. Herein, we report the
      development of a freeze-dried kit vial for the formulation of [(68)Ga]DKFZ-PSMA
      11 and its clinical use in patients using a "shake-bake-inject" methodology.
      PROCEDURES: The freeze-dried kit vial was developed after optimization of ligand
      content (PSMA-11) and pH conditions. The kit was formulated using (68)Ga from two
      different commercially available generators. Positron emission tomography/X-ray
      computed tomography (PET/CT) images of PC patients were obtained using the kit
      formulated radiotracer. RESULTS: [(68)Ga]DKFZ-PSMA-11 was prepared in >98 %
      radiochemical yield and purity using the freeze-dried kit vials. Kits were
      optimized for the preparation of four patient doses. The clinical utility was
      evaluated in patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer, and the
      images were of good quality as well as conforming to tumor marker and clinical
      expectations. CONCLUSION: The development of a simple and ready-to-use freeze
      dried DKFZ-PSMA-11 kit for the preparation of Ga-68-based radiotracers
      constitutes a major step towards the expedition of the widespread and economical
      screening of PC patients.

PMID- 26983706
TI  - Fabrication of Janus droplets by evaporation driven liquid-liquid phase
      separation.
AB  - We present a universal and scalable method to fabricate Janus droplets based on
      evaporation driven liquid-liquid phase separation. In this work, the morphologies
      and chemical properties of separate parts of the Janus droplets can be flexibly
      regulated, and more complex Janus droplets (such as core-shell Janus droplets,
      ternary Janus droplets, and multiple Janus droplets) can be constructed easily. 

PMID- 26983705
TI  - Mechanisms of the Macrolide-Induced Inhibition of Superoxide Generation by
      Neutrophils.
AB  - The effect of macrolides on the superoxide (O2 (-)) production by neutrophils was
      studied. Resting neutrophils become primed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or N
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and primed neutrophils generate O2
      (-) in response to fMLP or adhesion, respectively. Both LPS-primed fMLP
      stimulated O2 (-) generation by macrolide-treated neutrophils and adhesion
      stimulated O2 (-) generation by macrolide-treated fMLP-primed neutrophils were
      inhibited. Macrolide inhibition of O2 (-) generation was dependent on serum or
      pH. Serum could be substituted by NaHCO3. The intensity of inhibition was
      azithromycin = roxithromycin > clarithromycin > erythromycin, in that order. Non
      antimicrobial derivatives of erythromycin, that is, EM703 and EM900, inhibited O2
      (-) generation at pH 7.4. NH4Cl abolished the activity of azithromycin (AZ) only
      when added to neutrophils with AZ but not after incubation with AZ, suggesting
      that NH4Cl prevented the influx of AZ. AZ did not affect the expression of
      alkaline phosphatase, CD11b, and cytochrome b558 in both resting and LPS-primed
      neutrophils. These results suggested that macrolides did not affect granule
      mobilization but inhibited O2 (-) generation selectively. 

PMID- 26983707
TI  - Clinical-Morphological Features and Outcomes of Lupus Podocytopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lupus podocytopathy, which is characterized by diffuse
      foot process effacement without peripheral capillary wall immune deposits and
      glomerular proliferation, has been described in SLE patients with nephrotic
      syndrome in case reports and small series. This study aimed to better
      characterize the incidence, clinical-morphologic features, and outcomes of such
      patients from a large Chinese cohort. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, &
      MEASUREMENTS: Lupus podocytopathy was identified from 3750 biopsies of SLE
      patients obtained from 2000 to 2013 that showed mild glomerular histology in
      patients with a clinical sign of nephrotic syndrome. The biopsy results were
      divided into three groups: glomerular minimal change, mesangial proliferation,
      and FSGS. RESULTS: Fifty (1.33%) cases were identified as lupus podocytopathy and
      included minimal change in 13 cases, mesangial proliferation in 28 cases, and
      FSGS in nine cases. Extensive foot process effacement appeared in all the
      biopsies and mesangial electron-dense deposits were present in 47 biopsies. All
      patients demonstrated nephrotic syndrome, and the median proteinuria was 5.72
      g/24 h (interquartile range [IQR], 3.82, 6.92). Seventeen (34%) cases presented
      with AKI. Forty-seven (94%) patients achieved remission after immunosuppressive
      therapy for a median time of 4 weeks (IQR, 2, 8). Compared with the patients with
      minimal change and mesangial proliferation, patients with FSGS showed
      significantly higher incidence of AKI and severe tubule-interstitial injury and a
      much lower complete remission rate. During follow-up of a median of 62 (IQR, 36,
      84) months, renal relapses occurred in 28 (59.6%) patients. No patient died or
      developed ESRD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this cohort study suggest that
      lupus podocytopathy may represent a special entity of lupus nephritis with
      distinct clinical-morphologic features. The differences in AKI incidence, tubular
      injury severity, and response to treatment between the patients with minimal
      change/mesangial proliferation and those with FSGS patterns indicate two
      different subtypes of lupus podocytopathy.

PMID- 26983708
TI  - Lupus Podocytopathy: A Distinct Entity.

PMID- 26983709
TI  - New Famennian colonial coral (Rugosa) from the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland): an
      example of local evolution after Frasnian-Famennian extinction.
AB  - Colonial rugose corals are extremely rare in the fossil record after the Late
      Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian) extinction event. Here, we report a new genus and
      species, Famastraea catenata, from the late Famennian of the western part of the
      Holy Cross Mountains (Kowala) in Poland. Although this taxon is colonial, it
      displays many morphological characters very close to the typically late Famennian
      solitary species Palaeosmilia aquisgranensis (Frech, 1885), described earlier
      from the same locality. Hence, we postulate that F. catenata is derived from P.
      aquisgranensis. In contrast to other Famennian colonial rugose corals, the new
      taxon represents an example of local evolution within the group of so-called
      'Strunian' corals. Consequently, we postulate that the new taxon represents a new
      colonial rugose fauna, which, however, did not survive the subsequent Late
      Devonian crisis (i.e. Hangenberg event). F. catenata most probably inhabited
      deeper water settings, possibly near the boundary between the euphotic and
      dysphotic zones, as inferred from many other benthic taxa described from this
      locality. 

PMID- 26983711
TI  - Malignancies after living-donor and cadaveric lung transplantations in Japanese
      patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Lung transplant recipients are known to be at risk of a postoperative
      malignancy. In Western countries, skin cancer and post-transplant
      lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) are the most common malignancies in this
      cohort. We conducted this study to evaluate the characteristics of postoperative
      malignancies in Japanese patients following living-donor lobar lung
      transplantation (LDLLT) or cadaveric lung transplantation (CLT). METHODS: We
      reviewed the medical records of 120 Japanese patients who underwent either LDLLT
      (n = 62) or CLT (n = 58) between April 2002 and July 2015. RESULTS: Postoperative
      malignancy developed in 11 patients (9.2 %), as PTLD in 7, breast cancer in 1,
      gastric cancer in 1, glioblastoma in 1, and adenocarcinoma of unknown primary in
      1. Twenty-six (21.7 %) of the 120 transplant patients had a history of malignancy
      pre-transplant; however, the postoperative malignancies were all de novo without
      any recurrence of the original disease. The malignancies developed after LDLLT in
      six patients (9.7 %) and after CLT in 5 patients (8.6 %). Three of the four
      patients with solid organ malignancies had distant metastasis at diagnosis. Three
      patients died of PTLD and one patient died of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: PTLD
      occurred after both LDLLT and CLT. There was no case of skin cancer in this
      series of Japanese patients, suggesting ethnic differences. Solid organ
      malignancies in lung transplant recipients tended to progress rapidly.

PMID- 26983713
TI  - Management of the unstable shoulder.

PMID- 26983710
TI  - A non-smooth tumor margin on preoperative imaging predicts microvascular invasion
      of hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSES: Microvascular invasion (mVI) is known to be a risk factor of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. Several factors such as the tumor
      grade, tumor size, tumor margin status on imaging studies, fluorine-18
      fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) results, and
      tumor markers have been proposed to predict mVI of HCC. However, the values of
      these factors have not yet been validated. METHODS: Among the patients evaluated
      using enhanced CT/MRI, (18)F-FDG-PET, and tumor markers prior to hepatectomy from
      2007 to 2012, 79 HCC patients without apparent macrovascular invasion in
      preoperative imaging were enrolled in this study. The image tumor margin status
      (smooth/non-smooth), (18)F-FDG-PET, and tumor markers, which were previously
      described as predictors for mVI, were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifteen patients had
      mVI (mVI+ group) and 64 patients had no evidence of mVI (mVI- group) on
      pathological examinations. A univariate analysis showed that the mVI+ group had a
      higher SUV and TNR (5.2 vs 3.8, p = 0.02 and 1.8 vs 1.3, p = 0.02, respectively)
      and a higher portion of non-smooth tumor margin (87 vs 27 %, p = 0.0001). There
      was no significant difference in the tumor markers. A multivariate analysis
      showed that non-smooth tumor margin alone could independently predict mVI (odds
      ratio 18.3, 95 % CI 3.27-102.6, p = 0.0009). CONCLUSION: A non-smooth tumor
      margin on preoperative imaging predicts microvascular invasion of HCC.

PMID- 26983712
TI  - The effects of roflumilast on the pancreas and remote organs in a cerulein
      induced experimental acute pancreatitis model in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: Systemic damage in acute pancreatitis (AP) can be characterized by
      oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Roflumilast has
      been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. In the present
      study, we aimed to investigate the effect of roflumilast in cerulein-induced AP.
      METHODS: Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups: group 1 (sham),
      group 2 (Roflumilast), group 3 (AP), and group 4 (AP + Roflumilast). AP was
      induced by injecting 4 * 75 MUg/kg of body weight at an interval of 1 h. Rats
      were killed after 12 h following the last cerulein administration. AP was
      confirmed by measuring the serum amylase level and inflammatory features.
      RESULTS: Morphological changes were observed in the pancreas. Amylase levels were
      higher in the AP and AP + Roflumilast groups than the sham and Roflumilast
      groups. The serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 increased in the AP
      group, whereas they decreased in the Roflumilast group. The total oxidant
      activity (TOA) was higher and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in
      the AP group. The administration of roflumilast decreased the TOA and increased
      the TAC in comparison with the AP group (p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS:
      Roflumilast significantly decreases oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators
      in the plasma, pancreas, and lung in cerulein-induced AP rats.

PMID- 26983714
TI  - Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) Attenuates Apoptosis in High Glucose-Treated
      Cardiac Cells and Diabetic Rat Hearts by Regulating the Unfolded Protein
      Responses (UPRs).
AB  - Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) and
      the subsequent cell deaths are essential steps in the pathogenesis of diabetic
      cardiomyopathy (DCM), a main cause of diabetics' morbidity and mortalities. The
      bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV), a potent oral vanadium complex with anti
      diabetic properties and insulin-mimicking effects, was shown to improve cardiac
      dysfunctions in diabetic models. Here, we examined the effects of BMOV on UPR
      pathway protein expression and apoptotic cell deaths in both high glucose-treated
      cardiac H9C2 cells and in the hearts of diabetic rats. We show that in both the
      high glucose-treated cardiac cells and in the hearts of streptozotocin (STZ)
      diabetic rats, there was an overall activation of the UPR signaling, including
      both apoptotic (e.g., the cascades of PERK/EIf2alpha/ATF4/CHOP and of
      IRE1/caspase 12/caspase 3) and pro-survival (GRP78 and XBP1) signaling. A high
      amount of apoptotic cell deaths was also detected in both diabetic conditions.
      The administration of BMOV suppressed both the apoptotic and pro-survival UPR
      signaling and significantly attenuated apoptotic cell deaths in both conditions.
      The overall suppression of UPR signaling by BMOV suggests that the drug protects
      diabetic cardiomyopathy by counteracting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Our findings lend support to promote the use
      of BMOV in the treatment of diabetic heart diseases. 

PMID- 26983716
TI  - Preparation and Photoluminescence of Sm (3+) Doped YAlO 3 Phosphor.
AB  - YAlO3: Sm(3+) phosphor has been synthesized by the solid state reaction method
      with calcium flouride used as a flux. The resulting YAlO3: Sm(3+) phosphor was
      characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Fourier transmission infrared
      spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence . . PL excitation spectrum was found at
      254,332,380,400,407, 603 and 713 nm. Under excitation of UV(713 nm) YAlO3: Sm(3+)
      (0-3 %) broad band emission were observed from 400 to 790 nm with a maximum
      around 713 nm of YAlO3 host lattice accompanied by weak emission of Sm(3+)
      ((4)G5/2 - (6)H5/2, (6)H7/2,(6)H9/2) transitions. The results of the XRD show
      that obtained YAlO3: Sm(3+) phosphor has a orthorhombic structure. The study
      suggested that Sm(3+) doped phosphors are potential luminescence material for
      laser diode pumping and inorganic scintillators. 

PMID- 26983715
TI  - Melittin, the Major Pain-Producing Substance of Bee Venom.
AB  - Melittin is a basic 26-amino-acid polypeptide that constitutes 40-60% of dry
      honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom. Although much is known about its strong surface
      activity on lipid membranes, less is known about its pain-producing effects in
      the nervous system. In this review, we provide lines of accumulating evidence to
      support the hypothesis that melittin is the major pain-producing substance of bee
      venom. At the psychophysical and behavioral levels, subcutaneous injection of
      melittin causes tonic pain sensation and pain-related behaviors in both humans
      and animals. At the cellular level, melittin activates primary nociceptor cells
      through direct and indirect effects. On one hand, melittin can selectively open
      thermal nociceptor transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor channels via
      phospholipase A2-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase metabolites, leading to
      depolarization of primary nociceptor cells. On the other hand, algogens and
      inflammatory/pro-inflammatory mediators released from the tissue matrix by
      melittin's pore-forming effects can activate primary nociceptor cells through
      both ligand-gated receptor channels and the G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated
      opening of transient receptor potential canonical channels. Moreover,
      subcutaneous melittin up-regulates Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 subunits, resulting in the
      enhancement of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents and the generation of long
      term action potential firing. These nociceptive responses in the periphery
      finally activate and sensitize the spinal dorsal horn pain-signaling neurons,
      resulting in spontaneous nociceptive paw flinches and pain hypersensitivity to
      thermal and mechanical stimuli. Taken together, it is concluded that melittin is
      the major pain-producing substance of bee venom, by which peripheral persistent
      pain and hyperalgesia (or allodynia), primary nociceptive neuronal sensitization,
      and CNS synaptic plasticity (or metaplasticity) can be readily induced and the
      molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying naturally-occurring venomous
      biotoxins can be experimentally unraveled. 

PMID- 26983717
TI  - TPEN, a Specific Zn2+ Chelator, Inhibits Sodium Dithionite and Glucose
      Deprivation (SDGD)-Induced Neuronal Death by Modulating Apoptosis, Glutamate
      Signaling, and Voltage-Gated K+ and Na+ Channels.
AB  - Hypoxia-ischemia-induced neuronal death is an important pathophysiological
      process that accompanies ischemic stroke and represents a major challenge in
      preventing ischemic stroke. To elucidate factors related to and a potential
      preventative mechanism of hypoxia-ischemia-induced neuronal death, primary
      neurons were exposed to sodium dithionite and glucose deprivation (SDGD) to mimic
      hypoxic-ischemic conditions. The effects of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)
      ethylenediamine (TPEN), a specific Zn2+-chelating agent, on SDGD-induced neuronal
      death, glutamate signaling (including the free glutamate concentration and
      expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)
      receptor (GluR2) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NR2B), and
      voltage-dependent K+ and Na+ channel currents were also investigated. Our results
      demonstrated that TPEN significantly suppressed increases in cell death,
      apoptosis, neuronal glutamate release into the culture medium, NR2B protein
      expression, and I K as well as decreased GluR2 protein expression and Na+ channel
      activity in primary cultured neurons exposed to SDGD. These results suggest that
      TPEN could inhibit SDGD-induced neuronal death by modulating apoptosis, glutamate
      signaling (via ligand-gated channels such as AMPA and NMDA receptors), and
      voltage-gated K+ and Na+ channels in neurons. Hence, Zn2+ chelation might be a
      promising approach for counteracting the neuronal loss caused by transient global
      ischemia. Moreover, TPEN could represent a potential cell-targeted therapy.

PMID- 26983718
TI  - Time-Dependent Changes in Apoptosis Upon Autophagy Inhibition in Astrocytes
      Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation.
AB  - Recent studies have implicated the role of autophagy in brain ischemia
      pathophysiology. However, it remains unclear whether autophagy activation is
      protective or detrimental to astrocytes undergoing ischemic stress. This study
      evaluated the influence of ischemia-induced autophagy on cell death and the
      course of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis in primary cultures of rat cortical
      astrocytes exposed to combined oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The role of
      autophagy was assessed by pharmacological inhibition with 3-methyladenine (3-MA).
      Cell viability was evaluated by measuring LDH release and through the use of the
      alamarBlue Assay. Apoptosis and necrosis were determined by fluorescence
      microscopy after Hoechst 33,342 and propidium iodide staining, respectively. The
      levels of apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting. The
      downregulation of autophagy during OGD resulted in decreased cell viability and
      time-dependent changes in levels of apoptosis and necrosis. After short-term OGD
      (1, 4 h), cells treated with 3-MA showed higher level of cleaved caspase 3
      compared with control cells. This result was consistent with an evaluation of
      apoptotic cell number by fluorescence microscopy. However, after prolonged
      exposure to OGD (8, 24 h), the number of apoptotic astrocytes (microscopically
      evaluated) did not differ or was even lower (as marked by caspase 3) in the
      presence of the autophagy inhibitor in comparison to the control. A higher level
      of necrosis was observed in 3-MA-treated cells compared to non-treated cells
      after 24 h OGD. The downregulation of autophagy caused time-dependent changes in
      both extrinsic (cleaved caspase 8, TNFalpha) and intrinsic (cleaved caspase 9)
      apoptotic pathways. Our results strongly indicate that the activation of
      autophagy in astrocytes undergoing ischemic stress is an adaptive mechanism,
      which allows for longer cell survival by delaying the initiation of apoptosis and
      necrosis.

PMID- 26983719
TI  - Suppressing H19 Modulates Tumorigenicity and Stemness in U251 and U87MG Glioma
      Cells.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of malignant carcinoma found in the
      brain. Its high frequency of occurrence and poor survival rate have garnered much
      research attention in recent years. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to
      be related to the formation and progression of several cancer types by both
      promoting and suppressing tumor transformation. H19 is one such lncRNA and has
      been shown to be upregulated in a few types of cancer. In this study, we
      discovered that the expression of H19 increased in GBM cell lines. H19 knocked
      down GBM cells also displayed decreased cellular proliferation and a higher
      apoptosis rate when induced by temozolomide. Interestingly, the GBM cell lines
      U87MG and U251 were found to express cancer stem cell markers CD133, NANOG, Oct4
      and Sox2. Expression of these markers was downregulated in H19-deficient cells.
      Collectively, these data suggest a role for H19 in contributing to GBM malignancy
      and the maintenance of its stem cell properties.

PMID- 26983720
TI  - Cobalt serum levels differ in well functioning Birmingham resurfacing and
      Birmingham modular THA.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings are known to release metal ions
      secondary to wear and corrosion. This may cause local reactions (adverse soft
      tissue reactions and osteolysis) and systemic effects. Little is known about the
      exact pattern and the differences between large head MoM total hip replacements
      (THA) and resurfacings (HR). QUESTIONS: (1) Is there a difference in metal ion
      concentrations between HR and MoM-THR using the same bearing design (Birmingham
      Hip Resurfacing System, Smith & Nephew, Inc. Memphis, TN, USA)? (2) Are metal ion
      levels changing over time in MoM-THA or HR? (3) Do acetabular inclination angle
      and femoral component size influence cobalt and chromium levels? Is there a
      correlation between clinical outcome and metal ion levels? MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      A retrospective analysis was conducted in 77 well functioning unilateral
      Birmingham HR and 42 well functioning unilateral modular Birmingham MoM-THA
      (Smith & Nephew, Inc. Memphis, TN, USA) operated on between 2007 and 2012. Blood
      samples were taken at a minimum of 13 months and subsequent during annual follow
      ups. RESULTS: (1) Cobalt levels were significantly higher in MoM-THA compared to
      HR (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in chromium levels (p =
      0.313). (2) Cobalt is increasing over time in MoM-THA (p = 0.030) whereas metal
      ions remain stable in HR. (3) Metal ion levels were not affected by acetabular
      inclination angle and femoral component size in MoM-THA. Chromium levels
      correlate with the femoral component size (r = -0.240; p = 0.037), the UCLA
      activity score (r = -0.344; p = 0.003) and the VAS (r = 0.263; p = 0.38) in HR.
      CONCLUSION: Considering that HR and MoM-THA used the same MoM bearing design,
      increased cobalt levels may be related to trunnion wear or corrosion. Elevated
      cobalt levels should raise concern for corrosion related failure in MoM-THA.

PMID- 26983722
TI  - Letter to the Editor concerning "Incidence of adjacent segment degeneration in
      cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical decompression and fusion meta
      analysis of prospective studies" by Luo et al. (2015) Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
      135(2):155-60. doi:10.1007/s00402-014-2125-2.

PMID- 26983723
TI  - A novel method to measure femoral component migration by computed tomography: a
      cadaver study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is the most accurate technique to
      measure implant migration. However, it requires special equipment, technical
      expertise and analysis software and has not gained wide acceptance. The current
      paper analyzes a novel method to measure implant migration utilizing widely
      available computer tomography (CT). METHODS: Three uncemented total hip
      replacements were performed in three human cadavers and six tantalum beads were
      inserted into the femoral bone similar to RSA. Six different 28 mm heads (-3, 0,
      2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mm) were added to simulate five reproducible translations
      (maximum total point migration) of the center of the head. Implant migration was
      measured in a 3-D analysis software (Geomagic Studio 7). Repeat manual
      reconstructions of the center of the head were performed by two investigators to
      determine repeatability and accuracy. RESULTS: The accuracy of measurements
      between the centers of two head sizes was 0.11 mm with a CI 95 % of 0.22 mm. The
      intra-observer repeatability was 0.13 mm (CI 95 % 0.25 mm). The interrater
      reliability was 0.943. CONCLUSION: CT based measurement of head displacement in a
      cadaver model were highly accurate and reproducible.

PMID- 26983721
TI  - Patch-augmented rotator cuff repair: influence of the patch fixation technique on
      primary biomechanical stability.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is an ongoing debate about the potential of patch
      augmentation to improve biomechanical stability and healing associated with
      rotator cuff repair. The biomechanical properties of three different patch
      augmented rotator cuff repair techniques were assessed in vitro and compared with
      a standard repair. Dermal collagen patch augmentation may increase the primary
      stability and strength of the repaired tendon in vitro, depending on the
      technique used for patch application. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty cadaveric
      sheep shoulders with dissected infraspinatus tendons were randomized into four
      groups (n = 10/group) for tendon repair using a knotless double-row suture anchor
      technique. A xenologous dermal extracellular matrix patch was used for
      augmentation in the three test groups using an "integrated", "cover", or "hybrid"
      technique. Tendons were preconditioned, cyclically loaded from 10 to 30 N at 1
      Hz, and then loaded monotonically to failure. Biomechanical properties and the
      mode of failure were evaluated. RESULTS: Patch augmentation significantly
      increased the maximum load at failure by 61 % in the "cover" technique test group
      (225.8 N) and 51 % in the "hybrid" technique test group (211.4 N) compared with
      the non-augmented control group (140.2 N) (P <= 0.015). For the test group with
      "integrated" patch augmentation, the load at failure was 28 % lower (101.6 N)
      compared with the control group (P = 0.043). There was no significant difference
      in initial and linear stiffness among the four experimental groups. The most
      common mode of failure was tendon pullout. No anchor dislocation, patch
      disruption or knot breakage was observed. CONCLUSION: Additional patch
      augmentation with a collagen patch influences the biomechanical properties of a
      rotator cuff repair in a cadaveric sheep model. Primary repair stability can be
      significantly improved depending on the augmentation technique.

PMID- 26983725
TI  - The Role of Stress in the Self-Organized Growth of Porous Anodic Alumina.
AB  - Ridges and depressions were formed on the barrier layer during chemical and
      physical etching of porous anodic alumina (PAA) from the bottom side, indicating
      nonuniform etching rate around each cell. These behaviors cannot be explained
      solely by the well-known composition variation, but were in line with the
      hexagonal distribution of stress within the barrier layer of each cell. Such
      stress variation should be attributed to the interactions of neighboring cells
      undergoing volume expansion. These interactions could account for the self
      organization of PAA. 

PMID- 26983724
TI  - Involvement of stakeholders in determining health priorities of adolescents in
      rural South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: When developing intervention research, it is important to explore
      issues from the community perspective. Interventions that promote adolescent
      health in South Africa are urgently needed, and Project Ntshembo ('hope') aims to
      improve the health of young women and their offspring in the Agincourt sub
      district of rural northeast South Africa, actively using stakeholder involvement
      throughout the research process. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine
      adolescent health priorities according to key stakeholders, to align stakeholder
      and researcher priorities, and to form a stakeholder forum, which would be active
      throughout the intervention. DESIGN: Thirty-two stakeholders were purposefully
      identified as community members interested in the health of adolescents. An
      adapted Delphi incorporating face-to-face discussions, as well as participatory
      visualisation, was used in a series of three workshops. Consensus was determined
      through non-parametric analysis. RESULTS: Stakeholders and researchers agreed
      that peer pressure and lack of information, or having information but not acting
      on it, were the root causes of adolescent health problems. Pregnancy, HIV, school
      dropout, alcohol and drug abuse, not accessing health services, and unhealthy
      lifestyle (leading to obesity) were identified as priority adolescent health
      issues. A diagram was developed showing how these eight priorities relate to one
      another, which was useful in the development of the intervention. A stakeholder
      forum was founded, comprising 12 of the stakeholders involved in the stakeholder
      involvement process. CONCLUSIONS: The process brought researchers and
      stakeholders to consensus on the most important health issues facing adolescents,
      and a stakeholder forum was developed within which to address the issues.
      Stakeholder involvement as part of a research engagement strategy can be of
      mutual benefit to the researchers and the community in which the research is
      taking place.

PMID- 26983727
TI  - An Introduction to Poliovirus: Pathogenesis, Vaccination, and the Endgame for
      Global Eradication.
AB  - Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, which is a positive strand non-enveloped
      virus that occurs in three distinct serotypes (1, 2, and 3). Infection is mainly
      by the fecal-oral route and can be confined to the gut by antibodies induced
      either by vaccine, previous infection or maternally acquired. Vaccines include
      the live attenuated strains developed by Sabin and the inactivated vaccines
      developed by Salk; the live attenuated vaccine (Oral Polio Vaccine or OPV) has
      been the main tool in the Global Program of Polio eradication of the World Health
      Organisation. Wild type 2 virus has not caused a case since 1999 and type 3 since
      2012 and eradication seems near. However most infections are entirely silent so
      that sophisticated environmental surveillance may be needed to ensure that the
      virus has been eradicated, and the live vaccine can sometimes revert to virulent
      circulating forms under conditions that are not wholly understood. Cessation of
      vaccination is therefore an increasingly important issue and inactivated polio
      vaccine (IPV) is playing a larger part in the end game.

PMID- 26983726
TI  - Effects of Habitual Physical Activity and Fitness on Tibial Cortical Bone Mass,
      Structure and Mass Distribution in Pre-pubertal Boys and Girls: The Look Study.
AB  - Targeted weight-bearing activities during the pre-pubertal years can improve
      cortical bone mass, structure and distribution, but less is known about the
      influence of habitual physical activity (PA) and fitness. This study examined the
      effects of contrasting habitual PA and fitness levels on cortical bone density,
      geometry and mass distribution in pre-pubertal children. Boys (n = 241) and girls
      (n = 245) aged 7-9 years had a pQCT scan to measure tibial mid-shaft total,
      cortical and medullary area, cortical thickness, density, polar strength strain
      index (SSIpolar) and the mass/density distribution through the bone cortex
      (radial distribution divided into endo-, mid- and pericortical regions) and
      around the centre of mass (polar distribution). Four contrasting PA and fitness
      groups (inactive-unfit, inactive-fit, active-unfit, active-fit) were generated
      based on daily step counts (pedometer, 7-days) and fitness levels (20-m shuttle
      test and vertical jump) for boys and girls separately. Active-fit boys had 7.3
      7.7 % greater cortical area and thickness compared to inactive-unfit boys (P <
      0.05), which was largely due to a 6.4-7.8 % (P < 0.05) greater cortical mass in
      the posterior-lateral, medial and posterior-medial 66 % tibial regions. Cortical
      area was not significantly different across PA-fitness categories in girls, but
      active-fit girls had 6.1 % (P < 0.05) greater SSIpolar compared to inactive-fit
      girls, which was likely due to their 6.7 % (P < 0.05) greater total bone area.
      There was also a small region-specific cortical mass benefit in the posterior
      medial 66 % tibia cortex in active-fit girls. Higher levels of habitual PA
      fitness were associated with small regional-specific gains in 66 % tibial
      cortical bone mass in pre-pubertal children, particularly boys.

PMID- 26983728
TI  - Poliovirus Laboratory Based Surveillance: An Overview.
AB  - World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988 encouraged the member states to launch Global
      Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) (resolution WHA41.28) against "the Crippler"
      called poliovirus, through strong routine immunization program and intensified
      surveillance systems. Since its launch, global incidence of poliomyelitis has
      been reduced by more than 99 % and the disease squeezed to only three endemic
      countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria) out of 125. Today, poliomyelitis
      is on the verge of eradication, and their etiological agents, the three
      poliovirus serotypes, are on the brink of extinction from the natural
      environment. The last case of poliomyelitis due to wild type 2 strain occurred in
      1999 in Uttar Pradesh, India whereas the last paralytic case due to wild
      poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) was seen in November, 2012 in Yobe, Nigeria. Despite
      this progress, undetected circulation cannot fully rule out the eradication as
      most of the poliovirus infections are entirely subclinical; hence sophisticated
      environmental surveillance is needed to ensure the complete eradication of virus.
      Moreover, the vaccine virus in under-immunized communities can sometimes revert
      and attain wild type characteristics posing a big challenge to the program.

PMID- 26983730
TI  - Isolation and Characterization of Poliovirus in Cell Culture Systems.
AB  - The isolation and characterization of enteroviruses by cell culture was accepted
      as the "gold standard" by clinical virology laboratories. Methods for the direct
      detection of all enteroviruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain
      reaction, targeting a conserved region of the genome, have largely supplanted
      cell culture as the principal diagnostic procedure. However, the World Health
      Organization's Global Polio Eradication Initiative continues to rely upon cell
      culture to isolate poliovirus due to the lack of a reliable sensitive genetic
      test for direct typing of enteroviruses from clinical specimens. Poliovirus is
      able to infect a wide range of mammalian cell lines, with CD155 identified as the
      primary human receptor for all three seroytpes, and virus replication leads to an
      observable cytopathic effect. Inoculation of cell lines with extracts of clinical
      specimens and subsequent passaging of the cells leads to an increased virus
      titre. Cultured isolates of poliovirus are suitable for testing by a variety of
      methods and remain viable for years when stored at low temperature.This chapter
      describes general procedures for establishing a cell bank and routine passaging
      of cell lines. While the sections on specimen preparation and virus isolation
      focus on poliovirus, the protocols are suitable for other enteroviruses.

PMID- 26983729
TI  - Isolation and Characterization of Enteroviruses from Clinical Samples.
AB  - Enterovirus infections are common in humans worldwide. Enteroviruses are excreted
      in feces during infection and can be detected from stool specimens by isolation
      in continuous laboratory cell lines. Characterization of enteroviruses is based
      on their antigenic and/or genetic properties.

PMID- 26983731
TI  - Molecular Characterization of Polio from Environmental Samples: ISSP, The Israeli
      Sewage Surveillance Protocol.
AB  - Polioviruses are enteric viruses that cause paralytic poliomyelitis in less than
      0.5 % of infections and are asymptomatic in >90 % infections of naive hosts.
      Environmental surveillance monitors polio in populations rather than in
      individuals. When this very low morbidity to infection ratio, drops drastically
      in highly vaccinated populations, environmental surveillance employing manual or
      automatic sampling coupled with molecular analysis carried out in well-equipped
      central laboratories becomes the surveillance method of choice since polioviruses
      are excreted by infected individuals regardless of whether or not the infection
      is symptomatic. This chapter describes a high throughput rapid turn-around time
      method for molecular characterization of polioviruses from sewage. It is
      presented in five modules: (1) Sewage collection and concentration of the viruses
      in the sewage; (2) Cell cultures for identification of virus in the concentrated
      sewage; (3) Nucleic acid extractions directly from sewage and from tissue
      cultures infected with aliquots of concentrated sewage; (4) Nucleic Acid
      Amplification for poliovirus serotype identification and intratypic
      differentiation (discriminating wild and vaccine derived polioviruses form
      vaccine strains); and (5) Molecular characterization of viral RNA by qRT-PCR, TR
      PCR, and Sequence analysis. Monitoring silent or symptomatic transmission of
      vaccine-derived polioviruses or wild polioviruses is critical for the endgame of
      poliovirus eradication. We present methods for adapting standard kits and
      validating the changes for this purpose based on experience gained during the
      recent introduction and sustained transmission of a wild type 1 poliovirus in
      Israel in 2013 in a population with an initial IPV vaccine coverage >90 %.

PMID- 26983732
TI  - Quality Assurance in the Polio Laboratory. Cell Sensitivity and Cell
      Authentication Assays.
AB  - The accuracy of poliovirus surveillance is largely dependent on the quality of
      the cell lines used for virus isolation, which is the foundation of poliovirus
      diagnostic work. Many cell lines are available for the isolation of
      enteroviruses, whilst genetically modified L20B cells can be used as a diagnostic
      tool for the identification of polioviruses. To be confident that cells can
      consistently isolate the virus of interest, it is necessary to have a quality
      assurance system in place, which will ensure that the cells in use are not
      contaminated with other cell lines or microorganisms and that they remain
      sensitive to the viruses being studied.The sensitivity of cell lines can be
      assessed by the regular testing of a virus standard of known titer in the cell
      lines used for virus isolation. The titers obtained are compared to previously
      obtained titers in the same assay, so that any loss of sensitivity can be
      detected.However, the detection of cell line cross contamination is more
      difficult. DNA bar coding is a technique that uses a short DNA sequence from a
      standardized position in the genome as a molecular diagnostic assay for species
      level identification. For almost all groups of higher animals, the cytochrome c
      oxidase subunit 1 of mitochondrial DNA (CO1) is emerging as the standard barcode
      region. This region is 648 nucleotide base pairs long in most phylogenetic groups
      and is flanked by regions of conserved sequences, making it relatively easy to
      isolate and analyze. DNA barcodes vary among individuals of the same species to a
      very minor degree (generally less than 1-2 %), and a growing number of studies
      have shown that the COI sequences of even closely related species differ by
      several per cent, making it possible to identify different species with high
      confidence.

PMID- 26983733
TI  - A Transgenic Mouse Model of Poliomyelitis.
AB  - Transgenic mice (tg mice) that express the human poliovirus receptor (PVR),
      CD155, are susceptible to poliovirus and develop a neurological disease that
      resembles human poliomyelitis. Assessment of the neurovirulence levels of
      poliovirus strains, including mutant viruses produced by reverse genetics,
      circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, and vaccine candidates, is useful for
      basic research of poliovirus pathogenicity, the surveillance of circulating
      polioviruses, and the quality control of oral live poliovirus vaccines, and does
      not require the use of monkeys. Furthermore, PVR-tg mice are useful for studying
      poliovirus tissue tropism and host immune responses. PVR-tg mice can be bred with
      mice deficient in the genes involved in viral pathogenicity. This report
      describes the methods used to analyze the pathogenicity and immune responses of
      poliovirus using the PVR-tg mouse model.

PMID- 26983735
TI  - Molecular Properties of Poliovirus Isolates: Nucleotide Sequence Analysis, Typing
      by PCR and Real-Time RT-PCR.
AB  - Virologic surveillance is essential to the success of the World Health
      Organization initiative to eradicate poliomyelitis. Molecular methods have been
      used to detect polioviruses in tissue culture isolates derived from stool samples
      obtained through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis. This chapter describes
      the use of realtime PCR assays to identify and serotype polioviruses. In
      particular, a degenerate, inosine-containing, panpoliovirus (panPV) PCR primer
      set is used to distinguish polioviruses from NPEVs. The high degree of nucleotide
      sequence diversity among polioviruses presents a challenge to the systematic
      design of nucleic acid-based reagents. To accommodate the wide variability and
      rapid evolution of poliovirus genomes, degenerate codon positions on the template
      were matched to mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues on both the primers and the
      TaqManTM probes. Additional assays distinguish between Sabin vaccine strains and
      non-Sabin strains. This chapter also describes the use of generic poliovirus
      specific primers, along with degenerate and inosine-containing primers, for
      routine VP1 sequencing of poliovirus isolates. These primers, along with
      nondegenerate serotype-specific Sabin primers, can also be used to sequence
      individual polioviruses in mixtures.

PMID- 26983736
TI  - Isolation and Characterization of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses, Relevance for the
      Global Polio Eradication Initiative.
AB  - Stool specimens were collected from children with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)
      and their contacts, and viral isolation was performed according to standard
      procedures. If the specimens tested positive for poliovirus, then intratypic
      differentiation (ITD) methods were performed on the viral isolates to determine
      whether the poliovirus isolates were wild or of vaccine origin, these include a
      poliovirus diagnostic ITD real-time PCR method and a vaccine-derived poliovirus
      (VDPV) screening real-time PCR method.Viral RNA was extracted from the poliovirus
      isolates by using the QIAamp Mini Viral RNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen) and was used
      for RT-PCR amplification by the standard method. The entire VP1 region of the
      poliovirus isolates was amplified by RT-PCR with primers that flanked the VP1
      coding region. After purification of the PCR products by the QIAquick Gel
      Extraction Kit (Qiagen), the amplicons were bidirectionally sequenced with the
      ABI PRISM 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). A neurovirulence test of
      polioviruses isolates was carried out using PVR-Tg21 mice that expressed the
      human poliovirus receptor (CD155). And the temperature sensitivities of
      polioviruses isolates were assayed on monolayer RD cells in 24-well plates as
      described.

PMID- 26983734
TI  - Standardized Methods for Detection of Poliovirus Antibodies.
AB  - Testing for neutralizing antibodies against polioviruses has been an established
      gold standard for assessing individual protection from disease, population
      immunity, vaccine efficacy studies, and other vaccine clinical trials. Detecting
      poliovirus specific IgM and IgA in sera and mucosal specimens has been proposed
      for evaluating the status of population mucosal immunity. More recently, there
      has been a renewed interest in using dried blood spot cards as a medium for
      sample collection to enhance surveillance of poliovirus immunity. Here, we
      describe the modified poliovirus microneutralization assay, poliovirus capture
      IgM and IgA ELISA assays, and dried blood spot polio serology procedures for the
      detection of antibodies against poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3.

PMID- 26983737
TI  - Phylogenetic Analysis of Poliovirus Sequences.
AB  - Comparative genomic sequencing is a major surveillance tool in the Polio
      Laboratory Network. Due to the rapid evolution of polioviruses (~1 % per year),
      pathways of virus transmission can be reconstructed from the pathways of genomic
      evolution. Here, we describe three main phylogenetic methods; estimation of
      genetic distances, reconstruction of a maximum-likelihood (ML) tree, and
      estimation of substitution rates using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC).
      The data set used consists of complete capsid sequences from a survey of
      poliovirus sequences available in GenBank.

PMID- 26983738
TI  - Generation of Infectious Poliovirus with Altered Genetic Information from Cloned
      cDNA.
AB  - The effect of specific genetic alterations on virus biology and phenotype can be
      studied by a great number of available assays. The following method describes the
      basic protocol to generate infectious poliovirus with altered genetic information
      from cloned cDNA in cultured cells.The example explained here involves generation
      of a recombinant poliovirus genome by simply replacing a portion of the 5'
      noncoding region with a synthetic gene by restriction cloning. The vector
      containing the full length poliovirus genome and the insert DNA with the known
      mutation(s) are cleaved for directional cloning, then ligated and transformed
      into competent bacteria. The recombinant plasmid DNA is then propagated in
      bacteria and transcribed to RNA in vitro before RNA transfection of cultured
      cells is performed. Finally, viral particles are recovered from the cell culture.

PMID- 26983739
TI  - A Rapid Method for Engineering Recombinant Polioviruses or Other Enteroviruses.
AB  - The cloning of large enterovirus RNA sequences is labor-intensive because of the
      frequent instability in bacteria of plasmidic vectors containing the
      corresponding cDNAs. In order to circumvent this issue we have developed a PCR
      based method that allows the generation of highly modified or chimeric full
      length enterovirus genomes. This method relies on fusion PCR which enables the
      concatenation of several overlapping cDNA amplicons produced separately. A T7
      promoter sequence added upstream the fusion PCR products allows its transcription
      into infectious genomic RNAs directly in transfected cells constitutively
      expressing the phage T7 RNA polymerase. This method permits the rapid recovery of
      modified viruses that can be subsequently amplified on adequate cell-lines.

PMID- 26983740
TI  - Methods to Monitor Molecular Consistency of Oral Polio Vaccine.
AB  - Replication of viruses leads to emergence of mutations and their content in viral
      populations can increase by selection depending on growth conditions. Some of
      these mutations have deleterious effect on vaccine safety, such as neurovirulent
      reversions in the 5'-UTR of attenuated Sabin strains of poliovirus. Their content
      in vaccine batches must be tightly controlled during vaccine manufacture to
      ensure safety of the product. This chapter describes a quantitative molecular
      procedure called mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage (MAPREC)
      that is used to monitor content of neurovirulent revertants in Oral Polio Vaccine
      (OPV). The method can be used for quantitative analysis of any other mutation in
      a viral population.

PMID- 26983742
TI  - Measuring Poliovirus Antigenicity by Surface Plasmon Resonance. Application for
      Potency Indicating Assays.
AB  - The D-antigen ELISA is the commonly accepted test for release of inactivated
      poliovirus containing vaccines. However, this test has a few drawbacks regarding
      the many variations in the method to quantify the D-unit. The result may depend
      on method and reagents used which makes standardization of inactivated polio
      vaccines, based on D-units, to a real challenge. This chapter describes a surface
      plasmon resonance based method to quantify D-units. The advantage of the
      calibrated D-antigen assay is the decrease in test variations because no labels,
      [no incubation times] and no washing steps are necessary. For standardization of
      both IPV and Sabin IPV, the calibration free concentration analysis could be an
      improvement as compared to ELISA or other SPR methods because this method
      combines quantity (particle concentration) and quality (antigenicity) in one
      assay.

PMID- 26983741
TI  - Methods for the Quality Control of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines.
AB  - Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) plays an instrumental role in the Global
      Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI). The quality of IPV is controlled by
      assessment of the potency of vaccine batches. The potency of IPV can be assessed
      by both in vivo and in vitro methods. In vitro potency assessment is based upon
      the assessment of the quantity of the D-Antigen (D-Ag) units in an IPV. The D-Ag
      unit is used as a measure of potency as it is largely expressed on native
      infectious virions and is the protective immunogen. The most commonly used in
      vitro test is the indirect ELISA which is used to ensure consistency throughout
      production.A range of in vivo assays have been developed in monkeys, chicks,
      guinea pigs, mice, and rats to assess the potency of IPV. All are based on
      assessment of the neutralizing antibody titer within the sera of the respective
      animal model. The rat potency test has become the favored in vivo potency test as
      it shows minimal variation between laboratories and the antibody patterns of rats
      and humans are similar. With the development of transgenic mice expressing the
      human poliovirus receptor, immunization-challenge tests have been developed to
      assess the potency of IPVs. This chapter describes in detail the methodology of
      these three laboratory tests to assess the quality of IPVs.

PMID- 26983743
TI  - Identification and Analysis of Antiviral Compounds Against Poliovirus.
AB  - The Global Polio Eradication Initiative, launched in 1988, had as its goal the
      eradication of polio worldwide by the year 2000 through large-scale vaccinations
      campaigns with the live attenuated oral PV vaccine (OPV) (Griffiths et al.,
      Biologicals 34:73-74, 2006). Despite substantial progress, polio remains endemic
      in several countries and new imported cases are reported on a regular basis (
      http://www.polioeradication.org/casecount.asp ).It was recognized by the
      poliovirus research community that developing antivirals against poliovirus would
      be invaluable in the post-OPV era. Here, we describe three methods essential for
      the identification of selective inhibitors of poliovirus replication and for
      determining their mode of action by time-of-drug-addition studies as well as by
      the isolation of compound-resistant poliovirus variants.

PMID- 26983745
TI  - Narrative self-constitution and vulnerability to co-authoring.
AB  - All people are vulnerable to having their self-concepts shaped by others. This
      article investigates that vulnerability using a theory of narrative self
      constitution. According to narrative self-constitution, people depend on others
      to develop and maintain skills of self-narration and they are vulnerable to
      having the content of their self-narratives co-authored by others. This
      theoretical framework highlights how vulnerability to co-authoring is essential
      to developing a self-narrative and, thus, the possibility of autonomy. However,
      this vulnerability equally entails that co-authors can undermine autonomy by
      contributing disvalued content to the agent's self-narrative and undermining her
      authorial skills. I illustrate these processes with the first-hand reports of
      several women who survived sexual abuse as children. Their narratives of survival
      and healing reveal the challenges involved in (re)developing the skills required
      to manage vulnerability to co-authoring and how others can help in this process.
      Finally, I discuss some of the implications of co-authoring for the healthcare
      professional and the therapeutic relationship. 

PMID- 26983744
TI  - SPECT/CT Improves Detection of Metastatic Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Patients with
      Head and Neck Melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the most important prognostic
      factor for predicting survival in cutaneous melanoma. This study aimed to
      evaluate how the addition of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      and computed tomography (CT) to planar lymphoscintigraphy (PL) alters SLN
      identification, yield, and localization of metastatic nodes in head and neck
      melanoma. METHODS: This retrospective review examined patients undergoing SLN
      biopsy for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck between July 2003 and December
      2015. Patient demographics and pathologic outcomes were compared for patients
      undergoing SPECT-CT versus PL. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was
      used to identify factors associated with the identification of a positive SLN.
      RESULTS: Among 176 patients undergoing SLN biopsy, 91 underwent PL and 85
      underwent SPECT-CT and PL. The patients in the SPECT-CT group were older than the
      PL patients (p = 0.050) but the groups did not differ in gender (p = 0.447),
      Breslow thickness (p = 0.744), or total number of SLNs identified (p = 0.633). As
      shown by the multivariate regression analysis, only Breslow thickness [odds ratio
      (OR) 1.47; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.17-1.84] and SPECT-CT (OR 3.58; 95 %
      CI 1.24-10.4) were associated with a positive SLN. CONCLUSION: The use of SPECT
      CT for patients with head and neck cutaneous melanoma significantly increases the
      likelihood of retrieving a positive SLN. Long-term follow-up evaluation is needed
      for further definition of the impact that SPECT-CT has on recurrence and
      survival.

PMID- 26983746
TI  - [Dyspnea, itching and depression in palliative medicine].
AB  - Palliative medicine focuses on relieving burdening symptoms to improve quality of
      life. The most common symptoms are physical weakness, pain, loss of appetite,
      nausea as well as dyspnea, itching and depression. Frequently, good symptom
      control can be achieved using the most effective drug combination therapy or non
      medicinal interventions. This article specifically addresses the physical
      symptoms dyspnea, itching and the psychological symptom depression. 

PMID- 26983747
TI  - Micronutrient Supplementation after Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal
      Switch in the Long Term.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malabsorptive bariatric surgery requires life-long micronutrient
      supplementation. Based on the recommendations, we assessed the number of
      adjustments of micronutrient supplementation and the prevalence of vitamin and
      mineral deficiencies at a minimum follow-up of 5 years after biliopancreatic
      diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS). METHODS: Between October 2010 and
      December 2013, a total of 51 patients at a minimum follow-up of 5 years after BPD
      DS were invited for a clinical check-up with a nutritional blood screening test
      for vitamins and minerals. RESULTS: Forty-three of fifty-one patients (84.3 %)
      completed the blood sampling with a median follow-up of 71.2 (range 60-102)
      months after BPD-DS. At that time, all patients were supplemented with at least
      one multivitamin. However, 35 patients (81.4 %) showed either a vitamin or a
      mineral deficiency or a combination of it. Nineteen patients (44.1 %) were
      anemic, and 17 patients (39.5 %) had an iron deficiency. High deficiency rates
      for fat-soluble vitamins were also present in 23.2 % for vitamin A, in 76.7 % for
      vitamin D, in 7.0 % for vitamin E, and in 11.6 % for vitamin K. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results of our study show that the prevalence of vitamin and mineral deficiencies
      after BPD-DS is 81.4 % at a minimum follow-up of 5 years. The initial
      prescription of micronutrient supplementation and further adjustments during the
      first follow-up were insufficient to avoid long-term micronutrient deficiencies.
      Life-long monitoring of micronutrients at a specialized bariatric center and
      possibly a better micronutrient supplementation, is crucial to avoid a deficient
      micronutrient status at every stage after malabsorptive bariatric surgery.

PMID- 26983749
TI  - Daily chocolate consumption is inversely associated with insulin resistance and
      liver enzymes in the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg
      study.
AB  - This study examined the association of chocolate consumption with insulin
      resistance and serum liver enzymes in a national sample of adults in Luxembourg.
      A random sample of 1153 individuals, aged 18-69 years, was recruited to
      participate in the cross-sectional Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in
      Luxembourg study. Chocolate consumption (g/d) was obtained from a semi
      quantitative FFQ. Blood glucose and insulin levels were used for the homoeostasis
      model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Hepatic biomarkers such as
      serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (gamma-GT), serum aspartate transaminase and
      serum alanine transaminase (ALT) (mg/l) were assessed using standard laboratory
      assays. Chocolate consumers (81.8 %) were more likely to be younger, physically
      active, affluent people with higher education levels and fewer chronic co
      morbidities. After excluding subjects taking antidiabetic medications, higher
      chocolate consumption was associated with lower HOMA-IR (beta=-0.16, P=0.004),
      serum insulin levels (beta=-0.16, P=0.003) and gamma-GT (beta=-0.12, P=0.009) and
      ALT (beta=-0.09, P=0.004), after adjustment for age, sex, education, lifestyle
      and dietary confounding factors, including intakes of fruits and vegetables,
      alcohol, polyphenol-rich coffee and tea. This study reports an independent
      inverse relationship between daily chocolate consumption and levels of insulin,
      HOMA-IR and liver enzymes in adults, suggesting that chocolate consumption may
      improve liver enzymes and protect against insulin resistance, a well-established
      risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders. Further observational prospective
      research and well-designed randomised-controlled studies are needed to confirm
      this cross-sectional relationship and to comprehend the role and mechanisms that
      different types of chocolate may play in insulin resistance and cardiometabolic
      disorders.

PMID- 26983750
TI  - Erratum to: MicroRNAs involved in the browning process of adipocytes.

PMID- 26983748
TI  - A Time Interval of More Than 18 Months Between a Pregnancy and a Roux-en-Y
      Gastric Bypass Increases the Risk of Iron Deficiency and Anaemia in Pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to explore the impact of time between Roux-en
      Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and pregnancy on obstetrical outcome and nutritional
      derangements. METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study of pregnant women
      admitted for antenatal care at two tertiary hospitals, we examined 153 women with
      RYGB and a singleton pregnancy of at least 24 weeks. The women were stratified
      according to a pregnancy <18 months (40 women) or >=18 months (113 women) after
      RYGB. Main outcome measures were nutritional parameters and glycated haemoglobin
      1Ac (HbA1c) in second and third trimester of pregnancy, gestational hypertension,
      length of pregnancy, mode of delivery and foetal birth weight. RESULTS: The two
      groups were comparable regarding age, parity and prepregnancy body mass index.
      The frequency of iron deficiency anaemia (ferritin <12 MUg/L and haemoglobin <6.5
      mmol/L/10.5 g/dL) was significantly higher in the late group, 29 vs. 8 % in the
      early group, p = 0.010. No differences were found for vitamin B12, vitamin D and
      zinc. Median HbA1c was significantly higher in the late group than in the early
      group (33 vs. 31 mmol/mol, p = 0.027). There were no significant differences in
      the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome or birth weight between the two groups.
      CONCLUSION: A long surgery-to-pregnancy time interval after a RYGB increases the
      risk of iron deficiency anaemia but not of other nutritional deficits. Time
      interval does not seem to have an adverse effect on the obstetrical outcome,
      including intrauterine growth restriction. Specific attention is needed on iron
      deficit with increasing surgery-to-pregnancy time interval.

PMID- 26983751
TI  - Erythema of Rosacea Impairs Health-Related Quality of Life: Results of a Meta
      analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The central diagnostic feature of rosacea is diffuse central-facial
      erythema. The objective was to summarize published and unpublished health-related
      quality of life (HRQoL) data from seven previous studies in rosacea patients.
      METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed on baseline HRQoL data of subjects with
      erythema of rosacea from five randomized controlled trials, one open-label safety
      study and one epidemiological study. The data from four questionnaires were
      analyzed, including the Euro QoL 5-dimension (EQ5D) generic questionnaire, the
      Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) dermatology-specific quality of life
      instrument, the Productivity and Social Life Questionnaire and the Facial Redness
      Questionnaire. RESULTS: The global EQ5D index score was 0.859 and the domains of
      pain/discomfort (31.5% moderate or extreme pain) and anxiety/depression (26.4%
      moderate or extreme) were most affected. Worse scores were observed with erythema
      of rosacea in the absence of inflammatory lesions (EQ5D score of 0.832 for no
      lesions vs 0.919 for subjects with >=1 lesion). Almost half (43%) the subjects
      had at least moderately impaired HRQoL, including 19.8% with a DLQI total score
      of >=11 indicating severely impaired HRQoL; symptoms/feelings was the most
      affected domain. Subjects with a patient self-assessment (PSA) of severe erythema
      of rosacea had a worse mean DLQI score than moderate PSA subjects (8.6 vs 6.0).
      Work life and social life were affected, especially in subjects with severe PSA
      (62% with social life at least somewhat affected). CONCLUSION: Erythema of
      rosacea causes a marked decrease in HRQoL in most patients, especially those with
      self-perceived severe erythema and without inflammatory lesions, and should thus
      be considered as an important medical problem requiring medical intervention.
      FUNDING: Galderma UK.

PMID- 26983752
TI  - Traumatic brain injury is not associated with significant myocardial dysfunction:
      an observational pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myocardial dysfunction has been well described with catastrophic
      neurological events, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and brain death. There is
      very limited data describing myocardial function in the context of traumatic
      brain injury (TBI), as no prospective study has yet examined this association.
      The objective of our study was to evaluate cardiac function using
      echocardiography in patients with clinically important TBI. METHODS: We conducted
      a prospective observational study of consecutive TBI patients admitted to the
      intensive care unit. All patients older than 16 years with moderate to severe TBI
      according to the Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) were eligible for the study. Only
      patients with a prior history of heart disease or cardiomyopathy or evidence of
      brain death on admission were excluded. A complete transthoracic echocardiogram
      was performed within 4 days of admission. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients (67%
      males, median age 34 years) were included in the study. Forty-one patients had
      severe TBI (84%) with a median GCS of six, 44 patients (90%) required mechanical
      ventilation and 36 (74%) intracranial pressure monitoring. Hospital mortality was
      18%. No patients had global left ventricular dysfunction as defined by a left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 50% (95% CI, 0-0.07). Average LVEF was
      65 +/- 4%. Four patients (8%) had regional wall motion abnormalities with
      preserved LVEF. DISCUSSION: The main finding of this study is the absence of
      clinically significant myocardial dysfunction in patients with moderate or severe
      TBI. Although myocardial dysfunction has been well described in a variety of
      neurological settings, it is possible that the young age of TBI patients and the
      absence of cardiovascular risk factors are protective against significant
      myocardial injury from catecholamine excess. CONCLUSIONS: In a group of patients
      with clinically important TBI, we did not identify any significant cardiac
      dysfunction.

PMID- 26983753
TI  - High pneumococcal density correlates with more mucosal inflammation and reduced
      respiratory syncytial virus disease severity in infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of lower
      respiratory tract infections in infants. A small percentage of the infected
      infants develops a severe infection, while most of these severely ill patients
      were previously healthy. It remains unclear why these children develop severe RSV
      infections. In this study, we investigate whether pneumococcal nasopharyngeal
      carriage patterns correlate with mucosal inflammation and severity of disease.
      METHODS: In total, 105 infants hospitalized with RSV infection were included and
      recovery samples were taken from 42 patients. The presence and density of
      Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined by RT qPCR to study its relation to viral
      load, inflammation (MMP-9 and IL-6) and severity of RSV disease. RESULTS: We show
      that pneumococcal presence or absence in the nasopharynx does not correlate with
      viral load, inflammation or severity of disease. However, when pneumococcus is
      present in patients, a higher nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density was correlated
      with a higher RSV load, higher MMP-9 levels and a less severe course of disease.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results show correlations between S. pneumoniae density and
      viral load, inflammation and disease severity, suggesting that pneumococcal
      density may be an indicator for severity in paediatric RSV disease.

PMID- 26983754
TI  - Xuebijing injection in the treatment of severe pneumonia: study protocol for a
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severe pneumonia (SP) is a major complication of respiratory system
      diseases that is associated with high mortality and morbidity. If not treated
      correctly, it may rapidly lead to sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
      Despite continuous developments in antibiotic treatments for SP, the mortality
      rate remains high. Both basic and clinical research show that Xuebijing injection
      (XBJ) can improve the symptoms of SP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
      effectiveness and safety of XBJ compared with placebo. METHODS/DESIGN: This
      multicenter, blinded, randomized controlled trial will be conducted with a total
      of 700 participants with SP. Using a central randomization system, participants
      will be randomized (1:1) into groups receiving either XBJ or placebo (within 24 h
      of diagnosis of SP) for 5-7 days with a 28-day follow-up. All participants will
      receive conventional treatment simultaneously. Both XBJ and placebo will be
      administered using a photophobic infusion set to avoid bias. The primary outcome
      is improvement of Pneumonia Severity Index risk rate. Adverse events will be
      monitored throughout the trial. DISCUSSION: This is the first and largest
      randomized trial done in China on SP treatment using a Chinese herbal extract. In
      this trial, we will use central randomization and an electronic case report form,
      and we have designed an innovative blinding method for the traditional Chinese
      medicine injection. The results of this trial may help to provide evidence-based
      recommendations to clinicians for treatment of SP. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese
      Clinical Trials Registry ChiCTR-TRC-13003534 . Registered 24 June 2013.

PMID- 26983755
TI  - Coordinate regulatory osteogenesis effects of icariin, timosaponin B II and
      ferulic acid from traditional Chinese medicine formulas on UMR-106 osteoblastic
      cells and osteoblasts in neonatal rat calvaria cultures.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Icariin (I), ferulic acid (F) and timosaponin
      B II (T) derived respectively from the leaf of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim (EBM,
      Berberidaceae), rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (AAB, Liliaceae) and
      root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (ASD, Umbelliferae) are included in
      several traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas for the treatment of
      osteoporosis. In addition, the medicinal materials and chemical constituents in
      many traditional Chinese formulas have been shown to have potential synergistic,
      additive and antagonistic effects. AIM OF STUDY: To explore the action mechanism
      and interactions between I, T and F as bone anabolic ingredients on osteoblasts,
      and fully understand their action mechanism and rationality of the formula
      design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An osteoporotic model was established in
      bilaterally ovariectomized mice. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content
      (BMC) and serum biochemical parameters including alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
      tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and
      deoxypyridinoline cross-links (DPD) were measured to evaluate the effects of I, T
      or F alone and their combinations on osteoporotic mice. UMR-106 osteoblastic
      cells and primary osteoblasts in neonatal rat calvarias were used to evaluate the
      osteogenesis effect. The immunohistochemical method and Western-blot analysis
      were used to detect the expression of critical proteins in the process of
      proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. RESULTS: IFT combinations
      enhanced the therapeutic effect without increasing the adverse effects on
      osteoporotic mice, synergistically increased the osteoblast proliferation, ALP
      activity and mineralized nodule formation, and promoted the expression of bone
      matrix by regulating BMP and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways in osteoblasts.
      CONCLUSION: IFT combinations reinforced the therapeutic effect on osteoporosis by
      modulating multi-signaling pathways and action targets.

PMID- 26983757
TI  - When two are better than one: bright phosphorescence from non-stereogenic
      dinuclear iridium(III) complexes.
AB  - A new family of eight dinuclear iridium(iii) complexes has been prepared,
      featuring 4,6-diarylpyrimidines L(y) as bis-N^C-coordinating bridging ligands.
      The metal ions are also coordinated by a terminal N^C^N-cyclometallating ligand
      L(X) based on 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene, and by a monodentate chloride or cyanide.
      The general formula of the compounds is {IrL(X)Z}2L(y) (Z = Cl or CN). The family
      comprises examples with three different L(X) ligands and five different
      diarylpyrimidines L(y), of which four are diphenylpyrimidines and one is a
      dithienylpyrimidine. The requisite proligands have been synthesised via standard
      cross-coupling methodology. The synthesis of the complexes involves a two-step
      procedure, in which L(X)H is reacted with IrCl3.3H2O to form dinuclear complexes
      of the form [IrL(X)Cl(MU-Cl)]2, followed by treatment with the diarylpyrimidine
      L(y)H2. Crucially, each complex is formed as a single compound only: the strong
      trans influence of the metallated rings dictates the relative disposition of the
      ligands, whilst the use of symmetrically substituted tridentate ligands
      eliminates the possibility of Lambda and Delta enantiomers that are obtained when
      bis-bidentate units are linked through bridging ligands. The crystal structure of
      one member of the family has been obtained using a synchrotron X-ray source. All
      of the complexes are very brightly luminescent, with emission maxima in solution
      varying over the range 517-572 nm, according to the identity of the ligands. The
      highest-energy emitter is the cyanide derivative whilst the lowest is the complex
      with the dithienylpyrimidine. The trends in both the absorption and emission
      energies as a function of ligand substituent have been rationalised accurately
      with the aid of TD-DFT calculations. The lowest-excited singlet and triplet
      levels correlate with the trend in the HOMO-LUMO gap. All the complexes have
      quantum yields that are close to unity and phosphorescence lifetimes - of the
      order of 500 ns - that are unusually short for complexes of such brightness.
      These impressive properties stem from an unusually high rate of radiative decay,
      possibly due to spin-orbit coupling pathways being facilitated by the second
      metal ion, and to low non-radiative decay rates that may be related to the
      rigidity of the dinuclear scaffold. 

PMID- 26983756
TI  - CXCR4-antagonist Peptide R-liposomes for combined therapy against lung
      metastasis.
AB  - The chemokine CXCL12 activates CXCR4, initiating multiple pathways that control
      immune cell trafficking, angiogenesis and embryogenesis; CXCR4 is also
      overexpressed in multiple tumors affecting metastatic dissemination. While there
      has been great enthusiasm for exploiting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis as a target in
      cancer therapy, to date the promise has yet to be fulfilled. A new class of CXCR4
      antagonist cyclic peptides was recently developed and the compound named Peptide
      R was identified as the most active. With the intent to improve the efficacy and
      biodistribution of Peptide R, stealth liposomes decorated with Peptide R were
      developed (PL-Peptide R). In vitro PL-Peptide R efficiently inhibited CXCR4
      dependent migration and in vivo it significantly reduced lung metastases and
      increased overall survival in B16-CXCR4 injected C57BL/6 mice. To evaluate if PL
      Peptide R could also be a drug delivery system for CXCR4 expressing tumors, the
      PL-Peptide R was loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) (PL-Peptide R-DOX). PL-Peptide R
      DOX efficiently delivered DOX to CXCR4 expressing cell lines with a consequent
      decrease in the DOX IC50 efficient dose. In vivo, B16-CXCR4 injected C57BL/6 mice
      treated with PL-Peptide R-DOX developed fewer lung metastases compared to PL-DOX
      treated mice. This work provides the proof-of-concept to prevent metastasis by
      using combined nanomedicine. 

PMID- 26983760
TI  - Effect of alignment perturbations in a trans-tibial prosthesis user: A pilot
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A recurring complication in trans-tibial prosthetic limb users is
      "poor socket fit" with painful residuum-socket interfaces, a consequence of
      excess pressure. This is due to both poor socket fit and poor socket alignment;
      however, the interaction of these factors has not been quantified. Through
      evaluation of kinetic data this study aimed to articulate an interaction uniting
      socket design, alignment and interface pressures. The results will help to refine
      future studies and will hopefully help determine whether sockets can be designed,
      fitted and aligned to maximize mobility whilst minimizing injurious forces.
      METHODS: Interface pressures were recorded throughout ambulation in one user with
      "optimal (reference) alignment" followed by 5 malalignments in a patellar tendon
      bearing and a hydrocast socket. RESULTS: Marked differences in pressure
      distribution were discovered when equating the patellar tendon-bearing against
      the hydrocast socket and when comparing interface pressures from reference with
      offset alignment. Patellar tendon-bearing sockets were found to be more sensitive
      to alignment perturbations than hydrocast sockets. A complex interaction was
      found, with the most prominent finding demonstrating the requisite for attainment
      of optimal alignment: a translational alignment error of 10 mm can increase
      maximum peak pressures by 227% (mean 17.5%). CONCLUSION: Refinements for future
      trials are described and the necessity for future research into socket design,
      alignment and interface pressures has been estabilished.

PMID- 26983759
TI  - Syntheses and magnetic properties of a pyrimidyl-substituted nitronyl nitroxide
      radical and its cobalt(ii) complexes.
AB  - A new bis-bidentate nitronyl nitroxide radical with a pyrimidyl substituent group
      and two Co(ii) complexes of this ligand were synthesized and characterized. Field
      induced single-molecule magnet behavior was firstly observed in the nitronyl
      nitroxide radical-bridged complexes. 

PMID- 26983761
TI  - Multiple look-alikes delusion.

PMID- 26983762
TI  - Descriptive diagnostic assessment of depression Categorical diagnosis,
      dimensional assessment, and instruments.
AB  - The descriptive diagnostics constitute the first step, the base and the
      prerequisite for the psychodiagnostic process and the treatment of depression.
      Within the descriptive diagnostics, two approaches are distinguished, namely (1)
      the differentiation between dimensional and categorical levels of measurement and
      (2) the consideration of the influence of the applied method: questionnaire
      versus interview. Departing from these approaches, a review of the most widely
      used instruments on depression is given, with a focus on the reliability and
      validity of the dimensional depression instruments, based on the findings of our
      research group. The importance of the differentiation between dimensional and
      categorical levels of measurement can also be recognised within the discussion on
      quantitative/dimensional versus qualitative/categorical taxonomic views on
      depression. The Integrated Threshold Model, which integrates both the
      quantitative and the qualitative view on the classification of depressive
      disorders, is considered. By way of conclusion, a diagnostic multi
      level/modality/method strategy is discussed and a specific test battery, which
      can be particularly useful within a research context, is presented. 

PMID- 26983758
TI  - Human epithelial-type ovarian tumour marker beta-2-microglobulin is regulated by
      the TGF-beta signaling pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), a light chain subunit of the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I complex, has been implicated in
      tumorigenesis. However, whether it is expressed in different epithelial-type
      ovarian tumours remains unknown. This study was performed to examine the
      expression of B2M in different histopathological types of ovarian tumours, to
      explore the function of B2M in ovarian cancer (OC) cells and to investigate the
      mechanisms underlying the regulation of B2M by the TGF-beta signaling pathway.
      METHODS: B2M expression in normal ovarian tissues and epithelia-type ovarian
      tumours was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, followed by the
      analysis of association with clinical features. OC cells were transfected with
      B2M-siRNA and cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by WST-1
      assay, wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay, respectively. The
      regulation of B2M by the TGF-beta signaling pathway in OC cells was examined by
      Western blot, ELISA and qRT-PCR. RESULTS: We found that B2M was overexpressed in
      ovarian borderline and malignant tumours compared with benign tumours and normal
      controls, but was not associated with age, tumour size, lymph node metastasis and
      clinical stage. Knocking down of B2M led to a decrease in OC cell proliferation,
      migration and invasion. The expression of B2M was downregulated by TGF-beta1 in
      OC cells, which was abolished in the presence of the inhibitor of TGF-beta type I
      receptor. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that B2M is a potential tissue
      biomarker and therapeutic target of borderline and malignant ovarian tumours and
      the dysregulation of B2M in these tumours may be mediated by the TGF-beta
      signaling pathway.

PMID- 26983764
TI  - Chronic pain and the psychiatrist.
AB  - Chronic pain is a phenomenon with important psychiatric aspects from a diagnostic
      as well as a therapeutic point of view. The place of chronic pain in the
      different versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
      and the differential-diagnosis are critically discussed. The comorbidity with
      depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and personality disorders is
      extensively treated. Finally, the essential role of the psychiatrist in the
      multidisciplinary therapeutic approach of these patients is emphasised. 

PMID- 26983763
TI  - Klinefelter syndroom en psychiatrische stoornissen: Twee gevalsbeschrijvingen en
      een literatuuroverzicht.
AB  - Klinefelter syndrome is a genetically determined disorder characterized by an
      additional X-chromosome. Apart from the phenotypical features, the literature
      about this disorder mentiones a psychopathological phenotype comprising mainly
      psychoses, depressive diseases and personality disorders. A substantial number of
      patients presents with mild to moderate mental retardation. In this paper, two
      case reports are described and their psychopathology is compared with the data
      from the existing literature. 

PMID- 26983765
TI  - Psychiatric complications of drug treatment of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Drug-induced psychiatric conditions are a common and severe problem in the
      treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease. Psychotic symptoms are the most
      frequent reason for nursing home placement of patients with Parkinson's disease.
      The psychotic symptoms seem to present themselves in a continuum where
      alterations in dreaming patterns often precede visual hallucinations, which often
      progress into delusional syndromes and, finally, into confusional organic
      syndromes. When evaluating a patient on dopaminergic treatment, it is important
      to inquire systematically about abnormal sleep related phenomena, for these are
      important clues in the early detection of psychotic symptoms. The pathogenesis of
      the psychotic symptoms is not yet fully understood but complex adaptations of
      various neurotransmitter systems seem to be involved. In the treatment of these
      drug-induced psychotic symptoms, the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine plays
      an important role. Drug-induced mania, hypersexuality and anxiety, although less
      frequent than the psychotic symptoms, also occur as a complication of
      dopaminergic treatment. Depressive symptoms, although common in Parkinson's
      disease, are less likely to occur as a side effect of the drug treatment. 

PMID- 26983766
TI  - Ultrasonography of the scrotum in adults.
AB  - Ultrasonography is the ideal noninvasive imaging modality for evaluation of
      scrotal abnormalities. It is capable of differentiating the most important
      etiologies of acute scrotal pain and swelling, including epididymitis and
      testicular torsion, and is the imaging modality of choice in acute scrotal
      trauma. In patients presenting with palpable abnormality or scrotal swelling,
      ultrasonography can detect, locate, and characterize both intratesticular and
      extratesticular masses and other abnormalities. A 12-17 MHz high frequency linear
      array transducer provides excellent anatomic detail of the testicles and
      surrounding structures. In addition, vascular perfusion can be easily assessed
      using color and spectral Doppler analysis. In most cases of scrotal disease, the
      combination of clinical history, physical examination, and information obtained
      with ultrasonography is sufficient for diagnostic decision-making. This review
      covers the normal scrotal anatomy as well as various testicular and scrotal
      lesions. 

PMID- 26983767
TI  - Discrepancies between the ultrasonographic and gross pathological size of
      papillary thyroid carcinomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to investigate the level of agreement between
      tumor sizes measured on ultrasonography (US) and in pathological specimens of
      papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) and to identify the US characteristics
      contributing to discrepancies in these measurements. METHODS: We retrospectively
      reviewed the US findings and pathological reports of 490 tumors in 431 patients
      who underwent surgery for PTC. Agreement was defined as a difference of <20%
      between the US and pathological tumor size measurements. Tumors were divided by
      size into groups of 0.5-1 cm, 1-2 cm, 2-3 cm, and >=3 cm. We compared tumors in
      which the US and pathological tumor size measurements agreed and those in which
      they disagreed with regard to the following parameters: taller-than-wide shape,
      infiltrative margin, echogenicity, microcalcifications, cystic changes in tumors,
      and the US diagnosis. RESULTS: The rate of agreement between US and the
      pathological tumor size measurements was 64.1% (314/490). Statistical analysis
      indicated that the US and pathological measurements significantly differed in
      tumors <1.0 cm in size (P=0.033), with US significantly overestimating the tumor
      size by 0.2 cm in such tumors (P<0.001). Cystic changes were significantly more
      frequent in the tumors where US and pathological tumor size measurements
      disagreed (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Thyroid US may overestimate the size of PTCs,
      particularly for tumors <1.0 cm in size. This information may be helpful in
      guiding decision making regarding surgical extent.

PMID- 26983768
TI  - The platelet window: examining receptor regulated second messenger processes in
      psychosis and depression.
AB  - Peripheral markers of psychiatric illness provide a potentially important window
      into the pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric illnesses. Direct access to
      pathophysiological processes is fraught with difficulty. However, receptor
      regulated second messenger-mediated calcium shifts are an accessible and
      practical method by which to examine changes in a clinical population. This is
      possible because platelets and neurons share some physiological features. The
      platelet intracellular calcium response to receptor stimulation has previously
      been used as a peripheral marker of psychiatric illness across a range of
      neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. This review
      considers the specificity and selectivity of this response and its use in
      psychotic and mood disorders. 

PMID- 26983770
TI  - Glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors: mediators of fatigue?
AB  - Fatigue is a common problem; when chronic and disabling, subjects can be
      categorized as having chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Whilst it is most likely a
      multifactorial condition of biopsychosocial origin, the nature of the
      pathophysiological component remains unclear. There has been a wealth of interest
      in the possible hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in CFS, and
      whether such changes may mediate fatigue. On balance, there appears to be reduced
      cortisol output in a proportion of patients, together with heightened negative
      feedback and glucocorticoid receptor function. There is evidence for impaired
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol responses to a variety of
      challenges. However, there is no evidence for a specific or uniform dysfunction
      of the HPA axis. Evidence that these changes may be related to symptom production
      comes from randomized controlled trials of glucocorticoid replacement therapy,
      which have shown improvements in fatigue and disability. Given the many factors
      that may impinge on the HPA axis in CFS, such as inactivity, sleep disturbance,
      psychiatric comorbidity, medication and ongoing stress, it seems likely that
      there is not a single or specific change to the HPA axis in CFS and that the
      observed HPA axis disturbances are of multifactorial etiology. This is further
      supported by a comparison of neuroendocrine findings in other conditions in which
      fatigue is prominent, showing both similarities and differences with the pattern
      in CFS. 

PMID- 26983769
TI  - Molecular targets of lithium action.
AB  - Lithium is an effective drug for both the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar
      disorder. However, the precise mechanism of lithium action is not yet well
      understood. Extensive research aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms
      underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium has revealed several possible
      targets. The behavioral and physiological manifestations of the illness are
      complex and are mediated by a network of interconnected neurotransmitter
      pathways. Thus, lithium's ability to modulate the release of serotonin at
      presynaptic sites and modulate receptor-mediated supersensitivity in the brain
      remains a relevant line of investigation. However, it is at the molecular level
      that some of the most exciting advances in the understanding of the long-term
      therapeutic action of lithium will continue in the coming years. The lithium
      cation possesses the selective ability, at clinically relevant concentrations, to
      alter the PI second-messenger system, potentially altering the activity and
      dynamic regulation of receptors that are coupled to this intracellular response.
      Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the limbic system may represent particularly
      sensitive targets in this regard. Likewise, preclinical data have shown that
      lithium regulates arachidonic acid and the protein kinase C signaling cascades.
      It also indirectly regulates a number of factors involved in cell survival
      pathways, including cAMP response element binding protein, brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor, bcl-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and may thus
      bring about delayed long-term beneficial effects via under-appreciated
      neurotrophic effects. Identification of the molecular targets for lithium in the
      brain could lead to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder
      and the discovery of a new generation of mood stabilizers, which in turn may lead
      to improvements in the long-term outcome of this devastating illness (1). 

PMID- 26983772
TI  - Mood disorders - review of structural MRI studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mood disorders are related to considerable morbidity and mortality,
      and although there is little doubt that they are brain-based disorders, their
      neural correlates still remain elusive. A neuro-anatomic model of mood regulation
      comprising the prefrontal cortex, amygdala-hippocampus complex, thalamus, basal
      ganglia, and connections among these areas has been proposed. OBJECTIVE: We
      reviewed the evidence for regional brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder, and
      attempted to integrate available findings into a comprehensive pathophysiological
      model of illness. METHODS: A computerized Medline Ovid search was conducted for
      the period 1966-2002, and complemented by a manual search of bibliographical
      references from recent reviews. Articles meeting specified criteria were
      included. RESULTS: Hyperintense lesions in cortical and subcortical regions are
      the most consistently reported and widely studied structural abnormalities.
      Smaller prefrontal cortical volume is a common finding in bipolar disorder and
      unipolar depression. Enlarged amygdala (in bipolar disorder) and smaller
      hippocampus (in unipolar depression) have been reported by several groups.
      Decreased volumes (in unipolar depression) and increased or unaltered volumes (in
      bipolar disorder) of striatal structures have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar
      and unipolar mood disorders are associated with detectable structural brain
      abnormalities. The histopathology underlying such anatomical changes remains to
      be elucidated. To reach more definitive conclusions about neuroanatomical changes
      that take place during the course of mood disorders, prospective longitudinal
      studies are needed. Also, integration with functional imaging is necessary in
      order to elucidate the relevance of identified structural abnormalities.

PMID- 26983771
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and relevance to
      affective disorders.
AB  - Changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system are
      characteristic of depression, and in the majority of these patients these result
      in HPA axis hyperactivity. This is further supported by the reduced sensitivity
      to the inhibitory effects of the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), on the
      production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, during the DEX
      suppression test and the DEX-corticotropin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test.
      Because the effects of glucocorticoids are mediated by intracellular receptors
      including, most notably, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), several studies have
      examined the number and/or function of GRs in depressed patients. These studies
      have consistently demonstrated that GR function is impaired in major depression,
      resulting in reduced GR-mediated negative feedback on the HPA axis and increased
      production and secretion of CRH in various brain regions postulated to be
      involved in the causality of depression. This article summarizes the literature
      on GR in depression and on the impact of antidepressants on the GR in clinical
      and preclinical studies, and supports the concept that impaired GR signaling is a
      key mechanism in the pathogenesis of depression, in the absence of clear evidence
      of decreased GR expression. The data also indicate that antidepressants have
      direct effects on the GR, leading to enhanced GR function and increased GR
      expression. Hypotheses regarding the mechanism of these receptor changes involve
      non-steroid compounds that regulate GR function via second messenger pathways,
      such as cytokines and neurotransmitters. Moreover, we present recent evidence
      suggesting that membrane steroid transporters such as the multidrug resistance
      (MDR) p-glycoprotein, which regulate access of glucocorticoids to the brain,
      could be a fundamental target of antidepressant treatment. Research in this field
      will lead to new insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of affective
      disorders. 

PMID- 26983773
TI  - Neurochemical brain imaging studies in bipolar disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the neurochemical brain imaging literature in bipolar
      disorder to synthesize the findings and provide directions for future research.
      METHODS: Relevant articles were retrieved by computerized Medline Ovid search (up
      to and including 2002) and complemented by bibliographic manual searches of
      reviews known to the authors. RESULTS: PET and SPECT studies in bipolar disorder
      have identified changes in various aspects of dopaminergic and serotonergic
      neurotransmission. Ligands for other neurotransmitters are actively being
      pursued. Spectroscopy studies have utilized a number of MRS-sensitive nuclei to
      chemically 'biopsy' the brain of patients with bipolar disorder. Few consistent
      findings are emerging, however, the majority of nuclei that can be measured are
      not directly related to the pathophysiology of the disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Brain
      imaging has the potential to unravel the neurochemical underpinnings of bipolar
      disorder, however, there is a continuing need for clinical, technical and
      methodological sophistication.

PMID- 26983774
TI  - From genomics to proteomics: new directions in molecular neuropsychiatry.
AB  - Neuropsychiatry, like many other biomedical sciences, has been revolutionized by
      the advances in genomic technologies over the years. The advent of PCR
      (polymerase chain reaction) and the sequencing of the human genome have provided
      invaluable insights into the molecular genetics of the various psychiatric
      disorders through the study of candidate genes and linkage analyses. However,
      biological phenotype is dictated by protein expression, which has been shown to
      stray from the genetic blueprint designated by the genome. Consequently, the
      field of proteomics has recently emerged as a powerful means of exploring protein
      structure, function, and expression patterns. The ability to study disease at the
      gene and protein levels presents a tremendous opportunity for neuropsychiatric
      research, particularly in terms of the potential for developing therapeutic
      agents for novel protein targets. 

PMID- 26983776
TI  - Selection of optimal chelator improves the contrast of GRPR imaging using
      bombesin analogue RM26.
AB  - Bombesin (BN) analogs bind with high affinity to gastrin-releasing peptide
      receptors (GRPRs) that are up-regulated in prostate cancer and can be used for
      the visualization of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate
      the influence of radionuclide-chelator complexes on the biodistribution pattern
      of the 111In-labeled bombesin antagonist PEG2-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta
      Leu-NH2 (PEG2-RM26) and to identify an optimal construct for SPECT imaging. A
      series of RM26 analogs N-terminally conjugated with NOTA, NODAGA, DOTA and DOTAGA
      via a PEG2 spacer were radiolabeled with 111In and evaluated both in vitro and in
      vivo. The conjugates were successfully labeled with 111In with 100% purity and
      retained binding specificity to GRPR and high stability. The cellular processing
      of all compounds was characterized by slow internalization. The IC50 values were
      in the low nanomolar range, with lower IC50 values for positively charged natIn
      NOTA-PEG2-RM26 (2.6 +/- 0.1 nM) and higher values for negatively charged natIn
      DOTAGA-PEG2-RM26 (4.8 +/- 0.5 nM). The kinetic binding studies showed KD values
      in the picomolar range that followed the same pattern as the IC50 data. The
      biodistribution of all compounds was studied in BALB/c nu/nu mice bearing PC-3
      prostate cancer xenografts. Tumor targeting and biodistribution studies displayed
      rapid clearance of radioactivity from the blood and normal organs via kidney
      excretion. All conjugates showed similar uptake in tumors at 4 h p.i. The
      radioactivity accumulation in GRPR-expressing organs was significantly lower for
      DOTA- and DOTAGA-containing constructs compared to those containing NOTA and
      NODAGA. 111In-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 with a positively charged complex showed the highest
      initial uptake and the slowest clearance of radioactivity from the liver. At 4 h
      p.i., DOTA- and DOTAGA-coupled analogs showed significantly higher tumor-to-organ
      ratios compared to NOTA- and NODAGA-containing variants. The NODAGA conjugate
      demonstrated the best retention of radioactivity in tumors, and, at 24 h p.i.,
      had the highest contrast to blood, muscle and bones.

PMID- 26983777
TI  - The 'SPARC' of life: Analysis of the role of osteonectin/SPARC in pancreatic
      cancer (Review).
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most clinically challenging
      cancers to manage. An estimated 48,960 people will be diagnosed with pancreatic
      cancer in 2015, of that population, 94% are projected to perish within 5 years.
      These dismal survival rates can be attributed, in part, to an advanced diagnosis
      occurring in 80% of cases. The heterogeneous and dynamic microenvironment of
      pancreatic cancer, and the lack of both specific risk factors and efficacious
      screening tools contribute to the challenge of diagnosing pancreatic cancer in
      its early stages. These clinical challenges have directed research into the
      unique characteristics that define PDAC. Recently, there has been an increased
      focus on the interaction of tumor cells with their microenvironment in the hope
      of identifying new therapeutic targets. One of the most promising avenues in this
      new vein of research is targeting protein communication between the cancer cells
      and the extracellular matrix. The secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
      (SPARC) is one such extracellular matrix protein that has shown potential as a
      therapeutic target due to its influence on PDAC invasion and metastasis. In this
      review, we discuss the complex interaction of SPARC with PDAC cells and its
      potential to guide treatment and eventually improve the survival of patients
      diagnosed with this devastating disease.

PMID- 26983778
TI  - A 2015 survey of established or potential epigenetic biomarkers for the accurate
      detection of human cancers.
AB  - Context The silencing or activation of cancer-associated genes by epigenetic
      mechanisms can ultimately lead to the clonal expansion of cancer cells. Objective
      The aim of this review is to summarize all relevant epigenetic biomarkers that
      have been proposed to date for the diagnosis of some prevalent human cancers.
      Methods A Medline search for the terms epigenetic biomarkers, human cancers, DNA
      methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs was performed. Results One
      hundred fifty-seven relevant publications were found and reviewed. Conclusion To
      date, a significant number of potential epigenetic cancer biomarkers of human
      cancer have been investigated, and some have advanced to clinical implementation.

PMID- 26983779
TI  - Sharing Information to Learn What Is Best Practice.

PMID- 26983780
TI  - News From the International Council on Women's Health Issues.

PMID- 26983781
TI  - Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenes produced by Dunaliella salina
      under stress.
AB  - Context Dunaliella salina Teodoresco (Dunaliellaceae) is one of the promising
      microalgae consumed as food and medicine for many years. Objective Dunaliella
      salina was grown under different stress conditions for enhancing carotene
      production. The carotene enriched extract was evaluated for antioxidant and
      cytotoxic activity. Materials and methods Carotene content was calculated under
      salinity, nitrogen and temperature stress conditions. Antioxidant activity was
      determined through DPPH assay by incubating the samples for 45 min with 250
      MUg/mL of extract and reducing power assay was performed with 50, 100, 150 and
      200 MUg/mL of extract. Cytotoxicity was determined by incubating ~2 * 10(4) MCF-7
      (breast cancer) cells with 250 MUg of extract in each well for 72 h by MTT assay.
      Result Carotene content was significantly increased to 9.8 (3.5 M NaCl), 13.9 (37
      degrees C), 8.2 (250 mM KNO3) and 10.6 MUg/mL (nitrogen-depleted medium) as
      compared with 3.2 MUg/mL in normal conditions (1.7 M NaCl, 0.75 mM KNO3 and 28 
      degrees C). Free radical scavenging activity increased at 3.0 and 3.5 M NaCl
      (27.8 and 57.5%, respectively), 37  degrees C (31.4%) and in nitrogen-depleted
      medium (41.9%) compared with normal (15%) conditions. Carotene content and
      scavenging activity were positively correlated under salinity (r = 0.97),
      temperature (r = 0.85) and nitrogen (r = 0.7) stress conditions. Cytotoxicity
      against MCF-7 cell lines increased due to increase in carotene content suggesting
      that cytotoxicity may be associated with carotene accumulation. Discussion and
      conclusions Carotene content enhanced by D. salina under stress conditions
      increased the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. 

PMID- 26983782
TI  - Evaluation of the revised Nipissing District Developmental Screening (NDDS) tool
      for use in general population samples of infants and children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is widespread interest in identification of developmental delay
      in the first six years of life. This requires, however, a reliable and valid
      measure for screening. In Ontario, the 18-month enhanced well-baby visit includes
      province-wide administration of a parent-reported survey, the Nipissing District
      Developmental Screening (NDDS) tool, to facilitate early identification of delay.
      Yet, at present the psychometric properties of the NDDS are largely unknown.
      METHOD: 812 children and their families were recruited from the community.
      Parents (most often mothers) completed the NDDS. A sub-sample (n = 111) of
      parents completed the NDDS again within a two-week period to assess test-retest
      reliability. For children 3 or younger, the criterion measure was the Bayley
      Scales of Infant Development, 3rd edition; for older children, a battery of other
      measures was used. All criterion measures were administered by trained assessors.
      Mild and severe delays were identified based on both published cut-points and on
      the distribution of raw scores. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative
      predictive values were calculated to assess agreement between tests. RESULTS:
      Test-retest reliability was modest (Spearman's rho = .62, p < 001). Regardless of
      the age of the child, the definition of delay (mild versus severe), or the cut
      point used on the NDDS, sensitivities (from 29 to 68 %) and specificities (from
      58 to 88 %) were poor to moderate. CONCLUSION: The modest test-retest results,
      coupled with the generally poor observed agreement with criterion measures,
      suggests the NDDS should not be used on its own for identification of
      developmental delay in community or population-based settings.

PMID- 26983783
TI  - Improving the Welfare of a Zoo-Housed Male Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis)
      Aggressive Toward Visitors.
AB  - Improving the welfare of nonhuman animals in captivity and maintaining behavioral
      competence for future conservation purposes is of the highest priority for zoos.
      The behavior of an aggressive male drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) was
      assessed in Barcelona Zoo. The 2-year study presented in this article examined
      the effects of introducing changes in the exhibit of the drill to improve his
      welfare by analyzing scan behaviors. First, a partial visual barrier was applied
      and proved to be insufficient to decrease the long-term stress indicators
      assessed. Next, a feeding enrichment program was implemented. The results
      supported the hypothesis that feeding and explorative activities would increase,
      whereas apathetic and stereotypic behaviors would decrease. However, visitor
      directed aggression did not vary, indicating that more profound structural
      modifications were needed to reduce the negative impact of the agonistic
      interactions between the drill and the public. The study emphasized the
      usefulness of environmental enrichment evaluations in assessing captive animal
      welfare. 

PMID- 26983785
TI  - Cutting Edge: Innate Lymphoid Cells Suppress Homeostatic T Cell Expansion in
      Neonatal Mice.
AB  - In adult mice, lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) leads to T cell
      activation, memory differentiation, tissue destruction, and a loss of TCR
      diversity. Neonatal mice are lymphopenic within the first week of life. This
      enables some recent thymic emigrants to undergo LIP and convert into long-lived
      memory T cells. Surprisingly, however, most neonatal T cells do not undergo LIP.
      We therefore asked whether neonate-specific mechanisms prevent lymphopenia-driven
      T cell activation. In this study, we show that IL-7R-dependent innate lymphoid
      cells (ILCs) block LIP of CD8(+) T cells in neonatal but not adult mice.
      Importantly, CD8(+) T cell responses against a foreign Ag are not inhibited by
      neonatal ILCs. This ILC-based inhibition of LIP ensures the generation of a
      diverse naive T cell pool in lymphopenic neonates that is mandatory for the
      maintenance of T cell homeostasis and immunological self-tolerance later in life.

PMID- 26983784
TI  - Intravitreal administration of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells triggers a
      cytoprotective microenvironment in the retina of diabetic mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and the
      leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the Western world. The reduction in
      color/contrast sensitivity due to the loss of neural cells in the ganglion cell
      layer of the retina is an early event in the onset of diabetic retinopathy.
      Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an attractive tool for the
      treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they could differentiate into
      neuronal cells, produce high levels of neurotrophic factors and reduce oxidative
      stress. Our aim was to determine whether the intravitreal administration of
      adipose-derived MSCs was able to prevent the loss of retinal ganglion cells in
      diabetic mice. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in C57BL6 mice by the administration
      of streptozotocin. When retinal pro-damage mechanisms were present, animals
      received a single intravitreal dose of 2 * 10(5) adipose-derived MSCs or the
      vehicle. Four and 12 weeks later we evaluated: (a) retinal ganglion cell number
      (immunofluorescence); (b) neurotrophic factor levels (real-time quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA)); (c) retinal apoptotic rate (TUNEL); (d) retinal levels of reactive
      oxygen species and oxidative damage (ELISA); (e) electrical response of the
      retina (electroretinography); (f) pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factor
      levels (RT-qPCR and ELISA); and (g) retinal blood vessels (angiography).
      Furthermore, 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-MSC administration, the presence of donor
      cells in the retina and their differentiation into neural and perivascular-like
      cells were assessed (immunofluorescence and flow cytometry). RESULTS: MSC
      administration completely prevented retinal ganglion cell loss. Donor cells
      remained in the vitreous cavity and did not differentiate into neural or
      perivascular-like cells. Nevertheless, they increased the intraocular levels of
      several potent neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor, basic fibroblast growth
      factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) and reduced the oxidative
      damage in the retina. Additionally, MSC administration has a neutral effect on
      the electrical response of the retina and did not result in a pathological
      neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal administration of adipose-derived
      MSCs triggers an effective cytoprotective microenvironment in the retina of
      diabetic mice. Thus, MSCs represent an interesting tool in order to prevent
      diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 26983787
TI  - CD83 Modulates B Cell Activation and Germinal Center Responses.
AB  - CD83 is a maturation marker for dendritic cells. In the B cell lineage, CD83 is
      expressed especially on activated B cells and on light zone B cells during the
      germinal center (GC) reaction. The function of CD83 during GC responses is
      unclear. CD83(-/-) mice have a strong reduction of CD4(+) T cells, which makes it
      difficult to analyze a functional role of CD83 on B cells during GC responses.
      Therefore, in the present study we generated a B cell-specific CD83 conditional
      knockout (CD83 B-cKO) model. CD83 B-cKO B cells show defective upregulation of
      MHC class II and CD86 expression and impaired proliferation after different
      stimuli. Analyses of GC responses after immunization with various Ags revealed a
      characteristic shift in dark zone and light zone B cell numbers, with an increase
      of B cells in the dark zone of CD83 B-cKO mice. This effect was not accompanied
      by alterations in the level of IgG immune responses or by major differences in
      affinity maturation. However, an enhanced IgE response was observed in CD83 B-cKO
      mice. Additionally, we observed a strong competitive disadvantage of CD83-cKO B
      cells in GC responses in mixed bone marrow chimeras. Furthermore, infection of
      mice with Borrelia burgdorferi revealed a defect in bacterial clearance of CD83 B
      cKO mice with a shift toward a Th2 response, indicated by a strong increase in
      IgE titers. Taken together, our results show that CD83 is important for B cell
      activation and modulates GC composition and IgE Ab responses in vivo.

PMID- 26983786
TI  - HIV-1-Specific CD8 T Cells Exhibit Limited Cross-Reactivity during Acute
      Infection.
AB  - Prior work has demonstrated that HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells can cross-recognize
      variant epitopes. However, most of these studies were performed in the context of
      chronic infection, where the presence of viral quasispecies makes it difficult to
      ascertain the true nature of the original antigenic stimulus. To overcome this
      limitation, we evaluated the extent of CD8 T cell cross-reactivity in patients
      with acute HIV-1 clade B infection. In each case, we determined the transmitted
      founder virus sequence to identify the autologous epitopes restricted by
      individual HLA class I molecules. Our data show that cross-reactive CD8 T cells
      are infrequent during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. Moreover, in the
      uncommon instances where cross-reactive responses were detected, the variant
      epitopes were poorly recognized in cytotoxicity assays. Molecular analysis
      revealed that similar antigenic structures could be cross-recognized by identical
      CD8 T cell clonotypes mobilized in vivo, yet even subtle differences in a single
      TCR-accessible peptide residue were sufficient to disrupt variant-specific
      reactivity. These findings demonstrate that CD8 T cells are highly specific for
      autologous epitopes during acute HIV-1 infection. Polyvalent vaccines may
      therefore be required to provide optimal immune cover against this genetically
      labile pathogen.

PMID- 26983788
TI  - Glial Cell-Elicited Activation of Brain Microvasculature in Response to Brucella
      abortus Infection Requires ASC Inflammasome-Dependent IL-1beta Production.
AB  - Blood-brain barrier activation and/or dysfunction are a common feature of human
      neurobrucellosis, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown.
      In this article, we describe an immune mechanism for inflammatory activation of
      human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) in response to infection with
      Brucella abortus Infection of HBMEC with B. abortus induced the secretion of IL
      6, IL-8, and MCP-1, and the upregulation of CD54 (ICAM-1), consistent with a
      state of activation. Culture supernatants (CS) from glial cells (astrocytes and
      microglia) infected with B. abortus also induced activation of HBMEC, but to a
      greater extent. Although B. abortus-infected glial cells secreted IL-1beta and
      TNF-alpha, activation of HBMEC was dependent on IL-1beta because CS from B.
      abortus-infected astrocytes and microglia deficient in caspase-1 and apoptosis
      associated speck-like protein containing a CARD failed to induce HBMEC
      activation. Consistently, treatment of CS with neutralizing anti-IL-1beta
      inhibited HBMEC activation. Both absent in melanoma 2 and Nod-like receptor
      containing a pyrin domain 3 are partially required for caspase-1 activation and
      IL-1beta secretion, suggesting that multiple apoptosis-associated speck-like
      protein containing CARD-dependent inflammasomes contribute to IL-1beta-induced
      activation of the brain microvasculature. Inflammasome-mediated IL-1beta
      secretion in glial cells depends on TLR2 and MyD88 adapter-like/TIRAP. Finally,
      neutrophil and monocyte migration across HBMEC monolayers was increased by CS
      from Brucella-infected glial cells in an IL-1beta-dependent fashion, and the
      infiltration of neutrophils into the brain parenchyma upon intracranial injection
      of B. abortus was diminished in the absence of Nod-like receptor containing a
      pyrin domain 3 and absent in melanoma 2. Our results indicate that innate
      immunity of the CNS set in motion by B. abortus contributes to the activation of
      the blood-brain barrier in neurobrucellosis and IL-1beta mediates this
      phenomenon.

PMID- 26983790
TI  - NOD-Like Receptors: A Tail from Plants to Mammals Through Invertebrates.
AB  - NOD Like Receptors (NLRs) are the most abundant cytoplasmic immune receptors in
      plants and animals and they similarly act sensing pathogen invasion and
      activating immune response. Despite the fact that plant and mammals NLRs share
      homology.; with some protein structure differences.; for signalling pathway.;
      divergent evolution of the receptors has been hypothesized. Next generation
      genome sequencing has contributed to the description of NLRs in phyla others than
      plants and mammals and leads to new knowledge about NLRs evolution along
      phylogeny. Full comprehension of NLR-mediated immune response in plant could
      contribute to the understanding of animal NLRs physiology and/or pathology.

PMID- 26983791
TI  - Comparison of Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery and Micro-Percutaneous
      Nephrolithotomy in Moderately Sized Pediatric Kidney Stones.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness and reliability of retrograde intrarenal
      surgery (RIRS) and micro-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (micro-perc) for the
      management of kidney stones in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      retrospective analysis was made of pediatric patients aged <18 years with kidney
      stones that ranged from 10 to 20 mm in size, who underwent RIRS (n = 36) or micro
      perc (n = 45) in referral centers. RESULTS: In the RIRS group, the mean age of
      patients was 8.39 +/- 4.72 years and in the micro-perc group, it was 5.62 +/-
      4.50 years (p = 0.01). The mean stone size was 12.80 +/- 3.03 mm in the RIRS
      group and 13.97 +/- 3.46 mm in the micro-perc group (p = 0.189). The success rate
      was 86.2% (n = 31) in the RIRS group and 80.0% (n = 36) in the micro-perc group
      (p = 0.47). The mean complication rate was 16.6% and 13.3% in the RIRS and micro
      perc groups, respectively (p = 0.675). Hospital stay and radiation exposure were
      significantly lower in the RIRS group (all p < 0.001). The mean anesthesia
      session was 1.94 in the RIRS group and 1.26 in the micro-perc group (p < 0.001).
      The mean hemoglobin drop was 0.53 +/- 0.87 g/dL in the micro-perc group, and none
      of the cases required blood transfusion. CONCLUSION: The results of this study
      suggested that micro-perc and RIRS were highly effective methods for the
      treatment of moderately sized renal stones in children, with comparable success
      and complication rates. Patients and their parents should be informed about the
      currently available treatment options, and of their efficacy and safety. However,
      further clinical trials are needed to support these results.

PMID- 26983793
TI  - Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a
      Sexually Inexperienced Adult.
AB  - While virginity prior to marriage has been historically valued, changing
      sociosexual scripts in the United States have made premarital sexual activity the
      norm for young adults, with sexual debut generally occurring in late adolescence.
      In the current research, we examined the impact of being developmentally off-time
      with first coitus (i.e., not yet engaging in coitus when most same-aged peers
      have done so). Specifically, we investigated stigma toward sexually inexperienced
      adults and discrimination regarding romantic relationship formation. Across three
      methodologically diverse studies we observed that sexually inexperienced adults
      perceived themselves to be stigmatized due to their inexperience and that
      sexually inexperienced adults were not highly desired as relationship partners.
      Even sexually inexperienced adults themselves did not find other inexperienced
      adults to be attractive relationship partners. Although abstaining from sexual
      activity may bestow some health advantages, our studies show that being a sexual
      "late bloomer" may result in negative interpersonal consequences such as limited
      opportunities for romantic relationships.

PMID- 26983792
TI  - Situation selection across adulthood: the role of arousal.
AB  - In this study, we investigated age differences in situation selection to
      understand the role stimulus arousal plays in motivating age differences in this
      type of emotion regulation. Participants freely selected from a set of affective
      videos using information about the valence and arousal of each stimulus. There
      were age differences both in the valence and arousal of selected stimuli. Older
      adults selected more neutral and low-arousal stimuli while younger adults
      selected more negative and high-arousal stimuli. We consider these results in
      light of recent theoretical models and conclude that studies of age differences
      in emotion regulation must consider both valence and arousal.

PMID- 26983795
TI  - Improving Physical Activity Ensures the Long-Term Survival of Pneumonia Patients
      in a Super-Aged Society: A Retrospective Study in an Acute-Care Hospital in
      Japan.
AB  - Pneumonia is the third largest cause of death in Japan. Chest physicians have
      been struggling to improve the outcome of pneumonia treatment in acute care
      settings. However, a poor long-term prognosis after pneumonia has not been well
      recognized. Furthermore, the factors related to the poor prognosis, especially
      the possible involvement of senescence-related disability, have not been
      identified. In this study, long-term outcomes after discharge from hospital were
      retrospectively analyzed to identify factors related to the poor long-term
      prognosis. Outcomes of 958 pneumonia patients who were discharged from South
      Miyagi Medical Center (Miyagi, Japan) from June 1, 2008 to March 31, 2014 were
      determined through patient surveys or medical record reviews on September 26,
      2014. Survival curves were constructed and compared according to various factors.
      Multivariate analysis revealed that all levels of decrease in physical activity,
      an age of 80 years old or more, the most severe status in Japanese Respiratory
      Society pneumonia severity grading system, the presence of antibiotic-resistant
      bacteria, and comorbid malignancy significantly reduced long-term survival. The
      effects of dementia, neuromuscular disease, heart disease, and nursing care
      residency on long-term survival were detected only with univariate analysis.
      Physical activity influenced the acute-phase and the long-term prognosis of
      pneumonia. This report provides information to assist physicians in giving better
      suggestions to disabled older patients when choosing pneumonia treatment options.
      In conclusion, we propose that death related to pneumonia can be prevented in the
      same way as non-communicable diseases by improving physical activity. 

PMID- 26983794
TI  - The Perioperative Educational Program for Improving Upper Arm Dysfunction in
      Patients with Breast Cancer at 1-Year Follow-Up: A Prospective, Controlled Trial.
AB  - The many women with breast cancer who underwent axillary lymph node dissection
      (ALND) suffer from the upper arm dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the
      effectiveness of a perioperative educational program for improving upper arm
      dysfunction in breast cancer patients following ALND. This study was a sub
      analysis of a previous controlled trial with an educational program. The subjects
      of this analysis included 64 patients following ALND who completed measurements
      at 12 months. The perioperative educational program consisted of monitoring of
      arm dysfunction, exercises, massage, and lifestyle adjustments. The intervention
      group (37 patients) received this perioperative educational program over 12
      months, while 27 patients in the control group received written information about
      shoulder exercise from on-site staff only before surgery. Primary outcomes were
      shoulder range of motion (ROM), arm girth, and grip strength. Secondary outcomes
      were evaluated with the Subjective Perception of Post-Operative Functional
      Impairment of the Arm (SPOFIA) scores, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and
      Hand (DASH) scores, and the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short-Form Health
      Survey v2 (SF-36v2). The SF-36v2 measures health-related quality of life (QOL).
      Primary and secondary outcomes were compared between groups at 1 week (after
      drainage tube removal) and 12 months after surgery, using the Mann-Whitney U
      test. The horizontal extension was significantly improved only in the
      intervention group. Moreover, the SPOFIA score was significantly improved in the
      intervention group, and other scores of the secondary outcomes were similar
      between the two groups. The perioperative educational program may improve
      postoperative upper arm dysfunction and symptoms. 

PMID- 26983789
TI  - Aging Converts Innate B1a Cells into Potent CD8+ T Cell Inducers.
AB  - B cell dysregulation in aging is thought to mostly occur in conventional B2 cells
      without affecting innate B1 cells. Elderly humans and mice also accumulate 4
      1BBL(+)MHC class-I(Hi)CD86(Hi)B cells of unknown origin. In this article, we
      report that these cells, termed 4BL cells, are activated murine and possibly
      human B1a cells. The activation is mediated by aging human monocytes and murine
      peritoneal macrophages. They induce expression and activation of 4-1BBL and IFN
      gammaR1 on B1a cells to subsequently upregulate membrane TNF-alpha and CD86. As a
      result, activated B1a/4BL cells induce expression of granzyme B in CD8(+)T cells
      by targeting TNFR2 via membrane TNF-alpha and providing costimulation with CD86.
      Thus, for the first time, to our knowledge, these results indicate that aging
      affects the function of B1a cells. Upon aging, these cells lose their tumor
      supporting activity and become inducers of potentially antitumor and autoimmune
      CD8(+)T cells.

PMID- 26983796
TI  - Is paradoxical hair growth caused by low-level radiant exposure by home-use laser
      and intense pulsed light devices?
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This qualitative review of paradoxical hair growth,
      following professional treatments reviews, clarifies whether low fluence is the
      most probable cause of unwanted hair regrowth after at home light-based
      treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proposed causes of unexpected hair
      regrowth are examined, and our scientific understanding of absorption and
      scattering of light in turbid tissue is reviewed. Published reports of
      paradoxical hair growth are assessed. RESULTS: Early laser hair removal studies
      failed to record the occurrence of hair induction despite the significant numbers
      of subjects treated. Neither published paradoxical hair growth studies following
      home-based laser or intense pulsed light (IPL) hair removal treatments, nor
      randomised or controlled studies documenting paradoxical hair growth following
      professional treatments could be found. Several authors directly proposed
      inflammatory response to be the primary cause of hair growth induction.
      CONCLUSIONS: It is unlikely that hair regrowth several centimetres or more away
      from the irradiated tissue can be attributed to the laser or IPL used. In many
      cases of paradoxical hair growth, other causes may be responsible for the
      unexpected hair growth. The primary cause of instances of 'true' paradoxical hair
      growth is probably limited to darker phototypes with one or more other
      characteristics including polycystic ovarian syndrome or other androgen hormonal
      irregularities following high energy treatments with the corresponding
      inflammatory sequelae.

PMID- 26983798
TI  - Navigation: The long and short of teleporting.

PMID- 26983797
TI  - Correlation of bioelectrical impedance analysis phase angle with changes in
      oxidative stress on end-stage renal disease patients, before, during, and after
      dialysis.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease is a condition that promotes oxidative stress. There are
      conflicting evidence about the role of hemodialysis on oxidative stress, that are
      mostly related with the various types of membrane materials used, the quality and
      type of dialysate, the method used, etc. The phase angle (PhA), which is
      determined with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), measures the
      functionality of cell membranes. In this study, the correlation of the PhA with
      parameters of oxidative stress is attempted for the first time. We evaluated
      parameters of oxidative status as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in
      erythrocytes (RBCs) and plasma of patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis with
      low flux synthetic polysulfone membranes. Measurements were recorded from 30
      patients (16 men and 14 women) aged 64 +/- 14 years before, during, and after
      dialysis, and in 15 healthy volunteers aged 56 +/- 12 years The PhA was obtained
      by BIA. The plasma TAC increased significantly (41%, p < 0.05). Intracellular TAC
      noted a non-significant increase. Total antioxidant capacity of the patients
      before and after hemodialysis was significantly lower from the healthy volunteers
      (p < 0.05) showing that ESRD patients are at the state of increased oxidative
      stress. The PhA increased in significantly positive correlation with plasma TAC
      at the end of hemodialysis. The process of hemodialysis with biocompatible
      synthetic membranes and bicarbonate dialysate improved plasma TAC. The positive
      correlation of PhA with extracellular TAC could evolve to a method of oxidative
      stress estimation by BIA but further research is needed. 

PMID- 26983799
TI  - Fear Memory.
AB  - Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in
      the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual
      fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure
      (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus
      (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala
      (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The
      circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal
      cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning
      models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis
      of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies
      have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other
      kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning
      has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects
      on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of
      the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of
      posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general. 

PMID- 26983801
TI  - Effects of carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) ratio and nitrate (N) dosage on Denitrifying
      Sulfur cycle-associated Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (DS-EBPR).
AB  - In this study, the Denitrifying Sulfur cycle-associated Enhanced Biological
      Phosphorous Removal (DS-EBPR) with 20 mg P/L/d of the volumetric P removal rate
      was successfully achieved in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The effects of
      carbon-to-sulfur (C/S) mass ratio and nitrate (N) dosage were investigated
      through two batch tests to reveal the role of wastewater compositions in DS-EBPR
      performance. The optimal specific P release and uptake rates (0.4 and 2.4 mg P/g
      VSS/h, respectively) were achieved at C/S/P/N mass ratio of 150/200/20/20, and
      poly-S is supplied as a potential electron and energy storage. The nitrate dosage
      in a range of 10-50 mg N/L had no significant influence on P uptake rates (2.1 ~
      2.4 mg P/g VSS/h), but significantly affected the storage of inclusion poly-S,
      the poly-S oxidation rate was increased about 16% while dosing nitrate from 20 to
      30 mg N/L. It implies that nitrate is denitrified in the P uptake phase, and
      excess nitrate is further consumed by poly-S. Moreover, the microbial analysis
      showed that the functional bacteria should mostly belong to denitrifying bacteria
      or Unclassified genera. 

PMID- 26983800
TI  - A new hand-held microfluidic cytometer for evaluating irradiation damage by
      analysis of the damaged cells distribution.
AB  - Space radiation brings uneven damages to cells. The detection of the distribution
      of cell damage plays a very important role in radiation medicine and the related
      research. In this paper, a new hand-held microfluidic flow cytometer was
      developed to evaluate the degree of radiation damage of cells. The device we
      propose overcomes the shortcomings (e.g., large volume and high cost) of
      commercial flow cytometers and can evaluate the radiation damage of cells
      accurately and quickly with potential for onsite applications. The distribution
      of radiation-damaged cells is analyzed by a simultaneous detection of
      immunofluorescence intensity of gamma-H2AX and resistance pulse sensor (RPS)
      signal. The gamma-H2AX fluorescence intensity provides information of the degree
      of radiation damage in cells. The ratio of the number of cells with gamma-H2AX
      fluorescence signals to the total numbers of cells detected by RPS indicates the
      percentage of the cells that are damaged by radiation. The comparison experiment
      between the developed hand-held microfluidic flow cytometer and a commercial
      confocal microscope indicates a consistent and comparable detection performance. 

PMID- 26983802
TI  - Thermal niche estimators and the capability of poor dispersal species to cope
      with climate change.
AB  - For management strategies in the context of global warming, accurate predictions
      of species response are mandatory. However, to date most predictions are based on
      niche (bioclimatic) models that usually overlook biotic interactions, behavioral
      adjustments or adaptive evolution, and assume that species can disperse freely
      without constraints. The deep subterranean environment minimises these
      uncertainties, as it is simple, homogeneous and with constant environmental
      conditions. It is thus an ideal model system to study the effect of global change
      in species with poor dispersal capabilities. We assess the potential fate of a
      lineage of troglobitic beetles under global change predictions using different
      approaches to estimate their thermal niche: bioclimatic models, rates of thermal
      niche change estimated from a molecular phylogeny, and data from physiological
      studies. Using bioclimatic models, at most 60% of the species were predicted to
      have suitable conditions in 2080. Considering the rates of thermal niche change
      did not improve this prediction. However, physiological data suggest that
      subterranean species have a broad thermal tolerance, allowing them to stand
      temperatures never experienced through their evolutionary history. These results
      stress the need of experimental approaches to assess the capability of poor
      dispersal species to cope with temperatures outside those they currently
      experience. 

PMID- 26983803
TI  - Tanshinone IIA induces TRAIL sensitization of human lung cancer cells through
      selective ER stress induction.
AB  - Although tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a
      promised anticancer medicine targeting only the tumor, most cancers show
      resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. For this reason, new therapeutic
      strategies to overcome the TRAIL resistance are required for more effective tumor
      treatment. In the present study, potential of tanshinone IIA as a TRAIL
      sensitizer was evaluated in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. NSCLC
      cells showed resistance to TRAIL-mediated cell death, but combination treatment
      of Tanshinone IIA and TRAIL synergistically decreased cell viability and
      increased apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant NSCLC cells. Tanshinone IIA greatly
      induced death receptor 5 (DR5), but not death receptor 4 (DR4). Furthermore, DR5
      knockdown attenuated the combination treatment of tanshinone IIA with TRAIL
      mediated cell death in human NSCLC cells. Tanshinone IIA also increased CHOP and
      activated the PERK-ATF4 pathway suggesting that tanshinone IIA increased DR5 and
      CHOP by activating the PERK-ATF4 pathway. Tanshinone IIA also downregulated
      phosphorylation of STAT3 and expression of survivin. Taken together, these
      results indicate that tanshinone IIA increases TRAIL-induced cell death via
      upregulating DR5 and downregulating survivin mediated by, respectively, selective
      activation of PERK/ATF4 and inhibition of STAT3, suggesting combinatorial
      intervention of tanshinone IIA and TRAIL as a new therapeutic strategy for human
      NSCLC. 

PMID- 26983804
TI  - Broadband Tunability of Polarization-Insensitive Absorber Based on Frequency
      Selective Surface.
AB  - An innovative tunable and polarization-insensitive 1.6-8 GHz frequency selective
      surface (FSS) absorber was investigated in this study. The proposed FSS, which is
      in 4-axial symmetrical form, includes a novel array of PIN diodes with biasing
      lines including inductors. A gradually reduced equivalent resistor of PIN diodes
      can be achieved with increasing DC voltage, which characterizes tunable, multi
      resonance absorption peaks. Via this simplified design, small value resistor and
      equivalent capacitance of the gap between patterns can improve the absorber's
      performance in low frequencies; an active tunable absorber can be realized in a
      broad frequency range by employing adjustable devices. Changing the working state
      of the PIN diode allows the user to obtain strong absorption within the desired
      frequency. We analyzed the performance of the proposed absorber and found that it
      indeed shows very favorable absorption performance in low frequency (-10 dB in
      1.6-4.3 GHz) and wideband (-8 dB in 4.3-5.4 GHz and -10 dB in 5.4-8.0 GHz)
      conditions. Calculation and simulation results also illustrated that the absorber
      is entirely polarization-insensitive. 

PMID- 26983805
TI  - Optically responsive supramolecular polymer glasses.
AB  - The reversible and dynamic nature of non-covalent interactions between the
      constituting building blocks renders many supramolecular polymers stimuli
      responsive. This was previously exploited to create thermally and optically
      healable polymers, but it proved challenging to achieve high stiffness and good
      healability. Here we present a glass-forming supramolecular material that is
      based on a trifunctional low-molecular-weight monomer ((UPyU)3TMP). Carrying
      three ureido-4-pyrimidinone (UPy) groups, (UPyU)3TMP forms a dynamic
      supramolecular polymer network, whose properties are governed by its cross-linked
      architecture and the large content of the binding motif. This design promotes the
      formation of a disordered glass, which, in spite of the low molecular weight of
      the building block, displays typical polymeric behaviour. The material exhibits a
      high stiffness and offers excellent coating and adhesive properties. On account
      of reversible dissociation and the formation of a low-viscosity liquid upon
      irradiation with ultraviolet light, rapid optical healing as well as (de)bonding
      on demand is possible. 

PMID- 26983808
TI  - Characterization and remediation of contamination: the influences of mining and
      other human activities.

PMID- 26983806
TI  - Novel roles for class II Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase C2beta in signalling pathways
      involved in prostate cancer cell invasion.
AB  - Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate several cellular functions such as
      proliferation, growth, survival and migration. The eight PI3K isoforms are
      grouped into three classes and the three enzymes belonging to the class II
      subfamily (PI3K-C2alpha, beta and gamma) are the least investigated amongst all
      PI3Ks. Interest on these isoforms has been recently fuelled by the identification
      of specific physiological roles for class II PI3Ks and by accumulating evidence
      indicating their involvement in human diseases. While it is now established that
      these isoforms can regulate distinct cellular functions compared to other PI3Ks,
      there is still a limited understanding of the signalling pathways that can be
      specifically regulated by class II PI3Ks. Here we show that PI3K-C2beta regulates
      mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK1/2) and extracellular signal
      regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. We further
      demonstrate that MEK/ERK and PI3K-C2beta are required for PCa cell invasion but
      not proliferation. In addition we show that PI3K-C2beta but not MEK/ERK regulates
      PCa cell migration as well as expression of the transcription factor Slug. These
      data identify novel signalling pathways specifically regulated by PI3K-C2beta and
      they further identify this enzyme as a key regulator of PCa cell migration and
      invasion. 

PMID- 26983809
TI  - Estimation of PCB content in agricultural soils associated with long-term
      fertilization with organic waste.
AB  - Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution related to the use of organic waste as
      fertilizers in agricultural soils is a cause of major concern. In the study
      presented herein, PCB concentration was studied through a field trial conducted
      in two agricultural soils in the province of Palencia (Spain) over a 4-year
      period, assessing the impact of irrigation and of different types of organic
      waste materials. The amounts of organic waste added to the soil were calculated
      according to the nitrogen needs of the crop, and the concentration of PCBs was
      determined before and after the application of the organic waste. The resulting
      persistence of the total PCB content in the agricultural soils, compared with the
      PCB concentration in the original soils, ranged from 27% to 90%, with the lowest
      value corresponding to irrigated soils treated with municipal solid waste compost
      (MSWC) and the highest value to non-irrigated soils treated with composted sewage
      sludge (CSS). An estimate of the PCB content in agricultural soils after the
      application of organic waste materials until year 2050 was obtained, resulting in
      a value below 5 ng.g(-1), considered a background value for soils in sites far
      away from potential pollution sources. 

PMID- 26983810
TI  - Removing heavy metals from Isfahan composting leachate by horizontal subsurface
      flow constructed wetland.
AB  - Composting facility leachate usually contains high concentrations of pollutants
      including heavy metals that are seriously harmful to the environment and public
      health. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metals removal from
      Isfahan composting facility (ICF) leachate by a horizontal flow constructed
      wetland (HFCWs) system. Two horizontal systems were constructed, one planted with
      vetiver and the other without plant as a control. They both operated at a flow
      rate of 24 L/day with a 5-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). The average removal
      efficiencies for Cr (53 %), Cd (40 %), Ni (35 %), Pb (30 %), Zn (35 %), and Cu
      (40 %) in vetiver constructed wetland were significantly higher than those of the
      control (P < 0.05). Accumulations of heavy metals in roots were higher than
      shoots. Cd and Zn showed the highest and the lowest bioconcentration factor
      (BCF), respectively. Vetiver tolerates the extreme condition in leachate
      including high total dissolved solids. 

PMID- 26983811
TI  - Transport stability of pesticides and PAHs sequestered in polyethylene passive
      sampling devices.
AB  - Research using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers has steadily
      increased over the past two decades. However, such research efforts remain
      hampered because of strict guidelines, requiring that these samplers be quickly
      transported in airtight metal or glass containers or foil wrapped on ice. We
      investigate the transport stability of model pesticides and polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAHs) with varying physicochemical properties using
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bags instead. Transport scenarios were simulated
      with transport times up to 14 days with temperatures ranging between -20 and 35 
      degrees C. Our findings show that concentrations of all model compounds examined
      were stable for all transport conditions tested, with mean recoveries ranging
      from 88 to 113 %. Furthermore, PTFE bags proved beneficial as reusable,
      lightweight, low-volume, low-cost alternatives to conventional containers. This
      documentation of stability will allow for more flexible transportation of LDPE
      passive samplers in an expanding range of research applications while maintaining
      experimental rigor. 

PMID- 26983812
TI  - A multipoint (49 points) study of dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Erzurum, Turkey by using surrogated snow surface samplers.
AB  - Dry deposition of atmospheric 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) components
      was investigated in the scope of the study by using surrogate snow samplers at 49
      different sampling points in and around the city center of Erzurum, Turkey. Snow
      was sampled twice, the first of which was taken immediately after the first fresh
      snow cover and placed into aluminum trays to obtain dry deposition surface while
      the second sample was taken from the snow cover (accumulated snow) exposed to an
      8-day dry deposition period and then analyzed and extracted. All the samples
      taken from the samplers were extracted using solid and liquid phase extraction
      and analyzed through GC-MS. It was observed that at the end of an 8-day dry
      period, snow samples enriched 5.5 times more in PAH components than the baseline.
      PAH deposition was determined to be influenced mainly by coal, mixed source,
      traffic, diesel fuel, and petrol fuel at 43, 27, 20, 8, and 2 % of sampling
      points, respectively. Local polluting sources were found to be effective on the
      spatial distribution of dry deposition of PAH components in urban area. 

PMID- 26983813
TI  - Transformation of acetaminophen during water chlorination treatment: kinetics and
      transformation products identification.
AB  - As a high-consumption drug in the world, acetaminophen (AAP) has been widely
      detected in natural waters and wastewaters. Its reactivity and the transformation
      products formed during chlorination may greatly threaten the safety of drinking
      water. The reaction kinetics of AAP during chlorination was investigated in this
      study. The results showed that the reaction kinetics could be well described with
      a kinetics model of -d[AAP]/dt = k app[AAP]t (0.63)[Cl2]t (1.37). The values of
      apparent rate constant (k app) were dependent on reaction temperature, ammonium,
      and pH. With the increase in reaction temperature from 5.0 +/- 1.0 to 40.0 +/-
      1.0  degrees C, the removal efficiency of AAP increased from 60 to 100 %. When
      ammonium was present in the solution at 2.0 mg/L, the transformation of AAP was
      inhibited due to the rapid formation of chloramines. The maximum of k app was
      0.58 * 10(2) M(-1) . min(-1) at pH 9.0, and the minimum was 0.27 M(-1) . min(-1)
      at pH 11.0. A low mineralization of AAP (about 7.2 %) with chlorination was
      observed through TOC analysis, implying the formation of plenty of transformation
      products during chlorination. The main transformation products, hydroquinone and
      two kinds of chlorinated compounds, monochlorinated acetaminophen and
      dichlorinated acetaminophen, were detected in gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry analysis. 

PMID- 26983814
TI  - The impact of Ni on the physiology of a Mediterranean Ni-hyperaccumulating plant.
AB  - High nickel (Ni) levels exert toxic effects on plant growth and plant water
      content, thus affecting photosynthesis. In a pot experiment, we investigated the
      effect of the Ni concentration on the physiological characteristics of the Ni
      hyperaccumulator Alyssoides utriculata when grown on a vermiculite substrate in
      the presence of different external Ni concentrations (0-500 mg Ni L(-1)). The
      results showed that the Ni concentration was higher in leaves than in roots, as
      evidenced by a translocation factor = 3 and a bioconcentration factor = 10. At
      the highest concentration tested (500 mg Ni L(-1)), A. utriculata accumulated
      1100 mg Ni per kilogram in its leaves, without an effects on its biomass. Plant
      water content increased significantly with Ni accumulation. Ni treatment did not,
      or only slightly, affected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The
      photosynthetic efficiency (FV/FM) of A. utriculata was stable between Ni
      treatments (always >= 0.8) and the photosynthetic performance of the plant under
      Ni stress remained high (performance index = 1.5). These findings support that A.
      utriculata has several mechanisms to avoid severe damage to its photosynthetic
      apparatus, confirming the tolerance of this species to Ni under
      hyperaccumulation. 

PMID- 26983816
TI  - Cone beam computed tomographic evaluation of nutrient canals and foramina in the
      anterior region of the mandible.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and anatomical location of mandibular
      nutrient canals (NCs) originating from the mandibular canal using dental cone
      beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: CBCT images from 105 patients were
      examined to evaluate the presence, number, diameter, and course of NCs. RESULTS:
      NCs and their foramina were bilaterally located in 17 (16.2 %) images. The mean
      diameters of NCs and foramina were 0.9 +/- 0.4 (range, 0.2-3.2) mm and 0.9 +/-
      0.4 (0.2-2.1) mm, respectively. NCs coursed through the mandibular incisor region
      up to the lingual surface of the alveolar bone crest. CONCLUSION: The present
      study revealed the frequency and distribution of NCs using CBCT image analysis.
      NCs are important because surgical injury to the neurovascular bundle within
      these canals can lead to excessive bleeding and postoperative paresthesia. The
      identification of NC on CBCT images may be useful during the harvesting of bone
      blocks or placement of endosseous implants in the anterior region of the
      mandible.

PMID- 26983815
TI  - Exposure to a diet high in fat attenuates dendritic spine density in the medial
      prefrontal cortex.
AB  - A key factor in the development of obesity is the overconsumption of food
      calorically high in fat. Overconsumption of food high in fat not only promotes
      weight gain but elicits changes in reward processing. No studies to date have
      examined whether consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet alters structural plasticity
      in brain areas critical for reward processing, which may account for persistent
      changes in behavior and psychological function by reorganizing synaptic
      connectivity. To test whether dietary fat may induce structural plasticity we
      placed rats on one of three dietary conditions: ad libitum standard chow (SC), ad
      libitum 60 % HF (HF-AL), or calorically matched 60 % HF (HF-CM) for 3 weeks and
      then quantified dendritic spine density and type on basal and apical dendrites of
      pyramidal cells in layer V of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and medium
      spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens. Our results demonstrate a
      significant reduction in the density of thin spines on the apical and basal
      segments of dendrites within the infralimbic, but not prelimbic, mPFC.

PMID- 26983817
TI  - New anatomo-radiological findings of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
AB  - PURPOSE: The discrepancies in the literature regarding the anatomy of the
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ), particularly at the level of the lateral pterygoid
      muscle, led us to compare plastinated section techniques and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) to enable the better interpretation of both, and to describe the
      features of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the exact location of its
      insertions. METHODS: A total of 24 blocks of human TMJ were used. Seven were
      studied by MRI, obtaining images of the oblique-sagittal, oblique-coronal, and
      axial planes. Four of these blocks were then cut and processed by means of the
      E12 plastination technique. The remaining blocks were dissected. Finally, we
      performed a comparative morphological analysis of the different techniques used.
      RESULTS: New aspects about the morphology and the insertions of the lateral
      pterygoid muscle are described. The muscle is inserted into the disc, capsule,
      condyle, and the pterygoid fovea, through muscle and tendon fibres that
      alternate, giving it the characteristic of a multipennate muscle. This insertion
      caudally exceeded the pterygoid fovea and descends to near the lingula of
      mandible. A profuse pterygoid venous plexus surrounds the whole joint complex,
      and also the insertion zone of the lateral pterygoid muscle. CONCLUSIONS: We
      consider that the use of transparent-plastinated anatomical sections and its good
      correlation with MRI images (in axial and oblique-sagittal planes) led to an
      accurate identification of TMJ structures, especially in relation to the lateral
      pterygoid muscle, that is now described as a multipennate muscle.

PMID- 26983818
TI  - Community Violence Exposure and Generalized Anxiety Symptoms: Does Executive
      Functioning Serve a Moderating Role Among Low Income, Urban Youth?
AB  - Although community violence exposure (CVE) confers risk for generalized anxiety
      symptoms, not all youth who are exposed to violence exhibit such symptoms,
      suggesting that other factors moderate this relation. One candidate for
      moderation is executive functioning (EF), which is linked to both CVE and
      generalized anxiety symptoms. Nevertheless, little research has examined whether
      EF moderates the CVE-anxiety relation. To address this gap, we examined
      associations among CVE (i.e., direct victimization and witnessed violence), EF
      abilities (i.e., emotional control and shifting), and parent- and child-reported
      generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms among low income, urban youth (N =
      104, 50 % male, M = 9.93 +/- 1.22 years). In terms of main effects, lower levels
      of emotional control were associated with increased parent-reported GAD symptoms,
      whereas lower levels of shifting abilities were associated with increased parent-
      and child-reported GAD symptoms across both subtypes of CVE. EF abilities
      moderated the relation between direct victimization and both parent- and child
      reported GAD symptoms, but did not moderate the relation between witnessed
      violence and GAD symptoms. Post-hoc probing indicated that when youth were
      exposed to higher levels of direct victimization, those with lower EF abilities
      exhibited elevated GAD symptoms. However, the level of direct victimization did
      not impact the level of GAD symptoms among youth with higher EF abilities.
      Findings have implications for prevention and intervention programs among at-risk
      youth who are exposed to community violence.

PMID- 26983820
TI  - [Significance of the German Act on the Reform of the Market for Medicinal
      Products for psychopharmacotherapy].
AB  - The German Act on the Reform of the Market for Medicinal Products (AMNOG) will
      lead to rapid disappearance of many new psychotropic drugs from the market in
      Germany over the next few years or their not being introduced in the first place.
      This article lists the reasons and discusses possible solutions. In the long
      term, the AMNOG could not only lead to an improvement of psychopharmacology but
      also contribute to the development of psychiatry as a whole, especially if its
      standards become an international reference. 

PMID- 26983821
TI  - The use of surgery for cervical degenerative disease in Norway in the period 2008
      2014 : A population-based study of 6511 procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence rate of surgical treatment of cervical degenerative
      diseases (CDD) has increased in the USA and a large geographic variation has been
      shown. Little is known about such rates in Scandinavia and Europe. The aim of
      this population-based study was to (1) investigate annual incidence rates of
      operations performed in Norway, (2) to compare trends and variations in rates for
      surgical indications with and without myelopathy, and (3) to compare variations
      in the use of surgery between residential areas. METHODS: Patients operated for
      CDD and recorded in the Norwegian Patient Registry from 2008 to 2014 were
      evaluated according to residential areas (resident county and Regional Health
      Authority (RHA) area), age, gender, treating hospital, and whether myelopathy was
      present or not. Surgical rates were adjusted for age and gender. Data from
      private health care were also included. RESULTS: The annual surgical rates
      increased by 74.1 % from 2008 to 2014 (12.5/100,000 inhabitants). The largest
      increase was for surgical treatment of radiculopathy, 86.5 %. Surgical rates for
      CDD varied in 2014 with a ratio of 1.5 between the highest and lowest RHA and
      with a ratio of 2.5 between the different residential counties within one RHA.
      The treatment rates for myelopathy were relatively stable over time, but showed
      an increase of 2.1/100,000 (44.6 %) from 2013 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      shows that the rate of surgical treatment for radiculopathy due to CDD has
      increased substantially from 2008 to 2014 for all RHAs in Norway. The incidence
      rate for surgical treatment of myelopathy was more stable. An unexplained and
      moderate geographic variation was found.

PMID- 26983824
TI  - Simulation of Paramecium Chemotaxis Exposed to Calcium Gradients.
AB  - Paramecium or other ciliates have the potential to be utilized for minimally
      invasive surgery systems, making internal body organs accessible. Paramecium
      shows interesting responses to changes in the concentration of specific ions such
      as K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) in the ambient fluid. Some specific responses are
      observed as, changes in beat pattern of cilia and swimming toward or apart from
      the ion source. Therefore developing a model for chemotactic motility of small
      organisms is necessary in order to control the directional movements of these
      microorganisms before testing them. In this article, we have developed a
      numerical model, investigating the effects of Ca(2+) on swimming trajectory of
      Paramecium. Results for Ca(2+)-dependent chemotactic motility show that calcium
      gradients are efficient actuators for controlling the Paramecium swimming
      trajectory. After applying a very low Ca(2+) gradient, a directional chemotaxis
      of swimming Paramecium is observable in this model. As a result, chemotaxis is
      shown to be an efficient method for controlling the propulsion of these small
      organisms. 

PMID- 26983823
TI  - Diverse Ecological Strategies Are Encoded by Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteriocin
      Like Peptides.
AB  - The opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is commonly carried
      asymptomatically in the human nasopharynx. Due to high rates of cocolonization
      with other pneumococcus strains, intraspecific competitive interactions partly
      determine the carriage duration of strains and thereby their potential to cause
      disease. These interactions may be mediated by bacteriocins, such as the type IIb
      bacteriocins encoded by the blp (bacteriocin-like peptide) locus. To understand
      blp diversity and evolution, we undertook a bioinformatic analysis of 4,418
      pneumococcal genomes, including 168 newly sequenced genomes. We describe immense
      variation at all levels of genomic organization: Gene presence/absence, gene
      order, and allelic diversity. If we make the extreme and naive hypothesis that
      assumes all genes in this operon can assort randomly, this variation could lead
      to 10(15) distinct bacteriocin-related phenotypes, each potentially representing
      a unique ecological strategy; however, we provide several explanations for why
      this extreme is not realized. Although rarefaction analysis indicates that the
      number of unique strategies is not saturated, even after sampling thousands of
      genomes, we show that the variation is neither unbounded nor random. We delimit
      three bacteriocin groups, which contain group-specific bacteriocins, immunity
      genes, and blp operon gene order, and argue that this organization places a
      constraint on realized ecological strategies. We additionally show that
      ecological strategy diversity is significantly constrained by pneumococcal
      phylogeny and clonal structure. By examining patterns of association between
      alleles within the blp operon, we show that bacteriocin genes, which were
      believed to function in pairs, can be found with a broad diversity of partner
      alleles and immunity genes; this overall lack of allelic fidelity likely
      contributes to the fluid structure of this operon. Our results clarify the
      diversity of antagonistic ecological strategies in the global pneumococcal
      population and highlight the potential role of blp bacteriocins in competition
      within the nasopharynx. 

PMID- 26983822
TI  - "Islands of Divergence" in the Atlantic Cod Genome Represent Polymorphic
      Chromosomal Rearrangements.
AB  - In several species genetic differentiation across environmental gradients or
      between geographically separate populations has been reported to center at
      "genomic islands of divergence," resulting in heterogeneous differentiation
      patterns across genomes. Here, genomic regions of elevated divergence were
      observed on three chromosomes of the highly mobile fish Atlantic cod (Gadus
      morhua) within geographically fine-scaled coastal areas. The "genomic islands"
      extended at least 5, 9.5, and 13 megabases on linkage groups 2, 7, and 12,
      respectively, and coincided with large blocks of linkage disequilibrium. For each
      of these three chromosomes, pairs of segregating, highly divergent alleles were
      identified, with little or no gene exchange between them. These patterns of
      recombination and divergence mirror genomic signatures previously described for
      large polymorphic inversions, which have been shown to repress recombination
      across extensive chromosomal segments. The lack of genetic exchange permits
      divergence between noninverted and inverted chromosomes in spite of gene flow.
      For the rearrangements on linkage groups 2 and 12, allelic frequency shifts
      between coastal and oceanic environments suggest a role in ecological adaptation,
      in agreement with recently reported associations between molecular variation
      within these genomic regions and temperature, oxygen, and salinity levels.
      Elevated genetic differentiation in these genomic regions has previously been
      described on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and we therefore suggest that
      these polymorphisms are involved in adaptive divergence across the species
      distributional range. 

PMID- 26983826
TI  - Identification of cytoprotective constituents of the flower buds of Tussilago
      farfara against glucose oxidase-induced oxidative stress in mouse fibroblast
      NIH3T3 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.
AB  - A new cytoprotective compound, 1-[(4S)-3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1
      benzopyran-6-yl]-ethanone (1) was isolated from the flower buds of Tussilago
      farfara L. (Compositae), together with eight known compounds, 3,4-dicaffeoyl
      isoquinic acid (2), trans-cinnamic acid (3), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (4), 4,5
      dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (5), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester
      (6), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), isoquercetrin (8), and ligucyperonol (9).
      Compounds 2-4 were found in this plant for the first time. The isolates 1-9, were
      tested for their cytoprotective activities against glucose oxidase-induced
      oxidative stress in mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT
      cells. Among them, 1 and 3 showed significant cytoprotective activities as
      determined by MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase leakage, indicating their
      possibility as the potent cytoprotective agents. The structure of 1 was
      determined by spectroscopic data analysis including 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments,
      and its absolute configuration was elucidated by a circular dichroism. 

PMID- 26983825
TI  - Gambling Problems Among Community Cocaine Users.
AB  - Cocaine use is highly prevalent and a major public health problem. While some
      studies have reported frequent comorbidity problems among cocaine users, few
      studies have included evaluation of gambling problems. This study aimed to
      estimate the prevalence of gambling problems and compare those who were at-risk
      gamblers with non-problem gamblers in terms of mental health problems, substance
      use problems, and some risk factors (i.e. family antecedents, erroneous
      perceptions and coping strategies) among individuals who smoke or inject cocaine.
      A total of 424 smoked or injected cocaine users recruited through community-based
      programs in Montreal (Quebec) completed the questionnaire, including the Canadian
      Pathological Gambling Index, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview,
      the CAGE, and the Severity Dependence Scale. Of the sample, 18.4 % were
      considered at-risk gamblers, of whom 7.8 % had problems gambling and 10.6 % were
      moderate-risk gamblers. The at-risk group was more likely to have experienced a
      recent phobic disorder and alcohol problems than the non-problem group. A
      multivariate analysis showed that, compared to those who were non-problem
      gamblers, the at-risk ones were more likely to have lost a large sum of money
      when they first started gambling, believed that their luck would turn, and
      gambled in reaction to painful life events. These results indicate the need to
      include routines for screening to identify gambling problem among cocaine users. 

PMID- 26983827
TI  - Comparative metabolism of honokiol in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Honokiol has antitumor, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic
      effects. Here we aimed to identify the metabolic profile of honokiol in mouse,
      rat, dog, monkey, and human hepatocytes and to characterize the enzymes
      responsible for the glucuronidation and sulfation of honokiol. Honokiol had a
      high hepatic extraction ratio in all five species, indicating that it was
      extensively metabolized. A total of 32 metabolites, including 17 common and 15
      different metabolites, produced via glucuronidation, sulfation, and oxidation of
      honokiol allyl groups were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography
      high resolution quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Glucuronidation of
      honokiol to M8 (honokiol-4-glucuronide) and M9 (honokiol-2'-glucuronide) was the
      predominant metabolic pathway in hepatocytes of all five species; however,
      interspecies differences between 4- and 2'-glucuronidation of honokiol were
      observed. UGT1A1, 1A8, 1A9, 2B15, and 2B17 played major roles in M8 formation,
      whereas UGT1A7 and 1A9 played major roles in M9 formation. Human cDNA-expressed
      SULT1C4 played a major role in M10 formation (honokiol-2'-sulfate), whereas
      SULT1A1*1, 1A1*2, and 1A2 played major roles in M11 formation (honokiol-4
      sulfate). In conclusion, honokiol metabolism showed interspecies differences. 

PMID- 26983828
TI  - Ciliary Extracellular Vesicles: Txt Msg Organelles.
AB  - Cilia are sensory organelles that protrude from cell surfaces to monitor the
      surrounding environment. In addition to its role as sensory receiver, the cilium
      also releases extracellular vesicles (EVs). The release of sub-micron sized EVs
      is a conserved form of intercellular communication used by all three kingdoms of
      life. These extracellular organelles play important roles in both short and long
      range signaling between donor and target cells and may coordinate systemic
      responses within an organism in normal and diseased states. EV shedding from
      ciliated cells and EV-cilia interactions are evolutionarily conserved phenomena,
      yet remarkably little is known about the relationship between the cilia and EVs
      and the fundamental biology of EVs. Studies in the model organisms Chlamydomonas
      and Caenorhabditis elegans have begun to shed light on ciliary EVs. Chlamydomonas
      EVs are shed from tips of flagella and are bioactive. Caenorhabditis elegans EVs
      are shed and released by ciliated sensory neurons in an intraflagellar transport
      dependent manner. Caenorhabditis elegans EVs play a role in modulating animal-to
      animal communication, and this EV bioactivity is dependent on EV cargo content.
      Some ciliary pathologies, or ciliopathies, are associated with abnormal EV
      shedding or with abnormal cilia-EV interactions. Until the 21st century, both
      cilia and EVs were ignored as vestigial or cellular junk. As research interest in
      these two organelles continues to gain momentum, we envision a new field of cell
      biology emerging. Here, we propose that the cilium is a dedicated organelle for
      EV biogenesis and EV reception. We will also discuss possible mechanisms by which
      EVs exert bioactivity and explain how what is learned in model organisms
      regarding EV biogenesis and function may provide insight to human ciliopathies. 

PMID- 26983832
TI  - Oocytes affected by smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregates: to discard or not to
      discard?
AB  - PURPOSE: Oocytes containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregates (SERa) have
      been associated with reduced fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates as well
      as compromised neonatal outcomes. It was therefore recommended by an Alpha-ESHRE
      Consensus to discard oocytes presenting this dysmorphism. The data in the
      literature are nevertheless conflicting and healthy babies have recently been
      obtained from affected oocytes. The objectives of this study were to compare
      clinical outcomes between ICSI cycles with and without oocytes affected by smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum aggregates and to confirm whether affected oocytes can
      produce healthy babies. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed
      comparing 714 SERa- ICSI cycles to 112 SERa+ cycles. Among the SERa+ cycles, 518
      SERa- oocytes and 213 SERa+ oocytes were analyzed. Fertilization, embryo quality,
      and pregnancy rates as well as neonatal outcomes were compared between SERa+ and
      SERa- cycles as well as between SERa+ and SERa- oocytes. RESULTS: The presence of
      SERa was not associated with an adverse effect on embryological, clinical or
      neonatal data for SERa+ cycles and oocytes. Seven healthy babies were born from
      embryos originating from SERa+ oocytes. CONCLUSIONS: These results are
      encouraging and might contribute in the future to a revision of the Alpha-ESHRE
      Consensus. Larger studies, including a correlation between frequency and size of
      SERa, clinical outcomes and malformation rates, as well as the follow-up of
      babies born are nevertheless necessary. In the meantime, the currently
      conflicting data requires caution when considering transfers of embryos affected
      by SERa.

PMID- 26983831
TI  - Exosomes as Tools to Suppress Primary Brain Tumor.
AB  - Exosomes are small microvesicles released by cells that efficiently transfer
      their molecular cargo to other cells, including tumor. Exosomes may pass the
      blood-brain barrier and have been demonstrated to deliver RNAs contained within
      to brain. As they are non-viable, the risk profile of exosomes is thought to be
      less than that of cellular therapies. Exosomes can be manufactured at scale in
      culture, and exosomes can be engineered to incorporate therapeutic miRNAs,
      siRNAs, or chemotherapeutic molecules. As natural biological delivery vehicles,
      interest in the use of exosomes as therapeutic delivery agents is growing. We
      previously demonstrated a novel treatment whereby mesenchymal stromal cells were
      employed to package tumor-suppressing miR-146b into exosomes, which were then
      used to reduce malignant glioma growth in rat. The use of exosomes to raise the
      immune system against tumor is also drawing interest. Exosomes from dendritic
      cells which are antigen-presenting, and have been used for treatment of brain
      tumor may be divided into three categories: (1) exosomes for immunomodulation
      based therapy, (2) exosomes as delivery vehicles for anti-tumor nucleotides, and
      (3) exosomes as drug delivery vehicles. Here, we will provide an overview of
      these three applications of exosomes to treat brain tumor, and examine their
      prospects on the long road to clinical use. 

PMID- 26983834
TI  - New Targets and New Treatments: Recent Advances in the Treatment of
      Musculoskeletal Disease.

PMID- 26983829
TI  - Study of Exosomes Shed New Light on Physiology of Amyloidogenesis.
AB  - Accumulation of toxic amyloid oligomers, a key feature in the pathogenesis of
      amyloid-related diseases, results from an imbalance between generation and
      clearance of amyloidogenic proteins. Cell biology has brought to light the key
      roles of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) and their intraluminal vesicles (ILVs),
      which can be secreted as exosomes, in amyloid generation and clearance. To better
      understand these roles, we have investigated a relevant physiological model of
      amyloid formation in pigment cells. These cells have tuned their endosomes to
      optimize the formation of functional amyloid fibrils from the premelanosome
      protein (PMEL) and to avoid potential accumulation of toxic species. The
      functional amyloids derived from PMEL reveal striking analogies with the
      generation of Abeta peptides. We have recently strengthened these analogies using
      extracellular vesicles as reporters of the endosomal processes that regulate PMEL
      melanogenesis. We have shown that in pigmented cells, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is
      associated with ILVs and exosomes, and regulates the formation of PMEL amyloid
      fibrils in endosomes. This process secures the generation of amyloid fibrils by
      exploiting ILVs as amyloid-nucleating platforms. This physiological model of
      amyloidogenesis could shed new light on the roles of MVEs and exosomes in
      conditions with pathological amyloid metabolism, such as Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 26983833
TI  - Serious adverse events within 30 days of groin hernia surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze severe complications after groin hernia repair with respect
      to age, ASA score, hernia anatomy, method of repair and method of anesthesia,
      using nationwide registers. The annual rate of 20 million groin hernia operations
      throughout the world renders severe complications, although rare, important both
      for the patient, the clinician, and the health economist. METHODS: Two nationwide
      registers, the Swedish Hernia Register and the National Swedish Patient Register
      were linked to find intraoperative complications, severe cardiovascular events
      and severe surgical adverse events within 30 days of groin hernia surgery.
      RESULTS: 143,042 patients, 8 % women and 92 % men, were registered between 2002
      and 2011. Intraoperative complications occurred in 801 repair, 592 patients
      suffered from cardiovascular events and 284 patients from a severe surgical event
      within 30 days of groin hernia surgery. Emergency operation was a risk factor for
      both cardiovascular and severe surgical adverse events with odds ratios for
      cardiovascular events of 3.1 (2.5-4.0) for men and 2.8 (1.4-5.5) for women.
      Regional anesthesia was associated with an increase in cardiovascular morbidity
      compared with local anesthesia, odds ratio 1.4 (1.1-1.9). In men, bilateral
      hernia and sliding hernia approximately doubled the risk for severe surgical
      events; odds ratio 1.9 (1.1-3.5) and 2.2 (1.6-3.0), respectively. Methods other
      than open anterior mesh repair increased the risk for surgical complications.
      CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of the increased risk for cardiovascular or surgical
      complications associated with emergency surgery, bilateral hernia, sliding
      hernia, and regional anesthesia may enable the surgeon to further reduce their
      incidence.

PMID- 26983836
TI  - Selective Modulation of Protein Kinase C alpha over Protein Kinase C epsilon by
      Curcumin and Its Derivatives in CHO-K1 Cells.
AB  - Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases regulate
      various cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, metabolism,
      and apoptosis. Modulation of isoform-selective activity of PKC by curcumin (1),
      the active constituent of Curcuma L., is poorly understood, and the literature
      data are inconsistent and obscure. The effect of curcumin (1) and its analogues,
      4-[(2Z,6E)-3-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxohepta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2
      methoxyphenyl oleate (2), (9Z,12Z)-4-[(2Z,6E)-3-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3
      methoxyphenyl)-5-oxohepta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-2-methoxyphenyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate
      (3), (9Z,12Z,15Z)-4-[(2Z,6E)-3-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxohepta
      2,6-dien-1-yl]-2-methoxyphenyl octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate (4), and (1E,6E)-1-[4
      (hexadecyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5
      dione (5), and didemethylcurcumin (6) on the membrane translocation of PKCalpha,
      a conventional PKC, and PKCepsilon, a novel PKC, has been studied in CHO-K1
      cells, in which these PKC isoforms are endogenously expressed. Translocation of
      PKC from the cytosol to the membrane was measured using immunoblotting and
      confocal microscopy. 1 and 6 inhibited the TPA-induced membrane translocation of
      PKCalpha but not of PKCepsilon. Modification of the hydroxyl group of curcumin
      with a long aliphatic chain containing unsaturated double bonds in 2-4 completely
      abolished this inhibition property. Instead, 2-4 showed significant translocation
      of PKCalpha but not of PKCepsilon to the membrane. No membrane translocation was
      observed with 1, 6, or the analogue 5 having a saturated long chain for either
      PKCalpha or PKCepsilon. 1 and 6 inhibited TPA-induced activation of ERK1/2, and 2
      4 activated it. ERK1/2 is the downstream readout of PKC. These results show that
      the hydroxyl group of curcumin is important for PKC activity and the curcumin
      template can be useful in developing isoform specific PKC modulators for
      regulating a particular disease state. 

PMID- 26983835
TI  - Living with Intoxication-Type Inborn Errors of Metabolism: A Qualitative Analysis
      of Interviews with Paediatric Patients and Their Parents.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Progress in diagnosis and treatment of patients with intoxication
      type inborn errors of metabolism (IT-IEM) such as urea cycle disorders, organic
      acidurias or maple syrup urine disease is resulting in a growing number of long
      term survivors. Consequently, health-related quality of life (HrQoL) of patients
      is increasingly regarded as a meaningful outcome parameter. To develop the first
      validated, disease-specific HrQoL questionnaire for IT-IEM, patients and parents
      were interviewed as content experts to identify major physical and psychosocial
      constraints and resources. METHODS: Focus group interviews with 19 paediatric IT
      IEM patients and 26 parents were conducted in four metabolic centres in Austria,
      Germany and Switzerland. Disease-specific HrQoL categories were established by
      qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Fourteen disease-specific topics related
      to the three well-established generic HrQoL dimensions of physical, mental and
      social functioning were derived from the interview transcripts. Both patients and
      parents perceived dietary restrictions and social stigmatisation as major
      burdens. Dietary restrictions and emotional burdens were more important for young
      (<8 years) patients, whereas cognition, fatigue and social issues were more
      relevant to older patients (>=8 years). Treatment-related topics had a
      significant effect on social and emotional HrQoL. DISCUSSION: By exploring
      patients' and parents' perspectives, 14 HrQoL categories were identified. These
      new categories will allow the development of a disease-specific, standardised
      questionnaire to assess HrQoL in paediatric IT-IEM patients. Age-appropriate
      information on the disease and psychosocial support targeted to patients'
      individual burdens are essential to the delivery of personalised care that takes
      account of physical, mental and social dimensions of HrQoL.

PMID- 26983838
TI  - Defining Cyclic-Acyclic Exciton Transition at the Single-Molecule Level: Size
      Dependent Conformational Heterogeneity and Exciton Delocalization in Ethynylene
      Bridged Cyclic Oligothiophenes.
AB  - Conformational disorder in pi-conjugated cyclic systems plays a crucial role in
      controlling the extent of exciton delocalization in much the same way as that in
      linear counterparts. However, to date, there have been no detailed spectroscopic
      investigations on the nature of excitons in pi-conjugated cyclic systems at the
      single-molecule level. Herein, we studied the effect of conformational disorder
      on the excitonic behaviors of cyclic oligothiophenes composed of 6, 8, 10, and 12
      subunits (C-6T, C-8T, C-10T, and C-12T, respectively) by employing single
      molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. We found that, due to the cyclic symmetry
      constraint which suppresses S1-S0 transition, small and rigid C-6T and C-8T
      exhibit extremely long fluorescence lifetimes, while short lifetimes typical of
      linear systems are dominant in large, flexible C-10T and C-12T. Two-dimensional
      correlation maps between fluorescence lifetimes and spectral positions show that,
      by torsional defects created through continued photoexcitation, fully delocalized
      cyclic excitons shrink to form acyclic excitons in the case of C-10T, while
      localized acyclic excitons from initial states are maintained in the case of C
      12T. The distribution of linear dichroism values from C-6T to C-10T gradually
      broadens but narrows in C-12T, suggesting a cyclic-to-acyclic transition in
      excitonic nature between C-10T and C-12T. 

PMID- 26983830
TI  - Extracellular Vesicles and MicroRNAs: Their Role in Tumorigenicity and Therapy
      for Brain Tumors.
AB  - MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which mediate post-transcriptional gene
      regulation. Recently, microRNAs have also been found to be localized to the
      extracellular space, often encapsulated in secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs).
      This tandem of EVs and tissue-specific expressed/secreted microRNAs that can be
      taken up by neighboring or distant recipient cells, leading to changes in gene
      expression-suggests a cell-specialized role in physiological and pathological
      conditions. The complexity of solid tumors and their distinct pathophysiology
      relies on interactive communications between the various cell types in the
      neoplasm (tumor, endothelial, or macrophages, for instance). Understanding how
      such EV/microRNA-mediated communication occurs may actually lead to avenues for
      therapeutic exploitation and/or intervention, particularly for the most
      formidable cancers, such as those in the brain. In this review, the role of
      microRNAs/EVs in brain tumors will be discussed with emphasis on how these
      molecules could be utilized for tumor therapy. 

PMID- 26983837
TI  - Oral microbiota species in acute apical endodontic abscesses.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute apical abscesses are serious endodontic diseases
      resulting from pulpal infection with opportunistic oral microorganisms. The
      objective of this study was to identify and compare the oral microbiota in
      patients (N=18) exhibiting acute apical abscesses, originating from the
      demographic region in Portland, Oregon. The study hypothesis is that abscesses
      obtained from this demographic region may contain unique microorganisms not
      identified in specimens from other regions. DESIGN: Endodontic abscesses were
      sampled from patients at the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) School of
      Dentistry. DNA from abscess specimens was subjected to polymerase chain reaction
      amplification using 16S rRNA gene-specific primers and Cy3-dCTP labeling. Labeled
      DNA was then applied to microbial microarrays (280 species) generated by the
      Human Oral Microbial Identification Microarray Laboratory (Forsyth Institute,
      Cambridge, MA). RESULTS: The most prevalent microorganisms, found across multiple
      abscess specimens, include Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Megasphaera
      species clone CS025, Prevotella multisaccharivorax, Atopobium rimae, and
      Porphyromonas endodontalis. The most abundant microorganisms, found in highest
      numbers within individual abscesses, include F. nucleatum, P. micra,
      Streptococcus Cluster III, Solobacterium moorei, Streptococcus constellatus, and
      Porphyromonas endodontalis. Strong bacterial associations were identified between
      Prevotella multisaccharivorax, Acidaminococcaceae species clone DM071,
      Megasphaera species clone CS025, Actinomyces species clone EP053, and
      Streptococcus cristatus (all with Spearman coefficients >0.9). CONCLUSIONS:
      Cultivable and uncultivable bacterial species have been identified in endodontic
      abscesses obtained from the Portland, Oregon demographic region, and taxa
      identifications correlated well with other published studies, with the exception
      of Treponema and Streptococcus cristae, which were not commonly identified in
      endodontic abscesses between the demographic region in Portland, Oregon and other
      regions.

PMID- 26983839
TI  - On the Spatiotemporal Material Anisotropy of the Vitreous Body in Tension and
      Compression.
AB  - Although linked to several vitreoretinal pathologies including traumatic retinal
      tears, breaks, and symptomatic vitreomacular traction, the dynamic material
      behavior of the vitreous body in response to mechanical loads is not well
      understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate spatiotemporal patterns of
      collagen fiber reorganization and vitreous deformation (strain) in response to
      tensile and compressive forces. Using thick slabs of bovine eyes we examined
      collagen fiber reorganization following tensile and compressive step-loading with
      quantitative polarized light imaging. Strains were measured from sparse marker
      arrays and temporal collagen behavior was estimated from creep compliance
      rheological tests. Results showed that under applied loads (1) collagen fibers
      became significantly more aligned at the vitreous base (near the pars plana and
      the ciliary body), (2) vitreous located directly behind the lens deformed
      significantly more than surrounding regions, and (3) changes in collagen fiber
      alignment occurred on a short (<5 s) timescale. Together these results show that,
      despite a homogeneous visual appearance, the vitreous body exhibits anisotropic
      material behavior in tension and compression. Spatiotemporal patterns of collagen
      rearrangement were consistent with epidemiological patterns of traumatic retinal
      damage and vitreoretinal topology. High strains in the vitreous corresponded with
      locations of lower collagen content that are prone to age-related degeneration.
      These data suggest that differential fiber alignment and mechanical deformation
      could contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Computational models that
      incorporate these experimental data will help improve our understanding of the
      biomechanical mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of traumatic retinal
      damage, vitreous degeneration, and vitreoretinal disease.

PMID- 26983841
TI  - Cell-Instructive Graphene-Containing Nanocomposites Induce Multinucleated Myotube
      Formation.
AB  - Myoblast differentiation is a key step in myogenesis and has long been considered
      to be controlled mainly by biochemical cues such as growth factors. However, the
      tissue engineering approaches based on biochemical cues demonstrate low
      reproducibility as a precise spatial control over their bioactivity is
      challenging. Recently, substrate micro/nano-structure and electro-responsive
      properties are recognized for their important roles in myoblast differentiation.
      In this study, we hypothesized that engineering biophysical features such as
      nano/micro-fibrous structure and conductive properties into a single biomaterial
      scaffold will instruct the myoblasts to differentiate into multinucleated
      myotubes even in the absence of differentiation media. We fabricated
      nanocomposite scaffolds composed of conductive graphene nanosheets and
      polycaprolactone (PCL), a widely used biocompatible material. The resulting
      graphene-PCL scaffolds possess excellent conductivity due to graphene nanosheets
      and great processability, biodegradability and elastic mechanical properties
      conferred by PCL. Additionally, physicochemical and mechanical properties of
      nanocomposite scaffolds can be tuned by varying graphene concentration. Further,
      graphene-PCL nanocomposites and their 8-week degradation products exhibited
      remarkable cytocompatibility and promoted adhesion and proliferation of C2C12
      mouse myoblast cells. Importantly, these nanocomposite scaffolds induced graphene
      concentration-dependent differentiation of C2C12 cells into multinucleated
      myotubes even in normal growth media suggesting their cell-instructive potential.
      Thus, graphene-PCL nanocomposite scaffolds can serve as a strategy to promote
      skeletal muscle regeneration without biochemical cues.

PMID- 26983840
TI  - A Novel Parameter for Predicting Arterial Fusion and Cutting in Finite Element
      Models.
AB  - Current efforts to evaluate the performance of laparoscopic arterial fusion
      devices are limited to costly, time consuming, empirical studies. Thus, a finite
      element (FE) model, with the ability to predict device performance would improve
      device design and reduce development time and costs. This study introduces a
      model of the heat transfer through an artery during electrosurgical procedures
      that accounts for changes in thermal material properties due to water loss and
      temperature. Experiments then were conducted by applying a known heat and
      pressure to carefully sectioned pieces of porcine splenic arteries and measuring
      cut completeness. From this data, equations were developed to predict at which
      temperature and pressure arterial tissue is cut. These results were then
      incorporated into a fully coupled thermomechanical FE model with the ability to
      predict whole artery cutting. An additional experiment, performed to examine the
      accuracy of the model, showed that the model predicted complete artery cut
      results correctly in 28 of 32 tests. The predictive ability of this FE model
      opens a gateway to more advanced electrosurgical fusion devices and modeling
      techniques of electrosurgical procedures by allowing for faster, cheaper and more
      comprehensive device design.

PMID- 26983842
TI  - A Concentric Tube Continuum Robot with Piezoelectric Actuation for MRI-Guided
      Closed-Loop Targeting.
AB  - This paper presents the design, modeling and experimental evaluation of a
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible concentric tube continuum robotic
      system. This system enables MRI-guided deployment of a precurved and steerable
      concentric tube continuum mechanism, and is suitable for clinical applications
      where a curved trajectory is needed. This compact 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF)
      robotic system is piezoelectrically-actuated, and allows simultaneous robot
      motion and imaging with no visually observable image artifact. The targeting
      accuracy is evaluated with optical tracking system and gelatin phantom under live
      MRI-guidance with Root Mean Square (RMS) errors of 1.94 and 2.17 mm respectively.
      Furthermore, we demonstrate that the robot has kinematic redundancy to reach the
      same target through different paths. This was evaluated in both free space and
      MRI-guided gelatin phantom trails, with RMS errors of 0.48 and 0.59 mm
      respectively. As the first of its kind, MRI-guided targeted concentric tube
      needle placements with ex vivo porcine liver are demonstrated with 4.64 mm RMS
      error through closed-loop control of the piezoelectrically-actuated robot.

PMID- 26983844
TI  - Predisposing Factors for Orthodontic Mini-Implant Failure Defined by Bone Strains
      in Patient-Specific Finite Element Models.
AB  - Factors responsible for the success or failure of orthodontic mini-implants
      (OMIs) in clinical settings are unclear. Failure of OMIs was found to be
      associated with increased maximum principal strain (MaxPN) when assessed using
      the subject-specific finite element (FE) modeling technique. The purpose of the
      present study was to identify factors that increase MaxPN and thereby predispose
      the OMI to failure. Using the FE method, MaxPN was calculated around 28 OMIs
      placed in orthodontic patients, 6 of which failed during the first 5 months.
      Sixteen potential risk factors related to patients or to OMI position were
      measured on computerized tomographic images or calculated in FE models. The
      impact of these factors on MaxPN was verified using regression analysis. Three
      factors were found to have significant nonlinear relationships with MaxPN:
      cortical bone quality, vertical angulation of the OMI, and proximity of the OMI
      to the tooth in the direction of force. In conclusion, failure of an OMI is a
      multifactorial problem, and position and angulation of the implant are among the
      affecting factors. Slight apical inclination and positioning at least 1 mm off
      the root in the direction of force may significantly decrease failure
      probability.

PMID- 26983843
TI  - Understanding the Role of ECM Protein Composition and Geometric Micropatterning
      for Engineering Human Skeletal Muscle.
AB  - Skeletal muscle lost through trauma or disease has proven difficult to regenerate
      due to the challenge of differentiating human myoblasts into aligned, contractile
      tissue. To address this, we investigated microenvironmental cues that drive
      myoblast differentiation into aligned myotubes for potential applications in
      skeletal muscle repair, organ-on-chip disease models and actuators for soft
      robotics. We used a 2D in vitro system to systematically evaluate the role of
      extracellular matrix (ECM) protein composition and geometric patterning for
      controlling the formation of highly aligned myotubes. Specifically, we analyzed
      myotubes differentiated from murine C2C12 cells and human skeletal muscle derived
      cells (SkMDCs) on micropatterned lines of laminin compared to fibronectin,
      collagen type I, and collagen type IV. Results showed that laminin supported
      significantly greater myotube formation from both cells types, resulting in
      greater than twofold increase in myotube area on these surfaces compared to the
      other ECM proteins. Species specific differences revealed that human SkMDCs
      uniaxially aligned over a wide range of micropatterned line dimensions, while
      C2C12s required specific line widths and spacings to do the same. Future work
      will incorporate these results to engineer aligned human skeletal muscle tissue
      in 2D for in vitro applications in disease modeling, drug discovery and toxicity
      screening.

PMID- 26983845
TI  - Effects of dietary supplementation with epidermal growth factor-expressing
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae on duodenal development in weaned piglets.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation
      with epidermal growth factor (EGF)-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on
      duodenal development in weaned piglets. In total, forty piglets weaned at 21-26 d
      of age were assigned to one of the five groups that were provided basic diet
      (control group) or diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae expressing either empty
      vector (INVSc1(EV) group), tagged EGF (T-EGF) (INVSc1-TE(-) group), extracellular
      EGF (EE-EGF) (INVSc1-EE(+) group) or intracellular EGF (IE-EGF) (INVSc1-IE(+)
      group). All treatments were delivered as 60.00 MUg/kg body weight EGF/d. On 0, 7,
      14 and 21 d, eight piglets per treatment were sacrificed to analyse the
      morphology, activities and mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes, as well as Ig
      levels (IgA, IgM, IgG) in duodenal mucosa. The results showed significant
      improvement on 7, 14 and 21 d, with respect to average daily gain (P<0.05),
      mucosa morphology (villus height and crypt depth) (P<0.05), Ig levels (P<0.01),
      activities and mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes (creatine kinase, alkaline
      phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and sucrase) (P<0.05) and the mRNA expression
      of EGF-receptor (P<0.01) in NVSc1-TE(-), INVSc1-EE(+) and INVSc1-IE(+) groups
      compared with control and INVSc1(EV) groups. In addition, a trend was observed in
      which the INVSc1-IE(+) group showed an improvement in Ig levels (0.05<P<0.10),
      mRNA expressions of digestive enzymes and EGF-receptor (P<0.05) compared with
      NVSc1-TE(-) and INVSc1-EE(+) groups. These results indicate that supplementing
      recombinant EGF-expressing S. cerevisiae to the diet of weaned piglets enhanced
      duodenal development. Moreover, biological activity (Ig levels, mRNA expressions
      of digestive enzymes and EGF-receptor) of IE-EGF was better than either EE-EGF or
      T-EGF.

PMID- 26983846
TI  - Borrowed beauty? Understanding identity in Asian facial cosmetic surgery.
AB  - This review aims to identify (1) sources of knowledge and (2) important themes of
      the ethical debate related to surgical alteration of facial features in East
      Asians. This article integrates narrative and systematic review methods. In March
      2014, we searched databases including PubMed, Philosopher's Index, Web of
      Science, Sociological Abstracts, and Communication Abstracts using key terms
      "cosmetic surgery," "ethnic*," "ethics," "Asia*," and "Western*." The study
      included all types of papers written in English that discuss the debate on
      rhinoplasty and blepharoplasty in East Asians. No limit was put on date of
      publication. Combining both narrative and systematic review methods, a total of
      31 articles were critically appraised on their contribution to ethical reflection
      founded on the debates regarding the surgical alteration of Asian features.
      Sources of knowledge were drawn from four main disciplines, including the
      humanities, medicine or surgery, communications, and economics. Focusing on
      cosmetic surgery perceived as a westernising practice, the key debate themes
      included authenticity of identity, interpersonal relationships and socio-economic
      utility in the context of Asian culture. The study shows how cosmetic surgery of
      ethnic features plays an important role in understanding female identity in the
      Asian context. Based on the debate themes authenticity of identity, interpersonal
      relationships, and socio-economic utility, this article argues that identity
      should be understood as less individualistic and more as relational and
      transformational in the Asian context. In addition, this article also proposes to
      consider cosmetic surgery of Asian features as an interplay of cultural
      imperialism and cultural nationalism, which can both be a source of social
      pressure to modify one's appearance. 

PMID- 26983847
TI  - Effects of extreme thermal conditions on plasticity in breeding phenology and
      double-broodedness of Great Tits and Blue Tits in central Poland in 2013 and
      2014.
AB  - Many avian species in Europe breed earlier as a result of higher temperatures
      caused by global climate changes. Climate change means not only higher
      temperatures but also more frequent extreme weather events, sometimes contrasting
      with the long-term trends. It was suggested that we should look closely at every
      extreme phenomenon and its consequences for the phenology of organisms. Examining
      the limits of phenotypic plasticity may be an important goal for future research.
      Extremely low spring temperatures in 2013 (coldest spring in 40 years) resulted
      in birds laying unusually late, and it was followed in 2014 by the earliest
      breeding season on record (warmest spring in 40 years). Here, we present results
      concerning breeding phenology and double-broodedness in the Great Tit (Parus
      major) and the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) in 2013 and 2014 in an urban
      parkland and a deciduous forest in central Poland. Great Tits started laying eggs
      18.2 days later in 2013 than in 2014 in the parkland, whereas the analogous
      difference was 21.1 days in the forest. Blue Tits started laying eggs in the
      parkland 18.5 days later in 2013 than in 2014, while the analogous difference was
      21.6 days in the forest. The difference in the proportion of second clutches in
      Great Tits between 2013 (fewer second clutches) and 2014 (more second clutches)
      was highly significant in the parkland and in the forest. This rather large
      extent of breeding plasticity has developed in reaction to challenges of
      irregular inter-annual variability of climatic conditions. Such a buffer of
      plasticity may be sufficient for Blue Tits and Great Tits to adjust the timing of
      breeding to the upcoming climate changes.

PMID- 26983848
TI  - Laparoscopic gastric bypass to robotic gastric bypass: time and cost commitment
      involved in training and transitioning an academic surgical practice.
AB  - The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the gold standard procedure for weight loss. This
      relatively complex procedure has excellent outcomes when performed via
      laparoscopy. The advent of the DaVinci robotic platform has been a technological
      advancement. Our goal is to provide information regarding the cost, time
      commitment, and advantages of transitioning an LRYGB program to an RRYGB program
      in an academic setting. We retrospectively reviewed the last 25 laparoscopic
      gastric bypass procedures and the first 25 robotic gastric bypass procedures
      performed by a single surgeon. We compared clinical outcomes and focused on time
      and hospital cost during this transition phase. There was no significant
      demographic difference between the groups. The mean age was 41.7 (RRYGB) years vs
      43.4 (LRYGM) years. The mean BMI were similar between groups, 45.3 vs 46.5
      kg/m(2) for RRYGB and LRYGB. No anastomotic leaks or mortalities were noted.
      There was one anastomotic stricture in both groups. Excess weight loss was
      similar in both groups at 1 year. There was a significant increase in operative
      time with RRYGB, mean 241 min vs mean 174 min (p = 0.0005). Operative time fell
      by 25 min after the first 10 cases. The hospital cost was also increased with
      RRYGB mean $5922 vs $4395 (p = 0.03). Transitioning from a laparoscopic to a
      robotic practice can be done safely, however, the initial operative times were
      longer and the hospital cost was higher for robotic gastric bypass. We hope in
      the future that these will decrease after overcoming the learning and as the
      technology becomes widespread. 

PMID- 26983849
TI  - Does Digital Ad Exposure Influence Information-Seeking Behavior Online? Evidence
      From the 2012 Tips From Former Smokers National Tobacco Prevention Campaign.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Measuring the impact of online health campaigns is challenging. Ad
      click-through rates are traditionally used to measure campaign reach, but few
      Internet users ever click on ads. Alternatively, self-reported exposure to
      digital ads would be prone to recall bias. Furthermore, there may be latency
      effects whereby people do not click on ads when exposed but visit the promoted
      website or conduct campaign-related searches later. Online panels that
      unobtrusively collect panelists' Web behavior data and link ad exposure to
      website visits and searches can more reliably assess the impact of digital ad
      exposure. From March to June 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
      aired the national Tips From Former Smokers (Tips 2012) media campaign designed
      to encourage current smokers to quit. Advertisements ran across media channels,
      and the digital ads directed users to the Tips 2012 campaign website. OBJECTIVE:
      Our aim was to examine whether exposure to Tips 2012 digital ads influenced
      information-seeking behaviors online. METHODS: ComScore mined its panelists' Web
      behavior data for unique codes that would indicate exposure to Tips 2012 ads,
      regardless of whether panelists clicked the ad or not. A total of 15,319 US
      adults were identified as having been exposed to a Tips 2012 campaign ad. An
      equal number of unexposed adults (N=15,319) were identified and matched on
      demographics and Internet use behavior to the exposed group. Panelists' Web
      behavior data were mined for up to 4 weeks after initial Tips 2012 ad exposure to
      determine whether they visited the Tips 2012 campaign website or other cessation
      related websites (eg, nicotine replacement therapy site) or conducted searches
      for campaign-related topics (eg, quit smoking). RESULTS: The proportion of
      exposed adults visiting the Tips 2012 sites increased from 0.4% in Week 1 to 0.9%
      4 weeks after ad exposure, and these rates were significantly higher than in the
      unexposed group (0.1% in Week 1 to 0.4% in Week 4, P<.001) across all weeks
      examined. The proportion of exposed panelists visiting other cessation websites
      increased from 0.2% in Week 1 to 0.3% 4 weeks after initial ad exposure, and
      these rates were significantly higher than in the unexposed group (0.0% in Week 1
      to 0.2% in Week 4, P=.001 to P=.019) across all weeks examined. There were no
      significant differences in searches for campaign-related topics between the
      exposed and unexposed group during most of the weeks examined. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results suggest that online ad exposure is associated with confirmed visits to
      the Tips 2012 campaign sites and visits to other cessation websites and that
      these information-seeking behaviors occur up to several weeks after ad exposure.
      Web behavior data from online panels are useful for examining exposure and
      behavioral responses to digital campaign ads.

PMID- 26983851
TI  - Men with severe hemophilia in the United States: birth cohort analysis of a large
      national database.
AB  - The availability of longitudinal data collected prospectively from 1998 to 2011
      at federally funded US hemophilia treatment centers provided an opportunity to
      construct a descriptive analysis of how outcomes of men with severe hemophilia
      have been altered by the incremental advances and setbacks in hemophilia care in
      the last 50 years in the United States. This surveillance collaboration with the
      US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assembled the largest uniformly
      examined population with severe hemophilia (n = 4899 men with severe factor VIII
      and IX deficiency). To address the heterogeneity of this population, 4 successive
      birth cohorts, differentially affected by eras of hemophilia care, were examined
      separately in regard to demographics, complications of hemophilia and its
      treatment, and mortality. Severely affected men in each birth cohort were
      compared also with the corresponding mild hemophilia birth cohorts (n = 2587 men
      total) to control for outcomes that might be attributable to aging and
      environment independent of severely defective hemostasis. The analysis
      demonstrates improving access to standard of care therapy, correlating the
      proportion of men on prophylactic factor replacement and reduced bleeding
      frequency for the youngest men. Frequent bleeding persisted in one third to one
      half of men across all ages, however, and the disability gap between severe and
      mild hemophilia did not narrow. The greatest cause of death was liver failure,
      but attempted anti-hepatitis C virus therapy and cure were low. The study
      suggests a continued need for national surveillance to monitor and inform
      hemophilia interventions and outcomes.

PMID- 26983853
TI  - Upconversion nanoparticles with a strong acid-resistant capping.
AB  - Water-dispersible upconversion nanoparticles (beta-NaYF4:Yb(3+),Er(3+), UCNP)
      coated with a thin shell of a biocompatible copolymer comprising 2
      hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1
      propanesulphonsulphonic acid (AMPS), which we will term COP, have been prepared
      by multidentate grafting. This capping is remarkably resistant to strong acidic
      conditions as low as pH 2. The additional functionality of the smart UCNP@COP
      nanosystem has been proved by its association to a well-known photosensitizer
      (namely, methylene blue, MB). The green-to-red emission ratio of the UC@COP@MB
      nanohybrid exhibits excellent linear dependence in the 7 to 2 pH range as a
      consequence of the release of the dye as the pH decreases. 

PMID- 26983855
TI  - Synthesis of the molecular amalgam [{AuHg2(o-C6F4)3}{Hg3(o-C6F4)3}]-: a rare
      example of a heterometallic homoleptic metallacycle.
AB  - The preparation of homoleptic heterometallic complexes still remains a challenge.
      Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of [Au(PMe3)2][{AuHg2(o
      C6F4)3}{Hg3(o-C6F4)3}] (), a gold-mercury homoleptic metallacycle. The crystal
      structure of displays two [Hg2M(o-C6F4)3] (M = Au(I), Hg(II)) units linked
      through a short AuHg contact of 3.097(2) A, the strongest unsupported Au(I)Hg(II)
      interaction described to date. Theoretical calculations quantify the interaction
      between the trimetalic units as -199 kJ mol(-1), a surprisingly strong value.

PMID- 26983854
TI  - Creatinine-based definitions: from baseline creatinine to serum creatinine
      adjustment in intensive care.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26983850
TI  - Targeted Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibition suppresses murine and human chronic
      GVHD through a Stat3-dependent mechanism.
AB  - Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a major complication following
      allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The discovery of novel therapeutics
      is dependent on assessment in preclinical murine models of cGVHD. Rho-associated
      kinase 2 (ROCK2) recently was shown to be implicated in regulation of interleukin
      21 (IL-21) and IL-17 secretion in mice and humans. Here, we report that the
      selective ROCK2 inhibitor KD025 effectively ameliorates cGVHD in multiple models:
      a full major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatch model of multiorgan system
      cGVHD with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and a minor MHC mismatch model of
      sclerodermatous GVHD. Treatment with KD025 resulted in normalization of
      pathogenic pulmonary function, which correlates with a marked reduction of
      antibody and collagen deposition in the lungs of treated mice to levels
      comparable to non-cGVHD controls. Spleens of mice treated with KD025 had
      decreased frequency of T follicular helper cells and increased frequency of T
      follicular regulatory cells, accompanied by a reduction in signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and concurrent increase in STAT5
      phosphorylation. The critical role of STAT3 in this cGVHD model was confirmed by
      data showing that mice transplanted with inducible STAT3-deficient T cells had
      pulmonary function comparable to the healthy negative controls. The therapeutic
      potential of targeted ROCK2 inhibition in the clinic was solidified further by
      human data demonstrating the KD025 inhibits the secretion of IL-21, IL-17, and
      interferon gamma along with decreasing phosphorylated STAT3 and reduced protein
      expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 and B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) in
      human peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from active cGVHD patients.
      Together these data highlight the potential of targeted ROCK2 inhibition for
      clinical cGVHD therapy.

PMID- 26983852
TI  - Autophagy induction by SIRT6 is involved in oxidative stress-induced neuronal
      damage.
AB  - SIRT6 is a NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase and has been implicated in the
      regulation of genomic stability, DNA repair, metabolic homeostasis and several
      diseases. The effect of SIRT6 in cerebral ischemia and oxygen/glucose deprivation
      (OGD) has been reported, however the role of SIRT6 in oxidative stress damage
      remains unclear. Here we used SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and found that
      overexpression of SIRT6 led to decreased cell viability and increased necrotic
      cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under oxidative stress.
      Mechanistic study revealed that SIRT6 induced autophagy via attenuation of AKT
      signaling and treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or knockdown of autophagy
      related protein Atg5 rescued H2O2-induced neuronal injury. Conversely, SIRT6
      inhibition suppressed autophagy and reduced oxidative stress-induced neuronal
      damage. These results suggest that SIRT6 might be a potential therapeutic target
      for neuroprotection. 

PMID- 26983856
TI  - Enterovirus-related diarrhoea in Guangdong, China: clinical features and
      implications in hand, foot and mouth disease and herpangina.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A series of complications caused by enteroviruses, including
      meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, acute cardiopulmonary failure,
      respiratory infection, and myocardial injury have been reported in hand, foot and
      mouth disease/herpangina (HFMD/HA). However, the complication of diarrhoea caused
      by enteroviruses has been neglected, and a summary of its clinical features and
      impact on HFMD/HA is unavailable. METHODS: We included inpatients with HFMD/HA
      admitted to the Paediatric Department of Zhujiang Hospital during 2009-2012. We
      summarised and compared clinical data for cases with and without diarrhoea, and
      determined enterovirus serotypes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
      reaction and genotyping based on a partial-length fragment of viral protein 1 or
      the 5'-untranslated region. RESULTS: There were 804 inpatients with HFMD/HA and
      28 (3.5%) presented with diarrhoea. Gastrointestinal symptoms were mild in most
      cases of diarrhoea (82.1%), with high prevalence of no dehydration (82.1%), short
      duration of diarrhoea (78.6%) and watery stools (75.0%). The prevalence of multi
      organ dysfunction syndrome (10.7 vs 0.40%) (p = 0.001), hepatic injury (14.3 vs
      3.4%) (p = 0.019), myocardial injury (21.4 vs 6.1%) (p = 0.002) and convulsion
      (21.4 vs 7.2%) (p = 0.016) was significantly higher in the diarrhoea than no
      diarrhoea group. There was no significant difference between the two groups
      regarding prevalence of death, altered consciousness, paralysis, central nervous
      system involvement, or acute respiratory infection. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients
      with diarrhoea caused by enteroviruses circulating in Guangdong Province in 2009
      2012 had mild or moderate gastrointestinal symptoms. Although enterovirus-related
      diarrhoea caused additional multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, hepatic injury and
      myocardial injury in children with HFMD/HA, timely intervention efficiently
      reduced disease severity and improved outcome.

PMID- 26983857
TI  - Long-term changes in dysnatremia incidence in the ICU: a shift from hyponatremia
      to hypernatremia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysnatremia is associated with adverse outcome in critically ill
      patients. Changes in patients or treatment strategies may have affected the
      incidence of dysnatremia over time. We investigated long-term changes in the
      incidence of dysnatremia and analyzed its association with mortality. METHODS:
      Over a 21-year period (1992-2012), all serum sodium measurements were analyzed
      retrospectively in two university hospital ICUs, up to day 28 of ICU admission
      for the presence of dysnatremia. The study period was divided into five periods.
      All serum sodium measurements were collected from the electronic databases of
      both ICUs. Serum sodium was measured at the clinical chemistry departments using
      standard methods. All sodium measurements were categorized in the following
      categories: <120, 120-124, 125-129, 130-134, 135-139, 140-145, 146-150, 151-155,
      156-160, >160 mmol/L. Mortality was determined at 90 days after ICU admission.
      RESULTS: In 80,571 ICU patients, 913,272 serum sodium measurements were analyzed.
      A striking shift in the pattern of ICU-acquired dysnatremias was observed: The
      incidence of hyponatremia almost halved (47-25 %, p < 0.001), whereas the
      incidence of hypernatremia nearly doubled (13-24 %, p < 0.001). Most
      hypernatremias developed after ICU admission, and the incidence of severe
      hypernatremia (sodium > 155 mmol/L) increased dramatically over the years. On ICU
      day 10 this incidence was 0.7 % in the 1992-1996 period, compared to 6.3 % in the
      2009-2012 period (p < 0.001). More severe dysnatremia was associated with
      significantly higher mortality throughout the 21-year study period (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: In two large Dutch cohorts, we observed a marked shift in the
      incidence of dysnatremia from hyponatremia to hypernatremia over two decades. As
      hypernatremia was mostly ICU acquired, this strongly suggests changes in
      treatment as underlying causes. This shift may be related to the increased use of
      sodium-containing infusions, diuretics, and hydrocortisone. As ICU-acquired
      hypernatremia is largely iatrogenic, it should be-to an important extent
      preventable, and its incidence may be considered as an indicator of quality of
      care. Strategies to prevent hypernatremia deserve more emphasis; therefore, we
      recommend that further study should be focused on interventions to prevent the
      occurrence of dysnatremias during ICU stay.

PMID- 26983859
TI  - Are first-generation cephalosporins obsolete? A retrospective, non-inferiority,
      cohort study comparing empirical therapy with cefazolin versus ceftriaxone for
      acute pyelonephritis in hospitalized patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Literature is lacking regarding the utilization of first-generation
      cephalosporins for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis. The aim of this study
      was to determine whether cefazolin is non-inferior to ceftriaxone for the
      empirical treatment of acute pyelonephritis in hospitalized patients. The primary
      outcome included a composite of symptomatic resolution plus either defervescence
      at 72 h or normalization of serum white blood cell count at 72 h (non-inferiority
      margin 15%). Secondary outcomes included length of stay and 30 day readmission. A
      subgroup analysis of the composite outcome was also conducted for imaging
      confirmed pyelonephritis. METHODS: This was a retrospective, non-inferiority,
      multicentre, cohort study comparing cefazolin versus ceftriaxone for the
      empirical treatment of acute pyelonephritis in hospitalized patients. RESULTS:
      Overall, 184 patients received one of the two treatments between July 2009 and
      March 2015. The composite outcome was achieved in 80/92 (87.0%) in the cefazolin
      group versus 79/92 (85.9%) in the ceftriaxone group (absolute difference 1.1%,
      95% CI -11.1% to 8.9%, P = 0.83), meeting the pre-defined criteria for non
      inferiority. The composite outcome for patients with imaging-confirmed
      pyelonephritis was achieved in 46/56 (82.1%) versus 42/50 (84.0%) for the
      cefazolin group and the ceftriaxone group, respectively (absolute difference
      1.9%, 95% CI -12.8% to 16.5%, P = 0.80). Additionally, there were no
      statistically significant differences in length of stay or 30 day readmission for
      cystitis or pyelonephritis. CONCLUSIONS: Cefazolin was non-inferior to
      ceftriaxone with regard to clinical response for the treatment of hospitalized
      patients with acute pyelonephritis in this study. No difference was observed for
      length of stay or 30 day readmission.

PMID- 26983860
TI  - A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model based on in vitro time-kill data
      predicts the in vivo PK/PD index of colistin.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: For antibiotics, extensive animal PKPD studies are often performed to
      evaluate the PK/PD driver for subsequent use when recommending dosing regimens.
      The aim of this work was to evaluate a PKPD model, developed based on in vitro
      time-kill data for colistin, in predicting the relationships between PK/PD
      indices and the bacterial killing previously observed in mice. METHODS: An in
      silico PKPD model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to colistin was previously
      developed based on static in vitro time-kill data. The model was here applied to
      perform an in silico replication of an in vivo study where the effect of colistin
      on P. aeruginosa was studied in the thigh infection model. Concentration-time
      profiles of unbound colistin were predicted and used as input to drive the
      bacterial killing in the PKPD model. The predicted bacterial count at 24 h was
      related to each of the PK/PD indices and the results were compared with reported
      observations in vivo. RESULTS: The model was found to adequately predict in vivo
      results from mice; both in terms of which PK/PD index best correlates to effect
      (fAUC/MIC) as well as the magnitude needed for a 2 log kill. The fAUC/MIC needed
      to achieve a 2 log reduction in bacterial counts after 24 h was here predicted to
      be 9 compared with 31 previously reported in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      provides further support that PKPD models based on longitudinal data can be a
      useful tool to make drug development more efficient within the infectious
      diseases area.

PMID- 26983861
TI  - Considering depression as a consequence of activation of the inflammatory
      response system.
AB  - This paper summarizes the possible interrelation between peripheral and/or
      cerebral inflammation and depression. Often, depression is regarded as a
      consequence of life events, including disabling diseases. The question addressed
      here is whether activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS) can cause
      depression. Epidemiological studies suggest that depression can be precipitated
      by bacterial or viral infections. In depressed patients, peripheral markers of
      the IRS are often increased. There is some evidence that some forms of depression
      are caused by a viral infection of the limbic system. More consistent are the
      observations that depression in diseases with active cerebral inflammatory
      processes (e.g. multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease) may concur. Direct
      evidence of a relation between depression and inflammation was found in post
      mortem brain material of patients with a vascular depression. In both
      inflammatory brain diseases and in depression, a state-dependent increased
      hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is seen. Animals studies have shown
      that intact cerebral serotonin systems are required for the activation of the IRS
      following an endotoxin challenge and that long-term treatment with
      antidepressants may change such a response. Gender differences between the
      prevalence of depression and inflammatory diseases are similar, as more females
      are affected. We hypothesize that cerebral or peripheral activation of the IRS
      may contribute to the course of some antidepressant treatment-resistant
      depressions. Clinical trials combining antidepressants and drugs that reduce the
      activation of the IRS may provide evidence for such proposed depression subtypes.

PMID- 26983858
TI  - Horizontal transfer of beta-carbonic anhydrase genes from prokaryotes to
      protozoans, insects, and nematodes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a movement of genetic information
      occurring outside of normal mating activities. It is especially common between
      prokaryotic endosymbionts and their protozoan, insect, and nematode hosts.
      Although beta carbonic anhydrase (beta-CA) plays a crucial role in metabolic
      functions of many living organisms, the origin of beta-CA genes in eukaryotic
      species remains unclear. METHODS: This study was conducted using phylogenetics,
      prediction of subcellular localization, and identification of beta-CA,
      transposase, integrase, and resolvase genes on the MGEs of bacteria. We also
      structurally analyzed beta-CAs from protozoans, insects, and nematodes and their
      putative prokaryotic common ancestors, by homology modelling. RESULTS: Our
      investigations of a number of target genomes revealed that genes coding for
      transposase, integrase, resolvase, and conjugation complex proteins have been
      integrated with beta-CA gene sequences on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) which
      have facilitated the mobility of beta-CA genes from bacteria to protozoan,
      insect, and nematode species. The prokaryotic origin of protozoan, insect, and
      nematode beta-CA enzymes is supported by phylogenetic analyses, prediction of
      subcellular localization, and homology modelling. CONCLUSION: MGEs form a
      complete set of enzymatic tools, which are relevant to HGT of beta-CA gene
      sequences from prokaryotes to protozoans, insects, and nematodes.

PMID- 26983862
TI  - Event-related potentials and white matter lesions in bipolar disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate neurophysiological parameters which possibly
      distinguish subtypes I and II of patients with a bipolar disorder, and contrast
      the findings with observations from a group of schizophrenic patients and a group
      of healthy controls. METHODS: Sixty-six volunteers underwent a MRI scan to
      determine the number and location of white matter lesions (WSL). A
      electrophysiological registration was made while all volunteers performed a
      auditory 'oddball' task, and the amplitude of the resulting P300 wave was
      compared. RESULTS: Earlier reports of higher numbers of WSL in bipolar disorder
      were not replicated in this study. Subtypes I and II showed a different P300
      amplitude and subtype I resembled the results of the schizophrenia group.
      CONCLUSION: Bipolar patients in remission have a functional brain disorder that
      is expressed by a change in physiological response to external stimuli.

PMID- 26983863
TI  - Seasonal variation and meteotropism in suicide: clinical relevance of findings
      and implications for research.
AB  - Seasonal asymmetry in yearly suicide occurrence is a long-observed phenomenon in
      psychiatric, suicidological and sociological research, and the effects of
      seasonal factors on suicidal behaviour have been the focus of a number of earlier
      studies. Taking into account limitations of data and methods, these studies have
      in general favoured interpretations based on psychosocial factors. Recent studies
      have challenged the widely held notion that seasonal effects on suicide are not
      influenced by age, gender or the circumstances of the act. The suicides committed
      with violent methods have been shown to follow clearer seasonal patterns than
      suicides by less violent methods, and differences have been found between male
      and female cycles of occurrence. The seasonal occurrence of suicides has also
      been found to differ significantly between the young and the elderly. The use of
      inappropriate statistics or age- and gender-biased samples may have hidden a
      seasonal component in some previous studies on attempted suicide. The absence of
      seasonality in earlier studies on attempted suicide was interpreted as depending
      upon the minor relevance of psychiatric and biological factors in non-fatal self
      harm. However, recent studies have reported clear seasonality in attempted
      suicide samples, with older people showing greater seasonal effect. Recent
      literature after 1985 on seasonal variation and weather or climate influence in
      attempted and completed suicide is reviewed. Suggestions for research and the
      development of more effective preventative strategies are offered. 

PMID- 26983864
TI  - Effects of age and gender on the classification and phenomenology of unipolar
      depression.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of age and gender on
      depressive classification and phenomenology in unipolar depressed in-patients.
      METHODS: The authors have assessed 14 items relevant to depressive symptomatology
      from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III (SCID) and the Hamilton
      Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) in 180 depressed in-patients. RESULTS: Melancholia
      was significantly more prominent in older depressed patients (>= 55 years),
      whereas minor depression (i.e. adjustment disorder with depressed mood and
      dysthymic disorder) in younger (< 55 years) depressed subjects. Older depressed
      subjects exhibited significantly more anorexia/weight loss, non-reactivity,
      depressed mood, loss of interest, early morning awakening, loss of energy,
      somatic anxiety, loss of insight, psychotic symptoms and retardation than younger
      depressed people. Male depressed subjects showed significantly more loss of
      interest, suicidal ideation and agitation than their female counterparts.
      Psychomotor disorders, a distinct quality of mood and early morning awakening
      were characteristics of older depressed males, while diurnal variation occurred
      more frequently in older depressed females. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that
      increasing age in unipolar depression may be accompanied by an increase in
      severity of illness, increased frequency of some melancholic symptoms,
      particularly in men and a higher frequency of major depression in women and of
      melancholia in men.

PMID- 26983865
TI  - Lipoma adhered to the corpus callosum in a schizophrenic patient with severe
      positive symptoms that responded to clozapine.

PMID- 26983866
TI  - Treatment of interictal psychiatric disorder in epilepsy. I. Affective and
      anxiety disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interictal affective disorders are common in patients with epilepsy
      and there is a need for evidence-based treatment guidelines. OBJECTIVE: This
      paper gives an overview of research concerning treatment of interictal affective
      disorders and interictal anxiety disorders in epilepsy. METHODS: Literature
      review supplemented by clinical experience. RESULTS: Interictal psychiatric
      disorder can be characterized as intermittent pleomorphic psychopathology. The
      most common manifestations are interictal dysphoric disorder (IDD) and
      depression. There is a lack of randomized control trials (RCTs) concerning
      effectiveness and side-effects of antidepressants in epilepsy patients.
      CONCLUSION: Treatment implications of the concept of IDD and other interictal
      disorders are an optimized dosage of anti-epileptics in combination with
      antidepressants. This coincides with recent guidelines concerning combinations of
      psychotropic medication, such as for depression and bipolar disorder, in general
      psychiatry. Systematic research involving the DSM-IV categories of generalized
      anxiety disorder, panic disorder and agoraphobia and depression is not yet
      available. Prevalence and treatment of interictal anxiety disorders and
      depressive disorder in epilepsy should be the subject of further research, in
      order to enable development of evidence-based treatment guidelines for these
      disorders in epilepsy patients.

PMID- 26983867
TI  - Treatment of interictal psychiatric disorder in epilepsy. II. Chronic psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interictal psychosis is a serious comorbid condition in epilepsy
      patients that would benefit from treatment with psychotropic medication.
      OBJECTIVE: This paper gives an overview of the pathophysiology, symptomatology
      and treatment of the schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy. Use of the term
      'interictal chronic psychosis' is suggested, to conform to current DSM-IV
      classification of schizophrenia. METHODS: Literature review supplemented by
      clinical experience. There is a lack of randomized control trials (RCTs)
      concerning effectiveness and side-effects of neuroleptics in epilepsy patients.
      RESULTS: Hypotheses concerning the pathophysiology of the interictal chronic
      psychosis are discussed. The concept of forced normalization and alternative
      psychosis is based on case descriptions, and was not substantiated by systematic
      research. The kindling hypothesis seems promising, but was never confirmed in
      humans. A third theory, supported by some studies, suggests that inhibitory
      cerebral mechanisms enhance psychotic symptoms in epilepsy patients. Treatment
      strategies are based on case studies and open studies by lack of RCTs. Treatment
      should consider the optimalization of the dosage of antiepileptics in combination
      with one or two antidepressants, mood stabilizers and/or atypical neuroleptics.
      Surgery plays no significant role in the treatment of treatment-refractive
      epilepsy with interictal chronic psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION: There is a
      prominent role of antidepressant or double antidepressant treatment strategies in
      patients with epilepsy and interictal chronic psychosis compared with treatment
      guidelines of chronic psychotic patients in general psychiatry.

PMID- 26983868
TI  - Treatment of interictal psychiatric disorder in epilepsy. III. Personality
      disorder, aggression and mental retardation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Personality disorder, mental retardation and aggression are
      frequently encountered therapeutic problems in epilepsy patients. OBJECTIVE: This
      paper gives an overview of symptomatology and treatment of personality disorder,
      interictal aggression and mental retardation in epilepsy. METHODS: Literature
      review supplemented by clinical experience. RESULTS: Personality changes in
      patients with epilepsy are often symptoms of an organic psychosyndrome.
      Aggression is not more frequent among epilepsy patients than in the general
      population, but if it does happen it is often more severe. There is a need for
      controlled treatment studies. A treatment strategy is suggested. In the mentally
      retarded, diagnostic instruments should be used to overcome diagnostic
      difficulties. CONCLUSION: Prevalence studies based on DSM-IV personality
      disorder, conducted in the community, are needed, as well as systematic research
      on diagnosis and treatment of personality disorder in epilepsy patients.
      Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) considering the effectiveness and adverse
      effects of antidepressants and neuroleptics in epileptic patients with mental
      retardation are seriously needed. In the meantime, the Expert Consensus Guideline
      Series on Treatment of Psychiatric and Behavioural Problems in Mental Retardation
      is useful. The use of neuroleptics for the treatment of aggressive or destructive
      behaviour in nonpsychotic mentally retarded patients remains controversial.

PMID- 26983869
TI  - Liver Transplantation in Patients with Cryptogenic Cirrhosis Provides Excellent
      Long-Term Outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) is an indication for liver transplantation
      in 5-9% of recipients. Diagnosis is made when other diagnostic possibilities have
      been ruled out. The aim of this study was to present long-term outcomes of liver
      transplantation for CC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There have been 1367 liver
      transplantations performed during the years 1994-2013 in the Department of
      General, Transplant and Liver Surgery at the Medical University of Warsaw. This
      retrospective study comprised 55 patients after liver transplantation for CC
      (4.0%). Perioperative mortality (30 days) and patient and graft 1-, 5-, and 10
      year survival rates were set as outcome measures. RESULTS: Peri-operative
      mortality reached 10.9% (6 of 55). The 1-, 5- and 10-year patient and graft
      survival rates were 85.2%, 78.8%, and 73.9%, respectively, and 83.3%, 74.5%, and
      74.5%, respectively. In univariate analyses, the following parameters
      significantly influenced patient survival: pre-operative aspartate (AST; p=0.013)
      and alanine (ALT; p=0.043) aminotransferases activity, INR (p=0.040), bilirubin
      concentration (p=0.045), and donor age (p=0.033). Similarly, graft survival was
      significantly associated with AST (p=0.013), ALT (p=0.043), bilirubin
      concentration (p=0.044), INR (p=0.038), and recipient sex (p=0.049). In
      multivariable analyses, a tendency towards worse patient and graft survival was
      observed in patients with higher pre-operative AST (p=0.078 for patient survival
      and p=0.063 for graft survival). Analyses of the pathological reports indicated
      that underlying immunological processes were the most probable cause of liver
      damage in 16 of 51 patients (31.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term outcomes of liver
      transplantation in patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis are encouraging.
      Analysis of the clinical course, biochemical parameters, and factors influencing
      outcomes suggest an underlying autoimmunological etiology of cirrhosis in this
      population of patients.

PMID- 26983870
TI  - Erratum to: Imported malaria including HIV and pregnant woman risk groups:
      overview of the case of a Spanish city 2004-2014.

PMID- 26983871
TI  - The epidemiology of substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
AB  - The common co-occurrence of substance misuse and other psychiatric disorders and
      their intricate relationships have led to major community-based epidemiological
      studies in the US which showed high rates of current and lifetime comorbidity.
      Moreover, studies of clinical populations conducted in North America, Europe and
      Australia, showed even higher rates of comorbidity. The aetology of this
      comorbidity has also been investigated and important models have emerged with
      findings that inform its assessment and treatment. Future epidemiological studies
      should focus on the study of concurrent conditions rather than lifetime ones
      using research diagnostic instruments with high reliability providing information
      on a number of key outcomes. 

PMID- 26983873
TI  - Psychopharmacology of substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
AB  - The common occurrence of comorbid substance misuse and other psychiatric
      disorders has challenged the diagnostic and therapeutic skills of professionals
      concerned with the care of patients with these dual disorders. Combined
      pharmacological and psychological treatment approaches have evolved empirically
      drawing upon standard treatments with emphasis on psychosocial approaches to
      substance misuse for psychotic disorders and pharmacological approaches for mood
      disorders. Advances in the biology of both disorders have started to inform their
      psychopharmacology. The specific role of atypical antipscychotics is highlighted.
      Further studies of the biology of comorbidity will impact the use of effective
      pharmaceuticals such as clozapine with dual effects on schizophrenia and
      substance misuse. 

PMID- 26983872
TI  - Diagnosing comorbidity: concepts, criteria, and methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The clinical and etiologic implications of comorbid psychiatric and
      substance-use disorders are relevant across countries and cultures. The DSM-IV
      now places greater emphasis on the clinical and research utility of the substance
      induced disorders classification, and clarifies several important diagnostic
      issues specific to primary and substance-induced disorders. However, no research
      consensus exists over the core problem of identifying and differentiating the
      drug and alcohol intoxication and withdrawal symptoms that can mimic psychiatric
      symptoms in heavy drinkers and drug users. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how various
      diagnostic instruments have measured comorbid psychiatric and substance-use
      disorders and how each instrument operationalizes the DSM-IV classification.
      METHOD: We review the evolution of the concept of comorbidity beginning with its
      formalization as the 'primary-secondary' distinction in the Feighner Criteria. We
      address the 'organic-non-organic' distinction found in the RDC, DSM-III, and DSM
      III-R; and finally, review the 'primary' and 'substance-induced' categories of
      DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10. We describe how these distinctions have been
      operationalized in widely used diagnostic instruments. CONCLUSION: Further
      understanding of these classifications and the relationship of co-occurring
      psychiatric and substance disorders can be accomplished with the range of
      available measures, particularly the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance
      and Mental Disorders (PRISM), which reliably utilizes and refines DSM-IV
      classification distinctions.

PMID- 26983874
TI  - Clinical interventions for severe mental illness and co-occurring substance use
      disorder.
AB  - In order to more effectively treat substance use disorders in persons with severe
      mental illness, integrated treatment models have been developed for these 'co
      occurring disorders.' The nature of clinical services provided in these programs
      is described in this article, with brief attention to research on these programs.
      Clinical services are generally guided by a stage model of change, in which the
      client's motivation to change (or stage of treatment: engagement, persuasion,
      active treatment, relapse prevention) informs the optimal selection of
      appropriate interventions. Psychotherapeutic services for co-occurring disorders
      include a range of individual (motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral
      counseling), group (stage-wise groups, social skills training, self-help), and
      family (single family, multifamily formats) interventions. Supplementary
      interventions are also commonly provided, including psychopharmacological,
      residential, coerced and involuntary, and vocational rehabilitation. Access to a
      range of different interventions for co-occurring disorders may improve the
      ability of clinicians to engage and tailor treatment to meet clients' unique
      needs. The research base supporting integrated treatment for co-occurring
      disorders is limited at this time owing to the small number of methodologically
      rigorous studies from which to draw conclusions. Nevertheless, the available
      evidence suggests that integrated treatment programs improve outcomes compared
      with nonintegrated approaches, and that more research is needed to evaluate the
      benefits of these programs. 

PMID- 26983875
TI  - Evolving U.S. service model for patients with severe mental illness and co
      occurring substance use disorder.
AB  - Co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorder has been recognized
      as a common problem in the U.S. since the early 1980s (1-3). For these
      individuals with co-occurring disorders, research demonstrates the effectiveness
      of various forms of combining, blending, or integrating mental health and
      substance abuse treatments (4). The evolving U.S. service model for integrated
      dual disorders treatment emphasizes several key elements: implementation,
      leadership, training, engagement, assessment, counseling for all patients,
      ancillary treatments for those with multiple needs, secondary treatments for
      patients who are nonresponders, and quality assurance regarding process and
      outcomes. 

PMID- 26983876
TI  - The British experience of dual diagnosis in the national health service.
AB  - The co-occurrence of substance misuse and other psychiatric disorder (dual
      diagnosis) has been increasingly recognized in the UK. Clinical studies of
      patients with severe mental disorders showed high rates of substance misuse with
      poor clinical and social outcome. These patients often fall 'between the cracks'
      of the separate general psychiatric and addiction services. This has necessitated
      the development of a national policy advocating the provision of integrated care
      within mainstream psychiatric services. There are emergent models of good
      practice that require evaluation of effectiveness and cost effectiveness. 

PMID- 26983877
TI  - Comorbidity in young people: perspectives and challenges.
AB  - Trends in prevalence in substance misuse in young people in the UK are described:
      increased use over the last decade, the tendency to polydrug use, the narrowing
      of the gender gap. The complex issues relating to the description, definition and
      classification, and diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity and substance misuse are
      outlined. The fact that there is no uniformly accepted definition of what
      constitutes 'dual diagnosis' or 'psychiatric comorbidity' in young people is
      highlighted: this variability impacts upon clinical assessment and study design.
      Despite these considerable drawbacks, a degree of consistency is beginning to
      emerge in the co-occurrence of some conditions, e.g. disruptive and suicidal
      behaviours. It is recognized that psychological distress and substance misuse are
      also associated with multiple social and physical complications. The rapid
      advances in treatment options are presented. At present the 'best practice' is
      implementation of what works for adults with addiction and young people with
      psychiatric disorder. This includes psychosocial interventions such as
      motivational enhancement techniques and cognitive behavioural treatment, as well
      as appropriate safe (usually), short-term use of a range of pharmacological
      agents. Very few comprehensive designated adolescent addiction services exist,
      while child and adolescent mental health services are under serious pressure.
      Thus the need for a longitudinal and multidisciplinary approach, with appropriate
      assessment instruments in young people, is required to further explore diagnostic
      classification which will classify the degrees and patterns of relationships
      between disorders. In this way it may be possible to build up a picture of the
      nature and extent of numerous complex, and sometimes overlapping, problems and
      needs in children and adolescents in a variety of settings: primary and secondary
      care, the criminal justice system and educational establishments. This might
      strengthen the development of innovative treatment services where novel
      interventions are tested as a priority. 

PMID- 26983878
TI  - Dual Targeting of Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain Proteins, and WNT or MAPK
      Signaling, Inhibits c-MYC Expression and Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein family
      attenuate the proliferation of several tumor cell lines. These effects are
      mediated, at least in part, through repression of c-MYC. In colorectal cancer,
      overexpression of c-MYC due to hyperactive WNT/beta-catenin/TCF signaling is a
      key driver of tumor progression; however, effective strategies to target this
      oncogene remain elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of BET inhibitors
      (BETi) on colorectal cancer cell proliferation and c-MYC expression. Treatment of
      20 colorectal cancer cell lines with the BETi JQ1 identified a subset of highly
      sensitive lines. JQ1 sensitivity was higher in cell lines with microsatellite
      instability but was not associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype, c
      MYC expression or amplification status, BET protein expression, or mutation
      status of TP53, KRAS/BRAF, or PIK3CA/PTEN Conversely, JQ1 sensitivity correlated
      significantly with the magnitude of c-MYC mRNA and protein repression. JQ1
      mediated c-MYC repression was not due to generalized attenuation of beta
      catenin/TCF-mediated transcription, as JQ1 had minimal effects on other beta
      catenin/TCF target genes or beta-catenin/TCF reporter activity. BETi
      preferentially target super-enhancer-regulated genes, and a super-enhancer in c
      MYC was recently identified in HCT116 cells to which BRD4 and effector
      transcription factors of the WNT/beta-catenin/TCF and MEK/ERK pathways are
      recruited. Combined targeting of c-MYC with JQ1 and inhibitors of these pathways
      additively repressed c-MYC and proliferation of HCT116 cells. These findings
      demonstrate that BETi downregulate c-MYC expression and inhibit colorectal cancer
      cell proliferation and identify strategies for enhancing the effects of BETi on c
      MYC repression by combinatorial targeting the c-MYC super-enhancer. Mol Cancer
      Ther; 15(6); 1217-26. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983879
TI  - Differential Effects of PI3K and Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibition in Rat Prolactin
      Secreting Pituitary Tumors.
AB  - Aggressive pituitary tumors are rare but difficult to manage, as there is no
      effective chemotherapy to restrict their growth and cause their shrinkage. Within
      these tumors, growth-promoting cascades, like the PI3K/mTOR pathway, appear to be
      activated. We tested the efficacy of two inhibitors of this pathway, NVP-BKM120
      (Buparlisib; pan-PI3K) and NVP-BEZ235 (dual PI3K/mTOR), both in vitro on
      immortalized pituitary tumor cells (GH3) and on primary cell cultures of human
      pituitary tumors and in vivo on a rat model of prolactin (PRL) tumors (SMtTW3).
      In vitro, NVP-BEZ235 had a potent apoptotic and cytostatic effect that was
      characterized by decreased cyclin D/E and Cdk4/2 protein levels and subsequent
      accumulation of cells in G1 In vivo, the effect was transient, with a decrease in
      mitotic index and increase in apoptosis; long-term treatment had no significant
      inhibitory effect on tumor growth. In contrast, while NVP-BKM120 had little
      effect in vitro, it dramatically limited tumor growth in vivo Increased Akt
      phosphorylation observed only in the NVP-BEZ235-treated tumors may explain the
      differential response to the two inhibitors. Primary cell cultures of human PRL
      pituitary tumors responded to NVP-BEZ235 with reduced cell viability and
      decreased hormone secretion, whereas NVP-BKM120 had little effect. Altogether,
      these results show a potential for PI3K inhibitors in the management of
      aggressive pituitary tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1261-70. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983881
TI  - An Unbiased Oncology Compound Screen to Identify Novel Combination Strategies.
AB  - Combination drug therapy is a widely used paradigm for managing numerous human
      malignancies. In cancer treatment, additive and/or synergistic drug combinations
      can convert weakly efficacious monotherapies into regimens that produce robust
      antitumor activity. This can be explained in part through pathway
      interdependencies that are critical for cancer cell proliferation and survival.
      However, identification of the various interdependencies is difficult due to the
      complex molecular circuitry that underlies tumor development and progression.
      Here, we present a high-throughput platform that allows for an unbiased
      identification of synergistic and efficacious drug combinations. In a screen of
      22,737 experiments of 583 doublet combinations in 39 diverse cancer cell lines
      using a 4 by 4 dosing regimen, both well-known and novel synergistic and
      efficacious combinations were identified. Here, we present an example of one such
      novel combination, a Wee1 inhibitor (AZD1775) and an mTOR inhibitor
      (ridaforolimus), and demonstrate that the combination potently and
      synergistically inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo This approach
      has identified novel combinations that would be difficult to reliably predict
      based purely on our current understanding of cancer cell biology. Mol Cancer
      Ther; 15(6); 1155-62. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983880
TI  - TWIST1 Polymorphisms Predict Survival in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal
      Cancer Receiving First-Line Bevacizumab plus Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy.
AB  - The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism of
      resistance to angiogenesis inhibition. The ability of EMT pathway genetic
      variants to predict the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy is unknown. We
      analyzed associations between functional SNPs in EMT-related genes and outcomes
      in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients undergoing first-line bevacizumab
      based chemotherapy. A total of 220 mCRC patients were included in this study: 143
      patients treated with first-line bevacizumab-based chemotherapy (bevacizumab
      cohort) and 77 patients treated with cetuximab-based chemotherapy (cetuximab
      cohort). SNPs in TWIST1 (rs2285682, rs2285681), ZEB1 (rs10826943, rs2839658),
      SNAIL (rs1543442, rs4647958), and E-cadherin (rs16260) genes were analyzed by PCR
      based direct sequencing. Patients carrying a TWIST1 rs2285682 G allele had a
      significantly longer median progression-free survival (PFS) of 18.1 months and
      overall survival (OS) of 44.1 months compared with those with the T/T genotype,
      who had a median PFS of 13.3 months (HR, 0.57; P = 0.003) and OS of 29.2 months
      (HR, 0.53; P = 0.001) in the bevacizumab cohort. In multivariate analysis,
      associations between TWIST1 rs2285682 and PFS and OS remained significant. Among
      women, the G allele of TWIST1 rs2285682 (PFS HR, 0.39; P = 0.007; OS HR, 0.30; P
      = 0.001) and TWIST1 rs2285681 (PFS HR, 0.27; P < 0.001; OS HR, 0.25; P < 0.001)
      was associated with improved survival. No significant associations were found in
      the cetuximab cohort. Our findings suggest that TWIST1 polymorphisms are
      associated with survival in mCRC patients treated with first-line bevacizumab
      based chemotherapy and may serve as clinically useful biomarkers for
      antiangiogenic therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1405-11. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26983884
TI  - Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults:
      An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European
      Association of, Cardiovascular Imaging.

PMID- 26983885
TI  - Enzymatic Studies in Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected Diseases.

PMID- 26983883
TI  - Experimental ovine toxoplasmosis: influence of the gestational stage on the
      clinical course, lesion development and parasite distribution.
AB  - The relation between gestational age and foetal death risk in ovine toxoplasmosis
      is already known, but the mechanisms involved are not yet clear. In order to
      study how the stage of gestation influences these mechanisms, pregnant sheep of
      the same age and genetic background were orally dosed with 50 oocysts of
      Toxoplasma gondii (M4 isolate) at days 40 (G1), 90 (G2) and 120 (G3) of
      gestation. In each group, four animals were culled on the second, third and
      fourth week post infection (pi) in order to evaluate parasite load and
      distribution, and lesions in target organs. Ewes from G1 showed a longer period
      of hyperthermia than the other groups. Abortions occurred in all groups. While in
      G2 they were more frequent during the acute phase of the disease, in G3 they
      mainly occurred after day 20 pi. After challenge, parasite and lesions in the
      placentas and foetuses were detected from day 19 pi in G3 while in G2 or G1 they
      were only detected at day 26 pi. However, after initial detection at day 19 pi,
      parasite burden, measured through RT-PCR, in placenta or foetus of G3 did not
      increase significantly and, at in the third week pi it was lower than that
      measured in foetal liver or placenta from G1 to G3 respectively. These results
      show that the period of gestation clearly influences the parasite multiplication
      and development of lesions in the placenta and foetus and, as a consequence, the
      clinical course in ovine toxoplasmosis. 

PMID- 26983882
TI  - The health belief model and number of peers with internet addiction as inter
      related factors of Internet addiction among secondary school students in Hong
      Kong.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Students are vulnerable to Internet addiction (IA). Influences of
      cognitions based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and perceived number of peers
      with IA (PNPIA) affecting students' IA, and mediating effects involved, have not
      been investigated. METHODS: This cross-sectional study surveyed 9518 Hong Kong
      Chinese secondary school students in the school setting. RESULTS: In this self
      reported study, the majority (82.6%) reported that they had peers with IA. Based
      on the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (cut-off =63/64), the prevalence of IA
      was 16.0% (males: 17.6%; females: 14.0%). Among the non-IA cases, 7.6% (males:
      8.7%; females: 6.3%) perceived a chance of developing IA in the next 12 months.
      Concurring with the HBM, adjusted logistic analysis showed that the Perceived
      Social Benefits of Internet Use Scale (males: Adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 1.19;
      females: ORa = 1.23), Perceived Barriers for Reducing Internet Use Scale (males:
      ORa = 1.26; females: ORa = 1.36), and Perceived Self-efficacy for Reducing
      Internet Use Scale (males: ORa = 0.66; females: ORa = 0.56) were significantly
      associated with IA. Similarly, PNPIA was significantly associated with IA ('quite
      a number': males: ORa = 2.85; females: ORa = 4.35; 'a large number': males: ORa =
      3.90; females: ORa = 9.09). Controlling for these three constructs, PNPIA
      remained significant but the strength of association diminished ('quite a
      number': males: multivariate odds ratio (ORm) = 2.07; females: ORm = 2.44; 'a
      large number': males: ORm = 2.39; females: ORm = 3.56). Hence, the association
      between PNPIA and IA was partially mediated (explained) by the three HBM
      constructs. Interventions preventing IA should change these constructs.
      CONCLUSIONS: In sum, prevalence of IA was relatively high and was associated with
      some HBM constructs and PNPIA, and PNPIA also partially mediated associations
      between HBM constructs and IA. Huge challenges are expected, as social
      relationships and an imbalance of cost-benefit for reducing Internet use are
      involved. Perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of IA were relatively
      low and the direction of their associations with IA did not concur with the HBM.
      Group cognitive-behavioral interventions involving peers with IA or peers
      recovered from IA are potentially useful to modify the HBM constructs and should
      be tested for efficacy.

PMID- 26983886
TI  - Enzymatic Targets in Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - One of the most neglected disease is the Sleeping sickness or Human African
      Trypanosomiasis (HAT), which is mostly restricted to poor regions of Africa. The
      disease is caused by parasitic infection with Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), and
      is acquired through the bite of the tsetse fly. In the first stage of the
      disease, the parasite is in the blood, but in stage 2, the infective form reaches
      the brain, causing great weakness and death. The few existing drugs against this
      infection, are highly toxic, and can cause the emergence of resistant forms of
      the parasite. Also, these drugs are not readily available. New drugs are needed.
      Many researchers are investigating new enzyme targets for the parasite, searching
      for more efficient and selective inhibitors that are capable to cause the
      parasite death with less toxicity to the host. Trypanothione reductase, farnesyl
      diphosphate synthase, 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase, and UDP 4'-galactose
      epimerase are some of the enzymes involved in the studies reported on this
      review. In addition, we have applied ligandbased- virtual screening, using Random
      Forest associated with structure-based-virtual screening (docking), to a small
      dataset of 225 alkaloids from the Menispermaceae family (in-house data bank). The
      aim of this study is to select structures with potential inhibitory activity
      against trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma brucei. The computer-aided drug
      design study selected certain alkaloids that might be worth further
      investigation. 

PMID- 26983888
TI  - Metabolic Enzymes of Helminth Parasites: Potential as Drug Targets.
AB  - Metabolic pathways that extract energy from carbon compounds are essential for an
      organism's survival. Therefore, inhibition of enzymes in these pathways
      represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat parasitic infections.
      However, the high degree of similarity between host and parasite enzymes makes
      this strategy potentially difficult. Nevertheless, several existing drugs to
      treat infections by parasitic helminths (worms) target metabolic enzymes. These
      include the trivalent antimonials that target phosphofructokinase and Clorsulon
      that targets phosphoglycerate mutase and phosphoglycerate kinase. Glycolytic
      enzymes from a variety of helminths have been characterised biochemically, and
      some inhibitors identified. To date none of these inhibitors have been developed
      into therapies. Many of these enzymes are externalised from the parasite and so
      are also of interest in the development of potential vaccines. Less work has been
      done on tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and oxidative phosphorylation complexes.
      Again, while some inhibitors have been identified none have been developed into
      drug-like molecules. Barriers to the development of novel drugs targeting
      metabolic enzymes include the lack of experimentally determined structures of
      helminth enzymes, lack of direct proof that the enzymes are vital in the
      parasites and lack of cell culture systems for many helminth species.
      Nevertheless, the success of Clorsulon (which discriminates between highly
      similar host and parasite enzymes) should inspire us to consider making serious
      efforts to discover novel anthelminthics, which target metabolic enzymes. 

PMID- 26983887
TI  - Targeting Plasmodium Metabolism to Improve Antimalarial Drug Design.
AB  - Malaria is one of the main infectious diseases in tropical developing countries
      and represents high morbidity and mortality rates nowadays. The principal
      etiological agent P. falciparum is transmitted through the bite of the female
      Anopheles mosquito. The issue has escalated due to the emergence of resistant
      strains to most of the antimalarials used for the treatment including
      Chloroquine, Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine, and recently Artemisinin derivatives,
      which has led to diminished effectiveness and by consequence increased the
      severity of epidemic outbreaks. Due to the lack of effective compounds to treat
      these drug-resistant strains, the discovery or development of novel anti-malaria
      drugs is important. In this context, one strategy has been to find inhibitors of
      enzymes, which play an important role for parasite survival. Today, promising
      results have been obtained in this regard, involving the entire P. falciparum
      metabolism. These inhibitors could serve as leads in the search of a new
      chemotherapy against malaria. This review focuses on the achievements in recent
      years with regard to inhibition of enzymes used as targets for drug design
      against malaria. 

PMID- 26983890
TI  - Shengmai injection attenuates the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced autophagy
      via modulation of the AMPK, mTOR and JNK pathways.
AB  - Context Shengmai injection (SMI) is a patented Chinese medicine originated from
      the ancient Chinese herbal compound Shengmai san, which is used extensively for
      the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in the clinic.
      Objective To determine the neuroprotective effect of SMI, we investigated the
      effect of SMI on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice as well as
      the mechanisms underlying this effect. Materials and methods Right middle
      cerebral artery was occluded by inserting a thread through internal carotid
      artery for 1 h, and then reperfused for 24 h in mice. The neuroprotective effects
      were determined using transmission electron microscopic examination, the
      evaluation of infarct volume, neurological deficits and water brain content.
      Related mechanisms were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and western
      blotting. SMI was injected intraperitoneally after 1 h of ischemia at doses of
      1.42, 2.84 and 5.68 g/kg. The control group received saline as the SMI vehicle.
      Results Results showed that SMI (1.42, 2.84 and 5.68 g/kg) could significantly
      reduce the infarct volume, SMI (5.68 g/kg) could also significantly improve the
      neurological deficits, decreased brain water content, as well as the neuronal
      morphological changes. SMI (5.68g/kg) could significantly inhibit the expression
      of autophagy-related proteins: Beclin1 and LC3. It also reduced the increase in
      LC3-positive cells. SMI (5.68 g/kg) remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of
      adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and down-regulated the
      phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Jun N-terminal kinase
      (JNK) after 24 h of reperfusion. Discussion and conclusion The results indicate
      that SMI provides remarkable protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion
      injury, which may be partly due to the inhibition of autophagy and related
      signalling pathways. 

PMID- 26983891
TI  - MicroRNA-9 suppresses cell migration and invasion through downregulation of
      TM4SF1 in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Transmembrane-4-L6 family 1 (TM4SF1) is upregulated in colorectal carcinoma
      (CRC). However, the mechanism leading to inhibition of the TM4SF1 is not known.
      In the present study, we investigated the regulation of TM4SF1 and function of
      microRNAs (miRNAs) in CRC invasion and metastasis. We analyzed 60 colon cancers
      and paired normal specimens for TM4SF1 and miRNA-9 (miR-9) expression using
      quantitative real-time PCR. A bioinformatics analysis identified a putative miR-9
      binding site within the 3'-UTR of TM4SF1. We also found that TM4SF1 was
      upregulated in CRC tissues and CRC cell lines. The expression of TM4SF1 was
      positively correlated with clinical advanced stage and lymph node metastasis.
      Moreover, a luciferase assay revealed that miR-9 directly targeted 3'-UTR-TM4SF1.
      Overexpression of miR-9 inhibited expression of TM4SF1 mRNA and protein, wound
      healing, transwell migration and invasion of SW480 cells, whereas, overexpression
      of anti-miR-9 and siRNA-TM4SF1 inversely regulated the TM4SF1 mRNA and protein
      level in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, miR-9 suppressed not only TM4SF1 expression
      but also MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF expression. In clinical specimens, miR-9 was
      generally down-regulated in CRC and inversely correlated with TM4SF1 expression.
      These results suggest that miR-9 functions as a tumor-suppressor in CRC, and that
      its suppressive effects mediate invasion and metastasis by inhibition of TM4SF1
      expression. Our results also indicate that miR-9 might be a novel target for the
      treatment of CRC invasion and metastasis. 

PMID- 26983892
TI  - Toward Improving Transurethral Prostate Surgery: Development and Initial
      Experiments with a Prototype Concentric Tube Robotic Platform.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the potential clinical advantages of holmium laser
      enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), there has been reluctance of the urologic
      community to adopt the procedure, as a result of a perceived steep learning
      curve. Thus, we sought to design and develop a transurethral endoscopic robotic
      platform for HoLEP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a novel transurethral,
      concentric tube robotic platform for HoLEP. We conducted magnetic tracking
      experiments to compare movements of the end effectors of the robot with those of
      a rigid endoscope. Additionally, we tested the robot on an HoLEP simulator and
      with a human cadaveric prostate to assess its ability to maneuver within a small
      working space. RESULTS: In the prostate scanning experiment, the area reached by
      the robot represents a 65% improvement vs the area accessible by a rigid
      endoscope without tissue deformation. Additionally, the robot performed well
      within the confines of the prostatic urethra and was able to successfully
      complete prostate lobe enucleation, on both the HoLEP simulator and with a human
      cadaveric prostate. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a concentric tube robotic
      platform that is passed through a standard endoscope that is capable of producing
      complex movements of the end effectors. We have shown that these movements of the
      concentric tube manipulators are capable of performing tasks that may eventually
      translate into improved ease of performing HoLEP.

PMID- 26983893
TI  - Pain and sex hormones: a review of current understanding.
AB  - Multiple epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence for
      women in several chronic pain disorders. Clinical and experimental investigations
      have consistently demonstrated sex-specific differences in pain sensitivity and
      pain threshold. Even though the underlying mechanisms responsible for these
      differences have not yet been elucidated, the logical possibility of gonadal
      hormone influence on nociceptive processing has garnered recent attention. In
      this review, we evaluated the complex literature regarding gonadal hormones and
      their influence on pain perception. We reviewed the numerous functions of gonadal
      hormones, discussed the influence of these hormones on several common chronic
      pain syndromes (migraine, tension and cluster headaches, fibromyalgia,
      temporomandibular syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and back pain, among others),
      and have attempted to draw conclusions from the available data. 

PMID- 26983894
TI  - Low-level laser therapy attenuates the acute inflammatory response induced by
      muscle traumatic injury.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of early and long-term low
      level laser therapy (LLLT) on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers after
      acute-traumatic muscle injury in Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into
      the following four groups: control group (CG), muscle injury group (IG), CG +
      LLLT, and IG + LLLT: laser treatment with doses of 3 and 5 J/cm(2). Muscle
      traumatic injury was induced by a single-impact blunt trauma in the rat
      gastrocnemius. Irradiation for 3 or 5 J/cm(2) was initiated 2, 12, and 24 h after
      muscle trauma induction, and the treatment was continued for five consecutive
      days. All the oxidant markers investigated. namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive
      substance, carbonyl, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase,
      were increased as soon as 2 h after muscle injury and remained increased up to 24
      h. These alterations were prevented by LLLT at a 3 J/cm(2) dose given 2 h after
      the trauma. Similarly, LLLT prevented the trauma-induced proinflammatory state
      characterized by IL-6 and IL-10. In parallel, trauma-induced reduction in BDNF
      and VEGF, vascular remodeling and fiber-proliferating markers, was prevented by
      laser irradiation. In order to test whether the preventive effect of LLLT was
      also reflected in muscle functionality, we tested the locomotor activity, by
      measuring distance traveled and the number of rearings in the open field test.
      LLLT was effective in recovering the normal locomotion, indicating that the
      irradiation induced biostimulatory effects that accelerated or resolved the acute
      inflammatory response as well as the oxidant state elicited by the muscle trauma.

PMID- 26983895
TI  - The CagA toxin of Helicobacter pylori: abundant production but relatively low
      amount translocated.
AB  - CagA is one of the most studied pathogenicity factors of the bacterial pathogen
      Helicobacter pylori. It is injected into host cells via the H. pylori cag-Type IV
      secretion system. Due to its association with gastric cancer, CagA is classified
      as oncogenic protein. At the same time CagA represents the 4(th) most abundant
      protein produced by H. pylori, suggesting that high amounts of toxin are required
      to cause the physiological changes or damage observed in cells. We were able to
      quantify the injection of CagA into gastric AGS epithelial cells in vitro by the
      adaptation of a novel protease-based approach to remove the tightly adherent
      extracellular bacteria. After one hour of infection only 1.5% of the total CagA
      available was injected by the adherent bacteria, whereas after 3 hours 7.5% was
      found within the host cell. Thus, our data show that only a surprisingly small
      amount of the CagA available in the infection is finally injected under in vitro
      infection conditions. 

PMID- 26983896
TI  - Transcriptional profiling of breast cancer cells in response to mevinolin:
      Evidence of cell cycle arrest, DNA degradation and apoptosis.
AB  - The merging of high-throughput gene expression techniques, such as microarray, in
      the screening of natural products as anticancer agents, is considered the optimal
      solution for gaining a better understanding of the intervention mechanism. Red
      yeast rice (RYR), a Chinese dietary product, contains a mixture of
      hypocholesterolemia agents such as statins. Typically, statins have this effect
      via the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of
      cholesterol. Recently, statins have been shown to exhibit various beneficial
      antineoplastic properties through the disruption of tumor angiogenesis and
      metastatic processes. Mevinolin (MVN) is a member of statins and is abundantly
      present in RYR. Early experimental trials suggested that the mixed
      apoptotic/necrotic cell death pathway is activated in response to MVN exposure.
      In the current study, the cytotoxic profile of MVN was evaluated against MCF-7, a
      breast cancer-derived cell line. The obtained results indicated that MVN-induced
      cytotoxicity is multi-factorial involving several regulatory pathways in the
      cytotoxic effects of MVN on breast cancer cell lines. In addition, MVN-induced
      transcript abundance profiles inferred from microarrays showed significant
      changes in some key cell processes. The changes were predicted to induce cell
      cycle arrest and reactive oxygen species generation but inhibit DNA repair and
      cell proliferation. This MVN-mediated multi-factorial stress triggered specific
      programmed cell death (apoptosis) and DNA degradation responses in breast cancer
      cells. Taken together, the observed MVN-induced effects underscore the potential
      of this ubiquitous natural compound as a selective anticancer activity, with
      broad safety margins and low cost compared to benchmarked traditional synthetic
      chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, the data support further pre-clinical and
      clinical evaluations of MVN as a novel strategy to combat breast cancer and
      overcome drug resistance. 

PMID- 26983897
TI  - Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Veterans with Depression and
      Suicidal Ideation.
AB  - The current study examined suicidal ideation (SI) and depression outcomes among
      Veterans receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for depression (CBT-D) throughout
      the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system. Patient outcomes included
      Beck Depression Inventory-II total score and SI item. Of 902 patients, 427 (47%)
      had no SI, 405 (45%) had SI but no suicidal intent, 26 (3%) indicated suicidal
      desire, 8 (1%) indicated suicide intent if they had the chance, and 36 (4%) did
      not answer this question at session one. The odds of SI decreased by 64% from
      1.03 at session one to 0.37 at final assessment (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.43).
      Findings reveal that CBT-D was associated with significant decreases in SI and
      depression among Veterans.

PMID- 26983898
TI  - Biodegradable polymers for targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Biodegradable polymers have been used for more than three decades
      in cancer treatment and have received increased interest in recent years. A range
      of biodegradable polymeric drug delivery systems designed for localized and
      systemic administration of therapeutic agents as well as tumor-targeting
      macromolecules has entered into the clinical phase of development, indicating the
      significance of biodegradable polymers in cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED: This
      review elaborates upon applications of biodegradable polymers in the delivery and
      targeting of anti-cancer agents. Design of various drug delivery systems based on
      biodegradable polymers has been described. Moreover, the indication of polymers
      in the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs via passive, active targeting,
      and localized drug delivery are also covered. EXPERT OPINION: Biodegradable
      polymer-based drug delivery systems have the potential to deliver the payload to
      the target and can enhance drug availability at desired sites. Systemic toxicity
      and serious side effects observed with conventional cancer therapeutics can be
      significantly reduced with targeted polymeric systems. Still, there are many
      challenges that need to be met with respect to the degradation kinetics of the
      system, diffusion of drug payload within solid tumors, targeting tumoral tissue
      and tumor heterogeneity.

PMID- 26983899
TI  - Cisplatin-induced CCL5 secretion from CAFs promotes cisplatin-resistance in
      ovarian cancer via regulation of the STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
AB  - Currently, acquired resistance to cisplatin (DDP) is a substantial obstacle to
      reducing the morbidity and mortality due to ovarian malignant tumors.
      Nevertheless, cisplatin plays a vital role in killing the tumor cells while it
      may also be a 'primer' involved in chemotherapy resistance. We found that the
      cisplatin-induced chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) secretion derived from
      cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promoted ovarian cancer cell resistance to
      cisplatin. Via a cytokine chip assay, we identified a spectrum of secreted
      proteins that were derived from the CAFs through cisplatin-induced treatment.
      Among these, CCL5 significantly attenuated the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin
      chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, CCL5 expression was also
      detected in 62 serous ovarian cancer patient tissue specimens using IHC, and the
      results demonstrated that chemotherapy resistant patients displayed higher
      expression of CCL5 than the chemo-sensitive patients (P<0.05). Mechanistically,
      we found that CCL5 notably increased STAT3 and Akt phosphorylation levels in
      ovarian cancer cells. These results indicated that cisplatin- induced CCL5
      secretion derived from the CAFs may promote cisplatin resistance, which was
      mediated by regulation of the STAT3 and PI3K/Akt signal pathways.

PMID- 26983900
TI  - Laboratory medicine and mobile health technologies at crossroads: Perspectives
      for the management of chronic diseases.
AB  - Management of chronic diseases represents a leading health and economic issue
      worldwide. Biomarkers are critical for the diagnosis and management of both
      communicable and non-communicable chronic diseases, and mobile health (mHealth)
      technologies are about to change the "game" with regard to the management of
      patients with such chronic diseases. The development of efficient, accurate and
      interactive solutions that integrate biomarkers and mHealth opens new
      perspectives for caregivers for the management of chronic illness.

PMID- 26983901
TI  - Translating immune targets into treatments for kidney disease.

PMID- 26983902
TI  - Concerted action of KCNJ15/Kir4.2 and intracellular polyamines in sensing
      physiological electric fields for galvanotaxis.

PMID- 26983903
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinases as candidate biomarkers in adults with congenital heart
      disease.
AB  - Context Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with diastolic
      dysfunction and heart failure in acquired heart disease. Objective To investigate
      the role of MMPs as novel biomarkers in clinically stable adults with congenital
      heart disease. Methods We measured serum MMP-2, -3, -9 and tissue inhibitor of
      matrix metalloproteinase-1 in 425 patients and analysed the association with
      cardiac function and exercise capacity. Results MMP-2 was significantly
      associated with exercise capacity, ventilatory efficiency and left ventricular
      deceleration time, independently of age, sex, body surface area and NT-proBNP.
      Conclusion MMP-2 may provide new information in the clinical evaluation of adults
      with congenital heart disease. 

PMID- 26983905
TI  - Applications using high-Tc superconducting terahertz emitters.
AB  - Using recently-developed THz emitters constructed from single crystals of the
      high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta, we performed three prototype tests of
      the devices to demonstrate their unique characteristic properties for various
      practical applications. The first is a compact and simple transmission type of
      THz imaging system using a Stirling cryocooler. The second is a high-resolution
      Michelson interferometer used as a phase-sensitive reflection-type imaging
      system. The third is a system with precise temperature control to measure the
      liquid absorption coefficient. The detailed characteristics of these systems are
      discussed. 

PMID- 26983904
TI  - A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Individual Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and
      Child-Centered Therapy for Child Anxiety Disorders.
AB  - This study compared individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a
      supportive child-centered therapy (CCT) for child anxiety disorders on rates of
      treatment response and recovery at posttreatment and 1-year follow-up, as well as
      on real-world measures of emotional functioning. Youth (N = 133; ages 9-14) with
      anxiety disorders (generalized, separation, and/or social anxiety) were
      randomized using a 2:1 ratio to CBT (n = 90) or CCT (n = 43), which served as an
      active comparison. Treatment response and recovery at posttreatment and 1-year
      follow-up were assessed by Independent Evaluators, and youth completed ecological
      momentary assessment of daily emotions throughout treatment. The majority of
      youth in both CBT and CCT were classified as treatment responders (71.1% for CBT,
      55.8% for CCT), but youth treated with CBT were significantly more likely to
      fully recover, no longer meeting diagnostic criteria for any of the targeted
      anxiety disorders and no longer showing residual symptoms (66.7% for CBT vs.
      46.5% for CCT). Youth treated with CBT also reported significantly lower negative
      emotions associated with recent negative events experienced in daily life during
      the latter stages of treatment relative to youth treated with CCT. Furthermore, a
      significantly higher percentage of youth treated with CBT compared to CCT were in
      recovery at 1-year follow-up (82.2% for CBT vs. 65.1% for CCT). These findings
      indicate potential benefits of CBT above and beyond supportive therapy on the
      breadth, generalizability, and durability of treatment-related gains.

PMID- 26983906
TI  - Paricalcitol may improve oxidative DNA damage on experimental amikacin-induced
      nephrotoxicity model.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of paricalcitol on
      experimental amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity model in rats. Wistar albino rats (n
      = 32) were allocated into four equal groups of eight each, the control (Group C),
      paricalcitol (Group P), amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity (Group A), and
      paricalcitol-treated amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity (Group A + P) groups.
      Paricalcitol was given intra-peritoneally at a dose of 0.4 MUg/kg/d for 5
      consecutive days prior to induction of amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity. Intra
      peritoneal amikacin (1.2 g/kg) was used to induce nephrotoxicity at day 4. Renal
      function parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy
      2'-deoxyguanosine/deoxyguanosine ratio), kidney histology, and vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoexpression were determined. Group A + P
      had lower mean fractional sodium excretion (p < 0.001) as well as higher
      creatinine clearance (p = 0.026) than the amikacin group (Group A). Renal tissue
      malondialdehyde levels (p = 0.035) and serum 8-hydroxy-2'
      deoxyguanosine/deoxyguanosine ratio (8-OHdG/dG ratio) (p < 0.001) were
      significantly lower; superoxide dismutase (p = 0.024) and glutathione peroxidase
      (p = 0.007) activities of renal tissue were significantly higher in group A + P
      than in group A. The mean scores of tubular necrosis (p = 0.024), proteinaceous
      casts (p = 0.038), medullary congestion (p = 0.035), and VEGF immunoexpression (p
      = 0.018) were also lower in group A + P when compared with group A. This study
      demonstrates the protective effect of paricalcitol in the prevention of amikacin
      induced nephrotoxicity in an experimental model. Furthermore, it is the first
      study to demonstrate that paricalcitol improves oxidative DNA damage in an
      experimental acute kidney injury model. 

PMID- 26983908
TI  - Design of Advanced Photocatalysis System by Adatom Decoration in 2D Nanosheets of
      Group-IV and III-V Binary Compounds.
AB  - Searching for novel photocatalysts is one of the most important topic in
      photocatalytic fields. In the present work, we propose a feasible approach to
      improve the photocatalytic activities of 2D bilayers through surface decoration,
      i.e. hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydroxylation. Our investigations
      demonstrate that after surface modification, the optical adsorption expands into
      the visible region, while a built-in electric field is induced due to the
      interlayer coupling, which can promote the charge separation for photogenerated
      electron-hole pairs. Our results show that the indirect-direct band gap
      transition of SiC, SnC, BN and GaN can be realised through adatom decoration.
      Furthermore, the surface-modified 2D bilayers have suitable VBM and CBM
      alignments with the oxidation and reduction potentials for water splitting,
      suggesting powerful potentials in energy and environmental applications. 

PMID- 26983907
TI  - In Vitro Characterization of Derrone as an Aurora Kinase Inhibitor.
AB  - Among mitotic kinases, Aurora kinases are the most widely studied, since their
      expression is restricted to mitosis. They play a key role in chromosome
      segregation and cell polyploidy. Aurora kinases are important therapeutic
      targets, and several research groups have directed their efforts toward the
      identification of kinase inhibitors. The aim of this study is to screen and
      characterize Aurora kinase inhibitors from natural substances extracted from
      plants that are used in the Vietnamese pharmacopoeia. We have characterized in
      vitro Derrone, extracted from Erythrina orientalis L. MURR, as a novel Aurora
      kinase inhibitor. This compound exhibited an ability to inhibit the
      phosphorylation of histone H3 at ser10 both in kinase assay and at the cellular
      level. The compound was more effective against Aurora kinase B, with a lower IC50
      value as compared to Aurora A. Moreover, it impaired the mitotic spindle
      checkpoint and led to endoreduplication in cancer cells, a phenomenon caused by
      an Aurora B inhibitor. Interestingly, using the xCelligence system and real-time
      cell analysis (RTCA) software, we set up a comparison of cell proliferation
      profiles between cancer cells treated with Derrone and VX680-a well-known Aurora
      kinase inhibitor-and we found that these profiles exhibited considerable
      similarity in cell morphology, growth, and death. Additionally, Derrone
      significantly inhibited the formation and growth of MCF7 tumor spheroids. 

PMID- 26983909
TI  - Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global
      terrestrial ecosystems.
AB  - Drought is an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle that profoundly affects
      the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, the response of the coupled water and
      carbon cycles to drought and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we
      provide the first global synthesis of the drought effect on ecosystem water use
      efficiency (WUE = gross primary production (GPP)/evapotranspiration (ET)). Using
      two observational WUE datasets (i.e., eddy-covariance measurements at 95 sites
      (526 site-years) and global gridded diagnostic modelling based on existing
      observation and a data-adaptive machine learning approach), we find a contrasting
      response of WUE to drought between arid (WUE increases with drought) and semi
      arid/sub-humid ecosystems (WUE decreases with drought), which is attributed to
      different sensitivities of ecosystem processes to changes in hydro-climatic
      conditions. WUE variability in arid ecosystems is primarily controlled by
      physical processes (i.e., evaporation), whereas WUE variability in semi-arid/sub
      humid regions is mostly regulated by biological processes (i.e., assimilation).
      We also find that shifts in hydro-climatic conditions over years would intensify
      the drought effect on WUE. Our findings suggest that future drought events, when
      coupled with an increase in climate variability, will bring further threats to
      semi-arid/sub-humid ecosystems and potentially result in biome reorganization,
      starting with low-productivity and high water-sensitivity grassland. 

PMID- 26983910
TI  - Observation of Weyl nodes and Fermi arcs in tantalum phosphide.
AB  - A Weyl semimetal possesses spin-polarized band-crossings, called Weyl nodes,
      connected by topological surface arcs. The low-energy excitations near the
      crossing points behave the same as massless Weyl fermions, leading to exotic
      properties like chiral anomaly. To have the transport properties dominated by
      Weyl fermions, Weyl nodes need to locate nearly at the chemical potential and
      enclosed by pairs of individual Fermi surfaces with non-zero Fermi Chern numbers.
      Combining angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles
      calculation, here we show that TaP is a Weyl semimetal with only a single type of
      Weyl fermions, topologically distinguished from TaAs where two types of Weyl
      fermions contribute to the low-energy physical properties. The simple Weyl
      fermions in TaP are not only of fundamental interests but also of great potential
      for future applications. Fermi arcs on the Ta-terminated surface are observed,
      which appear in a different pattern from that on the As-termination in TaAs and
      NbAs. 

PMID- 26983911
TI  - Smaller-loss planar SPP transmission line than conventional microstrip in
      microwave frequencies.
AB  - Transmission line is a basic component in all passive devices, integrated
      circuits, and systems. Microstrip is the most popular transmission line in the
      microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, and has been widely used in current
      electronic devices, circuits, and systems. One of the important issues to be
      solved in such applications is the relatively large transmission loss of
      microstrip. Here, we propose a method to reduce the loss of microwave
      transmission line based on the designable wavenumber of spoof surface plasmon
      polaritons (SPPs). Using this characteristic, we analyze and experimentally
      demonstrate the low-loss feature of the SPP transmission line through the
      perturbation method and S-parameter measurements, respectively. Both simulation
      and experimental results show that the SPP transmission line has much smaller
      transmission loss than traditional microstrip with the same size in the microwave
      frequencies. Hence, the spoof SPP transmission line may make a big step forward
      in the low-loss circuits and systems. 

PMID- 26983912
TI  - Value of FGFR2 expression for advanced gastric cancer patients receiving
      pazopanib plus CapeOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin).
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine
      the effect of FGFR2 and VEGFR2 expression on treatment outcomes for patients with
      metastatic or recurrent advanced gastric cancer (AGC) receiving a combination of
      pazopanib with CapeOx (capecitabine and oxaliplatin). METHODS: We conducted a
      single-arm, open-label phase II study to determine the efficacy and toxicity of
      the combination of pazopanib with CapeOx in 66 patients with metastatic or
      recurrent AGC (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01130805). IHC analysis of FGFR2 and VEGFR2
      was possible in 54 patients (81.8 %). RESULTS: Among 54 patients, the median age
      was 51.5 years (range 23-72 years). Male patients were 59.3 %. Seven patients
      (13.5 %) had tumor tissues that expressed FGFR2 by IHC. No patients had tumors
      that expressed VEGFR2. Among seven patients with tumors with FGFR2 expression,
      six achieved partial response (PR) with a 85.7 % response rate and one patient
      with stable disease. Among 47 patients with tumors without FGFR2 expression, one
      had complete response and 27 had PR (59.5 %). A significant difference in PFS was
      seen between patients who were positive and negative for FGFR2 using IHC (8.5 vs.
      5.6 months, P = 0.050). By prognostic analysis for PFS, only FGFR2 status by IHC
      (positive vs. negative) had significant prognostic value for predicting PFS.
      CONCLUSIONS: FGFR2 expression by IHC might be a useful biomarker for predicting
      treatment outcomes of patients with metastatic or recurrent AGC treated with a
      combination of pazopanib and CapeOx.

PMID- 26983913
TI  - Landfill site selection for municipal solid wastes in mountainous areas with
      landslide susceptibility.
AB  - Several cities across the world are located in mountainous and landslide prone
      areas. Any landfill siting without considering landslide susceptibility in such
      regions may impose additional environmental adversity. This study was aimed to
      propose a practical method for selecting waste disposal site that accounts for
      landslide exposure. The proposed method was applied to a city which is highly
      proneness to landslide due to its geology, morphology, and climatic conditions.
      First, information on the previously occurred landslides of the region was
      collected. Based on this information, proper landslide causative factors were
      selected and their thematic maps were prepared. Factors' classes were then
      standardized in 0-1 domain, and thematic layers were weighted by using analytical
      hierarchy process (AHP). The landslide susceptibility map was prepared
      afterwards. Unsuitable areas for landfill location were masked in GIS environment
      by Boolean method, retaining sufficient areas for further evaluation. Nine
      remaining alternatives were selected through comprehensive field visits and were
      ranked by using AHP. Consequently, 17 factors in three environmental, economical,
      and social perspectives were employed. Sensitivity analyses were performed to
      assess the stability of the alternatives ranking with respect to variations in
      criterion weights. Based on the obtained landslide susceptible map, nearly 36 %
      of the entire region is proneness to landslide. The prepared Boolean map
      indicates that potential areas for landfill construction cover 11 % of the whole
      region. The results further indicated that if landslide susceptible areas are not
      considered in landfill site selection, the potential landfill sites would become
      more than twice. It can be concluded that if any of these landslide prone sites
      are selected for landfilling, further environmental disaster would be terminated
      in the future. It can be further concluded that the proposed method could
      reasonably well be adjusted to consider landslide exposure when siting a solid
      waste landfill. 

PMID- 26983914
TI  - Dynamic impact of urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade
      openness on CO 2 emissions in Nigeria.
AB  - The objective of this paper is to examine the dynamic impact of urbanization,
      economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness on CO 2 emissions in
      Nigeria based on autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) approach for the period
      of 1971-2011. The result shows that variables were cointegrated as null
      hypothesis was rejected at 1 % level of significance. The coefficients of long
      run result reveal that urbanization does not have any significant impact on CO 2
      emissions in Nigeria, economic growth, and energy consumption has a positive and
      significant impact on CO 2 emissions. However, trade openness has negative and
      significant impact on CO 2 emissions. Consumption of energy is among the main
      determinant of CO 2 emissions which is directly linked to the level of income.
      Despite the high level of urbanization in the country, consumption of energy
      still remains low due to lower income of the majority populace and this might be
      among the reasons why urbanization does not influence emissions of CO 2 in the
      country. Initiating more open economy policies will be welcoming in the Nigerian
      economy as the openness leads to the reduction of pollutants from the environment
      particularly CO 2 emissions which is the major gases that deteriorate physical
      environment. 

PMID- 26983916
TI  - Using a hybrid model to predict solute transfer from initially saturated soil
      into surface runoff with controlled drainage water.
AB  - The mixing layer theory is not suitable for predicting solute transfer from
      initially saturated soil to surface runoff water under controlled drainage
      conditions. By coupling the mixing layer theory model with the numerical model
      Hydrus-1D, a hybrid solute transfer model has been proposed to predict soil
      solute transfer from an initially saturated soil into surface water, under
      controlled drainage water conditions. The model can also consider the increasing
      ponding water conditions on soil surface before surface runoff. The data of
      solute concentration in surface runoff and drainage water from a sand experiment
      is used as the reference experiment. The parameters for the water flow and solute
      transfer model and mixing layer depth under controlled drainage water condition
      are identified. Based on these identified parameters, the model is applied to
      another initially saturated sand experiment with constant and time-increasing
      mixing layer depth after surface runoff, under the controlled drainage water
      condition with lower drainage height at the bottom. The simulation results agree
      well with the observed data. Study results suggest that the hybrid model can
      accurately simulate the solute transfer from initially saturated soil into
      surface runoff under controlled drainage water condition. And it has been found
      that the prediction with increasing mixing layer depth is better than that with
      the constant one in the experiment with lower drainage condition. Since lower
      drainage condition and deeper ponded water depth result in later runoff start
      time, more solute sources in the mixing layer are needed for the surface water,
      and larger change rate results in the increasing mixing layer depth. 

PMID- 26983917
TI  - Sulfadimethoxine transport in soil columns in relation to sorbable and non
      sorbable tracers.
AB  - In this study, miscible displacement experiment and batch sorption experiments
      were performed with sulfadimethoxine, dye tracer, Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) and a
      conservative tracer (bromide) to depict, analyse and interpret transport paths of
      sulfadimethoxine in undisturbed and disturbed soil columns. Batch sorption
      experiment revealed that sorption potential increased in the order: Brilliant
      Blue FCF > sulfadimethoxine > bromide. The horizontal spatial patterns of
      sulfadimethoxine and the tracers were analysed in each depth, and selective
      samples were taken in horizontal cross-section. Non-adsorbable and conservative
      tracer, bromide spread more widely into longitudinal and horizontal direction
      than sulfadimethoxine and Brilliant Blue FCF, since adsorption reduced
      transversal dispersion of the sulfadimethoxine and dye. In non-stained area,
      residual concentrations of sulfadimethoxine were relatively lower than in stained
      areas. Therefore, Brilliant Blue FCF distribution can be used to approximate
      sulfadimethoxine movement in soil. However, presence of preferential flow
      networks found in undisturbed soil cores can enhance mobility of sulfadimethoxine
      and the tracers, due to faster flow velocities and non-equilibrium adsorption.
      Our findings showed that other dye tracers may also be applicable to identify
      transport pathways of various organic contaminants, of which physico-chemical
      properties are similar to those of the dye tracers. Preferential flow should be
      considered for drinking water managements and transport modelling, since this
      allows faster pollutants transport from their sources, and create critical
      consequences for groundwater quality and solute transport modelling. 

PMID- 26983915
TI  - Degradation of the insecticide propoxur by electrochemical advanced oxidation
      processes using a boron-doped diamond/air-diffusion cell.
AB  - A solution with 0.38 mM of the pesticide propoxur (PX) at pH 3.0 has been
      comparatively treated by electrochemical oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (EO
      H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). The trials were
      carried out with a 100-mL boron-doped diamond (BDD)/air-diffusion cell. The EO
      H2O2 process had the lowest oxidation ability due to the slow reaction of
      intermediates with *OH produced from water discharge at the BDD anode. The EF
      treatment yielded quicker mineralization due to the additional *OH formed between
      added Fe2+ and electrogenerated H2O2. The PEF process was the most powerful since
      it led to total mineralization by the combined oxidative action of hydroxyl
      radicals and UVA irradiation. The PX decay agreed with a pseudo-first-order
      kinetics in EO-H2O2, whereas in EF and PEF, it obeyed a much faster pseudo-first
      order kinetics followed by a much slower one, which are related to the oxidation
      of its Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes, respectively. EO-H2O2 showed similar
      oxidation ability within the pH range 3.0-9.0. The effect of current density and
      Fe2+ and substrate contents on the performance of the EF process was examined.
      Two primary aromatic products were identified by LC-MS during PX degradation.

PMID- 26983918
TI  - On the potential role of DNMT1 in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic
      syndromes: not another mutated epigenetic driver.
AB  - DNA methylation is the most common epigenetic modification in the mammalian
      genome. DNA methylation is governed by the DNA methyltransferases mainly DNMT1,
      DNMT3A, and DNMT3B. DNMT1 methylates hemimethylated DNA ensuring accurate DNA
      methylation maintenance. DNMT1 is involved in the proper differentiation of
      hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through the interaction with effector molecules.
      DNMT1 is deregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic
      syndromes (MDS) as early as the leukemic stem cell stage. Through the interaction
      with fundamental transcription factors, non-coding RNAs, fusion oncogenes and by
      modulating core members of signaling pathways, it can affect leukemic cells
      biology. DNMT1 action might be also catalytic-independent highlighting a
      methylation-independent mode of action. In this review, we have gathered some
      current facts of DNMT1 role in AML and MDS and we also propose some perspectives
      for future studies. 

PMID- 26983919
TI  - Learning with Technology: Video Modeling with Concrete-Representational-Abstract
      Sequencing for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a video modeling
      intervention with concrete-representational-abstract instructional sequence in
      teaching mathematics concepts to students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A
      multiple baseline across skills design of single-case experimental methodology
      was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention on the acquisition
      and maintenance of addition, subtraction, and number comparison skills for four
      elementary school students with ASD. Findings supported the effectiveness of the
      intervention in improving skill acquisition and maintenance at a 3-week follow
      up. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

PMID- 26983920
TI  - Differences in Social Motivation in Children with Smith-Magenis Syndrome and Down
      Syndrome.
AB  - Social excesses, characterised by heightened social motivation, are important for
      describing social functioning. Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a potential
      exemplar of a disorder where heightened social motivation is associated with
      negative behavioural outcomes. In Down syndrome (DS) strong social motivation is
      described, but less commonly associated with behavioural problems. Children with
      SMS (n = 21) and DS (n = 19) were observed during social situations, in which
      familiarity of adults present and level of attention available were manipulated.
      Motivation in SMS was characterised by comparatively frequent social initiations
      when adult attention was low, and stronger preference for familiar adults,
      compared to DS. Findings provide insight into the nature of social motivation in
      SMS and support an argument for nuanced consideration of motivation.

PMID- 26983921
TI  - Renaissance of leptin for obesity therapy.
AB  - Diet-induced obesity and its metabolic comorbidities constitute an overwhelming
      health crisis and there is an urgent need for safe and effective pharmacological
      interventions. Being largely shelved for decades, scientists are now revisiting
      the anti-obesity virtues of leptin. Whereas it remains evident that leptin as a
      stand-alone therapy is not an effective approach, the potential for employing
      sensitising pharmacology to unleash the weight-lowering properties of leptin has
      injected new hope into the field. Fascinatingly, these leptin-sensitising agents
      seem to act via distinct metabolic pathways and may thus, in parallel with their
      clinical development, serve as important research tools to progress our
      understanding of the molecular, physiological and behavioural pathways underlying
      energy homeostasis and obesity pathophysiology. This review summarises a
      presentation given at the 'Is leptin coming back?' symposium at the 2015 annual
      meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this
      symposium (by Thomas Meek and Gregory Morton, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3898-3 ,
      and by Gerald Shulman and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3909-4 ) and an
      overview by the Session Chair, Ulf Smith (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3894-7 ). 

PMID- 26983923
TI  - Bariatric surgery: traversing the CROSSROADS into mainstream diabetes care.

PMID- 26983922
TI  - Bavachinin, as a novel natural pan-PPAR agonist, exhibits unique synergistic
      effects with synthetic PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha agonists on carbohydrate and
      lipid metabolism in db/db and diet-induced obese mice.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists
      have long been sought as therapeutics against the metabolic syndrome, but current
      PPAR agonists show limited efficacy and adverse effects. Natural herbs provide a
      structurally untapped resource to prevent and treat complicated metabolic
      syndrome. METHODS: Natural PPAR agonists were screened using reporter gene,
      competitive binding and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation assays in vitro. The
      effects on metabolic phenotypes were verified in db/db and diet-induced obese
      mice. In addition, potentially synergistic actions of bavachinin (BVC, a novel
      natural pan-PPAR agonist from the fruit of the traditional Chinese glucose
      lowering herb malaytea scurfpea) and synthetic PPAR agonists were studied through
      nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular docking, reporter gene assays and mouse
      studies. RESULTS: BVC exhibited glucose-lowering properties without inducing
      weight gain and hepatotoxicity. Importantly, BVC synergised with
      thiazolidinediones, which are synthetic PPAR-gamma agonists, and fibrates, which
      are PPAR-alpha agonists, to induce PPAR transcriptional activity, as well as to
      lower glucose and triacylglycerol levels in db/db mice. We further found that BVC
      occupies a novel alternative binding site in addition to the canonical site of
      synthetic agonists of PPAR, and that the synthetic PPAR-gamma agonist
      rosiglitazone can block BVC binding to this canonical site but not to the
      alternative site. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This is the first report of a
      synergistic glucose- and lipid-lowering effect of BVC and synthetic agonists
      induced by unique binding with PPAR-gamma or -alpha. This combination may improve
      the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of marketed drugs for use as adjunctive
      therapy to treat the metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 26983924
TI  - Gastric bypass surgery vs intensive lifestyle and medical intervention for type 2
      diabetes: the CROSSROADS randomised controlled trial.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mounting evidence indicates that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
      ameliorates type 2 diabetes, but randomised trials comparing surgical vs
      nonsurgical care are needed. With a parallel-group randomised controlled trial
      (RCT), we compared RYGB vs an intensive lifestyle and medical intervention (ILMI)
      for type 2 diabetes, including among patients with a BMI <35 kg/m(2). METHODS: By
      use of a shared decision-making recruitment strategy targeting the entire at-risk
      population within an integrated community healthcare system, we screened 1,808
      adults meeting inclusion criteria (age 25-64, with type 2 diabetes and a BMI 30
      45 kg/m(2)). Of these, 43 were allocated via concealed, computer-generated random
      assignment in a 1:1 ratio to RYGB or ILMI. The latter involved >=45 min of
      aerobic exercise 5 days per week, a dietitian-directed weight- and glucose
      lowering diet, and optimal diabetes medical treatment for 1 year. Although
      treatment allocation could not be blinded, outcomes were determined by a blinded
      adjudicator. The primary outcome was diabetes remission at 1 year (HbA1c <6.0%
      [<42.1 mmol/mol], off all diabetes medicines). RESULTS: Twenty-three volunteers
      were assigned to RYGB and 20 to ILMI. Of these, 11 withdrew before receiving any
      intervention. Hence 15 in the RYGB group and 17 in the IMLI group were analysed
      throughout 1 year. The groups were equivalent regarding all baseline
      characteristics, except that the RYGB cohort had a longer diabetes duration (11.4
      +/- 4.8 vs 6.8 +/- 5.2 years, p = 0.009). Weight loss at 1 year was 25.8 +/-
      14.5% vs 6.4 +/- 5.8% after RYGB vs ILMI, respectively (p < 0.001). The ILMI
      exercise programme yielded a 22 +/- 11% increase in [Formula: see text]
      (p<0.0001), whereas [Formula: see text] after RYGB was unchanged. Diabetes
      remission at 1 year was 60.0% with RYGB vs 5.9% with ILMI (p = 0.002). The HbA1c
      decline over 1 year was only modestly more after RYGB than ILMI: from 7.7 +/-
      1.0% (60.7 mmol/mol) to 6.4 +/- 1.6% (46.4 mmol/mol) vs 7.3 +/- 0.9% (56.3
      mmol/mol) to 6.9 +/- 1.3% (51.9 mmol/mol), respectively (p = 0.04); however, this
      drop occurred with significantly fewer or no diabetes medications after RYGB. No
      life-threatening complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Compared
      with the most rigorous ILMI yet tested against surgery in a randomised trial,
      RYGB yielded greater type 2 diabetes remission in mild-to-moderately obese
      patients recruited from a well-informed, population-based sample. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01295229.

PMID- 26983926
TI  - Epicardial Fat Thickness and Primary Aldosteronism.
AB  - Primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and
      left ventricle (LV) changes. Given its peculiar biomolecular and anatomic
      properties, excessive epicardial fat, the heart-specific visceral fat depot, can
      affect LV morphology. Whether epicardial fat can be associated with aldosterone
      and LV mass (LVM) in patients with PA is unknown. We performed ultrasound
      measurement of the epicardial fat thickness (EAT) in 79 consecutive newly
      diagnosed patients with PA, 59 affected by bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (IHA),
      20 aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), and 30 patients with essential
      hypertension (low renin hypertension) (EH). The 3 groups did not differ by age,
      sex distribution, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or blood
      pressure values. EAT showed a trend of increase in both APA and IHA groups when
      compared to patients with EH (8.3+/-1.8 vs. 7.9+/-1.3 vs. 7.8+/-2 mm,
      respectively). EAT was significantly correlated with indexed LVM in the IHA group
      (r=0.35, p<005), better than BMI or WC were. Interestingly, EAT was highly
      associated with plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) and PAC/plasma renin
      activity (PRA) (PAC/PRA) in the APA group (p=0.58, p=0.37, p<0.01, for both),
      whereas BMI and WC were not. EAT was also correlated with PRA in the IHA group
      (p=-0.28, p<0.05). Our study indicates a novel and interesting interaction of EAT
      with PA, independent of obesity, abdominal fat and blood pressure control. EAT
      can locally affect LVM, at least in patients with IHA. Further studies in larger
      population will be required to confirm these findings. 

PMID- 26983925
TI  - Temporary deafferentation evoked by cutaneous anesthesia: behavioral and
      electrophysiological findings in healthy subjects.
AB  - Motor function and motor excitability can be modulated by changes of
      somatosensory input. Here, we performed a randomized single-blind trial to
      investigate behavioral and neurophysiological changes during temporary
      deafferentation of left upper arm and forearm in 31 right-handed healthy adults.
      Lidocaine cream was used to anesthetize the skin from wrist to shoulder, sparing
      the hand. As control condition, on a different day, a neutral cream was applied
      to the same skin area. The sequence (first Lidocaine, then placebo or vice versa)
      was randomized. Behavioral measures included the Grating Orientation Task, the
      Von Frey hair testing and the Nine-hole-peg-test. Transcranial magnetic
      stimulation was used to investigate short-interval intracortical inhibition,
      stimulus response curves, motor evoked potential amplitudes during pre
      innervation and the cortical silent period (CSP). Recordings were obtained from
      left first dorsal interosseous muscle and from left flexor carpi radialis muscle.
      During deafferentation, the threshold of touch measured at the forearm was
      significantly worse. Other behavioral treatment-related changes were not found.
      The CSP showed a significant interaction between treatment and time in first
      dorsal interosseous muscle. CSP duration was longer during Lidocaine application
      and shorter during placebo exposure. We conclude that, in healthy subjects,
      temporary cutaneous deafferentation of upper and lower arm may have minor effects
      on motor inhibition, but not on sensory or motor function for the adjacent non
      anesthetized hand.

PMID- 26983927
TI  - ER Protein Processing Under Oxidative Stress: Implications and Prevention.
AB  - Elevated levels of mitochondrial nitrosative stress have been associated with the
      pathogenesis of both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The mechanism involves
      catalytic poisoning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident oxidoreductase
      chaperone, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and the subsequent accumulation of
      ER-processed substrate proteins. Using a model system to mimic mitochondrial
      oxidative and nitrosative stress, we demonstrate a PDI-independent mechanism
      whereby reactive oxygen species (ROS) compromise regeneration rates of disulfide
      bond-containing ER-processed proteins. Under ROS-duress, the secretion-destined
      traffic adopts disulfide-exposed structures making the protein flux
      retrotranslocation biased. We also demonstrate that ROS-compromised protein
      maturation rates can be rescued by the polyphenol ellagic acid (EA). Our results
      are significant in that they reveal an additional mechanism which could promote
      neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, our data reveal that EA possesses
      therapeutic potential as a lead prophylactic agent against oxidative/nitrosative
      stress-related neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 26983928
TI  - Amyloid Hydrogen Bonding Polymorphism Evaluated by (15)N{(17)O}REAPDOR Solid
      State NMR and Ultra-High Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance
      Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - A combined approach, using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass
      spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and solid-state NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), shows a
      high degree of polymorphism exhibited by Abeta species in forming hydrogen-bonded
      networks. Two Alzheimer's Abeta peptides, Ac-Abeta(16-22)-NH2 and Abeta(11-25),
      selectively labeled with (17)O and (15)N at specific amino acid residues were
      investigated. The total amount of peptides labeled with (17)O as measured by
      FTICR-MS enabled the interpretation of dephasing observed in (15)N{(17)O}REAPDOR
      solid-state NMR experiments. Specifically, about one-third of the Abeta peptides
      were found to be involved in the formation of a specific >C?(17)O...H-(15)N
      hydrogen bond with their neighbor peptide molecules, and we hypothesize that the
      rest of the molecules undergo +/- n off-registry shifts in their hydrogen bonding
      networks.

PMID- 26983931
TI  - Change of Guards.

PMID- 26983929
TI  - Building Tobacco Cessation Capacity in Homeless Shelters: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Tobacco use is common among homeless adults, yet few homeless shelters offer
      tobacco dependence treatment. Using a pre-intervention and post-intervention
      study design, we pilot tested the feasibility of a capacity building intervention
      that consisted of a 3.5-h training for shelter staff to provide cessation
      counseling. Staff (n = 12) and homeless clients (n = 46) completed questionnaires
      at pre-intervention, post-intervention (6 weeks), and at 12-weeks follow-up.
      Staff completed a questionnaire on tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes toward
      and practices around treating tobacco dependence, and self-efficacy in providing
      cessation counseling (score range 1-5). Clients completed a questionnaire on
      tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes toward tobacco dependence, and receipt of
      tobacco-related services from the program (score range 1-5). We used repeated
      measures linear regression analysis to examine change in scores over time. From
      pre-intervention to post-intervention, staff knowledge (beta coefficient 0.4, 95
      % CI 0.1-0.8) and efficacy (beta coefficient 0.4, 95 % CI 0.2-0.7) in treating
      tobacco dependence increased. Client receipt of tobacco-related program services
      increased significantly from post-intervention to follow-up (beta coefficient
      0.3, 95 % CI 0.1-0.5). A brief capacity building intervention has the potential
      to increase tobacco-related interventions among clients in homeless shelters.

PMID- 26983930
TI  - Increasing Community Awareness About Alzheimer's Disease in Puerto Rico Through
      Coffee Shop Education and Social Media.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the fourth leading cause of death in Puerto Rico.
      Using multi-media resources and in-person education may be an effective approach
      to improve knowledge and awareness of AD. The Un Cafe por el Alzheimer program in
      Puerto Rico incorporates an education component at coffee shops and a social
      media campaign using Facebook. The current study evaluates this initiative
      through an analysis of pre/post education survey results and social media content
      and use. Surveys contained close-ended and open-ended questions to understand
      participants' perceptions and knowledge about AD. Post-education surveys also
      included questions related to program satisfaction. Social media analysis of the
      Facebook community page examined posts from March 1 to September 30, 2015.
      Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey and Facebook data. Four
      education sessions were conducted with a total of 212 participants. Fifty-one of
      the participants completed both pre- and post-surveys. Following the education
      program participants reported improved knowledge of risk and protective factors.
      All participants reported learning new information from the program. There were a
      total of 250 posts on the Un Cafe por el Alzheimer community Facebook page; 168
      posts related to AD. The Facebook page reached 294,109 people, with 9963 page
      likes, 610 comments, 17,780 post clicks, and 3632 shares. There was an average
      increase of 64.8 % in number of people reached by the Facebook page following the
      education sessions. The approach of combining social media resources and in
      person education is beneficial to increase public awareness of AD and disseminate
      health information.

PMID- 26983932
TI  - Novel montelukast sodium-loaded stable oral suspension bioequivalent to the
      commercial granules in rats.
AB  - To develop a montelukast sodium-loaded stable oral suspension bioequivalent to
      the commercial granules in rats, several montelukast sodium-loaded suspensions
      were prepared with a suspending agent, stabilizers and anti-aggregation agents,
      and their stabilities were investigated by visually observing the sedimentation
      phenomenon and determining the concentration of the degradation product.
      Moreover, dissolution and pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation
      were examined in rats compared to commercial montelukast sodium-loaded granules.
      Avicel RC-591 (Avicel), a suspending agent, prevented the sedimentation of these
      suspensions at >2.496 (w/v) per cent composition. Amongst the stabilizers tested,
      fumaric acid provided the lowest concentration of montelukast sulphoxide (a
      degradation product) in these suspensions at 40  degrees C, demonstrating its
      excellent stabilizing activity. Furthermore, as an anti-aggregation agent,
      glycerin gave lower amounts of degradation product than those with poloxamer 407
      and Tween 80. In particular, montelukast-loaded oral suspension, an aqueous
      suspension containing montelukast sodium/Avicel/fumaric acid/glycerin at a
      concentration of 312/2496/15.6/62.4 (mg/100 ml), and the commercial granules
      exhibited similar dissolution profiles in 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium
      lauryl sulphate. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics in rats provided by this
      suspension was comparable to that of the commercial granules, suggesting that
      they were bioequivalent. In addition, it was physically and chemically stable at
      40  degrees C for at least 6 months. Thus, this montelukast sodium-loaded oral
      suspension, with bioequivalence to the commercial granules and excellent
      stability, could be a prospective dosage form for the treatment of asthma.

PMID- 26983933
TI  - 27-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses lipid accumulation by down-regulating lipogenic
      and adipogenic gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells.
AB  - Cholesterol oxidation products (oxycholesterols) are produced from cholesterol by
      automatic and/or enzymatic oxidation of the steroidal backbone and side-chain.
      Oxycholesterols are present in plasma and serum, suggesting that oxycholesterols
      are related to the development and progression of various diseases. However,
      limited information is available about the absolute amounts of oxycholesterols in
      organs and tissues, and the physiological significance of oxycholesterols in the
      body. In the present study, we quantified the levels of 13 oxycholesterols in
      white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice and then evaluated correlations between each
      oxycholesterol level and WAT weight. The sum of the levels of 13 oxycholesterols
      in WAT (white adipose tissue) was 15.9 +/- 3.4 MUg/g of WAT weight and
      approximately 1 % of cholesterol level. Among oxycholesterols, the levels of 27
      hydroxycholesterol (27-OH), an endogenous oxycholesterol produced by enzymatic
      oxidation, and the relative WAT weights were significantly negatively correlated.
      Next, we evaluated the effects of 27-OH on lipogenesis and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1
      cells. TO901317 (TO), a potent and selective agonist for LXRalpha, significantly
      increased intracellular TAG contents, while 27-OH significantly reduced the
      contents to half when compared with control (DMSO) and completely abolished the
      effect of TO. In addition, 27-OH significantly reduced the mRNA levels of
      lipogenic (LXRalpha and FAS) and adipogenic genes (PPARgamma and aP2) during
      adipocyte maturation of 3T3-L1 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that 27
      OH suppresses lipid accumulation by down-regulating lipogenic and adipogenic gene
      expression in 3T3-L1 cells.

PMID- 26983936
TI  - The impact of virtual fracture clinics on medical education - a medical student
      perspective.

PMID- 26983934
TI  - Exogenous expression of homeoprotein EGAM1N prevents in vitro cardiomyogenesis by
      impairing expression of T and Nkx2.5, but not Mef2c, in mouse embryonic stem
      cells.
AB  - Generation of multiple cell types from embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced
      pluripotent stem cells is crucial to provide materials for regenerative medicine.
      EGAM1N has been found in preimplantation mouse embryos and mouse ES cells as a
      functionally unclassified homeoprotein. Recently, we reported that expression of
      EGAM1N suppressed the in vitro differentiation of ES cells into progenitor cells
      that arise in early embryogenesis. To clarify the effect of EGAM1N on terminal
      differentiation, embryoid bodies (EBs) were prepared from ES cells expressing
      exogenous Egam1n. In EBs expressing Egam1n, cardiomyogenesis was inhibited by
      impairing the expression of crucial transcription factors Brachyury T and Nkx2.5
      in the generation of mesoderm and cardiomyocytes, respectively. Expression levels
      of Mef2c, another crucial gene for cardiomyogenesis, were unaffected. Conversely,
      the expression levels of Gata6 and Plat, markers for the primitive endoderm
      lineage, and Cdx2, a marker for the trophectoderm lineage, were increased. These
      results suggested that certain cell populations in EBs expressing Egam1n
      preferentially differentiated to such cell lineages. Our results suggest that
      EGAM1N not only affects the generation of progenitor cells during early
      embryogenesis, but also the progression of terminal differentiation, such as
      cardiomyogenesis, in mouse ES cells.

PMID- 26983935
TI  - High variation in manufacturer-declared serving size of packaged discretionary
      foods in Australia.
AB  - Despite the potential of declared serving size to encourage appropriate portion
      size consumption, most countries including Australia have not developed clear
      reference guidelines for serving size. The present study evaluated variability in
      manufacturer-declared serving size of discretionary food and beverage products in
      Australia, and how declared serving size compared with the 2013 Australian
      Dietary Guideline (ADG) standard serve (600 kJ). Serving sizes were obtained from
      the Nutrition Information Panel for 4466 packaged, discretionary products in 2013
      at four large supermarkets in Sydney, Australia, and categorised into fifteen
      categories in line with the 2013 ADG. For unique products that were sold in
      multiple package sizes, the percentage difference between the minimum and the
      maximum serving size across different package sizes was calculated. A high
      variation in serving size was found within the majority of food and beverage
      categories - for example, among 347 non-alcoholic beverages (e.g. soft drinks),
      the median for serving size was 250 (interquartile range (IQR) 250, 355) ml
      (range 100-750 ml). Declared serving size for unique products that are available
      in multiple package sizes also showed high variation, particularly for chocolate
      based confectionery, with median percentage difference between minimum and
      maximum serving size of 183 (IQR 150) %. Categories with a high proportion of
      products that exceeded the 600 kJ ADG standard serve included cakes and muffins,
      pastries and desserts (>=74 % for each). High variability in declared serving
      size may confound interpretation and understanding of consumers interested in
      standardising and controlling their portion selection. Future research is needed
      to assess if and how standardising declared serving size might affect consumer
      behaviour. 

PMID- 26983937
TI  - Smartloss: A Personalized Mobile Health Intervention for Weight Management and
      Health Promotion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Synonymous with increased use of mobile phones has been the
      development of mobile health (mHealth) technology for improving health, including
      weight management. Behavior change theory (eg, the theory of planned behavior)
      can be effectively encapsulated into mobile phone-based health improvement
      programs, which is fostered by the ability of mobile phones and related devices
      to collect and transmit objective data in near real time and for health care or
      research professionals and clients to communicate easily. OBJECTIVE: To describe
      SmartLoss, a semiautomated mHealth platform for weight loss. METHODS: We
      developed and validated a dynamic energy balance model that determines the amount
      of weight an individual will lose over time if they are adherent to an energy
      intake prescription. This model was incorporated into computer code that enables
      adherence to a prescribed caloric prescription determined from the change in body
      weight of the individual. Data from the individual are then used to guide
      personalized recommendations regarding weight loss and behavior change via a
      semiautomated mHealth platform called SmartLoss, which consists of 2 elements:
      (1) a clinician dashboard and (2) a mobile phone app. SmartLoss includes and
      interfaces with a network-connected bathroom scale and a Bluetooth-connected
      accelerometer, which enables automated collection of client information (eg, body
      weight change and physical activity patterns), as well as the systematic delivery
      of preplanned health materials and automated feedback that is based on client
      data and is designed to foster prolonged adherence with body weight, diet, and
      exercise goals. The clinician dashboard allows for efficient remote monitoring of
      all clients simultaneously, which may further increase adherence, personalization
      of treatment, treatment fidelity, and efficacy. RESULTS: Evidence of the efficacy
      of the SmartLoss approach has been reported previously. The present report
      provides a thorough description of the SmartLoss Virtual Weight Management Suite,
      a professionally programmed platform that facilitates treatment fidelity and the
      ability to customize interventions and disseminate them widely. CONCLUSIONS:
      SmartLoss functions as a virtual weight management clinic that relies upon
      empirical weight loss research and behavioral theory to promote behavior change
      and weight loss.

PMID- 26983939
TI  - NMR resonance assignments of caspase recruitment domain of RIP2 kinase.
AB  - Receptor interacting protein-2, RIP2, is a serine/threonine kinase and has
      sequence homology to RIP. It functions as an adaptor molecule for some members
      from the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and mediates divergent signaling
      pathways including NF-kappaB activation and cell death. RIP2 contains an N
      terminal kinases domain and a C-terminal caspase activation and recruitment
      domain (CARD). The apoptotic activity of RIP2 is restricted to its C-terminal
      CARD domain while NF-kappaB activation requires the intact RIP2 for binding. RIP2
      CARD involved homotypic or heterotypic interactions with members of the death
      domains superfamily. Here I report backbone and sidechain (1)H, (13)C and (15)N
      resonance assignments of soluble RIP2 CARD as a basis for further structural and
      functional studies.

PMID- 26983941
TI  - A high performance three-phase enzyme electrode based on superhydrophobic
      mesoporous silicon nanowire arrays for glucose detection.
AB  - We describe here a high performance oxygen-rich three-phase enzyme electrode
      based on superhydrophobic mesoporous silicon nanowire arrays for glucose
      detection. We demonstrate that its linear detection upper limit is 30 mM, more
      than 15 times higher than that can be obtained on the normal enzyme-electrode.
      Notably, the three-phase enzyme electrode output is insensitive to the
      significant oxygen level fluctuation in analyte solution. 

PMID- 26983938
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi Polyamine Transporter: Its Role on Parasite Growth and Survival
      Under Stress Conditions.
AB  - Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, a major health
      problem in Latin America. Polyamines are polycationic compounds that play a
      critical role as regulators of cell growth and differentiation. In contrast with
      other protozoa, T. cruzi is auxotrophic for polyamines because of its inability
      to synthesize putrescine due to the lack of both, arginine and ornithine
      decarboxylase; therefore, the intracellular availability of polyamines depends
      exclusively on transport processes. In this work, the polyamine transporter
      TcPAT12 was overexpressed in T. cruzi epimastigotes demonstrating that growth
      rates at different concentrations of polyamines strongly depend on the regulation
      of the polyamine transport. In addition, parasites overexpressing TcPAT12 showed
      a highly increased resistance to hydrogen peroxide and the trypanocidal drugs
      nifurtimox and benznidazole, which act by oxidative stress and interfering the
      synthesis of polyamine derivatives, respectively. Finally, the presence of
      putative polyamine transporters was analyzed in T. cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and
      Leishmania major genomes identifying 3-6 genes in these trypanosomatids.

PMID- 26983940
TI  - (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments and secondary structure analysis of
      translation initiation factor 1 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a primary
      cause of infection in humans. P. aeruginosa can acquire resistance against
      multiple groups of antimicrobial agents, including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides
      and fluoroquinolones, and multidrug resistance is increasing in this organism
      which makes treatment of the infections difficult and expensive. This has led to
      the unmet need for discovery of new compounds distinctly different from present
      antimicrobials. Protein synthesis is an essential metabolic process and a
      validated target for the development of new antibiotics. Translation initiation
      factor 1 from P. aeruginosa (Pa-IF1) is the smallest of the three initiation
      factors that acts to establish the 30S initiation complex to initiate translation
      during protein biosynthesis, and its structure is unknown. Here we report the
      (1)H, (13)C and (15)N chemical shift assignments of Pa-IF1 as the basis for NMR
      structure determination and interaction studies. Secondary structure analyses
      deduced from the NMR chemical shift data have identified five beta-strands with
      an unusually extended beta-strand at the C-terminal end of the protein and one
      short alpha-helix arranged in the sequential order beta1-beta2-beta3-alpha1-beta4
      beta5. This is further supported by (15)N-{(1)H} hetero NOEs. These secondary
      structure elements suggest the Pa-IF1 adopts the typical beta-barrel structure
      and is composed of an oligomer-binding motif.

PMID- 26983942
TI  - Enhancement of malate-production and increase in sensitivity to dimethyl
      succinate by mutation of the VID24 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Malate in sake (a Japanese alcoholic beverage) is an important component for
      taste that is produced by yeasts during alcoholic fermentation. To date, many
      researchers have developed methods for breeding high-malate-producing yeasts;
      however, genes responsible for the high-acidity phenotype are not known. We
      determined the mutated gene involved in high malate production in yeast, isolated
      as a sensitive mutant to dimethyl succinate. In the comparative whole genome
      analysis between high-malate-producing strain and its parent strain, one of the
      non-synonymous substitutions was identified in the VID24 gene. The mutation of
      VID24 resulted in enhancement of malate-productivity and sensitivity to dimethyl
      succinate. The mutation appeared to lead to a deficiency in Vid24p function.
      Furthermore, disruption of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (Mdh2p) gene in the
      VID24 mutant inhibited the high-malate-producing phenotype. Vid24p is known as a
      component of the multisubunit ubiquitin ligase and participates in the
      degradation of gluconeogenic enzymes such as Mdh2p. We suggest that the
      enhancement of malate-productivity results from an accumulation of Mdh2p due to
      the loss of Vid24p function. These findings propose a novel mechanism for the
      regulation of organic acid production in yeast cells by the component of
      ubiquitin ligase, Vid24p. 

PMID- 26983943
TI  - Pyruvate kinase deletion as an effective phenotype to enhance lysine production
      in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032: Redirecting the carbon flow to a
      precursor metabolite.
AB  - Various attempts have been made to enhance lysine production in Corynebacterium
      glutamicum. Pyruvate kinase (PYK) defect is one of the strategies used to enhance
      the supply of oxaloacetic acid (OAA), a precursor metabolite for lysine
      biosynthesis. However, inconsistent effects of this mutation have been reported:
      positive effects of PYK defect in mutants having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
      (PEPC) desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, while negative
      effects in simple PYK gene (pyk) knockout mutants. To address these
      discrepancies, the effects of pyk deletion on lysine yield were investigated with
      or without the D299N mutation in ppc rendering PEPC desensitization. C.
      glutamicum ATCC13032 mutant strain P with a feedback inhibition-desensitized
      aspartokinase was used as the parent strain, producing 9.36 g/L lysine from 100
      g/L glucose in a jar fermentor culture. Under these conditions, while the simple
      mutant D2 with pyk deletion or R2 with the PEPC-desensitization mutation showed
      marginally increased lysine yield (~1.1-fold, not significant), the mutant DR2
      strain having both mutations showed synergistically increased lysine productivity
      (1.38-fold, 12.9 g/L). Therefore, the pyk deletion is effective under a PEPC
      desensitized background, which ensures enhanced supply of OAA, thus clarifying
      the discrepancies. A citrate synthase defective mutation (S252C in gltA) further
      increased the lysine yield in strain DR2 (1.68-fold, 15.7 g/L). Thus, these three
      mutations coordinately enhanced the lysine yield. Both the malate:quinone
      oxidoreductase activity and respiration rate were significantly reduced in
      strains D2 and DR2. Overall, these results provide valuable knowledge for
      engineering the anaplerotic reaction to increase lysine yield in C. glutamicum. 

PMID- 26983944
TI  - Performance of a non-contact infrared thermometer in healthy newborns.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a non-contact infrared thermometer
      (NCIT) in comparison with digital axillary thermometer (DAT) and infrared
      tympanic thermometers (ITT) in a population of healthy at term and preterm
      newborns nursed in incubators. SETTING: 1 level III maternity hospital, and its
      intensive neonatal care unit. PARTICIPANTS: 119 healthy at term newborns and 70
      preterm newborns nursed in incubators were consecutively enrolled. Exclusion
      criteria were unstable/critical conditions, polymalformative congenital syndromes
      and severe congenital syndromes. INTERVENTIONS: Body temperature readings were
      prospectively collected. Each participant underwent bilateral axillary
      temperature measurement with DAT, bilateral tympanic measurement with ITT and mid
      forehead temperature measurements using NCIT. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Degree of
      agreement between methods was evaluated by the Bland and Altman method. RESULTS:
      714 measurements in 119 healthy at term newborns and 420 measurements in 70
      preterm newborns nursed in incubators were performed. Clinical reproducibility of
      NCIT was 0.0455  degrees C for infants in incubators and 0.0861  degrees C for
      infants outside an incubator. Bias was 0.029  degrees C for infants in incubators
      and <0.0001  degrees C for infants outside an incubator. Zero outliers were
      recorded. The mean difference between methods was good both for newborns at term
      (0.12  degrees C for NCIT vs DAT and 0.02  degrees C for NCIT vs ITT) and preterm
      newborns in incubators (0.10  degrees C for NCIT vs DAT and 0.14  degrees C for
      NCIT vs ITT). Limits of agreement were 0.99 to -0.75 and 0.78 to -0.75 in at term
      newborns and were particularly satisfactory in preterm newborns in incubators
      (95% CI: 0.48 to -0.27 and 0.68 to -0.40). CONCLUSIONS: Our results with Bland
      and Altman analysis demonstrate that NCIT is a very promising tool, especially in
      preterm newborns nursed in incubators. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was approved
      by the Careggi University Hospital Ethics Committee (07/2011).

PMID- 26983945
TI  - Effect of serotonin modulating pharmacotherapies on body mass index and
      dysglycaemia among children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta
      analysis protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Serotonin-modulating medications are commonly prescribed for mental
      health issues. Currently, there is limited consensus on weight gain and
      dysglycaemia development among children using these medications. The objective of
      this study is to review and synthesise all the available evidence on serotonin
      modulating medications and their effects on body mass index (BMI), weight and
      glycaemic control. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a systematic review of
      all randomised controlled trials evaluating the use of serotonin-modulating
      medications in the treatment of children 2-17 years with mental health
      conditions. The outcome measures are BMI, weight and dysglycaemia. We will
      perform literature searches through Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, PsycINFO and grey
      literature resources. Two reviewers from the team will independently screen
      titles and abstracts, assess the eligibility of full-text trials, extract
      information from eligible trials and assess the risk of bias and quality of the
      evidence. Results of this review will be summarised narratively and
      quantitatively as appropriate. We will perform a multiple treatment comparison
      using network meta-analysis to estimate the pooled direct, indirect and network
      estimate for all serotonin-modulating medications on outcomes if adequate data
      are available. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Serotonin-modulating medications are
      widely prescribed for children with mental health diseases and are also used off
      label. This network meta-analysis will be the first to assess serotonin
      modulating antidepressants and their effects on weight and glycaemic control. We
      anticipate that our results will help physicians and patients make more informed
      choices while considering the side effect profile. We will disseminate the
      results of the systematic review and network meta-analysis through peer-reviewed
      journals. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42015024367.

PMID- 26983946
TI  - ECG risk markers for atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death in minimally
      symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea: the MOSAIC randomised trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), atrial fibrillation (AF) and sudden
      cardiac death (SCD) may occur concomitantly, and are of considerable
      epidemiological interest, potentially leading to morbidity and mortality.
      Effective treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) could
      prevent progression and/or recurrence of AF and factors leading to SCD. Recently,
      a randomised controlled trial showed a statistically and clinically significant
      prolongation of measures of cardiac repolarisation after CPAP withdrawal in
      symptomatic patients with moderate to severe OSA. Whether or not CPAP therapy
      improves ECG risk markers of AF and SCD in patients with minimally symptomatic
      OSA as well, is unknown. METHODS: 3 centres taking part in the MOSAIC
      (Multicentre Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Interventional Cardiovascular) trial
      randomised 303 patients with minimally symptomatic OSA to receive either CPAP or
      standard care for 6 months. Treatment effects of CPAP on P-wave duration, P-wave
      dispersion, QT interval, QT dispersion, Tpeak-to-Tend (TpTe) and TpTe/QT ratio
      were analysed. RESULTS: Participants were primarily men (83%). Mean age was 57.8
      (7.2) and mean ODI (Oxygen Desaturation Index) at baseline was 13.1/h (12.3).
      Full 12-lead ECG data was available in 250 patients. Mean (SD) baseline intervals
      of P-wave duration, P-wave dispersion, QTc interval, QT dispersion, TpTe and
      TpTe/QT ratio in ms were 87.4 (8.3), 42.3 (11.9), 397.8 (22.7), 43.1 (16.7), 73.5
      (13.7) and 0.19 (0.0), respectively. No treatment effect of CPAP on risk markers
      for AF and SCD was found. CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be no effect of CPAP on ECG
      measures of arrhythmia risk in patients with minimally symptomatic OSA. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN34164388; Post-results.

PMID- 26983948
TI  - Qualitative study to conceptualise a model of interprofessional collaboration
      between pharmacists and general practitioners to support patients' adherence to
      medication.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) face an increasing
      expectation to collaborate interprofessionally on a number of healthcare issues,
      including medication non-adherence. This study aimed to propose a model of
      interprofessional collaboration within the context of identifying and improving
      medication non-adherence in primary care. SETTING: Primary care; Sydney,
      Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 3 focus groups were conducted with pharmacists (n=23)
      and 3 with GPs (n=22) working in primary care. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Qualitative investigation of GP and pharmacist interactions with each
      other, and specifically around supporting their patients' medication adherence.
      Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and transcripts thematically analysed
      using a combination of manual and computer coding. RESULTS: 3 themes pertaining
      to interprofessional collaboration were identified (1) frequency, (2) co
      collaborators and (3) nature of communication which included 2 subthemes (method
      of communication and type of communication). While the frequency of interactions
      was low, the majority were conducted by telephone. Interactions, especially those
      conducted face-to-face, were positive. Only a few related to patient non
      adherence. The findings are positioned within contemporary collaborative theory
      and provide an accessible introduction to models of interprofessional
      collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlighted that successful collaboration
      to improve medication adherence was underpinned by shared paradigmatic
      perspectives and trust, constructed through regular, face-to-face interactions
      between pharmacists and GPs.

PMID- 26983950
TI  - Correlates and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Bareback Sex Among Men Who Have Sex
      with Men with Unknown or Negative HIV Serostatus.
AB  - Men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly racial/ethnic minority MSM, are
      disproportionately affected by HIV in the United States and Texas. Bareback sex
      or condomless anal intercourse (CAI) can be a high HIV risk behavior. Despite
      this, a majority of MSM continues to engage in barebacking. Research suggests
      racial/ethnic differences in barebacking exist; however, these conclusions remain
      unclear due to insufficient sample sizes to compare racial/ethnic groups. Our
      cross-sectional correlational design explores barebacking correlates (substance
      use during sex, safe sex fatigue, and optimistic HIV treatment beliefs) within
      and between racial/ethnic groups among 366 MSM. Regression models are significant
      for Latino and African-American MSM alone and for all MSM combined, though not
      significant for European-American and Other Race/Ethnicity MSM alone. Our
      findings suggest motivations and behaviors underlying barebacking among MSM vary
      by racial/ethnic membership with clinical implications for informing culturally
      sensitive HIV interventions and prevention programs for target racial/ethnic
      groups.

PMID- 26983947
TI  - Role of community pharmacists in the use of antipsychotics for behavioural and
      psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): a qualitative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use qualitative methodology to understand the
      current role of community pharmacists in limiting the use of antipsychotics
      prescribed inappropriately for behavioural and psychological symptoms of
      dementia. DESIGN: A qualitative study employing focus groups was conducted. Data
      were analysed using thematic analysis. SETTING: 3 different geographical
      locations in the England. PARTICIPANTS: Community pharmacists (n=22). RESULTS:
      The focus groups identified an array of factors and constraints, which affect the
      ability of community pharmacists to contribute to initiatives to limit the use of
      antipsychotics. 3 key themes were revealed: (1) politics and the medical
      hierarchy, which created communication barriers; (2) how resources and remit
      impact the effectiveness of community pharmacy; and (3) understanding the nature
      of the treatment of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that an
      improvement in communication between community pharmacists and healthcare
      professionals, especially general practitioners (GPs) must occur in order for
      community pharmacists to assist in limiting the use of antipsychotics in people
      with dementia. Additionally, extra training in working with people with dementia
      is required. Thus, an intervention which involves appropriately trained
      pharmacists working in collaboration with GPs and other caregivers is required.
      Overall, within the current environment, community pharmacists question the
      extent to which they can contribute in helping to reduce the prescription of
      antipsychotics.

PMID- 26983949
TI  - Health professionals' experiences of tuberculosis cohort audit in the North West
      of England: a qualitative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis cohort audit (TBCA) was introduced across the North West
      (NW) of England in 2012 as an ongoing, multidisciplinary, systematic case review
      process, designed to improve clinical and public health practice. TBCA has not
      previously been introduced across such a large and socioeconomically diverse area
      in England, nor has it undergone formal, qualitative evaluation. This study
      explored health professionals' experiences of the process after 1515 cases had
      been reviewed. DESIGN: Qualitative study using semistructured interviews.
      Respondents were purposively sampled from 3 groups involved in the NW TBCA: (1)
      TB nurse specialists, (2) consultant physicians and (3) public health
      practitioners. Data from the 26 respondents were triangulated with further
      interviews with key informants from the TBCA Steering Group and through
      observation of TBCA meetings. ANALYSIS: Interview transcripts were analysed
      thematically using the framework approach. RESULTS: Participants described the
      evolution of a valuable 'community of practice' where interprofessional exchange
      of experience and ideas has led to enhanced mutual respect between different
      roles and a shared sense of purpose. This multidisciplinary, regional approach to
      TB cohort audit has promoted local and regional team working, exchange of good
      practices and local initiatives to improve care. There is strong ownership of the
      process from public health professionals, nurses and clinicians; all groups want
      it to continue. TBCA is regarded as a tool for quality improvement that improves
      patient safety. CONCLUSIONS: TBCA provides peer support and learning for
      management of a relatively rare, but important infectious disease through
      discussion in a no-blame atmosphere. It is seen as an effective quality
      improvement strategy which enhances TB care, control and patient safety.
      Continuing success will require increased engagement of consultant physicians and
      public health practitioners, a secure and ongoing funding stream and
      establishment of clear reporting mechanisms within the public health system.

PMID- 26983951
TI  - Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use, Seroadaptation, and Sexual Behavior Among
      Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Francisco, 2004-2014.
AB  - The Food and Drug Administration approved pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to
      prevent HIV infection, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has
      presented PrEP as a prevention option for groups at high risk such as men who
      have sex with men (MSM). Intervention data provide some information on how PrEP
      affects sexual behavior of MSM in trials, open label extensions, or clinics.
      However, it is unclear whether sexual risk and preventive behavioral patterns are
      changing in the population as a whole as PrEP becomes more widely available,
      whether due to PrEP use or other factors. We examined trends in PrEP use, numbers
      of condomless anal sex partners, consistent condom use, and seroadaptive
      strategies in San Francisco-a city which has actively promoted PrEP-using data
      from National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS). NHBS recruited 1211, 383, 373,
      and 268 HIV-negative MSM in 2004, 2008, 2011, and 2014, respectively. PrEP use
      increased from zero in 2004, 2008, and 2011 to 9.6 % in 2014. The proportion of
      men with no condomless anal sex partners dropped from 60.6 % in 2004, to 58.2 %
      in 2008, to 54.2 % in 2011, to 40.2 % in 2014. Consistent condom use decreased
      from 36.8 % in 2004, and 30.5 % in 2008 and 2011, to 18.3 % in 2014. PrEP's
      introduction and scale-up enters in a pre-existing trend of decreasing condom use
      and increasing sexually transmitted infections among MSM which may be
      accelerating in recent years. While PrEP use should be scaled up as a prevention
      option among those who would benefit most, we believe that public health
      officials need to be realistic about the possibility that condom use could very
      well continue to decline as PrEP use increases, and to an extent that may not be
      directly or indirectly offset by PrEP.

PMID- 26983953
TI  - VY6, a beta-lactoglobulin-derived peptide, altered metabolic lipid pathways in
      the zebra fish liver.
AB  - Today enormous research efforts are being focused on alleviating the massive,
      adverse effects of obesity. Short peptides are key targets for research as they
      can be generated from natural proteins, like milk. Here we conducted trypsinogen
      digestion of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg), the major mammalian milk protein, to
      release the hexamer VY6. It was assayed in vivo for its activities on lipid
      metabolism using zebra fish as a vertebrate model. Zebra fish juveniles were
      injected with two different doses of the peptide: 100 and 800 MUg per g fish and
      left for 5 days before sacrificing. Lipid measurements showed significant
      reduction in liver triglycerides and free cholesterol, as well as increased liver
      HDL cholesterol. Dose-dependent increases of the mRNA levels of the genes coding
      for the enzymes acyl coenzyme A oxidase 1 (acox1) and lipoprotein lipase (lpl)
      were also found. The complete results suggest significant anti-obesity activity
      of the beta-lg-derived VY6 peptide. Its use as a nutraceutical has been
      discussed. 

PMID- 26983952
TI  - Phloretin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells
      through the generation of reactive oxygen species.
AB  - Phloretin, a flavonoid present in various plants, has been reported to exert
      anticarcinogenic effects. However, the mechanism of its chemo-preventive effect
      on human glioblastoma cells is not fully understood. This study aimed to
      investigate the molecular mechanism of phloretin and its associated chemo
      preventive effect in human glioblastoma cells. The results indicate that
      phloretin inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G0-G1
      phase and induced apoptosis of human glioblastoma cells. Phloretin-induced cell
      cycle arrest was associated with increased expression of p27 and decreased
      expression of cdk2, cdk4, cdk6, cyclinD and cyclinE. Moreover, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR
      signaling cascades were suppressed by phloretin in a dose-dependent manner. In
      addition, phloretin triggered the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and generated
      reactive oxygen species (ROS). This was accompanied by the up-regulation of Bax,
      Bak and c-PARP and the down-regulation of Bcl-2. The antioxidant agents N-acetyl
      L-cysteine and glutathione weakened the effect of phloretin on glioblastoma
      cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that phloretin exerts potent
      chemo-preventive activity in human glioblastoma cells through the generation of
      ROS.

PMID- 26983954
TI  - Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a cancer patient denied for surgical
      aortic valve replacement-a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease. Symptomatic aortic stenosis
      has a poor prognosis, which is frequently worse than that of a malignant disease.
      Cancer patients with severe aortic stenosis may be denied for optimal oncologic
      treatment because of high operative risk and for aortic valve replacement because
      of the significant comorbidity itself. In patients treated with medical therapy
      alone, 1-year-mortality exceeds 50 %. CASE REPORT: A 71-year-old woman with well
      differentiated, surgically treated, ovarian carcinoma and two relapses treated
      with chemo- and radiotherapy presented with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
      (aortic valve area 0.6 cm(2), mean gradient 60 mmHg). The tumor was in
      stagnation. She was rejected for surgical valve replacement. We implanted a 29 mm
      CoreValve aortic prosthesis via transfemoral approach. After the procedure
      haemodynamic variables remain stable, patient's exertional capacity is excellent.
      CONCLUSION: Aortic valve replacement improves survival of cancer patients with
      symptomatic aortic stenosis. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) is a
      treatment option in inoperable patients and patients at high surgical risk.
      Symptoms should not be confused for the progression of the malignant disease. In
      patient selection emphasis should be made on their frailty and futility. Eligible
      patients must have a life expectancy of at least 1 year. Final decision has to be
      made by a multidisciplinary heart team. TAVI can reduce treatment risk and
      facilitate the oncologic treatment.

PMID- 26983955
TI  - External brain tamponade: a rare complication of decompressive craniectomy.

PMID- 26983956
TI  - Prevention programs for chronic kidney disease in low-income countries.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important determinant of the poor health
      outcome for major noncommunicable diseases that are the leading cause of death
      worldwide. Early recognition with screening programs of CKD and co-morbid
      conditions, like hypertension, diabetes, or toxic environments, can potentially
      slow progression to renal failure, improve quality of life and reduce healthcare
      cost. Effective multimodal tools are available to prevent CKD by managing its
      risk factors, and to slow or even halt disease progression to end-stage renal
      failure (ESRF). They can be adapted even to poor-resource settings of low- and
      middle-income countries for individual at high risk of CKD. CKD is also linked to
      acute kidney injury (AKI), that in poorest part of Africa, Asia and Latin America
      is preventable, treatable and often reversible, if managed adequately and in
      timely manner as proposed by the program "AKI 0by25" launched by the
      international Society of Nephrology in 2013. In addition to saving lives,
      prevention programs will create major heath gains, eventually reducing the
      current health inequity that arises from unaffordable or unobtainable renal
      replacement therapies in many part of the developing world if ESRF is not
      prevented.

PMID- 26983957
TI  - Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
AB  - Observational studies indicate a similar or higher probability of disease
      control, higher risk of non-relapse mortality (NRM), and similar overall survival
      (OS) with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT), compared to autologous
      SCT, in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Careful patient selection
      and utilization of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) alloSCT may allow
      reduction in NRM. The optimal conditioning regimen and the roles of
      radioimmunotherapy, T cell depletion, and tandem SCT continue to be explored.
      Recent studies highlight comparable results with haploidentical SCT and cord
      blood SCT, thus providing alternate donor sources. Disease relapse and late
      effects continue to be major problems. Optimization of SCT techniques (e.g.,
      improved graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis), post-transplant monitoring of
      minimal residual disease, and post-transplant maintenance, or pre-emptive therapy
      (e.g., with novel therapies) are emerging strategies to reduce the risk of
      relapse. Survivorship management using a multidisciplinary care approach,
      adoption of healthy lifestyle, and socioeconomic counseling are integral parts of
      a high-quality transplant program.

PMID- 26983958
TI  - Management of Patients with MYC-Altered Lymphomas.
AB  - Patients diagnosed with non-Burkitt high-grade B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas
      demonstrating rearrangement in MYC, an oncogene promoting cellular proliferation,
      frequently do not achieve long-term disease-free survival due to a suboptimal
      response to standard front-line and salvage therapies. Double-hit lymphomas,
      harboring rearrangements in MYC as well as BCL2 and/or BCL6, appear to carry a
      particularly poor prognosis, although patients with this disease appear to
      achieve better survival outcomes when treated with intensified chemotherapy.
      Increased expression of MYC protein by immunohistochemistry as well as increased
      copy number or amplification of MYC may also be adverse pathologic features of
      non-Burkitt high-grade B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, although the benefit of
      treating these patients with intensified as opposed to standard dose chemotherapy
      remains unclear. Recognition and proper management of patients with MYC-altered
      lymphomas is crucial to improving patient outcomes.

PMID- 26983961
TI  - A High Performance Pulsatile Pump for Aortic Flow Experiments in 3-Dimensional
      Models.
AB  - Aortic pathologies such as coarctation, dissection, and aneurysm represent a
      particularly emergent class of cardiovascular diseases. Computational simulations
      of aortic flows are growing increasingly important as tools for gaining
      understanding of these pathologies, as well as for planning their surgical
      repair. In vitro experiments are required to validate the simulations against
      real world data, and the experiments require a pulsatile flow pump system that
      can provide physiologic flow conditions characteristic of the aorta. We designed
      a newly capable piston-based pulsatile flow pump system that can generate high
      volume flow rates (850 mL/s), replicate physiologic waveforms, and pump high
      viscosity fluids against large impedances. The system is also compatible with a
      broad range of fluid types, and is operable in magnetic resonance imaging
      environments. Performance of the system was validated using image processing
      based analysis of piston motion as well as particle image velocimetry. The new
      system represents a more capable pumping solution for aortic flow experiments
      than other available designs, and can be manufactured at a relatively low cost.

PMID- 26983959
TI  - Expression-Based Genome-Wide Association Study Links Vitamin D-Binding Protein
      With Autoantigenicity in Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoreactive T cells that recognize pancreatic
      islet antigens and destroy insulin-producing beta-cells. This attack results from
      a breakdown in tolerance for self-antigens, which is controlled by ectopic
      antigen expression in the thymus and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). The
      autoantigens known to be involved include a set of islet proteins, such as
      insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. In an attempt to identify additional antigenic
      proteins, we performed an expression-based genome-wide association study using
      microarray data from 118 arrays of the thymus and PLNs of T1D mice. We ranked all
      16,089 protein-coding genes by the likelihood of finding repeated differential
      expression and the degree of tissue specificity for pancreatic islets. The top
      autoantigen candidate was vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). T-cell proliferation
      assays showed stronger T-cell reactivity to VDBP compared with control
      stimulations. Higher levels and frequencies of serum anti-VDBP autoantibodies
      (VDBP-Abs) were identified in patients with T1D (n = 331) than in healthy control
      subjects (n = 77). Serum vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with VDBP-Ab
      levels in patients in whom T1D developed during the winter. Immunohistochemical
      localization revealed that VDBP was specifically expressed in alpha-cells of
      pancreatic islets. We propose that VDBP could be an autoantigen in T1D. 

PMID- 26983960
TI  - Exercise Prevents Diet-Induced Cellular Senescence in Adipose Tissue.
AB  - Considerable evidence implicates cellular senescence in the biology of aging and
      chronic disease. Diet and exercise are determinants of healthy aging; however,
      the extent to which they affect the behavior and accretion of senescent cells
      within distinct tissues is not clear. Here we tested the hypothesis that exercise
      prevents premature senescent cell accumulation and systemic metabolic dysfunction
      induced by a fast-food diet (FFD). Using transgenic mice that express EGFP in
      response to activation of the senescence-associated p16(INK4a) promoter, we
      demonstrate that FFD consumption causes deleterious changes in body weight and
      composition as well as in measures of physical, cardiac, and metabolic health.
      The harmful effects of the FFD were associated with dramatic increases in several
      markers of senescence, including p16, EGFP, senescence-associated beta
      galactosidase, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)
      specifically in visceral adipose tissue. We show that exercise prevents the
      accumulation of senescent cells and the expression of the SASP while nullifying
      the damaging effects of the FFD on parameters of health. We also demonstrate that
      exercise initiated after long-term FFD feeding reduces senescent phenotype
      markers in visceral adipose tissue while attenuating physical impairments,
      suggesting that exercise may provide restorative benefit by mitigating accrued
      senescent burden. These findings highlight a novel mechanism by which exercise
      mediates its beneficial effects and reinforces the effect of modifiable lifestyle
      choices on health span.

PMID- 26983965
TI  - Assessment of borderline personality disorder: considering a diagnostic strategy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) represents a highly prevalent,
      severe and difficult-to-treat mental health problem. OBJECTIVE: This paper
      considers methods, instruments and strategies for assessing BPD as described
      within the frame of the DSM-IV classification. CONCLUSIONS: Following the general
      diagnostic approach introduced by Van Praag in biological psychiatry, a two-tier
      diagnostic strategy for the descriptive diagnostic assessment of BPD is
      recommended. Axis one results in a DSM-IV Axis II categorical diagnosis, whereas
      axis two refers to a symptomatological, dimensional or functional approach, in
      which the psychological dysfunctions of the nosological syndrome are depicted.
      Moreover, in a clinical context a basic aim of the diagnostic evaluation is to
      obtain therapeutically valid information that leads to a constructive conceptual
      framework, to a case formulation in which therapeutic interventions are
      understood, selected and implemented. This framework should be based on a
      biopsychosocial theoretical model and its application in the clinical context
      involves feedback to the patient, in which the descriptive evaluation is
      integrated with etiological; and pathogenic elements using an idiographic
      approach. This therapeutically orientated diagnostic strategy is illustrated by
      the use of the ADP-IV (Assessment of DSM-IV personality disorders) questionnaire
      within a cognitive behavioral orientation.

PMID- 26983964
TI  - A Chinese female Morvan patient with LGI1 and CASPR2 antibodies: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morvan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the combination
      of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability, encephalopathy and dysautonomia with
      marked insomnia. It was reported to have association to antibodies to voltage
      gated potassium channels including contactin associated protein-like 2 antibodies
      (CASPR2-Ab) and leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 antibodies (LGI1-Ab).
      LGI1-Ab was reported to associate with seizures, amnesia, confusion,
      hyponatraemia and a good prognosis, while CASPR2-Ab with peripheral
      presentations, probable risk for tumor and a poor prognosis. The vast majority of
      Morvan syndrome patients were male, with normal magnetic resonance imaging of the
      brain. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a female case presenting with a combination
      of bilateral leg pain, widespread myokymia, memory disturbance, seizure,
      hyperhidrosis and insomnia. She had antibodies targeting CASPR2 and LGI1, tested
      by the indirect immunofluorescence test, which demonstrated the diagnosis of
      typical Morvan syndrome as well as classical limbic encephalitis. Cranial MRI
      revealed bilateral hyper-intensity of the medial temporal lobe, insular lobe and
      basal ganglia on T2/FLAIR and DWI sequence. As the treatment carried on, her
      serum LGI1-Ab disappeared and her memory loss, seizure and confusion quickly
      relieved. But her peripheral presentations did not relieve until serum CASPR2-Ab
      turned negative. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment showed limited efficacy
      while she achieved almost complete remission with corticosteroids therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: This case provides a rare female resource of Morvan syndrome, which
      is the first patient with both CASPR2-Ab and LGI1-Ab positive Morvan syndrome in
      China and one of the few female patients with Morvan syndrome reported so far.
      Through the detailed analysis of her clinical course, the diverse and overlapping
      clinical phenotype of CASPR2-Ab and LGI1-Ab in patients with Morvan syndrome was
      obvious and interesting.

PMID- 26983966
TI  - Psychobiology and treatment of borderline personality disorder.
AB  - Borderline personality disorder can be characterized in terms of a profile of
      abnormal deviations on multiple personality dimensions using the temperament and
      character inventory (TCI). Borderline patients show poor character development,
      including low TCI self-directedness (irresponsible, blaming) and low TCI
      cooperativeness (hostile, intolerant). Their temperament is explosive or unstable
      due to a combination of high TCI harm avoidance (anxious, shy), high TCI novelty
      seeking (impulsive, quick-tempered), and low reward dependence (cold, aloof).
      Consequently they are usually dysthymic with an admixture of anxiety and anger,
      and regulate their social problems and intense emotions in immature ways. Genetic
      and psychobiological studies have led to identification of biological correlates
      of each of the TCI dimensions of personality, including individual differences in
      regional brain activity, psychophysiological variables, neuroendocrine
      abnormalities and specific gene polymorphisms. Each dimension of personality
      involves complex non-linear interaction of multiple genetic and environmental
      factors and, in turn, each personality dimension interacts with the others in
      influencing the way an individual directs and adapts to his or her life
      experiences. Systematic clinical trials have shown that these personality
      variables predict the response to pharmacological and psychotherapeutic
      treatments. For example, high harm avoidance and low self-directedness predict
      slower response and more rapid relapse with both antidepressants and cognitive
      behavioral therapy. Treatment with drugs and/or psychotherapy can be individually
      matched to the patient's profile of temperament and character traits, rather than
      treating a heterogeneous group of patients as if they had a discrete, homogeneous
      illness. Fundamental change in cognitive schemas depends on attention to all
      aspects of character, especially self-transcendence, which has previously been
      neglected in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Personality integration requires non
      resistance to our natural intuitive awareness, rather than intensified
      intellectual and emotional defenses. 

PMID- 26983962
TI  - Chronic granulomatous disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency
      characterized by recurrent, life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections of
      the skin, the airways, the lymph nodes, the liver, the brain and the bones.
      Frequently found pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus species,
      Klebsiella species, Burkholderia cepacia, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella
      species. SOURCES OF DATA: CGD is a rare (~1:250 000 individuals) disease caused
      by mutations in any one of the five components of the NADPH oxidase in phagocytic
      leucocytes. This enzyme generates superoxide and is essential for intracellular
      killing of pathogens by phagocytes. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: CGD patients suffer not
      only from life-threatening infections, but also from excessive inflammatory
      reactions. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: Neither the cause of these inflammatory
      reactions nor the way to treat them is clear. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING
      RESEARCH: Patient selection for and timing of bone marrow transplantation along
      with gene therapy.

PMID- 26983967
TI  - Serotonin, personality and borderline personality disorder.
AB  - Serotonin is one of the neurotransmitters implicated in normal personality. Many
      psychobiological models of personality include some dimensions related to
      serotonin. For instance, the harm avoidance dimension of the biosocial model
      developed by Cloninger is related to serotonergic activity. Higher scores on the
      harm avoidance dimension should theoretically reflect increased serotonergic
      activity. However, correlation studies related serotonin activity to harm
      avoidance dimension have not yielded consistent findings. These controversial
      results are probably related to the complexity of the neurotransmitter systems,
      and the different assessment techniques used in these studies. Finally, recent
      genetic studies have examined the association between personality dimensions and
      serotonergic receptor polymorphisms with mixed results. Serotonin is not only
      related to some dimensions of normal personality. Several psychopathological
      disorders are associated with serotonergic dysfunction. More particularly,
      borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be defined by many of the symptoms
      associated with serotonergic dysregulation, including affective lability,
      suicidal behaviours, impulsivity and loss of impulse control. Indeed, several
      reports have demonstrated the efficacy of selective serotonin re-uptake drugs in
      treating the depressive and impulsive symptoms of patients with BPD. Moreover,
      some challenge studies have reported a lower serotonergic activity in BPD.
      Because these challenges are not specific, we have assessed the serotonergic
      activity in BPD with the flesinoxan challenge. Preliminary results showed that
      the prolactine responses to flesinoxan were significantly lower in BPD patients
      compared to those observed in controls. 

PMID- 26983963
TI  - The neglected role of abdominal compliance in organ-organ interactions.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26983969
TI  - An object relations perspective on borderline personality.
AB  - One of the principal formulations of borderline personality disorder is based on
      object relations theory, a component of psychoanalytic theory. To remain
      relevant, psychoanalytic formulations must find support from empirical research.
      After summarizing the object relations understanding of borderline personality,
      the authors review studies in biological neuroscience, developmental psychology
      and cognitive science related to the fundamental concepts of object relations
      theory as it aplies to borderline pathology. This review suggests that these
      empirical studies support psychoanalytic formulations originally derived from
      clinical practice and observation. 

PMID- 26983968
TI  - Affect regulation in borderline personality disorder: experimental findings from
      psychophysiology and functional neuroimaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intense and rapidly changing mood states are a major feature of
      borderline personality disorder (BPD), which is thought to arise from affective
      vulnerability. OBJECTIVE: There have been only a few studies investigating
      affective processing in BPD, and particularly neither psychophysiological nor
      neurofunctional correlates of abnormal emotional processing have been identified
      so far. METHODS: Studies are reported using psychophysiological or functional
      neuroimaging methodology. RESULTS: The psychophysiological study did not indicate
      a general emotional hyperresponsiveness in BPD. Low autonomic arousal seemed to
      reflect dissociative states in borderline subjects experiencing intense emotions.
      In the functional magnetic resonance imaging study enhanced amygdala activation
      was found in BPD, and it is suggested to reflect the intense and slowly subsiding
      emotions commonly observed in response to even low-level stressors. CONCLUSIONS:
      Implications for psychotherapy are discussed.

PMID- 26983970
TI  - In-patient treatment of borderline personality disorder: convergences and
      divergences between a psychoanalytical and a cognitive-behavioral approach.
AB  - For more than 20 years, patients with borderline personality disorder have been
      treated as in-patients in the UC St-Jozef in Kortenberg, Belgium. The majority of
      these patients were treated in a psychoanalytical or a behavior therapy ward.
      During these years, the treatment programs of these wards were gradually adjusted
      to the challenges provided by these patients. In this paper, we will describe the
      process of change that both wards have experienced. We will highlight
      similarities and differences between the approaches that are the result of an
      evolution over years. In both approaches, there is a strong emphasis on training
      and support for staff. While the psychoanalytical ward uses a group approach, the
      behavior therapy ward evolves towards a more individualized treatment. 

PMID- 26983971
TI  - Psychiatric management of severe somatoform disorders in childhood and
      adolescence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unexplained medical symptoms are common in children. They constitute
      the main feature of somatoform disorders of childhood (i.e. pain disorders,
      conversion disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome or neurasthenia). OBJECTIVE: To
      describe assessment and treatment strategies for severe somatoform disorders of
      childhood. METHODS: Review of recommendations for clinical practice and clinical
      trials. RESULTS: A number of specific techniques have been described. Clinical
      accounts indicate that many children benefit and can recover. There is some
      empirical evidence supporting the beneficial effects of techniques such as family
      cognitive-behavioural therapy and relaxation technique for the less severe
      disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Existing helpful clinical guidelines require empiric
      validation.

PMID- 26983972
TI  - Outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The present paper compares course and outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa to
      that of adult onset forms. In recent studies earlier onset of anorexia nervosa
      was associated with higher recovery rates and a lower mortality, although even in
      adolescent patients anorexia nervosa takes a prolonged course. A chronic eating
      disorder bears a high risk of other comorbid psychiatric or personality
      disorders. The most prevalent disturbances were anxiety and affective disorders
      and anxious-fearful-obsessive personality disorders, respectively. Patients who
      substantially overcame their eating disorder did not differ from normal controls
      in respect to psychosocial functioning, e.g. family relationships, partnership
      and occupational status. These results should encourage us to treat the eating
      disorder vigorously. 

PMID- 26983973
TI  - Pathophysiology of autism: current opinions.
AB  - Research on the neurochemical aspects of the pathophysiology of autism is still
      increasing and publications are abundant. In this paper we reviewed significant
      data from the last decade and recent research results from our center. We focused
      on molecules influencing the central nervous system (CNS) and consecutively
      responsible for typical autistic behavior. We highlighted the mutual relationship
      between the serotonergic, immunological and endocrinological system and the
      interaction of these three pivotal systems with predisposing (genetic)and
      external (pre-, peri- and postnatal) conditions and xenobiotics. We stressed the
      influence of age, pubertal stage, sex, race and IQ on biological data. There is
      growing evidence that the complexity and variability of those interactions might
      be responsible for the heterogeneity of behavioral phenotypes and biological
      findings in Autism. Genetic, neuroanatomical and neurophysiological data were
      mentioned according their relevance to neurochemical opinions. 

PMID- 26983975
TI  - Roles of Long Non-Coding RNA CCAT2 in Cervical Cancer Cell Growth and Apoptosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the potential function of lncRNA CCAT2 in
      cervical cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. MATERIAL/METHODS: Expression
      level of CCAT2 in cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, CaSki, and SiHa) was detected
      by quantitative real-time PCR. CCAT2 knockdown was established by transfecting
      siRNA into human cervical cancer cells. Its effects on cell proliferation were
      studied using cell-counting kit-8 assay. The effect of CCAT2 on cervical cancer
      cells cycle and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry assay. RESULTS: CCK8
      assay showed that CCAT2 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation in HeLa, CaSki,
      and SiHa cells. The flow cytometry confirmed the results that knockdown of CCAT2
      could induce cervical cancer cells cycle G1 phase arrestment and trigger the
      cells apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA CCAT2 promoted the proliferation and
      survival of cervical cancer cells.

PMID- 26983974
TI  - Reasons for not starting antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected individuals: a
      changing landscape.
AB  - PURPOSE: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to better understand why
      chronically HIV-1-infected individuals stratified by CD4 count (<=349; 350-499;
      >=500 cells/MUL) were not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: Before the
      consultation, treatment-naive patients and their physicians independently
      completed a 90-item-questionnaire about barriers and their readiness to
      start/defer ART. The study was carried out at 34 sites in nine countries in
      Europe and Australia. RESULTS: Between December 2011 and October 2012, 508 pairs
      of patient- and physician-questionnaires were completed. 426 (84 %) patients were
      male and 39 (8 %), 138 (27 %), and 330 (65 %) were in the three stratified groups
      based on CD4 count, respectively. In the category 'Body and symptoms' the most
      commonly identified reason for patients not to start was: "As long as I feel good
      I don't have to take medication" (44 %). Less than 20 % of respondents indicated
      fears of side effects and toxicity or problems to manage pills. Most patients
      were in the lowest stage of treatment-readiness (N = 323, 68 %), especially
      patients with CD4 cells >=500 cells/MUL (N = 240, 79 %). Physicians answered in
      92 (18 %) cases that ART was not indicated for CD4 cells <500 cells/MUL. Main
      reasons for physicians not starting treatment for these patients were their
      perception that patients were 'too depressed' (13 %) or that they had not known
      them long enough (13 %). CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays patient-barriers to ART are
      commonly related to health-and treatment-beliefs compared to fear of toxicity or
      ART manageability in the past. This new barrier pattern seems to reflect the era
      of well tolerated, easier ART regimens and has to be considered in light of the
      new recommendations to treat all HIV-infected individuals regardless of the CD4
      cell count.

PMID- 26983976
TI  - Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty: Risk of Immunologic Rejection
      Episodes after Discontinuing Topical Corticosteroids.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the risk of immunologic rejection episodes if topical
      corticosteroids are discontinued 1 year after Descemet's membrane endothelial
      keratoplasty (DMEK) compared with continued once-per-day use. DESIGN:
      Prospective, longitudinal, parallel-group study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 400
      eyes of 259 DMEK recipients, aged 23 to 90 years. METHODS: Patients were enrolled
      1 year after DMEK and allowed to choose whether to stop or continue once-daily
      topical corticosteroids to maximize compliance. Fellow eyes were eligible for
      enrollment because the donor grafts were independent. Participants were examined
      at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months during the second year after DMEK. Results were
      assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence
      of immunologic rejection episodes. RESULTS: Steroids were discontinued in 277
      eyes (no steroid group) and continued once per day in 123 eyes (steroid group).
      The subject demographics were well balanced across groups; 99% of the subjects
      were white, and 95% of the grafts were performed to treat Fuchs' dystrophy. The
      cumulative incidence of rejection episodes was significantly greater in the no
      steroid group (6% vs. 0% in the steroid group; P = 0.013). Thirteen of 14
      rejection episodes (all in the no steroid group) resolved with resumption of
      topical corticosteroids. Overall, 1 of 277 grafts (0.4%) failed in the no steroid
      group, and none failed in the steroid group during the second year after DMEK (P
      = 0.49). The endothelial cell loss between 1 and 2 years was comparable in the no
      steroid and steroid groups (6.4%+/-12% vs. 5.6%+/-14%, respectively; P = 0.67).
      CONCLUSIONS: Continued once-per-day use of a topical corticosteroid, even a weak
      one, was protective against rejection episodes during the second year after DMEK,
      whereas 6% experienced a rejection episode when steroids were discontinued. Among
      the 364 eyes that completed 12 months' follow-up, only 1 graft (0.27%) failed.

PMID- 26983977
TI  - Rectus Pulley Displacements without Abnormal Oblique Contractility Explain
      Strabismus in Superior Oblique Palsy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated
      whether rectus pulleys are significantly displaced in superior oblique (SO) palsy
      and whether displacements account for strabismus patterns. DESIGN: Prospective
      case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four patients diagnosed with SO palsy
      based on atrophy of the SO muscle on MRI and 19 age-matched orthotropic control
      subjects. METHODS: High-resolution, surface coil MRI scans were obtained in
      multiple, contiguous, quasicoronal planes during monocular central gaze fixation.
      Pulley locations in oculocentric coordinates in the following subgroups of
      patients with SO palsy were compared with normal results in subgroups of patients
      with SO palsy: unilateral versus bilateral, congenital versus acquired, and
      isotropic (round) versus anisotropic (elongated) SO atrophy. Expected effects of
      pulley displacements were modeled using Orbit 1.8 (Eidactics, San Francisco, CA)
      computational simulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rectus pulley positions and
      ocular torsion. RESULTS: Rectus pulleys typically were displaced in SO palsy. In
      unilateral SO palsy, on average the medial rectus (MR) pulley was displaced 1.1
      mm superiorly, the superior rectus (SR) pulley was displaced 0.8 mm temporally,
      and the inferior rectus (IR) pulley was displaced 0.6 mm superiorly and 0.9 mm
      nasally from normal. Displacements were similar in bilateral SO palsy, with the
      SR pulley additionally displaced 0.9 mm superiorly. However, the lateral rectus
      pulley was not displaced in either unilateral or bilateral SO palsy. The SR and
      MR pulleys were displaced in congenital SO palsy, whereas the IR and MR pulleys
      were displaced in acquired palsy. Pulley positions did not differ between
      isotropic and anisotropic palsy or between patients with cyclotropia of less than
      7 degrees  versus cyclotropia of 7 degrees  or more. Simulations predicted that
      the observed pulley displacements alone could cause patterns of incomitant
      strabismus typical of SO palsy, without requiring any abnormality of SO or
      inferior oblique strength. CONCLUSIONS: Rectus pulley displacements alone,
      without abnormal oblique muscle contractility, can create the clinical patterns
      of incomitant strabismus in SO palsy. This finding supports accumulating evidence
      that clinical binocular misalignment patterns are not reliable indicators of
      contractile function of the SO muscle. Ocular torsion does not correlate with and
      thus cannot account for pulley displacements in SO palsy.

PMID- 26983979
TI  - A report that Fukushima residents are concerned about radiation from Land, Food
      and Radon.
AB  - The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
      disaster occurred on 11 March 2011, which caused the leakage of radioactive
      materials into the environment. In this study, we report public concerns about
      radiation in Fukushima and Tokyo almost one year after the nuclear disaster. We
      examined the public concerns by analyzing the data from 1022 participants, 555 in
      Fukushima and 467 in Tokyo. They were asked whether they were concerned about
      radiation from some of six different types of sources, which could be answered in
      a binary way, 'yes' or 'no'. We found not only similarities, but also significant
      differences in the degrees of concerns between Fukushima residents and Tokyo
      ones. Fukushima residents more concerned about radiation from land, food and
      radon in larger rate than that of Tokyo ones, while Tokyo residents were
      concerned about radiation from medical care. Residents in neither location were
      concerned about radiation from space. Our results suggested that careful risk
      communication should be undertaken, adaptively organized depending on location
      and other factors, e.g. comprehension about radiation, presence of the experience
      of evacuation, and also age and gender of the people. 

PMID- 26983978
TI  - Stereotactic body radiotherapy for T3 and T4N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - To evaluate the outcomes and feasibility of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)
      for cT3 and cT4N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 25 patients with
      localized primary NSCLC diagnosed as cT3 or cT4N0M0, given SBRT between May 2005
      and July 2013, were analyzed. All patients had inoperable tumors. The major
      reasons for tumors being unresectable were insufficient respiratory function for
      curative resection, advanced age (>80 years old) or technically inoperable due to
      invasion into critical organs. The median patient age was 79 years (range; 60
      86). The median follow-up duration was 25 months (range: 5-100 months). The 2
      year overall survival rates for T3 and T4 were 57% and 69%, respectively. The 2
      year local control rates for T3 and T4 were 91% and 68%, respectively. As for
      toxicities, Grade 0-1, Grade 2 and Grade 3 radiation pneumonitis occurred in 23,
      1 and 1 patient, respectively. No other acute or symptomatic late toxicities were
      reported. Thirteen patients who had no local, mediastinal or intrapulmonary
      progression at one year after SBRT underwent pulmonary function testing. The
      median variation in pre-SBRT and post-SBRT forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)
      values was -0.1 (-0.8-0.8). This variation was not statistically significant (P =
      0.56). Forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), %VC and %FEV1 also
      showed no significant differences. SBRT for cT3 and cT4N0M0 NSCLC was both
      effective and feasible. Considering the favorable survival and low morbidity
      rate, SBRT is a potential treatment option for cT3 and cT4N0M0 NSCLC. 

PMID- 26983980
TI  - Evaluation of the intake of radon through skin from thermal water.
AB  - The biokinetics of radon in the body has previously been studied with the
      assumption that its absorption through the skin is negligibly small. This
      assumption would be acceptable except in specific situations, such as bathing in
      a radon hot spring where the radon concentration in thermal water is far higher
      than that in air. The present study focused on such a situation in order to
      better understand the biokinetics of radon. To mathematically express the entry
      of radon through the skin into the body, we first modified the latest
      sophisticated biokinetic model for noble gases. Values of an important parameter
      for the model-the skin permeability coefficient K (m s(-1))-were derived using
      data from previous human studies. The analysis of such empirical data, which
      corresponded to radon concentrations in the air exhaled by subjects during and
      following bathing in radon-rich thermal water, revealed that the estimated K
      values had a log-normal distribution. The validity of the K values and the
      characteristics of the present model are then discussed. Furthermore, the impact
      of the intake of radon or its progeny via inhalation or skin absorption on
      radiation dose was also assessed for possible exposure scenarios in a radon hot
      spring. It was concluded that, depending on the radon concentration in thermal
      water, there might be situations in which the dose contribution resulting from
      skin absorption of radon is comparable to that resulting from inhalation of radon
      and its progeny. This conclusion can also apply to other therapeutic situations
      (e.g. staying in the pool for a longer period). 

PMID- 26983982
TI  - Reirradiation using robotic image-guided stereotactic radiotherapy of recurrent
      head and neck cancer.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the prognosis for patients with head and
      neck cancer after reirradiation using Cyberknife stereotactic body irradiation
      with special focus on mucosal ulceration. We conducted a retrospective multi
      institutional review of 107 patients with previously irradiated head and neck
      cancer. The median follow-up time for all patients was 15 months, and the 2-year
      overall survival rate was 35%. Significant prognostic factors for overall
      survival were primary site (nasopharynx versus other sites), presence of
      ulceration, and PTV volume. Detailed analysis of ulceration showed a lower
      response rate (28%) in the ulceration (+) group than the ulceration (-) group
      (63%; P = 0.0045). The 2-year overall survival rates were 8% in the ulceration
      (+) group and 42.7% (P = 0.0001) in the ulceration (-) group, respectively. We
      recorded 22 severe toxicities, including 11 patients with carotid blow-out
      syndrome (CBOS), which was fatal in 9 patients. CBOS occurred in 6 patients with
      ulceration (6/25; 24%), and 5 patients experienced CBOS without ulceration (5/82;
      6%; P=0.027). In conclusion, ulceration is an important prognostic factor, not
      only for adverse events but also for survival after reirradiation using
      CyberKnife. 

PMID- 26983981
TI  - Stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with oligometastases from colorectal
      cancer: risk-adapted dose prescription with a maximum dose of 83-100 Gy in five
      fractions.
AB  - We previously reported that the local control of pulmonary metastases from
      colorectal cancer (CRC) following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) with
      moderate prescription dose was relatively worse. We investigated the treatment
      outcomes and toxicities of patients with oligometastases from CRC treated by SBRT
      using risk-adapted, very high- and convergent-dose regimens. Among patients
      referred for SBRT from August 2011 to January 2015, those patients were extracted
      who had liver or pulmonary metastases from CRC, and they were treated with a
      total dose of 50-60 Gy in five fractions prescribed to the 60% isodose line of
      the maximum dose covering the surface of the planning target volume. Concurrent
      administration of chemotherapy was not admitted during SBRT, while neoadjuvant or
      adjuvant chemotherapy was allowed. A total of 21 patients (12 liver, 9 lung) with
      28 oligometastases were evaluated. The median follow-up duration was 27.5 months
      (range: 6.5-43.3 months). Four patients were treated with SBRT as a series of
      initial treatments, and 17 patients were treated after recurrent oligometastases.
      The local control rates at 1 and 2 years from the start of SBRT were 100%. The
      disease-free and actuarial overall survival rates were 62% and 55%, and 79% and
      79%, respectively. No severe toxicities (>=grade 3) occurred during follow-up.
      The outcomes following high-dose SBRT were excellent. This treatment can provide
      an alternative to the surgical resection of oligometastases from CRC. Prospective
      studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of SBRT. 

PMID- 26983983
TI  - Preliminary analysis of the sequential simultaneous integrated boost technique
      for intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancers.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare three strategies for intensity-modulated
      radiotherapy (IMRT) for 20 head-and-neck cancer patients. For simultaneous
      integrated boost (SIB), doses were 66 and 54 Gy in 30 fractions for PTVboost and
      PTVelective, respectively. Two-phase IMRT delivered 50 Gy in 25 fractions to
      PTVelective in the First Plan, and 20 Gy in 10 fractions to PTVboost in the
      Second Plan. Sequential SIB (SEQ-SIB) delivered 55 Gy and 50 Gy in 25 fractions,
      respectively, to PTVboost and PTVelective using SIB in the First Plan and 11 Gy
      in 5 fractions to PTVboost in the Second Plan. Conformity indexes (CIs) (mean +/-
      SD) for PTVboost and PTVelective were 1.09 +/- 0.05 and 1.34 +/- 0.12 for SIB,
      1.39 +/- 0.14 and 1.80 +/- 0.28 for two-phase IMRT, and 1.14 +/- 0.07 and 1.60 +/
      0.18 for SEQ-SIB, respectively. CI was significantly highest for two-phase IMRT.
      Maximum doses (Dmax) to the spinal cord were 42.1 +/- 1.5 Gy for SIB, 43.9 +/-
      1.0 Gy for two-phase IMRT and 40.3 +/- 1.8 Gy for SEQ-SIB. Brainstem Dmax were
      50.1 +/- 2.2 Gy for SIB, 50.5 +/- 4.6 Gy for two-phase IMRT and 47.4 +/- 3.6 Gy
      for SEQ-SIB. Spinal cord Dmax for the three techniques was significantly
      different, and brainstem Dmax was significantly lower for SEQ-SIB. The
      compromised conformity of two-phase IMRT can result in higher doses to organs at
      risk (OARs). Lower OAR doses in SEQ-SIB made SEQ-SIB an alternative to SIB, which
      applies unconventional doses per fraction. 

PMID- 26983984
TI  - The complexity of microRNAs in human cancer.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that have key regulatory
      roles in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Due to the
      potential roles of miRNAs in improving cancer prognostic, predictive, diagnostic
      and therapeutic approaches, they have become an area of intense research focus in
      recent years. MiRNAs harbor attractive features allowing for translation to the
      clinical world, such as relatively simple extraction methods, resistance to
      molecular degradation, and ability to be quantified. Numerous prognostic,
      predictive and diagnostic miRNA signatures have been developed. To date however,
      miRNA analysis has not been adopted for routine clinical use. The objectives of
      this article are to provide an overview of miRNA research and review a selection
      of miRNA studies in breast cancer, cervical cancer, sarcoma, and nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma to highlight advances and challenges in miRNA cancer research. 

PMID- 26983985
TI  - Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-mediated characteristic features of cancer cells for
      tumor radioresistance.
AB  - Tumor hypoxia has been attracting increasing attention in the fields of radiation
      biology and oncology since Thomlinson and Gray detected hypoxic cells in
      malignant solid tumors and showed that they exert a negative impact on the
      outcome of radiation therapy. This unfavorable influence has, at least partly,
      been attributed to cancer cells acquiring a radioresistant phenotype through the
      activation of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). On
      the other hand, accumulating evidence has recently revealed that, even though HIF
      1 is recognized as an important regulator of cellular adaptive responses to
      hypoxia, it may not become active and induce tumor radioresistance under hypoxic
      conditions only. The mechanisms by which HIF-1 is activated in cancer cells not
      only under hypoxic conditions, but also under normoxic conditions, through cancer
      specific genetic alterations and the resultant imbalance in intermediate
      metabolites have been summarized herein. The relevance of the HIF-1-mediated
      characteristic features of cancer cells, such as the production of antioxidants
      through reprogramming of the glucose metabolic pathway and cell cycle regulation,
      for tumor radioresistance has also been reviewed. 

PMID- 26983986
TI  - Threshold doses and prediction of visually apparent liver dysfunction after
      stereotactic body radiation therapy in cirrhotic and normal livers using magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to investigate the threshold dose for focal
      liver damage after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in cirrhotic and
      normal livers using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 64 patients who
      underwent SBRT for liver tumors, including 54 cirrhotic patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 10 non-cirrhotic patients with liver
      metastases, were analyzed. MRI was performed 3-6 months after SBRT, using
      gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced T1-weighted
      sequences. All MRI datasets were merged with 3D dosimetry data. All dose
      distributions were corrected to the biologically effective dose using the linear
      quadratic model with an assumed alpha/beta ratio of 2 Gy. The development of
      liver dysfunction was validly correlated with isodose distribution. The median
      biologically effective dose (BED2) that provoked liver dysfunction was 57.3 (30.0
      227.9) and 114.0 (70.4-244.9) Gy in cirrhotic and normal livers, respectively (P
      = 0.0002). The BED2 associated with a >5% risk of liver dysfunction was 38.5 in
      cirrhotic livers and 70.4 Gy in normal livers. The threshold BED2 for liver
      dysfunction was not significantly different between Child-Pugh A and B patients
      (P = 0.0719). Moreover, the fractionation schedule was not significantly
      correlated with threshold BED2 for liver dysfunction in the cirrhotic liver (P =
      0.1019). In the cirrhotic liver, fractionation regimen and Child-Pugh
      classification did not significantly influence the threshold BED2 for focal liver
      damage after SBRT. We suggest that the threshold BED2 for liver dysfunction after
      SBRT is 40 and 70 Gy in the cirrhotic and normal liver, respectively. 

PMID- 26983988
TI  - Two-fraction high-dose-rate brachytherapy within a single day combined with
      external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer: single institution experience and
      outcomes.
AB  - We investigated the outcomes of treatment for patients with localized prostate
      cancer (PCa) treated with 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) followed by two
      fraction high-dose-rate brachytherapy within a single day (2-fr.-HDR-BT/day) at a
      single institution. A total of 156 consecutive Asian males (median age, 67 years)
      were enrolled. To compare our findings with those of other studies, we analyzed
      our results using the D'Amico classification, assigning the patients to low- ( N
      =: 5; 3.2%), intermediate- ( N =: 36; 23.1%) and high-risk ( N =: 115; 73.7%)
      groups (Stage T3 PCa patients were classified as high-risk). One patient in the
      D'Amico low-risk group (20%), 13 intermediate-risk patients (36.1%) and 99 high
      risk patients (86.1%) underwent androgen deprivation therapy. We administered a
      prescription dose of 39 Gy in 13 fractions of 3D-CRT combined with 18 Gy of HDR
      BT in two 9-Gy fractions delivered within a single day. We did not distinguish
      between risk groups in determining the prescription dose. The median follow-up
      period was 38 months. Of the 156 patients, one died from primary disease and five
      died from other diseases. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 100%, 100%
      and 93.7%, and the 3-year 'biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED)' rates were
      100%, 100% and 96.9% for the D'Amico low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups,
      respectively. No patient developed >= Grade 3 early toxicity. The Grade 3 late
      genitourinary toxicity rate was 2.6%, and no >= Grade 3 late gastrointestinal
      toxicity occurred. The efficacy and safety of this study were satisfactory, and
      longer-term follow-up is necessary. 

PMID- 26983987
TI  - The impact of hypoxia and its modification of the outcome of radiotherapy.
AB  - Since the initial observations made at the beginning of the last century, it has
      been established that solid tumors contain regions of low oxygenation (hypoxia).
      Tumor cells can survive in these hypoxic conditions and are a major factor in
      tumor radioresistance. This significance has resulted in hypoxia becoming the
      most cited biological topic in translational radiation oncology. Identifying
      hypoxic cells in human tumors has become paramount, and the ability to do this
      has been improved by the help of new imaging techniques and the use of predictive
      gene profiles. Substantial data confirm the presence of hypoxia in many types of
      human tumors, although with considerable heterogeneity among individual tumors.
      Various approaches have been investigated for eliminating the hypoxic population.
      These include increasing oxygen availability, directly radiosensitizing or
      killing the hypoxic cells, indirectly affecting them by targeting the tumor
      vascular supply, increasing the radiation dose to this resistant population, or
      by using radiation with a high linear energy transfer, for which hypoxia is
      believed to be less of an issue. Many of these approaches have undergone
      controlled clinical trials during the last 50 years, and the results have shown
      that hypoxic radiation resistance can indeed be overcome. Thus, ample data exists
      to support a high level of evidence for the benefit of hypoxic modification.
      However, such hypoxic modification still has no impact on general clinical
      practice. In this review we summarize the biological rationale, and the current
      activities and trials, related to identifying and overcoming hypoxia in modern
      radiotherapy. 

PMID- 26983990
TI  - Characteristics of interventional cardiologists and their work practices for the
      study on radiation-induced lens opacities based on the methodology developed by
      ELDO-preliminary results.
AB  - Preliminary results of the Polish epidemiology study on eye lens opacities among
      interventional cardiologists (ICs), based on the methodology proposed by ELDO
      (epidemiological studies of radio-induced cataracts in interventional
      cardiologists and radiologists: methodology implementation), are presented. The
      aim of the study is to test the hypothesis concerning the excess risk of cataract
      in the group of ICs. The first results concern the study population
      characteristics, including the most important confounding factors for cataract,
      as well as a detailed description of the work practices in interventional
      cardiology needed in order to reconstruct the cumulative eye lens dose. The data
      from 69 ICs and 23 controls collected based on the general medical questionnaire
      and the occupational questionnaire (for ICs only) were analyzed. The mean age of
      ICs and of the control group was 41 and 44, respectively, while the mean duration
      of work for exposed physicians was 9 years. The analysis of the data from the
      occupational questionnaire concerning the procedures performed, the use of
      various access routes, as well as radiation protection tools (eye lens glasses,
      ceiling suspended transparent shield, etc.) are also presented. On the basis of
      this information and additional assumptions about the doses per procedure (as
      well as reduction factors for various types of radiation measures), the
      cumulative doses to the eye lens of ICs were evaluated. They ranged up to 1.55 Sv
      and 0.4 Sv for left and right eye, respectively; however, the dose to only 3% of
      ICs exceeded the new threshold for development of eye lens opacities (0.5 Gy)
      proposed by the ICRP. 

PMID- 26983989
TI  - Opposing roles of RNF8/RNF168 and deubiquitinating enzymes in ubiquitination
      dependent DNA double-strand break response signaling and DNA-repair pathway
      choice.
AB  - The E3 ubiquitin ligases ring finger protein (RNF) 8 and RNF168 transduce the DNA
      double-strand break (DSB) response (DDR) signal by ubiquitinating DSB sites. The
      depletion of RNF8 or RNF168 suppresses the accumulation of DNA-repair regulating
      factors such as 53BP1 and RAP80 at DSB sites, suggesting roles for RNF8- and
      RNF168-mediated ubiquitination in DSB repair. This mini-review provides a brief
      overview of the RNF8- and RNF168-dependent DDR-signaling and DNA-repair pathways.
      The choice of DNA-repair pathway when RNF8- and RNF168-mediated ubiquitination
      dependent DDR signaling is negatively regulated by deubiquitinating enzymes
      (DUBs) is reviewed to clarify how the opposing roles of RNF8/RNF168 and DUBs
      regulate ubiquitination-dependent DDR signaling and the choice of DNA-repair
      pathway. 

PMID- 26983992
TI  - Zinc-Finger Transcription Factor ZAT6 Positively Regulates Cadmium Tolerance
      through the Glutathione-Dependent Pathway in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant with high toxicity to animals and
      plants. It has been established that the glutathione (GSH)-dependent
      phytochelatin (PC) synthesis pathway is one of the most important mechanisms
      contributing to Cd accumulation and tolerance in plants. However, the
      transcription factors involved in regulating GSH-dependent PC synthesis pathway
      remain largely unknown. Here, we identified an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      Cd-resistant mutant xcd2-D (XVE system-induced cadmium-tolerance2) using a
      forward genetics approach. The mutant gene underlying xcd2-D mutation was
      revealed to encode a known zinc-finger transcription factor, ZAT6. Transgenic
      plants overexpressing ZAT6 showed significant increase of Cd tolerance, whereas
      loss of function of ZAT6 led to decreased Cd tolerance. Increased Cd accumulation
      and tolerance in ZAT6-overexpressing lines was GSH dependent and associated with
      Cd-activated synthesis of PC, which was correlated with coordinated activation of
      PC-synthesis related gene expression. By contrast, loss of function of ZAT6
      reduced Cd accumulation and tolerance, which was accompanied by abolished PC
      synthesis and gene expression. Further analysis revealed that ZAT6 positively
      regulates the transcription of GSH1, GSH2, PCS1, and PCS2, but ZAT6 is capable of
      specifically binding to GSH1 promoter in vivo. Consistently, overexpression of
      GSH1 has been shown to restore Cd sensitivity in the zat6-1 mutant, suggesting
      that GSH1 is a key target of ZAT6. Taken together, our data provide evidence that
      ZAT6 coordinately activates PC synthesis-related gene expression and directly
      targets GSH1 to positively regulate Cd accumulation and tolerance in Arabidopsis.

PMID- 26983991
TI  - Pipeline for the identification and classification of ion channels in parasitic
      flatworms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ion channels are well characterised in model organisms, principally
      because of the availability of functional genomic tools and datasets for these
      species. This contrasts the situation, for example, for parasites of humans and
      animals, whose genomic and biological uniqueness means that many genes and their
      products cannot be annotated. As ion channels are recognised as important drug
      targets in mammals, the accurate identification and classification of parasite
      channels could provide major prospects for defining unique targets for designing
      novel and specific anti-parasite therapies. Here, we established a reliable
      bioinformatic pipeline for the identification and classification of ion channels
      encoded in the genome of the cancer-causing liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini,
      and extended its application to related flatworms affecting humans. METHODS: We
      built an ion channel identification + classification pipeline (called MuSICC),
      employing an optimised support vector machine (SVM) model and using the Kyoto
      Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classification system. Ion channel
      proteins were first identified and grouped according to amino acid sequence
      similarity to classified ion channels and the presence and number of ion channel
      like conserved and transmembrane domains. Predicted ion channels were then
      classified to sub-family using a SVM model, trained using ion channel features.
      RESULTS: Following an evaluation of this pipeline (MuSICC), which demonstrated a
      classification sensitivity of 95.2 % and accuracy of 70.5 % for known ion
      channels, we applied it to effectively identify and classify ion channels in
      selected parasitic flatworms. CONCLUSIONS: MuSICC provides a practical and
      effective tool for the identification and classification of ion channels of
      parasitic flatworms, and should be applicable to a broad range of organisms that
      are evolutionarily distant from taxa whose ion channels are functionally
      characterised.

PMID- 26983997
TI  - 25 years of Panic Disorder research at Maastricht University.

PMID- 26983994
TI  - Role of SKD1 Regulators LIP5 and IST1-LIKE1 in Endosomal Sorting and Plant
      Development.
AB  - SKD1 is a core component of the mechanism that degrades plasma membrane proteins
      via the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) pathway. Its
      ATPase activity and endosomal recruitment are regulated by the ESCRT components
      LIP5 and IST1. How LIP5 and IST1 affect ESCRT-mediated endosomal trafficking and
      development in plants is not known. Here we use Arabidopsis mutants to
      demonstrate that LIP5 controls the constitutive degradation of plasma membrane
      proteins and the formation of endosomal intraluminal vesicles. Although lip5
      mutants were able to polarize the auxin efflux facilitators PIN2 and PIN3, both
      proteins were mis-sorted to the tonoplast in lip5 root cells. In addition, lip5
      root cells over-accumulated PIN2 at the plasma membrane. Consistently with the
      trafficking defects of PIN proteins, the lip5 roots showed abnormal gravitropism
      with an enhanced response within the first 4 h after gravistimulation. LIP5
      physically interacts with IST1-LIKE1 (ISTL1), a protein predicted to be the
      Arabidopsis homolog of yeast IST1. However, we found that Arabidopsis contains 12
      genes coding for predicted IST1-domain containing proteins (ISTL1-12). Within the
      ISTL1-6 group, ISTL1 showed the strongest interaction with LIP5, SKD1, and the
      ESCRT-III-related proteins CHMP1A in yeast two hybrid assays. Through the
      analysis of single and double mutants, we found that the synthetic interaction of
      LIP5 with ISTL1, but not with ISTL2, 3, or 6, is essential for normal plant
      growth, repression of spontaneous cell death, and post-embryonic lethality.

PMID- 26983999
TI  - The genetics of panic disorder: state of the art.
AB  - Panic disorder (PD) is a highly prevalent, debilitating disorder. The
      heritability of the disease has been estimated by twin studies to be between 30
      and 60%. The vulnerability for PD overlaps with an increased risk of bipolar
      disorder in some families. Classical genetic methods such as linkage analysis and
      association studies have not yet identified genetic risk factors beyond doubt.
      However, two independent studies confirm linkage of a specific syndrome
      characterized by PD, bladder problems, severe headaches, mitral valve prolapse
      and thyroid dysfunction to genetic markers on chromosome 13q. Association
      studies, although showing divergent results, give some support to a causative
      role for the genes encoding for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), cholecystokinin
      (CCK) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Finally, a somatic duplication of
      a 19-Mb region on chromosome 15 has been associated with PD, but this intriguing
      finding awaits confirmation. 

PMID- 26983998
TI  - Panic disorder: from respiration to the homeostatic brain.
AB  - There is some experimental evidence to support the existence of a connection
      between panic and respiration. However, only recent studies investigating the
      complexity of respiratory physiology have revealed consistent irregularities in
      respiratory pattern, suggesting that these abnormalities might be a vulnerability
      factor to panic attacks. The source of the high irregularity observed, together
      with unpleasant respiratory sensations in patients with panic disorder (PD), is
      still unclear and different underlying mechanisms might be hypothesized. It could
      be the result of compensatory responses to abnormal respiratory inputs or an
      intrinsic deranged activity in the brainstem network shaping the respiratory
      rhythm. Moreover, since basic physiological functions in the organism are
      strictly interrelated, with reciprocal modulations and abnormalities in cardiac
      and balance system function having been described in PD, the respiratory findings
      might arise from perturbations of these other basic systems or a more general
      dysfunction of the homeostatic brain. Phylogenetically ancient brain circuits
      process physiological perceptions/sensations linked to homeostatic functions,
      such as respiration, and the parabrachial nucleus might filter and integrate
      interoceptive information from the basic homeostatic functions. These
      physiological processes take place continuously and subconsciously and only
      occasionally do they pervade the conscious awareness as 'primal emotions'. Panic
      attacks could be the expression of primal emotion arising from an abnormal
      modulation of the respiratory/homeostatic functions. 

PMID- 26984000
TI  - The role of serotonin in panic: evidence from tryptophan depletion studies.
AB  - There has been growing interest in the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5
      HT) in anxiety, including pathological states such as panic disorder. The
      technique of tryptophan depletion (TD), which causes an acute, temporary and
      reversible reduction in brain 5-HT levels, is a useful minimally invasive
      paradigm to aid the research of the role of 5-HT in various disorders. This
      review discusses the evidence supporting the hypothesis that 5-HT function is of
      importance in the neurobiology of panic disorder and considers in more detail how
      our understanding has been influenced by work using the technique of TD. Possible
      avenues for future research are also discussed. 

PMID- 26983996
TI  - The effects of attractive vs. repulsive instructional cuing on balance
      performance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Torso-based vibrotactile feedback has been shown to improve postural
      performance during quiet and perturbed stance in healthy young and older adults
      and individuals with balance impairments. These systems typically include tactors
      distributed around the torso that are activated when body motion exceeds a
      predefined threshold. Users are instructed to "move away from the vibration".
      However, recent studies have shown that in the absence of instructions,
      vibrotactile stimulation induces small (~1 degrees ) non-volitional responses in
      the direction of its application location. It was hypothesized that an attractive
      cuing strategy (i.e., "move toward the vibration") could improve postural
      performance by leveraging this natural tendency. FINDINGS: Eight healthy older
      adults participated in two non-consecutive days of computerized dynamic
      posturography testing while wearing a vibrotactile feedback system comprised of
      an inertial measurement unit and four tactors that were activated in pairs when
      body motion exceeded 1 degrees  anteriorly or posteriorly. A crossover design was
      used. On each day participants performed 24 repetitions of Sensory Organization
      Test condition 5 (SOT5), three repetitions each of SOT 1-6, three repetitions of
      the Motor Control Test, and five repetitions of the Adaptation Test. Performance
      metrics included A/P RMS, Time-in-zone and 95 % CI Ellipse. Performance improved
      with both cuing strategies but participants performed better when using repulsive
      cues. However, the rate of improvement was greater for attractive versus
      repulsive cuing. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that when the cutaneous signal
      is interpreted as an alarm, cognition overrides sensory information. Furthermore,
      although repulsive cues resulted in better performance, attractive cues may be as
      good, if not better, than repulsive cues following extended training.

PMID- 26983995
TI  - A Cation-Chloride Cotransporter Gene Is Required for Cell Elongation and
      Osmoregulation in Rice.
AB  - Rice (Oryza sativa) is characterized by having fibrous root systems; however, the
      molecular mechanisms underlying the root development are not fully understood.
      Here, we isolated a rice mutant with short roots and found that the mutant had a
      decreased cell size of the roots and shoots compared with wild-type rice. Map
      based cloning combined with whole-genome sequencing revealed that a single
      nucleotide mutation occurred in a gene, which encodes a putative cation-chloride
      cotransporter (OsCCC1). Introduction of OsCCC1 cDNA into the mutant rescued the
      mutant growth, indicating that growth defects of both the roots and shoots are
      caused by loss of function of OsCCC1. Physiological analysis showed that the
      mutant had a lower concentration of Cl(-) and K(+) and lower osmolality in the
      root cell sap than the wild type at all KCl supply conditions tested; however,
      the mutant only showed a lower Na(+) concentration at high external Na(+)
      Expression of OsCCC1 in yeast increased accumulation of K(+), Na(+), and Cl(-)
      The expression of OsCCC1 was found in both the roots and shoots, although higher
      expression was found in the root tips. Furthermore, the expression in the roots
      did not respond to different Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) supply. OsCCC1 was expressed
      in all cells of the roots, leaf, and basal node. Immunoblot analysis revealed
      that OsCCC1 was mainly localized to the plasma membrane. These results suggest
      that OsCCC1 is involved in the cell elongation by regulating ion (Cl(-), K(+),
      and Na(+)) homeostasis to maintain cellular osmotic potential.

PMID- 26984001
TI  - Cholecystokinin and panic disorder.
AB  - Evidence for implication of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the neurobiology of panic
      disorder is reviewed through animal and human pharmacological studies. The
      results of these investigations raise two issues: (i) selectivity of action of
      CCK-2 agonists in anxiety disorders; and (ii) aberrations of the CCK system in
      anxiety disorders, both of which are discussed. 

PMID- 26984002
TI  - Neuroimmunological parameters in panic disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The interaction between immune cells, neurotransmitters and the
      neuroendocrinological systems plays a role in affective disorders, especially
      depression. Although panic disorder (PD) shares a lot of features with
      depression, it is clearly a distinct disorder. Reports on immunological
      parameters in PD don't provide a clear picture of the immunological status of PD
      patients. This can partly be attributed to methodological differences between
      studies and small patient groups. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to assemble
      all studies on immunological parameters in PD in order to combine all available
      data to gain a broader perspective on this matter. METHOD: PubMed was searched
      for studies describing immunological parameters in PD patients without comorbid
      disorders or medication use. All studies had to include a healthy control group
      and the outcome measures had to be shared by at least one other study. RESULTS:
      Fourteen articles were found. Although the T-lymphocytic branch and the innate
      immune system were normal, the B-lymphocytic branch showed some differences
      between PD patients and healthy controls. B-cell counts were increased in PD
      patients, which was underlined by increased human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR
      counts and increased immunoglobulin A levels. However, B-cell activity following
      mitogen stimulation was normal. CONCLUSIONS: PD patients show increased B-cell
      numbers. The finding that B-cell activity is not increased can possibly be
      attributed to functional exhaustion of these cells. The meaning of this finding
      remains unclear, although it may be potentially important in affective disorders
      as the same has been found in depression.

PMID- 26984003
TI  - Symptom profiles of natural and laboratory panic attacks.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little accurate information is available about the symptomatology of
      real-life panic attacks and about how well they are reproduced by an experimental
      model such as the 35% CO2 challenge. METHOD: Real-life panic symptoms were
      assessed in a group of 67 panic disorder patients, using daily life monitoring.
      Panic symptoms elicited by a 35% CO2 challenge were assessed in 61 panic disorder
      patients, and their frequency was compared with the real-life symptoms. RESULTS:
      The most frequent real-life symptoms were palpitations, dizziness and trembling.
      The 35% CO2 challenge reproduced well the majority of real-life symptoms.
      CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the 35% CO2 challenge is a marker for
      spontaneous panic attacks, which are considered the core of panic disorder.

PMID- 26983993
TI  - Transcriptomic Signature of the SHATTERPROOF2 Expression Domain Reveals the
      Meristematic Nature of Arabidopsis Gynoecial Medial Domain.
AB  - Plant meristems, like animal stem cell niches, maintain a pool of multipotent,
      undifferentiated cells that divide and differentiate to give rise to organs. In
      Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the carpel margin meristem is a vital
      meristematic structure that generates ovules from the medial domain of the
      gynoecium, the female floral reproductive structure. The molecular mechanisms
      that specify this meristematic region and regulate its organogenic potential are
      poorly understood. Here, we present a novel approach to analyze the
      transcriptional signature of the medial domain of the Arabidopsis gynoecium,
      highlighting the developmental stages that immediately proceed ovule initiation,
      the earliest stages of seed development. Using a floral synchronization system
      and a SHATTERPROOF2 (SHP2) domain-specific reporter, paired with FACS and RNA
      sequencing, we assayed the transcriptome of the gynoecial medial domain with
      temporal and spatial precision. This analysis reveals a set of genes that are
      differentially expressed within the SHP2 expression domain, including genes that
      have been shown previously to function during the development of medial domain
      derived structures, including the ovules, thus validating our approach. Global
      analyses of the transcriptomic data set indicate a similarity of the pSHP2
      expressing cell population to previously characterized meristematic domains,
      further supporting the meristematic nature of this gynoecial tissue. Our method
      identifies additional genes including novel isoforms, cis-natural antisense
      transcripts, and a previously unrecognized member of the REPRODUCTIVE MERISTEM
      family of transcriptional regulators that are potential novel regulators of
      medial domain development. This data set provides genome-wide transcriptional
      insight into the development of the carpel margin meristem in Arabidopsis.

PMID- 26984004
TI  - The influence of alcohol oral intake on the effects of 35% CO2 challenge. A study
      in healthy volunteers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder co-occur at a rate that
      exceeds chance significantly. The underlying mechanism of alcoholism associated
      with anxiety has rarely been examined using experimental methodologies. The
      present study in healthy volunteers tested whether alcohol consumption reduces
      anxiety associated with a panic-challenge procedure (35% CO2 challenge). METHODS:
      The study design was placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized. Eight healthy
      volunteers were enrolled; all subjects had an alcohol and a placebo oral intake
      according to a crossover design. After each consumption the subjects underwent
      the 35% CO2 challenge and a series of anxiety symptom assessments. RESULTS: After
      the alcohol intake, the subjects presented a significant reduction in the anxiety
      state associated with the challenge procedure. The Panic Symptom List score is
      significantly lower after alcohol intake (P = 0.032), as compared with the
      placebo, and the Visual Analogue Anxiety Scale shows a trend to be lower after
      alcohol intake (P = 0.111). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate doses of alcohol acutely
      decrease the response to a 35% CO2 challenge in healthy volunteers. These results
      lend support to the pharmacological anxiolytic effect of alcohol and suggest that
      this property may reinforce the drinking behaviour among those with high levels
      of anxiety.

PMID- 26984005
TI  - New insights in cognitive behavioural therapy as treatment of panic disorder: a
      brief overview.
AB  - Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been proved to be very effective in the
      treatment of panic disorder. In this article we attempt to give a brief
      representation of more recent insights and techniques in the field of cognitive
      behavioural therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. 

PMID- 26984006
TI  - Predicting the 10-year risk of hip and major osteoporotic fracture in rheumatoid
      arthritis and in the general population: an independent validation and update of
      UK FRAX without bone mineral density.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: FRAX incorporates rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a dichotomous
      predictor for predicting the 10-year risk of hip and major osteoporotic fracture
      (MOF). However, fracture risk may deviate with disease severity, duration or
      treatment. Aims were to validate, and if needed to update, UK FRAX for patients
      with RA and to compare predictive performance with the general population (GP).
      METHODS: Cohort study within UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) (RA:
      n=11 582, GP: n=38 755), also linked to hospital admissions for hip fracture
      (CPRD-Hospital Episode Statistics, HES) (RA: n=7221, GP: n=24 227). Predictive
      performance of UK FRAX without bone mineral density was assessed by
      discrimination and calibration. Updating methods included recalibration and
      extension. Differences in predictive performance were assessed by the C-statistic
      and Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) using the UK National Osteoporosis
      Guideline Group intervention thresholds. RESULTS: UK FRAX significantly
      overestimated fracture risk in patients with RA, both for MOF (mean predicted vs
      observed 10-year risk: 13.3% vs 8.4%) and hip fracture (CPRD: 5.5% vs 3.1%, CPRD
      HES: 5.5% vs 4.1%). Calibration was good for hip fracture in the GP (CPRD-HES:
      2.7% vs 2.4%). Discrimination was good for hip fracture (RA: 0.78, GP: 0.83) and
      moderate for MOF (RA: 0.69, GP: 0.71). Extension of the recalibrated UK FRAX
      using CPRD-HES with duration of RA disease, glucocorticoids (>7.5 mg/day) and
      secondary osteoporosis did not improve the NRI (0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.05) or C
      statistic (0.78). CONCLUSIONS: UK FRAX overestimated fracture risk in RA, but
      performed well for hip fracture in the GP after linkage to hospitalisations.
      Extension of the recalibrated UK FRAX did not improve predictive performance.

PMID- 26984007
TI  - Response to biological treatment and subsequent risk of coronary events in
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Whether the increased risk of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular
      disease, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be reverted by particular antirheumatic
      therapies, or response to these, is unclear but of critical clinical importance.
      We wanted to investigate whether response to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors
      (TNFi) translates into a reduced risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS:
      A cohort of patients with RA initiating a first TNFi 2001-2012 was identified in
      the Swedish Biologics Register. The association between European League Against
      Rheumatism (EULAR) response after 3-8 months of treatment (assessed using the
      first, the best and the measurement closest to 5 months, respectively), and the
      risk of incident ACS during the subsequent year was analysed in Cox regression
      models. Adjustments included cardiovascular risk factors, joint surgery, RA
      duration, education and work disability. RESULTS: During 6592 person-years among
      TNFi initiators (n=6864, mean age 55 years, 77% women), 47 ACS occurred. The
      adjusted HRs (95% CI), which were similar to the crude HRs, of the 1-year risk of
      ACS among EULAR good responders compared with non-responders were 0.5 (0.2 to
      1.4), 0.4 (0.2 to 0.9) and 0.5 (0.2 to 1.2), for the first, the best and the
      evaluation closest to 5 months, respectively. EULAR moderate responders had equal
      risk to that of EULAR non-responders, who, compared with the general population
      referents (n=34 229), had a more than twice the risk of ACS. For good responders,
      there was no statistically significant difference in risk versus the general
      population. CONCLUSIONS: Optimised RA disease control has the potential to revert
      otherwise increased risks for ACS in RA.

PMID- 26984009
TI  - Motivated Implicit Theories of Personality: My Weaknesses Will Go Away, but My
      Strengths Are Here to Stay.
AB  - Across six studies, this research found consistent evidence for motivated
      implicit theories about personality malleability: People perceive their
      weaknesses as more malleable than their strengths. Moreover, motivation also
      influences how people see themselves in the future, such that they expect their
      present strengths to remain constant, but they expect their present weaknesses to
      improve in the future. Several additional findings suggest the motivational
      nature of these effects: The difference in perceived malleability for strengths
      versus weaknesses was only observed for the self, not for other people. When the
      desirability of possessing a certain trait was manipulated, that trait was
      perceived to be more malleable when it was depicted as undesirable. And these
      different beliefs that people have about how malleable their traits are, and how
      they will develop in the future, were associated with their desire for change,
      which is higher for weaknesses versus strengths. 

PMID- 26984008
TI  - Points to consider for reporting, screening for and preventing selected
      comorbidities in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a
      EULAR initiative.
AB  - In chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, comorbidities such as cardiovascular
      diseases and infections are suboptimally prevented, screened for and managed. The
      objective of this European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) initiative was to
      propose points to consider to collect comorbidities in patients with chronic
      inflammatory rheumatic diseases. We also aimed to develop a pragmatic reporting
      form to foster the implementation of the points to consider. In accordance with
      the EULAR Standardised Operating Procedures, the process comprised (1) a
      systematic literature review of existing recommendations on reporting, screening
      for or preventing six selected comorbidities: ischaemic cardiovascular diseases,
      malignancies, infections, gastrointestinal diseases, osteoporosis and depression
      and (2) a consensus process involving 21 experts (ie, rheumatologists, patients,
      health professionals). Recommendations on how to treat the comorbidities were not
      included in the document as they vary across countries. The literature review
      retrieved 42 articles, most of which were recommendations for reporting or
      screening for comorbidities in the general population. The consensus process led
      to three overarching principles and 15 points to consider, related to the six
      comorbidities, with three sections: (1) reporting (ie, occurrence of the
      comorbidity and current treatments); (2) screening for disease (eg, mammography)
      or for risk factors (eg, smoking) and (3) prevention (eg, vaccination). A
      reporting form (93 questions) corresponding to a practical application of the
      points to consider was developed. Using an evidence-based approach followed by
      expert consensus, this EULAR initiative aims to improve the reporting and
      prevention of comorbidities in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Next
      steps include dissemination and implementation. 

PMID- 26984010
TI  - Social-Class Differences in Consumer Choices: Working-Class Individuals Are More
      Sensitive to Choices of Others Than Middle-Class Individuals.
AB  - The present research shows that, when making choices, working-class Americans are
      more affected by others' opinions than middle-class Americans due to differences
      in independent versus interdependent self-construal. Experiment 1 revealed that
      when working-class Americans made decisions to buy products, they were more
      influenced by the choices of others than middle-class Americans. In contrast,
      middle-class Americans were more likely to misremember others' choices to be
      consistent with their own choices. In other words, working-class Americans
      adjusted their choices to the preference of others, whereas middle-class
      Americans distorted others' preferences to fit their choices. Supporting our
      prediction that this social-class effect is closely linked to the independent
      versus interdependent self-construal, we showed that the differences in self
      construal across cultures qualified the social-class effects on choices
      (Experiment 2). Moreover, when we experimentally manipulated self-construal in
      Experiment 3, we found that it mediated the corresponding changes in choices
      regardless of social class. 

PMID- 26984011
TI  - Should Spouses Be Demanding Less From Marriage? A Contextual Perspective on the
      Implications of Interpersonal Standards.
AB  - How much should people ask of their relationships? Whereas several perspectives
      suggest high standards should make actual outcomes feel worse by comparison and
      thus harm relationships, other perspectives suggest high standards should
      motivate people to exert the effort necessary to cultivate quality partnerships.
      The current 4-year longitudinal study of newlywed couples reconciled these
      competing perspectives by testing a prediction implicit in Finkel, Hui, Carswell,
      and Larson's suffocation model of marriage-that spouses' standards interact with
      factors reflective of their abilities to meet those standards to predict
      subsequent satisfaction. Among spouses who either reported less severe problems
      or were in marriages observed to be characterized by lower levels of destructive
      behavior, standards were positively associated with satisfaction over time; among
      spouses who reported more severe problems or were in marriages characterized by
      higher levels of destructive behavior, in contrast, standards were negatively
      associated with satisfaction over time. 

PMID- 26984012
TI  - Explaining Self and Vicarious Reactance: A Process Model Approach.
AB  - Research shows that people experience a motivational state of agitation known as
      reactance when they perceive restrictions to their freedoms. However, research
      has yet to show whether people experience reactance if they merely observe the
      restriction of another person's freedom. In Study 1, we activated realistic
      vicarious reactance in the laboratory. In Study 2, we compared people's responses
      with their own and others' restrictions and found the same levels of experienced
      reactance and behavioral intentions as well as aggressive tendencies. We did,
      however, find differences in physiological arousal: Physiological arousal
      increased quickly after participants imagined their own freedom being restricted,
      but arousal in response to imagining a friend's freedom being threatened was
      weaker and delayed. In line with the physiological data, Study 3's results showed
      that self-restrictions aroused more emotional thoughts than vicarious
      restrictions, which induced more cognitive responses. Furthermore, in Study 4a, a
      cognitive task affected only the cognitive process behind vicarious reactance. In
      contrast, in Study 4b, an emotional task affected self-reactance but not
      vicarious reactance. We propose a process model explaining the emotional and
      cognitive processes of self- and vicarious reactance. 

PMID- 26984013
TI  - The Impact of Affect on Out-Group Judgments Depends on Dominant Information
      Processing Styles: Evidence From Incidental and Integral Affect Paradigms.
AB  - Two studies tested the affect-as-cognitive-feedback model, in which positive and
      negative affective states are not uniquely associated with particular processing
      styles, but rather serve as feedback about currently accessible processing
      styles. The studies extend existing work by investigating (a) both incidental and
      integral affect, (b) out-group judgments, and (c) downstream consequences. We
      manipulated processing styles and either incidental (Study 1) or integral (Study
      2) affect and measured perceptions of out-group homogeneity. Positive (relative
      to negative) affect increased out-group homogeneity judgments when global
      processing was primed, but under local priming, the effect reversed (Studies 1
      and 2). A similar interactive effect emerged on attributions, which had
      downstream consequences for behavioral intentions (Study 2). These results
      demonstrate that both incidental and integral affect do not directly produce
      specific processing styles, but rather influence thinking by providing feedback
      about currently accessible processing styles. 

PMID- 26984015
TI  - The Rural-Urban Difference in Interpersonal Regret.
AB  - The present research examined rural-urban differences in interpersonal regret. In
      Study 1, participants who grew up in rural areas reported stronger interpersonal
      regret than those who grew up in large cities. In Study 2, we conducted an
      experiment and found that participants who were assigned to imagine a rural life
      reported greater interpersonal regret than those who were assigned to imagine an
      urban life. Moreover, this rural-urban difference was mediated by the degree to
      which participants wrote about informal social control such as gossip and
      reputation concerns. Finally, in Study 3, we used the pictorial eye manipulation,
      which evokes a concern for informal social control, and found that participants
      from large cities who were exposed to the eyes reported more intense
      interpersonal regret than those who were not exposed to the eyes. Together, these
      studies demonstrate that informal social control is a key to understanding rural
      urban differences in interpersonal regret. 

PMID- 26984014
TI  - To Have Control Over or to Be Free From Others? The Desire for Power Reflects a
      Need for Autonomy.
AB  - The current research explores why people desire power and how that desire can be
      satisfied. We propose that a position of power can be subjectively experienced as
      conferring influence over others or as offering autonomy from the influence of
      others. Conversely, a low-power position can be experienced as lacking influence
      or lacking autonomy. Nine studies show that subjectively experiencing one's power
      as autonomy predicts the desire for power, whereas the experience of influence
      over others does not. Furthermore, gaining autonomy quenches the desire for
      power, but gaining influence does not. The studies demonstrated the primacy of
      autonomy across both experimental and correlational designs, across measured
      mediation and manipulated mediator approaches, and across three different
      continents (Europe, United States, India). Together, these studies offer evidence
      that people desire power not to be a master over others, but to be master of
      their own domain, to control their own fate. 

PMID- 26984016
TI  - Humanizing Outgroups Through Multiple Categorization: The Roles of Individuation
      and Threat.
AB  - In three studies, we examined the impact of multiple categorization on intergroup
      dehumanization. Study 1 showed that perceiving members of a rival university
      along multiple versus simple categorical dimensions enhanced the tendency to
      attribute human traits to this group. Study 2 showed that multiple versus simple
      categorization of immigrants increased the attribution of uniquely human emotions
      to them. This effect was explained by the sequential mediation of increased
      individuation of the outgroup and reduced outgroup threat. Study 3 replicated
      this sequential mediation model and introduced a novel way of measuring
      humanization in which participants generated attributes corresponding to the
      outgroup in a free response format. Participants generated more uniquely human
      traits in the multiple versus simple categorization conditions. We discuss the
      theoretical implications of these findings and consider their role in informing
      and improving efforts to ameliorate contemporary forms of intergroup
      discrimination. 

PMID- 26984017
TI  - The Immoral Assumption Effect: Moralization Drives Negative Trait Attributions.
AB  - Jumping to negative conclusions about other people's traits is judged as morally
      bad by many people. Despite this, across six experiments (total N = 2,151), we
      find that multiple types of moral evaluations--even evaluations related to open
      mindedness, tolerance, and compassion--play a causal role in these potentially
      pernicious trait assumptions. Our results also indicate that moralization affects
      negative-but not positive-trait assumptions, and that the effect of morality on
      negative assumptions cannot be explained merely by people's general (nonmoral)
      preferences or other factors that distinguish moral and nonmoral traits, such as
      controllability or desirability. Together, these results suggest that one of the
      more destructive human tendencies--making negative assumptions about others--can
      be caused by the better angels of our nature.

PMID- 26984018
TI  - Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (Nora's lesion) affecting the
      distal end of the ulna: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP), first
      described by Nora et al. in 1983 and therefore termed "Nora's lesion", is a rare
      lesion that occurs in the short bones of the hands and feet and eventually
      presents as a parosteal mass. Reports of BPOP in the long bones are very rare. A
      benign disease, BPOP does not become malignant, although a high rate of
      recurrence following surgical resection is reported. Because of its atypical
      imaging findings and histopathological appearance, a BPOP might be misdiagnosed
      as a malignant tumor such as an osteochondroma with malignant transformation, a
      parosteal osteosarcoma, or a periosteal osteosarcoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58
      year-old woman complained of left ulnar wrist pain at the time of her initial
      presentation. Plain x-rays showed ectopic calcifications in and around the distal
      radioulnar joint, which supported the diagnosis of subacute arthritis with
      hydroxyapatite crystal deposition. She was initially given a wrist brace and
      directed to follow-up, but her persistent pain required the administration of
      corticosteroid injections into the distal radioulnar joint. Increasing ulnar
      wrist joint pain and limited forearm pronation and wrist flexion necessitated
      computed tomography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. BPOP was
      diagnosed based on the preoperative imaging studies, and a resection of the
      lesion was performed along with the decortication of the underlying the cortical
      bone to reduce recurrence rates. The diagnosis of BPOP was confirmed by
      pathologic examination. Two years after surgery, the patient has no subsequent
      pain complaints and an improved range of motion. CONCLUSIONS: BPOP affecting the
      distal end of the ulna is exceedingly rare. Because BPOP was diagnosed primarily
      based upon preoperative imaging findings in our patient, decortication of the
      underlying cortical bone was performed to reduce recurrence rates. Further
      careful follow-up in these patients is essential, despite the non-recurrence of
      the lesion.

PMID- 26984021
TI  - Asiatic acid exerts anticancer potential in human ovarian cancer cells via
      suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling.
AB  - Context Asiatic acid, a triterpenoid compound extracted from the tropical
      medicinal plant Centella asiatica (Family: Apiaceae), has exhibited various
      biological activities. Objective This study was performed to investigate the
      cytotoxic effects of asiatic acid on human ovarian cancer cells. Materials and
      methods SKOV3 and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells were exposed to different
      concentrations of asiatic acid (10-100 MUg/mL) for 72 or 48 h. Cell viability,
      colony formation, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic response were examined.
      Involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of
      rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was tested. Results At the concentration of 40 MUg/mL,
      asiatic acid caused about 50% reduction in the viability of ovarian cancer cells,
      but had little effect on the viability of normal human ovarian epithelial cells.
      Asiatic acid at 10 MUg/mL reduced colony formation of ovarian cancer cells by 25
      30%. Asiatic acid-treated cells showed a cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and
      7- to 10-fold increase in apoptosis. The phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt and
      mTOR were remarkably lower in asiatic acid-treated cells. Overexpression of
      constitutively active Akt partially reversed the cytotoxic effects of asiatic
      acid, as evidenced by increased cell viability and colony formation. Furthermore,
      knockdown of Akt mimicked the growth-suppressive activity of asiatic acid.
      Discussion and conclusion These results provide first the evidence for the
      anticancer potential of asiatic acid in ovarian cancer cells, partially via
      inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Asiatic acid may represent a potential
      therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.

PMID- 26984022
TI  - Erratum to: Synergistic anti-malarial action of cryptolepine and artemisinins.

PMID- 26984023
TI  - Targeting the MAP kinase pathway in astrocytoma cells using a recombinant anthrax
      lethal toxin as a way to inhibit cell motility and invasion.
AB  - Malignant astrocytomas are highly invasive into adjacent and distant regions of
      the normal brain. Understanding and targeting cancer cell invasion is an
      important therapeutic approach. Cell invasion is a complex process that replies
      on many signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
      (MAPK). In many cell lines, the use of MAPK-targeted drugs proved to be a
      potential method to inhibit cancer cell motility. In the present study, we use a
      recombinant anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx), which selectively inhibits the MAPK
      pathway, in order to target invasion. LeTx proved ineffective on cell survival in
      astrocytoma (as well as normal cells). However, astrocytoma cells that were
      treated with LeTx showed a significant decrease in cell motility as seen by wound
      healing as well as random 2D motility in serum. The cells also showed a decrease
      in invasion across a collagen matrix. The effect of LeTx on cell migration was
      mediated though the deregulation of Rho GTPases, which play a role in cell
      motility. Finally, the effect of LeTx on cell migration and Rho GTPases was
      mimicked by the inhibition of the MAPK pathway. In this study, we describe for
      the first time the effect of the LeTx on cancer cell motility and invasion not
      cell survival making it a potentially selective brain tumor invasion inhibitor. 

PMID- 26984024
TI  - Discharge interventions for older patients leaving hospital: protocol for a
      systematic meta-review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an increased need for additional care and support services
      for the elderly population. It is important to identify what support older people
      need once they are discharged from hospital and to ensure continuity of care.
      There is a large evidence base focusing on enhanced discharge services and their
      impact on patients. The services show some potential benefits, but there are
      inconsistent findings across reviews. Furthermore, it is unclear what elements of
      enhanced discharge interventions could be most beneficial to older people. This
      meta-review aims to identify existing systematic reviews of discharge
      interventions for older people, identify potentially effective elements of
      enhanced discharge services for this patient group and identify areas where
      further work may still be needed. METHODS/DESIGN: The search will aim to identify
      English language systematic reviews that have assessed the effectiveness of
      discharge interventions for older people. The following databases will be
      searched: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, HMIC, Social Policy and Practice, CINAHL,
      the Cochrane Library, ASSIA, Social Science Citation Index and the Grey
      Literature Report. The search strategy will comprise the keywords 'systematic
      reviews', 'older people' and 'discharge'. Discharge interventions must aim to
      support older patients before, during and/or after discharge from hospital.
      Outcomes of interest will include mortality, readmissions, length of hospital
      stay, patient health status, patient and carer satisfaction and staff views.
      Abstract, title and full text screening will be conducted independently by two
      reviewers. Data extracted from reviews will include review characteristics,
      patient population, review quality score, outcome measures and review findings,
      and a narrative synthesis will be conducted. DISCUSSION: This review will
      identify existing reviews of discharge interventions and appraise how these
      interventions can impact outcomes in older people such as readmissions, health
      status, length of hospital stay and mortality. The review could inform practice
      and will help identify where further research is needed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
      REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015025737.

PMID- 26984026
TI  - Editorial Comment for Faragher et al.

PMID- 26984025
TI  - The Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein Signaling Then and Now: A Tribute to
      Alfred G. Gilman.
AB  - The recent, unfortunate death of Alfred G. ("Al") Gilman, M.D., Ph.D., represents
      a sad signpost for an era spanning over 40 years in molecular pharmacology.
      Gilman's discoveries, influence, and persona were dominant forces in research and
      training in pharmacology. Here, we review the progression of ideas and knowledge
      that spawned early work by Gilman and collaborators (among them, one of the
      authors) and later efforts (including those of the other author) that have
      recently yielded a comprehensive and precise structural understanding of
      fundamental topics in pharmacology: the binding of ligands to G protein-coupled
      receptors (GPCRs) and the interaction of GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins and
      effector molecules. Those data provide new and important insights into the
      molecular basis that underlies affinity and efficacy, two of the most important
      features of drug action, which represent the latest chapter in the saga that Al
      Gilman's work helped launch. 

PMID- 26984027
TI  - Strategic directions for university hospitals in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is currently witnessing a massive support for its
      healthcare services. This year's fiscal budget for health care is by far the
      largest in the history of the kingdom. While pursuing the conventional goals of
      healthcare delivery systems, such as equity, affordability and availability of
      services, the ministry of education (MOE), formerly called ministry of higher
      education (MOHE), is also seeking to achieve certain excellence standards, which
      are expected to set the bar for other countries in the region to follow suit.
      Almost all, under construction, university hospitals were adopting a paradigm
      shift in the standard of health care and training provided. This report
      summarizes these standards. 

PMID- 26984028
TI  - Perceived barriers towards participation in undergraduate research activities
      among medical students at Alfaisal University-College of Medicine: A Saudi
      Arabian perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The importance of undergraduate research (UR) to students is well
      acknowledged in literature; however, little is known about its perceived
      barriers. The aim of study is to explore the perceived barriers toward
      participation in UR activities among students at Alfaisal University-College of
      Medicine, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: An online, anonymous, cross-sectional, self
      rating survey was administered. A two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test was used to
      compare the average five-point Likert scale responses between male and female
      students. RESULTS: Two-hundred and twenty-one students (n = 221/350) participated
      in the survey with a 63.1% response rate. The percentage of participation in UR
      significantly differed by gender (males vs. females: 68.6% vs. 45.4%; p < 0.0005,
      Chi-square test). The top three barriers toward participation in UR were "lack of
      time" (77.4%), "lack of formal UR courses in curriculum" (76%) and "lack of UR
      mentors" (70.1%). Statistically significant differences of means were identified
      between male and female students regarding the following statements: "lack of
      supervising research mentors" (p < 0.01), "lack of interest in research" (p <
      0.04), "lack of finding same-gender research mentor" (p < 0.00) and "lack of UR
      opportunities" (p < 0.00). CONCLUSION: Our results were fairly comparable to the
      Western studies. Medical educators should carefully look into all UR barriers and
      consider implementing applicable solutions.

PMID- 26984029
TI  - Authentic leadership in a health sciences university.
AB  - AIM: To study authentic leadership characteristics between academic leaders in a
      health sciences university. METHODS: Cross-sectional study at a health sciences
      university in Saudi Arabia. The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) was
      utilized to assess authentic leadership. RESULTS: Out of 84 ALQs that were
      distributed, 75 (89.3%) were eligible. The ALQ scores showed consistency in the
      dimensions of self-awareness (3.45 +/- 0.43), internalized moral prospective
      (3.46 +/- 0.33) and balanced processing (3.42 +/- 0.36). The relational
      transparency dimension had a mean of 3.24 +/- 0.31 which was significantly lower
      than other domains. Academic leaders with medical background represented 57.3%,
      compared to 42.7% from other professions. Academic leaders from other professions
      had better ALQ scores that reached statistical significance in the internalized
      moral perspective and relational transparency dimensions with p values of 0.006
      and 0.049, respectively. In reference to the impact of hierarchy, there were no
      significant differences in relation to ALQ scores. Almost one-third of academic
      leaders (34.7%) had Qualifications in medical education that did not show
      significant impact on ALQ scores. CONCLUSION: There was less-relational
      transparency among academic leaders that was not consistent with other ALQ
      domains. Being of medical background may enhance leaders' opportunity to be at a
      higher hierarchy status but it did not enhance their ALQ scores when compared to
      those from other professions. Moreover, holding a master in medical education did
      not impact leadership authenticity.

PMID- 26984030
TI  - Pre-admission criteria and pre-clinical achievement: Can they predict medical
      students performance in the clinical phase?
AB  - RATIONAL: Various factors affect medical students' performance during clinical
      phase. Identifying these factors would help in mentoring weak students and help
      in selection process for residency programmes. OBJECTIVE: Our study objective is
      to evaluate the impact of pre-admission criteria, and pre-clinical grade point
      average (GPA) on undergraduate medical students' performance during clinical
      phase. METHOD: This study has a cross-sectional design that includes fifth- and
      sixth-year female medical students (71). Data of clinical and pre-clinical GPA in
      medical school and pre-admission to medical school tests scores were collected.
      RESULTS: A significant correlation between clinical GPA with the pre-clinical GPA
      was observed (p < 0.05). Such significant correlation was not seen with other
      variables under study. A regression analysis was performed, and the only
      significant predictor of students clinical performance was the pre-clinical GPA
      (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference between students' clinical and
      pre-clinical GPA for both cohorts was observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pre
      clinical GPA is strongly correlated with and can predict medical students'
      performance during clinical years. Our study highlighted the importance of
      evaluating the academic performances of students in pre-clinical years before
      they move into clinical years in order to identify weak students to mentor them
      and monitor their progress.

PMID- 26984031
TI  - Perceived influential factors toward participation in undergraduate research
      activities among medical students at Alfaisal University-College of Medicine: A
      Saudi Arabian perspective.
AB  - AIMS: (1) To explore correlations between medical students' participation in
      undergraduate research (UR) activities and their characteristics, and (2) to
      explore students' perceived influential factors toward participation in UR
      activities at Alfaisal University-College of Medicine, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: An
      online, anonymous, cross-sectional, self-rating survey was administered. Chi
      square test was used to correlate between participation in UR activities and
      students' characteristics (age, academic year and grade point average [GPA]). Two
      tailed Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the mean 5-point Likert scale
      responses between students with and without previous UR activities. RESULTS:
      About 218 students participated in the survey (n = 218/350; response rate:
      62.3%). The top three influential factors to undertake UR activities were
      "facilitate entry into competitive residency programs," (88.1%) "improve
      curriculum vitae" (81.2%) and "publish in peer-reviewed journals" (79.8%).
      Percentage of participation in previous UR activities significantly differed by
      gender (p < 0.03825), academic year (p < 0.000003) and GPA (p < 0.02627).
      Students who had previous UR activities were more positively influenced to
      participate in future UR activities than those who did not (p < 0.0488).
      CONCLUSION: Students demonstrated positive attitudes toward UR activities. The
      relationships between participation in UR activities and male gender, increased
      number of years spent at medical college and higher GPA were directly
      proportional.

PMID- 26984032
TI  - Medical teachers' perception towards simulation-based medical education: A
      multicenter study in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the perception of medical teachers toward
      the integration of simulation-based medical education (SBME) in undergraduate
      curriculum and also identify contextual barriers faced by medical teachers.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included medical teachers from
      three universities. A questionnaire was used to report teachers' perception.
      RESULTS: SBME was perceived by medical teachers (basic sciences/clinical,
      respectively) as enjoyable (71.1%/75.4%), effective assessment tool to evaluate
      students' learning (60%/73.9%) and can improve learning outcome (88.8%/79.7%).
      Similarly, (91.1%/71%) of teachers think that simulation should be part of the
      curriculum and not stand alone one time activity. Teachers' training for SBME has
      created a significant difference in perception (p < 0.05). Lack of teachers'
      training, time, resources and the need to integrate in medical curriculum are
      major perceived barriers for effective SBME. CONCLUSION: Results highlight the
      positive perception and attitude of medical teachers toward the integration of
      SBME in undergraduate curriculum. Prior formal training of teachers created a
      different perception. Top perceived barriers for effective SBME include teachers'
      formal training supported with time and resources and the early integration into
      the curriculum. These critical challenges need to be addressed by medical schools
      in order to enhance the integration SBME in undergraduate curricula.

PMID- 26984034
TI  - Public health education in Saudi Arabia: Needs and challenges.
AB  - In the last decade, public health (PH) has come to the frontlines in Saudi
      Arabia. The recent outbreak of a novel corona virus (MERS-CoV) highlighted the
      importance of PH services and the need for a competent PH workforce. The urgency
      and panic induced by infectious disease outbreaks explain the heightened
      interest. Decision makers' interest in public health was observed through a
      series of decisions, including creating a position for Deputy Minister for Public
      Health, changing the name of "Directorate of Primary Healthcare Centers" to
      "Directorate of Public Health" in all health regions and initiating a special
      scholarship program to prepare health administration professionals in
      collaboration with US-based universities. A distinguished group of PH leaders in
      Saudi Arabia was gathered in a structured workshop that was organized by the Al
      Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, college of medicine to discuss the
      current status and future needs of PH education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
      The workshop highlighted the need for PH education development and outlined the
      challenges ahead. The main challenges laid out by participants in the workshop
      were the development of an appropriate PH curriculum, appropriate training spots
      for practical placement, the development of research priorities for PH to satisfy
      the needs of PH programs and agencies, attracting the most qualified academic
      staff, the enrolment of highly motivated students and finally, the establishment
      of a quality assurance program to ensure the quality of PH education programs.
      The development of a framework for graduate competencies in PH was perceived to
      be a top priority. Moreover, setting a PH workforce surveillance system, building
      partnership between PH academic institutions and PH services providers,
      implementing national campaigns to explain what PH is about and illuminating the
      role of PH workers were also of utmost importance. 

PMID- 26984033
TI  - Gathering validity evidence in the use of multiple mini-interviews as an
      admission tool for dental students: Preliminary evidence from Saudi Arabia.
AB  - AIMS: This study examined the validity evidence of noncognitive skills of
      incoming students in the Faculty of Dentistry at King Abdulaziz University using
      multiple mini-interviews (MMI). Validity evidence in response process, internal
      structure and relationship to other variables was investigated. METHODS: A total
      of 146 students were interviewed by faculty members over a two-day period. The
      interviews took the form of an MMI, which consisted of six objective structure
      clinical examination (OSCE) stations with two faculty interviewers per station.
      Each student rotated through the six stations and were asked 4-5 structured
      questions per station. Each student was rated on a three-point rating scale.
      RESULTS: The majority of dental students were rated to be acceptable. The inter
      rater reliability was 0.91 which was significantly high (range: 0.87-0.94). The
      total MMI score for all stations was 73.47 (SD = 8.49) with female students
      scoring significantly higher than males did (p < 0.001). Generalizability study
      results indicated good reliability (Phi-coefficient = 0.73; G-coefficient =
      0.75). Moderate association was found between total MMI score and foundation year
      GPA (r = 0.30, p <= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary validity evidence supports
      the use of MMI scores as an admission tool for dental students, with respect to
      its response process, internal structure and relationship to other variables.

PMID- 26984035
TI  - Evaluation of a combined approach of clinical skills training utilizing near
      peers, in-campus faculty and clinicians: An innovative integrated model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Training clinical skills is essential in medicine. Different models
      of clinical skills courses have been previously suggested. Here, we report an
      innovative approach adopted to train junior medical students in clinical skills
      in a multimodal fashion by near-peers, basic scientists with clinical background
      and senior clinicians. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at
      Alfaisal University College of Medicine at Riyadh. An electronic survey was
      conducted among year-2 and year-3 medical students seeking their perception about
      the (a) organization, (b) delivery, (c&d) self- and peer-assessment in clinical
      skills courses. Total 298 male and female medical students (91%), consisting of
      164 from year 2 and 134 from year 3, participated by filling out a questionnaire
      (Cronbach's alpha 0.93). RESULTS: Out of maximum five, the average ratings for
      the course were 3.81, 3.72, 3.67 and 3.73 in organization, delivery, self
      evaluation and peer-assessment respectively, with no significant difference
      between both subgroups. The in-campus sessions rated higher than hospital
      sessions (p < 0.001). As tutors, interns were rated higher than clinicians (p <
      0.001). The qualitative analysis suggested high satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The
      clinical skills course that was conducted in a multimodal fashion utilizing
      diverse tutors showed a positive attitude of students toward the organization and
      delivery of the course.

PMID- 26984036
TI  - Disaster medicine education for medical students: Is it a real need?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disasters are serious public health problems that have increased over
      the last century. This study evaluated the familiarity and training needs of
      medical students regarding disaster medicine in Qassim University College of
      Medicine (QUCOM). METHODOLOGY: A mixed quantitative and qualitative study was
      conducted in which students in the clinical phase were asked to respond to a
      questionnaire. Clinical teachers of the college, emergency physicians and health
      administrators were interviewed for the qualitative part of the study. Data were
      analyzed using SPSS and relevant tool for the qualitative part. RESULTS: Two
      hundred twenty-nine students (91.6%) responded. Familiarity of students with
      disaster medicine was low with a mean score of 1.65 out of five points. However,
      male students demonstrated significantly higher mean scores in certain themes of
      disaster medicine. Students endorsed the idea that a training course is needed
      with a mean score of 3.66/5 and supported the idea that disaster medicine
      training should be provided to the general public as well (mean 3.85/5).
      Qualitative data affirmed inclusion of relevant topics in the curriculum based on
      students' inputs and needs and as defined by the community. CONCLUSION: Disaster
      medicine education for medical students is recommended by students and experts,
      while the applicability and feasibility needs further exploration.

PMID- 26984037
TI  - Physical activity and academic achievement among the medical students: A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - AIMS: To explore physical activity (PA) habits among the medical students and
      examine the correlation with their grade point average (GPA) achievement at
      College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross
      sectional study was conducted among the medical students (n = 409), during the
      academic year 2012-2013. Students' physical activity habits were self-reported.
      GPA, body mass index (BMI) and body fat percent (BF%) were collected and analyzed
      with SPSS software. RESULTS: Out of 409 students, 193 (47.2%) students reported
      being physically active. Our result showed a significant positive association
      between students' PA habits and high-GPA achievement (chi(2 )= 10.65, p = 0.001).
      The greatest odds ratio of high GPA was found among the fourth year students (OR
      = 3.08, CI: 1.15-8.28, p = 0.025) and fifth year students (OR = 5.07, CI: 1.48
      17.31, p = 0.010). In addition, significant association was found between the
      normal BMI and high-GPA achievers (chi(2 )= 8.30; p = 0.016). However, no
      statistically, significant association was found between BF% and GPA.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed a positive associations was found between
      PA habits and high academic achievement. In addition, positive association was
      found between PA, obese students and GPA achievement. Therefore, there is a need
      for the establishment of physical activity education and public health programs
      to promote importance of PA in Saudi population.

PMID- 26984038
TI  - Dual-degree MBBS-PhD programs in Saudi Arabia: A call for implementation.
AB  - Engaging medical students in scholarly research activities and producing
      clinically competent and research-oriented medical workforces are essential
      demands, particularly in developing countries. Dual-degree MD-PhD programs offer
      simultaneous rigorous education in medicine and research, and train its graduates
      (physician-scientists) to successfully catalyze translational research
      evolutions. Literature fundamentally identifies dual-degree MD-PhD programs as
      the single most important, well-established, popular and influential programs
      toward commencing physician-scientist professions. While the physician-scientist
      population is alarmingly vanishing in the West with ongoing efforts to reverse
      this undesired trend, such population is largely nonexisting, unfortunately to
      start with, in Saudi Arabia. This is simply because no single dual-degree MBBS
      PhD program is yet established in Saudi Arabia. Herein, we call on the Saudi
      Higher Education bodies to implement dual-degree MBBS-PhD programs with
      anticipated generation of competent physician-scientists in Saudi Arabia. To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the first ever report to call for such innovative
      implementation. 

PMID- 26984039
TI  - Cortical and subcortical modulation of pain.
AB  - Pain is more than merely nociception and response, but rather it encompasses
      emotional, behavioral and cognitive components that make up the pain experience.
      With the recent advances in imaging techniques, we now understand that
      nociceptive inputs can result in the activation of complex interactions among
      central sites, including cortical regions that are active in cognitive, emotional
      and reward functions. These sites can have a bimodal influence on the
      serotonergic and noradrenergic descending pain modulatory systems via
      communications among the periaqueductal gray, rostral ventromedial medulla and
      pontine noradrenergic nuclei, ultimately either facilitating or inhibiting
      further nociceptive inputs. Understanding these systems can help explain the
      emotional and cognitive influences on pain perception and placebo/nocebo effects,
      and can help guide development of better pain therapeutics. 

PMID- 26984040
TI  - Understanding maladaptive responses to rejection: Aggression with an audience.
AB  - Logically, responding aggressively to rejection is maladaptive because one is
      unlikely to seek a relationship with an aggressor. We predict that when
      concealed, the illogical aggressive response to rejection is more likely, whereas
      when the rejected individuals' aggressive responses are perceived as public, the
      aggressive acts may be reduced. Participants were rejected by others (Experiment
      1) or were either accepted or rejected during an online ball-tossing game
      (Experiment 2) and were then given an opportunity to aggress publicly or
      privately. Across experiments, when the opportunity to aggress was made public,
      rejected participants exhibited less aggressive behavior. When concerned about
      the perception of their public aggressive responses by others, rejected
      individuals' aggressive responses diminished compared with those whose actions
      were private. Crucially, this extended to aggression visible only to neutral
      others, suggesting that effects cannot solely be due to fear of retribution.

PMID- 26984041
TI  - Heteroepitaxial growth of Pt and Au thin films on MgO single crystals by bias
      assisted sputtering.
AB  - The crystallographic orientation of a metal affects its surface energy and
      structure, and has profound implications for surface chemical reactions and
      interface engineering, which are important in areas ranging from optoelectronic
      device fabrication to catalysis. However, it can be very difficult and expensive
      to manufacture, orient, and cut single crystal metals along different
      crystallographic orientations, especially in the case of precious metals. One
      approach is to grow thin metal films epitaxially on dielectric substrates. In
      this work, we report on growth of Pt and Au films on MgO single crystal
      substrates of (100) and (110) surface orientation for use as epitaxial templates
      for thin film photovoltaic devices. We develop bias-assisted sputtering for
      deposition of oriented Pt and Au films with sub-nanometer roughness. We show that
      biasing the substrate decreases the substrate temperature necessary to achieve
      epitaxial orientation, with temperature reduction from 600 to 350  degrees C for
      Au, and from 750 to 550  degrees C for Pt, without use of transition metal seed
      layers. In addition, this temperature can be further reduced by reducing the
      growth rate. Biased deposition with varying substrate bias power and working
      pressure also enables control of the film morphology and surface roughness. 

PMID- 26984043
TI  - In silico and In vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of
      Centratherum punctatum Cass-A.
AB  - Centratherum punctatum Cass., a herb belonging to the family Asteraceae has been
      traditionally used as a curative against diverse disorders like inflammation,
      tumor, depression, and hypertension. Though the medicinal properties of this
      plant have been attributed to the presence of flavonoids, glucosides, alkaloids,
      Vitamin C, etc., the molecular constituents of this plant and of the flavonoids
      that contribute to its medicinal activity have not been explored yet. This work
      attempts to evaluate the potential of Centratherum punctatum extract as an anti
      inflammatory agent. Ethanolic extracts of Centratherum punctatum analyzed by High
      Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass
      Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified the presence of the flavones kaempferol,
      glycoside Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-3-glucoside. The plant
      extract exhibited anti-oxidant property as confirmed by DPPH assay and IC50 value
      of 271.6 MUg/mL during inhibition of protein denaturation, 186.8 MUg/mL during
      RBC membrane stabilization, and 278.2 MUg/mL for proteinase inhibition. Membrane
      stabilizing functions of flavones and flavones glycosides validated the anti
      inflammatory potential of the extract. In silico evaluation using a rigorous
      molecular docking protocol with receptors of Cox2, TNF-alpha, Interleukin 1beta
      convertase, and Histamine H1 predicted high binding affinity of the isoflavones
      and isoflavone glycosides of Centratherum punctatum Cass. The interactions have
      also been shown to compare well with that of known drugs valdecoxib through
      Gln178, His342, and Gly340, desloratadine (through Lys191 and Thr194) and
      belnacasin (through Asp288 and Gly287) proven to function through the anti
      inflammatory pathway. This work establishes the anti-inflammatory potential of
      Centratherum punctatum Cass. extract as an alternative to existing therapeutic
      approach to inflammation through a systematic in silico approach supplementing
      the findings.

PMID- 26984044
TI  - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Behavior: Indirect Effects of Impaired
      Social Functioning.
AB  - Social functioning is negatively impacted by the presence of PTSD, while
      increasing risk of suicidal behavior among individuals with PTSD. However, little
      research has examined the specific role of social functioning in the association
      between PTSD and suicidal behavior. Parallel multiple indirect effects analyses
      were performed to understand the unique indirect effects of four aspects of
      social functioning. Indirect effects of PTSD on suicidal ideation were
      significant through three pathways: interpersonal conflict, perceived family
      support, and interpersonal apprehension. Perceived family support was the only
      indirect pathway significantly associated with suicide attempt. Findings suggest
      that social functioning should be assessed and potentially targeted during
      treatment to help modify the risk for suicidal behavior among individuals with
      PTSD.

PMID- 26984042
TI  - Drug resistance originating from a TGF-beta/FGF-2-driven epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition and its reversion in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines
      harboring an EGFR mutation.
AB  - Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a malignant cancer phenotype
      characterized by augmented invasion and metastasis, chemoresistance, and escape
      from host-immunity. This study sought to identify efficient methods for inducing
      EMT reversion, to evaluate alterations in chemosensitivity and immune
      protectiveness, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the
      human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines PC-9 and HCC-827, harboring an EGFR
      mutation, were treated with TGF-beta and FGF-2 to induce EMT. The phenotypic
      alterations were evaluated by RT-PCR, fluorescent immunohistochemistry, cell
      mobility, and flow cytometry. Chemosensitivity to gefitinib and cisplatin was
      evaluated using an MTT assay and apoptosis. Immune-protectiveness was evaluated
      by PD-L1 expression. A combination of TGF-beta and FGF-2 efficiently induced EMT
      in both cell lines: through Smad3 pathway in PC-9, and through Smad3, MEK/Erk,
      and mTOR pathways in HCC-827. The mTOR inhibitor PP242, metformin, and DMSO
      reverted EMT to different extent and through different pathways, depending on the
      cell lines. EMT induction reduced the sensitivity to gefitinib in both cell lines
      and to cisplatin in HCC-827, and it increased PD-L1 expression in both cell
      lines. EMT reversion using each of the 3 agents partly restored chemosensitivity
      and suppressed PD-L1 expression. Thus, chemoresistance and increased PD-L1
      expression caused by EMT can be successfully reverted by EMT-reverting agents. 

PMID- 26984045
TI  - Utilization of nanoemulsions to enhance bioactivity of pharmaceuticals,
      supplements, and nutraceuticals: Nanoemulsion delivery systems and nanoemulsion
      excipient systems.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of many hydrophobic bioactives (pharmaceuticals,
      supplements, and nutraceuticals) is limited due to their relatively low or highly
      variable bioavailability. Nanoemulsions consisting of small lipid droplets (r <
      100 nm) dispersed in water can be designed to improve bioavailability. AREAS
      COVERED: The major factors limiting the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic
      bioactive agents are highlighted: bioaccessibility, absorption and
      transformation. Two nanoemulsion-based approaches to control these processes and
      improve bioavailability are discussed: nanoemulsion delivery systems (NDS) and
      nanoemulsion excipient systems (NES). In NDS, hydrophobic bioactives are
      dissolved within the lipid phase of oil-in-water nanoemulsions. In NES, the
      bioactives are present within a conventional drug, supplement, or food, which is
      consumed with an oil-in-water nanoemulsion. Examples of NDS and NES utilization
      to improve bioactive bioavailability are given. EXPERT OPINION: Considerable
      progress has been made in nanoemulsion design, fabrication, and testing. This
      knowledge facilitates the design of new formulations to improve the
      bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals. NDS and NES
      must be carefully designed based on the major factors limiting the
      bioavailability of specific bioactives. Research is still required to ensure
      these systems are commercially viable, and to demonstrate their safety and
      efficacy using animal and human feeding studies.

PMID- 26984046
TI  - Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits tumor growth of lung cancer through disrupting
      angiogenesis via BMP/Smad/Id-1 signaling.
AB  - The underlying mechanisms of inhibitory effects induced by tetramethylpyrazine
      (TMP) on angiogenesis and tumor growth of lung cancer were investigated. In vitro
      cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human microvascular
      endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were evaluated by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5
      dephenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), wound healing, Transwell, and Matrigel assays.
      The expression of BMP/Smad/Id-1 signals was detected by RT-PCR and western
      blotting. In an A549 xenograft tumor model, TMP (40 and 80 mg/kg/day) was
      intraperitoneally injected into mice. The expressions of CD31, phosphorylated
      Smad1/5/8, and Id-1 were measured by immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that
      TMP inhibited proliferation, migration, and capillary tube formation of HMEC-1 in
      a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of HMEC-1 cells with
      TMP (0.4 mg/ml) significantly upregulated BMP2 expression and downregulated
      BMPRIA, BMPRII, phosphorylated Smad1/5/8, and Id-1 expression. In addition,
      administrations of TMP remarkably inhibited tumor growth of A549 xenograft in
      nude mice. The CD31, phosphorylated Smad1/5/8, and Id-1 expression were
      significantly inhibited in TMP-treated xenograft tumors compared with the
      vehicle. In conclusion, our results indicated that TMP suppressed angiogenesis
      and tumor growth of lung cancer via blocking the BMP/Smad/Id-1 signaling.

PMID- 26984047
TI  - Sociocultural variation in attitudes toward use of genetic information and
      participation in genetic research by race in the United States: implications for
      precision medicine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: "Precision medicine" (PM) requires researchers to identify actionable
      genetic risks and for clinicians to interpret genetic testing results to
      patients. Whether PM will equally benefit all populations or exacerbate existing
      disparities is uncertain. METHODS: We ascertained attitudes toward genetic
      testing and genetic research by race in the United States using the online Amazon
      mTurk US workforce (n = 403 White; n = 56 African American (AA)). Generalized
      linear models were used to test differences in beliefs and preferences by race,
      adjusting for sociodemographics and prior genetic experience. RESULTS: AA were
      less likely than White to believe that genetic tests should be promoted or made
      available. Further, AA were less likely to want genetic testing results or to
      participate in genetic research. CONCLUSIONS: Important dimensions that underlay
      PM are not universally accepted by all populations. Without clear attention to
      concerns, AA communities may not equally benefit from the rapidly-emerging trend
      in PM-centered research and clinical practice.

PMID- 26984048
TI  - Balancing digital information-sharing and patient privacy when engaging families
      in the intensive care unit.
AB  - Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) may lack decisional capacity and may
      depend on proxy decision makers (PDMs) to make medical decisions on their behalf.
      High-quality information-sharing with PDMs, including through such means as
      health information technology, could improve communication and decision making
      and could potentially minimize the psychological consequences of an ICU stay for
      both patients and their family members. However, alongside these anticipated
      benefits of information-sharing are risks of unwanted disclosure of sensitive
      information. Approaches to identifying the optimal balance between access to
      digital health information to facilitate engagement and protecting patient
      privacy are urgently needed. We identified eight themes that should be considered
      in balancing health information access and patient privacy: 1) potential benefits
      to patients from PDM data access; 2) potential harms to patients from such
      access; 3) the moral status of families within the patient-clinician
      relationship; 4) the scope of relevant information provided to PDMs; 5) issues
      around defining PDMs' authority; 6) methods for eliciting and documenting patient
      preferences about their family's information access; 7) the relevance of methods
      for ascertaining the identity of PDMs; and 8) the obligations of hospitals to
      prevent privacy breaches by PDMs. We conclude that PDMs should typically have
      access to health information from the current episode of care when the patient is
      decisionally impaired, unless the patient has previously expressed a clear
      preference that PDMs not have such access.

PMID- 26984049
TI  - Data-driven health management: reasoning about personally generated data in
      diabetes with information technologies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate how individuals with diabetes and diabetes educators
      reason about data collected through self-monitoring and to draw implications for
      the design of data-driven self-management technologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Ten individuals with diabetes (six type 1 and four type 2) and 2 experienced
      diabetes educators were presented with a set of self-monitoring data captured by
      an individual with type 2 diabetes. The set included digital images of meals and
      their textual descriptions, and blood glucose (BG) readings captured before and
      after these meals. The participants were asked to review a set of meals and
      associated BG readings, explain differences in postprandial BG levels for these
      meals, and predict postprandial BG levels for the same individual for a different
      set of meals. Researchers compared conclusions and predictions reached by the
      participants with those arrived at by quantitative analysis of the collected
      data. RESULTS: The participants used both macronutrient composition of meals,
      most notably the inclusion of carbohydrates, and names of dishes and ingredients
      to reason about changes in postprandial BG levels. Both individuals with diabetes
      and diabetes educators reported difficulties in generating predictions of
      postprandial BG; their predictions varied in their correlations with the actual
      captured readings from r = 0.008 to r = 0.75. CONCLUSION: Overall, the study
      showed that identifying trends in the data collected with self-monitoring is a
      complex process, and that conclusions reached by both individuals with diabetes
      and diabetes educators are not always reliable. This suggests the need for new
      ways to facilitate individuals' reasoning with informatics interventions.

PMID- 26984050
TI  - Osteoporosis: Not all BMD is created equal.

PMID- 26984054
TI  - Therapy: A fine conception -- BSR/BHPR guidelines on drugs in pregnancy.
AB  - Medical management of women with rheumatic diseases during pregnancy is
      challenging owing to incomplete information regarding medication safety. The
      British Society for Rheumatology and the British Health Professionals in
      Rheumatology committee published consensus guidelines that provide a good first
      step towards narrowing the knowledge gap in this important field.

PMID- 26984055
TI  - Therapy: Cell-type-specific approach to TNF inhibition.

PMID- 26984056
TI  - Azacitidine in the treatment of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: a
      report of 3 cases.

PMID- 26984057
TI  - The Capacity to Act in Trans Varies Among Drosophila Enhancers.
AB  - The interphase nucleus is organized such that genomic segments interact in cis,
      on the same chromosome, and in trans, between different chromosomes. In
      Drosophila and other Dipterans, extensive interactions are observed between
      homologous chromosomes, which can permit enhancers and promoters to communicate
      in trans Enhancer action in trans has been observed for a handful of genes in
      Drosophila, but it is as yet unclear whether this is a general property of all
      enhancers or specific to a few. Here, we test a collection of well-characterized
      enhancers for the capacity to act in trans Specifically, we tested 18 enhancers
      that are active in either the eye or wing disc of third instar Drosophila larvae
      and, using two different assays, found evidence that each enhancer can act in
      trans However, the degree to which trans-action was supported varied greatly
      between enhancers. Quantitative analysis of enhancer activity supports a model
      wherein an enhancer's strength of transcriptional activation is a major
      determinant of its ability to act in trans, but that additional factors may also
      contribute to an enhancer's trans-activity. In sum, our data suggest that a
      capacity to activate a promoter on a paired chromosome is common among Drosophila
      enhancers.

PMID- 26984059
TI  - Persistence of RNAi-Mediated Knockdown in Drosophila Complicates Mosaic Analysis
      Yet Enables Highly Sensitive Lineage Tracing.
AB  - RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a powerful way of reducing gene function
      in Drosophila melanogaster tissues. By expressing synthetic short hairpin RNAs
      (shRNAs) using the Gal4/UAS system, knockdown is efficiently achieved in specific
      tissues or in clones of marked cells. Here we show that knockdown by shRNAs is so
      potent and persistent that even transient exposure of cells to shRNAs can reduce
      gene function in their descendants. When using the FLP-out Gal4 method, in some
      instances we observed unmarked "shadow RNAi" clones adjacent to Gal4-expressing
      clones, which may have resulted from brief Gal4 expression following
      recombination but prior to cell division. Similarly, Gal4 driver lines with
      dynamic expression patterns can generate shadow RNAi cells after their activity
      has ceased in those cells. Importantly, these effects can lead to erroneous
      conclusions regarding the cell autonomy of knockdown phenotypes. We have
      investigated the basis of this phenomenon and suggested experimental designs for
      eliminating ambiguities in interpretation. We have also exploited the persistence
      of shRNA-mediated knockdown to design a sensitive lineage-tracing method, i
      TRACE, which is capable of detecting even low levels of past reporter expression.
      Using i-TRACE, we demonstrate transient infidelities in the expression of some
      cell-identity markers near compartment boundaries in the wing imaginal disc.

PMID- 26984058
TI  - Heterochromatin-Associated Proteins HP1a and Piwi Collaborate to Maintain the
      Association of Achiasmate Homologs in Drosophila Oocytes.
AB  - Accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis depends on their
      ability to remain physically connected throughout prophase I. For homologs that
      achieve a crossover, sister chromatid cohesion distal to the chiasma keeps them
      attached until anaphase I. However, in Drosophila melanogaster wild-type oocytes,
      chromosome 4 never recombines, and the X chromosome fails to cross over in 6-10%
      of oocytes. Proper segregation of these achiasmate homologs relies on their
      pericentric heterochromatin-mediated association, but the mechanism(s) underlying
      this attachment remains poorly understood. Using an inducible RNA interference
      (RNAi) strategy combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to
      monitor centromere proximal association of the achiasmate FM7a/X homolog pair, we
      asked whether specific heterochromatin-associated proteins are required for the
      association and proper segregation of achiasmate homologs in Drosophila oocytes.
      When we knock down HP1a, H3K9 methytransferases, or the HP1a binding partner Piwi
      during mid-prophase, we observe significant disruption of pericentric
      heterochromatin-mediated association of FM7a/X homologs. Furthermore, for both
      HP1a and Piwi knockdown oocytes, transgenic coexpression of the corresponding
      wild-type protein is able to rescue RNAi-induced defects, but expression of a
      mutant protein with a single amino acid change that disrupts the HP1a-Piwi
      interaction is unable to do so. We show that Piwi is stably bound to numerous
      sites along the meiotic chromosomes, including centromere proximal regions. In
      addition, reduction of HP1a or Piwi during meiotic prophase induces a significant
      increase in FM7a/X segregation errors. We present a speculative model outlining
      how HP1a and Piwi could collaborate to keep achiasmate chromosomes associated in
      a homology-dependent manner.

PMID- 26984061
TI  - Peripheral blood collection: the first step towards gene expression profiling.
AB  - A crucial challenge for gene expression analysis in human biomonitoring studies
      on whole blood samples is rapid sample handling and mRNA stabilization. This
      study was designed to evaluate the impact of short bench times (less than 30 min)
      on yield, quality and gene expression of mRNA in the presence of different
      stabilization buffers (Tempus(TM) Blood RNA tube and RNAlater((r)) Stabilization
      Reagent). Microarray analyzes showed significant changes over short periods of
      time in expression of a considerate part of the transcriptome (2356 genes) with a
      prominent role for NFkB-, cancer- and glucocorticoid-mediated networks, and
      specifically interleukin-8 (IL-8). These findings suggest that even short bench
      times affect gene expression, requiring to carry out blood collection in a
      strictly standardized way. 

PMID- 26984062
TI  - Women's empowerment: Finding strength in self-compassion.
AB  - Empowerment is often a desired outcome for health programs; however, it is rarely
      evaluated. One way to increase empowerment may be through self-compassion. The
      authors of the current study aimed to determine whether self-compassion and
      empowerment were positively related. Two hundred and five women (ages 18 to 48
      years) were recruited from a pool of undergraduate students at a university in
      the southeastern United States in the summer/fall of 2012. Participants completed
      the study using Qualtrics, an online survey system. Participants wrote about a
      fight in a romantic relationship and were randomly assigned to write about the
      fight either self-compassionately or generally. Empowerment and perceptions of
      the fight were assessed as dependent measures. Hierarchical regression analyses
      investigated the relation of self-compassion, manipulated self-compassion, and
      their interaction with empowerment. A significant positive relationship was found
      between self-compassion and empowerment. However, manipulated self-compassion was
      not significantly related to empowerment. These findings suggested that self
      compassion and empowerment were strongly related, but using a short-term self
      compassion intervention may not be strong enough to influence empowerment.
      Empowerment-based practitioners may find empowerment increases more easily in
      women who are self-compassionate. If self-compassion is incorporated into
      empowerment settings, a long-term intervention may be necessary.

PMID- 26984060
TI  - A Pathway Analysis of Melanin Patterning in a Hemimetabolous Insect.
AB  - Diversity in insect pigmentation, encompassing a wide range of colors and spatial
      patterns, is among the most noticeable features distinguishing species,
      individuals, and body regions within individuals. In holometabolous species, a
      significant portion of such diversity can be attributed to the melanin synthesis
      genes, but this has not been formally assessed in more basal insect lineages.
      Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of how a set of melanin genes (ebony,
      black, aaNAT, yellow, and tan) contributes to the pigmentation pattern in a
      hemipteran, Oncopeltus fasciatus For all five genes, RNA interference depletion
      caused alteration of black patterning in a region-specific fashion. Furthermore,
      the presence of distinct nonblack regions in forewings and hindwings coincides
      with the expression of ebony and aaNAT in these appendages. These findings
      suggest that the region-specific phenotypes arise from regional employment of
      various combinations of the melanin genes. Based on this insight, we suggest that
      melanin genes are used in two distinct ways: a "painting" mode, using
      predominantly melanin-promoting factors in areas that generally lack black
      coloration, and, alternatively, an "erasing" mode, using mainly melanin
      suppressing factors in regions where black is the dominant pigment. Different
      combinations of these strategies may account for the vast diversity of melanin
      patterns observed in insects.

PMID- 26984063
TI  - Sibling Aggression Among Clinic-Referred Children and Adolescents.
AB  - Aggression against siblings has been associated with a number of negative
      outcomes within community samples of children and adolescents, but little is
      known about this phenomenon within clinical samples. The current study
      empirically identified subtypes of sibling aggression, assessed prevalence within
      a clinic-referred sample of children and adolescents, and described risk factors
      associated with sibling aggression. Surveys were administered as part of the
      intake procedures at a community mental health center serving children and
      adolescents. The current study analyzed reports of sibling-directed aggression
      and mother-to-child aggression, as well as symptom counts, from a sample of 346
      matched pairs of mothers and children or adolescents. Ages of child/adolescent
      participants ranged from 7 to 18 (M = 12.92, SD = 2.82) and were 55.8% male. The
      sample was primarily Caucasian (90.2%), were lower income, and resided in a
      semirural midwestern county. Sibling-directed aggression was reported by 93.1% of
      mothers and 82.4% of children. Principal components analyses identified two
      subtypes of sibling aggression, mild and severe. Mother and child/adolescent
      reports of sibling aggression demonstrated only moderate agreement. Mother-to
      child verbal aggression and corporal punishment were more predictive of sibling
      aggression than more severe maternal aggression, and externalizing symptoms were
      also associated with sibling aggression. Sibling-directed aggression is very
      common among clinic-referred children and adolescents and may be an important
      target for treatment. Using multiple reports of sibling aggression could increase
      the chances of detection, as would awareness of other risk factors associated
      with sibling aggression.

PMID- 26984066
TI  - Assessed value of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T for cardiovascular disease
      among CKD patients.
AB  - Objective To analyze the relationship between serum high-sensitivity cardiac
      troponin T (hs-cTnT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among non-dialysis chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) patients, and to further explore its value of evaluating and
      predicting CVD in this population. Methods Five hundred and fifty-seven non
      dialysis CKD patients were involved in this cross-sectional study. The
      relationship between serum hs-cTnT and CVD was analyzed using comparison between
      groups and regression analysis, and its value on assessing cardiac structure and
      function was evaluated by ROC curves. Results Median level of hs-cTnT was 13 (7
      29) ng/L, with 1.7% undetectable, 46.4% greater than 99th percentile of the
      general population. Multivariate analysis suggested that compared with the lowest
      quartile of hs-cTnT, the highest quartile was approximately six times as likely
      to develop into LVH (OR, 6.515; 95% CI, 3.478-12.206, p < 0.05) and 18 times as
      likely to progress to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction(OR, 18.741; 95% CI,
      2.422-145.017, p < 0.05). And Ln cTnT level had a more modest association with
      LVEF (OR, -1.117; 95% CI, -5.839 to -0.594; p < 0.05). When evaluated as a
      screening test, the area under the curve of ROC curves for hs-cTnT was 0.718,
      0.788 and 0.736, respectively (p < 0.05). With a specificity of 90% as a
      diagnostic criterion, the value of hs-cTnT to evaluate LVH, LVEF < 50%, left
      ventricular diastolic dysfunction increased across CKD stages, from CKD 1 stage
      to CKD 5 stage. Conclusions In CKD non-dialysis population, hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP
      were valuable for evaluating LVH, left ventricular systolic dysfunction and left
      ventricular diastolic dysfunction. 

PMID- 26984064
TI  - Far-red/near-infrared fluorescence light-up probes for specific in vitro and in
      vivo imaging of a tumour-related protein.
AB  - As lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 beta (LAPTM4B) is an important biomarker for
      many solid tumours, development of small-molecule fluorescence light-up probes
      for detection and imaging of LAPTM4B proteins is particularly valuable. In this
      work, we reported the design and synthesis of a far-red/near-infrared (FR/NIR)
      fluorescence light-up probe DBT-2EEGIHGHHIISVG, which could specifically
      visualize LAPTM4B proteins in cancer cells and tumour-bearing live mice. DBT
      2EEGIHGHHIISVG was synthesized by the conjugation of two LAPTM4B-binding peptide
      ligands (EEGIHGHHIISVG) with one environment-sensitive fluorogen, 4,7-di(thiophen
      2-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DBT). Owing to the intramolecular charge transfer
      character of DBT, DBT-2EEGIHGHHIISVG is weakly emissive in aqueous solution, but
      switches to fluoresce upon LAPTM4B proteins specifically bind to the peptide
      ligand of the probe, which provide the DBT with hydrophobic microenvironment,
      greatly reducing its charge transfer effect with water. It is found that DBT
      2EEGIHGHHIISVG can achieve targeted imaging of LAPTM4B proteins in HepG2 cancer
      cells and visualize LAPTM4B protein-expressed tumour tissues of live mice in a
      selective and high-contrast manner. 

PMID- 26984065
TI  - Facilitators and barriers to treatment adherence within PMTCT programs in Malawi.
AB  - In Malawi, an innovative prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of
      HIV program, Option B+, has greatly expanded access to antiretroviral treatment
      at no cost to women and their exposed infants. However, many women continue to
      experience social, cultural, and structural barriers impeding their ability to
      consistently access medical treatment. Understanding these women's perspectives
      may make programs more responsive to patients' needs. This qualitative study
      sought to explore factors influencing women's adherence within PMTCT programs in
      southern Malawi. Participants were current PMTCT patients (the first cohort
      following national implementation of Option B+), healthcare providers, community
      leaders, and patients who had dropped out of the program ("defaulters").
      Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted to investigate barriers
      and facilitators to continued participation within PMTCT programs. Data were
      analyzed using content analysis. Barriers identified included fears of HIV
      disclosure to husbands, community-based HIV/AIDS stigma, and poor interactions
      with some health workers. Facilitators included the improved survival of PMTCT
      patients in recent years and the desire to remain healthy to care for one's
      children. This research highlights important sociocultural factors affecting
      adherence within HIV/AIDS treatment programs in Malawi. Recommendations to
      improve access to medical care for PMTCT patients include integrated services to
      increase attention to confidentiality and minimize stigma, shared HIV testing and
      counseling for couples to minimize conflict in gender-unequal relationships, and
      peer-led support groups to provide social support from other women with the
      shared experience of an HIV-positive serostatus.

PMID- 26984068
TI  - Antiphospholipid Antibodies as a Thrombotic Risk Factor in Connective Tissue
      Diseases and Idiopathic/immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura--Proposal for Altered Cut
      off values for Better Prediction.

PMID- 26984069
TI  - Clinical Application of the Forced Oscillation Technique.
AB  - The forced oscillation technique (FOT) is a noninvasive method with which to
      measure respiratory system resistance and reactance during tidal breathing.
      Recently, its clinical application has spread worldwide with the expansion of
      commercially available broadband frequency FOT devices, including MostGraph and
      Impulse Oscillometry. An increasing number of reports have supported the
      usefulness of the FOT in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the FOT is not a surrogate test for
      spirometry, but should be used complementarily. Furthermore, reference values are
      not necessarily available and the interpretation of some measured data is
      controversial. There is a need to update the international statement for not only
      technical aspects but also the clinical use of the FOT. In this review, we
      summarize the previously published studies and discuss how to use the FOT in a
      clinical setting.

PMID- 26984070
TI  - Meningococcemia in Adults: A Review of the Literature.
AB  - We mainly refer to the acute setting of meningococcemia. Meningococcemia is an
      infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, which has 13 clinically significant
      serogroups that are distinguishable by the structure of their capsular
      polysaccharides. N. meningitidis, also called meningococcus, is a Gram-negative,
      aerobic, diplococcus bacterium. The various consequences of severe meningococcal
      sepsis include hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
      multiple organ failure, and osteonecrosis due to DIC. The gold standard for the
      identification of meningococcal infection is the bacteriologic isolation of N.
      meningitidis from body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synovial
      fluid, and pleural fluid. Blood, CSF, and skin biopsy cultures are used for
      diagnosis. Meningococcal infection is a medical emergency that requires
      antibiotic therapy and intensive supportive care. Management of the systemic
      circulation, respiration, and intracranial pressure is vital for improving the
      prognosis, which has dramatically improved since the wide availability of
      antibiotics. This review of the literature provides an overview of current
      concepts on meningococcemia due to N. meningitidis infection.

PMID- 26984071
TI  - Clinical Search for Undiagnosed Mesenteric Phlebosclerosis at Outpatient
      Departments Specializing in Herbal (Kampo) Medicine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mesenteric phlebosclerosis (MP) is a disease characterized by
      calcification of the mesenteric vein, which causes chronic mesenteric ischemia.
      Recently, the long-term intake of gardenia fruit ('Sanshishi' in Japanese) has
      been attracting attention as a possible cause. Usually, only advanced, severe MP
      cases get reported. However, we suspected that some latent cases of this disease
      may exist. We performed this study in order to determine the prediagnostic cases
      at our outpatient departments of herbal (Kampo) medicine, with particular
      attention paid to the initial changes, such as any slight color change of the
      colon, as shown in colonoscopy. METHODS: We recommend colonoscopy and computed
      tomography (CT) scans for patients with a long-term history of taking herbal
      medicines containing gardenia fruit. Clinical examinations were performed upon
      receiving patients' consent from December 2013 to November 2014. RESULTS: Of the
      103 patients who took gardenia fruit long-term, 29 agreed to be checked for MP.
      14 patients underwent colonoscopy. Four patients were confirmed to have MP due to
      the presence of fibrotic deposition of the colonic membrane on histological
      inspection. Twenty-one patients underwent abdominal CT screening. Characteristic
      calcification of the mesenteric vein was observed on CT scans in 2 patients. All
      4 MP patients took Kampo formulas containing gardenia fruit for more than 6.8
      years. The other patients did not develop MP, despite long-term gardenia fruit
      intake. CONCLUSION: We detected the latent and undiagnosed MP cases. All
      diagnoses were made while paying careful attention to any slight changes in
      colonoscopy and CT scans.

PMID- 26984067
TI  - Functionally different alpha-synuclein inclusions yield insight into Parkinson's
      disease pathology.
AB  - The formation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-S) amyloid aggregates, called Lewy bodies
      (LBs), is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of LBs in the
      disease process is however still unclear; they have been associated with both
      neuroprotection and toxicity. To obtain insight into this contradiction, we
      induced the formation of alpha-S inclusions, using three different induction
      methods in SH-SY5Y cells and rat-derived primary neuronal cells. Using confocal
      and STED microscopy we observed induction-dependent differences in alpha-S
      inclusion morphology, location and function. The aggregation of alpha-S in
      functionally different compartments correlates with the toxicity of the induction
      method measured in viability assays. The most cytotoxic treatment largely
      correlates with the formation of proteasome-associated, juxta-nuclear inclusions.
      With less toxic methods cytosolic deposits that are not associated with the
      proteasome are more prevalent. The distribution of alpha-S over at least two
      different types of inclusions is not limited to cell models, but is also observed
      in primary neuronal cells and in human mesencephalon. The existence of
      functionally different LBs, in vivo and in vitro, gives important insights in the
      impact of Lewy Body formation on neuronal functioning and may thereby provide a
      platform for discovering therapeutics. 

PMID- 26984072
TI  - Steroid Pulse Therapy for Blood Cell Recovery in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem
      Cell Transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Steroid pulse therapy is used to relieve pancytopenias in our hospital
      and is effective in some patients. However, it is unclear which patients will
      benefit from such therapy. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical
      features of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation who received steroid pulse therapy to facilitate recovery in
      their blood cell counts. METHODS: Between 2004 and 2012, 24 patients underwent
      steroid pulse therapy and the medical records of 17 of these evaluable patients
      (11 men, 6 women) were retrospectively reviewed. Bone marrow smears were assessed
      to calculate the proportion of hemophagocytic macrophages just prior to receiving
      pulse therapy. RESULTS: Steroid pulse therapy was started at a median of 15 days
      after transplantation (range, 10-28 days). The median white blood cell count was
      0.02*10(3)/MUL (range, 0.01-0.4*10(3)/MUL). Eight patients responded to pulse
      therapy and subsequent engraftment was achieved in all responders. None of the
      patients who underwent cord blood transplantation responded to the pulse therapy.
      Among the non-responders, only two patients achieved engraftment and four of nine
      non-responders died within one month. When evaluating the efficacy of steroid
      pulse therapy according to the ferritin level and proportion of hemophagocytic
      macrophages among patients undergoing bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell
      transplantation, both values were higher in responders than in non-responders.
      CONCLUSION: We speculate that responders have a hemophagocytic syndrome which is
      responsive to steroid pulse therapy. Thus, our results imply that the use of
      ferritin levels in combination with the proportion of hemophagocytic macrophages
      may be useful for the early detection of potential hemophagocytic syndrome after
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 26984073
TI  - Presence of Antiphospholipid Antibodies as a Risk Factor for Thrombotic Events in
      Patients with Connective Tissue Diseases and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a well-known complication of
      habitual abortion and/or thrombosis and is frequently associated with autoimmune
      diseases. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the relationships between the
      presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and the incidence of thrombotic
      events (THEs) in 147 patients with various connective tissue diseases (CTD)
      suspected of having APS and 86 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
      (ITP). THEs were observed in 41 patients, including 14 cases of venous
      thrombosis, 21 cases of arterial thrombosis and eight cases of complications of
      pregnancy. RESULTS: The prevalence of THE was significantly high in the systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with the other CTD patients and ITP
      patients. The frequency of lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin antibodies
      (aCL)-beta2-glycoprotein (GPI) complex IgG and aPL was significantly high in the
      SLE patients compared with the ITP patients. Subsequently, the rate of
      development of THE was significantly high in the patients with aPLs. In
      particular, the incidence of THE was significantly high in the SLE or ITP
      patients with LA, aCL-beta2GPI IgG or aPL. The optimal cut-off values for LA, aCL
      IgG and aCL-beta2GPI complex IgG for the risk of THEs were higher in the SLE
      patients in comparison to the values obtained when using the kit provided by the
      manufacturer. CONCLUSION: Although aPLs is frequently associated with SLE and is
      a causative factor for thrombosis, the optimal cut-off value for aPL for
      predicting the occurrence of THEs varies among different underlying diseases.

PMID- 26984074
TI  - The Clinical Characteristics of Neonatal Sepsis Infection in Southwest China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the pathogens responsible for neonatal sepsis in a high
      volume women and children's hospital in Southwest China. METHODS: We
      retrospectively studied 133 neonates who were admitted to the West China Women
      and Children's Hospital between 2008 and 2012 for sepsis. The clinical
      characteristics of the patients were recorded, and the antibiotic sensitivities
      of the isolated bacteria were determined. RESULTS: All of the included patients
      had clinical symptoms of sepsis, and subsequent blood cultures confirmed the
      infection. Almost 80% of patients were infected with coagulase-negative
      staphylococci (52.8%), Escherichia coli (23.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.0%) or
      Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%). Neonates who were infected with gram-negative
      bacteria, particularly K. pneumoniae, had lower birth weights and were admitted
      to hospital within 24 hours of birth. Additionally, 87.5% of the isolated K.
      pneumoniae strains were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSION:
      Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common pathogens found in neonatal
      sepsis. Moreover, neonatal sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria was more often
      observed in newborns of low birth weight. The isolated strains of gram-negative
      bacteria were highly resistant to cephalosporins. This observation highlights the
      issue of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the clinical setting, which poses an
      added risk to infants presenting with sepsis.

PMID- 26984075
TI  - A Retrospective Analysis of Drug Fever Diagnosed during Infectious Disease
      Consultation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clarify the current situation concerning drug fever (DF) in Japan,
      we retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing infectious disease consultation
      at our institution. METHODS: Between April 2014 and May 2015, we extracted the
      records of DF patients from among 388 patients who had obtained infectious
      disease consultations in Kurume University Hospital. We reviewed their medical
      charts and summarized the characteristics of DF. RESULTS: This study included the
      records of 16 patients. Clinical signs (relative bradycardia, the duration of the
      drug administration before becoming febrile, and the interval between the
      discontinuation of a drug and the alleviation of a fever), and laboratory tests
      (varied white blood cell count, low level of C-reactive protein, and a mild
      elevation of transaminases) were compatible with those from previous reports.
      Among the drug-confirmed cases, five involved the use of glycopeptides
      (vancomycin: 3, teicoplanin: 2), which were considered to be uncommon causes, and
      the another five cases involved the use of beta-lactams. In addition, the
      procalcitonin levels were either negative or low (<=0.25 ng/mL) in 10 of the 11
      procalcitonin-measured cases. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that
      glycopeptides, similar to beta-lactams, may be the origin of DF. Furthermore,
      procalcitonin may be helpful in the diagnosis of DF, but only in combination with
      other detailed examinations.

PMID- 26984076
TI  - Efficacy of Intrathecal MTX/Ara-C Combined with Systemic Chemotherapy in a
      Gastric Cancer Patient with Meningeal Carcinomatosis.
AB  - A 35-year-old man was diagnosed to have gastric cancer by endoscopic and
      histological examinations. Staging laparoscopy detected peritoneal metastasis.
      Systemic chemotherapy was started, but the patient complained of severe headache.
      Subsequently, a lumbar puncture demonstrated adenocarcinoma cells in the spinal
      fluid, suggesting the occurrence of meningeal carcinomatosis (MC) from gastric
      cancer. MC occurs only rarely in patients with gastric cancer, but the prognosis
      is invariably poor. However, this patient nevertheless survived for 12 months
      after receiving intrathecal MTX/Ara-C together with systemic chemotherapy.
      Therefore, the early detection of meningeal irritation sign and intrathecal
      chemotherapy might greatly improve the prognosis of gastric cancer patients with
      MC.

PMID- 26984077
TI  - Localized Hepatic Tuberculosis with Imaging Changes Caused by the Progression of
      Tuberculosis.
AB  - Localized hepatic tuberculosis (LHTB) is difficult to diagnose preoperatively,
      and most cases of LHTB are diagnosed based on pathological findings. A
      relationship between imaging features and the pathological stage of hepatic
      tuberculosis (TB) has recently been reported, which could aid in the diagnosis of
      hepatic TB. We herein present a case study of a patient with LHTB diagnosed
      postoperatively who demonstrated imaging changes due to the progression of TB. An
      awareness of the presence of LHTB might have permitted a preoperative diagnosis.
      This is the first report of an LHTB patient who exhibited imaging changes during
      the course of the disease.

PMID- 26984078
TI  - The Coexistence of Somatostatinoma and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in the
      Duodenum of a Patient with Von Recklinghausen's Disease.
AB  - We herein describe a case of somatostatinoma coexisting with a gastrointestinal
      stromal tumor (GIST) in the duodenum of an 81-year-old woman with Von
      Recklinghausen's disease (VRD) and common bile duct stone who presented with
      diarrhea of three months in duration. Gastroduodenoscopy revealed an ulcer on the
      second part of the duodenum. A 2.1-cm enhancing tumor was observed to extend from
      the ulcer on an abdominal computed tomography scan. Subtotal stomach-preserving
      pancreaticoduodenectomy revealed a somatostatinoma on the papilla of the vater
      and duodenal GIST. There have been only eight reports on VRD associated with
      ampullary somatostatinoma and GIST. An awareness of this possibility in patients
      with gastrointestinal lesions is necessary for proper treatment and patient
      management.

PMID- 26984079
TI  - Sorafenib-induced Acute Pancreatitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Sorafenib has been approved to increase the survival in patients with advanced
      hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon complication of
      sorafenib treatment. Only a few cases of sorafenib-induced acute pancreatitis
      have been reported in the English literature. We herein present the case of a 56
      year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib at 200 mg once
      daily. After six days of treatment, he suffered epigastric pain. Laboratory tests
      showed markedly elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. Imaging studies
      demonstrated negative findings. Sorafenib-induced acute pancreatitis was
      diagnosed after reviewing his history. The sorafenib treatment was discontinued,
      and his symptoms were resolved seven days later. To date, this case had the
      shortest duration and the lowest dosage of sorafenib to have induced acute
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 26984080
TI  - Attainment of a Long-term Favorable Outcome by Sunitinib Treatment for Pancreatic
      Neuroendocrine Tumor and Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with von Hippel-Lindau
      Disease.
AB  - von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, caused by germline mutations in the VHL gene, is
      a hereditary autosomal-dominant disorder which predisposes the individual to
      various malignant and benign tumors. VHL acts as a tumor suppressor, mainly
      through the negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors. Molecular-targeted
      drugs against vascular endothelial growth factor-signaling pathways, a target of
      hypoxia-inducible factors, have recently been introduced into clinical practice
      for the treatment of patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma and pancreatic
      neuroendocrine tumors. However, whether such treatments are effective in patients
      with VHL disease remains to be elucidated. We herein report a Japanese patient
      with VHL disease who was successfully treated with sunitinib for approximately 5
      years.

PMID- 26984081
TI  - Reversible Atrial Fibrillation with Bradycardia Associated with Primary Cardiac B
      Cell Lymphoma.
AB  - Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) only rarely occurs and it is defined as a lymphoma
      in which the bulk of the tumor is located within the heart and pericardium. A 53
      year-old woman was referred due to dyspnea, and an electrocardiogram exhibited
      atrial fibrillation (AF). Echocardiography revealed no abnormal findings.
      Scintigraphy and a lymph node biopsy led to a diagnosis of PCL. After the start
      of chemotherapy, AF was converted to atrial tachycardia prior to sinus rhythm
      with a first-degree atrioventricular block, which was finally restored to a
      normal sinus rhythm. PCL is only rarely encountered, but it should be included in
      the differential diagnosis as a possible cause of AF, and such AF could be
      reversible if the patient can be treated in a timely manner.

PMID- 26984082
TI  - Acute Adrenal Insufficiency Associated with Rathke's Cleft Cyst.
AB  - Rathke's cleft cysts are known to cause hormone-related abnormalities. However,
      the natural history of this disorder is obscure, so it is rarely associated with
      acute adrenal insufficiency. We herein describe a case of Rathke's cleft cyst
      associated with acute adrenal insufficiency in a 27-year-old man. The patient
      experienced severe headaches due to acute adrenal insufficiency without changes
      in the size of the cyst. Glucocorticoid administration improved these symptoms,
      and the cyst spontaneously shrank before operation. This case led us to conclude
      that Rathke's cleft cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      patients who present with adrenal insufficiency, and that the cysts can be
      reduced by glucocorticoids.

PMID- 26984083
TI  - Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Coxsackie Virus Type A2
      Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - A 65-year-old Japanese man presented to our hospital in June 2013 with a 6-day
      history of fever and fatigue, a 24-h history of thirst, and polyuria. His
      temperature was 37.8 degrees C and he was alert. However, laboratory tests
      revealed severe hyperglycemia, undetectable C-peptide levels, and diabetic
      ketoacidosis. Serum antibody testing confirmed a Coxsackie virus A2 infection. A
      variety of viral infections are reported to be involved in the development of
      fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (FT1D). Our patient is the first reported case
      of FT1D associated with Coxsackie virus A2 infection and supports the etiological
      role of common viral infections in FT1D.

PMID- 26984084
TI  - Streptococcal Infection-related Nephritis (SIRN) Manifesting
      Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type I.
AB  - We herein report the case of an 18-year-old boy who developed nephrotic syndrome
      and hypertension after upper airway inflammation. Post-streptococcal acute
      glomerulonephritis was diagnosed on the basis of a high antistreptolysin O titer,
      hypocomplementemia, proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria. A renal biopsy was
      performed due to persistent proteinuria, and the pathological diagnosis was
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I. Glomeruli showed positive
      staining for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor (NAPlr), a nephritogenic group
      A streptococcal antigen, and plasmin activity was found in a similar distribution
      as NAPlr deposition. This rare case of streptococcal infection-related nephritis
      (SIRN) manifesting MPGN type I supports the histological diversity of SIRN.

PMID- 26984085
TI  - Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy Caused by Urothelial Carcinoma
      Expressing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Platelet-derived Growth Factor,
      and Osteopontin.
AB  - Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) is a fatal cancer-related
      pulmonary complication. It is generally caused by gastric adenocarcinoma, and
      several molecules produced by tumor cells are reported to play important roles in
      its pathogenesis. We herein report an autopsy case of PTTM caused by urothelial
      carcinoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF), and osteopontin were found to be expressed in both the primary
      tumor cells and metastatic cells in the PTTM lesions. These findings implicate
      the possible involvement of VEGF, PDGF, and osteopontin in the pathogenesis of
      PTTM caused by urothelial carcinoma.

PMID- 26984086
TI  - Marked Improvement with Pirfenidone in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary
      Fibrosis.
AB  - A man in his mid-60's with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis B-related
      liver cirrhosis developed exertional dyspnea and a dry cough lasting for three
      months. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed increasing bilateral
      ground-glass opacity superimposed on the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern.
      Six months after starting pirfenidone therapy, the partial pressure of arterial
      oxygen at rest increased from 81 to 101 torr, the predicted forced vital capacity
      (FVC) value increased from 75% to 94% and the ground-glass opacity on HRCT
      improved. The FVC value was subsequently maintained near or above baseline for 43
      months. We concluded that our patient was a super-responder to pirfenidone
      therapy.

PMID- 26984087
TI  - Effective Management of Persistent Pneumothorax Using a Thopaz(r) Digital
      Drainage System Combined with an Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot.
AB  - A 72-year-old man with salivary gland cancer and multiple pulmonary metastases
      suffering from intractable pneumothorax was transferred to our institution; he
      was inoperable because of a low pulmonary function. A chest tube had been placed
      more than a month prior to this admission. A digital drainage system was used for
      24-h monitoring of air leaks (Thopaz(r)). Using the Thopaz(r) system, we
      performed endoscopic bronchial occlusion using an endobronchial Watanabe spigot
      (EWS) to reduce air leaks. Finally, the air leaks ceased, and the chest tube was
      removed five days after EWS placement. We herein report a case of persistent
      pneumothorax that was successfully treated by endoscopic bronchial EWS placement
      with the aid of a Thopaz(r) system.

PMID- 26984088
TI  - Cord Blood Transplantation Following Reduced-intensity Conditioning for Adult
      onset Inherited Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
AB  - Inherited hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a genetic anomaly disorder
      in which abnormally activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes cannot induce the apoptosis
      of target cells and antigen-presenting cells, leading to hemophagocytosis,
      pancytopenia, and a variety of symptoms such as a high fever. The present patient
      with adult-onset HLH developed refractory disease despite receiving
      immunosuppressive treatments. He underwent a reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC)
      regimen that comprised antithymocyte globulin (ATG) followed by cord blood
      transplantation (RIC-CBT). He achieved and maintained a complete donor type. The
      incorporation of ATG into RIC-CBT may prevent graft failure and control
      hemophagocytosis, however, further efforts are necessary to reduce infectious
      complications.

PMID- 26984090
TI  - Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Triggered by Infection with Human Parvovirus B19
      after Total Abdominal Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis.
AB  - A 50-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for an adhesive ileus 14 years
      after total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC). The ileus decreased
      with conservative treatment, however, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) was
      diagnosed due to worsening anemia, a positive direct Coombs test, low
      haptoglobin, high lactase dehydrogenase, reticulocytosis, and an increase in the
      erythroblastic series in a bone-marrow examination. Human parvovirus B19 (PV-B19)
      IgM and PV-B19 DNA were present, indicating the development of AIHA triggered by
      an infection with PV-B19. The patient is currently being monitored after
      spontaneous remission. This is the first report of UC after total abdominal
      colectomy complicated by AIHA triggered by PV-B19 infection.

PMID- 26984089
TI  - Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia after Anti-CC-chemokine Receptor 4 Monoclonal Antibody
      (Mogamulizumab) Therapy in an Angioimmunoblastic T-cell Lymphoma Patient.
AB  - Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma. A 63
      year-old man was diagnosed with AITL. He received 6 cycles of CHOP therapy, but
      showed progressive disease. Subsequently, he received ESHAP chemotherapy;
      however, it was not effective. He received mogamulizumab (an anti-CCR4 monoclonal
      antibody). After 4 cycles, his respiratory condition worsened and he was
      diagnosed with cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. Despite antiviral and antibiotic
      therapy, he died. We speculate that the combination of progressive lymphoma with
      mogamulizumab and chemotherapy likely caused CMV pneumonia. Because mogamulizumab
      therapy causes immunosuppression, if CMV pneumonia is suspected, then rapid
      treatment should be initiated.

PMID- 26984091
TI  - Thrombocytopenia and Anemia with Anti-c-Mpl antibodies Effectively Treated with
      Cyclosporine in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Chronic Renal Failure.
AB  - A 61-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who was undergoing hemodialysis for
      end-stage renal failure was transferred to our hospital due to severe
      thrombocytopenia and anemia. A bone marrow biopsy showed the complete absence of
      megakaryocytes and erythroblasts. Cyclosporine treatment resulted in the
      improvement of her megakaryocyte and erythroblast levels, and a decrease in her
      serum level of anti-c-Mpl (thrombopoietin receptor) antibodies. After this
      initial improvement, her anemia progressively worsened, despite the continuous
      administration of immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine. Her platelet and
      leukocyte counts remained stable. This is the first report of a probable case of
      anti-c-Mpl antibody-associated pure red cell aplasia and acquired amegakaryocytic
      thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 26984092
TI  - Juvenile-onset Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis with a Frameshift FUS Gene
      Mutation Presenting Unique Neuroradiological Findings and Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - A 24-year-old Japanese woman developed anterocollis, weakness of the proximal
      arms, and subsequent cognitive impairment. A neurological examination revealed
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) without a family history. Systemic muscle
      atrophy progressed rapidly. Cerebral MRI clearly exhibited high signal
      intensities along the bilateral pyramidal tracts. An analysis of the FUS gene
      revealed a heterozygous two-base pair deletion, c.1507-1508delAG (p.G504WfsX515).
      A subset of juvenile-onset familial/sporadic ALS cases with FUS gene mutations
      reportedly demonstrates mental retardation or learning difficulty. Our study
      emphasizes the importance of conducting a FUS gene analysis in juvenile-onset ALS
      cases, even when no family occurrence is confirmed.

PMID- 26984093
TI  - Tubercular Spinal Epidural Abscess of the Lumbosacral Region without Osseous
      Involvement: Comparison of Spinal MRI and Pathological Findings of the Resected
      Tissue.
AB  - We herein present a case of tubercular spinal epidural abscess (SEA) without
      osseous involvement that mimicked an acute bacterial abscess. This case
      manifested quite unusual findings not only radiographically, but also clinically
      compared with previously reported cases of tubercular SEA.

PMID- 26984094
TI  - An Adult Case of Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Antibody
      associated Multiphasic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis at 33-year Intervals.
AB  - Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) followed by optic neuritis (ON) has
      been reported as a distinct phenotype associated with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte
      protein (MOG) antibody. We herein report the case of a 37-year-old woman who was
      diagnosed with ADEM at 4 years old of age and who subsequently developed ON
      followed by recurrent ADEM 33 years after the initial onset. A serum analysis
      showed anti-MOG antibody positivity. This phenotype has only previously been
      reported in pediatric cases. Neurologists thus need to be aware that the
      phenotype may occur in adult patients, in whom it may be assumed to be atypical
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26984096
TI  - Asymptomatic Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Gastroesophageal Junction.

PMID- 26984097
TI  - Pyoderma Gangrenosum in a Patient with Multiple Myeloma.

PMID- 26984098
TI  - Relative Vasodilatory Change in Seizure-induced Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis.

PMID- 26984095
TI  - Successful Additional Corticosteroid Treatment in a Patient with Mycoplasma
      pneumoniae Pneumonia in whom a Monobacterial Infection was Confirmed by a
      Molecular Method Using Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid.
AB  - A 23-year-old Japanese woman was admitted to A hospital due to pneumonia. IgM for
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae was positive, and the patient was treated with
      imipenem/cilastatin, clindamycin, pazufloxacin and minocycline. However, both the
      chest radiological findings and the symptoms became exacerbated, and she was
      therefore transferred to our hospital. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was
      obtained, and a 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed a monobacterial
      infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Therefore, corticosteroid treatment in
      addition to minocycline was administered, and the patients symptoms, laboratory
      data and chest radiographs improved. Corticosteroid therapy may therefore be
      considered for patients with refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia.

PMID- 26984099
TI  - Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Induced by Adalimumab.

PMID- 26984100
TI  - Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Induced by Adalimumab.

PMID- 26984101
TI  - Comparison of the cryo-tolerance of vitrified gorgonian oocytes.
AB  - Coral reefs have been declining considerably in recent years because of changes
      to the environment and climate. The cryopreservation of coral gametes is an
      essential alternative method that yields immense success in preserving corals.
      This study focuses on developing vitrification techniques for Junceella fragilis
      and Ellisella robusta oocytes, and presents a comparison on the cryotolerance of
      their vitrified oocytes. The results revealed that these coral oocytes could be
      preserved for a longer period in equilibration solution 2 and vitrification
      solution (VS) 2 at 5  degrees C than at 26  degrees C. Oocyte viability decreased
      significantly when VS2 was used for >4 min at 26  degrees C compared with the
      control. Cryoprotectant tolerance was higher in E. robusta oocytes than in J.
      fragilis oocytes. However, E. robusta was determined to be more cryo-tolerant,
      with differences attributed to their habitats, thus making E. robusta is likely a
      superior candidate species for further study. The results of this study on the
      effects of coral cryopreservation provide a foundation for developing protocols
      further for the cryopreservation of the oocytes of gorgonian corals. 

PMID- 26984102
TI  - Design and synthesis of the superionic conductor Na10SnP2S12.
AB  - Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as candidates for large-scale energy storage
      due to their low cost and the wide variety of cathode materials available. As
      battery size and adoption in critical applications increases, safety concerns are
      resurfacing due to the inherent flammability of organic electrolytes currently in
      use in both lithium and sodium battery chemistries. Development of solid-state
      batteries with ionic electrolytes eliminates this concern, while also allowing
      novel device architectures and potentially improving cycle life. Here we report
      the computation-assisted discovery and synthesis of a high-performance solid
      state electrolyte material: Na10SnP2S12, with room temperature ionic conductivity
      of 0.4 mS cm(-1) rivalling the conductivity of the best sodium sulfide solid
      electrolytes to date. We also computationally investigate the variants of this
      compound where tin is substituted by germanium or silicon and find that the
      latter may achieve even higher conductivity.

PMID- 26984103
TI  - Correction: Nasrallah et al., Inhibitory Plasticity Permits the Recruitment of
      CA2 Pyramidal Neurons by CA3 (eNeuro July/August 2015, 2(4) 10.1523/ENEURO.0049
      15.2015 1-12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0049-15.2015).
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0049-15.2015.]. 

PMID- 26984106
TI  - Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in B cell lymphoma unclassifiable with
      features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin
      lymphoma.

PMID- 26984104
TI  - Anti-giardial therapeutic potential of dichloromethane extracts of Zingiber
      officinale and Curcuma longa in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Giardiosis is one of the common parasitic diarrhoea in humans, especially in
      children, worldwide. Many drugs are used for its treatment, but there is evidence
      of drug resistance, insufficient efficacy and unpleasant side effects. Natural
      products are good candidates for discovering more effective anti-giardial
      compounds. This study evaluated the activity of extracts of Zingiber officinale
      (ginger) and Curcuma longa (curcumin) against Giardia lamblia in vitro and in
      vivo. Giardia cyst suspension was prepared from children faecal specimens. For
      the in vitro experiment, 1, 10 and 50 mg/mL dichloromethane extracts of ginger
      and curcumin separately were incubated with Giardia cysts for 5, 10, 30 and 60
      min. The viability was distinguished by 0.1 % eosin and a haemocytometer. For the
      in vivo experiments, Balb/c mice were infected with Giardia cyst suspension
      containing 10,000 cysts/mL. Infected mice were administered 10 and 20 mg kg(-1)
      day(-1) ginger and curcumin extracts separately for 7 days post-infection. The
      effectiveness of the extracts was evaluated by faecal cyst and intestinal
      trophozoite counts and histopathological examination of the small intestine. In
      vitro ginger extract had a higher significant effect on cyst viability than
      curcumin, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In vivo ginger (more effective)
      and curcumin extracts significantly treated infected mice, and this was evidenced
      by the faecal cyst and intestinal trophozoite counts reduction, in addition to
      evident improvement of intestinal mucosal damages induced by Giardia infection.
      Z. officinale and C. longa extracts may represent effective and natural
      therapeutic alternatives with low side effects and without drug resistance in the
      treatment of giardiosis. 

PMID- 26984105
TI  - Effect of resistance training on muscular strength and indicators of abdominal
      adiposity, metabolic risk, and inflammation in postmenopausal women: controlled
      and randomized clinical trial of efficacy of training volume.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of resistance training (RT) volume on muscular
      strength and on indicators of abdominal adiposity, metabolic risk, and
      inflammation in post-menopausal women (PW). Thirty-two volunteers were randomly
      allocated into the following three groups: control (CT, no exercise, n = 11), low
      volume RT (LV, three sets/exercise, n = 10), and high-volume RT (HV, six
      sets/exercise, n = 11). The LV and HV groups performed eight exercises at 70 % of
      one maximal repetition, three times a week, for 16 weeks. Muscular strength and
      indicators of abdominal adiposity, metabolic risk, and inflammation were measured
      at baseline and after 16 weeks. No differences were found in baseline measures
      between the groups. The PW showed excess weight and fat percentage (F%), large
      waist circumference (WC), high waist-hip ratio (WHR), and hypercholesterolemia
      and borderline values of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c%). Following the RT, a
      similar increase in muscle strength and reduction in F% from baseline were found
      in both trained groups. In HV, a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-c, WC, and
      WHR was noted. Moreover, the HV showed a lower change (delta%) of interleukin-6
      (IL-6) when compared to CT (HV = 11.2 %, P 25-75 = -7.6-28.4 % vs. CT = 99.55 %,
      P 25-75 = 18.5-377.0 %, p = 0.049). In LV, a decrease was noted for HbA1c%. There
      were positive correlations (delta%) between WHR and IL-6 and between IL-6 and TC.
      These results suggest that while a low-volume RT improves HbA1c%, F%, and
      muscular strength, a high-volume RT is necessary to improve indicators of
      abdominal adiposity and lipid metabolism and also prevent IL-6 increases in PW. 

PMID- 26984107
TI  - [Partial replacement of the knee joint with patient-specific instruments and
      implants (ConforMIS iUni, iDuo)].
AB  - Knee arthroplasty is a successful standard procedure in orthopedic surgery;
      however, approximately 20 % of patients are dissatisfied with the clinical
      results as they suffer pain and can no longer achieve the presurgery level of
      activity. According to the literature the reasons are inexact fitting of the
      prosthesis or too few anatomically formed implants resulting in less
      physiological kinematics of the knee joint. Reducing the number of dissatisfied
      patients and the corresponding number of revisions is an important goal
      considering the increasing need for artificial joints. In this context, patient
      specific knee implants are an obvious alternative to conventional implants. For
      the first time implants are now matched to the individual bone and not vice versa
      to achieve the best possible individual situation and geometry and more
      structures (e.g. ligaments and bone) are preserved or only those structures are
      replaced which were actually destroyed by arthrosis. According to the authors
      view, this represents an optimal and pioneering addition to conventional
      implants. Patient-specific implants and the instruments needed for correct
      alignment and fitting can be manufactured by virtual 3D reconstruction and 3D
      printing based on computed tomography (CT) scans. The portfolio covers medial as
      well as lateral unicondylar implants, medial as well as lateral bicompartmental
      implants (femorotibial and patellofemoral compartments) and cruciate ligament
      preserving as well as cruciate ligament-substituting total knee replacements;
      however, it must be explicitly emphasized that the literature is sparse and no
      long-term data are available. 

PMID- 26984109
TI  - [ALK-Diagnostics in NSCLC - Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or Fluorescence-in
      situ Hybridisation (FISH)].
AB  - The EML4-ALK pathway plays an important role in a significant subset of non-small
      cell lung cancer patients. Treatment options such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors
      directed against the EML4-ALK signalling pathway lead to improved progression
      free and overall survival. These therapeutic options are chosen on the basis of
      the identification of the underlying genetic signature of the EML-ALK
      translocation. Efficient and easily accessible testing tools are required to
      identify the patients in time. While FISH techniques have been implemented to
      characterize this translocation for some time, the implementation of this testing
      is hampered by its broad use of resources. Immunohistochemical techniques to
      identify and screen for EML4-ALK translocations may play an important role in the
      near future. This consensus paper offers recommendations of the sequence and
      quality of the respective test approaches which are validated on the basis of the
      current literature. 

PMID- 26984108
TI  - The pellet swim-up is the best technique for sperm preparation during in vitro
      fertilization procedures.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the most suitable sperm
      preparation technique to apply in order to obtain a spermatozoon population with
      minimal DNA damage during in vitro fertilization procedures. We compared four
      preparation techniques: direct swim-up (DSU), pellet swim-up (PSU), density
      gradient (DG), and density gradient followed by swim-up (DG-SU), evaluating the
      effects of each technique on the DNA damage rate, evaluated by DNA fragmentation
      index of the spermatozoa obtained. METHODS: In this observational study, 98 semen
      samples from couples undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles were included. Data were
      collected between April and November 2014 at the ANDROS Day Surgery Clinic,
      Palermo, Italy. RESULT(S): The percentages of DNA fragmentation were 18.30 +/-
      10.8 in raw samples, 6.6 +/- 5.7 after DSU, 4.2 +/- 3.8 after PSU, 12.9 +/- 9.9
      after DG, and 3.7 +/- 4.0 after DG-SU respectively. Compared to the raw
      evaluation, all the preparation techniques significantly decreased the total rate
      of the DNA fragmentation (DSU Z = -8.60, P < 0.008; PSU Z = -8.54, P < 0.008; DG
      Z = -6.42, P < 0.008, and DG-SU Z = -8.60, P < 0.008, respectively). Comparing
      them, spermatozoa with intact DNA after PSU and DG-SU were significantly higher
      than after DSU (Z = -7.12, P < 0.008; Z = -6.59, P < 0.008, respectively) and
      after DG (Z = -8.41, P < 0.008; Z = -8.60, P < 0.008, respectively). The
      difference between PSU and DG-SU was not significant (Z = -2.21, P = 0.03).
      CONCLUSION(S): There are, above all, two techniques of sperm preparation which
      allow for the recovery of spermatozoa with the lowest DNA fragmentation rate.
      Furthermore, given low costs and reduced time, we believe that PSU is the best
      option in the treatment of semen samples during IVF/ICSI.

PMID- 26984111
TI  - Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling Reaction between N-Aryl alpha-Amino Acid Esters
      and Phenols or Phenol Derivative for Synthesis of alpha-Aryl alpha-Amino Acid
      Esters.
AB  - A novel dehydrogenative cross-coupling (DCC) reaction between N-arylglycine
      esters and phenols or 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene was developed by copper catalysis
      using di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) as an oxidant. Under optimized conditions, a
      range of N-arylglycine esters 1 underwent the DCC reaction smoothly with various
      phenols 2 or 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene 4 to give desired alpha-aryl alpha -amino
      acid esters 3 or 5, respectively, with high ortho regioselectivities in a
      moderate to excellent yield. A possible mechanism involving aromatic
      electrophilic substitution is proposed. 

PMID- 26984110
TI  - Contributions of Abiotic and Biotic Processes to the Aerobic Removal of Phenolic
      Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in a Simulated Estuarine Aquatic Environment.
AB  - The contributions of abiotic and biotic processes in an estuarine aquatic
      environment to the removal of four phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
      were evaluated through simulated batch reactors containing water-only or water
      sediment collected from an estuary in South China. More than 90% of the free
      forms of all four spiked EDCs were removed from these reactors at the end of 28
      days under aerobic conditions, with the half-life of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol
      (EE2) longer than those of propylparaben (PP), nonylphenol (NP) and 17beta
      estradiol (E2). The interaction with dissolved oxygen contributed to NP removal
      and was enhanced by aeration. The PP and E2 removal was positively influenced by
      adsorption on suspended particles initially, whereas abiotic transformation by
      estuarine-dissolved matter contributed to their complete removal. Biotic
      processes, including degradation by active aquatic microorganisms, had
      significant effects on the removal of EE2. Sedimentary inorganic and organic
      matter posed a positive effect only when EE2 biodegradation was inhibited.
      Estrone (E1), the oxidizing product of E2, was detected, proving that E2 was
      removed by the naturally occurring oxidizers in the estuarine water matrixes.
      These results revealed that the estuarine aquatic environment was effective in
      removing free EDCs, and the contributions of abiotic and biotic processes to
      their removal were compound specific.

PMID- 26984112
TI  - Comparison of baroreflex sensitivity estimated from ECG R-R and inter-systolic
      intervals obtained by finger plethysmography and radial tonometry.
AB  - Spontaneous BRS estimates may considerable vary according to the technique of
      blood pressure and heart rate assessment. To optimise and standardise BRS
      estimation for clinical use we evaluated possible differences between spontaneous
      BRS indices estimated from either finger plethysmography or radial tonometry.
      Forty-five healthy volunteers underwent simultaneous recordings of
      electrocardiogram, finger plethysmography and radial tonometry in supine position
      and during 60 degrees  head-up tilt. BRS was computed by spectral analysis from
      either R-R time series and/or arterial pressure pulse. Radial tonometry generated
      higher mean BRS estimates than finger plethysmography. The difference decreased
      upon postural change from supine to upright. In the upright position, BRS
      estimates based on R-R interval proved to be generally lower compared to BRS
      indices estimated from arterial pressure pulse. The ratio of low-to-high
      frequency power of inter-systolic interval and systolic blood pressure from
      tonometry was lower than that from plethysmography in supine and approximated in
      upright position. Spectral parameters of inter-systolic interval and R-R interval
      did not differ in supine but diverged in upright position. Changes of spectral
      parameters were most pronounced in R-R interval. Arterial pressure pulse is
      adequate for estimation of BRS under resting conditions but it may distort BRS
      estimates under physical load. We, therefore, recommend using an ECG signal for
      BRS estimation especially in non-stationary conditions.

PMID- 26984114
TI  - Biomarkers of Resilience in Stress Reduction for Caregivers of Alzheimer's
      Patients.
AB  - Caregiving for a dementia patient is associated with increased risk of
      psychological and physical health problems. We investigated whether a mindfulness
      based stress reduction (MBSR) training course for caregivers that closely models
      the MBSR curriculum originally established by the Center of Mindfulness at the
      University of Massachusetts may improve the psychological resilience of non
      professional caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients. Twenty adult non
      professional caregivers of dementia patients participated in an 8-week MBSR
      training course. Caregiver stress, depression, burden, grief, and gene expression
      profiles of blood mononuclear cells were assessed at baseline and following MBSR.
      MBSR training significantly improved the psychological resilience of some of the
      caregivers. We identified predictive biomarkers whose expression is associated
      with the likelihood of caregivers to benefit from MBSR, and biomarkers whose
      expression is associated with MBSR psychological benefits. Our biomarker studies
      provide insight into the mechanisms of health benefits of MBSR and a basis for
      developing a personalized medicine approach for applying MBSR for promoting
      psychological and cognitive resilience in caregivers of dementia patients. 

PMID- 26984113
TI  - Identification of (poly)phenol treatments that modulate the release of pro
      inflammatory cytokines by human lymphocytes.
AB  - Diets rich in fruits and vegetables (FV), which contain (poly)phenols, protect
      against age-related inflammation and chronic diseases. T-lymphocytes contribute
      to systemic cytokine production and are modulated by FV intake. Little is known
      about the relative potency of different (poly)phenols in modulating cytokine
      release by lymphocytes. We compared thirty-one (poly)phenols and six (poly)phenol
      mixtures for effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine release by Jurkat T
      lymphocytes. Test compounds were incubated with Jurkat cells for 48 h at 1 and 30
      um, with or without phorbol ester treatment at 24 h to induce cytokine release.
      Three test compounds that reduced cytokine release were further incubated with
      primary lymphocytes at 0.2 and 1 um for 24 h, with lipopolysaccharide added at 5
      h. Cytokine release was measured, and generation of H2O2 by test compounds was
      determined to assess any potential correlations with cytokine release. A number
      of (poly)phenols significantly altered cytokine release from Jurkat cells
      (P<0.05), but H2O2 generation did not correlate with cytokine release.
      Resveratrol, isorhamnetin, curcumin, vanillic acid and specific (poly)phenol
      mixtures reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine release from T-lymphocytes, and there
      was evidence for interaction between (poly)phenols to further modulate cytokine
      release. The release of interferon-gamma induced protein 10 by primary
      lymphocytes was significantly reduced following treatment with 1 um isorhamnetin
      (P<0.05). These results suggest that (poly)phenols derived from onions, turmeric,
      red grapes, green tea and acai berries may help reduce the release of pro
      inflammatory mediators in people at risk of chronic inflammation. 

PMID- 26984115
TI  - Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii phosphoglycerate mutase 2 confers protective
      immunity against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice.
AB  - Toxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide. It has a high
      incidence and can result in severe disease in humans and livestock. Effective
      vaccines are needed to limit and prevent infection with Toxoplasma gondii. In
      this study, we evaluated the immuno-protective efficacy of a recombinant
      Toxoplasma gondii phosphoglycerate mutase 2 (rTgPGAM 2) against T. gondii
      infection in BALB/c mice. We report that the mice nasally immunised with rTgPGAM
      2 displayed significantly higher levels of special IgG antibodies against rTgPGAM
      2 (including IgG1, IgG2a and IgAs) and cytokines (including IFN-gamma, IL-2 and
      IL-4) in their blood sera and supernatant of cultured spleen cells compared to
      those of control animals. In addition, an increased number of spleen lymphocytes
      and enhanced lymphocyte proliferative responses were observed in the rTgPGAM 2
      immunised mice. After chronic infection and lethal challenge with the highly
      virulent T. gondii RH strain by oral gavage, the survival time of the rTgPGAM 2
      immunised mice was longer (P < 0.01) and the survival rate (70%) was higher
      compared with the control mice (P < 0.01). The reduction rate of brain and liver
      tachyzoites in rTgPGAM 2-vaccinated mice reached approximately 57% and 69%
      compared with those of the control mice (P < 0.01). These results suggest that
      rTgPGAM 2 can generate protective immunity against T. gondii infection in BALB/c
      mice and may be a promising antigen in the further development of an effective
      vaccine against T. gondii infection. 

PMID- 26984116
TI  - Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts.
AB  - Techniques for sub-classifying morphologically identical Giardia duodenalis
      trophozoites have included comparisons of the electrophoretic mobility of enzymes
      and of chromosomes, and sequencing of genes encoding beta-giardin, triose
      phosphate isomerase, the small subunit of ribosomal RNA and glutamate
      dehydrogenase. To date, G. duodenalis organisms have been sub-classified into
      eight genetic assemblages (designated A-H). Genotyping of G. duodenalis organisms
      isolated from various hosts has shown that assemblages A and B infect the largest
      range of host species, and appear to be the main (or possibly only) G. duodenalis
      assemblages that undeniably infect human subjects. In at least some cases of
      assemblage A or B infection in wild mammals, there is suggestive evidence that
      the infection had resulted from environmental contamination by G. duodenalis
      cysts of human origin. 

PMID- 26984117
TI  - Lessons Learned from Community-Led Recruitment of Immigrants and Refugee
      Participants for a Randomized, Community-Based Participatory Research Study.
AB  - Ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in clinical trials despite efforts to
      increase their enrollment. Although community-based participatory research (CBPR)
      approaches have been effective for conducting research studies in minority and
      socially disadvantaged populations, protocols for CBPR recruitment design and
      implementation among immigrants and refugees have not been well described. We
      used a community-led and community-implemented CBPR strategy for recruiting 45
      Hispanic, Somali, and Sudanese families (160 individuals) to participate in a
      large, randomized, community-based trial aimed at evaluating a physical activity
      and nutrition intervention. We achieved 97.7 % of our recruitment goal for
      families and 94.4 % for individuals. Use of a CBPR approach is an effective
      strategy for recruiting immigrant and refugee participants for clinical trials.
      We believe the lessons we learned during the process of participatory recruitment
      design and implementation will be helpful for others working with these
      populations.

PMID- 26984118
TI  - Potential Yield Increase of Hybrid Rice at Five Locations in Southern China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A number of field studies have demonstrated that the yield potential
      of hybrid rice cultivars is higher than that of inbred cultivars, although the
      magnitude of difference between hybrid and inbred cultivars at different yield
      levels has not been described. The objective of this study is to compare the
      yield increase potential at different yield levels between hybrid and
      conventional rice. Ten field experiments were conducted at five locations in
      southern China in 2012 and 2013. At each location, two hybrid and two inbred
      cultivars were grown at three N levels: high (225 kg/hm(2)), moderate (161-191
      kg/hm(2)) and the control, zero N (0 kg/hm(2)). RESULTS: Hybrid rice yielded
      approximately 8 % more grain than did inbred cultivars in Huaiji, Binyang and
      Haikou; approximately 7 % more in Changsha; and approximately 19 % more in
      Xingyi. The high grain yields observed for hybrid rice cultivars were attributed
      to high grain weight and biomass accumulation at maturity. On average, rice
      yields were approximately 6.0-7.5 t ha(-1) (medium yield) in Huaiji, Binyang and
      Haikou; approximately 9.0 t ha(-1) in Changsha (high yield); and approximately
      12.0 t ha(-1) (super high yield) in Xingyi. The yield gaps among Huaiji, Binyang
      and Haikou and Changsha were attributed to the differences in spikelets m(-2) and
      biomass production, whereas the yield gap between Changsha and Xingyi was caused
      by the differences in grain-filling percentage, grain weight and harvest index.
      The differences in biomass production among sites were primarily due to variation
      in crop growth rate induced by varied temperatures and accumulative solar
      radiation. CONCLUSIONS: The yield superiority of hybrid rice was relatively small
      in comparison with that of inbred cultivars at medium and high yield levels, but
      the difference was large at super high yield levels. Improving rice yields from
      medium to high should focus on spikelets m(-2) and biomass, whereas further
      improvement to super high level should emphasize on grain-filling percentage,
      grain weight and harvest index. Favorable environmental conditions are essential
      for high yields in hybrid rice.

PMID- 26984120
TI  - Ultrafast triggered transient energy storage by atomic layer deposition into
      porous silicon for integrated transient electronics.
AB  - Here we demonstrate the first on-chip silicon-integrated rechargeable transient
      power source based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating of vanadium oxide
      (VOx) into porous silicon. A stable specific capacitance above 20 F g(-1) is
      achieved until the device is triggered with alkaline solutions. Due to the
      rational design of the active VOx coating enabled by ALD, transience occurs
      through a rapid disabling step that occurs within seconds, followed by full
      dissolution of all active materials within 30 minutes of the initial trigger.
      This work demonstrates how engineered materials for energy storage can provide a
      basis for next-generation transient systems and highlights porous silicon as a
      versatile scaffold to integrate transient energy storage into transient
      electronics. 

PMID- 26984119
TI  - Resolution of Isolated, Aspergillus Colonization in a Deep Esophageal Ulcer in an
      Immunocompetent Patient with Ulcer Healing Without Specific Antifungal Therapy.

PMID- 26984121
TI  - Somatoform disorders in patients with chronic subjective tinnitus.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the correlation of psychiatric disorders with
      tinnitus and tinnitus handicap scores. A total of 30 patients and 30 otherwise
      healthy people were enrolled for the study. Somatoform disorder questionnaire SDQ
      20 was filled in by both the study and the control group. Tinnitus handicap
      scores were filled in study group. Tinnitus handicap scores were 28.1 +/- 19.8,
      and somatoform disorder questionnaire scores were 30.5 +/- 7.3 in the tinnitus
      group. In the control group the somatoform disorder questionnaire scores were
      25.4 +/- 4.6. (1) We found a statistically significant difference between
      somatoform disorder questionnaire scores between groups (p < 0.05). (2) There was
      a statistically significant difference between tinnitus handicap scores and
      somatoform disorder questionnaire scores in study group (p = 0.0). The
      correlation between these tests was positively strong (R = 0.782). (3) There was
      no statistical difference between genders. We recommend investigating patients
      with long-lasting tinnitus for psychiatric comorbidity in relation to somatoform
      disorders in cooperation with psychiatric clinics.

PMID- 26984122
TI  - The Sexual Thoughts Questionnaire: Psychometric Evaluation of a Measure to Assess
      Self-Reported Thoughts During Exposure to Erotica Using Sexually Functional
      Individuals.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Validated instruments for assessing specific thought content during
      exposure to sexually explicit material are lacking. AIM: To investigate the
      psychometric properties of a measure that assesses self-reported thoughts during
      exposure to sexual stimuli in laboratory settings, namely the Sexual Thoughts
      Questionnaire. The factorial structure of the questionnaire and its reliability
      and validity were examined. METHODS: One hundred sixty-seven sexually functional
      individuals (97 women and 70 men) were exposed to sexually explicit material
      while their genital arousal was being assessed. Subjective sexual arousal and
      thoughts during exposure to sexually explicit material also were assessed. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Women's genital arousal was measured with a vaginal
      photoplethysmograph and men's genital arousal was measured with an indium-gallium
      strain gauge. Subjective sexual arousal and thoughts during exposure to erotica
      were assessed with self-report scales. RESULTS: Principal component analysis with
      varimax rotation identified five factors: sexual arousal thoughts, distractive
      and disengaging thoughts, body image and performance thoughts, actress's physical
      attractiveness thoughts, and sinful and lack of affection thoughts. Moreover, the
      scale showed satisfactory levels of internal consistency. Studies on convergent
      validity showed an association between self-reported thoughts and subjective
      sexual arousal levels in the women and men. CONCLUSION: The Sexual Thoughts
      Questionnaire showed adequate psychometric properties in a sexually functional
      sample. It could be useful in further experimental research on the role of
      cognitions in sexual response and allow further comparison between sexually
      functional and dysfunctional individuals, with possible significant implications
      for the assessment and treatment of sexual problems.

PMID- 26984123
TI  - Caching at a distance: a cache protection strategy in Eurasian jays.
AB  - A fundamental question about the complexity of corvid social cognition is whether
      behaviours exhibited when caching in front of potential pilferers represent
      specific attempts to prevent cache loss (cache protection hypothesis) or whether
      they are by-products of other behaviours (by-product hypothesis). Here, we
      demonstrate that Eurasian jays preferentially cache at a distance when observed
      by conspecifics. This preference for a 'far' location could be either a by
      product of a general preference for caching at that specific location regardless
      of the risk of cache loss or a by-product of a general preference to be far away
      from conspecifics due to low intra-species tolerance. Critically, we found that
      neither by-product account explains the jays' behaviour: the preference for the
      'far' location was not shown when caching in private or when eating in front of a
      conspecific. In line with the cache protection hypothesis we found that jays
      preferred the distant location only when caching in front of a conspecific. Thus,
      it seems likely that for Eurasian jays, caching at a distance from an observer is
      a specific cache protection strategy.

PMID- 26984124
TI  - T-cell Lymphoma of Thyroid Gland with Lennert Type of Morphology: A Case Report
      and Review of the Literature.
AB  - The rare entity of primary T-cell lymphoma of thyroid gland may pose great
      diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the pathologist and clinician. There are
      very few case and short series reports of these tumors describing their varied
      clinicopathologic features in English literature. We report a case of mature T
      cell lymphoma of thyroid in a 26 year old male, with unique pseudogranulomatous
      and lymphohistiocytic Lennert type of morphology, on a background of autoimmune
      thyroiditis. This man, diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis for the previous 2
      years, underwent thyroidectomy for sudden onset of pressure symptoms. The
      diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma was made on the thyroid tissue based on
      histopathologic and immunophenotypic findings, in concert with the results of T
      cell receptor gene rearrangement studies by polymerase chain reaction. Later,
      after about 3 months, similar findings were confirmed in an excision biopsy from
      a left cervical lymph node in the patient. The patient has been started on
      chemotherapy with gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin along with involved
      field radiotherapy; however, he has shown a rapid upstaging of disease from stage
      IE to IIIE in a short period of 3 months with relatively well preserved clinical
      parameters until the latest follow up. 

PMID- 26984125
TI  - A Parapharyngeal Soft Tissue Chordoma Presenting with Synchronous Cervical Lymph
      Node Metastasis: An Unusual Presentation.
AB  - A 63 year old male presented with a three month history of dysphagia, neck
      swelling and an oropharyngeal swelling on examination. Initial fine needle
      aspiration cytology and magnetic resonance imaging (done at a peripheral
      hospital) suggested a salivary gland neoplasm with lymph node metastasis. An
      infra-temporal approach was employed to excise the tumour mass and a modified
      radical neck dissection undertaken to remove the cervical metastasis.
      Histopathological examination with immunohistochemistry confirmed this to be a
      soft tissue chordoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented
      report of an extra-axial soft tissue chordoma presenting with synchronous
      metastatic disease. Though rare, this adds to the list of differential diagnoses
      for complex parapharyngeal lesions. A multidisciplinary approach between head and
      neck surgery, histopathology, radiology and sarcoma teams is paramount for
      arriving at the correct diagnosis and to deliver optimal treatment. 

PMID- 26984126
TI  - Optofluidic restricted imaging, spectroscopy and counting of nanoparticles by
      evanescent wave using immiscible liquids.
AB  - Conventional flow cytometry (FC) suffers from the diffraction limit for the
      detection of nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm, whereas traditional total
      internal reflection (TIR) microscopy can only detect few samples near the solid
      liquid interface mostly in static states. Here we demonstrate a novel on-chip
      optofluidic technique using evanescent wave sensing for single nanoparticle real
      time detection by combining hydrodynamic focusing and TIR using immiscible flows.
      The immiscibility of the high-index sheath flow and the low-index core flow
      naturally generate a smooth, flat and step-index interface that is ideal for the
      TIR effect, whose evanescent field can penetrate the full width of the core flow.
      Hydrodynamic focusing can focus on all the nanoparticles in the extreme centre of
      the core flow with a width smaller than 1 MUm. This technique enables us to
      illuminate every single sample in the running core flow by the evanescent field,
      leaving none unaffected. Moreover, it works well for samples much smaller than
      the diffraction limit. We have successfully demonstrated the scattering imaging
      and counting of 50 nm and 100 nm Au nanoparticles and also the fluorescence
      imaging and counting of 200 nm beads. The effective counting speeds are estimated
      as 1500, 2300 and 2000 particles per second for the three types of nanoparticles,
      respectively. The optical scattering spectra were also measured to determine the
      size of individual Au nanoparticles. This provides a new technique to detect
      nanoparticles and we foresee its application in the detection of molecules for
      biomedical analyses.

PMID- 26984127
TI  - Stability in Test-Usage Practices of Clinical Neuropsychologists in the United
      States and Canada Over a 10-Year Period: A Follow-Up Survey of INS and NAN
      Members.
AB  - As a 10-year follow up to our original study (Rabin, Barr, & Burton, 2005), we
      surveyed the test usage patterns of clinical neuropsychologists in the U.S and
      Canada. We expanded the original questionnaire to include additional cognitive
      and functional domains and to address current practice-related issues.
      Participants were randomly selected from the combined membership lists of the
      National Academy of Neuropsychology and the International Neuropsychological
      Society. Respondents were 512 doctorate-level members (25% usable response rate;
      54% women) who had been practicing neuropsychology for 15 years on average. The
      Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, followed by the Wechsler Memory Scales, Trail
      Making Test, California Verbal Learning Test, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
      Children, were the most commonly used tests. These top five responses were
      identical and in the same order as those from 10 years ago. Participants
      respectively identified a lack of ecological validity and difficulty comparing
      the meaning of standardized scores across tests as the greatest challenges
      associated with the selection of neuropsychological instruments and
      interpretation of test data. Overall, we found great consistency in assessment
      practices over the 10-year period. We compare results to those of previous
      studies and discuss challenges and implications for neuropsychology. 

PMID- 26984131
TI  - [Antrittsvorlesung zweier neuer Professoren an der Universitatszahnklinik Wien].

PMID- 26984129
TI  - Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol-Paclitaxel Conjugates
      for Lung Cancer Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pulmonary drug delivery is considered an attractive route of drug
      administration for lung cancer chemotherapy. However, fast clearance mechanisms
      result in short residence time of small molecule drugs in the lung. Therefore,
      achieving a sustained presence of chemotherapeutics in the lung is very
      challenging. In this study, we synthesized two different polyethylene glycol
      paclitaxel ester conjugates with molecular weights of 6 and 20 kDa in order to
      achieve sustained release of paclitaxel in the lung. METHODS: One structure was
      synthesized with azide linker using "click" chemistry and the other structure was
      synthesized with a succinic spacer. The physicochemical and biological properties
      of the conjugates were characterized in vitro. RESULTS: Conjugation to
      polyethylene glycol improved the solubility of paclitaxel by up to four orders of
      magnitude. The conjugates showed good stability in phosphate buffer saline pH 6.9
      (half-life >=72 h) and in bronchoalveolar lavage (half-life of 3 to 9 h) at both
      molecular weights, but hydrolyzed quickly in mouse serum (half-life of 1 to 3 h).
      The conjugates showed cytotoxicity to B16-F10 melanoma cells and LL/2 Lewis lung
      cancer cells but less than free paclitaxel or Taxol, the commercial paclitaxel
      formulation. CONCLUSIONS: These properties imply that the conjugates have the
      potential to retain paclitaxel in the lung for a prolonged duration and to
      sustain its release locally for a better efficacy.

PMID- 26984132
TI  - Editor's Letter.

PMID- 26984130
TI  - The use of cognitive behaviour therapy in the management of BPSD in dementia
      (Innovative practice).
AB  - Psychosocial approaches to the management of behavioural and psychological
      symptoms of dementia have received much support in the scientific literature. The
      following paper focuses on cognitive behaviour therapy as a valid framework in
      assessing and treating people with behavioural and psychological symptoms of
      dementia. The importance of identifying symptoms of depression and anxiety is
      emphasized, as cognitive behaviour therapy has been shown to be an effective
      intervention for these conditions in older adults. Modifications of cognitive
      behaviour therapy for those with dementia are discussed based on available
      evidence, with emphasis on incorporating nursing home staff in treatment programs
      and focusing on behavioural elements of cognitive behaviour therapy such as
      activity scheduling. The paper concludes with suggestions regarding how to
      incorporate and promote the use of cognitive behaviour therapy in dementia care
      settings.

PMID- 26984128
TI  - A Multi-Functional Tumor Theranostic Nanoplatform for MRI Guided Photothermal
      Chemotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a multi-functional theranostic nanoplatform with increased
      tumor retention, improving antitumor efficacy and decreased side effects of
      chemotherapy drugs. METHODS: GO@Gd nanocomposites was synthesized via decorating
      gadolinium (Gd) nanoparticles (GdNP) onto graphene oxide (GO), and then
      functionalized by polyethylene glycol (PEG2000), folic acid (FA), a widely used
      tumor targeting molecule, was linked to GO@Gd-PEG, finally, doxorubicin (DOX) was
      loaded onto GO@Gd-PEG-FA and obtained a tumor-targeting drug delivery system
      (GO@Gd-PEG-FA/DOX). GO@Gd-PEG-FA/DOX was characterized and explored its
      theranostic applications both in a cultured MCF-7 cells and tumor-bearing mice.
      RESULTS: GO@Gd-PEG-FA/DOX could efficiently cross the cell membranes, lead to
      more apoptosis and afford higher antitumor efficacy without obvious toxic effects
      to normal organs owing to its prolonged blood circulation and 7.6-fold higher DOX
      uptake of tumor than DOX. Besides, GO@Gd-PEG-FA/DOX also served as a powerful
      photothermal therapy (PTT) agent for thermal ablation of tumor and a strong T1
      weighted contrast agent for tumor MRI diagnosis. The multi-functional
      nanoplatform also could selectively kill cancer cells in highly localized regions
      via the excellent tumor-targeting and MRI guided PTT abilities. CONCLUSIONS:
      GO@Gd-PEG-FA/DOX exhibited excellent photothermal-chemotherapeutic efficacy,
      tumor-targeting property and tumor diagnostic ability.

PMID- 26984133
TI  - Screaming Behind a Door: The Experiences of Individuals Incarcerated Without
      Medication-Assisted Treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is an evidence-based
      method of treating opioid addiction. Of incarcerated individuals in the United
      States, 50% to 85% have a history of substance abuse, and > 80% of inmates with
      opioid addiction history do not receive treatment. The purpose of this study was
      to explore individuals' experiences after being tapered from MAT upon
      incarceration. METHODS: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed
      using in-depth interviewing of 10 participants. RESULTS: Analysis identified six
      themes that captured the essence of the participants' experiences. IMPLICATIONS
      AND CONCLUSION: Losing MAT upon incarceration was described as an extremely
      stressful experience for many individuals and may create issues for both inmates
      and facility staff. Further research is needed to discover ways to improve
      addiction treatment in prison.

PMID- 26984134
TI  - Diagnostic Error in Correctional Mental Health: Prevalence, Causes, and
      Consequences.
AB  - While they have important implications for inmates and resourcing of correctional
      institutions, diagnostic errors are rarely discussed in correctional mental
      health research. This review seeks to estimate the prevalence of diagnostic
      errors in prisons and jails and explores potential causes and consequences.
      Diagnostic errors are defined as discrepancies in an inmate's diagnostic status
      depending on who is responsible for conducting the assessment and/or the methods
      used. It is estimated that at least 10% to 15% of all inmates may be incorrectly
      classified in terms of the presence or absence of a mental illness. Inmate
      characteristics, relationships with staff, and cognitive errors stemming from the
      use of heuristics when faced with time constraints are discussed as possible
      sources of error. A policy example of screening for mental illness at intake to
      prison is used to illustrate when the risk of diagnostic error might be increased
      and to explore strategies to mitigate this risk. 

PMID- 26984135
TI  - Preparing Corrections Staff for the Future: Results of a 2-Day Training About
      Aging Inmates.
AB  - The aging of the prison population presents corrections staff with unique
      challenges in knowing how to support inmates while maintaining security. This
      article describes a 2-day training program to introduce the aging process to
      select staff at all levels. While the results of a pre-posttest measure, using a
      modified version of Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz, did not produce a
      statistically significant difference at the conclusion of the training, attendees
      did express satisfaction with the training and their newfound insight into the
      challenges faced by aging inmates. They also offered recommendations for future
      training to include more practical suggestions for the work environment. 

PMID- 26984136
TI  - Social Factors Related to the Utilization of Health Care Among Prison Inmates.
AB  - This study examines the demographic and social factors related to health care
      utilization in prisons using the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State Correctional
      Facilities. The findings show that education and employment, strong predictors of
      health care in the community, are not associated with health care in prisons.
      Although female inmates have a higher disease burden than male inmates, there are
      no sex differences in health care usage. The factors associated with health care,
      however, vary for women and men. Notably, Black men are significantly more likely
      to utilize health care compared to White and Latino men. The findings suggest
      that, given the constitutionally mandated health care for inmates, prisons can
      potentially minimize racial disparities in care and that prisons, in general, are
      an important context for health care delivery in the United States. 

PMID- 26984137
TI  - Substance Use, Disordered Eating, and Weight Gain: Describing the Prevention and
      Treatment Needs of Incarcerated Women.
AB  - Weight-related concerns are associated with women's substance use and treatment
      relapse. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, disordered eating behavior, and
      substance abuse history was assessed among female inmates incarcerated for 6 to
      24 months at an Oregon state prison, using a self-administered survey and
      physical measurements. Average weight gain was 20 pounds, 87% of women were
      overweight (39%) or obese (48%), and 24% reported using one or more unhealthy
      strategies to lose weight in the past 6 months. Women who used tobacco and
      illicit substances before incarceration gained more weight. Integrating nutrition
      and weight gain issues into substance abuse treatment could benefit incarcerated
      women--both soon after entering prison to prevent weight gain and close to
      release to prevent relapse into substance use.

PMID- 26984138
TI  - Goals and Plans of Incarcerated Men Postrelease.
AB  - Prior research has not examined the self-identified goals and plans of
      incarcerated people as they approach release from prison. This study analyzed the
      goals and plans generated during a motivational interviewing counseling session
      of incarcerated men who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a
      smoking abstinence intervention in a tobacco-free prison in the northeastern
      United States. Using thematic analysis, 53 written goals and plans were
      independently coded by trained research assistants to identify major themes that
      included (1) staying smoke-free or reducing the number of cigarettes smoked
      postrelease, (2) engaging in physical activities to improve health and wellness,
      and (3) spending time with family and/or friends. Implications for working with
      inmates to identify their plans and goals to remain smoke-free after
      incarceration are discussed. 

PMID- 26984140
TI  - Journal of Correctional Health Care: Self-Study Program.

PMID- 26984139
TI  - Awareness and Environmental Exposures Related to Coccidioidomycosis Among Inmates
      at Two California Prisons, 2013.
AB  - Coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) is a major cause of illness in inmates in some
      California prisons. This article discusses an investigation conducted at two
      prisons to describe potential environmental exposures. The study did not identify
      modifiable risk factors; limiting the type or duration of outdoor activity in
      these prisons may not decrease coccidioidomycosis morbidity. 

PMID- 26984141
TI  - Statin Concentrations Below the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Attenuate the
      Virulence of Rhizopus oryzae.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mucormycosis is a destructive invasive mold infection afflicting
      patients with diabetes and hematologic malignancies. Patients with diabetes are
      often treated with statins, which have been shown to have antifungal properties.
      We sought to examine the effects of statins on Rhizopus oryzae, a common cause of
      mucormycosis. METHODS: Clinical strains of R. oryzae were exposed to lovastatin,
      atorvastatin, and simvastatin and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)
      were determined. R. oryzae germination, DNA fragmentation, susceptibility to
      oxidative stress, and ability to damage endothelial cells were assessed. We
      further investigated the impact of exposure to lovastatin on the virulence of R.
      oryzae RESULTS: All statins had MICs of >64 ug/mL against R. oryzae Exposure of
      R. oryzae to statins decreased germling formation, induced DNA fragmentation, and
      attenuated damage to endothelial cells independently of the expression of GRP78
      and CotH. Additionally, R. oryzae exposed to lovastatin showed macroscopic loss
      of melanin, yielded increased susceptibility to the oxidative agent peroxide, and
      had attenuated virulence in both fly and mouse models of mucormycosis.
      CONCLUSIONS: Exposure of R. oryzae to statins at concentrations below their MICs
      decreased virulence both in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation is warranted
      into the use of statins as adjunctive therapy in mucormycosis.

PMID- 26984142
TI  - Genome-wide Screening Identifies Phosphotransferase System Permease BepA to Be
      Involved in Enterococcus faecium Endocarditis and Biofilm Formation.
AB  - Enterococcus faecium is a common cause of nosocomial infections, of which
      infective endocarditis is associated with substantial mortality. In this study,
      we used a microarray-based transposon mapping (M-TraM) approach to evaluate a rat
      endocarditis model and identified a gene, originally annotated as "fruA" and
      renamed "bepA," putatively encoding a carbohydrate phosphotransferase system
      (PTS) permease (biofilm and endocarditis-associated permease A [BepA]), as
      important in infective endocarditis. This gene is highly enriched in E. faecium
      clinical isolates and absent in commensal isolates that are not associated with
      infection. Confirmation of the phenotype was established in a competition
      experiment of wild-type and a markerless bepA mutant in a rat endocarditis model.
      In addition, deletion of bepA impaired biofilm formation in vitro in the presence
      of 100% human serum and metabolism of beta-methyl-D-glucoside. beta-glucoside
      metabolism has been linked to the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans that are
      exposed on injured heart valves, where bacteria attach and form vegetations.
      Therefore, we propose that the PTS permease BepA is directly implicated in E.
      faecium pathogenesis.

PMID- 26984145
TI  - Reimagining the Future of the Diagnosis of Viral Infections.

PMID- 26984143
TI  - Performance of Dengue Diagnostic Tests in a Single-Specimen Diagnostic Algorithm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti-dengue virus (DENV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) seroconversion has
      been the reference standard for dengue diagnosis. However, paired specimens are
      rarely obtained, and the interval for this testing negates its usefulness in
      guiding clinical case management. The presence of DENV viremia and appearance of
      IgM during the febrile phase of dengue provides the framework for dengue
      laboratory diagnosis by using a single serum specimen. METHODS: Archived paired
      serum specimens (n = 1234) from patients with laboratory-confirmed dengue from
      2005 through 2011 were used to determine the diagnostic performance of real-time
      reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for detection of DENV
      serotypes 1-4, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), for detection of
      DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen and anti-DENV IgM. RESULTS: During 1-3
      days after illness onset, real-time RT-PCR and NS1 antigen testing detected 82%
      69% and 90%-84% of cases, respectively, as viremia levels declined, while anti
      DENV IgM ELISA detected 5%-41% of cases as antibody appeared. Over the 10-day
      period of the febrile phase of dengue, the cumulative effect of using these 3
      types of tests in a diagnostic algorithm confirmed >=90% of dengue cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: The use of molecular or NS1 antigen tests to detect DENV and one to
      detect anti-DENV IgM in a single serum specimen collected during the first 10
      days of illness accurately identified >=90% of dengue primary and secondary
      cases.

PMID- 26984146
TI  - MicroRNAs Constitute a Negative Feedback Loop in Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced
      Macrophage Activation.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae causes high mortality as a major pneumonia-inducing
      pathogen. In pneumonia, control of innate immunity is necessary to prevent organ
      damage. We assessed the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as regulators in pneumococcal
      infection of human macrophages. Exposure of primary blood-derived human
      macrophages with pneumococci resulted in transcriptional changes in several gene
      clusters and a significant deregulation of 10 microRNAs. Computational network
      analysis retrieved miRNA-146a as one putatively important regulator of
      pneumococci-induced host cell activation. Its induction depended on bacterial
      structural integrity and was completely inhibited by blocking Toll-like receptor
      2 (TLR-2) or depleting its mediator MyD88. Furthermore, induction of miRNA-146a
      release did not require the autocrine feedback of interleukin 1beta and tumor
      necrosis factor alpha released from infected macrophages, and it repressed the
      TLR-2 downstream mediators IRAK-1 and TRAF-6, as well as the inflammatory factors
      cyclooxygenase 2 and interleukin 1beta. In summary, pneumococci recognition
      induces a negative feedback loop, preventing excessive inflammation via miR-146a
      and potentially other miRNAs.

PMID- 26984147
TI  - Dengue Viruses and Lifelong Immunity: Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom.

PMID- 26984149
TI  - Mechanisms of interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms.

PMID- 26984144
TI  - Homotypic Dengue Virus Reinfections in Nicaraguan Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infection with any of the 4 related dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1-4)
      is thought to result in lifelong immunity to homotypic reinfection (ie,
      reinfection with the same serotype). METHODS: Archived serum samples collected as
      part of an ongoing pediatric dengue cohort study in Nicaragua were tested for
      DENV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Samples were
      collected from 2892 children who presented with an acute febrile illness
      clinically attributed to a non-DENV cause (hereafter, "C cases"). Test results
      were added to a database of previously identified symptomatic dengue cases in the
      cohort to identify repeat infections. RESULTS: Four patients with homotypic DENV
      reinfections were identified and confirmed among 29 repeat DENV infections
      (13.8%) with serotype confirmation. Homotypic reinfections with DENV-1, DENV-2,
      and DENV-3 occurred 325-621 days after the initial infection. Each patient
      experienced 1 symptomatic dengue case and 1 DENV-positive C case, and 2 patients
      presented with symptomatic dengue during their second infection. These DENV
      positive C cases did not elicit long-lived humoral immune responses, despite
      viremia levels of up to 6.44 log10 copies per mL of serum. CONCLUSIONS: We
      describe the first set of virologically confirmed homotypic DENV reinfections.
      Such cases challenge the current understanding of DENV immunity and have
      important implications for modeling DENV transmission.

PMID- 26984150
TI  - Low IQ scores in schizophrenia: primary or secondary deficit?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is consistently associated with lower IQ compared to
      the IQ of control groups, or estimated premorbid IQ. It is not likely that the IQ
      scores deteriorate during the prodromal phase or first psychotic episode; they
      are already present before the onset of the prodromal phase and have been
      detected in childhood. METHODS: We investigated cognitive functioning and IQ
      levels in a group of 36 patients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders.
      RESULTS: The IQ scores in our sample were lower than average. The IQ showed a
      relation with attention, memory, speed of information processing and some aspects
      of executive functioning. However, when IQ scores were corrected for processing
      speed, they were no longer below average. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are
      important in considering the value of intelligence levels in schizophrenia. IQ
      scores should be judged in combination with cognitive functioning and school
      career to assess a patients capabilities in society. Cognitive functions and
      other variables might have a considerable influence on IQ scores. This rises the
      question of whether the low IQ scores are a primary or secondary deficit.
      Schizophrenia patients may have normal IQs, but could be less capable of making
      an IQ-test.

PMID- 26984151
TI  - Catatonia: the rise and fall of an intriguing psychopathological dimension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For at least 125 years the discussion about the clinical relevance of
      catatonic symptoms in psychiatry continues. It started from the original
      description by Kahlbaum and was revived by modern factor analytical studies, that
      identified the catatonic dimension in about 10% of newly admitted patients.
      OBJECTIVE: Over a period of 2 years, four patients with an acute episodic
      psychosis and prominent catatonic symptoms were examined. METHODS: A clinical
      description is given of the psychopathology and classification is performed
      according to the various diagnostic instruments. RESULTS: All patients showed a
      circular fluctuation of their psychoses, with motor symptoms ranging from the
      excited to the inhibited pole within one episode. Their clinical pictures also
      comprised mood swings and anxieties as well as hallucinatory and delusional
      experiences, whereas the course of disease was characterized by complete recovery
      without residual symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The significance of catatonic symptoms is
      not recognized in the current taxonomies despite the fact that this has major
      pharmacological treatment implications.

PMID- 26984152
TI  - Agitation in dementia due to hypothyroidism.

PMID- 26984153
TI  - Pteridines and affective disorders.
AB  - The pteridine tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor in the
      biosynthesis of dopamine, (nor)epinephrine, serotonin and nitric oxide (NO).
      Furthermore, BH4 has a direct influence on release mechanisms of these
      neurotransmitters and on serotonin receptor binding activity immunology. The
      synthesis of BH4 is stimulated by interferon-gamma and hence there is a close
      relationship with the immune system HPA-axis. In animal experiments it was also
      found that the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis influences the pteridine
      metabolism. In clinical studies, so far, no evidence has been found for this
      relationship diseases. A congenital biopterin deficiency results in atypical
      phenylketonuria with severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. In several neurological
      diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, decreased levels of BH4 are found
      depression. Since 1984 there have been reports on decreased biopterin and
      increased neopterin levels in urine and plasma of depressed patients. Conflicting
      results have also been found, however, due probably to methodological problems
      therapy. Until now, oral administration of BH4 to depressed patients has been
      performed by two investigators, which resulted in mainly temporal clinical
      improvement discussion. Understanding of biochemical mechanisms in which
      pteridines are involved may contribute to our knowledge of the pathogenesis and
      treatment of affective disorders. This paper aims to provide an overview of the
      relevant literature and warrant for further research on this intriguing compound.

PMID- 26984148
TI  - Responder Interferon lambda Genotypes Are Associated With Higher Risk of Liver
      Fibrosis in HIV-Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis progresses faster in individuals coinfected with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Interferon lambda3 (IFN
      lambda3) has both antiviral and proinflammatory properties. Genotypes at IFNL
      single-nucleotide proteins (SNPs; rs12979860CC and rs8099917TT) are linked to
      higher HCV clearance, potentially via rs8103142. We examined the relationship
      between IFN-lambda genotypes and significant liver fibrosis in HIV-HCV
      coinfection. METHODS: From the prospective Canadian Co-infection Cohort (n =
      1423), HCV RNA-positive participants in whom IFN-lambda genotypes were detected
      and who were free of fibrosis, end-stage liver disease, and chronic hepatitis B
      at baseline (n = 485) were included. Time to significant fibrosis (defined as an
      aspartate transaminase level to platelet count ratio index [APRI] of >=1.5) by
      IFN-lambda genotypes was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards, with adjustment
      for age, sex, ethnicity, alcohol use, CD4(+) T-cell count, HCV genotype, gamma
      glutamyl transferase level, and baseline APRI. Haplotype analysis was performed,
      with adjustment for ethnicity. RESULTS: A total of 125 participants developed
      fibrosis over 1595 person-years (7.84 cases/100 person-years; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 6.58-9.34 cases/100 person-years). Each genotype was associated
      with an increased fibrosis risk, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.37 (95% CI, .94
      2.02) for rs12979860CC, 1.34 (95% CI, .91-1.97) for rs8103142TT, and 1.79 (95%
      CI, 1.24-2.57) for rs8099917TT. Haplotype TCT was also linked with a higher risk
      (hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, .73-1.77]). CONCLUSIONS: IFN-lambda SNPs rs12979860,
      rs8099917, and rs81013142 were individually linked to higher rates of fibrosis in
      individuals with HIV-HCV coinfection. IFN-lambda genotypes may be useful to
      target HCV treatments to people who are at higher risk of liver disease.

PMID- 26984154
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome in the psychiatric practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex syndrome with a
      psychiatric comorbidity of 70-80%. A psychiatric interview is necessary in order
      to exclude psychiatric illness and to identify psychiatric comorbidity. Studies
      have demonstrated that in general medical practice and in the non-psychiatric
      specialist practice, physicians tend to underdiagnose psychopathology in patients
      with CFS. There are many questions unanswered about the treatment of CFS Aim:
      Typical issues for the psychiatric practice are reviewed: psychiatric
      comorbidity, dysregulation of the PHA-axis and the treatment of CFS. CONCLUSIONS:
      Depression, somatization, sleeping disorders and anxiety disorders are the most
      important psychopathological symptoms found in CFS patients. CFS should not be
      regarded as a masked (somatoform) depression. Although the results from
      neuroendocrinological studies assessing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
      (HPA-axis) are inconsistent, they suggest that there is a subgroup of CFS
      patients suffering from a discrete dysregulation of the HPA-axis resulting in
      basal hypocortisolaemia. These findings, however, do not reveal a causal
      relationship. Antidepressants do not seem to have a positive influence on the
      symptom of fatigue, but appear to be beneficial in alleviating the symptoms of
      depression and social functioning. Cognitive behaviour therapy and graded
      exercise show a significant improvement on fatigue and other symptoms and are the
      only treatments available for CFS patients.

PMID- 26984155
TI  - The abnormal development of drive and guidance mechanisms in the brain: the
      pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It remains a mystery as to how genetic and environmental factors
      cause schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: To develop a pathophysiological model of
      schizophrenia that has greater explanatory power than existing hypotheses of the
      disorder. METHOD: Published findings on schizophrenia are integrated with more
      recent data from human and animal studies of striatal and cerebellar functions.
      RESULTS: The analysis shows that during phylo- and ontogenesis two primarily
      motor-control mechanisms are applied at the intentional (limbic) level of
      functioning to organize emotional and cognitive behavior: one for initiating and
      dosing (drive) and the other for the representational guidance (guidance) of both
      movements and intentions. The intentional drive and guidance mechanisms are
      organized through a ventral, respectively, a dorsal cortical-subcortical
      circuitry. CONCLUSIONS: A deficient implementation of these mechanisms at the
      limbic domain manifests itself as schizophrenia, whereby the heterogeneity in
      symptomatology is explained by the extent of the remaining cerebral activity and
      by the degree of indirect activation of these systems. In general, activation
      manifests itself as positive symptomatology and the absence of such activation as
      negative symptomatology. The model provides a more comprehensive explanation for
      existing clinical and epidemiological data than do the current alternatives. It
      is compatible with the major prevailing views on the illness, such as the
      theories that regard this as a progressive neurodevelopmental, or a connectivity
      disorder, or one resulting from a deficient cerebral lateralization, or an
      interrupted cortico-thalamo-cerebello-cortical circuitry. The model fits with
      recent theories in evolutionary psychology and evolutionary psychiatry.

PMID- 26984156
TI  - Depression and Parkinson's disease: a conceptual challenge.
AB  - AIM: To explore the relation between Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression from
      a conceptual point of view. METHODS: Discussion of the relevant literature on the
      conceptual, phenomenological and therapeutical aspects of depression in
      Parkinson's disease. RESULTS: Both semantic confusion and an erroneous belief in
      the mind-body distinction have contributed to some common misunderstandings of
      the nosology and etiology of depression in Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSION: The
      consequences of a different, integrated, neuropsychiatric approach for both
      diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 26984157
TI  - Silibinin inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell motility by suppressing TGF
      beta2 expression.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional cytokine that
      regulates many biological events including cell motility and angiogenesis. Here,
      we investigated the role of elevated TGF-beta2 level in triple negative breast
      cancer (TNBC) cells and the inhibitory effect of silibinin on TGF-beta2 action in
      TNBC cells. Breast cancer patients with high TGF-beta2 expression have a poor
      prognosis. The levels of TGF-beta2 expression increased significantly in TNBC
      cells compared with those in non-TNBC cells. In addition, cell motility-related
      genes such as fibronectin (FN) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression
      also increased in TNBC cells. Basal FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression levels
      decreased in response to LY2109761, a dual TGF-beta receptor I/II inhibitor, in
      TNBC cells. TNBC cell migration also decreased in response to LY2109761.
      Furthermore, we observed that TGF-beta2 augmented the FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9
      expression levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, TGF-beta2
      induced FN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression levels decreased significantly in
      response to LY2109761. Interestingly, we found that silibinin decreased TGF-beta2
      mRNA expression level but not that of TGF-beta1 in TNBC cells. Cell migration as
      well as basal FN and MMP-2 expression levels decreased in response to silibinin.
      Furthermore, silibinin significantly decreased TGF-beta2-induced FN, MMP-2, and
      MMP-9 expression levels and suppressed the lung metastasis of TNBC cells. Taken
      together, these results suggest that silibinin suppresses metastatic potential of
      TNBC cells by inhibiting TGF-beta2 expression in TNBC cells. Thus, silibinin may
      be a promising therapeutic drug to treat TNBC. 

PMID- 26984159
TI  - Austerity is linked to rising mortality among older pensioners.

PMID- 26984158
TI  - Metabonomics and intensive care.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26984161
TI  - Statistical significance does not imply a real effect.

PMID- 26984160
TI  - Fetal heart rate monitoring of short term variation (STV): a methodological
      observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiotocography (CTG) has high sensitivity, but less specificity in
      detection of fetal hypoxia. There is need for adjunctive methods easy to apply
      during labor. Low fetal heart rate short term variation (STV) is predictive for
      hypoxia during the antenatal period. The objectives of our study were to
      methodologically evaluate monitoring of STV during labor and to compare two
      different monitors (SonicaidTM and EDANTM) for antenatal use. METHODS: A
      prospective observational study at the obstetric department, Karolinska
      University hospital, Stockholm (between September 2011 and April 2015). In 100
      women of >= 36 weeks gestation, STV values were calculated during active labor.
      In a subset of 20 women we compared STV values between internal and external
      signal acquisition. Additionally we compared antenatal monitoring with two
      different monitors in another 20 women. RESULTS: Median STV in 100 fetuses
      monitored with scalp electrode during labor (EDANTM) was 7.1 msec (range 1.3
      25.9) with no difference between early (3-6 cm) and late (7-10 cm) labor (7.1 vs
      6.8 msec; p = 0.80). STV calculated from scalp electrode signals were positively
      correlated with delta-STV (STV internal -external) (R = 0.70; p < 0.01). No
      significant differences were found between SonicaidTM and EDANTM in antenatal
      external monitoring of STV (median difference 0.9 msec, Spearman Rank Correlation
      Sonicaid vs delta-STV; R = 0.35; p = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Median intrapartum STV
      was 7.1 msec. Significant differences were found between internal and external
      signal acquisition, a finding that suggests further intrapartum studies to be
      analysed separately depending upon type of signal acquisition. Antenatal external
      monitoring with SonicaidTM and EDANTM indicates that the devices perform equally
      well in the identification of acidemic fetuses. Further studies are needed to
      assess the clinical value of intrapartum STV.

PMID- 26984162
TI  - The impact of weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic use in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atypical antipsychotics offer clear advantages in the management of
      schizophrenia, compared with conventional neuroleptics, but weight gain is a
      significant adverse effect with some of these agents. OBJECTIVE: To review the
      literature on weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment in
      schizophrenia. METHODS: Relevant sources were identified from Medline searches to
      February 2003 using combinations of keywords including 'schizophrenia',
      'antipsychotics', 'weight gain', 'adverse events', 'obesity', and 'diabetes'.
      RESULTS: Most atypical antipsychotics induce some weight gain, but the magnitude
      of the effect varies markedly. The greatest increases are seen with clozapine and
      olanzapine: risperidone has a slight effect, comparable with that of conventional
      neuroleptics, while ziprasidone and aripiprazole appear from current data to have
      little effect. In addition, atypical antipsychotics have been associated with
      metabolic disturbances, particularly glucose dysregulation and dyslipidemia.
      These effects tend to be more marked with olanzapine and clozapine than with
      other agents. Weight gain associated with atypical antipsychotics imposes
      substantial morbidity, in addition to that associated with schizophrenia itself.
      Furthermore, weight gain can significantly impair patients' quality of life, and
      leads to non-adherence with treatment. Effective weight management should include
      the selection of an appropriate atypical antipsychotic and for effective weight
      management, as well both diet and exercise, formal weight management programs
      tailored to the needs of schizophrenic patients may be useful, and some patients
      may benefit from weight-reducing drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Weight gain associated with
      atypical antipsychotics is a common problem that requires effective management.
      The selection of an agent with a low risk of weight gain, such as risperidone or
      ziprasidone, is central to such management.

PMID- 26984163
TI  - Characteristics of sleep disturbances in Poland - results of the National Health
      Interview Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apart from insomnia, poor quality of sleep, decreased sleep duration,
      tiredness after awakening and frequency of using sleeping drugs are important
      indicators of sleep problems. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the
      prevalence of indicators of sleep disturbance, such as quality of sleep, sleep
      duration, feeling of restfulness in the morning and drug utilization in a
      randomly selected Polish adult population. METHODS: A stratified scheme of
      sampling involving two steps was used. A representative Polish population sample
      of 47 924 non-institutionalized adults was interviewed. Assessments of sleep
      related problems were based on six questions. Standardized prevalence ratios
      (SPRs and their 95% confidence intervals) were calculated. RESULTS: Almost one
      tenth of Polish inhabitants usually slept badly or very badly, a problem that was
      more common among women than men. Quality of sleep decreased together with ageing
      and this process was more rapid in women than in men over 40 years of age. Highly
      educated respondents had the highest quality of sleep. Up to one-fifth of the
      general Polish population usually woke up tired in the morning. Mean sleep
      duration was 7.7 h, with no gender differences. Usage of over-the-counter (OTC)
      medications was significantly lower than usage of those prescribed by the
      physician (5 vs. 16%). Women used OTC drugs twice as often as men. CONCLUSIONS:
      It would appear to be necessary to introduce educational programmes for the
      community as well as for general practitioners in order to correct improper
      attitudes.

PMID- 26984164
TI  - Effects of desmopressin (DDAVP) on memory impairment following electroconvulsive
      therapy (ECT).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Memory impairment is a common adverse effect of electroconvulsive
      therapy (ECT). Studies on animals and humans suggest that vasopressin improves
      the cognitive function, and positive effects of desmopressin on memory and
      learning have been reported. This research was performed for evaluation of the
      effects of desmopressin in the prevention of memory impairment following ECT.
      METHODS: This randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial with placebo
      administration was performed on 50 patients with psychiatric disorders who were
      candidates for ECT. Subjects in the case group received 60 um of intranasal
      desmopressin daily (in three doses of 20 um). For the control group 0.9% saline
      solution was administered in the same way. Memory function was evaluated using
      Wechsler's Memory Scale three times a week (the first time before the start of
      ECT and the second and third times after the third and sixth sessions,
      respectively). Results were analyzed by t-test and Paired t-test. RESULTS: The
      mean age of patients was 29 years (range 20-40). During the course of ECT,
      patients in the control group demonstrated a meaningful decrease in memory scores
      (from a base score of 80.15-75.45 in the second test and 72.60 in the third
      test). Despite this, a meaningful increase in memory scores was observed during
      the treatment with desmopressin in the case group (from a base score of 73.27
      75.70 and 79.13 in the second and the third tests, respectively). There was a
      meaningful difference between the two groups (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study
      confirms the protective effect of desmopressin against memory impairment. The
      results confirm that memory impairment is a common side-effect of ECT and suggest
      that desmopressin may prevent ECT-induced memory impairment by its effects on
      memory and the learning process.

PMID- 26984165
TI  - Changes in appearance and schizotypy in normal subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest that drastic changes in physical appearance
      may signal psychotic decompensation in schizophrenic patients. OBJECTIVE: The
      current study sought to explore the association between changes in appearance and
      psychotic vulnerability in a more systematic fashion. METHODS: A sample of
      undergraduates (n = 171) completed the Changes in Appearance Scale (CAS), which
      assesses frequency and nature of changes in outlook, along with a Schizotypy
      Scale (STA), the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Fear
      Questionnaire (FQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: A modest but
      significant correlation was found between the CAS and STA scores. For the other
      symptom measures (MOCI, FQ, and BDI), no association with self-reported changes
      in physical appearance emerged. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in physical appearance are
      found to be significantly associated to mild (pre)psychotic symptoms.

PMID- 26984166
TI  - Focus on fillings: a qualitative health study of people medically diagnosed with
      mercury poisoning, linked to dental amalgam.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This paper reports a qualitative investigation of people who have
      considered removing their dental amalgam fillings following a medical diagnosis
      of mercury poisoning. OBJECTIVE: To document themes from patients' collective,
      subjective experience; and explore links between illness and dental amalgam.
      METHODS: Seven focus groups involved 35 participants selected by random, criteria
      sampling from the computerized patient records of one medical practice. RESULTS:
      The participants' experiences represented four scenarios, each with a distinct
      pattern of presenting illness, and developmental path for health beliefs linking
      mercury and illness. When discussing health outcomes following their diagnosis of
      mercury poisoning, 29 of the 32 participants who had begun amalgam removal
      reported enduring health gains. Participants compared sources of information on
      mercury poisoning, and explored issues related to medical practice: the focus on
      symptoms and not aetiology; how symptoms were monitored; the stigma of a
      psychosomatic label; suicide; and the problematic detoxification process.
      CONCLUSION: The placebo effect and reduced galvanism as explanations for recovery
      are considered. A 'toothless body' metaphor is proposed as a possible explanation
      for missed diagnosis of mercury poisoning. Participants reported that the
      experience was costly both financially and socially, and wanted health
      professionals to be more open to considering mercury in a causal role for chronic
      illness.

PMID- 26984167
TI  - Differential impairment of working memory performance in first-degree relatives
      of individuals with schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have reported neuropsychological impairment in
      schizophrenia and increasing evidence suggests that individuals with
      schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their unaffected first
      degree family members exhibit similar deficits in some neuropsychological
      domains. Substantial modifications to the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) have
      resulted in more sensitive and reliable indicators of various aspects of memory
      functioning in the WMS-III, which enables generation of auditory, visual and
      working memory indices. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine
      the memory profile of individuals with schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum
      disorder (n = 19), their unaffected first-degree family members (n = 11), and
      healthy controls (n = 9). METHODS: The study involved neuropsychological testing,
      including the immediate and working memory subtests of the WMS-III, utilizing
      both auditory and visual domains. Symptom assessment was performed using the
      Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), version 2.0. Two
      multivariate analyses of covariance (mancova) were conducted: (i) comparing
      patients, relatives and controls; and (ii) comparing relatives and controls only.
      RESULTS: The first analysis indicated that the patient group obtained
      significantly lower index scores than both relatives and controls on all three
      indices. The second analysis indicated that the performance of relatives was
      significantly lower than controls on the working memory index, although there
      were no significant differences on the auditory and visual immediate index
      scores. CONCLUSIONS: The differential impairment in working memory performance in
      clinically asymptomatic family members suggests that the WMS-III working memory
      index score may be a potential phenotypic marker of schizophrenia.

PMID- 26984168
TI  - Abnormal speech perception in schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neurobiological mechanism of auditory hallucination (AH) in
      schizophrenia remains elusive, but AH can be caused by the abnormality in the
      speech perception system based on the speech perception neural network model.
      OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether schizophrenic
      patients with AH have the speech processing impairment as compared with
      schizophrenic patients without AH, and whether the speech perception ability
      could be improved after AH had subsided. METHODS: Twenty-four schizophrenic
      patients with AH were compared with 25 schizophrenic patients without AH.
      Narrative speech perception was assessed using a masked speech tracking (MST)
      task with three levels of superimposed phonetic noise. Sentence repetition task
      (SRT) and auditory continuous performance task (CPT) were used to assess grammar
      dependent verbal working memory and non-language attention, respectively. These
      tests were measured before and after treatment in both groups. RESULTS: Before
      treatment, schizophrenic patients with AH showed significant impairments in MST
      compared with those without AH. There were no significant differences in SRT and
      CPT correct (CPT-C) rates between both groups, but CPT incorrect (CPT-I) rate
      showed a significant difference. The low-score CPI-I group showed a significant
      difference in MST performance between the two groups, while the high-score CPI-I
      group did not. After treatment (after AH subsided), the hallucinating
      schizophrenic patients still had significant impairment in MST performance
      compared with non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      support the claim that schizophrenic patients with AH are likely to have a
      disturbance of the speech perception system. Moreover, our data suggest that non
      language attention might be a key factor influencing speech perception ability
      and that speech perception dysfunction might be a trait marker in schizophrenia
      with AH.

PMID- 26984169
TI  - Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance and sarcoidosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The isoprenoid pathway produces three key metabolites:
      endogenous digoxin (membrane sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor, immunomodulator
      and regulator of neurotransmitter/amino acid transport), dolichol (regulates N
      glycosylation of proteins) and ubiquinone (free radical scavenger). The role of
      the isoprenoid pathway in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis in relation to
      hemispheric dominance was studied. METHODS: The isoprenoid pathway-related
      cascade was assessed in patients with systemic sarcoidosis with pulmonary
      involvement. The pathway was also assessed in patients with right hemispheric,
      left hemispheric and bihemispheric dominance for comparison to find out the role
      of hemispheric dominance in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. RESULTS: In patients
      with sarcoidosis there was elevated digoxin synthesis, increased dolichol and
      glycoconjugate levels and low ubiquinone and elevated free radical levels. There
      was also an increase in tryptophan catabolites and a reduction in tyrosine
      catabolites. There was an increase in the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio and a
      reduction in the glycoconjugate level of red blood cell (RBC) membrane in this
      group of patients. The same biochemical patterns were obtained in individuals
      with right hemispheric dominance. In individuals with left hemispheric dominance
      the patterns were reversed. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous digoxin, by activating the
      calcineurin signal transduction pathway of T cells, can contribute to immune
      activation in sarcoidosis. An altered glycoconjugate metabolism can lead to the
      generation of endogenous self-glycoprotein antigens in the lung as well as other
      tissues. Increased free radical generation can also lead to immune activation.
      The role of a dysfunctional isoprenoid pathway and endogenous digoxin in the
      pathogenesis of sarcoidosis in relation to right hemispheric chemical dominance
      is discussed. All the patients with sarcoidosis were right-handed/left
      hemispheric dominant according to the dichotic listening test, but their
      biochemical patterns were suggestive of right hemispheric chemical dominance.
      Hemispheric chemical dominance has no correlation with handedness or the dichotic
      listening test.

PMID- 26984170
TI  - Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Female patients with anorexia nervosa differ significantly from the
      control women in various dimensions of personality. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the
      personality dimensions measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory
      (TCI) in adolescent patients with restrictive-type and bulimic/purging-type
      anorexia nervosa (ANR and ANB, respectively), and contrast them with the results
      of control females. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with anorexia nervosa (36 ANR and
      25 ANB) and 60 controls were tested with the TCI. A concomitant assessment of
      depression, body mass index and age was made to evaluate the possible correlation
      with personality dimensions. RESULTS: Adolescent ANR patients scored higher in
      persistence, harm avoidance and cooperativeness, and lower in novelty seeking and
      self-transcendence than control women. ANB patients scored in the middle between
      ANR and control females, but differences did not reach the significance level
      with either group, except for the self-transcendence dimension where they scored
      significantly higher than those with ANR. CONCLUSIONS: The deviations in
      temperamental profile of adolescent ANR are similar to those reported in adult
      patients. The ANB adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa show less prominent
      deviations from the personality of control women. With regard to the character
      dimension of cooperativeness, adolescents with ANR scored higher than controls,
      in contrast to the observations in adult patients. This may reflect the effect of
      illness on the development of character.

PMID- 26984171
TI  - Personality disorder comorbidity among patients with bipolar I disorder in
      remission.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Comorbid personality disorders have been shown to be a prominent
      factor affecting symptom severity and course in bipolar disorder (BD) patients.
      Bipolar patients with personality disorder had more relapses, poorer prognosis
      and worse treatment response than those without an axis II diagnosis. OBJECTIVE:
      We evaluated the prevalence rate of comorbid personality disorder in 74 bipolar I
      disorder cases who were in remission and tried to elucidate the possible
      relationship between comorbid axis II disorders and prognosis, severity and
      treatment features of BD cases. METHODS: Diagnosis of all personality disorder
      comorbidities was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R
      Axis-II Disorders (SCID-II), while the general psychopathology level was assessed
      using the Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R). A questionnaire for acquiring
      sociodemographic and clinical variables was also used. RESULTS: Sixty-two per
      cent of bipolar I patients in this sample had at least one comorbid axis II
      disorder. The most common comorbid cluster of personality disorder was cluster C
      (48.6%), followed by cluster A (25.7%) and cluster B (20.3%) personality
      disorders. Assessment of demographic and clinical variables revealed that bipolar
      patients with comorbid personality disorder were mainly female, had multiple
      affective episodes, and had attempted suicide more often than patients without
      personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that
      comorbid personality disorder might alter the course of BD and result in a poorer
      prognosis and more severe psychopathology. Further prospective controlled studies
      minimizing the bias of interviewers and other confounding factors would help us
      to understand the pure impact of personality disorder on the course of BD, its
      prognosis and response to treatment.

PMID- 26984172
TI  - Charles Bonnet syndrome and dementia.

PMID- 26984173
TI  - Visual hallucinations in CBS: reply from the author.

PMID- 26984175
TI  - Anisotropic Li intercalation in a Li(x)FePO4 nano-particle: a spectral smoothed
      boundary phase-field model.
AB  - A spectral smoothed boundary phase-field model is implemented to study lithium
      (Li) intercalation in a LixFePO4 nano-particle immersed in a Li(+) rich
      electrolyte. It takes into account different physical processes on the particle
      surface, such as heterogeneous nucleation, Li flux and stress-free boundary
      conditions. We show the nucleation and growth of plate-like Li-rich crystallites
      along the (010) plane due to the high Li mobility along [001]. Since such plate
      like crystallites, which are nucleated from (001) surfaces, align their phase
      boundaries along the (101) habit planes, a LixFePO4 nano-particle with prominent
      (010) and (001) surface facets and the longest axis length along [100] is
      proposed to exhibit great mechanical stability. 

PMID- 26984174
TI  - Low Ten-eleven-translocation 2 (TET2) transcript level is independent of TET2
      mutation in patients with myeloid neoplasms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: New sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of
      mutations in Ten-eleven-translocation 2 (TET2), an enzyme that catalyzes the
      conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in myeloid
      neoplasms. We have recently identified reduced TET2 mRNA expression in
      myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is
      associated with a poor overall survival in MDS. We herein aimed to investigate
      TET2 mutations and their impact on TET2 expression in a cohort of patients with
      myeloid neoplasms, including MDS and AML patients. FINDINGS: TET2 mutations were
      observed in 8 out of 19 patients (42 %) with myeloid neoplasms. The TET2
      expression profile was similar between in wild type and in TET2 mutated patients.
      CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that TET2 expression is reduced in MDS/AML
      patients, independently of mutational status.

PMID- 26984176
TI  - In vitro immunomodulatory activity, cytotoxicity and chemistry of some central
      European polypores.
AB  - Context Some mushrooms of the order Polyporales are known for their
      immunomodulatory actions. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate
      the in vitro phagocytic and cytotoxic effects of extracts from polyporales native
      to Central Europe. Materials and methods The effects of ethanol extracts from 27
      polypore species on opsonized zymosan-induced phagocytosis of isolated human
      neutrophils were tested by a chemiluminescence method. Colon epithelial cell
      lines, Caco-2 and HT-29, were used for cytotoxicity assays, and extracts were
      chemically characterized in terms of total phenolic and beta-glucan content.
      Results We observed phagocytosis or respiratory burst enhancing activity in 17
      extracts, of which five species, namely Aurantiporus fissilis (Berk. & M.A.
      Curtis) H. Jahn ex Ryvarden, Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr., Piptoporus betulinus
      (Bull.) P. Karst, Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns, Polyporus squamosus
      (Huds.) Fr., significantly increased phagocytosis in granulocytes by 205, 181,
      158, 155 and 141%, respectively. The beta-glucan content of the three most potent
      extracts was 58, 42 and 74 mg/g, respectively, and the polyphenol content was
      155.6, 133.5 and 155.2 MUmol of gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. Some
      extracts showed cytotoxic activity, with higher cytotoxicity in Caco-2 than in HT
      29 cells. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst. extract was cytotoxic to both
      cell lines, with IC50 values of 81 and 31 MUg/mL, respectively. Discussion and
      conclusion The most promising extracts were from N. lepideus and Polyporus
      squamosus, which are edible species and may be considered safe. Our findings
      support their use as culinary preparations or food supplements for various
      immunological gut disorders.

PMID- 26984177
TI  - p75 neurotrophin receptor expression is a characteristic of the mitotically
      quiescent cancer stem cell population present in esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - Mitotically quiescent cancer stem cells (CSC) are hypothesized to exhibit a more
      aggressive phenotype involving greater therapeutic resistance and metastasis. The
      aim of our study was to develop a method for identifying quiescent CSC in
      esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) based on their expression of the p75
      neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and other proposed CSC markers, such as CD44 and
      CD90. Double immunostaining of surgical ESCC specimens revealed that the mean Ki
      67-labeling index of the p75NTR-positive cells was significantly lower than that
      of the p75NTR-negative cells. Real-time PCR analysis of sorted fractions of ESCC
      cell lines (KYSE cells) revealed that stem cell-related genes (Nanog, p63 and Bmi
      1) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (N-cadherin and
      fibronectin) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the p75NTR-positive
      fractions than in the CD44-positive or CD90-positive fractions. In addition, the
      p75NTR-positive fractions exhibited significantly higher colony formation in
      vitro, significantly enhanced tumor formation in mice, and significantly greater
      chemoresistance against cisplatin (CDDP) than the CD44-positive or CD90-positive
      fractions. Furthermore, in both the cultured cells and those from the mouse
      xenograft tumors, the p75NTR-positive/CD44-negative and p75NTR-positive/CD90
      negative KYSE cell fractions contained significantly higher proportions of
      mitotically quiescent cells. These results suggest that the mitotically quiescent
      CSC population in ESCC can be identified and isolated based on their p75NTR
      expression, providing researchers with a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target.

PMID- 26984179
TI  - The anti-tumor effects of cordycepin-loaded liposomes on the growth of hepatoma
      22 tumors in mice and human hepatoma BEL-7402 cells in culture.
AB  - Liposomes have successfully been used for decades to encapsulate and protect
      drugs that are prone to deactivation in the body. The present study aimed to
      demonstrate the use of liposomes to encapsulate cordycepin, an adenosine analog
      that quickly loses its activity in vivo. The cordycepin-loaded liposomes were
      prepared by the ammonium sulfate gradient approach, and its in vitro and in vivo
      antitumour activities were evaluated using BEL-7402 cells and hepatocellular
      carcinoma H22 transplanted tumors, respectively. An MTT assay was used to observe
      the cytotoxicity of cells treated with cordycepin and cordycepin-loaded liposomes
      in vitro. High-content screening (HSC) was carried out using Hoechst 33342 to
      detect apoptotic cells and the ratio of cells in different cell cycle stages. The
      data demonstrated that both the cordycepin and the cordycepin-loaded liposomes
      resulted in clear cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 18.97 and 29.39 MUg/mL,
      respectively. The latter showed significantly strong inhibitory effects on H22
      tumor growth in mice, while the former did not show any inhibitory effects on
      tumor growth. In addition, the HSC assay showed that the cordycepin-loaded
      liposomes resulted in a higher rate of apoptosis than the cordycepin alone in BEL
      7402 cells. Further data analysis revealed that the cells treated with cordycepin
      loaded liposomes were predominately arrested at the G2/M phase (p < 0.05), while
      those treated with cordycepin alone were arrested in the G0/G1 phase (p < 0.05).
      In conclusion, these results suggest that liposomes can enhance and maintain the
      in vivo anti-tumor activity of cordycepin. 

PMID- 26984180
TI  - Paralog analyses reveal gene duplication events and genes under positive
      selection in Ixodes scapularis and other ixodid ticks.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hard ticks (family Ixodidae) are obligatory hematophagous
      ectoparasites of worldwide medical and veterinary importance. The haploid genomes
      of multiple species of ixodid ticks exceed 1 Gbp, prompting questions regarding
      gene, segmental and whole genome duplication in this phyletic group. The
      availability of the genome assembly for the black legged tick, Ixodes scapularis,
      and transcriptome datasets for multiple species of ticks offers an opportunity to
      assess the contribution of gene duplication to the genome. Here we developed a
      bioinformatics pipeline to identify and analyze duplicated genes (paralogs) using
      gene models from the prostriate tick, I. scapularis IscaW1.1 annotation and
      expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from I. scapularis and the metastriate ticks,
      Rhipicephalus microplus (southern cattle tick), R. appendiculatus (brown ear
      tick) and Amblyomma variegatum (tropical bont tick). RESULTS: Approximately 1-2%
      of I. scapularis gene models and 2-14% of ESTs from the four species represent
      duplicated genes. The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide
      substitution rates suggests ~ 25% of duplicated genes are under positive
      selection pressure in each species. Analyses of synonymous substitution rates
      provide evidence for two duplication events in I. scapularis and R. microplus
      involving several hundred genes. Conservative molecular clock estimates based on
      synonymous substitution rates for species of Anopheles mosquitoes and the fruit
      fly, Drosophila melanogaster, suggest these events occurred within the last 50
      MYA. Mapping of paralogs to the I. scapularis genome assembly supports tandem, or
      possibly segmental duplication events. CONCLUSIONS: The present study marks the
      first genome-level analyses of gene duplication for the Ixodidae and provides
      insights into mechanisms shaping genome evolution in this group. At least two
      duplication events involving hundreds of genes may have occurred independently in
      the lineages prostriata and metastriata, with tandem and segmental duplication
      the most likely mechanisms for paralog generation. Duplicated genes under
      positive selection pressure may be linked to emerging functions in the tick and
      represent important candidates for further study.

PMID- 26984178
TI  - Developments in miRNA gene signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is a devastating malignancy that ranks as the fourth leading
      cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Dismal prognosis is mainly attributable
      to limited knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. miRNAs have
      been found to be deregulated in pancreatic cancer, affecting several steps of
      initiation and aggressiveness of the disease by regulating important signaling
      pathways, such as the KRAS and Notch pathways. Moreover, the effect of miRNAs on
      regulating cell cycle events and expression of transcription factors has gained a
      lot of attention. Recent studies have highlighted the application of miRNAs as
      biomarkers and therapeutic tools. The current review focuses on latest advances
      with respect to the roles of miRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
      associated signaling pathways and miRNA-based therapeutics. 

PMID- 26984182
TI  - Influence of agglomeration and specific lung lining lipid/protein interaction on
      short-term inhalation toxicity.
AB  - Lung lining fluid is the first biological barrier nanoparticles (NPs) encounter
      during inhalation. As previous inhalation studies revealed considerable
      differences between surface functionalized NPs with respect to deposition and
      toxicity, our aim was to investigate the influence of lipid and/or protein
      binding on these processes. Thus, we analyzed a set of surface functionalized NPs
      including different SiO2 and ZrO2 in pure phospholipids, CuroSurf(TM) and
      purified native porcine pulmonary surfactant (nS). Lipid binding was surprisingly
      low for pure phospholipids and only few NPs attracted a minimal lipid corona.
      Additional presence of hydrophobic surfactant protein (SP) B in CuroSurf(TM)
      promoted lipid binding to NPs functionalized with Amino or PEG residues. The
      presence of the hydrophilic SP A in nS facilitated lipid binding to all NPs. In
      line with this the degree of lipid and protein affinities for different surface
      functionalized SiO2 NPs in nS followed the same order (SiO2 Phosphate ~
      unmodified SiO2 < SiO2 PEG < SiO2 Amino NPs). Agglomeration and biomolecule
      interaction of NPs in nS was mainly influenced by surface charge and
      hydrophobicity. Toxicological differences as observed in short-term inhalation
      studies (STIS) were mainly influenced by the core composition and/or surface
      reactivity of NPs. However, agglomeration in lipid media and lipid/protein
      affinity appeared to play a modulatory role on short-term inhalation toxicity.
      For instance, lipophilic NPs like ZrO2, which are interacting with nS to a higher
      extent, exhibited a far higher lung burden than their hydrophilic counterparts,
      which deserves further attention to predict or model effects of respirable NPs.

PMID- 26984184
TI  - Evaluation of an Urban Farm-to-Preschool and Families Program.
AB  - Over the past 30 years, the rate of childhood obesity has risen dramatically.
      Despite recent declines in prevalence among preschool-aged children, child
      obesity is still a significant public health concern. Healthy People 2020
      objectives include increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among children over
      2 years of age and increasing the number of schools that offer access to fresh
      fruits and vegetables. To reach these objectives, farm-to-school programs are
      being implemented across the United States. The purpose of this evaluation was
      to: (a) identify factors that facilitate adoption of the Farm-to-Preschool and
      Families program in Springfield, MA, specifically; and (b) provide
      recommendations and guidelines for successful implementation of Farm-to-Preschool
      and Families programs generally. Using a combination of classroom observations of
      preschoolers, teacher and food service interviews, and administrator surveys, the
      findings suggest that having a strong programmatic infrastructure, administrative
      support, and external support from families is important to sustain a Farm-to
      Preschool and Families program. 

PMID- 26984181
TI  - Does hemipelvis structure and position influence acetabulum orientation?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although acetabulum orientation is well established anatomically and
      radiographically, its relation to the innominate bone has rarely been addressed.
      If explored, it could open the discussion on patomechanisms of such complex
      disorders as femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We therefore evaluated the
      influence of pelvic bone position and structure on acetabular spatial
      orientation. We describe this relation and its clinical implications. METHODS:
      This retrospective study was based on computed tomography scanning of three
      dimensional models of 31 consecutive male pelvises (62 acetabulums). All
      measurements were based on CT spatial reconstruction with the use of highly
      specialized software (Rhinoceros). Relations between acetabular orientation
      (inclination, tilt, anteversion angles) and pelvic structure were evaluated. The
      following parameters were evaluated to assess the pelvic structure: iliac opening
      angle, iliac tilt angle, interspinous distance (ISD), intertuberous distance
      (ITD), height of the pelvis (HP), and the ISD/ITD/HP ratio. The linear and
      nonlinear dependence of the acetabular angles and hemipelvic measurements were
      examined with Pearson's product - moment correlation and Spearman's rank
      correlation coefficient. Correlations different from 0 with p < 0.05 were
      considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Comparison of the axis position
      with pelvis structure with orientation in the horizontal plane revealed a
      significant positive correlation between the acetabular anteversion angle and the
      iliac opening angle (p = 0.041 and 0.008, respectively). In the frontal plane,
      there was a positive correlation between the acetabular inclination angle and the
      iliac tilt angle (p = 0.025 and 0.014, respectively) and the acetabular
      inclination angle and the ISD/ITD/HP ratio (both p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: There
      is a significant correlation of the hemipelvic structure and acetabular
      orientation under anatomic conditions, especially in the frontal and horizontal
      planes. In the anteroposterior view, the more tilted-down innominate bone causes
      a more caudally oriented acetabulum axis, whereas in the horizontal view this
      relation is reversed. This study may serve as a basis for the discussion on the
      role of the pelvis in common disorders of the hip.

PMID- 26984183
TI  - Reusing larval rearing water and its effect on development and quality of
      Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in applying the sterile insect technique
      (SIT) against mosquitoes. Mass production of mosquitoes for large-scale releases
      demands a huge amount of water. Yet, many arid and/or seasonally arid countries
      face the difficulties of acute water shortage, deterioration of water quality and
      environmental constraints. The re-use of water to rear successive generations of
      larvae is attractive as a way to reduce water usage and running costs, and help
      to make this control method viable. METHODS: To determine whether dirty larval
      water was a suitable rearing medium for Anopheles arabiensis, in place of the
      'clean' dechlorinated water routinely used, a series of three experiments was
      carried out to evaluate the effect of dirty water or mixed clean and dirty water
      on several parameters of insect quality. Batches of 100 fresh eggs were
      distributed in dirty water or added to clean water to test the effect of dirty
      water on egg hatching, whereas first-instar larvae were used to determine the
      effect on immature development time, pupation, adult emergence, body size, and
      longevity. Moreover, to assess the effect of dirty water on larval mortality,
      pupation rate, adult emergence, and longevity, L4 larvae collected after the
      tilting or larvae/pupae separation events were returned either to the dirty water
      or added to clean water. RESULTS: Results indicated that reusing dirty water or
      using a 50:50 mix of clean and dirty water did not affect egg hatching. Moreover,
      no difference was found in time to pupation, larval mortality or sex ratio when
      first-instar larvae were added to clean water, dirty water, or a 75:25, 50:50 or
      25:75 mix of clean and dirty water and reared until emergence. When late-instar
      larvae were put back into their own rearing water, there was no effect on
      pupation rate, emergence rate or female longevity, though male longevity was
      reduced. When reared from first-instar larvae, however, dirty water decreased
      pupation rate, emergence rate, body size, and adult longevity. CONCLUSIONS: Re
      used larval-rearing water has no impact on egg hatching, development time or
      mortality of the immature stages of An. arabiensis. However, dirty water is not
      suitable for the production of high quality adult mosquitoes. Recycling processes
      to improve water quality and increase insect quality will be investigated, since
      it may have important implications for the implementation of the SIT in areas
      where clean water is a scarce or costly resource.

PMID- 26984185
TI  - Impact of an invasive nitrogen-fixing tree on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and
      the development of native species.
AB  - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate soil biotrophs that establish
      intimate relationships with 80 % of terrestrial plant families. Arbuscular
      mycorrhizal fungi obtain carbon from host plants and contribute to the
      acquisition of mineral nutrients, mainly phosphorus. The presence of invasive
      plants has been identified as a soil disturbance factor, often conditioning the
      structure and function of soil microorganisms. Despite the investigation of many
      aspects related to the invasion ofAcacia dealbata, the effect produced on the
      structure of AMF communities has never been assessed. We hypothesize thatA.
      dealbatamodifies the structure of AMF community, influencing the establishment
      and growth of plants that are dependent on these mutualisms. To validate our
      hypothesis, we carried out denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
      analysis and also grew plants ofPlantago lanceolatain pots using roots of native
      shrublands or fromA. dealbata, as inoculum of AMF. Cluster analyses from DGGE
      indicated an alteration in the structure of AMF communities in invaded soils.
      After 15 weeks, we found that plants grown in pots containing native roots
      presented higher stem and root growth and also produced higher biomass in
      comparison with plants grown withA. dealbatainoculum. Furthermore, plants that
      presented the highest biomass and growth exhibited the maximum mycorrhizal
      colonization and phosphorus content. Moreover, fluorescence measurements
      indicated that plants grown withA. dealbatainoculum even presented higher
      photosynthetic damage. Our results indicate that the presence of the invaderA.
      dealbatamodify the composition of the arbuscular fungal community, conditioning
      the establishment of native plants. 

PMID- 26984186
TI  - TRPA1 mediates trigeminal neuropathic pain in mice downstream of
      monocytes/macrophages and oxidative stress.
AB  - Despite intense investigation, the mechanisms of the different forms of
      trigeminal neuropathic pain remain substantially unidentified. The transient
      receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel (encoded by TRPA1) has been reported to
      contribute to allodynia or hyperalgesia in some neuropathic pain models,
      including those produced by sciatic nerve constriction. However, the role of
      TRPA1 and the processes that cause trigeminal pain-like behaviours from nerve
      insult are poorly understood. The role of TRPA1, monocytes and macrophages, and
      oxidative stress in pain-like behaviour evoked by the constriction of the
      infraorbital nerve in mice were explored. C57BL/6 and wild-type (Trpa1(+/+)) mice
      that underwent constriction of the infraorbital nerve exhibited prolonged (20
      days) non-evoked nociceptive behaviour and mechanical, cold and chemical
      hypersensitivity in comparison to sham-operated mice (P < 0.05-P < 0.001). Both
      genetic deletion of Trpa1 (Trpa1(-/-)) and pharmacological blockade (HC-030031
      and A-967079) abrogated pain-like behaviours (both P < 0.001), which were abated
      by the antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid, and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (both P < 0.001). Nociception and
      hypersensitivity evoked by constriction of the infraorbital nerve was associated
      with intra- and perineural monocytic and macrophagic invasion and increased
      levels of oxidative stress by-products (hydrogen peroxide and 4-hydroxynonenal).
      Attenuation of monocyte/macrophage increase by systemic treatment with an
      antibody against the monocyte chemoattractant chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
      (CCL2) or the macrophage-depleting agent, clodronate (both P < 0.05), was
      associated with reduced hydrogen peroxide and 4-hydroxynonenal perineural levels
      and pain-like behaviours (all P < 0.01), which were abated by perineural
      administration of HC-030031, alpha-lipoic acid or the anti-CCL2 antibody (all P <
      0.001). The present findings propose that, in the constriction of the
      infraorbital nerve model of trigeminal neuropathic pain, pain-like behaviours are
      entirely mediated by the TRPA1 channel, targeted by increased oxidative stress by
      products released from monocytes and macrophages clumping at the site of nerve
      injury.

PMID- 26984187
TI  - Alterations in the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis.
AB  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease,
      leads to death within 3 to 5 years after onset. Beyond progressive motor
      impairment, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis suffer from major defects
      in energy metabolism, such as weight loss, which are well correlated with
      survival. Indeed, nutritional intervention targeting weight loss might improve
      survival of patients. However, the neural mechanisms underlying metabolic
      impairment in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remain elusive, in
      particular due to the lack of longitudinal studies. Here we took advantage of
      samples collected during the clinical trial of pioglitazone (GERP-ALS), and
      characterized longitudinally energy metabolism of patients with amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis in response to pioglitazone, a drug with well-characterized
      metabolic effects. As expected, pioglitazone decreased glycaemia, decreased liver
      enzymes and increased circulating adiponectin in patients with amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis, showing its efficacy in the periphery. However, pioglitazone
      did not increase body weight of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      independently of bulbar involvement. As pioglitazone increases body weight
      through a direct inhibition of the hypothalamic melanocortin system, we studied
      hypothalamic neurons producing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and the endogenous
      melanocortin inhibitor agouti-related peptide (AGRP), in mice expressing
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutant SOD1(G86R). We observed lower Pomc
      but higher Agrp mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of presymptomatic SOD1(G86R)
      mice. Consistently, numbers of POMC-positive neurons were decreased, whereas AGRP
      fibre density was elevated in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of SOD1(G86R)
      mice. Consistent with a defect in the hypothalamic melanocortin system, food
      intake after short term fasting was increased in SOD1(G86R) mice. Importantly,
      these findings were replicated in two other amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse
      models based on TDP-43 (Tardbp) and FUS mutations. Finally, we demonstrate that
      the melanocortin defect is primarily caused by serotonin loss in mutant
      SOD1(G86R) mice. Altogether, the current study combined clinical evidence and
      experimental studies in rodents to provide a mechanistic explanation for
      abnormalities in food intake and weight control observed in patients with
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Importantly, these results also show that
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression impairs responsiveness to classical
      drugs leading to weight gain. This has important implications for pharmacological
      management of weight loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 26984189
TI  - Effectiveness of eHealth interventions for the promotion of physical activity in
      older adults: a systematic review protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is known that regular physical activity (PA) is associated with
      improvements in physical, psychological, cognitive, and functional health
      outcomes. The World Health Organization recommends 150 min of moderate exercise
      per week for older adults to achieve these health benefits. However, only 20-60 %
      of adults aged 60 years and above currently meet these recommendations for
      exercise. The widespread use of the internet and mobile phones among older adults
      may open new opportunities to promote PA in this population. Findings of previous
      reviews suggest that eHealth interventions are effective in promoting PA in
      adults of various ages. However, to date, none of these reviews have provided a
      differentiated picture of engagement in such interventions and effects on PA
      among older adults. Also, we are unaware of any studies comparing effects of
      participation in eHealth vs. traditional paper-and-pencil interventions on PA in
      this population. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to
      compare the effectiveness of eHealth interventions promoting PA in older adults
      aged 55 years and above with either a non-eHealth PA intervention or a group that
      is not exposed to any intervention. METHODS: Eight electronic databases (MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, PEI, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and OpenGrey) will be
      searched to identify experimental and quasi-experimental studies examining the
      effectiveness of eHealth interventions for PA promotion in adults aged 55 years
      and above. Two authors will independently select and review references, extract
      data, and assess the quality of the included studies by using the Cochrane
      Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Disagreements between authors will be resolved
      by discussion involving a third author. If feasible, a meta-analysis will be
      conducted. Narrative synthesis using harvest plots will be performed, should a
      meta-analysis not be feasible. DISCUSSION: The proposed systematic review will be
      the first review that compares the effectiveness of eHealth interventions
      promoting PA in older adults aged 55 years and above with control groups exposed
      to a non-eHealth intervention or to no intervention. The results of this review
      will provide new information regarding the question whether eHealth interventions
      are an effective intervention vehicle for PA promotion in this population.
      SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015023875.

PMID- 26984190
TI  - Urban scaling in Europe.
AB  - Over the last few decades, in disciplines as diverse as economics, geography and
      complex systems, a perspective has arisen proposing that many properties of
      cities are quantitatively predictable due to agglomeration or scaling effects.
      Using new harmonized definitions for functional urban areas, we examine to what
      extent these ideas apply to European cities. We show that while most large urban
      systems in Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) approximately agree
      with theoretical expectations, the small number of cities in each nation and
      their natural variability preclude drawing strong conclusions. We demonstrate how
      this problem can be overcome so that cities from different urban systems can be
      pooled together to construct larger datasets. This leads to a simple statistical
      procedure to identify urban scaling relations, which then clearly emerge as a
      property of European cities. We compare the predictions of urban scaling to
      Zipf's law for the size distribution of cities and show that while the former
      holds well the latter is a poor descriptor of European cities. We conclude with
      scenarios for the size and properties of future pan-European megacities and their
      implications for the economic productivity, technological sophistication and
      regional inequalities of an integrated European urban system. 

PMID- 26984188
TI  - Early and protective microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: a prospective
      study using 18F-DPA-714 PET imaging.
AB  - While emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in
      Alzheimer's disease, the impact of the microglia response in Alzheimer's disease
      remains a matter of debate. We aimed to study microglial activation in early
      Alzheimer's disease and its impact on clinical progression using a second
      generation 18-kDa translocator protein positron emission tomography radiotracer
      together with amyloid imaging using Pittsburgh compound B positron emission
      tomography. We enrolled 96 subjects, 64 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 32
      controls, from the IMABio3 study, who had both (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B and
      (18)F-DPA-714 positron emission tomography imaging. Patients with Alzheimer's
      disease were classified as prodromal Alzheimer's disease (n = 38) and Alzheimer's
      disease dementia (n = 26). Translocator protein-binding was measured using a
      simple ratio method with cerebellar grey matter as reference tissue, taking into
      account regional atrophy. Images were analysed at the regional (volume of
      interest) and at the voxel level. Translocator protein genotyping allowed the
      classification of all subjects in high, mixed and low affinity binders. Thirty
      high+mixed affinity binders patients with Alzheimer's disease were dichotomized
      into slow decliners (n = 10) or fast decliners (n = 20) after 2 years of follow
      up. All patients with Alzheimer's disease had an amyloid positive Pittsburgh
      compound B positron emission tomography. Among controls, eight had positive
      amyloid scans (n = 6 high+mixed affinity binders), defined as amyloidosis
      controls, and were analysed separately. By both volumes of interest and voxel
      wise comparison, 18-kDa translocator protein-binding was higher in high affinity
      binders, mixed affinity binders and high+mixed affinity binders Alzheimer's
      disease groups compared to controls, especially at the prodromal stage, involving
      the temporo-parietal cortex. Translocator protein-binding was positively
      correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores and grey matter volume, as
      well as with Pittsburgh compound B binding. Amyloidosis controls displayed higher
      translocator protein-binding than controls, especially in the frontal cortex. We
      found higher translocator protein-binding in slow decliners than fast decliners,
      with no difference in Pittsburgh compound B binding. Microglial activation
      appears at the prodromal and possibly at the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's
      disease, and seems to play a protective role in the clinical progression of the
      disease at these early stages. The extent of microglial activation appears to
      differ between patients, and could explain the overlap in translocator protein
      binding values between patients with Alzheimer's disease and amyloidosis
      controls.

PMID- 26984192
TI  - Women in stroke, and cardiac devices in stroke management.

PMID- 26984193
TI  - Stroke incidence, prevalence and mortality in women worldwide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The study of sex differences on stroke incidence, prevalence and
      mortality is an emerging field of stroke epidemiology and care. AIMS: This study
      sought to determine the information available on stroke epidemiology in women
      worldwide and possible sex differences in stroke epidemiology, and, if so,
      describe the nature of these differences and whether they are consistent across
      countries/groups of countries. SUMMARY: We searched the available literature in
      English published between 1 January 2008 and 5 May 2015. Out of 17.789 papers
      only 56 peer-reviewed papers (29 community-based studies, 17 retrospective
      studies, 6 reviews, and 4 cross-sectional studies) have been included in the
      study. This review adopted the epidemiologic transition theory, which classifies
      countries into four stages according to their levels of industrialization and
      economy. For the first and second stages, reliable registries and health
      certification are lacking, and therefore our sought after data were very
      limited.In the third stage, specifically for Eastern Europe (post-socialist
      countries), the burden from stroke in women was on the rise, while in the fourth
      stage, despite an aging population, decreases in stroke incidence, prevalence and
      mortality have been observed, even in subjects older than 80 years for both
      sexes. However, regarding studies of US populations, these trends for women were
      less pronounced for African Americans, and Hispanics as well as Indians. This
      suggests a "gender-gap" regarding access to treatment and care.In conclusion,
      identifying the presence of differing global burden between the sexes will allow
      us to better understand how to prevent, treat, and manage both men and women.

PMID- 26984191
TI  - Market analyses of livestock trade networks to inform the prevention of joint
      economic and epidemiological risks.
AB  - Conventional epidemiological studies of infections spreading through trade
      networks, e.g., via livestock movements, generally show that central large-size
      holdings (hubs) should be preferentially surveyed and controlled in order to
      reduce epidemic spread. However, epidemiological strategies alone may not be
      economically optimal when costs of control are factored in together with risks of
      market disruption from targeting core holdings in a supply chain. Using extensive
      data on animal movements in supply chains for cattle and swine in France, we
      introduce a method to identify effective strategies for preventing outbreaks with
      limited budgets while minimizing the risk of market disruptions. Our method
      involves the categorization of holdings based on position along the supply chain
      and degree of market share. Our analyses suggest that trade has a higher risk of
      propagating epidemics through cattle networks, which are dominated by exchanges
      involving wholesalers, than for swine. We assess the effectiveness of contrasting
      interventions from the perspectives of regulators and the market, using
      percolation analysis. We show that preferentially targeting minor, non-central
      agents can outperform targeting of hubs when the costs to stakeholders and the
      risks of market disturbance are considered. Our study highlights the importance
      of assessing joint economic-epidemiological risks in networks underlying pathogen
      propagation and trade.

PMID- 26984194
TI  - Coralie English: Asking the important clinical questions.

PMID- 26984195
TI  - Erratum to Inter-rater agreement analysis of the Precise Diagnostic Score for
      suspected transient ischemic attack.

PMID- 26984197
TI  - PL37: a new hope in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy?
AB  - Solomon Tesfaye speaks to Nick Ward, Commissioning Editor: Solomon Tesfaye, MB
      ChB, MD, FRCP, speaks about PL37; the first orally administered dual inhibitor of
      enkephalinases and its potential role in the treatment of painful diabetic
      neuropathy. Solomon Tesfaye is a Consultant Physician/Endocrinologist at
      Sheffield Teaching Hospitals and Honorary Professor of Diabetic Medicine at the
      University of Sheffield. His research projects include the epidemiology, risk
      factors, pathogenesis, CNS involvement and treatment of diabetic neuropathy and
      neuropathic pain. He was awarded the Prestigious Camillo Golgi Prize of the
      European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in 2014 for major
      scientific contributions in diabetic neuropathy. He has had international
      leadership roles including chairmanship of the International Expert Group on
      Diabetic Neuropathy, and of NEURODIAB (2006-2009). He is also a member of the
      Science and Research Committee of Diabetes UK; a review panel member for the MRC,
      a Board Member of the Global Quantitative Sensation Testing Society; a member of
      the Advisory Council of the Neuropathy Trust; and Secretary of International
      Insulin Foundation. He has served as a member of the MRC, JDRF, NIDDK and UK NIHR
      scientific review panels and as a member of a Diabetes and Neuropathic Pain
      Review Group for NICE. 

PMID- 26984196
TI  - The M. tuberculosis HAD phosphatase (Rv3042c) interacts with host proteins and is
      inhibited by Clofazimine.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis codes for a HAD-phosphatase, Rv3042c (MtSerB2), that
      has earlier been characterized as a metabolic enzyme. Here we demonstrate that
      MtSerB2 is secreted into the cytosol of infected macrophages and is found in
      bronchoalveolar lavage samples of tuberculosis patients. MtSerB2 induces
      significant cytoskeleton rearrangements through cofilin activation and affects
      the expression of genes that regulate actin dynamics. It specifically interacts
      with HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27 that block apoptotic pathways and not with other
      HSPs. It actively dephosphorylates MAPK-p38 and NF-kappa B p65 that play crucial
      roles in inflammatory and immune responses. This in turn leads to down-regulation
      of Interleukin 8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine. Finally, during
      evaluation of inhibitors against MtSerB2 we found that Clofazimine, a drug being
      evaluated for XDR and MDR tuberculosis, inhibits MtSerB2 phosphatase activity and
      reverses the above effects and interactions with host proteins. Overall, the
      study identifies that MtSerB2 has new functions that might help the pathogen to
      evade the host's immune response.

PMID- 26984198
TI  - Microbial Flavoprotein Monooxygenases as Mimics of Mammalian Flavin-Containing
      Monooxygenases for the Enantioselective Preparation of Drug Metabolites.
AB  - Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases, which are difficult to obtain and
      study, play a major role in detoxifying various xenobiotics. To provide
      alternative biocatalytic tools to generate flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO)
      derived drug metabolites, a collection of microbial flavoprotein monooxygenases,
      sequence-related to human FMOs, was tested for their ability to oxidize a set of
      xenobiotic compounds. For all tested xenobiotics [nicotine, lidocaine, 3
      (methylthio)aniline, albendazole, and fenbendazole], one or more monooxygenases
      were identified capable of converting the target compound. Chiral liquid
      chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the conversions of 3
      (methylthio)aniline, albendazole, and fenbendazole revealed that the respective
      sulfoxides are formed in good to excellent enantiomeric excess (e.e.) by several
      of the tested monooxygenases. Intriguingly, depending on the chosen microbial
      monooxygenase, either the (R)- or (S)-sulfoxide was formed. For example, when
      using a monooxygenase from Rhodococcus jostii the (S)-sulfoxide of albendazole
      (ricobendazole) was obtained with a 95% e.e. whereas a fungal monooxygenase
      yielded the respective (R)-sulfoxide in 57% e.e. For nicotine and lidocaine,
      monooxygenases could be identified that convert the amines into their respective
      N-oxides. This study shows that recombinantly expressed microbial monooxygenases
      represent a valuable toolbox of mammalian FMO mimics that can be exploited for
      the production of FMO-associated xenobiotic metabolites.

PMID- 26984201
TI  - Correction to "Pharmacological Discrimination of Calcitonin Receptor: Receptor
      Activity-Modifying Protein Complexes".

PMID- 26984199
TI  - Histological assessment for femora of ovariectomized obesity (db/db) mice
      carrying mutated leptin receptor.
AB  - In order to provide a clue to understand the interplay between leptin and
      estrogen, we have examined femoral metaphyses of ovariectomized db/db mice
      carrying a mutated leptin receptor. We performed ovariectomy (OVX) or sham
      operation (sham) on 12-week old female wild-type and db/db mice, and then, after
      8 weeks, divided the animals into four groups: wild-type sham, wild-type OVX,
      db/db sham and db/db OVX. Samples from all groups were prepared for histochemical
      and ultrastructural examinations. As a result, db/db sham mice showed a reduced
      number and thickness of metaphyseal trabeculae and excessive adipose tissue when
      compared to wild-type sham mice. The wild-type OVX group exhibited markedly
      diminished trabecular number, as well as lower populations of osteoblasts and
      osteoclasts in comparison to wild-type sham group. On the other hand, trabecular
      numbers were similar for the two db/db groups, suggesting that the effect of the
      ovariectomy, i.e., estrogen deficiency may be lessened in this animal model.
      Leptin receptor was mainly found in osteoblasts and in bone marrow stromal cells
      including adipocytes. In addition, the expression of estrogen receptor did not
      seem to change after OVX in wild-type mice and in db/db mice. Both db/db sham and
      OVX mice featured many adipocytes close to the metaphyseal chondro-osseous
      junction, while osteoblasts accumulated glycogen granules and lipid droplets.
      Therefore, it seems likely that the disruption of leptin signaling in db/db mice
      shifts the cell differentiation cascade towards the adipocyte lineage, resulting
      in an osteoporotic bone independently of estrogen deficiency. 

PMID- 26984200
TI  - Determination of Anticoagulant Rodenticides and alpha-Chloralose in Human Hair.
      Application to a Real Case.
AB  - Anticoagulant rodenticides are the largest group of poisons used to kill harmful
      rodents. Their fundamental mode of action consists in the inhibition of the
      vitamin K epoxide reductase, which causes blood-clotting alteration, ultimately
      leading to hemorrhagic events as the cause of death. In this study, we developed
      an UHPLC-MS-MS for the simultaneous determination of 10 anticoagulant
      hydroxycoumarine rodenticides, plus alpha-chloralose in human hair, with the
      scope of detecting potential trace of chronological poison exposure in clinical
      and forensic cases. The method was fully validated and applied to a case of
      intentional poisoning perpetrated by administration of difenacoum and alpha
      chloralose to a 97-year-old woman, who was hospitalized because of severe
      symptoms, including drowsiness, convulsions, pallor and hematoma. Hair sample
      from the victim was segmentally analyzed. Difenacoum was detected in the proximal
      3-cm hair segment at the concentration of 2.9 pg/mg. To our knowledge, this is
      the first study to report that exposure to difenacoum is detectable in real hair
      samples. The other target analyte found in the hair sample was alpha-chloralose,
      which was detected in the 0-3 cm segment at the concentration of 85 pg/mg. The
      two subsequent and consecutive segments (3-6 cm and 6-9 cm) showed only traces of
      difenacoum (below LOQ) and low but quantifiable concentrations of alpha
      chloralose (29 and 6 pg/mg, respectively). Therefore, hair segmental analysis
      allowed us to conclude that the victim was repeatedly exposed to two poisons in
      the period corresponding to the first segment of hair.

PMID- 26984202
TI  - Helminth infections among long-term-residents and settled immigrants in Qatar in
      the decade from 2005 to 2014: temporal trends and varying prevalence among
      subjects from different regional origins.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Travel and migration from developing regions, where tropical diseases
      are common, to more developed industrialised nations can contribute to the
      introduction and subsequent spread of infections. With its rapidly expanding
      economy, Qatar has attracted vast numbers of immigrant workers in the last two
      decades, often from countries with poor socio-economic levels. Many used to
      arrive with patent intestinal parasitic infections. METHODS: We analysed the
      prevalence of helminth infections in a dataset of 29,286 records of subjects
      referred for stool examination at the Hamad Medical Corporation over the course
      of a decade (2005 to 2014, inclusive). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of combined
      helminth infections was low (1.86 %) but there were significant temporal trends,
      age and sex effects and those arising from the region of origin of the subjects.
      The most common helminths were hookworms (overall prevalence 1.22 %), which
      accounted for 70.1 % of cases, and therefore patterns for combined helminth
      infections were largely driven by hookworms. In both cases, and also in Trichuris
      trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides, prevalence peaked in 2008, since when
      prevalence has been steadily falling. Helminth infections were largely
      concentrated among subjects from five Asian countries (Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri
      Lanka, India and Pakistan), and there was a highly biased prevalence in favour of
      male subjects in all cases. Prevalence of all three nematodes peaked in age class
      7 (mean age 25.5 years, range = 20-29) and there were significant interactions
      between region of origin, sex of subjects and prevalence of hookworms.
      CONCLUSION: These results offer optimism that prevalence will continue to decline
      in the years ahead, especially if control is targeted at those most at risk of
      carrying infections.

PMID- 26984203
TI  - Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults.
AB  - The majority of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia will achieve a first
      complete remission (CR). However relapse is the most common cause of treatment
      failure. Outcomes after relapse remain poor, with long-term survival in the order
      of 10 %. Treatment decisions made at the time of first complete remission are
      thus critical to ensuring long-term survival. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell
      transplant (HCT) is effective at preventing relapse in many transplant recipients
      but is also associated with significant treatment related morbidity and
      mortality. Alternatively, ongoing systemic chemotherapy offers lower toxicity at
      the expense of increased relapse rates. Over the past decades, both the safety of
      transplant and the efficacy of non-transplant chemotherapy have improved.
      Emerging data show substantially improved outcomes for young adults treated with
      pediatric-inspired chemotherapy regimens that question the role of HCT in the
      upfront setting. In this review, we review the data supporting the role of
      allogeneic transplantation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and we
      propose a therapeutic algorithm for upfront therapy of adults with ALL.

PMID- 26984205
TI  - Dabigatran malabsorption in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: a clinical report.

PMID- 26984206
TI  - Self-inflicted, trans-optic canal, intracranial penetrating injury with a
      ballpoint pen.
AB  - Trans-orbital penetrating injuries are not common. If not promptly treated, these
      injuries can lead to serious disabilities and even death. A 60-year-old man, who
      had multiple underlying diseases, was admitted to our medical ward for the
      treatment of aspiration pneumonia; he attempted suicide by inserting a ballpoint
      pen into his left eye. CT of the brain showed a foreign body penetrating through
      the left optic canal into the intracranial parasellar region without obvious
      intracranial haemorrhage. The foreign body was withdrawn smoothly at bedside
      without a craniotomy. The patient was then transferred to the ICU for neuro
      observation. The patient recovered with complete left ophthalmoplegia but intact
      visual function. Acute management of a trans-orbital penetrating injury involves
      prompt neuroimaging examinations and knowledge of common recurring patterns of
      injury. All clinicians should be aware of the psychological condition of each
      patient, and suicide precautions should be considered during clinical practice. 

PMID- 26984207
TI  - The life cycle of Neocladocystis intestinalis (Vaz, 1932) (Digenea:
      Cryptogonimidae), in Aylacostoma chloroticum (Prosobranchia: Thiaridae), and
      Salminus brasiliensis (Characiformes: Characidae), in Argentina.
AB  - The life cycle of Neocladocystis intestinalis (Vaz, 1932) was resolved
      experimentally. The prosobranchiate snail Aylacostoma chloroticum Hylton Scott
      (Thiaridae) collected in the Yacyreta Dam, Province of Misiones, Argentina, was
      found naturally infected with cercariae that possessed pigmented eye spots, 7
      pairs of penetration glands, 12 pairs of flame cells, and a V-shaped, or Y-shaped
      excretory vesicle with very short stem. The cercariae developed in oval cysts,
      which were found on fin rays, and under scales of naturally and experimentally
      exposed tetragonopterid fish species and of experimentally exposed poecilid and
      prochilodont fish species. Adults were obtained experimentally from juvenile
      Salminus brasiliensis (Characidae), bred in captivity, and infected with
      metacercariae from albino Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Tetragonopteridae), which had
      been exposed to emerging cercariae. 

PMID- 26984204
TI  - Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in chronic kidney disease: current
      strategies and a look ahead.
AB  - The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is profoundly involved in the
      pathogenesis of renal and cardiovascular organ damage, and has been the preferred
      therapeutic target for renal protection for over 30 years. Monotherapy with
      either an Angiotensin Converting Enzime Inhibitor (ACE-I) or an Angiotensin
      Receptor Blocker (ARB), together with optimal blood pressure control, remains the
      mainstay treatment for retarding the progression toward end-stage renal disease.
      Combining ACE-Is and ARBs, or either one with an Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist
      (ARA), has been shown to provide greater albuminuria reduction, and to possibly
      improve renal outcome, but at an increased risk of potentially severe side
      effects. Moreover, combination therapy has failed to provide additional
      cardiovascular protection, and large prospective trials on hard renal endpoints
      are lacking. Therefore this treatment should, at present, be limited to selected
      patients with residual proteinuria and high renal risk. Future studies with novel
      agents, which directly act on the RAAS at multiple levels or have a more
      favourable side effect profile, are greatly needed to further explore and define
      the potential for and the limitations of profound pharmacologic RAAS inhibition. 

PMID- 26984209
TI  - Novel TNF-related Apoptotic-inducing Ligand-based Immunotoxin for Therapeutic
      Targeting of CD25 Positive Leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human TNF-related apoptotic-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been used
      successfully for targeted therapy of almost all cancers. Leukemia is the most
      common type of cancer in children, and despite the advances in therapeutic
      strategies, the survival rate in leukemia cases is very low. Overexpression of
      interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) in hematological malignancies has been utilized to
      target leukemia. Here, we report an immunotoxin fusion construct of human
      IL2alpha and TRAIL for targeting leukemia. AIM: Our aim was to develop an
      immunotoxin to target CD25+ leukemic cells. METHODS: Recombinant fusion construct
      comprising human IL2alpha and TRAIL114-281 was cloned, expressed and purified.
      Surface expression levels of IL2alpha and TRAIL receptors (CD25 and DR5
      respectively) were compared in four leukemic cell lines and patient-derived
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Efficacy of immunotoxins was tested
      in cell lines and PBMCs by cell viability assay and compared with receptor
      expression. RESULTS: The efficacy of IL2-TRAIL was higher than TRAIL alone and
      showed an IC50 ranging from 0.2-0.8 MUM in cell lines. IL2-TRAIL induced cell
      death in PBMCs from leukemic patients in vitro, which was proportional to CD25
      expression. Out of 34 leukemic samples, 24 samples were susceptible to
      immunotoxin-mediated cytotoxicity. The efficacy of IL2-TRAIL (87.5 %) was
      significantly high compared to TRAIL protein (29 %) in both myeloid and lymphoid
      leukemic patient samples. IL2-TRAIL fusion protein was highly specific for CD25+
      leukemia and showed 100 % efficacy in lymphocytic leukemia [acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia] that overexpressed CD25.

PMID- 26984210
TI  - A phase I pharmacokinetics study comparing PF-06439535 (a potential biosimilar)
      with bevacizumab in healthy male volunteers.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study compared the pharmacokinetics of PF-06439535, a potential
      bevacizumab biosimilar, to bevacizumab sourced from the European Union
      (bevacizumab-EU) and USA (bevacizumab-US), and of bevacizumab-EU to bevacizumab
      US. METHODS: In this double-blind study, 102 healthy males, aged 21-55 years,
      were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a single 5 mg/kg intravenous dose of PF
      06439535, bevacizumab-EU, or bevacizumab-US. Pharmacokinetic assessments were
      conducted for 71 days, with additional safety and immunogenicity assessments
      until day 100. Pharmacokinetic similarity was achieved if 90 % confidence
      intervals (CIs) for the test-to-reference ratios of the maximum serum
      concentration (C max), area under the serum concentration-time curve from zero to
      infinity (AUC0-infinity), and from zero to time of last quantifiable
      concentration (AUC0-t ) were within the 80.00-125.00 % bioequivalence acceptance
      window. RESULTS: The three study drugs exhibited similar pharmacokinetic
      properties. For the comparisons of PF-06439535 to bevacizumab-EU or bevacizumab
      US, and of bevacizumab-EU to bevacizumab-US, the 90 % CIs for the ratios of C
      max, AUC0-t , and AUC0-infinity were all within 80.00-125.00 %. Two, one, and two
      subjects treated with PF-06439535, bevacizumab-EU, and bevacizumab-US,
      respectively, tested positive for antidrug antibodies, none of whom tested
      positive for neutralizing antibodies. Treatment-related adverse events were
      reported in 15.2, 25.7, and 18.2 % of subjects in the PF-06439535, bevacizumab
      EU, and bevacizumab-US treatment arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      demonstrated the pharmacokinetic similarity of PF-06439535 to both bevacizumab-EU
      and bevacizumab-US, and of bevacizumab-EU to bevacizumab-US. The safety profile
      (including immunogenicity) was similar in the three treatment groups, with no
      significant safety findings reported.

PMID- 26984212
TI  - Vincent T. DeVita on His New Book, "The Death of Cancer," and the Current State
      of Cancer Care.

PMID- 26984208
TI  - Occurrence of Mesocestoides canislagopodis (Rudolphi, 1810) (Krabbe, 1865) in
      mammals and birds in Iceland and its molecular discrimination within the
      Mesocestoides species complex.
AB  - The life cycle of Mesocestoides tapeworms (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea:
      Mesocestoididae) requires three hosts. The first intermediate host is unknown but
      believed to be an arthropod. The second intermediate host is a vertebrate. The
      primary definitive host is a carnivore mammal, or a bird of prey, that eats the
      tetrathyridium-infected second intermediate host. One representative of the
      genus, Mesocestoides canislagopodis, has been reported from Iceland. It is common
      in the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) and has also been detected in domestic dogs
      (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis domestica). Recently, scolices of a non
      maturing Mesocestoides sp. have also been detected in gyrfalcon (Falco
      rusticolus) intestines, and tetrathyridia in the body cavity of rock ptarmigan
      (Lagopus muta). We examined the taxonomic relationship of Mesocestoides from
      arctic fox, gyrfalcon, and rock ptarmigan using molecular methods, both at the
      generic level (D1 domain LSU ribosomal DNA) and at the specific level (cytochrome
      c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S mitochondrial DNA). All stages belonged to
      Mesocestoides canislagopodis. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined 12S-COI at
      the specific level confirmed that M. canislagopodis forms a distinct clade, well
      separated from three other recognized representatives of the genus, M.
      litteratus, M. lineatus, and M. corti/vogae. This is the first molecular
      description of this species. The rock ptarmigan is a new second intermediate host
      record, and the gyrfalcon a new primary definitive host record. However, the
      adult stage seemed not to be able to mature in the gyrfalcon, and successful
      development is probably restricted to mammalian hosts. 

PMID- 26984211
TI  - Results of a phase II study of vorinostat in combination with intravenous
      fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or
      refractory mantle cell lymphoma: an interim analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a disease that frequently relapses and
      primarily affects elderly people. We performed an open-label, multi-center, phase
      II study to investigate the effect and quality of life (QoL) of treatment with
      vorinostat in combination with fludarabine, mitoxantrone and dexamethasone (V
      FND) for relapsed or refractory MCL. METHODS: The treatment schedule was composed
      of four cycles of induction treatment with V-FND and subsequent consolidation
      therapy involving autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or six
      cycles of vorinostat maintenance. QoL was assessed using EORTC Core Quality of
      Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) every 2 cycles. RESULTS: Data from a total of
      20 patients were collected for an interim analysis. The median age was 67 years
      (range 49-75), and 14 or the patients (70 %) were male. The full course of V-FND
      induction treatment was completed in 11 patients, but only three completed all
      six cycles of maintenance therapy. Response to V-FND was not available in two
      patients. Among the other 18 patients, the objective response rate was 77.8 %
      (complete response in five patients + partial response in nine patients). Median
      progression-free survival was 9.3 months [95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.0
      12.3]. Fifteen patients (75 %) experienced grade 3/4 toxicities. Analysis of QoL
      demonstrated significant deterioration of social functioning (p = 0.01), and
      significant aggravation of fatigue and nausea/vomiting (p = 0.04 and 0.01,
      respectively) after two cycles of V-FND induction. CONCLUSIONS: V-FND is
      effective in patients with relapsed or refractory MCL. However, significant
      toxicities were hurdles to sustained V-FND therapy.

PMID- 26984213
TI  - Vaccine Therapy, Oncolytic Viruses, and Gliomas.
AB  - After years of active research and refinement, vaccine therapy and oncolytic
      viruses are becoming part of the arsenal in the treatment of gliomas. In contrast
      to standard treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy, vaccines are more
      specific to the patient and the tumor. The majority of ongoing vaccine trials are
      investigating peptide, heat shock protein, and dendritic cell vaccines. The
      immunosuppression triggered by the tumor itself and by its treatment is a major
      obstacle to vaccine and oncolytic virus therapy. Thus, combination therapy with
      different agents that affect the immune system will probably be necessary. 

PMID- 26984214
TI  - Vaccine Therapies Against Gliomas: Prime Time Yet?

PMID- 26984215
TI  - When to Combine Endocrine Therapy With a New Agent for Hormone Receptor-Positive
      Metastatic Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women.

PMID- 26984216
TI  - Favorable vs Unfavorable Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Review of the New
      Classification System and Its Impact on Treatment Recommendations.
AB  - The population of patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer are a large and
      heterogeneous group with highly variable prognoses, which present a challenge to
      efforts to develop standardized treatment recommendations. New classification
      systems have been proposed that modify the existing National Comprehensive Cancer
      Network guidelines and that subdivide men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer
      into favorable and unfavorable subgroups. This review will examine the changing
      landscape of intermediate-risk prostate cancer and the effects on treatment
      decisions that may result from this new classification. The literature provides
      evidence that men with favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer have prostate
      cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality rates similar to the rates in
      patients with low-risk prostate cancer and thus may be candidates for active
      surveillance, dose-escalated radiation therapy without short-term androgen
      deprivation therapy (ADT), or, interestingly, standard-dose radiation therapy
      plus short-term ADT. Conversely, patients with unfavorable intermediate-risk
      prostate cancer have prostate cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality
      rates similar to the rates in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. These
      patients would not be candidates for active surveillance and may in fact require
      long-term ADT in addition to standard-dose or dose-escalated radiation therapy
      instead of 4 to 6 months of ADT. 

PMID- 26984217
TI  - The Quest for an Evidence-Based Approach to Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 26984218
TI  - Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.

PMID- 26984219
TI  - A Contemporary Review of HPV and Penile Cancer.
AB  - Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread sexually transmitted infection. In
      both men and women, HPV infection can result in a spectrum of genitourinary
      manifestations ranging from genital warts to cancer. Cervical cancer is nearly
      always associated with high-risk HPV infection. For men, penile cancer can
      develop following or independently of HPV infection. Basaloid and warty subtypes
      of penile squamous cell carcinoma are most frequently associated with HPV
      infection. Further research into the molecular alterations caused by HPV
      infection may provide prognostic markers and future treatment targets. Until an
      effective treatment for HPV infection is developed, prevention will remain the
      focus of disease control. For women, vaccination is increasingly utilized to
      prevent HPV infection and subsequent cervical cancer development. New
      recommendations for routine male vaccination may further reduce cancers for both
      men and women. 

PMID- 26984220
TI  - The Variegated Morphology of HPV-Related Neoplasms of the Penis.

PMID- 26984221
TI  - A 55-Year-Old Woman With New Triple-Negative Breast Mass, Less Than 2 cm on Both
      Mammogram and Ultrasound.

PMID- 26984223
TI  - More Opaque Than Clear: Reality Is Always Cloaked in Shades of Gray.

PMID- 26984222
TI  - Ground-Glass Opacity Lung Nodules in the Era of Lung Cancer CT Screening:
      Radiology, Pathology, and Clinical Management.
AB  - The advent of computed tomography screening for lung cancer will increase the
      incidence of ground-glass opacity (GGO) nodules detected and referred for
      diagnostic evaluation and management. GGO nodules remain a diagnostic challenge;
      therefore, a more systematic approach is necessary to ensure correct diagnosis
      and optimal management. Here we present the latest advances in the radiologic
      imaging and pathology of GGO nodules, demonstrating that radiologic features are
      increasingly predictive of the pathology of GGO nodules. We review the current
      guidelines from the Fleischner Society, the National Comprehensive Cancer
      Network, and the British Thoracic Society. In addition, we discuss the management
      and follow-up of GGO nodules in the light of experience from screening trials.
      Minimally invasive tissue biopsies and the marking of GGO nodules for surgery are
      new and rapidly developing fields that will yield improvements in both diagnosis
      and treatment. The standard-of-care surgical treatment of early lung cancer is
      still minimally invasive lobectomy with systematic lymph node dissection.
      However, recent research has shown that some GGO lesions may be treated with
      sublobar resections; these findings may expand the surgical treatment options
      available in the future. 

PMID- 26984224
TI  - HPV and Penile Cancer: Perspectives on the Future Management of HPV-Positive
      Disease.

PMID- 26984225
TI  - Genome sequence analysis of five Canadian isolates of strawberry mottle virus
      reveals extensive intra-species diversity and a longer RNA2 with increased coding
      capacity compared to a previously characterized European isolate.
AB  - In this study, we report the genome sequence of five isolates of strawberry
      mottle virus (family Secoviridae, order Picornavirales) from strawberry field
      samples with decline symptoms collected in Eastern Canada. The Canadian isolates
      differed from the previously characterized European isolate 1134 in that they had
      a longer RNA2, resulting in a 239-amino-acid extension of the C-terminal region
      of the polyprotein. Sequence analysis suggests that reassortment and
      recombination occurred among the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that
      the Canadian isolates are diverse, grouping in two separate branches along with
      isolates from Europe and the Americas. 

PMID- 26984226
TI  - Food Insecurity and Risk of Depression Among Refugees and Immigrants in South
      Africa.
AB  - South Africa's refugee population has grown considerably over the last decade.
      Both food insecurity and mental illness are common in developing countries, but
      this relationship remains unexamined in an African refugee population. 335 adult
      refugees in Durban, South Africa were interviewed using a self-report of food
      insecurity and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. The proportion of those who
      responded 'often true' to not having enough food and eating less was 23.1 and
      54.3 %, respectively. The proportion of individuals with a significant level of
      anxiety and depressive symptomatology was 49.4 and 54.6 %, respectively. The
      adjusted logistic regression indicated that not eating enough was significantly
      associated with anxiety (aOR = 4.52, 95 % CI: 2.09-9.80) and depression (aOR =
      4.51, 95 % CI: 2.01-10.09). Similarly, eating less was significantly associated
      with anxiety (aOR = 2.88, 95 % CI: 1.56-5.31) and depression (aOR = 2.88, 95 %
      CI: 1.54-5.39). The high prevalence of food insecurity, and its relationship to
      mental illness, highlight the importance of addressing basic needs among this
      population.

PMID- 26984227
TI  - Dietary Patterns in Puerto Rican and Mexican-American Breast Cancer Survivors: A
      Pilot Study.
AB  - : Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among Hispanic women.
      Certain dietary factors have been associated with the risk of breast cancer
      recurrence, but data in Hispanic survivors is scarce. OBJECTIVE: to examine
      dietary patterns and diet quality in two groups of Hispanic breast cancer
      survivors. METHODS: 23 Mexican-American (MA) and 22 Puerto Rican (PR) female
      breast cancer survivors completed a culturally adapted validated food frequency
      questionnaire. Intake was standardized per 1000 kcal and compared to US Dietary
      Guidelines and the DASH-style diet adherence score was calculated. RESULTS:
      Overweight/obese was 70 % in MA and 91 % in PR. PR consumed diets rich in
      fruit/100 % fruit juices and beans, while MA diets were high in vegetables,
      beans, and total grains. Both groups consumed high amounts of starchy vegetables,
      refined grains, animal protein and calories from solid fats and added sugars but
      low intakes of whole grains, dairy products and nuts and seeds. DASH scores were
      relatively low. CONCLUSION: MA and PR female breast cancer survivors have
      different dietary patterns but both groups had relatively low diet quality. These
      groups could benefit from culturally tailored interventions to improve diet
      quality, which could potentially reduce cancer recurrence. ClinicalTrials.gov
      Identifier NCT01504789.

PMID- 26984229
TI  - The influence of subscapularis tendon reattachment on range of motion in reversed
      shoulder arthroplasty: a clinical study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty becomes more widely used as a treatment
      for patients with painful cuff arthropathy. As a part of the deltopectoral
      approach, the subscapularis tendon, if present, is (partly) detached. There is no
      consensus on repair of the tendon after placement of the prosthesis. We
      retrospectively describe the clinical effects of subscapularis tendon
      reattachment. Our hypothesis was that subscapularis repair has no clinical
      effects on range of motion and functional outcome scores. METHODS: A
      retrospective clinical study is performed. An Aequalis reverse shoulder
      prosthesis (Tornier, Montbonnot, France) was placed in 65 patients with a mean
      age of 73.8 years (range 47-90). In 40 patients (61.5 %), the quality of the
      tendon was initially insufficient for repair. The subscapularis was repaired in
      25 patients (38.5 %). After a mean follow-up of 36 months with a minimum of 12
      months, an ultrasound examination of the subscapularis was performed in patients
      with a repaired tendon. Range of motion, strength, Constant-Murley and Oxford
      scores were measured. RESULTS: On ultrasound examination, 10 (40 %) out of 25
      repaired subscapularis tendons were still sufficient. Postoperatively, range of
      motion, strength, Constant-Murley and Oxford scores did not differ significantly
      between repair with present tendon, repair with absent tendon or no repair.
      CONCLUSION: In reverse shoulder arthroplasty, no significant differences on range
      of motion, functional outcome scores or strength were found between subscapularis
      repair or no repair, whether the tendon healed at follow-up or not.

PMID- 26984230
TI  - How Do We Manage Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia? A Survey of Clinical Practice
      Trends for Gastrointestinal Endoscopists in the United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is an accepted pathologic
      precursor to gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). While surveillance of GIM in Europe
      and Asia is common, only limited recommendations related to endoscopic
      surveillance of GIM exist in the United States. AIM: To understand the clinical
      practice patterns of US gastroenterologists in the management and endoscopic
      surveillance of GIM. METHODS: A 23 item survey was developed to explore
      endoscopists' opinions regarding the surveillance of GIM and knowledge of current
      guidelines. Eight clinical vignettes were developed to address specific clinical
      scenarios where endoscopic surveillance of GIM might be considered. RESULTS:
      There were 227 respondents, with 60 % working primarily in the private sector and
      40 % in academic medicine. While 68 % of the respondents refer to major society
      guidelines for guidance in patient management, almost 78 % of endoscopist
      responders believe that there are no specific US guidelines pertaining to
      surveillance of GIM. Only two-thirds of respondents believe that based on current
      data, patients at increased risk of GAC should be a part of an endoscopic
      surveillance program, while 15 % believe all patients with GIM should receive
      endoscopic surveillance. Respondents use a wide range of biopsy techniques and
      surveillance intervals for patients with GIM, with no consistent pattern of
      practice identified. CONCLUSIONS: There is variability in the knowledge and
      practice patterns of US endoscopists related to surveillance of gastric
      intestinal metaplasia. In the absence of detailed US GI society guidelines, many
      endoscopists perform surveillance endoscopy on patients with GIM using variable
      biopsy techniques and surveillance intervals.

PMID- 26984231
TI  - Endoscopic Detection of Gastric Carcinoma After Helicobacter pylori Eradication:
      More Difficult or Just Hype?

PMID- 26984228
TI  - nanoCAGE reveals 5' UTR features that define specific modes of translation of
      functionally related MTOR-sensitive mRNAs.
AB  - The diversity of MTOR-regulated mRNA translation remains unresolved. Whereas
      ribosome-profiling suggested that MTOR almost exclusively stimulates translation
      of the TOP (terminal oligopyrimidine motif) and TOP-like mRNAs, polysome
      profiling indicated that MTOR also modulates translation of mRNAs without the 5'
      TOP motif (non-TOP mRNAs). We demonstrate that in ribosome-profiling studies,
      detection of MTOR-dependent changes in non-TOP mRNA translation was obscured by
      low sensitivity and methodology biases. Transcription start site profiling using
      nano-cap analysis of gene expression (nanoCAGE) revealed that not only do many
      MTOR-sensitive mRNAs lack the 5' TOP motif but that 5' UTR features distinguish
      two functionally and translationally distinct subsets of MTOR-sensitive mRNAs:
      (1) mRNAs with short 5' UTRs enriched for mitochondrial functions, which require
      EIF4E but are less EIF4A1-sensitive; and (2) long 5' UTR mRNAs encoding
      proliferation- and survival-promoting proteins, which are both EIF4E- and EIF4A1
      sensitive. Selective inhibition of translation of mRNAs harboring long 5' UTRs
      via EIF4A1 suppression leads to sustained expression of proteins involved in
      respiration but concomitant loss of those protecting mitochondrial structural
      integrity, resulting in apoptosis. Conversely, simultaneous suppression of
      translation of both long and short 5' UTR mRNAs by MTOR inhibitors results in
      metabolic dormancy and a predominantly cytostatic effect. Thus, 5' UTR features
      define different modes of MTOR-sensitive translation of functionally distinct
      subsets of mRNAs, which may explain the diverse impact of MTOR and EIF4A
      inhibitors on neoplastic cells.

PMID- 26984233
TI  - Discrepant diagnosis rate of array comparative genomic hybridization in thawed
      euploid blastocysts.
AB  - PURPOSE: Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) and diagnosis (PGD) with euploid
      embryo transfer is associated with improved implantation and live birth rates as
      compared to routine in vitro fertilization. However, misdiagnosis of the embryo
      is a potential risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical
      discrepant diagnosis rate associated with transfer of trophectoderm-biopsied
      blastocysts deemed to be euploid via array comparative genomic hybridization
      (aCGH). METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study including cycles utilizing
      PGS or PGD with trophectoderm biopsy, aCGH, and euploid embryo transfer at a
      large university-based fertility center with known birth outcomes from November
      2010 through July 2014 (n = 520). RESULTS: There were 520 embryo transfers of 579
      euploid embryos as designated by aCGH. Five discrepant diagnoses were identified.
      Error rate per embryo transfer cycle was 1.0 %, 0.9 % per embryo transferred, and
      1.5 % per pregnancy with a sac. The live birth (LB) error rate was 0.7 % (both
      sex chromosome errors), and the spontaneous abortion (SAB) error rate was 17.6 %
      (3/17 products of conception tested, but could range from 3/42 to 7/42). No
      single gene disorders were mistakenly selected for in any known cases. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Although aCGH has been shown to be a highly sensitive method of
      comprehensive chromosome screening, several possible sources of error still
      exist. While the overall error rate is low, these findings have implications for
      counseling couples that are contemplating PGS and PGD with aCGH.

PMID- 26984234
TI  - Production of a biofunctional titanium surface using plasma electrolytic
      oxidation and glow-discharge plasma for biomedical applications.
AB  - In this study, the authors tested the hypotheses that plasma electrolytic
      oxidation (PEO) and glow-discharge plasma (GDP) would improve the
      electrochemical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of commercially
      pure titanium (cpTi), and that blood protein adsorption on plasma-treated
      surfaces would increase. Machined and sandblasted surfaces were used as controls.
      Standard electrochemical tests were conducted in artificial saliva (pHs of 3.0,
      6.5, and 9.0) and simulated body fluid. Surfaces were characterized by scanning
      electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, profilometry, Vickers
      microhardness, and surface energy. For biological assay, the adsorption of blood
      serum proteins (i.e., albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin) was tested. Higher
      values of polarization resistance and lower values of capacitance were noted for
      the PEO and GDP groups (p < 0.05). Acidic artificial saliva reduced the corrosion
      resistance of cpTi (p < 0.05). PEO and GDP treatments improved the surface
      properties by enrichment of the surface chemistry with bioactive elements and
      increased surface energy. PEO produced a porous oxide layer (5-MUm thickness),
      while GDP created a very thin oxide layer (0.76-MUm thickness). For the PEO
      group, the authors noted rutile and anatase crystalline structures that may be
      responsible for the corrosion barrier improvement and increased microhardness
      values. Plasma treatments were able to enhance the surface properties and
      electrochemical stability of titanium, while increasing protein adsorption
      levels. 

PMID- 26984232
TI  - Vitrification of in vitro matured oocytes collected from surplus ovarian medulla
      tissue resulting from fertility preservation of ovarian cortex tissue.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the maturation rate of immature
      oocytes collected from ovarian medulla tissue normally discarded during
      preparation of ovarian cortical tissue for fertility preservation. Further we
      evaluated survival of derived MII oocytes following vitrification and warming.
      METHODS: 36 patients aged from 8 to 41 years who had one ovary excised for
      fertility preservation were included. Oocytes were collected from the medulla
      tissue and matured in vitro 44-48 h followed by vitrification. Number of oocytes
      collected, the rates of maturation and post-warming survival were assessed.
      RESULTS: On average, 11 immature oocytes were collected per patient. The overall
      maturation rate was 29 % irrespective of whether the ovary was transported 4-5 h
      on ice or obtained immediately after oophorectomy. The maturation rate in
      patients below 20 years of age (55 %) was significantly higher than that of
      patients aged 20-30 years (29 %) and above 30 years (26 %). The post-warming
      survival rate was 64 %. No significant relationship was observed between the
      number of collected oocytes and the age of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately
      three MII oocytes were obtained per patient following in vitro maturation (IVM)
      of immature oocytes collected from medulla tissue, of which two survived
      vitrification and warming. This approach represents an add-on method to
      potentially augment the fertility opportunity for cancer patients, especially in
      young women with cancer where transplantation of cortical tissue may pose a risk
      of relapse, but the IVM approach is currently too inefficient to be the only
      method used for fertility preservation.

PMID- 26984235
TI  - Role of flow for the deposition of platelets.
AB  - Implants inside the cardiovascular system are subjected to blood flow. Platelet
      deposition usually takes place, eventually leading to thrombus formation. Tests
      must be performed in order to select a suitable biomaterial, but no generally
      accepted test method exists for biomaterials in contact with blood. At a first
      glance, the flow appears to play only a minor role in the complex interaction
      between platelets and biomaterials. However, experiments and models have indeed
      demonstrated the importance of flow. Flow is the mechanism by which platelets are
      transported to the site of deposition, enabling deposition and forming the shape
      of a growing thrombus. This interaction is investigated here by means of two
      experimental models. The first model generates the simplest shear flow, the plane
      Couette flow. It serves to quantify the role of the shear rate. The second model,
      the stagnation point flow model, features a more complex shear flow. This model
      is used to understand the influence of a changing flow field along the wall over
      which the platelets travel. The platelet deposition is observed using the two
      experimental models, and a numerical model is developed to reproduce and simulate
      the experimental results. In the numerical model, the movement of platelets is
      computed with a combination of convective and stochastic movements due to
      diffusion. The combined motion brings some platelets close to the wall. The
      deposition of the platelet at the wall is modeled by a stochastic model.
      Probability determines whether the individual platelet deposits or flows onwards.
      This probability is the product of three different probabilities, which are the
      properties of the platelet, the wall, and the flow. The results of the models are
      compared with the experimental results and are used to understand the
      experiments. 

PMID- 26984236
TI  - Predicting Change in Physical Activity: a Longitudinal Investigation Among Weight
      Concerned College Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) is critical for health,
      and adopting a consistent PA routine early in life is associated with greater PA
      over the lifespan. College women with weight concerns are at risk for weight
      gain, which may be prevented with regular PA. However, little is known about
      changes in PA engagement in this at-risk group. PURPOSE: Using an outcome
      expectancy framework, this study used a prospective longitudinal design to
      examine changes in PA during the first 2 years of college. We tested for
      concurrent and prospective within-person relations between body
      satisfaction/perceived eating behavior and PA to determine when weight-concerned
      college women may increase or decrease PA. METHODS: Women who reported weight
      concerns at the start of college (n = 294) completed five assessments over 2
      years, including measured weight, body/eating experiences, and 4 days of
      pedometer steps (per assessment). Multilevel models addressed the resulting
      nested data structure (days within assessments within participants). RESULTS:
      Over 2 years, within-person change accounted for 65 % of PA variability (ICC =
      0.35). PA was greatest at (and subsequent to) times when body satisfaction was
      lower, and when disinhibited eating and hedonic hunger were higher, than an
      individual's average (ps < 0.05). These changes were associated with 1-3 % of the
      recommended daily step totals. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-conscious college women show
      greater PA after negative eating and weight experiences. As these experiences
      change over time, health promotion efforts should help college women identify
      alternative, positive motivators for PA, which could facilitate consistent PA
      engagement.

PMID- 26984237
TI  - Role of Histological Criteria and Immunohistochemical Markers in Predicting Risk
      of Malignancy in Parathyroid Neoplasms.
AB  - Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare neoplasm accounting for 0.5-6 % of primary
      hyperparathyroidism. Histological criteria are currently considered as
      established means to diagnose malignancy in parathyroid neoplasms; however, it
      does not accurately predict the risk of aggressive behaviour of PC.
      Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers have been used in the literature with variable
      results. This work was planned to study whether IHC markers would have any added
      advantage over histology in predicting outcome in parathyroid neoplasms. Two
      hundred twenty-seven parathyroid neoplasms were reviewed according to older and
      revised histological criteria. IHC was performed for parafibromin, APC, galectin
      3, PGP9.5 and Ki67. Diagnostic categories were correlated with clinical,
      biochemical, histological features and IHC markers. Chi-square test was used to
      analyse categorical variables. Review of histology by earlier and revised
      criteria showed a change in diagnosis of five cases of atypical adenoma (15.1 %),
      all of which were diagnosed as carcinoma according to earlier criteria. Change in
      diagnosis did not affect behaviour of disease as none of the cases showed
      recurrence or metastasis on follow-up. Combination of PF, Gal-3 and PGP9.5 showed
      50 % sensitivity, 97.9 % specificity and 95.4 % predictive accuracy for PC.
      Histological criteria still remains the most established method for predicting
      risk of malignancy in parathyroid neoplasms irrespective of whether old or
      revised criteria are used. Combination of positive (Gal-3, PGP9.5) and negative
      (PF) IHC markers may be used as an adjunct to histology in histological, atypical
      and malignant parathyroid neoplasms to obviate the need for repeated follow-up. 

PMID- 26984238
TI  - Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing in elderly hospitalized patients: an
      analysis and comparison of explicit criteria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The management of therapy in elderly is a critical aspect of primary
      care. The physio-pathological complexity of the elderly involves the prescription
      of multiple drugs, exposing them to a higher risk of adverse reactions.
      OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to assess the medication use and (potential)
      inappropriate medications and prescribing omissions in the elderly before and
      during hospitalization, according to the main tools in literature described, and
      their relation to the number of comorbidities. SETTING: The study was carried out
      by the Clinical Pharmacists at ISMETT, an Italian Research Institute. METHODS:
      The prescriptions of elderly, admitted in ISMETT between January and December
      2012, were analyzed. The information about clinical profile of elderly and
      prescriptions was obtained from the electronic medical records. 2012 Beers
      criteria, Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions/Screening Tool to Alert
      doctors to Right Treatment criteria, and Improving Prescribing in the Elderly
      criteria were used to evaluate the appropriateness of prescriptions. The
      correlation between the number of comorbidities and the different tools was
      analyzed with the Spearman correlation coefficient. The frequency analysis was
      done with the Pearson Chi square test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of
      potentially inappropriate medications and prescribing omissions before/during
      hospitalization in elderly. RESULTS: 1027 elderly were admitted between January
      and December 2012. At admission and during hospitalization, according to Beers
      criteria 24 and 49 % of elderly had at least one potentially inappropriate
      medication, respectively; according to the Screening Tool of Older Person's
      Prescriptions criteria 21 and 27 %, respectively; according to the Improving
      Prescribing in the Elderly criteria 28 and 25 %, respectively; and then,
      according to Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment criteria 28 and
      33 % had at least one potentially prescribing omission, respectively. A
      significant correlation between comorbidities number and potentially
      inappropriate medications was found. CONCLUSION: The number of potentially
      inappropriate medications globally increased during hospitalization. Statistical
      analysis showed that the comorbidity affects the level of inappropriate
      prescriptions. Specific tools can guide clinicians toward a more rational use of
      medicines and minimize probable complications related to multi-treatments.

PMID- 26984239
TI  - Exploring dual inhibitory role of febrifugine analogues against Plasmodium
      utilizing structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamic simulation.
AB  - Malaria is an endemic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasomodium
      falciparum. Febrifugine analogues are natural compound obtained from the
      traditional Chinese herbs have shown significant antimalarial and anticancerous
      efficacy in experimental model. Development of resistance against the existing
      antimalarial drug has alarmed the scientific innovators to find a potential
      antimalarial molecule which can be further used by endemic countries for the
      elimination of this disease. In this study, structure-based virtual screening and
      molecular dynamics (MD) base approaches were used to generate potential
      antimalarial compound against plasmepsin II and prolyl-tRNA synthetase of
      Plasmodium. Here, we have docked series of febrifugine analogues (n = 11,395)
      against plasmepsin II in three different docking modes and then it was compared
      with previously reported target prolyl-tRNA synthetase. Extra precision docking
      resulted into 235 ligands having better docking score were subject for QikProp
      analysis. Better ligands (n = 39) obtained from QikProp analysis were subject for
      ADMET prediction and docking protocol validation through the estimation of
      receiver operator characteristics. In the later stage, 24 ligands obtained from
      ADMET study were subject for the estimation of binding energy through MM-GBSA and
      same were also docked against prolyl-tRNA synthetase to get compounds with dual
      inhibitor role. Finally, MD simulation and 2D fingerprint MACCS study of two best
      ligands have shown significant interaction with plasmepsin II and homology
      against known active ligand with noteworthy MACCS index, respectively. This study
      concludes that FA12 could be potential drug candidate to fight against Plasmodium
      falciparum parasites.

PMID- 26984241
TI  - Adherence to treatment guidelines for cancer-associated thrombosis: a French
      hospital-based cohort study.
AB  - PURPOSE: French 2008 treatment guidelines recommend low-molecular-weight heparins
      (LMWH) for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) with treatment
      duration of at least 3 months and up to 6 months and beyond if cancer remains
      active. Our aim was to assess adherence to guidelines in hospital clinical
      practice. METHODS: The French hospital database (PMSI) was used to identify
      patients with CAT admitted to three hospitals of the Paris region to be included
      in a retrospective cohort study. Adherence to guidelines was assessed in patients
      included from different treatment periods following the venous thromboembolism
      (VTE) episode i.e. first 10 days (T1), day 10 to 3 months (T2), months 3 to 6
      (T3) and beyond 6 months (T4) when applicable. RESULTS: A total of 240 patients
      with CAT were included from January 2012 to December 2012 of whom 204 were
      analyzable. Treatment was adherent to guidelines in 55, 31 and 34 % of patients
      in T1, T2 and T3 treatment periods, respectively, while overall treatment
      adherence was found in 52 % of patients. Adherence rates were the highest among
      patients with pulmonary embolism (PE, 60.5 %), catheter-related thrombosis (62.5
      %), class III/IV extended cancer (58.0 %) and metastatic malignancy (60.3 %)
      while only 40 % with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) received a treatment consistent
      with guidelines. CONCLUSION: Adherence to guidelines appears insufficient since
      only half of patients received an appropriate treatment. Adherence dropped
      significantly across treatment periods T2 and T3. VTE diagnosis and cancer
      characteristics influenced the anticoagulant prescription. Management of patients
      with CAT requires further education and information of health care professionals.

PMID- 26984240
TI  - Low level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of
      chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 1: mechanisms of action,
      dosimetric, and safety considerations.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is a large body of evidence supporting the efficacy of low level
      laser therapy (LLLT), more recently termed photobiomodulation (PBM), for the
      management of oral mucositis (OM) in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head
      and neck cancer (HNC). Recent advances in PBM technology, together with a better
      understanding of mechanisms involved, may expand the applications for PBM in the
      management of other complications associated with HNC treatment. This article
      (part 1) describes PBM mechanisms of action, dosimetry, and safety aspects and,
      in doing so, provides a basis for a companion paper (part 2) which describes the
      potential breadth of potential applications of PBM in the management of side
      effects of (chemo)radiation therapy in patients being treated for HNC and
      proposes PBM parameters. METHODS: This study is a narrative non-systematic
      review. RESULTS: We review PBM mechanisms of action and dosimetric
      considerations. Virtually, all conditions modulated by PBM (e.g., ulceration,
      inflammation, lymphedema, pain, fibrosis, neurological and muscular injury) are
      thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of (chemo)radiation therapy-induced
      complications in patients treated for HNC. The impact of PBM on tumor behavior
      and tumor response to treatment has been insufficiently studied. In vitro studies
      assessing the effect of PBM on tumor cells report conflicting results, perhaps
      attributable to inconsistencies of PBM power and dose. Nonetheless, the
      biological bases for the broad clinical activities ascribed to PBM have also been
      noted to be similar to those activities and pathways associated with negative
      tumor behaviors and impeded response to treatment. While there are no anecdotal
      descriptions of poor tumor outcomes in patients treated with PBM, confirming its
      neutrality with respect to cancer responsiveness is a critical priority.
      CONCLUSION: Based on its therapeutic effects, PBM may have utility in a broad
      range of oral, oropharyngeal, facial, and neck complications of HNC treatment.
      Although evidence suggests that PBM using LLLT is safe in HNC patients, more
      research is imperative and vigilance remains warranted to detect any potential
      adverse effects of PBM on cancer treatment outcomes and survival.

PMID- 26984242
TI  - Controlling chemotherapy-induced nausea requires further improvement: symptom
      experience and risk factors among Korean patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study is to describe the incidence and
      intensity of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and patterns of
      symptom change after chemotherapy among Korean cancer patients for whom
      antiemetic guidelines were widely utilized and guideline-consistent antiemetics
      were available. The study also aimed to determine the contribution of known risk
      factors for CINV to the incidence and intensity of CINV, as well as patterns of
      symptom change. METHODS: A prospective observational descriptive study was
      conducted. A total of 332 adult cancer patients starting their first adjuvant
      chemotherapy participated in this study. Items of the Multinational Association
      of Supportive Care in Cancer Antiemesis Tool were utilized to generate a symptom
      diary. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression analyses, repeated measures
      ANOVA, and hierarchical generalized linear models were applied to analyze the
      data. RESULTS: Vomiting occurred, on average, less than once in the acute and
      delayed phases, and its frequency remained similar throughout 5 days after
      chemotherapy infusion in the first and second cycles. A quadratic pattern of
      nausea change was found. Nausea intensity increased to a peak on the third day
      after chemotherapy infusion (first-cycle incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.40 and
      second-cycle IRR = 1.27, both p < .001) and then changed gradually (first-cycle
      IRR = 0.69 and second-cycle and IRR = 0.76, both p < .001). Nausea experience in
      the previous cycle contributed to the subsequent nausea intensity (IRR = 2.78, p
      < .001). Younger age, consuming less alcohol, and expecting nausea were
      identified as risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea that needed to be
      considered from the start of the chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Nausea control,
      especially in the delayed phase, has room for improvement. As the first
      chemotherapy-induced nausea experience contributes to subsequent symptom
      experience, intense control from the start of chemotherapy is necessary while
      considering patient-related risk factors. Future studies should evaluate the
      contribution of risk factors when antiemetic prophylaxis is fully provided in
      multiple settings.

PMID- 26984244
TI  - Supportive care vital in elderly cancer patients : A report from the 2015 annual
      conference of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG), which
      focused on the role of supportive care in geriatric oncology.

PMID- 26984245
TI  - Linfotaping with Kinesio(r) Tape to manage and treat lymphedema patients: safety
      and tolerability are more important than efficacy?

PMID- 26984243
TI  - Implementation of a mobile inpatient quality of life (QoL) assessment for
      oncology nursing.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cancer patients suffer from a variety of symptoms, but little is known
      about changes during hospitalization and symptom burden at discharge. We
      implemented an electronic quality of life (QoL) assessment used by the nursing
      team in routine inpatient care. Feasibility, acceptance, and the course of QoL
      were investigated. METHODS: A self-administered electronic questionnaire based on
      the EQ-5D and the EORTC QLQ-C30 was applied in clinical routine. Cancer patients
      were approached by the nursing staff to complete the QoL assessment twice, at
      admission and at the day of discharge. Both the feedback of the nursing staff as
      well as characteristics of participants were used to evaluate the electronic
      assessment. RESULTS: Out of 210 patients from an oncologic ward, 85 patients (40
      %) were invited to participate, 95 % of whom (n = 81) agreed to participate.
      Participation rate depended on the day of admission, the presence of the
      coordinating nurse, the overall morbidity assessed by patient clinical complexity
      level, and the patient age. Forty-six patients (56 %) asked for assistance in
      completing the questionnaire. Patients older than 53 years and male patients were
      more likely to need assistance. Twenty-two percent of the nursing staff (n = 5)
      use the information assessed for individual patient care. Fifty-two percent (n =
      12) rated the additional workload as very little or little and 68 % (n = 15)
      agreed that handling for the patient was easy. Global QoL improved during the
      stay. Most severe symptoms at admission included fatigue, pain, appetite loss,
      and insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that it is feasible
      to implement and use an electronic QoL assessment by the nursing staff in routine
      inpatient cancer care. Obstacles and worries of staff members have to be
      considered when further developing this program.

PMID- 26984247
TI  - Edentulism and transplant-associated complications in patients with multiple
      myeloma undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
      (HSCT) are at risk for oral complications which may cause significant morbidity.
      The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of toxicities and
      complications in edentulous and dentate patients undergoing autologous HSCT for
      multiple myeloma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-control study to
      analyze the incidence of bacteremia, fever, and oral mucositis, between
      edentulous and dentate patients. All patients underwent dental evaluation,
      received dental treatment if indicated, and were cleared before transplantation.
      The two groups were matched for age, gender, ethnicity, disease stage, time from
      diagnosis to transplant, performance status, and conditioning regimen. RESULTS: A
      total of 45 edentulous and 90 dentate patients were enrolled. All patients were
      male with a median age of 60 years and a mean performance status by Karnofsky
      score of 90 %. Two thirds had stage III MM with a median time from diagnosis to
      transplantation of 12 months, and all received melphalan as part of the
      conditioning regimen. The incidence of bacteremia (p = 0.553), fever (p = 0.245),
      severity of oral mucositis (p = 0.465), and other post-transplant toxicities were
      similar between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences
      in the incidence of bacteremia, fever, severity of oral mucositis, or other
      complications between edentulous and dentate patients with multiple myeloma after
      autologous HSCT.

PMID- 26984246
TI  - The association between pre-treatment occupational skill level and mood and
      symptom burden in early-stage, postmenopausal breast cancer survivors during the
      first year of anastrozole therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Previous research has explored occupational activity of breast cancer
      survivors but has not examined the influence of occupational level on symptoms
      prospectively. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between
      occupational classification and changes in mood and symptom burden for
      postmenopausal breast cancer survivors during the first year of anastrozole
      therapy. METHODS: This was an exploratory secondary analysis in 49 postmenopausal
      women receiving anastrozole therapy for early-stage breast cancer. Participants
      reported their occupation at baseline and completed self-report questionnaires
      measuring mood and symptom burden at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.
      Occupation was classified according to four major skill levels delineated by the
      International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). RESULTS: Breast
      cancer survivors employed at occupational skill levels 1 through 3 reported
      significantly higher depressive symptoms, fatigue, and total symptoms on average
      than those employed at ISCO skill level 4. After adjusting for multiple
      comparisons, this pattern remained for the musculoskeletal, vasomotor, and
      gastrointestinal symptom subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer survivors employed
      at lower skill levels (i.e., ISCO 1-3) reported poorer mood and greater symptom
      burden than breast cancer survivors employed at a higher skill level (i.e., ISCO
      4). Assessing baseline occupation of occupationally active breast cancer
      survivors may improve understanding of the association between types of
      occupations and mood and symptom trajectories and may inform development of
      interventions to mitigate symptom severity in order to help breast cancer
      survivors maintain optimal occupational function and adherence to therapy.

PMID- 26984248
TI  - Pilot study of an interdisciplinary supportive care planning intervention in
      pancreatic cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: A diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is often associated with higher symptom
      burden, lower functional status, and worse quality of life (QOL). To date, few
      interventions have focused on the unique QOL needs of patients with pancreatic
      cancer. The purpose of this pilot study is to determine the feasibility of an
      interdisciplinary supportive care planning intervention in patients with
      pancreatic cancer during disease-focused treatments. METHODS: Patients enrolled
      in this prospective, pre- and post-intervention pilot study received a supportive
      care intervention that included the following three components: comprehensive QOL
      assessment, case presentation at interdisciplinary care meetings, and two nurse
      administered educational sessions on QOL concerns. Patients completed outcome
      measures that included the FACT-Hep, FACIT-Sp-12, and self-report of finances and
      out-of-pocket costs since diagnosis. Measures were completed at baseline prior to
      receiving the intervention, and follow-up occurred at 1 and 2 months post
      intervention. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients were enrolled during a 4-month
      period who provided informed consent, received the intervention, and completed
      the study (58 % accrual). Examination of pre- and post-intervention QOL outcomes
      revealed changes across the three evaluation time points that were not
      statistically significant. Patients were highly satisfied with the intervention,
      with 80 % reporting that the intervention was "excellent." Discussions during the
      interdisciplinary care meetings and educational sessions were largely focused on
      physical and psychosocial needs. CONCLUSIONS: An interdisciplinary supportive
      care planning intervention was potentially feasible and acceptable for pancreatic
      cancer patients in an ambulatory care setting.

PMID- 26984250
TI  - Elaboration of a clinical and paraclinical score to estimate the probability of
      herpes simplex virus encephalitis in patients with febrile, acute neurologic
      impairment.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is associated with a high risk of
      mortality and sequelae, and early diagnosis and treatment in the emergency
      department are necessary. However, most patients present with non-specific
      febrile, acute neurologic impairment; this may lead clinicians to overlook the
      diagnosis of HSV encephalitis. We aimed to identify which data collected in the
      first hours in a medical setting were associated with the diagnosis of HSV
      encephalitis. We conducted a multicenter retrospective case-control study in four
      French public hospitals from 2007 to 2013. The cases were the adult patients who
      received a confirmed diagnosis of HSV encephalitis. The controls were all the
      patients who attended the emergency department of Grenoble hospital with a
      febrile acute neurologic impairment, without HSV detection by polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in 2012 and 2013. A
      multivariable logistic model was elaborated to estimate factors significantly
      associated with HSV encephalitis. Finally, an HSV probability score was derived
      from the logistic model. We identified 36 cases and 103 controls. Factors
      independently associated with HSV encephalitis were the absence of past
      neurological history (odds ratio [OR] 6.25 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 2.22
      16.7]), the occurrence of seizure (OR 8.09 [95 % CI: 2.73-23.94]), a systolic
      blood pressure >=140 mmHg (OR 5.11 [95 % CI: 1.77-14.77]), and a C-reactive
      protein <10 mg/L (OR 9.27 [95 % CI: 2.98-28.88]). An HSV probability score was
      calculated summing the value attributed to each independent factor. HSV
      encephalitis diagnosis may benefit from the use of this score based upon some
      easily accessible data. However, diagnostic evocation and probabilistic treatment
      must remain the rule. 

PMID- 26984251
TI  - Live surgery broadcast: who is benefiting?

PMID- 26984252
TI  - 16S-gyrB-rpoB multilocus sequence analysis for species identification in the
      genus Microbispora.
AB  - The genus Microbispora has been considered difficult to define taxonomically.
      While 16S rRNA gene analysis is required to determine phylogenetic relationships
      among species in this genus, most 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic tree
      topologies are not reliable. The genus Microbispora currently contains eight
      species along with six reclassified species (Microbispora chromogenes,
      Microbispora diastatica, Microbispora parva, Microbispora indica, Microbispora
      karnatakensis, Microbispora rosea) and Microbispora rosea subsp. aerata, a taxon
      composed of three further reclassified species (Microbispora aerata, Microbispora
      thermodiastatica, and Microbispora thermorosea). 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, gyrB, and
      rpoB gene sequences were obtained for the type strains of Microbispora species,
      and eleven endophytic isolates from a Brazilian medicinal plant, Vochysia
      divergens. Using the concatenated sequence, most Microbispora type strains could
      be distinguished with high probability support. Based on these analyses, we
      propose that five of the species reclassified within the subspecies of M. rosea
      (M. chromogenes, M. karnatakensis, M. parva, M. aerata and M. thermorosea) are
      distinct from M. rosea and so should be retained as distinct species. The
      concatenated 16S-gyrB-rpoB gene phylogenic tree had significant probability
      support and topology. We propose the use of concatenated 16S-gyrB-rpoB gene
      sequences to determine phylogenetic relationships within the genus Microbispora.
      We also suggest that strains sharing >98.1 % 16S-gyrB-rpoB gene sequences
      similarity be defined as a single species, based on results from this analysis.
      Seven of the strains isolated from V. divergens were not related to any
      previously described Microbispora species. 

PMID- 26984254
TI  - Marked eosinophilia as initial presentation of breast implant-associated
      anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

PMID- 26984253
TI  - Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Free-Ranging
      Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla).
AB  - The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome, which plays indispensable roles
      in host nutrition and health, is affected by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic
      factors. Among them, antibiotic (ATB) treatment is reported to have a significant
      effect on GI microbiome composition in humans and other animals. However, the
      impact of ATBs on the GI microbiome of free-ranging or even captive great apes
      remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of cephalosporin
      treatment (delivered by intramuscular dart injection during a serious respiratory
      outbreak) on the GI microbiome of a wild habituated group of western lowland
      gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central
      African Republic. We examined 36 fecal samples from eight individuals, including
      samples before and after ATB treatment, and characterized the GI microbiome
      composition using Illumina-MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The
      GI microbial profiles of samples from the same individuals before and after ATB
      administration indicate that the ATB treatment impacts GI microbiome stability
      and the relative abundance of particular bacterial taxa within the colonic
      ecosystem of wild gorillas. We observed a statistically significant increase in
      Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes levels after ATB treatment. We found
      disruption of the fibrolytic community linked with a decrease of Ruminoccocus
      levels as a result of ATB treatment. Nevertheless, the nature of the changes
      observed after ATB treatment differs among gorillas and thus is dependent on the
      individual host. This study has important implications for ecology, management,
      and conservation of wild primates.

PMID- 26984249
TI  - Low-level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of
      chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 2: proposed applications and
      treatment protocols.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is a large body of evidence supporting the efficacy of low-level
      laser therapy (LLLT), more recently termed photobiomodulation (PBM) for the
      management of oral mucositis (OM) in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head
      and neck cancer (HNC). Recent advances in PBM technology, together with a better
      understanding of mechanisms involved and dosimetric parameters may lead to the
      management of a broader range of complications associated with HNC treatment.
      This could enhance patient adherence to cancer therapy, and improve quality of
      life and treatment outcomes. The mechanisms of action, dosimetric, and safety
      considerations for PBM have been reviewed in part 1. Part 2 discusses the head
      and neck treatment side effects for which PBM may prove to be effective. In
      addition, PBM parameters for each of these complications are suggested and future
      research directions are discussed. METHODS: Narrative review and presentation of
      PBM parameters are based on current evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS: PBM may
      have potential applications in the management of a broad range of side effects of
      (chemo)radiation therapy (CRT) in patients being treated for HNC. For OM
      management, optimal PBM parameters identified were as follows: wavelength,
      typically between 633 and 685 nm or 780-830 nm; energy density, laser or light
      emitting diode (LED) output between 10 and 150 mW; dose, 2-3 J (J/cm(2)), and no
      more than 6 J/cm(2) on the tissue surface treated; treatment schedule, two to
      three times a week up to daily; emission type, pulsed (<100 Hz); and route of
      delivery, intraorally and/or transcutaneously. To facilitate further studies, we
      propose potentially effective PBM parameters for prophylactic and therapeutic use
      in supportive care for dermatitis, dysphagia, dry mouth, dysgeusia, trismus,
      necrosis, lymphedema, and voice/speech alterations. CONCLUSION: PBM may have a
      role in supportive care for a broad range of complications associated with the
      treatment of HNC with CRT. The suggested PBM irradiation and dosimetric
      parameters, which are potentially effective for these complications, are intended
      to provide guidance for well-designed future studies. It is imperative that such
      studies include elucidating the effects of PBM on oncology treatment outcomes.

PMID- 26984255
TI  - Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Cognitive Aging in the Northern Manhattan Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The American Heart Association defined target levels for 7
      cardiovascular health (CVH) factors: smoking, body mass index, physical activity,
      diet, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose. We hypothesized that a greater
      number of American Heart Association ideal CVH metrics would be associated with
      less decline in cognitive performance in our multiethnic population. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: A subsample from the population-based Northern Manhattan Study underwent
      repeated neuropsychological testing (mean interval 6+/-2 years). Domain-specific
      Z scores were derived by using factor analysis for the domains of Episodic
      Memory, Semantic Memory, Executive Function, and Processing Speed, based on
      initial performance and decline over time. Linear regression models were
      constructed to examine the relationship between the number of ideal CVH metrics
      at enrollment with later cognitive performance and decline, adjusting for
      sociodemographics and magnetic resonance imaging brain markers. Among 1033
      participants (mean age at initial cognitive assessment 72+/-8 years, 39% male,
      19% black, 16% white, 65% Hispanic; n=722 with repeat testing), 3% had 0 ideal
      factors, 15% had 1 factor, 33% had 2 factors, 30% had 3 factors, 14% had 4
      factors, 4% had 5 factors, 1% had 6 factors, and 0% had 7 factors. An increasing
      number of ideal CVH factors was associated with better processing speed at
      initial assessment and less decline. The association was driven by nonsmoking and
      glucose. Among those with better cognitive performance at initial assessment,
      positive associations were observed between the number of ideal CVH factors and
      less decline in the domains of Executive Function and Episodic Memory.
      CONCLUSIONS: The number of ideal CVH metrics was associated with less decline in
      the domains of Processing Speed and, to a lesser extent, of Executive Function
      and Episodic Memory. Ideal CVH promotion benefits brain health and cognitive
      aging.

PMID- 26984256
TI  - A MicroRNA-Mediated Insulin Signaling Pathway Regulates the Toxicity of Multi
      Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - The underlying mechanisms for functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating
      toxicity of nanomaterials are largely unclear. Using Illumina HiSeq(TM) 2000
      sequencing technique, we obtained the dysregulated mRNA profiling in multi-walled
      carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exposed nematodes. Some dysregulated genes encode
      insulin signaling pathway. Genetic experiments confirmed the functions of these
      dysregulated genes in regulating MWCNTs toxicity. In the insulin signaling
      pathway, DAF-2/insulin receptor regulated MWCNTs toxicity by suppressing function
      of DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor. Moreover, we raised a miRNAs-mRNAs network
      involved in the control of MWCNTs toxicity. In this network, mir-355 might
      regulate MWCNTs toxicity by inhibiting functions of its targeted gene of daf-2,
      suggesting that mir-355 may regulate functions of the entire insulin signaling
      pathway by acting as an upregulator of DAF-2, the initiator of insulin signaling
      pathway, in MWCNTs exposed nematodes. Our results provides highlight on
      understanding the crucial role of miRNAs in regulating toxicity of nanomaterials
      in organisms. 

PMID- 26984257
TI  - The benefits of systematic mapping to evidence-based environmental management.
AB  - Reviews of evidence are a vital means of summarising growing bodies of research.
      Systematic reviews (SRs) aim to reduce bias and increase reliability when
      summarising high priority and controversial topics. Similar to SRs, systematic
      maps (SMs) were developed in social sciences to reliably catalogue evidence on a
      specific subject. Rather than providing answers to specific questions of impacts,
      SMs aim to produce searchable databases of studies, along with detailed
      descriptive information. These maps (consisting of a report, a database, and
      sometimes a geographical information system) can prove highly useful for
      research, policy and practice communities, by providing assessments of knowledge
      gaps (subjects requiring additional research), knowledge gluts (subjects where
      full SR is possible), and patterns across the research literature that promote
      best practice and direct research resources towards the highest quality research.
      Here, we introduce SMs in detail using three recent case studies that demonstrate
      their utility for research and decision-making. 

PMID- 26984259
TI  - CTGF mediates high-glucose induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through
      activation of beta-catenin in podocytes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is known that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and beta
      catenin are involved in DN; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain
      unknown. Here we hypothesized that podocytes undergo epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) in high-glucose condition and CTGF mediates high-glucose induced
      EMT by activating beta-catenin in podocytes. METHODS: The differentiated
      podocytes were cultured and divided into three groups: the normal glucose group
      (5 mmol/L glucose), the high-glucose group (30 mmol/L glucose), and the osmotic
      control group (5 mmol/L glucose supplemented with 25 mmol/L mannitol). The
      morphology of cultured podocytes was observed under phase contrast microscopy. To
      study the relevant markers of EMT, as well as CTGF and beta-catenin, the mRNA and
      protein expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting,
      respectively. In addition, the effects of inhibition CTGF by anti-CTGF antibody
      on high-glucose-induced EMT and beta-catenin expression in podocytes were
      studied. RESULTS: High glucose not only induced phenotypic transition of
      podocytes but also increased the expression of CTGF and beta-catenin. Under high
      glucose condition, podocytes underwent EMT, which were demonstrated by
      downregulation of nephrin and upregulation of desmin. Moreover, high-glucose
      induced EMT and beta-catenin overexpression in podocytes were attenuated by anti
      CTGF antibody. CONCLUSION: CTGF and beta-catenin are involved in the EMT of
      podocytes in diabetes. CTGF mediates high-glucose induced EMT through activation
      of beta-catenin in podocytes. CTGF inhibition may protect podocytes from EMT in
      diabetes.

PMID- 26984258
TI  - Changing Arctic snow cover: A review of recent developments and assessment of
      future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts.
AB  - Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic.
      However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges
      for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow
      cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact
      assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in
      understanding and predicting snow-cover changes and their multiple consequences,
      many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances in snow monitoring
      and modelling, and the impact of snow changes on ecosystems and society in Arctic
      regions. Interdisciplinary activities are required to resolve the current
      limitations on measuring and modelling snow characteristics through the cold
      season and at different spatial scales to assure human well-being, economic
      stability, and improve the ability to predict manage and adapt to natural hazards
      in the Arctic region. 

PMID- 26984261
TI  - Do aggressive driving and negative emotional driving mediate the link between
      impulsiveness and risky driving among young Italian drivers?
AB  - The present study examined the contribution of impulsiveness and aggressive and
      negative emotional driving to the prediction of traffic violations and accidents
      taking into account potential mediation effects. Three hundred and four young
      drivers completed self-report measures assessing impulsiveness, aggressive and
      negative emotional driving, driving violations, and accidents. Structural
      equation modeling was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of
      impulsiveness on violations and accidents among young drivers through aggressive
      and negative emotional driving. Impulsiveness only indirectly influenced drivers'
      violations on the road via both the behavioral and emotional states of the
      driver. On the contrary, impulsiveness was neither directly nor indirectly
      associated with traffic accidents. Therefore, impulsiveness modulates young
      drivers' behavioral and emotional states while driving, which in turn influences
      risky driving.

PMID- 26984260
TI  - Kcne2 deletion causes early-onset nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via iron
      deficiency anemia.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing health problem
      worldwide, with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental components. Here, we
      describe the first example of NAFLD caused by genetic disruption of a mammalian
      potassium channel subunit. Mice with germline deletion of the KCNE2 potassium
      channel beta subunit exhibited NAFLD as early as postnatal day 7. Using mouse
      genetics, histology, liver damage assays and transcriptomics we discovered that
      iron deficiency arising from KCNE2-dependent achlorhydria is a major factor in
      early-onset NAFLD in Kcne2(?/?) mice, while two other KCNE2-dependent defects did
      not initiate NAFLD. The findings uncover a novel genetic basis for NAFLD and an
      unexpected potential factor in human KCNE2-associated cardiovascular pathologies,
      including atherosclerosis. 

PMID- 26984262
TI  - Gastrin attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury in rats.
AB  - Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a devastating complication when
      the blood supply is reflowed in ischemic organs. Gastrin has critical function in
      regulating acid secretion, proliferation, and differentiation in the gastric
      mucosa. We aimed to determine whether gastrin has an effect on intestinal I/R
      damage. Intestinal I/R injury was induced by 60-min occlusion of the superior
      mesenteric artery followed by 60-min reperfusion, and the rats were induced to be
      hypergastrinemic by pretreated with omeprazole or directly injected with gastrin.
      Some hypergastrinemic rats were injected with cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor
      antagonist prior to I/R operation. After the animal surgery, the intestine was
      collected for histological analysis. Isolated intestinal epithelial cells or
      crypts were harvested for RNA and protein analysis. CCK-2 receptor expression,
      intestinal mucosal damage, cell apoptosis, and apoptotic protein caspase-3
      activity were measured. We found that high gastrin in serum significantly reduced
      intestinal hemorrhage, alleviated extensive epithelial disruption, decreased
      disintegration of lamina propria, downregulated myeloperoxidase activity, tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha, and caspase-3 activity, and lead to low mortality in
      response to I/R injury. On the contrary, CCK-2 receptor antagonist L365260 could
      markedly impair intestinal protection by gastrin on intestinal I/R. Severe edema
      of mucosal villi with severe intestinal crypt injury and numerous intestinal
      villi disintegrated were observed again in the hypergastrinemic rats with
      L365260. The survival in the hypergastrinemic rats after intestinal I/R injury
      was shortened by L365260. Finally, gastrin could remarkably upregulated
      intestinal CCK-2 receptor expression. Our data suggest that gastrin by omeprazole
      remarkably attenuated I/R induced intestinal injury by enhancing CCK-2 receptor
      expression and gastrin could be a potential mitigator for intestinal I/R damage
      in the clinical setting.

PMID- 26984263
TI  - Predicting cardiorespiratory instability.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26984264
TI  - Fetuin A is down-regulated in rats during heterotopic ossification after Achilles
      tenotomy.
AB  - We investigated the role of fetuin A during heterotopic ossification (HO) in rats
      following Achilles tenotomy. We performed a right midpoint Achilles tenotomy on
      24 rats. At 5 and 10 h after surgery, we investigated the formation of ectopic
      bone using X-ray and histological examination. We evaluated the mRNA level of
      fetuin A using real-time PCR. Presence of fetuin A in the Achilles tendon was
      assessed by immunohistochemical staining. We also measured the serum
      concentration of fetuin A using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The
      expression of fetuin A was significantly decreased in both the liver and Achilles
      tendon during HO. ELISA showed a small amount of fetuin A in blood throughout the
      development of HO. Immunohistochemical staining showed that fetuin A was abundant
      in the ectopic bone. Fetuin A appears to be involved in the formation of ectopic
      bone induced by Achilles tenotomy, and a deficiency of fetuin A plays a role in
      the development of HO. 

PMID- 26984266
TI  - Kaempferol induces ATM/p53-mediated death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis in
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
AB  - Kaempferol is a member of the flavonoid compounds found in vegetables and fruits.
      It is shown to exhibit biological impact and anticancer activity, but no report
      exists on the angiogenic effect of kaempferol and induction of cell apoptosis in
      vitro. In this study, we investigated the role of kaempferol on anti-angiogenic
      property and the apoptotic mechanism of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
      (HUVECs). Our results demonstrated that kaempferol decreased HUVEC viability in a
      time- and concentration-dependent manner. Kaempferol also induced morphological
      changes and sub-G1 phase cell population (apoptotic cells). Kaempferol triggered
      apoptosis of HUVECs as detecting by DNA fragmentation, comet assay and
      immunofluorescent staining for activated caspase-3. The caspase signals,
      including caspase-8, -9 and -3, were time-dependently activated in HUVECs after
      kaempferol exposure. Furthermore, pre-treatment with a specific inhibitor of
      caspase-8 (Z-IETD-FMK) significantly reduced the activity of caspase-8, -9 and 
      3, indicating that extrinsic pathway is a major signaling pathway in kaempferol
      treated HUVECs. Importantly, kaempferol promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      evaluated using flow cytometric assay in HUVECs. We further investigated the
      upstream extrinsic pathway and showed that kaempferol stimulated death receptor
      signals [Fas/CD95, death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5] through increasing the levels
      of phosphorylated p53 and phosphorylated ATM pathways in HUVECs, which can be
      individually confirmed by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), ATM specific inhibitor
      (caffeine) and p53 siRNA. Based on these results, kaempferol-induced HUVEC
      apoptosis was involved in an ROS-mediated p53/ATM/death receptor signaling.
      Kaempferol might possess therapeutic effects on cancer treatment in anti-vascular
      targeting. 

PMID- 26984265
TI  - GFRA3 promoter methylation may be associated with decreased postoperative
      survival in gastric cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large number of epigenetic alterations has been found to be
      implicated in the etiology of gastric cancer. We have studied the DNA methylation
      status of 27 500 gene promoter regions in 24 gastric adenocarcinomas from a
      Norwegian cohort, and aimed at identifying the hypermethylated regions. We have
      compared our findings to the gene expression in the same tissue, and linked our
      results to prognosis and survival. METHODS: Biopsies from gastric adenocarcinomas
      and adjacent normal gastric mucosa were obtained from 24 patients following
      surgical resection of the tumor. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of the
      tumor and matched non-cancerous mucosa was performed. The results were compared
      to whole transcriptome cDNA microarray analysis of the same material. RESULTS:
      Most of the gene promoter regions in both types of tissue showed a low degree of
      methylation, however there was a small, but significant hypermethylation of the
      tumors. Hierarchical clustering showed separate grouping of the tumor and normal
      tissue. Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the GFRA3 gene showed a strong
      correlation to post-operative survival and several of the clinicopathological
      parameters, however no difference was found between the two main histological
      types of gastric cancer. There was only a modest correlation between the DNA
      methylation status and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: The different DNA
      methylation clusters of the tumors and normal tissue indicate that aberrant DNA
      methylation is a distinct feature of gastric cancer, although there is little
      difference in the overall, and low, methylation levels between the two tissue
      types. The GFRA3 promoter region showed marked hypermethylation in almost all
      tumors, and its correlation with survival and other clinicopathological
      parameters may have important prognostic significance.

PMID- 26984267
TI  - Uncertainty in Online U.S. News Coverage of Truvada.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of incidents of
      uncertainty in online news articles about Truvada, a drug used to prevent HIV
      infection. Using a coding scheme that synthesized uncertainty research from
      health disciplines and communication studies, we analyzed 235 articles from the
      most-read United States-based news websites. Our results showed that 80.4% of
      articles contained at least one incident of uncertainty, that articles contained
      significantly more incidents of uncertainty before the Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention (CDC) endorsed Truvada compared to after the CDC endorsed
      the drug, and that articles mentioning men who have sex with men (MSM) contained
      significantly more incidents of uncertainty than articles in which they were not
      mentioned.

PMID- 26984269
TI  - Impact of occupation on stress and anxiety among Indian women.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the prevalence of anxiety and
      stress in Indian women; and (2) evaluate the relationship of occupation to the
      prevalence of anxiety and stress. A cross-sectional study was performed from
      January 2013 to June 2014, on women (aged 18-50 years) randomly selected from
      different occupations in Gujarat, India. Anxiety was evaluated using Spielberg's
      State and Trait Anxiety Inventory scale and stress was assessed using the
      International Stress Management Association questionnaire. Serum cortisol
      concentration was measured in a sub-sample. The association of occupation with
      stress and anxiety was analyzed by a generalized linear model adjusted for age.
      Among all participants, 26% were the most prone and 66% were somewhat more prone
      to stress; 35% of women showed high anxiety levels. Homemakers had 1.2 times
      higher anxiety and 1.3 times higher stress than working women (p < .05).
      Prevalence of stress (37%, p < .001) and anxiety (40%, p = .068) were also higher
      in homemakers compared to working women and students. Serum cortisol levels did
      not differ significantly (p > .05) by occupation. This study revealed high
      prevalence rates of stress and anxiety in Indian women. Involvement in activities
      outside the home may help women to reduce stress.

PMID- 26984270
TI  - NMR- and GC/MS-based metabolomics of sulfur mustard exposed individuals: a pilot
      study.
AB  - Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent alkylating agent and its effects on cells and
      tissues are varied and complex. Due to limitations in the diagnostics of sulfur
      mustard exposed individuals (SMEIs) by noninvasive approaches, there is a great
      necessity to develop novel techniques and biomarkers for this condition. We
      present here the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry (GC/MS) metabolic profiling of serum from and healthy controls
      to identify novel biomarkers in blood serum for better diagnostics. Of note,
      SMEIs were exposed to SM 30 years ago and that differences between two groups
      could still be found. Pathways in which differences between SMEIs and healthy
      controls are observed are related to lipid metabolism, ketogenesis, tricarboxylic
      acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid metabolism. 

PMID- 26984271
TI  - Erratum to: 'Evaluation of quality improvement for cesarean sections programmes
      through mixed methods'.

PMID- 26984268
TI  - CODV-Ig, a universal bispecific tetravalent and multifunctional immunoglobulin
      format for medical applications.
AB  - Bispecific immunoglobulins (Igs) typically contain at least two distinct variable
      domains (Fv) that bind to two different target proteins. They are conceived to
      facilitate clinical development of biotherapeutic agents for diseases where
      improved clinical outcome is obtained or expected by combination therapy compared
      to treatment by single agents. Almost all existing formats are linear in their
      concept and differ widely in drug-like and manufacture-related properties. To
      overcome their major limitations, we designed cross-over dual variable Ig-like
      proteins (CODV-Ig). Their design is akin to the design of circularly closed
      repeat architectures. Indeed, initial results showed that the traditional
      approach of utilizing (G4S)x linkers for biotherapeutics design does not identify
      functional CODV-Igs. Therefore, we applied an unprecedented molecular modeling
      strategy for linker design that consistently results in CODV-Igs with excellent
      biochemical and biophysical properties. CODV architecture results in a circular
      self-contained structure functioning as a self-supporting truss that maintains
      the parental antibody affinities for both antigens without positional effects.
      The format is universally suitable for therapeutic applications targeting both
      circulating and membrane-localized proteins. Due to the full functionality of the
      Fc domains, serum half-life extension as well as antibody- or complement
      dependent cytotoxicity may support biological efficiency of CODV-Igs. We show
      that judicious choice in combination of epitopes and paratope orientations of
      bispecific biotherapeutics is anticipated to be critical for clinical outcome.
      Uniting the major advantages of alternative bispecific biotherapeutics, CODV-Igs
      are applicable in a wide range of disease areas for fast-track multi-parametric
      drug optimization.

PMID- 26984273
TI  - Synthesis of SnO2 versus Sn crystals within N-doped porous carbon nanofibers via
      electrospinning towards high-performance lithium ion batteries.
AB  - The design of tin-based anode materials (SnO2 or Sn) has become a major concern
      for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their different inherent
      characteristics. Herein, particulate SnO2 or Sn crystals coupled with porous N
      doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as SnO2/PCNFs and Sn/PCNFs, respectively) are
      fabricated via the electrospinning method. The electrochemical behaviors of both
      SnO2/PCNFs and Sn/PCNFs are systematically investigated as anodes for LIBs. When
      coupled with porous carbon nanofibers, both SnO2 nanoparticles and Sn
      micro/nanoparticles display superior cycling and rate performances. SnO2/PCNFs
      and Sn/PCNFs deliver discharge capacities of 998 and 710 mA h g(-1) after 140
      cycles (at 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mA g(-1) each for 10 cycles and then 100 cycles
      at 100 mA g(-1)), respectively. However, the Sn/PCNF electrodes show better
      cycling stability at higher current densities, delivering higher discharge
      capacities of 700 and 550 mA h g(-1) than that of SnO2/PCNFs (685 and 424 mA h g(
      1)) after 160 cycles at 200 and 500 mA g(-1), respectively. The different
      superior electrochemical performance is attributed to the introduction of porous
      N-doped carbon nanofibers and their self-constructed networks, which, on the one
      hand, greatly decrease the charge-transfer resistance due to the high
      conductivity of N-doped carbon fibers; on the other hand, the porous carbon
      nanofibers with numerous voids and flexible one-dimensional (1D) structures
      efficiently alleviate the volume changes of SnO2 and Sn during the Li-Sn alloying
      dealloying processes. Moreover, the discussion of the electrochemical behaviors
      of SnO2vs. Sn would provide new insights into the design of tin-based anode
      materials for practical applications, and the current strategy demonstrates great
      potential in the rational design of metallic tin-based anode materials. 

PMID- 26984272
TI  - Melatonin in Chronic Pain Syndromes.
AB  - Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted by epiphysis and extrapineal structures. It
      performs several functions including chronobiotic, antioxidant, oncostatic,
      immune modulating, normothermal, and anxiolytic functions. Melatonin affects the
      cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract, participates in reproduction
      and metabolism, and body mass regulation. Moreover, recent studies have
      demonstrated melatonin efficacy in relation to pain syndromes. The present paper
      reviews the studies on melatonin use in fibromyalgia, headaches, irritable bowel
      syndrome, chronic back pain, and rheumatoid arthritis. The paper discusses the
      possible mechanisms of melatonin analgesic properties. On one hand, circadian
      rhythms normalization results in sleep improvement, which is inevitably
      disordered in chronic pain syndromes, and activation of melatonin adaptive
      capabilities. On the other hand, there is evidence of melatonin-independent
      analgesic effect involving melatonin receptors and several neurotransmitter
      systems. 

PMID- 26984274
TI  - Obesity may increase risk of rare type of stroke in women taking oral
      contraceptives.

PMID- 26984275
TI  - Adrenocortical cancer: mortality, hormone secretion, proliferation and urine
      steroids - experience from a single centre spanning three decades.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant disease with a
      poor prognosis. Our aims were to study survival and to explore prognostic
      markers. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of all 50
      ACC patients at a single centre diagnosed between 1985 and 2012 and followed them
      up until 31/12/2014. RESULTS: Of this cohort, twenty six (52 %) were females.
      Adrenalectomy was performed in 48 patients (96 %), and twenty seven (54 %) were
      treated with adjuvant cytotoxic agents. The tumor sizes ranged from 6 to 20 cm.
      Overall survival time was 5.5 years (0.3-19.8), the two and five-year survival
      was 64 and 40 %, respectively. In ENSAT stage II 25/48 patients had a median
      survival of 7.0 years (0.7-15.5), in stage III 8/48 this was 1.9 (0.4 - 19.8),
      and in stage IV 15/48 it was 1.2 (0.3-3.6) years. Seventeen patients (34 %) were
      still alive at the end of 2014. The total follow-up time was 8.4 (0.3-19.8)
      years. Cell proliferation measured with Ki-67 had a median value of 15 % (2-80)
      and the urinary steroid profile was clearly pathologic in 29 of 43 (67 %) tested
      patients. The proliferation index did not significantly predict mortality (Ki-67
      <= 10 vs. >10 %, 9.0 vs. 3.2 years, P = 0.0833), but resection margins did (R1
      vs. R2, P = 0.0066; R0 vs. R2, P < 0.0001). The urinary steroid profile did not
      predict mortality (normal vs. pathologic urine profile: median survival 6.6 vs.
      3.3 years, P = 0.261). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis was generally poor and
      macroscopically positive resection margins resulted in a worse prognosis.
      However, some patients were still alive many years following primary surgery with
      no sign of residual disease.

PMID- 26984276
TI  - Construction site workers' malaria knowledge and treatment-seeking pattern in a
      highly endemic urban area of India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Construction sites are potential breeding places for some species of
      mosquitoes. Construction workers usually stay at the construction sites, thus
      being extremely susceptible to malaria. For malaria control, a special focus on
      them is warranted as they often seek treatment from unregulated, private vendors,
      increasing their risk of exposure to substandard drugs. OBJECTIVES: To elicit the
      socio-demographic factors associated with comprehensive malaria knowledge
      (symptoms, mode of spread, and preventive measures) and treatment-seeking pattern
      (preferred source and type of treatment) among the construction workers in
      Mangaluru, India; and, to study the association among their comprehensive malaria
      knowledge, past suffering from malaria (within 1 year) and treatment-seeking
      pattern. METHODS: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in nine
      randomly selected construction sites of Mangaluru, a high-risk city for malaria
      with an annual parasite incidence of >2/1000/year, from June-September 2012. A
      sample size of 132 was estimated assuming at least 30% of them have satisfactory
      malaria knowledge, 10% absolute precision, 95% confidence level, design effect of
      1.5 and 10% non-responses. A semi-structured interview schedule was used, and
      knowledge scores were computed. Multivariate linear (for knowledge score) and
      logistic regressions (for preferred source and type of treatment) were applied.
      RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen workers participated in the study (total
      approached-138). 85% (n = 101) of them were males. Mean knowledge score was 9.95
      +/- 3.19 (maximum possible score-16). The majority of them were aware of the
      symptoms and the mode of malaria transmission. However, <12% could explain the
      malaria preventive measures. Females workers (beta = -0.281, p = 0.001), self
      stated malaria within 1 year (beta = 0.276, p < 0.001) and who preferred
      allopathic treatment (beta = 0.283, P = 0.001) displayed better knowledge scores.
      Male workers (AdjOR 7.21, 95% CI 2.3-22.9) and those with self stated malaria
      within 1 year (AdjOR 11.21, 95% CI 2.38-52.8) showed favorable treatment-seeking
      pattern. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need of intensifying and streamlining of
      ongoing malaria prevention activities for construction site workers in Mangaluru,
      India. Emphasizing the gender equity at every stage of programme implementation
      and addressing their treatment-seeking pattern is essential. Involvement of
      labour employers and building contractors in this regard is imperative.

PMID- 26984277
TI  - How rapid is rapid? Exemplary results of real-life rapid rule-out troponin timing
      in troponin-positive acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment
      elevation in two contrasting German chest pain unit facilities.
AB  - AIM: To analyse the timing of cardiac troponin (cTn) measurements in high-risk
      and cTn-positive acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation
      (NSTE-ACS) in two structurally different German chest pain units (CPUs),
      contrasting an urban university maximum care and a rural regional primary care
      facility. METHODS: All patients encoded as NSTEMI during the year 2013 were
      retrospectively enrolled in two centres: site (I)--centre of maximum care in an
      urban university setting and site (II)--centre of primary care in a rural
      regional care setting. Data acquisition included time intervals from admission to
      baseline cTn and first and second cTn control as well as type and timing of
      invasive management. RESULTS: The median times (site I vs. site II) from
      admission to cTn result announcement were 26.5 vs. 33.0 min (p = 0.02) for
      baseline, 4 vs. 4 h (p = 0.43) for the first and 11.0 vs. 16.5 h (p = 0.03) for
      the second control. Timely announcement, as recommended by guidelines, was
      available in 86.9% at baseline, 59.4% for the first or 41.1% for the second cTn
      control. Rates and timing of invasive management were independent from the time
      point of positive cTn announcement (p = 0.51 and p = 0.68, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: German CPUs provide timely identification of cTn-positive patients
      in a narrow and guideline-adherent time frame using a rapid rule-out protocol.
      Especially, baseline and early cTn timing was comparable between the urban
      university maximum care and the rural regional primary care facility without
      relevant impact on guideline-conforming invasive management, underlining the high
      standard of care in those highly professional institutions.

PMID- 26984278
TI  - HIV-related stigma among African, Caribbean, and Black youth in Windsor, Ontario.
AB  - HIV-related stigma has been shown to undermine prevention, care, treatment, and
      the well-being of people living with HIV. A disproportion burden of HIV
      infection, as well as elevated levels of HIV-related stigma, is evidenced in sub
      Saharan African (SSA) and African-diasporic populations. This study explores
      factors that influence HIV-related stigma among 16- to 25-year-old youth residing
      in a Canadian city who identify as African, Caribbean, or Black. Stigma, as
      rooted in cultural norms and beliefs and related social institutions, combined
      with insights from research on stigma in SSA and African-diasporic populations,
      guided the development of a path analytic structural equation model predicting
      levels of HIV-related stigmatizing attitudes. The model was tested using survey
      responses of 510 youth to estimate the direct and indirect influences of ethno
      religious identity, religious service attendance, time in Canada, HIV/AIDS
      knowledge, HIV-testing history, sexual health service contact, and gender on HIV
      related stigma. Statistically significant negative associations were found
      between levels of stigma and knowledge and HIV-testing history. Ethno-religious
      identity and gender had both direct and indirect effects on stigma. African
      Muslim participants had higher levels of stigma, lower knowledge, and were less
      likely to have been tested for HIV infection than other ethno-religious groups.
      Male participants had higher levels of stigma and lower knowledge than women.
      Time in Canada had only indirect effects on stigma, with participants in Canada
      for longer periods having higher knowledge and less likely to have been tested
      than more recent arrivals. While the strength of the effect of knowledge on
      stigmatizing attitudes in this research is consistent with other research on
      stigma and evaluations of stigma-reduction programs, the path analytic results
      provide additional information about how knowledge and HIV-testing function as
      mediators of non-modifiable characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, religion,
      and time in a country. 

PMID- 26984279
TI  - Inactivation of the ATMIN/ATM pathway protects against glioblastoma formation.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive human primary brain cancer.
      Using a Trp53-deficient mouse model of GBM, we show that genetic inactivation of
      the Atm cofactor Atmin, which is dispensable for embryonic and adult neural
      development, strongly suppresses GBM formation. Mechanistically, expression of
      several GBM-associated genes, including Pdgfra, was normalized by Atmin deletion
      in the Trp53-null background. Pharmacological ATM inhibition also reduced Pdgfra
      expression, and reduced the proliferation of Trp53-deficient primary glioma cells
      from murine and human tumors, while normal neural stem cells were unaffected.
      Analysis of GBM datasets showed that PDGFRA expression is also significantly
      increased in human TP53-mutant compared with TP53-wild-type tumors. Moreover,
      combined treatment with ATM and PDGFRA inhibitors efficiently killed TP53-mutant
      primary human GBM cells, but not untransformed neural stem cells. These results
      reveal a new requirement for ATMIN-dependent ATM signaling in TP53-deficient GBM,
      indicating a pro-tumorigenic role for ATM in the context of these tumors. 

PMID- 26984282
TI  - Compliance with hand hygiene: reference data from the national hand hygiene
      campaign in Germany.
AB  - Hand hygiene is a key measure to prevent healthcare-associated infection. To
      promote hand hygiene nationally the German campaign 'Aktion Saubere Hande' was
      launched in January 2008, based on the World Health Organization's 'Clean Care is
      Safer Care' initiative. We report the first results from a full year of data
      collection on hand hygiene compliance recorded with the help of a renewed
      observation tool. Data were based on submissions from 109 participating hospitals
      collected from 576 wards between January 1st and December 31st, 2014. The overall
      median compliance was 73%, ranging from 55% (10th percentile) to 89% (90th
      percentile). The results demonstrated only small differences between adult and
      non-adult intensive care units (ICUs) with neonatal ICUs and paediatric non-ICUs
      maintaining higher compliance than adult care units. Performance among nurses was
      better than physicians, and overall rates of hand hygiene performance were
      significantly higher after patient contact than before. 

PMID- 26984280
TI  - The nucleolar protein NIFK promotes cancer progression via CK1alpha/beta-catenin
      in metastasis and Ki-67-dependent cell proliferation.
AB  - Nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of pKi-67 (NIFK) is a Ki-67
      interacting protein. However, its precise function in cancer remains largely
      uninvestigated. Here we show the clinical significance and metastatic mechanism
      of NIFK in lung cancer. NIFK expression is clinically associated with poor
      prognosis and metastasis. Furthermore, NIFK enhances Ki-67-dependent
      proliferation, and promotes migration, invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo
      via downregulation of casein kinase 1alpha (CK1alpha), a suppressor of pro
      metastatic TCF4/beta-catenin signaling. Inversely, CK1alpha is upregulated upon
      NIFK knockdown. The silencing of CK1alpha expression in NIFK-silenced cells
      restores TCF4/beta-catenin transcriptional activity, cell migration, and
      metastasis. Furthermore, RUNX1 is identified as a transcription factor of CSNK1A1
      (CK1alpha) that is negatively regulated by NIFK. Our results demonstrate the
      prognostic value of NIFK, and suggest that NIFK is required for lung cancer
      progression via the RUNX1-dependent CK1alpha repression, which activates
      TCF4/beta-catenin signaling in metastasis and the Ki-67-dependent regulation in
      cell proliferation. 

PMID- 26984281
TI  - Exciton-exciton annihilation and biexciton stimulated emission in graphene
      nanoribbons.
AB  - Graphene nanoribbons display extraordinary optical properties due to one
      dimensional quantum-confinement, such as width-dependent bandgap and strong
      electron-hole interactions, responsible for the formation of excitons with
      extremely high binding energies. Here we use femtosecond transient absorption
      spectroscopy to explore the ultrafast optical properties of ultranarrow,
      structurally well-defined graphene nanoribbons as a function of the excitation
      fluence, and the impact of enhanced Coulomb interaction on their excited states
      dynamics. We show that in the high-excitation regime biexcitons are formed by
      nonlinear exciton-exciton annihilation, and that they radiatively recombine via
      stimulated emission. We obtain a biexciton binding energy of ~ 250 meV, in very
      good agreement with theoretical results from quantum Monte Carlo simulations.
      These observations pave the way for the application of graphene nanoribbons in
      photonics and optoelectronics.

PMID- 26984284
TI  - Atrazine promotes RM1 prostate cancer cell proliferation by activating STAT3
      signaling.
AB  - Atrazine, a widely used pesticide, is frequently detected in soil and surface
      water, which alarms epidemiologists and medical professionals because of its
      potential deleterious effects on health. Indeed, atrazine is a potent endocrine
      disruptor that increases aromatase expression in some human cancer cell lines.
      Both animal and human studies have suggested that atrazine is possibly
      carcinogenic, although discrepant results have been reported. In this study, RM1
      cells were used to explore the atrazine effects on prostate cancer.
      Proliferation, migration and invasion of RM1 cells were assessed by colony
      formation, wound-healing and invasion assays, respectively, after in vitro
      exposure to atrazine. In addition, an RM1 cell xenograft model was generated to
      evaluate the effects of atrazine in vivo. To explore the molecular mechanisms,
      qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analyses were employed to detect
      mRNA and protein levels of STAT3 signaling and cell cycle related proteins,
      including p53, p21, cyclin B1 and cyclin D1. Interestingly, RM1 cell
      proliferation was increased after treatment with atrazine, concomitantly with
      STAT3 signaling activation. These results suggest that atrazine promotes RM1 cell
      growth in vitro and in vivo by activating STAT3 signaling.

PMID- 26984285
TI  - Adjunctive use of intrapartum foetal ST-segment analysis (STAN) confers no
      benefit over conventional foetal heart rate monitoring.

PMID- 26984283
TI  - Indica rice genome assembly, annotation and mining of blast disease resistance
      genes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rice is a major staple food crop in the world. Over 80% of rice
      cultivation area is under indica rice. Currently, genomic resources are lacking
      for indica as compared to japonica rice. In this study, we generated deep
      sequencing data (Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing) for one of the
      indica rice cultivars, HR-12 from India. RESULTS: We assembled over 86% (389 Mb)
      of rice genome and annotated 56,284 protein-coding genes from HR-12 genome using
      Illumina and PacBio sequencing. Comprehensive comparative analyses between indica
      and japonica subspecies genomes revealed a large number of indica specific
      variants including SSRs, SNPs and InDels. To mine disease resistance genes, we
      sequenced few indica rice cultivars that are reported to be highly resistant
      (Tetep and Tadukan) and susceptible (HR-12 and Co-39) against blast fungal
      isolates in many countries including India. Whole genome sequencing of rice
      genotypes revealed high rate of mutations in defense related genes (NB-ARC, LRR
      and PK domains) in resistant cultivars as compared to susceptible. This study has
      identified R-genes Pi-ta and Pi54 from durable indica resistant cultivars; Tetep
      and Tadukan, which can be used in marker assisted selection in rice breeding
      program. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of whole genome sequencing
      approach to characterize Indian rice germplasm. The genomic resources from our
      work will have a greater impact in understanding global rice diversity, genetics
      and molecular breeding.

PMID- 26984288
TI  - Successful surgical treatment of a giant right coronary artery aneurysm with a
      patent left internal thoracic artery graft.
AB  - We report a rare case of a giant right coronary artery aneurysm 13 years after
      coronary artery bypass grafting. Coronary angiography at the time of primary
      surgery demonstrated irregular aneurysmal dilatation in the mid-right coronary
      artery that expanded greatly over a 13-year period to a maximum diameter of 80
      mm. The patient underwent aneurysmectomy and interposition using a saphenous vein
      graft through a right lateral thoracotomy. The patient did not undergo dissection
      or clamping of the left internal thoracic artery graft, and myocardial protection
      was obtained using systemic hypothermia and hyperkalaemia in addition to
      continuous antegrade cardioplegia. Postoperatively, coronary computed tomography
      showed a lack of residual aneurysm and good flow in the saphenous vein graft. The
      patient made an uneventful recovery.

PMID- 26984287
TI  - Thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer with situs inversus totalis: a
      case report and literature review.
AB  - A 63-year-old male visited our hospital, complaining of discomfort when
      swallowing. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a type 2 tumor in the
      middle thoracic esophagus, which was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma by
      endoscopic biopsy. Computed tomography revealed situs inversus totalis (SIT). We
      assessed the relationship of the esophagus with neighboring organs using
      preoperative three-dimensional imaging. We performed thoracoscopic esophagectomy
      with radical lymph node dissection in the right decubitus position and hand
      assisted laparoscopic gastric mobilization in the supine position. The definitive
      diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma, pT2N1M0, pStage IIB according to the Union
      for International Cancer Control. The patient's postoperative course was
      uneventful, and 5 years post-operation, he is alive without recurrence. In SIT
      patients, surgical procedures are difficult because of anatomic transposition.
      Three-dimensional imaging effectively assesses the anatomical structure and
      contributes to safer thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer patients
      with SIT. Relevant literature is also discussed and reviewed. 

PMID- 26984286
TI  - Molecular detection and identification of piroplasms in sika deer (Cervus nippon)
      from Jilin Province, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Piroplasmosis is an important disease of domestic animals and
      wildlife and is caused by organisms from the genera Theileria and Babesia.
      Wildlife such as sika deer play an important role as reservoir hosts for several
      species of Theileria and Babesia. Using blood samples collected from sika deer,
      we investigated the epidemiology of Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. in sika deer
      from Jilin Province in China and identified those species that cause pathogenic
      infections in sika deer. METHODS: Sixty-eight blood samples of sika deer were
      collected from three areas of the Jilin Province in Northeast China. Genomic DNA
      was extracted, and the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA of the piroplasms
      was amplified using the nested PCR method. The selected positive samples were
      sequenced to identify species of Babesia and Theileria. RESULTS: PCR detection
      revealed that 24 samples were positive for Theileria and Babesia spp. (35.29 %,
      95 % CI = 11.8-46.8). After alignment, a sequenced fragment for Theileria cervi
      was found to be the most prevalent from the obtained samples (22.06 %, 95 % CI =
      11.8-49.6). Six sika deer samples were identified as being infected with a
      Theileria sp. that was similar to a Theileria sp. found from spotted deer in
      India. In addition to the results above, for the first time, we identified T.
      annulata infection from one sample of sika deer and Babesia sp. from two samples,
      which showed high identity with Babesia motasi found in sheep from China.
      CONCLUSION: The present study offers new data on the pathogens of piroplasmosis
      in sika deer in northeastern China. For the first time, sika deer was confirmed
      as a reservoir host for the T. annulata of cattle and the B. motasi of sheep,
      which was found in China.

PMID- 26984290
TI  - Validation of the Turkish Version of the Sexual Health Outcomes in Women
      Questionnaire (SHOW-Q) in Turkish-Speaking Women.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Sexual Health Outcomes in Women Questionnaire (SHOW-Q) is
      designed to evaluate the sexual life of women for satisfaction, orgasm, desire,
      and pelvic problem interference. The SHOW-Q is important for evaluating worsening
      of sexual life for patients with pelvic problems and the management of these
      women to improve their sexual life. AIMS: To validate the Turkish versions of the
      SHOW-Q for Turkish-speaking women. METHODS: The Turkish version of the SHOW-Q was
      generated by two independent professional English-to-Turkish translators. The
      translated version of the SHOW-Q was reverse translated by two bilingual
      translators whose native language was English. Women with at least one symptom
      related to pelvic problems (n = 71) and those with no symptoms (n = 38) were
      included in the present study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Test-retest reliability
      analysis, content-face validity, internal consistency reliability, item-total
      correlations, convergent validity, construct validity, and factorial validity
      were performed to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of
      the SHOW-Q. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability demonstrated good correlation for
      all subscales. Cronbach alpha values ranged from 0.735 to 0.892 and indicated
      high internal consistency. There was a strong correlation for the corresponding
      subscales between the SHOW-Q and the Female Sexual Function Index. The mean score
      of each SHOW-Q subscale showed significant differences between symptomatic and
      asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the SHOW-Q is a valid
      and reliable instrument that can be used to evaluate the sexual life of Turkish
      speaking women with different pelvic problems.

PMID- 26984289
TI  - An Aspect of the Capability for Suicide-Fearlessness of the Pain Involved in
      Dying-Amplifies the Association Between Suicide Ideation and Attempts.
AB  - The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that individuals who experience
      suicide ideation will only develop suicidal intent, and subsequently engage in
      suicidal behavior when they have concomitant fearlessness about death and
      tolerance for physical pain (i.e., the capability for suicide). The current
      studies examined the hypothesis that one aspect of the capability for suicide
      fearlessness of the pain involved in dying-would amplify the positive association
      between current suicide ideation and a previous suicide attempt in two samples at
      high risk for experiencing suicide ideation and suicide attempts. Study 1
      examined this relation using self-report methods in a sample of adults entering
      treatment in a mental health outpatient clinic. Study 2 utilized similar methods
      in a sample of adults admitted to inpatient psychiatry. Both studies indicated
      that those individuals who reported suicide ideation were more likely than non
      ideators to report having attempted suicide only if they also reported greater
      fearlessness of the pain involved in dying. The current findings support the
      theorized role of the capability for suicide in the transition from ideation to
      attempt and also support assessing the capability for suicide in risk assessment.

PMID- 26984291
TI  - Intralesional Injection of Hyaluronic Acid in Patients Affected With Peyronie's
      Disease: Preliminary Results From a Prospective, Multicenter, Pilot Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hyaluronic acid has been shown to be efficacious in decreasing scar
      formation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. AIM: To assess the efficacy of
      intralesional injection of hyaluronic acid in patients affected by Peyronie's
      disease. METHODS: In this prospective, single-arm, self-controlled,
      interventional, multicenter pilot study, 65 patients underwent a 10-week cycle of
      weekly intraplaque injections with hyaluronic acid (0.8% highly purified sodium
      salt hyaluronic acid 16 mg/2 mL; Sinovial, IBSA, Lodi, Italy). Patients were re
      evaluated 2 months after the end of therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plaque size
      (millimeters), penile curvature (degrees), International Index of Erectile
      Function (IIEF-5) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score for sexual satisfaction,
      and Patient's Global Impressions of Improvement (PGI-I) score. RESULTS: Median
      age was 57 years (range = 23-70). At baseline, mean plaque size was 10 mm (range
      = 3-30 mm), mean penile curvature was 30 degrees  (range = 0 degrees -50 degrees
      ), and mean IIEF-5 score was 20 (range = 0-25), with slight to moderate erectile
      dysfunction (IIEF score < 21) in 36 of 65 patients (55%). A median VAS score of 6
      (range = 2-10) was found. Mean follow-up was 12 months (range = 6-24 months).
      Statistically significant post-treatment improvements were detected for plaque
      size (before treatment = 10 mm [3-30 mm], after treatment = 8 mm [1-30 mm], P <
      .0001), penile curvature (before treatment = 30 degrees  [0 degrees -50 degrees
      ], after treatment = 20 degrees  [0 degrees -40 degrees ], P < .0001), IIEF-5
      score (before treatment = 20 [11-25], after treatment = 21 [15-25], P < .0001),
      and VAS score (before treatment = 6 [2-10], after treatment 8 [2-10], P < .0001).
      After treatment, the rate of patients with an IIEF score lower than 21 decreased
      from 55% (36 patients) to 40% (25 patients). Overall improvement on the PGI-I
      questionnaire was 69%. CONCLUSION: Intralesional treatment with hyaluronic acid
      can improve plaque size, penile curvature, and overall sexual satisfaction and
      seems preferably indicated in the early (active) phase of the disease.
      Furthermore, it is easy to perform and well tolerated.

PMID- 26984292
TI  - Practice Update: Review of Anticonvulsant Therapy.
AB  - Since 2010, the Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of four new
      anti-epilepsy drugs (AEDs) for the treatment of epilepsy in the USA: clobazam
      (Onfi), ezogabine (Potiga), perampanel (Fycompa), and eslicarbazepine (Aptiom) as
      well as two extended release formulations, topiramate ER (Qudexy XR and Trokendi)
      and oxcarbazepine ER (Oxtellar). This not only provides practitioners ample
      choice to match medication profiles to their patients' preferences and co
      morbidities better, but also challenges us to be proficient in the use of all. In
      addition to providing a brief overview of these new medications and of the
      current medical management of epilepsy, this review discusses new data regarding
      vitamin D and AED-related osteoporosis, pregnancy registries, suicidality,
      marijuana-related compounds for epilepsy, and the recently published guidelines
      on the approach and management of a first unprovoked seizure in adults and
      guidelines for when to stop AEDs. 

PMID- 26984295
TI  - Weighted Uncertainty Relations.
AB  - Recently, Maccone and Pati have given two stronger uncertainty relations based on
      the sum of variances and one of them is nontrivial when the quantum state is not
      an eigenstate of the sum of the observables. We derive a family of weighted
      uncertainty relations to provide an optimal lower bound for all situations and
      remove the restriction on the quantum state. Generalization to multi-observable
      cases is also given and an optimal lower bound for the weighted sum of the
      variances is obtained in general quantum situation. 

PMID- 26984294
TI  - Divergent polo box domains underpin the unique kinetoplastid kinetochore.
AB  - Kinetochores are macromolecular machines that drive eukaryotic chromosome
      segregation by interacting with centromeric DNA and spindle microtubules. While
      most eukaryotes possess conventional kinetochore proteins, evolutionarily distant
      kinetoplastid species have unconventional kinetochore proteins, composed of at
      least 19 proteins (KKT1-19). Polo-like kinase (PLK) is not a structural
      kinetochore component in either system. Here, we report the identification of an
      additional kinetochore protein, KKT20, in Trypanosoma brucei. KKT20 has sequence
      similarity with KKT2 and KKT3 in the Cys-rich region, and all three proteins have
      weak but significant similarity to the polo box domain (PBD) of PLK. These
      divergent PBDs of KKT2 and KKT20 are sufficient for kinetochore localization in
      vivo. We propose that the ancestral PLK acquired a Cys-rich region and then
      underwent gene duplication events to give rise to three structural kinetochore
      proteins in kinetoplastids. 

PMID- 26984296
TI  - Morphology, molecular and systematic analyses of Bychowskyella (Monogenea:
      Dactylogyridae) in siluriform fish from India.
AB  - Three species of genus Bychowskyella Akhmerov (1952), i.e. B. fossilisi Majumdar
      & Agarwal, 1989, B. tchangi Gusev, 1976 and B. wallagonia (Jain, 1959a) Gusev,
      1961, were found to parasitize the gill filaments of siluriform fish in India.
      This redescription based on light microscopic examination of B. fossilisi, B.
      tchangi and B. wallagonia provides detailed taxonomic data for these species. We
      also amplified the 18S ribosomal RNA gene to evaluate the phylogenetic
      relationships of these three species. The morphological and genetic profiles
      confirmed the validation and taxonomical relationships of the above-mentioned
      species belonging to the genus Bychowskyella.

PMID- 26984293
TI  - Reciprocal regulation of Yersinia pestis biofilm formation and virulence by RovM
      and RovA.
AB  - RovA is known to enhance Yersinia pestis virulence by directly upregulating the
      psa loci. This work presents a complex gene regulatory paradigm involving the
      reciprocal regulatory action of RovM and RovA on the expression of biofilm and
      virulence genes as well as on their own genes. RovM and RovA enhance and inhibit
      Y. pestis biofilm production, respectively, whereas RovM represses virulence in
      mice. RovM directly stimulates the transcription of hmsT, hmsCDE and rovM, while
      indirectly enhancing hmsHFRS transcription. It also indirectly represses hmsP
      transcription. By contrast, RovA directly represses hmsT transcription and
      indirectly inhibits waaAE-coaD transcription, while RovM inhibits psaABC and
      psaEF transcription by directly repressing rovA transcription. rovM expression is
      significantly upregulated at 26 degrees C (the temperature of the flea gut)
      relative to 37 degrees C (the warm-blooded host temperature). We speculate that
      upregulation of rovM together with downregulation of rovA in the flea gut would
      promote Y. pestis biofilm formation while inhibiting virulence gene expression,
      leading to a more transmissible infection of this pathogen in fleas. Once the
      bacterium shifts to a lifestyle in the warm-blooded hosts, inhibited RovM
      production accompanied by recovered RovA synthesis would encourage virulence
      factor production and inhibit biofilm gene expression. 

PMID- 26984298
TI  - Spontaneous Formation of Eutectic Crystal Structures in Binary and Ternary
      Charged Colloids due to Depletion Attraction.
AB  - Crystallization of colloids has extensively been studied for past few decades as
      models to study phase transition in general. Recently, complex crystal structures
      in multi-component colloids, including alloy and eutectic structures, have
      attracted considerable attention. However, the fabrication of 2D area-filling
      colloidal eutectics has not been reported till date. Here, we report formation of
      eutectic structures in binary and ternary aqueous colloids due to depletion
      attraction. We used charged particles + linear polyelectrolyte systems, in which
      the interparticle interaction could be represented as a sum of the electrostatic,
      depletion, and van der Waals forces. The interaction was tunable at a lengthscale
      accessible to direct observation by optical microscopy. The eutectic structures
      were formed because of interplay of crystallization of constituent components and
      accompanying fractionation. An observed binary phase diagram, defined by a mixing
      ratio and inverse area fraction of the particles, was analogous to that for
      atomic and molecular eutectic systems. This new method also allows the adjustment
      of both the number and wavelengths of Bragg diffraction peaks. Furthermore, these
      eutectic structures could be immobilized in polymer gel to produce self-standing
      materials. The present findings will be useful in the design of the optical
      properties of colloidal crystals. 

PMID- 26984297
TI  - [Statement of the German Society for Pathology and the working group thoracic
      oncology of the working group oncology/German Cancer Society on ALK testing in
      NSCLC: Immunohistochemistry and/or FISH?].

PMID- 26984300
TI  - Oxidation of NO by small oxygen species HO2(-) and O2(-): the role of negative
      charge, electronic spin and water solvation.
AB  - The reactions of HO2(-)(H2O)n and O2(-)(H2O)n clusters (n = 0-4) with NO were
      studied experimentally using mass spectrometry; the experimental work was
      supported by quantum chemical computations for the case n = 0, 1. It was found
      that HO2(-)(H2O)n clusters were efficient in oxidizing NO into NO2(-), although
      the reaction rate decreases rapidly with hydration above n = 1. Superoxide-water
      clusters did not oxidize NO into NO2(-) under the present experimental conditions
      (low pressure): instead a reaction occurred in which peroxynitrite, ONOO(-), was
      formed as a new cluster core ion. The latter reaction was found to need at least
      one water molecule present on the reactant cluster in order to enable the product
      to stabilize itself by evaporation of H2O. 

PMID- 26984301
TI  - Empirical analysis of BMD metrics in genetic toxicology part II: in vivo potency
      comparisons to promote reductions in the use of experimental animals for genetic
      toxicity assessment.
AB  - Genotoxicity tests have traditionally been used only for hazard identification,
      with qualitative dichotomous groupings being used to identify compounds that have
      the capacity to induce mutations and/or cytogenetic alterations. However, there
      is an increasing interest in employing quantitative analysis of in vivo dose
      response data to derive point of departure (PoD) metrics that can be used to
      establish human exposure limits or margins of exposure (MOEs), thereby supporting
      human health risk assessments and regulatory decisions. This work is an extension
      of our companion article on in vitro dose-response analyses and outlines how the
      combined benchmark dose (BMD) approach across included covariates can be used to
      improve the analyses and interpretation of in vivo genetic toxicity dose-response
      data. Using the BMD-covariate approach, we show that empirical comparisons of
      micronucleus frequency dose-response data across multiple studies justifies
      dataset merging, with subsequent analyses improving the precision of BMD
      estimates and permitting attendant potency ranking of seven clastogens.
      Similarly, empirical comparisons of Pig-a mutant phenotype frequency data
      collected in males and females justified dataset merging across sex. This
      permitted more effective scrutiny regarding the effect of post-exposure sampling
      time on the mutagenicity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea observed in reticulocytes and
      erythrocytes in the Pig-a assay. The BMD-covariate approach revealed tissue
      specific differences in the induction of lacZ transgene mutations in MutaTMMouse
      specimens exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), with the results permitting the
      formulation of mechanistic hypotheses regarding the observed potency ranking.
      Lastly, we illustrate how historical dose-response data for assessments that
      examined numerous doses (i.e. induced lacZ mutant frequency (MF) across 10 doses
      of BaP) can be used to improve the precision of BMDs derived from datasets with
      far fewer doses (i.e. lacZ MF for 3 doses of dibenz[a,h]anthracene).
      Collectively, the presented examples illustrate how innovative use of the BMD
      approach can permit refinement of the use of in vivo data; improving the efficacy
      of experimental animal use in genetic toxicology without sacrificing PoD
      precision.

PMID- 26984299
TI  - The deadly line linking sympathetic overdrive, dipping status and vascular risk:
      critical appraisal and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 26984302
TI  - Metal mixture (As-Cd-Pb)-induced cell transformation is modulated by OLA1.
AB  - Environmental pollutants are complex mixtures in which metals are ubiquitous.
      Metal mixtures of arsenic, cadmium and lead are present in the occupational
      environment and generate health effects such as cardiovascular, renal and cancer
      diseases. Cell transformation induced by metal mixtures that depend on reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell viability maintenance and avoidance of
      senescence was previously reported by our group. The aim of the present study was
      to explore the role of a Obg-like ATPase1 (OLA1) in the cell transformation of
      BALB/c 3T3 A31-1-1 clonal cells induced by a metal mixture (2 uM NaAsO2, 2 uM
      CdCl2 and 5 uM Pb(C2H3O2)2 3H2O) through ROS generation. The interest in OLA1 is
      justified because this protein has been proposed to be a negative regulator of
      the cellular antioxidant response. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to
      knockdown OLA1 before the initiation stage of the transformation assay. We
      evaluated (ROS) and OLA1 protein expression throughout the initiation and
      promotion stages of transformation. OLA1 knockdown modulated metal mixture
      induced cell transformation more strongly when the metal mixture was an initiator
      stimulus than when it was a promoter. The ability of the metal mixture to
      initiate cell transformation was diminished by OLA1 knockdown, an effect that
      depended on intracellular ROS levels. The effect of OLA1 was synergistic with N
      Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) co-treatment. Oxidative stress-associated transcription
      factors Egr1 and Smad were also down-regulated by the OLA1 knockdown,
      contributing to the rescue of metal mixture cell transformation.

PMID- 26984305
TI  - Enhancing central noradrenergic function in depression: is there still a place
      for a new antidepressant?

PMID- 26984303
TI  - Editorial: Excessive Police Violence as a Public Health Issue.

PMID- 26984304
TI  - Pt and Pt-Rh supercrystals self-assembled in N,N-dimethylformamide.
AB  - <100>-oriented Pt and Pt-Rh supercrystals were directly synthesized in N,N
      dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. DMF was demonstrated to serve as the facet
      specific agent of the (100) facets and the driving force for the self-assembly of
      Pt and Pt-Rh building blocks due to the strong bonding interaction between metal
      atoms on the (100) facets and the carbonyl group of DMF. 

PMID- 26984306
TI  - Contribution of the stress-induced degeneration of the locus coeruleus
      noradrenergic neurons to the pathophysiology of depression: a study on an animal
      model.
AB  - A novel theory on the pathophysiology of depression would be expected to resolve
      a contradiction between therapeutic time lag and monoamine hypothesis. On the
      basis of the fact that a subgroup of depression appears during or after stress,
      we exposed rats to a long-term (2 weeks) forced walking stress and produced
      depression-model rats in one group and spontaneous recovery rats in another. The
      density of axon terminals of the locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in the frontal
      cortex stained by dopamine beta-hydroxylase antiserum was lower in the depression
      model rats than in the spontaneous recovery rats and in the control rats without
      stress. The density was higher in the model rats daily treated with imipramine
      than in those treated with saline. Morphological projection (MP) index (a
      percentage of horseradish peroxidase-positive LC cells in total number of LC
      cells) and electrophysiological projection index (a percentage of LC neurons
      activated antidromically by electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex) were
      lower in the depression-model rats than in the recovery and control rats. MP
      index was higher in the imipramine-treated rats than that in the saline-treated
      rats. Electron microscopic examination of the LC disclosed such degenerative
      changes as low-dense areas without structure, aggregation of intracellular
      organs, destroyed membranes around the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), a
      decreased number of deformed subsurface cisterns, glia invaginated into the LC
      neurons and prominent appearance of microglia containing increased number of
      lipofustin or lysosome in the model rats, but not in the spontaneous recovery
      rats. These findings suggest that the terminals and cell bodies of the LC
      noradrenergic neurons degenerate in the stress-induced depression-model rats and
      regenerate in the imipramine-treated model rats. This degenerative change may
      possibly contribute to the decrease in synthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline
      (NA), the slowing of axonal flow, the accumulation of NA in the neurons, the
      decrease in discharge rate of LC neurons without stress and the increase in
      release of NA in response to an additional stress. It may also explain the
      therapeutic time lag that is required to repair the noradrenergic neurons. 

PMID- 26984307
TI  - The relationship between potency of oxidative stress and severity of depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is one of the suggested mechanisms in major
      depression. OBJECTIVE: To determine the oxidative and antioxidative status of
      plasma of patients with major depression and to investigate whether there is a
      relationship between the potency of oxidative stress and the severity of
      depression. METHODS: To determine the antioxidative status of plasma, total and
      individual antioxidant levels which are total antioxidant potential (TAOP), total
      protein, albumin, uric acid, vitamin C and total bilirubin were measured. To
      determine the oxidative status, total peroxide level of plasma was measured in
      patients with drug-free depressive patients and compared with those of controls.
      Per cent ratio of total peroxide to TAOP was evaluated as oxidative stress index
      (OSI). RESULTS: Plasma TAOP and individual antioxidant levels were found to be
      lower in patients with depression than those of controls. On the contrary, the
      patients had high total plasma peroxide levels. OSI values of the patients were
      significantly higher than those of controls (P = 0.002), and a significant
      positive correlation between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and OSI
      values was found (r = 0.54, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The patients with major
      depression are exposed to oxidative stress, and OSI may be useful to reflect the
      severity of the disease.

PMID- 26984308
TI  - Alcohol-dependent patients attempting and not attempting suicide: a comparison.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence is a psychiatric disorder associated with an
      increased risk of suicidal behaviour. This is also associated with an increased
      number of suicide risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the
      sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of a number of alcohol-dependent
      patients who attempted suicide. METHODS: We studied a consecutive series of 377
      alcohol-dependent patients in our in-patient clinics. Their alcohol-use histories
      were assessed through semistructured interviews. The Suicidal Behaviors
      Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Michigan Alcoholism
      Screening Test and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were administered to all
      patients. Serum total cholesterol levels, mean corpuscular volume, the liver
      enzymes gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine
      aminotransferase were routinely measured. In the statistical analyses, Student's
      t-test and chi-squared tests were applied. RESULTS: Of the 377 alcohol-dependent
      patients, 89 (23.6%) had histories of attempted suicide. Thirty-four (42.5%) of
      the 80 female alcohol-dependent patients and 55 (18.5%) of the 297 male alcohol
      dependent patients had attempted suicide; this gender difference was
      statistically significant (chi2 = 27.7, P < 0.001). A greater proportion of the
      suicide attempters than of the non-attempters met the Diagnostic Statistical
      Manual IV criteria for another psychiatric disorder (60.6%, n = 54, vs. 40.6%, n
      = 117; chi2 = 14.8; df = 6; P < 0.05). The difference of total cholesterol levels
      between female (mean = 144.0, SD = 58.3; mean = 158.0, SD = 83.9; t = 4.5; P <
      0.05) and male (mean = 133.7, SD = 50.5; mean = 163.6, SD = 69.7; t = 11.7; P <
      0.01) attempters and non-attempters was statistically significant. CONCLUSION:
      These results suggest that suicide attempts in alcohol-dependent patients are
      associated with more profound biopsychosocial pathology and decreased serum
      cholesterol levels.

PMID- 26984309
TI  - Categorization and validation of handedness using latent class analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A view that handedness is not a dichotomous, i.e. left-right,
      phenomenon is shared by majority of researchers. However, there are different
      opinions about the exact number of hand-preference categories and criteria that
      should be used for their classification. OBJECTIVES: This study examined hand
      preference categories using the latent class analysis (LCA) and validated them
      against two external criteria (i.e. hand demonstration test and a series of
      arbitrary cut-off points). METHOD: The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory was applied
      to 354 individuals randomly selected from the general population, and the
      obtained data were analysed using the LatentGOLD software. RESULTS: Three
      discrete hand-preference clusters were identified, i.e. left-, right- and mixed
      handed category. Further subdivision of hand-preference clusters resulted in a
      non-parsimonious subcategorization of individuals. There was a good agreement
      between the LCA-based classification and classification based on hand-preference
      demonstration tests. The highest agreement between the LCA model and the
      different types of arbitrary classification criteria ranged between 0 +/- 50 and
      0 +/- 70 of the laterality quotient. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings supported
      the view that handedness is not a bimodal phenomenon. However, definitions and
      subcategorizations of mixed-handedness using the cut-off points that are outside
      of the recommended range may lead to misclassification of cases. It is hoped that
      the categorization and validation of handedness developed in the context of this
      study will make future research in this area less dependent on arbitrary values
      and criteria.

PMID- 26984310
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is associated with the administration of
      antipsychotic agents and other drugs such as l-dopa, antidepressants, and
      antihistaminic agents. Unexpected changes in mental status, new-onset catatonia,
      episodic tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, dysarthria, dysphagia,
      diaphoresis, sialorrhea, incontinence, low-grade temperature elevations, and
      rigidity should arouse suspicion. Several lines of evidence provide support for
      the involvement of dopamine. Most of the drugs implicated in NMS are D2 dopamine
      receptor antagonists. Central noradrenergic activity is also possibly related to
      the disorder, as sympathetic hyperactivity is associated with the active phase of
      NMS. Currently, the definitive role of GABA deficiency in NMS is yet to be
      established. Differential diagnosis should include malignant hyperthermia, lethal
      catatonia, lithium toxicity, serotonin syndrome, and heat stroke. A high degree
      of suspicion and the discontinuation of antipsychotic agents even if the
      diagnosis is not established are essential for the safety of the patient.
      Treatment of NMS should be individualized and be based empirically on the
      character, duration, and severity of the clinical signs and symptoms noted. The
      initial step in the treatment of NMS is the removal of the offending agent. Full
      blown NMS is a serious condition and requires immediate supportive, nutritive,
      and electrolyte therapies. The administration of drugs that can improve NMS, such
      as IV dantrolene and/or oral bromocriptine, may also be taken into consideration,
      based on the severity and nature of the NMS. 

PMID- 26984311
TI  - Olanzapine metabolism by CYP1A2/CYP2D6 and hyperglycaemia.
AB  - The relationship between olanzapine metabolism by CYP1A2/CYP2D6 and
      hyperglycaemia was investigated. The higher blood olanzapine concentration may be
      effected by the abnormal metabolism, but not always caused by hyperglycaemia. 

PMID- 26984312
TI  - The toxicity of the three antifouling biocides DCOIT, TPBP and medetomidine to
      the marine pelagic copepod Acartia tonsa.
AB  - Copepods, the largest group of pelagic grazers, are at risk from exposure to
      antifouling biocides. This study investigated the toxicity of the antifouling
      biocides 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one (DCOIT), triphenylborane
      pyridine (TPBP) and 4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (medetomidine)
      to the copepod Acartia tonsa, using mortality and egg production as endpoints.
      The toxicity ranking for mortality was as follows: DCOIT (LC50 57 nmol l(-1)) =
      TPBP (LC50 56 nmol l(-1)) > medetomidine (LC50 241 nmol l(-1)). Egg production
      was more sensitive than mortality to TPBP (EC50 3.2 nmol l(-1)), while DCOIT and
      medetomidine inhibited egg production at roughly the same concentrations (72 and
      186 nmol l(-1) respectively). Furthermore, TPBP seems to affect egg hatching
      directly which was not the case for DCOIT and medetomidine. DCOIT and
      medetomidine might pose an environmental risk as they have been reported to occur
      in different exposure scenarios or analytical surveys at concentrations only 2-3
      times lower than the respective EC10. Reported environmental concentrations of
      TPBP are few but clearly lower than the EC10 values reported here, suggesting
      current risk of TPBP to copepods to be moderate. 

PMID- 26984313
TI  - Assessment of brachial artery reactivity, carotid intima-media thickness, and
      adhesion molecules in pediatric solid tumor patients treated with anthracyclines.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine subclinical atherosclerosis and
      endothelial functional disturbance with measurement of carotid intima-media
      thickness (IMT), brachial artery reactivity (BAR), and levels of serum adhesion
      molecules in children with solid tumors who were treated with anthracyclines and
      are actually in complete remission. Fifty patients who were in remission and 30
      healthy children were included in the study. Mean ages of patient and control
      groups were 13.5 +/- 4.7 years (range: 3-23 years) and 12.00 +/- 4.3 years
      (range: 4-21 years), respectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups
      according to cumulative doxorubicin dose: Group 1, <=100 mg/m(2); Group 2, 101
      299 mg/m(2); Group 3, >=300 mg/m(2). The BAR and carotid IMT were measured in
      order to determine the endothelial function. The serum adhesion molecule levels
      in our patients and controls were also measured. The BAR of the patients with
      cumulative anthracycline dose >=300 mg/m(2) was significantly lower than the
      patients with cumulative anthracycline dose <=100 mg/m(2) and healthy controls (P
      =.005 and P =.003, respectively). Also, there was a negative correlation between
      brachial artery reactivity and increasing cumulative anthracycline dose (r = 
      .287, P =.044). We also found significant difference between the mean carotid IMT
      of the patients and the healthy children (P =.041). No statistically significant
      difference was detected between the serum levels of sICAM-1 (soluble
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1), sVCAM-1 (soluble vascular cell adhesion
      molecule-1), sE-selectin of the patients and controls. The use of anthracyclines
      in pediatric patients with cancer could result in increase of the carotid IMT and
      endothelial dysfunction. 

PMID- 26984314
TI  - Expert Consensus on the Management of Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
      in the Spanish Healthcare System.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The management of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in routine
      clinical practice differs considerably from guideline recommendations. The
      objective of our study was to reach a consensus on the management of PMO,
      considering prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, according to expert
      opinion in Spain. METHODS: A two-round Delphi technique was conducted, including
      38 experts. The questionnaire contained 35 sections, each one including 1-10
      questions (n = 308) based on a literature review and contributions from the
      scientific steering committee. Each question was scored by experts from the
      current (1 = no occurrence, 9 = occurrence in all cases), wish (1 = total
      rejection; 9 = wish) and prediction (1 = no occurrence at all; 9 = occurs with
      maximum probability) perspectives. Consensus (wish and prediction perspectives)
      was considered when >=75% of experts scored 7-9 (agreement) or 1-3
      (disagreement). RESULTS: Overall, consensus was achieved on 75% of questions.
      While protocols of clinical management and consultation/referral should be
      followed, their implementation is unlikely. Furthermore, the medical specialties
      currently involved in PMO management are poorly defined. PMO patients without
      fracture should be managed (prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up) in
      both primary care and rheumatology settings; however, experts predicted that only
      treatment and follow-up will be assumed by these specialties. A multidisciplinary
      team should be involved in patients with fracture. No assessment tools are
      usually applied, and prediction indicated that they will not be used. CONCLUSION:
      Efforts should be focused on questions with high divergence between wishes and
      predictions, defining actions that will improve PMO management. Collaboration
      between scientific societies and health authorities to address the identified
      opportunities of improvement is proposed. FUNDING: Amgen S.A.

PMID- 26984316
TI  - Efficient total syntheses and biological activities of two teixobactin analogues.
AB  - The discovery of the new antibiotic teixobactin has been timely in the race for
      unearthing novel antibiotics wherein the emergence of drug resistant bacteria
      poses a serious threat worldwide. Herein, we present the total syntheses and
      biological activities of two teixobactin analogues. This approach is simple,
      efficient and has several advantages: it uses commercially available building
      blocks (except AllocHN-d-Thr-OH), has a single purification step and a good
      recovery (22%). By using this approach we have synthesised two teixobactin
      analogues and established that the d-amino acids are critical for the
      antimicrobial activity of these analogues. With continuing high expectations from
      teixobactin, this work can be regarded as a stepping stone towards an in depth
      study of teixobactin, its analogues and the quest for synthesising similar
      molecules. 

PMID- 26984315
TI  - Impact of the Topical Ophthalmic Corticosteroid Loteprednol Etabonate on
      Intraocular Pressure.
AB  - Corticosteroids are a mainstay therapeutic option for the treatment of ocular
      inflammation. However, safety remains a concern for clinicians, particularly with
      long-term use. Though highly effective at suppressing inflammatory and allergic
      responses, topical ophthalmic corticosteroids carry an inherent risk of side
      effects, including elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a risk factor for the
      development of glaucoma. The corticosteroid loteprednol etabonate (LE) contains
      an ester rather than a ketone at the C-20 position, minimizing the potential for
      side effects, including IOP elevation. In early pivotal clinical trials of LE
      ophthalmic suspension for conjunctivitis (allergic, giant papillary), anterior
      uveitis, and post-operative inflammation, LE had minimal impact on IOP over short
      term (<28 days) and long-term (>=28 days) use. Since then, new LE formulations
      including a gel, an ointment, and a suspension of LE in combination with
      tobramycin-have become commercially available. Multiple studies evaluating the
      safety and efficacy of LE for inflammatory conditions have been reported,
      including those requiring longer-term treatment such as photorefractive
      keratectomy, corneal transplantation, and dry eye disease. We review the
      available published data on the effect of LE on IOP and report on the cumulative
      incidence of clinically significant IOP elevations (>=10 mm Hg from baseline)
      with short-term and long-term LE use. In all studies, LE consistently
      demonstrated a low propensity to elevate IOP, regardless of formulation, dosage
      regimen, or treatment duration, including in known steroid responders. The
      cumulative proportion of patients exhibiting clinically significant IOP increases
      was 0.8% (14/1725 subjects) in studies evaluating short-term LE treatment and
      1.5% (21/1386 subjects) in long-term studies. Furthermore, use of LE was
      associated with significantly lower rates of IOP elevation >=10 mm Hg as compared
      to prednisolone acetate or dexamethasone (when used in combination with
      tobramycin). The cumulative data to date substantiates a favorable IOP-safety
      profile for LE with both short-term and long-term use.

PMID- 26984318
TI  - What's new in ARDS: ARDS also exists in resource-constrained settings.

PMID- 26984319
TI  - The adsorption of amino acids and cations onto goethite: a prebiotic chemistry
      experiment.
AB  - Few prebiotic chemistry experiments have assessed the adsorption of biomolecules
      by iron oxide-hydroxides. The present work investigated the effects of cations in
      artificial seawaters on the adsorption of Gly, alpha-Ala and beta-Ala onto
      goethite, and vice versa. Goethite served to concentrate K and Mg cations from
      solution; these effects could have played important roles in peptide nucleoside
      formation. Goethite showed low adsorption of Gly and alpha-Ala. On the other
      hand, beta-Ala (a non-protein amino acid) was highly adsorbed by goethite.
      Because Gly and alpha-Ala are the most common amino acids in living beings, and
      iron oxide-hydroxides are widespread on Earth, additional iron oxides should be
      studied. Increased ionic strength in artificial seawaters decreased the
      adsorption of amino acids by goethite. Because Na was highly abundant in the
      artificial seawater, it showed the highest effect on amino acid adsorption. beta
      Ala increased the adsorption of K and Ca by goethite, this effect could have been
      important for peptide synthesis.

PMID- 26984317
TI  - Therapeutic management of peritonitis: a comprehensive guide for intensivists.
AB  - PURPOSE: The management of peritonitis in critically ill patients is becoming
      increasingly complex due to their changing characteristics and the growing
      prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. METHODS: A multidisciplinary
      panel summarizes the latest advances in the therapeutic management of these
      critically ill patients. RESULTS: Appendicitis, cholecystitis and bowel
      perforation represent the majority of all community-acquired infections, while
      most cases of healthcare-associated infections occur following suture leaks
      and/or bowel perforation. The micro-organisms involved include a spectrum of Gram
      positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as anaerobes and fungi. Healthcare
      associated infections are associated with an increased likelihood of MDR
      pathogens. The key elements for success are early and optimal source control and
      adequate surgery and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Drainage, debridement,
      abdominal cleansing, irrigation, and control of the source of contamination are
      the major steps to ensure source control. In life-threatening situations, a
      "damage control" approach is the safest way to gain time and achieve stability.
      The initial empirical antiinfective therapy should be prescribed rapidly and must
      target all of the micro-organisms likely to be involved, including MDR bacteria
      and fungi, on the basis of the suspected risk factors. Dosage adjustment needs to
      be based on pharmacokinetic parameters. Supportive care includes pain management,
      optimization of ventilation, haemodynamic and fluid monitoring, improvement of
      renal function, nutrition and anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of
      patients with peritonitis develop complications, including worsening of pre
      existing organ dysfunction, surgical complications and healthcare-associated
      infections. The probability of postoperative complications must be taken into
      account in the decision-making process prior to surgery.

PMID- 26984321
TI  - A novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous
      determination of branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain alpha-keto acids
      in human plasma.
AB  - Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and branched-chain alpha-keto acids (BCKAs)
      play significant biological roles as they are involved in protein and
      neurotransmitter synthesis as well as energy metabolism pathways. To routinely
      and accurately study the dynamics of BCAAs and BCKAs in human diseases, e.g.
      cerebral infarction, a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC
      MS/MS) method has been developed and validated. The plasma samples were
      deproteinized with acetonitrile, and then separated on a reversed phase C18
      column with a mobile phase of 0.1 % formic acid (solvent A)-methanol (solvent B)
      using gradient elution. The detection of BCAAs and BCKAs was conducted in
      multiple reaction monitoring with positive/negative electrospray ionization
      switching mode. Biologically relevant isomers such as leucine and isoleucine were
      individually quantified by combining chromatographic separation and
      fragmentation. Good linearity (R (2) > 0.99) was obtained for all six analytes
      with the limits of detection from 0.1 to 0.2 ug/mL. The intra-day and inter-day
      accuracy ranged from 93.7 to 108.4 % and the relative standard deviation (RSD)
      did not exceed 15.0 %. The recovery was more than 80 % with RSD less than 14.0 %.
      The main improvements compared to related, state-of-the-art methods included
      enhanced sensitivity, enhanced separation of isomers, and reduced complexity of
      sample processing. Finally, the validated method was applied to analyze the
      plasma samples of healthy volunteers and patients suffering cerebral infarction,
      and significant differences in the concentration levels of BCAAs and BCKAs were
      observed.

PMID- 26984320
TI  - Physiological and therapeutic effects of carnosine on cardiometabolic risk and
      disease.
AB  - Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most
      common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They represent
      major public health threat to our society. Increasing prevalence of obesity and
      T2DM contributes to escalating morbidity and mortality from CVD and stroke.
      Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide with anti-inflammatory,
      antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-ischaemic and chelating roles and is available
      as an over-the-counter food supplement. Animal evidence suggests that carnosine
      may offer many promising therapeutic benefits for multiple chronic diseases due
      to these properties. Carnosine, traditionally used in exercise physiology to
      increase exercise performance, has potential preventative and therapeutic
      benefits in obesity, insulin resistance, T2DM and diabetic microvascular and
      macrovascular complications (CVD and stroke) as well as number of neurological
      and mental health conditions. However, relatively little evidence is available in
      humans. Thus, future studies should focus on well-designed clinical trials to
      confirm or refute a potential role of carnosine in the prevention and treatment
      of chronic diseases in humans, in addition to advancing knowledge from the basic
      science and animal studies.

PMID- 26984322
TI  - Expression of apical Na(+)-L-glutamine co-transport activity, B(0)-system neutral
      amino acid co-transporter (B(0)AT1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 along the
      jejunal crypt-villus axis in young pigs fed a liquid formula.
AB  - Gut apical amino acid (AA) transport activity is high at birth and during
      suckling, thus being essential to maintain luminal nutrient-dependent mucosal
      growth through providing AA as essential metabolic fuel, substrates and nutrient
      stimuli for cellular growth. Because system-B(0) Na(+)-neutral AA co-transporter
      (B(0)AT1, encoded by the SLC6A19 gene) plays a dominant role for apical uptake of
      large neutral AA including L-Gln, we hypothesized that high apical Na(+)-Gln co
      transport activity, and B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) in co-expression with angiotensin
      converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were expressed along the entire small intestinal crypt
      villus axis in young animals via unique control mechanisms. Kinetics of Na(+)-Gln
      co-transport activity in the apical membrane vesicles, prepared from epithelial
      cells sequentially isolated along the jejunal crypt-villus axis from liquid
      formula-fed young pigs, were measured with the membrane potential being clamped
      to zero using thiocyanate. Apical maximal Na(+)-Gln co-transport activity was
      much higher (p < 0.05) in the upper villus cells than in the middle villus (by 29
      %) and the crypt (by 30 %) cells, whereas Na(+)-Gln co-transport affinity was
      lower (p < 0.05) in the upper villus cells than in the middle villus and the
      crypt cells. The B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) mRNA abundance was lower (p < 0.05) in the
      crypt (by 40-47 %) than in the villus cells. There were no significant
      differences in B(0)AT1 and ACE2 protein abundances on the apical membrane among
      the upper villus, the middle villus and the crypt cells. Our study suggests that
      piglet fast growth is associated with very high intestinal apical Na(+)-neutral
      AA uptake activities via abundantly co-expressing B(0)AT1 and ACE2 proteins in
      the apical membrane and by transcribing the B(0)AT1 (SLC6A19) gene in the
      epithelia along the entire crypt-villus axis.

PMID- 26984324
TI  - H2O2 assisted room temperature oxidation of Ti2C MXene for Li-ion battery anodes.
AB  - Herein we demonstrate that a prominent member of the MXene family, Ti2C,
      undergoes surface oxidation at room temperature when treated with hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 treatment results in opening up of MXene sheets and
      formation of TiO2 nanocrystals on their surface, which is evidenced by the high
      surface area of H2O2 treated MXene and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. We show
      that the reaction time and the amount of hydrogen peroxide used are the limiting
      factors, which determine the morphology and composition of the final product.
      Furthermore, it is shown that the performance of H2O2 treated MXene as an anode
      material in Li ion batteries (LIBs) was significantly improved as compared to as
      prepared MXenes. For instance, after 50 charge/discharge cycles, specific
      discharge capacities of 389 mA h g(-1), 337 mA h g(-1) and 297 mA h g(-1) were
      obtained for H2O2 treated MXene at current densities of 100 mA g(-1), 500 mA g(
      1) and 1000 mA g(-1), respectively. In addition, when tested at a very high
      current density, such as 5000 mA g(-1), the H2O2 treated MXene showed a specific
      capacity of 150 mA h g(-1) and excellent rate capability. These results clearly
      demonstrate that H2O2 treatment of Ti2C MXene improves MXene properties in energy
      storage applications, such as Li ion batteries or capacitors. 

PMID- 26984323
TI  - Ph(i-PrO)SiH2: An Exceptional Reductant for Metal-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom
      Transfers.
AB  - We report the discovery of an outstanding reductant for metal-catalyzed radical
      hydrofunctionalization reactions. Observations of unexpected silane solvolysis
      distributions in the HAT-initiated hydrogenation of alkenes reveal that
      phenylsilane is not the kinetically preferred reductant in many of these
      transformations. Instead, isopropoxy(phenyl)silane forms under the reaction
      conditions, suggesting that alcohols function as important silane ligands to
      promote the formation of metal hydrides. Study of its reactivity showed that
      isopropoxy(phenyl)silane is an exceptionally efficient stoichiometric reductant,
      and it is now possible to significantly decrease catalyst loadings, lower
      reaction temperatures, broaden functional group tolerance, and use diverse,
      aprotic solvents in iron- and manganese-catalyzed hydrofunctionalizations. As
      representative examples, we have improved the yields and rates of alkene
      reduction, hydration, hydroamination, and conjugate addition. Discovery of this
      broadly applicable, chemoselective, and solvent-versatile reagent should allow an
      easier interface with existing radical reactions. Finally, isotope-labeling
      experiments rule out the alternative hypothesis of hydrogen atom transfer from a
      redox-active beta-diketonate ligand in the HAT step. Instead, initial HAT from a
      metal hydride to directly generate a carbon-centered radical appears to be the
      most reasonable hypothesis. 

PMID- 26984325
TI  - Ultrasound versus 'clinical touch' for catheter guidance during embryo transfer
      in women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many women undergoing an assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycle
      will not achieve a live birth. Failure at the embryo transfer stage may be due to
      lack of good-quality embryo/s, lack of uterine receptivity, or the transfer
      technique itself. Numerous methods, including the use of ultrasound guidance for
      proper catheter placement in the endometrial cavity, have been suggested as more
      effective techniques of embryo transfer. This review evaluates the efficacy of
      ultrasound-guided embryo transfer (UGET) compared with 'clinical touch' (CTET),
      which is the traditional method of embryo transfer and relies on the clinician's
      tactile senses to judge when the transfer catheter is in the correct position.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine whether ultrasound guidance compared with clinical touch
      improves pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing embryo transfer during ART
      cycles. SEARCH METHODS: For the 2016 update of this review, we ran updated
      searches in the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group trials register (May
      2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (the Cochrane Library,
      May 2015), MEDLINE (2009 to May 2015), and EMBASE (2009 to May 2015). We also
      handsearched relevant conference proceedings: American Society for Reproductive
      Medicine (ASRM), European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE),
      and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). There were no
      language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included only randomised controlled
      trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed
      eligibility and quality of trials and extracted data from those selected. We
      calculated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous
      outcomes. No outcomes were reported using continuous data. We assessed the
      overall quality of the evidence for the main findings using the GRADE working
      group methods. MAIN RESULTS: This systematic review now has 21 included studies
      (four of which we added in the 2016 update), two studies awaiting assessment, and
      47 excluded studies. In total, data for meta-analyses were available in 21 trials
      (n = 6218 women), of which only four reported live births.UGET was associated
      with an increased chance of a live birth/ongoing pregnancy compared with CTET (OR
      1.47, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.65; 13 trials; n = 5859 women; I(2) = 74%; low-quality
      evidence). Sensitivity analysis by including only trials with low risk of
      selection bias or by using a random-effects model did not alter the effect. We
      estimate that for women with a chance of a live birth/ongoing pregnancy of 23%
      using CTET, this would increase to between 28% and 33% using UGET. We considered
      the quality of the evidence using GRADE methodology to be low.UGET was associated
      with an increase in the chance of a clinical pregnancy (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.17 to
      1.45; 20 trials; n = 6711 women; I(2) = 42%; moderate-quality evidence). We
      identified no differences between groups for the incidence of adverse events
      including multiple pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or miscarriage. These events
      were relatively rare, and sample sizes limited the ability to detect such
      differences. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests ultrasound guidance
      improves the chance of live birth/ongoing and clinical pregnancies compared with
      clinical touch, without increasing the chance of multiple pregnancy, ectopic
      pregnancy, or miscarriage. Methodological limitations included: only four studies
      reporting details of both computerised randomisation techniques and adequate
      allocation concealment, only four studies reported on the outcome of live birth,
      and none of the nine studies that reported on ongoing pregnancy reported on live
      birth, suggesting possible reporting bias. Adequate reporting of randomisation
      and allocation concealment will improve the quality of future studies. The
      primary outcome measure of future studies should be the reporting of live births
      per woman randomised.

PMID- 26984327
TI  - Stress in the brain: implications for treatment of depression.
AB  - A fundamental question in stress research is when the glucocorticoid stress
      hormone (cortisol in man) stops being neuroprotective and becomes harmful to the
      brain with negative consequences for cognition and mood. To address this question
      Section 1 focuses on the action mechanism of glucocorticoids. These hormones act
      via high and low affinity nuclear receptors, which regulate gene transcription in
      a coordinate manner. The receptors are expressed abundantly in hippocampus,
      amygdala and frontal cortex involved in cognitive processes. In Section 2
      hypercortisolism is considered a potential disease factor for about 50% of the
      patients suffering from major depression. Recent data show that these patients
      recover within a few days when excess cortisol action is blocked with high doses
      of an antiglucocorticoid. Section 3 concerns animal models with 'depression-like'
      features of hypercorticism generated by manipulation of gene X environment
      inputs. Using gene expression profiling technology in the hippocampal
      transcriptome of these animals we identified about 700 potential targets for
      antidepressants out of 30 000 detectable gene products. One of our models is
      based on early life programming of the stress system. Rats exposed as pups to
      maternal deprivation display at senescence an enhanced individual difference in
      cognitive performance. The maternally deprived senescent animals age either
      successfully or become senile, at the expense of the average performance of non
      deprived controls. The essay is concluded with the notion that the new generation
      of antidepressants ameliorates specific psychic dysfunctions (e.g. cognitive
      performance) linked to aberrant stress hormone action in discrete brain regions. 

PMID- 26984326
TI  - Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Office work has changed considerably over the previous couple of
      decades and has become sedentary in nature. Physical inactivity at workplaces and
      particularly increased sitting has been linked to increase in cardiovascular
      disease, obesity and overall mortality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of
      workplace interventions to reduce sitting at work compared to no intervention or
      alternative interventions. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central
      Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, OSH UPDATE,
      PsycINFO, Clinical trials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO)
      International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) search portal up to 2
      June, 2015. We also screened reference lists of articles and contacted authors to
      find more studies to include. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-randomised controlled trials (cRCTs), and quasi
      randomised controlled trials of interventions to reduce sitting at work. For
      changes of workplace arrangements, we also included controlled before-and-after
      studies (CBAs) with a concurrent control group. The primary outcome was time
      spent sitting at work per day, either self-reported or objectively measured by
      means of an accelerometer-inclinometer. We considered energy expenditure,
      duration and number of sitting episodes lasting 30 minutes or more, work
      productivity and adverse events as secondary outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND
      ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full
      text articles for study eligibility. Two review authors independently extracted
      data and assessed risk of bias. We contacted authors for additional data where
      required. MAIN RESULTS: We included 20 studies, two cross-over RCTs, 11 RCTs,
      three cRCTs and four CBAs, with a total of 2180 participants from high income
      nations. The studies evaluated physical workplace changes (nine studies), policy
      changes (two studies), information and counselling (seven studies) and
      interventions from multiple categories (two studies). One study had both physical
      workplace changes and information and counselling components. We did not find any
      studies that had investigated the effect of periodic breaks or standing or
      walking meetings. Physical workplace changesA sit-stand desk alone compared to no
      intervention reduced sitting time at work per workday with between thirty minutes
      to two hours at short term (up to three months) follow-up (six studies, 218
      participants, very low quality evidence). In two studies, sit-stand desks with
      additional counselling reduced sitting time at work in the same range at short
      term follow-up (61 participants, very low quality evidence). One study found a
      reduction at six months' follow-up of -56 minutes (95% CI -101 to -12, very low
      quality evidence) compared to no intervention. Also total sitting time at work
      and outside work decreased with sit-stand desks compared to no intervention (MD 
      78 minutes, 95% CI -125 to -31, one study) as did the duration of sitting
      episodes lasting 30 minutes or more (MD -52 minutes, 95% CI -79 to -26, two
      studies). This is considerably less than the two to four hours recommended by
      experts. Sit-stand desks did not have a considerable effect on work performance,
      musculoskeletal symptoms or sick leave. It remains unclear if standing can repair
      the harms of sitting because there is hardly any extra energy expenditure.The
      effects of active workstations were inconsistent. Treadmill desks combined with
      counselling reduced sitting time at work (MD -29 minutes, 95% CI -55 to -2, one
      study) compared to no intervention at 12 weeks' follow-up. Pedalling workstations
      combined with information did not reduce inactive sitting at work considerably
      (MD -12 minutes, 95% CI -24 to 1, one study) compared to information alone at 16
      weeks' follow-up. The quality of evidence was low for active workstations. Policy
      changesTwo studies with 443 participants provided low quality evidence that
      walking strategies did not have a considerable effect on workplace sitting time
      at 10 weeks' (MD -16 minutes, 95% CI -54 to 23) or 21 weeks' (MD -17 minutes, 95%
      CI -58 to 25) follow-up respectively. Information and counsellingCounselling
      reduced sitting time at work (MD -28 minutes, 95% CI -52 to -5, two studies, low
      quality evidence) at medium term (three months to 12 months) follow-up.
      Mindfulness training did not considerably reduce workplace sitting time (MD -2
      minutes, 95% CI -22 to 18) at six months' follow-up and at 12 months' follow-up
      (MD -16 minutes, 95% CI -45 to 12, one study, low quality evidence). There was no
      considerable increase in work engagement with counselling.There was an
      inconsistent effect of computer prompting on sitting time at work. One study
      found no considerable effect on sitting at work (MD -17 minutes, 95% CI -48 to
      14, low quality evidence) at 10 days' follow-up, while another study reported a
      significant reduction in sitting at work (MD -55 minutes, 95% CI -96 to -14, low
      quality evidence) at 13 weeks' follow-up. Computer prompts to stand reduced
      sitting at work by 14 minutes more (95% CI 10 to 19, one study) compared to
      computer prompts to step at six days' follow-up. Computer prompts did not change
      the number of sitting episodes that last 30 minutes or longer. Interventions from
      multiple categories Interventions combining multiple categories had an
      inconsistent effect on sitting time at work, with a reduction in sitting time at
      12 weeks' (25 participants, very low quality evidence) and six months' (294
      participants, low quality evidence) follow-up in two studies but no considerable
      effect at 12 months' follow-up in one study (MD -47.98, 95% CI -103 to 7, 294
      participants, low quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: At present there is
      very low to low quality evidence that sit-stand desks may decrease workplace
      sitting between thirty minutes to two hours per day without having adverse
      effects at the short or medium term. There is no evidence on the effects in the
      long term. There were no considerable or inconsistent effects of other
      interventions such as changing work organisation or information and counselling.
      There is a need for cluster-randomised trials with a sufficient sample size and
      long term follow-up to determine the effectiveness of different types of
      interventions to reduce objectively measured sitting time at work.

PMID- 26984328
TI  - Which depressions are related to life stress?
AB  - This paper examines the relationship of recent life events to specific kinds of
      depression using published studies and the author's own work. An overall effect
      of life events on depression has been found consistently and is moderate in
      degree. In suicide attempts there are stronger and more immediate effects than in
      depression. Life events precede both non-melancholic and melancholic depressions.
      It is only in recurrent depressions that life events are less common with
      melancholic pictures. Life events influence bipolar disorder as well as unipolar.
      Mania may be preceded by life events, particularly those involving social rhythm
      disruption, but it is harder to rule out events which are consequences of
      insidious development of illness. There are strong effects of life events and
      social support in postpartum depressions but in postpartum psychoses these
      effects are absent. Events precede depression comorbid with other disorders as
      well as pure depression. The course of depression is also influenced by life
      stress with less remission where negative events occur after onset and better
      outcome where earlier adverse events are neutralized. Relapse is related to
      immediately preceding life events. However, where depressions are both severe and
      recurrent life stress effects weaken and as the number of episodes increases
      preceding life events lessen. These findings suggest that some kinds of
      depression are more related to psychosocial causation and some are more
      biological in origin. 

PMID- 26984329
TI  - Stress, norepinephrine and depression.
AB  - Experimental and clinical evidence implicates stress as a major predisposing
      factor in depression and other severe psychiatric disorders. In this review,
      evidence is presented to show how the impact of stress on the central sympathetic
      system leads to changes in the endocrine, immune and neurotransmitter axes which
      underlie the main clinical symptoms of depression. Thus it can be shown that the
      noradrenergic system is dysfunctional in depression, a situation which reflects
      the chronic hypersecretion of glucocorticoids and inflammatory mediators within
      the brain in addition to an enhanced activity of the locus ceruleus. With regard
      to the actions of antidepressants in modulating the stress response and
      alleviating depression it is now evident that, irrespective of the presumed
      specificity of the antidepressants for the noradrenergic or serotonergic systems,
      they all normalize noradrenergic function. This action is due partly to the
      regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus ceruleus but also
      enhances neuronal sprouting which counteracts the neurodegenerative effects of
      chronic stress. 

PMID- 26984330
TI  - Neuroticism, alexithymia, negative affect and positive affect as predictors of
      medically unexplained symptoms in primary care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Somatization has been defined in a number of ways. Despite their
      differences, these definitions have one element in common, namely the presence of
      somatic symptoms that cannot be explained (adequately) by organic findings.
      OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives of the dissertation were to gain a better
      insight into the concept of somatization, and to study (prospectively) the
      relationship between neuroticism and alexithymia, two personality traits that
      have been shown to be related to somatization, the affective state dimensions
      positive and negative affect (or psychological distress) and medically
      unexplained symptoms. METHOD: A selective review was conducted regarding
      conceptual and methodological issues related to somatization. A total number of
      318 patients, presenting to their primary care physician with medically
      unexplained symptoms, participated in the prospective study. Both at baseline and
      at 6-month follow-up a number of measures were filled out with respect to
      somatization, neuroticism, alexithymia, negative and positive affect, anxiety and
      depression. RESULTS: The concept of somatization was clarified, thereby making
      use of the distinction between presenting and functional somatization. The
      personality traits neuroticism and alexithymia were found to have an indirect
      influence on symptom reports. Both the cross-sectional and follow-up data pointed
      to the importance of positive and negative affect as determinants of (changes in)
      number of symptoms (over time). Negative affect, together with the alexithymia
      dimension measuring difficulty identifying feelings, predicted symptom
      persistence. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical as well as therapeutic implications of
      the present paper may give an impetus to new research in the domain of
      somatization.

PMID- 26984331
TI  - Stress, cortisol and memory as markers of serotonergic vulnerability.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In the present paper the association of stress-induced cortisol with
      memory impairment is discussed Methods: An experiment is described in which an
      attempt is made to block stress-induced cortisol by lowering 5-HT
      neurotransmission by means of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD). Forty-five
      healthy control subjects participated in the experiment. RESULTS: Stress-induced
      peak cortisol and immediate memory performance were negatively associated. ATD
      tended to block stress-induced cortisol response. ATD also blocked the
      association between peak cortisol response and memory impairment. CONCLUSIONS:
      Stress-induced cortisol and its association with memory impairment is mediated at
      least partially by serotonin.

PMID- 26984332
TI  - The clinical application of the stress concept.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Knowledge on fundamental aspects of the influence of 'stress' on
      animal and human organisms is accumulating. In clinical situations, however,
      psychiatrists still do not use apropriate instruments to recognize and handle the
      impact of daily life stress. DSM-IV is insufficient in this respect. OBJECTIVE: A
      different approach is sketched for clinicians to be able to integrate knowledge
      from research more effectively. METHOD: Application of a 'broad' biological view
      may reveal the significance of interpretation, emotion, impulse and reaction as
      stages of a 'mental tract', which is involved in processing the input of
      stressful situations. RESULT: This may lead to a more rational 'targeting' of
      pharmacological and psychotherapeutic strategies in clinical practice.
      CONCLUSION: A re-orientation of clinical psychiatry from mere classification
      towards a 'broad' biological approach may pave the way for a more rational and
      purposeful application of research findings to therapy.

PMID- 26984333
TI  - Clinical models of stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Here we propose a stress model with disease-specific aspects and
      aspecific factors. The latter are subdivided into load (perception, psychic
      defence mechanisms), strain (psychophysiological responses) and stress sensu
      strictu (biological and behavioural compensation). Insufficiently compensated
      strain will result in being sick and precipitation of a specific disease
      according to one's predisposition. In the clinical practice, multiconditionality
      requires a multidimensional analysis, the the five-axial DSM-system being
      designed especially for this purpose. Multidisciplinary treatment is then
      organized accordingly, i.e. Axis I: case management, medication; Axis II, (focal)
      psychotherapy; Axis III, somatic specialists; Axis IV, social worker; Axis V,
      psychotherapy for coping deficits. OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of this
      multimethodical approach. METHOD: In a 1-year prospective study of 257 admissions
      in a department of psychiatry in a general hospital, the General Health
      Questionnaire (30 items) was filled out at admission, discharge and first
      polyclinical visit post-discharge. RESULTS: The 213 evaluable questionnaires at
      admission did not show differences (17-18.9) between the four groups, mood
      disorders (62%), alcoholism (17%), psychoses (15%) and anxiety disorders (6%). At
      discharge all four groups had reached the cut-off value for 'not-sick' (< 6),
      this remaining so at follow-up; the three measurements differed significantly
      throughout the patient groups. Hospitalization was definitely 28.2 days shorter
      than the Dutch mean of 42 days. CONCLUSIONS: Working to the proposed clinical
      model for multiconditionalty is effective on intensity and duration of disorders,
      sustained improvement is attained.

PMID- 26984334
TI  - Treatment of complex elbow fracture-dislocations.
AB  - Successful management of complex elbow fracture-dislocations requires, in part,
      recognition of the overall injury pattern, which can aid in the identification of
      concomitant bony and soft tissue injuries. Trans-olecranon fracture-dislocations
      are best treated surgically with stable anatomic restoration of the trochlear
      notch. Terrible triad elbow injuries are believed to be caused by a valgus
      posterolateral force. Although select terrible triad injuries can be managed non
      operatively, the majority of injuries are treated with stable surgical repair to
      allow early elbow motion. Unlike terrible triads, varus posteromedial forces are
      theorized to cause anteromedial coronoid fractures. These are usually associated
      with LCL disruptions, but do not have concomitant MCL or radial head injuries. A
      subset of anteromedial coronoid fractures can also be managed non-operatively.
      Internal fixation is recommended for injuries associated with large fracture
      fragments or elbow instability preventing early motion. 

PMID- 26984337
TI  - Intra-familial Variation in Clinical Phenotype of CARD14-related Psoriasis.
AB  - Psoriasis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease. Monogenic psoriasis
      has been described recently, including dominantly inherited plaque and
      generalized pustular types, related to activating mutations in the CARD14 gene.
      We describe here a family with CARD14-related psoriasis, exhibiting an extreme
      variability of clinical presentation (from mild plaque-type to generalized
      pustular psoriasis) and early disease onset. The affected family members
      harboured the c.349G>A [p.Gly117Ser] mutation in CARD14, which has not previously
      been linked to pustular psoriatic phenotype. Furthermore, most severely affected
      individuals carried 3 additional CARD14 coding region polymorphisms (rs2066964,
      rs34367357 and rs11652075), suggesting their possible effect on disease
      expression. Early-onset psoriasis co-segregated with the HLA-C*0602, indicating
      that HLA-C*0602 could potentially modulate the time of disease onset. In summary,
      this paper describes a family with CARD14-related psoriasis and discusses the
      possible influence of the specific haplotypes on intra-familial variation in the
      clinical phenotype of the disease.

PMID- 26984338
TI  - Preparation and evaluation of icariside II-loaded binary mixed micelles using
      Solutol HS15 and Pluronic F127 as carriers.
AB  - An effective anti-cancer drug, icariside II (IS), has been used to treat a
      variety of cancers in vitro. However, its poor aqueous solubility and
      permeability lead to low oral bioavailability. The aim of this work was to use
      Solutol(r)HS15 and Pluronic F127 as surfactants to develop novel mixed micelles
      to enhance the oral bioavailability of IS by improving permeability and
      inhibiting efflux. The IS-loaded mixed micelles were prepared using the method of
      ethanol thin-film hydration. The physicochemical properties, dissolution
      property, oral bioavailability of the male SD rats, permeability and efflux of
      Caco-2 transport models, and gastrointestinal safety of the mixed micelles were
      evaluated. The optimized IS-loaded mixed micelles showed that at 4:1 ratio of
      Solutol(r)HS15 and Pluronic F127, the particle size was 12.88 nm with an
      acceptable polydispersity index of 0.172. Entrapment efficiency (94.6%) and drug
      loading (9.7%) contributed to the high solubility (11.7 mg/mL in water) of IS,
      which increased about 900-fold. The SF-IS mixed micelle release profile showed a
      better sustained release property than that of IS. In Caco-2 cell monolayer
      models, the efflux ratio dramatically decreased by 83.5%, and the relative
      bioavailability of the mixed micelles (AUC0-infinity) compared with that of IS
      (AUC0-infinity) was 317%, indicating potential for clinical application. In
      addition, a gastrointestinal safety assay also provided reliable clinical
      evidence for the safe use of this micelle.

PMID- 26984335
TI  - Anterior cruciate ligament assessment using arthrometry and stress imaging.
AB  - Arthrometry and stress imaging are useful clinical tools for the objective
      assessment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) integrity. They are most
      frequently used for the diagnosis of a complete ACL tear when other workup is
      equivocal, in conjunction with history and clinical exam findings. Other
      applications include the diagnosis of partial ACL tears, injury prognosis, and
      post-operative monitoring. However, further studies are needed to validate these
      uses. Many different devices and techniques exist for objective examination,
      which have been compared in recent literature. Reliability and validity measures
      of these methods vary, and often depend upon examiner familiarity and skill. The
      KT series of devices is the current gold standard for arthrometry, although the
      newer robotic GNRB device shows promising early results. Newer methods of data
      interpretation have been developed for stress imaging, and portable technology
      may impact this field further. 

PMID- 26984339
TI  - Physicochemical, Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Tropical Fruits Co
      products.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical, functional and
      antioxidant properties of mango (MAC), pineapple (PAC) and passion fruit (PFC) co
      products in order to evaluate them as ingredients for food application. Proximate
      composition showed low fat content (0.95-5.64 g/100 g), and high levels of
      dietary fiber. In pineapple and passion fruit co-products, dietary fiber
      represented more than 50 % of the sample. Low pH, water activity, along with high
      acidity indicated that these co-products would not be easily susceptible to
      deterioration as food ingredients. Pineapple and passion fruit co-products had
      significant (p < 0.05) water holding capacity (4.96 and 4.31 g water/g sample,
      respectively), however oil holding capacity was low (1.59-1.85 g oil/g sample)
      for the three matrices studied. Regarding the phenolic content, values ranged
      from 3.78 to 4.67 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, with MAC showing the highest
      content. Through high performance liquid chromatography analysis, six compounds
      were identified and quantified (gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid,
      caffeic acid, epicatechin, and mangiferin) in the fruit co-products. As observed
      for the phenolic content, the highest antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) was found
      in MAC when measured by both DPPH and ABTS methods. The results indicated that
      the fruit co-products under evaluation could be used as functional ingredient to
      provide dietary fiber and natural antioxidants to food products. 

PMID- 26984336
TI  - Co-administration of 3-Acetyl-11-Keto-Beta-Boswellic Acid Potentiates the
      Protective Effect of Celecoxib in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cognitive Impairment
      in Mice: Possible Implication of Anti-inflammatory and Antiglutamatergic
      Pathways.
AB  - Neuro-inflammation is known to initiate the underlying pathogenesis of several
      neurodegenerative disorders which may progress to cognitive, behavioral, and
      functional impairment. Boswellia serrata is a well-known powerful anti
      inflammatory agent used to treat several inflammatory diseases. The aim of the
      current study is to investigate the effect of the combination therapy of 3-acetyl
      11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor and
      celecoxib, and a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor as dual enzyme
      inhibitors compared to monotherapies with celecoxib and AKBA. Cognitive
      dysfunction is induced by intraperational injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      in mice. Radial maze, Y maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) were performed
      to evaluate the possible behavioral changes. Moreover, estimation of glutamate
      and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as an immunohistochemical
      investigation of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) was performed to evaluate the
      molecular changes that followed the LPS or drug treatment. The results showed
      that the combination therapy of AKBA and celecoxib reversed the behavioral and
      molecular changes caused by LPS cognitive dysfunction model that predispose
      cognitive dysfunction in mice. This study showed the effectiveness of the dual
      therapy with AKBA and celecoxib as anti-inflammatory, antiglutamatergic, and anti
      amyloidogenic agents in the management of cognitive dysfunction. 

PMID- 26984340
TI  - Impact of Cultivar on Profile and Concentration of Lipophilic Bioactive Compounds
      in Kernel Oils Recovered from Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) by-Products.
AB  - Lipophilic bioactive compounds in oils recovered from the kernels of seven sweet
      cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars, harvested at single location in 2013, were
      studied. Oil yield in sweet cherry ranged between 30.3-40.3 % (w/w) dw. The main
      fatty acids were oleic acid (39.62-49.92 %), linoleic acid (31.13-38.81 %), alpha
      eleostearic acid (7.23-10.73 %) and palmitic acid (5.59-7.10 %), all four
      represented approximately 95 % of the total detected fatty acids. The ranges of
      total tocochromanols and sterols were between 83.1-111.1 and 233.6-419.4 mg/100 g
      of oil, respectively. Regardless of the cultivar, the gamma-tocopherol and beta
      sitosterol were the main lipophilic minor bioactive compounds. The content of the
      carotenoids and squalene were between 0.38-0.62 and 60.9-127.7 mg/100 g of oil,
      respectively. Three significant correlations were found between oil yield and
      total contents of sterols (r = -0.852), tocochromanols (r = -0.880) and
      carotenoids (r = -0.698) in sweet cherry kernel oils. The oil yield, as well as
      the content of lipophilic bioactive compounds in oil was significantly affected
      by the cultivar. 

PMID- 26984341
TI  - Origin of B chromosomes in the genus Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) and the
      limits of chromosome painting.
AB  - Eukaryote genomes are frequently burdened with the presence of supernumerary (B)
      chromosomes. Their origin is frequently investigated by chromosome painting,
      under the hypothesis that sharing the repetitive DNA sequences contained in the
      painting probes is a sign of common descent. However, the intragenomic mobility
      of many anonymous DNA sequences contained in these probes (e.g., transposable
      elements) adds high uncertainty to this conclusion. Here we test the validity of
      chromosome painting to investigate B chromosome origin by comparing its results
      for seven B chromosome types in two fish species genus Astyanax, with those
      obtained (1) by means of the physical mapping of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), H1
      histone genes, the As51 satellite DNA and the (AC)15 microsatellite, and (2) by
      comparing the nucleotide sequence of one of these families (ITS regions from
      ribosomal DNA) between genomic DNA from B-lacking individuals in both species and
      the microdissected DNA from two metacentric B chromosomes found in these same
      species. Intra- and inter-specific painting suggested that all B chromosomes that
      were assayed shared homologous DNA sequences among them, as well as with a
      variable number of A chromosomes in each species. This finding would be
      consistent with a common origin for all seven B chromosomes analyzed. By
      contrast, the physical mapping of repetitive DNA sequences failed to give support
      to this hypothesis, as no more than two B-types shared a given repetitive DNA.
      Finally, sequence analysis of the ITS regions suggested that at least some of the
      B chromosomes could have had a common origin. 

PMID- 26984343
TI  - Anti-Mullerian hormone levels do not predict response to pulsatile GnRH in women
      with hypothalamic amenorrhea.
AB  - Pulsatile GnRH is used to induce ovulation in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea
      (HA), but tools to predict response are lacking. We assessed whether baseline AMH
      levels are associated with response to pulsatile GnRH in 16 women with HA. AMH
      levels were compared between non-responders and women who achieved follicular
      development or pregnancy. Median AMH for the cohort was 2.2 ng/mL. AMH levels
      were undetectable or low in four women, normal in nine and high in three.
      Follicular development was observed in 13 (81%) women (82% of cycles) and
      pregnancy achieved in 10 (63%) women (29% of cycles). All four women with low or
      undetectable AMH had follicular response and three achieved pregnancy. Of the 12
      women with normal or high AMH, 10 had a follicular response and seven achieved
      pregnancy. Median AMH levels were comparable in those who achieved follicular
      development and those who did not (2.2 ng/mL versus 1.3 ng/mL, p = 0.78) and in
      those who became pregnant and those who did not (2.2 ng/mL versus 1.9 ng/mL, p =
      0.52). In summary, low AMH does not preclude response to ovulation induction in
      women with HA, suggesting that ovarian potential may not be the primary
      determinant of AMH concentrations in this population.

PMID- 26984344
TI  - Efficacy of fractional CO2 laser in treatment of atrophic scar of cutaneous
      leishmaniasis.
AB  - Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Iran. Unfortunately, it can lead
      to unsightly atrophic scars with limited treatment options. Fractional CO2 laser
      is accepted for treatment of atrophic acne scars and recently has been used to
      treat cutaneous leishmaniasis, so we planned to use fractional CO2 laser on
      leishmaniasis scar. We conducted this study on 60 leishmaniasis scars on the face
      of 40 patients. The lesions were treated by a fractional CO2 laser with beam size
      of 120 MUm, with energy of 50-90 mJ, and 50-100 spots/cm(2) density with two
      passes in three monthly sessions. Evaluation was done in the first and second
      months after the first treatment and 3 and 6 months after the last treatment.
      Digital photography was performed at each visit. Assessment of improvement rate
      by patient and physician was rated separately as follows: no improvement (0%),
      mild (<25%), moderate (25-50%), good (51-75%), and excellent (76-100%). Based on
      patients' opinion, in the first and second follow-up, 48.3 and 90% of them
      reported moderate to excellent healing, respectively (p < 0.001). In 3 and 6
      months follow-up after the end of the experiment, most of the patients (88.3 and
      95%, respectively) reported moderate to excellent healing of scars. Based on two
      observers' opinion, healing in the first follow-up in most of the patients (65%)
      was mild to moderate and 33% were reported as having no healing. In the second
      follow-up, only 5% of the patients were reported with no healing and 60% were
      reported as having moderate healing (p < 0.001). In 3 and 6 months follow-up,
      most of the patients (95 and 96.6%) were reported as having moderate to excellent
      healing (p = <0.001). Our results underlined the high efficacy of fractional CO2
      laser for leishmaniasis scar. No significant adverse effects were noted.

PMID- 26984342
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis and differential expression of EF1alpha genes in soybean
      during development, stress and phytohormone treatments.
AB  - The EF1alpha is a multifunctional protein with additional unrelated activities to
      its primary function in translation. This protein is encoded by a multigene
      family and few studies are still available in plants. Expression of six EF1alpha
      genes in Glycine max was performed using RT-qPCR and RNA-seq data to advance in
      the function of each gene during plant development, stress conditions and
      phytohormone treatments. A phylogenetic classification in Phaseoleae tribe was
      used to identify the G. max EF1alpha genes (EF1alpha 1a1, 1a2, 1b, 2a, 2b and 3).
      Three EF1alpha types (1-3) were found in Phaseoleae revealing duplications in G.
      max types 1 and 2. EF1alpha genes were expressed in all studied tissues, however,
      specific amount of each transcript was detected. In plant development, all
      EF1alpha transcripts were generally more expressed in younger tissues, however,
      in unifoliolate leaves and cotyledons a higher expression occurred in older
      tissues. Five EF1alpha genes (except 2a) were up-regulated under stress in a
      response tissue/stress/cultivar-dependent. EF1alpha 3 was the most stress-induced
      gene linked to cultivar stress tolerance mainly in aerial tissues. Auxin,
      salicylate and ethylene induced differentially the EF1alpha expression. Overall,
      this study provides a consistent EF1alpha classification in Phaseoleae tribe to
      better understand their functional evolution. The RT-qPCR and RNA-seq EF1alpha
      expression profiles were consistent, both exhibiting expression diversification
      of each gene (spatio-temporal, stress and phytohormone stimuli). Our results
      point out the EF1alpha genes, especially EF1alpha 3, as candidate for developing
      a useful tool for future G. max breeding. 

PMID- 26984345
TI  - Treatment of primary cutaneous amyloidosis with laser: a review of the
      literature.
AB  - Primary cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA) is a condition characterized by tissue
      deposition of misfolded proteins. PCA can present in different forms, namely
      macular, lichen, and nodular amyloidosis. These lesions can be of cosmetic
      concern and are difficult to treat. Many therapeutic modalities have been
      suggested for the treatment of PCA, with variable efficacy, including topical and
      systemic medications, phototherapy, electrodessication, dermabrasion,
      cryosurgery, and lasers. Over the past decade, several studies have reported
      successful treatment of PCA with different types of lasers; however, a review of
      these studies has never been reported in the dermatologic literature. The aim of
      this study was to review the efficacy and safety of lasers in the treatment of
      PCA. A search of the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Database was
      performed. Studies were considered for inclusion based on their relevance, and
      specific data were extracted from all included studies. Eleven studies,
      comprising 64 patients, were included in this review. Significant improvements
      were observed in macular and lichen amyloidosis patients treated with carbon
      dioxide laser in two studies, while a number of case series and case reports
      showed good results with other types of laser in the treatment of PCA. This
      review was limited by the lack of large double-blinded randomized controlled
      trials and the overall small sample size. Laser treatment is a promising option
      in the treatment of PCA. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to
      compare the efficacy of different types of lasers and to select the best
      parameters for different types of PCA. 

PMID- 26984346
TI  - Combined effects of low-level laser therapy and human bone marrow mesenchymal
      stem cell conditioned medium on viability of human dermal fibroblasts cultured in
      a high-glucose medium.
AB  - Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) exhibited biostimulatory effects on fibroblasts
      viability. Secretomes can be administered to culture mediums by using bone marrow
      mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium (BM-MSCs CM). This study investigated
      the combined effects of LLLT and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell
      conditioned medium (hBM-MSCs CM) on the cellular viability of human dermal
      fibroblasts (HDFs), which was cultured in a high-glucose (HG) concentration
      medium. The HDFs were cultured either in a concentration of physiologic (normal)
      glucose (NG; 5.5 mM/l) or in HG media (15 mM/l) for 4 days. LLLT was performed
      with a continuous-wave helium-neon laser (632.8 nm, power density of 0.00185
      W/cm(2) and energy densities of 0.5, 1, and 2 J/cm(2)). About 10% of hBM-MSCs CM
      was added to the HG HDF culture medium. The viability of HDFs was evaluated using
      dimethylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. A significantly higher
      cell viability was observed when laser of either 0.5 or 1 J/cm(2) was used to
      treat HG HDFs, compared to the control groups. The cellular viability of HG
      treated HDFs was significantly lower compared to the LLLT + HG HDFs, hBM-MSCs CM
      treated HG HDFs, and LLLT + hBM-MSCs CM-treated HG HDFs. In conclusion, hBM-MSCs
      CM or LLLT alone increased the survival of HG HDFs cells. However, the
      combination of hBM-MSCs CM and LLLT improved these results in comparison to the
      conditioned medium.

PMID- 26984347
TI  - 808-nm laser therapy with a flat-top handpiece photobiomodulates mitochondria
      activities of Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa).
AB  - Photobiomodulation is proposed as a non-linear process, and only low-level laser
      therapy (LLLT) is assumed to stimulate exposed cells, whereas high powered laser
      and fluences can cause negative effects, exhausting the cell's energy reserve as
      a consequence of excessive photon-based stimulation. In our work, we investigated
      and compared the effects of 808-nm diode laser (CW) with a new flat-top
      handpiece. To this purpose, we tested the photobiomodulation effects of 1 and 3
      J/cm(2) fluence, both generated by 100 mW or 1 W of laser power and of 64 J/cm(2)
      of fluence generated by 100 mW, 1 W, 1.5 W or 2 W, as expressed through oxygen
      consumption and ATP synthesis of Paramecium. Data collected indicates the
      incremental consumption of oxygen through irradiation with 3 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 64
      J/cm(2)-1 W correlates with an increase in Paramecium ATP synthesis. The
      Paramecium respiration was inhibited by fluences 64 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 64 J/cm(2)
      2 W and was followed by a decrease in the endogenous ATP concentration. The 1
      J/cm(2)-100 mW or 1 W and 3 J/cm(2)-1 W did not affect mitochondrial activity.
      The results show that the fluence of 64 J/cm(2)-1 W more than the 3 J/cm(2)-100
      mW causes greater efficiency in Paramecium mitochondria respiratory chain
      activity. Our results suggest that thanks to flat-top handpiece we used, high
      fluences by high-powered laser have to be reconsidered as an effective and non
      invasive therapy. Possible associated benefits of deeper tissue penetration would
      increase treatment effectiveness and reduced irradiation time.

PMID- 26984348
TI  - Low-level laser therapy modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines after partial
      tenotomy.
AB  - Tendon injuries give rise to substantial morbidity, and current understanding of
      the mechanisms involved in tendon injury and repair is limited. This lesion
      remains a clinical issue because the injury site becomes a region with a high
      incidence of recurrent rupture and has drawn the attention of researchers. We
      already demonstrated that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) stimulates the synthesis
      and organization of collagen I, MMP-9, and MMP-2 and improved the gait recovery
      of the treated animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LLLT
      in the nitric oxide and cytokines profile during the inflammatory and remodeling
      phases. Adult male rats were divided into the following groups: G1--intact, G2--
      injured, G3--injured + LLLT (4 J/cm(2) continuous), G4--injured + LLLT (4 J/cm(2)
      20 Hz--pulsed laser). According to the analysis, the animals were euthanized on
      different dates (1, 4, 8, or 15 days after injury). ELISA assay of TNF-alpha, IL
      1beta, IL-10, and TGF-beta was performed. Western blotting of isoform of nitric
      oxide synthase (i-NOS) and nitric oxide dosage experiments was conducted. Our
      results showed that the pulsed LLLT seems to exert an anti-inflammatory effect
      over injured tendons, with reduction of the release of proinflammatory cytokines,
      such as TNF-alpha and the decrease in the i-NOS activity. Thanks to the pain
      reduction and the facilitation of movement, there was a stimulation in the TGF
      beta and IL-1beta release. In conclusion, we believe that pulsed LLLT worked
      effectively as a therapy to reestablish the tendon integrity after rupture.

PMID- 26984349
TI  - Adjuvant thiamine improved standard treatment in patients with major depressive
      disorder: results from a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - Given that antidepressants (ADs) work slowly, there is interest in means to
      accelerate their therapeutic effect and to reduce side effects. In this regard,
      thiamine (vitamin B1) is attracting growing interest. Thiamine is an essential
      nutrient, while thiamine deficiency leads to a broad variety of disorders
      including irritability and symptoms of depression. Here, we tested the hypothesis
      that adjuvant thiamine would reduce depression, compared to placebo. A total of
      51 inpatients (mean age: 35.2 years; 53 % females) with MDD (Hamilton Depression
      Rating Scale score (HDRS) at baseline: >24) took part in the study. A
      standardized treatment with SSRI was introduced and kept at therapeutic levels
      throughout the study. Patients were randomly assigned either to the thiamine or
      the placebo condition. Experts rated (HDRS) symptoms of depression at baseline,
      and after 3, 6, and 12 weeks (end of the study). Between baseline and the end of
      the study, depression had reduced in both groups. Compared to placebo, adjuvant
      thiamine improved symptoms of depression after 6 week of treatment, and
      improvements remained fairly stable until the end of the study, though mean
      differences at week 12 were not statistically significant anymore. No adverse
      side effects were reported in either group. Results suggest that among younger
      patients with MDD adjuvant thiamine alleviated symptoms of depression faster
      compared to placebo. Importantly, improvements were observed within 6 weeks of
      initiation of treatment. Thus, thiamine might have the potential to counteract
      the time lag in the antidepressant effects of ADs.

PMID- 26984352
TI  - Risungbinella massiliensis sp. nov., a new member of Thermoactinomycetaceae
      isolated from human gut.
AB  - A novel filamentous bacterium, designated GD1(T), was isolated from the gut
      microbiota of a 38-year-old male who suffered from a Coxiella burnetii vascular
      for which he received multiple a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail at the time
      of the stool collection. The strain was isolated as a part of culturomics study
      by cultivation on 5 % sheep blood agar in aerobic condition at 28  degrees C,
      after 14 days of incubation. Strain GD1(T) shows 16S rRNA gene sequence
      similarities of 98.01 % to the type strain of Risungbinella pyongyangensis. We
      describe here the features of this bacterium, together with the complete genome
      sequence and annotation. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be
      40.1 mol %. The major fatty acids of strain GD1(T) were identified as iso-C15:0,
      iso-C17:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0 and C16:0. The 3,440,191 bp long genome
      contains 3540 protein-coding and 67 RNA genes, including three rRNA genes. Strain
      GD1(T) (= DSM 46691 = CSUR P1082) sp. nov. is here classified as the type strain
      of a new species, Risungbinella massiliensis, within the family
      Thermoactinomycetaceae. To date, strain GD1(T) is the first member of the family
      Thermoactinomycetaceae isolated from human gut and the fourth from a human
      specimen. 

PMID- 26984353
TI  - Altererythrobacter buctense sp. nov., isolated from mudstone core.
AB  - A yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, non-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterial strain,
      designated M0322(T), was isolated from a mudstone core sample of the Mohe Basin,
      China. Growth of strain M0322(T) was observed at 15-40  degrees C (optimum, 30 
      degrees C), at pH 5.0-10.0, (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) and in the presence 0-4 % NaCl
      (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that
      strain M0322(T) formed a distinct phyletic lineage with the members of the genus
      Altererythrobacter and is closely related to Altererythrobacter aestuarii JCM
      16339(T) (96.1 %) and Altererythrobacter namhicola JCM 16345(T) (95.7 %). The
      only isoprenoid quinone was identified as ubiquinone 10 (Q-10), major polar
      lipids were determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylcholine, one unidentified glycolipid and three unidentified
      phospholipids, while major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1
      omega6c and/or C18:1 omega7c), summed feature 3 (C16:1 omega6c and/or C16:1
      omega7c) and 11-Methyl C18:1 omega7c. The DNA G+C content of strain M0322(T) was
      determined to be 64.6 mol%. Based on the results of the polyphasic taxonomic
      study, strain M0322(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus
      Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter buctense sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain is M0322(T) (=CGMCC 1.12871(T) = JCM 30112(T)). 

PMID- 26984351
TI  - Reduced Proteolytic Shedding of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Is a Post-Translational
      Mechanism of Kinase Inhibitor Resistance.
AB  - Kinase inhibitor resistance often involves upregulation of poorly understood
      "bypass" signaling pathways. Here, we show that extracellular proteomic
      adaptation is one path to bypass signaling and drug resistance. Proteolytic
      shedding of surface receptors, which can provide negative feedback on signaling
      activity, is blocked by kinase inhibitor treatment and enhances bypass signaling.
      In particular, MEK inhibition broadly decreases shedding of multiple receptor
      tyrosine kinases (RTK), including HER4, MET, and most prominently AXL, an ADAM10
      and ADAM17 substrate, thus increasing surface RTK levels and mitogenic signaling.
      Progression-free survival of patients with melanoma treated with clinical
      BRAF/MEK inhibitors inversely correlates with RTK shedding reduction following
      treatment, as measured noninvasively in blood plasma. Disrupting protease
      inhibition by neutralizing TIMP1 improves MAPK inhibitor efficacy, and combined
      MAPK/AXL inhibition synergistically reduces tumor growth and metastasis in
      xenograft models. Altogether, extracellular proteomic rewiring through reduced
      RTK shedding represents a surprising mechanism for bypass signaling in cancer
      drug resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: Genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression
      alterations often fail to explain adaptive drug resistance in cancer. This work
      presents a novel post-translational mechanism of such resistance: Kinase
      inhibitors, particularly targeting MAPK signaling, increase tumor cell surface
      receptor levels due to widely reduced proteolysis, allowing tumor signaling to
      circumvent intended drug action.

PMID- 26984354
TI  - Imported cases of Chikungunya in Barcelona in relation to the current American
      outbreak.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Chikungunya virus (CKIKV) is currently present in America. Travel
      between America and Europe is particularly intense and one of the main vectors of
      CHIKV, Aedes albopictus, is well established in the Mediterranean basin. We
      describe a series of imported cases that could originate a European outbreak.
      METHODS: We retrospectively studied cases of CHIKV originating in America and
      diagnosed in the last year in three Tropical Medicine Units of Barcelona of the
      International Health Program of the Catalan Health Institute (PROSICS). Clinical,
      microbiological and epidemiological data were analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-two CHIKV
      cases who had returned from 11 American countries were included. Fever was the
      most common symptom at onset (96.1%). Three months after symptom onset 50%
      continued with arthralgias, 35.3% fatigue and 11.8% arthritis. Three patients
      were viremic at the time of diagnosis by RT-PCR, and the remaining were diagnosed
      by serology (CHIKV IgM or IgG). Five (11.9%) patients had positive IgM for both
      dengue virus and CHIKV. CONCLUSIONS: The origin of the cases was diverse, the
      most frequent being initially the Dominican Republic, followed later by Venezuela
      and Colombia. Symptoms were not severe but persisted, accompanied by unremitting
      positive IgM. Diagnosis was mainly based on serology and RT-PCR, with the
      performance of the rapid immunochromatographic test being low. Phylogenetic
      studies showed that two viremic cases were caused by a strain of Asian lineage
      with a lower adaptability to Aedes albopictus. Co-infection with the dengue virus
      was common, but the clinical course was not affected by coinfection. Non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were administered to 71.4% and steroids to
      21.4%. The number of imported cases of CHIKV in Spain is rising due to
      introduction of this virus in America, and this could lead to an autochthonous
      outbreak if Public Health measures are not taken.

PMID- 26984356
TI  - Keep children away from macaque monkeys!
AB  - To warn physicians and parents about the risk of macaque bites, we present two
      pediatric cases (a 4-year-old boy and a 10-year-old girl) of bites sustained
      while on holiday. The young boy developed febrile dermohypodermitis and was
      hospitalized for IV antibiotic treatment. He received an initial antirabies
      vaccine while still in the holiday destination. Except for local wound
      disinfection and antibiotic ointment, the girl did not receive any specific
      treatment while abroad. Both were negative for simian herpes PCR. When travelling
      in countries or cities with endemic simian herpes virus, parents should keep
      children away from monkeys. Travel agencies, pediatricians and family physicians
      should better inform families about the zoonotic risk. 

PMID- 26984357
TI  - Ubiquitous Multicriteria Clinic Recommendation System.
AB  - Advancements in information, communication, and sensor technologies have led to
      new opportunities in medical care and education. Patients in general prefer
      visiting the nearest clinic, attempt to avoid waiting for treatment, and have
      unequal preferences for different clinics and doctors. Therefore, to enable
      patients to compare multiple clinics, this study proposes a ubiquitous
      multicriteria clinic recommendation system. In this system, patients can send
      requests through their cell phones to the system server to obtain a clinic
      recommendation. Once the patient sends this information to the system, the system
      server first estimates the patient's speed according to the detection results of
      a global positioning system. It then applies a fuzzy integer nonlinear
      programming-ordered weighted average approach to assess four criteria and finally
      recommends a clinic with maximal utility to the patient. The proposed methodology
      was tested in a field experiment, and the experimental results showed that it is
      advantageous over two existing methods in elevating the utilities of
      recommendations. In addition, such an advantage was shown to be statistically
      significant. 

PMID- 26984359
TI  - The 27th European conference on biomaterials: facts and figures.

PMID- 26984355
TI  - Biomarkers of hypoxia, endothelial and circulatory dysfunction among climbers in
      Nepal with AMS and HAPE: a prospective case-control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high
      altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) are not fully understood. We hypothesized that
      regulators of endothelial function, circulatory homeostasis, hypoxia and cell
      stress contribute to the pathobiology of AMS and HAPE. METHODS: We conducted a
      prospective case-control study of climbers developing altitude illness who were
      evacuated to the CIWEC clinic in Kathmandu, compared to healthy acclimatized
      climbers. ELISA was used to measure plasma biomarkers of the above pathways.
      RESULTS: Of the 175 participants, there were 71 cases of HAPE, 54 cases of AMS
      and 50 acclimatized controls (ACs). Markers of endothelial function were
      associated with HAPE: circulating levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) were
      significantly elevated and levels of sKDR (soluble kinase domain receptor) were
      significantly decreased in cases of HAPE compared to AC or AMS. ET-1 levels were
      associated with disease severity as indicated by oxygen saturation. Angiopoietin
      like 4 (Angptl4) and resistin, a marker of cell stress, were associated with AMS
      and HAPE irrespective of severity. Corin and angiotensin converting enzyme,
      regulators of volume homeostasis, were significantly decreased in HAPE compared
      to AC. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that regulators of endothelial function,
      vascular tone and cell stress are altered in altitude illness and may
      mechanistically contribute to the pathobiology of HAPE.

PMID- 26984358
TI  - Spherical porous hydroxyapatite granules containing composites of magnetic and
      hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for the hyperthermia treatment of bone tumor.
AB  - Spherical porous granules of hydroxyapatite (HA) containing magnetic
      nanoparticles would be suitable for the hyperthermia treatment of bone tumor,
      because porous HA granules act as a scaffold for bone regeneration, and magnetic
      nanoparticles generate sufficient heat to kill tumor cells under an alternating
      magnetic field. Although magnetic nanoparticles are promising heat generators,
      their small size makes them difficult to support in porous HA ceramics. We
      prepared micrometer-sized composites of magnetic and HA nanoparticles, and then
      supported them in porous HA granules composed of rod-like particles. The
      spherical porous HA granules containing the composites of magnetic and HA
      nanoparticle were successfully prepared using a hydrothermal process without
      changing the crystalline phase and heat generation properties of the magnetic
      nanoparticles. The obtained granules generated sufficient heat for killing tumor
      cells under an alternating magnetic field (300 Oe at 100 kHz). The obtained
      granules are expected to be useful for the hyperthermia treatment of bone tumors.

PMID- 26984361
TI  - Simultaneous Reduction in Both HbA1c and Body Weight with Canagliflozin Versus
      Glimepiride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Metformin.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor,
      has demonstrated sustained improvements in glycemic control and body weight
      reductions with treatment for up to 104 weeks in a broad range of patients with
      type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of
      individual patient data (N = 1450) from a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, Phase 3 study comparing canagliflozin with glimepiride as add-on to
      metformin in patients with T2DM during a 52-week core period followed by a 52
      week extension period. The number of patients who achieved a reduction from
      baseline in both HbA1c and body weight with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg and
      glimepiride was assessed at Weeks 52 and 104. Safety was recorded as adverse
      events (AEs) during the study. RESULTS: Canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg provided
      durable glycemic improvements and body weight reductions compared with
      glimepiride over 104 weeks. At Week 52, the proportion of patients who achieved
      reductions in both HbA1c and body weight was 72.4% with canagliflozin 100 mg,
      78.5% with canagliflozin 300 mg, and 26.8% with glimepiride; similar results were
      observed at Week 104 (65.5%, 71.1%, and 26.8% with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg
      and glimepiride, respectively). The AE profile of canagliflozin was comparable to
      that observed in previous studies, with increased incidence of AEs related to the
      mechanism of SGLT2 inhibition (e.g., genital mycotic infections, urinary tract
      infections, and osmotic diuresis-related AEs) and a low risk of hypoglycemia.
      CONCLUSION: More patients treated with canagliflozin experienced reductions in
      both HbA1c and body weight compared with glimepiride for up to 104 weeks.
      Canagliflozin was generally well tolerated in patients with T2DM when used in
      combination with metformin. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov
      identifier, NCT00968812. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development, LLC.

PMID- 26984360
TI  - Thermo-responsive methylcellulose hydrogels as temporary substrate for cell sheet
      biofabrication.
AB  - Methylcellulose (MC), a water-soluble polymer derived from cellulose, was
      investigated as a possible temporary substrate having thermo-responsive
      properties favorable for cell culturing. MC-based hydrogels were prepared by a
      dispersion technique, mixing MC powder (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 % w/v) with selected
      salts (sodium sulphate, Na2SO4), sodium phosphate, calcium chloride, or phosphate
      buffered saline, to evaluate the influence of different compositions on the
      thermo-responsive behavior. The inversion test was used to determine the gelation
      temperatures of the different hydrogel compositions; thermo-mechanical properties
      and thermo-reversibility of the MC hydrogels were investigated by rheological
      analysis. Gelation temperatures and rheological behavior depended on the MC
      concentration and type and concentration of salt used in hydrogel preparation. In
      vitro cytotoxicity tests, performed using L929 mouse fibroblasts, showed no toxic
      release from all the tested hydrogels. Among the investigated compositions, the
      hydrogel composed of 8 % w/v MC with 0.05 M Na2SO4 had a thermo-reversibility
      temperature at 37  degrees C. For that reason, this formulation was thus
      considered to verify the possibility of inducing in vitro spontaneous detachment
      of cells previously seeded on the hydrogel surface. A continuous cell layer (cell
      sheet) was allowed to grow and then detached from the hydrogel surface without
      the use of enzymes, thanks to the thermo-responsive behavior of the MC hydrogel.
      Immunofluorescence observation confirmed that the detached cell sheet was
      composed of closely interacting cells.

PMID- 26984363
TI  - Supervising for Robust Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Reflexive Engagement Within
      Horizons of Understanding.
AB  - Undertaking philosophically hermeneutic research requires embodying the
      fundamental hermeneutic notions espoused by Heidegger, Gadamer, and other related
      philosophers. For both supervisors and students, there is "a way" of working that
      infuses a hermeneutic project with a particular kind of contemplative openness.
      In this article, I will draw from my own experience of coming to appreciate the
      nature of this approach. Reading Gadamer challenged me to see that, before
      interpreting the meanings inherent in research data, I first needed to grapple
      with the fact that I brought ready-made prejudices to the interpretation.
      Further, and perhaps more importantly, was the recognition that while prejudices
      may have a negative influence, they could also bring a positive view. Just as I
      needed to understand key Gadamerian notions to shed light on the interpretive
      nature of philosophical hermeneutics, I will unpack these to underpin the ongoing
      discussion of hermeneutic research strategies. In articulating "how" to be
      hermeneutic, I explain how I guide students embarking on hermeneutic research.
      Discussion centres on surfacing and engaging with preunderstandings through
      'presuppositions interviewing', journalling and the careful selection of words
      that refine and crystallise meanings in ways that reflectively and reflexively
      engage and expand horizons of understanding. In this article, I use examples from
      my own experience as a doctoral student and supervisor of doctoral students to
      assist other supervisors and students understand both the importance of "being
      hermeneutic" and ways of achieving robust and philosophically congruent
      hermeneutic research.

PMID- 26984362
TI  - Nuclear medicine for imaging of epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Usually, the
      diagnosis of cancer at an early stage is important to facilitate proper treatment
      and survival. Nuclear medicine has been successfully used in the diagnosis,
      staging, therapy and monitoring of cancers. Single-photon emission computed
      tomography and PET-based companion imaging agents are in development for use as a
      companion diagnostic tool for patients with ovarian cancer. The present review
      discusses the basic and clinical studies related to the use of
      radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer, focusing
      on their utility and comparing them with other imaging techniques such as
      computed tomography and MRI. 

PMID- 26984364
TI  - Personal Accounts of Discontinuing Neuroleptic Medication for Psychosis.
AB  - We conducted this study to explore personal accounts of making choices about
      taking medication prescribed for the treatment of psychosis (neuroleptics). There
      are costs and benefits associated with continuing and discontinuing neuroleptics.
      Service users frequently discontinue neuroleptics; therefore, we specifically
      considered these decisions. We used a grounded theory approach to analyze
      transcripts from interviews with 12 participants. We present a preliminary
      grounded theory of the processes involved in making choices about neuroleptic
      medication. We identified three tasks as important in mediating participants'
      choices: (a) forming a personal theory of the need for, and acceptability of
      taking, neuroleptic medication; (b) negotiating the challenges of forming
      alliances with others; and (c) weaving a safety net to safeguard well-being.
      Progress in the tasks reflected a developmental trajectory of becoming an expert
      over time and was influenced by systemic factors. Our findings highlight the
      importance of developing resources for staff to facilitate service user choice.

PMID- 26984365
TI  - Treatment Barriers and Support for Male Ex-Armed Forces Personnel in Prison:
      Professional and Service User Perspectives.
AB  - Ex-armed forces personnel represent a potentially vulnerable group within the
      prison population. To provide support to this group, we need to understand their
      needs and help-seeking behavior. A focus group with professionals and semi
      structured interviews with service users explored perspectives of the treatment
      barriers faced by this group and their support needs. Data were analyzed using
      constant comparison methods, and four primary themes were identified. The
      findings suggest ex-armed forces personnel consider prison an opportunity to
      access support but find it difficult to ask for help. Staff having an awareness
      of military issues was thought to encourage help-seeking, but the variability of
      provision across prison establishments was considered a barrier. Resettlement was
      a prominent concern, and access to support when preparing for, and after, release
      was felt by all participants to be important. Implications for the provision of
      support in prison are discussed along with recommendations for practice.

PMID- 26984366
TI  - The Social Reception of Women With Cancer.
AB  - Experiences of cancer are enmeshed with cultural understandings and social
      discourses around responsibility and causation. A cancer diagnosis can raise
      questions about its causation-including the role of the individual-whereas the
      disease and its treatment provide various social markers of illness. We present a
      sociological study of 81 women's accounts of living with cancer, with a focus on
      how women interpret their illness, in light of their interpersonal interactions
      and accounts of social relations. Our analysis reveals women's experiences of
      cancer diagnosis and treatment, the varied sociocultural meanings of cancer and
      the responses it elicits, the presence of moral assessments within everyday
      interactions, and the implications for the support and care they receive. We
      argue that the experience of cancer should be seen as intimately interwoven with
      its social reception and cultural sense-making practices, including normative
      constructs which promote ideas about (in)justice, responsibilization, and shame.

PMID- 26984367
TI  - Factors influencing the choice of anesthetic technique for primary hip and knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - Despite evidence in the literature, continuing wide variation exists in
      anesthetic technique for primary joint arthroplasties. Recent evidence suggests
      that neuraxial anesthesia has advantages over general anesthesia in terms of
      mortality, major morbidity and healthcare utilization. Yet, despite the proposed
      benefits, utilization of these two techniques varies greatly across geographical
      locations, with general anesthesia being most common for total hip arthroplasty
      (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in parts of the world. We uncover some
      factors that promote or hinder the use of neuraxial anesthesia in THA and TKA.
      Healthcare professionals should be familiarized with the evidence for neuraxial
      anesthesia, and unbiased educational material should be developed for patients
      regarding anesthetic options for THA and TKA in order to promote best practice. 

PMID- 26984368
TI  - Biochemical and histopathological responses of the Swiss albino mice treated with
      uranyl nitrate and its recovery.
AB  - Uranium is a radioactive heavy metal ubiquitous in the natural environment. In
      its chemical form, it is known to induce nephrotoxicity both in human and in
      animals. Its toxicity is dose and time dependent, also varies with form of
      uranium. In the present study, we assessed the nephrotoxicity induced by a single
      dose of uranyl nitrate (UN) in mice at different time intervals and recovery from
      its toxicity. Two doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight of uranyl nitrate was
      injected intraperitoneally and animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 5, 14, and 28
      d of administration. Histopathological and biochemical alterations of post-UN
      dosing in comparison to control were evaluated. Tubular damage to about 75% was
      observed after 3 d (4 mg/kg) and the biochemical parameters such as serum
      creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen levels were also significantly
      increased. Progression of tubular damage was not found after 5 d. Dose-dependent
      recovery of uranyl nitrate-treated animals was observed after 14 and 28 d of
      dosing. The concentration of uranium retained in kidney correlates with
      biochemical and histopathological analysis. 

PMID- 26984369
TI  - Corrigendum: A genome-wide search for epigenetically regulated genes in zebra
      finch using MethylCap-seq and RNA-seq.

PMID- 26984371
TI  - A new Bi-based visible-light-sensitive photocatalyst BiLa1.4Ca0.6O4.2: crystal
      structure, optical property and photocatalytic activity.
AB  - A new compound of BiLa1.4Ca0.6O4.2 is synthesized through solid state reaction,
      where the Ca substitutes, in part, the La site in a stable BiLa2O4.5 phase. The
      structure of the BiLa1.4Ca0.6O4.2 crystallizes in space group R3mH with a
      hexagonal lattice constants of a = 3.893(1) A, c = 9.891(1) A. Its optical
      absorption edge is about 2.05 eV, which just spans the visible light region. The
      photocatalytic activity of the BiLa1.4Ca0.6O4.2 powder to degradation of RhB
      under visible light irradiation is measured and improved more than 7 times by
      annealing in nitrogen ambient, indicating that annealing in nitrogen can
      effectively improve the photocatalytic activity by producing oxygen vacancy.
      Although the absolute photocatalytic activity obtained is low, there is great
      potential for enhancing the activity such as nanoscaling, doping, and coupling
      with other compounds. 

PMID- 26984370
TI  - Critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
      infection.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26984372
TI  - Locally produced natural conditioners for dewatering of faecal sludge.
AB  - In urban areas of low-income countries, treatment of faecal sludge (FS) is
      insufficient or non-existent. This results in large amounts of FS being dumped
      into the environment. Existing treatment technologies for FS, such as settling
      thickening tanks and drying beds, are land intensive which is limiting in urban
      areas. Enhanced settling and dewatering by conditioning was evaluated in order to
      reduce the treatment footprint (or increase treatment capacity). Conventional
      wastewater conditioners, such as commercially available lime and polymers, are
      expensive, and commonly rely on complex supply chains for use in low-income
      countries. Therefore, the treatment performance of five conditioners which could
      be produced locally was evaluated: Moringa oleifera seeds and press cake,
      Jatropha curcas seeds, Jatropha Calotropis leaves and chitosan. M. oleifera seeds
      and press cake, and chitosan improved settling and dewatering and had a similar
      performance compared to lime and polymers. Optimal dosages were 400-500 kg M.
      oleifera/t TS, 300-800 kg lime/t TS and 25-50 kg polymer solution/t TS. In
      comparison, chitosan required 1.5-3.75 kg/t TS. These dosages are comparable to
      those recommended for wastewater (sludge). The results indicate that conditioning
      of FS can reduce total suspended solids (TSS) in the effluent of settling
      thickening tanks by 22-81% and reduce dewatering time with drying beds by 59-97%.
      This means that the area of drying beds could be reduced by 59-97% with end-use
      as soil conditioner, or 9-26% as solid fuel. Least expensive options and
      availability will depend on the local context. In Dakar, Senegal, chitosan
      produced from shrimp waste appears to be most promising. 

PMID- 26984375
TI  - Could Watching TV Be Good for You? Examining How Media Consumption Patterns
      Relate to Salivary Cortisol.
AB  - This research explores whether media diet influences health, not through its
      effects on cognition and behavior but rather through its effects on biomarkers of
      stress, which are implicated in a host of acute and chronic illnesses. Two
      hundred and forty young adults completed assessments of their media consumption
      habits followed at least 2 days later by measures of the stress-related hormone
      cortisol. Results suggest that frequency of consuming different media and genres
      may decrease cortisol under certain conditions and increase them under others.
      Further, the patterns of results were wholly different from those found for
      perceived stress. The implications of these findings for health-related media
      effects and theoretical development are discussed.

PMID- 26984373
TI  - A unique subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma primarily involving the bone
      marrow, spleen, and liver, defined by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission
      tomography combined with computed tomography.
AB  - We describe 10 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) confined to the
      bone marrow (BM), spleen, and liver, as evidenced by the uniformly increased
      uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) on positron emission tomography combined with
      computed tomography (PET/CT). Ages ranged from 56 to 87. All, but one patient
      presented with 'B' symptoms, a poor performance status, and hepatosplenomegaly.
      All patients showed cytopenia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels and were
      classified into the high-risk category of the International Prognostic Index
      scoring. BM infiltration was diffuse, interstitial/intrasinusoidal, or mixed, and
      all showed the nongerminal center B immunophenotype. Five patients had a
      rearrangement involving 3q27/BCL6, while six had increased copies of MYC, BCL2,
      or BCL6. All patients were initially treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide,
      doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone, leading to complete responses in six
      out of eight evaluable patients. We propose BM, spleen, and liver-type DLBCL,
      which is defined by the findings of FDG-PET/CT.

PMID- 26984374
TI  - RepA-WH1, the agent of an amyloid proteinopathy in bacteria, builds oligomeric
      pores through lipid vesicles.
AB  - RepA-WH1 is a disease-unrelated protein that recapitulates in bacteria key
      aspects of human amyloid proteinopathies: i) It undergoes ligand-promoted
      amyloidogenesis in vitro; ii) its aggregates are able to seed/template
      amyloidosis on soluble protein molecules; iii) its conformation is modulated by
      Hsp70 chaperones in vivo, generating transmissible amyloid strains; and iv)
      causes proliferative senescence. Membrane disruption by amyloidogenic oligomers
      has been found for most proteins causing human neurodegenerative diseases. Here
      we report that, as for PrP prion and alpha-synuclein, acidic phospholipids also
      promote RepA-WH1 amyloidogenesis in vitro. RepA-WH1 molecules bind to liposomes,
      where the protein assembles oligomeric membrane pores. Fluorescent tracer
      molecules entrapped in the lumen of the vesicles leak through these pores and
      RepA-WH1 can then form large aggregates on the surface of the vesicles without
      inducing their lysis. These findings prove that it is feasible to generate in
      vitro a synthetic proteinopathy with a minimal set of cytomimetic components and
      support the view that cell membranes are primary targets in protein amyloidoses. 

PMID- 26984376
TI  - Life at Age 100: An International Research Agenda for Centenarian Studies.
AB  - Living a long life is desired by many individuals, and this dream is likely to
      become reality in more and more industrialized societies. During the past 3
      decades, the number of very old individuals has increased significantly, creating
      a global demographic challenge with consequences at the individual, family, and
      societal levels. Yet, life in very old age is still poorly understood in terms of
      its unique characteristics and challenges. Besides specific content areas, very
      old age represents an understudied field of research. This lack of knowledge may
      be one reason that the very old also are an underserved population. This special
      issue introduces an international network of three centenarian studies that
      describe and compare the life circumstances and characteristics of centenarians
      across Germany, Portugal, and the United States. Our parallel studies
      comprehensively assess centenarians' physical, cognitive, social, and
      psychological functioning to create a knowledge base regarding their capacities
      and needs. A specific focus lies in the investigation of psychological aspects,
      social resources, and societal/cultural contexts, factors that may contribute to
      longevity and successful aging. Determining key characteristics of this very old
      population and investigating similarities and differences across countries is
      timely and urgent, both from an applied and a policy standpoint. 

PMID- 26984377
TI  - Body temperature rhythm and control of the time of the best physical condition by
      performing physical labor.
AB  - The initial examination of a male subject's body temperature revealed that it was
      highest during the evening. Based on this observation, I measured grasping power,
      calculation speed, performance time on a light sensory task and body temperature,
      all of which were highest or best during the evening. The time of this subject's
      best physical condition shifted from the evening to morning hours when the
      subject executed hard physical labor in the morning, and the shifted phase was
      maintained after the termination of the labor period. 

PMID- 26984379
TI  - Mothers' factors associated with female genital mutilation in daughters in the
      Iraqi Kurdistan Region.
AB  - An important proactive factor for the continuation of female genital mutilation
      (FGM) is tradition and customs inherited in the family from mothers to daughters.
      Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine mothers' factors associated
      with the occurrence of FGM among their daughters. The datasets from the Iraq
      Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, on 5,184 women aged 15 to 49 years having
      at least one daughter, was used. Multivariate analysis based on a binary logistic
      regression model was applied. Mothers' age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.18 at
      ages 25-34 years, aOR = 22.64 at ages 35-44 years, and aOR = 29.78 at ages 45-49
      years, compared to the age group 15-24 years), educational level (aOR = 0.52 for
      primary education, aOR = 0.26 for secondary education, and aOR = 0.03 for higher
      education compared to uneducated), employment status (aOR = 0.55 for women having
      office work compared with unemployed), FGM status (aOR = 27.44 for circumcised
      mothers compared to uncircumcised), the governorate of residence (aOR = 18.73 for
      Suleimaniya and aOR = 33.23 for Erbil compared with Dohuk), and the wealth index
      of the household (aOR = 0.55 for richest group compared to the poorest) were
      significantly associated with the occurrence of FGM in daughters. Strategies
      aimed at preventing this harmful practice in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region should
      include female education and empowerment.

PMID- 26984378
TI  - XGFR*, a novel affinity-matured bispecific antibody targeting IGF-1R and EGFR
      with combined signaling inhibition and enhanced immune activation for the
      treatment of pancreatic cancer.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1
      receptor (IGF-1R) play critical roles in tumor growth, providing a strong
      rationale for the combined inhibition of IGF-1R and EGFR signaling in cancer
      therapy. We describe the design, affinity maturation, in vitro and in vivo
      characterization of the bispecific anti-IGF-1R/EGFR antibody XGFR*. XGFR* is
      based on the bispecific IgG antibody XGFR, which enabled heterodimerization of an
      IGF-1R binding scFab heavy chain with an EGFR-binding light and heavy chain by
      the "knobs-into-holes" technology. XGFR* is optimized for monovalent binding of
      human EGFR and IGF-1R with increased binding affinity for IGF-1R due to affinity
      maturation and highly improved protein stability to oxidative and thermal stress.
      It bears an afucosylated Fc-portion for optimal induction of antibody-dependent
      cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Stable Chinese hamster ovary cell clones with
      production yields of 2-3 g/L were generated, allowing for large scale production
      of the bispecific antibody. XGFR* potently inhibits EGFR- and IGF-1R-dependent
      receptor phosphorylation, reduces tumor cell proliferation in cells with
      heterogeneous levels of IGF-1R and EGFR receptor expression and induces strong
      ADCC in vitro. A comparison of pancreatic and colorectal cancer lines
      demonstrated superior responsiveness to XGFR*-mediated signaling and tumor growth
      inhibition in pancreatic cancers that frequently show a high degree of IGF
      1R/EGFR co-expression. XGFR* showed potent anti-tumoral efficacy in the
      orthotopic MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic xenograft model, resulting in nearly complete
      tumor growth inhibition with significant number of tumor remissions. In summary,
      the bispecific anti-IGF-1R/EGFR antibody XGFR* combines potent signaling and
      tumor growth inhibition with enhanced ADCC induction and represents a clinical
      development candidate for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 26984380
TI  - Regulation of COX-2 expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by
      hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is associated with poor prognosis in
      hepatocellular carcinoma patients post TACE surgery.
AB  - Currently, it is not entirely clear whether hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF
      1alpha) is involved in the regulation of COX-2 expression and epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition (EMT), and whether these events affect the prognosis of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with transcatheter arterial
      chemoembolization (TACE). In this report the relationship between HIF-1alpha and
      COX-2 protein expression, EMT in tumor specimens from HCC patients after TACE
      surgery and the clinical significance of HIF-1alpha and COX-2 expression were
      analyzed using statistical approaches. HepG2 cells treated with CoCl2 was
      employed as a hypoxia cell model in vitro to study hypoxia-induced HIF-1alpha,
      COX-2 expression, and EMT alteration. The results showed that HIF-1alpha and COX
      2 protein expression increased in HCC tissues after TACE surgery. Moreover, there
      was positive correlation between upregulation of HIF-1alpha and COX-2. Elevated
      expression of HIF-1alpha increased both Snail and Vimentin protein expression,
      while it reduced E-cadherin protein expression. It was further verified that
      hypoxia enhanced protein expression of HIF-1alpha and COX-2 in HepG2 cells
      treated with CoCl2. Upregulation of HIF-1alpha and COX-2, together with EMT
      alteration resulted in increased migration and invasion of HepG2 cells under
      hypoxia. In conclusion, TACE surgery results in aggravated hypoxia status,
      leading to increased HIF-1alpha protein expression in HCC tissue. To adapt to
      hypoxic environment, HIF-1alpha stimulates COX-2 protein expression and promotes
      EMT process in hepatocellular cancer cells, which enhances HCC invasion and
      metastasis, and might contribute to poor prognosis in HCC patients post TACE
      treatment.

PMID- 26984383
TI  - The glass and jamming transitions of soft polyelectrolyte microgel suspensions.
AB  - We explore the influence of particle softness on the state diagram of well
      characterized polyelectrolyte microgel suspensions using dynamic light scattering
      and rheology. Upon increasing the polymer concentration, we cross successively
      the well defined glass and jamming transitions which delimit four different
      states: dilute colloidal suspension, entropic glass, jammed glass, and dense
      glass. Each state has a specific dynamical fingerprint dictated by two key
      ingredients related to particle softness: elastic contact interactions, and
      osmotic or steric deswelling. Soft interactions control yielding and flow of the
      jammed glasses. The shrinkage of the microgels makes the glass transition look
      smoother than in hard sphere suspensions. We quantify the relationship between
      the polymer concentration and the volume fraction, and show that the glass
      transition behaviour of soft microgels can be mapped to that of hard sphere
      glasses once the volume fraction is used as the control parameter. 

PMID- 26984382
TI  - Phenotypic variability and therapeutic implications of Candida species in
      patients with oral lichen planus.
AB  - We investigated the prevalence and phenotypic variation of Candida species in
      oral lichen planus (OLP) and the therapeutic implications of our findings. Eighty
      patients with clinically and histopathologically confirmed cases of OLP (64 non
      erosive, 16 erosive) and a control group of 80 healthy individuals with no
      predisposing factors for oral candidiasis were examined for evidence of Candida
      infection. Oral swabs and smears were obtained for cytology and culture.
      Identification, speciation and antifungal susceptibility tests of Candida
      isolates were performed using an automated microbial identification system. Fifty
      percent of erosive OLP cases, 28% of non-erosive cases and none of the controls
      showed evidence of Candida. Candida albicans was found predominantly in non
      erosive OLP, while other Candida species were predominate in erosive OLP. Non
      Candida albicans isolates (C. glabrata, C. krusei) were resistant to the commonly
      used antifungals, clotrimazole and fluconazole. Candida infection is common in
      cases of OLP. We recommend antifungal sensitivity testing prior to antifungal
      therapy for the erosive form of OLP. 

PMID- 26984381
TI  - Epithelial cell adhesion molecule in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines: a
      target of chemoresistence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The low survival rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is partly
      attributable to its resistance to existing chemotherapeutic agents. Until now,
      there have been limited chemotherapeutic agents for liver cancer. Epithelial cell
      adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been found to be over-expressed during stages of
      carcinogenesis and has been associated with poor overall survival in many
      cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate EpCAM expression in HCC and
      evaluate the effects of EpCAM to established chemotherapy. METHODS: Three human
      hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines--HepG2, Hep3B and HuH-7--were pre- and post
      treated with doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin. Cell viability and
      EpCAM protein expression were measured by MTT assay and Western Blotting
      respectively. EpCAM positive cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. To evaluate
      the effects of doxorubicin efficacy on EpCAM positive cells, a small interfering
      RNA (siRNA) specific to EpCAM was transfected into the cells and treated with
      doxorubicin. RESULTS: EpCAM was significantly down-regulated by doxorubicin
      treatment in all three HCC cell lines (P <0.05 or 0.01). EpCAM expression was
      down-regulated by the 5-FU and cisplatin in HepG2 cells, however the EpCAM
      expression was up-regulated by 5-FU and cisplatin in Hep3B cell line. EpCAM
      expression was down-regulated by 5-FU, and up-regulated by cisplatin in Huh-7
      cell line. Flow cytometry assay showed doxorubicin exposure decreased EpCAM
      positive cell quantities in three HCC cell lines. EpCAM siRNA knock-down
      attenuated cell mortality after doxorubicin exposure. CONCLUSION: All of these
      findings demonstrate that EpCAM is one of targets of chemoresistence.

PMID- 26984384
TI  - How Do Evaluators Differentiate Successful From Less-Than-Successful Experiences
      With Collaborative Approaches to Evaluation?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In this exploratory study, we wanted to know how evaluators
      differentiate collaborative approaches to evaluation (CAE) perceived to be
      successful from those perceived to be less-than-successful. METHOD: In an online
      questionnaire survey, we obtained 320 responses from evaluators who practice CAE
      (i.e., evaluations on which program stakeholders coproduce evaluation knowledge).
      Respondents identified two specific CAE projects from their own experience-one
      they believed to be "highly successful" and another they considered "far less
      successful than [they] had hoped."-and offered their comments and reflections
      about them. They rated the respective evaluations on 5-point opinion and
      frequency scales about (i) antecedent stakeholder perspectives, (ii) the purposes
      and justifications for collaborative inquiry, and (iii) the form such inquiry
      takes. FINDINGS: The results showed that successful evaluations, relative to
      their less-than-successful counterparts, tended to reflect higher levels of
      agreement among stakeholders about the focal program; higher intentionality
      estimates of evaluation justification and espoused purposes; and wider ranges and
      deeper levels of stakeholder participation. No differences were found for control
      of technical decision-making, and evaluators tended to lead evaluation decision
      making, regardless of success condition. DISCUSSION: The results are discussed in
      terms of implications for ongoing research on CAE.

PMID- 26984385
TI  - [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters as useful prognostic factors in cervical
      cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare the prognostic value of different anatomical and
      functional metabolic parameters determined using [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT with other
      clinical and pathological prognostic parameters in cervical cancer (CC). METHODS:
      Thirty-eight patients treated with standard curative doses of chemo-radiotherapy
      (CRT) underwent pre- and post-therapy [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT. [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT
      parameters including mean tumor standardized uptake values (SUV), metabolic tumor
      volume (MTV) and tumor glycolytic volume (TGV) were measured before the start of
      CRT. The post-treatment tumor metabolic response was evaluated. These parameters
      were compared to other clinical prognostic factors. Survival curves were
      estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression analysis was performed
      to determine the independent contribution of each prognostic factor. RESULTS:
      After 37 months of median follow-up (range, 12-106), overall survival (OS) was 71
      % [95 % confidence interval (CI), 54-88], disease-free survival (DFS) 61 % [95 %
      CI, 44-78] and loco-regional control (LRC) 76 % [95 % CI, 62-90]. In univariate
      analyses the [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT parameters unfavorably influencing OS, DFS and LRC
      were pre-treatment TGV-cutoff >=562 (37 vs. 76 %, p = 0.01; 33 vs. 70 %, p =
      0.002; and 55 vs. 83 %, p = 0.005, respectively), mean pre-treatment tumor SUV
      cutoff >=5 (57 vs. 86 %, p = 0.03; 36 vs. 88 %, p = 0.004; 65 vs. 88 %, p = 0.04,
      respectively) and a partial tumor metabolic response after treatment (9 vs. 29 %,
      p = 0.0008; 0 vs. 83 %, p < 0.0001; 22 vs. 96 %, p < 0.0001, respectively). After
      multivariate analyses a partial tumor metabolic response after treatment remained
      as an independent prognostic factor unfavorably influencing DFS and LRC (RR
      1:7.7, p < 0.0001, and RR 1:22.6, p = 0.0003, respectively) while the pre
      treatment TGV-cutoff >=562 negatively influenced OS and DFS (RR 1:2, p = 0.03,
      and RR 1:2.75, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Parameters capturing the pre-treatment
      glycolytic volume and metabolic activity of [(18)F]FDG-positive disease provide
      important prognostic information in patients with CC treated with CRT. The post
      therapy [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT uptake (partial tumor metabolic response) is predictive
      of disease outcome.

PMID- 26984387
TI  - "Choice Set" for health behavior in choice-constrained settings to frame research
      and inform policy: examples of food consumption, obesity and food security.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Using the nexus between food consumption, food security and obesity,
      this paper addresses the complexity of health behavior decision-making moments
      that reflect relational social dynamics in context-specific dialogues, often in
      choice-constrained conditions. METHODS: A pragmatic review of literature
      regarding social determinants of health in relation to food consumption, food
      security and obesity was used to advance this theoretical model. RESULTS AND
      DISCUSSION: We suggest that health choice, such as food consumption, is based on
      more than the capacity and volition of individuals to make "healthy" choices, but
      is dialogic and adaptive. In terms of food consumption, there will always be
      choice-constrained conditions, along a continuum representing factors over which
      the individual has little or no control, to those for which they have greater
      agency. These range from food store geographies and inventories and food
      availability, logistical considerations such as transportation, food
      distribution, the structure of equity in food systems, state and non-government
      food and nutrition programs, to factors where the individual exercises a greater
      degree of autonomy, such as sociocultural foodways, family and neighborhood
      shopping strategies, and personal and family food preferences. At any given food
      decision-making moment, many factors of the continuum are present consciously or
      unconsciously when the individual makes a decision. These health behavior
      decision-making moments are mutable, whether from an individual perspective, or
      within a broader social or policy context. We review the construct of "choice
      set", the confluence of factors that are temporally weighted by the
      differentiated and relationally-contextualized importance of certain factors over
      others in that moment. The choice transition represents an essential shift of the
      choice set based on the conscious and unconscious weighting of accumulated
      evidence, such that people can project certain outcomes. Policies and
      interventions should avoid dichotomies of "good and bad" food choices or health
      behaviors, but focus on those issues that contribute to the weightedness of
      factors influencing food choice behavior at a given decision-making moment and
      within a given choice set.

PMID- 26984386
TI  - Palatal fibroblasts reduce osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies support the assumption that connective tissue
      grafts preserve the alveolar bone from resorption; the underlying cellular
      mechanisms, however, remain unknown. The cellular mechanisms may be attributed to
      the paracrine activity of the palatal fibroblasts. It was thus reasonable to
      suggest that palatal connective tissue grafts reduce the formation of
      osteoclasts. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, human palatal fibroblasts were
      examined for their capacity to modulate the formation of osteoclasts in murine
      bone marrow cultures exposed to RANKL, M-CSF and TGF-beta1. Osteoclastogenesis
      was determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and gene
      expression analysis. The formation of antigen presenting cells was based on the
      expression of CD14 and costimmulatory molecules of antigen presenting cells. The
      paracrine interaction of fibroblasts and the bone marrow was modeled in vitro
      with inserts of cell-occlusive membranes. RESULTS: In cocultures without cell-to
      cell contact, palatal fibroblasts caused a decrease in the expression of the
      osteoclast marker genes in bone marrow cells; calcitonin receptors, cathepsin K,
      TRAP, and osteoclast-associated receptor. Also the number of TRAP positive
      multinucleated cells was decreased in the presence of fibroblasts. Notably,
      palatal fibroblasts increased the expression of CD14 and the co-stimulatory
      proteins CD40, CD80, and CD86 in bone marrow cells. Bone marrow cells had no
      considerable impact on fibroblast viability and proliferation marker genes. With
      regard to cell distribution, osteoclasts were most prominent in the center of the
      membranes, while fibroblasts accumulated immediately adjacent to the border of
      the insert forming a ring-like structure on the surface of the culture plate.
      CONCLUSION: The data suggest that palatal fibroblasts provide a paracrine
      environment that reduces osteoclastogenesis and increases markers of antigen
      presenting cells. Morover, the paracrine model revealed a joint activity between
      palatal fibroblasts and bone marrow cells visualized by the characteristic cell
      distribution in the two separated compartments.

PMID- 26984388
TI  - Cobimetinib Plus Vemurafenib: A Review in BRAF (V600) Mutation-Positive
      Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma.
AB  - The MEK inhibitor cobimetinib (Cotellic((r))) is indicated for the treatment of
      patients with BRAF (V600) mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma,
      in combination with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (Zelboraf((r))). In the
      pivotal coBRIM trial, previously untreated patients with BRAF (V600) mutation
      positive unresectable, stage IIIC or stage IV melanoma received cobimetinib 60 mg
      once daily for the first 21 days of each 28-day cycle plus vemurafenib 960 mg
      twice daily or vemurafenib alone. Compared with vemurafenib alone, cobimetinib
      plus vemurafenib significantly prolonged progression-free survival (primary
      endpoint) and was associated with a significantly higher overall response rate
      and significantly prolonged overall survival. Cobimetinib plus vemurafenib had a
      manageable tolerability profile. In conclusion, cobimetinib plus vemurafenib is a
      valuable option for use in BRAF (V600) mutation-positive unresectable or
      metastatic melanoma. 

PMID- 26984389
TI  - Growing up in care.

PMID- 26984390
TI  - Association of Plasma Small-Molecule Intermediate Metabolites With Age and Body
      Mass Index Across Six Diverse Study Populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Older age and obesity are associated with metabolic dysregulation;
      the mechanism by which these factors impact metabolism across the lifespan is
      important, but relatively unknown. We evaluated a panel of amino acids (AAs) and
      acylcarnitines (ACs) to identify effects of age and adiposity (body mass index)
      on circulating small-molecule metabolites in a meta-analysis of six diverse study
      populations. METHODS: Targeted metabolic profiling was performed in six
      independent studies, representing 739 subjects with a broad range of age, body
      mass index, health states, and ethnic origin. Principal components analysis was
      performed on log-normalized values for AAs and ACs separately, generating one AC
      factor and two AA factors for each study. A common AC factor consisted primarily
      of acetylcarnitine, medium-chain AC, and several long-chain AC. AA Factor 1
      consisted primarily of large neutral AAs. Glycine was its own factor. RESULTS:
      Metabolic profiling and factor analysis identified clusters of related
      metabolites of lipid and AA metabolism that were consistently associated with age
      and body mass in a series of studies with a broad range of age, body mass index,
      and health status. An inverse association of glycine with body mass index and
      male gender supports its role as a marker of favorable metabolic health.
      CONCLUSIONS: An important focus of future investigations should be to determine
      whether these clusters of metabolic intermediates are possible early predictors
      of health outcomes associated with body mass; are involved with accelerated
      aging; are involved in the causative pathway of aging; and how modification of
      these metabolic pathways impact the biology of aging.

PMID- 26984391
TI  - Disentangling Cognitive-Frailty: Results From the Gait and Brain Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cognitive-frailty, defined as the presence of both frailty and
      cognitive impairment, is proposed as a distinctive entity that predicts dementia.
      However, it remains controversial whether frailty alone, cognitive-frailty, or
      the combination of cognitive impairment and slow gait pose different risks of
      incident dementia. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty-two older adults free of
      dementia at baseline (mean age 76.6+/-8.6 years) were followed up to 5 years with
      bi-annual visits including medical, cognitive, and gait assessments. Incident all
      cause of dementia and cognitive decline were the main outcomes. Frailty was
      defined using validated phenotypic criteria. Cognition was assessed using the
      Montreal Cognitive Assessment while gait was assessed using an electronic
      walkway. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to estimate the risk of
      cognitive decline and dementia for frailty, cognitive-frailty, and gait and
      cognition models. RESULTS: Fifty-three participants experienced cognitive decline
      and 27 progressed to dementia (incident rate: 73/1,000 person-years). Frailty
      participants had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment compared with those
      without frailty (77% vs. 54%, p = .02) but not significant risk to incident
      dementia. Cognitive-frailty increased incident rate (80/1,000 person-years) but
      not risk for progression to dementia. The combination of slow gait and cognitive
      impairment posed the highest risk for progression to dementia (hazard ratio:
      35.9, 95% confidence interval: 4.0-319.2; p = 0.001, incident rate: 130/1,000
      person-years). None of the models explored significantly predicted cognitive
      decline. CONCLUSIONS: Combining a simple motor test, such as gait velocity, with
      a reliable cognitive test like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment is superior than
      the cognitive-frailty construct to detect individuals at risk for dementia.
      Cognitive-frailty may embody two different manifestations, slow gait and low
      cognition, of a common underlying mechanism.

PMID- 26984392
TI  - Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations Between Adiposity and Walking
      Endurance in Adults Age 60-79.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of excess weight on current and future walking endurance
      in nondisabled persons is unclear. This study examines the association between
      obesity and walking endurance among nondisabled persons both in late mid-life and
      early old age. METHODS: Participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
      aged 60-79 years (n = 406) who reported no walking limitations, and completed a
      400-meter walk "as quickly as possible" without lower-extremity pain, and had a
      follow-up assessment within 1.7-4.2 years. Adiposity was assessed by weight, body
      mass index (BMI), BMI category, and percent fat mass by DXA. RESULTS: Adjusting
      for age, sex, race, height, and physical activity, all adiposity measures were
      cross-sectionally associated with slower 400 meter time in both 60-69 and 70 to
      79-year-olds (weight: beta = 1.0 and 1.2; BMI: beta = 2.8 and 3.6; and percent
      fat mass: beta = 2.0 and 2.0, respectively, all p < .001). With additional
      adjustment for initial 400-meter performance and follow-up time, in 60- to 69
      year-olds, change in 400-meter time (positive beta indicates decline) was
      associated with all adiposity measures (weight: beta = 0.4; BMI: beta = 1.0; and
      percent fat mass: beta = 0.5; all p <= .05) but not in the older group (weight:
      beta = -0.4; BMI: beta = -1.2; and percent fat mass: beta = -0.2; all p >= .17).
      CONCLUSION: Excess weight and adiposity were associated with worse walking
      endurance in nondisabled persons aged 60-79 years and predicted accelerated
      decline in endurance in late mid-life adults. Weight management for mobility
      independence may be best targeted in obese persons approaching traditional
      retirement age.

PMID- 26984395
TI  - MUC5B silencing reduces chemo-resistance of MCF-7 breast tumor cells and impairs
      maturation of dendritic cells.
AB  - Mucins participate in cancer progression by regulating cell growth, adhesion,
      signaling, apoptosis or chemo-resistance to drugs. The secreted mucin MUC5B, the
      major component of the respiratory tract mucus, is aberrantly expressed in breast
      cancer, where it could constitute a cancer biomarker. In this study we evaluated
      the role of MUC5B in breast cancer by gene silencing the MUC5B expression with
      short hairpin RNA on MCF-7 cells. We found that MUC5B-silenced MCF-7 cells have a
      reduced capacity to grow, adhere and form cell colonies. Interestingly, MUC5B
      knock-down increased the sensitivity to death induced by chemotherapeutic drugs.
      We also show that MUC5B silencing impaired LPS-maturation of DCs, and production
      of cytokines. Furthermore, MUC5B knock-down also influenced DC-differentiation
      and activation since it resulted in an upregulation of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10,
      cytokines that might be involved in cancer progression. Thus, MUC5B could enhance
      the production of LPS-induced cytokines, suggesting that the use of MUC5B-based
      cancer vaccines combined with DC-maturation stimuli, could favor the induction of
      an antitumor immune response. 

PMID- 26984394
TI  - Interrogating concepts of care in the HIV care continuum: ethnographic insights
      from the implementation of a "Universal Test and Treat" approach in South Africa.
AB  - South Africa currently sustains the largest antiretroviral treatment (ART)
      programme in the world. The number of people on ART is set to grow even more in
      the coming years as incidence remains stable, people on ART stay healthy, and
      guidelines for initiation become increasingly inclusive. The South African public
      health sector has increasingly relied on community- and home-based lay and
      professional "carers" to carry out the everyday tasks of rolling out the ART
      programme. Drawing on ethnographic research in one locality in the Western Cape,
      the paper explores the care practices of two such groups of carers implementing a
      'Universal Test and Treat' (UTT) approach. The UTT approach being evlauated in
      this place is based on one model of the HIV treatment cascade, or care continuum,
      which focuses on the steps necessary to identify and link HIV-positive
      individuals to care and retain them in lifelong HIV treatment. In this context,
      community-based care workers are responsible for carrying out several discrete
      steps in the HIV care continuum, including testing people for HIV, linking HIV
      positive individuals to care, and supporting adherence. In order to retain
      clients within the continuum, however, carers also perform other forms of labour
      that stretch their care work beyond more bounded notions of a stepwise
      progression of care. These broader forms of care, which can be material,
      emotional, social or physical in nature, appear alongside the more structured
      technical and biomedical tasks formally expected of carers. We argue that
      understanding the dynamics of these more distributed and relational forms of care
      is essential for the effective implementation of the care continuum, and of the
      UTT approach, in diverse contexts.

PMID- 26984396
TI  - High Early Suicide Risk in Elderly Patients After Self-Poisoning.
AB  - This article reports the findings of a follow-up study of suicide mortality in
      elderly patients after an index episode of self-poisoning. A total of 222
      consecutive patients (143 female) aged 65 years or older (mean age 76.5 years;
      range 65-100) presenting at the emergency department of the Karolinska University
      Hospital after self-poisoning during 1994-2000, were followed up for the cause of
      death by January 1, 2006. Survival analysis was applied to study suicide and
      death risk. Of the 15 suicides, 13 (87%) occurred during the first year after the
      index episode of self-poisoning (cumulative suicide risk 6.2%). The risk of dying
      of all causes during the first year was increased fourfold. Self-poisoning in
      both elderly men and women is associated with high early suicide risk.

PMID- 26984393
TI  - VCP and ATL1 regulate endoplasmic reticulum and protein synthesis for dendritic
      spine formation.
AB  - Imbalanced protein homeostasis, such as excessive protein synthesis and protein
      aggregation, is a pathogenic hallmark of a range of neurological disorders. Here,
      using expression of mutant proteins, a knockdown approach and disease mutation
      knockin mice, we show that VCP (valosin-containing protein), together with its
      cofactor P47 and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology regulator ATL1
      (Atlastin-1), regulates tubular ER formation and influences the efficiency of
      protein synthesis to control dendritic spine formation in neurons. Strengthening
      the significance of protein synthesis in dendritic spinogenesis, the translation
      blocker cyclohexamide and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reduce dendritic spine
      density, while a leucine supplement that increases protein synthesis ameliorates
      the dendritic spine defects caused by Vcp and Atl1 deficiencies. Because VCP and
      ATL1 are the causative genes of several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental
      disorders, we suggest that impaired ER formation and inefficient protein
      synthesis are significant in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological disorders.

PMID- 26984397
TI  - Erratum: Histological criteria for atypical pituitary adenomas--data from the
      German pituitary adenoma registry suggests modifications.
AB  - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the
      author list. The name of one co-author is written wrong in the final version of
      the article; Dr Hans Ulrich Knappe should be Ulrich Johannes Knappe. The updated
      author list is provided below: Christian P. Miermeister, Stephan Petersenn,
      Michael Buchfelder, Rudolf Fahlbusch, Dieter K.Ludecke, Annett Holsken, Markus
      Bergmann, Ulrich Johannes Knappe, Volkmar H. Hans, Jorg Flitsch, Wolfgang Saeger
      and Rolf Buslei.

PMID- 26984398
TI  - Genome-wide identification and characterization of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase genes family in wheat (Triticum aestivum).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a central enzyme
      in glycolysi, we performed genome-wide identification of GAPDH genes in wheat and
      analyzed their structural characteristics and expression patterns under abiotic
      stress in wheat. RESULTS: A total of 22 GAPDH genes were identified in wheat cv.
      Chinese spring; the phylogenetic and structure analysis showed that these GAPDH
      genes could be divided into four distinct subfamilies. The expression profiles of
      GAPDH genes showed tissue specificity all over plant development stages. The qRT
      PCR results revealed that wheat GAPDHs were involved in several abiotic stress
      response. CONCLUSIONS: Wheat carried 22 GAPDH genes, representing four types of
      plant GAPDHs (gapA/B, gapC, gapCp and gapN). Whole genome duplication and
      segmental duplication might account for the expansion of wheat GAPDHs. Expression
      analysis implied that GAPDHs play roles in plants abiotic stress tolerance.

PMID- 26984400
TI  - [15 years of Competence Nets in Medicine].

PMID- 26984399
TI  - [CAPNETZ. The competence network for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)].
AB  - CAPNETZ is a medical competence network for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP),
      which was funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research. It has
      accomplished seminal work on pneumonia over the last 15 years. A unique
      infrastructure was established which has so far allowed us to recruit and analyze
      more than 11,000 patients. The CAPNETZ cohort is the largest cohort worldwide and
      the results obtained relate to all relevant aspects of CAP management
      (epidemiology, risk stratification via biomarkers or clinical scores, pathogen
      spectrum, pathogen resistance, antibiotic management, prevention and health care
      research). Results were published in more than 150 journals and informed the
      preparation and update of the national S3-guideline. CAPNETZ was also the
      foundation for further networks like the Pneumonia Research Network on Genetic
      Resistance and Susceptibility for the Evolution of Severe Sepsis) (PROGRESS), the
      Systems Medicine of Community Acquired Pneumonia Network (CAPSyS) and SFB-TR84
      (Sonderforschungsbereich - Transregio 84). The main recipients (Charite Berlin,
      University Clinic Ulm and the Hannover Medical School) founded the CAPNETZ
      foundation and transferred all data and materials rights to this foundation.
      Moreover, the ministry granted the CAPNETZ foundation the status of being
      eligible to apply for research proposals and receive research funds. Since 2013
      the CAPNETZ foundation has been an associated member of the German Center for
      Lung Research (DZL). Thus, a solid foundation has been set up for CAPNETZ to
      continue its success story. 

PMID- 26984401
TI  - Validation of two algorithms for managing children with a non-blanching rash.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Paediatricians are concerned that children who present with a non
      blanching rash (NBR) may have meningococcal disease (MCD). Two algorithms have
      been devised to help identify which children with an NBR have MCD. AIM: To
      evaluate the NBR algorithms' ability to identify children with MCD. METHODS: The
      Newcastle-Birmingham-Liverpool (NBL) algorithm was applied retrospectively to
      three cohorts of children who had presented with NBRs. This algorithm was also
      piloted in four hospitals, and then used prospectively for 12 months in one
      hospital. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) algorithm
      was validated retrospectively using data from all cohorts. RESULTS: The cohorts
      included 625 children, 145 (23%) of whom had confirmed or probable MCD.
      Paediatricians empirically treated 324 (52%) children with antibiotics. The NBL
      algorithm identified all children with MCD and suggested treatment for a further
      86 children (sensitivity 100%, specificity 82%). One child with MCD did not
      receive immediate antibiotic treatment, despite this being suggested by the
      algorithm. The NICE algorithm suggested 382 children (61%) who should be treated
      with antibiotics. This included 141 of the 145 children with MCD (sensitivity
      97%, specificity 50%). CONCLUSIONS: These algorithms may help paediatricians
      identify children with MCD who present with NBRs. The NBL algorithm may be more
      specific than the NICE algorithm as it includes fewer features suggesting MCD.
      The only significant delay in treatment of MCD occurred when the algorithms were
      not followed.

PMID- 26984402
TI  - Hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with Trichinella spp.
      in wildlife.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nematode parasites of the genus Trichinella are important foodborne
      pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective
      larvae. Wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs
      of these parasites. Hunting activities play an important role in Trichinella spp.
      EPIDEMIOLOGY: The aim of the present work was to assess if serological detection
      of anti-Trichinella IgG in hunting dogs can be a tool to indirectly monitor
      Trichinella spp. infections in wildlife. METHODS: An ELISA and a Western blot
      (Wb) were developed and validated. To validate the assays, serum samples were
      collected from 598 dogs considered to be Trichinella-free, 15 naturally infected
      dogs, and six experimentally infected foxes. Sera were tested by ELISA with
      Trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory antigens. The diagnostic sensitivity and
      specificity of ELISA were 100 % (95 % CI: 83.89-100 %) and 95.65 % (95 % CI:
      93.69-97.14 %), respectively. Sera from Trichinella-infected dogs/foxes tested by
      Wb showed a three-band pattern ranging from 48 to 72 kDa. Since the prevalence of
      Toxocara canis is very high in dogs, the specificity of the ELISA and Wb was
      further assessed by testing sera for anti-T. canis IgG using T. canis
      excretory/secretory antigens. No cross-reactivity was observed. To evaluate the
      test's reliability in the field, serum samples were collected from wild boar
      hunting dogs from Central Italy where Trichinella britovi was circulating among
      wildlife. RESULTS: Out of 384 hunting dog sera, 189 (49.2 %) tested positive by
      ELISA and of these, 56 (29.6 %) tested positive by Wb, showing an overall
      prevalence of 14.6 % (56/384) in the wild boar hunting dog population of the
      investigated area. The serological prevalence in hunting dogs was significantly
      (P < 0.001) associated with the hunting district's altitude. This is in agreement
      with previous investigations, which had shown that the prevalence of T. britovi
      in wildlife was higher in mountainous areas than in lowland areas of Italy.
      CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the circulation of Trichinella spp. among
      wildlife can be monitored by testing sera from hunting dogs, which could act as
      sentinel animals of Trichinella spp. circulation in wildlife.

PMID- 26984403
TI  - ICP4-induced miR-101 attenuates HSV-1 replication.
AB  - Hepes simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped DNA virus that can cause lytic
      and latent infection. miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, and
      our previous work has indicated that HSV-1 infection induces miR-101 expression
      in HeLa cells. The present study demonstrates that HSV-1-induced miR-101 is
      mainly derived from its precursor hsa-mir-101-2, and the HSV-1 immediate early
      gene ICP4 (infected-cell polypeptide 4) directly binds to the hsa-mir-101-2
      promoter to activate its expression. RNA-binding protein G-rich sequence factor 1
      (GRSF1) was identified as a new target of miR-101; GRSF1 binds to HSV-1 p40 mRNA
      and enhances its expression, facilitating viral proliferation. Together, ICP4
      induces miR-101 expression, which downregulates GRSF1 expression and attenuates
      the replication of HSV-1. This allows host cells to maintain a permissive
      environment for viral replication by preventing lytic cell death. These findings
      indicate that HSV-1 early gene expression modulates host miRNAs to regulate
      molecular defense mechanisms. This study provides novel insight into host-virus
      interactions in HSV-1 infection and may contribute to the development of
      antiviral therapeutics. 

PMID- 26984404
TI  - Metabolite Regulation of Nuclear Localization of Carbohydrate-response Element
      binding Protein (ChREBP): ROLE OF AMP AS AN ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR.
AB  - The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose
      responsive transcription factor that plays an essential role in converting excess
      carbohydrate to fat storage in the liver. In response to glucose levels, ChREBP
      is regulated by nuclear/cytosol trafficking via interaction with 14-3-3 proteins,
      CRM-1 (exportin-1 or XPO-1), or importins. Nuclear localization of ChREBP was
      rapidly inhibited when incubated in branched-chain alpha-ketoacids, saturated and
      unsaturated fatty acids, or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide. Here,
      we discovered that protein-free extracts of high fat-fed livers contained, in
      addition to ketone bodies, a new metabolite, identified as AMP, which
      specifically activates the interaction between ChREBP and 14-3-3. The crystal
      structure showed that AMP binds directly to the N terminus of ChREBP-alpha2
      helix. Our results suggest that AMP inhibits the nuclear localization of ChREBP
      through an allosteric activation of ChREBP/14-3-3 interactions and not by
      activation of AMPK. AMP and ketone bodies together can therefore inhibit
      lipogenesis by restricting localization of ChREBP to the cytoplasm during periods
      of ketosis. 

PMID- 26984405
TI  - FoxO1 Deacetylation Decreases Fatty Acid Oxidation in beta-Cells and Sustains
      Insulin Secretion in Diabetes.
AB  - Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction contributes to onset and progression of type 2
      diabetes. In this state beta-cells become metabolically inflexible, losing the
      ability to select between carbohydrates and lipids as substrates for
      mitochondrial oxidation. These changes lead to beta-cell dedifferentiation. We
      have proposed that FoxO proteins are activated through deacetylation-dependent
      nuclear translocation to forestall the progression of these abnormalities.
      However, how deacetylated FoxO exert their actions remains unclear. To address
      this question, we analyzed islet function in mice homozygous for knock-in alleles
      encoding deacetylated FoxO1 (6KR). Islets expressing 6KR mutant FoxO1 have
      enhanced insulin secretion in vivo and ex vivo and decreased fatty acid oxidation
      ex vivo Remarkably, the gene expression signature associated with FoxO1
      deacetylation differs from wild type by only ~2% of the >4000 genes regulated in
      response to re-feeding. But this narrow swath includes key genes required for
      beta-cell identity, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial fatty acid and solute
      transport. The data support the notion that deacetylated FoxO1 protects beta-cell
      function by limiting mitochondrial lipid utilization and raise the possibility
      that inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in beta-cells is beneficial to diabetes
      treatment. 

PMID- 26984407
TI  - Amidase Activity of AmiC Controls Cell Separation and Stem Peptide Release and Is
      Enhanced by NlpD in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - The human-restricted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes a single N
      acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase involved in cell separation (AmiC), as compared
      with three largely redundant cell separation amidases found in Escherichia coli
      (AmiA, AmiB, and AmiC). Deletion of amiC from N. gonorrhoeae results in severely
      impaired cell separation and altered peptidoglycan (PG) fragment release, but
      little else is known about how AmiC functions in gonococci. Here, we demonstrated
      that gonococcal AmiC can act on macromolecular PG to liberate cross-linked and
      non-cross-linked peptides indicative of amidase activity, and we provided the
      first evidence that a cell separation amidase can utilize a small synthetic PG
      fragment as substrate (GlcNAc-MurNAc(pentapeptide)-GlcNAc-MurNAc(pentapeptide)).
      An investigation of two residues in the active site of AmiC revealed that Glu-229
      is critical for both normal cell separation and the release of PG fragments by
      gonococci during growth. In contrast, Gln-316 has an autoinhibitory role, and its
      mutation to lysine resulted in an AmiC with increased enzymatic activity on
      macromolecular PG and on the synthetic PG derivative. Curiously, the same Q316K
      mutation that increased AmiC activity also resulted in cell separation and PG
      fragment release defects, indicating that activation state is not the only factor
      determining normal AmiC activity. In addition to displaying high basal activity
      on PG, gonococcal AmiC can utilize metal ions other than the zinc cofactor
      typically used by cell separation amidases, potentially protecting its ability to
      function in zinc-limiting environments. Thus gonococcal AmiC has distinct
      differences from related enzymes, and these studies revealed parameters for how
      AmiC functions in cell separation and PG fragment release. 

PMID- 26984410
TI  - Brodie's abscess following percutaneous fixation of distal radius fracture in a
      child.
AB  - We report the case of a Brodie's abscess presenting five and a half years
      following closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a distal radius fracture.
      The index surgery was complicated by a pin site infection that was treated
      successfully with antibiotics. The patient represented with forearm pain years
      later, and radiological investigations revealed a Brodie's abscess in the distal
      radius at the site of the previous Kirschner wires. The Brodie's abscess was
      managed through surgical curettage and antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus and
      diphtheroid organisms were cultured from the intraoperative specimens. A Brodie's
      abscess is a form of localised subacute osteomyelitis, which usually occurs in
      the metaphysis of long bones and can mimic malignancy. Previous trauma or surgery
      has been implicated as predisposing factors. We have only identified one
      previously reported case of Brodie's abscess following percutaneous pinning. Ours
      is the first reported case in an adolescent. The aim of this paper is to raise
      awareness of this rare complication and review the current literature. 

PMID- 26984406
TI  - Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin: CORRELATION WITH MEMBRANE
      BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of the biochemical and biophysical properties
      of the plasma membrane as well as membrane morphology on the susceptibility of
      human red blood cells to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin, a key
      virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae, using single cell studies. We show
      a correlation between the physical properties of the membrane (bending rigidity
      and surface and dipole electrostatic potentials) and the susceptibility of red
      blood cells to pneumolysin-induced hemolysis. We demonstrate that biochemical
      modifications of the membrane induced by oxidative stress, lipid scrambling, and
      artificial cell aging modulate the cell response to the toxin. We provide
      evidence that the diversity of response to pneumolysin in diabetic red blood
      cells correlates with levels of glycated hemoglobin and that the mechanical
      properties of the red blood cell plasma membrane are altered in diabetes.
      Finally, we show that diabetic red blood cells are more resistant to pneumolysin
      and the related toxin perfringolysin O relative to healthy red blood cells. Taken
      together, these studies indicate that the diversity of cell response to
      pneumolysin within a population of human red blood cells is influenced by the
      biophysical and biochemical status of the plasma membrane and the chemical and/or
      oxidative stress pre-history of the cell. 

PMID- 26984408
TI  - The beta-Arrestins: Multifunctional Regulators of G Protein-coupled Receptors.
AB  - The beta-arrestins (betaarrs) are versatile, multifunctional adapter proteins
      that are best known for their ability to desensitize G protein-coupled receptors
      (GPCRs), but also regulate a diverse array of cellular functions. To signal in
      such a complex fashion, betaarrs adopt multiple conformations and are regulated
      at multiple levels to differentially activate downstream pathways. Recent
      structural studies have demonstrated that betaarrs have a conserved structure and
      activation mechanism, with plasticity of their structural fold, allowing them to
      adopt a wide array of conformations. Novel roles for betaarrs continue to be
      identified, demonstrating the importance of these dynamic regulators of cellular
      signaling. 

PMID- 26984411
TI  - The use of recombinant morphogenic protein-2(rhBMP-2) in children undergoing
      revision surgery for persistent non-union.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy with the use of
      BMP-2 for treating persistent non-unions in children with underlying complex
      conditions. Between October 2006 and November 2010 in our unit, 15 patients were
      treated with rhBMP-2 to enhance bone union. There were nine females and six males
      with a mean age of 9.5 years (range 4-15) at time of surgery. Seventy-five per
      cent of the patients required revision of internal fixation with insertion of
      rhBMP-2 to the non-union site, and the reminder had freshening of the non-union
      site with rhBMP-2 application. Patients had undergone a mean of 2 (1-5)
      operations prior to implantation of rhBMP-2. All the patients in the study group
      were available for review with mean follow-up of 44 months (range 21-70). The
      mean time to union was 16 weeks (range 10-28 weeks). No adverse events related to
      BMP-2 application were noted in our study group. Healing occurred clinically and
      radiographically in 16 of the 17 sites. Our study demonstrates that BMP-2
      enhances healing of the persistent non-unions without any adverse events. 

PMID- 26984412
TI  - Brain dopamine and serotonin transporter binding are associated with visual
      attention bias for food in lean men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In rodents, the striatal dopamine (DA) system and the (hypo)thalamic
      serotonin (5-HT) system are involved in the regulation of feeding behavior. In
      lean humans, little is known about the relationship between these brain
      neurotransmitter systems and feeding. We studied the relationship between
      striatal DA transporters (DAT) and diencephalic 5-HT transporters (SERT),
      behavioral tasks and questionnaires, and food intake. METHOD: We measured
      striatal DAT and diencephalic SERT binding with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT in 36 lean
      male subjects. Visual attention bias for food (detection speed and distraction
      time) and degree of impulsivity were measured using response-latency-based
      computer tasks. Craving and emotional eating were assessed with questionnaires
      and ratings of hunger by means of VAS scores. Food intake was assessed through a
      self-reported online diet journal. RESULTS: Striatal DAT and diencephalic SERT
      binding negatively correlated with food detection speed (p = 0.008, r = -0.50 and
      p = 0.002, r = -0.57, respectively), but not with food distraction time, ratings
      of hunger, craving or impulsivity. Striatal DAT and diencephalic SERT binding did
      not correlate with free choice food intake, whereas food detection speed
      positively correlated with total caloric intake (p = 0.001, r = 0.60), protein
      intake (p = 0.01, r = 0.44), carbohydrate intake (p = 0.03, r = 0.39) and fat
      intake (p = 0.06, r = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a role for the
      central 5-HT and DA system in the regulation of visual attention bias for food,
      which contributes to the motivation to eat, in non-obese, healthy humans. In
      addition, this study confirms that food detection speed, measured with the
      latency-based computer task, positively correlates with total food and
      macronutrient intake.

PMID- 26984409
TI  - p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Signaling Activates Sterol Regulatory Element-binding
      Protein-2 in Hepatocyte Cells via p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and
      Caspase-3.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) influences the survival and differentiation of a
      specific population of neurons during development, but its role in non-neuronal
      cells has been less studied. We observed here that NGF and its pro-form, pro-NGF,
      are elevated in fatty livers from leptin-deficient mice compared with controls,
      concomitant with an increase in low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs).
      Stimulation of mouse primary hepatocytes with NGF or pro-NGF increased LDLR
      expression through the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Studies using Huh7
      human hepatocyte cells showed that the neurotrophins activate the sterol
      regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP2) that regulates genes involved in
      lipid metabolism. The mechanisms for this were related to stimulation of p38
      mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and activation of caspase-3 and
      SREBP2 cleavage following NGF and pro-NGF stimulations. Cell fractionation
      experiments showed that caspase-3 activity was increased particularly in the
      membrane fraction that harbors SREBP2 and caspase-2. Experiments showed further
      that caspase-2 interacts with pro-caspase-3 and that p38 MAPK reduced this
      interaction and caused caspase-3 activation. Because of the increased caspase-3
      activity, the cells did not undergo cell death following p75NTR stimulation,
      possibly due to concomitant activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)
      pathway by the neurotrophins. These results identify a novel signaling pathway
      triggered by ligand-activated p75NTR that via p38 MAPK and caspase-3 mediate the
      activation of SREBP2. This pathway may regulate LDLRs and lipid uptake
      particularly after injury or during tissue inflammation accompanied by an
      increased production of growth factors, including NGF and pro-NGF. 

PMID- 26984413
TI  - Are all psychotherapies equally effective in the treatment of adult depression?
      The lack of statistical power of comparative outcome studies.
AB  - More than 100 comparative outcome trials, directly comparing 2 or more
      psychotherapies for adult depression, have been published. We first examined
      whether these comparative trials had sufficient statistical power to detect
      clinically relevant differences between therapies of d=0.24. In order to detect
      such an effect size, power calculations showed that a trial would need to include
      548 patients. We selected 3 recent meta-analyses of psychotherapies for adult
      depression (cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy and
      non-directive counselling) and examined the number of patients included in the
      trials directly comparing other psychotherapies. The largest trial comparing CBT
      with another therapy included 178 patients, and had enough power to detect a
      differential effect size of only d=0.42. None of the trials in the 3 meta
      analyses had enough power to detect effect sizes smaller than d=0.34, but some
      came close to the threshold for detecting a clinically relevant effect size of
      d=0.24. Meta-analyses may be able to solve the problem of the low power of
      individual trials. However, many of these studies have considerable risk of bias,
      and if we only focused on trials with low risk of bias, there would no longer be
      enough studies to detect clinically relevant effects. We conclude that individual
      trials are heavily underpowered and do not even come close to having sufficient
      power for detecting clinically relevant effect sizes. Despite this large number
      of trials, it is still not clear whether there are clinically relevant
      differences between these therapies.

PMID- 26984415
TI  - Pathology and Surgical Treatment of High-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine
      Carcinoma: an Evolving Landscape.
AB  - Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are rare, accounting for less than 5%
      of all pancreatic tumors. High-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas
      (hgPNECs) represent about 5% of all PNENs. They show highly aggressive behavior
      with dismal prognosis. Throughout the last two decades, there has been a notable
      progress in basic and clinical research of PNENs and a therapeutic trend towards
      both more aggressive and minimally invasive surgery. Despite these advances,
      hgPNECs as a distinct clinical entity remains largely unexplored among surgeons.
      This review of current development in pathology reporting and surgical treatment
      of hgPNECs aims at increasing the awareness of an evolving field in pancreatic
      surgery.

PMID- 26984416
TI  - What Is the Place of PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer Treatment?
AB  - Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been one of the most exciting
      developments in the treatment of ovarian cancer in recent years. Demonstration of
      anti-cancer activity has led to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of
      the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib as maintenance therapy in women with BRCA
      mutated (BRCAm) ovarian cancer with platinum-sensitive recurrence following
      response to platinum therapy and the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)
      approval of olaparib in relapsed germline BRCA-mutated (gBRCAm) ovarian cancer in
      women who have received at least three prior chemotherapy treatments, both
      occurring in 2014. Additional trials are underway or awaiting final analysis with
      olaparib, other PARPis, and PARPi combinations to further elucidate the activity
      of these drugs in various clinical settings. This review will focus on the
      current clinical experience and ongoing trials with PARPis in ovarian cancer. 

PMID- 26984417
TI  - The Effect of Excess Electron and hole on CO2 Adsorption and Activation on Rutile
      (110) surface.
AB  - CO2 capture and conversion into useful chemical fuel attracts great attention
      from many different fields. In the reduction process, excess electron is of key
      importance as it participates in the reaction, thus it is essential to know
      whether the excess electrons or holes affect the CO2 conversion. Here, the first
      principles calculations were carried out to explore the role of excess electron
      on adsorption and activation of CO2 on rutile (110) surface. The calculated
      results demonstrate that CO2 can be activated as CO2 anions or CO2 cation when
      the system contains excess electrons and holes. The electronic structure of the
      activated CO2 is greatly changed, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of
      CO2 can be even lower than the conduction band minimum of TiO2, which greatly
      facilities the CO2 reduction. Meanwhile, the dissociation process of CO2
      undergoes an activated CO2(-) anion in bend configuration rather than the linear,
      while the long crossing distance of proton transfer greatly hinders the
      photocatalytic reduction of CO2 on the rutile (110) surface. These results show
      the importance of the excess electrons on the CO2 reduction process. 

PMID- 26984414
TI  - Improving Systemic Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Systemic chemotherapy is integral to the management of muscle-invasive and
      metastatic bladder cancer (BCa). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been increasingly
      utilized for muscle-invasive BCa over the past several years, and several options
      for cisplatin-based regimens have emerged. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be
      considered for select patients who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. Systemic
      chemotherapy added to radiotherapy is a critical component of a bladder
      preserving approach and superior to radiotherapy alone. Cisplatin-based
      chemotherapy has been the mainstay for metastatic BCa for more than three
      decades. Novel targeted agents are in development fueled by the recent molecular
      characterization of BCa. Recent trials of immunotherapy have demonstrated the
      possibility of a less toxic and potentially more effective treatment for
      metastatic disease. It is an extremely exciting time for BCa research, and much
      needed improvements in systemic treatment are most certainly on the horizon. 

PMID- 26984418
TI  - Eating in mice with gastric bypass surgery causes exaggerated activation of
      brainstem anorexia circuit.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Obesity and metabolic diseases are at an alarming level
      globally and increasingly affect children and adolescents. Gastric bypass and
      other bariatric surgeries have proven remarkably successful and are increasingly
      performed worldwide. Reduced desire to eat and changes in eating behavior and
      food choice account for most of the initial weight loss and diabetes remission
      after surgery, but the underlying mechanisms of altered gut-brain communication
      are unknown. SUBJECTS/METHODS: To explore the potential involvement of a powerful
      brainstem anorexia pathway centered around the lateral parabrachial nucleus
      (lPBN), we measured meal-induced neuronal activation by means of c-Fos
      immunohistochemistry in a new high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model of Roux-en
      Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at 10 and 40 days after RYGB or sham surgery. RESULTS:
      Voluntary ingestion of a meal 10 days after RYGB, but not after sham surgery,
      strongly and selectively activates calcitonin gene-related peptide neurons in the
      external lPBN as well as neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema
      and medial amygdala. At 40 days after surgery, meal-induced activation in all
      these areas was greatly diminished and did not reach statistical significance.
      CONCLUSIONS: The neural activation pattern and dynamics suggest a role of the
      brainstem anorexia pathway in the early effects of RYGB on meal size and food
      intake that may lead to adaptive neural and behavioral changes involved in the
      control of food intake and body weight at a lower level. However, selective
      inhibition of this pathway will be required for a more causal implication.

PMID- 26984419
TI  - Nitric oxide/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway activated by M1-type muscarinic
      acetylcholine receptor cascade inhibits Na+-activated K+ currents in Kenyon
      cells.
AB  - The interneurons of the mushroom body, known as Kenyon cells, are essential for
      the long-term memory of olfactory associative learning in some insects. Some
      studies have reported that nitric oxide (NO) is strongly related to this long
      term memory in Kenyon cells. However, the target molecules and upstream and
      downstream NO signaling cascades are not completely understood. Here we analyzed
      the effect of the NO signaling cascade on Na(+)-activated K(+) (KNa) channel
      activity in Kenyon cells of crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). We found that two
      different NO donors, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl
      penicillamine (SNAP), strongly suppressed KNa channel currents. Additionally,
      this inhibitory effect of GSNO on KNa channel activity was diminished by 1H
      [1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylate
      cyclase (sGC), and KT5823, an inhibitor of protein kinase G (PKG). Next, we
      analyzed the role of ACh in the NO signaling cascade. ACh strongly suppressed KNa
      channel currents, similar to NO donors. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect of
      ACh was blocked by pirenzepine, an M1 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist, but not
      by 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP) and mecamylamine,
      an M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist and a nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist,
      respectively. The ACh-induced inhibition of KNa channel currents was also
      diminished by the PLC inhibitor U73122 and the calmodulin antagonist W-7.
      Finally, we found that ACh inhibition was blocked by the nitric oxide synthase
      (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). These results
      suggested that the ACh signaling cascade promotes NO production by activating NOS
      and NO inhibits KNa channel currents via the sGC/cGMP/PKG signaling cascade in
      Kenyon cells.

PMID- 26984420
TI  - Muscle fatigue increases beta-band coherence between the firing times of
      simultaneously active motor units in the first dorsal interosseous muscle.
AB  - Synchronization between the firing times of simultaneously active motor units
      (MUs) is generally assumed to increase during fatiguing contractions. To date,
      however, estimates of MU synchronization have relied on indirect measures,
      derived from surface electromyographic (EMG) interference signals. This study
      used intramuscular coherence to investigate the correlation between MU discharges
      in the first dorsal interosseous muscle during and immediately following a
      submaximal fatiguing contraction, and after rest. Coherence between composite MU
      spike trains, derived from decomposed surface EMG, were examined in the delta (1
      4 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (15-30 Hz), and gamma (30-60 Hz) frequency band
      ranges. A significant increase in MU coherence was observed in the delta, alpha,
      and beta frequency bands postfatigue. In addition, wavelet coherence revealed a
      tendency for delta-, alpha-, and beta-band coherence to increase during the
      fatiguing contraction, with subjects exhibiting low initial coherence values
      displaying the greatest relative increase. This was accompanied by an increase in
      MU short-term synchronization and a decline in mean firing rate of the majority
      of MUs detected during the sustained contraction. A model of the motoneuron pool
      and surface EMG was used to investigate factors influencing the coherence
      estimate. Simulation results indicated that changes in motoneuron inhibition and
      firing rates alone could not directly account for increased beta-band coherence
      postfatigue. The observed increase is, therefore, more likely to arise from an
      increase in the strength of correlated inputs to MUs as the muscle fatigues.

PMID- 26984421
TI  - Local and global contributions to hemodynamic activity in mouse cortex.
AB  - Imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging seek to estimate
      neural signals in local brain regions through measurements of hemodynamic
      activity. However, hemodynamic activity is accompanied by large vascular
      fluctuations of unclear significance. To characterize these fluctuations and
      their impact on estimates of neural signals, we used optical imaging in visual
      cortex of awake mice. We found that hemodynamic activity can be expressed as the
      sum of two components, one local and one global. The local component reflected
      presumed neural signals driven by visual stimuli in the appropriate retinotopic
      region. The global component constituted large fluctuations shared by larger
      cortical regions, which extend beyond visual cortex. These fluctuations varied
      from trial to trial, but they did not constitute noise; they correlated with
      pupil diameter, suggesting that they reflect variations in arousal or alertness.
      Distinguishing local and global contributions to hemodynamic activity may help
      understand neurovascular coupling and interpret measurements of hemodynamic
      responses.

PMID- 26984422
TI  - Metaplasticity in human primary somatosensory cortex: effects on physiology and
      tactile perception.
AB  - Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over human primary motor cortex evokes plasticity
      and metaplasticity, the latter contributing to the homeostatic balance of
      excitation and inhibition. Our knowledge of TBS-induced effects on primary
      somatosensory cortex (SI) is limited, and it is unknown whether TBS induces
      metaplasticity within human SI. Sixteen right-handed participants (6 females,
      mean age 23 yr) received two TBS protocols [continuous TBS (cTBS) and
      intermittent TBS (iTBS)] delivered in six different combinations over SI in
      separate sessions. TBS protocols were delivered at 30 Hz and were as follows: a
      single cTBS protocol, a single iTBS protocol, cTBS followed by cTBS, iTBS
      followed by iTBS, cTBS followed by iTBS, and iTBS followed by cTBS. Measures
      included the amplitudes of the first and second somatosensory evoked potentials
      (SEPs) via median nerve stimulation, their paired-pulse ratio (PPR), and temporal
      order judgment (TOJ). Dependent measures were obtained before TBS and at 5, 25,
      50, and 90 min following stimulation. Results indicate similar effects following
      cTBS and iTBS; increased amplitudes of the second SEP and PPR without amplitude
      changes to SEP 1, and impairments in TOJ. Metaplasticity was observed such that
      TOJ impairments following a single cTBS protocol were abolished following
      consecutive cTBS protocols. Additionally, consecutive iTBS protocols altered the
      time course of effects when compared with a single iTBS protocol. In conclusion,
      30-Hz cTBS and iTBS protocols delivered in isolation induce effects consistent
      with a TBS-induced reduction in intracortical inhibition within SI. Furthermore,
      cTBS- and iTBS-induced metaplasticity appear to follow homeostatic and
      nonhomeostatic rules, respectively.

PMID- 26984423
TI  - Reactivation of visual-evoked activity in human cortical networks.
AB  - In the absence of sensory input, neuronal networks are far from being silent.
      Whether spontaneous changes in ongoing activity reflect previous sensory
      experience or stochastic fluctuations in brain activity is not well understood.
      Here we demonstrate reactivation of stimulus-evoked activity that is distributed
      across large areas in the human brain. We performed simultaneous
      electrocorticography recordings from occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal
      areas in awake humans in the presence and absence of sensory stimulation. We
      found that, in the absence of visual input, repeated exposure to brief natural
      movies induces robust stimulus-specific reactivation at individual recording
      sites. The reactivation sites were characterized by greater global connectivity
      compared with those sites that did not exhibit reactivation. Our results indicate
      a surprising degree of short-term plasticity across multiple networks in the
      human brain as a result of repeated exposure to unattended information.

PMID- 26984427
TI  - Numerical density-to-potential inversions in time-dependent density functional
      theory.
AB  - We treat the density-to-potential inverse problem of time-dependent density
      functional theory as an optimization problem with a partial differential equation
      constraint. The unknown potential is recovered from a target density by applying
      a multilevel optimization method controlled by error estimates. We employ a
      classical optimization routine using gradients efficiently computed by the
      discrete adjoint method. The inverted potential has both a real and imaginary
      part to reduce reflections at the boundaries and other numerical artifacts. We
      demonstrate this method on model one-dimensional systems. The method can be
      straightforwardly extended to a variety of numerical solvers of the time
      dependent Kohn-Sham equations and to systems in higher dimensions. 

PMID- 26984424
TI  - In vivo analysis of cerebellar Purkinje cell activity in SCA2 transgenic mouse
      model.
AB  - Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are primarily affected in many spinocerebellar
      ataxias (SCA). In this study we investigated functional activity of PCs in
      transgenic mouse model of SCA2, a polyglutamine neurodegenerative hereditary
      disorder. In our studies we used extracellular single-unit recording method to
      compare spontaneous activity of PCs in age-matched wild-type mice and SCA2-58Q
      transgenic mice. We discovered that the fraction of PCs with bursting and an
      irregular pattern of spontaneous activity dramatically increases in aged SCA2-58Q
      mice compared with wild-type littermates. Small-conductance calcium-activated
      potassium (SK) channels play an important role in determining firing rate of PCs.
      Indeed, we demonstrated that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of SK channel
      inhibitor NS8593 induces an irregular pattern of PC activity in wild-type mice.
      Furthermore, we demonstrated that IP injection of SK channel-positive modulator
      chlorzoxazone (CHZ) decreases spontaneous firing rate of cerebellar PCs. Finally,
      we have shown that IP injections with CHZ normalize firing activity of cerebellar
      PCs from aging SCA2-58Q mice. We propose that alterations in PC firing patterns
      is one of potential causes of ataxic symptoms in SCA2 and in other SCAs and that
      positive modulators of SK channels can be used to normalize activity of PCs and
      alleviate ataxic phenotype in patients with SCA.

PMID- 26984425
TI  - Network burst activity in hippocampal neuronal cultures: the role of synaptic and
      intrinsic currents.
AB  - The goal of this work was to define the contributions of intrinsic and synaptic
      mechanisms toward spontaneous network-wide bursting activity, observed in
      dissociated rat hippocampal cell cultures. This network behavior is typically
      characterized by short-duration bursts, separated by order of magnitude longer
      interburst intervals. We hypothesize that while short-timescale synaptic
      processes modulate spectro-temporal intraburst properties and network-wide burst
      propagation, much longer timescales of intrinsic membrane properties such as
      persistent sodium (Nap) currents govern burst onset during interburst intervals.
      To test this, we used synaptic receptor antagonists picrotoxin, 6-cyano-7
      nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), and 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1
      phosphonate (CPP) to selectively block GABAA, AMPA, and NMDA receptors and
      riluzole to selectively block Nap channels. We systematically compared
      intracellular activity (recorded with patch clamp) and network activity (recorded
      with multielectrode arrays) in eight different synaptic connectivity conditions:
      GABAA + NMDA + AMPA, NMDA + AMPA, GABAA + AMPA, GABAA + NMDA, AMPA, NMDA, GABAA,
      and all receptors blocked. Furthermore, we used mixed-effects modeling to
      quantify the aforementioned independent and interactive synaptic receptor
      contributions toward spectro-temporal burst properties including intraburst spike
      rate, burst activity index, burst duration, power in the local field potential,
      network connectivity, and transmission delays. We found that blocking intrinsic
      Nap currents completely abolished bursting activity, demonstrating their critical
      role in burst onset within the network. On the other hand, blocking different
      combinations of synaptic receptors revealed that spectro-temporal burst
      properties are uniquely associated with synaptic functionality and that
      excitatory connectivity is necessary for the presence of network-wide bursting.
      In addition to confirming the critical contribution of direct excitatory effects,
      mixed-effects modeling also revealed distinct combined (nonlinear) contributions
      of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity to network bursting properties.

PMID- 26984426
TI  - Retinal cross talk in the mammalian visual system.
AB  - The existence and functional relevance of efferent optic nerve fibers in mammals
      have long been debated. While anatomical evidence for cortico-retinal and retino
      retinal projections is substantial, physiological evidence is lacking, as
      efferent fibers are few in number and are severed in studies of excised retinal
      tissue. Here we show that interocular connections contribute to retinal
      bioelectrical activity in adult mammals. Full-field flash electroretinograms
      (ERGs) were recorded from one or both eyes of Brown-Norway rats under dark
      adapted (n = 16) and light-adapted (n = 11) conditions. Flashes were confined to
      each eye by an opaque tube that blocked stray light. Monocular flashes evoked a
      small (5-15 MUV) signal in the nonilluminated eye, which was named "crossed ERG"
      (xERG). The xERG began under dark-adapted conditions with a positive (xP1) wave
      that peaked at 70-90 ms and ended with slower negative (xN1) and positive (xP2)
      waves from 200 to 400 ms. xN1 was absent under light-adapted conditions.
      Injection of tetrodotoxin in either eye (n = 15) eliminated the xERG. Intraocular
      pressure elevation of the illuminated eye (n = 6) had the same effect. The
      treatments also altered the ERG b-wave in both eyes, and the alterations
      correlated with xERG disappearance. Optic nerve stimulation (n = 3) elicited a
      biphasic compound action potential in the nonstimulated nerve with 10- to 13-ms
      latency, implying that the xERG comes from slow-conducting (W type) fibers.
      Monocular dye application (n = 7) confirmed the presence of retino-retinal
      ganglion cells in adult rats. We conclude that mammalian eyes communicate
      directly with each other via a handful of optic nerve fibers. The cross talk
      alters retinal activity in rats, and perhaps other animals.

PMID- 26984428
TI  - Hyponatremia in solid-tumor cancer patients: uncertainty regarding the use of
      vaptans.

PMID- 26984429
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of triple-contrast multi-detector computed tomography for
      detection of penetrating gastrointestinal injury: a prospective study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Neither the performance of CT in diagnosing penetrating gastrointestinal
      injury nor its ability to discriminate patients requiring either observation or
      surgery has been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective,
      single-institutional observational study of patients with penetrating injury to
      the torso who underwent CT. Based on CT signs, reviewers determined the presence
      of a gastrointestinal injury and the need for surgery or observation. The primary
      outcome measures were operative findings and clinical follow-up. CT results were
      compared with the primary outcome measures. RESULTS: Of one hundred and seventy
      one patients (72 gunshot wounds, 99 stab wounds; age range, 18-57 years; median
      age, 28 years) with penetrating torso trauma who underwent CT, 45 % were followed
      by an operation and 55 % by clinical follow up. Thirty-five patients had a
      gastrointestinal injury at surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of
      CT for diagnosing a gastrointestinal injury for all patients were each 91 %, and
      for predicting the need for surgery, they were 94 %, 93 %, 93 %, respectively.
      Among the 3 % of patients who failed observation, 1 % had a gastrointestinal
      injury. CONCLUSION: CT is a useful technique to diagnose gastrointestinal injury
      following penetrating torso injury. CT can help discriminate patients requiring
      observation or surgery. KEY POINTS: * The most sensitive sign is wound tract
      extending up to gastrointestinal wall. * The most accurate sign is
      gastrointestinal wall thickening. * Triple-contrast CT is a useful technique to
      diagnose gastrointestinal injury. * Triple-contrast CT helps to discriminate
      patients requiring observation and surgery.

PMID- 26984430
TI  - MR-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy of MRI-only lesions: a single center
      experience.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare three different biopsy devices
      on false-negative and underestimation rates in MR-guided, vacuum-assisted breast
      biopsy (VABB) of MRI-only lesions. METHODS: This retrospective, single-center
      study was IRB-approved. Informed consent was waived. 467 consecutive patients
      underwent 487 MR-guided VABB using three different 8-10-gauge-VABB devices (Atec
      9-gauge,A; Mammotome-8-gauge,M; Vacora-10-gauge,V). VABB data (lesion-type, size,
      biopsy device, histopathology) were compared to final diagnosis (surgery, n = 210
      and follow-up, n = 277). Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied. P
      values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Final diagnosis was malignant
      in 104 (21.4 %), high risk in 64 (13.1 %) and benign in 319 (65.5 %) cases.
      Eleven of 328 (3.4 %) benign-rated lesions were false-negative (1/95, 1.1 %, A;
      2/73, 2.7 %, M; 8/160 5.0 % V; P = 0.095). Eleven high-risk (11/77, 14.3 %)
      lesions proved to be malignant (3/26, 11.5 % A; 4/12, 33.3 % M; 4/39, 10.3 % V; P
      = 0.228). Five of 34 (14.7 %) DCIS were upgraded to invasive cancer (2/15, 13.3
      %, A; 1/6, 16.6 % M; 2/13, 15.3 %, V; P = 0.977). Lesion size (P = 0.05) and type
      (mass vs. non-mass, P = 0.107) did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION: MR
      guided VABB is an accurate method for diagnosis of MRI-only lesions. No
      significant differences on false-negative and underestimation rates were observed
      between three different biopsy devices. KEY POINTS: * MR-guided VABB is an
      accurate procedure for the diagnosis of MRI-only lesions. * Similar false
      negative and underestimation rates allow all three different MR-guided VABB
      devices for clinical application. * High-risk lesions should undergo surgery due
      to a substantial underestimation rate. * Agreement between MR-guided VABB and
      final diagnosis (benign/malignant) was 95.5% (465/487).

PMID- 26984431
TI  - Over-the-wire versus through-the-scope stents for the palliation of malignant
      gastric outlet obstruction: A retrospective comparison study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcomes of over-the-wire (OTW) and through-the-scope
      (TTS) partially covered stents in patients with malignant gastric outlet
      obstruction (GOO). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 306 patients
      who had either OTW (n = 125) or TTS (n = 181) stents placed. Outcomes analysed
      included technical and clinical success, procedure time, complications, re
      intervention, stent patency and survival. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-three
      patients met our inclusion criteria, including 125 patients in the OTW group and
      68 patients in the TTS group. Technical and clinical outcomes were similar in the
      two groups. Stent migration rate was higher in the TTS than in the OTW group (P =
      0.002) and was associated with straight stent and subsequent chemotherapy in the
      TTS group. Stent collapse was lower in the TTS than in the OTW group (P = 0.021).
      Six-month stent patency rate was higher in the OTW than in the TTS group (P =
      0.044). CONCLUSIONS: TTS and OTW stents for the palliation of malignant GOO
      resulted in similar technical and clinical outcomes, stent patency and survival.
      TTS stents were associated with a higher migration rate, especially use of
      straight stents and subsequent chemotherapy, but a lower stent collapse rate than
      OTW stents. KEY POINTS: * OTW and TTS stents are equally effective in palliating
      GOO symptoms. * Six-month stent patency was higher for OTW than for TTS. * The
      straight stent and subsequent chemotherapy could increase stent migration. *
      Complication rates were lower for flared than for straight stents. * It is
      necessary to develop a multidisciplinary approach to integrate clinical
      experience.

PMID- 26984435
TI  - Long-term effects of pharmacotherapy on relapse prevention in alcohol dependence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that pharmacological treatment with two of
      the best validated anticraving drugs, acamprosate and naltrexone, is efficacious
      in promoting abstinence in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent subjects.
      OBJECTIVE: The stability of effects after termination of treatment remains to be
      answered, especially when combining both the drugs. METHOD: After detoxification,
      160 alcohol-dependent subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled trial. Patients received naltrexone or acamprosate or a
      combination of naltrexone and acamprosate or placebo for 12 weeks. Patients were
      assessed weekly by interview, self-report, questionnaires and laboratory
      screening. Additionally, follow-up evaluation based on telephone interview of
      participants, general practitioners and relatives was conducted 12 weeks after
      terminating the medication. RESULTS: At week 12, the proportion of subjects
      relapsing to heavy drinking was significantly lower in the group with combined
      medication compared with both placebo and acamprosate (P < 0.05). No difference
      was detectable between acamprosate and naltrexone, both of which were superior to
      placebo (P < 0.05). Relapse rates were 28% (combined medication), 35%
      (naltrexone), 50% (acamprosate) and 75% (placebo). After follow-up (week 24),
      combined medication led to relapse rates significantly lower than placebo, but
      not lower than acamprosate. Again, both naltrexone and acamprosate were superior
      to placebo. Relapse rates were 80% (placebo), 54% (acamprosate), 53% (naltrexone)
      and 34% (combined medication). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study highlight
      the stability of effects of pharmacotherapy on relapse prevention in alcohol
      dependence.

PMID- 26984433
TI  - Spatiotemporal characterization of brain infarction by sequential multimodal MR
      imaging following transient focal ischemia in a Rat model of intra-arterial
      middle cerebral artery occlusion.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess spatiotemporal brain infarction evolution by sequential
      multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in an endovascular model of acute
      stroke in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A microwire was selectively placed in the
      middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 16 consecutives rats during 90 minutes occlusion.
      Longitudinal 7-T MR imaging, including angiography, diffusion, and perfusion was
      performed during ischemia, immediately after reperfusion, 3 h and 24 h after
      subsequent reperfusion. RESULTS: MCA occlusion was complete in 75 % and partial
      in 18.7 %. Hypoperfusion (mean +/- SD) was observed in all animals during
      ischemia (-59 +/- 18 % of contralateral hemisphere, area 31 +/- 5 mm2).
      Infarction volume (mean +/- SD) was 90 +/- 64 mm3 during ischemia and 57 +/- 67
      mm3 at 24 h. Brain infarction was fronto-parietal cortical in five animals (31
      %), striatal in four animals (25 %), and cortico-striatal in seven animals (44 %)
      at 24 h. All rats survived at 24 h. CONCLUSION: This model is suitable to
      neuroprotection studies because of possible acute and close characterization of
      spatiotemporal evolution of brain infarction by MR imaging techniques, and
      evidence of ischemic penumbra, the target of neuroprotection agents. However,
      optimization of the brain infarct reproducibility needs further technical and
      neurointerventional tools improvements. KEY POINTS: * Nitinol microwire is MRI
      compatible allowing spatiotemporal characterization of brain infarction in rats.
      * Microwire selective placement in middle cerebral artery allows complete artery
      occlusion in 75 %. * A diffusion/perfusion mismatch during arterial occlusion is
      observed in 77 % of rats.

PMID- 26984436
TI  - Lofexidine for opiate detoxification.
AB  - The evolving role for lofexidine in the treatment of opiate detoxification over
      the last decade is reviewed. Lofexidine is no better than methadone or clonidine
      in attenuating withdrawal symptom severity, although it has a more favourable
      side-effect profile than clonidine. In conjunction with opiate antagonists,
      lofexidine may facilitate accelerated withdrawal, although activity and low
      liability for misuse, lofexidine may be more widely acceptable to clinicians than
      methadone, particularly those working in out-patient, non-specialist and prison
      treatment settings. Further studies in these treatment settings will be
      particularly apposite since, apart from the studies highlighted, the evidence
      base for the clinical value of lofexidine is mainly to be derived from in-patient
      trials. 

PMID- 26984432
TI  - The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance urography using a balanced turbo field
      echo sequence.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the inter-observer variability
      and the accuracy of magnetic resonance urography (MRU) using a thin sectional
      balanced-turbo field echo (B-TFE) sequence for detecting ureteral calculi and to
      determine the effect of additional factors (size, density and location of the
      calculus) on the sensitivity and specificity of the MRU. MATERIALS & METHODS: MRU
      and CT images were evaluated independently by two radiologists according to
      presence, density and localization of calculi. The degrees of inter-rater
      agreement for categorical items were evaluated by the Kappa coefficient. RESULTS:
      According to the 1st and 2nd observers, the sensitivity of MRU was 65.9 %, 71.8 %
      and the specificity of MRU was 95.9 %, 100 %, respectively. Inter-observer
      agreement was 84.6 % for stone detection. The larger size had a better effect on
      detectability (p < 0.05). Also, the higher density had a better impact on
      detectability (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that B-TFE MRU was
      useful to detect ureteral calculi. However, B-TFE MRU has low sensitivity and
      high specificity in comparison with CT images. MRU is a reasonable alternative
      imaging technique for follow-up periods of selective groups like patients with
      large urinary stones, children or pregnant patients when ionizing radiation is
      undesirable. KEY POINTS: * According to 1st and 2nd observers, sensitivity of MRU
      was 65.9 %, 71.8 %, respectively. * According to 1st and 2nd observers, MRU
      specificity was 95.9 %, 100 %, respectively. * Interobserver agreement was found
      to be over 84 % for stone detection. * B-TFE sequence provides calculus follow-up
      without radiation. * Larger calculi and more dense calculi individually have the
      better effect on detectability.

PMID- 26984437
TI  - The clinical use of buprenorphine in opiate addiction: evidence and practice.
AB  - Buprenorphine is a partial MU-opioid receptor agonist that is being increasingly
      used in clinical practice in the treatment of opioid dependence in the UK, USA,
      and, elsewhere. Its unique pharmacological properties mean it is a relatively
      safe drug, it can be given by alternate day dispensing, and it is associated with
      relatively mild symptoms on withdrawal. The interpretation of the research
      literature on buprenorphine is however, complex, and often appears to be in
      conflict with how buprenorphine is used in clinical practice. This article
      describes these apparent contradictions, their likely explanations, and how these
      may further inform our clinical practice. The article also describes the
      clinically relevant pharmacological properties of buprenorphine, compares it to
      methadone, relates the evidence to clinical experience, and provides practical
      advice on how to manage the most common clinical techniques. The best quality
      evidence suggests that very rapid buprenorphine induction is not associated with
      a higher drop-out rate than methadone, that buprenorphine is probably as good as
      methadone for maintenance treatment, and is superior to methadone and alpha-2
      adrenergic agonists for detoxification. However, buprenorphine cannot yet be
      considered the 'gold standard' treatment for opiate dependence because of the
      higher drop-out rates that may occur on induction using current techniques, its
      high-cost relative to methadone, and because the place of buprenorphine in
      treatment is still continuing to evolve. 

PMID- 26984434
TI  - Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: contribution and best timing of prenatal MR
      imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To predict sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and neurological
      impairment in congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection using MR imaging and
      define the best timing in pregnancy for prenatal assessment. METHODS: In 121
      patients with confirmed cCMV infection, brain features at MR imaging were
      respectively graded from 1 to 5: normal; isolated frontal/parieto-occipital
      hyperintensity; temporal periventricular hyperintensity; temporal/occipital cysts
      and/or intraventricular septa; migration disorders. Grading was correlated with
      postnatal SNHL and neurological impairment using regression analysis. In 51
      fetuses with MR examinations at 26.9 and 33.0 weeks, the predictive value of SNHL
      and neurological impairment was compared using ROC curves. RESULTS: Postnatal
      follow-up showed SNHL in 18 infants and neurological impairment in 10. MR grading
      was predictive of SNHL and of neurological impairment (P < 0.001). In grade 1 or
      2, none had SNHL and 1/74 had neurological impairment. The areas under ROC curves
      for prediction of postnatal SNHL and of neurological impairment from first and
      second MR examination were comparable. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that in cCMV
      infection, prediction of SNHL and neurological impairment is feasible by fetal MR
      imaging with a high negative predictive value and can equally be done at 27 or 33
      weeks of gestation. KEY POINTS: * In cCMV, isolated periventricular T2-weighted
      signal hyperintensity has a good postnatal prognosis. * In cCMV, SNHL and
      neurological impairment can be predicted at 27 or 33 weeks. * In cCMV, fetal MR
      has a high NPV in predicting SNHL. * In cCMV, fetal MR has a high NPV in
      predicting neurological impairment.

PMID- 26984438
TI  - Heroin prescription for heroin addiction - an English view.
AB  - Heroin has been prescribed in England for the treatment of heroin addiction for
      almost 100 years. For many years, England was almost the only country where this
      occurred, and the British system was consequently the subject of international
      curiosity. In spite of this long history, very little research has been carried
      out locally, and until recently, there were no guidelines as to best practice. In
      1965, it was decided that only doctors with a Home Office license could prescribe
      heroin. Since that time, the proportion of opiate addicts treated with heroin has
      greatly diminished, as has the number of doctors willing to prescribe. One doctor
      in particular remained an enthusiastic proponent of heroin prescription. His
      claims impressed some Swiss clinicians, who proceeded to establish a multicentre
      trial in Switzerland. This was followed by a similar trial in the Netherlands.
      These trials apparently indicated that a proportion of treatment-resistant opiate
      addicts could respond well to heroin, although the researchers' conclusions have
      been disputed. The National Treatment Agency in England is now developing
      guidelines for good practice based on this new information and is planning to set
      up some pilot sites. It is likely that practise in England will remain somewhat
      different from continental practice, particularly with respect to long-term
      supervised injecting. It is unclear how much funding will be released to support
      heroin prescription. Without adequate funding, it is likely to disappear. 

PMID- 26984439
TI  - Is there an increased risk of metabolic syndrome among childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia survivors? A developing country experience.
AB  - Data on metabolic syndrome (MS) in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) from developing countries are lacking. The purpose of this single
      center, uncontrolled, observational study was to assess the frequency of MS in
      our survivors. The survivors of ALL <=15 years at diagnosis, who had completed
      therapy >=2 years earlier, were enrolled. Anthropometric measurements (weight,
      height, waist circumference), biochemistry (glucose, insulin, triglycerides, high
      density lipoprotein [HDL], thyroid function tests, C-reactive protein [CRP],
      magnesium), measurement of blood pressure, and Tanner staging were performed. MS
      was defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the National
      Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel guidelines (NCEP ATP
      III) criteria, modified by Cook et al. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:821
      827) and Ford et al. (Diabetes Care. 2005;28:878-881). The median age of 76
      survivors was 11.9 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 9.6-13.5). Twenty-four (32%)
      survivors were obese or overweight. The prevalence of insulin resistance (17%),
      hypertension (7%), hypertriglyceridemia (20%), and low HDL (37%) was comparable
      to the prevalence in children/adolescents in historical population-based studies
      from India. The prevalence of MS ranged from 1.3% to 5.2%, as per different
      defining criteria. Cranial radiotherapy, age at diagnosis, sex, or socioeconomic
      status were not risk factors for MS. The prevalence of MS in survivors of
      childhood ALL, at a median duration of 3 years from completion of chemotherapy,
      was comparable to the reference population. The prevalence of being obese or
      overweight was, however, greater than historical controls. 

PMID- 26984440
TI  - About human taeniasis and Taenia saginata diagnosis by endoscopy.
AB  - La carta al editor se refiere al articulo de Canaval-Zuleta et al. aceptado para
      publicacion, titulado "Endoscopy as an alternative diagnostic and therapeutic
      technique for Taenia saginata". El trabajo presenta una serie de incorrecciones
      que deben ser aclaradas, o al menos parte de ellas en solo 300 palabras. La
      informacion sobre las vias de infeccion en taeniasis, asi como la patogenia y
      tecnicas de diagnostico, no se ajustan a la realidad. Asimismo, ya esta publicado
      que el diagnostico por endoscopia es una tecnica muy sensible pero nada
      especifica, pues no permite distinguir entre las 3 especies humanas del genero
      Taenia.

PMID- 26984441
TI  - Barriers to hand hygiene in ophthalmic outpatients in Uganda: a mixed methods
      approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Healthcare-associated infection rates are high in low-income
      countries and are associated with significant morbidity. There is a paucity of
      published data on infection control practice, attitudes or resources in these
      settings, particularly in ophthalmology. The aim of this study is to understand
      current hand washing practices, barriers to hand washing and facilities available
      in two Ugandan specialist eye hospitals. This study was undertaken through non
      participant observations of healthcare worker hand washing practices,
      documentation of hand hygiene facilities and semi-strucutured interviews with
      clinical staff. RESULTS: Eighty percent of the WHO opportunities for hand washing
      were missed through lack of attempted hand hygiene measures. Facilities for hand
      hygiene were inadequate with some key clinical areas having no provisions for
      hand hygiene. Training on effective hand hygiene varied widely with some staff
      reporting no training at all. The staff did not perceive the lack of facilities
      to be a barrier to hand washing but reported forgetfulness, lack of time and a
      belief that they could predict when transmission might occur and therefore did
      not wash hands as often as recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Hand hygiene at the two
      observed sites did not comply with WHO-recommended standards. The lack of
      facilities, variable training and staff perceptions were observable barriers to
      effective hand hygiene. Simple, low-cost interventions to improve hand hygiene
      could include increased provision of hand towels and running water and improved
      staff education to challenge their views and perceived barriers to hand hygiene.

PMID- 26984442
TI  - Structure-based identification of CaMKIIalpha-interacting MUPP1 PDZ domains and
      rational design of peptide ligands to target such interaction in human
      fertilization.
AB  - The recognition and association between Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated protein
      kinase II-alpha (CaMKIIalpha) and multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1) plays an
      important role in sperm acrosome reaction and human fertilization, which is
      mediated by the binding of CaMKIIalpha's C-terminal tail to one or more PDZ
      domains of the scaffolding protein MUPP1. In this study, we attempt to identify
      the CaMKIIalpha-interacting MUPP1 PDZ domains and to design peptide ligands that
      can potently target and then competitively disrupt such interaction. Here, a
      synthetic biology approach was proposed to systematically characterize the
      structural basis, energetic property, dynamic behavior and biological implication
      underlying the intermolecular interactions between the C-terminal peptide of
      CaMKIIalpha and all the 13 PDZ domains of MUPP1. These domains can be grouped
      into four clusters in terms of their sequence, structure and physiochemical
      profile; different clusters appear to recognize different classes of PDZ-binding
      motifs. The cluster 3 includes two members, i.e. MUPP1 PDZ 5 and 11 domains,
      which were suggested to bind class II motif Phi-X-Phi(-COOH) of the C-terminal
      peptide SGAPSV(-COOH) of CaMKIIalpha. Subsequently, the two domains were
      experimentally measured as the moderate- and high-affinity binders of the peptide
      by using fluorescence titration (dissociation constants K d = 25.2 +/- 4.6 and
      0.47 +/- 0.08 uM for peptide binding to PDZ 5 and 11, respectively), which was in
      line with theoretical prediction (binding free energies DeltaG total = -7.6 and 
      9.2 kcal/mol for peptide binding to PDZ 5 and 11, respectively). A systematic
      mutation of SGAPSV(-COOH) residues suggested few favorable amino acids at
      different residue positions of the peptide, which were then combined to generate
      a number of potent peptide mutants for PDZ 11 domain. Consequently, two peptides
      (SIAPNV(-COOH) and SIVMNV(-COOH)) were identified to have considerably improved
      affinity with K d increase by ~tenfold relative to wild type peptide. Thus, the
      two peptides are considered as promising lead entities to develop therapeutic
      molecular agents with high efficacy and specificity to target CaMKIIalpha-MUPP1
      interaction. Other five designed peptides (SILPSV(-COOH), SGLPNV(-COOH), SIVMSV(
      COOH), SIVPNV(-COOH) and SIAMNV(-COOH)) possessed comparable affinity with the
      wild type, and they may be further optimized to obtain higher potency.

PMID- 26984443
TI  - An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence
      Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic organ prolapse
      (POP).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The terminology for female pelvic floor prolapse (POP) should be
      defined and organized in a clinically-based consensus Report. METHODS: This
      Report combines the input of members of two International Organizations, the
      International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) and the International
      Continence Society (ICS), assisted at intervals by external referees. Appropriate
      core clinical categories and a sub-classification were developed to give a coding
      to definitions. An extensive process of fourteen rounds of internal and external
      review was involved to exhaustively examine each definition, with decision-making
      by collective opinion (consensus). RESULTS: A Terminology Report for female POP,
      encompassing over 230 separate definitions, has been developed. It is clinically
      based with the most common diagnoses defined. Clarity and user-friendliness have
      been key aims to make it interpretable by practitioners and trainees in all the
      different specialty groups involved in female pelvic floor dysfunction and POP.
      Female-specific imaging (ultrasound, radiology and MRI) and conservative and
      surgical managements are major additions and appropriate figures have been
      included to supplement and clarify the text. Emerging concepts and measurements,
      in use in the literature and offering further research potential, but requiring
      further validation, have been included as an appendix. Interval (5-10 year)
      review is anticipated to keep the document updated and as widely acceptable as
      possible. CONCLUSION: A consensus-based Terminology Report for female POP has
      been produced to aid clinical practice and research.

PMID- 26984444
TI  - Early postoperative voiding dysfunction after insertion of retropubic midurethral
      tape.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: A significant proportion of patients develop voiding
      dysfunction after midurethral tape (MUT) insertion, which reduces patient
      satisfaction. The study's purpose was to identify predictive factors of voiding
      dysfunction after a retropubic MUT procedure. METHODS: This was a retrospective
      study of 100 patients who underwent only a retropubic MUT procedure between
      January 2010 and December 2011. Early voiding dysfunction was defined when
      patients required a Foley catheter within 48 h. Data including demographic
      information, urogenital symptoms, previous surgery, preoperative uroflowmetry and
      urodynamic parameters were analysed using SPSS v22. Univariate analysis of all
      demographic variables was performed; those significant at 10 % were entered into
      a multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Fourteen patients required Foley
      catheter insertion, with a median age of 58 years (26-83 years), median BMI 28
      kg/m(2) (20-48 kg/m2), and median parity 2 (0-4). Univariate analysis revealed
      peak flow rate <15 ml/s (OR 3.79; 1.07, 13.4; p = 0.046), bladder capacity (p =
      0.044), stress incontinence versus mixed or urge incontinence (p = 0.064) and
      previous surgery (OR 4.39; 1.34, 14.41; p = 0.015) to be associated with voiding
      dysfunction. Multivariate analysis showed only previous pelvic floor surgery to
      be independently associated (OR 3.76; 1.14, 12.23, p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Only
      previous pelvic-floor surgery was found to be a strong predictive factor of
      voiding dysfunction. The rate of voiding dysfunction was similar to those of
      published data. Previous studies revealed different predictive factors. A larger
      cohort is needed to provide a definite answer. Those with previous surgery appear
      to be those most at risk and pre-surgical counselling for these women could be
      suggested.

PMID- 26984446
TI  - The Other Side of Bad News.

PMID- 26984445
TI  - Electrocardiographic Characterization of Ramucirumab on the Corrected QT Interval
      in a Phase II Study of Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors.
AB  - LESSONS LEARNED: Cardiotoxicity can be a serious complication of anticancer
      therapies. To enable earlier identification of drug-related cardiac effects, the
      International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) adopted the ICH E14 Guidelines
      for evaluating the potential for QT/corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation and
      proarrhythmic potential for nonantiarrhythmic drugs.The results of the evaluation
      of ramucirumab on the QT/QTc interval show a lack of effect on QTc prolongation
      in patients with advanced cancer. BACKGROUND: Ramucirumab is a human
      immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody that specifically blocks vascular
      endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and is approved for the treatment of
      advanced gastric, non-small cell lung, and colorectal cancers. This phase II
      study was conducted to determine if treatment with ramucirumab causes
      prolongation of the corrected QT interval using Fridericia's formula (QTcF) in
      patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: Patients received intravenous ramucirumab
      (10 mg/kg) every 21 days for 3 cycles. The first 16 patients received
      moxifloxacin (400 mg orally), an antibiotic associated with mild QT prolongation
      as a positive control. During cycle 3, determination of QTcF prolongation was
      made with triplicate electrocardiograms at multiple time points to compare with
      baseline. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients received therapy; 51 patients completed 9
      or more weeks of therapy for the complete QTcF evaluation period. The upper limit
      of the 90% two-sided confidence intervals for the least square means of change in
      QTcF from baseline at each time point was less than 10 milliseconds.
      Concentration-QTcF analysis showed a visible, but not significant, negative
      association between ramucirumab concentration and QTcF change from baseline.
      CONCLUSION: Ramucirumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg administered every 21 days for 3
      cycles did not produce a statistically or clinically significant prolongation of
      QTcF.

PMID- 26984447
TI  - Curing Operable Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Stereotactic Ablative
      Body Radiotherapy: The Force Awakens.

PMID- 26984448
TI  - Enhanced Cardiac Testing in a Dual Anti-HER2 Regimen: What Have We Learned?

PMID- 26984449
TI  - FDA Approval Summary: Nivolumab for the Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell
      Lung Cancer With Progression On or After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy.
AB  - : On October 9, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration expanded the
      nivolumab metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) indication to include
      patients with nonsquamous NSCLC after a 3.25-month review timeline. Approval was
      based on demonstration of an improvement in overall survival (OS) in an
      international, multicenter, open-label, randomized trial comparing nivolumab to
      docetaxel in patients with metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC with progression on or
      after platinum-based chemotherapy. The CheckMate 057 trial enrolled 582 patients
      who were randomized (1:1) to receive nivolumab or docetaxel. Nivolumab
      demonstrated improved OS compared with docetaxel at the prespecified interim
      analysis with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.73 (p = .0015), and a median OS of 12.2
      months (95% CI: 9.7-15.0 months) in patients treated with nivolumab compared with
      9.4 months (95% CI: 8.0-10.7 months) in patients treated with docetaxel. A
      statistically significant improvement in objective response rate (ORR) was also
      observed, with an ORR of 19% (95% CI: 15%-24%) in the nivolumab arm and 12% (95%
      CI: 9%-17%) in the docetaxel arm. The median duration of response was 17 months
      in the nivolumab arm and 6 months in the docetaxel arm. Progression-free survival
      was not statistically different between arms. A prespecified retrospective
      subgroup analysis suggested that patients with programmed cell death ligand 1
      negative tumors treated with nivolumab had similar OS to those treated with
      docetaxel. The toxicity profile of nivolumab was consistent with the known immune
      mediated adverse event profile except for 1 case of grade 5 limbic encephalitis,
      which led to a postmarketing requirement study to better characterize immune
      mediated encephalitis. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Based on the results from the
      CheckMate 057 clinical trial, nivolumab represents a new treatment option for
      patients requiring second-line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung
      cancer. The role of nivolumab in patients with sensitizing epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) alterations is less
      clear. Until dedicated studies are performed to better characterize the role and
      sequence of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) therapy, patients with EGFR or ALK
      alterations should have progressed on appropriate targeted therapy before
      initiating PD-1 inhibitor therapy. Some patients whose tumors lack programmed
      cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression also appear to have durable responses. The
      U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted approval to Dako's PD-L1 test, PD-L1
      IHC 28-8 pharmDx, which the applicant claimed as a nonessential complementary
      diagnostic for nivolumab use.

PMID- 26984451
TI  - High quality reduced graphene oxide flakes by fast kinetically controlled and
      clean indirect UV-induced radical reduction.
AB  - This work highlights a surprisingly simple and kinetically controlled highly
      efficient indirect method for the production of high quality reduced graphene
      oxide (rGO) flakes via UV irradiation of aqueous dispersions of graphene oxide
      (GO), in which the GO is not excited directly. While the direct photoexcitation
      of aqueous GO (when GO is the only light-absorbing component) takes several hours
      of reaction time at ambient temperature (4 h) leading only to a partial GO
      reduction, the addition of small amounts of isopropanol and acetone (2% and 1%)
      leads to a dramatically shortened reaction time by more than two orders of
      magnitude (2 min) and a very efficient and soft reduction of graphene oxide. This
      method avoids the formation of non-volatile species and in turn contamination of
      the produced rGO and it is based on the highly efficient generation of reducing
      carbon centered isopropanol radicals via the reaction of triplet acetone with
      isopropanol. While the direct photolysis of GO dispersions easily leads to
      degradation of the carbon lattice of GO and thus to a relatively low electric
      conductivity of the films of flakes, our indirect photoreduction of GO instead
      largely avoids the formation of defects, keeping the carbon lattice intact.
      Mechanisms of the direct and indirect photoreduction of GO have been elucidated
      and compared. Raman spectroscopy, XPS and conductivity measurements prove the
      efficiency of the indirect photoreduction in comparison with the state-of-the-art
      reduction method for GO (hydriodic acid/trifluoroacetic acid). The rapid
      reduction times and water solvent containing only small amounts of isopropanol
      and acetone may allow easy process up-scaling for technical applications and low
      energy consumption. 

PMID- 26984450
TI  - Cardiac Safety of Paclitaxel Plus Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in Patients With
      HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Myocardial strain imaging and blood biomarkers have been proposed
      as adjuncts to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) monitoring for the early
      detection of cardiotoxicity during cancer therapy. We report the results of a
      preplanned cardiac safety analysis of global longitudinal strain (GLS), and
      troponin-I (TnI) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in the phase II study
      of paclitaxel, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab (THP) for metastatic HER2-positive
      breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with 0-1 lines of prior therapy
      were treated with weekly paclitaxel (80 mg/m(2)) plus trastuzumab (8 mg/kg
      loading dose followed by 6 mg/kg) and pertuzumab (840 mg loading dose followed by
      420 mg) every 3 weeks. Exploratory endpoints were GLS measured with speckle
      tracking echocardiography every 3 months and TnI and BNP levels measured every 6
      weeks (immediately pre- and postchemotherapy infusion) at 6 time points. RESULTS:
      Sixty-seven of 69 enrolled patients were treated with THP: 19 (28%) had
      hypertension, 8 (12%) had diabetes, 11 (16%) had hyperlipidemia, and 26 (38%) had
      smoking history. After a median follow-up of 21 months (range: 3-38 months), no
      patients developed symptomatic heart failure. Two patients (3.0%) experienced
      asymptomatic LVEF decline (grade 2). The mean GLS (+/-SD) was 19% +/- 2%
      (baseline), 19% +/- 2% (month 6), and 19% +/- 3% (month 12). Detectable TnI
      (>0.06 ng/mL) and elevated BNP (>100 pg/mL) levels were observed in 3 (4.3%) and
      2 (3.0%) patients, respectively, but were not associated with LVEF decline.
      CONCLUSION: The absence of any significant changes in GLS and cardiac biomarkers
      (TnI and BNP) further support the cardiac safety of THP in patients with
      metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Dual anti-HER2
      therapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab in combination with taxane-based
      chemotherapy improves overall survival in patients with metastatic HER2-positive
      breast cancer. There is a critical need to investigate the potential
      cardiotoxicity of dual anti-HER2 blockade, given the importance of HER2 signaling
      in cardiac homeostasis and stress response. Global longitudinal strain and
      cardiac biomarkers have been proposed as adjuncts to left ventricular ejection
      fraction for the early detection of cardiotoxicity. In this phase II study of
      combination trastuzumab and pertuzumab with paclitaxel, no clinically significant
      change was observed in global longitudinal strain or cardiac biomarkers. These
      results further support the cardiac safety of dual anti-HER2 blockade previously
      reported in the CLEOPATRA study. The findings in the current study also call into
      question the role of intensive cardiac monitoring among patients treated with
      anti-HER2 therapy in the absence of anthracyclines. Less frequent cardiac
      assessments could lead to a reduction in unnecessary treatment interruption and
      is an important consideration given the rise in medical expenditures, but this
      requires further investigation.

PMID- 26984452
TI  - Current Topics in Epilepsy Surgery.
AB  - This article reviews the current topics in the field of epilepsy surgery. Each
      type of epilepsy is associated with a different set of questions and goals. In
      mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS),
      postoperative seizure outcome is satisfactory. A recent meta-analysis revealed
      superior seizure outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy compared with
      selective amygdalohippocampectomy; in terms of cognitive outcome; however,
      amygdalohippocampectomy may be beneficial. In temporal lobe epilepsy with normal
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), postoperative seizure outcome is not as
      favorable as it is in MTLE with HS; further improvement of seizure outcome in
      these cases is necessary. Focal cortical dysplasia is the most common substrate
      in intractable neocortical epilepsy, especially in children, as well as in MRI
      invisible neocortical epilepsy. Postoperative seizure-free outcome is
      approximately 60-70%; further diagnostic and therapeutic improvement is required.
      Regarding diagnostic methodology, an important topic currently under discussion
      is wideband electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis. Although high-frequency
      oscillations and ictal direct current shifts are considered important markers of
      epileptogenic zones, the clinical significance of these findings should be
      clarified further. Regarding alternatives to surgery, neuromodulation therapy can
      be an option for patients who are not amenable to resective surgery. In addition
      to vagus nerve stimulation, intracranial stimulation such as responsive
      neurostimulation or anterior thalamic stimulation is reported to have a modest
      seizure suppression effect. Postoperative management such as rehabilitation and
      antiepileptic drug (AED) management is important. It has been reported that
      postoperative rehabilitation improves postoperative employment status. Pre- and
      post-operative comprehensive care is mandatory for postoperative improvement of
      quality of life. 

PMID- 26984453
TI  - Current Opinion of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation for Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - This article reviews recent advancement and perspective of bone marrow stromal
      cell (BMSC) transplantation for ischemic stroke, based on current information of
      basic and translational research. The author would like to emphasize that
      scientific approach would enable us to apply BMSC transplantation into clinical
      situation in near future. 

PMID- 26984454
TI  - Kinetic Profile of Inflammation Markers in Human Skin In vivo Following Exposure
      to Ultraviolet B Indicates Synchronic Release of Cytokines and Prostanoids.
AB  - Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation affects epidermal cells, which respond via a
      cascade of inflammation markers. After initial in vitro and ex vivo experiments,
      this study used cutaneous microdialysis to generate a kinetic profile for 16
      cytokines and 4 prostanoids in human skin in vivo. Skin areas 9 cm2 were
      irradiated with UVB (2* minimal erythematous dose) 16 h after catheter placement
      in the dermis of the volar forearms of healthy volunteers. Dialysates were
      collected at 4-h intervals up to 64 h and analysed for 5- and 8-iso-PGF2alpha,
      9alpha,11alpha-PGF2alpha and PGE2 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
      (GC/MS). Dialysates were also analysed for interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL
      4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, Fas ligand
      (FasL), interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant
      protein 1 (MCP-1), RANTES, eotaxin, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor (GM-CSF) using a multiplex-based cytometric-bead-array. In conclusion, 3
      peaks with synchronic release of T helper (TH) 1-directed inflammatory cytokines
      and prostanoids could be detected post-UVB: an early phase (4-12 h), an
      intermediate phase (16-24 h) and a late phase (32-40 h). A TH2-directed cytokine
      response was detectable at intermediate and late phases.

PMID- 26984455
TI  - Research-based evidence in stroke rehabilitation: an investigation of its
      implementation by physiotherapists and occupational therapists.
AB  - PURPOSE: Stroke rehabilitation is a multidimensional process that is designed to
      facilitate restoration of and/or adaptation to loss of functioning. The use of
      research-based evidence in informed decision-making is insufficient. Occupational
      therapy and physiotherapy constitute important contributions to rehabilitation.
      The study aim was to investigate characteristics of the implementation of
      research-based evidence in stroke rehabilitation by occupational therapists and
      physiotherapists, using the International Classification of Functioning,
      Disability and Health as a conceptual framework. METHOD: A prospective cohort
      study, including all service levels within stroke rehabilitation. Consecutive
      patients with stroke admitted to a university hospital between May and December
      2012 were enrolled by 13 therapists. Documentation of daily practice was
      collected from medical records. Analysis compared the therapists' documentation
      with the national clinical guidelines for physiotherapy and occupational therapy
      in the rehabilitation of adults with brain injury. RESULTS: The study included
      131 patients. The therapists' praxis was seen to be in agreement with the
      majority of the national clinical guidelines. However, joint goal-setting and
      evaluation using standardized measures were seldom documented. CONCLUSIONS:
      Although the therapists recognize evidence-based practice as a framework for
      achieving quality in rehabilitation, findings suggest that they do not employ
      research-based evidence to the fullest extent. Implications for Rehabilitation In
      order to individualize the rehabilitation offered, more attention and focus on
      involving and giving words to patients' expectations, perceptions, experiences,
      and perspectives is needed. With the intention of enabling meaningful
      participation the health professionals need to pay more attention to the
      importance of environmental factors. Both guidelines and clinical practice should
      consider all components of the International Classification of Functioning,
      Disability and Health when formulating, and implementing, recommendations in
      rehabilitation praxis in order to aim for rehabilitation that is based both on
      evidence and a holistic approach.

PMID- 26984458
TI  - Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In recent years, attention has been drawn to the association between
      a low level of education and dementia, an almost generalized finding in the
      majority of studies on the prevalence of dementia where the level of education of
      the population was highly diversified. The protective effect of education is not
      limited to Alzheimer's disease but is also seen in other types of dementia,
      Parkinson's disease (PD), and even in the cognitive deterioration linked to aging
      Objective: To evaluate neuropsychological performance in (PD) subjects and to
      evaluate the influence of cognitive reserve (RC) on their neuropsychological
      performance. SUBJECTS: An extensive neuropsychological battery of tests was
      applied to a total of 79 subjects, 33 of whom were diagnosed with PD. MEASURES:
      RC scores were based on a combination of years of education, a measure of
      occupational attainment, and an estimate of premorbid intelligence. RESULTS: As
      regards the specific disturbances found in the clinical group subjects, a lower
      performance in memory, attention, visuospatial, visuoconstructive, and perceptive
      skills was seen. With respect to our second objective, our results showed that
      patients diagnosed with PD who had a high RC reached a higher neuropsychological
      level of performance than those subjects with a low reserve. CONCLUSIONS: Early
      neuropsychological impairments in PD are most evident in individuals with lower
      RC. As has been found in other neurological disorders, individuals with greater
      RC may be less sensitive to the initial clinical effects of the underlying
      neuropathological process.

PMID- 26984457
TI  - Lack of effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in the Porsolt forced swimming test model
      of depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the major components of fish
      oils. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA, have been hypothesized to play a
      role in the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Clinical
      studies have shown beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in major depression,
      bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE: The present study
      design evaluates the effect of EPA in the Porsolt forced swimming test. RESULTS:
      EPA alone did not reduce the immobility time and did not enhance the anti
      immobility effect of a low dose of imipramine. Contrary to the hypothesis, EPA
      slightly increased the immobility time, and in some experiments tended to reduce
      the anti-despair effect of imipramine. CONCLUSION: The present results do not
      provide an animal model for the antidepressant effect of EPA as demonstrated in
      clinical experiments. The mechanism of EPA antidepressant action is unknown and
      the Porsolt forced swimming test could be non-sensitive for its antidepressant
      properties.

PMID- 26984459
TI  - No allelic association between harm avoidance and the debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase
      gene.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several reports suggest that variance in personality traits is
      inherited, but little is known about the genes responsible. It has been suggested
      that there is a relationship between personality characteristics and the gene
      responsible for the activity of the enzyme debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6).
      OBJECTIVE: To examine the proportion of poor metabolizers in a group of
      personality disordered patients. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 23
      patients with a high or very high score on the dimension 'harm avoidance' of the
      Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The samples were genotyped for the
      null alleles CYP2D6*3 and*4 by performing an allele-specific polymerase chain
      reaction. RESULTS: The frequencies of genotypes in the sample were very similar
      to the frequencies found in a general white population. CONCLUSIONS: The
      investigation produced no support for the idea that the CYP2D6 gene is related to
      personality by means of variations in the temperament dimension of harm
      avoidance.

PMID- 26984456
TI  - Identification of the -alpha(2.4) Deletion in One Family and in One Hb H Disease
      Patient in Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
AB  - The 2.4 kb (or -alpha(2.4)) deletion in the alpha-globin gene cluster
      (NG_000006.1) is an alpha(+)-thalassemia (alpha(+)-thal) allele. The molecular
      basis of -alpha(2.4) is a deletion from 36860 to 39251 of the alpha-globin gene
      cluster. It was reported by three research groups in 2005, 2012 and 2014,
      respectively. In routine thalassemia screening studies by this research group, we
      found an individual with the -alpha(2.4)/alphaalpha genotype and an Hb H (beta4)
      disease patient whose genotype was - -(SEA)/-alpha(2.4). Samples from the parents
      of the carrier of the -alpha(2.4)/alphaalpha genotype were collected to perform
      pedigree analysis, and the proband's mother's genotype was diagnosed to be - 
      (SEA)/-alpha(2.4). The research revealed that the -alpha(2.4) allele exists in
      the population of southern Guangxi, People's Republic of China. 

PMID- 26984460
TI  - Post-stroke quality of life and depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies on the determinants of the quality of life (QOL) after stroke
      bring differing results depending on the applied concept of QOL. This may lead to
      confusion about the contribution of various factors to the post-stroke QOL.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was: (i) to investigate functional and
      psychological QOL in the individuals after the first ischemic stroke; (ii) to
      identify the most important correlates of QOL; and (iii) to examine the
      significance of depression among the other possible predictors of QOL. METHODS: A
      hospital-based sample of 72 stroke patients was followed up to 6 months after
      stroke onset. QOL was assessed using the Polish version of the Quality of Life
      Index and the Sickness Impact Profile. A multiple regression procedure was
      performed to examine relationships between QOL and the study variables. RESULTS:
      In spite of good recovery, the psychological and functional QOL of the examined
      patients was impaired, although the negative impact of stroke was greater on the
      objective QOL than on the subjective QOL. Stroke-related impairment, depression,
      functional disability and marital status predicted 80% of the variance in the
      functional QOL. Emotional support, depression and functional disability explained
      38% of the variance in psychological well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and
      physical disability were the most important predictors of QOL after stroke since
      their impact on QOL was more robust in comparison to the remaining variables. For
      improving QOL, a comprehensive care for patients aimed at reducing physical
      dependence and ameliorating depressive symptoms could be recommended.

PMID- 26984461
TI  - Suppressive effect of TRH and antidepressants on human interferon-gamma
      production in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been established that thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      affects several aspects of immunoreactivity, e.g. production of proinflammatory
      cytokines. It has been shown that TRH enhances the therapeutic efficiency of
      classical tricyclic antidepressants. Proinflammatory cytokines may play a role in
      the etiology of depression, whereas the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants
      may be related to their negative immunoregulatory effects. OBJECTIVE: In order to
      verify the hypothesis that TRH-induced increase of therapeutic efficiency of
      classical tricyclic antidepressants results from synergistic inhibitory effects
      of these agents on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, we determine the
      effect of imipramine or fluoxetine with and without TRH on the production of
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and
      interleukin-10 (IL-10) by stimulated human whole blood cells. METHODS: Diluted
      whole blood of 17 volunteers was incubated with imipramine or fluoxetine (both in
      doses of 10-5 M) with or without TRH (in a dose of 10-5 M). The supernatants were
      collected 24 h later for the assay of TNF-alpha and after 72 h for the assays of
      IFN-gamma and IL-10. The three cytokines were assayed by ELISA methods. RESULTS:
      A significant decrease in production of IFN-gamma was observed in cells
      stimulated with mitogens and co-incubated with imipramine or fluoxetine and TRH.
      Under the same conditions, TRH alone did not change the production of these
      cytokines, whereas imipramine alone significantly decreases IFN-gamma production,
      and fluoxetine alone significantly decreases IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production.
      CONCLUSION: Although a significant decrease in IFN-gamma production was observed
      after joint application of TRH and antidepressants, our data did not support the
      above-mentioned hypothesis. Indeed, we did not observe synergistic inhibitory
      effects of these agents on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

PMID- 26984463
TI  - Psychiatric symptoms typical of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies -
      similarity to those of levodopa-induced psychosis.
AB  - We examined psychiatric symptoms in eight cases with dementia with Lewy bodies
      (DLB), which included visual hallucination of persons or small animals, visual
      illusion, metamorphosia, leibhaftige Bewusstheit, personal or topographical
      misidentification, Capgras' syndrome and reduplicative paramnesia as well as
      depressive state and delusion of persecution. These psychiatric symptoms are
      identical to those of levodopa-induced psychosis, although these symptoms
      appeared before medication with anti-Parkinson drugs. The hypersensitivity of the
      dopamine receptor in the meso-limbic dopaminergic system has been presumed in
      levodopa-induced psychosis. We previously showed disturbance of the nigro
      amygdaloid dopaminergic connections in DLB brains on pathological studies.
      Hypoperfusion or glucose hypometabolism in the occipital lobe has been
      demonstrated in DLB patients using SPECT or PET. The amygdala has reciprocal
      connections with the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. From these findings, it
      is supposed that the disturbance of the nigro-amygdaloid connections induces
      hypersensitivity of the dopamine receptor in the amygdala, causing psychiatric
      symptoms with dysfunction of the visuo-amygdaloid connections. 

PMID- 26984462
TI  - Korsakoff's syndrome on the MMPI-2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This article describes an exploratory study of MMPI-2 administration
      to 20 patients with Korsakoff's disease, all admitted to the Korsakoff unit of a
      major psychiatric hospital in the Netherlands. METHODS: We compared their MMPI-2
      basic profiles with those of an inpatient alcohol-dependent non-Korsakoff group.
      Attention was also given to content scales and some selected supplementary
      scales. Furthermore, we explored the differences between MMPI-2 profiles of
      Korsakoff patients with and without insight into oneself and one's disease.
      RESULTS: Compared with both the Dutch norms and the scale means of the non
      Korsakoff alcoholics, Korsakoff patients showed an extraordinary flat profile.
      Illness insight appeared to be related to the levels of the various scales.
      DISCUSSION: The results show the potential usefulness of the MMPI-2 in the
      differential diagnosis of chronic alcoholism and Korsakoff's disease.

PMID- 26984464
TI  - Risperidone in the treatment of childhood autistic disorder: an open pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of risperidone in childhood
      autistic disorder. METHODS: A multicenter, open-label, dose-titration study
      involving seven autistic children (mean age 7.6 years) receiving risperidone for
      4 weeks. RESULTS: Mean dose was 0.01 mg/kg/day on day 1, 0.019 mg/kg/day on day 7
      (range 0.01-0.041 mg/kg/day) and 0.035 mg/kg/day on day 28 (range 0.014-0.064
      mg/kg/day). Over the 4-week period, the Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale
      total score measuring autistic behavior was significantly decreased (P = 0.019),
      as was the affectual reactions subscale (P = 0.029). Aberrant Behavior Checklist
      total score was significantly improved (P < 0.001), as were all subscales except
      inappropriate speech. Visual Analog Scale for individual target symptoms was
      significantly decreased (P = 0.001), and Clinical Global Impression severity of
      illness score was significantly improved (P = 0.006). The incidence of adverse
      effects was low, and no extrapyramidal symptoms were observed. No significant
      changes or clinically relevant abnormalities occurred in laboratory tests, vital
      signs or electrocardiograms. Plasma concentrations of the drug were similar to
      those in adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: These favorable results suggest that larger
      controlled trials of risperidone should be performed in autistic or mentally
      retarded patients with behavioral disturbances.

PMID- 26984465
TI  - Objective measures on knee instability: dynamic tests: a review of devices for
      assessment of dynamic knee laxity through utilization of the pivot shift test.
AB  - Current reconstructive methods used after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
      do not entirely restore native knee kinematics. Evaluation of dynamic knee laxity
      is important to accurately diagnose ACL deficiency, to evaluate reconstructive
      techniques, and to construct treatment algorithms for patients with ACL injury.
      The purpose of this study is to present recent progress in evaluation of dynamic
      knee laxity through utilization of the pivot shift test. A thorough electronic
      search was performed and relevant studies were assessed. Certain dynamic knee
      laxity measurement methods have been present for over 10 years (Navigation
      system, Electromagnetic sensor system) while other methods (Inertial sensor,
      Image analysis system) have been introduced recently. Methods to evaluate dynamic
      knee laxity through the pivot shift test are already potent. However, further
      refinement is warranted. In addition, to correctly quantify the pivot shift test,
      the involved forces need to be controlled through either standardization or
      mechanization of the pivot shift test. 

PMID- 26984466
TI  - The posttraumatic stiff elbow: an update.
AB  - Posttraumatic elbow stiffness is a disabling condition that remains challenging
      to treat despite improvement of our understanding of the pathogenesis of
      posttraumatic contractures and new treatment regimens. This review provides an
      update and overview of the etiology of posttraumatic elbow stiffness, its
      classification, evaluation, nonoperative and operative treatment, and
      postoperative management. 

PMID- 26984467
TI  - Anxiety and depression analyses of patients undergoing diagnostic cystoscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To prospectively assess anxiety and depression in patients undergoing
      diagnostic cystoscopy. METHODS: Patients presenting for outpatient diagnostic
      cystoscopy were recruited from four European urological departments. Anxiety and
      depression were assessed with the 'Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale' (HADS)
      before cystoscopy and after 1 week. Statistical analyses, including the Chi
      square test, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, were
      carried out with SPSS v. 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). RESULTS: Prior to
      cystoscopy, 30.2 % of patients were anxious and 24.8 % depressive (n = 442). In
      the post-examination period, anxiety declined to 24.5 %, while depression was
      unchanged (24.4 %). Pre-cystoscopy anxiety was significantly more common in women
      (41.8 vs. 24.5 %, p < 0.0001), patients aged <65 years (34.9 vs. 25.9 %, p =
      0.04), and in those being examined with rigid cystoscopes (35.7 vs. 23.9 %, p =
      0.007). In multivariate regression analyses, female gender (OR 2.6, p < 0.0001),
      <65 years of age (OR 1.7, p = 0.03), and coexistence of depression (OR 7.8, p <
      0.0001) were independently associated with elevated pre-cystoscopy anxiety.
      Anxious (OR 2.1, p = 0.03) and depressive (OR 2.1, p = 0.01) patients had higher
      odds of experiencing moderate or severe pain during cystoscopy. Bladder cancer
      diagnosis did not significantly change patient's anxiety (p = 0.23) or depression
      (p = 0.7) during the 1 week of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Women, patients aged <65
      years, depressive patients and those being examined with rigid devices had higher
      rates of anxiety prior to cystoscopy. Anxious and depressive patients experienced
      more pain during cystoscopy. Bladder cancer diagnosis seems to have a minor
      effect on anxiety and depression during the first week after diagnosis.

PMID- 26984468
TI  - Expression of chemokine receptor CCR7 is a negative prognostic factor for
      patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of CC chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7)
      for survival of patients with gastric cancer remains controversial. To
      investigate the impacts of CCR7 on clinicopathological findings and survival
      outcome in gastric cancer, we performed a meta-analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive
      search in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the CNKI database (1966 to
      November 2015) was undertaken for relevant studies. The relative risk and hazard
      ratios with their 95 % confidence intervals were used as measures to investigate
      the correlation between CCR7 expression and clinicopathological findings and
      overall survival rate. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the stability
      of outcomes. RESULTS: Fifteen eligible studies comprising 1697 participants were
      included in our analysis. The pooled relative risks indicated CCR7 expression was
      significantly associated with deeper tumor invasion [0.61, 95 % confidence
      interval (CI) 0.45-0.84, p = 0.003], advanced stage (0.47, 95 % CI 0.32-0.69, p <
      0.001), vascular invasion (2.12, 95 % CI 1.20-3.73, p = 0.009), lymph node
      metastasis (2.00, 95 % CI 1.48-2.70, p < 0.001), and lymphatic invasion (1.98, 95
      % CI 1.43-2.72, p < 0.001) but not with age, tumor size, and histological type.
      The pooling of hazard ratios showed a significant relationship between positive
      CCR7 expression and worse 5-year overall survival rate (0.46, 95 % CI 0.31-0.70,
      p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis indicated high CCR7 expression is
      likely to be a negative clinicopathological prognostic factor for patients with
      gastric cancer and to predict a worse long-term survival outcome.

PMID- 26984470
TI  - Migraine and Meditation: Characteristics of Cortical Activity and Stress Coping
      in Migraine Patients, Meditators and Healthy Controls-An Exploratory Cross
      Sectional Study.
AB  - The aim of this exploratory cross-sectional study was to investigate the
      characteristics of cortical activity and stress coping in migraine patients,
      meditation experienced subjects, and healthy controls. 45 meditation experienced
      subjects, 46 migraine patients, and 46 healthy controls took part in the study.
      Cortical activity was measured with the contingent negative variation (CNV), a
      slow cortical event-related potential. Stress coping was examined with the
      standardized Stress Coping Questionnaire SVF-78. A one-way analysis of variance
      was used to investigate possible differences between the groups. CNV-amplitude
      was significantly higher in migraineurs than in controls. The meditators showed
      significantly lowest amplitudes. Migraine patients used negative stress-coping
      strategies significantly more often than meditators and healthy controls.
      Especially the application of the strategy "rumination" was most frequent in
      migraine patients and least frequent in meditators. Moreover, frequent rumination
      was significantly correlated with high CNV-amplitudes. Cortical and stress
      processing in people with meditation experience was improved compared to migraine
      patients and healthy controls.

PMID- 26984469
TI  - Microdosimetry of DNA conformations: relation between direct effect of (60)Co
      gamma rays and topology of DNA geometrical models in the calculation of A-, B-
      and Z-DNA radiation-induced damage yields.
AB  - In order to obtain the energy deposition pattern of ionizing radiation in the
      nanometric scale of genetic material and to investigate the different
      sensitivities of the DNA conformations, direct effects of (60)Co gamma rays on
      the three A, B and Z conformations of DNA have been studied. For this purpose,
      single-strand breaks (SSB), double-strand breaks (DSB), base damage (BD), hit
      probabilities and three microdosimetry quantities (imparted energy, mean chord
      length and lineal energy) in the mentioned DNA conformations have been calculated
      and compared by using GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (Geant4) toolkit. The results show
      that A-, B- and Z-DNA conformations have the highest yields of DSB (1.2 Gy(-1)
      Gbp(-1)), SSB (25.2 Gy(-1) Gbp(-1)) and BD (4.81 Gy(-1) Gbp(-1)), respectively.
      Based on the investigation of direct effects of radiation, it can be concluded
      that the DSB yield is largely correlated to the topological characteristics of
      DNA models, although the SSB yield is not. Moreover, according to the comparative
      results of the present study, a reliable candidate parameter for describing the
      relationship between DNA damage yields and geometry of DNA models in the
      theoretical radiation biology research studies would be the mean chord length (4
      V/S) of the models.

PMID- 26984472
TI  - Fertility preservation in cancer patients with a poor prognosis: the controversy
      of posthumous reproduction.

PMID- 26984471
TI  - Body composition predictors of skeletal integrity in obesity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine body composition predictors of skeletal integrity in
      overweight/obese subjects using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We
      hypothesized that visceral adiposity would be negatively, and lean mass
      positively, associated with DXA measures of skeletal integrity in obesity.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study was institutional review board (IRB)-approved
      and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant and
      written informed consent was obtained. We studied 82 overweight or obese, but
      otherwise healthy premenopausal women and men of similar age who were part of a
      clinical trial (mean age: 37 +/- 10 years, mean BMI: 34 +/- 7 kg/m(2)). All
      subjects underwent DXA of the spine and hip for assessment of bone mineral
      density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), and hip structural analysis (HSA),
      and of the whole body for the assessment of body composition, including estimated
      visceral adipose tissue (VAT). RESULTS: Sixty-three subjects (77 %) had normal
      BMD and 19 subjects (23 %) had osteopenia. There were strong age-, sex-, and BMD
      independent positive associations between lean mass and HSA parameters (r = 0.50
      to r = 0.81, p < 0.0001), whereas there was no association with TBS. There were
      strong age-, sex- and BMD-independent inverse associations between total fat and
      VAT mass and TBS (r = -0.60 and r = -0.72, p < 0.0001 for both correlations),
      whereas there were no associations with HSA parameters. CONCLUSION: Lean mass is
      a positive predictor of hip geometry, whereas fat and VAT mass are negative
      predictors of trabecular microarchitecture in overweight/obese subjects.

PMID- 26984474
TI  - Treatment of Myopia According to Sir Stewart Duke-Elder: Way Ahead of His Time!

PMID- 26984475
TI  - Neural Circuits Catch Fire.

PMID- 26984476
TI  - Optimization of protein samples for NMR using thermal shift assays.
AB  - Maintaining a stable fold for recombinant proteins is challenging, especially
      when working with highly purified and concentrated samples at temperatures >20 
      degrees C. Therefore, it is worthwhile to screen for different buffer components
      that can stabilize protein samples. Thermal shift assays or ThermoFluor((r))
      provide a high-throughput screening method to assess the thermal stability of a
      sample under several conditions simultaneously. Here, we describe a thermal shift
      assay that is designed to optimize conditions for nuclear magnetic resonance
      studies, which typically require stable samples at high concentration and ambient
      (or higher) temperature. We demonstrate that for two challenging proteins, the
      multicomponent screen helped to identify ingredients that increased protein
      stability, leading to clear improvements in the quality of the spectra. Thermal
      shift assays provide an economic and time-efficient method to find optimal
      conditions for NMR structural studies.

PMID- 26984478
TI  - Multi-Shell Hollow Nanogels with Responsive Shell Permeability.
AB  - We report on hollow shell-shell nanogels with two polymer shells that have
      different volume phase transition temperatures. By means of small angle neutron
      scattering (SANS) employing contrast variation and molecular dynamics (MD)
      simulations we show that hollow shell-shell nanocontainers are ideal systems for
      controlled drug delivery: The temperature responsive swelling of the inner shell
      controls the uptake and release, while the thermoresponsive swelling of the outer
      shell controls the size of the void and the colloidal stability. At temperatures
      between 32  degrees C < T < 42  degrees C, the hollow nanocontainers provide a
      significant void, which is even larger than the initial core size of the
      template, and they possess a high colloidal stability due to the steric
      stabilization of the swollen outer shell. Computer simulations showed, that
      temperature induced switching of the permeability of the inner shell allows for
      the encapsulation in and release of molecules from the cavity. 

PMID- 26984479
TI  - Evaluating the efficiency of a mixed culture biofilm for the treatment of black
      liquor and molasses in a mediator-less microbial fuel cell.
AB  - A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging environment-friendly technology to
      recover the useful energy available in waste by using microorganisms as catalyst.
      In this study, double chamber mediator-less MFCs separated by proton exchange
      membrane (PEM; Nafion) were constructed to determine the efficiency of mixed
      culture in using complex substrates (molasses and black liquor). It was found
      that activated sludge can serve as efficient source of electricigens for biofilm
      development on an anode. Power density of 2.425 W/m2 was generated from molasses
      with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 67% as compared to power
      density of 3.55 W/m2 produced from black liquor along with COD removal efficiency
      of 78%. Moreover, it was demonstrated that surface area of PEM has a significant
      effect on power generation. An almost 5- to 8-fold increase in voltage was
      observed as the size of PEM was increased from 6.5 to 25 cm2. 

PMID- 26984477
TI  - A novel hydroxyapatite film coated with ionic silver via inositol hexaphosphate
      chelation prevents implant-associated infection.
AB  - Various silver-coated implants have been developed to prevent implant-associated
      infections, and have shown dramatic effects in vitro. However, the in vivo
      results have been inconsistent. Recent in vitro studies showed that silver exerts
      antibacterial activity by mediating the generation of reactive oxygen species in
      the presence of oxygen. To maintain its antibacterial activity in vivo, the
      silver should remain in an ionic state and be stably bound to the implant
      surface. Here, we developed a novel bacteria-resistant hydroxyapatite film in
      which ionic silver is immobilized via inositol hexaphosphate chelation using a
      low-heat immersion process. This bacteria-resistant coating demonstrated
      significant antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. In a murine
      bioluminescent osteomyelitis model, no bacteria were detectable 21 days after
      inoculation with S. aureus and placement of this implant. Serum interleukin-6 was
      elevated in the acute phase in this model, but it was significantly lower in the
      ionic-silver group than the control group on day 2. Serum C-reactive protein
      remained significantly higher in the control group than the ionic-silver group on
      day 14. Because this coating is produced by a low-heat immersion process, it can
      be applied to complex structures of various materials, to provide significant
      protection against implant-associated infections. 

PMID- 26984481
TI  - Are behavioral practices for overcoming nature the hope for personalized
      medicine?

PMID- 26984480
TI  - Early human herpes virus type 6 reactivation in umbilical cord blood allogeneic
      stem cell transplantation.
AB  - Human herpes virus type 6 can reactivate in patients after allogeneic stem cell
      transplantation and has been associated with serious sequelae such as delayed
      engraftment and an increased risk of developing acute graft-versus-host disease
      (GVHD). This study investigated human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6) reactivation
      within 60 days of transplantation in stem cell transplants utilizing single
      umbilical cord blood, double umbilical cord blood, or umbilical cord blood plus
      haploidentical stem cells. Of 92 patients, 60 (65%) had HHV-6 reactivation.
      Reactivation was not significantly influenced by any patient characteristics,
      disease characteristics, or by stem cell source (umbilical cord blood only versus
      haploidentical plus umbilical cord blood). We did not observe any impact of HHV-6
      reactivation on neutrophil or platelet count recovery or on relapse-free
      survival. HHV-6 reactivation was associated with subsequent development of
      prerelapse acute GVHD (HR = 3.00; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.4; p = 0.004).

PMID- 26984473
TI  - Trends in the Design and Development of Specific Aptamers Against Peptides and
      Proteins.
AB  - Aptamers are single stranded oligonucleotides, comparable to monoclonal
      antibodies (mAbs) in selectivity and affinity and have significant strategic
      properties in design, development and applications more than mAbs. Ease of design
      and development, simple chemical modification and the attachment of functional
      groups, easily handling and more adaptability with analytical methods, small size
      and adaptation with nanostructures are the valuable characteristics of aptamers
      in comparison to large protein based ligands. Among a broad range of targets that
      their specific aptamers developed, proteins and peptides have significant
      position according to the number of related studies performed so far. Since
      proteins control many of important physiological and pathological incidents in
      the living organisms, particularly human beings and because of the benefits of
      aptamers in clinical and analytical applications, aptamer related technologies in
      the field of proteins and peptides are under progress, exclusively. Currently,
      there is only one FDA approved therapeutic aptamer in the pharmaceutical market,
      which is specific to vascular endothelial growth factor and is prescribed for age
      related macular degenerative disease. Additionally, there are several aptamers in
      the different phases of clinical trials. Almost all of these aptamers are
      specific to clinically important peptide or protein targets. In addition, the
      application of protein specific aptamers in the design and development of
      targeted drug delivery systems and diagnostic biosensors is another interesting
      field of aptamer technology. In this review, significant efforts related to
      development and applications of aptamer technologies in proteins and peptides
      sciences were considered to emphasis on the importance of aptamers in medicinal
      and clinical applications.

PMID- 26984482
TI  - Urinary potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Observational studies on dietary potassium and risk of cardiovascular
      disease (CVD) have reported weak-to-modest inverse associations. Long-term
      prospective studies with multiple 24-h urinary samples for accurate estimation of
      habitual potassium intake, however, are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We examined the
      association between urinary potassium excretion and risk of blood pressure
      related cardiovascular outcomes. DESIGN: We studied 7795 subjects free of
      cardiovascular events at baseline in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End
      stage Disease study, a prospective, observational cohort with oversampling of
      subjects with albuminuria at baseline. Main cardiovascular outcomes were CVD
      [including ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and vascular interventions],
      IHD, stroke, and new-onset heart failure (HF). Potassium excretion was measured
      in two 24-h urine specimens at the start of the study (1997-1998) and midway
      through follow-up (2001-2003). RESULTS: Baseline median urinary potassium
      excretion was 70 mmol/24 h (IQR: 56-84 mmol/24 h). During a median follow-up of
      10.5 y (IQR: 9.9-10.8 y), a total of 641 CVD, 465 IHD, 172 stroke, and 265 HF
      events occurred. After adjustment for age and sex, inverse associations were
      observed between potassium excretion and risk [HR per each 26-mmol/24-h (1-g/d)
      increase; 95% CI] of CVD (0.87; 0.78, 0.97) and IHD (0.86; 0.75, 0.97), as well
      as nonsignificant inverse associations for risk of stroke (0.85; 0.68, 1.06) and
      HF (0.94; 0.80, 1.10). After further adjustment for body mass index, smoking,
      alcohol consumption, education, and urinary sodium and magnesium excretion,
      urinary potassium excretion was not statistically significantly associated with
      risk (multivariable-adjusted HR per 1-g/d increment; 95% CI) of CVD (0.96; 0.85,
      1.09), IHD (0.90; 0.81, 1.04), stroke (1.09; 0.86, 1.39), or HF (0.99; 0.83,
      1.18). No associations were observed between the sodium-to-potassium excretion
      ratio and risk of CVD, IHD, stroke, or HF. CONCLUSION: In this cohort with
      oversampling of subjects with albuminuria at baseline, urinary potassium
      excretion was not independently associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular
      events.

PMID- 26984483
TI  - Shadows of temperament in child eating patterns: implications for family and
      parenting research.

PMID- 26984484
TI  - Hippocampus as a mediator of the role of vitamin B-12 in memory.

PMID- 26984485
TI  - Cereals and pulse-based ready-to-use therapeutic food as an alternative to the
      standard milk- and peanut paste-based formulation for treating severe acute
      malnutrition: a noninferiority, individually randomized controlled efficacy
      clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cost of current standard ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is
      among the major obstacles to scaling up community-based management of acute
      malnutrition (CMAM), an important child survival strategy. Identifying a cheaper
      alternative is a global public health priority. OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare
      the efficacy of soya-maize-sorghum RUTF (SMS-RUTF) with that of standard peanut
      paste-based RUTF (P-RUTF). DESIGN: We used a nonblinded, parallel-group, simple
      randomized controlled trial along with a day care approach that enrolled 2 groups
      of children aged 6-23 and 24-59 mo, respectively, with severe acute malnutrition
      (SAM). RESULTS: Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses showed
      noninferiority of SMS-RUTF compared with P-RUTF for the recovery rate [ITT: Delta
      = -2.0% (95% CI: -7.6%, 3.6%); PP: -1.9% (95% CI: -5.3%, 1.4%)], weight gain
      [Delta = -0.7 g . kg(-1). d(-1)(95% CI: -1.3, 0.0 g . kg(-1). d(-1))], and length
      of stay [Delta = 2.0 d (95% CI: -1.7, 5.8 d)] in children >=24 mo of age. In
      children <=23 mo of age, the recovery rate of SMS-RUTF was inferior to that of P
      RUTF [ITT: Delta = -20.8% (95% CI: -29.9%, -11.7%); PP: -17.2% (95% CI: -25.6%, 
      8.7%)]. Treatment with SMS-RUTF resulted in a greater increase in hemoglobin
      [0.670 g/dL (95% CI: 0.420, 0.921 g/dL);P< 0.001]. Treatment with both RUTFs
      resulted in the replenishment of all of the amino acids tested except for
      methionine. There were no differences at discharge between RUTF groups in fat
      mass [Delta = 0.3 kg (95% CI: -0.6, 1.6 kg);P= 0.341] or fat mass index [Delta =
      0.4 kg/m(2)(95% CI: -0.3, 1.1 kg/m(2));P= 0.262]. By contrast, comparisons of fat
      free mass indicated lower concentrations than the community controls after
      treatment with either of the 2 RUTFs [Delta = -1.3 kg (95% CI: -2.4, -0.1 kg)
      andP= 0.034 for comparison between community controls and the SMS-RUTF group;
      Delta = -1.8 kg (95% CI: -2.9, -0.6 kg) andP= 0.003 for comparison between
      community controls and the P-RUTF group]. CONCLUSION: SMS-RUTF can be used to
      treat SAM in children aged >=24 mo to reduce the costs of CMAM programs. More
      research is required to optimize SMS-RUTF for younger children. This trial was
      registered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry as PACTR201303000475166.

PMID- 26984486
TI  - Low vitamin D status in Europe: moving from evidence to sound public health
      policies.

PMID- 26984487
TI  - Coffee and tea consumption in relation to estimated glomerular filtration rate:
      results from the population-based longitudinal Doetinchem Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although coffee consumption and tea consumption have been linked to
      diabetes, the relation with kidney function is less clear and is underresearched.
      OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prospective associations of coffee and tea
      consumption with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). DESIGN: We included
      4722 participants aged 26-65 y from the Doetinchem Cohort Study who were examined
      every 5 y for 15 y. Coffee and tea consumption (in cups/d) were assessed at each
      round. eGFR was assessed by using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
      Collaboration equation based on both plasma creatinine and cystatin C. We
      determined the association between categories of coffee and tea intake and 1)
      eGFR and 2) subsequent annual changes in eGFR by using generalized estimating
      equation analyses. RESULTS: Baseline mean +/- SD eGFR was 108.0 +/- 14.7 mL .
      min(-1) . 1.73 m(-2) Tea consumption was not associated with eGFR. Those
      individuals who drank >6 cups coffee/d had a 1.33 (95% CI: 0.24, 2.43) mL . min(
      1) . 1.73 m(-2) higher eGFR than those who drank <1 cup/d (P-trend = 0.02). This
      association was most apparent among those with a median age of >=46 y at
      baseline, with eGFR being 2.47 (95% CI: 0.42, 4.51) mL . min(-1) . 1.73 m(-2)
      higher in participants drinking >6 cups/d compared with <1 cup/d (P-trend =
      0.02). Adjustment for biological risk factors and coffee constituents did not
      attenuate the associations. Neither coffee nor tea consumption was associated
      with changes in eGFR. CONCLUSIONS: Coffee consumption was associated with a
      slightly higher eGFR, particularly in those aged >=46 y. The absence of an
      association with eGFR changes suggests that the higher eGFR among coffee
      consumers is unlikely to be a result of glomerular hyperfiltration. Therefore,
      low to moderate coffee consumption is not expected to be a concern for kidney
      health in the general population.

PMID- 26984488
TI  - Solvent-Free Manufacturing of Electrodes for Lithium-ion Batteries.
AB  - Lithium ion battery electrodes were manufactured using a new, completely dry
      powder painting process. The solvents used for conventional slurry-cast
      electrodes have been completely removed. Thermal activation time has been greatly
      reduced due to the time and resource demanding solvent evaporation process needed
      with slurry-cast electrode manufacturing being replaced by a hot rolling process.
      It has been found that thermal activation time to induce mechanical bonding of
      the thermoplastic polymer to the remaining active electrode particles is only a
      few seconds. Removing the solvent and drying process allows large-scale Li-ion
      battery production to be more economically viable in markets such as automotive
      energy storage systems. By understanding the surface energies of various powders
      which govern the powder mixing and binder distribution, bonding tests of the dry
      deposited particles onto the current collector show that the bonding strength is
      greater than slurry-cast electrodes, 148.8 kPa as compared to 84.3 kPa.
      Electrochemical tests show that the new electrodes outperform conventional slurry
      processed electrodes, which is due to different binder distribution. 

PMID- 26984489
TI  - The "Atlantis Forest hypothesis" does not explain Atlantic Forest phylogeography.

PMID- 26984490
TI  - Reply to Del Giudice et al., Chekroud et al., and Rosenblatt: Do brains of
      females and males belong to two distinct populations?

PMID- 26984492
TI  - Multivariate revisit to "sex beyond the genitalia".

PMID- 26984491
TI  - Patterns in the human brain mosaic discriminate males from females.

PMID- 26984493
TI  - Joel et al.'s method systematically fails to detect large, consistent sex
      differences.

PMID- 26984494
TI  - Reply to Raposo do Amaral et al.: The "Atlantis Forest hypothesis" adds a new
      dimension to Atlantic Forest biogeography.

PMID- 26984495
TI  - Insight into the flagella type III export revealed by the complex structure of
      the type III ATPase and its regulator.
AB  - FliI and FliJ form the FliI6FliJ ATPase complex of the bacterial flagellar export
      apparatus, a member of the type III secretion system. The FliI6FliJ complex is
      structurally similar to the alpha3beta3gamma complex of F1-ATPase. The FliH
      homodimer binds to FliI to connect the ATPase complex to the flagellar base, but
      the details are unknown. Here we report the structure of the homodimer of a C
      terminal fragment of FliH (FliHC2) in complex with FliI. FliHC2 shows an
      unusually asymmetric homodimeric structure that markedly resembles the peripheral
      stalk of the A/V-type ATPases. The FliHC2-FliI hexamer model reveals that the C
      terminal domains of the FliI ATPase face the cell membrane in a way similar to
      the F/A/V-type ATPases. We discuss the mechanism of flagellar ATPase complex
      formation and a common origin shared by the type III secretion system and the
      F/A/V-type ATPases.

PMID- 26984497
TI  - Microbes paired for biological gas-to-liquids (Bio-GTL) process.

PMID- 26984496
TI  - Soluble (pro)renin receptor via beta-catenin enhances urine concentration
      capability as a target of liver X receptor.
AB  - The extracellular domain of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is cleaved to produce a
      soluble (pro)renin receptor (sPRR) that is detected in biological fluid and
      elevated under certain pathological conditions. The present study was performed
      to define the antidiuretic action of sPRR and its potential interaction with
      liver X receptors (LXRs), which are known regulators of urine-concentrating
      capability. Water deprivation consistently elevated urinary sPRR excretion in
      mice and humans. A template-based algorithm for protein-protein interaction
      predicted the interaction between sPRR and frizzled-8 (FZD8), which subsequently
      was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. A recombinant histidine-tagged sPRR (sPRR
      His) in the nanomolar range induced a remarkable increase in the abundance of
      renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2) protein in primary rat inner medullary collecting duct
      cells. The AQP2 up-regulation relied on sequential activation of FZD8-dependent
      beta-catenin signaling and cAMP-PKA pathways. Inhibition of FZD8 or tankyrase in
      rats induced polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperosmotic urine. Administration of sPRR
      His alleviated the symptoms of diabetes insipidus induced in mice by vasopressin
      2 receptor antagonism. Administration of the LXR agonist TO901317 to C57/BL6 mice
      induced polyuria and suppressed renal AQP2 expression associated with reduced
      renal PRR expression and urinary sPRR excretion. Administration of sPRR-His
      reversed most of the effects of TO901317. In cultured collecting duct cells,
      TO901317 suppressed PRR protein expression, sPRR release, and PRR transcriptional
      activity. Overall we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that sPRR
      exerts antidiuretic action via FZD8-dependent stimulation of AQP2 expression and
      that inhibition of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes
      insipidus induced by LXR agonism. 

PMID- 26984498
TI  - Breaking the diffraction limit of light-sheet fluorescence microscopy by RESOLFT.
AB  - We present a plane-scanning RESOLFT [reversible saturable/switchable optical
      (fluorescence) transitions] light-sheet (LS) nanoscope, which fundamentally
      overcomes the diffraction barrier in the axial direction via confinement of the
      fluorescent molecular state to a sheet of subdiffraction thickness around the
      focal plane. To this end, reversibly switchable fluorophores located right above
      and below the focal plane are transferred to a nonfluorescent state at each
      scanning step. LS-RESOLFT nanoscopy offers wide-field 3D imaging of living
      biological specimens with low light dose and axial resolution far beyond the
      diffraction barrier. We demonstrate optical sections that are thinner by 5-12
      fold compared with their conventional diffraction-limited LS analogs. 

PMID- 26984499
TI  - Size and speed of the working stroke of cardiac myosin in situ.
AB  - The power in the myocardium sarcomere is generated by two bipolar arrays of the
      motor protein cardiac myosin II extending from the thick filament and pulling the
      thin, actin-containing filaments from the opposite sides of the sarcomere.
      Despite the interest in the definition of myosin-based cardiomyopathies, no study
      has yet been able to determine the mechanokinetic properties of this motor
      protein in situ. Sarcomere-level mechanics recorded by a striation follower is
      used in electrically stimulated intact ventricular trabeculae from the rat heart
      to determine the isotonic velocity transient following a stepwise reduction in
      force from the isometric peak force TP to a value T(0.8-0.2 TP). The size and the
      speed of the early rapid shortening (the isotonic working stroke) increase by
      reducing T from ~3 nm per half-sarcomere (hs) and 1,000 s(-1) at high load to ~8
      nm?hs(-1) and 6,000 s(-1) at low load. Increases in sarcomere length (1.9-2.2
      MUm) and external [Ca(2+)]o (1-2.5 mM), which produce an increase of TP, do not
      affect the dependence on T, normalized for TP, of the size and speed of the
      working stroke. Thus, length- and Ca(2+)-dependent increase of TP and power in
      the heart can solely be explained by modulation of the number of myosin motors,
      an emergent property of their array arrangement. The motor working stroke is
      similar to that of skeletal muscle myosin, whereas its speed is about three times
      slower. A new powerful tool for investigations and therapies of myosin-based
      cardiomyopathies is now within our reach.

PMID- 26984502
TI  - Breaking temporal symmetries for emission and absorption.
AB  - Time-reversal symmetries impose stringent constraints on emission and absorption.
      Antennas, from radiofrequencies to optics, are bound to transmit and receive
      signals equally well from the same direction, making a directive antenna prone to
      receive echoes and reflections. Similarly, in thermodynamics Kirchhoff's law
      dictates that the absorptivity and emissivity are bound to be equal in reciprocal
      systems at equilibrium, e(omega, theta)=a(omega, theta), with important
      consequences for thermal management and energy applications. This bound requires
      that a good absorber emits a portion of the absorbed energy back to the source,
      limiting its overall efficiency. Recent works have shown that weak time
      modulation or mechanical motion in suitably designed structures may largely break
      reciprocity and time-reversal symmetry. Here we show theoretically and
      experimentally that a spatiotemporally modulated device can be designed to have
      drastically different emission and absorption properties. The proposed concept
      may provide significant advances for compact and efficient radiofrequency
      communication systems, as well as for energy harvesting and thermal management
      when translated to infrared frequencies.

PMID- 26984501
TI  - A role for iron deficiency in dopaminergic neurodegeneration.

PMID- 26984500
TI  - Viral serine palmitoyltransferase induces metabolic switch in sphingolipid
      biosynthesis and is required for infection of a marine alga.
AB  - Marine viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the oceans shaping
      community structure and nutrient cycling. The interaction between the bloom
      forming alga Emiliania huxleyi and its specific large dsDNA virus (EhV) is a
      major factor determining the fate of carbon in the ocean, thus serving as a key
      host-pathogen model system. The EhV genome encodes for a set of genes involved in
      the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, not reported in any viral genome to date.
      We combined detailed lipidomic and biochemical analyses to characterize the
      functional role of this virus-encoded pathway during lytic viral infection. We
      identified a major metabolic shift, mediated by differential substrate
      specificity of virus-encoded serine palmitoyltransferase, a key enzyme of
      sphingolipid biosynthesis. Consequently, unique viral glycosphingolipids,
      composed of unusual hydroxylated C17 sphingoid bases (t17:0) were highly enriched
      in the infected cells, and their synthesis was found to be essential for viral
      assembly. These findings uncover the biochemical bases of the virus-induced
      metabolic rewiring of the host sphingolipid biosynthesis during the chemical
      "arms race" in the ocean.

PMID- 26984503
TI  - January Morning: An Autoethnographic Poem.

PMID- 26984505
TI  - Costs of Extending the Noncontributory Pension Program for Elderly: The Mexican
      Case.
AB  - Population aging coupled with high poverty rates among older persons and a lack
      of access to social-security benefits or traditional support systems have led
      governments in low and middle-income countries to introduce non-contributory
      pension programs for the elderly. This article reviews a non-contributory pension
      program introduced in Mexico in 2007 that has since expanded greatly. We use a
      variety of sources to estimate current and future costs of this program. 

PMID- 26984504
TI  - Mechanical circulatory support in the new era: an overview.
AB  - This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive
      Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at
      http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information
      about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available
      from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.

PMID- 26984506
TI  - The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and energy expenditure
      adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: Differences between young and elderly
      women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to: (1) establish the relationship between acute
      physiological responses and musical cadence; and (2) compare physiologic
      responses between young and older women. Eighteen older (mean = 65.06 +/- 5.77
      years) and 19 young (mean = 22.16 +/- 2.63 years) women underwent an intermittent
      and progressive protocol performing the head-out aquatic exercise the "rocking
      horse." Results showed that older women demonstrated lower mean heart rate, blood
      lactate concentration (bLa), and oxygen uptake (VO2) at rest. Hierarchical linear
      modeling showed that variations in the rating of perceived effort and individual
      metabolic equivalent of task did not differ significantly by age group. However,
      during exercise, physiological responses of younger women were significantly
      different than for older women: in mean values, for each increased musical beat
      per minute, mean bLa was 0.003 mmol/l, VO2 was 0.024 ml/kg/min, and energy
      expenditure was 0.0001 kcal/kg/min higher for younger women. This study shows
      that increases in musical cadence increased the cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and
      energy expenditure responses. However, these responses during increasing
      intensity seemed to differ between young and older women, with lower values for
      the elderly group, when performing head-out aquatic exercises.

PMID- 26984507
TI  - DELLA proteins regulate expression of a subset of AM symbiosis-induced genes in
      Medicago truncatula.
AB  - The majority of the vascular flowering plants form symbiotic associations with
      fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota through which both partners gain access to
      nutrients, either mineral nutrients in the case of the plant, or carbon, in the
      case of the fungus. (1) The association develops in the roots and requires
      substantial remodeling of the root cortical cells where branched fungal hyphae,
      called arbuscules, are housed in a new membrane-bound apoplastic compartment. (2)
      Nutrient exchange between the symbionts occurs over this interface and its
      development and maintenance is critical for symbiosis. Previously, we showed that
      DELLA proteins, which are well known as repressors of gibberellic acid signaling,
      also regulate development of AM symbiosis and are necessary to enable arbuscule
      development. (3) Furthermore, constitutive overexpression of a dominant DELLA
      protein (della1-Delta18) is sufficient to induce transcripts of several AM
      symbiosis-induced genes, even in the absence of the fungal symbiont. (4) Here we
      further extend this approach and identify AM symbiosis genes that respond
      transcriptionally to constitutive expression of a dominant DELLA protein and also
      genes that do respond to this treatment. Additionally, we demonstrate that DELLAs
      interact with REQUIRED FOR ARBUSCULE DEVELOPMENT 1 (RAD1) which further extends
      our knowledge of GRAS factor complexes that have the potential to regulate gene
      expression during AM symbiosis. 

PMID- 26984508
TI  - FAK tyrosine 407 organized with integrin alphaVbeta5 in Hs578Ts(i)8 advanced
      triple-negative breast cancer cells.
AB  - Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase known to promote
      cell migration and invasiveness. Overexpression and increased activity of FAK are
      closely associated with metastatic breast tumors and are linked to poor
      prognosis. This study discovered an inverse correlation between FAK activity and
      migratory and invasive behavior. We show decreased phosphorylation levels of FAK
      at tyrosine residues 397 and 861, and most prominently at Y407, in the more
      invasive Hs578Ts(i)8 subclone of the Hs578T breast cancer progression model.
      There is limited information available on FAK Y407, and here we demonstrate its
      presence in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. Furthermore, our
      studies propose that localization of FAK Y407, rather than FAK expression and
      overall FAK Y407 phosphorylation levels, is crucial for the control of cell
      motility. FAK Y407 is found extensively at the cell periphery in focal adhesion
      like structures at each end of actin stress fibers and organized with integrin
      alphaVbeta5 receptors, linking the alphaVbeta5 integrin-mediated migratory
      behavior of Hs578Ts(i)8 cells to FAK Y407. These data suggest that subcellular
      localization, next to expression and activity levels, are important for
      understanding TNBC progression. Such an approach opens new avenues for further
      studies and may provide novel insight for the classification of TNBC and
      facilitate the discovery of effective biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of
      TNBC. 

PMID- 26984509
TI  - Experimental observation of the asymmetric instability of intermediate-reduced
      volume vesicles in extensional flow.
AB  - Vesicles provide an attractive model system to understand the deformation of
      living cells in response to mechanical forces. These simple, enclosed lipid
      bilayer membranes are suitable for complementary theoretical, numerical, and
      experimental analysis. A recent study [Narsimhan, Spann, Shaqfeh, J. Fluid Mech.,
      2014, 750, 144] predicted that intermediate-aspect-ratio vesicles extend
      asymmetrically in extensional flow. Upon infinitesimal perturbation to the
      vesicle shape, the vesicle stretches into an asymmetric dumbbell with a
      cylindrical thread separating the two ends. While the symmetric stretching of
      high-aspect-ratio vesicles in extensional flow has been observed and
      characterized [Kantsler, Segre, Steinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 101, 048101]
      as well as recapitulated in numerical simulations by Narsimhan et al.,
      experimental observation of the asymmetric stretching has not been reported. In
      this work, we present results from microfluidic cross-slot experiments observing
      this instability, along with careful characterization of the flow field, vesicle
      shape, and vesicle bending modulus. The onset of this shape transition depends on
      two non-dimensional parameters: reduced volume (a measure of vesicle asphericity)
      and capillary number (ratio of viscous to bending forces). We observed that every
      intermediate-reduced-volume vesicle that extends forms a dumbbell shape that is
      indeed asymmetric. For the subset of the intermediate-reduced-volume regime we
      could capture experimentally, we present an experimental phase diagram for
      asymmetric vesicle stretching that is consistent with the predictions of
      Narsimhan et al. 

PMID- 26984510
TI  - The relevance of tissue thiol histochemistry to diagnostic hematopathology.
AB  - Expression analyses suggest that alterations of the antioxidant state of some
      diffuse large B-cell lymphomas can assist prognosis; reversibly oxidized thiols
      may serve as a surrogate marker for identifying such cases. Little is known about
      the distribution of free thiols and reversibly oxidized thiols in human tissues.
      We developed a staining technique that enables visualization of tissue thiols in
      situ using bright field microscopy and validated it using gastrointestinal tissue
      specimens. We used our thiol staining technique to assess benign tonsillectomy
      and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma specimens. The gastrointestinal series revealed
      the presence of free thiols within epithelial cells and cells of the lamina
      propria. Staining for reversibly oxidized thiols was robust in gastric foveolar
      cells, intestinal goblet cells and the mucus they produce. Tonsillectomy
      specimens exhibited diffuse presence of free thiols. Staining for reversibly
      oxidized thiols was confined to germinal center macrophages and sinus
      histiocytes. Among the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma specimens, we observed
      strong staining for free thiols within malignant cells. By contrast to benign B
      cells, the malignant cells demonstrated pronounced and diffuse staining for
      reversibly oxidized thiols. We demonstrated intrinsic differences between benign
      and malignant cells. 

PMID- 26984511
TI  - Nuclear expression of Lyn, a Src family kinase member, is associated with poor
      prognosis in renal cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 8000 cases of renal cancer are diagnosed each year in the UK, with a
      five-year survival rate of 50%. Treatment options are limited; a potential
      therapeutic target is the Src family kinases (SFKs). SFKs have roles in multiple
      oncogenic processes and promote metastases in solid tumours. The aim of this
      study was to investigate SFKs as potential therapeutic targets for clear cell
      renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS: SFKs expression was assessed in a tissue
      microarray consisting of 192 ccRCC patients with full clinical follow-up. SFK
      inhibitors, dasatinib and saracatinib, were assessed in early ccRCC cell lines,
      786-O and 769-P and a metastatic ccRCC cell line, ACHN (+/- Src) for effects on
      protein expression, apoptosis, proliferation and wound healing. RESULTS: High
      nuclear expression of Lyn and the downstream marker of activation, paxillin, were
      associated with decreased patient survival. Conversely, high cytoplasmic
      expression of other SFK members and downstream marker of activation, focal
      adhesion kinase (FAK) were associated with increased patient survival. Treatment
      of non-metastatic 786-O and 769-P cells with dasatinib, dose dependently reduced
      SFK activation, shown via SFK (Y(419)) and FAK (Y(861)) phosphorylation, with no
      effect in metastatic ACHN cells. Dasatinib also increased apoptosis, while
      decreasing proliferation and migration in 786-O and 769-P cell lines, both in the
      presence and absence of Src protein. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that nuclear
      Lyn is a potential therapeutic target for ccRCC and dasatinib affects cellular
      functions associated with cancer progression via a Src kinase independent
      mechanism.

PMID- 26984512
TI  - Sandwich-like SnS/Polypyrrole Ultrathin Nanosheets as High-Performance Anode
      Materials for Li-Ion Batteries.
AB  - Sandwich-like SnS/polypyrrole ultrathin nanosheets were synthesized via a pyrrole
      reduction and in situ polymerization route, in which room-temperature synthesized
      ZnSn(OH)6 microcubes were used as the tin source. As anode materials for Li-ion
      batteries, they exhibit an extremely high reversible capacity (about 1000 mA h g(
      1) at 0.1C), outstanding rate capability (with reversible capabilities of 878,
      805, 747, 652, and 576 mA h g(-1) at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, and 5C, respectively),
      stable cycling performance, and high capacity retention (a high capacity of 703
      mA h g(-1) at 1C after long 500 cycles). 

PMID- 26984513
TI  - Feasibility of a 12-month-exercise intervention during and after radiation and
      chemotherapy in cancer patients: impact on quality of life, peak oxygen
      consumption, and body composition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that exercise is effective in treating
      many of the acute and chronic side effects of anti-cancer therapy. A recent meta
      analysis supported the use of exercise to prevent or treat fatigue and
      lymphoedema and to improve functional status in breast cancer patients. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: This trial was intended as a controlled, prospective feasibility
      study evaluating the impact of physical exercise (PE) in cancer patients during
      and after treatment with radio- and chemotherapy. Inclusion criteria were
      previous or ongoing treatment for cancer, motivation for PE of 0.5-1hour duration
      at least twice weekly for at least 3 months. Continuation of PE was encouraged
      thereafter. Every three months the following endpoints were assessed: Peak oxygen
      consumption as measured by supervised cardiopulmonary exercise test, body
      composition and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were included
      with a median age of 49 years. Forty were female and five male. Cancer types
      were: Breast cancer (n = 30/67 %), gastrointestinal cancer (n = 5/12 %), other
      types (n = 10/22 %). Thirty-eight (84 %) of the patients were included during
      curative treatment of their disease. Seven (16 %) were considered palliative.
      Adherence to the PE-programme longer than 6 months was noted for 41/45 (91 %) of
      the patients. Intensity of PE was thrice weekly in 32/45 (71 %), twice weekly in
      11/45 (24 %). Two of 45 patients (5 %) had no PE. Mean peak oxygen consumption
      increased from 18.8 +/- 5.6 ml/min/kg to 20.5 +/- 3 ml/min/kg and 19.9 +/- 4.7
      ml/min/kg at 3 months (p = 0.005) and 12 months (p = 0.003), respectively. Median
      fat mass decreased from 30.7 +/- 15 kg to 28.9 +/- 15 kg and 29.5 +/- 13 kg at 3
      months (p = 0.001) and 12 months (p = 0.017), respectively. Global health status
      scores increased from a median baseline value of 54.9 +/- 16.3 to 66.4 +/- 14 %
      and 68.0 +/- 20.3 % at 3 months (p = 0.001) and 12 months (p = 0.002),
      respectively. CONCLUSION: This exercise programme in cancer patients with 2-3
      weekly supervised sessions over three months was well feasible and demonstrated
      measurable improvement of oxygen consumption, body composition and quality of
      life. In addition, a 90 %-adherence rate to the PE-programme beyond 6 months was
      encouraging. Further randomized prospective data in a larger patient population
      will be collected comparing the impact of two versus four months supervision.

PMID- 26984514
TI  - An analysis of the readability characteristics of oral health information
      literature available to the public in Tasmania, Australia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of print-based health promotion materials is
      dependent on their readability. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of
      print-based oral health information literature publically available in Tasmania,
      Australia. METHODS: Oral health education brochures were collected from 11 dental
      clinics across Tasmania and assessed for structure and format, content and
      readability. Reading level was calculated using three widely-used measures:
      Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Flesch Reading Ease, and Simple Measure of
      Gobbledygook (SMOG) reading grade level. RESULTS: The FKGL of the 67 brochures
      sampled ranged from grade 3 to 13. The grade level for government health
      department brochures (n = 14) ranged from grade 4 to 11 (5.6 +/- 1.8). Reading
      levels for materials produced by commercial sources (n = 22) ranged from 3 to 13
      (8.3 +/- 2.1), those from professional associations (n = 22) ranged from grade 7
      to 11 (8.9 +/- 0.9) and brochures produced by other sources (n = 9) ranged from 5
      to 10 (7.6 +/- 1.5). The SMOG test was positively correlated with the FKGL (rs =
      0.92, p < 0.001) though consistently rated materials 2-3 grades higher. The
      reading level required to comprehend brochures published by government sources
      were, on average, lower than those from commercial, professional and other
      sources. Government materials were also more likely to contain fewer words and
      professional jargon terms than brochures from the other sources. CONCLUSION: A
      range of oral health information brochures were publically available for patients
      in both public and private dental clinics. However, their readability
      characteristics differed. Many brochures required a reading skill level higher
      than that suited to a large proportion of the Tasmanian population. Readability
      and other characteristics of oral health education materials should be assessed
      to ensure their suitability for use with patients, especially those suspected of
      having low literacy skills.

PMID- 26984515
TI  - Taking Over Control From Highly Automated Vehicles in Complex Traffic Situations:
      The Role of Traffic Density.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of traffic density
      and verbal tasks on takeover performance in highly automated driving. BACKGROUND:
      In highly automated vehicles, the driver has to occasionally take over vehicle
      control when approaching system limits. To ensure safety, the ability of the
      driver to regain control of the driving task under various driving situations and
      different driver states needs to be quantified. METHODS: Seventy-two participants
      experienced takeover situations requiring an evasive maneuver on a three-lane
      highway with varying traffic density (zero, 10, and 20 vehicles per kilometer).
      In a between-subjects design, half of the participants were engaged in a verbal
      20-Questions Task, representing speaking on the phone while driving in a highly
      automated vehicle. RESULTS: The presence of traffic in takeover situations led to
      longer takeover times and worse takeover quality in the form of shorter time to
      collision and more collisions. The 20-Questions Task did not influence takeover
      time but seemed to have minor effects on the takeover quality. CONCLUSIONS: For
      the design and evaluation of human-machine interaction in takeover situations of
      highly automated vehicles, the traffic state seems to play a major role, compared
      to the driver state, manipulated by the 20-Questions Task. APPLICATION: The
      present results can be used by developers of highly automated systems to
      appropriately design human-machine interfaces and to assess the driver's time
      budget for regaining control.

PMID- 26984516
TI  - Multiplexed single-molecule force spectroscopy using a centrifuge.
AB  - We present a miniature centrifuge force microscope (CFM) that repurposes a
      benchtop centrifuge for high-throughput single-molecule experiments with high
      resolution particle tracking, a large force range, temperature control and simple
      push-button operation. Incorporating DNA nanoswitches to enable repeated
      interrogation by force of single molecular pairs, we demonstrate increased
      throughput, reliability and the ability to characterize population heterogeneity.
      We perform spatiotemporally multiplexed experiments to collect 1,863 bond rupture
      statistics from 538 traceable molecular pairs in a single experiment, and show
      that 2 populations of DNA zippers can be distinguished using per-molecule
      statistics to reduce noise. 

PMID- 26984517
TI  - Serum CETP status is independently associated with reduction rates in LDL-C in
      pitavastatin-treated diabetic patients and possible involvement of LXR in its
      association.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Statins decrease cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) levels,
      which have been positively associated with hepatic lipid content as well as serum
      low density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. However, the relationship
      between the CETP status and statin-induced reductions in LDL-C levels has not yet
      been elucidated in detail. We herein examined the influence of the CETP status on
      the lipid-reducing effects of pitavastatin in hypercholesterolemic patients with
      type 2 diabetes mellitus as well as the molecular mechanism underlying
      pitavastatin-induced modifications in CETP levels. METHODS: Fifty-three patients
      were treated with 2 mg of pitavastatin for 3 months. Serum levels of LDL-C, small
      dense (sd) LDL-C, and CETP were measured before and after the pitavastatin
      treatment. The effects of pitavastatin, T0901317, a specific agonist for liver X
      receptor (LXR) that reflects hepatic cholesterol contents, and LXR silencing on
      CETP mRNA expression in HepG2 cells were also examined by a real-time PCR assay.
      RESULTS: The pitavastatin treatment decreased LDL-C, sdLDL-C, and CETP levels by
      39, 42, and 23%, respectively. Despite the absence of a significant association
      between CETP and LDL-C levels at baseline, baseline CETP levels and its
      percentage change were an independent positive determinant for the changes
      observed in LDL-C and sdLDL-C levels. The LXR activation with T0901317 (0.5 MUM),
      an in vitro condition analogous to hepatic cholesterol accumulation, increased
      CETP mRNA levels in HepG2 cells by approximately 220%, while LXR silencing
      markedly diminished the increased expression of CETP. Pitavastatin (5 MUM)
      decreased basal CETP mRNA levels by 21%, and this was completely reversed by
      T0901317. CONCLUSION: Baseline CETP levels may predict the lipid-reducing effects
      of pitavastatin. Pitavastatin-induced CETP reductions may be partially attributed
      to decreased LXR activity, predictable by the ensuing decline in hepatic
      cholesterol synthesis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ID
      UMIN000019020.

PMID- 26984521
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26984519
TI  - MicroRNA analysis of breast ductal fluid in breast cancer patients.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that microRNAs show promise as excellent biomarkers for
      breast cancer; however there is still a high degree of variability between
      studies making the findings difficult to interpret. In addition to blood, ductal
      lavage (DL) and nipple aspirate fluids represent an excellent opportunity for
      biomarker detection because they can be obtained in a less invasive manner than
      biopsies and circumvent the limitations of evaluating blood biomarkers with
      regards to tissue of origin specificity. In this study, we have investigated for
      the first time, through a real-time PCR array, the expression of 742 miRNAs in
      the ductal lavage fluid collected from 22 women with unilateral breast tumors. We
      identified 17 differentially expressed miRNAs between tumor and paired normal
      samples from patients with ductal breast carcinoma. Most of these miRNAs have
      various roles in breast cancer tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis,
      therapeutic response, or are associated with several clinical and pathological
      characteristics of breast tumors. Moreover, some miRNAs were also detected in
      other biological fluids of breast cancer patients such as serum (miR-23b, -133b, 
      181a, 338-3p, -625), plasma (miR-200a), and breast milk (miR-181a). A systems
      biology analysis of these differentially expressed miRNAs points out possible
      pathways and cellular processes previously described as having an important role
      in breast cancer such as Wnt, ErbB, MAPK, TGF-beta, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, p53 signaling
      pathways. We also observed a difference in the miRNA expression with respect to
      the histological type of the tumors. In conclusion, our findings suggest that
      miRNA analysis of breast ductal fluid is feasible and potentially very useful for
      the detection of breast cancer.

PMID- 26984522
TI  - Ara Darzi: Pet hate--procrastinators.

PMID- 26984520
TI  - A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Pharmacogenetic Testing for
      Prevention of Adverse Drug Reactions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pharmacogenetics offers the potential to improve health outcomes by
      identifying individuals who are at greater risk of harm from certain medicines.
      Routine adoption of pharmacogenetic tests requires evidence of their cost
      effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: The present review aims to systematically review
      published economic evaluations of pharmacogenetic tests that aim to prevent or
      reduce the incidence of ADRs. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature
      review of economic evaluations of pharmacogenetic tests aimed to reduce the
      incidence of adverse drug reactions. Literature was searched using Embase,
      MEDLINE and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database with search terms relating to
      pharmacogenetic testing, adverse drug reactions, economic evaluations and
      pharmaceuticals. Titles were screened independently by two reviewers. Articles
      deemed to meet the inclusion criteria were screened independently on abstract,
      and full texts reviewed. RESULTS: We identified 852 articles, of which 47 met the
      inclusion criteria. There was evidence supporting the cost effectiveness of
      testing for HLA-B*57:01 (prior to abacavir), HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-A*31:01 (prior
      to carbamazepine), HLA-B*58:01 (prior to allopurinol) and CYP2C19 (prior to
      clopidogrel treatment). Economic evidence was inconclusive with respect to TPMT
      (prior to 6-mercaptoputine, azathioprine and cisplatin therapy), CYP2C9 and
      VKORC1 (to inform genotype-guided dosing of coumarin derivatives), MTHFR (prior
      to methotrexate treatment) and factor V Leiden testing (prior to oral
      contraception). Testing for A1555G is not cost effective before prescribing
      aminoglycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review identified robust evidence of
      the cost effectiveness of genotyping prior to treatment with a number of common
      drugs. However, further analyses and (or) availability of robust clinical
      evidence is necessary to make recommendations for others.

PMID- 26984524
TI  - The Relationship Between Mindfulness, Depressive Symptoms, and Non-Suicidal Self
      Injury Amongst Adolescents.
AB  - Mindfulness is often part of treatment for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI);
      however, there has been limited research examining the role of mindfulness in
      NSSI. Thus, the current study sought to investigate the relationship among
      mindfulness, depressive symptoms, and NSSI (past year) in adolescents (N = 764;
      56.8% female, M age = 14.42, SD = 0.64) with consideration of gender. Adolescents
      with recent NSSI (n = 74; 83.8% female, M age = 14.36, SD = 0.56) and a matched
      for age and gender no-NSSI group completed measures of mindfulness and
      depression. Findings revealed that mindfulness and depressive symptoms were
      negatively correlated, although significantly less so for the NSSI group. Second,
      the NSSI group reported greater depressive symptoms and less mindfulness.
      Finally, mindfulness was found to partially mediate the effect of depressive
      symptoms on NSSI. The present study is the first to provide empirical support for
      the protective role of mindfulness in NSSI.

PMID- 26984523
TI  - Cognitive Benefits of Online Social Networking for Healthy Older Adults.
AB  - Objectives: Research suggests that older adults who remain socially active and
      cognitively engaged have better cognitive function than those who are isolated
      and disengaged. This study examined the efficacy of learning and using an online
      social networking website, Facebook.com, as an intervention to maintain or
      enhance cognitive function in older adults. Method: Forty-one older adults were
      assigned to learn and use Facebook (n = 14) or an online diary website (active
      control, n = 13) for 8 weeks or placed on a waitlist (n = 14). Outcome measures
      included neuropsychological tests of executive functions, memory, and processing
      speed and self-report questionnaires about social engagement. Results: The
      Facebook group showed a significant increase in a composite measure of updating,
      an executive function factor associated with complex working memory tasks,
      compared to no significant change in the control groups. Other measures of
      cognitive function and social support showed no differential improvement in the
      Facebook group. Discussion: Learning and using an online social networking site
      may provide specific benefits for complex working memory in a group of healthy
      older adults. This may reflect the particular cognitive demands associated with
      online social networking and/or the benefits of social engagement more generally.

PMID- 26984526
TI  - RiboFR-Seq: a novel approach to linking 16S rRNA amplicon profiles to
      metagenomes.
AB  - 16S rRNA amplicon analysis and shotgun metagenome sequencing are two main culture
      independent strategies to explore the genetic landscape of various microbial
      communities. Recently, numerous studies have employed these two approaches
      together, but downstream data analyses were performed separately, which always
      generated incongruent or conflict signals on both taxonomic and functional
      classifications. Here we propose a novel approach, RiboFR-Seq (Ribosomal RNA gene
      flanking region sequencing), for capturing both ribosomal RNA variable regions
      and their flanking protein-coding genes simultaneously. Through extensive testing
      on clonal bacterial strain, salivary microbiome and bacterial epibionts of marine
      kelp, we demonstrated that RiboFR-Seq could detect the vast majority of bacteria
      not only in well-studied microbiomes but also in novel communities with limited
      reference genomes. Combined with classical amplicon sequencing and shotgun
      metagenome sequencing, RiboFR-Seq can link the annotations of 16S rRNA and
      metagenomic contigs to make a consensus classification. By recognizing almost all
      16S rRNA copies, the RiboFR-seq approach can effectively reduce the taxonomic
      abundance bias resulted from 16S rRNA copy number variation. We believe that
      RiboFR-Seq, which provides an integrated view of 16S rRNA profiles and
      metagenomes, will help us better understand diverse microbial communities.

PMID- 26984525
TI  - Tat-dependent production of an HIV-1 TAR-encoded miRNA-like small RNA.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that retroviruses can produce microRNAs (miRNAs). To
      prevent cleavage of their RNA genome, retroviruses have to use an alternative RNA
      source as miRNA precursor. The transacting responsive (TAR) hairpin structure in
      HIV-1 RNA has been suggested as source for miRNAs, but how these small RNAs are
      produced without impeding virus replication remained unclear. We used deep
      sequencing analysis of AGO2-bound HIV-1 RNAs to demonstrate that the 3' side of
      the TAR hairpin is processed into a miRNA-like small RNA. This ~21 nt RNA product
      is able to repress the expression of mRNAs bearing a complementary target
      sequence. Analysis of the small RNAs produced by wild-type and mutant HIV-1
      variants revealed that non-processive transcription from the HIV-1 LTR promoter
      results in the production of short TAR RNAs that serve as precursor. These TAR
      RNAs are cleaved by Dicer and processing is stimulated by the viral Tat protein.
      This biogenesis pathway differs from the canonical miRNA pathway and allows HIV-1
      to produce the TAR-encoded miRNA-like molecule without cleavage of the RNA
      genome.

PMID- 26984527
TI  - PolDIP2 interacts with human PrimPol and enhances its DNA polymerase activities.
AB  - Translesion synthesis (TLS) employs specialized DNA polymerases to bypass
      replication fork stalling lesions. PrimPol was recently identified as a TLS
      primase and polymerase involved in DNA damage tolerance. Here, we identify a
      novel PrimPol binding partner, PolDIP2, and describe how it regulates PrimPol's
      enzymatic activities. PolDIP2 stimulates the polymerase activity of PrimPol,
      enhancing both its capacity to bind DNA and the processivity of the catalytic
      domain. In addition, PolDIP2 stimulates both the efficiency and error-free bypass
      of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine (8-oxoG) lesions by PrimPol. We show that
      PolDIP2 binds to PrimPol's catalytic domain and identify potential binding sites.
      Finally, we demonstrate that depletion of PolDIP2 in human cells causes a
      decrease in replication fork rates, similar to that observed in PrimPol(-/
      )cells. However, depletion of PolDIP2 in PrimPol(-/-)cells does not produce a
      further decrease in replication fork rates. Together, these findings establish
      that PolDIP2 can regulate the TLS polymerase and primer extension activities of
      PrimPol, further enhancing our understanding of the roles of PolDIP2 and PrimPol
      in eukaryotic DNA damage tolerance. 

PMID- 26984532
TI  - Frozen-density embedding theory with average solvent charge densities from
      explicit atomistic simulations.
AB  - Besides molecular electron densities obtained within the Born-Oppenheimer
      approximation (rhoB(r)) to represent the environment, the ensemble averaged
      density (<rhoB>(r)) is also admissible in frozen-density embedding theory (FDET)
      [Wesolowski, Phys. Rev. A, 2008, 77, 11444]. This makes it possible to introduce
      an approximation in the evaluation of the solvent effect on quantum mechanical
      observables consisting of replacing the ensemble averaged observable by the
      observable evaluated at ensemble averaged rhoB(r). This approximation is shown to
      affect negligibly the solvatochromic shift in the absorption of hydrated acetone.
      The proposed model provides a continuum type of representation of the solvent,
      which reflects nevertheless its local structure, and it is to be applied as a
      post-simulation analysis tool in atomistic level simulations. 

PMID- 26984530
TI  - An RNA trapping mechanism in Alphavirus mRNA promotes ribosome stalling and
      translation initiation.
AB  - During translation initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) delivers the
      Met-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit to locate the initiation codon (AUGi) of
      mRNA during the scanning process. Stress-induced eIF2 phosphorylation leads to a
      general blockade of translation initiation and represents a key antiviral pathway
      in mammals. However, some viral mRNAs can initiate translation in the presence of
      phosphorylated eIF2 via stable RNA stem-loop structures (DLP; Downstream LooP)
      located in their coding sequence (CDS), which promote 43S preinitiation complex
      stalling on the initiation codon. We show here that during the scanning process,
      DLPs of Alphavirus mRNA become trapped in ES6S region (680-914 nt) of 18S rRNA
      that are projected from the solvent side of 40S subunit. This trapping can lock
      the progress of the 40S subunit on the mRNA in a way that places the upstream
      initiator AUGi on the P site of 40S subunit, obviating the participation of eIF2.
      Notably, the DLP structure is released from 18S rRNA upon 60S ribosomal subunit
      joining, suggesting conformational changes in ES6Ss during the initiation
      process. These novel findings illustrate how viral mRNA is threaded into the 40S
      subunit during the scanning process, exploiting the topology of the 40S subunit
      solvent side to enhance its translation in vertebrate hosts.

PMID- 26984528
TI  - Suppression of gyrase-mediated resistance by C7 aryl fluoroquinolones.
AB  - Fluoroquinolones form drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes that rapidly block
      transcription and replication. Crystallographic and biochemical studies show that
      quinolone binding involves a water/metal-ion bridge between the quinolone C3-C4
      keto-acid and amino acids in helix-4 of the target proteins, GyrA (gyrase) and
      ParC (topoisomerase IV). A recent cross-linking study revealed a second drug
      binding mode in which the other end of the quinolone, the C7 ring system,
      interacts with GyrA. We report that addition of a dinitrophenyl (DNP) moiety to
      the C7 end of ciprofloxacin (Cip-DNP) reduced protection due to resistance
      substitutions in Escherichia coli GyrA helix-4, consistent with the existence of
      a second drug-binding mode not evident in X-ray structures of drug-topoisomerase
      DNA complexes. Several other C7 aryl fluoroquinolones behaved in a similar manner
      with particular GyrA mutants. Treatment of E. coli cultures with Cip-DNP
      selectively enriched an uncommon variant, GyrA-A119E, a change that may impede
      binding of the dinitrophenyl group at or near the GyrA-GyrA interface.
      Collectively the data support the existence of a secondary quinolone-binding mode
      in which the quinolone C7 ring system interacts with GyrA; the data also identify
      C7 aryl derivatives as a new way to obtain fluoroquinolones that overcome
      existing GyrA-mediated quinolone resistance.

PMID- 26984529
TI  - Exclusion of small terminase mediated DNA threading models for genome packaging
      in bacteriophage T4.
AB  - Tailed bacteriophages and herpes viruses use powerful molecular machines to
      package their genomes. The packaging machine consists of three components:
      portal, motor (large terminase; TerL) and regulator (small terminase; TerS).
      Portal, a dodecamer, and motor, a pentamer, form two concentric rings at the
      special five-fold vertex of the icosahedral capsid. Powered by ATPase, the motor
      ratchets DNA into the capsid through the portal channel. TerS is essential for
      packaging, particularly for genome recognition, but its mechanism is unknown and
      controversial. Structures of gear-shaped TerS rings inspired models that invoke
      DNA threading through the central channel. Here, we report that mutations of
      basic residues that line phage T4 TerS (gp16) channel do not disrupt DNA binding.
      Even deletion of the entire channel helix retained DNA binding and produced
      progeny phage in vivo On the other hand, large oligomers of TerS (11-mers/12
      mers), but not small oligomers (trimers to hexamers), bind DNA. These results
      suggest that TerS oligomerization creates a large outer surface, which, but not
      the interior of the channel, is critical for function, probably to wrap viral
      genome around the ring during packaging initiation. Hence, models involving TerS
      mediated DNA threading may be excluded as an essential mechanism for viral genome
      packaging.

PMID- 26984533
TI  - The prevalence of visual hallucinations in non-affective psychosis, and the role
      of perception and attention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about visual hallucinations (VH) in psychosis. We
      investigated the prevalence and the role of bottom-up and top-down processing in
      VH. The prevailing view is that VH are probably related to altered top-down
      processing, rather than to distorted bottom-up processing. Conversely, VH in
      Parkinson's disease are associated with impaired visual perception and attention,
      as proposed by the Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model. Auditory
      hallucinations (AH) in psychosis, however, are thought to be related to increased
      attention. METHOD: Our retrospective database study included 1119 patients with
      non-affective psychosis and 586 controls. The Community Assessment of Psychic
      Experiences established the VH rate. Scores on visual perception tests [Degraded
      Facial Affect Recognition (DFAR), Benton Facial Recognition Task] and attention
      tests [Response Set-shifting Task, Continuous Performance Test-HQ (CPT-HQ)] were
      compared between 75 VH patients, 706 non-VH patients and 485 non-VH controls.
      RESULTS: The lifetime VH rate was 37%. The patient groups performed similarly on
      cognitive tasks; both groups showed worse perception (DFAR) than controls. Non-VH
      patients showed worse attention (CPT-HQ) than controls, whereas VH patients did
      not perform differently. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find significant VH-related
      impairments in bottom-up processing or direct top-down alterations. However, the
      results suggest a relatively spared attentional performance in VH patients,
      whereas face perception and processing speed were equally impaired in both
      patient groups relative to controls. This would match better with the increased
      attention hypothesis than with the PAD model. Our finding that VH frequently co
      occur with AH may support an increased attention-induced 'hallucination
      proneness'.

PMID- 26984531
TI  - Polymorphism rs7278468 is associated with Age-related cataract through decreasing
      transcriptional activity of the CRYAA promoter.
AB  - CRYAA plays critical functional roles in lens transparency and opacity, and
      polymorphisms near CRYAA have been associated with age-related cataract (ARC).
      This study examines polymorphisms in the CRYAA promoter region for association
      with ARC and elucidates the mechanisms of this association. Three SNPs nominally
      associated with ARC were identified in the promoter region of CRYAA: rs3761382 (P
      = 0.06, OR (Odds ratio) = 1.5), rs13053109 (P = 0.04, OR = 1.6), rs7278468 (P =
      0.007, OR = 0.6). The C-G-T haplotype increased the risk for ARC overall (P =
      0.005, OR = 1.8), and both alleles and haplotypes show a stronger association
      with cortical cataract (rs3761382, P = 0.002, OR = 2.1; rs13053109, P = 0.002, OR
      = 2.1; rs7278468, P = 0.0007, OR = 0.5; C-G-T haplotype, P = 0.0003, OR = 2.2).
      The C-G-T risk haplotype decreased transcriptional activity through rs7278468,
      which lies in a consensus binding site for the transcription repressor KLF10.
      KLF10 binding inhibited CRYAA transcription, and both binding and inhibition were
      greater with the T rs7278468 allele. Knockdown of KLF10 in HLE cells partially
      rescued the transcriptional activity of CRYAA with rs7278468 T allele, but did
      not affect activity with the G allele. Thus, our data suggest that the T allele
      of rs7278468 in the CRYAA promoter is associated with ARC through increasing
      binding of KLF-10 and thus decreasing CRYAA transcription. 

PMID- 26984534
TI  - Lifestyle-related effects of the web-based Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer Aftercare
      Guide) intervention for cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: The web-based Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer Aftercare Guide) responds to
      the needs of cancer survivors and oncology care providers to improve the
      counseling related to self-management of lifestyle and psychosocial challenges.
      In present study, overall intervention effects and the effects of using specific
      components were evaluated on vegetable, fruit, whole grain bread, and fish
      consumption, physical activity (PA), and smoking behavior. METHODS: Cancer
      survivors from 21 Dutch hospitals were recruited for a randomized controlled
      trial (N = 432). Intervention effects after 6 months were evaluated using
      multilevel linear regression analysis (complete cases and intention-to-treat). By
      conducting moderation analyses, additional effects of following the behavior
      related modules were explored. The false discovery rate correction was applied to
      account for multiple testing. RESULTS: After 6 months, 409 participants completed
      follow-up (dropout = 11.5 %). Indications were found that access to the
      intervention may result in increases of moderate PA and vegetable intake. The
      moderate PA increase was meaningful: 74.74 min p/w higher increase in the
      intervention condition. Effect sizes of moderate PA (d = .25) and vegetable (d =
      .37) consumption were comparable to prior effective interventions. Visiting
      behavior-related modules affected moderate PA, fruit, and fish consumption.
      However, after correction for multiple testing, significances expired. No
      significant intervention effect was found on smoking behavior due to low numbers
      of smokers. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Although the effectiveness was
      only shown only to a limited extend, this study provided several indications that
      this theory-based, comprehensive, and personalized eHealth intervention provides
      valuable content to complement usual cancer aftercare.

PMID- 26984537
TI  - Plastic Deformation Modes of CuZr/Cu Multilayers.
AB  - We synthesized CuZr/Cu multilayers and performed nanoindentation testing to
      explore the dependence of plastic deformation modes on the thickness of CuZr
      layers. The Cu layers were 18 nm thick and the CuZr layers varied in thickness
      from 4 nm to 100 nm. We observed continuous plastic co-deformation in the 4 nm
      and 10 nm CuZr - 18 nm Cu multilayers and plastic-induced shear instability in
      thick CuZr layers (>20 nm). The plastic co-deformation is ascribed to the
      nucleation and interaction of shear transformation zones in CuZr layers at the
      adjacent interfaces, while the shear instability is associated with the
      nucleation and propagation of shear bands in CuZr layers. Shear bands are
      initialized in the CuZr layers due to the accumulated glide dislocations along
      CuZr-Cu interfaces, and propagate into adjacent Cu layers via slips on {111}
      plane non-parallel to the interface. Due to crystallographic constraint of the Cu
      layers, shear bands are approximately parallel to {111} plane in the Cu layer. 

PMID- 26984536
TI  - Effect of dietary restriction and subsequent re-alimentation on the
      transcriptional profile of hepatic tissue in cattle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Compensatory growth (CG) is an accelerated growth phenomenon observed
      in animals upon re-alimentation following a period of dietary restriction. It is
      typically utilised in livestock systems to reduce feed costs during periods of
      reduced feed availability. The biochemical mechanisms controlling this
      phenomenon, however, are yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to uncover the
      molecular mechanisms regulating the hepatic expression of CG in cattle, utilising
      RNAseq. RNAseq was performed on hepatic tissue of bulls following 125 days of
      dietary restriction (RES) and again following 55 days of subsequent re
      alimentation during which the animals exhibited significant CG. The data were
      compared with those of control animals offered the same diet on an ad libitum
      basis throughout (ADLIB). Elucidation of the molecular control of CG may yield
      critical information on genes and pathways which could be targeted as putative
      molecular biomarkers for the selection of animals with improved CG potential.
      RESULTS: Following a period of differential feeding, body-weight and liver weight
      were 161 and 4 kg higher, respectively, for ADLIB compared with RES animals. At
      this time RNAseq analysis of liver tissue revealed 1352 significantly
      differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the two treatments. DEGs indicated
      down-regulation of processes including nutrient transport, cell division and
      proliferation in RES. In addition, protein synthesis genes were up-regulated in
      RES following a period of restricted feeding. The subsequent 55 days of ad
      libitum feeding for both groups resulted in the body-weight difference reduced to
      84 kg, with no difference in liver weight between treatment groups. At the end of
      55 days of unrestricted feeding, 49 genes were differentially expressed between
      animals undergoing CG and their continuously fed counterparts. In particular,
      hepatic expression of cell proliferation and growth genes were greater in animals
      undergoing CG. CONCLUSIONS: Greater expression of cell cycle and cell
      proliferation genes during CG was associated with a 100 % recovery of liver
      weight during re-alimentation. Additionally, an apparent up-regulation in
      capacity for cellular protein synthesis during restricted feeding may contribute
      to and sustain CG during re-alimentation. DEGs identified are potential candidate
      genes for the identification of biomarkers for CG, which may be incorporated into
      future breeding programmes.

PMID- 26984539
TI  - Neck-Tongue Syndrome.
AB  - Neck-tongue syndrome (NTS) is a headache disorder often initiated by rapid axial
      rotation of the neck resulting in unilateral neck and/or occipital pain and
      transient ipsilateral tongue sensory disturbance. In this review, we examine
      reported cases of NTS since its initial description in 1980 to highlight the
      significance of this condition in the differential diagnosis of headache in
      patients presenting with neck pain and altered tongue sensation. The anatomical
      basis of NTS centers on the C1-C2 facet joint, C2 ventral ramus, and inferior
      oblique muscle in the atlanto-axial space. NTS may be categorized as complicated
      (secondary to another disease process) or uncomplicated (hereditary, related to
      trauma, or idiopathic). Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion after a thorough
      history and physical without a pathognomonic radiologic finding. It is typically
      treated conservatively with medications, local injections, immobilization with
      cervical collars, or physical therapy; rarely is surgical intervention pursued.

PMID- 26984540
TI  - Sleep quality in schizophrenia and the effects of atypical antipsychotic
      medication.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders are widespread among patients with schizophrenia and
      contribute to adverse clinical outcomes. Antipsychotic drugs exert varying
      effects on sleep, and the effects of atypical agents may differ from those of
      conventional neuroleptics. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the effects of
      atypical medication on subjective and objective sleep quality in patients with
      schizophrenia. METHODS: A non-systematic literature review of Medline was
      performed in August 2003 searching the period from January 1985 to August 2003
      for studies of the effects of atypical antipsychotics on sleep. RESULTS: We found
      published studies of clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone, but none on
      quetiapine or ziprasidone. Studies with clozapine showed that it increased total
      sleep time, sleep efficiency, stage-2 non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye
      movement (REM) sleep density, and decreased stage-4 sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS)
      and stage-1 sleep. Single-dose studies with olanzapine have shown that it
      increases SWS, sleep continuity, total sleeping time, subjective sleep quality,
      and delta sleep. Long-term studies with risperidone have shown improvements in
      total sleep, sleep efficiency, sleep continuity, SWS, and stage-2 sleep, and
      reductions in sleep latency, number of awakenings, and proportion of time awake.
      These benefits were paralleled by improvements in subjective sleep assessment and
      psychopathology, and psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence
      presented in this review suggests that atypical antipsychotics exert favorable
      effects on sleep profile compared with conventional agents, including improvement
      of subjective sleep quality and modification of specific sleep stages known to be
      associated with better clinical outcome.

PMID- 26984541
TI  - TNF-alpha and intPLA2 genes' polymorphism in anorexia nervosa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was the assessment of -308G/A tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF)-alpha gene polymorphism and intPLA2 gene polymorphism in patients
      with anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy controls. SUBJECTS: We studied 91 non
      related patients with AN and 144 healthy women (blood donors and students). The
      mean age of women from study group was 18.22 years (SD +/- 3.13 years) and from
      control group was 31.71 years (SD +/- 8.22). METHODS: Gene polymorphisms were
      studied with the use of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
      polymorphism method. TNF-alpha gene polymorphism consists of G/A substitution in 
      308 promoter region. IntPLA2 gene polymorphism is related to intron 1, in which
      restrictive region is found and recognized by BanI enzyme. RESULTS: We did not
      obtain statistically significant differences in the frequency of genotypes and
      alleles of -308G/A TNF-alpha polymorphism between the study and control groups
      (genotypes: P = 0.106, alleles: P = 0.076). We did analogous analysis in the
      restrictive and bulimic subgroups. We did not observe statistically relevant
      differences in the frequency of genotypes (P = 0.700) and alleles (P = 0.305). We
      did not obtain statistically relevant difference in the frequency of genotypes
      and alleles of intPLA2 gene between the study group and controls (genotypes: P =
      0.300, alleles: P = 0.331). We did analogous analysis in both subgroups of AN. We
      did not observe statistically relevant differences in the frequency of genotypes
      (P = 0.344) and alleles (P = 0.230). CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically
      relevant trend for the association between TNF-alpha polymorphism and AN. We did
      not find association between studied polymorphism of intPLA2 gene and risk of AN.

PMID- 26984542
TI  - Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in Polish population - national health
      interview survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in
      Polish population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The national health interview survey was
      based on entire non-institutionalized Polish population by means of randomized,
      stratified (urban and rural census tracks) two-stage method (over 39 000
      respondents). Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was based on General Health
      Questionnaire-12. RESULTS: Psychiatric morbidity was noted in almost 1/4 of women
      and 1/5 of men in Poland, with small differences between urban and rural
      population. Every 10th woman reported such complaints at the age up to 25 years
      and every second above 75 years of age. Divorced and widowed respondents,
      irrespective of gender, have psychiatric disorders more frequently than compared
      groups. Higher prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was noted in out of work and
      especially disabled persons. The higher the level of education, the lower the
      frequency of psychiatric morbidity was observed. CONCLUSION: Presented survey
      enabled to evaluate prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in Polish representative
      sample. Findings should trigger more extended epidemiological studies. The
      requirement for epidemiological investigations increases in reform-awaiting
      health care system in Poland, for at least one reason that the improvement of the
      quality of services is closely associated with a detailed recognition of the
      problem.

PMID- 26984543
TI  - Switching atypical antipsychotics: a review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used in the treatment of
      diverse psychiatric disorders; however, there is little information on the 'why,
      when, and how' of switching between the different atypical antipsychotics
      currently available. OBJECTIVE: To review the data on switching and atypical
      antipsychotics. METHODS: A literature search was initially conducted using the
      key words followed by a search of relevant articles including conference
      abstracts; relevant pharmaceutical companies were also contacted. RESULTS:
      Clinical trial data are limited in terms of parameters measured, and case reports
      describe specific problems. Few studies are based on real world populations of
      psychiatric patients over the long-term. Careful patient and drug selections
      matched to a carefully supervised and appropriate cross titration based upon the
      pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of all of the drugs involved is
      important to avoid potential complications such as re-emergence or worsening of
      psychosis and withdrawal, rebound, and emergent phenomena including new or
      uncovered side-effects. Psychoeducation and involvement of patients and
      caregivers in the process are also necessary for a successful switch. CONCLUSION:
      Despite the prevalence of switching in real world clinical practice, there is a
      paucity of data to guide clinicians with respect to effective and safe
      strategies. There are no criteria defining a successful switch. With the
      increasing range and formulations of atypical antipsychotics available, there is
      a rationale for their early use to avoid the practical problems associated with
      switching from conventional antipsychotics as well as the opportunity to maintain
      patients on an optimal atypical antipsychotic monotherapy.

PMID- 26984538
TI  - Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys infection in free-roaming dogs and ticks
      from Kenya and Ivory Coast.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaplasma platys is a bacterium parasitic in the canine platelets,
      representing the causative agent of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, with a
      worldwide distribution, mainly in tropical countries. The agent has zoonotic
      potential, being reported in several human clinical cases. The suspected vector
      is the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato), widely distributed in animals
      and humans in the tropical regions of South America, Africa, Asia and Australia,
      but also in southern Europe. Only few scattered data concerning the epidemiology
      of A. platys in sub-Saharan Africa are available. The aim of our study was to
      evaluate the epidemiological status of A. platys in dogs and cats from rural
      communities in eastern and western Africa, where dogs and their ticks live in
      close contact with humans. METHODS: A total of 216 canine and 22 feline blood
      samples and ticks feeding on them were collected in 2013 and 2014 from eight
      localities in Ivory Coast and four localities in Kenya. PCR was performed using
      specific primers targeting a portion of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by
      sequencing. RESULTS: The main results highlight the high prevalence of A. platys
      infection in dogs in both Eastern and Western Africa and report it for the first
      time in Eastern Africa and in Rhipicephalus camicasi. CONCLUSIONS: The presence
      of A. platys DNA in R. camicasi feeding on negative hosts together with the
      relatively high prevalence of A. platys, correlated with the absence of the
      probable vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) in Kenyan Island suggest the
      involvement of other tick species in the transmission of A. platys.

PMID- 26984544
TI  - Compliance and convenience: do physicians and patients see depot medication
      differently?
AB  - Physicians' attitudes to depot medication are often focused on improved
      compliance (adherence), and thus, short- and long-term treatment outcomes. By
      contrast, patients receiving such formulations tend to have a quite different
      viewpoint of medication. Factors such as convenience, side-effects and their
      beliefs about their illness play an important role in determining whether
      patients will adhere to their prescribed treatment regimen. The relationship
      between the patient and physician is of crucial importance in determining a
      patient's attitude to their medication; it is becoming increasingly clear that
      managing the illness in the long-term and avoiding relapse, while ensuring
      compliance, should be reframed as a collaborative process between the patient and
      physician. 

PMID- 26984545
TI  - Sustained drug delivery optimizes long-term treatment of patients with
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Chronic disorders such as schizophrenia require long-term treatment programs in
      order to maintain patients at the lowest level of symptomatology, reduce the
      likelihood of psychotic relapse, and support achievement of remission and
      recovery. Evidence suggests that treatment with long-acting injectable
      antipsychotics reduces the impact of partial compliance and provides predictable
      release of medication, assuring continuous therapeutic coverage. Until recently,
      only conventional antipsychotic agents were available in long-acting
      formulations, thereby foregoing the advantages of the atypical class. Atypical
      agents which are given orally have been shown to provide long-term efficacy and
      tolerability benefits compared with conventional agents, but are limited by the
      need for daily administration. The most recent pharmacological strategy to
      achieve optimal maintenance treatment has been to combine the benefits of an
      atypical antipsychotic with delivery in a water-based long-acting formulation.
      The first antipsychotic to achieve this combination - long-acting risperidone -
      may thus represent an important advance in the optimization of long-term
      treatment outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26984535
TI  - Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection enhances beta-amyloid phagocytosis and
      clearance by recruited monocytes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the accumulation of
      beta-amyloid (Abeta) as senile plaques in the brain, thus leading to
      neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Plaque formation depends not merely
      on the amount of generated Abeta peptides, but more importantly on their
      effective removal. Chronic infections with neurotropic pathogens, most
      prominently the parasite Toxoplasma (T.) gondii, are frequent in the elderly, and
      it has been suggested that the resulting neuroinflammation may influence the
      course of AD. In the present study, we investigated how chronic T. gondii
      infection and resulting neuroinflammation affect plaque deposition and removal in
      a mouse model of AD. RESULTS: Chronic infection with T. gondii was associated
      with reduced Abeta and plaque load in 5xFAD mice. Upon infection, myeloid-derived
      CCR2(hi) Ly6C(hi) monocytes, CCR2(+) Ly6C(int), and CCR2(+) Ly6C(low) mononuclear
      cells were recruited to the brain of mice. Compared to microglia, these recruited
      mononuclear cells showed highly increased phagocytic capacity of Abeta ex vivo.
      The F4/80(+) Ly6C(low) macrophages expressed high levels of Triggering Receptor
      Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), CD36, and Scavenger Receptor A1 (SCARA1),
      indicating phagocytic activity. Importantly, selective ablation of CCR2(+)
      Ly6C(hi) monocytes resulted in an increased amount of Abeta in infected mice.
      Elevated insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), as
      well as immunoproteasome subunits beta1i/LMP2, beta2i/MECL-1, and beta5i/LMP7
      mRNA levels in the infected brains indicated increased proteolytic Abeta
      degradation. Particularly, LMP7 was highly expressed by the recruited mononuclear
      cells in the brain, suggesting a novel mechanism of Abeta clearance. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results indicate that chronic Toxoplasma infection ameliorates beta
      amyloidosis in a murine model of AD by activation of the immune system,
      specifically by recruitment of Ly6C(hi) monocytes and by enhancement of
      phagocytosis and degradation of soluble Abeta. Our findings provide evidence for
      a modulatory role of inflammation-induced Abeta phagocytosis and degradation by
      newly recruited peripheral immune cells in the pathophysiology of AD.

PMID- 26984546
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26984547
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26984548
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26984549
TI  - Serotonin disrupts esophageal mucosal integrity: an investigation using a
      stratified squamous epithelial model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serotonin regulates gastrointestinal function, and mast cells are a
      potential nonneuronal source of serotonin in the esophagus. Tight junction (TJ)
      proteins in the esophageal epithelium contribute to the barrier function, and the
      serotonin signaling pathway may contribute to epithelial leakage in
      gastroesophageal reflux disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
      investigate the role of serotonin on barrier function, TJ proteins, and related
      signaling pathways. METHODS: Normal primary human esophageal epithelial cells
      were cultured with use of an air-liquid interface system. Serotonin was added to
      the basolateral compartment, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was
      measured. The expression of TJ proteins and serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7) was
      assessed by Western blotting. The involvement of 5-HT7 was assessed with use of
      an antagonist and an agonist. The underlying cellular signaling pathways were
      examined with use of specific blockers. RESULTS: Serotonin decreased TEER and
      reduced the expression of TJ proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin 1, but not
      claudin 4. A 5-HT7 antagonist blocked the serotonin-induced decrease in TEER, and
      a 5-HT7 agonist decreased TEER. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (MAPK) reduced the serotonin-induced decrease in TEER. Inhibition of p38
      MAPK blocked the decrease of ZO-1 levels, whereas extracellular-signal-regulated
      kinase (ERK) inhibition blocked the decrease in occludin levels. Cell signaling
      pathway inhibitors had no effect on serotonin-induced alterations in claudin 1
      and claudin 4 levels. Serotonin induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK, and
      a 5-HT7 antagonist partially blocked serotonin-induced phosphorylation of p38
      MAPK but not that of ERK. CONCLUSIONS: Serotonin disrupted esophageal squamous
      epithelial barrier function by modulating the levels of TJ proteins. Serotonin
      signaling pathways may mediate the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux
      disease.

PMID- 26984551
TI  - Device- and system-independent personal touchless user interface for operating
      rooms : One personal UI to control all displays in an operating room.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In the modern day operating room, the surgeon performs surgeries
      with the support of different medical systems that showcase patient information,
      physiological data, and medical images. It is generally accepted that numerous
      interactions must be performed by the surgical team to control the corresponding
      medical system to retrieve the desired information. Joysticks and physical keys
      are still present in the operating room due to the disadvantages of mouses, and
      surgeons often communicate instructions to the surgical team when requiring
      information from a specific medical system. In this paper, a novel user interface
      is developed that allows the surgeon to personally perform touchless interaction
      with the various medical systems, switch effortlessly among them, all of this
      without modifying the systems' software and hardware. METHODS: To achieve this, a
      wearable RGB-D sensor is mounted on the surgeon's head for inside-out tracking of
      his/her finger with any of the medical systems' displays. Android devices with a
      special application are connected to the computers on which the medical systems
      are running, simulating a normal USB mouse and keyboard. When the surgeon
      performs interaction using pointing gestures, the desired cursor position in the
      targeted medical system display, and gestures, are transformed into general
      events and then sent to the corresponding Android device. Finally, the
      application running on the Android devices generates the corresponding mouse or
      keyboard events according to the targeted medical system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
      To simulate an operating room setting, our unique user interface was tested by
      seven medical participants who performed several interactions with the
      visualization of CT, MRI, and fluoroscopy images at varying distances from them.
      Results from the system usability scale and NASA-TLX workload index indicated a
      strong acceptance of our proposed user interface.

PMID- 26984550
TI  - Carcinoma of the colon and rectum with deregulation of insulin-like growth factor
      2 signaling: clinical and molecular implications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Loss of imprinting (LOI) of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)
      is an early event in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Whether LOI of
      IGF2 denotes a molecular or clinical cancer subgroup is currently unknown.
      METHODS: Tumor biopsies and paired normal mucosa from 399 patients with extensive
      clinical annotations were analyzed for LOI and IGF2 expression. LOI status in 140
      informative cases was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and outcome.
      RESULTS: LOI was frequent in normal mucosa and tumors and occurred throughout the
      large intestine. LOI was unrelated to microsatellite instability, KRAS mutation
      status, stage, and survival. However, CRC with LOI showed increased IGF2 protein
      levels and activation of AKT1. Gene expression analysis of tumors with and
      without LOI and knockdown of IGF2 in cell lines revealed that IGF2 induced
      distinct sets of activated and repressed genes, including Wnt5a, CEACAM6,
      IGF2BP3, KPN2A, BRCA2, and CDK1. Inhibition of AKT1 in IGF2-stimulated cells
      showed that the downstream effects of IGF2 on cell proliferation and gene
      expression were strictly AKT1-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: LOI of IGF2 is a frequent
      and early event in CRC that occurs both in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
      gene-mutated and serrated route of carcinogenesis. LOI leads to overexpression of
      IGF2, activates IGF1R and AKT1, and is a powerful driver of cell proliferation.
      Moreover, our results suggest that IGF2 via AKT1 also contributes to non
      canonical wnt signaling. Although LOI had no significant impact on major clinical
      parameters and outcome, its potential as a target for preventive and therapeutic
      interventions merits further investigation.

PMID- 26984552
TI  - Registration of a statistical model to intraoperative ultrasound for scaphoid
      screw fixation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Volar percutaneous scaphoid fracture fixation is conventionally
      performed under fluoroscopy-based guidance, where surgeons need to mentally
      determine a trajectory for the insertion of the screw and its depth based on a
      series of 2D projection images. In addition to challenges associated with mapping
      2D information to a 3D space, the process involves exposure to ionizing
      radiation. Three-dimensional ultrasound has been suggested as an alternative
      imaging tool for this procedure; however, it has not yet been integrated into
      clinical routine since ultrasound only provides a limited view of the scaphoid
      and its surrounding anatomy. METHODS: We propose a registration of a statistical
      wrist shape + scale + pose model to a preoperative CT and intraoperative
      ultrasound to derive a patient-specific 3D model for guiding scaphoid fracture
      fixation. The registered model is then used to determine clinically important
      intervention parameters, including the screw length and the trajectory of screw
      insertion in the scaphoid bone. RESULTS: Feasibility experiments are performed
      using 13 cadaver wrists. In 10 out of 13 cases, the trajectory of screw suggested
      by the registered model meets all clinically important intervention parameters.
      Overall, an average 94 % of maximum allowable screw length is obtained based on
      the measurements from gold standard CT. Also, we obtained an average 92 %
      successful volar accessibility, which indicates that the trajectory is not
      obstructed by the surrounding trapezium bone. CONCLUSIONS: These promising
      results indicate that determining clinically important screw insertion parameters
      for scaphoid fracture fixation is feasible using 3D ultrasound imaging. This
      suggests the potential of this technology in replacing fluoroscopic guidance for
      this procedure in future applications.

PMID- 26984553
TI  - User-friendly freehand ultrasound calibration using Lego bricks and automatic
      registration.
AB  - PURPOSE: As an inexpensive, noninvasive, and portable clinical imaging modality,
      ultrasound (US) has been widely employed in many interventional procedures for
      monitoring potential tissue deformation, surgical tool placement, and locating
      surgical targets. The application requires the spatial mapping between 2D US
      images and 3D coordinates of the patient. Although positions of the devices
      (i.e., ultrasound transducer) and the patient can be easily recorded by a motion
      tracking system, the spatial relationship between the US image and the tracker
      attached to the US transducer needs to be estimated through an US calibration
      procedure. Previously, various calibration techniques have been proposed, where a
      spatial transformation is computed to match the coordinates of corresponding
      features in a physical phantom and those seen in the US scans. However, most of
      these methods are difficult to use for novel users. METHODS: We proposed an
      ultrasound calibration method by constructing a phantom from simple Lego bricks
      and applying an automated multi-slice 2D-3D registration scheme without
      volumetric reconstruction. The method was validated for its calibration accuracy
      and reproducibility. RESULTS: Our method yields a calibration accuracy of
      [Formula: see text] mm and a calibration reproducibility of 1.29 mm. CONCLUSION:
      We have proposed a robust, inexpensive, and easy-to-use ultrasound calibration
      method.

PMID- 26984554
TI  - Joint registration of ultrasound, CT and a shape+pose statistical model of the
      lumbar spine for guiding anesthesia.
AB  - PURPOSE: Facet joint injections and epidural needle insertions are widely used
      for spine anesthesia. Accurate needle placement is important for effective
      therapy delivery and avoiding complications arising from damage of soft tissue
      and nerves. Needle guidance is usually performed by fluoroscopy or palpation,
      resulting in radiation exposure and multiple needle re-insertions. Several
      ultrasound (US)-based approaches have been proposed but have not found wide
      acceptance in clinical routine. This is mainly due to difficulties in
      interpretation of the complex spinal anatomy in US, which leads to clinicians'
      lack of confidence in relying only on information derived from US for needle
      guidance. METHODS: We introduce a multimodal joint registration technique that
      takes advantage of easy-to-interpret preprocedure computed topography (CT) scans
      of the lumbar spine to concurrently register a shape+pose model to the
      intraprocedure 3D US. Common shape coefficients are assumed between two
      modalities, while pose coefficients are specific to each modality. RESULTS: The
      joint method was evaluated on patient data consisting of ten pairs of US and CT
      scans of the lumbar spine. It was successfully applied in all cases and yielded
      an RMS shape error of 2.1 mm compared to the CT ground truth. The joint
      registration technique was compared to a previously proposed method of
      statistical model to US registration Rasoulian et al. (Information processing in
      computer-assisted interventions. Springer, Berlin, pp 51-60, 2013). The joint
      framework improved registration accuracy to US in 7 out of 17 visible vertebrae,
      belonging to four patients. In the remaining cases, the two methods were equally
      accurate. CONCLUSION: The joint registration allows visualization and
      augmentation of important anatomy in both the US and CT domain and improves the
      registration accuracy in both modalities. Observing the patient-specific model in
      the CT domain allows the clinicians to assess the local registration accuracy
      qualitatively, which is likely to increase their confidence in using the US model
      for deriving needle guidance decisions.

PMID- 26984555
TI  - Single-view X-ray depth recovery: toward a novel concept for image-guided
      interventions.
AB  - PURPOSE: X-ray imaging is widely used for guiding minimally invasive surgeries.
      Despite ongoing efforts in particular toward advanced visualization incorporating
      mixed reality concepts, correct depth perception from X-ray imaging is still
      hampered due to its projective nature. METHODS: In this paper, we introduce a new
      concept for predicting depth information from single-view X-ray images. Patient
      specific training data for depth and corresponding X-ray attenuation information
      are constructed using readily available preoperative 3D image information. The
      corresponding depth model is learned employing a novel label-consistent
      dictionary learning method incorporating atlas and spatial prior constraints to
      allow for efficient reconstruction performance. RESULTS: We have validated our
      algorithm on patient data acquired for different anatomy focus (abdomen and
      thorax). Of 100 image pairs per each of 6 experimental instances, 80 images have
      been used for training and 20 for testing. Depth estimation results have been
      compared to ground truth depth values. CONCLUSION: We have achieved around
      [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] mean squared error on abdomen and
      thorax datasets, respectively, and visual results of our proposed method are very
      promising. We have therefore presented a new concept for enhancing depth
      perception for image-guided interventions.

PMID- 26984557
TI  - Occurrence of (Z)-3,4-Dideoxyglucoson-3-ene in Different Types of Beer and Malt
      Beer as a Result of 3-Deoxyhexosone Interconversion.
AB  - In beer, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and 3-deoxygalactosone (3-DGal) are important
      sugar degradation products, but little is known about the relevance of the
      interconversion reaction between these compounds in different types of beer. In
      the present study, 3-DG was quantitated at concentrations of 12.9-52.7 mg/L and 3
      DGal at concentrations of 6.0-26.4 mg/L in different types of beer (pilsner,
      wheat, bock, dark, and alcohol-free beers). The concentrations in malt beer
      tended to be higher. Largely overlapping concentration ranges precluded a
      classification of beers by their 3-deoxyglycosone contents. 3,4-Dideoxyglucoson-3
      ene (3,4-DGE) was identified as an important intermediate and quantitated in beer
      and malt beer for the first time. The E and Z isomers of the corresponding
      quinoxaline were synthesized by a new synthetic approach and isolated by
      semipreparative HPLC. An assay was developed for quantitation of (E)- and (Z)-3,4
      DGE by HPLC-MS/MS, and the Z isomer was determined at concentrations of 0.3-1.7
      mg/L in beer and 0.5-4.8 mg/L in malt beer samples. The E isomer was shown to be
      of little importance. Concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were twice
      as high as those of (Z)-3,4-DGE in beer samples (0.4-3.7 mg/L) but much higher in
      malt beer samples (1.6-336 mg/L). 

PMID- 26984556
TI  - Vessel-based registration of an optical shape sensing catheter for MR navigation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance navigation (MRN), achieved with an upgraded MRI
      scanner, aims to guide therapeutic nanoparticles from their release in the
      hepatic vascular network to embolize highly vascularized liver tumors.
      Visualizing the catheter in real-time within the arterial network is important
      for selective embolization within the MR gantry. To achieve this, a new MR
      compatible catheter tracking technology based on optical shape sensing is used.
      METHODS: This paper proposes a vessel-based registration pipeline to co-align
      this novel catheter tracking technology to the patient's diagnostic MR
      angiography (MRA) with 3D roadmapping. The method first extracts the 3D hepatic
      arteries from a diagnostic MRA based on concurrent deformable models, creating a
      detailed representation of the patient's internal anatomy. Once the optical shape
      sensing fibers, inserted in a double-lumen catheter, is guided into the hepatic
      arteries, the 3D centerline of the catheter is inferred and updated in real-time
      using strain measurements derived from fiber Bragg gratings sensors. Using both
      centerlines, a diffeomorphic registration based on a spectral representation of
      the high-level geometrical primitives is applied. RESULTS: Results show promise
      in registration accuracy in five phantom models created from stereolithography of
      patient-specific vascular anatomies, with maximum target registration errors
      below 2 mm. Furthermore, registration accuracy with the shape sensing tracking
      technology remains insensitive to the magnetic field of the MR magnet.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that an accurate registration procedure of a
      shape sensing catheter with diagnostic imaging is feasible.

PMID- 26984558
TI  - Codeine in paediatrics: pharmacology, prescribing and controversies.
AB  - Codeine is a drug that until recently was widely used in children. It was
      endorsed by the WHO as the second step on the analgesic ladder for cancer pain
      and has been used routinely for postoperative and breakthrough pain. Recently,
      its safety and efficacy have been called into question, following deaths after
      adenotonsillectomy was associated with its use. This has led to regulation by the
      US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency and the UK Medicines
      and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency to place significant restrictions on
      its use, and some centres have stopped using it altogether.In this article, we
      discuss the developmental pharmacology underpinning its action, reviewing what is
      known about the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics in
      children, how this relates to prescribing, as well as the practical issues and
      the recent regulatory framework surrounding its use. 

PMID- 26984560
TI  - Nineteen-year follow-up of a patient with severe glutathione synthetase
      deficiency.
AB  - Glutathione synthetase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder
      resulting in low levels of glutathione and an increased susceptibility to
      oxidative stress. Patients with glutathione synthetase deficiency typically
      present in the neonatal period with hemolytic anemia, metabolic acidosis and
      neurological impairment. Lifelong treatment with antioxidants has been
      recommended in an attempt to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with the
      disorder. Here, we present a 19-year-old female who was diagnosed with
      glutathione synthetase deficiency shortly after birth and who has been closely
      followed in our metabolic clinic. Despite an initial severe presentation, she has
      had normal intellectual development and few complications of her disorder with a
      treatment regimen that includes polycitra (citric acid, potassium citrate and
      sodium citrate), vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium. 

PMID- 26984559
TI  - Fetal cell-free DNA fraction in maternal plasma is affected by fetal trisomy.
AB  - The purpose of this noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) study was to compare the
      fetal fraction of singleton gestations by gestational age, maternal
      characteristics and chromosome-specific aneuploidies as indicated by z-scores.
      This study was a multicenter prospective cohort study. Test data were collected
      from women who underwent NIPT by the massively parallel sequencing method. We
      used sequencing-based fetal fraction calculations in which we estimated fetal DNA
      fraction by simply counting the number of reads aligned within specific autosomal
      regions and applying a weighting scheme derived from a multivariate model.
      Relationships between fetal fractions and gestational age, maternal weight and
      height, and z-scores for chromosomes 21, 18 and 13 were assessed. A total of 7740
      pregnant women enrolled in the study, of which 6993 met the study criteria. As
      expected, fetal fraction was inversely correlated with maternal weight (P<0.001).
      The median fetal fraction of samples with euploid result (n=6850) and trisomy 21
      (n=70) were 13.7% and 13.6%, respectively. In contrast, the median fetal fraction
      values for samples with trisomies 18 (n=35) and 13 (n=9) were 11.0% and 8.0%,
      respectively. The fetal fraction of samples with trisomy 21 NIPT result is
      comparable to that of samples with euploid result. However, the fetal fractions
      of samples with trisomies 13 and 18 are significantly lower compared with that of
      euploid result. We conclude that it may make detecting these two trisomies more
      challenging. 

PMID- 26984563
TI  - Accredited genetic testing in the Arab Gulf region: reinventing the wheel.

PMID- 26984561
TI  - MECP2 mutations in Czech patients with Rett syndrome and Rett-like phenotypes:
      novel mutations, genotype-phenotype correlations and validation of high
      resolution melting analysis for mutation scanning.
AB  - Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
      developmental regression with loss of motor, communication and social skills,
      onset of stereotypic hand movements and often seizures. RTT is primarily caused
      by de novo mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). We
      established a high-resolution melting (HRM) technique for mutation scanning of
      the MECP2 gene and performed analyses in Czech patients with RTT, autism spectrum
      conditions and intellectual disability with Rett-like features. In the cases with
      confirmed MECP2 mutations, we determined X-chromosome inactivation (XCI),
      examined the relationships between genotype and clinical severity and evaluated
      the modifying influence of XCI. Our results demonstrate that HRM analysis is a
      reliable method for the detection of point mutations, small deletions and
      duplications in the MECP2 gene. We identified 29 pathogenic mutations in 75
      girls, including four novel mutations: c.155_1189del1035;909_932inv;insC,
      c.573delC, c.857_858dupAA and c.1163_1200del38. Skewed XCI (ratio >75%) was found
      in 19.3% of the girls, but no gross divergence in clinical severity was observed.
      Our findings confirm a high mutation frequency in classic RTT (92%) and a
      correlation between the MECP2 mutation type and clinical severity. We also
      demonstrate limitations of XCI in explaining all of the phenotypic differences in
      RTT. 

PMID- 26984562
TI  - Spectrum of AGL mutations in Chinese patients with glycogen storage disease type
      III: identification of 31 novel mutations.
AB  - Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III), a rare autosomal recessive disease
      characterized by hepatomegaly, fasting hypoglycemia, growth retardation,
      progressive myopathy and cardiomyopathy, is caused by deficiency of the glycogen
      debranching enzyme (AGL). Direct sequencing of human AGL cDNA and genomic DNA has
      enabled analysis of the underlying genetic defects responsible for GSD III. To
      date, the frequent mutations in different areas and populations have been
      described in Italy, Japan, Faroe Islands and Mediterranean area, whereas little
      has been performed in Chinese population. Here we report a sequencing-based
      mutation analysis in 43 Chinese patients with GSD III from 41 families. We
      identified 51 different mutations, including 15 splice-site (29.4%), 11 small
      deletions (21.6%), 12 nonsense (23.5%), 7 missense (13.7%), 5 duplication (9.8%)
      and 1 complex deletion/insertion (2.0%), 31 of which are novel mutations. The
      most common mutation is c.1735+1G>T (11.5%). The association of AGL missense and
      small in-frame deletion mutations with normal creatine kinase level was observed.
      Our study extends the spectrum of AGL mutations and suggests a genotype-phenotype
      correlation in GSD III. 

PMID- 26984566
TI  - Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in a replaced urban industrial area
      of Qingdao, China.
AB  - The aim of this study was risk characterization of a replaced urban industrial
      land located north of Qingdao, in relation to heavy metals values. Soil
      concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Zn were analyzed. It was observed that
      the components of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Zn are about 2.22, 8.07, 4.70, 6.81,
      2.65, and 3.0-folds, respectively, when compared with the local natural
      background values in Qingdao. The spatial distribution of heavy metals indicated
      that these hotspots for Cr and Zn located in the southwestern part, Ni and Cd in
      the middle of the south area, Pb in the northwest, and Cu in the middle of the
      east area. The values of pollution index and Nemerow integrated pollution index
      revealed that 100 % of soil samples were moderately or heavily contaminated by
      six heavy metals. From these results, human health risk assessment for sensitive
      population was performed according to two different land uses. For non
      carcinogenic risk, the direct oral ingestion appeared to be the main exposure
      pathway followed by dermal and inhalation absorption. The HI values of Pb and Cr
      characterized for children were larger than 1, while HI values of each metal for
      adults in two scenarios were lower than 1. Besides, carcinogenic risk from
      inhalation exposure to Cr for children and adults in two scenarios all exceeded
      the safety limit. 

PMID- 26984565
TI  - [Influenza pandemic deaths in Germany from 1918 to 2009. Estimates based on
      literature and own calculations].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Estimation of the number of deaths as a consequence of
      the influenza pandemics in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries (i.e. 1918
      1919, 1957-1958, 1968-1970 and 2009) is a challenge worldwide and also in
      Germany. After conducting a systematic literature search complemented by our own
      calculations, values and estimates for all four pandemics were collated and
      evaluated. METHOD: A systematic literature search including the terms death,
      mortality, pandemic, epidemic, Germany, 1918, 1957, 1968, 2009 was performed.
      Hits were reviewed by title and abstract and selected for possible relevance. We
      derived our own estimates using excess mortality calculations, which estimate the
      mortality exceeding that to be expected. All identified values were evaluated by
      methodology and quality of the database. Numbers of pandemic deaths were used to
      calculate case fatality rates and were compared with global values provided by
      the World Health Organization. RESULTS: For the pandemic 1918-1919 we identified
      5 relevant publications, 3 for the pandemics 1957-1958 and 1968-1970 and 3 for
      2009. For all four pandemics the most plausible estimations were based on time
      series analyses, taken either from the literature or from our own calculations
      based on monthly or weekly all cause death statistics. For the four pandemics
      these estimates were in chronological order 426,600 (1918-1919), 29,100 (1957
      1958), 46,900 (1968-1970) and 350 (2009) excess pandemic-related deaths. This
      translates to an excess mortality ranging between 691 per 100,000 (0.69 % in 1918
      1919) and 0.43 per 100,000 (0.00043 % in 2009). Case fatality rates showed good
      agreement with global estimates. CONCLUSION: We have proposed plausible estimates
      of pandemic-related excess number of deaths for the last four pandemics as well
      as excess mortality in Germany. The heterogeneity among pandemics is large with a
      variation factor of more than 1000. Possible explanations include characteristics
      of the virus or host (immunity), social conditions, status of the healthcare
      system and medical advances.

PMID- 26984567
TI  - Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease in
      Singapore versus the Netherlands: age exceeds ethnicity in influencing clinical
      outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advanced treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in
      congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasingly applied worldwide following the
      mainly Western world based-international PAH-CHD guidelines. However, studies
      comparing clinical presentation and outcome after the initiation of PAH-specific
      treatment are lacking. We aimed to analyse this in a Singaporean and Dutch cohort
      of PAH-CHD patients. METHODS: Adult CHD patients starting PAH-specific therapy,
      enrolled in two nationwide registries, were analysed. Patients received
      phosphodiesterase-type-5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, or a
      combination. Change in six-minute walk test (6MWT) during follow-up was analysed
      using linear mixed model analysis. Determinants for mortality were assessed using
      Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients, 45 Dutch (mean
      age 47 +/- 14 years) and 29 Singaporean (mean age 41 +/- 14 years) were analysed.
      Despite a lower 6MWT (312 versus 395 metres, p = 0.01) and peak VO2 (35 versus 49
      % of predicted, p = 0.01) at baseline in Singaporean patients, the treatment
      effect was similar in the two populations. Age at initiation of therapy (per 5
      year lower age, beta = + 4.5, p = 0.017) was the strongest predictor of
      improvement in exercise capacity, corrected for ethnicity, baseline 6MWT, sex and
      CHD defect. CONCLUSIONS: Patients from Singapore had a worse clinical performance
      at baseline compared with the PAH-CHD patients from the Netherlands. No relation
      between ethnicity and improvement in 6MWT after PAH-specific therapy was found.
      Age at initiation of PAH-specific therapy was the strongest predictor of
      treatment efficacy and mortality, emphasising the need for early initiation of
      treatment in these patients.

PMID- 26984568
TI  - Erratum to: Medication therapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is
      associated with lower risk of fracture: a retrospective cohort study.

PMID- 26984564
TI  - Systematic molecular analyses of SHOX in Japanese patients with idiopathic short
      stature and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis.
AB  - The etiology of idiopathic short stature (ISS) and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis
      (LWD) in European patients is known to include SHOX mutations and copy-number
      variations (CNVs) involving SHOX and/or the highly evolutionarily conserved non
      coding DNA elements (CNEs) flanking the gene. However, the frequency and types of
      SHOX abnormalities in non-European patients and the clinical importance of
      mutations in the CNEs remains to be clarified. Here, we performed systematic
      molecular analyses of SHOX for 328 Japanese patients with ISS or LWD. SHOX
      abnormalities accounted for 3.8% of ISS and 50% of LWD cases. CNVs around SHOX
      were identified in 16 cases, although the ~47 kb deletion frequently reported in
      European patients was absent in our cases. Probably damaging mutations and
      benign/silent substitutions were detected in four cases, respectively. Although
      CNE-linked substitutions were detected in 15 cases, most of them affected poorly
      conserved nucleotides and were shared by unaffected individuals. These results
      suggest that the frequency and mutation spectrum of SHOX abnormalities are
      comparable between Asian and European patients, with the exception of a European
      specific downstream deletion. Furthermore, this study highlights the clinical
      importance and genetic heterogeneity of the SHOX-flanking CNVs, and indicates a
      limited clinical significance of point mutations in the CNEs. 

PMID- 26984569
TI  - Effect of twelve-month physical exercise program on patients with osteoporotic
      vertebral fractures: a randomized, controlled trial.
AB  - We performed a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a 12-month
      physical exercise program on quality of life, balance, and functional mobility in
      postmenopausal women with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. All three outcomes
      improved in the intervention group and were better than in the controls.
      INTRODUCTION: Th aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a
      structured physical exercise intervention on quality of life, functional
      mobility, and balance in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures and back
      pain. METHODS: Seventy-eight postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures were
      randomized into an exercise group (n = 40) and a control group (n = 38). The mean
      age was 69.2 +/- 7.7 years. All women had at least one osteoporotic vertebral
      fracture and suffered from chronic back pain. Patients with a history of
      vertebral and non-vertebral fracture within the past 6 months were excluded. The
      40-min exercise program was conducted twice weekly for 1 year. Participants in
      the control group were instructed to continue their usual daily activities.
      Participants were assessed at baseline and at 12 months using the Quality of Life
      Questionnaire (QUALEFFO-41). Balance was measured with the Balance Master(r)
      System NeuroCom(r) and functional mobility was measured with the "timed up and
      go" test and "sit-to-stand" test. RESULTS: Total QUALEFFO-41 score after 12
      months was significantly better in the exercise group (44.2 +/- 7.5) compared to
      the control group (56.6 +/- 9.4), p < 0.0001. Quality of life improved in
      domains: "Pain", "Physical function: Jobs around the house", "Physical function:
      Mobility", "Social function", "General health perception" in the exercise group
      as compared to the control group. After 12 months, balance as assessed by "Tandem
      Walk and Sway" became significantly better in the exercise group as compared to
      the control group (p = 0.02). A significant improvement in the "timed up and go"
      test (p = 0.02) and the "sit-to-stand" test (p = 0.01) was shown in the exercise
      group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first 12 month
      randomized clinical trial of exercise in osteoporotic women with a vertebral
      fracture that demonstrates improvement of three key outcome measures: quality of
      life, functional mobility, and balance.

PMID- 26984570
TI  - The circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate level predicts incident fracture in
      postmenopausal women: a 3.5-year follow-up observation study.
AB  - A high level of circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is associated with a
      high incidence of osteoporotic fracture and a high rate of an insufficient
      response to bisphosphonate therapy. INTRODUCTION: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)
      is a significant regulator of bone metabolism. Recently, we found that a high
      plasma S1P level is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), high levels
      of bone resorption markers (BRMs), and a high risk of prevalent vertebral
      fracture in postmenopausal women. We investigated the possibility that S1P is a
      predictor of incident fracture. METHODS: A total of 248 postmenopausal women
      participated in this longitudinal study and were followed up for a mean duration
      of 3.5 years (untreated [n = 76] or treated with bisphosphonate or hormone
      replacement therapy [n = 172]). The baseline plasma S1P level and prevalent and
      incident fracture occurrence were assessed. RESULTS: A high S1P level was
      significantly associated with a higher rate of prevalent fracture after adjusting
      for femoral neck (FN) BMD, BRM, and potential confounders (odds ratio = 2.05; 95
      % confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-4.00). Incident fractures occurred more
      frequently in the highest S1P tertile (T3) than in the lower two tertiles (T1-2)
      after adjusting for confounders, including baseline FN BMD, prevalent fracture,
      antiosteoporotic medication, annualized changes in FN BMD, BRM, and potential
      confounders (hazard ratio = 5.52; 95 % CI = 1.04-56.54). Insufficient response to
      bisphosphonate therapy occurred more frequently in T3 than T1-2 (odds ratio =
      4.43; 95 % CI = 1.02-21.25). CONCLUSIONS: The plasma S1P level may be a potential
      predictor of fracture occurrence and an insufficient response to bisphosphonate
      therapy in postmenopausal women.

PMID- 26984573
TI  - Stress, immunity, cytokines and depression.
AB  - The current issue of Acta Neuropsychiatrica presents a series of papers which
      together provide a broad overview relating stress, immunity, cytokine activity
      and depressive illness, as well as the influence of cytokines on other
      neurological disorders. This introduction to the issue presents a broad
      perspective of the impact of stressors on immune functioning in animal studies
      and in humans, considering the potential effects of acute, subchronic and chronic
      stressors, as well as the contribution of previous stressor experience in
      promoting neurochemical and immunological alterations. Given the supposition that
      cytokines may act as immunotransmitters, and immune challenge may be viewed as a
      stressor, a brief review is provided concerning the impact of stressors and
      cytokine challenges on central neurochemical functioning, with particular
      emphasis on the commonalties between the effects of these treatments. It is
      suggested that by virtue of the neurochemical changes imparted by cytokines, a
      depressive affect may be instigated, just as it is in response to psychogenic
      stressors. To this end, an overview is presented concerning the relationship
      between cytokines and depression, as well as the influence of cytokine treatments
      on behavioral changes in animal studies and among patients receiving
      immunotherapy. Provisionally, the data support the view that activation of the
      inflammatory response system may contribute to affective illness, and that
      cytokines may act as signaling molecules to activate central nervous system
      processes regulating mood states. 

PMID- 26984571
TI  - Export controls and the life sciences: controversy or opportunity? Innovations in
      the life sciences' approach to export control suggest there are ways to disrupt
      biological weapons development by rogue states and terrorist groups without
      impeding research.

PMID- 26984572
TI  - Major involvement of trunk muscles in myotonic dystrophy type 1.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The motor impairments in Myotonic Dystrophy 1 (DM1) are assumed to
      progress from distal toward proximal parts of the extremities in the Juvenile and
      Adult forms of DM1. On occasion and late in progress spine deformity is observed.
      In this study we have examined whether and to what extent trunk muscles are
      impaired in DM1, and if this impairment is correlated with the duration of the
      disorder, walking capacity, mobility, balance, and CTG-repeats. MATERIALS &
      METHODS: Manual muscle testing (MMT) of skeletal muscle strength in trunk and
      extremities, reassessment of the mutation size, time since first symptom, the 6
      min walk test (6MWT), Rivermead mobility index (RIM) and Timed up & go (TUG) were
      sampled in 38 adult DM1 outpatients. RESULTS: We found significant impairment in
      trunk muscles. Trunk muscle strength decreased significantly with increasing
      mutation size (r = -0.64, P < 0.001). Reduced walking capacity, mobility and
      balance were significantly related to decreased trunk muscle strength.
      CONCLUSION: DM1 affects trunk muscle groups. The trunk impairments seem to occur
      relatively early in disease progression. Awareness of trunk impairments may be of
      importance for everyday functioning and for understanding the risk of injuries
      due to falls reported among DM1 patients. It may also help in identification of
      DM1 patients and considered outcome measure in future clinical trials.

PMID- 26984574
TI  - Brain cytokines and disease.
AB  - Cytokines (e.g. various interleukins and subfamily members, tumor necrosis
      factors, interferons, chemokines and growth factors) act in the brain as
      immunoregulators and neuromodulators. Over a decade ago, the integrative article
      'Immunoregulators in the Nervous System' (Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15: 185
      215) provided a comprehensive framework of pivotal issues on cytokines and the
      nervous system that recently have been extensively studied. Cytokine profiles in
      the brain, including cytokine generation and action, have been studied in
      multiple models associated with neuropathophysiological conditions. These
      include: (1) acute conditions and disorders such as stroke (cerebral ischemia or
      infarction and intracranial hemorrhage), traumatic brain injury, spinal cord
      injury and acute neuropathies; (2) chronic neurodegenerative disorders and
      chronic conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
      neuropathic pain, epilepsy and chronic neuropathies; (3) brain infections,
      including bacterial meningitis and encephalitis; (4) brain tumors; (5)
      neuroimmunological disorders per se, such as multiple sclerosis; (5) psychiatric
      disorders, including schizophrenia and depression; (6) neurological and
      neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with non- central nervous system (CNS)
      disorders such as peripheral cancer, liver, kidney and metabolic compromise, and
      peripheral infectious and inflammatory conditions; and (7) cytokine
      immunotherapy, which can be accompanied by neuropsychiatric manifestations when
      administered either via peripheral or brain routes. Cytokine profiles have also
      been studied in multiple animal models challenged with inflammatory, infectious,
      chemical, malignant and stressor insults. Essentially data show that cytokines
      play a pivotal role in multiple neuropathophysiological processes associated with
      different types of disorders and insults. Cytokine expression and action in the
      brain shows a different profile across conditions, but some similarities exist.
      Under a defined temporal sequence, cytokine involvement in neuroprotection or the
      induction of a deleterious pathophysiological cascade and in resolution/healing
      is proposed depending on the type of cytokine. In the brain, functional
      interactions among cytokines, balance between pro-inflammatory and anti
      inflammatory cytokines and functional interactions with neurotransmitters and
      neuropeptides play a pivotal role in the overall cytokine profile, pattern of
      neuropathophysiological cascades, and quality and magnitude of neuropsychiatric
      manifestations. In this brief review various selected cytokine-related issues
      with relevance to the brain are discussed. 

PMID- 26984575
TI  - Stressor-induced modulation of immune function: a review of acute, chronic
      effects in animals.
AB  - The present paper reviews recent studies on the effects of stress on immune
      function in laboratory animals. The emphasis is on those studies where a
      simultaneous comparison of acute and chronic stress regimens was determined,
      although additional relevant studies are also reviewed. The effects of stress on
      basic measurements of cellular and humoral immune measures are discussed,
      including the growing number of studies that have reported alterations in
      macrophage functions. The latter are key elements in the innate immune response,
      and like measurements of T cell function and antibody production, are inhibited
      and enhanced by stressor exposure. This review does not focus on the mechanisms
      by which stress alters immune function, there being little to add conceptually in
      terms of what was reported previously (see Kusnecov AW, Rabin BS, Int Arch
      Allergy Immunol 1994;105:107-121.). However, a question is raised in the
      conclusion as to how stressor effects on immune function should be interpreted,
      for it is clear that immunological processes in and of themselves elicit central
      nervous system responses that neurochemically and endocrinologically do not
      differ from those produced in response to psychological stressors. Therefore, at
      least in the short term stressor-induced immune changes may not necessarily
      reflect maladaptive adjustments, although, as demonstrated by some studies
      reviewed in this paper, they may pose a serious risk to health should stressor
      exposure be persistent and uncontrolled. 

PMID- 26984576
TI  - Early life environment: does it have implications for predisposition to disease?
AB  - Early life environmental factors have been associated with altered predisposition
      to a variety of pathologies. A considerable literature examines pre- and
      postnatal factors associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic
      (i.e. insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia) and psychiatric disease, and the
      importance of hormonal programming. The brain is exquisitely sensitive to
      environmental inputs during development and the stress responsiveness of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been shown to be both up- and down
      regulated by early life exposure to limited nutrition, stress, altered maternal
      behaviors, synthetic steroids and inflammation. It has been suggested that peri
      natal programming of HPA axis regulation might therefore contribute to metabolic
      and psychiatric disease etiology. In addition, glucocorticoids play modulatory
      roles regulating many aspects of immune function, notably controlling both acute
      and chronic inflammatory responses. Neuroendocrine-immune communication is
      bidirectional, and therefore it is expected that environmental factors altering
      HPA regulation have implications for stress effects on immune function and
      predisposition to inflammation. The impact of pre- and postnatal factors altering
      immune function, stress responsivity and predisposition to inflammatory disease
      are reviewed. It is also examined whether the early 'immune environment' might
      similarly influence predisposition to disease and alter neuroendocrine function.
      Evidence indicating a role for early life inflammation and infection as an
      important factor programming the neuroendocrine-immune axis and altering
      predisposition to disease is considered. 

PMID- 26984577
TI  - Peripheral endotoxin causes long-lasting changes in locus coeruleus activity via
      IL-1 in the brain.
AB  - Activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, the major noradrenergic cell-body group
      in the brain whose axons give rise to approximately 70% of norepinephrine (NE) in
      the brain, is believed to play an important role in attention/vigilance,
      cognitive functions and behavioral disorders, particularly depression. Results
      described here show that in the rat, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a bacterial endotoxin) causes long-lasting changes in
      electrophysiological activity of LC neurons that are mediated by interleukin-1
      (IL-1) acting locally in the LC region. First, it was found that IL-1, when
      microinjected into the LC region or stimulated/expressed in that brain region,
      increased activity of LC neurons. The only exception to this was that a very low
      dose of microinjected IL-1 (5 pg) decreased LC activity, which could be blocked
      by an antagonist to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thus suggesting that
      the decrease was due to IL-1 stimulation of CRH release. All of these effects
      could be blocked by injection and/or infusion of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL
      1RA) specifically into the LC region. Next, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a
      low dose of LPS(10 ug/kg or 100 ng/kg) was also found to increase LC activity.
      The excitation of LC produced by 10 ug/kg i.p. LPS increased progressively for at
      least 1 week, with LC neurons firing at more than twice their normal rate at 1
      week after the i.p. LPS injection. Alteration of LC activity lasted for 3 weeks
      after a single i.p. injection of 10 ug/kg LPS. The effects of i.p. LPS on LC
      activity at any time after i.p. injection could be blocked by a brief
      microinfusion of IL-1RA into the LC region, thereby indicating that changes in LC
      activity seen after the i.p. LPS were caused by IL-1 acting in the LC region.
      Finally, i.p. injection of peptidoglycan, representing gram-positive bacteria,
      and polyinsinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I):(C)], representing viral infection,
      also caused increases in LC activity, and the effects of peptidoglycan [but not
      those of poly(I):(C)] were blocked by microinfusion of IL-1RA into LC. These
      findings suggest that bacterial infections can give rise to prolonged changes in
      brain activity through cytokine action in brain. 

PMID- 26984578
TI  - The acute and sensitization effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: implications
      for immunotherapy as well as psychiatric and neurological conditions.
AB  - In addition to their role as signaling molecules of the immune system, cytokines
      may participate in central neurotransmission. Variations of the central and/or
      peripheral levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-beta (IL-1beta), impact on neuroendocrine processes
      as well as central neurotransmitter activity. To a considerable extent, these
      effects are reminiscent of those elicited by psychogenic stressors. The current
      review describes recent findings consistent with a role for these cytokines in
      the neurochemical and behavioral manifestations of clinical depression, as well
      as the cellular death associated with cerebral ischemia. Moreover, the increasing
      use of cytokines in the immunotherapeutic treatment of various autoimmune
      diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and cancers prompted us to consider the
      potential role of central processes in subserving the mood-related side-effects
      elicited by these treatments. Finally, a single administration of TNF-alpha has
      been shown to elicit a time-dependent sensitization effect, wherein the
      behavioral and neurochemical responses elicited by later cytokine treatment are
      greatly enhanced. Thus, particular attention was devoted to the possibility that
      elevated levels of TNF-alpha, through either exogenous (e.g. immunotherapy) or
      endogenous (e.g. brain damage or stressors) means may sensitize neurotransmitter
      or second messenger pathways important for the pathology. Given the time
      dependent nature of cytokine sensitization effects, the schedule of cytokine
      administration during immunotherapy, or the timing of cytokine up-regulation in
      response to traumatic or stressful events may favor the development of sensitized
      central processes, which may influence clinical outcome. 

PMID- 26984579
TI  - Antidepressant treatment of cytokine-induced mood disorders.
AB  - Significant evidence suggests that the immune system is capable of profoundly
      affecting central nervous system (CNS) functioning in ways that may contribute to
      the development and expression of neuropsychiatric disorders, including disorders
      of mood. This paper reviews evidence that the production of proinflammatory
      cytokines, whether in the context of therapeutic administration (e.g. interferon
      alpha-2b for hepatitis C infection) or medical illness, induces a state of
      sickness behavior that closely resembles major depression. Antidepressants have
      been shown to abolish or attenuate cytokine-induced sickness behavior in
      laboratory animals and to protect against the development of major depression in
      the context of therapeutic cytokine administration in humans. Potential
      mechanisms by which antidepressants ameliorate depressive and/or sickness
      symptoms in the context of immune activation include direct effects on immune
      cell functioning, as well as modulatory effects on monoamine neurotransmitters,
      intracellular second messenger pathways and the neuroendocrine system, in
      particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. 

PMID- 26984581
TI  - Facile and quick preparation of carbon nanohorn-based counter electrodes for
      efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.
AB  - For the first time, Pt-free counter electrodes based on carbon nanohorns for
      highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells were assembled by a facile and fast
      drop cast technique. These novel electrodes feature an effective catalytic
      behavior towards the reduction of I3(-) and, as such, afford even higher short
      circuit current densities compared to Pt-based references. In a final device,
      solar cells with 7.7% efficiency were achieved. 

PMID- 26984582
TI  - Decision-making regarding place of birth in high-risk pregnancy: a qualitative
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Women consider factors including safety and the psychological
      impact of their chosen location when deciding whether to give birth in hospital
      or at home. The same is true for women with high-risk pregnancies who may plan
      homebirths against medical advice. This study investigated women's decision
      making during high-risk pregnancies. Half the participants were planning hospital
      births and half were planning homebirths. METHODS: A qualitative study using semi
      structured interviews set in a hospital maternity department in the UK. Twenty
      six participants with high-risk pregnancies, at least 32 weeks pregnant. Results
      were analysed using systematic thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes emerged:
      perceptions of birth at home and hospital; beliefs about how birth should be; and
      the decision process. Both groups were concerned about safety but they expressed
      different concerns. Women drew psychological comfort from their chosen birth
      location. Women planning homebirths displayed faith in the natural birth process
      and stressed the quality of the birth experience. Women planning hospital births
      believed the access to medical care outweighed their misgivings about the
      physical environment. DISCUSSION: Although women from both groups expressed
      similar concerns about safety they reached different decisions about how these
      should be addressed regarding birth location. These differences may be related to
      beliefs about the birth process. Commitment to their decisions may have helped
      reduce cognitive stress.

PMID- 26984584
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26984583
TI  - Muscle strengthening exercises during pregnancy are associated with increased
      energy and reduced fatigue.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Physical inactivity likely contributes to fatigue and low energy
      during pregnancy but whether acute resistance exercise attenuates these symptoms
      is unknown. METHODS: Twenty-six women performed six low-to-moderate intensity
      resistance exercises twice per week from weeks 23 to 35 of pregnancy and
      measurements were made before and after each workout using the Mental and
      Physical State Energy and Fatigue Scales. RESULTS: Acute resistance exercise
      usually increased perceived physical and mental energy (92% to 96% of workouts,
      respectively). These increases did not differ significantly across the 24
      exercise sessions for feelings of physical energy or mental energy, even after
      adjusting for variations in attendance (median = 22/24 workouts). Acute
      resistance exercise usually decreased perceived physical and mental fatigue (79%
      to 88% of workouts, respectively), and ANCOVA showed these decreases did not
      differ significantly across the 24 exercise sessions for feelings of physical
      fatigue or mental fatigue even after adjusting for variations in attendance.
      DISCUSSION: The results suggest acute, low-to-moderate intensity muscle
      strengthening exercise during pregnancy is effective for transiently improving
      feelings of energy and fatigue.

PMID- 26984580
TI  - Protein S-Glutathionylation Mediates Macrophage Responses to Metabolic Cues from
      the Extracellular Environment.
AB  - AIMS: Protein S-glutathionylation, the formation of a mixed disulfide between
      glutathione and protein thiols, is an oxidative modification that has emerged as
      a new signaling paradigm, potentially linking oxidative stress to chronic
      inflammation associated with heart disease, diabetes, cancer, lung disease, and
      aging. Using a novel, highly sensitive, and selective proteomic approach to
      identify S-glutathionylated proteins, we tested the hypothesis that monocytes and
      macrophages sense changes in their microenvironment and respond to metabolic
      stress by altering their protein thiol S-glutathionylation status. RESULTS: We
      identified over 130 S-glutathionylated proteins, which were associated with a
      variety of cellular functions, including metabolism, transcription and
      translation, protein folding, free radical scavenging, cell motility, and cell
      death. Over 90% of S-glutathionylated proteins identified in metabolically
      stressed THP-1 monocytes were also found in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated
      cells, suggesting that H2O2 mediates metabolic stress-induced protein S
      glutathionylation in monocytes and macrophages. We validated our findings in
      mouse peritoneal macrophages isolated from both healthy and dyslipidemic
      atherosclerotic mice and found that 52% of the S-glutathionylated proteins found
      in THP-1 monocytes were also identified in vivo. Changes in macrophage protein S
      glutathionylation induced by dyslipidemia were sexually dimorphic. INNOVATION: We
      provide a novel mechanistic link between metabolic (and thiol oxidative) stress,
      macrophage dysfunction, and chronic inflammatory diseases associated with
      metabolic disorders. CONCLUSION: Our data support the concept that changes in the
      extracellular metabolic microenvironment induce S-glutathionylation of proteins
      central to macrophage metabolism and a wide array of cellular signaling pathways
      and functions, which in turn initiate and promote functional and phenotypic
      changes in macrophages. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 836-851.

PMID- 26984585
TI  - Hemoglobinopathies in the Cukurova Region and Neighboring Provinces.
AB  - To contribute to the creation of a mutation map of the region, we aimed to
      determine the mutation spectrum of thalassemias and abnormal hemoglobins (Hbs) in
      the Cukurova region and surrounding provinces. In this study, a total of 8135
      samples from Adana, Hatay, Mersin, Konya and Kayseri provinces between 1993 and
      2014 were analyzed. Complete blood cell (CBC) counts and Hb typing were carried
      out using automatic cell counters, cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and
      high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. For the molecular
      analyses, genomic DNA was extracted using both manual and automated DNA
      extraction devices. Determination of Hb mutations were done by microarray,
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplification refractory
      mutation system (ARMS) and gap-polymerase chain reaction (gap-PCR) methodologies.
      Samples were analyzed for abnormal Hb and thalassemia mutations. Out of 8135
      samples, 1382 were observed to be carrying Hb mutations. It was identified that
      826 mutation carriers included abnormal Hbs with a frequency of 59.7%, 416
      carriers included beta-thalassemia (beta-thal) mutations with a frequency of
      30.7% and 136 carriers included alpha-thalassemia (alpha-thal) mutations with a
      frequency of 9.9%. In this study, the most frequently observed abnormal Hb in the
      region was Hb S [beta6(A3)Glu->Val (GTG > GAG), HBB: c.20T > A], whereas the most
      commonly observed mutations were the IVS-I-110 (G > A) (HBB: c.93-21G > A) point
      mutation in beta-thal and the 3.7 kb deletion in alpha-thal. 

PMID- 26984586
TI  - Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Dysfunction - Doomed From Birth?

PMID- 26984587
TI  - Antithrombotic Therapy for Secondary Prevention in Patients With Diabetes
      Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a key risk factor for recurrent atherothrombotic events
      in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and in those undergoing
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The prothrombotic milieu that
      characterizes patients with DM underscores the importance of oral antithrombotic
      therapy for secondary prevention of recurrent events in these patients. Indeed,
      dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and the P2Y12inhibitor clopidogrel,
      which has represented the mainstay of treatment for many years, has significantly
      reduced the incidence of recurrent atherothrombotic events. However, recurrence
      rates in DM patients still remain high despite this treatment regimen, which may
      be partly related to inadequate platelet inhibition induced by standard DAPT with
      aspirin and clopidogrel. This underpins the need for more potent antithrombotic
      treatment regimens for secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in DM
      patients following ACS or PCI. The development of antiplatelet therapies
      associated with more potent oral platelet P2Y12receptor inhibition, including
      prasugrel and ticagrelor, as well as platelet inhibitors blocking alternative
      pathways, such as thrombin-mediated platelet inhibition with vorapaxar, may
      represent potential treatment options in DM patients. Moreover, with the
      introduction of the target-specific oral anticoagulants, there has been a
      reappraisal of the use of anticoagulation in addition to antiplatelet therapy for
      secondary prevention in patients with ACS. This review provides an update on the
      recent advances and limitations of oral antithrombotic agents used for secondary
      prevention in DM patients following ACS or PCI.

PMID- 26984588
TI  - Testing in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease - The Debate Continues.
AB  - The major guidelines on stable coronary artery disease recommend revascularizing
      patients with large areas of myocardium at risk. The algorithms on how to prove
      that such high risk is present differ considerably. The opinions on the use of
      coronary CT (calcium scoring and angiography) vary widely. This review aims to
      summarize the recommendations of the major guidelines, commenting on differences
      between the guidelines and discussing whether extending the role of coronary CT
      angiography should be considered in the light of new CT data.

PMID- 26984589
TI  - Clinical and Immunological Studies of 332 Japanese Patients Tentatively Diagnosed
      as Anti-BP180-type Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: A Novel BP180 C-terminal Domain
      Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay.
AB  - Diagnosis of anti-BP180-type mucous membrane pemphigoid (BP180-MMP) is frustrated
      by the difficulty of detecting BP180 reactivity. A total of 721 patients with
      suspected MMP, selected from a cohort of 4,698 patients with autoimmune bullous
      disease (AIBD), were included in this study. Of these, 332 patients were
      tentatively diagnosed as BP180-MMP if they showed IgG/IgA reactivity with the
      epidermal side of 1M NaCl-split-skin and/or positive reactivity with BP180 in at
      least one of our antigen detection methods. Clinically, a predominance of female
      patients was found. Oral mucosal and cutaneous lesions were found in 85.5% and
      41.0% of patients, respectively, and frequent treatments were systemic steroids,
      tetracycline/minocycline and diaminodiphenyl sulfone. Various immunological
      methods, including a newly developed BP180 C-terminal domain enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealed frequent reactivity with BP180 C-terminal
      and NC16a domains. Some patients reacted with BP180 and other antigens,
      indicating that BP180-MMP tends to concur with other AIBDs. This large study of
      patients with suspected BP180-MMP indicates the difficulty of diagnosis of BP180
      MMP and the diagnostic usefulness of BP180 C-terminal domain ELISA. 

PMID- 26984591
TI  - The Relationship between Learning Style Preferences and Memory Strategy use in
      Adults.
AB  - Deficits in working memory are pervasive, resistant to remediation and
      significantly impact a persons ability to perform activities of daily living.
      Internal strategies are effective for improving working memory. Learning style
      preferences may influence the use of various internal working memory strategies.
      This study compares the use of internal working memory strategies among four
      different learning style preferences; converger, diverger, assimilator and
      accommodator. A non-experimental group design was used to compare the use of
      internal working memory strategies and learning style preferences among 110
      adults. There were some significant differences in the types of strategies used
      according to learning style preferences. Knowing the learning style preference of
      clients may help occupational therapists better tailor cognitive rehabilitation
      treatments to meet the client's needs. 

PMID- 26984590
TI  - Evaluation of shoulder function in clavicular fracture patients after six
      surgical procedures based on a network meta-analysis.
AB  - Purpose Using a network meta-analysis approach, our study aims to develop a
      ranking of the six surgical procedures, that is, Plate, titanium elastic nail
      (TEN), tension band wire (TBW), hook plate (HP), reconstruction plate (RP) and
      Knowles pin, by comparing the post-surgery constant shoulder scores in patients
      with clavicular fracture (CF). Methods A comprehensive search of electronic
      scientific literature databases was performed to retrieve publications
      investigating surgical procedures in CF, with the stringent eligible criteria,
      and clinical experimental studies of high quality and relevance to our area of
      interest were selected for network meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were
      conducted using Stata 12.0. Results A total of 19 studies met our inclusion
      criteria were eventually enrolled into our network meta-analysis, representing
      1164 patients who had undergone surgical procedures for CF (TEN group = 240;
      Plate group = 164; TBW group  =  180; RP group  =  168; HP group  =  245; Knowles
      pin group  =  167). The network meta-analysis results revealed that RP
      significantly improved constant shoulder score in patients with CF when compared
      with TEN, and the post-operative constant shoulder scores in patients with CF
      after Plate, TBW, HP, Knowles pin and TEN were similar with no statistically
      significant differences. The treatment relative ranking of predictive
      probabilities of constant shoulder scores in patients with CF after surgery
      revealed the surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA) value is the
      highest in RP. Conclusion The current network meta-analysis suggests that RP may
      be the optimum surgical treatment among six inventions for patients with CF, and
      it can improve the shoulder score of patients with CF. Implications for
      Rehabilitation RP improves shoulder joint function after surgical procedure. RP
      achieves stability with minimal complications after surgery. RP may be the
      optimum surgical treatment for rehabilitation of patients with CF.

PMID- 26984592
TI  - Multiple myeloma with Russell bodies and needle-shaped crystalline inclusions.

PMID- 26984593
TI  - Transient ischemic attack as an unusual initial manifestation of acute
      promyelocytic leukemia.
AB  - Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are prone to both bleeding and
      thrombosis. Both of these have a significant impact on the morbidity and
      mortality of patients with this disease. Here we report a case of a 41-year-old
      male, who presented with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and early neurological
      deterioration (END) as initial manifestations prior to an ultimate diagnosis of
      APL. This patient had no cerebrovascular risk factors or familial cerebrovascular
      disease. The patient experienced an acute ischemic stroke, verified by magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI), in less than 24 h after his second hospital admission.
      Some APL patients suffer from cerebral ischemia as an initial manifestation or
      during induction therapy, and patients presenting this condition may continue to
      deteriorate until their death during hospitalization. Thus, APL should be
      considered as a possible underlying disease in patients with TIA without
      cerebrovascular risk factors. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of APL can be
      fatal. 

PMID- 26984595
TI  - Trends in the development of MET inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths
      worldwide. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib has improved survival and is now
      considered the standard of care; however, the benefits are still disappointing,
      and thus, new effective treatments are required. In human hepatocellular
      carcinoma, MET, which is encoded by the HGFR gene, is activated by amplification,
      overexpression or mutation, and it has recently emerged as a possible therapeutic
      target in various tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma. In fact, some drugs
      targeting the HGF/MET axis are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
      Here, we review the role of MET and trends in the development of MET inhibitors
      for hepatocellular carcinoma. 

PMID- 26984594
TI  - Comparison of prothrombin time tests used in the monitoring of edoxaban and their
      evaluation as indicators of the reversal effect.
AB  - Clinical demand for the prompt assessment of the activity of direct-acting factor
      Xa inhibitors in the emergency care setting is increasing. In the present study,
      we examined whether prothrombin time (PT) tests can serve as a clinically useful
      indicator of anti-factor Xa activity. In the first series, the in vitro effect of
      edoxaban on PT was evaluated by spiking human plasma with edoxaban and measuring
      PT using three different commercial PT tests. In the second series, the reversal
      effect of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) and activated PCC (aPCC) in
      edoxaban-spiked plasma was evaluated. In the third series, PT of plasma samples
      from patients administered either 15 or 30 mg/day of edoxaban was assessed, and
      the results were compared with edoxaban concentrations determined by a calibrated
      anti-factor Xa activity assay. The spike test revealed that all PT reagents
      positively correlated with edoxaban. The sensitivity to edoxaban varied among the
      three reagents and Triniclot((r)) Excel S showed the best performance. Prolonged
      PT by edoxaban was reversed by PCC and aPCC in a dose-dependent manner; however,
      complete reversal was not achieved. Positive correlation between anti-factor Xa
      activity and PT was shown in the clinical samples at the edoxaban range from 0 to
      >300 ng/mL. 

PMID- 26984596
TI  - Nutritionally related blood metabolites and performance of finishing pigs fed on
      graded levels of dietary fibre.
AB  - The objective of the study was to determine effect of feeding fibrous diets on
      performance and biochemical profiles of finishing pigs. A total of 84 clinically
      healthy male pigs were used in the experiment. Body weight of the pigs at the
      beginning of the experiment was 85 +/- 10.1 kg. Maize cob (MC), sunflower hulls
      (SH), lucerne hay (LH) and dried citrus pulp (PU) were incorporated in a basal
      diet for finishing pigs at different inclusion levels of 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and
      400 g/kg. Effects of week of feeding, fibre source and inclusion level of fibre
      were significant (P < 0.05). Pigs consumed more LH compared to MC, SH and PU.
      Average daily gain was high for pigs consuming diets with inclusion levels of 0,
      80, 160 and 240 g/kg and low for pigs consuming 320 and 400 g/kg inclusion level
      of fibre in a diet. There was an increase in serum total concentration (TP) with
      an increase in PU, MC and LH in pig diets (P < 0.05). Creatine kinase (CK)
      concentrations decreased as levels of PU, LH and MC increased (P < 0.05).
      Increasing inclusion level of LH and SH in pig diets resulted in an increase in
      glycated haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that level of
      PU, LH, MC and SH in diets of finishing pigs negatively influences average daily
      feed intake, average daily gain and biochemical profiles. 

PMID- 26984597
TI  - Anticoccidial effect of Piper sarmentosum extracts in experimental coccidiosis in
      broiler chickens.
AB  - To study the anticoccidial effect of Piper sarmentosum extracts (PSE) in
      experimental broiler coccidiosis, 270 one-day-old Wenchang broiler chickens were
      randomly assigned to six groups, each with three replicates (n = 15). The six
      groups were blank control group (BC), negative control group (NC), positive
      control group (PC), and another three PSE addition groups. Chickens in three
      control groups were fed a basal diet without PSE supplementation. Chickens in the
      three PSE addition groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with PSE at 100
      (T100), 200 (T200), and 300 (T300) mg/kg of feed, respectively. At 15 days of
      age, chickens in group NC, PC, and three PSE addition groups were challenged with
      an oral dose of 1 * 10(5) Eimeria tenella oocysts each chick. Chickens in group
      PC were fed with diclazuril solution in water for 5 days after 48 h with oocysts
      inoculation. The results showed that PSE and diclazuril improved growth
      performance and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased oocysts per gram in inoculated
      broiler chickens. PSE and diclazuril significantly (P < 0.05) decreased nitric
      oxide at 6 and 9 days post-inoculation relative to the NC group, respectively. At
      6 and 9 days post-inoculation, PSE supplementation at 200 mg/kg in the diet
      increased concentration of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
      (P < 0.05). PSE supplementation at 200 mg/kg in the diet significantly (P < 0.05)
      increased mRNA expressions of IFN-gamma and IL-2 in the cecum of chickens at 9
      days post-inoculation relative to the BC and NC group. The current results showed
      the anticoccidial properties, and beneficial effect on intestinal mucosa damage
      of PSE in broiler chickens that had been challenged by coccidiosis. 

PMID- 26984598
TI  - Estimates of effective population size and inbreeding in South African indigenous
      chicken populations: implications for the conservation of unique genetic
      resources.
AB  - Conservation of locally adapted indigenous livestock breeds has become an
      important objective in sustainable animal breeding, as these breeds represent a
      unique genetic resource. Therefore, the Agricultural Research Council of South
      Africa initiated a conservation programme for four South African indigenous
      chicken breeds. The evaluation and monitoring of the genetic constitution of
      these conservation flocks is important for proper management of the conservation
      programme. Using molecular genetic analyses, the effective population sizes and
      relatedness of these conservation flocks were compared to village (field) chicken
      populations from which they were derived. Genetic diversity within and between
      these populations are further discussed within the context of population size.
      The conservation flocks for the respective breeds had relatively small effective
      population sizes (point estimate range 38.6-78.6) in comparison to the field
      populations (point estimate range 118.9-580.0). Furthermore, evidence supports a
      transient heterozygous excess, generally associated with the occurrence of a
      recent population bottleneck. Genetic diversity, as measured by the number of
      alleles, heterozygosity and information index, was also significantly reduced in
      the conservation flocks. The average relatedness amongst the conservation flocks
      was high, whilst it remained low for the field populations. There was also
      significant evidence for population differentiation between field and
      conservation populations. F st estimates for conservation flocks were moderate to
      high with a maximum reached between VD_C and VD_F (0.285). However, F st
      estimates for field population were excessively low between the NN_C and EC_F
      (0.007) and between EC_F and OV_F (0.009). The significant population
      differentiation of the conservation flocks from their geographically correlated
      field populations of origin is further supported by the analysis of molecular
      variance (AMOVA), with 10.51 % of genetic diversity ascribed to population
      differences within groups (F SC = 0.106). The results suggest that significant
      genetic erosion has occurred within the conservation flocks due to inbreeding,
      pronounced effects of random drift and selection. It might be necessary to
      introduce new breeding individuals from the respective field populations in order
      to increase the effective population sizes of the conservation flocks and counter
      the effects of genetic erosion. 

PMID- 26984599
TI  - Significance of Low Nanomolar Concentration of Zn2+ in Artificial Cerebrospinal
      Fluid.
AB  - Much less attention has been paid to Zn2+ in artificial cerebrospinal fluid
      (ACSF), i.e., extracellular medium, used for in vitro slice experiments than
      divalent cations such as Ca2+. Approximately 2 mM Ca2+ is added to conventional
      ACSF from essentiality of Ca2+ signaling in neurons and glial cells. However, no
      Zn2+ is added to it, even though the importance of Zn2+ signaling in them is
      recognizing. On the other hand, synaptic Zn2+ homeostasis is changed during brain
      slice preparation. Therefore, it is possible that not only neuronal excitation
      but also synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation is modified in ACSF
      without Zn2+, in which original physiology might not appear. The basal (static)
      levels of intracellular (cytosolic) Zn2+ and Ca2+ are not significantly different
      between brain slices prepared with conventional ACSF without Zn2+ and pretreated
      with ACSF containing 20 nM ZnCl2 for 1 h. In the case of mossy fiber excitation,
      however, presynaptic activity assessed with FM 4-64 is significantly suppressed
      in the stratum lucidum of brain slices pretreated with ACSF containing Zn2+,
      indicating that hippocampal excitability is enhanced in brain slices prepared
      with ACSF without Zn2+. The evidence suggests that low nanomolar concentration of
      Zn2+ is necessary for ACSF. Furthermore, exogenous Zn2+ has opposite effect on
      LTP induction between in vitro and in vivo experiments. It is required to pay
      attention to extracellular Zn2+ concentration to understand synaptic function
      precisely.

PMID- 26984600
TI  - Mechano-Transduction Signals Derived from Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofibers
      Containing Long Motif of Laminin Influence Neurogenesis in In-Vitro and In-Vivo.
AB  - Astroglial scaring and limited neurogenesis are two problematic issues in
      recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). In the meantime, it seems that mechanical
      manipulations of scaffold to inhibit astroglial scarring and improve neurogenesis
      is worthy of value. In the present investigation, the effect of nanofiber (gel)
      concentration as a mechanical-stimuli in neurogenesis was investigated. Cell
      viability, membrane damage, and neural differentiation derived from endometrial
      stem cells encapsulated into self-assembling peptide nanofiber containing long
      motif of laminin were assessed. Then, two of their concentrations that had no
      significant difference of neural differentiation potential were selected for
      motor neuron investigation in SCI model of rat. MTT assay data showed that
      nanofibers at the concentrations of 0.125 and 0.25 % w/v induced higher and less
      cell viability than others, respectively, while cell viability derived from
      higher concentrations of 0.25 % w/v had ascending trend. Gene expression results
      showed that noggin along with laminin motif over-expressed TH gene and the
      absence of noggin or laminin motif did not in all concentrations. Bcl2 over
      expression is concomitant with the decrease of nanofiber stiffness, NF+ cells
      increment, and astrogenesis inhibition and dark neuron decrement in SCI model. It
      seems that stiffness affects on Bcl2 gene expression and may through beta
      Catenin/Wnt signaling pathway and BMP-4 inhibition decreases astrogenesis and
      improves neurogenesis. However, stiffness had a significant effect on
      upregulation of GFAP+ cells and motor neuron recovery in in vivo. It might be
      concluded that eventually there is a critical definitive point concentration that
      at less or higher than of it changes cell behavior and neural differentiation
      through different molecular pathways.

PMID- 26984601
TI  - miR-124 Regulates the Expression of BACE1 in the Hippocampus Under Chronic
      Cerebral Hypoperfusion.
AB  - Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a high-risk factor of Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ideal mediators of hypoxic stress responses to
      facilitate cellular adaptation to long-term hypoxia. MiR-124 is a kind of nervous
      system-specific miRNAs, and one of its target genes is beta-site amyloid
      precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). In the present study, miR-124 was
      found to be inhibited all the time from early to late stage of cerebral hypoxia
      accompanying with the upregulation of BACE1 protein and overproduction of amyloid
      beta (Abeta) in the hippocampus from cerebral hypoperfusion rat models.
      Meanwhile, Abeta could further enhance the expression of BACE1 protein due to the
      inhibition of miR-124. Thus, miR-124 was the key factor in this hypoxia/Abeta-miR
      124-BACE1-Abeta cycle. The activation of EPAC-Rap1 pathway was involved in the
      inhibition of miR-124 in hippocampus under hypoxia or Abeta insult. Our data
      suggest that, as an endogenous regulator of BACE1 protein, miR-124 may play a
      role in AD onset induced by CCH.

PMID- 26984602
TI  - The Visual Cycle in the Inner Retina of Chicken and the Involvement of Retinal G
      Protein-Coupled Receptor (RGR).
AB  - The vertebrate retina contains typical photoreceptor (PR) cones and rods
      responsible for day/night vision, respectively, and intrinsically photosensitive
      retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) involved in the regulation of non-image-forming
      tasks. Rhodopsin/cone opsin photopigments in visual PRs or melanopsin (Opn4) in
      ipRGCs utilizes retinaldehyde as a chromophore. The retinoid regeneration process
      denominated as "visual cycle" involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or
      Muller glial cells. Opn4, on the contrary, has been characterized as a
      bi/tristable photopigment, in which a photon of one wavelength isomerizes 11-cis
      to all-trans retinal (Ral), with a second photon re-isomerizing it back. However,
      it is unknown how the chromophore is further metabolized in the inner retina. Nor
      is it yet clear whether an alternative secondary cycle occurs involving players
      such as the retinal G-protein-coupled receptor (RGR), a putative photoisomerase
      of unidentified inner retinal activity. Here, we investigated the role of RGR in
      retinoid photoisomerization in Opn4x (Xenopus ortholog) (+) RGC primary cultures
      free of RPE and other cells from chicken embryonic retinas. Opn4x (+) RGCs
      display significant photic responses by calcium fluorescent imaging and
      photoisomerize exogenous all-trans to 11-cis Ral and other retinoids. RGR was
      found to be expressed in developing retina and in primary cultures; when its
      expression was knocked down, the levels of 11-cis, all-trans Ral, and all-trans
      retinol in cultures exposed to light were significantly higher and those in all
      trans retinyl esters lower than in dark controls. The results support a novel
      role for RGR in ipRGCs to modulate retinaldehyde levels in light, keeping the
      balance of inner retinal retinoid pools.

PMID- 26984603
TI  - The role of IL-1beta in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lung infection.
AB  - This mini-review examines the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin
      (IL)-1beta in the interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the host immune
      system during lung infection. Different studies show that the reduction of the
      inflammatory response, especially a decrease in IL-1beta, leads to a better
      outcome in acute lung infection with this bacterium. This includes a higher
      survival rate, reduced damage to the lung tissue and, in particular, a better
      clearance of the airways and the tissue of the lungs from P. aeruginosa. 

PMID- 26984604
TI  - Duke-Elder's Views on Prognosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Myopia: Way Ahead
      of His Time.
AB  - Sir Stewart Duke-Elder was probably the most influential ophthalmologist of the
      20th century. One of his visionary pieces of work was his writing on myopia in
      the second edition of The Practice of Refraction, published in 1935. Many of his
      insights are now, 80 years later, supported by scientific proof. In terms of
      prognosis of myopia, he stated that this largely depended on the age of the
      patient. We now have epidemiologic evidence that age of onset is strongly related
      to final refractive error, and that high myopia carries a high risk of blindness.
      With respect to prophylaxis, he claimed that accessory risk factors were
      excessive near work, bad ocular hygiene, and physical debility in the early years
      of growth: "The regime of modern schools imposes far too much application to
      books upon young children at an age when they require all their available
      vitality for physical growth and development." He recommended open-air pursuits
      and avoidance of indoor activities, in particular for children with a hereditary
      tendency toward myopia. Current investigations indeed point to a crucial role for
      near work, although not all findings are consistent. The most established factor
      that is protective from myopia is outdoor exposure, more likely due to intense
      exposure to light rather than to "open-air." Ocular hygiene and physical activity
      have not been confirmed as protective factors, but Duke-Elder's views on gene
      environment interactions are truly insightful. Concerning treatment, he suggested
      that adequate correction by glasses, intake of vitamin D, and restriction of
      education in "myope classes" could halt progression of myopia. Optical correction
      is considered helpful nowadays, but sound statistical evidence has only been
      provided for orthokeratology. High vitamin D serum levels are indeed related to
      low refractive error, but it is not yet clear whether high dietary intake is
      beneficial. Restriction of education does not meet current moral standards, but
      in China, "myopia classrooms" in the form of large cubes of windows, admitting
      lots of light, have been built. In this report, we highlight Duke-Elder's
      insights into the causes and clinical care of myopia, and discuss their merit for
      ophthalmic care today. 

PMID- 26984606
TI  - Acute amnestic syndrome due to MDMA exposure.

PMID- 26984605
TI  - Monitoring effectiveness and safety of Tafamidis in transthyretin amyloidosis in
      Italy: a longitudinal multicenter study in a non-endemic area.
AB  - Tafamidis is a transthyretin (TTR) stabilizer able to prevent TTR tetramer
      dissociation. There have been a few encouraging studies on Tafamidis efficacy in
      early-onset inherited transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) due to Val30Met mutation.
      However, less is known about its efficacy in later disease stages and in non
      Val30Met mutations. We performed a multi-center observational study on
      symptomatic ATTR patients prescribed to receive Tafamidis. We followed up
      patients according to a standardized protocol including general medical,
      cardiological and neurological assessments at baseline and every 6 months up to 3
      years. Sixty-one (42 males) patients were recruited. Only 28 % of enrolled
      subjects had the common Val30Met mutation, mean age of onset was remarkably late
      (59 years) and 18 % was in advanced disease stage at study entry. Tafamidis
      proved safe and well-tolerated. One-third of patients did not show significant
      progression along 36 months, independently from mutation type and disease stage.
      Neurological function worsened particularly in the first 6 months but progression
      slowed significantly thereafter. Autonomic function remained stable in 33 %,
      worsened in 56 % and improved in 10 %. Fifteen percent of patients showed cardiac
      disease progression and 30 % new onset of cardiomyopathy. Overall, Tafamidis was
      not able to prevent functional progression of the disease in 23 (43 %) subjects,
      including 16 patients who worsened in their walking ability and 12 patients who
      reached a higher NYHA score during the follow-up period. A higher mBMI at
      baseline was associated with better preservation of neurological function. In
      conclusion, neuropathy and cardiomyopathy progressed in a significant proportion
      of patients despite treatment. However, worsening of neurological function slowed
      after the first 6 months and also subjects with more advanced neuropathy, as well
      as patients with non-Val30Met mutation, benefited from treatment. Body weight
      preservation is an important favorable prognostic factor. 

PMID- 26984607
TI  - Acute vestibular syndrome: a critical review and diagnostic algorithm concerning
      the clinical differentiation of peripheral versus central aetiologies in the
      emergency department.
AB  - Almost 20 % of cerebral ischaemic strokes occur in the posterior circulation.
      Estimates are that 20 % of these patients present with isolated vertigo. In
      approximately one-sixth to one-third of these patients, this symptom is wrongly
      diagnosed to be peripheral vestibular in origin. As a result, these missed stroke
      patients are withheld from therapeutic and secondary prophylactic treatment,
      which may result in unnecessary morbidity and mortality. We therefore propose a
      diagnostic algorithm concerning the clinical differentiation of acute vestibular
      syndrome (AVS) patients based on a critical review of the available literature.

PMID- 26984608
TI  - Normalisation of brain spectroscopy findings in Niemann-Pick disease type C
      patients treated with miglustat.
AB  - Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a fatal progressive neurolipidosis
      involving neuronal storage of cholesterol and gangliosides. Miglustat, an
      inhibitor of glycosphingolipid synthesis, has been approved to treat neurological
      manifestations in adults and children with NP-C. This open-label observational
      study in adults with confirmed NP-C evaluated the efficacy of miglustat (200 mg
      t.i.d.) based on composite functional disability (CFD) scores and brain proton
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) measurement of choline (Cho)/N-acetyl
      aspartate (NAA) ratio in the centrum ovale. Overall, 16 patients were included
      and received miglustat for a mean period of 30.6 months: 12 continued on
      miglustat throughout follow up, and 4 discontinued miglustat because of adverse
      effects (n = 2) or perceived lack of efficacy (n = 2). In the 'continued'
      subgroup, the mean (SD) annual progression of CFD scores decreased from 0.75
      (0.94) before treatment to 0.29 (1.29) during the period between miglustat
      initiation and last follow-up. In the discontinued subgroup, CFD progression
      increased from 0.48 (0.44) pre-treatment to 1.49 (1.31) at last follow up (off
      treatment). Mean (SD) Cho/NAA ratio [normal level 0.48 (0.076)] decreased during
      miglustat treatment in the continued subgroup: 0.64 (0.12) at baseline (miglustat
      initiation), 0.59 (0.17) at 12-month follow up, and 0.48 (0.09) at 24-month
      follow up. Cho/NAA ratio remained relatively stable in the discontinued subgroup:
      0.57 (0.15), 0.53 (0.04) and 0.55 (0.09), respectively. In conclusion, H-MRS
      Cho/NAA ratio might serve as an objective, quantitative neurological marker of
      brain dysfunction in NP-C, allowing longitudinal analysis of the therapeutic
      effect of miglustat. 

PMID- 26984610
TI  - Morphological features of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids: nymphs and
      adults.
AB  - Our aim was to reveal morphological features of first-generation Ixodes
      persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids (nymphs and adults) obtained under laboratory
      conditions for further study of natural populations of these species in sympatry
      foci. In 65 nymphs of three groups I. ricinus (23 specimens), I. persulcatus (21
      specimens), and hybrids (21 specimens), 16 parameters were evaluated
      (length/width of the scutum and capitulum, length of the hypostome, palp, tarsus
      I, coxa I, sternal setae, and various scutal and alloscutal setae) and
      discrimination analysis was performed allowing differentiation of hybrid nymphs
      from original species. General effectiveness of classification of I. ricinus, I.
      persulcatus, and hybrids was >95 %. Discriminant functions are presented allowing
      classification of I. persulcatus, I. ricinus, and hybrid nymphs. For description
      of morphology, 27 adult hybrids (13 males and 14 females) were examined under a
      stereo microscope at 14-28* (without preparation of permanent mounts). The
      following morphological distinctions of hybrids from original species were
      described: posterior marginal groove is not clear (as in I. ricinus) and absence
      of syncoxa on coxa I (as in I persulcatus). In hybrid males, simultaneous absence
      of syncoxa on coxa I (as in I. persulcatus) and a long internal spur on coxa I
      (as in I. ricinus) can be used as a diagnostic feature. Based on the detected
      characteristics, 10 of 157 ticks collected in Karelia in I. ricinus and I.
      persulcatus sympatry area were classified as hybrids. 

PMID- 26984611
TI  - Enhanced spontaneous functional connectivity of the superior temporal gyrus in
      early deafness.
AB  - Early auditory deprivation may drive the auditory cortex into cross-modal
      processing of non-auditory sensory information. In a recent study, we had shown
      that early deaf subjects exhibited increased activation in the superior temporal
      gyrus (STG) bilaterally during visual spatial working memory; however, the
      changes in the organization of the STG related spontaneous functional network,
      and their cognitive relevance are still unknown. To clarify this issue, we
      applied resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging on 42 early deafness
      (ED) and 40 hearing controls (HC). We also acquired the visual spatial and
      numerical n-back working memory (WM) information in these subjects. Compared with
      hearing subjects, the ED exhibited faster reaction time of visual WM tasks in
      both spatial and numerical domains. Furthermore, ED subjects exhibited
      significantly increased functional connectivity between the STG (especially of
      the right hemisphere) and bilateral anterior insula and dorsal anterior
      cingulated cortex. Finally, the functional connectivity of STG could predict
      visual spatial WM performance, even after controlling for numerical WM
      performance. Our findings suggest that early auditory deprivation can strengthen
      the spontaneous functional connectivity of STG, which may contribute to the cross
      modal involvement of this region in visual working memory. 

PMID- 26984609
TI  - Coherence in resting-state EEG as a predictor for the recovery from unresponsive
      wakefulness syndrome.
AB  - We investigated differences of EEG coherence within (short-range), and between
      (long-range) specified brain areas as diagnostic markers for different states in
      disorders of consciousness (DOC), and their predictive value for recovery from
      unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS). EEGs of 73 patients and 24 controls were
      recorded and coma recovery scale- revised (CRS-R) scores were assessed. CRS-R of
      UWS patients was collected after 12 months and divided into two groups
      (improved/unimproved). Frontal, parietal, fronto-parietal, fronto-temporal, and
      fronto-occipital coherence was computed, as well as EEG power over frontal,
      parietal, occipital, and temporal areas. Minimally conscious patients (MCS) and
      UWS patients could not be differentiated based on their coherence patterns or on
      EEG power. Fronto-parietal and parietal coherence could positively predict
      improvement of UWS patients, i.e. recovery from UWS to MCS. Parietal coherence
      was significantly higher in delta and theta frequencies in the improved group, as
      well as the coherence between frontal and parietal regions in delta, theta,
      alpha, and beta frequencies. High parietal delta and theta, and high fronto
      parietal theta and alpha coherence appear to provide strong early evidence for
      recovery from UWS with high predictive sensitivity and specificity. Short and
      long-range coherence can have a diagnostic value in the prognosis of recovery
      from UWS. 

PMID- 26984613
TI  - Exploring Existential Coping Resources: The Perspective of Koreans with Cancer.
AB  - The present study aimed to explore the use of meaning-making coping (existential,
      spiritual, and religious coping) among cancer patients in Korea and to
      investigate the impact of culture on their choice of coping methods. Thirty-three
      participants with various kinds of cancer were interviewed. Four different kinds
      of coping resources emerged from analyses of the interview transcripts: (1)
      belief in the healing power of nature; (2) mind-body connection; (3) relying on
      transcendent power; and (4) finding oneself in relationships with others. The
      findings of this study suggest the importance of investigating cultural context
      when exploring the use of the meaning-making coping strategies in different
      countries. 

PMID- 26984612
TI  - Cholinergic imaging in dementia spectrum disorders.
AB  - The multifaceted nature of the pathology of dementia spectrum disorders has
      complicated their management and the development of effective treatments. This is
      despite the fact that they are far from uncommon, with Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      alone affecting 35 million people worldwide. The cholinergic system has been
      found to be crucially involved in cognitive function, with cholinergic
      dysfunction playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of dementia. The use of
      molecular imaging such as SPECT and PET for tagging targets within the
      cholinergic system has shown promise for elucidating key aspects of underlying
      pathology in dementia spectrum disorders, including AD or parkinsonian dementias.
      SPECT and PET studies using selective radioligands for cholinergic markers, such
      as [(11)C]MP4A and [(11)C]PMP PET for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), [(123)I]5IA
      SPECT for the alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and [(123)I]IBVM SPECT
      for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, have been developed in an attempt to
      clarify those aspects of the diseases that remain unclear. This has led to a
      variety of findings, such as cortical AChE being significantly reduced in
      Parkinson's disease (PD), PD with dementia (PDD) and AD, as well as correlating
      with certain aspects of cognitive function such as attention and working memory.
      Thalamic AChE is significantly reduced in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
      and multiple system atrophy, whilst it is not affected in PD. Some of these
      findings have brought about suggestions for the improvement of clinical practice,
      such as the use of a thalamic/cortical AChE ratio to differentiate between PD and
      PSP, two diseases that could overlap in terms of initial clinical presentation.
      Here, we review the findings from molecular imaging studies that have
      investigated the role of the cholinergic system in dementia spectrum disorders. 

PMID- 26984616
TI  - The BRaliBase dent-a tale of benchmark design and interpretation.
AB  - BRaliBase is a widely used benchmark for assessing the accuracy of RNA secondary
      structure alignment methods. In most case studies based on the BRaliBase
      benchmark, one can observe a puzzling drop in accuracy in the 40-60% sequence
      identity range, the so-called 'BRaliBase Dent'. In this article, we show this
      dent is owing to a bias in the composition of the BRaliBase benchmark, namely the
      inclusion of a disproportionate number of transfer RNAs, which exhibit a
      conserved secondary structure. Our analysis, aside of its interest regarding the
      specific case of the BRaliBase benchmark, also raises important questions
      regarding the design and use of benchmarks in computational biology.

PMID- 26984614
TI  - Prognostic implications of securin expression and sub-cellular localization in
      human breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Securin belongs to a class of cell cycle regulators that prevent
      metaphase-to-anaphase transition until sister chromatid separation is complete.
      Evidence is accumulating that securin has a prognostic impact on a variety of
      malignancies but, thus far, the role and regulation of securin expression and its
      sub-cellular localization have not been systematically addressed in breast
      cancer. METHODS: In total 470 breast cancer specimens with follow-up data for up
      to 22 years were included. Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence
      double-staining were performed for securin and its regulating proteins PTTG1IP,
      CDC20 and BUBR1. Prognostic associations were evaluated between the expression
      patterns of these proteins and established prognosticators of invasive breast
      cancer and patient survival. RESULTS: We found that a high fraction of securin
      expressing cancer cells predicted an unfavorable clinical outcome of the breast
      cancer patients (p < 0.001). Also in multivariate analyses, the fraction of
      securin expressing cancer cells served as an independent prognosticator of a poor
      survival (p < 0.0001). We also found that the sub-cellular localization of
      securin exhibited prognostic power, since cytoplasmic securin expression in the
      cancer cells appeared to be associated with aggressive breast cancer subtypes and
      high breast cancer-associated mortality rates (p = 0.003). Through
      immunofluorescence double-staining, we found that PTTG1IP, CDC20 and BUBR1
      exhibited distinct patterns of co-expression with securin, suggesting a
      regulatory role in the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in human breast cancer
      cells. We also noted that a subgroup of triple-negative breast carcinomas
      exhibited deviant expression patterns for the proteins studied. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data indicate that securin expression may serve as a strong and independent
      prognosticator of breast cancer outcome and that a cytoplasmic localization of
      the protein may provide additional prognostic information, particularly in the
      biologically and clinically challenging subgroup of triple-negative breast
      carcinomas. The sub-cellular localization of securin appears to reflect the
      expression of PTTG1IP, CDC20 and BUBR1, which may participate in the regulation
      of securin activity and, ultimately, in the survival of breast cancer patients.

PMID- 26984615
TI  - Interaction of the amyloid beta peptide with sodium dodecyl sulfate as a membrane
      mimicking detergent.
AB  - The amyloid beta (A beta) peptide is important in the context of Alzheimer's
      disease, since it is one of the major components of the fibrils that constitute
      amyloid plaques. Agents that can influence fibril formation are important, and of
      those, membrane mimics are particularly relevant, because the hydrophobic part of
      A beta suggests a possible membrane activity of the peptide. We employed spin
      label EPR to investigate the aggregation process of A beta1-40 in the presence of
      the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent as a membrane-mimicking agent. In this
      work, the effect of SDS on A beta is studied using two positions of spin label,
      the N-terminus and position 26. By comparing the two label positions, the effect
      of local mobility of the spin label is eliminated, revealing A beta aggregation
      in the SDS concentration regime below the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
      We demonstrate that, at low SDS concentrations, the N-terminus of A beta
      participates in the solubilization, most likely by being located at the particle
      water interface. At higher SDS concentrations, an SDS-solubilized state that is a
      precursor to the one A beta/micelle state above the CMC of SDS prevails. We
      propose that A beta is membrane active and that aggregates include SDS. This
      study reveals the unique potential of EPR in studying A beta aggregation in the
      presence of detergent.

PMID- 26984617
TI  - A comprehensive study of RNA secondary structure alignment algorithms.
AB  - RNA secondary structure alignment has received more attention since the discovery
      of the structure-function relationships in some non-protein-encoding RNAs.
      However, unlike the pure sequence alignment problem, which has been solved in
      polynomial time, secondary structure alignment incorporates the base pairings as
      another information dimension in addition to the base sequence. This problem
      therefore becomes more challenging. In this study, we classify the selected
      approaches, and algorithmically illustrate how these methods address the
      alignment problems with different structure types. Other features such as the
      types of base pair edit operations supported and the time complexity are also
      compared.

PMID- 26984618
TI  - Towards an open, collaborative, reusable framework for sharing hands-on
      bioinformatics training workshops.
AB  - There is a clear demand for hands-on bioinformatics training. The development of
      bioinformatics workshop content is both time-consuming and expensive. Therefore,
      enabling trainers to develop bioinformatics workshops in a way that facilitates
      reuse is becoming increasingly important. The most widespread practice for
      sharing workshop content is through making PDF, PowerPoint and Word documents
      available online. While this effort is to be commended, such content is usually
      not so easy to reuse or repurpose and does not capture all the information
      required for a third party to rerun a workshop. We present an open, collaborative
      framework for developing and maintaining, reusable and shareable hands-on
      training workshop content.

PMID- 26984619
TI  - Problems modelling behavioural variation across Western North American Indian
      societies.

PMID- 26984620
TI  - Impacts of dispersal on rapid adaptation and dynamic stability of Daphnia in
      fluctuating environments.
AB  - Prior ecological research has shown that spatial processes can enhance the
      temporal stability of populations in fluctuating environments. Less explored is
      the effect of dispersal on rapid adaptation and its concomitant impact on
      population dynamics. For asexually reproducing populations, theory predicts that
      dispersal in fluctuating environments can facilitate asynchrony among clones and
      enhance stability by reducing temporal variability of total population abundance.
      This effect is predicted when clones exhibit heritable variation in environmental
      optima and when fluctuations occur asynchronously among patches. We tested this
      in the field using artificial ponds and metapopulations composed of a diverse
      assemblage of Daphnia pulex clones. We directly manipulated dispersal
      presence/absence and environmental fluctuations in the form of nutrient pulses.
      Consistent with predictions, dispersal enhanced temporal asynchrony among clones
      in the presence of nutrient pulses; this in turn stabilized population dynamics.
      This effect only emerged when patches experienced spatially asynchronous nutrient
      pulses (dispersal had no effect when patches were synchronously pulsed). Clonal
      asynchrony was driven by strong positive selection for a single clone that
      exhibited a performance advantage under conditions of low resource availability.
      Our work highlights the importance of dispersal as a driver of eco-evolutionary
      dynamics and population stability in variable environments. 

PMID- 26984621
TI  - Mechanosensation in an adipose fin.
AB  - Adipose fins are found on approximately 20% of ray-finned fish species. The
      apparently rudimentary anatomy of adipose fins inspired a longstanding hypothesis
      that these fins are vestigial and lack function. However, adipose fins have
      evolved repeatedly within Teleostei, suggesting adaptive function. Recently,
      adipose fins were proposed to function as mechanosensors, detecting fluid flow
      anterior to the caudal fin. Here we test the hypothesis that adipose fins are
      mechanosensitive in the catfish Corydoras aeneus. Neural activity, recorded from
      nerves that innervate the fin, was shown to encode information on both movement
      and position of the fin membrane, including the magnitude of fin membrane
      displacement. Thus, the adipose fin of C. aeneus is mechanosensitive and has the
      capacity to function as a 'precaudal flow sensor'. These data force re-evaluation
      of adipose fin clipping, a common strategy for tagging fishes, and inform
      hypotheses of how function evolves in novel vertebrate appendages. 

PMID- 26984622
TI  - Returns from matching management resolution to ecological variation in a coral
      reef fishery.
AB  - When managing heterogeneous socioecological systems, decision-makers must choose
      a spatial resolution at which to define management policies. Complex spatial
      policies allow managers to better reflect underlying ecological and economic
      heterogeneity, but incur higher compliance and enforcement costs. To choose the
      most appropriate management resolution, we need to characterize the relationship
      between management resolution and performance. We parameterize a model of the
      commercial coral trout fishery in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, which is
      currently managed by a single, spatially homogeneous management policy. We use
      this model to estimate how the spatial resolution of management policies affect
      the amount of revenue generated, and assess whether a more spatially complex
      policy can be justified. Our results suggest that economic variation is likely to
      be a more important source of heterogeneity than ecological differences, and that
      the majority of this variation can be captured by a relatively simple spatial
      management policy. Moreover, while an increase in policy resolution can improve
      performance, the location of policy changes also needs to align with ecological
      and socioeconomic variation. Interestingly, the highly complex process of larval
      dispersal, which plays a critical ecological role in coral reef ecosystem
      dynamics, may not demand equally complex management policies. 

PMID- 26984624
TI  - Silent oceans: ocean acidification impoverishes natural soundscapes by altering
      sound production of the world's noisiest marine invertebrate.
AB  - Soundscapes are multidimensional spaces that carry meaningful information for
      many species about the location and quality of nearby and distant resources.
      Because soundscapes are the sum of the acoustic signals produced by individual
      organisms and their interactions, they can be used as a proxy for the condition
      of whole ecosystems and their occupants. Ocean acidification resulting from
      anthropogenic CO2 emissions is known to have profound effects on marine life.
      However, despite the increasingly recognized ecological importance of
      soundscapes, there is no empirical test of whether ocean acidification can affect
      biological sound production. Using field recordings obtained from three
      geographically separated natural CO2 vents, we show that forecasted end-of
      century ocean acidification conditions can profoundly reduce the biological sound
      level and frequency of snapping shrimp snaps. Snapping shrimp were among the
      noisiest marine organisms and the suppression of their sound production at vents
      was responsible for the vast majority of the soundscape alteration observed. To
      assess mechanisms that could account for these observations, we tested whether
      long-term exposure (two to three months) to elevated CO2 induced a similar
      reduction in the snapping behaviour (loudness and frequency) of snapping shrimp.
      The results indicated that the soniferous behaviour of these animals was
      substantially reduced in both frequency (snaps per minute) and sound level of
      snaps produced. As coastal marine soundscapes are dominated by biological sounds
      produced by snapping shrimp, the observed suppression of this component of
      soundscapes could have important and possibly pervasive ecological consequences
      for organisms that use soundscapes as a source of information. This trend towards
      silence could be of particular importance for those species whose larval stages
      use sound for orientation towards settlement habitats. 

PMID- 26984623
TI  - Stickleback embryos use ATP-binding cassette transporters as a buffer against
      exposure to maternally derived cortisol.
AB  - Offspring from females that experience stressful conditions during reproduction
      often exhibit altered phenotypes and many of these effects are thought to arise
      owing to increased exposure to maternal glucocorticoids. While embryos of
      placental vertebrates are known to regulate exposure to maternal glucocorticoids
      via placental steroid metabolism, much less is known about how and whether egg
      laying vertebrates can control their steroid environment during embryonic
      development. We tested the hypothesis that threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus
      aculeatus) embryos can regulate exposure to maternal steroids via active efflux
      of maternal steroids from the egg. Embryos rapidly (within 72 h) cleared intact
      steroids, but blocking ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters inhibited cortisol
      clearance. Remarkably, this efflux of cortisol was sufficient to prevent a
      transcriptional response of embryos to exogenous cortisol. Taken together, these
      findings suggest that, much like their placental counterparts, developing fish
      embryos can actively regulate their exposure to maternal cortisol. These findings
      highlight the fact that even in egg-laying vertebrates, the realized exposure to
      maternal steroids is mediated by both maternal and embryonic processes and this
      has important implications for understanding how maternal stress influences
      offspring development. 

PMID- 26984625
TI  - Within-host competition and drug resistance in the human malaria parasite
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Infections with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum typically comprise
      multiple strains, especially in high-transmission areas where infectious mosquito
      bites occur frequently. However, little is known about the dynamics of mixed
      strain infections, particularly whether strains sharing a host compete or grow
      independently. Competition between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains, if
      it occurs, could be a crucial determinant of the spread of resistance. We
      analysed 1341 P. falciparum infections in children from Angola, Ghana and
      Tanzania and found compelling evidence for competition in mixed-strain
      infections: overall parasite density did not increase with additional strains,
      and densities of individual chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) and chloroquine-resistant
      (CQR) strains were reduced in the presence of competitors. We also found that CQR
      strains exhibited low densities compared with CQS strains (in the absence of
      chloroquine), which may underlie observed declines of chloroquine resistance in
      many countries following retirement of chloroquine as a first-line therapy. Our
      observations support a key role for within-host competition in the evolution of
      drug-resistant malaria. Malaria control and resistance-management efforts in high
      transmission regions may be significantly aided or hindered by the effects of
      competition in mixed-strain infections. Consideration of within-host dynamics may
      spur development of novel strategies to minimize resistance while maximizing the
      benefits of control measures. 

PMID- 26984626
TI  - Cuttlefish see shape from shading, fine-tuning coloration in response to
      pictorial depth cues and directional illumination.
AB  - Humans use shading as a cue to three-dimensional form by combining low-level
      information about light intensity with high-level knowledge about objects and the
      environment. Here, we examine how cuttlefish Sepia officinalis respond to light
      and shadow to shade the white square (WS) feature in their body pattern.
      Cuttlefish display the WS in the presence of pebble-like objects, and they can
      shade it to render the appearance of surface curvature to a human observer, which
      might benefit camouflage. Here we test how they colour the WS on visual
      backgrounds containing two-dimensional circular stimuli, some of which were
      shaded to suggest surface curvature, whereas others were uniformly coloured or
      divided into dark and light semicircles. WS shading, measured by lateral
      asymmetry, was greatest when the animal rested on a background of shaded circles
      and three-dimensional hemispheres, and less on plain white circles or black/white
      semicircles. In addition, shading was enhanced when light fell from the lighter
      side of the shaded stimulus, as expected for real convex surfaces. Thus, the
      cuttlefish acts as if it perceives surface curvature from shading, and takes
      account of the direction of illumination. However, the direction of WS shading is
      insensitive to the directions of background shading and illumination; instead the
      cuttlefish tend to turn to face the light source. 

PMID- 26984627
TI  - Perspectives on optimal control of varicella and herpes zoster by mass routine
      varicella vaccination.
AB  - Herpes zoster arises from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV),
      causing varicella in children. As reactivation occurs when cell-mediated immunity
      (CMI) declines, and there is evidence that re-exposure to VZV boosts CMI, mass
      varicella immunization might increase the zoster burden, at least for some
      decades. Fear of this natural zoster boom is the main reason for the paralysis of
      varicella immunization in Europe. We apply optimal control to a realistically
      parametrized age-structured model for VZV transmission and reactivation to
      investigate whether feasible varicella immunization paths that are optimal in
      controlling both varicella and zoster exist. We analyse the optimality system
      numerically focusing on the role of the cost functional, of the relative zoster
      varicella cost and of the planning horizon length. We show that optimal
      programmes will mostly be unfeasible for public health owing to their complex
      temporal profiles. This complexity is the consequence of the intrinsically
      antagonistic nature of varicella immunization programmes when aiming to control
      both varicella and zoster. However, we show that gradually increasing-hence
      feasible-vaccination schedules can perform better than routine programmes with
      constant vaccine uptake. Finally, we show the optimal profiles of feasible
      programmes targeting mitigation of the post-immunization natural zoster boom with
      priority. 

PMID- 26984628
TI  - Cultural history, not ecological environment, is the main determinant of human
      behaviour.

PMID- 26984629
TI  - Correction to 'A theory of modern cultural shifts and meltdowns'.

PMID- 26984630
TI  - Corrigendum: Tunable continuous wave emission via phase-matched second harmonic
      generation in a ZnSe microcylindrical resonator.

PMID- 26984631
TI  - Increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CD4(+) T cells in systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - One of the major disappointments in autoimmunity has been the relative lack of
      informative data when genomewide associations (GWAS) have been applied to
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Indeed, there is increasing
      evidence that SLE is characterized by widespread epigenetic changes. 5
      Hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is a newly discovered modified form of cytosine
      suspected to be an important epigenetic modification in embryonic development,
      cell differentiation and cancer. DNA methylation dynamics have already been
      implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE, while little is known about
      hydroxymethylation in this process. Here, we show an increased 5-hmC level in
      genomic DNA in CD4(+) T cells of patients with SLE compared with healthy
      controls, accompanied by the up-regulated expression of the Ten-eleven
      translocation TET2 and TET3, which can enzymatically convert 5-methylcytosine (5
      mC) to 5-hmC. Moreover, we present the differential patterns of DNA
      hydroxymethylation in genome-wide promoter regions in SLE CD4(+) T cells compared
      with healthy controls. We identified 2748 genes with increased 5-hmC levels in
      promoter regions in SLE CD4(+) T cells, which were enriched in critical pathways,
      including neurotrophin signaling, WNT signaling, MAPK signaling, calcium
      signaling and the mTOR signaling pathway. Through a combined analysis of
      differential DNA hydroxymethylation profile and gene expression profile in SLE
      CD4(+) T cells, we found 131 genes with the increased 5-hmC in promoter regions
      and up-regulated expression in SLE CD4(+) T cells compared with healthy controls,
      including selected immune-related genes, i.e. SOCS1, NR2F6 and IL15RA, which were
      also confirmed by ChIP-qPCR. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CTCF, as a
      transcription factor, can mediate DNA hydroxymethylation and contribute to
      overexpression of SOCS1 in CD4(+) T cells through binding to the promoter region
      of SOCS1. Taken together, our study reveals a critical differential 5-hmC in the
      genome-wide promoter regions of SLE CD4(+) T cells and provides a novel mechanism
      that suggests that DNA hydroxymethylation contributes to the aberrant regulation
      of genes transcription in the pathogenesis of SLE. 

PMID- 26984632
TI  - Octadecylamine-Mediated Versatile Coating of CoFe2O4 NPs for the Sustained
      Release of Anti-Inflammatory Drug Naproxen and in Vivo Target Selectivity.
AB  - Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can play a distinct role in magnetic drug delivery
      via their distribution to the targeted area. The preparation of such MNPs is a
      challenging multiplex task that requires the optimization of size, magnetic, and
      surface properties for the achievement of desirable target selectivity, along
      with the sustained drug release as a prerequisite. In that context, CoFe2O4 MNPs
      with a small size of ~7 nm and moderate saturation magnetization of ~60 emu g(-1)
      were solvothermally synthesized in the presence of octadecylamine (ODA) with a
      view to investigate the functionalization route effect on the drug release.
      Synthetic regulations allowed us to prepare MNPs with aminated (AmMNPs) and amine
      free (FAmMNPs) surface. The addition of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
      with a carboxylate donor, Naproxen (NAP), was achieved by direct coupling with
      the NH2 groups, rendered by ODA, through the formation of an amide bond in the
      case of AmMNPs. In the case of FAmMNPs, indirect coupling of NAP was performed
      through an intermediate linker (polyethylenimine) and on PEG-ylated MNPs. FT-IR,
      (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and UV-vis data confirmed the addition of NAP, whereas
      diverse drug-release behavior was observed for the different functionalization
      approaches. The biological behavior of the MNPs@NAP was evaluated in vitro in rat
      serum and in vivo in mice, after radiolabeling with a gamma-emitting
      radionuclide, (99m)Tc. The in vivo fate of MNPs@NAP carriers was in
      straightforward relation with the direct or indirect coupling of NAP.
      Furthermore, an inflammation was induced intramuscularly, where the directly
      coupled (99m)Tc-MNPs@NAP carriers showed increased accumulation at the
      inflammation site. 

PMID- 26984633
TI  - Timosaponin A-III reverses multi-drug resistance in human chronic myelogenous
      leukemia K562/ADM cells via downregulation of MDR1 and MRP1 expression by
      inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
AB  - One of the major causes of failure in chemotherapy for patients with human
      chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is the acquisition of multidrug resistance
      (MDR). MDR is often associated with the overexpression of drug efflux
      transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family. Timosaponin A-III
      (TAIII), a saponin isolated from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, has
      previously demonstrated the ability to suppress certain human tumor processes and
      the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent. Nevertheless, the ability
      of TAIII to reverse MDR has not yet been explored. In this study, the adriamycin
      (ADM) resistance reversal effect of TAIII in human CML K562/ADM cells and the
      underlying mechanism was investigated. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
      showed that TAIII had a reversal effect on the drug resistance of K562/ADM cells.
      Flow cytometry assay showed increased intracellular accumulation of ADM after
      cells were pretreated with TAIII, and the changes in the accumulation of
      rhodamine-123 (Rho-123) and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) dye in
      K562/ADM cells were determined to be similar to the changes of intracellular
      accumulation of ADM. After pretreatment of cells with TAIII, the decreasing
      expression of P-gp and MRP1 mRNA was examined by reverse transcription polymerase
      chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blotting showed TAIII inhibiting P-gp and MRP1
      expression depended on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by decreasing the activity
      of p-Akt. Moreover, wortmannin an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway has a
      strong inhibitory effect on the expression of p-Akt, P-gp and MRP1. Besides, the
      combined treatment with TAIII did not have an affect on wortmannin downregulation
      of p-Akt, P-gp and MRP1. Taken together, our findings demonstrate, for the first
      time, that TAIII induced MDR reversal through inhibition of P-gp and MRP1
      expression and function with regained adriamycin sensitivity which might mainly
      correlate to the regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26984634
TI  - Real-time high-resolution heterodyne-based measurements of spectral dynamics in
      fibre lasers.
AB  - Conventional tools for measurement of laser spectra (e.g. optical spectrum
      analysers) capture data averaged over a considerable time period. However, the
      generation spectrum of many laser types may involve spectral dynamics whose
      relatively fast time scale is determined by their cavity round trip period,
      calling for instrumentation featuring both high temporal and spectral resolution.
      Such real-time spectral characterisation becomes particularly challenging if the
      laser pulses are long, or they have continuous or quasi-continuous wave radiation
      components. Here we combine optical heterodyning with a technique of spatio
      temporal intensity measurements that allows the characterisation of such complex
      sources. Fast, round-trip-resolved spectral dynamics of cavity-based systems in
      real-time are obtained, with temporal resolution of one cavity round trip and
      frequency resolution defined by its inverse (85 ns and 24 MHz respectively are
      demonstrated). We also show how under certain conditions for quasi-continuous
      wave sources, the spectral resolution could be further increased by a factor of
      100 by direct extraction of phase information from the heterodyned dynamics or by
      using double time scales within the spectrogram approach. 

PMID- 26984636
TI  - The impairment of small nerve fibers in severe sepsis and septic shock.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A decrease of small nerve fibers in skin biopsies during the course
      of critical illness has been demonstrated recently. However, the diagnostic use
      of skin biopsies in sepsis and its time course is not known. METHODS: Patients
      (n=32) with severe sepsis or septic shock were examined using skin biopsies,
      neurological examination, nerve conduction studies, and sympathetic skin response
      in the first week after onset of sepsis, 2 weeks and 4 months later and compared
      to gender- and age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Skin biopsies at the ankle
      and thigh revealed a significant decrease of intraepidermal nerve fiber density
      (IENFD) during the first week of sepsis and 2 weeks later. All patients developed
      critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) according to electrophysiological criteria
      and 11 showed IENFD values lower than the 0.05 quantile. Four patients were
      biopsied after 4 months and still showed decreased IENFD. Results of nerve
      conduction studies and IENFD did considerably change over time. No differences
      for survival time between patients with IEFND lower and larger than 3.5 fibers/mm
      were found. CONCLUSIONS: Skin biopsy is able to detect an impairment of small
      sensory nerve fibers early in the course of sepsis. However, it may not be suited
      as a prognostic parameter for survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical
      Trials Register, DRKS-ID: DRKS00000642, 12/17/2010.

PMID- 26984635
TI  - Runs of homozygosity and inbreeding in thyroid cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several
      single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing the risk of thyroid cancer
      (TC). Most cancer predisposition genes identified through GWASs function in a co
      dominant manner, and studies have not found evidence for recessively functioning
      disease loci in TC. Our study examines whether homozygosity is associated with an
      increased risk of TC and searches for novel recessively acting disease loci.
      METHODS: Data from a previously conducted GWAS were used for the estimation of
      the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by all common SNPs, the detection
      of runs of homozygosity (ROH) and the determination of inbreeding to unravel
      their influence on TC. RESULTS: Inbreeding coefficients were significantly higher
      among cases than controls. Association on a SNP-by-SNP basis was controlled by
      using the false discovery rate at a level of q* < 0.05, with 34 SNPs representing
      true differences in homozygosity between cases and controls. The average size,
      the number and total length of ROHs per person were significantly higher in cases
      than in controls. A total of 16 recurrent ROHs of rather short length were
      identified although their association with TC risk was not significant at a
      genome-wide level. Several recurrent ROHs harbor genes associated with risk of
      TC. All of the ROHs showed significant evidence for natural selection (iHS, Fst,
      Fay and Wu's H). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the existence of recessive
      alleles in TC susceptibility. Although regions of homozygosity were rather small,
      it might be possible that variants within these ROHs affect TC risk and may
      function in a recessive manner.

PMID- 26984637
TI  - Distances between bony landmarks and adjacent nerves: anatomical factors that may
      influence retractor placement in total hip replacement surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retractor placement is a leading cause of intraoperative nerve injury
      during total hip replacement (THR) surgery. The sciatic nerve, femoral nerve, and
      superior gluteal nerve are most commonly affected. This study aimed to identify
      the distances from bony landmarks in the hip to the adjacent nerves on magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) and the associations between anatomical factors and these
      distances that would guide the placement of retractors during THR surgery, in
      order to minimize the risk of nerve injury. METHODS: We reviewed hip MRIs of 263
      adults and recorded the distances from (1) the anterior acetabular rim to the
      femoral nerve; (2) the superior acetabular rim to the superior gluteal nerve; (3)
      the posterior acetabular rim to the sciatic nerve; and (4) the greater trochanter
      to the sciatic nerve. The effects of anatomical factors (i.e., gender, age, body
      height, body mass index (BMI), pelvic width, and acetabular version and
      morphology) on these distances were analyzed. RESULTS: Distances from bony
      landmarks to adjacent nerves (in cm) were 2.06 +/- 0.44, 2.23 +/- 0.28, 1.94 +/-
      0.81, and 4.83 +/- 0.26 for the anterior acetabular rim, superior acetabular rim,
      posterior acetabular rim, and greater trochanter, respectively, and were shorter
      in women than in men (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified body height as
      the most influential factor (P < 0.001). Linear regression demonstrated a strong
      positive linear correlation between body height and these distances (Pearson's r
      = 0.808, 0.823, 0.818, and 0.792, respectively (P < 0.001)). CONCLUSIONS: The
      distances from bony landmarks to adjacent nerves provide useful information for
      placing retractors without causing nerve injury during THR surgery. Shorter
      patients will have shorter distances from bony landmarks to adjacent nerves,
      prompting more careful placement of retractors.

PMID- 26984639
TI  - Associations of functional alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 gene variants
      with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke.
AB  - Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines (ADMA and SDMA) impair nitric oxide
      bioavailability and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atrial
      fibrillation (AF). Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) is the only
      enzyme capable of metabolizing both of the dimethylarginines. We hypothesized
      that two functional AGXT2 missense variants (rs37369, V140I; rs16899974, V498L)
      are associated with AF and its cardioembolic complications. Association analyses
      were conducted using 1,834 individulas with AF and 7,159 unaffected individuals
      from two coronary angiography cohorts and a cohort comprising patients undergoing
      clinical exercise testing. In coronary angiography patients without structural
      heart disease, the minor A allele of rs16899974 was associated with any AF (OR =
      2.07, 95% CI 1.59-2.68), and with paroxysmal AF (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.44-2.74) and
      chronic AF (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.35-3.06) separately. We could not replicate the
      association with AF in the other two cohorts. However, the A allele of rs16899974
      was nominally associated with ischemic stroke risk in the meta-analysis of WTCCC2
      ischemic stroke cohorts (3,548 cases, 5,972 controls) and with earlier onset of
      first-ever ischemic stroke (360 cases) in the cohort of clinical exercise test
      patients. In conclusion, AGXT2 variations may be involved in the pathogenesis of
      AF and its age-related thromboembolic complications. 

PMID- 26984638
TI  - The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the development of cells with the
      molecular and functional characteristics of cancer stem-like cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-renewing, chemoresistant breast cancer stem cells are believed
      to contribute significantly to cancer invasion, migration and patient relapse.
      Therefore, the identification of signaling pathways that regulate the acquisition
      of stem-like qualities is an important step towards understanding why patients
      relapse and towards development of novel therapeutics that specifically target
      cancer stem cell vulnerabilities. Recent studies identified a role for the aryl
      hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an environmental carcinogen receptor implicated in
      cancer initiation, in normal tissue-specific stem cell self-renewal. These
      studies inspired the hypothesis that the AHR plays a role in the acquisition of
      cancer stem cell-like qualities. RESULTS: To test this hypothesis, AHR activity
      in Hs578T triple negative and SUM149 inflammatory breast cancer cells were
      modulated with AHR ligands, shRNA or AHR-specific inhibitors, and phenotypic,
      genomic and functional stem cell-associated characteristics were evaluated. The
      data demonstrate that (1) ALDH(high) cells express elevated levels of Ahr and
      Cyp1b1 and Cyp1a1, AHR-driven genes, (2) AHR knockdown reduces ALDH activity by
      80%, (3) AHR hyper-activation with several ligands, including environmental
      ligands, significantly increases ALDH1 activity, expression of stem cell- and
      invasion/migration-associated genes, and accelerates cell migration, (4) a
      significant correlation between Ahr or Cyp1b1 expression (as a surrogate marker
      for AHR activity) and expression of stem cell- and invasion/migration-associated
      gene sets is seen with genomic data obtained from 79 human breast cancer cell
      lines and over 1,850 primary human breast cancers, (5) the AHR interacts directly
      with Sox2, a master regulator of self-renewal; AHR ligands increase this
      interaction and nuclear SOX2 translocation, (6) AHR knockdown inhibits
      tumorsphere formation in low adherence conditions, (7) AHR inhibition blocks the
      rapid migration of ALDH(high) cells and reduces ALDH(high) cell chemoresistance,
      (8) ALDH(high) cells are highly efficient at initiating tumors in orthotopic
      xenografts, and (9) AHR knockdown inhibits tumor initiation and reduces tumor
      Aldh1a1, Sox2, and Cyp1b1 expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest
      that the AHR plays an important role in development of cells with cancer stem
      cell-like qualities and that environmental AHR ligands may exacerbate breast
      cancer by enhancing expression of these properties.

PMID- 26984640
TI  - Bioluminescent magnetic nanoparticles as potential imaging agents for mammalian
      spermatozoa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nanoparticles have emerged as key materials for developing
      applications in nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, bioimaging and theranostics.
      Existing bioimaging technologies include bioluminescent resonance energy transfer
      conjugated quantum dots (BRET-QDs). Despite the current use of BRET-QDs for
      bioimaging, there are strong concerns about QD nanocomposites containing cadmium
      which exhibits potential cellular toxicity. RESULTS: In this study,
      bioluminescent composites comprised of magnetic nanoparticles and firefly
      luciferase (Photinus pyralis) are examined as potential light-emitting agents for
      imaging, detection, and tracking mammalian spermatozoa. Characterization was
      carried out using infrared spectroscopy, TEM and cryo-TEM imaging, and zeta
      potential measurements to demonstrate the successful preparation of these
      nanocomposites. Binding interactions between the synthesized nanoparticles and
      spermatozoon were characterized using confocal and atomic/magnetic force
      microscopy. Bioluminescence imaging and UV-visible-NIR microscopy results showed
      light emission from sperm samples incubated with the firefly luciferase-modified
      nanoparticles. Therefore, these newly synthesized luciferase-modified magnetic
      nanoparticles show promise as substitutes for QD labeling, and can potentially
      also be used for in vivo manipulation and tracking, as well as MRI techniques.
      CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data indicate that luciferase-magnetic
      nanoparticle composites can potentially be used for spermatozoa detection and
      imaging. Their magnetic properties add additional functionality to allow for
      manipulation, sorting, or tracking of cells using magnetic techniques.

PMID- 26984641
TI  - Young Adults' Information Seeking Following Celebrity Suicide: Considering
      Involvement With the Celebrity and Emotional Distress in Health Communication
      Strategies.
AB  - Young adults (N = 357) were surveyed following the suicide of celebrity Robin
      Williams to better understand how involvement with the actor and emotional
      responses to his death influenced searches for information concerning depression,
      suicide, and mental health. Emotional distress following the actor's death
      mediated the relationship between involvement and certain types of information
      searches. Most respondents sought information about the celebrity's career,
      suicide, and depression using portable devices such as smartphones and laptop
      computers to access news websites for information. Those respondents who sought
      information about the suicide reported changes in their thoughts about suicide,
      most often dealing with the difficulty in spotting warning signs and the idea
      that "it can happen to anyone." Findings suggest placement of health messages
      within existing material about celebrity announcements on online websites and
      social media to drive more traffic toward general informational outlets. Messages
      that acknowledge emotional distress might be best placed within content specific
      to the celebrity's tragedy, rather than specific to the celebrity's career or
      performances.

PMID- 26984642
TI  - Novel Approach for Clinical Validation of the cobas KRAS Mutation Test in
      Advanced Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - AIM: Our objective was to assess the performance of the cobas test versus
      comparators for KRAS mutation status and predicting clinical response to anti
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy in patients with metastatic
      colorectal cancer (mCRC). METHODS: mCRC samples from 398 patients from Roche
      study NO16968 (XELOXA) and 82 supplemental samples were tested with the
      cobas((r)) KRAS mutation test (cobas test), the therascreen((r)) KRAS RGQ PCR kit
      test (therascreen test), and Sanger sequencing as the reference method for
      detecting mutations in codons 12/13. RESULTS: For 461 eligible samples, the cobas
      test, therascreen test, and sequencing had invalid results for 5.2, 10.8, and 2.6
      % of specimens, respectively. Valid cobas and therascreen test results had
      similar KRAS mutation-positive rates (37.3 vs. 36.3 %, respectively); sequencing
      was 28.5 %. Positive and negative percent agreement (PPA/NPA) between the cobas
      test and sequencing was 96.9 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 92.2-98.8), and
      88.7 % (95 % CI 84.7-91.8), respectively. PPA/NPA between the cobas and
      therascreen tests was 93.3 % (95 % CI 88.1-96.3) and 96.5 % (95 % CI 93.5-98.1),
      respectively. Bridging analysis from NCIC-CO.17 and NCT00113763 using the cobas
      test yielded modeled hazard ratios for overall survival and progression-free
      survival (PFS) of 0.558 (95 % CI 0.422-0.752) and 0.413 (95 % CI 0.304-0.550),
      respectively, for cetuximab and 0.989 (95 % CI 0.778-1.299) and 0.471 (95 % CI
      0.360-0.626), respectively, for panitumumab, demonstrating significant efficacy
      in the KRAS-negative population for PFS. CONCLUSION: The cobas test showed
      similar accuracy to the therascreen test for detecting KRAS mutations and could
      appropriately identify mCRC patients ineligible for anti-EGFR therapy as
      demonstrated by bridging analysis results.

PMID- 26984643
TI  - Collective atomic scattering and motional effects in a dense coherent medium.
AB  - We investigate collective emission from coherently driven ultracold (88)Sr atoms.
      We perform two sets of experiments using a strong and weak transition that are
      insensitive and sensitive, respectively, to atomic motion at 1 MUK. We observe
      highly directional forward emission with a peak intensity that is enhanced, for
      the strong transition, by >10(3) compared with that in the transverse direction.
      This is accompanied by substantial broadening of spectral lines. For the weak
      transition, the forward enhancement is substantially reduced due to motion.
      Meanwhile, a density-dependent frequency shift of the weak transition (~10% of
      the natural linewidth) is observed. In contrast, this shift is suppressed to <1%
      of the natural linewidth for the strong transition. Along the transverse
      direction, we observe strong polarization dependences of the fluorescence
      intensity and line broadening for both transitions. The measurements are
      reproduced with a theoretical model treating the atoms as coherent, interacting
      radiating dipoles.

PMID- 26984644
TI  - Suicide Ideation Is Related to Therapeutic Alliance in a Brief Therapy for
      Attempted Suicide.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the role of therapeutic alliance
      on suicide ideation as outcome measure in a brief therapy for patients who
      attempted suicide. Sixty patients received the 3-session therapy supplemented by
      follow-up contact through regular letters. Therapeutic alliance was measured with
      the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ). Outcome at 6 and 12 months was measured
      with the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS). Therapeutic alliance increased
      from session 1 to session 3. Higher alliance measures correlated with lower
      suicidal ideation at 12 months follow-up. A history of previous attempts and
      depression had a negative affect on therapeutic alliance. The results suggest
      that in the treatment of suicidal patients therapeutic alliance may be a
      moderating factor for reducing suicide ideation.

PMID- 26984645
TI  - Effects of prenatal diclofenac sodium exposure on newborn testis: a
      histomorphometric study.
AB  - Diclofenac sodium (DS) is used primarily to treat fever and to alleviate pain and
      inflammation. We investigated the effects of DS exposure during gestation on the
      testes of rat pups to investigate the safety of its use during the prenatal
      period. Pregnant rats were separated into control, saline, low dose, medium dose
      and high dose groups. DS was given between weeks 15 and 21 of gestation. Total
      numbers of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were counted in the testes of 7-day
      old male rats using the physical disector method. By the end of the study, the
      total number of Sertoli cells was decreased significantly in a dose dependent
      manner in the medium and high dose groups compared to controls. No significant
      differences were found in the total number of spermatogonia in the control,
      saline and low dose DS groups. Medium and high dose DS administration reduced the
      total number of spermatogonia compared to other groups. We suggest that prenatal
      administration of DS can cause deleterious effects on the testis development,
      especially in high doses. 

PMID- 26984647
TI  - Novel structurally tuned DAMN receptor for "in situ" diagnosis of bicarbonate in
      environmental waters.
AB  - A new diaminomalenonitrile (DAMN) based charge transfer (CT) chromophore has been
      designed and synthesized. The receptor demonstrates highly specific and prompt
      bicarbonate anion (HCO3(-)) sensing in aqueous solution. Interaction with HCO3(-)
      triggers facile CT across the system, and enables the in situ recognition of
      water soluble carbonates. The recognition allows us to obtain qualitative as well
      as quantitative information from aqueous media. The inimitable potential of the
      receptor was further utilized for monitoring bicarbonate in a range of
      environmental waters. 

PMID- 26984646
TI  - Poor sleep quality is observed in mild cognitive impairment and is largely
      unrelated to depression and anxiety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) commonly experience
      a number of sleep quality related issues. However, it remains unclear if these
      issues are specific to MCI or are simply attributed to the elevated levels
      depression and anxiety symptoms frequently observed among those with MCI. The
      present study sought to examine group differences between participants with MCI
      and matched controls on self-reported measures of sleep quality while controlling
      for depression and anxiety levels. METHODS: Participants with MCI (N = 48) and
      demographically matched controls (N = 48) were administered with self-reported
      measures of anxiety, depression and sleep quality. Sleep quality between both
      groups were first analyzed using a Multivariate Analysis of Variance, and then
      subsequently a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance incorporating depression and
      anxiety scores as covariates. RESULTS: The MCI group had significantly higher
      levels of depression and anxiety than the controls. On the sleep-related
      measures, the MCI group had significantly worse outcomes in sleep duration,
      disturbances, latency, efficiency, quality and daytime dysfunction. After
      controlling for depression and anxiety levels, with the exception of daytime
      dysfunction, all other differences remain significant, and are also associated
      with moderate to large effect sizes. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that sleep
      quality issues are present in MCI and are largely independent of depression and
      anxiety.

PMID- 26984648
TI  - Is internal fixation of the intertrochanteric fractures reliable option in
      patients with cognitive dysfunction?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the results of hemiarthroplasty with
      those of treatment internal fixation devices for stable intertrochanteric
      fractures in patients with moderate and severe cognitive dysfunction. 155
      patients were evaluated retrospectively. 54 patients were treated with proximal
      femoral nail (PFN), 57 with dynamic hip screw (DHS) and 44 were underwent
      hemiarthroplasty (HA). Activities of daily living (ADL) were evaluated with the
      Barthel Activity Index (BI) score and the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL)
      with the Euroquol-5D (EQ-5D) test. The BI scores in HA patients were found to be
      at significantly high compared to the PFN and DHS groups both at the one and two
      years. A significant difference was also found in the EQ-5D scores in favor of HA
      group at one year. The most common complications in internal fixation patients
      were malunion (7/54 for PFN, 9/57 for DHS group), fixation failure (8/54 for PFN,
      12/57 for DHS group) and dislocation (10/44), deep infection (8/44) for HA group.
      The strong predictive variables on ADL in dementia patients were, duration time
      to surgery and pre-operative MMSE score. In conclusion, HA is the prefered
      treatment for stable intertrochanteric fractures but that the dislocation (10/44)
      and infection rates (8/44) are very high in dementia. 

PMID- 26984650
TI  - Patella component loosening--A case report.
AB  - Patellofemoral arthroplasty is a treatment option for the relatively young
      patient with isolated patellofemoral osteoarthritis where conservative treatment
      has failed. However, despite of reasonable long term results, complications could
      be challenging. Loosening of the polyethylene patella component is a serious
      complication and has been reported in 2%. Dislocation of the polyethylene patella
      component did -happen more often in the polyethylene patella metal backed LCS-PFA
      variant. In this case we describe the diagnostic and treatment challenges of this
      complication. 

PMID- 26984649
TI  - Birmingham Hip Resurfacing--Patient reported outcomes pre and post 'Metal-on
      Metal' media attention.
AB  - We have investigated whether patient reported outcomes provided by patients with
      Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) changed after negative media coverage of metal
      on-metal (MOM) hip replacement. We also investigated whether patients whose
      procedures were performed by a designer surgeon behaved differently to those
      performed elsewhere. 1178 consecutive BHR procedures performed between January
      2002 and December 2006, by one of the designer surgeons in his private practice,
      were reviewed. We also reviewed 402 BHRs undertaken by two non-designer surgeons
      in both their NHS and private practice. 150 of the latter cohort were undertaken
      at an NHS hospital and 252 at an independent private hospital. All patients had
      annual Oxford Hip Scores (OHS) collected. We chose 2007 as pre-"media attention"
      and compared scores from this year against subsequent years. We found no
      clinically significant change in OHS between 2007 and subsequent years, at all
      centres. We conclude that negative media reporting does not appear to have had an
      impact on patients' perceived outcome after BHR. In consequence, patients who
      have undergone this type of hip resurfacing and show deterioration should be
      investigated. 

PMID- 26984651
TI  - Anterior lumbar inter-body fusion with instrumentation compared with
      posterolateral fusion for low grade isthmic-spondylolisthesis.
AB  - Spondylolisthesis presenting as low back pain is not an uncommon condition. Many
      of such patients are treated conservatively. For those that require surgical
      management, various treatment options are in vogue e.g. Postero-lateral fusion
      (PLF) with decompression or posterior fusion with instrumentation and anterior
      lumbar inter-body fusion (ALIF). Each technique has produced satisfactory outcome
      with benefits and disadvantages. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the outcome of
      surgical management of low grade spondylolisthesis with two treatments modalities
      -Postero-lateral fusion (PLF) and Anterior lumbar inter-body fusion (ALIF) with
      posterior instrumentation in similar patient profile. SETTINGS AND DESIGN:
      Prospective study to compare the results of two surgical treatment modalities.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The selected group of patients for surgery based on
      definite criteria was operated by the same surgeon by two modalities: Postero
      lateral fusion with decompression and Anterior Lumbar Inter-body fusion with
      posterior instrumentation. The outcomes were compared. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:
      Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. RESULTS: Follow up was done at twelve weekly
      intervals up to 2 years. Both groups showed good recovery in pain as seen in
      Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry low back pain scoring. Intra-operative
      bleeding was observed to be higher in Postero-lateral fusion group. Average
      length of hospital stay for the patients of PLF group was 6.6 days (Range: 4-7
      days) as compared to 12.5 days (Range: 10-16 days) in case of ALIF group.
      Treatment cost was found to be higher in patients who undergone ALIF with
      instrumentation. CONCLUSIONS: ALIF with posterior instrumentation in low grade
      isthmic spondylolisthesis provides satisfactory outcome in patients requiring
      surgical treatment. The results of pain relief and disability index are
      comparable to time tested posterolateral fusion. ALIF shows a tendency to faster
      pain relief and return to activity with less intraoperative blood requirement in
      low grade isthmic spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 26984653
TI  - Adjustments in 2011 KSS increase the clinical suitability.
AB  - The 2011 KSS is a valid clinical TKA questionnaire, but with a low completion
      rate (42%). Adjustments, focusing on optimizing scale features, are required to
      improve its clinical use. The low completion rates, non-optimal scale features,
      lacking rules or a combination of these factors where addressed, leading to the
      development of the adjusted 2011 KSS (2011 KSS-A). Four-hundred-ninety-nine
      primary TKA patients were addressed pre- and postoperative by mail. Clinimetric
      quality was evaluated. Seventy percent responded and 90% completed the scale.
      Internal consistency proved excellent with Cronbach's Alpha>=0.79 for all
      subscales. Strong correlations were found between the Functional Activity
      subscales and KOOS-PS (r=-0.63 to -0.87). All subscales improved significantly
      after intervention (r-range 14-33%, effect size 0.50-2.85). Postoperatively,
      ceiling effects were found in the subscales Symptoms (16%) and Walking & Standing
      (26%). Adjustments led to a shortened and simplified questionnaire while
      maintaining its clinimetric quality.

PMID- 26984652
TI  - Results of a unicentric series of 15 wrist prosthesis implantations at a 5.2 year
      follow-up.
AB  - Our retrospective study aimed to evaluate functional and radiological results of
      a unicentric series of 17 total wrist prostheses implanted between 2001 and 2011.
      Nine women and seven men, mean age 59, underwent wrist joint arthroplasty,
      bilateral in one case. Universal Total Wrist and Remotion prostheses were used
      and followed-up at a mean of 5.2 years (1.1-10). Fifteen patients were reviewed.
      Four patients had postoperative complications, three of whom required
      arthrodesis. The rest obtained satisfactory pain relief. Grip strength
      nevertheless decreased compared to the contralateral side and mobility was
      reduced: flexion/extension=33 degrees , ulnar/radial deviation=20 degrees . The
      Quick DASH score was 29% and PRWE, 26%. Radiological assessment revealed carpal
      implant loosening in eight patients. Our series confirms the discordance
      generally observed between patients' subjective satisfaction and mediocre
      clinical and radiological results over the medium term.

PMID- 26984654
TI  - Percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation in vertically unstable pelvic injuries, a
      refined conventional method.
AB  - Percutaneous ilio-sacral screw fixation is a well-established method for fixation
      of unstable posterior pelvic lesions. Due to unavailability of the navigation
      system in our institute and the limits of using CT-guided method, we tried to
      refine the conventional method. Between March 2011 and Nov. 2012, twenty patients
      with closed vertical pelvic injuries were admitted. They were 17 males and three
      females with an average age of 34 years (range from 27 to 55). Percutaneous ilio
      sacral screw fixation was done in the supine position using a Schanz screw
      marking of a fixed entry point in the outer iliac table. Closed reduction was
      done in all cases with excellent reduction in 14 cases, good in two and fair in
      four cases. The mean duration of screw insertion was 17 minutes (ranged from 10
      to 25). One case of injury of the superior gluteal vessels was present and one
      case with misplacement through the ventral part of contra-lateral sacral ala. No
      neurological complications were detected. Ilio-sacral screw fixation by this
      refined technique allows safe stabilization of vertical pelvic lesions with an
      acceptable complication rate. 

PMID- 26984655
TI  - Press-fit versus threaded acetabular cups in total hip arthroplasty: Functional
      and radiological results after five years.
AB  - Prospectively the outcome after total hip replacement with a new threaded
      acetabular cup design was compared to an established press-fit cup. After 1, 2
      and 5 years, the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, Western Ontario and McMaster
      University Osteoarthritis Index and Harris Hip Score revealed no significant
      differences between the two groups (each group: n=42 patients), except for a
      higher Harris Hip Score in the threaded cup group after five years (p=0.02).
      After five years, one threaded cup had a mild radiolucent line without further
      signs of loosening. All other cups of both groups (98.6%) showed a full osseous
      integration. The cup inclination angle ranged from 41-58 degrees  (threaded cups)
      to 39-77 degrees  (press-fit cups). The new threaded cup provides equivalent
      clinical outcomes and osseous integration but more precise implant positioning
      compared to the press-fit design. No complications typically ascribed to threaded
      cups (acetabular fractures, bone resorption, nerve impairment) occurred.

PMID- 26984656
TI  - Operative treatment of chondroblastoma: a study of 11 cases.
AB  - Aim of the study was to review the radiological, clinical results of 11
      chondroblastoma cases treated at our institute between 2003-2013. All patients
      with chondroblastoma included in this study underwent intra-lesional curettage+/
      bone grafting. Follow up for healing of chondroblastoma lesions and detection of
      any local recurrence was assessed on clinical and radiological bases. The
      functional outcome was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society scoring
      system. The mean follow-up period was 6.1 years. There were three recurrences
      (two femoral head, one proximal tibia). The mean Musculoskeletal Tumour Society
      functional score was 21. First line aggressive treatment seems appropriate for
      chondroblastoma especially when localized at lower extremities.

PMID- 26984657
TI  - Role of anthropometric data in the prediction of 4-stranded hamstring graft size
      in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
AB  - To evaluate whether pre-operative anthropometric data can predict the optimal
      diameter and length of hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament
      (ACL) reconstruction. This was a cohort study that involved 169 patients who
      underwent single-bundle ACL reconstruction (single surgeon) with 4-stranded MM
      Gracilis and MM Semi-Tendinosus autografts. Height, weight, body mass index
      (BMI), gender, race, age and -smoking status were recorded pre-operatively. Intra
      operatively, the diameter and functional length of the 4-stranded autograft was
      recorded. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship
      between the anthropometric measurements and the length and diameter of the
      implanted autografts. The strongest correlation between 4-stranded hamstring
      autograft diameter was height and weight. This correlation was stronger in
      females than males. BMI had a moderate correlation with the diameter of the graft
      in females. Females had a significantly smaller graft both in diameter and length
      when compared with males. Linear regression models did not show any significant
      correlation between hamstring autograft length with height and weight (p>0.05).
      Simple regression analysis demonstrated that height and weight can be used to
      predict hamstring graft diameter. The following regression equation was obtained
      for females: Graft diameter=0.012+0.034*Height+0.026*Weight (R2=0.358, p=0.004)
      The following regression equation was obtained for males: Graft
      diameter=5.130+0.012*Height+0.007*Weight (R2=0.086, p=0.002). Pre-operative
      anthropometric data has a positive correlation with the diameter of 4 stranded
      hamstring autografts but no significant correlation with the length. This data
      can be utilised to predict the autograft diameter and may be useful for pre
      operative planning and patient counseling for graft selection.

PMID- 26984658
TI  - How to treat a frozen shoulder? A survey among shoulder specialists in the
      Netherlands and Belgium.
AB  - A frozen shoulder is a common cause of a painful and stiff shoulder. A web-based
      survey was conducted to obtain insight in the current preferences about the
      diagnosis and treatment of a frozen shoulder. A response rate of 54% was reached
      among shoulder specialized orthopaedic surgeons from the Netherlands and Belgium.
      Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and intra-articular corticosteroid
      injections are used frequently in the first phase of the condition. Physiotherapy
      is assumed to be more important in the final phase. The results of the survey
      indicate a wide variety of treatment strategies in the different phases of a
      frozen shoulder. Three out of four respondents considered that the management of
      a frozen shoulder could benefit from a written guideline. The development of a
      written guideline should lead to an improved level of consensus and a more
      standardized approach in the treatment of a frozen shoulder among shoulder
      specialists in the Netherlands and Belgium.

PMID- 26984660
TI  - Infrapatellar fat pad syndrome: a review of anatomy, function, treatment and
      dynamics.
AB  - The infrapatellar (Hoffa's) fatpad is an important structure within the knee,
      whose function and role are both poorly understood. This review explores the
      anatomy, neural innervation, vascularity, role in biomechanics, pathology,
      imaging (stressing the importance of dynamic ultrasound assessment) and treatment
      of disorders presenting within this structure. 

PMID- 26984659
TI  - LCP metaphyseal plate fixation for fractures of the distal third humeral shaft
      using brachialis splitting approach.
AB  - The authors retrospectively studied the clinical and radiographic outcomes of
      locking compressive plate (LCP) metaphyseal plate fixation through the
      anterolateral approach in patients treated surgically for unstable distal third
      humeral shaft fractures. Twenty seven patients were treated surgically with LCP
      metaphyseal plate using brachialis splitting methods through the anterolateral
      approach. The mean arc of elbow motion was 132.4 degrees  with a mean flexion of
      133.5 degrees  and mean flexion contracture of 1.1 degrees . Three patients had a
      slight elbow flexion contracture with loss of 5 degrees  (n=1), 10 degrees 
      (n=1), and 15 degrees  (n=1) of extension. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow
      Surgeons score was 92.6 points, which corresponded to excellent results in 26
      shoulders and a good result in one. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was
      90.7 points, which corresponded to excellent results in 24 elbows, a good result
      in 2, and a fair result in 1. Treatment of distal third humeral shaft fracture
      using LCP metaphyseal plate through the anterolateral approach is an acceptable
      and alternative method that can provide good results.

PMID- 26984661
TI  - Exostoses, enchondromatosis and metachondromatosis; diagnosis and management.
AB  - We describe a 5 years old girl who presented to the multidisciplinary skeletal
      dysplasia clinic following excision of two bony lumps from her fingers. Based on
      clinical examination, radiolographs and histological results an initial diagnosis
      of hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) was made. Four years later she developed
      further lumps which had the radiological appearance of enchondromas. The
      appearance of both exostoses and enchondromas suggested a possible diagnosis of
      metachondromatosis. Genetic testing revealed a splice site mutation at the end of
      exon 11 on the PTPN11 gene, confirming the diagnosis of metachondromatosis. While
      both single or multiple exostoses and enchondromas occur relatively commonly on
      their own, the appearance of multiple exostoses and enchondromas together is rare
      and should raise the differential diagnosis of metachondromatosis. Making this
      diagnosis is important as the lesions in metachondromatosis may spontaneously
      resolve and therefore surgical intervention is often unnecessary. We discuss the
      diagnostic findings, genetic causes, treatment and prognosis of this rare
      condition of which less than thirty cases have previously been reported. 

PMID- 26984662
TI  - Arthroscopic tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis in neurological pathologies: outcomes
      after at least one year of follow up.
AB  - The main complications of open tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis are wound healing
      disorders and nonunion. Our hypothesis was that arthroscopy and interlocking
      intramedullary nailing decrease these complications. We retrospectively reviewed
      six patients (mean age: 58 years; mean preoperative Kitaoka score: 51/100) having
      undergone arthroscopic tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with retrograde
      intramedullary nailing between January and November 2011 for equinus deformity of
      the hindfoot and subtalar instability of neurological origin. Postoperative pain
      disappeared completely in four cases, one patient presented some pain associated
      with projection of the proximal locking screw head under the skin and the
      remaining patient presented fibular tendinitis that resolved after infiltration
      of anti-inflammatory drugs. The mean postoperative Kitaoka score was 64/100. None
      of the patients presented any wound healing complications or nonunion. The
      observed incidence of wound complications and bone consolidation disorders after
      tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis was lower than the ones reported for open
      tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. Level of clinical evidence IV: retrospective case
      series.

PMID- 26984663
TI  - The Dutch version of the Forgotten Joint Score: test-retesting reliability and
      validation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to translate the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) into the
      Dutch language. This -questionnaire was tested for internal consistency
      (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation
      coefficients (ICC)). 159 patients were included in this study; 74 with a total
      hip arthroplasty (THA) and 85 with a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The FJS
      showed a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.957; ICC=0.943). The FJS
      showed a significant correlation (r=0.751) with the WOMAC and low ceiling effects
      (3.1%). This study proved the Dutch FJS to be highly discriminative in patients
      treated with a THA or TKA. This makes the FJS a reliable patient related outcome
      measurement, measuring a new dimension in arthroplasty: the ability to forget an
      artificial joint in everyday life.

PMID- 26984664
TI  - Early failure of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using TightRope system.
AB  - This prospective study reports the results of early failure of coracoclavicular
      (CC) ligament reconstruction using TightRope. Nine consecutive patients who had
      CC ligament reconstruction using TightRope or GraftRope were assessed for
      radiological and functional outcomes using DASH and Oxford Shoulder scores. With
      an average age of 38.4 (21-70) years, four patients had type III injuries, two
      type IV and two type V injuries. The mean follow-up was 22.8 (12-42) months. In 7
      out of 9 patients, secondary progressive loss of reduction was observed at an
      average of 3.1 (1-7) months. Three patients underwent revision. The mean DASH
      score at latest follow-up was 27.45 (19.6-35) & Oxford shoulder score was 30.5
      (20-43). Coraco-clavicular reconstruction with TightRope or GraftRope appears to
      result in failure with progressive AC joint subluxation perhaps due to
      'windscreen wiper' micromotion. Surgeons should be wary of this potential problem
      whilst choosing this method of -reconstruction for CC ligament reconstructions. 

PMID- 26984666
TI  - The current role of coronal plane alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty in a
      preoperative varus aligned population: an evidence based review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Based on historical data, the current standard of care in Total Knee
      Arthroplasty (TKA) is to restore the overall alignment to a neutral mechanical
      axis of 0 degrees +/-3 degrees  or even slight valgus. However, there is
      significant controversy in literature regarding intentionally placing the TKA in
      the patient's physiologic, rather than neutral (0+/-3 degrees ), mechanical
      alignment. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The goal of this review is to provide a concise
      update on the present knowledge of coronal plane alignment TKA in a varus
      population. METHODS: A systematic overview of the present literature was
      undertaken to determine basic science and clinical results in frontal plane
      alignment in primary TKA. RESULTS: Results of studies based on laboratory
      research, retrieval analysis, cadaver research, finite models, survival scores,
      clinical outcome, gait analysis and radiographic outcome upon today are provided.
      CONCLUSIONS: Currently placement of a TKA in neutral alignment of 0 degrees +/-3
      degrees  of frontal plane alignment is the standard of care. However, frontal
      plane alignment in neutral may not be as strongly correlated to survivorship as
      previously thought. Caution needs to be exercised before changing the standard of
      care, and more research needs to be performed.

PMID- 26984665
TI  - An alternative treatment method for defective pseudoarthrosis; evaluation of
      eight patients treated with Artelon+Kryptonite.
AB  - Pseudoarthrosis with bone loss is one of the most challenging orthopaedic
      problems for surgeons. Bone loss usually leads to technical difficulties during
      surgery due to instability in the fracture area. Eight patients with
      pseudoarthrosis of different long bones were operated on by the same surgeon. The
      median age was 53 years (25-61), and the median time period after the index
      operation was 21 months (12-72 months). Radiographic union was achieved in all
      patients in 3.62 months (2-5 months). Efficient healing with new bone formation
      was observed in all of the patients. The result of the current case series is
      promising. This treatment method can be used for the treatment of pseudoarthrosis
      without increasing morbidity. Long-term follow-up and larger case series are
      needed for evidence of the adequacy and reliability of this method of treatment.

PMID- 26984667
TI  - Outcome Predictors in Prosthetic Joint Infections--Validation of a risk
      stratification score for Prosthetic Joint Infections in 120 cases.
AB  - Prosthetic joint infections are a major challenge in total joint arthroplasty,
      especially in times of accumulating drug resistancies. Even though predictive
      risk classifications are a widely accepted tool to define a suitable treatment
      protocol a classification is still missing considering the difficulty in treating
      the -causative pathogen antibiotically. In this study, we present and evaluate a
      new predictive risk stratification for prosthetic joint infections in 120 cases,
      treated with a two-stage exchange. Treatment outcomes in 120 patients with proven
      prosthetic joint infections in hip and knee prostheses were regressed on time of
      infection, systemic risk factors, local risk factors and the difficulty in
      treating the causing pathogen. The main outcome variable was "definitely free of
      infection" after two years as published. Age, gender, and BMI were included as
      covariables and analyzed in a logistic regression model. 66 male and 54 female
      patients, with a mean age at surgery of 68.3 years+/-12.0 and a mean BMI of
      26.05+/-6.21 were included in our survey and followed for 29.0+/-11.3 months. We
      found a significant association (p<0.001) between our score and the outcome
      parameters evaluated. Age, gender and BMI did not show a significant association
      with the outcome. These results show that our score is an independent and
      reliable predictor for the cure rate in prosthetic joint infections in hip and
      knee prostheses treated within a two-stage exchange protocol. Our score
      illustrates, that there is a statistically significant, sizable decrease in cure
      rate with an increase in score. In patients with prosthetic joint infections the
      validation of a risk score may help to identify patients with local and systemic
      risk factors or with infectious organisms identified as "difficult to treat"
      prior to the treatment or the decision about the treatment concept. Thus,
      appropriate extra care should be considered and provided.

PMID- 26984668
TI  - Ion transport in polycarbonate based solid polymer electrolytes: experimental and
      computational investigations.
AB  - Among the alternative host materials for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs),
      polycarbonates have recently shown promising functionality in all-solid-state
      lithium batteries from ambient to elevated temperatures. While the computational
      and experimental investigations of ion conduction in conventional polyethers have
      been extensive, the ion transport in polycarbonates has been much less studied.
      The present work investigates the ionic transport behavior in SPEs based on
      poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) and its co-polymer with epsilon-caprolactone
      (CL) via both experimental and computational approaches. FTIR spectra indicated a
      preferential local coordination between Li(+) and ester carbonyl oxygen atoms in
      the P(TMC20CL80) co-polymer SPE. Diffusion NMR revealed that the co-polymer SPE
      also displays higher ion mobilities than PTMC. For both systems, locally oriented
      polymer domains, a few hundred nanometers in size and with limited connections
      between them, were inferred from the NMR spin relaxation and diffusion data.
      Potentiostatic polarization experiments revealed notably higher cationic
      transference numbers in the polycarbonate based SPEs as compared to conventional
      polyether based SPEs. In addition, MD simulations provided atomic-scale insight
      into the structure-dynamics properties, including confirmation of a preferential
      Li(+)-carbonyl oxygen atom coordination, with a preference in coordination to the
      ester based monomers. A coupling of the Li-ion dynamics to the polymer chain
      dynamics was indicated by both simulations and experiments. 

PMID- 26984669
TI  - Adolescent cancer survivors' posttraumatic stress symptoms: Concordance between
      self-report and maternal-proxy report.
AB  - Subsyndromal posttraumatic stress among pediatric cancer survivors has been
      associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. However, adolescent
      self-report and mother-proxy report of adolescents' posttraumatic stress symptoms
      evidenced varying concordance depending on methodology. There was moderate
      concordance, particularly among younger respondents, when total posttraumatic
      stress symptoms were viewed continuously and low-moderate concordance when viewed
      categorically; moderate-strong concordance for only one posttraumatic stress
      disorder symptom cluster; low-moderate agreement for high-frequency items; and no
      concordance for identifying caseness. Although a significant subset of pediatric
      cancer survivors experience posttraumatic stress, mothers and adolescents
      demonstrate limited symptom, categorical, and caseness agreement, potentially
      impacting adolescents' healthcare service utilization.

PMID- 26984670
TI  - 5-Caffeoylquinic acid inhibits invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells
      through the inactivation of p70S6K and Akt activity: Involvement of p53 in
      differential regulation of signaling pathways.
AB  - In the present study, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanism of 5
      caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), a natural phenolic compound isolated from Ligularia
      fischeri, on cell invasion, proliferation and adhesion in p53 wild-type A549 and
      p53-deficient H1299 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. 5-CQA abrogated
      mitogen-stimulated invasion, but not proliferation, in both A549 and H1299 cells.
      In addition, 5-CQA inhibited mitogen-stimulated adhesion in A549 cells only. Anti
      invasive activity of 5-CQA in A549 cells was mediated by the inactivation of
      p70(S6K)-dependent signaling pathway. In contrast, in H1299 cells the
      inactivation of Akt was found to be involved in 5-CQA-mediated inhibition of cell
      invasion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the pharmacological roles and
      molecular targets of 5-CQA in regulating NSCLC cell fate, and suggest further
      evaluation and development of 5-CQA as a potential therapeutic agent for the
      treatment and prevention of lung cancer.

PMID- 26984672
TI  - Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Hospitalized Patients.

PMID- 26984671
TI  - Cytokinin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 determines biocontrol
      activity against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Plant beneficial microbes mediate biocontrol of diseases by interfering with
      pathogens or via strengthening the host. Although phytohormones, including
      cytokinins, are known to regulate plant development and physiology as well as
      plant immunity, their production by microorganisms has not been considered as a
      biocontrol mechanism. Here we identify the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens G20
      18 to efficiently control P. syringae infection in Arabidopsis, allowing
      maintenance of tissue integrity and ultimately biomass yield. Microbial cytokinin
      production was identified as a key determinant for this biocontrol effect on the
      hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen. While cytokinin-deficient loss-of-function
      mutants of G20-18 exhibit impaired biocontrol, functional complementation with
      cytokinin biosynthetic genes restores cytokinin-mediated biocontrol, which is
      correlated with differential cytokinin levels in planta. Arabidopsis mutant
      analyses revealed the necessity of functional plant cytokinin perception and
      salicylic acid-dependent defence signalling for this biocontrol mechanism. These
      results demonstrate microbial cytokinin production as a novel microbe-based,
      hormone-mediated concept of biocontrol. This mechanism provides a basis to
      potentially develop novel, integrated plant protection strategies combining
      promotion of growth, a favourable physiological status and activation of fine
      tuned direct defence and abiotic stress resilience. 

PMID- 26984676
TI  - EPOS 35th Congress Meeting.

PMID- 26984677
TI  - EPOS 35th Congress Meeting.

PMID- 26984674
TI  - Massive pulmonary embolism with acute cor pulmonale.

PMID- 26984673
TI  - Improvement of the banana "Musa acuminata" reference sequence using NGS data and
      semi-automated bioinformatics methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent advances in genomics indicate functional significance of a
      majority of genome sequences and their long range interactions. As a detailed
      examination of genome organization and function requires very high quality genome
      sequence, the objective of this study was to improve reference genome assembly of
      banana (Musa acuminata). RESULTS: We have developed a modular bioinformatics
      pipeline to improve genome sequence assemblies, which can handle various types of
      data. The pipeline comprises several semi-automated tools. However, unlike
      classical automated tools that are based on global parameters, the semi-automated
      tools proposed an expert mode for a user who can decide on suggested improvements
      through local compromises. The pipeline was used to improve the draft genome
      sequence of Musa acuminata. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of a segregating
      population and paired-end sequencing were used to detect and correct scaffold
      misassemblies. Long insert size paired-end reads identified scaffold junctions
      and fusions missed by automated assembly methods. GBS markers were used to anchor
      scaffolds to pseudo-molecules with a new bioinformatics approach that avoids the
      tedious step of marker ordering during genetic map construction. Furthermore, a
      genome map was constructed and used to assemble scaffolds into super scaffolds.
      Finally, a consensus gene annotation was projected on the new assembly from two
      pre-existing annotations. This approach reduced the total Musa scaffold number
      from 7513 to 1532 (i.e. by 80%), with an N50 that increased from 1.3 Mb (65
      scaffolds) to 3.0 Mb (26 scaffolds). 89.5% of the assembly was anchored to the 11
      Musa chromosomes compared to the previous 70%. Unknown sites (N) were reduced
      from 17.3 to 10.0%. CONCLUSION: The release of the Musa acuminata reference
      genome version 2 provides a platform for detailed analysis of banana genome
      variation, function and evolution. Bioinformatics tools developed in this work
      can be used to improve genome sequence assemblies in other species.

PMID- 26984678
TI  - EPOS 35th Congress Meeting.

PMID- 26984679
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi-infected Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius robustus adults
      invade households in the Tropics of Cochabamba region of Bolivia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are hardly any data available on the relationships between the
      parasite and the vector or regarding potential reservoirs involved in the natural
      transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Tropics of Cochabamba, Bolivia.
      Local families from communities were responsible for the capture of triatomine
      specimens, following a strategic methodology based on entomological surveillance
      with community participation developed by the National Chagas Programme of the
      Ministry of Health of Bolivia. FINDINGS: We describe the collection of adult
      Panstrongylus geniculatus and Rhodnius robustus naturally infected with
      Trypanosoma cruzi from houses and from the hospital of Villa Tunari municipality.
      The flagellates found in the digestive tract of P. geniculatus belong to genetic
      lineages or DTUs TcI and TcIII, whereas only lineage DTU TcI was found in R.
      robustus. The detection of these vectors infected with T. cruzi reveals the
      vulnerability of local communities. CONCLUSION: The results presented here
      highlight the risk of Chagas disease transmission in a region previously thought
      not to be endemic, indicating that the Tropics of Cochabamba should be placed
      under permanent entomological and epidemiological surveillance.

PMID- 26984680
TI  - Structure Calculation and Reconstruction of Discrete-State Dynamics from Residual
      Dipolar Couplings.
AB  - Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) acquired by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectroscopy are an indispensable source of information in investigation of
      molecular structures and dynamics. Here, we present a comprehensive strategy for
      structure calculation and reconstruction of discrete-state dynamics from RDC data
      that is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) method of order tensor
      estimation. In addition to structure determination, we provide a mechanism of
      producing an ensemble of conformations for the dynamical regions of a protein
      from RDC data. The developed methodology has been tested on simulated RDC data
      with +/-1 Hz of error from an 83 residue alpha protein (PDB ID 1A1Z ) and a 213
      residue alpha/beta protein DGCR8 (PDB ID 2YT4 ). In nearly all instances, our
      method reproduced the structure of the protein including the conformational
      ensemble to within less than 2 A. On the basis of our investigations, arc motions
      with more than 30 degrees  of rotation are identified as internal dynamics and
      are reconstructed with sufficient accuracy. Furthermore, states with relative
      occupancies above 20% are consistently recognized and reconstructed successfully.
      Arc motions with a magnitude of 15 degrees  or relative occupancy of less than
      10% are consistently unrecognizable as dynamical regions within the context of +/
      1 Hz of error. 

PMID- 26984682
TI  - Comparative microRNA profiling in relation to urinary albumin excretion in newly
      diagnosed hypertensive patients.
AB  - Microalbuminuria is an established early marker of endothelial dysfunction and
      damage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as essential modulators of cardiovascular
      physiology and disease. In the present study, we sought an association between
      the differential expression of related miRNAs in the peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells of untreated patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension and the
      levels of urinary albumin excretion. We assessed the expression of the miRNAs
      miRNA-1, miRNA-133a, miRNA-26b, miRNA-208b, miRNA-499 and miRNA-21 in consecutive
      subjects with untreated newly diagnosed essential hypertension (aged 62.5+/-9.7
      years) and with no indications of other organic heart disease. MiRNA expression
      levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by real-time reverse
      transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was
      9.8%. miRNA-208b and miRNA-133a were independently correlated with 24-h urinary
      albumin excretion. More specifically, a strong association was found between the
      gene expression levels of miRNA-208b in our patients' peripheral blood cells and
      urinary albumin (r=0.72, P<0.001). A similar association was found for miRNA-133a
      (r=0.372, P<0.001). In conclusion, miRNA-208b and miRNA-133a show distinct
      profiling in peripheral blood cells isolated from untreated patients with
      recently diagnosed essential hypertension. Their gene expression levels reveal a
      strong correlation with urinary albumin excretion levels. Our findings provide
      new perspectives on the development of a new generation of biomarkers for the
      better monitoring of end-organ damage in hypertension.

PMID- 26984681
TI  - Volume-based growth tumor kinetics as a prognostic biomarker for patients with
      EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma undergoing EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor
      therapy: a case control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aim to determine whether volumetric assessment has the potential
      to serve as a prognostic biomarker, and to assess the relationship between
      longitudinal tumor data during treatment and prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma
      patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKI). METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patients with EGFR-mutant
      stage IV lung adenocarcinoma who were treated with EGFR TKIs until disease
      progression. CT studies of 106 patients were quantitatively analyzed in terms of
      tumor size and volume by comparing baseline and follow-up CT scans obtained at
      every two treatment cycles. Tumor response was quantified using longitudinal
      measurements, and tumor growth kinetics was determined. Correlation with early
      surrogate parameters for tumor response evaluation such as change in size,
      volume, and response rate was performed. The Cox-proportional hazard model and
      Log-rank test were used to predict overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Responders
      based on the percent change in volume after four cycles of TKI therapy had a
      higher OS than non-responders (P = 0.035). The percent of volume and size changes
      after four cycles of TKI therapy were significantly correlated with TTP (P <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Volume measurements and corresponding rates of growth appear
      to be helpful adjuncts for predicting survival in patients undergoing EGFR-TKI
      therapy.

PMID- 26984685
TI  - Drunk on risk: how the chief medical officers' alcohol guidelines are demonising
      drink.

PMID- 26984683
TI  - Determinants of day-night difference in blood pressure, a comparison with
      determinants of daytime and night-time blood pressure.
AB  - Blunted day-night difference in blood pressure (BP) is an independent
      cardiovascular risk factor, although there is limited information on determinants
      of diurnal variation in BP. We investigated determinants of day-night difference
      in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP and how these compared with determinants
      of daytime and night-time SBP and DBP. We analysed the association of mean
      daytime, mean night-time and mean day-night difference (defined as (mean daytime
      mean night-time)/mean daytime) in SBP and DBP with clinical, lifestyle and
      biochemical parameters from 1562 adult individuals (mean age 38.6) from 509
      nuclear families recruited in the GRAPHIC Study. We estimated the heritability of
      the various BP phenotypes. In multivariate analysis, there were significant
      associations of age, sex, markers of adiposity (body mass index and waist-hip
      ratio), plasma lipids (total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      triglycerides), serum uric acid, alcohol intake and current smoking status on
      daytime or night-time SBP and/or DBP. Of these, only age (P=4.7 * 10-5), total
      cholesterol (P=0.002), plasma triglycerides (P=0.006) and current smoking (P=3.8
      * 10-9) associated with day-night difference in SBP, and age (P=0.001), plasma
      triglyceride (P=2.2 * 10-5) and current smoking (3.8 * 10-4) associated with day
      night difference in DBP. 24-h, daytime and night-time SBP and DBP showed
      substantial heritability (ranging from 18-43%). In contrast day-night difference
      in SBP showed a lower heritability (13%) while heritability of day-night
      difference in DBP was not significant. These data suggest that specific clinical,
      lifestyle and biochemical factors contribute to inter-individual variation in
      daytime, night-time and day-night differences in SBP and DBP. Variation in day
      night differences in BP is largely non-genetic.

PMID- 26984684
TI  - Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain.
AB  - Adolescence is an important neurodevelopmental period marked by rapidly
      escalating rates of alcohol and drug use. Over the past decade, research has
      attempted to disentangle pre- and post-substance use effects on brain development
      by using sophisticated longitudinal designs. This review focuses on recent,
      prospective studies and addresses the following important questions: (1) what
      neuropsychological and neural features predate adolescent substance use, making
      youth more vulnerable to engage in heavy alcohol or drug use, and (2) how does
      heavy alcohol and drug use affect normal neural development and cognitive
      functioning? Findings suggest that pre-existing neural features that relate to
      increased substance use during adolescence include poorer neuropsychological
      functioning on tests of inhibition and working memory, smaller gray and white
      matter volume, changes in white matter integrity, and altered brain activation
      during inhibition, working memory, reward, and resting state. After substance use
      is initiated, alcohol and marijuana use are associated with poorer cognitive
      functioning on tests of verbal memory, visuospatial functioning, psychomotor
      speed, working memory, attention, cognitive control, and overall IQ. Heavy
      alcohol use during adolescence is related to accelerated decreases in gray matter
      and attenuated increases in white matter volume, as well as increased brain
      activation during tasks of inhibition and working memory, relative to controls.
      Larger longitudinal studies with more diverse samples are needed to better
      understand the interactive effects of alcohol, marijuana, and other substances,
      as well as the role of sex, co-occurring psychopathology, genetics, sleep, and
      age of initiation on substance use. 

PMID- 26984686
TI  - Eye spectral sensitivity in fresh- and brackish-water populations of three
      glacial-relict Mysis species (Crustacea): physiology and genetics of differential
      tuning.
AB  - Absorbance spectra of single rhabdoms were studied by microspectrophotometry
      (MSP) and spectral sensitivities of whole eyes by electroretinography (ERG) in
      three glacial-relict species of opossum shrimps (Mysis). Among eight populations
      from Fennoscandian fresh-water lakes (L) and seven populations from the brackish
      water Baltic Sea (S), L spectra were systematically red-shifted by 20-30 nm
      compared with S spectra, save for one L and one S population. The difference
      holds across species and bears no consistent adaptive relation to the current
      light environments. In the most extensively studied L-S pair, two populations of
      M. relicta (L(p) and S(p)) separated for less than 10,000 years, no differences
      translating into amino acid substitutions have been found in the opsin genes, and
      the chromophore of the visual pigments as analyzed by HPLC is pure A1. However,
      MSP experiments with spectrally selective bleaching show the presence of two
      rhodopsins (lambda(max) ~ 525-530 nm, MWS, and 565-570 nm, LWS) expressed in
      different proportions. ERG recordings of responses to "red" and "blue" light
      linearly polarized at orthogonal angles indicate segregation of the pigments into
      different cells differing in polarization sensitivity. We propose that the
      pattern of development of LWS and MWS photoreceptors is governed by an
      ontogenetic switch responsive to some environmental signal(s) other than light
      that generally differ(s) between lakes and sea, and that this reaction norm is
      conserved from a common ancestor of all three species.

PMID- 26984687
TI  - Quadratus lumborum catheters for breast reconstruction requiring transverse
      rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps.
AB  - Patients diagnosed with breast cancer may opt to undergo surgical reconstructive
      flaps at the time of or after mastectomies. These surgeries leave patients with
      significant postoperative pain and sometimes involve large surgical beds
      including graft sites from the abdomen to reconstruct the breast. Consequently,
      multimodal methods of pain management have become highly favored. Quadratus
      lumborum catheters offer an opioid-sparing technique that can be performed easily
      and safely. We present a case of a patient who underwent a breast flap
      reconstruction and had bilateral quadratus lumborum catheters placed for
      perioperative pain control.

PMID- 26984688
TI  - Ketamine and propofol have opposite effects on postanesthetic sleep architecture
      in rats: relevance to the endogenous sleep-wakefulness substances orexin and
      melanin-concentrating hormone.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anesthesia and surgery disturb sleep. Disturbed sleep adversely
      affects postoperative complications involving the cardiovascular system,
      diabetes, and infection. General anesthetics share neuronal mechanisms involving
      endogenous sleep-wakefulness-related substances, such as orexin (OX) and melanin
      concentrating hormone (MCH). We evaluated changes in sleep architecture and the
      concentration of OX and MCH during the peri-anesthetic period. METHODS: To
      examine sleep architecture, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 350-450 g received
      ketamine 100 mg/kg (n = 9) or propofol 80 mg/kg (n = 6) by intraperitoneal
      injection. Electroencephalography was recorded from 2 days pre- to 5 days
      postanesthesia. To quantify levels of OX and MCH, 144 similar rats received the
      same doses of ketamine (n = 80) or propofol (n = 64). Brain concentrations of
      these substances were determined at 0, 20, 60, and 120 min after anesthetic
      administration. RESULTS: Ketamine decreased OX content in the hypothalamus during
      the anesthesia period. OX content was restored to pre-anesthesia levels in the
      hypothalamus and pons. Both anesthetics increased brain MCH content in the
      postanesthetic period, with the degree of increase being greater with propofol.
      Ketamine enhanced wakefulness and inhibited non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS)
      immediately after anesthesia. Conversely, propofol inhibited wakefulness and
      enhanced NREMS in that period. Ketamine inhibited wakefulness and enhanced NREMS
      during the dark phase on the first postanesthesia day. CONCLUSIONS: Anesthetics
      affect various endogenous sleep-wakefulness-related substances; however, the
      modulation pattern may depend on the type of anesthetic. The process of
      postanesthetic sleep disturbance was agent specific. Our results provide
      fundamental evidence to treat anesthetic-related sleep disturbance.

PMID- 26984690
TI  - The Influence of Social Networks and Supports on Depression Symptoms:
      Differential Pathways for Older Korean Immigrants and Non-Hispanic White
      Americans.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The current cross-cultural study examines the pathways underlying
      different formations of social networks and social support systems, which affect
      depression symptoms among older Korean immigrants and non-Hispanic Whites in the
      United States. METHOD: Data for this study came from a panel survey of 223 older
      Korean American immigrants and 201 non-Hispanic White older adults 65 years of
      age and older living in Los Angeles. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used
      to test the proposed conceptual model designed to explain the direct and indirect
      relationships between social networks and social support on depression symptoms.
      RESULTS: Empirical evidence from this study indicated different effect of one's
      social networks and social support on depression by race/ethnicity. DISCUSSION:
      The work discussed in this article pointed to the need to recognize the role of
      culture in assessing the relationships between social networks, social support,
      and health among older adults.

PMID- 26984689
TI  - The Long-Term Effects of Participant Direction of Supports and Services for
      People With Disabilities.
AB  - Numerous studies have demonstrated the short-term effectiveness of the Cash and
      Counseling model option of participant-directed home and community-based personal
      care service programs for Medicaideligible recipients with disabilities requiring
      long-term care. However, long-term experiences with participant-directed services
      have yet to be examined for these individuals. We addressed this gap in the
      literature through participatory action research and qualitative content
      analysis. Working together as coresearchers with members of the National
      Participant Network, a peer organization for people interested in or enrolled in
      participant-directed services, we interviewed 17 adults enrolled in one state's
      Cash and Counseling-based program. Participants' ages ranged from 40 to 83 years,
      had been enrolled for at least 5 years, and acted as their own representative
      within the program. Our major findings show (a) the program's flexibility allowed
      for adaptation to meet participants' changing needs over time and (b) that
      program attendants helped connect participants with community in multiple ways.
      In this article, we provide important policy and practice implications for
      participant-directed programs for people with disabilities. 

PMID- 26984691
TI  - Barriers and Facilitators to Coordinating Care With High-Risk, High-Cost Disabled
      Medicaid Beneficiaries: Perspectives of Frontline Staff and Participating
      Clients.
AB  - This evaluation was designed to examine the perspectives of 15 frontline staff
      who implemented a managed care program and 154 high-risk, high-cost disabled
      Medicaid clients who were participants in the program. Results indicated that
      positive relationships between staff and clients played a key role in
      facilitating program implementation. Challenges included finding ways to provide
      a wide breadth of services including food, shelter, and transportation; handling
      difficulties following from staff turnover; and creating transitions of care for
      clients to community health clinics. Staff identified training in motivational
      interviewing and having both nurse care managers and social workers
      collaboratively deliver the intervention as among the most powerful components of
      the program. Staff and clients expressed high levels of satisfaction with the
      program, and clients believed they were experiencing positive impacts of the
      program. Lessons learned from this study may inform the design of services as the
      Affordable Care Act continues to unfold.

PMID- 26984692
TI  - Hypertensive Black Men's Perceptions of a Nurse Protocol for Medication Self
      Administration.
AB  - A factor contributing to uncontrolled hypertension in older persons is medication
      nonadherence. Older Black men in a rural cardiology clinic were not taking blood
      pressure medication as prescribed resulting in uncontrolled hypertension. A nurse
      protocol to assist with self-administration of hypertensive medication was
      proposed to address the problem. This qualitative key informant study identified
      a purposive sample of 10 hypertensive Black men who were 65-70 years of age and
      nonadherent in taking their medication. The nurse conducted teaching sessions
      using the protocol to review evidence-based strategies for improving medication
      adherence. A follow-up phone call was done after 1 week. Participants were
      interviewed about their perceptions of taking hypertensive medication. The
      interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for themes using constant
      comparative analysis. Six themes emerged: Medication Bottle Guides Medication
      Usage, Confusion about Side Effects, Reasons for Not Taking Medications, New
      Behavior, Unchanged Behavior, and Discovery of Other Problems. The results showed
      that the nurse-administered protocol resulted in participants' changed attitudes
      about taking medication. 

PMID- 26984693
TI  - Important Case Management Goals in Community Aged Care Practice and Key
      Influences.
AB  - AIM: To investigate important case management goals and key influences on the
      achievement of the goals in community aged care practice from the perspectives of
      case managers in Australia. METHODS: We surveyed 154 case managers, representing
      17.1% of the target population in the State of Victoria, Australia. The key
      information collected was case managers' characteristics and their selections of
      important case management goals. We also conducted 33 interviews with 47 case
      managers to explore their perceptions of important case-managed community aged
      care goals and the key influences on the achievement of these goals. Descriptive
      analysis, logistic regression, and qualitative thematic analysis were performed.
      RESULTS: The survey findings showed that important case management goals included
      improving client outcomes, improving care quality, enhancing care coordination
      and accessibility, and reducing nursing home admissions. The interview findings
      indicated that important case management goals were divided into client-centered
      goals (e.g., maintaining clients safely at home), case managers' personal goals
      (e.g., gaining professional development), and organizational
      goals/expectations/values (e.g., expecting case managers to manage budgets
      wisely). Finally, the mixed research methods determined constraints of
      organizational resources and policies, clients' risky decisions, and case
      managers' work experience and employment status as key influences or significant
      factors associated with the achievement of case management goals. CONCLUSION:
      Client-centered goals are of particular importance among those important case
      management goals. Case managers helping clients establish reasonable expectations
      and organizations developing favorable professional development policies and
      establishing reasonable job requirements and expectations will facilitate the
      achievement of case management goals.

PMID- 26984695
TI  - Erratum to: Impact Total Psoas Volume on Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in
      Patients Undergoing Curative Resection for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: a New Tool
      to Assess Sarcopenia.

PMID- 26984694
TI  - Use of Prophylactic Antibiotics to Prevent Abscess Formation Following Hepatic
      Ablation in Patients with Prior Enterobiliary Manipulation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Prior enterobiliary manipulation confers a high risk for liver
      abscess formation after hepatic ablation. We aimed to determine if prophylactic
      antibiotics could prevent post-ablation abscess in patients with a history of
      hepaticojejunostomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-institution retrospective
      study identified 262 patients who underwent 307 percutaneous liver ablation
      sessions between January 2010 and August 2014. Twelve (4.6 %) patients with prior
      hepaticojejunostomy were included in this analysis. Ten (83> %) had received an
      aggressive prophylactic antibiotic regimen consisting of levofloxacin,
      metronidazole, neomycin, and erythromycin base. Two (16.6 %) had received other
      antibiotic regimens. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings were used to
      identify abscess formation and antibiotic-related side effects. RESULTS: Twelve
      ablation sessions were performed during the period studied. During a mean follow
      up period of 440 days (range, 77-1784 days), post-ablation abscesses had
      developed in 2 (16.6 %) patients, who both received the alternative antibiotic
      regimens. None of the 10 patients who received the aggressive prophylactic
      antibiotic regimen developed liver abscess. One of the 10 patients who received
      the aggressive prophylactic antibiotic regimen developed grade 2 antibiotic
      related diarrhea and arthralgia. CONCLUSION: An aggressive regimen of
      prophylactic antibiotics may be effective in preventing liver abscess formation
      after liver ablation in patients with prior hepaticojejunostomy.

PMID- 26984698
TI  - A literary dessert.
AB  - This paper contains an expression of gratitude towards the organizers of the
      congress 'Psychiatry, Food and Addiction', and the Board members of the
      Interdisciplinary Society for Biological Psychiatry, of the Sections 'Biological
      Psychiatry' and 'Psychiatry and Addiction' of the Dutch Society of Psychiatry and
      the former Editorial Board of Acta Neuropsychiatry. The author has been a long
      term board member of the society and cofounder of both sections and cofounder and
      editor-in-chief of this Journal from 1989 to 1999. 

PMID- 26984696
TI  - Absence of a Periampullary Mass on Cross-sectional Imaging Delays Diagnosis and
      Time to Pancreatoduodenectomy But Does Not Impair Outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess whether the lack of a
      radiological mass in patients with periampullary malignancies led to protracted
      diagnosis, delayed resection, and an inferior outcome. METHODS: The departmental
      database was interrogated to identify all patients undergoing
      pancreatoduodenectomy during the period 2000-2014. The absence of a mass on cross
      sectional and endoscopic ultrasound was noted. The interval between imaging and
      surgery was evaluated and related to the absence of a mass. The relationship
      between mass/no mass and the pathological profile was also assessed. RESULTS:
      Among 490 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary
      malignancies, masses were detected in 299 patients. Patients with undetected mass
      on either endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or computed tomography (CT)/magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) had a longer median interval from initial imaging to
      resection than detected mass with no difference in survival (66 vs. 41 days, p =
      0.001). The absence of a mass was more common in cholangiocarcinomas (p < 0.001).
      The absence of a mass on imaging was associated with smaller size on final
      histopathology (2.4 vs. 2.8 cm; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a mass
      with all modalities in patients with a periampullary malignancy leads to a
      delayed diagnosis without a significant effect on survival.

PMID- 26984699
TI  - Nutritional manipulation and psychiatric conditions: focus on mood and cognition.
AB  - In this paper, several experimental models of human depression and cognitive
      dysfunction, which are designed specifically to mimic the proposed mechanisms of
      action of many nutritional supplements, are illustrated. These mechanisms of
      interest are antioxidant effects, glucose utilization, neuronal membrane function
      and neurotransmitter effects, with particular reference to nutrient-based amino
      acid manipulations of neurotransmission, such as tryptophan depletion. It is
      concluded that the application of experimental human models of altered mood and
      cognitive function may illuminate substantially the quest for nutritional
      enhancement of human mood and cognitive function. 

PMID- 26984697
TI  - C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor for Complications Following Esophagectomy :
      Comment on: Rising C-Reactive Protein and Procalcitonin Levels Precede Early
      Complications After Esophagectomy.

PMID- 26984700
TI  - Interferon, tryptophan and depression.
AB  - Depression is a frequent comorbid disorder of many inflammatory diseases and it
      is suggested that brain inflammatory processes have a pathogenic role in mood
      dysregulation. Several immunocompromised patients have been treated with
      cytokines and long-term treatments have resulted in a variety of neuropsychiatric
      side-effects. The objective of the study was to present evidence for an
      association between the induction of neuropsychiatric side-effects during
      treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and changes in serotonergic and
      immunological parameters. Moreover, the use of IFN-alpha-induced depression as a
      paradigm for research into the pathophysiology of depressive disorders in general
      will be discussed. This literature review focused on the relationships between
      tryptophan, serotonin, cytokines and depression associated with interferon
      treatment. Immunotherapy with IFN-alpha influences several immunological and
      serotonergic parameters, and induces in most patients neurovegetative, somatic
      and depressive symptoms. Literature findings indicate that the development of
      depressive symptoms in patients undergoing cytokine therapy are secondary to
      cytokine induction and could be mediated by a reduced availability of tryptophan
      to the brain, resulting ultimately in decreased serotonergic activity. Changes in
      the metabolism of tryptophan and consequently of serotonin may play a role in the
      pathophysiology of interferon-induced depression. Studies on interferon-induced
      neuropsychiatric side-effects may be a promising research paradigm and shed light
      on the role of immunological and serotonergic factors in the pathogenesis of
      depressive disorders in general. However, first the appropriate symptomatology of
      the interferon-induced depressive states has to be documented. 

PMID- 26984702
TI  - On holy cows and golden calves.

PMID- 26984701
TI  - Polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression.

PMID- 26984703
TI  - Panic disorder and depression: relationship between psychological and biochemical
      aspects.
AB  - In a group of medication-free out-patients suffering from depression and/or panic
      disorder we investigated the interdependence between psychological parameters
      such as aggression and biochemical parameters such as serotonin and tryptophan.
      We compared the findings in the patient group with a reference group. In the
      group of patients as a whole negative correlations were observed between the
      concentration of serotonin in platelets and depression and with hostility and
      aggression against others. Serotonin in plasma and tryptophan correlated
      negatively with hostility. The findings support the suggested link between
      aggression and depression with a low functioning serotonergic system. 

PMID- 26984704
TI  - Prader-Willi syndrome: cycloid psychosis in a genetic subtype?
AB  - Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetically determined disorder associated with
      the loss of the paternal contribution to the proximal part of the long arm of
      chromosome 15. Its pathophysiology is dominated by hypothalamic dysfunctions. The
      psychopathological phenotype comprises affective and psychotic symptoms as well
      as an increase of pre-existent obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The present study
      comprises 19 PWS patients who were referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation
      because of psychotic deterioration. Patients were assessed by using the elements
      of semistructured symptom checklists. In the majority a genetic analysis was
      performed to detect the underlying chromosomal defect. In 16 of the 19 patients a
      diagnosis of cycloid psychosis could be established. The other three showed a
      bipolar affective disorder. Of the psychotic patients, 11 were diagnosed as UPD
      and one as del 15q11-13. The remaining four patients were diagnosed clinically.
      For various reasons the genetic etiology could not be established. In PWS
      patients with a psychotic disorder (cycloid psychosis) a disproportional number
      of UPD is found. 

PMID- 26984705
TI  - The acute transient polymorphic psychosis: a biochemical subtype of the cycloid
      psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of atypical psychoses, in particularly those
      characterized by polymorphic psychopathology, is hypothesized to be related to
      disturbances in amino acid metabolism. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the role
      of the amino acid serine was investigated in patients with acute transient
      polymorphic psychosis. METHODS: Patients were loaded with serine and with the
      amino acids glycine and alanine as controls and subsequently evaluated for the
      development of psychopathological symptoms. In addition, plasma levels of amino
      acids were measured. RESULTS: In a subgroup of patients suffering from atypical
      psychoses, this biochemical challenge resulted in the reappearance of psychedelic
      symptoms in particular. Furthermore, significantly lower plasma concentrations of
      serine were found. In vitro experiments revealed a disturbance in the one-carbon
      metabolism. In another group of patients the loading provoked vegetative symptoms
      and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbances in amino acid metabolism may be involved
      in the emergence of certain psychotic disorders.

PMID- 26984706
TI  - Stress, work and mental health: a global perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The United Nations, WHO and the World Bank have called the current
      prevalence rate of neuro-psychiatric disorder approaches of 1 in 4 individuals
      worldwide and 'unheralded public health crisis'. Rates are driven by an early
      onset, high impairment and high chronicity of these disorders. Most importantly,
      detection and treatment rates are low, estimated at les than 10% worldwide
      resulting in 500 million people underserved. The related economic costs soared in
      1999 to 120 billion dollars in Europe and North America, with over 60 billion
      dollars assigned to stress related disorders. Contributing factors are bio-psycho
      social and include rapid social change as well as the time compression of modern
      life resulting in the experience of increased work-life stress that parallels a
      decade long intensification of activities in the workplace. Coping with the
      requirements of the new economy of mental performance has lagged behind at many
      individual and social levels as we cling to adjustments made during the
      industrial economy of the last century. A climate of transition, and more
      recently, terror and fear have stressed the landscape of mental health and work
      already ravaged by the destructive forces of stigma. AIM: This presentation will
      examine the other side of prosperity from the point of view of stress in the
      workplace as two global problems converge at this time in history, the escalation
      of neuro-psychiatric disorders and the increasing dependence on the mental
      faculties of the world's citizens. In this paper we also discuss how the
      international community can work together to help reduce the burden of mental
      disorders worldwide and sketch the implications for research and policy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Ultimately the media will need to be enlisted to educate the public
      on the value of investments in mental health.

PMID- 26984708
TI  - Doing Interdisciplinary Mixed Methods Health Care Research: Working the
      Boundaries, Tensions, and Synergistic Potential of Team-Based Research.
AB  - Current trends in health care research point to a shift from disciplinary models
      to interdisciplinary team-based mixed methods inquiry designs. This keynote
      address discusses the problems and prospects of creating vibrant mixed methods
      health care interdisciplinary research teams that can harness their potential
      synergy that holds the promise of addressing complex health care issues. We
      examine the range of factors and issues these types of research teams need to
      consider to facilitate efficient interdisciplinary mixed methods team-based
      research. It is argued that concepts such as disciplinary comfort zones, a lack
      of attention to team dynamics, and low levels of reflexivity among
      interdisciplinary team members can inhibit the effectiveness of a research team.
      This keynote suggests a set of effective strategies to address the issues that
      emanate from the new field of research inquiry known as team science as well as
      lessons learned from tapping into research on organizational dynamics. 

PMID- 26984707
TI  - Redox Pioneer: Professor Vadim N. Gladyshev.
AB  - Professor Vadim N. Gladyshev is recognized here as a Redox Pioneer, because he
      has published an article on antioxidant/redox biology that has been cited more
      than 1000 times and 29 articles that have been cited more than 100 times.
      Gladyshev is world renowned for his characterization of the human selenoproteome
      encoded by 25 genes, identification of the majority of known selenoprotein genes
      in the three domains of life, and discoveries related to thiol oxidoreductases
      and mechanisms of redox control. Gladyshev's first faculty position was in the
      Department of Biochemistry, the University of Nebraska. There, he was a Charles
      Bessey Professor and Director of the Redox Biology Center. He then moved to the
      Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
      where he is Professor of Medicine and Director of the Center for Redox Medicine.
      His discoveries in redox biology relate to selenoenzymes, such as methionine
      sulfoxide reductases and thioredoxin reductases, and various thiol
      oxidoreductases. He is responsible for the genome-wide identification of
      catalytic redox-active cysteines and for advancing our understanding of the
      general use of cysteines by proteins. In addition, Gladyshev has characterized
      hydrogen peroxide metabolism and signaling and regulation of protein function by
      methionine-R-sulfoxidation. He has also made important contributions in the areas
      of aging and lifespan control and pioneered applications of comparative genomics
      in redox biology, selenium biology, and aging. Gladyshev's discoveries have had a
      profound impact on redox biology and the role of redox control in health and
      disease. He is a true Redox Pioneer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 1-9.

PMID- 26984709
TI  - Huwa Rog, Parhej, and Desi Dawai: Women's Perceptions of Postpartum Maternal
      Morbidity and Care in Rajasthan, India.
AB  - Although more maternal deaths occur in the postpartum period, this period
      receives far less attention from the program managers. To understand how the
      women and their families perceive postpartum health problems, the culturally
      derived restrictions, and precautions controlling diets and behavior patterns, we
      conducted a mixed-method study in Rajasthan, India. The study methods included
      free listing of maternal morbidity conditions, interviews with 81 recently
      delivered women, case interviews with eight cases of huwa rog (postpartum
      illness), and interviews with nine key informants. The study showed that huwa rog
      refers to a broad category of serious postpartum illness, thought to affect women
      a few weeks to several months after delivery. Prevention of the illness involves
      a system of precautions referred to as parhej, which includes a distinctive set
      of "medicinal dietary items" referred to as desi dawai, or "country medicine,"
      and restrictions about mobility and work patterns of a postpartum woman. This
      cultural framework around the concept of huwa rog and peoples' beliefs about it
      are of central importance for planning postpartum health interventions, including
      place of contact and communication messages. 

PMID- 26984711
TI  - Prolonged exposure to low-dose microcystin induces nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
      in mice: a systems toxicology study.
AB  - Microcystin-LR (MCLR), a cyanotoxin widely present in freshwater, has been shown
      to have potent acute hepatotoxicity. However, the chronic toxicity of low-dose
      MCLR remains confusing by traditional measurements of toxicity. This has impeded
      understanding of the chronic liver damage of low-dose MCLR and corresponding
      safety risks of the human exposure guideline value. Here, iTRAQ-based proteomics
      and NMR-based metabonomics were used to decipher the molecular toxicological
      signatures of low doses of MCLR in mice exposed to this agent for 90 days. Low
      levels of MCLR, even under the reported no observed adverse effect level,
      significantly altered hepatic protein expression, especially of proteins
      associated with lipid metabolism, transport, immune and proteolysis. Coherently,
      MCLR induced marked perturbations in lipid metabolites in both liver and serum.
      Integrated analysis of proteomic, metabolic, histological and cytokine profiles
      revealed that MCLR significantly inhibited fatty acid beta-oxidation and hepatic
      lipoprotein secretion and promoted hepatic inflammation, resulting in
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis disease (NASH). These findings for the first time
      provide compelling evidence that chronic exposure to low-level MCLR can induce
      NASH. These results also indicate that current guidelines for MCs in drinking
      water may be inadequate and associated with risks to human health.

PMID- 26984713
TI  - Higher Levels of Caregiver Strain Perceived by Indian Mothers of Children and
      Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy Who have Limited Self-Mobility.
AB  - AIM: Describe and compare the caregiver strain experienced among Indian mothers
      of children and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) living in low resource
      settings. METHODS: 62 consecutive children and young adults with spastic CP (mean
      age 6.0 +/- 4.5, range 2-21) and their parents were recruited from an outpatient
      physiotherapy department for this cross-sectional study. Ability to walk was
      classified using the Gross Motor Function Classification System and mother's
      caregiver strain was measured using caregiver strain index (CSI). RESULTS:
      Mothers of children and young adults who have limited self-mobility perceived
      higher caregiver strain (mean CSI score 12.0 +/- 1.3, p < 0.05) than mothers of
      children who can walk (mean CSI score 4.5 +/- 3.0, p < 0.05). All 46 mothers of
      children and youth in GMFCS levels IV and V reported high levels of caregiver
      stress compared with only three of 16 mothers of children and youth who walk
      (levels I and II). CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapists and occupational therapists
      serving children and youth with CP are encouraged to partner with families to
      identify goals for ease of caregiving, activity, and participation at home and in
      the community.

PMID- 26984714
TI  - The kinetics and mechanism of the organo-iridium-catalysed enantioselective
      reduction of imines.
AB  - The iridium complex of pentamethylcyclopentadiene and (S,S)-1,2-diphenyl-N'
      tosylethane-1,2-diamine is an effective catalyst for the asymmetric transfer
      hydrogenation of imine substrates under acidic conditions. Using the Ir catalyst
      and a 5 : 2 ratio of formic acid : triethylamine as the hydride source for the
      asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline and its 6,7
      dimethoxy substituted derivative, in either acetonitrile or dichloromethane,
      shows unusual enantiomeric excess (ee) profiles for the product amines. The
      reactions initially give predominantly the (R) enantiomer of the chiral amine
      products with >90% ee but which then decreases significantly during the reaction.
      The decrease in ee is not due to racemisation of the product amine, but because
      the rate of formation of the (R)-enantiomer follows first-order kinetics whereas
      that for the (S)-enantiomer is zero-order. This difference in reaction order
      explains the change in selectivity as the reaction proceeds - the rate formation
      of the (R)-enantiomer decreases exponentially with time while that for the (S)
      enantiomer remains constant. A reaction scheme is proposed which requires rate
      limiting hydride transfer from the iridium hydride to the iminium ion for the
      first-order rate of formation of the (R)-enantiomer amine and rate-limiting
      dissociation of the product for the zero-order rate of formation of the (S)
      enantiomer. 

PMID- 26984712
TI  - Domestic violence against women as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety
      disorders: findings from domestic violence household survey in Tehran, Iran.
AB  - Domestic violence (DV) especially intimate partner violence is a global health
      problem responsible for significant part of burden of diseases in women. Mental
      health problems such as depression and anxiety are possibly results and resulted
      in IPV. To investigate correlation between IPV and depression and anxiety among
      married women, in a household survey of married women in Tehran, Iran, at summer
      2011, we recruited 615 samples with cluster sampling method and they are directly
      asked about experience of 23 different types of physical and non-physical IPV
      during marital life and last 12 months. Depression and anxiety were assessed by
      Beck depression inventory II (BDI) and Beck Anxiety inventory (BAI). Multinominal
      regression model was used to assess the independent relationship of factor on
      IPV. Mean (+/-SE) age and duration of marriage were 42.6 +/- 0.9 and 22 +/- 0.8,
      respectively. Non-physical violence and physical violence during marital life
      reported in 77.2 and 35.1 %. Clinically significant depression and anxiety was
      reported in 15.3 and 32.7 % of women, respectively. The odds ratio (95 % CI) of
      clinically significant depression and anxiety in DV victims were 5.8 (2.3-14.6)
      and 2.6 (1.6-4.3). DV as a social factor is significantly correlated factor with
      depression and anxiety. Comprehensive view and collaborative work to detect and
      address social determinants of mental illness like DV is a crucial point in
      mental health promotion programs.

PMID- 26984715
TI  - Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for treatment
      of ovarian cancer.
AB  - Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), a strategy combining maximal
      cytoreductive surgery and maximal regional chemotherapy, has been applied to
      treat ovarian cancer resulting in long-term survival rates in selected patients.
      However, the status of HIPEC in ovarian cancer remains an experimental procedure,
      given the many variables among the data and trials reviewed, to enable us to
      derive strong conclusions about its role from this overview. In this review we
      discuss treatment with HIPEC in patients with ovarian cancer and future
      prospective of its use in clinical setting. HIPEC is an effective tool in the
      treatment of selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian
      cancer. Unfortunately, due to the lack of randomised trials, the evidence of
      HIPEC is very limited. Future randomised studies are awaited to define the role
      and clinical impact of HIPEC in ovarian cancer.

PMID- 26984710
TI  - Morpho-histology of head kidney of female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis:
      seasonal variations in melano-macrophage centers, melanin contents and effects of
      lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone on melanins.
AB  - In the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis, the anterior kidney is a hemopoietic
      tissue which surrounds the adrenal homologues, interrenal (IR) and chromaffin
      tissues corresponding to the adrenal cortical and adrenal medulla of higher
      mammals. The IR tissue is arranged in cell cords around the posterior cardinal
      vein (PCV) and its tributaries and secretes corticosteroids. The chromaffin
      tissue is scattered singly or in nests of one or more cells around the epithelial
      lining of the PCV or blood capillaries within the IR tissue. They are ferric
      ferricyanide-positive. Leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF)-like reactivity was
      noticed in the lining of the epithelium of the IR cell cords and around the wall
      of the PCV and blood capillaries. No staining was observed in the hemopoietic
      cells. IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivity was seen in certain cells in
      the hemopoietic tissue but not in the IR region. Macrophages were identified with
      mammalian macrophage-specific MAC387 antibodies and are present in the
      hemopoietic mass but not in the IR tissue. Pigments accumulate in the hemopoietic
      mass as melano-macrophage centers (MMCs) and are PAS-, Schmorl's- and Perls'
      positive. The pigments contain melanin (black), hemosiderin (blue) and
      lipofuscin/ceroid (oxidized lipid, yellowish tan), as evident from the Perls'
      reaction. The MMCs were TUNEL-positive as evident from FITC fluorescence,
      indicating their apoptotic nature. The MMCs showed significant seasonal variation
      with their density increasing to the peak in the postspawning phase. Melanins
      were characterized spectrophotometrically for the first time in fish anterior
      kidney. The predominant form is pheomelanin (PM), followed by eumelanin (EM) and
      alkali-soluble melanin (ASM). Melanins showed significant seasonal variations
      with the level low in the resting phase and increasing to the peak in the
      postspawning phase. Under in vitro conditions, lipopolysaccharide (10 ug/mL)
      treatment increased significantly the levels of PM and EM levels both at 16 and
      at 32 h and the ASM level at 32 h. On the other hand, the synthetic
      glucocorticoid dexamethasone (100 nM) decreased significantly the levels of EM,
      PM and ASM time-dependently. The results indicate that the anterior kidney is an
      important site of immune-endocrine interaction. 

PMID- 26984716
TI  - Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in a Korean
      Multi-Center Registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcome after left
      atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion in real clinical practice and compare between
      Amplatzer cardiac plug (ACP) and Watchman. METHODS AND RESULTS: From October 2010
      to February 2015, 96 successful LAA occlusion procedures were performed using
      either ACP (n=50) or Watchman device (n=46) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation
      (AF) patients (59 male; age, 65.1+/-9.4 years; CHADS2, 2.5+/-1.2; CHA2DS2-VASC,
      3.9+/-1.6; HAS-BLED, 2.7+/-1.3). The procedure success rate was 96.8%. There were
      serious complications in 4 patients (4.1%; 2 cardiac tamponade, 1 device
      embolization, and 1 major bleed). The anticoagulation cessation rate after 6
      weeks was 92.7%. During mean 21.9-month follow-up, the incidence of death,
      stroke, systemic embolization and major bleeding was 5.2%, 4.2%, 0% and 1.0%,
      respectively. On transesophageal echocardiography of 93 patients within 6 months
      after the procedure, 24 residual leaks were observed (25.8%; 2 mild, 18 moderate,
      and 4 major). Clinical outcome was similar for the 2 devices, but peridevice
      leakage was more frequent with the Watchman than the ACP. CONCLUSIONS: LAA
      occlusion was feasible in non-valvular AF patients with high risk of stroke and
      hemorrhage. The ACP and Watchman devices were similar in terms of procedural and
      clinical outcomes. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1123-1130).

PMID- 26984717
TI  - Native T1 Relaxation Time and Extracellular Volume Fraction as Accurate Markers
      of Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Valve Disease - Comparison With Targeted
      Left Ventricular Myocardial Biopsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between the
      cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived native T1 relaxation time and myocardial
      extracellular volume (ECV) fraction and the extent of diffuse myocardial fibrosis
      (DMF) on targeted myocardial left ventricular (LV) biopsy. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      The study population consisted of 40 patients (age 63+/-8 years, 65% male)
      undergoing valve and/or ascending aorta surgery for severe aortic stenosis
      (77.5%), root dilatation (7.5%) or valve regurgitation (15%). The T1 relaxation
      time was assessed in the basal interventricular septum pre- and 10-min post
      contrast administration using the modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery
      sequence prior to surgery. LV myocardial biopsy specimen was obtained during
      surgery from the basal interventricular septal segment matched with the T1
      mapping assessment. The percentage of myocardial collagen was quantified using
      picrosirius red staining. The average percentage of myocardial collagen was
      22.0+/-14.8%. Both native T1 relaxation time with cutoff value >=1,010 ms
      (sensitivity=90%, specificity=73%, area under the curve=0.82) and ECV with cutoff
      value >=0.32 (sensitivity=80%, specificity=90%, area under the curve=0.85) showed
      high accuracy to identify severe (>30%) DMF. The native T1 relaxation time showed
      significant correlation with LV mass (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Native T1 relaxation
      time and ECV at 10 min after contrast administration are accurate markers of DMF.
      (Circ J 2016; 80: 1202-1209).

PMID- 26984719
TI  - Deaths following prehospital safety incidents: an analysis of a national
      database.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ensuring patient safety in the prehospital environment is difficult
      due to the unpredictable nature of the workload and the uncontrolled situations
      that care is provided in. Studying previous safety incidents can help understand
      risks and take action to mitigate them. We present an analysis of safety
      incidents related to patient deaths in ambulance services in England. METHODS:
      All incidents related to a patient death reported to the National Reporting and
      Learning System from an ambulance service between 1 June 2010 and 31 October 2012
      were subjected to thematic analysis to identify the failings that led to the
      incident. RESULTS: Sixty-nine incidents were analysed, equating to one safety
      incident-related death per 168 000 calls received. Just three event categories
      were identified: delayed response (59%, 41/69), shortfalls in clinical care (35%,
      24/69) and injury during transit (6%, 4/69). Primary failures differed for the
      categories: problems with dispatch caused the majority of delays in response,
      with equipment problems and bad weather accounting for the remainder. Failure to
      provide necessary care was predominantly caused by clinical misjudgements by
      ambulance staff and equipment issues underlay incidents that led to a patient
      injury. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements intended to address safety related mortality in
      the ambulance service should include ensuring adequate equipping and resourcing
      of ambulance services, improving coordination and decision-making during dispatch
      and supporting individual staff members in the difficult decisions they are faced
      with.

PMID- 26984718
TI  - Throat Infections are Associated with Exacerbation in a Substantial Proportion of
      Patients with Chronic Plaque Psoriasis.
AB  - Streptococcal throat infections are known to trigger or exacerbate psoriasis, and
      several studies support the benefit of tonsillectomy. To evaluate the potential
      of tonsillectomy as a treatment, we used a retrospective study-specific
      questionnaire to assess the proportion of psoriasis patients with sore throat
      associated psoriasis exacerbations. Our survey sampled 275 psoriasis patients. Of
      patients with plaque psoriasis, 42% reported sore throat-associated psoriasis
      exacerbations, and of patients with confirmed streptococcal infections, 72%
      reported aggravation. Notably, women and patients with early onset psoriasis were
      more likely to report psoriasis exacerbation after a sore throat (p < 0.001, p =
      0.046, respectively). Other psoriasis aggravation factors were more common in
      patients with sore throat-associated exacerbations (p < 0.01). Of
      tonsillectomized patients, 49% reported subsequent improvement and had more
      frequent sore throat-associated aggravation of psoriasis than patients who did
      not improve after tonsillectomy (p = 0.015). These findings suggest a closer
      association between sore throats, streptococcal throat infections and plaque
      psoriasis than reported previously. 

PMID- 26984720
TI  - Refinements of the ICF Linking Rules to strengthen their potential for
      establishing comparability of health information.
AB  - : Purpose The content of and methods for collecting health information often vary
      across settings and challenge the comparability of health information across
      time, individuals or populations. The International Classification of
      Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) contains an exhaustive set of categories
      of information which constitutes a unified and consistent language of human
      functioning suitable as a reference for comparing health information. Methods and
      results In two earlier papers, we have proposed rules for linking existing health
      information to the ICF. Further refinements to these existing ICF Linking Rules
      are presented in this paper to enhance the transparency of the linking process.
      The refinements involve preparing information for linking, perspectives from
      which information is collected and the categorization of response options. Issues
      regarding the linking of information not covered or unspecified within the ICF
      are also revisited in this paper. CONCLUSION: The ICF Linking Rules are valuable
      for enhancing comparability of health information to ensure that information is
      available in a consistent manner to serve as a foundation for evidence-based
      decision-making across all levels of health systems. The refinements presented in
      this paper enhance transparency in, and ultimately reliability of the process of,
      linking health information to the ICF. Implications for Rehabilitation The
      International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
      constitutes a unified and consistent language of human functioning suitable as a
      reference for comparing health information. Comparability of information is
      essential to ensure that the widest range of information is available in a
      consistent manner for any decision-maker at all levels of the health system. The
      refined ICF Linking Rules presented in this article outline the method to
      establish comparability of health information based on the ICF.

PMID- 26984721
TI  - Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1
      Infection.
AB  - A fraction of HIV-1 patients are able to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies
      (bNAbs) after 2 to 4 years of infection. In rare occasions such antibodies are
      observed close to the first year of HIV-1 infection but never within the first 6
      months. In this study, we analyzed the neutralization breadth of sera from 157
      antiretroviral-naive individuals who were infected for less than 1 year. A range
      of neutralizing activities was observed with a previously described panel of six
      recombinant viruses from five different subtypes (M. Medina-Ramirez et al., J
      Virol 85:5804-5813, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02482-10). Some sera were
      broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan
      dependent region. The neutralization breadth was positively associated with time
      postinfection (P = 0.0001), but contrary to what has been reported for chronic
      infections, no association with the viral load was observed. Notably, five
      individuals within the first 6 months of infection (two as early as 77 and 96
      days postinfection) showed substantial cross-neutralization. This was confirmed
      with an extended panel of 20 Env pseudoviruses from four different subtypes (two
      in tier 3, 14 in tier 2, and four in tier 1). Sera from these individuals were
      capable of neutralizing viruses from four different subtypes with a geometric
      mean 50% infective dose (ID50) between 100 and 800. These results indicate that
      induction of cross-neutralizing responses, albeit rare, is achievable even within
      6 months of HIV-1 infection. These observations encourage the search for
      immunogens able to elicit this kind of response in preventive HIV-1 vaccine
      approaches. IMPORTANCE: There are very few individuals able to mount broadly
      neutralizing activity (bNA) close to the first year postinfection. It is not
      known how early in the infection cross-neutralizing responses can be induced. In
      the present study, we show that bNAbs, despite being rare, can be induced much
      earlier than previously thought. The identification of HIV-1-infected patients
      with these activities within the first months of infection and characterization
      of these responses will help in defining new immunogen designs and neutralization
      targets for vaccine-mediated induction of bNAbs.

PMID- 26984722
TI  - Protection of Cattle against Rinderpest by Vaccination with Wild-Type but Not
      Attenuated Strains of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus.
AB  - Although rinderpest virus (RPV) has been eradicated in the wild, efforts are
      still continuing to restrict the extent to which live virus is distributed in
      facilities around the world and to prepare for any reappearance of the disease,
      whether through deliberate or accidental release. In an effort to find an
      alternative vaccine which could be used in place of the traditional live
      attenuated RPV strains, we have determined whether cattle can be protected from
      rinderpest by inoculation with vaccine strains of the related morbillivirus,
      peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Cattle were vaccinated with wild-type
      PPRV or either of two established PPRV vaccine strains, Nigeria/75/1 or
      Sungri/96. All animals developed antibody and T cell immune responses to the
      inoculated PPRV. However, only the animals given wild-type PPRV were protected
      from RPV challenge. Animals given PPRV/Sungri/96 were only partially protected,
      and animals given PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 showed no protection against RPV challenge.
      While sera from animals vaccinated with the vaccine strain of RPV showed cross
      neutralizing ability against PPRV, none of the sera from animals vaccinated with
      any strain of PPRV was able to neutralize RPV although sera from animals
      inoculated with wild-type PPRV were able to neutralize RPV-pseudotyped vesicular
      stomatitis virus. IMPORTANCE: Rinderpest virus has been eradicated, and it is
      only the second virus for which this is so. Significant efforts are still
      required to ensure preparedness for a possible escape of RPV from a laboratory or
      its deliberate release. Since RPV vaccine protects sheep and goats from PPRV, it
      is important to determine if the reverse is true as this would provide a non-RPV
      vaccine for dealing with suspected RPV outbreaks. This is probably the last in
      vivo study with live RPV that will be approved.

PMID- 26984723
TI  - Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection via Ficolin-1 Interaction with the Mucin
      Domain of GP Glycoprotein.
AB  - Ebola virus infection requires the surface viral glycoprotein to initiate entry
      into the target cells. The trimeric glycoprotein is a highly glycosylated viral
      protein which has been shown to interact with host C-type lectin receptors and
      the soluble complement recognition protein mannose-binding lectin, thereby
      enhancing viral infection. Similarly to mannose-binding lectin, ficolins are
      soluble effectors of the innate immune system that recognize particular glycans
      at the pathogen surface. In this study, we demonstrate that ficolin-1 interacts
      with the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein, and we characterized this
      interaction by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Ficolin-1 was shown to
      bind to the viral glycoprotein with a high affinity. This interaction was
      mediated by the fibrinogen-like recognition domain of ficolin-1 and the mucin
      like domain of the viral glycoprotein. Using a ficolin-1 control mutant devoid of
      sialic acid-binding capacity, we identified sialylated moieties of the mucin
      domain to be potential ligands on the glycoprotein. In cell culture, using both
      pseudotyped viruses and EBOV, ficolin-1 was shown to enhance EBOV infection
      independently of the serum complement. We also observed that ficolin-1 enhanced
      EBOV infection on human monocyte-derived macrophages, described to be major viral
      target cells,. Competition experiments suggested that although ficolin-1 and
      mannose-binding lectin recognized different carbohydrate moieties on the EBOV
      glycoprotein, the observed enhancement of the infection likely depended on a
      common cellular receptor/partner. In conclusion, ficolin-1 could provide an
      alternative receptor-mediated mechanism for enhancing EBOV infection, thereby
      contributing to viral subversion of the host innate immune system. IMPORTANCE: A
      specific interaction involving ficolin-1 (M-ficolin), a soluble effector of the
      innate immune response, and the glycoprotein (GP) of EBOV was identified. Ficolin
      1 enhanced virus infection instead of tipping the balance toward its elimination.
      An interaction between the fibrinogen-like recognition domain of ficolin-1 and
      the mucin-like domain of Ebola virus GP occurred. In this model, the enhancement
      of infection was shown to be independent of the serum complement. The
      facilitation of EBOV entry into target host cells by the interaction with ficolin
      1 and other host lectins shunts virus elimination, which likely facilitates the
      survival of the virus in infected host cells and contributes to the virus
      strategy to subvert the innate immune response.

PMID- 26984724
TI  - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Utilizes Nanotubes for
      Intercellular Spread.
AB  - Intercellular nanotube connections have been identified as an alternative pathway
      for cellular spreading of certain viruses. In cells infected with porcine
      reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), nanotubes were observed
      connecting two distant cells with contiguous membranes, with the core infectious
      viral machinery (viral RNA, certain replicases, and certain structural proteins)
      present in/on the intercellular nanotubes. Live-cell movies tracked the
      intercellular transport of a recombinant PRRSV that expressed green fluorescent
      protein (GFP)-tagged nsp2. In MARC-145 cells expressing PRRSV receptors, GFP-nsp2
      moved from one cell to another through nanotubes in the presence of virus
      neutralizing antibodies. Intercellular transport of viral proteins did not
      require the PRRSV receptor as it was observed in receptor-negative HEK-293T cells
      after transfection with an infectious clone of GFP-PRRSV. In addition, GFP-nsp2
      was detected in HEK-293T cells cocultured with recombinant PRRSV-infected MARC
      145 cells. The intercellular nanotubes contained filamentous actin (F-actin) with
      myosin-associated motor proteins. The F-actin and myosin IIA were identified as
      coprecipitates with PRRSV nsp1beta, nsp2, nsp2TF, nsp4, nsp7-nsp8, GP5, and N
      proteins. Drugs inhibiting actin polymerization or myosin IIA activation
      prevented nanotube formation and viral clusters in virus-infected cells. These
      data lead us to propose that PRRSV utilizes the host cell cytoskeletal machinery
      inside nanotubes for efficient cell-to-cell spread. This form of virus transport
      represents an alternative pathway for virus spread, which is resistant to the
      host humoral immune response. IMPORTANCE: Extracellular virus particles transmit
      infection between organisms, but within infected hosts intercellular infection
      can be spread by additional mechanisms. In this study, we describe an alternative
      pathway for intercellular transmission of PRRSV in which the virus uses nanotube
      connections to transport infectious viral RNA, certain replicases, and certain
      structural proteins to neighboring cells. This process involves interaction of
      viral proteins with cytoskeletal proteins that form the nanotube connections.
      Intercellular viral spread through nanotubes allows the virus to escape the
      neutralizing antibody response and may contribute to the pathogenesis of viral
      infections. The development of strategies that interfere with this process could
      be critical in preventing the spread of viral infection.

PMID- 26984725
TI  - Internal Proteins of the Procapsid and Mature Capsids of Herpes Simplex Virus 1
      Mapped by Bubblegram Imaging.
AB  - The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) capsid is a huge assembly, ~1,250 A in
      diameter, and is composed of thousands of protein subunits with a combined mass
      of ~200 MDa, housing a 100-MDa genome. First, a procapsid is formed through
      coassembly of the surface shell with an inner scaffolding shell; then the
      procapsid matures via a major structural transformation, triggered by limited
      proteolysis of the scaffolding proteins. Three mature capsids are found in the
      nuclei of infected cells. A capsids are empty, B capsids retain a shrunken
      scaffolding shell, and C capsids-which develop into infectious virions-are filled
      with DNA and ostensibly have expelled the scaffolding shell. The possible
      presence of other internal proteins in C capsids has been moot as, in cryo
      electron microscopy (cryo-EM), they would be camouflaged by the surrounding DNA.
      We have used bubblegram imaging to map internal proteins in all four capsids,
      aided by the discovery that the scaffolding protein is exceptionally prone to
      radiation-induced bubbling. We confirmed that this protein forms thick-walled
      inner shells in the procapsid and the B capsid. C capsids generate two classes of
      bubbles: one occupies positions beneath the vertices of the icosahedral surface
      shell, and the other is distributed throughout its interior. A likely candidate
      is the viral protease. A subpopulation of C capsids bubbles particularly
      profusely and may represent particles in which expulsion of scaffold and DNA
      packaging are incomplete. Based on the procapsid structure, we propose that the
      axial channels of hexameric capsomers afford the pathway via which the
      scaffolding protein is expelled. IMPORTANCE: In addition to DNA, capsids of
      tailed bacteriophages and their distant relatives, herpesviruses, contain
      internal proteins. These proteins are often essential for infectivity but are
      difficult to locate within the virion. A novel adaptation of cryo-EM based on
      detecting gas bubbles generated by radiation damage was used to localize internal
      proteins of HSV-1, yielding insights into how capsid maturation is regulated. The
      scaffolding protein, which forms inner shells in the procapsid and B capsid, is
      exceptionally bubbling-prone. In the mature DNA-filled C capsid, a previously
      undetected protein was found to underlie the icosahedral vertices: this is
      tentatively assigned as a storage form of the viral protease. We also observed a
      capsid species that appears to contain substantial amounts of scaffolding protein
      as well as DNA, suggesting that DNA packaging and expulsion of the scaffolding
      protein are coupled processes.

PMID- 26984726
TI  - Type I Interferons Regulate the Magnitude and Functionality of Mouse Polyomavirus
      Specific CD8 T Cells in a Virus Strain-Dependent Manner.
AB  - Mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) is a ubiquitous persistent natural mouse pathogen. A
      glutamic acid (E)-to-glycine (G) difference at position 91 of the VP1 capsid
      protein shifts the profile of tumors induced by MPyV from an epithelial to a
      mesenchymal cell origin. Here we asked if this tropism difference affects the
      MPyV-specific CD8 T cell response, which controls MPyV infection and
      tumorigenesis. Infection by the laboratory MPyV strain RA (VP1-91G) or a strain
      A2 mutant with an E-to-G substitution at VP1 residue 91 [A2(91G)] generated a
      markedly smaller virus-specific CD8 T cell response than that induced by A2(VP1
      91E) infection. Mutant A2(91G)-infected mice showed a higher frequency of memory
      precursor (CD127(hi) KLRG1(lo)) CD8 T cells and a higher recall response than
      those of A2-infected mice. Using T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD8 T cells and
      immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, we found that early bystander
      inflammation associated with A2 infection contributed to recruitment of the
      larger MPyV-specific CD8 T cell response. Beta interferon (IFN-beta) transcripts
      were induced early during A2 or A2(91G) infections. IFN-beta inhibited
      replication of A2 and A2(91G) in vitro Using mice lacking IFN-alphabeta receptors
      (IFNAR(-/-)), we showed that type I IFNs played a role in controlling MPyV
      replication in vivo but differentially affected the magnitude and functionality
      of virus-specific CD8 T cells recruited by A2 and A2(91G) viral infections. These
      data indicate that type I IFNs are involved in protection against MPyV infection
      and that their effect on the antiviral CD8 T cell response depends on capsid
      mediated tropism properties of the MPyV strain. IMPORTANCE: Isolates of the human
      polyomavirus JC virus from patients with the frequently fatal demyelinating brain
      disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) carry single amino acid
      substitutions in the domain of the VP1 capsid protein that binds the sialic acid
      moiety of glycoprotein/glycolipid receptors on host cells. These VP1 mutations
      may alter neural cell tropism or enable escape from neutralizing antibodies.
      Changes in host cell tropism can affect recruitment of virus-specific CD8 T
      cells. Using mouse polyomavirus, we demonstrate that a single amino acid
      difference in VP1 known to shift viral tropism profoundly affects the quantity
      and quality of the anti-polyomavirus CD8 T cell response and its differentiation
      into memory cells. These findings raise the possibility that CD8 T cell responses
      to infections by human polyomaviruses may be influenced by VP1 mutations
      involving domains that engage host cell receptors.

PMID- 26984727
TI  - Generation of a More Immunogenic Measles Vaccine by Increasing Its Hemagglutinin
      Expression.
AB  - Imported measles virus (MV) outbreaks are maintained by poor vaccine responders
      and unvaccinated people. A convenient but more immunogenic vaccination strategy
      would enhance vaccine performance, contributing to measles eradication efforts.
      We report here the generation of alternative pediatric vaccines against MV with
      increased expression of the H protein in the background of the current MV vaccine
      strain. We generated two recombinants: MVvac2-H2, with increased full-length H
      expression resulting in a 3-fold increase in H incorporation into virions, and
      MVvac2-Hsol, vectoring a truncated, soluble form of the H protein that is
      secreted into the supernatants of infected cells. Replication fitness was
      conserved despite the duplication of the H cistron for both vectors. The
      modification to the envelope of MVvac2-H2 conferred upon this virus a measurable
      level of resistance to in vitro neutralization by MV polyclonal immune sera
      without altering its thermostability. Most interestingly, both recombinant MVs
      with enhanced H expression were significantly more immunogenic than their
      parental strain in outbred mice, while MVvac2-H2 additionally proved more
      immunogenic after a single, human-range dose in genetically modified MV
      susceptible mice. IMPORTANCE: Measles incidence was reduced drastically following
      the introduction of attenuated vaccines, but progress toward the eradication of
      this virus has stalled, and MV still threatens unvaccinated populations. Due to
      the contributions of primary vaccine failures and too-young-to-be-vaccinated
      infants to this problem, more immunogenic measles vaccines are highly desirable.
      We generated two experimental MV vaccines based on a current vaccine's genome but
      with enriched production of the H protein, the main MV antigen in provoking
      immunity. One vaccine incorporated H at higher rates in the viral envelope, and
      the other secreted a soluble H protein from infected cells. The increased
      expression of H by these vectors improved neutralizing responses induced in two
      small-animal models of MV immunogenicity. The enhanced immunogenicity of these
      vectors, mainly from the MV that incorporates additional H, suggests their value
      as potential alternative pediatric MV vaccines.

PMID- 26984728
TI  - Mutations in the Schmallenberg Virus Gc Glycoprotein Facilitate Cellular Protein
      Synthesis Shutoff and Restore Pathogenicity of NSs Deletion Mutants in Mice.
AB  - Serial passage of viruses in cell culture has been traditionally used to
      attenuate virulence and identify determinants of viral pathogenesis. In a
      previous study, we found that a strain of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) serially
      passaged in tissue culture (termed SBVp32) unexpectedly displayed increased
      pathogenicity in suckling mice compared to wild-type SBV. In this study, we
      mapped the determinants of SBVp32 virulence to the viral genome M segment. SBVp32
      virulence is associated with the capacity of this virus to reach high titers in
      the brains of experimentally infected suckling mice. We also found that the Gc
      glycoprotein, encoded by the M segment of SBVp32, facilitates host cell protein
      shutoff in vitro Interestingly, while the M segment of SBVp32 is a virulence
      factor, we found that the S segment of the same virus confers by itself an
      attenuated phenotype to wild-type SBV, as it has lost the ability to block the
      innate immune system of the host. Single mutations present in the Gc glycoprotein
      of SBVp32 are sufficient to compensate for both the attenuated phenotype of the
      SBVp32 S segment and the attenuated phenotype of NSs deletion mutants. Our data
      also indicate that the SBVp32 M segment does not act as an interferon (IFN)
      antagonist. Therefore, SBV mutants can retain pathogenicity even when they are
      unable to fully control the production of IFN by infected cells. Overall, this
      study suggests that the viral glycoprotein of orthobunyaviruses can compensate,
      at least in part, for the function of NSs. In addition, we also provide evidence
      that the induction of total cellular protein shutoff by SBV is determined by
      multiple viral proteins, while the ability to control the production of IFN maps
      to the NSs protein. IMPORTANCE: The identification of viral determinants of
      pathogenesis is key to the development of prophylactic and intervention measures.
      In this study, we found that the bunyavirus Gc glycoprotein is a virulence
      factor. Importantly, we show that mutations in the Gc glycoprotein can restore
      the pathogenicity of attenuated mutants resulting from deletions or mutations in
      the nonstructural protein NSs. Our findings highlight the fact that careful
      consideration should be taken when designing live attenuated vaccines based on
      deletions of nonstructural proteins since single mutations in the viral
      glycoproteins appear to revert attenuated mutants to virulent phenotypes.

PMID- 26984729
TI  - Cellular Immune Responses against Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Target Tax
      in Infected Baboons.
AB  - There are currently 5 million to 10 million human T-lymphotropic virus type 1
      (HTLV-1)-infected people, and many of them will develop severe complications
      resulting from this infection. A vaccine is urgently needed in areas where HTLV-1
      is endemic. Many vaccines are best tested in nonhuman primate animal models. As a
      first step in designing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine, we defined the CD8(+) and
      CD4(+) T cell response against simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), a
      virus closely related to HTLV-1, in olive baboons (Papio anubis). Consistent with
      persistent antigenic exposure, we observed that STLV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells
      displayed an effector memory phenotype and usually expressed CD107a, gamma
      interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). To assess
      the viral targets of the cellular immune response in STLV-1-infected animals, we
      used intracellular cytokine staining to detect responses against overlapping
      peptides covering the entire STLV-1 proteome. Our results show that, similarly to
      humans, the baboon CD8(+) T cell response narrowly targeted the Tax protein. Our
      findings suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model may recapitulate some of
      the important aspects of the human response against HTLV-1 and could be an
      important tool for the development of immune-based therapy and prophylaxis.
      IMPORTANCE: HTLV-1 infection can lead to many different and often fatal
      conditions. A vaccine deployed in areas of high prevalence might reduce the
      incidence of HTLV-1-induced disease. Unfortunately, there are very few animal
      models of HTLV-1 infection useful for testing vaccine approaches. Here we
      describe cellular immune responses in baboons against a closely related virus,
      STLV-1. We show for the first time that the immune response against STLV-1 in
      naturally infected baboons is largely directed against the Tax protein. Similar
      findings in humans and the sequence similarity between the human and baboon
      viruses suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model might be useful for
      developing a vaccine against HTLV-1.

PMID- 26984730
TI  - The Large Marseillevirus Explores Different Entry Pathways by Forming Giant
      Infectious Vesicles.
AB  - Triggering the amoebal phagocytosis process is a sine qua non condition for most
      giant viruses to initiate their replication cycle and consequently to promote
      their progeny formation. It is well known that the amoebal phagocytosis process
      requires the recognition of particles of >500 nm, and most amoebal giant viruses
      meet this requirement, such as mimivirus, pandoravirus, pithovirus, and
      mollivirus. However, in the context of the discovery of amoebal giant viruses in
      the last decade, Marseillevirus marseillevirus (MsV) has drawn our attention,
      because despite its ability to successfully replicate in Acanthamoeba, remarkably
      it does not fulfill the >500-nm condition, since it presents an ~250-nm
      icosahedrally shaped capsid. We deeply investigated the MsV cycle by using a set
      of methods, including virological, molecular, and microscopic
      (immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron
      microscopy) assays. Our results revealed that MsV is able to form giant vesicles
      containing dozens to thousands of viral particles wrapped by membranes derived
      from amoebal endoplasmic reticulum. Remarkably, our results strongly suggested
      that these giant vesicles are able to stimulate amoebal phagocytosis and to
      trigger the MsV replication cycle by an acidification-independent process. Also,
      we observed that MsV entry may occur by the phagocytosis of grouped particles
      (without surrounding membranes) and by an endosome-stimulated pathway triggered
      by single particles. Taken together, not only do our data deeply describe the
      main features of MsV replication cycle, but this is the first time, to our
      knowledge, that the formation of giant infective vesicles related to a DNA virus
      has been described. IMPORTANCE: Triggering the amoebal phagocytosis process is a
      sine qua non condition required by most giant viruses to initiate their
      replication cycle. This process requires the recognition of particles of >500 nm,
      and many giant viruses meet this requirement. However, MsV is unusual, as despite
      having particles of ~250 nm it is able to replicate in Acanthamoeba Our results
      revealed that MsV is able to form giant vesicles, containing dozens to thousands
      of viral particles, wrapped in membranes derived from amoebal endoplasmic
      reticulum. Remarkably, our results strongly suggest that these giant vesicles are
      able to stimulate phagocytosis using an acidification-independent process. Our
      work not only describes the main features of the MsV replication cycle but also
      describes, for the first time to our knowledge, the formation of huge infective
      vesicles in a large DNA viruses.

PMID- 26984731
TI  - Characterization of Glycoprotein-Mediated Entry of Severe Fever with
      Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus.
AB  - Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic
      fever with a high case fatality rate caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). Effective
      vaccines and specific therapies for SFTS are urgently sought, and investigation
      into virus-host cell interactions is expected to contribute to the development of
      antiviral strategies. In this study, we have developed a pseudotype vesicular
      stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing the unmodified Gn/Gc glycoproteins (GPs) of SFTSV
      (SFTSVpv). We have analyzed the host cell entry of this pseudotype virus and
      native SFTSV. Both SFTSVpv and SFTSV exhibited high infectivity in various
      mammalian cell lines. The use of lysosomotropic agents indicated that virus entry
      occurred via pH-dependent endocytosis. SFTSVpv and SFTSV infectivity was
      neutralized by serial dilutions of convalescent-phase patient sera. Entry of
      SFTSVpv and growth of SFTSV were increased in Raji cells expressing not only the
      C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing
      nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) but also DC-SIGN-related (DC-SIGNR) and liver and lymph
      node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (LSECtin). 25-Hydroxycholesterol
      (25HC), a soluble oxysterol metabolite, inhibited the cell entry of SFTSVpv and
      the membrane fusion of SFTSV. These results indicate that pH-dependent
      endocytosis of SFTSVpv and SFTSV is enhanced by attachment to certain C-type
      lectins. SFTSVpv is an appropriate model for the investigation of SFTSV-GP
      mediated cell entry and virus neutralization at lower biosafety levels.
      Furthermore, 25HC may represent a potential antiviral agent against SFTS.
      IMPORTANCE: SFTSV is a recently discovered bunyavirus associated with SFTS, a
      viral hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate endemic to China, South
      Korea, and Japan. Because little is known about the characteristics of the
      envelope protein and entry mechanisms of SFTSV, further studies will be required
      for the development of a vaccine or effective therapies. In this study, we
      investigated the mechanism of SFTSV cell entry using SFTSVpv and the native
      virus. SFTSV can grow in nonsusceptible cell lines in the presence of certain C
      type lectins. Moreover, 25HC, an oxysterol metabolite, may represent a potential
      therapeutic inhibitor of SFTSV infection.

PMID- 26984733
TI  - Age-related differences in image quality of prospectively ECG-triggered axial and
      helical scans for coronary CT angiography.
AB  - We investigated the underlying reasons for the occurrence of misalignment
      artifacts in prospectively ECG-triggered axial coronary CT angiography scans. In
      this study we analyzed 56 consecutive patients scanned in axial mode and 66
      consecutive patients scanned in helical mode. Predictors for the occurrence of
      misalignment artifacts were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression
      analysis for those patients scanned in the axial mode; advanced age was
      identified as the sole independent predictor (odds ratio: 1.088; 95 % CI: 1.012
      1.170; p = 0.0228). In a comparison with the patients scanned in the helical
      mode, the image quality score for patients aged 65 years or older was
      significantly higher in helical mode than in axial mode (2.6 +/- 0.5 and 2.4 +/-
      0.7, respectively; p = 0.0313). Misalignment artifacts in the image are more
      common in the elderly than in younger. Helical mode should be preferred in this
      older patient population to allow for good diagnostic image quality. 

PMID- 26984732
TI  - HIV Provirus Stably Reproduces Parental Latent and Induced Transcription
      Phenotypes Regardless of the Chromosomal Integration Site.
AB  - Understanding the mechanisms of HIV proviral latency is essential for development
      of a means to eradicate infection and achieve a cure. We have previously
      described an in vitro latency model that reliably identifies HIV expression
      phenotypes of infected cells using a dual-fluorescence reporter virus. Our
      results have demonstrated that ~50% of infected cells establish latency
      immediately upon integration of provirus, a phenomenon termed early latency,
      which appears to occur by mechanisms that are distinct from epigenetic silencing
      observed with HIV provirus that establishes productive infections. In this study,
      we have used a mini-dual HIV reporter virus (mdHIV) to compare the long-term
      stability of provirus produced as early latent or productive infections using
      Jurkat-Tat T cell clones. Cloned lines bearing mdHIV provirus integrated at
      different chromosomal locations display unique differences in responsiveness to
      signaling agonists and chromatin-modifying compounds, and they also produce
      characteristic expression patterns from the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) dsRed
      and internal EIF1alpha-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EIF1alpha-eGFP)
      reporters. Furthermore, reporter expression profiles of single cell sorted
      subcultures faithfully reproduce expression profiles identical to that of their
      original parental population, following prolonged growth in culture, without
      shifting toward expression patterns resembling that of cell subclones at the time
      of sorting. Comparison of population dispersion coefficient (CV) and mean
      fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the subcloned lines showed that both untreated
      and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-ionomycin-stimulated cultures produce
      expression patterns identical to those of their parental lines. These results
      indicate that HIV provirus expression characteristics are strongly influenced by
      the epigenetic landscape at the site of chromosomal integration. IMPORTANCE:
      There is currently considerable interest in development of therapies to eliminate
      latently infected cells from HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. One
      proposed strategy, known as "shock and kill," would involve treatment with
      therapies capable of inducing expression of latent provirus, with the expectation
      that the latently infected cells could be killed by a host immune response or
      virus-induced apoptosis. In clinical trials, histone deacetylase (HDAC)
      inhibitors were shown to cause reactivation of latent provirus but did not
      produce a significant effect toward eliminating the latently infected population.
      Results shown here indicate that integration of HIV provirus at different
      chromosomal locations produces significant effects on the responsiveness of virus
      expression to T cell signaling agonists and chromatin-modifying compounds. Given
      the variety of phenotypes produced by integrated provirus, it is unlikely that
      any single potential shock-and-kill therapy will be effective toward purging the
      latently infected population.

PMID- 26984734
TI  - Simple noise reduction for diffusion weighted images.
AB  - Our purpose in this study was to reduce the noise in order to improve the SNR of
      Dw images with high b-value by using two correction schemes. This study was
      performed with use of phantoms made from water and sucrose at different
      concentrations, which were 10, 30, and 50 weight percent (wt%). In noise
      reduction for Dw imaging of the phantoms, we compared two correction schemes that
      are based on the Rician distribution and the Gaussian distribution. The highest
      error values for each concentration with use of the Rician distribution scheme
      were 7.3 % for 10 wt%, 2.4 % for 30 wt%, and 0.1 % for 50 wt%. The highest error
      values for each concentration with use of the Gaussian distribution scheme were
      20.3 % for 10 wt%, 11.6 % for 30 wt%, and 3.4 % for 50 wt%. In Dw imaging, the
      noise reduction makes it possible to apply the correction scheme of Rician
      distribution. 

PMID- 26984737
TI  - The carboxyl-terminally truncated kidney anion exchanger 1 R901X dRTA mutant is
      unstable at the plasma membrane.
AB  - Mutations in the SLC4A1 gene coding for kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) cause
      distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). We investigated the fate of the most common
      truncated dominant dRTA mutant kAE1 R901X. In renal epithelial cells, we found
      that kAE1 R901X is less abundant than kAE1 wild-type (WT) at the plasma membrane.
      Although kAE1 WT and kAE1 R901X have similar half-lives, the decreased abundance
      of kAE1 R901X at the surface is due to an increased endocytosis rate and a
      decreased recycling rate of endocytosed proteins. We propose that, in polarized
      renal epithelial cells, the apically mistargeted kAE1 R901X mutant is endocytosed
      faster than kAE1 WT and its recycling to the basolateral membrane is delayed.
      This resets the equilibrium, such that kAE1 R901X resides predominantly in an
      endomembrane compartment, thereby likely participating in development of dRTA
      disease.

PMID- 26984738
TI  - Development of a short version of the Aging Males' Symptoms scale: Mokken scaling
      analysis and Rasch analysis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to develop a psychometrically sound short version of
      the 17-item Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale using Mokken scale analysis (MSA)
      and Rasch analysis. We recruited a convenient sample of 1787 men (age: mean (SD)
      = 43.8 (11.5) years) who visited a men's health polyclinic in Taiwan and
      completed the AMS scale. The scale was first assessed using MSA. The remaining
      items were assessed using Rasch analysis. We used a stepwise approach to remove
      items with chi(2) item statistics and mean square values while monitoring
      unidimensionality. The item reduction process resulted in a 6-item version of the
      AMS scale (AMS-6). The AMS-6 scale included a 5-item psychosomatic subscale
      (original items 1, 4, 5, 8, and 9) and a 1-item sexual subscale (original item
      16). Analyses confirmed that the 5-item psychosomatic subscale was a Rasch scale.
      The AMS-6 correlated well with the AMS scales: the 5-item psychosomatic subscale
      correlated with the AMS scale (r between 0.50 and 0.92); the 1-item sexual
      subscale correlated with the sexual subscale of the AMS scale (r = 0.81). A 6
      item short form of the AMS scale had satisfactory measurement properties. This
      version may be useful for estimating psychosomatic and sexual symptoms as well as
      health-related quality of life with a minimal burden on respondents. 

PMID- 26984735
TI  - Human vascular endothelial cells transport foreign exosomes from cow's milk by
      endocytosis.
AB  - Encapsulation of microRNAs in exosomes confers protection against degradation and
      a vehicle for shuttling of microRNAs between cells and tissues, and cellular
      uptake by endocytosis. Exosomes can be found in foods including milk. Humans
      absorb cow's milk exosomes and deliver the microRNA cargo to peripheral tissues,
      consistent with gene regulation by dietary nucleic acids across species
      boundaries. Here, we tested the hypothesis that human vascular endothelial cells
      transport milk exosomes by endocytosis, constituting a step crucial for the
      delivery of dietary exosomes and their cargo to peripheral tissues. We tested
      this hypothesis by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fluorophore
      labeled exosomes isolated from cow's milk. Exosome uptake followed Michaelis
      Menten kinetics (Vmax = 0.057 +/- 0.004 ng exosome protein * 40,000 cells/h; Km =
      17.97 +/- 3.84 MUg exosomal protein/200 MUl media) and decreased by 80% when the
      incubation temperature was lowered from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C. When exosome
      surface proteins were removed by treatment with proteinase K, or transport was
      measured in the presence of the carbohydrate competitor d-galactose or measured
      in the presence of excess unlabeled exosomes, transport rates decreased by 45% to
      80% compared with controls. Treatment with an inhibitor of endocytosis,
      cytochalasin D, caused a 50% decrease in transport. When fluorophore-labeled
      exosomes were administered retro-orbitally, exosomes accumulated in liver,
      spleen, and lungs in mice. We conclude that human vascular endothelial cells
      transport bovine exosomes by endocytosis and propose that this is an important
      step in the delivery of dietary exosomes and their cargo to peripheral tissues.

PMID- 26984736
TI  - Downregulation of LRRC8A protects human ovarian and alveolar carcinoma cells
      against Cisplatin-induced expression of p53, MDM2, p21Waf1/Cip1, and Caspase-9/-3
      activation.
AB  - The leucine-rich repeat containing 8A (LRRC8A) protein is an essential component
      of the volume-sensitive organic anion channel (VSOAC), and using pharmacological
      anion channel inhibitors (NS3728, DIDS) and LRRC8A siRNA we have investigated its
      role in development of Cisplatin resistance in human ovarian (A2780) and alveolar
      (A549) carcinoma cells. In Cisplatin-sensitive cells Cisplatin treatment
      increases p53-protein level as well as downstream signaling, e.g., expression of
      p21(Waf1/Cip1), Bax, Noxa, MDM2, and activation of Caspase-9/-3. In contrast,
      Cisplatin-resistant cells do not enter apoptosis, i.e., their p53 and downstream
      signaling are reduced and caspase activity unaltered following Cisplatin
      exposure. Reduced LRRC8A expression and VSOAC activity are previously shown to
      correlate with Cisplatin resistance, and here we demonstrate that pharmacological
      inhibition and transient knockdown of LRRC8A reduce the protein level of p53,
      MDM2, and p21(Waf1/Cip1) as well as Caspase-9/-3 activation in Cisplatin
      sensitive cells. Cisplatin resistance is accompanied by reduction in total LRRC8A
      expression (A2780) or LRRC8A expression in the plasma membrane (A549). Activation
      of Caspase-3 dependent apoptosis by TNFalpha-exposure or hyperosmotic cell
      shrinkage is almost unaffected by pharmacological anion channel inhibition. Our
      data indicate 1) that expression/activity of LRRC8A is essential for Cisplatin
      induced increase in p53 protein level and its downstream signaling, i.e., Caspase
      9/-3 activation, expression of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and MDM2; and 2) that
      downregulation of LRRC8A-dependent osmolyte transporters contributes to
      acquirement of Cisplatin resistance in ovarian and lung carcinoma cells.
      Activation of LRRC8A-containing channels is upstream to apoptotic volume decrease
      as hypertonic cell shrinkage induces apoptosis independent of the presence of
      LRRC8A.

PMID- 26984739
TI  - The relation of postprandial plasma glucose and serum endostatin to the urinary
      albumin excretion of residents with prediabetes: results from the Kyushu and
      Okinawa Population Study (KOPS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous clinical studies have shown that the circulating level of
      endostatin is related to kidney injury. We hypothesized that the impact of HbA1c,
      fasting, and postprandial plasma glucose on urinary albumin excretion would be
      related to the serum endostatin level. METHODS: A cross-sectional, community
      based population study of 1057 Japanese residents was conducted. Of these
      subjects, 162 with a fasting plasma glucose value between 5.5 and 6.9 mmol/L and
      an HbA1c level of <6.5 % received an oral glucose tolerance test, had serum
      endostatin measured, and had the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR)
      calculated. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose
      (beta = 0.26, P < 0.01) was significantly associated with log-transformed UACR,
      independently of fasting plasma glucose (beta = 0.14, P = 0.28) and HbA1c (beta =
      -0.08, P = 0.57). When divided by the median value of endostatin (82.2 ng/mL), 2
      h postprandial plasma glucose (beta = 0.38, P = 0.01) remained significantly
      associated with the log-transformed UACR of the participants below the median,
      while the fasting plasma glucose (beta = 0.34, P = 0.046) was independently
      associated with the log-transformed UACR of participants above the median.
      CONCLUSION: Postprandial plasma glucose was independently associated with the
      urinary albumin excretion of the residents with prediabetes. Moreover, this
      relationship was limited to residents with a serum endostatin level below the
      median.

PMID- 26984742
TI  - Protein enrichment of brewery spent grain from Rhizopus oligosporus by solid
      state fermentation.
AB  - Brewery spent grain represents approximately 85 % of total by-products generated
      in a brewery. Consisting of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals and low amounts of
      protein, the use of brewery spent grain is limited to the feeding of ruminants;
      however, its potential use should be investigated. The reuse of this by-product
      using microorganisms by solid-state fermentation process as the case of protein
      enrichment by single-cell protein incorporation is an alternative to ensure
      sustainability and generate commercially interesting products. In this context,
      the aim of this study was to grow Rhizopus oligosporus in brewery spent grain
      under different initial moisture contents and nitrogen sources to increase the
      protein content of the fermented material. After 7 days of fermentation, increase
      of 2-4 times in the crude protein and soluble protein content was verified,
      respectively, compared to unfermented brewery spent grain. The kinetics of
      protein enrichment demonstrated the possibility of application of this technique,
      which can be a great alternative for use in diets for animals. 

PMID- 26984741
TI  - Micheliolide inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response and protects mice from
      LPS challenge.
AB  - Sepsis is the principal cause of fatality in the intensive care units worldwide.
      It involves uncontrolled inflammatory response resulting in multi-organ failure
      and even death. Micheliolide (MCL), a sesquiterpene lactone, was reported to
      inhibit dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced inflammatory intestinal disease,
      colitis-associated cancer and rheumatic arthritis. Nevertheless, the role of MCL
      in microbial infection and sepsis is unclear. We demonstrated that MCL decreased
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS, the main cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria)
      mediated production of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, etc) in Raw264.7 cells,
      primary macrophages, dendritic cells and human monocytes. MCL plays an anti
      inflammatory role by inhibiting LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB and
      PI3K/Akt/p70S6K pathways. It has negligible impact on the activation of mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In the acute peritonitis mouse model,
      MCL reduced the secretion of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, MCP-1, IFN-beta and IL-10
      in sera, and ameliorated lung and liver damage. MCL down-regulated the high
      mortality rate caused by lethal LPS challenge. Collectively, our data illustrated
      that MCL enabled maintenance of immune equilibrium may represent a potentially
      new anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug candidate in the treatment of
      sepsis and septic shock. 

PMID- 26984740
TI  - Metabolic and Inflammatory Adaptation of Reactive Astrocytes: Role of PPARs.
AB  - Astrocyte-mediated inflammation is associated with degenerative pathologies such
      as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis. The acute
      inflammation and morphological and metabolic changes that astrocytes develop
      after the insult are known as reactive astroglia or astrogliosis that is an
      important response to protect and repair the lesion. Astrocytes optimize their
      metabolism to produce lactate, glutamate, and ketone bodies in order to provide
      energy to the neurons that are deprived of nutrients upon insult. Firstly, we
      review the basis of inflammation and morphological changes of the different cell
      population implicated in reactive gliosis. Next, we discuss the more active
      metabolic pathways in healthy astrocytes and explain the metabolic response of
      astrocytes to the insult in different pathologies and which metabolic alterations
      generate complications in these diseases. We emphasize the role of peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptors isotypes in the inflammatory and metabolic
      adaptation of astrogliosis developed in ischemia or neurodegenerative diseases.
      Based on results reported in astrocytes and other cells, we resume and
      hypothesize the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
      activation with ligands on different metabolic pathways in order to supply energy
      to the neurons. The activation of selective PPAR isotype activity may serve as an
      input to better understand the role played by these receptors on the metabolic
      and inflammatory compensation of astrogliosis and might represent an opportunity
      to develop new therapeutic strategies against traumatic brain injuries and
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 26984743
TI  - Tissue growth constrained by extracellular matrix drives invagination during
      optic cup morphogenesis.
AB  - In the early embryo, the eyes form initially as relatively spherical optic
      vesicles (OVs) that protrude from both sides of the brain tube. Each OV grows
      until it contacts and adheres to the overlying surface ectoderm (SE) via an
      extracellular matrix (ECM) that is secreted by the SE and OV. The OV and SE then
      thicken and bend inward (invaginate) to create the optic cup (OC) and lens
      vesicle, respectively. While constriction of cell apices likely plays a role in
      SE invagination, the mechanisms that drive OV invagination are poorly understood.
      Here, we used experiments and computational modeling to explore the hypothesis
      that the ECM locally constrains the growing OV, forcing it to invaginate. In
      chick embryos, we examined the need for the ECM by (1) removing SE at different
      developmental stages and (2) exposing the embryo to collagenase. At relatively
      early stages of invagination (Hamburger-Hamilton stage HH14[Formula: see text]),
      removing the SE caused the curvature of the OV to reverse as it 'popped out' and
      became convex, but the OV remained concave at later stages (HH15) and invaginated
      further during subsequent culture. Disrupting the ECM had a similar effect, with
      the OV popping out at early to mid-stages of invagination (HH14[Formula: see
      text] to HH14[Formula: see text]). These results suggest that the ECM is required
      for the early stages but not the late stages of OV invagination. Microindentation
      tests indicate that the matrix is considerably stiffer than the cellular OV, and
      a finite-element model consisting of a growing spherical OV attached to a
      relatively stiff layer of ECM reproduced the observed behavior, as well as
      measured temporal changes in OV curvature, wall thickness, and invagination depth
      reasonably well. Results from our study also suggest that the OV grows relatively
      uniformly, while the ECM is stiffer toward the center of the optic vesicle. These
      results are consistent with our matrix-constraint hypothesis, providing new
      insight into the mechanics of OC (early retina) morphogenesis.

PMID- 26984744
TI  - Supratentorial clear cell ependymomas with branching capillaries demonstrate
      characteristic clinicopathological features and pathological activation of
      nuclear factor-kappaB signaling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clear cell ependymoma is one of the 4 main histological subtypes of
      ependymomas defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of
      tumors of the CNS. DNA methylation profiling can distinguish 4 subgroups of
      intracranial ependymomas, including supratentorial (ST) ependymomas with Yes
      associated protein 1 fusion (YAP1), ST ependymomas with fusion of v-rel avian
      reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), posterior fossa
      ependymomas with balanced genome, and posterior fossa ependymomas with
      chromosomal instability. In addition, trisomy 19 is a genomic hallmark of
      ependymomas with rich branching capillaries. However, the relation of
      histological and molecular subtypes is unclear. METHODS: Here, we report a series
      of 20 ependymomas histologically defined by clear cells and branching
      capillaries. RESULTS: We observed a strong male predominance. Median age at
      surgery was 10.4 years (range, 0.8-68.4). All cases were ST, cortical, contrast
      enhancing, and most often frontal, cystic, and calcified. All tumors qualified as
      WHO grade III. Some of them exhibited neuronal differentiation. Trisomy 19 was
      recorded in 13 cases. All samples strongly accumulated p65RelA protein within
      nuclei, indicating pathological activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway.
      We identified causative C11ORF95-RELA fusion in almost all cases. Median
      progression-free survival and overall survival were 11.4 years (95% CI: 5.1-17.8)
      and not reached, respectively. CONCLUSION: ST clear cell ependymomas with
      branching capillaries display characteristic clinicopathological features and are
      associated with pathological activation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, which
      may indicate a potential novel target for therapy in these patients.

PMID- 26984747
TI  - Spherical aberration reduction in nuclear cataracts.
AB  - PURPOSE: To measure higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in nuclear cataracts and to
      investigate spherical aberration changes with nuclear cataract progression.
      METHODS: A total of 102 eyes of older subjects (>50 years) were classified based
      on the nuclear opalescence (NO) grading of the Lens Opacities Classification
      System III: Group 1 (< NO2, 35), 2 (NO2, 23), 3 (NO3, 23), and 4 (>= NO 4:21
      eyes). Wave front measurements were performed with a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer.
      To investigate lenticular spherical aberration, HOAs were examined in 28 eyes
      before and after phacoemulsification, followed by insertion of an aberration-free
      intraocular lens. The relationship between lens opacity grade and ocular and
      lenticular spherical aberrations were investigated. RESULTS: Mean spherical
      aberrations in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.25 +/- 0.10, 0.16 +/- 0.13, 0.12 +/-
      0.15, and 0.10 +/- 0.20 MUm, respectively, and showed a significant difference
      with nuclear opacity grading (p = 0.001). The spherical aberration showed
      negative associations with nuclear opacity grading (r = -0.408, p < 0.001). The
      predominant change in HOAs after phacoemulsification was an increase in spherical
      aberration, and 86 % of lenticular spherical aberrations were presumed to have
      negative values. The lenticular spherical aberration was negatively correlated
      with nuclear opacity severity (r = -0.409, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular
      spherical aberration decreases with the progression of nuclear cataracts due to
      the negative correlation between lenticular spherical aberration and nuclear
      opacity severity.

PMID- 26984746
TI  - Whole-brain spectroscopic MRI biomarkers identify infiltrating margins in
      glioblastoma patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) is maximal safe resection
      followed by radiation therapy with chemotherapy. Currently, contrast-enhanced MRI
      is used to define primary treatment volumes for surgery and radiation therapy.
      However, enhancement does not identify the tumor entirely, resulting in limited
      local control. Proton spectroscopic MRI (sMRI), a method reporting endogenous
      metabolism, may better define the tumor margin. Here, we develop a whole-brain
      sMRI pipeline and validate sMRI metrics with quantitative measures of tumor
      infiltration. METHODS: Whole-brain sMRI metabolite maps were coregistered with
      surgical planning MRI and imported into a neuronavigation system to guide tissue
      sampling in GBM patients receiving 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence-guided
      surgery. Samples were collected from regions with metabolic abnormalities in a
      biopsy-like fashion before bulk resection. Tissue fluorescence was measured ex
      vivo using a hand-held spectrometer. Tissue samples were immunostained for Sox2
      and analyzed to quantify the density of staining cells using a novel digital
      pathology image analysis tool. Correlations among sMRI markers, Sox2 density, and
      ex vivo fluorescence were evaluated. RESULTS: Spectroscopic MRI biomarkers
      exhibit significant correlations with Sox2-positive cell density and ex vivo
      fluorescence. The choline to N-acetylaspartate ratio showed significant
      associations with each quantitative marker (Pearson's rho = 0.82, P < .001 and
      rho = 0.36, P < .0001, respectively). Clinically, sMRI metabolic abnormalities
      predated contrast enhancement at sites of tumor recurrence and exhibited an
      inverse relationship with progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: As it
      identifies tumor infiltration and regions at high risk for recurrence, sMRI could
      complement conventional MRI to improve local control in GBM patients.

PMID- 26984745
TI  - Immune responses and outcome after vaccination with glioma-associated antigen
      peptides and poly-ICLC in a pilot study for pediatric recurrent low-grade
      gliomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are the most common brain tumors of
      childhood. Although surgical resection is curative for well-circumscribed
      superficial lesions, tumors that are infiltrative or arise from deep structures
      are therapeutically challenging, and new treatment approaches are needed. Having
      identified a panel of glioma-associated antigens (GAAs) overexpressed in these
      tumors, we initiated a pilot trial of vaccinations with peptides for GAA epitopes
      in human leukocyte antigen-A2+ children with recurrent LGG that had progressed
      after at least 2 prior regimens. METHODS: Peptide epitopes for 3 GAAs (EphA2, IL
      13Ralpha2, and survivin) were emulsified in Montanide-ISA-51 and administered
      subcutaneously adjacent to intramuscular injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic
      acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose every 3 weeks for 8 courses,
      followed by booster vaccines every 6 weeks. Primary endpoints were safety and T
      lymphocyte responses against GAA epitopes. Treatment response was evaluated
      clinically and by MRI. RESULTS: Fourteen children were enrolled. Other than grade
      3 urticaria in one child, no regimen-limiting toxicity was encountered.
      Vaccination induced immunoreactivity to at least one vaccine-targeted GAA in all
      12 evaluable patients: to IL-13Ralpha2 in 3, EphA2 in 11, and survivin in 3. One
      child with a metastatic LGG had asymptomatic pseudoprogression noted 6 weeks
      after starting vaccination, followed by dramatic disease regression with >75%
      shrinkage of primary tumor and regression of metastatic disease, persisting >57
      months. Three other children had sustained partial responses, lasting >10, >31,
      and >45 months, and one had a transient response. CONCLUSIONS: GAA peptide
      vaccination in children with recurrent LGGs is generally well tolerated, with
      preliminary evidence of immunological and clinical activity.

PMID- 26984750
TI  - A case of pseudomyxoma peritonei: visualization of septa using diffusion-weighted
      images with low b values.
AB  - Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare disease with neoplastic growth of mucin
      secreting cells in the peritoneal cavity, resulting in mucinous ascites. The
      septum of intra-abdominal fluid collection is a key imaging finding
      characteristic to PMP. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multi-b value
      diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a method used to obtain an accurate apparent
      diffusion coefficient. The clinical utilities of DWI using lower b values as
      diagnostic imaging are rarely highlighted. This report describes a case of PMP in
      which DWI using b values of 100 and 500 s/mm(2) exclusively visualized many thick
      septa with low signal intensity in peritoneal effusion. The septa could not be
      recognized in DWIs with b values of zero or 1000 s/mm(2), as with
      ultrasonography, computed tomography, and conventional MRI. A discrepancy between
      DWI using lower b values and other MRI sequences or imaging modalities indicates
      a specific capability of DWI using low b values: the ability to visualize septa
      of intra-abdominal fluid collection much thicker than in real cases. Results for
      this case suggest that DWI using low b values might present clinical potential
      for the preoperative diagnosis of PMP.

PMID- 26984748
TI  - Quantitative thermophoretic study of disease-related protein aggregates.
AB  - Amyloid fibrils are a hallmark of a range of neurodegenerative disorders,
      including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. A detailed understanding of the
      physico-chemical properties of the different aggregated forms of proteins, and of
      their interactions with other compounds of diagnostic or therapeutic interest, is
      crucial for devising effective strategies against such diseases. Protein
      aggregates are situated at the boundary between soluble and insoluble structures,
      and are challenging to study because classical biophysical techniques, such as
      scattering, spectroscopic and calorimetric methods, are not well adapted for
      their study. Here we present a detailed characterization of the thermophoretic
      behavior of different forms of the protein alpha-synuclein, whose aggregation is
      associated with Parkinson's disease. Thermophoresis is the directed net
      diffusional flux of molecules and colloidal particles in a temperature gradient.
      Because of their low volume requirements and rapidity, analytical methods based
      on this effect have considerable potential for high throughput screening for drug
      discovery. In this paper we rationalize and describe in quantitative terms the
      thermophoretic behavior of monomeric, oligomeric and fibrillar forms of alpha
      synuclein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that microscale thermophoresis (MST) is a
      valuable method for screening for ligands and binding partners of even such
      highly challenging samples as supramolecular protein aggregates. 

PMID- 26984749
TI  - Life cycle of Amblyomma integrum (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions.
AB  - Amblyomma integrum is a hard tick infesting mainly buffalo and cattle and has
      been identified as an agent of human otoacariasis in Sri Lanka. Data on the life
      cycle pattern of A. integrum were collected by experimental infestation on New
      Zealand white rabbits under laboratory conditions. Wild-caught females laid 55
      7389 eggs for 2-35 days after spending a latent period of 10-25 days. Egg
      incubation period was 31-105 days and the newly emerged larvae started feeding
      after 4-11 days. Larvae dropped off after feeding and they moulted into nymphs
      after 10-16 days. Nymphs actively fed on rabbits for 4-8 days and dropped off.
      Engorged nymphs took 11-25 days for moulting before emerging as adults. The
      male:female sex ratio of the adults moulted under laboratory conditions was 11:9.
      All the stages showed periodicity in engorgement and dropping off. The three-host
      life cycle was completed within 74-245 days with an average of 152.9 days. The
      mean Reproductive Efficiency Index (REI) and Reproductive Aptitude Index (RAI)
      were 3.6 and 1.1, respectively. Females hatched in the laboratory did not
      successfully feed on New Zealand white rabbits. The wild-caught females which fed
      on buffaloes had prolonged pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, low REI, low
      RAI and low eclosion under controlled laboratory conditions compared to other
      tick species. Although larva and nymphs of A. integrum successfully fed on New
      Zealand white rabbits under laboratory conditions, full life cycle was not
      completed because the adult females did not feed on rabbits. 

PMID- 26984751
TI  - A practical primer on PI-RADS version 2: a pictorial essay.
AB  - Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging has become an established method for
      evaluating the prostate for clinically significant prostate adenocarcinoma.
      Criteria have been developed for categorizing MRI findings, the most frequently
      used of which is the PI-RADS system. The PI-RADS V2 document provides separate
      image interpretation and clinical grading sections. Within this article we give
      an overview of the integrated, algorithmic way, we approach prostate MRI, show
      images corresponding to each PI-RADS category, and provide several illustrative
      cases.

PMID- 26984752
TI  - Spatial proximity as a determinant of context-specific attentional settings.
AB  - People implicitly encode the history of conflict associated with particular
      contexts and use this information to modulate attention to distractors. This
      manifests as a reduction in the compatibility effect in mostly incompatible
      locations compared to mostly compatible locations, a difference termed the
      context-specific proportion compatibility (CSPC) effect. CSPC effects are
      explained by an episodic retrieval account positing that abstract attentional
      settings bind to contextual cues-allowing rapid, context-driven modulation of
      attention. The current study interrogated this binding process by testing the
      influence of relative spatial proximity on the association of attentional
      settings with particular locations. In Experiment 1, like typical CSPC paradigms,
      biased locations appeared near top (e.g., mostly compatible) and bottom (e.g.,
      mostly incompatible) edges of the screen. A novel feature was the addition of two
      mostly compatible (above fixation) and two mostly incompatible (below fixation)
      locations placed within close proximity at the middle of the screen. A CSPC
      effect was found for outer but not middle mostly compatible and mostly
      incompatible locations, suggesting the attentional setting bound to the middle
      locations reflected the average history of conflict (i.e., 50 % compatible) for
      the group of middle locations. In Experiment 2, distance between middle locations
      was increased, allowing middle locations to group with outer locations. The CSPC
      effect was found for outer and middle mostly compatible and mostly incompatible
      locations. Results support the relative proximity hypothesis, positing that
      attentional settings bound to a particular location are influenced by experience
      within a location and relatively close neighboring locations.

PMID- 26984753
TI  - The Impact of the Project K Youth Development Program on Self-Efficacy: A
      Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - A key issue for youth development programs is whether the learning they provide
      is transferred to participants' daily lives. It is also important that they are
      effective for the diverse range of participants they attract. This study used a
      randomized controlled trial design to measure the impact of Project K, a New
      Zealand-based youth development program, on academic and social self-efficacy.
      Project K combines a 3-week wilderness adventure, a 10 day community service
      component, and 1 year of mentoring to promote positive growth in 14-15 year olds
      with low self-efficacy. At baseline, the evaluation included 600 Project K (46 %
      female) and 577 Control participants (48 % female) and revealed that Project K
      was effective in improving both social and academic self-efficacy from pre- to
      post-program with effects being sustained 1 year later. Parents' perceptions of
      changes in the participants' interpersonal skills supported these findings.
      Differential program effects were found across participant subgroups,
      particularly 1 year after program completion. The implications of these
      differences are discussed.

PMID- 26984754
TI  - Evaluating the Psychological Concomitants of Other-Sex Crush Experiences During
      Early Adolescence.
AB  - Very little empirical attention has been paid to other-sex crush experiences
      during adolescence. As a result, it is not known whether such experiences, which
      appear to be relatively common, impact psychological adjustment outcomes. This
      two-wave (3 month interval) longitudinal study of 268 young adolescents (48 %
      girls; M age at Time 1 = 11.84 years) examined the psychological concomitants of
      other-sex crush experiences (having and being viewed by others as a crush).
      Anxious-withdrawal and gender were evaluated as moderators. Peer nomination
      measures at Time 1 assessed both types of crush experiences and mutual friendship
      involvement, and participants completed self-report measures of loneliness and
      depressive symptoms at Times 1 and 2. The results from regression analyses
      revealed significant associations between having an other-sex crush and
      depressive symptoms at Time 1 and loneliness at Time 2, after accounting for the
      effects of mutual friendship. Two interaction effects also revealed that crush
      status was a risk factor for depressive symptoms at low levels of anxious
      withdrawal but a protective factor at high levels. The findings provide the first
      empirical evidence that other-sex crush experiences are developmentally
      significant during early adolescence.

PMID- 26984756
TI  - Natural Product Vibsanin A Induces Differentiation of Myeloid Leukemia Cells
      through PKC Activation.
AB  - All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-based cell differentiation therapy has been
      successful in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia, a unique subtype of acute
      myeloid leukemia (AML). However, other subtypes of AML display resistance to ATRA
      based treatment. In this study, we screened natural, plant-derived vibsane-type
      diterpenoids for their ability to induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia
      cells, discovering that vibsanin A potently induced differentiation of AML cell
      lines and primary blasts. The differentiation-inducing activity of vibsanin A was
      mediated through direct interaction with and activation of protein kinase C
      (PKC). Consistent with these findings, pharmacological blockade of PKC activity
      suppressed vibsanin A-induced differentiation. Mechanistically, vibsanin A
      mediated activation of PKC led to induction of the ERK pathway and decreased c
      Myc expression. In mouse xenograft models of AML, vibsanin A administration
      prolonged host survival and inhibited PKC-mediated inflammatory responses
      correlated with promotion of skin tumors in mice. Collectively, our results offer
      a preclinical proof of concept for vibsanin A as a myeloid differentiation
      inducing compound, with potential application as an antileukemic agent. Cancer
      Res; 76(9); 2698-709. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26984755
TI  - Autophagy in Plasma Cell Ontogeny and Malignancy.
AB  - Autophagy is a highly conserved pathway that recycles cytosolic material and
      organelles via lysosomal degradation. Once simplistically viewed as a non
      selective survival strategy in dire straits, autophagy has emerged as a tightly
      regulated process ensuring organelle function, proteome plasticity, cell
      differentiation and tissue homeostasis, with key roles in physiology and disease.
      Selective target recognition, mediated by specific adapter proteins, enables
      autophagy to orchestrate highly specialized functions in innate and adaptive
      immunity. Among them, the shaping of plasma cells for sustainable antibody
      production through a negative control on their differentiation program. Moreover,
      memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells require autophagy to exist. Further,
      the plasma cell malignancy, multiple myeloma deploys abundant autophagy,
      essential for homeostasis, survival and drug resistance.

PMID- 26984757
TI  - An Epigenetic Reprogramming Strategy to Resensitize Radioresistant Prostate
      Cancer Cells.
AB  - Radiotherapy is a mainstay of curative prostate cancer treatment, but risks of
      recurrence after treatment remain significant in locally advanced disease. Given
      that tumor relapse can be attributed to a population of cancer stem cells (CSC)
      that survives radiotherapy, analysis of this cell population might illuminate
      tactics to personalize treatment. However, this direction remains challenging
      given the plastic nature of prostate cancers following treatment. We show here
      that irradiating prostate cancer cells stimulates a durable upregulation of stem
      cell markers that epigenetically reprogram these cells. In both tumorigenic and
      radioresistant cell populations, a phenotypic switch occurred during a course of
      radiotherapy that was associated with stable genetic and epigenetic changes.
      Specifically, we found that irradiation triggered histone H3 methylation at the
      promoter of the CSC marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), stimulating its
      gene transcription. Inhibiting this methylation event triggered apoptosis,
      promoted radiosensitization, and hindered tumorigenicity of radioresistant
      prostate cancer cells. Overall, our results suggest that epigenetic therapies may
      restore the cytotoxic effects of irradiation in radioresistant CSC populations.
      Cancer Res; 76(9); 2637-51. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26984761
TI  - Photoprecursor Approach Enables Preparation of Well-Performing Bulk
      Heterojunction Layers Comprising a Highly Aggregating Molecular Semiconductor.
AB  - Active-layer morphology critically affects the performance of organic
      photovoltaic cells, and thus its optimization is a key toward the achievement of
      high-efficiency devices. However, the optimization of active-layer morphology is
      sometimes challenging because of the intrinsic properties of materials such as
      strong self-aggregating nature or low miscibility. This study postulates that the
      "photoprecursor approach" can serve as an effective means to prepare well
      performing bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) layers containing highly aggregating
      molecular semiconductors. In the photoprecursor approach, a photoreactive
      precursor compound is solution-deposited and then converted in situ to a
      semiconducting material. This study employs 2,6-di(2-thienyl)anthracene (DTA) and
      [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as p- and n-type materials,
      respectively, in which DTA is generated by the photoprecursor approach from the
      corresponding alpha-diketone-type derivative DTADK. When only chloroform is used
      as a cast solvent, the photovoltaic performance of the resulting BHJ films is
      severely limited because of unfavorable film morphology. The addition of a high
      boiling-point cosolvent, o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), to the cast solution leads to
      significant improvement such that the resulting active layers afford up to
      approximately 5 times higher power conversion efficiencies. The film structure is
      investigated by two-dimensional grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray diffraction,
      atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence microspectroscopy to demonstrate that
      the use of o-DCB leads to improvement in film crystallinity and increase in
      charge-carrier generation efficiency. The change in film structure is assumed to
      originate from dynamic molecular motion enabled by the existence of solvent
      during the in situ photoreaction. The unique features of the photoprecursor
      approach will be beneficial in extending the material and processing scopes for
      the development of organic thin-film devices. 

PMID- 26984759
TI  - Measurement of Endogenous versus Exogenous Formaldehyde-Induced DNA-Protein
      Crosslinks in Animal Tissues by Stable Isotope Labeling and Ultrasensitive Mass
      Spectrometry.
AB  - DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) arise from a wide range of endogenous and exogenous
      chemicals, such as chemotherapeutic drugs and formaldehyde. Importantly, recent
      identification of aldehydes as endogenous genotoxins in Fanconi anemia has
      provided new insight into disease causation. Because of their bulky nature, DPCs
      pose severe threats to genome stability, but previous methods to measure
      formaldehyde-induced DPCs were incapable of discriminating between endogenous and
      exogenous sources of chemical. In this study, we developed methods that provide
      accurate and distinct measurements of both exogenous and endogenous DPCs in a
      structurally specific manner. We exposed experimental animals to stable isotope
      labeled formaldehyde ([(13)CD2]-formaldehyde) by inhalation and performed
      ultrasensitive mass spectrometry to measure endogenous (unlabeled) and exogenous
      ((13)CD2-labeled) DPCs. We found that exogenous DPCs readily accumulated in nasal
      respiratory tissues but were absent in tissues distant to the site of contact.
      This observation, together with the finding that endogenous formaldehyde-induced
      DPCs were present in all tissues examined, suggests that endogenous DPCs may be
      responsible for increased risks of bone marrow toxicity and leukemia.
      Furthermore, the slow rate of DPC repair provided evidence for the persistence of
      DPCs. In conclusion, our method for measuring endogenous and exogenous DPCs
      presents a new perspective for the potential health risks inflicted by endogenous
      formaldehyde and may inform improved disease prevention and treatment strategies.
      Cancer Res; 76(9); 2652-61. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26984758
TI  - HSP70 Inhibition Limits FAK-Dependent Invasion and Enhances the Response to
      Melanoma Treatment with BRAF Inhibitors.
AB  - The stress-inducible chaperone protein HSP70 (HSPA1) is implicated in melanoma
      development, and HSP70 inhibitors exert tumor-specific cytotoxic activity in
      cancer. In this study, we documented that a significant proportion of melanoma
      tumors express high levels of HSP70, particularly at advanced stages, and that
      phospho-FAK (PTK2) and BRAF are HSP70 client proteins. Treatment of melanoma
      cells with HSP70 inhibitors decreased levels of phospho-FAK along with impaired
      migration, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo Moreover, the HSP70
      inhibitor PET-16 reduced levels of mutant BRAF, synergized with the BRAF
      inhibitor PLX4032 in vitro, and enhanced the durability of response to BRAF
      inhibition in vivo Collectively, these findings provide strong support for HSP70
      inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in melanoma, especially as an adjuvant
      approach for overcoming the resistance to BRAF inhibitors frequently observed in
      melanoma patients. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2720-30. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26984762
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 26984760
TI  - Reconstruction of thermotolerant yeast by one-point mutation identified through
      whole-genome analyses of adaptively-evolved strains.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used as a host strain in bioproduction, because of
      its rapid growth, ease of genetic manipulation, and high reducing capacity.
      However, the heat produced during the fermentation processes inhibits the
      biological activities and growth of the yeast cells. We performed whole-genome
      sequencing of 19 intermediate strains previously obtained during adaptation
      experiments under heat stress; 49 mutations were found in the adaptation steps.
      Phylogenetic tree revealed at least five events in which these strains had
      acquired mutations in the CDC25 gene. Reconstructed CDC25 point mutants based on
      a parental strain had acquired thermotolerance without any growth defects. These
      mutations led to the downregulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)
      signaling pathway, which controls a variety of processes such as cell-cycle
      progression and stress tolerance. The one-point mutations in CDC25 were involved
      in the global transcriptional regulation through the cAMP/PKA pathway.
      Additionally, the mutations enabled efficient ethanol fermentation at 39  degrees
      C, suggesting that the one-point mutations in CDC25 may contribute to
      bioproduction. 

PMID- 26984763
TI  - Proteomic identification of potential cancer markers in human urine using
      subtractive analysis.
AB  - Urine is an ideal medium in which to focus diagnostic cancer research due to the
      non-invasive nature and ease of sampling. Many large-scale proteomic studies have
      shown that urine is unexpectedly complex. We hypothesised that novel diagnostic
      cancer biomarkers could be discovered using a comparative proteomic analysis of
      pre-existing data. We assembled a database of 100 published datasets of 5,620
      urinary proteins, as well as 46 datasets of 8,620 non-redundant proteins derived
      from kidney and blood proteome analyses. The data were then used to either
      subtract or compare molecules from a novel urinary proteome profiling dataset
      that we generated. We identified 1,161 unique proteins in samples from either
      cancer-bearing or healthy subjects. Subtractive analysis yielded a subset of 44
      proteins that were found uniquely in urine from cancer patients, 30 of which were
      linked previously to cancer. In conclusion, this approach is useful in
      discovering novel biomarkers in tissues where unrelated profiling data is
      available. Only a limited disease-specific novel dataset is required to define
      new targets or substantiate previous findings. We have shared this discovery
      platform in the form of our Large Scale Screening Resource database, accessible
      through the Proteomic Analysis DataBase portal (www.PADB.org). 

PMID- 26984764
TI  - Enhanced charge separation of rutile TiO2 nanorods by trapping holes and
      transferring electrons for efficient cocatalyst-free photocatalytic conversion of
      CO2 to fuels.
AB  - Modification with chloride and phosphate anions, and coupling with carbon
      nanotubes could effectively trap holes and transfer the electrons of rutile
      nanorods, respectively, so as to greatly promote photogenerated charge
      separation, leading to an obviously-improved cocatalyst-free photocatalytic
      conversion of CO2 to CH4 and CO, along with the positive effects of constructed
      phosphate bridges. 

PMID- 26984765
TI  - Carbonate Doping in TiO2 Microsphere: The Key Parameter Influencing Others for
      Efficient Dye Sensitized Solar Cell.
AB  - Four key parameters namely light trapping, density of light harvesting centre,
      photoinduced electron injection and electron transport without self-recombination
      are universally important across all kinds of solar cells. In the present study,
      we have considered the parameters in the context of a model Dye Sensitized Solar
      Cell (DSSC). Our experimental studies reveal that carbonate doping of TiO2
      mesoporous microspheres (doped MS) makes positive influence to all the above
      mentioned key parameters responsible for the enhanced solar cell efficiency. A
      simple method has been employed to synthesize the doped MS for the photoanode of
      a N719 (ruthenium dye)-based DSSC. A detail electron microscopy has been used to
      characterize the change in morphology of the MS upon doping. The optical
      absorption spectrum of the doped MS reveals significant shift of TiO2 (compared
      to that of the MS without doping) towards maximum solar radiance (~500 nm) and
      the excellent scattering in the entire absorption band of the sensitizing dye
      (N719). Finally, and most importantly, for the first time we have demonstrated
      that the solar cells with doped MS offers better efficiency (7.6%) in light
      harvesting compared to MS without doping (5.2%) and also reveal minimum self
      recombination of photoelectrons in the redox chain. 

PMID- 26984767
TI  - Pink Ribbons and Red Dresses: A Mixed Methods Content Analysis of Media Coverage
      of Breast Cancer and Heart Disease.
AB  - This research examined media coverage of breast cancer (n = 145) and heart
      disease and stroke (n = 39) news articles, videos, advertisements, and images in
      a local Canadian context through quantitative and thematic content analyses.
      Quantitative analysis revealed significant differences between coverage of the
      diseases in placement, survivors as a source of information, health agency, human
      interest stories, citation of a research study, the inclusion of risk statistics,
      discussion of preventative behaviors, and tone used. The thematic analysis
      revealed themes that characterized a "typical" breast cancer survivor and
      indicated that "good" citizens and businesses should help the cause of breast
      cancer. Themes for heart disease and stroke articulated individual responsibility
      and the ways fundraising reinforced femininity and privilege. Findings provide
      insight on how these diseases are framed in local Canadian media, which might
      impact an individual's understanding of the disease.

PMID- 26984768
TI  - Enhanced superconductivity in atomically thin TaS2.
AB  - The ability to exfoliate layered materials down to the single layer limit has
      presented the opportunity to understand how a gradual reduction in dimensionality
      affects the properties of bulk materials. Here we use this top-down approach to
      address the problem of superconductivity in the two-dimensional limit. The
      transport properties of electronic devices based on 2H tantalum disulfide flakes
      of different thicknesses are presented. We observe that superconductivity
      persists down to the thinnest layer investigated (3.5 nm), and interestingly, we
      find a pronounced enhancement in the critical temperature from 0.5 to 2.2 K as
      the layers are thinned down. In addition, we propose a tight-binding model, which
      allows us to attribute this phenomenon to an enhancement of the effective
      electron-phonon coupling constant. This work provides evidence that reducing the
      dimensionality can strengthen superconductivity as opposed to the weakening
      effect that has been reported in other 2D materials so far.

PMID- 26984769
TI  - Testing the Efficacy of Attention Bias Modification for Suicidal Thoughts:
      Findings From Two Experiments.
AB  - This study explores whether four sessions of attention bias modification (ABM)
      decreases suicide-specific attentional bias. We conducted two experiments where
      suicide ideators completed either a Training or Control version of ABM, a
      computer-based intervention intended to target attentional bias. Suicide-specific
      attentional bias was measured using adapted Stroop and probe discrimination
      tasks. The first experiment with community-based suicide ideators did not show
      that ABM impacts attentional bias or suicidal ideation. The second experiment
      with clinically severe suicidal inpatients yielded similar results. Post-hoc
      findings suggest that the type of attentional bias targeted by the current
      intervention may differ from the type that marks suicide risk. There remains
      little to no evidence that the ABM intervention changes suicide-specific
      attentional bias or suicidal ideation.

PMID- 26984766
TI  - Clinical significance of the expression of autophagy-associated marker, beclin 1,
      in breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant endocrine therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NAE) has been employed to improve
      surgical outcomes for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers in postmenopausal
      women. Endocrine responsiveness is estimated by expressions of hormone receptors,
      but its heterogeneity has been recognized. Autophagy is an evolutionally
      conserved process associated with cell survival and cell death and has been
      implicated in cancer treatment. METHODS: In order to examine the possible
      association between autophagy and response to endocrine therapy, we evaluated the
      status of autophagy-associated markers, beclin 1 and LC3, and apoptosis
      associated markers, TUNEL and M30, in pre- and post-treatment specimens from 71
      patients in a multicenter prospective study of neoadjuvant exemestane (JFMC34
      0601). RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of the autophagy-associated markers, beclin 1
      and LC3, in carcinoma cells increased in 14% and 52% of the patients,
      respectively, following the exemestane treatment. These increases were
      statistically significant (beclin 1, p = 0.016, N = 49; LC3, p < 0.0001, N = 33).
      The status of M30 immunoreactivity decreased (p = 0.008, N = 47) and TUNEL
      remained unchanged (N = 53). In addition, tumors with pre-treatment stromal
      beclin 1 immunoreactivity revealed poor clinical and pathological responses
      compared with those without stromal beclin 1 immunoreactivity (25% vs 67% for
      clinical response, p = 0.011, N = 51; 0% vs 41% for pathological response, p =
      0.0081, N = 49). Tumors with positive pre-treatment stromal beclin 1 had a higher
      baseline Ki-67 labeling index (both hot spot and overall average) than those
      without (p = 0.042 and 0.0075, respectively, N = 53). Results of logistic
      regression analyses revealed that stromal beclin 1 was a predictor for clinical
      and pathological responses while ER, PR, Ki-67, and stromal LC3 expressions were
      not. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our present study demonstrated that beclin 1 and LC3
      immunoreactivity increased in carcinoma cells following exemestane treatment and
      that the status of pre-treatment stromal beclin 1 is associated with higher
      carcinoma cell proliferation and poor clinical and pathological responses to NAE.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN C000000345 (2006/03/06).

PMID- 26984770
TI  - The P42 peptide and Peptide-based therapies for Huntington's disease.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative hereditary disease
      clinically characterised by the presence of involuntary movements, behavioural
      problems and cognitive decline. The disease-onset is usually between 30 and 50
      years of age. HD is a rare disorder affecting approximately 1.3 in 10,000 people
      in the European Union. It is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the first exon
      of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene, leading to an abnormal form of the Huntingtin
      protein (Htt) (polyQHtt), containing N-terminus, enlarged polyglutamine strands
      of variable length that stick together to form aggregates and nuclear inclusions
      in the damaged brain cells. Treatments currently used for Huntington's disease
      are symptomatic and aimed at temporally relieving the symptoms of the disease;
      although some promising therapies are on study, there is no drug capable of
      stopping disease progression either in the form of delaying onset or slowing
      disability progression. The utilization of peptides interacting with polyQ
      stretches or with Htt protein to prevent misfolding and aggregation of the
      expanded polyQ protein is a fascinating idea, because of low potential toxicity
      and ability to target very initial steps in the pathophysiological cascade of the
      disease, such as aggregation or cleavage process. Indeed, several therapeutic
      peptides have been developed and were found to significantly slow down the
      progression of symptoms in experimental models of Huntington's disease. This
      review is essentially focusing on the latest development concerning peptide
      strategy. In particular, we focused on a 23aa peptide P42, which is a part of the
      Htt protein. It is expected to work principally by preventing the abnormal Htt
      protein from sticking together, thereby preventing pathological consequences of
      aggregation and improving the symptoms of the disease. In the meantime, as P42 is
      part of the Htt protein, some therapeutic properties might be linked to the
      physiological actions of the peptide itself, considered as a functional domain of
      the Htt protein.

PMID- 26984771
TI  - Low Plasma Levels of Adiponectin Do Not Explain Acute Respiratory Distress
      Syndrome Risk: a Prospective Cohort Study of Patients with Severe Sepsis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with the development of acute respiratory
      distress syndrome (ARDS) in at-risk patients. Low plasma levels of adiponectin, a
      circulating hormone-like molecule, have been implicated as a possible mechanism
      for this association. The objective of this study was to determine the
      association of plasma adiponectin level at ICU admission with ARDS and 30-day
      mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. METHODS: This is a
      prospective cohort study of patients admitted to the medical ICU at the Hospital
      of the University of Pennsylvania. Plasma adiponectin was measured at the time of
      ICU admission. ARDS was defined by Berlin criteria. Multivariable logistic
      regression was used to determine the association of plasma adiponectin with the
      development of ARDS and mortality at 30 days. RESULTS: The study included 164
      patients. The incidence of ARDS within 5 days of admission was 45%. The median
      initial plasma adiponectin level was 7.62 mcg/ml (IQR: 3.87, 14.90) in those
      without ARDS compared to 8.93 mcg/ml (IQR: 4.60, 18.85) in those developing ARDS.
      The adjusted odds ratio for ARDS associated with each 5 mcg increase in
      adiponectin was 1.12 (95% CI 1.01, 1.25), p-value 0.025). A total of 82 patients
      (51%) of the cohort died within 30 days of ICU admission. There was a
      statistically significant association between adiponectin and mortality in the
      unadjusted model (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.00, 1.23, p-value 0.04) that was no longer
      significant after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      study, low levels of adiponectin were not associated with an increased risk of
      ARDS in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. This argues against low
      levels of adiponectin as a mechanism explaining the association of obesity with
      ARDS. At present, it is unclear whether circulating adiponectin is involved in
      the pathogenesis of ARDS or simply represents an epiphenomenon of other unknown
      functions of adipose tissue or metabolic alterations in sepsis.

PMID- 26984774
TI  - Expression of ATP6V1C1 during oral carcinogenesis.
AB  - We investigated the gene and protein expressions of V-type ATPase protein subunit
      C1 (ATP6V1C1) in cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and contralateral
      normal mucosa in smokers, nonsmokers and former smokers. Subjects were separated
      into five groups of 15: group 1, smokers with OSCC; group 2, normal contralateral
      mucosa of OSCC patients; group 3, chronic smokers; group 4, former smokers who
      had stopped smoking 1 year earlier; group 5, individuals who had never smoked.
      Exfoliative cytology specimens from oral mucosa of smokers, former smokers and
      nonsmokers showed normal gene and protein expression. We found significantly
      greater gene expression in the OSCC group than in the nonsmoker groups. No
      difference in gene expression was observed between normal contralateral mucosa
      and nonsmoker groups, smoker and nonsmoker groups or former smoker and nonsmoker
      groups. We observed intense immunostaining for ATP6V1C1 protein in all cases of
      OSCC and weak or no staining in smoker, former smoker and nonsmoker groups.
      Significantly greater expression of ATP6V1C1 protein was observed in the OSCC
      group compared to the other groups, which supports the role of ATP6V1C1 in
      effecting changes associated with oral cancer. Analysis of the mucosae of chronic
      smokers, former smokers and the normal contralateral mucosa of patients with OSCC
      showed unaltered ATP6V1C1 gene and protein expression. Early stages of
      carcinogenesis, represented by altered epithelium of chronic smokers, had neither
      gene nor protein alterations as seen in OSCC. Therefore, we infer that the
      changes in ATP6V1C1 occur during later stages of carcinogenesis. Our preliminary
      study provides a basis for future studies of using ATP6V1C1 levels for detecting
      early stage OSCC. 

PMID- 26984772
TI  - Mesodermal ALK5 controls lung myofibroblast versus lipofibroblast cell fate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk is centerpiece in the development
      of many branched organs, including the lungs. The embryonic lung mesoderm
      provides instructional information not only for lung architectural development,
      but also for patterning, commitment and differentiation of its many highly
      specialized cell types. The mesoderm also serves as a reservoir of progenitors
      for generation of differentiated mesenchymal cell types that include alphaSMA
      expressing fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, endothelial cells and others.
      Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFbeta) is a key signaling pathway in
      epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk. Using a cre-loxP approach we have elucidated
      the role of the TGFbeta type I receptor tyrosine kinase, ALK5, in epithelial
      mesenchymal cross talk during lung morphogenesis. RESULTS: Targeted early
      inactivation of Alk5 in mesodermal progenitors caused abnormal development and
      maturation of the lung that included reduced physical size of the sub-mesothelial
      mesoderm, an established source of specific mesodermal progenitors. Abrogation of
      mesodermal ALK5-mediated signaling also inhibited differentiation of cell
      populations in the epithelial and endothelial lineages. Importantly, Alk5 mutant
      lungs contained a reduced number of alphaSMA(pos) cells and correspondingly
      increased lipofibroblasts. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that
      through direct and indirect modulation of target signaling pathways and
      transcription factors, including PDGFRalpha, PPARgamma, PRRX1, and ZFP423, ALK5
      mediated TGFbeta controls a process that regulates the commitment and
      differentiation of alphaSMA(pos) versus lipofibroblast cell populations during
      lung development. CONCLUSION: ALK5-mediated TGFbeta signaling controls an early
      pathway that regulates the commitment and differentiation of alphaSMA(pos) versus
      LIF cell lineages during lung development.

PMID- 26984775
TI  - A New Year, a new look for Avian Pathology and a special issue on necrotic
      enteritis.

PMID- 26984773
TI  - Setting targets for human resources for eye health in sub-Saharan Africa: what
      evidence should be used?
AB  - With a global target set at reducing vision loss by 25% by the year 2019, sub
      Saharan Africa with an estimated 4.8 million blind persons will require human
      resources for eye health (HReH) that need to be available, appropriately skilled,
      supported, and productive. Targets for HReH are useful for planning, monitoring,
      and resource mobilization, but they need to be updated and informed by evidence
      of effectiveness and efficiency. Supporting evidence should take into
      consideration (1) ever-changing disease-specific issues including the
      epidemiology, the complexity of diagnosis and treatment, and the technology
      needed for diagnosis and treatment of each condition; (2) the changing demands
      for vision-related services of an increasingly urbanized population; and (3)
      interconnected health system issues that affect productivity and quality. The
      existing targets for HReH and some of the existing strategies such as task
      shifting of cataract surgery and trichiasis surgery, as well as the scope of eye
      care interventions for primary eye care workers, will need to be re-evaluated and
      re-defined against such evidence or supported by new evidence. 

PMID- 26984782
TI  - Adsorption of a single gold or silver atom on vanadium oxide clusters.
AB  - The bonding properties between a single atom and its support have a close
      relationship with the stability and reactivity of single-atom catalysts. As a
      model system, the structural and electronic properties of bimetallic oxide
      clusters MV3Oy(q) (M = Au or Ag, q = 0, +/-1, and y = 6-8) are systematically
      studied using density functional theory. The single noble metal atom Au or Ag
      tends to be adsorbed on the periphery of the V oxide clusters. Au prefers V sites
      for oxygen-poor clusters and O sites for oxygen-rich clusters, while Ag prefers O
      sites for most cases. According to natural population analysis, Au may possess
      positive or negative charges in the bimetallic oxide clusters, while Ag usually
      possesses positive charges. The bonding between Au and V has relatively high
      covalent character according to the bond order analysis. This work may provide
      some clues for understanding the bonding properties of single noble metal atoms
      on the support in practical single-atom catalysts, and serve as a starting point
      for further theoretical studies on the reaction mechanisms of related catalytic
      systems. 

PMID- 26984779
TI  - Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bloodstream infections.
AB  - Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens is a worldwide challenge leading
      high morbidity and mortality in clinical settings. Multidrug resistant patterns
      in gram-positive and -negative bacteria have resulted in difficult-to-treat or
      even untreatable infections with conventional antimicrobials. Since the early
      identification of causative microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility
      patterns in patients with bacteremia and other serious infections is lacking in
      many healthcare institutions, broad spectrum antibiotics are liberally and mostly
      unnecessarily used. Such practice has, in turn, caused dramatic increases in
      emerging resistance and when coupled with poor practice of infection control,
      resistant bacteria can easily be disseminated to the other patients and the
      environment. Thus, availability of updated epidemiological data on antimicrobial
      resistance in frequently encountered bacterial pathogens will be useful not only
      for deciding on empirical treatment strategies, but also devising an effective
      antimicrobial stewardship program in hospitals. 

PMID- 26984783
TI  - Factors Associated with Willingness to Use Mental Health Services in Korean
      Immigrants.
AB  - Responding to the concern about underutilization of mental health services in
      immigrant populations, the present study explored the factors associated with
      Korean immigrants' willingness to use mental health services. Guided by
      Andersen's behavioral model, consideration was given to the role of predisposing
      (age, gender, marital status, education, and years in the United States), need
      (depressive symptoms), and enabling (health insurance, acculturation, and
      personal beliefs about depression) variables. The study estimated, using data
      from a sample of 205 Korean immigrants (ages 18-45), a logistic regression model
      of willingness to use mental health services. Although participants experiencing
      more depressive symptoms tend to be less willing to use these services (odds
      ratio [OR] = .89, p < .05), an increase in the odds of willingness to use them
      are found among women (OR = 2.52, p < .01), highly acculturated individuals (OR =
      1.09, p < .05), and individuals who believe that depression is a medical
      condition (OR = 4.71, p < .01). Educational interventions focused on increasing
      mental health literacy may be beneficial in promoting mental health services for
      Korean immigrants. 

PMID- 26984781
TI  - First Morphological and Molecular Evidence of the Negative Impact of Diatom
      Derived Hydroxyacids on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus.
AB  - Oxylipins (including polyunsaturated aldehydes [PUAs], hydoxyacids, and
      epoxyalcohols) are the end-products of a lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase
      metabolic pathway in diatoms. To date, very little information is available on
      oxylipins other than PUAs, even though they represent the most common oxylipins
      produced by diatoms. Here, we report, for the first time, on the effects of 2
      hydroxyacids, 5- and 15-HEPE, which have never been tested before, using the sea
      urchin Paracentrotus lividus as a model organism. We show that HEPEs do induce
      developmental malformations but at concentrations higher when compared with PUAs.
      Interestingly, HEPEs also induced a marked developmental delay in sea urchin
      embryos, which has not hitherto been reported for PUAs. Recovery experiments
      revealed that embryos do not recover following treatment with HEPEs. Finally, we
      report the expression levels of 35 genes (involved in stress, development,
      differentiation, skeletogenesis, and detoxification processes) to identify the
      molecular targets affected by HEPEs. We show that the 2 HEPEs have very few
      common molecular targets, specifically affecting different classes of genes and
      at different times of development. In particular, 15-HEPE switched on fewer genes
      than 5-HEPE, upregulating mainly stress-related genes at a later pluteus stage of
      development. 5-HEPE was stronger than 15-HEPE, targeting 24 genes, mainly at the
      earliest stages of embryo development (at the blastula and swimming blastula
      stages). These findings highlight the differences between HEPEs and PUAs and also
      have important ecological implications because many diatom species do not produce
      PUAs, but rather these other chemicals are derived from the oxidation of fatty
      acids.

PMID- 26984784
TI  - Altered social attention in anorexia nervosa during real social interaction.
AB  - The capacity to devote attentional resources in response to body-related signals
      provided by others is still largely unexplored in individuals with Anorexia
      Nervosa (AN). Here, we tested this capacity through a novel paradigm that mimics
      a social interaction with a real partner. Healthy individuals (Experiment 1) and
      individuals with AN (Experiment 2) completed a task with another person which
      consisted in performing, alternatively, rapid aiming movements to lateralised
      targets. Generally, this task leads to a form of Inhibition of Return (IOR),
      which consists of longer reaction times when an individual has to respond to a
      location previously searched by either himself (individual IOR) or by the partner
      (social IOR) as compared to previously unexplored locations. IOR is considered as
      an important attentional mechanism that promotes an effective exploration of the
      environment during social interaction. Here, healthy individuals displayed both
      individual and social IOR that were both reliable and of the same magnitude.
      Individuals with AN displayed a non-significant individual IOR but a reliable
      social IOR that was also significantly stronger than individual IOR. These
      results suggest the presence of a reduced sensitivity in processing body-related
      stimuli conveyed by oneself in individuals with AN which is reflected in action
      based attentional processes. 

PMID- 26984785
TI  - Completeness of Neisseria meningitidis reporting in New York City, 1989-2010.
AB  - Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) completeness of reporting has never been
      assessed in New York City (NYC). We conducted a capture-recapture study to assess
      completeness of reporting, comparing IMD reports made to the NYC Department of
      Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) and records identified in the New York State
      hospital discharge database [Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System
      (SPARCS)] by ICD-9 codes from 1989 to 2010. Reporting completeness estimates were
      calculated for the entire study period, and stratified by year, age group,
      clinical syndrome, and reporting system. A chart review of hospital medical
      records from 2008 to 2010 was conducted to validate hospital coding and to adjust
      completeness estimates. Overall, 2194 unique patients were identified from DOHMH
      (n = 1300) and SPARCS (n = 1525); 631 (29%) were present in both. Completeness of
      IMD reporting was 41% [95% confidence interval (CI) 40-43]. Differences in
      completeness were found by age, clinical syndrome, and reporting system. The
      chart review found 33% of hospital records from 2008 to 2010 had no documentation
      of IMD. Removal of those records improved completeness of reporting to 51% (95%
      CI 49-53). Our data showed a low concordance between what is reported to DOHMH
      and what is coded by hospitals as IMD. Additional guidance to clinicians on IMD
      reporting criteria may improve completeness of IMD reporting.

PMID- 26984780
TI  - Activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) in Mice Results in
      Maintained Biliary Excretion of Bile Acids Despite a Marked Decrease of Bile
      Acids in Liver.
AB  - Activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) protects against bile acid
      (BA)-induced liver injury. This study was performed to determine the effect of
      CAR activation on bile flow, BA profile, as well as expression of BA synthesis
      and transport genes. Synthetic CAR ligand 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5
      dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) was administered to mice for 4 days. BAs
      were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS (ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry). CAR activation decreases total BAs in livers of male (49%) and
      female mice (26%), largely attributable to decreases of the 12alpha-hydroxylated
      BA taurocholic acid (T-CA) (males (M) 65%, females (F) 45%). Bile flow in both
      sexes was increased by CAR activation, and the increases were BA-independent. CAR
      activation did not alter biliary excretion of total BAs, but overall BA
      composition changed. Excretion of muricholic (6-hydroxylated) BAs was increased
      in males (101%), and the 12alpha-OH proportion of biliary BAs was decreased in
      both males (37%) and females (28%). The decrease of T-CA in livers of males and
      females correlates with the decreased mRNA of the sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase
      Cyp8b1 in males (71%) and females (54%). As a response to restore BAs to
      physiologic concentrations in liver, mRNA of Cyp7a1 is upregulated following
      TCPOBOP (males 185%, females 132%). In ilea, mRNA of the negative feedback
      regulator Fgf15 was unaltered by CAR activation, indicating biliary BA excretion
      was sufficient to maintain concentrations of total BAs in the small intestine. In
      summary, the effects of CAR activation on BAs in male and female mice are quite
      similar, with a marked decrease in the major BA T-CA in the liver.

PMID- 26984786
TI  - Discovery of Potent Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of Dengue Viral RNA-Dependent RNA
      Polymerase from a Fragment Hit Using Structure-Based Drug Design.
AB  - The discovery and optimization of non-nucleoside dengue viral RNA-dependent-RNA
      polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors are described. An X-ray-based fragment screen of
      Novartis' fragment collection resulted in the identification of a biphenyl acetic
      acid fragment 3, which bound in the palm subdomain of RdRp. Subsequent
      optimization of the fragment hit 3, relying on structure-based design, resulted
      in a >1000-fold improvement in potency in vitro and acquired antidengue activity
      against all four serotypes with low micromolar EC50 in cell-based assays. The
      lead candidate 27 interacts with a novel binding pocket in the palm subdomain of
      the RdRp and exerts a promising activity against all clinically relevant dengue
      serotypes.

PMID- 26984788
TI  - Harmonizing routinely collected health information for strengthening quality
      management in health systems: requirements and practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to specify the requirements of an architecture to serve as
      the foundation for standardized reporting of health information and to provide an
      exemplary application of this architecture. METHODS: The World Health
      Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
      (ICF) served as the conceptual framework. Methods to establish content
      comparability were the ICF Linking Rules. The Rasch measurement model, as a
      special case of additive conjoint measurement, which satisfies the required
      criteria for fundamental measurement, allowed for the development of a common
      metric foundation for measurement unit conversion. Secondary analysis of data
      from the North Yorkshire Survey was used to illustrate these methods. Patients
      completed three instruments and the items were linked to the ICF. The Rasch
      measurement model was applied, first to each scale, and then to items across
      scales which were linked to a common domain. RESULTS: Based on the linking of
      items to the ICF, the majority of items were grouped into two domains, Mobility
      and Self-care. Analysis of the individual scales and of items linked to a common
      domain across scales satisfied the requirements of the Rasch measurement model.
      The measurement unit conversion between items from the three instruments linked
      to the Mobility and Self-care domains, respectively, was demonstrated.
      CONCLUSIONS: The realization of an ICF-based architecture for information on
      patients' functioning enables harmonization of health information while allowing
      clinicians and researchers to continue using their existing instruments. This
      architecture will facilitate access to comprehensive and consistently reported
      health information to serve as the foundation for informed decision-making.

PMID- 26984787
TI  - The role of Fas-associated phosphatase 1 in leukemia stem cell persistence during
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by expression of Bcr-abl, a
      tyrosine kinase oncogene. Clinical outcomes in CML were revolutionized by
      development of Bcr-abl-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), but CML is not
      cured by these agents. CML leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are relatively TKI
      insensitive and persist even in remission. LSC persistence results in relapse
      upon TKI discontinuation, or drug resistance or blast crisis (BC) during
      prolonged treatment. We hypothesize that increased expression of Fas-associated
      phosphatase 1 (Fap1) in CML contributes to LSC persistence and BC. As Fap1
      substrates include Fas and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (Gsk3beta), increased
      Fap1 activity in CML is anticipated to induce Fas resistance and stabilization of
      beta-catenin protein. Resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis may contribute to CML
      LSC persistence, and beta-catenin activity increases during BC. In the current
      study, we directly tested the role of Fap1 in CML LSC persistence using in an in
      vivo murine model. In TKI-treated mice, we found that inhibiting Fap1, using a
      tripeptide or small molecule, prevented TKI resistance, BC and relapse after TKI
      discontinuation; all events observed with TKI alone. In addition, Fap1 inhibition
      increased Fas sensitivity and decreased beta-catenin activity in CD34(+) bone
      marrow cells from human subjects with CML. Therapeutic Fap1 inhibition may permit
      TKI discontinuation and delay in progression in CML.

PMID- 26984789
TI  - Erratum to: Development of a Multiplex-PCR probe system for the proper
      identification of Klebsiella variicola.

PMID- 26984790
TI  - A case report on desmoplastic ameloblastoma of anterior mandible.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Desmoplastic ameloblastoma (DA) is a rare variant that accounts for
      approximately 4-13% of ameloblastoma, displaying significant differences in
      anatomical site, imaging, and histologic appearance. It has been included in WHO
      classification of head and neck tumor (WHO-2005) as a variant of ameloblastoma.
      The tumor resembles benign fibro-osseous lesion for being frequently occurring in
      the anterior region of jaws as a mixed radiopaque-radiolucent lesion. CASE
      PRESENTATION: We present a case of DA in a 43-year-old female with a painless
      swelling in the anterior region of mandible. No fluid was evident on fine needle
      aspiration. A mixed lesion with multilocular appearance was evident on both
      panoramic radiographs as well as computed tomography scan. An incisional biopsy
      confirmed it to be a case of desmoplastic ameloblastoma. Segmental mandibulectomy
      was performed from teeth 35 to 44. The patient is on routine follow-up and is
      currently free of ailment. CONCLUSIONS: The present case deserves emphasis
      because of its unfamiliar appearance, potentially aggressive nature and deceptive
      radiologic appearance maximizing the chances of misdiagnosis. So, the clinician
      should be alert enough to include desmoplastic ameloblastoma in differential
      diagnosis of any lesion/growth with mixed radiolucent-radiopaque appearance
      having ill-defined borders and occurring in anterior maxilla or mandible.

PMID- 26984791
TI  - Lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetic risk in a
      sedentary occupational group: the Galway taxi driver study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Taxi drivers are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD),
      something which persists after correcting for the overrepresentation of
      traditional risk factors for CVD in this cohort. The contribution of lifestyle
      risk factors to this residually elevated CVD risk remains under-evaluated. AIMS:
      We aimed to determine the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors for CVD, self
      reported medical risk factors for CVD, and future risk of type 2 diabetes amongst
      Irish taxi drivers. METHODS: Male taxi drivers with no history of CVD and type 2
      diabetes and working in Galway city in the west of Ireland were invited to
      participate. Physical activity levels, dietary patterns, anthropometry, smoking,
      hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC)
      values were recorded in a cross-sectional manner. RESULTS: 41 taxi drivers (mean
      age 56.7 +/- 9.8 years) participated. 37 % were insufficiently active based on
      self-report, although only 8 % objectively achieved 10, 000 steps per day. Mean
      modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) was 4.6 +/- 2.2, and only 13 % of
      participants had a normal body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC).
      Those who worked for taxi companies tended to have a higher BMI (p = .07) and WC
      (p = .04) by multivariable regression. 22 % were current smokers, although a quit
      rate of 72 % was observed amongst the 78 % of taxi drivers who had ever smoked.
      25 % were at high or very high risk of future type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION:
      Lifestyle risk factors for CVD and dysglycaemia are prevalent amongst Irish taxi
      drivers.

PMID- 26984792
TI  - Survival and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord
      compression after spinal surgery: a prospective, multicenter, observational
      cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High quality studies have been challenging to undertake in patients
      with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. Nonetheless, in the article
      "Survival and Clinical Outcomes in Surgically Treated Patients With Metastatic
      Epidural Spinal Cord Compression: Results of the Prospective Multicenter AOSpine
      Study" recently published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, our team provided
      convincing evidence that spinal surgery improves overall quality of life in
      patients with this potentially devastating complication of cancer. Considering
      that metastatic spinal lesions treated with surgery have the highest mean cost
      among all oncological musculo-skeletal issues, it is essential to provide high
      quality data to optimize the therapeutic approaches and cost-effective use of
      health care resources. MAIN BODY: Although the AOSpine Study provided high
      quality prospective data, it was primarily limited by the lack of non-operative
      controls and the relatively small sample size. Given the dearth of medical
      equipoise and the fundamental difference between patients deemed to be adequate
      surgical candidates and those who are not amenable to operative intervention,
      conducting a randomized controlled trial in this patient population was not felt
      to be ethically or medically feasible. Consequently, the optimal option to
      overcome limitations of both the lack of controls and the relatively small sample
      size is through collection of large prospective datasets through rigorously
      developed and maintained registries. CONCLUSIONS: With the alarming increase in
      the incidence of cancer in China and China's parallel growing cancer control
      efforts, China would offer a fantastic platform to set up a national metastatic
      spinal lesion registry. Such registry would not only enhance metastatic epidural
      spinal cord compression translational research but also optimize patient care.

PMID- 26984793
TI  - Cerebral blood flow in alcohol withdrawal: relation to severity of dependence and
      cognitive impairment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence affects cerebral function in complex, still
      unsettled ways. METHODS: Thirty exclusively alcohol-dependent patients in various
      stages of withdrawal and 25 matched controls were examined for regional uptake of
      99mTc-HMPAO in nine homologous regions of the cerebral cortex by single photon
      emission tomography (SPET). Image analysis reports regional uptake/uptake in
      homologous hemisphere. RESULTS: Alcohol dependence is associated with diminished
      perfusion in the anterior, and middle frontal regions, and increased perfusion in
      the posterior temporal regions. Frontal hypoperfusion is related to alcohol
      withdrawal because it disappears with longer time between imaging, last intake
      and correlates with a composite index of cognitive impairment at the time.
      Temporal hyperperfusion persists for longer periods. Severe dependence correlates
      with both frontal, and temporal altered perfusion. DISCUSSION: Alcohol withdrawal
      leads to redistribution of blood flow favouring the temporal, and more posterior
      regions of the cortex at the expense of frontal flow.

PMID- 26984794
TI  - The influence of folate serum levels on depressive mood and mental processing in
      patients with epilepsy treated with enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Folate deficiency is common in patients with epilepsy and also occurs
      in patients with depression or cognitive deficits. OBJECTIVE: This study
      investigates whether low serum folate levels may contribute to depressive mood
      and difficulties in mental processing in patients with epilepsy treated with anti
      epileptic drugs inducing the cytochrome P450. METHODS: We analysed the serum
      folate levels, the score in the Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the
      results of a bedside test in mental processing in 54 patients with epilepsy.
      RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between the serum folate
      levels and the score in SDS and significant positive correlations between the
      score in SDS and the time needed to process an interference task or a letter
      reading task. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum folate levels may contribute to depressive
      mood and therefore to difficulties in mental processing. Further studies
      utilizing total plasma homocysteine as a sensitive measure of functional folate
      deficiency and more elaborate tests of mental processing are required to
      elucidate the impact of folate metabolism on depressive mood and cognitive
      function in patients with epilepsy.

PMID- 26984795
TI  - Prevalence of insomnia in Poland - results of the National Health Interview
      Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are one of the most common underdiagnosed and
      undertreated health problems among the adult population. OBJECTIVES: The aim of
      the study was to assess the prevalence of sleeping problems and their relation to
      sociodemographic characteristics in the Polish population, based on the results
      of the National Health Interview Survey carried out by the Central Statistical
      Office in 1996. METHODS: A stratified sampling scheme, involving two steps, was
      used. Standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs and their 95% confidence intervals)
      were calculated. Assessment of sleep-related problems was based on six questions.
      A representative Polish sample (47 924 non-institutionalized, adult respondents)
      was interviewed. RESULTS: Nearly one-fourth of Polish inhabitants suffered from
      insomnia. The percentage was significantly higher among women (28.1%) than among
      men (18.1%). The prevalence of insomnia increased with age and was highest in
      divorced respondents. Respondents of both sexes with higher educational levels
      suffered from insomnia less often than individuals with lower levels of
      education. The problem of insomnia applies in a similar degree to inhabitants of
      both rural and urban regions. About one-twentieth of inhabitants of Poland
      experienced recent sleep deterioration related to problems. It was associated
      positively with age, female gender and lower education. About 20% of the
      population get up not rested in the morning, women significantly more often than
      men, urban residents more often than rural ones. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep-related
      problems are common and the results are comparable with those from other
      countries. The findings have important implications, such as the necessity of
      better education of the public community about the identification and
      possibilities of treatment of sleep disturbance.

PMID- 26984796
TI  - Hypothalamic digoxin and brain function.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The study assessed the biochemical differences between
      right hemispheric-dominant and left hemispheric-dominant individuals. The
      chemical hemispheric-dominance in various systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases
      was also studied. METHODS: The isoprenoid metabolites, digoxin, dolichol and
      ubiquinone, glycoconjugate metabolism, free radical metabolism and the RBC
      membrane composition, were studied in individuals with differing hemispheric
      dominance. The digoxin levels and RBC membrane Na+-K+ATPase activity were also
      studied in systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases. RESULTS: The results showed
      that right hemispheric-dominant individuals had elevated digoxin levels,
      increased free radical production and reduced scavenging, increased tryptophan
      catabolites and reduced tyrosine catabolites, increased glycoconjugate levels and
      increased cholesterol : phospholipid ratio of RBC membranes. Left hemispheric
      dominant individuals had the opposite patterns. This patterns could be correlated
      with various systemic and neuropsychiatric diseases. CONCLUSION: Right
      hemispheric-dominance represents a hyperdigoxinaemic state with membrane sodium
      potassium ATPase inhibition. Left hemispheric-dominance represents the reverse
      pattern with hypodigoxinaemia and membrane sodium-potassium ATPase stimulation.
      Hemispheric-dominance could predispose to various systemic and neuropsychiatric
      diseases.

PMID- 26984797
TI  - D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in lymphocytes: a peripheral marker for
      schizophrenia?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of schizophrenia, a common neuropsychiatric disorder,
      is based on clinical examination. An easily measurable peripheral marker, which
      may enable a more rapid and more accurate diagnosis, is not available. A possible
      candidate is the D3 dopamine receptor on lymphocytes. OBJECTIVE: The D3 receptor
      is investigated for its clinical significance as a marker for diagnosing
      schizophrenia. METHODS: From eight schizophrenic patients and eight controls
      lymphocyte RNA was isolated. A semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase
      chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out and the intensities of the specific D3
      dopamine receptor bands of patients and controls were compared. RESULTS: No
      difference could be seen between the intensities of the bands from patients and
      controls. CONCLUSION: An aberrant D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in
      lymphocytes of schizophrenics could not be demonstrated. This might be caused by
      down-regulation of D3 receptor production by antipsychotic drug treatment. At
      present, the D3 receptor seems to have no diagnostic value in schizophrenia.

PMID- 26984798
TI  - Craniopharyngeoma presenting as psychosis, disinhibition and personality change
      without neurological signs.
AB  - Tumors of the pituitary are associated most commonly with visual changes or
      endocrine abnormalities. Although a significant proportion of such tumors cause
      cognitive abnormalities, only a small number of cases have been reported in which
      the presenting symptoms are primarily 'psychiatric' in nature. The case described
      below highlights the importance of ancillary investigations in the evaluation of
      patients admitted to psychiatric wards. Despite the size and extension of the
      tumor, the patient showed no clear neurological signs, and screening serology was
      normal except for an elevated prolactin level. Only diagnostic imaging was able
      to reveal the presence of a calcified, cystic suprasellar mass that was confirmed
      to be a craniopharyngeoma by histopathology. 

PMID- 26984799
TI  - Diencephalic tumours presenting as psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diencephalic tumours are usually presented with the sign and symptoms
      of increased intracranial pressure, endocrinological changes and visual
      disturbances. Psychiatric manifestation of such rare tumours is not well known.
      OBJECTIVE: To investigate the challenges and benefits of psychiatric evaluation
      on the diagnosis of diencephalic tumours and to emphasize the presence of
      psychosis as an initial phenomenon. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two cases who presented
      with the characteristic symptoms of psychosis and diagnosed diencephalic tumour
      are reported. A detailed radiological examination confirmed such diagnosis in
      both cases and surgical treatment was done. CONCLUSION: First, all patients who
      presented with a history of unexplained behaviour change must be evaluated by
      psychiatrists to exclude an organic pathology. Secondly, until the diagnosis of
      diencephalic tumour is confirmed, the surgical management must be performed.

PMID- 26984800
TI  - Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 26984803
TI  - Juvenile Fibromyalgia: Different from the Adult Chronic Pain Syndrome?
AB  - While a majority of research has focused on adult fibromyalgia (FM), recent
      evidence has provided insights into the presence and impact of FM in children and
      adolescents. Commonly referred as juvenile fibromyalgia (JFM), youths,
      particularly adolescent girls, present with persistent widespread pain and
      cardinal symptoms observed in adult FM. A majority of youth with JFM continue to
      experience symptoms into adulthood, which highlights the importance of early
      recognition and intervention. Some differences are observed between adult and
      juvenile-onset FM syndrome with regard to comorbidities (e.g., joint
      hypermobility is common in JFM). Psychological comorbidities are common but less
      severe in JFM. Compared to adult FM, approved pharmacological treatments for JFM
      are lacking, but non-pharmacologic approaches (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy
      and exercise) show promise. A number of conceptual issues still remain including
      (1) directly comparing similarities and differences in symptoms and (2)
      identifying shared and unique mechanisms underlying FM in adults and youths. 

PMID- 26984802
TI  - Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Cervical Adenitis (PFAPA)
      Syndrome: a Review of the Pathogenesis.
AB  - PFAPA syndrome represents the most common cause of recurrent fever in children in
      European populations, and it is characterized by recurrent episodes of high
      fever, pharyngitis, cervical adenitis, and aphthous stomatitis. Many possible
      causative factors have been explored so far, including infectious agents,
      immunologic mechanisms and genetic predisposition, but the exact etiology remains
      unclear. Recent findings demonstrate a dysregulation of different components of
      innate immunity during PFAPA flares, such as monocytes, neutrophils, complement,
      and pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1beta, suggesting an inflammasome
      mediated innate immune system activation and supporting the hypothesis of an
      autoinflammatory disease. Moreover, in contrast with previous considerations, the
      strong familial clustering suggests a potential genetic origin rather than a
      sporadic disease. In addition, the presence of variants in inflammasome-related
      genes, mostly in NLRP3 and MEFV, suggests a possible role of inflammasome
      composing genes in PFAPA pathogenesis. However, none of these variants seem to be
      relevant, alone, to its etiology, indicating a high genetic heterogeneity as well
      as an oligogenic or polygenic genetic background. 

PMID- 26984804
TI  - Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Rates and Outcomes of Total Joint Arthroplasty.
AB  - Racial/ethnic disparity in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has grown over the last
      two decades as studies have documented the widening gap between Blacks and Whites
      in TJA utilization rates despite the known benefits of TJA. Factors contributing
      to this disparity have been explored and include demographics, socioeconomic
      status, patient knowledge, patient preference, willingness to undergo TJA,
      patient expectation of post-arthroplasty outcome, religion/spirituality, and
      physician-patient interaction. Improvement in patient knowledge by effective
      physician-patient communication and other methods can possibly influence
      patient's perception of the procedure. Such interventions can provide patient
      relevant data on benefits/risks and dispel myths related to benefits/risks of
      arthroplasty and possibly reduce this disparity. This review will summarize the
      literature on racial/ethnic disparity on TJA utilization and outcomes and the
      factors underlying this disparity. 

PMID- 26984805
TI  - Mortality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: an Updated Review.
AB  - Both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its treatments can contribute to
      increased mortality rates. The focus of this review is recent studies on
      mortality and comorbidities during the last 5 years from around the world. The
      authors conducted a literature review, using PUBMED, for articles relating to SLE
      mortality with a specific focus on literature published within the last 5 years.
      Our analysis found that while mortality in SLE patients continues to improve,
      there are differences in survival based on ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age,
      and gender. The most common cause of mortality is cardiovascular disease,
      followed closely by infection and severe disease activity. To conclude, while
      there have been significant advances in the treatment of SLE and its associated
      comorbidities, increased mortality remains a major concern in patient management.

PMID- 26984806
TI  - Facial spasms, but not hemifacial spasm: a case report and review of literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Facial spasms represent a complicated array of neurological motor
      disorders with unique diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Due to the rarity of
      many of these disorders in the pediatric population, special care must be taken
      in identifying subtle differences in presentation of these disorders. METHODS: We
      present a case of a 3-year-old boy diagnosed with a brainstem ganglioglioma,
      Chiari 1 malformation, and a 2-year history of left-sided facial spasms.
      Stereotyped facial contractions and subtle eye deviation occurred every 10 s,
      with downward movement rather than upward elevation of the eyebrow. RESULTS: MRI
      revealed absence of a clear compressive vessel of the centrally-myelinized
      portion of the facial nerve, and EMG of the left facial nerve demonstrated no
      abnormal motor response or evidence of "lateral spread." Given these findings, a
      diagnosis of hemifacial seizures was made. Microvascular decompression was not
      recommended, and botulinum toxin injection was not pursued; however, the patient
      has remained refractory to antiepileptic drugs, possibly due to biochemical
      alteration by his ganglioglioma. He may eventually require surgical debulking
      should his symptoms progress. CONCLUSION: Hemifacial spasm is a well-recognized
      disorder, but similar conditions can, at times, imitate its appearance. While our
      patient presented with facial spasms, his clinical history, examination, and
      radiographic and electrophysiological findings were more consistent with
      hemifacial seizures secondary to a brainstem lesion, rather than hemifacial
      spasms. It is important to distinguish the two entities, as misdiagnosis and
      inappropriate diagnostic or therapeutic measures may be taken inadvertently.

PMID- 26984807
TI  - Nightly oral administration of topiramate for benign childhood epilepsy with
      centrotemporal spikes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of nightly
      oral administration of topiramate for treating benign childhood epilepsy with
      centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). METHODS: Eighty-five children with BECTS receiving
      topiramate treatment were randomly divided into A group (44 patients) and B group
      (41 patients). In A group, topiramate was orally administrated once a night, with
      a final dose of 2 mg/kg/day. In B group, topiramate was orally administrated
      twice a day, with a final dose of 4 mg/kg/day. At the end of the 12-month follow
      up period, clinical efficacy, changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity,
      and adverse reactions were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference
      in overall efficacy rate, percentages of patients achieving seizure free, or
      changes in EEG activity between the two groups (P > 0.05). The rate of adverse
      reactions for A group was 9.1 %, which was significantly lower than the 29.3 %
      for B group (chi (2) = 4.262, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nightly oral administration
      of topiramate is a feasible strategy for the treatment of BECTS, with the
      advantages of comparable efficacy, convenience, and fewer adverse reactions.

PMID- 26984808
TI  - Intraspinal extradural benign fibrous histiocytoma of the lumbar spine in a
      pediatric patient. Case report and literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is a rare skeletal tumor. Spinal
      localizations have been previously described in 17 cases, and this is the first
      report of BFH occurring at the lumbar spine in a pediatric patient. CASE REPORT:
      A 13-year-old male complained lower limb motor and sensory impairment with severe
      claudication and urination disorders. A huge intraspinal, extradural mass at L4
      L5 level, clearly evident on a preoperative MRI, caused dislocation and severe
      compression of the cauda equina nerve roots. After a biopsy, confirming BFH, a
      tumor resection and L4-S1 vertebral arthrodesis was carried out. At 1 year follow
      up, no recurrence was detached on postoperative MRI, with complete neurological
      recovery. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Review of the literature is discussed.
      Histological examination is mandatory for a correct diagnosis and plan of
      treatment. None of the pediatric patients treated for BFH have ever shown local
      relapse.

PMID- 26984809
TI  - Photon-absorbing charge-bridging states in organic bulk heterojunctions
      consisting of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives and PCBM.
AB  - We have investigated the photo- and electrochemical properties of five
      diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives both experimentally and theoretically. In
      the experimental study, we found that a blend of a DPP derivative named D2 and
      phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) exhibits the highest internal quantum
      efficiency (IQE) and power convergence efficiency (PCE) among the five
      derivatives investigated. In the theoretical study, we found that the open
      circuit voltage can be estimated from the difference between the energy gap of
      frontier orbitals and the voltage loss and that the latter is suppressed when the
      IQE is large. Then, to investigate the factors that influence the IQE,
      investigations on charge recombination, hole transfer, and charge transfer
      induced by photoabsorption were conducted for the complexes of each DPP
      derivative and PCBM. It was found that D2/PCBM exhibits the largest charge
      bridging upon photoabsorption, which leads to the highest IQE and PCE among the
      five DPP derivatives. 

PMID- 26984812
TI  - Bisphosphonates beyond five years.

PMID- 26984813
TI  - Pore emptying transition during nucleation in hydrophobic nanopores.
AB  - Using the 2D Ising model we study the generic properties of nucleation in
      hydrophobic nanopores. To explore the pathways to nucleation of a spin-up phase
      from a metastable spin-down phase we perform umbrella sampling and transition
      path sampling simulations. We find that for narrow pores the nucleation occurs on
      the surface outside the pore. For wide pores the nucleation starts in the pore,
      and continues outside the filled pore. Intriguingly, we observe a pore emptying
      transition for a range of intermediate pore widths: a pre-critical nucleus fills
      the pore, continues to expand outside of the filled pore, but then suddenly gets
      expelled from the pore before reaching its critical size. 

PMID- 26984811
TI  - Moral Distress Amongst Physician Trainees Regarding Futile Treatments.

PMID- 26984810
TI  - Non-specific symbiotic germination of Cynorkis purpurea (Thouars) Kraezl., a
      habitat-specific terrestrial orchid from the Central Highlands of Madagascar.
AB  - Orchids, particularly terrestrial taxa, rely mostly on basidiomycete fungi in the
      Cantharellales and Sebacinales that trigger the process of seed germination
      and/or initiate the full development of the seedling. During the course of
      development, orchids may associate with the same fungus, or they may enlist other
      types of fungi for their developmental needs leading to resilience in a natural
      setting. This study examined in vitro seed germination and seedling developmental
      behavior of Cynorkis purpurea, a terrestrial orchid from the Central Highlands of
      Madagascar. This species is mostly restricted to gallery forests in the Itremo
      Massif, in moist substrate between rocks bordering streams. The main objective
      was to understand the influence of diverse mycorrhizal fungi on seed germination
      and further development of C. purpurea. The study aims to compare symbiotic
      versus asymbiotic germination and seedling development with seeds and fungi
      collected from a 13-km(2) area in the Itremo region. Seeds collected from the
      wild were sown with diverse orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) spanning 12
      operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in three genera (Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium,
      and Sebacina) acquired from different habitats. Treatments were assessed in terms
      of the percentage of germinated seeds and fully developed seedlings against those
      in asymbiotic control media treatments. Overall, OMF significantly improved
      seedling development within the 12-week experiment period. Sebacina as a genus
      was the most effective at promoting seedling development of C. purpurea, as well
      as having the ability to enter into successful symbiotic relationships with
      orchids of different life forms; this new knowledge may be especially useful for
      orchid conservation practiced in tropical areas like Madagascar. A Sebacina
      isolate from an epiphytic seedling of Polystachya concreta was the most effective
      at inducing rapid seedling development and was among the five that outperformed
      fungi isolated from roots of C. purpurea. C. purpurea was found to be a
      mycorrhizal generalist, despite its specific habitat preference, highlighting the
      complex interaction between the plant, fungi, and the environment. The potential
      impact on conservation strategies of understanding the requirements for orchid
      seed germination and development by identifying and using OMF from diverse
      sources is discussed in detail. 

PMID- 26984815
TI  - Commentary: Transcervical Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) With Flow Reversal: A
      Promising Technique for the Reduction of Strokes Associated With CAS.

PMID- 26984814
TI  - Molecular and in Silico Characterization of Achaea janata Granulovirus Granulin
      Gene.
AB  - Achaea janata granulovirus (AcjaGV), an insect virus belonging to Baculoviridae,
      infects semilooper, a widely distributed defoliating pest on castor beans
      (Ricinus communis L.) and several other plant hosts in India. The propagation and
      purification of the Hyderabad isolate AcjaGV were performed, granulin gene from
      this isolate was amplified, cloned and sequenced, and its homology with other
      known granulin genes was assessed. The 753-bp granulin ORF of AcjaGV encoded for
      a granulin protein of 250 amino acids with a molecular mass of 29.5 +/- 0.7 kDa.
      This amino acid sequence exhibited significant homology with Spodoptera litura
      granulovirus (SpliGV) and other GVs infecting insects in the same Noctuidae
      family of Lepidoptera. Peptide analysis of granulin protein indicated close
      homology with that of SpliGV. Virtual RFLP patterns from in silico digestions of
      granulin gene of 18 granuloviruses mapped by 12 restriction enzymes were used for
      simulated digestions. Implications of the phylogenetic relationships of granulin
      nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence are discussed. We have established the
      sequence identity of granulin gene of AcjaGV and characterized its protein
      product and the phylogenetic relationship with other known GVs. Our results
      indicate the presence of unique restriction sites for three restriction enzymes,
      and this can be used as a tool for identification of AcjaGV from various sources.
      This is the first report from the Indian subcontinent to describe the complete
      granulin gene of a GV isolated from A. janata.

PMID- 26984816
TI  - Commentary: Proximal Uncovered Stent Disconnections With the Standard and Low
      Profile Zenith AAA Stent-Grafts.

PMID- 26984817
TI  - Commentary: Buttoning Up the Proximal Tear: Is a Vascular Plug the Answer to
      Achieving False Lumen Thrombosis?

PMID- 26984818
TI  - Debulking Plus Drug-Coated Balloon Combination as Revascularization Strategy for
      Complex Femoropopliteal Lesions: A New Standard Technique?

PMID- 26984819
TI  - A G4.K(+) hydrogel that self-destructs.
AB  - A G4-quartet based hydrogel formed by self-assembly of borate esters of 5'-deoxy
      5'-iodoguanosine (5'-IG 2) undergoes in situ cyclization to give 5'-deoxy-N3,5'
      cycloguanosine (5'-cG 3). Formation of 5'-cG 3 causes self-destruction of the
      gel. This intramolecular cyclization can be used to release nucleoside analogs
      that have been pre-incorporated into the gel network. 

PMID- 26984820
TI  - Lack of hippocampal CB1 receptor desensitization by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol
      in aged mice and by low doses of JZL 184.
AB  - Activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors may offer new therapeutic strategies, but
      the efficiency of CB1 receptor agonists may be impaired by tolerance development
      upon prolonged administration. We compared the influence of repeated
      administration of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 10 mg/kg on the motility
      and on basal and CB1 receptor-stimulated (35)S-GTPgammaS binding of adolescent
      and aged mice. Moreover, we determined the influence of JZL 184 (which inhibits
      the 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG, degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, MAGL)
      on (35)S-GTPgammaS binding and 2-AG levels of young adult mice. Mouse motility
      was tested in the open field. (35)S-GTPgammaS binding was studied in hippocampal
      membranes. THC and CP 55,940 were used as cannabinoid agonists in the behavioural
      and biochemical studies, respectively. 2-AG levels were quantified by liquid
      chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring. The THC (10 mg/kg)-induced
      hypomotility was stronger in untreated than in THC-pretreated adolescent mice but
      similar in both treatment groups of aged mice. Basal and stimulated (35)S
      GTPgammaS binding was decreased in membranes from THC-pretreated adolescent but
      not affected in membranes from aged mice. Treatment of young adult mice with JZL
      184 (4, 10 and 40 mg/kg) for 14 days did not affect basal binding. Stimulated
      binding tended to be decreased by 25 % only in mice treated with JZL 184 (40
      mg/kg). Hippocampal 2-AG level was increased by JZL 184 at 40 and 10 but not
      affected at 4 mg/kg. In conclusion, CB1 receptor tolerance does not occur in aged
      mice pretreated with THC and in young adult mice treated with a low dose of the
      MAGL inhibitor JZL 184. 

PMID- 26984822
TI  - Neither self-reported ethnicity nor declared family origin are reliable
      indicators of genomic ancestry.
AB  - Ancestry information can be useful in investigations of diseases with a genetic
      or infectious background. As the Brazilian population is highly admixed physical
      traits tend to be poor indicators of ancestry. The assessment of ancestry by
      ancestry informative markers (AIMs) can exclude the subjectivity of self-declared
      ethnicity and reported family origin. We aimed to evaluate the reliability of
      self-reported ethnicity or reported family origin as indicators of genomic
      ancestry in a female population from the Southeast of Brazil. Two cohorts were
      included: 404 women asked to self-report their ethnicity (Pop1) and 234 women
      asked to report their family's origin (Pop2). Identification of AIMs was
      performed using a panel of 61 markers and results were plotted against parental
      populations-Amerindian, Western European and Sub-Saharan African-using Structure
      v2.3.4. In Pop1 57.4 % of women self-reported as white, 34.6 % as brown and 8.0 %
      as black. Median global European, Amerindian and African contributions were 66.8,
      12.6 and 16.6 %. In Pop2, 66.4 % of women declared European origin, 23.9 %
      African origin and 26.9 % Amerindian. Median global European, Amerindian and
      African contributions were 80.8, 7.3 and 7.6 %, respectively. Only 31.0 and 21.0
      % of the global variation in African and European contributions, respectively,
      could be explained by self-reported ethnicity and reported family origin only
      accounted for 20.0 and 5.0 % of the variations observed in African and European
      ancestries, respectively. Amerindian ancestry did not influence self-reported
      ethnicity or declared family origin. Neither self-reported ethnicity nor declared
      family origin are reliable indicators of genomic ancestry in these Brazilian
      populations. 

PMID- 26984823
TI  - Microbial contamination in intraoral phosphor storage plates: the dilemma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate microbial contamination in
      phosphor storage plates in dental radiology services and discuss the possible
      origin of this contamination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised 50
      phosphor plates: 14 plates from service A, 30 from service B, and 6 in the
      control group, consisting of plates never used. Damp sterile swabs were rubbed on
      the phosphor plates, and then transferred to tests tubes containing sterile
      saline solution. Serial dilutions were made, and then inoculated in triplicate on
      Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated at 37  degrees C/48 h, before counting
      the colony-forming units (CFU). The samples were also seeded in brain-heart
      infusion medium to confirm contamination by turbidity of the culture medium. All
      solutions, turbid and clean, were seeded in selective and non-selective media.
      RESULTS: At service A and B, 50 and 73.3 % of the phosphor plates were
      contaminated, respectively. This contamination was mainly due to bacteria of the
      genus Staphylococcus. CFU counts ranged from 26.4 to 80.0 CFU/plate. CONCLUSIONS:
      Most of the phosphor plates evaluated shown to be contaminated, mainly by
      Staphylococcus ssp. Quantitatively, this contamination occurred at low levels,
      possibly arising from handling of the plates. The use of a second plastic barrier
      may have diminished contamination by microorganisms from the oral cavity.
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is a risk of cross-contamination by phosphor storage
      plates used in dental radiology services.

PMID- 26984821
TI  - Effect of pregabalin on contextual memory deficits and inflammatory state-related
      protein expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to
      defects in insulin secretion or its action. Complications from long-term diabetes
      consist of numerous biochemical, molecular, and functional tissue alterations,
      including inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuropathic pain. There is also a
      link between diabetes mellitus and vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
      Hence, it is important to treat diabetic complications using drugs which do not
      aggravate symptoms induced by the disease itself. Pregabalin is widely used for
      the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain, but little is known about its impact
      on cognition or inflammation-related proteins in diabetic patients. Thus, this
      study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal (ip) pregabalin on
      contextual memory and the expression of inflammatory state-related proteins in
      the brains of diabetic, streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice. STZ (200 mg/kg, ip)
      was used to induce diabetes mellitus. To assess the impact of pregabalin (10
      mg/kg) on contextual memory, a passive avoidance task was applied. Locomotor and
      exploratory activities in pregabalin-treated diabetic mice were assessed by using
      activity cages. Using Western blot analysis, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2
      (COX-2), cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES), nuclear factor (erythroid
      derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) p50 and p65, aryl hydrocarbon
      receptor (AhR), as well as glucose transporter type-4 (GLUT4) was assessed in
      mouse brains after pregabalin treatment. Pregabalin did not aggravate STZ-induced
      learning deficits in vivo or influence animals' locomotor activity. We observed
      significantly lower expression of COX-2, cPGES, and NF-kappaB p50 subunit, and
      higher expression of AhR and Nrf2 in the brains of pregabalin-treated mice in
      comparison to STZ-treated controls, which suggested immunomodulatory and anti
      inflammatory effects of pregabalin. Antioxidant properties of pregabalin in the
      brains of diabetic animals were also demonstrated. Pregabalin does not potentiate
      STZ-induced cognitive decline, and it has antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti
      inflammatory properties in mice. These results confirm the validity of its use in
      diabetic patients. Graphical abstract Effect of pregabalin on fear-motivated
      memory and markers of brain tissue inflammation in diabetic mice. 

PMID- 26984826
TI  - Gender, age, and cultural differences in the Japanese version of the Infant
      Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment.
AB  - This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of the Japanese version of the
      Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (J-ITSEA), a parentreport
      questionnaire concerning social-emotional/behavioral problems and delays in
      competence in 1- to 3-year-old children. The differences in score between
      genders, ages, and between the J-ITSEA and the original Infant-Toddler Social and
      Emotional Assessment were examined. The data of 617 participants recruited from
      Saitama prefecture through stratified two-stage sampling were analyzed. The
      Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.76 to 0.93. Gender differences emerged for some
      problems and all competence scales, with boys rated higher in the Externalizing
      problem domain and Activity/Impulsivity subscale and girls rated higher in the
      Internalizing problem domain, Inhibition to Novelty subscale, and all Competence
      scales. The Competence domain score increased across age groups. Compared with a
      normative sample in the US, participants in this study rated higher in
      Aggression/Defiance and Separation Distress, and rated lower in Peer Aggression
      and most of the Competence scales. The results indicate that the J-ITSEA scores
      should be interpreted in comparison with standard scores assigned for gender and
      6-month age groups, and that specific criteria for the cut-off points for the J
      ITSEA are required instead of those in the original questionnaire. 

PMID- 26984824
TI  - Magnetic permeability as a predictor of the artefact size caused by orthodontic
      appliances at 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Artefacts caused by orthodontic attachments limit the diagnostic
      value and lead to removal of these appliances before magnetic resonance imaging.
      Magnetic permeability can predict the artefact size. There is no standardised
      approach to determine the permeability of such attachments. The aim was to
      establish a reliable approach to determine artefact size caused by orthodontic
      attachments at 1.5 T MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Artefact radii of 21 attachments
      were determined applying two prevalent sequences of the head and neck region
      (turbo spin echo and gradient echo). The instrument Ferromaster (Stefan Mayer
      Instruments, Dinslaken) is approved for permeability measurements of objects with
      a minimum size (d = 20 mm, h = 5 mm). Eleven small test specimens of known
      permeability between 1.003 and 1.431 were produced. They are slightly larger than
      the orthodontic attachments. Their artefacts were measured and cross tabulated
      against the permeability. The resulting curve was used to compare the orthodontic
      attachments with the test bodies. RESULTS: Steel caused a wide range of artefact
      size of 10-74 mm subject to their permeability. Titanium, cobalt-chromium and
      ceramic materials produced artefact radii up to 20 mm. Measurement of artefacts
      of the test bodies revealed an interrelationship according to a root function.
      The artefact size of all brackets was below that root function. CONCLUSIONS: The
      permeability can be reliably assessed by conventional measurement devices and the
      artefact size can be predicted. The radiologist is able to decide whether or not
      the orthodontic attachments should be removed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study
      clarifies whether an orthodontic appliance must be removed before taking an MRI.

PMID- 26984825
TI  - Effect of Early Intervention to Promote Mother - Infant Interaction and Maternal
      Sensitivity in Japan: A Parenting Support Program based on Infant Mental Health.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of the Japanese Early Promotion Program
      (JEPP), which is based on the Infant Mental Health (IMH) program. The JEPP aims
      to promote mother-infant interactions by enhancing the mother's ability to
      respond appropriately her child. Mothers in the JEPP group (n = 15) received
      support from IMH nurses in a pediatric clinic until their infants reached 12
      months of age. The nurses provided positive feedback that emphasized strength of
      parenting, and assisted the mothers in understanding the construct of their
      infants. Mother-infant interactions and mother's mental health status were
      assessed at intake (1-3 months), and at 6, 9, and 12 months of infants' age. The
      JEPP group data were compared with cross-sectional data of the control group (n =
      120). Although JEPP dyads were not found to be significantly different from the
      control group in general dyadic synchrony, both before and after intervention,
      JEPP mothers significantly improved their ability to understand their infant's
      cues and to respond promptly. In the JEPP group, unresponsiveness to infants was
      reduced in mothers, while infants showed reduced passiveness and enhanced
      responsiveness to the mother. Furthermore, the intervention reduced the mothers'
      parenting stress and negative emotions, thereby enhancing their self-esteem. 

PMID- 26984827
TI  - A Prospective Study of Factors Related to Mother-Infant Interaction in One-year
      old Infants with Retinoblastoma.
AB  - This study aimed to clarify the relationships among developmental characteristics
      of retinoblastoma (RB) infants, mother-infant interaction, and mental health of
      mothers. Prospective studies were conducted twice with 13 dyads of mothers and
      infants who were between one (Time 1) and two years old (Time 2). Cross-sectional
      and longitudinal analyses were performed. The mean Developmental Quotients (DQ)
      significantly decreased between Time 1 and Time 2 (p < .05). Four (30.8%) infants
      showed DQ p < 85 at Time 1. They showed a DQ below the borderline at Time 2 and
      their developmental changes were different from RB infants in the normal DQ
      range. Infant Behavior Checklist-R (IBC-R) scores negatively correlated with DQ
      (p < .05). The mothers' Japanese Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (JNCATS)
      scores were significantly higher than the normative mean. The IBC-R scores
      negatively correlated with mothers' JNCATS scores at Time 1 (rho = -.66, p < .05)
      and positively correlated with the child domain scores on the Parenting Stress
      Index at Time 2 (rho = .62, p < .05). Some RB infants showed a developmental
      delay. Mother-child interactions were negatively affected and mothers recognized
      their infants' problem. The support needs to be provided in early infancy. 

PMID- 26984828
TI  - A Case of Giant Primary Dermal Melanoma with BRAF V600E Mutation.

PMID- 26984829
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 26984830
TI  - Naegleria fowleri That Induces Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Rapid
      Diagnosis and Rare Case of Survival in a 12-Year-Old Caucasian Girl.
AB  - Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare and almost always fatal
      disease that is caused by Naegleria fowleri, a freshwater thermophilic amoeba.
      Our case involves an adolescent female who presented with fever of unknown
      origin. A lumbar puncture was performed, and the Wright-Giemsa and Gram stained
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytospin slides showed numerous organisms. Experienced
      medical technologists in the microbiology and hematology laboratories identified
      the organisms as morphologically consistent with Naegleria species. The
      laboratory made a rapid diagnosis and alerted emergency department care providers
      within 75 minutes. The patient was treated for PAM with amphotericin, rifampin,
      azithromycin, fluconazole and aggressive supportive therapy including
      dexamethasone. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was
      contacted, and miltefosine, an investigational medication, was started.
      Additional treatment included an intraventricular shunt and controlled
      hypothermia in order to mitigate potential cerebral edema. Our patient is a rare
      success story, as she was diagnosed swiftly, successfully treated, and survived
      PAM.

PMID- 26984832
TI  - Tissue Penetration of a Novel Spectinamide Antibiotic for the Treatment of
      Tuberculosis.
AB  - The in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of 1329, a novel spectinamide
      antibiotic with anti-tubercular activity, were studied during intravenous
      administration of an tritium-labeled compound for nine consecutive, 12-hourly
      doses to rats. Serial blood samples were collected after the first and the eighth
      dose, and major organs and tissues were collected 1 h after the ninth dose.
      Urinary and fecal excretion was monitored throughout the dosing period.
      Radioactivity in the collected samples was assessed by scintillation counting.
      During the course of treatment, 86.6% of the administered radioactivity was
      recovered in urine, feces, organs, and muscle tissue. Urinary excretion was the
      major route of elimination, with 70% of radioactivity recovered from urine and
      12.6% from feces. The time profiles of radioactivity in serum after the first and
      the eighth dose were identical for the first 2 h post-dose, with similar Cmax
      (3.39 vs. 3.55 mCi/L) and AUC0-tau (5.08 vs. 5.17 mCi * h/L), indicating no
      substantial accumulation of 1329 during multiple dosing. Radioactivity in major
      target organs for pulmonary tuberculosis infection, the lungs and spleen, was
      2.79- and 3.06-fold higher than in the blood. Similarly, the intracellular uptake
      of 1329 into macrophages was sixfold higher than for streptomycin. Overall, these
      observations suggest biodistribution properties favorable for targeting pulmonary
      tuberculosis infections.

PMID- 26984833
TI  - Priority topics for European multidisciplinary guidelines on the management of
      chronic kidney disease in older adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify and prioritize potential topics to be addressed in the
      development of European multidisciplinary guidelines on the management of chronic
      kidney disease stage 3b-5 in older patients. METHODS: We composed a list of 47
      potential guideline topics by reviewing the literature, consulting online 461
      nephrologists and 107 geriatricians, and obtaining expert input. A
      multidisciplinary panel of twelve experts then prioritized the topics during a
      face-to-face consensus meeting, following a nominal group technique structure
      with two voting rounds. Topics were rated on a 9-point scale ranging from 1 ('not
      at all important') to 9 ('critically important'). RESULTS: The highest rating
      (median; range) was assigned to 'Screening and referral' (8.5; 2.0). Eight topics
      shared the second highest rating with a median priority score of 8.0 (2.0) and
      included 'Starting dialysis or not' and 'Accurate assessment of renal function.'
      'Targets for and treatment of diabetes' received the lowest rating with (3.0;
      6.0). CONCLUSIONS: This joint initiative of the European Renal Association
      European Dialysis Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) and the European Union
      Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS) prioritized the development of guidance on
      interdisciplinary referral of older patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b
      5. Future guidance will therefore focus on identifying prognostic scores to
      predict death and progression to end-stage renal disease, as well as accurate
      tests for assessment of renal function in older kidney patients. This will
      contribute to more informed treatment decision making in this growing patient
      population.

PMID- 26984834
TI  - Screening tests for predicting the prognosis of oral intake in elderly patients
      with acute pneumonia.
AB  - Many elderly patients with pneumonia have aspiration pneumonia. Therefore they
      must temporarily abstain from oral intake. However, it is difficult to predict
      whether or not they will be able to start oral intake. The reason is the standard
      method to evaluate deglutition about pneumonia patients has not been established.
      In this study we aimed to develop a simple and convenient method that predicts
      the prognosis of oral intake as nutrition among elderly patients with acute stage
      pneumonia. Participants were 77 inpatients fasting due to aspiration risk with
      acute pneumonia. (86.0 +/- 7.7 years; range 68-105 years; men: n = 34, women: n =
      43) during September 2011 and August 2013. Their consciousness levels were
      determined by Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and swallowing function and cough reflex
      were evaluated by repetitive saliva swallowing test (RSST), modified water
      swallow test, simple swallowing provocation test and cough test. Oral intake
      status at discharge was considered as the objective variable, and these tests
      were considered as explanatory variables. Then receiver operating characteristic
      (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) for each was done. From the ROC
      curve analysis, GCS >=14 had the largest AUC (0.79) with a sensitivity and
      specificity of 0.71 and 0.80. That was followed by RSST >=1, AUC (0.77) with a
      sensitivity and specificity of 0.81 and 0.67. These results suggest that GCS and
      RSST could be useful screening tests for prognostic prediction of oral intake
      capability in elderly patients with acute pneumonia.

PMID- 26984835
TI  - Association between hepatitis B virus basal core promoter/precore region
      mutations and the risk of hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure in
      the Chinese population: an updated meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations in basal
      core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) regions and the risk of hepatitis B-related
      acute-on-chronic liver failure (HB-ACLF) remains uncertain. METHODS: Databases
      were searched for papers that were published in English or Chinese until April
      31, 2015. The odds ratios (ORs) of HBV mutation were pooled by using a fixed or
      random-effects model according to heterogeneity. RESULTS: Data for 13 studies
      with a total of 1,149 HB-ACLF and 1,867 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cases were
      retrieved. Statistically significant summary ORs for HB-ACLF were obtained for
      T1753V (1.99; 95 % confidence interval 1.30-3.02) and A1762T/G1764A (2.11; 95 %,
      1.75-2.54) in the BCP region and for A1846T (3.33; 95 %, 2.23-4.97), G1896A
      (2.78; 95 %, 2.07-3.74), and G1899A (3.09; 95 %, 1.82-5.25) in the PC region. In
      subgroup analysis, BCP mutations were found to have higher ORs in age-matched
      studies, but PC mutations were found to have higher ORs in age-unmatched studies;
      patients with the mutations in HBV genotype C were more susceptible to HB-ACLF;
      patients with pre-existing liver cirrhosis had a higher risk of HB-ACLF
      occurrence. In sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy analysis, A1762T/G1764A had
      the highest sensitivity (67.43 %); A1762T/G1764A + G1896A triple mutations had
      the highest specificity (93.70 %); and T1753V + A1762T + G1764A mutation had the
      highest accuracy (65.42 %). CONCLUSIONS: HBV T1753V, A1762T/G1764A, A1846T,
      G1896A, and G1899A mutations are correlated with an increase in the risk of HB
      ACLF. These mutations alone and in combination may be predictive of the
      susceptibility of patients with CHB to developing HB-ACLF.

PMID- 26984836
TI  - Predicting Maternal Health Care Use by Age at Marriage in Multiple Countries.
AB  - PURPOSE: In light of the global pervasiveness of child marriage and given that
      improving maternal health care use is an effective strategy in reducing maternal
      and child morbidity and mortality, the available empirical evidence on the
      association of child marriage with maternal health care utilization seems
      woefully inadequate. Furthermore, existing studies have not considered the
      interaction of type of place of residence and parity with child marriage, which
      can give added insight to program managers. METHODS: Demographic Health Survey
      data for seven countries are used to estimate logistic regression models
      including interactions of age at marriage with area of residence and birth order.
      Adjusted predicted probabilities at representative values and marginal effects
      are computed for each outcome. RESULTS: The results show a negative association
      between child marriage and maternal health care use in most study countries, and
      this association is more negative in rural areas and with higher orders of
      parity. However, the association between age at marriage and maternal health care
      use is not straightforward but depends on parity and area of residence and varies
      across countries. The marginal effects in use of delivery care services between
      women married at age 14 years or younger and those married at age 18 years or
      older are more than 10% and highly significant in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, and
      Nepal. CONCLUSIONS: The study's findings call for the formulation of country-and
      age at marriage-specific recommendations to improve maternal and child health
      outcomes.

PMID- 26984837
TI  - Acupuncture for treating polycystic ovary syndrome: guidance for future
      randomized controlled trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide guidance for future randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
      based on a review concerning acupuncture for treating polycystic ovary syndrome
      (PCOS). METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in October 2015
      using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCISEARCH, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health
      Literature, the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group trials
      register, Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), China National Knowledge
      Infrastructure (CNKI), and the Wanfang databases. RCTs comparing either
      acupuncture with no/sham/pharmacological intervention or a combination of
      acupuncture and conventional therapy with conventional therapy in the treatment
      of PCOS were included in this review. A quality evaluation was performed for each
      of the included studies. RESULTS: Thirty-one RCTs were included in the review and
      were divided into four categories according to the type of intervention used in
      the comparator or control group. Menstrual frequency, hormones, anthropometrics,
      insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, and fertility were used as the main
      measurements to assess the effects of acupuncture on the patients with PCOS.
      Thirty trials, except for one, showed an improvement in at least one of the
      indicators of PCOS after acupuncture treatment. However, normalizing the
      methodological and reporting format remains an issue. CONCLUSIONS: Based upon
      this review of current clinical trials concerning acupuncture for treating PCOS,
      we provide guidelines for better clinical trial design in the future.

PMID- 26984838
TI  - 0.9% saline is neither normal nor physiological.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to objectively evaluate the biochemical and
      pathophysiological properties of 0.9% saline (henceforth: saline) and to discuss
      the impact of saline infusion, specifically on systemic acid-base balance and
      renal hemodynamics. Studies have shown that electrolyte balance, including
      effects of saline infusion on serum electrolytes, is often poorly understood
      among practicing physicians and inappropriate saline prescribing can cause
      increased morbidity and mortality. Large-volume (>2 L) saline infusion in healthy
      adults induces hyperchloremia which is associated with metabolic acidosis,
      hyperkalemia, and negative protein balance. Saline overload (80 ml/kg) in rodents
      can cause intestinal edema and contractile dysfunction associated with activation
      of sodium-proton exchanger (NHE) and decrease in myosin light chain
      phosphorylation. Saline infusion can also adversely affect renal hemodynamics.
      Microperfusion experiments and real-time imaging studies have demonstrated a
      reduction in renal perfusion and an expansion in kidney volume, compromising O2
      delivery to the renal parenchyma following saline infusion. Clinically, saline
      infusion for patients post abdominal and cardiovascular surgery is associated
      with a greater number of adverse effects including more frequent blood product
      transfusion and bicarbonate therapy, reduced gastric blood flow, delayed recovery
      of gut function, impaired cardiac contractility in response to inotropes,
      prolonged hospital stay, and possibly increased mortality. In critically ill
      patients, saline infusion, compared to balanced fluid infusions, increases the
      occurrence of acute kidney injury. In summary, saline is a highly acidic fluid.
      With the exception of saline infusion for patients with hypochloremic metabolic
      alkalosis and volume depletion due to vomiting or upper gastrointestinal suction,
      indiscriminate use, especially for acutely ill patients, may cause unnecessary
      complications and should be avoided. More education regarding saline-related
      effects and adequate electrolyte management is needed. 

PMID- 26984839
TI  - Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Myroides sp.
AB  - Bacteria of the genus Myroides (Myroides spp.) are rare opportunistic pathogens.
      Myroides sp. infections have been reported mainly in China. Myroides sp. is
      highly resistant to most available antibiotics, but the resistance mechanisms are
      not fully elucidated. Current strain identification methods based on biochemical
      traits are unable to identify strains accurately at the species level. While 16S
      ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing can accurately achieve this, it fails to
      give information on the status and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, because
      the 16S rRNA sequence contains no information on resistance genes, resistance
      islands or enzymes. We hypothesized that obtaining the whole genome sequence of
      Myroides sp., using next generation sequencing methods, would help to clarify the
      mechanisms of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance, and guide antibiotic
      selection to treat Myroides sp. infections. As Myroides sp. can survive in
      hospitals and the environment, there is a risk of nosocomial infections and
      pandemics. For better management of Myroides sp. infections, it is imperative to
      apply next generation sequencing technologies to clarify the antibiotic
      resistance mechanisms in these bacteria. 

PMID- 26984840
TI  - Roles of microRNA and signaling pathway in osteoarthritis pathogenesis.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative joint disease, with
      complicated pathogenic factors and undefined pathogenesis. Various signaling
      pathways play important roles in OA pathogenesis, including genetic expression,
      matrix synthesis and degradation, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis,
      and so on. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding RNA in Eukaryon, regulating
      genetic expression on the post-transcriptional level. A great number of miRNAs
      are involved in the development of OA, and are closely associated with different
      signaling pathways. This article reviews the roles of miRNAs and signaling
      pathways in OA, looking toward having a better understanding of its pathogenesis
      mechanisms and providing new therapeutic targets for its treatment. 

PMID- 26984841
TI  - Hydrogen sulfide from a NaHS source attenuates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)
      induced inflammation via inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB.
AB  - This study investigated the alleviating effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
      derived from sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), on inflammation induced by dextran
      sulfate sodium (DSS) in both in vivo and in vitro models. We found that NaHS
      injection markedly decreased rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and histological injury
      in DSS-challenged mice. NaHS (20 MUmol/L) reversed DSS-induced inhibition in cell
      viability in Caco-2 cells and alleviated pro-inflammation cytokine expression in
      vivo and in vitro, indicating an anti-inflammatory function for H2S. It was also
      found that H2S may regulate cytokine expression by inhibiting the nuclear factor
      kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrated
      that H2S alleviated DSS-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro and that the
      signal mechanism might be associated with the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. 

PMID- 26984842
TI  - Association between polymorphisms of prokineticin receptor (PKR1 rs4627609 and
      PKR2 rs6053283) and recurrent pregnancy loss.
AB  - Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a condition with complex etiologies, to which
      both genetic and environmental factors may contribute. During the last decade,
      studies indicated that the expression patterns of the prokineticin receptor (PKR1
      and PKR2) are closely related to early pregnancy. However, there are few studies
      on the role of PKR1 and PKR2 in RPL. In this study, we purpose to investigate the
      association between polymorphisms of the prokineticin receptor (PKR1 rs4627609
      and PKR2 rs6053283) and RPL on a group of 93 RPL cases and 169 healthy controls.
      Genotyping of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed using a
      Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX system. The results revealed a significant association
      between PKR2 rs6053283 polymorphism and RPL (P=0.003), whereas no association was
      observed between PKR1 rs4627609 polymorphism and RPL (P=0.929) in the Chinese Han
      population. 

PMID- 26984843
TI  - Controversial opinion: evaluation of EGR1 and LAMA2 loci for high myopia in
      Chinese populations.
AB  - Functional studies have suggested the important role of early growth response 1
      (EGR1) and Laminin alpha2-chain (LAMA2) in human eye development. Genetic studies
      have reported a significant association of the single nucleotide polymorphism
      (SNP) in the LAMA2 gene with myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the association
      of the tagging SNPs (tSNPs) in the EGR1 and LAMA2 genes with high myopia in two
      independent Han Chinese populations. Four tSNPs (rs11743810 in the EGR1 gene;
      rs2571575, rs9321170, and rs1889891 in the LAMA2 gene) were selected, according
      to the HapMap database (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), and were genotyped using
      the ligase detection reaction (LDR) approach for 167 Han Chinese nuclear families
      with extremely highly myopic offspring (<-10.0 diopters) and an independent group
      with 485 extremely highly myopic cases (<-10.0 diopters) and 499 controls. Direct
      sequencing was used to confirm the LDR results in twenty randomly selected
      subjects. Family-based association analysis was performed using the family-based
      association test (FBAT) software package (Version 1.5.5). Population-based
      association analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The association
      analysis power was estimated using online software (http://design.cs.ucla.edu).
      The FBAT demonstrated that all four tSNPs tested did not show association with
      high myopia (P>0.05). Haplotype analysis of tSNPs in the LAMA2 genes also did not
      show a significant association (P>0.05). Meanwhile, population-based association
      analysis also showed no significant association results with high myopia
      (P>0.05). On the basis of our family- and population-based analyses for the Han
      Chinese population, we did not find positive association signals of the four SNPs
      in the LAMA2 and EGR1 genes with high myopia. 

PMID- 26984845
TI  - John H. Gagnon (1931-2016).

PMID- 26984846
TI  - Couple Identity, Sacrifice, and Availability of Alternative Partners: Dedication
      in Friends With Benefits Relationships.
AB  - Friends with benefit relationships (FWB) combine elements of ongoing friendship
      and physical intimacy. Although many studies have examined predictors of who are
      likely to enter these relationships as well as their outcomes, we do not know
      what relational factors are associated with FWB relationship outcomes. This study
      examined the association between three commitment variables: couple identity,
      satisfaction with sacrifice, and alternative availability and FWB relationship
      adjustment and sexual satisfaction. In a young adult sample (n = 171), bivariate
      correlations demonstrated greater couple identity, more satisfaction with
      sacrifice, and less alternative availability which were associated with greater
      relationship adjustment, but not sexual satisfaction. In a multivariate context,
      satisfaction with sacrifice was the only significant predictor of FWB
      relationship adjustment. There was also a significant interaction between
      alternative availability and satisfaction with sacrifice in the prediction of
      sexual satisfaction. For those who perceived fewer alternative options, the
      degree to which they were satisfied with sacrificing for their partner was
      positively associated with sexual satisfaction. Implications for enhancing FWB
      relationships are discussed.

PMID- 26984844
TI  - Comparison of laparoscopic hepatectomy, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and
      open hepatectomy in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Three mainstream techniques--laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH),
      percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (pRFA), and open hepatectomy (OH)--were
      compared in this study, in terms of their efficacies in the treatment of small
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A comparative study was performed within
      a total of 94 patients diagnosed with small HCC in our hospital from 2005 to
      2010, who underwent LH (28), RFA (33), or OH (33). They had either a single tumor
      lesion of less than or up to three nodules with diameters of less than each.
      Outcomes were carefully evaluated throughout a 3-year follow-up interval and
      statistically interpreted. RESULTS: The pRFA group had a significantly lower
      disease-free survival rate compared with the two surgical groups (P=0.001) and
      significantly shorter overall survival (P=0.005), while the LH group and the OH
      group had no difference in survival results. For patients younger than 60 years
      old, surgical approaches offered a better long-term overall survival prognosis
      (P=0.008). There were no statistically significant differences among the three
      groups in overall survival for elderly patients (P=0.104). CONCLUSIONS: Among
      patients with small HCC, LH may provide better curative effects than pRFA without
      increasing complication rates. pRFA leads to faster recurrence than surgical
      resections. LH has similar therapeutic effects to OH and causes less trauma. For
      patients younger than 60 years old, LH may be the best curative treatment.
      Elderly patients may choose either surgery or pRFA.

PMID- 26984847
TI  - Tumor-derived factors modulating dendritic cell function.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DC) play unique and diverse roles in the tumor occurrence,
      development, progression and response to therapy. First of all, DC can actively
      uptake tumor-associated antigens, process them and present antigenic peptides to
      T cells inducing and maintaining tumor-specific T cell responses. DC interaction
      with different immune effector cells may also support innate antitumor immunity,
      as well as humoral responses also known to inhibit tumor development in certain
      cases. On the other hand, DC are recruited to the tumor site by specific tumor
      derived and stroma-derived factors, which may also impair DC maturation,
      differentiation and function, thus resulting in the deficient formation of
      antitumor immune response or development of DC-mediated tolerance and immune
      suppression. Identification of DC-stimulating and DC-suppressing/polarizing
      factors in the tumor environment and the mechanism of DC modulation are important
      for designing effective DC-based vaccines and for recovery of immunodeficient
      resident DC responsible for maintenance of clinically relevant antitumor immunity
      in patients with cancer. DC-targeting tumor-derived factors and their effects on
      resident and administered DC in the tumor milieu are described and discussed in
      this review.

PMID- 26984848
TI  - Premeltons in DNA.
AB  - Premeltons are examples of emergent-structures (i.e., structural-solitons) that
      arise spontaneously in DNA due to the presence of nonlinear-excitations in its
      structure. They are of two kinds: B-B (or A-A) premeltons form at specific DNA
      regions to nucleate site-specific DNA melting. These are stationary and, being
      globally-nontopological, undergo breather-motions that allow drugs and dyes to
      intercalate into DNA. B-A (or A-B) premeltons, on the other hand, are mobile, and
      being globally-topological, act as phase-boundaries transforming B- into A-DNA
      during the structural phase-transition. They are not expected to undergo breather
      motions. A key feature of both types of premeltons is the presence of an
      intermediate structural-form in their central regions (proposed as being a
      transition-state intermediate in DNA-melting and in the B- to A-transition),
      which differs from either A- or B-DNA. Called beta-DNA, this is both metastable
      and hyperflexible--and contains an alternating sugar-puckering pattern along the
      polymer backbone combined with the partial unstacking (in its lower energy-forms)
      of every-other base-pair. Beta-DNA is connected to either B- or to A-DNA on
      either side by boundaries possessing a gradation of nonlinear structural-change,
      these being called the kink and the antikink regions. The presence of premeltons
      in DNA leads to a unifying theory to understand much of DNA physical chemistry
      and molecular biology. In particular, premeltons are predicted to define the 5'
      and 3' ends of genes in naked-DNA and DNA in active-chromatin, this having
      important implications for understanding physical aspects of the initiation,
      elongation and termination of RNA-synthesis during transcription. For these and
      other reasons, the model will be of broader interest to the general-audience
      working in these areas. The model explains a wide variety of data, and carries
      with it a number of experimental predictions--all readily testable--as will be
      described in this review.

PMID- 26984850
TI  - Visceral Leishmaniasis May Unmask X-linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome.

PMID- 26984849
TI  - Dissecting Epigenetic Dysregulation of Primary Antibody Deficiencies.
AB  - Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs), the most prevalent inherited primary
      immunodeficiencies (PIDs), are associated with a wide range of genetic
      alterations (both monogenic or polygenic) in B cell-specific genes. However,
      correlations between the genotype and clinical manifestations are not evident in
      all cases indicating that genetic interactions, environmental and epigenetic
      factors may have a role in PAD pathogenesis. The recent identification of key
      defects in DNA methylation in common variable immunodeficiency as well as the
      multiple evidences on the role of epigenetic control during B cell
      differentiation, activation and during antibody formation highlight the
      importance of investing research efforts in dissecting the participation of
      epigenetic defects in this group of diseases. This review focuses on the role of
      epigenetic control in B cell biology which can provide clues for the study of
      potential novel pathogenic defects involved in PADs.

PMID- 26984851
TI  - Human Circulating T Follicular Helper Cell Subsets in Health and Disease.
AB  - T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized to provide help to B cells and to
      induce durable antibody response. Our knowledge on the biology of Tfh cells and
      their contribution to disease has significantly increased in the past decade. In
      particular, recent discoveries of functionally distinct subsets within
      circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells in human blood have provided clues to assess the
      ongoing Tfh responses in healthy subjects after vaccinations and in patients with
      autoimmune diseases. The immune pathways associated with Tfh cell differentiation
      in humans are also getting revealed. In this review, I will first summarize the
      subsets within human cTfh cells, and discuss their alterations in patients with
      autoimmune diseases. Then I will discuss the mechanisms associated with the
      aberrant Tfh responses in human autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 26984852
TI  - Role and therapeutic potential of vascular stem/progenitor cells in pathological
      neovascularisation during chronic portal hypertension.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Pathological neovascularisation is intimately involved in portal
      hypertension (PH). Here, we determined the contribution of vascular
      stem/progenitor cells (VSPCs) to neovessel growth in PH and whether the RNA
      binding protein cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein-4 (CPEB4) was
      behind the mechanism controlling VSPC function. DESIGN: To identify and monitor
      VSPCs in PH rats (portal vein-ligated), we used a combinatorial approach,
      including sphere-forming assay, assessment of self-renewal, 5-bromo-2'
      desoxyuridine label retention technique, in vitro and in vivo stem/progenitor
      cell (SPC) differentiation and vasculogenic capability, cell sorting, as well as
      immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy expression
      analysis. We also determined the role of CPEB4 on VSPC proliferation using
      genetically engineered mouse models. RESULTS: We demonstrated the existence in
      the mesenteric vascular bed of VSPCs displaying capability to form cellular
      spheres in suspension culture, self-renewal ability, expression of molecules
      commonly found in SPCs, slow-cycling features, in addition to other cardinal
      properties exhibited by SPCs, like capacity to differentiate into endothelial
      cells and pericytes with remarkable vasculogenic activity. Such VSPCs showed,
      after PH induction, an early switch in proliferation, and differentiated in vivo
      into endothelial cells and pericytes, contributing, structurally and
      functionally, to abnormal neovessel formation. Quantification of VSPC-dependent
      neovessel formation in PH further illustrated the key role played by VSPCs. We
      also demonstrated that CPEB4 regulates the proliferation of the activated VSPC
      progeny upon PH induction. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that VSPC
      derived neovessel growth (ie, vasculogenesis) and angiogenesis cooperatively
      stimulate mesenteric neovascularisation in PH and identify VSPC and CPEB4 as
      potential therapeutic targets.

PMID- 26984853
TI  - Gut microbiota produce alcohol and contribute to NAFLD.

PMID- 26984854
TI  - Propranolol improves endothelial dysfunction in advanced cirrhosis: the
      'endothelial exhaustion' hypothesis.

PMID- 26984855
TI  - Complexity of cardiac ion channel macromolecular complexes.

PMID- 26984857
TI  - If it were only that simple.

PMID- 26984856
TI  - Native American Death Taboo: Implications for Health Care Providers.
AB  - This study was conducted to highlight Native American (NA) perspectives on death
      taboo in order to examine the cultural appropriateness of hospice services for NA
      patients, if any. Searching literature that addressed taboo and death from
      historical, psychological, sociological, and anthropological aspects, a
      comparison of death perspectives was made between NAs and European Americans. A
      culturally sensitive transition from palliative care to hospice care was
      suggested for NA patients and their family.

PMID- 26984858
TI  - Reduction of LDL-cholesterol: important at all ages.

PMID- 26984859
TI  - FDG-PET reveals coronary artery inflammation proceeding to cardiac allograft
      vasculopathy progression.

PMID- 26984860
TI  - Optical coherence tomographic findings of myeloproliferative disorder presenting
      as acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 26984861
TI  - Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation is associated with lower incidence of
      stroke and death: data from Swedish health registries.
AB  - AIM: It is unclear if catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) affects the
      prognosis or merely is a symptomatic treatment. The aim is to study the
      association between ablation for AF, ischaemic stroke, and mortality. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We identified all 361 913 patients with a diagnosis of AF in the Swedish
      Patient Register. During a 7-year period, 5176 AF ablations were performed among
      4278 individuals. Patients who had undergone catheter ablation were younger (58.7
      vs. 74.7 years, P < 0.001) and healthier (mean CHA2DS2-VASc scores 1.5 +/- 1.4
      vs. 3.6 +/- 1.9, P < 0.001) than other patients with AF. Propensity score
      matching was used to construct two cohorts of equal size (n = 2836) with similar
      characteristics in 51 dimensions. Mean follow-up was 4.4 +/- 2.0 years (minimum 1
      year). In the ablated group, 78 patients suffered ischaemic stroke compared with
      112 in the non-ablated (annual rates 0.70 vs. 1.0%, P = 0.013). A total of 88
      ablated and 184 non-ablated patients died (annual rates 0.77 vs. 1.62%, P <
      0.001). After multivariable adjustments, catheter ablation was associated with
      lower risk of ischaemic stroke [hazard ratio (HR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval
      (CI) 0.51-0.93) and with lower mortality risk (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.62). Stroke
      reduction was most pronounced among patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score >=2 (HR
      0.39, 95% CI 0.19-0.78) and among patients without new cardioversions beyond 6
      months after the ablation (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.97). CONCLUSION: Ablation may
      be associated with lower incidence of ischaemic stroke and death in patients with
      AF. This beneficial finding appears more pronounced in patients with higher
      thromboembolic risk.

PMID- 26984862
TI  - Mapping and surgical ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation in cor
      triatriatum sinister.

PMID- 26984863
TI  - Cardiovascular safety of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
      review and position paper by the working group for Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy
      of the European Society of Cardiology.

PMID- 26984865
TI  - Chinese herbal drug natural indigo may cause pulmonary artery hypertension.

PMID- 26984864
TI  - Fluid status telemedicine alerts for heart failure: a randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - AIMS: Hospital admissions are frequently preceded by increased pulmonary
      congestion in heart failure (HF) patients. This study evaluated whether early
      automated fluid status alert notification via telemedicine improves outcome in HF
      patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients recently implanted with an implantable
      cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) with or without cardiac resynchronization
      therapy were eligible if one of three conditions was met: prior HF
      hospitalization, recent diuretic treatment, or recent brain natriuretic peptide
      increase. Eligible patients were randomized (1:1) to have fluid status alerts
      automatically transmitted as inaudible text message alerts to the responsible
      physician or to receive standard care (no alerts). In the intervention arm,
      following a telemedicine alert, a protocol-specified algorithm with remote review
      of device data and telephone contact was prescribed to assess symptoms and
      initiate treatment. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and
      cardiovascular hospitalization. We followed 1002 patients for an average of 1.9
      years. The primary endpoint occurred in 227 patients (45.0%) in the intervention
      arm and 239 patients (48.1%) in the control arm [hazard ratio, HR, 0.87; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 0.72-1.04; P = 0.13]. There were 59 (11.7%) deaths in
      the intervention arm and 63 (12.7%) in the control arm (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.62
      1.28; P = 0.52). Twenty-four per cent of alerts were not transmitted and 30% were
      followed by a medical intervention. CONCLUSION: Among ICD patients with advanced
      HF, fluid status telemedicine alerts did not significantly improve outcomes.
      Adherence to treatment protocols by physicians and patients might be challenge
      for further developments in the telemedicine field.

PMID- 26984867
TI  - Telestroke-the promise and the challenge. Part two-expansion and horizons.
AB  - Acute ischemic stroke remains a major public health concern, with low national
      treatment rates for the condition, demonstrating a disconnection between the
      evidence of treatment benefit and delivery of this treatment. Intravenous
      thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy are both strongly evidence supported
      and exquisitely time sensitive therapies. The mismatch between the distribution
      and incidence of stroke presentations and the availability of specialist care
      significantly affects access to care. Telestroke, the use of telemedicine for
      stroke, aims to surmount this hurdle by distributing stroke expertise more
      effectively, through video consultation with and examination of patients in
      locations removed from specialist care. This is the second of a two part review,
      and is focused on the challenges telestroke faces for wider adoption. It further
      details the anticipated evolution of this novel therapeutic platform, and the
      potential roles it holds in stroke prevention, ambulance based care,
      rehabilitation, and research.

PMID- 26984868
TI  - Telestroke-the promise and the challenge. Part one: growth and current practice.
AB  - Acute ischemic stroke remains a major public health concern, with low national
      treatment rates for the condition, demonstrating a disconnection between the
      evidence of treatment benefit and delivery of this treatment. Intravenous
      thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy are both strongly evidence supported
      and exquisitely time sensitive therapies. The mismatch between the distribution
      and incidence of stroke presentations and the availability of specialist care
      significantly affects access to care. Telestroke, the use of telemedicine for
      stroke, aims to surmount this hurdle by distributing stroke expertise more
      effectively, through video consultation with and examination of patients in
      locations removed from specialist care. This is the first of a detailed two part
      review, and explores the growth and current practice of telestroke, including the
      specific role it plays in the assessment and management of patients after
      emergent large vessel occlusion.

PMID- 26984871
TI  - April 2016 Update.

PMID- 26984870
TI  - Advancing non-directive pregnancy options counseling skills: A pilot Study on the
      use of blended learning with an online module and simulation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Limitations on didactic time pose barriers to teaching non-directive
      pregnancy options counseling. This study set out to explore the use of an online
      module to support trainee performance in a pregnancy options counseling
      standardized-patient exercise implemented among third-year medical students, and
      to examine the effect of clinical experience on student performance. STUDY
      DESIGN: An online module was developed. A convenience sample of forty-six student
      performances in a family medicine clerkship participated in a standardized
      patient exercise. Trained faculty rated performances. Students completed a self
      assessment and provided feedback on the online module. Chi-square and Mann
      Whitney-U tests were used to analyze data. Three coders qualitatively examined
      narrative student comments. RESULTS: Thirty-four students passed, 11 achieved a
      minimal pass, and one failed. The mean global rating from faculty was 2.8 (pass).
      Students with prior clinical experience significantly outperformed those without
      on the global rating scale with mean scores of 3.1 compared to 2.7, respectively
      (p=.044). All students agreed that the online module helped prepare them for the
      exercise. Qualitative analysis of students' feedback on the module revealed
      strengths in content and pedagogy. In their self-assessments, all but two
      students referred to content explicitly conveyed in the module. CONCLUSION: All
      students agreed that an online module supported their performance of non
      directive pregnancy options counseling skills. Prior clinical experience was
      associated with improved performance. This module, along with the simulated
      exercise, can be implemented as a blended learning exercise without additional
      faculty teaching effort in standardized patient resource centers. IMPLICATIONS:
      Students agreed that an online module facilitates simulated performance of non
      directive pregnancy options counseling skills. Future work should compare the
      impact of this approach to others, and explore the additional training needed to
      maintain and build on initial learning.

PMID- 26984873
TI  - Transition and Adaptation to the Continuing Care Retirement Community From a Life
      Course Perspective: Something Old, Something New, and Something Borrowed.
AB  - The study examined the accounts of older adults and their adult children
      concerning the transition to the continuing care retirement community (CCRC) and
      the adjustment to it, using a life course perspective. Up to three waves of
      interviews, consisting of a total of 187 interviews with older adults and their
      adult children, were conducted between 6 months and 6 years from the transition
      to the CCRC. Thematic analysis was employed using comparisons across groups of
      interviewees (older adults and adult children) and waves of interviews (up to
      three waves) to identify core categories of meaning. Time perception was an
      organizing principle across interviews. Both older adults and their adult
      children perceived themselves as moving forward and backward in time following
      the transition to the CCRC and future expectations for deterioration. The study
      emphasizes the linked-lives of older adults and their adult children.

PMID- 26984869
TI  - Thromboaspiration technique as first approach for endovascular treatment of acute
      ischemic stroke: initial experience at nine Italian stroke centers.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aspiration thrombectomy of large vessel occlusions has
      made a comeback among recanalization techniques thanks to recent advances in
      catheter technology resulting in faster recanalization and promising clinical
      results when used either alone or as an adjunct to stent retriever. This
      multicenter retrospective study reports angiographic data, complications, and
      clinical outcome in patients treated with aspiration thrombectomy as the first
      line option. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed the clinical and procedural data
      of patients treated from January 2014 to March 2015. Recanalization was assessed
      according to the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score. Clinical outcome was
      evaluated at discharge and after 3 months. RESULTS: Overall, 152 patients (mean
      age 68 years) were treated. Sites of occlusion were 90.8% anterior circulation
      (including 16.4% tandem extracranial/intracranial occlusions) and 9.2% basilar
      artery. In 79 patients administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator
      was attempted. Recanalization of the target vessel was obtained in 115/152 cases
      (75.6%) whereas direct aspiration alone was successful in 83/152 cases (54.6%)
      with an average puncture to revascularization time of 44.67 min. Symptomatic
      intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 7.8% and embolization to new territories in
      1.9%. 77 patients (50.6%) had a good outcome at 90-day follow-up: 55/96 in the
      direct aspiration alone group and 22/56 in the aspiration-stent retriever group.
      CONCLUSIONS: Direct aspiration thrombectomy appears a feasible technique with
      good revascularization results achieved in more than half the patients. In light
      of the self-reported data, inhomogeneous patient selection, absence of a core
      imaging laboratory, and a non-standardized approach, the results should be
      validated in a larger trial.

PMID- 26984872
TI  - Flavored Intravenous Ondansetron Administered Orally for the Treatment of
      Persistent Vomiting in Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the serum level of ondansetron after oral administration of
      intravenous ondansetron, and test the palatability of the drug after being
      flavored. METHOD: This is a single-center prospective study enrolling children
      aged 3-8 years with gastroenteritis treated for persistent vomiting; patients
      received single dose of flavored intravenous ondansetron orally. The primary
      outcome was ondansetron serum level at 4 hours. Secondary outcome was
      palatability of the drug. RESULTS: Forty previously healthy patients presenting
      with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled. The mean age was 4.86+/-1.37 years.
      Serum level at 4 h had a median of 26.23 ng/ml, range (8.3-52 ng/ml).
      Palatability of the drug had a mean of 3.23 (of 5) +/- 0.80, based on score from
      visual analog scale. CONCLUSIONS: Flavored intravenous ondansetron administered
      orally is a safe and an effective option and can be considered in the absence of
      the oral forms of the drug.

PMID- 26984874
TI  - The Ethics of Doing Ethics.
AB  - Ethicists have investigated ethical problems in other disciplines, but there has
      not been much discussion of the ethics of their own activities. Research in
      ethics has many ethical problems in common with other areas of research, and it
      also has problems of its own. The researcher's integrity is more precarious than
      in most other disciplines, and therefore even stronger procedural checks are
      needed to protect it. The promotion of some standpoints in ethical issues may be
      socially harmful, and even our decisions as to which issues we label as "ethical"
      may have unintended and potentially harmful social consequences. It can be argued
      that ethicists have an obligation to make positive contributions to society, but
      the practical implications of such an obligation are not easily identified. This
      article provides an overview of ethical issues that arise in research into ethics
      and in the application of such research. It ends with a list of ten practical
      proposals for how these issues should be dealt with.

PMID- 26984875
TI  - Cervical pedicle screw placement using intraoperative computed tomography imaging
      with a mobile scanner gantry.
AB  - PURPOSE: A multi-detector computed tomography (CT) imaging system with a mobile
      scanner gantry in the operating room can provide intraoperative reconstructed
      images with a high resolution. We devised a technique for cervical pedicle screw
      (CPS) placement using the mobile CT system and evaluated the accuracy of this
      technique. METHODS: Forty-eight patients who underwent cervical fixation using
      CPSs were prospectively enrolled in this study. Initial pedicle probing was
      performed approximately to the depth of the posterior aspect of the vertebral
      body using fluoroscopic lateral view, and a marking pin was put in place.
      Intraoperative CT images were obtained to confirm whether the position of the
      marking pin was accurate. After adequate modification of the trajectory was
      performed, an appropriately sized CPS was inserted. The accuracy of the CPS was
      evaluated using postoperative reconstructed CT images, and compared with a
      historical control group of 22 patients (CPS insertion using only fluoroscopy).
      RESULTS: A total of 193 CPSs were inserted. Intraoperative CT images demonstrated
      that 12.4 % of the initial probings were not accurate, and modification of the
      trajectory was required. On postoperative CT, 92.7 % of the CPSs were found to be
      placed accurately: the accuracy was significantly higher than the control group
      (80.9 %). In the cases using intraoperative CT images, only 1.0 % of the screws
      were judged to show grade 2 screw misplacement; no neurovascular complications
      associated with screw placement were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of CPS
      placement using mobile CT was shown to be safe and effective in preventing
      catastrophic complications associated with CPS insertion.

PMID- 26984877
TI  - A retrospective observational study on the treatment outcomes of 26 patients with
      spinal cord astrocytoma including two cases of malignant transformation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the biologic behavior and prognostic factors of spinal cord
      astrocytoma, we reviewed surgical and clinical outcomes. Due to the rarity of
      spinal cord astrocytoma, there is a lack of research regarding this type of tumor
      and malignant transformation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data from
      all patients on whom we performed spinal cord tumor removal between 1983 and
      2014. Twenty-six patients were pathologically confirmed to have spinal cord
      astrocytoma or glioblastoma. Surgical extent and disease progression were
      confirmed by the surgeon based on operative findings, postoperative MRI, and
      outpatient department (OPD) follow-up. RESULTS: Pain or neurological deficit was
      the chief complaint for all patients. With MRI studies, there is a tendency for
      high-grade astrocytomas to show as enhanced and heterogeneous images. Two of the
      low-grade astrocytomas showed malignant transformation over the course of 4 and
      11 months, respectively. The overall survival (OS) for low-grade astrocytoma was
      28-480 months (mean 156.38 months); the OS for high-grade astrocytoma was 1-36
      months (mean 12.00 months). CONCLUSIONS: Two of 12 low-grade cases showed
      malignant transformations at 4 and 11 months, respectively, based on pathological
      confirmation. With spinal cord astrocytomas, enhanced MRI results appeared
      similar to those of a malignant lesion. We suggest close observation and image
      correlation of low-grade astrocytomas, even when pathologically confirmed as low
      grade. In this review, we found that histologic grade is the most important
      prognostic factor, although it is not always concordant with biologic behaviors.

PMID- 26984878
TI  - Vertebral body fracture after TLIF: a new complication.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The transforaminal posterior approach (TLIF) procedure was first
      described in 1982. Current literature indicates its equality in outcomes for
      fusion constructs as other anterior-posterior procedures. As a procedure becomes
      more popular and is more frequently performed the types and number of
      complications that occur increase. We report on a two case series that underwent
      TLIF. Both patients had satisfactory postoperative imaging, but presented later
      with coronal plane vertebral body fractures in the caudal vertebral body of the
      TLIF construct. We believe the complication may be related to: (a) unrecognized
      fracture of the endplate during cage impaction; (b) overloading the endplates by
      maximizing the lordosis achieved by using the reverse jackknife position on a
      Jackson table; (c) underlying mineral bone disease in patients. As the TLIF
      procedure increases in popularity, caution should be exercised to avoid the same
      potential complications. PURPOSE: To describe a potential complication with the
      TLIF procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. PATIENT SAMPLE: 2. OUTCOME MEASURE:
      Revision surgery. METHODS: Case series. RESULTS: Caudal vertebral body fracture
      is a potential complication after TLIF. CONCLUSION: TLIF procedures can result in
      an unstable vertebral body fracture potentially necessitating revision
      decompression & stabilization. We recommend extra caution in patients with
      mineral bone disease, as technical errors can be magnified.

PMID- 26984880
TI  - Letter to the Editor concerning "Surgery and survival outcomes of 30 patients
      with neurological deficit due to clear cell renal cell carcinoma spinal
      metastases" by Shuai Han et al. (Eur Spine J, 2015; DOI 10.1007/s00586-015-3912
      3).

PMID- 26984876
TI  - Management of neck pain and associated disorders: A clinical practice guideline
      from the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop an evidence-based guideline for the management of grades I
      III neck pain and associated disorders (NAD). METHODS: This guideline is based on
      recent systematic reviews of high-quality studies. A multidisciplinary expert
      panel considered the evidence of effectiveness, safety, cost-effectiveness,
      societal and ethical values, and patient experiences (obtained from qualitative
      research) when formulating recommendations. Target audience includes clinicians;
      target population is adults with grades I-III NAD <6 months duration.
      RECOMMENDATION 1: Clinicians should rule out major structural or other
      pathologies as the cause of NAD. Once major pathology has been ruled out,
      clinicians should classify NAD as grade I, II, or III. RECOMMENDATION 2:
      Clinicians should assess prognostic factors for delayed recovery from NAD.
      RECOMMENDATION 3: Clinicians should educate and reassure patients about the
      benign and self-limited nature of the typical course of NAD grades I-III and the
      importance of maintaining activity and movement. Patients with worsening symptoms
      and those who develop new physical or psychological symptoms should be referred
      to a physician for further evaluation at any time during their care.
      RECOMMENDATION 4: For NAD grades I-II <=3 months duration, clinicians may
      consider structured patient education in combination with: range of motion
      exercise, multimodal care (range of motion exercise with manipulation or
      mobilization), or muscle relaxants. In view of evidence of no effectiveness,
      clinicians should not offer structured patient education alone, strain
      counterstrain therapy, relaxation massage, cervical collar, electroacupuncture,
      electrotherapy, or clinic-based heat. RECOMMENDATION 5: For NAD grades I-II >3
      months duration, clinicians may consider structured patient education in
      combination with: range of motion and strengthening exercises, qigong, yoga,
      multimodal care (exercise with manipulation or mobilization), clinical massage,
      low-level laser therapy, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In view of
      evidence of no effectiveness, clinicians should not offer strengthening exercises
      alone, strain-counterstrain therapy, relaxation massage, relaxation therapy for
      pain or disability, electrotherapy, shortwave diathermy, clinic-based heat,
      electroacupuncture, or botulinum toxin injections. RECOMMENDATION 6: For NAD
      grade III <=3 months duration, clinicians may consider supervised strengthening
      exercises in addition to structured patient education. In view of evidence of no
      effectiveness, clinicians should not offer structured patient education alone,
      cervical collar, low-level laser therapy, or traction. RECOMMENDATION 7: For NAD
      grade III >3 months duration, clinicians should not offer a cervical collar.
      Patients who continue to experience neurological signs and disability more than 3
      months after injury should be referred to a physician for investigation and
      management. RECOMMENDATION 8: Clinicians should reassess the patient at every
      visit to determine if additional care is necessary, the condition is worsening,
      or the patient has recovered. Patients reporting significant recovery should be
      discharged.

PMID- 26984882
TI  - Should we treat subclinical hypothyroidism in obese children?

PMID- 26984879
TI  - Effect of surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on the quality
      of life: a prospective study with a minimum 5-year follow-up.
AB  - PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the quality of life (QoL), functionality, and
      body image of subjects who had undergone surgery for adolescent idiopathic
      scoliosis (AIS) 5-12 years previously, and to identify the outcome predictors.
      METHODS: The sample consisted of 87 patients for whom follow-up data were
      available out of a series of 91 patients who had surgery for AIS between 2002 and
      2009. We assessed the preoperative, 1-year postoperative, and 5-year or more
      postoperative SF-36 and SRS-23 questionnaire scores. Longitudinal clinical and
      radiographic data also were evaluated. Changes in the patient-oriented outcomes
      were compared with age and sex-adjusted normative values. A multiple regression
      analysis was used to identify possible outcome predictors. RESULTS:
      Preoperatively, patients had impaired QoL, functionality, and body image compared
      to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Surgery led to significant improvement
      of the SF-36 and SRS scores at the one-year and final control date, but the final
      scores on SF-36's physical indexes were lower than control subjects' scores. No
      clinically relevant differences with the normative values were detected in the
      final SRS scores. The height of the residual rib hump negatively predicted the
      total SRS and self-image scores; a more caudal level of fusion correlated with
      more postoperative pain. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent surgery for AIS a
      minimum of 5 years earlier had impaired self-reported physical QoL compared to
      control subjects, but they nevertheless performed better than before their
      surgery. Greater size of the residual hump and greater distal extension of the
      fusion area are negatively correlated with final self reported outcome.

PMID- 26984883
TI  - A Pilot Study.
AB  - AIM: To examine the effectiveness of a bio-energy intervention on self-reported
      stress for a convenience sample of University students, faculty, and staff during
      finals week. We hypothesized that participants would report a decrease in stress
      after a 20 minute bio-energy intervention. STUDY DESIGN: A quasi-experimental,
      single-group, pretest-posttest design was used. METHOD: Thirty-nine faculty,
      staff, and students participated. Participants served as their own controls. A
      specific technique was provided by each bio-energy practitioner for 20 minutes
      after participants had completed a visual analogue scale identifying level of
      stress and listing two positive and negative behaviors they were currently using
      in response to stress. RESULTS: A one-sample t test indicates that bio-energy
      therapy significantly reduces stress, t(35) = 7.74, p < .0001. A multiple
      regression analysis further indicates that the decrease in stress levels is
      significantly greater for higher initial stress levels, t(31) = 4.748, p <
      .0001); decreases in stress are significantly greater for faculty and staff
      compared to students, t(31) = -2.223, p = .034; and decreases in stress levels
      are marginally significantly higher for older participants, t(31) =1.946, p =
      .061. CONCLUSION: Bio-energy therapy may have benefit in reducing stress for
      faculty, staff, and students during final examination week. Further research is
      needed.

PMID- 26984881
TI  - Distinguishing characteristics of stem cells derived from different anatomical
      regions of human degenerated intervertebral discs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several types of stem cells have been successfully demonstrated to
      exist in the human degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD), which is composed of
      annulus fibrosus (AF), nucleus pulposus (NP) and cartilage endplate (CEP).
      However, the differences in the biological characteristics among these and bone
      marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) remain unclear. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: To investigate this issue, cells were harvested from human AF, NP, CEP,
      and bone marrow, respectively; passage 2 cells were selected using the agarose
      suspension culture system to obtain stem cell clones. Following expansion in
      vitro, stem cells from different anatomical regions were compared regarding the
      morphology, proliferation ability, immunophenotypic expression, and multi-lineage
      differentiation capacity. In addition, stem cell-alginate bead compositions were
      constructed for the comparison of DNA and sGAG content. RESULTS: There were
      subtle differences regarding cell morphology, but no significant differences in
      proliferation ability among the four types of stem cells. For the
      immunophenotypic analysis, all stem cells basically fulfilled the criteria for
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have been published by the International
      Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), with a significant difference in CD105
      expression. A comparison of the osteogenic capacities indicated: cartilage
      endplate-derived stem cells (CESCs) > annulus fibrosus-derived stem cells (AFSCs)
      > BM-MSCs > nucleus pulposus-derived stem cells (NPSCs). The chondrogenesis
      difference was similar to osteogenesis. For adipogenesis: BM-MSCs >NPSCs >CESCs
      >AFSCs. In the stem cell/alginate composition, the CESCs consistently showed the
      superior chondrogenic potential among all those cell types. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      indicated that all the four types of stem cells shared some similar biological
      properties (regarding shape, proliferation ability and immunophenotypic
      expression). CESCs, which had the strongest osteogenic and chondrogenic
      potentials, may serve as excellent seed cells for NP/cartilage or bone tissue
      engineering.

PMID- 26984884
TI  - Carbamylated Erythropoietin Outperforms Erythropoietin in the Treatment of AKI-on
      CKD and Other AKI Models.
AB  - Erythropoietin (EPO) may be a beneficial tissue-protective cytokine. However,
      high doses of EPO are associate with adverse effects, including thrombosis, tumor
      growth, and hypertension. Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) lacks both
      erythropoietic and vasoconstrictive actions. In this study, we compared the
      renoprotective, hemodynamic, and hematologic activities and survival effects of
      identical EPO and CEPO doses in rat models of clinically relevant AKI
      presentations, including ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI superimposed on CKD
      (5000 U/kg EPO or CEPO; three subcutaneous injections) and ischemia-reperfusion
      induced AKI in old versus young animals and male versus female animals (1000 U/kg
      EPO or CEPO; three subcutaneous injections). Compared with EPO therapy, CEPO
      therapy induced greater improvements in renal function and body weight in AKI on
      CKD animals, with smaller increases in hematocrit levels and similarly improved
      survival. Compared with EPO therapy in the other AKI groups, CEPO therapy induced
      greater improvements in protection and recovery of renal function and survival,
      with smaller increases in systolic BP and hematocrit levels. Overall, old or male
      animals had more severe loss in kidney function and higher mortality rates than
      young or female animals, respectively. Notably, mRNA and protein expression
      analyses confirmed the renal expression of the heterodimeric EPO receptor/CD131
      complex, which is required for the tissue-protective effects of CEPO signaling.
      In conclusion, CEPO improves renal function, body and kidney weight, and survival
      in AKI models without raising hematocrit levels and BP as substantially as EPO.
      Thus, CEPO therapy may be superior to EPO in improving outcomes in common forms
      of clinical AKI.

PMID- 26984885
TI  - Autoantibodies Targeting a Collecting Duct-Specific Water Channel in
      Tubulointerstitial Nephritis.
AB  - Tubulointerstitial nephritis is a common cause of kidney failure and may have
      diverse etiologies. This form of nephritis is sometimes associated with
      autoimmune disease, but the role of autoimmune mechanisms in disease development
      is not well understood. Here, we present the cases of three patients with
      autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 who developed tubulointerstitial
      nephritis and ESRD in association with autoantibodies against kidney collecting
      duct cells. One of the patients developed autoantibodies targeting the collecting
      duct-specific water channel aquaporin 2, whereas autoantibodies of the two other
      patients reacted against the HOXB7 or NFAT5 transcription factors, which regulate
      the aquaporin 2 promoter. Our findings suggest that tubulointerstitial nephritis
      developed in these patients as a result of an autoimmune insult on the kidney
      collecting duct cells.

PMID- 26984887
TI  - Glandular epithelial AR inactivation enhances PTEN deletion-induced uterine
      pathology.
AB  - Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deletion induces uterine pathology, whereas
      androgen actions via androgen receptor (AR) support uterine growth and therefore
      may modify uterine cancer risk. We hypothesized that the androgen actions
      mediated via uterine glandular epithelial AR could modify PTEN deletion-induced
      uterine pathology. To test our hypothesis, we developed uterine glandular
      epithelium-specific PTEN and/or AR knockout mouse models comparing the uterine
      pathology among wild-type (WT), glandular epithelium-specific AR inactivation
      (ugeARKO), PTEN deletion (ugePTENKO), and the combined PTEN and AR knockout
      (ugePTENARKO) female mice. The double knockout restricted to glandular epithelium
      showed that AR inactivation enhanced PTEN deletion-induced uterine pathology with
      development of intraepithelial neoplasia by 20 weeks of age. In ugePTENARKO, 6/10
      (60%) developed intraepithelial neoplasia, whereas 3/10 (30%) developed only
      glandular hyperplasia in ugePTENKO uterus. No uterine pathology was observed in
      WT (n=8) and ugeARKO (n=7) uteri. Uterine weight was significantly (P=0.002)
      increased in ugePTENARKO (374+/-97 mg (mean+/-s.e.)) compared with WT (97+/-6
      mg), ugeARKO (94+/-12 mg), and ugePTENKO (205+/-33 mg). Estrogen receptor alpha
      (ERalpha) and P-AKT expression was modified by uterine pathology but did not
      differ between ugePTENKO and ugePTENARKO, suggesting that its expressions are not
      directly affected by androgens. However, progesterone receptor (PR) expression
      was reduced in ugePTENARKO compared to ugePTENKO uterus, suggesting that PR
      expression could be regulated by glandular epithelial AR inactivation. In
      conclusion, glandular epithelial AR inactivation (with persistent stromal AR
      action) enhanced PTEN deletion-induced uterine pathology possibly by
      downregulating PR expression in the uterus.

PMID- 26984888
TI  - Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for the management of venous
      thromboembolism.

PMID- 26984886
TI  - Integrated Omics and Computational Glycobiology Reveal Structural Basis for
      Influenza A Virus Glycan Microheterogeneity and Host Interactions.
AB  - Despite sustained biomedical research effort, influenza A virus remains an
      imminent threat to the world population and a major healthcare burden. The
      challenge in developing vaccines against influenza is the ability of the virus to
      mutate rapidly in response to selective immune pressure. Hemagglutinin is the
      predominant surface glycoprotein and the primary determinant of antigenicity,
      virulence and zoonotic potential. Mutations leading to changes in the number of
      HA glycosylation sites are often reported. Such genetic sequencing studies
      predict at best the disruption or creation of sequons for N-linked glycosylation;
      they do not reflect actual phenotypic changes in HA structure. Therefore,
      combined analysis of glycan micro and macro-heterogeneity and bioassays will
      better define the relationships among glycosylation, viral bioactivity and
      evolution. We present a study that integrates proteomics, glycomics and
      glycoproteomics of HA before and after adaptation to innate immune system
      pressure. We combined this information with glycan array and immune lectin
      binding data to correlate the phenotypic changes with biological activity.
      Underprocessed glycoforms predominated at the glycosylation sites found to be
      involved in viral evolution in response to selection pressures and interactions
      with innate immune-lectins. To understand the structural basis for site-specific
      glycan microheterogeneity at these sites, we performed structural modeling and
      molecular dynamics simulations. We observed that the presence of immature, high
      mannose type glycans at a particular site correlated with reduced accessibility
      to glycan remodeling enzymes. Further, the high mannose glycans at sites
      implicated in immune lectin recognition were predicted to be capable of forming
      trimeric interactions with the immune-lectin surfactant protein-D.

PMID- 26984889
TI  - Arterial stiffness of lifelong Japanese female pearl divers.
AB  - Japanese female pearl divers called Ama specialize in free diving in the cold sea
      for collecting foods and pearls in oysters. Exercising in the water combined with
      marked bradycardia and pressor responses provides a circulatory challenge to
      properly buffer or cushion elevated cardiac pulsations. Because Ama perform
      repeated free dives throughout their lives, it is possible that they may have
      adapted similar arterial structure and function to those seen in diving mammals.
      We compared arterial stiffness of lifelong Japanese pearl divers with age-matched
      physically inactive adults living in the same fishing villages. A total of 115
      Japanese female pearl divers were studied. Additionally, 50 physically inactive
      adults as well as 33 physically active adults (participating in community fitness
      programs) living in the same coastal villages were also studied. There were no
      differences in age (~65 yr), body mass index, and brachial blood pressure between
      the groups. Measures of arterial stiffness, cardio-ankle vascular index and beta
      stiffness index were lower (P < 0.05) in pearl divers and physically active
      adults than in their physically inactive peers. Augmentation pressure and
      augmentation index adjusted for the heart rate of 75 beats/min were lower (P <
      0.05) in pearl divers than in other groups. These results indicate that lifelong
      Japanese pearl divers demonstrate reduced arterial stiffness and arterial wave
      reflection compared with age-matched physically inactive peers living in the same
      fishing villages.

PMID- 26984890
TI  - Decreased excitability and voltage-gated sodium currents in aortic baroreceptor
      neurons contribute to the impairment of arterial baroreflex in cirrhotic rats.
AB  - Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, which is manifested by an impairment of the
      arterial baroreflex, is prevalent irrespective of etiology and contributes to the
      increased morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic patients. However, the cellular
      mechanisms that underlie the cirrhosis-impaired arterial baroreflex remain
      unknown. In the present study, we examined whether the cirrhosis-impaired
      arterial baroreflex is attributable to the dysfunction of aortic baroreceptor
      (AB) neurons. Biliary and nonbiliary cirrhotic rats were generated via common
      bile duct ligation (CBDL) and intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide (TAA),
      respectively. Histological and molecular biological examinations confirmed the
      development of fibrosis in the livers of both cirrhotic rat models. The heart
      rate changes during phenylephrine-induced baroreceptor activation indicated that
      baroreflex sensitivity was blunted in the CBDL and TAA rats. Under the current
      clamp mode of the patch-clamp technique, cell excitability was recorded in DiI
      labeled AB neurons. The number of action potential discharges in the A- and C
      type AB neurons was significantly decreased because of the increased rheobase and
      threshold potential in the CBDL and TAA rats compared with sham-operated rats.
      Real-time PCR and Western blotting indicated that the NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9
      transcripts and proteins were significantly downregulated in the nodose ganglion
      neurons from the CBDL and TAA rats compared with the sham-operated rats.
      Consistent with these molecular data, the tetrodotoxin-sensitive NaV currents and
      the tetrodotoxin-resistant NaV currents were significantly decreased in A- and C
      type AB neurons, respectively, from the CBDL and TAA rats compared with the sham
      operated rats. Taken together, these findings implicate a key cellular mechanism
      in the cirrhosis-impaired arterial baroreflex.

PMID- 26984891
TI  - Methylene blue prevents retinal damage in an experimental model of ischemic
      proliferative retinopathy.
AB  - Perinatal asphyxia induces retinal lesions, generating ischemic proliferative
      retinopathy, which may result in blindness. Previously, we showed that the
      nitrergic system was involved in the physiopathology of perinatal asphyxia. Here
      we analyze the application of methylene blue, a well-known soluble guanylate
      cyclase inhibitor, as a therapeutic strategy to prevent retinopathy. Male rats (n
      = 28 per group) were treated in different ways: 1) control group comprised born
      to-term animals; 2) methylene blue group comprised animals born from pregnant
      rats treated with methylene blue (2 mg/kg) 30 and 5 min before delivery; 3)
      perinatal asphyxia (PA) group comprised rats exposed to perinatal asphyxia (20
      min at 37 degrees C); and 4) methylene blue-PA group comprised animals born from
      pregnant rats treated with methylene blue (2 mg/kg) 30 and 5 min before delivery,
      and then the pups were subjected to PA as above. For molecular studies, mRNA was
      obtained at different times after asphyxia, and tissue was collected at 30 days
      for morphological and biochemical analysis. Perinatal asphyxia produced
      significant gliosis, angiogenesis, and thickening of the inner retina. Methylene
      blue treatment reduced these parameters. Perinatal asphyxia resulted in a
      significant elevation of the nitrergic system as shown by NO synthase (NOS)
      activity assays, Western blotting, and (immuno)histochemistry for the neuronal
      isoform of NOS and NADPH-diaphorase activity. All these parameters were also
      normalized by the treatment. In addition, methylene blue induced the upregulation
      of the anti-angiogenic peptide, pigment epithelium-derived factor. Application of
      methylene blue reduced morphological and biochemical parameters of retinopathy.
      This finding suggests the use of methylene blue as a new treatment to prevent or
      decrease retinal damage in the context of ischemic proliferative retinopathy.

PMID- 26984892
TI  - Nitric oxide and fever: immune-to-brain signaling vs. thermogenesis in chicks.
AB  - Nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in thermogenesis but does not mediate immune-to
      brain febrigenic signaling in rats. There are suggestions of a different
      situation in birds, but the underlying evidence is not compelling. The present
      study was designed to clarify this matter in 5-day-old chicks challenged with a
      low or high dose of bacterial LPS. The lower LPS dose (2 MUg/kg im) induced fever
      at 3-5 h postinjection, whereas 100 MUg/kg im decreased core body temperature
      (Tc) (at 1 h) followed by fever (at 4 or 5 h). Plasma nitrate levels increased 4
      h after LPS injection, but they were not correlated with the magnitude of fever.
      The NO synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, l-NAME; 50 mg/kg
      im) attenuated the fever induced by either dose of LPS and enhanced the magnitude
      of the Tc reduction induced by the high dose in chicks at 31-32 degrees C. These
      effects were associated with suppression of metabolic rate, at least in the case
      of the high LPS dose. Conversely, the effects of l-NAME on Tc disappeared in
      chicks maintained at 35-36 degrees C, suggesting that febrigenic signaling was
      essentially unaffected. Accordingly, the LPS-induced rise in the brain level of
      PGE2 was not affected by l-NAME. Moreover, l-NAME augmented LPS-induced huddling,
      which is indicative of compensatory mechanisms to run fever in the face of
      attenuated thermogenesis. Therefore, as in rats, systemic inhibition of NO
      synthesis attenuates LPS-induced fever in chicks by affecting thermoeffector
      activity and not by interfering with immune-to-brain signaling. This may
      constitute a conserved effect of NO in endotherms.

PMID- 26984893
TI  - pH buffering of single rat skeletal muscle fibers in the in vivo environment.
AB  - Homeostasis of intracellular pH (pHi) has a crucial role for the maintenance of
      cellular function. Several membrane transporters such as lactate/H(+)
      cotransporter (MCT), Na(+)/H(+) exchange transporter (NHE), and Na(+)/HCO3 (-)
      cotransporter (NBC) are thought to contribute to pHi regulation. However, the
      relative importance of each of these membrane transporters to the in vivo
      recovery from the low pHi condition is unknown. Using an in vivo bioimaging
      model, we pharmacologically inhibited each transporter separately and all
      transporters together and then evaluated the pHi recovery profiles following
      imposition of a discrete H(+) challenge loaded into single muscle fibers by
      microinjection. The intact spinotrapezius muscle of adult male Wistar rats (n =
      72) was exteriorized and loaded with the fluorescent probe 2',7'-bis(2
      carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester (10 MUM). A single
      muscle fiber was then loaded with low-pH solution [piperazine-N,N'-bis(2
      ethanesulfonic acid) buffer, pH 6.5, ~2.33 * 10(-3) MUl] by microinjection over 3
      s. The rats were divided into groups for the following treatments: 1) no
      inhibitor (CONT), 2) MCT inhibition (by alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxyciannamic acid; 4
      mM), 3) NHE inhibition (by ethylisopropyl amiloride; 0.5 mM), 4) NBC inhibition
      (by DIDS; 1 mM), and 5) MCT, NHE, and NBC inhibition (All blockade). The
      fluorescence ratio (F500 nm/F445 nm) was determined from images captured during 1
      min (60 images/min) and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after injection. The pHi at 1-2
      s after injection significantly decreased from resting pHi (DeltapHi = -0.73 +/-
      0.03) in CONT. The recovery response profile was biphasic, with an initial rapid
      and close-to-exponential pHi increase (time constant, tau: 60.0 +/- 7.9 s). This
      initial rapid profile was not affected by any pharmacological blockade but was
      significantly delayed by carbonic anhydrase inhibition. In contrast, the
      secondary, more gradual, return toward baseline that restored CONT pHi to 84.2%
      of baseline was unimpeded by MCT, NHE, and NBC blockade separately but abolished
      by All blockade (DeltapHi = -0.60 +/- 0.07, 72.8% initial pHi, P < 0.05 vs.
      CONT). After injection of H(+) into, or superfusion onto, an adjacent fiber pHi
      of the surrounding fibers decreased progressively for the 20-min observation
      period (~7.0, P < 0.05 vs. preinjection/superfusion). In conclusion, these
      results support that, after an imposed H(+) load, the MCT, NHE, and NBC
      transporters are not involved in the initial rapid phase of pHi recovery. In
      contrast, the gradual recovery phase was abolished by inhibiting all three
      membrane transporter systems simultaneously. The alteration of pHi in surrounding
      fibers suggest that H(+) uptake by neighboring fibers can help alleviate the pH
      consequences of myocyte H(+) exudation.

PMID- 26984894
TI  - Deletion of GPR40 fatty acid receptor gene in mice blocks mercaptoacetate-induced
      feeding.
AB  - Both increased and decreased fatty acid (FA) availability contribute to control
      of food intake. For example, it is well documented that intestinal FA reduces
      feeding by triggering enterondocrine secretion of satietogenic peptides, such as
      cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In contrast,
      mechanisms by which decreased FA availability increase feeding are not well
      understood. Over the past three decades substantial research related to FA
      availability and increased feeding has involved use of the orexigenic compound
      mercaptoacetate (MA). Because MA reportedly inhibits FA oxidation, it has been
      assumed that reduced FA oxidation accounts for the orexigenic action of MA.
      Recently, however, we demonstrated that MA antagonizes G protein-coupled receptor
      40 (GPR40), a membrane receptor for long and medium chain FA. We also
      demonstrated that, by antagonizing GPR40, MA inhibits GLP-1 secretion and
      attenuates vagal afferent activation by FA. Because both vagal afferent
      activation and GLP-1 inhibit food intake, we postulated that inhibition of GPR40
      by MA might underlie the orexigenic action of MA. We tested this hypothesis using
      male and female GPR40 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Using several
      testing protocols, we found that MA increased feeding in WT, but not GPR40 KO
      mice, and that GPR40 KO mice gained more weight than WT on a high-fat diet.
      Metabolic monitoring after MA or saline injection in the absence of food did not
      reveal significant differences in respiratory quotient or energy expenditure
      between treatment groups or genotypes. These results support the hypothesis that
      MA stimulates food intake by blocking FA effects on GPR40.

PMID- 26984897
TI  - Sixty seconds on . . . the NHS Bill.

PMID- 26984896
TI  - Photoperiod- and Triiodothyronine-dependent Regulation of Reproductive
      Neuropeptides, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Peripheral Physiology in Siberian
      Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).
AB  - Seasonal trade-offs in reproduction and immunity are ubiquitous in nature. The
      mechanisms that govern transitions across seasonal physiological states appear to
      involve reciprocal switches in the local synthesis of thyroid hormone. In long
      day (LD) summer-like conditions, increased hypothalamic triiodothyronine (T3)
      stimulates gonadal development. Alternatively, short-day (SD) winter-like
      conditions increase peripheral leukocytes and enhance multiple aspects of immune
      function. These data indicate that the localized effects of T3 in the
      hypothalamus and leukocytes are photoperiod dependent. We tested the hypothesis
      that increased peripheral T3 in SD conditions would increase aspects of
      reproductive physiology and inhibit immune function, whereas T3 injections in LD
      conditions would facilitate aspects of immune function (i.e., leukocytes). In
      addition, we also examined whether T3 regulates hypothalamic neuropeptide
      expression as well as hypothalamic and splenic proinflammatory cytokine
      expression. Adult male Siberian hamsters were maintained in LD (15L:9D) or
      transferred to SD (9L:15D) for 8 weeks. A subset of LD and SD hamsters was
      treated daily with 5 ug T3 for 2 weeks. LD and SD controls were injected with
      saline. Daily T3 administration in SD hamsters (SD+T3) resulted in a rapid and
      substantial decrease in peripheral leukocyte concentrations and stimulated
      gonadal development. T3 treatment in LD (LD+T3) had no effect on testicular
      volumes but significantly increased leukocyte concentrations. Molecular analyses
      revealed that T3 stimulated interleukin 1beta messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in
      the spleen and inhibited RFamide Related Peptide-3 mRNA expression in the
      hypothalamus. Moreover, there was a photoperiod-dependent decrease in splenic
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression. These findings reveal that T3 has
      tissue-specific and photoperiod-dependent regulation of seasonal rhythms in
      reproduction and immune function.

PMID- 26984898
TI  - Is heart transplantation after circulatory death compatible with the dead donor
      rule?
AB  - Dalle Ave et al (2016) provide a valuable overview of several protocols for heart
      transplantation after circulatory death. However, their analysis of the
      compatibility of heart donation after circulatory death (DCD) with the dead donor
      rule (DDR) is flawed. Their permanence-based criteria for death, which depart
      substantially from established law and bioethics, are ad hoc and unfounded.
      Furthermore, their analysis is self-defeating, because it undercuts the central
      motivation for DDR as both a legal and a moral constraint, rendering the DDR
      vacuous and trivial. Rather than devise new and ad hoc criteria for death for the
      purpose of rendering DCD nominally consistent with DDR, we contend that the best
      approach is to explicitly abandon DDR.

PMID- 26984895
TI  - Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal Population Signals of
      Motor Cortex: Intracranial EEG Data and A Simple Explanatory Model.
AB  - How neuronal activity of motor cortex is related to movement is a central topic
      in motor neuroscience. Motor-cortical single neurons are more closely related to
      hand movement velocity than speed, that is, the magnitude of the (directional)
      velocity vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the
      representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as
      reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to
      what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates
      over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all
      iEEG signal features, up to the 600-1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor
      cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron
      tuning properties, we show how this reversal can be understood as a consequence
      of increasing population size. Our findings demonstrate that the information
      profile in large population signals may systematically differ from the single
      neuron level, a principle that may be helpful in the interpretation of neuronal
      population signals in general, including, for example, EEG and functional
      magnetic resonance imaging. Taking advantage of the robust speed population
      signal may help in developing brain-machine interfaces exploiting population
      signals.

PMID- 26984899
TI  - Influence of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination on the level of antimicrobial
      consumption on 65 Austrian pig farms.
AB  - The administration of antibiotics to farm animals is an important contemporary
      topic. Veterinarians, pig producers, politicians, retailers and consumers all
      have a vested interest in reducing antimicrobial use on farm, while ensuring
      adequate health and welfare of food-producing animals. Vaccination programmes may
      be used to reduce the overall level of clinical disease in a population,
      subsequently leading to a decline in antimicrobial use. In 2008, a vaccination
      programme against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) was initiated in Austria. In
      the retrospective observational study presented here, farm medication records
      (2008-2011) from 65 conventional pig farms were evaluated. As PCV-2 has been
      shown to lead to generalised immunosuppression, enabling secondary bacterial
      infections to occur, the authors hypothesised that PCV-2 vaccination would
      decrease antimicrobial consumption at farm level. Firstly, we focused on the
      annual antimicrobial consumption expressed as the number of administered animal
      daily doses per kg liveweight (nADDkg/kg/year). Secondly, a linear mixed effects
      model was applied to evaluate the influence of PCV-2 vaccination on the
      antimicrobial consumption at farm level. The interaction between farm type and
      PCV-2 vaccination was found to be a highly significant factor (P=0.0002)
      influencing antimicrobial use at farm level. The estimated impact of PCV-2
      vaccination revealed a highly significant (P<0.001) decline in total
      antimicrobial drug use from 1.72 ADDkg/kg/year to 0.56 ADDkg/kg/year on finishing
      farms, whereas only a negligible decline was detectable on farrow-to-finish
      farms. 

PMID- 26984900
TI  - Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in
      Spanish Purebred horses in Spain.
AB  - Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) have a worldwide
      distribution and cause respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and
      myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. Given the scarcity of serological EHV
      1/EHV-4 data in Spain, the objective of this cross-sectional study was to
      estimate the seroprevalence of EHV-1/EHV-4 and to identify potential horse-level
      and stud farm-level factors associated with EHV-1/EHV-4 in the breeding Spanish
      Purebred (SP) horse population in central Spain. Serum samples from 334 SP
      unvaccinated horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 at 30
      stud farms, were tested using a commercially available EHV-1/EHV-4 antibody ELISA
      and seroneutralisation as the World Organisation for Animal Health reference
      confirmation test. Data on factors putatively associated with seropositivity to
      EHV-1/EHV-4 were collected via a questionnaire and examined using logistic
      regression analysis. EHV-1/EHV-4 seroprevalence in the SP breeding population in
      central Spain, standardised for the sex distribution of the reference horse
      population, was 53.9 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 44.0 per cent to
      63.8 per cent). Increasing age, southern location of the stud farm, temperate
      climate during the summer, and a smaller surface area used for breeding
      activities in the farm were associated with increased odds for EHV-1/EHV-4
      seropositivity, whereas EHV-1/EHV-4 vaccination of other resident horses and
      separation of breeding mares from youngsters were protective factors. 

PMID- 26984902
TI  - Overview of ICRP Committee 2: doses from radiation exposure.
AB  - The focus of the work of Committee 2 of the International Commission on
      Radiological Protection (ICRP) is the computation of dose coefficients compliant
      with Publication 103 A set of reference computational phantoms is being
      developed, based on medical imaging data, and used for radiation transport
      calculations. Biokinetic models used to describe the behaviour of radionuclides
      in body tissues are being updated, also leading to changes in organ doses and
      effective dose coefficients. Dose coefficients for external radiation exposure of
      adults calculated using the new reference phantoms were issued as Publication
      116, jointly with the International Commission on Radiation Units and
      Measurements. Forthcoming reports will provide internal dose coefficients for
      radionuclide inhalation and ingestion by workers, and associated bioassay data.
      Work is in progress to revise internal dose coefficients for members of the
      public, and, for the first time, to provide reference values for external
      exposures of the public. Committee 2 is also working with Committee 3 on dose
      coefficients for radiopharmaceuticals, and leading a cross-Committee initiative
      to give advice on the use of effective dose. 

PMID- 26984903
TI  - Are the core values of the radiological protection system shared across cultures?
AB  - In spite of ongoing globalisation in many fields, the ethics of radiological
      protection have long been discussed almost exclusively in terms of 'Western'
      moral philosophy concepts such as utilitarianism or deontology. A cross-cultural
      discourse in this field is only just beginning. In 'Principles of Biomedical
      Ethics', Beauchamp and Childress suggested that there exists a 'common morality'
      which is 'not relative to cultures or individuals, because it transcends both'.
      They proposed four cross-culturally valid principles for decision making in
      medicine: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. A
      similar approach is being developed by the International Commission on
      Radiological Protection Task Group 94 on the ethics of radiological protection.
      Here, the core values are: human dignity, beneficence/non-maleficence, prudence,
      and justice. Other values could be added, such as consideration for the interests
      of society as a whole or the interests of future generations, or procedural
      values such as transparency and accountability; this paper will include a brief
      discussion on how they relate to the four basic principles. The main question to
      be addressed here, however, is whether the proposed core values are indeed part
      of a 'common morality'. This, as it will be argued, cannot be decided by a global
      opinion poll, but has to be based on an analysis of the written and oral
      traditions that have provided ethical orientation throughout history, and are
      still considered seminal by the majority of people. It turns out that there are
      indeed many commonalities across cultures, and that the concept of globally
      shared core values for the radiological protection system is not hopelessly
      idealistic. 

PMID- 26984901
TI  - Cysticidal Efficacy of Combined Treatment With Praziquantel and Albendazole for
      Parenchymal Brain Cysticercosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of current antiparasitic treatment for cerebral Taenia
      solium cysticercosis with either albendazole (ABZ) or praziquantel (PZQ) is
      suboptimal. A recent study demonstrated that combining these 2 antiparasitic
      drugs improves antiparasitic efficacy. We present here the parasiticidal efficacy
      data obtained during a previous phase II pharmacokinetic study that compared
      combined ABZ plus PZQ with ABZ alone. METHODS: The study was a randomized, double
      blinded, placebo-controlled phase II evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of ABZ
      (15 mg/k/d, for 10 days) and PZQ (50 mg/k/d, for 10 days) in intraparenchymal
      brain cysticercosis. Patients received the usual concomitant medications,
      including an antiepileptic drug (phenytoin or carbamazepine), dexamethasone, and
      ranitidine. Randomization was stratified by antiepileptic drug. Patients
      underwent safety laboratory evaluations at days 4, 7, and 11, as well as magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging at 6 months to assess parasiticidal efficacy. RESULTS:
      Thirty-two patients were included, 16 in each arm. All of them completed
      antiparasitic treatment and underwent follow-up brain MR imaging. Cysticidal
      efficacy was strikingly higher in the combined ABZ-plus-PZQ group than in the ABZ
      alone group (proportion of cysts resolved, 78 of 82 [95%] vs 23 of 77 [30%]
      [relative risk {RR}, 3.18; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.08-4.88; P < .001];
      patients with complete cyst clearance, 12 of 16 [75%] vs 4 of 16 [25%] [RR, 3.00;
      95% CI, 1.23-7.34; P = .005]). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of ABZ plus PZQ is
      more effective in destroying viable brain cysticercosis cysts than ABZ alone.
      CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00441285.

PMID- 26984905
TI  - The rewards of switching to digital.

PMID- 26984904
TI  - Dosimetry for animals and plants: contending with biota diversity.
AB  - Diversity of living organisms and their environmental radiation exposure
      conditions represents a special challenge for non-human dosimetry. In order to
      contend with such diversity, the International Commission on Radiological
      Protection (ICRP) has: (a) set up points of reference by providing dose
      conversion coefficients (DCCs) for reference entities known as 'Reference Animals
      and Plants' (RAPs); and (b) used dosimetric models that pragmatically assume
      simple body shapes with uniform composition and density, homogeneous internal
      contamination, a limited set of idealised external radiation sources, and
      truncation of the radioactive decay chains. This pragmatic methodology has been
      further developed and extended systematically. Significant methodological changes
      include: a new extended approach for assessing doses of external exposure for
      terrestrial animals, transition to the contemporary ICRP radionuclide database,
      assessment-specific consideration of the contribution of radioactive progeny to
      dose coefficients of parent nuclides, and the use of generalised allometric
      relationships in the estimation of biokinetic or metabolic parameters. The new
      methodological developments resulted in a revision of the DCCs for RAPs. Tables
      of the dose coefficients have now been complemented by a web-based software tool,
      which can be used to calculate a user-specific DCC for an organism of arbitrary
      mass and shape, located at user-defined height above the ground, and for an
      arbitrary radionuclide and its radioactive progeny. 

PMID- 26984906
TI  - Fears from a medical student.

PMID- 26984907
TI  - Bayesian clinical classification from high-dimensional data: Signatures versus
      variability.
AB  - When data exhibit imbalance between a large number d of covariates and a small
      number n of samples, clinical outcome prediction is impaired by overfitting and
      prohibitive computation demands. Here we study two simple Bayesian prediction
      protocols that can be applied to data of any dimension and any number of outcome
      classes. Calculating Bayesian integrals and optimal hyperparameters analytically
      leaves only a small number of numerical integrations, and CPU demands scale as
      O(nd). We compare their performance on synthetic and genomic data to the mclustDA
      method of Fraley and Raftery. For small d they perform as well as mclustDA or
      better. For d = 10,000 or more mclustDA breaks down computationally, while the
      Bayesian methods remain efficient. This allows us to explore phenomena typical of
      classification in high-dimensional spaces, such as overfitting and the reduced
      discriminative effectiveness of signatures compared to intra-class variability.

PMID- 26984908
TI  - A Markov chain representation of the multiple testing problem.
AB  - The problem of multiple hypothesis testing can be represented as a Markov process
      where a new alternative hypothesis is accepted in accordance with its relative
      evidence to the currently accepted one. This virtual and not formally observed
      process provides the most probable set of non null hypotheses given the data; it
      plays the same role as Markov Chain Monte Carlo in approximating a posterior
      distribution. To apply this representation and obtain the posterior probabilities
      over all alternative hypotheses, it is enough to have, for each test, barely
      defined Bayes Factors, e.g. Bayes Factors obtained up to an unknown constant.
      Such Bayes Factors may either arise from using default and improper priors or
      from calibrating p-values with respect to their corresponding Bayes Factor lower
      bound. Both sources of evidence are used to form a Markov transition kernel on
      the space of hypotheses. The approach leads to easy interpretable results and
      involves very simple formulas suitable to analyze large datasets as those arising
      from gene expression data (microarray or RNA-seq experiments).

PMID- 26984909
TI  - Responsiveness-informed multiple imputation and inverse probability-weighting in
      cohort studies with missing data that are non-monotone or not missing at random.
AB  - Population-based cohort studies are invaluable to health research because of the
      breadth of data collection over time, and the representativeness of their
      samples. However, they are especially prone to missing data, which can compromise
      the validity of analyses when data are not missing at random. Having many waves
      of data collection presents opportunity for participants' responsiveness to be
      observed over time, which may be informative about missing data mechanisms and
      thus useful as an auxiliary variable. Modern approaches to handling missing data
      such as multiple imputation and maximum likelihood can be difficult to implement
      with the large numbers of auxiliary variables and large amounts of non-monotone
      missing data that occur in cohort studies. Inverse probability-weighting can be
      easier to implement but conventional wisdom has stated that it cannot be applied
      to non-monotone missing data. This paper describes two methods of applying
      inverse probability-weighting to non-monotone missing data, and explores the
      potential value of including measures of responsiveness in either inverse
      probability-weighting or multiple imputation. Simulation studies are used to
      compare methods and demonstrate that responsiveness in longitudinal studies can
      be used to mitigate bias induced by missing data, even when data are not missing
      at random.

PMID- 26984910
TI  - Outcomes of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty After Aseptic Revision to Total
      Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study of 768 TKAs and 578 UKAs Revised to TKAs
      from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register (1994 to 2011).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The general recommendation for a failed primary unicompartmental knee
      arthroplasty (UKA) is revision to a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of
      the present study was to compare the outcomes, intraoperative data, and mode of
      failure of primary UKAs and primary TKAs revised to TKAs. METHODS: The study was
      based on 768 failed primary TKAs revised to TKAs (TKA->TKA) and 578 failed
      primary UKAs revised to TKAs (UKA->TKA) reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty
      Register between 1994 and 2011. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)
      including the EuroQol EQ-5D, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
      (KOOS), and visual analog scales assessing satisfaction and pain were used. We
      performed Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses adjusting for propensity score
      to assess the survival rate and the risk of re-revision and multiple linear
      regression analyses to estimate the differences between the two groups in mean
      PROM scores. RESULTS: Overall, 12% in the UKA->TKA group and 13% in the TKA->TKA
      group underwent re-revision between 1994 and 2011. The ten-year survival
      percentage of UKA->TKA versus TKA->TKA was 82% versus 81%, respectively (p =
      0.63). There was no difference in the overall risk of re-revision for UKA->TKA
      versus TKA->TKA (relative risk [RR] = 1.2; p = 0.19), or in the PROM scores.
      However, the risk of re-revision was two times higher for TKA->TKA patients who
      were greater than seventy years of age at the time of revision (RR = 2.1; p =
      0.05). A loose tibial component (28% versus 17%), pain alone (22% versus 12%),
      instability (19% versus 19%), and deep infection (16% versus 31%) were major
      causes of re-revision for UKA->TKA versus TKA->TKA, respectively, but the
      observed differences were not significant, with the exception of deep infection,
      which was significantly greater in the TKA->TKA group (RR = 2.2; p = 0.03). The
      surgical procedure of TKA->TKA took a longer time (mean of 150 versus 114
      minutes) and more of the procedures required stems (58% versus 19%) and
      stabilization (27% versus 9%) compared with UKA->TKA. CONCLUSIONS: Despite TKA
      >TKA seeming to be a technically more difficult surgical procedure, with a higher
      percentage of re-revisions due to deep infection compared with UKA->TKA, the
      overall outcomes of UKA->TKA and TKA->TKA were similar.

PMID- 26984911
TI  - OP-1 Compared with Iliac Crest Autograft in Instrumented Posterolateral Fusion: A
      Randomized, Multicenter Non-Inferiority Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal fusion with the use of autograft is a commonly performed
      procedure. However, harvesting of bone from the iliac crest is associated with
      complications. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are extensively used as
      alternatives, often without sufficient evidence of safety and efficacy. The
      purpose of this study was to investigate non-inferiority of osteogenic protein-1
      (OP-1, also known as BMP-7) in comparison with iliac crest bone graft in
      posterolateral fusions. METHODS: This study was a randomized, controlled
      multicenter trial. Patients who underwent a single-level instrumented
      posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine for degenerative or isthmic
      spondylolisthesis with symptoms of neurological compression were randomized to
      receive OP-1 combined with local bone (OP-1 group) or autologous bone graft from
      the iliac crest combined with local bone (autograft group). The primary outcome
      was overall success, defined as a combination of clinical success and evidence of
      fusion on computed tomography (CT) scans, at one year postoperatively. RESULTS:
      One hundred and nineteen patients were included in the study, and analysis of the
      overall outcome was performed for 113. Non-inferiority of OP-1 compared with
      iliac crest autograft was not found at one year, with a success rate of 40% in
      the OP-1 group versus 54% in the autograft group (risk difference = -13.3%, 90%
      confidence interval [CI] = -28.6% to +2.10%). This was due to the lower rate of
      fusion (the primary aim of OP-1 application) seen on the CT scans in the OP-1
      group (54% versus 74% in the autograft group, p = 0.03). There were no adverse
      events that could be directly related to the use of OP-1. CONCLUSIONS: OP-1 with
      a collagen carrier was not as effective as autologous iliac crest bone for
      achieving fusion and cannot be recommended in instrumented posterolateral lumbar
      fusion procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for
      Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26984912
TI  - C2 Vertebral Fractures in the Medicare Population: Incidence, Outcomes, and
      Costs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cervical 2 (C2) fractures in the elderly are common, and the
      incidence of these fractures has been increasing. Surgical and nonoperative
      treatments are associated with high complication and mortality rates, and these
      rates have not been evaluated at the population level, to our knowledge. The
      purpose of this study was to use the Medicare claims database to determine trends
      in treatment, surgical and nonoperative outcomes, and Medicare reimbursement for
      treatment of these fractures. METHODS: We examined the Medicare claims database
      from 2000 to 2011 to identify patients admitted for the treatment of a C2
      fracture. The incidence of fractures and the rates of nonoperative and surgical
      treatment were determined across the study period. We compared rates of mortality
      and life-threatening complications between patients treated nonoperatively and
      surgically. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) payments for the
      initial admission as well as for subsequent inpatient admissions during the
      ninety-day post-admission period were compared between treatment groups. We used
      multivariate analysis to control for differences in patient characteristics
      between groups. RESULTS: There were 81,596 admissions for C2 fracture identified,
      and 53,338 met inclusion criteria. The incidence of C2 fractures increased 135%
      from 2000 to 2011, but the rate of surgical treatment remained constant at 16%.
      There was significantly lower mortality at thirty days for the surgical group at
      8.3% compared with the nonoperative group at 16.2% (p < 0.001) and at one year
      for the surgical group at 21.7% compared with the nonoperative group at 32.3% (p
      < 0.001). Life-threatening complications within thirty days of admission were
      slightly more common in the surgical group at 10.9% compared with the
      nonoperative group at 9.0% (p < 0.05). Medicare reimbursements for the initial
      inpatient admission were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in U.S. dollars for the
      surgical group at $21,487 compared with the nonoperative group at $8469, and this
      significant difference (p < 0.001) persisted in the ninety-day post-discharge
      period at $10,487 for the surgical group compared with $8410 for the nonoperative
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Although the incidence of C2 fractures in the Medicare
      population increased from 2000 to 2011, the rate of surgery stayed relatively
      constant. After controlling for baseline differences, patients treated with
      surgery had significantly lower thirty-day and one-year mortality rates compared
      with patients treated nonoperatively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III.
      See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26984913
TI  - Inferior Cubital Artery Perforator Flap for Soft-Tissue Coverage of the Elbow:
      Anatomical Study and Clinical Application.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Soft-tissue defects surrounding the elbow can be a challenging
      problem for the orthopaedic surgeon. Reliable reconstruction with use of muscular
      flaps or even perforator flaps derived from the surrounding vessels has been
      described. The inferior cubital artery (ICA) is an indirect septocutaneous
      perforator branch that most frequently arises from the lateral side of the radial
      artery. The purposes of the present study were to characterize the capillary
      cutaneous perforators of the ICA and to evaluate the potential of a local
      perforator flap procedure for soft-tissue coverage of the elbow. METHODS: Twenty
      fresh cadaveric forearms were dissected in order to describe the ICA anatomy, and
      in ten additional forearms the ICA was selectively injected with a red ink
      solution to detail the ICA vascular territory. For each artery, we recorded the
      site of origin, the diameter of the artery at its source, the course of the
      artery, and the number, type, and diameter of capillary cutaneous perforators.
      RESULTS: A total of seventy-eight ICA capillary perforators were analyzed from
      the twenty dissected forearms: forty-six were in-transit capillary perforators,
      nineteen were terminal capillary perforators, and thirteen were musculocutaneous
      capillary perforators. Of these seventy-eight perforators, sixteen (21%) had a
      caliber of <0.5 mm and sixty-two capillary perforators (79%) had a caliber of
      >=0.5 mm. Ten ICAs were selectively injected, and the mean size of all stained
      skin areas was 30.9 +/- 11.9 cm(2). A perforator pedicled flap was readily
      feasible for all dissections. We also describe the case of a patient with a
      medial soft-tissue defect of the elbow that was covered with a pedicled
      perforator flap based on an ICA. The patient had satisfactory healing at two
      months. CONCLUSIONS: The ICA flap is a reliable and useful flap for elbow soft
      tissue reconstruction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The perforator flap procedure is a
      major advancement in reconstructive surgery. One potential application of the
      perforator flaps is the use of tissue adjacent to a defect as a perforator-based
      island flap. The use of this tissue allows for thinner flaps to be tailored for
      more accurate reconstruction. A flap that depends on a perforator branch of the
      radial artery called the inferior cubital artery seems to be an excellent
      solution for soft-tissue coverage of the elbow.

PMID- 26984915
TI  - A Vessel-Preserving Surgical Hip Dislocation Through a Modified Posterior
      Approach: Assessment of Femoral Head Vascularity Using Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical hip dislocation allows circumferential access to the femoral
      head and acetabulum and is utilized in the treatment of intra-articular hip
      disorders. Surgical hip dislocation is currently performed with a trochanteric
      osteotomy that reliably preserves the femoral head arterial supply; however,
      trochanteric nonunion or painful hardware requiring removal may occur. In a
      cadaveric model, using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
      gross dissection, we evaluated whether modifications to the posterior approach
      preserve the femoral head arterial supply after a posterior surgical hip
      dislocation. METHODS: In eight fresh-frozen pelvic specimens, a surgical hip
      dislocation was performed through the posterolateral approach with modifications
      in the tenotomy of the short external rotators and a capsulotomy designed to
      preserve the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA). Modifications included
      tenotomies of the quadratus femoris, conjoined tendon of the short external
      rotators, and obturator externus made 2.5 cm medial to their insertion on the
      greater trochanter and a T-type capsulotomy originating below the cut edge of the
      obturator externus tendon and continuing circumferentially along the acetabular
      rim. After hip dislocation, the MFCA was cannulated and MRI scans were acquired
      before and after gadolinium enhancement for evaluation of femoral head perfusion,
      with the contralateral hip, which was left intact, used as a control. Anatomic
      gross dissection was performed after the injection of polyurethane in the MFCA
      and confirmed MFCA vessel integrity. RESULTS: Quantitative MRI showed that the
      operatively treated hip retained a mean perfusion (and standard deviation) of
      95.6% +/- 9.7% in the femoral head and 94.7% +/- 21.5% in the femoral head-neck
      junction compared with the control hip (p = 0.66 and p = 0.85, respectively).
      Dissection after polyurethane injection confirmed that the superior retinacular
      and inferior retinacular arteries entering the femoral head were intact in all
      specimens. CONCLUSIONS: In a cadaveric model using gadolinium-enhanced MRI, we
      found that standardized modifications to the posterior approach, specifically
      with regard to the location of the short external rotator tenotomy and
      capsulotomy, successfully preserved the femoral head arterial supply after
      posterior surgical hip dislocation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: While further research is
      necessary before these modifications can be recommended for widespread clinical
      use, the results of this study suggest the extracapsular vascular anatomy can be
      safely preserved during posterior surgical hip dislocation.

PMID- 26984916
TI  - Change in Size of Hamstring Grafts During Preparation for ACL Reconstruction:
      Effect of Tension and Circumferential Compression on Graft Diameter.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is good consensus that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts
      should be pretensioned to remove creep prior to implantation, but the literature
      contains little information on the influence of graft preparation or
      circumferential compression on graft size. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate how the size of hamstring allografts changes as they are prepared for
      ACL reconstruction. We hypothesized that grafts decrease in diameter as they are
      prepared with both tension and circumferential compression. We also investigated
      the interrater reliability of graft diameter measurements during each step of
      graft preparation. METHODS: Twenty pairs of fresh-frozen human hamstring tendons
      obtained from an allograft supplier were prepared in a standardized fashion for
      ACL reconstruction (suturing followed by longitudinal tensioning followed by
      circumferential compression followed by relaxation). Four blinded raters measured
      each graft in a sequential manner after each graft preparation step. Interrater
      reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2,1).
      The mean allograft diameter at each time point was calculated and compared across
      all time points using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS:
      Subjecting the grafts to both tension and circumferential compression
      significantly decreased their mean diameter (to 7.38 mm compared with 8.28 mm at
      baseline; p = 0.044). Interrater reliability revealed almost perfect agreement at
      each measurement interval, with the ICC ranging from 0.933 to 0.961. CONCLUSIONS:
      The average diameter of hamstring ACL grafts decreases by almost 1 mm after they
      are subjected to both tension and circumferential compression within a standard
      cylindrical sizing block. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because ACL bone tunnels are
      drilled in 0.5-mm increments, preparing soft-tissue grafts with circumferential
      compression in addition to tension may allow creation of tunnels that are one to
      two incremental sizes smaller. This could permit less bone removal, which may be
      particularly applicable for certain reconstruction techniques such as pediatric,
      double-bundle, or revision ACL reconstruction, in which limited space is
      available for tunnel drilling.

PMID- 26984917
TI  - Foot and Ankle Function at Maturity After Ilizarov Treatment for Atrophic-Type
      Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia: A Comprehensive Outcome Comparison with
      Normal Controls.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and the
      biomechanical function of the foot and ankle at skeletal maturity of patients
      treated for atrophic-type congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) compared
      with healthy young adult controls. METHODS: Twenty-four patients (mean age of
      19.1 years) who had undergone Ilizarov treatment for unilateral atrophic-type CPT
      were compared with twenty-four controls (mean age of 19.6 years). All
      participants were evaluated using validated outcome questionnaires, radiographs,
      physical examination, instrumented motion analysis including a multisegmental
      foot model, and pedobarographic measurement. RESULTS: Within the CPT group, the
      mean score of the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle
      hindfoot scale was 89.9 (range, 76 to 100), and the mean score of the Oxford
      Ankle Foot Questionnaire (OAFQ) was 42.8 (range, 15 to 60). Motion analysis and
      pedobarographic measurement showed differences in biomechanical function of the
      foot and ankle on the side affected by CPT: a slower walking speed due to the
      short stride length; decreased dorsiflexion in hallux motion; increased hindfoot
      pronation in the presence of forefoot supination; diminished ankle push-off
      power; delayed time to heel-rise; and decreased forefoot pressure relative to
      hindfoot pressure. However, sagittal motion of the hindfoot and forefoot on the
      affected side was relatively well preserved. Subgroup analysis demonstrated no
      significant differences in terms of clinical outcome scores and most
      biomechanical parameters between the tibiofibular synostosis group and the intact
      fibula group. CONCLUSIONS: Children with atrophic-type CPT can obtain
      satisfactory foot and ankle function at maturity after successful Ilizarov
      treatment. Early stabilization of the ankle mortise by fibular stabilization and
      preservation of ankle mobility during and after treatment is thought to be
      crucial to maintaining function of the ankle in patients with CPT. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete
      description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 26984914
TI  - Dynamic Stabilization with Active Locking Plates Delivers Faster, Stronger, and
      More Symmetric Fracture-Healing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Axial dynamization of fractures can promote healing, and overly stiff
      fixation can suppress healing. A novel technology, termed active plating,
      provides controlled axial dynamization by the elastic suspension of locking holes
      within the plate. This prospective, controlled animal study evaluated the effect
      of active plates on fracture-healing in an established ovine osteotomy model. We
      hypothesized that symmetric axial dynamization with active plates stimulates
      circumferential callus and delivers faster and stronger healing relative to
      standard locking plates. METHODS: Twelve sheep were randomly assigned to receive
      a standard locking plate or an active locking plate for stabilization of a 3-mm
      tibial osteotomy gap. The only difference between plates was that locking holes
      of active plates were elastically suspended, allowing up to 1.5 mm of axial
      motion at the fracture. Fracture-healing was analyzed weekly on radiographs.
      After sacrifice at nine weeks postoperatively, callus volume and distribution
      were assessed by computed tomography. Finally, to determine their strength,
      healed tibiae and contralateral tibiae were tested in torsion until failure.
      RESULTS: At each follow-up, the active locking plate group had more callus (p <
      0.001) than the standard locking plate group. At postoperative week 6, all active
      locking plate group specimens had bridging callus at the three visible cortices.
      In standard locking plate group specimens, only 50% of these cortices had
      bridged. Computed tomography demonstrated that all active locking plate group
      specimens and one of the six standard locking plate group specimens had developed
      circumferential callus. Torsion tests after plate removal demonstrated that
      active locking plate group specimens recovered 81% of their native strength and
      were 399% stronger than standard locking plate group specimens (p < 0.001), which
      had recovered only 17% of their native strength. All active locking plate group
      specimens failed by spiral fracture outside the callus zone, but standard locking
      plate group specimens fractured through the osteotomy gap. CONCLUSIONS: Symmetric
      axial dynamization with active locking plates stimulates circumferential callus
      and yields faster and stronger healing than standard locking plates. CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE: The stimulatory effect of controlled motion on fracture-healing by
      active locking plates has the potential to reduce healing complications and to
      shorten the time to return to function.

PMID- 26984918
TI  - Arterial Anatomy of the Posterior Tibial Nerve in the Tarsal Tunnel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both vascular and compression etiologies have been proposed as the
      source of neurologic symptoms in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Advancing the
      understanding of the arterial anatomy supplying the posterior tibial nerve (PTN)
      and its branches may provide insight into the cause of tarsal tunnel symptoms.
      The purpose of this study was to describe the arterial anatomy of the PTN and its
      branches. METHODS: Sixty adult cadaveric lower extremities (thirty previously
      frozen and thirty fresh specimens) were amputated distal to the knee. The
      vascular supply to the PTN and its branches was identified, measured, and
      described macroscopically (the thirty previously frozen specimens, prepared using
      a formerly described debridement technique) and microscopically (the thirty fresh
      specimens, processed using the Spalteholz technique). RESULTS: On both
      macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, the PTN and the medial and lateral
      plantar nerves were observed to have multiple entering vessels within the tarsal
      tunnel. On microscopic evaluation, a vessel was observed to enter the nerve at
      the bifurcation of the PTN into the medial and lateral plantar nerves in twenty
      two (73%) of the thirty specimens. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05)
      in vascular density between the PTN and each of its branches. CONCLUSIONS: The
      abundant blood supply to the PTN and its branches identified in this study is
      consistent with observations of other peripheral nerves. This rich vascular
      network may render the PTN and its branches susceptible to nerve compression
      related to vascular congestion. The combination of vascular and structural
      compression may also elicit neurologic symptoms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Advancing
      the understanding of the arterial anatomy supplying the PTN and its branches may
      provide insight into the cause and treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 26984919
TI  - Quality Measures in Upper Limb Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Quality measures are now commonplace and are increasingly tied to
      financial incentives. We reviewed the existing quality measures that address the
      upper limb and tested the null hypothesis that structure (capacity to deliver
      care), process (appropriate care), and outcome (the result of care) measures are
      equally represented. METHODS: We systematically reviewed MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase,
      Google Scholar, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice
      Guidelines, the National Quality Forum, the Agency for Healthcare Research and
      Quality, and the Physician Quality Reporting System for quality measures
      addressing upper limb surgery. Measures were characterized as structure, process,
      or outcome measures and were categorized according to their developer and their
      National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care (National Quality
      Strategy) priority as articulated by the U.S. Department of Health & Human
      Services. RESULTS: We identified 134 quality measures addressing the upper limb:
      131 (98%) process and three (2%) outcome measures. The majority of the process
      measures address the National Quality Strategy priority of effective clinical
      care (90%), with the remainder addressing communication and care coordination
      (5%), person and caregiver-centered experience and outcomes (4%), and
      community/population health (1%). CONCLUSIONS: Our review identified
      opportunities to develop more measures in the structure and outcome domains as
      well as measures addressing patient and family engagement, public health, safety,
      care coordination, and efficient use of resources. The most common existing
      measures-process measures addressing care-might not be the best measures of upper
      limb surgery quality given the relative lack of evidence for their use in care
      improvement.

PMID- 26984920
TI  - What's New in Hand Surgery.

PMID- 26984921
TI  - Analysis of FDA-Approved Orthopaedic Devices and Their Recalls.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates medical devices
      by two main pathways. The more stringent Premarket Approval (PMA) review requires
      clinical trials, and the Premarket Notification 510(k) process generally exempts
      devices from clinical trials if they prove to be substantially equivalent to
      existing devices. We hypothesized that orthopaedic devices are more likely to be
      cleared through the 510(k) process and thus are more susceptible to being
      recalled. METHODS: Using the FDA's public database, we searched for the
      following: PMA and 510(k) clearances for orthopaedics and non-orthopaedic
      specialties, including General & Plastic Surgery, Gastroenterology/Urology,
      Obstetrics/Gynecology, and Ear Nose & Throat, from 1992 to 2012. Additionally, we
      searched for all device recall events from 2002 to 2012. For the top-twenty
      recall companies, we calculated the odds ratio that compares the likelihood of
      recall for 510(k)-approved devices with that for PMA-approved devices. RESULTS:
      From 1992 to 2012, the proportion of non-orthopaedic devices cleared via the
      510(k) process decreased from 91% to 53%. However, that of orthopaedic devices
      decreased only from 94% to 88%. Furthermore, we found that from 2002 to 2012, the
      percentage of recalled devices was 17.8% for 510(k)-cleared devices and 1.6% for
      PMA-approved devices. When stratified on the basis of recall class, the odds
      ratios were 3.5 for class-I devices, 13.2 for class-II devices, and 8.5 for class
      III devices. CONCLUSIONS: Given that 510(k)-cleared devices were 11.5 times more
      likely to be recalled than PMA-approved devices, it is concerning that most
      orthopaedic devices are cleared through the 510(k) process with limited clinical
      trials data. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When orthopaedic surgeons are considering using
      a new device clinically in their patients, it is important for them to consider
      how the new device was approved by the FDA. If the device was approved by the
      510(k) pathway, then it may have been approved without additional clinical
      studies confirming efficacy or safety.

PMID- 26984922
TI  - Will There Be a Difference If Things Go Bad? Commentary on an article by Tesfaye
      H. Leta, MPhil, et al.: "Outcomes of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty After
      Aseptic Revision to Total Knee Arthroplasty. A Comparative Study of 768 TKAs and
      578 UKAs Revised to TKAs from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register (1994 to
      2011)".

PMID- 26984923
TI  - Are We at the End of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Era? Commentary on an article
      by Diyar Delawi, MD, PhD, et al.: "OP-1 Compared with Iliac Crest Autograft in
      Instrumented Posterolateral Fusion. A Randomized, Multicenter Non-Inferiority
      Trial".

PMID- 26984924
TI  - The Challenge of Plate-Bone Construct Stiffness: A Swinging Pendulum: Commentary
      on an article by Michael Bottlang, PhD, et al.: "Dynamic Stabilization with
      Active Locking Plates Delivers Faster, Stronger, and More Symmetric Fracture
      Healing".

PMID- 26984925
TI  - Percutaneous Common Carotid Artery Access for Pediatric Interventional Cardiac
      Catheterization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical cutdown for access to the common carotid artery provides a
      more direct route for certain pediatric cardiac interventions and avoids femoral
      artery injury in small infants. The safety of percutaneous carotid access (PCA)
      in children is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Retrospective review of PCA at Texas
      Children's Hospital and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. From July 2006 to
      November 2014, 42 patients underwent 47 attempts at catheterization via PCA.
      Median (range) age was 20 days (0 days-2.9 years) and weight was 3.2 kg (1.1
      12.2). Two patients had failed PCA with no sequelae. Of the 45 catheterizations
      with successful PCA and sheath placement, 44 interventions were performed, the
      most common being stenting or stent redilation of the ductus arteriosus, balloon
      aortic valvuloplasty, and stenting or angioplasty of Blalock-Taussig shunts.
      After sheath withdrawal, hemostasis was achieved with manual compression, with no
      need for surgical control of bleeding. Follow-up carotid imaging was performed in
      all. Acutely, 3 patients developed carotid thrombosis with resolution in 1 and
      mild residual narrowing in 2 after anticoagulation therapy. At follow-up, 40 of
      42 patients (95%) had a normal carotid artery, with 2 instances of mild stenosis.
      There were no neurological sequelae attributable to PCA. CONCLUSIONS: PCA is safe
      even in small infants, and hemostasis can be achieved without surgical repair,
      with a carotid patency rate superior to published data after surgical cutdown.
      Surgical cutdown is not routinely required for pediatric cardiac catheterization
      via the carotid artery.

PMID- 26984928
TI  - Discovery of Enhancers of the Secretion of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor for the
      Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease that involves
      activation of T cells, microglia, and astrocytes. There is a clear unmet medical
      need for MS, as current therapies reduce the relapse rate, but are unable to
      prevent the neurological deterioration. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a
      proinflammatory cytokine that can also positively modulate the immune response,
      by inducing the inhibition of myelin-reactive TH17 differentiation, and by
      promoting oligodendrocyte-mediated myelination. The aim of this project was to
      find central nervous system (CNS)-permeable and orally available small molecules
      that upregulate production of endogenous LIF. We describe here the development of
      a phenotypic assay and screening of 1.7 million compounds to identify LIF
      enhancers using U87 MG cells. Five chemically tractable series of compounds and a
      few singletons were selected for further progression. Some of them were also
      active in a different LIF-expressing cell line and in primary rat astrocytes.
      Although further studies would be required to deconvolute the targets involved in
      LIF induction and to confirm activity of hits in more disease-relevant assays,
      our results have demonstrated the potential of the phenotypic approach to
      identify specific and chemically tractable small molecules that trigger the
      production of LIF in relevant cell lines. 

PMID- 26984927
TI  - Development of a Scalable, High-Throughput-Compatible Assay to Detect Tau
      Aggregates Using iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons Maintained in a Three-Dimensional
      Culture Format.
AB  - Tau aggregation is the pathological hallmark that best correlates with the
      progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presence of neurofibrillary tangles
      (NFTs), formed of hyperphosphorylated tau, leads to neuronal dysfunction and
      loss, and is directly associated with the cognitive decline observed in AD
      patients. The limited success in targeting beta-amyloid pathologies has
      reinforced the hypothesis of blocking tau phosphorylation, aggregation, and/or
      spreading as alternative therapeutic entry points to treat AD. Identification of
      novel therapies requires disease-relevant and scalable assays capable of
      reproducing key features of the pathology in an in vitro setting. Here we use
      induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a virtually unlimited source of human
      cortical neurons to develop a robust and scalable tau aggregation model
      compatible with high-throughput screening (HTS). We downscaled cell culture
      conditions to 384-well plate format and used Matrigel to introduce an extra
      physical protection against cell detachment that reduces shearing stress and
      better recapitulates pathological conditions. We complemented the assay with
      AlphaLISA technology for the detection of tau aggregates in a high-throughput
      compatible format. The assay is reproducible across users and works with
      different commercially available iPSC lines, representing a highly translational
      tool for the identification of novel treatments against tauopathies, including
      AD. 

PMID- 26984930
TI  - Periprocedural Myocardial Injury and Long-Term Clinical Outcome in Patients
      Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of Coronary Chronic Total
      Occlusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Periprocedural myocardial injury (PMI) after percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI) might occur more frequently during challenging procedures such
      as PCI of chronic coronary total occlusion (CTO). The prognostic implication of
      PMI in CTO-PCI remains unclear. METHODS: From January 2006 to September 2012, a
      total of 715 consecutive patients undergoing CTO-PCI were screened at three
      centers. Only patients with available pre-PCI and post-PCI troponin (cTn) were
      included (n = 442). PMI was defined as an elevation of cTn >5x the upper
      reference limit (URL), or a rise of cTn >20% if baseline values were elevated.
      RESULTS: Patients were grouped into: (1) successful CTO-PCI and no-PMI (Group A;
      n = 195); (2) successful CTO-PCI with PMI (Group B; n = 133); failed CTO-PCI
      (Group C; n = 114). Occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) was
      assessed in 431 patients (97%), at a median follow-up of 25 months, and were
      significantly lower in patients successfully treated without PMI occurrence,
      while increased in cases of PMI or failed CTO-PCI (Group A, 9%; Group B, 15%;
      Group C, 28%; hazard ratio, 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.18); P<.01). At
      Kaplan-Meier analysis, MACE-free survival was significantly higher in Group A
      (log-rank, 21.46; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Successful CTO revascularization is still
      associated with a better long-term clinical outcome vs patients in whom it
      failed, regardless of the occurrence of PMI.

PMID- 26984931
TI  - Using Discrete Event Simulation to Model the Economic Value of Shorter Procedure
      Times on EP Lab Efficiency in the VALUE PVI Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The VALUE PVI study demonstrated that atrial fibrillation (AF)
      ablation procedures and electrophysiology laboratory (EP lab) occupancy times
      were reduced for the cryoballoon compared with focal radiofrequency (RF)
      ablation. However, the economic impact associated with the cryoballoon procedure
      for hospitals has not been determined. OBJECTIVE: Assess the economic value
      associated with shorter AF ablation procedure times based on VALUE PVI data.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: A model was formulated from data from the VALUE PVI study.
      This model used a discrete event simulation to translate procedural efficiencies
      into metrics utilized by hospital administrators. A 1000-day period was simulated
      to determine the accrued impact of procedure time on an institution's EP lab when
      considering staff and hospital resources. The simulation demonstrated that
      procedures performed with the cryoballoon catheter resulted in several
      efficiencies, including: (1) a reduction of 36.2% in days with overtime (422 days
      RF vs 60 days cryoballoon); (2) 92.7% less cumulative overtime hours (370 hours
      RF vs 27 hours cryoballoon); and (3) an increase of 46.7% in days with time for
      an additional EP lab usage (186 days RF vs 653 days cryoballoon). Importantly,
      the added EP lab utilization could not support the time required for an
      additional AF ablation procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The discrete event simulation of
      the VALUE PVI data demonstrates the potential positive economic value of AF
      ablation procedures using the cryoballoon. These benefits include more days where
      overtime is avoided, fewer cumulative overtime hours, and more days with time
      left for additional usage of EP lab resources.

PMID- 26984929
TI  - TGFalpha expression in myeloid malignancies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a peptide growth
      factor known to be expressed in normal haemopoiesis. It is also expressed in a
      range of epithelial neoplasms but has not been assessed in haemopoietic
      malignancies. We have performed an immunohistochemical evaluation of TGFalpha in
      acute and chronic myeloid malignancies. METHODS: TGFalpha expression was
      semiquantitatively assessed in 69 normal bone marrow trephines and 157 cases of
      myeloid malignancy using an immunohistochemical approach. RESULTS: Blast cells of
      myeloid origin in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), myelodysplasia and accelerated
      and blast phases of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were TGFalpha positive. In
      acute promyelocytic leukaemia the neoplastic cells had significantly weaker
      TGFalpha expression than seen in other forms of AML. The blast cells in CML
      accelerated and blast phases were positive with similar expression to AML.
      CONCLUSIONS: TGFalpha is expressed in neoplastic myeloblasts and could,
      therefore, be used as blast cell biomarker in diagnostic haematopathology. In
      addition, TGFalpha immunohistochemistry may be of use in identifying a
      therapeutic target.

PMID- 26984926
TI  - Methanobactin and the Link between Copper and Bacterial Methane Oxidation.
AB  - Methanobactins (mbs) are low-molecular-mass (<1,200 Da) copper-binding peptides,
      or chalkophores, produced by many methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs).
      These molecules exhibit similarities to certain iron-binding siderophores but are
      expressed and secreted in response to copper limitation. Structurally, mbs are
      characterized by a pair of heterocyclic rings with associated thioamide groups
      that form the copper coordination site. One of the rings is always an oxazolone
      and the second ring an oxazolone, an imidazolone, or a pyrazinedione moiety. The
      mb molecule originates from a peptide precursor that undergoes a series of
      posttranslational modifications, including (i) ring formation, (ii) cleavage of a
      leader peptide sequence, and (iii) in some cases, addition of a sulfate group.
      Functionally, mbs represent the extracellular component of a copper acquisition
      system. Consistent with this role in copper acquisition, mbs have a high affinity
      for copper ions. Following binding, mbs rapidly reduce Cu(2+) to Cu(1+). In
      addition to binding copper, mbs will bind most transition metals and near
      transition metals and protect the host methanotroph as well as other bacteria
      from toxic metals. Several other physiological functions have been assigned to
      mbs, based primarily on their redox and metal-binding properties. In this review,
      we examine the current state of knowledge of this novel type of metal-binding
      peptide. We also explore its potential applications, how mbs may alter the
      bioavailability of multiple metals, and the many roles mbs may play in the
      physiology of methanotrophs. 

PMID- 26984933
TI  - High-yield fabrication of 60 nm Permalloy nanodiscs in well-defined magnetic
      vortex state for biomedical applications.
AB  - Permalloy disc structures in magnetic vortex state constitute a promising new
      type of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. They present high
      saturation magnetisation and lack of remanence, which ease the remote
      manipulation of the particles by magnetic fields and avoid the problem of
      agglomeration, respectively. Importantly, they are also endowed with the
      capability of low-frequency magneto-mechanical actuation. This effect has already
      been shown to produce cancer cell destruction using functionalized discs, about 1
      MUm in diameter, attached to the cell membrane. Here, Permalloy nanodiscs down to
      60 nm in diameter are obtained by hole-mask colloidal lithography, which is
      proved to be a cost-effective method for the uniform patterning of large
      substrate areas, with a high production yield of nanostructures. The
      characterisation of the magnetic behaviour of the nanodiscs, complemented with
      micromagnetic simulations, confirms that they present a very well defined
      magnetic vortex configuration, unprecedented, to our knowledge, for
      nanostructures of this size prepared by a high-yield method. The successful
      detachment of the gold-covered nanodiscs from the substrate is also demonstrated
      by the use of sacrificial layers. 

PMID- 26984932
TI  - Outcomes After Orbital Atherectomy of Severely Calcified Left Main Lesions:
      Analysis of the ORBIT II Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The ORBIT II trial reported excellent outcomes in patients with
      severely calcified coronary lesions treated with orbital atherectomy. Severe
      calcification of the left main (LM) artery represents a complex coronary lesion
      subset. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of coronary orbital
      atherectomy to prepare severely calcified protected LM artery lesions for stent
      placement. METHODS: The ORBIT II trial was a prospective, multicenter clinical
      trial that enrolled 443 patients with severely calcified coronary lesions in the
      United States. The major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate through 2 years post
      procedure, defined by cardiac death, myocardial infarction (CK-MB >3x upper limit
      of normal with or without a new pathologic Q-wave) and target-vessel
      revascularization, was compared in the LM and non-left main (NLM) groups.
      RESULTS: Among the 443 patients, a total of 10 underwent orbital atherectomy of
      protected LM artery lesions. At 2 years, there was no significant difference in
      the 2-year MACE rate in the LM and NLM groups (30.0% vs 19.1%, respectively;
      P=.36). Cardiac death was low in both groups (0% vs 4.4%, respectively; P=.99).
      Myocardial infarction occurred within 30 days in both groups (10.0% vs 9.7%,
      respectively; P=.99). Severe dissection, perforation, persistent slow flow, and
      persistent no reflow did not occur in the LM group. Abrupt closure occurred in 1
      patient in the LM group. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital atherectomy for patients with
      heavily calcified LM coronary artery lesions is safe and feasible. Further
      studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of orbital atherectomy in
      patients with severely calcified LM artery lesions.

PMID- 26984934
TI  - Prothrombin Time Tests for the Monitoring of Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Their
      Evaluation as Indicators of the Reversal Effect.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prompt assessment and the reversal of direct oral
      anticoagulants (DOACs) are urgent matters in the emergency care setting. Thus, we
      planned to elucidate the adequate prothrombin time (PT) test for the evaluation
      of the anticoagulant effects of various DOACs. METHODS: The anticoagulant effects
      of rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban were measured with 3 PT tests (Triniclot
      PT Excel S, Neoplastin R, and Thromborel S). Human plasma was spiked with each
      DOAC at a range of 0 to 1000 ng/mL, and the PT was measured using each PT test.
      In another series, the reversal effect of either 4-factor prothrombin complex
      concentrate (PCC) or activated PCC (aPCC) was evaluated with each PT test.
      RESULTS: All PT reagents correlated with the concentrations of each DOAC,
      however, the reactivity was considerably different between the DOACs and the PT
      tests. A prolonged PT with DOACs was reversed both by PCC and aPCC in a dose
      dependent manner; however, Triniclot PT Excel S showed reprolongation of the PT
      with a higher dose of PCC. CONCLUSION: The proper choice of PT test is necessary
      for the assessments of the anticoagulant activity of DOACs. It is also important
      to understand the different characteristics of each PT test for the assessment of
      the reversal effects of PCC.

PMID- 26984935
TI  - Effects of LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223R Polymorphisms on Serum Lipids and Response
      to Simvastatin Treatment in Chinese Patients With Primary Hyperlipidemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether LEP G2548A and LEPR Q223R polymorphisms
      influence serum lipid levels and whether the 2 polymorphisms affect the efficacy
      of simvastatin treatment in Chinese patients with primary hyperlipidemia.
      METHODS: We used an extreme sampling approach by selecting 212 individuals from
      the top and bottom 15% of adjusted lipid-lowering response residuals to
      simvastatin (n = 106 in each group of good or bad response) from a total of 734
      samples with primary hyperlipidemia. They were treated with simvastatin orally 20
      mg/d. Fasting serum lipids were measured at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of
      treatment. Genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction
      fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: More patients in the good response group
      (27%) had LEPR Q223R than in the bad response group (16%, P = .046). Secondary
      stratified analyses showed that patients carrying the RR genotype of the LEPR
      Q223R gene had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
      than those with the QR genotype at baseline ( P = .034) among good responders.
      After 29 consecutive days of treatment with simvastatin, patients carrying the RR
      genotype had a significantly larger decrease in triglycerides (change: -0.74 +/-
      0.92, P = .036) and total cholesterol levels (change: -1.77 +/- 0.68, P = .023)
      compared with those carrying QR genotype among bad responders. After Bonferroni
      correction, the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: LEPR
      Q223R polymorphism, but not LEP G2548A, could modulate the efficacy of
      simvastatin in Chinese patients with primary hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 26984937
TI  - Nano-patterned SU-8 surface using nanosphere-lithography for enhanced neuronal
      cell growth.
AB  - Mimicking the nanoscale surface texture of the extracellular matrix can affect
      the regulation of cellular behavior, including adhesion, differentiation, and
      neurite outgrowth. In this study, SU-8-based polymer surfaces with well-ordered
      nanowell arrays were fabricated using nanosphere lithography with polystyrene
      nanoparticles. We show that the SU-8 surface with nanowells resulted in similar
      neuronal development of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells compared with an
      unpatterned poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated SU-8 surface. Additionally, even after
      soaking the substrate in cell culture medium for two weeks, cells on the nanowell
      SU-8 surface showed long-term neurite outgrowth compared to cells on the PLL
      coated SU-8 surface. The topographical surface modification of the nanowell array
      demonstrates potential as a replacement for cell adhesive material coatings such
      as PLL, for applications requiring long-term use of polymer-based implantable
      devices. 

PMID- 26984936
TI  - Delayed ALK5 inhibition improves functional recovery in neonatal brain injury.
AB  - Neuroinflammation subsequent to developmental brain injury contributes to a wave
      of secondary neurodegeneration and to reactive astrogliosis that can inhibit
      oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and subsequent myelination. Here we
      evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a small molecule antagonist for a TGFbeta
      receptor in a model of moderate perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (H-I). Osmotic pumps
      containing SB505124, an antagonist of the type 1 TGFbeta1 receptor ALK5, or
      vehicle, were implanted three days after H-I induced at postnatal day 6.
      Perinatal H-I induced selective neuronal death, ventriculomegaly, elevated CNS
      levels of IL-6 and IL-1alpha, astrogliosis, and fewer proliferating
      oligodendrocyte progenitors. Myelination was reduced by ~50%. Anterograde tracing
      revealed extensive axonal loss in the corticospinal tract. These alterations
      correlated with functional impairments across a battery of behavioral tests. All
      of these parameters were brought back towards normal levels with SB505124
      treatment. Notably, SB505124 preserved neurons in the hippocampus and thalamus.
      Our results indicate that inhibiting ALK5 signaling, even as late as three days
      after injury, creates an environment that is more permissive for oligodendrocyte
      maturation and myelination producing significant improvements in neurological
      outcome. This new therapeutic would be especially appropriate for moderately
      preterm asphyxiated infants, for whom there is presently no FDA approved
      neuroprotective therapeutic.

PMID- 26984938
TI  - Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 Mutation in Pulmonary Arterial
      Hypertension: A View on the Right Ventricle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of a mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2
      (BMPR2) gene on right ventricular (RV) pressure overload in patients with
      pulmonary arterial hypertension is unknown. Therefore, we investigated RV
      function in patients who have pulmonary arterial hypertension with and without
      the BMPR2 mutation by combining in vivo measurements with molecular and
      histological analysis of human RV and left ventricular tissue. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: In total, 95 patients with idiopathic or familial pulmonary arterial
      hypertension were genetically screened for the presence of a BMPR2 mutation: 28
      patients had a BMPR2 mutation, and 67 patients did not have a BMPR2 mutation. In
      vivo measurements were assessed using right heart catheterization and cardiac
      MRI. Despite a similar mean pulmonary artery pressure (noncarriers 54+/-15 versus
      mutation carriers 55+/-9 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (755 [483-1043]
      versus 931 [624-1311] dynes.s(-1).cm(-5)), mutation carriers presented with a
      more severely compromised RV function (RV ejection fraction: 37.6+/-12.8% versus
      29.0+/-9%: P<0.05; cardiac index 2.7+/-0.9 versus 2.2+/-0.4 L.min(-1).m(-2)).
      Differences continued to exist after treatment. To investigate the role of
      transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein receptor II
      signaling, human RV and left ventricular tissue were studied in controls (n=6),
      mutation carriers (n=5), and noncarriers (n=11). However, transforming growth
      factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein receptor II signaling, and
      hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, capillary density, inflammation, and cardiac
      metabolism, as well, were similar between mutation carriers and noncarriers.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite a similar afterload, RV function is more severely affected
      in mutation carriers than in noncarriers. However, these differences cannot be
      explained by a differential transforming growth factor beta, bone morphogenetic
      protein receptor II signaling, or cardiac adaptation.

PMID- 26984940
TI  - Demonstration of Sn-seeded GaSb homo- and GaAs-GaSb heterostructural nanowires.
AB  - The particle-assisted epitaxial growth of antimonide-based nanowires has mainly
      been realized using gold as the seed material. However, the Au-seeded epitaxial
      growth of antimonide-based nanowires such as GaSb nanowires presents several
      challenges such as for example direct nucleation issues and crystal structure
      tuning. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the role of seed
      material choice and properties in the growth behavior of antimonide-based
      nanowires to obtain a deeper understanding and a better control on their
      formation processes. In this report, we have investigated the epitaxial growth of
      GaSb and GaAs-GaSb nanowires using in situ-formed tin seeds by means of
      metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy technique. This comprehensive report covers the
      growth of in situ-formed tin seeds and Sn-seeded GaSb nanowires on both GaAs and
      GaSb (111)B substrates, as well as GaAs-GaSb nanowires on GaAs (111)B substrates.
      The growth behavior and structural properties of the obtained GaSb nanowires are
      further investigated and compared with the Au-seeded counterparts. The results
      provided by this study demonstrate that Sn is a promising seed material for the
      growth of GaSb nanowires. 

PMID- 26984939
TI  - Doxorubicin Blocks Cardiomyocyte Autophagic Flux by Inhibiting Lysosome
      Acidification.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The clinical use of doxorubicin is limited by cardiotoxicity.
      Histopathological changes include interstitial myocardial fibrosis and the
      appearance of vacuolated cardiomyocytes. Whereas dysregulation of autophagy in
      the myocardium has been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, the
      role of autophagy in doxorubicin cardiomyopathy remains poorly defined. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: Most models of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity involve intraperitoneal
      injection of high-dose drug, which elicits lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and
      peritoneal fibrosis, all of which confound the interpretation of autophagy. Given
      this, we first established a model that provokes modest and progressive
      cardiotoxicity without constitutional symptoms, reminiscent of the effects seen
      in patients. We report that doxorubicin blocks cardiomyocyte autophagic flux in
      vivo and in cardiomyocytes in culture. This block was accompanied by robust
      accumulation of undegraded autolysosomes. We go on to localize the site of block
      as a defect in lysosome acidification. To test the functional relevance of
      doxorubicin-triggered autolysosome accumulation, we studied animals with
      diminished autophagic activity resulting from haploinsufficiency for Beclin 1.
      Beclin 1(+/-) mice exposed to doxorubicin were protected in terms of structural
      and functional changes within the myocardium. Conversely, animals overexpressing
      Beclin 1 manifested an amplified cardiotoxic response. CONCLUSIONS: Doxorubicin
      blocks autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes by impairing lysosome acidification and
      lysosomal function. Reducing autophagy initiation protects against doxorubicin
      cardiotoxicity.

PMID- 26984941
TI  - The Werner syndrome RECQ helicase targets G4 DNA in human cells to modulate
      transcription.
AB  - The Werner syndrome (WS) is a prototypic adult Mendelian progeroid syndrome in
      which signs of premature aging are associated with genomic instability and an
      elevated risk of cancer. The WRN RECQ helicase protein binds and unwinds G
      quadruplex (G4) DNA substrates in vitro, and we identified significant enrichment
      in G4 sequence motifs at the transcription start site and 5' ends of first
      introns (false discovery rate < 0.001) of genes down-regulated in WS patient
      fibroblasts. This finding provides strong evidence that WRN binds G4 DNA
      structures at many chromosomal sites to modulate gene expression. WRN appears to
      bind a distinct subpopulation of G4 motifs in human cells, when compared with the
      related Bloom syndrome RECQ helicase protein. Functional annotation of the genes
      and miRNAs altered in WS provided new insight into WS disease pathogenesis. WS
      patient fibroblasts displayed altered expression of multiple, mechanistically
      distinct, senescence-associated gene expression programs, with altered expression
      of disease-associated miRNAs, and dysregulation of canonical pathways that
      regulate cell signaling, genome stability and tumorigenesis. WS fibroblasts also
      displayed a highly statistically significant and distinct gene expression
      signature, with coordinate overexpression of nearly all of the cytoplasmic tRNA
      synthetases and associated ARS-interacting multifunctional protein genes. The
      'non-canonical' functions of many of these upregulated tRNA charging proteins may
      together promote WS disease pathogenesis. Our results identify the human WRN RECQ
      protein as a G4 helicase that modulates gene expression in G4-dependent fashion
      at many chromosomal sites and provide several new and unexpected mechanistic
      insights into WS disease pathogenesis.

PMID- 26984942
TI  - Brain arterial aging and its relationship to Alzheimer dementia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that brain arterial aging is associated with
      the pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS: Brain large arteries
      were assessed for diameter, gaps in the internal elastic lamina (IEL), luminal
      stenosis, atherosclerosis, and lumen-to-wall ratio. Elastin, collagen, and
      amyloid were assessed with Van Gieson, trichrome, and Congo red staining
      intensities, and quantified automatically. Brain infarcts and AD (defined
      pathologically) were assessed at autopsy. We created a brain arterial aging (BAA)
      score with arterial characteristics associated with aging after adjusting for
      demographic and clinical variables using cross-sectional generalized linear
      models. RESULTS: We studied 194 autopsied brains, 25 (13%) of which had autopsy
      evidence of AD. Brain arterial aging consisted of higher interadventitial and
      lumen diameters, thickening of the wall, increased prevalence of IEL gaps,
      concentric intima thickening, elastin loss, increased amyloid deposition, and a
      higher IEL proportion without changes in lumen-to-wall ratio. In multivariable
      analysis, a high IEL proportion (B = 1.96, p = 0.030), thick media (B = 3.50, p =
      0.001), elastin loss (B = 6.16, p < 0.001), IEL gaps (B = 3.14, p = 0.023), and
      concentric intima thickening (B = 7.19, p < 0.001) were used to create the BAA
      score. Adjusting for demographics, vascular risk factors, atherosclerosis, and
      brain infarcts, the BAA score was associated with AD (B = 0.022, p = 0.002).
      CONCLUSIONS: Aging of brain large arteries is characterized by arterial dilation
      with a commensurate wall thickening, elastin loss, and IEL gaps. Greater
      intensity of arterial aging was associated with AD independently of
      atherosclerosis and brain infarcts. Understanding the drivers of arterial aging
      may advance the knowledge of the pathophysiology of AD.

PMID- 26984943
TI  - CNS demyelination and enhanced myelin-reactive responses after ipilimumab
      treatment.

PMID- 26984944
TI  - Occupational cognitive requirements and late-life cognitive aging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine whether occupational cognitive requirements, as a marker of
      adulthood cognitive activity, are associated with late-life cognition and
      cognitive decline. METHODS: Main lifetime occupation information for 7,637
      participants aged >65 years of the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP) was
      linked with standardized data on worker attributes and job characteristics from
      the Occupational Information Network (O*NET). Ratings of cognitive processes
      required in 10 work-related tasks were used to create a summary measure of
      occupational cognitive requirements (possible range 0-7). Multivariable-adjusted
      linear mixed models were used to estimate the association of occupational
      cognitive requirements score (OCRS) with cognitive function and rate of cognitive
      decline. RESULTS: Higher OCRS corresponded to significantly better late-life
      cognitive performance at baseline in 1993 (p < 0.001) and to slower decline in
      global cognitive function over time (p = 0.004). Within a genotyped subsample (n
      = 4,104), the associations of OCRS with rate of cognitive decline did not differ
      significantly by APOE epsilon4 carriership (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      suggest that occupational cognitive requirements are associated with better
      cognition and a slower rate of cognitive decline in older age. Adulthood
      cognitive activity may contribute to cognitive reserve in late life.

PMID- 26984946
TI  - Routine vs extended outpatient EEG for the detection of interictal epileptiform
      discharges.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the yield of epileptiform abnormalities on 30-minute
      recordings with those greater than 45 minutes. METHODS: We performed a
      prospective observational cross-sectional study of all outpatient routine EEGs
      comparing the rate of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and clinical
      events during the initial 30 minutes (routine) with those occurring in the
      remaining 30-60 minutes (extended). A relative increase of 10% was considered
      clinically significant. RESULTS: EEGs from 1,803 patients were included; overall
      EEG duration was 59.4 minutes (SD +/-6.5). Of 426 patients with IEDs at any time
      during the EEG, 81 (19.1%, 95% confidence interval 15.6-23) occurred only after
      the initial 30 minutes. The rate of late IEDs was not associated with age,
      indication, IED type, or sleep deprivation. Longer recording times also increased
      event capture rate by approximately 30%. CONCLUSIONS: The yield of IED and event
      detection is increased in extended outpatient EEGs compared to 30-minute studies.

PMID- 26984947
TI  - Serum and CSF GQ1b antibodies in isolated ophthalmologic syndromes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish the sensitivity and specificity of serum and CSF
      antibodies targeting the gangliosides GQ1b (GQ1bAb) in isolated ophthalmologic
      syndromes, such as acute ophthalmoplegia (AO) and optic neuritis (ON), caused by
      disorders other than Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS). METHODS: We measured serum and
      CSF GQ1bAb in patients with MFS and with AO or ON caused by other disorders than
      MFS. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with AO (21 serum, 9 CSF), 13 with ON (13
      serum, 13 CSF), and 12 with MFS (12 serum, 10 CSF) were included in the study.
      There were no significant differences in age, sex, and CSF findings between the
      AO and MFS groups. Elevated serum GQ1b titers occurred in 11 of 12 patients with
      MFS but in only 1 of the 34 patients without MFS. Sensitivity was 92% (95%
      confidence interval [CI] 62%-100%) and specificity 97% (95% CI 85%-100%). In CSF,
      GQ1bAb were identified in 2 of 10 patients with MFS but in none with other
      disorders. Sensitivity was 20% (95% CI 2%-56%) and specificity 100% (95% CI 85%
      100%). CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum GQ1bAb are highly specific for MFS.
      Measurement of GQ1bAb in CSF does not improve diagnosis. CLASSIFICATION OF
      EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that serum GQ1bAb accurately
      distinguish MFS from other disorders (sensitivity 92%, 95% CI 62%-100%;
      specificity 97%, 95% CI 85%-100%).

PMID- 26984948
TI  - Sex differences in cognition: Does the "fairer sex" need a fairer test?

PMID- 26984949
TI  - Towards a uniform and large-scale deposition of MoS2 nanosheets via sulfurization
      of ultra-thin Mo-based solid films.
AB  - Large-scale integration of MoS2 in electronic devices requires the development of
      reliable and cost-effective deposition processes, leading to uniform MoS2 layers
      on a wafer scale. Here we report on the detailed study of the heterogeneous vapor
      solid reaction between a pre-deposited molybdenum solid film and sulfur vapor,
      thus resulting in a controlled growth of MoS2 films onto SiO2/Si substrates with
      a tunable thickness and cm(2)-scale uniformity. Based on Raman spectroscopy and
      photoluminescence, we show that the degree of crystallinity in the MoS2 layers is
      dictated by the deposition temperature and thickness. In particular, the MoS2
      structural disorder observed at low temperature (<750  degrees C) and low
      thickness (two layers) evolves to a more ordered crystalline structure at high
      temperature (1000  degrees C) and high thickness (four layers). From an atomic
      force microscopy investigation prior to and after sulfurization, this
      parametrical dependence is associated with the inherent granularity of the MoS2
      nanosheet that is inherited by the pristine morphology of the pre-deposited Mo
      film. This work paves the way to a closer control of the synthesis of wafer-scale
      and atomically thin MoS2, potentially extendable to other transition metal
      dichalcogenides and hence targeting massive and high-volume production for
      electronic device manufacturing. 

PMID- 26984950
TI  - Alternating faciobrachial dystonic seizures in LGI1-antibody limbic encephalitis.

PMID- 26984951
TI  - The clinical assessment of apraxia.

PMID- 26984952
TI  - 2016 Young Investigator Award of the American Physiological Society Renal
      Section.

PMID- 26984953
TI  - Measuring the intrarenal distribution of glomerular volumes from histological
      sections.
AB  - Glomerular volume is an important metric reflecting glomerular filtration surface
      area within the kidney. Glomerular hypertrophy, or increased glomerular volume,
      may be an important marker for renal stress. Current stereological techniques
      report the average glomerular volume (AVglom) within the kidney. These techniques
      cannot assess the spatial or regional heterogeneity common in developing renal
      pathology. Here, we report a novel "unfolding" technique to measure the actual
      distribution of individual glomerular volumes in a kidney from the two
      dimensional glomerulus profiles observed by optical microscopy. The unfolding
      technique was first developed and tested for accuracy with simulations and then
      applied to measure the number of glomeruli (Nglom), AVglom, and intrarenal
      distribution of individual glomerular volume (IVglom) in the oligosyndactyl
      (Os/(+)) mouse model compared with wild-type (WT) controls. The Os/(+) mice had
      fewer and larger glomeruli than WT mice: Nglom was 12,126 +/- 1,658
      (glomeruli/kidney) in the WT mice and 5,516 +/- 899 in the Os/(+) mice; AVglom
      was 2.01 +/- 0.28 * 10(-4) mm(3) for the WT mice and 3.47 +/- 0.35 * 10(-4) mm(3)
      for the Os/(+) mice. Comparing the glomerular volume distributions in Os/(+) and
      WT kidneys, we observed that the Os/(+) distribution peaked at a higher value of
      IVglom than the WT distribution peak, and glomeruli with a radius greater than 55
      MUm were more prevalent in the Os/(+) mice (3.4 +/- 1.6% of total glomeruli vs.
      0.6 +/- 1.2% in WT). Finally, the largest profiles were more commonly found in
      the juxtamedullary region. Unfolding is a novel stereological technique that
      provides a new quantitative view of glomerular volume distribution in the
      individual kidney.

PMID- 26984954
TI  - The C-terminal tail of polycystin-1 regulates complement factor B expression by
      signal transducer and activator of transcription 1.
AB  - Inhibition of the overactivated alternative complement pathway in autosomal
      dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) retards disease progression in animal
      models; however, it remains unknown how complement factor B (CFB) is upregulated
      in ADPKD. Here, we showed that the overexpression of CFB in cystic kidneys is
      associated with increased JAK2/STAT1 activity and enhanced expression of the
      polycystin-1 C-terminal tail (PC1-CTT). Overexpression or blockage of STAT1
      increased or decreased CFB expression and CFB promoter activity. Moreover,
      overexpression of PC1-CTT induced JAK2/STAT1 activation and CFB upregulation in
      renal tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, PC1-CTT overexpression increased
      human CFB promoter activity, whereas dominant negative STAT1 plasmids or mutation
      of putative STAT1 responsive elements decreased PC1-CTT-induced CFB promoter
      activity. The effect of CFB on macrophage differentiation was tested on a mouse
      macrophage cell line. Bioactive CFB dose dependently promoted macrophage M2
      phenotype conversion. In addition, conditioned media from renal epithelial cells
      promoted macrophage M2 phenotype conversion which was blocked by STAT1 inhibition
      in a dose-dependent manner. Conditioned media from PC1-CTT-transfected renal
      epithelial cells further promoted macrophage M2 phenotype conversion, which was
      suppressed by fludarabine or a CFB antibody. In addition, we show that NF-kappaB
      acts downstream of PC1-CTT and may partly mediate PC1-CTT-induced CFB expression.
      In conclusion, our study reveals possible mechanisms of CFB upregulation in ADPKD
      and a novel role of PC1-CTT in ADPKD-associated inflammation. Furthermore, our
      study suggests that targeting STAT1 may be a new strategy to prevent inflammation
      in the kidney of patients with ADPKD.

PMID- 26984955
TI  - COX-2 gene dosage-dependent defects in kidney development.
AB  - Deletion of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 causes impairment of kidney development,
      including hypothrophic glomeruli and cortical thinning. A critical role for COX-2
      is seen 4-8 days postnatally. The present study was aimed at answering whether
      different COX-2 gene dosage and partial pharmacological COX-2 inhibition impairs
      kidney development. We studied kidney development in COX-2(+/+), COX-2(+/-), and
      COX-2(-/-) mice as well as in C57Bl6 mice treated postnatally with low (5 mg.kg(
      1).day(-1)) and high (10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) doses of the selective COX-2
      inhibitor SC-236. COX-2(+/-) mice exhibit impaired kidney development leading to
      reduced glomerular size but, in contrast to COX-2(-/-) mice, only marginal
      cortical thinning. Moreover, in COX-2(+/-) and COX-2(-/-) kidneys, juxtamedullary
      glomeruli, which develop in the very early stages of nephrogenesis, also showed a
      size reduction. In COX-2(+/-) kidneys at the age of 8 days, we observed
      significantly less expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein and less PGE2 and PGI2
      synthetic activity compared with COX-2(+/+) kidneys. The renal defects in COX-2(
      /-) and COX-2(+/-) kidneys could be mimicked by high and low doses of SC-236,
      respectively. In aged COX-2(+/-) kidneys, glomerulosclerosis was observed;
      however, in contrast to COX-2(-/-) kidneys, periglomerular fibrosis was absent.
      COX-2(+/-) mice showed signs of kidney insufficiency, demonstrated by enhanced
      serum creatinine levels, quite similar to COX-2(-/-) mice, but, in contrast,
      serum urea remained at the control level. In summary, function of both COX-2 gene
      alleles is absolutely necessary to ensure physiological development of the mouse
      kidney. Loss of one copy of the COX-2 gene or partial COX-2 inhibition is
      associated with distinct renal damage and reduced kidney function.

PMID- 26984945
TI  - Better verbal memory in women than men in MCI despite similar levels of
      hippocampal atrophy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in the relationship between clinical
      symptoms related to Alzheimer disease (AD) (verbal memory deficits) and
      neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume/intracranial volume ratio [HpVR]) across AD
      stages. METHODS: The sample included 379 healthy participants, 694 participants
      with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 235 participants with AD and
      dementia from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative who completed the
      Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Cross-sectional analyses were
      conducted using linear regression to examine the interaction between sex and HpVR
      on RAVLT across and within diagnostic groups adjusting for age, education, and
      APOE epsilon4 status. RESULTS: Across groups, there were significant sex * HpVR
      interactions for immediate and delayed recall (p < 0.01). Women outperformed men
      among individuals with moderate to larger HpVR, but not among individuals with
      smaller HpVR. In diagnosis-stratified analyses, the HpVR * sex interaction was
      significant in the aMCI group, but not in the control or AD dementia groups, for
      immediate and delayed recall (p < 0.01). Among controls, women outperformed men
      on both outcomes irrespective of HpVR (p < 0.001). In AD dementia, better RAVLT
      performance was independently associated with female sex (immediate, p = 0.04)
      and larger HpVR (delayed, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Women showed an advantage in
      verbal memory despite evidence of moderate hippocampal atrophy. This advantage
      may represent a sex-specific form of cognitive reserve delaying verbal memory
      decline until more advanced disease stages.

PMID- 26984957
TI  - Monomeric C-reactive protein inhibits renal cell-directed complement activation
      mediated by properdin.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that complement activation on renal tubular cells is
      involved in the induction of interstitial fibrosis and cellular injury. Evidence
      suggests that the tubular cell damage is initiated by the alternative pathway
      (AP) of complement with properdin having an instrumental role. Properdin is a
      positive regulator of the AP, which can bind necrotic cells as well as viable
      proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs), inducing complement activation.
      Various studies have indicated that in the circulation there is an unidentified
      inhibitor of properdin. We investigated the ability of C-reactive protein (CRP),
      both in its monomeric (mCRP) and pentameric (pCRP) form, to inhibit AP activation
      and injury in vitro on renal tubular cells by fluorescent microscopy, ELISA, and
      flow cytometry. We demonstrated that preincubation of properdin with normal human
      serum inhibits properdin binding to viable PTECs. We identified mCRP as a factor
      able to bind to properdin in solution, thereby inhibiting its binding to PTECs.
      In contrast, pCRP exhibited no such binding and inhibitory effect. Furthermore,
      mCRP was able to inhibit properdin-directed C3 and C5b-9 deposition on viable
      PTECs. The inhibitory ability of mCRP was not unique for viable cells but also
      demonstrated for binding to necrotic Jurkat cells, a target for properdin binding
      and complement activation. In summary, mCRP is an inhibitor of properdin in both
      binding to necrotic cells and viable renal cells, regulating complement
      activation on the cell surface. We propose that mCRP limits amplification of
      tissue injury by controlling properdin-directed complement activation by damaged
      tissue and cells.

PMID- 26984958
TI  - Nanoembossed gold nanoshell with a fluorescence-like strong SERS signal.
AB  - We present a nanoembossed nanoshell with a new internal location for the
      formation of strong electromagnetic fields. The internally nanoembossed gold
      nanoshell (AuNS) is fabricated by electrostatically assembling smaller silica
      nanoparticles (~15.7 nm) around the silica core (~123.6 nm) followed by growing
      gold nanoseeds on the core in a wet process. FDTD calculations reveal the
      creation of a strong electromagnetic field (|E/Ein|max = 55 at 633 nm) at sharp
      edges formed by the contact between the nanoembosses and the silica core. The
      field formation is supported by measuring the SERS signal of Ru(bpy) encapsulated
      in the nanoembossing silica nanoparticles. SERS signals as strong as the
      corresponding fluorescence are obtained. The Raman enhancement factor (EF) is
      estimated to be up to 10(10) at 633 nm excitation, in addition to a comparable EF
      at 785 nm laser excitation. The SERS intensity of the nanoembossed nanoshell
      layer is sufficiently high compared to the outer or the core of the nanoshell.
      Finally, we fabricate all-in-one nanoparticles with all the three places where
      the reporter dyes are loaded and acquire the highest SERS intensity to
      potentially enable bio-medical applications of the nanoembossed AuNS as a
      sensitive and reliable labeling particle.

PMID- 26984959
TI  - Neuro-Physiological Psychotherapy (NPP): The development and application of an
      integrative, wrap-around service and treatment programme for maltreated children
      placed in adoptive and foster care placements.
AB  - This article describes the development and application of a wrap-around,
      multidisciplinary, brain-based, developmental and attachment-focussed
      intervention for children who have experienced significant trauma in the context
      of their early life. It outlines the presentation of the children and families
      who are referred to the service and the model of treatment that they receive. In
      doing so, it identifies the core components underpinning Neuro-Physiological
      Psychotherapy (NPP) and links the application of the integrative model to
      research and practice in the field of neuroscience and attachment and to the use
      of therapeutic approaches that are beneficial to maltreated children and their
      adoptive parents. It highlights the need for a neuro-sequential approach that
      impacts all aspects of the child's life in the effort to redress the impact of
      developmental trauma with the aim of improving their overall functioning and
      their ability to develop healthy relationships into the future.

PMID- 26984956
TI  - Effects of exercise training on urinary tract function after spinal cord injury.
AB  - Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes dramatic changes in the quality of life,
      including coping with bladder dysfunction which requires repeated daily and
      nightly catheterizations. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated in a rat SCI
      model that repetitive sensory information generated through task-specific
      stepping and/or loading can improve nonlocomotor functions, including bladder
      function (Ward PJ, Herrity AN, Smith RR, Willhite A, Harrison BJ, Petruska JC,
      Harkema SJ, Hubscher CH. J Neurotrauma 31: 819-833, 2014). To target potential
      underlying mechanisms, the current study included a forelimb-only exercise group
      to ascertain whether improvements may be attributed to general activity effects
      that impact target organ-neural interactions or to plasticity of the lumbosacral
      circuitry that receives convergent somatovisceral inputs. Male Wistar rats
      received a T9 contusion injury and were randomly assigned to three groups 2 wk
      postinjury: quadrupedal locomotion, forelimb exercise, or a nontrained group.
      Throughout the study (including preinjury), all animals were placed in metabolic
      cages once a week for 24 h to monitor water intake and urine output. Following
      the 10-wk period of daily 1-h treadmill training, awake cystometry data were
      collected and bladder and kidney tissue harvested for analysis. Metabolic cage
      frequency-volume measurements of voiding and cystometry reveal an impact of
      exercise training on multiple SCI-induced impairments related to various aspects
      of urinary tract function. Improvements in both the quadrupedal and forelimb
      trained groups implicate underlying mechanisms beyond repetitive sensory
      information from the hindlimbs driving spinal network excitability of the
      lumbosacral urogenital neural circuitry. Furthermore, the impact of exercise
      training on the upper urinary tract (kidney) underscores the health benefit of
      activity-based training on the entire urinary system within the SCI population.

PMID- 26984960
TI  - Clinical improvements in adopted children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
      through neurodevelopmentally informed clinical intervention: A pilot study.
AB  - Research on early intervention for young children (infants and toddlers) with
      fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), particularly children with comorbid
      maltreatment experiences, is limited. Existing research has primarily focused on
      structuring environments to be responsive to the needs experienced by children
      with FASD rather than improving their functioning. The purpose of this study is
      to present outcomes from an early psychosocial intervention with 10 adopted,
      maltreated young children diagnosed with FASD, aged 10-53 months (M = 35 months),
      and their adoptive parents. The potential for early, targeted interventions to
      improve developmental outcomes for children with prenatal alcohol exposure was
      examined, as well as improving the skills of and reducing stress experienced by
      their adoptive parents. Based on the outcomes of a neurodevelopmentally informed
      assessment protocol, the 10 children whose data are presented were recommended to
      receive a range of regulatory, somatosensory, relational, and cognitive
      enrichments. As part of their treatment, children and caregivers received Child
      Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), and caregivers (here, adoptive parents) also received
      Mindful Parenting Education (MPE). Related-samples Wilcoxon signed-rank tests
      indicated that scores of several measures of child developmental functioning
      improved from pre- to post-intervention and that parents' caregiving skills
      improved while their caregiving stress decreased. Reliable change analyses
      indicated that change observed from pre- to post-intervention was reliable. The
      promise of using neurodevelopmentally informed assessment strategies to sequence
      interventions for young children with diverse neurodevelopmental insults is
      discussed.

PMID- 26984961
TI  - Investigating affinity-maturation strategies and reproducibility of fluorescence
      activated cell sorting using a recombinant ADAPT library displayed on
      staphylococci.
AB  - During the past decades, advances in protein engineering have resulted in the
      development of variousin vitroselection techniques (e.g. phage display) to
      facilitate discovery of new and improved proteins. The methods are based on
      linkage between genotype and phenotype and are often performed in successive
      rounds of selection. Since the resulting output depends on the selection
      pressures used and the applied strategy, parameters in each round must be
      carefully considered. In addition, studies have reported biases that can cause
      enrichment of unwanted clones and/or low correlation between abundance in output
      and affinity. We have recently developed a selection method based on display of
      protein libraries onStaphylococcus carnosusand isolation of affinity proteins by
      fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Here, we compared duplicate selections for
      affinity maturation using equilibrium binding at different target concentrations
      and kinetic off-rate selection. The results showed that kinetic selection is
      efficient for isolation of high-affinity binders and that equilibrium selection
      at subnanomolar concentrations should be avoided. Furthermore, the
      reproducibility of the selection was high and a clear correlation was observed
      between enrichment and affinity. This work reports on the reproducibility of
      bacterial display in combination with FACS and provides insights into selection
      design to help guide the development of new affinity proteins. 

PMID- 26984962
TI  - Body Mass Transitions Through Childhood and Early Adolescence: A Multistate Life
      Table Approach.
AB  - The growing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is well
      documented, but prevalence estimates offer little insight into rates of
      transition to higher or lower body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2))
      categories. We estimated the expected numbers of years children would live as
      normal weight, overweight, and obese by race/ethnicity and sex, given rates of
      transition across BMI status levels. We used multistate life table methods and
      transition rates estimated from prospective cohort data (2007-2013) for Denver,
      Colorado, public schoolchildren aged 3-15 years. At age 3 years, normal-weight
      children could expect to live 11.1 of the following 13 years with normal weight
      status, and obese children could expect to live 9.8 years with obese status. At
      age 3 years, overweight children could expect to live 4.5 of the following 13
      years with normal weight status, 5.1 years with overweight status, and 3.4 years
      with obese status. Whites and Asians lived more years at lower BMI status levels
      than did blacks or Hispanics; sex differences varied by race/ethnicity. Children
      who were normal weight or obese at age 3 years were relatively unlikely to move
      into a different BMI category by age 15 years. Overweight children are relatively
      likely to transition to normal weight or obese status. 

PMID- 26984963
TI  - Non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under loco-regional
      anaesthesia for thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The short-term feasibility and safety of non-intubated video-assisted
      thoracoscopic surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia for thoracic surgery
      remains unknown. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to provide evidence for
      the short-term efficacy and safety profile of non-intubated video-assisted
      thoracoscopic surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia for thoracic surgery.
      METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane
      Library databases and Google Scholar, as well as American Society of Clinical
      Oncology to identify relevant studies comparing non-intubated video-assisted
      thoracoscopic surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia with conventionally
      intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia, dated
      up to 31 August 2015. Data concerning global in-operating room time, hospital
      stays, rate of postoperative complications and perioperative mortality were
      extracted and analysed. We conducted a meta-analysis of the overall results and
      two subgroup analyses based on study design (a meta-analysis of randomized
      controlled trials and a second meta-analysis of observational studies). RESULTS:
      Four randomized controlled trials and six observational studies with a total of
      1283 patients were included. We found that in the overall analysis, patients
      treated with non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under loco
      regional anaesthesia achieved significantly shorter global in-operating room time
      [weighted mean difference = -41.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) = (-57.26, 
      26.67); P < 0.001] and hospital stays [weighted mean difference = -1.24; 95% CI =
      (-1.46, -1.02); P < 0.001] as well as a lower rate of postoperative complications
      [relative risk = 0.55; 95% CI = (0.40, 0.74); P < 0.001] than patients treated
      with intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia.
      Subgroup meta-analyses based on study design achieved the same outcomes as
      overall analysis. In our meta-analysis, no perioperative mortality was observed
      in patients treated with non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery under
      loco-regional anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Non-intubated video-assisted
      thoracoscopic surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia for thoracic surgery proved
      to be feasible and safe. Future multicentre and well-designed randomized
      controlled trials with longer follow-up are needed to confirm and update the
      findings of our study, as well as the long-term efficacy of non-intubated video
      assisted thoracoscopic surgery under loco-regional anaesthesia.

PMID- 26984964
TI  - The SYNTAX score is correlated with long-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass
      grafting for complex coronary artery lesions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We analysed retrospectively the long-term outcomes of conventional
      coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as employed routinely for complex coronary
      lesions by observing patients with low (0-22), intermediate (23-32) and high
      (>=33) SYNTAX scores. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation
      between the SYNTAX score and long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular
      events (MACCEs) including all-cause death, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and
      repeat revascularization after CABG. METHODS: The study enrolled 396 consecutive
      patients with stable and untreated left main and/or three-vessel disease, who had
      been referred to our heart team from 2000 through 2009. They all routinely
      underwent conventional CABG. The three groups (low score; n = 159, intermediate
      score; n = 150, high score; n = 87) were compared, looking at the primary
      endpoint of MACCE and its components. We also analysed the effects of diverse
      variables on long-term MACCEs after the operation. RESULTS: The cumulative 10
      year MACCE rates in patients with low, intermediate and high SYNTAX score were
      25.3, 35.8 and 48.1%, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier cumulative event curves
      showed a significantly higher MACCE rate after CABG in patients with a higher
      SYNTAX score than in those with a lower score (log-rank P = 0.0012). This was
      mainly because of a significantly increased rate of repeat revascularization in
      the higher SYNTAX score group (log-rank P = 0.0032). The cumulative rate of
      repeat revascularization at 10 years in patients having low, intermediate and
      high SYNTAX score were, respectively, 4.6, 15.7 and 16.8%. The cumulative rates
      of the combined outcomes of death/stroke/MI at 10 years did not show statistical
      differences between the three groups (22.3% with low, 25.0% with intermediate and
      38.4% with high score, log-rank P = 0.063). In the multivariable analysis, the
      SYNTAX score [hazard ratio (HR) 1.03, P = 0.0043] and logistic EuroSCORE II (HR
      1.34, P = 0.0012) were found to be significant predictors of long-term MACCEs.
      CONCLUSIONS: The SYNTAX score is correlated with long-term outcomes, in terms of
      MACCEs, after conventional CABG for complex coronary lesions and is prognostic of
      long-term outcomes of CABG for patients with complex lesions.

PMID- 26984966
TI  - Information transfer in multidisciplinary operating room teams: a simulation
      based observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Communication of clinically relevant information between members of
      the operating room (OR) team is critical for safe patient care. Formal
      communication processes, such as briefing, sign in and time out, are designed to
      promote this. AIMS: We investigated patterns of communication of clinically
      relevant information between OR staff in simulated surgical scenarios, to
      identify factors associated with effective information sharing. We focused on the
      influence of precase briefing, sign in and time out, which we defined as formal
      team communications. METHOD: Twenty teams of six participated in two scenarios
      during a day-long course. Participants each received unique, clinically relevant
      items of information (information probes) prior to simulations and were tested
      postscenario on recall of the information in the probe. Using videos of the
      simulations, we coded each time an information probe was mentioned against a
      structured framework. RESULTS: Of the 145 instances where a probe was mentioned
      at least once, 75 (51.7%) were mentioned during a formal team communication.
      However, there were 89 instances of a possible 234 (38%) where a probe was never
      mentioned. Some team members were more likely to mention the information than
      others. When probes were mentioned during formal team communications,
      significantly more team members were attentive (1.4 vs 2.3; p<0.001), the
      information was significantly more likely to be recalled and the team was five
      times more likely (p=0.01) to recall the information than if the information was
      only mentioned outside of a formal communication. CONCLUSIONS: While our study
      supports the value of formal team communications during precase briefing, sign in
      and time out in the Surgical Safety Checklist, our findings suggest suboptimal
      transmission of information between team members and unequal contributions of
      information by different professional groups.

PMID- 26984965
TI  - Predictive value of high-sensitivity troponin T in addition to EuroSCORE II in
      cardiac surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Plasma troponins, measured by fourth-generation assays, are
      associated with increased mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. They
      also offer predictive information in addition to EuroSCORE, a widely used risk
      model after cardiac surgery. However, preoperatively measured troponin has
      provided no additional information to postoperative values. Whether these facts
      hold true also for the high-sensitivity fifth-generation troponin assay and the
      better calibrated risk model, EuroSCORE II, is unknown. We hypothesized that
      preoperative and/or postoperative high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) would
      increase the predictive value of EuroSCORE II. METHODS: Consecutive coronary
      artery bypass grafting (CABG) and other cardiac surgical patients were
      prospectively enrolled in a university hospital. Plasma samples and EuroSCORE II
      variables were collected. The primary and secondary end-points were 180-day
      mortality and any major adverse event within 30 days, and 961-day mortality. The
      data were analysed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves, regression analyses, receiver
      operator characteristic curves and decision curve analysis. RESULTS: Mortality
      rates in 180 days were 3.5% (15/428) in CABG and 6.4% (14/220) in other cardiac
      surgical patients. Survival curves differed only in patients with not only high
      postoperative hs-TnT value (>500 ng/l), but also high preoperative hs-TnT value
      (>14 ng/l), compared with patients with both hs-TnT values low. Adding hs-TnT to
      EuroSCORE II improved the prediction of 180-day mortality in other cardiac
      surgical patients (maximum net benefit of 1.5%), but not in CABG patients.
      Regarding major adverse events, adding hs-TnT to EuroSCORE II improved the
      prediction in both CABG patients and other cardiac surgical patients (maximum net
      benefits of 3 and 7%). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated postoperative hs-TnT was predictive
      of mortality only when combined with elevated preoperative hs-TnT. Hs-TnT
      measurements added information to the EuroSCORE II regarding major adverse events
      in all cardiac surgical patients and regarding 180-day mortality in non-CABG
      patients.

PMID- 26984968
TI  - Comment on: Is palinopsia in migraineurs an enhanced physiological phenomenon?

PMID- 26984969
TI  - Reply to letter to the editor: Is palinopsia in migraineurs an enhanced
      physiological phenomenon?

PMID- 26984967
TI  - Extracranial injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A inhibit intracranial
      meningeal nociceptors' responses to stimulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels: Are
      we getting closer to solving this puzzle?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Administration of onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) to peripheral tissues
      outside the calvaria reduces the number of days chronic migraine patients
      experience headache. Because the headache phase of a migraine attack, especially
      those preceded by aura, is thought to involve activation of meningeal nociceptors
      by endogenous stimuli such as changes in intracranial pressure (i.e. mechanical)
      or chemical irritants that appear in the meninges as a result of a yet-to-be
      discovered sequence of molecular/cellular events triggered by the aura, we sought
      to determine whether extracranial injections of BoNT-A alter the chemosensitivity
      of meningeal nociceptors to stimulation of their intracranial receptive fields.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using electrophysiological techniques, we identified 161 C-
      and 135 Adelta-meningeal nociceptors in rats and determined their mechanical
      response threshold and responsiveness to chemical stimulation of their dural
      receptive fields with TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists seven days after BoNT-A
      administration to different extracranial sites. Two paradigms were compared:
      distribution of 5 U BoNT-A to the lambdoid and sagittal sutures alone, and 1.25 U
      to the sutures and 3.75 U to the temporalis and trapezius muscles. RESULTS: Seven
      days after it was administered to tissues outside the calvaria, BoNT-A inhibited
      responses of C-type meningeal nociceptors to stimulation of their intracranial
      dural receptive fields with the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin and the TRPA1 agonist
      mustard oil. BoNT-A inhibition of responses to capsaicin was more effective when
      the entire dose was injected along the suture lines than when it was injected
      into muscles and sutures. As in our previous study, BoNT-A had no effect on non
      noxious mechanosensitivity of C-fibers or on responsiveness of Adelta-fibers to
      mechanical and chemical stimulation. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates that
      extracranial administration of BoNT-A suppresses meningeal nociceptors' responses
      to stimulation of their intracranial dural receptive fields with capsaicin and
      mustard oil. The findings suggest that surface expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1
      channels in dural nerve endings of meningeal nociceptors is reduced seven days
      after extracranial administration of BoNT-A. In the context of chronic migraine,
      reduced sensitivity to molecules that activate meningeal nociceptors through the
      TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels can be important for BoNT-A's ability to act as a
      prophylactic.

PMID- 26984970
TI  - Low psychological resilience is associated with depression in patients with
      cardiovascular disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychological resilience is associated with an improved capacity to
      cope with chronic health challenges such as cardiovascular disease. AIMS: The aim
      of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between
      psychological resilience and symptoms of depression in a non-acute cardiac
      outpatient population. METHODS: A total of 419 adult cardiac outpatients (288
      men; mean+/-SD age 66.26+/-14.04 years) attending cardiovascular clinics
      completed the Sense of Coherence (SOC13) scale as a measure of psychological
      resilience and the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS26) prior to their consultation.
      RESULTS: The total SOC13 score (mean+/-SD 64.02+/-14.24, range 19-91) was within
      the moderate range. Older patients (?65 years) were significantly more resilient
      than those aged <65 ( p<0.01). Psychological resilience (SOC13) was negatively
      correlated with depression (CDS26) ( r=-0.79; p<0.001) and inversely associated
      with affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression. Psychological
      resilience, particularly meaningfulness, accounted for more of the variance in
      affective features of depression than for somatic features. CONCLUSION: These
      findings show that low psychological resilience was related to depression in this
      cohort of cardiac outpatients, particularly affective symptoms such as anhedonia
      and hopelessness. The SOC13 scale offers a complementary measure of psychological
      status that could be used to monitor, and possibly predict, patient coping and
      response to treatment throughout the cardiovascular disease trajectory.

PMID- 26984971
TI  - A Universal Culture Medium for Screening Polymyxin-Resistant Gram-Negative
      Isolates.
AB  - The colistin-containing SuperPolymyxin medium was developed for screening
      polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. It was evaluated with 88 polymyxin
      susceptible or polymyxin-resistant cultured Gram-negative isolates. Its
      sensitivity and specificity of detection were ca. 100%. The SuperPolymyxin medium
      is the first screening medium that is able to detect intrinsic and acquired
      polymyxin-resistant bacteria.

PMID- 26984972
TI  - Identification of Mycobacterial Antigens in Human Urine by Use of Immunoglobulin
      G Isolated from Sera of Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
AB  - Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing of tuberculosis (TB) is a tremendous unmet
      need. In this study, four urinary mycobacterial antigens were identified through
      two independent approaches using IgG capture and immunodepletion methods. Among
      these, ModC was validated by a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. As
      expected, the biomarkers elevated the clinical validity of TB diagnosis when
      combined with preexisting markers.

PMID- 26984973
TI  - Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia
      pestis, and Burkholderia pseudomallei by Use of Laser Light Scattering
      Technology.
AB  - Rapid methods to determine antimicrobial susceptibility would assist in the
      timely distribution of effective treatment or postexposure prophylaxis in the
      aftermath of the release of bacterial biothreat agents such as Bacillus
      anthracis, Yersinia pestis, or Burkholderia pseudomallei Conventional
      susceptibility tests require 16 to 48 h of incubation, depending on the bacterial
      species. We evaluated a method that is based on laser light scattering technology
      that measures cell density in real time. We determined that it has the ability to
      rapidly differentiate between growth (resistant) and no growth (susceptible) of
      several bacterial threat agents in the presence of clinically relevant
      antimicrobials. Results were available in <4 h for B. anthracis and <6 h for Y.
      pestis and B. pseudomallei One exception was B. pseudomallei in the presence of
      ceftazidime, which required >10 h of incubation. Use of laser scattering
      technology decreased the time required to determine antimicrobial susceptibility
      by 50% to 75% for B. anthracis, Y. pestis, and B. pseudomallei compared to
      conventional methods.

PMID- 26984974
TI  - Evaluation of Molecular Methods for Serotyping Shigella flexneri.
AB  - Shigella flexneri can be phenotypically serotyped using antisera raised to type
      specific somatic antigens and group factor antigens and genotypically serotyped
      using PCR targeting O-antigen synthesis or modification genes. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate a real-time PCR for serotyping S. flexneri and to use whole
      genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic serotype
      identifications. Of the 244 cultures tested retrospectively, 226 (92.6%) had
      concordant results between phenotypic serotyping and PCR. Seventy of the 244
      isolates (including 15 of the 18 isolates where a serotype-PCR mismatch was
      identified) were whole-genome sequenced, and the serotype was derived from the
      genome. Discrepant results between the phenotypic and genotypic tests were
      attributed to insertions/deletions or point mutations identified in O-antigen
      synthesis or modification genes, rendering them dysfunctional; inconclusive
      serotyping results due to nonspecific cross-reactions; or novel genotypes.
      Phylogenetic analysis of the WGS data indicated that the serotype, regardless of
      whether it was phenotypically or genotypically determined, was a weak predictor
      of phylogenetic relationships between strains of S. flexneri WGS data provided
      both genome-derived serotyping, thus supporting backward compatibility with
      historical data and facilitating data exchange in the community, and more robust
      and discriminatory typing at the single-nucleotide-polymorphism level.

PMID- 26984975
TI  - A Bacterial Glycoengineered Antigen for Improved Serodiagnosis of Porcine
      Brucellosis.
AB  - Brucellosis is a highly zoonotic disease that affects animals and human beings.
      Brucella suis is the etiological agent of porcine brucellosis and one of the
      major human brucellosis pathogens. Laboratory diagnosis of porcine brucellosis
      mainly relies on serological tests, and it has been widely demonstrated that
      serological assays based on the detection of anti O-polysaccharide antibodies are
      the most sensitive tests. Here, we validate a recombinant glycoprotein antigen,
      an N-formylperosamine O-polysaccharide-protein conjugate (OAg-AcrA), for
      diagnosis of porcine brucellosis. An indirect immunoassay based on the detection
      of anti-O-polysaccharide IgG antibodies was developed coupling OAg-AcrA to enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay plates (glyco-iELISA). To validate the assay, 563
      serum samples obtained from experimentally infected and immunized pigs, as well
      as animals naturally infected with B. suis biovar 1 or 2, were tested. A receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed, and based on this
      analysis, the optimum cutoff value was 0.56 (relative reactivity), which resulted
      in a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99.7%, respectively. A
      cutoff value of 0.78 resulted in a test sensitivity of 98.4% and a test
      specificity of 100%. Overall, our results demonstrate that the glyco-iELISA is
      highly accurate for diagnosis of porcine brucellosis, improving the diagnostic
      performance of current serological tests. The recombinant glycoprotein OAg-AcrA
      can be produced in large homogeneous batches in a standardized way, making it an
      ideal candidate for further validation as a universal antigen for diagnosis of
      "smooth" brucellosis in animals and humans.

PMID- 26984976
TI  - Molecular Characterization of Human Atypical Sorbitol-Fermenting Enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli O157 Reveals High Diversity.
AB  - Alongside the well-characterized enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)
      O157:H7, serogroup O157 comprises sorbitol-fermenting typical and atypical
      enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC/aEPEC) strains that carry the intimin-encoding
      gene eae but not Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx). Since little is known about
      these pathogens, we characterized 30 clinical isolates from patients with
      hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or uncomplicated diarrhea with respect to their
      flagellin gene (fliC) type and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Moreover, we
      applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the phylogenetic relationship
      with other eae-positive EHEC serotypes and the composition of the rfbO157 region.
      fliC typing resulted in five fliC types (H7, H16, H34, H39, and H45). Isolates of
      each fliC type shared a unique ST. In comparison to the 42 HUS-associated E. coli
      (HUSEC) strains, only the stx-negative isolates with fliCH7 shared their ST with
      EHEC O157:H7/H(-) strains. With the exception of one O157:H(-) fliCH16 isolate,
      HUS was exclusively associated with fliCH7. WGS corroborated the separation of
      the fliCH7 isolates, which were closely related to the EHEC O157:H7/H(-)
      isolates, and the diverse group of isolates exhibiting different fliC types,
      indicating independent evolution of the different serotypes. This was also
      supported by the heterogeneity within the rfbO157 region that exhibited extensive
      recombinations. The genotypic subtypes and distribution of clinical symptoms
      suggested that the stx-negative O157 strains with fliCH7 were originally EHEC
      strains that lost stx The remaining isolates form a distinct and diverse group of
      atypical EPEC isolates that do not possess the full spectrum of virulence genes,
      underlining the importance of identifying the H antigen for clinical risk
      assessment.

PMID- 26984978
TI  - Genetic variations of phenprocoumon metabolism in patients with ventricular
      assist devices.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Anticoagulation in patients with ventricular assist device (VAD)
      support is crucial and to date, no alternative to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs)
      can be safely used. Genetic variances of cytochrome p450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin
      K epoxide reductase (VKORC) have been recently connected with variation of VKA
      maintenance as well as loading doses. In this retrospective study, we assessed
      the incidence of genetic variations and the influence of different genotypes of
      CYP2C9 and VKORC1 in VAD patients. METHODS: A total of 161 patients received a
      VAD implant in our institution between January 2006 and July 2014. Of these, 63
      consented to genetic analysis and completed an interview with standardized
      questions on phenprocoumon (PC) dosage, international normalized ratio and
      anticoagulation-related complications. Determination of VKORC (-1639 G > A; -1173
      C > T) and of CYP2C9 (*2, 430 C > T; *3, 1075 A > C) polymorphisms was performed
      by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. RESULTS: The most common
      VKORC-1639 allele combination was wild-type GG (41%) followed by GA (32%) and AA
      (27%). Patients with VKORC1 polymorphisms AA and GA needed less PC in the
      maintenance phase of anticoagulation (P < 0.001) compared with wild-type GG
      patients. In contrast, CYP2C9 polymorphisms showed no effect on PC doses. Similar
      findings were observed in the initiation phase of PC therapy. High complications
      rates under PC therapy were observed particularly at the beginning. CONCLUSIONS:
      VKORC polymorphism affects PC dosage in the initiation as well as the maintenance
      phase. High rates of bleeding complications and thromboembolic events were found
      at the beginning of PC therapy in VAD patients. Therefore, a genotype-guided
      dosage algorithm might be useful in VAD patients.

PMID- 26984977
TI  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease in
      Children.
AB  - Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children is challenging; even with advanced
      technologies, the diagnosis is often difficult to confirm microbiologically in
      part due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease. Clinical diagnosis lacks
      standardization, and traditional and molecular microbiologic methods lack
      sensitivity, particularly in children. Immunodiagnostic tests may improve
      sensitivity, but these tests cannot distinguish tuberculosis disease from latent
      infection and some lack specificity. While molecular tools like Xpert MTB/RIF
      have advanced our ability to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to determine
      antimicrobial resistance, decades old technologies remain the standard in most
      locales. Today, the battle against this ancient disease still poses one of the
      primary diagnostic challenges in pediatric laboratory medicine.

PMID- 26984979
TI  - Non-invasive spinal cord oxygenation monitoring: validating collateral network
      near-infrared spectroscopy for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Near-infrared spectroscopy of the collateral network (cnNIRS) has
      recently been trialled to monitor real-time tissue oxygenation of the paraspinous
      vasculature as a surrogate for spinal cord tissue oxygenation. This large animal
      study was designed to investigate the correlation between cnNIRS and spinal cord
      oxygenation by comparing it to laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), a proven method for
      direct oxygenation and flow assessment. METHODS: Measurements were performed in
      seven animals. Four paravertebral cnNIRS optodes were positioned bilaterally at
      thoracic and lumbar levels to assess tissue oxygenation of the paraspinous
      vasculature. Paravertebral muscle and spinal cord oxygenation and
      microcirculatory flow were measured directly using LDF probes. LDF and cnNIRS
      were compared during consecutive repeated periods of descending aortic cross
      clamping for 8 min and recovery by clamp release. RESULTS: Following aortic cross
      clamping, lumbar cnNIRS signals instantaneously responded with a decrease to 85
      +/- 4% within 30 s, and to a minimum of 69 +/- 6% after 8 min, returning to
      baseline values after clamp release within 40 s. Direct lumbar muscle and spinal
      cord oxygenation assessed by LDF responded analogously to cnNIRS (muscle and
      spinal cord oxygenation after cross-clamping 11.3 +/- 6 and 37.6 +/- 22% after 5
      and 8 min, respectively). Comparison between lumbar cnNIRS and LDF muscle and
      spinal cord measurements showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.51
      0.52, P < 0.001). Thoracic cnNIRS signals remained relatively stable throughout
      the procedure. Lumbar paraspinous muscle oxygenation corresponded to direct
      spinal cord oxygenation (no significant difference, P = 0.296). CONCLUSIONS:
      These experiments confirm that the paraspinous vasculature in the presented large
      animal model is directly linked to spinal cord microcirculation and that the
      regional paraspinous muscle oxygenation status reflects spinal cord tissue
      oxygenation. As lumbar cnNIRS reproducibly depicts tissue oxygenation of the
      paraspinous vasculature, it can be used for non-invasive spinal cord oxygenation
      monitoring in real-time.

PMID- 26984980
TI  - Comparative study for surgical management of thymectomy for non-thymomatous
      myasthenia gravis from the French national database EPITHOR.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Thymectomy may be part of the therapeutic strategy in patients with
      myasthenia gravis (MG) without thymoma. Median sternotomy is still considered as
      the gold standard, but during the last 15 years, several groups have demonstrated
      the non-inferiority of cervicotomy with upper sternotomy and minimally invasive
      techniques. To date, there is no consensus on surgical procedure choice. The aim
      of our study was to compare the morbidity and mortality of three techniques
      [cervicotomy with upper sternotomy versus sternotomy versus video-assisted
      thoracic surgery (VATS)/robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS)] from the
      national database EPITHOR and to analyse French epidemiology. METHODS: From the
      national thoracic surgery database EPITHOR, we have extracted all the details
      regarding thymectomies performed for non-thymomatous MG. We have divided
      thymectomy into three groups: A-sternotomy; B-cervicotomy with upper sternotomy;
      C-VATS/RATS. We investigated the postoperative morbidity and mortality without
      analysis of the long-term evolution of the disease not available on EPITHOR.
      RESULTS: From 2005 to 2013, 278 patients were included: 131 (47%) in Group A, 31
      (11%) in Group B and 116 (42%) in Group C. The sex ratio F/M was 2.3. The mean
      age was, respectively, 42 +/- 17, 42 +/- 16, 35 +/- 14 years old (P < 0.01). The
      number of patients without comorbidities was 63 (48%), 25 (81%) and 78 (65%),
      respectively (P < 0.01). The operative time was 94 +/- 37, 79 +/- 42 and 112 +/-
      59 min, respectively (P < 0.01). The number of patients who presented at least
      one postoperative complication was 12 (14%), 0 and 3 (9%) (P= 0.03),
      respectively. The postoperative lengths of stay were 7.7 +/- 4.5, 5 +/- 1.7 and
      4.5 +/- 2 days, respectively (P < 0.01). There was no death. CONCLUSIONS: In our
      study, we were unable to prove the superiority of minimally invasive techniques
      due to the important differences between the groups. However, this study shows us
      major changes in French surgical procedures during the last decade with an
      increase in minimally invasive procedures such as VATS and RATS.

PMID- 26984981
TI  - Early valve repair or replacement is not generally contraindicated in patients
      with infective endocarditis and stroke with or without intracranial haemorrhage.

PMID- 26984982
TI  - Ascending aortic elongation and the risk of dissection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Unlike aneurysm formation, the role of ascending aortic elongation in
      the pathogenesis of Type A aortic dissection (TAD) is largely unclear. We
      investigated the morphology of healthy, dissected and predissection aortas with a
      focus on ascending aortic length. METHODS: We retrospectively compared clinical
      and computer tomography angiography (CTA) data from TAD patients (n = 130),
      patients who developed a TAD in the further clinical course (preTAD, n = 16) and
      healthy control patients who received a CTA for non-aortic emergencies (n = 165).
      The length of the ascending aorta was defined as the distance between the
      sinotubular junction (STJ) and the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) at the central
      line, the outer and inner curvature as well as the direct distance in the frontal
      and sagittal planes. Additionally, the aortic diameters were analysed. RESULTS:
      In the healthy controls, we found a positive correlation of age with the aortic
      diameter (r = 0.57) and aortic length (r = 0.42). The correlation of the
      respective parameters with the body size was negligible (r < 0.2). The median
      ascending aortic diameter at the height of the pulmonary artery in TAD (50 mm)
      was significantly (P < 0.001) larger compared with the respective diameter of the
      healthy aortas (34 mm). The diameter of the preTAD aortas (40 mm) was also
      significantly larger compared with the healthy controls. These proportions were
      similar in all the aortic diameters. The midline length of the healthy ascending
      aortas was 71 mm. In the preTAD and TAD aortas, the same values were 81 mm and 92
      mm, respectively (both P < 0.001). We evaluated the linear distance between the
      STJ and the BCT in the frontal plane as an easy-to-measure parameter of aortic
      length. In the TAD aortas (108 mm) and preTAD aortas (97 mm), this distance was
      significantly longer compared with the healthy aortas (84 mm). CONCLUSIONS:
      Aortic diameter might not be an optimal parameter to predict dissection. Most
      aortas dissect at diameters below 55 mm. Both the TAD and preTAD aortas were
      elongated compared with the healthy controls. Thus, aortic elongation may play a
      role in the pathogenesis of and may be a risk factor for TAD.

PMID- 26984983
TI  - Durability after aortic valve replacement with the Mitroflow versus the Perimount
      pericardial bioprosthesis: a single-centre experience in 2393 patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study compares the durability and risk of reoperation in
      patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) with either a Mitroflow or a
      Carpentier-Edwards (CE) pericardial bioprosthesis. Since AVR with bioprosthetic
      valves has increased progressively in recent years as compared to mechanical
      valves, especially in patients aged 60-70 years, there has been renewed interest
      in the long-term durability of current pericardial bioprostheses. METHODS: We
      compared 440 AVR with Mitroflow valves with 1953 AVR with CE pericardial valves
      implanted from 1999 to 2014 with regard to reoperation, reoperation for
      structural valve deterioration (SVD) and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Ten-year
      freedom from explant of any cause was higher for CE Perimount (98 +/- 0.7%) than
      for Mitroflow (95 +/- 1.4%, P < 0.01). Reasons for explant for CE Perimount were
      SVD (n = 2), endocarditis (n = 8) and paraprosthetic leak (n = 10). The reasons
      for explant for Mitroflow were SVD (n = 11), endocarditis (n = 3) SVD and
      pericarditis (n = 1) and paraprosthetic leak (n = 2). Ten-year freedom from
      explant due to SVD was higher for CE Perimount (100%) than for Mitroflow (96%) (P
      < 0.01). In small aortic annuli (bioprosthesis size 19-21 mm), freedom from SVD
      at 10 years for CE Perimount and Mitroflow was 100 versus 96%, respectively. By
      multivariate analysis, it was found that bioprosthesis size was not a risk factor
      for SVD. The choice of valve type could not be demonstrated to influence long
      term survival. CONCLUSIONS: The Mitroflow pericardial bioprosthesis provides less
      than optimal mid- and long-term durability compared with the CE Perimount
      pericardial valve, especially for small aortic diameter implants (19 and 21 mm).
      This study hereby confirms the existence of a real risk of valvular deterioration
      of the Mitroflow valve that might compromise the prognosis of the patients.

PMID- 26984985
TI  - Just because you get on a scale doesn't mean you lose weight: is Meetbaar Beter
      really measurably better?

PMID- 26984984
TI  - Surgical factors and complications affecting hospital outcome in redo mitral
      surgery: insights from a multicentre experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Several single-centre experiences have reported significant operative
      mortality and morbidity after mitral valve surgery in redo scenarios (ReMVS).
      Several preoperative risk factors outlining 'high-risk' categories have been
      reported, but scanty data on the impact of different operative techniques for
      these major challenging procedures have been analysed to date. The aim of the
      study is to investigate those intraoperative factors and postoperative events
      affecting early survival after redo mitral procedures. METHODS: Operative
      mortality and major morbidity events from a large multicentre registry enrolling
      832 consecutive redo mitral procedures were analysed. Intraoperative technical
      issues and postoperative complications impacting operative mortality were
      identified. RESULTS: ReMVS was associated with significant operative mortality
      (12.5%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI; 5.9%), stroke (4.9%), acute
      respiratory insufficiency (14.8%), pneumonia (7.0%), acute renal insufficiency
      (16.1%) and failure (12.6%), reintervention for bleeding (7.6%), massive
      transfusion (28.0%), need for permanent pacemaker (10.1%). Injury of a previous
      patent left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft [odds ratio (OR) 4.2, 95%
      confidence interval (CI): 1.6-11.5; P = 0.005], major cardiovascular iatrogenic
      lesions at re-entry (OR 19.2, 95% CI: 9.2-39.9; P < 0.001), extracellular
      crystalloid cardioplegia (OR 7.3, 95% CI: 1.4-37.8; P = 0.018), and incremental
      cardiopulmonary bypass time (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2; P = 0.001) independently
      predicted operative mortality, whereas combined antegrade + retrograde
      cardioplegia (OR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.09-0.4; P = 0.001) was the only protective factor
      against mortality. Among complications, AMI (OR 4.1, 95% CI: 1.8-9.6; P = 0.001),
      need for intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP; OR 3.1, 95% CI: 1.5-6.1; P = 0.001),
      prolonged intubation >48 h (OR 5.3, 95% CI: 2.9-9.4; P = 0.001) and massive (>6
      units) transfusions (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 2.4-8.0; P = 0.001) also predicted operative
      mortality. CONCLUSIONS: ReMVS still carries the risk of significant early
      mortality and major morbidity. Major lesion to cardiovascular structures is the
      most dreadful iatrogenic complication, and injury of a previous LIMA graft
      identifies patients at higher risk of operative mortality. Prolonged cross-clamp
      times, extracellular crystalloid cardioplegia and massive transfusions have
      profound impact on early outcome, as well as the development of perioperative
      AMI, eventually requiring IABP and prolonged intubation. The combination of
      antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia seems to offer a better myocardial
      protection in these high-risk patients.

PMID- 26984986
TI  - Factors associated with progression of right ventricular enlargement and
      dysfunction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot based on serial cardiac magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Although progressive right ventricular (RV) enlargement (RVE) is
      common in patients with pulmonary regurgitation after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
      repair, the rate of RVE and progression of RV dysfunction varies among patients.
      The present study aimed to investigate the independent predictors of rapid RVE
      and RV dysfunction after the repair of TOF, using serial cardiac magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: The study included consecutive patients who
      underwent serial cardiac MRI more than twice between January 2005 and March 2015
      after the repair of TOF. Patients who underwent surgical pulmonary valve
      implantation or any transcatheter cardiac intervention between two consecutive
      MRI assessments were excluded. The study patients were divided into rapid RVE and
      non-rapid RVE groups according to the rate of RVE. The upper first quartile of
      the patients was considered to have rapid RV dilatation (defined as rapid RVE
      group). Remaining patients in other three quartiles were included in the non
      rapid RVE group. Additionally, the study patients were divided into rapid right
      ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) change and non-rapid RVEF change groups
      according to the rate of change in the RVEF. The groups were compared, and
      multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the independent
      risk factors for rapid RVE and RV dysfunction. RESULTS: The study included 116
      patients. The mean number of cardiac MRI assessments performed in each patient
      was 2.8 +/- 0.8. The time to the initial MRI assessment after TOF repair was 14.2
      +/- 10.3 years, and the interval between the initial and last MRI assessments was
      4.5 +/- 2.2 years. The mean right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVi)
      change rate was 2.7 +/- 6.1 ml/m(2)/year. The initial RVEDVi was not different
      between the rapid RVE and non-rapid RVE groups. Restrictive RV physiology was an
      independent risk factor for rapid RVE (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval,
      1.263-10.494; P = 0.02), and a previous palliative shunt procedure was a negative
      predictor for rapid RVE (odds ratio, 0.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.010-0.778;
      P = 0.03). We did not find any predictive factors for rapid RV dysfunction.
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients with rapid RV dilatation, restrictive RV physiology
      might be frequently noted at the initial MRI assessment. Therefore, careful
      follow-up may be necessary in patients with restrictive RV physiology to
      determine the optimal timing of pulmonary valve implantation.

PMID- 26984987
TI  - Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction: an alternative to repeated lung volume
      reduction surgery.

PMID- 26984988
TI  - Follow-up after tricuspid valve surgery in adult patients with systemic right
      ventricles.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great
      arteries (ccTGA) or after atrial (Mustard or Senning) correction for
      transposition of the great arteries (acTGA), the right ventricle (RV) supports
      the systemic circulation. The tricuspid valve (TV) (systemic atrioventricular
      valve) is prone to regurgitation in these patients and this is associated with
      impending RV failure and decreased survival. This study evaluates mid-term
      functional improvements, echocardiographic findings and survival after TV surgery
      in this patient group. METHODS: From July 1999 to November 2014, 26 patients
      (mean age 37.1 +/- 12.3 years, 14 females) with ccTGA (n = 15) or acTGA (n = 11)
      had TV surgery. All patients had RV dysfunction and more-than-moderate TV
      regurgitation (TR); 14 underwent TV replacement (TVR) and 12 had valvuloplasty
      (TVP). Main outcomes were New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, TR
      and RV dysfunction at 1 year postoperatively and at latest follow-up.
      Complications and freedom from the composite end-point of death or recurrent TR
      were analysed. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 5.9 years (range, 0-16.1
      years). Mean NYHA functional class significantly improved to 1.7 [95% confidence
      interval (CI): 1.3-2.1] at 1 year (P= 0.004) and was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.7-2.6) at
      latest follow-up (P= 0.14). TV competence significantly improved to a mean TR
      grade of 1.1 (95% CI: 0.5-1.7) at latest follow-up (P< 0.001). The mean grade for
      RV function at latest follow-up was 2.7 (95% CI: 2.3-3.0). Most encountered
      postoperative complications were arrhythmias and temporary haemodynamic
      instability due to low cardiac output. Early mortality was 11.5% (n = 3); late
      mortality was 15.4% (n = 4). Estimated freedom from the composite end-point of
      death or recurrent TR was 76.9% (95% CI: 55.7-88.9%) at 1 year and 64.8% (95% CI:
      43.2-79.9%) at 5 years. In TVP patients, TV function at 1 year and at latest
      follow-up was significantly worse than in TVR patients (P< 0.001 and P= 0.003,
      respectively). Also, TVP patients had a significantly lower composite end-point
      survival curve compared with TVR patients (P= 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In this
      patient group, TV surgery showed stabilization of RV function and improvement of
      NYHA functional class for at least several years. In this series, TVR appears
      superior to TVP with respect to occurrence of recurrent TR. Early and late
      mortality after TV surgery is substantial, and we believe that patients with
      significant TR should be referred earlier for surgery for better outcome.

PMID- 26984989
TI  - Multicentre analysis of current strategies and outcomes in open aortic arch
      surgery: heterogeneity is still an issue.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to evaluate, on the basis of a multicentre
      analysis, current results of elective open aortic arch surgery performed during
      the last decade. METHODS: Data of 1232 consecutive patients who underwent aortic
      arch repair with reimplantation of at least one supra-aortic artery between 2004
      and 2013 were collected from 11 European cardiovascular centres, and
      retrospective statistical examination was performed using uni- and multi-variable
      analyses to identify predictors for 30-day mortality. Acute aortic dissections
      and arch surgeries not involving the supra-aortic arteries were not included.
      RESULTS: Arch repair involving all 3 arch arteries (total), 2 arch arteries
      (subtotal) or 1 arch artery (partial) was performed in 956 (77.6%), 155 (12.6%)
      and 121 (9.8%) patients, respectively. The patients' characteristics as well as
      the surgical techniques, including the method of cannulation, perfusion and
      protection, varied considerably between the clinics participating in the study.
      The in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were 11.4 and 8.8% for the entire
      cohort, respectively, ranging between 1.7 and 19.0% in the surgical centres.
      Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified surgical centre, patient's
      age, number of previous surgeries with sternotomy and concomitant surgeries as
      independent risk factors of 30-day mortality. The follow-up of the study group
      was 96.5% complete with an overall follow-up duration of 3.3 +/- 2.9 years,
      resulting in 4020 patient-years. After hospital discharge, 176 (14.3%) patients
      died, yielding an overall mortality rate of 25.6%. The actuarial survival after 5
      and 8 years was 72.0 +/- 1.5% and 64.0 +/- 2.0, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The
      surgical risk in elective aortic arch surgery has remained high during the last
      decade despite the advance in surgical techniques. However, the patients'
      characteristics, numbers of surgeries, the techniques and the results varied
      considerably among the centres. The incompleteness of data gathered
      retrospectively was not effective enough to determine advantages of particular
      cannulation, perfusion, protection or surgical techniques; and therefore, we
      strongly recommend further prospective multicentre studies, preferably
      registries, in which all relevant data have to be clearly defined and collected.

PMID- 26984990
TI  - Cardiac resynchronization combined with coronary artery bypass grafting.

PMID- 26984992
TI  - Resilience, respite and general practice: taking a mindful approach to culture
      change.

PMID- 26984991
TI  - First results of a national initiative to enable quality improvement of
      cardiovascular care by transparently reporting on patient-relevant outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to assess patient-relevant outcomes of
      delivered cardiovascular care by focusing on disease management as determined by
      a multidisciplinary Heart Team, to establish and share best practices by
      comparing outcomes and to embed value-based decision-making to improve quality
      and efficiency in Dutch heart centres. METHODS: In 2014, 12 Dutch heart centres
      pooled patient-relevant outcome data, which resulted in transparent publication
      of the outcomes, including long-term follow-up up to 5 years, of approximately 86
      000 heart patients. This study presents the results of both disease- and
      treatment patient-relevant outcome measures for coronary artery disease and
      aortic valve disease. The patients included were presented to a Heart Team and
      underwent invasive or operative treatment. In-hospital and out-of-hospital
      patient-relevant outcome measures were collected as well as initial conditions.
      Quality of life was assessed using the Short Form (SF)-36 or SF-12 health survey.
      RESULTS: In the Netherlands, patient-relevant and risk-adjusted outcomes of
      cardiovascular care in participating heart centres are published annually. Data
      were sufficiently reliable to enable comparisons and to subtract best practices.
      The statistically lower risk-adjusted mortality rate after coronary artery bypass
      grafting resulted in a voluntary roll-out of a perioperative safety check. The in
      depth analysis of outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention resulted in
      process improvements in several heart centres, such as pre-hydration for patients
      with renal insufficiency and the need of target vessel revascularizations within
      a year. CONCLUSION: Annual data collection on follow-up of patient-relevant
      outcomes of cardiovascular care, initiated and organized by physicians, appears
      feasible. Transparent publication of outcomes drives the improvement of quality
      within heart centres. The system of using a limited set of patient-relevant
      outcome measures enables reliable comparisons and exposes the quality of decision
      making and the operational process. Transparent communication on outcomes is
      feasible, safe and cost-effective, and stimulates professional decision-making
      and disease management.

PMID- 26984993
TI  - Empiric antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infection in preschool children:
      susceptibilities of urine sample isolates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antibiotic treatment recommendations based on susceptibility data
      from routinely submitted urine samples may be biased because of variation in
      sampling, laboratory procedures and inclusion of repeat samples, leading to
      uncertainty about empirical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare
      susceptibilities of Escherichia coli cultured from routinely submitted samples,
      with E. coli causing urinary tract infection (UTI) from a cohort of
      systematically sampled, acutely unwell children. METHODS: Susceptibilities of
      1458 E. coli isolates submitted during the course of routine primary care for
      children <5 years (routine care samples), compared to susceptibilities of 79 E.
      coli isolates causing UTI from 5107 children <5 years presenting to primary care
      with an acute illness [systematic sampling: the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract
      infection in Young children (DUTY) cohort]. RESULTS: The percentage of E. coli
      sensitive to antibiotics cultured from routinely submitted samples were as
      follows: amoxicillin 45.1% (95% confidence interval: 42.5-47.7%); co-amoxiclav
      using the lower systemic break point (BP) 86.6% (84.7-88.3%); cephalexin 95.1%
      (93.9-96.1%); trimethoprim 74.0% (71.7-76.2%) and nitrofurantoin 98.2% (97.4
      98.8%). The percentage of E. coli sensitive to antibiotics cultured from
      systematically sampled DUTY urines considered to be positive for UTI were as
      follows: amoxicillin 50.6% (39.8-61.4%); co-amoxiclav using the systemic BP 83.5%
      (73.9-90.1%); co-amoxiclav using the urinary BP 94.9% (87.7-98.4%); cephalexin
      98.7% (93.2-99.8%); trimethoprim 70.9% (60.1-80.0%); nitrofurantoin 100% (95.3
      100.0%) and ciprofloxacin 96.2% (89.4-98.7%). CONCLUSION: Escherichia coli
      susceptibilities from routine and systematically obtained samples were similar.
      Most UTIs in preschool children remain susceptible to nitrofurantoin, co
      amoxiclav and cephalexin.

PMID- 26984994
TI  - The Chronic Disease Self-Management Program: the experience of frequent users of
      health care services and peer leaders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Large amount of evidence supports the contribution of the Stanford
      Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) to a global chronic disease
      management strategy. However, many studies have suggested further exploring of
      the factors influencing acceptance and completion of participants in this
      program. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe and examine factors associated
      with acceptance and completion rates of the CDSMP among frequent users of health
      care services, and to highlight the experience of patients and peer leaders who
      facilitated the program. METHODS: A descriptive design with mixed sequential data
      was used. Acceptance and completion rates were calculated and their relationship
      with patient characteristics was examined in regression analysis (n = 167).
      Interviews were conducted among patients who accepted (n = 11) and refused (n =
      13) to participate and with the program coordinator. Focus groups were held with
      the seven peer leaders who facilitated the program. Data were analysed using
      thematic analysis. RESULTS: Of the 167 patients invited, 60 (36%) accepted to
      participate in the program. Group format was the most frequent reason to decline
      the invitation to participate. Twenty-eight participants (47%) completed the
      program. Participants who dropped out during the program raised different reasons
      such as poor health and too much heterogeneity among participants. Factors such
      as location, schedule, content, group composition and facilitation were
      considered as important elements contributing to the success of the program.
      CONCLUSION: The CDSMP could therefore be considered as a self-management support
      option for this vulnerable clientele, while taking measures to avoid too much
      heterogeneity among participants to improve completion rates.

PMID- 26984995
TI  - GPs' and community pharmacists' opinions on medication management at transitions
      of care in Ireland.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to survey GPs and community pharmacists
      (CPs) in Ireland regarding current practices of medication management,
      specifically medication reconciliation, communication between health care
      providers and medication errors as patients transition in care. METHODS: A
      national cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically to 2364 GPs, 311
      GP Registrars and 2382 CPs. Multivariable associations comparing GPs to CPs were
      generated and content analysis of free text responses was undertaken. RESULTS:
      There was an overall response rate of 17.7% (897 respondents-554 GPs/Registrars
      and 343 CPs). More than 90% of GPs and CPs were positive about the effects of
      medication reconciliation on medication safety and adherence. Sixty per cent of
      GPs reported having no formal system of medication reconciliation. Communication
      between GPs and CPs was identified as good/very good by >90% of GPs and CPs. The
      majority (>80%) of both groups could clearly recall prescribing errors, following
      a transition of care, they had witnessed in the previous 6 months. Free text
      content analysis corroborated the positive relationship between GPs and CPs, a
      frustration with secondary care communication, with many examples given of
      prescribing errors. CONCLUSIONS: While there is enthusiasm for the benefits of
      medication reconciliation there are limited formal structures in primary care to
      support it. Challenges in relation to systems that support inter-professional
      communication and reduce medication errors are features of the primary/secondary
      care transition. There is a need for an improved medication management system.
      Future research should focus on the identified barriers in implementing
      medication reconciliation and systems that can improve it.

PMID- 26984996
TI  - The Histone Demethylase FBXL10 Regulates the Proliferation of Spermatogonia and
      Ensures Long-Term Sustainable Spermatogenesis in Mice.
AB  - The F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 10 (Fbxl10) gene encodes a protein that
      catalyzes demethylation of H3K4 and H3K36. In this study, we show the important
      roles of FBXL10 as a histone demethylase in sustainable sperm production using
      mice in which the JmjC domain of Fbxl10 was deleted (Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ)). In
      histological analysis, testis sections from 10-wk-old Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ) mice
      appeared normal. On the other hand, testes from 7-mo-old Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ)
      mice contained a greater ratio of seminiferous tubules exhibiting degeneration of
      spermatogenesis. Further analysis using an in vitro spermatogonia culture system,
      that is, germline stem cells (GSCs), revealed that Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ) GSCs
      expressed a significantly higher level of P21 and P19 mRNA, cyclin-dependent
      kinase inhibitors and also known as cellular senescence markers, than wild-type
      (WT) GSCs. Furthermore, the ratio of Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ) GSCs in G0/G1 phase
      was higher and the ratios in S and G2/M phases were lower than the corresponding
      ratios of WT GSCs, and the doubling speed of Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ) GSCs was
      significantly slower than that of WT GSCs. In addition to these in vitro results,
      an in vivo study indicated that recovery of spermatogenesis after a transient
      reduction in the number of testicular germ cells by busulfan treatment was
      significantly slower in Fbxl10(DeltaJ/DeltaJ) mice than in WT mice. These data
      suggest that Fbxl10 plays important roles in long-term sustainable
      spermatogenesis via regulating cell cycle. 

PMID- 26984997
TI  - Three-Dimensional Distribution of UBF and Nopp140 in Relationship to Ribosomal
      DNA Transcription During Mouse Preimplantation Development.
AB  - The nucleolus is a dynamic nuclear compartment that is mostly involved in
      ribosome subunit biogenesis; however, it may also play a role in many other
      biological processes, such as stress response and the cell cycle. Mainly using
      electron microscopy, several studies have tried to decipher how active nucleoli
      are set up during early development in mice. In this study, we analyzed
      nucleologenesis during mouse early embryonic development using 3D
      immunofluorescent detection of UBF and Nopp140, two proteins associated with
      different nucleolar compartments. UBF is a transcription factor that helps
      maintain the euchromatic state of ribosomal genes; Nopp140 is a phosphoprotein
      that has been implicated in pre-rRNA processing. First, using detailed image
      analyses and the in situ proximity ligation assay technique, we demonstrate that
      UBF and Nopp140 dynamic redistribution between the two-cell and blastocyst stages
      (time of implantation) is correlated with morphological and structural
      modifications that occur in embryonic nucleolar compartments. Our results also
      support the hypothesis that nucleoli develop at the periphery of nucleolar
      precursor bodies. Finally, we show that the RNA polymerase I inhibitor CX-5461:
      1) disrupts transcriptional activity, 2) alters preimplantation development, and
      3) leads to a complete reorganization of UBF and Nopp140 distribution.
      Altogether, our results underscore that highly dynamic changes are occurring in
      the nucleoli of embryos and confirm a close link between ribosomal gene
      transcription and nucleologenesis during the early stages of development. 

PMID- 26984998
TI  - Energy Utilization for Survival and Fertilization-Parsimonious Quiescent Sperm
      Turn Extravagant on Motility Activation in Rat.
AB  - Quiescent sperm survive in cauda epididymis for long periods of time under
      extreme crowding conditions and with a very limited energy substrate, while after
      ejaculation, motile sperm live for a much shorter period with an unlimited energy
      resource and without crowding. Thus, the energy metabolism in relation to the
      energy requirement of the two may be quite different. A simple physiological
      technique was evolved to collect viable quiescent sperm from rat cauda epididymis
      to compare its energy metabolism with motile sperm. Quiescent sperm exhibited 40%
      60% higher activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I-IV
      and ATP synthase in comparison to motile sperm and accumulated Ca(2+) in the
      midpiece mitochondria to enhance oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). In contrast,
      motile sperm displayed up to 75% higher activities of key glycolytic enzymes and
      secreted more than two times the lactate than quiescent sperm. Quiescent sperm
      phosphorylated AMPK and MAPK-p38, while motile sperm phosphorylated AKT and
      MAPK/ERK. Glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetamide prevented motility activation of
      quiescent rat sperm and inhibited conception in rabbits more effectively than
      OxPhos uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol. Apparently, quiescent sperm employ the most
      energy efficient OxPhos to survive for extended periods of time under extreme
      conditions of nutrition and crowding. However, on motility initiation, sperm
      switch predominantly to glycolysis to cater to their high- and quick-energy
      requirement of much shorter periods. This study also presents a proof of concept
      for targeting sperm energy metabolism for contraception. 

PMID- 26984999
TI  - Gonadotropin Inhibitory Hormone Down-Regulates the Brain-Pituitary Reproductive
      Axis of Male European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).
AB  - Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) inhibits gonadotropin synthesis and
      release from the pituitary of birds and mammals. However, the physiological role
      of orthologous GnIH peptides on the reproductive axis of fish is still uncertain,
      and their actions on the main neuroendocrine systems controlling reproduction
      (i.e., GnRHs, kisspeptins) have received little attention. In a recent study
      performed in the European sea bass, we cloned a cDNA encoding a precursor
      polypeptide that contained C-terminal MPMRFamide (sbGnIH-1) and MPQRFamide
      (sbGnIH-2) peptide sequences, developed a specific antiserum against sbGnIH-2,
      and characterized its central and pituitary GnIH projections in this species. In
      this study, we analyzed the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of
      sbGnIH-1 and sbGnIH-2 on brain and pituitary expression of reproductive hormone
      genes (gnrh1, gnrh2, gnrh3, kiss1, kiss2, gnih, lhbeta, fshbeta), and their
      receptors (gnrhr II-1a, gnrhr II-2b, kiss1r, kiss2r, and gnihr) as well as on
      plasma Fsh and Lh levels. In addition, we determined the effects of GnIH on
      pituitary somatotropin (Gh) expression. The results obtained revealed the
      inhibitory role of sbGnIH-2 on brain gnrh2, kiss1, kiss2, kiss1r, gnih, and gnihr
      transcripts and on pituitary fshbeta, lhbeta, gh, and gnrhr-II-1a expression,
      whereas sbGnIH-1 only down-regulated brain gnrh1 expression. However, at
      different doses, central administration of both sbGnIH-1 and sbGnIH-2 decreased
      Lh plasma levels. Our work represents the first study reporting the effects of
      centrally administered GnIH in fish and provides evidence of the differential
      actions of sbGnIH-1 and sbGnIH-2 on the reproductive axis of sea bass, the main
      inhibitory role being exerted by the sbGnIH-2 peptide.

PMID- 26985000
TI  - The Transcription Factor NFIL3 Is Essential for Normal Placental and Embryonic
      Development but Not for Uterine Natural Killer (UNK) Cell Differentiation in
      Mice.
AB  - Mice ablated for the gene encoding the transcription factor Nfil3 lack peripheral
      natural killer (NK) cells but retain tissue-resident NK cells, particularly in
      mucosal sites, including virgin uterus. We undertook a time course histological
      study of implantation sites from syngeneically (Nfil3(-/-)) and allogeneically
      (BALB/c) mated Nfil3(-/-) females. We also examined implantation sites from Rag2(
      /-)Il2rg(-/-) females preconditioned by adoptive transfer of Nfil3(-/-) marrow or
      uterine cell suspensions to identify the Nfil3(-/-) pregnancy aberrations that
      could be attributed to nonlymphoid cells. Uterine NKs (UNKs) reactive and
      nonreactive with the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) differentiate,
      localize, and mature within Nfil3(-/-) implantation sites, although at reduced
      abundance. The DBA nonreactive UNK cells were enriched following Nfil3(-/-)
      marrow transplantation. Uterine lumen closure, early embryonic development, and
      differentiation of antimesometrial decidua were delayed in Nfil3(-/-)
      implantation sites. Major disturbances to the decidual-trophoblast interface that
      did not lead to fetal death were attributed to NFIL3 deficiency in trophoblast.
      At midgestation, vessels of the placental labyrinth were enlarged, suggestive of
      reduced branching morphogenesis. A major term complication in most Nfil3(-/-) *
      Nfil3(-/-) pregnancies but not Nfil3(-/-) * Nfil3(+/-) pregnancies was dystocia.
      These studies highlight the differentiation potential and functions of Nfil3(-/-)
      UNK cell progenitors and illustrate that much of the implantation site
      histopathology associated with this strain is due to Nfil3 deletion in
      nonlymphoid cell lineages.

PMID- 26985002
TI  - A Prolactin Family Paralog Regulates Placental Adaptations to a Physiological
      Stressor.
AB  - The prolactin (PRL) family of hormones and cytokines participates in the
      regulation of optimal reproductive performance in the mouse and rat. Members of
      the PRL family are expressed in the anterior pituitary, uterus, and/or placenta.
      In the present study, we investigated the ontogeny of PRL family 7, subfamily b,
      member 1 (PRL7B1; also called PRL-like protein-N, PLP-N) expression in the
      developing mouse placenta and established a mouse model for investigating the
      biological function of PRL7B1. Transcripts for Prl7b1 were first detected on
      Gestation Day (d) 8.5. From gestation d8.5 through d14.5, Prl7b1 was expressed in
      trophoblast cells residing at the interface between maternal mesometrial decidua
      and the developing placenta. On gestation d17.5, the predominant cellular source
      of Prl7b1 mRNA was migratory trophoblast cells invading into the uterine
      mesometrial decidua. The Prl7b1 null mutant allele was generated via replacement
      of the endogenous Prl7b1 coding sequence with beta-galactosidase (LacZ) reporter
      and neomycin cassettes. The mutant Prl7b1 allele was successfully passed through
      the germline. Homozygous Prl7b1 mutant mice were viable and fertile. Under
      standard animal housing conditions, Prl7b1 had undetectable effects on
      placentation and pregnancy. Hypoxia exposure during pregnancy evoked adaptations
      in the organization of the wild-type placenta that were not observed in Prl7b1
      null placentation sites. In summary, PRL7B1 is viewed as a part of a pathway
      regulating placental adaptations to physiological stressors.

PMID- 26985005
TI  - Physiotherapy assessment and diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders of the knee
      via telerehabilitation.
AB  - Introduction Lower limb musculoskeletal disorders place a heavy burden on
      healthcare systems. Appropriate management of these conditions is critical,
      however access to appropriate physiotherapy services is difficult for those in
      geographically remote areas or those with mobility or transport difficulties. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an online
      musculoskeletal physiotherapy assessment of the knee complex using
      telerehabilitation compared to traditional face-to-face assessment. Methods In a
      repeated-measures design, 18 subjects who sought treatment for knee pain
      underwent a traditional face-to-face assessment and a remote telerehabilitation
      assessment. Telerehabilitation assessments were conducted with participants
      performing facilitated self-palpation, self-applied modified orthopaedic tests,
      active movements and functional tasks. Results Primary pathoanatomical diagnoses
      were in exact agreement in 67% of cases and were similar in 89% of cases. The
      system of pathology was found to be in agreement in 17 out of 18 cases (94%).
      Comparisons of objective findings from the two physical assessments demonstrated
      substantial agreement (kappa = 0.635) for categorical data and binary data (chi
      squared = 400.36; p < 0.001). A high level of intra-rater (89%) and moderate
      level of inter-rater (67%) reliability was evident for telerehabilitation
      assessments. Discussion Telerehabilitation assessment of the knee complex appears
      to be feasible and reliable. This study has implications for clinical practice
      and the development of physiotherapy services to address the burden of lower limb
      musculoskeletal pain and disability.

PMID- 26985004
TI  - Investigating the preferences of older people for telehealth as a new model of
      health care service delivery: A discrete choice experiment.
AB  - Introduction Telehealth approaches to health care delivery can potentially
      improve quality of care and clinical outcomes, reduce mortality and hospital
      utilisation, and complement conventional treatments. However, substantial
      research into the potential for integrating telehealth within health care in
      Australia, particularly in the provision of services relevant to older people,
      including palliative care, aged care and rehabilitation, is lacking. Furthermore,
      to date, no discrete choice experiment (DCE) studies internationally have sought
      the views and preferences of older people about the basic features that should
      make up a telehealth approach to these services. Methods Using a DCE, we
      investigated the relative importance of six salient features of telehealth (what
      aspects of care are to be pursued during telehealth sessions, distance to the
      nearest hospital or clinic, clinicians' attitude to telehealth, patients'
      experience of using technology, what types of assessments should be conducted
      face-to-face versus via telehealth sessions and the costs associated with
      receiving telehealth). Data were obtained from an online panel of older people
      aged 65 years and above, drawn from the Australian general population. Results
      The mean age for 330 study participants was 69 years. In general, individuals
      expressed strong preferences for telehealth services that offered all aspects of
      care, were relatively inexpensive and targeted specifically at individuals living
      in remote regions without easy access to a hospital or clinic. Participants also
      preferred telehealth services to be offered to individuals with some prior
      experience of using technology, provided by clinicians who were positive about
      telehealth but wanted all or some pre-telehealth health assessments to take place
      in a hospital or clinic. Preferences only differed by gender. Additionally,
      respondents did not feel that telehealth led to loss of privacy and
      confidentiality. Discussion Our findings indicate a preference amongst
      respondents for face-to-face pre-telehealth health assessments and, thereafter, a
      comprehensive telehealth model (in terms of services offered) targeted at those
      with some technological know-how as a substitute for attendance at hospitals and
      clinics, especially where these health facilities were far away from older
      people's homes. The findings may be usefully incorporated into the design of
      future telehealth models of service delivery for older people.

PMID- 26985001
TI  - Multiple Mechanisms Cooperate to Constitutively Exclude the Transcriptional Co
      Activator YAP from the Nucleus During Murine Oogenesis.
AB  - Reproduction depends on the generation of healthy oocytes. Improving therapeutic
      strategies to prolong or rescue fertility depends on identifying the inter- and
      intracellular mechanisms that direct oocyte development under physiological
      conditions. Growth and proliferation of multiple cell types is regulated by the
      Hippo signaling pathway, whose chief effectors are the transcriptional co
      activator YAP and its paralogue WWTR1. To resolve conflicting results concerning
      the potential role of Hippo in mammalian oocyte development, we systematically
      investigated the expression and localization of YAP in mouse oocytes. We report
      that that YAP is expressed in the germ cells beginning as early as Embryonic Day
      15.5 and subsequently throughout pre- and postnatal oocyte development. However,
      YAP is restricted to the cytoplasm at all stages. YAP is phosphorylated at serine
      112 in growing and fully grown oocytes, identifying a likely mechanistic basis
      for its nuclear exclusion, and becomes dephosphorylated at this site during
      meiotic maturation. Phosphorylation at serine-112 is regulated by a mechanism
      dependent on cyclic AMP and protein kinase A, which is known to be active in
      oocytes prior to maturation. Growing oocytes also contain a subpopulation of YAP,
      likely dephosphorylated, that is able enter the oocyte nucleus, but it is not
      retained there, implying that oocytes lack the cofactors required to retain YAP
      in the nucleus. Thus, although YAP is expressed throughout oocyte development,
      phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms cooperate to ensure that it
      does not accumulate in the nucleus. We conclude that nuclear YAP does not play a
      significant physiological role during oocyte development in mammals.

PMID- 26985003
TI  - Knockdown of Progesterone Receptor (PGR) in Macaque Granulosa Cells Disrupts
      Ovulation and Progesterone Production.
AB  - Adenoviral vectors (vectors) expressing short-hairpin RNAs complementary to
      macaque nuclear progesterone (P) receptor PGR mRNA (shPGR) or a nontargeting
      scrambled control (shScram) were used to determine the role PGR plays in
      ovulation/luteinization in rhesus monkeys. Nonluteinized granulosa cells
      collected from monkeys (n = 4) undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation
      protocols were exposed to either shPGR, shScram, or no virus for 24 h; human
      chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was then added to half of the wells to induce
      luteinization (luteinized granulosa cells [LGCs]; n = 4-6
      wells/treatment/monkey). Cells/media were collected 48, 72, and 120 h postvector
      for evaluation of PGR mRNA and P levels. Addition of hCG increased (P < 0.05) PGR
      mRNA and medium P levels in controls. However, a time-dependent decline (P <
      0.05) in PGR mRNA and P occurred in shPGR vector groups. Injection of shPGR, but
      not shScram, vector into the preovulatory follicle 20 h before hCG administration
      during controlled ovulation protocols prevented follicle rupture in five of six
      monkeys as determined by laparoscopic evaluation, with a trapped oocyte confirmed
      in three of four follicles of excised ovaries. Injection of shPGR also prevented
      the rise in serum P levels following the hCG bolus compared to shScram (P <
      0.05). Nuclear PGR immunostaining was undetectable in granulosa cells from shPGR
      injected follicles, compared to intense staining in shScram controls. Thus, the
      nuclear PGR appears to mediate P action in the dominant follicle promoting
      ovulation in primates. In vitro and in vivo effects of PGR knockdown in LGCs also
      support the hypothesis that P enhances its own synthesis in the primate corpus
      luteum by promoting luteinization.

PMID- 26985007
TI  - Regulation of expression of venom toxins: silencing of prothrombin activator
      trocarin D by AG-rich motifs.
AB  - Trocarin D (TroD), a venom prothrombin activator from Tropidechis carinatus,
      shares similar structure and function with blood coagulation factor Xa
      [Tropidechis carinatus FX (TrFX) a]. Their distinct physiologic roles are due to
      their distinct expression patterns. The genes of TroD and TrFX are highly
      similar, except for promoter and intron 1, indicating that TroD has probably
      evolved by duplication of FX, the plasma counterpart. The promoter insertion in
      TroD accounts for the elevated but not venom gland-specific expression. Here we
      examined the roles of 3 insertions and 2 deletions in intron 1 of TroD in the
      regulation of expression using luciferase as a reporter. By systematic deletions,
      we showed that a 209 bp region within the second insertion silences expression in
      mammalian and unmilked venom gland cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, we
      identified 5 AG-rich motifs in this region. All except the 5th motif are
      important for silencing function. YY1, Sp3 and HMGB2 were identified to bind
      these AG-rich motifs and silence gene expression in mammalian cells. Similar AG
      rich motif clusters are also found in other toxin genes but not in their
      physiologic counterparts. Thus, AG-rich motifs contribute to regulation of
      expression of TroD, and probably other toxin genes.-Han, S. X., Kwong, S., Ge,
      R., Kolatkar, P. R., Woods, A. E., Blanchet, G., Kini, R. M. Regulation of
      expression of venom toxins: silencing of prothrombin activator trocarin D by AG
      rich motifs.

PMID- 26985006
TI  - Prenatal, but not early postnatal, exposure to a Western diet improves spatial
      memory of pigs later in life and is paired with changes in maternal prepartum
      blood lipid levels.
AB  - Maternal obesity and perinatal high-fat diets are known to affect cognitive
      development. We examined the effects of late prenatal and/or early postnatal
      exposure to a Western-type diet, high in both fat and refined sugar, on the
      cognition of pigs (Sus scrofa) in the absence of obesity. Thirty-six sows and
      their offspring were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 * 2 factorial
      arrangement, with 8 wk prenatal and 8 wk postnatal exposure to a Western diet
      (enriched in fat, sucrose, and cholesterol) or control diets as factors. Compared
      to controls, piglets exposed to the prenatal Western diet showed enhanced working
      and reference memory during the acquisition and reversal phases of a spatial hole
      board task. Mothers fed the prenatal Western diet had higher prepartum blood
      cholesterol and free fatty acid levels. Postnatal exposure to the Western diet
      did not affect piglet cognitive performance, but it did increase postpartum
      maternal and postweaning piglet cholesterol levels. The Western diet had no
      effect on maternal or offspring insulin sensitivity or leptin levels. In
      conclusion, a prenatal Western diet improved memory function in pigs, which was
      paired with changes in prepartum maternal blood cholesterol levels. These
      findings highlight the key role of late fetal nutrition for long-term programming
      of cognition.-Clouard, C., Kemp, B., Val-Laillet, D., Gerrits, W. J. J., Bartels,
      A. C., Bolhuis, J. E. Prenatal, but not early postnatal, exposure to a Western
      diet improves spatial memory of pigs later in life and is paired with changes in
      maternal prepartum blood lipid levels.

PMID- 26985009
TI  - PhenoWorld: addressing animal welfare in a new paradigm to house and assess rat
      behaviour.
AB  - The use of animals is essential in biomedical research. The laboratory
      environment where the animals are housed has a major impact on them throughout
      their lives and influences the outcome of animal experiments. Therefore, there
      has been an increased effort in the refinement of laboratory housing conditions
      which is explicitly reflected in international regulations and recommendations.
      Since housing conditions affect behaviour and brain function as well as well
      being, the validation of an animal model or paradigm to study the brain and
      central nervous system disorders is not complete without an evaluation of its
      implication on animal welfare. Here we discuss several aspects of animal welfare,
      comparing groups of six rats living in the PhenoWorld (PhW), a recently developed
      and validated paradigm for studying rodent behaviour, with standard-housed
      animals (in cages of six rats or pair-housed). In this study we present new data
      on home-cage behaviour showing that PhW animals have a clearer circadian pattern
      of sleep and social interaction. We conclude that, by promoting good basic health
      and functioning, together with the performance of natural behaviours, and
      maintaining animals' control over some of their environment but still keeping
      some physical and social challenges, the PhW stimulates positive affective states
      and higher motivation in rats, which might contribute to an increased welfare for
      animals living in the PhW.

PMID- 26985008
TI  - Increased aldosterone-dependent Kv1.5 recycling predisposes to pacing-induced
      atrial fibrillation in Kcne3-/- mice.
AB  - Hyperaldosteronism is associated with an increased prevalence of atrial
      fibrillation (AF). Mutations in KCNE3 have been associated with AF, and Kcne3(-/
      ) mice exhibit hyperaldosteronism. In this study, we used recently developed
      Kcne3(-/-) mice to study atrial electrophysiology with respect to development of
      aldosterone-dependent AF. In invasive electrophysiology studies, Kcne3(-/-) mice
      displayed a reduced atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and inducible
      episodes of paroxysmal AF. The cellular arrhythmogenic correlate for AF
      predisposition was a significant increase in atrial Kv currents generated by the
      micromolar 4-aminopyridine-sensitive Kv current encoded by Kv1.5.
      Electrophysiological alterations in Kcne3(-/-) mice were aldosterone dependent
      and were associated with increased Rab4, -5, and -9-dependent recycling of Kv1.5
      channels to the Z-disc/T-tubulus region and lateral membrane via activation of
      the Akt/AS160 pathway. Treatment with spironolactone inhibited Akt/AS160
      phosphorylation, reduced Rab-dependent Kv1.5 recycling, normalized AERP and
      atrial Kv currents to the wild-type level, and reduced arrhythmia induction in
      Kcne3(-/-) mice. Kcne3 deletion in mice predisposes to AF by a heretofore
      unrecognized mechanism-namely, increased aldosterone-dependent Kv1.5 recycling
      via Rab GTPases. The findings uncover detailed molecular mechanisms underpinning
      a channelopathy-linked form of AF and emphasize the inevitability of considering
      extracardiac mechanisms in genetic arrhythmia syndromes.-Lisewski, U., Koehncke,
      C., Wilck, N., Buschmeyer, B., Pieske, B., Roepke, T. K. Increased aldosterone
      dependent Kv1.5 recycling predisposes to pacing-induced atrial fibrillation in
      Kcne3(-/-) mice.

PMID- 26985010
TI  - Platelet-rich plasma: Renewed scientific understanding must guide appropriate
      use.

PMID- 26985011
TI  - Concordance between the tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay
      (IGRA) for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection in patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus and patient characteristics associated with an indeterminate
      IGRA.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated the agreement between the tuberculin skin test (TST)
      and the QuantiFERON-TB gold (QFT-G) assay in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis
      infection (LTBI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
      Furthermore, we evaluated the factors associated with indeterminate results in
      the QFT-G assay in patients with SLE. METHODS: We enrolled 136 patients with SLE
      prospectively, and compared them to 66 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      In addition to the TST, QFT-G assay, patients' medications, and Bacillus Calmette
      Guerin (BCG) vaccination status were also investigated. A positive TST or QFT-G
      assay result without an active tuberculosis lesion on chest x-ray was considered
      to indicate a diagnosis of LTBI. RESULTS: The prevalence of LTBI was 26.5% in
      patients with SLE and 30.3% in patients with RA. The agreement between the TST
      and QFT-G assay was fair in SLE patients, but poor in RA patients. BCG
      vaccination was one factor associated with discordance between TST and QFT-G.
      Older age and higher SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score were associated
      with a negative TST/positive QFT-G result in patients with SLE. Higher SLEDAI
      score and increased glucocorticoid dose were associated with an indeterminate
      result in the QFT-G assay for patients with SLE. CONCLUSIONS: Agreement between
      the QFT-G assay and TST in patients with SLE was found to be fair. However, BCG
      vaccination status, age, and SLEDAI score are all factors that could result in
      discordance between the two tests. Indeterminate results from the QFT-G assay may
      be caused by a higher SLEDAI score or increased glucocorticoid dose.

PMID- 26985012
TI  - Rumen bacterial communities shift across a lactation in Holstein, Jersey and
      Holstein * Jersey dairy cows and correlate to rumen function, bacterial fatty
      acid composition and production parameters.
AB  - Rumen bacteria form a dynamic, complex, symbiotic relationship with their host,
      degrading forages to provide volatile fatty acids (VFA) and other substrates as
      energy to the animal. The objectives were to characterize rumen bacteria in three
      genetic lines of primiparous dairy cattle, Holstein (HO, n = 7), Jersey (JE, n =
      8), and HO * JE crossbreeds (CB, n = 7) across a lactation [3, 93, 183 and 273
      days in milk (DIM)] and correlate these factors with VFA, bacterial cell membrane
      fatty acids (FA), and animal production (i.e. milk yield). This study employed
      Illumina MiSeq (v. 3) to investigate rumen bacterial communities and gas-liquid
      chromatography/mass spectroscopy to identify bacterial membrane FA. Lactation
      stage had a prominent effect on rumen bacterial communities, whereas genetics had
      a lesser effect on rumen bacteria. The FA composition of bacterial cell membranes
      was affected by both lactation stage and genetics. Few correlations existed
      between VFA and bacterial communities; however, moderate correlations occurred
      between milk yield, protein percentage, fat yield and rumen bacterial
      communities. Positive correlations were found between branched-chain FA (BCFA) in
      bacterial cell membranes and bacterial genera. In conclusion, bacterial
      communities and their FA compositions are more affected by stage of lactation
      than by genetics of dairy cow.

PMID- 26985013
TI  - Diversity and dynamics of algal Megaviridae members during a harmful brown tide
      caused by the pelagophyte, Aureococcus anophagefferens.
AB  - Many giant dsDNA algal viruses share a common ancestor with Mimivirus--one of the
      largest viruses, in terms of genetic content. Together, these viruses form the
      proposed 'Megaviridae' clade of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. To gauge
      Megaviridae diversity, we designed degenerate primers targeting the major capsid
      protein genes of algae-infecting viruses within this group and probed the clade's
      diversity during the course of a brown tide bloom caused by the harmful
      pelagophyte,Aureococcus anophagefferens We amplified target sequences in water
      samples from two distinct locations (Weesuck Creek and Quantuck Bay, NY) covering
      12 weeks concurrent with the proliferation and demise of a bloom. In total, 475
      amplicons clustered into 145 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% identity.
      One OTU contained 19 sequences with >=97% identity to AaV, a member of the
      Megaviridae clade that infects A. anophagefferens, suggesting AaV was present
      during the bloom. Unifrac analysis showed clear temporal patterns in algal
      Megaviridae dynamics, with a shift in the virus community structure that
      corresponded to the Aureococcus bloom decline in both locations. Our data provide
      insights regarding the environmental relevance of algal Megaviridae members and
      raise important questions regarding their phylodynamics across different
      environmental gradients.

PMID- 26985014
TI  - University of McGill massive open online course: pioneering sport and exercise
      medicine education.

PMID- 26985015
TI  - Factors Affecting Physicians' Intentions to Communicate Personalized Prognostic
      Information to Cancer Patients at the End of Life: An Experimental Vignette
      Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To explore the effects of personalized prognostic information on
      physicians' intentions to communicate prognosis to cancer patients at the end of
      life, and to identify factors that moderate these effects. METHODS: A factorial
      experiment was conducted in which 93 family medicine physicians were presented
      with a hypothetical vignette depicting an end-stage gastric cancer patient
      seeking prognostic information. Physicians' intentions to communicate prognosis
      were assessed before and after provision of personalized prognostic information,
      while emotional distress of the patient and ambiguity (imprecision) of the
      prognostic estimate were varied between subjects. General linear models were used
      to test the effects of personalized prognostic information, patient distress, and
      ambiguity on prognostic communication intentions, and potential moderating
      effects of 1) perceived patient distress, 2) perceived credibility of prognostic
      models, 3) physician numeracy (objective and subjective), and 4) physician
      aversion to risk and ambiguity. RESULTS: Provision of personalized prognostic
      information increased prognostic communication intentions (P < 0.001, eta(2) =
      0.38), although experimentally manipulated patient distress and prognostic
      ambiguity had no effects. Greater change in communication intentions was
      positively associated with higher perceived credibility of prognostic models (P =
      0.007, eta(2) = 0.10), higher objective numeracy (P = 0.01, eta(2) = 0.09),
      female sex (P = 0.01, eta(2) = 0.08), and lower perceived patient distress (P =
      0.02, eta(2) = 0.07). Intentions to communicate available personalized prognostic
      information were positively associated with higher perceived credibility of
      prognostic models (P = 0.02, eta(2) = 0.09), higher subjective numeracy (P =
      0.02, eta(2) = 0.08), and lower ambiguity aversion (P = 0.06, eta(2) = 0.04).
      CONCLUSIONS: Provision of personalized prognostic information increases
      physicians' prognostic communication intentions to a hypothetical end-stage
      cancer patient, and situational and physician characteristics moderate this
      effect. More research is needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the
      determinants of prognostic communication at the end of life.

PMID- 26985017
TI  - Identification of microtubule growth deceleration and its regulation by conserved
      and novel proteins.
AB  - Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal polymers that participate in diverse cellular
      functions, including cell division, intracellular trafficking, and templating of
      cilia and flagella. MTs undergo dynamic instability, alternating between growth
      and shortening via catastrophe and rescue events. The rates and frequencies of MT
      dynamic parameters appear to be characteristic for a given cell type. We recently
      reported that all MT dynamic parameters vary throughout differentiation of a
      smooth muscle cell type in intact Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we describe local
      differences in MT dynamics and a novel MT behavior: an abrupt change in growth
      rate (deceleration) of single MTs occurring in the cell periphery of these cells.
      MT deceleration occurs where there is a decrease in local soluble tubulin
      concentration at the cell periphery. This local regulation of tubulin
      concentration and MT deceleration are dependent on two novel homologues of human
      cylicin. These novel ORFs, which we name cylc-1 and -2, share sequence homology
      with stathmins and encode small, very basic proteins containing several KKD/E
      repeats. The TOG domain-containing protein ZYG-9(TOGp) is responsible for the
      faster polymerization rate within the cell body. Thus we have defined two
      contributors to the molecular regulation for this novel MT behavior.

PMID- 26985016
TI  - Understanding mechanisms of hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that
      predominately affects women of reproductive age. Hypertension is an important
      cardiovascular risk factor that is prevalent in this patient population. Despite
      the high incidence of hypertension in women with SLE, the pathophysiological
      mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension remain poorly understood.
      This review will focus on disease-related factors, including inflammation,
      autoantibodies, and sex hormones that may contribute to hypertension in patients
      with SLE. In addition, we will highlight studies performed by our laboratory
      using the female NZBWF1 (F1 hybrid of New Zealand Black and New Zealand White
      strains) mouse model, a spontaneous model of SLE that mimics human disease and
      develops hypertension and renal injury. Specifically, using female NZBWF1 mice,
      we have demonstrated that multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of
      hypertension, including the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
      alpha, oxidative stress, as well as B-cell hyperactivity and autoantibody
      production.

PMID- 26985018
TI  - Tension on JAM-A activates RhoA via GEF-H1 and p115 RhoGEF.
AB  - Junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) is a broadly expressed adhesion molecule
      that regulates cell-cell contacts and facilitates leukocyte transendothelial
      migration. The latter occurs through interactions with the integrin LFA-1.
      Although we understand much about JAM-A, little is known regarding the protein's
      role in mechanotransduction or as a modulator of RhoA signaling. We found that
      tension imposed on JAM-A activates RhoA, which leads to increased cell stiffness.
      Activation of RhoA in this system depends on PI3K-mediated activation of GEF-H1
      and p115 RhoGEF. These two GEFs are further regulated by FAK/ERK and Src family
      kinases, respectively. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of JAM-A at Ser-284
      is required for RhoA activation in response to tension. These data demonstrate a
      direct role of JAM-A in mechanosignaling and control of RhoA and implicate Src
      family kinases in the regulation of p115 RhoGEF.

PMID- 26985020
TI  - Mesophyll Chloroplast Investment in C3, C4 and C2 Species of the Genus Flaveria.
AB  - The mesophyll (M) cells of C4 plants contain fewer chloroplasts than observed in
      related C3 plants; however, it is uncertain where along the evolutionary
      transition from C3 to C4 that the reduction in M chloroplast number occurs. Using
      18 species in the genus Flaveria, which contains C3, C4 and a range of C3-C4
      intermediate species, we examined changes in chloroplast number and size per M
      cell, and positioning of chloroplasts relative to the M cell periphery.
      Chloroplast number and coverage of the M cell periphery declined in proportion to
      increasing strength of C4 metabolism in Flaveria, while chloroplast size
      increased with increasing C4 cycle strength. These changes increase cytosolic
      exposure to the cell periphery which could enhance diffusion of inorganic carbon
      to phosphenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), a cytosolic enzyme. Analysis of the
      transcriptome from juvenile leaves of nine Flaveria species showed that the
      transcript abundance of four genes involved in plastid biogenesis-FtsZ1, FtsZ2,
      DRP5B and PARC6-was negatively correlated with variation in C4 cycle strength and
      positively correlated with M chloroplast number per planar cell area. Chloroplast
      size was negatively correlated with abundance of FtsZ1, FtsZ2 and PARC6
      transcripts. These results indicate that natural selection targeted the proteins
      of the contractile ring assembly to effect the reduction in chloroplast numbers
      in the M cells of C4 Flaveria species. If so, efforts to engineer the C4 pathway
      into C3 plants might evaluate whether inducing transcriptome changes similar to
      those observed in Flaveria could reduce M chloroplast numbers, and thus introduce
      a trait that appears essential for efficient C4 function. 

PMID- 26985019
TI  - Dermal Exposure to Cumene Hydroperoxide: Assessing Its Toxic Relevance and
      Oxidant Potential.
AB  - Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is a high production volume chemical that is used to
      generate phenol and acetone. Dermal exposure to CHP was hypothesized to result in
      systemic tissue toxicity, production of free radicals, and consequent decrease in
      plasma antioxidant levels. To evaluate the hypothesis and characterize the
      toxicity of CHP, male and female B6C3F1/N mice and F344/N rats were exposed to
      varying doses of CHP applied topically for 14 or 90 days. No significant changes
      in survival or body weight of mice and rats were observed following 14 days of
      exposure. However, 90 days of CHP exposure at the high dose (12 mg/kg) triggered
      a significant decrease (-15%) in the body weight of the male rat group only.
      Irritation of the skin was observed at the site of application and was
      characterized by inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. In treated animals,
      histology of liver tissue, free radical generation, and antioxidant levels in
      blood plasma were not significantly changed as compared to the corresponding
      controls. Consistent with the lack of systemic damage, no increase in
      micronucleated erythrocytes was seen in peripheral blood. In conclusion, topical
      CHP application caused skin damage only at the application site and did not cause
      systemic tissue impairment.

PMID- 26985022
TI  - Dissociating Prediction Failure: Considerations from Music Perception.

PMID- 26985021
TI  - Co-overexpressing a Plasma Membrane and a Vacuolar Membrane Sodium/Proton
      Antiporter Significantly Improves Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis
      Plants.
AB  - The Arabidopsis gene AtNHX1 encodes a vacuolar membrane-bound sodium/proton
      (Na(+)/H(+)) antiporter that transports Na(+) into the vacuole and exports H(+)
      into the cytoplasm. The Arabidopsis gene SOS1 encodes a plasma membrane-bound
      Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that exports Na(+) to the extracellular space and imports
      H(+) into the plant cell. Plants rely on these enzymes either to keep Na(+) out
      of the cell or to sequester Na(+) into vacuoles to avoid the toxic level of Na(+)
      in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of AtNHX1 or SOS1 could improve salt tolerance
      in transgenic plants, but the improved salt tolerance is limited. NaCl at
      concentration >200 mM would kill AtNHX1-overexpressing or SOS1-overexpressing
      plants. Here it is shown that co-overexpressing AtNHX1 and SOS1 could further
      improve salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, making transgenic
      Arabidopsis able to tolerate up to 250 mM NaCl treatment. Furthermore, co
      overexpression of AtNHX1 and SOS1 could significantly reduce yield loss caused by
      the combined stresses of heat and salt, confirming the hypothesis that stacked
      overexpression of two genes could substantially improve tolerance against
      multiple stresses. This research serves as a proof of concept for improving salt
      tolerance in other plants including crops. 

PMID- 26985023
TI  - A Role for the GIRK3 Subunit in Methamphetamine-Induced Attenuation of GABAB
      Receptor-Activated GIRK Currents in VTA Dopamine Neurons.
AB  - Repeated exposure to psychostimulants induces locomotor sensitization and leads
      to persistent changes in the circuitry of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA)
      system. G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK; also known as Kir3)
      channels mediate a slow IPSC and control the excitability of DA neurons. Repeated
      5 d exposure to psychostimulants decreases the size of the GABAB receptor
      (GABABR)-activated GIRK currents (IBaclofen) in ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA
      neurons of mice, but the mechanism underlying this plasticity is poorly
      understood. Here, we show that methamphetamine-dependent attenuation of GABABR
      GIRK currents in VTA DA neurons required activation of both D1R-like and D2R-like
      receptors. The methamphetamine-dependent decrease in GABABR-GIRK currents in VTA
      DA neurons did not depend on a mechanism of dephosphorylation of the GABAB R2
      subunit found previously for other neurons in the reward pathway. Rather, the
      presence of the GIRK3 subunit appeared critical for the methamphetamine-dependent
      decrease of GABABR-GIRK current in VTA DA neurons. Together, these results
      highlight different regulatory mechanisms in the learning-evoked changes that
      occur in the VTA with repeated exposure to psychostimulants. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Exposure to addictive drugs such as psychostimulants produces
      persistent adaptations in inhibitory circuits within the mesolimbic dopamine
      system, suggesting that addictive behaviors are encoded by changes in the reward
      neural circuitry. One form of neuroadaptation that occurs with repeated exposure
      to psychostimulants is a decrease in slow inhibition, mediated by a GABAB
      receptor and a potassium channel. Here, we examine the subcellular mechanism that
      links psychostimulant exposure with changes in slow inhibition and reveal that
      one type of potassium channel subunit is important for mediating the effect of
      repeated psychostimulant exposure. Dissecting out the components of drug
      dependent plasticity and uncovering novel protein targets in the reward circuit
      may lead to the development of new therapeutics for treating addiction.

PMID- 26985024
TI  - Extrinsic and Intrinsic Brain Network Connectivity Maintains Cognition across the
      Lifespan Despite Accelerated Decay of Regional Brain Activation.
AB  - The maintenance of wellbeing across the lifespan depends on the preservation of
      cognitive function. We propose that successful cognitive aging is determined by
      interactions both within and between large-scale functional brain networks. Such
      connectivity can be estimated from task-free functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI), also known as resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). However, common
      correlational methods are confounded by age-related changes in the neurovascular
      signaling. To estimate network interactions at the neuronal rather than vascular
      level, we used generative models that specified both the neural interactions and
      a flexible neurovascular forward model. The networks' parameters were optimized
      to explain the spectral dynamics of rs-fMRI data in 602 healthy human adults from
      population-based cohorts who were approximately uniformly distributed between 18
      and 88 years (www.cam-can.com). We assessed directed connectivity within and
      between three key large-scale networks: the salience network, dorsal attention
      network, and default mode network. We found that age influences connectivity both
      within and between these networks, over and above the effects on neurovascular
      coupling. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that the relationship between
      network connectivity and cognitive function was age-dependent: cognitive
      performance relied on neural dynamics more strongly in older adults. These
      effects were driven partly by reduced stability of neural activity within all
      networks, as expressed by an accelerated decay of neural information. Our
      findings suggest that the balance of excitatory connectivity between networks,
      and the stability of intrinsic neural representations within networks, changes
      with age. The cognitive function of older adults becomes increasingly dependent
      on these factors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Maintaining cognitive function is
      critical to successful aging. To study the neural basis of cognitive function
      across the lifespan, we studied a large population-based cohort (n = 602, 18-88
      years), separating neural connectivity from vascular components of fMRI signals.
      Cognitive ability was influenced by the strength of connection within and between
      functional brain networks, and this positive relationship increased with age. In
      older adults, there was more rapid decay of intrinsic neuronal activity in
      multiple regions of the brain networks, which related to cognitive performance.
      Our data demonstrate increased reliance on network flexibility to maintain
      cognitive function, in the presence of more rapid decay of neural activity. These
      insights will facilitate the development of new strategies to maintain cognitive
      ability.

PMID- 26985025
TI  - Interdependent Conductances Drive Infraslow Intrinsic Rhythmogenesis in a Subset
      of Accessory Olfactory Bulb Projection Neurons.
AB  - The accessory olfactory system controls social and sexual behavior. However, key
      aspects of sensory signaling along the accessory olfactory pathway remain largely
      unknown. Here, we investigate patterns of spontaneous neuronal activity in mouse
      accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells, the direct neural link between vomeronasal
      sensory input and limbic output. Both in vitro and in vivo, we identify a
      subpopulation of mitral cells that exhibit slow stereotypical rhythmic discharge.
      In intrinsically rhythmogenic neurons, these periodic activity patterns are
      maintained in absence of fast synaptic drive. The physiological mechanism
      underlying mitral cell autorhythmicity involves cyclic activation of three
      interdependent ionic conductances: subthreshold persistent Na(+) current, R-type
      Ca(2+) current, and Ca(2+)-activated big conductance K(+) current. Together, the
      interplay of these distinct conductances triggers infraslow intrinsic
      oscillations with remarkable periodicity, a default output state likely to affect
      sensory processing in limbic circuits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We show for the
      first time that some rodent accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells-the direct link
      between vomeronasal sensory input and limbic output-are intrinsically
      rhythmogenic. Driven by >= 3 distinct interdependent ionic conductances,
      infraslow intrinsic oscillations show remarkable periodicity both in vitro and in
      vivo. As a novel default state, infraslow autorhythmicity is likely to affect
      limbic processing of pheromonal information.

PMID- 26985026
TI  - Mirror Neurons of Ventral Premotor Cortex Are Modulated by Social Cues Provided
      by Others' Gaze.
AB  - Mirror neurons (MNs) in the inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex
      (PMv) can code the intentions of other individuals using contextual cues. Gaze
      direction is an important social cue that can be used for understanding the
      meaning of actions made by other individuals. Here we addressed the issue of
      whether PMv MNs are influenced by the gaze direction of another individual. We
      recorded single-unit activity in macaque PMv while the monkey was observing an
      experimenter performing a grasping action and orienting his gaze either toward
      (congruent gaze condition) or away (incongruent gaze condition) from a target
      object. The results showed that one-half of the recorded MNs were modulated by
      the gaze direction of the human agent. These gaze-modulated neurons were evenly
      distributed between those preferring a gaze direction congruent with the
      direction where the grasping action was performed and the others that preferred
      an incongruent gaze. Whereas the presence of congruent responses is in line with
      the usual coupling of hand and gaze in both executed and observed actions, the
      incongruent responses can be explained by the long exposure of the monkeys to
      this condition. Our results reveal that the representation of observed actions in
      PMv is influenced by contextual information not only extracted from physical
      cues, but also from cues endowed with biological or social value. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: In this study, we present the first evidence showing that social cues
      modulate MNs in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. These data suggest that there
      is an integrated representation of other's hand actions and gaze direction at the
      single neuron level in the ventral premotor cortex, and support the hypothesis of
      a functional role of MNs in decoding actions and understanding motor intentions.

PMID- 26985027
TI  - Neuropeptidergic Signaling and Active Feeding State Inhibit Nociception in
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Food availability and nutritional status are important cues affecting behavioral
      states. Here we report that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, a cascade of dopamine and
      neuropeptide signaling acts to inhibit nociception in food-poor environments. In
      the absence of food, animals show decreased sensitivity and increased adaptation
      to soluble repellents sensed by the polymodal ASH nociceptors. The effects of
      food on adaptation are affected by dopamine and neuropeptide signaling; dopamine
      acts via the DOP-1 receptor to decrease adaptation on food, whereas the
      neuropeptide receptors NPR-1 and NPR-2 act to increase adaptation off food. NPR-1
      and NPR-2 function cell autonomously in the ASH neurons to increase adaptation
      off food, whereas the DOP-1 receptor controls neuropeptide release from
      interneurons that modulate ASH activity indirectly. These results indicate that
      feeding state modulates nociception through the interaction of monoamine and
      neuropeptide signaling pathways. 

PMID- 26985028
TI  - Defective Phagocytic Corpse Processing Results in Neurodegeneration and Can Be
      Rescued by TORC1 Activation.
AB  - The removal of apoptotic cell corpses is important for maintaining homeostasis.
      Previously, defects in apoptotic cell clearance have been linked to
      neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying this are still poorly
      understood. In this study, we report that the absence of the phagocytic receptor
      Draper in glia leads to a pronounced accumulation of apoptotic neurons in the
      brain of Drosophila melanogaster. These dead cells persist in the brain
      throughout the lifespan of the organism and are associated with age-dependent
      neurodegeneration. Our data indicate that corpses persist because of defective
      phagosome maturation, rather than recognition defects. TORC1 activation, or
      inhibition of Atg1, in glia is sufficient to rescue corpse accumulation as well
      as neurodegeneration. These results suggest that phagocytosis of apoptotic
      neurons by glia during development is essential for brain homeostasis in adult
      flies. Furthermore, it suggests that TORC1 regulates Draper-mediated phagosome
      maturation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previously, defects in dead cell clearance
      were linked to neurodegeneration, but the exact mechanisms are not well
      understood. In this study, we report that the absence of an engulfment receptor
      leads to a pronounced accumulation of dead neurons in the brain of the fruit fly
      Drosophila melanogaster. These dead cells persist in the brain throughout the
      lifespan of the organism and are associated with age-dependent neurodegeneration.
      Our data indicate that corpses persist because of defective degradation of cells
      rather than recognition of dead cells.

PMID- 26985030
TI  - High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Ablates Gastric Vagal Afferent Circadian Rhythms.
AB  - Rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity increase daytime eating, suggesting
      an alteration in circadian food intake mechanisms. Gastric vagal afferents (GVAs)
      respond to mechanical stimuli to initiate satiety. These signals are dampened in
      HFD mice and exhibit circadian variations inversely with food intake in lean
      mice. Furthermore, leptin shows circadian variation in its circulating level and
      is able to modulate GVA mechanosensitivity. However, whether leptin's ability to
      modulate GVAs occurs in a circadian manner is unknown. Therefore, we investigated
      whether changes in the circadian intake of food in HFD-induced obesity is
      associated with a disruption in GVA circadian rhythms. Eight-week-old male
      C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard laboratory diet (SLD) or a HFD for 12 weeks. A
      subgroup of SLD and HFD mice were housed in metabolic cages. After 12 weeks, ex
      vivo GVA recordings were taken at 3 h intervals starting at zeitgeber time 0
      (ZT0) and stomach content was measured. After 12 weeks, HFD mice consumed more
      food during the light phase through larger and more frequent meals compared with
      SLD mice. SLD mice exhibited circadian fluctuation in stomach content, which
      peaked at ZT18 and reached a nadir at ZT9. At these time points, both tension and
      mucosal receptor mechanosensitivity were the lowest and highest, respectively.
      HFD mice exhibited little circadian variation in stomach content or GVA
      mechanosensitivity. Leptin potentiated mucosal receptor mechanosensitivity only
      in SLD mice and with reduced potency during the dark phase. In conclusion, loss
      of circadian variation in GVA signaling may underpin changes in eating behavior
      in HFD-induced obesity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Appropriate circadian control of
      food intake is vital for maintaining metabolic health. Diet-induced obesity is
      associated with strong circadian changes in food intake, but the contributing
      mechanisms have yet to be determined. Vagal afferents are involved in regulation
      of feeding behavior, particularly meal size, and have been shown to exhibit
      circadian fluctuation in mechanosensitivity, potentially allowing for time of day
      specific levels of satiety signaling. Our study indicates that, in diet-induced
      obesity, these circadian fluctuations in gastric vagal afferent
      mechanosensitivity are lost. This was accompanied by increased light phase
      eating, particularly increased meal size. This is the first evidence that diet
      induced disruption to vagal afferent signaling may cause a perturbation in
      circadian eating patterns.

PMID- 26985029
TI  - Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Muller Glia Is Controlled by Synergistic
      Activation of TRPC and Orai Channels.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is at the epicenter of astrocyte Ca(2+) signaling.
      We sought to identify the molecular mechanism underlying store-operated calcium
      entry that replenishes ER stores in mouse Muller cells. Store depletion, induced
      through blockade of sequestration transporters in Ca(2+)-free saline, induced
      synergistic activation of canonical transient receptor potential 1 (TRPC1) and
      Orai channels. Store-operated TRPC1 channels were identified by their
      electrophysiological properties, pharmacological blockers, and ablation of the
      Trpc1 gene. Ca(2+) release-activated currents (ICRAC) were identified by ion
      permeability, voltage dependence, and sensitivity to selective Orai antagonists
      Synta66 and GSK7975A. Depletion-evoked calcium influx was initiated at the Muller
      end-foot and apical process, triggering centrifugal propagation of Ca(2+) waves
      into the cell body. EM analysis of the end-foot compartment showed high-density
      ER cisternae that shadow retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata and axons,
      protoplasmic astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and ER-mitochondrial
      contacts at the vitreal surface of the end-foot. The mouse retina expresses
      transcripts encoding both Stim and all known Orai genes; Muller glia
      predominantly express stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), whereas STIM2 is
      mainly confined to the outer plexiform and RGC layers. Elimination of TRPC1
      facilitated Muller gliosis induced by the elevation of intraocular pressure,
      suggesting that TRPC channels might play a neuroprotective role during mechanical
      stress. By characterizing the properties of store-operated signaling pathways in
      Muller cells, these studies expand the current knowledge about the functional
      roles these cells play in retinal physiology and pathology while also providing
      further evidence for the complexity of calcium signaling mechanisms in CNS
      astroglia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Store-operated Ca(2+) signaling represents a
      major signaling pathway and source of cytosolic Ca(2+) in astrocytes. Here, we
      show that the store-operated response in Muller cells, radial glia that perform
      key structural, signaling, osmoregulatory, and mechanosensory functions within
      the retina, is mediated through synergistic activation of transient receptor
      potential and Orai channels. The end-foot disproportionately expresses the
      depletion sensor stromal interacting molecule 1, which contains an
      extraordinarily high density of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that shadow
      neuronal, astrocytic, vascular, and axonal structures; interface with
      mitochondria; but also originate store-operated Ca(2+) entry-induced
      transcellular Ca(2+) waves that propagate glial excitation into the proximal
      retina. These results identify a molecular mechanism that underlies complex
      interactions between the plasma membrane and calcium stores, and contributes to
      astroglial function, regulation, and response to mechanical stress.

PMID- 26985032
TI  - A Network of Three Types of Filaments Organizes Synaptic Vesicles for Storage,
      Mobilization, and Docking.
AB  - Synaptic transmission between neurons requires precise management of synaptic
      vesicles. While individual molecular components of the presynaptic terminal are
      well known, exactly how the molecules are organized into a molecular machine
      serving the storage and mobilization of synaptic vesicles to the active zone
      remains unclear. Here we report three filament types associated with synaptic
      vesicles in glutamatergic synapses revealed by electron microscope tomography in
      unstimulated, dissociated rat hippocampal neurons. One filament type, likely
      corresponding to the SNAREpin complex, extends from the active zone membrane and
      surrounds docked vesicles. A second filament type contacts all vesicles
      throughout the active zone and pairs vesicles together. On the third filament
      type, vesicles attach to side branches extending from the long filament core and
      form vesicle clusters that are distributed throughout the vesicle cloud and along
      the active zone membrane. Detailed analysis of presynaptic structure reveals how
      each of the three filament types interacts with synaptic vesicles, providing a
      means to traffic reserved and recycled vesicles from the cloud of vesicles into
      the docking position at the active zone. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The formation
      and release of synaptic vesicles has been extensively investigated. Explanations
      of the release of synaptic vesicles generally begin with the movement of vesicles
      from the cloud into the synaptic active zone. However, the presynaptic terminal
      is filled with filamentous material that would appear to limit vesicular
      diffusion. Here, we provide a systematic description of three filament types
      connecting synaptic vesicles. A picture emerges illustrating how the cooperative
      attachment and release of these three filament types facilitate the movement of
      vesicles to the active zone to become docked in preparation for release.

PMID- 26985033
TI  - Rivalry-Like Neural Activity in Primary Visual Cortex in Anesthetized Monkeys.
AB  - Two incongruent images viewed by the two eyes cause binocular rivalry, during
      which observers perceive continuous alternations between these two visual images.
      Previous studies in both humans and monkeys have shown that the primary visual
      cortex (V1) plays a critical role in the rivalry perception. However, it is
      unclear whether the rivalry activity observed in V1 relies on conscious
      influences. Here, we examine the responses of V1 in monkeys under general
      anesthesia. With intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-trial analysis,
      alternating activation of ocular dominance columns in V1 was observed during
      binocularly incongruent stimulation. Left- and right-eye columns exhibited
      counterphase activation, which were modulated by stimulus features in ways
      similar to those found in conscious human observers. These observations indicated
      that binocular rivalry occurs in V1 without consciousness, suggesting that the
      low-level automatic mechanisms play a more important role than previously
      believed in handling visual ambiguities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: When visual
      input is ambiguous, for example, in viewing bistable images, human subjects
      normally perceive one of the interpretations at a particular moment. Previous
      studies have shown that both low-level visual processing and high-level attention
      contribute to the establishment of the final visual perception. However, it is
      not clear whether attention is indispensable in such a process. Here we show that
      rivalry-like neural activity persisted in monkey V1 when the monkeys were
      anesthetized and viewed binocularly incongruent stimuli. Such activity has many
      key features similar to those observed in conscious human subjects. These
      findings indicate that low-level visual processes play a critical role in solving
      visual ambiguity such as binocular rivalry.

PMID- 26985034
TI  - Sensory Prioritization in Rats: Behavioral Performance and Neuronal Correlates.
AB  - Operating with some finite quantity of processing resources, an animal would
      benefit from prioritizing the sensory modality expected to provide key
      information in a particular context. The present study investigated whether rats
      dedicate attentional resources to the sensory modality in which a near-threshold
      event is more likely to occur. We manipulated attention by controlling the
      likelihood with which a stimulus was presented from one of two modalities. In a
      whisker session, 80% of trials contained a brief vibration stimulus applied to
      whiskers and the remaining 20% of trials contained a brief change of luminance.
      These likelihoods were reversed in a visual session. When a stimulus was
      presented in the high-likelihood context, detection performance increased and was
      faster compared with the same stimulus presented in the low-likelihood context.
      Sensory prioritization was also reflected in neuronal activity in the vibrissal
      area of primary somatosensory cortex: single units responded differentially to
      the whisker vibration stimulus when presented with higher probability compared
      with lower probability. Neuronal activity in the vibrissal cortex displayed
      signatures of multiplicative gain control and enhanced response to vibration
      stimuli during the whisker session. In conclusion, rats allocate priority to the
      more likely stimulus modality and the primary sensory cortex may participate in
      the redistribution of resources. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Detection of low
      amplitude events is critical to survival; for example, to warn prey of predators.
      To formulate a response, decision-making systems must extract minute neuronal
      signals from the sensory modality that provides key information. Here, we
      identify the behavioral and neuronal correlates of sensory prioritization in
      rats. Rats were trained to detect whisker vibrations or visual flickers. Stimuli
      were embedded in two contexts in which either visual or whisker modality was more
      likely to occur. When a stimulus was presented in the high-likelihood context,
      detection was faster and more reliable. Neuronal recording from the vibrissal
      cortex revealed enhanced representation of vibrations in the prioritized context.
      These results establish the rat as an alternative model organism to primates for
      studying attention.

PMID- 26985031
TI  - Cardinal Orientation Selectivity Is Represented by Two Distinct Ganglion Cell
      Types in Mouse Retina.
AB  - Orientation selectivity (OS) is a prominent and well studied feature of early
      visual processing in mammals, but recent work has highlighted the possibility
      that parallel OS circuits might exist in multiple brain locations. Although both
      classic and modern work has identified an OS mechanism in selective wiring from
      lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to primary visual cortex, OS responses have now
      been found upstream of cortex in mouse LGN and superior colliculus, suggesting a
      possible origin in the retina. Indeed, retinal OS responses have been reported
      for decades in rabbit and more recently in mouse. However, we still know very
      little about the properties and mechanisms of retinal OS in the mouse, including
      whether there is a distinct OS ganglion cell type, which orientations are
      represented, and what are the synaptic mechanisms of retinal OS. We have
      identified two novel types of OS ganglion cells in the mouse retina that are
      highly selective for horizontal and vertical cardinal orientations.
      Reconstructions of the dendritic trees of these OS ganglion cells and
      measurements of their synaptic conductances offer insights into the mechanism of
      the OS computation at the earliest stage of the visual system. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Orientation selectivity (OS) is one of the most well studied
      computations in the brain and has become a prominent model system in various
      areas of sensory neuroscience. Although the cortical mechanism of OS suggested by
      Hubel and Wiesel (1962) has been investigated intensely, other OS cells exist
      upstream of cortex as early as the retina and the mechanisms of OS in subcortical
      regions are much less well understood. We identified two ON retinal ganglion
      cells (RGCs) in mouse that compute OS along the horizontal (nasal-temporal) and
      vertical (dorsoventral) axes of visual space. We show the relationship between
      dendritic morphology and OS for each RGC type and reveal new synaptic mechanisms
      of OS computation in the retina.

PMID- 26985035
TI  - Synaptic Deficits at Neuromuscular Junctions in Two Mouse Models of Charcot-Marie
      Tooth Type 2d.
AB  - Patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2D (CMT2D), caused by dominant mutations
      in Glycl tRNA synthetase (GARS), present with progressive weakness, consistently
      in the hands, but often in the feet also. Electromyography shows denervation, and
      patients often report that early symptoms include cramps brought on by cold or
      exertion. Based on reported clinical observations, and studies of mouse models of
      CMT2D, we sought to determine whether weakened synaptic transmission at the
      neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an aspect of CMT2D. Quantal analysis of NMJs in
      two different mouse models of CMT2D (Gars(P278KY), Gars(C201R)), found synaptic
      deficits that correlated with disease severity and progressed with age. Results
      of voltage-clamp studies revealed presynaptic defects characterized by: (1)
      decreased frequency of spontaneous release without any change in quantal
      amplitude (miniature endplate current), (2) reduced amplitude of evoked release
      (endplate current) and quantal content, (3) age-dependent changes in the extent
      of depression in response to repetitive stimulation, and (4) release failures at
      some NMJs with high-frequency, long-duration stimulation. Drugs that modify
      synaptic efficacy were tested to see whether neuromuscular performance improved.
      The presynaptic action of 3,4 diaminopyridine was not beneficial, whereas
      postsynaptic-acting physostigmine did improve performance. Smaller mutant NMJs
      with correspondingly fewer vesicles and partial denervation that eliminates some
      release sites also contribute to the reduction of release at a proportion of
      mutant NMJs. Together, these voltage-clamp data suggest that a number of release
      processes, while essentially intact, likely operate suboptimally at most NMJs of
      CMT2D mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We have uncovered a previously unrecognized
      aspect of axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in mouse models of CMT2D. Synaptic
      dysfunction contributes to impaired neuromuscular performance and disease
      progression. This suggests that drugs which improve synaptic efficacy at the NMJ
      could be considered in treating the pathophysiology of CMT2D patients.

PMID- 26985036
TI  - Spontaneous Activity Defines Effective Convergence Ratios in an Inhibitory
      Circuit.
AB  - Many neurons fire spontaneously, and the rate of this firing is subject to
      neuromodulation. How this firing affects functional connectivity within a neural
      network remains largely unexplored. Here we show that changes in spontaneous
      firing of cartwheel interneurons in the mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) alter
      the effective convergence ratio of interneurons onto their postsynaptic targets
      through short-term synaptic plasticity. Spontaneous firing of cartwheel cells led
      to activity-dependent synaptic depression of individual cartwheel synapses.
      Depression was rapid and profound at stimulation frequencies between 10 and 200
      Hz, suggesting the presence of high release probability (Pr) vesicles at these
      inhibitory synapses. Weak, transient synaptic facilitation could be induced after
      synapses were predepressed, indicating that low-Pr vesicles are also recruited,
      and may thus support steady-state transmission. A two-pool vesicle depletion
      model with 10-fold differences in Pr could account for the synaptic depression
      over a wide range of stimulus conditions. As a result of depression during high
      spontaneous activity, more cartwheel interneurons were required for effective
      inhibition. Convergence of four interneurons was sufficient to compensate for the
      effects of depression during physiologically expected rates of activity. By
      simulating synaptic release during spontaneous firing, we found that recruitment
      of low-Pr vesicles at the synapse plays a critical role in maintaining effective
      inhibition within a small population of interneurons. The interplay between
      spontaneous spiking, short-term synaptic plasticity, and vesicle recruitment thus
      determines the effective size of a convergent neural network. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: We examined the relationship between the structure of a small neural
      circuit and the properties of its individual synapses. Successful synaptic
      inhibition of a target cell firing requires a critical inhibitory synaptic
      strength. Synapses often become depressed during spontaneous presynaptic
      activity, and this increases the number of presynaptic neurons needed to mediate
      inhibition. We show that depression is limited by the presence of a pool of
      vesicles that resist depletion. Thus, the size of this vesicle pool determines
      the size of the circuit needed to mediate inhibition during different patterns of
      activity.

PMID- 26985037
TI  - Role of Ventral Subiculum in Context-Induced Relapse to Alcohol Seeking after
      Punishment-Imposed Abstinence.
AB  - In many human alcoholics, abstinence is self-imposed because of the negative
      consequences of excessive alcohol use, and relapse is often triggered by exposure
      to environmental contexts associated with prior alcohol drinking. We recently
      developed a rat model of this human condition in which we train alcohol
      preferring P rats to self-administer alcohol in one context (A), punish the
      alcohol-reinforced responding in a different context (B), and then test for
      relapse to alcohol seeking in Contexts A and B without alcohol or shock. Here, we
      studied the role of projections to nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell from ventral
      subiculum (vSub), basolateral amygdala, paraventricular thalamus, and ventral
      medial prefrontal cortex in context-induced relapse after punishment-imposed
      abstinence. First, we measured double-labeling of the neuronal activity marker
      Fos with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (injected in NAc shell)
      and demonstrated that context-induced relapse is associated with selective
      activation of the vSub->NAc shell projection. Next, we reversibly inactivated the
      vSub with GABA receptor agonists (muscimol+baclofen) before the context-induced
      relapse tests and provided evidence for a causal role of vSub in this relapse.
      Finally, we used a dual-virus approach to restrict expression of the inhibitory
      kappa opioid-receptor based DREADD (KORD) in vSub->NAc shell projection neurons.
      We found that systemic injections of the KORD agonist salvinorin B, which
      selectively inhibits KORD-expressing neurons, decreased context-induced relapse
      to alcohol seeking. Our results demonstrate a critical role of vSub in context
      induced relapse after punishment-imposed abstinence and further suggest a role of
      the vSub->NAc projection in this relapse. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In many human
      alcoholics, abstinence is self-imposed because of the negative consequences of
      excessive use, and relapse is often triggered by exposure to environmental
      contexts associated with prior alcohol use. Until recently, an animal model of
      this human condition did not exist. We developed a rat model of this human
      condition in which we train alcohol-preferring P rats to self-administer alcohol
      in one context (A), punish the alcohol-reinforced responding in a different
      context (B), and test for relapse to alcohol seeking in Contexts A and B. Here,
      we used neuroanatomical, neuropharmacological, and chemogenetic methods to
      demonstrate a role of ventral subiculum and potentially its projections to
      nucleus accumbens in context-induced relapse after punishment-imposed abstinence.

PMID- 26985040
TI  - Anxiety Evokes Hypofrontality and Disrupts Rule-Relevant Encoding by Dorsomedial
      Prefrontal Cortex Neurons.
AB  - Anxiety is a debilitating symptom of most psychiatric disorders, including major
      depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction. A
      detrimental aspect of anxiety is disruption of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-mediated
      executive functions, such as flexible decision making. Here we sought to
      understand how anxiety modulates PFC neuronal encoding of flexible shifting
      between behavioral strategies. We used a clinically substantiated anxiogenic
      treatment to induce sustained anxiety in rats and recorded from dorsomedial PFC
      (dmPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) neurons while they were freely moving in a
      home cage and while they performed a PFC-dependent task that required flexible
      switches between rules in two distinct perceptual dimensions. Anxiety elicited a
      sustained background "hypofrontality" in dmPFC and OFC by reducing the firing
      rate of spontaneously active neuronal subpopulations. During task performance,
      the impact of anxiety was subtle, but, consistent with human data, behavior was
      selectively impaired when previously correct conditions were presented as
      conflicting choices. This impairment was associated with reduced recruitment of
      dmPFC neurons that selectively represented task rules at the time of action. OFC
      rule representation was not affected by anxiety. These data indicate that a
      neural substrate of the decision-making deficits in anxiety is diminished dmPFC
      neuronal encoding of task rules during conflict-related actions. Given the
      translational relevance of the model used here, the data provide a neuronal
      encoding mechanism for how anxiety biases decision making when the choice
      involves overcoming a conflict. They also demonstrate that PFC encoding of
      actions, as opposed to cues or outcome, is especially vulnerable to anxiety.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A debilitating aspect of anxiety is its impact on
      decision making and flexible control of behavior. These cognitive constructs
      depend on proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Understanding how
      anxiety affects PFC encoding of cognitive events is of great clinical and
      evolutionary significance. Using a clinically valid experimental model, we find
      that, under anxiety, decision making may be skewed by salient and conflicting
      environmental stimuli at the expense of flexible top-down guided choices. We also
      find that anxiety suppresses spontaneous activity of PFC neurons, and weakens
      encoding of task rules by dorsomedial PFC neurons. These data provide a neuronal
      encoding scheme for how anxiety disengages PFC during decision making.

PMID- 26985039
TI  - 17beta-Estradiol and Agonism of G-protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Enhance
      Hippocampal Memory via Different Cell-Signaling Mechanisms.
AB  - The ability of 17beta-estradiol (E2) to enhance hippocampal object recognition
      and spatial memory depends on rapid activation of extracellular signal-regulated
      kinase (ERK) in the dorsal hippocampus (DH). Although this activation can be
      mediated by the intracellular estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta, little is
      known about the role that the membrane estrogen receptor GPER plays in regulating
      ERK or E2-mediated memory formation. In this study, post-training DH infusion of
      the GPER agonist G-1 enhanced object recognition and spatial memory in
      ovariectomized female mice, whereas the GPER antagonist G-15 impaired memory,
      suggesting that GPER activation, like E2, promotes hippocampal memory formation.
      However, unlike E2, G-1 did not increase ERK phosphorylation, but instead
      significantly increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the
      DH. Moreover, DH infusion of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 prevented G-1 from
      enhancing object recognition and spatial memory, but the ERK inhibitor U0126 did
      not. These data suggest that GPER enhances memory via different cell-signaling
      mechanisms than E2. This conclusion was supported by data showing that the
      ability of E2 to facilitate memory and activate ERK signaling was not blocked by
      G-15 or SP600125, which demonstrates that the memory-enhancing effects of E2 are
      not dependent on JNK or GPER activation in the DH. Together, these data indicate
      that GPER regulates memory independently from ERalpha and ERbeta by activating
      JNK signaling, rather than ERK signaling. Thus, the findings suggest that GPER in
      the DH may not function as an estrogen receptor to regulate object recognition
      and spatial memory. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although 17beta-estradiol has long
      been known to regulate memory function, the molecular mechanisms underlying
      estrogenic memory modulation remain largely unknown. Here, we examined whether
      the putative membrane estrogen receptor GPER acts like the classical estrogen
      receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta, to facilitate hippocampal memory in female mice.
      Although GPER activation did enhance object recognition and spatial memory, it
      did so by activating different cell-signaling mechanisms from ERalpha, ERbeta, or
      17beta-estradiol. These data indicate that 17beta-estradiol and GPER
      independently regulate hippocampal memory, and suggest that hippocampal GPER may
      not function as an estrogen receptor in the dorsal hippocampus. These findings
      are significant because they provide novel insights about the molecular
      mechanisms through which 17beta-estradiol modulates hippocampal memory.

PMID- 26985042
TI  - The Severity of Acute Stress Is Represented by Increased Synchronous Activity and
      Recruitment of Hypothalamic CRH Neurons.
AB  - The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis regulates stress physiology
      and behavior. To achieve an optimally tuned adaptive response, it is critical
      that the magnitude of the stress response matches the severity of the threat.
      Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released from the paraventricular nucleus
      of the hypothalamus is a major regulator of the HPA axis. However, how CRH
      producing neurons in an intact animal respond to different stressor intensities
      is currently not known. Using two-photon calcium imaging on intact larval
      zebrafish, we recorded the activity of CRH cells, while the larvae were exposed
      to stressors of varying intensity. By combining behavioral and physiological
      measures, we first determined how sudden alterations in environmental conditions
      lead to different levels of stress axis activation. Then, we measured changes in
      the frequency and amplitude of Ca(2+) transients in individual CRH neurons in
      response to such stressors. The response magnitude of individual CRH cells
      covaried with stressor intensity. Furthermore, stressors caused the recruitment
      of previously inactive CRH neurons in an intensity-dependent manner, thus
      increasing the pool of responsive CRH cells. Strikingly, stressor-induced
      activity appeared highly synchronized among CRH neurons, and also across
      hemispheres. Thus, the stressor strength-dependent output of CRH neurons emerges
      by a dual mechanism that involves both the increased activity of individual cells
      and the recruitment of a larger pool of responsive cells. The synchronicity of
      CRH neurons within and across hemispheres ensures that the overall output of the
      HPA axis matches the severity of the threat. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Stressors
      trigger adaptive responses in the body that are essential for survival. How the
      brain responds to acute stressors of varying intensity in an intact animal,
      however, is not well understood. We address this question using two-photon Ca(2+)
      imaging in larval zebrafish with transgenically labeled corticotropin-releasing
      hormone (CRH) cells, which represent a major regulator of the stress axis. We
      show that stressor strength-dependent responses of CRH neurons emerge via an
      intensity-dependent increase in the activity of individual CRH cells, and by an
      increase in the pool of responsive CRH cells at the population level.
      Furthermore, we report striking synchronicity among CRH neurons even across
      hemispheres, which suggests tight intrahypothalamic and interhypothalamic
      coordination. Thus, our work reveals how CRH neurons respond to different levels
      of acute stress in vivo.

PMID- 26985038
TI  - More Docked Vesicles and Larger Active Zones at Basket Cell-to-Granule Cell
      Synapses in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.
AB  - Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common and challenging clinical problem, and its
      pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. One possibility is insufficient
      inhibition in the hippocampal formation where seizures tend to initiate.
      Normally, hippocampal basket cells provide strong and reliable synaptic
      inhibition at principal cell somata. In a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy,
      basket cell-to-granule cell (BC->GC) synaptic transmission is more likely to
      fail, but the underlying cause is unknown. At some synapses, probability of
      release correlates with bouton size, active zone area, and number of docked
      vesicles. The present study tested the hypothesis that impaired GABAergic
      transmission at BC->GC synapses is attributable to ultrastructural changes.
      Boutons making axosomatic symmetric synapses in the granule cell layer were
      reconstructed from serial electron micrographs. BC->GC boutons were predicted to
      be smaller in volume, have fewer and smaller active zones, and contain fewer
      vesicles, including fewer docked vesicles. Results revealed the opposite.
      Compared with controls, epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats displayed boutons with
      over twice the average volume, active zone area, total vesicles, and docked
      vesicles and with more vesicles closer to active zones. Larger active zones in
      epileptic rats are consistent with previous reports of larger amplitude miniature
      IPSCs and larger BC->GC quantal size. Results of this study indicate that
      transmission failures at BC->GC synapses in epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats
      are not attributable to smaller boutons or fewer docked vesicles. Instead,
      processes following vesicle docking, including priming, Ca(2+) entry, or Ca(2+)
      coupling with exocytosis, might be responsible. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: One in 26
      people develops epilepsy, and temporal lobe epilepsy is a common form. Up to one
      third of patients are resistant to currently available treatments. This study
      tested a potential underlying mechanism for previously reported impaired
      inhibition in epileptic animals at basket cell-to-granule cell (BC->GC) synapses,
      which normally are reliable and strong. Electron microscopy was used to evaluate
      3D ultrastructure of BC->GC synapses in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy.
      The hypothesis was that impaired synaptic transmission is attributable to smaller
      boutons, smaller synapses, and abnormally low numbers of synaptic vesicles.
      Results revealed the opposite. These findings suggest that impaired transmission
      at BC->GC synapses in epileptic rats is attributable to later steps in exocytosis
      following vesicle docking.

PMID- 26985041
TI  - Synaptic Mechanisms Generating Orientation Selectivity in the ON Pathway of the
      Rabbit Retina.
AB  - Neurons that signal the orientation of edges within the visual field have been
      widely studied in primary visual cortex. Much less is known about the mechanisms
      of orientation selectivity that arise earlier in the visual stream. Here we
      examine the synaptic and morphological properties of a subtype of orientation
      selective ganglion cell in the rabbit retina. The receptive field has an
      excitatory ON center, flanked by excitatory OFF regions, a structure similar to
      simple cell receptive fields in primary visual cortex. Examination of the light
      evoked postsynaptic currents in these ON-type orientation-selective ganglion
      cells (ON-OSGCs) reveals that synaptic input is mediated almost exclusively
      through the ON pathway. Orientation selectivity is generated by larger excitation
      for preferred relative to orthogonal stimuli, and conversely larger inhibition
      for orthogonal relative to preferred stimuli. Excitatory orientation selectivity
      arises in part from the morphology of the dendritic arbors. Blocking GABAA
      receptors reduces orientation selectivity of the inhibitory synaptic inputs and
      the spiking responses. Negative contrast stimuli in the flanking regions produce
      orientation-selective excitation in part by disinhibition of a tonic NMDA
      receptor-mediated input arising from ON bipolar cells. Comparison with earlier
      studies of OFF-type OSGCs indicates that diverse synaptic circuits have evolved
      in the retina to detect the orientation of edges in the visual input.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A core goal for visual neuroscientists is to understand
      how neural circuits at each stage of the visual system extract and encode
      features from the visual scene. This study documents a novel type of orientation
      selective ganglion cell in the retina and shows that the receptive field
      structure is remarkably similar to that of simple cells in primary visual cortex.
      However, the data indicate that, unlike in the cortex, orientation selectivity in
      the retina depends on the activity of inhibitory interneurons. The results
      further reveal the physiological basis for feature detection in the visual
      system, elucidate the synaptic mechanisms that generate orientation selectivity
      at an early stage of visual processing, and illustrate a novel role for NMDA
      receptors in retinal processing.

PMID- 26985046
TI  - Bringing in "The Ones Who Know Them": Informal Community and Safety Planning for
      Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in New Zealand.
AB  - Victim advocates help victims of intimate partner violence to plan for their
      safety and encourage them to find social support. In New Zealand, however,
      victims often bring supportive allies with them to safety planning meetings, and
      those allies help to plan for the victim's safety. Interviews were conducted with
      representatives from 24 refuges in New Zealand, and from their perspective, the
      inclusion of allies in safety planning meetings is beneficial not only for social
      support but also for enhancing the safety of the victim. The benefits and
      implications of enlisting informal community members to help keep victims safe
      are discussed.

PMID- 26985043
TI  - AMPA-Kainate Receptor Inhibition Promotes Neurologic Recovery in Premature
      Rabbits with Intraventricular Hemorrhage.
AB  - Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants leads to cerebral
      inflammation, reduced myelination of the white matter, and neurological deficits.
      No therapeutic strategy exists against the IVH-induced white matter injury. AMPA
      kainate receptor induced excitotoxicity contributes to oligodendrocyte precursor
      cell (OPC) damage and hypomyelination in both neonatal and adult models of brain
      injury. Here, we hypothesized that IVH damages white matter via AMPA receptor
      activation, and that AMPA-kainate receptor inhibition suppresses inflammation and
      restores OPC maturation, myelination, and neurologic recovery in preterm newborns
      with IVH. We tested these hypotheses in a rabbit model of glycerol-induced IVH
      and evaluated the expression of AMPA receptors in autopsy samples from human
      preterm infants. GluR1-GluR4 expressions were comparable between preterm humans
      and rabbits with and without IVH. However, GluR1 and GluR2 levels were
      significantly lower in the embryonic white matter and germinal matrix relative to
      the neocortex in both infants with and without IVH. Pharmacological blockade of
      AMPA-kainate receptors with systemic NBQX, or selective AMPA receptor inhibition
      by intramuscular perampanel restored myelination and neurologic recovery in
      rabbits with IVH. NBQX administration also reduced the population of apoptotic
      OPCs, levels of several cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-beta, IL-6, LIF), and the density
      of Iba1(+) microglia in pups with IVH. Additionally, NBQX treatment inhibited
      STAT-3 phosphorylation, but not astrogliosis or transcription factors regulating
      gliosis. Our data suggest that AMPA-kainate receptor inhibition alleviates OPC
      loss and IVH-induced inflammation and restores myelination and neurologic
      recovery in preterm rabbits with IVH. Therapeutic use of FDA-approved perampanel
      treatment might enhance neurologic outcome in premature infants with IVH.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major complication
      of prematurity and a large number of survivors with IVH develop cerebral palsy
      and cognitive deficits. The development of IVH leads to inflammation of the
      periventricular white matter, apoptosis and arrested maturation of
      oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and hypomyelination. Here, we show that AMPA
      kainate receptor inhibition by NBQX suppresses inflammation, attenuates apoptosis
      of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and promotes myelination as well as clinical
      recovery in preterm rabbits with IVH. Importantly, AMPA-specific inhibition by
      the FDA-approved perampanel, which unlike NBQX has a low side-effect profile,
      also enhances myelination and neurological recovery in rabbits with IVH. Hence,
      the present study highlights the role of AMPA-kainate receptor in IVH-induced
      white matter injury and identifies a novel strategy of neuroprotection, which
      might improve the neurological outcome for premature infants with IVH.

PMID- 26985047
TI  - The Influence of Non-Misogynous and Mixed Portrayals of Intimate Partner Violence
      in Music on Beliefs About Intimate Partner Violence.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the effect of songs that offer non-misogynous and
      ambivalent portrayals of intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants ( N = 103)
      were exposed to a misogynous song about IPV, a song critical of IPV, and a song
      that offered an ambivalent portrayal of IPV. Our results showed positive effects
      of the anti-IPV song, and both positive and negative effects of the ambivalent
      portrayal on participants' beliefs about a violent relationship. These findings
      suggest that the context in which IPV is portrayed should be considered when
      evaluating the impact of media depicting IPV.

PMID- 26985044
TI  - Cell Type-Specific Circuit Mapping Reveals the Presynaptic Connectivity of
      Developing Cortical Circuits.
AB  - The mammalian cerebral cortex is a dense network composed of local, subcortical,
      and intercortical synaptic connections. As a result, mapping cell type-specific
      neuronal connectivity in the cerebral cortex in vivo has long been a challenge
      for neurobiologists. In particular, the development of excitatory and inhibitory
      interneuron presynaptic input has been hard to capture. We set out to analyze the
      development of this connectivity in the first postnatal month using a murine
      model. First, we surveyed the connectivity of one of the earliest populations of
      neurons in the brain, the Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells in the neocortex, which are
      known to be critical for cortical layer formation and are hypothesized to be
      important in the establishment of early cortical networks. We found that CR cells
      receive inputs from deeper-layer excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons
      in the first postnatal week. We also found that both excitatory pyramidal neurons
      and inhibitory interneurons received broad inputs in the first postnatal week,
      including inputs from CR cells. Expanding our analysis into the more mature
      brain, we assessed the inputs onto inhibitory interneurons and excitatory
      projection neurons, labeling neuronal progenitors with Cre drivers to study
      discrete populations of neurons in older cortex, and found that excitatory
      cortical and subcortical inputs are refined by the fourth week of development,
      whereas local inhibitory inputs increase during this postnatal period. Cell type
      specific circuit mapping is specific, reliable, and effective, and can be used on
      molecularly defined subtypes to determine connectivity in the cortex.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mapping cortical connectivity in the developing mammalian
      brain has been an intractable problem, in part because it has not been possible
      to analyze connectivity with cell subtype precision. Our study systematically
      targets the presynaptic connections of discrete neuronal subtypes in both the
      mature and developing cerebral cortex. We analyzed the connections that Cajal
      Retzius cells make and receive, and found that these cells receive inputs from
      deeper-layer excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons in the first
      postnatal week. We assessed the inputs onto inhibitory interneurons and
      excitatory projection neurons, the major two types of neurons in the cortex, and
      found that excitatory inputs are refined by the fourth week of development,
      whereas local inhibitory inputs increase during this postnatal period.

PMID- 26985048
TI  - Unusual tremor syndromes: know in order to recognise.
AB  - Tremor is a common neurological condition in clinical practice; yet, few
      syndromes are widely recognised and discussed in the literature. As a result,
      there is an overdiagnosis of well-known causes, such as essential tremor. Many
      important unusual syndromes should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      patients with tremor. The objective of this review is to provide broad clinical
      information to aid in the recognition and treatment of various unusual tremor
      syndromes in the adult and paediatric populations. The review comprised of a
      comprehensive online search using PubMed, Ovid database and Google Scholar to
      identify the available literature for each unusual tremor syndrome. The review
      includes fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia type
      12, tremors caused by autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, myorhythmia,
      isolated tongue tremor, Wilson's disease, slow orthostatic tremor, peripheral
      trauma-induced tremor, tardive tremor and rabbit syndrome, paroxysmal tremors
      (hereditary chin tremor, bilateral high-frequency synchronous discharges, head
      tremor, limb-shaking transient ischaemic attack), bobble-head doll syndrome,
      spasmus nutans and shuddering attacks. Rare tremors generally present with an
      action tremor and a variable combination of postural and kinetic components with
      resting tremors less frequently seen. The phenomenology of myorhythmia is still
      vague and a clinical definition is proposed. The recognition of these entities
      should facilitate the correct diagnosis and guide the physician to a prompt
      intervention.

PMID- 26985049
TI  - How to measure color using spectrometers and calibrated photographs.
AB  - The measurement of color in biology has become increasingly common. These
      measurements are not limited to color vision research, but are also found in
      studies of communication, signaling, camouflage, evolution and behavior, and in
      the examination of environmental, artificial and biogenic light. Although the
      recent availability of portable spectrometers has made it simpler to measure
      color, guidance on how to make these measurements has not kept pace. Because most
      biologists receive little training in optics, many measure the wrong thing, or
      measure the right thing in the wrong way. This Commentary attempts to give
      biologists a brief overview of how to measure light and color using spectrometers
      and calibrated photographs. It focuses in particular on the inherent ambiguities
      of many optical measurements, and how these can be addressed. 

PMID- 26985045
TI  - Mindfulness-Meditation-Based Pain Relief Is Not Mediated by Endogenous Opioids.
AB  - Mindfulness meditation, a cognitive practice premised on sustaining nonjudgmental
      awareness of arising sensory events, reliably attenuates pain. Mindfulness
      meditation activates multiple brain regions that contain a high expression of
      opioid receptors. However, it is unknown whether mindfulness-meditation-based
      analgesia is mediated by endogenous opioids. The present double-blind, randomized
      study examined behavioral pain responses in healthy human volunteers during
      mindfulness meditation and a nonmanipulation control condition in response to
      noxious heat and intravenous administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone
      (0.15 mg/kg bolus + 0.1 mg/kg/h infusion) or saline placebo. Meditation during
      saline infusion significantly reduced pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings
      when compared to the control + saline group. However, naloxone infusion failed to
      reverse meditation-induced analgesia. There were no significant differences in
      pain intensity or pain unpleasantness reductions between the meditation +
      naloxone and the meditation + saline groups. Furthermore, mindfulness meditation
      during naloxone produced significantly greater reductions in pain intensity and
      unpleasantness than the control groups. These findings demonstrate that
      mindfulness meditation does not rely on endogenous opioidergic mechanisms to
      reduce pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Endogenous opioids have been repeatedly
      shown to be involved in the cognitive inhibition of pain. Mindfulness meditation,
      a practice premised on directing nonjudgmental attention to arising sensory
      events, reduces pain by engaging mechanisms supporting the cognitive control of
      pain. However, it remains unknown if mindfulness-meditation-based analgesia is
      mediated by opioids, an important consideration for using meditation to treat
      chronic pain. To address this question, the present study examined pain reports
      during meditation in response to noxious heat and administration of the opioid
      antagonist naloxone and placebo saline. The results demonstrate that meditation
      based pain relief does not require endogenous opioids. Therefore, the treatment
      of chronic pain may be more effective with meditation due to a lack of cross
      tolerance with opiate-based medications.

PMID- 26985050
TI  - Intestinal paracellular absorption is necessary to support the sugar oxidation
      cascade in nectarivorous bats.
AB  - We made the first measurements of the capacity for paracellular nutrient
      absorption in intact nectarivorous bats. Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (20 g mass)
      were injected with or fed inert carbohydrate probes L-rhamnose and D(+)
      cellobiose, which are absorbed exclusively by the paracellular route, and 3-O
      methyl-D-glucose (3OMD-glucose), which is absorbed both paracellularly and
      transcellularly. Using a standard pharmacokinetic technique, we collected blood
      samples for 2 h after probe administration. As predicted, fractional absorption
      (f) of paracellular probes declined with increasing Mr in the order of rhamnose
      (f=0.71)>cellobiose (f=0.23). Absorption of 3OMD-glucose was complete (f=0.85;
      not different from unity). Integrating our data with those for glucose absorption
      and oxidation in another nectarivorous bat, we conclude that passive paracellular
      absorption of glucose is extensive in nectarivorous bat species, as in other bats
      and small birds, and necessary to support high glucose fluxes hypothesized for
      the sugar oxidation cascade.

PMID- 26985051
TI  - Dose-dependent fluoxetine effects on boldness in male Siamese fighting fish.
AB  - As the use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) continues to
      rise, these compounds enter the environment in increasing frequency. One such
      PPCP, fluoxetine, has been found in detectable amounts in aquatic ecosystems
      worldwide, where it may interfere with the behavior of exposed organisms.
      Fluoxetine exposure has been found to influence boldness and exploration in a
      range of fish species; however, how it might alter behavior in multiple contexts
      or over time is rarely examined. To this end, the effects of fluoxetine on
      boldness over time were studied in male Siamese fighting fish. Three different
      groups of males (0, 0.5 and 5 ug l(-1) fluoxetine) were tested in multiple
      boldness assays (empty tank, novel environment and shoal) once a week for 3 weeks
      to collect baseline measures and then at three different time points post
      exposure. The effects of these varying exposure amounts on behavior were then
      examined for overall response, consistency and across-context correlations.
      Unexposed males were bolder in all contexts, were more consistent within a
      context, and had stronger between-context correlations than exposed males.
      Fluoxetine had dose-dependent effects on behavior, as males that received the
      higher dose exhibited greater behavioral effects. This study stresses the
      potential fitness consequences of fluoxetine exposure and suggests that examining
      behavioral effects of PPCPs under different dosing regimens and in multiple
      contexts is important to gain an increased understanding of how exposure affects
      behavior.

PMID- 26985052
TI  - Resistance to nutritional stress in ants: when being fat is advantageous.
AB  - In ants, nutrient acquisition for the whole colony relies on a minority of
      workers, the foragers, which are often old and lean. Some studies have shown that
      the link between age, physiology and foraging activity is more flexible than once
      thought, especially in response to colony or environmental perturbations. This
      great plasticity offers the intriguing possibility to disentangle the effect of
      age, behaviour and physiology on the ants' abilities to cope with nutritional
      stresses. In this paper, we first looked at the capacity of groups of foragers
      and inner-nest workers to resist starvation and macronutrient imbalance. Second,
      we investigated whether behavioural task reversion modified the tolerance to
      nutritional stresses and by extension, changed mortality rate. We found that
      inner-nest workers live longer than foragers under nutritional stresses but not
      under optimal conditions. The reversion from foraging to inner-nest activities is
      followed by an increase in fat content and longevity. Finally, we demonstrated
      that changes in fat content associated with behavioural transition are highly
      flexible and strongly correlated to tolerance of nutritional stress. Our results
      have considerable implications for our understanding of the population dynamics
      of social insects under adverse nutritional conditions. 

PMID- 26985053
TI  - Maximum-speed curve-running biomechanics of sprinters with and without unilateral
      leg amputations.
AB  - On curves, non-amputees' maximum running speed is slower on smaller radii and
      thought to be limited by the inside leg's mechanics. Similar speed decreases
      would be expected for non-amputees in both counterclockwise and clockwise
      directions because they have symmetric legs. However, sprinters with unilateral
      leg amputation have asymmetric legs, which may differentially affect curve
      running performance and Paralympic competitions. To investigate this and
      understand the biomechanical basis of curve running, we compared maximum curve
      running (radius 17.2 m) performance and stride kinematics of six non-amputee
      sprinters and 11 sprinters with a transtibial amputation. Subjects performed
      randomized, counterbalanced trials: two straight, two counterclockwise curves and
      two clockwise curves. Non-amputees and sprinters with an amputation all ran
      slower on curves compared with straight running, but with different kinematics.
      Non-amputees ran 1.9% slower clockwise compared with counterclockwise (P<0.05).
      Sprinters with an amputation ran 3.9% slower with their affected leg on the
      inside compared with the outside of the curve (P<0.05). Non-amputees reduced
      stride length and frequency in both curve directions compared with straight
      running. Sprinters with an amputation also reduced stride length in both curve
      running directions, but reduced stride frequency only on curves with the affected
      leg on the inside. During curve running, non-amputees and athletes with an
      amputation had longer contact times with their inside compared with their outside
      leg, suggesting that the inside leg limits performance. For sprinters with an
      amputation, the prolonged contact times of the affected versus unaffected leg
      seem to limit maximum running speed during both straight running and running on
      curves with the affected leg on the inside.

PMID- 26985054
TI  - Spatiotemporal distribution of essential elements through Populus leaf ontogeny.
AB  - We examined the spatiotemporal distribution and accumulation of calcium (Ca),
      potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) during the growth and maturation of grey poplar
      (Populus tremula * alba) leaves covering plastochrons 01 through 10. This period
      spans the sugar sink-to-source transition and requires coordinated changes of
      multiple core metabolic processes that likely involve alterations in essential
      and non-essential element distributions as tissues mature and effect a reversal
      in phloem flow direction. Whole-leaf elemental maps were obtained from dried
      specimens using micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Additional cross-sections
      of fresh leaves were scanned to check for tissue specificity in element
      accumulation. The anatomical distribution of Zn and K remains relatively
      consistent throughout leaf development; Ca accumulation varied across leaf
      developmental stages. The basipetal allocation of Ca to the leaf mesophyll
      matched spatially and temporally the sequence of phloem maturation, positive
      carbon balance, and sugar export from leaves. The accumulation of Ca likely
      reflects the maturation of xylem in minor veins and the enhancement of the
      transpiration stream. Our results independently confirm that xylem and phloem
      maturation are spatially and temporally coordinated with the onset of sugar
      export in leaves.

PMID- 26985055
TI  - Clinical Evaluation of 99mTc-Rituximab for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Breast
      Cancer Patients.
AB  - The metastatic status of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) might be the most important
      prognostic factor in breast cancer. In this paper, we report to our knowledge the
      first study of (99m)Tc-rituximab as a radiotracer for imaging of SLNs using
      lymphoscintigraphy in both preoperative and intraoperative breast cancer
      patients. METHODS: (99m)Tc-rituximab was designed as an SLN tracer targeting the
      CD20 antigen, which expresses extensively in LNs. A retrospective study was
      performed on 2,317 patients with primary breast cancer who underwent
      lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Before imaging, all
      patients were administered a preoperative peritumoral injection of 37 MBq of
      (99m)Tc-rituximab. RESULTS: (99m)Tc-rituximab was synthesized in both high
      radiolabeling yield and high radiochemical purity (>95%), with molecular
      integrity and immune activity well maintained. The initial study of 100 breast
      cancer patients showed that the success rate of SLN lymphoscintigraphy by
      injection of (99m)Tc-rituximab, as compared with SLNB, was 100%, and the
      sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and false negative rate were 97.4%, 100%,
      98.0%, and 2.60%, respectively. Of the following 2,217 patients studied, the
      success rate of lymphoscintigraphy and SLNB was 98.8% and 99.9%, and the average
      number of SLN was 1.78 (range, 1-10) and 2.85 (range, 1-15). Age was an
      independent predictor of the number of SLNs identified by lymphoscintigraphy and
      intraoperative handheld gamma-probe (P < 0.05), and other factors-such as sex,
      imaging time, primary tumor site, histopathologic subtype, clinical T stage, and
      immunochemistry-were not (P > 0.05). However, the SLN metastatic rates were
      different in patients with different histopathologic subtype, clinical T stage,
      and immunochemistry (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Here we report the first study of the
      new radiotracer (99m)Tc-rituximab for breast cancer lymphoscintigraphy. This
      tracer showed great feasibility, safety, and effectiveness for SLN mapping in
      breast cancer patients.

PMID- 26985056
TI  - PSMA-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate
      Cancer with 177Lu-Labeled PSMA-617.
AB  - Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an excellent target for radionuclide
      therapy of metastasized castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Besides
      high affinity and long tumor retention, the DOTA-conjugated ligand PSMA-617 has
      low kidney uptake, making it an excellent choice for therapeutic application. We
      retrospectively report our experience with (177)Lu-PSMA-617-targeted radionuclide
      therapy in a case series of mCRPC patients resistant to other treatments.
      METHODS: Patients with PSMA-positive tumor phenotypes were selected by molecular
      imaging. Thirty patients received 1-3 cycles of (177)Lu-PSMA-617. During therapy,
      pharmacokinetics and radiation dosimetry were evaluated. Blood cell count was
      checked every 2 wk after the first and every 4 wk after succeeding cycles.
      Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was determined every 4 wk. Radiologic restaging
      was performed after 3 cycles. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 30 patients had a PSA
      response; in 13 of 30 the PSA decreased more than 50%. After 3 cycles, 8 of 11
      patients achieved a sustained PSA response (>50%) for over 24 wk, which also
      correlated with radiologic response (decreased lesion number and size). Normally,
      acute hematotoxicity was mild. Diffuse bone marrow involvement was a risk factor
      for higher grade myelosuppression but could be identified by PSMA imaging in
      advance. Xerostomia, nausea, and fatigue occurred sporadically (<10%). Clearance
      of non-tumor-bound tracer was predominantly renal and widely completed by 48 h.
      Safety dosimetry revealed kidney doses of approximately 0.75 Gy/GBq, red marrow
      doses of 0.03 Gy/GBq, and salivary gland doses of 1.4 Gy/GBq, irrespective of
      tumor burden and consistent on subsequent cycles. Mean tumor-absorbed dose ranged
      from 6 to 22 Gy/GBq during cycle 1. CONCLUSION: (177)Lu-PSMA-617 is a promising
      new option for therapy of mCRPC and deserves more attention in larger prospective
      trials.

PMID- 26985057
TI  - Prediction of Posttransplantation Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using
      Metabolic and Volumetric Indices of 18F-FDG PET/CT.
AB  - (18)F-FDG PET is an effective method of predicting recurrence of hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation. We compared recently introduced
      metabolic and volumetric (18)F-FDG PET/CT indices with the current
      clinicopathologic predictors for ability to predict recurrence. METHODS: In
      total, 110 HCC patients who underwent (18)F-FDG PET and liver transplantation
      were enrolled. On PET, SUVs and tumor-to-background ratios (TBRs) were measured
      as metabolic activity indices. Various metabolic tumor volumes and uptake-volume
      products (UVP) were also measured as volumetric indices. The ability of these
      indices and other clinicopathologic factors to predict recurrence was compared.
      RESULTS: All metabolic and volumetric indices were significant for recurrence
      prediction on receiver-operating-characteristic curve analyses (P < 0.001). On
      univariate survival analyses, all PET indices-as well as tumor size, tumor
      number, the Milan criteria, tumor grade, vascular invasion, and T-stage-were
      significant factors. However, on multivariate analyses, tumor size, tumor grade,
      maximum TBR, and UVP calculated by inferior vena cava activity were significant
      factors (P = 0.004, 0.014, 0.009, and 0.021, respectively). When the Milan
      criteria and PET factors were included in the multivariate analysis, the Milan
      criteria (P = 0.029), maximum TBR (P < 0.001), and UVP (P = 0.016) were
      significant. CONCLUSION: Volumetric and metabolic activity indices of (18)F-FDG
      PET are effective predictors of posttransplantation HCC recurrence. In addition
      to clinicopathologic factors, these indices need to be considered in the
      selection of candidates for liver transplantation.

PMID- 26985058
TI  - PET Mapping of Neurofunctional Changes in a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Model.
AB  - Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs after
      exposure to a traumatic event. This study aimed to investigate the neurobiologic
      changes before and after exposure-based therapy by PET in a rat model of PTSD.
      METHODS: Serial (18)F-FDG PET imaging studies were performed under the control
      (tone presentation), fear-conditioning, and extinction retrieval phases.
      Neuroactivity marker c-Fos protein was used for immunostaining. RESULTS:
      Increased glucose metabolism was observed in the bilateral amygdala after fear
      conditioning (P < 0.001) and in the right posterior insular cortex under
      extinction retrieval (P < 0.001) compared with the control phase. Increased c-Fos
      expression in the posterior insular cortex under extinction retrieval was
      positively correlated to the glucose metabolism (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our
      results indicated that the amygdala plays a key role in fear memory formation
      and, most importantly, the insular cortex is related to the retrieval of
      extinction memory. (18)F-FDG PET may provide a promising in vivo approach for
      evaluating exposure-based therapy of PTSD.

PMID- 26985059
TI  - The Impact That Number of Analyzed Metastatic Breast Cancer Lesions Has on
      Response Assessment by 18F-FDG PET/CT Using PERCIST.
AB  - The PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST) are not specific regarding
      the number of lesions that should be analyzed per patient. This study evaluated
      how the number of analyzed lesions affects response assessment in metastatic
      breast cancer. METHODS: In 60 patients, response was assessed by the change in
      SUVpeak, normalized to lean body mass, of the most (18)F-FDG-avid lesion (PERCIST
      1) and by the change in the sum of normalized SUVpeak for up to 5 lesions
      (PERCIST 5). The correlation between response by PERCIST and progression-free and
      disease-specific survival was evaluated. RESULTS: In responders and
      nonresponders, the respective progression-free survival at 2 y was 37.26% and
      6.43% for PERCIST 1 (P < 0.0001) and 33.65% and 7.14% for PERCIST 5 (P < 0.0001)
      and the respective disease-specific survival at 4 y was 58.96% and 25.44% for
      PERCIST 1 (P < 0.012) and 59.12% vs 20.01% for PERCIST 5 (P < 0.002). CONCLUSION:
      The number of analyzed lesions does not appear to have a major impact on the
      prognostic value of response assessment with (18)F-FDG PET/CT in metastatic
      breast cancer.

PMID- 26985060
TI  - Assessment of Minimum 124I Activity Required in Uptake Measurements Before
      Radioiodine Therapy for Benign Thyroid Diseases.
AB  - This study aimed to assess a hypothetical minimum administered activity of (124)I
      required to achieve comparability between pretherapeutic radioiodine uptake
      (RAIU) measurements by (124)I PET/CT and by (131)I RAIU probe, the clinical
      standard. In addition, the impact of different reconstruction algorithms on
      (124)I RAIU and the evaluation of pixel noise as a parameter for image quality
      were investigated. METHODS: Different scan durations were simulated by different
      reconstruction intervals of 600-s list-mode PET datasets (including 15 intervals
      up to 600 s and 5 different reconstruction algorithms: filtered-backprojection
      and 4 iterative techniques) acquired 30 h after administration of 1 MBq of
      (124)I. The Bland-Altman method was used to compare mean (124)I RAIU levels
      versus mean 3-MBq (131)I RAIU levels (clinical standard). The data of 37 patients
      with benign thyroid diseases were assessed. The impact of different
      reconstruction lengths on pixel noise was investigated for all 5 of the (124)I
      PET reconstruction algorithms. A hypothetical minimum activity was sought by
      means of a proportion equation, considering that the length of a reconstruction
      interval equates to a hypothetical activity. RESULTS: Mean (124)I RAIU and (131)I
      RAIU already showed high levels of agreement for reconstruction intervals of as
      short as 10 s, corresponding to a hypothetical minimum activity of 0.017 MBq of
      (124)I. The iterative algorithms proved generally superior to the filtered
      backprojection algorithm. (124)I RAIU showed a trend toward higher levels than
      (131)I RAIU if the influence of retrosternal tissue was not considered, which was
      proven to be the cause of a slight overestimation by (124)I RAIU measurement. A
      hypothetical minimum activity of 0.5 MBq of (124)I obtained with iterative
      reconstruction appeared sufficient both visually and with regard to pixel noise.
      CONCLUSION: This study confirms the potential of (124)I RAIU measurement as an
      alternative method for (131)I RAIU measurement in benign thyroid disease and
      suggests that reducing the administered activity is an option. CT information is
      particularly important in cases of retrosternal expansion. The results are
      relevant because (124)I PET/CT allows additional diagnostic means, that is, the
      possibility of performing fusion imaging with ultrasound. (124)I PET/CT might be
      an alternative, especially when hybrid (123)I SPECT/CT is not available.

PMID- 26985061
TI  - 18F-Choline PET/MRI: The Additional Value of PET for MRI-Guided Transrectal
      Prostate Biopsies.
AB  - We assessed the value of fusion (18)F-fluoromethylcholine ((18)F-choline) PET/MRI
      for image-guided (targeted) prostate biopsies to detect significant prostate
      cancer (Gleason >= 3 + 4) compared with standard (systematic 12-core) biopsies.
      METHODS: Within an ongoing prospective clinical trial, hybrid (18)F-choline
      PET/CT and multiparametric 3T MRI (mpMRI) of the pelvis were performed in 36
      subjects with a rising prostate-specific antigen for known (n = 15) or suspected
      (n = 21) prostate cancer before a prostate biopsy procedure. PET and T2-weighted
      MR volumes of the prostate were spatially registered using commercially available
      software. Biopsy targets were selected on the basis of visual appearance on MRI
      and graded as low, intermediate, or high risk for significant disease. Volumes of
      interest were defined for MR-identified lesions. (18)F-choline uptake measures
      were obtained from the MR target and a mirrored background volume of interest.
      The biopsy procedure was performed after registration of real-time transrectal
      ultrasound with T2-weighted MR and included image-guided cores plus standard
      cores. Histologic results were determined from standard and targeted biopsy cores
      as well as prostatectomy specimens (n = 10). RESULTS: Fifteen subjects were
      ultimately identified with Gleason >= 3 + 4 prostate cancer, of which targeted
      biopsy identified significantly more (n = 12) than standard biopsies (n = 5; P =
      0.002). A total of 52 lesions were identified by mpMRI (19 low, 18 intermediate,
      15 high risk), and mpMRI-assigned risk was a strong predictor of final pathology
      (area under the curve = 0.81; P < 0.001). When the mean (18)F-choline target-to
      background ratio was used, the addition of (18)F-choline to mpMRI significantly
      improved the prediction of Gleason >= 3 + 4 cancers over mpMRI alone (area under
      the curve = 0.92; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Fusion PET/MRI transrectal ultrasound
      image registration for targeted prostate biopsies is clinically feasible and
      accurate. The addition of (18)F-choline PET to mpMRI improves the identification
      of significant prostate cancer.

PMID- 26985062
TI  - RAS isoforms and mutations in cancer at a glance.
AB  - RAS proteins (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, NRAS and HRAS) function as GDP-GTP-regulated binary
      on-off switches, which regulate cytoplasmic signaling networks that control
      diverse normal cellular processes. Gain-of-function missense mutations in RAS
      genes are found in ~25% of human cancers, prompting interest in identifying anti
      RAS therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. However, despite more than three
      decades of intense effort, no anti-RAS therapies have reached clinical
      application. Contributing to this failure has been an underestimation of the
      complexities of RAS. First, there is now appreciation that the four human RAS
      proteins are not functionally identical. Second, with >130 different missense
      mutations found in cancer, there is an emerging view that there are mutation
      specific consequences on RAS structure, biochemistry and biology, and mutation
      selective therapeutic strategies are needed. In this Cell Science at a Glance
      article and accompanying poster, we provide a snapshot of the differences between
      RAS isoforms and mutations, as well as the current status of anti-RAS drug
      discovery efforts.

PMID- 26985066
TI  - Editor's Note.

PMID- 26985064
TI  - Cell adhesion molecule L1 contributes to neuronal excitability regulating the
      function of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
AB  - L1 (also known as L1CAM) is a trans-membrane glycoprotein mediating neuron-neuron
      adhesion through homophilic and heterophilic interactions. Although experimental
      evidence has implicated L1 in axonal outgrowth, fasciculation and pathfinding,
      its contribution to voltage-gated Na(+) channel function and membrane
      excitability has remained unknown. Here, we show that firing rate, single cell
      spiking frequency and Na(+) current density are all reduced in hippocampal
      excitatory neurons from L1-deficient mice both in culture and in slices owing to
      an overall reduced membrane expression of Na(+) channels. Remarkably, normal
      firing activity was restored when L1 was reintroduced into L1-deficient
      excitatory neurons, indicating that abnormal firing patterns are not related to
      developmental abnormalities, but are a direct consequence of L1 deletion.
      Moreover, L1 deficiency leads to impairment of action potential initiation, most
      likely due to the loss of the interaction of L1 with ankyrin G that produces the
      delocalization of Na(+) channels at the axonal initial segment. We conclude that
      L1 contributes to functional expression and localization of Na(+) channels to the
      neuronal plasma membrane, ensuring correct initiation of action potential and
      normal firing activity.

PMID- 26985065
TI  - Sleepiness, Fatigue, Behavioral Functioning, and Quality of Life in Survivors of
      Childhood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine subjective fatigue and sleepiness as predictors of
      functional outcomes in long-term pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant
      (HSCT) survivors. METHODS: Participants included 76 survivors assessed 5-14 years
      post-HSCT. Self-report and parent-proxy (i.e., N = 38) measures of fatigue,
      excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), emotional and behavioral functioning,
      executive functioning, and quality of life (QOL) were completed. Health-related
      correlates were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: Survivors exhibited
      significant fatigue for self (M = 69.21 +/- 20.14) and parent-proxy (M = 72.15 +/
      20.79) report. EDS was endorsed for 20-33% of survivors, depending on the
      respondent. EDS was not significant for parent-proxy outcomes, but was associated
      with poorer self-reported QOL and internalizing problems (p < .0016). Fatigue was
      associated with poorer functioning across all domains (p's < .0016). CONCLUSIONS:
      A substantial number of pediatric HSCT survivors exhibit sleepiness and fatigue.
      Fatigue is associated with statistically and clinically greater functional
      difficulties, highlighting the importance of examining sleep and fatigue and
      considering interventions to improve alertness.

PMID- 26985063
TI  - TAK1 determines susceptibility to endoplasmic reticulum stress and leptin
      resistance in the hypothalamus.
AB  - Sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress disrupts normal cellular homeostasis
      and leads to the development of many types of human diseases, including metabolic
      disorders. TAK1 (also known as MAP3K7) is a member of the mitogen-activated
      protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family and is activated by a diverse set of
      inflammatory stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that TAK1 regulates ER stress and
      metabolic signaling through modulation of lipid biogenesis. We found that
      deletion of Tak1 increased ER volume and facilitated ER-stress tolerance in
      cultured cells, which was mediated by upregulation of sterol-regulatory-element
      binding protein (SREBP)-dependent lipogenesis. In the in vivo setting, central
      nervous system (CNS)-specific Tak1 deletion upregulated SREBP-target lipogenic
      genes and blocked ER stress in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, CNS-specific Tak1
      deletion prevented ER-stress-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance and
      hyperphagic obesity under a high-fat diet (HFD). Thus, TAK1 is a crucial
      regulator of ER stress in vivo, which could be a target for alleviation of ER
      stress and its associated disease conditions.

PMID- 26985068
TI  - Response to "Comment on 'Nutrition Considerations in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy'
      ".

PMID- 26985067
TI  - Comment on "Nutrition Considerations in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy".

PMID- 26985071
TI  - Fingerprinting by fMRI: from populations to individual patterns of functional
      connectivity.

PMID- 26985069
TI  - Plasticity of Sensorimotor Networks: Multiple Overlapping Mechanisms.
AB  - Redundancy is an important feature of the motor system, as abundant degrees of
      freedom are prominent at every level of organization across the central and
      peripheral nervous systems, and musculoskeletal system. This basic feature
      results in a system that is both flexible and robust, and which can be
      sustainably adapted through plasticity mechanisms in response to intrinsic
      organismal changes and dynamic environments. While much early work of motor
      system organization has focused on synaptic-based plasticity processes that are
      driven via experience, recent investigations of neuron-glia interactions,
      epigenetic mechanisms and large-scale network dynamics have revealed a plethora
      of plasticity mechanisms that support motor system organization across multiple,
      overlapping spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, an important role of these
      mechanisms is the regulation of intrinsic variability. Here, we review several of
      these mechanisms and discuss their potential role in neurorehabilitation.

PMID- 26985072
TI  - Management of stage IIIA (N2) non-small-cell lung cancer: a transatlantic
      perspective?.

PMID- 26985076
TI  - A rare case of single right coronary artery with absent left main coronary
      artery.

PMID- 26985074
TI  - Real-time respiratory triggered SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging using CZT
      technology: impact of respiratory phase matching between SPECT and low-dose CT
      for attenuation correction.
AB  - AIMS: To assess the impact of respiratory phase matching between single-photon
      emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI) and low
      dose computed tomography (CT) for attenuation correction (AC). METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Forty patients underwent 1-day 99mTc-tetrofosmin pharmacological
      stress/rest SPECT-MPI using a cadmium-zinc-telluride gamma camera. Low-dose CT
      for AC was performed at deep-inspiration breath-hold. SPECT-MPI was acquired once
      with free-breathing (FB) and repeated at deep-inspiration breath-hold (BH) to
      match the respiratory phase of AC. From these acquisitions we reconstructed four
      data sets: free-breathing SPECT-MPI without AC (non-corrected; FB-NC), breath
      hold SPECT-MPI without AC (non-corrected; BH-NC), free-breathing SPECT-MPI with
      AC (FB-AC), and breath-hold SPECT-MPI with AC (BH-AC), the latter representing
      respiratory-phase-matched AC SPECT-MPI. We compared semi-quantitative segmental
      tracer uptake, visual diagnosis, inter-observer agreement, and image quality.
      Compared with FB-NC, deep-inspiration BH-NC increases inferior and lateral
      uptake, but decreases septal uptake. Addition of AC to FB increases inferior and
      septal uptake, but decreases anterolateral uptake. Combining breath-hold MPI with
      breath-hold CT AC (BH-AC) increases inferior, inferolateral, and septal uptake,
      but reduces apical uptake, without affecting anterolateral uptake, with
      significant differences to all other protocols. Frequency of normal scans
      increases across protocols: 10% with FB-NC, 21% with BH-NC, 38% with FB-AC, and
      51% with BH-AC. Image quality and inter-observer agreement were highest for BH-AC
      among all protocols. CONCLUSION: Compared with non-corrected breath-hold SPECT
      MPI and with free-breathing AC SPECT-MPI, respiratory-phase-matched AC SPECT-MPI
      significantly affects segmental semi-quantitative uptake, increases the frequency
      of normal scans, yields the best inter-observer agreement, and significantly
      improves image quality. These findings suggest a potential role of respiratory
      triggered SPECT-MPI in clinical routine.

PMID- 26985075
TI  - Papillary fibro-elastoma as a rare cause of rate-dependent angina: importance of
      diastolic coronary perfusion.

PMID- 26985077
TI  - Prediction of atherosclerotic disease progression using LDL transport modelling:
      a serial computed tomographic coronary angiographic study.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the efficacy of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport
      simulation in reconstructed arteries derived from computed tomography coronary
      angiography (CTCA) to predict coronary segments that are prone to progress.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-two patients admitted with an acute coronary event
      who underwent 64-slice CTCA after percutaneous coronary intervention and at 3
      year follow-up were included in the analysis. The CTCA data were used to
      reconstruct the coronary anatomy of the untreated vessels at baseline and follow
      up, and LDL transport simulation was performed in the baseline models. The
      computed endothelial shear stress (ESS), LDL concentration, and CTCA-derived
      plaque characteristics were used to identify predictors of substantial disease
      progression (defined as an increase in the plaque burden at follow-up higher than
      two standard deviations of the intra-observer variability of the expert who
      performed the analysis). Fifty-eight vessels were analysed. High LDL
      concentration [odds ratio (OR): 2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.64-2.84; P
      = 0.0054], plaque burden (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.13-1.72; P = 0.0017), and plaque
      area (OR: 3.46; 95% CI: 2.20-5.44; P<= 0.0001) were independent predictors of a
      substantial disease progression at follow-up. The ESS appears as a predictor of
      disease progression in univariate analysis but was not an independent predictor
      when the LDL concentration was entered into the multivariate model. The accuracy
      of the model that included the LDL concentration was higher than the accuracy of
      the model that included the ESS (65.1 vs. 62.5%). CONCLUSIONS: LDL transport
      modelling appears a better predictor of atherosclerotic disease progression than
      the ESS, and combined with the atheroma characteristics provided by CTCA is able
      to detect with a moderate accuracy segments that will exhibit a significant
      plaque burden increase at mid-term follow-up.

PMID- 26985078
TI  - Low dose in nuclear cardiology: state of the art in the era of new cadmium-zinc
      telluride cameras.
AB  - The use of myocardial perfusion imaging has seen a tremendous growth during the
      last decade and has become the most commonly used non-invasive imaging tool for
      risk stratification in patients with suspected and known coronary artery disease.
      Adherence to radiation safety best practices varied significantly between
      laboratories but the possibility to use the new cameras in nuclear cardiology can
      reduce dramatically the radiation dose without losing accuracy. Moreover, the
      physical characteristics of ultrafast technology could be able to open new doors
      for the evaluation of old parameters, changing the impact of nuclear cardiology
      in the diagnostic strategies. 

PMID- 26985079
TI  - Where Deforestation Leads to Urbanization: How Resource Extraction is Leading to
      Urban Growth in the Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - Developing the Amazon into a major provider of internationally traded mineral and
      food commodities has dramatically transformed broad expanses of tropical forests
      to farm and pasturelands, and to mining sites. The environmental impacts of this
      transformation, as well as the drivers underlying the process, have already been
      well documented. In this article we turn our analytical lenses to another, less
      examined effect of Amazon land use and environmental change, namely the creation
      and development of new urban areas. Here we argue that urban growth in the Amazon
      is a direct residual of international interest in the production of traded
      commodities, and of the capacity of local urban residents to capture capital and
      value before it is extracted from the region. Specifically, we suggest that urban
      growth is occurring fastest where cities have access to both rural export
      commodities and export corridors. We also show correlations between urban growth
      and lower rural population density, and cities' capacities to draw migrants from
      beyond their immediate rural surroundings. More broadly, we argue that
      urbanization in the Amazon is better interpreted as a symptom rather than a
      driver of the region's land use and land cover change.

PMID- 26985080
TI  - What Drives Indirect Land Use Change? How Brazil's Agriculture Sector Influences
      Frontier Deforestation.
AB  - From 2000-2005 high returns to soybeans set off an unprecedented expansion of
      agricultural production across Brazil. The expansion occurred concurrently to a
      sharp rise in deforestation, leading academics and policy makers to question the
      extent and means by which the growing agricultural sector was driving regional
      forest loss. In this article we consider and question the underlying drivers of
      indirect land use change, namely the potential impact of soybean expansion on
      beef prices and of land use displacement, via migration. We then present field
      level results documenting the displacement process in northern Mato Grosso and
      western Para States of the Amazon. Our results question the extent to which
      tropical Amazon deforestation is attributable to land use displacement; however,
      we argue that the agricultural sector may drive deforestation through other
      channels, namely through regional land markets.

PMID- 26985081
TI  - Preparing Tomorrow's Pharmacists: Should All Institutional Pharmacists Be Willing
      and Able to Train Pharmacy Learners?

PMID- 26985082
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26985083
TI  - Interdisciplinary Systems-Based Intervention to Improve IV Hydration during
      Parenteral Administration of Acyclovir.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intravenous (IV) hydration is considered a protective factor in
      reducing the incidence of acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity. A systems-based
      review of cases of acyclovir-associated acute kidney injury can be used to
      examine institution-, care provider-, and task-related factors involved in
      administering the drug and can serve as a basis for developing a quality
      improvement intervention to achieve safer administration of acyclovir.
      OBJECTIVES: To explore the effectiveness of the study institution's inter
      disciplinary quality improvement intervention in increasing the dilution of
      acyclovir before IV administration. METHODS: After conducting a systems-based
      review for intervention development, a retrospective analysis was undertaken to
      compare IV administration of acyclovir in the 6-month periods before and after
      implementation of the intervention. The study population was a sequential sample
      of all patients over 18 years of age who were seen in the emergency department or
      admitted to a ward and who received at least one IV dose of acyclovir at the
      study institution. The primary outcome was the volume in which each acyclovir
      dose was delivered. The secondary outcomes were the hourly rate of fluid
      administration, the frequency of an increase in hourly hydration rate, and the
      incidence of acute kidney injury. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients (44 in the pre
      intervention period and 40 in the post-intervention period) received IV acyclovir
      and had evaluable data for the primary outcome. The median volume in which the
      acyclovir dose was administered was significantly higher in the post-intervention
      group (250 mL versus 100 mL, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, an easily
      implemented intervention significantly increased the volume of IV fluid
      administered to patients receiving acyclovir. Adequately powered prospective
      studies are suggested to investigate the effectiveness of this intervention on
      the clinically relevant incidence of acyclovir-induced nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 26985085
TI  - Increasing Capacity for Experiential Rotations for Pharmacy Learners: Lessons
      Learned from a Multisite Teaching Hospital.

PMID- 26985086
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26985084
TI  - Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis in Patients with Renal Insufficiency:
      Pharmacists' Practices and Beliefs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinicians often face challenges in deciding how to treat
      osteoporosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. As background to offering
      guidance to health care providers, it is important to understand their practices
      and beliefs. OBJECTIVES: To describe the practices and beliefs of pharmacists
      regarding use of bisphosphonates for patients with osteoporosis and chronic
      kidney disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of pharmacists working in
      hospitals and related health care settings was conducted. A 34-item online
      questionnaire was developed consisting of 4 sections: demographic
      characteristics, practices, beliefs, and comfort level with making decisions
      about osteoporosis treatment. An e-mail invitation was sent to members of the
      Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists (n = 2499) in November 2012. RESULTS: A
      total of 367 pharmacists completed the survey. Most of the respondents were women
      (258 [70%]), had more than 10 years in practice (213 [58%]), and were providing
      care to 1 or more osteoporosis patients per week (212 [58%]). Over one-third (150
      [41%]) stated that they would use a bisphosphonate for patients with creatinine
      clearance (CrCl) of 15-30 mL/min, but more than half (207 [56%]) stated that they
      would avoid a bisphosphonate (and recommend another medication) for patients with
      CrCl below 15 mL/min. Forty-eight percent (176/363) agreed that oral
      bisphosphonates could be used for patients with renal failure (defined as CrCl <
      30 mL/min), so long as dosage adjustments are made. More than half (206/363
      [57%]) believed that the adverse effects of oral bisphosphonates increase for
      patients with renal failure. Respondents expressed a low level of comfort in
      assessing and initiating osteoporosis treatment for patients with renal failure.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists had varying beliefs about managing osteoporosis in
      patients with chronic kidney disease. This study highlights the need for practice
      tools and targeted education addressing the use of bisphosphonates for these
      patients.

PMID- 26985087
TI  - Health Care and Pharmacy Practice in South Africa.

PMID- 26985088
TI  - Interaction between Warfarin and Apple Juice.

PMID- 26985090
TI  - Dexamethasone 1 mg/mL Suspension Prepared from Crushed Tablets: Stability in
      Glass and Plastic Bottles and Plastic Syringes.

PMID- 26985089
TI  - Should Traditional Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) Models Incorporating Clinical
      Pharmacists with Full-Time AMS Responsibilities Be Replaced by Models in Which
      Pharmacists Simply Participate in AMS Activities as Part of Their Routine Ward or
      Team-Based Pharmaceutical Care?

PMID- 26985091
TI  - Tribute to the Reviewers of the Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy.

PMID- 26985092
TI  - Back to the Future.

PMID- 26985093
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26985095
TI  - After the Launch of the CSHP Strategic Plan, What's Next?

PMID- 26985094
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 26985096
TI  - Alcohol intake, morbidity, and mortality.

PMID- 26985097
TI  - Advances in schizophrenia genetics bring new challenges for clinicians and
      researchers.

PMID- 26985098
TI  - Twenty years of Internet addiction ... Quo Vadis?

PMID- 26985099
TI  - Stigma of tiger attack: Study of tiger-widows from Sundarban Delta, India.
AB  - AIMS: Human-tiger conflict (HTC) is a serious public health issue in Sundarban
      Reserve Forest, India. HTC is a continued concern for significant mortality and
      morbidity of both human and tiger population. This study examined 49 widows,
      whose husbands were killed by tigers, in order to explore the cultural stigma
      related with tiger-killing and consequent discrimination and social rejection.
      Different psychosocial aspects of community stigma associated with tiger-killings
      is discussed in the context of local culture. METHODS: A mix of both quantitative
      and qualitative methods was used in this ethnographic study in two mouzas of
      Sundarban adjacent to Reserve Forest, involving (1) Village Survey for Tiger
      widows, (2) In-depth interview of the widows, (3) Focus Group discussions, (4)
      Participatory mapping and (5) Stigma assessment by using a 28 item stigma scale
      especially devised for this research. For comparison of stigma-burden snake-bite
      widows and normal widows were taken from the same community. RESULTS: Tiger
      widows showed significantly higher stigma scores on all the clusters (fear,
      negative feelings, disclosure, discrimination, community attitudes, and spiritual
      dimension) than from both normal and snake-bite widows. They also showed higher
      total stigma score (65.9 +/- 9.8) than normal widows (35.8 +/- 8.0) and snake
      bite widows (40.1 +/- 7.1) and this difference was highly significant (P <
      0.001). IDIs and FGDs helped to unfold the cultural construct of stigma related
      to tiger-killing. This can be seen in how the tiger-widows' quality of life has
      been negatively impacted with a multitude of post-trauma psychological scars,
      deprivation, abuse and exploitation. CONCLUSIONS: The study proposes that
      administrative strategy for sustainable alternative income generation and
      conservation policy with integrated participatory forest management may save both
      human and tiger. A community ecocultural mental health programme addressing to
      eradicate the cultural stigma related with tiger attack, with environmental
      awareness may help to reduce the social miseries of the tiger-widows.

PMID- 26985100
TI  - An Indian experience of neurocognitive endophenotypic markers in unaffected first
      degree relatives of schizophrenia patients.
AB  - CONTEXT: Multiple vulnerability genes interact with environmental factors to
      develop a range of phenotypes in the schizophrenia spectrum. Endophenotypes can
      help characterize the impact of risk genes by providing genetically relevant
      traits that are more complaisant than the behavioral symptoms that classify
      mental illness. AIMS: We aimed to investigate the neurocognitive endophenotypic
      markers for schizophrenia in Indian population. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In a cross
      sectional study, we assessed neurocognitive functioning in 40 unaffected first
      degree relatives (FDR) of schizophrenia patients with an equal number of healthy
      controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FDR schizophrenia group was compared with the
      control group on measures of short-term memory, verbal working memory, auditory
      verbal memory on indices of immediate recall and recognition, visuospatial
      working memory, visual attention, and executive functions. RESULTS: The study
      found that FDR schizophrenia scored poorly on all tested measures of
      neurocognition except visual attention. On calculating composite score, we found
      that composite neurocognitive score better discriminated the FDR schizophrenia
      from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Neurocognitive measures of short-term
      memory, verbal working memory, auditory verbal memory, visuospatial working
      memory, and executive functions significantly differentiate FDR of patients with
      schizophrenia from controls and can be considered as endophenotypic markers of
      schizophrenia in non-Caucasian population. The exactitude of this approach can be
      increased by calculating a composite neurocognitive score which combines various
      neurocognitive measures.

PMID- 26985101
TI  - Predictors of retention in treatment in a tertiary care de-addiction center.
AB  - CONTEXT: Retention in treatment can improve the outcomes of patients with
      substance use disorders. AIMS: This study aimed to assess the predictors of
      treatment retention in a set of patients admitted with substance use disorders.
      SETTING AND DESIGN: This record-based study was conducted among consecutive
      patients discharged from the inpatient unit of a tertiary care de-addiction
      facility in Northern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were classified as
      being retained in treatment or drop-outs based on follow-up records. STATISTICAL
      ANALYSIS: Those who were retained and those who dropped out were compared using
      appropriate parametric and nonparametric tests. Logistic regression was used to
      find out the predictors of retention in treatment. RESULTS: A total of 88 case
      records were evaluated. All subjects were males and majority of the sample was
      married, educated up to 10(th) grade, employed, belonged to the nuclear family
      and urban background. Opioid dependence syndrome (96.6%) was the most common
      substance use disorder identified. Guilt feelings, general weakness of body, and
      loss of social respect were the most common substance-related complications
      experienced. Of the total sample, 40 (45.4%) were classified as retained into
      treatment. Higher socioeconomic status and having a family member with substance
      use was associated with higher chances of treatment retention. CONCLUSION:
      Identification of patient characteristics predicting drop-outs can help in
      targeting those individuals at higher risk. This can help in more favorable
      patient outcomes.

PMID- 26985102
TI  - Two decades of an indigenously developed brief-pulse electroconvulsive therapy
      device: A review of research work from National Institute of Mental Health and
      Neurosciences.
AB  - In 1993, a device to administer brief-pulse electroconvulsive therapy was
      indigenously developed through collaboration between the National Institution for
      Quality and Reliability and the National Institute of Mental Health and
      Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The additional feature of
      computerized recording of the electroencephalograph and electrocardiograph for
      both online and offline use had substantial clinical and research implications.
      Over the past two decades, this device has been used extensively in different
      academic and nonacademic settings. A considerable body of research with clinical
      and heuristic interest has also emanated using this device. In this paper, we
      present the development of this device and follow it up with a review of research
      conducted at NIMHANS that validate the features and potentials of this device. 

PMID- 26985103
TI  - Resilience: A psychobiological construct for psychiatric disorders.
AB  - Understanding of psychopathology of mental disorder is evolving, particularly
      with availability of newer insight from the field of genetics, epigenetics,
      social, and environmental pathology. It is now becoming clear how biological
      factors are contributing to development of an illness in the face of a number of
      psychosocial factors. Resilience is a psychobiological factor which determines
      individual's response to adverse life events. Resilience is a human capacity to
      adapt swiftly and successfully to stressful/traumatic events and manage to revert
      to a positive state. It is fundamental for growth of positive psychology which
      deals with satisfaction, adaptability, contentment, and optimism in people's
      life. Of late, there has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of resilience
      in context of stress risk vulnerability dimension. It is a neurobiological
      construct with significant neurobehavioral and emotional features which plays
      important role in deconstructing mechanism of biopsychosocial model of mental
      disorders. Resilience is a protective factor against development of mental
      disorder and a risk factor for a number of clinical conditions, e.g. suicide.
      Available information from scientific studies points out that resilience is
      modifiable factor which opens up avenues for a number of newer psychosocial as
      well as biological therapies. Early identification of vulnerable candidates and
      effectiveness of resilience-based intervention may offer more clarity in
      possibility of prevention. Future research may be crucial for preventive
      psychiatry. In this study, we aim to examine whether resilience is a
      psychopathological construct for mental disorder. 

PMID- 26985104
TI  - Effectiveness of planned teaching program on knowledge regarding Alzheimer's
      disease among the family members of elderly in a selected urban community at
      Mangalore.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease is one of the debilitating chronic diseases among
      older persons. It is an irreversible condition that leads to progressive
      deterioration of cognitive, intellectual, physical, and psychosocial functions.
      The study was aimed to assess the knowledge of the family members of elderly
      regarding Alzheimer's disease in a selected urban community at Mangalore.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preexperimental research design of one group pretest and
      posttest with an evaluative approach was adopted for the study. A total of 50
      family members of elderly who met the inclusion criteria were selected through
      purposive sampling technique. The researcher developed a planned teaching program
      on Alzheimer's disease, and structured knowledge questionnaire on Alzheimer's
      disease was used to collect the data. RESULTS: Descriptive and inferential
      statistics was used to analyze the data. Analysis revealed that the mean posttest
      knowledge (20.78 +/- 3.31) was higher than mean pretest knowledge scores (12.90
      +/- 2.43). Significance of difference between pretest and posttest was
      statistically tested using paired "t" test and it was found very highly
      significant (t = 40.85, P < 0.05). Majority of the variables showed no
      significant association between pretest and posttest knowledge score and with
      demographic variables. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that the planned
      teaching program is an effective strategy for improving the knowledge of the
      subjects.

PMID- 26985105
TI  - A follow-up study of patients with Dhat syndrome: Treatment pattern, outcome, and
      reasons for dropout from treatment.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment pattern and satisfaction
      with treatment provided to patients with Dhat syndrome. It was also aimed to
      study the follow-up rates and reasons for dropping out of treatment in patients
      with Dhat syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four subjects diagnosed with
      Dhat syndrome were prospectively contacted to evaluate treatment satisfaction and
      reason for dropout after 6 months of baseline evaluation. Sociodemographic,
      clinical details were recorded at initial intake and Sex Knowledge and Attitude
      Questionnaire was applied. After 6 months, information on treatment received,
      number of follow-up visits to the clinic and the outcome were extracted from the
      treatment records. Treatment satisfaction using Patient Satisfaction
      Questionnaire and reasons for dropping out from treatment were assessed by a
      telephonic interview. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were categorized as
      treatment completers, 14 as early drop-outs and 27 as late drop-out. The mean
      (standard deviation) number of visits over the period of 6 months was 3.81
      (3.06). The outcome at 6 months was no change in 45.3%, improved in 32.8% and
      recovered in 21.9%. Higher proportion of treatment completers (52.2%) sought
      psychiatric help on their own compared to those who dropped out early from the
      treatment (7.1%). Treatment completers had better knowledge, and more positive
      attitude toward sex compared to late drop-out group. 34.4%of the subjects were
      fully satisfied with the various components of treatment. Level of satisfaction
      was highest for treatment completers. The most common reasons given by those who
      dropped out early were "not able to spare time for consultation" (21.4%) and "not
      prescribed medications" (21.4%). The most common reason given by those belonging
      to "late drop-out" group was 'no improvement with treatment in symptoms of Dhat
      syndrome (40.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Dhat syndrome frequently drop-out of
      the treatment network. There is a need to reorganize the services for these
      patients and understand their expectations from the treatment so as to provide
      better care.

PMID- 26985106
TI  - Circadian clock gene aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like
      polymorphisms are associated with seasonal affective disorder: An Indian family
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Polymorphisms in aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear
      translocator-like (ARNTL) gene, the key component of circadian clock manifests
      circadian rhythm abnormalities. As seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is
      associated with disrupted circadian rhythms, the main objective of this study was
      to screen an Indian family with SAD for ARNTL gene polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In this study, 30 members of close-knit family with SAD, 30 age- and sex
      matched controls of the same caste with no prior history of psychiatric illness
      and 30 age- and sex-matched controls belonging to 17 different castes with no
      prior history of psychiatric illness were genotyped for five different single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ARNTL gene by TaqMan allele-specific
      genotyping assay. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical significance was assessed by
      more powerful quasi-likelihood score test-XM. RESULTS: Most of the family members
      carried the risk alleles and we observed a highly significant SNP rs2279287 (A/G)
      in ARNTL gene with an allelic frequency of 0.75. CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in
      ARNTL gene disrupt circadian rhythms causing SAD and genetic predisposition
      becomes more deleterious in the presence of adverse environment.

PMID- 26985107
TI  - Do female patients with nonpathological vaginal discharge need the same
      evaluation as for Dhat syndrome in males?
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concept of female Dhat syndrome
      characterized by the complaint of nonpathological vaginal discharge in
      association with somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 26 female subjects with nonpathological vaginal discharge
      along with depressive and somatic complaints were assessed on a self-rated
      questionnaire modified from Comprehensive Questionnaire for Assessment of Dhat
      Syndrome designed for males. They were also assessed for psychiatric comorbidity
      as per ICD-10. RESULTS: All female subjects received an ICD-10 psychiatric
      diagnosis, with somatoform/dissociative disorder (57.7%) being the most common.
      The mean age of onset of vaginal discharge was 24.6 (standard deviation - 7.0)
      years, noted every day or for 2-3 times per week by more than two-third of the
      participants. Two-fifth (61.5%) of the women described it as a milky discharge.
      The most common reason reported for passage of vaginal discharge was that of
      urinary infection or problems of urinary tract infections (42.3%) followed by
      vaginal infection/disease (34.6%). More than half (53.8%) of the subjects
      considered vaginal discharge to be responsible for weakness in the body, weakness
      in stamina and thinness of physique, while slightly more than two-third (69.2%)
      of them reported bodily weakness and sleep disturbances. Overall the clinical
      picture in females was similar to male patients with Dhat syndrome on most of the
      account. CONCLUSIONS: Subgroup of patients with vaginal discharge attribute their
      somatic and mental symptoms to the passage of whitish vaginal discharge and are
      distressed due to the same. The clinical picture is similar to Dhat syndrome in
      males. There is a need to recognize female variant of Dhat syndrome as a culture
      bound syndrome. Identification of the same may help in managing this subgroup of
      patients seeking help from the gynecologists for their nonpathological vaginal
      discharge or from mental health professionals for their symptoms of common mental
      disorders.

PMID- 26985108
TI  - Perception, knowledge, and attitude toward mental disorders and psychiatry among
      medical undergraduates in Karnataka: A cross-sectional study.
AB  - CONTEXT: Globally, psychiatry as a subject, psychiatrists as professionals, and
      patients with psychiatric disorders are subjected to cultural stereotypes and
      negative attitude by the general population. What is of alarming concern is that
      these prejudices exist within the medical community as well. AIMS: This study
      aims at evaluating the perception, knowledge, and attitude toward psychiatric
      disorders, therapeutic modalities used in psychiatry, psychiatry as a subject and
      psychiatrists as professionals among undergraduate medical students in Karnataka.
      SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional type of study
      conducted in three medical colleges located in Karnataka. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      A sample of 500 students from all three professional phases of MBBS was selected
      using purposive sampling. A semistructured prevalidated questionnaire was used to
      assess the perception, knowledge, and attitude of undergraduate medical students
      toward psychiatric disorders and psychiatry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were
      analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 16.0. RESULTS:
      The undergraduate medical student population had significant shortcomings in
      knowledge and attitude pertaining to psychiatric disorders, more glaring in the
      initial years of education. A comparatively positive opinion was obtained
      regarding psychiatry as a subject and psychiatrists as professionals, which may
      reflect the changing trends and concepts, both in society and medical community.
      CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for better educational measures at
      undergraduate level in order to shape a positive attitude of the health care
      providers towards psychiatry, which is essential for ensuring better care for
      patients as well as reduction of stigma surrounding psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 26985110
TI  - Drug abuse in slum population.
AB  - Substance abuse is an important health problem throughout the world including
      India, but prevalence and pattern of abuse varies from country to country and in
      different types of population. Slums have their own social and economic problems
      so that substance abuse may be different in this population and might be related
      with these problems. The aim of the present study was to study the prevalence and
      pattern substances in slum population. Prakash Chandra Sethi Nagar slum area of
      Indore district was selected for the purpose of this study. In first phase of the
      study, first a camp was organized to sensitize local leaders, key persons, and
      local inhabitants about drug abuse at Chandra Prakash Sethi Nagar. After that
      basic information was gathered with the key persons in Chandra Prakash Sethi
      Nagar. In second phase by house-to-house survey, all members of the family were
      interviewed in detail and information was recorded on semi-structured proforma.
      We observed prevalence rate of 560/1000 populations, 78.2% were males, 28.2% were
      females, and two-third abusers were laborers (72%). In order of frequency,
      tobacco was the most common substance abused in 53.9% population followed by
      gutka (nontobacco pan masala). Other drugs in order of frequency were alcohol
      46.5%, cannabis 8.9%, opiates 4.9%, sedative and hypnotic 2.0%, solvents 1.0%,
      and cocaine in 0.1%. Slum population has higher prevalence rates than general
      population. 

PMID- 26985111
TI  - Iloperidone-induced ejaculatory dysfunction: A case series.
AB  - Disorders of ejaculation are the consequences of surgical procedures and with the
      use of various drugs. Until date, most drugs reported to induce ejaculatory
      dysfunctions such as retrograde ejaculation or dry orgasms share the capacity to
      significantly antagonize alpha 1-adrenergic receptor. Iloperidone, a new dopamine
      Type 2 and serotonin Type 2A antagonist similar to risperidone, provides better
      efficacy with lesser extra-pyramidal side effects. In addition, it also
      antagonize alpha 1-adrenergic receptor and alpha-2C receptors. Limited data is
      available for iloperidone-induced ejaculation dysfunction. This article features
      five schizophrenic patients which developed retrograde ejaculation during
      treatment with iloperidone. The ejaculatory dysfunction following treatment with
      iloperidone could be postulated due to blocking of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor. 

PMID- 26985109
TI  - Presleep thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs in subjects of insomnia with or
      without depression: Implications for cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia in
      Indian context.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Presleep thoughts may vary between patients of insomnia with or
      without depression. They are important for cognitive behavior therapy for
      insomnia (CBT-I), but they have never been systemically examined in Indian
      population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with insomnia (>1 month) who were
      willing to undergo CBT-I were included in this study after obtaining informed
      consent. They were requested to fill a sleep diary and return after 15 days. At
      the time of intake, diagnosis of depression and anxiety disorders was made
      according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - IV-Text Revision. They were
      encouraged to provide information regarding presleep thoughts through open-ended
      and then, close-ended questions. Dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs about sleep
      were assessed with Hindi version of "dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes scale
      brief version". Hindi version of "insomnia severity index" was used to assess the
      severity of insomnia. Subjects were divided into two-groups - insomnia without
      depression (I) and insomnia with major depressive disorder (I-MDD+). STATISTICAL
      ANALYSIS: It was done with the help of SPSS v 21.0. Descriptive statistics was
      calculated. Proportions between groups were tested with Chi-square analysis and
      categorical variables were compared using independent sample t-test. RESULTS:
      This study included a total of 63 subjects, out of which 60% were women. Mean age
      of the whole group was 41.7 +/- 11.8 years. About 40% of all the subjects were
      diagnosed as having I-MDD+. Forty-one percent of the subjects had clinically
      significant anxiety. Both groups - I and I-MDD+ had comparable proportion of
      female subjects (chi(2) = 0.002; P = 0.96) and there was no difference regarding
      precipitating factors for insomnia (chi(2) = 0.97; P = 0.61). They were also
      comparable with regards to sleep-related measures, themes of presleep thoughts,
      and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia severity. Major
      themes of presleep thoughts included family issues and health issues. Only a
      small proportion had recurrent thoughts related to insomnia and its consequences.
      CONCLUSION: Insomnia is a co-morbid illness with depression and it needs to be
      separately addressed during therapy. CBT-I should include the element of problem
      solving technique, especially when we are dealing with the Indian population.

PMID- 26985112
TI  - Joubert syndrome with autism in two siblings: A rare presentation.
AB  - Joubert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with partial or complete
      agenesis of cerebellar vermis. This syndrome is identified mainly by the presence
      of molar tooth sign in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain since it has a
      varied phenotypic presentation. Of the 200 cases reported so far in the
      literature, only three reports show the presence of autistic symptoms in siblings
      suggesting a link between the cerebellar vermis and autistic spectrum disorders.
      In this case report of two siblings, the female child satisfied the criterion for
      autistic spectrum disorder in accordance with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
      of Mental Disorders Fifth Editon. The boy showed developmental delay with
      autistic features (not amounting to diagnostic threshold). This report is
      important in that it adds evidence to the literature that abnormalities of
      cerebellum are involved in the cognitive development and autistic symptoms. 

PMID- 26985113
TI  - Drinking habits in ancient India.
AB  - Consumption of one or other form of intoxicating substances has been present
      throughout the history of the world. This article traces such use in the Indian
      subcontinent, both in North and South India. References to the use of intoxicants
      are to be found in the Vedas, the Great Epics, and the ancient Tamil literature. 

PMID- 26985114
TI  - Delusion of pregnancy in a married male: A rare case report.

PMID- 26985115
TI  - Onychotillomania as manifestation for underlying depressive disorder.

PMID- 26985116
TI  - Psychopharmacological dinner: A metaphoric learning of psychedelics from
      gustatory revelations of a pillbox.

PMID- 26985117
TI  - Warfarin-quetiapine interaction causing hemorrhage.

PMID- 26985118
TI  - Divalproex sodium leading to sustained significant improvement in tardive
      dyskinesia in a patient with bipolar disorder.

PMID- 26985119
TI  - The integration of psychiatry and neurology.

PMID- 26985120
TI  - Risperidone-induced skin rash.

PMID- 26985121
TI  - Description of the larval stage of Drusus mixtus (Pictet, 1834) (Trichoptera:
      Limnephilidae: Drusinae) with notes on its ecology and zoogeography.
AB  - In the Swiss Jura adults of Drusus mixtus and unknown Drusinae larvae which could
      not be identified with existing keys were sampled. Based on ripe pupae, the
      unknown larvae were identified as D. mixtus. The association was confirmed by
      specimen rearing in aquaria. Based on morphology, larvae of Drusus mixtus key out
      together with D. croaticus in existing keys. D. mixtus is separated from the
      latter species by the shape of the anteromedian metanotal sclerites which are
      broadly triangular, whereas in D. croaticus the sclerites are almost parallel
      sided, resembling a stretched rectangle. In addition, the two species are
      geographically well separated: D. croaticus is restricted to the confines of
      Croatia and Slovenia, whereas D. mixtus is only present in Switzerland and
      eastern France. With this present paper, all Central European Drusinae species
      except Drusus chapmani McL, 1901 (France, Switzerland) and D. noricus Malicky,
      1981, an endemic from the Saualpe (Carinthia, Austria), are known in the larval
      stage.

PMID- 26985122
TI  - The Relation Between Risk and Protective Factors for Problem Behaviors and
      Depressive Symptoms, Antisocial Behavior, and Alcohol Use in Adolescence.
AB  - Both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology increase throughout
      adolescence and a similar set of risk and protective factors may underlie
      depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use. Analyses test how risk
      and protective factors for externalizing behavior in community, school, family,
      peer and individual domains are related to depressive symptoms, antisocial
      behavior, and alcohol use concurrently and longitudinally in a sample of 2002
      students assessed in 8th and 10th grades (52% male; 58% Caucasian). Findings
      indicate that risk and protective factors for antisocial behavior and alcohol use
      are also associated with depressive symptoms, both concurrently and
      longitudinally. Prevention approaches that target risk and protective factors for
      externalizing problems may have crossover effects on depressive symptoms during
      adolescence.

PMID- 26985123
TI  - Joint confidence region estimation of L-moment ratios with an extension to right
      censored data.
AB  - L-moments, defined as specific linear combinations of expectations of order
      statistics, have been advocated by Hosking [7] and others in the literature as
      meaningful replacements to that of classic moments in a wide variety of
      applications. One particular use of L-moments is to classify distributions based
      on the so-called L-skewness and L-kurtosis measures and given by an L-moment
      ratio diagram. This method parallels the classic moment-based plot of skewness
      and kurtosis corresponding to the Pearson system of distributions. In general,
      these methods have been more descriptive in nature and failed to consider the
      corresponding variation and covariance of the point estimators. In this note, we
      propose two procedures to estimate the 100(1 - alpha)% joint confidence region of
      L-skewness and L-kurtosis, given both complete and censored data. The procedures
      are derived based on asymptotic normality of L-moment estimators or through a
      novel empirical characteristic function (c.f.) approach. Simulation results are
      provided for comparing the performance of these procedures in terms of their
      respective coverage probabilities. The new and novel c.f.-based confidence region
      provided superior coverage probability as compared to the standard bootstrap
      procedure across all parameter settings. The proposed methods are illustrated via
      an application to a complete Buffalo snow fall data set and to a censored breast
      cancer data set, respectively.

PMID- 26985124
TI  - Smooth bootstrap-based confidence intervals for one binomial proportion and
      difference of two proportions.
AB  - Constructing confidence intervals (CIs) for a binomial proportion and the
      difference between two binomial proportions is a fundamental and well-studied
      problem with respect to the analysis of binary data. In this note, we propose a
      new bootstrap procedure to estimate the CIs by resampling from a newly developed
      smooth quantile function in [11] for discrete data. We perform a variety of
      simulation studies in order to illustrate the strong performance of our approach.
      The coverage probabilities of our CIs in the one-sample setting are superior than
      or comparable to other well-known approaches. The true utility of our new and
      novel approach is in the two-sample setting. For the difference of two
      proportions, our smooth bootstrap CIs provide better coverage probabilities
      almost uniformly over the interval (-1, 1), particularly in the tail region as
      compared than other published methods included in our simulation. We illustrate
      our methodology via an application to several different binary data sets.

PMID- 26985125
TI  - A Rejection Principle for Sequential Tests of Multiple Hypotheses Controlling
      Familywise Error Rates.
AB  - We present a unifying approach to multiple testing procedures for sequential (or
      streaming) data by giving sufficient conditions for a sequential multiple testing
      procedure to control the familywise error rate (FWER). Together we call these
      conditions a "rejection principle for sequential tests," which we then apply to
      some existing sequential multiple testing procedures to give simplified
      understanding of their FWER control. Next the principle is applied to derive two
      new sequential multiple testing procedures with provable FWER control, one for
      testing hypotheses in order and another for closed testing. Examples of these new
      procedures are given by applying them to a chromosome aberration data set and to
      finding the maximum safe dose of a treatment.

PMID- 26985126
TI  - Outpatient Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents Engaged in Deliberate
      Self-Harm: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations.
AB  - The current review examines conceptual and methodological issues related to the
      use of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) in treating youth who
      engage in deliberate self-harm. A comprehensive review of the literature
      identified six studies appropriate for the review. Results indicated several
      inconsistencies and limitations across studies including the mixing of various
      forms of self-harm; variations in diagnostic inclusion/exclusion criteria,
      insufficient use of standardized self-harm outcome measures, variable lengths and
      intensity of provided treatment, and inadequate attention paid to DBT adherence.
      Each of these areas is reviewed along with a discussion of ways to improve the
      quality of future research.

PMID- 26985127
TI  - Sports genetics: the PPARA gene and athletes' high ability in endurance sports. A
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - A meta-analysis was performed with the aim of re-evaluating the role of the
      peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA) gene intron 7 G/C
      polymorphism (rs4253778) in athletes' high ability in endurance sports. DESIGN: A
      meta-analysis of case control studies assessing the association between the G/C
      polymorphisms of the PPARA gene and endurance sports was conducted. The Cochrane
      Review Manager software was used to compare the genotype and allele frequencies
      between endurance athletes and controls to determine whether a genetic variant is
      more common in athletes than in the general population. Five studies,
      encompassing 760 endurance athletes and 1792 controls, fulfilled our inclusion
      criteria. The pooled odds ratio (and confidence intervals, CIs) for the G allele
      compared to the C allele was 1.65 (95% CI 1.39-1.96). The pooled OR for the GG
      genotype compared to the GC genotype was 1.79 (95% CI 1.44-2.22), and for the GG
      genotype compared to the CC genotype 2.37 (95% CI 1.40-3.99). There was no
      evidence of heterogeneity (I(2) =0%) or of publication bias. Athletes with high
      ability in endurance sports had a higher frequency of the GG genotype and G
      allele.

PMID- 26985128
TI  - High-intensity endurance training increases nocturnal heart rate variability in
      sedentary participants.
AB  - The effects of endurance training on endurance performance characteristics and
      cardiac autonomic modulation during night sleep were investigated during two 4
      week training periods. After the first 4-week training period (3 x 40 min per
      week, at 75% of HRR) the subjects were divided into HIGH group (n = 7), who
      performed three high-intensity endurance training sessions per week; and CONTROL
      group (n = 8) who did not change their training. An incremental treadmill test
      was performed before and after the two 4-week training periods. Furthermore,
      nocturnal RR-intervals were recorded after each training day. In the second 4
      week training period HIGH group increased their VO2max (P = 0.005) more than
      CONTROL group. At the same time, nocturnal HR decreased (P = 0.039) and high
      frequency power (HFP) increased (P = 0.003) in HIGH group while no changes were
      observed in CONTROL group. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between the
      changes in nocturnal HFP and changes in VO2max during the second 4-week training
      period (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). The present study showed that the increased HFP is
      related to improved VO2max in sedentary subjects suggesting that nocturnal HFP
      can provide a useful method in monitoring individual responses to endurance
      training. 

PMID- 26985129
TI  - The IGF-1/cortisol ratio as a useful marker for monitoring training in young
      boxers.
AB  - Training effects on plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/cortisol ratio
      were investigated in boxers. Thirty subjects were assigned to either the training
      or the control group (n = 15 in both). They were tested before the beginning of
      training (T0), after 5 weeks of intensive training (T1), and after 1 week of
      tapering (T2). Physical performances (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level-1),
      training loads, and blood sampling were obtained at T0, T1, and T2. Controls were
      only tested for biochemical and anthropometric parameters at T0 and T2. A
      significantly higher physical performance was observed at T2 compared to T1. At
      T1, cortisol levels were significantly increased whereas IGF-1 and insulin-like
      growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels remained unchanged compared to
      baseline. At T2, cortisol levels decreased while IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels
      increased. The IGF-1/cortisol ratio decreased significantly at T1 and increased
      at T2, and its variations were significantly correlated with changes in training
      loads and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (IRT1) performance over the
      training period. Cortisol variations correlated with changes in training load (r
      = 0.64; p < 0.01) and Yo-Yo IRT1 performance (r = 0.78; p < 0.001) at T1 whereas
      IGF-1 variations correlated only with changes in Yo-Yo IRT1 performance at T2 (r
      = 0.71; p < 0.001). It is concluded that IGF-1/cortisol ratio could be a useful
      tool for monitoring training loads in young trained boxers. 

PMID- 26985130
TI  - The effect of cumulative endurance exercise on leptin and adiponectin and their
      role as markers to monitor training load.
AB  - Leptin and adiponectin play an essential role in energy metabolism. Leptin has
      also been proposed as a marker for monitoring training load. So far, no studies
      have investigated the variability of these hormones in athletes and how they are
      regulated during cumulative exercise. This study monitored leptin and adiponectin
      in 15 endurance athletes twice daily in the days before, during and after a 9-day
      simulated cycling stage race. Adiponectin significantly increased during the race
      (p = 0.001) and recovery periods (p = 0.002) when compared to the baseline, while
      leptin decreased significantly during the race (p < 0.0001) and returned to
      baseline levels during the recovery period. Intra-individual variability was
      substantially lower than inter-individual variability for both hormones (leptin
      34.1 vs. 53.5%, adiponectin 19% vs. 37.2%). With regards to exercise, this study
      demonstrated that with sufficient, sustained energy expenditure, leptin
      concentrations can decrease within the first 24 hours. Under the investigated
      conditions there also appears to be an optimal leptin concentration which ensures
      stable energy homeostasis, as there was no significant decrease over the
      subsequent race days. In healthy endurance athletes the recovery of leptin takes
      48-72 hours and may even show a supercompensation-like effect. For adiponectin,
      significant increases were observed within 5 days of commencing racing, with
      these elevated values failing to return to baseline levels after 3 days of
      recovery. Additionally, when using leptin and adiponectin to monitor training
      loads, establishing individual threshold values improves their sensitivity. 

PMID- 26985131
TI  - Age- and gender-related development of stretch shortening cycle during a sub
      maximal hopping task.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of age and gender (and their
      interaction) on a stretch shortening cycle solicited during a hopping task. For
      this aim, 147 girls and 148 boys aged 11 to 20 years, who were enrolled in middle
      school or secondary school with no experience in sport activity, or training less
      than three times per week, performed 3*5 hops in place. Leg-stiffness, jump
      height and reactive-strength indices were assessed using an accelerometer
      (Myotest). The participants were selected in order to form five age groups: 11
      12, 13-14, 15-16, 17-18 and 19-20 years. Regression analysis between force and
      centre of mass displacement revealed spring-mass behaviour for all groups
      (r(2)=.73-.89), meaning that beginning at the age of 11 years, children are able
      to perform complex inter-muscular coordination of the lower limbs, revealing
      efficient neural control early in childhood. Leg stiffness increased from 24.7 +/
      10.6 kN . m(-1) at 11-12 years to 44.1 +/- 14 kN . m(-1) in boys, with a small
      increase until 16 years (+17%) and a large increase between 17 and 20 years
      (+32.7%). In girls, leg stiffness increased from 26.6 +/- 9 kN . m(-1) at 11-12
      years to 39.4 +/- 10.9 kN . m(-1) at 19-20 years, with a curious decrease in leg
      stiffness at 17-18 years, probably due to an increase in the percentage of fat at
      this age (25%). While no gender effect was found, the reactive-strength index
      revealed that, from 15-16 years onward, boys were better able to produce high
      levels of force in a shorter time than girls. The age of 15-16 years is a
      threshold of maturity and gender differentiation, where the boys investigated are
      more efficient in the stretch shortening cycle. 

PMID- 26985132
TI  - Does small-sided-games' court area influence metabolic, perceptual, and physical
      performance parameters of young elite basketball players?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of court size on
      physiological responses and physical performance of young elite basketball
      players. Twelve male basketball players (18.6 +/- 0.5 years; 88.8 +/- 14.5 kg;
      192.6 +/- 6.5 cm) from an under-19 team performed two small-sided games (matches)
      with different court areas (28x15 m and 28x9 m; 28x15 and 28x9 protocols). The
      number of players (3x3) was kept the same in each protocol. The players performed
      a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test before and after each match. Blood lactate
      concentration was collected before (pre) and after (post) the matches, and the
      session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) was determined 30 minutes
      after the match. Best and mean time in the RSA test were not different between
      the 28x15 and the 28x9 match protocols (p > 0.05). A significant difference was
      observed for lactate concentration from pre- to post-match (p < 0.05) in both
      protocols (28x15 and 28x9); however, there was no significant interaction between
      protocols. A similar session-RPE mean score (28x15: 7.2 +/- 1.4 and 28x9: 6.6 +/-
      1.4) was detected for both protocols (p > 0.05, ES=0.41). In summary, the results
      of the current study suggest that the different court areas induced similar
      responses. Although there was no significant difference in effort perception,
      players tended to perceive a greater effort in the larger court size. 

PMID- 26985133
TI  - Physiological, physical and on-ice performance criteria for selection of elite
      ice hockey teams.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine physiological and physical determinants
      of ice-hockey performance in order to assess their impact on the result during a
      selection for ice hockey. A total of 42 ice hockey players took part in the
      selection camp. At the end of the camp 20 best players were selected by team of
      expert coaches to the ice hockey team and created group G1, while the second
      group (G2) consisted of not selected players (non-successful group Evaluation of
      goodness of fit of the model to the data was based on the Hosmer Lemeshow test.
      Ice hockey players selected to the team were taller 181.95+/-4.02 cm, had lower%
      body fat 13.17+/-3.17%, a shorter time to peak power 2.47+/-0.35 s, higher
      relative peak power 21.34+/-2.41 W.kg(-1) and higher relative total work 305.18+/
      28.41 J.kg(-1). The results of the aerobic capacity test showed significant
      differences only in case of two variables. Ice hockey players in the G1 had
      higher VO2max 4.07+/-0.31 l.min(-1) values than players in the G2 as well as ice
      hockey players in G1 showed a higher level of relative VO2max 51.75+/-2.99
      ml.min(-1).kg(-1) than athletes in G2. Ice hockey players selected to the team
      (G1) performed better in the 30 m Forwards Sprint 4.28+/-0.31 s; 6x9 Turns
      12.19+/-0.75 s; 6x9 stops 12.79+/-0.49 s and Endurance test (6x30 m stops)
      32.01+/-0.80 s than players in G2. The logistic regression model showed that the
      best predictors of success in the recruitment process of top level ice hockey
      players were time to peak power, relative peak power, VO2max and 30 m sprint
      forwards on ice. On the basis of the constructed predictive logistic regression
      model it will be possible to determine the probability of success of the athletes
      during following the selection processes to the team. 

PMID- 26985134
TI  - Impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive function in trained cyclists:
      a pilot study.
AB  - This study assessed selected measures of cognitive function in trained cyclists
      who observed daylight fasting during Ramadan. Eleven cyclists volunteered to
      participate (age: 21.6+/-4.8 years, VO2max: 57.7+/-5.6 ml kg(-1).min(-1)) and
      were followed for 2 months. Cognitive function (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test
      Automated Battery (CANTAB), Reaction Time index (RTI) and Rapid Visual
      Information Processing (RVP) tests) and sleep architecture (ambulatory EEG) were
      assessed: before Ramadan (BR), in the 1st week (RA1) and 4th week of Ramadan
      (RA4), and 2 weeks post-Ramadan (PR). Both cognitive tests were performed twice
      per day: before and after Ramadan at 8-10 a.m. and 4-6 p.m., and during Ramadan
      at 4-6 p.m. and 0-2 a.m., respectively. Training load (TL) by the rating of
      perceived exertion (RPE) method and wellness (Hooper index) were measured daily.
      If the TL increased over the study period, this variable was stable during
      Ramadan. The perceived fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) increased
      at RA4. Sleep patterns and architecture showed clear disturbances, with
      significant increases in the number of awakenings and light sleep durations
      during Ramadan (RA1 and RA4), together with decreased durations of deep and REM
      sleep stages at PR. RTI (simple and multiple reaction index) reaction and
      movement times did not vary over the study period. The RVP test showed reduced
      false alarms during Ramadan, suggesting reduced impulsivity. Overall accuracy
      significantly increased at RA1, RA4 and PR compared to baseline. At RA4, the
      accuracy was higher at 0-2 a.m. compared to 4-6 p.m. Despite the observed
      disturbances in sleep architecture, Ramadan fasting did not negatively impact the
      cognitive performance of trained cyclists from the Middle East. 

PMID- 26985135
TI  - Poor physical fitness is independently associated with mild cognitive impairment
      in elderly Koreans.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between physical
      fitness and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in elderly Koreans. This was a cross
      sectional study that involved 134 men and 299 women aged 65 to 88 years. Six
      senior fitness tests were used as independent variables: 30 s chair stand for
      lower body strength, arm curl for upper body strength, chair-sit-and-reach for
      lower body flexibility, back scratch for upper body flexibility, 8-ft up-and-go
      for agility/dynamic balance, and 2-min walk for aerobic endurance. Global
      cognitive function was assessed using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State
      Examination (MMSE). Potential covariates such as age, education levels, blood
      lipids, and insulin resistance (IR) markers were also assessed. Compared to
      individuals without MMSE-based MCI, individuals with MMSE-based MCI had poor
      physical fitness based on the senior fitness test (SFT). There were significant
      positive trends observed for education level (p=0.001) and MMSE score (p<0.001)
      across incremental levels of physical fitness in this study population.
      Individuals with moderate (OR=0.341, p=0.006) and high (OR=0.271, p=0.007)
      physical fitness based on a composite score of the SFT measures were less likely
      to have MMSE-based MCI than individuals with low physical fitness (referent,
      OR=1). The strength of the association between moderate (OR=0.377, p=0.038) or
      high (OR=0.282, p=0.050) physical fitness and MMSE-based MCI was somewhat
      attenuated but remained statistically significant even after adjustment for the
      measured compounding factors. We found that poor physical fitness was
      independently associated with MMSE-based MCI in elderly Koreans. 

PMID- 26985136
TI  - Effect of ultra-endurance exercise on left ventricular performance and plasma
      cytokines in healthy trained men.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ultra-endurance
      exercise on left ventricular (LV) performance and plasma concentration of
      interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-18 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) as
      well as to examine the relationships between exercise-induced changes in plasma
      cytokines and those in echocardiographic indices of LV function in ultra-marathon
      runners. Nine healthy trained men (mean age 30+/-1.0 years) participated in a 100
      km ultra-marathon. Heart rate, blood pressure, ejection fraction (EF), fractional
      shortening (FS), ratio of early (E) to late (A) mitral inflow peak velocities
      (E/A), ratio of early (E') to late (A') diastolic mitral annulus peak velocities
      (E'/A') and E-wave deceleration time (DT) were obtained by echocardiography
      before, immediately after and in the 90th minute of the recovery period. Blood
      samples were taken before each echocardiographic evaluation. The ultra-endurance
      exercise caused significant increases in plasma IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 and TNF-alpha.
      Echocardiography revealed significant decreases in both E and the E/A ratio
      immediately after exercise, without any significant changes in EF, FS, DT or the
      E/E' ratio. At the 90th minute of the recovery period, plasma TNF-alpha and the
      E/A ratio did not differ significantly from the pre-exercise values, whereas FS
      was significantly lower than before and immediately after exercise. The increases
      in plasma TNF-alpha correlated with changes in FS (r=0.73) and DT (r=-0.73). It
      is concluded that ultra-endurance exercise causes alterations in LV diastolic
      function. The present data suggest that TNF-alpha might be involved in this
      effect. 

PMID- 26985138
TI  - It Takes Two to Fight in School Too: A Social Relations Model of the Psychometric
      Properties and Relative Variance of Dyadic Aggression and Victimization in Middle
      School.
AB  - Aggressive behavior has been well-studied in terms of interindividual differences
      among aggressors and victims, but has been understudied, especially within
      naturalistic contexts, in terms of aggressor-victim relationships. The Social
      Relations Model (SRM) is a powerful conceptual and analytic tool for studying
      dyadic phenomena, and we describe the use of multivariate SRM to study
      aggression. Boys and girls (N = 210) in middle schools (sixth and seventh grades)
      completed a newly created Dyadic Aggression and Victimization Inventory (DAVI).
      Results support the reliability and validity of the DAVI in assessing
      interindividual and interdyadic differences in aggression and victimization.
      Occurrences of aggression were accounted for primarily by interdyadic
      variability, indicating the importance of considering aggressor-victim
      relationships. We discuss the implications of this relationship focus for future
      research and intervention efforts.

PMID- 26985137
TI  - Exploring Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Lack of Uncertainty Monitoring in
      Capuchin Monkeys.
AB  - In a widely used animal-metacognition paradigm, monkeys are positively reinforced
      with food for correct classifications of stimuli as sparse or dense and punished
      with timeouts for incorrect responses, but they also have access to an
      "uncertainty" response that moves them to the next trial without either of these
      forms of feedback. Rhesus monkeys use this uncertainty response most often for
      trials on which they are at greatest risk for making an error, suggesting that
      they are monitoring their ability to make these classifications. Capuchin monkeys
      do not succeed to the same degree on these tasks-conceivably as a result of
      differential contingencies in place in all existing studies between the
      sparse/dense responses (food delivery or timeout) and the uncertainty response
      (avoidance of a timeout but also no chance for food reward). Here, we used a
      novel variation of this task in which the outcomes of the three response classes
      (sparse, dense, uncertain) were functionally equivalent. All responses simply
      determined the delay interval before presentation of a second task (matching-to
      sample), and that task yielded potential food rewards. Overall, capuchin monkeys
      used the dense and sparse responses appropriately, including some animals that
      had no prior experience in performing this classification task. However, none
      used the uncertainty response appropriately even when it was placed on the same
      contingency plane as the dense and sparse responses. This suggests that the
      failure of capuchin monkeys to use an uncertainty response is not the result of
      that response producing a qualitatively different outcome compared to the dense
      and sparse responses.

PMID- 26985140
TI  - A Small-Sample Choice of the Tuning Parameter in Ridge Regression.
AB  - We propose new approaches for choosing the shrinkage parameter in ridge
      regression, a penalized likelihood method for regularizing linear regression
      coefficients, when the number of observations is small relative to the number of
      parameters. Existing methods may lead to extreme choices of this parameter, which
      will either not shrink the coefficients enough or shrink them by too much. Within
      this "small-n, large-p" context, we suggest a correction to the common
      generalized cross-validation (GCV) method that preserves the asymptotic
      optimality of the original GCV. We also introduce the notion of a "hyperpenalty",
      which shrinks the shrinkage parameter itself, and make a specific recommendation
      regarding the choice of hyperpenalty that empirically works well in a broad range
      of scenarios. A simple algorithm jointly estimates the shrinkage parameter and
      regression coefficients in the hyperpenalized likelihood. In a comprehensive
      simulation study of small-sample scenarios, our proposed approaches offer
      superior prediction over nine other existing methods.

PMID- 26985139
TI  - Developmental Science and Executive Function.
AB  - Executive function abilities, including working memory, inhibitory control, and
      the flexible volitional shifting of the focus of attention provide a foundation
      for reflection on experience, reasoning, and the purposeful regulation of
      behavior. These abilities and their underlying neurobiology, however, are
      inherently malleable and influenced by characteristics of individuals and
      contexts. Implications of this malleability for research on the development of
      executive function in early childhood, for the prospect that these abilities can
      be fostered and promoted by specific types of activities, and for issues relating
      to the reliable and valid measurement of executive function are considered.

PMID- 26985141
TI  - Larval morphology of the Western Balkans endemic caddisflies Drusus krusniki
      Malicky 1981, D. vernonensis Malicky 1989, and D. vespertinus Marinkovic 1976
      (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae, Drusinae).
AB  - Drusinae (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) are highland caddisflies inhabiting high
      gradient, turbulent running water and spring habitats. They are disjunctly
      distributed over the Eurasian mountain ranges, and the majority of species is
      endemic to particular mountain areas. The most diverse of three main groups of
      the Drusinae, the grazer clade, consists of species in which larvae feed on
      epiltihic biofilm and algae. In this paper we describe three previously unknown
      grazer-clade Drusinae larvae: Drusus krusniki Malicky 1981 (endemic to the
      Dinaric western Balkans), D. vernonensis Malicky 1989 (endemic to the Hellenic
      western Balkans), and D. vespertinus Marinkovic 1976 (endemic to the Dinaric
      western Balkans). The larvae of these species have toothless mandibles typical of
      the Drusinae grazer clade. Larvae and adults were unambiguously associated using
      molecular genetic data, i.e., the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene
      fragment (mtCOI3-P). Morphological characteristics of the larvae are described
      and the diagnostic features enabling species-level identification are
      illustrated. We further discuss the ecology and distribution of three Western
      Balkan endemic species.

PMID- 26985142
TI  - Cost and resource utilization in cervical cancer management: a real-world
      retrospective cost analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We set out to assess the health care resource utilization and cost of
      cervical cancer from the perspective of a single-payer health care system.
      METHODS: Retrospective observational data for women diagnosed with cervical
      cancer in British Columbia between 2004 and 2009 were analyzed to calculate
      patient-level resource utilization patterns from diagnosis to death or 5-year
      discharge. Domains of resource use within the scope of this cost analysis were
      chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and brachytherapy administered by the BC Cancer
      Agency; resource utilization related to hospitalization and outpatient visits as
      recorded by the B.C. Ministry of Health; medically required services billed under
      the B.C. Medical Services Plan; and prescriptions dispensed under British
      Columbia's health insurance programs. Unit costs were applied to radiotherapy and
      brachytherapy, producing per-patient costs. RESULTS: The mean cost per case of
      treating cervical cancer in British Columbia was $19,153 (standard error:
      $3,484). Inpatient hospitalizations, at 35%, represented the largest proportion
      of the total cost (95% confidence interval: 32.9% to 36.9%). Costs were compared
      for subgroups of the total cohort. CONCLUSIONS: As health care systems change the
      way they manage, screen for, and prevent cervical cancer, cost-effectiveness
      evaluations of the overall approach will require up-to-date data for resource
      utilization and costs. We provide information suitable for such a purpose and
      also identify factors that influence costs.

PMID- 26985143
TI  - Cost-effectiveness analysis of whole-mount pathology processing for patients with
      early breast cancer undergoing breast conservation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obtaining accurate histopathologic detail for breast lumpectomy
      specimens is challenging because of sampling and loss of three-dimensional
      conformational features with conventional processing. The whole-mount (wm)
      technique is a novel method of serial pathologic sectioning designed to optimize
      cross-sectional visualization of resected specimens and determination of margin
      status. METHODS: Using a Markov chain cohort simulation cost-effectiveness model,
      we compared conventional processing with wm technique for breast lumpectomies.
      Cost-effectiveness was evaluated from the perspective of the Canadian health care
      system and compared using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (icers) for cost
      per quality-adjusted life-year (qaly) over a 10-year time horizon. Deterministic
      and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of
      the model with willingness-to-pay (wtp) thresholds of $0-$100,000. Costs are
      reported in adjusted 2014 Canadian dollars, discounted at a rate of 3%. RESULTS:
      Compared with conventional processing, wm processing is more costly ($19,989 vs.
      $18,427) but generates 0.03 more qalys over 10 years. The icer is $45,414,
      indicating that this additional amount is required for each additional qaly
      obtained. The model was robust to all variance in parameters, with the prevalence
      of positive margins accounting for most of the model's variability. CONCLUSIONS:
      After a wtp threshold of $45,414, wm processing becomes cost-effective and
      ultimately generates fewer recurrences and marginally more qalys over time.
      Excellent baseline outcomes for the current treatment of breast cancer mean that
      incremental differences in survival are small. However, the overall benefit of
      the wm technique should be considered in the context of achieving improved
      accuracy and not just enhancements in clinical effectiveness.

PMID- 26985144
TI  - Population-based trends in systemic therapy use and cost for cancer patients in
      the last year of life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of systemic therapy near the end of life can expose cancer
      patients to severe toxicity for minimal survival gain and comes with a high cost.
      Early palliative care is recommended, but there is evidence that aggressive care
      remains common. To better understand those patterns, the present study set out to
      describe trends in systemic therapy use and cost for cancer patients in the last
      year of life. METHODS: Using the BC Cancer Registry, a retrospective population
      based cohort of cancer decedents (2002-2007) was identified and linked to
      systemic therapy records. The outcomes of interest were any systemic therapy use
      and total systemic therapy costs during the last year of life. Multiple logistic
      regression (systemic therapy use) and generalized linear regression (costs) were
      conducted, adjusting for age, sex, and survival. Subgroup analyses were performed
      for patients with primary colorectal, lung, prostate, or breast cancer. RESULTS:
      From 2002 to 2007, use of systemic therapy in the last 12-4 months of life
      increased by 21% (95% ci: 10% to 33%); no significant change in use in the last 3
      months of life was observed. Costs for both periods increased over time, by 48%
      (95% ci: 36% to 63%) and by 33% (95% ci: 19% to 49%) respectively. The trends
      varied across cancer sites, with the greatest increases being observed for lung
      and colorectal cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: The use and costs of systemic
      therapy have generally been increasing, putting pressure on health care providers
      and payers, but the quality-of-life implications for patients must be better
      understood.

PMID- 26985146
TI  - Original Canadian cancer costing research for cancer control sustainability,
      quality, and value.

PMID- 26985145
TI  - Temporal association between home nursing and hospital costs at end of life in
      three provinces.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research has demonstrated that increases in palliative homecare
      nursing are associated with a reduction in the rate of subsequent
      hospitalizations. However, little evidence is available about the cost-savings
      potential of palliative nursing when accounting for both increased nursing costs
      and potentially reduced hospital costs. METHODS: Our retrospective cohort study
      included cancer decedents from British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia who
      received any palliative nursing in the last 6 months of life. A Poisson
      regression analysis was used to determine the association of increased nursing
      costs (in 2-week blocks) on the relative average hospital costs in the subsequent
      2-week block and on the overall total cost (hospital costs plus nursing costs in
      the preceding 2-week block). RESULTS: The cohort included 58,022 cancer
      decedents. Results of the analysis for the last month of life showed an
      association between increased nursing costs and decreased relative hospital costs
      in comparisons with a reference group (>0 to 1 hour nursing in the block): the
      maximum decrease was 55% for Ontario, 31% for British Columbia, and 38% for Nova
      Scotia. Also, increased nursing costs in the last month were almost always
      associated with lower total costs in comparison with the reference. For example,
      cost savings per person-block ranged from $376 (>10 nursing hours) to $1,124 (>4
      to 6 nursing hours) in British Columbia. CONCLUSIONS: In the last month of life,
      increased palliative nursing costs (compared with costs for >0 to 1 hour of
      nursing in the block) were associated with lower relative hospital costs and a
      lower total cost in a subsequent block. Our research suggests a cost-savings
      potential associated with increased community-based palliative nursing.

PMID- 26985147
TI  - Cost implications of unwarranted imaging for distant metastasis in women with
      early-stage breast cancer in Ontario.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the publication of multiple evidence-based guidelines
      recommending against routine imaging for distant metastasis in patients with
      early-stage (i/ii) breast cancer, such imaging is frequently performed. The
      present retrospective cohort study was conducted to estimate the cost of
      unnecessary imaging tests in women with stage i and ii breast cancer diagnosed
      between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2012 in Ontario. METHODS: We obtained
      patient-level demographic and tumour data from a large provincial dataset. The
      total cost of unwarranted imaging tests (in 2015 Canadian dollars) was considered
      to be equal to the sum of imaging costs incurred between 2007 and 2012 and was
      stratified by disease stage, imaging modality, and body site. RESULTS: Of the
      26,547 identified patients with early-stage breast cancer, 22,811 (85.9%)
      underwent at least 1 imaging test, with an average of 3.7 tests per patient (3.2
      for stage i patients and 4.0 for stage ii patients) over 5 years. At least 1
      imaging test was performed in 79.6% of stage i and 92.7% of stage ii patients.
      During a 5-year period, the cost of unwarranted imaging in patients with early
      stage breast cancer ranged from CA$4,418,139 to CA$6,865,856, depending on
      guideline recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the substantial cost
      of excess imaging that could be saved and re-allocated to patient care if
      evidence-based guidelines are followed. Future studies should assess strategies
      to ensure that evidence-based guidelines are followed and to increase awareness
      of the cost implications of nonadherence to guidelines.

PMID- 26985149
TI  - Importance of cost estimates and cost studies.

PMID- 26985148
TI  - Using the Cancer Risk Management Model to evaluate the health and economic
      impacts of cytology compared with human papillomavirus DNA testing for primary
      cervical cancer screening in Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Canada, discussion about changing from cytology to human
      papillomavirus (hpv) dna testing for primary screening in cervical cancer is
      ongoing. However, the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care has not yet
      made a recommendation, concluding that the evidence is insufficient. METHODS: We
      used the cervical cancer and hpv transmission models of the Cancer Risk
      Management Model to study the health and economic outcomes of primary cytology
      compared with hpv dna testing in 14 screening scenarios with varying screening
      modalities and intervals. Projected cervical cancer cases, deaths, colposcopies,
      screens, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness were evaluated. We performed
      sensitivity analyses for hpv dna test costs. RESULTS: Compared with triennial
      cytology from age 25, 5-yearly hpv dna screening alone from age 30 resulted in
      equivalent incident cases and deaths, but 55% (82,000) fewer colposcopies and 43%
      (1,195,000) fewer screens. At hpv dna screening intervals of 3 years, whether
      alone or in an age-based sequence with cytology, screening costs are greater, but
      at intervals of more than 5 years, they are lower. Scenarios on the cost
      effectiveness frontier were hpv dna testing alone every 10, 7.5, 5, or 3 years,
      and triennial cytology starting at age 21 or 25 when combined with hpv dna
      testing every 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Changing from cytology to hpv dna testing as
      the primary screening test for cervical cancer would be an acceptable strategy in
      Canada with respect to incidence, mortality, screening and diagnostic test
      volumes.

PMID- 26985150
TI  - Cost trajectories for cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health care spending is known to be highly skewed, with a small
      subset of the population consuming a disproportionate amount of health care
      resources. Patients with cancer are high-cost users because of high incremental
      health care costs for treatment and the growing prevalence of cancer. The
      objectives of the present study included characterizing cancer-patient
      trajectories by cost, and identifying the patient and health system
      characteristics associated with high health system costs after cancer treatment.
      METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified Ontario adults newly
      diagnosed with cancer between 1 April 2009 and 30 September 2010. Costs of health
      care use before, during, and after cancer episodes were used to develop
      trajectories of care. Descriptive analyses examined differences between the
      trajectories in terms of clinical and health system characteristics, and a
      logistic regression approach identified predictors of being a high-cost user
      after a cancer episode. RESULTS: Ten trajectories were developed based on whether
      patients were high- or low-cost users before and after their cancer episode. The
      most common trajectory represented patients who were low-cost in the year before
      cancer, survived treatment, and continued to be low-cost in the year after cancer
      (31.4%); stage ii cancer of the male genital system was the most common diagnosis
      within that trajectory. Regression analyses identified increases in age and in
      multimorbidity and low continuity of care as the strongest predictors of high
      cost status after cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight an opportunity to
      proactively identify patients who might transition to high-cost status after
      cancer treatment and to remediate that transition.

PMID- 26985152
TI  - Ileal tubular duplication; a rare cause of bowel obstruction in adults.
AB  - Gastrointestinal tract duplications (GSD) are rare congenital abnormalities.
      Eighty percent of GSDs are diagnosed in children less than two years of age.
      These lesions can be seen anywhere from the oral cavity to the anus, but ileum is
      the most commonly affected site. GSD can be long and tubular, but are usually in
      the form of cystic masses. The clinical manifestation of GSD in adults is
      variable, and they are rarely considered as part of differential diagnosis. In
      this case report, we presented a 20-year-old patient with ileal duplication.
      Despite medical tests and radiological examinations, the diagnosis could be made
      during the operation. 

PMID- 26985151
TI  - Estimation of drug cost avoidance and pathology cost avoidance through
      participation in NCIC Clinical Trials Group phase III clinical trials in Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cost avoidance occurs when, because of provision of a drug therapy
      [drug cost avoidance (dca)] or a pathology test [pathology cost avoidance (pca)]
      during trial participation, health care payers need not pay for standard
      treatments or testing. The aim of our study was to estimate the total dca and pca
      for Canadian patients enrolled in relevant phase iii trials conducted by the ncic
      Clinical Trials Group. METHODS: Phase iii trials that had completed accrual and
      resulted in dca or pca were identified. The pca was calculated based on the
      number of patients screened and the test cost. The dca was estimated based on
      patients randomized, the protocol dosing regimen, drug cost, median dose
      intensity, and median duration of therapy. Costs are presented in Canadian
      dollars. No adjustment was made for inflation. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2011, 4
      trials (1479 patients) resulted in pca and 17 trials (3195 patients) resulted in
      dca. The total pca was estimated at $4,194,849, which included testing for KRAS
      ($141,058), microsatellite instability ($18,600), and 21-gene recurrence score
      ($4,035,191). The total dca was estimated at $27,952,512, of which targeted
      therapy constituted 43% (five trials). The combined pca and dca was $32,147,361.
      CONCLUSIONS: Over the study period, trials conducted by the ncic Clinical Trials
      Group resulted in total cost avoidance (pca and dca) of approximately $7,518 per
      patient. Although not all trials lead to cost avoidance, such savings should be
      taken account when the financial impact of conducting clinical research is being
      considered.

PMID- 26985153
TI  - The risk of hypocalcemia in patients with parathyroid autotransplantation during
      thyroidectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Thyroidectomy is the most common cause of hypocalcemia. Preservation
      of parathyroid glands in situ is essential in preventing this complication. The
      aims of our study were to review patients who underwent parathyroid gland
      autotransplantation during thyroidectomy, and to compare hypocalcemia rates in
      patients with and without autotransplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Parathyroid
      gland autotransplantation was performed in 43 (7.9%) of 543 patients who
      underwent thyroidectomy between 2008 and 2012. RESULTS: Forty-four parathyroid
      glands were autotransplanted in 43 patients, including 36 women and 7 men. The
      median age was 55 (range: 30 to 68). The most common cause of autotransplantation
      was vascular comprise of the parathyroid gland. Early postoperative hypocalcemia
      developed in 37% of patients with autotransplantation, and none developed
      permanent hypocalcemia. Transient and permanent hypocalcemia rates were 9.6% and
      0.4% in patients without autotransplantation, respectively. The risk of transient
      hypocalcemia was significantly high in patients with parathyroid
      autotransplantation (p<0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in
      terms of permanent hypocalcemia (p=0.156). CONCLUSION: Despite meticulous
      dissection, parathyroid glands can be devascularized or removed inadvertently
      during thyroidectomy. Parathyroid autotransplantation is the best method to
      maintain parathyroid gland function. Although the risk of transient hypocalcemia
      is increased following parathyroid autotransplantation, long-term results are
      satisfactory.

PMID- 26985154
TI  - An evaluation of treatment results of emergency versus elective surgery in
      colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Colorectal cancer is still one of the most common causes of cancer
      related deaths in the world despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment
      modalities, and application of community-based screening methods. Symptoms of
      colorectal cancer are non-specific and usually manifest following local
      progression. A number of patients with advanced stage colorectal cancer present
      to emergency departments with obstruction as the first sign of disease without
      any previous symptoms. This presentation is an indication for emergency surgery
      that has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to
      determine the factors associated with early diagnosis and survival by comparing
      postoperative results of colorectal cancer patients who underwent surgery under
      emergency or elective situation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Files of colorectal
      patients treated between 2009-2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Data on patient
      age, gender, operation type, intraoperative results, length of hospital stay, co
      morbidities, postoperative complications and pathological results were evaluated
      and compared. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between groups in
      terms of age, gender, and pathology results (p>0.05). The difference between
      groups in terms of postoperative length of hospital stay, presence of co-morbid
      diseases, pathological stage, and postoperative complications was statistically
      significant (p<0.05). Length of hospital stay, advanced stage on admission,
      complications such as surgical site infection, evisceration, and anastomosis
      leakage rates were higher in patients in the emergency surgery group. CONCLUSION:
      Risk groups should be determined in order to diagnose colorectal cancer patients
      at an early stage while they are still asymptomatic, and this information should
      be incorporated into effective screening programs. This approach will be
      beneficial to treatment outcomes, complication rates, length of hospital stay,
      and survival and treatment results.

PMID- 26985155
TI  - Comparison of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic gastric plication:
      One year follow-up results.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Various different surgical methods are used for obesity surgery. Among
      them, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic gastric plication
      (LGP) have been both successfully performed in recent years. In this study, we
      compared the treatment results of patients who underwent LGP, a method that was
      introduced later consisting of plication of gastric greater curvature to achieve
      volume reduction, with results of patients who underwent LSG. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: We analyzed data on morbid obese patients who underwent bariatric
      surgery with either LSG or LPG in Konya Beyhekim Hospital between 2009 and 2012.
      Demographic features including age and sex, preoperative blood biochemistry, body
      mass index (BMI) before and after operation, duration of hospital stay,
      morbidity, mortality and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-five
      patients who were operated for obesity between 2009 and 2012 were included in the
      study. 29 patients underwent LGP, and 26 patients LSG. The BMI in the LGP and LSG
      groups was 41.4+/-3 kg/m(2) and 42.0+/-3.1 kg/m(2), respectively. There was no
      significant difference between two groups in terms of BMI. Two groups were also
      similar in terms of age and gender. In the LGP group, one patient had
      postoperative necrosis of the suture line. One patient in the LSG group was re
      operated due to bleeding. Another patient in this group had leakage at the suture
      line. Postoperative BMI assessment of groups revealed significantly lower BMI
      levels in the LSG group. Length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the
      LGP group. There was no significant difference in complication rates between two
      groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, we obtained similar results in patients who
      were treated with LGP or LSG. Moreover, LSG was more efficient in decreasing BMI
      in morbid obesity surgery when compared to LGP. However, duration of hospital
      stay was significantly shorter in LGP group. We concluded that both methods could
      be effectively and safely used in the surgical management of morbid obesity.

PMID- 26985156
TI  - Our intraoperative boost radiotherapy experience and applications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present our experience since November 2013, and case selection
      criteria for intraoperative boost radiotherapy (IObRT) that significantly reduces
      the local recurrence rate after breast conserving surgery in patients with breast
      cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who were suitable for IObRT were
      identified within the group of patients who were selected for breast conserving
      surgery at our breast council. A MOBETRON (mobile linear accelerator for IObRT)
      was used for IObRt during surgery. RESULTS: Patients younger than 60 years old
      with <3 cm invasive ductal cancer in one focus (or two foci within 2 cm), with a
      histologic grade of 2-3, and a high possibility of local recurrence were admitted
      for IObRT application. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
      Lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed and advancement flaps
      were prepared according to the size and inclination of the conus following
      evaluation of tumor size and surgical margins by pathology. Distance to the
      thoracic wall was measured, and a radiation oncologist and radiation physicist
      calculated the required dose. Anesthesia was regulated with slower ventilation
      frequency, without causing hypoxia. The skin and incision edges were protected,
      the field was radiated (with 6 MeV electron beam of 10 Gy) and the incision was
      closed. In our cases, there were no major postoperative surgical or early
      radiotherapy related complications. CONCLUSION: The completion of another stage
      of local therapy with IObRT during surgery positively effects sequencing of other
      treatments like chemotherapy, hormonotherapy and radiotherapy, if required. IObRT
      increases disease free and overall survival, as well as quality of life in breast
      cancer patients.

PMID- 26985157
TI  - Analysis of the Istanbul Forensic Medicine Institute expert decisions on
      recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries due to thyroidectomy between 2008-2012.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the approach of Forensic
      Medicine Institution for recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries. In addition,
      parameters that were taken into consideration by Forensic Medicine Institution in
      the differentiation of complication and malpractice were evaluated. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The files of 38 patients, with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
      following thyroidectomy, that were referred to Istanbul Forensic Medicine
      Institute with request of expert opinion between 2008-2012 were retrospectively
      investigated. Data regarding expert decisions, age, gender, diagnosis, hospital
      type, preoperative vocal cord examination, intraoperative nerve monitoring
      (IONM), identification of nerve injury during operation, repair of nerve during
      operation, and type of injury were assessed. RESULTS: Surgeons were found to be
      faulty in all files with bilateral nerve injury, however, one-sided injury files
      were considered as a medical complication. Twenty-one (55.2%) patients were
      female, and 17 (44.8%) were male, with a mean age of 35,8 in women, and 34,1 in
      men. None of these patients had undergone preoperative vocal cord assessment. The
      recurrent laryngeal nerve was intraoperatively identified in 21 (55.2%) patients,
      while it was not seen in 17 (44.8%) patients. IONM was not applied in any
      patients. There was no attempt for nerve repair during any operation. Nineteen
      patients had unilateral, and 19 patients had bilateral nerve damage. CONCLUSION:
      Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries are considered as malpractice, when
      imaging or pathology reports fail to state a cause for difficulty in nerve
      identification.

PMID- 26985158
TI  - Benefits of xiphoidectomy in total gastrectomy: Technical note.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The esophago-gastric junction may be challenging during total
      gastrectomy due to gastric cancer. This situation may compromise the security of
      both the dissection and anastomosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate
      the usefulness of xiphoidectomy to overcome this issue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      files of patients who underwent total gastrectomy + D2 lymph node dissection due
      to proximal gastric cancer or cardia cancer between April 2002-December 2013 were
      retrospectively evaluated. We assessed the outcome in patients with xiphoidectomy
      in addition to the midline incision in terms of xiphoidectomy technique,
      xiphoidectomy time, and operative and postoperative complications. RESULTS:
      Thirty cases were identified to undergo xiphoidectomy. Nineteen patients were
      male and 11 were female, with a mean age of 51 (21-80) years. The time required
      for xiphoidectomy was 7-15 minutes (mean 8.7 minutes). The mean additional time
      required for the closure of the incision in cases with xiphoidectomy was 2
      minutes. There was minimal arterial bleeding from the diaphragmatic surface in
      one patient, which was controlled by electrocautery. Only two patients developed
      wound infection. CONCLUSION: Performing xiphoidectomy is quite easy, after a
      certain learning phase. The operative time was 7-15 minutes longer due to
      excision of xiphoid and closure of the related defect. Minor hemorrhage was a
      problem during surgery. There were no early or late post-operative complications.
      We suggest that the procedure is beneficial in selected cases with requirement of
      a wider operative field or better exposure of the esophago-gastric junction
      during total gastrectomy for gastric cancer, and recommend removal of the xiphoid
      bone.

PMID- 26985160
TI  - Intraoperative diagnosis of cecal diverticulitis during surgery for acute
      appendicitis: Case series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cecal diverticulum is a rare entity, and can cause acute abdomen by
      the way of diverticulitis and perforation of diverticulitis. In this study, we
      aimed to perform an analysis of patients that have cecal diverticulitis, and
      presented with acute abdomen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who were admitted to
      emergency clinic between 2009-2012 and had acute abdomen due to cecal
      diverticulitis were included into study retrospectively. RESULTS: Six patients
      were included in the study with a mean age of 34 years (range 24-43). Four
      patients were male and two were female (male/female: 2). All six patients
      presented with abdominal pain, additional symptoms were nausea in five patients,
      and vomiting in one patient. The mean white blood cell count was 11.900/mm(3)
      (5850-17.400/mm(3)), while the remaining laboratory results were normal. There
      were no specific findings on abdominal X-ray or ultrasonography. The surgical
      exploration revealed an inflamed cecal diverticulitis and normal appendix in all
      patients. Five patients underwent appendectomy and diverticulectomy. Right
      hemicolectomy was performed in one patient due to suspicion of malignancy. The
      early postoperative period was uneventful in all patients. The mean length of
      hospital stay was 4.5 days with a range of 2-6 days. Histopathological
      examination showed acute perforated diverticulitis with underlying true
      diverticulum in three patients, and true diverticulum with acute diverticulitis
      in the remaining three patients. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative diagnosis of cecal
      diverticulitis is challenging due to symptoms and signs that resemble acute
      appendicitis. Diverticulectomy and incidental appendectomy is the treatment of
      choice in uncomplicated cases.

PMID- 26985159
TI  - Sentinel lymph node biopsy under fluorescent indocyanin green guidance: Initial
      experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be applied by using either blue dye or
      radionuclide method or both in breast cancer. Fluorescent imaging with
      indocyanine green is a new defined method. This study evaluates the applicability
      of sentinel lymph node biopsy via fluorescent indocyanine green. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: IC-VIEW (Pulsion Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany) infrared
      visualization system was used for imaging. Two mL of indocyanine green was
      injected to visualize sentinel lymph nodes. After injection, subcutaneous
      lymphatics were traced and sentinel lymph nodes were found with simultaneous
      imaging. Sentinel lymph nodes were excised under fluorescent light guidance, and
      excised lymph nodes were examined histopathologically. Patients with sentinel
      lymph node metastases underwent axillary dissection. RESULTS: Four patients with
      sentinel lymph node biopsy due to breast cancer were included in the study.
      Sentinel lymph nodes were visualized with indocyanine green in all patients. The
      median number of excised sentinel lymph node was 2 (2-3). Two patients with lymph
      node metastasis underwent axillary dissection. No metastasis was detected in
      lymph nodes other than the sentinel nodes in patients with axillary dissection.
      There was no complication during and after the operation related to the method.
      CONCLUSION: According to our limited experience, sentinel lymph node biopsy under
      fluorescent indocyanine green guidance, which has an advantage of simultaneous
      visualization, is technically feasible.

PMID- 26985161
TI  - Missed retrosternal ectopic thyroid tissue in a patient operated for multinodular
      goiter.
AB  - Ectopic thyroid tissue has been found from the tongue to the diaphragm. The most
      common ectopic thyroid tissue has been found in the tongue, submandibular region,
      cervical lymph nodes, larynx, trachea, oesophagus, mediastinum, diaphragm and
      heart respectively. "Forgotten goiter" is an extremely rare disease which is
      defined as a mediastinal thyroid mass found after total thyroidectomy. In this
      case report, we discussed a 49 year-old female patient whose retrosternal ectopic
      thyroid tissue was detected by thyroid scintigraphy taken in postoperative period
      after total thyroidectomy performed with diagnosis of multinodular goiter.
      Papillary carcinoma was determined by the histopathological examination. Ectopic
      thyroid tissue was removed by performing sternotomy. We did not observe any
      postoperative surgical complications. 100 mCi dose of radioactive iodine was
      administered to the patient. Retrosternal ectopic thyroid tissue detected after
      total thyroidectomy is a rarely encountered condition. Therefore, retrosternal
      ectopic thyroid tissue existence should be definitely kept in mind in patients
      with no increase in thyroid stimulating hormone level after total thyroidectomy. 

PMID- 26985162
TI  - Sarcoidosis mimicking metastatic breast cancer in a patient with early-stage
      breast cancer.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown origin that affects
      the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes in most patients. The coexistence of
      sarcoidosis and breast cancer has been reported. An unfortunate consequence of
      the presence of both entities in the same patient is the risk of misdiagnosis. We
      report the case of a 70-year-old female with T1N0 cancer of the right breast that
      was initially diagnosed as stage IV because of mediastinal positron-emission
      tomography -positive lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of a mediastinal lymph node allowed
      us to diagnose sarcoidosis and correctly stage her disease as stage I breast
      cancer. 

PMID- 26985163
TI  - Primary thyroid lymphoma.
AB  - Primary thyroid lymphoma is an uncommon thyroid malignancy. The treatment
      modalities significantly differ from other thyroid malignancies. Frequently it is
      accompanied by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and it may be difficult to differentiate
      the two entities histologically. Patients typically present with suddenly growing
      mass in the thyroid gland. Discrimination between primary and secondary lymphoma
      is important due to variations in diagnostic tools, treatment modalities and
      prognosis. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or combinations of these
      modalities may be applied in treatment. In this report, three cases with primary
      thyroid lymphoma in which three different treatment modalities have been applied
      are presented. 

PMID- 26985164
TI  - Can heat shock protein 32 be used for the early diagnosis of acute mesenteric
      ischemia?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Acute mesenteric ischemia is a challenging and fatal disease. The aim
      of this study was to detect the heat shock protein 32 (HSP32) response in
      intestinal tissue and systemic blood to intestinal ischemia and
      ischemia/reperfusion to define a tool for the early diagnosis of acute mesenteric
      ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty female Wistar albino rats were equally
      divided into 3 groups. Group 1 rats underwent simple laparotomy and closure
      (control). In Group 2 rats, 1-hour intestinal ischemia followed by 5-hour
      reperfusion was performed, and Group 3 rats were subjected to 6-hour intestinal
      ischemia. The experiment was repeated with a 24-hour waiting period. At the end
      of the waiting period, blood was withdrawn from the tail veins of the rats and
      the rats were sacrificed via cardiac puncture. Re-laparotomy was subsequently
      performed and intestinal tissue and luminal samples were obtained for biochemical
      and pathological investigations. The HSP32 levels of intestinal tissues, luminal
      contents and blood levels were compared among the groups. RESULTS: At the end of
      the 24-hour waiting period, the median tissue HSP32 levels were 0.43 (0-6.6)
      ng/mL for Group 1, 9.51 (2.5-49.9) ng/mL for Group 2 and 43.13 (6.3-121.3) ng/mL
      for Group 3 (p=0.001). The median blood HSP32 levels were 0.11 (0.1-1.4) ng/mL
      for Group 1, 0.42 (0.1-0.7) ng/mL for Group 2, and 0.25 (0.1-1.2) ng/mL for Group
      3 (p=0.047). The HSP levels in the luminal contents were undetectable.
      CONCLUSION: Both ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion significantly raised
      intestinal tissue HSP32 levels in comparison with the control group. However,
      this change was not reflected in the circulating blood or luminal contents.

PMID- 26985165
TI  - Prospective randomized comparison of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy
      with new facilitating maneuver vs. conventional four-port laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the technical feasibility of single-incision
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) with our new facilitative maneuver and to
      compare it with the gold standard four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Operation time, cosmetic score and incisional hernia rates
      between LC (n=20) and SILC-1 (first 20 consecutive operations with the new
      technique) and 2 (subsequent 20 operations with the new technique) were compared.
      RESULTS: The median operation time for LC, SILC-1 and SILC-2 were; 35 min (12
      75), 47.5 min (30-70), and 30 min (12-80), respectively (p=0.005). The operation
      duration was similar in LC and SILC-2 (p=0.277) groups. Wound seroma rate was
      higher in SILC-1 (45%) and SILC-2 (30%) groups than LC (5%) group (p=0.010).
      Cosmetic score was similar between all the groups. Hernia rates were 15.8% and
      5.3% in the SILC-1 and SILC-2 groups, respectively, while there was no hernia in
      the LC group. CONCLUSION: SILC with new facilitating maneuver is comparable with
      classical four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of ease, operation
      time, reproducibility and safety. Besides these advantages, the single-incision
      access technique must be optimized to provide comparable wound complication and
      postoperative hernia rates before being recommended to patients.

PMID- 26985166
TI  - Risk factors for the development of complicated appendicitis in adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the patient's history and physical examination
      information to find out risk factors associated with complicated appendicitis.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred patients who were admitted with complicated
      appendicitis (including abscess, phlegmon, and generalized peritonitis) were
      retrieved from our database. Two hundred patients with non-complicated acute
      appendicitis were randomly selected from the same period. These two groups were
      compared in terms of demographic characteristics, past medical history, and
      presenting symptoms. We made a multivariate analysis model using binary logistic
      regression and backward stepwise elimination. RESULTS: Based on multivariate
      analysis, risk factors for complicated appendicitis included presenting with
      epigastric pain (OR=3.44), diarrhea (OR=23.4) or malaise (OR=49.7), history of
      RLQ pain within the past 6 months (OR=4.93), older age (OR=1.04), being married
      (OR=2.52), lack of anorexia (OR=4.63) and longer interval between onset of
      symptoms and admission (OR=1.46). Conversely, higher (academic) education was
      associated with decreased odds for complicated appendicitis (OR=0.26).
      CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a surgeon's clinical assessment is more
      reliable to make a judgment. "Bedside evaluation" is a useful, cheap, quick and
      readily available method for identifying those at risk for developing complicated
      acute appendicitis.

PMID- 26985167
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder caused by
      overactivation of parathyroid glands resulting in excessive release of
      parathyroid hormone. The resultant hypercalcemia leads to a myriad of symptoms.
      Primary hyperparathyroidism may increase a patient's morbidity and even mortality
      if left untreated. During the last few decades, disease presentation has shifted
      from the classic presentation of severe bone and kidney manifestations to most
      patients now being diagnosed on routine labs. Although surgery is the only
      curative therapy, many advances have been made over the past decades in the
      diagnosis and the surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. The aim of
      this review is to summarize the characteristics of the disease, the work up, and
      the treatment options. 

PMID- 26985168
TI  - Using mid infrared technology as new method for the determination of the dwell
      time of salivary substitutes on three dimensional gingiva models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many people suffer from dry mouth (xerostomia) due to radiotherapy
      treatment of head and neck cancer, diseases like Sjogren's syndrome or as adverse
      effects to prescribed medications. Salivary substitute products like gels or
      sprays are often used for treatment. Efficacy of those oral care products are
      regularly assessed by validated or even not validated questionnaires. To
      determine the adhesion effect over time more objectively a new and sensitive
      method was established. The following study was designed to assess the dwell time
      of different oral care products in vitro. METHOD: Two different types of surfaces
      were covered with oral care products and washed using a definite protocol with
      artificial saliva salt solution. First, oral care gels or oral care sprays were
      spread to a polystyrene surface of 2.25 cm(2), then onto cell based three
      dimensional gingiva models. The surfaces were washed ten times with artificial
      saliva salt solution. The resulting washing solutions were examined using mid
      infrared spectroscopy in order to detect ingredients of the oral care products.
      RESULTS: All assessed oral care gels or oral care sprays and their components
      were detected very sensitive. Even traces of the products were detected in the
      eluent and thus enabled to differentiate the dwell times of the different
      products. In general, the dwell time of oral care gels on polystyrene or gingiva
      models was longer than that of oral care sprays. The use of gingiva models
      improved the differentiation between different products. CONCLUSIONS: MIR
      spectroscopy turned out to be a sensitive method to detect salivary substitutes.
      Differences between single components and different products can be detected. The
      described method is a simple, reliable and easy process to evaluate the dwell
      time of oral care products in vitro and thus a useful tool to design optimised
      salivary substitute products. ETHICS: This is an in vitro study. No ethics or
      consent was required for this study.

PMID- 26985169
TI  - Residential Mobility within Guangzhou City, China, 1990-2010: Local Residents
      Versus Migrants.
AB  - Drawing on residential history data from two household surveys conducted in
      Guangzhou in 2005 and 2010, this paper compares the pattern of intra-city
      residential moves of local residents and that of migrants. The findings show
      different trajectories of residential moves for the two groups. While migrants
      showed increasing mobility over time, residential moves of locals first rose
      until the early 2000s, then declined steadily afterward. Moreover, the
      determinants of residential moves of migrants differ from those of the local
      population. Also, whereas residential moves for the local population are subject
      to changing factors over time, drivers of relocation for migrants remain more or
      less stable.

PMID- 26985170
TI  - A larval key to the Drusinae species (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) of Austria,
      Germany, Switzerland and the dinaric western Balkan.
AB  - A larval key of the Drusinae of Central Europe and the dinaric western Balkan is
      presented. Phylogeographic relationships are discussed in the light of molecular
      genetics, feeding ecology and larval morphology.

PMID- 26985171
TI  - Structural and biophysical characteristics of human skin in maintaining proper
      epidermal barrier function.
AB  - The complex structure of human skin and its physicochemical properties turn it
      into an efficient outermost defence line against exogenous factors, and help
      maintain homeostasis of the human body. This role is played by the epidermal
      barrier with its major part - stratum corneum. The condition of the epidermal
      barrier depends on individual and environmental factors. The most important
      biophysical parameters characterizing the status of this barrier are the skin pH,
      epidermal hydration, transepidermal water loss and sebum excretion. The knowledge
      of biophysical skin processes may be useful for the implementation of
      prophylactic actions whose aim is to restore the barrier function. 

PMID- 26985173
TI  - Clinical characteristics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lupus erythematosus (LE) shows a wide variety of clinical
      manifestations, skin involvement being one of the most important. AIM: To analyze
      the clinical presentation of cutaneous variants of lupus erythematosus in terms
      of skin lesion spectrum and extracutaneous involvement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A
      total of 64 patients with cutaneous LE (CLE) were included. The study was based
      on the "Core Set Questionnaire" developed by the European Society of Cutaneous
      Lupus Erythematosus (EUSCLE). Clinical severity of skin lesions was evaluated
      with the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI).
      All results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Fifteen (23.4%)
      patients had an acute CLE (ACLE), 26 (40.6%) subacute CLE (SCLE) and 21 (32.8%)
      chronic CLE (CCLE). Two (3.2%) individuals only demonstrated urticarial
      vasculitis as a cutaneous manifestation of LE and these patients were excluded.
      Patients with ACLE were characterized by the earliest onset of the disease (mean
      age of 31.9 +/-15.0 years; p < 0.001). On average, 4.8 +/-1.8 criteria of
      systemic LE were found in the ACLE group compared to 2.7 +/-1.3 criteria in SCLE
      and 2.5 +/-1.5 criteria in CCLE (p < 0.001). The highest activity of skin lesions
      according to CLASI was found in the SCLE group (p = 0.002). On the other hand,
      the most severe skin damage was observed in CCLE (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Each
      variant of CLE differs significantly from the others in respect of various
      aspects of clinical manifestations. Due to a number of different variants of LE
      skin lesions, a unified classification of CLE still remains a challenge.

PMID- 26985174
TI  - Analysis of selected allergic reactions among psoriatic patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease. The
      aetiology is still unknown in spite of numerous scientific researches. There is
      very little evidence which does not provide enough knowledge about allergic
      reactions in psoriatic patients. Based on the fact that the epidermal barrier
      damage allows different allergen types to penetrate into deep layers of epidermis
      and skin, we can assume that it may lead to immunological reactions. AIM: To
      investigate the allergic reaction indicators and hypersensitivity assessment
      about contact, inhalant and food allergens. The results were analysed with regard
      to clinical disease indicators and progression stage of dermal lesions. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Eighty patients with psoriasis were examined. The concentration of
      total IgE antibodies and allergen specific IgE antibodies (asIgE) were analysed.
      Standard epidermal tests and atopy patch tests were performed. All the patients
      were estimated for their dermatological condition based on the PASI scale. The
      control group consisted of 50 patients without psoriasis and allergic history.
      RESULTS: Significantly higher concentration of total E immunoglobulin has been
      stated in the patients with psoriasis. Higher concentrations of specific allergic
      IgE antibodies were more often observed in the examined group but the most
      frequently observed values were present in 1-3 class. The most common airborne
      allergens were birch, artemisia, timothy and rye pollens. There have not been any
      significant statistical differences in the case of positive epidermal test
      results. CONCLUSIONS: There is slightly expressed hypersensitivity in psoriatic
      patients. This hypersensitivity degree correlates with the intensification of
      symptoms.

PMID- 26985172
TI  - The role of antimicrobial peptides in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
AB  - Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effector molecules of the innate immune system
      of the skin. They present an activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive
      and Gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi, parasites and enveloped
      viruses. Several inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis, atopic
      dermatitis, acne vulgaris and rosacea are characterized by a dysregulated
      expression of AMPs. Antimicrobial peptides are excessively produced in lesional
      psoriatic scales or rosacea in contrast to the atopic skin that shows lower AMP
      levels when compared with psoriasis. The importance of the AMPs contribution to
      host immunity is indisputable as alterations in the antimicrobial peptide
      expression have been associated with various pathologic processes. This review
      discusses the biology and clinical relevance of antimicrobial peptides expressed
      in the skin and their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. 

PMID- 26985175
TI  - Oral mucosal manifestations in primary and secondary Sjogren syndrome and dry
      mouth syndrome.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: One of the most important symptoms of Sjogren syndrome is
      xerostomia. The oral cavity deprived of saliva and its natural lubricative,
      protective and antibacterial properties is prone to a number of unfavourable
      consequences. AIM: To present the most important lesions on the oral mucosa in
      primary and secondary Sjogren syndrome and in dry mouth syndrome. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The study group comprised 55 patients including 52 women and 3 men aged
      20-72 years (average: 28.25 years). RESULTS: Basing on the accepted criteria,
      primary Sjogren syndrome was diagnosed in 22 (40%) patients, secondary Sjogren
      syndrome in 18 (32.7%) patients, and dry mouth syndrome in 15 (27.27%) patients.
      The physical examination and the examination of the mouth were performed and
      history was elicited from every patient. CONCLUSIONS: The most common pathologies
      appearing on the oral mucosa in primary and secondary Sjogren syndrome are
      angular cheilitis, cheilitis, increased lip dryness as well as non-specific
      ulcerations, aphthae and aphthoid conditions.

PMID- 26985177
TI  - The frequency of polymorphic variants of filaggrin gene and clinical atopic
      dermatitis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: As far as pathogenesis of the atopic dermatitis (AD) is concerned,
      the roles of an impaired epidermal barrier and cornified cell envelope are widely
      emphasized. AIM: The assessment of mutations of the filaggrin gene and their
      connection with the clinical picture of AD as well as selected allergological and
      environmental indicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 105 patients with diagnosed AD on
      the basis of diagnostic criteria were included. For every patient of the examined
      group, quantitative determination of the total concentration of IgE and the
      concentration of IgE antibodies to selected allergens were examined. For all
      patients, studies were performed by means of analysis of two genomic gene
      variants of profilaggrin (FLG) - R501X and 2282del4. RESULTS: Loss-of-function
      mutations in the filaggrin gene were shown in 12 (11.4%) patients in the examined
      group. All patients in the study group who developed one of the tested loss-of
      function mutations in the filaggrin gene demonstrated an extrinsic, allergic form
      of atopic dermatitis. A significant association (p = 0.0002) between the presence
      of one of the tested loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene and
      elevated levels of total concentration of immunoglobulin E was shown.
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AD of null mutations in the filaggrin gene demonstrate
      a relationship with the total and specific concentration of immunoglobulin E,
      specifically higher concentrations of IgE against aeroallergens and alimentary
      allergens as well as elevated levels of total immunoglobulin E.

PMID- 26985176
TI  - A study of the activity and effectiveness of recombinant fibroblast growth factor
      (Q40P/S47I/H93G rFGF-1) in anti-aging treatment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) is a powerful mitogen involved
      in the stimulation of DNA synthesis and the proliferation of a wide variety of
      cell types. Fibroblast growth factor 1 was genetically modified to improve its
      thermal stability and resistance to protease degradation without losing its
      biological activity. AIM: To study the impact of Q40P/S47I/H93G rFGF-1 on skin
      cells, its penetration through the skin and the evaluation of the rFGF-1-cosmetic
      product properties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In vitro studies included the
      examination of primary fibroblast and keratinocyte viability after the incubation
      with rFGF-1. The penetration abilities of rFGF-1 in various formulations and
      carrier systems were examined ex vivo by the Raman spectroscopy. In vivo studies 
      HF Ultrasound and 3D Imaging System - were used to evaluate the anti-aging
      properties of creams containing rFGF-1. RESULTS: In vitro studies demonstrated
      that rFGF-1 strongly enhanced the viability of the treated cells. The Raman
      Spectroscopy analysis indicated that rFGF-1 encapsulated in lipid spheres
      penetrate through the stratum corneum to the depth of 60 um, and added to the o/w
      formulation - could penetrate to a depth of 90 um. The results obtained from
      Primos revealed the reduction of the volume and the depth of the wrinkles.
      Changes in the skin structure in the analyzed areas were evaluated by HF
      Ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: Recombinant FGF-1 strongly stimulated fibroblast
      and keratinocyte proliferation. However, the transition of this protein through
      the SC required an appropriate carrier system - lipid spheres. All tests - in
      vitro, ex vivo and in vivo - have proved that rFGF-1 is a substance with a
      potentially wide spectrum of use.

PMID- 26985178
TI  - Clinicopathological analysis of recurrent basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of
      the eyelids and surrounding structures, usually developing in the area of the
      lower lid and medial canthus. Invasive forms of BCC are connected with a high
      risk of recurrence, often due to incomplete excision of these lesions. AIM:
      Clinical and pathological analysis of recurrent BCCs of the eyelids and
      surrounding structures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present clinical and
      pathological analysis including immunohistochemical reaction to Ki-67 antigen of
      19 patients (11 women, 8 men) operated for recurrent BCCs of the eyelids in 2000
      2012. RESULTS: In most cases, recurrences were present on the lower lid and in
      the medial canthus. In 15 patients the histopathological type did not change and
      in 4 cases it transformed into more invasive forms. The values of Ki-67 index for
      primary BCCs ranged between 1% and 20%, and for relapsing lesions between 11% and
      48%. CONCLUSIONS: Proper clinical and pathological evaluation to determine the
      risk of relapse in BCCs of the eyelids and surrounding structures should include
      the analysis of prognostic factors, in particular location and size,
      histopathological type and radicalness of surgical treatment of primary BCCs.
      Clinical and pathological analysis of patients with recurrent BCC of the eyelids
      and surrounding structures should be combined with the evaluation of
      proliferation index Ki-67, which is essential for prognosis and choice of the
      appropriate therapeutic method.

PMID- 26985180
TI  - Skin toxicity in BRAF(V600) mutated metastatic cutaneous melanoma patients
      treated with vemurafenib.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The use of orally available BRAF kinase inhibitor - vemurafenib is
      associated with numerous adverse skin reactions. AIM: To assess the safety and
      early side effects of vemurafenib treatment in the unselected group of patients
      treated at the outpatient clinic, in particular the assessment of the incidence
      of skin cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a systematic study of
      patients (pts) treated with vemurafenib. Skin toxicity during vemurafenib therapy
      was analyzed. Toxicity was determined on the basis of the toxicity scale CTCAE,
      version 4.0. RESULTS: The most common cutaneous side effects were hyperkeratotic
      perifollicular rash (69%) and photosensitivity (15%). Skin rash developed more
      frequently in the first month of treatment. Squamous cell carcinoma occurred in
      38% of patients. Patients with skin cancer development during vemurafenib therapy
      had non-significantly longer overall survival (OS) than patients without skin
      cancer, p = 0.4. Skin cancer developed more often in women than in men (60% vs.
      25%), p = 0.249. It was detected only in patients with normal weight compared to
      overweight patients (55% vs. 0), p = 0.09. The median OS was 26 months and median
      OS from the time of distant metastases diagnosis was 9.8 months. In patients with
      a low body mass index, shorter OS was observed, p = 0.09. CONCLUSIONS: The
      incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was high (38%). This study has many
      limitations mostly due to a small group of patients. That is why the results
      should be taken into consideration with caution. The proper symptomatic treatment
      in cooperation with dermatologists allows to continue the vemurafenib therapy.

PMID- 26985179
TI  - Evaluation of serum concentrations of the selected cytokines in patients with
      localized scleroderma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disease primarily affecting
      the skin. The cause of disease remains unexplained although environmental factors
      are implicated, which are likely to be responsible for activation of the
      endothelium and subsequent inflammation leading to excessive synthesis of
      collagen and extracellular matrix components. AIM: To determine concentrations of
      interleukin (IL)-27, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, TGF-beta2, IL-6, and
      sIL-6R in patients with localized scleroderma compared to controls and to assess
      the relations between their levels and laboratory markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      The study encompassed 17 females with localized scleroderma (aged 25-67). The
      control group consisted of 30 age-matched healthy women. The blood was sampled
      from the basilic vein. Serum levels of cytokines were determined using ELISA.
      RESULTS: The TGF-beta2 levels were found to be significantly lower in patients
      with localized scleroderma compared to controls. Concentrations of TGF-beta1 were
      decreased in scleroderma patients when compared to controls but without
      statistical significance. There were no significant differences in serum IL-6,
      sIL-6R and IL-27 levels between patients and the control group; however, we found
      a significant positive correlation between the level of sIL-6 and ESR among
      subjects with localized scleroderma. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of decreased serum
      levels of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 in patients with localized scleroderma
      demonstrate a possible association of these cytokines with pathogenesis of the
      disease. The results suggest also that sIL-6R is likely to be involved in
      inflammation in patients with localized scleroderma.

PMID- 26985182
TI  - Occurrence of sleep-related breathing disorders in patients with chronic
      urticaria at its asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic stages.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chronic urticaria (CU), in view of its manifestations (pruritus,
      wheals), chronic and recurrent nature is very bothersome for patients and
      significantly influences their quality of life. AIM: To assess the importance of
      sleep problems and sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) declared by CU
      patients, for their quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients
      with CU at an asymptomatic stage or with minimal symptoms and signs were
      qualified for the study. In these patients, assessment of urticaria severity, QoL
      and SRBDs incidence was carried out. RESULTS: In a questionnaire study (CU-Q2oL),
      about 54% of the patients with CU complained of sleeping problems, about 80%
      reported significant fatigue and lack of concentration in the daytime.
      Respiratory polygraphy, an objective measure of sleep-related breathing disorders
      (SRBDs) demonstrated their higher incidence in patients with CU than in the
      general population, but these disorders were mild and had no influence on the
      reduced quality of life of the study patients, compared with a group of patients
      without SRBDs. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of SRBDs was found in 25% of patients
      with CU at asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic stages. The SRBDs in those patients
      were mild, required no treatment and their occurrence did not cause any
      significant reduction in their quality of life.

PMID- 26985183
TI  - The flare-up phenomenon: recurrence of distant dermatitis during patch testing.

PMID- 26985181
TI  - Coexistence of 2282del4 FLG gene mutation and IL-18 -137G/C gene polymorphism
      enhances the risk of atopic dermatitis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) pathogenesis appears in the context of the
      correlation between cornified envelope proteins and immunological factors. AIM:
      To estimate the association between FLG R501X and 2282del4 gene mutations, -137
      G/C IL-18 and -1112 C/T IL-13 gene polymorphisms and their influence on AD course
      and the risk in the Polish population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and
      fifty-two AD patients and 123 healthy volunteers were included into the study.
      Amplification refractory mutation system - polymerase chain reaction method was
      used. RESULTS: 2282del4 FLG mutation, predominant (p = 0.04) in Polish AD
      patients, enhanced the risk of AD (OR = 2.35; p = 0.01) and was associated with
      itch (p = 0.023). GG genotype of IL-18 was prevailing in AD (p < 0.0001),
      associated with elevated IgE levels (p = 0.00074) and pruritus (p < 0.0001). GG
      genotype and G-allele in -137 position of IL-18 increased AD risk (OR = 5.4; p =
      0.0001, respectively, OR = 5.3; p = 0.000029). -1112 C/T polymorphism of IL-13
      was associated with elevated IgE levels (p = 0.00049), pruritus (p = 0.0005),
      SCORAD score (p = 0.02), concomitant asthma (p = 0.0087) and AD risk (OR = 2.02;
      p = 0.012). Coexistence of 2282del4 or R501X FLG gene mutation with GG genotype
      of IL-18 was associated with a 6-fold higher risk of AD (OR = 5.8; p = 0.00013),
      contrary to combined occurrence of FLG mutations with T-allele in -1112 position
      of IL-13 gene (OR = 0.12; p = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: 2282del4 FLG mutation similarly
      to GG genotype and G-allele in -137 position of IL-18 gene enhance the risk of AD
      in the Polish population. Coexistence of FLG mutations with GG genotype of IL-18
      may be helpful to estimate chances of AD development.

PMID- 26985184
TI  - A case of papular elastorrhexis.

PMID- 26985185
TI  - A case of Behcet's disease possibly triggered by beta-glucan.

PMID- 26985186
TI  - Snakebites notified to the poison control center of Morocco between 2009 and
      2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Snakebites cause considerable death and injury throughout the globe,
      particularly in tropical regions, and pose an important yet neglected threat to
      public health. In 2008, the Centre Anti Poison et de Parmacovigilance du Maroc
      (CAPM) started to set up a specific strategy for the control of snakebites that
      was formalized in 2012. The aim of the present study is to describe and update
      the epidemiological characteristics of snakebites notified to CAPM between 2009
      and 2013. METHODS: This retrospective five-year study included all cases of
      snakebites notified to CAPM by mail or phone. RESULTS: During the study period,
      873 snakebite cases were reported to CAPM, an average incidence of 2.65 cases per
      100,000 inhabitants with 218 cases each year. The highest incidence was found in
      Tangier-Tetouan region with 357 cases (40.9 %) followed by Souss Massa Draa
      region with 128 cases (14.6 %). The average age of patients was 26.8 +/- 17.2
      years. The male to female sex ratio was 1.67:1 and 77 % of cases occurred in
      rural areas. The bites occurred mainly in spring (44 %) followed by summer (42
      %). Snake species was identified in 54 cases (6.2 %): colubrids represented 31 %
      (n = 18) and vipers 67 % (n = 36), mainly Daboia mauritanica, Bitis arietans and
      Cerastes cerastes. In 311 cases (35.6 %), the patients showed viper syndrome.
      Thrombocytopenia was observed in 23.5 % of viper syndrome cases, whereas,
      compartment syndrome was observed in 7.6 % patients. FAV-Afrique(r) was
      administered in 41 patients (5 %). In patients treated with antivenom, 38
      patients recovered and three died. Twenty-seven deaths were reported (3.9 %).
      CONCLUSION: Despite specific efforts to better understand the epidemiology of
      snakebites in Morocco (incidence, severity, snake species involved), it remains
      underestimated. Therefore, further work is still necessary to ensure
      accessibility of appropriate antivenom against venomous species and to improve
      the management of envenomation in Morocco.

PMID- 26985187
TI  - Epidemiology of snakebites in Kedougou region (eastern Senegal): comparison of
      various methods for assessment of incidence and mortality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although considered a public health issue in Senegal, the actual
      incidence and mortality from snakebite are not known. In the present study, an
      epidemiological survey was carried out in Kedougou region, southeastern Senegal,
      where envenomations, particularly by Echisocellatus, are frequent and severe.
      METHODS: Three sources of data were used: records from health centers and reports
      by health professionals; traditional healers; and household surveys. RESULTS: The
      annual incidence and mortality provided by health centers were 24.4 envenomations
      and 0.24 deaths per 100,000 population, respectively. The annual incidence
      recorded by traditional healers was 250 bites per 100,000 inhabitants, but the
      number of deaths was unknown. Finally, the household surveys reported an annual
      incidence of 92.8 bites per 100,000 inhabitants and an annual mortality rate of
      2.2 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. The differences in incidence and mortality
      between the different methods were explained by significant bias, resulting in
      particular from the complex patient's healthcare-seeking behavior. The incidence
      provided by health records should be used to specify the immediate quantitative
      requirements of antivenoms and places where they should be available first.
      CONCLUSION: Mandatory reporting of cases would improve the management of
      envenomation by simplifying epidemiological surveys. Patients' preference for
      traditional medicine should prompt health authorities to urge traditional healers
      to refer patients to health centers according to defined clinical criteria
      (mainly edema and bleeding or neurotoxic symptoms). Finally, household surveys
      were likely to reflect the actual epidemiological situation. Poison Control
      Center of Senegal should continue its work to sensitize stakeholders and train
      health staff.

PMID- 26985188
TI  - Retrospective study on the incidence of envenomation and accessibility to
      antivenom in Burkina Faso.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Snakebite is a common neglected public health issue, especially in
      poor rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Passive
      immunotherapy with safe and effective antivenom is the only approved treatment
      for it. This study aimed to determine the incidence of snakebites, and to assess
      the availability and accessibility of antivenoms, from 2010 to 2014, in Burkina
      Faso. METHODS: The assessment of snakebite cases managed in all health facilities
      from 2010 to 2014 was performed from the Statistical Yearbook of the Ministry of
      Health. Antivenom consumption data were collected from the drug wholesalers
      established in Burkina Faso. RESULTS: Snakebites are among the five leading
      causes of consultations in health districts. From 2010 to 2014, 114,126
      envenomation cases occurred in Burkina Faso, out of which 62,293 (54.6 %) victims
      have been hospitalized resulting in 1,362 (2 %) deaths. The annual incidence and
      mortality were respectively 130 bites and 1.75 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants.
      The amount of antivenom sold by wholesalers were 5,738 vials with a total cost of
      US$ 539,055 (annual average = US$ 107,811). The high cost of these antivenoms
      (between US$ 42 and 170 per dose according to brand) limited their use by rural
      people, the main victims of snakebites, whose income is insufficient. Thus, only
      4 % of patients received antivenom treatment over the past five years. The price
      of antivenom was reduced in 2015 to US$ 3.4 by a public drug wholesaler.
      CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the high burden of snakebites in Burkina Faso. To
      better manage envenomation, Burkina Faso implemented a strategy consisting in
      seeking affordable sources of antivenom supply of good quality and innovative
      mechanisms of subsidy.

PMID- 26985189
TI  - The 6(th) international conference on envenomation by Snakebites and Scorpion
      Stings in Africa: a crucial step for the management of envenomation.
AB  - During the 6(th) International Conference on Envenomation by Snakebites and
      Scorpion Stings in Africa held in Abidjan, from 1 to 5 June 2015, the measures
      for the management of envenomation were discussed and new recommendations were
      adopted by the participants. The high incidence and severity of this affliction
      were confirmed by several studies conducted in African countries. The poor
      availability of antivenom, particularly because of the cost, was also
      highlighted. Some experiences have been reported, mainly those regarding the
      financial support of antivenom in Burkina Faso (more than 90 %) and Togo (up to
      60 %) or the mandatory reporting of cases in Cameroon. Key recommendations
      concerned: improvement of epidemiological information based on case collection;
      training of health workers in the management of envenomation; policy to promote
      the use of effective and safe antivenom; and antivenom funding by sharing its
      costs with stakeholders in order to improve antivenom accessibility for low
      income patients. 

PMID- 26985190
TI  - An audit of the management of childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency during
      young adulthood in Scotland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adolescents with childhood onset growth hormone deficiency (CO-GHD)
      require re-evaluation of their growth hormone (GH) axis on attainment of final
      height to determine eligibility for adult GH therapy (rhGH). AIM: Retrospective
      multicentre review of management of young adults with CO-GHD in four paediatric
      centres in Scotland during transition. PATIENTS: Medical records of 130 eligible
      CO-GHD adolescents (78 males), who attained final height between 2005 and 2013
      were reviewed. Median (range) age at initial diagnosis of CO-GHD was 10.7 years
      (0.1-16.4) with a stimulated GH peak of 2.3 MUg/l (0.1-6.5). Median age at
      initiation of rhGH was 10.8 years (0.4-17.0). RESULTS: Of the 130 CO-GHD
      adolescents, 74/130(57 %) had GH axis re-evaluation by stimulation tests /IGF-1
      measurements. Of those, 61/74 (82 %) remained GHD with 51/74 (69 %) restarting
      adult rhGH. Predictors of persistent GHD included an organic hypothalamic
      pituitary disorder and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD). Of the
      remaining 56/130 (43 %) patients who were not re-tested, 34/56 (61 %) were
      transferred to adult services on rhGH without biochemical retesting and 32/34 of
      these had MPHD. The proportion of adults who were offered rhGH without
      biochemical re-testing in the four centres ranged between 10 and 50 % of their
      total cohort. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of adults with CO-GHD remain
      GHD, particularly those with MPHD and most opt for treatment with rhGH. Despite
      clinical guidelines, there is significant variation in the management of CO-GHD
      in young adulthood across Scotland.

PMID- 26985191
TI  - Brachytherapy boost and cancer-specific mortality in favorable high-risk versus
      other high-risk prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recent retrospective data suggest that brachytherapy (BT) boost may
      confer a cancer-specific survival benefit in radiation-managed high-risk prostate
      cancer. We sought to determine whether this survival benefit would extend to the
      recently defined favorable high-risk subgroup of prostate cancer patients (T1c,
      Gleason 4 + 4 = 8, PSA < 10 ng/ml or T1c, Gleason 6, PSA > 20 ng/ml). MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: We identified 45,078 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
      End Results database with cT1c-T3aN0M0 intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer
      diagnosed 2004-2011 treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) only or
      EBRT plus BT. We used multivariable competing risks regression to determine
      differences in the rate of prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) after EBRT +
      BT or EBRT alone in patients with intermediate-risk, favorable high-risk, or
      other high-risk disease after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors.
      RESULTS: EBRT + BT was not associated with an improvement in 5-year PCSM compared
      to EBRT alone among patients with favorable high-risk disease (1.6% vs. 1.8%;
      adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]: 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-1.52, p =
      0.258), and intermediate-risk disease (0.8% vs. 1.0%, AHR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.59
      1.16, p = 0.270). Others with high-risk disease had significantly lower 5-year
      PCSM when treated with EBRT + BT compared with EBRT alone (3.9% vs. 5.3%; AHR:
      0.73; 95% CI: 0.55-0.95; p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Brachytherapy boost is
      associated with a decreased rate of PCSM in some men with high-risk prostate
      cancer but not among patients with favorable high-risk disease. Our results
      suggest that the recently-defined "favorable high-risk" category may be used to
      personalize therapy for men with high-risk disease.

PMID- 26985192
TI  - Dosimetry of permanent interstitial prostate brachytherapy for an interoperative
      procedure, using O-arm based CT and TRUS.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this report is dosimetric evaluation for an intraoperative
      fusion computed tomography (CT) as a superior predictor of 1-month CT based
      dosimetry in comparison to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in permanent
      interstitial prostate brachytherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of 65 patients
      treated with seed implantation were analyzed. All procedures has been performed
      with patients in the lithotomy position inside the O-arm system. An end-fine
      probe is used as a landmark to fuse TRUS and O-arm-based CT images. There was no
      difference in the patient's position, probe position, and timing of image
      acquisition between the two imaging modalities. Dose-volume histogram (DVH)
      parameters such as the dose to 90% of prostate volume (D90) has been analyzed.
      RESULTS: The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic tended
      to be larger on fusion CT than on TRUS for most DVH parameters (71.85% vs. 59.59%
      for D90; p = 0.07). Significant relationships between fusion CT and 1-month CT
      were confirmed using Pearson's correlation coefficients for most DVH parameters
      (R = 0.48, p < 0.01 for D90), although the relationship between TRUS and 1-month
      CT was poor. Large dose reduction (35 Gy for D90) was seen from TRUS to fusion
      CT, especially in patients with high body weight and small prostate volume.
      CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative fusion CT appears to have higher predictive power for
      1-month CT-based dosimetry than TRUS. A prospective trial using fusion CT-based
      planning is warranted.

PMID- 26985193
TI  - WBRT vs. APBI: an interim report of patient satisfaction and outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine differences in patient's reported quality of life and self
      reported breast cosmesis between whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT) and
      accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) via single and multi-lumen high
      dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for women with early stage breast cancer. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Patient information was retrospectively reviewed and survey data
      were prospectively collected for women treated between 2004 to 2014 (APBI) and
      2012 to 2014 (WBRT). Criteria for APBI treatments were ER+ (after 2010), N0
      (after 2010), T < 3 cm, and post-menopausal. All patients were given a survey
      with modified FACIT (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy) breast
      quality of life questions to rate their amount of pain, self-consciousness, low
      energy, presence of lymphedema, and breast cosmesis. RESULTS: 242 APBI patients
      and 59 WBRT patients were identified. In the WBRT cohort, 34 women met
      departmental criteria for APBI treatment (WBRT who were APBI eligible). The FACIT
      survey was completed by 80 women treated with APBI (33%; mean follow-up time of
      14 months), and 26 women treated with WBRT who were APBI eligible (76%; mean
      follow-up time of 26 months). During the first year post-treatment, low energy (p
      = 0.009), self-consciousness (p = 0.0004), and lymphedema (p = 0.0002) scores
      were significantly lower in the APBI cohort when compared to women treated with
      WBRT who were APBI eligible. During the second year post-treatment, women treated
      with APBI reported significantly better breast cosmesis (p = 0.04). The single
      lumen balloon (score = 6.3/10) was found to be associated with worse cosmesis
      compared to the multi-lumen balloons (Mammosite ML and Contura; score = 8.2/10; p
      = 0.002). There were no significant differences in rates of recurrence between
      balloons or treatments (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: APBI treated patients reported
      higher cosmetic satisfaction than patients in the matched WBRT cohort. Quality of
      life scores tended to improve over time. Multi-lumen catheters provided superior
      cosmetic results compared to single-lumen catheters.

PMID- 26985194
TI  - Concomitant cervical and transperineal parametrial high-dose-rate brachytherapy
      boost for locally advanced cervical cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is no consensus for parametrial boost technic while both
      transvaginal and transperineal approaches are discussed. A prototype was
      developed consisting of a perineal template, allowing transperineal needle
      insertion. This study analyzed acute toxicity of concomitant cervical and
      transperineal parametrial high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRB) boost for locally
      advanced cervical cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 01.2011 to 12.2014, 33
      patients (pts) presenting a locally advanced cervical cancer with parametrial
      invasion were treated. After the first course of external beam radiation therapy
      with cisplatinum, HDRB was performed combining endocavitary and interstitial
      technique for cervical and parametrial disease. Post-operative delineation (CTV,
      bladder, rectum, sigmoid) and planification were based on CT-scan/MRI. HDRB was
      delivered in 3-5 fractions over 2-3 consecutive days. Acute toxicities occurring
      within 6 months after HDRB were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Median age was
      56.4 years (27-79). Clinical stages were: T2b = 23 pts (69.7%), T3a = 1 pt (3%),
      T3b = 6 pts (18.2%), and T4a = 3 pts (9.1%). Median HDRB prescribed dose was 21
      Gy (21-27). Median CTVCT (16 pts) and HR-CTVMRI (17 pts) were 52.6 cc (28.5
      74.3), 31.9 cc (17.1-58), respectively. Median EQD2alphabeta10 for D90CTV and
      D90HR-CTV were 82.9 Gy (78.2-96.5), 84.8 Gy (80.6-91.4), respectively. Median
      EQD2alphabeta3 (CT/MRI) for D2cc bladder, rectum and sigmoid were 75.5 Gy (66.6
      90.9), 64.4 Gy (51.9-77.4), and 60.4 Gy (50.9-81.1), respectively. Median follow
      up was 14 months (ranged 6-51). Among the 24 pts with MFU = 24 months, 2-year
      LRFS rate, RRFS, and OS were 86.8%, 88.8%, and 94.1%, respectively. The rates of
      acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities were 36% (G1 dysuria = 8 pts,
      G2 infection = 2 pts, G3 infection = 2 pts), and 27% (G1 diarrhea = 9 pts),
      respectively. One patient presented vaginal bleeding at the time of applicator
      withdrawal (G3-blood transfusion); no bleeding was observed due to the
      parametrial implant. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant cervical and transperineal
      parametrial HDRB boost for locally advanced cervical cancer appears feasible and
      safe with no specific acute toxicity compare to cervical HDRB alone. Longer
      follow-up and larger patient cohort will be needed.

PMID- 26985195
TI  - Interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy in locally advanced and recurrent
      vulvar cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to report our experience with high-dose-rate
      interstitial brachytherapy (HDR-ISBT) in locally advanced and recurrent vulvar
      cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2004 and 2014, fourteen women with locally
      advanced or recurrent vulvar cancer were treated using HDR-ISBT in our Centre.
      High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy was performed as a separate treatment
      or in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) (given prior to
      brachytherapy). RESULTS: Patients were divided into: group I (n = 6) with locally
      advanced tumors, stages III-IVA after an incisional biopsy only, and group II (n
      = 8) with recurrent vulvar cancer after previous radical surgery. In group I,
      median follow up was 12 months (range 7-18 months); 1-year overall survival (OS)
      was 83%. Transient arrest of cancer growth or tumor regression was noticed in all
      patients but 4/6 developed relapse. Median time to failure was 6.3 months (range
      3-11 months). The 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 33%. In group II,
      median follow up was 28 months (range 13-90 months). The 1-year and 3-year OS was
      100% and 80%, respectively. The arrest of cancer growth or tumor regression was
      achieved in all patients. In 4/8 patients neither clinical nor histological
      symptoms of relapse were observed but 4/8 women experienced relapse. Median time
      to failure was 31 months (range 13-76 months). The 1-year and 3-year PFS was 100%
      and 62.5%, respectively. Two patients (14.3%) in group II had severe late
      toxicity (G3). CONCLUSIONS: High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy is a well
      tolerated treatment option in selected patients with advanced or recurrent vulvar
      cancer. It is a safe and effective treatment modality for advanced and recurrent
      vulvar cancer, yielding good local control with acceptable late treatment related
      side effects. In our study, patients with recurrent vulvar cancer had better
      results in HDR-ISBT treatment, probably because of the smaller tumor volume. This
      hypothesis should be verified in a larger group of patients.

PMID- 26985196
TI  - High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy for female peri-urethral cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Peri-urethral cancer (PUC) in females is a rare malignancy. Surgery is
      not usually contemplated due to associated morbidity. Radiation therapy (RT) can
      be employed in the form of interstitial brachytherapy (IBT) alone for early
      lesions, and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with or without IBT for
      advanced lesions. We report our first experience in the literature to evaluate
      the role of high-dose-rate (HDR) IBT in female PUC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between
      2008 and 2013, 10 female patients with PUC (5 primary and 5 recurrent) were
      treated with HDR-IBT with or without EBRT at our center. Size of the lesion
      ranged from 1.5 cm to 5.0 cm. A 2-3 plane free-hand implant was performed using
      plastic catheters. The prescribed dose of HDR-IBT was 42 Gy in 14 fractions for
      brachytherapy alone (5 patients), and 18-21 Gy for the boost along with EBRT (5
      patients). Patients were followed up regularly for assessment of disease control
      and toxicity. RESULTS: At a median follow up of 25 months, six patients were
      disease free at their last follow up. Four patients developed recurrence: 2 at
      inguinal nodes, 1 at local site, and 1 at both local as well as inguinal nodes.
      Moist desquamation was the commonest acute toxicity observed in all 5 patients
      treated with IBT alone, which healed within 4 weeks' time. Overall, grade II
      delayed complication rate was 30%. CONCLUSIONS: Though small sample size, the
      results of our study have shown that HDR-IBT provides good loco-regional control
      with acceptable toxicity for female PUC.

PMID- 26985197
TI  - Electronic brachytherapy for superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma: a
      report of two prospective pilot trials using different doses.
AB  - PURPOSE: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a very common cancer in the Caucasian
      population. Treatment aims to eradicate the tumor with the lowest possible
      functional and aesthetic impact. Electronic brachytherapy (EBT) is a treatment
      technique currently emerging. This study aims to show the outcomes of two
      consecutive prospective pilot clinical trials using different radiation doses of
      EBT with Esteya((r)) EB system for the treatment of superficial and nodular basal
      cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two prospective, single-center, non
      randomized, pilot studies were conducted. Twenty patients were treated in each
      study with different doses. The first group (1) was treated with 36.6 Gy in 6
      fractions of 6.1 Gy, and the second group (2) with 42 Gy in 6 fractions of 7 Gy.
      Cure rate, acute toxicity, and late toxicity related to cosmesis were analyzed in
      the two treatment groups. RESULTS: In group 1, a complete response in 90% of
      cases was observed at the first year of follow-up, whereas in group 2, the
      complete response was 95%. The differences with reference to acute toxicity and
      the cosmetic results between the two treatment groups were not statistically
      significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with Esteya((r)) EB system to
      treat superficial and nodular BCC shows that a dose of 36.6 Gy and 42 Gy
      delivered in 6 fraction of 7 Gy achieves a 90% and 95% clinical cure rate at 1
      year, respectively. Both groups had a tolerable toxicity and a very good
      cosmesis. The role of EBT in the treatment of BCC is still to be defined. It will
      probably become an established option for selected patients in the near future.

PMID- 26985198
TI  - High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy in early stage oral tongue cancer - 15
      year experience from a tertiary care institute.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine outcomes of interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR
      BT) in patients with early stage oral tongue cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety
      two patients with stage I and II oral tongue cancer were treated with HDR-BT
      between 1999 and 2014: brachytherapy alone = 62 (67.4%), and combination of
      external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy = 30 (32.6%). Median follow
      up was 53.5 months. Patterns of failure, overall survival (OS), disease-free
      survival (DFS), local control rates (LCR), and nodal control rates (NCR) were
      determined. RESULTS: 5-year OS, DFS, LCR, and NCR were 73.2%, 58.2%, 64.2%, and
      83.8%, respectively. In total, 43 patients (46.7%) failed treatment: isolated
      local failures = 28 (30.4%), isolated nodal failures = 8 (8.7%), both local and
      regional failures = 7 (7.6%). While in T1 stage, 5 year LCR were significantly
      higher in brachytherapy alone group compared to combined EBRT and brachytherapy
      group (81.7% vs. 62.5%, p = 0.04), the isolated nodal failure rates were not
      significantly different among the two groups. For T2 stage, NCR were higher in
      combined EBRT and brachytherapy group compared to brachytherapy alone (92.9% vs.
      74.3%). Acute mucositis (grade >= 2) was seen more in brachytherapy alone group
      compared to the combined modality group (87% vs. 66%), and this correlated
      significantly with the higher biological equivalent dose (BED) in the
      brachytherapy alone group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study recommends treating patients
      with brachytherapy alone in T1 stage, and demonstrates the need for addressing
      nodal region either by neck dissection or nodal irradiation in T2 stage patients.
      Also, the study highlights the need for dose escalation (from the doses used in
      the study) in both T1 and T2 stage tumors when using interstitial brachytherapy
      either as sole modality or as a boost.

PMID- 26985199
TI  - Ruthenium-106 brachytherapy for thick uveal melanoma: reappraisal of apex and
      base dose radiation and dose rate.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of ruthenium-106 ((106)Ru) brachytherapy in
      terms of radiation parameters in patients with thick uveal melanomas. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Medical records of 51 patients with thick (thickness >= 7 mm and <
      11 mm) uveal melanoma treated with (106)Ru brachytherapy during a ten-year period
      were reviewed. Radiation parameters, tumor regression, best corrected visual
      acuity (BCVA), and treatment-related complications were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty
      one eyes of 51 consecutive patients including 25 men and 26 women with a mean age
      of 50.5 +/- 15.2 years were enrolled. Patients were followed for 36.1 +/- 26.5
      months (mean +/- SD). Mean radiation dose to tumor apex and to sclera were 71 (+/
      19.2) Gy and 1269 (+/- 168.2) Gy. Radiation dose rates to tumor apex and to
      sclera were 0.37 (+/- 0.14) Gy/h and 6.44 (+/- 1.50) Gy/h. Globe preservation was
      achieved in 82.4%. Preoperative mean tumor thickness of 8.1 (+/- 0.9) mm
      decreased to 4.5 (+/- 1.6) mm, 3.4 (+/- 1.4) mm, and 3.0 (+/- 1.46) mm at 12, 24,
      and 48 months after brachytherapy (p = 0.03). Four eyes that did not show
      regression after 6 months of brachytherapy were enucleated. Secondary enucleation
      was performed in 5 eyes because of tumor recurrence or neovascular glaucoma.
      Tumor recurrence was evident in 6 (11.8%) patients. Mean Log MAR (magnification
      requirement) visual acuity declined from 0.75 (+/- 0.63) to 0.94 (+/- 0.5) (p =
      0.04). Best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse was recorded in 37% of the
      patients at the time of diagnosis and 61.7% of the patients at last exam (p =
      0.04). Non-proliferative and proliferative radiation-induced retinopathy was
      observed in 20 and 7 eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Thick uveal melanomas are amenable to
      (106)Ru brachytherapy with less than recommended apex radiation dose and dose
      rates.

PMID- 26985200
TI  - A comparison study on various low energy sources in interstitial prostate
      brachytherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Low energy sources are routinely used in prostate brachytherapy. (125)I
      is one of the most commonly used sources. Low energy (131)Cs source was
      introduced recently as a brachytherapy source. The aim of this study is to
      compare dose distributions of (125)I, (103)Pd, and (131)Cs sources in
      interstitial brachytherapy of prostate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ProstaSeed (125)I
      brachytherapy source was simulated using MCNPX Monte Carlo code. Additionally,
      two hypothetical sources of (103)Pd and (131)Cs were simulated with the same
      geometry as the ProstaSeed (125)I source, while having their specific emitted
      gamma spectra. These brachytherapy sources were simulated with distribution of
      forty-eight seeds in a phantom including prostate. The prostate was considered as
      a sphere with radius of 1.5 cm. Absolute and relative dose rates were obtained in
      various distances from the source along the transverse and longitudinal axes
      inside and outside the tumor. Furthermore, isodose curves were plotted around the
      sources. RESULTS: Analyzing the initial dose profiles for various sources
      indicated that with the same time duration and air kerma strength, (131)Cs
      delivers higher dose to tumor. However, relative dose rate inside the tumor is
      higher and outside the tumor is lower for the (103)Pd source. CONCLUSIONS: The
      higher initial absolute dose in cGy/(h.U) of (131)Cs brachytherapy source is an
      advantage of this source over the others. The higher relative dose inside the
      tumor and lower relative dose outside the tumor for the (103)Pd source are
      advantages of this later brachytherapy source. Based on the total dose the (125)I
      source has advantage over the others due to its longer half-life.

PMID- 26985201
TI  - The air matters - sleeve air cavity as a marker guiding image-guided helical
      tomotherapy to target cervical cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy has been recommended as
      standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer. To validate the main
      tumor location before each high-precision helical tomotherapy (HT) fraction, the
      development of a more reliable marker or indicator is of clinical importance to
      avoid inadequate coverage of the main tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 61-year-old
      woman with cervical cancer, TMN stage cT2b2N1M1, FIGO stage IVB was presented.
      Extended field external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with concurrent chemotherapy and
      the interdigitated delivery of intracavitary brachytherapy was performed. Helical
      tomotherapy equipped with megavoltage cone beam computed tomography (MV-CBCT) was
      used for image-guided radiotherapy. For the insertion of tandem of brachytherapy
      applicator, a silicone sleeve with a central hollow canal was placed into the
      endocervical canal with the caudal end stopping at the outer surface of the
      cervical os, and making contact with the distal boundary of the cervical tumor
      during the entire brachytherapy course. RESULTS: In the remaining EBRT fractions,
      we found that the air cavity inside the central hollow canal of the sleeve could
      be clearly identified in daily CBCT images. The radiation oncologists matched the
      bony markers to adjust the daily setup errors because the megavoltage of the CBCT
      images could not provide a precise boundary between the soft tissue and the
      tumor, but the sleeve air cavity, with a clear boundary, could be used as a
      surrogate and reliable marker to guide the daily setup errors, and to demonstrate
      the primary tumor location before delivery of each HT fraction. CONCLUSIONS: The
      application of the sleeve during the interdigitated course of HT and
      brachytherapy in this patient provided information for the feasibility of using
      the sleeve air cavity as a surrogate marker for the localization of the main
      primary tumor before the daily delivery of image-guided HT.

PMID- 26985202
TI  - Accelerated partial breast irradiation utilizing brachytherapy: patient selection
      and workflow.
AB  - Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) represents an evolving technique
      that is a standard of care option in appropriately selected woman following
      breast conserving surgery. While multiple techniques now exist to deliver APBI,
      interstitial brachytherapy represents the technique used in several randomized
      trials (National Institute of Oncology, GEC-ESTRO). More recently, many centers
      have adopted applicator-based brachytherapy to deliver APBI due to the technical
      complexities of interstitial brachytherapy. The purpose of this article is to
      review methods to evaluate and select patients for APBI, as well as to define
      potential workflow mechanisms that allow for the safe and effective delivery of
      APBI. Multiple consensus statements have been developed to guide clinicians on
      determining appropriate candidates for APBI. However, recent studies have
      demonstrated that these guidelines fail to stratify patients according to the
      risk of local recurrence, and updated guidelines are expected in the years to
      come. Critical elements of workflow to ensure safe and effective delivery of APBI
      include a multidisciplinary approach and evaluation, optimization of target
      coverage and adherence to normal tissue guideline constraints, and proper quality
      assurance methods. 

PMID- 26985203
TI  - DELIBERATE SELF-HARM PATIENTS VISITING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS
      OF KARACHI.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the mode of attempted deliberate self-harm (DSH) in patients
      presenting to the Emergency Departments (ED) of public and private hospitals of
      Karachi, Pakistan. DESIGN: A cross sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY:
      Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre Karachi
      and Civil Hospital Karachi; March 2011 to February 2012. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      One hundred DSH cases from ED of a private sector hospital were compared with 101
      patients from two public sector hospitals. RESULTS: DSH patients in the private
      hospital were mostly females (70%), had higher level of education (32%), did not
      share their problems (67%) with someone and had more mental disorders (28%).
      Patients from public hospitals were treated more for physical illnesses compared
      to private facility. Organophosphorus poisoning (90%) was a common mode of DSH in
      patients presenting to public hospitals; however significant number of
      organophosphorus poisoning (40%) was also seen in private hospital besides the
      benzodiazepine overdose (32%). CONCLUSION: Emergency Physicians working in the
      EDs, both public and private sector hospitals of Karachi, should have adequate
      knowledge of managing organophosphorus poisoning. As more and more cases are
      presenting to the EDs, there should be a public health initiative to control the
      illegal sale and availability of such compounds in Pakistan.

PMID- 26985204
TI  - A Risk-Scoring Model to Predict One-year Major Adverse Cardiac Events after
      Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to develop a scoring system for
      predicting 1-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including mortality,
      target vessel or target lesion revascularization, coronary artery bypass graft
      surgery, and non-fatal myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI). METHODS: The data were extracted from a single center PCI
      registry. The score was created based on the clinical, procedural, and laboratory
      characteristics of 8206 patients who underwent PCI between April 2004 and October
      2009. Consecutive patients undergoing PCI between November 2009 and February 2011
      (n= 2875) were included as a validation data set. RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus,
      increase in the creatinine level, decrease in the left ventricular ejection
      fraction, presentation with the acute coronary syndrome, number of diseased
      vessels, primary PCI, PCI on the left anterior descending artery and saphenous
      vein graft, and stent type and diameter were identified as the predictors of the
      outcome and used to develop the score (R2 = 0.795). The models had adequate
      goodness of fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic; p value = 0.601) and acceptable
      ability of discrimination (c-statistics = 0.63). The score categorized the
      individual patients as low-, moderate-, and high-risk for the occurrence of MACE.
      The validation of the model indicated a good agreement between the observed and
      expected risks. CONCLUSION: An individual risk-scoring system based on both
      clinical and procedural variables can be used conveniently to predict 1-year MACE
      after PCI. Risk classification based on this score can assist physicians in
      decision-making and postprocedural health care.

PMID- 26985205
TI  - Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation Program on Heart Rate Recovery in Coronary Heart
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the autonomic system function and the
      metabolic syndrome can significantly affect patients' survival. The aim of the
      current study was to investigate the impact of the cardiac rehabilitation program
      on the autonomic system balance in patients with coronary artery disease.
      METHODS: Patients with a previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease who were
      referred to the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Center of Afshar Hospital (Yazd,
      Iran) between March and November 2011 were enrolled. All the patients
      participated in rehabilitation sessions 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Heart rate
      recovery (HRR) was measured as an indicator of the autonomic system balance. In
      order to calculate HRR, the maximum heart rate during the exercise test was
      recorded. At the end of the exercise test, the patients were asked to sit down
      without having a cooldown period and their heart rate was recorded again after 1
      minute. The difference between these 2 measurements was considered as HRR.
      RESULTS: A total of 108 patients, including 86 (79.6%) men and 22 (20.4%) women,
      completed the rehabilitation course. The mean age of the study participants was
      58.25 +/- 9.83 years. A statistically significant improvement was observed in HRR
      (p value = 0.040). Significant declines were also observed in the patients' waist
      circumference (p value < 0.001) and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p
      value = 0.018 and 0.003, respectively). A decreasing trend was observed in the
      patients' body mass index, but it failed to reach statistical significance (p
      value = 0.063). No statistically meaningful changes were noted in fasting blood
      glucose (p value = 0.171), high-density lipoprotein (p value = 0.070), or
      triglyceride concentrations (p value = 0.149). CONCLUSION: The cardiac
      rehabilitation program may help to improve HRR and several components of the
      metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease.

PMID- 26985206
TI  - Mid-term Follow-up of the Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular
      Septal Defects in Children Using the Amplatzer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common form of
      congenital heart defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results
      of the early complications and mid-term follow-up of the transcatheter closure of
      the VSD using the Amplatzer VSD Occluder. METHODS: Between April 2012 and October
      2013, 110 patients underwent the percutaneous closure of the perimembranous VSD.
      During the procedure, the size and type of the VSD were obtained via
      ventriculography. A device at least 2 mm larger than the VSD diameter measured
      via ventriculography was deployed. The size of the VSD, size of the Amplatzer,
      and device-size to VSD-size ratio were calculated. After the confirmation of the
      suitable position of the device via echocardiography and left ventriculography,
      the device was released. Follow-up evaluations were done at discharge as well as
      at 1, 6, and 12 months and yearly thereafter for the VSD occlusion and complete
      heart block. RESULTS: The study population comprised 62 females and 48 males. The
      mean age and weight of the patients at procedure were 4.3 +/- 5.6 years (range: 2
      to 14) and 14.9 +/- 10.8 kg (range: 10 to 43). The average device size was 7.0 +/
      2.5 mm (range: 4 to 14). The VSD occlusion rate was 72.8% at the completion of
      the procedure and rose up to 99.0% during the follow-up. The most serious
      significant complication was complete atrioventricular block, which was seen in 2
      patients. The mean follow-up duration was 10.9 +/- 3.6 months. CONCLUSION: The
      transcatheter closure of the perimembranous VSD was a safe and effective
      treatment with excellent closure rates in our study population. This procedure
      had neither mortality nor serious complications.

PMID- 26985209
TI  - Bridging to Heart Transplantation from the Biventricular Pulsatile Berlin Heart
      EXCOR Assist Device Support in a Patient with Advanced End-Organ Failure.
AB  - Long-term mechanical circulatory support is a life-saving technology while
      briding to heart transplantation. It increases the quality of life and preserves
      end-organ function for patients with advanced heart failure. The number of
      patients with advanced heart failure scheduled for heart transplantation before
      comorbidities escalate is on the rise. However, the device function is
      complicated by the bleeding-thrombosis and infection paradigm, hence the interest
      in understanding device thrombosis and infection. We describe a 27-year-old man
      with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, advanced end-organ failure, and severe infection,
      who was bridged to heart transplantation after 8 months on the Berlin Heart EXCOR
      (Berlin Heart AG, Berlin, Germany) biventricular support. The patient was
      discharged from the hospital in the third postoperative week after the recovery
      of his end-organ functions. At 29 months' post-transplantation follow-up, his
      last cardiac biopsy was grade 0, his ejection fraction was 60%, and he was
      enjoying a good quality of life. 

PMID- 26985207
TI  - Transseptal Approach versus Left Atrial Approach to Mitral Valve: A Propensity
      Score Matching Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many patients with mitral valve diseases need surgical procedures for
      the repair or replacement of their mitral valve. There is a great deal of
      controversy over the outcomes of the transseptal (TS) and left atrial (LA)
      approaches to the mitral valve. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of each
      approach more accurately by eliminating the possible biases in case selection and
      matching. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who had surgery for
      mitral valve diseases via either the TS approach or the LA approach between 2004
      and 2011 in Tehran Heart Center. Patients with surgical approaches other than the
      TS and LA were excluded. To control for the confounding effects, a propensity
      score matching technique was applied and the patients were matched for 14
      demographic and preoperative variables. After the selection of controls, the
      effect of the TS approach (163 patients) versus the LA approach (652 patients) on
      the outcomes was presented through odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals
      (CI). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 53.15 +/- 12.02 years in the TS
      group and 52.93 +/- 13.56 years in the LA group. Females comprised 119 (73.0%)
      patients in the TS group and 462 (70.9%) in the LA group. There was a significant
      association in the prevalence of new postoperative atrial fibrillation in the two
      groups (OR = 1.539, 95%CI: 1.072-2.210; p value = 0.019). Temporary pacemaker
      placement had no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p
      value = 0.418). The TS patients had significantly longer pump (p value < 0.001)
      and cross-clamp (p value < 0.001) times. The mortality rate was 4.1% (27
      patients) in the LA group and 6.1% (10 patients) in the TS group (p value =
      0.274). CONCLUSION: In our study population, the TS approach was associated with
      higher pump and cross-clamp times as well as risk of postoperative atrial
      fibrillation, but it did not increase the rates of permanent pacemaker placement,
      re-operations, and mortality.

PMID- 26985210
TI  - Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction after Coronary Stent Fracture.
AB  - The invention of the drug-eluting stent (DES) has brought about revolutionary
      changes in the field of interventional cardiology. In the DES era, in-stent
      restenosis has declined but new issues such as stent thrombosis have emerged. One
      of the emerging paradigms in the DES era is stent fracture. There are reports
      about stent fracture leading to in-stent restenosis or stent thrombosis. Most of
      these reports concern the Sirolimus-eluting stent. The present case is a
      representation of a Biolimus-eluting stent fracture. We introduce a 64-year-old
      male patient, for whom the BioMatrix stent was deployed in the right coronary
      artery. Five months after the implantation, he experienced acute myocardial
      infarction, with stent fracture leading to stent thrombosis being the causative
      mechanism. Another DES (Cypher) was used to manage this situation, and the final
      result was good. 

PMID- 26985208
TI  - Systolic Longitudinal Function of the Left Ventricle Assessed by Speckle Tracking
      in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic evaluations of the longitudinal axis of the left
      ventricular (LV) function have been used in the diagnosis and assessment of heart
      failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF). The evaluation of the global and
      segmental peak systolic longitudinal strains (PSLSs) by two-dimensional speckle
      tracking echocardiography (STE) may correlate with conventional echocardiography
      findings. We aimed to use STE to evaluate the longitudinal function of the LV in
      patients with HFNEF. METHODS: In this study, 126 patients with HFNEF and
      diastolic dysfunction and 60 normal subjects on conventional echocardiography
      underwent STE evaluations, including LV end-diastolic and end-systolic
      dimensions; interventricular septal thickness; posterior wall thickness; LV
      volume; LV ejection fraction; left atrial volume index; early diastolic peak flow
      velocity (??); late diastolic peak flow velocity (??); ??/?? ratio; deceleration
      time of ??; early diastolic myocardial velocity (e'); late diastolic myocardial
      velocity (A'); systolic myocardial velocity (S); and global, basal, mid, and
      apical PSLSs. The correlations between these methods were assessed. RESULTS: The
      mean age was 57.50 +/- 10.07 years in the HFNEF patients and 54.90 +/- 7.17 years
      in the control group. The HFNEF group comprised 69.8% males and 30.2% females,
      and the normal group consisted of 70% males and 30% females. The global, basal,
      mid, and apical PSLSs were significantly lower in the HFNEF group (p value <
      0.001 for all). There was a significant positive correlation between the global
      PSLS and the septal e' (p value < 0.001). There was a negative correlation
      between the global PSLS and the E/e' ratio (p value = 0.001). There was a
      significant negative correlation between the E/e' ratio and the mid PSLS (p value
      = 0.002) and the basal PSLS (p value = 0.001). There was a weak positive
      correlation between the septal e' and the mid PSLS (p value = 0.001) and the
      basal PSLS (p value < 0.001). There were also weak negative correlations between
      the isovolumic relaxation time and the global PSLS (p value = 0.022) and the mid
      PSLS (p value = 0.018) and also between the New York Heart Association functional
      class and the mid PSLS (p value = 0.041) and the basal PSLS (p value = 0.009).
      CONCLUSION: Our HFNEF patients on conventional echocardiography had different STE
      findings compared to our normal subjects, which is indicative of diastolic
      dysfunction. The longitudinal systolic function of the LV, which was measured by
      STE, was reduced in all the segments, denoting some degree of subclinical
      systolic dysfunction in these patients.

PMID- 26985211
TI  - The GuideLiner Catheter: A Useful Tool in the Armamentarium of the Interventional
      Cardiologist.
AB  - Regardless of the clinical setting, a good back-up represents one of the most
      important conditions to ensure guide wire and balloon advancement and stent
      delivery. As a "mother and child" system, the GuideLiner catheter (Vascular
      Solutions Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) provides an extension to the guide catheter
      with better coaxial alignment and stability. We report two didactic cases showing
      the usefulness of the GuideLiner device in everyday catheterization laboratory
      practice. The first case was a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
      in a 71-year-old diabetic man admitted for inferior ST-elevation myocardial
      infarction, related to tight proximal stenosis in a dominant tortuous and
      calcified left circumflex. The second case was an elective PCI in a 76-year-old
      man admitted for stable angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] class III),
      related to focal intra-stent restenosis of a saphenous venous graft to the left
      anterior descending. In both cases, the GuideLiner catheter provided a good back
      up insuring the success of PCI and drug-eluting stents implantation, with a good
      in-hospital outcome. 

PMID- 26985212
TI  - Emergency Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery for Iatrogenic Left Main Coronary
      Artery Dissection.
AB  - Iatrogenic coronary artery dissection during coronary angiography with or without
      rupture is a rare but feared complication. We herein report a case of iatrogenic
      left main coronary artery dissection in a 49-year-old female. Admitted to our
      hospital with a recent history of severe hypotension, she develpled apnea during
      angiography. She was intubated and resuscitated with an Epinephrine infusion in
      the Cath-Lab. The diagnosis was iatrogenic left main coronary artery dissection
      based on angiography. Immediately, the patient was transferred to the operating
      room in a lethargic state with an Epinephrine infusion and prepared for emergency
      coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In the ICU, she was completely alert with
      no hemodynamic complications and finally was discharged in a good overall
      condition. At 18 months' follow-up, the patient was in a stable situation with
      good daily function. 

PMID- 26985214
TI  - Relationship between Season and Acute Myocardial Infarction, In Iran.

PMID- 26985213
TI  - Senile Calcification of the Trachea, Aortic Arch, and Mitral Annulus: An
      Incidental Finding on Chest X-Ray.
AB  - A 94-year-old woman presented with dizziness and hypotension of 2 days' duration.
      She denied any syncope, presyncope, or angina. She had received a permanent
      pacemaker 12 years previously for the management of complete heart block (CHB),
      but she failed to program it. Twelve-lead electrocardiography revealed CHB with
      ventricular escape rhythm (40/min), so we inserted a temporary pacemaker.
      Anteroposterior chest X-ray showed trachea, aortic arch, and severe mitral valve
      calcification. Tracheal calcification is usually seen after 40 years old without
      clinical importance. However, it is seen in patients with renal failure,
      metastases, and prolonged use of warfarin as well as in pregnancy.(1) (-) (3). 

PMID- 26985215
TI  - Other Probable Explanations for Acute Neurological Deficits after the Removal of
      a Central Venous Catheter.

PMID- 26985217
TI  - Association between nurses' personality characteristics and their attitude toward
      the older adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Administration of quality care in the aged people requires having a
      positive attitude toward them. Numerous factors including nurses' personality
      characteristics may play a role in their attitude toward the aged people.
      Therefore, the present study investigated the association between nurses'
      personality characteristics and their attitude toward the aged people. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 261 nurses selected
      through random stratified sampling. Kogan's Attitudes toward Older People Scale
      (KAOPS) was adopted to measure nurses' attitude toward the aged people, and five
      factor personality inventory was used to detect their personality dimensions. The
      data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests (Pearson
      correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression). P < 0.05 was considered
      significant. RESULTS: Results showed that the predictive model of nurses'
      attitude toward aged people based on their five-factor personality dimensions was
      significant (P = 0.001). Overall, the variables, entered in the model, predicted
      13% of variance of nurses' attitude toward aged people. Among the predicting
      variables, two dimensions of personality, including agreeableness (P = 0.046) and
      neuroticism (P = 0.003), significantly predicted nurses' attitude toward aged
      people. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that nurses with higher agreeableness and
      lower neuroticism can be an appropriate option in caring for the aged people.
      Therefore, nurse managers are suggested to take steps toward creating a more
      positive attitude toward the aged people among nurses, in addition to holding
      educational programs for them with the goal of agreeableness empowerment.

PMID- 26985216
TI  - Nurses' human dignity in education and practice: An integrated literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human dignity, as a fundamental human right and a moral obligation,
      has been emphasized in different fields of nursing. The aim of the present
      integrative review was to explore the nature of nurses' human dignity in
      educational and clinical settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was
      conducted on quantitative and qualitative research papers in English and Persian
      using the PubMed, ProQuest, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health
      Literature (CINAHL), Google Scholar, SID, and Irandoc databases from the year
      2000 to 2013. Keywords for the search included dignity, nursing, faculty, nurse
      clinicians, nursing student, and humanism. In total, 12 research papers met the
      inclusion criteria for the integrative review. RESULTS: From this review, four
      key themes emerged. The themes consisted of concept of human dignity (it was as
      an expression of the professional value in nursing settings), factors affecting
      human dignity (including respect, communication, autonomy and power, competency
      and ability, structure of the workplace, and value-based education), dimensions
      of human dignity (including intrinsic and professional domains), and consequences
      of human dignity [positive (individual and professional growth and caring
      professional behavior) and negative (loss of motivation, intention to leave the
      profession, and non-professional image of nursing in the minds of people)].
      CONCLUSIONS: The small number of studies found for the review indicates the need
      for further research in the field of nurses' dignity. Recognizing nurses' dignity
      can help to improve the nursing practice and provide them a dignified workplace.

PMID- 26985218
TI  - The effect of education based on the main concepts of logotherapy approach on the
      quality of life in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improving the patients' quality of life (QOL) after coronary artery
      bypass grafting (CABG) is one of the main concerns of the treatment team.
      Educational interventions may affect the aspects of QOL in various ways. The
      present study aimed to investigate the effect of education based on the main
      concepts of logotherapy approach on the CABG patients' quality of life. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, a convenient sample of 67 patients
      who had undergone CABG in Isfahan Chamran hospital were randomly allocated to two
      groups of experimental (n = 35) and control (n = 32). While the control group
      received routine care, the experiment group benefitted from logotherapy-based
      education program (six 90-min sessions, twice a week). SF-36 questionnaire was
      completed by both two groups (before and 1 month after intervention). Descriptive
      and inferential statistical tests (consisting of independent t-test) were
      employed to analyze data in SPSS version 13. RESULTS: The pre-test mean total
      score of SF-36 questionnaire and also the mean scores of its eight dimensions
      were not significantly different between the two groups. The post-test mean score
      change [Standard Error (SE)] in the intervention group was 24.95 (3) and in the
      control group was 9.27 (0.82). There were significant differences between the two
      groups (P < 0.001). Moreover, the mean scores of six dimensions of QOL (vitality,
      bodily pain, general health, emotional role, social functioning, and mental
      health) changed significantly in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings indicated that the intervention has improved the patients' QOL after
      CABG. Integration of such an intervention in these patients' rehabilitation
      programs is recommended.

PMID- 26985219
TI  - A self-efficacy questionnaire regarding leisure time physical activity:
      Psychometric properties among Iranian male adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Attention to different aspects of self-efficacy leads to actual
      evaluation of self-efficacy about physical activity. This study was carried out
      in order to design and determine psychometric characteristics of a questionnaire
      for evaluation of self-efficacy about leisure time physical activity (SELPA)
      among Iranian adolescent boys, with an emphasis on regulatory self-efficacy.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 734 male
      adolescents aged 15-19 years in Isfahan. After item generation and item selection
      based on review of literature and other questionnaires, content validity index
      (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were determined and items were modified
      employing the opinions of expert panel (N = 10). Comprehensibility of the
      questionnaire was determined by members of target group (N = 35). Exploratory
      factors analysis (EFA) was operated on sample 1 (N 1 = 325) and confirmatory
      factors analysis (CFA) on sample 2 (N 2 = 347). Reliability of SELPA was
      estimated via internal consistency method. RESULTS: According to EFA, barrier
      self-efficacy and scheduling self-efficacy are the two main aspects of SELPA with
      the total variance of 65%. The suggested model was confirmed by CFA and all
      fitness indices of the corrected model were good. Cronbach's alpha was totally
      estimated as 0.89 and for barrier and scheduling self-efficacy, it was 0.86 and
      0.81, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide some evidence for acceptable
      validity and reliability of SELPA in Iranian adolescent boys. However, further
      investigations, especially for evaluation of predictive power of the
      questionnaire, are necessary.

PMID- 26985221
TI  - The effect of neuro-linguistic programming on occupational stress in critical
      care nurses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of coping strategies in reducing the adverse effects of
      stress can be helpful. Nero-linguistic programming (NLP) is one of the modern
      methods of psychotherapy. This study aimed to determine the effect of NLP on
      occupational stress in nurses working in critical care units of Urmia. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This study was carried out quasi-experimentally (before-after) with
      control and experimental groups. Of all the nurses working in the critical care
      units of Urmia Imam Khomeini and Motahari educational/therapeutic centers, 60
      people participated in this survey. Eighteen sessions of intervention were done,
      each for 180 min. The experimental group received NLP program (such as goal
      setting, time management, assertiveness skills, representational system, and
      neurological levels, as well as some practical and useful NLP techniques).
      Expanding Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) was used as the data gathering tool. Data
      were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test,
      Mann-Whitney test, and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS:
      The baseline score average of job stress was 120.88 and 121.36 for the
      intervention and control groups, respectively (P = 0.65). After intervention, the
      score average of job stress decreased to 64.53 in the experimental group while
      that of control group remained relatively unchanged (120.96). Mann-Whitney test
      results showed that stress scores between the two groups was statistically
      significant (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the use of NLP can
      increase coping with stressful situations, and it can reduce the adverse effects
      of occupational stress.

PMID- 26985222
TI  - Iranian entrepreneur nurses' perceived barriers to entrepreneurship: A
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To respond efficiently to the increasing and new needs of people in
      health issues, it is necessary for nurses to develop their knowledge from
      hospital to society and to be equipped to play entrepreneur role in different
      levels of care. The present study was conducted to describe Iranian entrepreneur
      nurses' perceived barriers to entrepreneurship, in order to identify the existing
      barriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative study in which Graneheim
      and Lundman's content analysis method was employed. Thirteen entrepreneur nurses
      were chosen purposively, and data were gathered by unstructured interviews.
      RESULTS: As a result of the data analysis, five major themes were extracted:
      Traditional nursing structure, legal limitations, traditional attitudes of
      governmental managers, unprofessional behaviors of colleagues, and immoral
      business. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study show that Iranian nurses
      are confronted with various problems and barriers to enter entrepreneur nursing
      and keep going in this area. By focusing on such barriers and applying
      appropriate changes, policymakers and planners in health can facilitate nurses
      entering into this activity.

PMID- 26985220
TI  - Adherence to HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy among drug users: A qualitative
      study in Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The introduction of antiretroviral therapy has caused a remarkable
      decrease in the occurrence of diseases and mortality among HIV-positive patients,
      while this success has not been achieved among injection addicts due to a low
      adherence to antiretroviral medicine. This study aims at clarifying the important
      factors affecting adherence to treatment in addicts suffering from HIV. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: In this qualitative research, data were gathered through in-depth
      interviews and field notes, and were interpreted through content analysis in the
      form of constant comparison. The participants were 16 drug addicts living with
      HIV/AIDS. Most of them had records of imprisonment and were receiving Highly
      Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) drug treatments in the AIDS center of Imam
      Khomeini Hospital complex, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
      Sampling was started in a purposive method and was continued until data were
      saturated. RESULTS: Four main categories including psychological reactions,
      contradictory beliefs, perceived support, and individual and environmental
      barriers were extracted from the data, each having some sub-categories.
      CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results indicated that adherence to the treatment of
      HIV is not constant and mono-dimensional, but is a function of different factors.
      Hence, an individual having feeble adherence in a specific time and under
      specific circumstances may show desirable adherence under a different
      circumstance. Thus, treatment of addicts living with HIV/AIDS requires physical,
      psychological, and social attention along with drug treatments.

PMID- 26985223
TI  - Determining the disease management process for epileptic patients: A qualitative
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epilepsy exposes patients to many physical, social, and emotional
      challenges. Thus, it seems to portray a complex picture and needs holistic care.
      Medical treatment and psychosocial part of epilepsy remain central to managing
      and improving the patient's qualify of life through team efforts. Some studies
      have shown the dimensions of self-management, but its management process of
      epilepsy patients, especially in Iran, is not clear. This study aimed to
      determine the disease management process in patients with epilepsy in Iran.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative approach and grounded theory study was
      conducted from January 2009 to February 2012 in Isfahan city (Iran). Thirty-two
      participants were recruited by the goal-oriented, and snowball sample selection
      and theoretical sampling methods. After conducting a total of 43 in-depth
      interviews with the participants, the researchers reached data saturation. Data
      were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin method. RESULTS: With a focus on disease
      management process, researchers found three main themes and seven sub-themes as a
      psychosocial process (PSP). The main themes were: perception of threat to self
      identity, effort to preserve self-identity, and burn out. The psychosocial aspect
      of the disease generated one main variable "the perception of identity loss" and
      one central variable "searching for self-identity." CONCLUSIONS: Participants
      attributed threat to self-identity and burn out to the way their disease was
      managed requiring efforts to preserve their identity. Recommendations consist of
      support programs and strategies to improve the public perception of epilepsy in
      Iran, help patients accept their condition and preserve self-identity, and most
      importantly, enhance medical management of epilepsy.

PMID- 26985224
TI  - Requirements for nurse supervisor training: A qualitative content analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Supervisors should have certain characteristics and adequate
      preparation for their roles. Yet, there are no well-educated experts knowing
      about the supervisor's role and responsibilities and how to train them. So, this
      research was conducted with the purpose of finding the factors affecting nursing
      supervisor training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research is an inductive content
      analysis. Participants were 25 in number, consisting of nurses and supervisors in
      Shahid Sadoughi University hospitals. The participants were chosen by a purposive
      sampling method. Data collection was done by semi-structured interviews and
      reviewing documents. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis.
      RESULTS: Findings included two main themes: Firstly, establishment of a
      supervisory infrastructure that includes "making the appointments and retention
      of supervisors, clarifying the duties and authority of supervisor, developing
      supervisory culture, specializing supervision, and conducting practice-based
      training" and secondly, comprehensive supervisory competencies that include
      "acquiring scientific, managing, communicative, professional, ethical,
      pedagogical, and supporting adequacy." CONCLUSIONS: Clinical supervisor has a
      major role in ensuring the quality of nursing care. This leads to improvements in
      patient care and nurses' personal and professional development. So, it is
      necessary that for effective supervision in nursing, first an infrastructure is
      provided for supervision and then the comprehensive competency of a supervisor is
      enhanced to apply effective supervision.

PMID- 26985225
TI  - Relationship between parent-infant attachment and parental satisfaction with
      supportive nursing care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parent-infant attachment is an important factor in accepting
      parenting role, accelerating infant survival, and adjusting to the environment
      outside the uterus. Since family supportive interventions can strengthen the
      parent-infant caring relationship, this study sought to investigate the
      relationship between mother-infant attachment and satisfaction of the mothers
      with the supportive nursing care received in the neonatal intensive care unit
      (NICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, 210
      mothers with premature infants who were hospitalized in the NICUs affiliated to
      Isfahan Medical University hospitals took part. The data were collected via
      Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale and researcher's self-tailored questionnaire
      based on Nurse Parent Support Tool. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple
      linear regressions were used to analyze the collected data. RESULTS: The results
      showed that the overall score of mother-infant attachment and the overall score
      of maternal satisfaction correlated with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.195.
      Also, the overall score of mother-infant attachment and mothers' satisfaction
      scores in the emotional, communicative-informative, and self-confidence domains
      correlated with correlation coefficients of r = 0.182, r = 0.0.189, and r =
      0.0.304, respectively. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that
      about 15% of changes in the dependent variable (mother-infant attachment) could
      be explained by different dimensions of mothers' satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results of the study showed that mother-infant attachment improved by increasing
      mothers' satisfaction of supportive nursing care. Therefore, it seems necessary
      to increase maternal satisfaction through given nursing care support, in order to
      promote mother-infant attachment.

PMID- 26985226
TI  - Effects of hope promoting interventions based on religious beliefs on quality of
      life of patients with congestive heart failure and their families.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart failure is one of the most important and prevalent diseases
      that may have negative effects on the quality of life (QOL). Today, the promotion
      of QOL in patients with heart failure is important in nursing care programs. This
      research aimed to determine the efficacy of hope-promoting interventions based on
      religious beliefs on the QOL of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial (IRCT2014100619413N1)
      conducted in Isfahan, Iran, 46 adult patients with CHF were selected and randomly
      assigned to study and control groups. Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index
      (QLI) was completed by both groups before, immediately after, and 1 month after
      the intervention. For the study group participants and their families, 60-min
      sessions of hope-promoting interventions based on religious beliefs were held
      twice a week for 3 weeks. Independent t, repeated measures analysis of variance
      (ANOVA), Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Fisher's exact tests were adopted for data
      analysis. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) overall QOL score in the area of
      satisfaction significantly increased in the study group, compared to the
      controls, immediately [70.7 (8.5) vs. 59.2 (12.5)] and 1 month after the
      intervention [75.2 (7.4) vs. 59.4 (12.9)] (P < 0.05). There was also a similar
      difference between the two groups in the area of importance immediately [73.6
      (5.8) vs. 65.7 (7.5)] and 1 month after the intervention [76.3 (8.1) vs. 66.8
      (8.5)] (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hope-promoting intervention based on religious
      beliefs is a useful method for improving QOL in patients with CHF.

PMID- 26985227
TI  - The implementation of kangaroo mother care and nurses' perspective of barriers in
      Iranian' NICUs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is the most implementation intervention in
      caring of the infants, as in this method, both the mothers and infants are cared.
      The World Health Organization recommends implementation of KMC for all infants.
      However, there are some barriers in the way of its application. The purpose of
      this study was evaluation of the practical application of KMC and nurses'
      perspective about its implantation barriers in the neonatal intensive care units
      (NICUs) in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted on 96
      infants and 80 nurses working in the NICUs of two university hospitals in
      Isfahan, Iran. Data were collected by a two-section questionnaire and analyzed by
      t-test through SPSS 14. RESULTS: Study findings indicated that mean weight and
      age of the infants with KMC were 1510 g and 32 weeks, respectively. KMC was
      implantation for 32 min in a day. From nurses' perspective, mother-related
      barriers were the main barriers in the implantation of KMC as mothers were not
      present by their infants. Another barrier was the mothers' fear of touching their
      infants. In the domain of organizational barriers, physician's order was found to
      be the most important barrier in application of KMC. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying
      barriers in implantation of KMC is essential to support the mothers. Regarding
      mother-related barriers, organizational barriers, and the need for a physician's
      order for implementation of KMC, policy makers must provide facilities and
      equipment for applying KMC practice for mothers and improve the protocol of KMC
      in the NICU.

PMID- 26985228
TI  - The effect of incentive spirometry on arterial blood gases after coronary artery
      bypass surgery (CABG).
AB  - BACKGROUND: After coronary artery bypass surgery, pulmonary complications and
      oxygenation disorders are common, which have an important role in mortality and
      morbidity. Different methods are used for the improvement of pulmonary function
      and oxygenation, of which incentive spirometry (IS) has been investigated here.
      The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of IS on arterial blood gases
      after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a
      clinical trial. Fifty patients who were candidates for CABG were chosen. The
      patients had been allocated to two random groups of intervention and control. The
      intervention was done through IS. These two groups were compared for the arterial
      blood gases' preoperative level, and the levels on first (after extubation),
      second, and third postoperative days. RESULTS: The study findings showed that on
      the third postoperative day, there was a significant difference between the
      intervention and control groups in the mean amount of arterial blood oxygen (82.3
      +/- 4.7 vs. 72.7 +/- 7.1, respectively, P = 0.02), arterial blood carbon dioxide
      (36.8 +/- 2 vs. 43.7 +/- 3.2, respectively, P = 0.007), and oxygen saturation
      (96.8 +/- 1.4 vs. 90.5 +/- 1.4, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This
      investigation shows that using IS is significantly effective in the improvement
      of blood arterial gas parameters.

PMID- 26985229
TI  - Exploring the risk factors contributing to suicide attempt among adolescents: A
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since suicide attempt among adolescents is a major challenge and the
      reasons why this age group attempt suicide are complex, the aim of this study was
      to investigate the risk factors that contribute to suicide attempt among
      adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this qualitative content analysis, 14
      adolescents (12-19 years old) who were admitted in two hospitals in Shiraz, Iran,
      were interviewed. Participants who tried attempt suicide with medication were
      selected by purposive sampling and the data were gathered by semi-structured
      interviews. Data analysis was guided by the conventional approach of qualitative
      content analysis. RESULTS: Three major themes and 13 subthemes emerged from data
      analysis. The main themes were: (a) Individual factors and experiences (psycho
      emotional problems, puberty, religious beliefs, stress management strategies,
      marriage and love, field and level of education); (b) family factors (family
      structure, family relationship, family economic features, family health
      conditions); and (c) social factors (suicidal behavior in others, media
      influence, professional support). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified three major
      themes related to suicide attempt among adolescents in the context. As a result,
      suicide prevention and care provision should formulate a comprehensive method,
      considering the interaction of medical besides individual, familiar, and social
      factors in their assessment and care provision.

PMID- 26985230
TI  - The effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood sugar and different indices of
      insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to decrease insulin
      resistance through which it might cause fatty liver. Fatty liver increasingly
      results in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin resistance and fatty liver
      are particularly closely related. The aim of present study is to examine the
      effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood sugar and different indices of
      insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was
      conducted on 60 patients with NAFLD, who were divided equally into intervention
      and control groups. Patients in the intervention group received vitamin D3
      (50,000 IU) and patients in the control group received placebo capsules every
      week for 10 weeks. Blood sugar, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance
      (HOMA-IR), and homeostatic model assessment-beta cell (HOMA-B) were checked at
      baseline and after 10 weeks of the intervention. Adjustment for variables was
      performed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: Vitamin D supplementation
      resulted in increased serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH) D] concentration in the
      intervention group compared to the control group [+68 (12) vs. -1.9 (2.44); P =
      0.001]. Intake of vitamin D supplements led to a marginally significant decrease
      in fasting blood glucose [FBS: -12 (4) in the intervention group compared to - 3
      (2) in the control group; P = 0.055]. Also, HOMA-IR decreased in the intervention
      group compared to the control group [-1.75 (0.23) vs. 0.12 (0.41); P = 0.066].
      CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation resulted in decreased HOMA-IR and FBS
      concentration in patients with NAFLD; however, it did not affect the insulin
      level and HOMA-B significantly.

PMID- 26985231
TI  - Ebola outbreak in West Africa: Bridging the gap between the public health
      authorities and the community.

PMID- 26985232
TI  - Effect of a synbiotic on the response to seasonal influenza vaccination is
      strongly influenced by degree of immunosenescence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ageing increases risk of respiratory infections and impairs the
      response to influenza vaccination. Pre- and probiotics offer an opportunity to
      modulate anti-viral defenses and the response to vaccination via alteration of
      the gut microbiota. This study investigated the effect of a novel probiotic,
      Bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis CCUG 52,486, combined with a prebiotic, gluco
      oligosaccharide (B. longum + Gl-OS), on the response to seasonal influenza
      vaccination in young and older subjects in a double-blind, randomized controlled
      trial, taking into account the influence of immunosenescence markers at baseline.
      RESULTS: Vaccination resulted in a significant increase in total antibody titres,
      vaccine-specific IgA, IgM and IgG and seroprotection to all three subunits of the
      vaccine in both young and older subjects, and in general, the increases in young
      subjects were greater. There was little effect of the synbiotic, although it
      tended to reduce seroconversion to the Brisbane subunit of the vaccine and the
      vaccine-specific IgG response in older subjects. Immunological characterization
      revealed that older subjects randomized to the synbiotic had a significantly
      higher number of senescent (CD28(-)CD57(+)) helper T cells at baseline compared
      with those randomized to the placebo, and they also had significantly higher
      plasma levels of anti-CMV IgG and a greater tendency for CMV seropositivity.
      Moreover, higher numbers of CD28(-)CD57(+) helper T cells were associated with
      failure to seroconvert to Brisbane, strongly suggesting that the subjects
      randomized to the synbiotic were already at a significant disadvantage in terms
      of likely ability to respond to the vaccine compared with those randomized to the
      placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Ageing was associated with marked impairment of the
      antibody response to influenza vaccination in older subjects and the synbiotic
      failed to reverse this impairment. However, the older subjects randomized to the
      synbiotic were at a significant disadvantage due to a greater degree of
      immunosenscence at baseline compared with those randomized to the placebo. Thus,
      baseline differences in immunosenescence between the randomized groups are likely
      to have influenced the outcome of the intervention, highlighting the need for
      detailed immunological characterization of subjects prior to interventions. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01066377.

PMID- 26985233
TI  - Dietary L-arginine intake and the incidence of coronary heart disease: Tehran
      lipid and glucose study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated the association of regular dietary intake of L
      arginine and both the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and changes of
      blood pressure. METHODS: Eligible adults (n = 2284) who participated in the
      Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were followed for a mean of 4.7 years. Dietary
      intake of L-arginine was assessed at baseline (2006-2008); biochemical variables
      were evaluated at baseline and the follow-up examination. Multivariate Cox
      proportional hazard regression models adjusted for potential confounders were
      used to estimate the risk of CHD across tertiles of L-arginine intake. Linear
      regression models were also used to indicate the association of L-arginine intake
      with changes of serum lipids and blood pressure during the follow-up. RESULTS:
      Mean age of participants (42.8 % men) was 38.2 +/- 13.4, at baseline. During a
      mean 4.7 +/- 1.4 y of follow-up, 57 participants experienced CHD events. A
      significant negative association was observed between plant-derived L-arginine
      intake and changes of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, whereas animal
      derived L-arginine intake was related to increased levels of diastolic blood
      pressure (P < 0.01). Participants in the 2(nd) tertile (1.45-1.78 g/d) had a
      significantly increased risk of CHD events compared to the participants in the
      1(st) tertile (<1.45 g/d) (HR = 1.90, 95 % CI = 1.03-3.58). The risk of CHD had a
      decreasing trend across increasing plant-derived L-arginine intake (HR = 1.0, HR
      = 0.91, 95 % CI = 0.51-1.62, HR = 0.72, 95 % CI = 0.39-1.32, P for trend = 0.03).
      CONCLUSION: Higher intake of plant derived L-arginine may have a protective
      effect whereas animal-derived L-arginine may be a risk factor for development of
      hypertension and CHD events.

PMID- 26985234
TI  - On the (In)Validity of Tests of Simple Mediation: Threats and Solutions.
AB  - Mediation analysis is a popular framework for identifying underlying mechanisms
      in social psychology. In the context of simple mediation, we review and discuss
      the implications of three facets of mediation analysis: (a) conceptualization of
      the relations between the variables, (b) statistical approaches, and (c) relevant
      elements of design. We also highlight the issue of equivalent models that are
      inherent in simple mediation. The extent to which results are meaningful stem
      directly from choices regarding these three facets of mediation analysis. We
      conclude by discussing how mediation analysis can be better applied to examine
      causal processes, highlight the limits of simple mediation, and make
      recommendations for better practice.

PMID- 26985235
TI  - Barefoot therapists: barriers and facilitators to delivering maternal mental
      health care through peer volunteers in Pakistan: a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perinatal depression is a public health problem in low and middle
      income countries. Although effective psychosocial interventions exist, a major
      limitation to their scale up is the scarcity of mental health professionals. The
      aim of this study was to explore the facilitators and barriers to the
      acceptability of peer volunteers (PVs)-volunteer lay women from the community
      with shared socio-demographic and life experiences with the target population-as
      delivery agents of a psychosocial intervention for perinatal depression in a
      rural area of Pakistan. METHODS: This qualitative study was embedded in the pilot
      phase of a larger peer-delivered mental health programme. Forty nine participants
      were included: depressed mothers (n = 21), PVs (n = 8), primary health care staff
      (n = 5), husbands (n = 5) and mothers-in-law (n = 10). Data were collected
      through in-depth interviews and focus groups and analysed using the Framework
      Analysis approach. RESULTS: The PVs were accepted as delivery agents by all key
      stakeholders. Facilitators included the PVs' personal attributes such as being
      local, trustworthy, empathetic, and having similar experiences of motherhood. The
      perceived usefulness and cultural appropriateness of the intervention and
      linkages with the primary health care (PHC) system was vital to their legitimacy
      and credibility. The PVs' motivation was important, and factors influencing this
      were: appropriate selection; effective training and supervision; community
      endorsement of their role, and appropriate incentivisation. Barriers included
      women's lack of autonomy, certain cultural beliefs, stigma associated with
      depression, lack of some mothers' engagement and resistance from some families.
      CONCLUSION: PVs are a potential human resource for the delivery of a psychosocial
      intervention for perinatal depression in this rural area of Pakistan. The use of
      such delivery agents could be considered for other under-resourced settings
      globally.

PMID- 26985238
TI  - Autonomic hyperreflexia after spinal cord injury managed successfully with
      intravenous lidocaine: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some paraplegic patients may wish undergo some surgical procedures,
      like urological procedures, without anesthesia. However, these patients can
      develop autonomic hyperreflexia if cystoscopy is performed without anesthesia.
      CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of severe autonomic hyperreflexia in a 44
      year-old male with spinal cord injury at the level of T4 during urologic
      procedure under sedation and analgesia successfully treated with intravenous
      lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates that patients with spinal cord
      injuries are likely to develop autonomic hyperreflexia during urological
      procedures performed without anesthesia. Health professionals should educate
      spinal cord injury patients regarding risks of this serious condition and be
      aware to prevent and manage autonomic hyperreflexia. In an acute episode,
      nifedipine, nitrates and captopril are the most commonly used and recommended
      agents. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of severe autonomic
      hyperreflexia treated successfully with intravenous lidocaine.

PMID- 26985239
TI  - Thyroid research: stepping forward.
AB  - It is eight years since Thyroid Research was launched with an aim to enhance
      opportunities for scientists and clinicians, working in the rapidly advancing
      field of thyroidology, to publish their research (Thyroid Res 1(1):1, 2008).
      Right from the outset, Thyroid Research aspired to become a prominent journal in
      thyroidology with high quality publications. Over the years, the journal has not
      only survived in the increasingly competitive field of open-access academic
      journal publication, it has also been making a steady progress towards achieving
      this ambitious goal. Now, Thyroid Research is ready to step forward to begin a
      new chapter in its publication. 

PMID- 26985236
TI  - Mental health and cerebellar volume during adolescence in very-low-birth-weight
      infants: a longitudinal study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preterm birth at very low birth weight (VLBW) poses a risk for
      cerebellar abnormalities and increased psychiatric morbidity compared with
      reference populations. We aimed to study cerebellar volumes (grey and white
      matter; GM, WM) and mental health in VLBW individuals and controls at 15 and 19
      years of age, as well as changes between the two time points. METHODS: Forty VLBW
      (<=1500 g) and 56 control adolescents were included in the study at 15 years of
      age, and 44 VLBW and 60 control adolescents at 19 years of age. We had
      longitudinal data for 30 VLBW participants and for 37 controls. Clinical
      diagnoses were assessed following the schedule for affective disorders and
      schizophrenia for school-age children (KSADS). Psychiatric symptoms and function
      were further investigated with the Achenbach System of Empirically Based
      Assessment (ASEBA), ADHD Rating Scale-IV and the children's global assessment
      scale (CGAS). An automatic segmentation of cerebellar GM and WM volumes was
      performed in FreeSurfer. The MRI scans were obtained on the same 1.5T scanner at
      both ages. RESULTS: The VLBW group had higher rates of psychiatric disorders at
      both ages. Cerebellar growth trajectories did not differ between VLBW adolescents
      and controls, regardless of psychiatric status. However, VLBW adolescents who had
      a psychiatric diagnosis at both ages or developed a psychiatric disorder from 15
      to 19 years had maintained smaller cerebellar WM and GM volumes than controls and
      also smaller volumes than VLWB adolescents who were or became healthy in this
      period. Moreover, there were no differences in cerebellar WM and GM volumes
      between controls and those VLBW who were healthy or became healthy. In the VLBW
      group, cerebellar WM and GM volumes correlated positively with psycho-social
      function at both 15 and 19 years of age, and smaller GM volumes were associated
      with inattention at 15 years. CONCLUSIONS: Smaller cerebellar volume in
      adolescents born very preterm and with VLBW may be a biomarker of increased risk
      of psychiatric problems in young adulthood.

PMID- 26985237
TI  - Microalgal TAG production strategies: why batch beats repeated-batch.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For a commercially feasible microalgal triglyceride (TAG) production,
      high TAG productivities are required. The operational strategy affects TAG
      productivity but a systematic comparison between different strategies is lacking.
      For this, physiological responses of Nannochloropsis sp. to nitrogen (N)
      starvation and N-rich medium replenishment were studied in lab-scale batch and
      repeated-batch (part of the culture is periodically harvested and N-rich medium
      is re-supplied) cultivations under continuous light, and condensed into a
      mechanistic model. RESULTS: The model, which successfully described both
      strategies, was used to identify potential improvements for both batch and
      repeated-batch and compare the two strategies on optimized TAG yields on light
      (amount of TAGs produced per mol of supplied PAR photons). TAG yields on light,
      for batch, from 0.12 (base case at high light) to 0.49 g molph (-1) (at low light
      and with improved strain) and, for repeated-batch, from 0.07 (base case at high
      light) to 0.39 g molph (-1) (at low light with improved strain and optimized
      repeated-batch settings). The base case yields are in line with the yields
      observed in current state-of-the-art outdoor TAG production. CONCLUSIONS: For
      continuous light, an optimized batch process will always result in higher TAG
      yield on light compared to an optimized repeated-batch process. This is mainly
      because repeated-batch cycles start with N-starved cells. Their reduced
      photosynthetic capacity leads to inefficient light use during the regrowth phase
      which results in lower overall TAG yields compared to a batch process.

PMID- 26985240
TI  - DASPfind: new efficient method to predict drug-target interactions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of novel drug-target interactions (DTIs) is important
      for drug discovery. Experimental determination of such DTIs is costly and time
      consuming, hence it necessitates the development of efficient computational
      methods for the accurate prediction of potential DTIs. To-date, many
      computational methods have been proposed for this purpose, but they suffer the
      drawback of a high rate of false positive predictions. RESULTS: Here, we
      developed a novel computational DTI prediction method, DASPfind. DASPfind uses
      simple paths of particular lengths inferred from a graph that describes DTIs,
      similarities between drugs, and similarities between the protein targets of
      drugs. We show that on average, over the four gold standard DTI datasets,
      DASPfind significantly outperforms other existing methods when the single top
      ranked predictions are considered, resulting in 46.17 % of these predictions
      being correct, and it achieves 49.22 % correct single top ranked predictions when
      the set of all DTIs for a single drug is tested. Furthermore, we demonstrate that
      our method is best suited for predicting DTIs in cases of drugs with no known
      targets or with few known targets. We also show the practical use of DASPfind by
      generating novel predictions for the Ion Channel dataset and validating them
      manually. CONCLUSIONS: DASPfind is a computational method for finding reliable
      new interactions between drugs and proteins. We show over six different DTI
      datasets that DASPfind outperforms other state-of-the-art methods when the single
      top-ranked predictions are considered, or when a drug with no known targets or
      with few known targets is considered. We illustrate the usefulness and
      practicality of DASPfind by predicting novel DTIs for the Ion Channel dataset.
      The validated predictions suggest that DASPfind can be used as an efficient
      method to identify correct DTIs, thus reducing the cost of necessary experimental
      verifications in the process of drug discovery. DASPfind can be accessed online
      at: http://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/daspfind.Graphical abstractThe conceptual
      workflow for predicting drug-target interactions using DASPfind.

PMID- 26985241
TI  - Clinical and laboratory data of a large series of patients with congenital
      generalized lipodystrophy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) was initially
      described by Berardinelli in Brazil in 1954 and 5 years later by Seip in Norway.
      It is an autosomal recessive disease that leads to a generalized deficit of body
      fat, evolving with diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia. The aim of this study was
      to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of a large series of
      patients with BSCL. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of patients with
      BSCL. A total of 54 cases of BSCL were diagnosed, treated and followed for the
      past 17 years. We report clinical and laboratorial data of 44 of those patients.
      RESULTS: There was a predominance of female patients (27 patients), and the mean
      age was 21.3 +/- 13.7 years old. The majority of patients (30/44; 68.2 %) were
      diabetic, and almost half of them (14/30 patients, 46.7 %) were on insulin. The
      mean body mass index was 19.6 +/- 3.3 and the mean body fat measured by dual
      energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was 5.4 +/- 0.8 %. Acanthosis nigricans,
      acromegaloid facies, atrophic cheeks, prognathism, phlebomegaly, and muscle
      hypertrophy were the most common clinical features. Only two patients had
      triglyceridemia lower than 150 mg/dl without the use of lipid-lowering drugs.
      Hyperinsulinemia was present in the majority of patients, and leptin values were
      very low in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: We report one of the largest series of
      patients with BSCL treated at a single medical center. Earlier identification of
      the mutations and a better understanding of the pathophysiology can aid to better
      treatment and decrease complications, potentially improving life quality and
      expectancy.

PMID- 26985242
TI  - A pilot study of scanning acoustic microscopy as a tool for measuring arterial
      stiffness in aortic biopsies.
AB  - This study explores the use of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) as a potential
      tool for characterisation of arterial stiffness using aortic biopsies. SAM data
      is presented for human tissue collected during aortic bypass graft surgery for
      multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Acoustic wave speed as determined by SAM
      was compared to clinical data for the patients namely, pulse wave velocity (PWV),
      blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels. There was no obvious trend
      relating acoustic wave speed to PWV values, and an inverse relationship was found
      between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and acoustic wave speed. However,
      in patients with a higher cholesterol or glucose level, the acoustic wave speed
      increased. A more detailed investigation is needed to relate SAM data to clinical
      measurements.

PMID- 26985243
TI  - Importance of Delphian Lymph Node Evaluation in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Fact or
      Fiction?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our main objective was to evaluate the association between autoimmune
      thyroiditis and the Delphian lymph node during different stages of thyroiditis.
      MATERIAL/METHODS: The relationships between the ultrasonography (US) results of
      thyroiditis and characteristics of the Delphian lymph node in different stages of
      AT were evaluated. Thyroid hormone and antibody levels were assessed. A total of
      126 patients were divided into four groups according to the thyroid US findings:
      Group 1: control cases; Group 2: indeterminate cases; Group 3: established
      thyroiditis cases; Group 4: advanced-late stage thyroiditis cases. Indeterminate
      cases attended a 1-year follow-up, and the cases with a sonographic finding
      matching thyroiditis formed Group 2. RESULTS: The rate of Delphian lymph node
      presence in Group 4 was significantly higher than in Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01). In
      addition, its presence was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 1
      (p<0.05). Although there was a difference in Delphian lymph node presence between
      Groups 2 and 3, it was not significant (p=0.052), nor was there a significant
      difference between Groups 1 and 2 (p>0.05). Both the long and short axis
      measurements were significantly higher in Groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to those in
      the control group. However, the same increase was not observed in the long/short
      axis ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Both the presence and dimensions of the Delphian lymph
      node were highly correlated with the progress of autoimmune thyroiditis.
      Evaluating the Delphian lymph nodes might prevent missing a diagnosis of
      autoimmune thyroiditis.

PMID- 26985244
TI  - Non-Invasive and Minimally Invasive Imaging Evaluation of CSF Rhinorrhoea - a
      Retrospective Study with Review of Literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Localization of a cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] fistula is a diagnostic
      challenge. The choice of an optimal imaging technique is necessary to locate the
      site of CSF leak which is required for surgical/endoscopic repair of the CSF
      fistula. MATERIAL/METHODS: Retrospective analysis of imaging was performed in 33
      patients who presented with symptoms suggestive of CSF rhinorrhoea over a period
      of two years. Either a bone defect on high resolution CT [HRCT] or CSF column
      extending extracranially from the subarachnoid space with or without brain/
      meningeal herniation on magnetic resonance [MR] cisternography was considered
      positive for CSF leak. The MR imaging technique included 1-mm heavily T2-weighted
      [TR 2000 ms; TE-200 ms] fast spin echo study in coronal and sagittal planes. HRCT
      sections involved 0.625 to 0.8-mm sections in the coronal plane, with or without
      axial planes, through the paranasal sinuses, reconstructed in a sharp algorithm
      and acquired with the patient in prone position. Imaging findings were compared
      with endoscopic findings, being the gold standard for the assessment of CSF
      rhinorrhea. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients had a combination of HRCT and MR
      cisternography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV] and
      negative predictive value [NPV] of both MR cisternography and HRCT together were
      93%, 100%, 100% and 50% respectively. Two patients underwent only MR
      cisternography, 5 patients underwent only HRCT and one patient underwent HRCT, MR
      cisternography and CT cisternography. Though PPV was 100% in the groups with HRCT
      alone, MR cisternography alone and combined CT cisternography, HRCT and MR
      cisternography, the results were not statistically significant as the number of
      patients in those groups was lower. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of MR cisternography
      and HRCT appears to be complementary, accurate and non-invasive and should be
      considered as optimal imaging modality for pre-op imaging in the evaluation of
      CSF rhinorrhoea.

PMID- 26985245
TI  - Infantile Type Sandhoff Disease with Striking Brain MRI Findings and a Novel
      Mutation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sandhoff disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by beta
      hexosaminidase deficiency in which the ganglioside GM2 and other glycolipids
      accumulate intracellularly within lysosomes. This process results in progressive
      motor neuron manifestations, death from respiratory failure and infections in
      infantiles. CASE REPORT: This report presents a 22-month-old girl with infantile
      type Sandhoff disease that was hospitalized for generalized seizures and
      psychomotor retardation. She was diagnosed with a genetically proven novel
      mutation and by demonstrating it's specific imaging findings. CONCLUSIONS:
      Determination of spesific changes in neuroimaging which are initial findings for
      GM2 gangliosidosis is important from the point of diagnosis and follow-up in
      infants suspected of having a neurodegenerative disease.

PMID- 26985246
TI  - Systemic Immunosuppression in High-Risk Penetrating Keratoplasty: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - Cornea transplantation has a high success rate and typically only requires
      topical immunomodulation. However, in high-risk cases, systemic immunosuppression
      can be used. We conducted a systematic review on the efficacy and side effects of
      systemic immunosuppression for high-risk cornea transplantation. The study
      population was 18 years old or older with a high-risk transplant (two or more
      clock hours of cornea vascularization or a previous failed graft or a graft
      needed because of herpes simplex keratitis). A comprehensive search strategy was
      performed with the help of an information specialist and content experts from
      ophthalmology. All study designs were accepted for assessment. Level 1 and level
      2 screening was performed by two reviewers followed by data abstraction. Forest
      plots were created whenever possible to synthesize treatment effects. Quality
      assessment was done with a Downs and Blacks score. From 1,150 articles, 29 were
      ultimately used for data abstraction. The odds ratios (ORs) for clear graft
      survival in cyclosporine and controls were 2.43 (95% CI: 1.00 - 5.88) and 3.64
      (95% CI: 1.48 - 8.91) for rejection free episodes. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
      significantly improved the rejection free graft survival rates at 1 year (OR:
      4.05, 95% CI: 1.83 - 8.96). The overall results suggested that both systemic
      cyclosporine and MMF improved 1-year rejection free graft survival in high-risk
      keratoplasty. Cyclosporine also significantly improved clear graft survival rates
      at 1 year; however, there were insufficient data to analyze the same in the MMF
      group. Higher quality studies are needed to understand this issue better. 

PMID- 26985247
TI  - Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest: Current Guidelines and Literature
      Review.
AB  - The aim of the review was to summarize the literature over the last 25 years
      regarding bicarbonate administration in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A PubMed
      search was conducted using the terms "bicarbonates" and "cardiac arrest", limited
      to human studies and reviews published in English (or at least with a meaningful
      abstract in English) in the last 25 years. Clinical and experimental data raised
      questions regarding the safety and effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB)
      administration during cardiac arrest. Earlier advanced cardiac life support
      (ACLS) guidelines recommended routine bicarbonate administration as part of the
      ACLS algorithm, but recent guidelines no longer recommend its use. The debate in
      the literature is ongoing, but at the present time, SB administration is only
      recommended for cardiac arrest related to hypokalemia or overdose of tricyclic
      antidepressants. Several studies challenge the assumption that bicarbonate
      administration is beneficial for treatment of acidosis in cardiac arrest. At the
      present time, there is a trend against using bicarbonates in cardiac arrest, and
      this trend is supported by guidelines published by professional societies and
      organizations. 

PMID- 26985250
TI  - Temporal Trends of the Clinical, Resource Use and Outcome Attributes of ICU
      Managed Candidemia Hospitalizations: A Population-Level Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are mixed findings on the longitudinal patterns of the
      incidence of intensive care unit (ICU)-managed candidemia, with scarcity of
      reports on the corresponding evolving patterns of patients' clinical
      characteristics and outcomes. No population-level data were reported on the
      temporal trends of the attributes, care and outcomes of ICU-managed adults with
      candidemia. METHODS: The Texas Inpatient Public Use Data File was used to
      identify hospitalizations aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of candidemia
      and ICU admission (C-ICU hospitalizations) between 2001 and 2010. Temporal trends
      of the demographics, clinical features, use of healthcare resources, and short
      term outcomes were examined. Average annual percent changes (AAPCs) were derived.
      RESULTS: C-ICU hospitalizations (n = 7,552) became (AAPC) increasingly younger
      (age >= 65 years: -1.0%/year). The Charslon comorbidity index rose 4.2%/year,
      while the mean number of organ failures (OFs) increased by 8.2%/year, with a fast
      rise in the rate of those developing >= 3 OFs (+15.5%/year). Between 2001 and
      2010, there was no significant change in utilization of mechanical ventilation
      and new hemodialysis among C-ICU hospitalizations with reported respiratory and
      renal failures (68.9% vs. 73.3%, P = 0.3653 and 15.5% vs. 21.8%, P = 0.8589,
      respectively). Hospital length of stay or total hospital charges remained
      unchanged during study period. Hospital mortality decreased between 2001 and 2010
      from 39.3% to 23.8% (-5.2%/year). The majority of hospital survivors (61.6%) were
      discharged to another facility, and increasingly to long-term acute care
      hospitals, with routine home discharge decreasing to 11% by 2010. CONCLUSIONS: C
      ICU hospitalizations demonstrated increasing comorbidity burden and rising
      development of OF, and matching rise in use of selected life-support
      interventions, though with unchanged in-hospital fiscal impact. There has been
      marked decrease in hospital mortality, but survivors had substantial residual
      morbidity with the majority discharged increasingly to another post-acute care
      facility.

PMID- 26985249
TI  - The Changes of HIF-1alpha and VEGF Expression After TACE in Patients With
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - As a common malignant tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high prevalence
      and is a serious threat to human health. The surgical resection rate of HCC is
      low, and the prognosis is poor. Although transarterial chemoembolization (TACE)
      is the main treatment for HCC patients who are not candidates for surgical
      resection, it is not considered a curative procedure. For HCC, poor TACE efficacy
      or TACE failure may be related to tumor angiogenesis of the residual disease.
      Among the many regulatory factors in tumor angiogenesis, hypoxia-inducible factor
      1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play vital
      roles in this process. In this paper, we conducted a review of the dynamic change
      and relevance of HIF-1alpha and VEGF levels after TACE of HCC patients. 

PMID- 26985251
TI  - Resting and Post-Exercise Ankle-Brachial Index Measurements to Diagnose
      Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease in Middle Aged and Elderly Chronic
      Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients: A Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at risk for
      asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) because smoking is a risk factor
      for COPD and PAD. The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion
      of COPD patients with asymptomatic PAD and to investigate whether the estimated
      risk of asymptomatic PAD in subjects with COPD differs using resting and exercise
      ankle-brachial index (ABI) in smokers. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study
      design, consecutive smokers > 50 years old were recruited over 2 months from the
      inpatient units and the outpatient clinics. Subjects previously diagnosed with
      PAD, unstable angina, recent (< 3 months) myocardial infarction or abdominal,
      intracranial, eye or lung surgery, and palliative care patients were excluded.
      Vascular risk factors, ABI (supine and post-3-minute walk supine), self-reported
      PAD symptoms, and spirometry were obtained. Two measurements of systolic blood
      pressure on all limbs were obtained using a sphygmomanometer and a Doppler
      ultrasound, and the ABI was calculated. Data were expressed as means +/- standard
      deviation (SD). Dichotomous outcomes were assessed using Chi-square statistics; P
      values of < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Thirty patients with no
      previous diagnosis of PAD were recruited. Mean age was 67.7 years (SD: 10.5).
      Overall, 21 subjects (70%) had spirometry-proven COPD. Significant ABI for PAD (<
      0.9) was seen in 7/21 COPD (33.5%) and 0/9 non-COPD subjects in the supine
      resting position (P = 0.07), and in 9/21 COPD (42.9%) vs. 0/9 non-COPD subjects
      after exercise (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients with
      spirometry-proven COPD screened positive for asymptomatic PAD after exercise.
      Resting ABI may not be very sensitive to diagnose asymptomatic PAD in COPD
      subjects. ABI may be a reliable, sensitive and practical screening tool to assess
      cardiovascular risk in COPD patients. Future large-scale studies are required to
      confirm this finding.

PMID- 26985248
TI  - Signaling Pathways in Thyroid Cancer and Their Therapeutic Implications.
AB  - Thyroid cancer is a common malignancy of endocrine system, and has now become the
      fastest increasing cancer among all the malignancies. The development,
      progression, invasion, and metastasis are closely associated with multiple
      signaling pathways and the functions of related molecules, such as Src, Janus
      kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, NF-kappaB,
      thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), Wnt-beta-catenin and Notch signaling
      pathways. Each of the signaling pathways could exert its function singly or
      through network with other pathways. These pathways could cooperate, promote,
      antagonize, or interact with each other to form a complex network for the
      regulation. Dysfunction of this network could increase the development,
      progression, invasion, and metastasis of thyroid cancer. Inoperable thyroid
      cancer still has a poor prognosis. However, signaling pathway-related targeted
      therapies offer the hope of longer quality of meaningful life for this small
      group of patients. Signaling pathway-related targets provide unprecedented
      opportunities for further research and clinical development of novel treatment
      strategies for this cancer. In the present work, the advances in these signaling
      pathways and targeted treatments of thyroid cancer were reviewed. 

PMID- 26985252
TI  - Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Published studies seeking to improve survival in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS) have poor results in humans, although there are several studies
      in animal models with positive results. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review
      and meta-analysis of studies that were published between March 2009 and March
      2015 on stem cell therapy and survival in animal models and patients with ALS. A
      total of 714 articles were identified, and from these, we selected preclinical in
      vivo studies and retrospective clinical studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A meta
      analysis confirmed the efficacy of stem cell therapy in improving survival in
      preclinical trials, where a mean difference of 9.79 days (95% confidence
      interval: 4.45 - 15.14) in lifespan favored stem cell therapy. In contrast, the
      number of clinical studies is still insufficient to assess their effectiveness,
      and these studies only demonstrate the absence of serious adverse events.
      However, even this conclusion should be interpreted with caution because clinical
      studies are retrospective and heterogeneous and have an unsatisfactory quality.

PMID- 26985253
TI  - The Impact of Admission Serum Creatinine Derived Estimated Glomerular Filtration
      Rate on Major Adverse Cardiac Events in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of Cockroft-Gault (C-G) derived estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR) on mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in
      patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing
      primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was assessed. METHODS: A total
      of 884 patients were classified into four categories according to admission
      creatine derived eGFR: < 60, 60 - < 90, 90 - < 120, and >= 120 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
      RESULTS: In-hospital and long-term MACEs were significantly higher in eGFR < 60
      mL/min/1.73 m(2) subgroup (P < 0.001 and P = 0.028). Multivariate analysis
      demonstrated 7.78-fold (95% CI: 0.91 - 66.8) higher mortality risk in eGFR < 60
      mL/min/1.73 m(2) subgroup. CONCLUSION: As an easily applicable bedside method, C
      G derived eGFR could be important for prediction of in-hospital and long-term
      mortality and MACE in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.

PMID- 26985254
TI  - Single Fetal Demise at 10 - 14 Weeks of Monochorionic and Dichorionic Twin
      Pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We examined the perinatal outcomes in cases of at least one fetal
      demise in monochorionic and diamniotic twin pregnancies. METHODS: We reviewed the
      obstetric records of all Japanese twin pregnancies managed beyond 9 weeks'
      gestation at Japanese Red Cross Katsushika Maternity Hospital between 2008 and
      2014. RESULTS: The incidence in the monochorionic twin pregnancies was
      significantly higher than that in the dichorionic twin pregnancies (8.3% vs.
      2.6%, odds ratio: 3.40, 95% confidence interval: 1.5 - 7.6, P < 0.01). Of these,
      60.0% were diagnosed as fetal demise of both fetuses at the same time (vs.
      dichorionic twin pregnancy: odds ratio: 12.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 - 120,
      P = 0.04). The rate of "vanishing twin" in cases of at least one fetal demise at
      10 - 14 weeks' gestation in the monochorionic twin pregnancies was significantly
      lower than that in the diamniotic twin pregnancies (30.0% vs. 88.9%, odds ratio:
      0.05, 95% confidence interval: 0.01 - 0.53, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The incidence
      of fetal demise and the influence on the co-twin in monochorionic twin pregnancy
      is greater than those in dichorionic twin pregnancy.

PMID- 26985255
TI  - Long-Term Efficacy of Adalimumab in Patients With Intestinal Behcet's Disease:
      Eight Consecutive Cases.
AB  - The long-term efficacy and safety of adalimumab (ADA) for the treatment of
      intestinal Behcet's disease (BD) in the clinical setting have not been evaluated
      previously. This retrospective study evaluated the 52-week efficacy of ADA in BD
      patients. A total of eight patients who were refractory to conventional therapy
      were given ADA (160/80/40 mg every other week). Marked improvement (MI) was
      achieved by 10 weeks in five patients (62.5%), and by 52 weeks in six patients
      (75%). In addition, complete remission was obtained in two patients (25%) at both
      10 and 52 weeks. Improvement of global gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms to score 0
      was observed in three patients (37.5%) at 10 weeks and four patients (50%) at 52
      weeks. Moreover, improvement of endoscopic assessment to score 0 was also seen in
      four patients (50%) at both 10 and 52 weeks. No adverse events were observed in
      any patients during the 52 weeks. In conclusion, ADA offers an effective, well
      tolerated treatment for intestinal BD in patients who are refractory to
      conventional therapy. 

PMID- 26985256
TI  - Postoperative Massive Pulmonary Embolism Due to Superficial Vein Thrombosis of
      the Upper Limb.
AB  - It is well known that deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremities is linked to
      high morbidity/mortality, resulting in 12-20% of all documented pulmonary
      embolism; however, there are few data about thromboembolism originating from a
      vein and/or a branch of a superficial vein of the upper extremities. Pulmonary
      embolism secondary to upper limb superficial vein thrombosis (not combined with
      upper extremities deep vein thrombosis) is a very rare clinical manifestation
      with few cases reported in the literature. We report a rare case of
      thrombophlebitis in departure from a superficial branch of the cephalic vein of
      the right arm, complicated by cardiac arrest secondary to a massive pulmonary
      embolism in a patient who underwent major surgery for ovarian cancer. We discuss
      on the numerous thrombotic risk factors, triggering a cascade of reactions and
      resulting in a potential fatal clinical manifestation. 

PMID- 26985257
TI  - Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Patients Presenting With Headache as
      an Initial Symptom.
AB  - Cavernous sinus (CS) dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) patients presenting with
      only headache as an initial symptom are not common. Patients with CS-dAVF
      commonly present with symptoms related to their eyes. In all three patients,
      headache was the initial symptom. Other symptoms related to the eyes developed 1 
      7 months after headache. In one patient, headache was controlled by sumatriptan
      succinate, but not diclofenac sodium or loxoprofen sodium. In another patient,
      headache was controlled by loxoprofen sodium. In the third patient, headache was
      improved by stellate ganglion block. In all patients, magnetic resonance
      angiography (MRA) in the early stage of the clinical course showed abnormal blood
      flow in the CS. However, reflux to the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) was not
      detected. As treatment, transarterial and transvenous embolizations were
      necessary for one patient, and transvenous embolization was performed for another
      patient with significant blood flow to the SOV and cortical veins. On the other
      hand, manual compression of the bilateral carotid arteries at the neck resulted
      in disappearance of the fistula in the third patient. In all patients, the
      symptoms improved after the disappearance of blood reflux to the CS. The refluxed
      blood to the CS might cause elevation of the CS pressure and stimulate the
      trigeminal nerve in the dural membrane, resulting in headache before developing
      reflux in an anterior direction. CS-dAVF could induce both migraine and common
      headache. In cases with blood reflux to the CS on magnetic resonance imaging
      and/or MRA even without eye symptoms, a differential diagnosis of CS-dAVF should
      be taken into consideration. 

PMID- 26985258
TI  - Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck's Disease) in a 57-Year-Old Brazilian Patient:
      A Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH), or Heck's disease, is a rare disease of the
      oral mucosa associated with infection by some subtypes of human papilloma virus,
      especially subtypes 13 or 32. The disease is predominantly found in children and
      adolescents with indigenous heritage, but other ethnic groups can be affected
      worldwide. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it has not been reported in
      Brazil's elderly population. This article describes a case of FEH in a 57-year
      old Brazilian patient presenting since childhood, with multiple lesions in the
      lips, buccal mucosa and tongue. The solitary tongue lesion underwent excisional
      biopsy and the histopathological analysis showed parakeratosis, acanthosis, rete
      pegs with a club-shaped appearance, koilocytosis and the presence of mitosoid
      cells. These microscopic findings in conjunction with clinical presentation were
      sufficient to establish the accurate diagnosis of FEH. Polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) was performed, but no one human papillomavirus (HPV) subtype could be
      identified. Clinicians must be aware of this rare oral disease, which can even
      affect elderly patients, as we described here. Treatment may be indicated in
      selected cases due to esthetic and/or functional problems. 

PMID- 26985259
TI  - Percutaneous Mitral Valvotomy in a Case of Situs Inversus Totalis and Juvenile
      Rheumatic Critical Mitral Stenosis: Case Report.
AB  - Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital disorder where the heart being a
      mirror image is situated on the right side of the body. Distorted cardiac anatomy
      makes fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV) technically
      challenging and there are only few reports of PMV in situs inversus totalis. Here
      we report a case where PMV was successfully done for situs inversus totalis with
      rare coincidence of juvenile rheumatic severe mitral stenosis in a 12-year-old
      boy with a few modifications of standard Inoue technique. He had exertional
      dyspnea of NYHA class III with initial mitral valve area (MVA) of 0.6 cm(2) and
      severe pulmonary arterial hypertension with features suitable for PMV. Femoral
      vein was accessed from the left side to align the septal puncture needle and
      balloon to facilitate left ventricular entry. Septal descent and puncture by
      Brockenbrough needle was performed in the right anterior oblique view with the
      needle facing 5 o'clock position. Accura balloon was negotiated across mitral
      valve in left anterior oblique and procedure was successfully executed.
      Echocardiography showed a well-divided anterior commissure with an MVA of 2.0
      cm(2) and mild mitral regurgitation. In summary, PMV is safe and feasible in the
      rare patient with situs inversus totalis with few modifications of the Inoue
      technique. 

PMID- 26985261
TI  - [Traumatic rupture of the quadriceps tendon: a report of 3 cases].

PMID- 26985262
TI  - [Tethered cord syndrome].

PMID- 26985260
TI  - [Nasosinusal malignant tumors: about 32 cases and literature reviews].

PMID- 26985263
TI  - [Cerebral Langerhans cell histiocytosis].

PMID- 26985264
TI  - [Rectal duplication in adults: a rare cause of pelvic mass].

PMID- 26985265
TI  - [Cushing syndrome in adolescents: report of 18 patients].

PMID- 26985266
TI  - [Peculiarity of infantile cystinosis in Tunisian children].

PMID- 26985267
TI  - [Acute compartment syndrome secondary to an intravenous injection of heroin in a
      drug abuser: report of a case].

PMID- 26985268
TI  - [Evaluation of the quality of the management of dyspnea by GPs in Parakou in
      2013].

PMID- 26985269
TI  - Improving community based AEFI (Adverse Events Following Immunization) reporting
      rate through telephone "beep" in a Cameroon health district: a randomized field
      trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: AEFIs underreporting is one of different barriers to achieving
      objectives of pharmaco vigilance of vaccine worldwide. Studies describe it as
      being related to limited awareness of health personnel and of vaccinees or of
      their parents. The objective was to assess the effect of telephone "beep" on
      community based reporting rates of AEFIs during routine immunization sessions in
      a Cameroon Health District. METHODS: It was a randomized control trial
      implemented during routine EPI in Biyem-Assi health district (Cameroon). Parents
      of vaccinated children were randomly assigned: i) to receive the telephone
      contact of the investigation team and was advised to ''beep''(short phone call
      not picked up) the investigators team in the case any medical incidence occurs
      within the 30 days following the immunization (intervention group) or; ii) to
      return to the health facility in case any medical incidence occurs within the
      same period (control group). The main outcome was AEFI incidence rate. RESULTS:
      236 parents were assigned to the intervention group and 235 to the control group.
      Of 1192 doses of EPI vaccines administered, 20 AEFIs (392 AEFIs/100000
      doses/week) were reported within 30 days after vaccine administration. These
      included 19 (829 AEFIs/100000 doses/week) AEFIs in the intervention group and 1
      (43 AEFIs/100000 doses/week) AEFI in the control group. The AEFIs reporting rate
      in the intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group
      [RR = 18.9; CI95 (2.5; 140.0) (P=0.0004)]. CONCLUSION: The use of telephone
      "beep" significantly increases at affordable cost community based AEFI reporting
      rate in routine EPI.

PMID- 26985270
TI  - Urethral cavernous hemangioma in a female patient: a rare entity.
AB  - Genitourinary hemangiomas are rare entities of the urinary system. We reported a
      female patient who suffered dyspareunia and intermitant hematuria that was proved
      as urethral cavernous hemangioma. Despite its benign nature, hemangiomas may
      recur due to incomplet excision. 

PMID- 26985271
TI  - [Posterior dislocation of the shoulder in an athlete treated with pedicle
      transfer of the subscapularis].

PMID- 26985272
TI  - Perceptions about medical male circumcision and sexual behaviours of adults in
      rural Uganda: a cross sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Medical male circumcision is currently recognized as an additional
      important HIV preventive intervention to reduce the risk of heterosexually
      acquired HIV infection in men. However, sexual behaviours after medical
      circumcision can potentially reduce the expected benefits of the practice. This
      study explored the perceptions about medical male circumcision and sexual
      behaviours of adults in Kayunga district, Uganda. METHODS: A cross-sectional
      study was carried out among 393 respondents using a semi structured
      questionnaire. In addition, four focus group discussions were conducted.
      Quantitative data was analysed using STATA 12. Univariate, bivariate and
      multivariate analyses were carried out. Qualitative data was analysed
      thematically. RESULTS: The study established various perceptions about medical
      male circumcision and sexual behaviours. Majority 247 (64.5%) did not perceive
      circumcision as a practice that can lead men to have multiple sexual partners.
      Males were 3 times more likely to think that circumcision would lead to having
      multiple sexual partners than females (AOR=2.99, CI: 1.93-4.61). Only 89 (23.2%)
      believed that circumcision would lead to complacency and compromise the use of
      condoms to prevent against infection with HIV. Respondents who had education
      above primary were less likely to think that circumcision would compromise the
      use of condoms (AOR=0.49, CI: 0.31- 0.79). The perception that circumcised youths
      were less likely to abstain from sexual intercourse was less held among those
      with education above primary (AOR=0.58, CI: 0.37-0.91) and those older than 30
      years (AOR=0.59, CI: 0.38-0.92). CONCLUSION: There were gaps in knowledge and
      negative perceptions about MMC in the study community. Measures are needed to
      avert the negative perceptions by equipping communities with sufficient, accurate
      and consistent information about medical male circumcision and sexual behaviour.

PMID- 26985274
TI  - [Tearing of the anterior superior and lower anterior iliac spines in teenage
      athletes: report of two cases].

PMID- 26985273
TI  - [Hydatid cyst of the liver complicated with ischemic stroke: report of a case].

PMID- 26985275
TI  - Nontyphoidal Salmonella septic arthritis of the elbow in a healthy infant.
AB  - A case of rarely encountered nontyphoidal Salmonella septic arthritis of the
      elbow in an infant with no preexisting disease is reported. Salmonella etiology
      was not suspected in this case, and the diagnosis was made only after bacterial
      isolation. Aspiration of the infected joint with radiological guidance initially
      failed to give a good clinical response. Arthrotomy was done with intravenous
      cefotaxime for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks oral ciprofloxacin therapy to which
      the child responded favorably. Up to our knowledge this is the first case of
      nontyphoidal salmonella elbow septic arthritis in an infant in Saudi Arabia to be
      reported in the English literature. 

PMID- 26985276
TI  - [Endocrine osteoporosis: report of a series of cases].

PMID- 26985278
TI  - [Large osteochondroma of the scapula: report of a case].

PMID- 26985277
TI  - [Leprosy ulnar claw treated by Lasso Zancolli tendon transfer: report of a case].

PMID- 26985280
TI  - [Fragmented appendix, diagnostic and therapeutic problems: about 26 cases].

PMID- 26985279
TI  - [Pseudopapillary and solid tumor of the pancreas: a rare cause of abdominal
      mass].

PMID- 26985283
TI  - Epigenetic Medicinal Chemistry.
AB  - The past decade has seen tremendous growth in our understanding of epigenetics
      and chromatin remodeling. Small, organic molecule modulators of a number of
      chromatin modifying proteins (CMPs) have been reported over this time frame and
      several of these have advanced to human clinical trials. In this Viewpoint, I
      summarize the current state of medicinal chemistry efforts focused on epigenetic
      targets and attempt to provide some insight into future directions on which the
      community may wish to focus. 

PMID- 26985281
TI  - Giant cell reparative granuloma of the hallux following enchondroma.
AB  - Giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) is a rare, benign intra osseous lytic
      lesion occurring especially in gnathis bone but also seen in feet and hands. It
      has similar clinical and radiological presentations than giant cell tumor,
      chondroblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and hyperparathyroidism brown tumors but
      with specific histological findings We report a case of a GCRG of hallux phalanx
      in 18 years old patient appearing many years after enchondroma curettage and
      grafting. Radiographs showed a multiloculated osteolytic lesions involving whole
      phalanx with cortical thinning and without fluid-fluid levels in CT view.
      Expected to be an enchondroma recurrence, second biopsy confirmed diagnosis of
      GCRG with specific histological findings. Although if aetiopathogeny remains
      unknown, GCRG is reported to be a local non neoplasic reaction to an intraosseous
      hemorrhage. Our exceptional case claims that this tumor can appear in reaction to
      cellular disturbance primary or secondary. 

PMID- 26985284
TI  - Inhibition of Histone Demethylases Offers a Novel and Promising Approach for the
      Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases.

PMID- 26985285
TI  - Dihydropteridinone Inhibitors of BRD4.

PMID- 26985282
TI  - Hierarchically-coupled hidden Markov models for learning kinetic rates from
      single-molecule data.
AB  - We address the problem of analyzing sets of noisy time-varying signals that all
      report on the same process but confound straightforward analyses due to complex
      inter-signal heterogeneities and measurement artifacts. In particular we consider
      single-molecule experiments which indirectly measure the distinct steps in a
      biomolecular process via observations of noisy time-dependent signals such as a
      fluorescence intensity or bead position. Straightforward hidden Markov model
      (HMM) analyses attempt to characterize such processes in terms of a set of
      conformational states, the transitions that can occur between these states, and
      the associated rates at which those transitions occur; but require ad-hoc post
      processing steps to combine multiple signals. Here we develop a hierarchically
      coupled HMM that allows experimentalists to deal with inter-signal variability in
      a principled and automatic way. Our approach is a generalized expectation
      maximization hyperparameter point estimation procedure with variational Bayes at
      the level of individual time series that learns an single interpretable
      representation of the overall data generating process.

PMID- 26985286
TI  - Aminotriazole and Aminotetrazole Inhibitors of LSD1 as Epigenetic Modulators.

PMID- 26985287
TI  - Novel Oxindole Sulfonamides and Sulfamides: EPZ031686, the First Orally
      Bioavailable Small Molecule SMYD3 Inhibitor.
AB  - SMYD3 has been implicated in a range of cancers; however, until now no potent
      selective small molecule inhibitors have been available for target validation
      studies. A novel oxindole series of SMYD3 inhibitors was identified through
      screening of the Epizyme proprietary histone methyltransferase-biased library.
      Potency optimization afforded two tool compounds, sulfonamide EPZ031686 and
      sulfamide EPZ030456, with cellular potency at a level sufficient to probe the in
      vitro biology of SMYD3 inhibition. EPZ031686 shows good bioavailability following
      oral dosing in mice making it a suitable tool for potential in vivo target
      validation studies. 

PMID- 26985288
TI  - Selective Inhibition of CBX6: A Methyllysine Reader Protein in the Polycomb
      Family.
AB  - The polycomb paralogs CBX2, CBX4, CBX6, CBX7, and CBX8 are epigenetic readers
      that rely on "aromatic cage" motifs to engage their partners' methyllysine side
      chains. Each CBX carries out distinct functions, yet each includes a highly
      similar methyllysine-reading chromodomain as a key element. CBX7 is the only
      chromodomain that has yet been targeted by chemical inhibition. We report a small
      set of peptidomimetic agents in which a simple chemical modification switches the
      ligands from one with promiscuity across all polycomb paralogs to one that
      provides selective inhibition of CBX6. The structural basis for this selectivity,
      which involves occupancy of a small hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the aromatic
      cage, was confirmed through molecular dynamics simulations. Our results
      demonstrate the increases in affinity and selectivity generated by ligands that
      engage extended regions of chromodomain binding surfaces. 

PMID- 26985289
TI  - Discovery of Benzotriazolo[4,3-d][1,4]diazepines as Orally Active Inhibitors of
      BET Bromodomains.
AB  - Inhibition of the bromodomains of the BET family, of which BRD4 is a member, has
      been shown to decrease myc and interleukin (IL) 6 in vivo, markers that are of
      therapeutic relevance to cancer and inflammatory disease, respectively. Herein we
      report substituted benzo[b]isoxazolo[4,5-d]azepines and benzotriazolo[4,3
      d][1,4]diazepines as fragment-derived novel inhibitors of the bromodomain of
      BRD4. Compounds from these series were potent and selective in cells, and
      subsequent optimization of microsomal stability yielded representatives that
      demonstrated dose- and time-dependent reduction of plasma IL-6 in mice. 

PMID- 26985290
TI  - Characterizing the Covalent Targets of a Small Molecule Inhibitor of the Lysine
      Acetyltransferase P300.
AB  - C646 inhibits the lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) p300 and CBP and represents
      the most potent and selective small molecule KAT inhibitor identified to date. To
      gain insights into the cellular activity of this epigenetic probe, we applied
      chemoproteomics to identify covalent targets of the C646 chemotype. Modeling and
      synthetic derivatization was used to develop a clickable analogue (C646-yne) that
      inhibits p300 similarly to the parent compound and enables enrichment of bound
      proteins. LC-MS/MS identified the major covalent targets of C646-yne as highly
      abundant cysteine-containing proteins, and follow-up studies found that C646 can
      inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro. Finally, we provide evidence that thiol
      reactivity of C646 may limit its ability to antagonize acetylation in cells.
      These findings should enable a more precise interpretation of studies utilizing
      C646 as a chemical probe of KAT activity and suggest that an underappreciated
      liability of electrophile-containing inhibitors is a reduction in their cellular
      potency due to consumption by abundant protein and metabolite thiol sinks. 

PMID- 26985291
TI  - Beyond PAINs: Chemotype Sensitivity of Protein Methyltransferases in Screens.
AB  - Screening of the relatively new target class, the lysine and arginine
      methyltransferases (MTases), presents unique challenges in the identification and
      confirmation of active chemical matter. Examination of high throughput screening
      data generated using Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) format for a number of
      protein MTase targets reveals sensitivity to both the known pan assay
      interference compounds (PAINS) and also other scaffolds not currently precedented
      as assay interferers. We find that, in general, true actives show significant
      selectivity within the MTase family. With the exception of slight modifications
      of SAM-like compounds, scaffolds that are observed frequently in multiple MTase
      assays should be viewed with caution and should be carefully validated before
      following up. 

PMID- 26985292
TI  - Structure and Property Guided Design in the Identification of PRMT5 Tool Compound
      EPZ015666.
AB  - The recent publication of a potent and selective inhibitor of protein
      methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) provides the scientific community with in vivo-active
      tool compound EPZ015666 (GSK3235025) to probe the underlying pharmacology of this
      key enzyme. Herein, we report the design and optimization strategies employed on
      an initial hit compound with poor in vitro clearance to yield in vivo tool
      compound EPZ015666 and an additional potent in vitro tool molecule EPZ015866
      (GSK3203591). 

PMID- 26985293
TI  - Design, Synthesis, and Immunological Evaluation of Benzyloxyalkyl-Substituted
      1,2,3-Triazolyl alpha-GalCer Analogues.
AB  - Replacement of the amide moiety in the structure of alpha-GalCer with a 1,2,3
      triazole linker is known to elicit a response skewed toward Th2 immunity, and
      glycolipids containing an aromatic ring in the terminus of their acyl or
      phytosphingosine structural component exhibit an enhanced Th1 immune response. In
      the current study, synthesis and immunological screening of a focused library of
      benzyloxyalkyl-substituted 1,2,3-triazolyl alpha-GalCer analogues are reported.
      The novel alpha-GalCer analogues activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells
      via CD1d mediated presentation, which was confirmed by in vitro tests performed
      on iNKT hybridomas incubated with CD1d proteins. When tested on isolated murine
      splenocytes, the T1204B and T1206B compounds stimulated higher levels of both IFN
      gamma and IL-4 cytokine expression in vitro compared to that of alpha-GalCer. 

PMID- 26985294
TI  - Design and Synthesis of Nonpeptide Inhibitors of Hepatocyte Growth Factor
      Activation.
AB  - In this letter we report first nonpeptide inhibitors of hepatocyte growth factor
      (HGF) activation. These compounds inhibit the three proteases (matriptase,
      hepsin, and HGF activator) required for HGF maturation. We show that 6, 8a, 8b,
      and 8d block activation of fibroblast-derived pro-HGF, thus preventing fibroblast
      induced scattering of DU145 prostate cancer cells. Compound 6 (SRI 31215) is very
      soluble (91 MUM) and has excellent microsome stability (human t 1/2 = 162 min;
      mouse t 1/2 = 296 min). In mouse 6 has an in vivo t 1/2 = 5.8 h following IV
      administration. The high solubility of 6 and IV t 1/2 make this compound a
      suitable prototype "triplex inhibitor" for the study of the inhibition of HGF
      activation in vivo. 

PMID- 26985295
TI  - Allosteric Indole Amide Inhibitors of p97: Identification of a Novel Probe of the
      Ubiquitin Pathway.
AB  - A high-throughput screen to discover inhibitors of p97 ATPase activity identified
      an indole amide that bound to an allosteric site of the protein. Medicinal
      chemistry optimization led to improvements in potency and solubility. Indole
      amide 3 represents a novel uncompetitive inhibitor with excellent physical and
      pharmaceutical properties that can be used as a starting point for drug discovery
      efforts. 

PMID- 26985297
TI  - Discovery and Characterization of 2-Aminooxazolines as Highly Potent, Selective,
      and Orally Active TAAR1 Agonists.
AB  - 2-Aminooxazolines were discovered as a novel structural class of TAAR1 ligands.
      Starting from a known adrenergic compound 1, structural modifications were made
      to obtain highly potent and selective TAAR1 ligands such as 12 (RO5166017), 18
      (RO5256390), 36 (RO5203648), and 48 (RO5263397). These compounds exhibit drug
      like physicochemical properties, have good oral bioavailability, and display in
      vivo activity in a variety of animal models relevant for psychiatric diseases and
      addiction. 

PMID- 26985296
TI  - New Colchicine-Derived Triazoles and Their Influence on Cytotoxicity and
      Microtubule Morphology.
AB  - A series of new colchicinoids with a variable triazole unit at C-7 was
      synthesized through Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click-chemistry)
      of a colchicine-derived azide with various alkynes and the cytotoxicity against
      THP-1 and Jurkat cancer cell lines was used for structural optimization. Three
      particularly active compounds (IC50 <= 5 nM) were additionally investigated with
      respect to their efficacy against relevant solid tumor cell lines (HeLa, A549,
      and SK MES 1). Besides distorting the microtubule morphology by tubulin
      depolymerization, one compound also exhibited a pronounced centrosome
      declustering effect in triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and
      nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (H1975). 

PMID- 26985299
TI  - Novel Therapeutics Targeting Epigenetics: New Molecules, New Methods.

PMID- 26985298
TI  - Discovery of 8-Amino-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazines as Reversible BTK Inhibitors for the
      Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
AB  - Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a Tec family kinase with a well-defined role in
      the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway. It has become an attractive kinase target for
      selective B cell inhibition and for the treatment of B cell related diseases. We
      report a series of compounds based on 8-amino-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine that are
      potent reversible BTK inhibitors with excellent kinase selectivity. Selectivity
      is achieved through specific interactions of the ligand with the kinase hinge and
      driven by aminopyridine hydrogen bondings with Ser538 and Asp539, and by
      hydrophobic interaction of trifluoropyridine in the back pocket. These
      interactions are evident in the X-ray crystal structure of the lead compounds 1
      and 3 in the complex with the BTK enzyme. Our lead compounds show desirable PK
      profiles and efficacy in the preclinical rat collagen induced arthritis model. 

PMID- 26985300
TI  - Cathepsin B Inhibitors: Combining Dipeptide Nitriles with an Occluding Loop
      Recognition Element by Click Chemistry.
AB  - An active site mapping of human cathepsin B with dipeptide nitrile inhibitors was
      performed for a combinatorial approach by introducing several points of diversity
      and stepwise optimizing the inhibitor structure. To address the occluding loop of
      cathepsin B by a carboxylate moiety, click chemistry to generate linker-connected
      molecules was applied. Inhibitor 17 exhibited K i values of 41.3 nM, 27.3 nM, or
      19.2 nM, depending on the substrate and pH of the assay. Kinetic data were
      discussed with respect to the conformational selection and induced fit models. 

PMID- 26985302
TI  - MALT1 Inhibitors May Potentially Treat Lymphomas and Autoimmune Disorders.

PMID- 26985301
TI  - Discovery of a Novel 2,6-Disubstituted Glucosamine Series of Potent and Selective
      Hexokinase 2 Inhibitors.
AB  - A novel series of potent and selective hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitors, 2,6
      disubstituted glucosamines, has been identified based on HTS hits, exemplified by
      compound 1. Inhibitor-bound crystal structures revealed that the HK2 enzyme could
      adopt an "induced-fit" conformation. The SAR study led to the identification of
      potent HK2 inhibitors, such as compound 34 with greater than 100-fold selectivity
      over HK1. Compound 25 inhibits in situ glycolysis in a UM-UC-3 bladder tumor cell
      line via (13)CNMR measurement of [3-(13)C]lactate produced from [1,6
      (13)C2]glucose added to the cell culture. 

PMID- 26985303
TI  - Glutaminase GLS1 Inhibitors as Potential Cancer Treatment.

PMID- 26985304
TI  - Potential Use of Inhibitors of Tankyrases and PARP-1 as Treatment for Cancer and
      Other Diseases.

PMID- 26985305
TI  - Development of a Potent, Specific CDK8 Kinase Inhibitor Which Phenocopies CDK8/19
      Knockout Cells.
AB  - Beginning with promiscuous COT inhibitors, which were found to inhibit CDK8, a
      series of 6-aza-benzothiophene containing compounds were developed into potent,
      selective CDK8 inhibitors. When cocrystallized with CDK8 and cyclin C, these
      compounds exhibit an unusual binding mode, making a single hydrogen bond to the
      hinge residue A100, a second to K252, and a key cation-pi interaction with R356.
      Structure-based drug design resulted in tool compounds 13 and 32, which are
      highly potent, kinase selective, permeable compounds with a free fraction >2% and
      no measurable efflux. Despite these attractive properties, these compounds
      exhibit weak antiproliferative activity in the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line.
      Further examination of the activity of 32 in this cell line revealed that the
      compound reduced phosphorylation of the known CDK8 substrate STAT1 in a manner
      identical to a CDK8 knockout clone, illustrating the complex effects of
      inhibition of CDK8 kinase activity in proliferation in these cells. 

PMID- 26985306
TI  - Structure-Activity Relationship Studies and Molecular Modeling of Naphthalene
      Based Sphingosine Kinase 2 Inhibitors.
AB  - The two isoforms of sphingosine kinase (SphK1 and SphK2) are the only enzymes
      that phosphorylate sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is a
      pleiotropic lipid mediator involved in a broad range of cellular processes
      including migration, proliferation, and inflammation. SphKs are targets for
      various diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and Alzheimer's and sickle cell
      disease. Herein, we disclose the structure-activity profile of naphthalene
      containing SphK inhibitors and molecular modeling studies that reveal a key
      molecular switch that controls SphK selectivity. 

PMID- 26985307
TI  - 2-(Quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides Are Active against Drug-Susceptible and Drug
      Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains.
AB  - 2-(Quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides have been described as potent in vitro inhibitors
      of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Herein, additional chemical modifications
      of lead compounds were carried out, yielding highly potent antitubercular agents
      with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.05 MUM. Further,
      the synthesized compounds were active against drug-resistant strains and were
      devoid of apparent toxicity to Vero and HaCat cells (IC50s >= 20 MUM). In
      addition, the 2-(quinolin-4-yloxy)acetamides showed intracellular activity
      against the bacilli in infected macrophages with action similar to rifampin, low
      risk of drug-drug interactions, and no sign of cardiac toxicity in zebrafish
      (Danio rerio) at 1 and 5 MUM. Therefore, these data indicate that this class of
      compounds may furnish candidates for future development to, hopefully, provide
      drug alternatives for tuberculosis treatment. 

PMID- 26985309
TI  - Astemizole Derivatives as Fluorescent Probes for hERG Potassium Channel Imaging.
AB  - The detection and imaging of hERG potassium channels in living cells can provide
      useful information for hERG-correlation studies. Herein, three small-molecule
      fluorescent probes, based on the potent hERG channel inhibitor astemizole, for
      the imaging of hERG channels in hERG-transfected HEK293 cells (hERG-HEK293) and
      human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29), are described. These probes are expected
      to be applied in the physiological and pathological studies of hERG channels. 

PMID- 26985308
TI  - Aloperine and Its Derivatives as a New Class of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors.
AB  - A quinolizidine-type alkaloid aloperine was found to inhibit HIV-1 infection by
      blocking HIV-1 entry. Aloperine inhibited HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell-cell
      fusion at low micromolar concentrations. To further improve the antiviral
      potency, more than 30 aloperine derivatives with a variety of N12-substitutions
      were synthesized. Among them, 12d with an N-(1-butyl)-4-trifluoromethoxy
      benzamide side chain showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 at 0.69
      MUM. Aloperine derivatives inhibited both X4 and R5 HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell
      fusions. In addition, both BMS-806, a compound representing a class of HIV-1
      gp120-targeting small molecules in clinical trials, and resistant and sensitive
      HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusions were equally sensitive to aloperine
      derivatives. These results suggest that aloperine and its derivatives are a new
      class of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. 

PMID- 26985311
TI  - Kinetic ESI-MS Studies of Potent Anti-HIV Aptamers Based on the G-Quadruplex
      Forming Sequence d(TGGGAG).
AB  - To investigate what properties make tetramolecular G-quadruplex ODNs good anti
      HIV aptamers, we studied the stoichiometry and the self-assembly kinetics of the
      highly active 5'-end modified G-quadruplexes based on the d(TGGGAG) sequence. Our
      results demonstrate that the 5'-end conjugation does not necessarily increase the
      folding rate of the G-quadruplex; indeed, it ascribes anti-HIV activity.
      Unexpectedly, the G4-folding kinetics of the inactive G4 is similar to that of
      the 5'-end modified sequences. ESI-MS studies also revealed the formation of
      higher order G4 structures identified as octameric complexes along with
      tetramolecular G-quadruplexes. 

PMID- 26985310
TI  - Synthesis and Evaluation of Macrocyclic Peptide Aldehydes as Potent and Selective
      Inhibitors of the 20S Proteasome.
AB  - This research explores the first design and synthesis of macrocyclic peptide
      aldehydes as potent inhibitors of the 20S proteasome. Two novel macrocyclic
      peptide aldehydes based on the ring-size of the macrocyclic natural product TMC
      95 were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of the 20S proteasome. Both
      compounds inhibited in the low nanomolar range and proved to be selective for the
      proteasome over other serine and cysteine proteases, particularly when compared
      to linear analogues with similar amino acid sequences. In HeLa cells, both
      macrocycles efficiently inhibited activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)
      transcription factor by blocking proteasomal degradation of the inhibitor protein
      IkappaBalpha after cytokine stimulation. Due to their covalent mechanism of
      binding these compounds represent a 1000-fold increase in inhibitory potency over
      previously reported noncovalently binding TMC-95 analogues. Molecular modeling of
      the macrocyclic peptides confirms the preference of the large S3 pocket for
      large, hydrophobic residues and the ability to exploit this to improve
      selectivity of proteasome inhibitors. 

PMID- 26985312
TI  - Discovery of Novel Indoline Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors (CETP)
      through a Structure-Guided Approach.
AB  - Using the collective body of known (CETP) inhibitors as inspiration for design, a
      structurally novel series of tetrahydroquinoxaline CETP inhibitors were
      discovered. An exemplar from this series, compound 5, displayed potent in vitro
      CETP inhibition and was efficacious in a transgenic cynomologus-CETP mouse HDL PD
      (pharmacodynamic) assay. However, an undesirable metabolic profile and chemical
      instability hampered further development of the series. A three-dimensional
      structure of tetrahydroquinoxaline inhibitor 6 was proposed from (1)H NMR
      structural studies, and this model was then used in silico for the design of a
      new class of compounds based upon an indoline scaffold. This work resulted in the
      discovery of compound 7, which displayed potent in vitro CETP inhibition, a
      favorable PK-PD profile relative to tetrahydroquinoxaline 5, and dose-dependent
      efficacy in the transgenic cynomologus-CETP mouse HDL PD assay. 

PMID- 26985313
TI  - Design, Syntheses, and Anti-TB Activity of 1,3-Benzothiazinone Azide and Click
      Chemistry Products Inspired by BTZ043.
AB  - Electron deficient nitroaromatic compounds such as BTZ043 and its closest
      congener, PBTZ169, and related agents are a promising new class of anti-TB
      compounds. Herein we report the design and syntheses of 1,3-benzothiazinone azide
      (BTZ-N3) and related click chemistry products based on the molecular mode of
      activation of BTZ043. Our computational docking studies indicate that BTZ-N3
      binds in the essentially same pocket as that of BTZ043. Detailed biochemical
      studies with cell envelope enzyme fractions of Mycobacterium smegmatis combined
      with our model biochemical reactivity studies with nucleophiles indicated that,
      in contrast to BTZ043, the azide analogue may have a different mode of activation
      for anti-TB activity. Subsequent enzymatic studies with recombinant DprE1 from
      Mtb followed by MIC determination in NTB1 strain of Mtb (harboring Cys387Ser
      mutation in DprE1 and is BTZ043 resistant) unequivocally indicated that BTZ-N3 is
      an effective reversible and noncovalent inhibitor of DprE1. 

PMID- 26985315
TI  - Discovery of Aryl Sulfonamides as Isoform-Selective Inhibitors of NaV1.7 with
      Efficacy in Rodent Pain Models.
AB  - We report on a novel series of aryl sulfonamides that act as nanomolar potent,
      isoform-selective inhibitors of the human sodium channel hNaV1.7. The
      optimization of these inhibitors is described. We aimed to improve potency
      against hNaV1.7 while minimizing off-target safety concerns and generated
      compound 3. This agent displayed significant analgesic effects in rodent models
      of acute and inflammatory pain and demonstrated that binding to the voltage
      sensor domain 4 site of NaV1.7 leads to an analgesic effect in vivo. Our findings
      corroborate the importance of hNaV1.7 as a drug target for the treatment of pain.

PMID- 26985314
TI  - Targeting the BACE1 Active Site Flap Leads to a Potent Inhibitor That Elicits
      Robust Brain Abeta Reduction in Rodents.
AB  - By targeting the flap backbone of the BACE1 active site, we discovered 6
      dimethylisoxazole-substituted biaryl aminothiazine 18 with 34-fold improved BACE1
      inhibitory activity over the lead compound 1. The cocrystal structure of 18 bound
      to the active site indicated two hydrogen-bond interactions between the
      dimethylisoxazole and threonine 72 and glutamine 73 of the flap. Incorporation of
      the dimethylisoxazole substitution onto the related aminothiazine carboxamide
      series led to pyrazine-carboxamide 26 as a very potent BACE1 inhibitor (IC50 < 1
      nM). This compound demonstrated robust brain Abeta reduction in rat dose-response
      studies. Thus, compound 26 may be useful in testing the amyloid hypothesis of
      Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 26985316
TI  - Identification and Preclinical Pharmacology of BMS-986104: A Differentiated S1P1
      Receptor Modulator in Clinical Trials.
AB  - Clinical validation of S1P receptor modulation therapy was achieved with the
      approval of fingolimod (Gilenya, 1) as the first oral therapy for relapsing
      remitting multiple sclerosis. However, 1 causes a dose-dependent reduction in the
      heart rate (bradycardia), which occurs within hours after first dose. We disclose
      the identification of clinical compound BMS-986104 (3d), a novel S1P1 receptor
      modulator, which demonstrates ligand-biased signaling and differentiates from 1
      in terms of cardiovascular and pulmonary safety based on preclinical pharmacology
      while showing equivalent efficacy in a T-cell transfer colitis model. 

PMID- 26985317
TI  - Discovery and Preclinical Evaluation of BMS-955829, a Potent Positive Allosteric
      Modulator of mGluR5.
AB  - Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the metabotropic glutamate receptor
      subtype 5 (mGluR5) are of interest due to their potential therapeutic utility in
      schizophrenia and other cognitive disorders. Herein we describe the discovery and
      optimization of a novel oxazolidinone-based chemotype to identify BMS-955829 (4),
      a compound with high functional PAM potency, excellent mGluR5 binding affinity,
      low glutamate fold shift, and high selectivity for the mGluR5 subtype. The low
      fold shift and absence of agonist activity proved critical in the identification
      of a molecule with an acceptable preclinical safety profile. Despite its low fold
      shift, 4 retained efficacy in set shifting and novel object recognition models in
      rodents. 

PMID- 26985318
TI  - Identification of a Small Molecule Cyclophilin D Inhibitor for Rescuing Abeta
      Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
AB  - Cyclophilin D (CypD), a peptidylprolyl isomerase F (PPIase), plays a central role
      in opening the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore leading to
      cell death. CypD resides in the mitochondrial matrix, associates with the inner
      mitochondrial membrane, interacts with amyloid beta to exacerbate mitochondrial
      and neuronal stress and has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report
      the biological activity of a small-molecule CypD inhibitor (C-9), which binds
      strongly to CypD and attenuates mitochondrial and cellular perturbation insulted
      by Abeta and calcium stress. Binding affinities for C-9 were determined using in
      vitro surface plasmon resonance. This compound antagonized calcium-mediated
      mitochondrial swelling, abolished Abeta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as
      shown by increased cytochrome c oxidase activity and adenosine-5'-triphosphate
      levels, and inhibited CypD PPIase enzymatic activity by real-time fluorescence
      capture assay using Hamamatsu FDSS 7000. Compound C-9 seems a good candidate for
      further investigation as an AD drug. 

PMID- 26985319
TI  - Potent and Selective CK2 Kinase Inhibitors with Effects on Wnt Pathway Signaling
      in Vivo.
AB  - The Wnt pathway is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated signaling
      network with important roles in embryonic development and adult tissue
      regeneration. Impaired Wnt pathway regulation, arising from mutations in Wnt
      signaling components, such as Axin, APC, and beta-catenin, results in
      uncontrolled cell growth and triggers oncogenesis. To explore the reported link
      between CK2 kinase activity and Wnt pathway signaling, we sought to identify a
      potent, selective inhibitor of CK2 suitable for proof of concept studies in vivo.
      Starting from a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine lead (2), we identified compound 7h, a
      potent CK2 inhibitor with picomolar affinity that is highly selectivity against
      other kinase family enzymes and inhibits Wnt pathway signaling (IC50 = 50 nM) in
      DLD-1 cells. In addition, compound 7h has physicochemical properties that are
      suitable for formulation as an intravenous solution, has demonstrated good
      pharmacokinetics in preclinical species, and exhibits a high level of activity as
      a monotherapy in HCT-116 and SW-620 xenografts. 

PMID- 26985321
TI  - Optimization of Novel Aza-benzimidazolone mGluR2 PAMs with Respect to LLE and PK
      Properties and Mitigation of CYP TDI.
AB  - Investigation of a novel amino-aza-benzimidazolone structural class of positive
      allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2)
      identified [2.2.2]-bicyclic amine 12 as an intriguing lead structure due to its
      promising physicochemical properties and lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE).
      Further optimization led to chiral amide 18, which exhibited strong in vitro
      activity and attractive pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Hypothesis-driven target
      design identified compound 21 as a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable
      mGluR2 PAM, which addressed a CYP time-dependent inhibition (TDI) liability of
      18, while maintaining excellent drug-like properties with robust in vivo activity
      in a clinically validated model of antipsychotic potential. 

PMID- 26985322
TI  - Electrophilic Oxidation and [1,2]-Rearrangement of the Biindole Core of
      Birinapant.
AB  - Birinapant/TL32711 (1) is a bivalent antagonist of the inhibitor of apoptosis
      (IAP) family of proteins and was designed to mimic AVPI, the N-terminal
      tetrapeptide of the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases
      (Smac/DIABLO). Birinapant bound to the BIR3 domains of cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP
      with K i values of 1, 36, and 45 nM, respectively. Birinapant-mediated activation
      of cIAP1 resulted in cIAP1 autoubiquitylation and degradation and correlated with
      inhibition of TNF-mediated NF-kappaB activation, induction of tumor cell death in
      vitro, and tumor regression in vivo. Birinapant is being evaluated in Phase 1/2
      trials for the treatment of cancer and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. After
      one year at accelerated storage conditions, a formulation of 1 afforded four
      degradants in >0.1% abundance by HPLC analysis. The primary degradants (2 and 3)
      were formed via oxidation of the biindole core, while the secondary degradants (5
      and 6) arose via [1,2]-rearrangement of 3 and 2, respectively. Forced degradation
      conditions were developed, which allowed the isolation of 2 and 3 in multigram
      quantities. Novel deuterated analogues of 1 were prepared to determine the site
      of oxidation, and NMR experiments confirmed the chemical structures of 5 and 6.
      The de novo synthesis of 2, 3, 5, and 6 confirmed these experimental findings. 

PMID- 26985320
TI  - Discovery of G Protein-Biased EP2 Receptor Agonists.
AB  - To identify G protein-biased and highly subtype-selective EP2 receptor agonists,
      a series of bicyclic prostaglandin analogues were designed and synthesized.
      Structural hybridization of EP2/4 dual agonist 5 and prostacyclin analogue 6,
      followed by simplification of the omega chain enabled us to discover novel EP2
      agonists with a unique prostacyclin-like scaffold. Further optimization of the
      omega chain was performed to improve EP2 agonist activity and subtype
      selectivity. Phenoxy derivative 18a showed potent agonist activity and excellent
      subtype selectivity. Furthermore, a series of compounds were identified as G
      protein-biased EP2 receptor agonists. These are the first examples of biased
      ligands of prostanoid receptors. 

PMID- 26985324
TI  - Small-Molecule CD4-Mimics: Structure-Based Optimization of HIV-1 Entry
      Inhibition.
AB  - The optimization, based on computational, thermodynamic, and crystallographic
      data, of a series of small-molecule ligands of the Phe43 cavity of the envelope
      glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been achieved.
      Importantly, biological evaluation revealed that the small-molecule CD4 mimics (4
      7) inhibit HIV-1 entry into target cells with both significantly higher potency
      and neutralization breadth than previous congeners, while maintaining high
      selectivity for the target virus. Their binding mode was characterized via
      thermodynamic and crystallographic studies. 

PMID- 26985325
TI  - Discovery of 3-Substituted 1H-Indole-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as a Novel
      Class of CysLT1 Selective Antagonists.
AB  - The indole derivative, 3-((E)-3-((3-((E)-2-(7-chloroquinolin
      2yl)vinyl)phenyl)amino)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-7-methoxy-1H-indole-2-carboxylic
      acid (17k), was identified as a novel and highly potent and selective CysLT1
      antagonist with IC50 values of 0.0059 +/- 0.0011 and 15 +/- 4 MUM for CysLT1 and
      CysLT2, respectively. 

PMID- 26985323
TI  - Discovery of Novel 3,3-Disubstituted Piperidines as Orally Bioavailable, Potent,
      and Efficacious HDM2-p53 Inhibitors.
AB  - A new subseries of substituted piperidines as p53-HDM2 inhibitors exemplified by
      21 has been developed from the initial lead 1. Research focused on optimization
      of a crucial HDM2 Trp23-ligand interaction led to the identification of 2
      (trifluoromethyl)thiophene as the preferred moiety. Further investigation of the
      Leu26 pocket resulted in potent, novel substituted piperidine inhibitors of the
      HDM2-p53 interaction that demonstrated tumor regression in several human cancer
      xenograft models in mice. The structure of HDM2 in complex with inhibitors 3, 10,
      and 21 is described. 

PMID- 26985327
TI  - Overview of techniques applicable to self-interference incoherent digital
      holography.
AB  - Self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH) retrieves the complex
      hologram from the object illuminated by the incoherent light. Supported by the
      adaptive optic feature, SIDH is readily applicable to the ocular imaging to
      investigate the human retinal cells. Considering the practical issues, issues
      related to resolution, phase-shifting, and contrast should be addressed to
      implement the viable SIDH system which is capable of recording the holographic
      information of human retinal cells under the incoherent illumination. Super
      resolution image reconstruction technique can be directly applied to SIDH to
      enhance the resolution of the system without any change of configuration. We
      present the improved way to incorporate the phase-shifting itself into the
      lateral shift required by the super resolution technique. To deal with the phase
      shifting issue, we present an arbitrary phase shift retrieval algorithm which can
      reduce the number of phase-shift and accept the blind phase-shift. The single
      shot imaging is also possible by adopting the off-axis configuration of SIDH. We
      will provide the detailed procedures to retrieve the complex hologram using the
      proposed arbitrary phase shifting algorithm and the off-axis configuration.

PMID- 26985326
TI  - Detecting Depression Severity from Vocal Prosody.
AB  - To investigate the relation between vocal prosody and change in depression
      severity over time, 57 participants from a clinical trial for treatment of
      depression were evaluated at seven-week intervals using a semi-structured
      clinical interview for depression severity (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression:
      HRSD). All participants met criteria for Major Depressive Disorder at week 1.
      Using both perceptual judgments by naive listeners and quantitative analyses of
      vocal timing and fundamental frequency, three hypotheses were tested: 1) Naive
      listeners can perceive the severity of depression from vocal recordings of
      depressed participants and interviewers. 2) Quantitative features of vocal
      prosody in depressed participants reveal change in symptom severity over the
      course of depression. And 3) Interpersonal effects occur as well; such that vocal
      prosody in interviewers shows corresponding effects. These hypotheses were
      strongly supported. Together, participants' and interviewers' vocal prosody
      accounted for about 60% of variation in depression scores, and detected ordinal
      range of depression severity (low, mild, and moderate-to-severe) in 69% of cases
      (kappa = 0.53). These findings suggest that analysis of vocal prosody could be a
      powerful tool to assist in depression screening and monitoring over the course of
      depressive disorder and recovery.

PMID- 26985328
TI  - An Update on Ovarian Aging and Ovarian Reserve Tests.
AB  - Ovaries are the female organs that age more quickly than other tissues such as
      the uterus, the pituitary gland or pancreas. Different from males, an interesting
      question is why and how the females lose fertility so rapidly. During the aging
      process, both the number and quality of the oocytes in the ovaries decrease and
      reach to a point beyond that no more viable offspring may be produced and the
      associated cyclic endocrinological activities cease, entering the menopause in
      females at an average age of 50 years. Females who delayed childbearing with or
      without their willing until their 30 years or 40 years constitute the largest
      portion of the total infertility population. Ovarian reserve tests (ORTs) provide
      an indirect estimate of a female's diminishing ovarian reserve or remaining
      follicular pool. This article briefly reviews recent progresses in relation to
      ovarian aging and ORTs. 

PMID- 26985330
TI  - Epidemiology of Uterine Myomas: A Review.
AB  - Myomas are the most common benign tumors of the genital organs in women of
      childbearing age, causing significant morbidity and impairing their quality of
      life. In our investigation, we have reviewed the epidemiological data related to
      the development of myomas in order to homogenize the current data. Therefore, a
      MEDLINE and PubMed search, for the years 1990-2013, was conducted using a
      combination of keywords, such as "myoma," "leiomyoma," "fibroids," "myomectomy,"
      "lifestyle," "cigarette," "alcohol," "vitamins," "diet," and "hysterectomy".
      Randomized controlled studies were selected based upon the authors' estimation.
      Peer-reviewed articles examining myomas were sorted by their relevance and
      included in this research. Additional articles were also identified from the
      references of the retrieved papers and included according to authors' estimation.
      Many epidemiologic factors are linked to the development of myomas; however, many
      are not yet fully understood. These factors include age, race, heritage,
      reproductive factors, sex hormones, obesity, lifestyle (diet, caffeine and
      alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and stress), environmental and
      other influences, such as hypertension and infection. Some of the epidemiological
      data is conflicting. Thus, more research is needed to understand all the risk
      factors that contribute to myoma formation and how they exactly influence their
      onset and growth. 

PMID- 26985331
TI  - A Preliminary Report of A Low-Dose Step-Up Regimen of Recombinant Human FSH for
      Young Women Undergoing Ovulation Induction with IUI.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a
      recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (r-FSH) low-dose step-up regimen
      for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in patients undergoing ovulation
      induction (OI) with intrauterine insemination (IUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Far Eastern
      Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan. In this prospective, observational study,
      consecutive infertile women (20-35 years) with regular menstrual cycles and a
      normal baseline FSH level were prospectively enrolled between January 2010 and
      September 2010. A starting dose of 112.5 IU/day r-FSH was administered on day 3
      and increased by 37.5 IU/day every 2 days until a follicle >=11 mm in diameter
      was present. Recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (r-hCG) was administered
      when a follicle >=18 mm was noted. Monifollicular development was defined as only
      one follicle with a diameter >=16 mm. Clinical pregnancy was defined as a
      pregnancy diagnosed by ultrasonographic visualization of one or more gestational
      sacs. RESULTS: A total of 29 women and 30 cycles were included. The mean daily
      dose of r-FSH to achieve a follicle of >=11 mm in diameter was 131.3 +/- 23.6 IU
      and the mean total dose was 1030.0 +/- 383.2 IU. Approximately 41% of the cycles
      were monofollicular. Clinical pregnancy was observed in 9 (30.0%) cycles, and a
      fetal heart beat was observed in 7 (23.3%). There were no multiple pregnancies.
      Mild ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, which was resolved with conservative
      management, was observed in 3 (10.0%) cycles. CONCLUSION: This r-FSH low-dose
      step-up regimen seems to be a feasible and practical method for OI in younger
      infertile women undergoing IUI.

PMID- 26985333
TI  - Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Reactivity in Infertile Women: The Contribution of
      The Dyadic Functioning and Clinical Variables.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infertility is a factor which has been linked to higher prevalence of
      sexual dysfunctions in women; however, ambiguous results have been reported about
      the impact of infertility on women's sexual satisfaction. The purpose of this
      study was to compare sexual and dyadic functioning in infertile and fertile
      women. Furthermore, the associations between sexual variables and clinical
      variables (depressive symptoms, period trying to conceive, and treatment period)
      were assessed in infertile women sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross
      sectional study involved 50 women with the history of infertility and 50 fertile
      women recruited from the general population. The Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS),
      Mell-Krat Scale (women's version), Family Assessment Measure (FAM-III), and Beck
      Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to all participants. RESULTS:
      Infertile women reported lower sexual satisfaction and more maladaptive patterns
      of dyadic functioning in comparison to the control group. As many as 45 (90%) of
      infertile women, compared to 13 (26%) of the control group, reported the scores
      on the Mell-Krat Scale indicative of the presence of dysfunctions in sexual
      reactivity (P<=0.001). Infertile women reported significantly higher levels of
      depressive symptoms than the women from the control group (P<=0.001). Negative
      correlations were observed between sexual satisfaction and dyadic functioning in
      both groups (P<=0.05); however, the patterns of these associations were different
      in infertile and fertile women. For example, negative correlations were found
      between satisfaction with control and task accomplishment, role performance,
      affective involvement, and values and norms in infertile women. However, these
      relationships were not observed in the control group. No correlations were
      revealed between sexual reactivity and dyadic functioning in infertile women and
      the control group. Negative correlations were observed between satisfaction with
      control and relationship duration and treatment period as well as between sexual
      reactivity and period of trying to conceive. Multiple regression analyses also
      revealed different predictors of sexual satisfaction in both groups: affective
      involvement (P<=0.05) and relationship duration (P<=0.05) in infertile women,
      whereas communication (P<=0.05), affective expression (P<=0.05) and depressive
      symptoms (P<=0.05) in the control group. CONCLUSION: Infertility is an important
      factor affecting sexual and dyadic functioning and is linked to higher depressive
      symptoms in infertile women.

PMID- 26985329
TI  - Oxidative Stress during Ovarian Torsion in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients:
      Changing The Perspective of The Disease.
AB  - Among the different causes of gynecological acute pelvic pain, ovarian torsion
      represents a surgical emergency. It is a rare case in the pediatric/adolescent
      aged group that must be included in the differential diagnosis of any girl with
      abdominal pain or pelvic/abdominal mass. Current recommendations suggest that
      laparoscopic detorsion should be performed in order to preserve the integrity of
      the ovaries and fertility, although oophoropexy may be considered in case of
      severe necrosis. Nevertheless, maintaining the circulation of the ovary after
      detorsion deteriorates the tissue injury and leads to a pathologic process called
      ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is characterized by oxidative stress.
      During the detorsion process, an excess amount of molecular oxygen is supplied to
      the tissues, and reactive species of oxygen (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O2
      (-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH*), as well as reactive
      nitrogen species (RNS) are produced in excess. ROS, RNS and their toxic products
      cause DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in the cellular and mitochondrial
      membranes, leading to cell death. In spite of attention on this topic, currently
      there is no shared and clear evidence about the use of anti-inflammatory and
      antioxidant agents to prevent I/R damage after laparoscopic ovarian detorsion.
      Considering this element, future research should aim to develop shared protocols
      for the clinical use (route of application, dosage and time of application) of
      antioxidants after laparoscopic management of this condition. 

PMID- 26985332
TI  - Effect of In Vitro Maturation Technique and Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on
      Oocyte Maturation Rate: Focus on Oxidative Status of Oocytes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Therapeutic potential of in vitro maturation (IVM) in infertility is
      growing with great promise. Although significant progress is obtained in recent
      years, existing IVM protocols are far from favorable results. The first aim of
      this study was to investigate whether two step IVM manner change reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) and total anti- oxidant capacity (TAC) levels. The second aim was
      to find the effect of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on oocyte
      maturation rate and on ROS/TAC levels during IVM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      experimental study, mouse germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes divided into cumulus
      denuded oocytes (DOs) and cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) groups. GVs were
      matured in vitro in the presence or absence of ALA only for 18 hours (control) or
      with pre-culture of forskolin plus cilostamide for an additional 18 hours.
      Matured oocytes obtained following 18 and 36 hours based on experimental design.
      In parallel, the ROS and TAC levels were measured at different time (0, 18 and 36
      hours) by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) probe and ferric
      reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. RESULTS: Maturation rate
      of COCs was significantly higher than DOs in control group (P<0.05), while there
      was no significant difference between COCs and DOs when were pre-cultured with
      forskolin plus cilostamide. ROS and TAC levels was increased and decreased
      respectively in DOs after 18 hours while in COCs did not change at 18 hours and
      showed a significant increase and decrease respectively at 36 hours (P<0.05). ROS
      and TAC levels in the presence of ALA were significantly decreased and increased
      respectively after 36 hours (P<0.05) whereas, maturation rates of COCs and DOs
      were similar to their corresponding control groups. CONCLUSION: ALA decreased ROS
      and increased TAC but could not affect maturation rate of both COCs and DOs in
      one or two step IVM manner.

PMID- 26985334
TI  - Menstrual Pattern following Tubal Ligation: A Historical Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tubal ligation (TL) is recommended for women who have completed their
      family planning. The existence of the menstrual disorders following this
      procedure has been the subject of debate for decades. This study was conducted to
      identify the relationship between tubal ligation and menstrual disorders.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A historical cohort study was carried out on 140 women
      undergoing tubal ligation (TL group) and on 140 women using condom as the main
      contraceptive method (Non-TL group). They aged between 20 and 40 years and were
      selected from a health care center in Rudsar, Guilan Province, Iran, during 2013
      2014. The two groups were comparable in demographic characteristics, obstetrical
      features and menstrual bleeding pattern using a routine questionnaire. A
      validated pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) was also used to measure
      the menstrual blood loss. RESULTS: Women with TL had more menstrual irregularity
      than those without TL (24.3 vs. 10%, P=0.002). Women with TL had more
      polymenorrhea (9.3 vs. 1.4%, P=0.006), hypermenorrhea (12.1 vs. 2.1%, P=0.002),
      menorrhagia (62.9 vs. 22.1%, P<0.0001) and menometrorrhagia (15.7 vs. 3.6%,
      P=0.001) than those without TL. There is a significant difference in the PBLAC
      score between women with and without TL (P<0.0001). According to logistic
      regression, age odds ratio [(OR=1.08, con- fidence interval (CI):1.07-1.17,
      P=0.03)], TL (OR=5.95, CI:3.45-10.26, P<0.0001) and cesarean section (OR=2.72,
      CI:1.49-4.97, P=0.001) were significantly associated with menorrhagia.
      CONCLUSION: We found significant differences in menstrual disorders between women
      with and without TL. Therefore, women should be informed by the health providers
      regarding the advantages and disadvantages of TL before the procedures.

PMID- 26985335
TI  - Performance of Circulating Placental Growth Factor as A Screening Marker for
      Diagnosis of Ovarian Endometriosis: A Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare the circulating placental growth
      factor (PlGF) concentration in women with and without endometrioma to verify the
      performance of this marker to diagnose the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In
      this case-control study, thirteen women with histological diagnosis of ovarian
      endometriosis were compared with women without endometriosis disease. PlGF plasma
      levels of endometriotic patients and controls were investigated using a
      fluorescence immunoassay technique. RESULTS: PlGF showed a direct correlation
      with body mass index (BMI) only in the control group (P=0.013). After adjustment
      for BMI values, PlGF median value in endometriosis group (14.7 pg/mL) resulted
      higher than in control group (13.8 pg/ mL, P=0.004). CONCLUSION: PlGF is a
      promising peripheral blood marker that can discriminate between patients with and
      without ovarian endometriosis.

PMID- 26985336
TI  - Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in polycystic ovary
      syndrome (PCOS) has been studied in different populations, but their results were
      so controversial regarding Iranian women. These controversial data indicated the
      need for more investigation of MetS characteristics in PCOS patients in our
      population. So this study aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory
      characteristics and metabolic features of patients with PCOS in Rasht. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This prospective cross sectional study was conducted on 215 PCOS
      women who lived in Rasht, north of Iran, from March 2010 to July 2012. The
      participants were then divided into two groups of women with MetS (n=62) and
      women without MetS (n=153). The diagnosis of PCOS and MetS were based on the
      Rotterdam 2003 criteria and the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria,
      respectively. Demographic characteristics, fertility characteristics, family
      history and laboratory findings were assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS in
      women with PCOS was 28.8%. In PCOS women of both groups, the waist circumference
      (WC) exceeded 88cm in 72.6%, hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >=130/85mm Hg] was prevalent in 9.3%, fasting
      blood sugar (FBS) level was >=110 mg/dl in 6%, triglycerides (Tg) level were
      >=150 mg/dl in 47%, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was <50 mg/dl in
      86%. The values of WC, SBP, DBP, body mass index (BMI), ovarian size, Tg,
      cholesterol, FBS, 2-hour blood sugar, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly greater in PCOS women with MetS
      than women without MetS. Also HDL and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in women
      with MetS were significantly lower than women without MetS. CONCLUSION:
      Prevalence of MetS in PCOS women was 28.8%, indicating that this value is higher
      than other studies conducted on PCOS women in Iran and other studies conducted on
      general population in Iran. PCOS women are considered as a high-risk population
      for MetS. The special strategies are required to prevent MetS and its associated
      complications in PCOS women.

PMID- 26985337
TI  - Comparison of Pregnancy Outcome between Ultrasound- Guided Tubal Recanalization
      and Office-Based Microhysteroscopic Ostial Dilatation in Patients with Proximal
      Blocked Tubes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current research to the best of my knowledge is the first to
      compare the pregnancy outcome between ultrasound-guided tubal recanalization
      (UGTR) using a special fallopian tubal catheter, and office-based
      micrhysteroscopic ostial dilatation (MHOD) using the same tubal catherter in
      infertile women with previously diagnosed bilateral proximal tubal obstruction
      (PTO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study reported the pregnancy
      outcomes for 200 women in private infertility care center in Arafa hospital in
      Fayoum and in El Minya University Hospital in the period between January 2010 and
      October 2013 treated as outpatients for their bilateral PTO after the routine
      hysterosalpingography (HSG). A Cook's catheter, special fallopian tubal catheter,
      were used to recanalize the blocked tubes in 100 women (group A) under UGTR, and
      the same Cook's tubal catheter was used through 2mm microhysteroscope to
      cannulate both ostia using MHOD in another 100 women (group B). Pregnancy outcome
      was determined after the procedures for a 12-month period follow-up. RESULTS: The
      number of the recanalization of PTO was not significantly different between two
      groups. As of the 200 blocked fallopian tubes in group A, 140 tubes (70%) were
      successfully recanalized by passing the ultrasound-guided special cannula, while
      150 tubes (75%) were successfully recanalized in group B, using the same tubal
      catheter through a 2mm microhysteroscope. The cumulative pregnancy rate after the
      two procedures was not statistically different between two groups. It was 25.9%
      in group A, while it was 26.3% in group B, after a 12-month period follow-up.
      CONCLUSION: UGTR is highly recommended as the first step to manage infertile
      women due to PTO, as it is easier procedure; however, there is possible to obtain
      nearly similar results after MHOD.

PMID- 26985338
TI  - Correlation of Serum CA-125 and Progesterone Levels with Ultrasound Markers in
      The Prediction of Pregnancy Outcome in Threatened Miscarriage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between
      ultrasonographic findings and serum progesterone and cancer antigen-125 (CA-125)
      levels in threatened miscarriage and to predict pregnancy outcome. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In a prospective comparative case-control study, serum CA-125 and
      progesterone levels were measured for 100 pregnant women with threatened
      miscarriage who attended the outpatient clinic or the causality department of
      Obstetrics and Gynecology at Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Giza, Egypt, during the
      period from March 2013 to October 2013. Ultrasound was performed for fetal
      viability, crown-rump length (CRL), gestational sac diameter (GSD) and fetal
      heart rate (FHR). The patients were followed up and divided into two groups based
      on the outcome: 20 women who miscarried (group 1), and 80 women who continued
      pregnancy (group 2). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value
      (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy were tested for CA
      125 and progesterone levels in prediction of the pregnancy outcome. Correlation
      of these chemical markers with the ultrasound markers was also examined. RESULTS:
      In the group that miscarried, CA-125 level was significantly higher (P<0.001) and
      serum progesterone level was significantly lower (P<0.001). For prediction of the
      outcome of pregnancy, the cut-off limit of 31.2 IU/ml for CA-125 level yielded
      sensitivity, specificity and an overall accuracy of 96.2, 100 and 99.4%
      respectively. The cut-off limit of 11.5 ng/ml for progesterone level yielded
      sensitivity, specificity and an overall accuracy of 97.5, 100 and 99.8%
      respectively. CA-125 level had a negative correlation with progesterone level and
      FHR levels (r=-0.716, P<0.001) and (r=-0.414, P<0.001) respectively. Serum
      progesterone level correlated with GSD (r=0.521, P<0.001) and with CRL (r=0.407,
      P<0.001) and FHR (r=0.363, P<0.001). CA-125 level was significantly higher in the
      group that showed hematoma as compared with the group without hematoma (P<0.001).
      Also, serum progesterone level was significantly lower in the group that showed
      hematoma as compared with the group without hematoma (P=0.017). CONCLUSION: Serum
      CA-125 and progesterone levels are valid early predictors of the outcome of
      pregnancy in women with threatened miscarriage. They are correlated with some
      ultrasonographic markers (GSD, CRL, and FHR).

PMID- 26985339
TI  - Comparison of Toxicity of CdSe: ZnS Quantum Dots on Male Reproductive System in
      Different Stages of Development in Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Quantum dots (QDs) are new types of fluorescent materials for
      biological labeling. QDs toxicity study is an essential requirement for future
      clinical applications. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate cytotoxic effects
      of CdSe: ZnS QDs on male reproductive system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      experimental study, the different concentrations of CdSe: ZnS QDs (10, 20 and 40
      mg/kg) were injected to 32 male mice (adult group) and 24 pregnant mice (embryo
      group) on day 8 of gestation. The histological changes of testis and epididymis
      were studied by a light microscopy, and the number of seminiferous tubules
      between two groups was compared. One-way analysis of variance (one-way Anova)
      using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, SPSS Inc., USA)
      version 16 were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In adult group,
      histological studies of testis tissues showed a high toxicity of CdSe: ZnS in 40
      mg/kg dose followed by a decrease in lamina propria; destruction in interstitial
      tissue; deformation of seminiferous tubules; and a reduction in number of
      spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. However, there was an interesting
      result in fetal testis development, meaning there was no significant effect on
      morphology and structure of the seminiferous tubules and number of sperm stem
      cells. Also histological study of epididymis tissues in both groups (adult and
      embryo groups) showed no significant effect on morphology and structure of tubule
      and epithelial cells, but there was a considerable reduction in number of
      spermatozoa in the lumen of the epididymal duct in 40 mg/kg dose of adult group.
      CONCLUSION: The toxicity of QDs on testicular tissue of the mice embryo and adult
      are different before and after puberty. Due to lack of research in this field,
      this study can be an introduction to evaluate the toxicity of QDs on male
      reproduction system in different stages of development.

PMID- 26985340
TI  - Effects of Adding Sodium Nitroprusside to Semen Diluents on Motility, Viability
      and Lipid Peroxidation of Sperm in Holstein Bulls.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) that plays important role in all sexual activities
      of animals is made from the amino acid L-arginine by the enzymatic action of NO
      synthase (NOS). NO makes a band with sulfur-iron complexes, but due to production
      of steroid sexual hormones related to the enzymes involved in this complex, NO
      can change the activity of these enzymes. NO affects many cells including vein
      endothelial cells, macrophages and mast cells. These cells are also found in
      Leydig cells; therefore, they are important source of NO in testis tissue.
      Therefore, minimizing damages to sperm at the time of freezing thawing process
      are really important. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate NO
      concentration to be added to the freezing extender to improve the quality of
      thawed sperm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental randomized study,
      sperms of four Holstein bulls with an average age of 4 were collected twice a
      week for 3 weeks. They received sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in concentrations of
      0, 10, 50 and 100 nmol/ml. Data analysis was performed using the special issue
      and static (SAS) 98 software. Also, mean comparison was done using Duncan's
      multiple ranges test (P<0.05).This research was conducted at the laboratory of
      Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran at spring and summer
      of 2013. RESULTS: All concentrations of SNP used was found to increase motility
      and viability of spermatozoa at 1, 2 and 3 hours after thawing, significantly
      (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at zero time. Different
      concentrations of SNP reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation level of sperm and
      increased acrosome membranes integrity, implying that SNP generally improved
      samples membranes, especially in 50 and 100 nmol/ml concentrations. CONCLUSION:
      According to the obtained results, addition of SNP to semen diluents increases
      motility and viability of spermatozoa. Also, it reduces membrane lipid
      peroxidation level that leads to improved sperm function.

PMID- 26985341
TI  - Accuracy Evaluation of The Depth of Six Kinds of Sperm Counting Chambers for both
      Manual and Computer-Aided Semen Analyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the depth of the counting chamber is an important factor
      influencing sperm counting, no research has yet been reported on the measurement
      and comparison of the depth of the chamber. We measured the exact depths of six
      kinds of sperm counting chambers and evaluated their accuracy. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In this prospective study, the depths of six kinds of sperm counting
      chambers for both manual and computer-aided semen analyses, including Makler
      (n=24), Macro (n=32), Geoffrey (n=34), GoldCyto (n=20), Leja (n=20) and Cell-VU
      (n=20), were measured with the Filmetrics F20 Spectral Reflectance Thin-Film
      Measurement System, then the mean depth, the range and the coefficient of
      variation (CV) of each chamber, and the mean depth, relative deviation and
      acceptability of each kind of chamber were calculated by the closeness to the
      nominal value. Among the 24 Makler chambers, 5 were new and 19 were used, and the
      other five kinds were all new chambers. RESULTS: The depths (mean +/- SD, MUm) of
      Makler (new), Macro and Geoffrey chambers were 11.07 +/- 0.41, 10.19 +/- 0.48 and
      10.00 +/- 0.28, respectively, while those of GoldCyto, Leja and Cell-VU chambers
      were 23.76 +/- 2.15, 20.49 +/- 0.22 and 24.22 +/- 2.58, respectively. The
      acceptability of Geoffrey chambers was the highest (94.12%), followed by Macro
      (65.63%), Leja (35%) and Makler (20%), while that of the other two kinds and the
      used Makler chamber was zero. CONCLUSION: There existed some difference between
      the actual depth and the corresponding nominal value for sperm counting chambers,
      and the overall acceptability was very low. Moreover, the abrasion caused by the
      long use, as of Makler chamber, for example, may result in unacceptability of the
      chamber. In order to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of sperm concentration
      results, the depth of the sperm counting chamber must be checked regularly.

PMID- 26985342
TI  - Reducing Inter-Laboratory Differences between Semen Analyses Using Z Score and
      Regression Transformations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Standardization of the semen analysis may improve reproducibility. We
      assessed variability between laboratories in semen analyses and evaluated whether
      a transformation using Z scores and regression statistics was able to reduce this
      variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study. We
      calculated between-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVB) for sperm
      concentration and for morphology. Subsequently, we standardized the semen
      analysis results by calculating laboratory specific Z scores, and by using
      regression. We used analysis of variance for four semen parameters to assess
      systematic differences between laboratories before and after the transformations,
      both in the circulation samples and in the samples obtained in the prospective
      cohort study in the Netherlands between January 2002 and February 2004. RESULTS:
      The mean CVBwas 7% for sperm concentration (range 3 to 13%) and 32% for sperm
      morphology (range 18 to 51%). The differences between the laboratories were
      statistically significant for all semen parameters (all P<0.001). Standardization
      using Z scores did not reduce the differences in semen analysis results between
      the laboratories (all P<0.001). CONCLUSION: There exists large between-laboratory
      variability for sperm morphology and small, but statistically significant,
      between-laboratory variation for sperm concentration. Standardization using Z
      scores does not eliminate between-laboratory variability.

PMID- 26985343
TI  - Protective Effects of Thymoquinone against Methotrexate-Induced Germ Cell
      Apoptosis in Male Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toxic effects of anti-cancer and other drugs on the normal tissues
      could be reduced by the herbal plants and their fractions. This study
      investigated the protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ) as a fraction of Nigella
      sativa on methotrexate (MTX)- induced germ cell apoptosis in male mice. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: In this experimental study, thirty male Balb/c mice were divided
      randomly into 5 groups (n=6). A single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) and different
      concentrations of TQ were administrated for 4 consecutive days. Terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed
      on paraffin embedded tissue sections to analysis the occurrence of apoptosis in
      the testis. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of apoptosis
      related genes was performed with RNA extracted from testes of the mice.
      Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: In the MTX group,
      there was a significant increase in morphologic sign of germ cell degeneration of
      tubules (48 +/- 0.6%), apoptotic index (AI; 2.3 +/- 0.6%), as well as mRNA
      expression of p53 (P=0.008), caspase 8 (P=0.002), caspase 3 (P=0.005), caspase 9
      (P=0.000), bax (P=0.004) and the ratio of bax/bcl-2 (P=0.000), whereas there was
      an decrease in the expression of bcl-2 (P=0.003), as compared to control group.
      In MTX+TQ groups, the data showed that different concentrations of TQ could
      improve the harmful effects caused by the MTX. The best protective effects were
      achieved in MTX+TQ (10 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: TQ protects testicular germ cell
      against MTX-induced apoptosis by affecting related genes regulation.

PMID- 26985345
TI  - Prenatal Caffeine Exposure Impairs Pregnancy in Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In recent years, concerns have been raised about human reproductive
      disorders. Caffeine consumption is increasing by the world's population and there
      is a relationship between caffeine intake and adverse reproductive outcomes. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on implantation sites,
      number of live births, birth weight, crown-rump length (CRL) and abnormality in
      pregnant rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, 40 female
      albino rats (170-190 g) were randomly divided into two experimental and two
      control groups (n=10/each group). In both experimental groups, animals received
      caffeine intraperitoneally (IP: 150 mg/kg/day) on days 1-5 of pregnancy. In
      experimental group 1, treated animals were euthanized on day 7of pregnancy and
      the number of implantation sites was counted. In experimental group 2, treated
      animals maintained pregnant and after delivery, the number of live births, birth
      weight, CRL and abnormality of neonates were investigated. In control group,
      animals received IP injections of distilled water. Data were analyzed by
      independent t test. RESULTS: Results showed that administration of caffeine
      significantly decreased the number of implantation sites, number of live births
      and CRL as compared with control group (P<0.05). There were no significant
      differences regarding birth weight and abnormality of neonate rats between
      experimental and control groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that caffeine
      caused anti-fertility effect and significantly decreased CRL in neonate rats.

PMID- 26985344
TI  - Protection against Cyclosporine-Induced Reprotoxicity by Satureja khuzestanica
      Essential Oil in Male Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effects of cyclosporine (Cs), a fungal cyclic polypeptide with
      potent immunosuppressive activity, on fertility have assumed greater significance
      with the increasing numbers of transplantations being performed all over the
      world. Current study was undertaken to investigate the potential of Satureja
      khuzestanica Essential Oil (SEO) as an antioxidant to mitigate Cs-induced
      reprotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study (April-July
      2012), thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8
      animals each. Two groups of rats were administered Cs [40 mg/kg/day, per oral
      (p.o.)] for 45 days. One of these groups received SEO (225 mg/kg/day, p.o.) four
      hours after Cs administration. A vehicle-treated control group and a SEO control
      group were also included. Epididymal sperm characteristics, in vitro fertilizing
      capacity as well as embryo development were evaluated. For statistical analysis,
      one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were used, and the value of P<0.05 was
      considered as the criterion for statistical significance. RESULTS: Sperm count
      and viability along with fertilization and blastocyst development rates were
      significantly decreased by Cs treatment. Moreover, Cs-treated group showed
      significant increases in DNA damage, protamine deficiency of the sperm cells and
      proportion of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplet. Notably, aforementioned
      parameters were improved to near normal level by SEO co-administration.
      CONCLUSION: These results suggest that SEO has a protective action against Cs
      induced reprotoxicity in a rat model.

PMID- 26985346
TI  - The Effect of Prolonged Culture of Chromosomally Abnormal Human Embryos on The
      Rate of Diploid Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A decrease in aneuploidy rate following a prolonged co-culture of
      human blastocysts has been reported. As co-culture is not routinely used in
      assisted reproductive technology, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect
      of the prolonged single culture on the rate of diploid cells in human embryos
      with aneuploidies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cohort study, we used
      fluorescence in situ hybridi- zation (FISH) to reanalyze surplus blastocysts
      undergoing preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) on day 3 postfertilization.
      They were randomly studied on days 6 or 7 following fertilization. RESULTS: Of
      the 30 analyzed blastocysts, mosaicism was observed in 26(86.6%), while 2(6.7%)
      were diploid, and 2(6.7%) were triploid. Of those with mosaicism, 23(88.5%) were
      determined to be diploid-aneuploid and 3(11.5%) were aneuploid mosaic. The total
      frequency of embryos with more than 50% diploid cells was 33.3% that was lower on
      day 7 in comparison with the related value on day 6 (P<0.05); however, there were
      no differences when the embryos were classified according to maternal age,
      blastocyst developmental stage, total cell number on day 3, and embryo quality.
      CONCLUSION: Although mosaicism is frequently observed in blastocysts, the
      prolonged single culture of blastocysts does not seem to increase the rate of
      normal cells.

PMID- 26985349
TI  - Nanofiber Expansion of Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was the ex vivo expansion of Umbilical Cord
      Blood hematopoietic stem cells on biocompatible nanofiber scaffolds. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells were separated from umbilical cord
      blood using MidiMacs (positive selection) system by means of monocolonal antibody
      CD133 (microbeads); subsequently, flowcytometry method was done to assess the
      purity of separated cells. Isolated cells were cultured on plate (2 Dimensional)
      and fibronectin conjugated polyethersulfon nanofiber scaffold, simultaneously (3
      Dimensional). Colony assay test was performed to show colonization ability of
      expanded cells. RESULTS: Cell count analysis revealed that expansion of
      hematopoietic stem cells in 2dimensional (2D) environment was greater than
      3dimensional (3D) condition (p= 0.01). Assessment of stem cell- phenotype after
      expansions was performed by flowcytometric analysis which is showed that the
      maintenance of CD133 marker in expanded cells in 3 dimensional condition were
      higher than expanded cells in 2 dimensional condition (p=0.01). Moreover, colony
      assay test was performed before and after of expansion to show colonization
      ability of expanded cells both in 3D and 2D culture and results revealed more
      ability of 3D culture compared with 2D culture (p= 0.03). CONCLUSION: The results
      of current study confirmed that umbilical cord blood CD133+ haematopoietic stem
      cells are able to expand on fibronectin conjugated polyethersulfon scaffold.
      These findings indicated that 3D is a proper and valuable cell culture system for
      hematopoietic stem cells expansion, compared to 2D in invitro situation.

PMID- 26985348
TI  - Molecular Dissection Using Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Clinical
      Evaluation of An Infertile Male Carrier of An Unbalanced Y;21 Translocation: A
      Case Report and Review of The Literature.
AB  - Chromosomal defects are relatively frequent in infertile men however,
      translocations between the Y chromosome and autosomes are rare and less than 40
      cases of Y-autosome translocation have been reported. In particular, only three
      individuals has been described with a Y;21 translocation, up to now. We report on
      an additional case of an infertile man in whom a Y;21 translocation was
      associated with the deletion of a large part of the Y chromosome long arm.
      Applying various techniques, including conventional cytogenetic procedures,
      fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis and array comparative genomic
      hybridization (array-CGH) studies, we identified a derivative chromosome
      originating from a fragment of the short arm of the chromosome Y translocated on
      the short arm of the 21 chromosome. The Y chromosome structural rearrangement
      resulted in the intactness of the entire short arm, including the sex-determining
      region Y (SRY) and the short stature homeobox (SHOX) loci, although translocated
      on the 21 chromosome, and the loss of a large part of the long arm of the Y
      chromosome, including azoospermia factor-a (AZFa), AZFb, AZFc and Yq
      heterochromatin regions. This is the first case in which a (Yp;21p) translocation
      has been ascertained using an array-CGH approach, thus reporting details of such
      a rearrangement at higher resolution. 

PMID- 26985347
TI  - A Case of Bilateral Testicular Tumors Subsequently Diagnosed as Congenital
      Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.
AB  - 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) caused congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is
      a group of autosomal recessive genetic disorders resulting from mutations in
      genes involved with cortisol (CO) synthesis in the adrenal glands. Testicular
      adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) are rarely the presenting symptoms of CAH. Here, we
      describe a case of simple virilizing CAH with TARTs, in a 15-year-old boy. The
      patient showed physical signs of precocious puberty. The levels of blood
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), urinary 17-ketone steroids (17-KS),
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and serum progesterone (PRGE) were
      elevated, whereas those of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing
      hormone (LH), and CO were reduced. Computed tomography (CT) of the adrenal glands
      and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the testes showed a soft tissue density
      (more pronounced on the right side) and an irregularly swollen mass (more
      pronounced on the left side), respectively. Pathological examination of a
      specimen of the mass indicated polygonal/circular eosinophilic cytoplasm, cord
      like arrangement of interstitial cells, and lipid pigment in the cytoplasm.
      Immunohistochemistry results precluded a diagnosis of Leydig cell tumors. DNA
      sequencing revealed a hackneyed homozygous mutation, I2g, on intron 2 of the
      CYP21A2 gene. The patient's symptoms improved after a three-month of
      dexamethasone therapy. Recent radiographic data showed reduced hyperplastic
      adrenal nodules and testicular tumors. A diagnosis of TART should be considered
      and prioritized in CAH patients with testicular tumors. Replacement therapy using
      a sufficient amount of dexamethasone in this case helps combat TART. 

PMID- 26985350
TI  - Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection in Patients at hematology-oncology ward of Dr.
      Sheikh children's hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infections in critical care unit are high, and they are serious
      hospital problems. Infections acquired during the hospital stay are generally
      called nosocomial infections, initially known as infections arising after 48 h of
      hospital admission. The mostfrequent nosocomial infections (urinary, respiratory,
      gastroenteritis and blood stream infection) were common in patients at
      hospital.The aim was to study, the current status of nosocomial infection, rate
      of infection among hospitalized children at hematology-oncology ward of Dr.
      Sheikh children's hospital, Mashhad, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were
      collected from 200 patient's records presented with symptoms of nosocomial
      infection at hematology-oncology ward of Dr. Sheikh children's hospital from
      March 2014 to September 2014. Descriptive statistics using percentage was
      calculated. RESULTS: Incidence of nosocomial infections inpatients athematology
      oncology ward was 31% (62/200). Of which 69.35% (43/62) blood stream infection
      being the most frequent; followed by 30.64% (19/62) was urinary tract infection
      (UTI), and the most common blood culture isolate was been Staphylococcus
      epidermidis 18 (41.86%), andour study showed that large numbers ofnosocomial UTIs
      causing by Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION: This study showed blood stream
      infection and UTI are the common nosocomial infections among patients
      athematology-oncology ward. Early recognition of infections and short term use of
      invasive devices along with proper infection control procedures can significantly
      decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections in patients.

PMID- 26985351
TI  - ABO and Rh Blood Type Relationship in Parents with more than One Disabled Child.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parental blood variables are one of the most important medical
      biological causes of intellectual and physical-movement disabilities. The purpose
      of this study was to identify the relationship between parents' blood variables
      (ABO and Rh blood type) and their relationship with frequency of intellectual and
      physical-movement disabilities in Isfahan province. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      was a descriptive-analytical study and 494 samples were selected from mothers
      with more than one disabled child and mothers with normal child using simple and
      multistage random methods. The data collection was done through questionnaire.
      Based on Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20), the reliability of questionnaire
      was 0.88. The statistical model in this study was a hierarchical log-linear
      method. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between mother's Rh blood
      and having disabled child (P=0.002). However no significant relationship between
      having disabled children and the following variables was found: the father's Rh
      blood (p=0.2), father and mother's Rh blood together (P=0.5), father blood type
      (P=0.56), mother blood type (P=0.42), and mother and father blood types together
      (P=0.7). CONCLUSION: Maternal and fetal blood incompatibility (motherwith
      negative Rh blood and fetus with positive Rh blood) increased the likelihood of
      being born with disabilities.

PMID- 26985352
TI  - Health Related Quality of Life, Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Patients with
      Beta-Thalassemia Major.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Awareness of factors associated with quality of life (QOL) in
      patients with beta-Thalassemia major (beta-TM) is necessary to develop clinical
      programs in order to improve social support and QOL in beta-TM patients. This
      study aimed to examine QoL, depression, anxiety, and stress in beta-TM patients
      in Ahvaz, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted
      on173 beta-TM patients aged >=12 years (12-18=55, >=19=118). Subjects were
      selected using a census method. Data collection instrument consisted of three
      parts including: demographic questions, SF-36 questionnaire and depression,
      anxiety, and stress scale (DAS-21). RESULTS: The participants obtained a mean
      score of 64.38+/-18.20 for QOL, 6.4+/-5.1 for depression, 4.8+/-3.9 for anxiety,
      and 7.3+/-4.9 for stress. Significant relationship was found between QOL and
      employment (P=0.02) and education level (P<0.001). Patients in the age group of
      12-18 years old had higher mean scores in the majority of QoL dimensions than
      those aged <=19. The mean scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were higher
      in patients aged <=19. No significant correlation was observed between QOL and
      depression, anxiety, stress scores, and other demographic variables. Moreover, a
      significant inverse correlation was found between QOL and depression (P<0.001,r= 
      0.62), anxiety (P<0.001,r= -0.55), and stress scores (P<0.001, r= -0.5) .
      CONCLUSION: This study showed that beta-TM patients experienced a considerable
      decrease both in their overall QoL and in its dimensions. A majority of the beta
      TM patients were also suffered from mild to severe depression, anxiety, and
      stress.

PMID- 26985353
TI  - Cardiac and Hepatic T2*-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Transfusion
      Dependent Hemoglobinopathy in North West of Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron overload is the main transfusion related side effects in
      patients with transfusion dependent hemoglobinopathies. Severe iron deposition in
      tissues leads to organ dysfunction. Many organs can be affected such as heart,
      liver, and endocrine organs. Cardiac failure and liver fibrosis are the
      consequent of Iron overload in transfusion dependent hemoglobinopathy. Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a safe, noninvasive, and accurate method for the
      assessment of iron deposition in different tissues. This study assessed iron
      levels in liver and heart of the patients with transfusion dependent
      hemoglobinopathies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The studied population consisted of 12
      patients (7 male and 5 female) with transfusion dependent hemoglobinopathies,
      aged between 10-18 years old. Then, Cardiac and liver T2*- weighted magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained. RESULTS: In current study, 1patient
      (8.33%) had severe, 2 patients (16.66%) had moderate and 2(16.66%) had mild
      cardiac iron deposition. Out of 12 patients, 1 had severe iron deposition in
      liver (8.33%), 5(41.66%) and 4(33.33%) had moderate and mild hepatic iron
      deposition, respectively. Differences between Hepatic and cardiac iron levels
      were not significant between males and females (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Since
      cardiac and liver iron levels were higher than normal in most of the study group,
      checking ferritin level and liver function test and also echocardiography in
      shorter intervals (each 3 months) in involved group is suggested instead of
      checking routinely in 6 month intervals in patients with transfusion dependent
      hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 26985354
TI  - Maternal Hemoglobin Levels during Pregnancy and their Association with Birth
      Weight of Neonates.
AB  - BACK GROUND: Anemia in pregnancy is associated with increased rates of maternal
      and perinatal mortality, premature delivery, low birth weight, and other adverse
      outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 1405
      Iranian pregnant women who delivered during 2015. Blood was collected from all
      the subjects to measure the hemoglobin (Hb) during 16-19 weeks, 22-24 weeks, and
      34-36 weeks of gestation. According to the level of hemoglobin, it is divided
      into 4 groups. Group 1; Hb > 10.1 gm/100ml (control group), Group 2; Hb= 8.1-10
      gm/100ml (mild anemia) Group 3; Hb= 6.5-8 gm/100ml (moderate anemia) Group 4; Hb
      <6.5 gm/100ml (severe anemia). After delivery, the neonates were weighted within
      24 hours after birth. Maternal hemoglobin and birth weights were compared.
      RESULTS: The anemia prevalence was 20.2% (Hb<10g/dl). Out of them, 16.2 %
      hadmoderate anemia (Hb=6.5-8 g/dl) and 83.8% had mild anemia (Hb=8.1-10 g/dl).
      Severe anemia did not detect in pregnant women. The hemoglobin levels in non
      anemic group showed a drop in the second trimester. Pregnant women with
      hemoglobin less than 10 g/dl, considered as anemic gave birth to neonates with
      birth weight of 2.6kg, while pregnant women with higher hemoglobin level (>10
      g/dl), considered as normal gave birth to heavier and normal babies (3.3 kg). The
      severity of anemia during three trimesters was closely associated with birth
      weight of newborns. CONCLUSION: The low hemoglobin values during three trimesters
      of pregnancy were associated with low birth weight in Iran. The anemia can lead
      to intra uterine growth retardation.

PMID- 26985355
TI  - Is there any relation between Duration of breastfeeding and anemia?
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the early months of life, Breastfeeding increases chance of
      survival, reduces recovery time after disease and mortality due to infections
      such as diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. However, infants who are
      exclusively breast-fed for more than 6 months in developing countries may be at
      increased risk of anemia. Therefore, the aim of study was to assess the relation
      between duration of breastfeeding and anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      analytical cross-sectional study, 400 neonates registered in primary health care
      system since birth time. Complete blood count and serum ferritin were obtained.
      Data were analyzed by chi- square test and regression analysis. P-value less than
      0.05 was considered significant and 95% confidence interval was noted. RESULTS:
      Results of this study showed that 199 infants were anemic (Hemoglobin (Hb)
      concentration <11 mg/dl). Ten percent of anemic patients reported Ferritin<
      12ng/dl and %25 of anemic children had iron deficiency anemia (IDA). In Binominal
      logistic regression, merely kind of delivery and duration of breastfeeding were
      effective factors. Binominal logistic regression also showed that natural vaginal
      delivery and exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months had a significant influence
      on anemia. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months or more increased the likelihood
      of anemia. In addition, 4 months exclusive breastfeeding decreased 0.686 fold the
      likelihood of anemia. CONCLUSION: According to the results, it seems that
      revision of health program recommendations for iron supplementation can be
      constructive. National planning to promote the level of knowledge regarding
      natural vaginal delivery and appropriate period for clamping can be recommended.

PMID- 26985356
TI  - The Association of Mean Platelet Volume with Intra Ventricular Hemorrhage and
      Broncho Pulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and Broncho pulmonary
      dysplasia(BPD) commonly occur in premature infants and they associate with
      platelet dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of
      MPV and occurrence of IVH and BPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross sectional
      study, 3 groups including IVH, BPD and control were compared. All participants
      were preterm neonates with <35 weeks of gestation. MPV was recorded during the
      first 48 hours of life for all cases. Data were reported by descriptive
      statistics and analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, spearman correlation
      coefficient, paired T test and multinomial regression analysis in SPSS version
      17. RESULTS: Higher MPV level was noted in BPD and IVH groups versus control
      group (9.79+/-0.73 fl and 10+/-1.04 fl versus 8.33+/-0,91 fl p<0.0001). Also,
      most participants in BPD (93.3%) and IVH (73.3%) groups had MPV >9 fl compared to
      controls (16.7%) (p<0.0001). Regression analysis showed that only MPV related to
      the occurrence of IVH (OR=2.200 95%CI p=0.013) and elevated MPV significantly
      increased duration of O2 therapy (p<0.0001) and mechanical ventilation
      (p=0.0010). CONCLUSION: MPV value at first 48 hours of life can be noted as a
      simple biomarker for occurrence of BPD and specially IVH in preterm infants.

PMID- 26985358
TI  - Trismus Resulting from Infantile Hemangioma of the Parotid: A Rare Case Report.
AB  - Vascular abnormalities are characterized by increasing number of vessels.
      Salivary gland tumors are uncommon and their overall incidence is about 3 per
      100000 per year. Salivary gland hemangioma makes up 1 % of all salivary gland
      tumors. Trismus resulting from parotid hemangioma is so rare. The patient was a 6
      month-old boy with a huge lesion in his right parotid who referred to Shahid
      sadoughi hospital of Yazd, Iran. The lesion appeared at 4 months of age and had
      rapid growth and was suspected as hemangioma after clinical examination and
      patient had trismus. The lesion was excised without any complications. Five
      months after surgery, area of the lesion appeared normal. Parotid hemangioma has
      low potential to turn into malignant form but early detection and biopsy are
      necessary for decreasing complications. Removal of the mass was the best
      treatment for the patients with large or complicated hemangioma; however, it
      should be performed with caution because the tissues may bleed profusely.
      Patients may have long term survival after surgery. 

PMID- 26985357
TI  - Nanotechnology and Pediatric Cancer: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment.
AB  - Despite development of new approaches for the treatment of cancer disease, it is
      the second cause of mortality in world. Annually, 30000 persons die in Iran due
      to cancer diseases. Eighty percent of cancer patients are children which about
      50% children lead to death. Given the high rate of cancer-related death, the new
      approaches for prevention, control, early diagnosis, and treatment of this
      disease seem necessary. Investigation of new strategies is the major challenge
      for scientists at recent century. Nanotechnology as a new scientific field with
      novel and small compounds utilized different fields over the past ten years
      especially in medicine. This science has come to the forefront in the areas of
      medical diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic scheduls. Therefore, it has the
      potential applications for cancer detection and therapy. This review will discuss
      the therapeutic applications of different nano-materials in diagnosis, imaging,
      and delivery of therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer with a major focus
      on their applications for the treatment of cancer and cancer- related diseases in
      children. The advancements in established nanoparticle technologies such as
      liposomes, polymer micelles, and functionalization regarding tumor targeting and
      controlled release strategies as well as drug delivery were discussed. It will
      also review the blood toxicity of used nanostructures. 

PMID- 26985360
TI  - Type I interferon inhibits varicella-zoster virus replication by interfering with
      the dynamic interaction between mediator and IE62 within replication
      compartments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of varicella and
      zoster. The immediate-early protein, IE62 is the predominant VZ virion tegument
      protein, transactivating the expression of all kinetic classes of VZV genes. IE62
      is localized to punctae that form DNA replication compartments in the nuclei of
      VZV infected cells. The morphological changes and the increase in the size of
      replication compartments that express IE62 are correlated with production of VZ
      virions. Mammalian Mediator serves as a coactivator of IE62 and functions by
      bridging DNA-binding transcription factors  RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and their
      target DNAs for VZV replication. While VZV is highly sensitive to type I
      interferons (IFNs), how IFN-alpha inhibits early events during VZV replication is
      poorly understood. RESULTS: In this study, we performed in situ analysis to
      investigate the effects of IFN-alpha on the dynamic interactions of IE62 with the
      Mediator MED25 subunit and the RNAP II negative regulator cycle-dependent kinase
      8 (CDK8) in VZV infected cells by confocal immunofluorescence. We found that in
      addition to dose-dependent inhibition of the yields of infectious virus by IFN
      treatment, IFN-alpha prominently impeded the development of large IE62(+) nuclear
      compartments and significantly decreased transcription of VZV genes. Both the
      expression level and stable recruitment of MED25 to IE62(+) replication
      compartments were inhibited by IFN-alpha. While IFN-alpha treatment upregulated
      CDK8 expression, redistribution and recruitment of CDK8 to IE62(+) replication
      compartments in infected cells was not affected by VZV. CONCLUSION: IFN-alpha
      exerts multiple inhibitory activities against virus infections. In this study, we
      provide visionary demonstration that continuous translocation of MED25 into VZV
      replication compartments ensures production of virions. IFN-alpha greatly impedes
      the formation of a stable complex between IE62 and the Mediator complex thereby
      suppresses VZV gene transcription. Our demonstration that IFN-alpha-induced
      antiviral effect against VZV infection is through inhibiting the reorganization
      of nuclear components uncovers a novel function of IFN-alpha. Targeting the
      interaction between IE62 and MED25 may offer a novel approach to the development
      of antiviral agents against VZV infection.

PMID- 26985361
TI  - The impact of facility characteristics on the use of antipsychotic medications in
      nursing homes: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antipsychotic medications (APMs) are commonly prescribed in nursing
      homes (NHs) and their excessive use raises concerns about the quality of care.
      They are often seen as "chemical restraints", and were shown to increase
      morbidity and mortality risks in NH residents. The objective of this study was to
      investigate the variability in prevalence in APM use in a sample of Israeli NHs
      and to examine the effect of facility characteristics on the use of APMs.
      METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 using data
      which were collected in a sample of NHs in the Tel Aviv district during the
      annual certification process. Prevalence of APMs was determined on the basis of
      all residents using antipsychotics on a regular basis. The association between
      facility characteristics and APM use was assessed by multivariate analysis.
      RESULTS: Forty-four NHs providing care for 2372 residents were investigated. The
      prevalence of APM use varied between facilities from 14.8 to 70.6 %, with an
      overall prevalence of 37.3 %. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that
      greater use of APMs was associated with for-profit facilities, facilities in
      which most of the residents were self-pay, the presence of a "mentally frail"
      unit, a medical director non-specialized in geriatrics, shortage of social
      workers and occupational therapists, presence of unsafe/non-fitting equipment or
      self-aids (e.g., unsafe bath/toilet seats, unsuitable height of tables) and
      shortage of recreational activities. CONCLUSIONS: A wide variation in APM use was
      recorded in NHs in the Tel Aviv district. This variation was associated with
      facility characteristics that undermine quality of care. Application of APM use
      as a measure of quality in NHs and publicizing their utilization may decrease
      their overall use.

PMID- 26985363
TI  - Analysis of the operation of on farm emergency slaughter of bovine animals in the
      Republic of Ireland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: On Farm Emergency Slaughter (OFES) is the slaughter outside the
      slaughterhouse, of an otherwise healthy animal, which has suffered an accident
      that, for welfare reasons, prevented its transport to a slaughterhouse. The
      procedure is designed to prevent the transport of welfare compromised animals,
      which may have veterinary certification to slaughterhouses for Casualty Slaughter
      (CS), and provides an alternative to the euthanasia and disposal of injured
      animals that are otherwise fit for human consumption. The aim of this study was
      to analyse the operation of OFES in the Republic of Ireland between 1st January
      2011 and 31st December 2013. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Animal
      Identification and Movement electronic database of the Department of Agriculture,
      Food and the Marine. Two structured surveys were designed, one for Official
      Veterinarians (OVs) who work in slaughterhouses and the second for Private
      Veterinary Practitioners (PVPs) who work in food animal practice in the Republic
      of Ireland. Surveys were administered through SurveyMonkey. The total number of
      bovines slaughtered and the number that underwent OFES in Northern Ireland and
      the Netherlands were obtained from the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture
      and Rural Development and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Safety Authority.
      RESULTS: OFES is neither widely available nor used in the Republic of Ireland.
      Results from the OV survey showed that Food Business Operators consider that
      facilitation of OFES would be detrimental to business. Data from the 5
      slaughterhouses which offer OFES showed that acceptance criteria are not
      standardised. Results from the PVP survey showed that 77 % (n = 79) of PVPs were
      willing to certify animals for OFES. Fifty four percent (n = 49) were aware of
      slaughterhouses in their area that provided the service of OFES and 64 % (n = 57)
      stated a willingness to certify the transport of acutely injured animals to
      slaughterhouses for CS. Data from the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture
      and Rural Development and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Safety Authority
      indicated a low level of uptake of OFES in the Republic of Ireland compared to
      Northern Ireland and the Netherlands. CONCLUSION: Based on results reported here,
      criteria for assessment of risk associated with accepting animals for OFES should
      be reconsidered. A review of the systems pertaining to OFES and its
      implementation should be undertaken, including the level and quality of training
      of all stakeholders, with a view to making OFES more widely available in the
      Republic of Ireland.

PMID- 26985359
TI  - Genes with high penetrance for syndromic and non-syndromic autism typically
      function within the nucleus and regulate gene expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intellectual disability (ID), autism, and epilepsy share frequent yet
      variable comorbidities with one another. In order to better understand potential
      genetic divergence underlying this variable risk, we studied genes responsible
      for monogenic IDs, grouped according to their autism and epilepsy comorbidities.
      METHODS: Utilizing 465 different forms of ID with known molecular origins, we
      accessed available genetic databases in conjunction with gene ontology (GO) to
      determine whether the genetics underlying ID diverge according to its
      comorbidities with autism and epilepsy and if genes highly penetrant for autism
      or epilepsy share distinctive features that set them apart from genes that confer
      comparatively variable or no apparent risk. RESULTS: The genetics of ID with
      autism are relatively enriched in terms associated with nervous system-specific
      processes and structural morphogenesis. In contrast, we find that ID with highly
      comorbid epilepsy (HCE) is modestly associated with lipid metabolic processes
      while ID without autism or epilepsy comorbidity (ID only) is enriched at the
      Golgi membrane. Highly comorbid autism (HCA) genes, on the other hand, are
      strongly enriched within the nucleus, are typically involved in regulation of
      gene expression, and, along with IDs with more variable autism, share strong ties
      with a core protein-protein interaction (PPI) network integral to basic
      patterning of the CNS. CONCLUSIONS: According to GO terminology, autism-related
      gene products are integral to neural development. While it is difficult to draw
      firm conclusions regarding IDs unassociated with autism, it is clear that the
      majority of HCA genes are tightly linked with general dysregulation of gene
      expression, suggesting that disturbances to the chronology of neural maturation
      and patterning may be key in conferring susceptibility to autism spectrum
      conditions.

PMID- 26985362
TI  - Importance of psychological factors for the recovery from a first episode of
      acute non-specific neck pain - a longitudinal observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The influence of psychological factors on acute neck pain is sparsely
      studied. In a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data, this study
      investigated how several psychological factors develop in the first three months
      of acute neck pain and how these factors influence self-perceived recovery.
      METHODS: Patients were recruited in various chiropractic practices throughout
      Switzerland between 2010 and 2014. The follow-up telephone interviews were
      conducted for all patients by research assistants in the coordinating university
      hospital following a standardized procedure. The population of this study
      consisted of 103 patients (68 female; mean age = 38.3 +/- 13.8 years) with a
      first episode of acute (<4 weeks) neck pain. Prior to the first treatment, the
      patients filled in the Bournemouth Questionnaire (BQ). One week and 1 and 3
      months later, they completed the BQ again along with the Patient Global
      Impression of Change (PGIC). The temporal development (repeated measure ANOVA) of
      the BQ questions 4 (anxiety), 5 (depression), 6 (fear-avoidance) and 7 (pain
      locus of control) as well as the influence of these scores on the PGIC were
      investigated (binary logistic regression analyses, receiver operating curves
      (ROC)). RESULTS: All psychological parameters showed significant reduction within
      the first month. The parameter 'anxiety' was associated with outcome at 1 and 3
      months (p = 0.013, R(2) = 0.40 and p = 0.039, R(2) = 0.63, respectively).
      Baseline depression (p = 0.037, R(2) = 0.21), but not baseline anxiety, was a
      predictor for poor outcome. A high reduction in anxiety within the first month
      was a significant predictor for favorable outcome after 1 month (p < 0.001; R(2)
      = 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological factors emerged from this study as relevant
      in the early phase of acute neck pain. Particularly persistent anxiety and
      depression at baseline might be risk factors for a transition to chronic pain
      that should be addressed in the early management of neck pain patients.

PMID- 26985364
TI  - Micro-computed tomography scan and virtual histological slide data for the land
      planarian Obama otavioi (Platyhelminthes).
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated whether images obtained through X-ray micro-computed
      tomography (MUCT) can be used in conjunction with traditional methods for
      morphological studies of soft-bodied land planarians. MUCT is non-invasive and
      provides true-to-scale three-dimensional imagery at high resolution. We compared
      MUCT-based images of a recently described land planarian species of Obama otavioi
      (Platyhelminthes) with those obtained from light microphotography of histological
      sections, most of which were also digitized at high magnification. FINDINGS: The
      specimens studied were collected in 2012. Subsequent MUCT-based images of the
      stained body of a paratype show nearly all morphological features provided by
      traditional histology, with the exception of particularly minute structures,
      smaller than 5 MUm, such as the sensory pits and single muscle fibers, which are
      best visible on traditional histological sections. Because the technique is non
      destructive, the scanned specimen is preserved without damage. The raw and
      derivative MUCT data and virtual histological sections are freely available in
      GigaDB. CONCLUSIONS: The MUCT datasets of these stained soft-bodied organisms
      reveal images of external and internal structures that support previous taxonomic
      studies. This technique can be particularly important for non-destructively
      revealing internal details of whole museum specimens at a faster rate than
      histology alone. High-resolution virtual histological slides also allow further
      searches for new, previously unstudied morphological features. The use of X-ray
      equipment with higher resolution can enable smaller sensory organ and muscle
      fiber details to be seen. The image sets, MUCT-based images and digitized
      histological slides can be disseminated without the constraints of specimen
      loans.

PMID- 26985365
TI  - A need for a systematic genetic evaluation of hereditary polyuric patients.

PMID- 26985366
TI  - Persistent severe polyuria after renal transplant.
AB  - Polydipsia and polyuria are common symptoms in patients with diabetes insipidus
      (DI), which can be due to inadequate vasopressin production (cranial DI) or
      vasopressin insensitivity (nephrogenic DI). Clinical diagnosis of the subtypes of
      DI can be tricky. We present a 44-year-old man with a strong family history of DI
      who had been diagnosed with autosomal dominant nephrogenic DI from infancy. At
      the age of 40, he had progressed to end-stage renal failure. When he experienced
      unresolving severe polyuria after renal transplant, further investigations
      revealed that he was misdiagnosed and that he had a novel mutation causing
      autosomal dominant cranial DI. 

PMID- 26985367
TI  - Outcome in patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with
      corticosteroid or tamoxifen monotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although corticosteroids (CS) are used primarily in idiopathic
      retroperitoneal fibrosis (iRPF), tamoxifen (TMX) may be a suitable alternative.
      We compared outcome with CS or TMX monotherapy for first presentation in a large
      group of patients with iRPF disease. METHODS: Of all patients with iRPF disease
      who were seen at our tertiary care referral centre from February 1999 to December
      2011, 118 patients were eligible for this retrospective study. Treatment success
      was defined as the composite of (i) amelioration of symptoms, (ii) computed
      tomography (CT)-documented mass regression and, if applicable, (iii) definitive
      removal of ureteral stent or nephrostomy tube. Recurrence was defined as
      recurrence of signs and symptoms and/or CT-documented mass increase after initial
      treatment success with primary treatment. RESULTS: Presenting signs and symptoms
      did not differ between patients treated with CS (n = 50) or TMX (n = 68). Time to
      amelioration of symptoms after treatment initiation was shorter in CS-treated
      patients [CS, 2.0 (0.8-3.8) weeks versus TMX, 4.0 (2.0-6.0) weeks; P < 0.01].
      Short-term percentual decrease in acute-phase reactant levels (P < 0.001 for both
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein) and serum creatinine level
      (P < 0.01) following treatment initiation was greater in CS-treated patients
      compared with that in TMX-treated patients. Mass regression at first follow-up CT
      scan was observed more frequently in CS-treated patients (CS, 84.0% versus TMX,
      68.3%; P = 0.05) with no difference in time interval from treatment initiation to
      first follow-up CT between groups [CS, 5 (2-7) months versus TMX, 4 (4-5) months;
      P = 0.34]. Definite treatment success was non-significantly higher in CS-treated
      patients (CS, 72.7% versus TMX, 58.3%; P = 0.15). In patients with initial
      treatment success with primary treatment, recurrence rate was lower in TMX
      treated patients (CS, 62.5% versus TMX, 21.4%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CS are
      superior to TMX in treating iRPF disease. However, in patients with initial
      treatment success with primary treatment, recurrence rate was lower in TMX
      treated patients.

PMID- 26985368
TI  - Acute kidney injury, long-term renal function and mortality in patients
      undergoing major abdominal surgery: a cohort analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent during hospitalization and may
      contribute to adverse consequences. We aimed to evaluate long-term adverse renal
      function and mortality after postoperative AKI in a cohort of patients undergoing
      major abdominal surgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of adult
      patients who underwent major non-vascular abdominal surgery between January 2010
      and February 2011 at the Department of Surgery II of Hospital de Santa Maria
      Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Portugal. Exclusion criteria were as follows:
      chronic kidney disease on renal replacement therapy, undergoing renal replacement
      therapy the week before surgery, death before discharge and loss to follow-up
      through January 2014. Patients were categorized according to the development of
      postoperative AKI in the first 48 h after surgery using the Kidney Disease:
      Improving Global Outcomes classification. AKI was defined by an increase in
      absolute serum creatinine (SCr) >=0.3 mg/dL or by a percentage increase in SCr
      >=50% and/or by a decrease in urine output to <0.5 mL/kg/h for >6 h. Adverse
      renal outcomes (need for long-term dialysis and/or a 25% decrease in estimated
      glomerular filtration rate after hospital discharge) and mortality after
      discharge were evaluated. Cumulative mortality was analysed with the Kaplan-Meier
      method and log-rank test and outcome predictive factors with the Cox regression.
      Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 390 selected patients, 72 (18.5%)
      developed postoperative AKI. The median follow-up was 38 months. Adverse renal
      outcomes and death after hospital discharge were more frequent among AKI patients
      (47.2 versus 22.0%, P < 0.0001; and 47.2 versus 20.5%, P < 0.0001, respectively).
      The 4 year cumulative probability of death was 44.4% for AKI patients, while it
      was 19.8% for patients with no AKI (log-rank test, P < 0.0001). In multivariate
      analysis, AKI was a risk factor for adverse renal outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio
      1.6, P = 0.046) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.4, P = 0.043).
      CONCLUSIONS: AKI after major abdominal surgery was independently associated with
      the risk of long-term need for dialysis and/or renal function decline and with
      the risk of death after hospital discharge.

PMID- 26985369
TI  - Wasp sting-induced acute kidney injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wasp stings are a common form of envenomation in tropical countries,
      especially in farmers. The aim of this study was to document the clinical
      presentation, treatment and outcomes of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI)
      due to multiple wasp stings in a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective observational study of patients with multiple wasp stings and AKI
      at the Department of Nephrology between July 2011 and August 2015. The clinical
      features, laboratory data, treatment details and outcomes were noted. RESULTS: A
      total of 11 patients were included. All were from rural areas. All of them were
      males with age ranging from 21 to 70 years, mean age 45 +/- 23 years. Six had
      oliguria and two had hypotension. All 11 patients had evidence of rhabdomyolysis
      and three also had hemolysis. Ten patients required hemodialysis with a mean
      number of hemodialysis sessions of 8.7 +/- 2.8. Renal biopsy carried out on four
      patients, showed acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) in one patient, acute tubular
      necrosis (ATN) in two patients, and one patient had both AIN and ATN. The two
      patients with AIN were given steroids, while all other patients were managed with
      supportive measures. One patient died within 48 h of presentation due to shock.
      At a mean follow-up of 24 months, one had progressed to chronic kidney disease
      and the remaining nine had normal renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Wasp sting is an
      occupational hazard. AKI was most commonly due to rhabdomyolysis. Early renal
      biopsy is indicated in those patients who do not respond to supportive measures.
      Timely dialysis and steroid in the case of AIN improves renal survival.

PMID- 26985370
TI  - Phoxilium((r)) reduces hypophosphataemia and magnesium supplementation during
      continuous renal replacement therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although associated with severe clinical complications, phosphate
      remains a neglected ion. Additionally, phosphate balance during continuous renal
      replacement therapy (CRRT) is complex and multifunctional. The present
      retrospective study investigated the effects of phosphate-containing CRRT fluid
      on phosphate homeostasis. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 112 patients
      treated with CRRT at Skane University Hospital, Sweden. The control group was
      treated with Hemosol((r)) B0 (no phosphate; n = 36) as dialysis and replacement
      fluid, while the study group received Phoxilium((r)) (phosphate; n = 76) as
      dialysis fluid and Hemosol((r)) B0 as replacement fluid. RESULTS:
      Hypophosphataemia (<0.7 mM) occurred in 15% of the treatment days in the control
      group compared with 7% in the study group (P = 0.027). Magnesium substitution was
      reduced by 40% in the study group (P < 0.001). No differences in acid-base
      parameters were detected between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this larger cohort,
      we could confirm that Phoxilium((r)) reduced the episodes of hypophosphataemia
      during CRRT. A beneficial effect on magnesium balance could also be observed.

PMID- 26985371
TI  - Atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease classically
      presents with aggressive necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, often
      with pulmonary hemorrhage. The pathologic hallmark is linear staining of GBMs for
      deposited immunoglobulin G (IgG), usually accompanied by serum autoantibodies to
      the collagen IV alpha-3 constituents of GBMs. METHODS: Renal pathology files were
      searched for cases with linear anti-GBM to identify cases with atypical or
      indolent course. Histopathology, laboratory studies, treatment and outcome of
      those cases was reviewed in detail. RESULTS: Five anti-GBM cases with atypical
      clinicopathologic features were identified (accounting for ~8% of anti-GBM cases
      in our laboratory). Kidney biopsies showed minimal glomerular changes by light
      microscopy; one patient had monoclonal IgG deposits in an allograft (likely
      recurrent). Three patients did not have detectable serum anti-GBM by conventional
      assays. Three patients had indolent clinical courses after immunosuppressive
      treatment. One patient, untreated after presenting with brief mild hematuria, re
      presented after a short interval with necrotizing and crescentic
      glomerulonephritis. CONCLUSIONS: Thorough clinicopathologic characterization and
      close follow-up of patients with findings of atypical anti-GBM on renal biopsy
      are needed. Review of the literature reveals only rare well-documented atypical
      anti-GBM cases to date, only one of which progressed to end-stage kidney disease.

PMID- 26985372
TI  - Post-infectious glomerulonephritis with crescents in adults: a retrospective
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Crescent formation generally reflects severe glomerular injury. There
      is sparse literature on post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) with crescents
      in adults. This retrospective study looked at nine such cases to see if there is
      a correlation between the severity of presentation, steroid treatment,
      histological severity and outcome. METHODS: Biopsy reports of all the adults who
      underwent kidney biopsy from February 2010 to June 2014 in a tertiary care
      hospital were screened and all the cases with the diagnosis of PIGN with
      crescents were selected. Clinical presentation, laboratory data, histology,
      treatment and outcome were analysed. RESULTS: Six patients had evidence of
      recent/current infection, but all except two were non-streptococcal. The mean
      creatinine was 360.67 MUmol/L (range 70.72-770.85) and the mean estimated
      glomerular filtration rate (MDRD eGFR) was 30.28 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range 6.4
      111.1) on presentation. All five patients who were treated with steroids had an
      excellent response. Among the four patients who did not receive steroids, two
      were left with significant renal impairment (mean MDRD eGFR 23.5 mL/min/1.73
      m(2)) at a mean follow-up of 15.5 months (range 10-21). The mean percentage of
      glomeruli with crescents was 36.13% (range 11.76-100) and except in one, there
      was no tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis and none had glomerulosclerosis.
      None of the patients progressed to end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION: Non
      streptococcal infections are more common precipitants. There was no correlation
      between histological and clinical severity. Patients treated with steroids had
      better renal outcomes.

PMID- 26985373
TI  - Treatment pattern in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy-practices in
      Sweden at the start of the millennium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the leading causes
      of nephrotic syndrome in adults and may result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
      In this retrospective study, we describe the outcomes and treatment patterns of
      patients with idiopathic MN in six nephrology clinics in the western part of
      Sweden. METHODS: Seventy-three consecutive patients with biopsy-proven MN in the
      years 2000-12 were classified as idiopathic, i.e. secondary forms were excluded.
      The patients were followed retrospectively for a mean period of 83 months and
      clinical data were collected through the medical files. RESULTS: A high
      proportion (88%) of the patients received supportive treatment with angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibition, angiotensin receptor blockade and/or statins. At
      the end of follow-up, 43 patients were in complete remission, 12 in partial
      remission, 10 patients had developed ESRD and 8 patients had on-going
      proteinuria. Fifty-one per cent of the patients received immunosuppressive
      therapy and the choice of therapy varied between and within the clinics. There
      was a tendency to initiate specific treatment at an early point instead of
      awaiting a possible spontaneous remission (21% of the patients), and non
      recommended therapy such as corticosteroids only was used in a high proportion of
      these cases (47%). CONCLUSIONS: Even though the treatment recommendations in
      idiopathic MN have not changed the last decade, the question of whom and when to
      treat seems to lead to uncertainty. Recent studies have presented promising
      results supporting the PLA2R antibody the predictive marker needed for this
      patient group. The diverse treatment approach presented in this study might have
      resulted in a worse outcome than expected. Hopefully, unnecessary exposure to
      immunosuppressive therapy or delayed treatment can be avoided through better
      support, education and treatment forums, and thus result in an improved outcome.

PMID- 26985374
TI  - Necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis with membranous nephropathy in a
      patient exposed to levamisole-adulterated cocaine.
AB  - Levamisole is an antihelminthic agent widely used as an adulterant of illicit
      cocaine recently implicated as a cause of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
      (ANCA)-associated microscopic polyangiitis in cocaine abusers. An isolated case
      of membranous nephropathy (MN) associated with levamisole exposure has also been
      reported. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of a patient with both
      microscopic polyangiitis manifest as a pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic
      glomerulonephritis and concurrent MN in the setting of chronic cocaine abuse and
      presumed levamisole exposure, raising the hypothesis that levamisole was the
      causative agent in the development of this rare dual glomerulopathy. 

PMID- 26985375
TI  - Minimal change disease onset observed after bevacizumab administration.
AB  - This is a report of a patient with minimal change disease (MCD) onset after
      bevacizumab administration. A 72-year-old man with inoperable Grade 3 astrocytoma
      was treated with a combination of temozolomide and the vascular endothelial
      growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. After two biweekly treatments, he
      developed nephrotic syndrome. Despite cessation of bevacizumab, his renal
      function deteriorated and a renal biopsy disclosed MCD. Thereafter, he was
      started on high-dose oral prednisone and renal function immediately improved.
      Within weeks, the nephrotic syndrome resolved. Although rare, biologic agents can
      cause various glomerulopathies that can have important therapeutic implications.
      MCD should be considered in patients who develop nephrotic syndrome while exposed
      to antiangiogenic agents. 

PMID- 26985376
TI  - Renal effects of BRAF inhibitors: a systematic review by the Cancer and the
      Kidney International Network.
AB  - Advanced melanoma has been traditionally unresponsive to standard chemotherapy
      agents and used to have a dismal prognosis. Genetically targeted small-molecule
      inhibitors of the oncogenic BRAF V600 mutation or a downstream signaling partner
      (MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase) are effective treatment options for the 40
      50% of melanomas that harbor mutations in BRAF. Selective BRAF and MEK inhibitors
      induce frequent and dramatic objective responses and markedly improve survival
      compared with cytotoxic chemotherapy. In the past decade after discovery of this
      mutation, drugs such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib have been approved by the US
      Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency for the
      treatment of V600-mutated melanomas. While the initial trials did not signal any
      renal toxicities with the BRAF inhibitors, recent case reports, case series and
      FDA adverse reporting systems have uncovered significant nephrotoxicities with
      these agents. In this article, we systematically review the nephrotoxicities of
      these agents. Based on recently published data, it appears that there are lower
      rates of kidney disease and cutaneous lesions seen with dabrafenib compared with
      vemurafenib. The pathology reported in the few kidney biopsies done so far are
      suggestive of tubulo interstitial damage with an acute and chronic component.
      Electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia, hyponatremia and hypophosphatemia have
      been reported as well. Routine monitoring of serum creatinine and electrolytes
      and calculation of glomerular filtration rate prior to the first administration
      when treating with dabrafenib and vemurafenib are essential. 

PMID- 26985377
TI  - Can we routinely measure patient involvement in treatment decision-making in
      chronic kidney care? A service evaluation in 27 renal units in the UK.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shared decision making is considered an important aspect of chronic
      disease management. We explored the feasibility of routinely measuring kidney
      patients' involvement in making decisions about renal replacement therapy (RRT)
      in National Health Service settings. METHODS: We disseminated a 17-item paper
      questionnaire on involvement in decision-making among adult patients with
      established kidney failure who made a decision about RRT in the previous 90 days
      (Phase 1) and patients who had been receiving RRT for 90-180 days (Phase 2).
      Recruitment rates were calculated as the ratio between the number of included and
      expected eligible patients (I : E ratio). We assessed our sample's
      representativeness by comparing demographics between participants and incident
      patients in the UK Renal Registry. RESULTS: Three hundred and five (Phase 1) and
      187 (Phase 2) patients were included. For Phase 1, the I : E ratio was 0.44
      (range, 0.08-2.80) compared with 0.27 (range, 0.04-1.05) in Phase 2. Study
      participants were more likely to be white compared with incident RRT patients (88
      versus 77%; P < 0.0001). We found no difference in age, gender or social
      deprivation. In Phases 1 and 2, the majority reported a collaborative decision
      making style (73 and 69%), and had no decisional conflict (85 and 76%); the
      median score for shared decision-making experience was 12.5 (Phase 1) and 10
      (Phase 2) out of 20. CONCLUSION: Our study shows the importance of assessing the
      feasibility of data collection in a chronic disease context prior to
      implementation in routine practice. Routine measurement of patient involvement in
      established kidney disease treatment decisions is feasible, but there are
      challenges in selecting the measure needed to capture experience of involvement,
      reducing variation in response rate by service and identifying when to capture
      experience in a service managing people's chronic disease over time.

PMID- 26985379
TI  - Does lower urine-specific gravity predict decline in renal function and
      hypernatremia in older adults exposed to psychotropic medications? An exploratory
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to psychotropic agents, including lithium, antipsychotics
      and antidepressants, has been associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
      (NDI). This is especially concerning in older adults already at risk of
      developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypernatremia with advanced aging.
      This study investigates whether commonly performed random urine-specific gravity
      (USG) tests can predict adverse NDI outcomes (CKD and hypernatremia) in
      psychotropic-exposed older adults. METHODS: This was a retrospective longitudinal
      study of 173 geriatric psychiatry patients (age >=65 years) exposed to
      psychotropic medications. Our main continuous outcome was 'decrease in estimated
      glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >10 mL/min/1.73 m(2)' over 5-year follow-up.
      Hypernatremia and acute kidney injury (AKI) were secondary outcomes. Whether
      baseline USG <1.010 predicted outcomes was assessed in bivariate and multivariate
      analyses. RESULTS: USG <1.010 predicted hypernatremia episodes (sodium
      concentration >=150 mmol/L-28.1 versus 12%, chi(2) = 4.7, P = 0.03). USG <1.010
      [odds ratio 2.36 (95% confidence interval 0.93-6.0), P = 0.07], baseline eGFR and
      typical antipsychotic use independently predicted decrease in eGFR >10
      mL/min/1.73 m(2). Patients with a single baseline sodium concentration of >=140
      mmol/L and USG <1.010 have a 26.3% incidence of AKI and a 57.9% incidence of
      hypernatremia over the ensuing 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: In psychotropic-exposed
      older adults, there appears to be a clinically important association between low
      USG and developing both hypernatremia and CKD. USG may be a useful surrogate
      measure for NDI-related outcomes in large administrative database studies, where
      ideal measures such as 24-h urine volume may not be available.

PMID- 26985380
TI  - The effects of vitamin K supplementation and vitamin K antagonists on progression
      of vascular calcification: ongoing randomized controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The extent and the progression of vascular calcification (VC) are
      independent predictors of cardiovascular risk in the haemodialysis population.
      Vitamin K is essential for the activation of matrix gla protein (MGP), a powerful
      inhibitor of tissue calcification. Functional vitamin K deficiency may contribute
      to the high VC burden in haemodialysis patients. In addition, haemodialysis
      patients are frequently treated with vitamin K antagonists, mainly to prevent
      stroke in atrial fibrillation, potentially compounding the cardiovascular risk in
      these already vulnerable patients. New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are valuable
      alternatives to vitamin K antagonists in the general population, but their use in
      dialysis has been encumbered by substantial renal clearance. However, a recent
      pharmacokinetic study provided information on how to use rivaroxaban in
      haemodialysis patients. METHODS: We conduct a randomized, prospective,
      multicentre, open-label interventional clinical trial that will include 117
      chronic haemodialysis patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treated
      with or candidates for treatment with vitamin K antagonists. Patients will be
      randomized to a vitamin K antagonist titrated weekly to an international
      normalized ratio between 2 and 3, a daily dose of rivaroxaban of 10 mg, or a
      daily dose of rivaroxaban 10 mg with a thrice weekly supplement of 2000 ug
      vitamin K2. Cardiac computed tomography, pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements
      and MGP sampling will be performed at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18
      months. Primary endpoints include progression of coronary artery and thoracic
      aorta calcification and changes in PWV. Secondary endpoints are progression of
      aortic and mitral valve calcification, all-cause mortality, major adverse
      cardiovascular events, stroke and bleeding. The ClinicalTrials.gov database was
      searched to retrieve related trials. RESULTS: Seven trials, three of which are
      performed in the haemodialysis population, evaluate whether pharmacological doses
      of vitamin K1 or K2 retard progression of VC. Five studies compare the effect of
      warfarin and NOACs on progression of VC, the present study being the only
      conducted in the dialysis population. CONCLUSION: Vitamin K deficiency may be a
      modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in the haemodialysis population.
      Conversely, vitamin K antagonists may aggravate VC burden in haemodialysis
      patients. Several ongoing trials may provide an answer to these questions in the
      near future.

PMID- 26985378
TI  - Safety concerns about intravenous iron therapy in patients with chronic kidney
      disease.
AB  - Anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is managed primarily with erythropoiesis
      stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron therapy. Following concerns around ESA
      therapy, intravenous (IV) iron is being administered more and more worldwide.
      However, it is still unclear whether this approach is safe at very high doses or
      in the presence of very high ferritin levels. Some observational studies have
      shown a relationship between either high ferritin level or high iron dose and
      increased risk of death, cardiovascular events, hospitalization or infection.
      Others have not been able to confirm these findings. However, they suffer from
      indication biases. On the other hand, the majority of randomized clinical trials
      have only a very short follow-up (and thus drug exposure) and are inadequate to
      assess the mortality risk. None of them have tested the role of different iron
      doses on hard end points. With the lack of clear evidence coming from well
      designed and large-scale studies, several data suggest that excessive iron
      therapy may be toxic in several aspects, ranging from iron overload to tissue
      damage from labile iron. A number of experimental and clinical data suggest that
      either excessive iron therapy or iron overload may be a possible culprit of
      atherogenesis. The process seems to be mediated by oxidative stress. Iron therapy
      should also be used cautiously in the presence of active infections, since iron
      is essential for bacterial growth. Recently, the European Medicines Agency
      officially raised concerns about rare hypersensitivity reactions following IV
      iron administration. The balance has been in favour of benefits. In several
      European countries, this has created a lot of confusion and somewhat slowed the
      run towards excessive use. Altogether, IV iron remains a mainstay of anaemia
      treatment in CKD patients. However, in our opinion, its excessive use should be
      avoided, especially in patients with high ferritin levels and when ESA agents are
      not contraindicated. 

PMID- 26985381
TI  - Calcifying circulating cells: an uncharted area in the setting of vascular
      calcification in CKD patients.
AB  - Vascular calcification, occurring during late-stage vascular and valvular
      disease, is highly associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone
      disorders (CKD-MBD), representing a major risk factor for cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality. The hallmark of vascular calcification, which involves
      both media and intima, is represented by the activation of cells committed to an
      osteogenic programme. Several studies have analysed the role of circulating
      calcifying cells (CCCs) in vascular calcification. CCCs are bone marrow (BM)
      derived cells with an osteogenic phenotype, participating in intima calcification
      processes and defined by osteocalcin and bone alkaline phosphatase expression.
      The identification of CCCs in diabetes and atherosclerosis is the most recent,
      intriguing and yet uncharted chapter in the scenario of the bone-vascular axis.
      Whether osteogenic shift occurs in the BM, the bloodstream or both, is not known,
      and also the factors promoting CCC formation have not been identified. However,
      it is possible to recognize a common pathogenic commitment of inflammation in
      atherosclerosis and diabetes, in which metabolic control may also have a role.
      Currently available studies in patients without CKD did not find an association
      of CCCs with markers of bone metabolism. Preliminary data on CKD patients
      indicate an implication of mineral bone disease in vascular calcification, as a
      consequence of functional and anatomic integrity interruption of BM niches. Given
      the pivotal role that parathyroid hormone and osteoblasts play in regulating
      expansion, mobilization and homing of haematopoietic stem/progenitors cells, CKD
      MBD could promote CCC formation. 

PMID- 26985382
TI  - Early changes in body weight and blood pressure are associated with mortality in
      incident dialysis patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While much research is devoted to identifying novel biomarkers,
      addressing the prognostic value of routinely measured clinical parameters is of
      great interest. We studied early blood pressure (BP) and body weight (BW)
      trajectories in incident haemodialysis patients and their association with all
      cause mortality. METHODS: In a cohort of 357 incident patients, we obtained all
      records of BP and BW during the first 90 days on dialysis (over 12 800
      observations) and analysed trajectories using penalized B-splines and mixed
      linear regression models. Baseline comorbidities and all-cause mortality (median
      follow-up: 2.2 years) were obtained from the French Renal Epidemiology and
      Information Network (REIN) registry, and the association with mortality was
      assessed by Cox models adjusting for baseline comorbidities. RESULTS: During the
      initial 90 days on dialysis, there were non-linear decreases in BP and BW, with
      milder slopes after 15 days [systolic BP (SBP)] or 30 days [diastolic BP (DBP)
      and BW]. SBP or DBP levels at dialysis initiation and changes in BW occurring in
      the first month or during the following 2 months were significantly associated
      with survival. In multivariate models adjusting for baseline comorbidities and
      prescriptions, higher SBP value and BW slopes were independently associated with
      a lower risk of mortality. Hazard ratios of mortality and 95% confidence
      intervals were 0.92 (0.85-0.99) for a 10 mmHg higher SBP and 0.76 (0.66-0.88) for
      a 1 kg/month higher BW change on Days 30-90. CONCLUSIONS: BW loss in the first
      weeks on dialysis is a strong and independent predictor of mortality. Low BP is
      also associated with mortality and is probably the consequence of underlying
      cardiovascular diseases. These early markers appear to be valuable prognostic
      factors.

PMID- 26985384
TI  - Improving vascular access outcomes: attributes of arteriovenous fistula
      cannulation success.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the preferred access for
      hemodialysis (HD) yet they are underutilized. Cannulation of the fistula is a
      procedure requiring significant skill development and refinement and if not done
      well can have negative consequences for patients. The nurses' approach, attitude
      and skill with cannulation impacts greatly on the patient experience.
      Complications from miscannulation or an inability to needle fistulas can result
      in the increased use of central venous catheters. Some nurses remain in a state
      of a 'perpetual novice' resulting in a viscous cycle of negative patient
      consequences (bruising, pain), further influencing patients' decisions not to
      pursue a fistula or abandon cannulation. METHOD: This qualitative study used
      organizational development theory (appreciative inquiry) and research method to
      determine what attributes/activities contribute to successful cannulation. This
      can be applied to interventions to promote change and skill development in staff
      members who have not advanced their proficiency. Eighteen HD nurses who self
      identified with performing successful cannulation participated in audio-recorded
      interviews. The recordings were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed
      using content analysis. RESULTS: Four common themes, including patient-centered
      care, teamwork, opportunity and skill and nurse self-awareness, represented
      successful fistula cannulation. Successful cannulation is more than a learned
      technique to correctly insert a needle, but rather represents contextual
      influences and interplay between the practice environment and personal
      attributes. CONCLUSIONS: Practice changes based on these results may improve
      cannulation, decrease complications and result in better outcomes for patients.
      Efforts to nurture positive patient experiences around cannulation may influence
      patient decision-making regarding fistula use.

PMID- 26985383
TI  - Hemodialysis outcomes in a global sample of children and young adult hemodialysis
      patients: the PICCOLO MONDO cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of pediatric and
      young adult hemodialysis (HD) patients from a global cohort. METHODS: The
      Pediatric Investigation and Close Collaborative Consortium for Ongoing Life
      Outcomes for MONitoring Dialysis Outcomes (PICCOLO MONDO) study provided de
      identified electronic information of 3244 patients, ages 0-30 years from 2000 to
      2012 in four regions: Asia, Europe, North America and South America. The study
      sample was categorized into pediatric (<=18 years old) and young adult (19-30
      years old) groups based on the age at dialysis initiation. RESULTS: For those
      with known end-stage renal disease etiology, glomerular disease was the most
      common diagnosis in children and young adults. Using Europe as a reference group,
      North America [odds ratio (OR) 2.69; CI 1.29, 5.63] and South America (OR 4.21;
      CI 2.32, 7.63) had the greatest mortality among young adults. North America also
      had higher rates of overweight, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease,
      hospitalizations and secondary diabetes compared with all other regions. Initial
      catheter use was greater for North American (86.4% in pediatric patients and
      75.2% in young adults) and South America (80.6% in pediatric patients and 75.9%
      in young adults). Catheter use at 1-year follow-up was most common in North
      American children (77.3%) and young adults (62.9%). Asia had the lowest rate of
      catheter use. For both age groups, dialysis adequacy (equilibrated Kt/V) ranged
      between 1.4 and 1.5. In Asia, patients in both age groups had significantly
      longer treatment times than in any other region. CONCLUSIONS: The PICCOLO MONDO
      study has provided unique baseline and 1-year follow-up information on children
      and young adults receiving HD around the globe. This cohort has brought to light
      aspects of care in these age groups that warrant further investigation.

PMID- 26985386
TI  - Therapeutic drug monitoring of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium by limited
      sampling strategies is associated with a high rate of failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA) is usually
      performed with a limited sampling strategy (LSS), which relies on a limited
      number of blood samples and subsequent extrapolation of the global exposure to
      MPA. LSS is usually performed successfully with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), but
      data on enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) are scarce. Here, we
      evaluated the feasibility of 6-h LSS therapeutic drug monitoring with EC-MPS
      compared with MMF monitoring among kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: Sixty
      two patients who received EC-MPS during the first 6 months of transplantation
      were compared with a matched group of 64 MMF-treated kidney transplant
      recipients. The area under the curve (AUC) was computed by LSS using multiple
      concentration time points (0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 h post-dose) and a trapezoidal rule.
      Patients had MPA therapeutic drug monitoring performed on two occasions, one
      within 2 weeks and the second after 3-4 months of transplantation. RESULTS: EC
      MPS monitoring and MMF therapeutic drug monitoring were not interpretable in
      34.5% (n = 40/116) and 1.8% (n = 2/112) of patients, respectively {relative risk
      [RR] 19.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8-78.0]; P < 0.0001}. The main cause of
      abnormal EC-MPS therapeutic drug monitoring was delayed absorption of both the
      previous evening and the morning dose, resulting in MPA plasma levels before the
      next morning dose being higher than MPA plasma levels measured at 1, 2 and 3 h
      after taking EC-MPS. Cyclosporin in association with MMF significantly increased
      the risk of low AUC values (<30 mg h/L) in comparison with tacrolimus [55% (n =
      11/20) and 10% (n = 9/88), respectively; RR 5.4 (95% CI 2.6-11.2); P < 0.0001].
      CONCLUSIONS: The risk of therapeutic drug monitoring failure with EC-MPS is >30%
      during the first 6 months of renal transplantation. Delayed pharmacokinetics was
      the main reason. In contrast, the risk of therapeutic drug monitoring failure was
      substantially lower with MMF.

PMID- 26985385
TI  - BK polyoma virus infection and renal disease in non-renal solid organ
      transplantation.
AB  - BK virus (BKV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus of the polyomaviridae family that
      causes an interstitial nephritis in immunosuppressed patients. BKV nephropathy is
      now a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and early allograft failure
      following kidney transplantation. It is also known to cause renal disease with a
      progressive decline in kidney function in non-renal solid organ transplant
      (NRSOT) recipients, although the disease may not be recognized nor its impact
      appreciated in this patient population. In this report, we review the existing
      literature to highlight our current understanding of its incidence in NRSOT
      populations, the approaches to diagnosis and the potential treatment options. 

PMID- 26985387
TI  - Frailty and comorbidity are independent predictors of outcome in patients
      referred for pre-dialysis education.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising and is likely
      to continue to do so for the foreseeable future, with the fastest growth seen
      among adults >=75 years of age. Elderly patients with advanced CKD are likely to
      have a higher burden of comorbidity and frailty, both of which may influence
      their disease outcome. For these patients, treatment decisions can be complex,
      with the current lack of robust prognostic tools hindering the shared decision
      making process. The current study aims to assess the impact of comorbidity and
      frailty on the outcomes of patients referred for pre-dialysis education. METHODS:
      We performed a single-centre study of patients (n = 283) referred for pre
      dialysis education between 2010 and 2012. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)
      and Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) were used to assess comorbid disease burden and
      frailty, respectively. Follow-up data were collected until February 2015.
      RESULTS: The CCI and CFS scores at the time of referral to the pre-dialysis
      service were independent predictors of mortality. Within the study follow-up
      period, 76% of patients with a high CFS score at the time of pre-dialysis
      education had died, with 63% of these patients not commencing dialysis before
      death. CONCLUSION: A relatively simple frailty scale and comorbidity score could
      be used to predict survival and better inform the shared decision-making process
      for patients with advanced kidney disease.

PMID- 26985388
TI  - Teaching renal physiology in the 21st century: focus on acid-base physiology.
AB  - A thorough understanding of renal physiology, and in particular acid-base
      physiology, is essential for an understanding of nephrology. Difficulties in both
      teaching and learning this material are major impediments to attracting medical
      trainees into nephrology. Approaches to teaching renal physiology include
      collaborative learning, computer-based learning and laboratory-based learning.
      Computer-based learning applications are becoming increasingly popular and can be
      useful, but are most successful when they incorporate interactive components.
      Students also note that the presence of a live instructor remains desirable. Some
      concepts of renal and in particular acid-base physiology can be taught using
      structured self-experimentation, a practice with a long tradition that possibly
      should be revitalized. 

PMID- 26985390
TI  - The Health Experts onLine at Portsmouth (HELP) system: One-year review of adult
      and Pediatric Asynchronous Telehealth Consultations.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Health Experts onLine at Portsmouth teleconsultation system is
      designed to connect health providers in the Navy Medicine East Region to
      specialists at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth. METHODS: A review of the first
      year of the Health Experts onLine at Portsmouth system was performed. Data on
      each teleconsultation were extracted from the Health Experts onLine at Portsmouth
      system database and analyzed. RESULTS: From June 2014 to May 2015 there have been
      585 teleconsultations. Providers stationed on 36 ships/submarines and at 28
      remote military treatment facilities have utilized the Health Experts onLine at
      Portsmouth system. Over 280 specialists in 34 different specialties were
      consulted. The median time to first response from a specialist was 6 h and 8 min,
      with 75% of all consults being addressed within 24 h. Eighteen medevacs were
      recommended. Thirty-nine potential medevacs were prevented, and 100 potential
      civilian network deferrals were prevented, resulting in an estimated savings of
      over US$580,000. DISCUSSION: Based on the 1-year metrics, Health Experts onLine
      at Portsmouth has provided improved access and quality of care to service members
      and their families throughout the Navy Medicine East Region. It has helped avoid
      over US$580,000 in unnecessary cost burden. Further review at the 2-year time
      interval will demonstrate the continued growth and effectiveness of the Health
      Experts onLine at Portsmouth system.

PMID- 26985389
TI  - The financial burden of out-of-pocket expenses in the United States and Canada:
      How different is the United States?
AB  - BACKGROUND: This article compares the burden that medical cost-sharing
      requirements place on households in the United States and Canada. It estimates
      the probability that individuals with similar demographic features in the two
      countries have large medical expenses relative to income. METHOD: The study uses
      2010 nationally representative household survey data harmonized for cross
      national comparisons to identify individuals with high medical expenses relative
      to income. Using logistic regression, it estimates the probability of high
      expenses occurring among 10 different demographic groups in the two countries.
      RESULTS: The results show the risk of large medical expenses in the United States
      is 1.5-4 times higher than it is in Canada, depending on the demographic group
      and spending threshold used. The United States compares least favorably when
      evaluating poorer citizens and when using a higher spending threshold.
      CONCLUSION: Recent health care reforms can be expected to reduce Americans'
      catastrophic health expenses, but it will take very large reductions in out-of
      pocket expenditures-larger than can be expected-if poorer and middle-class
      families are to have the financial protection from high health care costs that
      their counterparts in Canada have.

PMID- 26985391
TI  - Gastric siderosis: An under-recognized and rare clinical entity.
AB  - The increased deposition of iron in gastric mucosa is known as gastric siderosis.
      It is believed that the only regulated step of the iron metabolism cycle occurs
      during absorption in the small intestine. Once this system becomes overwhelmed
      due to either local or widespread iron levels, then iron can be absorbed very
      quickly by a passive concentration-dependent mechanism. This excess iron is
      initially stored in the liver but later can be found in the pancreas, heart and
      joints. Excess iron is not expected to deposit in the gastric mucosa. This
      gastric deposition has been found in association with hemochromatosis, oral iron
      medications, alcohol abuse, blood transfusions, hepatic cirrhosis and spontaneous
      portacaval shunt with esophageal varices. The precise mechanism of this iron
      deposition in gastric epithelial and stromal cells is still not well understood;
      thus, identification of iron in gastric mucosa raises many questions. On
      histology, the pattern of deposition is variable, and recognition of the pattern
      is often useful to choose the appropriate workup for the patient and to diagnose
      and possibly treat the cause of iron overload. In this article, we have described
      a well-referenced review of this rare clinical entity with different histological
      patterns, diagnostic tests and the clinical significance of the different
      patterns of iron deposition. 

PMID- 26985392
TI  - Medication regimen complexity and readmissions after hospitalization for heart
      failure, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Readmission rate is increasingly being viewed as a key indicator of
      health system performance. Medication regimen complexity index scores may be
      predictive of readmissions; however, few studies have examined this potential
      association. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether
      medication regimen complexity index is associated with all-cause 30-day
      readmission after admission for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction,
      pneumonia, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: This study was an
      institutional review board-approved, multi-center, case-control study. Patients
      admitted with a primary diagnosis of heart failure, acute myocardial infarction,
      pneumonia, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were randomly selected for
      inclusion. Patients were excluded if they discharged against medical advice or
      expired during their index visit. Block randomization was utilized for equal
      representation of index diagnosis and site. Discharge medication regimen
      complexity index scores were compared between subjects with readmission versus
      those without. Medication regimen complexity index score was then used as a
      predictor in logistic regression modeling for readmission. RESULTS: Seven hundred
      and fifty-six patients were randomly selected for inclusion, and 101 (13.4%)
      readmitted within 30 days. The readmission group had higher medication regimen
      complexity index scores than the no-readmission group (p < 0.01). However, after
      controlling for demographics, disease state, length of stay, site, and medication
      count, medication regimen complexity index was no longer a significant predictor
      of readmission (odds ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.01) or revisit
      (odds ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.98-1.02). CONCLUSION: There is little
      evidence to support the use of medication regimen complexity index in readmission
      prediction when other measures are available. Medication regimen complexity index
      may lack sufficient sensitivity to capture an effect of medication regimen
      complexity on all-cause readmission.

PMID- 26985393
TI  - A cell-based microarray to investigate combinatorial effects of microparticle
      encapsulated adjuvants on dendritic cell activation.
AB  - Experimental vaccine adjuvants are being designed to target specific toll-like
      receptors (TLRs) alone or in combination, expressed by antigen presenting cells,
      notably dendritic cells (DCs). There is a need for high-content screening (HCS)
      platforms to explore how DC activation is affected by adjuvant combinations.
      Presented is a cell-based microarray approach, "immunoarray", exposing DCs to a
      large number of adjuvant combinations. Microparticles encapsulating TLR ligands
      are printed onto arrays in a range of doses for each ligand, in all possible dose
      combinations. Dendritic cells are then co-localized with physisorbed
      microparticles on the immunoarray, adherent to isolated islands surrounded by a
      non-fouling background, and DC activation is quantified. Delivery of individual
      TLR ligands was capable of eliciting high levels of specific DC activation
      markers. For example, either TLR9 ligand, CpG, or TLR3 ligand, poly I:C, was
      capable of inducing among the highest 10% expression levels of CD86. In contrast,
      MHC-II expression in response to TLR4 agonist MPLA was among the highest, whereas
      either MPLA or poly I:C, was capable of producing among the highest levels of
      CCR7 expression, as well as inflammatory cytokine IL-12. However, in order to
      produce robust responses across all activation markers, adjuvant combinations
      were required, and combinations were more represented among the high responders.
      The immunoarray also enables investigation of interactions between adjuvants, and
      each TLR ligand suggested antagonism to other ligands, for various markers.
      Altogether, this work demonstrates feasibility of the immunoarray platform to
      screen microparticle-encapsulated adjuvant combinations for the development of
      improved and personalized vaccines.

PMID- 26985395
TI  - Residential radon and environmental burden of disease among Non-smokers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung cancer was the second highest absolute cancer incidence globally
      and the first cause of cancer mortality in 2014. Indoor radon is the second
      leading risk factor of lung cancer after cigarette smoking among ever smokers and
      the first among non-smokers. Environmental burden of disease (EBD) attributable
      to residential radon among non-smokers is critical for identifying threats to
      population health and planning health policy. METHODS: To identify and retrieve
      literatures describing environmental burden of lung cancer attributable to
      residential radon, we searched databases including Ovid-MEDLINE, -EMBASE from
      1980 to 2016. Search terms included patient keywords using 'lung', 'neoplasm',
      exposure keywords using 'residential', 'radon', and outcomes keywords using
      'years of life lost', 'years of life lost due to disability', 'burden'. Searching
      through literatures identified 261 documents; further 9 documents were identified
      using manual searching. Two researchers independently assessed 271 abstracts
      eligible for inclusion at the abstract level. Full text reviews were conducted
      for selected publications after the first assessment. Ten studies were included
      in the final evaluation. REVIEW: Global disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)(95
      % uncertainty interval) for lung cancer were increased by 35.9 % from
      23,850,000(18,835,000-29,845,000) in 1900 to 32,405,000(24,400,000-38,334,000) in
      2000. DALYs attributable to residential radon were 2,114,000(273,000-4,660,000)
      DALYs in 2010. Lung cancer caused 34,732,900(33,042,600 ~ 36,328,100) DALYs in
      2013. DALYs attributable to residential radon were 1,979,000(1,331,000-2,768,000)
      DALYs for in 2013. The number of attributable lung cancer cases was 70-900 and
      EBD for radon was 1,000-14,000 DALYs in Netherland. The years of life lost were
      0.066 years among never-smokers and 0.198 years among ever-smoker population in
      Canada. CONCLUSION: In summary, estimated global EBD attributable to residential
      radon was 1,979,000 DALYs for both sexes in 2013. In Netherlands, EBD for radon
      was 1,000-14,000 DALYs. Smoking population lost three times more years than never
      smokers in Canada. There was no study estimating EBD of residential radon among
      never smokers in Korea and Asian country. In addition, there were a few studies
      reflecting the age of building, though residential radon exposure level depends
      on the age of building. Further EBD study reflecting Korean disability weight and
      the age of building is required to estimate EBD precisely.

PMID- 26985394
TI  - Context-sensitive fluid therapy in critical illness.
AB  - Microcirculatory alterations are frequently observed in critically ill patients
      undergoing major surgery and those who suffer from trauma or sepsis. Despite the
      need for adequate fluid administration to restore microcirculation, there is no
      consensus regarding optimal fluid therapy for these patients. The recent
      recognition of the importance of the endothelial glycocalyx layer in capillary
      fluid and solute exchange has largely changed our views on fluid therapy in
      critical illness. Given that disease status largely differs among critically ill
      patients, fluid therapy must not be considered generally, but rather tailored to
      the clinical condition of each patient. This review outlines the current
      understanding of context-sensitive volume expansion by fluid solutions and
      considers its clinical implications for critically ill patients. The modulation
      of capillary hydrostatic pressure through the appropriate use of vasopressors may
      increase the effectiveness of fluid infusion and thereby reduce detrimental
      effects resulting from excessive fluid administration. 

PMID- 26985396
TI  - Gene mutation discovery research of non-smoking lung cancer patients due to
      indoor radon exposure.
AB  - Although the incidence and mortality for most cancers such as lung and colon are
      decreasing in several countries, they are increasing in several developed
      countries because of an unhealthy western lifestyles including smoking, physical
      inactivity and consumption of calorie-dense food. The incidences for lung and
      colon cancers in a few of these countries have already exceeded those in the
      United States and other western countries. Among them, lung cancer is the main
      cause of cancer death in worldwide. The cumulative survival rate at five years
      differs between 13 and 21 % in several countries. Although the most important
      risk factors are smoking for lung cancer, however, the increased incidence of
      lung cancer in never smokers(LCINS) is necessary to improve knowledge concerning
      other risk factors. Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility are also
      thought to contribute to lung cancer risk. Patients with lung adenocarcinoma who
      have never smoking frequently contain mutation within tyrosine kinase domain of
      the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) gene. Also, K-ras mutations are more
      common in individuals with a history of smoking use and are related with
      resistance to EFGR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Recently, radon(Rn), natural and
      noble gas, has been recognized as second common reason of lung cancer. In this
      review, we aim to know whether residential radon is associated with an increased
      risk for developing lung cancer and regulated by several genetic polymorphisms. 

PMID- 26985397
TI  - Toward a Relationship Perspective on Aggression among Schoolchildren: Integrating
      Social Cognitive and Interdependence Theories.
AB  - The traditional psychological approach of studying aggression among
      schoolchildren in terms of individual differences in aggression and in
      victimization has been valuable in identifying prevalence rates, risk, and
      consequences of involvement in aggression. However, it is argued that a focus on
      aggressor-victim relationships is warranted based on both conceptual and
      empirical grounds. Such a shift in focus requires modification and integration of
      existing theories of aggression, and this paper integrates social cognitive
      theory and interdependence theory to suggest a new, interdependent social
      cognitive theory of aggression. Specifically, this paper identifies points of
      overlap and different foci between these theories, and it illustrates their
      integration through a proposed model of the emergence of aggressor-victim
      interactions and relationships. The paper concludes that expanding consideration
      to include aggressor-victim relationships among schoolchildren offers
      considerable theoretical, empirical, and intervention opportunities.

PMID- 26985399
TI  - Designing Interventions Informed by Scientific Knowledge About Effects of Early
      Adversity: A Translational Neuroscience Agenda for Next Generation Addictions
      Research.
AB  - In spite of extensive scientific knowledge about the neurobiological systems and
      neural pathways underlying addictions, only limited progress has been made to
      reduce the population-level incidence of addictions by using prevention and
      treatment programs. In this area of research the translation of basic
      neuroscience of causal mechanisms to effective interventions has not been fully
      realized. In this article we describe how an understanding of the effects of
      early adverse experiences on brain and biological development may provide new
      opportunities to achieve impact at scale with respect to reduction of addictions.
      We propose four categories of new knowledge that translational neuroscience
      investigations of addictions should incorporate to be successful. We then
      describe a translational neuroscience-informed smoking cessation intervention
      based on this model.

PMID- 26985398
TI  - Spatial separation of the processing and MHC class I loading compartments for
      cross-presentation of the tumor-associated antigen HER2/neu by human dendritic
      cells.
AB  - Cross-presentation is the process by which professional antigen presenting cells
      (APCs) (B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages) present endocytosed
      antigens (Ags) via MHC-I to CD8+ T cells. This process is crucial for induction
      of adaptive immune responses against tumors and infected cells. The pathways and
      cellular compartments involved in cross-presentation are unresolved and
      controversial. Among the cells with cross-presenting capacity, DCs are the most
      efficient, which was proposed to depend on prevention of endosomal acidification
      to block degradation of the epitopes. Contrary to this view, we show in this
      report that some cargoes induce strong endosomal acidification following uptake
      by human DCs, while others not. Moreover, processing of the tumor-associated
      antigen HER2/neu delivered in nanoparticles (NP) for cross-presentation of the
      epitope HER2/neu369-377 on HLA-A2 depended on endosomal acidification and
      cathepsin activity as well as proteasomes, and newly synthesized HLA class I.
      However, the HLA-A*0201/HER2/neu369-377 complexes were not found in the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) nor in endolysosomes but in hitherto not described
      vesicles. The data thus indicate spatial separation of antigen processing and
      loading of MHC-I for cross-presentation: antigen processing occurs in the uptake
      compartment and the cytosol whereas MHC-I loading with peptide takes place in a
      distinct subcellular compartment. The findings further elucidate the cellular
      pathways involved in the cross-presentation of a full-length, clinically relevant
      tumor-associated antigen by human DCs, and the impact of the vaccine formulation
      on antigen processing and CD8+ T cell induction.

PMID- 26985400
TI  - A comparison of the recoverable proportion of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus from two different types of papers.
AB  - AIM: Paper is used for various purposes in hospitals. Generally, there are two
      different types of paper, which are commonly used in our facility: wood-free
      paper, and paper containing wood. We compared the recoverable proportion of
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; ATCC 43300) from the surface
      of such papers. METHOD: The papers were divided into two groups: Group 1: wood
      free paper; Group 2: paper containing wood. The papers were contaminated in a
      standardized procedure with 0.1 mL of a 5*10(7) CFU MRSA/mL stock solution.
      RESULTS: The recoverable proportion of MRSA was higher in the wood-containing
      papers than in the papers without wood (P=0.043). CONCLUSION: This study
      indicates that if paper is purchased for healthcare facilities it should not
      contain wood, but rather wood-free paper types should be considered.

PMID- 26985402
TI  - Healthcare is primary.
AB  - India is undergoing a rapid transformation in terms of governance, administrative
      reforms, newer policy develoment, and social movements. India is also considered
      one of the most vibrant economies in the world. The current discourse in public
      space is dominated by issues such as economic development, security, corruption
      free governance, gender equity, and women safety. Healthcare though remains a
      pressing need of population; seems to have taken a backseat. In the era of
      decreasing subsidies and cautious investment in social sectors, the 2(nd)
      National Conference on Family Medicine and Primary Care 2015 (FMPC) brought a
      focus on "healthcare" in India. The theme of this conference was "Healthcare is
      Primary." The conference participants discussed on the theme of why healthcare
      should be a national priority and why strong primary care should remain at the
      center of healthcare delivery system. The experts recommended that India needs to
      strengthen the "general health system" instead of focusing on disease based
      vertical programs. Public health system should have capacity and skill pool to be
      able to deliver person centered comprehensive health services to the community.
      Proactive implementation of policies towards human resource in health is the need
      of the hour. As the draft National Health Policy 2015 is being debated, "family
      medicine" (academic primary care), the unfinished agenda of National Health
      Policy 2002, remains a priority area of implementation. 

PMID- 26985403
TI  - The revised guidelines of the Medical Council of India for academic promotions:
      Need for a rethink.
AB  - Note: This editorial is being published simultaneously in the Indian Heart
      Journal, Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology,
      Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, Indian
      Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Indian Journal of Pathology
      and Microbiology, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Indian Journal of Physiology
      and Pharmacology, Indian Journal of Urology, Indian Pediatrics, International
      Journal of Health Research & Medicolegal Practice, Journal of Anaesthesiology
      Clinical Pharmacology, Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, Journal of
      Clinical and Scientific Research, Journal of Conservative Dentistry, Journal of
      Family Medicine and Primary Care, Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine,
      Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Journal of Postgraduate
      Medicine, National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, and The National
      Medical Journal of India. It may also be published in forthcoming issues of other
      journals. This editorial is not endorsed by all members of the Indian Association
      of Medical Journal Editors (IAMJE). 

PMID- 26985404
TI  - "Health system approach" for improving immunization program performance.
AB  - Immunization programs are one of the most well-recognized and successful public
      health programs across the world. The immunization programs have achieved
      significant successes in a number of countries; however, the coverage with
      available vaccines remains sub-optimal in many low- and middle-income countries
      (LMICs). This article, based upon extensive review of literature and using
      universal immunization program (UIP) in India as a case study, summarizes the
      latest developments and initiatives in the area of vaccination and immunization
      in the last few years. The article analyzes initiatives under UIP in India from
      the "health system approach" and argues that it is possible to increase coverage
      with available vaccines and overall program performance by focused attention on
      various functions of health systems. It also discusses the emerging evidence that
      health systems could be strengthened prior to the introduction of new
      interventions (vaccines included) and the introduction of new interventions
      (including vaccines) could be planned in a way to strengthen the health systems.
      It concludes that immunization programs could be one of the entry points for
      strengthening health systems in the countries and lessons from vaccine
      introduction could pave pathway for scaling up other health interventions and
      therefore, could contribute to advancing Universal Health Coverage (UHC). 

PMID- 26985405
TI  - Family medicine education in India: A panoramic view.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In the recent years, there has been renewed interest in
      strengthening primary care for improved health services delivery. Family medicine
      with its holistic principles is an effective approach for building primary care
      workforce in resource constraint settings. Even though this discipline is well
      established and mainstreamed in Western countries, the same is yet to occur in
      low- and middle-income nations. India with its paradigm shift for universal
      health coverage is strategically poised to embrace family medicine as a core
      component of its health system. However, till date, a clear picture of family
      medicine teaching across the country is yet to be available. METHODS: This paper
      makes an attempt to assess the landscape of family medicine teaching in India
      with an aim to contribute to a framework for bolstering its teaching and practice
      in coming years. The objective was to obtain relevant information through a
      detailed scan of the health professional curricula as well as mapping independent
      academic programs. Specific areas of interest included course content, structure,
      eligibility criteria, and accreditation. RESULTS: Our findings indicate that
      teaching of family medicine is still in infancy in India and yet to be
      mainstreamed in health professional education. There are variations in family
      medicine teaching across academic programs. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that both
      medical and nursing colleges should develop dedicated Departments of Family
      Medicine for both undergraduate and postgraduate teaching. Further, more number
      of standalone diploma courses adopting blended learning methods should be made
      available for in-service practitioners.

PMID- 26985401
TI  - Molecular imaging of bacterial infections in vivo: the discrimination of
      infection from inflammation.
AB  - Molecular imaging by definition is the visualization of molecular and cellular
      processes within a given system. The modalities and reagents described here
      represent a diverse array spanning both pre-clinical and clinical applications.
      Innovations in probe design and technologies would greatly benefit therapeutic
      outcomes by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and assessment of acute therapy.
      Opportunistic pathogens continue to pose a worldwide threat, despite advancements
      in treatment strategies, which highlights the continued need for improved
      diagnostics. In this review, we present a summary of the current clinical
      protocol for the imaging of a suspected infection, methods currently in
      development to optimize this imaging process, and finally, insight into
      endocarditis as a model of infectious disease in immediate need of improved
      diagnostic methods.

PMID- 26985406
TI  - Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia in community settings in low and middle
      income countries.
AB  - Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy contribute significantly to maternal
      mortality and morbidity. Preeclampsia belongs to the spectrum of hypertensive
      disorders of pregnancy and if undiagnosed and/or untreated leads to fatal
      consequences for both the mother and the baby. Early detection and prevention of
      preeclampsia is limited by uncertainty in the knowledge about its
      etiopathogenesis. While much work has been done in establishing clinical
      guidelines for management of preeclampsia in the hospital or tertiary care
      settings, there is considerable lack of work in the domain of evidence-based
      guidelines for screening, identification and management of preeclampsia at the
      community-level. The article reviews these issues with special considerations and
      to challenges faced in low and middle-income countries. There is a need to focus
      on low-cost screening and interventions in the community to achieve a significant
      impact on preventable maternal and fetal mortality in order to control the burden
      of preeclampsia significantly as well as investing on more research at primary
      care level to improve the evidence base for community-level interventions. 

PMID- 26985407
TI  - Identifying gaps in research prioritization: The global burden of neglected
      tropical diseases as reflected in the Cochrane database of systematic reviews.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) impact disadvantaged populations
      in resource-scarce settings. Availability of synthesized evidence is paramount to
      end this disparity. The aim of the study was to determine whether NTD systematic
      reviews or protocols in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR)
      reflect disease burden. METHODS: Two authors independently searched the CDSR for
      reviews/protocols regarding the NTDs diseases. Each review or protocol was
      classified to a single NTD category. Any discrepancy was solved by consensus with
      third author. NTD systematic review or protocol from CDSR were matched with
      disability-adjusted life year (DALY) metrics from the Global Burden of Disease
      2010 Study. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and associated P values were
      used to assess for correlation between the number of systematic reviews and
      protocols and the %2010 DALY associated with each NTD. RESULTS: Overall, there
      was poor correlation between CDSR representation and DALYs. Yellow fever,
      echinococcus, onchocerciasis, and schistosomiasis representation was well-aligned
      with DALY. Leprosy, trachoma, dengue, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease
      representation was greater, while cysticercosis, human African trypanosomiasis,
      ascariasis, lymphatic filariasis, and hookworm representation was lower than
      DALY. Three of the 18 NTDs had reviews/protocols of diagnostic test accuracy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate the need for increased prioritization of
      systematic reviews on NTDs, particularly diagnostic test accuracy reviews.

PMID- 26985408
TI  - What are we drinking? Assessment of water quality in an urban city of Punjab,
      India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ground water is the ultimate and most suitable fresh water resource
      for human consumption in the urban areas of India. Studies regarding ground water
      quality have shown that the higher rate of exploration as compared to the rate of
      recharging, inappropriate dumping of solid, as well as liquid waste, lack of
      strict enforcement of law has led to the deterioration of ground water quality.
      The present study was thus, carried out to evaluate physicochemical, as well as a
      microbiological profile of tap water, and filtered water in urban areas of
      Patiala, Punjab. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The three zones under Municipal
      Corporation and two areas under Public Health Department were chosen according to
      the simple random sampling from Patiala city. From each area, 10 houses were
      chosen according to the systematic random sampling technique (n = 50). Water was
      taken from two sources, tap water, and from the water filter. Two samples were
      taken from each source one for the physicochemical analysis and another for
      bacteriological analysis. The samples which were sent for bacteriological
      assessment were collected in a sterile container. RESULTS: The number of water
      samples found to be within desirable limits with respect to physicochemical
      parameters were significantly more with the filter water sample than the tap
      water samples. Suspicious/unsatisfactory microbiological quality of water was
      observed in 28% and 4% of tap and filter water samples, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      The results indicate that certain chemical parameters such as hardness, chloride,
      and fluoride levels were beyond the permissible limits. Therefore, we recommend
      that home filters should be installed, serviced appropriately, and their water
      quality should be checked routinely. Also, any leak from sewage pipes should be
      promptly repaired to prevent contamination of drinking water.

PMID- 26985409
TI  - Musculoskeletal disorders among municipal solid waste workers in India: A cross
      sectional risk assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Waste management is a necessary activity around the world, but
      involves a variety of health hazards. In a developing country like India,
      municipal solid waste is collected manually requiring heavy physical activity.
      Among all occupational health issues, musculoskeletal problems are common among
      waste collectors in the form of nonfatal injuries because of the presence of such
      risk factors (lifting, carrying, pulling, and pushing). We have thus conducted
      this study to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among municipal solid
      waste (MSW) workers. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study using probability
      proportionate to size sampling, recruited 220 MSW workers from the Chennai
      Municipal Corporation, India for this study. A pretested validated questionnaire
      has been used to collect data on demographic and occupational history and
      information on musculoskeletal pain. Data analysis was performed using R software
      (3.0.1 version). RESULTS: 70% of the participants reported that they had been
      troubled with musculoskeletal pain in one or more of the 9 defined body regions
      during the last 12 months, whereas 91.8% had pain during the last 7 days. Higher
      prevalence of symptoms in knees, shoulders, and lower back was found to be 84.5%,
      74.5%, and 50.9% respectively. Female illiterate workers with lower socioeconomic
      status were found to have higher odds for MSDs. Similarly, higher body mass index
      having no physical activity increases the chance of odds having MSDs. CONCLUSION:
      The higher percentage of musculoskeletal symptoms among MSW workers could be
      attributed to the long duration of employment, the low job control, and the
      nature of their job, which is physically demanding. A workplace of health
      promotion model integration can minimize the reported high prevalence, and a
      prospective cohort study could be recommended further.

PMID- 26985410
TI  - Same day sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis:
      Ziehl-Neelsen versus fluorescent staining.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sputum smear microscopy is the main tool for the diagnosis of
      pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), especially in low- and middle-income countries
      (LMICs). Limited sensitivity of smear microscopy and patient dropouts (PDs) are
      the important obstacles of national TB control programs. OBJECTIVES: (1) To
      assess the diagnostic utility of the same day (SS2) approach (2) To compare the
      smear results of the spot morning (SM) and the SS2 approaches. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, GSL Medical
      College, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India from January 2011 to February 2015.
      Three sputum samples were collected [spot (S), second spot (S2) 1 h after S, and
      morning sample (M)] from the volunteers. The sputum smears were stained by Ziehl
      Neelsen (ZN), modified ZN (MZN), and fluorescent staining (FS) techniques and the
      results were pooled and compared under SM and SS2 approaches. RESULTS: Of the
      3,186 study participants, sputum smear positivity (SSP) for SM approach was 9.6%
      and 10.8% and for SS2 approach, it was 9.4% and 10.6%, respectively, with ZN and
      FS and the results were statistically insignificant (Mann-Whitney U test, P >
      0.05). CONCLUSION: Technically SSP was similar for both the approaches and no
      improvement was observed with the SS2 approach. Hence, there is an urgent need to
      improve SSP.

PMID- 26985412
TI  - Epidemiological predictors of metabolic syndrome in urban West Bengal, India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome is one of the emerging health problems of the
      world. Its prevalence is high in urban areas. Though pathogenesis is complex, but
      the interaction of obesity, sedentary lifestyle, dietary, and genetic factors are
      known as contributing factors. Community-based studies were very few to find out
      the prevalence or predictors of the syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the
      prevalence and epidemiological predictors of metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 690 study subjects were chosen by 30 clusters random sampling
      method from 43 wards of Durgapur city. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 20
      software and binary logistic regression was done to find out statistical
      significance of the predictors. RESULTS: Among 32.75% of the study population was
      diagnosed as metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education
      Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition with a modification for Asia Pacific
      cut-off of waist circumference. Odds were more among females (2.43), upper social
      class (14.89), sedentary lifestyle (17.00), and positive family history.
      CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high in urban areas
      of Durgapur. Increased age, female gender, higher social status, sedentary
      lifestyle, positive family history, and higher education were the statistically
      significant predictors of metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 26985413
TI  - Process evaluation of community monitoring under national health mission at
      Chandigarh, union territory: Methodology and challenges.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Community monitoring was introduced on a pilot mode in 36 selected
      districts of India in a phased manner. In Chandigarh, it was introduced in the
      year 2009-2010. A preliminary evaluation of the program was undertaken with
      special emphasis on the inputs and the processes. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative
      methods included verification against checklists and record reviews.
      Nonparticipant observation was used to evaluate the conduct of trainings,
      interviews, and group discussions. Health system had trained health system
      functionaries (nursing students and Village Health Sanitation Committee [VHSC]
      members) to generate village-based scorecards for assessing community needs.
      Community needs were assessed independently for two villages under the study area
      to validate the scores generated by the health system. RESULTS: VHSCs were formed
      in all 22 villages but without a chairperson or convener. The involvement of VHSC
      members in the community monitoring process was minimal. The conduct of group
      discussions was below par due to poor moderation and unequal responses from the
      group. The community monitoring committees at the state level had limited
      representation from the non-health sector, lower committees, and the
      nongovernmental organizations/civil societies. Agreement between the report cards
      generated by the investigator and the health system in the selected villages was
      found to be to be fair (0.369) whereas weighted kappa (0.504) was moderate.
      CONCLUSION: In spite of all these limitations and challenges, the government has
      taken a valiant step by trying to involve the community in the monitoring of
      health services. The dynamic nature of the community warrants incorporation of an
      evaluation framework into the planning of such programs.

PMID- 26985414
TI  - A retrospective review of 911 calls to a regional poison control center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is little data as to what extent national Emergency Medical
      Services (EMS; 911) utilize poison control centers (PCCs). A review of data from
      our PCC was done to better understand this relationship and to identify potential
      improvements in patient care and health care savings. METHODS: Retrospective
      chart review of a single PCC to identify calls originating from 911 sources over
      a 4-year study period (1/1/08-12/31/11). Recorded variables included the origin
      of call to the PCC, intent of exposure, symptoms, management site, hospital
      admission, and death. Odds ratios (OR) were developed using multiple logistic
      regressions to identify risk factors for EMS dispatch, management site, and the
      need for hospital admission. RESULTS: A total of 7556 charts were identified;
      4382 (58%) met inclusion criteria. Most calls (63.3%) involved accidental
      exposures and 31% were self-harm or misuse. A total of 2517 (57.4%) patients had
      symptoms and 2044 (50.8%) were transported to an Emergency Department (ED). Over
      38% of calls (n = 1696) were handled primarily by the PCC and did not result in
      EMS dispatch; only 6.5% of cases (n = 287) with initial PCC involvement resulted
      in crew dispatch. There were 955 (21.8%) cases that resulted in admission, and
      five deaths. The OR for being transported to an ED was 45.4 (95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 30.2-68.4) when the crew was dispatched by the PCC. Hospital
      admission was predicted by intent for self-harm (OR 5.0; 95% CI: 4.1-6.2) and the
      presence of symptoms (OR 2.43; 95% CI: 1.9-3.0). The ORs for several other
      predictive variables are also reported. CONCLUSIONS: When 911 providers contact a
      PCC about poisoning-related emergencies, a history of intentional exposure and
      the presence of symptoms each predicted EMS dispatch by the PCC, patient
      transport to an ED, and hospital admission. Early involvement of a PCC may
      prevent the need for EMS activation or patient transfer to a health care
      facility.

PMID- 26985411
TI  - Patient safety in maternal healthcare at secondary and tertiary level facilities
      in Delhi, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is insufficient information on causes of unsafe care at
      facility levels in India. This study was conducted to understand the challenges
      in government hospitals in ensuring patient safety and to propose solutions to
      improve patient care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Desk review, in-depth interviews,
      and focused group discussions were conducted between January and March 2014.
      Healthcare providers and nodal persons for patient safety in Gynecology and
      Obstetrics Departments of government health facilities from Delhi state of India
      were included. Data were analyzed using qualitative research methods and
      presented adopting the "health system approach." RESULTS: The patient safety was
      a major concern among healthcare providers. The key challenges identified were
      scarcity of resources, overcrowding at health facilities, poor communications,
      patient handovers, delay in referrals, and the limited continuity of care.
      Systematic attention on the training of care providers involved in service
      delivery, prescription audits, peer reviews, facility level capacity building
      plan, additional financial resources, leadership by institutional heads and
      policy makers were suggested as possible solutions. CONCLUSIONS: There is
      increasing awareness and understanding about challenges in patient safety. The
      available local information could be used for selection, designing, and
      implementation of measures to improve patient safety at facility levels. A
      systematic and sustained approach with attention on all functions of health
      systems could be beneficial. Patient safety could be used as an entry point to
      improve the quality of health care services in India.

PMID- 26985415
TI  - Physician's self-perceived abilities at primary care settings in Indonesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Southeast Asian countries with better-skilled primary care physicians
      have been shown to have better health outcomes. However, in Indonesia, there has
      been a large number of inappropriate referrals, leading to suboptimal health
      outcomes. This study aimed to examine the reasons underlying the unnecessary
      referrals as related to Indonesian physicians' standard of abilities. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This was a multiple-case study that explored physicians' self
      evaluation of their abilities. Self-evaluation questionnaires were constructed
      from the Indonesian Standards of Physicians Competences of 2006-2012 (ISPC),
      which is a list of 155 diseases. This study was undertaken in three cities, three
      towns, and one "border-less developed" area during 2011-2014. The study involved
      184 physicians in those seven districts. Data were collected using one-on-one, in
      depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and clinical observations.
      RESULTS: This study found that primary care physicians in Indonesia felt that
      they were competent to handle less than one-third of "typical" primary care
      cases. The reasons were limited understanding of person-centered care principles
      and limited patient care services to diagnosis and treatment of common biomedical
      problems. Additionally, physical facilities in primary care settings are lacking.
      DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Strengthening primary health care in Indonesia
      requires upscaling doctors' abilities in managing health problems through more
      structured graduate education in family medicine, which emphasizes the bio-psycho
      socio-cultural background of persons; secondly, standardizing primary care
      facilities to support physicians' performance is critical. Finally, a strong
      national health policy that recognizes the essential role of primary care
      physicians in health outcomes is an urgent need.

PMID- 26985417
TI  - Modified measles versus rubella versus atypical measles: One and same thing.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In outbreak settings, more than one virus may be infecting the
      given population. In twin or triple outbreak of measles, German measles
      (rubella), and varicella in highly immunized hilly areas, maximal number of the
      case patients in all the hilly villages belonged to the older age group. It
      suggested an obvious shift to the higher age group, warranting second dose
      opportunity in such case scenario. The clinical presentations of viral diseases
      are too similar to differentiate. The aim is to clearly categorize the case
      patients of modified measles, rubella, and atypical measles in outbreak settings.
      RESULTS: Four outbreaks are listed. In the first one, sixty case patients were
      identified from 1026 people in 5 villages. Of these, 41 were diagnosed by
      clinically, 8 were laboratory confirmed as measles and 11 were epidemiologically
      linked German measles case patients. Seventy percent of the cases were vaccinated
      for measles. In second case, we identified 29/35 measles and 6/35 were confirmed
      as epidemiologically linked unvaccinated chickenpox case patients. In third one,
      we identified 116 cases in eight villages (112/116 clinically and 04/116
      laboratory confirmed). Majority of cases were immunized against measles, but only
      minor cases for rubella. In fourth case, we identified 505 case patients from
      mixed outbreaks of varicella, measles and rubella (30/505 clinically, 467/505
      epidemiologically linked and 8/505 laboratory confirmed case patients from a
      study population of 3280). In all the four outbreaks, prima facie, the clinical
      presentations of both rubella and modified measles were difficult to
      differentiate. DISCUSSION: On the basis of outbreak investigation and analytical
      inference, it has been observed that the symtomatology of modified measles and
      laboratory confirmed rubella case patients/epidemiologically linked cases are so
      similar placed that many a time, it becomes much difficult to line list the cases
      in one section of modified measles or rubella or atypical cases. CONCLUSION:
      Similarities of morphological symptoms between modified measles and rubella is
      the point of challenge and it causes debate between pediatrician and field
      epidemiologist to differentiate and classify them.

PMID- 26985416
TI  - System level approaches for mainstreaming tobacco control into existing health
      programs in India: Perspectives from the field.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: India is the second largest consumer of tobacco in the world, and
      varieties of both smoked and smokeless tobacco products are widely available. The
      national program for tobacco control is run like a vertical stand-alone program.
      There is a lack of understanding of existing opportunities and barriers within
      the health programs that influence the integration of tobacco control messages
      into them. The present formative research identifies such opportunities and
      barriers. METHODS: We conducted a multi-step, mixed methodological study of
      primary care personnel and policy-makers in two Indian states of Andhra Pradesh
      and Gujarat. The primary purpose of our study was to investigate health worker
      and policy-maker perceptions on the integration of tobacco control intervention.
      We systematically collected data in three steps: In Step I, we conducted in-depth
      interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions with primary care health personnel,
      Step II consists of a quantitative survey among health care providers (n = 1457)
      to test knowledge, attitudes and practices in tobacco control and Step III we
      conducted 75 IDIs with program heads and policy-makers to evaluate the relative
      congruence of their views on integration of the tobacco control program. RESULTS:
      Majority of the health care providers recognized tobacco use as a major health
      problem. There was a general consensus for the need of training for effective
      dissemination of information from health care providers to patients. Almost 92%
      of the respondents opined that integration of tobacco control with other health
      programs will be highly effective to downscale the tobacco epidemic. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our findings suggest the need for integration of tobacco control program into
      existing health programs. Integration of tobacco control strategies into the
      health care system within primary and secondary care will be more effective and
      counseling for tobacco cessation should be available for population at large.

PMID- 26985419
TI  - Depression and anxiety among middle-aged women: A community-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depressive disorders constitute a substantial proportion
      of the global burden of disease and are projected to form the second most common
      cause of disability by 2020. OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of depression and
      anxiety among middle age women and the possible factors behind it. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 180 women aged 40-60 years were selected by proportionate
      sampling technique. Age, education, marital status, socioeconomic status, age at
      marriage, age at menopause, weight and height were noted. Zung-self-rating scales
      were used for calculating levels of depression and anxiety in these women. The
      data were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS. RESULTS: The level of
      syndromal depression and anxiety was found to be 86.7% and 88.9%, respectively.
      Most of the subjects had the moderate type of depression (49.5%) followed by mild
      (29.4%) and severe depression (7.8%). While in case of anxiety, most of the
      subjects (69.4%) had a mild form of anxiety and 17.8% had moderate anxiety level.
      A significant difference was observed in the level of depression with respect to
      marital status (P = 0.009) and in the level of anxiety with respect to age (P =
      0.021) in the study subjects. On applying logistic regression, none of the
      factors studied were found to be significant variables for anxiety or depression
      in the study population. CONCLUSION: Depression and anxiety are prevalent among
      the middle-aged women in rural Punjab. Provision of mental health services in
      this group is essential.

PMID- 26985418
TI  - A synergistic role of ischemia modified albumin and high-sensitivity troponin T
      in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.
AB  - AIM: The aim was to evaluate the role of high sensitivity troponin T and ischemia
      modified albumin (IMA) and in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome
      (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that comprised of
      120 individuals of which 75 were cases and 45 healthy controls. On the basis of
      clinical history and 12-lead electrocardiogram, initial diagnosis of ACS was made
      in the cases. High sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and IMA were measured
      in all the individuals. RESULTS: Levels of IMA were significantly higher in
      patients of ACS as compared to those in control group (means: 101.83 [95%
      confidence interval (CI): 91.96-111.70] vs. 41.11 [95% CI: 38.55-43.67]). By
      taking the cut-off as >65.23 U/mL for IMA, which was obtained from receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sensitivity was 91.3%, specificity was
      81.1%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 74.4%, and negative predictive value
      (NPV) was 93.9%. Positive likelihood ratio was 4.83 while negative likelihood
      ratio was 0.11, whereas the corresponding values in case of hs-cTnT were 95.6%
      (95% CI: 85.2-99.5), 61.3% (95% CI: 49.5-72.6), 59.7%, 95.8%, 2.47 and 0.07 by
      taking cut-off as >14 pg/mL. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) of IMA and hs
      cTnT at 0-6 h were 0.932 (95% CI: 0.87-0.97, P < 0.001) and 0.797 (95% CI: 0.71
      0.86, P < 0.001), respectively. The logistic model combining the two markers
      yielded sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 95.7%, 81.1%, 88.6%, and 92.5%
      respectively. CONCLUSION: hs-cTnT and IMA may be useful tools for risk
      stratification of ACS and can be used together with better accuracy in the early
      diagnosis of ACS.

PMID- 26985421
TI  - Seatbelt submarining injury and its prevention countermeasures: How a cantilever
      seat pan structure exacerbate submarining.
AB  - The purpose of this study and a case report was to demonstrate seat belt webbing
      induced injury due to seatbelt submarining during the frontal motor vehicle
      crash. Submarining is an undesired phenomenon during a frontal crash scenario and
      is dependent on design features of the seat pan and seatbelt system. The lack of
      adequate anti-submarining features at any seating position with three-point
      restraint can cause abdominal solid and hollow organ injuries. This paper reports
      a case of submarining and factors that exacerbated this phenomenon leading to
      critical occupant abdominal injury. This case report and the following injury
      causation analysis demonstrate the shortcomings of a cantilever seat pan design
      in context to the occupant safety. The inadequate seat pan anti-submarining
      feature in association with lack of seatbelt load-limiter and Pretensioner
      reduces the level of occupant protection offered by the seat belt system in the
      rear seat. This case report shows the dangers of cantilever seat pan design and
      its association with increased risk of submarining causing severe abdominal
      injuries. 

PMID- 26985420
TI  - Knowledge of hand hygiene in undergraduate medical, dental, and nursing students:
      A cross-sectional survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is of paramount importance for the prevention of
      healthcare associated infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
      There is a need to explore the concept of hand hygiene among the cross
      disciplinary undergraduate healthcare students. AIM: To evaluate and compare the
      knowledge of hand hygiene among medical, dental, and nursing undergraduate
      students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 84
      medical, 74 dental, and 40 nursing undergraduate students in a Tertiary Care
      Teaching Institute in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Knowledge was assessed
      using the World Health Organization hand hygiene questionnaire. The scores for
      each were calculated and compared. The scores were further graded as low,
      moderate, and good. RESULTS: Overall, only 7.5% of the participants had good
      knowledge regarding hand hygiene while majority (69.1%) had moderate knowledge.
      Medical students' hand hygiene knowledge was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than
      that of dental and nursing students. CONCLUSION: The overall low scores on hand
      hygiene knowledge indicate that undergraduate healthcare students require
      increased emphasis on hand hygiene education, behavior, and improvement in their
      current primary training as well as undergraduate curricula.

PMID- 26985422
TI  - Some interesting observations regarding TB patient management from a rural area
      of Madhya Pradesh: TB case series.
AB  - Despite many serious efforts, tuberculosis (TB) is still a recognized public
      health problem. The Government of India has adopted the Directly Observed
      Treatment, Short-Course (DOTS) strategy for the entire country through the
      Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) for the treatment of TB.
      In this report, we have presented the trajectories for care seeking of two TB
      cases who suffered from either "patient level delays" or "health system-related
      delays" in seeking DOTS for the treatment of TB. 

PMID- 26985423
TI  - Concurrent meningitis and vivax malaria.
AB  - Malaria is an endemic infectious disease in India. It is often associated with
      other infective conditions but concomitant infection of malaria and meningitis
      are uncommon. We present a case of meningitis with vivax malaria infection in a
      24-year-old lady. This case emphasizes the importance of high index of clinical
      suspicion to detect other infective conditions like meningitis when fever does
      not improve even after anti-malarial treatment in a patient of malaria before
      switching therapy suspecting drug resistance, which is quite common in this part
      of world. 

PMID- 26985425
TI  - An undiagnosed cause of chronic cough.
AB  - Tracheomalacia (TM) refers to loss of tracheal rigidity and resulting
      susceptibility to collapse. It is usually an incidental finding during
      investigations of other illness. The main symptoms are dyspnoea, cough, sputum
      production and hemoptysis. Most cases are considered as respiratory infection and
      are treated symptomatically. Acquired TM results from damage to trachea due to
      various conditions such as inflammation, chronic pressure, or medical/surgical
      procedures. The diagnosis is done by end-expiratory dynamic tracheal imaging,
      which demonstrates typical crescentric narrowing of trachea and reduced antero
      posterior diameter <50% of normal. Management include conservative measures like
      cough suppressants or surgical measures like tracheoplasty, stenting or surgical
      repair. We are reporting a case of chronic cough, which was subsequently
      diagnosed as TM. 

PMID- 26985424
TI  - Immune reconstitution syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus infected child
      due to giardiasis leading to shock.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory
      syndrome has been reported in association with tuberculosis, herpes zoster
      (shingles), Cryptococcus neoformans, Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis pneumonia,
      hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, Histoplasma
      capsulatum, human papillomavirus, and Cytomegalovirus. However, it has never been
      documented with giardiasis. We present a 7-year-old HIV infected girl who
      developed diarrhea and shock following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy,
      and her stool showed the presence of giardiasis. 

PMID- 26985426
TI  - Spontaneous puerperal extraperitoneal bladder wall rupture in young woman with
      diagnostic dilemma.
AB  - A young female presented with an acute abdominal pain and oliguria for 1 week
      following normal vaginal delivery. No history of hematuria was present. Patient
      was having lochia rubra. Sealed uterine rupture was suspected clinically. Initial
      ultrasound of the patient showed distended urinary bladder containing Foley
      catheter ballon with clamping of Foley catheter and particulate ascites.
      Abdominal paracentesis revealed hemorrhagic fluid. Contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography of abdomen revealed ascites, distended urinary bladder and no
      extraluminal contrast extravasation in delayed scan. As patient condition
      deteriorated, repeat ultrasound guided abdominal paracentesis was done which
      revealed transudative peritoneal collection with distended bladder. Cystoscopy
      revealed urinary bladder ruptures with exudate sealing the rupture site.
      Exploratory laparotomy was done and a diagnosis of extraperitoneal bladder
      rupture was confirmed. The rent was repaired in layers. She was put on continuous
      bladder drainage for 3 weeks followed by bladder training. It presented in a
      unique way as there was hemorrhagic peritoneal tap, no macroscopic hematuria and
      urinary bladder was distended in spite of urinary bladder wall rupture which
      delayed the diagnosis and treatment. Complete emptying of urinary bladder before
      second stage of labor and during postpartum period with perineal repair is
      mandatory to prevent urinary bladder rupture. 

PMID- 26985427
TI  - Challenges of parents having developmentally challenged children: An intervention
      approach using acceptance and commitment therapy.

PMID- 26985428
TI  - Why do some parents prefer private vaccine providers in urban area?

PMID- 26985429
TI  - Scientometric analysis: A technical need for medical science researchers either
      as authors or as peer reviewers.
AB  - The nature of performing a scientific research is a process that has several
      different components which consist of identifying the key research question(s),
      choices of scientific approach for the study and data collection, data analysis,
      and finally reporting on results. Generally, peer review is a series of
      procedures in the evaluation of a creative work or performance by other people,
      who work in the same or related field, with the aim of maintaining and improving
      the quality of work or performance in that field. The assessment of the
      achievement of every scientist, and thus indirectly determining his reputation in
      the scientific community of these publications, especially journals, is done
      through the so-called impact factor index. The impact factor predicts or
      estimates that how many annual citations article may receive after its
      publication. Evaluation of scientific productivity and assessment of the
      published articles of researchers and scientists can be made through the so
      called H-index. The quality of published results of scientific work largely
      depends on knowledge sources that are used in the preparation, which means that
      it should be considered to serve the purpose and the very relevance of the
      information used. Scientometrics as a field of science covers all aforementioned
      issues, and scientometric analysis is obligatory for quality assessment of the
      scientific validity of published articles and other type of publications. 

PMID- 26985432
TI  - Omega-3 and Zinc supplementation as complementary therapies in children with
      attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of zinc and omega-3
      supplements as adjunctive drugs in the treatment of attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) of children. METHODS: This study is a
      randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted on 150 children aged 6-15 years
      old that diagnosed as new cases of ADHD. Study subjects were evaluated for 8
      weeks. Besides of drug of choice (methylphenidate) for the ADHD, patients
      received placebo in the control group (n = 50), zinc sulfate in second group (n =
      50), and omega-3 (n = 50) in third group. Clinical improvement was checking by
      Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scales before and in 2(nd), 4(th), and 8(th)
      week of treatment. Results were analyzed with SPSS version 16 software. FINDINGS:
      In this study, mean scores of Conners' scale showed significant improvement
      during treatment in the zinc group compared to control group in children that
      affected to attention-deficit disorder subtype of ADHD (P = 0.02). Moreover, in
      omega-3 group, better clinical response was seen than other groups (P < 0.05).
      However, there was no significant difference between omega-3 group compared to
      placebo group in the mean scores of Conners' scale (P = 0.89). CONCLUSION: Zinc
      supplementation accompanied by the main treatment significantly improves symptom
      of attention-deficit disorder subtype of ADHD. However, omega-3 supplementation
      was superior to zinc and placebo in the clinical improvement of ADHD.

PMID- 26985431
TI  - Prophylactic antiemetic effects of Midazolam, Ondansetron, and their combination
      after middle ear surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of
      midazolam-ondansetron combination in prevention of postoperative nausea and
      vomiting (PONV) after middle ear surgery and its comparison with using midazolam
      or ondansetron alone. METHODS: One hundred and forty patients were enrolled in
      four groups to receive midazolam 0.75 mg/kg in group M, ondansetron 4 mg in group
      O, midazolam 0.75 mg/kg and ondansetron 4 mg in group MO, and saline 0.90% in
      group S intravenously just before anesthesia. Assessment of nausea, vomiting,
      rescue antiemetic, and side effects of study drugs such as headache and dizziness
      was carried out postoperatively for 24 h. FINDINGS: The incidence of PONV was
      significantly smaller in group MO than group M and group O, while there was no
      significant difference between group M and group O during the first 24 h
      postoperatively. Requirement to the additional antiemetic was significantly more
      in group S (71.4%) compared to other groups, while in group MO (11.4%) was lower
      than group M (31.4%) and group O (34.3%). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that
      prophylactic administration of midazolam 0.75 mg/kg combined with ondansetron 4
      mg was more effective than using midazolam or ondansetron alone in prevention of
      PONV after middle ear surgery.

PMID- 26985430
TI  - A review of Vitamin D effects on common respiratory diseases: Asthma, chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease, and tuberculosis.
AB  - Despite the classic role of Vitamin D in skeletal health, new aspects of Vitamin
      D have been discovered in tissues and organs other than bones. Epidemiological
      and observational studies demonstrate a link between Vitamin D deficiency and
      risk of developing respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD), and tuberculosis (TB). To review the literature, we
      searched the terms "Vitamin D" (using the set operator) and "asthma," "COPD" and
      "TB" in electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google
      Scholar until July 2015. Non-English articles or articles with unavailable full
      text were excluded. Both in vivo and in vitro studies were included. All the
      reviewed articles state that Vitamin D deficiency is very common among patients
      with respiratory diseases. The present data regarding Vitamin D and asthma is
      still controversial, but data about COPD and TB are more encouraging. The
      relevant studies have been conducted in different populations therefore it is not
      particularly possible to compare the data due to genetic variations. In order to
      point out a role for Vitamin D, large clinical trials with Vitamin D deficient
      subjects and sufficient Vitamin D supplementation are needed. 

PMID- 26985433
TI  - The effect of neutral oligosaccharides on fecal microbiota in premature infants
      fed exclusively with breast milk: A randomized clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of enteral
      supplementation of a prebiotic mixture (SCGOS/LCFOS) on faecal microbiota in very
      premature infants who fed exclusively with human-milk. METHODS: This double
      center randomized control trial was conducted from December 2012 to November 2013
      in the tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Units of the Isfahan University of
      Medical Sciences. Fifty preterm infants (birth weight <=1500 g who were not fed
      with formula) were randomly allocated to have enteral (tube feeding)
      supplementation with a prebiotic mixture (SCGOS/LCFOS; 9:1) or receive no
      prebiotics. FINDINGS: The primary outcome (e.g., the effect of the prebiotic
      mixture on fecal microbiota pattern) was clearly different between the two
      groups. Despite greater coliforms colony counts in first stool cultures in the
      prebiotic group (Group P) (P = 0.67), coliforms were significantly lower in the
      third stool cultures in the Group P (P < 0.001). Furthermore, despite the much
      higher Lactobacillus colony counts, in the first stool cultures, in the control
      group (Group C) (P = 0.005); there was a trend toward significantly increased
      Lactobacillus colony counts in the Group P during the study, but the difference
      between Lactobacillus colony counts, in the third stool cultures, between two
      groups was no longer statistically significant (P = 0.11). Interestingly, the
      median length of hospital stay was significantly less in the Group P (16 [12.50
      23.50] vs. 25 [19.50-33.00] days; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: This suggests that it
      might have been "the complete removal of formula" which manifests a synergistic
      effect between nonhuman neutral oligosaccharides (prebiotics) and human
      oligosaccharides, which in turn, led to the rapid growth of beneficial
      Lactobacillus colonies in the gut of breast milk-fed preterm infants, while
      decreasing the number of pathogenic coliforms microorganisms. Therefore, further
      studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to investigate the issue.

PMID- 26985434
TI  - Pharmaceutical strategic purchasing requirements in Iran: Price interventions and
      the related effective factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Pharmaceutical access for the poor is an essential factor in
      developing countries that can be improved through strategic purchasing. This
      study was conducted to identify the elements affecting price in order to enable
      insurance organizations to put strategic purchasing into practice. METHODS: This
      was a qualitative study conducted through content analysis with an inductive
      approach applying a five-stage framework analysis (familiarization, identifying a
      thematic framework, indexing, mapping, and interpretation). Data analysis was
      started right after transcribing each interview applying ATLAS.ti. Data were
      saturated after 32 semi-structured interviews by experts. These key informants
      were selected purposefully and through snowball sampling. FINDINGS: Findings
      showed that there are four main themes as Pharmaceutical Strategic Purchasing
      Requirements in Iran as follows essential and structural factors, international
      factors, economical factors, and legal factors. Moreover, totally 14 related sub
      themes were extracted in this area as the main effective variables. CONCLUSION:
      It seems that paying adequate attention to the four present themes and 14 sub
      themes affecting price can enable health system policy-makers of developing
      countries like Iran to make the best decisions through strategic purchasing of
      drugs by the main insurers in order to improve access and health in the country.

PMID- 26985435
TI  - Antibiotic resistance patterns of microorganisms isolated from nephrology and
      kidney transplant wards of a referral academic hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Antibiotic use pattern and emergence of resistant bacteria are major
      concerns in clinical settings. This study aimed to detect common bacteria and
      their antibiotic sensitivity patterns in nephrology and kidney transplant wards.
      METHODS: This 1-year, observational study was performed in the nephrology and
      kidney transplant wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran. All
      patients treated with antimicrobial agents for confirmed or suspected infections
      were included. Their demographic, clinical, and laboratory data (including
      biological media used for microbial culture, growth organisms, and antibiograms)
      were collected. Adherence of antimicrobial regimen to standard guidelines was
      also assessed. FINDINGS: About half of the patients received antibiotic. The most
      common infecting bacteria were Escherichia coli followed by Enterococcus sp. and
      Staphylococcus aureus. E. coli showed high rate of sensitivity to carbapenems and
      nitrofurantoin and high rate of resistance to co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin.
      Enterococcus sp. in both wards had high rate of resistance to ampicillin and were
      all sensitive to linezolid. Unlike to the nephrology ward, more than 50% of
      Enterococcus sp. from kidney transplant ward was resistant to vancomycin. The
      most common type of S. aureus in this nephrology ward was methicillin-resistant
      S. aureus (MRSA). Most commonly-prescribed antibiotics were carbapenems followed
      by vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. Antibiotic regimens were 75% and
      83%, 85% and 91%, and 80% and 87% compatible with international guidelines in
      antibiotic types, dosages, and treatment durations, respectively, in nephrology
      and kidney transplant wards, respectively. CONCLUSION: MRSA, fluoroquinolone
      resistant E. coli, and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species are major
      threats in nephrology and kidney transplant wards. Most commonly-prescribed
      antibiotics were carbapenems that necessitate providing internal guidelines by
      the teamwork of clinical pharmacist, infectious disease specialists, and
      nephrologists to avoid the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

PMID- 26985436
TI  - Adherence to prescribed medications of Iranian traditional medicine in a group of
      patients with chronic disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The extent to which a person's health-related behavior corresponds
      with medical instructions (adherence) is an important modifier of health system
      effectiveness. This study was designed to determine the patients' adherence to
      Iranian traditional medicine in a group of patients with chronic disease.
      METHODS: Convenience sampling was used to enroll 320 patients with chronic
      diseases from January 2014 to January 2015 in clinics of traditional medicine
      affiliated with medical universities in Tehran. Morisky Medication Adherence
      Scale (MMAS) was used to measure the adherence. After describing the variables
      and the frequency of adherence, logistic regression analysis was used to
      determine the influencing factors. FINDINGS: Mean age was 40.8 (standard
      deviation [SD] =13) years. The mean of the duration of disease was 54.6 (SD =
      56.1) months and mean of the duration of referring to the clinics 6.5 (SD = 6.9)
      months. Total score of MMAS was zero in 33 (10.3%) of patients (high adherence),
      one or two in 128 (40%) of patients (moderate adherence), and more than two in
      159 (49.7%) of patients (low adherence). Forgetfulness, bad taste, not
      availability, and the high cost of the drugs were the most commonly reported
      causes of non-adherence. Adherence was associated with age (odds ratio [OR]
      =1.05, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1-1.1), marriage (OR = 10.8, 95% CI 2.05
      57.6), number of prescribed drugs (OR = 0.05, 95% CI 0.02-0.14), and duration of
      disease (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 1-1.02). CONCLUSION: Considering the low adherence in
      users of medications of Iranian traditional medicine, health care practitioners
      need to be trained in adherence and the influencing factors and also to use some
      interventions to increase the adherence.

PMID- 26985437
TI  - Development of a community pharmacy program in Iran with a focus on Logbook
      application.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Community pharmacy educational program needs to be completed because
      of gradual transition in pharmacist responsibilities from traditional roles such
      as dispensing and compounding medications to give professional patient-based
      care. To further develop the community pharmacy program, this study was designed
      to involve Logbook in pharmacy training courses. METHODS: For this study, at
      first, Logbook for community pharmacy practice was designed to develop
      educational program of this course in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
      Thereafter, in a 6-month prospective study, this Logbook was incorporated to the
      pharmacy practice course of Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) educational program, and
      students' feedbacks were gained after final examination to improve the Logbook
      accordingly. Students described their opinions about different sections of this
      program as unnecessary, necessary, and necessary with revision. FINDINGS: A total
      of 65 PharmD students were included in this study. More than 90% of the students
      gave complete answers to the evaluation of this pharmacy training program. The
      results showed that more than 70% of students considered this program of pharmacy
      training was necessary (with or without revisions) in PharmD courses. They
      recommended more time to be included for prescription reading and analyses during
      these courses. CONCLUSION: Developing pharmacy training program by using Logbook
      which was presented in this study was considered necessary and efficient for
      PharmD students. However, it is a prototype system, and we are committed to using
      initial students and preceptors' feedbacks to improve Logbook in future courses.

PMID- 26985438
TI  - The risk factors for cytomegalovirus reactivation following stem cell
      transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV) are among the
      primary causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hematipoetic
      stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This infection is frequently seen in early
      postengraftment period. So we determined to find the risk factors associated with
      CMV reactivation. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of
      126 consecutive patients who underwent allogenic-HSCT from peripheral blood stem
      cells from August 2011 to February 2013 in Shariati Hospital. We included HSCT
      patients with 15 years of age or older, who survived at least 100 days after
      transplantation. CMV reactivation was detected based on the weekly PP65
      assessment. Patients with 10 or more positive cells per 50,000 cells were defined
      as having high-level antigenemia. FINDINGS: From 126 patients which included in
      this study, 76 were male (60%). CMV antigenemia was documented in 43 patients
      (34%). The median time to CMV infection was 40 days (range: 3-77) after
      transplantation. The incidence of high-level antigenemia during the first 100
      days following HSCT was 11%. CONCLUSION: We found that the significant risk
      factor for CMV antigenemia in multivariate analysis was prior graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD) experience and higher donor age. For high-level antigenemia, GVHD
      or duration of its treatment was significant determinant.

PMID- 26985439
TI  - Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome associated with
      Nitrofurantoin.
AB  - Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptom (DRESS) is a severe adverse
      drug-induced reaction with a prolonged latency period which is characterized by a
      variety of clinical manifestations, usually fever, rash, lymphadenopathy,
      eosinophilia, and a wide range of mild-to-severe systemic presentations. Drugs
      are an important cause of DRESS in most of the cases. It is challenging to
      diagnose DRESS because of the diversity of cutaneous eruption and visceral organs
      involvement. We hereby report a 34-year-old female who developed DRESS syndrome
      following ingestion of nitrofurantoin for the treatment of urinary tract
      infection. She was managed conservatively and recovered after few weeks. Our aim
      of this study is to raise awareness to suspect DRESS syndrome in patients who
      present with unusual clinical features with skin involvement after initiating any
      drug. 

PMID- 26985440
TI  - Silymarin therapy and improvement of cardiac outcome in patients with beta
      thalassemia major.

PMID- 26985441
TI  - The Current State of Poison Control Centers in Pakistan and the Need for Capacity
      Building.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chemical exposure is a major health problem globally. Poison control
      centers (PCCs) play a leading role both in developed and developing countries in
      the prevention and control of poisonous chemical exposures. In this study, we
      aimed to assess the current state of PCCs in Pakistan and highlight capacity
      building needs in these centers. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of the two
      registered PCCs was done during August - December 2011. Necessary services of the
      PCCs were evaluated and the data were recorded on a predesigned checklist.
      RESULTS: Both PCCs are affiliated to a tertiary care hospital. Clinical services
      to poisoned patients were available 24 hours a day / 7 days a week. Information
      on common local products was available to poison center staff. Both centers were
      involved in undergraduate and post graduate teaching. Telephone poison
      information service was not available in either of centers. There was a limited
      capacity for qualitative and analytical toxicology. Common antidotes were
      available. There were limited surveillance activities to capture toxic risks
      existing in the community and also a deficiency was observed in chemical disaster
      planning. CONCLUSION: PCCs in Pakistan need capacity building for specialized
      training in toxicology, toxicovigilance, chemical disaster planning, analytical
      laboratory tests and telephone service for consultation in poisoning cases.

PMID- 26985443
TI  - Application of linker technique to trap transiently interacting protein complexes
      for structural studies.
AB  - Protein-protein interactions are key events controlling several biological
      processes. We have developed and employed a method to trap transiently
      interacting protein complexes for structural studies using glycine-rich linkers
      to fuse interacting partners, one of which is unstructured. Initial steps involve
      isothermal titration calorimetry to identify the minimum binding region of the
      unstructured protein in its interaction with its stable binding partner. This is
      followed by computational analysis to identify the approximate site of the
      interaction and to design an appropriate linker length. Subsequently, fused
      constructs are generated and characterized using size exclusion chromatography
      and dynamic light scattering experiments. The structure of the chimeric protein
      is then solved by crystallization, and validated both in vitro and in vivo by
      substituting key interacting residues of the full length, unlinked proteins with
      alanine. This protocol offers the opportunity to study crucial and currently
      unattainable transient protein interactions involved in various biological
      processes.

PMID- 26985444
TI  - Single Clinical Practice's Report of Testing Initiation, Antibody Clearance, and
      Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Infants of Chronically HCV-Infected
      Mothers.
AB  - Background.  Perinatally acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main source of
      pediatric HCV infection. However, the best time for initiation of screening and
      follow up of these infants is still unknown. Analysis of the clinical data of
      infants born to HCV-infected mothers, transmission rates, and pathway of HCV
      testing could be important for optimization of their management. Methods. 
      Children of mothers with chronic HCV infection, who were observed between 1998
      and 2013 at the pediatric infectious disease clinic for the first 18 months of
      their life, were eligible for enrollment. We analyzed the factors influencing
      initiation of HCV testing in these children and rate of HCV transmission as
      demonstrated by consecutive HCV antibody and HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA)
      amplification testing. Results.  One hundred and forty-two mother-infant pairs
      were enrolled. The majority of mothers were intravenous drug users, had carried
      to term, and delivered vaginally. A high proportion of infants had at least 1
      positive anti-HCV antibody assay without viremia. True HCV infection and
      intermittent viremia were recorded in 3.5% and 1.4% of infants, respectively.
      Initiation of HCV testing after 10 months of age was associated with a
      significant decline in the probability of obtaining a positive HCV antibody of
      maternal origin. Conclusions.  The low likelihood for detection and confirmation
      of true HCV transmission before 10 months of age could challenge the early
      initiation of HCV screening of infants exposed to maternal HCV infection but may
      affect the parental need for early monitoring and counseling. 

PMID- 26985446
TI  - Opioid System Modulates the Immune Function: A Review.
AB  - Opioid receptors and their ligands produce powerful analgesia that is effective
      in perioperative period and chronic pain managements accompanied with various
      side effects including respiratory depression, constipation and addiction etc.
      Opioids can also interfere with the immune system, not only participating in the
      function of the immune cells, but also modulating innate and acquired immune
      responses. The traditional notion of opioids is immunosuppressive. Recent studies
      indicate that the role of opioid receptors on immune function is complicated,
      working through various different mechanisms. Different opioids or opioids
      administrations show various effects on the immune system: immunosuppressive,
      immunostimulatory, or dual effect. It is important to elucidate the relationship
      between opioids and immune function, since immune system plays critical role in
      various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including the
      inflammation, tumor growth and metastasis, drug abuse, and so on. This review
      article tends to have an overview of the recent work and perspectives on opioids
      and the immune function.

PMID- 26985445
TI  - Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Adult Falciparum Malaria: Relationships With
      Disease Severity, Antimalarial Treatment, Hemolysis, and Inflammation.
AB  - Background.  Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is impaired in severe
      falciparum malaria (SM). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous
      inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), contributes to endothelial dysfunction and is
      associated with mortality in adults with falciparum malaria. However, factors
      associated with ADMA in malaria, including the NOS-substrate l-arginine,
      hemolysis, and antimalarial treatment, are not well understood. Methods.  In a
      prospective observational study of Malaysian adults with SM (N = 22) and non-SM
      (NSM; N = 124) and healthy controls (HCs), we investigated factors associated
      with plasma ADMA including the effects of antimalarial treatment. Results. 
      Compared with HCs, ADMA levels were lower in NSM (0.488 uM vs 0.540 uM, P = .001)
      and in the subset of SM patients enrolled before commencing treatment (0.453 uM
      [N = 5], P = .068), but levels were higher in SM patients enrolled after
      commencing antimalarial treatment (0.610 uM [N = 17], P = .026). In SM and NSM,
      ADMA levels increased significantly to above-baseline levels by day 3. Baseline
      ADMA was correlated with arginine and cell-free hemoglobin in SM and NSM and
      inversely correlated with interleukin-10 in NSM. Arginine and the arginine/ADMA
      ratio (reflective of arginine bioavailability) were lower in SM and NSM compared
      with HCs, and the arginine/ADMA ratio was lower in SM compared with NSM.
      Conclusions.  Pretreatment ADMA concentrations and l-arginine bioavailability are
      reduced in SM and NSM. Asymmetric dimethylarginine increases to above-baseline
      levels after commencement of antimalarial treatment. Arginine, hemolysis, and
      posttreatment inflammation all likely contribute to ADMA regulation, with ADMA
      likely contributing to the reduced NO bioavailability in SM. 

PMID- 26985447
TI  - Significance of Proline Residue on Short Mucin Peptide Interactions with Mouse
      MUC1 Monoclonal Antibody Studied by Saturation Transfer Difference NMR
      Spectroscopy.
AB  - In this study we investigated to see whether or not a shortened MUC1 mucin
      peptide epitope with the sequence GVTSAPD containing a single prolyl residue
      would still bind specific monoclonal antibody as its native sequence (e.g.,
      PDTRP), known to be the specific recognition site on the Variable Number Tandem
      Repeat (VNTR) region of MUC1 mucin by the immune system. The affinity of GVTSAPD
      peptide to a mouse Muc1 mucin specific monoclonal antibody (clone 6A4, IgG1
      isotype) was investigated by Saturation Transfer Difference NMR spectroscopy (STD
      NMR). Results showed that the shortened mucin epitope GVTSAPD still retained
      affinity to Muc1 specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) while one that lacks the
      prolyl residue at position 6 lost its affinity, which suggests that P6 is
      necessay for antibody binding. The interactions observed by STD NMR occurred
      strongest at the P6 side chain 1H's (betaH and gammaH); the P6Halpha showed lower
      degree of saturation transfer effect. Minor interactions also occurred at the
      methyl groups of V2' T3 and A5. Mucin peptides derived from the VNTR region have
      been the target of cancer vaccine research, thus properties associated with mucin
      peptide structure, conformation and antibody interaction are central to peptide
      design or engineering towards that end.

PMID- 26985448
TI  - Characterization of molecular and cellular phenotypes associated with a
      heterozygous CNTNAP2 deletion using patient-derived hiPSC neural cells.
AB  - Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and
      schizophrenia (SZ), are complex disorders with a high degree of heritability.
      Genetic studies have identified several candidate genes associated with these
      disorders, including contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2).
      Traditionally, in animal models or in vitro, the function of CNTNAP2 has been
      studied by genetic deletion or transcriptional knockdown, which reduce the
      expression of the entire gene; however, it remains unclear whether the mutations
      identified in clinical settings are sufficient to alter CNTNAP2 expression in
      human neurons. Here, using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived
      from two individuals with a large (289kb) and heterozygous deletion in CNTNAP2
      (affecting exons 14-15) and discordant clinical outcomes, we have characterized
      CNTNAP2 expression patterns in hiPSC neural progenitor cells (NPCs), two
      independent populations of hiPSC-derived neurons and hiPSC-derived
      oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). First, we observed exon-specific changes
      in CNTNAP2 expression in both carriers; although the expression of exons 14-15 is
      significantly decreased, the expression of other exons is upregulated. Second, we
      observed significant differences in patterns of allele-specific expression in
      CNTNAP2 carriers that were consistent with clinical outcome. Third, we observed a
      robust neural migration phenotype that correlated with diagnosis and exon- and
      allele-specific CNTNAP2 expression patterns, but not with genotype. In all, our
      data highlight the importance of considering the nature, location and regulation
      of mutated alleles when attempting to connect GWAS studies to gene function.

PMID- 26985449
TI  - EVALUATION RETREAT: A SENSIBLE METHOD FOR PROGRAM'S ASSESSMENT.
AB  - PURPOSE: The University of Puerto Rico (UPR), Medical Sciences Campus (MSC) post
      doctoral Master of Science in Clinical and Translational Research (MSc) program
      aims to train Hispanic post-doctoral candidates to advance their careers and
      become successful clinical and translational researchers geared to help eliminate
      health disparities. Its curriculum highlights the use of technology and online
      resources to maximize time use of time and efforts. As part of the assessment
      efforts, the program's Evaluation Committee leads an annual activity, Evaluation
      Retreat (ER), to evaluate the program's curriculum, research component, and
      mentoring experience according to Scholars' perspective. Results are used by the
      Program Executive committee for further planning and improvement. This analysis
      presents the most relevant results from these activities. DESIGN METHODS: Data
      collection (from last 5 years), include quantitative (online surveys) and
      qualitative approaches (a group meeting with Scholars.) Questionnaires request
      Scholars to rate specific features of the program's research component, mentoring
      experience and curriculum. It also includes questions about the program in
      general (major strengths and challenges, and recommendations for improvement.
      During the group meeting, Scholars discuss these results and present consensus in
      a plenary session. Quantitative data are managed and analyzed using the
      statistical software SPSS. Qualitative data are examined using content analysis.
      RESULTS: Scholars identified as program's strengths the networking opportunities
      (local and with U.S. experts), the diversity of peers and faculty, the faculty
      support, the technical and audiovisual support, the physical facilities and
      resources, the guest speakers and consultants, and the quality of the curriculum.
      Challenges vary as cohorts change, but time limitations and the need for
      technical/statistical support are always highlighted. Recommendations for
      improvement emphasize the need for a greater pool of experienced mentors, and
      more hands-on approaches to address particular skills such as, manuscript
      development, institutional and federal guidelines for proposal submission, and
      issues related to the research project management. DISCUSSION: Evaluation
      Retreats provide a valuable input to improve a program geared to develop
      competent clinical researchers. Findings evidence the program's commitment with
      providing the foundation for an enhanced mass of clinical researchers.

PMID- 26985450
TI  - Individually tailored light intervention through closed eyelids to promote
      circadian alignment and sleep health.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Light is most effective at changing the timing of the circadian clock
      when applied close to the core body temperature minimum. The present study
      investigated, in a home setting, if individually tailored light treatment using
      flashing blue light delivered through closed eyelids during the early part of the
      sleep period delayed circadian phase and sleep in a population of healthy older
      adults and in those suffering from early awakening insomnia. METHODS: Twenty
      eight participants (9 early awakening insomniacs) completed an 8-week, within
      subjects study. Twice, participants collected data during two baseline weeks and
      one intervention week. During the intervention week, participants wore a flashing
      blue (active) or a flashing red (control) light mask during sleep. Light was
      expected to delay circadian phase. Saliva samples for dim light melatonin onset
      (DLMO) were collected at the end of each baseline and intervention week. Wrist
      actigraphy and Daysimeter, a calibrated light and activity meter, data were
      collected during the entire study. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, flashing blue
      light, but not flashing red light, significantly (p<0.05) delayed DLMO. The mean
      +/- standard deviation phase shift (minutes) was 0:06 +/- 0:30 for the flashing
      red light and 0:34 +/- 0:30 for the flashing blue light. Compared to Day 1, sleep
      start times were significantly delayed (by approximately 46 minutes) at Day 7
      after the flashing blue light. The light intervention did not affect sleep
      efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated the feasibility of using
      light through closed eyelids during sleep for promoting circadian alignment and
      sleep health.

PMID- 26985451
TI  - REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING: APPROACHES TO LIMB REGENERATION AND OTHER GRAND
      CHALLENGES.
AB  - The clinical grand challenge to regenerate complex tissue and organ systems call
      for a paradigm shift that requires a transdisciplinary approach. The field of
      regenerative engineering puts forward a Convergence approach to create a
      regenerative toolbox to move beyond individual tissue repair to the regeneration
      of complex tissues and organ systems. Here we discuss the regenerative tool box
      currently under development to address grand opportunities in complex
      tissue/organ regeneration.

PMID- 26985452
TI  - Metabolic reprogramming of pyruvate dehydrogenase is essential for the
      proliferation of glioma cells expressing mutant IDH1.
AB  - Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) characterize most adult low-grade
      gliomas. Mutant IDH1 catalyzes production of the oncometabolite 2
      hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). We recently discovered that the IDH1 mutation also
      reprograms pyruvate metabolism in a 2-HG-dependent manner, and reprogramming of
      pyruvate metabolism is essential for cell proliferation in mutant IDH1 glioma
      cells.

PMID- 26985453
TI  - Editorial: Introducing Research Resource Identification Initiative at eNeuro.

PMID- 26985455
TI  - Nanogel-Mediated RNAi Against Runx2 and Osx Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation
      in Constitutively Active BMPR1A Osteoblasts.
AB  - Trauma-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) and fibrodysplasia ossificans
      progressiva (FOP) are acquired and genetic variants of pathological bone
      formation occurring in soft tissues. Conventional treatment modalities target the
      inflammatory processes preceding bone formation. We investigated the development
      of a prophylaxis for heterotopic bone formation by addressing the biological
      basis for HO - dysregulation in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling
      pathway. We previously reported the synthesis of cationic nanogel nanostructured
      polymers (NSPs) for efficient delivery of short interfering ribonucleic acids
      (siRNAs) and targeted gene silencing. Results suggested that nanogel:siRNA weight
      ratios of 1:1 and 5:1 silenced Runx2 and Osx gene expression in primary mouse
      osteoblasts with a constitutively active (ca) BMP Receptor 1A (BMPR1A) by the
      Q233D mutation. Repeated RNAi treatments over 14 days significantly inhibited
      alkaline phosphatase activity in caBMPR1A osteoblasts. Hydroxyapatite (HA)
      deposition was diminished over 28 days in culture, though complete suppression of
      HA deposition was not achieved. Outcome data suggested minimal cytotoxicity of
      nanogel-based RNAi therapeutics, and the multistage disruption of BMP-induced
      bone formation processes. This RNAi based approach to impeding osteoblastic
      differentiation and subsequent bone formation may form the basis of a clinical
      therapy for heterotopic bone formation.

PMID- 26985454
TI  - Network Analysis Reveals Sex- and Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Antivirulence
      Targets in Clinical Uropathogens.
AB  - Increasing antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is
      driving interest in therapeutic targeting of nonconserved virulence factor (VF)
      genes. The ability to formulate efficacious combinations of antivirulence agents
      requires an improved understanding of how UPEC deploy these genes. To identify
      clinically relevant VF combinations, we applied contemporary network analysis and
      biclustering algorithms to VF profiles from a large, previously characterized
      inpatient clinical cohort. These mathematical approaches identified four
      stereotypical VF combinations with distinctive relationships to antibiotic
      resistance and patient sex that are independent of traditional phylogenetic
      grouping. Targeting resistance- or sex-associated VFs based upon these
      contemporary mathematical approaches may facilitate individualized anti-infective
      therapies and identify synergistic VF combinations in bacterial pathogens.

PMID- 26985456
TI  - "Compassion Cultivation in Chronic Pain May Reduce Anger, Pain, and Increase
      Acceptance: Study Review and Brief Commentary".

PMID- 26985458
TI  - Enhanced fluorescent resonant energy transfer of DNA conjugates complexed with
      surfactants and divalent metal ions.
AB  - Dimerization and resultant quenching of donor and acceptor dyes conjugated on DNA
      causes loss of fluorescent resonant energy transfer (FRET) efficiency. However,
      when complexed with surfactants and divalent metal ions, sheathing effects
      insulate and shield the DNA structures, reducing dimerization and quenching which
      leads to significant enhancement of FRET efficiency. 

PMID- 26985457
TI  - Effect of MRP2 and MRP3 Polymorphisms on Anastrozole Glucuronidation and MRP2 and
      MRP3 Gene Expression in Normal Liver Samples.
AB  - Anastrozole is an aromatase inhibitor (AI) used as adjuvant therapy for breast
      cancer. Anastrozole is subject to direct glucuronidation catalyzed by UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase1A4 (UGT1A4). Interindividual variability in anastrozole
      glucuronidation may be affected by UGT1A4 SNPs. Interplay between drug
      metabolizing genes such as UGT1A4 and transporter genes may also be affected by
      genetic variability. Thus, we hypothesize that genetic variability in MRPs could
      influence anastrozole glucuronidation. The correlation between UGT1A4 and MRP2 or
      MRP3 transporter gene expressions and the correlation between MRP2 or MRP3 mRNA
      and anastrozole glucuronidation were analyzed in normal human liver samples. MRP2
      and MRP3 mRNA levels were significantly correlated with UGT1A4 mRNA, with
      anastrozole glucuronidation and with each other (p<0.05). The data also
      demonstrated that MRP2 SNPs are positively correlated with MRP2 mRNA expression,
      while there was no association between MRP3 SNPs from this study and MRP3
      expression. Significant correlations (p<0.05) between certain MRP2 SNPs (3972C>T,
      2366C>T and -24C>T) and anastrozole glucuronidation were observed. There were no
      observed correlations between MRP3 SNPs and anastrozole glucuronidation. MRP2
      polymorphisms have been identified as playing a role in the disposition of other
      drugs, and the data presented here indicate for the first time that MRP2 SNPs
      could influence anastrozole metabolism and contribute to interindividual
      variation in treatment responses.

PMID- 26985459
TI  - HEALTHY INNOVATION: VAPING, SMOKING, AND PUBLIC POLICY.

PMID- 26985460
TI  - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR U.S. PUBLIC POLICIES REGULATING ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES.

PMID- 26985461
TI  - HEALTH REGULATION.

PMID- 26985462
TI  - COMPREHENSIVE E-CIGARETTE REGULATION AS A STEP TOWARD HARM REDUCTION.

PMID- 26985463
TI  - Retraction notice to "Triptolide, histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses
      growth and chemosensitizes leukemic cells through inhibition of gene expression
      regulated by TNF-TNFR1-TRADD-TRAF2-NIK-TAK1-IKK pathway" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 82
      (2011) 1134-1144].

PMID- 26985464
TI  - Retraction notice to "Cyclodextrin-complexed curcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory
      and antiproliferative activities superior to those of curcumin through higher
      cellular uptake" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 80 (2010) 1021-1032].

PMID- 26985465
TI  - Retraction notice to "Design of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles formulation
      with enhanced cellular uptake, and increased bioactivity in vitro and superior
      bioavailability in vivo" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 79 (2010) 330-338].

PMID- 26985466
TI  - Retraction notice to "Suppression of pro-inflammatory and proliferative pathways
      by diferuloylmethane (curcumin) and its analogues dibenzoylmethane,
      dibenzoylpropane, and dibenzylideneacetone: Role of Michael acceptors and Michael
      donors" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 82 (2011) 1901-1909].

PMID- 26985467
TI  - Retraction notice to "Curcumin potentiates the antitumor effects of gemcitabine
      in an orthotopic model of human bladder cancer through suppression of
      proliferative and angiogenic biomarkers" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 79 (2010) 218-228].

PMID- 26985468
TI  - Retraction notice to "Thymoquinone poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles
      exhibit enhanced anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and chemosensitization
      potential" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 79 (2010) 1640-1647].

PMID- 26985469
TI  - Retraction notice to "Curcumin induces the degradation of cyclin E expression
      through ubiquitin-dependent pathway and up-regulates cyclin-dependent kinase
      inhibitors p21 and p27 in multiple human tumor cell lines" [Biochem. Pharmacol.
      73 (2007) 1024-1032].

PMID- 26985471
TI  - Reflections: neurology and the humanities. The Theory of Everything The
      extraordinary and the ordinary.

PMID- 26985470
TI  - The authors respond.

PMID- 26985472
TI  - Author Response.

PMID- 26985474
TI  - rRNA sequencing for bacterial identification.

PMID- 26985473
TI  - Author Response.

PMID- 26985475
TI  - [Young patient with palpitations. Which arrhythmia is the cause - and what would
      you do?].

PMID- 26985476
TI  - [Work on the stress axis brings relief. Helping the highly sensitive patient].

PMID- 26985477
TI  - [Sports tax for sedentary persons].

PMID- 26985478
TI  - [A prescription with broad effective spectrum. Properly prescribing motor
      activity].

PMID- 26985479
TI  - [Sports in tumor after care. Moderate exercise therapy for better prognosis].

PMID- 26985480
TI  - [Knee injuries. What is broken: meniscus, ligaments or cartilage?].

PMID- 26985481
TI  - [Quo vadis sports medicine?].

PMID- 26985482
TI  - [Spontaneous pneumothorax. Thoracic drainage: what can go wrong?].

PMID- 26985483
TI  - [Diagnosis and admission criteria updated. New guideline pericarditis].

PMID- 26985484
TI  - [Cystitis. Ultrasound only in complicated anamnesis].

PMID- 26985486
TI  - [Severe atopic dermatitis. Antibodies revolutionize therapy].

PMID- 26985487
TI  - [Atopic dermatitis. Probiotics in primary prevention].

PMID- 26985489
TI  - [The silent potentials of no.01622 EBM].

PMID- 26985488
TI  - [Therapy of deep venous thrombosis. Effective without stockings?].

PMID- 26985490
TI  - [Small GOA trick in exclusion of no. 8].

PMID- 26985491
TI  - [Physician assistant pregnant - what should be done?].

PMID- 26985492
TI  - [Even with sensory aids there is a regress risk].

PMID- 26985493
TI  - [This grimacing patient I have offended].

PMID- 26985494
TI  - [Even Hahnemann did not anticipate this].

PMID- 26985495
TI  - [Mecklenburg-Vorpommern physician network. Bypass for health care stenosis].

PMID- 26985496
TI  - [ GOA accounting. Patient will not pay injections and cannula].

PMID- 26985497
TI  - [Remedies. Subsequent prescription is the responsibility of the first prescriber
      ].

PMID- 26985498
TI  - [Endless reform. GOA: offsetting inflation personally].

PMID- 26985499
TI  - [Reader survey. Antibiotics in respiratory infections are unpopular].

PMID- 26985500
TI  - [Approach to multiple targets].

PMID- 26985501
TI  - [In atrial fibrillation weight loss is effective].

PMID- 26985502
TI  - [Multidimensional prevention of dementia diseases].

PMID- 26985503
TI  - [Overdiagnosis in gynecomastia in the man].

PMID- 26985504
TI  - [Lady in red seeks reproductive partners].

PMID- 26985505
TI  - [Suspending anticoagulation for operation without substitutes].

PMID- 26985506
TI  - [Even in COPD beta blockers can be administered - but not all].

PMID- 26985507
TI  - [Passive smoking damages blood vessels the same as active smoking].

PMID- 26985508
TI  - [Things are different in nursing homes. Take care of the elderly].

PMID- 26985509
TI  - [Multiresistant bacteria in nursing homes for the elderly].

PMID- 26985510
TI  - [Self determined planning at the end of life].

PMID- 26985511
TI  - [Diagnostic and treatment principles of iron deficiency anaemia].

PMID- 26985512
TI  - [Suffering from hemorrhoids: "I am even afraid to go to the bathroom"].

PMID- 26985513
TI  - [Dietary recommendations for patients with type 2 diabetes].

PMID- 26985514
TI  - [Migraine].

PMID- 26985515
TI  - [Diagnostic sonography for assessment of shoulder pain].

PMID- 26985516
TI  - [Acute uncomplicated respiratory tract infections. Phytotherapy with mustard oils
      recommended by expert panel].

PMID- 26985517
TI  - [SGLT2 inhibition in type 2 diabetes. New study data for reducing cardiovascular
      risk].

PMID- 26985567
TI  - Quantification of adipose volume reduction with a prospective study analyzing the
      application of external radiofrequency energy and high voltage ultrashort pulse
      duration electrical fields.
AB  - To date, there have been no objective measurements of subcutaneous volume loss
      following treatments with a noninvasive radiofrequency (RF)-based device. Twenty
      female patients were treated with a suction-coupled bipolar RF device using
      external RF energy combined with pulsed electromagnetic RF energy for
      subcutaneous fat reduction. Parameters followed included weight, Vectra
      measurements of abdominal circumference and torso volume, and high-definition
      ultrasound measurements of fat thickness. Measurements were taken before
      treatment and three times following treatment. Analysis of the measured
      parameters showed that mean circumference reduction of 2.30 cm was noted at three
      months post-treatment. Independent volumetric analysis showed a mean subcutaneous
      volume reduction of 428 cc three months following RF treatment. High-resolution
      ultrasound fat thickness was reduced by a mean of 39.6% three months following
      the final BodyFX treatment. Independent and paired-sample t-tests showed a p
      value of < 0.05. Repeated measures of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted
      for differences in age, as well as height and weight (proxy for body mass index)
      to minimize individual differences and control for extraneous variables that may
      affect the pre- and post-treatment results were analyzed. No confounding
      variables were found. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS 21.0. 

PMID- 26985569
TI  - Usefulness of sentinel lymph node biopsy for prognostic prediction in
      extramammary Paget's disease.
AB  - Complete excision of the primary lesion has long been considered the standard
      treatment for extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). However, the presence of lymph
      node metastases has been reported as an important prognostic factor. We evaluated
      the association between lymph node metastasis and prognosis for EMPD using
      sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. This retrospective study included 59 patients
      with histopathologically-confirmed primary EMPD. A total of 45 patients with
      microinvasion to the papillary dermis and deep invasion into the reticular dermis
      or subcutaneous tissue were included in the analysis. The survival curves of the
      SLN-negative group and the SLN-positive group were compared and we examined the
      risk factors for SLN positivity. A total of 139 SLNs were excised from one (28
      patients) or both inguinal regions (31 patients). The average number of detected
      SLNs was 2.4. The incidence of SLN metastases was 16.9%. SLN positivity rates
      according to level of invasion were 0% for intraepithelial lesions, 4.1% for
      microinvasion, and 42.8% for dermal invasion. The five-year survival rates were
      100% in the SLN-negative and 24% in the SLN-positive groups (p = 0.0001).
      Reticular dermis or subcutaneous tissue invasion was a significant independent
      risk factor for SLN positivity according to multivariate analysis. The result of
      SLN biopsy affected prognosis. It is extremely important to accurately ascertain
      the presence, i.e. the number, or absence of regional lymph node metastases in
      patients with EMPD. We conclude that SLN biopsy may be appropriate for cases
      where invasion is suspected. 

PMID- 26985568
TI  - Stability of stereognosis after pediatric repetitive transcranial magnetic
      stimulation and constraint-induced movement therapy clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Poor sensibility affecting stereognosis, the ability to discriminate
      objects without visual input, can potentiate disuse of the paretic limb following
      stroke. The purpose of this study was to examine potential change in stereognosis
      after intervention. METHODS: Stereognosis testing in a secondary subgroup of 10
      children with hemiparesis and baseline stereognosis deficits (ages 11-16) after a
      13-day clinical trial of real or sham repetitive transcranial magnetic
      stimulation (rTMS) and constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is reported.
      All children received 10 h of CIMT while wearing a cast full-time. RESULTS: Post
      trial, 80% of participants from both intervention groups demonstrated improvement
      in stereognosis (95% CI: 44.4%-97.5%). Pre-trial to long-term follow-up (range:
      21-57 months), 60% retained gains or improved (95% CI: 26.2%-87.8%). Between
      group differences were not detected. DISCUSSION: Children demonstrated
      stereognosis change following intervention. Research on this change and potential
      minimal clinically important differences are indicated.

PMID- 26985570
TI  - Effect of brefeldin A and castanospermine on resistant cell lines as supplements
      in anticancer therapy.
AB  - In the present study, we analyzed the influence of brefeldin A (BFA) and
      castanospermine (CAS) on the activity, stability and localization of P
      glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in various
      resistant cell lines. The impact of BFA and CAS on cell viability was assessed
      using the MTT test. Western blotting (WB) was performed to assess the effect of
      the inhibitors on the expression of the investigated proteins. Immunofluorescence
      was employed to assess the effect of BFA and CAS on the cellular localization of
      the proteins. Flow cytometry was used to verify the functional role of inhibitors
      on drug uptake and efflux. The MTT test showed that BFA had a significant effect
      on cell viability in LoVo/Dx and W1PR cell lines. WB analysis demonstrated that
      BFA partially blocked Pgp N-glycosylation and induced BCRP degradation and CASP 3
      dependent apoptosis in W1TR cells; however, the BFA activity was p53-independent.
      CAS had no effect on the stability of Pgp but increased the level of non
      glycosylated BCRP. The expression of p53 protein decreased in all of the cells
      that were treated with CAS. Immunofluorescence revealed that BFA caused a more
      granular Pgp signal in W1PR and BCRP in A2780T1 cells. Furthermore, BFA caused
      morphological changes in LoVo/Dx and W1TR cell lines. CAS also induced a granular
      signal in all of the cell lines, except W1TR. The flow cytometry showed higher
      dye accumulation in sensitive cell lines. We observed an increase in the mean
      fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Rho123 in LoVo/Dx cells treated with BFA and CAS,
      but no differences were observed in W1PR. BFA had no effect on the MFI of W1TR,
      but CAS led to an increase in the level of intracellular H33342 in W1TR and
      A2780T1 cells. These results suggest that these compounds are likely to be useful
      as supplements in anticancer therapy.

PMID- 26985571
TI  - Inhibitory effects of benzimidazole containing new phenolic Mannich bases on
      human carbonic anhydrase isoforms hCA I and II.
AB  - New phenolic mono and bis Mannich bases incorporating benzimidazole, such as 2
      (aminomethyl)-4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol and 2,6-bis(aminomethyl)-4-(1H
      benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol were synthesized starting from 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2
      yl)phenol. Amines used for the synthesis included dimethylamine, pyrrolidine,
      piperidine, N-methylpiperazine and morpholine. The CA inhibitory properties of
      these compounds were tested on the human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1)
      isoforms hCA I and hCA II. These new compounds, as many phenols show moderate CA
      inhibitory properties. 

PMID- 26985572
TI  - Functionalization, preparation and use of cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl-based
      hydrogels as modular tissue culture platforms.
AB  - Progress in advancing a system-level understanding of the complexity of human
      tissue development and regeneration is hampered by a lack of biological model
      systems that recapitulate key aspects of these processes in a physiological
      context. Hence, growing demand by cell biologists for organ-specific
      extracellular mimics has led to the development of a plethora of 3D cell culture
      assays based on natural and synthetic matrices. We developed a physiological
      microenvironment of semisynthetic origin, called gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)
      based hydrogels, which combine the biocompatibility of natural matrices with the
      reproducibility, stability and modularity of synthetic biomaterials. We describe
      here a step-by-step protocol for the preparation of the GelMA polymer, which
      takes 1-2 weeks to complete, and which can be used to prepare hydrogel-based 3D
      cell culture models for cancer and stem cell research, as well as for tissue
      engineering applications. We also describe quality control and validation
      procedures, including how to assess the degree of GelMA functionalization and
      mechanical properties, to ensure reproducibility in experimental and animal
      studies. 

PMID- 26985573
TI  - A LC-MS-based workflow for measurement of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy
      fatty acids.
AB  - Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a recently
      discovered class of endogenous mammalian lipids with antidiabetic and anti
      inflammatory effects. We previously identified 16 different FAHFA families, such
      as branched palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs); each family
      consists of multiple isomers in which the branched ester is at different
      positions (e.g., 5- and 9-PAHSA). We anticipate increased need for PAHSA
      measurements as markers of metabolic and inflammatory health. In this protocol,
      we provide a detailed description of the extraction of FAHFAs from human or mouse
      tissues, their enrichment by solid-phase extraction and subsequent analysis by LC
      MS. For a sample size of 6-12, the time frame is 2-3 d. 

PMID- 26985575
TI  - Number-specific and general cognitive markers of preschoolers' math ability
      profiles.
AB  - Different number-specific and general cognitive markers have been claimed to
      underlie preschoolers' math ability. It is unclear, however, whether
      similar/different cognitive markers, or combinations of them, are associated with
      different patterns of emerging math abilities (i.e., different patterns of
      strength and weakness). To examine this question, 103 preschoolers (40-60 months
      of age) completed six math tasks (count sequence, object counting, give a number,
      naming numbers, ordinal relations, and arithmetic), three number-specific markers
      of math ability (dot enumeration, magnitude comparison, and spontaneous focusing
      on numerosity), and four general markers (working memory, response inhibition,
      attention, and vocabulary). A three-step latent profile modeling procedure
      identified five math ability profiles that differed in their patterns of math
      strengths and weaknesses; specifically, the profiles were characterized by (a)
      excellent math ability on all math tasks, (b) good arithmetic ability, (c) good
      math ability but relatively poor count sequence recitation ability, (d) average
      ability on all math tasks, and (e) poor ability on all math tasks. After
      controlling for age, only dot enumeration and spontaneous focusing on numerosity
      were associated with the math ability profiles, whereas vocabulary was also
      marginally significant, and these markers were differentially associated with
      different profiles; that is, different cognitive markers were associated with
      different patterns of strengths and weaknesses in math abilities. Findings are
      discussed in terms of their implications for the development of math cognition.

PMID- 26985574
TI  - Automated screening for small organic ligands using DNA-encoded chemical
      libraries.
AB  - DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECLs) are collections of organic compounds that
      are individually linked to different oligonucleotides, serving as amplifiable
      identification barcodes. As all compounds in the library can be identified by
      their DNA tags, they can be mixed and used in affinity-capture experiments on
      target proteins of interest. In this protocol, we describe the screening process
      that allows the identification of the few binding molecules within the
      multiplicity of library members. First, the automated affinity selection process
      physically isolates binding library members. Second, the DNA codes of the
      isolated binders are PCR-amplified and subjected to high-throughput DNA
      sequencing. Third, the obtained sequencing data are evaluated using a C++ program
      and the results are displayed using MATLAB software. The resulting selection
      fingerprints facilitate the discrimination of binding from nonbinding library
      members. The described procedures allow the identification of small organic
      ligands to biological targets from a DECL within 10 d. 

PMID- 26985577
TI  - Age-related differences in working memory updating components.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate possible age-related changes throughout
      childhood and adolescence in different component processes of working memory
      updating (WMU): retrieval, transformation, and substitution. A set of numerical
      WMU tasks was administered to four age groups (8-, 11-, 14-, and 21-year-olds).
      To isolate the effect of each of the WMU components, participants performed
      different versions of a task that included different combinations of the WMU
      components. The results showed an expected overall decrease in response times and
      an increase in accuracy performance with age. Most important, specific age
      related changes in the retrieval component were found, demonstrating that the
      effect of retrieval on accuracy was larger in children than in adolescents or
      young adults. These findings indicate that the availability of representations
      from outside the focus of attention may change with age. Thus, the retrieval
      component of updating could contribute to the age-related changes observed in the
      performance of many updating tasks.

PMID- 26985578
TI  - Human Rabies - Missouri, 2014.
AB  - On September 18, 2014, the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services
      (MDHSS) was notified of a suspected rabies case in a Missouri resident. The
      patient, a man aged 52 years, lived in a rural, deeply wooded area, and bat
      sightings in and around his home were anecdotally reported. Exposure to bats
      poses a risk for rabies. After two emergency department visits for severe neck
      pain, paresthesia in the left arm, upper body tremors, and anxiety, he was
      hospitalized on September 13 for encephalitis of unknown etiology. On September
      24, he received a diagnosis of rabies and on September 26, he died. Genetic
      sequencing tests confirmed infection with a rabies virus variant associated with
      tricolored bats. Health care providers need to maintain a high index of clinical
      suspicion for rabies in patients who have unexplained, rapidly progressive
      encephalitis, and adhere to recommended infection control practices when
      examining and treating patients with suspected infectious diseases. 

PMID- 26985576
TI  - Cultural differences in visual object recognition in 3-year-old children.
AB  - Recent research indicates that culture penetrates fundamental processes of
      perception and cognition. Here, we provide evidence that these influences begin
      early and influence how preschool children recognize common objects. The three
      tasks (N=128) examined the degree to which nonface object recognition by 3-year
      olds was based on individual diagnostic features versus more configural and
      holistic processing. Task 1 used a 6-alternative forced choice task in which
      children were asked to find a named category in arrays of masked objects where
      only three diagnostic features were visible for each object. U.S. children
      outperformed age-matched Japanese children. Task 2 presented pictures of objects
      to children piece by piece. U.S. children recognized the objects given fewer
      pieces than Japanese children, and the likelihood of recognition increased for
      U.S. children, but not Japanese children, when the piece added was rated by both
      U.S. and Japanese adults as highly defining. Task 3 used a standard measure of
      configural progressing, asking the degree to which recognition of matching
      pictures was disrupted by the rotation of one picture. Japanese children's
      recognition was more disrupted by inversion than was that of U.S. children,
      indicating more configural processing by Japanese than U.S. children. The pattern
      suggests early cross-cultural differences in visual processing; findings that
      raise important questions about how visual experiences differ across cultures and
      about universal patterns of cognitive development.

PMID- 26985579
TI  - Does valproic acid affect tumor growth and improve survival in glioblastomas?

PMID- 26985580
TI  - Computer Simulations Reveal Substrate Specificity of Glycosidic Bond Cleavage in
      Native and Mutant Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase.
AB  - Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of
      purine ribonucleosides and 2'-deoxyribonucleosides, yielding the purine base and
      (2'-deoxy)ribose 1-phosphate as products. While this enzyme has been extensively
      studied, several questions with respect to the catalytic mechanism have remained
      largely unanswered. The role of the phosphate and key amino acid residues in the
      catalytic reaction as well as the purine ring protonation state is elucidated
      using density functional theory calculations and extensive empirical valence bond
      (EVB) simulations. Free energy surfaces for adenosine, inosine, and guanosine are
      fitted to ab initio data and yield quantitative agreement with experimental data
      when the surfaces are used to model the corresponding enzymatic reactions. The
      cognate substrates 6-aminopurines (inosine and guanosine) interact with PNP
      through extensive hydrogen bonding, but the substrate specificity is found to be
      a direct result of the electrostatic preorganization energy along the reaction
      coordinate. Asn243 has previously been identified as a key residue providing
      substrate specificity. Mutation of Asn243 to Asp has dramatic effects on the
      substrate specificity, making 6-amino- and 6-oxopurines equally good as
      substrates. The principal effect of this particular mutation is the change in the
      electrostatic preorganization energy between the native enzyme and the Asn243Asp
      mutant, clearly favoring adenosine over inosine and guanosine. Thus, the EVB
      simulations show that this particular mutation affects the electrostatic
      preorganization of the active site, which in turn can explain the substrate
      specificity. 

PMID- 26985581
TI  - Conducting polymer-silk biocomposites for flexible and biodegradable
      electrochemical sensors.
AB  - Approaches to form flexible biosensors require strategies to tune materials for
      various biomedical applications. We report a facile approach using
      photolithography to fabricate poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene
      sulfonate) ( PEDOT: PSS) sensors on a fully biodegradable and flexible silk
      protein fibroin support. A benchtop photolithographic setup is used to fabricate
      high fidelity and high resolution PEDOT: PSS microstructures over a large (cm)
      area using only water as the solvent. Using the conductive micropatterns as
      working electrodes, we demonstrate biosensors with excellent electrochemical
      activity and stability over a number of days. The fabricated biosensors display
      excellent nonspecific detection of dopamine and ascorbic acid with high
      sensitivity. These devices are mechanically flexible, optically transparent,
      electroactive, cytocompatible and biodegradable. The benign fabrication protocol
      allows the conducting ink to function as a matrix for enzymes as shown by a
      highly sensitive detection of glucose. These sensors can retain their properties
      under repeated mechanical deformations, but are completely degradable under
      enzymatic action. The reported technique is scalable and can be used to develop
      sensitive, robust, and inexpensive biosensors with controllable biodegradability,
      leading to applications in transient or implantable bioelectronics and
      optoelectronics.

PMID- 26985582
TI  - Label-free and enzyme-free colorimetric detection of microRNA by catalyzed
      hairpin assembly coupled with hybridization chain reaction.
AB  - In this study, a simple, label-free, and enzyme-free colorimetric biosensor has
      been developed for amplified detection of let-7a microRNA (miRNA) on the basis of
      dual signal amplification strategy. The sensing system mainly consists of four
      unlabeled hairpin probes termed H1, H2, H3, and H4. Upon sensing of the target
      miRNA, hairpin H1 is opened. Then hairpin H2 hybridizes with H1 forming H1-H2
      duplex and frees the target miRNA that can be recycled to trigger another
      reaction cycle. In addition, the newly formed H1-H2 duplex hybridizes with
      hairpin H3, and this triggers the autonomous cross-opening of the two hairpins H3
      and H4 through hybridization chain reaction. During this process, numerous split
      G-quadruplex structures are generated and further associate with cofactor hemin
      to form massive peroxidase-mimicking DNAzymes. The resulting DNAzymes catalyze
      the H2O2-mediated oxidation of colorless 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6
      sulfonic acid) (ABTS(2-)) to the green-colored ABTS(*-), inducing a remarkably
      amplified colorimetric signal. This newly developed sensing system exhibits high
      sensitivity toward miRNA with a detection limit of 7.4fM and a large dynamic
      range of 6 orders of magnitude from 10fM to 10nM. Furthermore, it exhibits a good
      performance to discriminate single-base difference among the miRNA family members
      and holds a great potential for early diagnosis in gene-related diseases. 

PMID- 26985583
TI  - Invading stacking primer: A trigger for high-efficiency isothermal amplification
      reaction with superior selectivity for detecting microRNA variants.
AB  - Searching for a strategy to enhance the efficiency of nucleic acid amplification
      and achieve exquisite discrimination of nucleic acids at the single-base level
      for biological detection has become an exciting research direction in recent
      years. Here, we have developed a simple and universal primer design strategy
      which produces a fascinating effect on isothermal strand displacement
      amplification (iSDA). We refer to the resultant primer as "invading stacking
      primer (IS-Primer)" which is based on contiguous stacking hybridization and
      toehold-mediated exchange reaction and function by merely changing the
      hybridization location of the primer. Using the IS-Primer, the sensitivity in
      detecting the target miR-21 is improved approximately five fold compared with the
      traditional iSDA reaction. It was further demonstrated that the IS-Primer acts as
      an invading strand to initiate branch migration which can increase the efficiency
      of the untwisting of the hairpin probe. This effect is equivalent to reducing the
      free energy of the stem, and the technique shows superior selectivity for single
      base mismatches. By demonstrating the enhanced effect of the IS-Primer in the
      iSDA reaction, this work may provide a potentially new avenue for developing more
      sensitive and selective nucleic acids assays. 

PMID- 26985584
TI  - Point-of-care and visual detection of P. aeruginosa and its toxin genes by
      multiple LAMP and lateral flow nucleic acid biosensor.
AB  - This study describes a simple and sensitive approach for visual and point-of-care
      detection of P. aeruginosa and its toxin genes based on multiple loop-mediated
      isothermal amplification (mLAMP) and lateral flow nucleic acid biosensor (LFNAB).
      Differentiation of the internal standard gene ecfX and toxin genes (ExoS and
      ExoU) in P. aeruginosa was determined using FITC-, hex-and digoxin-modified
      primers in the mLAMP process. In the presence of biotin-and FITC- (hex-, digoxin
      ) modified primers and Bst DNA polymerase large fragments, the mLAMP produced
      numerous biotin- and FITC- (hex-, digoxin-) attached duplex DNA products. The
      products were detected by LFNAB through dual immunoreactions (anti-biotin
      antibodies on the gold nanoparticle (Au-NP) and biotin on the duplex, anti-FITC
      (hex, digoxin) antibodies on the LFNAB test line and FITC (hex, digoxin) on the
      duplex). The accumulation of Au-NPs produced a characteristic red band, enabling
      visual detection of P. aeruginosa and its toxin genes without instrumentation.
      After systematic optimization of LFNAB preparation and detecting conditions, the
      current approach was capable of detecting concentrations as low as 20 CFU/mL P.
      aeruginosa or its toxin genes within 50min without complicated instrument, which
      is more sensitive than PCR. Therefore, this approach provides a simple, pollution
      free, sensitive, and low-cost point-of-care test for the detection of P.
      aeruginosa and its toxin genes. 

PMID- 26985585
TI  - Enzyme-coupled nanoplasmonic biosensing of cancer markers in human serum.
AB  - As the use of biosensors for early in-vitro diagnosis of malignant diseases has
      expanded, issues associated with ultra-sensitivity and wide dynamic range have
      become paramount. In this study, we designed a sub-zeptomolar sensor for
      detecting the alpha-feto protein (AFP) that utilizes localized surface plasmon
      resonance (LSPR) assisted by bio-catalytic reaction and a self-controlled
      detection scheme. A gold nanodot array (GNA), serving as a plasmonic material,
      was fabricated using an improved UV nanoimprint lithography (NIL) method that
      employs a sacrificial layer. In the new approach, LSPR observation is highly
      stable because it employs a back reflection mode, which avoids passing the signal
      through the sample solution. An enzyme-precipitation reaction was conducted on
      the AFP antigen-antibody complex on the surface of the gold nanodot (nano-ELISA)
      using a procedure that was described previously. To extend the AFP detection
      limit below femtomolar concentrations, a scheme involving self-controlled
      detection was employed to lower the limit. In this method, the sample including
      the target simultaneously plays the role of both sample and negative control.
      Using this scheme, AFP can be detected at concentrations as low as 14 aM (0.7
      zeptomole in 50MUL serum) and with the wide dynamic range of 10fgmL(-1)-10ngmL(
      1). Importantly, the new method provides a platform for studying and monitoring
      interactions between biochemically active substances that are present in very low
      concentrations. Finally, the general strategy used to design the detection method
      can be easily adapted to the ultra-sensitive detection of other biomarkers and
      pathogens. 

PMID- 26985586
TI  - A sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on luminophore capped
      Pd@Au core-shell nanoparticles as signal tracers and ferrocenyl compounds as
      signal enhancers.
AB  - In this work, N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI), an analogue of luminol,
      is served as both the reductant and luminescence reagent to synthesize ABEI
      capped Pd@Au core-shell nanoparticles (ABEI-Pd@AuNPs). The nanoparticles not only
      exhibit inherent electrochemiluminescence (ECL) property, but also possess
      advantages of noble-metal nanomaterials such as outstanding electronic property,
      high specific surface area and good biocompatibility. In order to enhance the
      luminescence efficiency, ferrocene monocarboxylic acid (Fc) as catalyzer is
      grafted on the surface of ABEI-Pd@AuNPs with the aid of l-cysteine (l-Cys). When
      the Fc is electrochemically oxidized to ferricinium cation species (Fc(+)), the
      decomposition of H2O2 which existed in detection solution can be catalyzed by
      Fc(+) to generate oxygen-related free radicals, resulting effective signal
      amplification for ABEI-H2O2 system. For potential applications, the Pd@Au core
      shell nanoparticles bifunctionalized by ABEI and catalyzer are employed as nano
      carriers to immobilize detection antibody (Ab2). Based on sandwiched
      immunoreactions, a "signal-on" ECL immunosensor is developed for detection of
      human collagen type IV (Col IV), a potential biomarker associated with diabetic
      nephropathy. Consequently, the proposed immunosensor provides a wide linear
      detection ranging from 1pgmL(-1) to 10ngmL(-1) with a relatively low detection
      limit of 0.3pgmL(-1) (S/N=3). 

PMID- 26985588
TI  - [On hip fracture and ageing[Editorial]].

PMID- 26985587
TI  - [Zika virus - a relatively new human pathogen[Editorial]].

PMID- 26985589
TI  - [Treatment and outcome of patients with hip fracture].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures are common amongst the elderly, often with serious
      consequences and increased mortality. The aim of this study was to describe
      treatment and outcome of patients with hip fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Retrospective study on all hip fracture patients >=60 years of age operated at
      Landspitali University Hospital in the year 2011. RESULTS: The study group was
      made up of 255 patients (mean age 82 +/- 8 years, women 65%). Mean delay to
      operation was 22 +/- 14 hours. Mean length of hospital stay for those living at a
      nursing home before hip fracture was 4 +/- 2 days but if they had lived at home
      14 +/- 10 days (p<0.001). Before the fracture 68% of the patients lived at home
      but 54% at the end of follow-up (p<0.001). Mortality one year after hip fracture
      was 27% and on average eightfold compared to the general population >=60 years. A
      multivariate analysis showed that age, time from fracture to arrival at hospital,
      ASA-classification and living in a nursing home before fracture were linked to an
      increased risk of death. CONCLUSION: The mean delay to surgery was within
      recommended guidelines, but one- third waited longer than 24 hours. Resources
      outside hospital seemed to decide hospital length of stay. Mortality of hip
      fracture patients was manifold compared to the general population of the same age
      and within higher range compared to other countries. Significantly fewer lived in
      their own home after the fracture. Hip fractures cause serious debilitation and
      are demanding for society.

PMID- 26985590
TI  - [Epidemiology of the two types of gastric adenocarcinoma in Iceland according to
      the Lauren histological classification 1990-2009].
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the mid twentieth century gastric cancer was the most common type
      of cancer in Iceland. In recent decades, however, the incidence rate of gastric
      cancer has decreased markedly and currently only represents 2-3% of cancer cases.
      The Lauren classification system classifies adenocarcinoma into two types,
      intestinal and diffuse. The main purpose of our study was to describe the
      epidemiology of the two types of gastric adenocarcinoma in Iceland between the
      years 1990-2009. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study. Information on
      patients diagnosed with gastric cancer in Iceland between 1990 and 2009 was
      collected from the population based Cancer Registry. Histological descriptions
      were reviewed and classified according to the Lauren classification system. The
      records of patients diagnosed with either having intestinal or diffuse
      adenocarcinomas were reviewed and epidemiological information gathered. RESULTS:
      Between 1990 and 2009, 730 patients were diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma in
      Iceland, 447 had intestinal adenocarcinoma and 168 diffuse adenocarcinoma.
      Patients diagnosed with diffuse adenocarcinoma were significantly younger at
      diagnosis than those diagnosed with intestinal adenocarcinoma. The sex ratio for
      intestinal adenocarcinoma was 2.3:1 (M:F) and 1.1:1 (M:F) for diffuse
      adenocarcinoma. The incidence of intestinal adenocarcinoma decreased more rapidly
      than that of diffuse adenocarcinoma during this period (0.92/100,000 vs.
      0.12/100,000). Median survival rates of intestinal and diffuse adenocarcinomas
      were 23.7 and 20.6 months, respectively. The difference in survival was found to
      be statistically significant. The hazard ratio between the two groups was 1.31
      (CI 1.03-1.67), corrected for age, sex, stage, year of diagnosis and surgical
      outcome (radical, non-radical or no operation). CONCLUSION: The overall incidence
      rate of gastric cancer has decreased dramatically in the past 20 years. However,
      the reduction is largely limited to the intestinal adenocarcinoma sub-group. We
      conclude that the Lauren classification predicts prognosis in gastric
      adenocarcinoma with diffuse adenocarcinoma having worse prognosis. KEY WORDS:
      gastric cancer, Lauren classification, survival, incidence. Correspondence: Halla
      Sif Olafsdottir, hsolafsdottir@gmail.com.

PMID- 26985591
TI  - [Visits of patients with exertional rhabdomyolysis to the Emergency Department at
      Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland in the years 2008-2012].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Overexertion and too much training are among the -multiple
      etiologies of rhabdomyolysis. Creatine kinase (CK) and myo-globine, released from
      skeletal muscle cells, are useful for diagnosis and follow-up. Acute kidney
      injury is a serious complication of myoglobinemia. Literature on exertional
      rhabdomyolysis in the general population is scarce. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the epidemiology of exertional rhabdomyolysis among patients
      diagnosed at Landspitali The National University Hospital of Iceland in 2008
      2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was retrospective and observational. All
      patients presenting with muscle pain after exertion and elevated creatine kinase
      >1000 IU/L, during the period from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2012, were
      included. Patients with CK elevations secondary to causes other than exertion
      were excluded. Variables included: patient number and gender, CK-levels, date of
      hospital admission, cause of rhabdomyolysis, location of injured muscle groups,
      length of hospital stay, complications and means of fluid replacement. Population
      figures of the capital region were gathered from Statistics Iceland and
      information on sport practice in the capital region from The National Olympic and
      Sports Association of Iceland. RESULTS: Exertional rhabdomyolysis was diagnosed
      in 54 patients, 18 females (33,3%) and 36 males (66,7%), or 8,3% of
      rhabdomyolysis cases from all causes in the study period (648 cases). Incidence
      in the capital region was 5,0/100.000 inhabitants per year in the study period.
      Median age was 28 years and median CK-level was 24.132 IU/L. CK-levels were
      higher among females but the difference between genders was not significant.
      Muscle groups of the upper and lower extremities were most frequently affected
      (89%). Thirty patients received intravenous fluids. They had significantly higher
      CK values than other patients. One patient developed acute kidney injury.
      Information on sport practice and physical training in the capital region was not
      available. CONCLUSION: Exertional rhabdomyolysis is uncommon but mostly affects
      younger people. Information on the practice of exertion among males and females
      is not available but CK-levels were not significantly different between genders,
      age groups or different muscle groups. CK-levels were high but complications
      uncommon. Studies of exertional rhabdomyolysis in the general population are
      lacking. KEY WORDS: Rhabdomyolysis, exertion, sports, physical training, CK
      elevation. Correspondence: Brynjolfur Mogensen, brynmog@landspitali.is.

PMID- 26985592
TI  - HCV false positive immunoassays in patients with LVAD: A potential trap!
AB  - BACKGROUND: Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are a therapeutic choice for
      patients with advanced heart failure prior cardiac transplantation. Patients with
      a LVAD implant are frequently monitored for hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a positive
      result may be an exclusion criterion for transplantation. OBJECTIVES: To
      determine the rate of false positive results with immunoassays for HCV antibodies
      in a LVAD population. STUDY DESIGN: Between June 2011 and January 2015, HCV
      antibody testing using a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) (Liaison, Diasorin)
      was performed for 32 patients prior and post LVAD implantation. A HCV reactive
      result by CLIA was repeated and further tested by an enzyme linked fluorescent
      assay (ELFA) (VIDAS, bioMerieux). For patients with a positive HCV CLIA and ELFA
      test, immunoblot and HCV RNA detection were performed. RESULTS: Prior to LVAD
      implantation, all patients showed a negative HCV serology. After LVAD
      implantation, 19 patients (59%) had positive results for HCV antibody using CLIA
      and ELFA technologies. The HCV immunoblot was negative for 17 patients and
      indeterminate for two patients. For 15 patients, HCV RNA detection was performed
      and was undetectable. Actually, no HCV infections were observed among those who
      were tested for HCV RNA. CONCLUSIONS: HCV serological tests routinely used in our
      laboratories are not reliable in patients with cardiac devices. A positive CLIA
      and/or ELFA reaction in patients with a LVAD should be confirmed by HCV
      immunoblot and by HCV RNA PCR detection in order to rule out a HCV infection.

PMID- 26985593
TI  - HHV-8 DNA replication correlates with the clinical status in AIDS-related
      Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The value of plasma levels of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA as a
      marker of clinical status in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's
      sarcoma (AIDS-KS) remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the
      relationship between the plasma HHV-8 DNA viral load and the clinical status of
      AIDS-KS. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 378 blood samples were obtained from 62
      patients with AIDS-KS followed longitudinally. All patients received
      antiretroviral therapy (ART) or anti-neoplastic therapy. The patients were
      divided into four groups according to their clinical status: onset disease (OD),
      progressive disease (PD), stable or partial remission (S/PR) and complete
      remission (CR). RESULTS: Plasma HHV-8 DNAaemia was detected in all samples
      obtained from patients with OD or PD (100%); in contrast, HHV-8 DNAaemia was
      found only in a minority of patients with CR (8%) and was invariably undetectable
      in patients with stable CR. HHV-8 DNA detection in plasma was strongly associated
      with an unfavourable outcome (odds ratio=231.9; p<0.0001). Conversely, neither
      the HIV-1 viral load nor peripheral CD4(+) T-cell counts were associated with the
      KS clinical status, though both parameters did affect HHV-8 DNAaemia levels
      (p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that HHV-8 DNAaemia was strongly and
      independently correlated with both clinical status (p<0.05) and HIV-1 plasma
      viraemia (p=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: The strong association of plasma HHV-8 DNAaemia
      with onset or progressive disease is compatible with an active role of
      replicating virus in clinically active AIDS-KS. An accurate evaluation of the
      plasma HHV-8 load might be useful for monitoring AIDS-KS under antiretroviral or
      antineoplastic therapy.

PMID- 26985594
TI  - Adenovirus related lymphohistiocytic hemophagocytosis: Case report and literature
      review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Adenoviral infection is a classic cause of lymphohistiocytic
      hemophagocytosis (LH) in bone marrow transplantation but is rare outside this
      setting. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old female, with a history of treated
      mesencephalic astrocytoma, was hospitalized for fever, pancytopenia, elevated
      liver enzymes, hyperferritinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Adenovirus viral load
      in blood was 7.3*10(9) copies/mL. Bone marrow aspirate examination confirmed LH.
      The patient recovered without specific LH or adenovirus-directed treatment.
      CONCLUSION: Adenovirus-related LH, common in bone marrow transplant recipients,
      should also be considered in patients with chemotherapy in solid tumors.

PMID- 26985595
TI  - Shape Evolution of Metal Nanoparticles in Water Vapor Environment.
AB  - The structures of the metal nanoparticles are crucial for their catalytic
      activities. How to understand and even control the shape evolution of
      nanoparticles under reaction condition is a big challenge in heterogeneous
      catalysis. It has been proved that many reactive gases hold the capability of
      changing the structures and properties of metal nanoparticles. One interesting
      question is whether water vapor, such a ubiquitous environment, could induce the
      shape evolution of metal nanoparticles. So far this question has not received
      enough attention yet. In this work, we developed a model based on the density
      functional theory, the Wulff construction, and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm
      to explore the shape of metal nanoparticle at given temperature and water vapor
      pressure. By this model, we show clearly that water vapor could notably increase
      the fraction of (110) facets and decrease that of (111) facets for 3-8 nm Cu
      nanoparticles, which is perfectly consistent with the experimental observations.
      Further investigations indicate the water vapor has different effects on the
      different metal species (Cu, Au, Pt, and Pd). This work not only helps to
      understand the water vapor effect on the structures of metal nanoparticles but
      also proposes a simple but effective model to predict the shape of nanoparticles
      in certain environment. 

PMID- 26985596
TI  - Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) and drug efficacy in castration
      resistant prostate cancer: Biomarker for treatment selection exclusion or
      inclusion?
AB  - Currently there are no molecular biomarkers used to help guide treatment
      selection for those patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. A recent
      study published in JAMA Oncology (Antonarakis et al.) presents evidence
      supporting the potential use of androgen receptor splice variant 7 as a biomarker
      for optimal treatment selection in this population.

PMID- 26985598
TI  - Implications of Mexican Health Care Reform on the Health Coverage of Nonmigrants
      and Returning Migrants.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess health coverage among Mexicans with US migration
      experience, before and after the implementation of Mexico's universal health care
      program, Seguro Popular. METHODS: I used data from the 2000 and 2010 Mexican
      Censuses to generate nationally representative estimates of health coverage among
      working-age Mexicans by migrant status. RESULTS: In 2000, before the
      implementation of Seguro Popular, 56% of Mexicans aged 15 to 60 years with no
      recent US migrations were uninsured compared with 80% of recently returned
      migrants. By 2010, the proportion uninsured declined from 56% to 35% (-38%) among
      nonmigrants and from 80% to 54% (-33%) among return migrants. CONCLUSIONS: Seguro
      Popular has increased health coverage among Mexican return migrants, but they
      remain substantially underinsured. A creative and multifaceted approach likely
      will be needed to address Mexican immigrants' health care needs.

PMID- 26985597
TI  - Sexual Identity Disparities in Smoking and Secondhand Smoke Exposure in
      California: 2003-2013.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine smoking prevalence, smoking behavior, and secondhand
      smoke (SHS) exposure of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)-identified Californians;
      compare these with that of heterosexuals; and analyze changes over time. METHODS:
      We analyzed self-reported variables from 111 965 heterosexual, 1667 lesbian, and
      1706 bisexual women, and 79 881 heterosexual, 2505 gay, and 911 bisexual men,
      aged 18 to 70 years, in the 2003-2013 California Health Interview Surveys.
      RESULTS: Sexual minority women had higher smoking prevalence, and female bisexual
      smokers were less likely to be light smokers, than heterosexuals. Smoking
      prevalence was higher among sexual minority men, and gay smokers were more likely
      to be daily smokers than were heterosexuals; and male bisexual smokers were more
      likely to be light smokers than were gay or heterosexual smokers. Sexual minority
      adults were more likely to have SHS exposure at home than were heterosexuals.
      Current smoking prevalence decreased annually 4% and 7% for lesbian and bisexual
      women, and 5% and 6% for gay and bisexual men, respectively. Exposure to SHS fell
      an average of 11% annually for sexual minority men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual
      identity disparities in smoking and SHS exposure exist in California, with
      bisexuals particularly at risk.

PMID- 26985599
TI  - Applying Community Organizing Principles to Assess Health Needs in New Haven,
      Connecticut.
AB  - The Affordable Care Act added requirements for nonprofit hospitals to conduct
      community health needs assessments. Guidelines are minimal; however, they require
      input and representation from the broader community. This call echoes 2 decades
      of literature on the importance of including community members in all aspects of
      research design, a tenet of community organizing. We describe a community-engaged
      research approach to a community health needs assessment in New Haven,
      Connecticut. We demonstrate that a robust community organizing approach provided
      unique research benefits: access to residents for data collection, reliable data,
      leverage for community-driven interventions, and modest improvements in
      behavioral risk. We make recommendations for future community-engaged efforts and
      workforce development, which are important for responding to increasing calls for
      community health needs assessments. 

PMID- 26985600
TI  - Validity of Single-Item Screening for Limited Health Literacy in English and
      Spanish Speakers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate 3 single-item screening measures for limited health
      literacy in a community-based population of English and Spanish speakers.
      METHODS: We recruited 324 English and 314 Spanish speakers from a community
      research registry in Dallas, Texas, enrolled between 2009 and 2012. We used 3
      screening measures: (1) How would you rate your ability to read?; (2) How
      confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?; and (3) How often do
      you have someone help you read hospital materials? In analyses stratified by
      language, we used area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves
      to compare each item with the validated 40-item Short Test of Functional Health
      Literacy in Adults. RESULTS: For English speakers, no difference was seen among
      the items. For Spanish speakers, "ability to read" identified inadequate literacy
      better than "help reading hospital materials" (AUROC curve = 0.76 vs 0.65; P =
      .019). CONCLUSIONS: The "ability to read" item performed the best, supporting use
      as a screening tool in safety-net systems caring for diverse populations. Future
      studies should investigate how to implement brief measures in safety-net settings
      and whether highlighting health literacy level influences providers'
      communication practices and patient outcomes.

PMID- 26985601
TI  - Benzodiazepine Use and Hepatitis C Seroconversion in a Cohort of Persons Who
      Inject Drugs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between benzodiazepine (BZD) use and HCV
      seroconversion in 2 linked prospective cohorts of persons who inject drugs
      (PWID). METHODS: We examined prospective cohorts of 440 PWID (baseline BZD users:
      n = 102; 23.2%) from the AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Access to Survival Services
      (ACCESS) and the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study (VIDUS) cohorts, followed
      up from 1996 to 2013 in Vancouver, Canada. RESULTS: At baseline, the prevalence
      of HCV was higher among those who used BZD (80.5% vs 61.5%; P < .001). After
      adjustment, BZD use remained independently associated with increased rates of HCV
      seroconversion (adjusted rate ratio = 1.67; 95% confidence interval = 1.05,
      2.66). CONCLUSIONS: BZD use is independently associated with HCV seroconversion
      in a population of PWID.

PMID- 26985603
TI  - Impact of Clinic Closures on Women Obtaining Abortion Services After
      Implementation of a Restrictive Law in Texas.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the additional burdens experienced by Texas abortion
      patients whose nearest in-state clinic was one of more than half of facilities
      providing abortion that had closed after the introduction of House Bill 2 in
      2013. METHODS: In mid-2014, we surveyed Texas-resident women seeking abortions in
      10 Texas facilities (n = 398), including both Planned Parenthood-affiliated
      clinics and independent providers that performed more than 1500 abortions in 2013
      and provided procedures up to a gestational age of at least 14 weeks from last
      menstrual period. We compared indicators of burden for women whose nearest clinic
      in 2013 closed and those whose nearest clinic remained open. RESULTS: For women
      whose nearest clinic closed (38%), the mean one-way distance traveled was 85
      miles, compared with 22 miles for women whose nearest clinic remained open (P <=
      .001). After adjustment, more women whose nearest clinic closed traveled more
      than 50 miles (44% vs 10%), had out-of-pocket expenses greater than $100 (32% vs
      20%), had a frustrated demand for medication abortion (37% vs 22%), and reported
      that it was somewhat or very hard to get to the clinic (36% vs 18%; P < .05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinic closures after House Bill 2 resulted in significant burdens
      for women able to obtain care.

PMID- 26985604
TI  - Impact of State Ignition Interlock Laws on Alcohol-Involved Crash Deaths in the
      United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact on alcohol-involved crash deaths of
      universal ignition interlock requirements, which aim to prevent people convicted
      of driving under the influence of alcohol from driving while intoxicated.
      METHODS: We used data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for
      1999 to 2013. From 2004 to 2013, 18 states made interlocks mandatory for all
      drunk-driving convictions. We compared alcohol-involved crash deaths between 18
      states with and 32 states without universal interlock requirements, accounting
      for state and year effects, and for clustering within states. RESULTS: Policy
      impact was apparent 3 years after implementation. The adjusted rate of alcohol
      involved crash deaths was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0, 5.4) per
      100,000 in states with the universal interlock requirement, compared with 5.5
      (95% CI = 5.48, 5.53) in states without, an absolute reduction of 0.8 (95% CI =
      0.1, 1.5) deaths per 100,000 per year. CONCLUSIONS: Requiring ignition interlocks
      for all drunk-driving convictions was associated with 15% fewer alcohol-involved
      crash deaths, compared with states with less-stringent requirements. Interlocks
      are a life-saving technology that merit wider use.

PMID- 26985602
TI  - Health Disparities in Drug- and Alcohol-Use Disorders: A 12-Year Longitudinal
      Study of Youths After Detention.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine sex and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of 9
      substance-use disorders (SUDs)--alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogen or PCP,
      opiate, amphetamine, inhalant, sedative, and unspecified drug--in youths during
      the 12 years after detention. METHODS: We used data from the Northwestern
      Juvenile Project, a prospective longitudinal study of 1829 youths randomly
      sampled from detention in Chicago, Illinois, starting in 1995 and reinterviewed
      up to 9 times in the community or correctional facilities through 2011.
      Independent interviewers assessed SUDs with Diagnostic Interview Schedule for
      Children 2.3 (baseline) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule version IV (follow
      ups). RESULTS: By median age 28 years, 91.3% of males and 78.5% of females had
      ever had an SUD. At most follow-ups, males had greater odds of alcohol- and
      marijuana-use disorders. Drug-use disorders were most prevalent among non
      Hispanic Whites, followed by Hispanics, then African Americans (e.g., compared
      with African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites had 32.1 times the odds of cocaine
      use disorder [95% confidence interval = 13.8, 74.7]). CONCLUSIONS: After
      detention, SUDs differed markedly by sex, race/ethnicity, and substance abused,
      and, contrary to stereotypes, did not disproportionately affect African
      Americans. Services to treat substance abuse--during incarceration and after
      release--would reach many people in need, and address health disparities in a
      highly vulnerable population.

PMID- 26985605
TI  - Educational Interventions to Promote Healthy Nutrition and Physical Activity
      Among Older Chinese Americans: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of an in-language intervention of 2 lectures
      plus printed materials versus printed materials alone on knowledge and adherence
      to nutrition and physical activity guidelines among older Chinese Americans in
      San Francisco, California. METHODS: From August 2010 to September 2013, we
      randomized 756 Chinese Americans aged 50 to 75 years to either lectures plus
      print (n = 361) or print (n = 357). Clusters were the participants recruited by
      each lay health worker. Intervention outcomes were changes in knowledge of
      recommended vegetable intake, fruit intake, and physical activity level and
      adherence to those recommendations from pre- to 6 months postintervention.
      RESULTS: The retention rate was 99%. At baseline, knowledge and adherence to
      recommendations were low. Print yielded increases in knowledge of recommended
      vegetable intake and physical activity level and adherence to fruit intake and
      physical activity recommendations. Lectures plus print had significant increases
      in all 6 outcomes. In multivariable models, lectures plus print was superior to
      print for knowledge of vegetable (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 12.61; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 6.50, 24.45) and fruit (AOR = 16.16; 95% CI = 5.61,
      46.51) intake recommendations and adherence to vegetable intake recommendations
      (AOR = 5.53; 95% CI = 1.96, 15.58). CONCLUSIONS: In-language print materials,
      alone and combined with lectures, increased nutrition and physical activity
      knowledge and behaviors among older Chinese Americans.

PMID- 26985606
TI  - Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas
      Emissions, and Health: Southern California as a Case Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine how urban water conservation strategies in California
      cities can affect water and energy conservation efforts, reduce greenhouse gas
      emissions, and benefit public health. METHODS: We expanded upon our 2014 health
      impact assessment of California's urban water conservation strategies by
      comparing the status quo to 2 options with the greatest potential impact on the
      interrelated issues of water and energy in California: (1) banning landscape
      irrigation and (2) expanding alternative water sources (e.g., desalination,
      recycled water). RESULTS: Among the water conservation strategies evaluated,
      expanded use of recycled water stood out as the water conservation strategy with
      potential to reduce water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, with
      relatively small negative impacts for the public's health. CONCLUSIONS: Although
      the suitability of recycled water for urban uses depends on local climate,
      geography, current infrastructure, and finances, analyses similar to that
      presented here can help guide water policy decisions in cities across the globe
      facing challenges of supplying clean, sustainable water to urban populations.

PMID- 26985607
TI  - Community Health Workers Versus Nurses as Counselors or Case Managers in a Self
      Help Diabetes Management Program.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To confirm the effectiveness of community health workers' involvement
      as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in 2009
      to 2014. METHODS: Our open-label, randomized controlled trial determined the
      effectiveness of a self-help intervention among Korean Americans aged 35 to 80
      years in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area with uncontrolled type 2
      diabetes. We measured and analyzed physiological and psychobehavioral health
      outcomes of the community health worker-counseled (n = 54) and registered nurse
      (RN)-counseled (n = 51) intervention groups in comparison with the control group
      (n = 104). RESULTS: The community health workers' performance was comparable to
      that of the RNs for both psychobehavioral outcomes (e.g., self-efficacy, quality
      of life) and physiological outcomes. The community health worker-counseled group
      showed hemoglobin A1C reductions from baseline (-1.2%, -1.5%, -1.3%, and -1.6%,
      at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively), all of which were greater than
      reductions in the RN-counseled (-0.7%, -0.9%, -0.9%, and -1.0%) or the control (
      0.5%, -0.5%, -0.6%, and -0.7%) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Community health workers
      performed as well as or better than nurses as counselors or case managers in a
      self-help diabetes management program in a Korean American community.

PMID- 26985608
TI  - Sexual Orientation Disparities in Preventable Disease: A Fundamental Cause
      Perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether fundamental cause theory (which posits that, in
      societal conditions of unequal power and resources, members of higher-status
      groups experience better health than members of lower-status groups because of
      their disproportionate access to health-protective factors) might be relevant in
      explaining health disparities related to sexual orientation. METHODS: We used
      2001 to 2011 morbidity data from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort, a
      representative general population-based study in Sweden. A total of 66 604
      (92.0%) individuals identified as heterosexual, 848 (1.2%) as homosexual, and 806
      (1.1%) as bisexual. To test fundamental cause theory, we classified diseases in
      terms of preventability potential (low vs high). RESULTS: There were no sexual
      orientation differences in morbidity from low-preventable diseases. By contrast,
      gay or bisexual men (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval
      [CI] = 1.13, 1.93) and lesbian or bisexual women (adjusted OR = 1.64; 95% CI =
      1.28, 2.10) had a greater risk of high-preventable morbidity than heterosexual
      men and women, respectively. These differences were sustained in analyses
      adjusted for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support fundamental cause
      theory and suggest that unequal distribution of health-protective resources,
      including knowledge, prestige, power, and supportive social connections, might
      explain sexual orientation health disparities.

PMID- 26985609
TI  - Direct Engagement With Communities and Interprofessional Learning to Factor
      Culture Into End-of-Life Health Care Delivery.
AB  - Aging patients with advanced or terminal illnesses or at the end of their lives
      become highly vulnerable when their cultural needs-in terms of ethnic habits,
      religious beliefs, and language-are unmet. Cultural diversity should be taken
      into account during palliative care delivery (i.e., noncurative, supportive care
      during advanced illness or at the end of life). Providers and systems deliver
      disparate palliative care to diverse patients. I present 2 strategies to improve
      how culturally diverse populations are served during advanced illness: (1) health
      service provider assessment of local populations to understand service
      populations' cultural needs and guide services and policy; and (2)
      interprofessional education to improve multicultural understanding among the
      health care workforce.

PMID- 26985610
TI  - Sexual Orientation and All-Cause Mortality Among US Adults Aged 18 to 59 Years,
      2001-2011.
AB  - To determine whether sexual minorities have an earlier mortality than do
      heterosexuals, we investigated associations between sexual orientation assessed
      in the 2001 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)
      and mortality in the 2011 NHANES-linked mortality file. Mortality follow-up time
      averaged 69.6 months after NHANES. By 2011, 338 individuals had died. Sexual
      minorities evidenced greater all-cause mortality than did heterosexuals after
      adjusting for demographic confounding. These effects generally disappeared with
      further adjustment for NHANES-detected health and behavioral differences. 

PMID- 26985611
TI  - Homicides by Police: Comparing Counts From the National Violent Death Reporting
      System, Vital Statistics, and Supplementary Homicide Reports.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) as a
      surveillance system for homicides by law enforcement officers. METHODS: We
      assessed sensitivity and positive predictive value of the NVDRS "type of death"
      variable against our study count of homicides by police, which we derived from
      NVDRS coded and narrative data for states participating in NVDRS 2005 to 2012. We
      compared state counts of police homicides from NVDRS, Vital Statistics, and
      Federal Bureau of Investigation Supplementary Homicide Reports. RESULTS: We
      identified 1552 police homicides in the 16 states. Positive predictive value and
      sensitivity of the NVDRS "type of death" variable for police homicides were high
      (98% and 90%, respectively). Counts from Vital Statistics and Supplementary
      Homicide Reports were 58% and 48%, respectively, of our study total; gaps varied
      widely by state. The annual rate of police homicide (0.24/100,000) varied 5-fold
      by state and 8-fold by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: NVDRS provides more complete
      data on police homicides than do existing systems. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Expanding
      NVDRS to all 50 states and making 2 improvements we identify will be an efficient
      way to provide the nation with more accurate, detailed data on homicides by law
      enforcement.

PMID- 26985612
TI  - Neighborhood Walkability and Body Mass Index Trajectories: Longitudinal Study of
      Canadians.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of neighborhood walkability on body mass index
      (BMI) trajectories of urban Canadians. METHODS: Data are from Canada's National
      Population Health Survey (n = 2935; biannual assessments 1994-2006). We measured
      walkability with the Walk Score. We modeled body mass index (BMI, defined as
      weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters [kg/m(2)])
      trajectories as a function of Walk Score and sociodemographic and behavioral
      covariates with growth curve models and fixed-effects regression models. RESULTS:
      In men, BMI increased annually by an average of 0.13 kg/m(2) (95% confidence
      interval [CI] = 0.11, 0.14) over the 12 years of follow-up. Moving to a high
      walkable neighborhood (2 or more Walk Score quartiles higher) decreased BMI
      trajectories for men by approximately 1 kg/m(2) (95% CI = -1.16, -0.17). Moving
      to a low-walkable neighborhood increased BMI for men by approximately 0.45
      kg/m(2) (95% CI = 0.01, 0.89). There was no detectable influence of neighborhood
      walkability on body weight for women. CONCLUSIONS: Our study of a large sample of
      urban Canadians followed for 12 years confirms that neighborhood walkability
      influences BMI trajectories for men, and may be influential in curtailing male
      age-related weight gain.

PMID- 26985614
TI  - Reducing Sexual Assault on Campus: Lessons From the Movement to Prevent Drunk
      Driving.
AB  - I examined similarities and differences between the movement to prevent drunk
      driving of the 1980s, and current efforts to prevent and address campus sexual
      assault. As college and university administrators design policies and initiatives
      to reduce campus sexual assault in response to new federal legislation and
      regulation, they can apply lessons from successful public health initiatives to
      reduce drunk driving initiated more than 3 decades ago. I illustrate how
      interventions at the 5 levels of the social-ecological model, and messages that
      address entrenched cultural attitudes condoning sexual assault and blaming its
      victims can be used to combat campus sexual assault as a crime and a public
      health problem. I also show how efforts to promote community engagement can
      change behavioral norms and reduce offenses. 

PMID- 26985613
TI  - Emergency Care for Homeless Patients: A French Multicenter Cohort Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether homeless patients experience suboptimal care in
      the emergency department (ED) by the provision of fewer health care resources.
      METHODS: We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study in 30 EDs in France.
      During 72 hours in March 2015, all homeless patients that visited the
      participating EDs were included in the study. The primary health care service
      measure was the order by the physician of a diagnostic investigation or provision
      of a treatment in the ED. Secondary measures of health care services included ED
      waiting time, number and type of investigations per patient, treatment in the ED,
      and discharge disposition. RESULTS: A total of 254 homeless patients and 254
      nonhomeless patients were included. After excluding homeless patients that
      attended the ED for the sole purpose of housing, we analyzed 214 homeless and 214
      nonhomeless. We found no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of
      health care resource consumption, and for our secondary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS:
      We did not find significant differences in the level of medical care delivered in
      French EDs to homeless patients compared with matched nonhomeless patients.

PMID- 26985615
TI  - Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Heavy Drinking and Anxiety and Mood Disorders
      Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Canadians.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of heavy drinking,
      anxiety, and mood disorders among Canadians who self-identified as gay, lesbian,
      bisexual, or heterosexual. METHODS: Pooled data from the 2007 to 2012 cycles of
      the Canadian Community Health Survey (n = 222 548) were used to fit logistic
      regression models controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: In
      adjusted logistic regression models, gay or lesbian respondents had greater odds
      than heterosexual respondents of reporting anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and
      anxiety-mood disorders. Bisexual respondents had greater odds of reporting
      anxiety disorders, mood disorders, anxiety-mood disorders, and heavy drinking.
      Gay or lesbian and bisexual respondents had greater odds than heterosexuals of
      reporting co-occurring anxiety or mood disorders and heavy drinking. The highest
      rates of disorders were observed among bisexual respondents, with nearly
      quadruple the rates of anxiety, mood, and combined anxiety and mood disorders
      relative to heterosexuals and approximately twice the rates of gay or lesbian
      respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Members of sexual minority groups in Canada, in
      particular those self-identifying as bisexual, experience disproportionate rates
      of anxiety and mood disorders, heavy drinking, and co-occurring disorders.

PMID- 26985616
TI  - State and Local Policies as a Structural and Modifiable Determinant of HIV
      Vulnerability Among Latino Migrants in the United States.
AB  - We explore how state and local policies in labor, health, education, language,
      community and neighborhood environments, deportation, and state-authorized
      identification can reduce or exacerbate HIV vulnerability among Latino migrants
      in the United States. We reviewed literature on Latino migrants and HIV risk, on
      the structural-environmental contexts experienced by Latino migrants, and on the
      many domains in which policies influence those contexts. To illustrate the
      pathways through which policies across multiple sectors are relevant to HIV
      vulnerability, we describe how policies shape 2 mediating domains (a climate of
      hostility toward Latino migrants and the relative ease or difficulty of access to
      beneficial institutions) and how those domains influence behavioral risk
      practices, which increase vulnerability to HIV. This argument demonstrates the
      utility of considering the policy context as a modifiable element of the meso
      level through which structural factors shape vulnerability to HIV. This approach
      has specific relevance to the consideration of HIV prevention for Latino
      migrants, and more generally, to structural approaches to HIV prevention. 

PMID- 26985617
TI  - Environmental Nutrition: A New Frontier for Public Health.
AB  - Food systems must operate within environmental constraints to avoid disastrous
      consequences for the biosphere. Such constraints must also take into account
      nutritional quality and health outcomes. Given the intrinsic relationships
      between the environmental sciences and nutritional sciences, it is imperative
      that public health embraces environmental nutrition as the new frontier of
      research and practice and begins a concerted focus on the new discipline of
      environmental nutrition, which seeks to comprehensively address the
      sustainability of food systems. We provide an overview to justify our
      proposition, outline a research and practice agenda for environmental nutrition,
      and explore how the complex relationships within food systems that affect public
      health could be better understood through the environmental nutrition model. 

PMID- 26985618
TI  - Promoting Nature-Based Activity for People With Mental Illness Through the US
      "Exercise Is Medicine" Initiative.
AB  - Nature-based physical activity programming (e.g., countryside walks, hiking,
      horseback riding) has been found to be an effective way to help improve the
      health of people with mental illness. Exercise referral initiatives, whereby
      health practitioners prescribe exercise in an attempt to prevent or treat chronic
      illnesses, have helped make such nature-based activities accessible to this
      population in the United Kingdom and Australia; however, there is a dearth of
      research related to the most prominent exercise referral program in the United
      States: Exercise is Medicine. Taking into account the barriers to physical
      activity faced by people with mental illness, we explore how nature-based
      programming for this population might be mobilized in the United States through
      the growing Exercise is Medicine initiative. 

PMID- 26985619
TI  - Disability-Free Life Expectancy Over 30 Years: A Growing Female Disadvantage in
      the US Population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in active life expectancy in the United States
      over 30 years for older men and women (aged >= 65 years). METHODS: We used the
      1982 and 2004 National Long Term Care Survey and the 2011 National Health and
      Aging Trends Study to estimate age-specific mortality and disability rates, the
      overall chances of survival and of surviving without disability, and years of
      active life for men and women. RESULTS: For older men, longevity has increased,
      disability has been postponed to older ages, disability prevalence has fallen,
      and the percentage of remaining life spent active has increased. However, for
      older women, small longevity increases have been accompanied by even smaller
      postponements in disability, a reversal of a downward trend in moderate
      disability, and stagnation of active life as a percentage of life expectancy. As
      a consequence, older women no longer live more active years than men, despite
      their longer lives. CONCLUSIONS: Neither a compression nor expansion of late-life
      disability is inevitable. Public health measures directed at older women to
      postpone disability may be needed to offset impending long-term care pressures
      related to population aging.

PMID- 26985621
TI  - Food Gardeners' Productivity in Laramie, Wyoming: More Than a Hobby.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We quantified the productivity of food gardens in Laramie, Wyoming,
      over 3 growing seasons. METHODS: From 2012 to 2014, 33 participating gardening
      households weighed and recorded each harvest. Academic partners measured plot
      sizes and converted reported harvest weights to volume in cups. RESULTS: The
      yield of the average 253-square-foot plot was enough to supply an adult with the
      daily US Department of Agriculture-recommended amount of vegetables for 9 months.
      CONCLUSIONS: Gardeners produced nutritionally meaningful quantities of food;
      thus, food gardening offers promise as an effective public health intervention
      for improving food security and nutritional health.

PMID- 26985620
TI  - A Longitudinal Study of Multiple Drug Use and Overdose Among Young People Who
      Inject Drugs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between multiple drug use and nonfatal
      overdose among young people (younger than 30 years) who inject drugs. METHODS: We
      completed a longitudinal study of 173 injection drug users younger than 30 years
      living in San Francisco, California, between April 2012 and February 2014.
      RESULTS: The odds of nonfatal overdose increased significantly as heroin and
      benzodiazepine pill-taking days increased and when alcohol consumption exceeded
      10 drinks per day compared with 0 drinks per day. CONCLUSIONS: Heroin,
      benzodiazepine, and alcohol use were independently associated with nonfatal
      overdose over time among young people who inject drugs. Efforts to address
      multiple central nervous system depressant use remain an important component of a
      comprehensive approach to overdose, particularly among young people.

PMID- 26985622
TI  - Food Environments and Obesity: Household Diet Expenditure Versus Food Deserts.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between obesity and multiple aspects of
      the food environments, at home and in the neighborhood. METHODS: Our study
      included 38,650 individuals nested in 18,381 households located in 2104 US
      counties. Our novel home food environment measure, USDAScore, evaluated the
      adherence of a household's monthly expenditure shares of 24 aggregated food
      categories to the recommended values based on US Department of Agriculture food
      plans. The US Census Bureau's County Business Patterns (2008), the detailed food
      purchase information in the IRi Consumer Panel scanner data (2008-2012), and its
      associated MedProfiler data set (2012) constituted the main sources for
      neighborhood-, household-, and individual-level data, respectively. RESULTS:
      After we controlled for a number of confounders at the individual, household, and
      neighborhood levels, USDAScore was negatively linked with obesity status, and a
      census tract-level indicator of food desert status was positively associated with
      obesity status. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood food environment factors, such as food
      desert status, were associated with obesity status even after we controlled for
      home food environment factors.

PMID- 26985623
TI  - Barriers to Health Care Among Adults Identifying as Sexual Minorities: A US
      National Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent to which lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults
      aged 18 to 64 years experience barriers to health care. METHODS: We used 2013
      National Health Interview Survey data on 521 gay or lesbian (291 men, 230 women),
      215 bisexual (66 men, 149 women), and 25 149 straight (11 525 men, 13 624 women)
      adults. Five barrier-to-care outcomes were assessed (delayed or did not receive
      care because of cost, did not receive specific services because of cost, delayed
      care for noncost reasons, trouble finding a provider, and no usual source of
      care). RESULTS: Relative to straight adults, gay or lesbian and bisexual adults
      had higher odds of delaying or not receiving care because of cost. Bisexual
      adults had higher odds of delaying care for noncost reasons, and gay men had
      higher odds than straight men of reporting trouble finding a provider. By
      contrast, gay or lesbian women had lower odds of delaying care for noncost
      reasons than straight women. Bisexual women had higher odds than gay or lesbian
      women of reporting 3 of the 5 barriers investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Members of
      sexual minority groups, especially bisexual women, are more likely to encounter
      barriers to care than their straight counterparts.

PMID- 26985624
TI  - Breast free flap complications related to haematoma formation - do the risks of
      multiple antithrombotics outweigh the benefits today?
AB  - Background Free flap reconstruction is today a common operation for many breast
      cancer patients, but local protocols for microsurgery still predict the use of
      antithrombotic agents. Reduced operation times and complication rates together
      with faster mobilisation, after introduction of perforator flaps, call for less
      comprehensive antithrombotic regimens. It was hypothesised that multiple
      antithrombotics was a risk factor for bleeding-related flap complications.
      Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to study the association
      between reoperation for haematoma and flap-related complications after free flap
      breast reconstruction. A combination of heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin and
      dextran were used as antithrombotics. A sub-analysis was performed to compare non
      dextran to dextran treated patients. Results One hundred and thirty-nine patients
      were identified, reconstructed with 150 consecutive perforator free flaps to the
      breast. Reoperation for breast haematoma (13%) was associated with concomitant re
      operation for venous congestion (8.6%) (p < 0.001), but also for flap thrombosis
      (2.9%) (p = 0.007), highlighting haematoma as a risk factor for flap-related
      complications. An increased rate of haematoma re-operations of the breast was
      noted among the flap-related complications in the dextran (n = 79), compared to
      the non-dextran group (p = 0.011). Conclusion The current study highlights the
      use of multiple antithrombotics as a risk factor for haematoma reoperation.
      Liberal use of drains and evacuation of breast haematomas are, therefore,
      indicated together with limitation of antithrombotic agents. The highly variable
      use of antithrombotic agents worldwide call for evidence-based guidelines in
      standardised free flap breast reconstruction. 

PMID- 26985625
TI  - Snapshot of Teleretinal Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy at the West Los
      Angeles Medical Center.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center is a large
      urban facility with a robust teleretinal screening program in primary care
      clinic, established in 2006. The purpose of this article is to provide a snapshot
      of teleretinal screening at this site. METHODS: Diabetic patients from 2012 were
      analyzed with a prospective cohort study. Demographic information, results of
      teleretinal screening, referral to eye clinic, and loss to follow-up (defined as
      no eye care within 2 years) were collected. RESULTS: Of 516 patients with
      diabetes screened with teleretinal imaging, 120 patient charts were reviewed for
      data analysis. Teleretinal imaging diagnosed 15% (18/120) of patients with
      varying stages of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR). Of patients
      screened, 55.8% (67/120) of the patients were referred to an eye clinic for
      further ophthalmic evaluation. Nondiabetic retinopathy reasons for eye clinic
      referral included glaucoma suspect (13.3%, 16/120) and age-related macular
      degeneration (10.0%, 12/120). Of all patients screened, 37.5% (45/120) of them
      were lost to follow-up, defined as no teleretinal screening or eye clinic
      appointment within 2 years. Patients who lived farther away from clinic had a
      higher risk of loss to follow-up (p = 0.04). DISCUSSION: We found, although only
      15% of patients were diagnosed with DR from teleretinal screening, more than 50%
      of patients were referred to eye clinic. In addition, of all screened patients,
      there was a high rate of not returning to the Veterans Affairs (VA) for eye care.

PMID- 26985626
TI  - Effects of additives on the co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and paper
      sludge by using thermogravimetric analysis.
AB  - By using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the effects of different additives
      (MgO, Al2O3 and ZnO) on the pyrolysis characteristics and activation energy of
      municipal solid waste (MSW), paper sludge (PS) and their blends in N2 atmosphere
      had been investigated in this study. The experiments resulted that these
      additives were effective in reducing the initial temperature and activation
      energy. However, not all the additives were beneficial to reduce the residue mass
      and enhance the index D. For the different ratios of MSW and PS, the same
      additive even had the different influences. The catalytic effects of additives
      were not obvious and the pyrolysis became difficult with the increase of the
      proportion of PS. Based on all the contrast of the pyrolysis characteristics, MgO
      was the best additive and 70M30P was the best ratio, respectively. 

PMID- 26985627
TI  - Study on product distributions and char morphology during rapid co-pyrolysis of
      platanus wood and lignite in a drop tube fixed-bed reactor.
AB  - The rapid co-pyrolytic behavior of platanus wood and Pingzhuang lignite was
      explored in a drop tube fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen atmosphere. Synergistic
      effects were evaluated using the deviations between experimental and predicted
      values of product yields and gas components. Surface morphology of residual chars
      were also investigated applying the scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM).
      This study found that the experimental values of gas volume yields were greater
      than the predicted, and the maximum gas volume yield exhibited with 50% biomass
      blending ratio at 1000 degrees C. Positive or negative synergistic effects
      happened in gas components at different blending ratios and temperatures. The SEM
      results indicated that the differences of char surface morphology were evident.
      The fractal dimensions of residual chars increased with increasing biomass
      blending ratio, which may improve their gasification or combustion reactivity.
      The change in product yields and gas components was attributed to the secondary
      reactions and tar cracking. 

PMID- 26985628
TI  - Ammonia-LCFA synergetic co-inhibition effect in manure-based continuous
      biomethanation process.
AB  - In the current study it has been hypothesized that, when organic loading of an
      anaerobic reactor is increased, the additional cell biomass biosynthesis would
      capture more ammonia nitrogen and thereby reduce the ammonia toxicity. Therefore,
      the alleviation of the toxicity of high ammonia levels using lipids (glycerol
      trioleate-GTO) or carbohydrates (glucose-GLU) as co-substrates in manure-based
      thermophilic continuous stirred-tank reactors (R(GTO) and R(GLU), respectively)
      was tested. At 5gNH4(+)-NL(-1), relative methane production of R(GTO) and R(GLU),
      was 10.5% and 41% compared to the expected uninhibited production, respectively.
      At the same time control reactor (R(CTL)), only fed with manure, reached 32.7%
      compared to the uninhibited basis production. Therefore, it seems that using
      lipids to counteract the ammonia effect in CSTR reactors creates an "ammonia-LCFA
      (long chain fatty acids) synergetic co-inhibition" effect. Moreover, co-digestion
      with glucose in R(GLU) was more robust to ammonia toxicity compared to R(CTL).

PMID- 26985629
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Intratympanic Ciprofloxacin Otic Suspension in Children
      With Middle Ear Effusion Undergoing Tympanostomy Tube Placement: Two Randomized
      Clinical Trials.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement (TTP) in children is
      common. Although not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, antibiotic
      ear drops are routinely used intraoperatively and prescribed for multidose,
      multiday postoperative administration by caregivers. OBJECTIVE: To investigate
      the safety and efficacy of a single-dose intratympanic, intraoperative,
      thermosensitive, otic suspension of ciprofloxacin (OTO-201) in children requiring
      TTP. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Two identically designed, prospective,
      double-blind, sham-controlled, multicenter phase 3 randomized clinical trials
      included 532 patients aged 6 months to 17 years with middle ear effusions.
      Patients with confirmed bilateral effusions on the day of TTP were randomized to
      TTP alone or to TTP with OTO-201 injection. Children underwent a 28-day
      observation period. Data were collected from November 14, 2013, to June 3, 2014.
      Final follow-up was completed on June 16, 2014, and intent-to-treat data were
      analyzed from June 10 to August 27, 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Efficacy
      was assessed as treatment failure, including the presence of otorrhea, use of
      otic or systemic antibiotics, loss to follow-up, or missed visits. Safety was
      assessed for serious adverse events and treatment-emergent adverse events using
      audiometry, otoscopy, and tympanometry. RESULTS: Among the 532 patients included
      in the trials, 175 were randomized to TTP only and 357 to OTO-201 treatment (304
      boys [57.1%]; 228 girls [42.9%]; mean [SD] age, 2.4 [2.1]). At day 15, the
      cumulative proportion of treatment failures (primary end point) was 24.6% (44 of
      179 patients) in trial 1 and 21.3% (38 of 178 patients) in trial 2 in the OTO-201
      groups vs 44.8% (39 of 87 patients) in trial 1 and 45.5% (40 of 88 patients) in
      trial 2 in the TTP-alone groups. At day 15 otorrhea-only treatment failures in
      trial 1 included 21 of 179 (11.7%) in the OTO-201 group vs 22 of 87 (25.3%) in
      the TTP-only group; in trial 2, 17 of 178 (9.6%) in the OTO-201 group vs 29 of 88
      (33.0%) in the TTP-only group. The odds of otorrhea-only failure were
      significantly reduced in the OTO-201 groups compared with the TTP-only groups in
      both trials (age-adjusted odds ratios, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.19-0.75] and 0.19 [95% CI,
      0.09-0.38]; P < .001 for both trials, post hoc analysis). No drug-related serious
      adverse events were seen, and most adverse events were mild or moderate. No
      evidence of increased tube occlusion and no negative effect on results of
      audiometry, tympanometry, or otoscopy were noted with OTO-201 administration.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Two large phase 3 randomized clinical trials
      demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a single intraoperative administration of
      OTO-201 for middle ear effusion at the time of TTP. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01949142 and NCT01949155.

PMID- 26985632
TI  - Managing the Risks of Concurrent Surgeries.

PMID- 26985631
TI  - Stressful events and coping related to acute and sub-acute whiplash-associated
      disorders.
AB  - Purpose To describe daily stressors affecting and coping strategies employed by
      individuals with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) immediately to one month
      (acute) and three to four months (sub-acute) after injury events using a daily
      coping assessment. Levels of pain, anxiety, depressed mood and activity are also
      compared between phases. Method A descriptive prospective design with a content
      analysis approach was used. Participants completed daily coping assessments for
      one week during both acute and sub-acute phases. Main measure was whiplash
      associated disorders-daily coping assessment (WAD-DCA). Results Nine participants
      used words describing recovery in the sub-acute phase; 31 described stressful
      events during both phases. Most frequently reported stressors were related to
      "symptoms", "emotions" and "occupations/studies". These were equally reported
      during both phases. Cognitive coping strategies were employed more often during
      the sub-acute phase (p = 0.008). The only behavioral strategy that increased in
      prevalence over time was the "relaxed" strategy (p = 0.001). Anxiety levels
      declined over time (p = 0.022). Conclusion The reported stressors were largely
      uniform across both acute and sub-acute phases; however, the use of cognitive
      coping strategies increased over time. The WAD-DCA captures individual stressors
      and coping strategies employed during a vulnerable phase of rehabilitation and
      can thus provide information that is useful to clinical practice. Implications
      for rehabilitation The WAD-DCA provides valuable information for clinical
      practice when employed during early phases of whiplash-associated disorder
      development. Reported stressors during the acute and sub-acute phases are
      essentially the same, whereas cognitive coping strategies grow in prevalence over
      time. Tailored treatments in early phases of whip-lash associated disorders may
      benefit from strategies aimed at matching patient-specific stressors with
      contextually adapted coping strategies.

PMID- 26985630
TI  - Structure-based design of N-substituted 1-hydroxy-4-sulfamoyl-2-naphthoates as
      selective inhibitors of the Mcl-1 oncoprotein.
AB  - Structure-based drug design was utilized to develop novel, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate
      based small-molecule inhibitors of Mcl-1. Ligand design was driven by exploiting
      a salt bridge with R263 and interactions with the p2 pocket of the protein.
      Significantly, target molecules were accessed in just two synthetic steps,
      suggesting further optimization will require minimal synthetic effort. Molecular
      modeling using the Site-Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation (SILCS)
      approach was used to qualitatively direct ligand design as well as develop
      quantitative models for inhibitor binding affinity to Mcl-1 and the Bcl-2
      relative Bcl-xL as well as for the specificity of binding to the two proteins.
      Results indicated hydrophobic interactions in the p2 pocket dominated affinity of
      the most favourable binding ligand (3bl: Ki = 31 nM). Compounds were up to 19
      fold selective for Mcl-1 over Bcl-xL. Selectivity of the inhibitors was driven by
      interactions with the deeper p2 pocket in Mcl-1 versus Bcl-xL. The SILCS-based
      SAR of the present compounds represents the foundation for the development of Mcl
      1 specific inhibitors with the potential to treat a wide range of solid tumours
      and hematological cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia.

PMID- 26985634
TI  - A New (-)-5',6-dimethoxyisolariciresinol-(3",4"-dimethoxy)-3alpha-O-beta-D
      glucopyranoside from the bark of Aglaia eximia (Meliaceae).
AB  - New (-)-5',6-dimethoxyisolariciresinol-(3",4"-dimethoxy)-3alpha-O-beta-d
      glucopyranoside compound was isolated from the methanol extract of the bark of
      Aglaia eximia (Meliaceae). The chemical structure of the new compound were
      elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data including, UV, IR, HR-ESI-TOFMS, 1D
      NMR, 2D-NMR and comparison with those related compounds previously reported. 

PMID- 26985633
TI  - cMyc-p53 feedback mechanism regulates the dynamics of T lymphocytes in the immune
      response.
AB  - Activation and proliferation of T cells are tightly regulated during the immune
      response. We show here that kinetics of proliferation of PHA activated T cells
      follows the expression of cMyc. Expression of p53 is also elevated and remains
      high several days after activation. To investigate the role of p53 in activated T
      cells, its expression was further elevated with nultin-3 treatment, a small
      molecule that dissociates the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase MDM2 from p53.
      Concomitantly, cMyc expression and proliferation decreased. At the other end of
      the cMyc-p53 axis, inhibition of cMyc with 10058-F4 led to down regulation of
      p53, likely through the lower level of cMyc induced p14ARF, which is also known
      to dissociate the p53-MDM2 complex. Both compounds induced cell cycle arrest and
      apoptosis. We conclude that the feedback regulation between cMyc and p53 is
      important for the T cell homeostasis. We also show that the two compounds
      modulating p53 and cMyc levels inhibited proliferation without abolishing the
      cytotoxic function, thus demonstrating the dichotomy between proliferation and
      cytotoxicity in activated T cells.

PMID- 26985635
TI  - Prediction of 60-Day Case Fatality After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:
      External Validation of a Prediction Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: External validation of prognostic models is crucial but rarely done.
      Our aim was to externally validate a prognostic model to predict 60-day case
      fatality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage developed from the
      International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial in a retrospective unselected cohort of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. DESIGN: The model's predictors were age,
      aneurysm size, Fisher grade, and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade.
      Two versions of the model were validated: one with World Federation of
      Neurological Surgeons grade scored at admission and the other with World
      Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade at treatment decision. The outcome was
      60-day case fatality. Performance of the model was assessed by studying
      discrimination, expressed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic
      curve, and calibration. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: We analyzed data
      from 307 consecutive aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients admitted between
      2007 and 2011 (validation cohort). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The observed 60-day case fatality rate was 30.6%. Discrimination was
      good, and differed between the model with World Federation of Neurological
      Surgeons grade at treatment decision (area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve, 0.89) and at admission (area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve, 0.82). Mean predicted probabilities were lower than
      observed: 17.0% (model with World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade at
      admission) and 17.7% (model with World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade
      at treatment decision). CONCLUSIONS: The model discriminated well between
      patients who died or survived within 60 days. In addition, we found that using
      World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade at moment of treatment decision
      of the ruptured aneurysm improved model performance. However, since predicted
      probabilities were much lower than observed probabilities, the International
      Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial prediction model needs to be adapted to be used in
      clinical practice.

PMID- 26985637
TI  - FTY720-induced enhancement of autophagy protects cells from FTY720 cytotoxicity
      in colorectal cancer.
AB  - FTY720, also known as fingolimod, is a widely used immunomodulator in multiple
      sclerosis and multiple organ transplantation. It is also an important protein
      phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activator. Based on this, a number of studies have recently
      demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of FTY720 in various cancers. Yet in colorectal
      cancer (CRC), the underlying mechanisms of FTY720 cytotoxicity remain less clear,
      especially the relationship between a drug and autophagy. We demonstrate here for
      the first time that FTY720 promotes the appearance of autophagic hallmarks such
      as autophagosome formation and light chain 3 (LC3)-II accumulation, indicating
      the participation of autophagy in FTY720 cytotoxicity on CRC. Moreover,
      inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA), a specific inhibitor of
      autophagy, enhanced FTY720 cytotoxicity, indicating the protective role of
      autophagy against the drug's own cytotoxic effect. The protective autophagy was
      likely affected by cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), an endogenous PP2A
      inhibitor that is closely related with poor prognosis and drug resistance.
      Consequently, our data not only demonstrate a new mechanism underlying the
      cytotoxic effect of FTY720 in CRC, but also a new strategy for CRC treatment,
      especially in cases resistant to conventional chemotherapies because of high
      CIP2A levels.

PMID- 26985638
TI  - Direct Uniaxial Alignment of a Donor-Acceptor Semiconducting Polymer Using Single
      Step Solution Shearing.
AB  - The alignment of organic semiconductors (OSCs) in the active layers of electronic
      devices can confer desirable properties, such as enhanced charge transport
      properties due to better ordering, charge transport anisotropy for reduced device
      cross-talk, and polarized light emission or absorption. The solution-based
      deposition of highly aligned small molecule OSCs has been widely demonstrated,
      but the alignment of polymeric OSCs in thin films deposited directly from
      solution has typically required surface templating or complex pre- or
      postdeposition processing. Therefore, single-step solution processing and the
      charge transport enhancement afforded by alignment continue to be attractive. We
      report here the use of solution shearing to tune the degree of alignment in
      poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-terthiophene) thin films by controlling the coating
      speed. A maximum dichroic ratio of ~7 was achieved on unpatterned substrates
      without any additional pre- or postdeposition processing. The degree of polymer
      alignment was found to be a competition between the shear alignment of polymer
      chains in solution and the complex thin film drying process. Contrary to previous
      reports, no charge transport anisotropy was observed because of the small
      crystallite size relative to the channel length, a meshlike morphology, and the
      likelihood of increased grain boundaries in the direction transverse to coating.
      In fact, the lack of aligned morphological structures, coupled with observed
      anisotropy in X-ray diffraction data, suggests the alignment of polymer molecules
      in both the crystalline and the amorphous regions of the films. The shear speed
      at which maximum dichroism is achieved can be controlled by altering deposition
      parameters such as temperature and substrate treatment. Modest changes in
      molecular weight showed negligible effects on alignment, while longer polymer
      alkyl side chains were found to reduce the degree of alignment. This work
      demonstrates that solution shearing can be used to tune polymer alignment in a
      one-step deposition process not requiring substrate patterning or any
      postdeposition treatment. 

PMID- 26985643
TI  - Bimetallic rare-earth/platinum complexes ligated by phosphinoamides.
AB  - The heterometallic early-late 5d/4f binuclear phosphinoamido Ln/Pt(0) complexes
      [(Ph2PNHPh)Pt{MU-(Ph2PNPh)}3Ln(MU-Cl)Li(THF)3] (Ln = Y (1a), Lu (1b)) were
      obtained by reaction of [Li(THF)4][(Ph2PNPh)4Ln] (Ln = Y, Lu) with the Pt(0)
      complex [Pt(tBu3P)2] in the presence of LiCl. In the absence of LiCl the
      corresponding Ln/Pt(0) complexes [(Ph2PNHPh)Pt{MU-(Ph2PNPh)}3Ln{eta(2)
      (Ph2PNPh)}][Li(THF)4] (Ln = Y (2a), Lu (2b)) were isolated. Both kind of
      complexes decompose in solution. The Pt(0) complex [Pt(Ph2PNHPh)4] (3) was
      identified as one of these decomposition products. 

PMID- 26985636
TI  - Nutritional Status Based on Body Mass Index Is Associated With Morbidity and
      Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Children in the PICU.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of admission anthropometry on clinical
      outcomes in mechanically ventilated children in the PICU. DESIGN: Data from two
      multicenter cohort studies were compiled to examine the unique contribution of
      nutritional status, defined by body mass index z score, to 60-day mortality,
      hospital-acquired infections, length of hospital stay, and ventilator-free days,
      using multivariate analysis. SETTING: Ninety PICUs from 16 countries with eight
      or more beds. PATIENTS: Children aged 1 month to 18 years, admitted to each
      participating PICU and requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data from 1,622 eligible patients, 54.8% men and
      mean (SD) age 4.5 years (5.1), were analyzed. Subjects were classified as
      underweight (17.9%), normal weight (54.2%), overweight (14.5%), and obese (13.4%)
      based on body mass index z score at admission. After adjusting for severity of
      illness and site, the odds of 60-day mortality were higher in underweight (odds
      ratio, 1.53; p < 0.001) children. The odds of hospital-acquired infections were
      higher in underweight (odds ratio, 1.88; p = 0.008) and obese (odds ratio, 1.64;
      p < 0.001) children. Hazard ratios for hospital discharge were lower among
      underweight (hazard ratio, 0.71; p < 0.001) and obese (hazard ratio, 0.82; p =
      0.04) children. Underweight was associated with 1.3 (p = 0.001) and 1.6 (p <
      0.001) fewer ventilator-free days than normal weight and overweight,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is prevalent in mechanically ventilated
      children on admission to PICUs worldwide. Classification as underweight or obese
      was associated with higher risk of hospital-acquired infections and lower
      likelihood of hospital discharge. Underweight children had a higher risk of
      mortality and fewer ventilator-free days.

PMID- 26985644
TI  - Proteomic strategies in the search for novel pancreatic cancer biomarkers and
      drug targets: recent advances and clinical impact.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers; despite
      a low incidence rate it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in
      the world. Improvement of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment remains the main
      focus of pancreatic cancer research. Rapid developments in proteomic technologies
      has improved our understanding of the pancreatic cancer proteome. Here, the
      authors summarise the recent proteomic strategies undertaken in the search for:
      novel biomarkers for early diagnosis, pancreatic cancer-specific proteins which
      may be used for novel targeted therapies and proteins which may be useful for
      monitoring disease progression post-therapy. Recent advances and findings
      discussed here provide great promise of having a significant clinical impact and
      improving the outcome of patients with this malignancy. 

PMID- 26985645
TI  - Weeding Out the Truth: Adolescents and Cannabis.
AB  - The use of cannabis for both legal (similar to alcohol) and medical purposes is
      becoming more common. Although cannabis remains an illegal Schedule 1 drug
      federally, as of November 2015, 23 states and the District of Columbia have
      legalized "medical" cannabis, and 4 states and the District of Columbia have
      legalized the use of cannabis for adults aged 21 years and older. It is very
      likely that more and more states will sooner rather than later allow cannabis for
      both medical and legal purposes. This review article will focus on a variety of
      issues relevant to the current debate about cannabis, and will address the
      following. 

PMID- 26985646
TI  - Weeding Out the Truth: Adolescents and Cannabis: Case and Discussion.
AB  - This clinical case conference discusses the case of an adolescent presenting with
      a marijuana use disorder. Information about a real patient is presented to expert
      clinicians, who respond to the information by sharing their reasoning and
      recommendations, followed by a summary of the clinical discussion. 

PMID- 26985647
TI  - Sources of Prescription Opioids for Nonmedical Use.

PMID- 26985648
TI  - Controlled Substances and Prescribers.

PMID- 26985649
TI  - Methadone and Buprenorphine for Opioid Dependence During Pregnancy: A
      Retrospective Cohort Study: Re: Meyer et al.

PMID- 26985651
TI  - ER stress and autophagy are involved in the apoptosis induced by cisplatin in
      human lung cancer cells.
AB  - Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP)] is one of the most classical
      and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancers including lung
      cancer. However, the presence of cisplatin resistance in cancer lowers its
      curative effect and limits its usage in the clinic. The aim of the present study
      was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in lung
      cancer involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. In the present
      study, we detected the effect of cisplatin on cell viability, ER stress and
      autophagy in lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460. We also tested the effects of
      ER stress and autophagy on apoptosis induced by cisplatin. The results showed
      that cisplatin induced apoptosis, ER stress and autophagy in lung cancer cell
      lines. In addition, the inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA)
      or tauroursodeoxycholic acid sodium (TUDC) enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis
      in the human lung cancer cells. Meanwhile, combination treatment with the
      autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or chloroquine (CQ) further increased
      the apoptosis induced by cisplatin in the human lung cancer cells. The present
      study provides a novel treatment strategy - cisplatin in combination with an
      autophagic inhibitor or an ER stress inhibitor leads to increased apoptosis in
      human lung cancer cells.

PMID- 26985652
TI  - Determining whether curcumin degradation/condensation is actually bioactivation
      (Review).
AB  - Curcumin has been shown to exert therapeutic or protective effects against a
      variety of diseases, such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, neurological, liver,
      metabolic, autoimmune, cardiovascular diseases and numerous other chronic
      ailments. Over 116 clinical studies on curcumin in humans were registered with
      the US National Institutes of Health in 2015. However, it is mystifying how
      curcumin can be so effective in the treatment of many diseases since it has very
      low water solubility and bioavailability. Furthermore, curcumin is not stable
      under various conditions; its degradation or condensation into different
      bioactive compounds may be responsible for its biological activities rather than
      curcumin itself. In this review, we provide evidence of curcumin degradation and
      condensation into different compounds which have or may have health benefits
      themselves. Literature reviews strongly suggest that these molecules contribute
      to the observed health benefits, rather than curcumin itself.

PMID- 26985653
TI  - Antisense non-coding RNAs and regulation of gene transcription.
AB  - Transcriptome analyses have revealed the existence of a large variety of non
      coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that, although specifically expressed, are largely unknown
      in function. The best-studied role of ncRNAs is the regulation of gene
      expression, mostly participating in transcription. We report here the role of an
      antisense ncRNA that represses transcription of LEF1 by recruiting Polycomb
      repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which trimethylates H3K27. This antisense LEF1
      transcript undergoes splicing losing its inhibitory function. We also discuss the
      possible general relevance of this finding.

PMID- 26985654
TI  - Next-generation ecological risk assessment: Predicting risk from molecular
      initiation to ecosystem service delivery.
AB  - Ecological risk assessment is the process of evaluating how likely it is that the
      environment may be impacted as the result of exposure to one or more chemicals
      and/or other stressors. It is not playing as large a role in environmental
      management decisions as it should be. A core challenge is that risk assessments
      often do not relate directly or transparently to protection goals. There have
      been exciting developments in in vitro testing and high-throughput systems that
      measure responses to chemicals at molecular and biochemical levels of
      organization, but the linkage between such responses and impacts of regulatory
      significance - whole organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems - are
      not easily predictable. This article describes some recent developments that are
      directed at bridging this gap and providing more predictive models that can make
      robust links between what we typically measure in risk assessments and what we
      aim to protect. 

PMID- 26985656
TI  - Validation of Software Measurements of Eyelid Position From Digital Photographs.

PMID- 26985655
TI  - Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse:
      Review.
AB  - Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral
      infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for
      wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the
      multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of
      sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal
      efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate
      representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units
      based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be
      further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system.
      The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in
      membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were
      obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log10
      reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence
      interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of
      rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48
      (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process
      eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater
      treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It
      is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their
      treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies
      appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of
      wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified. 

PMID- 26985657
TI  - Photoluminescence properties of AgInS2-ZnS nanocrystals: the critical role of the
      surface.
AB  - AgInS2-ZnS (ZAIS) nanocrystals are very good candidates for easily synthesized,
      highly efficient cadmium-free nano-phosphors. They can be employed for the
      development of next generation white-LED technologies, taking advantage of their
      nanometric size. This paper describes the combined use of time-resolved emission
      spectroscopy and photoluminescence quantum yield measurements to quantitatively
      compare the efficiency of each recombination pathway involved in the
      photoluminescence of ZAIS nanocrystals. This approach, applied to nanocrystals of
      different sizes, compositions and surface chemistry revealed the critical role of
      surface effects. Moreover, we developed a new type of surface passivation that
      increases the photoluminescence quantum yield of all nanocrystal compositions by
      15 to 20%. This molecular surface passivation can be applied as a replacement or
      in addition to the already established ZnS shell passivation method. 

PMID- 26985658
TI  - Dual Roles of Methyl Ketones in Radziszewski-Type Reaction: Formal [2 + 1 + 1 +
      1] Synthesis of 1,2,5-Trisubstituted Imidazoles.
AB  - A highly efficient molecular iodine mediated Radziszewski-type reaction of methyl
      ketones, anilines, and tosylmethyl isocyanide has been developed. This protocol
      represents an elegant molecular fragment assembly of imidazoles via a formal [2 +
      1 + 1 + 1] annulation. It is the first example where methyl ketones serve as the
      alpha-dicarbonyl compounds and aldehydes in Radziszewski-type reactions. 

PMID- 26985659
TI  - Anthocyanins inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Trastuzumab (Herceptin(r)) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that is
      targeted against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tyrosine
      kinase receptor. Trastuzumab has been successfully used to treat patients with
      HER2-positive breast cancer, which accounts for ~25% of invasive breast cancer.
      However, the majority of patients who initially respond to trastuzumab
      demonstrate disease progression within 1 year of treatment. Therefore,
      identifying alternative drugs that overcome trastuzumab resistance and target
      HER2 may increase the magnitude and duration of response. Through a high
      throughput screening approach, we previously identified numerous anthocyanins
      that exert activity in HER2-positive human breast cancer cell lines. The present
      study aimed to evaluate the anti-tumor properties of anthocyanins against
      parental HER2-positive cells and derivative trastuzumab-resistant cells in vitro
      and in vivo. Cell proliferation, western blotting, Annexin V staining, migration
      and invasion assays were used to determine the effects of anthocyanins in vitro.
      Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were able to inhibit
      phosphorylation of HER2, induce apoptosis, suppress migration and invasion, and
      inhibit tumor cell growth. Coupled with the fact that anthocyanins have been used
      for decades as supplements for the treatment of various types of cancer in Asia,
      the present study may have established a framework for the development and
      testing of anthocyanins as a novel treatment paradigm used to overcome classical
      trastuzumab-resistance and to improve the outcome of this disease. 

PMID- 26985660
TI  - Localizing Tortoise Nests by Neural Networks.
AB  - The goal of this research is to recognize the nest digging activity of tortoises
      using a device mounted atop the tortoise carapace. The device classifies tortoise
      movements in order to discriminate between nest digging, and non-digging activity
      (specifically walking and eating). Accelerometer data was collected from devices
      attached to the carapace of a number of tortoises during their two-month nesting
      period. Our system uses an accelerometer and an activity recognition system (ARS)
      which is modularly structured using an artificial neural network and an output
      filter. For the purpose of experiment and comparison, and with the aim of
      minimizing the computational cost, the artificial neural network has been
      modelled according to three different architectures based on the input delay
      neural network (IDNN). We show that the ARS can achieve very high accuracy on
      segments of data sequences, with an extremely small neural network that can be
      embedded in programmable low power devices. Given that digging is typically a
      long activity (up to two hours), the application of ARS on data segments can be
      repeated over time to set up a reliable and efficient system, called Tortoise@,
      for digging activity recognition. 

PMID- 26985661
TI  - Botulinum Toxin Type A and the Prevention of Hypertrophic Scars on the
      Maxillofacial Area and Neck: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of the meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficiency of
      therapeutic botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in the prevention of maxillofacial and
      neck scars. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Information came from the following electronic
      databases: Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE (time was ended by
      August 31, 2015) to retrieve RCTs evaluating the effect of the BTX-A for
      hypertrophic scar on the maxillofacial or neck. All languages were included as
      long as they met the inclusion criteria. Here the effects of BTX-A were evaluated
      by comparing the width of the scar, patient satisfaction, and the visual analysis
      scores (VAS), respectively. Pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs), pooled odds
      ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Nine RCTs
      covering a total of 539 patients were included. A statistically significant
      difference in scar width was identified between the BTX-A group and control group
      (non-BTX-A used) (WMD = -0.41, 95% CI = -0.68 to -0.14, P = 0.003). A
      statistically significant difference in patient satisfaction was observed between
      the BTX-A group and control group (OR = 25.76, 95% CI = 2.58 to 256.67, P =
      0.006). And in patients regarding visual analysis scores (VAS), a statistically
      significant difference was also observed between the BTX-A group and control
      group (WMD = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.60, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: This meta
      analysis evaluates the efficacy of the BTX-A and confirms that BTX-A is a
      suitable potential therapy for the prevention of hypertrophic scars in patients
      in the maxillofacial and neck areas.

PMID- 26985663
TI  - Genetically Engineered Yeast Expressing a Lytic Peptide from Bee Venom (Melittin)
      Kills Symbiotic Protozoa in the Gut of Formosan Subterranean Termites.
AB  - The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a costly
      invasive urban pest in warm and humid regions around the world. Feeding workers
      of the Formosan subterranean termite genetically engineered yeast strains that
      express synthetic protozoacidal lytic peptides has been shown to kill the
      cellulose digesting termite gut protozoa, which results in death of the termite
      colony. In this study, we tested if Melittin, a natural lytic peptide from bee
      venom, could be delivered into the termite gut via genetically engineered yeast
      and if the expressed Melittin killed termites via lysis of symbiotic protozoa in
      the gut of termite workers and/or destruction of the gut tissue itself. Melittin
      expressing yeast did kill protozoa in the termite gut within 56 days of exposure.
      The expressed Melittin weakened the gut but did not add a synergistic effect to
      the protozoacidal action by gut necrosis. While Melittin could be applied for
      termite control via killing the cellulose-digesting protozoa in the termite gut,
      it is unlikely to be useful as a standalone product to control insects that do
      not rely on symbiotic protozoa for survival. 

PMID- 26985662
TI  - A Sensorimotor Model for Computing Intended Reach Trajectories.
AB  - The presumed role of the primate sensorimotor system is to transform reach
      targets from retinotopic to joint coordinates for producing motor output.
      However, the interpretation of neurophysiological data within this framework is
      ambiguous, and has led to the view that the underlying neural computation may
      lack a well-defined structure. Here, I consider a model of sensorimotor
      computation in which temporal as well as spatial transformations generate
      representations of desired limb trajectories, in visual coordinates. This
      computation is suggested by behavioral experiments, and its modular
      implementation makes predictions that are consistent with those observed in
      monkey posterior parietal cortex (PPC). In particular, the model provides a
      simple explanation for why PPC encodes reach targets in reference frames
      intermediate between the eye and hand, and further explains why these reference
      frames shift during movement. Representations in PPC are thus consistent with the
      orderly processing of information, provided we adopt the view that sensorimotor
      computation manipulates desired movement trajectories, and not desired movement
      endpoints. 

PMID- 26985664
TI  - A SNP-Based Molecular Barcode for Characterization of Common Wheat.
AB  - Wheat is grown as a staple crop worldwide. It is important to develop an
      effective genotyping tool for this cereal grain both to identify germplasm
      diversity and to protect the rights of breeders. Single-nucleotide polymorphism
      (SNP) genotyping provides a means for developing a practical, rapid, inexpensive
      and high-throughput assay. Here, we investigated SNPs as robust markers of
      genetic variation for typing wheat cultivars. We identified SNPs from an array of
      9000 across a collection of 429 well-known wheat cultivars grown in China, of
      which 43 SNP markers with high minor allele frequency and variations
      discriminated the selected wheat varieties and their wild ancestors. This SNP
      based barcode will allow for the rapid and precise identification of wheat
      germplasm resources and newly released varieties and will further assist in the
      wheat breeding program. 

PMID- 26985665
TI  - Identification of an Alternative Splicing Product of the Otx2 Gene Expressed in
      the Neural Retina and Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells.
AB  - To investigate the complexity of alternative splicing in the retina, we sequenced
      and analyzed a total of 115,706 clones from normalized cDNA libraries from mouse
      neural retina (66,217) and rat retinal pigmented epithelium (49,489). Based upon
      clustering the cDNAs and mapping them with their respective genomes, the
      estimated numbers of genes were 9,134 for the mouse neural retina and 12,050 for
      the rat retinal pigmented epithelium libraries. This unique collection of retinal
      of messenger RNAs is maintained and accessible through a web-base server to the
      whole community of retinal biologists for further functional characterization.
      The analysis revealed 3,248 and 3,202 alternative splice events for mouse neural
      retina and rat retinal pigmented epithelium, respectively. We focused on
      transcription factors involved in vision. Among the six candidates suitable for
      functional analysis, we selected Otx2S, a novel variant of the Otx2 gene with a
      deletion within the homeodomain sequence. Otx2S is expressed in both the neural
      retina and retinal pigmented epithelium, and encodes a protein that is targeted
      to the nucleus. OTX2S exerts transdominant activity on the tyrosinase promoter
      when tested in the physiological environment of primary RPE cells. By
      overexpressing OTX2S in primary RPE cells using an adeno associated viral vector,
      we identified 10 genes whose expression is positively regulated by OTX2S. We find
      that OTX2S is able to bind to the chromatin at the promoter of the retinal
      dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10) gene. 

PMID- 26985667
TI  - Association between Serum Uric Acid and Mortality among Chinese Patients with
      Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Several studies have investigated the association between serum uric
      acid (SUA) and the risks of coronary artery disease (CAD) but have yielded
      inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an
      independent association of SUA with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)
      mortality in Chinese patients with CAD. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of
      1,799 patients was conducted. Cox regression models were used to estimate the
      association of SUA with the risk of death. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of
      3.9 years, 177 deaths were recorded and 126 of these were due to CVD. Patients in
      the highest SUA quartile had a 2.43-fold risk of all-cause mortality and a 2.44
      fold risk of CVD mortality compared with those in the lowest quartile. In the
      subpopulation analysis, the association between SUA and mortality remained
      similar when participants were stratified by age, gender, body mass index and
      type of CAD. In contrast, we found a significant interaction with estimated
      glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). There was a stronger association between SUA
      and the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among patients with an eGFR >=60
      ml/min/1.73 m2, but no significant association was found in the population with
      an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated SUA levels were positively
      associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among CAD
      patients.

PMID- 26985668
TI  - Wild Ungulate Decision-Making and the Role of Tiny Refuges in Human-Dominated
      Landscapes.
AB  - Wildlife conservation in human-dominated landscapes requires that we understand
      how animals, when making habitat-use decisions, obtain diverse and dynamically
      occurring resources while avoiding risks, induced by both natural predators and
      anthropogenic threats. Little is known about the underlying processes that enable
      wild animals to persist in densely populated human-dominated landscapes,
      particularly in developing countries. In a complex, semi-arid, fragmented, human
      dominated agricultural landscape, we analyzed the habitat-use of blackbuck, a
      large herbivore endemic to the Indian sub-continent. We hypothesized that
      blackbuck would show flexible habitat-use behaviour and be risk averse when
      resource quality in the landscape is high, and less sensitive to risk otherwise.
      Overall, blackbuck appeared to be strongly influenced by human activity and they
      offset risks by using small protected patches (~3 km2) when they could afford to
      do so. Blackbuck habitat use varied dynamically corresponding with seasonally
      changing levels of resources and risks, with protected habitats registering
      maximum use. The findings show that human activities can strongly influence and
      perhaps limit ungulate habitat-use and behaviour, but spatial heterogeneity in
      risk, particularly the presence of refuges, can allow ungulates to persist in
      landscapes with high human and livestock densities. 

PMID- 26985666
TI  - Functional Connectivity of the Caudal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Is Decreased in
      Autism.
AB  - The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is frequently reported to have functionally
      distinct sub-regions that play key roles in different intrinsic networks.
      However, the contribution of the ACC, which is connected to several cortical
      areas and the limbic system, to autism is not clearly understood, although it may
      be involved in dysfunctions across several distinct but related functional
      domains. By comparing resting-state fMRI data from persons with autism and
      healthy controls, we sought to identify the abnormalities in the functional
      connectivity (FC) of ACC sub-regions in autism. The analyses found autism-related
      reductions in FC between the left caudal ACC and the right rolandic operculum,
      insula, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and the middle temporal
      gyrus. The FC (z-scores) between the left caudal ACC and the right insula was
      negatively correlated with the Stereotyped Behaviors and Restricted Interests
      scores of the autism group. These findings suggest that the caudal ACC is
      recruited selectively in the pathomechanism of autism. 

PMID- 26985670
TI  - Simultaneous Determination of Glass Transition Temperatures of Several Polymers.
AB  - AIMS: A simple and easy optical method is proposed for the determination of glass
      transition temperature (Tg) of polymers. METHODS & RESULTS: Tg was determined
      using the technique of microsphere imaging to monitor the variation of the
      refractive index of polymer microsphere as a function of temperature. It was
      demonstrated that the method can eliminate most thermal lag and has sensitivity
      about six fold higher than the conventional method in Tg determination. So the
      determined Tg is more accurate and varies less with cooling/heating rate than
      that obtained by conventional methods. The most attractive character of the
      method is that it can simultaneously determine the Tg of several polymers in a
      single experiment, so it can greatly save experimental time and heating energy.
      CONCLUSION: The method is not only applicable for polymer microspheres, but also
      for the materials with arbitrary shapes. Therefore, it is expected to be broadly
      applied to different fundamental researches and practical applications of
      polymers.

PMID- 26985669
TI  - Natural Genetic Variation Influences Protein Abundances in C. elegans
      Developmental Signalling Pathways.
AB  - Complex traits, including common disease-related traits, are affected by many
      different genes that function in multiple pathways and networks. The apoptosis,
      MAPK, Notch, and Wnt signalling pathways play important roles in development and
      disease progression. At the moment we have a poor understanding of how allelic
      variation affects gene expression in these pathways at the level of translation.
      Here we report the effect of natural genetic variation on transcript and protein
      abundance involved in developmental signalling pathways in Caenorhabditis
      elegans. We used selected reaction monitoring to analyse proteins from the
      abovementioned four pathways in a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs)
      generated from the wild-type strains N2 (Bristol) and CB4856 (Hawaii) to enable
      quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. About half of the cases from the 44 genes
      tested showed a statistically significant change in protein abundance between
      various strains, most of these were however very weak (below 1.3-fold change). We
      detected a distant QTL on the left arm of chromosome II that affected protein
      abundance of the phosphatidylserine receptor protein PSR-1, and two separate QTLs
      that influenced embryonic and ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis on chromosome
      IV. Our results demonstrate that natural variation in C. elegans is sufficient to
      cause significant changes in signalling pathways both at the gene expression
      (transcript and protein abundance) and phenotypic levels. 

PMID- 26985671
TI  - No Spillover Effect of the Foreclosure Crisis on Weight Change: The Diabetes
      Study of Northern California (DISTANCE).
AB  - The emerging body of research suggests the unprecedented increase in housing
      foreclosures and unemployment between 2007 and 2009 had detrimental effects on
      health. Using data from electronic health records of 105,919 patients with
      diabetes in Northern California, this study examined how increases in foreclosure
      rates from 2006 to 2010 affected weight change. We anticipated that two of the
      pathways that explain how the spike in foreclosure rates affects weight gain
      increasing stress and declining salutary health behaviors- would be acute in a
      population with diabetes because of metabolic sensitivity to stressors and health
      behaviors. Controlling for unemployment, housing prices, temporal trends, and
      time-invariant confounders with individual fixed effects, we found no evidence of
      an association between the foreclosure rate in each patient's census block of
      residence and body mass index. Our results suggest, although more than half of
      the population was exposed to at least one foreclosure within their census block,
      the foreclosure crisis did not independently impact weight change. 

PMID- 26985673
TI  - FoodChain-Lab: A Trace-Back and Trace-Forward Tool Developed and Applied during
      Food-Borne Disease Outbreak Investigations in Germany and Europe.
AB  - FoodChain-Lab is modular open-source software for trace-back and trace-forward
      analysis in food-borne disease outbreak investigations. Development of FoodChain
      Lab has been driven by a need for appropriate software in several food-related
      outbreaks in Germany since 2011. The software allows integrated data management,
      data linkage, enrichment and visualization as well as interactive supply chain
      analyses. Identification of possible outbreak sources or vehicles is facilitated
      by calculation of tracing scores for food-handling stations (companies or
      persons) and food products under investigation. The software also supports
      consideration of station-specific cross-contamination, analysis of geographical
      relationships, and topological clustering of the tracing network structure.
      FoodChain-Lab has been applied successfully in previous outbreak investigations,
      for example during the 2011 EHEC outbreak and the 2013/14 European hepatitis A
      outbreak. The software is most useful in complex, multi-area outbreak
      investigations where epidemiological evidence may be insufficient to discriminate
      between multiple implicated food products. The automated analysis and
      visualization components would be of greater value if trading information on food
      ingredients and compound products was more easily available. 

PMID- 26985672
TI  - Racial Differences in Left Atrial Size: Results from the Coronary Artery Risk
      Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.
AB  - Whites have an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) compared to Blacks. The
      mechanism underlying this association is unknown. Left atrial (LA) size is an
      important AF risk factor, and studies in older adults suggest Whites have larger
      LA diameters. However, because AF itself causes LA dilation, LA size differences
      may be due to greater subclinical AF among older Whites. We therefore assessed
      for racial differences in LA size among young adults at low AF risk. The Coronary
      Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study enrolled White and Black
      participants between 18 and 30 years of age. LA diameter was measured in a subset
      of participants using echocardiography at Year 5 (n = 4,201) and Year 25 (n =
      3,373) of follow up. LA volume was also assessed at Year 5 (n = 2,489).
      Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine the adjusted
      association between race and LA size. In unadjusted analyses, mean LA diameter
      was significantly larger among Blacks compared to Whites both at Year 5 (35.5 +/-
      4.8 mm versus 35.1 +/- 4.5 mm, p = 0.01) and Year 25 (37.4 +/- 5.1 mm versus 36.8
      +/- 4.9 mm, p = 0.002). After adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and
      echocardiographic parameters, Whites demonstrated an increased LA diameter (0.7
      mm larger at Year 5, 95% CI 0.3-1.1, p<0.001; 0.6 mm larger at Year 25, 95% CI
      0.3-1.0, p<0.001). There was no significant association between race and adjusted
      Year 5 LA volume. In conclusion, in a young, well-characterized cohort, the
      larger adjusted LA diameter among White participants suggests inherent
      differences in atrial structure may partially explain the higher risk of AF in
      Whites. The incongruent associations between race, LA diameter, and LA volume
      suggest that LA geometry, rather than size alone, may have implications for AF
      risk. 

PMID- 26985674
TI  - Exploring Climate Niches of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson)
      Haplotypes in the Western United States: Implications for Evolutionary History
      and Conservation.
AB  - Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) occupies montane environments
      throughout western North America, where it is both an ecologically and
      economically important tree species. A recent study using mitochondrial DNA
      analysis demonstrated substantial genetic variation among ponderosa pine
      populations in the western U.S., identifying 10 haplotypes with unique
      evolutionary lineages that generally correspond spatially with distributions of
      the Pacific (P. p. var. ponderosa) and Rocky Mountain (P. p. var. scopulorum)
      varieties. To elucidate the role of climate in shaping the phylogeographic
      history of ponderosa pine, we used nonparametric multiplicative regression to
      develop predictive climate niche models for two varieties and 10 haplotypes and
      to hindcast potential distribution of the varieties during the last glacial
      maximum (LGM), ~22,000 yr BP. Our climate niche models performed well for the
      varieties, but haplotype models were constrained in some cases by small datasets
      and unmeasured microclimate influences. The models suggest strong relationships
      between genetic lineages and climate. Particularly evident was the role of
      seasonal precipitation balance in most models, with winter- and summer-dominated
      precipitation regimes strongly associated with P. p. vars. ponderosa and
      scopulorum, respectively. Indeed, where present-day climate niches overlap
      between the varieties, introgression of two haplotypes also occurs along a steep
      clinal divide in western Montana. Reconstructed climate niches for the LGM
      suggest potentially suitable climate existed for the Pacific variety in the
      California Floristic province, the Great Basin, and Arizona highlands, while
      suitable climate for the Rocky Mountain variety may have existed across the
      southwestern interior highlands. These findings underscore potentially unique
      phylogeographic origins of modern ponderosa pine evolutionary lineages, including
      potential adaptations to Pleistocene climates associated with discrete temporary
      glacial refugia. Our predictive climate niche models may inform strategies for
      further genetic research (e.g., sampling design) and conservation that promotes
      haplotype compatibility with projected changes in future climate. 

PMID- 26985675
TI  - A case of pigmented pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma): the role of mast
      cells in pigmentation.

PMID- 26985676
TI  - Hyperglycemia-Induced Modulation of the Physiognomy and Angiogenic Potential of
      Fibroblasts Mediated by Matrix Metalloproteinase-2: Implications for Venous
      Stenosis Formation Associated with Hemodialysis Vascular Access in Diabetic
      Milieu.
AB  - PURPOSE: It is hypothesized that venous stenosis formation associated with
      hemodialysis vascular-access failure is caused by hypoxia-mediated fibroblast-to
      myofibroblast differentiation accompanied by proliferation and migration, and
      that diabetic patients have worse clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to
      determine the functional and gene expression outcomes of matrix metalloproteinase
      2 (Mmp-2) silencing in fibroblasts cultured under hyperglycemia and euglycemia
      with hypoxic and normoxic stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AKR-2B fibroblasts were
      stably transduced using lentivirus-mediated shRNA-Mmp-2 or scrambled controls and
      subjected to hypoxia or normoxia under hyperglycemic or euglycemic conditions for
      24 and 72 h. Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegf-A),
      Vegfr-1, Mmp-2, Mmp-9 and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (Timps)
      were determined by RT-PCR. Collagen I and IV secretion and cellular proliferation
      and migration were determined. RESULTS: Under hyperglycemic conditions, there is
      a significant reduction in the average gene expression of Vegf-A and Mmp-9, with
      an increase in Timp-1 at 24 h of hypoxia (p < 0.05) in Mmp-2-silenced fibroblasts
      when compared to controls. In addition, there is a decrease in collagen I and IV
      secretion and cellular migration. The euglycemic cells were able to reverse these
      findings. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the rationale for using anti-Mmp
      2 therapy in dialysis patients with hemodialysis vascular access in helping to
      reduce stenosis formation.

PMID- 26985677
TI  - Human alveolar epithelial cells expressing tight junctions to model the air-blood
      barrier.
AB  - This paper describes a new human alveolar epithelial cell line (hAELVi - human
      Alveolar Epithelial Lentivirus immortalized) with type I-like characteristics and
      functional tight junctions, suitable to model the air-blood barrier of the
      peripheral lung. Primary human alveolar epithelial cells were immortalized by a
      novel regimen, grown as monolayers on permeable filter supports and characterized
      morphologically, biochemically and biophysically. hAELVi cells maintain the
      capacity to form tight intercellular junctions, with high trans-epithelial
      electrical resistance (> 1000 Omega*cm2). The cells could be kept in culture over
      several days, up to passage 75, under liquid-liquid as well as air-liquid
      conditions. Ultrastructural analysis and real time PCR revealed type I-like cell
      properties, such as the presence of caveolae, expression of caveolin-1, and
      absence of surfactant protein C. Accounting for the barrier properties, inter
      digitations sealed with tight junctions and desmosomes were also observed. Low
      permeability of the hydrophilic marker sodium fluorescein confirmed the
      suitability of hAELVi cells for in vitro transport studies across the alveolar
      epithelium. These results suggest that hAELVi cells reflect the essential
      features of the air-blood barrier, as needed for an alternative to animal testing
      to study absorption and toxicity of inhaled drugs, chemicals and nanomaterials. 

PMID- 26985678
TI  - Strong inflammatory response and Th1-polarization profile in children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia without apparent infection.
AB  - Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often present fever. Febrile
      states are usually associated with infectious processes that generate an
      inflammatory response involving various molecules, including cytokines. However,
      an inflammatory response may also occur in the absence of infection. We
      hypothesized that the levels of inflammatory cytokines are increased in children
      with ALL without apparent infection. The serum levels of 13 cytokines in 99
      patients with ALL and 48 non-oncological patients without apparent infection were
      measured using multiplex analyte profiling technology (Luminex(r)). The
      concentration of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with fever was
      similar between patients with ALL and fever at diagnosis and those without fever.
      The levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte
      chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-10 were higher in patients with ALL vs.
      the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of the T helper 1 (interferon
      gamma and IL-12) cytokines were higher in patients with ALL vs. the control
      group. Transforming growth factor beta was lower in patients with ALL vs. the
      control group (P<0.05). The levels of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-17 were
      similar in the two groups. Our results indicate that the circulating levels of
      seven of the important studied cytokines are elevated in patients with newly
      diagnosed ALL without apparent infection, reflecting a strong and deregulated
      inflammatory state in this disease, with a Th1-polarization profile.

PMID- 26985680
TI  - Interest in technology-based therapies hampered by access: A survey of veterans
      with serious mental illnesses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Computer technology is used in various ways to deliver and enhance
      health care. It is therefore important to understand technology use patterns
      among underserved populations such as persons with serious mental illnesses who
      often experience inequitable care. METHODS: A survey was administered to 210
      veterans with serious mental illnesses attending programs at a Department of
      Veterans Affairs community care center, with data collected on demographics,
      psychiatric diagnoses, access, use, and willingness to use cell phones, smart
      phones, Internet-based online social networking, and computerized therapies.
      Descriptive and multivariable analyses were conducted to determine utilization
      and interest in different technologies. RESULTS: Although 80.4% of the
      respondents reported owning a cellphone, only 30.3% reported they had a computer
      and 13.1% reported owning a smartphone. Although 56.7% reported using the
      Internet and 47.6% indicated they used e-mail, 68.6% of respondents reported that
      they were interested in using computer programs for mental health-related
      problems. Older, less educated veterans, and those with alcohol use disorders
      were less likely to use the Internet. Veterans who were White or had PTSD
      diagnoses were less willing to use any computerized therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Lower rates of computer use, Internet, and cell phone
      technologies were observed among veterans with serious mental illnesses compared
      to general population surveys. Sociodemographic barriers likely impede access to
      technology among veterans with serious mental illnesses. Providing financial
      resources and associated education and training to veterans with serious mental
      illnesses could increase access to helpful technology-based interventions in a
      population that traditionally experiences service gaps. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985679
TI  - Use of Vaccinia Virus Smallpox Vaccine in Laboratory and Health Care Personnel at
      Risk for Occupational Exposure to Orthopoxviruses - Recommendations of the
      Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015.
AB  - On June 25, 2015, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
      recommended routine vaccination with live smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine (ACAM2000)
      for laboratory personnel who directly handle 1) cultures or 2) animals
      contaminated or infected with replication-competent vaccinia virus, recombinant
      vaccinia viruses derived from replication-competent vaccinia strains (i.e., those
      that are capable of causing clinical infection and producing infectious virus in
      humans), or other orthopoxviruses that infect humans (e.g., monkeypox, cowpox,
      and variola) (recommendation category: A, evidence type 2 [Box]). Health care
      personnel (e.g., physicians and nurses) who currently treat or anticipate
      treating patients with vaccinia virus infections and whose contact with
      replication-competent vaccinia viruses is limited to contaminated materials
      (e.g., dressings) and persons administering ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine who adhere
      to appropriate infection prevention measures can be offered vaccination with
      ACAM2000 (recommendation category: B, evidence type 2 [Box]). These revised
      recommendations update the previous ACIP recommendations for nonemergency use of
      vaccinia virus smallpox vaccine for laboratory and health care personnel at risk
      for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses (1). Since 2001, when the previous
      ACIP recommendations were developed, ACAM2000 has replaced Dryvax as the only
      smallpox vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
      available for use in the United States (2). These recommendations contain
      information on ACAM2000 and its use in laboratory and health care personnel at
      risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses. 

PMID- 26985681
TI  - Human-centered risk management for medical devices - new methods and tools.
AB  - Studies regarding adverse events with technical devices in the medical context
      showed, that in most of the cases non-usable interfaces are the cause for use
      deficiencies and therefore a potential harm for the patient and third parties.
      This is partially due to the lack of suitable methods for interlinking usability
      engineering and human-centered risk management. Especially regarding the early
      identification of human-induced errors and the systematic control of these
      failures, medical device manufacturers and in particular the developers have to
      be supported in order to guarantee reliable design and error-tolerant human
      machine interfaces (HMI). In this context, we developed the HiFEM methodology and
      a corresponding software tool (mAIXuse) for model-based human risk analysis.
      Based on a two-fold approach, HiFEM provides a task-type-sensitive modeling
      structure with integrated temporal relations in order to represent and analyze
      the use process in a detailed way. The approach can be used from early
      developmental stages up to the validation process. Results of a comparative study
      with the HiFEM method and a classical process-failure mode and effect analysis
      (FMEA) depict, that the new modeling and analysis technique clearly outperforms
      the FMEA. Besides, we implemented a new method for systematic human risk control
      (mAIXcontrol). Accessing information from the method's knowledge base enables the
      operator to detect the most suitable countermeasures for a respective risk. Forty
      one approved generic countermeasure principles have been indexed as a resulting
      combination of root causes and failures in a matrix. The methodology has been
      tested in comparison to a conventional approach as well. Evaluation of the matrix
      and the reassessment of the risk priority numbers by a blind expert demonstrate a
      substantial benefit of the new mAIXcontrol method. 

PMID- 26985682
TI  - Thermodynamic effects after Diode and Er:YAG laser irradiation of grade IV and V
      titanium implants placed in bone - an ex vivo study. Preliminary report.
AB  - Many inserted implants are affected by peri-implantitis. The aim of our study was
      to evaluate increases in implant temperature, depending on the diameter and
      chemical composition of implants. In particular we measured the time it takes for
      the temperature of an implant to rise by 10 degrees C and evaluated laser power
      settings required to prevent thermal injury when an implant surface is
      decontaminated during the treatment of peri-implantitis. The study analysed six
      implants placed in porcine ribs and divided into two groups according to their
      diameter and chemical composition (grade IV and grade V titanium). The implants
      were irradiated with Diode and Er:YAG lasers using different laser parameters.
      The temperature was measured with a K-type thermocouple. The temperature on the
      implant surface rose as the laser power increased and the implant diameter
      decreased. The time required to increase the temperature of an implant by 10
      degrees C was less than it was for titanium grade IV. The temperature gradient
      was below 10 degrees C for all implants treated using a laser power up to 1 W. It
      is important to choose the correct laser parameters, depending on the chemical
      composition and diameter of the implant, so that decontamination of the implant
      surface is thorough, effective and safe.

PMID- 26985683
TI  - Numerical assessment of the reduction of specific absorption rate by adding high
      dielectric materials for fetus MRI at 3 T.
AB  - The specific absorption rate (SAR) is an important issue to be considered in
      fetus MRI at 3 T due to the high radiofrequency energy deposited inside the body
      of pregnant woman. The high dielectric material (HDM) has shown its potential for
      enhancing B1 field and reducing SAR in MRI. The aim of this study is to assess
      the feasibility of SAR reduction by adding an HDM to the fetus MRI. The
      feasibility of SAR reduction is numerically assessed in this study, using a
      birdcage coil in transmission loaded with an electromagnetic pregnant woman model
      in the SEMCAD-EM solver. The HDMs with different geometric arrangements and
      dielectric constants are manually optimized. The B1+ ${B_1}^ + $ homogeneity is
      also considered while calculating the optimized fetus 10 g local SAR among
      different strategies in the application of HDM. The optimum maximum fetus 10 g
      local SAR was obtained as 2.25 W/kg, by using two conformal pads placed left and
      right with the dielectric constant to be 400, reduced by 24.75% compared to that
      without the HDM. It indicated that the SAR can be significantly reduced with
      strategic placement of the HDM and the use of HDM may provide a simple, effective
      and low-cost method for reducing the SAR for the fetus MRI at 3 T. 

PMID- 26985684
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - a Belgrade single center experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Though the outcome for children with congenital diaphragmal hernia
      (CDH) is improving, management of seriously compromised respiratory and
      cardiovascular function remains a great challenge. The aim of this study was to
      review a tertiary center experience in treating children with CDH. DESIGN:
      Retrospective observational study from January 2005 to December 2014. SETTING:
      Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of University Children Hospital (UCH),
      Belgrade, Serbia. PATIENTS: Children with CDH. RESULTS: The CDH was diagnosed
      prenatally in 23% patients. An overall survival rate was 62%. Among those
      patients who underwent surgical repair 29 (90%) survived. There was statistically
      significant difference in survival rate between operated patients and total
      examined population (P=0.020). Prenatally diagnosed neonates with CDH had
      significantly lower survival rate comparing to those who were postnatally
      diagnosed (20% vs. 75%; P=0.002). Fatal outcome was more frequent in patients
      with small birth weight comparing to those with normal birth weight (67% vs. 30%;
      P=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Our center survival rate for CDH is in accordance with
      other reported studies. Based on our experience there are potential points for
      further improvement. First, further increase of prenatal detection, planning for
      delivery, and coordinated transfer to tertiary institution, in order to avoid
      transfer of near death patients. Second, preoperative management in the NICU.
      This could be done by more uniform implementation of current consensual
      guidelines in monitoring, mechanical ventilation and circulatory support of these
      delicate patients, together with rationale use of newer therapeutic resources.

PMID- 26985685
TI  - Chemical constituents and antiproliferative effects of cultured Mougeotia
      nummuloides and Spirulina major against cancerous cell lines.
AB  - In this study, the effect of Mougeotia nummuloides and Spirulina major on Vero
      cells (African green monkey kidney), C6 cells (rat brain tumor cells) and HeLa
      cells (human uterus carcinoma) was investigated in vitro. The antiproliferative
      effect of the methanol extract of M. nummuloides and S. major compared with 5
      fluorourasil (5-FU) and cisplatin was tested at various concentrations using the
      BrdU Cell Proliferation ELISA. Both M. nummuloides and S. major extracts
      significantly inhibited the proliferation of Vero, HeLa and C6 cancer cell lines
      with IC50 and IC75 values. The M. nummuloides extract exhibited higher activity
      than 5-FU and cisplatin on Vero and C6 cells at high concentrations. The S. major
      extract revealed better antifproliferative activity than standards against Vero
      cells at 500 MUg/mL. The compounds of methanol extracts were determined by GC-MS
      after the silylation process. Trehalose, monostearin and 1-monopalmitin were
      detected as major products in the M. nummuloides extract where as in the S. major
      extract; monostearin, 1-monopalmitin and hexyl alcohol were the main
      constituents. 

PMID- 26985686
TI  - Hybrid minigene splicing assay verified the pathogenicity of a novel splice site
      variant in the dystrophin gene of a Chinese patient with typical Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy phenotype.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is typically caused by disrupting
      the reading frame of the dystrophin gene: approximately 70%-80% of mutational
      events are represented by deletions or duplications of one or more exons in the
      dystrophin gene, and the remaining cases by subtle mutations, including point
      mutations, small indels, small inversions, and complex small rearrangements. The
      dystrophin gene is the largest known gene with one of the highest known rates of
      new mutations. METHODS: Deletions and duplications were detected in the DMD gene
      of the proband by using multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA).
      Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used in the subtle mutation
      detection, followed by Sanger sequencing confirmation. The effect of the mutation
      on the splicing of the DMD gene was assessed by bioinformatics prediction and
      hybrid minigene splicing assay (HMSA). RESULTS: Neither duplication nor deletion
      was found in the DMD gene of the proband. While a novel splice site mutation
      c.6762+1G>C was identified in the proband by NGS and Sanger sequencing, and his
      mother was heterozygous at the same site. Bioinformatics predicted that the 5'
      donor splice site of intron 46 disappeared because of the mutation, which would
      lead to aberrant splicing and introduce premature stop codon. The HMSA results
      were in agreement with the prediction. CONCLUSIONS: The novel splice site
      mutation caused DMD in the proband by aberrant splicing. We suggested that
      combined applications of MLPA, NGS, HMSA and bioinformatics are comprehensive and
      effective methods for diagnosis and aberrant splicing study of DMD.

PMID- 26985687
TI  - Molecular diagnosis and precision medicine in allergy management.
AB  - Precision medicine (PM) can be defined as a structural model aimed at customizing
      healthcare, with medical decisions/products tailored on an individual patient at
      a highly detailed level. In this sense, allergy diagnostics based on molecular
      allergen components allows to accurately define the patient's IgE repertoire. The
      availability of highly specialized singleplexed and multiplexed platforms support
      allergists with an advanced diagnostic armamentarium. The therapeutic
      intervention, driven by the standard diagnostic approach, but further supported
      by these innovative tools may result, for instance, in a more appropriate
      prescription of allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Also, the phenotyping of patients,
      which may have relevant effects on the treatment strategy, could be take
      advantage by the molecular allergy diagnosis.

PMID- 26985688
TI  - The dietary protein, IGF-I, skeletal health axis.
AB  - Dietary protein represents an important nutrient for bone health and thereby for
      the prevention of osteoporosis. Besides its role as a brick provider for building
      the organic matrix of skeletal tissues, dietary protein stimulates the production
      of the anabolic bone trophic factor IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I). The
      liver is the main source of circulating IGF-I. During growth, protein
      undernutrition results in reduced bone mass and strength. Genetic defect
      impairing the production of IGF-I markedly reduces bone development in both
      length and width. The serum level of IGF-I markedly increases and then decreases
      during pubertal maturation in parallel with the change in bone growth and
      standing height velocity. The impact of physical activity on bone structure and
      strength is enhanced by increased dietary protein consumption. This synergism
      between these two important environmental factors can be observed in prepubertal
      boys, thus modifying the genetically determined bone growth trajectory. In
      anorexia nervosa, IGF-I is low as well as bone mineral mass. In selective protein
      undernutrition, there is a resistance to the exogenous bone anabolic effect of
      IGF-I. A series of animal experiments and human clinical trials underscore the
      positive effect of increased dietary intake of protein on calcium-phosphate
      economy and bone balance. On the contrary, the dietary protein-induced acidosis
      hypothesis of osteoporosis is not supported by several experimental and clinical
      studies. There is a direct effect of amino acids on the local production of IGF-I
      by osteoblastic cells. IGF-I is likely the main mediator of the positive effect
      of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone formation, thus explaining the reduction in
      fragility fractures as observed in PTH-treated postmenopausal women. In elderly
      women and men, relatively high protein intake protects against spinal and femoral
      bone loss. In hip fracture patients, isocaloric correction of the relatively low
      protein intake results in: increased IGF-I serum level, significant attenuation
      of postsurgical bone loss, improved muscle strength, better recovery, and
      shortened hospital stay. Thus, dietary protein contributes to bone health from
      early childhood to old age. An adequate intake of protein should be recommended
      in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

PMID- 26985689
TI  - The pathophysiological basis of bone tissue alterations associated with eating
      disorders.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are two major eating disorders present nowadays
      in Western countries. They are both characterized by striking body composition
      variations and hormonal alterations, which impact on skeletal metabolism,
      inducing bone tissue modifications and, thus, often cause an increased risk for
      fractures. AN and obesity are characterized by a severe reduction in fat mass and
      a high expression of it, respectively, and in both conditions hormones secreted
      or modulated by body fat content are important determinants of low bone density,
      impaired bone structure and reduced bone strength. In addition, in both AN and
      obesity, increased marrow adiposity, which correlates with low bone density, has
      been observed. This review will discuss the pathophysiological basis of bone
      alterations associated with AN and obesity, conditions of extreme energy
      deficiency and excess, respectively.

PMID- 26985690
TI  - Double-Strand Displacement Biosensor and Quencher-Free Fluorescence Strategy for
      Rapid Detection of MicroRNA.
AB  - We describe a facile quencher-free fluorescence strategy for rapid detection of
      microRNAs (miRNAs) by using a novel double-strand displacement sensor. The sensor
      is designed with an outstanding 2-aminopurine (2-AP) fluorophore as a probe and a
      predesigned cDNA, which can completely complement the target miRNA and partly
      complement the 2-AP probe. When the target miRNA is added, the cDNA can be
      competed off from the cDNA?2-AP probe duplex, thereby forming a cDNA?RNA
      heteroduplex. The free 2-AP probe induces an increase in the fluorescent signal.
      A limit of detection of 5 nM and a wide linear range from 5 to 1000 nM (R(2) =
      0.9971) are achieved by this assay. The rapid detection strategy can be
      accomplished within 2 h without expensive nanoparticles and complicated
      instruments for the whole procedure, thus, offering a significant potential for
      clinical application. 

PMID- 26985691
TI  - Synthesis and inhibitory properties of some carbamates on carbonic anhydrase and
      acetylcholine esterase.
AB  - A series of carbamate derivatives were synthesized and their carbonic anhydrase I
      and II isoenzymes and acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibitory effects were
      investigated. All carbamates were synthesized from the corresponding carboxylic
      acids via the Curtius reactions of the acids with diphenyl phosphoryl azide
      followed by addition of benzyl alcohol. The carbamates were determined to be very
      good inhibitors against for AChE and hCA I, and II isoenzymes. AChE inhibition
      was determined in the range 0.209-0.291 nM. On the other hand, tacrine, which is
      used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease possessed lower inhibition effect
      (Ki: 0.398 nM). Also, hCA I and II isoenzymes were effectively inhibited by the
      carbamates, with inhibition constants (Ki) in the range of 4.49-5.61 nM for hCA
      I, and 4.94-7.66 nM for hCA II, respectively. Acetazolamide, which was clinically
      used carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor demonstrated Ki values of 281.33 nM for
      hCA I and 9.07 nM for hCA II. The results clearly showed that AChE and both CA
      isoenzymes were effectively inhibited by carbamates at the low nanomolar levels. 

PMID- 26985692
TI  - Purification and Characterization of Plantaricin JLA-9: A Novel Bacteriocin
      against Bacillus spp. Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum JLA-9 from Suan-Tsai, a
      Traditional Chinese Fermented Cabbage.
AB  - Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial activity
      produced by numerous bacteria. A novel bacteriocin-producing strain,
      Lactobacillus plantarum JLA-9, isolated from Suan-Tsai, a traditional Chinese
      fermented cabbage, was screened and identified by its physiobiochemical
      characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A new bacteriocin, designated
      plantaricin JLA-9, was purified using butanol extraction, gel filtration, and
      reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of
      plantaricin JLA-9 was shown to be 1044 Da by MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. The amino
      acid sequence of plantaricin JLA-9 was predicted to be FWQKMSFA by MALDI-TOF
      MS/MS, which was confirmed by Edman degradation. This bacteriocin exhibited broad
      spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,
      especially Bacillus spp., high thermal stability (20 min, 121  degrees C), and
      narrow pH stability (pH 2.0-7.0). It was sensitive to alpha-chymotrypsin, pepsin,
      alkaline protease, and papain. The mode of action of this bacteriocin responsible
      for outgrowth inhibition of Bacillus cereus spores was studied. Plantaricin JLA-9
      had no detectable effects on germination initiation over 1 h on monitoring the
      hydration, heat resistance, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) release of
      spores. Rather, germination initiation is a prerequisite for the action of
      plantaricin JLA-9. Plantaricin JLA-9 inhibited growth by preventing the
      establishment of oxidative metabolism and disrupting membrane integrity in
      germinating spores within 2 h. The results suggest that plantaricin JLA-9 has
      potential applications in the control of Bacillus spp. in the food industry. 

PMID- 26985693
TI  - Naked Polyamidoamine Polymers Intrinsically Inhibit Angiotensin II-Mediated EGFR
      and ErbB2 Transactivation in a Dendrimer Generation- and Surface Chemistry
      Dependent Manner.
AB  - The effects of naked polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers on renin-angiotensin
      system (RAS) signaling via Angiotensin (Ang) II-mediated transactivation of the
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the closely related family member
      ErbB2 (HER2) were investigated. In primary aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, a
      cationic fifth-generation (G5) PAMAM dendrimer dose- and time-dependently
      inhibited Ang II/AT1 receptor-mediated transactivation of EGFR and ErbB2 as well
      as their downstream signaling via extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2).
      Inhibition even occurred at noncytotoxic concentrations at short (1 h) exposure
      times and was dependent on dendrimer generation (G7 > G6 > G5 > G4) and surface
      group chemistry (amino > carboxyl > hydroxyl). Mechanistically, the cationic G5
      PAMAM dendrimer inhibited Ang II-mediated transactivation of EGFR and ErbB2 via
      inhibition of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src. This novel, early onset,
      intrinsic biological action of PAMAM dendrimers as inhibitors of the Ang
      II/AT1/Src/EGFR-ErbB2/ERK1/2 signaling pathway could have important toxicological
      and pharmacological implications.

PMID- 26985694
TI  - Does Graded Prognostic Assessment outperform Recursive Partitioning Analysis in
      patients with moderate prognosis brain metastases?
AB  - AIM: To compare the clinical utility of the Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA)
      and Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) in predicting outcomes for moderate
      prognosis patients with brain metastases. METHODS & MATERIALS: We reviewed 101
      whole brain radiotherapy cases. RPA and GPA were calculated. Overall survival was
      compared. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients had moderate prognosis. RPA patient
      characteristics for increased death hazard were <=10 WBRT fractions or no
      surgery/radiosurgery. GPA patients had increased death risk with no
      surgery/radiosurgery or lower Karnofsky Performance Status. CONCLUSION: The
      indices have similar predicted survival. Patients scored by RPA with longer
      radiation schedules had longer survival; patients scored by GPA did not. This
      indicates GPA is more clinically useful, leaving less room for subjective
      treatment choices.

PMID- 26985695
TI  - Computer Modelling Using Prehospital Vitals Predicts Transfusion and Mortality.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Test computer-assisted modeling techniques using prehospital vital
      signs of injured patients to predict emergency transfusion requirements, number
      of intensive care days, and mortality, compared to vital signs alone. METHODS:
      This single-center retrospective analysis of 17,988 trauma patients used vital
      signs data collected between 2006 and 2012 to predict which patients would
      receive transfusion, require 3 or more days of intensive care, or die. Standard
      transmitted prehospital vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, shock index, and
      respiratory rate) were used to create a regression model (PH-VS) that was
      internally validated and evaluated using area under the receiver operating curve
      (AUROC). Transfusion records were matched with blood bank records. Documentation
      of death and duration of intensive care were obtained from the trauma registry.
      RESULTS: During the course of their hospital stay, 720 of the 17,988 patients in
      the study population died (4%), 2,266 (12.6%) required at least a 3-day stay in
      the intensive care unit (ICU), 1,171 (6.5%) required transfusions, and 210 (1.2%)
      received massive transfusions. The PH-VS model significantly outperformed any
      individual vital sign across all outcomes (average AUROC = 0.82), The PH-VS model
      correctly predicted that 512 of 777 (65.9%) and 580 of 931 (62.3%) patients in
      the study population would receive transfusions within the first 2 and 6 hours of
      admission, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive ability of individual vital
      signs to predict outcomes is significantly enhanced with the model. This could
      support prehospital triage by enhancing decision makers' ability to match
      critically injured patients with appropriate resources with minimal delays.

PMID- 26985696
TI  - Comparison of effect between high intense focused ultrasound devices for facial
      tightening: Evaluator-blinded, split-face study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various high intense focused ultrasound (HIFU) devices have been
      introduced in recent years for improving skin laxity, with satisfactory results.
      However, there is no comparative study on the efficacy and safety of available
      HIFU devices. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of two HIFU devices
      for facial skin tightening and subsequently, to validate the quantitative
      assessment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a split-face comparative study in
      20 Korean patients. Two different HIFU devices were used on each side of the
      face. Patients received one treatment session on the same number of coagulative
      zones. Patient assessments were recorded. Three blinded clinicians evaluated
      paired pretreatment and post-treatment photographs. Quantitative assessment using
      a fixed point as well as a variable point was additionally performed for
      objective evaluation. RESULTS: Qualitative assessments of both HIFU devices
      conducted by both clinicians and patients generally showed mild to moderate
      improvement, similar to previous studies. The two devices had similar efficacy in
      blinded clinician and quantitative assessment, although there were some
      differences in patient satisfaction and degree of pain. There was a correlation
      between clinician qualitative scores and quantitative values, which suggests
      successful skin tightening. CONCLUSION: To the author's knowledge, both HIFU
      devices tested can be used safely and effectively for facial tightening.

PMID- 26985697
TI  - Planning sentences while doing other things at the same time: effects of
      concurrent verbal and visuospatial working memory load.
AB  - This study investigated to what extent advance planning during sentence
      production is affected by a concurrent cognitive load. In two picture-word
      interference experiments in which participants produced subject-verb-object
      sentences while ignoring auditory distractor words, we assessed advance planning
      at a phonological (lexeme) and at an abstract-lexical (lemma) level under
      visuospatial or verbal working memory (WM) load. At the phonological level,
      subject and object nouns were found to be activated before speech onset with
      concurrent visuospatial WM load, but only subject nouns were found to be
      activated with concurrent verbal WM load, indicating a reduced planning scope as
      a function of type of WM load (Experiment 1). By contrast, at the abstract
      lexical level, subject and object nouns were found to be activated regardless of
      type of concurrent load (Experiment 2). In both experiments, sentence planning
      had a more detrimental effect on concurrent verbal WM task performance than on
      concurrent visuospatial WM task performance. Overall, our results suggest that
      advance planning at the phonological level is more affected by a concurrently
      performed verbal WM task than advance planning at the abstract-lexical level.
      Also, they indicate an overlap of resources allocated to phonological planning in
      speech production and verbal WM.

PMID- 26985698
TI  - Membrane-Anchored Cyclic Peptides as Effectors of Mitochondrial Oxidative
      Phosphorylation.
AB  - The echinocandins are membrane-anchored, cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) with
      antifungal activity due to their ability to inhibit a glucan synthase located in
      the plasma membrane of fungi such as Candida albicans. A hydrophobic tail of an
      echinocandin CLP inserts into a membrane, placing a six-amino acid cyclic peptide
      near the membrane surface. Because processes critical for the function of the
      electron transfer complexes of mitochondria, such as proton uptake and release,
      take place near the surface of the membrane, we have tested the ability of two
      echinocandin CLPs, caspofungin and micafungin, to affect the activity of electron
      transfer complexes in isolated mammalian mitochondria. Indeed, caspofungin and
      micafungin both inhibit whole chain electron transfer in isolated mitochondria at
      low micromolar concentrations. The effects of the CLPs are fully reversible, in
      some cases simply via the addition of bovine serum albumin to bind the CLPs via
      their hydrophobic tails. Each CLP affects more than one complex, but they still
      exhibit specificity of action. Only caspofungin inhibits complex I, and the CLP
      inhibits liver but not heart complex I. Both CLPs inhibit heart and liver complex
      III. Caspofungin inhibits complex IV activity, while, remarkably, micafungin
      stimulates complex IV activity nearly 3-fold. Using a variety of assays, we have
      developed initial hypotheses for the mechanisms by which caspofungin and
      micafungin alter the activities of complexes IV and III. The dication caspofungin
      partially inhibits cytochrome c binding at the low-affinity binding site of
      complex IV, while it also appears to inhibit the release of protons from the
      outer surface of the complex, similar to Zn(2+). Anionic micafungin appears to
      stimulate complex IV activity by enhancing the transfer of protons to the O2
      reduction site. For complex III, we hypothesize that each CLP binds to the
      cytochrome b subunit and the Fe-S subunit to inhibit the required rotational
      movement of the latter. 

PMID- 26985699
TI  - Long-Range Energy Transport via Plasmonic Propagation in a Supramolecular Organic
      Waveguide.
AB  - Energy transport in organic materials is dependent on the coherent migration of
      optically induced excited states. For instance, in active organic waveguides, the
      tight packing of dye molecules allows delocalization of excitons over a distance
      generally limited to at most several hundred nanometers. Here, we demonstrate an
      alternative mechanism of energy transport in a triarylamine-based supramolecular
      organic waveguide that is plasmonic in nature and results in coherent energy
      propagation superior to 10 MUm. The optical, electric, and magnetic properties of
      the doped material support the presence of metallic electrons that couple with
      and transport incident light. These results show that organic metals constitute a
      novel class of materials with efficient energy transport and are of potential
      interest for optoelectronics, plasmonics, and artificial light-energy harvesting
      systems. 

PMID- 26985700
TI  - Dexamethasone Implant for the Treatment of Type 1 Idiopathic Macular
      Telangiectasia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report our results of 4 patients about the efficacy and safety of
      intravitreal dexamethasone implant for type 1 idiopathic macular telangiectasia
      (IMT). METHODS: Four patients' charts with type 1 IMT treated with intravitreal
      dexamethasone implant were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent full
      ophthalmic examination including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spectral
      domain optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. BCVA, central
      macular thickness (CMT), and macular volume (MV) were evaluated. RESULTS: The
      median BCVA was logMAR 0.55 (range 0.2-1.3) at baseline, improved to logMAR 0.45
      (range 0.2-1) at 2 months after the first injection, and deteriorated to logMAR
      0.7 (range 0.2-1) at final visit. The median CMT was 393 MUm (range 283-410 MUm)
      and MV was 2.70 mm(3) (range 1.96-2.87 mm(3)) at baseline. Two months after the
      first injection median CMT decreased to 327 MUm (range 269-356 MUm) and MV
      decreased to 2.45 mm(3) (range 1.93-2.57 mm(3)). At final visit median CMT
      slightly increased to 342 MUm (range 258-444 MUm) and MV slightly increased to
      2.56 mm(3) (range 1.93-2.89 mm(3)). None of the changes were statistically
      significant. CONCLUSION: Considering the effects of dexamethasone on macular
      edema intravitreal dexamethasone implant can be used in selected cases.
      Randomized clinical trials with larger sample size are needed for further
      evaluation.

PMID- 26985701
TI  - Quality of information for women seeking breast augmentation in the Internet.
AB  - Background Recently published data show that many women interested in breast
      augmentation (BA) actively search the Internet for information. The Internet is
      currently the main source of information on this topic. Objectives Little is
      known about the quality of available information on the Internet concerning BA.
      The goal was to evaluate this in a systematic manner using a validated and
      reproducible tool. Methods Women (n = 96) unrelated to medicine were asked which
      keywords they would use to search the Internet if they were interested in BA.
      Five keywords were used. Qualitative and quantitative assessment was performed
      with the modified Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) tool. A total
      of 2500 websites containing information on BA were identified using Google, Bing,
      Yahoo, Ask, and AOL. Results Out of 623 eligible websites, only 153 (25%)
      addressed more than 20 EQIP items. Scores were higher for encyclopaedias and
      academic websites compared to hospital and practitioner websites. The median EQIP
      score was only 15 (IQR = 12-20), and quantitative postoperative morbidity and
      mortality risk estimates were available in only 38% and 25% of the websites,
      respectively. Major complications (e.g. capsular contraction, implant safety)
      were mentioned in only 156 (25%) of the websites. Conclusions This is the first
      assessment of online patient information on BA using the EQIP tool. This analysis
      demonstrated several shortcomings in the quality of information provided to BA
      candidates. There is an immediate need for better informative and educational
      websites regarding BA procedures that are compatible with international quality
      standards for plastic surgery. 

PMID- 26985702
TI  - Laparoscopic cholecystostomy tube-guided hepatotomy and cholecystolithotomy:
      alternative strategy for treatment of severe chronic cholecystitis.
AB  - Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be a challenging procedure in gallbladders with
      chronic disease. We describe a patient with chronic cholecystitis and difficult
      visualisation of the gallbladder at surgery who underwent laparoscopic hepatotomy
      along the drainage tube of the cholecystostomy. In this way, the gallbladder was
      identified to avoid non-visualisation of ductal anatomy. This exceptional
      solution should be added to the surgical options if anatomical recognition is
      difficult and complete removal of the gallbladder is too risky. 

PMID- 26985705
TI  - Physical and social factors determining quality of life for veterans with lower
      limb amputation(s): a systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Most veterans live for many years after their war-related traumatic
      lower-limb amputation, which is why understanding which factors influence health
      related quality of life (HRQoL) remains important to their long-term management.
      The objective of this study was to perform a review of the literature to
      summarize any evidence on the physical and social determinants for HRQoL in
      veterans with uni- or bilateral lower-limb amputation(s). METHOD: MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, PEDro, CINAHL, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched systematically
      for eligible studies. Inclusion criteria were: traumatic lower-limb
      amputation(s), HRQoL outcome and veterans. Physical and social factors that
      influence HRQoL were extracted. RESULTS: The literature search identified 2073
      citations, leading to the inclusion of 10 studies in the systematic review.
      Physical activity level, sport participation, level of amputation, back pain,
      years of education, as well as duration and severity of phantom pain were found
      to be determining factors for HRQoL among veterans with lower-limb amputation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The identified physical and social determinants were similar to
      those found in civilian traumatic amputees. More high quality research designs,
      interventions and complex statistical analyses are warranted to identify the
      physical and social factors that influence the HRQoL of veteran amputees.
      Implications for Rehabilitation Rehabilitation staff should promote physical
      activity and participation in sport among veterans with lower-limb amputation(s).
      Level of amputation, back pain severity, years of education, duration of phantom
      pain and severity of phantom pain have been found to be determining factors for
      HRQoL and should be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation
      programs for veterans with lower-limb amputations.

PMID- 26985703
TI  - Current State and Model for Development of Technology-Based Care for Attention
      Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Care (i.e., evaluation and intervention) delivered through
      technology is used in many areas of mental health services, including for persons
      with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Technology can facilitate
      care for individuals with ADHD, their parents, and their care providers. The
      adoption of technological tools for ADHD care requires evidence-based studies to
      support the transition from development to integration into use in the home,
      school, or work for persons with the disorder. The initial phase, which is
      development of technological tools, has begun in earnest; however, the evidence
      base for many of these tools is lacking. In some instances, the uptake of a piece
      of technology into home use or clinical practice may be further along than the
      research to support its use. METHODS: In this study, we review the current
      evidence regarding technology for ADHD and also propose a model to evaluate the
      support for other tools that have yet to be tested. RESULTS: We propose using the
      Research Domain Criteria as a framework for evaluating the tools' relationships
      to dimensions related to ADHD. CONCLUSION: This article concludes with
      recommendations for testing new tools that may have promise in improving the
      evaluation or treatment of persons with ADHD.

PMID- 26985707
TI  - fMRI investigation of working memory in adolescents with surgically treated
      congenital heart disease.
AB  - Adolescents and young adults with surgically treated congenital heart disease
      (CHD) have been shown to exhibit difficulties with executive functions; however,
      the neural underpinnings of these impairments have not been previously examined
      with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The current study employed
      fMRI to examine the neural mechanisms during a letter n-back task of working
      memory compared to vigilance. Seventeen participants with CHD (Mage = 17.76 +/-
      1.72 years; 88% Caucasian; 30% female; mean IQ = 104.12 +/- 15.15) were compared
      to 17 controls (Mage = 18.40 +/- 1.74 years; 70% Caucasian; 30% female; mean IQ =
      110.59 +/- 5.28) with similar declining performance as the n-back became more
      challenging. Overall, both groups activated similar frontal-parietal working
      memory networks as seen in previous literature; however, some significant
      differences were detected between the groups. Specifically, the participants with
      CHD demonstrated differences within the left precuneus and the right inferior
      frontal gyrus. Secondary analyses indicated that this difference appeared to be
      due to less task-induced deactivation (TID) in the CHD group during working
      memory and greater working-memory TID in the control group. In CHD, prefrontal
      fMRI deactivation on working-memory tasks correlated with improved working-memory
      performance. Future complementary neuroimaging research with functional
      connectivity is warranted to further examine the neural underpinnings of
      disrupted executive function in the long-term outcomes of CHD.

PMID- 26985706
TI  - ABCE1 is essential for S phase progression in human cells.
AB  - ABCE1 is a highly conserved protein universally present in eukaryotes and
      archaea, which is crucial for the viability of different organisms. First
      identified as RNase L inhibitor, ABCE1 is currently recognized as an essential
      translation factor involved in several stages of eukaryotic translation and
      ribosome biogenesis. The nature of vital functions of ABCE1, however, remains
      unexplained. Here, we study the role of ABCE1 in human cell proliferation and its
      possible connection to translation. We show that ABCE1 depletion by siRNA results
      in a decreased rate of cell growth due to accumulation of cells in S phase, which
      is accompanied by inefficient DNA synthesis and reduced histone mRNA and protein
      levels. We infer that in addition to the role in general translation, ABCE1 is
      involved in histone biosynthesis and DNA replication and therefore is essential
      for normal S phase progression. In addition, we analyze whether ABCE1 is
      implicated in transcript-specific translation via its association with the eIF3
      complex subunits known to control the synthesis of cell proliferation-related
      proteins. The expression levels of a few such targets regulated by eIF3A,
      however, were not consistently affected by ABCE1 depletion.

PMID- 26985713
TI  - High-speed detection of DNA translocation in nanopipettes.
AB  - We present a high-speed electrical detection scheme based on a custom-designed
      CMOS amplifier which allows the analysis of DNA translocation in glass
      nanopipettes on a microsecond timescale. Translocation of different DNA lengths
      in KCl electrolyte provides a scaling factor of the DNA translocation time equal
      to p = 1.22, which is different from values observed previously with nanopipettes
      in LiCl electrolyte or with nanopores. Based on a theoretical model involving
      electrophoresis, hydrodynamics and surface friction, we show that the
      experimentally observed range of p-values may be the result of, or at least be
      affected by DNA adsorption and friction between the DNA and the substrate
      surface. 

PMID- 26985709
TI  - Autophagy Plays a Protective Role in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-Induced
      Apoptosis of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
AB  - Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are being broadly investigated
      for treating numerous inflammatory diseases. However, the low survival rate of
      BMSCs during the transplantation process has limited their application. Autophagy
      can maintain cellular homeostasis and protect cells against environmental
      stresses. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an important inflammatory
      cytokine that can induce both autophagy and apoptosis of BMSCs. However, the
      actual role of autophagy in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of BMSCs remains poorly
      understood. In the current study, BMSCs were treated with TNF-alpha/cycloheximide
      (CHX), and cell death was examined by the Cell Counting Kit-8, Hoechst 33342
      staining, and flow cytometric analysis as well as by the level of caspase-3 and
      caspase-8. Meanwhile, autophagic flux was examined by analyzing the level of
      microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 B (LC3B)-II and SQSTEM1/p62 and by
      examining the amount of green fluorescent protein-LC3B by fluorescence
      microscopy. Then, the cell death and autophagic flux of BMSCs were examined after
      pretreatment and cotreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) or
      rapamycin (Rap, autophagy activator) together with TNF-alpha/CHX. Moreover, BMSCs
      pretreated with lentiviruses encoding short hairpin RNA of beclin-1 (BECN1) were
      treated with TNF-alpha/CHX, and then cell death and autophagic flux were
      detected. We showed that BMSCs treated with TNF-alpha/CHX presented dramatically
      elevated autophagic flux and cell death. Furthermore, we showed that 3-MA and
      shBECN1 treatment accelerated TNF-alpha/CHX-induced apoptosis, but that Rap
      treatment ameliorated cell death. Our results demonstrate that autophagy protects
      BMSCs against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Enhancing the autophagy of BMSCs may
      elevate cellular survival in an inflammatory microenvironment.

PMID- 26985714
TI  - Two-semiconductive-component hybrid coordination polymers with controllable photo
      induced electron-transfer properties.
AB  - Two semiconductive inorganic-organic hybrid coordination polymers constructed
      from metal iodide clusters and naphthalene diimide semiconductive components,
      [Cu2I2(DPNDI)]n () and [PbI2(DPNDI)]n () (DPNDI = N,N'-di-(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8
      naphthalene diimide), have been synthesized and characterized. Although
      possessing similar 2D heterostructures, hybrids exhibited different photo-induced
      electron-transfer properties. Due to the higher HOMO energy level of the [Cu2I2]n
      chain than that of the [PbI2]n cluster, only hybrid can easily undergo
      intramolecular electron transfer to form a long-lived charge separated state,
      which may be applied in artificial photosynthesis.

PMID- 26985708
TI  - Curcumin inhibits tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition by downregulating the
      Wnt signaling pathway and upregulating NKD2 expression in colon cancer cells.
AB  - Tumor invasion and metastasis are closely associated with epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT). EMT refers to epithelial cells under physiological and
      pathological conditions that are specific to mesenchymal transition. Curcumin
      inhibits EMT progression via Wnt signaling. The Wnt signaling pathway is a
      conservative EMT-related signaling pathway that is involved in the development of
      various tumors. In the present study, MTS assays were employed to analyze the
      proliferation of curcumin-treated cells. Naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2),
      chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and antibodies associated with EMT were examined in
      SW620 colorectal cancer cell lines using western blot analysis and real-time
      qPCR. NKD2 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and CXCR4 expression plasmid was
      synthesized and transfected into the colorectal cancer cell lines, and NKD2 and
      CXCR4 expression levels were detected. The results showed that curcumin
      significantly inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and
      upregulated the expression of NKD2 in SW620 colorectal cancer cells and in the
      xenograft, resulting in the downregulation of key markers in the Wnt signaling.
      In addition, the progression of ETM was inhibited due to the overexpression of E
      cadherin as well as the downregulation of vimentin. Curcumin also inhibited tumor
      metastasis by downregulating the expression of CXCR4 significantly. The results
      suggested involvement of the NKD2-Wnt-CXCR4 signaling pathway in colorectal
      cancer cells. In addition, curcumin is inhibit this signaling and the development
      of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 26985716
TI  - Valsartan ameliorates podocyte loss in diabetic mice through the Notch pathway.
AB  - The Notch pathway is known to be linked to diabetic nephropathy (DN); however,
      its underlying mechanism was poorly understood. In the present study, we examined
      the effect of Valsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, on the
      Notch pathway and podocyte loss in DN. Diabetes was induced in mice by an
      intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and and this was followed by
      treatment with Valsartan. Levels of blood glucose, kidney weight and body weight,
      as well as proteinuria were measured. Samples of the kidneys were also
      histologically examined. The relative levels of Jagged1, Notch1, Notch
      intracellular domain 1 (NICD1), Hes family BHLH transcription factor 1 (Hes1) and
      Hes-related family BHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1 expression (Hey1)
      in the glomeruli were determined by immunohistochemical analysis, western blot
      analysis and RT-qPCR. The B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and p53 pathways were
      examined by western blot analysis. Apoptosis and detachment of podocytes from the
      glomerular basement membrane were examined using a TUNEL assay, flow cytometric
      analysis and ELISA. The number of podocytes was quantified by measuring Wilms
      tumor-1 (WT-1) staining. We noted that the expression of Jagged1, Notch1, NICD1,
      Hes1 and Hey1 was increased in a time-dependent manner in the glomeruli of mice
      with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Moreover, in diabetic mice, Valsartan
      significantly reduced kidney weight and proteinuria, and mitigated the pathogenic
      processes in the kidneys. Valsartan also inhibited the activation of Notch, Bcl-2
      and p53 pathways and ameliorated podocyte loss in the glomeruli of mice with STZ
      induced diabetes. Taken together, these findings indicated that Valsartan exerted
      a beneficial effect on reducing podocyte loss, which is associated with
      inhibition of Notch pathway activation in the glomeruli of diabetic mice.

PMID- 26985715
TI  - Loss of Runt-related transcription factor 3 induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil
      and cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is known to function as a tumor
      suppressor in gastric cancer and other types of cancers, including hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC). However, its role has not been fully elucidated. In the present
      study, we aimed to evaluate the role of RUNX3 in HCC. We used the human HCC cell
      lines Hep3B, Huh7 and HLF; RUNX3 cDNA was introduced into Hep3B and Huh7 cells,
      which were negative for endogenous RUNX3 expression, and RUNX3 siRNA was
      transfected into HLF cells, which were positive for endogenous RUNX3. We analyzed
      the expression of RUNX3 and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) by
      immunoblotting. MTT assays were used to determine the effects of RUNX3 expression
      on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivity. Finally, 23 HCC
      specimens resected from patients with HCC at Okayama University Hospital were
      analyzed, and correlations among immunohistochemical expression of RUNX3 protein
      and MRP protein were evaluated in these specimens. Exogenous RUNX3 expression
      reduced the expression of MRP1, MRP2, MRP3 and MRP5 in the RUNX3-negative cells,
      whereas knockdown of RUNX3 in the HLF cells stimulated the expression of these
      MRPs. An inverse correlation between RUNX3 and MRP expression was observed in the
      HCC tissues. Importantly, loss of RUNX3 expression contributed to 5-FU and CDDP
      resistance by inducing MRP expression. These data have important implications in
      the study of chemotherapy resistance in HCC.

PMID- 26985717
TI  - A single flexible RNAPII-CTD integrates many different transcriptional programs.
AB  - The RNAPII-CTD functions as a binding platform for coordinating the recruitment
      of transcription associated factors. Altering CTD function results in gene
      expression defects, although mounting evidence suggests that these effects likely
      vary among species and loci. Here we highlight emerging evidence of species- and
      loci-specific functions for the RNAPII-CTD.

PMID- 26985718
TI  - Human Hippocampal Theta Oscillations during Movement without Visual Cues.
AB  - The hippocampus exhibits theta oscillations when animals navigate. Vass et al.
      (2016) discovered that theta oscillations are also present when humans are moved
      through a virtual environment without sensory feedback, indicating that theta
      oscillations have a general role in spatial cognition beyond sensorimotor
      processing.

PMID- 26985719
TI  - A Cool Approach to Probing Speech Cortex.
AB  - In this issue of Neuron, Long et al. (2016) employ a novel technique of
      intraoperative cortical cooling in humans during speech production. They
      demonstrate that cooling Broca's area interferes with speech timing but not
      speech quality.

PMID- 26985720
TI  - Tracking Down Mutations Cell by Cell.
AB  - Using somatic cell nuclear transfer, Hazen et al. (2016) examined clonally
      expanded single neurons for mutations and found ~100 mutations from a variety of
      classes. Post-mitotic mutations in individual neurons represent an exploratory
      direction for finding fundamental origins of neurodegeneration.

PMID- 26985721
TI  - Plug-N-Play: Mechanotransduction Goes Modular.
AB  - Mechanosensitive ion channels initiate sensory signals by converting mechanical
      information into electrochemical signals. In this issue of Neuron (Zhao et al.,
      2016), a data-rich structure-function study on mammalian mechanosensitive Piezo
      channels reveals a modular protein architecture that includes a central pore
      module surrounded by a force-sensing module.

PMID- 26985723
TI  - Chloride Regulation: A Dynamic Equilibrium Crucial for Synaptic Inhibition.
AB  - Fast synaptic inhibition relies on tight regulation of intracellular Cl(-).
      Chloride dysregulation is implicated in several neurological and psychiatric
      disorders. Beyond mere disinhibition, the consequences of Cl(-) dysregulation are
      multifaceted and best understood in terms of a dynamical system involving complex
      interactions between multiple processes operating on many spatiotemporal scales.
      This dynamical perspective helps explain many unintuitive manifestations of Cl(-)
      dysregulation. Here we discuss how taking into account dynamical regulation of
      intracellular Cl(-) is important for understanding how synaptic inhibition fails,
      how to best detect that failure, why Cl(-) regulation is energetically so
      expensive, and the overall consequences for therapeutics. 

PMID- 26985725
TI  - Melatonin attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disturbances and synaptic dysfunction
      in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Sleep problems are the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
      (PD), and are more difficult to treat than the motor symptoms. In the current
      study, the role of human leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (hLRRK2), the most common
      genetic cause of PD, was investigated with regards to sleep problems, and the
      therapeutic potential of melatonin in hLRRK2-associated sleep problems was
      explored in Drosophila. hLRRK2 was selectively expressed in the mushroom bodies
      (MBs) in Drosophila and sleep patterns were measured using the Drosophila
      Activity Monitoring System. MB expression of hLRRK2 resulted in sleep problems,
      presynaptic dysfunction as evidenced by reduced miniature excitatory postsynaptic
      current (mEPSC) and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) frequency, and
      excessive synaptic plasticity such as increased axon bouton density. Treatment
      with melatonin at 4 mM significantly attenuated the sleep problems and rescued
      the reduction in mEPSC and EPSP frequency in the hLRRK2 transgenic flies. The
      present study demonstrates that MB expression of hLRRK2 in flies recapitulates
      the clinical features of the sleep disturbances in PD, and that melatonin
      attenuates hLRRK2-induced sleep disorders and synaptic dysfunction, suggesting
      the therapeutic potential of melatonin in PD patients carrying LRRK2 mutations. 

PMID- 26985724
TI  - A Role for Synaptic Input Distribution in a Dendritic Computation of Motion
      Direction in the Retina.
AB  - The starburst amacrine cell in the mouse retina presents an opportunity to
      examine the precise role of sensory input location on neuronal computations.
      Using visual receptive field mapping, glutamate uncaging, two-photon Ca(2+)
      imaging, and genetic labeling of putative synapses, we identify a unique
      arrangement of excitatory inputs and neurotransmitter release sites on starburst
      amacrine cell dendrites: the excitatory input distribution is skewed away from
      the release sites. By comparing computational simulations with Ca(2+) transients
      recorded near release sites, we show that this anatomical arrangement of inputs
      and outputs supports a dendritic mechanism for computing motion direction.
      Direction-selective Ca(2+) transients persist in the presence of a GABA-A
      receptor antagonist, though the directional tuning is reduced. These results
      indicate a synergistic interaction between dendritic and circuit mechanisms for
      generating direction selectivity in the starburst amacrine cell. 

PMID- 26985726
TI  - Brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and HIV/sexual risk behavior in
      emergency department patients: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Given the prevalence of co-occurring risky sexual behavior and
      drinking among emergency department (ED) patients, we developed a motivational
      intervention (MI) to address both behaviors. This study tested efficacy of a
      single-session MI compared to brief advice (BA) for reducing heavy drinking and
      condomless sex in adult ED patients screening positive for both. METHOD: We
      randomized 372 patients to MI (n = 184) or BA (n = 188). Alcohol and sex risk
      outcomes were assessed over 9 months. RESULTS: Generalized estimating equations
      models analyzing 327 patients with follow-up data provided strong support for
      efficacy of this integrated alcohol and sex-risk MI. Compared to BA, and after
      controlling for baseline covariates, those in MI reported significantly fewer
      heavy drinking days, drinks per week, and were less likely to engage in excessive
      drinking over follow-up (all ps < .05). MI was also favored over BA for reducing
      sex risk. Compared to BA, those in MI reported significantly fewer days on which
      they engaged in condomless sex with casual partners, had lower odds of reporting
      any condomless sex with a casual partner, and reported fewer days of sex under
      the influence of alcohol/other drugs (all ps < .05). CONCLUSION: This innovative
      MI was acceptable, feasible, and successfully delivered in 2 community hospitals
      and thus shows great promise for scalability and dissemination into complex
      health settings where newly insured at-risk individuals are likely to seek care.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985722
TI  - Unifying Views of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Consideration of Autoregulatory
      Feedback Loops.
AB  - Understanding the mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is a
      challenging goal. Here we review recent progress on several fronts, including
      genetics, proteomics, biochemistry, and electrophysiology, that raise motivation
      for forming a viable pathophysiological hypothesis. In place of a traditionally
      unidirectional progression, we put forward a framework that extends homeostatic
      hypotheses by explicitly emphasizing autoregulatory feedback loops and known
      synaptic biology. The regulated biological feature can be neuronal electrical
      activity, the collective strength of synapses onto a dendritic branch, the local
      concentration of a signaling molecule, or the relative strengths of synaptic
      excitation and inhibition. The sensor of the biological variable (which we have
      termed the homeostat) engages mechanisms that operate as negative feedback
      elements to keep the biological variable tightly confined. We categorize known
      ASD-associated gene products according to their roles in such feedback loops and
      provide detailed commentary for exemplar genes within each module. 

PMID- 26985729
TI  - Integrating motivational interviewing with cognitive-behavioral therapy for
      severe generalized anxiety disorder: An allegiance-controlled randomized clinical
      trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although integrating motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive
      behavioral therapy (CBT) has been recommended for treating anxiety, few well
      controlled tests of such integration exist. METHOD: In the present randomized
      trial for severe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), we compared the efficacy of
      15 sessions of CBT alone (N = 43) versus 4 MI sessions followed by 11 CBT
      sessions integrated with MI to address client resistance/ambivalence (N = 42).
      Clients were adults, predominantly female and Caucasian, with a high rate of
      diagnostic comorbidity. To control for allegiance, therapists were nested within
      treatment group and supervised separately by experts in the respective
      treatments. RESULTS: Piecewise multilevel models revealed no between-groups
      differences in outcomes from pre- to posttreatment; however, there were treatment
      effects over the follow-up period with MI-CBT clients demonstrating a steeper
      rate of worry decline (gamma = -0.13, p = .03) and general distress reduction
      (gamma = -0.12, p = .01) than CBT alone clients. Also, the odds of no longer
      meeting GAD diagnostic criteria were ~5 times higher at 12-months for clients
      receiving MI-CBT compared with CBT alone. There were also twice as many dropouts
      in CBT alone compared with MI-CBT (23% vs. 10%); a difference that approached
      significance (p = .09). The treatments were competently delivered, and intraclass
      correlations revealed negligible between-therapist effects on the outcomes.
      CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the integration of MI with CBT for severe GAD
      and point to the importance of training therapists in appropriate responsivity to
      in-session markers of resistance and ambivalence. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985728
TI  - A randomized clinical trial of Motivational Interviewing to reduce alcohol and
      drug use among patients with depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing (MI) to
      reduce hazardous drinking and drug use among adults in treatment for depression.
      METHOD: Randomized controlled trial based in a large outpatient psychiatry
      program in an integrated health care system in Northern California. The sample
      consisted of 307 participants ages 18 and over who reported hazardous drinking,
      drug use (primarily cannabis) or misuse of prescription drugs in the prior 30
      days, and who scored >=5 on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
      Participants were randomized to receive either 3 sessions of MI (1 in person and
      2 by phone) or printed literature about alcohol and drug use risks (control), as
      an adjunct to usual outpatient depression care. Measures included alcohol and
      drug use in the prior 30 days and PHQ-9 depression symptoms. Participants
      completed baseline in-person interviews and telephone follow-up interviews at 3
      and 6 months (96 and 98% of the baseline sample, respectively). Electronic health
      records were used to measure usual care. RESULTS: At 6 months, MI was more
      effective than control in reducing rate of cannabis use (p = .037); and hazardous
      drinking (>=4 drinks in a day for women, >=5 drinks in a day for men; p = .060).
      In logistic regression, assignment to MI predicted lower cannabis use at 6 months
      (p = .016) after controlling for covariates. Depression improved in both
      conditions. CONCLUSIONS: MI can be an effective intervention for cannabis use and
      hazardous drinking among patients with depression. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985727
TI  - A church-based intervention for families to promote mental health and prevent HIV
      among adolescents in rural Kenya: Results of a randomized trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a family- and church-based intervention for adolescents
      and caregivers in rural Kenya to improve family relationships, reduce HIV risk,
      and promote mental health. METHOD: The intervention was developed using community
      based participatory methods and focused on strengthening family communication.
      Modules addressed economic, relationship, and HIV-related topics using evidence
      based behavioral strategies alongside culturally grounded content. A stepped
      wedge cluster randomized trial was conducted with 124 families (237 adolescents
      ages 10 to 16; 203 caregivers) from 4 churches. Participants completed
      interviewer-administered surveys over 5 rounds. Primary outcomes included family
      communication, HIV risk knowledge, self-efficacy, and beliefs. Secondary outcomes
      included parenting, social support, mental health, and adolescent sexual
      behavior. We estimated intent-to-treat effects via ordinary least squares
      regression with clustered standard errors. RESULTS: Relative to controls, the
      intervention group reported better family communication across domains at 1- and
      3-months postintervention and higher self-efficacy for risk reduction skills and
      HIV-related knowledge at 1-month postintervention. Sexually active youth in the
      intervention reported fewer high-risk behaviors at 1-month postintervention,
      including unprotected sex or multiple partners. Male caregivers in the
      intervention reported higher parental involvement at both time points, and youth
      reported more social support from male caregivers at 3-months postintervention.
      No effects on secondary outcomes of parenting, social support, and mental health
      were detected. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention holds promise for strengthening
      positive family processes to protect against negative future outcomes for
      adolescents. Implementation with religious congregations may be a promising
      strategy for improving sustainability and scalability of interventions in low
      resource settings. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985730
TI  - Exploring effective sampling design for monitoring soil organic carbon in
      degraded Tibetan grasslands.
AB  - The effects of climate change and human activities on grassland degradation and
      soil carbon stocks have become a focus of both research and policy. However, lack
      of research on appropriate sampling design prevents accurate assessment of soil
      carbon stocks and stock changes at community and regional scales. Here, we
      conducted an intensive survey with 1196 sampling sites over an area of 190 km(2)
      of degraded alpine meadow. Compared to lightly degraded meadow, soil organic
      carbon (SOC) stocks in moderately, heavily and extremely degraded meadow were
      reduced by 11.0%, 13.5% and 17.9%, respectively. Our field survey sampling design
      was overly intensive to estimate SOC status with a tolerable uncertainty of 10%.
      Power analysis showed that the optimal sampling density to achieve the desired
      accuracy would be 2, 3, 5 and 7 sites per 10 km(2) for lightly, moderately,
      heavily and extremely degraded meadows, respectively. If a subsequent paired
      sampling design with the optimum sample size were performed, assuming stock
      change rates predicted by experimental and modeling results, we estimate that
      about 5-10 years would be necessary to detect expected trends in SOC in the top
      20 cm soil layer. Our results highlight the utility of conducting preliminary
      surveys to estimate the appropriate sampling density and avoid wasting resources
      due to over-sampling, and to estimate the sampling interval required to detect an
      expected sequestration rate. Future studies will be needed to evaluate spatial
      and temporal patterns of SOC variability. 

PMID- 26985731
TI  - Anaerobic digestion of sulfate-acidified cattle slurry: One-stage vs. two-stage.
AB  - Two strategies to include acidified cattle manure (AcCM) in co-digestion with
      normal cattle manure (CM) are presented in this work. The strategies are a single
      thermophilic (50  degrees C) continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) anaerobic
      digestion and a two-step (65  degrees C + 50  degrees C) CSTR process. In both
      strategies, two different inclusion levels of H2SO4-acidified CM (10% and 20%) in
      co-digestion with normal CM were tested and compared with a control CSTR fed only
      CM. Important enhancement of methane (CH4) yield and solid reductions were
      observed in the thermophilic one-step CSTR working with 10% AcCM. However, a
      higher inclusion level of AcCM (20%) caused volatile fatty acid accumulation in
      the reactor and a more than 30% reduction in CH4 production. In terms of CH4
      production, when 10% of AcCM was co-digested with 90% of CM, the two-step
      anaerobic co-digestion yielded less than the single step. During the first step
      of the two-step CSTR process, acidogenesis and a partial sulfate reduction were
      achieved. However, sulfide stripping between the first and the second step must
      be promoted in order to advance this technology. 

PMID- 26985732
TI  - Ancestors of modern plant crops.
AB  - Recent accumulation of plant genomic resources offers the opportunity to compare
      modern genomes and model their evolutionary history from their reconstructed Most
      Recent Common Ancestors (MRCAs) that can be used as a guide to unveil the forces
      driving the evolutionary success of angiosperms and ultimately to perform applied
      translational research from models to crops. This article reviews the current
      state of art of recent structural comparative genomics studies through ancestral
      genome reconstruction, that is, the field of in silico paleogenomics.

PMID- 26985733
TI  - Maternal sensitivity and the empathic brain: Influences of early life
      maltreatment.
AB  - One of the most striking characteristics of early life maltreatment (ELM) is the
      risk of transmission across generations, which could be linked to differences in
      maternal behavior. Maternal sensitivity includes appropriate and positive
      affective exchanges between mother and child. Mothers with a history of ELM have
      been found to show a lower sensitivity representing a significant risk factor for
      maltreating their own children. 25 mothers with and 28 mothers without sexual
      and/or physical childhood maltreatment (as assessed with the Childhood Experience
      of Care and Abuse interview) and their children participated in a standardized
      mother-child interaction task. Videotaped interactions were rated by two
      independent trained raters based on the Emotional Availability Scales. In
      addition, empathic capabilities were assessed with the Interpersonal Reactivity
      Index. High resolution structural magnetic resonance brain images of the mothers
      were analyzed with unbiased voxel-based morphometry and correlated with maternal
      sensitivity. Results indicate that mothers with ELM were less sensitive in the
      standardized interaction with their own child. In non-maltreated control mothers,
      maternal sensitivity was positively related to anterior insular grey matter
      volume, a region which is crucially involved in emotional empathy, while there
      was a positive association between maternal sensitivity and grey matter volume in
      parts of the cognitive empathy network such as the superior temporal sulcus and
      temporal pole region in mothers with ELM. These results implicate that
      neurostructural alterations associated with poor maternal sensitivity might be a
      sequelae of ELM and that mothers with ELM may try to compensate deficits in
      emotional empathy by recruiting brain regions involved in cognitive empathy when
      interacting with their child. Thus, findings suggest possible coping strategies
      of mother with ELM to prevent an intergenerational transmission of abuse. 

PMID- 26985734
TI  - Anticancer studies of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against human cervical
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - A metal oxide nanoparticle has been widely investigated for its potential use in
      the biomedical application. The present study investigates the cytotoxicity of
      ZnO nanoparticle in human cervical carcinoma cells. Cell viability was
      determined, and it showed the possible cytotoxic effect of ZnO nanoparticles. The
      characteristic apoptotic features such as rounding and loss of adherence were
      observed in the treated cells. Fluorescence and Confocal Laser Scanning
      Microscope (CLSM) studies have showed reduced nuclear volume and condensed
      cytoplasm. The mRNA expression of apoptotic gene p53 and caspase 3 was up
      regulated following ZnO nanoparticle exposure, which confirms the occurrence of
      apoptosis at the transcriptional level. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was
      increased in a dose-dependent manner, and initiate lipid peroxidation of the
      liposomal membrane, which in turn regulate several signaling pathways and
      influencing the cytokinetic movements of cells. ZnO nanoparticles showed a
      dynamic cytotoxic effect in cervical carcinoma cells. ZnO nanoparticle might
      induce the apoptosis through increased intracellular ROS level. Moreover, up
      regulated apoptotic gene expression confirms the occurrence of apoptosis. Taking
      all these data together, it may be concluded that ZnO nanoparticle may exert
      cytotoxicity on HeLa cell through the apoptotic pathway, implies the probable
      utility of ZnO nanoparticle in the cancer treatment and therapy. 

PMID- 26985735
TI  - Stability of curcumin in different solvent and solution media: UV-visible and
      steady-state fluorescence spectral study.
AB  - In aqueous solution, curcumin is photodegradable (light sensitive), it is also
      self-degradable in the dark. In basic medium, the second process is enhanced. The
      dark process has been studied in water and also in a number of protic and aprotic
      solvents, and aqueous solutions of ionic liquids, pluronics, reverse micelles and
      salt. The kinetics of the process followed the first order rate law; a
      comparative as well as individual assessment of which has been made. The kinetics
      of curcumin self-degradation has been found to be fairly dependent on salt (NaCl)
      concentration. Curcumin molecules in solution may remain in the enol or keto-enol
      form. From the visible spectral analysis, an estimate of the proportions of these
      forms in aqueous ethanol medium has been made. The temperature effect on the
      visible and fluorescence spectra of curcumin has been also studied. The steady
      state fluorescence anisotropy of the photoactive curcumin has been evaluated in
      different solvent and solution media. The reversibility of the steady state
      fluorescence anisotropy of curcumin on heating and cooling conditions has been
      examined. The results herein presented are new and ought to be useful as the
      study of physicochemistry of curcumin has been gaining importance in the light of
      its biological importance. 

PMID- 26985736
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, DNA and BSA binding, molecular
      docking and in vitro anticancer activities of a mononuclear dioxido-uranium(VI)
      complex derived from a tridentate ONO aroylhydrazone.
AB  - A mononuclear dioxido-uranium(IV) complex [UO2(L)(DMSO)2], was prepared from the
      reaction of (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide [HL] with
      UO2(OAc)2.2H2O in DMSO. The obtained complex was fully characterized. Single
      crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of [UO2(L)(DMSO)2] revealed that U(VI) ion has
      been coordinated by ONO donor atoms of the dianionic ligand (L(2-)), oxo groups
      and two DMSO molecules in a pentagonal bipyramid geometry. In addition,
      interactions of the complex with salmon sperm DNA and bovine serum albumin (BSA)
      were thoroughly investigated using UV-vis absorption, voltammetry and molecular
      docking methods. The experimental studies showed an intercalative mode of
      interaction between the complex and DNA. Experiments on BSA interaction indicated
      a change in the polarity of the environment surrounded the complex as a result of
      the interaction between BSA and [UO2(L)(DMSO)2]. Finally, MTT assays indicated
      that the U(VI) complex had excellent cytotoxicity against human carcinoma cell
      lines of MCF-7, HPG-2, and HT-29, with IC50 values of 8.4, 10.6 and 10.0MUM,
      respectively. 

PMID- 26985737
TI  - Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the nutritional and active ingredient
      contents during the floral development of medicinal chrysanthemum.
AB  - The paper mainly studied the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the
      nutritional and active ingredient contents during the floral development of
      medicinal chrysanthemum. The experiment included two levels of UV-B radiation (0
      and 400MUWcm(-2)). The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanin, UV-B
      absorbing compounds, total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and the activities of
      phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme (PAL) and cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase enzyme
      (C4H) in flowers significantly decreased with the floral development. However,
      the contents of soluble sugar, amino acid and total vitamin C in flowers
      significantly increased with the floral development. The contents of flavonoid
      and chlorogenic acid were significantly different in the four stages of floral
      development, and their highest contents were found in the bud stage (stage 2). In
      the four stages of floral development, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly
      increased the contents of H2O2, UV-B absorbing compounds, chlorophyll,
      carotenoids, soluble sugar, amino acid, vitamin C, flavonoid and chlorogenic
      acid, and the activities of PLA and C4H in flowers. The results indicated that
      the highest contents of active and nutrient ingredients in flowers were found not
      to be in the same developmental stages of flowers. Comprehensive analysis
      revealed that the best harvest stage of chrysanthemum flowers was between the bud
      stage and the young flower stage (stage 2 and stage 3), which could
      simultaneously gain the higher contents of active and nutritional ingredients in
      flowers. 

PMID- 26985738
TI  - Highly efficient generation of glutamatergic/cholinergic NT2-derived postmitotic
      human neurons by short-term treatment with the nucleoside analogue cytosine beta
      D-arabinofuranoside.
AB  - The human NTERA2/D1 (NT2) cells generate postmitotic neurons (NT2N cells) upon
      retinoic acid (RA) treatment and are functionally integrated in the host tissue
      following grafting into the rodent and human brain, thus representing a promising
      source for neuronal replacement therapy. Yet the major limitations of this model
      are the lengthy differentiation procedure and its low efficiency, although recent
      studies suggest that the differentiation process can be shortened to less than 1
      week using nucleoside analogues. To explore whether short-term exposure of NT2
      cells to the nucleoside analogue cytosine beta-d-arabinofuranoside (AraC) could
      be a suitable method to efficiently generate mature neurons, we conducted a
      neurochemical and morphometric characterization of AraC-differentiated NT2N
      (AraC/NT2N) neurons and improved the differentiation efficiency by modifying the
      cell culture schedule. Moreover, we analyzed the neurotransmitter phenotypes of
      AraC/NT2N neurons. Cultures obtained by treatment with AraC were highly enriched
      in postmitotic neurons and essentially composed of dual glutamatergic/cholinergic
      neurons, which contrasts with the preferential GABAergic phenotype that we found
      after RA differentiation. Taken together, our results further reinforce the
      notion NT2 cells are a versatile source of neuronal phenotypes and provide a new
      encouraging platform for studying mechanisms of neuronal differentiation and for
      exploring neuronal replacement strategies.

PMID- 26985739
TI  - Uptake of caprolactam and its influence on growth and oxygen production of
      Desmodesmus quadricauda algae.
AB  - The consumption of polyamides produced from caprolactam is increasing
      continuously, and for that reason the danger of environmental contamination by
      this lactam is also rising. This study's aim was to evaluate the influence of
      caprolactam on the growth and oxygen production of the green alga Desmodesmus
      quadricauda and on caprolactam uptake by this alga. The presence of caprolactam
      in water was observed to cause the algae significantly to increase its oxygen
      production. Caprolactam concentration of 5,000 mg/L stopped algae growth after 6
      days and influenced coenobia structure (seen as disappearance of pyrenoids,
      deformation of cells) but did not decrease the number of cells in the coenobia.
      Caprolactam uptake is probably passive but relatively rapid. Maximum
      concentration in the algae was reached after 18-24 h. 

PMID- 26985740
TI  - Risk of depressive disorders following sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A
      nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) occurs as an unexplained,
      rapid loss of hearing that can cause significant stress in the affected
      individual. This study aims to assess the risk of depressive disorders in SSNHL
      patients. METHODS: From the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD)
      in Taiwan, we identified new SSNHL patients diagnosed by an otolaryngologist
      between January 01, 2000, and December 31, 2008. A control group was composed of
      individuals who had never suffered from SSNHL. A total of 1717 SSNHL patients and
      6868 individuals without SSNHL who were matched by sex, age and index date were
      followed until December 31, 2009, unless otherwise diagnosed with depressive
      disorders by a psychiatrist or deceased. RESULTS: The results found that after
      adjusting for patients' age, sex, comorbidities, urbanization, and monthly
      income, SSNHL patients are 2.17 times more at risk (95% confidence interval [CI],
      1.51-3.08, p<.001) for depressive disorders then control patients, especially in
      younger age groups (<60 years old). CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated an increased
      risk of developing depressive disorders in patients with SSNHL, particularly for
      younger patients. Symptoms of depression should be regularly evaluated in
      patients with SSNHL.

PMID- 26985741
TI  - Zinc and imipramine reverse the depression-like behavior in mice induced by
      chronic restraint stress.
AB  - Depression is a common psychopathological disorders. Studies of depression have
      indicated that zinc play a role in the depression pathophysiology and treatment.
      In present study, we examined the effects of zinc and imipramine supplement alone
      or combination of zinc and imipramine in mice induced by chronic restraint stress
      (CRS). Moreover, the possible roles of zinc receptor (G protein-coupled receptor
      39, GPR39)-related pathway was investigated. Decreased weight and increased
      corticosterone (CORT) were observed after 3 weeks CRS exposure. It was shown that
      CRS induced lower serum zinc, higher hippocampal zinc, increased immobility time
      in tail suspension test and decreased movement distance in spontaneous activity
      test, which could be normalized by zinc (30 mg/kg) and imipramine (20 mg/kg)
      supplement alone and combination of zinc (15 mg/kg) and imipramine (5 mg/kg) for
      3 weeks after CRS exposure. Moreover, the changes in mRNA expressions of GPR39,
      cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotropic factor
      (BDNF) and n-methytl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) could be reversed by the same
      treatment mentioned above. These results suggested that zinc dyshomeostasis in
      serum and hippocampus and depression-like behavior in CRS exposure animals
      observed in present study could be normalized by zinc and imipramine. The
      combination of zinc and imipramine in low dose has synergetic effects. The
      possible mechanism might be correlated to GPR39 receptor-related pathway.

PMID- 26985742
TI  - Evaluation and Management of Pulmonary Hypertension in Kidney Transplant
      Candidates and Recipients: Concepts and Controversies.
AB  - Although cardiac evaluation before kidney transplantation commonly focuses on
      coronary artery disease, a comprehensive pretransplant cardiac evaluation must
      consider other prognostically important cardiac conditions including functional
      and structural heart disease. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is increasingly
      recognized among patients with kidney failure and may be driven by left heart
      failure, high cardiac output from arteriovenous fistula, hypoxic lung diseases,
      and metabolic derangements associated with renal disease. In this article, we
      examine several key concepts and controversies relevant to optimizing the
      assessment and management of PH in kidney transplant candidates and recipients.
      First, categorizing PH according to underlying pathophysiologies, hemodynamic
      characteristics, and treatment responses as currently defined by the World Health
      Organization can be challenging in this population, but should be pursued to
      direct appropriate management. Second, echocardiographic PH (based on variable
      definitions) has been reported in 13% to 50% of selected pretransplant cohorts,
      but use of more precise diagnostic methods is needed to better define
      epidemiology and underlying etiologies. Third, although measures of PH have been
      associated with adverse patient and graft outcomes after kidney transplantation,
      pilot data suggest that PH may improve with successful transplantation. Fourth,
      recent advances in PH treatment in the general population focus on World Health
      Organization group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension, and the efficacy of
      management strategies for any PH type in patients with renal failure is largely
      unproven. Broader prospective data, including attention to the impact of
      transplantation, are needed to advance understanding of the frequency, causes,
      and optimal management of PH in kidney transplant candidates and recipients.

PMID- 26985743
TI  - Quantification of Alloantibody-Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vivo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preexisting, donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are culprits of
      hyperacute rejection. Donor-specific antibodies are also formed de novo, and
      their role in acute and chronic rejection is increasingly appreciated. However,
      it is difficult to assess damage inflicted exclusively by DSAs when alloreactive
      T cell and B cell responses coincide. We reasoned that allosensitization with
      "costimulation-deficient" cells should induce DSA synthesis but not naive
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors' priming via direct allorecognition.
      Accordingly, we have developed a novel model to quantify DSA-mediated
      cytotoxicity in vivo. METHODS: C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were sensitized with H-2
      kidney epithelial cells, and a cytofluorimetric killing assay was tailored to the
      measurement of allocytotoxicity. We took cell/complement depletion, costimulation
      blockade, and serum transfer approaches to reveal the mediators of cytotoxicity.
      "Third-party" controls and a skin allotransplantation model were used to confirm
      DSAs' specificity for allo-major histocompatibility complex. We validated our
      experimental approach in other mouse strains primed with different allogeneic
      cell types, including endothelial cells. To demonstrate the usefulness of our
      model/method for drug efficacy testing, we examined the effect of CTLA4-Ig and
      rapamycin on DSA-mediated cytolysis. RESULTS: Allosensitization of MHC-disparate
      mouse strains with costimulation-deficient cells led to robust cytotoxicity
      mediated by complement-fixing DSAs and phagocytic cells. This response was
      independent of CTLs, natural killer or natural killer T cells. It required CD4 T
      cell help, CD40 signaling and CD28-based costimulation during allosensitization
      and could be reversed by sustained rapamycin treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The unique
      model described herein should enable mechanistic studies on sensitization and
      effector phases of humoral alloreactivity as well as efficacy testing of future
      immunotherapies to prevent DSA-induced pathology.

PMID- 26985744
TI  - Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - Alcohol-related liver disease is the second most frequent indication for liver
      transplantation (LT), yet as many as 90% to 95% of patients with alcohol-related
      end-stage liver disease are never formally evaluated for LT. Furthermore, despite
      its significance as a cause of chronic liver disease and indication for LT, it
      has received little attention in recent years for several reasons, including the
      good posttransplant short-term results, and the lack of specific "drugs" used for
      this disease. A writing group, endorsed by the International Liver Transplant
      Society, was convened to write guidelines on Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic
      Liver Disease to summarize current knowledge and provide answers to controversial
      and delicate ethical as well as clinical problems. We report here a short version
      of the guidelines (long version available at www.ilts.org) with the final
      recommendations graded for level of evidence. The writing group membership is
      expected to remain active for 5 years, reviewing the guideline annually, and
      updating the online version when appropriate.

PMID- 26985746
TI  - Living Donation Has a Greater Impact on Renal Allograft Survival Than HLA
      Matching in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Living donor (LD) kidney transplantation accounts for around half of
      all pediatric renal transplant recipients and results in improved renal allograft
      survival. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HLA matching on
      deceased and LD renal allograft outcomes in pediatric recipients. METHODS: Data
      were obtained from the UK Transplant Registry held by NHS Blood and Transplant on
      all children who received a donation after brain death (DBD) or LD kidney-only
      transplant between 2000 and 2011. HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DR mismatches were
      categorized into 4 levels and 2 groups. Data were fully anonymized. RESULTS: One
      thousand three hundred seventy-eight pediatric renal transplant recipients were
      analyzed; 804 (58%) received a DBD donor kidney, 574 (42%) received an LD kidney.
      Five-year renal allograft survival was superior for children receiving a poorly
      HLA-matched LD kidney transplant (88%, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 84-91%)
      compared with children receiving a well HLA-matched DBD kidney transplant (83%,
      95% CI, 80-86%, log rank test P = 0.03). Five-year renal allograft survival was
      superior for children receiving an LD kidney with 1 or 2 HLA-DR mismatches (88%,
      95% CI, 84-91%) compared with children receiving a DBD kidney with 0 HLA-DR
      mismatches (83%, 95% CI, 80-86%, log rank test P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In
      children, poorly HLA-matched LD renal transplant outcomes are not inferior when
      compared with well HLA-matched DBD renal transplants. It is difficult to justify
      preferentially waiting for an improved HLA-matched DBD kidney when a poorer HLA
      matched LD kidney transplant is available.

PMID- 26985745
TI  - The Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Is Not Increasing Over Time Despite Aging and
      Higher Comorbidity Burden of Kidney Transplant Recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular death remains the leading cause of mortality in kidney
      transplant recipients. Cardiovascular events are associated with significant
      morbidity. However, current trends in cardiovascular events after kidney
      transplantation are poorly understood. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective
      study using healthcare databases in Ontario, Canada, to determine whether the
      incidence of cardiovascular events after kidney transplantation has changed from
      1994 to 2009. Our primary endpoint was a 3-year composite outcome of
      posttransplant death or major cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction,
      coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stroke). RESULTS:
      Recipients (n = 4954) were older and had more baseline comorbidity in recent
      years. A total of 445 recipients (9.0%) died or experienced a major
      cardiovascular event within 3 years of transplantation. There was no significant
      change in the incidence of the composite outcome or death-censored cardiovascular
      events over time (P = 0.41 and 0.92, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex,
      and comorbidities, the risk of death or major cardiovascular event steadily
      declined across the years of transplant (2006-2009 adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70; P
      = 0.009; referent 1994-1997). When recipients were matched on age, sex, and date
      of cohort entry to members of the general population and to the chronic kidney
      disease population, the risk was lowest in the general population and highest in
      the chronic kidney disease population. CONCLUSION: Despite transplant centers
      accepting recipients who are older with more comorbidities in recent years, the 3
      year cumulative incidence of death or major cardiovascular event has remained
      stable over time.

PMID- 26985747
TI  - Subclinical Rejection in Renal Transplantation: Reappraised.
AB  - Short-term outcomes in renal transplantation have improved significantly in the
      past few years. However, the improvement in long-term outcomes has been modest.
      The reasons for graft failure beyond the first year of transplantation have been
      attributed to several different factors. We believe that subclinical rejection
      (SCR) may be 1 of the factors that contribute to graft loss in the long run. We
      also believe that there are data to suggest that SCR leads to progressive
      fibrosis and loss of graft function. This has been demonstrated even in patients
      who have mild degrees of subclinical inflammation. This review outlines the major
      studies that have been published on this important topic. It also outlines
      potential risk factors for the development of SCR. The current approach and
      diagnostic methods are discussed as well as their pros and cons. Newer
      noninvasive methods of diagnosis as well as molecular diagnostics and their
      merits and shortcomings are also discussed in some depth. Thus, the proposed
      state of the art review on SCR will create a renewed interest at all levels
      including transplant clinicians, transplant researchers, pharmaceutical
      industries as well as regulatory organizations. 

PMID- 26985748
TI  - Going Gray.

PMID- 26985749
TI  - Creating a Nurse-Led Culture to Minimize Horizontal Violence in the Acute Care
      Setting: A Multi-Interventional Approach.
AB  - Horizontal violence (HV) is prevalent in nursing. However, few strategies are
      identified to address this phenomenon that undermines communication and patient
      safety. Nurses at an acute care hospital implemented multiple interventions to
      address HV resulting in increased knowledge of hospital policies regarding HV,
      and significantly (p < .05) less HV prevalence than was reported by nurses in
      other organizations throughout New York State. With the aid and oversight of
      nursing professional development specialists, evidence-based interventions to
      address HV were developed including policies, behavioral performance reviews, and
      staff/manager educational programs. 

PMID- 26985750
TI  - Standardizing Assessment of Competences and Competencies of Oncology Nurses
      Working in Ambulatory Care.
AB  - A nursing quality consortium standardized nursing practice across 17
      independently functioning ambulatory oncology sites. Programs were developed to
      validate both competences and competencies. One program assessed nine competences
      needed to develop systems of care to detect and treat treatment-related side
      effects. A second program was developed to assess competencies needed to prevent
      harm to oncology patients. This manuscript describes a successful approach to
      standardizing nursing practice across geographically distant academic and
      community sites. 

PMID- 26985751
TI  - Exploration of Learning Strategies Associated With Aha Learning Moments.
AB  - Educators recognize aha moments as powerful aspects of learning. Yet limited
      research has been performed regarding how to promote these learning moments. This
      article describes an exploratory study of aha learning moments as experienced and
      described by participants. Findings showed use of visuals, scenarios,
      storytelling, Socratic questions, and expert explanation led to aha learning
      moments. The findings provide guidance regarding the types of learning strategies
      that can be used to promote aha moments. 

PMID- 26985752
TI  - Navigations: The Road to a Better Orientation.
AB  - A team of nursing professional development specialists from a large Magnet(r)
      healthcare network transformed new employee orientation using a themed,
      interdisciplinary, learner-centered approach. Guided by project management
      principles, the nursing professional development team created an engaging program
      that serves as an interactive guide for new hires' orientation journey. This
      unique approach differs from traditional orientation programs through its
      incorporation of gaming, video clips, and group discussions. 

PMID- 26985753
TI  - The Professionalism of Critical Care Nurse Fellows After Completion of the
      Critical Care Nurse Fellowship Program.
AB  - Professionalism is paramount to the formation and functioning of new graduate
      critical care nurses. In this project, a sample of 110 new graduate nurses used a
      descriptive self-report electronic survey with Hall's Professionalism Inventory
      Scale. A great percentage of these new graduate critical care nurse fellows with
      high professionalism scores may be related to their participation in the Critical
      Care Nurse Fellowship orientation program. Perhaps, Nursing Professional
      Development specialists should incorporate classes on professional advancement
      planning for new graduate nurses. 

PMID- 26985755
TI  - Interprofessional Simulation: Creative Ways to Integrate Education and Goal
      Setting in the Practice Environment.

PMID- 26985754
TI  - Pressure Ulcer Prevention: Where Practice and Education Meet.
AB  - This article describes the processes used to implement a pressure ulcer
      management program in a Midwest academic medical center, which led to a decrease
      in reportable pressure ulcers. A learning needs assessment was completed, and a
      workgroup was formed to address the learning needs. Methods, materials, and
      processes included lectures, technology-enhanced learning, and interactive
      stations with mannequins and pressure ulcer moulages. The processes and outcome
      measures used to measure effectiveness of the program are discussed. 

PMID- 26985756
TI  - Reviving the Journal Club as a Nursing Professional Development Strategy.

PMID- 26985757
TI  - The Golden Rule of Three.

PMID- 26985758
TI  - Implementing Nursing Professional Development.
AB  - Sandra Bruce is the Nurse Education Program Manager, Air Force Personnel Center,
      Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph in Texas, and is responsible for the Air Force
      Continuing Nursing Education program and facilitation of selection boards for
      graduate education and fellowship programs. She served as editor for the third
      and fourth editions of the Association for Nursing Professional Development
      (ANPD) Core Curriculums for Nursing Professional Development. Sandy previously
      served as the Education Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General for Nursing
      Education programs for over 3,000 Air Force Nurse Corps members. She received her
      BSN from Mercy College of Detroit in 1976 and entered the Air Force in 1982. The
      Air Force sponsored her Master's Degree in Nursing as a Clinical Nurse
      Specialist.

PMID- 26985759
TI  - ANPD Strategic Plan: Organizational Transformation.

PMID- 26985760
TI  - Research Champions: An Initiative to Improve Use of Research Evidence in Nursing
      Practice.
AB  - The implementation of the Research Champions program was an effective strategy to
      increase the confidence of direct care nurses in research skills, a goal for
      staff development educators. Postprogram questionnaires conducted at 12 months
      assessed participants' confidence in specific areas: critique of research
      manuscripts, comprehension of research statistics, knowledge of the ethics of
      research, and using research in practice. Data supported that participants'
      confidence increased in all areas assessed. 

PMID- 26985763
TI  - Latent tuberculosis infection: diagnostic update before introduction of
      biological drugs.

PMID- 26985762
TI  - Identifying Care Coordination Interventions Provided to Community-Dwelling Older
      Adults Using Electronic Health Records.
AB  - Although care coordination is a popular intervention, there is no standard method
      of delivery. Also little is known about who benefits most, or characteristics
      that predict the amount of care coordination needed, especially with chronically
      ill older adults. The purpose of this study was to identify types and amount of
      nurse care coordination interventions provided to 231 chronically ill older
      adults who participated in a 12-month home care medication management program in
      the Midwest. For each participant, the nurse care coordinator spent an average of
      134 min/mo providing in-person home care, 48 min/mo of travel, and 18 min/mo of
      indirect care occurring outside the home visit. This accounted for 67.2%, 23.8%,
      and 9.0% of nursing time, respectively, for home visits, travel, and indirect
      care. Four of 11 nursing interventions focused on medication management were
      provided to all participants. Seven of the 11 main interventions were
      individualized according to each person's special needs. Wide variations were
      observed in time provided with in-person home care and communications with
      multiple stakeholders. Study findings indicate the importance of individualizing
      interventions and the variability in the amount of nursing time needed to provide
      care coordination to chronically ill older adults. 

PMID- 26985764
TI  - A Study of Serum Soluble CD 163 Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine serum soluble CD163 levels in patients
      with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relation to clinical and metabolic
      parameters. Eighty-four women aged 18-45 years, 43 with polycystic ovary syndrome
      and 41 controls were recruited in this case-control study. Serum sCD163 levels of
      the groups were compared. Other metabolic, hormonal, and clinical parameters
      including, body mass index, HOMA-IR, highly sensitive C- reactive protein,
      glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipids, luteinizing hormone, and total testosterone
      and waist/hip circumference were also investigated. Patients were further
      subgrouped according to body mass index and sCD163 levels were investigated in
      obese and normal weight subjects. We performed a multiple regression analysis to
      investigate the independent predictors affecting soluble CD163 levels.
      Significantly higher soluble CD163 levels were found in patients with polycystic
      ovary syndrome (2.11+/-0.65 ng/ml vs. 1.69+/-0.85 ng/ml, p=0.012). We detected
      positive correlations of sCD163 with total testosterone, total cholesterol, and
      luteinizing hormone (r=0.330, p=0.002, r=0.356, p<0.001 and r=0.239, p=0.030,
      respectively). In the multiple linear regression analysis, total testosterone was
      the variable associated with the elevation of serum soluble CD163 levels. Soluble
      CD163, which is identified as a marker of inflammation and type II diabetes, is
      elevated in polycystic ovary syndrome. Elevated sCD163 levels were found to be
      associated with total testosterone. Further studies to elucidate the exact
      mechanism underlying the elevation of serum soluble CD163 in polycystic ovary
      syndrome are needed. 

PMID- 26985765
TI  - Expression of D-type cyclins in mantle cell and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
AB  - D-type cyclins are involved in cell cycle regulation and play an important role
      in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Aberrant expression of cyclin D1 is associated
      with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and serves as a diagnostic marker of MCL.
      Analysis of cyclin D expression in tumor tissues of patients with diffuse large B
      cell lymphoma (DLBCL) which comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors may
      contribute to their stratification. We analyzed expression of cyclin D1, D2, and
      D3 mRNAs in 30 MCL and 104 DLBCL patients using qRT-PCR and addressed their
      significance for disease outcome. We confirmed a high level of cyclin D1 mRNA in
      29 MCL cases (97%). One case (3%) was identified as positive for cyclin D2.
      Expression of cyclin D1 was limited to MCL and did not occur in DLBCL.
      Overexpression of cyclin D2, which is rare in MCL, occurred more frequently in
      DLBCL (11 cases, 10.6%). We showed that high expression of cyclin D2 in DLBCL
      cases de novo decreased the overall survival rate (P=0.016) and progression-free
      survival (P=0.009). The expression pattern of cyclin D3 was similar in both types
      of studied lymphomas and it did not affect the disease outcome.

PMID- 26985766
TI  - Building and Strengthening Infection Control Strategies to Prevent Tuberculosis -
      Nigeria, 2015.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide,
      accounting for more than 1.5 million deaths in 2014, and is the leading cause of
      death among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1).
      Nigeria has the fourth highest annual number of TB cases among countries, with an
      estimated incidence of 322 per 100,000 population (1), and the second highest
      prevalence of HIV infection, with 3.4 million infected persons (2). In 2014,
      100,000 incident TB cases and 78,000 TB deaths occurred among persons living with
      HIV infection in Nigeria (1). Nosocomial transmission is a significant source of
      TB infection in resource-limited settings (3), and persons with HIV infection and
      health care workers are at increased risk for TB infection because of their
      routine exposure to patients with TB in health care facilities (3-5). A lack of
      TB infection control in health care settings has resulted in outbreaks of TB and
      drug-resistant TB among patients and health care workers, leading to excess
      morbidity and mortality. In March 2015, in collaboration with the Nigeria
      Ministry of Health (MoH), CDC implemented a pilot initiative, aimed at increasing
      health care worker knowledge about TB infection control, assessing infection
      control measures in health facilities, and developing plans to address identified
      gaps. The approach resulted in substantial improvements in TB infection control
      practices at seven selected facilities, and scale-up of these measures across
      other facilities might lead to a reduction in TB transmission in Nigeria and
      globally. 

PMID- 26985767
TI  - High leukocyte mtDNA content contributes to poor prognosis through ROS-mediated
      immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
AB  - Compelling epidemiological evidences indicate a significant association between
      leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and incidence risk of several
      malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether
      leukocyte mtDNA content affect prognosis of HCC patients and underlying mechanism
      has never been explored. In our study, leukocyte mtDNA content was measured in
      618 HCC patients and its prognostic value was analyzed. Moreover, we detected the
      immunophenotypes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma
      concentrations of several cytokines in 40 HCC patients and assessed the
      modulating effects of mtDNA content on immunosuppression in cell models. Our
      results showed that HCC patients with high leukocyte mtDNA content exhibited a
      significantly worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) than
      those with low leukocyte mtDNA content. Leukocyte mtDNA content and TNM stage
      exhibited a notable joint effect in prognosis prediction. Furthermore, we found
      that patients with high leukocyte mtDNA content exhibited a higher frequency of
      CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and lower frequency of NK cells in
      PBMCs and had higher TGF-beta1 and lower TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma plasma
      concentration when compared with those with low leukocyte mtDNA content, which
      suggests an immunosuppressive status. High leukocyte mtDNA content significantly
      enhanced the ROS-mediated secretion of TGF-beta1, which accounted for higher Treg
      and lower NK frequency in PBMCs. In a conclusion, our study for the first time
      demonstrates that leukocyte mtDNA content is an independent prognostic marker
      complementing TNM stage and associated with an ROS-mediated immunosuppressive
      phenotype in HCC patients. 

PMID- 26985768
TI  - CCR5 knockout suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6
      mice.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease in which myelin in the spinal
      cord is damaged. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is implicated in immune
      cell migration and cytokine release in central nervous system (CNS). We
      investigated whether CCR5 plays a role in MS progression using a murine model,
      experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in CCR5 deficient (CCR5-/-)
      mice. CCR5-/- and CCR5+/+ (wild-type) mice were immunized with myelin
      oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) followed by pertussis toxin, after
      which EAE paralysis was scored for 28 days. We found that clinical scoring and
      EAE neuropathology were lower in CCR5-/- mice than CCR5+/+ mice. Immune cells
      (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, B cell, NK cell and macrophages) infiltration and
      astrocytes/microglial activation were attenuated in CCR5-/- mice. Moreover,
      levels of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and MCP-1 cytokine levels were decreased
      in CCR5-/- mice spinal cord. Myelin basic protein (MBP) and CNPase were increased
      while NG2 and O4 were decreased in CCR5-/- mice, indicating that demyelination
      was suppressed by CCR5 gene deletion. These findings suggest that CCR5 is likely
      participating in demyelination in the spinal cord the MS development, and that it
      could serve as an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of MS. 

PMID- 26985770
TI  - STARD13-correlated ceRNA network inhibits EMT and metastasis of breast cancer.
AB  - Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network has been correlated with the
      initiation and development of cancer. Here, we identify CDH5, HOXD1, and HOXD10
      as putative STARD13 ceRNAs and they display concordant patterns with STARD13 in
      different metastatic potential breast cancer cell lines and tissues. Notably,
      3'UTRs of these genes suppress breast cancer metastasis via inhibiting epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo, which are activated through
      the crosstalk between STARD13 and its ceRNAs in 3'UTR- and miRNA-dependent
      manners. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis reveals that mRNA level of
      STARD13 and its ceRNAs is remarkably associated with survival of breast cancer
      patients. These results suggest that 3'UTRs of CDH5, HOXD1, and HOXD10 inhibit
      breast cancer metastasis via serving as STARD13 ceRNAs. 

PMID- 26985772
TI  - Identification of new anti-Candida compounds by ligand-based pharmacophore
      virtual screening.
AB  - Candida albicans represents the most prevalent microbial population in mucosal
      and systemic infections, usually confined to severely immunocompromised people.
      Considering the increase of resistant strains and the demand for new antifungal
      drugs endowed with innovative mechanism of action, we performed a ligand-based
      virtual screening in order to identify new anti-Candida compounds. Starting from
      a large library of natural/semisynthetic products and several published
      synthesized compounds, three coumarin derivatives were discovered in silico as
      new hit compounds and submitted to the in vitro assay in order to confirm their
      predicted biological activity. 

PMID- 26985771
TI  - Multiple genetic imaging study of the association between cholesterol metabolism
      and brain functional alterations in individuals with risk factors for Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous
      neurodegenerative disease. Genes involved in cholesterol metabolism may play a
      role in the pathological changes of AD. However, the imaging genetics-based
      endophenotypes derived from polymorphisms in multiple functionally related genes
      are unclear in individuals with risk factors for AD. Forty-three amnestic mild
      cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects and 30 healthy controls underwent resting
      state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of brain
      topological organization. Thirty-three previously suggested tagging single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 12 candidate genes in the cholesterol
      metabolism pathway were further investigated. A cholesterol metabolism pathway
      gene-based imaging genetics approach was then utilized to investigate disease
      related differences between the groups based on genotype-by-aMCI interactions.
      The cholesterol metabolism pathway genes exerted widespread effects on the
      cortico-subcortical-cerebellar spontaneous brain activity. Meanwhile, left
      lateralization of global brain connectivity was associated with cholesterol
      metabolism pathway genes. The APOE rs429358 variation significantly influenced
      the brain network characteristics, affecting the activation of nodes as well as
      the connectivity of edges in aMCI subjects.The cholesterol metabolism pathway
      gene-based imaging genetics approach may provide new opportunities to understand
      the mechanisms underlying AD and suggested that APOE rs429358 is a core genetic
      variation that is associated with disease-related differences in brain function. 

PMID- 26985773
TI  - COI1-Regulated Hydroxylation of Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine Impairs Nicotiana
      attenuata's Resistance to the Generalist Herbivore Spodoptera litura.
AB  - The phytohormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is well-known as the key
      signaling molecule that elicits plant defense responses after insect herbivory.
      Oxidation, which is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450s of the CYP94 family, is
      thought to be one of the main catabolic pathways of JA-Ile. In this study, we
      identified four CYP94B3 homologues in the wild tobacco plant Nicotiana attenuata.
      Individually silencing the four homologues revealed that NaCYP94B3 like-1 and
      NaCYP94B3 like-2, but not NaCYP94B3 like-3 and NaCYP94B3 like-4, are involved in
      the C-12-hydroxylation of JA-Ile. Simultaneously silencing three of the NaCYP94B3
      like genes, NaCYP94B3 like-1, -2, and -4, in the VIGS-NaCYP94B3s plants doubled
      herbivory-induced JA-Ile levels and greatly enhanced plant resistance to the
      generalist insect herbivore, Spodoptera litura. The poor larval performance was
      strongly correlated with the high concentrations of several JA-Ile-dependent
      direct defense metabolites in VIGS-NaCYP94B3s plants. Furthermore, we show that
      the abundance of 12-hydroxy-JA-Ile was dependent on JA-Ile levels as well as
      COI1, the receptor of JA-Ile. COI1 appeared to transcriptionally control
      NaCYP94B3 like-1 and -2 and thus regulates the catabolism of its own ligand
      molecule, JA-Ile. These results highlight the important role of JA-Ile
      degradation in jasmonate homeostasis and provide new insight into the feedback
      regulation of JA-Ile catabolism. Given that silencing these CYP94 genes did not
      detectably alter plant growth and highly increased plant defense levels, we
      propose that CYP94B3 genes can be potential targets for genetic improvement of
      herbivore-resistant crops.

PMID- 26985774
TI  - Proficient Detection of Multi-Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by
      Padlock Probes and Lateral Flow Nucleic Acid Biosensors.
AB  - Tuberculosis is a major communicable disease. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis, becomes resistant to antibiotics by acquisition of point mutations
      in the chromosome. Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an increasing
      public health threat, and prompt detection of such strains is of critical
      importance. As rolling circle amplification of padlock probes can be used to
      robustly distinguish single-nucleotide variants, we combined this technique with
      a sensitive lateral flow nucleic acid biosensor to develop a rapid molecular
      diagnostic test for MDR-TB. A proof-of-concept test was established for detection
      of the most common mutations [rpoB 531 (TCG/TTG) and katG 315 (AGC/ACC)] causing
      MDR-TB and verification of loss of the respective wild type. The molecular
      diagnostic test produces visual signals corresponding to the respective genotypes
      on lateral flow strips in approximately 75 min. By detecting only two mutations,
      the test can detect about 60% of all MDR-TB cases. The padlock probe-lateral flow
      (PLP-LF) test is the first of its kind and can ideally be performed at resource
      limited clinical laboratories. Rapid information about the drug-susceptibility
      pattern can assist clinicians to choose suitable treatment regimens and take
      appropriate infection control actions rather than prescribing empirical
      treatment, thereby helping to control the spread of MDR-TB in the community. 

PMID- 26985769
TI  - The application of the fibroblast activation protein alpha-targeted immunotherapy
      strategy.
AB  - Cancer immunotherapy has primarily been focused on attacking tumor cells.
      However, given the close interaction between tumor cells and cancer-associated
      fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), CAF-targeted strategies
      could also contribute to an integrated cancer immunotherapy. Fibroblast
      activation protein alpha (FAP alpha) is not detectible in normal tissues, but is
      overexpressed by CAFs and is the predominant component of the stroma in most
      types of cancer. FAP alpha has both dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase
      activities, cleaving substrates at a post-proline bond. When all FAP alpha
      expressing cells (stromal and cancerous) are destroyed, tumors rapidly die.
      Furthermore, a FAP alpha antibody, FAP alpha vaccine, and modified vaccine all
      inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival in mouse models, suggesting FAP alpha
      is an adaptive tumor-associated antigen. This review highlights the role of FAP
      alpha in tumor development, explores the relationship between FAP alpha and
      immune suppression in the TME, and discusses FAP alpha as a potential
      immunotherapeutic target. 

PMID- 26985776
TI  - Bilateral Endogenous Endophthalmitis Caused by Candida albicans After Breast
      Implant Surgery.

PMID- 26985777
TI  - Preoperative Imaging for Thyroid Cancer: Beyond Ultrasonography.

PMID- 26985779
TI  - Social Media Sites, Part 1: The Dark Side.

PMID- 26985775
TI  - In Vivo Evaluation of Site-Specifically PEGylated Chemically Self-Assembled
      Protein Nanostructures.
AB  - Chemically self-assembled nanorings (CSANs) are made of dihydrofolate reductase
      (DHFR) fusion proteins and have been successfully used in vitro for cellular
      cargo delivery and cell surface engineering applications. However, CSANs have yet
      to be evaluated for their in vivo stability, circulation, and tissue
      distribution. In an effort to evaluate CSANs in vivo, we engineered a site
      specifically PEGylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting DHFR
      molecules, characterized their self-assembly into CSANs with bivalent
      methotrexates (bis-MTX), visualized their in vivo tissue localization by
      microPET/CT imaging, and determined their ex vivo organ biodistribution by tissue
      based gamma counting. A dimeric DHFR (DHFR(2)) molecule fused with a C-terminal
      EGFR targeting peptide (LARLLT) was engineered to incorporate a site-specific
      ketone functionality using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Aminooxy-PEG, of
      differing chain lengths, was successfully conjugated to the protein using oxime
      chemistry. These proteins were self-assembled into CSANs with bis-MTX DHFR
      dimerizers and characterized by size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light
      scattering. In vitro binding studies were performed with fluorescent CSANs
      assembled using bis-MTX-FITC, while in vivo microPET/CT imaging was performed
      with radiolabeled CSANs assembled using bis-MTX-DOTA[(64)Cu]. PEGylation reduced
      the uptake of anti-EGFR CSANs by mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7) up to 40% without
      altering the CSAN's binding affinity toward U-87 MG glioblastoma cells in vitro.
      A significant time dependent tumor accumulation of (64)Cu labeled anti-EGFR-CSANs
      was observed by microPET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies in mice bearing U
      87 MG xenografts. PEGylated CSANs demonstrated a reduced uptake by the liver,
      kidneys, and spleen resulting in high contrast tumor imaging within an hour of
      intravenous injection (9.6% ID/g), and continued to increase up to 24 h (11.7%
      ID/g) while the background signal diminished. CSANs displayed an in vivo profile
      between those of rapidly clearing small molecules and slow clearing antibodies.
      Thus, CSANs offer a modular, programmable, and stable protein based platform that
      can be used for in vivo drug delivery and imaging applications.

PMID- 26985778
TI  - Relations Among Detection of Syllable Stress, Speech Abnormalities, and
      Communicative Ability in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders.
AB  - PURPOSE: To date, the literature on perception of affective, pragmatic, and
      grammatical prosody abilities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been sparse
      and contradictory. It is interesting to note that the primary perception of
      syllable stress within the word structure, which is crucial for all prosody
      functions, remains relatively unexplored in ASD. Thus, in the current study, we
      explored syllable stress perception sensitivity and its relationship to speech
      production abnormalities and communicative ability in adults with ASD. METHOD: A
      same-different syllable stress perception task using pairs of identical 4
      syllable words was delivered to 42 adults with/without high-functioning ASD,
      matched for age, to investigate primary speech perception ability in ASD. Speech
      production and communicative ability in ASD was measured using the Autism
      Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al., 2000). RESULTS: As predicted, the
      results showed that adults with ASD were less sensitive in making judgments about
      syllable stress relative to controls. Also, partial correlations revealed a key
      association of speech production abnormalities with stress perception
      sensitivity, rather than communicative ability. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide
      empirical evidence for deficits on primary syllable stress perception in ASD and
      its role on sociocommunicative difficulties. This information could facilitate
      the development of effective interventions for speech and language therapy and
      social communication.

PMID- 26985780
TI  - The Persuasive Effect of Social Network Feedback on Mediated Communication: A
      Case Study in a Real Organization.
AB  - This study focuses on social feedback, namely on information on the outcome of
      users' online activity indirectly generated by other users, and investigates in a
      real setting whether it can affect subsequent activity and, if so, whether
      participants are aware of that. SkyPas, an application that calculates,
      transmits, and displays social feedback, was embedded in a common instant
      messaging service (Skype(TM)) and used during a 7-week trial by 24 office workers
      at a large business organization. The trial followed an ABA scheme in which the B
      phase was the feedback provision phase. Results show that social feedback affects
      users' communication activity (participation, inward communication, outward
      communication, and reciprocity), sometimes even after the feedback provision
      phase. At the same time, users were poorly aware of this effect, showing a
      discrepancy between self-reported and observational measures. These results are
      then discussed in terms of design transparency and task compatibility. 

PMID- 26985781
TI  - The Immersive Virtual Reality Experience: A Typology of Users Revealed Through
      Multiple Correspondence Analysis Combined with Cluster Analysis Technique.
AB  - Immersive virtual reality is thought to be advantageous by leading to higher
      levels of presence. However, and despite users getting actively involved in
      immersive three-dimensional virtual environments that incorporate sound and
      motion, there are individual factors, such as age, video game knowledge, and the
      predisposition to immersion, that may be associated with the quality of virtual
      reality experience. Moreover, one particular concern for users engaged in
      immersive virtual reality environments (VREs) is the possibility of side effects,
      such as cybersickness. The literature suggests that at least 60% of virtual
      reality users report having felt symptoms of cybersickness, which reduces the
      quality of the virtual reality experience. The aim of this study was thus to
      profile the right user to be involved in a VRE through head-mounted display. To
      examine which user characteristics are associated with the most effective virtual
      reality experience (lower cybersickness), a multiple correspondence analysis
      combined with cluster analysis technique was performed. Results revealed three
      distinct profiles, showing that the PC gamer profile is more associated with
      higher levels of virtual reality effectiveness, that is, higher predisposition to
      be immersed and reduced cybersickness symptoms in the VRE than console gamer and
      nongamer. These findings can be a useful orientation in clinical practice and
      future research as they help identify which users are more predisposed to benefit
      from immersive VREs.

PMID- 26985782
TI  - The Online Version of the Chinese Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric
      Properties.
AB  - The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) is widely used to assess the
      implications of being uncertain, attempts to control the future, and emotional,
      cognitive, and behavioral reactions to ambiguous situations. Several language
      versions of the paper-and-pencil test have shown satisfactory psychometric
      properties. This study is intended to explore whether the IUS is suited to being
      administered on the Internet. We examined the factor structure, reliability, and
      validity of the online version of the Chinese IUS in a sample of college students
      (N = 905). The results showed a four-factor structure model, excellent internal
      consistency reliability (alpha = 0.91), re-tested reliability (r = 0.82), and
      convergent and divergent validity. We can conclude that the online version of the
      Chinese IUS is appropriate for measurement and its psychometric properties are
      similar to the paper-and-pencil version.

PMID- 26985783
TI  - Who Multitasks on Smartphones? Smartphone Multitaskers' Motivations and
      Personality Traits.
AB  - This study aimed to explore the psychological determinants of smartphone
      multitasking. Smartphone multitasking comprises the following three different
      subtypes: multitasking with nonmedia activities, cross-media multitasking with
      nonsmartphone media, and single-device multitasking within the smartphone. The
      primary motivations for smartphone multitasking were first identified-
      efficiency, utility, and positive affect--and the ways in which they are
      associated with the three subtypes were examined; among the primary motivations,
      efficiency and positive affect predicted the degree of total smartphone
      multitasking behavior. The personality traits that are pertinent to all of the
      primary motivations--need for cognition (NFC) and sensation seeking (SS)--were
      also investigated. Further analyses revealed that the motivations for and the
      extent of smartphone multitasking can vary as functions of a user's NFC and SS.
      In this study, NFC was not only a meaningful predictor of the cognitive needs
      that drive smartphone multitasking but also increased the likelihood of
      multitasking through its interaction with SS.

PMID- 26985786
TI  - Guidance Document for the Prehospital Use of Tranexamic Acid in Injured Patients.
AB  - Tranexamic acid (TXA) is being administered already in many prehospital air and
      ground systems. Insufficient evidence exists to support or refute the prehospital
      administration of TXA, and results are pending from several prehospital studies
      currently in progress. We have created this document to aid agencies and systems
      in best practices for TXA administration based on currently available best
      evidence. This document has been endorsed by the American College of Surgeons
      Committee on Trauma, the American College of Emergency Physicians, and the
      National Association of EMS Physicians.

PMID- 26985788
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26985789
TI  - Chemical Biology in the Embryo: In Situ Imaging of Sulfur Biochemistry in Normal
      and Proteoglycan-Deficient Cartilage Matrix.
AB  - Proteoglycans (PGs) are heavily glycosylated proteins that play major structural
      and biological roles in many tissues. Proteoglycans are abundant in cartilage
      extracellular matrix; their loss is a main feature of the joint disease
      osteoarthritis. Proteoglycan function is regulated by sulfation-sulfate ester
      formation with specific sugar residues. Visualization of sulfation within
      cartilage matrix would yield vital insights into its biological roles. We present
      synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging of developing zebrafish cartilage,
      providing the first in situ maps of sulfate ester distribution. Levels of both
      sulfur and sulfate esters decrease as cartilage develops through late phase
      differentiation (maturation or hypertrophy), suggesting a functional link between
      cartilage matrix sulfur content and chondrocyte differentiation. Genetic
      experiments confirm that sulfate ester levels were due to cartilage proteoglycans
      and support the hypothesis that sulfate ester levels regulate chondrocyte
      differentiation. Surprisingly, in the PG synthesis mutant, the total level of
      sulfur was not significantly reduced, suggesting sulfur is distributed in an
      alternative chemical form during lowered cartilage proteoglycan production.
      Fourier transform infrared imaging indicated increased levels of protein in the
      mutant fish, suggesting that this alternative sulfur form might be ascribed to an
      increased level of protein synthesis in the mutant fish, as part of a
      compensatory mechanism. 

PMID- 26985787
TI  - No laughing matter: How the presence of laughing witnesses changes the perception
      of insults.
AB  - Insults always sting, but the context in which they are delivered can make the
      effects even worse. Here we test how the brain processes insults, and whether and
      how the neurocognitive processing of insults is changed by the presence of a
      laughing crowd. Event-related potentials showed that insults, compared to
      compliments, evoked an increase in N400 amplitude (indicating increased lexical
      semantic processing) and LPP amplitude (indicating emotional processing) when
      presented in isolation. When insults were perceived in the presence of a laughing
      crowd, the difference in N400 amplitude disappeared, while the difference in LPP
      activation increased. These results show that even without laughter, verbal
      insults receive additional neural processing over compliments, both at the
      lexical-semantic and emotional level. The presence of a laughing crowd has a
      direct effect on the neurocognitive processing of insults, leading to stronger
      and more elongated emotional processing.

PMID- 26985790
TI  - Templated Self-Assembly of Ultrathin Gold Nanowires by Nanoimprinting for
      Transparent Flexible Electronics.
AB  - We fabricated flexible, transparent, and conductive metal grids as transparent
      conductive materials (TCM) with adjustable properties by direct nanoimprinting of
      self-assembling colloidal metal nanowires. Ultrathin gold nanowires (diameter
      below 2 nm) with high mechanical flexibility were confined in a stamp and readily
      adapted to its features. During drying, the wires self-assembled into dense
      bundles that percolated throughout the stamp. The high aspect ratio and the
      bundling yielded continuous, hierarchical superstructures that connected the
      entire mesh even at low gold contents. A soft sintering step removed the ligand
      barriers but retained the imprinted structure. The material exhibited high
      conductivities (sheet resistances down to 29 Omega/sq) and transparencies that
      could be tuned by changing wire concentration and stamp geometry. We obtained
      TCMs that are suitable for applications such as touch screens. Mechanical bending
      tests showed a much higher bending resistance than commercial ITO: conductivity
      dropped by only 5.6% after 450 bending cycles at a bending radius of 5 mm.

PMID- 26985791
TI  - Impaired Retinal Perfusion Resulting From Vitreoretinal Traction: A Mechanism of
      Retinal Vascular Insufficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate vitreoretinal traction as a mechanism of
      abnormal retinal vascular perfusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective report
      of three cases demonstrating vitreoretinal traction concurrent with abnormal
      retinal perfusion. Subjects were retrospectively identified based on clinical
      records from two tertiary care retina subspecialty practices. All subjects
      underwent complete ophthalmic examination and ancillary testing as necessary for
      their standard clinical care. Vascular perfusion was assessed by one or more
      methods, including wide-field fluorescein angiography and optical coherence
      tomography angiography (OCTA). Vitreoretinal traction was assessed by clinical
      examination; intraoperative surgical observations; and fundus imaging, including
      wide-field, red-free, and color images as well as OCT. RESULTS: Three cases are
      shown in which vitreoretinal traction was clearly documented and correlated with
      abnormal retinal vascular perfusion. Abnormal vascular perfusion correlated with
      the distribution of vessels affected by vitreoretinal traction in all cases.
      Vascular perfusion normalized in all cases after surgery was used to relieve
      vitreoretinal traction. CONCLUSION: The authors demonstrate that vitreoretinal
      traction can alter retinal vascular perfusion in a reversible fashion. These
      results suggest that there can be a direct mechanical effect of vitreous traction
      on retinal vascular perfusion. Further advances in wide-field imaging, wide-field
      OCT, and OCTA will help better evaluate this cause of retinal vascular
      insufficiency.

PMID- 26985793
TI  - Erratum for "Epiretinal Membrane Peeling After Uncomplicated Primary Retinal
      Detachment Repair".

PMID- 26985792
TI  - Multimodal Imaging in Retinal Disease: A Consensus Definition.

PMID- 26985794
TI  - Hydroxychloroquine: A Brief Review on Screening, Toxicity, and Progression.

PMID- 26985795
TI  - Predictors of Macular Atrophy Detected by Fundus Autofluorescence in Patients
      With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration After Long-Term Ranibizumab
      Treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between baseline morphologic
      characteristics of the choroidal neovascular (CNV) lesion and long-term
      development of macular atrophy in eyes with neovascular age-related macular
      degeneration (AMD) treated with ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South San
      Francisco, CA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Certified graders evaluated baseline and 7
      year follow-up (SEVEN-UP study) images of 41 eyes from the MARINA/ANCHOR and
      HORIZON trials. Using GRADOR software and stepwise linear regression, graders
      correlated lesion characteristics on fluorescein angiography (FA) at both visits
      with areas of definite decreased autofluorescence (DDAF) on fundus
      autofluorescence (FAF) imaging at the SEVEN-UP visit. RESULTS: Three of 41 eyes
      (7.3%) had macular atrophy on FA at baseline (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]
      size: 0.29 mm(2) +/- 1.50 mm(2)), 29 (70.7%) at SEVEN-UP (mean +/- standard
      deviation [SD] area: 7.42 mm(2) +/- 7.97 mm(2)). On FAF imaging at the SEVEN-UP
      visit, all 41 eyes (100%) had DDAF (mean +/- SD size: 10.29 mm(2) +/- 8.07
      mm(2)). Variables significantly associated with area of DDAF at the SEVEN-UP
      visit were the area of leaking CNV lesion components (coefficient: 0.953; P <
      .001), the area of other lesion components (coefficient: 1.094; P = .038), and
      the area of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) atrophy (coefficient: 1.334; P =
      .040) on baseline FA imaging. CONCLUSION: The area of DDAF at more than 7 years
      after initiation of ranibizumab therapy was 35% larger than the original CNV
      lesion. The baseline area of leaking CNV and other components of the CNV lesion
      and the baseline area of RPE atrophy were important predictors of the area of
      definite decreased autofluorescence, presumably corresponding to areas of
      photoreceptor and RPE loss. The findings from this study may guide hypothesis
      generation for future AMD trials.

PMID- 26985796
TI  - A Comparison of Intraoperative Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant and
      Triamcinolone Acetonide Used During Vitrectomy and Epiretinal Membrane Peeling: A
      Case Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intravitreal corticosteroids may accelerate the
      normalization of macular morphology after vitrectomy and epiretinal membrane
      (ERM) peeling. The authors compared the visual and anatomic outcomes of eyes
      undergoing this procedure with the intraoperative use of the dexamethasone
      intravitreal implant (DEX) (Ozurdex; Allergan, Irvine, CA) versus triamcinolone
      acetonide (IVTA) (Triesence; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Interventional, retrospective, consecutive, case-control study. RESULTS: Fifty
      five participants were included (DEX = 19; IVTA = 36). Best-corrected visual
      acuity (BCVA) improved at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months in both the DEX (P = .40, .45,
      .02, .08, respectively) and IVTA (P < .01, = .10, < .01, < .01) arms. Similarly,
      central macular thickness (CMT) improved at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months in both the DEX
      (P < .01, = .03, < .01, < .01) and IVTA (P < .01, < .01, < .01, < .01) arms.
      There were no statistical differences between DEX and IVTA regarding BCVA and
      CMT. CONCLUSION: Both intraoperative DEX and IVTA, used at the completion of
      vitrectomy and at membrane peeling for epiretinal membrane, were effective in
      improving visual and anatomic outcomes, though there was a trend toward greater
      significance with IVTA.

PMID- 26985797
TI  - Effect of Fluid Status at Week 12 on Visual and Anatomic Outcomes at Week 52 in
      the VIEW 1 and 2 Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of retinal fluid status at week 12
      on visual and anatomic outcomes at week 52 in patients with neovascular age
      related macular degeneration from the VIEW studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Post
      hoc analysis included 1,465 eyes treated with intravitreal aflibercept (Eylea;
      Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY) 2 mg every 4 weeks (2q4) or every 8 weeks following
      three initial monthly injections (2q8) or ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South
      San Francisco, CA) 0.5 mg every 4 weeks (Rq4), which had known retinal fluid
      status at weeks 12 and 52. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, 512 (35%) eyes had fluid and 953
      (65%) were fluid-free. Two hundred three (41.5%), 148 (29.8%), and 161 (33.5%)
      eyes had fluid in Rq4, 2q4, and 2q8, respectively. Best-corrected visual acuity
      (BCVA) change at week 52 from baseline was independent of retinal fluid status at
      week 12 or treatment assignment. Eyes were more likely to remain fluid-free at
      week 52 if absent of fluid at week 12. CONCLUSION: At week 52, 2q4, 2q8, and Rq4
      improved BCVA independent of fluid status at week 12.

PMID- 26985799
TI  - Mobile Health in the Retinal Clinic Population: Access to and Interest in Self
      Tracking.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Implementation of mobile health-tracking programs for
      retinal pathology requires both access to mobile devices and patient motivation
      to participate in self-tracking. The authors' study aimed to evaluate the
      prevalence of smartphone and tablet ownership and patient interest in self
      tracking among a retinal clinic population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is an
      institutional, prospective, cross-sectional survey of 103 retinal clinic
      outpatients. Consenting patients underwent a one-on-one interview conducted in
      the examination room during their waiting period by one researcher. RESULTS:
      Overall, 75 of 103 participants (72.2%) reported either owning a smartphone
      and/or tablet or having access at their household to a device that could be used
      to track eye health. The majority of participants (69 of 103 participants; 67%)
      reported interest in using a mobile application (smartphone or tablet) to track
      their eye health. CONCLUSION: These data suggest strong patient interest in the
      use of mobile devices to track eye health.

PMID- 26985801
TI  - Multi-Modal Longitudinal Evaluation of Subthreshold Laser Lesions in Human
      Retina, Including Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope-Adaptive Optics Imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Subthreshold retinal laser therapy is efficacious for a
      variety of retinovascular disorders. Currently, it is unknown which laser
      parameters can ensure no detectable damage to human retina tissue. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: One informed physician participant with a normal retina was treated with
      three levels (75%, 50%, and 25%) of subthreshold 577-nm laser (PASCAL; Topcon,
      Santa Clara, CA) at 20-millisecond (ms) duration and 100 um spot size. Several
      high-resolution retinal imaging modalities, including spectral-domain optical
      coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscope-adaptive optics
      (SLO-AO), were used to longitudinally image retinal laser lesions during a 9
      month period. RESULTS: SLO-AO and SD-OCT imaging of subthreshold laser therapy in
      human retina showed no cone cell or RPE damage at all time points during a 9
      month period using the 25% threshold power 577-nm laser in the human retina.
      CONCLUSION: It is likely that subthreshold laser therapy with 577-nm laser at 20
      ms duration in the human retina is safe at the 25% of threshold power level.

PMID- 26985800
TI  - Diabetic Macular Edema Diagnosis and Treatment in the Real World: An Analysis of
      Medicare Claims Data (2008 to 2010).
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To characterize vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) inhibitor treatment patterns in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME)
      using a Medicare Standard Analytic Files Part B or Outpatient Claims database to
      understand treatment frequency and DME persistence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A
      retrospective analysis of treatment patterns for patients diagnosed with DME
      receiving their first anti-VEGF injection was performed. RESULTS: The average
      number of anti-VEGF injection claims for DME per patient rose from 3.1 to 4.6 per
      year (mean: 4.2). Within 1 year of diagnosis, 46% of patients received their
      final DME diagnosis (mean: 1.9 anti-VEGF claims), and 65% of patients received
      their final anti-VEGF treatment for DME. Patients who received treatment for DME
      through years 2 and 3 submitted a mean of four and 7.2 anti-VEGF claims,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: VEGF inhibitor treatment was less frequent than in
      landmark trials, but did resolve DME in a proportion of patients.

PMID- 26985798
TI  - Evaluating Efficacy of Aflibercept in Refractory Exudative Age-Related Macular
      Degeneration With OCT Segmentation Volumetric Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To use automated segmentation software to analyze
      spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans and evaluate the
      effectiveness of aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY) in the treatment
      of patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) refractory to
      other treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 16 patients
      refractory to bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco,
      CA)/ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, San Francisco, CA) treatment was conducted.
      Visual acuity, central foveal thickness (CFT), maximum fluid height, pigment
      epithelial detachment (PED) volume, sub-retinal fluid (SRF) volume, fluid-free
      time interval, and adverse effects were evaluated. Automated segmentation
      analysis was used to quantify improvement. RESULTS: With aflibercept treatment,
      there was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity by 1 line (P =
      .020), in CFT by 74.02 um (P = .001), and in maximum fluid height by 31.9 um (P=
      .011). Total PED and SRF volume also decreased significantly by 1.50 um(3) *
      10(8) um(3) (P = .013). Anatomic improvement was confirmed by automated
      segmentation analysis. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates utility of automated
      segmentation software in quantifying anatomic improvement with aflibercept
      treatment in exudative AMD refractory to other anti-vascular endothelial growth
      factor treatments.

PMID- 26985802
TI  - Subconjunctival Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Keratoprosthesis-Associated
      Cystoid Macular Edema.
AB  - The authors present a case of keratoprosthesis-associated cystoid macular edema
      (CME) responsive to subconjunctival bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San
      Francisco, CA). A 40-year-old woman with a history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome
      (SJS) and Boston keratoprosthesis type I implantation developed CME 10 months
      after surgery and received sub-Tenon's kenalog with minimal improvement. Sixteen
      months after surgery, she received a subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab and
      demonstrated visual and anatomic improvement. Ten weeks later, she received a
      second subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab for worsening CME and again
      demonstrated a favorable response. Subconjunctival bevacizumab may be an
      effective and less-invasive alternative to intravitreal injections for the
      treatment of postoperative CME.

PMID- 26985804
TI  - Retinal Pigment Epithelium Hyperplasia After Unsuccessful Surgery for Macular
      Hole.
AB  - An 81-year-old woman presented with a retinal tumor after unsuccessful surgery
      was performed for a macular hole (MH) in the 1990s. A histopathological analysis
      revealed retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia with no evidence of neoplastic
      cells. This case highlights two points: first, MHs that remain open after
      unsuccessful MH surgery can cause retinal tumors, leading to further visual loss;
      and second, in this case, the MH-associated tumor showed no evidence of
      neoplastic cells.

PMID- 26985803
TI  - Very Late Reactivation of Retinopathy of Prematurity After Monotherapy With
      Intravitreal Bevacizumab.
AB  - The authors report a case of very late reactivation of retinopathy of prematurity
      (ROP) after bevacizumab monotherapy. A female born at 630 g and 24 weeks received
      two bilateral treatment of bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco,
      CA) for aggressive posterior ROP (APROP). At 2.5 years of age, ROP reactivated in
      the form of tractional retinal detachment in one eye and milder reactivation in
      the other. Although intravitreal bevacizumab treatment is effective in inducing
      regression of ROP, late reactivation and retinal detachments can occur after
      initial extended quiescence. Due to alterations of disease progression after
      bevacizumab, close follow-up by peripheral fluorescein angiography and laser
      ablation of persistent avascular retina is recommended to prevent disease
      reactivation and progression to retinal detachment.

PMID- 26985805
TI  - A Novel Approach to Understanding Pathogenesis and Treatment of Capillary Dropout
      in Retinal Vascular Diseases.
AB  - Capillary dropout is a common sequela of endothelial cell dysfunction that
      underlies the pathology of multiple retinal vascular diseases, including familial
      exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). Wide-field fluorescein angiography allowed
      for identification of areas of capillary inflammatory changes and late-phase
      angiographic posterior and peripheral vascular leakage (LAPPEL). We propose
      LAPPEL as a precursor in pathogenesis of capillary dropout and a marker of
      endothelial cell inflammation in the retina. The authors describe a case of FEVR
      with significant macular edema associated with LAPPEL, which was successfully
      treated with topical and intravitreal steroids. The implication for disease
      mechanism and potential future treatment applications are also discussed.

PMID- 26985807
TI  - 8 Questions with Dr. Puliafito.

PMID- 26985806
TI  - The Origin of Subretinal Fluid in Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy.
AB  - A surgical approach for the drainage of fluid leaking over the pit in optic disc
      pit maculopathy is described, and a theory of the origin of fluid is discussed.
      In two cases, complete fluid-air exchange was performed. The air infusion
      pressure was decreased to 5 mm Hg, and the collected fluid was drained by raising
      the infusion pressure to 25 mm Hg. The fluid inside the back-flush needle was
      routed via a microcentrifuge tube. Biochemical analyses of the fluids were
      conducted in order to find their origin. Results of the first and second case
      were comparable to normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels (chloride: 125 mmol/L,
      122 mmol/L; sodium: 146 mmol/L, 147 mmol/L; potassium: 2.8 mmol/L, 3.0 mmol/L;
      protein: 29 mg/dL, 18.4 mg/ dL; and glucose: 60 mg/dL, 57 mg/dL, respectively).
      These findings suggest that the origin of subretinal fluid found in the
      submacular space in optic disc pit maculopathy is CSF.

PMID- 26985809
TI  - The Spanish "Century XXI" academy for developing elite level basketballers:
      design, monitoring and training methodologies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The XXI Century Academy was a 6-year state-initiated intervention
      program that served as an alternative to basketball clubs for players in the u-14
      and u-18 age groups in Spain, under guidelines established by the Spanish
      Basketball Federation. It was an important and unique project on talent
      development in basketball. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no evidence has
      been reported on long-term athlete development programs in basketball worldwide.
      The main aim of this report is to describe the design and evaluation methods used
      for the XXI Century Academy as a long-term intervention program in the elite
      Spanish Basketball Academy, aiming to prepare basketball players to compete at
      the elite level. METHODS: The monitoring time lasted from 1996 to 2001. A total
      of 55 players were assigned to the intervention groups based on age, position,
      maturation level, and country of origin. During this process, participants
      competed in up to two categories in addition to playing competitive official
      matches worldwide in international tournaments in their categories and with the
      national team in the European and World Championships (u-14 - u-18). Participants
      included 1 NBA player, 3 national A Team players, 10 ACB (First Spanish League)
      players, 5 LEB (second League) players and 39 LEB-2 EBA (third League) players.
      Assessments took place in a High-Performance Sports Center (CPT FADURA-GETXO-
      Basque Government, Getxo, Vizcaya, Spain) and consisted of health questionnaires,
      anthropometric measures, blood parameters, maturation level, birth age, fitness
      tests, training volume and intensity, physical activity, technical and tactical
      training, dietary intake, supplementation and injuries. Each player was assessed
      4 times per year (September, December, April, June) for 4 years (16 data points).
      RESULTS: This is a purely methodological paper describing the design and
      evaluation methods used in the XXI Century Project, which will be used as a basis
      for future reporting of results. Therefore, the results of the project will be
      reported in subsequent publications. CONCLUSION: The viability of the Century XXI
      Project protocols has been described. This national project of training in
      basketball closely replicates the physical and technical match-play conditions
      for professionals and may constitute a useful training tool.

PMID- 26985811
TI  - Sociocultural aspects of risk to pregnant women during the 2013-2015
      multinational Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa.
AB  - Researchers reflect on sociocultural aspects of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa
      and critically analyze the epidemic's effects on pregnant mothers and their
      babies. We address structural inequalities contributing to poor maternal health
      in lower-income countries, while reflecting on how the Ebola outbreak highlights
      the still-marginalized role of pregnant women. Drawing on prior research in West
      and East Africa, we discuss health care providers' responses to risk of infection
      during maternity work under normal circumstances and in times of crisis. We end
      with recommendations for preventing such detrimental effects on the health of
      pregnant women in the case of another epidemic.

PMID- 26985808
TI  - Emerging nexus between RAB GTPases, autophagy and neurodegeneration.
AB  - The RAB class of small GTPases includes the major regulators of intracellular
      communication, which are involved in vesicle generation through fusion and
      fission, and vesicular trafficking. RAB proteins also play an imperative role in
      neuronal maintenance and survival. Recent studies in the field of
      neurodegeneration have also highlighted the process of autophagy as being
      essential for neuronal maintenance. Here we review the emerging roles of RAB
      proteins in regulating macroautophagy and its impact in the context of
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 26985812
TI  - Challenges in publication ethics.

PMID- 26985814
TI  - Intraoperative localisation of schottle's point without fluoroscopy during medial
      patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.

PMID- 26985815
TI  - A novel technique for sealing de-roofed renal allograft cysts.

PMID- 26985813
TI  - Meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopic ultrasonography and
      intraoperative cholangiography in detection of common bile duct stones.
AB  - Introduction During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, intraoperative cholangiography
      (IOC) is currently regarded as the gold standard in the detection of
      choledocholithiasis. Laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) is an attractive
      alternative with several potential advantages. Methods A systematic review was
      undertaken of the published literature comparing LUS with IOC in the assessment
      of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Results Twenty-one comparative studies were
      analysed. There were 4,566 patients in the IOC group and 5,044 in the LUS group.
      The combined sensitivity and specificity of IOC in the detection of CBD stones
      were 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.89) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.98-0.98)
      respectively with a pooled area under the curve (AUC) of 0.985 and a diagnostic
      odds ratio (OR) of 260.65 (95% CI: 160.44-423.45). This compares with a
      sensitivity and specificity for LUS of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87-0.92) and 0.99 (95% CI:
      0.99-0.99) respectively with a pooled AUC of 0.982 and a diagnostic OR of 765.15
      (95% CI: 450.78-1,298.76). LUS appeared to be more successful in terms of coming
      to a clinical decision regarding CBD stones than IOC (random effects, risk ratio:
      0.95, 95% CI: 0.93-0.98, df=20, z=-3.7, p<0.005). Furthermore, LUS took less time
      (random effects, standardised mean difference: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93-0.98, df=20, z=
      3.7, p<0.005). Conclusions LUS is comparable with IOC in the detection of CBD
      stones. The main advantages of LUS are that it does not involve ionising
      radiation, is quicker to perform, has a lower failure rate and can be repeated
      during the procedure as required. 

PMID- 26985816
TI  - Bilateral obstruction of bilaterally duplicated collecting systems requiring
      upper and lower moiety drainage.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer presented with bilateral
      obstruction of bilaterally duplicated renal collecting systems secondary to
      extrinsic compression from metastatic pelvic lymphadenopathy. Bilateral JJ
      ureteric stents were inserted, resulting in some improvement of renal function
      but a failure to normalise completely. Repeat computed tomography demonstrated
      bilateral duplex collecting systems with persisting obstruction of the undrained
      moieties. Selective puncture was performed to decompress the obstructed renal
      moieties for bilateral nephrostomy catheter insertion. This allowed renal
      function to improve sufficiently for the patient to be discharged and commence
      chemotherapy. This is the first reported case of bilaterally obstructed partially
      duplicated collecting systems and it illustrates the importance of recognising
      anatomical variants to tailor treatment appropriately. It also highlights the
      important relationship between urology and interventional radiology in the
      management of such complex patients. 

PMID- 26985817
TI  - Aortic bypass surgery using synthetic conduits in a child with mycotic aneurysmal
      disease.
AB  - A six-year-old child developed multiple aortic aneurysms as a consequence of
      fungal infection following thoracic aortic surgery for coarctation. Several
      repairs of both the thoracic and abdominal aorta were carried out using synthetic
      material combined with long-term postoperative antifungal treatment. We describe
      the surgical interventions performed and follow-up. The choice of conduit
      continues to be the main concern; however, when other alternatives are not
      available, synthetic material combined with indefinite antifungal treatment can
      produce satisfactory medium-term results. 

PMID- 26985818
TI  - Perineal herniation of an ileal neobladder following radical cystectomy and
      consecutive rectal resection for recurrent bladder carcinoma.
AB  - Secondary perineal herniation of intraperitoneal contents represents a rare
      complication following procedures such as abdominoperineal rectal resection or
      cystectomy. We present a case of a perineal hernia formation with prolapse of an
      ileum neobladder following radical cystectomy and rectal resection for recurrent
      bladder cancer. Following consecutive resections in the anterior and posterior
      compartment of the lesser pelvis, the patient developed problems emptying his
      neobladder. Clinical examination and computed tomography revealed perineal
      herniation of his neobladder through the pelvic floor. Through a perineal
      approach, the hernial sac could be repositioned, and via a combination of
      absorbable and non-absorbable synthetic mesh grafts, the pelvic floor was
      stabilised. Follow-up review at one year after hernia fixation showed no signs of
      recurrence and no symptoms. In cases of extensive surgery in the lesser pelvis
      with associated weakness of the pelvic compartments, meshes should be considered
      for closure of the pelvic floor. Development of biological meshes with reduced
      risk of infection might be an interesting treatment option in these cases. 

PMID- 26985819
TI  - Interspecific Interactions and the Scope for Parent-Offspring Conflict: High Mite
      Density Temporarily Changes the Trade-Off between Offspring Size and Number in
      the Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides.
AB  - Parents have a limited amount of resources to invest in reproduction and commonly
      trade-off how much they invest in offspring size (or quality) versus brood size.
      A negative relationship between offspring size and number has been shown in
      numerous taxa and it underpins evolutionary conflicts of interest between parents
      and their young. For example, previous work on vertebrates shows that selection
      favours mothers that produce more offspring, at the expense of individual
      offspring size, yet favours offspring that have relatively few siblings and
      therefore attain a greater size at independence. Here we analyse how this trade
      off is temporarily affected by stochastic variation in the intensity of
      interspecific interactions. We examined the effect of the mite Poecilochirus
      carabi on the relationship between offspring size and number in the burying
      beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides. We manipulated the initial number of mites in
      the reproductive event (by introducing either no mites, 4 mites, 10 mites, or 16
      mites), and assessed the effect on the brood. We found a similar trade-off
      between offspring size and number in all treatments, except in the '16 mite'
      treatment where the correlation between offspring number and size flattened
      considerably. This effect arose because larvae in small broods failed to attain a
      high mass by dispersal. Our results show that variation in the intensity of
      interspecific interactions can temporarily change the strength of the trade-off
      between offspring size and number. In this study, high densities of mites
      prevented individual offspring from attaining their optimal weight, thus
      potentially temporarily biasing the outcome of parent-offspring conflict in
      favour of parents. 

PMID- 26985820
TI  - TESTIN Induces Rapid Death and Suppresses Proliferation in Childhood B Acute
      Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common
      malignancy in children. Despite high cure rates, side effects and late
      consequences of the intensive treatments are common. Unquestionably, the
      identification of new therapeutic targets will lead to safer, more effective
      treatments. We identified TES promoter methylation and transcriptional silencing
      as a very common molecular abnormality in childhood ALL, irrespective of
      molecular subtype. The aims of the present study were to demonstrate that TES
      promoter methylation is aberrant, to determine the effects of TES re-expression
      in ALL, and to determine if those effects are mediated via TP53 activity.
      METHODS: Normal fetal and adult tissue DNA was isolated and TES promoter
      methylation determined by Sequenom MassARRAY. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot
      were used to confirm re-expression of TES in ALL cell lines after 5'-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine (decitabine) exposure or transfection with TES expression plasmids.
      The effects of TES re-expression on ALL cells were investigated using standard
      cell proliferation, cell death and cell cycle assays. RESULTS: In this study, we
      confirm that the TES promoter is unmethylated in normal adult and fetal tissues.
      We report that decitabine treatment of ALL cell lines results in demethylation of
      the TES promoter and attendant expression of TES mRNA. Re-expression of TESTIN
      protein in ALL cells using expression plasmid transfection results in rapid cell
      death or cell cycle arrest independent of TP53 activity. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results suggest that TES is aberrantly methylated in ALL and that re-expression
      of TESTIN has anti-leukaemia effects which point to novel therapeutic
      opportunities for childhood ALL.

PMID- 26985821
TI  - Profiling Ethylene-Responsive Genes Expressed in the Latex of the Mature Virgin
      Rubber Trees Using cDNA Microarray.
AB  - Ethylene is commonly used as a latex stimulant of Hevea brasiliensis by
      application of ethephon (chloro-2-ethylphosphonic acid); however, the molecular
      mechanism by which ethylene increases latex production is not clear. To better
      understand the effects of ethylene stimulation on the laticiferous cells of
      rubber trees, a latex expressed sequence tag (EST)-based complementary DNA
      microarray containing 2,973 unique genes (probes) was first developed and used to
      analyze the gene expression changes in the latex of the mature virgin rubber
      trees after ethephon treatment at three different time-points: 8, 24 and 48 h.
      Transcript levels of 163 genes were significantly altered with fold-change values
      >= 2 or <= -2 (q-value < 0.05) in ethephon-treated rubber trees compared with
      control trees. Of the 163 genes, 92 were up-regulated and 71 down-regulated. The
      microarray results were further confirmed using real-time quantitative reverse
      transcript-PCR for 20 selected genes. The 163 ethylene-responsive genes were
      involved in several biological processes including organic substance metabolism,
      cellular metabolism, primary metabolism, biosynthetic process, cellular response
      to stimulus and stress. The presented data suggest that the laticifer water
      circulation, production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species, sugar
      metabolism, and assembly and depolymerization of the latex actin cytoskeleton
      might play important roles in ethylene-induced increase of latex production. The
      results may provide useful insights into understanding the molecular mechanism
      underlying the effect of ethylene on latex metabolism of H. brasiliensis. 

PMID- 26985822
TI  - Guideline Adherence in Outpatient Clinics for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
      Disease: Results from a Clinical Audit.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Previous clinical audits of COPD have provided relevant information
      about medical intervention in exacerbation admissions. The present study aims to
      evaluate adherence to current guidelines in COPD through a clinical audit.
      METHODS: This is a pilot clinical audit performed in hospital outpatient
      respiratory clinics in Andalusia, Spain (eight provinces with more than 8 million
      inhabitants), including 9 centers (20% of the public centers in the area) between
      2013 and 2014. Cases with an established diagnosis of COPD based on risk factors,
      clinical symptoms, and a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 0.70
      were deemed eligible. The performance of the outpatient clinics was benchmarked
      against three guidance documents available at the time of the audit. The
      appropriateness of the performance was categorized as excellent (>80%), good (60
      80%), adequate (40-59%), inadequate (20-39%), and highly inadequate (<20%).
      RESULTS: During the audit, 621 clinical records were audited. Adherence to the
      different guidelines presented a considerable variability among the different
      participating hospitals, with an excellent or good adherence for symptom
      recording, MRC or CAT use, smoking status evaluation, spirometry, or
      bronchodilation therapy. The most outstanding areas for improvement were the use
      of the BODE index, the monitoring of treatments, the determination of alpha1
      antitrypsin, the performance of exercise testing, and vaccination
      recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reflects the situation of
      clinical care for COPD patients in specialized secondary care outpatient clinics.
      Adherence to clinical guidelines shows considerable variability in outpatient
      clinics managing COPD patients, and some aspects of the clinical care can clearly
      be improved.

PMID- 26985824
TI  - Focal Plant Observations as a Standardised Method for Pollinator Monitoring:
      Opportunities and Limitations for Mass Participation Citizen Science.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently there has been increasing focus on monitoring pollinating
      insects, due to concerns about their declines, and interest in the role of
      volunteers in monitoring pollinators, particularly bumblebees, via citizen
      science. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The Big Bumblebee Discovery was a one
      year citizen science project run by a partnership of EDF Energy, the British
      Science Association and the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology which sought to assess
      the influence of the landscape at multiple scales on the diversity and abundance
      of bumblebees. Timed counts of bumblebees (Bombus spp.; identified to six colour
      groups) visiting focal plants of lavender (Lavendula spp.) were carried out by
      about 13 000 primary school children (7-11 years old) from over 4000 schools
      across the UK. 3948 reports were received totalling 26 868 bumblebees. We found
      that while the wider landscape type had no significant effect on reported
      bumblebee abundance, the local proximity to flowers had a significant effect
      (fewer bumblebees where other flowers were reported to be >5m away from the focal
      plant). However, the rate of mis-identifcation, revealed by photographs uploaded
      by participants and a photo-based quiz, was high. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE: Our
      citizen science results support recent research on the importance of local flocal
      resources on pollinator abundance. Timed counts of insects visiting a lure plant
      is potentially an effective approach for standardised pollinator monitoring,
      engaging a large number of participants with a simple protocol. However, the
      relatively high rate of mis-identifications (compared to reports from previous
      pollinator citizen science projects) highlights the importance of investing in
      resources to train volunteers. Also, to be a scientifically valid method for
      enquiry, citizen science data needs to be sufficiently high quality, so receiving
      supporting evidence (such as photographs) would allow this to be tested and for
      records to be verified.

PMID- 26985826
TI  - A Directed Acyclic Graph-Large Margin Distribution Machine Model for Music Symbol
      Classification.
AB  - Optical Music Recognition (OMR) has received increasing attention in recent
      years. In this paper, we propose a classifier based on a new method named
      Directed Acyclic Graph-Large margin Distribution Machine (DAG-LDM). The DAG-LDM
      is an improvement of the Large margin Distribution Machine (LDM), which is a
      binary classifier that optimizes the margin distribution by maximizing the margin
      mean and minimizing the margin variance simultaneously. We modify the LDM to the
      DAG-LDM to solve the multi-class music symbol classification problem. Tests are
      conducted on more than 10000 music symbol images, obtained from handwritten and
      printed images of music scores. The proposed method provides superior
      classification capability and achieves much higher classification accuracy than
      the state-of-the-art algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Neural
      Networks (NNs). 

PMID- 26985823
TI  - Phthalates Are Metabolised by Primary Thyroid Cell Cultures but Have Limited
      Influence on Selected Thyroid Cell Functions In Vitro.
AB  - Phthalates are plasticisers added to a wide variety of products, resulting in
      measurable exposure of humans. They are suspected to disrupt the thyroid axis as
      epidemiological studies suggest an influence on the peripheral thyroid hormone
      concentration. The mechanism is still unknown as only few in vitro studies within
      this area exist. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of
      three phthalate diesters (di-ethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-(2
      ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) and two monoesters (mono-n-butyl phthalate and mono
      (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP)) on the differentiated function of primary human
      thyroid cell cultures. Also, the kinetics of phthalate metabolism were
      investigated. DEHP and its monoester, MEHP, both had an inhibitory influence on
      3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate secretion from the cells, and MEHP also on
      thyroglobulin (Tg) secretion from the cells. Results of the lactate dehydrogenase
      measurements indicated that the MEHP-mediated influence was caused by cell death.
      No influence on gene expression of thyroid specific genes (Tg, thyroid
      peroxidase, sodium iodine symporter and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor) by
      any of the investigated diesters could be demonstrated. All phthalate diesters
      were metabolised to the respective monoester, however with a fall in efficiency
      for high concentrations of the larger diesters DnBP and DEHP. In conclusion,
      human thyroid cells were able to metabolise phthalates but this phthalate
      exposure did not appear to substantially influence selected functions of these
      cells. 

PMID- 26985825
TI  - Systems Pharmacology and Rational Polypharmacy: Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Signaling
      Pathway as an Illustrative Example and Derivation of the General Case.
AB  - Impaired nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) signaling
      has been observed in many cardiovascular disorders, including heart failure and
      pulmonary arterial hypertension. There are several enzymatic determinants of cGMP
      levels in this pathway, including soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) itself, the NO
      activated form of sGC, and phosphodiesterase(s) (PDE). Therapies for some of
      these disorders with PDE inhibitors have been successful at increasing cGMP
      levels in both cardiac and vascular tissues. However, at the systems level, it is
      not clear whether perturbation of PDE alone, under oxidative stress, is the best
      approach for increasing cGMP levels as compared with perturbation of other
      potential pathway targets, either alone or in combination. Here, we develop a
      model-based approach to perturbing this pathway, focusing on single reactions,
      pairs of reactions, or trios of reactions as targets, then monitoring the
      theoretical effects of these interventions on cGMP levels. Single perturbations
      of all reaction steps within this pathway demonstrated that three reaction steps,
      including the oxidation of sGC, NO dissociation from sGC, and cGMP degradation by
      PDE, exerted a dominant influence on cGMP accumulation relative to other reaction
      steps. Furthermore, among all possible single, paired, and triple perturbations
      of this pathway, the combined perturbations of these three reaction steps had the
      greatest impact on cGMP accumulation. These computational findings were confirmed
      in cell-based experiments. We conclude that a combined perturbation of the
      oxidatively-impaired NO-cGMP signaling pathway is a better approach to the
      restoration of cGMP levels as compared with corresponding individual
      perturbations. This approach may also yield improved therapeutic responses in
      other complex pharmacologically amenable pathways. 

PMID- 26985827
TI  - Acute High-Dose and Chronic Lifetime Exposure to Alcohol Consumption and
      Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: T-CALOS Korea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of acute high-dose and chronic
      lifetime exposure to alcohol and exposure patterns on the development of
      differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). METHODS: The Thyroid Cancer Longitudinal
      Study (T-CALOS) included 2,258 DTC patients (449 men and 1,809 women) and 22,580
      healthy participants (4,490 men and 18,090 women) who were individually matched
      by age, gender, and enrollment year. In-person interviews were conducted with a
      structured questionnaire to obtain epidemiologic data. Clinicopathologic features
      of the patients were obtained by chart reviews. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%
      confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using conditional regression models.
      RESULTS: While light or moderate drinking behavior was related to a reduced risk
      of DTC, acute heavy alcohol consumption (151 g or more per event or on a single
      occasion) was associated with increased risks in men (OR = 2.22, 95%CI = 1.27
      3.87) and women (OR = 3.61, 95%CI = 1.52-8.58) compared with never-drinkers. The
      consumption of alcohol for 31 or more years was a significant risk factor for DTC
      for both men (31-40 years: OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.10-2.28; 41+ years: OR = 3.46,
      95%CI = 2.06-5.80) and women (31-40 years: OR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.62-2.92; 41+
      years: OR = 2.71, 95%CI = 1.36-5.05) compared with never-drinkers. The
      consumption of a large amount of alcohol on a single occasion was also a
      significant risk factor, even after restricting DTC outcomes to tumor size, lymph
      node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension and TNM stage. CONCLUSION: The findings
      of this study suggest that the threshold effects of acute high-dose alcohol
      consumption and long-term alcohol consumption are linked to an increased risk of
      DTC.

PMID- 26985829
TI  - Phenotypically Dormant and Immature Leukaemia Cells Display Increased Ribosomal
      Protein S6 Phosphorylation.
AB  - Mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity drives a number of key
      metabolic processes including growth and protein synthesis. Inhibition of the
      mTOR pathway promotes cellular dormancy. Since cells from patients with acute
      myeloid leukaemia (AML) can be phenotypically dormant (quiescent), we examined
      biomarkers of their mTOR pathway activity concurrently with Ki-67 and CD71
      (indicators of cycling cells) by quantitative flow cytometry. Using antibodies to
      phosphorylated epitopes of mTOR (S2448) and its downstream targets ribosomal
      protein S6 (rpS6, S235/236) and 4E-BP1 (T36/45), we documented that these
      phosphorylations were negligible in lymphocytes, but evident in dormant as well
      as proliferating subsets of both mobilised normal stem cell harvest CD34+ cells
      and AML blasts. Although mTOR phosphorylation in AML blasts was lower than that
      of the normal CD34+ cells, p-4E-BP1 was 2.6-fold higher and p-rpS6 was 22-fold
      higher. Moreover, in contrast to 4E-BP1, rpS6 phosphorylation was higher in
      dormant than proliferating AML blasts, and was also higher in the immature
      CD34+CD38- blast subset. Data from the Cancer Genome Atlas show that rpS6
      expression is associated with that of respiratory chain enzymes in AML. We
      conclude that phenotypic quiescence markers do not necessarily predict metabolic
      dormancy and that elevated rpS6 ser235/236 phosphorylation is characteristic of
      AML. 

PMID- 26985828
TI  - Differential Growth Responses of Marine Phytoplankton to Herbicide Glyphosate.
AB  - Glyphosate is a globally popular herbicide to kill weeds and its wide
      applications may lead to accumulation in coastal oceans as a source of phosphorus
      (P) nutrient or growth inhibitor of phytoplankton. We studied the physiological
      effects of glyphosate on fourteen species representing five major coastal
      phytoplankton phyla (haptophyta, bacillariophyta, dinoflagellata, raphidophyta,
      and chlorophyta). Based on growth responses to different concentrations of
      glyphosate under contrasting dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) conditions, we
      found that phytoplankton species could be classified into five groups. Group I
      (Emiliania huxleyi, Skeletonema costatum, Phaeodactylum tricornutum) could
      utilize glyphosate as sole P-source to support growth in axenic culture, but in
      the presence of DIP, they were inhibited by both 36-MUM and 360-MUM glyphosate.
      Group II (Karenia mikimotoi, Prorocentrum minimum, Dunaliella tertiolecta,
      Symbiodinium sp., Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium catenella) could not
      utilize glyphosate as sole P-source to support growth, and in the presence of DIP
      growth was not affected by 36-MUM but inhibited by 360-MUM glyphosate. Glyphosate
      consistently enhanced growth of Group III (Isochrysis galbana) and inhibited
      Group IV (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Chattonella
      marina) regardless of DIP condition. Group V (Amphidinium carterae) exhibited no
      measurable response to glyphosate regardless of DIP condition. This grouping is
      not congruent with the phylogenetic relationships of the phytoplankton species
      suggesting functional differentiation driven by environmental pressure. We
      conclude that glyphosate could be used as P-source by some species while is toxic
      to some other species and yet has no effects on others. The observed differential
      effects suggest that the continued use of glyphosate and increasing concentration
      of this herbicide in the coastal waters will likely exert significant impact on
      coastal marine phytoplankton community structure. 

PMID- 26985830
TI  - Effects of Stormwater and Snowmelt Runoff on ELISA-EQ Concentrations of PCDD/PCDF
      and Triclosan in an Urban River.
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine the effects of stormwater and snowmelt
      runoff on the ELISA EQ PCDD/PCDF and triclosan concentrations in the small urban
      Sokolowka River (Central Poland). The obtained results demonstrate the decisive
      influence of hydrological conditions occurring in the river itself and its
      catchment on the quoted PCDD/PCDF ELISA EQ concentrations. The lowest PCDD/PCDF
      values of 87, 60 and 67 ng EQ L-1 in stormwater, the river and its reservoirs,
      respectively, were associated with the highest river flow of 0.02 m3 s-1 and high
      precipitation (11.2 mm) occurred five days before sampling. In turn, the highest
      values of 353, 567 and 343 ng EQ L-1 in stormwater, the river and its reservoirs,
      respectively, were observed during periods of intensive snow melting (stormwater
      samples) and spring rainfall preceded by a rainless phase (river and reservoir
      samples) followed by low and moderate river flows of 0.01 and 0.005 m3 s-1. An
      analogous situation was observed for triclosan, with higher ELISA EQ
      concentrations (444 to 499 ng EQ L-1) noted during moderate river flow and
      precipitation, and the lowest (232 to 288 ng EQ L-1) observed during high river
      flow and high precipitation preceded by violent storms. Stormwater was also found
      to influence PCDD/PCDF EQ concentrations of the river and reservoirs, however
      only during high and moderate flow, and no such effect was observed for
      triclosan. The study clearly demonstrates that to mitigate the high peaks of the
      studied pollutants associated with river hydrology, the increased in-site
      stormwater infiltration and purification, the development of buffering zones
      along river course and the systematic maintenance of reservoirs to avoid the
      accumulation of the studied micropollutants and their subsequent release after
      heavy rainfall are required. 

PMID- 26985832
TI  - High Mortality of Disseminated Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infection in HIV
      Infected Patients in the Antiretroviral Therapy Era.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the mortality and risk factors
      associated with death in disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection
      (dNTM) in HIV-infected patients in the ART-era. METHODS: In a single-center
      study, HIV-infected dNTM with positive NTM culture from sterile sites between
      2000 and 2013 were analysed. The clinical characteristics at commencement of anti
      mycobacterial treatment (baseline) were compared between those who survived and
      died. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were analyzed. [The median CD4 27/MUL (range
      2-185)]. Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare accounted for 20 (83%) and 3
      (13%) of isolated NTM. NTM bacteremia was diagnosed in 15 (63%) patients. Seven
      (29%) patients died, and NTM bacteremia was significantly associated with
      mortality (p = 0.022). The baseline CD4 count was significantly lower in the non
      survivors than the survivors (median 7/MUL versus 49, p = 0.034). Concomitant
      AIDS-defining diseases or malignancies were not associated with mortality. Immune
      reconstitution syndrome (IRS) occurred to 19 (79%) patients (8 paradoxical and 11
      unmasking), and prognosis tended to be better in unmasking-IRS than the other
      patients (n = 13) (p = 0.078). Patients with paradoxical-IRS had marginally lower
      CD4 count and higher frequency of bacteremia than those with unmasking-IRS (p =
      0.051, and 0.059). Treatment with systemic corticosteroids was applied in 63% and
      55% of patients with paradoxical and unmasking-IRS, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      dNTM in HIV-infected patients resulted in high mortality even in the ART-era. NTM
      bacteremia and low CD4 count were risk factors for death, whereas patients
      presented with unmasking-IRS had marginally better prognosis. IRS occurred in 79%
      of the patients, suggesting difficulty in the management of dNTM.

PMID- 26985833
TI  - Recent advances in the neuroimaging and neuropsychology of cerebral palsy.
AB  - This article reviews the recent advances in understanding of cerebral palsy (CP)
      and outlines how these advances could inform pediatric neuropsychological
      rehabilitation. Three main areas are discussed: the improved delineation of
      differing presentations resulting from more advanced imaging techniques with
      emerging links to function; a brief review of research examining
      neuropsychological functioning of children with CP and their quality of life and
      participation; and lastly, some of the evidence for efficacious interventions and
      the extent to which these interventions are derived from neuropsychological
      theory and practice. Advances and gaps in knowledge in addition to suggestions of
      areas for future focus in research and practice are discussed throughout the
      article.

PMID- 26985834
TI  - Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor use and treatment approach for
      choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathologic myopia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the most common cause
      of CNV in those under 50 years of age. It is a significant cause of visual loss
      in those with pathologic myopia. The current standard of care involves therapy
      with intravitreal inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). AREAS
      COVERED: The epidemiology of myopia, high myopia, pathologic myopia, and myopic
      CNV is reviewed, along with a brief discussion of historical treatments. The
      pharmacology of the three most commonly used anti-VEGF agents is discussed, with
      an emphasis on the licensed drugs, ranibizumab and aflibercept. A comprehensive
      clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment of myopic CNV is presented. EXPERT
      OPINION: The current standard of care for myopic CNV is intravitreal inhibition
      of VEGF, with ranibizumab and aflibercept licensed for intraocular use. The
      diagnosis, OCT features of disease activity and retreatment algorithm for myopic
      CNV is different from wet age-related macular degeneration. In the long-term,
      myopic CNV may be associated with gradual, irreversible visual loss due to
      progressive chorioretinal atrophy, for which there is currently no treatment.

PMID- 26985831
TI  - Probiotic Gut Microbiota Isolate Interacts with Dendritic Cells via Glycosylated
      Heterotrimeric Pili.
AB  - Mapping of the microbial molecules underlying microbiota-host interactions is key
      to understand how microbiota preserve mucosal homeostasis. A pivotal family of
      such bacterial molecules are pili. Pili are proteinaceous cell wall appendages
      with a well-documented role in adhesion, whilst their role in immune interaction
      with the host is less established. Gram-positive pili are often
      posttranslationally modified by sortase-specific cleavage reactions and the
      formation of intramolecular peptide bonds. Here we report glycosylation as a new
      level of posttranslational modification of sortase-dependent pili of a beneficial
      microbiota species and its role in immune modulation. We focused on the SpaCBA
      pili of the model probiotic and beneficial human gut microbiota isolate
      Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. A unique combination of molecular techniques,
      nanoscale mechanical and immunological approaches led to the identification of
      mannose and fucose residues on the SpaCBA pili. These glycans on the pili are
      recognized by human dendritic cells via the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN, a key
      carbohydrate-dependent immune tailoring pattern recognition receptor. This
      specific lectin-sugar interaction is moreover of functional importance and
      modulated the cytokine response of dendritic cells. This provides insight into
      the direct role bacterial glycoproteins can play in the immunomodulation of the
      host. Modification of the complex heterotrimeric pili of a model probiotic and
      microbiota isolate with mannose and fucose is of importance for the functional
      interaction with the host immune lectin receptor DC-SIGN on human dendritic
      cells. Our findings shed light on the yet underappreciated role of
      glycoconjugates in bacteria-host interactions. 

PMID- 26985836
TI  - Self-sampling HPV testing versus mainstream cervical screening and HPV testing.

PMID- 26985837
TI  - A warning against heart disease complacency in 2016.

PMID- 26985838
TI  - Integrative medicine: more than the promotion of unproven treatments?

PMID- 26985839
TI  - Recording consultations: a win-win situation for physicians and patients.

PMID- 26985840
TI  - "Good kid, mad system": the role for health in reforming justice for vulnerable
      communities.

PMID- 26985841
TI  - Identifying low-value care: the Royal Australasian College of Physicians' EVOLVE
      initiative.

PMID- 26985842
TI  - A case of acute phosphate nephropathy.

PMID- 26985844
TI  - Antioxidant supplementation and cancer patients receiving curative-intent
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 26985845
TI  - First report of Zika virus infection in a returned traveller from the Solomon
      Islands.

PMID- 26985843
TI  - HPV vaccine impact in Australian women: ready for an HPV-based screening program.

PMID- 26985846
TI  - Barriers to reforming low-value care.

PMID- 26985847
TI  - Gene panel testing for hereditary breast cancer.
AB  - Inherited predisposition to breast cancer is explained only in part by mutations
      in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Most families with an apparent familial clustering
      of breast cancer who are investigated through Australia's network of genetic
      services and familial cancer centres do not have mutations in either of these
      genes. More recently, additional breast cancer predisposition genes, such as
      PALB2, have been identified. New genetic technology allows a panel of multiple
      genes to be tested for mutations in a single test. This enables more women and
      their families to have risk assessment and risk management, in a preventive
      approach to predictable breast cancer. Predictive testing for a known family
      specific mutation in a breast cancer predisposition gene provides personalised
      risk assessment and evidence-based risk management. Breast cancer predisposition
      gene panel tests have a greater diagnostic yield than conventional testing of
      only the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The clinical validity and utility of some of the
      putative breast cancer predisposition genes is not yet clear. Ethical issues
      warrant consideration, as multiple gene panel testing has the potential to
      identify secondary findings not originally sought by the test requested. Multiple
      gene panel tests may provide an affordable and effective way to investigate the
      heritability of breast cancer. 

PMID- 26985849
TI  - Impact of HPV sample self-collection for underscreened women in the renewed
      Cervical Screening Program.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In 2017, the National Cervical Screening Program in Australia will
      transition to 5-yearly primary HPV screening for all women, irrespective of human
      papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status. As an adjunct to the mainstream program,
      HPV testing on self-collected samples will be offered under practitioner
      supervision to all unscreened and underscreened women aged 30-74 years. We
      quantified how different screening decisions affect the future risk of cervical
      cancer. DESIGN: Simulation of outcomes for 100 000 previously unscreened women,
      aged 30 years and eligible for self-collection, using a well-established model of
      HPV natural history and cervical screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative
      cancer diagnoses and deaths averted (compared with remaining unscreened) to age
      84, number needed to treat for pre-cancer (NNT) to avert each cancer diagnosis.
      RESULTS: One round of self-collected HPV screening at age 30 years would avert
      908 cancer diagnoses and 364 cancer deaths in the cohort by age 84 (NNT, 5.8).
      Benefits would still be achieved were self-collected screening delayed to age 40
      (922 fewer diagnoses; 426 fewer deaths; NNT, 3.7) or 50 (684 fewer diagnoses; 385
      fewer deaths; NNT, 3.2). However, the benefits associated with joining the
      mainstream screening program would be substantially larger (2002, 1623 or 1091
      fewer diagnoses and NNT of 4.9, 3.7 or 3.4 by joining at age 30, 40 or 50 years
      respectively). The relative benefits of joining the mainstream program were
      similar for cohorts who had been offered vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Offering HPV
      self-collection has the potential to considerably improve outcomes for unscreened
      and underscreened women. Nevertheless, these findings underscore the need for
      concerted strategies to encourage these women to join the mainstream HPV
      screening program.

PMID- 26985848
TI  - Clinical practice guidelines for dementia in Australia.
AB  - About 9% of Australians aged 65 years and over have a diagnosis of dementia.
      Clinical practice guidelines aim to enhance research translation by synthesising
      recent evidence for health and aged care professionals. New clinical practice
      guidelines and principles of care for people with dementia detail the optimal
      diagnosis and management in community, residential and hospital settings. The
      guidelines have been approved by the National Health and Medical Research
      Council. The guidelines emphasise timely diagnosis; living well with dementia and
      delaying functional decline; managing symptoms through training staff in how to
      provide person-centred care and using non-pharmacological approaches in the first
      instance; and training and supporting families and carers to provide care. 

PMID- 26985850
TI  - The Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand: progressing the evidence base
      for burn care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Analysis of data from the Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand
      (BRANZ) to determine the extent of variation between participating units in
      treatment and in specific outcomes during the first 4 years of its operation.
      DESIGN: BRANZ, an initiative of the Australian and New Zealand Burn Association,
      is a clinical quality registry developed in accordance with the Australian
      Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare national operating principles.
      SETTING: Patients with burn injury who fulfil pre-defined criteria are
      transferred to and managed in designated burn units. There are 17 adult and
      paediatric units in Australia and New Zealand that manage almost all patients
      with significant burn injury. Twelve of these units treat adult patients.
      PARTICIPANTS: Data on 7184 adult cases were contributed by ten acute adult burn
      units to the registry between July 2010 and June 2014.Major outcomes: In-hospital
      mortality, hospital length of stay, skin grafting rates, and rates of admission
      to intensive care units. RESULTS: Considerable variations in unit profiles
      (including numbers of patients treated), in treatment and in outcomes were
      identified. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the highly centralised delivery of care to
      patients with severe or complex burn injury, and the relatively small number of
      specialist burn units, we found significant variation between units in clinical
      management and in outcomes. BRANZ data from its first 4 years of operation
      support its feasibility and the value of further development of the registry.
      Based on these results, the focus of ongoing research is to improve understanding
      of the reasons for variations in practice and of their effect on outcomes for
      patients, and to develop evidence-informed clinical guidelines for burn
      management in Australia and New Zealand.

PMID- 26985851
TI  - Economic evaluation of Indigenous health worker management of poorly controlled
      type 2 diabetes in north Queensland.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To conduct an economic evaluation of intensive management by
      Indigenous health workers (IHWs) of Indigenous adults with poorly controlled type
      2 diabetes in rural and remote north Queensland. DESIGN: Cost-consequence
      analysis alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention
      delivered between 1 March 2012 and 5 September 2013. SETTING: Twelve primary
      health care services in rural and remote north Queensland communities with
      predominantly Indigenous populations. PARTICIPANTS: Indigenous adults with poorly
      controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c >= 69 mmol/mol) and at least one comorbidity
      (87 people in six IHW-supported communities (IHW-S); 106 in six usual care (UC)
      communities). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Per person cost of the intervention;
      differential changes in mean HbA1c levels, percentage with extremely poor HbA1c
      level control, quality of life, disease progression, and number of
      hospitalisations. RESULTS: The mean cost of the 18-month intervention trial was
      $10 060 per person ($6706 per year). The intervention was associated with a non
      significantly greater reduction in mean HbA1c levels in the IHW-S group (-10.1
      mmol/mol v -5.4 mmol/mol in the UC group; P = 0.17), a significant reduction in
      the proportion with extremely poor diabetes control (HbA1c >= 102 mmol/mol; P =
      0.002), and a sub-significant differential reduction in hospitalisation rates for
      type 2 diabetes as primary diagnosis (-0.09 admissions/person/year; P = 0.06),
      with a net reduction in mean annual hospital costs of $646/person (P = 0.07).
      Quality of life utility scores declined in both groups (between-group difference,
      P = 0.62). Rates of disease progression were high in both groups (between-group
      difference, P = 0.73). CONCLUSION: Relative to the high cost of the intervention,
      the IHW-S model as implemented is probably a poor investment. Incremental cost
      effectiveness might be improved by a higher caseload per IHW, a longer evaluation
      time frame, and improved service integration. Further approaches to improving
      chronic disease outcomes in this very unwell population need to be explored,
      including holistic approaches that address the complex psychosocial,
      pathophysiological and environmental problems of highly disadvantaged
      populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ANZCTR12610000812099.

PMID- 26985852
TI  - Effectiveness of the Koorliny Moort out-of-hospital health care program for
      Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Western Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the Koorliny Moort program could reduce
      emergency department presentations, hospital admissions and length of stay, and
      improve attendance at out-of-hospital appointments for Aboriginal and Torres
      Strait Islander children in Western Australia. DESIGN: Children were enrolled in
      the program from 1 August 2012. Each child acted as their own control. Evaluation
      data were collected from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2014. Occasions of service and
      person-time in days were compared for each child before and after referral to the
      program. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Aboriginal children aged 0-16 years residing
      in three WA regions (Kimberley, Pilbara, Perth metropolitan) who were referred to
      the Koorliny Moort program. INTERVENTIONS: Partnerships with primary care
      providers; nurse-led care coordination; and outreach care by paediatricians,
      nurses and social workers closer to the home of the child. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Emergency department presentations; hospital admissions; length of hospital stay;
      non-attended appointments. RESULTS: A total of 942 children were referred to the
      program. There were significant decreases after referral to the program in the
      incidence of emergency department presentations (incident rate ratio [IRR], 0.47;
      95% CI, 0.43-0.53; P < 0.001), of hospitalisation (IRR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.62-0.79;
      P < 0.001), and of non-attended appointments (IRR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.94; P <
      0.001), as well as in the mean length of hospital stay (IRR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.21
      0.25; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Health-seeking behaviour and health outcomes for
      Aboriginal children can be improved by engaging Aboriginal families in their
      health care, providing effective communication between health service providers,
      and delivering a coordinated program of Aboriginal service provider-led care.

PMID- 26985854
TI  - Henry Krum: clinician, researcher and scientist.

PMID- 26985853
TI  - Teledermatology and clinical photography: safeguarding patient privacy and
      mitigating medico-legal risk.
AB  - Capturing clinical images is becoming more prevalent in everyday clinical
      practice, and dermatology lends itself to the use of clinical photographs and
      teledermatology. "Store-and-forward", whereby clinical images are forwarded to a
      specialist who later responds with an opinion on diagnosis and management is a
      popular form of teledermatology. Store-and-forward teledermatology has proven
      accurate and reliable, accelerating the process of diagnosis and treatment and
      improving patient outcomes. Practitioners' personal smartphones and other devices
      are often used to capture and communicate clinical images. Patient privacy can be
      placed at risk with the use of this technology. Practitioners should obtain
      consent for taking images, explain how they will be used, apply appropriate
      security in their digital communications, and delete images and other data on
      patients from personal devices after saving these to patient health records.
      Failing to use appropriate security precautions poses an emerging medico-legal
      risk for practitioners. 

PMID- 26985856
TI  - SKA1 regulates the metastasis and cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung
      cancer.
AB  - Currently, chemotherapy with platinum-based drugs including cisplatin is the most
      effective therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
      However, the efficacy of chemotherapy is limited due to commonly developed drug
      resistance. Spindle and kinetochore-associated complex subunit 1 (SKA1) is part
      of a complex essential for stabilizing the attachment of spindle microtubules to
      kinetochores and for maintaining the metaphase plate during mitosis. In the
      present study, we aimed to investigate the role of SKA1 in the process of
      metastasis and drug resistance of NSCLC. We completed a series of experiments to
      investigate the function of SKA1 in NSCLC metastasis and drug resistance
      including qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting, as well as MTT,
      BrdU, wounded healing, Transwell and gelatin zymography assays. We demonstrated
      that the expression levels of SKA1 were elevated in NSCLC and were correlated
      with cancer progression and malignancy. We also reported that SKA1 positively
      regulated the proliferation and metastatic ability of NSCLC cells. In addition,
      we determined that SKA1 contributed to cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells by
      protecting these cells from cisplatin-induced cell apoptosis. SKA1 also appeared
      to regulate the ERK1/2 and the Akt-mediated signaling pathways in NSCLC cells.
      SKA1 is required for metastasis and cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung
      cancer.

PMID- 26985855
TI  - CDKIs p18(INK4c) and p57(Kip2) are involved in quiescence of CML leukemic stem
      cells after treatment with TKI.
AB  - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is sustained by a small population of cells with
      stem cell characteristics known as Leukemic Stem Cells that are positive to BCR
      ABL fusion protein, involved with several abnormalities in cell proliferation,
      expansion, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Current treatment options for CML
      involve the use of Tirosine Kinase Inhibitor (Imatinib, Nilotinib and Dasatinib),
      that efficiently reduce proliferation proliferative cells but do not kill non
      proliferating CML primitive cells that remain and contributes to the persistence
      of the disease. In order to understand the role of Cyclin Dependent Kinase
      Inhibitors in CML LSC permanence after TKI treatment, in this study we analyzed
      cell cycle status, the levels of several CDKIs and the subcellular localization
      of such molecules in different CML cell lines, as well as primary CD34(+)CD38(
      )lin(-) LSC and HSC. Our results demonstrate that cellular location of p18(INK4c)
      and p57(Kip2) seems to be implicated in the antiproliferative activity of
      Imatinib and Dasatinib in CML cells and also suggest that the permanence of
      quiescent stem cells after TKI treatment could be associated with a decrease in
      p18(INK4c) and p57(Kip2) nuclear location. The differences in p18(INK4c)and
      p57(Kip2)activities in CML and normal stem cells suggest a different cell cycle
      regulation and provide a platform that could be considered in the development of
      new therapeutic options to eliminate LSC.

PMID- 26985857
TI  - Clinical Observation on Hemogram Variation of Allogeneic Donors from Chinese
      Population for Peripheral Hematopoietic Stem Cell Collection.
AB  - Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection has been increasingly more popular
      than bone marrow donation, but little side effects induced by hemogram variation
      of donors for PBSC collection were reported. The peripheral blood cells were
      counted pre- and post-collection of PBSC from 166 allogeneic-related donors.
      Donors' hemoglobin concentration decreased from 144.95 (+/-16.175) g/L to 139.12
      (+/-13.684) g/L (P < 0.05) and platelet counts decreased from 234.51 (+/-60.925)
      * 10(9)/L to 93.00 (+/-28.439) * 10(9)/L (P < 0.001) after sequential PBSC
      collections. The anemia condition was weakly correlated (r = 0.297, P < 0.02) and
      the decrease of platelet counts was strongly correlated (r = 0.719, P < 0.001) to
      the blood cells in the collection products. The hemoglobin concentration decrease
      had no significant difference in all four age groups between pre- and post
      collection (P >= 0.05), but was significantly decreased between pre-collection
      and post-first collection, post-second collection (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) in all
      the body mass index (BMI) groups, among which the underweight group was highly
      decreased. Neither of the BMI groups nor age groups indicated any statistical
      difference on platelet counts (P > 0.05). A slight decrease of hemoglobin and a
      significant decrease of platelet counts occurred after sequential PBSC
      collection, which was tolerable for donors younger than 60 years old. The
      collection characteristic of underweight persons should be fine-tuned to ensure
      their safety. The platelet decrease was independent of ages or BMI values.

PMID- 26985863
TI  - Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in urban and suburban rivers
      of Beijing, China: occurrence, source apportionment and potential ecological
      risk.
AB  - This study analyzed 15 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in two
      rivers with different urbanization levels in the surrounding watershed (urban and
      suburb) in Beijing, China. Along the rivers, effluent samples from wastewater
      treatment plants (WWTPs) and wastewater samples from direct discharge outlets
      were also collected to reveal their possible contribution to the occurrence of
      PPCPs in these two rivers. Among the 15 PPCPs, 14 compounds were detected with
      caffeine (maximum 11,900 ng L(-1)) being the dominant compound. The total
      concentration of the detected PPCPs in direct discharge outlets (median 4706 ng
      L(-1)) was much higher than that in river waters (2780 ng L(-1)) and WWTP
      effluents (1971 ng L(-1)). The suburban-influenced Liangshui River had
      significantly higher PPCP concentrations compared to the urban-influenced Qing
      River due to more input of untreated wastewater from direct discharge outlets.
      Source apportionment showed that approximately 55% of the total PPCPs were
      contributed by untreated wastewater in the suburban-influenced river. Finally,
      ecological risk assessment has been regarded as a necessary part of general
      research. According to the environmental risk assessment results, caffeine,
      trimethoprim and metoprolol were found to be the most critical compounds, due to
      their high risk quotient values. The results of the present study can provide
      useful information for future PPCP pollution control and sustainable water
      management in Beijing, China.

PMID- 26985865
TI  - Assessment of the Correlation between Endoscopic Activity and Histological
      Activity in Ulcerative Colitis Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the concordance between the
      Rachmilewitz endoscopic activity index (EAI) and the Harpaz histopathological
      activity scoring system (HSS), which are used for evaluating the disease activity
      of ulcerative colitis (UC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study included 109
      patients with UC. Based on the disease extent, patients were divided into two
      groups as left-sided colitis and pancolitis. Patients were grouped as inactive,
      mild, moderate and severe depending on the Rachmilewitz EAI and Harpaz HSS.
      Kendal's tau and kappa (x03BA;) statistics were used to assess the agreement
      between endoscopic and histopathological scores. A receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve was also analyzed to evaluate the sensitivity and
      specificity of endoscopic scores to predict inactive histopathological disease.
      RESULTS: In the left-sided colitis group, there were slight and poor agreements
      in the inactive endoscopic subscores (ESS) with inactive Harpaz HSS (x03BA;:
      0.598, p < 0.001) and moderate ESS with moderate Harpaz HSS (x03BA;: 0.236, p =
      0.046). There was no agreement between mild ESS and mild Harpaz HSS and between
      severe ESS and severe Harpaz HSS (x03BA;: 0.071, p = 0.573 and x03BA;: 0.160, p =
      0.151, respectively). In the pancolitis group, there was no significant agreement
      between inactive, mild, moderate and severe ESS and the equivalent Harpaz HSS
      grades (x03BA;: -0.194, p = 0.187; x03BA;: 0.125, p = 0.397; x03BA;: 0.148, p =
      0.175 and x03BA;: 0.174, p = 0.153, respectively). The ROC curve showed that the
      ESS indicating inactive disease had a low sensitivity to predict histologically
      inactive disease. CONCLUSION: The concordance between the endoscopic and
      histopathological indices was poor. Using both scores in the follow-up of
      patients with UC is necessary for treatment planning.

PMID- 26985866
TI  - Tripartite Motif Protein 72 Regulates the Proliferation and Migration of Rat
      Cardiac Fibroblasts via the Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling Pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts are critical
      for the progress of cardiac fibrosis. Tripartite motif protein 72 (Trim72), also
      known as MG53, mediates the dynamic process of membrane fusion and exocytosis in
      striated muscle. However, the role of Trim72 in the proliferation and migration
      of cardiac fibroblasts is unknown. METHODS: In the present study, we used small
      interference RNA (siRNA) to silence Trim72 and then investigated the effects of
      Trim72 on cardiac fibroblast proliferation and migration, which were activated
      during cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Cardiac fibroblasts were
      isolated from 2- to 3-day-old neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats and transfected with
      siRNA. A cell-counting assay was used to determine the proliferation of cardiac
      fibroblasts. A Boyden chamber assay was performed to determine the migration of
      cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS: Our study has, for the first time, demonstrated
      that Trim72 regulates the cell proliferation and migration of rat cardiac
      fibroblasts. Furthermore, the data from the gene expression profile microarray
      analysis indicate that Trim72 depletion can cause downregulation of the
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway, suggesting that Trim72
      regulates the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts probably via the
      TGF-beta signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that Trim72 might
      play a pivotal role in the proliferation of neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts,
      which could be a potential target for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. However,
      the involvement of other signaling pathways and factors in the formation of
      cardiac fibrosis cannot be excluded.

PMID- 26985867
TI  - Upregulation of miRNA-155 expression by OxLDL in dendritic cells involves JAK1/2
      kinase and transcription factors YY1 and MYB.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
      (AS). Whereas the pathogenic role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in
      the development and progression of AS has been recognized previously, the
      contribution of microRNA-155 (miR-155) to AS was previously not fully understood.
      It had also been noted that miR-155 levels were upregulated by oxLDL in various
      cell types under different (patho)physiological conditions, but its underlying
      mechanisms had not been examiend in detail. Thus, in the present study, we
      observed that oxLDL treatment increased miR-155 expression in DCs, and
      transfecting DCs with siRNA against scavenger receptor A (SRA) revealed that
      repression of SRA attenuated this upregulation. We also noted that miR-155
      negatively regulated SRA expression by suppressing the JNK pathway. Furthermore,
      we noted that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and V-Myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene
      homolog (MYB), which were also upregulated by oxLDL, directly bound to the
      cognate sequences of the promoter region of miR-155 to activate its
      transcription. In addition, using SP600125, a specific inhibitor for c-Jun N
      terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, we demonstrated that JNK signaling was involved
      in the miR-155-mediated suppression of SRA expression. Thus, in the present study
      we uncovered the molecular mechanism through which miR-155 expression is
      regulated by oxLDL, and we also identified a negative feedback loop, miR-155-JNK
      SRA-miR-155. Our findings thus provide novel insights into the regulatory network
      underlying the expression and activity of miR-155 in DCs.

PMID- 26985861
TI  - In Vivo Imaging of Human Neuroinflammation.
AB  - Neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of a growing number of
      human disorders, including multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, traumatic brain
      injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a result, interest in the
      development of novel methods to investigate neuroinflammatory processes, for the
      purpose of diagnosis, development of new therapies, and treatment monitoring, has
      surged over the past 15 years. Neuroimaging offers a wide array of non- or
      minimally invasive techniques to characterize neuroinflammatory processes. The
      intent of this Review is to provide brief descriptions of currently available
      neuroimaging methods to image neuroinflammation in the human central nervous
      system (CNS) in vivo. Specifically, because of the relatively widespread
      accessibility of equipment for nuclear imaging (positron emission tomography
      [PET]; single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI), we will focus on strategies utilizing these technologies. We first
      provide a working definition of "neuroinflammation" and then discuss available
      neuroimaging methods to study human neuroinflammatory processes. Specifically, we
      will focus on neuroimaging methods that target (1) the activation of CNS
      immunocompetent cells (e.g. imaging of glial activation with TSPO tracer
      [(11)C]PBR28), (2) compromised BBB (e.g. identification of MS lesions with
      gadolinium-enhanced MRI), (3) CNS-infiltration of circulating immune cells (e.g.
      tracking monocyte infiltration into brain parenchyma with iron oxide
      nanoparticles and MRI), and (4) pathological consequences of neuroinflammation
      (e.g. imaging apoptosis with [(99m)Tc]Annexin V or iron accumulation with T2*
      relaxometry). This Review provides an overview of state-of-the-art techniques for
      imaging human neuroinflammation which have potential to impact patient care in
      the foreseeable future. 

PMID- 26985864
TI  - Curcumin inhibits intracellular fatty acid synthase and induces apoptosis in
      human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.
AB  - High levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression have been found in many
      tumors, including prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers, and inhibition of FAS
      has been reported to obstruct tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin is one
      of the major active ingredients of Curcuma longa, which has been proven to
      inhibit the growth of cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the
      potential activity of curcumin as a FAS inhibitor for chemoprevention of breast
      cancer. As a result, curcumin induced human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell
      apoptosis with the half-inhibitory concentration value of 3.63 +/- 0.26 ug/ml,
      and blocked FAS activity, expression and mRNA level in a dose-dependent manner.
      Curcumin also regulated B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax and p-Akt protein
      expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, FAS knockdown showed similar effect as
      curcumin. All these results suggested that curcumin may induce cell apoptosis via
      inhibiting FAS.

PMID- 26985868
TI  - Establishment and Characterization of a New Muscle Cell Line of Zebrafish (Danio
      rerio) as an In Vitro Model for Gene Expression Studies.
AB  - A new continuous fibroblast cell line was established from the muscle tissue of
      healthy juvenile Danio rerio (Zebrafish) through explant method. Fish cell lines
      serve as useful tool for investigating basic fish biology, as a model for
      bioassay of environmental toxicant, toxicity ranking, and for developing
      molecular biomarkers. The cell line was continuously subcultured for a period of
      12 months (61 passages) and maintained at 28  degrees C in L-15 medium
      supplemented with 10% FBS and 10 ng/mL of basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF)
      without use of antibiotics. Its growth rate was proportional to the FBS
      concentration, with optimum growth at 15% FBS. DNA barcoding (16SrRNA and COX1)
      was used to authenticate the cell line. Cells were incubated with propidium
      iodide and sorted via flow cytometry to calculate the DNA content to confirm the
      genetic stability. Significant green fluorescent protein (GFP) signals confirmed
      the utility of cell line in transgenic and genetic manipulation studies. In vitro
      assay was performed with MTT to examine the growth potential of the cell line.
      The muscle cell line would provide a novel invaluable in vitro model to identify
      important genes to understand regulatory mechanisms that govern the molecular
      regulation of myogenesis and should be useful in biomedical research. 

PMID- 26985862
TI  - Vaccines for the prevention against the threat of MERS-CoV.
AB  - First identified in 2012, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus
      (MERS-CoV) is listed as a new Category C Priority Pathogen. While the high
      mortality of MERS-CoV infection is further intensified by potential human-to
      human transmissibility, no MERS vaccines are available for human use. This review
      explains immune responses resulting from MERS-CoV infection, describes MERS
      vaccine criteria, and presents available small animal models to evaluate the
      efficacy of MERS vaccines. Current advances in vaccine development are
      summarized, focusing on specific applications and limitations of each vaccine
      category. Taken together, this review provides valuable guidelines toward the
      development of an effective and safe MERS vaccine. This article is written for a
      Special Focus Issue of Expert Review of Vaccines on 'Vaccines for Biodefence'.

PMID- 26985869
TI  - Expression of MIF and c-erbB-2 in endometrial cancer.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of c-erbB-2 and
      macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in endometrial cancer and to
      elucidate the significance of the early diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial
      cancer. The gene copy number of c-erbB-2 and MIF was characterized by reverse
      transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the reactivity was
      assessed by immunohistochemistry in 70 patients using a polyclonal antibody, and
      evaluated semiquantitatively according to the percentage of cells demonstrating
      membranous or diffuse cytoplasmic staining. A correlation between age, tumor
      stage, grade, myometrial invasion and lymph node metastasis was observed. The
      mRNA expression of c-erbB-2 and MIF was high in endometrial carcinoma. The
      positive expression rate of MIF protein in normal endometrium, atypical
      hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma significantly increased along with the
      degree of aggravation of the disease by 20 (3/15), 45 (9/20) and 70% (35/50),
      respectively. The positive expression of MIF and c-erbB-2 was highest in
      endometrial cancer and a significantly higher level of protein was observed in
      tumors at stage I, stage G1, with a depth of myometrial invasion <0.4 cm and no
      lymph node metastasis. The protein expression of c-erbB-2 in endometrial cancer
      was higher in tumors at the G2-3 phase, clinical stage III-IV, lymph node
      metastasis, and had no association with the depth of myometrial invasion and age.
      MIF and c-erbB-2 were correlated with the occurrence and the development of
      endometrial cancer, and thus can be used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of
      endometrial cancer. The present study laid the foundation for identifying new
      treatments for endometrial cancer. 

PMID- 26985870
TI  - Confirmatory evidence for a multidimensional model of racial-ethnic socialization
      for transracially adoptive families.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study is to test a recently established
      model of racial-ethnic socialization (Langrehr, 2014) among 2 samples of White
      transracially adoptive parents and to assess whether the proposed model functions
      similarly after accounting for adopted child race. METHOD: Based on a modified
      version of the Racial Bias Preparation Scale (Fisher, Wallace, & Fenton, 2000),
      confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the 3-factor model (i.e., Prejudice
      Awareness, Racial-Ethnic Pride, and Egalitarianism) among 172 White transracially
      adoptive parents with Asian children (Mage = 45.72) and 140 White transracially
      adoptive parents with Black children (Mage = 42.62). In addition, multigroup
      invariance testing was used to assess whether the proposed model functioned
      similarly across the 2 groups of parents. RESULTS: Results indicate that the
      proposed 3-factor model demonstrated partial measurement invariance such that the
      subconstruct of Egalitarianism functioned similarly across groups, whereas Racial
      Ethnic Pride and Prejudice Awareness were deemed noninvariant. CONCLUSIONS:
      Findings are intended to help expand the concept of racial-ethnic socialization
      for transracially adoptive families and address the degree to which current
      research on racial-ethnic socialization can be applied to different transracially
      adoptive families. Results are intended to highlight ways that various social
      cultural dimensions of family can culminate into different socialization
      experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985871
TI  - Evaluation of overpressure prediction models for air blast above the triple
      point.
AB  - The increase of blast exposures leads to the need for better assessment of the
      blast threat. Empirical models describing the blast propagation in ideal
      conditions as free-field or surface detonations are commonly employed, but in
      some configurations the ground-reflected shock should be treated explicitly.
      Empirical models permit the prediction of the blast characteristics with the
      ground-reflected shock. The present study uses some original experimental data to
      evaluate the accuracy of the predicted overpressure with time regarding the
      reflected shock characteristics. Three methods are tested. The first method,
      called method of images (MOI) and linearly adding a virtual ground-symmetrical
      source blast to the free-field blast, is quick but lacks accuracy regarding the
      reflected shock characteristics. The second method, based on the
      LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED function of the commercial LS-DYNA framework, better captures
      the reflected shock compared to the MOI, but the overall differences with
      experimental data are of the same order of magnitude as for the MOI. An original
      fit is introduced, based on standard physical parameters. The accuracy of this
      fit on the reflected shock characteristics, and the better match with the overall
      overpressure time series, shows its potential as a new empirical blast predicting
      tool. 

PMID- 26985873
TI  - Liberation characteristics after cryogenic modification and air table separation
      of discarded printed circuit boards.
AB  - Liberating useful materials from printed circuit boards (PCBs) is challenging
      because PCBs are flexible and complex in terms of materials and components. In
      this study, the crushing of PCBs at low-temperature was investigated. The results
      indicated that when the temperature was decreased to approximately -20  degrees
      C, the strength of PCBs decreased and their brittleness increased, making them
      easier to crush. A double roll crusher was selected to crush the PCBs. The
      particle size distribution and power consumption were studied under different
      working conditions. The results showed that the particle size of most of the
      lumps was in the range 15*20-25*20 mm, and that power consumption was minimal
      when the frequency of the crusher was 40-50 Hz. A small shredder was used for
      cryogenic grinding, and it was found that its power consumption strongly depended
      on the cooling temperature. An orthogonal experiment was conducted, which
      revealed that a smaller cutter gap and higher rotational speed could achieve
      higher yield. Furthermore, the results indicated that the air table developed to
      liberate PCB materials could effectively separate 2.8-0.5mm grade materials.
      Overall, the results of this study provide an experimental foundation for more
      effectively recycling discarded PCBs.

PMID- 26985872
TI  - Effect of energetic materials wettability on their outdoor effective elution
      rate.
AB  - Energetic materials (EM) contained in military ammunitions have been found in the
      surface soil and water of training areas and may potentially represent a threat
      to human health and the environment. EM wettability is an essential physical
      parameter to characterize because it controls EM dissolution rate. This paper was
      conducted to determine the wettability of conventional and new EM formulations
      used in military ammunition. Wettability was estimated in the laboratory via
      contact angle measurements of water droplets on different EM surfaces. Results
      show that 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX),
      Octol and energetic thermoplastic elastomer (ETPE) 1000 are hydrophilic while
      Composition B, XRT, GIM, CX-85, ETPE 2000, and C4 are hydrophobic whereas HELOVA
      gun propellant has a mixed wettability oscillating between hydrophilic and
      hydrophobic. The present study demonstrates that wettability of EM formulation is
      generally controlled by their matrix constituents. Results indicate that
      hydrophobic formulations have a much slower outdoor environmental effective
      elution rate than hydrophilic ones, with the exception of the hydrophobic C4
      formulation whose elution rate is extremely high. The addition of hydrophobic
      components into EM formulations is recommended to diminish the environmental
      impact on water, as it has already been done with XRT, GIM and CX-85
      formulations. 

PMID- 26985874
TI  - Gaseous trichloroethylene removal using an electrochemically generated
      homogeneous low-valent ligand-free Co(I) electrocatalyst by electro-scrubbing.
AB  - The interest in heterogeneous Co(OH)2 electrocatalysts for energy applications
      has increased steadily. This study focused on a ligand-free homogeneous
      electrocatalyst for the degradation of gaseous trichloroethylene (TCE) in NaOH in
      a divided electrolytic cell. The initial electrolysis results revealed a change
      in the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of [Co(II)(OH)4](2-) (Co(II)) from 
      267 mV to -800 mV on anodized Ti during electrolytic reduction identifies low
      valent homogeneous [Co(I)(OH)4](3-)(Co(I)) formation in 10 M NaOH. Cyclic
      voltammetry analysis of Co(II) at different anodized electrodes, Ag, carbon and
      Ti, in a 10 M NaOH solution, showed no stripping like peak in the reverse scan
      only the Ti electrode, supporting the formation of low-valent Co(I). UV-vis
      spectral analysis of the electrolyzed solution showed an enhanced peak
      corresponding to metal-to-ligand transition, demonstrates Co(I) formation. Co(II)
      reduction reached a maximum yield of 18% at 30 mA cm(-2) on an anodized Ti
      cathode. For gaseous TCE removal, continuous mode electro-scrubbing was adopted
      and degradation was monitored using an online FTIR gas analyzer that showed
      99.75% degradation of TCE in the presence of homogeneous Co(I). Three consecutive
      regenerations of Co(I) and degradation steps of TCE confirmed the possibility of
      industrial applications in a sustainable manner.

PMID- 26985875
TI  - Indole-containing new types of dyes and their UV-vis and NMR spectra and
      electronic structures: Experimental and theoretical study.
AB  - Indole containing dyes were synthesized via a simple method with high yield.
      These molecules have different colors and UV-vis spectra of them were recorded.
      Impact of solvents on absorbances was investigated and it was observed that basic
      solvent such as DMF and pyridine have blue shift. TD-DFT calculations were done
      and results were compared with experimental data. NMR data of molecules were
      analyzed and tautomeric forms of colorants and their ratio were determined. It
      was find out that two tautomers might be formed in solution, called indole and
      indolenine form. HOMO-LUMO and energy gaps were calculated and plotted.
      Furthermore, molecular electrostatic potentials were simulated to find out
      electrophilic and nucleophilic regions. 

PMID- 26985876
TI  - Dielectric spectroscopic studies on the water hyacinth plant collected from
      agriculture drainage.
AB  - The present paper aims to investigate the sensitivity of dielectric spectroscopy
      to changes in concentrations of pollutants (heavy metals and metal oxides) uptake
      by the water hyacinth plant collected from agriculture wastewater drainage. The
      measurements were carried out on the dried root and shoot plant parts before and
      after subjecting to different microwave heating powers for different times.
      Dielectric properties of the untreated root were investigated at temperature
      range (30-90 degrees C). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) results showed
      that the concentration of metals and metals oxides are higher in plant root than
      in plant shoot. Accordingly, the obtained dielectric properties were found to
      depend on the applied electric field frequency, magnitude of heating power as
      well as concentrations of pollutants. Analysis of experimental data represented
      by the imaginary part of the dielectric modulus M" (omega) revealed to the
      presence of three different relaxation processes. The lower frequency relaxation
      process was associated to charge carriers conduction whereas those appeared at
      higher frequencies were associated to different types of interfacial
      polarization. The plant ability for removing heavy metals and metal oxides from
      the aquatic environments would be enhanced upon subjecting to microwave heating
      power with 400 W for 30 min.

PMID- 26985877
TI  - Chromatographic and spectroscopic identification and recognition of ammoniacal
      cochineal dyes and pigments.
AB  - In this work a combined chromatographic and spectroscopic approach is used to
      provide a diagnostic assessment of semi-synthetic ammoniacal cochineal through
      the syntheses of its dyes and lakes according to art historical recipes.
      Commercially introduced in the late XIX century as a dye and pigment, it was used
      to obtain a brilliant purplish/violet nuance which provided a more stable option
      over carminic acid although its evidenced use in manufacts and artworks of
      heritage importance have been scarcely documented. Through HPLC-DAD, it has been
      possible to identify 4-aminocarminic acid as the main component of ammoniacal
      cochineal highlighting a chemical formula analogous to acid stable carmine, a
      recent patented food dye. FTIR clearly distinguishes the amine group in the
      ammoniacal cochineal dye preparation and TLC-SERS allows for an adequate
      separation and spectral differentiation in its main components to be evidenced.
      Colloidal SERS has permitted spectral markers useful in discerning ammoniacal
      cochineal over carminic acid to be highlighted and discussed. Finally, the
      methods experimented in this study for the identification of ammoniacal cochineal
      have been validated on analyzing a sample of dyed wool. 

PMID- 26985878
TI  - Which therapeutic strategy will achieve a cure for HIV-1?
AB  - Strategies to achieve a cure for HIV-1 infection can be broadly classified into
      three categories: eradication cure (elimination of all viral reservoirs),
      functional cure (immune control without reservoir eradication), or a hybrid cure
      (reservoir reduction with improved immune control). The many HIV-1 cure
      strategies being investigated include modification of host cells to resist HIV-1,
      engineered T cells to eliminate HIV-infected cells, broadly HIV-1 neutralizing
      monoclonal antibodies, and therapeutic vaccination, but the 'kick and kill'
      strategy to expose latent HIV-1 with latency reversing agents (LRAs) and kill the
      exposed cells through immune effector functions is currently the most actively
      pursued. It is unknown, however, whether LRAs can deplete viral reservoirs in
      vivo or whether current LRAs are sufficiently safe for clinical use.

PMID- 26985879
TI  - Virus assembly factories in a lipid world.
AB  - Many viruses build specialized structures known as viral factories, a protected
      environment in which viral genome replication and morphogenesis take place.
      Recent findings show that viruses manipulate lipid flows to assemble these
      replication platforms. Viruses are thus able to create new membranes by
      interfering with lipid metabolism, targeting and transport; they make use of
      specific lipid transfer proteins (LTP) at membrane contact sites, and frequently
      recruit endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER export sites, and mitochondria. Some
      factories, such as those built by plant and certain animal viruses, are motile
      membranous structures involved in intracellular or intercellular transport of the
      replicated viral genome. The identification of lipids and LTP subverted by
      viruses might lead to better understand and fight viral infections.

PMID- 26985880
TI  - Bad is freer than good: Positive-negative asymmetry in attributions of free will.
AB  - Recent findings support the idea that the belief in free will serves as the basis
      for moral responsibility, thus promoting the punishment of immoral agents. We
      theorized that free will extends beyond morality to serve as the basis for
      accountability and the capacity for change more broadly, not only for others but
      also for the self. Five experiments showed that people attributed higher freedom
      of will to negative than to positive valence, regardless of morality or intent,
      for both self and others. In recalling everyday life situations and in classical
      decision making paradigms, negative actions, negatives outcomes, and negative
      framing were attributed higher free will than positive ones. Free will
      attributions were mainly driven by action or outcome valence, but not intent.
      These findings show consistent support for the idea that free will underlies
      laypersons' sense-making for accountability and change under negative
      circumstances.

PMID- 26985881
TI  - The influence of retrieval practice on metacognition: The contribution of
      analytic and non-analytic processes.
AB  - People may change their memory predictions after retrieval practice using naive
      theories of memory and/or by using subjective experience - analytic and non
      analytic processes respectively. The current studies disentangled contributions
      of each process. In one condition, learners studied paired-associates, made a
      memory prediction, completed a short-run of retrieval practice and made a second
      prediction. In another condition, judges read about a yoked learners' retrieval
      practice performance but did not participate in retrieval practice and therefore,
      could not use non-analytic processes for the second prediction. In Study 1,
      learners reduced their predictions following moderately difficult retrieval
      practice whereas judges increased their predictions. In Study 2, learners made
      lower adjusted predictions than judges following both easy and difficult
      retrieval practice. In Study 3, judge-like participants used analytic processes
      to report adjusted predictions. Overall, the results suggested non-analytic
      processes play a key role for participants to reduce their predictions after
      retrieval practice.

PMID- 26985882
TI  - Self-reference recollection effect and its relation to theory of mind: An
      investigation in healthy controls and schizophrenia.
AB  - This study explores the links between the Self-Reference Effect (SRE) and Theory
      of Mind (ToM) in typical adults and patients with schizophrenia. Participants
      were assessed with a self-referential memory paradigm investigating the mnemonic
      effect of both semantic and episodic self-reference with a recognition task
      associated with the Remember/Know/Guess paradigm. They also completed a self
      descriptive scale and shortened versions of the attribution of intention task and
      the reading the mind in the eyes test as measures of cognitive and affective ToM
      respectively. Unlike typical adults, the patients showed no semantic SRRE
      (correct recognition associated with remembering), and there was no episodic SRRE
      and no SRE (on the number of correct recognitions) in either group. Semantic SRRE
      was correlated with the affective ToM in patients and with the positivity of the
      self-concept in the healthy group. We discuss that patients and typical adults
      use different strategies during self and other-reflection.

PMID- 26985883
TI  - Metacognitive monitoring and control processes in children with autism spectrum
      disorder: Diminished judgement of confidence accuracy.
AB  - Metacognition consists of monitoring processes (the ability to accurately
      represent one's own mental states) and control processes (the ability to control
      one's cognitive processes effectively). Both processes play vital roles in self
      regulated learning. However, currently it is unclear whether these processes are
      impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This study aimed
      to assess metacognition in thirty-two children with ASD, and 30 IQ-/age-matched
      neurotypical children, using a judgment of confidence task. It was found that
      children with ASD showed diminished accuracy in their judgments of confidence,
      indicating metacognitive monitoring impairments in ASD. Children with ASD also
      used monitoring to influence control processes significantly less than
      neurotypical children, despite little evidence of impairments in overall control
      ability.

PMID- 26985885
TI  - Chitosan Nanoparticles as Carriers for the Delivery of PhiKAZ14 Bacteriophage for
      Oral Biological Control of Colibacillosis in Chickens.
AB  - The use of chitosan as a delivery carrier has attracted much attention in recent
      years. In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NP) and chitosan-PhiKAZ14
      bacteriophage-loaded nanoparticles (C-PhiKAZ14 NP) were prepared by a simple
      coercavation method and characterized. The objective was to achieve an effective
      protection of bacteriophage from gastric acids and enzymes in the chicken
      gastrointestinal tract. The average particle sizes for CS-NP and C-PhiKAZ14 NP
      were 188 +/- 7.4 and 176 +/- 3.2 nm, respectively. The zeta potentials for CS-NP
      and C-PhiKAZ14 NP were 50 and 60 mV, respectively. Differential scanning
      calorimetry (DSC) of C-PhiKAZ14 NP gave an onset temperature of -17.17  degrees C
      with a peak at 17.32  degrees C and final end set of 17.41  degrees C, while
      blank chitosan NP had an onset of -20.00  degrees C with a peak at -19.78 
      degrees C and final end set at -20.47. FT-IR spectroscopy data of both CS-NP and
      C-PhiKAZ14 NP were the same. Chitosan nanoparticles showed considerable
      protection of PhiKAZ14 bacteriophage against degradation by enzymes as evidenced
      in gel electrophoresis, whereby PhiKAZ14 bacteriophage encapsulated in chitosan
      nanoparticles were protected whereas the naked PhiKAZ14 bacteriophage were
      degraded. C-PhiKAZ14 NP was non-toxic as shown by a chorioallantoic membrane
      (CAM) toxicity assay. It was concluded that chitosan nanoparticles could be a
      potent carrier of PhiKAZ14 bacteriophage for oral therapy against colibacillosis
      in poultry. 

PMID- 26985884
TI  - Approaches to preventative and therapeutic HIV vaccines.
AB  - Novel strategies are being researched to discover vaccines to prevent and treat
      HIV-1. Non-efficacious preventative vaccine approaches include bivalent
      recombinant gp120 alone, HIV gene insertion into an Adenovirus 5 (Ad5) virus
      vector and the DNA prime/Ad5 boost vaccine regimen. However, the ALVAC-HIV
      prime/AIDSVAX(r) B/E gp120 boost regimen showed 31.2% efficacy at 3.5 years, and
      is being investigated as clade C constructs with an additional boost. Likewise,
      although multiple therapeutic vaccines have failed in the past, in a non-placebo
      controlled trial, a Tat vaccine demonstrated immune cell restoration, reduction
      of immune activation, and reduced HIV-1 DNA viral load. Monoclonal antibodies for
      passive immunization or treatment show promise, with VRC01 entering advanced
      clinical trials.

PMID- 26985886
TI  - Nanopore Event-Transduction Signal Stabilization for Wide pH Range under Extreme
      Chaotrope Conditions.
AB  - Operation of an alpha-hemolysin nanopore transduction detector is found to be
      surprisingly robust over a critical range of pH (6-9), including physiological pH
      = 7.4 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) pH = 8.4, and extreme chaotrope
      concentration, including 5 M urea. The engineered transducer molecule that is
      captured in the standard alpha-hemolysin nanopore detector, to transform it into
      a transduction detector, appears to play a central role in this stabilization
      process by stabilizing the channel against gating during its capture. This
      enables the nanopore transduction detector to operate as a single molecule
      "nanoscope" in a wide range of conditions, where tracking on molecular state is
      possible in a variety of different environmental conditions. In the case of
      streptavidin biosensing, results are shown for detector operation when in the
      presence of extreme (5 M) urea concentration. Complications involving degenerate
      states are encountered at higher chaotrope concentrations, but since the
      degeneracy is only of order two, this is easily absorbed into the classification
      task as in prior work. This allows useful detector operation over a wide range of
      conditions relevant to biochemistry, biomedical engineering, and biotechnology. 

PMID- 26985887
TI  - Use of a Ceramic Membrane to Improve the Performance of Two-Separate-Phase
      Biocatalytic Membrane Reactor.
AB  - Biocatalytic membrane reactors (BMR) combining reaction and separation within the
      same unit have many advantages over conventional reactor designs. Ceramic
      membranes are an attractive alternative to polymeric membranes in membrane
      biotechnology due to their high chemical, thermal and mechanical resistance.
      Another important use is their potential application in a biphasic membrane
      system, where support solvent resistance is highly needed. In this work, the
      preparation of asymmetric ceramic hollow fibre membranes and their use in a two
      separate-phase biocatalytic membrane reactor will be described. The asymmetric
      ceramic hollow fibre membranes were prepared using a combined phase inversion and
      sintering technique. The prepared fibres were then used as support for lipase
      covalent immobilization in order to develop a two-separate-phase biocatalytic
      membrane reactor. A functionalization method was proposed in order to increase
      the density of the reactive hydroxyl groups on the surface of ceramic membranes,
      which were then amino-activated and treated with a crosslinker. The performance
      and the stability of the immobilized lipase were investigated as a function of
      the amount of the immobilized biocatalytst. Results showed that it is possible to
      immobilize lipase on a ceramic membrane without altering its catalytic
      performance (initial residual specific activity 93%), which remains constant
      after 6 reaction cycles. 

PMID- 26985888
TI  - New Anti-HBV C-Boivinopyranosyl Flavones from Alternanthera philoxeroides.
AB  - C-boivinopyranosyl flavones have rarely been isolated from nature. In the search
      for anti-HBV (hepatitis b virus) constituents of Alternanthera philoxeroides, two
      new compounds, luteolin-6-C-beta-D-boivinopyranosyl-3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside
      (1) and chrysoeriol-6-C-beta-D-boivinopyranosyl-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2),
      along with three known C-boivinopyranosyl flavones (compounds 3-5) were isolated.
      Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D
      NMR, HR-ESI-MS, IR spectra. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed significant anti-HBV
      activities through specifically inhibiting the secretion of HBsAg in HepG2.2.15.

PMID- 26985889
TI  - Large Scale Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants for Identification of Potential
      Antibacterial Compounds.
AB  - The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated
      by increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance leads to
      failed treatment of infections, which can ultimately lead to death. To overcome
      antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new antibacterial agents. In
      this study, a total of 662 plant extracts (diverse parts) from 222 plant species
      (82 families, 177 genera) were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar
      cup plate method. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared from diverse
      plant parts and screened against eight bacterial (two Gram-positive and six Gram
      negative) species, most of which are involved in common infections with multiple
      antibiotic resistance. The methanolic extracts of several plants were shown to
      have zones of inhibition >= 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
      bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated only with
      methanolic extracts of selected plants, those showed zone of inhibition >= 12 mm
      against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several extracts had
      minimum inhibitory concentration <= 1 mg/mL. Specifically Adhatoda vasica,
      Ageratum conyzoides, Alangium salvifolium, Alpinia galanga, Andrographis
      paniculata, Anogeissus latifolia, Annona squamosa, A. reticulate, Azadirachta
      indica, Buchanania lanzan, Cassia fistula, Celastrus paniculatus, Centella
      asiatica, Clausena excavate, Cleome viscosa, Cleistanthus collinus, Clerodendrum
      indicum, Croton roxburghii, Diospyros melanoxylon, Eleutherine bulbosa, Erycibe
      paniculata, Eryngium foetidum, Garcinia cowa, Helicteres isora, Hemidesmus
      indicus, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Lannea coromandelica, Millettia extensa,
      Mimusops elengi, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Oroxylum indicum, Paederia foetida,
      Pterospermum acerifolium, Punica granatum, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias
      pinnata, Terminalia alata and Vitex negundo were shown to have significant
      antimicrobial activity. The species listed here were shown to have anti-infective
      activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results may
      serve as a guide for selecting plant species that could yield the highest
      probability of finding promising compounds responsible for the antibacterial
      activities against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Further investigation
      of the phytochemicals from these plants will help to identify the lead compounds
      for drug discovery. 

PMID- 26985890
TI  - Carbapenems to Treat Multidrug and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carbapenems (ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem) are used to treat
      multidrug-resistant (MDR-) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB),
      even if the published evidence is limited, particularly when it is otherwise
      difficult to identify the recommended four active drugs to be included in the
      regimen. No systematic review to date has ever evaluated the efficacy, safety,
      and tolerability of carbapenems. METHODS: A search of peer-reviewed, scientific
      evidence was carried out, aimed at evaluating the efficacy/effectiveness, safety,
      and tolerability of carbapenem-containing regimens in individuals with
      pulmonary/extra-pulmonary disease which was bacteriologically confirmed as M/XDR
      TB. We used PubMed to identify relevant full-text, English manuscripts up to the
      20 December 2015, excluding editorials and reviews. RESULTS: Seven out of 160
      studies satisfied the inclusion criteria: two on ertapenem, one on imipenem, and
      four on meropenem, all published between 2005 and 2016. Of seven studies, six
      were retrospective, four were performed in a single center, two enrolled
      children, two had a control group, and six reported a proportion of XDR-TB cases
      higher than 20%. Treatment success was higher than 57% in five studies with
      culture conversion rates between 60% and 94.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The safety and
      tolerability is very good, with the proportion of adverse events attributable to
      carbapenems below 15%.

PMID- 26985891
TI  - Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increase Neo-Angiogenesis and Albumin Production in a
      Liver Tissue-Engineered Engraftment.
AB  - The construction of a three-dimensional (3D) liver tissue is limited by many
      factors; one of them is the lack of vascularization inside the tissue-engineered
      construct. An engineered liver pocket-scaffold able to increase neo-angiogenesis
      in vivo could be a solution to overcome these limitations. In this work, a
      hyaluronan (HA)-based scaffold enriched with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)
      and rat hepatocytes was pre-conditioned in a bioreactor system, then implanted
      into the liver of rats. Angiogenesis and hepatocyte metabolic functions were
      monitored. The formation of a de novo vascular network within the HA-based
      scaffold, as well as an improvement in albumin production by the implanted
      hepatocytes, were detected. The presence of hMSCs in the HA-scaffold increased
      the concentration of growth factors promoting angiogenesis inside the graft. This
      event ensured a high blood vessel density, coupled with a support to metabolic
      functions of hepatocytes. All together, these results highlight the important
      role played by stem cells in liver tissue-engineered engraftment. 

PMID- 26985895
TI  - Effect of Bismuth Oxide on the Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of
      Yttria Stabilized Zirconia.
AB  - Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3)-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were prepared via
      the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction
      spectroscopy results indicate that doping with 2 mol% Bi2O3 and adding 10 mol%
      yttria result in a stable zirconia cubic phase. Adding Bi2O3 as a dopant
      increases the density of zirconia to above 96%, while reducing its normal
      sintering temperature by approximately 250 degrees C. Moreover, electrical
      impedance analyses show that adding Bi2O3 enhances the conductivity of zirconia,
      improving its capability as a solid electrolyte for intermediate or even lower
      temperatures.

PMID- 26985892
TI  - Extracellular Vesicles: A New Frontier in Biomarker Discovery for Non-Alcoholic
      Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - In recent years, the global burden of obesity and diabetes has seen a parallel
      rise in other metabolic complications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
      (NAFLD). This condition, once thought to be a benign accumulation of hepatic fat,
      is now recognized as a serious and prevalent disorder that is conducive to
      inflammation and fibrosis. Despite the rising incidence of NAFLD, there is
      currently no reliable method for its diagnosis or staging besides the highly
      invasive tissue biopsy. This limitation has resulted in the study of novel
      circulating markers as potential candidates, one of the most popular being
      extracellular vesicles (EVs). These submicron membrane-bound structures are
      secreted from stressed and activated cells, or are formed during apoptosis, and
      are known to be involved in intercellular communication. The cargo of EVs depends
      upon the parent cell and has been shown to be changed in disease, as is their
      abundance in the circulation. The role of EVs in immunity and epigenetic
      regulation is widely attested, and studies showing a correlation with disease
      severity have made these structures a favorable target for diagnostic as well as
      therapeutic purposes. This review will highlight the research that is available
      on EVs in the context of NAFLD, the current limitations, and projections for
      their future utility in a clinical setting. 

PMID- 26985893
TI  - A RNA-DNA Hybrid Aptamer for Nanoparticle-Based Prostate Tumor Targeted Drug
      Delivery.
AB  - The side effects of radio- and chemo-therapy pose long-term challenges on a
      cancer patient's health. It is, therefore, highly desirable to develop more
      effective therapies that can specifically target carcinoma cells without damaging
      normal and healthy cells. Tremendous efforts have been made in the past to
      develop targeted drug delivery systems for solid cancer treatment. In this study,
      a new aptamer, A10-3-J1, which recognizes the extracellular domain of the
      prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), was designed. A super paramagnetic
      iron oxide nanoparticle-aptamer-doxorubicin (SPIO-Apt-Dox) was fabricated and
      employed as a targeted drug delivery platform for cancer therapy. This DNA RNA
      hybridized aptamer antitumor agent was able to enhance the cytotoxicity of
      targeted cells while minimizing collateral damage to non-targeted cells. This
      SPIO-Apt-Dox nanoparticle has specificity to PSMA+ prostate cancer cells. Aptamer
      inhibited nonspecific uptake of membrane-permeable doxorubic to the non-target
      cells, leading to reduced untargeted cytotoxicity and endocytic uptake while
      enhancing targeted cytotoxicity and endocytic uptake. The experimental results
      indicate that the drug delivery platform can yield statistically significant
      effectiveness being more cytotoxic to the targeted cells as opposed to the non
      targeted cells. 

PMID- 26985894
TI  - Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum
      L.) Cultivars and Landraces in China Based on Microsatellite Markers.
AB  - Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), one of the first domesticated crops, has
      been grown in Northern China for at least 10,000 years. The species is presently
      a minor crop, and evaluation of its genetic diversity has been very limited. In
      this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of 88 accessions of broomcorn
      millet collected from various provinces of China. Amplification with 67 simple
      sequence repeat (SSR) primers revealed moderate levels of diversity in the
      investigated accessions. A total of 179 alleles were detected, with an average of
      2.7 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content and expected
      heterozygosity ranged from 0.043 to 0.729 (mean = 0.376) and 0.045 to 0.771 (mean
      = 0.445), respectively. Cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair group
      method of mathematical averages separated the 88 accessions into four groups at a
      genetic similarity level of 0.633. A genetic structure assay indicated a close
      correlation between geographical regions and genetic diversity. The uncovered
      information will be valuable for defining gene pools and developing breeding
      programs for broomcorn millet. Furthermore, the millet-specific SSR markers
      developed in this study should serve as useful tools for assessment of genetic
      diversity and elucidation of population structure in broomcorn millet. 

PMID- 26985896
TI  - Wearable Sensor Localization Considering Mixed Distributed Sources in Health
      Monitoring Systems.
AB  - In health monitoring systems, the base station (BS) and the wearable sensors
      communicate with each other to construct a virtual multiple input and multiple
      output (VMIMO) system. In real applications, the signal that the BS received is a
      distributed source because of the scattering, reflection, diffraction and
      refraction in the propagation path. In this paper, a 2D direction-of-arrival
      (DOA) estimation algorithm for incoherently-distributed (ID) and coherently
      distributed (CD) sources is proposed based on multiple VMIMO systems. ID and CD
      sources are separated through the second-order blind identification (SOBI)
      algorithm. The traditional estimating signal parameters via the rotational
      invariance technique (ESPRIT)-based algorithm is valid only for one-dimensional
      (1D) DOA estimation for the ID source. By constructing the signal subspace, two
      rotational invariant relationships are constructed. Then, we extend the ESPRIT to
      estimate 2D DOAs for ID sources. For DOA estimation of CD sources, two rational
      invariance relationships are constructed based on the application of generalized
      steering vectors (GSVs). Then, the ESPRIT-based algorithm is used for estimating
      the eigenvalues of two rational invariance matrices, which contain the angular
      parameters. The expressions of azimuth and elevation for ID and CD sources have
      closed forms, which means that the spectrum peak searching is avoided. Therefore,
      compared to the traditional 2D DOA estimation algorithms, the proposed algorithm
      imposes significantly low computational complexity. The intersecting point of two
      rays, which come from two different directions measured by two uniform rectangle
      arrays (URA), can be regarded as the location of the biosensor (wearable sensor).
      Three BSs adopting the smart antenna (SA) technique cooperate with each other to
      locate the wearable sensors using the angulation positioning method. Simulation
      results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. 

PMID- 26985897
TI  - Development of Mobile Mapping System for 3D Road Asset Inventory.
AB  - Asset Management is an important component of an infrastructure project. A
      significant cost is involved in maintaining and updating the asset information.
      Data collection is the most time-consuming task in the development of an asset
      management system. In order to reduce the time and cost involved in data
      collection, this paper proposes a low cost Mobile Mapping System using an
      equipped laser scanner and cameras. First, the feasibility of low cost sensors
      for 3D asset inventory is discussed by deriving appropriate sensor models. Then,
      through calibration procedures, respective alignments of the laser scanner,
      cameras, Inertial Measurement Unit and GPS (Global Positioning System) antenna
      are determined. The efficiency of this Mobile Mapping System is experimented by
      mounting it on a truck and golf cart. By using derived sensor models, geo
      referenced images and 3D point clouds are derived. After validating the quality
      of the derived data, the paper provides a framework to extract road assets both
      automatically and manually using techniques implementing RANSAC plane fitting and
      edge extraction algorithms. Then the scope of such extraction techniques along
      with a sample GIS (Geographic Information System) database structure for unified
      3D asset inventory are discussed. 

PMID- 26985898
TI  - A Novel Semi-Supervised Electronic Nose Learning Technique: M-Training.
AB  - When an electronic nose (E-nose) is used to distinguish different kinds of gases,
      the label information of the target gas could be lost due to some fault of the
      operators or some other reason, although this is not expected. Another fact is
      that the cost of getting the labeled samples is usually higher than for unlabeled
      ones. In most cases, the classification accuracy of an E-nose trained using
      labeled samples is higher than that of the E-nose trained by unlabeled ones, so
      gases without label information should not be used to train an E-nose, however,
      this wastes resources and can even delay the progress of research. In this work a
      novel multi-class semi-supervised learning technique called M-training is
      proposed to train E-noses with both labeled and unlabeled samples. We employ M
      training to train the E-nose which is used to distinguish three indoor pollutant
      gases (benzene, toluene and formaldehyde). Data processing results prove that the
      classification accuracy of E-nose trained by semi-supervised techniques (tri
      training and M-training) is higher than that of an E-nose trained only with
      labeled samples, and the performance of M-training is better than that of tri
      training because more base classifiers can be employed by M-training. 

PMID- 26985899
TI  - Spatially Analyzing the Inequity of the Hong Kong Urban Heat Island by Socio
      Demographic Characteristics.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that some disadvantaged socio-demographic groups
      face serious environmental-related inequities in Hong Kong due to the rising
      ambient urban temperatures. Identifying heat-vulnerable groups and locating areas
      of Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) inequities is thus important for prioritizing
      interventions to mitigate death/illness rates from heat. This study addresses
      this problem by integrating methods of remote sensing retrieval, logistic
      regression modelling, and spatial autocorrelation. In this process, the SUHI
      effect was first estimated from the Land Surface Temperature (LST) derived from a
      Landsat image. With the scale assimilated to the SUHI and socio-demographic data,
      a logistic regression model was consequently adopted to ascertain their
      relationships based on Hong Kong Tertiary Planning Units (TPUs). Lastly, inequity
      "hotspots" were derived using spatial autocorrelation methods. Results show that
      disadvantaged socio-demographic groups were significantly more prone to be
      exposed to an intense SUHI effect: over half of 287 TPUs characterized by age
      groups of 60+ years, secondary and matriculation education attainment, widowed,
      divorced and separated, low and middle incomes, and certain occupation groups of
      workers, have significant Odds Ratios (ORs) larger than 1.2. It can be concluded
      that a clustering analysis stratified by age, income, educational attainment,
      marital status, and occupation is an effective way to detect the inequity
      hotspots of SUHI exposure. Additionally, inequities explored using income,
      marital status and occupation factors were more significant than the age and
      educational attainment in these areas. The derived maps and model can be further
      analyzed in urban/city planning, in order to mitigate the physical and social
      causes of the SUHI effect. 

PMID- 26985900
TI  - Exploring Associations between Problematic Internet Use, Depressive Symptoms and
      Sleep Disturbance among Southern Chinese Adolescents.
AB  - The primary aim of this study was to examine associations between problematic
      Internet use, depression and sleep disturbance, and explore whether there were
      differential effects of problematic Internet use and depression on sleep
      disturbance. A total of 1772 adolescents who participated in the Shantou
      Adolescent Mental Health Survey were recruited in 2012 in Shantou, China. The
      Chinese version of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used to evaluate the
      prevalence and severity of Internet addiction. The Chinese version of the
      Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a 10-item version of the Center for
      Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), and other socio-demographic
      measures were also completed. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the
      mediating effect of problematic Internet use and depression on sleep disturbance.
      Among the participants, 17.2% of adolescents met the criteria for problematic
      Internet use, 40.0% were also classified as suffering from sleep disturbance, and
      54.4% of students had depressive symptoms. Problematic Internet use was
      significantly associated with depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance. The
      correlation between depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance was highly
      significant. Both problematic Internet use (beta = 0.014; Sobel test Z = 12.7, p
      < 0.001) and depression (beta = 0.232; Sobel test Z = 3.39, p < 0.001) had
      partially mediating effects on sleep disturbance and depression was of greater
      importance for sleep disturbance than problematic Internet use. There is a high
      prevalence of problematic Internet use, depression and sleep disturbance among
      high school students in southern China, and problematic Internet use and
      depressive symptoms are strongly associated with sleep disturbance. This study
      provides evidence that problematic Internet use and depression have partially
      mediating effects on sleep disturbance. These results are important for
      clinicians and policy makers with useful information for prevention and
      intervention efforts. 

PMID- 26985901
TI  - The Inflammation Response to DEHP through PPARgamma in Endometrial Cells.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have shown the possible link between phthalates and
      endometrium-related gynecological diseases, however the molecular mechanism(s)
      behind this is/are still unclear. In the study, both primary cultured endometrial
      cells and an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa) were recruited to
      investigate the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at human-relevant
      concentrations. The results showed that DEHP did not affect the viability of
      either type of cell, which showed different responses to inflammation. Primary
      cultured cells showed stronger inflammatory reactions than the Ishikawa cell
      line. The expression of inflammatory factors was induced both at the mRNA and
      protein levels, however the inflammation did not induce the progress of
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the protein levels of EMT markers were
      not affected after exposure to either cell type. Further study showed that the
      mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma)
      wereup-regulated after exposure. In all, our study showed that human-relevant
      concentrations of DEHP could elicit the inflammatory response in primary cultured
      endometrial cells rather than in Ishikawa cell line. PPARgamma may act as the
      mediating receptor in the inflammation reaction. 

PMID- 26985902
TI  - Characterization of Intra-Type Variants of Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses by
      Next-Generation Deep Sequencing of the E6/E7 Region.
AB  - Different human papillomavirus (HPV) types are characterized by differences in
      tissue tropism and ability to promote cell proliferation and transformation. In
      addition, clinical and experimental studies have shown that some genetic
      variants/lineages of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types are characterized by increased
      oncogenic activity and probability to induce cancer. In this study, we designed
      and validated a new method based on multiplex PCR-deep sequencing of the E6/E7
      region of HR-HPV types to characterize HPV intra-type variants in clinical
      specimens. Validation experiments demonstrated that this method allowed reliable
      identification of the different lineages of oncogenic HPV types. Advantages of
      this method over other published methods were represented by its ability to
      detect variants of all HR-HPV types in a single reaction, to detect variants of
      HR-HPV types in clinical specimens with multiple infections, and, being based on
      sequencing of the full E6/E7 region, to detect amino acid changes in these
      oncogenes potentially associated with increased transforming activity. 

PMID- 26985903
TI  - Long Terminal Repeat Circular DNA as Markers of Active Viral Replication of Human
      T Lymphotropic Virus-1 in Vivo.
AB  - Clonal expansion of human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infected cells in
      vivo is well documented. Unlike human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HTLV
      1 plasma RNA is sparse. The contribution of the "mitotic" spread of HTLV-1
      compared with infectious spread of the virus to HTLV-1 viral burden in
      established infection is uncertain. Since extrachromosomal long terminal repeat
      (LTR) DNA circles are indicators of viral replication in HIV-1 carriers with
      undetectable plasma HIV RNA, we hypothesised that HTLV-1 LTR circles could
      indicate reverse transcriptase (RT) usage and infectious activity. 1LTR and 2LTR
      DNA circles were measured in HTLV-1 cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBMC) of asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and patients with HTLV-1-associated
      myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell
      leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL). 1LTR DNA circles were detected in 14/20 patients at a
      mean of 1.38/100 PBMC but did not differentiate disease status nor correlate with
      HTLV-1 DNA copies. 2LTR DNA circles were detected in 30/31 patients and at higher
      concentrations in patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases, independent of HTLV-1
      DNA load. In an incident case the 2LTR DNA circle concentration increased 2.1
      fold at the onset of HAM/TSP compared to baseline. Detectable and fluctuating
      levels of HTLV-1 DNA circles in patients indicate viral RT usage and virus
      replication. Our results indicate HTLV-1 viral replication capacity is maintained
      in chronic infection and may be associated with disease onset. 

PMID- 26985906
TI  - Mechanisms of Nuclear Export in Cancer and Resistance to Chemotherapy.
AB  - Tumour suppressor proteins, such as p53, BRCA1, and ABC, play key roles in
      preventing the development of a malignant phenotype, but those that function as
      transcriptional regulators need to enter the nucleus in order to function. The
      export of proteins between the nucleus and cytoplasm is complex. It occurs
      through nuclear pores and exported proteins need a nuclear export signal (NES) to
      bind to nuclear exportin proteins, including CRM1 (Chromosomal Region Maintenance
      protein 1), and the energy for this process is provided by the RanGTP/RanGDP
      gradient. Due to the loss of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints, drug
      resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment, and often an initially
      successful treatment will fail due to the development of resistance. An important
      mechanism underlying resistance is nuclear export, and a number of strategies
      that can prevent nuclear export may reverse resistance. Examples include
      inhibitors of CRM1, antibodies to the nuclear export signal, and alteration of
      nuclear pore structure. Each of these are considered in this review. 

PMID- 26985905
TI  - Altered Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Handling in Subjects with Impaired Glucose
      Tolerance as Compared to Impaired Fasting Glucose.
AB  - Altered skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) metabolism contributes to insulin
      resistance. Here, we compared skeletal muscle FA handling between subjects with
      impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12 (7 males)) and impaired glucose tolerance
      (IGT; n = 14 (7 males)) by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences
      across forearm muscle. [2H2]-palmitate was infused intravenously, labeling
      circulating endogenous triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA), whereas
      [U-(13)C]-palmitate was incorporated in a high-fat mixed-meal, labeling
      chylomicron-TAG. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken to determine muscle TAG,
      diacylglycerol (DAG), FFA, and phospholipid content, their fractional synthetic
      rate (FSR) and degree of saturation, and gene expression. Insulin sensitivity was
      assessed using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Net skeletal muscle glucose
      uptake was lower (p = 0.018) and peripheral insulin sensitivity tended to be
      reduced (p = 0.064) in IGT as compared to IFG subjects. Furthermore, IGT showed
      higher skeletal muscle extraction of VLDL-TAG (p = 0.043), higher muscle TAG
      content (p = 0.025), higher saturation of FFA (p = 0.004), lower saturation of
      TAG (p = 0.017) and a tendency towards a lower TAG FSR (p = 0.073) and a lower
      saturation of DAG (p = 0.059) versus IFG individuals. Muscle oxidative gene
      expression was lower in IGT subjects. In conclusion, increased liver-derived TAG
      extraction and reduced lipid turnover of saturated FA, rather than DAG content,
      in skeletal muscle accompany the more pronounced insulin resistance in IGT versus
      IFG subjects.

PMID- 26985908
TI  - Convective Mixing in Distal Pipes Exacerbates Legionella pneumophila Growth in
      Hot Water Plumbing.
AB  - Legionella pneumophila is known to proliferate in hot water plumbing systems, but
      little is known about the specific physicochemical factors that contribute to its
      regrowth. Here, L. pneumophila trends were examined in controlled, replicated
      pilot-scale hot water systems with continuous recirculation lines subject to two
      water heater settings (40  degrees C and 58  degrees C) and three distal tap
      water use frequencies (high, medium, and low) with two pipe configurations
      (oriented upward to promote convective mixing with the recirculating line and
      downward to prevent it). Water heater temperature setting determined where L.
      pneumophila regrowth occurred in each system, with an increase of up to 4.4 log
      gene copies/mL in the 40  degrees C system tank and recirculating line relative
      to influent water compared to only 2.5 log gene copies/mL regrowth in the 58 
      degrees C system. Distal pipes without convective mixing cooled to room
      temperature (23-24  degrees C) during periods of no water use, but pipes with
      convective mixing equilibrated to 30.5  degrees C in the 40  degrees C system and
      38.8  degrees C in the 58  degrees C system. Corresponding with known temperature
      effects on L. pneumophila growth and enhanced delivery of nutrients, distal pipes
      with convective mixing had on average 0.2 log more gene copies/mL in the 40 
      degrees C system and 0.8 log more gene copies/mL in the 58  degrees C system.
      Importantly, this work demonstrated the potential for thermal control strategies
      to be undermined by distal taps in general, and convective mixing in particular. 

PMID- 26985907
TI  - From Prebiotics to Probiotics: The Evolution and Functions of tRNA Modifications.
AB  - All nucleic acids in cells are subject to post-transcriptional chemical
      modifications. These are catalyzed by a myriad of enzymes with exquisite
      specificity and that utilize an often-exotic array of chemical substrates. In no
      molecule are modifications more prevalent than in transfer RNAs. In the present
      document, we will attempt to take a chemical rollercoaster ride from prebiotic
      times to the present, with nucleoside modifications as key players and tRNA as
      the centerpiece that drove the evolution of biological systems to where we are
      today. These ideas will be put forth while touching on several examples of tRNA
      modification enzymes and their modus operandi in cells. In passing, we submit
      that the choice of tRNA is not a whimsical one but rather highlights its critical
      function as an essential invention for the evolution of protein enzymes. 

PMID- 26985911
TI  - A Quality Improvement Project in Balance and Vestibular Rehabilitation and Its
      Effect on Clinical Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Unwarranted variation in practice is among the principal
      contributors of suboptimal outcomes in health care. This variation can be
      minimized via quality improvement initiatives. However, quality improvement
      projects focus mostly on assessing processes, and less attention is given to the
      effect of the variation on clinical outcomes. An effective implementation of a
      clinical treatment algorithm (CTA) could improve care for individuals with
      balance and vestibular disorders. The first aim of this quality improvement
      project was to examine adherence to a CTA developed by physical therapists who
      treat persons with balance and vestibular disorders. The second aim was to
      examine the effect of adherence on patient outcomes. METHODS: Twenty-three
      physical therapists who provided rehabilitation for individuals with balance and
      vestibular disorders participated in the quality improvement project. All
      physical therapists worked for the same health care provider, and developed the
      minimum data set and CTA. The physical therapists were cluster randomized into 2
      groups; both groups received educational training and reminders regarding
      adherence to the CTA. The first group received the training and reminders after
      an 8-week baseline period (initial group), and the second group (delayed group)
      after a 12-week baseline period. The prescribed interventions were classified as
      being adherent or nonadherent to the CTA. Clinical outcomes, including the
      Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, Dizziness Handicap Inventory
      (DHI), and the Global Rating of Change (GRC), were recorded at the initial
      evaluation and discharge for 454 individual with balance or vestibular disorders.
      RESULTS: Across the 16-week project, adherence rates improved significantly by 9%
      and 12% for the initial and delayed groups, respectively (P = 0.008), but there
      was no difference between groups related to the timing of the educational
      training and adherence reminders. Clinical outcomes improved for individuals,
      with balance or vestibular disorders but there was no differences in the change
      in ABC, DHI, and GRC scores based on whether the interventions were or were not
      adherent to the CTA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This quality improvement project
      was effective in increasing the adherence to the CTA in both groups. Although on
      average individuals with balance and vestibular disorders showed improvement on
      the clinical outcomes, there was no additional benefit in the clinical outcome
      for adherent interventions.Video abstract is available for more insights from the
      authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A125).

PMID- 26985913
TI  - Epithelial skin cancers after kidney transplantation: a retrospective single
      centre study of 376 recipients.
AB  - Post-transplant non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignancies
      in kidney transplant recipients. To analyse risk factors associated with the
      occurrence of basal cell carcinomas (BBC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in
      kidney transplant recipients. Statistical analysis was performed on 376 kidney
      transplant recipients screened for NMSC in 2002-2009 and followed until 2013.
      NMSC developed in 23.67% of individuals with an SCC/BCC ratio of 2.15:1 and an
      age-standardised incidence ratio (IR) of 2.71 cases (95% CI: 1.97-3.46) per 100
      patients/year. Based on multivariable analysis, NMSC occurrence significantly
      correlated with higher age (p<0.001), fair skin type (p = 0.01), and particularly
      SCCs with male gender (p = 0.001). Patients with >10 actinic keratoses were at
      higher risk of developing NMSCs (IRR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.97-4.42; p<0.001) and more
      prone to SCCs, compared to BCCs (p = 0.04). Also, more SCC carriers had high
      counts of warty lesions (p = 0.006). Calcineurin inhibitors were associated with
      higher NMSC incidence (IRR = 2.81; 95% CI: 1.1-7.01; p = 0.03), while no
      difference was seen with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Our
      results confirm an influence of the individual immunosuppressive regimen, in
      addition to the duration of immunosuppression, and suggest that older patients,
      males, fair skinned recipients or those affected with high counts of actinic
      keratoses (field cancerisation) are particularly prone to development of NMSC. 

PMID- 26985910
TI  - Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Surface Functionalization of Glassy Biosensors.
AB  - Nanostring resonator and fiber-optics-based biosensors are of interest as they
      offer high sensitivity, real-time measurements and the ability to integrate with
      electronics. However, these devices are somewhat impaired by issues related to
      surface modification. Both nanostring resonators and photonic sensors employ
      glassy materials, which are incompatible with electrochemistry. A surface
      chemistry approach providing strong and stable adhesion to glassy surfaces is
      thus required. In this work, a diazonium salt induced aryl film grafting process
      is employed to modify a novel SiCN glassy material. Sandwich rabbit IgG binding
      assays are performed on the diazonium treated SiCN surfaces. Fluorescently
      labelled anti-rabbit IgG and anti-rabbit IgG conjugated gold nanoparticles were
      used as markers to demonstrate the absorption of anti-rabbit IgG and therefore
      verify the successful grafting of the aryl film. The results of the experiments
      support the effectiveness of diazonium chemistry for the surface
      functionalization of SiCN surfaces. This method is applicable to other types of
      glassy materials and potentially can be expanded to various nanomechanical and
      optical biosensors. 

PMID- 26985915
TI  - Multi-trait BLUP model indicates sorghum hybrids with genetic potential for
      agronomic and nutritional traits.
AB  - The breeding of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, aimed at improving its
      nutritional quality, is of great interest, since it can be used as a highly
      nutritive alternative food source and can possibly be cultivated in regions with
      low rainfall. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential
      and genetic diversity of grain-sorghum hybrids for traits of agronomic and
      nutritional interest. To this end, the traits grain yield and flowering, and
      concentrations of protein, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron,
      manganese, and zinc in the grain were evaluated in 25 grain-sorghum hybrids,
      comprising 18 experimental hybrids of Embrapa Milho e Sorgo and seven commercial
      hybrids. The genetic potential was analyzed by a multi-trait best linear unbiased
      prediction (BLUP) model, and cluster analysis was accomplished by squared
      Mahalanobis distance using the predicted genotypic values. Hybrids 0306037 and
      0306034 stood out in the agronomic evaluation. The hybrids with agronomic
      prominence, however, did not stand out for the traits related to the nutritional
      quality of the grain. Three clusters were formed from the dendrogram obtained
      with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method. From the
      results of the genotypic BLUP and the analysis of the dendrogram, hybrids
      0577337, 0441347, 0307651, and 0306037 were identified as having the potential to
      establish a population that can aggregate alleles for all the evaluated traits of
      interest. 

PMID- 26985909
TI  - New Insights into the Crossroads between EMT and Stemness in the Context of
      Cancer.
AB  - The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an example of cellular plasticity,
      where an epithelial cell acquires a mesenchymal-like phenotype that increases its
      migratory and invasive properties. Stemness is the ability of stem cells to
      proliferate in an asymmetric way that allows them to maintain the reservoir of
      undifferentiated cells with stem cell identity, but also to produce new
      differentiated cells. Initial works revealed that activation of the EMT program
      in epithelial cells induces the acquisition of stem cell properties, which in the
      context of cancer may contribute to the appearance of tumor initiating cells
      (TIC). However, a number of groups have recently reported that mesenchymal
      epithelial transition (MET) is required for efficient metastatic colonization and
      that EMT may be not necessarily associated with stemness. In this review, we
      summarize recent findings that extend our knowledge about the crossroads between
      EMT and stemness and their relevance under physiological or pathological
      conditions. 

PMID- 26985904
TI  - Micronutrients in Oncological Intervention.
AB  - Nutritional supplements are widely used among patients with cancer who perceive
      them to be anticancer and antitoxicity agents. Depending on the type of
      malignancy and the gender 30%-90% of the cancer patients supplement their diets
      with antioxidant and immuno-stabilizing micronutrients, such as selenium, vitamin
      C, and vitamin D, often without the knowledge of the treating physician. From the
      oncological viewpoint, there are justifiable concerns that dietary supplements
      decrease the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recent studies,
      however, have provided increasing evidence that treatment is tolerated better
      with an increase in patient compliance and a lower rate of treatment
      discontinuations-when micronutrients, such as selenium, are added as appropriate
      to the patient's medication. Nutritional supplementation tailored to an
      individual's background diet, genetics, tumor histology, and treatments may yield
      benefits in subsets of patients. Clinicians should have an open dialogue with
      patients about nutritional supplements. Supplement advice needs to be
      individualized and come from a credible source, and it is best communicated by
      the physician. 

PMID- 26985916
TI  - Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion
      polymorphisms and the risk of heart disease: an updated meta-analysis.
AB  - Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms of the gene encoding angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) are a controversial risk factor for heart diseases (HDs).
      ACE I/D polymorphism has been reported to be associated with various
      cardiovascular diseases. However, some studies have presented conflicting
      results. In this study, we aim to explore the association between ACE I/D
      polymorphisms and the risk of coronary HD (CHD), coronary artery disease (CAD),
      and myocardial infarction (MI). A meta-analysis was conducted, which included
      12,533 cases and 20,726 controls from 75 case-control studies. We performed
      overall analysis on the entire dataset and found that the D allele of ACE was
      significantly associated with increased risk of HDs in three different comparison
      models (dominant, recessive, and homozygote). We also performed analyses on
      subgroups based on ethnicity as well as disease type. Our results showed that the
      D allele of ACE was significantly associated with an increased risk of HDs in the
      Asian and European groups but not in the American group. In addition, in all
      three subgroups (CHD, CAD, and MI), the D allele of ACE was found to be
      significantly associated with increased risk of disease. Begg's funnel plots were
      generated to evaluate publication biases, but no obvious publication bias was
      found in the studies included in our meta-analysis. In conclusion, our meta
      analysis demonstrated that the D allele of ACE was significantly associated with
      an increased risk of HDs. 

PMID- 26985914
TI  - Radiofrequency thermal treatment with chemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal
      cancer.
AB  - We previously reported that patients with a clinical complete response (CR)
      following radiofrequency thermal treatment exhibit significantly increased body
      temperature compared with other groups, whereas patients with a clinical partial
      response or stable disease depended on the absence or presence of output limiting
      symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation among treatment
      response, Hidaka radiofrequency (RF) output classification (HROC: termed by us)
      and changes in body temperature. From December 2011 to January 2014, 51
      consecutive rectal cancer cases were included in this study. All patients
      underwent 5 RF thermal treatments with concurrent chemoradiation. Patients were
      classified into three groups based on HROC: with <=9, 10-16, and >=17 points,
      calculated as the sum total points of five treatments. Thirty-three patients
      received surgery 8 weeks after treatment, and among them, 32 resected specimens
      were evaluated for histological response. Eighteen patients did not undergo
      surgery, five because of progressive disease (PD) and 13 refused because of
      permanent colostomy. We demonstrated that good local control (ypCR + CR + CRPD)
      was observed in 32.7% of cases in this study. Pathological complete response
      (ypCR) was observed in 15.7% of the total 51 patients and in 24.2% of the 33
      patients who underwent surgery. All ypCR cases had >=10 points in the HROC, but
      there were no patients with ypCR among those with <=9 points in the HROC.
      Standardization of RF thermal treatment was performed safely, and two types of
      patients were identified: those without or with increased temperatures, who
      consequently showed no or some benefit, respectively, for similar RF output
      thermal treatment. We propose that the HROC is beneficial for evaluating the
      efficacy of RF thermal treatment with chemoradiation for rectal cancer, and the
      thermoregulation control mechanism in individual patients may be pivotal in
      predicting the response to RF thermal treatment.

PMID- 26985917
TI  - Isolation and characterization of white and brown adipocytes in Kunming mice.
AB  - White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue play critical roles in controlling
      energy homeostasis and the development of obesity and diabetes. We isolated mouse
      white adipocytes from inguinal white fat tissues and brown adipocytes from
      interscapular brown fat tissues, and employed a variety of approaches, including
      immunofluorescent staining, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting
      analysis, and differentiation assay, to characterize those adipocytes. Both white
      and brown adipocytes stained positively for CD44 and CD29, and lipid droplets
      were observed after the induction of adipogenesis. The Asc1 expression level in
      the white adipocytes was 2.5-fold higher than that in the brown adipocytes (P <
      0.05), and the expression of Ucp1 in the white adipocytes was approximately 50%
      of that in the brown adipocytes (P < 0.05). The expression of alpha-tubulin in
      the brown adipocytes was approximately 70% of that in the white adipocytes. The
      brown adipocytes had a higher Cidea mRNA level (P < 0.05) and a lower Ppargamma
      mRNA level (P < 0.05) than the white adipocytes. The results demonstrate that
      white and brown adipocytes have different gene expression signatures, and may
      represent two useful cell models to study the mechanisms involved in obesity.

PMID- 26985918
TI  - Karyotype studies on Lycoris radiata populations from China.
AB  - Lycoris radiata is an important medicinal and ornamental plant of China. In the
      present study, somatic chromosome counts and karyotype analyses, which are
      important aspects of plant phylogeny and evolution, were performed in 466
      individuals from 25 L. radiata populations by root tip squash method. Chromosome
      counts revealed that 10 populations were diploid (2n = 2x = 22) and 15 were
      triploid (2n = 3x = 33). Except for one diploid population containing some
      triploid plants, the remaining 24 populations showed a single cytotype. Karyotype
      analysis showed that the karyotypes of L. radiata varied in different populations
      and even within the same population. However, based on the Stebbins' system, the
      karyotype of all the populations could be classified in 4A classes. The cluster
      analysis and ordination methods demonstrated that the L. radiata populations
      grouped in two major clusters. Previous research has shown that the triploid
      strain of L. radiata is a genetically identical species. However, the cluster
      analysis revealed that the triploid strains clustered in two groups instead of
      one, which indicates that these strains may not be identical species,
      genetically. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the genetic
      diversity in L. radiata and provide a basis for future studies on species
      differentiation, speciation, and taxonomy.

PMID- 26985920
TI  - Epistasis in intra- and inter-gene pool crosses of the common bean.
AB  - Epistasis has been shown to have an important role in the genetic control of
      several quantitative traits in the common bean. This study aimed to investigate
      the occurrence of epistasis in intra- and inter-pool gene crosses of the common
      bean. Four elite lines adapted to Brazilian conditions were used as parents, two
      from the Andean gene pool (ESAL 686; BRS Radiante) and two from the Mesoamerican
      gene pool (BRSMG Majestoso; BRS Valente). Four F2 populations were obtained: "A"
      (ESAL 686 x BRS Radiante), "B" (BRSMG Majestoso x BRS Valente), "C" (BRS Radiante
      x BRSMG Majestoso), and "D" (BRS Valente x ESAL 686). A random sample of F2
      plants from each population was backcrossed to parents and F1 individuals,
      according to the triple test cross. Three types of progenies from each population
      were evaluated in contiguous trials. Seed yield and 100-seed weight were
      evaluated. Dominance genetic variance was predominant in most cases. However, the
      estimates of genetic variance may be biased by the occurrence of linkage
      disequilibrium and epistasis. Epistasis was detected for both traits; however,
      the occurrence differed among the populations and between the two traits. The
      results of this study reinforce the hypothesis that epistasis is present in the
      genetic control of traits in the common bean and suggest that the phenomenon is
      more frequent in inter-gene pool crosses than in intra-gene pool crosses.

PMID- 26985919
TI  - Effect of puerarin on the expression of NMU, NPY, and POMC genes in the
      hypothalamus.
AB  - The hypothalamus is an important component of the nervous system, and
      neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuromedin U (NMU) are key
      players in physiological regulation. Puerarin is important for nerve regulation.
      We investigated the effect of puerarin on the expression of NMU, NPY, and POMC
      genes in the hypothalamus. The results showed that the puerarin low-dose group
      and the other groups were significantly different (P < 0.05). However, there was
      no significant difference in NMU, POMC, and NPY among the groups. 

PMID- 26985921
TI  - Investigation of mycoviruses in endophytic and phytopathogenic strains of
      Colletotrichum from different hosts.
AB  - Fungi belonging to the Colletotrichum genus can be categorized as endophytic or
      phytopathogenic. These fungi can be infected by viruses, termed mycoviruses,
      which are know to promote hypovirulence in infected fungi. However, there are few
      studies that have described mycoviral infections of endophytes. The production of
      secondary metabolites by endophytes with antimicrobial potential in inhibiting
      numerous pathogens has gained increasing attention. The aim of the current study
      was to investigate the presence of mycoviruses in endophytic and phytopathogenic
      fungi of the Colletotrichum genus, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial
      activity of crude extracts obtained from these samples. To detect the presence of
      mycoviruses in the samples, dsRNA was extracted, treated with enzymes, and
      analyzed following electrophoresis in agarose gel. Furthermore, isometric
      mycoviral particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Serial
      microdilution methodology was used to test crude extracts of Colletotrichum spp
      for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus,
      and antifungal activity against Fusarium solani. The results of the molecular and
      microscopic analyses indicated that a phytopathogenic strain presented infection
      by mycovirus. The antibacterial activity analysis revealed that the minimum
      inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were low for
      the fungal extracts of the two endophytes, indicating that these extracts were
      effective antibacterial agents. However, their antifungal activity against F.
      solani was not statistically different compared to that of the negative control.

PMID- 26985922
TI  - Therapeutic effect of Pleurotus eryngii cellulose on experimental fatty liver in
      rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of Pleurotus eryngii
      cellulose on experimental fatty liver in rats. Rats were fed high-fat fodder to
      establish a rat fatty liver model, and were then fed different concentrations of
      Pleurotus eryngii cellulose for six weeks. Lipitor was used as a positive
      control. Measured levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and total triglyceride (TG); the
      activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), hepatic lipase
      (HL), and lipoprotein lipase; and liver histopathological changes. Successfully
      established rat fatty liver model after feeding high-fat fodder for one week. A
      diet of P. eryngii cellulose for six weeks significantly reduced ALT, AST, TC,
      and TG levels in rat serum (P < 0.01); TC and AST levels in P. eryngii cellulose
      high-dose group and Lipitor group were not significantly different from those of
      the control (P > 0.05). SOD activity increased significantly, while MDA and HL
      activity decreased (P < 0.05); fatty degeneration and fat accumulation both
      decreased in hepatic tissue. Hepatic protection of P. eryngii cellulose showed
      dose-related effect. P. eryngii cellulose can affect lipid metabolism, having
      therapeutic effects on fatty liver in rats. 

PMID- 26985923
TI  - Relationship between CYP17 gene polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 17a-hydroxylase (CYP17) plays a critical role in androgen
      biosynthesis. Polymorphisms of the CYP17 promoter have been proposed as risk
      factors for prostate cancer; however, some studies have produced inconclusive or
      controversial results. We investigated the relationship between polymorphisms of
      the CYP17 gene and the risk of prostate cancer. A total of 176 patients with
      prostate cancer were enrolled in the study, and 168 healthy individuals acted as
      the control group. The participants were divided into those <71 years old and
      those >=71 years old. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain
      reaction was used to confirm the genotype of CYP17 in the samples. The prostate
      specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were also measured in all subjects. When
      T/C and C/C were compared with T/T, the ORs were 0.478 (P = 0.489) and 0.814 (P =
      0.367), respectively. There was no significant difference in PSA concentration
      among the three genotypes in the <71 group, whereas there were statistically
      significant differences in the >=71 group (P = 0.003 and 0.012, respectively).
      There was no significant difference in free PSA and total PSA levels between the
      three groups and the control group. The T/C and C/C genotypes were not associated
      with the risk of prostate cancer, and there were no significant differences
      between them. In the >=71 group, the T/C and C/C genotypes were closely
      associated with prostate cancer, which suggests that the CYP17 gene might be a
      risk factor for prostate cancer in males of advanced age.

PMID- 26985924
TI  - Salt stress alters DNA methylation levels in alfalfa (Medicago spp).
AB  - Modification of DNA methylation status is one of the mechanisms used by plants to
      adjust gene expression at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels
      when plants are exposed to suboptimal conditions. Under abiotic stress, different
      cultivars often show heritable phenotypic variation accompanied by epigenetic
      polymorphisms at the DNA methylation level. This variation may provide the raw
      materials for plant breeding programs that aim to enhance abiotic stress
      tolerance, including salt tolerance. In this study, methylation-sensitive
      amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis was used to assess cytosine methylation
      levels in alfalfa (Medicago spp) roots exposed to increasing NaCl concentrations
      (0.0, 8.0, 12.0, and 20.0 dS/m). Eleven indigenous landraces were analyzed, in
      addition to a salt-tolerant cultivar that was used as a control. There was a
      slight increase in DNA methylation upon exposure to high levels of soil salinity.
      Phylogenetic analysis using MSAP showed epigenetic variation within and between
      the alfalfa landraces when exposed to saline conditions. Based on MSAP and enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay results, we found that salinity increased global DNA
      methylation status, particularly in plants exposed to the highest level of
      salinity (20 dS/m). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
      indicated that this might be mediated by the overexpression of methyltransferase
      homolog genes after exposure to saline conditions. DNA demethylation using 5
      azacytidine reduced seedling lengths and dry and fresh weights, indicating a
      possible decrease in salinity tolerance. These results suggest that salinity
      affects DNA methylation flexibility. 

PMID- 26985925
TI  - RETRACTION of "Immune memory responses to HBV vaccine 13-18 years after primary
      vaccination" by L. Hou, W. Li, X. Wei, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhuo, H. Wu, B. Shen. Genet.
      Mol. Res. 14 (3): 8466-8472 (2015).
AB  - The article "Immune memory responses to HBV vaccine 13-18 years after primary
      vaccination" by L. Hou, W. Li, X. Wei, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhuo, H. Wu, B. Shen published
      in 2015 in Genetics and Molecular Research 14(3): 8466-8472
      (http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.July.28.14) has been found to be substantially
      equal to the article "Immune memory response induced in vitro by recombinant
      hepatitis B surface antigen challenge 13-18 years after primary vaccination"
      published in the Journal of Medical Virology 86:1700-1704 (2014) from Andrea do
      Livramento et al. (DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24012). The corresponding author of the
      article published in Genetics and Molecular Research, Baosheng Shen, alerted our
      editorial staff about this situation and requested the retraction of the article.
      The Publisher and Editor retract this article in Accordance with the
      recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). After a thorough
      investigation, we have strong reasons to believe que the peer review process was
      failure and after review and contacting the authors, the editors of Genetics and
      Molecular Research have decided to retract the article. The authors and their
      institutions have been advised of this serious breach of ethics. 

PMID- 26985926
TI  - Corrigendum: Association between TAP1 gene polymorphisms and alopecia areata in a
      Korean population - Genet. Mol. Res. 14 (4): 18820-18827.

PMID- 26985927
TI  - Antimicrobial potential of actinobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of the
      Caatinga biome plant Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.
AB  - Actinobacteria are known to produce various secondary metabolites having
      antibiotic effects. This study assessed the antimicrobial potential of
      actinobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. from
      the Caatinga biome. Sixty-eight actinobacteria isolates were evaluated for
      antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms by disk diffusion and
      submerged fermentation, using different culture media, followed by determination
      of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and chemical prospecting of the crude
      extract. Of the isolates studied, 52.9% of those isolated at 37 degrees C and
      47.05% of those isolated at 45 degrees C had activity against Bacillus subtilis,
      Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Fusarium
      moniliforme, and Candida albicans. When compared with others actinobacteria, the
      isolate C1.129 stood out with better activity and was identified by 16S rDNA gene
      analysis as Streptomyces parvulus. The crude ethanol extract showed an MIC of
      0.97 MUg/mL for MRSA and B. subtilis, while the ethyl acetate extract showed MIC
      of 3.9 MUg/mL for S. aureus and MRSA, showing the greatest potential among the
      metabolites produced. Chemical prospecting revealed the presence of
      mono/sesquiterpenes, proanthocyanidin, triterpenes, and steroids in both crude
      extracts. This study evaluates S. parvulus activity against multi-resistant
      microorganisms such as MRSA. Thus, it proves that low-fertility soil, as is found
      in the Caatinga, may contain important microorganisms for the development of new
      antimicrobial drugs. 

PMID- 26985928
TI  - Validation of EST-derived microsatellite markers for two Cerrado-endemic
      Campomanesia (Myrtaceae) species.
AB  - We assessed the transferability of 120 EST-derived Eucalyptus microsatellite
      primers to Campomanesia adamantium and C. pubescens. Both species are berry trees
      native to the Brazilian Cerrado, and population genetic information is poor.
      Twelve markers were used to analyze the genetic variability of four sampled
      populations. Regarding DNA extraction, we sampled leaf tissues from two
      populations of each species (80 individuals). Of the 120 primers evaluated, 87
      did not amplify any PCR products, and 21 rendered nonspecific amplification.
      Twelve primers were successfully transferred, providing a low combined
      probability of genetic identity for both species (5.718 x 10(-10) for C.
      adamantium; 1.182 x 10(-11) for C. pubescens) and a high probability of paternity
      exclusion (0.99939 for C. adamantium; 0.99982 for C. pubescens). The average
      number of alleles in the polymorphic loci was 6.8 for C. adamantium and 7.8 for
      C. pubescens, ranging from 2 to 16 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity
      values for C. adamantium and C. pubescens were 0.504 and 0.503, respectively, and
      the expected heterozygosity values for C. adamantium and C. pubescens were 0.517
      and 0.579, respectively. The populations exhibited structured genetic variability
      with qP values of 0.105 for C. adamantium and 0.249 for C. pubescens. Thus, we
      concluded that these 12 microsatellite markers, transferred from Eucalyptus, were
      efficient for population genetic studies of C. adamantium and C. pubescens.

PMID- 26985929
TI  - rs3918242 MMP9 gene polymorphism is associated with myocardial infarction in
      Mexican patients.
AB  - Several studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a
      major role in atherosclerotic plaque disruption and lead to myocardial infarction
      (MI). We investigated the association between the MMP1 -1607 1G/2G (rs1799750),
      MMP3 -1612 5A/6A (rs3025058), and MMP9 -1562 C/T (rs3918242) polymorphisms and
      the risk of developing MI in a Mexican mestizo cohort. The genotype analysis was
      performed using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain
      reaction technique in a group of 236 patients with a history of MI and 285
      healthy controls. Similar distributions of rs1799750 and rs3025058 were observed
      in both groups; however, the MMP9 rs3918242 T allele and the CT genotype were
      associated with the risk of developing MI (OR = 2.32, pC = 0.02 and OR = 2.40, pC
      = 0.02, respectively). Multiple logistic analysis was performed between MI
      patients and controls to estimate the risk, and after adjusting for identified
      risk factors, the CT + TT genotypes of MMP9 rs3918242 were found to be
      significantly associated with increased risk of developing MI than those with the
      CC genotype (OR = 2.88, P < 0.01). In summary, our results reveal that the
      rs3918242 polymorphism of the MMP9 gene plays a major role in the risk of
      developing MI.

PMID- 26985930
TI  - Desmoglein 4 diversity and correlation analysis with coat color in goat.
AB  - Desmoglein 4 (DSG4) has an important role in the development of wool traits in
      domestic animals. The full-length DSG4 gene, which contains 3918 bp, a complete
      open-reading-frame, and encodes a 1040-amino acid protein, was amplified from
      Liaoning cashmere goat. The sequence was compared with that of DSG4 from other
      animals and the results show that the DSG4 coding region is consistent with
      interspecies conservation. Thirteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were
      identified in a highly variable region of DSG4, and one SNP (M-1, G>T) was
      significantly correlated with white and black coat color in goat. Haplotype
      distribution of the highly variable region of DSG4 was assessed in 179
      individuals from seven goat breeds to investigate its association with coat color
      and its differentiation among populations. However, the lack of a signature
      result indicates DGS4 haplotypes related with the color of goat coat.

PMID- 26985931
TI  - Effects of probucol on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells injured by
      hypoxia/reoxygenation.
AB  - There is increasing evidence suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)
      plays an important role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis.
      This study was designed to examine the effect of probucol on cultured human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injured by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)
      and the potential mechanisms involving ERS. Injured HUVECs induced by Na2S2O4
      served as an H/R model in vitro. The concentration of probucol in this study
      ranged from 3 to 27 MUM. Cell viability was analyzed using MTT and a lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The expression of GRP78, X-box-binding protein (XBP)
      1, and CHOP (c/EBP-hemologous protein) were quantified using western blot.
      Compared to cells with H/R injury alone, the results showed that the cell
      viability increased significantly with probucol, while the LDH leakage rate was
      significantly lower as analyzed by the LDH assay. Furthermore, the expression
      levels of GRP78, XBP-1, and CHOP were significantly downregulated. These results
      indicated that probucol effectively protected HUVEC from injury induced by H/R
      and that the mechanism might be related to attenuation of ERS.

PMID- 26985932
TI  - Effect of ST2825 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatocellular
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ST2825, an inhibitor
      of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), on the proliferation and apoptosis
      of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells as well as the potential mechanism
      and clinical significance of ST2825 in the treatment of HCC. Immunohistochemical
      staining with an MyD88 antibody was performed on tissues from 80 human HCC
      patients and adjacent normal tissues. In the in vitro experiment, human HCC HepG
      2 cells cultured in vitro were divided into the following groups: blank, control
      (1% DMSO), low-dose (2 MUM), medium-dose (10 MUM), and high-dose ST2825 (20 MUM).
      Cell apoptosis was detected by the Annexin V-FITC assay, and HepG-2 cell
      proliferation was detected by the MTT assay. The expression of IkappaB, p65,
      cyclin D1, caspase-3, and bcl-2 in the cells after a 48-h treatment was assayed
      by western blot analysis. MyD88 expression in the HCC tissue was significantly
      higher than that in the adjacent normal tissue (P < 0.05). The proliferation and
      apoptosis rates of control HCC cells displayed no significant differences
      compared with those of the blank group (P > 0.05). Compared with the control,
      ST2825 significantly inhibited the proliferation of and promoted the apoptosis of
      HCC cells. Moreover, ST2825 significantly decreased bcl-2 expression, increased
      cleaved caspase-3 expression (P < 0.05), and reduced p65 nuclear expression (P <
      0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. ST2825 inhibits the proliferation of and
      promotes the apoptosis of HCC cells, thereby suggesting that ST2825 may be a new
      drug for HCC treatment. 

PMID- 26985933
TI  - Association of N-acetyltransferase-2 polymorphism with an increased risk of
      coronary heart disease in a Chinese population.
AB  - We investigated the possible correlations between N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2)
      gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD patients
      (113) and healthy controls (118) were enrolled from the First People's Hospital
      of Yuhang between January 2013 and June 2014. The patients were divided into mild
      CHD (N = 72) and severe CHD (N = 41) subgroups. DNA samples were extracted and
      the distributions of NAT2 polymorphisms were examined by polymerase chain
      reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Clinical
      characteristic indexes of severe CHD patients were also examined for relevant
      statistical analysis. WT, M1, M2, and M3 alleles were observed in both case and
      control groups. PCR-RFLP identified a wild-type homozygote, WT/WT; a mutant
      heterozygote, WT/Mx; and a mutant homozygote, Mx/Mx (x = 1, 2, and 3) variant of
      the NAT2 genotype. Mx/Mx differed significantly between case and control groups
      (P < 0.05); the frequencies of all four alleles did not differ significantly
      between case and control groups (P > 0.05). Slow acetylator genotype frequencies
      were notably higher in the case group than in the control group (P < 0.05).
      Individuals with the slow acetylator genotype were at 1.97-times higher risk of
      CHD and also displayed higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels than those with the rapid acetylator genotype (P < 0.05).
      Therefore, the NAT2 polymorphism was believed to be associated with increased
      risk of CHD, with the NAT2 slow acetylator genotype serving as a risk factor for
      severe CHD in a Chinese population.

PMID- 26985934
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil induces apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells.
AB  - 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in chemotherapy for treatment of colorectal
      cancer. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (LGR) is known
      to participate in the occurrence and development of breast cancer by regulating
      the rebirth of tumor vessels. This study aimed to explore the proliferation and
      apoptosis of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells treated with 5-FU and related
      molecular mechanisms. 5-FU (20 MUg/mL) was used to treat cultured HCT116 cells.
      An MTT test, flow cytometry, and colony formation assays were used to examine the
      proliferation and apoptosis of HCT116 cells. Western blotting was applied to
      detect the expression of the LGR4 protein in HCT116 cells. Small interference RNA
      or over-expression techniques were used to manipulate LGR4 expression in HCT116
      cells and describe the proliferation and apoptosis of HCT116 treated with 5-FU. A
      dosage of 20 MUg/mL 5-FU resulted in a significant decrease in the proliferation
      and apoptosis of HCT116 cells and significantly decreased expression levels of
      LGR4. The specific gene silence or over-expression of LGR4 in HCT116 cells
      increased and decreased the levels of apoptosis in HCT116, respectively. 5-FU
      induces apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells and inhibits proliferation by
      suppressing LGR4 proteins.

PMID- 26985935
TI  - Comparative evaluation of total RNA extraction methods in Theobroma cacao using
      shoot apical meristems.
AB  - Theobroma cacao is a species of great economic importance with its beans used for
      chocolate production. The tree has been a target of various molecular studies. It
      contains many polyphenols, which complicate the extraction of nucleic acids with
      the extraction protocols requiring a large amount of plant material. These
      issues, therefore, necessitate the optimization of the protocols. The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate different methods for extraction of total RNA from
      shoot apical meristems of T. cacao 'CCN 51' and to assess the influence of
      storage conditions for the meristems on the extraction. The study also aimed to
      identify the most efficient protocol for RNA extraction using a small amount of
      plant material. Four different protocols were evaluated for RNA extraction using
      one shoot apical meristem per sample. Among these protocols, one that was more
      efficient was then tested to extract RNA using four different numbers of shoot
      apical meristems, subjected to three different storage conditions. The best
      protocol was tested for cDNA amplification using reverse transcription-polymerase
      chain reaction; the cDNA quality was determined to be satisfactory for molecular
      analyses. The study revealed that with the best RNA extraction protocol, one
      shoot apical meristem was sufficient for extraction of high-quality total RNA.
      The results obtained might enable advances in genetic analyses and molecular
      studies using reduced amount of plant material. 

PMID- 26985936
TI  - Vasculogenic mimicry and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression in cervical
      squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - In this study, the existence of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in cervical squamous
      cell carcinoma was investigated. To this end, the relationship between hypoxia
      inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and the development, infiltration, and
      metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma was studied. Between January 2010
      and December 2010, 67 human cervical squamous carcinoma tissue samples were
      collected and stained by CD34/periodic acid-Schiff double staining to detect the
      existence of VM. HIF-1alpha expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The
      relationship between VM and HIF-1alpha was also analyzed. Normal cervical tissues
      (20 cases) from patients who had uterine surgeries in the same period were
      collected as controls. In the cervical squamous carcinoma tissues, positive rates
      of VM and HIF-1alpha were 38.81% (26/67) and 64.18% (43/67), respectively. This
      was significantly higher than those in the normal cervical tissues [0 (0/20); P <
      0.05]. VM rates in cervical squamous carcinoma tissues from patients with
      different pathological grades, Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)
      stages, and lymph node metastasis states were also significantly different (P <
      0.05). In addition, significant differences in HIF-1alpha positivity rates were
      observed among patients with varying tumor sizes and lymph node metastasis states
      (P < 0.05). Positive correlation was found between VM and HIF-1alpha (r = 0.339,
      P < 0.05). To summarize, we found VM in cervical squamous carcinoma; high
      expression of HIF-1alpha may promote VM formation, as well as cervical squamous
      cell infiltration and metastasis. 

PMID- 26985937
TI  - CsSAD: a fatty acid desaturase gene involved in abiotic resistance in Camellia
      sinensis (L.).
AB  - Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a thermophilic evergreen woody plant that has poor
      cold tolerance. The SAD gene plays a key role in regulating fatty acid synthesis
      and membrane lipid fluidity in response to temperature change. In this study,
      full-length SAD cDNA was cloned from tea leaves using rapid amplification of cDNA
      ends and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Sequence analysis
      demonstrated that CsSAD had a high similarity to other corresponding cDNAs. At 25
      degrees C, the CsSAD transcriptional level was highest in the leaf and lowest in
      the stem, but there was no obvious difference between the root and stem organs.
      CsSAD expression was investigated by reverse transcription-PCR, which showed that
      CsSAD was upregulated at 4 degrees  and -5 degrees C. At 25 degrees C, CsSAD was
      induced by polyethylene glycol, abscisic acid, and wounding, and a similar trend
      was observed at 4 degrees C, but the mean expression level at 4 degrees C was
      lower than that at 25 degrees C. Under natural cold acclimation, the 'CsCr05'
      variety's CsSAD expression level increased before decreasing. The CsSAD
      expression level in variety 'CsCr06' showed no obvious change at first, but
      rapidly increased to a maximum when the temperature was very low. Our study
      demonstrates that CsSAD is upregulated in response to different abiotic
      conditions, and that it is important to study the stress resistance of the tea
      plant, particularly in response to low temperature, drought, and wounding.

PMID- 26985938
TI  - Expression of MMP-1, -2, and -8 in longissimus dorsi muscle and their
      relationship with meat quality traits in cattle.
AB  - The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the major macromolecule in skeletal muscle,
      which affects meat quality greatly. The remodeling of the ECM is mainly regulated
      by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The expression patterns of MMP-1, -2, and -8
      in longissimus dorsi muscle were explored using quantitative real-time polymerase
      chain reaction. The results show that the expression of MMP-1, -2, and -8
      decreased significantly from 135 days of pregnancy to postnatal 30 months. While
      the expression of MMP-1, -2, and -8 showed no significant relationships with
      intramuscular fat contents, MMP-1 and -2 showed significant negative correlations
      with the shearing force of the longissimus dorsi muscle in cattle. The expression
      of MMP-1 also showed a significant negative correlation with cooking loss and a
      positive correlation with water holding capacity. The expression levels of MMP-1
      and -2 were usually higher in fat than in skeletal muscle tissue. The expression
      of MMP-8 was significantly higher in the mammary fat pad and the longissimus
      dorsi muscle than in all other tissues. This study indicates that the remodeling
      of the ECM has important effects both on the development of postnatal skeletal
      muscle and on meat quality.

PMID- 26985939
TI  - Differential expression of FUT1 and FUT2 in Large White, Meishan, and Sutai
      porcine breeds.
AB  - To assess the relationship between the expression of a(1,2)-fucosyltransferase
      (FUT1 and FUT2) genes and resistance to Escherichia coli F18 in weaned pigs, FUT1
      and FUT2 expression levels in Large White, Meishan, and Sutai pigs (with
      resistance to E. coli F18) were determined using real-time PCR. The results
      revealed that FUT1 and FUT2 expression levels were higher in the liver, lungs,
      kidneys, stomach, duodenum, and jejunum than in the muscle and heart. Medium FUT2
      expression levels were detected in the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
      Intestinal FUT1 expression levels were higher in Sutai pigs than in Large White
      and Meishan pigs (P < 0.05). However, intestinal FUT2 expression levels were
      lower in Sutai pigs than in Large White and Meishan pigs (P < 0.05). FUT1 and
      FUT2 expression levels did not differ between Large White and Meishan pigs (P >
      0.05). The results revealed that high FUT1 expression levels and low FUT2
      expression levels in the intestines of Sutai pigs affected FUT1 and FUT2 enzymes,
      the synthesis of type 2 H and type 1 H antigens, and E. coli F18 adhesion.
      Moreover, low FUT2 expression levels conferred resistance to E. coli F18.

PMID- 26985940
TI  - Common genetic risk factors of venous thromboembolism in Western and Asian
      populations.
AB  - Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a multifactorial disorder involving both acquired
      and genetic risk factors. The common genetic factors in Western populations have
      been studied and reported for several decades, while studies on Asian populations
      are relatively scarce. Evidence suggests that the prevalence and genetic risk
      factors of VTE vary significantly among ethnic populations. In this review, we
      summarize the common genetic risk factors of VTE in both Western and Asian
      populations. In addition to the development of DNA sequencing technology, genome
      wide association studies have many advantages and are becoming more important in
      identifying new genetic risk factors and susceptible loci. They can therefore
      help in the prediction and prevention of VTE. 

PMID- 26985941
TI  - Effects of grafting on key photosynthetic enzymes and gene expression in the
      citrus cultivar Huangguogan.
AB  - Grafting influences scion photosynthetic capacity and fruit quality. Ribulose-1,5
      bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which strongly affects
      photosynthetic rate, and Rubisco activase (RCA), which regulates Rubisco
      activity, are two key photosynthetic enzymes. However, little information is
      available regarding the effect of grafting on the concentration and expression of
      Rubisco and RCA in the citrus cultivar Huangguogan. The objective of this study
      was to investigate the effect of grafting Huangguogan plants onto trifoliate
      orange, tangerine, and orange on: 1) the concentration of Rubisco and RCA; 2) the
      mRNA levels of rbcL, rbcS, and rca; and 3) fruit quality. Overall, the results
      showed that when Huangguogan plants budded on tangerine and orange, they had
      better fruit quality, while on trifoliate orange they had higher Rubisco
      concentration. Tangerine and orange are probably the most suitable rootstocks for
      Huangguogan plants given the environmental conditions of Sichuan Province, China.

PMID- 26985942
TI  - Expression of microRNA-210 in tissue and serum of renal carcinoma patients and
      its effect on renal carcinoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion.
AB  - This study investigated the expression of microRNA-210 (miR-210) in tissue and
      serum of renal carcinoma patients and its effect on renal carcinoma cell
      proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. Thirty-two renal carcinoma patients in
      our hospital were selected as the study group and 32 people receiving a physical
      examination were selected as the control group. miR-210 expression in the serum
      of renal carcinoma patients and in healthy subjects was quantified by real-time
      polymerase chain reaction. After miR-210 overexpression and inhibition in ACHN
      cells in human renal carcinoma, ACHN cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion
      were detected by CCK-8, flow cytometry, and a transwell invasion assay. The
      expression of miR-210 was significantly higher in renal carcinoma than in
      corresponding paracarcinoma tissues (P < 0.001). The expression of miR-210 was
      significantly higher in the serum of renal carcinoma than in the control group (P
      < 0.001). ACHN cell proliferation and invasion were significantly increased and
      apoptosis was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when miR-210 was overexpressed.
      ACHN cell proliferation and invasion were significantly decreased and apoptosis
      was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when miR-210 was inhibited. In conclusion,
      miR-210 was highly expressed in tissues and serum of renal carcinoma patients.
      miR-210 could promote the proliferation and invasion of renal carcinoma cells and
      inhibit the apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma cells. 

PMID- 26985944
TI  - Paclitaxel induces apoptosis in leukemia cells through a JNK activation-dependent
      pathway.
AB  - Paclitaxel (PTX) is a mitotic inhibitor widely used in chemotherapy for many
      types of cancers, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies. However,
      the molecular basis of the anti-proliferation activity of PTX is not fully
      understood. In this paper, we focused on the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase
      (JNK) pathways in PTX-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition. The effects
      of PTX were examined in human leukemia cell lines and patients' chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells in relation to mitochondrial events, apoptosis,
      and perturbation of JNK activation using flow cytometry, siRNA, mitochondrial
      membrane potential determination, and western blotting. Exposure of cells to PTX
      at concentrations >= 10 nM for 18 or 24 h resulted in a significant release of
      cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, cleavages of procaspase 3 and poly
      (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and JNK activation, leading to apoptosis. The pan
      caspase inhibitor BOC-D-FMK blocked the PTX-induced apoptosis but had no effect
      on cytochrome c release, suggesting that cytochrome c had been released before
      caspase activation. Moreover, both pharmacological JNK inhibitors SP600125 and
      JNK siRNA dramatically blocked PTX-induced apoptosis, cytochrome c release,
      caspase 3, and PARP cleavage. These findings demonstrate that JNK activation
      plays a critical role in the induction of apoptosis mediated by PTX in human
      leukemia cell lines and CLL patient-derived primary cancer cells, and this event
      is upstream of cytochrome c release, caspase 3, and PARP cleavage.

PMID- 26985943
TI  - Characterization of the inaA gene and expression of ice nucleation phenotype in
      Pantoea ananatis isolates from Maize White Spot disease.
AB  - Maize White Spot (MWS), a foliar disease caused by Pantoea ananatis, could cause
      up to 60% yield loss. Some strains of P. ananatis harboring the ice nucleation
      gene inaA catalyze the formation of ice nuclei, causing tissue damage at
      temperatures slightly below freezing. Little is known about the relationship
      between the presence of the ina gene in this maize pathogen and its expression
      during the phenomenon of ice nucleus formation. Here, we attempted to verify the
      presence of the inaA gene and the expression of phenotype in vitro. The identity
      of the isolates and the presence of the inaA gene were determined by P. ananatis
      species-specific primers. The expression of the inaA gene was assessed in vitro
      by the visualization of ice-crystal formation in water at subzero temperatures. A
      total of ninety P. ananatis isolates from MWS lesions were characterized. The
      presence of the inaA gene was confirmed by gel electrophoresis of the 350-400-bp
      PCR products. The inaA primers did not lead to DNA fragment amplification in
      three isolates. The ice nucleation phenotype was expressed in 83.34% of the
      isolates carrying the inaA gene. Our study showed that the ice nucleation in P.
      ananatis isolated from MWS lesions was dependent on the presence of a functional
      ina gene in the genome. We also found evidence indicating that some P. ananatis
      strains have a mutated form of the inaA gene, producing a non-functional ice
      nucleation protein. This is the first report on inaA gene characterization in P.
      ananatis isolates from Maize White Spot.

PMID- 26985945
TI  - Process of Bipolaris sorghicola invasion of host cells.
AB  - Target leaf spot is a sorghum leaf disease caused by Bipolaris sorghicola, a
      species of fungus with a global distribution. In this study, we investigated the
      process by which B. sorghicola invades cells of barley, onion, Arabidopsis
      thaliana species, and sorghum. The results showed that within 8 h of coming into
      contact with host cells, the hyphal ends of B. sorghicola expand and form a
      uniform infective penetration pegbolt-like structure; a primary infection
      mycelium can be formed inside host cells within 24 h after contact, which can
      infect closed cells after 48 h. A mycelium can grow within the gap between cells
      and form infective hyphae. The pathogen infection process was the same in
      different host cells. B. sorghicola can affect root cells through soil infection,
      indicating that it may also have characteristics of soil-borne pathogens. 

PMID- 26985946
TI  - Selecting soybean resistant to the cyst nematode Heterodera glycines using simple
      sequence repeat (microssatellite) markers.
AB  - The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major cause of soybean yield reduction. The
      objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of marker-assisted
      selection to identify genotypes resistant to SCN race 3 infection, using Sat_168
      and Sat-141 resistance quantitative trait loci. The experiment was carried out
      under greenhouse conditions, using soybean populations originated from crosses
      between susceptible and resistant parent stock: CD-201 (susceptible) and Foster
      IAC (resistant), Conquista (susceptible) and S83-30 (resistant), La-Suprema
      (susceptible) and S57-11 (resistant), and Parecis (susceptible) and S65-50
      (resistant). Plants were inoculated with SCN and evaluated according to the
      female index (FI), those with FI < 10% were classified as resistant to nematode
      infection. Plants were genotyped for SCN resistance using microsatellite markers
      Sat-141 and Sat_168. Marker selection efficiency was analyzed by a contingency
      table, taking into account genotypic versus phenotypic evaluations for each line.
      These markers were shown to be useful tool for selection of SCN race 3.

PMID- 26985947
TI  - Effect of retinoic acid on aquaporin 3 expression in keratinocytes.
AB  - To explore the possible mechanism of the third-generation retinoic acid drugs
      (isotretinoin, acitretin, adapalene) in inducing skin and mucosa dryness and
      rhagades; specifically, mechanism by which these drugs influence keratinocyte
      cell culture models in vitro (HaCaT) and aquaporin channel (AQP3) protein
      expression was investigated. Isotretinoin, acitretin, and adapalene were applied
      to human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were used to detect their effects
      on AQP3 expression in HaCaT cells at different concentrations (0.000, 0.001,
      0.010, 0.060, and 0.100 mg/mL) or different at times (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). At
      0.010 mg/mL, maximal AQP3 expression was observed in HaCaT cells; this was
      significantly higher than the expressions at the other concentrations (P < 0.05).
      After treatment with isotretinoin, acitretin, or adapalene at 0.010 mg/mL for 12
      h, the expression of AQP3 was the highest in the isotretinoin group, followed by
      the acitretin group, with the lowest expression in the adapalene group. However,
      the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Retinoic acid can
      increase AQP3 expression in HaCaT cells, with significant effects observed with
      0.010 mg/mL isotretinoin treatment for 12 h. The side effects, namely skin and
      mucosa dryness caused by retinoic acid might be related to its effects on AQP3
      expression.

PMID- 26985949
TI  - Contribution of microsatellites markers in the clarification of the origin,
      genetic risk factors, and implications for conservation of Tunisian native sheep
      breeds.
AB  - The genetic diversity and genetic relationship of the two main groups of African
      sheep, thin-tailed and fat-tailed sheep, represented by the indigenous Tunisian
      sheep breeds "Barbarine" (BAR, fat-tailed) and "Queue Fine de l'Ouest" (QFO, thin
      tailed) were investigated. The genotypes of 110 animals belonging to these two
      breeds and their crossbreed (CRO) were assessed using 17 microsatellite markers.
      The results showed high levels of genetic diversity and a total of 256 alleles
      were identified in the whole population. The mean values of observed and expected
      heterozygosity were 0.719 and 0.789, respectively, and the mean allelic richness
      estimate was 10.89. The average FIS (0.112) and FIT (0.118) values over all loci
      indicated a notable level of inbreeding within the whole population. However, the
      FST value (0.007) showed a low level of genetic differentiation between these two
      native breeds. The high level of both gene flow and molecular coancestry
      coefficient detected between the two breeds and their CRO revealed an old
      miscegenation between the BAR and QFO breeds. The clustering analysis performed
      with the STRUCTURE software confirmed gene flow between these two breeds. Results
      arising from this study provide evidence regarding the genetic structure and
      variability of the two main local sheep breeds, and the implications of their
      actual management, which indicates the need for an urgent conservation strategy
      in order to prevent significant gene flow and preserve the remaining breed
      specificity for future generations. 

PMID- 26985948
TI  - Correlation analysis between an IL-6 genetic polymorphism and non-small cell lung
      cancer prognosis.
AB  - Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in tumor cell
      proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to
      evaluate the impact of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -174G/C in IL-6
      on the prognosis and pain tolerance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
      patients. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 434 patients with NSCLC,
      which was diagnosed by cytology or histology. Polymerase chain reaction
      restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect the IL-6 -174G/C
      genotypes and their correlation with survival was analyzed. The IL-6 -174G/C
      genotypes were high IL-6 production type (G carriers - GG or GC genotypes) and
      low IL-6 production type (CC genotype). The correlation between the IL-6 SNP and
      pain level/analgesic use was also analyzed. Survival analysis showed that
      patients carrying the G allele (CG/GG) had a shorter survival time than patients
      with the CC genotype. The -174G/C SNP is in the promoter region of the IL-6 gene
      and may be associated with changes in gene transcription and serum cytokine
      levels. Presence of the IL-6 -174G/C SNP is significantly correlated with
      morphine equivalent daily dose. Patients with the CC genotype needed a higher
      opioid dose than patients with the GG or GC genotypes. In conclusion, we found
      that the IL-6 -174G/C SNP is closely related to survival, analgesic use and pain
      tolerance in NSCLC patients. However, it is necessary to further validate the
      results with a larger patient cohort and elucidate the mechanisms of this SNP.

PMID- 26985950
TI  - Protective mechanism of quercetin on acute myocardial infarction in rats.
AB  - To investigate the protective mechanism of quercetin on acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) rats, an AMI rat model was established by ligating the left
      coronary anterior descending branch. The rats were randomly divided into the
      model group and low- and high-dose quercetin groups. The control group comprised
      sham-operated rats. The rats in the low- and high-dose quercetin groups were
      administered 100 and 400 mg/kg quercetin, respectively, by gavage. The rats in
      the control and model groups were administered isometric normal saline once daily
      for one week. The mRNA and protein levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the
      myocardial tissue of rats were detected in each group by real time polymerase
      chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA)
      content in the myocardial tissue and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
      (CAT) activities were detected using a colorimetric method. The level of
      apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end
      labeling. Compared with those in the control group, the mRNA and protein levels
      of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and MDA content in the model, low-, and high-dose groups
      significantly increased. SOD and CAT activities decreased significantly. The cell
      apoptosis index increased significantly  (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the
      model group, the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and MDA
      content in myocardial tissue of rats in the low-dose and high-dose groups
      decreased significantly. SOD and CAT activities increased significantly. The cell
      apoptosis index significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In conclusion, quercetin has
      significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects on AMI
      rats and can effectively protect against myocardium damage. 

PMID- 26985951
TI  - Molecular characterization, tissue expression profile, and single nucleotide
      polymorphism analysis of the periostin gene in swine.
AB  - Periostin, also called osteoblast-specific factor 2, is an important regulator of
      bone, cardiac development, and wound healing. A recent study revealed that
      periostin plays an important role in tumor development and is upregulated in a
      wide variety of cancers. However, little is known about periostin in swine.
      Therefore, the cDNA sequence of the porcine periostin gene was obtained by rapid
      amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). One C/T single nucleotide polymorphism
      anchored in intron 9 was identified and genotyped by PCR-RFLP-HaeIII. In Daweizi,
      Shaziling, Ningxiang, Taoyuan, Wuzhishan, Landrace, and Yorkshire pigs, the C
      allele was dominant, while the T allele was dominant in the Duroc pig.
      Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the periostin gene was expressed in all
      examined tissues from 25-day-old Shaziling and Yorkshire piglets, with mRNA
      expression in the longissimus dorsi muscle being the highest in these two breeds,
      and that in the kidney and lungs being the lowest. There was a significant
      difference in periostin gene expression in the intestines, heart, and spleen (P <
      0.05). These findings might contribute to our understanding of the function of
      periostin in swine.

PMID- 26985952
TI  - Genomic breeding value prediction for simple maize hybrid yield using total
      effects of associated markers, under different imbalance levels and environments.
AB  - The main objective of a maize breeding program is to generate hybrid combinations
      that are more productive than those pre-existing in the market. However, the
      number of parents, and consequently the number of crosses, increases so rapidly
      that the phenotypic evaluation of all the possible combinations becomes
      economically and technically infeasible. In this context, predicting the
      performance of the most promising genotypes may increase the genetic gains with
      increased selection intensity and reduced breeding cycles. Thus, the present
      study aimed to use the total effects of associated markers method to predict
      genomic breeding values (GBVs) via cross-validation and by using different
      imbalance levels (10, 30, 50, and 70%). A set of 51 genotyped strains was used
      with 79 microsatellite markers and 273 hybrids that were generated by a partial
      diallel. A total of 186 and 272 hybrids were analyzed in the experiments within
      the southern and central regions of Brazil, respectively. The GBVs were, thus,
      predicted for each location in both the regions, and for training in one region
      and validation in another region. The correlation between the predicted and
      observed GBVs ranged from 0.48 to 0.91, depending on the imbalance level and the
      region analyzed. Overall, the results obtained in the present study were
      promising, particularly considering that a small number of markers were used and
      that the training and predictions occurred in the very distinct regions of
      southern and central Brazil. 

PMID- 26985953
TI  - Identification of a Panax ginseng fruit fingerprint by HPLC-ESI-MS.
AB  - Over many years, parts of Panax ginseng (root and rhizome) have been identified
      and applied for medical purposes as traditional Chinese herbal medicine.
      Recently, research has indicated that ginseng fruit also contains similar
      compounds and is as rich as the other parts of the ginseng. This discovery may
      dramatically improve the efficient of outputs derived from ginseng products.
      Here, a new technique combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was employed to
      identify the fingerprint of P. ginseng fruit. Using HPLC, compounds that are
      important for medical purposes were extracted and purified. Combined with ESI-MS,
      the characteristic peaks (nine common peaks) of those compounds were identified,
      and the accuracy was confirmed by analysis using the Chromatographic Fingerprint
      Similarity Evaluation System (2004A edition). Overall, 15 batches of ginseng
      fruit had a similarity of more than 0.80, 13 batches of samples had a similarity
      between 0.97 and 0.99, and two batches had a similarity less than 0.90. The test
      solution and mobile phase selection was discussed. The HPLC-ESI-MS method can
      produce repeatable and reliable results and can be applied in the quality control
      of P. ginseng fruit. 

PMID- 26985954
TI  - Association between ERCC1 and ERCC2 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in a
      Chinese population.
AB  - We conducted a case-control study to investigate the role of ERCC1 rs3212986 and
      ERCC2 rs13181 gene polymorphisms in the development of breast cancer. Between
      March 2012 and March 2014, a total of 242 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients
      with histopathologically confirmed primary breast cancer and 242 healthy controls
      were recruited. Genotyping of ERCC1 rs3212986 and ERCC2 rs13181 polymorphisms was
      carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
      polymorphism analysis. Unconditional logistic regression analyses indicated that
      the TT genotype of rs3212986 was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer
      compared to that associated with the GG genotype (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.13-3.78).
      In dominant and recessive models, we found that the rs3212986 polymorphism was
      associated with increased risk of breast cancer, and the ORs were 1.50 (95%CI =
      1.03-2.18) and 1.74 (95%CI = 1.01-3.11), respectively. In summary, we found that
      the ERCC1 rs3212986 polymorphism was associated with the development of breast
      cancer.

PMID- 26985955
TI  - Population genetic analysis and trichothecene profiling of Fusarium graminearum
      from wheat in Uruguay.
AB  - Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (F. graminearum s.s.) is the major causal
      agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat worldwide, and contaminates grains with
      trichothecene mycotoxins that cause serious threats to food safety and animal
      health. An important aspect of managing this pathogen and reducing mycotoxin
      contamination of wheat is knowledge regarding its population genetics. Therefore,
      isolates of F. graminearum s.s. from the major wheat-growing region of Uruguay
      were analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism assays, PCR genotyping,
      and chemical analysis of trichothecene production. Of the 102 isolates identified
      as having the 15-ADON genotype via PCR genotyping, all were DON producers, but
      only 41 strains were also 15-ADON producers, as determined by chemical analysis.
      The populations were genotypically diverse but genetically similar, with
      significant genetic exchange occurring between them. Analysis of molecular
      variance indicated that most of the genetic variability resulted from differences
      between isolates within populations. Multilocus linkage disequilibrium analysis
      suggested that the isolates had a panmictic population genetic structure and that
      there is significant recombination occurs in F. graminearum s.s. In conclusion,
      tour findings provide the first detailed description of the genetic structure and
      trichothecene production of populations of F. graminearum s.s. from Uruguay, and
      expands our understanding of the agroecology of F. graminearum and of the
      correlation between genotypes and trichothecene chemotypes. 

PMID- 26985956
TI  - Molecular characterization and tissue expression profile of porcine Ephrin-B2.
AB  - Ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in cell
      adhesion, proliferation, and migration in humans. However, little is known about
      this molecule in pigs. In order to investigate whether EFNB2 is associated with
      the skeletal muscle in pigs, we cloned the full-length cDNA of EFNB2 (GenBank
      accession No. KF500033) from the longissimus dorsi muscle of Yorkshire pigs by
      rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The results indicated that its full-length cDNA
      comprises 1991 bp, with an open reading frame of 1002 bp, a 5' end of 88 bp, and
      a 3' end of 901 bp. We analyzed the homology of porcine EFNB2 with sequences from
      other species, and the phylogenetic tree showed that pig EFNB2 was most closely
      related to that from sheep, followed by domestic cats and wolf, with mackerel
      being the most distantly related. Porcine EFNB2 is a water-soluble protein with a
      theoretical molecular weight of 36,928.1 Da, an isoelectric point of 8.98, and a
      hydrophilic transmembrane-spanning region. It contains 19 glycosylation sites and
      eight phosphorylation sites. The tertiary structure of the EFNB2 protein showed a
      forniciform helix structure. The porcine EFNB2 gene was expressed in ten
      different tissues from 25-day-old Shaziling and Yorkshire piglets, with the
      highest expression observed in the longissimus dorsi. These results lay the
      foundation for further study on the EFNB2 gene in pigs.

PMID- 26985957
TI  - Association of interleukin-8 gene polymorphisms in HIV patients with
      opportunistic infections in Limpopo Province, South Africa.
AB  - Opportunistic infections (OIs) are common among human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) patients; however, genetic susceptibility to these infections has not been
      studied. Recent studies have shown that interleukin-8 (IL-8) A/T genotype
      carriers are more susceptible to a variety of diseases. In this study, we showed
      the effects of IL-8 gene polymorphisms on OIs and symptoms such as sexually
      transmitted diseases (STDs), tuberculosis (TB), diarrhea, shortness of breath,
      weight loss, and viral load, in HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      patients. Genomic DNA was purified from mouthwash samples collected from patients
      attending HIV centers in the Vhembe district. The IL-8 (-251) A/T locus was
      genotyped using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction followed by agarose gel
      electrophoresis. The results showed a weak association between the IL-8 AA
      genotype and OIs such as STDs (P = 0.143), diarrhea (P = 0.906), and TB (P =
      0.762). Significant associations were found between the IL-8 AT genotype and
      weight loss (P = 0.019), shortness of breath (P = 0.043), and skin problems (P =
      0.003). Low viral load was also found to be significantly associated with IL-8 AA
      genotype (P = 0.009). The present study suggests that different IL-8 genotypes
      are associated with resistance to various OIs. However, further studies using
      larger samples sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

PMID- 26985958
TI  - Mutations in WT1 in boys with sporadic isolated steroid-resistant nephrotic
      syndrome.
AB  - Mutations in the Wilms' tumor gene, WT1, can lead to syndromic steroid-resistant
      nephrotic syndrome and isolated steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. WT1
      mutations have been identified in the majority of children with Denys-Drash or
      Frasier syndrome. WT1 mutations have not previously been identified in boys with
      sporadic isolated steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, but, recently, four boys
      with isolated nephrotic syndrome were identified to have WT1 mutations. However,
      whether boys with sporadic isolated steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome should
      be routinely subjected to mutation analysis of WT1 has not been established. We
      examined 35 boys with sporadic isolated steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome for
      mutations in WT1. Mutation analysis of all 10 exons of WT1 was performed by
      polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Karyotype analysis or Y
      chromosome identification was performed for all patients. A Y chromosome or a 46,
      XY karyotype was demonstrated for all 35 patients. No causative WT1 mutation was
      identified in any of the patients. The WT1 mutation, IVS4+14T>C, which is not
      predicted to affect splicing, was identified in one patient who achieved complete
      remission after 8 weeks of oral prednisone treatment, indicating that IVS4+14T>C
      is not a causative mutation. Five WT1 polymorphisms were also identified in some
      patients and controls. Our results suggest that mutation analysis of WT1 should
      not be routinely performed for genetically defined boys with sporadic isolated
      steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. 

PMID- 26985960
TI  - Whole-exome sequencing reveals a novel COL2A1 mutation in a patient with spondylo
      epiphyseal dysplasia congenita.
AB  - Skeletal dysplasia is a group of disorders with more than 450 entities, many of
      which cannot be differentiated, especially during infancy, but could lead to
      different clinical courses and prognoses. In this study, we have described a case
      of a Thai infant with short stature, flat face, pectus carinatum, indirect
      inguinal hernia, platyspondyly, and generalized delayed endochondral
      ossification. Using whole-exome sequencing (WES), we successfully identified a de
      novo heterozygous mutation, c.2024G>A (p.G675D), in the COL2A1 gene, which, to
      our knowledge, has not been previously reported. These molecular findings helped
      provide a definite diagnosis of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, aiding in
      proper management of the disease and improved genetic counseling. We demonstrated
      that WES is an efficient and cost-effective tool for molecular diagnosis for a
      type II collagenopathy.

PMID- 26985959
TI  - E2F, HSF2, and miR-26 in thyroid carcinoma: bioinformatic analysis of RNA
      sequencing data.
AB  - In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism of thyroid carcinoma (THCA)
      using bioinformatics. RNA-sequencing data of THCA (N = 498) and normal thyroid
      tissue (N = 59) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Next, gene
      expression levels were calculated using the TCC package and differentially
      expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the edgeR package. A co-expression
      network was constructed using the EBcoexpress package and visualized by
      Cytoscape, and functional and pathway enrichment of DEGs in the co-expression
      network was analyzed with DAVID and KOBAS 2.0. Moreover, modules in the co
      expression network were identified and annotated using MCODE and BiNGO plugins.
      Small-molecule drugs were analyzed using the cMAP database, and miRNAs and
      transcription factors regulating DEGs were identified by WebGestalt. A total of
      254 up-regulated and 59 down-regulated DEGs were identified between THCA samples
      and controls. DEGs enriched in biological process terms were related to cell
      adhesion, death, and growth and negatively correlated with various small-molecule
      drugs. The co-expression network of the DEGs consisted of hub genes (ITGA3,
      TIMP1, KRT19, and SERPINA1) and one module (JUN, FOSB, and EGR1). Furthermore, 5
      miRNAs and 5 transcription factors were identified, including E2F, HSF2, and miR
      26. miR-26 may participate in THCA by targeting CITED1 and PLA2R1; E2F may
      participate in THCA by regulating ITGA3, TIMP1, KRT19, EGR1, and JUN; HSF2 may be
      involved in THCA development by regulating SERPINA1 and FOSB; and small-molecule
      drugs may have anti-THCA effects. Our results provide novel directions for
      mechanistic studies and drug design of THCA.

PMID- 26985962
TI  - Selection and validation of reference house-keeping genes in the J774A1
      macrophage cell line for quantitative real-time PCR.
AB  - Macrophages are essential components of the innate and adaptive immune responses,
      playing a decisive role in atherosclerosis, asthma, obesity, and cancer. The
      differential gene expression resulting from adhesion of macrophages to the extra
      cellular matrix (ECM) has been studied in the J774A1 murine macrophage cell line
      using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The goal of this study was
      to identify housekeeping genes (HKGs) that remain stable and unaltered under
      normal culture conditions and in the presence of laminin after a time lapse of 6
      and 24 h. The expression stabilities of eight commonly used reference genes were
      analyzed by determining the comparative threshold cycle ((DeltaDelta)Ct) values,
      and using the BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm algorithms. BestKeeper analysis
      revealed that the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),
      peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), and ribosomal protein L13a (RPL13A) genes were
      highly stable, confirming the results of the (DeltaDelta)Ct analysis. On the
      other hand, NormFinder proposed RPL13A and beta-glucuronidase (GUSB) to be the
      most suitable combination, and geNorm adjudged RPL13A, PPIA, and GUSB to be the
      most stable across all culture conditions. All programs discarded the use of
      actin beta and beta-2-microglobulin for normalization. The collected data
      indicated that RPL13A, PPIA, GAPDH, and GUSB as highly suitable as reference
      genes for qPCR analysis of murine macrophages under normal and ECM-simulated
      culture conditions. This study also emphasizes the importance of evaluating HKGs
      used for normalization to ensure the accuracy of qPCR data.

PMID- 26985961
TI  - Bayesian approach increases accuracy when selecting cowpea genotypes with high
      adaptability and phenotypic stability.
AB  - This study aimed to verify that a Bayesian approach could be used for the
      selection of upright cowpea genotypes with high adaptability and phenotypic
      stability, and the study also evaluated the efficiency of using informative and
      minimally informative a priori distributions. Six trials were conducted in
      randomized blocks, and the grain yield of 17 upright cowpea genotypes was
      assessed. To represent the minimally informative a priori distributions, a
      probability distribution with high variance was used, and a meta-analysis concept
      was adopted to represent the informative a priori distributions. Bayes factors
      were used to conduct comparisons between the a priori distributions. The Bayesian
      approach was effective for selection of upright cowpea genotypes with high
      adaptability and phenotypic stability using the Eberhart and Russell method.
      Bayes factors indicated that the use of informative a priori distributions
      provided more accurate results than minimally informative a priori distributions.

PMID- 26985963
TI  - Analysis of POU1F1 gene DdeI polymorphism in Chinese goats.
AB  - As a member of the POU-domain family, the POU1F1 is a positive regulator for
      growth hormone, prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone b, by binding to target
      DNA promoters as a dimer in mammals. This study described the polymorphisms at
      the goat POU1F1-DdeI locus and analyzed the distribution of alleles in 15
      indigenous Chinese goat breeds. The PCR-RFLP analysis showed a predominance of
      the D1D1 genotype and the D1 allele, with average frequencies of 0.550 and 0.790,
      respectively, irrespective of goat utility type. The D1D2 genotype was the second
      most frequent, with a mean frequency of 0.371. The distributions of genotypic and
      allelic frequencies at this locus were found to be significantly different among
      populations based on a Chi square test (P < 0.001), suggesting that the breed
      factor significantly affected the molecular genetic character of the POU1F1 gene.
      The genetic diversity analysis revealed that Chinese indigenous populations had a
      wide spectrum of genetic diversity at the goat POU1F1-DdeI locus. However, an
      ANOVA analysis revealed no significant differences in gene homozygosity, gene
      heterozygosity, effective allele numbers, or polymorphism information content
      among meat, dairy, and cashmere utility types (P > 0.05). This suggests that the
      goat utility types had no significant effect on the spectrum of genetic
      diversity. 

PMID- 26985964
TI  - Development of a thematic collection of Musa spp accessions using SCAR markers
      for preventive breeding against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense tropical race 4.
AB  - Bananas are one of the most consumed fruits worldwide, but are affected by many
      pests and diseases. One of the most devastating diseases is Fusarium wilt, caused
      by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cubense (Foc). Recently, Fusarium tropical race 4
      (Foc TR4) has been causing irreparable damage, especially in Asia and Africa
      where it has devastated entire plantations, including areas with Cavendish, which
      is known to be resistant to Foc race 1. Although this race is not yet present in
      Brazil, results obtained by Embrapa in partnership with the University of
      Wageningen, The Netherlands, indicate that 100% of the cultivars used by
      Brazilian growers are susceptible to Foc TR 4. In our study, 276 banana
      accessions were screened with sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR)
      markers that have been linked to the resistance of Foc TR 4. Two SCAR primers
      were tested and the results revealed that SCAR ScaU1001 was efficient at
      discriminating accessions with possible resistance in 36.6% of the evaluated
      accessions. This is the first attempt to develop a thematic collection of
      possible Foc TR 4 resistant banana accessions in Brazil, which could be tested in
      Asian or African countries to validate marker-assisted selection (MAS), and for
      use in the preventive breeding of the crop to safeguard our banana plantations
      against Foc TR 4. We believe that this is an important step towards the
      prevention of this devastating disease, especially considering that our banana
      plantations are at risk. 

PMID- 26985965
TI  - Revision to CDC's Zika Travel Notices: Minimal Likelihood for Mosquito-Borne Zika
      Virus Transmission at Elevations Above 2,000 Meters.
AB  - Since May 2015, when Zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted primarily by Aedes
      aegypti mosquitoes, was reported in Brazil, the virus has rapidly spread across
      the Region of the Americas and the Caribbean. The association between maternal
      Zika virus infection and adverse fetal and reproductive outcomes, including
      microcephaly, prompted CDC to issue a Level 2 alert travel notice* for the 37
      countries and U.S. territories (at the national and territorial level) that have
      reported recent Zika virus transmission as of March 11, 2016. In addition to
      mosquito bite precautions for all travelers, CDC advises that pregnant women
      postpone travel to affected countries and U.S. territories. Within a nation's
      borders, ecologic characteristics, which determine the distribution of mosquito
      vectors, can vary considerably. CDC conducted a spatial analysis, focusing on the
      probability of occurrence of Ae. aegypti, to support the demarcation for
      subnational travel alerts. Based on results of this analysis, travel that is
      limited to elevations higher than 2,000 m (6,562 ft) above sea level is
      considered to have minimal (approximately 1%) likelihood for mosquito-borne Zika
      virus transmission, even within countries reporting active transmission. Women
      who are pregnant should avoid travel to elevations <2,000 m in countries with
      active Zika virus transmission. 

PMID- 26985966
TI  - Sources of self-efficacy in academic contexts: A longitudinal perspective.
AB  - The formation of self-efficacy, according to Bandura's (1997) social-cognitive
      theory, is an important area of inquiry. This theoretical tenet posits the
      importance of enactive learning experience, followed by lesser influences of
      vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional and physiological states.
      Quantitative research, predominantly, has produced clear and consistent evidence
      that supports this position. We argue that the elementary school years may
      indicate differently, whereby children's limited cognitive maturity and learning
      experiences could compel them to rely on other psychosocial informational
      sources. To date and to our knowledge, very few studies, if any, have explored
      the sustained influence of enactive learning experience across time. In this
      study, consequently, we tested a sequential predictive model that involved the
      differential influences of the 4 major informational sources on self-efficacy and
      then self-efficacy on academic achievement. Three time points of data (N = 328,
      Year 6) were collected across the calendar year, and Mplus 7.3 (Muthen & Muthen,
      1998-2012) was used to assist us in our structural modeling testing. At Time 1,
      only enactive learning experience and vicarious experience positively influenced
      self-efficacy. At Time 2, after controlling for prior variance of Time 1
      corresponding factors, only enactive learning experience remained significant. At
      Time 3, after controlling for autoregressive paths, enactive learning experience
      remained significant, and both verbal persuasion and emotional and physiological
      states positively influenced self-efficacy. The impact of self-efficacy on
      academic achievement was significant across the 3 occasions (betas = .20-.46).
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26985967
TI  - Double Methotrexate-Modified Neuropeptide Y Analogues Express Increased Toxicity
      and Overcome Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - Bioconjugates containing the neuropeptide Y (NPY) analogue [F(7),P(34)]-NPY as
      targeting moiety are able to deliver toxic agents specifically to breast cancer
      cells that overexpress the human Y1-receptor (hY1R). To increase their activity,
      multiple toxophores can be attached to one peptide. Herein, synthesis and
      characterization of [F(7),P(34)]-NPY conjugates containing two methotrexate (MTX)
      molecules are presented. First, carboxytetramethylrhodamine was linked to
      [F(7),P(34)]-NPY by amide or enzymatic linkage. The conjugate containing the
      enzymatic cleavage site showed high extracellular stability and fast
      intracellular release. Then, MTX was introduced at positions four and 22 of
      [F(7),P(34)]-NPY, connected by enzymatic or amide linkage. The toxicity of the
      analogues on breast cancer cells was hY1R-mediated and dependent on the used
      linkage and amount of toxophores. Furthermore, conjugates revealed higher potency
      than MTX on MTX-resistant cells. These results emphasize that peptide-drug
      conjugates can overcome drug resistance and that the attachment of multiple
      cleavable toxophores enhances the efficiency of this smart delivery system. 

PMID- 26985968
TI  - Automated In-Injector Derivatization Combined with High-Performance Liquid
      Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Semicarbazide in
      Fish and Bread Samples.
AB  - Semicarbazide (1) is a widespread genotoxic food contaminant originating as a
      metabolic byproduct of the antibiotic nitrofurazone used in fish farming or as a
      thermal degradation product of the common flour additive azodicarbonamide. The
      goal of this study is to develop a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid
      chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for the
      detection of compound 1 in food products. In comparison to existing methods for
      the determination of compound 1, the reported method combining online precolumn
      derivatization and HPLC-FLD is less labor-intensive, produces higher sample
      throughput, and does not require the use of expensive analytical instruments.
      After validation of accuracy and precision, this method was applied to determine
      the amount of compound 1 in fish and bread samples. Comparative studies using an
      established liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method
      did not yield systematically different results, indicating that the developed
      HPLC-FLD method is accurate and suitable for the determination of compound 1 in
      fish and bread samples. 

PMID- 26985969
TI  - Novel psychoactive substances: the pharmacology of stimulants and hallucinogens.
AB  - There are increasing levels of concern relating to the rapidly evolving novel
      psychoactive substances/NPS and web markets' scenarios. The paper aims at
      providing an overview of the clinical pharmacological issues related to some of
      the most popular NPS categories, e.g. stimulants and hallucinogens. NPS intake is
      typically associated with the imbalance of a complex range of neurotransmitter
      pathways/receptors, namely: dopamine; cannabinoid/CB1; and 5-HT2A. The intake is
      almost invariably undetectable with standard screening tests. Hence, it may
      frequently occur that the acute management of NPS misusers will need to focus on
      decreasing levels of both self/outward-directed aggression and agitation.
      Benzodiazepines may be considered as first line treatment. Alternatively,
      propofol and/or antipsychotics can be administered. Focus will be as well on
      treatment of possible rhabdomyolysis and hyperthermia. Indeed, future studies
      should inform better tailored management/treatment strategies. 

PMID- 26985970
TI  - Screening of Toxic Chemicals in a Single Drop of Human Whole Blood Using Ordered
      Mesoporous Carbon as a Mass Spectrometry Probe.
AB  - Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a versatile and high
      throughput mass spectrometry (MS) technique that uses a probe for extraction,
      enrichment, desorption, and ionization of target analytes. Here we report ordered
      mesoporous carbon as a new SELDI probe for rapid screening and identification of
      trace amount of toxic chemicals in a single drop of human whole blood without
      complicated sample preparation procedures. We demonstrate that ordered mesoporous
      carbon not only can selectively enrich a wide variety of low-mass toxic compounds
      from whole blood samples but also can be used as an excellent matrix to assist
      the laser desorption/ionization process of small molecules with low background
      noise, high repeatability, and good salt tolerance. High sensitivity (detection
      limits at ppt levels) and good reproducibility for typical toxic compounds were
      obtained. With CMK-8 as a SELDI probe, we successfully identified and screened
      six perfluorinated compounds in a single drop of whole blood collected from
      workers in a perfluorochemical plant. The method was also validated with complex
      samples such as human urine and environmental water samples. With distinct
      advantages such as simplicity, rapidness, minimal sample requirement, and high
      reliability, this method keeps great promise for various aspects of application. 

PMID- 26985972
TI  - Validation of Software Measurements of Eyelid Position From Digital Photographs
      Reply.

PMID- 26985973
TI  - Eosinophilic, Polymorphic, and Pruritic Eruption Associated With Radiotherapy on
      the Skin of the Right Breast.

PMID- 26985976
TI  - Best of JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery: Top Viewed Articles of 2015.

PMID- 26985971
TI  - MALDI TOF/TOF-Based Approach for the Identification of d- Amino Acids in
      Biologically Active Peptides and Proteins.
AB  - Several biologically active peptides contain a d- amino acid in a well-defined
      position, which is position 2 in all peptide epimers isolated to date from
      vertebrates and also some from invertebrates. The detection of such D- residues
      by standard analytical techniques is challenging. In tandem mass spectrometric
      (MS) analysis, although fragment masses are the same for all stereoisomers, peak
      intensities are known to depend on chirality. Here, we observe that the effect of
      a d- amino acid in the second N-terminal position on the fragmentation pattern in
      matrix assisted laser desorption time-of-flight spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS)
      strongly depends on the peptide sequence. Stereosensitive fragmentation (SF) is
      correlated to a neighborhood effect, but the d- residue also exerts an overall
      effect influencing distant bonds. In a fingerprint analysis, multiple peaks can
      thus serve to identify the chirality of a sample in short time and potentially
      high throughput. Problematic variations between individual spots could be
      successfully suppressed by cospotting deuterated analogues of the epimers. By
      identifying the [d-Leu2] isomer of the predicted peptide GH-2 (gene derived
      bombininH) in skin secretions of the toad Bombina orientalis, we demonstrated the
      analytical power of SF-MALDI-TOF/TOF measurements. In conclusion, SF-MALDI
      TOF/TOF MS combines high sensitivity, versatility, and the ability to complement
      other methods.

PMID- 26985977
TI  - Use of FACE-Q to Measure Quality of Life Following Aesthetic Facial Treatments.

PMID- 26985978
TI  - Use of FACE-Q to Measure Quality of Life Following Aesthetic Facial Treatments
      Reply.

PMID- 26985979
TI  - Elevated glucose levels in early puerperium, and association with high cortisol
      levels during parturition.
AB  - Background Gestational diabetes is one of the commonest metabolic problems
      associated with pregnancy and an accurate diagnosis is critical for the care.
      Research has shown that pregnant women have high levels of cortisol during the
      last stage of parturition. As cortisol is a diabetogenic hormone causing
      increased glucose levels, we wanted to study the association between cortisol and
      glucose levels during parturition. Materials and methods Glucose and cortisol
      were analyzed during parturition in 50 females divided according to slow (n = 11)
      and normal labors (n = 39). Blood samples were analyzed three times during the
      parturition and four times in the first day after delivery. Glucose levels were
      also measured once in each trimester. Results In the normal group, the glucose
      concentration increased from 6.2 (IQR 5.6-8.0) mmol/L in the latency phase to
      11.6 (10.0-13.3) mmol/L at aftercare (p < 0.05). After parturition the glucose
      concentrations decreased gradually. There were significant Spearman rank
      correlations between glucose and cortisol values. Conclusions The changes
      associated with birth cause significant elevations of cortisol and glucose around
      parturition. 

PMID- 26985980
TI  - Computed tomography (CT) in the selection of treatment for root-filled maxillary
      molars with apical periodontitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate whether the use of CT
      facilitates agreement among endodontists in selecting treatments for root-filled
      maxillary molars with apical periodontitis and to assess the efficacy of CT in
      choosing a treatment for such teeth. METHODS: 39 root-filled maxillary molars
      from 34 patients with suspected apical periodontitis were independently evaluated
      by 4 endodontists and 1 postgraduate student (decision-makers). Treatment
      decisions were made based on intra-oral radiographs and a fictive clinical
      history. After 1-3 months, the same decision-makers repeated the examination of
      the same teeth but with additional information from a CT examination. Agreement
      between decision-makers with or without the availability of the CT results was
      measured with Cohen's kappa coefficient. Differences in selected treatments with
      or without accessibility to the CT results were plotted for the same endodontists
      using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The agreement in assessments among
      endodontists was slight or fair before the CT results were available (range:
      0.081-0.535). No increase was observed after reviewing the CT results (range:
      0.116-0.379). After the use of CT, the treatment plan was changed 38-76% of the
      time by all decision-makers, and the changes affected 57.8% of the cases in the
      study. CONCLUSIONS: The endodontists in this study exhibited a low degree of
      agreement when choosing a treatment for root-filled maxillary molars with apical
      periodontitis. A CT examination of the investigated teeth did not result in a
      significantly higher degree of agreement, and CT frequently contributed to a
      shift in the selected therapy.

PMID- 26985981
TI  - Therapeutic Hypothermia for Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in North
      Carolina.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: While therapeutic hypothermia has been the standard of care for
      patients who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), recent trials have led
      to an advisory statement recommending a focus on targeted in-hospital temperature
      management and against initiation of prehospital hypothermia with rapid infusion
      of cooled saline. The aim of this study is to review the experience with
      therapeutic hypothermia in North Carolina. METHODS: We studied patients who
      suffered OHCA in North Carolina in 2012 captured in the CARES database as part of
      the Heart Rescue Project. We excluded patients without return of spontaneous
      circulation and patients without an advanced airway placed in the field to reduce
      selection bias. Bivariate distributions and multivariate logistic regression
      models were used to examine differences in survival to discharge and positive
      neurological outcome. RESULTS: 847 patients were included in the analysis of pre
      hospital hypothermia. Of these patients, 55% received prehospital hypothermia.
      Prehospital initiation of hypothermia was associated with higher survival to
      hospital discharge (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.03-2.32) and improved neurologic outcome at
      discharge (OR 1.56 95% CI 1.01-2.40). In patients who survived to hospital
      admission (n = 537), in-hospital hypothermia was associated with a non
      significant trend toward better survival to discharge (p = 0.18). CONCLUSION: We
      found that patients who received prehospital hypothermia had improved outcomes, a
      finding that may be due to a greater likelihood of receiving in-hospital
      hypothermia or a reflection of higher quality of pre-hospital care. These
      findings support ongoing efforts to improve all aspects of the chain of survival
      after cardiac arrest.

PMID- 26985982
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in people with
      type 2 diabetes in the Netherlands.
AB  - AIMS: Up to 30% of insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients are unable to achieve
      HbA1c targets despite optimization of insulin multiple daily injections (MDI).
      For these patients the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
      represents a useful but under-utilized alternative. The aim of the present
      analysis was to examine the cost-effectiveness of initiating CSII in type 2
      diabetes patients failing to achieve good glycemic control on MDI in the
      Netherlands. METHODS: Long-term projections were made using the IMS CORE Diabetes
      Model. Clinical input data were sourced from the OpT2mise trial. The analysis was
      performed over a lifetime time horizon. The discount rates applied to future
      costs and clinical outcomes were 4% and 1.5% per annum, respectively. RESULTS:
      CSII was associated with improved quality-adjusted life expectancy compared with
      MDI (9.38 quality-adjusted life years [QALYs] vs 8.95 QALYs, respectively). The
      breakdown of costs indicated that ~50% of costs were attributable to diabetes
      related complications. Higher acquisition costs of CSII vs MDI were partially
      offset by the reduction in complications. The ICER was estimated at EUR 62,895
      per QALY gained and EUR 60,474 per QALY gained when indirect costs were included.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the Netherlands, CSII represents a cost-effective option in
      patients with type 2 diabetes who continue to have poorly-controlled HbA1c
      despite optimization of MDI. Since the ICER falls below the willingness-to-pay
      threshold of EUR 80,000 per QALY gained, CSII is likely to represent good-value
      for money in the treatment of poorly-controlled T2D patients compared with MDI.

PMID- 26985983
TI  - When Nanowires Meet Ultrahigh Ferroelectric Field-High-Performance Full-Depleted
      Nanowire Photodetectors.
AB  - One-dimensional semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have been widely applied in
      photodetector due to their excellent optoelectronic characteristics. However,
      intrinsic carrier concentration at certain level results in appreciable dark
      current, which limits the detectivity of the devices. Here, we fabricated a novel
      type of ferroelectric-enhanced side-gated NW photodetectors. The intrinsic
      carriers in the NW channel can be fully depleted by the ultrahigh electrostatic
      field from polarization of P(VDF-TrFE) ferroelectric polymer. In this scenario,
      the dark current is significantly reduced and thus the sensitivity of the
      photodetector is increased even when the gate voltage is removed. Particularly, a
      single InP NW photodetector exhibits high-photoconductive gain of 4.2 * 10(5),
      responsivity of 2.8 * 10(5) A W(-1), and specific detectivity (D*) of 9.1 *
      10(15) Jones at lambda = 830 nm. To further demonstrate the universality of the
      configuration we also demonstrate ferroelectric polymer side-gated single CdS NW
      photodetectors with ultrahigh photoconductive gain of 1.2 * 10(7), responsivity
      of 5.2 * 10(6) A W(-1) and D* up to 1.7 * 10(18) Jones at lambda = 520 nm.
      Overall, our work demonstrates a new approach to fabricate a controllable, full
      depleted, and high-performance NW photodetector. This can inspire novel device
      structure design of high-performance optoelectronic devices based on
      semiconductor NWs. 

PMID- 26985984
TI  - KLHL20 links the ubiquitin-proteasome system to autophagy termination.
AB  - Autophagy is a dynamic and self-limiting process. The amplitude and duration of
      this process need to be properly controlled to maintain cell homeostasis, and
      excessive or insufficient autophagy activity could each lead to disease states.
      Compared to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy induction,
      little is known about how the autophagy process is turned off after its
      activation. We recently identified KLHL20 as a key regulator of autophagy
      termination. By functioning as a substrate-binding subunit of CUL3 ubiquitin
      ligase, KLHL20 targets the activated ULK1 and phagophore-residing PIK3C3/VPS34
      and BECN1 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which in turn triggers
      a destabilization of their complex components ATG13 and ATG14. These hierarchical
      degradation events cause the exhaustion of the autophagic pool of ULK1 and
      PIK3C3/VPS34 complexes, thereby preventing persistent and excessive autophagy
      activity. Impairment of KLHL20-dependent feedback regulation of autophagy
      enhances cell death under prolonged starvation and aggravates muscle atrophy in
      diabetic mice, which highlights the pathophysiological significance of this
      autophagy termination mechanism in cell survival and tissue homeostasis.
      Modulation of this autophagy termination pathway may be effective for treating
      diseases associated with deregulation of autophagy activity.

PMID- 26985985
TI  - Unimolecular Decomposition Rate of the Criegee Intermediate (CH3)2COO Measured
      Directly with UV Absorption Spectroscopy.
AB  - The unimolecular decomposition of (CH3)2COO and (CD3)2COO was measured by direct
      detection of the Criegee intermediate at temperatures from 283 to 323 K using
      time-resolved UV absorption spectroscopy. The unimolecular rate coefficient kd
      for (CH3)2COO shows a strong temperature dependence, increasing from 269 +/- 82
      s(-1) at 283 K to 916 +/- 56 s(-1) at 323 K with an Arrhenius activation energy
      of ~6 kcal mol(-1). The bimolecular rate coefficient for the reaction of
      (CH3)2COO with SO2, kSO2, was also determined in the temperature range 283 to 303
      K. Our temperature-dependent values for kd and kSO2 are consistent with
      previously reported relative rate coefficients kd/kSO2 of (CH3)2COO formed from
      ozonolysis of tetramethyl ethylene. Quantum chemical calculations of kd for
      (CH3)2COO are consistent with the experiment, and the combination of experiment
      and theory for (CD3)2COO indicates that tunneling plays a significant role in
      (CH3)2COO unimolecular decomposition. The fast rates of unimolecular
      decomposition for (CH3)2COO measured here, in light of the relatively slow rate
      for the reaction of (CH3)2COO with water previously reported, suggest that
      thermal decomposition may compete with the reactions with water and with SO2 for
      atmospheric removal of the dimethyl-substituted Criegee intermediate. 

PMID- 26985988
TI  - Impaired handgrip exercise-induced brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in
      young obese males.
AB  - Flow mediated dilation (FMD) stimulated by different shear stress stimulus
      profiles may recruit distinct transduction mechanisms, and provide distinct
      information regarding endothelial function. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether obesity influences brachial artery FMD differently depending on
      the shear stress profile used for FMD assessment. The FMD response to a brief,
      intermediate, and sustained shear stress profile was assessed in obese (n = 9)
      and lean (n = 19) young men as follows: brief stimulus, standard reactive
      hyperemia (RH) following a 5 min forearm occlusion (5 min RH); intermediate
      stimulus, RH following a 15 min forearm occlusion (15 min RH); sustained
      stimulus, 10 min of handgrip exercise (HGEX). Brachial artery diameter and mean
      shear stress were assessed using echo and Doppler ultrasound, respectively,
      during each FMD test. There was no group difference in HGEX shear stress (p =
      0.390); however, the obese group had a lower HGEX-FMD (5.2 +/- 3.0% versus 11.5
      +/- 4.4%, p < 0.001). There was no group difference in 5 min RH-FMD (p = 0.466)
      or 15 min RH-FMD (p = 0.181); however, the shear stress stimulus was larger in
      the obese group. After normalization to the stimulus the 15 min RH-FMD (p =
      0.002), but not the 5 min RH-FMD (p = 0.118) was lower in the obese group. These
      data suggest that obesity may have a more pronounced impact on the endothelium's
      ability to respond to prolonged increases in shear stress. 

PMID- 26985986
TI  - Intra-articular treatment of knee osteoarthritis: from anti-inflammatories to
      products of regenerative medicine.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating condition that may
      ultimately require total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Non-operative treatments are
      bracing, oral analgesics, physical therapy, and intra-articular knee injection
      (IAKI). The objective of this paper is to provide a systematic literature review
      regarding intra-articular treatment of knee OA and insight into promising new
      products of regenerative medicine that may eventually have a substantial effect
      on treatment. METHODS: A literature search was executed using Medline, Cochrane,
      and Embase with keywords "knee osteoarthritis" and "injection." Specifically, 45
      articles that discussed intra-articular knee injection using corticosteroids,
      hyaluronic acid, analgesics, local anesthetics, and newer products of
      regenerative medicine, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem
      cells (MSC), were analyzed. Of these, eleven were level 1, three were level 2,
      twelve were level 3, two were level 4, and seventeen were level 5 evidence.
      Papers included animal models. RESULTS: Local anesthetics have potential side
      effects and may only be effective for a few hours. Morphine and ketorolac may
      provide significant pain relief for 24 hours. Corticosteroids may give patients
      weeks to months of effective analgesia, but complications may occur, such as
      systemic hyperglycemia, septic arthritis, and joint degradation . Hyaluronic acid
      is a natural component of synovial fluid, but efficacy with respect to analgesia
      is controversial. Platelet-rich plasma formulations, autologous conditioned
      serum, autologous protein solution, and mesenchymal stem cell injections contain
      anti-inflammatory molecules and have been proposed to attenuate joint destruction
      or potentially remodel the joint. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, knee OA treatment does
      not address the progressively inflammatory environment of the joint. More
      investigation is needed regarding products of regenerative medicine, but they may
      ultimately have profound implications in the way knee OA is managed.

PMID- 26985989
TI  - Neural Tuning Size in a Model of Primate Visual Processing Accounts for Three Key
      Markers of Holistic Face Processing.
AB  - Faces are an important and unique class of visual stimuli, and have been of
      interest to neuroscientists for many years. Faces are known to elicit certain
      characteristic behavioral markers, collectively labeled "holistic processing",
      while non-face objects are not processed holistically. However, little is known
      about the underlying neural mechanisms. The main aim of this computational
      simulation work is to investigate the neural mechanisms that make face processing
      holistic. Using a model of primate visual processing, we show that a single key
      factor, "neural tuning size", is able to account for three important markers of
      holistic face processing: the Composite Face Effect (CFE), Face Inversion Effect
      (FIE) and Whole-Part Effect (WPE). Our proof-of-principle specifies the precise
      neurophysiological property that corresponds to the poorly-understood notion of
      holism, and shows that this one neural property controls three classic behavioral
      markers of holism. Our work is consistent with neurophysiological evidence, and
      makes further testable predictions. Overall, we provide a parsimonious account of
      holistic face processing, connecting computation, behavior and neurophysiology.

PMID- 26985991
TI  - Correction: Congruent Deep Relationships in the Grape Family (Vitaceae) Based on
      Sequences of Chloroplast Genomes and Mitochondrial Genes via Genome Skimming.

PMID- 26985990
TI  - Development and Genetic Control of Plant Architecture and Biomass in the Panicoid
      Grass, Setaria.
AB  - The architecture of a plant affects its ability to compete for light and to
      respond to environmental stresses, thus affecting overall fitness and
      productivity. Two components of architecture, branching and height, were studied
      in 182 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) at the vegetative, flowering and mature
      developmental stages in the panicoid C4 model grass system, Setaria. The RIL
      population was derived from a cross between domesticated S. italica (foxtail
      millet) and its wild relative S. viridis (green foxtail). In both field and
      greenhouse trials the wild parent was taller initially, started branching
      earlier, and flowered earlier, while the domesticated parent was shorter
      initially, but flowered later, producing a robust tall plant architecture with
      more nodes and leaves on the main culm and few or no branches. Biomass was highly
      correlated with height of the plant and number of nodes on the main culm, and
      generally showed a negative relationship with branch number. However, several of
      the RILs with the highest biomass in both trials were significantly more branched
      than the domesticated parent of the cross. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses
      indicate that both height and branching are controlled by multiple genetic
      regions, often with QTL for both traits colocalizing in the same genomic regions.
      Genomic positions of several QTL colocalize with QTL in syntenic regions in other
      species and contain genes known to control branching and height in sorghum,
      maize, and switchgrass. Included in these is the ortholog of the rice SD-1 semi
      dwarfing gene, which underlies one of the major Setaria height QTL. Understanding
      the relationships between height and branching patterns in Setaria, and their
      genetic control, is an important step to gaining a comprehensive knowledge of the
      development and genetic regulation of panicoid grass architecture. 

PMID- 26985992
TI  - Inflammatory Kidney and Liver Tissue Response to Different Hydroxyethylstarch
      (HES) Preparations in a Rat Model of Early Sepsis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tissue hypoperfusion and inflammation in sepsis can lead to organ
      failure including kidney and liver. In sepsis, mortality of acute kidney injury
      increases by more than 50%. Which type of volume replacement should be used is
      still an ongoing debate. We investigated the effect of different volume
      strategies on inflammatory mediators in kidney and liver in an early sepsis
      model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by
      cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and assigned to three fluid replenishment
      groups. Animals received 30mL/kg of Ringer's lactate (RL) for 2h, thereafter RL
      (75mL/kg), hydroxyethyl starch (HES) balanced (25mL/kg), containing malate and
      acetate, or HES saline (25mL/kg) for another 2h. Kidney and liver tissue was
      assessed for inflammation. In vitro rat endothelial cells were exposed to RL, HES
      balanced or HES saline for 2h, followed by stimulation with tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) for another 4h. Alternatively, cells were exposed to malate,
      acetate or a mixture of malate and acetate, reflecting the according
      concentration of these substances in HES balanced. Pro-inflammatory cytokines
      were determined in cell supernatants. RESULTS: Cytokine mRNA in kidney and liver
      was increased in CLP animals treated with HES balanced compared to RL, but not
      after application of HES saline. MCP-1 was 3.5fold (95% CI: 1.3, 5.6) (p<0.01)
      and TNF-alpha 2.3fold (95% CI: 1.2, 3.3) (p<0.001) upregulated in the kidney.
      Corresponding results were seen in liver tissue. TNF-alpha-stimulated endothelial
      cells co-exposed to RL expressed 3529+/-1040pg/mL MCP-1 and 59+/-23pg/mL CINC-1
      protein. These cytokines increased by 2358pg/mL (95% CI: 1511, 3204) (p<0.001)
      and 29pg/ml (95% CI: 14, 45) (p<0.01) respectively when exposed to HES balanced
      instead. However, no further upregulation was observed with HES saline. PBS
      supplemented with acetate increased MCP-1 by 1325pg/mL (95% CI: 741, 1909)
      (p<0.001) and CINC-1 by 24pg/mL (95% CI: 9, 38) (p<0.01) compared to RL. Malate
      as well as HES saline did not affect cytokine expression. CONCLUSION: We
      identified HES balanced and specifically its component acetate as pro
      inflammatory factor. How important this additional inflammatory burden on kidney
      and liver function is contributing to the sepsis-associated inflammatory burden
      in early sepsis needs further evaluation.

PMID- 26985993
TI  - Pepsin Egg White Hydrolysate Ameliorates Obesity-Related Oxidative Stress,
      Inflammation and Steatosis in Zucker Fatty Rats.
AB  - The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the administration of egg
      white hydrolysates on obesity-related disorders, with a focus on lipid
      metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress, in Zucker fatty rats. Obese Zucker
      rats received water, pepsin egg white hydrolysate (750 mg/kg/day) or Rhizopus
      aminopeptidase egg white hydrolysate (750 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Lean Zucker
      rats received water. Body weight, solid and liquid intakes were weekly measured.
      At the end of the study, urine, faeces, different organs and blood samples were
      collected. The consumption of egg white hydrolysed with pepsin significantly
      decreased the epididymal adipose tissue, improved hepatic steatosis, and lowered
      plasmatic concentration of free fatty acids in the obese animals. It also
      decreased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and reduced oxidative
      stress. Pepsin egg white hydrolysate could be used as a tool to improve obesity
      related complications. 

PMID- 26985994
TI  - The RIP1-RIP3 Complex Mediates Osteocyte Necroptosis after Ovariectomy in Rats.
AB  - Osteocyte apoptosis has been reported to play a central role in bone remodeling.
      In addition to apoptosis, other mechanisms may be involved in osteocyte loss.
      This study aimed to investigate the effect of necroptosis on osteocytes in
      ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Ninety-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly
      divided into an OVX group and a sham group. At 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after
      surgery, specimens from each group (n = 12 each) were harvested. Bone mineral
      density (BMD) and body weight were measured. Transmission electron microscopy
      (TEM) and micro-CT were used to observe the changes in cellular morphology and
      bone microarchitecture induced by estrogen deficiency. Osteocyte apoptosis and
      necroptosis were evaluated via TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining for active
      caspase-3. At 8 weeks after ovariectomy, a greater number of osteocytes with
      typical necrotic morphological features were TUNEL positive but negative for
      active caspase-3. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR and
      immunofluorescence assessments demonstrated that the levels of receptor
      interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 in osteocytes were
      significantly increased at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. These data are the first to
      suggest that necroptosis accelerates osteocyte loss under conditions of estrogen
      deficiency-induced osteoporosis in OVX rats. These findings provide evidence of a
      potential mechanism through which osteocyte necroptosis is associated with
      postmenopausal osteoporosis. 

PMID- 26985995
TI  - Prospects for Moxidectin as a New Oral Treatment for Human Scabies.

PMID- 26985996
TI  - Invariant Feature Matching for Image Registration Application Based on New
      Dissimilarity of Spatial Features.
AB  - An invariant feature matching method is proposed as a spatially invariant feature
      matching approach. Deformation effects, such as affine and homography, change the
      local information within the image and can result in ambiguous local information
      pertaining to image points. New method based on dissimilarity values, which
      measures the dissimilarity of the features through the path based on Eigenvector
      properties, is proposed. Evidence shows that existing matching techniques using
      similarity metrics--such as normalized cross-correlation, squared sum of
      intensity differences and correlation coefficient--are insufficient for achieving
      adequate results under different image deformations. Thus, new descriptor's
      similarity metrics based on normalized Eigenvector correlation and signal
      directional differences, which are robust under local variation of the image
      information, are proposed to establish an efficient feature matching technique.
      The method proposed in this study measures the dissimilarity in the signal
      frequency along the path between two features. Moreover, these dissimilarity
      values are accumulated in a 2D dissimilarity space, allowing accurate
      corresponding features to be extracted based on the cumulative space using a
      voting strategy. This method can be used in image registration applications, as
      it overcomes the limitations of the existing approaches. The output results
      demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms the other methods when
      evaluated using a standard dataset, in terms of precision-recall and corner
      correspondence.

PMID- 26985998
TI  - The Goals and Effects of Music Listening and Their Relationship to the Strength
      of Music Preference.
AB  - Individual differences in the strength of music preference are among the most
      intricate psychological phenomena. While one person gets by very well without
      music, another person needs to listen to music every day and spends a lot of
      temporal and financial resources on listening to music, attending concerts, or
      buying concert tickets. Where do these differences come from? The hypothesis
      presented in this article is that the strength of music preference is mainly
      informed by the functions that music fulfills in people's lives (e.g., to
      regulate emotions, moods, or physiological arousal; to promote self-awareness; to
      foster social relatedness). Data were collected with a diary study, in which 121
      respondents documented the goals they tried to attain and the effects that
      actually occurred for up to 5 music-listening episodes per day for 10 successive
      days. As expected, listeners reporting more intense experience of the functional
      use of music in the past (1) had a stronger intention to listen to music to
      attain specific goals in specific situations and (2) showed a larger overall
      strength of music preference. It is concluded that the functional effectiveness
      of music listening should be incorporated in existing models and frameworks of
      music preference to produce better predictions of interindividual differences in
      the strength of music preference. The predictability of musical style/genre
      preferences is also discussed with regard to the present results. 

PMID- 26985997
TI  - Metagenomic Analysis from the Interior of a Speleothem in Tjuv-Ante's Cave,
      Northern Sweden.
AB  - Speleothems are secondary mineral deposits normally formed by water
      supersaturated with calcium carbonate percolating into underground caves, and are
      often associated with low-nutrient and mostly non-phototrophic conditions. Tjuv
      Ante's cave is a shallow-depth cave formed by the action of waves, with granite
      and dolerite as major components, and opal-A and calcite as part of the
      speleothems, making it a rare kind of cave. We generated two DNA shotgun
      sequencing metagenomic datasets from the interior of a speleothem from Tjuv
      Ante's cave representing areas of old and relatively recent speleothem formation.
      We used these datasets to perform i) an evaluation of the use of these
      speleothems as past biodiversity archives, ii) functional and taxonomic profiling
      of the speleothem's different formation periods, and iii) taxonomic comparison of
      the metagenomic results to previous microscopic analyses from a nearby speleothem
      of the same cave. Our analyses confirm the abundance of Actinobacteria and fungi
      as previously reported by microscopic analyses on this cave, however we also
      discovered a larger biodiversity. Interestingly, we identified photosynthetic
      genes, as well as genes related to iron and sulphur metabolism, suggesting the
      presence of chemoautotrophs. Furthermore, we identified taxa and functions
      related to biomineralization. However, we could not confidently establish the use
      of this type of speleothems as biological paleoarchives due to the potential
      leaching from the outside of the cave and the DNA damage that we propose has been
      caused by the fungal chemical etching. 

PMID- 26985999
TI  - Effects of age and school type on unconstrained, phonemic, and semantic verbal
      fluency in children.
AB  - Biological and cultural factors have been found to have a significant influence
      on cognitive development and performance in neuropsychological instruments such
      as verbal fluency tasks (VFT). Variations of traditional VFT, involving
      unconstrained word production and increased retrieval times, may provide further
      data regarding the executive, attentional, mnemonic, and linguistic abilities
      involved in VFT. As such, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of
      age and school type on the performance of 6- to 12-year-old children in
      unconstrained, phonemic, and semantic VFT. The VFT were administered to 460
      participants. The effects of age and school type on verbal fluency (VF)
      performance were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance, followed by
      Bonferroni post-hoc tests (p <= .05). A repeated-measures analysis was also used
      to evaluate VF performance over time (p <= .05). Main effects of age and school
      type were identified on all measures (effect sizes ranged from .05 to .32, p <=
      .05). VF scores increased with age and were higher among private school students.
      The influence of age on VFT may be associated with the development of executive
      functions. The impact of type of school on VF performance may be explained by the
      greater availability of cognitive stimulation (semantic knowledge) provided by
      private schools and families with better socioeconomic levels.

PMID- 26986000
TI  - The Allometry of Bee Proboscis Length and Its Uses in Ecology.
AB  - Allometric relationships among morphological traits underlie important patterns
      in ecology. These relationships are often phylogenetically shared; thus
      quantifying allometric relationships may allow for estimating difficult-to
      measure traits across species. One such trait, proboscis length in bees, is
      assumed to be important in structuring bee communities and plant-pollinator
      networks. However, it is difficult to measure and thus rarely included in
      ecological analyses. We measured intertegular distance (as a measure of body
      size) and proboscis length (glossa and prementum, both individually and combined)
      of 786 individual bees of 100 species across 5 of the 7 extant bee families
      (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Using linear models and model selection, we
      determined which parameters provided the best estimate of proboscis length. We
      then used coefficients to estimate the relationship between intertegular distance
      and proboscis length, while also considering family. Using allometric equations
      with an estimation for a scaling coefficient between intertegular distance and
      proboscis length and coefficients for each family, we explain 91% of the variance
      in species-level means for bee proboscis length among bee species. However,
      within species, individual-level intertegular distance was a poor predictor of
      individual proboscis length. To make our findings easy to use, we created an R
      package that allows estimation of proboscis length for individual bee species by
      inputting only family and intertegular distance. The R package also calculates
      foraging distance and body mass based on previously published equations. Thus by
      considering both taxonomy and intertegular distance we enable accurate estimation
      of an ecologically and evolutionarily important trait. 

PMID- 26986001
TI  - Cell-mediated drug delivery by gingival interdental papilla mesenchymal stromal
      cells (GinPa-MSCs) loaded with paclitaxel.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Gingival tissue is composed of cell types that contribute to the
      body's defense against many agents in oral environment, wound healing and tissue
      regeneration. Thanks to their easy and scarcely invasive withdrawal procedure,
      interdental papilla provide a good source of mesenchymal stromal cells (GinPa
      MSCs). We isolated GinPa-MSCs and verified their ability to uptake/release the
      anticancer agent Paclitaxel (PTX). METHODS: In vitro expanded GinPa-MSCs were
      characterized for CD markers by FACS, tested for differentiation ability and
      analyzed by TEM. Their ability to uptake/release PTX was assessed according to a
      standardized procedure. RESULTS: The CD expression and chondro-adipo-osteo
      differentiation ability confirmed the mesenchymal feature of GinPa-MSCs.
      Surprisingly, 28% of GinPa-MSCs expressed CD14 marker and had an impressive
      pinocytotic activity. GinPa-MSCs were able to take up and release a sufficient
      amount of PTX to demonstrate effective in vitro activity against pancreatic
      carcinoma cells, suggesting that the drug was not inactivated. CONCLUSIONS: The
      procedure to obtain MSCs from interdental papilla is less invasive than that used
      for both bone marrow and adipose tissue, GinPa-MSCs are easy to expand and can be
      efficiently loaded with PTX. Taken together these qualities suggest that GinPa
      MSCs may prove to be a good tool for cell-mediated drug delivery in cancer,
      particularly if related to stomatognathic system.

PMID- 26986002
TI  - Quantitative Risk Assessment for African Horse Sickness in Live Horses Exported
      from South Africa.
AB  - African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, often fatal, arbovirus infection of
      horses, transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. AHS occurs in most of sub-Saharan
      Africa and is a significant impediment to export of live horses from infected
      countries, such as South Africa. A stochastic risk model was developed to
      estimate the probability of exporting an undetected AHS-infected horse through a
      vector protected pre-export quarantine facility, in accordance with OIE
      recommendations for trade from an infected country. The model also allows for
      additional risk management measures, including multiple PCR tests prior to and
      during pre-export quarantine and optionally during post-arrival quarantine, as
      well as for comparison of risk associated with exports from a demonstrated low
      risk area for AHS and an area where AHS is endemic. If 1 million horses were
      exported from the low-risk area with no post-arrival quarantine we estimate the
      median number of infected horses to be 5.4 (95% prediction interval 0.5 to 41).
      This equates to an annual probability of 0.0016 (95% PI: 0.00015 to 0.012)
      assuming 300 horses exported per year. An additional PCR test while in vector
      protected post-arrival quarantine reduced these probabilities by approximately 12
      fold. Probabilities for horses exported from an area where AHS is endemic were
      approximately 15 to 17 times higher than for horses exported from the low-risk
      area under comparable scenarios. The probability of undetected AHS infection in
      horses exported from an infected country can be minimised by appropriate risk
      management measures. The final choice of risk management measures depends on the
      level of risk acceptable to the importing country. 

PMID- 26986004
TI  - Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) in Ecuador: Geographic Distribution, Population
      Size and Extinction Risk.
AB  - The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) in Ecuador is classified as Critically
      Endangered. Before 2015, standardized and systematic estimates of geographic
      distribution, population size and structure were not available for this species,
      hampering the assessment of its current status and hindering the design and
      implementation of effective conservation actions. In this study, we performed the
      first quantitative assessment of geographic distribution, population size and
      population viability of Andean Condor in Ecuador. We used a methodological
      approach that included an ecological niche model to study geographic
      distribution, a simultaneous survey of 70 roosting sites to estimate population
      size and a population viability analysis (PVA) for the next 100 years. Geographic
      distribution in the form of extent of occurrence was 49 725 km2. During a two-day
      census, 93 Andean Condors were recorded and a population of 94 to 102 individuals
      was estimated. In this population, adult-to-immature ratio was 1:0.5. In the
      modeled PVA scenarios, the probability of extinction, mean time to extinction and
      minimum population size varied from zero to 100%, 63 years and 193 individuals,
      respectively. Habitat loss is the greatest threat to the conservation of Andean
      Condor populations in Ecuador. Population size reduction in scenarios that
      included habitat loss began within the first 15 years of this threat. Population
      reinforcement had no effects on the recovery of Andean Condor populations given
      the current status of the species in Ecuador. The population size estimate
      presented in this study is the lower than those reported previously in other
      countries where the species occur. The inferences derived from the population
      viability analysis have implications for Condor management in Ecuador. This study
      highlights the need to redirect efforts from captive breeding and population
      reinforcement to habitat conservation. 

PMID- 26986003
TI  - Epigenetic regulation by BAF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complexes is
      indispensable for embryonic development.
AB  - The multi-subunit chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF (known as BAF for Brg/Brm
      associated factor) complexes play essential roles in development. Studies have
      shown that the loss of individual BAF subunits often affects local chromatin
      structure and specific transcriptional programs. However, we do not fully
      understand how BAF complexes function in development because no animal mutant had
      been engineered to lack entire multi-subunit BAF complexes. Importantly, we
      recently reported that double conditional knock-out (dcKO) of the BAF155 and
      BAF170 core subunits in mice abolished the presence of the other BAF subunits in
      the developing cortex. The generated dcKO mutant provides a novel and powerful
      tool for investigating how entire BAF complexes affect cortical development.
      Using this model, we found that BAF complexes globally control the key
      heterochromatin marks, H3K27me2 and -3, by directly modulating the enzymatic
      activity of the H3K27 demethylases, Utx and Jmjd3. Here, we present further
      insights into how the scaffolding ability of the BAF155 and BAF170 core subunits
      maintains the stability of BAF complexes in the forebrain and throughout the
      embryo during development. Furthermore, we show that the loss of BAF complexes in
      the above-described model up-regulates H3K27me3 and impairs forebrain development
      and embryogenesis. These findings improve our understanding of epigenetic
      mechanisms and their modulation by the chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complexes
      that control embryonic development.

PMID- 26986007
TI  - Highlights from the 11th ISCB Student Council Symposium 2015. Dublin, Ireland. 10
      July 2015.

PMID- 26986005
TI  - Association of Cytomegalovirus End-Organ Disease with Stroke in People Living
      with HIV/AIDS: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection might increase the risk of
      cardiovascular event. However, data on the link between incident stroke and co
      infections of CMV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited and
      inconsistent. This nationwide population-based cohort study analyzed the
      association of CMV end-organ disease and stroke among people living with HIV/AIDS
      (PLWHA). METHODS: From January 1, 1998, this study identified adult HIV
      individuals with and without CMV end-organ disease in the Taiwan National Health
      Insurance Research Database. All patients were observed for incident stroke and
      were followed until December 31, 2012. Time-dependent analysis was used to
      evaluate associations of CMV end-organ disease with stroke. RESULTS: Of the
      22,581 PLWHA identified (439 with CMV end-organ disease and 22,142 without CMV
      end-organ disease), 228 (1.01%) had all-cause stroke during a mean follow-up
      period of 4.85 years, including 169 (0.75%) with ischemic stroke and 59 (0.26%)
      with hemorrhagic stroke. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities,
      opportunistic infections after HIV diagnosis, and antiretroviral treatment, CMV
      end-organ disease was found to be an independent risk factor for incident all
      cause stroke (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 3.07; 95% confidence interval [CI],
      1.70 to 5.55). When stroke type was considered, CMV end-organ disease was
      significantly positively associated with the risk of ischemic stroke (AHR, 3.14;
      95% CI, 1.49 to 6.62) but not hemorrhagic stroke (AHR, 2.52; 95% CI, 0.64 to
      9.91). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that CMV end-organ disease was an
      independent predictor of ischemic stroke among PLWHA.

PMID- 26986006
TI  - Functional stability and structural transitions of Kallikrein: spectroscopic and
      molecular dynamics studies.
AB  - Kallikrein, a physiologically vital serine protease, was investigated for its
      functional and conformational transitions during chemical (organic solvents, Gdn
      HCl), thermal, and pH induced denaturation using biochemical and biophysical
      techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations approach. The enzyme was
      exceptionally stable in isopropanol and ethanol showing 110% and 75% activity,
      respectively, after 96 h, showed moderate tolerance in acetonitrile (45% activity
      after 72 h) and much lower stability in methanol (40% activity after 24 h) (all
      the solvents [90% v/v]). Far UV CD and fluorescence spectra indicated apparent
      reduction in compactness of KLKp structure in isopropanol system. MD simulation
      studies of the enzyme in isopropanol revealed (1) minimal deviation of the
      structure from native state (2) marginal increase in radius of gyration and
      solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of the protein and the active site, and
      (3) loss of density barrier at the active site possibly leading to increased
      accessibility of substrate to catalytic triad as compared to methanol and
      acetonitrile. Although kallikrein was structurally stable up to 90  degrees C as
      indicated by secondary structure monitoring, it was functionally stable only up
      to 45  degrees C, implicating thermolabile active site geometry. In GdnHCl [1.0
      M], 75% of the activity of KLKp was retained after incubation for 4 h, indicating
      its denaturant tolerance. A molten globule-like structure of KLKp formed at pH
      1.0 was more thermostable and exhibited interesting structural transitions in
      organic solvents. The above results provide deeper understanding of functional
      and structural stability of the serine proteases at molecular level.

PMID- 26986008
TI  - UV-dependent phosphorylation of COP9/signalosome in UV-induced apoptosis.
AB  - The COP9/signalosome (CSN) multi-protein complex regulates the activity of cullin
      RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), including the DDB2 and CSA CRL4 ligases (CRL4DDB2
      and CRL4CSA), which are involved in the repair of UV-induced DNA damages. In the
      present study, we demonstrated that the protein kinase ATM, a key component of
      the DNA damage response (DDR), phosphorylates CSN1 and CSN7a, two subunits of the
      CSN complex, in a UV-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of CSN1 on serine 474
      was detected as early as 3 h after UV-exposure, peaked at 8 h and persisted until
      48 h post-UV irradiation. Such a time course suggests a role in late DDR rather
      than in DNA repair. Consistently, overexpression of a phosphorylation-resistant
      S474A CSN1 mutant reduced UV-induced apoptosis. Thus, CSN1 appears to play a role
      not only in DNA repair but also in UV-induced apoptosis.

PMID- 26986015
TI  - Proceedings of the 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference, February 1-3,
      2015.

PMID- 26986016
TI  - Clinical Prediction Score for Successful Retrograde Procedure in Chronic Total
      Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a prediction score for a successful retrograde
      procedure in chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PCI). METHODS: A total of 228 CTO lesions in 223 patients who underwent PCI by
      retrograde approach were analyzed. All subjects were randomly grouped to a
      derivation set and a validation set at a ratio of 2:1. A successful retrograde
      procedure was set as the end point. Each of the identified predictors for the end
      point by logistic regression was assigned 1 point and summed. RESULTS:
      Independent predictors of a successful retrograde procedure were Werner's score
      [odds ratio (OR) 4.841, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.952-12.005, p = 0.001],
      diameter of distal CTO segment (OR 5.263, 95% CI 2.067-13.398, p < 0.001) and
      tortuous collateral (type b; OR 0.119, 95% CI 0.032-0.444, p = 0.002). The
      predictive model developed in the derivation set stratified the difficulty of
      achieving a successful retrograde procedure into 4 grades - very difficult
      (10.5%), difficult (23.7%), intermediate (50.7%) and easy (15.1%) - and was
      demonstrated significantly in the validation set: very difficult (15.8%),
      difficult (18.4%), intermediate (47.4%) and easy (18.4%). The area under the
      receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.832 +/- 0.042 for the derivation
      set and 0.912 +/- 0.041 for the validation set with an almost equal performance.
      CONCLUSIONS: According to the experience of our center, this model performed
      excellently in predicting the difficulty in achieving a successful retrograde
      procedure.

PMID- 26986017
TI  - Energy Sources for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: Is One Better than the
      Others?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wide acceptance of the laparoscopic approach in both benign and
      malignant colorectal diseases has led to the development of several
      multifunctional tools aiming to overcome the limitations of conventional
      electrosurgery (ES). The aim of this study was to compare ES, ultrasonic
      coagulating shears (US), electrothermal bipolar vessel sealers (EBVS), and a
      relatively new energy device that combines both ultrasonic and bipolar energy
      (Thunderbeat, TB) in terms of safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness in
      patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resection (LCR). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A review of the literature was performed in Medline and the Cochrane
      Library. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies were
      considered for inclusion. RESULTS: Four RCTs, one retrospective, and two
      prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion. Bleeding control was
      better with US compared with ES and operative time was shorter with both US and
      EBVS compared with ES. These advantages were more evident in challenging
      colorectal resections, such as low anterior resections. US and EBVS seemed to be
      more cost-effective compared with ES, although supporting data are limited. US
      and EBVS appeared to be equivalent with regard to different outcome parameters.
      Preliminary data on the efficacy and safety of TB are promising. CONCLUSION:
      Although US and EBVS have the advantages of less blood loss and/or a shorter
      operative time compared with ES, the current evidence does not demonstrate which
      multifunctional instrument is the most effective in LCR. High-quality RCTs are
      required to confirm the preliminary promising results with the use of TB in LCR.

PMID- 26986014
TI  - Prediction of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for
      diabetic nephropathy by bioinformatics methods.
AB  - In this study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of and genetic
      factors influencing diabetic nephropathy (DN). Gene expression profiles
      associated with DN were obtained from the GEO database (Accession no. GSE20844).
      The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between diabetic mice and non-diabetic
      mice were screened. Subsequently, the DEGs were subjected to functional and
      pathway analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed
      and the transcription factors (TFs) were screened among the DEGs. A total of 92
      upregulated and 118 downregulated genes were screened. Pathway analysis revealed
      that the p53 signaling pathway, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta
      signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling
      pathway were significantly enriched by upregulated genes. Serpine1 (also known as
      plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), early growth response 1 (Egr1) and Mdk were
      found to be significant nodes in the PPI network by three methods. A total of 12
      TFs were found to be differentially expressed, of which nuclear receptor
      subfamily 4, group A, member 1 (Nr4a1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated
      receptor gamma (Pparg) were found to have multiple interactions with other DEGs.
      We demonstrated that the p53 signaling pathway, the TGF-beta signaling pathway
      and the MAPK signaling pathway were dysregulated in the diabetic mice. The
      significant nodes (Serpine1, Egr1 and Mdk) and differentially expressed TFs
      (Nr4a1 and Pparg) may provide a novel avenue for the targeted therapy of DN.

PMID- 26986013
TI  - Chemically induced skin carcinogenesis: Updates in experimental models (Review).
AB  - Skin cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting humans worldwide,
      and its incidence is rapidly increasing. The study of skin carcinogenesis is of
      major interest for both scientific research and clinical practice and the use of
      in vivo systems may facilitate the investigation of early alterations in the skin
      and of the mechanisms involved, and may also lead to the development of novel
      therapeutic strategies for skin cancer. This review outlines several aspects
      regarding the skin toxicity testing domain in mouse models of chemically induced
      skin carcinogenesis. There are important strain differences in view of the
      histological type, development and clinical evolution of the skin tumor,
      differences reported decades ago and confirmed by our hands-on experience. Using
      mouse models in preclinical testing is important due to the fact that, at the
      molecular level, common mechanisms with human cutaneous tumorigenesis are
      depicted. These animal models resemble human skin cancer development, in that
      genetic changes caused by carcinogens and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
      simultaneous inflammation sustained by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
      favor tumor progression. Drugs and environmental conditions can be tested using
      these animal models. keeping in mind the differences between human and rodent
      skin physiology.

PMID- 26986018
TI  - "The role of redundant information in cultural transmission and cultural
      stabilization": Correction to Acerbi and Tennie (2016).
AB  - Reports an error in "The role of redundant information in cultural transmission
      and cultural stabilization" by Alberto Acerbi and Claudio Tennie (Journal of
      Comparative Psychology, 2016[Feb], Vol 130[1], 62-70). In the article the
      copyright should have been "(c) 2016 The Author(s)". The author note also should
      have included the following license statement "This article has been published
      under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
      (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use,
      distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
      source are credited. Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s).
      Author(s) grant(s) the American Psychological Association the exclusive right to
      publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher." The online
      version of this article has been corrected. (The following abstract of the
      original article appeared in record 2016-07004-005.) Redundant copying has been
      proposed as a manner to achieve the high-fidelity necessary to pass on and
      preserve complex traits in human cultural transmission. There are at least 2 ways
      to define redundant copying. One refers to the possibility of copying repeatedly
      the same trait over time, and another to the ability to exploit multiple layers
      of information pointing to the same trait during a single copying event. Using an
      individual-based model, we explore how redundant copying (defined as in the
      latter way) helps to achieve successful transmission. The authors show that
      increasing redundant copying increases the likelihood of accurately transmitting
      a behavior more than either augmenting the number of copying occasions across
      time or boosting the general accuracy of social learning. They also investigate
      how different cost functions, deriving, for example, from the need to invest more
      energy in cognitive processing, impact the evolution of redundant copying. The
      authors show that populations converge either to high-fitness/high-costs states
      (with high redundant copying and complex culturally transmitted behaviors;
      resembling human culture) or to low-fitness/low-costs states (with low redundant
      copying and simple transmitted behaviors; resembling social learning forms
      typical of nonhuman animals). This outcome may help to explain why cumulative
      culture is rare in the animal kingdom. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA,
      all rights reserved). 

PMID- 26986019
TI  - Overcoming associative learning.
AB  - Thorndike (1898, 1911) rejected the idea that animal behavior was the consequence
      of reasoning, and suggested instead that the gradual acquisition of associations
      formed the basis of behavior-a contention that has had a significant impact on
      the development of animal learning theory. Despite this, comparative psychology
      provides a number of examples of behaviors that have been considered to be above
      and beyond the explanation of associative-, or reinforcement-learning mechanisms.
      These behaviors have motivated some researchers to propose higher-order cognitive
      abilities in animals, including (but not limited to) reasoning, sensitivity to
      ambiguity, and metacognition. However, other authors have questioned this claim,
      and provided alternative explanations for these behaviors from an associative
      perspective. With relevant examples, the steps that must be taken in order to
      overcome an associative explanation of behavior are described. (PsycINFO Database
      Record 

PMID- 26986021
TI  - The effect of length scale on the determination of geometrically necessary
      dislocations via EBSD continuum dislocation microscopy.
AB  - Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) dislocation microscopy is an important,
      emerging field in metals characterization. Currently, calculation of
      geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is problematic because it has
      been shown to depend on the step size of the EBSD scan used to investigate the
      sample. This paper models the change in calculated GND density as a function of
      step size statistically. The model provides selection criteria for EBSD step size
      as well as an estimate of the total dislocation content. Evaluation of a
      heterogeneously deformed tantalum specimen is used to asses the method. 

PMID- 26986020
TI  - Osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of BMP2 and VEGF gene-co-transfected human
      stem cells from apical papilla.
AB  - Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) possess clear osteo-/odontogenic
      differentiation capabilities, and are regarded as the major cellular source for
      root dentin development. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serve pivotal roles in the modulation of tooth
      development and dentin formation. However, the synergistic effects of BMP2 and
      VEGF on osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of SCAP remain unclear. The current
      study aimed to investigate the proliferative and osteo-/odontogenic
      differentiating capabilities of BMP2 and VEGF gene-co-transfected SCAP (SCAP-BMP2
      VEGF) in vitro. The basic characteristics of the isolated SCAP were identified by
      the induction of multipotent differentiation and by flow cytometry. Lentiviral
      vector-mediated gene transfection was conducted with SCAP in order to construct
      blank vector-transfected SCAP (SCAP-green fluorescent protein), BMP2 gene
      transfected SCAP (SCAP-BMP2), VEGF gene-transfected SCAP (SCAP-VEGF) and SCAP
      BMP2-VEGF. The Cell Counting Kit 8 assay was used to analyze the proliferative
      capacities of the four groups of cells. The expression of osteo-/odontogenic
      genes and proteins in the cells were evaluated by reverse transcription
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The mineralized
      nodules formed by the four group cells were visualized by alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP) staining. Among the four groups of cells, SCAP-VEGF was demonstrated to
      exhibit increased proliferation, and SCAP-BMP2-VEGF exhibited reduced
      proliferation during eight days observation. SCAP-BMP2-VEGF exhibited
      significantly increased expression levels of ALP, osteocalcin, dentin
      sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein gene 1 and dentin
      sialoprotein than the other three groups at the majority of the time points.
      Furthermore, the SCAP-BMP2-VEGF group exhibited a significantly greater number of
      ALP-positive mineralized nodules than the other groups following 16 days culture
      in vitro. In conclusion, lentiviral vector-mediated BMP2 and VEGF gene co
      transfection significantly activated the osteo-/odontogenic differentiation of
      human SCAP. 

PMID- 26986023
TI  - Facile analysis of contents and compositions of the chondroitin sulfate/dermatan
      sulfate hybrid chain in shark and ray tissues.
AB  - The chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) hybrid chain was extracted
      from specific tissues of several kinds of sharks and rays. The contents and
      sulfation patterns of the CS/DS hybrid chain were precisely analyzed by digestion
      with chondroitinases ABC and AC. All samples predominantly contained the A- and C
      units. Furthermore, all samples characteristically contained the D-unit. Species
      specific differences were observed in the contents of the CS/DS hybrid chain,
      which were the highest in Mako and Blue sharks and Sharpspine skates, but were
      lower in Hammerhead sharks. Marked differences were observed in the ratio of the
      C-unit/A-unit between sharks and rays. The contents of the CS/DS hybrid chain and
      the ratio of the C-unit/A-unit may be related to an oxidative stress-decreasing
      ability. 

PMID- 26986022
TI  - Driver state examination--Treading new paths.
AB  - A large proportion of crashes in road driving can be attributed to driver
      fatigue. Several types of fatigue are discussed, comprising sleep-related
      fatigue, active task-related fatigue (as a consequence of workload in demanding
      driving situations) as well as passive task-related fatigue (as related to
      monotonous driving situations). The present study investigated actual states of
      fatigue in a monotonous driving situation, using EEG measures and a long-lasting
      driving simulation experiment, in which drivers had to keep the vehicle on track
      by compensating crosswind of different strength. Performance data and
      electrophysiological correlates of mental fatigue (EEG Alpha and Theta power,
      Inter Trial Coherence (ITC), and auditory event-related potentials to short sound
      stimuli) were analyzed. Driving errors and driving lane variability increased
      with time on task and with increasing crosswind. The posterior Alpha and Theta
      power also increased with time on task, but decreased with stronger crosswind.
      The P3a to sound stimuli decreased with time on task when the crosswind was weak,
      but remained stable when the crosswind was strong. The analysis of ITC revealed
      less frontal Alpha and Theta band synchronization with time on task, but no
      effect of crosswind. The results suggest that Alpha power in monotonous driving
      situations reflects boredom or attentional withdrawal due to monotony rather than
      the decline of processing abilities as a consequence of high mental effort. A
      more valid indicator of declining mental resources with increasing time on task
      seems to be provided by brain oscillatory synchronization measures and event
      related activity. 

PMID- 26986025
TI  - Laparoscopic cholecystectomy using the PINPOINT endoscopic fluorescence imaging
      system with intraoperative fluorescent imaging: A case report.
AB  - We report on a laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed using the PINPOINT
      endoscopic fluorescence imaging system (Novadaq, Mississauga, ON, Canada), which
      enables surgery to be performed while simultaneously viewing fluorescent images.
      The patient was a 43-year-old man diagnosed with cholecystolithiasis. Indocyanine
      green (ICG) was administered 18h prior to surgery. The PINPOINT system made it
      possible to perform the procedure while viewing ICG fluorescence in the cystic
      duct. As the gallbladder was also imaged with this technique, it was easy to
      determine at which layer to detach the gallbladder from the liver bed. The
      operative time was 1h and 32min, and blood loss was 5ml. There were no
      perioperative complications. 

PMID- 26986024
TI  - Histopathology investigation on the Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis)
      populations captured from the rivers impacted by mining activities.
AB  - Many natural freshwater ecosystems, especially in the north eastern Macedonia,
      are polluted with heavy metals, which are released by active mines. Long-term
      exposure to high levels of dissolved metals might result in increased metal
      bioaccumulation in organs of aquatic organisms, and consequently might cause
      various sub-toxic and toxic effects. The aim of this study was to assess the
      health of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis) inhabiting mining impacted rivers
      Zletovska and Kriva, in comparison with chub from the reference Bregalnica River.
      It was done by use of indicators of tissue damage (histopathology of liver and
      gonads) and general indicators of exposure to environmental stressors (condition
      factor, organo-somatic indices and external/internal macroscopic lesions).
      Histological assessment of gonads revealed good reproductive health in all three
      rivers, indicating high tolerance of gonads to contaminant exposure. Contrary,
      several external/internal lesions were more pronounced in chub from severely
      metal contaminated Zletovska River. Prevalence of hepatic lesions was also higher
      in mining impacted rivers (in Kriva, 70%; in Zletovska, 59%) compared to
      Bregalnica River (38%). The spectrum of histological lesions observed in chub
      liver varied from non-specific minor degenerative conditions, such as lymphocyte
      infiltration, fibrosis, parasites, granulomas and lipidosis, to extensive and/or
      more severe changes such as bile duct proliferation, necrosis, megalocytosis,
      light-dark hepatocytes and hepatocytes regeneration. The results of
      histopathological investigation for all three rivers showed clear signs of water
      contamination, especially prominent in mining influenced rivers. More research
      efforts should be devoted to study of environmental conditions and metal
      contamination in the mining impacted rivers worldwide, especially of their
      effects on health of local ichthyofauna.

PMID- 26986026
TI  - Adsorption and separation of HCV particles by novel affinity aptamer
      functionalized adsorbents.
AB  - A novel type of aptamer-functionalized immunoadsorbent was prepared and
      characterized to remove HCV particles, a promising option of extracorporeal
      immunoadsorption (ECI) therapy against HCV. Herein, we fabricated a HCV-specific
      immunoadsorbent where single-stranded DNA aptamers reported and studied
      previously, modified with amino group at the 5' terminus, was immobilized
      covalently onto surfaces of carboxylated-derivative sepharose 4FF beads through N
      hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) linkage. Then the adsorbents was evaluated and
      characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, we also confirmed that proposed
      immunoadsorbents exhibited a favorable biocompatibility as well as specificity.
      In addition, time-dependent effects of the eradication capacity of aptamer
      functionalized sepharose beads against HCV was investigated. With the optimized
      time point, the decontamination performance of HCV particles was assessed by real
      time quantitative PCR (qPCR) followed by nucleic acid-based hybridization (NAH),
      which shows sorbents with an aptamer density of 2nmolligand/ml resin could remove
      approximately 80% (i.e. 8.9*10(6) HCV particles/ml resin) of the HCV genotype 2a
      cultivated in vitro and 75% (vary with the intial concentration of HCV from about
      7.5*10(4)-4.4*10(5) HCV particles/ml resin) of the HCV samples from human plasma
      samples. All these results indicated that the novel aptamer-based adsorbents
      could effectively remove HCV particles and likely serve as a novel therapy option
      or at least supplementary for the treatment regimen of HCV. 

PMID- 26986027
TI  - Optimize and refine therapeutic index in radiation therapy: Overview of a
      century.
AB  - In 1936, Holthusen theorized the probability of achieving tumor control and of
      developing normal tissue complications after radiotherapy as a function of
      radiation dose. This concept was formalized and further developed in 1975.
      Several concepts for improving the therapeutic gain had been anticipated,
      including the possibility of modulating the tumor/normal tissue differential
      response. Eight decades later, it is possible to review and analyze progress
      achieved in the knowledge of radiation-induced toxicity. The clinical
      developments using new technologies and biological modulators of radiation
      response have corroborated a posteriori this model, however, many questions
      remain unanswered. A few randomized trials have validated the benefit of modern
      irradiation techniques for improving the therapeutic index; but the level I
      evidence of a survival improvement is still lacking. In the field of bio
      modulation, large meta-analyses have shown that concurrent chemotherapy improves
      local control in many cancer types. Clinical investigations using molecularly
      targeted therapies have been rather disappointing, with only one exception: head
      and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Numerous recent biological findings question
      the possibility to target tumor tissue without impacting normal tissue response.
      Moreover, the abscopal and bystander effects suggest that normal tissue
      irradiation should not be perceived only as a source of toxicity, but may also
      result in downstream therapeutic effects. This paper reexamines the multiple
      efforts made to modulate the tumor versus normal tissue differential response,
      which have translated into incremental therapeutic gain and highlights the
      ongoing effort to better understand the optimal integration of radiation biology,
      chemotherapeutic, novel drugs and novel technologies. 

PMID- 26986028
TI  - Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a child with Netherton syndrome.

PMID- 26986030
TI  - Tardy ulnar nerve palsy caused by chronic radial head dislocation after Monteggia
      fracture: a report of two cases.
AB  - Dislocation of the radial head is often encountered as a result of a pediatric
      Monteggia fracture. We report two rare cases of tardy ulnar nerve palsy
      associated with anterior radial head dislocation combined with anterior bowing of
      the ulna. They had cubitus valgus deformity, valgus instability, and
      osteoarthritis of the elbow, and had elbow injury more than 40 years back. They
      were diagnosed with chronic radial head dislocation long after a Bado type 1
      Monteggia fracture. Anterior subcutaneous ulnar nerve transposition yielded
      favorable results. It is important to recognize the possibility of tardy ulnar
      nerve palsy caused by an improperly treated Monteggia fracture. 

PMID- 26986031
TI  - Revision pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after failure of
      iliotibial band technique treated with all-epiphyseal technique in a prepubescent
      with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case report.
AB  - The increasing number of pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and
      the failure of nonoperative management of these patients has elicited a
      concordant response in the surgical community to devise reconstruction techniques
      that stabilize the knee joint without causing iatrogenic growth disturbances.
      Likewise, the rise in pediatric ACL reconstructions forecasts a consequent rise
      in revision ACL reconstructions in patients with open physes. In this case
      report, we describe a prepubescent with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and congenital ACL
      deficiency, who underwent physeal-sparing iliotibial band ACL reconstruction and
      revision to an all-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction with allograft. We also
      underscore the lack of evidence addressing graft choice and outcomes for ACL
      reconstructions in patients with connective tissue disorders.

PMID- 26986029
TI  - Protective Role of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Against Ccl4 Induced Acute Liver
      Injury in Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on
      carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixty
      SPF KM mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: the control group, CCl4-model
      group, bifendate group (DDB group), and low-, moderate-, and high-dose GSP
      groups. The following parameters were measured: serum levels of alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT); aspartate aminotransferase (AST); tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF)-alpha; interleukin-6 (IL-6); high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1; body weight;
      liver, spleen, and thymus indexes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione
      peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity; HMGB1 mRNA; malondialdehyde (MDA) content;
      hepatocyte proliferation; and changes in liver histology. RESULTS: Compared to
      the CCl4-model group, decreases in liver index and increases in thymus index
      significantly increased SOD and GSH-Px activities and reduced MDA content, and
      higher hepatocyte proliferative activity was found in all GSP dose groups and the
      DDB group (all P<0.001). Compared with the CCl4-model group, serum TNF-alpha and
      IL-6 levels and HMGB 1 mRNA and protein expressions decreased significantly in
      the high GSP dose group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide strong
      evidence that administration of GSPs might confer significant protection against
      CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice.

PMID- 26986032
TI  - Humeral lateral condyle fractures in children: redefining the criteria for
      displacement.
AB  - The aim of this study is to define paediatric lateral humeral condyle fractures
      prone to later displacement. The authors reviewed 106 children who were treated
      surgically for this fracture. There were 74 boys and 32 girls with an age range
      of 3-10 years. The study included 27 minimally displaced and 79 displaced
      fractures. The average follow-up was 50 months. Binary logistic regression model
      indicated that 6-8-year-old children with minimally displaced fractures and who
      underwent immediate surgery have a better chance for satisfactory results. The
      authors concluded that routine use of 2 mm displacement for treatment decisions
      should be changed to avoid delayed surgery. 

PMID- 26986033
TI  - Eight-year follow-up findings of surgical treatment for severe dystrophic changes
      in the cervical spine associated with neurofibromatosis type I: a case report.
AB  - Long-term follow-up findings for dystrophic changes in the cervical spine caused
      by neurofibromatosis type 1 have been rarely reported. A 13-year-old boy with
      severe dural ectasia in the cervical spine underwent cervical posterior fusion
      from C1 to C5 for prevention of cervical spine fracture and spinal injury. We
      followed him up for 8 years after surgery. We measured the progression of the
      destruction on yearly MRI. The dural ectasia gradually progressed until 3 years
      postoperatively. Subsequently, no further enlargement of the dural sac occurred.
      At the 8-year follow-up examination, the patient had no limitations in the
      activities of daily life.

PMID- 26986034
TI  - Role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and the clinical
      applications (Review).
AB  - Oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inactivation are considered as the
      main causes driving the transformation of normal somatic cells into malignant
      tumor cells. Cancer cells are the driving force of tumor development and
      progression. Yet, cancer cells are unable to accomplish this alone. The tumor
      microenvironment is also considered to play an active role rather than simply
      acting as a by-stander in tumor progression. Through different pathways, tumor
      cells efficiently recruit stromal cells, which in turn, provide tumor cell growth
      signals, intermediate metabolites, and provide a suitable environment for tumor
      progression as well as metastasis. Through reciprocal communication, cancer cells
      and the microenvironment act in collusion leading to high proliferation and
      metastatic capability. Understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment in
      tumor progression provides us with novel approaches through which to target the
      tumor microenvironment for efficient anticancer treatment. In this review, we
      summarize the mechanisms involved in the recruitment of stromal cells by tumor
      cells to the primary tumor site and highlight the role of the tumor
      microenvironment in the regulation of tumor progression. We further discuss the
      potential approaches for cancer therapy.

PMID- 26986036
TI  - Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationship of a Bioactive Fragment of ELABELA
      that Modulates Vascular and Cardiac Functions.
AB  - ELABELA (ELA) was recently discovered as a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin
      receptor (APJ), a G protein-coupled receptor. ELA signaling was demonstrated to
      be crucial for normal heart and vasculature development during embryogenesis. We
      delineate here ELA's structure-activity relationships and report the
      identification of analogue 3 (ELA(19-32)), a fragment of ELA that binds to APJ,
      activates the Galphai1 and beta-arrestin-2 signaling pathways, and induces
      receptor internalization similarly to its parent endogenous peptide. An alanine
      scan performed on 3 revealed that the C-terminal residues are critical for
      binding to APJ and signaling. Finally, using isolated-perfused hearts and in vivo
      hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements, we demonstrate that ELA and 3
      both reduce arterial pressure and exert positive inotropic effects on the heart.
      Altogether, these results present ELA and 3 as potential therapeutic options in
      managing cardiovascular diseases. 

PMID- 26986037
TI  - Comparison of ketamine-propofol and remifentanil in terms of hemodynamic
      variables and patient satisfaction during monitored anaesthesia care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare remifentanil and ketamine-propofol in
      terms of hemodynamic response, duration of recovery and patient satisfaction in
      operative hysteroscopy cases who underwent monitored anaesthesia care in
      combination with paracervical block. METHODS: Monitored anaesthesia care was used
      in 60 ASA I-II female patients. The patients were divided into two groups as
      remifentanil (Group R) and ketamine-propofol (Group K-P). The hemodynamic effects
      of remifentanil and ketamine-propofol, and duration of recovery were recorded and
      compared. The patient satisfaction was also recorded and the two groups were
      compared. RESULTS: Age, body mass, ASA status, duration of anaesthesia and type
      of surgery were found to be similar between groups. The time of the Aldrete score
      reaching >= 9 was found to be shorter in Group R when compared with Group KP
      (Group R: 4.1 +/- 1.9 min, Group K-P: 6.1 +/- 2.6 min) (P< 0.05). The incidence
      of postoperative nausea and vomiting was found to be significantly higher in the
      remifentanil group (P <= 0.05). When the groups were compared in terms of patient
      satisfaction, in both groups this was found to be similar. CONCLUSION: Sedation
      with remifentanil combined with a paracervical block during monitored anaesthesia
      care provides early recovery with effective sedation and analgesia in
      hysteroscopy procedures.

PMID- 26986038
TI  - The influence of regional anaesthesia and local anaesthetics on cardiac
      repolarization.
AB  - The normal function of the heart muscle is the result of electro-mechanic and
      hemodynamic coupling. Modification of the structure and activity of ion channels
      within the cardiomyocytes may induce cardiac arrhythmias. Electrophysiological
      mechanisms of arrhythmia, generated by a prolonged period of repolarization,
      result either from conduction disturbances (reentry mechanism) and/or the
      induction of beats (early after-depolarizations). Local anaesthetic drug
      deposition does not affect the repolarization period, as long as the
      concentration of the free drug in the plasma does not reach the critical value to
      cause toxic effects in the cardiomyocytes. When analyzing the effect of regional
      anaesthesia on the repolarization period it is essential to acknowledge the
      activity or blockade of adrenergic fibres. Blocking the sympathetic fibres',
      including level T1 to T4, leads to a shortening of the QT interval and a
      reduction of QT dispersion. Adrenergic blockade as a result of spinal anaesthesia
      causes severe adrenergic activity above the level of the block and therefore
      prolongs repolarization. Stellate ganglion block on the right side causes a
      significant prolongation of the QT interval and QT dispersion. Regardless of the
      reasons for prolongation of the repolarization period (congenital or acquired),
      vigilance is required within the perioperative anaesthetic management of a
      patient, so as not to lead to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. Regional
      anaesthesia techniques and properly used local anaesthetic drugs are regarded as
      being safe in these patients. 

PMID- 26986039
TI  - Entropy production in mesoscopic stochastic thermodynamics: nonequilibrium
      kinetic cycles driven by chemical potentials, temperatures, and mechanical
      forces.
AB  - Nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET) investigates processes in systems out of
      global equilibrium. On a mesoscopic level, it provides a statistical dynamic
      description of various complex phenomena such as chemical reactions, ion
      transport, diffusion, thermochemical, thermomechanical and mechanochemical
      fluxes. In the present review, we introduce a mesoscopic stochastic formulation
      of NET by analyzing entropy production in several simple examples. The
      fundamental role of nonequilibrium steady-state cycle kinetics is emphasized. The
      statistical mechanics of Onsager's reciprocal relations in this context is
      elucidated. Chemomechanical, thermomechanical, and enzyme-catalyzed
      thermochemical energy transduction processes are discussed. It is argued that
      mesoscopic stochastic NET in phase space provides a rigorous mathematical basis
      of fundamental concepts needed for understanding complex processes in chemistry,
      physics and biology. This theory is also relevant for nanoscale technological
      advances. 

PMID- 26986041
TI  - Heat-Resistant Crack-Free Superhydrophobic Polydivinylbenzene Colloidal Films.
AB  - Highly cross-linked poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) spherical colloidal particles
      with nano-, submicron-, and micron-sizes of 157.2 nm, 602.1 nm, and 5.1 MUm were
      synthesized through emulsion and dispersion polymerization methods. The
      influences of particle size on the surface morphology, roughness,
      superhydrophobicity, and critical cracking thickness of colloidal films were
      studied in detail. The results show that PDVB colloidal films possess large water
      contact angle (CA) over 151 degrees , belonging to superhydrophobic materials.
      Moreover, it is interesting to observe that the highly cross-linked network
      structure leads to PDVB film's excellent heat-resistance. The CA and rough
      surface morphology remain nearly unchanged after thermal-treatment of films at
      150  degrees C for 24 h. In addition, no cracks were observed in films with
      thicknesses up to 8.1 MUm, exceeding most of polymer and inorganic particle films
      reported in the literature. The simple and scalable preparation method, low-cost,
      superhydrophobicity, and excellent thermal stability endow the PDVB colloidal
      films with promising applications in advanced coating fields, especially when
      employed in the high-temperature service environment. 

PMID- 26986040
TI  - Functional architecture of visual emotion recognition ability: A latent variable
      approach.
AB  - Emotion recognition has been a focus of considerable attention for several
      decades. However, despite this interest, the underlying structure of individual
      differences in emotion recognition ability has been largely overlooked and thus
      is poorly understood. For example, limited knowledge exists concerning whether
      recognition ability for one emotion (e.g., disgust) generalizes to other emotions
      (e.g., anger, fear). Furthermore, it is unclear whether emotion recognition
      ability generalizes across modalities, such that those who are good at
      recognizing emotions from the face, for example, are also good at identifying
      emotions from nonfacial cues (such as cues conveyed via the body). The primary
      goal of the current set of studies was to address these questions through
      establishing the structure of individual differences in visual emotion
      recognition ability. In three independent samples (Study 1: n = 640; Study 2: n =
      389; Study 3: n = 303), we observed that the ability to recognize visually
      presented emotions is based on different sources of variation: a supramodal
      emotion-general factor, supramodal emotion-specific factors, and face- and within
      modality emotion-specific factors. In addition, we found evidence that general
      intelligence and alexithymia were associated with supramodal emotion recognition
      ability. Autism-like traits, empathic concern, and alexithymia were independently
      associated with face-specific emotion recognition ability. These results (a)
      provide a platform for further individual differences research on emotion
      recognition ability, (b) indicate that differentiating levels within the
      architecture of emotion recognition ability is of high importance, and (c) show
      that the capacity to understand expressions of emotion in others is linked to
      broader affective and cognitive processes.

PMID- 26986042
TI  - Challenges in the pharmacological treatment of geriatric asthma.
AB  - Asthma in older populations is characterized by frequent comorbid conditions,
      which increase the risk of side effects and of detrimental interactions between
      respiratory and non-respiratory drugs. These observations lead to the need to
      manage asthma in older populations by applying a multidimensional assessment and
      a multidisciplinary treatment; therefore, we favor the use of the 'geriatric'
      term to define asthma in the elderly. Geriatric asthma is a complex disease,
      which may not necessarily imply that it is also complicated, although the two
      conditions may often coexist. On this basis, the switch from an organ-driven
      management to the holistic approach may be the key factor to attain optimal
      control of the disease in this age range. The current review discusses the age
      related factors affecting asthma treatment in the oldest individuals, such as the
      comorbid conditions, and age-related changes of metabolism and excretion that can
      impair the efficacy and safety of drugs. 

PMID- 26986044
TI  - Incorrect Sentence in the Abstract.

PMID- 26986043
TI  - Analysis of Inner and Outer Retinal Thickness in Patients Using
      Hydroxychloroquine Prior to Development of Retinopathy.
AB  - Importance: Retinopathy is a known risk of long-term use of hydroxychloroquine
      sulfate. However, whether the inner as well as outer retina are involved before
      retinopathy develops and whether changes in the retina might signal impending
      toxic effects during screening remain unknown. Objective: To determine the degree
      of inner and outer retinal involvement in short- and long-term use of
      hydroxychloroquine before the development of retinopathy. Design, Setting, and
      Participants: This retrospective medical record review of spectral-domain optical
      coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings was performed at an academic medical
      center. Thirty-two patients without retinopathy and with high-quality SD-OCT
      images were studied. Twenty-seven patients were age matched (49-65 years old) for
      comparison of retinal layers among patients who used the drug less than 5 years
      (n = 12) or longer than 15 years (n = 15) at the initial visit. Populations were
      also defined (without age limitation) for comparison of change during 25 to 52
      months of follow-up among patients with initial use of less than 5 years (n = 7)
      or longer than 15 years (n = 8). Data were collected from 2010 to 2015. Main
      Outcomes and Measures: Measurements of inner and outer retinal thickness in SD
      OCT images using commercial software and a Stanford pixel-by-pixel segmentation
      software that also provided topographic maps of thickness dimensions and change.
      Results: Thirty-two patients (5 men and 27 women) were included in the analysis.
      Measurements of inner retinal thickness between short- and long-term
      hydroxychloroquine users (n = 27) in different retinal regions, and during a
      median 39 months of follow-up (n = 15), showed no statistically significant
      differences or change. Similarly, no significant differences or changes were
      identified in outer retinal thickness except for the final visit of 1 patient who
      developed focal parafoveal thinning, a toxic effect of hydroxychloroquine use.
      Cirrus ganglion cell analysis measurements were inaccurate in the presence of
      outer retinal damage. Conclusions and Relevance: The inner retina appears not to
      be involved in hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy to any clinically relevant
      degree within the limitations of our sample size. No clinically apparent warning
      of outer retinal damage was seen in the SD-OCT images of long-term
      hydroxychloroquine users until the actual appearance of focal retinopathy. Early
      detection of hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy is known to prevent visual
      acuity loss and serious progression after the therapy is stopped, and these data
      suggest that screening should seek distinct new areas of retinopathy (shown by
      topographic thickness maps) rather than long-term progressive thinning.

PMID- 26986045
TI  - FTY720 Attenuates Retinal Inflammation and Protects Blood-Retinal Barrier in
      Diabetic Rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: FTY720 has shown a protective effect in several diseases via inhibiting
      inflammation and decreasing vascular permeability. The purpose of this study was
      to assess the impact of FTY720 on inflammation and the blood-retinal barrier
      (BRB) in diabetic rats. METHODS: Male Wister rats were induced to develop
      diabetes by streptozotocin, and FTY720 was administered by oral gavage daily for
      12 weeks. All experiments were performed at 12 weeks after model establishment.
      Gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Protein expression and/or
      distribution were assessed by Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry. The
      BRB breakdown was determined by staining of retinal whole mounts and quantified
      using Evans blue. RESULTS: FTY720 induced lymphopenia in diabetic rats.
      Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta) and adhesion molecules
      (inter-cellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1)
      were increased in retinas of diabetic rats. FTY720 significantly inhibited the up
      regulation of these inflammatory factors. FTY720 also suppressed nuclear factor
      kappaB activation seen in retinas of diabetic rats. Additionally, FTY720
      prevented BRB breakdown and reduction of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin,
      and Claudin-5) in the retinas of diabetic rats. Down-regulation of S1P1 and S1P3
      was also reversed by FTY720 in retinas of diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS: FTY720
      provides protection against diabetic retinopathy (DR), which may involve its anti
      inflammatory and barrier-enhancing effects. The S1PR modulation may serve as a
      novel approach to treat patients with DR.

PMID- 26986046
TI  - Arthroscopic suture bridge rotator cuff repair: functional outcome, repair
      integrity, and preoperative factors related to postoperative outcome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the retear rate, retear size and location, the clinical
      impact of a retear, and preoperative patient factors related to postoperative
      outcome after arthroscopic suture bridge rotator cuff repair. METHODS: Fifty six
      patients with an isolated, full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear who underwent
      arthroscopic suture bridge rotator cuff repair were retrospectively identified.
      Patients were evaluated and rotator cuff integrity was assessed using
      ultrasonography. Visual analog score (VAS), the American Shoulder and Elbow
      Surgeon (ASES) score, shoulder range of motion and strength were used for
      clinical evaluation. Retears were assessed for size and location on
      ultrasonography. RESULTS: Forty two patients (75%) aged a mean 59.7 +/- 8.6 years
      (range 41-79 years) were available for follow-up at a mean 13.5 months.
      Postoperative evaluation indicated significant improvements in ASES score (49.76
      +/- 18.2 to 86.57 +/- 13.4, P < 0.001), VAS pain score (4.69 +/- 2.17 to 0.63 +/-
      1.29, P < 0.001), forward elevation range of motion (144.1 degrees  +/- 29.9 to
      159.69 degrees  +/- 13.9, P = 0.002), and internal rotation ROM (44.13 degrees 
      +/- 12.0 to 52.09 degrees  +/- 12.0, P = 0.003). The retear rate was 14.28%
      (6/42). Patients with retears were not older (P = 0.526) but had a larger
      preoperative tear size (3.25 cm +/- 0.5 vs. 2.05 cm +/- 0.48, P < 0.001).
      Preoperative tear size was significantly associated with a postoperative retear
      (P < 0.001). The duration of preoperative symptoms was significantly associated
      with pain (P = 0.029), pain improvement (P = 0.013), internal rotation ROM (P =
      0.002), and internal rotation strength (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic
      suture bridge repair provides good clinical results with a low retear rate. The
      duration of preoperative symptoms was associated with postoperative outcome,
      indicating that delaying surgery may result in inferior outcomes. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: IV, Case Series.

PMID- 26986048
TI  - Prognostic Value of Cardiac MR Imaging for Preoperative Assessment of Patients
      with Severe Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation.
AB  - Purpose To explore the prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging in predicting postoperative cardiac death in patients with severe
      functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Materials and Methods This study was
      approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was
      obtained from all patients. Prospectively collected data included cardiac MR
      images, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, a comprehensive
      laboratory test, and clinical events over the follow-up period in 75 consecutive
      patients (61 women and 14 men; mean age +/- standard deviation, 59 years +/- 9)
      undergoing corrective surgery for severe functional TR. Cox proportional hazards
      models were used to assess the association between cardiac MR parameters and
      outcomes. Results During a median follow-up period of 57 months (range, 21-82
      months), cardiac mortality and all-cause mortality were 17.3% and 26.7%,
      respectively, with a surgical mortality of 6.7%. Cardiac death risk was lower
      with a higher right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (EF) on cardiac MR images
      (hazard ratio per 5% higher EF = 0.790, P = .048). By adjusting for confounding
      variables, RV EF remained a significant predictor for cardiac death (P < .05) and
      major postoperative cardiac events (P < .05). The area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve (AUC) confirmed the incremental role of RV EF on
      cardiac MR images in the prediction of postoperative cardiac death (AUC, 0.681
      0.771; P = .041) and major postoperative cardiac events (AUC, 0.660-0.745; P =
      .044) on top of NYHA class. RV end-systolic volume index was also independently
      associated with these outcomes but failed to increase the AUC significantly.
      Conclusion Preoperative assessment of cardiac MR imaging-based RV EF provides
      independent and incremental prognostic information in patients undergoing
      corrective surgery for severe functional TR. ((c)) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental
      material is available for this article.

PMID- 26986047
TI  - Nonthermal Ablation by Using Intravascular Oxygen Radical Generation with WST11:
      Dynamic Tissue Effects and Implications for Focal Therapy.
AB  - Purpose To examine the hypothesis that vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy
      (VTP) with WST11 and clinically relevant parameters can be used to ablate target
      tissues in a non-tumor-bearing large-animal model while selectively sparing blood
      vessels and collagen. Materials and Methods By using an institutional animal care
      and use committee-approved protocol, 68 ablations were performed in the kidneys
      (cortex and medulla) and livers of 27 adult pigs. Posttreatment evaluation was
      conducted with contrast material-enhanced computed tomography in the live animals
      at 24 hours. Immunohistochemistry was evaluated and histologic examination with
      hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days.
      Intravenous infusion of WST11 (4 mg per kilogram of body weight) was followed by
      using near-infrared illumination (753 nm for 20 minutes) through optical fibers
      prepositioned in target tissues by using a fixed template. Treated areas were
      scanned, measured, and statistically analyzed by using the Student t test and two
      way analysis of variance. Results Focal WST11 VTP treatment in the liver and
      kidney by using a single optical fiber resulted in well-demarcated cylindrical
      zones of nonthermal necrosis concentrically oriented around the light-emitting
      diffuser, with no intervening viable parenchymal cells. The radius of ablated
      tissue increased from approximately 5 mm at 150 mW to approximately 7 mm at 415
      mW (P < .01). Illumination through fiber triads at 1-cm separation resulted in
      confluent homogeneous necrosis. Patterns of acute injury within 24 hours were
      consistent with microcirculatory flow arrest and collagen preservation
      (demonstrated with trichrome staining). In the peripheral ablation zone, blood
      vessels at least 40 MUm in diameter were selectively preserved and remained
      functional at 7 days. Ablated tissues exhibited progressive fibrosis and chronic
      inflammatory cell infiltrates. No histologic changes consistent with thermal
      injury were observed in blood vessels or collagen. The renal hilum and collecting
      system did not show treatment effect, despite treatment proximity. Conclusion
      WST11 VTP induces nonthermal tissue ablation in target tissue while preserving
      critical organ structures and bystander blood vessels within solid organs. ((c))
      RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

PMID- 26986050
TI  - Quasi-ballistic Electronic Thermal Conduction in Metal Inverse Opals.
AB  - Porous metals are used in interfacial transport applications that leverage the
      combination of electrical and/or thermal conductivity and the large available
      surface area. As nanomaterials push toward smaller pore sizes to increase the
      total surface area and reduce diffusion length scales, electron conduction within
      the metal scaffold becomes suppressed due to increased surface scattering. Here
      we observe the transition from diffusive to quasi-ballistic thermal conduction
      using metal inverse opals (IOs), which are metal films that contain a periodic
      arrangement of interconnected spherical pores. As the material dimensions are
      reduced from ~230 nm to ~23 nm, the thermal conductivity of copper IOs is reduced
      by more than 57% due to the increase in surface scattering. In contrast, nickel
      IOs exhibit diffusive-like conduction and have a constant thermal conductivity
      over this size regime. The quasi-ballistic nature of electron transport at these
      length scales is modeled considering the inverse opal geometry, surface
      scattering, and grain boundaries. Understanding the characteristics of electron
      conduction at the nanoscale is essential to minimizing the total resistance of
      porous metals for interfacial transport applications, such as the total
      electrical resistance of battery electrodes and the total thermal resistance of
      microscale heat exchangers. 

PMID- 26986051
TI  - Performance of Density Functional Theory and Relativistic Effective Core
      Potential for Ru-Based Organometallic Complexes.
AB  - Herein a performance assessment of density functionals used for calculating the
      structural and energetic parameters of bi- and trimetallic Ru-containing
      organometallic complexes has been performed. The performance of four popular
      relativistic effective core potentials (RECPs) has also been assessed. On the
      basis of the calculated results, the MN12-SX (range-separated hybrid functional)
      demonstrates good performance for calculating the molecular structures, while
      MN12-L (local functional) performs well for calculating the energetics, including
      that of the Ru-Ru bond breaking process. The choice of appropriate density
      functional is a crucial factor for calculating the energetics. The LANL08
      demonstrates the lowest performance of the RECPs for calculating the molecular
      structures, especially the Ru-Ru bond length. 

PMID- 26986049
TI  - Association of interleukin-6 methylation in leukocyte DNA with serum level and
      the risk of ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, plays an important
      role in the development of ischemic heart disease (IHD), and DNA hypomethylation
      of 2 CpGs, located downstream in the proximity of the IL-6 gene promoter, has
      been associated with risk factor for IHD. This study was to examine the
      association of blood leukocyte DNA methylation of the 2 CpGs in IL-6 with the
      risk of IHD and the serum IL-6 level. Methods IL-6 methylation levels of 582
      cases and 673 controls were measured using the bisulfite pyrosequencing
      technology. Serum level of IL-6 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. Results The IL-6 methylation was significantly lower in IHD cases than in
      the controls, irrespective of CpG site. After multivariate adjustment, lower (<
      median) average IL-6 methylation was associated with an increased risk of IHD (OR
      1.57, 95% CI 1.22-2.02, p < 0.001). Average IL-6 methylation level was inversely
      associated with serum IL-6 level (beta = -1.02 pg/mL per increase in IL-6
      methylation, p = 0.002) among IHD cases. This significant relationship was not
      observed among controls. Conclusions DNA hypomethylation of IL-6 gene measured in
      blood leukocytes was associated with increased risk of IHD. IL-6 demethylation
      may upregulate its expression, whereby exerting its risk effect on the
      development of IHD. 

PMID- 26986052
TI  - GABARAP activates ULK1 and traffics from the centrosome dependent on Golgi
      partners WAC and GOLGA2/GM130.
AB  - WAC and GOLGA2/GM130 are 2 Golgi proteins that affect autophagy; however, their
      mechanism of action was unknown. We have shown that WAC binding to GOLGA2 at the
      Golgi displaces GABARAP from GOLGA2 to allow the maintenance of a nonlipidated
      centrosomal GABARAP pool. Centrosomal GABARAP can traffic to autophagic
      structures during starvation. In addition GABARAP specifically promotes ULK1
      activation and this is independent of GABARAP lipidation but likely requires a
      LIR-mediated GABARAP-ULK1 interaction.

PMID- 26986055
TI  - Electromyographic Activity of Scapular Muscle Control in Free-Motion Exercise.
AB  - CONTEXT: The appropriate resistance intensity to prescribe for shoulder
      rehabilitative exercise is not completely known. Excessive activation of the
      deltoid and upper trapezius muscles could be counterproductive for scapulohumeral
      rhythm during humeral elevation. OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of different
      exercise intensities on the scapular muscles during a free-motion "robbery"
      exercise performed in different degrees of shoulder abduction in seated and
      standing positions. DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. SETTING: Kinesiology
      Adapted Physical Education Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of
      15 healthy male college students (age = 20.5 +/- 2.2 years, height = 174.5 +/-
      5.3 cm, mass = 63.8 +/- 6.0 kg). INTERVENTION(S): Participants performed 5
      repetitions of a randomized exercise sequence of the robbery exercise in 2 body
      positions (seated, standing), 2 shoulder-abducted positions (W [20 degrees ],
      90/90 [90 degrees ]) at 3 intensities (0%, 3%, and 7% body weight). MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURE(S): Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the upper trapezius, lower
      trapezius, serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles of the
      upper extremity was collected. All EMG activities were normalized by the maximal
      voluntary isometric contraction of each corresponding muscle (%). RESULTS: The
      serratus anterior, anterior deltoid, and infraspinatus EMG activities were
      greater at 7% body weight in the seated position compared with the standing
      position (P < .05). The EMG activities in all 5 muscles were greater in the 90/90
      position than in the W position (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Scapular muscle activity
      modulated relative to changes in body posture and resistance intensity. These
      findings will enable clinicians to prescribe the appropriate level of exercise
      intensity and positioning during shoulder rehabilitation.

PMID- 26986058
TI  - Correction: Enrollment in HIV Care Two Years after HIV Diagnosis in the Kingdom
      of Swaziland: An Evaluation of a National Program of New Linkage Procedures.

PMID- 26986053
TI  - Factors Associated with the Use of Helicopter Inter-facility Transport of Trauma
      Patients to Tertiary Trauma Centers within an Organized Rural Trauma System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A review of the literature yielded little information regarding
      factors associated with the decision to use ground (GEMS) or helicopter (HEMS)
      emergency medical services for trauma patients transferred inter-facility.
      Furthermore, studies evaluating the impact of inter-facility transport mode on
      mortality have reported mixed findings. Since HEMS transport is generally
      reserved for more severely injured patients, this introduces indication bias,
      which may explain the mixed findings. Our objective was to identify factors at
      referring non-tertiary trauma centers (NTC) influencing transport mode decision.
      METHODS: This was a case-control study of trauma patients transferred from a
      Level III or IV NTC to a tertiary trauma center (TTC) within 24-hours reported to
      the Oklahoma State Trauma Registry between 2005 and 2012. Multivariable logistic
      regression was used to determine clinical and non-clinical factors associated
      with the decision to use HEMS. RESULTS: A total of 7380 patients met the study
      eligibility. Of these, 2803(38%) were transported inter-facility by HEMS.
      Penetrating injury, prehospital EMS transport, severe torso injury, hypovolemic
      shock, and TBI were significant predictors (p<0.05) of HEMS use regardless of
      distance to a TTC. Association between HEMS use and male gender, Level IV NTC,
      and local ground EMS resources varied by distance from the TTC. Many HEMS
      transported patients had minor injuries and normal vital signs. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that while distance remains the most influential factor
      associated with HEMS use, significant differences exist in clinical and non
      clinical factors between patients transported by HEMS versus GEMS. To ensure
      comparability of study groups, studies evaluating outcome differences between
      HEMS and GEMS should take factors determining transport mode into account. The
      findings will be used to develop propensity scores to balance baseline risk
      between GEMS and HEMS patients for use in subsequent studies of outcomes.

PMID- 26986056
TI  - Structural Pathways between Child Abuse, Poor Mental Health Outcomes and Male
      Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence (IPV).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Violent trauma exposures, including child abuse, are risk factors for
      PTSD and comorbid mental health disorders. Child abuse experiences of men
      exacerbate adult male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). The
      relationship between child abuse, poor mental health and IPV perpetration is
      complex but research among the general population is lacking. This study
      describes the relationship and pathways between history of child abuse exposure
      and male-perpetrated IPV while exploring the potentially mediating effect of poor
      mental health. METHODS: We analysed data from a randomly selected, two-stage
      clustered, cross-sectional household survey conducted with 416 adult men in
      Gauteng Province of South Africa. We used multinomial regression modelling to
      identify associated factors and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the
      primary hypothesis that poor mental health (defined as abusing alcohol or having
      PTSD or depressive symptoms) mediates the relationship between child abuse and
      IPV perpetration. RESULTS: Eighty eight percent of men were physically abused,
      55% were neglected, 63% were emotionally abused and 20% were sexually abused at
      least once in their childhood. Twenty four percent of men had PTSD symptoms, 24%
      had depressive symptoms and 36% binge drank. Fifty six percent of men physically
      abused and 31% sexually abused partners at least once in their lifetime. Twenty
      two percent of men had one episode and 40% had repeat episodes of IPV
      perpetration. PTSD symptomatology risk increased with severity of child trauma
      and other trauma. PTSD severity increased the risk for binge drinking. Child
      trauma, other trauma and PTSD symptomatology increased the severity of depressive
      symptoms. PTSD symptomatology was comorbid with alcohol abuse and depressive
      symptoms. Child trauma, having worked in the year before the survey, other trauma
      and PTSD increased the risk of repeat episodes of IPV perpetration. Highly
      equitable gender attitudes were protective against single and repeat episodes of
      IPV perpetration. There was a direct path between the history of child trauma and
      IPV perpetration and three other indirect paths showing the mediating effects of
      PTSD, other trauma and gender attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Child trauma is a risk
      factor for both poor mental health and male-perpetrated IPV among men in Gauteng.
      Male-perpetrated IPV in these settings should be explained through a combination
      of the Trauma, Feminist, and Intergenerational Transmission of Family Violence
      theories. Prevention interventions for male- perpetrated IPV in South Africa need
      to incorporate strategies and therapies to address poor mental health conditions.

PMID- 26986057
TI  - Specific Monoclonal Antibody Overcomes the Salmonella enterica Serovar
      Typhimurium's Adaptive Mechanisms of Intramacrophage Survival and Replication.
AB  - Salmonella-specific antibodies play an important role in host immunity; however,
      the mechanisms of Salmonella clearance by pathogen-specific antibodies remain to
      be completely elucidated since previous studies on antibody-mediated protection
      have yielded inconsistent results. These inconsistencies are at least partially
      attributable to the use of polyclonal antibodies against Salmonella antigens.
      Here, we developed a new monoclonal antibody (mAb)-449 and identified its related
      immunogen that protected BALB/c mice from infection with Salmonella enterica
      serovar Typhimurium. In addition, these data indicate that the mAb-449 immunogen
      is likely a major protective antigen. Using in vitro infection studies, we also
      analyzed the mechanism by which mAb-449 conferred host protection. Notably,
      macrophages infected with mAb-449-treated S. Typhimurium showed enhanced pathogen
      uptake compared to counterparts infected with control IgG-treated bacteria.
      Moreover, these macrophages produced elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine
      TNFalpha and nitric oxide, indicating that mAb-449 enhanced macrophage
      activation. Finally, the number of intracellular bacteria in mAb-449-activated
      macrophages decreased considerably, while the opposite was found in IgG-treated
      controls. Based on these findings, we suggest that, although S. Typhimurium has
      the potential to survive and replicate within macrophages, host production of a
      specific antibody can effectively mediate macrophage activation for clearance of
      intracellular bacteria. 

PMID- 26986059
TI  - Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair in Mitral Regurgitation Reduces Cell-Free
      Hemoglobin and Improves Endothelial Function.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Endothelial dysfunction is predictive for
      cardiovascular events and may be caused by decreased bioavailability of nitric
      oxide (NO). NO is scavenged by cell-free hemoglobin with reduction of
      bioavailable NO up to 70% subsequently deteriorating vascular function. While
      patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) suffer from an impaired prognosis,
      mechanisms relating to coexistent vascular dysfunctions have not been described
      yet. Therapy of MR using a percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) approach has
      been shown to lead to significant clinical benefits. We here sought to
      investigate the role of endothelial function in MR and the potential impact of
      PMVR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients with moderate-to-severe MR
      treated with the MitraClip(r) device were enrolled in an open-label single-center
      observational study. Patients underwent clinical assessment, conventional
      echocardiography, and determination of endothelial function by measuring flow
      mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using high-resolution ultrasound
      at baseline and at 3-month follow-up. Patients with MR demonstrated
      decompartmentalized hemoglobin and reduced endothelial function (cell-free plasma
      hemoglobin in heme 28.9+/-3.8 MUM, FMD 3.9+/-0.9%). Three months post-procedure,
      PMVR improved ejection fraction (from 41+/-3% to 46+/-3%, p = 0.03) and NYHA
      functional class (from 3.0+/-0.1 to 1.9+/-1.7, p<0.001). PMVR was associated with
      a decrease in cell free plasma hemoglobin (22.3+/-2.4 MUM, p = 0.02) and improved
      endothelial functions (FMD 4.8+/-1.0%, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate here
      that plasma from patients with MR contains significant amounts of cell-free
      hemoglobin, which is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. PMVR therapy is
      associated with an improved hemoglobin decompartmentalization and vascular
      function.

PMID- 26986060
TI  - The association of gender, age, and intelligence with neuropsychological
      functioning in young typically developing children: The Generation R study.
AB  - Although early childhood is a period of rapid neurocognitive development, few
      studies have assessed neuropsychological functioning in various cognitive domains
      in young typically developing children. Also, results regarding its association
      with gender and intelligence are mixed. In 853 typically developing children aged
      6 to 10 years old, the association of gender, age, and intelligence with
      neuropsychological functioning in the domains of attention, executive
      functioning, language, memory, sensorimotor functioning, and visuospatial
      processing was explored. Clear positive associations with age were observed. In
      addition, gender differences were found and showed that girls generally
      outperformed boys, with the exception of visuospatial tasks. Furthermore, IQ was
      positively associated with neuropsychological functioning, which was strongest in
      visuospatial tasks. Performance in different neuropsychological domains was
      associated with age, gender, and intelligence in young typically developing
      children, and these factors should be taken into account when assessing
      neuropsychological functioning in clinical or research settings.

PMID- 26986061
TI  - Pre-cut Filter Paper for Detecting Anti-Japanese Encephalitis Virus IgM from
      Dried Cerebrospinal Fluid Spots.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of filter paper as a simple, inexpensive tool for storage and
      transportation of blood, 'Dried Blood Spots' or Guthrie cards, for diagnostic
      assays is well-established. In contrast, there are a paucity of diagnostic
      evaluations of dried cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spots. These have potential
      applications in low-resource settings, such as Laos, where laboratory facilities
      for central nervous system (CNS) diagnostics are only available in Vientiane. In
      Laos, a major cause of CNS infection is Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). We
      aimed to develop a dried CSF spot protocol and to evaluate its diagnostic
      performance using the World Health Organisation recommended anti-JEV IgM antibody
      capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (JEV MAC-ELISA). METHODOLOGY AND
      PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sample volumes, spotting techniques and filter paper type
      were evaluated using a CSF-substitute of anti-JEV IgM positive serum diluted in
      Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS) to end-limits of detection by JEV MAC-ELISA. A
      conventional protocol, involving eluting one paper punch in 200 MUl PBS, did not
      detect the end-dilution, nor did multiple punches utilising diverse spotting
      techniques. However, pre-cut filter paper enabled saturation with five times the
      volume of CSF-substitute, sufficiently improving sensitivity to detect the end
      dilution. The diagnostic accuracy of this optimised protocol was compared with
      routine, neat CSF in a pilot, retrospective study of JEV MAC-ELISA on consecutive
      CSF samples, collected 2009-15, from three Lao hospitals. In comparison to neat
      CSF, 132 CSF samples stored as dried CSF spots for one month at 25-30  degrees C
      showed 81.6% (65.7-92.3 95%CI) positive agreement, 96.8% (91.0-99.3 95%CI)
      negative agreement, with a kappa coefficient of 0.81 (0.70-0.92 95%CI).
      CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The novel design of pre-cut filter paper saturated with
      CSF could provide a useful tool for JEV diagnostics in settings with limited
      laboratory access. It has the potential to improve national JEV surveillance and
      inform vaccination policies. The saturation of filter paper has potential use in
      the wider context of pathogen detection, including dried spots for detecting
      other analytes in CSF, and other body fluids.

PMID- 26986064
TI  - Analysis of the Velocity Distribution in Partially-Filled Circular Pipe Employing
      the Principle of Maximum Entropy.
AB  - The flow velocity distribution in partially-filled circular pipe was investigated
      in this paper. The velocity profile is different from full-filled pipe flow,
      since the flow is driven by gravity, not by pressure. The research findings show
      that the position of maximum flow is below the water surface, and varies with the
      water depth. In the region of near tube wall, the fluid velocity is mainly
      influenced by the friction of the wall and the pipe bottom slope, and the
      variation of velocity is similar to full-filled pipe. But near the free water
      surface, the velocity distribution is mainly affected by the contractive tube
      wall and the secondary flow, and the variation of the velocity is relatively
      small. Literature retrieval results show relatively less research has been shown
      on the practical expression to describe the velocity distribution of partially
      filled circular pipe. An expression of two-dimensional (2D) velocity distribution
      in partially-filled circular pipe flow was derived based on the principle of
      maximum entropy (POME). Different entropies were compared according to fluid
      knowledge, and non-extensive entropy was chosen. A new cumulative distribution
      function (CDF) of partially-filled circular pipe velocity in terms of flow depth
      was hypothesized. Combined with the CDF hypothesis, the 2D velocity distribution
      was derived, and the position of maximum velocity distribution was analyzed. The
      experimental results show that the estimated velocity values based on the
      principle of maximum Tsallis wavelet entropy are in good agreement with measured
      values. 

PMID- 26986062
TI  - In Situ Staining and Laser Capture Microdissection of Lymph Node Residing SIV Gag
      Specific CD8+ T cells--A Tool to Interrogate a Functional Immune Response Ex
      Vivo.
AB  - While a plethora of data describes the essential role of systemic CD8+ T cells in
      the control of SIV replication little is known about the local in situ CD8+ T
      cell immune responses against SIV at the intact tissue level, due to technical
      limitations. In situ staining, using GagCM9 Qdot 655 multimers, were here
      combined with laser capture microdissection to detect and collect SIV Gag CM9
      specific CD8+ T cells in lymph node tissue from SIV infected rhesus macaques.
      CD8+ T cells from SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques were also collected
      and compared to the SIV GagCM9 specific CD8+ T cells. Illumina bead array and
      transcriptional analyses were used to assess the transcriptional profiles and the
      three different CD8+ T cell populations displayed unique transcriptional
      patterns. This pilot study demonstrates that rapid and specific immunostaining
      combined with laser capture microdissection in concert with transcriptional
      profiling may be used to elucidate phenotypic differences between CD8+ T cells in
      SIV infection. Such technologies may be useful to determine differences in
      functional activities of HIV/SIV specific T cells. 

PMID- 26986063
TI  - Morbidity and Mortality in 7,684 Women According to Personal Hair Dye Use: The
      Copenhagen City Heart Study followed for 37 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Permanent hair dye contains aromatic amines which are carcinogenic,
      and can cause allergic skin reactions. In the long term personal use of hair dye
      might therefore influence both morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: We tested the
      hypothesis that personal use of hair dye in women is associated with increased
      morbidity and mortality in the general population. METHODS: We included 7,684
      women from the Copenhagen City Heart Study with information on the use of
      personal hair dye. We assessed the risk of cancer, skin diseases, other
      morbidities, and mortality during a median follow-up of 27 years (range 0-37).
      RESULTS: The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for malignant melanoma in women
      with versus without personal use of hair dye was 2.07 (95% confidence interval
      1.25-3.42). There was no increased risk of other cancer types. For other skin
      diseases and other major causes of morbidity we found no differences between the
      two groups, except for a minor excess of digestive diseases and increased risk of
      Parkinson's disease among women using hair dye. Finally, we found no difference
      in all-cause mortality comparing women using personal hair dye or not. After
      correction for multiple comparisons, none of the results remained significant.
      However, in sensitivity analysis the excess risk of malignant melanoma remained
      increased with a hazard ratio of 2.58 (95%CI 1.33-5.03) among users of personal
      hair dye. CONCLUSIONS: Personal use of hair dye does not have major influences on
      morbidity and mortality. Our finding of a 2-fold risk of malignant melanoma in
      women using hair dye is hypothesis generating.

PMID- 26986067
TI  - Adverse events following immunization: real causality and myths.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To assure the highest safety of immunization programs, detect
      adverse events following immunization (AEFIs), eliminate concerns, and reduce the
      risk of low vaccination coverage, authorities in industrialized countries have
      collected years of reports of suspected AEFIs and have systematically assessed
      their clinical importance. AREAS COVERED: In this paper, the methods used to
      assess vaccine safety and the results obtained by the analysis of reports,
      studies, and meta-analyses are discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Severe AEFIs are rare,
      and all evaluations of safety of vaccines recommended for both children and
      adults have demonstrated that the advantages of vaccines are always significantly
      higher than the problems that they cause, and there is no need to modify
      recommendations. However, the definition of AEFI is dependent on the vaccines
      themselves, complicating the definition of an AEFI and explaining why doubts and
      concerns have been raised. Presently, disease epidemiology data collected in
      healthy people and in subjects with underlying disease, general vaccine coverage,
      and the vaccination status of subjects with AEFIs are managed by many independent
      institutions. Only strict co-operation between these institutions will lead to
      the successful identification of AEFIs and to a reduction of the weight of anti
      vaccine arguments.

PMID- 26986065
TI  - Anti-Retroviral Therapy Increases the Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in South African
      HIV-Infected Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Data on the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and associated risk factors in
      HIV-infected patients from sub-Saharan Africa is sparse. We performed a cross
      sectional analysis in a cohort of HIV-infected South African adults. METHODS: We
      studied HIV-infected patients who were either antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive
      or receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based or
      protease inhibitor (PI)-based ART. Evaluation included fasting lipograms, oral
      glucose tolerance tests and clinical anthropometry. Dyslipidemia was defined
      using the NCEP ATPIII guidelines. RESULTS: The median age of the participants was
      34 years (range 19-68 years) and 78% were women. The prevalence of dyslipidemia
      in 406 ART-naive and 551 participants on ART was 90.0% and 85%, respectively. Low
      HDL-cholesterol (HDLC) was the most common abnormality [290/406 (71%) ART-naive
      and 237/551 (43%) ART- participants]. Participants on ART had higher
      triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDLC) and HDLC than
      the ART-naive group. Severe dyslipidaemia, (LDLC> 4.9 mmol/L or TG >5.0 mmol/L)
      was present in <5% of participants. In multivariate analyses there were complex
      associations between age, gender, type and duration of ART and body composition
      and LDLC, HDLC and TG, which differed between ART-naive and ART-participants.
      CONCLUSION: Participants on ART had higher TG, TC, LDLC and HDLC than those who
      were ART-naive but severe lipid abnormalities requiring evaluation and treatment
      were uncommon.

PMID- 26986066
TI  - Muscle Damage following Maximal Eccentric Knee Extensions in Males and Females.
AB  - AIM: To investigate whether there is a sex difference in exercise induced muscle
      damage. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Vastus Lateralis and patella tendon properties were
      measured in males and females using ultrasonography. During maximal voluntary
      eccentric knee extensions (12 reps x 6 sets), Vastus Lateralis fascicle
      lengthening and maximal voluntary eccentric knee extensions torque were recorded
      every 10 degrees  of knee joint angle (20-90 degrees ). Isometric torque,
      Creatine Kinase and muscle soreness were measured pre, post, 48, 96 and 168 hours
      post damage as markers of exercise induced muscle damage. RESULTS: Patella tendon
      stiffness and Vastus Lateralis fascicle lengthening were significantly higher in
      males compared to females (p<0.05). There was no sex difference in isometric
      torque loss and muscle soreness post exercise induced muscle damage (p>0.05).
      Creatine Kinase levels post exercise induced muscle damage were higher in males
      compared to females (p<0.05), and remained higher when maximal voluntary
      eccentric knee extension torque, relative to estimated quadriceps anatomical
      cross sectional area, was taken as a covariate (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on
      isometric torque loss, there is no sex difference in exercise induced muscle
      damage. The higher Creatine Kinase in males could not be explained by differences
      in maximal voluntary eccentric knee extension torque, Vastus Lateralis fascicle
      lengthening and patella tendon stiffness. Further research is required to
      understand the significant sex differences in Creatine Kinase levels following
      exercise induced muscle damage.

PMID- 26986069
TI  - Young Male Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1 May Not
      Need Anticoagulants: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether oral anticoagulants are beneficial for atrial
      fibrillation (AF) patients with low CHA2DS2-VASc score. Age could be important in
      determining the risk of thromboembolism in low risk AF patients (CHA2DS2-VASc
      score of 1 for male or 2 for female). METHODS: The Taiwan National Health
      Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was used and 27,521 AF patients with CHA2DS2
      VASc score of 1 (male) or 2 (female) not receiving anticoagulants were acquired
      as the study cohort, which were classified into three age groups: 20-49, 50-64,
      and 65-74 years. The clinical endpoint was the occurrence of ischemic
      thromboembolism within one year of follow up. RESULTS: During the follow-up of
      0.94 +/- 0.19 years, 385 (2.19%) male patients experienced ischemic
      thromboembolism, with annual rate of 2.32%. The annual risk ranged from 1.29%,
      2.43% to 2.77% for male patients aged 20-49, 50-64 and 65-74 years respectively.
      Of the female patients, 218 (2.20%) experienced clinical event with annual rate
      of 2.32%. The annual risk increased from 1.87%, 2.28% to 2.64% for female
      patients aged 20-49, 50-64 and 65-74 years respectively. There was no difference
      in risk between the male patients aged 20-49 years with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1
      and overall male patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 0. (P = 0.631) The female
      patients aged 20-49 years with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 2 was associated with a
      higher risk of thromboembolic events than overall female patients with CHA2DS2
      VASc score of 1 (HR = 1.93; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Age is important in
      determining the risk of thromboembolism in AF patients with single risk factor.
      In male patients <50 years old with CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1, the risk of ischemic
      thromboembolism was low. Considering the benefits and the risk of bleeding, oral
      anticoagulation therapy may not be favorable in these patients.

PMID- 26986068
TI  - The metabolic interaction of cancer cells and fibroblasts - coupling between
      NAD(P)H and FAD, intracellular pH and hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - Alteration in the cellular energy metabolism is a principal feature of tumors. An
      important role in modifying cancer cell metabolism belongs to the cancer
      associated fibroblasts. However, the regulation of their interaction has been
      poorly studied to date. In this study we monitored the metabolic status of both
      cell types by using the optical redox ratio and the fluorescence lifetimes of the
      metabolic co-factors NAD(P)H and FAD, in addition to the intracellular pH and the
      hydrogen peroxide levels in the cancer cells, using genetically encoded sensors.
      In the co-culture of human cervical carcinoma cells HeLa and human fibroblasts we
      observed a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis in
      cancer cells, and from glycolysis toward OXPHOS in fibroblasts, starting from Day
      2 of co-culturing. The metabolic switch was accompanied by hydrogen peroxide
      production and slight acidification of the cytosol in the cancer cells in
      comparison with that of the corresponding monoculture. Therefore, our HeLa-huFb
      system demonstrated metabolic behavior similar to Warburg type tumors. To our
      knowledge, this is the first time that these 3 parameters have been investigated
      together in a model of tumor-stroma co-evolution. We propose that determination
      of the start-point of the metabolic alterations and understanding of the
      mechanisms of their realization can open a new ways for cancer treatment.

PMID- 26986070
TI  - Characterization of Disease-Associated Mutations in Human Transmembrane Proteins.
AB  - Transmembrane protein coding genes are commonly associated with human diseases.
      We characterized disease causing mutations and natural polymorphisms in
      transmembrane proteins by mapping missense genetic variations from the UniProt
      database on the transmembrane protein topology listed in the Human Transmembrane
      Proteome database. We found characteristic differences in the spectrum of amino
      acid changes within transmembrane regions: in the case of disease associated
      mutations the non-polar to non-polar and non-polar to charged amino acid changes
      are equally frequent. In contrast, in the case of natural polymorphisms non-polar
      to charged amino acid changes are rare while non-polar to non-polar changes are
      common. The majority of disease associated mutations result in glycine to
      arginine and leucine to proline substitutions. Mutations to positively charged
      amino acids are more common in the center of the lipid bilayer, where they cause
      more severe structural and functional anomalies. Our analysis contributes to the
      better understanding of the effect of disease associated mutations in
      transmembrane proteins, which can help prioritize genetic variations in personal
      genomic investigations. 

PMID- 26986072
TI  - Cultural scripts surrounding young people's sexual and romantic relationships in
      the Western Highlands of Guatemala.
AB  - Guatemala has one of the world's highest teenage pregnancy rates and 92% of young
      people report not using contraception for first sex. We conducted narrative-based
      thematic analysis of a sample of narratives (n = 40; 15 male-authored, 25 female
      authored) on HIV and sexuality, submitted to a 2013 scriptwriting competition by
      young people aged 15-19 years from Guatemala's Western Highlands. Our objective
      was to identify dominant cultural scripts and narratives that deviated positively
      from that norm with a view to informing the development of educational curricula
      and communication materials promoting youth sexual and reproductive health. The
      narratives are characterised by romantic themes and melodramatic plotlines: three
      in four had tragic endings. Rigid gender norms and ideologies of enduring love
      make female characters blind to the potential consequences of unprotected sex and
      vulnerable to betrayal and abandonment. Unprotected sex is the norm, with
      contraception and sexually transmitted infection protection mentioned rarely. In
      the four positively deviant narratives, female and male characters' interaction
      is based on mutual respect, dialogue and genuine affection. The narratives reveal
      opportunities for action to increase sexual health knowledge and access to
      services and to challenge harmful cultural scripts, potentially by leveraging the
      positive value attached to romantic love by authors of both sexes.

PMID- 26986071
TI  - Improvement of Rice Biomass Yield through QTL-Based Selection.
AB  - Biomass yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important breeding target, yet it
      is not easy to improve because the trait is complex and phenotyping is laborious.
      Using progeny derived from a cross between two high-yielding Japanese cultivars,
      we evaluated whether quantitative trait locus (QTL)-based selection can improve
      biomass yield. As a measure of biomass yield, we used plant weight (aboveground
      parts only), which included grain weight and stem and leaf weight. We measured
      these and related traits in recombinant inbred lines. Phenotypic values for these
      traits showed a continuous distribution with transgressive segregation,
      suggesting that selection can affect plant weight in the progeny. Four
      significant QTLs were mapped for plant weight, three for grain weight, and five
      for stem and leaf weight (at alpha = 0.05); some of them overlapped. Multiple
      regression analysis showed that about 43% of the phenotypic variance of plant
      weight was significantly explained (P < 0.0001) by six of the QTLs. From F2
      plants derived from the same parental cross as the recombinant inbred lines, we
      divergently selected lines that carried alleles with positive or negative
      additive effects at these QTLs, and performed successive selfing. In the
      resulting F6 lines and parents, plant weight significantly differed among the
      genotypes (at alpha = 0.05). These results demonstrate that QTL-based selection
      is effective in improving rice biomass yield. 

PMID- 26986073
TI  - MiR-99a regulates ROS-mediated invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma
      cells by targeting NOX4.
AB  - miR-99a is frequently downregulated in various types of human malignancies
      including lung adenocarcinoma. Recent studies have reported that miR-99a
      regulates cell growth and cell cycle progression by targeting mTOR, AKT1 and
      FGFR3. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the modulation of invasion
      and migration by miR-99a remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed the
      relationship between the expression of miR-99a and clinical stage or metastasis
      in 90 matched lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent non-tumor lung tissues.
      Downregulation of miR-99a was significantly associated with advanced stage and
      tumor metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma patients, and it was found to be a poor
      prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, functional experiments
      found that overexpression of miR-99a inhibited the proliferation, migration and
      invasion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 and Calu3 cells in vitro. We then identified
      NOX4 as a target gene of miR-99a and NOX4 mediated the inhibition of invasion and
      migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells by miR-99a. By targeting NOX4-mediated ROS
      production, miR-99a regulated the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma
      cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-99a significantly inhibited tumor growth
      in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining analysis of the mouse tumor tissues
      revealed that NOX4 levels were downregulated in the miR-99a treatment group,
      confirming the in vitro data of NOX4 as a direct target gene of miR-99a. Taken
      together, these data indicate for the first time that miR-99a directly regulates
      the invasion and migration in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting NOX4 and that
      overexpression of miR-99a may become a therapeutic strategy for lung
      adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 26986077
TI  - Intracultural Differences in Local Botanical Knowledge and Knowledge Loss among
      the Mexican Isthmus Zapotecs.
AB  - This study reports on the socio-demographic and locality factors that influence
      ethnobiological knowledge in three communities of Zapotec indigenous people of
      the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. It uses local botanical nomenclature as a
      proxy for general ethnobiological knowledge. In each of these communities (one
      urban and two rural), 100 adult men were interviewed aided with a field
      herbarium. Fifty had a background in farming, and 50 worked in the secondary or
      tertiary sector as their main economic activity, totaling 300 interviews. Using a
      field herbarium with samples of 30 common and rare wild regional species, we
      documented visual recognition, knowledge of the local life form, generic and
      specific names and uses (five knowledge levels measuring knowledge depth). The
      relationship between sociodemographic variables and knowledge was analyzed with
      simple correlations. Differences between the three communities and the five
      knowledge levels were then evaluated with a discriminant analysis. A general
      linear analysis identified factors and covariables that influenced the observed
      differences. Differences between the groups with different economic activities
      were estimated with a t-test for independent samples. Most of the relationships
      found between sociodemographic variables and plant knowledge were expected: age
      and rurality were positively related with knowledge and years of formal schooling
      was negatively related. However, the somewhat less rural site had more
      traditional knowledge due to local circumstances. The general linear model
      explained 70-77% of the variation, a high value. It showed that economic activity
      was by far the most important factor influencing knowledge, by a factor of five.
      The interaction of locality and economic activity followed. The discriminant
      analysis assigned interviewees correctly to their localities in 94% of the cases,
      strengthening the evidence for intracultural variation. Both sociodemographic and
      historic intracultural differences heavily influence local knowledge. 

PMID- 26986078
TI  - Earlier Initiation of Therapeutic Hypothermia by Non-Tertiary Neonatal Units in
      Victoria, Australia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Therapeutic hypothermia is an effective treatment for moderate or
      severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), with maximal neuroprotective
      benefit when initiated soon after birth. Early initiation of therapeutic
      hypothermia in infants with HIE born in geographically distant settings is
      challenging. OBJECTIVE: To audit temperature control in infants with HIE treated
      with hypothermia during neonatal transport in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: A
      retrospective database review from September 1, 2008 to August 31, 2012 compared
      temperatures of transported outborn infants with HIE treated with hypothermia
      initiated by the referring non-tertiary neonatal unit, with hypothermia initiated
      by the transport team. RESULTS: 123 infants received therapeutic hypothermia
      during the study period. Hypothermia treatment commenced significantly earlier
      [median (interquartile range [IQR]) 1.1 h (0.6-1.7) vs. 3.3 h (2.1-4.5); p <
      0.01] with the target temperature (33-34 degrees C) achieved sooner [median (IQR)
      3.4 h (2.4-4.6) vs. 4.5 h (3.6-5.5)] when initiated by the referring hospital (n
      = 71) than by the transport team (n = 52). There was no statistically significant
      difference in achieving the target temperature before admission to the tertiary
      neonatal intensive care unit when hypothermia was initiated by the referring
      unit, compared with by the transport team [51/71 (71.8%) vs. 28/52 (53.9%), odds
      ratio (95% CI) 2.19 (0.96, 4.96)]. Infants in whom hypothermia was initiated by
      the referring hospital were more likely to have a recorded temperature below 33
      degrees C [22/71 (31.0%) vs. 4/52 (7.7%), odds ratio (95% CI) 5.39 (1.64,
      22.83)]. CONCLUSIONS: The target temperature is achieved sooner in infants with
      moderate or severe HIE when therapeutic hypothermia is initiated by referring non
      tertiary neonatal units under guidance from the regional transport service. This
      practice may enhance neuroprotection for infants with HIE born in non-tertiary
      units, particularly in remote locations.

PMID- 26986079
TI  - NaF Inhibits Matrix-Bound Cathepsin-Mediated Dentin Matrix Degradation.
AB  - Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins (CCs) degrade the
      collagen fibrils of demineralized dentin. Sodium fluoride (NaF) has previously
      been shown to inhibit recombinant MMP-2 and MMP-9. This study aimed to evaluate
      the efficacy of NaF on the inhibition of dentin-bound MMPs and CCs. Dentin beams
      were completely demineralized in 10% phosphoric acid. The baseline total MMP
      activity and dry masses were measured. Beams were assigned to test groups based
      on similar MMP activity and dry mass (n = 10/group), and incubated in artificial
      saliva (control) or artificial saliva with NaF containing 6-238 mM fluoride for
      1, 7 and 21 days. The dry mass loss and MMP activities were reassessed at each
      time point. The proteolytic activity was screened by gelatin zymography. ICTP and
      CTX released to the incubation medium were analyzed as indices of MMP and
      cathepsin K activity, respectively. The beams were examined under scanning
      electron microscopy. All NaF doses reduced the dry mass loss after 21 days (p <
      0.05). NaF inhibition of the total MMP activity ranged between 5 and 80%. In
      gelatin zymography, the bands of MMP-2 and MMP-9 became less prominent with
      increasing NaF levels. NaF did not decrease the released ICTP (p > 0.05). Less
      CTX release was detected with F >=179 mM (p < 0.05). CaF2-like minerals were
      observed on the beams. High levels of NaF may slow the degradation of the dentin
      matrix due to the inhibition of cathepsin K. Fluoride does not seem effective in
      the direct inhibition of proteolysis by dentin matrix-bound MMPs.

PMID- 26986080
TI  - Reliability generalization of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised
      (MEIM-R).
AB  - [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 63(5) of
      Journal of Counseling Psychology (see record 2016-33161-001). The name of author
      Erika Feinauer was misspelled as Erika Feinhauer. All versions of this article
      have been corrected.] Individuals' strength of ethnic identity has been linked
      with multiple positive indicators, including academic achievement and overall
      psychological well-being. The measure researchers use most often to assess ethnic
      identity, the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), underwent substantial
      revision in 2007. To inform scholars investigating ethnic identity, we performed
      a reliability generalization analysis on data from the revised version (MEIM-R)
      and compared it with data from the original MEIM. Random-effects weighted models
      evaluated internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach's alpha). Reliability
      coefficients for the MEIM-R averaged alpha = .88 across 37 samples, a
      statistically significant increase over the average of alpha = .84 for the MEIM
      across 75 studies. Reliability coefficients for the MEIM-R did not differ across
      study and participant characteristics such as sample gender and ethnic
      composition. However, consistently lower reliability coefficients averaging alpha
      = .81 were found among participants with low levels of education, suggesting that
      greater attention to data reliability is warranted when evaluating the ethnic
      identity of individuals such as middle-school students. Future research will be
      needed to ascertain whether data with other measures of aspects of personal
      identity (e.g., racial identity, gender identity) also differ as a function of
      participant level of education and associated cognitive or maturation processes.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986082
TI  - Influence of material stretchability on the equilibrium shape of a Mobius band.
AB  - We use a two-dimensional discrete, lattice-based model to show that Mobius bands
      made with stretchable materials are less likely to crease or tear. This stems
      from a delocalization of twisting strain that occurs if stretching is allowed.
      The associated low-energy configurations provide strategic target shapes for the
      guided assembly of nanometer and micron scale Mobius bands. To predict
      macroscopic band shapes for a given material, we establish a connection between
      stretchability and relevant continuum moduli, leading to insight regarding the
      practical feasibility of synthesizing Mobius bands from materials with continuum
      parameters that can be measured experimentally or estimated by upscale averaging.

PMID- 26986081
TI  - MicroRNA-335-5p inhibits osteoblast apoptosis induced by high glucose.
AB  - Diabetic osteoporosis represents a serious health condition with increasing
      incidence. Previous studies have shown that microRNA (miR)-335-5p is highly
      expressed in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts and promotes their differentiation via
      downregulating the expression of dickkopf-1 (DKK1). The present study
      investigated the effects of miR-335-5p on apoptosis of osteoblasts induced by
      high glucose (HG), as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. MC3T3-E1
      osteoblasts were transfected with miR-335-5p mimics or control miR and cultured
      under HG conditions for seven days. Reverse-transcription PCR and showed that,
      compared with the control group, the expression levels of miR-335-5p were
      significantly downregulated in the HG group. However, no significant differences
      were observed in the mRNA expression levels of DKK1 between these groups.
      Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis showed that the apoptotic rate was
      increased by >2-fold in the HG group compared with that in the control group,
      while miR-335-5p overexpression significantly decreased the apoptotic rate in
      these model cells by ~40%. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that the
      protein expression levels of DKK1 and caspase-3 were significantly elevated in
      the HG group, which was significantly inhibited by overexpression of miR-335-5p.
      These results may indicate that miR-335-5p overexpression inhibited HG-induced
      apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts through decreasing the protein expression
      levels of DKK1. The results of the present study suggested that miR-335-5p may
      represent a potential target for the treatment of diabetic osteoporosis. 

PMID- 26986083
TI  - Adipose tissue-derived stem cells promote the reversion of non-alcoholic fatty
      liver disease: An in vivo study.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver
      injury and seriously affects human health. In the present study, we aimed to
      investigate whether adipose tissue-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation in
      combination with dietary modification was capable of reversing the progression of
      NAFLD. After establishing a rat model of NAFLD by feeding them a high-fat diet
      (HFD), ADSCs were transplanted via the portal vein into rats with HFD-induced
      NAFLD, and simultaneously fed a modified diet. Thereafter, gross liver
      morphology, the hepatosomatic (HSI) index and indicators of liver function,
      including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and
      total bilirubin (TBIL) were evaluated. Subsequently, the serum levels of total
      cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acids (FAs) were also assayed.
      Furthermore, H&E and oil red O staining were used to confirm the pathological
      effects of NAFLD in the rat livers. Although dietary modification alone caused
      liver function to recover, ADSC transplantation in combination with dietary
      modification further decreased the HSI index, the serum levels of ALT, TBIL, TC,
      TGs, FAs, reduced lipid accumulation to normal levels, and reversed the hepatic
      pathological changes in the rat livers. Taken together, these findings suggest
      that ADSC transplantation assists in the reversion of NAFLD by improving liver
      function and promoting lipid metabolism, thereby exerting hepatoprotective
      effects. Thus, we suggest that ADSC transplantation is a promising, potential
      therapeutic strategy for NAFLD treatment.

PMID- 26986084
TI  - Cantharidin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through G2/M phase
      cell cycle arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the effect of cantharidin on cell
      proliferation, ability of selfrenewal, cell cycle arrest and induction of
      apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells (HCSCs). It was observed
      that cantharidin treatment exhibited dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect
      on the viability of HCSCs. The inhibition of cell viability by cantharidin in
      HepG2 CD133+ and parental cells was significant at the concentration 5 and 15 uM,
      respectively after 48 h. Cantharidin treatment inhibited the self-renewal ability
      of the HCSCs and the expression of beta-catenin and cyclin D1. Flow cytometry
      revealed that cantharidin treatment at 5 uM concentration significantly increased
      the cell population in G2/M phase and decreased the population in the G1 phase.
      Cantharidin treatment in the HCSCs for 48 h increased expression of histone H2AX,
      Myt1, cyclin A2, cyclin B1, p53 and cdc2 (Tyr15) phosphorylation significantly
      compared to the parental cells. Exposure of the HCSCs to cantharidin for 48 h at
      a concentration of 5 uM caused a significant increase in the proportion of
      apoptotic cells. Therefore, cantharidin is a promising agent for the
      hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.

PMID- 26986085
TI  - Impact of surface porosity and topography on the mechanical behavior of high
      strength biomedical polymers.
AB  - The ability to control the surface topography of orthopedic implant materials is
      desired to improve osseointegration but is often at the expense of mechanical
      performance in load bearing environments. Here we investigate the effects of
      surface modifications, roughness and porosity, on the mechanical properties of a
      set of polymers with diverse chemistry and structure. Both roughness and surface
      porosity resulted in samples with lower strength, failure strain and fatigue life
      due to stress concentrations at the surface; however, the decrease in ductility
      and fatigue strength were greater than the decrease in monotonic strength. The
      fatigue properties of the injection molded polymers did not correlate with yield
      strength as would be traditionally observed in metals. Rather, the fatigue
      properties and the capacity to maintain properties with the introduction of
      surface porosity correlated with the fracture toughness of the polymers. Polymer
      structure impacted the materials relative capacity to maintain monotonic and
      cyclic properties in the face of surface texture and porosity. Generally,
      amorphous polymers with large ratios of upper to lower yield points demonstrated
      a more significant drop in ductility and fatigue strength with the introduction
      of porosity compared to crystalline polymers with smaller ratios in their upper
      to lower yield strength. The latter materials have more effective dissipation
      mechanisms to minimize the impact of surface porosity on both monotonic and
      cyclic damage.

PMID- 26986086
TI  - Molecular modeling and snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibition by phenolic
      compounds: Structure-activity relationship.
AB  - In our earlier study, we have reported that a phenolic compound 2-hydroxy-4
      methoxybenzaldehyde from Janakia arayalpatra root extract was active against
      Viper and Cobra envenomations. Based on the structure of this natural product,
      libraries of synthetic structurally variant phenolic compounds were studied
      through molecular docking on the venom protein. To validate the activity of eight
      selected compounds, we have tested them in in vivo and in vitro models. The
      compound 21 (2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde), 22 (2-hydroxy-4
      methoxybenzaldehyde) and 35 (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylalcohol) were found to be
      active against venom-induced pathophysiological changes. The compounds 20, 15 and
      35 displayed maximum anti-hemorrhagic, anti-lethal and PLA2 inhibitory activity
      respectively. In terms of SAR, the presence of a formyl group in conjunction with
      a phenolic group was seen as a significant contributor towards increasing the
      antivenom activity. The above observations confirmed the anti-venom activity of
      the phenolic compounds which needs to be further investigated for the development
      of new anti-snake venom leads.

PMID- 26986087
TI  - Metal exposure in cows grazing pasture contaminated by iron industry: Insights
      from magnetic particles used as tracers.
AB  - Magnetic particles (MP) emitted by an iron smelter were used to investigate the
      exposure of cows grazing on a grassland polluted by these MP and by large amounts
      of potentially toxic elements (PTE). The morphology as well as the chemical
      composition of the MP separated from cow dung were studied. Large amounts of
      typical MP were found (1.1 g kg(-1) dry weight) in the cow dung sampled from the
      exposed site, whereas these particles were absent from the reference unpolluted
      site. The ingested MP were mainly technogenic magnetic particles (TMP) emitted by
      the smelter. Considering the MP concentration in the grazed grass on the exposed
      site, it was concluded that cows absorb the MP not only from the grass but also
      from the soil surface. The results of a mild acidic leaching of the MP suggested
      that the particles were possibly submitted to a superficial dissolution in the
      abomasum, pointing at a potential route of transfer of the PTE originating from
      the TMP and leading into food chains. TMP were only a small part of the
      anthropogenic contamination having affected the soil and the dung. However, due
      to their unequivocal signature, TMP are a powerful tracer of the distribution of
      PTE in the different compartments constituting the food chains and the
      ecosystems. Furthermore, the measurement of the particle sizes gave evidence that
      a noticeable proportion of the MP could enter the respiratory tract. 

PMID- 26986088
TI  - Subcellular distribution of trace elements and liver histology of landlocked
      Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) sampled along a mercury contamination gradient.
AB  - We sampled landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from four lakes (Small, 9
      Mile, North, Amituk) in the Canadian High Arctic that span a gradient of mercury
      contamination. Metals (Hg, Se, Tl, and Fe) were measured in char tissues to
      determine their relationships with health indices (relative condition factor and
      hepatosomatic index), stable nitrogen isotope ratios, and liver histology. A
      subcellular partitioning procedure was employed to determine how metals were
      distributed between potentially sensitive and detoxified compartments of Arctic
      char livers from a low- and high-mercury lake (Small Lake and Amituk Lake,
      respectively). Differences in health indices and metal concentrations among char
      populations were likely related to differences in feeding ecology. Concentrations
      of Hg, Se, and Tl were highest in the livers of Amituk char, whereas
      concentrations of Fe were highest in Small and 9-Mile char. At the subcellular
      level we found that although Amituk char had higher concentrations of Tl in whole
      liver than Small Lake char, they maintained a greater proportion of this metal in
      detoxified fractions, suggesting an attempt at detoxification. Mercury was found
      mainly in potentially sensitive fractions of both Small and Amituk Lake char,
      indicating that Arctic char are not effectively detoxifying this metal.
      Histological changes in char livers, mainly in the form of melano-macrophage
      aggregates and hepatic fibrosis, could be linked to the concentrations and
      subcellular distributions of essential or non-essential metals. 

PMID- 26986089
TI  - Fate of engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles in an aquatic environment and their
      toxicity toward 14 ciliated protist species.
AB  - The potential environmental impacts of engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles
      (CeO2 NPs) on aquatic organisms have remained largely unknown. Therefore, the
      laboratory study featured herein was performed to determine the fate of CeO2 NPs
      in an aquatic environment and their toxicity towards 14 different ciliated
      protist species at a specified population level. An investigation of 48 h
      aggregation kinetics in the Dryl's solution showed the CeO2 NPs to be relatively
      stable. The pH values in three test medium were too far away from PZC, which
      explained the stability of CeO2 NPs. CeO2 NPs generally elicited more toxicity
      with increasing NP concentration, following certain dose-response relationships.
      Nano-CeO2 resulted in greater toxicity in a particle state than when added as
      bulk material. LC50 values showed a negative correlation with the surface-to
      volume ratio for these protists, suggesting that surface adsorption of CeO2 NPs
      might contribute to the observed toxicity. Additionally, acute toxic responses of
      14 ciliated protist species to CeO2 NPs were not significantly phylogenetically
      conserved. The results of these observations provide a better insight into the
      potential risks of CeO2 NPs in an aquatic environment. 

PMID- 26986090
TI  - When ambient noise impairs parent-offspring communication.
AB  - Ambient noise has increased in extent, duration and intensity with significant
      implications for species' lives. Birds especially, because they heavily rely on
      vocal communication, are highly sensitive towards noise pollution. Noise can
      impair the quality of a territory or hamper the transmission of vocal signals
      such as song. The latter has significant fitness consequences as it may erode
      partner preferences in the context of mate choice. Additional fitness costs may
      arise if noise masks communication between soliciting offspring and providing
      parents during the period of parental care. Here, we experimentally manipulated
      the acoustic environment of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) families within their
      nest boxes with playbacks of previously recorded highway noise and investigated
      the consequences on parent-offspring communication. We hypothesized that noise
      interferes with the acoustic cues of parental arrival and vocal components of
      offspring begging. As such we expected an increase in the frequency of missed
      detections, when nestlings fail to respond to the returning parent, and a
      decrease in parental provisioning rates. Parents significantly reduced their rate
      of provisioning in noisy conditions compared to a control treatment. This
      reduction is likely to be the consequence of a parental misinterpretation of the
      offspring hunger level, as we found that nestlings fail to respond to the
      returning parent more frequently in the presence of noise. Noise also potentially
      masks vocal begging components, again contributing to parental underestimation of
      offspring requirements. Either way, it appears that noise impaired parent
      offspring communication is likely to reduce reproductive success. 

PMID- 26986091
TI  - Memory response to oxytocin predicts relationship dissolution over 18 months.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oxytocin is known for its role in pair bonding in non-human animals.
      To examine the role of oxytocin in human romantic bonding, we examined its effect
      on recall of memories of past and current romantic experiences as predictors of
      relationship dissolution. METHOD: In a placebo-controlled, within-subject,
      randomized experiment, 48 participants (24?; 16 single) self-administered
      intranasal oxytocin and completed an autobiographical memory test. Participants
      in a current romantic relationship reported on their relationship status 18
      months later. RESULTS: Participants in a relationship recalled fewer memories of
      past romantic partners following oxytocin administration relative to placebo.
      Participants who responded to oxytocin by recalling more conflict memories of
      their current romantic partner, relative to placebo, were more likely to have
      ended their relationship over 18 months than those who did not show this
      response. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the memory response to an
      intranasal oxytocin challenge may represent an index of relationship outcome over
      time.

PMID- 26986093
TI  - [Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the periurban area of Sotuba, 10 years mass
      treatment began in Mali].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to describe the epidemiology of
      schistosomiasis 10 years after mass administration of praziquantel began in
      Sotuba, Mali. METHODOLOGY/RESULTS: This observational cross-sectional survey in
      Sotuba, a periurban village in the Bamako district, took place from July to
      September 2010 and collected stool and urine samples from residents at least one
      year old. Kato-Katz (for stool) and urine filtration techniques were used to
      detect Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium eggs, respectively. Overall, 335
      urine samples and 300 stool samples were examined. The prevalence rate was 5.4%
      (18/335) for S. haematobium and 8.7% (26/300) for S. mansoni. Excretion of these
      eggs was most frequent in the 6-15 year-old group: 4.8% (16/335) for S.
      haematobium and 7.7% (23/300) for S. mansoni. Snails of the Biomphalaria
      pfeifferi and Bulinus truncatus species were the intermediate hosts, captured in
      the fields at water contact points. The principal clinical symptoms reported by
      participants were abdominal pain 27.2% (61/169) and headaches 23.2% (52/169).
      CONCLUSION: Despite the implementation of mass drug administration in Mali a
      decade ago, our results show that schistosomiasis transmission continues in
      Sotuba. Assessment of the risk factors for this persistent transmission is
      strongly needed.

PMID- 26986092
TI  - Trait positive and negative emotionality differentially associate with diurnal
      cortisol activity.
AB  - Inter-individual variability in metrics of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
      (HPA) activity, such as the slope of the diurnal decline in cortisol, cortisol
      awakening response (CAR), and total cortisol output, have been found to associate
      inversely with trait ratings of extraversion and positive affect (E/PA) and
      positively with neuroticism and negative affect (N/NA) in some, but not all,
      investigations. These inconsistencies may partly reflect varied intensity of
      cortisol sampling among studies and reliance on self-rated traits, which are
      subject to reporting biases and limitations of introspection. Here, we further
      examined dispositional correlates of HPA activity in 490 healthy, employed
      midlife volunteers (M age=43 years; 54% Female; 86% white). Trait ratings were
      requested from participants and 2 participant-elected informants using the
      Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Extraversion and Neuroticism
      dimensions of NEO personality inventories. CAR was assessed as percent increase
      in cortisol levels from awakening to 30min after awakening; and the diurnal slope
      and total output of cortisol [Area Under the Curve (AUC)] were determined from
      cortisol measurements taken at awakening, +4 and +9h later, and bedtime, across 3
      workdays. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate multi-informant E/PA
      and N/NA factors. We used 3days of measurement as indicators to model each of the
      three latent cortisol factors (slope, CAR, and AUC). With the two latent
      emotionality and three latent cortisol indices included there was good fit to the
      data (chi(2)(200)=278.38, p=0.0002; RMSEA=0.028, 90% CI=0.02-0.04;
      CFI/TLI=0.97/0.96; SRMR=0.04). After controlling for covariates (age, sex, race),
      results showed higher latent E/PA associated with a steeper diurnal slope
      (Standardized beta=-0.19, p=0.02) and smaller CAR (Standardized beta=-0.26,
      p=0.004), whereas N/NA did not associate with any cortisol metric (Standardized
      beta's=-0.12 to 0.13, p's=0.10 to 0.53). These findings suggest that positive
      emotionality may be more closely associated with indices of diurnal cortisol
      release than negative emotionality.

PMID- 26986094
TI  - Abdominal Obesity and Association With Atherosclerosis Risk Factors: The
      Uberlandia Heart Study.
AB  - Ectopic visceral fat (VF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) are associated with
      cardiovascular risk factors. Gender differences in the correlations of
      cardiovascular disease risk factors and ectopic fat in the Brazilian population
      still lacking. Cross-sectional study with 101 volunteers (50.49% men; mean age
      56.5 +/- 18, range 19-74 years) drawn from the Uberlandia Heart Study underwent
      ultrasonography assessment of abdominal visceral adipose tissue with convex
      transducer of 3.5 MHz of frequency. The thickness of VF was ultrasonographically
      measured by the distance between the inner face of the abdominal muscle and the
      posterior face of abdominal aorta, 1 cm above the umbilicus. The SCF thickness
      was measured with a 7.5 MHz linear transducer transversely positioned 1 cm above
      the umbilical scar. The exams were always performed by the same examiner. Ectopic
      fat volumes were examined in relation to waist circumference, blood pressure, and
      metabolic risk factors. The VF was significantly associated with the levels of
      triglycerides (P < 0.01, r = 0.10), HDL cholesterol (P < 0.005, r = 0.15), total
      cholesterol (P < 0.01, r = 0.10), waist circumference (P < 0.0001, r = 0.43),
      systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001, r = 0.41), and diastolic blood pressure (P <
      0.001, r = 0.32) in women, and with the levels of triglycerides (P < 0.002, r =
      0,14), HDL cholesterol (P < 0.032, r = 0.07), glucose (P < 0.001, r = 0.15),
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.008, r = 0.12), gamma-GT (P < 0.001, r =
      0.30), waist circumference (P < 0.001, r = 0.52), systolic blood pressure (P <
      0.001, r = 0.32), and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001, r = 0.26) in men. SCF
      was significantly associated with the levels of triglycerides (P < 0.01, r =
      0.34), LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001, r = 0.36), total cholesterol (P < 0.05, r =
      0.36), waist circumference (P < 0.0001, r = 0.62), systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure (P < 0.05, r = 0.34) in women, and with the waist circumference (P <
      0.001, r = 0.065)), and MetS (P < 0.05, r = 0.11) in men. The VF and SCF were
      correlated with most cardiovascular risk factors in both genders but our findings
      support the idea that there are gender differences in the correlations between
      ectopic fat deposition and the cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 26986095
TI  - The Incidence and Risk of Herpes Zoster in Patients With Sleep Disorders: A
      Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - Lack of sleep can compromise the immune system, which may reactivate latent
      varicella-zoster virus. Studies on sleep disorders and the risk of herpes zoster
      (HZ) are scant.We conducted a population-based cohort study to evaluate the risk
      of HZ in patients with sleep disorders and potential risk factors for HZ
      development. We identified patients with sleep disorders without apnea from 2002
      to 2005 by using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. The patients
      without sleep disorders were randomly selected and frequency matched with
      patients with sleep disorders according to age, sex, and index year. We estimated
      the follow-up time in person-years for the patients from the entry date until HZ
      diagnosis, loss to follow-up, or the end of 2010. We used Cox proportional
      hazards regression models and a sensitivity analysis to estimate the risk of HZ
      while controlling for demographic characteristics and comorbidities. A total of
      131,001 study participants (follow-up, 948,177 person-years; mean age, 51.2 +/-
      16.5 years; 62.2% women) were included in the study. Patients with sleep
      disorders exhibited a higher incidence of HZ compared with a comparison cohort
      when stratified by age, sex, and comorbidities. After adjustment for covariates,
      the sleep disorder cohort exhibited a 1.23-fold greater risk of HZ compared with
      the comparison cohort (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-1.30). The incidence
      of HZ increased with age. Adults ages 65 years and older exhibited a 6.11-fold
      greater risk of HZ development compared with their younger counterparts (95% CI =
      5.34-7.00). Cancers and autoimmune diseases were independent risk factors of HZ
      development. The patients with sleep disorders may carry an increased risk of
      developing HZ.

PMID- 26986096
TI  - A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study of Dexlansoprazole MR-Based Triple Therapy
      for Helicobacter Pylori Infection.
AB  - Dexlansoprazole MR is the R-enantiomer of lansoprazole that is delivered by a
      dual delayed release formulation. It is effective for symptom control of patients
      with gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, its efficacy in the treatment of
      Helicobacter pylori infection remains unclear. This pilot, randomized,
      controlled, head-to-head study was conducted to investigate whether the efficacy
      of single-dose dexlansoprazole MR-based triple therapy was noninferior to double
      dose rabeprazole-based triple therapy in the treatment of H pylori infection.
      Consecutive H pylori-infected subjects were randomly allocated to either 7-day
      dexlansoprazole MR-based standard triple therapy (dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg once
      daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, and amoxicillin 1 g twice daily) or
      rabeprazole-based triple therapy (rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily, clarithromycin
      500 mg twice daily, and amoxicillin 1 g twice daily). H pylori status was
      assessed 6 weeks after the end of treatment. A total of 177 H pylori-infected
      patients were randomized to receive dexlansoprazole MR-based (n = 90) or
      rabeprazole-based (n = 87) triple therapy. Intention-to-treat analysis
      demonstrated no differences between eradication rates of the 2 study groups
      (83.3% vs 81.6%; P = 0.736). Per-protocol analysis yielded comparable results
      (85.1% vs 81.2%; P = 0.497). Both groups exhibited similar frequencies of adverse
      events (7.8% vs 4.6%; P = 0.536) and drug compliance (98.9% vs 97.7%; P = 0.496).
      Multivariate analysis disclosed that the presence of clarithromycin resistance
      was the only independent factors predictive of treatment failure with an odds
      ratio of 6.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.2-37.6). This work demonstrates that
      single-dose dexlansoprazole MR-based triple therapy yields a similar eradication
      rate as double-dose rabeprazole-based therapy. Since the pharmaceutical cost of
      the single-dose dexlansoprazole MR regime is lower than that of the double-dose
      rabeprazole regimen, dexlansoprazole-based therapy can reasonably be recommended
      in the first-line treatment of H pylori infection.

PMID- 26986097
TI  - Effectiveness of Autologous Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Lower
      Extremity Ulcers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Primary studies in animal models and humans have suggested the therapeutic
      potential of autologous stem cell for treating chronic lower extremity ulcers.
      However, the results of pilot randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans have
      been inconsistent. A meta-analysis of RCTs was performed to evaluate the role of
      autologous stem cell-based therapy for lower extremity ulcers.Studies were
      identified during a systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane's library, and
      references cited in related reviews and studies. Studies were included if they
      were RCTs published in English, recruited patients with lower extremity ulcers
      who were assigned to either a group for the topical therapy with autologous stem
      cells, and reported data regarding the healing of the ulcers.Relative risks (RRs)
      for healing rate and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for the changes in the
      mean sizes of ulcers were evaluated with a random-effects model. Overall,
      autologous stem cell-based therapy was associated with better healing of lower
      extremity ulcers (12 comparisons, 290 patients, RR for partial healing = 3.07,
      95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-8.24, P = 0.03; RR for complete healing =
      2.26, 95% CI = 1.48-3.16, P < 0.001) with little heterogeneity (I = 0%).
      Moreover, autologous stem cell-based therapy was associated with a greater
      reduction in mean ulcer size (SMD = -0.63, 95% CI = -1.03 to -0.22, P = 0.002).
      Subgroup analyses indicated that stem cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow
      seemed to exert similar beneficial effects on the healing of ulcers. Stem cell
      therapy was not associated with any increased risks for adverse events. The
      optimized sources, amounts, and delivery methods of stem cell -based therapy for
      patients with chronic lower extremity ulcers need to be determined, and the long
      term effects of stem cell-based therapy on clinical outcomes need further
      exploration.Autologous stem cell-based therapy is effective and safe for
      improving the healing of chronic lower extremity ulcers and large-scale RCTs are
      needed to confirm our findings.

PMID- 26986098
TI  - Influence of Parental Monitoring, Sensation Seeking, Expected Social Benefits,
      and Refusal Efficacy on Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Chinese Adolescents.
AB  - The relationships between parental monitoring (PM), sensation seeking (SS),
      expected social benefits (ESB), refusal efficacy (RE), and tobacco and alcohol
      use (TAU) have been well documented among adolescents. However, the mechanisms by
      which these 4 determinants affect TAU remain unclear. Based on the Theory of
      Triadic Influence, this study aimed to explore how PM, SS, ESB, and RE
      simultaneously influenced TAU in Chinese adolescents. From September 2013 to June
      2014, we used multistage cluster sampling to select 6269 students from 179
      classes of 7 vocational high schools in 3 cities of China. Each student completed
      a battery of 5 measures: PM, SS, ESB, RE, and TAU. Then, we used structural
      equation modeling techniques and mediation analyses to investigate the
      relationships among these 5 measures, with TAU as the final dependent variable.
      Results demonstrated that the relationship between PM and TAU was fully mediated
      by ESB and RE (b = -0.18, P < 0.001), that SS influenced TAU directly (b = 0.10,
      P < 0.001) and indirectly through ESB and RE (b = 0.15, P < 0.001), and that ESB
      influenced TAU directly (b = 0.09, P < 0.001) and indirectly through RE (b =
      0.28, P < 0.001).These findings indicate that the link between PM and SS to TAU
      among Chinese adolescents can be explained by ESB and RE. These 4 precursory
      determinants can play an important role in TAU prevention among adolescents in
      China.

PMID- 26986100
TI  - Endoscopic Findings of Small-Bowel Lesions in Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy: A
      Case Report.
AB  - Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disease associated
      with the mutations in the transthyretin gene. To date, the endoscopic findings of
      the small-bowel lesions of FAP have never been described. We report a rare case
      of FAP with gastrointestinal involvement. A 71-year-old woman complaining of
      refractory diarrhea for 1 year was referred to our institution. She had sensory
      disturbance, movement disorder due to muscle weakness, and autonomic nervous
      system disorders including orthostatic hypotension and dysuria. Her eldest sister
      had cardiac amyloidosis. Small-bowel radiography and retrograde double-balloon
      endoscopy (DBE) revealed that fine granular protrusions were diffusely observed
      both in the jejunum and ileum. Histologic examination of the biopsy specimens
      obtained from the small bowel revealed perivascular amyloid deposits mainly in
      the muscularis mucosae and submucosa, which were immunoreactive with
      transthyretin antibodies. Analysis of the genomic DNA showed a heterozygous
      Gly47Val mutation in the transthyretin gene. Thus a diagnosis of FAP was
      established. Diffuse fine granular protrusions in the jejunum and the ileum
      visualized by small-bowel radiography and DBE may be characteristic of FAP.
      Multiple biopsies from the gastrointestinal mucosa are recommended for the
      definitive histologic diagnosis of FAP.

PMID- 26986099
TI  - Association of Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness With Adverse
      Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - The thickness of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) was reported to be highly
      associated with the incidence and severity of atrial fibrillation (AF). This
      study was conducted to analyze the ability of EAT thickness in predicting adverse
      cardiovascular (CV) events in AF. In 190 persistent AF patients, we performed a
      comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination with assessment of EAT
      thickness. The definition of CV events included CV mortality, hospitalization for
      heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. There were 69 CV events
      including 19 CV deaths, 32 hospitalizations for heart failure, 3 myocardial
      infarctions, and 15 strokes during a mean follow-up of 29 (25th-75th percentile:
      17-36) months. The multivariable analysis demonstrates that chronic heart
      failure, increased left ventricular (LV) mass index and the ratio of transmitral
      E-wave velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity, decreased body mass
      index, and increased EAT thickness (per 1-mm increase, odds ratio 1.224, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 1.096-1.368, P < 0.001) were associated with adverse CV
      events. Additionally, the addition of EAT thickness to a model containing CHA2DS2
      VASc score, left atrial volume index, and LV systolic and diastolic function
      significantly improved the values in predicting CV events (global chi increase
      14.65, P < 0.001 and integrated discrimination improvement 0.10, 95% CI 0.04
      0.16, P < 0.001). In AF, EAT thickness was useful in predicting adverse CV
      events. Additionally, EAT thickness could provide incremental value for CV
      outcome prediction over traditional clinical and echocardiographic parameters in
      AF.

PMID- 26986101
TI  - Expression of Phosphorylated AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Predicts Response to
      Transarterial Chemoembolization in Postoperative Cases of Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in the
      world. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was commonly used for HCC
      patients postoperatively. However, the survival benefits of adjuvant TACE were
      controversial due to the extensive heterogeneity of HCC. Hence, there is a
      critical need to explore potential biomarkers that can predict the clinical
      response to TACE. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved
      heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase that plays a central role in linking
      metabolism and cancer development. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the
      association of pAMPKalpha (Thr172) status with clinical outcomes in HCC patients
      treated with or without postoperative adjuvant TACE.pAMPKalpha (Thr172)
      expression was assessed using immunohistochemical analysis in a cohort of 378
      Chinese HCC patients who had undergone tumor resection. Kaplan-Meier analysis and
      multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to study the impact on
      clinical outcomes.High pAMPKalpha (Thr172) expression was associated with
      improved disease-free and overall survival and was an independent prognostic
      factor for overall survival by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, low pAMPKalpha
      (Thr172) expression level was correlated with high percentage of OV6 tumor
      initiating cells (T-ICs) in HCC specimens.To our knowledge, it can be
      demonstrated for the first time that pAMPKalpha (Thr172) status is associated
      with response to postoperative adjuvant TACE. High pAMPKalpha (Thr172) level in
      HCC may serve as a positive predictor of survival in HCC patients undergoing
      TACE. 

PMID- 26986102
TI  - Tuberculous Spondylitis Following Kyphoplasty: A Case Report and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - Tuberculous spondylitis of the augmented vertebral column following percutaneous
      vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty has rarely been described. We report an unusual
      case of tuberculous spondylitis diagnosed after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP). A
      61-year-old woman presented to our institution complaining of back pain following
      a fall 7 days before. Radiologic studies revealed an acute osteoporotic
      compression L1 fracture. The patient denied history of pulmonary tuberculosis
      (TB) and there were no signs of infection. The patient was discharged from
      hospital 4 days after undergoing L1 PKP with a dramatic improvement in her back
      pain. Two years later, the patient was readmitted with a 1 year history of
      recurrent back pain. Imaging examinations demonstrated long segmental bony
      destruction involving L1 vertebra with massive paravertebral abscess formation.
      The tentative diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis was made, after a serum T
      SPOT. The TB test was found to be positive. Anterior debridement, L1 corpectomy,
      decompression, and autologous rib graft interposition, and posterior T8-L4
      instrumentation were performed. The histologic examination of the resected tissue
      results confirmed the diagnosis of spinal TB. Anti-TB medications were
      administered for 12 months and the patient recovered without sequelae. Spinal TB
      and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures are similar clinically and
      radiologically. Spinal surgeons should consider this disease entity to avoid
      misdiagnosis or complications. Early surgical intervention and anti-TB treatment
      should be instituted as soon as the diagnosis of spinal TB after vertebral
      augmentation is made.

PMID- 26986104
TI  - Sitagliptin/Metformin Versus Insulin Glargine Combined With Metformin in Obese
      Subjects With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - To compare the therapeutic effects of different regimens in Chinese obese type 2
      diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients. From October 2013 to July 2014, a total of 166
      T2DM outpatients who attended the Shanghai Changhai Hospital and the Yijishan
      Hospital of Wannan Medical College were randomly assigned into an experimental
      sitagliptin/metformin combined with low caloric diet group (n = 115) and an
      insulin glargine combined with metformin control group (n = 51). Inclusion
      criteria were body mass index (BMI) >= 25 kg/m and diagnosed with T2DM with
      glycosylated hemoglobin (glycated hemoglobin A1C [HbA1c]) >9%. Main outcome
      parameters were fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, BMI, HbA1c,
      fasting C-peptide, 2-h postprandial C-peptide, triglyceride (TG), total
      cholesterol (TC), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density cholesterol
      (LDL-C), which were determined by the 75 g steamed-bun meal tolerance test before
      and 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after the treatment started. Treatment costs and life
      quality were also assessed. BMI, HbA1C, TG, TC, and LDL were significantly more
      reduced (P < 0.000) and HbA1c significantly better improved in the experimental
      group than in the control group (<6.5% in 24 [20.87%] vs 2 [3.92%], P < 0.001;
      <7% in 65 [56.52%] vs 12 [23.53%], P < 0.001). Quality of life scores in the
      experimental group increased more than in the control group (P < 0.001). The
      costs for the experimental group medication were less than for other regimens.
      For obese T2DM patients diagnosed with a glycosylated hemoglobin level >9%, oral
      sitagliptin/metformin combined with a low caloric diet effectively and
      economically maintained glycemic control and significantly improved life quality.

PMID- 26986103
TI  - Neutrophilic Dermatoses in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated
      Vasculitis: A French Multicenter Study of 17 Cases and Literature Review.
AB  - A few reports suggest combination of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and
      neutrophilic dermatoses (ND). We aimed to describe the main characteristics of
      patients presenting with both AAV and ND in a French cohort and through a
      systematic literature review, and to discuss the possible common pathogenic
      process involved. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with both
      conditions. Patients were selected via the French Internal Medicine Society
      (SNFMI) and the French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG). A literature review
      focusing on a combination of both conditions, concentrated only on publications
      with well-established diagnoses and individual detailed data. Seventeen patients
      diagnosed with AAV and ND were identified in this cohort. Twelve patients had
      granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 4 had microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and
      one had eosinophilic GPA (EGPA). Eight patients, all with GPA, displayed pyoderma
      gangrenosum (PG). Sweet's syndrome was observed in 6 patients (4 with MPA, one
      with GPA and one with EGPA) and erythema elevatum diutinum in the other three (2
      with GPA and 1 with MPA). The literature review identified 33 additional patients
      with both conditions, including 26 with GPA. Altogether, of the 50 patients (17
      from our study and 33 from the literature review), 33 (66%) patients presented
      with PG associated with GPA in 29 cases (89%). Corticosteroids were the first
      line treatment in conjunction with an immunosuppressive agent in most cases.
      Outcomes were good and a total of 15 patients experienced a relapse. Patients who
      relapsed were more likely to have ear, nose and throat manifestation than
      patients who did not [12/15 (80%) relapsing patients vs. 15/35 (43%) non
      relapsing patients; p = 0.03)]. In our stud, the most frequent association
      concerned GPA and PG. ND should be considered and specifically researched within
      the spectrum of cutaneous manifestations observed in AAV.

PMID- 26986105
TI  - A Preoperative Nutritional Index for Predicting Cancer-Specific and Overall
      Survival in Chinese Patients With Laryngeal Cancer: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - Pinato prognostic nutritional index (PNI) adequately predicts long-term outcomes
      of various malignancies. However, its value in predicting outcomes in laryngeal
      squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is unknown. All patients newly diagnosed with LSCC
      presenting to the Department of Head and Neck Oncology at Sun Yat-sen University
      Cancer Center between January 1, 1990 and July 31, 2010 were eligible. The PNI
      was calculated as serum albumin (g/L) + 5 * total lymphocyte count/L. The Cutoff
      Finder software program was used to classify the patients into 3 groups for which
      the PNI score was at least 70% sensitive, at least 70% specific, or equivocal.
      Cancer-specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and
      predictors were assessed with Cox regression analysis. Median time between
      surgery and PNI administration for the 975 eligible patients was 83 months. Index
      score groups were significantly associated with age, T stage, TNM stage, and type
      of surgery. Five-year CSS and OS were 57.3% and 56.6% in patients with PNI scores
      below 48.65 (low-probability of survival), 72.8% and 71.3% with scores between
      48.65 and 56.93 (moderate-probability of survival), and 77.6% and 75.3% with
      scores above 56.93 (high-probability of survival); 10-year CSS and OS were 44.2%
      and 42.7%, 61.6% and 55.6%, 68.3% and 63.5%, respectively. The PNI score groups
      significantly predicted CSS and OS (P < 0.001). The PNI is an inexpensive and
      readily available score that predicted survival in patients with LSCC after
      curative laryngectomy.

PMID- 26986106
TI  - Slow Recovery of Weight Bearing After Stabilization of Long-Bone Fractures Using
      Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nails in Children.
AB  - Stabilization of diaphyseal long-bone fractures using elastic stable
      intramedullary nails (ESIN) in children promises early mobilization and rapid
      resumption of full weight bearing. We evaluated the duration of postoperative
      functional rehabilitation after ESIN, measured by the time from stabilization
      until first partial weight bearing, full weight bearing, and resumption of school
      sports. Fifty children with unstable, displaced fractures of the femur or lower
      leg treated with ESIN between 2002 and 2012 were included in this retrospective
      analysis. We classified fractures according to the pediatric comprehensive
      classification of fractures (PCCF). Thirty-five children sustained a femur
      fracture, and 15 children had a fracture of the lower leg or tibia. The surgeons
      in charge applied an additional plaster cast in 7 of 15 children who suffered a
      lower leg fracture. The postoperative time interval until full weight bearing in
      the group of children who had suffered transverse or short oblique femur
      fractures was significantly shorter (median: 4.4 weeks; range: 0.1-9.1 weeks)
      than that in the group who had sustained more complex fracture patterns (median:
      6.8 weeks; range: 2.9-13.9 weeks; P = 0.04). Similarly, transverse and short
      oblique lower leg and tibia fractures required less time until full weight
      bearing (median: 4.1 weeks; range 2.7-6.0 weeks) than complex lower leg fractures
      (median: 6.1 weeks; range: 1.3-12.9 weeks; P = 0.04). ESIN proved fairly
      effective in restoring full weight bearing in transverse or short oblique
      fractures of the lower extremities but was less effective in complex fractures.

PMID- 26986107
TI  - What Can Emergency Medicine Learn From Kinetics: Introducing an Alternative
      Evaluation and a Universal Criterion Standard for Emergency Department
      Performance.
AB  - This research focuses on developing an improved and robust measurement for
      emergency department (ED) performance and a criterion standard for global use via
      kinetic analysis. Based on kinetic approach, the input-throughput-output
      conceptual model of ED crowding is compared to the procedure of enzyme catalysis.
      All in average, the retented patients in EDs are defined as substrate (S),
      whereas the patients who depart the EDs as product (P). Therefore, the average ED
      departure velocity (V) can be presented as (P)divided by a given time (t) of the
      ED length of stay (LOS). The S-V and S2-P plots are depicted hourly for the
      kinetic analysis. The long-term stability of the kinetic parameters is
      ascertained by the method of coefficient of variation (CV). The participants
      collected for this study are from the EDs of Changhua Christian Medical Center
      and the five branched hospitals, all located in Taiwan. Based on the S-V plot
      analysis, the results clearly show 2 curves, an upper and a lower curve. The
      timeline of the lower curve includes approximately the total ED busy hours, and
      thus it can be used for the subsequent kinetic analysis. In order to explore the
      adequate kinetic parameters for ED performance, the try-and-error process was
      followed in this study. As a result, the S2-V plots adapted from the lower curves
      show the best linear regression of S2 on V with a good coefficient of
      determination (R). The Pan-Wen constant (PW), which is the slope of the liner
      regression line, and the ED medical personnel unit turnover number (EDMPU TON)
      were deduced from the kinetic meanings of (Equation is included in full-text
      article.)plots. In this research, the 2 kinetic parameters, PW and EDMPU TON were
      applied for the ED performance evaluations. An innovative relationship between
      the ED retented patients and the ED departure velocity is verified as PW;
      whereas, a feasible kinetic parameter, the EDMPU TON explicates the teamwork
      efficiency of the ED providers. Moreover, the EDMPU TON may not only be a
      reliable universal criterion standard for the ED performance, but also a valuable
      reference for both ED providers and payers.

PMID- 26986108
TI  - Haploidentical Transplantation Without In Vitro T-Cell Depletion Results in
      Outcomes Equivalent to Those of Contemporaneous Matched Sibling and Unrelated
      Donor Transplantation for Acute Leukemia.
AB  - The aim of the study is to determine whether HLA-haploidentical-related donor
      (HRD) transplant can achieve equivalent outcomes and have stronger GVL compared
      to HLA-matched sibling donor (MSD) and HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUD)
      transplants. A total of 355 consecutive patients with acute leukemia undergoing
      allogeneic transplant at our single institute between March 2008 and March 2014
      were enrolled in this retrospective investigation. Of the 355 patients, 96 cases
      received HRD, 153 MSD, and 106 MUD transplants. HRD transplant was associated
      with higher incidences of grade II to IV aGVHD (40.6%) compared with MSD (23.5%,
      P = 0.002) and MUD transplants (34.0%, P = 0.049), whereas incidences of grade
      III to IV aGVHD (11.4%, 7.8%, 10.5%, respectively; P = 0.590) and cGVHD (29.5%,
      24.0%, 29.5%, respectively; P = 0.538) did not differ among 3 groups. Five-year
      relapse rates were 19.2%, 26.8%, and 23.0% in 3 groups, respectively (P = 0.419).
      However, of 206 high-risk patients, the relapse rate in HRD transplant was lower
      than in MSD transplant (23.8% vs 41.9%, P = 0.026). Multivariate analysis showed
      that HRD had beneficial impact on relapse (for MSD: P = 0.006). Five-year
      transplant-related mortality was lower in MSD transplant compared with those in
      HRD (17.3% vs 26.4%, P = 0.041) and MUD transplants (17.3% vs 24.1%, P = 0.037).
      Five-year overall survival were 60.4%, 64.6%, and 61.0%, respectively, in HRD,
      MSD, and MUD groups (P = 0.371); 5-year disease-free survival were 59.6%, 58.8%,
      and 54.9%, respectively (P = 0.423). Our results suggest that HRD transplant
      results in outcomes equivalent to MSD and MUD transplants. HRD might carry a
      superior GVL effect compared to MSD for high-risk patients.

PMID- 26986109
TI  - Effects of an Exhaustive Exercise on Motor Skill Learning and on the Excitability
      of Primary Motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area.
AB  - We examined, on 28 healthy adult subjects, the possible correlations of an
      exhaustive exercise, and the consequent high blood lactate levels, on immediate
      (explicit) and delayed (implicit) motor execution of sequential finger movements
      (cognitive task). Moreover, we determined with transcranial magnetic stimulation
      whether changes in motor performance are associated with variations in
      excitability of primary motor area (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA). We
      observed that, after an acute exhaustive exercise, the large increase of blood
      lactate is associated with a significant worsening of both explicit and implicit
      sequential visuomotor task paradigms, without gender differences. We also found
      that, at the end of the exhaustive exercise, there is a change of excitability in
      both M1 and SMA. In particular, the excitability of M1 was increased whereas that
      of SMA decreased and, also in this case, without gender differences. These
      results support the idea that an increase of blood lactate after an exhaustive
      exercise appears to have a protective effect at level of primary cortical areas
      (as M1), although at the expense of efficiency of adjacent cortical regions (as
      SMA). 

PMID- 26986110
TI  - The Association of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Use With Colorectal Cancer Risk: A
      Nationwide Cohort Study.
AB  - Data from preclinical studies suggest that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has a
      chemopreventive effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) development, but no large
      observational study has examined this possibility. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the association of UDCA use with CRC risk in a nationwide population
      based cohort. This nationwide population-based cohort study used data from the
      Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for the period from 2000
      through 2010. This study included data from 7119 Taiwanese adults who received
      >=28 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) of UDCA and 14,238 patients who did
      not receive UDCA (<28 cDDDs). UDCA nonusers were matched 1:2 for age, sex,
      enrollment date, and presence of chronic liver disease, viral hepatitis,
      cholelithiasis, and alcoholic liver disease. The 2 cohorts were followed until
      December 31, 2010 or occurrence of CRC. Cox proportional hazards regression with
      robust Sandwich variance estimator, which can cooperate with matching design, was
      used to examine the association between UDCA use and CRC risk. During 109,312
      person-years of follow-up (median, 5 years), 121 patients had newly diagnosed
      CRC: 28 UDCA users (76.7 per 100,000 person-years) and 93 nonusers (127.7 per
      100,000 person-years) (log-rank test, P = 0.0169). After multivariate adjustment
      for age, UDCA use was associated with a reduced risk of CRC (hazard ratio, 0.60;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.92). The adjusted hazard ratios were 0.55
      (95% CI, 0.35-0.89), 0.89 (95% CI, 0.36-2.20), and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.16-2.53) for
      patients with 28 to 180, 181 to 365, and >365 cDDDs, respectively, relative to
      nonusers. UDCA use was associated with reduced risk of CRC in a cohort mainly
      comprising patients with chronic liver diseases. However, further studies are
      needed to determine the optimal dosage of UDCA.

PMID- 26986111
TI  - Increasing Level of Leisure Physical Activity Could Reduce the Risk of Hip
      Fracture in Older Women: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort
      Studies.
AB  - We carried out the study to investigate and quantitatively assess the potential
      association between current level of physical activity and the risk of
      osteoporosis hip fracture in older women. Relevant publications before October
      2015 were identified using the PubMed and Ovid searching tools. A dose-response
      meta-analysis was carried out to combine and analysis results. Fourteen
      prospective studies were included in the meta-analysis. A general analysis of 9
      studies showed a significant inverse relationship between increasing level of
      physical activity and risk of hip fracture in older women [relative risk (RR) =
      0.93, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.91-0.96]. The result of a sensitivity
      analysis was consistent with the general analysis (RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.93-0.96).
      The association between increasing level of physical activity and risk of wrist
      fracture was not statistically significant in a general analysis of three studies
      (RR = 1.004, 95% CI: 0.98-1.03). A potential direct association between
      increasing level of physical activity and risk of wrist fracture was observed
      after removing 1 study with the greatest weight (RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03).
      No significant publication bias was observed in our analysis. Our results show
      that increasing level of physical activity within an appropriate range may reduce
      the risk of hip fracture but not the risk of wrist fracture in older women.

PMID- 26986112
TI  - A Novel Risk Score to the Prediction of 10-year Risk for Coronary Artery Disease
      Among the Elderly in Beijing Based on Competing Risk Model.
AB  - The study aimed to construct a risk prediction model for coronary artery disease
      (CAD) based on competing risk model among the elderly in Beijing and develop a
      user-friendly CAD risk score tool. We used competing risk model to evaluate the
      risk of developing a first CAD event. On the basis of the risk factors that were
      included in the competing risk model, we constructed the CAD risk prediction
      model with Cox proportional hazard model. Time-dependent receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve and time-dependent area under the ROC curve (AUC) were
      used to evaluate the discrimination ability of the both methods. Calibration
      plots were applied to assess the calibration ability and adjusted for the
      competing risk of non-CAD death. Net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated
      discrimination improvement (IDI) were applied to quantify the improvement
      contributed by the new risk factors. Internal validation of predictive accuracy
      was performed using 1000 times of bootstrap re-sampling. Of the 1775 participants
      without CAD at baseline, 473 incident cases of CAD were documented for a 20-year
      follow-up. Time-dependent AUCs for men and women at t = 10 years were 0.841 [95%
      confidence interval (95% CI): 0.806-0.877], 0.804 (95% CI: 0.768-0.839) in Fine
      and Gray model, 0.784 (95% CI: 0.738-0.830), 0.733 (95% CI: 0.692-0.775) in Cox
      proportional hazard model. The competing risk model was significantly superior to
      Cox proportional hazard model on discrimination and calibration. The cut-off
      values of the risk score that marked the difference between low-risk and high
      risk patients were 34 points for men and 30 points for women, which have good
      sensitivity and specificity. A sex-specific multivariable risk factor algorithm
      based competing risk model has been developed on the basis of an elderly Chinese
      cohort, which could be applied to predict an individual's risk and provide a
      useful guide to identify the groups at a high risk for CAD among the Chinese
      adults over 55 years old.

PMID- 26986113
TI  - Combined Direct and Indirect CT Venography (Combined CTV) in Detecting Lower
      Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of combined direct and
      indirect CT venography (combined CTV) in the detection of lower extremity deep
      vein thrombosis (LEDVT). The institutional review board approved the study
      protocol, and patients or qualifying family members provided informed consent. A
      total of 96 consecutive patients undergoing combined CTV were prospectively
      enrolled. A combined examination with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) plus
      duplex ultrasonography (US) was used as the criterion standard. Three observers
      were blinded to clinical, DSA, and US results, and they independently analyzed
      all combined CTV datasets. Interobserver agreement was expressed in terms of the
      Cohen k value for categorical variables. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity,
      positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of combined
      CTV in the detection of LEDVT were determined by using patient- and location
      based evaluations. Of the 96 patients, DSA plus US revealed LEDVT in 125
      segmental veins in 63 patients. Patient-based evaluation with combined CTV
      yielded an accuracy of 96.9% to 97.9%, a sensitivity of 95.2% to 96.8%, a
      specificity of 100% to 100%, a PPV of 100% to 100%, and an NPV of 91.7% to 94.3%
      in the detection of LEDVT. Location-based evaluation yielded similar results.
      Through combined direct and indirect CTV, patients obtained a combined CT
      angiogram on the diseased limb and an indirect CT angiogram on the opposite side.
      The image quality of combined CTV was superior to an indirect venogram. Combined
      CTV shows promising diagnostic accuracy in the detection of LEDVT with 3
      dimensional modeling of the lower limb venous system.

PMID- 26986114
TI  - Risk Factors for Development and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A
      Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis.
AB  - The risk factors influencing the natural course of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
      are complex and heterogeneous, and few systematic reviews to date have focused on
      this issue. The aim of the study is to identify the risk factors for disease
      development and progression in each stage of CKD. We conducted electronic
      literature searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library up to
      October 15, 2012, for observational studies evaluating the risk factors on the
      development or progression of CKD. Eligible studies should have collected
      repeated information that could evaluate changes in renal function. Extracted
      information from all the included studies was synthesized narratively. Quality
      assessments were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. An exploratory
      random-effects meta-analysis was performed where feasible to pool effect sizes
      across studies for a specific risk factor in a specific outcome. We identified 38
      cohort studies and 2 case-control studies from 40 articles, with a total of
      318,898 participants from 14 countries. The follow-up duration ranged from 1.5 to
      16 years. The majority of the included studies were of high quality. The baseline
      CKD stages of the included studies ranged from normal to later stages, and only
      19 studies could be classified into a specific range of CKD stages during follow
      up. Three risk factors from studies of the same baseline and follow-up CKD stages
      were eligible for the exploratory meta-analysis, including male sex, substantial
      proteinuria, and diabetes. The hazard ratios for the progression from CKD stages
      3-5 to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.17
      1.62), 1.64 (1.01-2.66), and 1.16 (0.98-1.38) for male sex, substantial
      proteinuria, and diabetes, respectively. In conclusion, our analyses
      comprehensively summarize the initiating and perpetuating factors for CKD. Male
      sex and substantial proteinuria are significant perpetuating factors for the
      progression from late stage CKD to ESRD, and diabetes may play a minor role for
      the outcome of ESRD among patients with later stages of CKD. 

PMID- 26986115
TI  - Multimodality Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Portal Vein Tumor
      Thrombus: A Large-Scale, Multicenter, Propensity Mathching Score Analysis.
AB  - The optimal treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor
      thrombus (PVTT) remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the best treatment
      for patients with HCC with PVTT. From January 2002 to January 2014, the data from
      all consecutive patients with HCC with PVTT who underwent surgical treatment
      (ST),TACE,TACE combined with sorafenib (TACE-Sor), or TACE combined with
      radiotherapy (TACE-RT) in the 4 largest tertiary hospitals in China were analyzed
      retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 subtypes according to the
      extent of PVTT in the portal vein (type I-III). The primary endpoint was overall
      survival (OS). A total of 1580 patients with HCC with PVTT were included in the
      study. The median survival times (MST) for ST (n = 745) for type I, II, and III
      patients (95% CI) were 15.9 (13.3-18.5), 12.5 (10.7-14.3), and 6.0 (4.3-7.7)
      months, respectively. The corresponding figures for patients after TACE (n = 604)
      were 9.3 (5.6-12.9), 4.9 (4.1-5.7), and 4.0 (3.1-4.9), respectively; for patients
      after TACE-Sor (n = 113) 12.0 (6.6-17.4), 8.9 (6.7-11.1), and 7.0 (3.0-10.9),
      respectively; and for patients after TACE-RT (n = 118) 12.2 (0-24.7), 10.6 (6.8
      14.5), and 8.9 (5.2-12.6), respectively. Comparison among the different
      treatments for the 3 subtypes of PVTT patients after propensity score (PS)
      matching showed the effectiveness of ST to be the best for type I and type II
      PVTT patients, and TACE-RT was most beneficial for type III patients. Treatment
      was an independent risk factor of OS. ST was the best treatment for type I and II
      PVTT patients with Child-Pugh A and selected B liver function. TACE-RT should be
      given to type III PVTT patients.

PMID- 26986116
TI  - Surgery for Patients With Spontaneous Deep Supratentorial Intracerebral
      Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Case-Control Study Using Propensity Score Matching.
AB  - Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is one of the most dangerous
      cerebrovascular diseases, especially when in deep brain. The treatment of
      spontaneous deep supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage is still controversial.
      We conducted a retrospective case-control study using propensity score matching
      to compare the efficacy of surgery and conservative treatment for patients with
      deep surpatentorial hemorrhage. We observed the outcomes of consecutive patients
      with spontaneous deep supratentorial hemorrhage retrospectively from December
      2008 to July 2013. Clinical outcomes of surgery and conservative treatments were
      compared in patients with deep sICH using propensity score matching method. The
      primary outcome was neurological function status at 6 months post ictus. The
      second outcomes included mortality at 30 days and 6 months, and the incidence of
      complications. Subgroup analyses of 6-month outcome were conducted. Sixty-three
      (22.66%) of the 278 patients who received surgery had a favorable neurological
      function status at 6 months, whereas in the conservative group, 66 of 278
      (23.74%) had the same result (P = 0.763). The 30-day mortality in the surgical
      group was 19.06%, whereas 30.58% in the conservative group (P = 0.002). There was
      significant difference in the mortality at 6 months after ictus as well (23.38%
      vs 36.33%, P = 0.001). The subgroup analyses showed significantly better outcomes
      for the surgical group when hematoma was >40 mL (13.33% vs 0%, P = 0.005) or
      complicated with intraventricular hemorrhage (16.67% vs 7.27%, P = 0.034). For
      complications, the risk of pulmonary infection, gastrointestinal hemorrhage,
      urinary infection, pulmonary embolus, and need for tracheostomy/long term
      ventilation in the surgical group was higher than the conservative group (31.29%
      vs 15.47%, P < 0.001; 6.83% vs 3.96%, P = 0.133; 2.88% vs 1.80%, P = 0.400; 1.80%
      vs 1.08%, P = 0.476; 32.73% vs 23.38%, P = 0.014). Surgery could reduce the short
      term mortality as well as long-term mortality in patients with spontaneous deep
      supratentorial hemorrhage. Moreover, surgery might improve the functional outcome
      in patients with large hematoma or with IVH compared with conservative treatment.
      Surgery might be a beneficial choice for part of the patients with spontaneous
      deep supratentorial hemorrhage, but further detailed research is still needed.

PMID- 26986118
TI  - Systolic Blood Pressure Variability is a Novel Risk Factor for Rebleeding in
      Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - Rebleeding of an aneurysm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Whereas numerous studies have demonstrated
      predictors of rebleeding and effect of systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV)
      on stroke, few data on the association between SBPV and rebleeding. Here, we
      sought to identify the effect of SBPV on rebleeding in acute aneurysmal SAH. Case
      control study. From January 2010 to June 2015, 612 patients with aneurysmal SAH
      were enrolled in our tertiary care medical center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Consecutive patients with acute (<3 days from ictus) aneurismal rebleeding or
      repair or death were retrospectively included. Antihypertensive therapy based on
      a predefined standardized protocol was prescribed to lower and maintain SBP
      between 120 and 160  mm Hg. SBP was measured hourly until a censoring event
      occurred. SBPV was determined as standard deviation (SD) and successive variation
      (SV). Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between SBPV
      and rebleeding. Rebleeding occurred in 61 (10.0%) of the 612 patients. We
      identified 47 acute rebleeding as cases and 382 early repair or early death as
      controls. On binary logistic regression analysis, rebleeding was associated with
      the SD of SBP (odds ratio [OR], 1.254; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.131-1.391;
      P < 0.001) and the SV of SBP (OR, 1.131; 95% CI, 1.039-1.231; P = 0.004). No
      significant difference was seen between rebleeding and mean systolic blood
      pressure (MSBP). SBPV is associated with increased rates of acute aneurysmal
      rebleeding. Further prospective research is warranted to confirm that SBP
      stability prevents acute aneurysm rebleeding.

PMID- 26986117
TI  - Observational Study of a French and Belgian Multicenter Cohort of 23 Patients
      Diagnosed in Adulthood With Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency.
AB  - The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and biological features of
      Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) in patients diagnosed in adulthood. This is a
      French and Belgian observational retrospective study from 2000 to 2014. To
      constitute the cohort, we cross-check the genetic and biochemical databases. The
      clinical, enzymatic, and genetic data were gathered from medical records. Twenty
      three patients were analyzed. The mean age at diagnosis was 40 years, with a mean
      age at onset of symptoms of 3 years. All symptomatic patients had fever. Febrile
      attacks were mostly associated with arthralgia (90.9%); lymphadenopathy,
      abdominal pain, and skin lesions (86.4%); pharyngitis (63.6%); cough (59.1%);
      diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly (50.0%). Seven patients had psychiatric symptoms
      (31.8%). One patient developed recurrent seizures. Three patients experienced
      renal involvement (13.6%). Two patients had angiomyolipoma (9.1%). All but one
      tested patients had elevated serum immunoglobulin (Ig) D level. Twenty-one
      patients had genetic diagnosis; most of them were compound heterozygote (76.2%).
      p.Val377Ile was the most prevalent mutation. Structural articular damages and
      systemic AA amyloidosis were the 2 most serious complications. More than 65% of
      patients displayed decrease in severity and frequency of attacks with increasing
      age, but only 35% achieved remission. MKD diagnosed in adulthood shared clinical
      and genetic features with classical pediatric disease. An elevated IgD
      concentration is a good marker for MKD in adults. Despite a decrease of severity
      and frequency of attacks with age, only one-third of patients achieved
      spontaneous remission.

PMID- 26986119
TI  - Epidural Cystic Spinal Meningioma: A Case Report.
AB  - Cystic spinal meningioma (CSM) is an uncommon meningioma variant. Extradural CSMs
      are particularly rare and difficult to distinguish from other intraaxial tumors.
      This study presents a case of a 36-year-old woman with intraspinal extradual CSM
      at the thoracolumbar spine. She experienced persistent weakness, progressive
      numbness, and sensory disturbance in the right lower limb. Magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of the patient revealed an irregular cystic mass at the thoracic 11
      to lumbar 3 levels dorsally. This case was misdiagnosed as other neoplasms prior
      to surgery because of the atypical radiographic features and location of the
      tumor. Extradural CSMs should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      intraspinal extradural cystic neoplasms. Complete removal of cystic wall provides
      an optimal outcome, rendering the lesion curable.

PMID- 26986120
TI  - What Do Stroke Patients Look for in Game-Based Rehabilitation: A Survey Study.
AB  - Stroke is one of the most common causes of physical disability, and early,
      intensive, and repetitive rehabilitation exercises are crucial to the recovery of
      stroke survivors. Unfortunately, research shows that only one third of stroke
      patients actually perform recommended exercises at home, because of the
      repetitive and mundane nature of conventional rehabilitation exercises. Thus, to
      motivate stroke survivors to engage in monotonous rehabilitation is a significant
      issue in the therapy process. Game-based rehabilitation systems have the
      potential to encourage patients continuing rehabilitation exercises at home.
      However, these systems are still rarely adopted at patients' places. Discovering
      and eliminating the obstacles in promoting game-based rehabilitation at home is
      therefore essential. For this purpose, we conducted a study to collect and
      analyze the opinions and expectations of stroke patients and clinical therapists.
      The study is composed of 2 parts: Rehab-preference survey - interviews to both
      patients and therapists to understand the current practices, challenges, and
      expectations on game-based rehabilitation systems; and Rehab-compatibility survey
      - a gaming experiment with therapists to elaborate what commercial games are
      compatible with rehabilitation. The study is conducted with 30 outpatients with
      stroke and 19 occupational therapists from 2 rehabilitation centers in Taiwan.
      Our surveys show that game-based rehabilitation systems can turn the
      rehabilitation exercises more appealing and provide personalized motivation for
      various stroke patients. Patients prefer to perform rehabilitation exercises with
      more diverse and fun games, and need cost-effective rehabilitation systems, which
      are often built on commodity hardware. Our study also sheds light on
      incorporating the existing design-for-fun games into rehabilitation system. We
      envision the results are helpful in developing a platform which enables rehab
      compatible (i.e., existing, appropriately selected) games to be operated on
      commodity hardware and brings cost-effective rehabilitation systems to more and
      more patients' home for long-term recovery.

PMID- 26986122
TI  - Beyond Volume: Hospital-Based Healthcare Technology for Better Outcomes in
      Cerebrovascular Surgical Patients Diagnosed With Ischemic Stroke: A Population
      Based Nationwide Cohort Study From 2002 to 2013.
AB  - We examined whether the level of hospital-based healthcare technology was related
      to the 30-day postoperative mortality rates, after adjusting for hospital volume,
      of ischemic stroke patients who underwent a cerebrovascular surgical procedure.
      Using the National Health Insurance Service-Cohort Sample Database, we reviewed
      records from 2002 to 2013 for data on patients with ischemic stroke who underwent
      cerebrovascular surgical procedures. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox
      proportional hazard models to test our hypothesis. A total of 798 subjects were
      included in our study. After adjusting for hospital volume of cerebrovascular
      surgical procedures as well as all for other potential confounders, the hazard
      ratio (HR) of 30-day mortality in low healthcare technology hospitals as compared
      to high healthcare technology hospitals was 2.583 (P < 0.001). We also found
      that, although the HR of 30-day mortality in low healthcare technology hospitals
      with high volume as compared to high healthcare technology hospitals with high
      volume was the highest (10.014, P < 0.0001), cerebrovascular surgical procedure
      patients treated in low healthcare technology hospitals had the highest 30-day
      mortality rate, irrespective of hospital volume. Although results of our study
      provide scientific evidence for a hospital volume/30-day mortality rate
      relationship in ischemic stroke patients who underwent cerebrovascular surgical
      procedures, our results also suggest that the level of hospital-based healthcare
      technology is associated with mortality rates independent of hospital volume.
      Given these results, further research into what components of hospital-based
      healthcare technology significantly impact mortality is warranted.

PMID- 26986121
TI  - Parental Use and Educational Campaigns on Sunbed Use Among Teenagers and
      Adolescents.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sunbed use among teenagers and the
      association between familial behavior and the adoption of UV-protective practices
      in this age group. We also assessed the impact of an educational program on
      students' knowledge about the potential risks of sunbed use. The educational
      intervention focused on: (i) skin effects of UV radiation, (ii) photoaging and
      photocarcinogenesis, (iii) risk factors for skin cancer, (iv) indoor sun tanning
      and misleading concepts such as possible protective effect of sunbed use on skin
      cancer risk, (v) sun protection and relation with skin phototype, and (vi) early
      diagnosis of melanoma using the ABCDE check list and the ugly duckling sign. We
      carried out a survey of 3098 students and found a strong association between
      parental sunbed use and students' use of the same (P < 0.0001). Students who
      attended the educational intervention were more aware that sunbed use cannot
      prevent sunburns (P = 0.03) than those who did not attend, making adjustments for
      confounding variables. However, sunbed use by parents influenced the desire to
      use a sunbed more than participation in the educational intervention (P <
      0.0001). In conclusion, although our results indicate that educational
      interventions can improve knowledge of the risk of sunbed use. They also reveal a
      strong correlation between sunbed use by teenagers and parental behavior that
      highlights the importance of educational interventions involving families. 

PMID- 26986124
TI  - Diagnostic Difficulties in a Pediatric Insulinoma: A Case Report.
AB  - Insulinomas are functional neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors rarely encountered in
      pediatric pathology. Insulinomas are usually solitary and sporadic, but may occur
      in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Whipple's triad
      hypoglycemia, simultaneous compatible adrenergic and/or neurological signs, and
      relief of symptoms upon the administration of glucose-remains the fundamental
      diagnostic tool. We report a case of insulinoma in an 11-year-old boy with
      malnutrition and mild psychic retardation. History revealed neuroglycopenic
      symptoms associated with hypoglycemia that returned to normal values after
      glucose intravenous infusion; before admission in our unit, the levels of
      circulating insulin, as well as the abdominal ultrasound and abdominal computed
      tomography scan, were reported within normal range. During hospitalization in our
      service, the glycemic curves showed recurring low values associated with low
      glycated hemoglobin, positive fasting test, and elevated C-peptide. The
      pancreatic ultrasound was inconclusive, but the magnetic resonance imaging
      revealed a high signal focal area with a diameter of 1 cm, located in the tail of
      pancreas. Conventional enucleation of the lesion prompted a spectacular
      normalization of glucose metabolism and the alleviation of the main clinical
      symptoms. The child had a favorable evolution in the clinical follow-up,
      presenting with weight gain and progressive remission to complete disappearance
      of most symptoms-except for the mental impairments. Although in our case
      Whipple's triad was apparent from the beginning, the diagnosis was delayed due to
      the failure of conventional imaging methods in locating the tumor. Weight loss
      and mental impairment contributed to the diagnosis pitfalls. Pediatricians should
      be aware of confusing and nonspecific symptoms, especially when children with
      insulinoma present mental or neurological retardation. Despite the existence of
      medical regimens, surgery remains the gold standard for the therapeutic approach
      to this condition.

PMID- 26986126
TI  - Preventable Adverse Events in Surgical Care in Sweden: A Nationwide Review of
      Patient Notes.
AB  - Adverse events (AEs) occur in health care and may result in harm to patients
      especially in the field of surgery. Our objective was to analyze AEs in surgical
      patient care from a nationwide perspective and to analyze the frequency of AEs
      that may be preventable. In total 19,141 randomly selected admissions in 63
      Swedish hospitals were reviewed each month during 2013 using a 2-stage record
      review method based on the identification of predefined triggers. The subgroup of
      3301 surgical admissions was analyzed. All AEs were categorized according to
      site, type, level of severity, and degree of preventability. We reviewed 3301
      patients' records and 507 (15.4%) were associated with AEs. A total of 62.5% of
      the AEs were considered probably preventable, over half contributed to prolonged
      hospital care or readmission, and 4.7% to permanent harm or death. Healthcare
      acquired infections composed of more than one third of AEs. The majority of the
      most serious AEs composed of healthcare acquired infections and surgical or other
      invasive AEs. The incidence of AEs was 13% in patients 18 to 64 years old and 17%
      in >=65 years. Pressure sores and drug-related AEs were more common in patients
      being >=65 years. Urinary retention and pressure sores showed the highest degree
      of preventability. Patients with probably preventable AEs had in median 7.1 days
      longer hospital stay. We conclude that AEs are common in surgical care and the
      majority are probably preventable.

PMID- 26986125
TI  - Protective Effect of Hand-Washing and Good Hygienic Habits Against Seasonal
      Influenza: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - Previous observational studies have reported protective effects of hand-washing
      in reducing upper respiratory infections, little is known about the associations
      between hand-washing and good hygienic habits and seasonal influenza infection.
      We conducted a case-control study to test whether the risk of influenza
      transmission associated with self-reported hand-washing and unhealthy hygienic
      habits among residents in Fujian Province, southeastern China.Laboratory
      confirmed seasonal influenza cases were consecutively included in the study as
      case-patients (n = 100). For each case, we selected 1 control person matched for
      age and city of residence. Telephone interview was used to collect information on
      hand-washing and hygienic habits. The associations were analyzed using
      conditional logistic regression. Compared with the poorest hand-washing score of
      0 to 3, odds ratios of influenza infection decreased progressively from 0.26 to
      0.029 as hand-washing score increased from 4 to the maximum of 9 (P < 0.001).
      Compared with the poorest hygienic habit score of 0 to 2, odds ratios of
      influenza infection decreased from 0.10 to 0.015 with improving score of hygienic
      habits (P < 0.001). Independent protective factors against influenza infection
      included good hygienic habits, higher hand-washing score, providing soap or hand
      cleaner beside the hand-washing basin, and receiving influenza vaccine. Regular
      hand-washing and good hygienic habits were associated with a reduced risk of
      influenza infection. These findings support the general recommendation for
      nonpharmaceutical interventions against influenza.

PMID- 26986123
TI  - A Laboratory Phenotype/Genotype Correlation of 1167 French Patients From 670
      Families With von Willebrand Disease: A New Epidemiologic Picture.
AB  - von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a genetic bleeding disease due to a defect of von
      Willebrand factor (VWF), a glycoprotein crucial for platelet adhesion to the
      subendothelium after vascular injury. VWD include quantitative defects of VWF,
      either partial (type 1 with VWF levels <50 IU/dL) or virtually total (type 3 with
      undetectable VWF levels) and also qualitative defects of VWF (type 2 variants
      with discrepant antigenic and functional VWF levels). The most bleeding forms of
      VWD usually do not concern type 1 patients with the mildest VWF defects (VWF
      levels between 30 and 50 IU/dL). The French reference center for VWD performed a
      laboratory phenotypic and genotypic analysis in 1167 VWD patients (670 families)
      selected by their basic biologic phenotype: type 3, type 2, and type 1 with VWF
      levels <30 IU/dL. In these patients indeed, to achieve an accurate diagnosis of
      VWD type and subtype is crucial for the management (treatment and genetic
      counseling). A phenotype/genotype correlation was present in 99.3% of cases; 323
      distinct VWF sequence variations (58% of novel) were identified (missense 67%
      versus truncating 33%). The distribution of VWD types was: 25% of type 1, 8% of
      type 3, 66% of type 2 (2A: 18%, 2B: 17%, 2M: 19%, 2N: 12%), and 1% of
      undetermined type. Type 1 VWD was related either to a defective
      synthesis/secretion or to an accelerated clearance of VWF. In type 3 VWD, bi
      allelic mutations of VWF were found in almost all patients. In type 2A, the most
      frequent mechanism was a hyper-proteolysis of VWF. Type 2B showed 85% of patients
      with deleterious mutations (distinct from type 2B New York). Type 2M was linked
      to a defective binding of VWF to platelet glycoprotein Ib or to collagen. Type 2N
      VWD included almost half type 2N/3. This biologic study emphasizes the complex
      mechanisms for both quantitative and qualitative VWF defects in VWD. In addition,
      this study provides a new epidemiologic picture of the most bleeding forms of VWD
      in which qualitative defects are predominant.

PMID- 26986127
TI  - High Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Levels Associated With Low Hemoglobin Levels in
      Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4.
AB  - In chronic kidney disease (CKD), decreased erythropoietin production, low serum
      active vitamin D levels, and high renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activities had
      been regarded as major causes of renal anemia. At present, no clinical data are
      available to elucidate the association between renal anemia and fibroblast growth
      factor 23 (FGF23) levels in CKD. This study aimed to access whether FGF23 is
      involved in the pathogenesis of renal anemia. This cross-sectional observational
      study included 53 stable outpatients with CKD stages 3 and 4. Our primary
      predictor was serum FGF23 levels and outcome was hemoglobin levels. Measurements
      contained hemoglobin, FGF23, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone,
      plasma renin, serum aldosterone, HbA1C levels, lipid and iron profiles, and serum
      and urine electrolytes. Mean age of our patients was 66.4 +/- 12.8 (SD) years,
      mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 33.5 +/- 13.9 mL/min/1.73 m, median
      FGF23 level 200 (25th-75th percentile, 124-303) pg/mL, vitamin D level 19.5 (25th
      75th percentile, 14.0-25.9) ng/mL, and hemoglobin level 12.7 (25th-75th
      percentile, 10.7-13.75) g/dL. Even after adjusting multiple variables, lower
      hemoglobin levels correlated significantly with FGF23 levels that were higher
      than the median value (>200 pg/mL). Moreover, after adjusting for aldosterone,
      but not 25-hydroxyvitamin D, it decreased the association with FGF23 that higher
      than median level and hemoglobin levels. We also observed a significant decrease
      of hemoglobin level in the higher FGF23 group who had a diabetes history. High
      FGF23 levels were observed to be associated with low hemoglobin levels, which may
      be partially mediated through the effects of serum aldosterone levels in our
      patients with CKD stages 3 and 4. Furthermore, we also presumed that diabetes
      itself may have an impact on the loop among FGF23, hemoglobin, and aldosterone
      levels in these CKD patients.

PMID- 26986129
TI  - Treatments for the Fifth Metacarpal Neck Fractures: A Network Meta-analysis of
      Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - The fifth metacarpal neck fractures (commonly termed boxer's fractures) are the
      most common type of metacarpal fractures. Many types of treatments are available
      in clinical practice, some of which have already been compared with other
      treatments by various researchers. However, a comprehensive treatment comparison
      is lacking. We estimated the comparative efficacy of different interventions for
      total complications, through a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled
      trials. We conducted a systematic search of the literature through October 2015.
      The outcome measurements were the total complications. We used a Bayesian network
      meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence and to estimate the
      relative effects of treatment. We identified 6 RCTs registering a total of 288
      patients who were eligible for our network meta-analysis. The literature's
      quality is relatively high. The median Structured Effectiveness for Quality
      Evaluation of Study score for the included trials was 33.8. The overall
      methodological quality was high. Of the 6 studies, all were 2-arm controlled
      trials comparing active intervention. Among the 4 treatments--conservative
      treatment (CT), antegrade intramedullary nailing (AIMN), transverse pinning (TP)
      with K-wires, and plate fixation (PF)--CT had the best rankings (ie, lowest risk
      of total complications), followed by PF, AIMN, and TP (ie, highest risk of total
      complications). Furthermore, we also presented the results using surface under
      the cumulative ranking curve. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve
      probabilities were 94.1%, 52.9%, 37.3%, and 15.7% for CT, PF, AIMN, and TP,
      respectively. In conclusion, current evidence suggested that conservative
      treatment is the optimum treatment for the fifth metacarpal neck fractures
      because of reduced total complication rates. Moreover, the TP with K-wires is the
      worst option with highly total complication rates. PF and AIMN therapy should be
      considered as the first-line choices. Larger and higher-quality randomized
      controlled trials are required to confirm these conclusions and better inform
      clinical decision-making.

PMID- 26986128
TI  - Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression Among Foreign-Born HIV-Infected
      Persons Receiving Medical Care in the United States: A Complex Sample, Cross
      Sectional Survey.
AB  - Immigrants to the United States are more likely to be diagnosed with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection compared with native-born persons.
      Navigating access to healthcare in the United States can be challenging for
      foreign-born persons, and HIV treatment outcomes may be suboptimal for these
      persons. We compared characteristics of and assessed disparities in clinical
      outcomes of foreign-born persons in care for HIV in the United States. The
      Medical Monitoring Project is a complex sample, cross-sectional survey designed
      to be nationally representative of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in
      the United States. Using data from 2009, 2010, and 2011, we conducted descriptive
      analyses and multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between
      foreign-born status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription, and between
      foreign-born status and viral suppression. In all, 13.4% of HIV-infected persons
      were self-identified as foreign-born; the most common regions of birth were
      Central America and Mexico (45.4%) and the Caribbean (16.0%). Nearly 90% of
      foreign-born persons were diagnosed with HIV after entry into the United States.
      Compared with US-born persons, foreign-born persons were more likely to be
      younger, Hispanic, less educated, and uninsured. The prevalence of ART
      prescription (prevalence ratio 1.00; 95% confidence interval 0.98-1.02) was not
      significantly different between foreign-born and US-born persons. A higher
      percentage of foreign-born persons achieved viral suppression compared with US
      born persons (prevalence ratio 1.05; 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.09). No major
      disparities in ART prescription and viral suppression were found between foreign
      born and US-born HIV-infected persons receiving medical care, despite higher
      percentages being uninsured.

PMID- 26986130
TI  - Comparative Effectiveness of Biologic Therapy Regimens for Ankylosing
      Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and a Network Meta-Analysis.
AB  - To establish the comparative effectiveness of all available biologic therapy
      regimens for ankylosing spondylitis, we performed a systematic review and a
      Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Medline,
      Embase, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from the inception
      of each database to June 2015. Systematic review and network meta-analysis was
      reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and
      Meta-Analyses Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews
      Incorporating Network Meta-analyses. The primary outcome was 20% improvement of
      Assessments in SpondyloArthritis International Society Response Criteria (ASAS20)
      at Week 12 or 14; secondary outcomes were ASAS40, ASAS5/6, ASAS partial remission
      and 50% improvement in baseline Bath ankylosing spondylitis (AS) disease activity
      index. We reported relative risks and 95% confidence intervals from direct meta
      analysis and 95% credible intervals from Bayesian network meta-analysis, and
      ranked the treatment for outcomes. We also used Grading of Recommendations
      Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria to appraise quality of evidence.
      Fourteen RCTs comprising 2672 active AS patients were included in the network
      meta-analysis. Most biologic therapy regimens were more effective than placebo
      regarding all the outcomes assessed, except for secukinumab and tocilizumab. No
      differences between biologic therapies in the treatment of AS could be found,
      except for the finding that infliximab 5 mg was superior to tocilizumab.
      Infliximab 5 mg/kg had the highest probability of being ranked the best for
      achieving ASAS20, whereas notably, secukinumab had the highest probability of
      being ranked the second best. Our study suggests that no differences between
      biologic therapies in the treatment of AS could be found except that infliximab 5
      mg was superior to tocilizumab. Infliximab 5 mg/kg seems to be the better
      biologic therapy regimen for AS. Secukinumab appears promising, though additional
      data is warranted. Nevertheless, these interpretations should be accepted very
      cautiously.

PMID- 26986131
TI  - Human Cytokine Genetic Variants Associated With HBsAg Reverse Seroconversion in
      Rituximab-Treated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation has been noted in HBV surface antigen
      (HBsAg)-seronegative patients with CD20 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
      undergoing rituximab treatment. Clinically, hepatitis flares are usually
      associated with the reappearance of HBsAg (reverse seroconversion of HBsAg, HBV
      RS). It is unclear whether human genetic factors are related to rituximab
      associated HBV reactivation. Unvaccinated HBsAg-seronegative adults (n = 104)
      with CD20 NHL who had received rituximab-containing therapy without anti-HBV
      prophylaxis were enrolled. Eighty-nine candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs) of 49 human cytokine genes were chosen and were analyzed using the iPLEX
      technique. Competing risk regression was used to identify the factors associated
      with HBV-RS. Participants had a median age of 66.1 years and 56.7% were male (n =
      59). The anti-HBs and anti-HBc positivity rates were 82.4% and 94.1%,
      respectively, among patients for whom data were available (approximately 81%). A
      mean of 7.14 cycles of rituximab therapy were administered, and a total of 14
      (13.4%) patients developed HBV-RS. Nine SNPs showed significant differences in
      frequency between patients with or without HBV-RS: CD40 rs1883832, IL4 rs2243248
      and rs2243263, IL13 rs1295686, IL18 rs243908, IL20 rs1518108, and TNFSF13B
      rs12428930 and rs12583006. Multivariate analysis showed that >=6 cycles of
      rituximab therapy, IL18 rs243908, and the IL4 haplotype rs2243248~rs2243263 were
      independently associated with HBV-RS. The IL4 haplotype rs2243248~rs2243263 was
      significantly associated with HBV-RS regardless of anti-HBs status. Polymorphisms
      in human cytokine genes impact the risk of rituximab-associated HBV-RS.

PMID- 26986132
TI  - Nonapnea Sleep Disorders and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury: A Nationwide
      Population-Based Study.
AB  - Nonapnea sleep disorders (NASDs) and associated problems, which are highly
      prevalent in patients with kidney diseases, are associated with unfavorable
      medical sequelae. Nonetheless, whether NASDs are associated with acute kidney
      injury (AKI) development has not been thoroughly analyzed. We examined the
      association between NASD and AKI. We conducted a population-based study by using
      1,000,000 representative data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research
      Database for the period from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2010. We studied
      the incidence and risk of AKI in 9178 newly diagnosed NASD patients compared with
      27,534 people without NASD matched according to age, sex, index year,
      urbanization level, region of residence, and monthly income at a 1:3 ratio. The
      NASD cohort had an adjusted hazard ratio (hazard ratio [HR]; 95% confidence
      interval [CI] = 1.15-2.63) of subsequent AKI 1.74-fold higher than that of the
      control cohort. Older age and type 2 diabetes mellitus were significantly
      associated with an increased risk of AKI (P < 0.05). Among different types of
      NASDs, patients with insomnia had a 120% increased risk of developing AKI (95% CI
      = 1.38-3.51; P = 0.001), whereas patients with other sleep disorders had a 127%
      increased risk of subsequent AKI (95% CI = 1.07-4.80; P = 0.033). Men with NASDs
      were at a high risk of AKI (P < 0.05). This nationwide population-based cohort
      study provides evidence that patients with NASDs are at higher risk of developing
      AKI than people without NASDs.

PMID- 26986133
TI  - Primary Intraosseous Cavernous Hemangioma in the Skull.
AB  - Primary intraosseous cavernous hemangiomas (PICHs) are benign vascular tumors
      that may involve any part of the body. PICH occurs more frequently in the spine
      and less commonly in skull. The earliest description in the English literature
      was in 1845 by Toynbee, who reported a vascular tumor arising in the confines of
      the parietal bone. Skull PICHs do not always have typical radiologic features and
      should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of malignant skull
      lesions. We now reviewed and analyzed related literatures in detail with
      reporting a rare case of PICH in the left front bone that was surgically
      resected. 

PMID- 26986134
TI  - Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Treatment for High-Grade Spondylolisthesis in
      Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - The optimal management of high-grade spondylolisthesis in children and adolescent
      is controversial. There is a paucity of literature regarding operatively or
      nonoperative management in this setting. To assessment of the current state of
      evidence regarding high-grade spondylolisthesis treatment with the goal of
      obtaining outcome comparisons in these patients managed either operatively or
      nonoperatively. We performed a systematic literature search up to November 2014,
      using Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library. The analysis and eligibility
      criteria were documented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for
      Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-guidelines) and Cochrane Back Review
      Group editorial board. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (NOS
      scale) to assess the quality. Five observational studies were considered eligible
      for analysis based on the evaluation of 1596 identified papers. The mean overall
      difference in the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire 22 between the
      surgical and nonsurgical groups was not statistically significant (95% CI: -0.17
      to 0.21, P = 0.84). The pooled mean difference in progression of slip between the
      surgical and nonsurgical groups was no significant difference (OR: 0.47, 95% CI:
      0.12-1.81, P = 0.27, I = 0%). Because of the preponderance of uncontrolled case
      series, low-quality evidence indicates that the quality of life and progression
      of slips was no significant difference between surgery and nonoperation group.
      Nonoperative patients had no radiologic progression of their slip during the
      follow-up period.

PMID- 26986135
TI  - Elevated Serum Leptin Levels are Associated With an Increased Risk of Sentinel
      Lymph Node Metastasis in Cutaneous Melanoma.
AB  - The metabolic hormone leptin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various
      malignancies and may contribute to the high rate of cancer in obese individuals.
      We reported that leptin and its receptor are expressed by melanoma tumors and
      cell lines, and that leptin stimulates proliferation of cultured melanoma cells.
      Here, we tested the hypothesis that leptin contributes to early melanoma
      progression by assessing its association with sentinel node positivity in
      cutaneous melanoma patients. The study enrolled 72 patients who were scheduled to
      undergo lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. Fasting blood was obtained
      before surgery, and serum leptin levels were measured by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a "raw" (assay value) and an "adjusted" value
      (raw value divided by body mass index). Leptin levels and other clinicopathologic
      parameters were compared between sentinel node positive and negative groups.
      Logistic regression models were used to predict sentinel node status using leptin
      and other relevant clinical parameters. The raw and adjusted leptin levels were
      significantly higher in the 15 patients with positive sentinel nodes. These
      findings could not be attributed to differences in body mass indices. Univariate
      models revealed raw leptin, adjusted leptin, Breslow thickness, and mitotic rate
      as significant predictors of sentinel node status. Leptin levels and Breslow
      thickness remained significant in multivariate models. Survival and follow-up
      analysis revealed more aggressive disease in diabetic patients. Elevated serum
      leptin levels predict sentinel node metastasis in melanoma. Validation of this
      finding in larger cohorts should enable better stratification of early stage
      melanoma patients.

PMID- 26986136
TI  - The Association Between Genetic Variants in the Dopaminergic System and
      Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder and can
      severely interfere with the normal life of the affected people. Previous studies
      have examined the association of PTSD with genetic variants in multiple
      dopaminergic genes with inconsistent results. To perform a systematic literature
      search and conduct meta-analysis to examine whether genetic variants in the
      dopaminergic system is associated with PTSD. Data Sources: PubMed, Cochrane
      Library, Embase, Google Scholar, and HuGE. Study eligibility criteria and
      participants: The studies included subjects who had been screened for the
      presence of PTSD; the studies provided data for genetic variants of genes
      involved in the dopaminergic system; the outcomes of interest included diagnosis
      status of PTSD; and the studies were case-control studies. Study appraisal and
      synthesis methods: Odds ratio was used as a measure of association. We used
      random-effects model in all the meta-analyses. Between-study heterogeneity was
      assessed using I2, and publication bias was evaluated using Egger test. Findings
      from meta-analyses were confirmed using random-effects meta-analyses under the
      framework of generalized linear model (GLM). A total of 19 studies met the
      eligibility criteria and were included in our analyses. We found that rs1800497
      in DRD2 was significantly associated with PTSD (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.15-3.33; P =
      0.014). The 3'-UTR variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in SLC6A3 also showed
      significant association with PTSD (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12-2.35; P = 0.010), but
      there was no association of rs4680 in COMT with PTSD (P = 0.595). Sample size is
      limited for some studies; type and severity of traumatic events varied across
      studies; we could not control for potential confounding factors, such as age at
      traumatic events and gender; and we could not examine gene-environment
      interaction due to lack of data. We found that rs1800497 in DRD2 and the VNTR in
      SLC6A3 showed significant association with PTSD. Future studies controlling for
      confounding factors, with large sample sizes and more homogeneous traumatic
      exposure, are needed to validate the findings from this study.

PMID- 26986137
TI  - Chinese Herbal Products for Female Infertility in Taiwan: A Population-Based
      Cohort Study.
AB  - Female infertility and low birth rate are significant public health issues with
      profound social, psychological, and economic consequences. Some infertile women
      resort to conventional, complementary, or alternative therapies to conceive. The
      aim of this study was to identify the Chinese herbal products (CHPs) most
      commonly used for female infertility in Taiwan. The usage of traditional Chinese
      medicine (TCM) and the frequency of CHP prescriptions to infertile women were
      determined based on a nationwide 1-million randomly sampled cohort of National
      Health Insurance Research Database beneficiaries. Descriptive statistics and
      multiple logistic regression analysis were employed to estimate the adjusted odds
      ratio (aOR) for TCM usage and potential risk factors. In total, 8766 women with
      newly diagnosed infertility were included in this study. Of those, 8430 (96.17%)
      had sought TCM treatment in addition to visiting the gynecologist. We noted that
      female infertility patients with risk factors (e.g., endometriosis, uterine
      fibroids, or irregular menstrual cycle) were more likely to use TCM than those
      without TCM medication (aOR = 1.83, 1.87, and 1.79, respectively). The most
      commonly used formula and single CHP were Dang-Gui-Sha-Yao-San (17.25%) and Semen
      Cuscutae (27.40%), respectively. CHP formula combinations (e.g., Dang-Gui-Sha-Yao
      San plus Wen-Jing-Tang 3.10%) or single Chinese herbal combinations (e.g., Semen
      Cuscutae plus Leonurus japonicus 6.31%) were also commonly used to treat female
      infertility. Further well-conducted, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled
      studies will be needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these CHP
      combinations for female infertility.

PMID- 26986139
TI  - Infectious Complications and Morbidities After Neonatal Bloodstream Infections:
      An Observational Cohort Study.
AB  - Few data are available on the clinical characteristics of complications and
      morbidities after neonatal bloodstream infections (BSIs), understood as any newly
      infectious focus or organ dysfunction directly related to BSIs but not occur
      concurrently. However, these bloodstream-associated infectious complications
      (BSICs) contribute significantly to increased hospital stay, cost, and final
      mortality. We performed an observational cohort study of unselected neonatal
      intensive care unit (NICU) patients based on records in a large clinical
      database. All neonates hospitalized in our NICU with BSI between 2006 and 2013
      were reviewed, and those who developed BSICs were analyzed to identify the
      clinical characteristics and outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression was used
      to identify independent risk factors for BSICs. Of 975 episodes of neonatal BSI,
      101 (10.4%) BSICs occurred in 93 neonates with a median interval of 3 days
      (range, 0-17 days) after onset of BSI and included newly infectious focuses in 40
      episodes (39.6%), major organ dysfunctions after septic shock in 36 episodes
      (35.6%), and neurological complications after meningitis or septic shock in 34
      episodes (33.7%). All patients with BSICs encountered various morbidities, which
      subsequently resulted in in-hospital death in 30 (32.3%) neonates, critical
      discharge in 4 (4.3%), and persistent sequelae in 17 (18.3%). After multivariate
      logistic regression analysis, independent risk factors for BSICs included initial
      inappropriate antibiotics (odds ratio [OR], 5.54; 95% confidence interval [CI],
      3.40-9.01), BSI with septic shock (OR, 5.75; 95% CI, 3.51-9.40), and BSI
      concurrent with meningitis (OR, 9.20; 95% CI, 4.33-19.56). It is worth noting
      that a percentage of neonates with BSI encountered subsequent sequelae or died of
      infections complications, which were significantly associated with initial
      inappropriate antibiotic therapy, septic shock, and the occurrence of meningitis.
      Further investigation is warranted to decrease the occurrence of BSICs due to
      their significant contribution toward final mortality.

PMID- 26986138
TI  - Pre-transplant Evaluation of Donor Urinary Biomarkers can Predict Reduced Graft
      Function After Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation.
AB  - Several recipient biomarkers are reported to predict graft dysfunction, but these
      are not useful in decision making for the acceptance or allocation of deceased
      donor kidneys; thus, it is necessary to develop donor biomarkers predictive of
      graft dysfunction. To address this issue, we prospectively enrolled 94 deceased
      donors and their 109 recipients who underwent transplantation between 2010 and
      2013 at 4 Korean transplantation centers. We investigated the predictive values
      of donor urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury
      molecule-1 (KIM-1), and L-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) for reduced
      graft function (RGF). We also developed a prediction model of RGF using these
      donor biomarkers. RGF was defined as delayed or slow graft function. Multiple
      logistic regression analysis was used to generate a prediction model, which was
      internally validated using a bootstrapping method. Multiple linear regression
      analysis was used to assess the association of biomarkers with 1-year graft
      function. Notably, donor urinary NGAL levels were associated with donor AKI (P =
      0.014), and donor urinary NGAL and L-FABP were predictive for RGF, with area
      under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of 0.758 and 0.704 for
      NGAL and L-FABP, respectively. The best-fit model including donor urinary NGAL, L
      FABP, and serum creatinine conveyed a better predictive value for RGF than donor
      serum creatinine alone (P = 0.02). In addition, we generated a scoring method to
      predict RGF based on donor urinary NGAL, L-FABP, and serum creatinine levels.
      Diagnostic performance of the RGF prediction score (AUROC 0.808) was
      significantly better than that of the DGF calculator (AUROC 0.627) and the kidney
      donor profile index (AUROC 0.606). Donor urinary L-FABP levels were also
      predictive of 1-year graft function (P = 0.005). Collectively, these findings
      suggest donor urinary NGAL and L-FABP to be useful biomarkers for RGF, and
      support the use of a new scoring system based on donor biomarkers to facilitate
      decision-making in acceptance and allocation of deceased donor kidneys and
      contribute to maximal organ utilization. 

PMID- 26986140
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Procalcitonin in Bacterial Meningitis Versus Nonbacterial
      Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Several studies have investigated the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin (PCT)
      levels in blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in bacterial meningitis (BM), but
      the results were heterogeneous. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the
      diagnostic accuracy of PCT as a marker for BM detection. A systematic search of
      the EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases was performed to
      identify studies published before December 7, 2015 investigating the diagnostic
      accuracy of PCT for BM. The quality of the eligible studies was assessed using
      the revised Quality Assessment for Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy method. The
      overall diagnostic accuracy of PCT detection in CSF or blood was pooled using the
      bivariate model. Twenty-two studies involving 2058 subjects were included in this
      systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall specificities and sensitivities
      were 0.86 and 0.80 for CSF PCT, and 0.97 and 0.95 for blood PCT, respectively.
      Areas under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.90 and
      0.98 for CSF PCT and blood PCT, respectively. The major limitation of this
      systematic review and meta-analysis was the small number of studies included and
      the heterogeneous diagnostic thresholds adopted by eligible studies. Our meta
      analysis shows that PCT is a useful biomarker for BM diagnosis.

PMID- 26986141
TI  - Impact of Obliterative Portal Venopathy Associated With Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus.
AB  - HIV-associated obstructive portopathy (HIVOP) is an obstruction of the hepatic
      microvasculature of unknown origin. The purpose of this study was to describe the
      clinical and paraclinical presentation of the disease and its impact in terms of
      morbidity. Twenty-nine HIV1-infected patients (average 12 years of infection,
      nadir of CD4 210/mm, including 7 patients with a history of opportunistic
      infection) with a biopsy-proven or likely HIVOP have been followed up for an
      average of 6.1 years. Modes of revelation of the HIVOP were: cytolysis and/or
      cholestasis (60%), occult (14%) or symptomatic (37%) portal hypertension
      (esophageal varices 17%, ascites 10%, cytopenia 10%), or fortuitous (8%).
      Hypoalbuminemia (<=35 g/L) was present in (31%), thrombocytopenia (<150,000
      platelets) in 52% and prothrombin rate <70% in 10%. Esophageal varices were
      detected in 71%. Thrombophilia was present in 23 patients (80%): in head, protein
      S deficiency (87%). MRI showed in 82% at least 1 morphological abnormality. The
      average value of the liver stiffness by Fibroscan was 8.3 kPa. During follow-up,
      there was no radiological improvement, 15 (52%) patients presented with variceal
      hemorrhage, 10 patients (34%) ascites, 10 (34%) portal vein thrombosis, 7 (24%)
      an iron deficiency, and 2 (7%) with a protein-losing enteropathy, including 14
      patients (48%) with several events. Four patients (14%) were transplanted, 1
      (25%) recurred the HIVOP on the graft, and 1 patient is waiting for a transplant.
      HIVOP is a severe disease associated with high morbidity related to symptomatic
      portal hypertension, which occurred in 50% and required liver transplantation in
      14%.

PMID- 26986142
TI  - Chemokine-Like Factor 1 (CKLF-1) is Overexpressed in Keloid Patients: A Potential
      Indicating Factor for Keloid-Predisposed Individuals.
AB  - Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF-1) is a novel cytokine which have a crucial role in
      immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, the expression level of CKLF-1
      was measured to assess the difference between keloid patients and people without
      keloid. Fifty samples were taken from 30 patients: 10 keloid patients; 10 scar
      patients; and 10 patients without obvious scarring. Patients were randomly
      selected from the hospitalized patients of Peking Union Medical College Hospital
      from September 2013 to July 2015. Five groups of samples were established: keloid
      samples from keloid patients (K); normal skin samples from keloid patients (KS);
      scar samples from scar patients (C); normal skin samples from scar patients (CS);
      and normal skin samples from patients without obvious scarring (S). Hematoxylin
      and eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe morphological changes. CKLF-1, IL-6,
      IL-8, IL-18, and TGF-beta were detected by immunohistochemical and western blot
      technology. The expression of CKLF-1's mRNA was also measured by the real-time
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Compared to the K group, the
      other 4 groups presented significantly less inflammatory infiltration and lower
      expression levels of CKLF-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TGF-beta. Among the 3 normal
      skin groups, the expression level of CKLF-1 was significantly higher in the KS
      group than in the CS or S group. The mRNA expression was also obvious in the K
      and KS groups. CKLF-1 and other inflammatory factors were overexpressed in the
      samples from keloid patients, indicating that the formation of keloid may be
      related to inflammation and that CKLF-1 may play an important role in this
      process.

PMID- 26986143
TI  - Reproducibility of Kidney Perfusion Measurements With Arterial Spin Labeling at
      1.5 Tesla MRI Combined With Semiautomatic Segmentation for Differential Cortical
      and Medullary Assessment.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging with arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive
      approach to measure organ perfusion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      the reproducibility of ASL kidney perfusion measurements with semiautomatic
      segmentation, which allows separate quantification of cortical and medullary
      perfusion. The right kidneys of 14 healthy volunteers were examined 6 times on 2
      occasions (3 times at each occasion). There was a 10-minute pause between each
      examination and a 14-day interval between the 2 occasions. Cortical, medullary,
      and whole kidney parenchymal perfusion was determined with customized
      semiautomatic segmentation software. Coefficient of variances (CVs) and
      intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated. Mean whole, cortical, and
      medullary kidney perfusion was 307.26 +/- 25.65, 337.10 +/- 34.83, and 279.61 +/-
      26.73 mL/min/100 g, respectively. On session 1, mean perfusion for the whole
      kidney, cortex, and medulla was 307.08 +/- 26.91, 336.79 +/- 36.54, and 279.60 +/
      27.81 mL/min/100 g, respectively, and on session 2, 307.45 +/- 24.65, 337.41 +/-
      33.48, and 279.61 +/- 25.94 mL/min/100 g, respectively (P > 0.05; R2 =
      0.60/0.59/0.54). For whole, cortical, and medullary kidney perfusion, the total
      ICC/CV were 0.97/3.43 +/- 0.86%, 0.97/4.19 +/- 1.33%, and 0.96/4.12 +/- 1.36%,
      respectively. Measurements did not differ significantly and showed a very good
      correlation (P > 0.05; R2 = 0.75/0.76/0.65). ASL kidney measurements combined
      with operator-independent semiautomatic segmentation revealed high correlation
      and low variance of cortical, medullary, and whole kidney perfusion.

PMID- 26986144
TI  - Association Between Autonomic Impairment and Structural Deficit in Parkinson
      Disease.
AB  - Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) have impaired autonomic function and altered
      brain structure. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of gray matter
      volume (GMV) determined by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to autonomic impairment
      in patients with PD. Whole-brain VBM analysis was performed on 3-dimensional T1
      weighted images in 23 patients with PD and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy
      volunteers. The relationship of cardiovascular autonomic function (determined by
      survey) to baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) (determined from changes in heart rate
      and blood pressure during the early phase II of the Valsalva maneuver) was tested
      using least-squares regression analysis. The differences in GMV, autonomic
      parameters, and clinical data were correlated after adjusting for age and sex.
      Compared with controls, patients with PD had low BRS, suggesting worse
      cardiovascular autonomic function, and smaller GMV in several brain locations,
      including the right amygdala, left hippocampal formation, bilateral insular
      cortex, bilateral caudate nucleus, bilateral cerebellum, right fusiform, and left
      middle frontal gyri. The decreased GMVs of the selected brain regions were also
      associated with increased presence of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the
      circulation. In patients with PD, decrease in cardiovascular autonomic function
      and increase in circulating EPC level are associated with smaller GMV in several
      areas of the brain. Because of its possible role in the modulation of the
      circulatory EPC pool and baroreflex control, the left hippocampal formation may
      be a bio-target for disease-modifying therapy and treatment monitoring in PD.

PMID- 26986145
TI  - Association of the Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) Polymorphism With
      Diabetic Nephropathy Risk: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - It is assumed that genetic factors may participate in the development of diabetic
      nephropathy (DN). The association between TCF7L2 gene polymorphism and DN risk is
      still unclear. To evaluate the relationship, we performed this meta-analysis.
      Eligible relevant studies were searched and selected from PubMed, Embase, and ISI
      Web of Science. Summary effect estimates were derived using a random effects
      model, with attention to study quality and publication bias. Ethnical approval
      was not necessary, because this meta-analysis was based on published articles,
      and did not involve patient consent. A total of 7 studies were identified.
      Analysis of all studies indicated significant association between TCF7L2 gene
      polymorphism and DN risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) =
      1.10-1.56, Pheterogeneity < 0.00001, P = 0.002). Subgroup analysis showed similar
      results in Asian (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.10-1.62, Pheterogeneity = 0.03, P =
      0.004), in Caucasian (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.78-2.90, Pheterogeneity = 0.17, P <
      0.00001), in rs7903146 mutation (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.25-2.07, Pheterogeneity <
      0.00001, P = 0.0002), However, no association was observed in Negroid (OR = 1.10,
      95% CI = 0.90-1.35, Pheterogeneity < 00001, P = 0.36). Our results suggest that
      TCF7L2 gene polymorphism may contribute to the risk of DN. However, more studies
      should be launched in the future.

PMID- 26986146
TI  - Duodenal Adenocarcinoma Metastatic to the Breast: A Case Report.
AB  - Duodenal adenocarcinoma, a very rare malignant gastrointestinal tumor, mainly
      metastasizes via the lymphatic system. Metastases from duodenal adenocarcinomas
      to the breast are very uncommon. A 31-year-old woman presented at our department
      with a left breast tumor. She had a past medical history of duodenal
      adenocarcinoma. Physical examination on admission confirmed a 2.5-cm-diameter
      tumor in the outer lower quadrant of the left breast. Computed tomography (CT)
      examination showed a soft lesion with tissue-like density and enlarged axillary
      lymph nodes. Local excision was performed to remove the breast lesion. The
      findings of cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemistry examination indicated
      a breast metastasis from the previous duodenal adenocarcinoma. The patient was
      treated with palliative chemotherapy. Metastases from duodenal adenocarcinoma to
      the breast are rare. The diagnosis depends on medical history, imaging, and
      pathologic examination including immunohistochemistry. An accurate diagnosis is
      important to avoid unnecessary surgery.

PMID- 26986147
TI  - Clinical Significance of HLA-DQ Antibodies in the Development of Chronic Antibody
      Mediated Rejection and Allograft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients.
AB  - With the development of the single antigen beads assay, the role of donor
      specific alloantibody (DSA) against human leukocyte antigens in kidney
      transplantation (KT) has been highlighted. This study aimed to investigate the
      clinical significance of DQ-DSA detected at renal allograft biopsy. We evaluated
      263 KT recipients who underwent allograft biopsy and DSA detection at the same
      time. Among them, 155 patients who were nonsensitized before transplantation were
      selected to investigate the role of de-novo DQ-DSA. Both the total and
      nonsensitized subgroup was categorized into 4 groups each according to DSA
      results as: DQ only, DQ + non-DQ, non-DQ, and no DSA. In the total patient group,
      post-KT DSA was positive in 79 (30.0%) patients and DQ-DSA was most prevalent
      (64.6%). In the nonsensitized subgroup, de-novo DSAs were detected in 45 (29.0%)
      patients and DQ-DSA was also most prevalent (73.3%). The DQ only group showed a
      significantly longer post-KT duration compared to the other groups (P < 0.05).
      The overall incidence of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) was 17.9%. B-DSA, DR
      DSA, and DQ-DSA were associated with AMR (P < 0.05), but in the analysis for
      chronic AMR, only DQ-DSA showed significance in both the total and the
      nonsensitized subgroup (P < 0.05). On comparison of Banff scores among groups,
      those representing humoral immunity were significantly dominant in all DSA
      positive groups compared to the no DSA group (P < 0.05), and higher scores of
      markers representing chronic tissue injury were more frequently detected in the
      groups with DQ-DSA. The worst postbiopsy survival was seen in the DQ + non-DQ
      group of the total patient group, and patients with de-novo DQ-DSA showed poorer
      graft survival in the nonsensitized subgroup compared to the no DSA group (P <
      0.05). In the multivariate analysis, de-novo DQ-DSA was the only significant risk
      factor associated with late allograft failure (P < 0.05). Our study is the first
      to demonstrate the association of DQ-DSA with detailed histological findings
      representing chronic AMR. These findings suggest that the detection of DQ-DSA in
      nonsensitized patients is significantly associated with the development of
      chronic AMR and late allograft failure. Therefore monitoring of DQ-DSA not only
      in sensitized patients, but also nonsensitized patients may be necessary to
      improve long-term allograft outcomes. 

PMID- 26986148
TI  - Systematic Review of Acupuncture for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain
      Syndrome.
AB  - Acupuncture is a promising therapy for relieving symptoms in chronic
      prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), which affects >15% of adult
      men worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess the effects and safety of the
      use of acupuncture for CP/CPPS. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, CBM,
      CNKI, Wang-Fang Database, JCRM, and CiNii were searched from their inception
      through 30 November 2015. Grey literature databases and websites were also
      searched. No language limits were applied. Only randomized controlled trials
      (RCTs) with CP/CPPS treated by acupuncture were included. Two reviewers extracted
      data and assessed the risk of bias of RCTs using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools,
      respectively. Seven trials were included, involving 471 participants. The result
      of meta-analysis indicated that compared with sham acupuncture (MD: -6.09 [95%CI:
      -8.12 to -5.68]) and medicine (Levofloxacinand, Ibuprofen, and Tamsulosin) (MD: 
      4.57 [95%CI: -7.58 to -1.56]), acupuncture was more effective at decreasing the
      total NIH-CPSI score. Real acupuncture was superior to sham acupuncture in
      improving symptoms (pain, voiding) and quality of life (Qof) domain subscores.
      Compared to sham acupuncture and medicine, acupuncture appears to be more
      effective at improving the global assessment. Two trials found that there is no
      significant difference between acupuncture and sham acupuncture in decreasing the
      IPSS score. Acupuncture failed to show more favorable effects in improving both
      symptoms and the Qof domain compared with medicine. Overall, current evidence
      supports acupuncture as an effective treatment for CP/CPPS-induced symptoms,
      particularly in relieving pain. Based on the meta-analysis, acupuncture is
      superior to sham acupuncture in improving symptoms and Qof. Acupuncture might be
      similar to medicine (Levofloxacinand, Ibuprofen, and Tamsulosin) in its long-term
      effects, but evidence was limited due to high ROB among included trials as well
      as potential heterogeneity. Acupuncture is associated with rare and slightly
      adverse events. Protocol registration PROSPERO CRD42015027522.

PMID- 26986149
TI  - Gemcitabine-Based Regional Intra-Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy in Patients With
      Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The present study was carried out to investigate the prognostic factors in
      patients who received intra-arterial infusion for advanced pancreatic cancer. In
      addition, the detailed procedure of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy was
      described. A total of 354 patients with advanced unresectable pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma were recruited from January 2012, to April 2015, at Zhongshan
      Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Demographic and clinic
      characteristics of the patients were extracted from electronic medical records.
      Restricted cubic spline was used to assess the nonliner regression between
      baseline CA19-9 value and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox
      proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between overall
      survival and clinical characteristics. Of all 354 included patients, 230 (65%)
      were male (male/female ratio = 1.8), and 72 (20%) patients were diagnosed with
      detectable distant metastases. Pretreatment CA19-9 value of patients with
      metastases was significantly higher as compared to those with locally advanced
      cancer (median: 922.30 vs 357.00 U/mL, P = 0.0090). Totally 274 patients
      completed 1 cycle of intra-arterial infusion, whereas 80 patients received 2 or
      more cycles of the chemotherapy. For all the 354 patients, median OS was 7.0
      months (95% CI: 6.0, 8.0 months) with a 6-, 12-, and 18-month survival rate of
      0.48, 0.28, and 0.18, respectively. The median OS of patients, who received 1
      cycle of intra-arterial infusion therapy, was 6.0 months (95% CI: 5.0, 8.0
      months), which was similar to 7.0 months (95% CI: 6.0, 9.0 months) in patients
      who received 2 or more cycles. Restricted cubic spline revealed the nonline
      association between baseline CA19-9 and prognosis. The Cox proportional hazard
      model showed that age, CA19-9 baseline, CA19-9 value, and tumor location were
      significantly associated with the OS. In conclusion, the gemcitabine-based RIAC
      presented a potential treatment method for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
      Young age, pretreatment CA19-9 value <1000 U/mL, and tumor located at the head of
      pancreas indicated better response to the regional intra-arterial chemotherapy
      and better overall survival.

PMID- 26986150
TI  - Increased APRIL Expression Induces IgA1 Aberrant Glycosylation in IgA
      Nephropathy.
AB  - Aberrant glycosylated IgA1 molecules, mainly galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1),
      are important causal factors in IgA nephropathy; however, the underlying
      mechanism for the production of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 is unknown. A recent
      genome-wide association study identified a novel IgAN susceptibility gene,
      TNFSF13, which encoded a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) that promotes
      lymphocyte proliferation and IgA class switching. We aimed to explore the
      mechanism of APRIL's involvement in IgAN. We enrolled 166 patients with IgAN and
      77 healthy controls and detected the plasma APRIL levels by the ELISA method,
      identified the mRNA expression of APRIL and its receptors by relative
      quantitative PCR, and confirmed by in vitro experiment. We identified increased
      plasma APRIL levels in IgAN, which was further proved by upregulated mRNA
      expression in B-lymphocytes from 27 IgAN patients. Analysis of the clinical
      characteristics of patients with IgAN showed that higher plasma APRIL level was
      associated with more severe clinical presentations (high proteinuria and low
      eGFR). The plasma APRIL level was positively correlated with Gd-IgA1 levels.
      Furthermore, exogenous APRIL could induce more production of Gd-IgA1 in cultured
      lymphocytes from patients with IgAN, compared with that from healthy controls.
      And, the relative higher expression of receptors of APRIL, that is, BCMA and
      TACI, in B-lymphocytes from IgAN patients were observed. Our findings implied
      that in patients with IgAN, increased APRIL is accompanied elevated expression of
      its receptors in B-lymphocytes, which induces overproduction of Gd-IgA1,
      ultimately contributing to the pathogenesis of IgAN.

PMID- 26986151
TI  - Sex-Related Differences Between Patients With Symptomatic Acute Aortic
      Dissection.
AB  - We designed a retrospective cohort study to assess sex-related differences in
      clinical manifestations, incidence, and outcomes of patients with symptomatic
      acute aortic dissection (AAD). We collected clinical data from 2010 to 2015 of
      400 patients with AAD. Patients' clinical characteristics, treatment, and
      outcomes were analyzed as a function of sex. Among 400 patients with AAD, the
      ratio of men to women was 3.18:1; the incidence of atherosclerosis was higher in
      women (P = 0.02). Dysphoria (P = 0.01), focal neurological deficits (P = 0.04),
      and pulse deficits (P = 0.03) were more frequent in men. Imaging findings
      revealed that pleural effusion (P < 0.01), celiac trunk involvement (P < 0.01),
      and superior mesenteric artery involvement (P = 0.02) were more frequent in men.
      Dissection-related pneumonia (P = 0.02), pulmonary atelectasis (P = 0.01), aortic
      intramural hematoma (P < 0.01), ischemic electrocardiographic changes (P = 0.03),
      and in-hospital complications such as myocardial ischemia (P = 0.03), hypoxemia
      (P < 0.01), cardiac tamponade (P = 0.01) occurred more frequently in women. Women
      with type A dissection had higher in-hospital mortality than men (P < 0.01). The
      presentation of AAD varies with a patient's sex. Women with AAD had clinical
      features different from men as follows: higher age of onset, more frequent
      inpatient complications, and higher in-hospital mortality. These findings may
      lead to a better understanding of aortic dissection in women that will improve
      their outcomes.

PMID- 26986152
TI  - Disrupted Intrinsic Local Synchronization in Poststroke Aphasia.
AB  - Evidence has accumulated from the task-related and task-free (i.e., resting
      state) studies that alternations of intrinsic neural networks exist in poststroke
      aphasia (PSA) patients. However, information is lacking on the changes in the
      local synchronization of spontaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging blood
      oxygen level-dependent fluctuations in PSA at rest. We investigated the altered
      intrinsic local synchronization using regional homogeneity (ReHo) on PSA (n = 17)
      and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 20). We examined the
      correlations between the abnormal ReHo values and the aphasia severity and
      language performance in PSA. Compared with HCs, the PSA patients exhibited
      decreased intrinsic local synchronization in the right lingual gyrus, the left
      calcarine, the left cuneus, the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and the left
      medial of SFG. The local synchronization (ReHo value) in the left medial of SFG
      was positively correlated with aphasia severity (r = 0.55, P = 0.027) and the
      naming scores of Aphasia Battery of Chinese (r = 0.66, P = 0.005). This result is
      consistent with the important role of this value in language processing even in
      the resting state. The pathogenesis of PSA may be attributed to abnormal
      intrinsic local synchronous in multiple brain regions.

PMID- 26986153
TI  - Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Morphine Treatment in Female Breast Cancer
      Patients: A Retrospective Population-Based Time-Dependent Cohort Study.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between morphine treatment and the risk of
      atrial fibrillation (AF) in female patients with breast cancer. We identified a
      malignancy cohort of 73,917 female breast cancer patients without an AF history
      before the date of breast cancer diagnosis between 2000 and 2010 by using the
      Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for Catastrophic Illness Patients in
      Taiwan. This malignancy cohort was divided into morphine and comparison cohorts
      comprising 18,671 and 55,246 patients, respectively, and the incidences of newly
      diagnosed AF were calculated. We used the Cox proportional hazard model with time
      dependent exposure covariates to estimate the risk of AF. The effect of morphine
      was assessed through multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression controlling
      for age, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, and the use of
      bisphosphonates and paclitaxel. Compared with nonmorphine users, patients who
      received morphine exhibited a 4.37-fold (95% CI = 3.56-5.36) increase in the risk
      of developing AF. The risk of AF increased as the CCI score increased, but
      decreased in patients with tamoxifen treatment. This risk is especially
      significant in current morphine users of all ages and with low CCI score. AF risk
      increased as the duration of morphine use lengthened (P for trend <0.0001). The
      incidence of AF in female breast cancer patients in Taiwan is associated with
      morphine, but prevented by tamoxifen treatment.

PMID- 26986154
TI  - Comparisons of Prognosis between Surgically and Clinically Diagnosed Idiopathic
      Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Gap Model: A Korean National Cohort Study.
AB  - Although a multidisciplinary approach has become an important criterion for an
      idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) diagnosis, lung biopsies remain crucial.
      However, the prognosis of patients with surgically diagnosed IPF (sIPF) is
      uncertain. We aimed to investigate the prognosis of patients with clinically
      diagnosed IPF (cIPF) and sIPF. In this retrospective observational study, the
      Korean Interstitial Lung Disease Study Group conducted a national survey to
      evaluate the clinical, physiological, radiological, and survival characteristics
      of patients with IPF from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2007. Patients were
      recruited from 54 universities and teaching hospitals across the Republic of
      Korea. IPF diagnoses were established according to the 2002 American Thoracic
      Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society criteria (ERS) guideline. A total of
      1685 patients with IPF (1027 cIPF and 658 sIPF) were enrolled. Patients with sIPF
      were significantly younger, predominantly female, and nonsmokers (all P < 0.001).
      sIPF group had significantly better initial pulmonary function. The proportion of
      computed tomography-based honeycomb findings of patients with cIPF was higher
      than in those with sIPF (P < 0.001). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the sIPF
      group had a better prognosis (P = 0.001). A survival analysis showed that age,
      pulmonary function parameters, pulmonary oxygen tension, honeycombing change, and
      combined lung cancer had a significant influence on patient prognosis. However,
      there was no significant difference in prognosis between the cIPF and sIPF groups
      after adjusting for GAP (gender, age, physiology) stage. The patients with sIPF
      had better clinical features than those with cIPF. However, after adjusting for
      GAP stage, the sIPF group showed similar prognoses as the cIPF group. This study
      showed that after adjusting for GAP stage, the prognosis of patients with IPF is
      the same regardless of the diagnostic method used.

PMID- 26986155
TI  - Comparative Impact of Suppressive Antiretroviral Regimens on the CD4/CD8 T-Cell
      Ratio: A Cohort Study.
AB  - Although different factors have been implicated in the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio
      recovery in HIV-infected patients who receive effective antiretroviral therapy
      (ART), limited information exists on the influence of the regimen composition. A
      longitudinal study carried out in a prospective, single-center cohort of HIV
      infected patients. ART regimens including non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
      inhibitors (NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), or integrase strand transfer
      inhibitors (INSTI) from patients who achieved long-term (>=6-month duration)
      virological suppression (HIV-RNA < 400 copies/mL) from January 1998 to June 2014
      were analyzed. The impact of ART composition on the changes of the CD4/CD8 T-cell
      ratio was modeled using a mixed linear approach with adjustment for possible
      confounders. A total of 1068 ART regimens from 570 patients were analyzed. Mean
      (SD) age of the patients was 42.15 (10.68) years and 276 (48.42%) had hepatitis C
      virus (HCV) coinfection. Five hundred fifty-eight (52.25%) regimens were PI
      based, 439 (40.10%) NNRTI-based, and 71 (6.65%) INSTI-based; 487 (45.60%) were
      initial regimens, 476 (44.57%) simplification, and 105 (9.83%) salvage regimens.
      Median (IQR) number of regimens was 1 (1-2) per patient, of 29 (14-58) months
      duration, and 4 (3-7) CD4/CD8 measurements per regimen. The median baseline
      CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.42, 0.50, and 0.54, respectively, with the PI-, NNRTI-, and
      INSTI-based regimens (P = 0.0073). Overall median (IQR) increase of CD4/CD8 ratio
      was 0.0245 (-0.0352-0.0690) per year, and a CD4/CD8 ratio >=1 was achieved in
      19.35% of the cases with PI-based, 25.97% with NNRTI-based, and 22.54% with INSTI
      based regimens (P = 0.1406). In the adjusted model, the mean CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio
      increase was higher with NNRTI-based regimens compared for PI-based (estimated
      coefficient for PI [95% CI], -0.0912 [-0.1604 to -0.0219], P = 0.009). Also, a
      higher CD4/CD8 baseline ratio was associated with higher CD4/CD8 increase in the
      adjusted model (P = 0.001); by contrast, higher age (P = 0.020) and
      simplification of ART regimen (P = 0.003) had a negative impact on the CD4/CD8
      ratio. Antiretroviral regimen composition has a differential impact on the
      CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio; NNRTI-based regimens are associated with enhanced CD4/CD8 T
      cell ratio recovery compared to PI-based antiretroviral regimens.

PMID- 26986156
TI  - A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With
      an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance.
AB  - Esophageal bronchogenic cysts are extremely rare. Here we report a more rare type
      of both presence of intra- and paraesophageal bronchogenic cyst that was safely
      removed via surgical resection. A 31-year-old male patient with space-occupying
      lesions in the mediastinum suddenly presented with persistent chest pain for 2
      days and then transferred to dysphagia >1 week. Preoperative diagnosis is
      difficult. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed a hypoechoic cystic-solid mass
      arising from the muscularis propria and local hyperechoic area in the deeper
      portion of cyst, concomitant with a heterogeneous center and tube-like structure
      lesion in mediastinum. Turbid coffee color paste contents were aspirated inside
      the tumor under endoscopic ultrasonography guided-fine needle aspiration (EUS
      FNA). A subsequent surgery was performed and histologic finding was diagnostic of
      esophageal bronchogenic cyst. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the cyst was
      positive for carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) and carbohydrate antigen 125
      (CA125). At a follow-up visit 3 months later, the patient had a regular diet and
      no complaint. This study is to summarize the clinical manifestations and EUS
      features of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by retrospectively reviewing the
      literature and simultaneously to provide guide for the correct examination
      scheme. The appearance of esophageal bronchogenic cyst can be great variation;
      EUS seems to be a valuable option for diagnosis and surveillance.

PMID- 26986157
TI  - Late-Life Risk Factors for All-Cause Dementia and Differential Dementia Diagnoses
      in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - Since the first evidence of a decline in dementia incidence was reported in 2011,
      the focus on modifiable risk factors has increased. The possibility of risk
      factor intervention as a prevention strategy has been widely discussed; however,
      further evidence in relation to risk factors is still needed. The Prospective
      Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) study was an observational prospective study
      of postmenopausal Danish women who were initially examined between 1999 and 2001
      (n = 5855). Follow-up data on diagnosis and survival as of December 31, 2014 was
      retrieved from the National Danish Patient Registry and the National Danish
      Causes of Death Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied
      to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for selected risk factors for dementia.
      Of 5512 eligible subjects, 592 developed dementia within the follow-up period of
      maximum 15 years. The independent factors associated with increased risk of all
      cause dementia were depression (HR = 1.75 [95% CI 1.32-2.34]) and impaired
      fasting glucose levels. A dose-response relationship was observed between fasting
      glucose level and risk of dementia with HRs of 1.25 [1.05-1.49] and 1.45 [1.03
      2.06] for impaired (5.6-6.9 mmol/L) and hyperglycemic (>=7.0 mmol/L) glucose
      levels, respectively. The factors associated with a decreased risk of dementia
      were overweight in late-life (HR = 0.75 [0. 62-0.89]) and physical activity at
      least once weekly (HR = 0.77 [0.61-0.96]). The identified risk factors for
      dementia in women in late-life are all considered modifiable. This supports the
      notion that prevention strategies may improve the poor future prospects for
      dementias in the ageing population.

PMID- 26986158
TI  - Long-Term Breast Cancer Patient Outcomes After Adjuvant Radiotherapy Using
      Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy or Conventional Tangential Radiotherapy.
AB  - The aim of the article is to analyze breast cancer patient clinical outcomes
      after long-term follow-up using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or
      conventional tangential radiotherapy (cRT). We retrospectively reviewed patients
      with stage 0-III breast cancer who received breast conserving therapy between
      April 2004 and December 2007. Of the 234 patients, 103 (44%) were treated with
      IMRT and 131 (56%) were treated with cRT. A total prescription dose of 45 to 50
      Gy (1.8-2 Gy per fraction) was delivered to the whole breast. A 14 Gy boost dose
      was delivered in 7 fractions. The median follow-up was 8.2 years. Five of 131
      (3.8%) cRT-treated patients and 2 of 103 (1.9%) IMRT-treated patients had loco
      regional failure. The 8-year loco-regional failure-free survival rates were 96.7%
      and 97.6% (P = 0.393) in the cRT and IMRT groups, respectively, whereas the 8
      year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 91.2% and 93.1%, respectively (P =
      0.243). Patients treated with IMRT developed >= grade 2 acute dermatitis less
      frequently than patients treated with cRT (40.8% vs 56.5%; P = 0.017). There were
      no differences in late toxicity. IMRT reduces >= grade 2 acute skin toxicity.
      Local control, DFS, and overall survival were equivalent with IMRT and cRT. IMRT
      can be considered a standard technique for breast cancer treatment.

PMID- 26986159
TI  - Red Blood Cell Distribution Width to Platelet Ratio is Related to Histologic
      Severity of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.
AB  - We aimed to investigate whether red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and RDW
      to platelet ratio (RPR) were related to the histologic severity of primary
      biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Seventy-three treatment-naive PBC patients who had
      undergone a liver biopsy between January 2010 and January 2015 were enrolled in
      our study. The patients' histological stages were based on the classifications of
      Ludwig and Scheuer. The patients were divided into early stage (Stage I) and
      advanced stage (Stage II, III, and IV) hepatic fibrosis according to their
      histological stage. All common patient demographics, clinical characteristics,
      hematological parameters, liver biochemistry, and antimitochondrial M2 antibody
      levels (AMA-M2) were retrospectively analyzed, and RDW, RPR, aspartate
      aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis index based on the
      4 factors (FIB-4) were calculated. A total of 28 (38.4%) patients had early stage
      PBC, whereas 45 (62.6%) were classified as advanced stage. Regarding age, no
      significant differences between the early and advanced stages were observed.
      Patients with advanced stage PBC had significantly higher RDW (13.6 vs 14.4; P =
      0.019), conjugated bilirubin (10.1 vs 23.4; P = 0.029), and significantly lower
      cholinesterase (7901.1 vs 6060.8; P = 0.001) and platelets (212.6 vs 167.0; P =
      0.006). However, no significant differences (P > 0.05) in other routine
      parameters previously evaluated in PBC, including aspartate aminotransferase
      (AST) and mean platelet volume, were found between the groups. The sensitivity
      and specificity of RDW were 33.3% and 92.9%, respectively, and the area under the
      receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.66. However, the
      sensitivity and specificity of RPR were 46.7% and 96.4%, respectively, and the
      corresponding AUROC was 0.74 (P < 0.001). Hence, compared with preexisting
      indicators, RPR showed a higher AUROC than APRI (0.648; P = 0.035) and FIB-4
      (0.682; P = 0.009). RDW and RPR may be a new noninvasive marker for predicting
      histologic severity of PBC.

PMID- 26986160
TI  - Echocardiographic Diagnosis and Outcome of Pseudoaneurysm of the Mitral-Aortic
      Intervalvular Fibrosa: Results of a Single-Center Experience in Beijing.
AB  - Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (P-MAIVF) is a rare but
      potentially fatal entity. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment are particularly
      important to decrease risk of mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore
      the echocardiographic characteristics and outcome of P-MAIVF and to evaluate the
      potential application of three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography in the
      evaluation of P-MAIVF. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were
      retrospectively evaluated in 9 patients with P-MAIVF, 5 of them assessed by 3D
      echocardiography. P-MAIVF was identified on echocardiography and located in the
      posterior aspect of the aortic root, expanding in systole and collapsing in
      diastole. Of the 9 cases examined, 8 were associated with endocarditis and 1 was
      caused by radio frequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Five cases
      were associated with bicuspid aortic valve, and rupture of P-MAIVF was identified
      in 3 patients. The morphology of P-MAIVF was clearly demonstrated on 3D
      echocardiography in 5 cases. In conclusion, echocardiography provides a useful
      tool in the diagnosis of P-MAIVF. Color Doppler flow imaging can ease
      identification of the ostium in cases of ruptured pseudoaneurysms. Three
      dimensional echocardiography shows the relationship between P-MAIVF and the
      adjacent anatomic structures.

PMID- 26986161
TI  - The Prognosis of Patients With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease Versus
      Normal Arteries Determined by Invasive Coronary Angiography or Computed
      Tomography Coronary Angiography: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Limited data exist regarding the outcomes of patients with nonobstructive
      coronary artery disease (CAD) detected by computed tomography coronary
      angiography (CTCA) or invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Our aim was to compare
      the prognosis of patients with nonobstructive coronary artery plaques with that
      of patients with entirely normal arteries. The MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and
      Embase databases were searched. Studies comparing the prognosis of individuals
      with nonobstructive CAD versus normal coronary arteries detected by CTCA or ICA
      were included. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE)
      including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, hospitalization due to
      unstable angina or revascularization. A fixed effects model was chosen to pool
      the estimates of odds ratios (ORs). Forty-eight studies with 64,905 individuals
      met the inclusion criteria. Patients in the nonobstructive CAD arm had a
      significantly higher risk of MACE compared to their counterparts in the normal
      artery arm (pooled OR, 3.17, 95% confidence interval, 2.77-3.63). When excluding
      revascularization as an endpoint, hard cardiac composite outcomes were also more
      frequent among patients with nonobstructive CAD (pooled OR, 2.10; 95%CI, 1.79
      2.45). All subgroups (age, sex, follow-up duration, different outcomes,
      diagnostic modality, and CAD risk factor) consistently showed a poorer prognosis
      with nonobstructive CAD than with normal arteries. When dividing the studies into
      a CTCA and ICA group for further analysis based on the indications for diagnostic
      tests, we also found nonobstructive CAD to be associated with a higher risk of
      MACE in both stable and acute chest pain. Patients with nonobstructive CAD had a
      poorer prognosis compared with their counterparts with normal arteries.

PMID- 26986163
TI  - Posterior Ciliary Artery Occlusion Caused by Hyaluronic Acid Injections Into the
      Forehead: A Case Report.
AB  - Although cosmetic facial soft tissue fillers are generally safe and effective,
      improper injections can lead to devastating and irreversible consequences. We
      represent the first known case of posterior ciliary artery occlusion caused by
      hyaluronic acid. A 41-year-old female presented with right visual loss 7 hours
      after receiving cosmetic hyaluronic acid injections into her forehead.
      Examination revealed no light perception in the right eye and multiple dark
      ischemic area of injection over the forehead and nose. The right fundus revealed
      a pink retina with optic nerve edema. Fluorescein angiogram showed several
      filling defects in the choroidal circulation and late hyperfluorescence in the
      choroid. A right posterior ciliary artery occlusion and embolic occlusion of
      facial artery braches was diagnosed. With hyaluronidase injection, hyperbaric
      oxygen therapy, oral aspirin, oral acetazolamide and dexamethasone venotransfuse
      treatment, the patient's forehead and nasal skin improved and vision recovered to
      hand movements. With proper technique, vascular occlusion is rare following
      facial filler injection. Vision consequences can be severe if filler emboli enter
      the ocular circulation. Physicians should be aware of this potential side effect,
      recognize its presentation, and be knowledgeable of effective management.

PMID- 26986162
TI  - Glycemic Control Modifies Difference in Mortality Risk Between Hemodialysis and
      Peritoneal Dialysis in Incident Dialysis Patients With Diabetes: Results From a
      Nationwide Prospective Cohort in Korea.
AB  - Although numerous studies have tried to elucidate the best dialysis modality in
      end-stage renal disease patients with diabetes, results were inconsistent and
      varied with the baseline characteristics of patients. Furthermore, none of the
      previous studies on diabetic dialysis patients accounted for the impact of
      glycemic control. We explored whether glycemic control had modifying effect on
      mortality between hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) in incident
      dialysis patients with diabetes. A total of 902 diabetic patients who started
      dialysis between August 2008 and December 2013 were included from a nationwide
      prospective cohort in Korea. Based on the interaction analysis between hemoglobin
      A1c (HbA1c) and dialysis modalities for patient survival (P for interaction =
      0.004), subjects were stratified into good and poor glycemic control groups
      (HbA1c< or >=8.0%). Differences in survival rates according to dialysis
      modalities were ascertained in each glycemic control group after propensity score
      matching. During a median follow-up duration of 28 months, the relative risk of
      death was significantly lower in PD compared with HD in the whole cohort and
      unmatched patients (whole cohort, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] = 0.47-0.90, P = 0.01; patients with available HbA1c [n = 773], HR
      = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.46-0.91, P = 0.01). In the good glycemic control group, there
      was a significant survival advantage of PD (HbA1c <8.0%, HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37
      0.94, P = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in survival rates
      between PD and HD in the poor glycemic control group (HbA1c >=8.0%, HR = 1.21,
      95% CI = 0.46-2.76, P = 0.80). This study demonstrated that the degree of
      glycemic control modified the mortality risk between dialysis modalities,
      suggesting that glycemic control might partly contribute to better survival of PD
      in incident dialysis patients with diabetes.

PMID- 26986164
TI  - Impact of Preoperative Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Postoperative
      Infectious Complications on Survival After Curative Gastrectomy for Gastric
      Cancer: A Single Institutional Cohort Study.
AB  - Although postoperative complications are associated with a poor long-term
      prognosis after resection of several solid tumors via an undetermined mechanism,
      there are few related reports in gastric cancer patients. Preoperative elevated
      neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) reflects a systemic inflammatory response
      and is a predictor of poor survival in gastric cancer. The relationship between
      preoperative NLR and postoperative complications and the impact of these 2
      factors on survival in gastric cancer remains unclear. Our aim is to examine the
      association between postoperative complications and survival, and preoperative
      NLR in patients undergoing curative resection for gastric cancer. We enrolled a
      total of 404 consecutive patients with gastric cancer undergoing curative
      gastrectomy between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011. Multivariable analyses
      were performed to correlate preoperative and operative variables with
      postoperative complications and to correlate complications with long-term
      survival after gastrectomy. Postoperative infectious and noninfectious
      complication rates were 17.6% and 7.9%, respectively. Preoperative NLR
      independently predicted the development of postoperative infectious complication,
      but not the development of postoperative noninfectious complications after
      gastrectomy. Both elevated NLR and postoperative infectious complication were
      independently associated with long-term survival. Also, patients with both
      elevated NLR and the development of postoperative infectious complication had the
      worst long-term survival. NLR independently predicted the development of
      postoperative infectious complication and lower survival after gastrectomy.
      Elevated NLR could trigger postoperative infectious complication and increase the
      risk of recurrence in patients with postoperative infectious complication after
      gastrectomy.

PMID- 26986165
TI  - Tigecycline Treatment for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections are prevalent worldwide;
      they have few effective treatments and this jeopardizes public health. Clinicians
      often use tigecycline to combat CRE, but its clinical efficacy remains
      controversial. Therefore, to compare the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in
      treating CRE infections compared with that of other antimicrobial agents, and to
      evaluate whether combination therapy and high-dose regimens are beneficial, we
      performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed and Embase were searched
      for controlled trials or cohort studies reporting the efficacy and/or safety of
      tigecycline-based regimens to treat CRE infections. Statistical analyses were
      performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V2.2. All meta-analyses were
      performed based on fixed- or random-effects model, and the I method was used to
      assess heterogeneity. Twenty-one controlled studies and 5 single-arm studies were
      included in this systematic review. With regard to the controlled studies, the
      tigecycline groups did not differ significantly from the control groups in terms
      of overall mortality (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75
      1.22; P = 0.73]), clinical response rate (OR = 0.58 [95% CI = 0.31-1.09; P =
      0.09]), or microbiological response rate (OR = 0.46 [95% CI = 0.15-1.44; P =
      0.18]). Subgroup analyses showed that 30-day mortality was significantly lower in
      patients who received tigecycline combination therapy than in those who received
      monotherapy (OR = 1.83 [95% CI = 1.07-3.12; P = 0.03]) and other antibiotic
      regimens (OR = 0.59 [95% CI = 0.39-0.88; P = 0.01]), respectively. In addition,
      high-dose tigecycline regimens differed significantly from standard dose
      schedules in terms of ICU mortality (OR = 12.48 [95% CI = 2.06-75.43; P =
      0.006]). The results of the 5 single-arm studies corroborated the findings of the
      controlled studies. Our results indicated that the efficacy of tigecycline in
      treating CRE infections is similar to that of other antibiotics. Tigecycline
      combination therapy and high-dose regimens may be more effective than monotherapy
      and standard-dose regimens, respectively. Nonetheless, considering that the
      current available evidence is limited, well-designed randomized controlled trials
      are urgently needed to clarify the comparative efficacy of tigecycline in
      treating CRE infections.

PMID- 26986166
TI  - Leptospirosis and Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease: A Nationwide Cohort
      Analysis.
AB  - Data on the association between peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) and
      leptospirosis are limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study for
      determining whether leptospirosis is one of the possible risk factors for PAOD.
      Patients diagnosed with leptospirosis by using 2000 to 2010 data from the Taiwan
      National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with leptospirosis without
      a history of PAOD were selected. For each leptospirosis patient, 4 controls
      without a history of leptospirosis and PAOD were randomly selected and frequency
      matched for sex, age, the year of the index date, and comorbidity diseases. The
      follow-up period was from the time of the initial diagnosis of leptospirosis to
      the diagnosis date of PAOD, or December 31, 2011. The Cox proportional hazard
      regression models were used for analyzing the risk of PAOD. During the follow-up
      period, the cumulative incidence of PAOD was higher among the patients from the
      leptospirosis cohort than among the nonleptospirosis cohort (log-rank test, P <
      0.001). In total, 29 patients with PAOD from the leptospirosis cohort and 81 from
      the nonleptospirosis cohort were observed with the incidence rates of 2.1 and 1.3
      per 1000 person-years, respectively, yielding a crude hazards ratio (HR) of 1.62
      (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44-1.81) and adjusted HR (aHR) of 1.75 (95% CI
      = 1.58-1.95).The risk of PAOD was 1.75-fold higher in the patients with
      leptospirosis than in the general population.

PMID- 26986167
TI  - Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum Infection With a Destructive Nasal Lesion
      Mimicking Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report.
AB  - Mycobacterium marinum is a ubiquitous waterborne organism that mainly causes skin
      infection in immunocompetent patients, and its disseminated infection is rare.
      Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) usually localizes at the nasal
      and/or paranasal area, but occasionally disseminates into the skin/soft tissue
      and gastrointestinal tract. Compromised immunity is a risk factor for developing
      nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection and malignant lymphoma, and the 2
      diseases may share similar clinical presentation; however, only a few reports
      have described NTM infection mimicking malignant lymphoma.A 43-year-old Japanese
      man presented to our hospital complaining of multiple progressive skin nodules
      and purulent nasal discharge for 3 weeks. He was diagnosed with Crohn disease
      with refractory enteropathic arthritis and has been treated with anti-tumor
      necrosis factor alpha agents for 25 years. Fiberoptic nasal examination revealed
      septal perforation with hemorrhagic mucus and purulent rhinorrhea. Histological
      examination of the nasal septum revealed the infiltration of atypical medium-to
      large-sized cells with erosion. The cells were positive for cytoplasmic CD3,
      granzyme B, and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA. Histological examination of
      the skin nodules and auricle also showed infiltration of atypical lymphocytes.
      The patient was tentatively diagnosed with ENKL, and chemotherapy was considered.
      However, the skin lesions decreased in size after discontinuation of
      immunosuppressive agents and minocycline administration. Two weeks later, nasal
      septum and lavage fluid and left leg skin cultures were positive for M marinum,
      and minocycline was discontinued. The skin and the nasal lesions improved after 2
      months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of disseminated M
      marinum infection with a destructive nasal lesion mimicking ENKL. The
      differentiation between M marinum infection and ENKL is clinically important
      because misdirected treatment leads to a poor prognosis. NTM infections including
      M marinum should be considered in differential diagnosis of ENKL. Bacterial
      cultures, pathological analysis, and close monitoring are required for the
      differentiation of ENKL and disseminated M marinum infection; both are serious
      diseases and early diagnostic distinction between them and immediate appropriate
      treatment will improve the patient's prognosis.

PMID- 26986168
TI  - Epigastric Distress Caused by Esophageal Candidiasis in 2 Patients Who Received
      Sorafenib Plus Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Case Report.
AB  - Sorafenib followed by fractionated radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to decrease
      the phagocytic and candidacidal activities of antifungal agents due to
      radiosensitization. Moreover, sorafenib has been shown to suppress the immune
      system, thereby increasing the risk for candida colonization and infection. In
      this study, we present the 2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients suffered
      from epigastric distress caused by esophageal candidiasis who received sorafenib
      plus RT. Two patients who had received sorafenib and RT for HCC with bone
      metastasis presented with hiccups, gastric ulcer, epigastric distress, anorexia,
      heart burn, and fatigue. Empiric antiemetic agents, antacids, and pain killers
      were ineffective at relieving symptoms. Panendoscopy revealed diffuse white
      lesions in the esophagus. Candida esophagitis was suspected. Results of periodic
      acid-Schiff staining were diagnostic of candidiasis. Oral fluconazole (150 mg)
      twice daily and proton-pump inhibitors were prescribed. At 2-weak follow-up,
      esophagitis had resolved and both patients were free of gastrointestinal
      symptoms. Physicians should be aware that sorafenib combined with RT may induce
      an immunosuppressive state in patients with HCC, thereby increasing their risk of
      developing esophagitis due to candida species.

PMID- 26986170
TI  - Tumor-Like Liver Abscess Mimicking Malignancy With Lung Metastases in a Patient
      With Acute Renal Failure: A Case Report.
AB  - The worldwide incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess (KLA) is
      increasing. It is important to accurately diagnose this life-threatening disease
      to provide timely and appropriate treatment. Here we report the case of a 38-year
      old man with acute renal failure and a tumor-like liver abscess and septic
      pulmonary embolism. Initially, his clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and
      radiological findings presented equivocal results of malignancy with metastases.
      Fine needle aspiration of liver tumor was performed, which showed purulent
      material with a culture positive for K pneumoniae. KLA symptoms are atypical, and
      radiological findings may mimic a malignancy with tumor necrosis. In some
      circumstances, liver aspiration biopsy may be necessary to confirm the real
      etiology, leading to prompt and timely treatment. Moreover, we should be alert
      for the impression of KLA when facing a diabetic patient with liver mass lesion
      and acute renal failure.

PMID- 26986169
TI  - The Efficacy and Safety of Programmed Cell Death 1 and Programmed Cell Death 1
      Ligand Inhibitors for Advanced Melanoma: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials
      Following the PRISMA Guidelines.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of
      programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1)
      inhibitors using a meta-analysis of present trials for advanced melanoma. A fully
      recursive literature search of the primary electronic databases for available
      trials was performed. The objective response rate (ORR) and the median
      progression-free survival (PFS) of clinical responses were considered the main
      endpoints to evaluate the efficacy, whereas Grade 3-4 adverse effects (AEs) were
      analyzed to evaluate safety. The ORR of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors was 30% (95%
      CI: 25-35%). No significant difference in the ORR was observed after the
      comparisons of low-dose, median-dose, and high-dose cohorts. In addition, the
      rate of Grade 3-4 AEs was 9% (95% CI: 6-12%). According to the 3 randomized
      controlled trials that compared PD-1 inhibitors with chemotherapy, the difference
      between these 2 groups was found to be statistically significant with respect to
      the ORR, PFS and the incidence of Grade 3-4 AEs; that is, the relative risk (RR)
      of the ORR was 3.42 (95% CI: 2.49-4.69, P < 0.001), the hazard ratio (HR) of the
      PFS was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.44-0.58, P < 0.001), and the RR of Grade 3-4 AEs was 0.45
      (95% CI: 0.31-0.65, P < 0.001). According to a meta-analysis of limited
      concurrent studies, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors appear to be associated with
      improved response rates, superior response durability and tolerable toxicity in
      patients with advanced melanoma.

PMID- 26986171
TI  - Calculation of Blood Dose in Patients Treated With 131I Using MIRD, Imaging, and
      Blood Sampling Methods.
AB  - Radioiodine therapy is known as the most effective treatment of differentiated
      thyroid carcinoma (DTC) to ablate remnant thyroid tissue after surgery. In
      patients with DTC treated with radioiodine, internal radiation dosimetry of
      radioiodine is useful for radiation risk assessment. The aim of this study is to
      describe a method to estimate the absorbed dose to the blood using medical
      internal radiation dosimetry methods. In this study, 23 patients with DTC with
      different administrated activities, 3.7, 4.62, and 5.55 GBq after thyroidectomy,
      were randomly selected. Blood dosimetry of treated patients was performed with
      external whole body counting using a dual-head gamma camera imaging device and
      also with blood sample activity measurements using a dose calibrator. Absorbed
      dose to the blood was measured at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours after the
      administration of radioiodine with the 2 methods. Based on the results of whole
      body counting and blood sample activity dose rate measurements, 96 hours after
      administration of 3.7, 4.62, and 5.55 GBq of radioiodine, absorbed doses to
      patients' blood were 0.65 +/- 0.20, 0.67 +/- 0.18, 0.79 +/- 0.51 Gy,
      respectively. Increasing radioiodine activity from 3.7 to 5.55 GBq increased
      blood dose significantly, while there was no significant difference in blood dose
      between radioiodine dosages of 3.7 and 4.62 GBq. Our results revealed a
      significant correlation between the blood absorbed dose and blood sample activity
      and between the blood absorbed dose and whole body counts 24 to 48 hours after
      the administration of radioiodine.

PMID- 26986172
TI  - Clonal Spread of a Unique Strain of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
      Within a Single Family in Italy.
AB  - Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MR-MP) is an increasing problem
      worldwide. This study describes the clonal spread of a unique strain of MR-MP
      within a single family. On January 23, 2015, nasopharyngeal swabs and sputum
      samples were collected from the index case (a 9-year-old girl) in southern Italy.
      The patient had pneumonia and was initially treated with clarithromycin. MR-MP
      infection was suspected due to prolonged symptoms despite appropriate antibiotic
      therapy. Two further cases of pneumonia occurred in relatives (a 7-year-old
      cousin and the 36-year-old mother of the index case); therefore, respiratory
      samples were also collected from other family members. Sequence analysis
      identified mutations associated with resistance to macrolides. Both P1 major
      adhesion protein typing and multiple loci variable-number tandem repeat analysis
      (MLVA) typing were performed to assess the relatedness of the strains. The index
      case, the cousin, the mother, and another 4 family members (twin siblings of the
      index case, a 3-year-old cousin, and the grandmother) were positive for MR-MP.
      All strains harbored the mutation A2063G, had the same P1 subtype (1), and were
      MLVA (7/4/5/7/2) type Z. In addition, the index case's aunt (31 years of age and
      the probable source of infection) harbored an M pneumoniae strain with the same
      molecular profile; however, this strain was susceptible to macrolides. This
      cluster of MR-MP infection/carriage caused by a clonal strain suggests a high
      transmission rate within this family and highlights the need for increased
      awareness among clinicians regarding the circulation of MR-MP. Novel strategies
      for the treatment and prevention of M pneumoniae infections are required.

PMID- 26986174
TI  - EVF HOW Education in Venous Disease on the Move The 7th EVF HOW is returning to
      Limassol, Cyprus Advanced courses, EVF HOW Plus, will continue during 2016.

PMID- 26986175
TI  - Early lung cancer detection, mucosal, and alveolar imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
      Early detection is essential for long-term survival. Screening of high-risk
      individuals with low-dose computed tomography screening has proven to increase
      survival. However, current radiological imaging techniques have poor specificity
      for lung cancer detection and poor sensitivity for detection of mucosal or
      alveolar preinvasive malignant lesions. Bronchoscopy allows imaging and sampling
      of early lung cancer, with the highest safety profile and high diagnostic
      accuracy. RECENT FINDINGS: Available technologies, such as autofluorescence
      bronchoscopy, narrow band imaging, and radial ultrasound bronchoscopy can
      significantly increase the yield and diagnostic accuracy of bronchoscopy for
      early cancer detection in the central airways. Newer technologies such as optical
      coherence tomography, confocal bronchoscopy, and Raman spectroscopy may
      significantly increase the diagnostic yield of both central and parenchymal early
      cancer lesions. SUMMARY: Although some of these technologies are still
      investigational and are not readily available in most centers, they may identify
      early mucosal and alveolar cancer lesions accurately in the least invasive manner
      to provide appropriate therapy and prolong patient survival from lung cancer.

PMID- 26986173
TI  - (1->3)-beta-D-Glucan Levels Correlate With Neurocognitive Functioning in HIV
      Infected Persons on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cohort Study.
AB  - Microbial translocation from the gut is associated with immune dysfunction,
      persistent inflammation, and likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of
      neurocognitive dysfunction during HIV infection. (1->3)-beta-D-Glucan (BDG) is a
      component of most fungal cell walls and might be a useful indicator of gut
      mucosal barrier impairment. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether
      higher blood BDG levels correlate with impaired neurocognitive functioning in a
      cohort of HIV-infected adults with suppressed levels of HIV RNA in blood plasma.
      In this cross-sectional cohort study, we measured levels of BDG in blood plasma
      and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supernatant samples in a cohort of adults with
      acute/early HIV infection, who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during the
      earliest phase of infection and achieved suppressed levels of HIV RNA in blood
      plasma (<50 copies/mL) thereafter. We compared BDG with established biomarkers of
      microbial translocation, immune activation, and cognitive dysfunction (evaluated
      by global deficit score). We found that higher blood BDG levels were
      significantly related to higher global deficit scores, reflecting worse
      neurocognitive performance (Spearman r = 0.47; P = 0.042) among HIV-infected
      adults with suppressed viral loads who initiated ART early in infection. Two CSF
      samples presented elevated BDG levels. Interestingly, these 2 samples originated
      from the 2 subjects with the highest global deficit scores of the cohort. BDG may
      be a promising independent biomarker associated with neurocognitive functioning
      in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals.

PMID- 26986176
TI  - Nobiletin inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human non-small cell lung
      cancer cells by antagonizing the TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling pathway.
AB  - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical cellular process in cancer
      metastasis, during which epithelial polarized cells become motile mesenchymal
      cells. Since transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inducer of
      EMT, blocking of TGF-beta/Smad signaling has become a promising cancer therapy.
      Nobiletin, a polymethoxy flavonoid from Citrus depressa, has been shown to be
      valuable for cancer treatment, yet the mechanism remains unclear. In the present
      study, lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells were used to evaluate the effect
      of nobiletin on EMT induced by TGF-beta1. Nobiletin successfully inhibited TGF
      beta1-induced EMT, migration, invasion and adhesion in vitro, accompanied by
      attenuation of MMP-2, MMP-9, p-Src, p-FAK, p-paxillin, Snail, Slug, Twist and
      ZEB1 expression. Nobiletin inhibited the transcriptional activity of Smads
      without changing the phosphorylation status or translocation of Smads induced by
      TGF-beta1. Moreover, Smad3 is requisite in TGF-beta1-stimulated EMT. Smad3
      overexpression meaningfully impaired the ability of nobiletin to reverse TGF
      beta1-induced EMT. In vivo, nobiletin prohibited the growth of metastatic nodules
      in the lungs of nude mice. Moreover, nobiletin inhibited tumor growth and
      reversed EMT in mice bearing A549-Luc xenografts, as revealed by IVIS imaging and
      immunohistochemical analysis. Collectively, the data suggest that nobiletin
      prevents EMT by inactivating TGF-beta1/Smad3 signaling.

PMID- 26986178
TI  - Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Glucagon-like Peptide-2
      (GLP-2) Analogues with Low Systemic Clearance.
AB  - Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonists have therapeutic potential for the
      treatment of intestinal diseases. The native hGLP-2, a 33 amino acid
      gastrointestinal peptide, is not a suitable clinical candidate, due to its very
      short half-life in humans. In search of GLP-2 receptor agonists with better
      pharmacokinetic characteristics, a series of GLP-2 analogues containing Gly
      substitution at position 2, norleucine in position 10, and hydrophobic
      substitutions in positions 11 and/or 16 was designed and synthesized. In vitro
      receptor potency at the human GLP-2, selectivity vs the human GLP-1 and GCG
      receptors, and PK profile in rats were determined for the new analogues. A number
      of compounds more potent at the hGLP-2R than the native hormone, showing
      excellent receptor selectivity and very low systemic clearance (CL) were
      discovered. Analogues 69 ([Gly(2),Nle(10),D-Thi(11),Phe(16)]hGLP-2-(1-30)-NH2),
      72 ([Gly(2),Nle(10),D-Phe(11),Leu(16)]hGLP-2-(1-33)-OH), 73 ([Gly(2),Nle(10),D
      Phe(11),Leu(16)]hGLP-2-(1-33)-NH2), 81 ([Gly(2),Nle(10),D-Phe(11),Leu(16)]hGLP-2
      (1-33)-NHEt), and 85 ([Gly(2),Nle(10),D-Phe(11),Leu(16)]hGLP-2-(1-33)-NH
      ((CH2)2O)4-(CH2)2-CONH2) displayed the desired profiles (EC50 (hGLP-2R) < 100 pM,
      CL in rat <0.3 mL/min/kg, selective vs hGLP-1R and hGCGR). Compound 73 (FE
      203799) was selected as a candidate for clinical development.

PMID- 26986179
TI  - Melatonin as add-on treatment for epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published
      in Issue 6, 2012.Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological
      disorders. Despite the plethora of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) currently
      available, 30% of people continue having seizures. This group of people requires
      a more aggressive treatment, since monotherapy, the first choice scheme, fails to
      control seizures. Nevertheless, polytherapy often results in a number of unwanted
      effects, including neurological disturbances (somnolence, ataxia, dizziness),
      psychiatric and behavioural symptoms, and metabolic alteration (osteoporosis,
      inducement or inhibition of hepatic enzymes, etc.). The need for better tolerated
      AEDs is even more urgent in this group of people. Reports have suggested an
      antiepileptic role of melatonin with a good safety profile. OBJECTIVES: To assess
      the efficacy and tolerability of melatonin as add-on treatment for epilepsy.
      SEARCH METHODS: For the latest update, we searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's
      Specialized Register (12 January 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO, 12
      January 2016), and MEDLINE (Ovid, 11 January 2016). We searched the
      bibliographies of any identified study for further references. We handsearched
      selected journals and conference proceedings. We applied no language
      restrictions. In addition, we contacted melatonin manufacturers (i.e. Nathura)
      and original investigators to identify any unpublished studies. SELECTION
      CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials; double, single, or unblinded trials;
      parallel group or cross-over studies. People with epilepsy regardless of age and
      gender, including children and adults with disabilities. Administration of
      melatonin as add-on treatment to any AED(s) compared to add-on placebo or no add
      on treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Review authors independently selected
      trials for inclusion according to pre-defined criteria, extracted relevant data,
      and evaluated the methodological quality of trials. We assessed the following
      outcomes: at least 50% seizure reduction, seizure freedom, adverse events, and
      quality of life. MAIN RESULTS: We included six publications, with 125
      participants (106 aged under 18 years). Two different comparisons were available:
      melatonin versus placebo and melatonin 5 mg versus melatonin 10 mg. Despite our
      primary intention, due to insufficient information on outcomes, we were unable to
      perform any meta-analyses, but summarized data narratively. Four studies were
      randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trials and two were
      randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trials. Only two studies
      provided the exact number of seizures during the trial compared to the baseline:
      none of the participants with seizures during the trial had a change in seizure
      frequency compared with the baseline. Two studies systematically evaluated
      adverse effects (worsening of headache was reported in a child with migraine
      under melatonin treatment). Only one study systematically evaluated quality of
      life, showing no statistically significant improvement in quality of life in the
      add-on melatonin group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Included studies were of poor
      methodological quality, and did not systematically evaluate seizure frequency and
      adverse events, so that it was impossible to summarize data in a meta-analysis.
      It is not possible to draw any conclusion about the role of melatonin in reducing
      seizure frequency or improving quality of life in people with epilepsy.

PMID- 26986180
TI  - Does the crossed-limb deficit affect the uncrossed portions of limbs?
AB  - When locating touch, we remap its location from skin-based to external
      coordinates as a function of body posture. While remapping is thought to occur
      whenever there is tactile input, research has focused on a special case, the
      crossed-hands deficit, where tactile localization is impaired when the limbs are
      crossed compared with uncrossed. To date, these studies have always stimulated
      portions of the limbs that are crossed, such as a finger of each hand. It is
      therefore unknown whether the deficit induced by arm crossing is specific to the
      crossed portion of the limb or affects the limb as a whole. In Experiments 1 and
      2, we stimulated the shoulders and elbows and found that tactile localization,
      measured with temporal order judgments, was unaffected by crossing the forearms.
      In Experiment 3, a crossed-limbs deficit was observed for touches on a single
      skin location when that location was distal-but not proximal-to the crossing
      point of the arms. In Experiment 4, we found a similar crossed-limbs deficit
      irrespective of how far distally to the crossing point touch was applied.
      Together, these results demonstrate that crossing the limbs affects tactile
      perception only distal to the point of crossing. The process of remapping tactile
      events does not take into account the end-point location of the limb, but an
      extremely precise metric description of the touch relative to the configuration
      of both arms. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986181
TI  - The Conformation of Thermoresponsive Polymer Brushes Probed by Optical
      Reflectivity.
AB  - We describe a microscope-based optical setup that allows us to perform space- and
      time-resolved measurements of the spectral reflectance of transparent substrates
      coated with ultrathin films. This technique is applied to investigate the
      behavior in water of thermosensitive polymer brushes made of poly(N
      isopropylacrylamide) grafted on glass. We show that spectral reflectance
      measurements yield quantitative information about the conformation and axial
      structure of the brushes as a function of temperature. We study how parameters
      such as grafting density and chain length affect the hydration state of a brush,
      and provide one of the few experimental evidences for the occurrence of vertical
      phase separation in the vicinity of the lower critical solution temperature of
      the polymer. The origin of the hysteretic behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
      brushes upon cycling the temperature is also clarified. We thus demonstrate that
      our optical technique allows for in-depth characterization of stimuli-responsive
      polymer layers, which is crucial for the rational design of smart polymer
      coatings in actuation, gating, or sensing applications. 

PMID- 26986183
TI  - Error in Breast Cancer Detection Rate.

PMID- 26986182
TI  - Associations Between Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms, Serum
      Homocysteine Levels, and Incident Cortical Cataract.
AB  - Importance: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms have been
      shown to influence homocysteine levels; homocysteine has been implicated as a
      cataractogenic stressor. Objective: To investigate the associations of MTHFR
      polymorphisms and serum homocysteine levels with incident cortical cataract in an
      older population. Design, Setting, and Participants: From 1992 to 1994, a
      population-based cohort study, the Blue Mountains Eye Study, was conducted with
      3654 residents (82.4% of eligible participants) of the Blue Mountains region aged
      49 years and older. At the second (1997-1999, 5-year follow-up) and third (2002
      2004, 10-year follow-up) surveys, 2334 (75.8% of survivors) and 1952 (76.7% of
      survivors) were examined, respectively. For this report, the second survey serves
      as baseline when homocysteine levels were assessed, and 5-year incidence of
      cataract refers to incidence estimated from the second to the third survey. After
      excluding participants with no follow-up data or DNA or who had previous cortical
      cataract or cataract surgery, 757 participants were included in gene and
      environment analyses. This current project on associations with cataract was
      designed initially March 19, 2013, and completed April 14, 2014. Cataract was
      assessed using the Wisconsin Cataract Grading system. Two MTHFR polymorphisms,
      C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131), were included. Serum homocysteine
      levels were assessed following standard methods. Main Outcomes and Measures:
      Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95%
      confidence intervals for incident cortical cataract, after adjusting for age,
      sex, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, education, and myopia. Path analysis
      was performed to explore a possible pathway of MTHFR polymorphisms via
      homocysteine levels to cortical cataract. Results: The mean (SD) age of the 1726
      participants in the Blue Mountains Eye Study 2 cohort with normal homocysteine
      levels was 68.3 (8.1) years and 73.2 (8.5) years for those with elevated
      homocysteine levels. Both the C677T polymorphism (CT/TT vs CC: OR = 1.50; 95% CI
      = 1.01-2.23) and elevated homocysteine levels (>15 umol/L: OR = 2.24; 95% CI =
      1.38-3.63) were independently associated with increased risk of cortical
      cataract. Path analysis showed that the genetic effect on cortical cataract was
      partially mediated via homocysteine levels. Combined CT/TT genotypes and elevated
      homocysteine levels were associated with a 3-fold risk of cortical cataract (OR =
      3.74; 95% CI = 1.79-7.80). The synergy index of both exposures was 1.34 (95% CI =
      0.44-4.01). Conclusions and Relevance: MTHFR polymorphism and elevated
      homocysteine levels contributed separately and jointly to increased risk of
      cortical cataract. If these findings are confirmed, homocysteine levels may be a
      therapeutic target to reduce risk of cortical cataract in persons carrying
      genetic risk.

PMID- 26986187
TI  - Incorrect Sentences in the Results.

PMID- 26986184
TI  - Degenerative and regenerative morphological aspects in peri-implantitis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe the tissues surrounding two early
      failed dental implants morphologically and ultrastructurally. In the first case,
      the implant's surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using an
      environmental scanning electron microscope and the surrounding tissues were
      analyzed by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy. In the
      second case we used only LM. By SEM analysis, very thin connective tissue was
      seen at the implant's apex; in the middle part, highly vascularized connective
      tissue and poorly mineralized areas were found, and there were fewer mineralized
      areas at the implant's base. Histologically and ultrastructurally, we identified
      a heterogeneous cellular population including fibroblast-like cells and
      osteoblasts with abundant amorphous extracellular matrix, as well as a number of
      inflammatory cells, predominantly neutrophils. In a small area around the
      implant, microorganisms classified as Actinomyces were identified. In this case,
      degenerative aspects were predominantly caused by infection. In the second case,
      our observations focused on recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells, their
      proliferation and differentiation into epithelial cells with keratinocyte
      phenotype, and formation of de novo capillaries from mesenchymal progenitors of
      endothelial cells. These regenerative events were accompanied by multiple areas
      of mineralization, culminating in bone formation around the implant. Correlative
      microscopic observations are necessary to conduct in future studies, in various
      clinical conditions and post-operative stages, to better define the cellular
      events involved in healing and osseointegration; our observations clearly depict
      significant regenerative aspects despite the degenerative ones. 

PMID- 26986188
TI  - The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on post-thoracotomy
      pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain guidelines suggest transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
      (TENS) as a reliable analgesic method in postoperative pain. OBJECTIVES: This
      study was conducted as a randomized controlled study to determine the effect of
      TENS on postoperative pain and analgesic consumption in patients who have
      undergone posterolateral thoracotomy (PLT). DESIGN: The study was conducted in
      the Thoracic Surgery Clinic of a university hospital with 40 patients (test
      group: 20, control group: 20) and its power was 99%. While, test group patients
      were administered TENS, the control group patients were not. The pain assessment
      and analgesic consumption in both groups were recorded. RESULTS: The pain levels
      and analgesic consumption of the test group were lower than that of the control
      group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: TENS reduced PLT pain and analgesic consumption.
      Thus, TENS can be recommended as an easy and reliable analgesic method in PLT.

PMID- 26986189
TI  - A theory of generalized Bloch oscillations.
AB  - Bloch oscillations of electrons are shown to occur for cases when the energy
      spectrum does not consist of the traditional evenly-spaced ladders and the
      potential gradient does not result from an external electric field. A theory of
      such generalized Bloch oscillations is presented and an exact calculation is
      given to confirm this phenomenon. Our results allow for a greater freedom of
      design for experimentally observing Bloch oscillations. For strongly coupled
      oscillator systems displaying Bloch oscillations, it is further demonstrated that
      reordering of oscillators leads to destruction of Bloch oscillations. We
      stipulate that the presented theory of generalized Bloch oscillations can be
      extended to other systems such as acoustics and photonics. 

PMID- 26986190
TI  - Prevalence and co-prevalence of comorbidities among patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) often have multiple comorbidities
      which may impact the selection of antihyperglycemic therapies. The purpose of
      this study was to quantify the prevalence and co-prevalence of common
      comorbidities. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted
      using the Quintiles Electronic Medical Record database. Adult patients with T2DM
      who had >=1 encounter from July 2014 to June 2015 (index period) with >=1 year
      medical history available were included. The index date was defined as the most
      recent encounter date during the 1 year index period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Comorbid conditions were assessed using all data available prior to and including
      the index date. Patient characteristics, laboratory measures, and comorbidities
      were summarized via descriptive analyses, overall and by subgroups of age (<65,
      65-74, 75+ years) and gender. RESULTS: Of the 1,389,016 eligible patients, 53%
      were female and the median age was 65 years. 97.5% of patients had at least one
      comorbid condition in addition to T2DM and 88.5% had at least two. The
      comorbidity burden tended to increase in older age groups and was higher in men
      than women. The most common conditions in patients with T2DM included
      hypertension (HTN) in 82.1%; overweight/obesity in 78.2%; hyperlipidemia in
      77.2%; chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 24.1%; and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in
      21.6%. The highest co-prevalence was demonstrated for the combination of HTN and
      hyperlipidemia (67.5%), followed by overweight/obesity and HTN (66.0%),
      overweight/obesity and hyperlipidemia (62.5%), HTN and CKD (22.4%),
      hyperlipidemia and CKD (21.1%), HTN and CVD (20.2%), hyperlipidemia and CVD
      (20.1%), overweight/obesity and CKD (19.1%) and overweight/obesity and CVD
      (17.0%). LIMITATIONS: Limitations include the potential for
      misclassification/underreporting due to the use of diagnostic codes, drug codes,
      or laboratory measures for identification of medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The
      vast majority of patients with T2DM have multiple comorbidities. To ensure a
      comprehensive approach to patient management, the presence of multimorbidity
      should be considered in the context of clinical decision making.

PMID- 26986191
TI  - Tunable Metasurface and Flat Optical Zoom Lens on a Stretchable Substrate.
AB  - A mechanically reconfigurable metasurface that can continuously tune the
      wavefront is demonstrated in the visible frequency range by changing the lattice
      constant of a complex Au nanorod array fabricated on a stretchable
      polydimethylsiloxane substrate. It is shown that the anomalous refraction angle
      of visible light at 632.8 nm interacting with the tunable metasurface can be
      adjusted from 11.4 degrees  to 14.9 degrees  by stretching the substrate by ~30%.
      An ultrathin flat 1.7* zoom lens whose focal length can continuously be changed
      from 150 to 250 MUm is realized, which also demonstrates the potential of
      utilizing metasurfaces for reconfigurable flat optics. 

PMID- 26986193
TI  - Conformational Changes in Thiazole-2-carboxylic Acid Selectively Induced by
      Excitation with Narrowband Near-IR and UV Light.
AB  - Conformers and photoinduced conformational transformations were studied for
      monomers of thiazole-2-carboxylic acid (TCA). The matrix-isolation technique and
      excitations with narrowband near-IR and UV light, tuned in an optical parametric
      oscillator, were used for this purpose. Form I, with the carboxylic moiety in the
      trans orientation and with the hydrogen atom of the OH group directed toward the
      nitrogen atom of the ring, was the most abundant in low-temperature argon or
      nitrogen matrixes. Conformer II, differing from I by 180 degrees  rotation of the
      OH group around the C-O bond, was also trapped in the matrixes, but in much
      smaller amount. The abundance of form II was experimentally determined as ~6% of
      the total amount of TCA molecules. Selective excitation of I with narrowband near
      IR laser light resulted in I -> II transformation. This near-IR-induced
      conformational change was photoreversible: form II converted back to I upon
      selective excitation of II with near-IR light of different wavelength.
      Conformational conversions of I into II, or vice versa, were also induced in TCA
      monomers by narrowband UV excitations at 300 nm (for I -> II transformation) and
      at 305 nm (for II -> I transformation). A spontaneous conversion of
      photogenerated II into the most stable form I was observed for the compound
      trapped in the matrix at 15 K and kept in the dark. This process was very slow;
      the estimated half-life time of conformer II was longer than 50 h. Finally, TCA
      was shown to thermally decompose at room temperature, yielding CO2 and thiazole. 

PMID- 26986192
TI  - ATR-101, a Selective and Potent Inhibitor of Acyl-CoA Acyltransferase 1, Induces
      Apoptosis in H295R Adrenocortical Cells and in the Adrenal Cortex of Dogs.
AB  - ATR-101 is a novel, oral drug candidate currently in development for the
      treatment of adrenocortical cancer. ATR-101 is a selective and potent inhibitor
      of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), an enzyme located in
      the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that catalyzes esterification of
      intracellular free cholesterol (FC). We aimed to identify mechanisms by which ATR
      101 induces adrenocortical cell death. In H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma
      cells, ATR-101 decreases the formation of cholesteryl esters and increases FC
      levels, demonstrating potent inhibition of ACAT1 activity. Caspase-3/7 levels and
      terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end
      labeled-positive cells are increased by ATR-101 treatment, indicating activation
      of apoptosis. Exogenous cholesterol markedly potentiates the activity of ATR-101,
      suggesting that excess FC that cannot be adequately esterified increases caspase
      3/7 activation and subsequent cell death. Inhibition of calcium release from the
      ER or the subsequent uptake of calcium by mitochondria reverses apoptosis induced
      by ATR-101. ATR-101 also activates multiple components of the unfolded protein
      response, an indicator of ER stress. Targeted knockdown of ACAT1 in an
      adrenocortical cell line mimicked the effects of ATR-101, suggesting that ACAT1
      mediates the cytotoxic effects of ATR-101. Finally, in vivo treatment of dogs
      with ATR-101 decreased adrenocortical steroid production and induced cellular
      apoptosis that was restricted to the adrenal cortex. Together, these studies
      demonstrate that inhibition of ACAT1 by ATR-101 increases FC, resulting in
      dysregulation of ER calcium stores that result in ER stress, the unfolded protein
      response, and ultimately apoptosis.

PMID- 26986194
TI  - Time-dependent dysregulation of autophagy: Implications in aging and
      mitochondrial homeostasis in the kidney proximal tubule.
AB  - Autophagy plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis through the quality
      control of proteins and organelles. Although a time-dependent decline in
      autophagic activity is believed to be involved in the aging process, the issue
      remains controversial. We previously demonstrated that autophagy maintains
      proximal tubular cell homeostasis and protects against kidney injury. Here, we
      extend that study and examine how autophagy is involved in kidney aging.
      Unexpectedly, the basal autophagic activity was higher in the aged kidney than
      that in young kidney; short-term cessation of autophagy in tamoxifen-inducible
      proximal tubule-specific autophagy-deficient mice increased the accumulation of
      SQSTM1/p62- and ubiquitin-positive aggregates in the aged kidney. By contrast,
      autophagic flux in response to metabolic stress was blunted with aging, as
      demonstrated by the observation that transgenic mice expressing a green
      fluorescent protein (GFP)-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B fusion
      construct, showed a drastic increase of GFP-positive puncta in response to
      starvation in young mice compared to a slight increase observed in aged mice.
      Finally, proximal tubule-specific autophagy-deficient mice at 24 mo of age
      exhibited a significant deterioration in kidney function and fibrosis concomitant
      with mitochondrial dysfunction as well as mitochondrial DNA abnormalities and
      nuclear DNA damage, all of which are hallmark characteristics of cellular
      senescence. These results suggest that age-dependent high basal autophagy plays a
      crucial role in counteracting kidney aging through mitochondrial quality control.
      Furthermore, a reduced capacity for upregulation of autophagic flux in response
      to metabolic stress may be associated with age-related kidney diseases.

PMID- 26986195
TI  - Hospitalized Traumatic Brain Injury: Low Trauma Center Utilization and High
      Interfacility Transfers among Older Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Guidelines suggest that Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) related
      hospitalizations are best treated at Level I or II trauma centers because of
      continuous neurosurgical care in these settings. This population-based study
      examines TBI hospitalization treatment paths by age groups. METHODS: Trauma
      center utilization and transfers by age groups were captured by examining the
      total number of TBI hospitalizations from National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the
      number of TBI hospitalizations and transfers in the Trauma Data Bank National
      Sample Population (NTDB-NSP). TBI cases were defined using diagnostic codes.
      RESULTS: Of the 351,555 TBI related hospitalizations in 2012, 47.9% (n = 168,317)
      were directly treated in a Level I or II trauma center, and an additional 20.3%
      (n = 71,286) were transferred to a Level I or II trauma center. The portion of
      the population treated at a trauma center (68.2%) was significantly lower than
      the portion of the U.S. population who has access to a major trauma center (90%).
      Further, nearly half of all transfers to a Level I or II trauma center were
      adults aged 55 and older (p < 0.001) and that 20.2% of pediatric patients arrive
      by non-ambulatory means. CONCLUSION: Utilization of trauma center resources for
      hospitalized TBIs may be low considering the established lower mortality rate
      associated with treatment at Level I or II trauma centers. The higher transfer
      rate for older adults may suggest rapid decline amid an unrecognized initial need
      for a trauma center care. A better understanding of hospital destination decision
      making is needed for patients with TBI.

PMID- 26986198
TI  - Definition of a visuospatial dimension as a step forward in the diagnostic puzzle
      of nonverbal learning disability.
AB  - Although clinically recognized for almost 50 years, the categorical distinction
      of specific learning disabilities due to an impairment of the nonverbal domain
      (nonverbal learning disability [NLD]) is still debated and controversial.
      Unsolved issues involve theoretical models, diagnostic criteria, rehabilitative
      interventions, and moderator factors. These issues are briefly overviewed to
      sustain the need for a shift toward dimensional approaches, as suggested by
      research domain criteria, as a step forward in the diagnostic puzzle of NLD. With
      this aim, a visuospatial dimension, or spectrum, is proposed, and then clinical
      conditions that may fit with its impaired side are systemized, while specifying
      in which conditions a visuospatial impairment may be considered an NLD.

PMID- 26986197
TI  - Preclinical evaluations of peptide-conjugate vaccines targeting the antigenic
      domain-2 of glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus.
AB  - The Antigenic Domain 2 (AD-2) is a short region near the N-terminus of
      glycoprotein B of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). AD-2 has been shown to contain
      linear epitopes that are targets for neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from
      human subjects with natural HCMV infection. However, AD-2 appears to be masked by
      the adjacent immunodominant AD-1 region. We assessed a serum panel from HCMV
      seropositive individuals and found a wide range of antibody titers to AD-2; these
      did not correlate to serum neutralization. To expose potential epitopes in AD-2,
      we constructed a series of AD-2 peptide-conjugate vaccines. Mice were immunized 3
      times and produced high and sustained antibody titers to AD-2 peptides, but
      neutralization was weak even after a single boost with whole HCMV virions.
      Rabbits were likewise immunized with AD-2 peptide vaccines, and produced a robust
      antibody response, but neutralization was inferior to a recombinant gB vaccine
      with an oil-in-water adjuvant. These results highlight the challenges of
      developing a peptide-based vaccine specific to the HCMV gB AD-2 region.

PMID- 26986200
TI  - Changes in the Chemical Composition and Decay Resistance of Thermally-Modified
      Hevea brasiliensis Wood.
AB  - In this study the effect of thermal treatment on the equilibrium moisture
      content, chemical composition and biological resistance to decay fungi of
      juvenile and mature Hevea brasiliensis wood (rubber wood) was evaluated. Samples
      were taken from a 53-year-old rubber wood plantation located in Tabapua, Sao
      Paulo, Brazil. The samples were thermally-modified at 180 degrees C, 200 degrees
      C and 220 degrees C. Results indicate that the thermal modification caused: (1) a
      significant increase in the extractive content and proportional increase in the
      lignin content at 220 degrees C; (2) a significant decrease in the equilibrium
      moisture content, holocelluloses, arabinose, galactose and xylose content, but no
      change in glucose content; and (3) a significant increase in wood decay
      resistance against both Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill and Gloeophyllum
      trabeum (Pers.) Murrill decay fungi. The greatest decay resistance was achieved
      from treatment at 220 degrees C which resulted in a change in wood decay
      resistance class from moderately resistant to resistant. Finally, this study also
      demonstrated that the influence of thermal treatment in mature wood was lower
      than in juvenile wood. 

PMID- 26986201
TI  - Modelling Population Dynamics in Realistic Landscapes with Linear Elements: A
      Mechanistic-Statistical Reaction-Diffusion Approach.
AB  - We propose and develop a general approach based on reaction-diffusion equations
      for modelling a species dynamics in a realistic two-dimensional (2D) landscape
      crossed by linear one-dimensional (1D) corridors, such as roads, hedgerows or
      rivers. Our approach is based on a hybrid "2D/1D model", i.e, a system of 2D and
      1D reaction-diffusion equations with homogeneous coefficients, in which each
      equation describes the population dynamics in a given 2D or 1D element of the
      landscape. Using the example of the range expansion of the tiger mosquito Aedes
      albopictus in France and its main highways as 1D corridors, we show that the
      model can be fitted to realistic observation data. We develop a mechanistic
      statistical approach, based on the coupling between a model of population
      dynamics and a probabilistic model of the observation process. This allows us to
      bridge the gap between the data (3 levels of infestation, at the scale of a
      French department) and the output of the model (population densities at each
      point of the landscape), and to estimate the model parameter values using a
      maximum-likelihood approach. Using classical model comparison criteria, we obtain
      a better fit and a better predictive power with the 2D/1D model than with a
      standard homogeneous reaction-diffusion model. This shows the potential
      importance of taking into account the effect of the corridors (highways in the
      present case) on species dynamics. With regard to the particular case of A.
      albopictus, the conclusion that highways played an important role in species
      range expansion in mainland France is consistent with recent findings from the
      literature. 

PMID- 26986199
TI  - Preclinical Investigations of PM01183 (Lurbinectedin) as a Single Agent or in
      Combination with Other Anticancer Agents for Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of
      lurbinectedin as a single agent or in combination with existing anticancer agents
      for clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary, which is regarded as an aggressive,
      chemoresistant, histological subtype. METHODS: Using human ovarian CCC cell
      lines, the antitumor effects of lurbinectedin, SN-38, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and
      paclitaxel as single agents were assessed using the MTS assay. Then, the
      antitumor effects of combination therapies involving lurbinectedin and 1 of the
      other 4 agents were evaluated using isobologram analysis to examine whether these
      combinations displayed synergistic effects. The antitumor activity of each
      treatment was also examined using cisplatin-resistant and paclitaxel-resistant
      CCC sublines. Finally, we determined the effects of mTORC1 inhibition on the
      antitumor activity of lurbinectedin-based chemotherapy. RESULTS: Lurbinectedin
      exhibited significant antitumor activity toward chemosensitive and chemoresistant
      CCC cells in vitro. An examination of mouse CCC cell xenografts revealed that
      lurbinectedin significantly inhibits tumor growth. Among the tested combinations,
      lurbinectedin plus SN-38 resulted in a significant synergistic effect. This
      combination also had strong synergistic effects on both the cisplatin-resistant
      and paclitaxel-resistant CCC cell lines. Everolimus significantly enhanced the
      antitumor activity of lurbinectedin-based chemotherapies. CONCLUSIONS:
      Lurbinectedin, a new agent that targets active transcription, exhibits antitumor
      activity in CCC when used as a single agent and has synergistic antitumor effects
      when combined with irinotecan. Our results indicate that lurbinectedin is a
      promising agent for treating ovarian CCC, both as a first-line treatment and as a
      salvage treatment for recurrent lesions that develop after platinum-based or
      paclitaxel treatment.

PMID- 26986202
TI  - Correction: Activation of alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Reduces
      Ischemic Stroke Injury through Reduction of Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages and
      Oxidative Stress.

PMID- 26986204
TI  - Genome Update. Let the consumer beware: Streptomyces genome sequence quality.
AB  - A genome sequence assembly represents a model of a genome. This article explores
      some tools and methods for assessing the quality of an assembly, using publicly
      available data for Streptomyces species as the example. There is great
      variability in quality of assemblies deposited in GenBank. Only in a small
      minority of these assemblies are the raw data available, enabling full appraisal
      of the assembly quality. 

PMID- 26986203
TI  - Co-infection of Ticks: The Rule Rather Than the Exception.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ticks are the most common arthropod vectors of both human and
      animal diseases in Europe, and the Ixodes ricinus tick species is able to
      transmit a large number of bacteria, viruses and parasites. Ticks may also be co
      infected with several pathogens, with a subsequent high likelihood of co
      transmission to humans or animals. However few data exist regarding co-infection
      prevalences, and these studies only focus on certain well-known pathogens. In
      addition to pathogens, ticks also carry symbionts that may play important roles
      in tick biology, and could interfere with pathogen maintenance and transmission.
      In this study we evaluated the prevalence of 38 pathogens and four symbionts and
      their co-infection levels as well as possible interactions between pathogens, or
      between pathogens and symbionts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 267
      Ixodes ricinus female specimens were collected in the French Ardennes and
      analyzed by high-throughput real-time PCR for the presence of 37 pathogens
      (bacteria and parasites), by rRT-PCR to detect the presence of Tick-Borne
      encephalitis virus (TBEV) and by nested PCR to detect four symbionts. Possible
      multipartite interactions between pathogens, or between pathogens and symbionts
      were statistically evaluated. Among the infected ticks, 45% were co-infected, and
      carried up to five different pathogens. When adding symbiont prevalences, all
      ticks were infected by at least one microorganism, and up to eight microorganisms
      were identified in the same tick. When considering possible interactions between
      pathogens, the results suggested a strong association between Borrelia garinii
      and B. afzelii, whereas there were no significant interactions between symbionts
      and pathogens. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study reveals high pathogen co
      infection rates in ticks, raising questions about possible co-transmission of
      these agents to humans or animals, and their consequences to human and animal
      health. We also demonstrated high prevalence rates of symbionts co-existing with
      pathogens, opening new avenues of enquiry regarding their effects on pathogen
      transmission and vector competence.

PMID- 26986206
TI  - Arthrobacter and related genera: An annotated selection of World Wide Web sites
      relevant to the topics in environmental microbiology.

PMID- 26986207
TI  - Differences Found in the Macroinvertebrate Community Composition in the Presence
      or Absence of the Invasive Alien Crayfish, Orconectes hylas.
AB  - Introductions of alien species into aquatic ecosystems have been well documented,
      including invasions of crayfish species; however, little is known about the
      effects of these introductions on macroinvertebrate communities. The woodland
      crayfish (Orconectes hylas (Faxon)) has been introduced into the St. Francis
      River watershed in southeast Missouri and has displaced populations of native
      crayfish. The effects of O. hylas on macroinvertebrate community composition were
      investigated in a fourth-order Ozark stream at two locations, one with the
      presence of O. hylas and one without. Significant differences between sites and
      across four sampling periods and two habitats were found in five categories of
      benthic macroinvertebrate metrics: species richness, percent/composition,
      dominance/diversity, functional feeding groups, and biotic indices. In most
      seasons and habitat combinations, the invaded site had significantly higher
      relative abundance of riffle beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae), and significantly
      lower Missouri biotic index values, total taxa richness, and both richness and
      relative abundance of midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Overall study results
      indicate that some macroinvertebrate community differences due to the O. hylas
      invasion were not consistent between seasons and habitats, suggesting that
      further research on spatial and temporal habitat use and feeding ecology of Ozark
      crayfish species is needed to improve our understanding of the effects of these
      invasions on aquatic communities. 

PMID- 26986205
TI  - Understanding butanol tolerance and assimilation in Pseudomonas putida BIRD-1: an
      integrated omics approach.
AB  - Pseudomonas putida BIRD-1 has the potential to be used for the industrial
      production of butanol due to its solvent tolerance and ability to metabolize low
      cost compounds. However, the strain has two major limitations: it assimilates
      butanol as sole carbon source and butanol concentrations above 1% (v/v) are
      toxic. With the aim of facilitating BIRD-1 strain design for industrial use, a
      genome-wide mini-Tn5 transposon mutant library was screened for clones exhibiting
      increased butanol sensitivity or deficiency in butanol assimilation. Twenty-one
      mutants were selected that were affected in one or both of the processes. These
      mutants exhibited insertions in various genes, including those involved in the
      TCA cycle, fatty acid metabolism, transcription, cofactor synthesis and membrane
      integrity. An omics-based analysis revealed key genes involved in the butanol
      response. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies were carried out to compare short
      and long-term tolerance and assimilation traits. Pseudomonas putida initiates
      various butanol assimilation pathways via alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases
      that channel the compound to central metabolism through the glyoxylate shunt
      pathway. Accordingly, isocitrate lyase - a key enzyme of the pathway - was the
      most abundant protein when butanol was used as the sole carbon source.
      Upregulation of two genes encoding proteins PPUBIRD1_2240 and PPUBIRD1_2241 (acyl
      CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA synthetase respectively) linked butanol
      assimilation with acyl-CoA metabolism. Butanol tolerance was found to be
      primarily linked to classic solvent defense mechanisms, such as efflux pumps,
      membrane modifications and control of redox state. Our results also highlight the
      intensive energy requirements for butanol production and tolerance; thus,
      enhancing TCA cycle operation may represent a promising strategy for enhanced
      butanol production.

PMID- 26986208
TI  - Is Serum Total LDH Evaluation Able to Differentiate between Alimentary Lymphoma
      and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Real World Clinical Setting?
AB  - CONTEXT: An increase in enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum is a negative
      prognostic factor for survival in cats affected by lymphoma. Measuring LDH at the
      time of diagnosis has been studied for differentiating neoplastic disease from
      non-neoplastic disease in dogs. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and alimentary
      lymphoma are common diseases in cats. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to
      determine whether elevation of total LDH occurred in cats with alimentary
      lymphoma and non-neoplastic gastrointestinal disease, such as IBD, and to
      evaluate whether this enzyme is useful in supporting the differential diagnosis
      of these specific diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective non-randomized
      controlled study was carried-out in a real world setting of three Italian private
      veterinary clinics. Seventy-one client-owned cats with a history of chronic
      gastrointestinal symptoms were enrolled; 33 cats were histologically diagnosed as
      having alimentary lymphoma and 38 cats as having IBD. Serum samples of total LDH
      analysis were measured. RESULTS: Gender (P = 0.016) and age (P = 0.046) were
      found to be significant factors influencing the differentiation of serum total
      LDH between cats with alimentary lymphoma and those with IBD. Despite low
      diagnostic accuracy in the overall population (63%), a cut-off value of serum
      total LDH ranging from 0.85- to 1.04-times the upper reference limit showed good
      capability (accuracy >80%) of differentiating these two conditions in neutered
      males and cats younger than 8 years of age (AUC: 0.805, 0.833; sensitivities:
      76.9%, 83.3%; specificities: 80.0%, 76.5%; PPV: 76.9%, 55.6%; NPV: 80.0%, 92.9%;
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although our study showed that gender and age are
      significant factors in differentiating serum total LDH between cats with
      alimentary lymphoma and those with IBD, this test had poor diagnostic accuracy in
      differentiating between these two conditions in the overall population.

PMID- 26986209
TI  - Relationship between antipsychotic medication, serum prolactin levels and
      osteoporosis/osteoporotic fractures in patients with schizophrenia: a critical
      literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Using an antipsychotic medication can increase prolactin (PRL)
      levels, causing hyperprolactinemia (HPRL). Although the occurrence of
      osteoporosis within the population of patients with schizophrenia has been
      recognized, the precise nature of the association between antipsychotic
      treatment, PRL, osteoporosis, and the disease itself seems to be elusive. AREAS
      COVERED: The aim of this review is to critically review the literature regarding
      the association between osteoporosis and PRL and to summarize the available
      evidence with respect to the impact of PRL-elevating antipsychotics on bone
      mineral density (BMD) and fractures in non-elderly patients with schizophrenia.
      EXPERT OPINION: Although long-standing HPRL can have an impact on the rate of
      bone metabolism and, when associated with hypogonadism, may lead to decreased
      bone density in both female and male subjects, the relative contribution of
      antipsychotic-induced HPRL in bone mineral loss in patients with schizophrenia
      remains unclear. Methodological shortcomings of existing studies, including the
      lack of prospective data and the focus on measurements of BMD instead of bone
      turnover markers, preclude definitive conclusions regarding the relationship
      between PRL-raising antipsychotics and BMD loss in patients with schizophrenia.
      Therefore, more well conducted prospective trials of these biomarkers are
      necessary to establish the precise relationship between antipsychotics, PRL
      levels and osteoporosis/osteoporotic risk.

PMID- 26986210
TI  - Critical reanalysis of the methods that discriminate the activity of CDK2 from
      CDK1.
AB  - Cyclin dependent kinases 1 and 2 (CDK1 and CDK2) play crucial roles in regulating
      cell cycle progression from G1 to S, through S, and G2 to M phase. Both
      inhibition and aberrant activation of CDK1/2 can be detrimental to cancer cell
      growth. However, the tools routinely employed to discriminate between the
      activities of these 2 kinases do not have the selectivity commonly attributed to
      them. Activation of these kinases is often assayed as a decrease of the
      inhibitory tyrosine-15 phosphorylation, yet the antibodies used cannot
      discriminate between phosphorylated CDK1 and CDK2. Inhibitors of these kinases,
      while partially selective against purified kinases, may lack selectivity when
      applied to intact cells. High levels of cyclin E are often considered a marker of
      increased CDK2 activity, yet active CDK2 targets cyclin E for degradation, hence
      high levels usually reflect inactive CDK2. Finally, inhibition of CDK2 does not
      arrest cells in S phase suggesting CDK2 is not required for S phase progression.
      Furthermore, activation of CDK2 in S phase can rapidly induce DNA double-strand
      breaks in some cell lines. The misunderstandings associated with the use of these
      tools has led to misinterpretation of results. In this review, we highlight these
      challenges in the field.

PMID- 26986211
TI  - Meis1 Is Required for Adult Mouse Erythropoiesis, Megakaryopoiesis and
      Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion.
AB  - Meis1 is recognized as an important transcriptional regulator in hematopoietic
      development and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of leukemia, both as a
      Hox transcription factor co-factor and independently. Despite the emerging
      recognition of Meis1's importance in the context of both normal and leukemic
      hematopoiesis, there is not yet a full understanding of Meis1's functions and the
      relevant pathways and genes mediating its functions. Recently, several
      conditional mouse models for Meis1 have been established. These models highlight
      a critical role for Meis1 in adult mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and
      implicate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a mediator of Meis1 function in this
      compartment. There are, however, several reported differences between these
      studies in terms of downstream progenitor populations impacted and effectors of
      function. In this study, we describe further characterization of a conditional
      knockout model based on mice carrying a loxP-flanked exon 8 of Meis1 which we
      crossed onto the inducible Cre localization/expression strains, B6;129
      Gt(ROSA)26Sor(tm1(Cre/ERT)Nat)/J or B6.Cg-Tg(Mx1-Cre)1Cgn/J. Findings obtained
      from these two inducible Meis1 knockout models confirm and extend previous
      reports of the essential role of Meis1 in adult HSC maintenance and expansion and
      provide new evidence that highlights key roles of Meis1 in both megakaryopoiesis
      and erythropoiesis. Gene expression analyses point to a number of candidate genes
      involved in Meis1's role in hematopoiesis. Our data additionally support recent
      evidence of a role of Meis1 in ROS regulation.

PMID- 26986212
TI  - Cuf2 Is a Transcriptional Co-Regulator that Interacts with Mei4 for Timely
      Expression of Middle-Phase Meiotic Genes.
AB  - The Schizosaccharomyces pombe cuf2+ gene encodes a nuclear regulator that is
      required for timely activation and repression of several middle-phase genes
      during meiotic differentiation. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the
      mechanism by which Cuf2 regulates meiotic gene expression. Using a chromatin
      immunoprecipitation approach, we demonstrate that Cuf2 is specifically associated
      with promoters of both activated and repressed target genes, in a time-dependent
      manner. In case of the fzr1+ gene whose transcription is positively affected by
      Cuf2, promoter occupancy by Cuf2 results in a concomitant increased association
      of RNA polymerase II along its coding region. In marked contrast, association of
      RNA polymerase II with chromatin decreases when Cuf2 negatively regulates target
      gene expression such as wtf13+. Although Cuf2 operates through a transcriptional
      mechanism, it is unable to perform its function in the absence of the Mei4
      transcription factor, which is a member of the conserved forkhead protein family.
      Using coimmunoprecipitation experiments, results showed that Cuf2 is a binding
      partner of Mei4. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments brought
      further evidence that an association between Cuf2 and Mei4 occurs in the nucleus.
      Analysis of fzr1+ promoter regions revealed that two FLEX-like elements, which
      are bound by the transcription factor Mei4, are required for chromatin occupancy
      by Cuf2. Together, results reported here revealed that Cuf2 and Mei4 co-regulate
      the timely expression of middle-phase genes during meiosis. 

PMID- 26986214
TI  - When Geometry Constrains Vision: Systematic Misperceptions within Geometrical
      Configurations.
AB  - How accurate are we in reproducing a point within a simple shape? This is the
      empirical question we addressed in this work. Participants were presented with a
      tiny disk embedded in an empty circle (Experiment 1 and 3) or in a square
      (Experiment 2). Shortly afterwards the disk vanished and they had to reproduce
      the previously seen disk position within the empty shape by means of the mouse
      cursor, as accurately as possible. Several loci inside each shape were tested. We
      found that the space delimited by a circle and by a square is not homogeneous and
      the observed distortion appears to be consistent across observers and specific
      for the two tested shapes. However, a common pattern can be identified when
      reproducing geometrical loci enclosed in a shape: errors are shifted toward the
      periphery in the region around the center and toward the center in the region
      nearby the edges. The error absolute value declines progressively as we approach
      an equilibrium contour line between the center and the outline of the shape where
      the error is null. These results suggest that enclosing an empty space within a
      shape imposes an organization to it and warps its metrics: not only the perceived
      loci inside a shape are not the same as the geometrical loci, but they are
      misperceived in a systematic way that is functional to the correct identification
      of the center of the shape. Eye movements recordings (Experiment 3) are
      consistent with this interpretation of the data. 

PMID- 26986215
TI  - Nitro Lignin-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Carbon as an Efficient and Sustainable
      Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction.
AB  - The use of lignin as a precursor for the synthesis of materials is nowadays
      considered very interesting from a sustainability standpoint. Here we illustrate
      the synthesis of a micro-, meso-, and macroporous nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC)
      using lignin extracted from beech wood via alkaline hydrothermal treatment and
      successively functionalized via aromatic nitration. The so obtained material is
      thus carbonized in the eutectic salt melt KCl/ZnCl2. The final NDC shows an
      excellent activity as electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction.

PMID- 26986213
TI  - Immune-Mediated Inflammation May Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular
      Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease, a progressive manifestation of alpha-L
      iduronidase deficiency or mucopolysaccharidosis type I, continues in patients
      both untreated and treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or
      intravenous enzyme replacement. Few studies have examined the effects of alpha-L
      iduronidase deficiency and subsequent glycosaminoglycan storage upon arterial
      gene expression to understand the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
      METHODS: Gene expression in carotid artery, ascending, and descending aortas from
      four non-tolerized, non-enzyme treated 19 month-old mucopolysaccharidosis type I
      dogs was compared with expression in corresponding vascular segments from three
      normal, age-matched dogs. Data were analyzed using R and whole genome network
      correlation analysis, a bias-free method of categorizing expression level and
      significance into discrete modules. Genes were further categorized based on
      module-trait relationships. Expression of clusterin, a protein implicated in
      other etiologies of cardiovascular disease, was assessed in canine and murine
      mucopolysaccharidosis type I aortas via Western blot and in situ
      immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Gene families with more than two-fold, significant
      increased expression involved lysosomal function, proteasome function, and immune
      regulation. Significantly downregulated genes were related to cellular adhesion,
      cytoskeletal elements, and calcium regulation. Clusterin gene overexpression (9
      fold) and protein overexpression (1.3 to 1.62-fold) was confirmed and located
      specifically in arterial plaques of mucopolysaccharidosis-affected dogs and mice.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of lysosomal and proteasomal-related genes are
      expected responses to cellular stress induced by lysosomal storage in
      mucopolysaccharidosis type I. Upregulation of immunity-related genes implicates
      the potential involvement of glycosaminoglycan-induced inflammation in the
      pathogenesis of mucopolysaccharidosis-related arterial disease, for which
      clusterin represents a potential biomarker.

PMID- 26986216
TI  - Critical involvement of the alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase in multidrug resistance
      of human chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - The fucosyltransferases are key enzymes in cell surface antigen synthesis during
      multidrug resistance (MDR) development. The aim of the present study was to
      analyze the alteration of alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase involved in MDR
      development in human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). FUT1 was overexpressed in
      three CML/MDR cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CML
      patients. However, no significant changes of FUT2 were observed. The altered
      levels of FUT1 had a significant impact on the phenotypic variation of MDR of
      K562 and K562/ADR cells, the activity of EGFR/MAPK pathway and P-glycoprotein (P
      gp) expression. Blocking the EGFR/MAPK pathway by its specific inhibitor PD153035
      or EGFR small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in the reduced MDR of K562/ADR
      cells. This study indicated that alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase involved in the
      development of MDR of CML cells probably through FUT1 regulated the activity of
      EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway and the expression of P-gp.

PMID- 26986221
TI  - Perspectives on intimate relationships among young people in rural South Africa:
      the logic of risk.
AB  - This paper explores how young people in rural South Africa understand gender,
      dating, sexuality and risk-taking in adolescence. The empirical material drawn
      upon consists of 20 interviews with young men and women (aged 18-19) and reflects
      normative gender patterns characterised by compulsory heterosexuality and dating
      as obligatory, and representing key symbols of normality. However, different
      meanings of heterosexual relationships are articulated in the interviews, for
      example in the recurring concept of 'passing time', and these meanings show that
      a relationship can be something arbitrary: a way to reduce boredom and have
      casual sex. Such a rationale for engaging in a relationship reflects one of
      several other normative gender patterns, which relate to the trivialisation of
      dating and sexual risk-taking, and which entail making compromises and
      legitimising deviations from the 'ideal' life-script and the hope of a better
      future. However, risks do not exclusively represent something bad, dangerous or
      immoral, because they are also used as excuses to avoid sex, HIV acquisition and
      early pregnancy. In conclusion, various interrelated issues can both undermine
      and/or reinforce risk awareness and subsequent risk behaviour. Recognition of
      this tension is essential when framing policies to support young people to reduce
      sexual risk-taking behaviour.

PMID- 26986217
TI  - UVB Radiation Delays Tribolium castaneum Metamorphosis by Influencing Ecdysteroid
      Metabolism.
AB  - Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is an important environmental factor. It is
      generally known that UVB exhibits high genotoxicity due to causing DNA damage,
      potentially leading to skin carcinogenesis and aging in mammals. However, little
      is known about the effects of UVB on the development and metamorphosis of
      insects, which are the most abundant terrestrial animals. In the present study,
      we performed dose-response analyses of the effects UVB irradiation on Tribolium
      castaneum metamorphosis, assessed the function of the T. castaneum
      prothoracicotropic hormone gene (Trcptth), and analyzed ecdysteroid pathway gene
      expression profile and ecdysterone titers post-UVB irradiation. The results
      showed that UVB not only caused death of T. castaneum larvae, but also delayed
      larval-pupal metamorphosis and reduced the size and emergence rate of pupae. In
      addition, we verified the function of Trcptth, which is responsible for
      regulating metamorphosis. It was also found that the expression profiles of
      Trcptth as well as ecdysteroidogenesis and response genes were influenced by UVB
      radiation. Therefore, a disturbance pulse of ecdysteroid may be involved in
      delaying development under exposure to irradiation. To our knowledge, this is the
      first report indicating that UVB can influence the metamorphosis of insects. This
      study will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of UVB on signaling
      mechanisms in insect metamorphosis. 

PMID- 26986222
TI  - Age-Related Changes of Intraocular Pressure in Elderly People in Southern China:
      Lingtou Eye Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study age-related changes of intraocular pressure (IOP) and assess
      the cohort effect in both cross-sectional and longitudinal settings among elderly
      Chinese adults. METHODS: Participants were enrolled from the Lingtou Eye Cohort
      Study with Chinese government officials aged 40 years and older at baseline and
      received physical check-up and ocular examinations from 2010 to 2012. IOP was
      measured using a non-contact tonometer according to standardized protocols, as
      well as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body
      mass index (BMI). Participants who had attended IOP measurements in both 2010 and
      2012 were included in this study. Cross-sectional association of IOP with age was
      assessed using multivariate liner regression analyses and based on the data of
      2010. Longitudinal changes in IOP were assessed by paired t-test. RESULTS: A
      total of 3372 subjects were enrolled in the current analysis (2010 mean [SD] age,
      61.9 [7.1] years; 60.2% men). The mean IOP in 2010 was 15.4 +/- 2.3 mmHg for
      women and 15.2 +/- 2.3 mmHg for men with an intersex difference (P = 0.029).
      Cross-sectional analysis showed that IOP was negatively associated with age (P =
      0.003, beta = -0.033 for women and P<0.001, beta = -0.061 for men) adjusted for
      baseline SBP, DBP and BMI. Paired t-test suggested that IOP was higher in the
      year 2012 than 2010 in women (P = 0.006) but did not change significantly in men
      within 2 years (P = 0.345). In addition, the 2-year changes of IOP were not
      associated with age adjusted for baseline IOP in 2010 (P = 0.249). CONCLUSION:
      Cross-sectional data suggests that IOP is lower in people with older age.
      Longitudinal data does not support such findings and thus the identified
      decreasing pattern with age in cross-sectional analysis is likely caused by
      cohort effects.

PMID- 26986223
TI  - A Rapid and Quantitative Flow Cytometry Method for the Analysis of Membrane
      Disruptive Antimicrobial Activity.
AB  - We describe a microbial flow cytometry method that quantifies within 3 hours
      antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity, termed Minimum Membrane Disruptive
      Concentration (MDC). Increasing peptide concentration positively correlates with
      the extent of bacterial membrane disruption and the calculated MDC is equivalent
      to its MBC. The activity of AMPs representing three different membranolytic modes
      of action could be determined for a range of Gram positive and negative bacteria,
      including the ESKAPE pathogens, E. coli and MRSA. By using the MDC50
      concentration of the parent AMP, the method provides high-throughput,
      quantitative screening of AMP analogues. A unique feature of the MDC assay is
      that it directly measures peptide/bacteria interactions and lysed cell numbers
      rather than bacteria survival as with MIC and MBC assays. With the threat of
      multi-drug resistant bacteria, this high-throughput MDC assay has the potential
      to aid in the development of novel antimicrobials that target bacteria with
      improved efficacy. 

PMID- 26986225
TI  - Endoscopic Improvement of the Adenoma Detection Rate during Colonoscopy - Where
      Do We Stand in 2015?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The presence of colorectal adenomas is considered a major risk factor
      for colorectal cancer development. The implementation of screening colonoscopy
      programs in the Western world has led to a substantial reduction of colorectal
      cancer death. Many efforts have been made to reduce the adenoma miss rates by the
      application of new endoscopic devices and techniques for better adenoma
      visualization. SUMMARY: This special review gives the readership an overview of
      current endoscopic innovations that can aid in the increase of the adenoma
      detection rate (ADR) during colonoscopy. These innovations include the use of
      devices like EndoCuff(r) and EndoRings(r) as well as new technical equipment like
      third-eye endoscope(r) and full-spectrum endoscopy (FUSE(r)). KEY MESSAGE:
      Technical improvements and newly developed accessories are able to improve the
      ADR. However, additional costs and a willingness to invest into potentially
      expensive equipment might be necessary. Investigator-dependent skills remain the
      backbone in the ADR detection.

PMID- 26986224
TI  - Is Modified Radical Hysterectomy Needed for Patients with Clinical Stage I/II
      Endometrial Cancers? A Historical Control Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess whether hysterectomy with
      wider resection could improve survival by preventing local recurrence. METHODS:
      Medical charts of the patients with clinical stage I/II endometrial cancers
      treated at our hospital between 1990 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The
      primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and secondary endpoints were
      progression-free survival (PFS) and adverse effects according to the type of
      hysterectomy. RESULTS: A total of 247 patients were identified: 46 patients
      treated with total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH group) and 201 patients with
      modified radical hysterectomy (mRH group). No significant differences were
      observed in OS (p = 0.52) and PFS (p = 0.67) between the two groups. Also, there
      was no significant difference in the distribution of recurrent sites between the
      two groups. The patients treated with mRH had a longer operation time and more
      frequently developed severe adverse events, such as blood loss and lymphedema.
      CONCLUSION: In our cohorts, there were no significant differences in both PFS and
      OS according to surgical procedures, and the mRH group more frequently developed
      severe adverse events. Overall, clinical benefit was not obtained by mRH in
      patients with clinical stage I/II endometrial carcinomas.

PMID- 26986226
TI  - Research and development of antibiotics: insights from patents and citation
      network.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics develops at an alarming rate
      and leads to the increasing morbidity and health-care costs in recent years.
      However, the global research and development (R&D) of antibiotics has fallen
      behind the emergence and spread of bacterial resistance and the world is heading
      towards a 'post-antibiotic era'. In this context, systematic understanding of the
      technology landscape and evolving process of antibiotic R&D may help to provide
      insights for discovering future antibiotics more rationally. AREAS COVERED:
      Patents and patent citations are broadly believed to be powerful tools in
      representing the technology advances and capturing technology flows. In all, 707
      U.S. patents related to antibiotic R&D are collected and analyzed. Furthermore,
      patent citations are visualized by a network-based approach, while the inter
      relationship between patented technologies on antibiotics is further revealed.
      EXPERT OPINION: The current dry pipeline of antibiotic development requires
      substantial awareness and political support. It is essential to build an
      attractive and supportive environment for investment. Thus, a new antibiotic
      business model is needed to chase the balance between the market-oriented
      investment and public health goals. Additionally, drug development targeting Gram
      negative bacteria, especially resistant Gram-negative bacteria, demands
      attentions from stakeholders because of their unmet medical needs.

PMID- 26986227
TI  - Social anxiety and alcohol use across the university years: Adaptive and
      maladaptive groups.
AB  - University/college can be a challenging time as students face developmental tasks
      such as building new social networks and achieving academically. Social anxiety
      may be disadvantageous in this setting given that social situations often include
      drinking and individuals with social anxiety tend to self-medicate through
      alcohol use. However, findings are mixed as to whether the association between
      social anxiety and alcohol use is positive or negative. To clarify the nature of
      this association, we used a person-centered longitudinal analysis to identify
      student groups based on levels of social anxiety symptoms and alcohol
      consumption. Undergraduates (N = 1132, 70.5% female, Mage = 19.06 at Time 1)
      enrolled in university completed a survey assessing social anxiety and alcohol
      use over 3 years, and psychosocial functioning and emotion coping behaviors at
      Time 1. Two out of 5 groups were identified with higher levels of social anxiety,
      1 with moderately low alcohol use, and the other with moderately high alcohol
      use. Both groups reported higher levels of general anxiety, depressive symptoms,
      behavioral inhibition, emotional reactivity, daily hassles, and lower levels of
      social ties at Time 1 than the 3 groups with lower levels of social anxiety.
      Furthermore, the social anxiety-alcohol use group reported significantly lower
      academic grades and was more likely to endorse problematic emotion coping
      behaviors (e.g., self-injury) than the social anxiety-low alcohol use group.
      These results not only help explain the mixed findings in the literature but
      indicate that 1 group of socially anxious students may be particularly vulnerable
      to negative adjustment difficulties. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986229
TI  - Emotionally numb: Desensitization to community violence exposure among urban
      youth.
AB  - Community violence exposure (CVE) is associated with numerous psychosocial
      outcomes among youth. Although linear, cumulative effects models have typically
      been used to describe these relations, emerging evidence suggests the presence of
      curvilinear associations that may represent a pattern of emotional
      desensitization among youth exposed to chronic community violence. This study
      uses longitudinal data to investigate relations between CVE and both
      internalizing and externalizing symptoms among 3,480 youth ages 3 to 12 at
      baseline and 9 to 18 at outcome. Results support desensitization models, as
      evidenced by longitudinal quadratic associations between Wave 2 CVE and Wave 3
      anxiety/depressive symptoms, alongside cross-sectional linear associations
      between Wave 3 CVE and Wave 3 aggression. Neither age nor gender moderated the
      associations between CVE and well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986228
TI  - Ethnic identity trajectories among Mexican-origin girls during early and middle
      adolescence: Predicting future psychosocial adjustment.
AB  - We examined trajectories of ethnic identity exploration, resolution, and
      affirmation and their associations with depressive symptoms and self-esteem 3.5
      years later among early and middle adolescent Mexican-origin girls (N = 338).
      Findings indicated that exploration, resolution, and affirmation increased over
      time for both cohorts. Among early adolescents, growth in exploration was
      associated with more depressive symptoms during middle adolescence, whereas
      higher initial levels and greater rates of change of affirmation predicted fewer
      subsequent depressive symptoms. Among middle adolescents, higher baseline levels
      of exploration and affirmation predicted fewer depressive symptoms in late
      adolescence. Higher initial levels and greater change in affirmation predicted
      higher self-esteem among both cohorts. Findings highlight the developmental and
      multifaceted quality of ethnic identity and that associations between ethnic
      identity and adjustment may vary by adolescent developmental stage. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 26986230
TI  - A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS)
      based metabolomics study on colour stability of ovine meat.
AB  - Meat colour is one of the cues available to the consumer to gauge overall meat
      quality and wholesomeness. Colour stability of meat is determined by several
      factors both inherent to the animal and post-slaughter conditions, including
      ageing, storage/packaging and display times. A hydrophilic interaction liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) based metabolomics study was
      undertaken to identify and compare polar metabolites between ovine meat samples
      that were exposed to different durations of ageing, storage conditions, and
      display times. Primary metabolites comprising amino acids, sugars, nucleotides,
      nucleosides, organic acids and their breakdown products were mainly identified as
      discriminating factors. For the first time, boron complexes of sugar and malic
      acid were also tentatively identified. As expected, most compounds identified
      were related to myoglobin chemistry, and compounds with antioxidant properties
      were found in higher levels in colour stable samples. Supplementary studies
      identifying semi-polar, non-polar and volatile compounds will provide a holistic
      understanding of the chemical basis of colour stability in ovine meat. 

PMID- 26986231
TI  - Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects.
AB  - The Aloe plant is employed as a dietary supplement in a variety of foods and as
      an ingredient in cosmetic products. The widespread human exposure and its
      potential toxic and carcinogenic activities raise safety concerns. Chemical
      analysis reveals that the Aloe plant contains various polysaccharides and
      phenolic chemicals, notably anthraquinones. Ingestion of Aloe preparations is
      associated with diarrhea, hypokalemia, pseudomelanosis coli, kidney failure, as
      well as phototoxicity and hypersensitive reactions. Recently, Aloe vera whole
      leaf extract showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats, and was
      classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human
      carcinogen (Group 2B). This review presents updated information on the
      toxicological effects, including the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity,
      and adverse clinical effects of Aloe vera whole leaf extract, gel, and latex. 

PMID- 26986232
TI  - MicroRNA-200b inhibits the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting
      DNA methyltransferase 3a.
AB  - Aberrant microRNA (miRNA or miR) expression has been reported to contribute to
      the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the involvement of
      specific miRNAs in HCC remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to
      investigate the potential role of miR-200b and the mechanism underlying its
      function in hepatocarcinogenesis. The results of the present study demonstrated
      that the expression levels of miR-200b were significantly reduced in HCC tissue
      samples, as compared with normal liver (NL) and para-tumorous (PT) tissue
      samples. The results also revealed that miR-200b expression levels in HepG2 cells
      were significantly decreased compared with those in L02 cells. In addition,
      western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction
      demonstrated that the expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a), a
      possible target gene for miR-200b, were significantly higher in HCC tissue
      samples, as compared with those in NL and PT tissue samples. Furthermore, the
      data suggested that DNMT3a was a direct target gene of miR-200b. Upregulated miR
      200b expression in HepG2 cells led to a decrease in DNMT3a expression levels, and
      an inhibition of cell proliferation. These results suggested that miR-200b has an
      important role in hepatocarcinogenesis and acts by downregulating DNMT3a
      expression. Thus, miR-200b may be a promising target for HCC treatment. 

PMID- 26986233
TI  - Overexpression of miR-155 promotes the proliferation and invasion of oral
      squamous carcinoma cells by regulating BCL6/cyclin D2.
AB  - Although microRNA-155 (miR-155) is known to play an important role in many
      cancers, its expression and function in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was
      not fully understood. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the expression
      of miR-155 and also the role this miR plays in OSCC. We used the OSCC cell line
      (CAL27) and paired tumor and non-tumor tissue samples from patients with OSCC in
      order to detect the expression of miR-155. Cell proliferation, migration and
      invasion assays were then undertaken in order to determine the effect of miR-155
      on the biological behavior of CAL27 cells following transient transfection with
      miR-155 mimic and antagomir. The regulatory effect of miR-155 on its target gene
      B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and downstream gene cyclin D2 (CCND2) was also
      analyzed. We found that miR-155 expression in OSCC cell and tumor tissues was
      significantly higher than that of the controls. We noted that the miR-155 mimic
      enhanced CAL27 cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability, downregulated
      BCL6 levels, and increased cyclin D2 expression. However, we noted that
      abrogating miR-155 with the miR-155 antagomir suppressed CAL27 cell
      proliferation, migration and invasion, upregulated BCL6 and reduced cyclin D2
      expression. These results indicate that miR-155 plays a tumor-promoting role in
      OSCC by regulating the BCL6/cyclin D2 axis.

PMID- 26986234
TI  - Clinical and therapeutic significance of sirtuin-4 expression in colorectal
      cancer.
AB  - Several members of the sirtuin family (SIRT1-7), which are a highly conserved
      family of NAD+-dependent enzymes, play an important role in tumor formation.
      Recent studies indicate that SIRT4 acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating
      glutamine metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the expression and
      activity of SIRT4 in colorectal cancer. Using a tissue microarray of 89
      colorectal cancer cases, we found that SIRT4 was significantly downregulated in
      colorectal cancer tissues compared with that noted in the corresponding normal
      tissue (P<0.001). Lower SIRT4 levels were associated with worse pathological
      differentiation (P=0.031) and poorer post-operative overall survival rate
      (P=0.041). We found that SIRT4 overexpression inhibited the proliferation of
      colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. SIRT4 inhibited the glutamine
      metabolism of colorectal cancer cells and synergistically with glycolysis
      inhibitors induced cell death. SIRT4 also increased the sensitivity of colorectal
      cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting the cell
      cycle. Together, these results highlight the prognostic value of SIRT4 in
      colorectal cancer and the potential application of SIRT4 in colorectal cancer
      treatment.

PMID- 26986237
TI  - Growth and (137)Cs uptake and accumulation among 56 Japanese cultivars of
      Brassica rapa, Brassica juncea and Brassica napus grown in a contaminated field
      in Fukushima: Effect of inoculation with a Bacillus pumilus strain.
AB  - Fifty six local Japanese cultivars of Brassica rapa (40 cultivars), Brassica
      juncea (10 cultivars) and Brassica napus (6 cultivars) were assessed for
      variability in growth and (137)Cs uptake and accumulation in association with a
      Bacillus pumilus strain. Field trial was conducted at a contaminated farmland in
      Nihonmatsu city, in Fukushima prefecture. Inoculation resulted in different
      responses of the cultivars in terms of growth and radiocesium uptake and
      accumulation. B. pumilus induced a significant increase in shoot dry weight in 12
      cultivars that reached up to 40% in one B. rapa and three B. juncea cultivars.
      Differences in radiocesium uptake were observed between the cultivars of each
      Brassica species. Generally, inoculation resulted in a significant increase in
      (137)Cs uptake in 22 cultivars, while in seven cultivars it was significantly
      decreased. Regardless of plant cultivar and bacterial inoculation, the transfer
      of (137)Cs to the plant shoots (TF) varied by a factor of up to 5 and it ranged
      from to 0.011 to 0.054. Five inoculated cultivars, showed enhanced shoot dry
      weights and decreased (137)Cs accumulations, among which two B. rapa cultivars
      named Bitamina and Nozawana had a significantly decreased (137)Cs accumulation in
      their shoots. Such cultivars could be utilized to minimize the entry of
      radiocesium into the food chain; however, verifying the consistency of their
      radiocesium accumulation in other soils is strongly required. Moreover, the
      variations in growth and radiocesium accumulation, as influenced by Bacillus
      inoculation, could help selecting well grown inoculated Brassica cultivars with
      low radiocesium accumulation in their shoots. 

PMID- 26986236
TI  - Determinants of early life immune responses to RSV infection.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus causes significant morbidity and mortality in both
      developed and developing countries, and a vaccine that adequately protects from
      severe disease remains an important unmet need. RSV disease has an inordinate
      impact on the very young, and the physical and immunological immaturity of early
      life complicates vaccine design. Defining and targeting the functional capacities
      of early life immune responses and controlling responses during primary antigen
      exposure with selected vaccine delivery approaches will be important for
      protecting infants by active immunization. Alternatively, vaccination of older
      children and pregnant mothers may ameliorate disease burden indirectly until
      infants reach about six months of age, when they can generate more effective anti
      RSV immune responses. 

PMID- 26986238
TI  - The roles of specialisation and evidence-based practice in inter-professional
      jurisdictions: A qualitative study of stroke services in England, Sweden and
      Poland.
AB  - This paper investigates how the concepts of clinical specialisation and evidence
      influence the jurisdictional power of doctors, nurses and therapists involved in
      stroke care in Sweden, England and Poland. How stroke care has become a distinct
      specialism across Europe and the role that evidence has played in this
      development are critically analysed. Five qualitative case studies were
      undertaken across the three countries, consisting of 119 semi-structured
      interviews with a range of healthcare workers. The informants were purposively
      selected and their perspectives of evidence-based practice (EBP) within stroke
      care were explored. The data were analysed through thematic content analysis. The
      two key themes that emerged from the data were the health professionals' degrees
      of EBP and specialisation. The results illustrate how the two concepts of
      clinical specialisation and evidence are interrelated and work together to
      influence the different professions' degree of professional jurisdiction. It is
      concluded that doctors' professional dominance gives them full jurisdiction in
      stroke care and that nurses' and therapists' degrees of jurisdiction is dependent
      on their ability to specialise. 

PMID- 26986235
TI  - Interspecies transmission and chikungunya virus emergence.
AB  - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes severe, debilitating, often chronic arthralgia
      with high attack rates, resulting in severe morbidity and economic costs to
      affected communities. Since its first well-documented emergence in Asia in the
      1950s, CHIKV has infected millions and, since 2007, has spread widely, probably
      via viremic travelers, to initiate urban transmission in Europe, the South
      Pacific, and the Americas. Some spread has been facilitated by adaptive envelope
      glycoprotein substitutions that enhance transmission by the new vector, Aedes
      albopictus. Although epistatic constraints may prevent the impact of these
      mutations in Asian strains now circulating in the Americas, as well as in African
      CHIKV strains imported into Brazil last year, these constraints could eventually
      be overcome over time to increase the transmission by A. albopictus in rural and
      temperate regions. Another major determinant of CHIKV endemic stability in the
      Americas will be its ability to spill back into an enzootic cycle involving
      sylvatic vectors and nonhuman primates, an opportunity exploited by yellow fever
      virus but apparently not by dengue viruses. 

PMID- 26986239
TI  - Change and stability in work-family conflict and mothers' and fathers' mental
      health: Longitudinal evidence from an Australian cohort.
AB  - Work-family conflict (WFC) occurs when work or family demands are 'mutually
      incompatible', with detrimental effects on mental health. This study contributes
      to the sparse longitudinal research, addressing the following questions: Is WFC a
      stable or transient feature of family life for mothers and fathers? What happens
      to mental health if WFC increases, reduces or persists? What work and family
      characteristics predict WFC transitions and to what extent are they gendered?
      Secondary analyses of 5 waves of data (child ages 4-5 to 12-13 years) from
      employed mothers (n = 2693) and fathers (n = 3460) participating in the
      Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were conducted. WFC transitions, across
      four two-year intervals (Waves 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5) were classified as never,
      conscript, exit or chronic. Significant proportions of parents experienced change
      in WFC, between 12 and 16% of mothers and fathers for each transition 'type'.
      Parents who remained in chronic WFC reported the poorest mental health (adjusted
      multiple regression analyses), followed by those who conscripted into WFC. When
      WFC was relieved (exit), both mothers' and fathers' mental health improved
      significantly. Predictors of conscript and chronic WFC were somewhat distinct for
      mothers and fathers (adjusted logit regressions). Poor job quality, a skilled
      occupation and having more children differentiated chronic fathers' from those
      who exited WFC. For mothers, work factors only (skilled occupation; work hours;
      job insecurity) predicted chronic WFC. Findings reflect the persistent, gendered
      nature of work and care shaped by workplaces, but also offer tailored
      opportunities to redress WFC for mothers and fathers. We contribute novel
      evidence that mental health is directly influenced by the WFC interface, both
      positively and negatively, highlighting WFC as a key social determinant of
      health.

PMID- 26986240
TI  - "Drop dead ... I need your job": An exploratory study of intra-professional
      conflict amongst nurses in two Ontario cities.
AB  - Past studies have focused on inter-professional conflict and its implication for
      professional status and work. However, there is a dearth of research on intra
      professional conflict and its implications for professions. This study explores
      intra-professional conflicts among nurses in Ontario, using a qualitative
      research design, drawing on in-depth interviews with 66 nurses. The study
      identifies conflicts along race and age: Visible minority and younger nurses
      report more conflict, with visible minority nurses particularly vulnerable and
      racially marginalized. Members of Visible minorities and young nurses responded
      to workplace conflict by demonstrating competence, seeking support from
      colleagues, and either ignoring the abuse or standing up for themselves. These
      strategies do nothing to challenge professional unity. Nonetheless, intra
      professional conflict has negative consequences for professionals and their work.

PMID- 26986241
TI  - Understanding kidney transplant patients' treatment choices: The interaction of
      emotion with medical and social influences on risk preferences.
AB  - Following renal transplantation patients experience on-going immunosuppressant
      medication to reduce the risk of graft rejection. Over the long term the side
      effects of immunosuppressive drugs may affect graft survival and significantly
      increase risks of cancers, stroke and cardiovascular disease. To reduce these
      risks research is underway to develop a biomarker test to identify those patients
      who are likely to be 'tolerant' to their graft and therefore able to reduce
      immunosuppression. Biomarker tests may however incorrectly identify some patients
      as tolerant, thus jeopardising their graft. Following a quantitative assessment
      of risk preferences we undertook a qualitative study to investigate the range of
      influences that shaped the substantial variations found in the level of risk
      transplant recipients were hypothetically willing to take. In-depth interviews
      were carried out in the United Kingdom between May 2013 and July 2014 with 24
      transplant recipients all of whom had stable kidney graft function. These
      interviews identified a range of factors that patients take into account when
      making risk assessments, including familial views, trust and the ritual of 'gift
      exchange' that permeates the social space of kidney transplantation. Our data
      support the notion that emotion is not part of a linear process, preceding and
      separate to reason, but is intertwined with personal understanding and perception
      of risk and involves a complex interplay between different influences on decision
      making. Our data also support Lupton's view that risk judgements are shared and
      collective rather than located within the individual and suggests that patient
      choice rather than involving a purely rational weighing of medical benefit is
      often based on influences that may not accord with the framework nor intention of
      medical professionals and medical research. 

PMID- 26986242
TI  - [Impediments to HIV testing in HIV-infected children and teenagers in Africa:
      look for them where they are!].
AB  - A huge number of HIV-infected children and teenagers have no access to care or
      receive it very late. Of the 3.2 million infected children, 2.8 million should be
      receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) but only around 700,000
      actually are. The first reason for this failure is the lack of HIV testing among
      HIV-exposed infants and thus early diagnosis or, even more frequently, the lack
      of testing among older children and teenagers. The objectives of this article are
      twofold: to review the current situation and to advocate routine offers of HIV
      testing to HIV-exposed children and teenagers (exposed either through mother-to
      child transmission or repeated transfusions) and those suspected to be HIV
      infected (because of malnutrition, tuberculosis, or other associated diseases).
      Finally, adults living with HIV should be made aware of the need for routine HIV
      screening of their children, even when asymptomatic. 

PMID- 26986243
TI  - Training Increases Muscle O2 Diffusing Capacity Intrinsic to the Elevated VO2max.

PMID- 26986244
TI  - Response.

PMID- 26986246
TI  - Vaccinations for rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients experience increased
      infectious disease-related morbidity and mortality, and vaccinations represent an
      important element in their care. However, vaccine immunogenicity can be affected
      by disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy, such that vaccine choice
      and timing can be clinically challenging. We review the indications, safety, and
      immunogenicity of vaccines in the setting of RA. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent
      recommendations highlight the use of influenza, pneumococcal, and shingles
      vaccines in RA patients. Studies suggest influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are
      underutilized, but well tolerated in RA patients and generally immunogenic during
      DMARD use with the exception of rituximab. Though data for other nonlive vaccines
      are more limited, hepatitis B virus and human papilloma virus vaccines also
      appear well tolerated and immunogenic in this population. Live vaccines for
      shingles and yellow fever remain contraindicated in some RA patients; however,
      limited data suggest they might be well tolerated in certain individuals.
      SUMMARY: The review updates rheumatologists on the optimal use and timing of
      routine vaccinations in the care of RA.

PMID- 26986247
TI  - How compelling are the data for Epstein-Barr virus being a trigger for systemic
      lupus and other autoimmune diseases?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is caused by a combination
      of genetic and acquired immunodeficiencies and environmental factors including
      infections. An association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been established by
      numerous studies over the past decades. Here, we review recent experimental
      studies on EBV, and present our integrated theory of SLE development. RECENT
      FINDINGS: SLE patients have dysfunctional control of EBV infection resulting in
      frequent reactivations and disease progression. These comprise impaired functions
      of EBV-specific T-cells with an inverse correlation to disease activity and
      elevated serum levels of antibodies against lytic cycle EBV antigens. The
      presence of EBV proteins in renal tissue from SLE patients with nephritis
      suggests direct involvement of EBV in SLE development. As expected for patients
      with immunodeficiencies, studies reveal that SLE patients show dysfunctional
      responses to other viruses as well. An association with EBV infection has also
      been demonstrated for other autoimmune diseases, including Sjogren's syndrome,
      rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. SUMMARY: Collectively, the
      interplay between an impaired immune system and the cumulative effects of EBV and
      other viruses results in frequent reactivation of EBV and enhanced cell death,
      causing development of SLE and concomitant autoreactivities.

PMID- 26986245
TI  - Development of a high-resolution melting method for the screening of TNFAIP3 gene
      mutations.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) which encodes a
      ubiquitin-modifying enzyme (A20), acts as a negative regulator of the NF-kappaB
      pathway, and in lymphoma and autoimmune diseases it is frequently inactivated by
      mutations and/or deletions. We investigated the prevalence of the inactivation of
      TNFAIP3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). DNA was extracted from 81 cases
      of OSCC and 50 peripheral blood samples from normal controls. A high-resolution
      melting (HRM) analysis was used to characterize TNFAIP3 mutations, and the
      results were confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Three mutations and three single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be associated with OSCC; the
      TNFAIP3 mutation occurred in 3.7% (3/81) of the OSCC cases examined. All
      mutations were in exon 7 [c.1081G>A (p.E361K), c.1398C>G (p.S466R) (rs200878487)
      and c.1760C>T (p.P587L) (rs150056192)], and p.E361K was identified as a novel
      mutation. We further used SIFT and PolyPhen-2 software to assess potentially
      functional mutations. Two SNPs, c.296-20_296-18delCTC (rs71670547) and c.380T>G
      (p.F127C) (rs2230926), were located in exon 3, and c.2140C>T (p.P714S) was
      located in exon 9. A novel SNP, p.P714S differed from the one reported previously
      (p.P714A) (rs369155845) at that site. We also identified five SNPs in 50 normal
      Taiwanese individuals, and two of them [c.296-15C>T (rs377482653) and c.305A>G
      (p.N102S) (rs146534657)] were not found in our OSCC tissue. HRM facilitated the
      screening of genetic changes. In addition, our results indicate that the
      prevalence of the TNFAIP3 mutation is low in OSCC.

PMID- 26986249
TI  - Intermittent axillary temperature measurement fails to detect fever in critically
      ill patients.

PMID- 26986250
TI  - Where we are in training of residents: results from a standardized evaluation
      approach.

PMID- 26986254
TI  - Why we need more algal genomes.

PMID- 26986252
TI  - Hexokinase 2 is a determinant of neuroblastoma metastasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intersecting a genome-wide expression profile of metastatic and
      nonmetastatic human neuroblastoma xenograft variants with expression profiles of
      tumours from stage 1 and 4 neuroblastoma patients, we previously characterised
      hexokinase 2 (HK2) as a gene whose expression was upregulated in both metastatic
      neuroblastoma variants and tumours from stage 4 neuroblastoma patients. METHODS:
      Local and metastatic neuroblastoma cell variants as well as metastatic
      neuroblastoma cells genetically manipulated to downregulate the expression of HK2
      were utilised for in vitro and in vivo examinations of the involvement of HK2 in
      neuroblastoma. RESULTS: Hexokinase 2 expression and its activity levels were
      increased in neuroblastoma metastatic variants as compared with the local
      variants. The upregulation of HK2 confers upon the metastatic cells high
      resistance to the antiproliferative effect of the HK2 inhibitor 3-BrPa and to the
      chemotherapy agent Deferoxamine. The inhibition of HK2 transcript lowered the
      proliferation and motility of sh-HK2 cells as compared with sh-control cells.
      Mice that were inoculated with sh-HK2 cells had a lower incidence of local
      tumours, smaller tumour volumes and a diminished load of lung metastasis compared
      with mice inoculated with sh-control cells. CONCLUSIONS: Hexokinase 2 plays a
      significant role in shaping the malignant phenotype of neuroblastoma and
      influences the progression of this disease.

PMID- 26986251
TI  - The incidence of leukaemia in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: an
      International Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the susceptibility to
      develop breast and ovarian cancers as well as increase the risk of some other
      cancers. Primary objective was to estimate the risk of leukaemia in BRCA1 and
      BRCA2 mutation carriers. METHODS: We followed 7243 women with a BRCA1 or a BRCA2
      mutation for incident cases of leukaemia. We used the standardised incidence
      ratio (SIR) to estimate the relative risk of leukaemia, according to mutation and
      history of breast cancer. RESULTS: We identified five incident cases of leukaemia
      (two BRCA1, three BRCA2). All five women had a prior history of breast cancer and
      four had received chemotherapy. The mean time from breast cancer diagnosis to the
      development of leukaemia was 10.2 years (range 3-18 years). The SIR for BRCA1
      carriers was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.11-2.19, P=0.61) and the SIR for BRCA2 carriers was
      2.42 (95% CI: 0.61-6.58, P=0.17). The SIR was significantly higher than expected
      for women with a BRCA2 mutation and breast cancer (SIR=4.76, 95% CI:1.21-12.96,
      P=0.03), in particular for women who received chemotherapy (SIR=8.11, 2.06-22.07,
      P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increased risk of leukaemia in women with a
      BRCA2 mutation who receive chemotherapy for breast cancer.

PMID- 26986253
TI  - Pre-diagnostic circulating sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer by ERG
      tumour protein expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown androgen receptor stimulation to
      facilitate formation of the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion in prostate cell lines. No
      study has tested whether higher pre-diagnostic circulating sex hormone levels in
      men increase risk of developing TMPRSS2:ERG-positive prostate cancer
      specifically. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study of 200 prostate
      cancer cases and 1057 controls from the Physicians' Health Study and Health
      Professionals Follow-up Study. We examined associations between pre-diagnostic
      circulating levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, DHT, androstanediol
      glucuronide, estradiol, and SHBG and risk of prostate cancer by TMPRSS2:ERG
      status. TMPRSS2:ERG was estimated by ERG immunohistochemistry. We used
      multivariable unconditional polytomous logistic regression to calculate odds
      ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of ERG-positive (n=94)
      and, separately, ERG-negative (n=106) disease. RESULTS: Free testosterone was
      significantly associated with the risk of ERG-positive prostate cancer (OR: 1.37,
      95% CI: 1.05-1.77), but not ERG-negative prostate cancer (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.86
      1.38) (Pdiff=0.17). None of the remaining hormones evaluated showed clear
      differential associations with ERG-positive vs ERG-negative disease. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings provide some suggestive evidence that higher pre-diagnostic free
      testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of developing
      TMPRSS2:ERG-positive prostate cancer.

PMID- 26986255
TI  - Coralline algae (Rhodophyta) in a changing world: integrating ecological,
      physiological, and geochemical responses to global change.
AB  - Coralline algae are globally distributed benthic primary producers that secrete
      calcium carbonate skeletons. In the context of ocean acidification, they have
      received much recent attention due to the potential vulnerability of their high
      Mg calcite skeletons and their many important ecological roles. Herein, we
      summarize what is known about coralline algal ecology and physiology, providing
      context to understand their responses to global climate change. We review the
      impacts of these changes, including ocean acidification, rising temperatures, and
      pollution, on coralline algal growth and calcification. We also assess the
      ongoing use of coralline algae as marine climate proxies via calibration of
      skeletal morphology and geochemistry to environmental conditions. Finally, we
      indicate critical gaps in our understanding of coralline algal calcification and
      physiology and highlight key areas for future research. These include analytical
      areas that recently have become more accessible, such as resolving phylogenetic
      relationships at all taxonomic ranks, elucidating the genes regulating algal
      photosynthesis and calcification, and calibrating skeletal geochemical metrics,
      as well as research directions that are broadly applicable to global change
      ecology, such as the importance of community-scale and long-term experiments in
      stress response. 

PMID- 26986256
TI  - Intra-thallus differentiation of fatty acid and pigment profiles in some
      temperate Fucales and Laminariales.
AB  - Intra-thallus variation in fatty acid and pigment contents and profiles was
      investigated in five species of Laminariales (Alaria esculenta, Laminaria
      digitata, Laminaria hyperborea, Saccharina latissima, and Saccorhiza
      polyschides), and three Fucales (Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, and
      Himanthalia elongata). Significant variation occurred across all species and
      compounds examined. Total fatty acids were generally higher in the fronds, with
      highest levels and largest variability observed in A. nodosum (1.5% of dry weight
      (DW) in the base, 6.3% of DW in frond tips). Percentages of the omega-3 fatty
      acids 18:4 n-3 and 20:5 n-3 were generally higher in more distal parts, while
      20:4 n-6 exhibited a contrasting pattern, with higher levels in basal structures
      and holdfasts. Trends for pigments were similar to those for fatty acids in
      Laminariales. In the Fucales, highest levels were detected in the mid-fronds,
      with lower concentrations in meristematic areas. Highest levels and greatest
      variability in pigments (e.g., chl a) was observed in F. serratus (1.07 mg . g(
      1) DW in the base, 3.04 mg . g(-1) DW in the mid frond). Intra-thallus
      variability was attributed to physiological functions of the respective thallus
      sections, e.g., photosynthetic activity, meristematic tissue, and to variations
      in physical attributes of the structures investigated. Regarding potential
      commercial nutritional applications, fronds appeared to represent most suitable
      source materials, due to higher levels of pigments, polyunsaturated fatty acids,
      and more preferable omega-3/omega-6 ratios. 

PMID- 26986257
TI  - Finding of 13(2) , 17(3) -cyclopheophorbide a enol as a degradation product of
      chlorophyll in shrunk zooxanthellae of the coral Montipora digitata.
AB  - We examined the morphology and pigment composition of zooxanthellae in corals
      subjected to normal temperature (27 degrees C) and thermal stress (32 degrees C).
      We observed several normal and abnormal morphological types of zooxanthellar
      cells. Normal cells were intact and their chloroplasts were unbroken (healthy);
      abnormal cells were shrunken and had partially degraded or broken chloroplasts,
      or they were bleached and without chloroplasts. At 27 degrees C, most healthy
      zooxanthellar cells were retained in the coral tissue, whereas shrunken
      zooxanthellae were expelled. Under thermal stress, the abundance of healthy
      zooxanthellae declined and the proportion of shrunken/abnormal cells increased in
      coral tissues. The rate of algal cell expulsion was reduced under thermal stress.
      Within the shrunken cells, we detected the presence of a chl-like pigment that is
      not ordinarily found in healthy zooxanthellae. Analysis of the absorption
      spectrum, absorption maxima, and retention time (by HPLC) indicated that this
      pigment was 13(2) , 17(3) -cyclopheophorbide a enol (cPPB-aE), which is
      frequently found in marine and lacustrine sediments, and in protozoans that graze
      on phytoplankton. The production of cPPB-aE in shrunken zooxanthellae suggests
      that the chls have been degraded to cPPB-aE, a compound that is not fluorescent.
      The lack of a fluorescence function precludes the formation of reactive oxygen
      species. We therefore consider the formation of cPPB-aE in shrunken zooxanthellae
      to be a mechanism for avoiding oxidative stress. 

PMID- 26986258
TI  - Variability in nitrogen stable isotope ratios of macroalgae: consequences for the
      identification of nitrogen sources.
AB  - In our research, we collected and analyzed numerous macroalgal specimens (738)
      for isotopic analysis sampled over a year at monthly intervals across 20 sites
      within the Urias lagoon complex, a typical subtropical coastal ecosystem located
      in the Gulf of California. We quantified and characterized (chemically and
      isotopically) the N loads received by Urias throughout a year. We studied the
      spatial-temporal variation of the chemical forms and isotopic signals of the
      available N in the water column, and we monitored in situ different environmental
      variables and other hydrodynamic parameters. Multiple N sources (e.g.,
      atmospheric, sewage, seafood processing, agriculture and aquaculture effluents)
      and biogeochemical reactions related to the N cycle (e.g., ammonia
      volatilization, nitrification and denitrification) co-occurring across the
      ecosystem, result in a mixture of chemical species and isotopic compositions of
      available N in the water column. Increased variability was observed in the
      delta(15) N values of macroalgae (0.410/00-22.670/00). Based on our results, the
      variation in delta(15) N was best explained by spatio-temporal changes in
      available N and not necessarily related to the N sources. The variability was
      also explained by the differences in macroalgal biology among functional groups,
      species and/or individuals. Although the delta(15) N-macroalgae technique was a
      useful tool to identify N sources, its application in coastal ecosystems
      receiving multiple N sources, with changing environmental conditions influencing
      biogeochemical processes, and high diversity of ephemeral macroalgal species,
      could be less sensitive and have less predictive power. 

PMID- 26986259
TI  - Characterization and comparison of toxin-producing isolates of Dinophysis
      acuminata from New England and Canada.
AB  - Following the identification of the first toxic isolate of Dinophysis acuminata
      from the northwestern Atlantic, we conducted detailed investigations into the
      morphology, phylogeny, physiology, and toxigenicity of three isolates from three
      sites within the northeastern U.S./Canada region: Eel Pond and Martha's Vineyard,
      Massachusetts, and the Bay of Fundy. Another isolate, collected from the Gulf of
      Mexico, was grown under the same light, temperature, and prey conditions for
      comparison. Despite observed phenotypic heterogeneity, morphometrics and
      molecular evidence classified the three northwestern Atlantic isolates as D.
      acuminata Claparede & Lachmann, whereas the isolate from the Gulf of Mexico was
      morphologically identified as D. cf. ovum. Physiological and toxin analyses
      supported these classifications, with the three northwestern Atlantic isolates
      being more similar to each other with respect to growth rate, toxin profile, and
      diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin content (okadaic acid +
      dinophysistoxin 1/cell) than they were to the isolate from the Gulf of Mexico,
      which had toxin profiles similar to those published for D. cf. ovum F. Schutt.
      The DSP toxin content, 0.01-1.8 pg okadaic acid (OA) + dinophysistoxin (DTX1) per
      cell, of the three northwestern Atlantic isolates was low relative to other D.
      acuminata strains from elsewhere in the world, consistent with the relative
      scarcity of shellfish harvesting closures due to DSP toxins in the northeastern
      U.S. and Canada. If this pattern is repeated with the analyses of more
      geographically and temporally dispersed isolates from the region, it would appear
      that the risk of significant DSP toxin outbreaks in the northwestern Atlantic is
      low to moderate. Finally, the morphological, physiological, and toxicological
      variability within D. acuminata may reflect spatial (and/or temporal) population
      structure, and suggests that sub-specific resolution may be helpful in
      characterizing bloom dynamics and predicting toxicity. 

PMID- 26986261
TI  - Temperature and light interactively modulate gene expression in Saccharina
      latissima (Phaeophyceae).
AB  - Macroalgae of the order Laminariales (kelp) are important components of cold
      temperate coastal ecosystems. Major factors influencing their distribution are
      light (including UV radiation) and temperature. Therefore, future global
      environmental changes potentially will impact their zonation, distribution
      patterns, and primary productivity. Many physiological studies were performed on
      UV radiation and temperature stress in kelp but combinatory effects have not been
      analyzed and so far no study is available on the molecular processes involved in
      acclimation to these stresses. Therefore, sporophytes of Saccharina latissima
      were exposed for 2 weeks to 12 combinations of photosynthetically active
      radiation (PAR), UV radiation and temperature. Subsequently, microarray
      hybridizations were performed to determine changes in gene expression patterns.
      Several effects on the transcriptome were observed after exposure experiments.
      The strongest effect of temperature on gene expression was observed at 2 degrees
      C. Furthermore, UV radiation had stronger effects on gene expression than high
      PAR, and caused stronger induction genes correlated with categories such as
      photosynthetic components and vitamin B6 biosynthesis. Higher temperatures
      ameliorated the negative effects of UV radiation in S. latissima. Regulation of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging seems to work in a compartment specific
      way. Gene expression profiles of ROS scavengers indicated a high amount of
      oxidative stress in response to the 2 degrees C condition as well as to excessive
      light at 12 degrees C. Interestingly, stress levels that did not lead to
      physiological alterations already caused by a transcriptomic response. 

PMID- 26986260
TI  - Diel variation of the cellular carbon to nitrogen ratio of Chlorella autotrophica
      (Chlorophyta) growing in phosphorus- and nitrogen-limited continuous cultures.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between daily growth rates and diel variation of
      carbon (C) metabolism and C to nitrogen (N) ratio under P- and N-limitation in
      the green algae Chlorella autotrophica. To do this, continuous cultures of C.
      autotrophica were maintained in a cyclostat culture system under 14:10 light:dark
      cycle over a series of P- and N-limited growth rates. Cell abundance, together
      with cell size, as reflected by side scatter signal from flow cytometric analysis
      demonstrated a synchronized diel pattern with cell division occurring at night.
      Under either type of nutrient limitation, the cellular C:N ratio increased
      through the light period and decreased through the dark period over all growth
      rates, indicating a higher diel variation of C metabolism than that of N. Daily
      average cellular C:N ratios were higher at lower dilution rates under both types
      of nutrient limitation but cell enlargement was only observed at lower dilution
      rates under P-limitation. Carbon specific growth rates during the dark period
      positively correlated with cellular daily growth rates (dilution rates), with net
      loss of C during night at the lowest growth rates under N-limitation. Under P
      limitation, dark C specific growth rates were close to zero at low dilution rates
      but also exhibited an increasing trend at high dilution rates. In general, diel
      variations of cellular C:N were low when dark C specific growth rates were high.
      This result indicated that the fast growing cells performed dark C assimilation
      at high rates, hence diminished the uncoupling of C and N metabolism at night. 

PMID- 26986262
TI  - Phylogeny and toxicology of Lyngbya wollei (Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoriales) from
      north-eastern Australia, with a description of Microseira gen. nov.
AB  - Three populations of the freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei
      (Farlow ex Gomont) Speziale and Dyck have been putatively identified from north
      eastern Australia and found to produce the potent cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin
      (CYN) and its analog deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (deoxy-CYN). We investigated the
      phylogeny and toxicology of strains and mats isolated from two of these
      populations using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques.
      Morphologically the strains corresponded to the type description, however, the
      frequency of false-branching was low, and variable over time. Strains and mat
      samples from both sites were positive for the cyrF and cyrJ genes associated with
      CYN biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes from Australian L. wollei
      sequences and comparable cyanobacterial sequences revealed that the genes in L.
      wollei were more closely related to homologous genes in Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506
      than to homologs in Nostocalean CYN-producers. These data suggest a common
      evolutionary origin of CYN biosynthesis in L. wollei and Oscillatoria. In both
      the 16S rRNA and nifH phylogenies, the Australian L. wollei strains formed well
      supported clades with United States L. wollei (= Plectonema wollei) strains. Pair
      wise sequence similarities within the 16S rRNA clade containing all eleven L.
      wollei strains were high, ranging from 97% to 100%. This group was distantly
      related (<92% nucleotide similarity) to other taxa within the group previously
      considered under the genus Lyngbya sensu lato (C. Agardh ex Gomont).
      Collectively, these results suggest that this toxigenic group is evolutionarily
      distinct and sufficiently distant as to be considered a separate genus, which we
      have described as Microseira gen. nov. and hence transfer to it the type M.
      wollei comb. nov. 

PMID- 26986263
TI  - An association network analysis among microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton
      reveals algal bloom dynamics.
AB  - Algal blooms are a worldwide phenomenon and the biological interactions that
      underlie their regulation are only just beginning to be understood. It is
      established that algal microorganisms associate with many other ubiquitous,
      oceanic organisms, but the interactions that lead to the dynamics of bloom
      formation are currently unknown. To address this gap, we used network approaches
      to investigate the association patterns among microeukaryotes and
      bacterioplankton in response to a natural Scrippsiella trochoidea bloom. This is
      the first study to apply network approaches to bloom dynamics. To this end,
      terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) length polymorphism analysis showed dramatic
      changes in community compositions of microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton over
      the blooming period. A variance ratio test revealed significant positive overall
      associations both within and between microeukaryotic and bacterioplankton
      communities. An association network generated from significant correlations
      between T-RFs revealed that S. trochoidea had few connections to other
      microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton and was placed on the edge. This lack of
      connectivity allowed for the S. trochoidea sub-network to break off from the
      overall network. These results allowed us to propose a conceptual model for
      explaining how changes in microbial associations regulate the dynamics of an
      algal bloom. In addition, key T-RFs were screened by principal components
      analysis, correlation coefficients, and network analysis. Dominant T-RFs were
      then identified through 18S and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Results showed
      that microeukaryotes clustered predominantly with Dinophyceae and Perkinsea while
      the majority of bacterioplankton identified were Alphaproteobacteria,
      Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The ecologi-cal roles of both were
      discussed in the context of these findings. 

PMID- 26986264
TI  - Flood disturbance effects on benthic diatom assemblage structure in a semiarid
      river network.
AB  - Disturbances such as floods and droughts play a central role in determining the
      structure of riverine benthic biological assemblages. Extreme disturbances from
      flash floods are often restricted to part of the river network and the magnitude
      of the flood disturbance may lessen as floods propagate downstream. The present
      study aimed to characterize the impact of summer monsoonal floods on the
      resistance and resilience of the benthic diatom assemblage structure in nine
      river reaches of increasing drainage size within the Gila River in the
      southwestern United States. Monsoonal floods had a profound effect on the diatom
      assemblage in the Gila River, but the effects were not related to drainage size
      except for the response of algal biomass. During monsoons, algal biomass was
      effectively reduced in smaller and larger systems, but minor changes were
      observed in medium systems. Resistance and resilience of the diatom assemblage to
      floods were related to specific species traits, mainly to growth forms. Tightly
      adhered, adnate and prostrate species (Achnanthidium spp., Cocconeis spp.)
      exhibited high resistance to repeated scour disturbance. Loosely attached
      diatoms, such as Nitzschia spp. and Navicula spp., were most susceptible to drift
      and scour. However, recovery of the diatom assemblage was very quick indicating a
      high resilience, especially in terms of biomass and diversity. Regional
      hydroclimatic models predict greater precipitation variability, which will select
      for diatoms resilient to bed-mobilizing disturbances. The results of this study
      may help anticipate future benthic diatom assemblage patterns in the southwestern
      United States resulting from a more variable climate. 

PMID- 26986265
TI  - Spermatogenesis and auxospore structure in the multipolar centric diatom
      Hydrosera.
AB  - Spermatogenesis and auxospore development were studied in the freshwater centric
      diatom Hydrosera triquetra. Spermatogenesis was unusual, lacking depauperating
      cell divisions within the spermatogonangium. Instead, a series of mitoses
      occurred within an undivided cell to produce a multinucleate plasmodium with
      peripheral nuclei, which then underwent meiosis. 32 or 64 sperm budded off from
      the plasmodium leaving a large residual cell containing all the chloroplasts.
      Similar development apparently occurs in Pleurosira, Aulacodiscus, and Guinardia,
      these being so distantly related that independent evolution of plasmodial
      spermatogenesis seems likely. After presumed fertilization, the Hydrosera egg
      cell expanded distally to form a triangular end part. However, unlike in other
      triangular diatoms (Lithodesmium, Triceratium), the development of triradiate
      symmetry was not controlled by the "canonical" method of a perizonium that
      constrains expansion to small terminal areas of the auxospore wall. Instead, the
      auxospore wall lacked a perizonium and possessed only scales and a dense mat of
      thin, apparently entangled strips of imperforate silica. No such structures have
      been reported from any other centric diatoms, the closest analogs being instead
      the incunabular strips of some raphid diatoms (Nitzschia and Pinnularia). Whether
      these silica structures are formed by the normal method (intracellular deposition
      within a silica deposition vesicle) is unknown. As well as being more rounded
      than vegetative cells, the initial cell is aberrant in its structure, since it
      has a less polarized distribution of the "triptych" pores characteristic of the
      species. 

PMID- 26986266
TI  - Intraspecific diversity and distribution of the cosmopolitan species Pseudo
      nitzschia pungens (Bacillariophyceae): morphology, genetics, and ecophysiology of
      the three clades.
AB  - Three clades of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, determined by the internal transcribed
      space (ITS) region, are distributed throughout the world. We studied 15 P.
      pungens clones from various geographical locations and confirmed the existence of
      the three clades within P. pungens, based on ITS sequencing and described the
      three subgroups (IIIaa, IIIab, and IIIb) of clade III. Clade III (clade IIIaa)
      populations were reported for the first time in Korean coastal waters and the
      East China Sea. In morphometric analysis, we found the ultrastructural
      differences in the number of fibulae, striae, and poroids that separate the three
      clades. We carried out physiological tests on nine clones belonging to the three
      clades growing under various culture conditions. In temperature tests, only clade
      III clones could not grow at lower temperatures (10 degrees C and 15 degrees C),
      although clade I and II clones grew well. The estimated optimal growth range of
      clade I clones was wider than that of clades II and III. Clade II clones were
      considered to be adapted to lower temperatures and clade III to higher
      temperatures. In salinity tests, clade II and III clones did not grow well at a
      salinity of 40. Clade I clones were regarded as euryhaline and clade II and III
      clones were stenohaline. This supports the hypothesis that P. pungens clades have
      different ecophysiological characteristics based on their habitats. Our data show
      that physiological and morphological features are correlated with genetic
      intraspecific differentiation in P. pungens. 

PMID- 26986267
TI  - Are Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum (DINOPHYCEAE,
      PROROCENTRALES), the same species? An integration of morphological and molecular
      data.
AB  - The taxonomic assignment of Prorocentrum species is based on morphological
      characteristics; however, morphological variability has been found for several
      taxa isolated from different geographical regions. In this study, we evaluated
      species boundaries of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum and Prorocentrum belizeanum
      based on morphological and molecular data. A detailed morphological analysis was
      done, concentrating on the periflagellar architecture. Molecular analyses were
      performed on partial Small Sub-Unit (SSU) rDNA, partial Large Sub-Unit (LSU)
      rDNA, complete Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), and partial
      cytochrome b (cob) sequences. We concatenated the SSU-ITS-LSU fragments and
      constructed a phylogenetic tree using Bayesian Inference (BI) and maximum
      likelihood (ML) methods. Morphological analyses indicated that the main
      characters, such as cell size and number of depressions per valve, normally used
      to distinguish P. hoffmannianum from P. belizeanum, overlapped. No clear
      differences were found in the periflagellar area architecture. Prorocentrum
      hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum were a highly supported monophyletic clade
      separated into three subclades, which broadly corresponded to the sample
      collection regions. Subtle morphological overlaps found in cell shape, size, and
      ornamentation lead us to conclude that P. hoffmanianum and P. belizeanum might be
      considered conspecific. The molecular data analyses did not separate P.
      hoffmannianum and P. belizeanum into two morphospecies, and thus, we considered
      them to be the P. hoffmannianum species complex because their clades are
      separated by their geographic origin. These geographic and genetically distinct
      clades could be referred to as ribotypes: (A) Belize, (B) Florida-Cuba, (C1)
      India, and (C2) Australia. 

PMID- 26986268
TI  - DNA sequencing, anatomy, and calcification patterns support a monophyletic,
      subarctic, carbonate reef-forming Clathromorphum (Hapalidiaceae, Corallinales,
      Rhodophyta).
AB  - For the first time, morpho-anatomical characters that were congruent with DNA
      sequence data were used to characterize several genera in Hapalidiaceae-the major
      eco-engineers of Subarctic carbonate ecosystems. DNA sequencing of three genes
      (SSU, rbcL, ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene
      and psbA, photosystem II D1 protein gene), along with patterns of cell division,
      cell elongation, and calcification supported a monophyletic Clathromorphum. Two
      characters were diagnostic for this genus: (i) cell division, elongation, and
      primary calcification occurred only in intercalary meristematic cells and in a
      narrow vertical band (1-2 MUm wide) resulting in a "meristem split" and (ii) a
      secondary calcification of interfilament crystals was also produced.
      Neopolyporolithon was resurrected for N. reclinatum, the generitype, and
      Clathromorphum loculosum was transferred to this genus. Like Clathromorphum, cell
      division, elongation, and calcification occurred only in intercalary meristematic
      cells, but in a wider vertical band (over 10-20 MUm), and a "meristem split" was
      absent. Callilithophytum gen. nov. was proposed to accommodate Clathromorphum
      parcum, the obligate epiphyte of the northeast Pacific endemic geniculate
      coralline, Calliarthron. Diagnostic for this genus were epithallial cells
      terminating all cell filaments (no dorsi-ventrality was present), and a distinct
      "foot" was embedded in the host. Leptophytum, based on its generitype, L. laeve,
      was shown to be a distinct genus more closely related to Clathromorphum than to
      Phymatolithon. All names of treated species were applied unequivocally by linking
      partial rbcL sequences from holotype, isotype, or epitype specimens with field
      collected material. Variation in rbcL and psbA sequences suggested that multiple
      species may be passing under each currently recognized species of Clathromorphum
      and Neopolyporolithon. 

PMID- 26986269
TI  - Identification of the resting cyst of Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef
      (Dinophyceae, Gymnodiniales) in Korean coastal sediments.
AB  - This study provides the first morphological features of resting cysts of
      Cochlodinium polykrikoides collected from Korean coastal sediments. Evidence for
      the existence of resting cysts of C. polykrikoides is based on the morphological
      and molecular phylogenetic data of the germinated cells and a resting cyst. The
      morphology of the resting cysts differed from that reported previously in
      sediments and culture experiments. The distinct feature is that the cyst body was
      covered by the reticulate ornaments and spines. 

PMID- 26986270
TI  - First report of fossilized cysts produced by the benthic Bysmatrum subsalsum
      (Dinophyceae) from a shallow Mexican lagoon in the Gulf of Mexico.
AB  - Cysts belonging to the benthic dinoflagellate Bysmatrum subsalsum were recovered
      from palynologically treated sediments collected in the Alvarado Lagoon
      (southwestern Gulf of Mexico). The cysts are proximate, reflecting the features
      of the parent thecal stage, and their autofluorescence implies a dinosporin
      composition similar to the cyst walls of phototrophic species. This finding is
      important for our understanding of B. subsalsum life cycle transitions and
      ecology. Encystment may play an important role in the bloom dynamics of this
      species as it can enable the formation of a sediment cyst bank that allows
      reinoculation of the water column when conditions become favorable. This is the
      first report of a fossilized cyst produced by a benthic dinoflagellate recovered
      from sub-recent sediments. 

PMID- 26986271
TI  - Single integrodifferential wave equation for a Levy walk.
AB  - We derive the single integrodifferential wave equation for the probability
      density function of the position of a classical one-dimensional Levy walk with
      continuous sample paths. This equation involves a classical wave operator
      together with memory integrals describing the spatiotemporal coupling of the Levy
      walk. It is valid at all times, not only in the long time limit, and it does not
      involve any large-scale approximations. It generalizes the well-known telegraph
      or Cattaneo equation for the persistent random walk with the exponential
      switching time distribution. Several non-Markovian cases are considered when the
      particle's velocity alternates at the gamma and power-law distributed random
      times. In the strong anomalous case we obtain the asymptotic solution to the
      integrodifferential wave equation. We implement the nonlinear reaction term of
      Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskounov type into our equation and develop the theory of
      wave propagation in reaction-transport systems involving Levy diffusion. 

PMID- 26986272
TI  - Macroscopic fluctuation theory and first-passage properties of surface diffusion.
AB  - We investigate nonequilibrium fluctuations of a solid surface governed by the
      stochastic Mullins-Herring equation with conserved noise. This equation describes
      surface diffusion of adatoms accompanied by their exchange between the surface
      and the bulk of the solid, when desorption of adatoms is negligible. Previous
      works dealt with dynamic scaling behavior of the fluctuating interface. Here we
      determine the probability that the interface first reaches a large given height
      at a specified time. We also find the optimal time history of the interface
      conditional on this nonequilibrium fluctuation. We obtain these results by
      developing a macroscopic fluctuation theory of surface diffusion. 

PMID- 26986273
TI  - Universal structure of two- and three-dimensional self-gravitating systems in the
      quasiequilibrium state.
AB  - We study a universal structure of two- and three-dimensional self-gravitating
      systems in the quasiequilibrium state. It is shown numerically that the two
      dimensional self-gravitating system in the quasiequilibrium state has the same
      kind of density profile as the three-dimensional one, especially when null virial
      conditions are fulfilled. It is unveiled why the conditions are necessary for the
      universal structure by the envelope equation. We develop a phenomenological model
      to describe this universal structure by using a special Langevin equation with a
      distinctive random noise to self-gravitating systems. We find that the density
      profile derived theoretically is very consistent with results of observations and
      simulations. 

PMID- 26986274
TI  - Onset of time dependence in ensembles of excitable elements with global repulsive
      coupling.
AB  - We consider the effect of global repulsive coupling on an ensemble of identical
      excitable elements. An increase of the coupling strength destabilizes the
      synchronous equilibrium and replaces it with many attracting oscillatory states,
      created in the transcritical heteroclinic bifurcation. The period of oscillations
      is inversely proportional to the distance from the critical parameter value. If
      the elements interact with the global field via the first Fourier harmonics of
      their phases, the stable equilibrium is in one step replaced by the attracting
      continuum of periodic motions. 

PMID- 26986275
TI  - Spiral wave chimeras in locally coupled oscillator systems.
AB  - The recently discovered chimera state involves the coexistence of synchronized
      and desynchronized states for a group of identical oscillators. In this work, we
      show the existence of (inwardly) rotating spiral wave chimeras in the three
      component reaction-diffusion systems where each element is locally coupled by
      diffusion. A transition from spiral waves with the smooth core to spiral wave
      chimeras is found as we change the local dynamics of the system or as we
      gradually increase the diffusion coefficient of the activator. Our findings on
      the spiral wave chimera in the reaction-diffusion systems suggest that spiral
      chimera states may be found in chemical and biological systems that can be
      modeled by a large population of oscillators indirectly coupled via a diffusive
      environment. 

PMID- 26986276
TI  - Impact of BaTiO(3) nanoparticles on pretransitional effects in liquid crystalline
      dodecylcyanobiphenyl.
AB  - The pretransitional behavior of dodecylcyanobiphenyl (12CB) (isotropic-smectic-A
      solid mesomorphism) with d=50nmBaTiO(3) nanoparticles (NPs) linked to the cubic
      phase was monitored via temperature studies of dielectric constant. Tests were
      carried out in the isotropic, liquid crystal mesomorphic, and solid phases. For
      each phase transition the same value of the critical exponent alpha~0.5 was
      obtained, including nanocolloids. All phase transitions show the weakly
      discontinuous nature. The temperature metric of the discontinuity DeltaT notably
      decreases when adding nanoparticles. The addition of nanoparticles first
      decreases the dielectric constant by approximately 50% in comparison with pure
      12CB, but already for a concentration ~x=0.4% NP an increase over 50% takes
      place. It is notable that for the latter concentration unique hallmarks of the
      pretransitional effect emerge also for the solid-mesophase transition. All these
      indicate the important impact of nanoparticles on multimolecular mesoscale
      fluctuations.

PMID- 26986277
TI  - Modifying self-assembly and species separation in three-dimensional systems of
      shape-anisotropic particles.
AB  - The behaviors of large, dynamic assemblies of macroscopic particles are of direct
      relevance to geophysical and industrial processes and may also be used as easily
      studied analogs to micro- or nano-scale systems, or model systems for
      microbiological, zoological, and even anthropological phenomena. We study
      vibrated mixtures of elongated particles, demonstrating that the inclusion of
      differing particle "species" may profoundly alter a system's dynamics and
      physical structure in various diverse manners. The phase behavior observed
      suggests that our system, despite its athermal nature, obeys a minimum free
      energy principle analogous to that observed for thermodynamic systems. We
      demonstrate that systems of exclusively spherical objects, which form the basis
      of numerous theoretical frameworks in many scientific disciplines, represent only
      a narrow region of a wide, multidimensional phase space. Thus, our results raise
      significant questions as to whether such models can accurately describe the
      behaviors of systems outside this highly specialized case. 

PMID- 26986278
TI  - Dynamic self-assembly of non-Brownian spheres studied by molecular dynamics
      simulations.
AB  - Granular self-assembly of confined non-Brownian spheres under gravity is studied
      by molecular dynamics simulations. Starting from a disordered phase, dry or
      cohesive spheres organize, by vibrational annealing, into body-centered
      tetragonal or face-centered-cubic structures, respectively. During the self
      assembling process, isothermal and isodense points are observed. The existence of
      such points indicates that both granular temperature and packing fraction undergo
      an inversion process that may be in the core of crystal nucleation. Around the
      isothermal point, a sudden growth of granular clusters having the maximum
      coordination number takes place, indicating the outcome of a first-order phase
      transition. We propose a heuristic equation that successfully describes the
      dynamic evolution of the local packing fraction in terms of the local granular
      temperature, along the entire crystallization process. 

PMID- 26986279
TI  - Acoustically levitated dancing drops: Self-excited oscillation to chaotic
      shedding.
AB  - We experimentally demonstrate self-excited oscillation and shedding of millimeter
      sized water drops, acoustically levitated in a single-node standing waves cavity,
      by decreasing the steady acoustic wave intensity below a threshold. The
      perturbation of the acoustic field by drop motion is a possible source for
      providing an effective negative damping for sustaining the growing amplitude of
      the self-excited motion. Its further interplay with surface tension, drop
      inertia, gravity and acoustic intensities, select various self-excited modes for
      different size of drops and acoustic intensity. The large drop exhibits
      quasiperiodic motion from a vertical mode and a zonal mode with growing coupling,
      as oscillation amplitudes grow, until falling on the floor. For small drops,
      chaotic oscillations constituted by several broadened sectorial modes and
      corresponding zonal modes are self-excited. The growing oscillation amplitude
      leads to droplet shedding from the edges of highly stretched lobes, where surface
      tension no longer holds the rapid expanding flow. 

PMID- 26986280
TI  - Low-dimensional representations of exact coherent states of the Navier-Stokes
      equations from the resolvent model of wall turbulence.
AB  - We report that many exact invariant solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for
      both pipe and channel flows are well represented by just a few modes of the model
      of McKeon and Sharma [J. Fluid Mech. 658, 336 (2010)]. This model provides modes
      that act as a basis to decompose the velocity field, ordered by their amplitude
      of response to forcing arising from the interaction between scales. The model was
      originally derived from the Navier-Stokes equations to represent turbulent flows
      and has been used to explain coherent structure and to predict turbulent
      statistics. This establishes a surprising new link between the two distinct
      approaches to understanding turbulence.

PMID- 26986282
TI  - Conditional reversibility in nonequilibrium stochastic systems.
AB  - For discrete-state stochastic systems obeying Markovian dynamics, we establish
      the counterpart of the conditional reversibility theorem obtained by Gallavotti
      for deterministic systems [Ann. de l'Institut Henri Poincare (A) 70, 429 (1999)].
      Our result states that stochastic trajectories conditioned on opposite values of
      entropy production are related by time reversal, in the long-time limit. In other
      words, the probability of observing a particular sequence of events, given a long
      trajectory with a specified entropy production rate sigma, is the same as the
      probability of observing the time-reversed sequence of events, given a trajectory
      conditioned on the opposite entropy production, -sigma, where both trajectories
      are sampled from the same underlying Markov process. To obtain our result, we use
      an equivalence between conditioned ("microcanonical") and biased ("canonical")
      ensembles of nonequilibrium trajectories. We provide an example to illustrate our
      findings. 

PMID- 26986283
TI  - Heat conduction and energy diffusion in momentum-conserving one-dimensional full
      lattice ding-a-ling model.
AB  - The ding-a-ling model is a kind of half lattice and half hard-point-gas (HPG)
      model. The original ding-a-ling model proposed by Casati et al. does not conserve
      total momentum and has been found to exhibit normal heat conduction behavior.
      Recently, a modified ding-a-ling model which conserves total momentum has been
      studied and normal heat conduction has also been claimed. In this work, we
      propose a full-lattice ding-a-ling model without hard point collisions where
      total momentum is also conserved. We investigate the heat conduction and energy
      diffusion of this full-lattice ding-a-ling model with three different nonlinear
      inter-particle potential forms. For symmetrical potential lattices, the thermal
      conductivities diverges with lattice length and their energy diffusions are
      superdiffusive signaturing anomalous heat conduction. For asymmetrical potential
      lattices, although the thermal conductivity seems to converge as the length
      increases, the energy diffusion is definitely deviating from normal diffusion
      behavior indicating anomalous heat conduction as well. No normal heat conduction
      behavior can be found for the full-lattice ding-a-ling model. 

PMID- 26986281
TI  - On-ground detection of an electron-positron annihilation line from thunderclouds.
AB  - Thunderclouds can produce bremsstrahlung gamma-ray emission, and sometimes even
      positrons. At 00:27:00 (UT) on 13 January 2012, an intense burst of gamma rays
      from a thundercloud was detected by the GROWTH experiment, located in Japan,
      facing the Sea of Japan. The event started with a sharp gamma-ray flash with a
      duration of <300 ms coincident with an intracloud discharge, followed by a
      decaying longer gamma-ray emission lasting for ~60 s. The spectrum of this
      prolonged emission reached ~10 MeV, and contained a distinct line emission at
      508+/-3(stat.)+/-5(sys.) keV, to be identified with an electron-positron
      annihilation line. The line was narrow within the instrumental energy resolution
      (~80keV), and contained 520+/-50 photons which amounted to ~10% of the total
      signal photons of 5340+/-190 detected over 0.1-10 MeV. As a result, the line
      equivalent width reached 280+/-40 keV, which implies a nontrivial result. The
      result suggests that a downward positron beam produced both the continuum and the
      line photons. 

PMID- 26986284
TI  - Slow Levy flights.
AB  - Among Markovian processes, the hallmark of Levy flights is superdiffusion, or
      faster-than-Brownian dynamics. Here we show that Levy laws, as well as Gaussian
      distributions, can also be the limit distributions of processes with long-range
      memory that exhibit very slow diffusion, logarithmic in time. These processes are
      path dependent and anomalous motion emerges from frequent relocations to already
      visited sites. We show how the central limit theorem is modified in this context,
      keeping the usual distinction between analytic and nonanalytic characteristic
      functions. A fluctuation-dissipation relation is also derived. Our results may
      have important applications in the study of animal and human displacements. 

PMID- 26986285
TI  - Crossover from localized to diffusive water dynamics in carbon nanohorns: A
      comprehensive quasielastic neutron-scattering analysis.
AB  - Incoherent neutron scattering by water confined in carbon nanohorns was measured
      with the backscattering spectrometer SPHERES and analyzed in exemplary breadth
      and depth. Quasielastic spectra admit delta-plus-Kohlrausch fits over a wide q
      and T range. From the q and T dependence of fitted amplitudes and relaxation
      times, however, it becomes clear that the fits do not represent a uniform
      physical process, but that there is a crossover from localized motion at low T to
      diffusive alpha relaxation at high T. The crossover temperature of about 210 to
      230 K increases with decreasing wave number, which is incompatible with a
      thermodynamic strong-fragile transition. Extrapolated diffusion coefficients D(T)
      indicate that water motion is at room temperature about 2.5 times slower than in
      the bulk; in the supercooled state this factor becomes smaller. At even higher
      temperatures, where the alpha spectrum is essentially flat, a few percentages of
      the total scattering go into a Lorentzian with a width of about 1.6MUeV, probably
      due to functional groups on the surface of the nanohorns. 

PMID- 26986286
TI  - Conductivity estimates of spherical-particle suspensions based on triplet
      structure factors.
AB  - In this paper, we present an estimation of the conductivity of composites
      constituted of identical spheres embedded in a host material. A family of
      polarization integral equations for the localization problem is constructed and
      the operator is then minimized to yield an optimal integral equation. As a
      result, the corresponding Neumann series converges with the fastest rate and can
      be used to estimate the effective conductivity. By combining this series and
      integral approximation, one can derive explicit expressions for the overall
      property using expansions in Fourier domain. For random hard-sphere systems,
      relations to structure factors and triplet structure factors have been made and
      Kirkwood superposition approximation is used to evaluate the effective
      conductivity, taking into account third-order correlations. This presents an
      original means to account for the statistical information up to third-order
      correlation when determining the effective properties of composite materials. 

PMID- 26986287
TI  - Characterization of stationary states in random walks with stochastic resetting.
AB  - It is known that introducing a stochastic resetting in a random-walk process can
      lead to the emergence of a stationary state. Here we study this point from a
      general perspective through the derivation and analysis of mesoscopic (continuous
      time random walk) equations for both jump and velocity models with stochastic
      resetting. In the case of jump models it is shown that stationary states emerge
      for any shape of the waiting-time and jump length distributions. The existence of
      such state entails the saturation of the mean square displacement to an universal
      value that depends on the second moment of the jump distribution and the
      resetting probability. The transient dynamics towards the stationary state
      depends on how the waiting time probability density function decays with time. If
      the moments of the jump distribution are finite then the tail of the stationary
      distributions is universally exponential, but for Levy flights these tails decay
      as a power law whose exponent coincides with that from the jump distribution. For
      velocity models we observe that the stationary state emerges only if the
      distribution of flight durations has finite moments of lower order; otherwise, as
      occurs for Levy walks, the stationary state does not exist, and the mean square
      displacement grows ballistically or superdiffusively, depending on the specific
      shape of the distribution of movement durations. 

PMID- 26986288
TI  - Generalized maximum entropy approach to quasistationary states in long-range
      systems.
AB  - Systems with long-range interactions display a short-time relaxation towards
      quasistationary states (QSSs) whose lifetime increases with the system size. In
      the paradigmatic Hamiltonian mean-field model (HMF) out-of-equilibrium phase
      transitions are predicted and numerically detected which separate homogeneous
      (zero magnetization) and inhomogeneous (nonzero magnetization) QSSs. In the
      former regime, the velocity distribution presents (at least) two large, symmetric
      bumps, which cannot be self-consistently explained by resorting to the
      conventional Lynden-Bell maximum entropy approach. We propose a generalized
      maximum entropy scheme which accounts for the pseudoconservation of additional
      charges, the even momenta of the single-particle distribution. These latter are
      set to the asymptotic values, as estimated by direct integration of the
      underlying Vlasov equation, which formally holds in the thermodynamic limit.
      Methodologically, we operate in the framework of a generalized Gibbs ensemble, as
      sometimes defined in statistical quantum mechanics, which contains an infinite
      number of conserved charges. The agreement between theory and simulations is
      satisfying, both above and below the out-of-equilibrium transition threshold. A
      previously unaccessible feature of the QSSs, the multiple bumps in the velocity
      profile, is resolved by our approach. 

PMID- 26986289
TI  - Lifshitz-Matsubara sum formula for the Casimir pressure between magnetic metallic
      mirrors.
AB  - We examine the conditions of validity for the Lifshitz-Matsubara sum formula for
      the Casimir pressure between magnetic metallic plane mirrors. As in the
      previously studied case of nonmagnetic materials [Guerout et al., Phys. Rev. E
      90, 042125 (2014)], we recover the usual expression for the lossy model of
      optical response, but not for the lossless plasma model. We also show that the
      modes associated with the Foucault currents play a crucial role in the limit of
      vanishing losses, in contrast to expectations.

PMID- 26986290
TI  - Initial condition of stochastic self-assembly.
AB  - The formation of a stable protein aggregate is regarded as the rate limiting step
      in the establishment of prion diseases. In these systems, once aggregates reach a
      critical size the growth process accelerates and thus the waiting time until the
      appearance of the first critically sized aggregate is a key determinant of
      disease onset. In addition to prion diseases, aggregation and nucleation is a
      central step of many physical, chemical, and biological process. Previous studies
      have examined the first-arrival time at a critical nucleus size during
      homogeneous self-assembly under the assumption that at time t=0 the system was in
      the all-monomer state. However, in order to compare to in vivo biological
      experiments where protein constituents inherited by a newly born cell likely
      contain intermediate aggregates, other possibilities must be considered. We
      consider one such possibility by conditioning the unique ergodic size
      distribution on subcritical aggregate sizes; this least-informed distribution is
      then used as an initial condition. We make the claim that this initial condition
      carries fewer assumptions than an all-monomer one and verify that it can yield
      significantly different averaged waiting times relative to the all-monomer
      condition under various models of assembly. 

PMID- 26986291
TI  - Finite-temperature mechanical instability in disordered lattices.
AB  - Mechanical instability takes different forms in various ordered and disordered
      systems and little is known about how thermal fluctuations affect different
      classes of mechanical instabilities. We develop an analytic theory involving
      renormalization of rigidity and coherent potential approximation that can be used
      to understand finite-temperature mechanical stabilities in various disordered
      systems. We use this theory to study two disordered lattices: a randomly diluted
      triangular lattice and a randomly braced square lattice. These two lattices
      belong to two different universality classes as they approach mechanical
      instability at T=0. We show that thermal fluctuations stabilize both lattices. In
      particular, the triangular lattice displays a critical regime in which the shear
      modulus scales as G~T(1/2), whereas the square lattice shows G~T(2/3). We discuss
      generic scaling laws for finite-T mechanical instabilities and relate them to
      experimental systems.

PMID- 26986292
TI  - Universal behavior of crystalline membranes: Crumpling transition and Poisson
      ratio of the flat phase.
AB  - We revisit the universal behavior of crystalline membranes at and below the
      crumpling transition, which pertains to the mechanical properties of important
      soft and hard matter materials, such as the cytoskeleton of red blood cells or
      graphene. Specifically, we perform large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of a
      triangulated two-dimensional phantom network which is freely fluctuating in three
      dimensional space. We obtain a continuous crumpling transition characterized by
      critical exponents which we estimate accurately through the use of finite-size
      techniques. By controlling the scaling corrections, we additionally compute with
      high accuracy the asymptotic value of the Poisson ratio in the flat phase, thus
      characterizing the auxetic properties of this class of systems. We obtain
      agreement with the value which is universally expected for polymerized membranes
      with a fixed connectivity. 

PMID- 26986293
TI  - Validity of the third law of thermodynamics for the Tsallis entropy.
AB  - Bento et al. [Phys. Rev. E 91, 022105 (2015)] recently stated that the Tsallis
      entropy violates the third law of thermodynamics for 0<q<1 in the subadditive
      regime. We first show that the division between the regimes q<1 and q>1 is
      already inherent in the fundamental incomplete structure of the deformed
      logarithms and exponentials underlying the Tsallis entropy. Then, we provide the
      complete deformed functions and show that the Tsallis entropy conforms to the
      third law of thermodynamics for both superadditive q<1 and subadditive q>1
      regimes. Finally, we remark that the Tsallis entropy does not require the use of
      an escort-averaging scheme once it is expressed in terms of the complete deformed
      functions.

PMID- 26986294
TI  - Linear relaxation in large two-dimensional Ising models.
AB  - Critical dynamics in two-dimension Ising lattices up to 2048*2048 is simulated on
      field-programmable-gate-array- based computing devices. Linear relaxation times
      are measured from extremely long Monte Carlo simulations. The longest simulation
      has 7.1*10(16) spin updates, which would take over 37 years to simulate on a
      general purpose computer. The linear relaxation time of the Ising lattices is
      found to follow the dynamic scaling law for correlation lengths as long as 2048.
      The dynamic exponent z of the system is found to be 2.179(12), which is
      consistent with previous studies of Ising lattices with shorter correlation
      lengths. It is also found that Monte Carlo simulations of critical dynamics in
      Ising lattices larger than 512*512 are very sensitive to the statistical
      correlations between pseudorandom numbers, making it even more difficult to study
      such large systems.

PMID- 26986295
TI  - Thermodynamic aspects of information transfer in complex dynamical systems.
AB  - From the Horowitz-Esposito stochastic thermodynamical description of information
      flows in dynamical systems [J. M. Horowitz and M. Esposito, Phys. Rev. X 4,
      031015 (2014)], it is known that while the second law of thermodynamics is
      satisfied by a joint system, the entropic balance for the subsystems is adjusted
      by a term related to the mutual information exchange rate between the two
      subsystems. In this article, we present a quantitative discussion of the
      conceptual link between the Horowitz-Esposito analysis and the Liang-Kleeman work
      on information transfer between dynamical system components [X. S. Liang and R.
      Kleeman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 244101 (2005)]. In particular, the entropic balance
      arguments employed in the two approaches are compared. Notwithstanding all
      differences between the two formalisms, our work strengthens the Liang-Kleeman
      heuristic balance reasoning by showing its formal analogy with the recent
      Horowitz-Esposito thermodynamic balance arguments.

PMID- 26986296
TI  - Derivation of a one-way radiative transfer equation in random media.
AB  - We derive from first principles a one-way radiative transfer equation for the
      wave intensity resolved over directions (Wigner transform of the wave field) in
      random media. It is an initial value problem with excitation from a source which
      emits waves in a preferred, forward direction. The equation is derived in a
      regime with small random fluctuations of the wave speed but long distances of
      propagation with respect to the wavelength, so that cumulative scattering is
      significant. The correlation length of the medium and the scale of the support of
      the source are slightly larger than the wavelength, and the waves propagate in a
      wide cone with an opening angle less than 180 degrees , so that the backward and
      evanescent waves are negligible. The scattering regime is a bridge between that
      of radiative transfer, where the waves propagate in all directions, and the
      paraxial regime, where the waves propagate in a narrow angular cone. We connect
      the one-way radiative transfer equation with the equations satisfied by the
      Wigner transform of the wave field in these regimes.

PMID- 26986297
TI  - Sensory capacity: An information theoretical measure of the performance of a
      sensor.
AB  - For a general sensory system following an external stochastic signal, we
      introduce the sensory capacity. This quantity characterizes the performance of a
      sensor: sensory capacity is maximal if the instantaneous state of the sensor has
      as much information about a signal as the whole time series of the sensor. We
      show that adding a memory to the sensor increases the sensory capacity. This
      increase quantifies the improvement of the sensor with the addition of the
      memory. Our results are obtained with the framework of stochastic thermodynamics
      of bipartite systems, which allows for the definition of an efficiency that
      relates the rate with which the sensor learns about the signal with the energy
      dissipated by the sensor, which is given by the thermodynamic entropy production.
      We demonstrate a general trade-off between sensory capacity and efficiency: if
      the sensory capacity is equal to its maximum 1, then the efficiency must be less
      than 1/2. As a physical realization of a sensor we consider a two-component
      cellular network estimating a fluctuating external ligand concentration as
      signal. This model leads to coupled linear Langevin equations that allow us to
      obtain explicit analytical results. 

PMID- 26986298
TI  - Transition radiation on a dynamic periodic interface.
AB  - We investigate the transition radiation on a periodically deformed interface
      between two dielectric media. Under the assumption that the dielectric
      permittivities of the media are close, a formula is derived for the spectral
      angular distribution of the radiated energy in the general case of a nonstatic
      profile function for the separating boundary. In particular, the latter includes
      the case of surface waves propagating along the boundary. The numerical examples
      are given for triangular grating and for sinusoidal profile. We show that instead
      of a single peak in the backward transition radiation on a flat interface, for
      periodic interface one has a set of peaks. The number and the locations of the
      peaks depend on the incidence angle of the charge and on the period of the
      interface. The conditions are specified for their appearance. 

PMID- 26986299
TI  - Surface growth on percolation networks by a conserved-noise restricted solid-on
      solid growth model.
AB  - Surface growth by the conserved-noise restricted solid-on-solid model is
      investigated on diluted lattices, i.e., on percolation networks that are embedded
      in two spatial dimensions. The growth exponent beta and the roughness exponent
      alpha are defined, respectively, by the mean-square surface width via
      W(2)(t)~t(2beta) and the mean-square saturated width via W(sat)(2)(L)~L(2alpha),
      where L is the system size. These are measured on both an infinite network and a
      backbone network and the results are compared with power-counting predictions
      obtained using the fractional Langevin equation. While the Monte Carlo results on
      deterministic fractal substrates show excellent agreement with the predictions
      [D. H. Kim and J. M. Kim, Phys. Rev. E 84, 011105 (2011)], the results on
      critical percolation networks deviate by 8%-12% from these predictions.

PMID- 26986300
TI  - Bimodal and Gaussian Ising spin glasses in dimension two.
AB  - An analysis is given of numerical simulation data to size L=128 on the archetype
      square lattice Ising spin glasses (ISGs) with bimodal (+/-J) and Gaussian
      interaction distributions. It is well established that the ordering temperature
      of both models is zero. The Gaussian model has a nondegenerate ground state and
      thus a critical exponent eta=0, and a continuous distribution of energy levels.
      For the bimodal model, above a size-dependent crossover temperature T(*)(L) there
      is a regime of effectively continuous energy levels; below T(*)(L) there is a
      distinct regime dominated by the highly degenerate ground state plus an energy
      gap to the excited states. T(*)(L) tends to zero at very large L, leaving only
      the effectively continuous regime in the thermodynamic limit. The simulation data
      on both models are analyzed with the conventional scaling variable t=T and with a
      scaling variable tau(b)=T(2)/(1+T(2)) suitable for zero-temperature transition
      ISGs, together with appropriate scaling expressions. The data for the temperature
      dependence of the reduced susceptibility chi(tau(b),L) and second moment
      correlation length xi(tau(b),L) in the thermodynamic limit regime are
      extrapolated to the tau(b)=0 critical limit. The Gaussian critical exponent
      estimates from the simulations, eta=0 and nu=3.55(5), are in full agreement with
      the well-established values in the literature. The bimodal critical exponents,
      estimated from the thermodynamic limit regime analyses using the same
      extrapolation protocols as for the Gaussian model, are eta=0.20(2) and nu=4.8(3),
      distinctly different from the Gaussian critical exponents.

PMID- 26986301
TI  - Random field disorder at an absorbing state transition in one and two dimensions.
AB  - We investigate the behavior of nonequilibrium phase transitions under the
      influence of disorder that locally breaks the symmetry between two symmetrical
      macroscopic absorbing states. In equilibrium systems such "random-field" disorder
      destroys the phase transition in low dimensions by preventing spontaneous
      symmetry breaking. In contrast, we show here that random-field disorder fails to
      destroy the nonequilibrium phase transition of the one- and two-dimensional
      generalized contact process. Instead, it modifies the dynamics in the symmetry
      broken phase. Specifically, the dynamics in the one-dimensional case is described
      by a Sinai walk of the domain walls between two different absorbing states. In
      the two-dimensional case, we map the dynamics onto that of the well studied low
      temperature random-field Ising model. We also study the critical behavior of the
      nonequilibrium phase transition and characterize its universality class in one
      dimension. We support our results by large-scale Monte Carlo simulations, and we
      discuss the applicability of our theory to other systems. 

PMID- 26986302
TI  - Surface properties and scaling behavior of a generalized ballistic deposition
      model.
AB  - The surface exponents, scaling behavior, and bulk porosity of a generalized
      ballistic deposition (GBD) model are studied. In nature, there exist particles
      with varying degrees of stickiness ranging from completely nonsticky to fully
      sticky. Such particles may adhere to any one of the successively encountered
      surfaces, depending on a sticking probability that is governed by the underlying
      stochastic mechanism. The microscopic configurations possible in this model are
      much larger than those allowed in existing models of ballistic deposition and
      competitive growth models that seek to mix ballistic and random deposition
      processes. In this article, we find the scaling exponents for surface width and
      porosity for the proposed GBD model. In terms of scaled width W[over ] and scaled
      time t[over ], the numerical data collapse onto a single curve, demonstrating
      successful scaling with sticking probability p and system size L. Similar scaling
      behavior is also found for the porosity. 

PMID- 26986303
TI  - Otto engine beyond its standard quantum limit.
AB  - We propose a quantum Otto cycle based on the properties of a two-level system in
      a realistic out-of-thermal-equilibrium electromagnetic field acting as its sole
      reservoir. This steady configuration is produced without the need of active
      control over the state of the environment, which is a noncoherent thermal
      radiation, sustained only by external heat supplied to macroscopic objects.
      Remarkably, even for nonideal finite-time transformations, it largely over
      performs the standard ideal Otto cycle and asymptotically achieves unit
      efficiency at finite power. 

PMID- 26986304
TI  - Efficient variants of the minimal diffusion formulation of Markov chain
      ensembles.
AB  - This study is concerned with ensembles of continuous-time Markov chains evolving
      independently under a common transition rate matrix in some finite state space.
      In this context, our prior work [Phys. Rev. E 91, 062116 (2015)] has formulated
      an approximation scheme, called the minimal diffusion formulation, to deduce how
      the number of chains in a prescribed relevant state evolves in time. The
      formulation consists of two specifically coupled Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes in
      a stochastic differential equation representation; it is minimal in the sense
      that its structure does not change with the state space size or the transition
      matrix density, and it requires no matrix square-root operations. In the present
      study, we first calculate the autocorrelation function of the relevant state
      density in the minimal diffusion formulation, which is fundamental to the
      identification of the ensemble dynamics. The obtained autocorrelation function is
      then employed to develop two diffusion formulations that reduce the structural
      complexity of the minimal diffusion formulation without significant loss of
      accuracy in the dynamics. One of these variant formulations includes one less
      noise term than the minimal diffusion formulation and still satisfies the above
      mentioned autocorrelation function in its dynamics. The second variant is in the
      form of a one-dimensional Langevin equation, therefore it is the simplest
      possible diffusion formulation one can obtain for the problem, yet its
      autocorrelation function is first-order accurate in time gap. Numerical
      simulations supporting the theoretical analysis are delivered.

PMID- 26986305
TI  - Tight-binding approach to overdamped Brownian motion on a bichromatic periodic
      potential.
AB  - We present a theoretical treatment of overdamped Brownian motion on a time
      independent bichromatic periodic potential with spatially fast- and slow-changing
      components. In our approach, we generalize the Wannier basis commonly used in the
      analysis of periodic systems to define a basis of S states that are localized at
      local minima of the potential. We demonstrate that the S states are orthonormal
      and complete on the length scale of the periodicity of the fast-changing
      potential, and we use the S-state basis to transform the continuous Smoluchowski
      equation for the system to a discrete master equation describing hopping between
      local minima. We identify the parameter regime where the master equation
      description is valid and show that the interwell hopping rates are well
      approximated by Kramers' escape rate in the limit of deep potential minima.
      Finally, we use the master equation to explore the system dynamics and determine
      the drift and diffusion for the system. 

PMID- 26986306
TI  - Anisotropic four-state clock model in the presence of random fields.
AB  - A four-state clock ferromagnetic model is studied in the presence of different
      configurations of anisotropies and random fields. The model is considered in the
      limit of infinite-range interactions, for which the mean-field approach becomes
      exact. Both representations of Cartesian spin components and two Ising variables
      are used, in terms of which the physical properties and phase diagrams are
      discussed. The random fields follow bimodal probability distributions and the
      richest criticality is found when the fields, applied in the two Ising systems,
      are not correlated. The phase diagrams present new interesting topologies, with a
      wide variety of critical points, which are expected to be useful in describing
      different complex phenomena. 

PMID- 26986307
TI  - Beyond heat baths: Generalized resource theories for small-scale thermodynamics.
AB  - Thermodynamics has recently been extended to small scales with resource theories
      that model heat exchanges. Real physical systems exchange diverse quantities:
      heat, particles, angular momentum, etc. We generalize thermodynamic resource
      theories to exchanges of observables other than heat, to baths other than heat
      baths, and to free energies other than the Helmholtz free energy. These
      generalizations are illustrated with "grand-potential" theories that model
      movements of heat and particles. Free operations include unitaries that conserve
      energy and particle number. From this conservation law and from resource-theory
      principles, the grand-canonical form of the free states is derived. States are
      shown to form a quasiorder characterized by free operations, d majorization, the
      hypothesis-testing entropy, and rescaled Lorenz curves. We calculate the work
      distillable from-and we bound the work cost of creating-a state. These work
      quantities can differ but converge to the grand potential in the thermodynamic
      limit. Extending thermodynamic resource theories beyond heat baths, we open
      diverse realistic systems to modeling with one-shot statistical mechanics.
      Prospective applications such as electrochemical batteries are hoped to bridge
      one-shot theory to experiments. 

PMID- 26986308
TI  - Percolation thresholds for discrete-continuous models with nonuniform
      probabilities of bond formation.
AB  - We introduce a class of discrete-continuous percolation models and an efficient
      Monte Carlo algorithm for computing their properties. The class is general enough
      to include well-known discrete and continuous models as special cases. We focus
      on a particular example of such a model, a nanotube model of disintegration of
      activated carbon. We calculate its exact critical threshold in two dimensions and
      obtain a Monte Carlo estimate in three dimensions. Furthermore, we use this
      example to analyze and characterize the efficiency of our algorithm, by computing
      critical exponents and properties, finding that it compares favorably to well
      known algorithms for simpler systems. 

PMID- 26986309
TI  - Nonzero-temperature entanglement negativity of quantum spin models: Area law,
      linked cluster expansions, and sudden death.
AB  - We show that the bipartite logarithmic entanglement negativity (EN) of quantum
      spin models obeys an area law at all nonzero temperatures. We develop numerical
      linked cluster (NLC) expansions for the "area-law" logarithmic entanglement
      negativity as a function of temperature and other parameters. For one-dimensional
      models the results of NLC are compared with exact diagonalization on finite
      systems and are found to agree very well. The NLC results are also obtained for
      two dimensional XXZ and transverse field Ising models. In all cases, we find a
      sudden onset (or sudden death) of negativity at a finite temperature above which
      the negativity is zero. We use perturbation theory to develop a physical picture
      for this sudden onset (or sudden death). The onset of EN or its magnitude are
      insensitive to classical finite-temperature phase transitions, supporting the
      argument for absence of any role of quantum mechanics at such transitions. On
      approach to a quantum critical point at T=0, negativity shows critical scaling in
      size and temperature. 

PMID- 26986310
TI  - Influence of the aspect ratio and boundary conditions on universal finite-size
      scaling functions in the athermal metastable two-dimensional random field Ising
      model.
AB  - This work studies universal finite size scaling functions for the number of one
      dimensional spanning avalanches in a two-dimensional (2D) disordered system with
      boundary conditions of different nature and different aspect ratios. To this end,
      we will consider the 2D random field Ising model at T=0 driven by the external
      field H with athermal dynamics implemented with periodic and forced boundary
      conditions. We have chosen a convenient scaling variable z that accounts for the
      deformation of the distance to the critical point caused by the aspect ratio. In
      addition, assuming that the dependence of the finite size scaling functions on
      the aspect ratio can be accounted for by an additional multiplicative factor, we
      have been able to collapse data for different system sizes, different aspect
      ratios, and different types of the boundary conditions into a single scaling
      function Q.

PMID- 26986311
TI  - Formulation of Liouville's theorem for grand ensemble molecular simulations.
AB  - Liouville's theorem in a grand ensemble, that is for situations where a system is
      in equilibrium with a reservoir of energy and particles, is a subject that, to
      our knowledge, has not been explicitly treated in literature related to molecular
      simulation. Instead, Liouville's theorem, a central concept for the correct
      employment of molecular simulation techniques, is implicitly considered only
      within the framework of systems where the total number of particles is fixed.
      However, the pressing demand of applied science in treating open systems leads to
      the question of the existence and possible exact formulation of Liouville's
      theorem when the number of particles changes during the dynamical evolution of
      the system. The intention of this paper is to stimulate a debate about this
      crucial issue for molecular simulation. 

PMID- 26986312
TI  - Aspects of quantum work.
AB  - Various approaches of defining and determining work performed on a quantum system
      are compared. Any operational definition of work, however, must allow for two
      facts: first, that work characterizes a process rather than an instantaneous
      state of a system and, second, that quantum systems are sensitive to the
      interactions with a measurement apparatus. We compare different measurement
      scenarios on the basis of the resulting postmeasurement states and the according
      probabilities for finding a particular work value. In particular, we analyze a
      recently proposed work meter for the case of a Gaussian pointer state and compare
      it with the results obtained by two projective and, alternatively, two Gaussian
      measurements. In the limit of a strong effective measurement strength the work
      distribution of projective two energy measurements can be recovered. In the
      opposite limit the average of work becomes independent of any measurement. Yet
      the fluctuations about this value diverge. The performance of the work meter is
      illustrated by the example of a spin in a suddenly changing magnetic field. 

PMID- 26986313
TI  - Microscopic description of quantum Lorentz gas and extension of the Boltzmann
      equation to entire space-time scale.
AB  - Irreversible processes of weakly coupled one-dimensional quantum perfect Lorentz
      gas are studied on the basis of the fundamental laws of physics in terms of the
      complex spectral analysis associated with the resonance state of the Liouville
      von Neumann operator. Without any phenomenological operations, such as a coarse
      graining of space-time, or a truncation of the higher order correlation, we
      obtained irreversible processes in a purely dynamical basis in all space and time
      scale including the microscopic atomic interaction range that is much smaller
      than the mean-free length. Based on this solution, a limitation of the usual
      phenomenological Boltzmann equation, as well as an extension of the Boltzmann
      equation to entire space-time scale, is discussed. 

PMID- 26986314
TI  - First-passage phenomena in hierarchical networks.
AB  - In this paper we study Markov processes and related first-passage problems on a
      class of weighted, modular graphs which generalize the Dyson hierarchical model.
      In these networks, the coupling strength between two nodes depends on their
      distance and is modulated by a parameter sigma. We find that, in the
      thermodynamic limit, ergodicity is lost and the "distant" nodes cannot be
      reached. Moreover, for finite-sized systems, there exists a threshold value for
      sigma such that, when sigma is relatively large, the inhomogeneity of the
      coupling pattern prevails and "distant" nodes are hardly reached. The same
      analysis is carried on also for generic hierarchical graphs, where interactions
      are meant to involve p-plets (p>2) of nodes, finding that ergodicity is still
      broken in the thermodynamic limit, but no threshold value for sigma is evidenced,
      ultimately due to a slow growth of the network diameter with the size. 

PMID- 26986315
TI  - Quantum thermal machine acting on a many-body quantum system: Role of
      correlations in thermodynamic tasks.
AB  - We study the functioning of a three-level thermal machine when acting on a many
      qubit system, the entire system being placed in an electromagnetic field in a
      stationary out-of-thermal-equilibrium configuration. This realistic setup stands
      between the two so-far-explored cases of single-qubit and macroscopic object
      targets, providing information on the scaling with system size of purely quantum
      properties in thermodynamic contexts. We show that, thanks to the presence of
      robust correlations among the qubits induced by the field, thermodynamic tasks
      can be delivered by the machine both locally to each qubit and collectively to
      the many-qubit system: This allows a task to be delivered also on systems much
      bigger than the machine size. 

PMID- 26986316
TI  - Transition in the decay rates of stationary distributions of Levy motion in an
      energy landscape.
AB  - The time evolution of random variables with Levy statistics has the ability to
      develop jumps, displaying very different behaviors from continuously fluctuating
      cases. Such patterns appear in an ever broadening range of examples including
      random lasers, non-Gaussian kinetics, or foraging strategies. The penalizing or
      reinforcing effect of the environment, however, has been little explored so far.
      We report a new phenomenon which manifests as a qualitative transition in the
      spatial decay behavior of the stationary measure of a jump process under an
      external potential, occurring on a combined change in the characteristics of the
      process and the lowest eigenvalue resulting from the effect of the potential.
      This also provides insight into the fundamental question of what is the mechanism
      of the spatial decay of a ground state. 

PMID- 26986317
TI  - Ballistic annihilation with superimposed diffusion in one dimension.
AB  - We consider a one-dimensional system with particles having either positive or
      negative velocity, and these particles annihilate on contact. Diffusion is
      superimposed on the ballistic motion of the particle. The annihilation may
      represent a reaction in which the two particles yield an inert species. This
      model has been the subject of previous work, in which it was shown that the
      particle concentration decays faster than either the purely ballistic or the
      purely diffusive case. We report on previously unnoticed behavior for large times
      when only one of the two species remains, and we also unravel the underlying
      fractal structure present in the system. We also consider in detail the case in
      which the initial concentration of right-going particles is 1/2+E, with E?0. It
      is shown that remarkably rich behavior arises, in which two crossover times are
      observed as E->0. 

PMID- 26986318
TI  - Nonconservative dynamics of optically trapped high-aspect-ratio nanowires.
AB  - We investigate the dynamics of high-aspect-ratio nanowires trapped axially in a
      single gradient force optical tweezers. A power spectrum analysis of the dynamics
      reveals a broad spectral resonance of the order of kHz with peak properties that
      are strongly dependent on the input trapping power. A dynamical model
      incorporating linear restoring optical forces, a nonconservative asymmetric
      coupling between translational and rotational degrees of freedom, viscous drag,
      and white noise provides an excellent fit to experimental observations. A
      persistent low-frequency cyclical motion around the equilibrium trapping
      position, with a frequency distinct from the spectral resonance, is observed from
      the time series data. 

PMID- 26986319
TI  - Quantifying group specificity of animal vocalizations without specific sender
      information.
AB  - Recordings of animal vocalization can lack information about sender and context.
      This is often the case in studies on marine mammals or in the increasing number
      of automated bioacoustics monitorings. Here, we develop a framework to estimate
      group specificity without specific sender information. We introduce and apply a
      bag-of-calls-and-coefficients approach (BOCCA) to study ensembles of cepstral
      coefficients calculated from vocalization signals recorded from a given animal
      group. Comparing distributions of such ensembles of coefficients by computing
      relative entropies reveals group specific differences. Applying the BOCCA to
      ensembles of calls recorded from group of long-finned pilot whales in northern
      Norway, we find that differences of vocalizations within social groups of pilot
      whales (Globicephala melas) are significantly lower than intergroup differences. 

PMID- 26986320
TI  - Thermostat algorithm for generating target ensembles.
AB  - We present a deterministic algorithm called contact density dynamics that
      generates any prescribed target distribution in the physical phase space. Akin to
      the famous model of Nose and Hoover, our algorithm is based on a non-Hamiltonian
      system in an extended phase space. However, the equations of motion in our case
      follow from contact geometry and we show that in general they have a similar form
      to those of the so-called density dynamics algorithm. As a prototypical example,
      we apply our algorithm to produce a Gibbs canonical distribution for a one
      dimensional harmonic oscillator. 

PMID- 26986321
TI  - Ab initio calculation of thermodynamic potentials and entropies for superionic
      water.
AB  - We construct thermodynamic potentials for two superionic phases of water [with
      body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) oxygen lattice] using a
      combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations
      (MD). For this purpose, a generic expression for the free energy of warm dense
      matter is developed and parametrized with equation of state data from the DFT-MD
      simulations. A second central aspect is the accurate determination of the
      entropy, which is done using an approximate two-phase method based on the
      frequency spectra of the nuclear motion. The boundary between the bcc superionic
      phase and the ices VII and X calculated with thermodynamic potentials from DFT-MD
      is consistent with that directly derived from the simulations. Differences in the
      physical properties of the bcc and fcc superionic phases and their impact on
      interior modeling of water-rich giant planets are discussed. 

PMID- 26986322
TI  - Fermionic thermocoherent state: Efficiency of electron transport.
AB  - On the basis of the fermionic coherent state of Cahill and Glauber [Phys. Rev. A
      59, 1538 (1999)], we have introduced here the fermionic thermocoherent state in
      terms of the quasiprobability distribution which shows the appropriate thermal
      and coherent limits as in the bosonic case or the Glauber-Lachs state. It is
      shown that the fermionic thermocoherent state can be realized as a displaced
      thermal state of fermions. Its relation with the fermionic displaced number state
      and the fermion-added coherent state are explored in the spirit of the bosonic
      case. We have investigated the nature of the average current and the suppression
      of noise due to the thermocoherent character of the source. The theory is applied
      to the problem of electronic conduction. A modification of the Landauer
      conductance formula is suggested which reflects the role of nonzero coherence of
      the source in electron transport.

PMID- 26986323
TI  - Anomalously slow relaxation of interacting liquid nanoclusters confined in a
      porous medium.
AB  - Anomalously slow relaxation of clusters of a liquid confined in a disordered
      system of pores has been studied for the (water-L23 nanoporous medium) system.
      The evolution of the system of confined liquid clusters consists of a fast
      formation stage followed by slow relaxation of the system and its decay. The
      characteristic time for the formation of the initial state is tau(p)~10 s after
      the reduction of excess pressure after complete filling. Anomalously slow
      relaxation has been observed for times of 10(1)-10(5) s, and decay has been
      observed at times of >10(5) s. The time dependence of the volume fraction theta
      of pores filled with the confined liquid is described by a power law theta~t(
      alpha) with the exponent alpha<0.15. The exponent alpha and temperature
      dependence alpha(T) are qualitatively described theoretically for the case of a
      slightly polydisperse medium in a mean-field approximation with the inclusion of
      the interaction of liquid clusters and averaging over various degenerate local
      configurations of clusters. In this approximation, slow relaxation is represented
      as a continuous transition through a sequence of metastable states of the system
      of clusters with a decreasing barrier.

PMID- 26986324
TI  - Elusive present: Hidden past and future dependency and why we build models.
AB  - Modeling a temporal process as if it is Markovian assumes that the present
      encodes all of a process's history. When this occurs, the present captures all of
      the dependency between past and future. We recently showed that if one randomly
      samples in the space of structured processes, this is almost never the case. So,
      how does the Markov failure come about? That is, how do individual measurements
      fail to encode the past? and How many are needed to capture dependencies between
      the past and future? Here, we investigate how much information can be shared
      between the past and the future but not reflected in the present. We quantify
      this elusive information, give explicit calculational methods, and outline the
      consequences, the most important of which is that when the present hides past
      future correlation or dependency we must move beyond sequence-based statistics
      and build state-based models. 

PMID- 26986325
TI  - Regular modes in a mixed-dynamics-based optical fiber.
AB  - A multimode optical fiber with a truncated transverse cross section acts as a
      powerful versatile support to investigate the wave features of complex ray
      dynamics. In this paper, we concentrate on the case of a geometry inducing mixed
      dynamics. We highlight that regular modes associated with stable periodic orbits
      present an enhanced spatial intensity localization. We report the statistics of
      the inverse participation ratio whose features are analogous to those of Anderson
      localized modes. Our study is supported by both numerical and experimental
      results on the spatial localization and spectral regularity of the regular modes.

PMID- 26986326
TI  - Solitons riding on solitons and the quantum Newton's cradle.
AB  - The reduced dynamics for dark and bright soliton chains in the one-dimensional
      nonlinear Schrodinger equation is used to study the behavior of collective
      compression waves corresponding to Toda lattice solitons. We coin the term
      hypersoliton to describe such solitary waves riding on a chain of solitons. It is
      observed that in the case of dark soliton chains, the formulated reduction
      dynamics provides an accurate an robust evolution of traveling hypersolitons. As
      an application to Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in a standard harmonic
      potential, we study the case of a finite dark soliton chain confined at the
      center of the trap. When the central chain is hit by a dark soliton, the energy
      is transferred through the chain as a hypersoliton that, in turn, ejects a dark
      soliton on the other end of the chain that, as it returns from its excursion up
      the trap, hits the central chain repeating the process. This periodic evolution
      is an analog of the classical Newton's cradle. 

PMID- 26986327
TI  - Hysteresis and drift of spiral waves near heterogeneities: From chemical
      experiments to cardiac simulations.
AB  - Dissipative patterns in excitable reaction-diffusion systems can be strongly
      affected by spatial heterogeneities. Using the photosensitive Belousov
      Zhabotinsky reaction, we show a hysteresis effect in the transition between free
      and pinned spiral rotation. The latter state involves the rotation around a disk
      shaped obstacle with an impermeable and inert boundary. The transition is
      controlled by changes in light intensity. For permeable heterogeneities of higher
      excitability, we observe spiral drift along both linear and circular boundaries.
      Our results confirm recent theoretical predictions and, in the case of spiral
      drift, are further reproduced by numerical simulations with a modified Oregonator
      model. Additional simulations with a cardiac model show that orbital motion can
      also exist in anisotropic and three-dimensional systems. 

PMID- 26986328
TI  - Symmetry reduction in high dimensions, illustrated in a turbulent pipe.
AB  - Equilibrium solutions are believed to structure the pathways for ergodic
      trajectories in a dynamical system. However, equilibria are atypical for systems
      with continuous symmetries, i.e., for systems with homogeneous spatial
      dimensions, whereas relative equilibria (traveling waves) are generic. In order
      to visualize the unstable manifolds of such solutions, a practical symmetry
      reduction method is required that converts relative equilibria into equilibria,
      and relative periodic orbits into periodic orbits. In this article we extend the
      fixed Fourier mode slice approach, previously applied one-dimensional PDEs, to a
      spatially three-dimensional fluid flow, and show that it is substantially more
      effective than our previous approach to slicing. Application of this method to a
      minimal flow unit pipe leads to the discovery of many relative periodic orbits
      that appear to fill out the turbulent regions of state space. We further
      demonstrate the value of this approach to symmetry reduction through projections
      (projections only possible in the symmetry-reduced space) that reveal the
      interrelations between these relative periodic orbits and the ways in which they
      shape the geometry of the turbulent attractor. 

PMID- 26986329
TI  - Dynamics of a passively mode-locked semiconductor laser subject to dual-cavity
      optical feedback.
AB  - We study the influence of dual-cavity optical feedback on the emission dynamics
      and timing stability of a passively mode-locked semiconductor laser using a delay
      differential equation model and verify the timing stability results by an initial
      experiment. By bifurcation analysis in dependence of the feedback delay times and
      feedback strength bistability, quasiperiodic and chaotic dynamics, as well as
      fundamental mode-locking are investigated, yielding a comprehensive overview on
      the nonlinear emission dynamics arising due to dual-cavity optical feedback.
      Optimum self-locking ranges for improving the timing stability by dual-cavity
      optical feedback are identified. A timing jitter reduction and an increase of the
      repetition rate tuning range of up to a factor of three, compared with single
      cavity feedback, are predicted for the parameter ranges investigated. Improved
      timing stability on short and long timescales is predicted for dual-cavity
      feedback through the suppression of noise-induced fluctuations. Based on the
      numerical predictions, experimentally, a maximum timing jitter reduction up to a
      factor of 180 is found, accompanied by a side-band reduction by a factor of 58
      dB, when both feedback cavities are resonant. 

PMID- 26986330
TI  - Chaos synchronization by resonance of multiple delay times.
AB  - Chaos synchronization may arise in networks of nonlinear units with delayed
      couplings. We study complete and sublattice synchronization generated by
      resonance of two large time delays with a specific ratio. As it is known for
      single-delay networks, the number of synchronized sublattices is determined by
      the greatest common divisor (GCD) of the network loop lengths. We demonstrate
      analytically the GCD condition in networks of iterated Bernoulli maps with
      multiple delay times and complement our analytic results by numerical phase
      diagrams, providing parameter regions showing complete and sublattice
      synchronization by resonance for Tent and Bernoulli maps. We compare networks
      with the same GCD with single and multiple delays, and we investigate the
      sensitivity of the correlation to a detuning between the delays in a network of
      coupled Stuart-Landau oscillators. Moreover, the GCD condition also allows
      detection of time-delay resonances, leading to high correlations in
      nonsynchronizable networks. Specifically, GCD-induced resonances are observed
      both in a chaotic asymmetric network and in doubly connected rings of delay
      coupled noisy linear oscillators. 

PMID- 26986331
TI  - Nonparametric causal inference for bivariate time series.
AB  - We introduce new quantities for exploratory causal inference between bivariate
      time series. The quantities, called penchants and leanings, are computationally
      straightforward to apply, follow directly from assumptions of probabilistic
      causality, do not depend on any assumed models for the time series generating
      process, and do not rely on any embedding procedures; these features may provide
      a clearer interpretation of the results than those from existing time series
      causality tools. The penchant and leaning are computed based on a structured
      method for computing probabilities. 

PMID- 26986332
TI  - Short-time-delay limit of the self-coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo system.
AB  - We analyze the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations subject to time-delayed self-feedback in
      the activator variable. Parameters are chosen such that the steady state is
      stable independent of the feedback gain and delay tau. We demonstrate that stable
      large-amplitude tau-periodic oscillations can, however, coexist with a stable
      steady state even for small delays, which is mathematically counterintuitive. In
      order to explore how these solutions appear in the bifurcation diagram, we
      propose three different strategies. We first analyze the emergence of periodic
      solutions from Hopf bifurcation points for tau small and show that a subcritical
      Hopf bifurcation allows the coexistence of stable tau-periodic and stable steady
      state solutions. Second, we construct a tau-periodic solution by using singular
      perturbation techniques appropriate for slow-fast systems. The theory assumes
      tau=O(1) and its validity as tau->0 is investigated numerically by integrating
      the original equations. Third, we develop an asymptotic theory where the delay is
      scaled with respect to the fast timescale of the activator variable. The theory
      is applied to the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations with threshold nonlinearity, and we
      show that the branch of tau-periodic solutions emerges from a limit point of
      limit cycles. 

PMID- 26986333
TI  - Floquet topological semimetal phases of an extended kicked Harper model.
AB  - Recent discoveries on topological characterization of gapless systems have
      attracted interest in both theoretical studies and experimental realizations.
      Examples of such gapless topological phases are Weyl semimetals, which exhibit
      three-dimensional (3D) Dirac cones (Weyl points), and nodal line semimetals,
      which are characterized by line nodes (two bands touching along a line). Inspired
      by our previous discoveries that the kicked Harper model exhibits many
      fascinating features of Floquet topological phases, in this paper we consider a
      generalization of the model, where two additional periodic system parameters are
      introduced into the Hamiltonian to serve as artificial dimensions, so as to
      simulate a 3D periodically driven system. We observe that by increasing the
      hopping strength and the kicking strength of the system, many new Floquet band
      touching points at Floquet quasienergies 0 and pi will start to appear. Some of
      them are Weyl points, while the others form line nodes in the parameter space. By
      taking open boundary conditions along the physical dimension, edge states
      analogous to Fermi arcs in static Weyl semimetal systems are observed. Finally,
      by designing an adiabatic pumping scheme, the chirality of the Floquet-band Weyl
      points and the pi Berry phase around Floquet-band line nodes can be manifested. 

PMID- 26986334
TI  - Variational principle for nonlinear wave propagation in dissipative systems.
AB  - The dynamics of many natural systems is dominated by nonlinear waves propagating
      through the medium. We show that in any extended system that supports nonlinear
      wave fronts with positive surface tension, the asymptotic wave-front dynamics can
      be formulated as a gradient system, even when the underlying evolution equations
      for the field variables cannot be written as a gradient system. The variational
      potential is simply given by a linear combination of the occupied volume and
      surface area of the wave front and changes monotonically over time. 

PMID- 26986335
TI  - Spectral decomposition of nonlinear systems with memory.
AB  - We present an alternative approach to the analysis of nonlinear systems with long
      term memory that is based on the Koopman operator and a Levy transformation in
      time. Memory effects are considered to be the result of interactions between a
      system and its surrounding environment. The analysis leads to the decomposition
      of a nonlinear system with memory into modes whose temporal behavior is anomalous
      and lacks a characteristic scale. On average, the time evolution of a mode
      follows a Mittag-Leffler function, and the system can be described using the
      fractional calculus. The general theory is demonstrated on the fractional linear
      harmonic oscillator and the fractional nonlinear logistic equation. When
      analyzing data from an ill-defined (black-box) system, the spectral decomposition
      in terms of Mittag-Leffler functions that we propose may uncover inherent memory
      effects through identification of a small set of dynamically relevant structures
      that would otherwise be obscured by conventional spectral methods. Consequently,
      the theoretical concepts we present may be useful for developing more general
      methods for numerical modeling that are able to determine whether observables of
      a dynamical system are better represented by memoryless operators, or operators
      with long-term memory in time, when model details are unknown. 

PMID- 26986336
TI  - Cooperative dynamics in coupled systems of fast and slow phase oscillators.
AB  - We propose a coupled system of fast and slow phase oscillators. We observe two
      step transitions to quasiperiodic motions by direct numerical simulations of this
      coupled oscillator system. A low-dimensional equation for order parameters is
      derived using the Ott-Antonsen ansatz. The applicability of the ansatz is checked
      by the comparison of numerical results of the coupled oscillator system and the
      reduced low-dimensional equation. We investigate further several interesting
      phenomena in which mutual interactions between the fast and slow oscillators play
      an essential role. Fast oscillations appear intermittently as a result of
      excitatory interactions with slow oscillators in a certain parameter range. Slow
      oscillators experience an oscillator-death phenomenon owing to their interaction
      with fast oscillators. This oscillator death is explained as a result of saddle
      node bifurcation in a simple phase equation obtained using the temporal average
      of the fast oscillations. Finally, we show macroscopic synchronization of the
      order 1:m between the slow and fast oscillators. 

PMID- 26986337
TI  - Granger-causality maps of diffusion processes.
AB  - Granger causality is a statistical concept devised to reconstruct and quantify
      predictive information flow between stochastic processes. Although the general
      concept can be formulated model-free it is often considered in the framework of
      linear stochastic processes. Here we show how local linear model descriptions can
      be employed to extend Granger causality into the realm of nonlinear systems. This
      novel treatment results in maps that resolve Granger causality in regions of
      state space. Through examples we provide a proof of concept and illustrate the
      utility of these maps. Moreover, by integration we convert the local Granger
      causality into a global measure that yields a consistent picture for a global
      Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Finally, we recover invariance transformations known
      from the theory of autoregressive processes. 

PMID- 26986339
TI  - Delocalization and quantum chaos in atom-field systems.
AB  - Employing efficient diagonalization techniques, we perform a detailed
      quantitative study of the regular and chaotic regions in phase space in the
      simplest nonintegrable atom-field system, the Dicke model. A close correlation
      between the classical Lyapunov exponents and the quantum Participation Ratio of
      coherent states on the eigenenergy basis is exhibited for different points in the
      phase space. It is also shown that the Participation Ratio scales linearly with
      the number of atoms in chaotic regions and with its square root in the regular
      ones. 

PMID- 26986338
TI  - Collective dynamics of a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate.
AB  - We study the collective dynamics of the spin-orbit coupled two pseudospin
      components of a Bose-Einstein condensate trapped in a quasi-one-dimensional
      harmonic potential, by using variational and directly numerical approach of
      binary mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii equations. The results show that, because of
      strong coupling of spin-orbit coupling (SOC), Rabi coupling, and atomic
      interaction, the collective dynamics of the system behave as complex characters.
      When the Rabi coupling is absent, the density profiles of the system preserve the
      Gauss type and the wave packets do harmonic oscillations. The amplitude of the
      collective oscillations increases with SOC. Furthermore, when the SOC strength
      increases, the dipole oscillations of the two pseudospin components undergo a
      transition from in-phase to out-of-phase oscillations. When the Rabi coupling
      present, there will exist a critical value of SOC strength (which depends on the
      Rabi coupling and atomic interaction). If the SOC strength is less than this
      critical value, the density profiles of the system can preserve the Gauss type
      and the wave packets do anharmonic (the frequency of dipole oscillations depends
      on SOC) oscillations synchronously (i.e., in-phase oscillations). However, if the
      SOC strength is larger than this critical value, the wave packets are dynamically
      fragmented and the stable dipole oscillations of the system can not exist. The
      collective dynamics of the system can be controlled by adjusting the atomic
      interaction, SOC, and Rabi-coupling strength. 

PMID- 26986340
TI  - Dynamical thermalization of Frenkel-Kontorova model in the thermodynamic limit.
AB  - We study numerically the process of dynamical thermalization in the Frenkel
      Kontorova (FK) model with weak nonlinearity. The total energy has initially
      equidistributed among some of the lowest frequency linear modes. It is found that
      the energy transfers continuously to the high-frequency modes and finally evolves
      towards energy equipartition in the FK model. However, the metastable state,
      which was found in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) model and phi(4) model in a relatively
      short time scale, is not found in the FK model. We further perform a very
      accurate systematic study of the equipartition time T(eq) as functions of the
      particle number N, the nonlinear parameter beta, and the energy density E. In the
      thermodynamic limit, the dependence of T(eq) on beta and E is found to display a
      power law behavior: T(eq)?beta(a)E(b). The exponents a and b are numerically
      found to be approximately -2.0 and 1.43. This scaling law is also quite different
      from those of the FPU-beta model and phi(4) model.

PMID- 26986341
TI  - Controlling chimera states: The influence of excitable units.
AB  - We explore the influence of a block of excitable units on the existence and
      behavior of chimera states in a nonlocally coupled ring-network of FitzHugh
      Nagumo elements. The FitzHugh-Nagumo system, a paradigmatic model in many fields
      from neuroscience to chemical pattern formation and nonlinear electronics,
      exhibits oscillatory or excitable behavior depending on the values of its
      parameters. Until now, chimera states have been studied in networks of coupled
      oscillatory FitzHugh-Nagumo elements. In the present work, we find that
      introducing a block of excitable units into the network may lead to several
      interesting effects. It allows for controlling the position of a chimera state as
      well as for generating a chimera state directly from the synchronous state. 

PMID- 26986342
TI  - Phase-shift-controlled logic gates in Y-shaped nonlinearly coupled chains.
AB  - We introduce a model system composed of two input discrete chains nonlinearly
      coupled to a single output chain which mimics the geometry of Y-shaped carbon
      nanotubes, photonic crystal wave guides, and DNA junctions. We explore the
      capability of the proposed system to perform logic gate operations based on the
      transmission of phase-shifted harmonic incoming waves. Within a tight-binding
      approach, we determine the exact transmission spectrum which exhibits a nonlinear
      induced bistability. Using a digitalization scheme of the output signal based on
      amplitude modulation, we show that AND, OR, and XOR logic operations can be
      achieved. Nonlinearity strongly favors the realization of logic operations in the
      regime of large wavelengths, while phase shifting is required for the OR logic
      gate to be realizable. A detailed analysis of the contrast ratio shows that
      optimal operation of the AND and OR logic gates takes place when the nonlinear
      response is the predominant physical property distinguishing the coupling and
      regular sites. These results point towards the possibility of Y-branched
      junctions to perform logic operations based on the transmission of traveling
      waves. 

PMID- 26986343
TI  - Phase coherence induced by correlated disorder.
AB  - We consider a mean-field model of coupled phase oscillators with quenched
      disorder in the coupling strengths and natural frequencies. When these two kinds
      of disorder are uncorrelated (and when the positive and negative couplings are
      equal in number and strength), it is known that phase coherence cannot occur and
      synchronization is absent. Here we explore the effects of correlating the
      disorder. Specifically, we assume that any given oscillator either attracts or
      repels all the others, and that the sign of the interaction is deterministically
      correlated with the given oscillator's natural frequency. For symmetrically
      correlated disorder with zero mean, we find that the system spontaneously
      synchronizes, once the width of the frequency distribution falls below a critical
      value. For asymmetrically correlated disorder, the model displays coherent
      traveling waves: the complex order parameter becomes nonzero and rotates with
      constant frequency different from the system's mean natural frequency. Thus, in
      both cases, correlated disorder can trigger phase coherence. 

PMID- 26986344
TI  - Dynamical behavior and peak power reduction in a pair of energy storage
      oscillators coupled by delayed power price.
AB  - This paper investigates dynamics of a management system for controlling a pair of
      energy storages. The system involves the following two characteristics: each
      storage behaves in a manner that reduces the number of charge noncharge cycles
      and begins to be charged when the price of power is lower than a particular price
      threshold. The price is proportional to the past total power flow from a power
      grid to all storages. A peak of the total power flow occurs when these storages
      are charged simultaneously. From the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics, the energy
      storages can be considered as relaxation oscillators coupled by a delay
      connection. Our analytical results suggest that the peak can be reduced by
      inducing an antiphase synchronization in coupled oscillators. We confirm these
      analytical results through numerical simulations. In addition, we numerically
      investigate the dynamical behavior in 10 storages and find that time delay in the
      connection is important in reducing the peak. 

PMID- 26986345
TI  - Leveraging information storage to select forecast-optimal parameters for delay
      coordinate reconstructions.
AB  - Delay-coordinate reconstruction is a proven modeling strategy for building
      effective forecasts of nonlinear time series. The first step in this process is
      the estimation of good values for two parameters, the time delay and the
      embedding dimension. Many heuristics and strategies have been proposed in the
      literature for estimating these values. Few, if any, of these methods were
      developed with forecasting in mind, however, and their results are not optimal
      for that purpose. Even so, these heuristics-intended for other applications-are
      routinely used when building delay coordinate reconstruction-based forecast
      models. In this paper, we propose an alternate strategy for choosing optimal
      parameter values for forecast methods that are based on delay-coordinate
      reconstructions. The basic calculation involves maximizing the shared information
      between each delay vector and the future state of the system. We illustrate the
      effectiveness of this method on several synthetic and experimental systems,
      showing that this metric can be calculated quickly and reliably from a relatively
      short time series, and that it provides a direct indication of how well a near
      neighbor based forecasting method will work on a given delay reconstruction of
      that time series. This allows a practitioner to choose reconstruction parameters
      that avoid any pathologies, regardless of the underlying mechanism, and maximize
      the predictive information contained in the reconstruction. 

PMID- 26986346
TI  - Comprehensive spectral approach for community structure analysis on complex
      networks.
AB  - A simple but efficient spectral approach for analyzing the community structure of
      complex networks is introduced. It works the same way for all types of networks,
      by spectrally splitting the adjacency matrix into a "unipartite" and a
      "multipartite" component. These two matrices reveal the structure of the network
      from different perspectives and can be analyzed at different levels of detail.
      Their entries, or the entries of their lower-rank approximations, provide
      measures of the affinity or antagonism between the nodes that highlight the
      communities and the "gateway" links that connect them together. An algorithm is
      then proposed to achieve the automatic assignment of the nodes to communities
      based on the information provided by either matrix. This algorithm naturally
      generates overlapping communities but can also be tuned to eliminate the
      overlaps. 

PMID- 26986349
TI  - Complex quantum networks: From universal breakdown to optimal transport.
AB  - We study the transport efficiency of excitations on complex quantum networks with
      loops. For this we consider sequentially growing networks with different
      topologies of the sequential subgraphs. This can lead either to a universal
      complete breakdown of transport for complete-graph-like sequential subgraphs or
      to optimal transport for ringlike sequential subgraphs. The transition to optimal
      transport can be triggered by systematically reducing the number of loops of
      complete-graph-like sequential subgraphs in a small-world procedure. These
      effects are explained on the basis of the spectral properties of the network's
      Hamiltonian. Our theoretical considerations are supported by numerical Monte
      Carlo simulations for complex quantum networks with a scale-free size
      distribution of sequential subgraphs and a small-world-type transition to optimal
      transport. 

PMID- 26986347
TI  - Low-dimensional dynamics of structured random networks.
AB  - Using a generalized random recurrent neural network model, and by extending our
      recently developed mean-field approach [J. Aljadeff, M. Stern, and T. Sharpee,
      Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 088101 (2015)], we study the relationship between the
      network connectivity structure and its low-dimensional dynamics. Each connection
      in the network is a random number with mean 0 and variance that depends on pre-
      and postsynaptic neurons through a sufficiently smooth function g of their
      identities. We find that these networks undergo a phase transition from a silent
      to a chaotic state at a critical point we derive as a function of g. Above the
      critical point, although unit activation levels are chaotic, their
      autocorrelation functions are restricted to a low-dimensional subspace. This
      provides a direct link between the network's structure and some of its functional
      characteristics. We discuss example applications of the general results to
      neuroscience where we derive the support of the spectrum of connectivity matrices
      with heterogeneous and possibly correlated degree distributions, and to ecology
      where we study the stability of the cascade model for food web structure.

PMID- 26986348
TI  - Meta-food-chains as a many-layer epidemic process on networks.
AB  - Notable recent works have focused on the multilayer properties of coevolving
      diseases. We point out that very similar systems play an important role in
      population ecology. Specifically we study a meta-food-web model that was recently
      proposed by Pillai et al. [Theor. Ecol. 3, 223 (2009)]. This model describes a
      network of species connected by feeding interactions, which spread over a network
      of spatial patches. Focusing on the essential case, where the network of feeding
      interactions is a chain, we develop an analytical approach for the computation of
      the degree distributions of colonized spatial patches for the different species
      in the chain. This framework allows us to address ecologically relevant
      questions. Considering configuration model ensembles of spatial networks, we find
      that there is an upper bound for the fraction of patches that a given species can
      occupy, which depends only on the networks mean degree. For a given mean degree
      there is then an optimal degree distribution that comes closest to the upper
      bound. Notably scale-free degree distributions perform worse than more
      homogeneous degree distributions if the mean degree is sufficiently high. Because
      species experience the underlying network differently the optimal degree
      distribution for one particular species is generally not the optimal distribution
      for the other species in the same food web. These results are of interest for
      conservation ecology, where, for instance, the task of selecting areas of old
      growth forest to preserve in an agricultural landscape, amounts to the design of
      a patch network.

PMID- 26986350
TI  - Velocity statistics of the Nagel-Schreckenberg model.
AB  - The statistics of velocities in the cellular automaton model of Nagel and
      Schreckenberg for traffic are studied. From numerical simulations, we obtain the
      probability distribution function (PDF) for vehicle velocities and the velocity
      velocity (vv) covariance function. We identify the probability to find a standing
      vehicle as a potential order parameter that signals nicely the transition between
      free congested flow for a sufficiently large number of velocity states. Our
      results for the vv covariance function resemble features of a second-order phase
      transition. We develop a 3-body approximation that allows us to relate the PDFs
      for velocities and headways. Using this relation, an approximation to the
      velocity PDF is obtained from the headway PDF observed in simulations. We find a
      remarkable agreement between this approximation and the velocity PDF obtained
      from simulations. 

PMID- 26986351
TI  - Network nestedness as generalized core-periphery structures.
AB  - The concept of nestedness, in particular for ecological and economical networks,
      has been introduced as a structural characteristic of real interacting systems.
      We suggest that the nestedness is in fact another way to express a mesoscale
      network property called the core-periphery structure. With real ecological
      mutualistic networks and synthetic model networks, we reveal the strong
      correlation between the nestedness and core-periphery-ness (likeness to the core
      periphery structure), by defining the network-level measures for nestedness and
      core-periphery-ness in the case of weighted and bipartite networks. However, at
      the same time, via more sophisticated null-model analysis, we also discover that
      the degree (the number of connected neighbors of a node) distribution poses quite
      severe restrictions on the possible nestedness and core-periphery parameter
      space. Therefore, there must exist structurally interwoven properties in more
      fundamental levels of network formation, behind this seemingly obvious relation
      between nestedness and core-periphery structures. 

PMID- 26986352
TI  - Comparison of minimum-action and steepest-descent paths in gradient systems.
AB  - On high-dimensional and complex potential energy surfaces, the identification of
      the most likely mechanism for the transition between local minima is a
      challenging task. Usually the steepest-descent path is used interchangeably with
      the minimum-energy path and is associated with the most likely path. Here we
      compare the meaning of the steepest-descent path in complex energy landscapes to
      the path integral formulation of a trajectory that minimizes the action
      functional for Brownian dynamics. In particular, for energy landscapes with
      bifurcation points and multiple minima and saddle points, there can be several
      steepest-descent paths associated with specific saddles that connect two
      predetermined states but largely differ from the path of maximum likelihood. The
      minimum-action path, however, additionally takes into account the scalar work
      along the trajectory. Minimizing the scalar work can be less ambiguous in the
      identification of the most likely path in different gradient systems. It can also
      be used to distinguish between multiple steepest-descent paths that connect
      reactant and product states. We illustrate that in systems with complex energy
      landscapes a careful assessment of the steepest-descent path is thus advisable.
      Here the evaluation of the action can provide valuable information on the
      analysis and description of the most likely path. 

PMID- 26986353
TI  - Growth and containment of a hierarchical criminal network.
AB  - We model the hierarchical evolution of an organized criminal network via
      antagonistic recruitment and pursuit processes. Within the recruitment phase, a
      criminal kingpin enlists new members into the network, who in turn seek out other
      affiliates. New recruits are linked to established criminals according to a
      probability distribution that depends on the current network structure. At the
      same time, law enforcement agents attempt to dismantle the growing organization
      using pursuit strategies that initiate on the lower level nodes and that unfold
      as self-avoiding random walks. The global details of the organization are unknown
      to law enforcement, who must explore the hierarchy node by node. We halt the
      pursuit when certain local criteria of the network are uncovered, encoding if and
      when an arrest is made; the criminal network is assumed to be eradicated if the
      kingpin is arrested. We first analyze recruitment and study the large scale
      properties of the growing network; later we add pursuit and use numerical
      simulations to study the eradication probability in the case of three pursuit
      strategies, the time to first eradication, and related costs. Within the context
      of this model, we find that eradication becomes increasingly costly as the
      network increases in size and that the optimal way of arresting the kingpin is to
      intervene at the early stages of network formation. We discuss our results in the
      context of dark network disruption and their implications on possible law
      enforcement strategies. 

PMID- 26986354
TI  - Dynamical network model for age-related health deficits and mortality.
AB  - How long people live depends on their health, and how it changes with age.
      Individual health can be tracked by the accumulation of age-related health
      deficits. The fraction of age-related deficits is a simple quantitative measure
      of human aging. This quantitative frailty index (F) is as good as chronological
      age in predicting mortality. In this paper, we use a dynamical network model of
      deficits to explore the effects of interactions between deficits, deficit damage
      and repair processes, and the connection between the F and mortality. With our
      model, we qualitatively reproduce Gompertz's law of increasing human mortality
      with age, the broadening of the F distribution with age, the characteristic
      nonlinear increase of the F with age, and the increased mortality of high-frailty
      individuals. No explicit time-dependence in damage or repair rates is needed in
      our model. Instead, implicit time-dependence arises through deficit interactions
      so that the average deficit damage rates increase, and deficit repair rates
      decrease, with age. We use a simple mortality criterion, where mortality occurs
      when the most connected node is damaged. 

PMID- 26986355
TI  - Continuous utility factor in segregation models.
AB  - We consider the constrained Schelling model of social segregation in which the
      utility factor of agents strictly increases and nonlocal jumps of the agents are
      allowed. In the present study, the utility factor u is defined in a way such that
      it can take continuous values and depends on the tolerance threshold as well as
      the fraction of unlike neighbors. Two models are proposed: in model A the jump
      probability is determined by the sign of u only, which makes it equivalent to the
      discrete model. In model B the actual values of u are considered. Model A and
      model B are shown to differ drastically as far as segregation behavior and phase
      transitions are concerned. In model A, although segregation can be achieved, the
      cluster sizes are rather small. Also, a frozen state is obtained in which steady
      states comprise many unsatisfied agents. In model B, segregated states with much
      larger cluster sizes are obtained. The correlation function is calculated to show
      quantitatively that larger clusters occur in model B. Moreover for model B, no
      frozen states exist even for very low dilution and small tolerance parameter.
      This is in contrast to the unconstrained discrete model considered earlier where
      agents can move even when utility remains the same. In addition, we also consider
      a few other dynamical aspects which have not been studied in segregation models
      earlier. 

PMID- 26986357
TI  - From individual spiking neurons to population behavior: Systematic elimination of
      short-wavelength spatial modes.
AB  - Mean-field models of the brain approximate spiking dynamics by assuming that each
      neuron responds to its neighbors via a naive spatial average that neglects local
      fluctuations and correlations in firing activity. In this paper we address this
      issue by introducing a rigorous formalism to enable spatial coarse-graining of
      spiking dynamics, scaling from the microscopic level of a single type 1
      (integrator) neuron to a macroscopic assembly of spiking neurons that are
      interconnected by chemical synapses and nearest-neighbor gap junctions. Spiking
      behavior at the single-neuron scale l~10MUm is described by Wilson's two-variable
      conductance-based equations [H. R. Wilson, J. Theor. Biol. 200, 375 (1999)],
      driven by fields of incoming neural activity from neighboring neurons. We map
      these equations to a coarser spatial resolution of grid length Bl, with B?1 being
      the blocking ratio linking micro and macro scales. Our method systematically
      eliminates high-frequency (short-wavelength) spatial modes q(->) in favor of low
      frequency spatial modes Q(->) using an adiabatic elimination procedure that has
      been shown to be equivalent to the path-integral coarse graining applied to
      renormalization group theory of critical phenomena. This bottom-up neural
      regridding allows us to track the percolation of synaptic and ion-channel noise
      from the single neuron up to the scale of macroscopic population-average
      variables. Anticipated applications of neural regridding include extraction of
      the current-to-firing-rate transfer function, investigation of fluctuation
      criticality near phase-transition tipping points, determination of spatial
      scaling laws for avalanche events, and prediction of the spatial extent of self
      organized macrocolumnar structures. As a first-order exemplar of the method, we
      recover nonlinear corrections for a coarse-grained Wilson spiking neuron embedded
      in a network of identical diffusively coupled neurons whose chemical synapses
      have been disabled. Intriguingly, we find that reblocking transforms the original
      type 1 Wilson integrator into a type 2 resonator whose spike-rate transfer
      function exhibits abrupt spiking onset with near-vertical takeoff and chaotic
      dynamics just above threshold.

PMID- 26986356
TI  - Translocation frequency of double-stranded DNA through a solid-state nanopore.
AB  - Solid-state nanopores are single-molecule sensors that measure changes in ionic
      current as charged polymers such as DNA pass through. Here, we present
      comprehensive experiments on the length, voltage, and salt dependence of the
      frequency of double-stranded DNA translocations through conical quartz nanopores
      with mean opening diameter 15 nm. We observe an entropic barrier-limited, length
      dependent translocation frequency at 4M LiCl salt concentration and a drift
      dominated, length-independent translocation frequency at 1M KCl salt
      concentration. These observations are described by a unifying convection
      diffusion equation, which includes the contribution of an entropic barrier for
      polymer entry. 

PMID- 26986358
TI  - Stochastic model for gene transcription on Drosophila melanogaster embryos.
AB  - We examine immunostaining experimental data for the formation of stripe 2 of even
      skipped (eve) transcripts on D. melanogaster embryos. An estimate of the factor
      converting immunofluorescence intensity units into molecular numbers is given.
      The analysis of the eve dynamics at the region of stripe 2 suggests that the
      promoter site of the gene has two distinct regimes: an earlier phase when it is
      predominantly activated until a critical time when it becomes mainly repressed.
      That suggests proposing a stochastic binary model for gene transcription on D.
      melanogaster embryos. Our model has two random variables: the transcripts number
      and the state of the source of mRNAs given as active or repressed. We are able to
      reproduce available experimental data for the average number of transcripts. An
      analysis of the random fluctuations on the number of eves and their consequences
      on the spatial precision of stripe 2 is presented. We show that the position of
      the anterior or posterior borders fluctuate around their average position by ~1%
      of the embryo length, which is similar to what is found experimentally. The
      fitting of data by such a simple model suggests that it can be useful to
      understand the functions of randomness during developmental processes. 

PMID- 26986360
TI  - Interplay of migratory and division forces as a generic mechanism for stem cell
      patterns.
AB  - In many adult tissues, stem cells and differentiated cells are not homogeneously
      distributed: stem cells are arranged in periodic "niches," and differentiated
      cells are constantly produced and migrate out of these niches. In this article,
      we provide a general theoretical framework to study mixtures of dividing and
      actively migrating particles, which we apply to biological tissues. We show in
      particular that the interplay between the stresses arising from active cell
      migration and stem cell division give rise to robust stem cell patterns. The
      instability of the tissue leads to spatial patterns which are either steady or
      oscillating in time. The wavelength of the instability has an order of magnitude
      consistent with the biological observations. We also discuss the implications of
      these results for future in vitro and in vivo experiments. 

PMID- 26986361
TI  - Self-adaptive formation of uneven node spacings in wild bamboo.
AB  - Bamboo has a distinctive structure wherein a long cavity inside a cylindrical
      woody section is divided into many chambers by stiff diaphragms. The diaphragms
      are inserted at nodes and thought to serve as ring stiffeners for bamboo culms
      against the external load; if this is the case, the separation between adjacent
      nodes should be configured optimally in order to enhance the mechanical stability
      of the culms. Here, we reveal the hitherto unknown blueprint of the optimal node
      spacings used in the growth of wild bamboo. Measurement data analysis together
      with theoretical formulations suggest that wild bamboos effectively control their
      node spacings as well as other geometric parameters in accord with the
      lightweight and high-strength design concept. 

PMID- 26986362
TI  - Evolutionary dynamics of general group interactions in structured populations.
AB  - The evolution of populations is influenced by many factors, and the simple
      classical models have been developed in a number of important ways. Both
      population structure and multiplayer interactions have been shown to
      significantly affect the evolution of important properties, such as the level of
      cooperation or of aggressive behavior. Here we combine these two key factors and
      develop the evolutionary dynamics of general group interactions in structured
      populations represented by regular graphs. The traditional linear and threshold
      public goods games are adopted as models to address the dynamics. We show that
      for linear group interactions, population structure can favor the evolution of
      cooperation compared to the well-mixed case, and we see that the more neighbors
      there are, the harder it is for cooperators to persist in structured populations.
      We further show that threshold group interactions could lead to the emergence of
      cooperation even in well-mixed populations. Here population structure sometimes
      inhibits cooperation for the threshold public goods game, where depending on the
      benefit to cost ratio, the outcomes are bistability or a monomorphic population
      of defectors or cooperators. Our results suggest, counterintuitively, that
      structured populations are not always beneficial for the evolution of cooperation
      for nonlinear group interactions. 

PMID- 26986359
TI  - Extending the dynamic range of transcription factor action by translational
      regulation.
AB  - A crucial step in the regulation of gene expression is binding of transcription
      factor (TF) proteins to regulatory sites along the DNA. But transcription factors
      act at nanomolar concentrations, and noise due to random arrival of these
      molecules at their binding sites can severely limit the precision of regulation.
      Recent work on the optimization of information flow through regulatory networks
      indicates that the lower end of the dynamic range of concentrations is simply
      inaccessible, overwhelmed by the impact of this noise. Motivated by the behavior
      of homeodomain proteins, such as the maternal morphogen Bicoid in the fruit fly
      embryo, we suggest a scheme in which transcription factors also act as indirect
      translational regulators, binding to the mRNA of other regulatory proteins.
      Intuitively, each mRNA molecule acts as an independent sensor of the input
      concentration, and averaging over these multiple sensors reduces the noise. We
      analyze information flow through this scheme and identify conditions under which
      it outperforms direct transcriptional regulation. Our results suggest that the
      dual role of homeodomain proteins is not just a historical accident, but a
      solution to a crucial physics problem in the regulation of gene expression. 

PMID- 26986363
TI  - Torque generation through the random movement of an asymmetric rotor: A potential
      rotational mechanism of the gamma subunit of F(1)-ATPase.
AB  - The rotation of the gamma subunit of F(1)-ATPase is stochastic, processive,
      unidirectional, reversible through an external torque, and stepwise with a slow
      rotation. We propose a mechanism that can explain these properties of the rotary
      molecular motor, and that can determine the direction of rotation. The asymmetric
      structures of the gamma subunit, both at the tip of the shaft (C and N termini)
      and at the part (epsilon subunit) protruding from the alpha(3)beta(3) subunits,
      are critical. The torque required for stochastic rotation is generated from the
      impulsive reactive force due to the random collisions between the gamma subunit
      and the quasihexagonal alpha(3)beta(3) subunits. The rotation is the result of
      the random motion of the confined asymmetric gamma subunit. The steps originate
      from the chemical reactions of the gamma subunit and physical interaction between
      the gamma subunit and the flexible protrusions of the alpha(3)beta(3) subunits.
      An external torque as well as a configurational modification in the gamma subunit
      (the central rotor) can reverse the rotational direction. We demonstrate the
      applicability of the mechanism to a macroscopic simulation system, which has the
      essential ingredients of the F(1)-ATPase structure, by reproducing the dynamic
      properties of the rotation.

PMID- 26986364
TI  - Gene expression dynamics with stochastic bursts: Construction and exact results
      for a coarse-grained model.
AB  - We present a theoretical framework to analyze the dynamics of gene expression
      with stochastic bursts. Beginning with an individual-based model which fully
      accounts for the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein populations, we propose an
      expansion of the master equation for the joint process. The resulting coarse
      grained model reduces the dimensionality of the system, describing only the
      protein population while fully accounting for the effects of discrete and
      fluctuating mRNA population. Closed form expressions for the stationary
      distribution of the protein population and mean first-passage times of the coarse
      grained model are derived and large-scale Monte Carlo simulations show that the
      analysis accurately describes the individual-based process accounting for mRNA
      population, in contrast to the failure of commonly proposed diffusion-type
      models. 

PMID- 26986365
TI  - Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in collective active motion.
AB  - Chiral symmetry breaking is ubiquitous in biological systems, from DNA to
      bacterial suspensions. A key unresolved problem is how chiral structures may
      spontaneously emerge from achiral interactions. We study a simple model of active
      swimmers in three dimensions that effectively incorporates hydrodynamic
      interactions. We perform large-scale molecular dynamics simulations (up to 10(6)
      particles) and find long-lived metastable collective states that exhibit chiral
      organization although the interactions are achiral. We elucidate under which
      conditions these chiral states will emerge and grow to large scales. To explore
      the complex phase space available to the system, we perform nonequilibrium
      quenches on a one-dimensional Lebwohl-Lasher model with periodic boundary
      conditions to study the likelihood of formation of chiral structures.

PMID- 26986366
TI  - Competition between B-Z and B-L transitions in a single DNA molecule:
      Computational studies.
AB  - Under negative torsion, DNA adopts left-handed helical forms, such as Z-DNA and L
      DNA. Using the random copolymer model developed for a wormlike chain, we
      represent a single DNA molecule with structural heterogeneity as a helical chain
      consisting of monomers which can be characterized by different helical senses and
      pitches. By Monte Carlo simulation, where we take into account bending and twist
      fluctuations explicitly, we study sequence dependence of B-Z transitions under
      torsional stress and tension focusing on the interaction with B-L transitions. We
      consider core sequences, (GC)_{n} repeats or (TG)_{n} repeats, which can
      interconvert between the right-handed B form and the left-handed Z form, imbedded
      in a random sequence, which can convert to left-handed L form with different
      (tension dependent) helical pitch. We show that Z-DNA formation from the (GC)_{n}
      sequence is always supported by unwinding torsional stress but Z-DNA formation
      from the (TG)_{n} sequence, which are more costly to convert but numerous, can be
      strongly influenced by the quenched disorder in the surrounding random sequence. 

PMID- 26986367
TI  - Identification of drug resistance mutations in HIV from constraints on natural
      evolution.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolves with extraordinary rapidity. However,
      its evolution is constrained by interactions between mutations in its fitness
      landscape. Here we show that an Ising model describing these interactions,
      inferred from sequence data obtained prior to the use of antiretroviral drugs,
      can be used to identify clinically significant sites of resistance mutations.
      Successful predictions of the resistance sites indicate progress in the
      development of successful models of real viral evolution at the single residue
      level and suggest that our approach may be applied to help design new therapies
      that are less prone to failure even where resistance data are not yet available. 

PMID- 26986368
TI  - Stochastic model of tumor-induced angiogenesis: Ensemble averages and
      deterministic equations.
AB  - A recent conceptual model of tumor-driven angiogenesis including branching,
      elongation, and anastomosis of blood vessels captures some of the intrinsic
      multiscale structures of this complex system, yet allowing one to extract a
      deterministic integro-partial-differential description of the vessel tip density
      [Phys. Rev. E 90, 062716 (2014)]. Here we solve the stochastic model, show that
      ensemble averages over many realizations correspond to the deterministic
      equations, and fit the anastomosis rate coefficient so that the total number of
      vessel tips evolves similarly in the deterministic and ensemble-averaged
      stochastic descriptions.

PMID- 26986369
TI  - Superradiance at the localization-delocalization crossover in tubular
      chlorosomes.
AB  - We study the effect of disorder on spectral properties of tubular chlorosomes in
      green sulfur bacteria Cf. aurantiacus. Employing a Frenkel-exciton Hamiltonian
      with diagonal and off-diagonal disorder consistent with spectral and structural
      studies, we analyze excitonic localization and spectral statistics of the
      chlorosomes. A size-dependent localization-delocalization crossover is found to
      occur as a function of the excitonic energy. The crossover energy region
      coincides with the more optically active states with maximized superradiance and
      is, consequently, more conducive for energy transfer. 

PMID- 26986370
TI  - Dynamics of nanoparticle assembly from disjointed images of nanoparticle-polymer
      composites.
AB  - Understanding how nanoparticles (NPs) diffuse, stick, and assemble into larger
      structures within polymers is key to the design and fabrication of NP-polymer
      composites. Here we describe an approach for inferring the dynamic parameters of
      NP assembly from spatially and temporally disjointed images of composites. The
      approach involves iterative adjustment of the parameters of a kinetic model of
      assembly until the computed size statistics of NP clusters match those obtained
      from high-throughput analysis of the experimental images. Application of this
      approach to the assembly of shaped, metal NPs in polymer films suggests that NP
      structures grow via a cluster-cluster aggregation mechanism, where NPs and their
      clusters diffuse with approximately Stokes-Einstein diffusivity and stick to
      other NPs or clusters with a probability that depends strongly on the size and
      shape of the NPs and the molecular weight of the polymer. 

PMID- 26986371
TI  - Equilibrium fluid-crystal interfacial free energy of bcc-crystallizing aqueous
      suspensions of polydisperse charged spheres.
AB  - The interfacial free energy is a central quantity in crystallization from the
      metastable melt. In suspensions of charged colloidal spheres, nucleation and
      growth kinetics can be accurately measured from optical experiments. In previous
      work, from these data effective nonequilibrium values for the interfacial free
      energy between the emerging bcc nuclei and the adjacent melt in dependence on the
      chemical potential difference between melt phase and crystal phase were derived
      using classical nucleation theory (CNT). A strictly linear increase of the
      interfacial free energy was observed as a function of increased metastability.
      Here, we further analyze these data for five aqueous suspensions of charged
      spheres and one binary mixture. We utilize a simple extrapolation scheme and
      interpret our findings in view of Turnbull's empirical rule. This enables us to
      present the first systematic experimental estimates for a reduced interfacial
      free energy, sigma(0,bcc), between the bcc-crystal phase and the coexisting
      equilibrium fluid. Values obtained for sigma(0,bcc) are on the order of a few
      k(B)T. Their values are not correlated to any of the electrostatic interaction
      parameters but rather show a systematic decrease with increasing size
      polydispersity and a lower value for the mixture as compared to the pure
      components. At the same time, sigma(0) also shows an approximately linear
      correlation to the entropy of freezing. The equilibrium interfacial free energy
      of strictly monodisperse charged spheres may therefore be still greater.

PMID- 26986372
TI  - Interaction modes between asymmetrically and oppositely charged rods.
AB  - The interaction of oppositely and asymmetrically charged rods in salt-a simple
      model of (bio)macromolecular assembly-is observed via simulation to exhibit two
      free energy minima, separated by a repulsive barrier. In contrast to similar
      minima in the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, the governing
      mechanism includes electrostatic attraction at large separation, osmotic
      repulsion at close range, and depletion attraction near contact. A model
      accounting for ion condensation and excluded volume is shown to be superior to a
      mean-field treatment in predicting the effect of charge asymmetry on the free
      energy profile. 

PMID- 26986373
TI  - Singular electrostatic energy of nanoparticle clusters.
AB  - The binding of clusters of metal nanoparticles is partly electrostatic. We
      address difficulties in calculating the electrostatic energy when high charging
      energies limit the total charge to a single quantum, entailing unequal potentials
      on the particles. We show that the energy at small separation h has a singular
      logarithmic dependence on h. We derive a general form for this energy in terms of
      the singular capacitance of two spheres in near contact c(h), together with
      nonsingular geometric features of the cluster. Using this form, we determine the
      energies of various clusters, finding that more compact clusters are more stable.
      These energies are proposed to be significant for metal-semiconductor binary
      nanoparticle lattices found experimentally. We sketch how these effects should
      dictate the relative abundances of metal nanoparticle clusters in nonpolar
      solvents. 

PMID- 26986374
TI  - Capillary force and torque on spheroidal particles floating at a fluid interface
      beyond the superposition approximation.
AB  - By means of a perturbative scheme, we determine analytically the capillary energy
      of a spheroidal colloid floating on a deformed fluid interface in terms of the
      local curvature tensor of the background deformation. We validate our results,
      that hold for small ellipticity of the particle and small deformations of the
      surface, by an exact numerical calculation. As an application of our perturbative
      approach, we determine the asymptotic interaction, for large separations d,
      between two different spheroidal particles. The dominant contribution is
      quadrupolar and proportional to d(-4). It coincides with the known superposition
      approximation and is zero if one of the two particles is spherical. The next to
      leading approximation, proportional to d(-8), is always attractive and
      independent of the orientation of the two colloids. It is the dominant
      contribution to the interaction between a spheroidal and a spherical colloid.

PMID- 26986375
TI  - Viscoelastic properties of marginal networks in a solvent.
AB  - Polymer networks at the margins of mechanical stability are known to be highly
      sensitive to applied forces and fields and to exhibit an anomalously large
      resistance to deformation. In this paper, we study the effects of hydrodynamic
      interactions on the behavior of marginal networks using a hybrid molecular
      dynamics and multiparticle collision dynamics simulation technique. We examine
      how the filament and solvent properties affect the response of marginal networks
      to shear. We find that the stiffening of the network shows a stronger dependence
      on the shear frequency when hydrodynamic interactions are present than when they
      are not. The network shear modulus scales as G'~omega(alpha(c)), with a critical
      stiffening exponent alpha(c) that can be controlled by varying the relative
      concentrations of the network and the solvent. Our results show that this arises
      due to the solvent aiding the relaxation of the network and suppressing the
      network nonaffinity, with the system deforming more affinely when hydrodynamic
      interactions are maximized.

PMID- 26986376
TI  - Thinning and thickening in active microrheology.
AB  - When pulling a probe particle in a many-particle system at a fixed velocity, the
      probe's effective friction, defined as the average external force over its
      velocity, gamma(eff):=<F(ex)>/u, first stays constant (linear response), then
      decreases (thinning), and, finally, increases again (thickening). We propose a
      three-time-scale picture to describe the thinning and thickening behavior. There
      are three distinct time scales for the bath particles: diffusion, damping, and
      single probe-bath collision. The dominating time scales are controlled by the
      pulling velocity and determine the behavior of the probe's friction. We test and
      confirm this description with a Langevin dynamics simulation. Microscopically, we
      find that for computing the effective friction, the Maxwellian distribution of
      bath particles' velocities fails in the regime of high Reynolds and Peclet
      numbers. This can be understood based on the microscopic mechanism of thickening
      obtained in the T=0 limit. The dynamic regimes defined by the ratio of different
      time scales can explain several observations of thinning and thickening in
      literature.

PMID- 26986378
TI  - Surface forces between colloidal particles at high hydrostatic pressure.
AB  - It was recently suggested that the electrostatic double-layer force between
      colloidal particles might weaken at high hydrostatic pressure encountered, for
      example, in deep seas or during oil recovery. We have addressed this issue by
      means of a specially designed optical trapping setup that allowed us to explore
      the interaction of a micrometer-sized glass bead and a solid glass wall in water
      at hydrostatic pressures of up to 1 kbar. The setup allowed us to measure the
      distance between bead and wall with a subnanometer resolution. We have determined
      the Debye lengths in water for salt concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mM. We found that
      in the pressure range from 1 bar to 1 kbar the maximum variation of the Debye
      lengths was <1 nm for both salt concentrations. Furthermore, the magnitude of the
      zeta potentials of the glass surfaces in water showed no dependency on pressure. 

PMID- 26986377
TI  - Magnetic interaction of Janus magnetic particles suspended in a viscous fluid.
AB  - We studied the magnetic interaction between circular Janus magnetic particles
      suspended in a Newtonian fluid under the influence of an externally applied
      uniform magnetic field. The particles are equally compartmentalized into
      paramagnetic and nonmagnetic sides. A direct numerical scheme is employed to
      solve the magnetic particulate flow in the Stokes flow regime. Upon applying the
      magnetic field, contrary to isotropic paramagnetic particles, a single Janus
      particle can rotate due to the magnetic torque created by the magnetic anisotropy
      of the particle. In a two-particle problem, the orientation of each particle is
      found to be an additional factor that affects the critical angle separating the
      nature of magnetic interaction. Using multiparticle problems, we show that the
      orientation of the particles has a significant influence on the dynamics of the
      particles, the fluid flow induced by the actuated particles, and the final
      conformation of the particles. Straight and staggered chain structures observed
      experimentally can be reproduced numerically in a multiple particle problem. 

PMID- 26986379
TI  - Characterization, nanoparticle self-organization, and Monte Carlo simulation of
      magnetoliposomes.
AB  - In this work we have developed and implement a new approach for the study of
      magnetoliposomes using Monte Carlo simulations. Our model is based on interaction
      among nanoparticles considering magnetic dipolar, van der Waals, ionic-steric,
      and Zeeman interaction potentials. The ionic interaction between nanoparticles
      and the lipid bilayer is represented by an ionic repulsion electrical surface
      potential that depends on the nanoparticle-lipid bilayer distance and the
      concentration of ions in the solution. A direct comparison among transmission
      electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, dynamic light scattering,
      nanoparticle tracking analysis, and experimentally derived static magnetic
      birefringence and simulation data allow us to validate our implementation. Our
      simulations suggest that confinement plays an important role in aggregate
      formation. 

PMID- 26986380
TI  - Getting drowned in a swirl: Deformable bead-spring model microswimmers in
      external flow fields.
AB  - Deformability is a central feature of many types of microswimmers, e.g., for
      artificially generated self-propelled droplets. Here, we analyze deformable bead
      spring microswimmers in an externally imposed solvent flow field as simple
      theoretical model systems. We focus on their behavior in a circular swirl flow in
      two spatial dimensions. Linear (straight) two-bead swimmers are found to circle
      around the swirl with a slight drift to the outside with increasing activity. In
      contrast to that, we observe for triangular three-bead or squarelike four-bead
      swimmers a tendency of being drawn into the swirl and finally getting drowned,
      although a radial inward component is absent in the flow field. During one cycle
      around the swirl, the self-propulsion direction of an active triangular or
      squarelike swimmer remains almost constant, while their orbits become deformed
      exhibiting an "egglike" shape. Over time, the swirl flow induces slight net
      rotations of these swimmer types, which leads to net rotations of the egg-shaped
      orbits. Interestingly, in certain cases, the orbital rotation changes sense when
      the swimmer approaches the flow singularity. Our predictions can be verified in
      real-space experiments on artificial microswimmers. 

PMID- 26986381
TI  - Transient cluster formation in sheared non-Brownian suspensions.
AB  - We perform numerical simulations of non-Brownian suspensions in the laminar flow
      regime to study the scaling behavior of particle clusters and collisions under
      shear. As the particle fraction approaches the maximum packing fraction, large
      transient clusters appear in the system. We use methods from percolation theory
      to discuss the cluster size distribution. We also give a scaling relation for the
      percolation threshold as well as system size effects through time-dependent
      fluctuations of this threshold and relate them to system size. System size
      effects are important close to the maximum packing fraction due to the divergence
      of the cluster length scale. We then investigate the transient nature of the
      clusters through characterization of particle collisions and show that collision
      times exhibit scale-invariant properties. Finally, we show that particle
      collision times can be modeled as first-passage processes. 

PMID- 26986382
TI  - Electroclinic effect in a chiral paranematic liquid-crystal layer above the bulk
      nematic-to-isotropic transition temperature.
AB  - Electroclinic measurements are reported for two chiral liquid crystals above
      their bulk chiral isotropic-nematic phase transition temperatures. It is found
      that an applied electric field E induces a rotation theta [?Epsilon] of the
      director in the very thin paranematic layers that are induced by the cell's two
      planar-aligning substrates. The magnitude of the electroclinic coefficient
      dtheta/dE close to the transition temperature is comparable to that of a bulk
      chiral nematic, as well as to that of a parasmectic region above a bulk isotropic
      to-chiral smectic-A phase. However, dtheta/dE in the paranematic layer varies
      much more slowly with temperature than in the parasmectic phase, and its
      relaxation time is slower by more than three orders of magnitude than that of the
      bulk chiral nematic electroclinic effect. 

PMID- 26986383
TI  - Consequences of director-density coupling theory for flexoelectricity in nematic
      liquid crystals.
AB  - We theoretically study how the measurements of the flexoelectric coefficients in
      nematic liquid crystals are affected by the inclusion of the director-density
      coupling energy. It is shown that this investigation is quite relevant for
      interpreting the data of experiments. 

PMID- 26986384
TI  - Nematoelastic crawlers.
AB  - A propagating "beam" triggering a local phase transition in a nematic elastomer
      sets it into a crawling motion, which may morph due to buckling. We consider the
      motion of the various configurations of slender rods and thin stripes with both
      uniform and splayed nematic order in cross-section and detect the dependence of
      the gait and speed on flexural rigidity and substrate friction. 

PMID- 26986385
TI  - Short-range smectic fluctuations and the flexoelectric model of modulated nematic
      liquid crystals.
AB  - We show that the flexoelectric model of chiral and achiral modulated nematics
      predicts the compression modulus that is by orders of magnitude lower than the
      measured values. The discrepancy is much larger in the chiral modulated nematic
      phase, in which the measured value of the compression modulus is of the same
      order of magnitude as in achiral modulated nematics, even though the heliconical
      pitch is by an order of magnitude larger. The relaxation of a one-constant
      approximation in the biaxial elastic model used for chiral modulated nematics
      does not solve the problem. Therefore, we propose a structural model of the
      modulated nematic phase, which is consistent with the current experimental
      evidence and can also explain large compression modulus: the structure consists
      of short-range smectic clusters with a fourfold symmetry and periodicity of two
      molecular distances. In chiral systems, chiral interactions lead to a helicoidal
      structure of such clusters. 

PMID- 26986386
TI  - Positronium formation and annihilation in liquid crystalline smectic-E phase
      revisited.
AB  - The results of the positron lifetime measurements of the quenched smectic-E (Sm
      E) phase of 4-butyl-4'-isothiocyano-1,1'-biphenyl (4TCB) are revisited. The sites
      of positronium formation and annihilation, according to the model with
      nanosegregated layered structure of the Sm-E phase and molten state of alkyl
      chains of molecules, are identified in the sublayer containing alkyl chains of
      molecules. The possibility of vitrification of the Sm-E phase for 4TCB consisting
      in freezing of the alkyl chain motions is considered as a cause of the thermally
      activated creation of sites where o-Ps is formed and annihilates in the quenched
      Sm-E phase. The description of the temperature dependence of ortho-positronium
      intensity is performed using the glass transition model which assumes that the
      molecules occupy two thermodynamic states: solidlike or liquidlike regarding
      mobility of their alkyl chains. The equilibrium temperature between solidlike and
      liquidlike domains of the model obtained from positron lifetime measurements
      coincides with the exothermic effect in the temperature dependence of the heat
      capacity. 

PMID- 26986387
TI  - Effect of waveform of the driving field on electroconvection near the dielectric
      inversion frequency.
AB  - This paper concerns the instability behavior of a nematic liquid crystal in the
      region of dielectric inversion frequency for different waveforms of the exciting
      electric field. The critical frequency separating the regimes of dielectric and
      electroconvective primary bifurcation states shows a notable dependence on the
      waveform. In particular, it is found to undergo a large downshift for square-wave
      and sawtooth-wave fields as compared to sine-wave and triangle-wave fields. This
      seems to underscore the significance of harmonics in nonsinusoidal fields for the
      evolution of patterned electroconvective states. The study also deals with the
      flow pattern associated with the periodic state and the sequence of secondary
      instabilities occurring at higher fields to emphasize the role of the Carr
      Helfrich mechanism for the instabilities in this region. The relevance of
      dielectric heating to the formation of transient structures is also pointed out. 

PMID- 26986388
TI  - Stochastic analysis of nucleation rates.
AB  - We show that approximating the Becker-Doring equations with a Langevin equation
      results in multiplicative noise, which in turn leads to a family of possible
      Fokker-Planck equations according to the Ito-Stratonovich dilemma. Using a simple
      and general model for the attachment and detachment rates, we find that the Ito
      choice approximates the nucleation rate best and also coincides with the Fokker
      Planck equation resulting from the common way to Taylor expand the original set
      of rate equations. 

PMID- 26986389
TI  - Dynamics of bubble breakup at a T junction.
AB  - The gas-liquid interfacial dynamics of bubble breakup in a T junction was
      investigated. Four regimes were observed for a bubble passing through the T
      junction. It was identified by the stop flow that a critical width of the bubble
      neck existed: if the minimum width of the bubble neck was less than the critical
      value, the breakup was irreversible and fast; while if the minimum width of the
      bubble neck was larger than the critical value, the breakup was reversible and
      slow. The fast breakup was driven by the surface tension and liquid inertia and
      is independent of the operating conditions. The minimum width of the bubble neck
      could be scaled with the remaining time as a power law with an exponent of 0.22
      in the beginning and of 0.5 approaching the final fast pinch-off. The slow
      breakup was driven by the continuous phase and the gas-liquid interface was in
      the equilibrium stage. Before the appearance of the tunnel, the width of the
      depression region could be scaled with the time as a power law with an exponent
      of 0.75; while after that, the width of the depression was a logarithmic function
      with the time. 

PMID- 26986390
TI  - Scaling of alloy interfacial properties under compositional strain.
AB  - Complex morphologies and microstructures that emerge during materials growth and
      solidification are often determined by both equilibrium and kinetic properties of
      the interface and their crystalline anisotropies. However, limited knowledge is
      available on alloying and, particularly, compositionally generated elastic
      effects on these interface characteristics. Here we systematically investigate
      such compositional effects on the interfacial properties of an alloy model system
      based on a phase-field-crystal analysis, including the solid-liquid interfacial
      free energy, kinetic coefficient, and lattice pinning strength. Scaling relations
      for these interfacial quantities over various ranges of material parameters are
      identified and predicted. Our results indicate the important effects of couplings
      among mesoscopic and microscopic length scales of alloy structure and
      concentration, and the influence of compressive and tensile interface stresses
      induced by composition variations. The approach developed here provides an
      efficient way to systematically identify these key material properties beyond the
      traditional atomistic and continuum methods. 

PMID- 26986391
TI  - Force of adhesion on supersolvophobic surfaces: The role of capillary necks.
AB  - We study theoretically the force of adhesion of pinned liquid drops in contact
      with supersolvophobic surfaces. We develop a method to calculate the contact and
      excess surface areas vs compression of the drops against surfaces characterized
      by an effective interfacial energy in the Cassie-Baxter wetting regime. We find
      that a 9 degrees  difference in contact angle can increase the force of adhesion
      by almost three orders of magnitude. We investigate the role that the inevitable
      formation of capillary necks has on this force, which has the same functional
      form of Derjaguin's result for elastic solids. Our results suggest that measuring
      the force of adhesion directly on nearly perfectly solvophobic surfaces may be a
      more precise technique to quantify the effective interfacial energy than
      traditional contact angle measurements on macroscopic drops. 

PMID- 26986392
TI  - Hybrid Cassie-Wenzel model for droplets on surfaces with nanoscale roughness.
AB  - Several models have been developed to predict the contact angle of a droplet
      sitting on a roughened surface; however, no such model has been developed for
      substrates with nanoscale surface structures. In this paper we propose a hybrid
      Cassie-Wenzel model, which considers two factors attributed to the breakdown of
      macroscopic predictions, including the width of the wall-fluid depletion region
      and the coexistence of Cassie and Wenzel states in cases where the wall-fluid
      interface presents nanoscale structures. At the molecular scale, the parameter of
      surface roughness can be corrected by treating the wall-fluid interface as a
      hybrid Cassie-Wenzel state in which the fraction in the Wenzel state depends on
      fluid density within the cavities. A more general model developed using data
      fitted to fluid density is able to account for deviating tendencies induced by
      nanoscale surface features. A comparison of predicted results obtained in this
      study with those from previous works demonstrates that the proposed hybrid Cassie
      Wenzel model is applicable to the evaluation of wettability in a wide range of
      substrates with nanoscale surface structures, corresponding to a Cassie state, a
      Wenzel state, and a mixed state. More importantly, the present work provides a
      quantitative approach to the estimation of wettability even amidst nanoscale
      effects, which can have a significant influence in cases with surface features at
      the molecular scale. 

PMID- 26986393
TI  - Effect of viscosity on the shaking-induced fluidization in a liquid-immersed
      granular medium.
AB  - A liquid-immersed granular medium is shaken vertically under a wide range of
      accelerations (Gamma in dimensionless form) and frequencies (f) and its
      fluidization process is studied. The granular medium is formed by settling and
      consists of two size-graded layers (particle diameter d) such that the upper
      layer is fine grained and is less permeable. When Gamma>Gamma(c), a liquid-rich
      layer formed by the accumulated liquid at the two-layer boundary causes a
      gravitational instability. The upwellings of the instability are separated
      horizontally by a distance (wavelength) lambda, and their amplitude grows
      exponentially with time [?exp(pt)] at a growth rate p. We conduct experiments for
      two liquid viscosity cases such that the particle settling velocity (V(s)) of the
      same particle differs by a factor of 17. We find that for both cases, Gamma(c) is
      at a minimum in an optimum frequency band centered at f~100 Hz. However, the high
      viscosity (HV) case has a smaller Gamma(c), a shorter lambda, and a faster
      dimensionless growth rate [p'=p/(V(s)/d)]. We also measure granular rheology
      under an oscillatory shear and find that (i) interparticle friction decreases
      when the strain amplitude becomes large and (ii) friction is smaller for the HV
      case. From (i), we infer that the shear strain of the shaking experiments becomes
      largest at around f~100 Hz. We consider that (ii) is a consequence of liquid
      lubrication and is a reason for a smaller Gamma(c) for the HV case. We show that
      the low- and high-frequency limits of the optimum frequency band can be explained
      by introducing critical values of dimensionless jerk (i.e., time derivative of
      acceleration) J and dimensionless shaking energy S. The low-frequency limit
      corresponds to the requirement that in order to unjam the particles, the period
      of shaking (1/f) must be shorter than the time needed for the particles to
      rearrange by settling (d/V(s)), which also explains why the HV case is fluidized
      at a lower f compared to the LV case. We apply the results of the linear
      stability analyses for Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Using the measured lambda and
      p, we infer that (i) only a thin layer beneath the two-layer boundary is mobile
      and the rest of the lower layer remains jammed and (ii) the effective viscosity
      of the upper granular layer relative to the liquid is smaller for the HV case as
      a result of smaller friction.

PMID- 26986394
TI  - Superdiffusive transport and energy localization in disordered granular crystals.
AB  - We study the spreading of initially localized excitations in one-dimensional
      disordered granular crystals. We thereby investigate localization phenomena in
      strongly nonlinear systems, which we demonstrate to differ fundamentally from
      localization in linear and weakly nonlinear systems. We conduct a thorough
      comparison of wave dynamics in chains with three different types of disorder-an
      uncorrelated (Anderson-like) disorder and two types of correlated disorders
      (which are produced by random dimer arrangements)-and for two types of initial
      conditions (displacement excitations and velocity excitations). We find for
      strongly precompressed (i.e., weakly nonlinear) chains that the dynamics depend
      strongly on the type of initial condition. In particular, for displacement
      excitations, the long-time asymptotic behavior of the second moment m(2) of the
      energy has oscillations that depend on the type of disorder, with a complex trend
      that differs markedly from a power law and which is particularly evident for an
      Anderson-like disorder. By contrast, for velocity excitations, we find that a
      standard scaling m(2)~t(gamma) (for some constant gamma) applies for all three
      types of disorder. For weakly precompressed (i.e., strongly nonlinear) chains,
      m(2) and the inverse participation ratio P(-1) satisfy scaling relations
      m(2)~t(gamma) and P(-1)~t(-eta), and the dynamics is superdiffusive for all of
      the cases that we consider. Additionally, when precompression is strong, the
      inverse participation ratio decreases slowly (with eta<0.1) for all three types
      of disorder, and the dynamics leads to a partial localization around the core and
      the leading edge of a propagating wave packet. For an Anderson-like disorder,
      displacement perturbations lead to localization of energy primarily in the core,
      and velocity perturbations cause the energy to be divided between the core and
      the leading edge. This localization phenomenon does not occur in the sonic-vacuum
      regime, which yields the surprising result that the energy is no longer contained
      in strongly nonlinear waves but instead is spread across many sites. In this
      regime, the exponents are very similar (roughly gamma~1.7 and eta~1) for all
      three types of disorder and for both types of initial conditions.

PMID- 26986395
TI  - Energy transport in one-dimensional disordered granular solids.
AB  - We investigate the energy transport in one-dimensional disordered granular solids
      by extensive numerical simulations. In particular, we consider the case of a
      polydisperse granular chain composed of spherical beads of the same material and
      with radii taken from a random distribution. We start by examining the linear
      case, in which it is known that the energy transport strongly depends on the type
      of initial conditions. Thus, we consider two sets of initial conditions: an
      initial displacement and an initial momentum excitation of a single bead. After
      establishing the regime of sufficiently strong disorder, we focus our study on
      the role of nonlinearity for both sets of initial conditions. By increasing the
      initial excitation amplitudes we are able to identify three distinct dynamical
      regimes with different energy transport properties: a near linear, a weakly
      nonlinear, and a highly nonlinear regime. Although energy spreading is found to
      be increasing for higher nonlinearities, in the weakly nonlinear regime no clear
      asymptotic behavior of the spreading is found. In this regime, we additionally
      find that energy, initially trapped in a localized region, can be eventually
      detrapped and this has a direct influence on the fluctuations of the energy
      spreading. We also demonstrate that in the highly nonlinear regime, the
      differences in energy transport between the two sets of initial conditions
      vanish. Actually, in this regime the energy is almost ballistically transported
      through shocklike excitations. 

PMID- 26986396
TI  - Role of inertia in the rheology of amorphous systems: A finite-element-based
      elastoplastic model.
AB  - A simple finite-element analysis with varying damping strength is used to model
      the athermal shear rheology of densely packed glassy systems at a continuum
      level. We focus on the influence of dissipation on bulk rheological properties.
      Our numerical studies, done over a wide range of damping coefficients, identify
      two well-separated rheological regimes along with a crossover region controlled
      by a critical damping. In the overdamped limit, inertial effects are negligible
      and the rheological response is well described by the commonly observed Herschel
      Bulkley equation. In stark contrast, inertial vibrations in the underdamped
      regime prompt a significant drop in the mean-stress level, leading to a
      nonmonotonic constitutive relation. The observed negative slope in the flow
      curve, which is a signature of mechanical instability and thus permanent shear
      banding, arises from the sole influence of inertia, in qualitative agreement with
      the recent molecular dynamics study of Nicolas et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116,
      058303 (2016).

PMID- 26986397
TI  - Declustering in a granular gas as a finite-size effect.
AB  - The existence of dense clusters has been shown to be a transient phenomenon for
      realistic models of granular collisions, where the coefficient of restitution
      depends on the impact velocity. We report direct numerical simulations that
      elucidate the conditions for the disappearance of structures. We find that upon
      cluster formation the granular temperature and the convective kinetic energy
      couple and both follow Haff's law. Furthermore, we show that clusters will
      eventually dissolve in all finite-size systems. We find the strong power law
      t'?L(12) for the dependency of the declustering time on system size. Our results
      imply that only in systems close to the initial critical system size both
      clustering and declustering transitions are observable.

PMID- 26986398
TI  - Influence of rough and smooth walls on macroscale granular segregation patterns.
AB  - Size bidisperse granular materials in a spherical tumbler segregate into two
      different patterns of three bands with either small particles at the equator and
      large particles at the poles or vice versa, depending upon the fill level in the
      tumbler. Here we use discrete element method simulations with supporting
      qualitative experiments to explore the effect of the tumbler wall roughness on
      the segregation pattern, modeling the tumbler walls as either a closely packed
      monolayer of fixed particles resulting in a rough wall or a frictional
      geometrically smooth wall. Even though the tumbler wall is in contact with the
      flowing layer only at its periphery, the impact of wall roughness is profound.
      Smooth walls tend toward a small-large-small (SLS) band pattern at the pole
      equator-pole at all but the highest fill fractions; rough walls tend toward a
      large-small-large (LSL) band pattern at all but the lowest fill fractions. This
      comes about because smooth walls induce poleward axial drift of small particles
      and an equator-directed drift for large particles, resulting in an SLS band
      pattern. On the other hand, rough walls result in both sizes of particles moving
      poleward at the surface of the flow. Due to radial segregation, small particles
      percolate lower in the flowing layer and when arriving near the pole are caught
      in the return current drift that carries them back toward the equator
      incrementally with each passage through the flowing layer, while large particles
      remain at the surface near the pole, resulting in an LSL band pattern. The
      tendency toward either of the two segregation patterns depends on the fill level
      in the tumbler and the roughness of the tumbler's bounding wall. 

PMID- 26986399
TI  - Critical wind speed at which trees break.
AB  - Data from storms suggest that the critical wind speed at which trees break is
      constant (?42m/s), regardless of tree characteristics. We question the physical
      origin of this observation both experimentally and theoretically. By combining
      Hooke's law, Griffith's criterion, and tree allometry, we show that the critical
      wind speed indeed hardly depends on the height, diameter, and elastic properties
      of trees. 

PMID- 26986400
TI  - Resonance vector soliton of the Rayleigh wave.
AB  - A theory of acoustic vector solitons of self-induced transparency of the Rayleigh
      wave is constructed. A thin resonance transition layer on an elastic surface is
      considered using a model of a two-dimensional gas of impurity paramagnetic atoms
      or quantum dots. Explicit analytical expressions for the profile and parameters
      of the Rayleigh vector soliton with two different oscillation frequencies is
      obtained, as well as simulations of this nonlinear surface acoustic wave with
      realistic parameters, which can be used in acoustic experiments. It is shown that
      the properties of a surface vector soliton of the Rayleigh wave depend on the
      parameters of the resonance layer, the elastic medium, and the transverse
      structure of the surface acoustic wave. 

PMID- 26986401
TI  - Origami building blocks: Generic and special four-vertices.
AB  - Four rigid panels connected by hinges that meet at a point form a four-vertex,
      the fundamental building block of origami metamaterials. Most materials designed
      so far are based on the same four-vertex geometry, and little is known regarding
      how different geometries affect folding behavior. Here we systematically
      categorize and analyze the geometries and resulting folding motions of Euclidean
      four-vertices. Comparing the relative sizes of sector angles, we identify three
      types of generic vertices and two accompanying subtypes. We determine which folds
      can fully close and the possible mountain-valley assignments. Next, we consider
      what occurs when sector angles or sums thereof are set equal, which results in 16
      special vertex types. One of these, flat-foldable vertices, has been studied
      extensively, but we show that a wide variety of qualitatively different folding
      motions exist for the other 15 special and 3 generic types. Our work establishes
      a straightforward set of rules for understanding the folding motion of both
      generic and special four-vertices and serves as a roadmap for designing origami
      metamaterials. 

PMID- 26986402
TI  - Finite-size effects in a model for plasticity of amorphous composites.
AB  - We discuss the plastic behavior of an amorphous matrix reinforced by hard
      particles. A mesoscopic depinning-like model accounting for Eshelby elastic
      interactions is implemented. Only the effect of a plastic disorder is considered.
      Numerical results show a complex size dependence of the effective flow stress of
      the amorphous composite. In particular, the departure from the mixing law shows
      opposite trends associated to the competing effects of the matrix and the
      reinforcing particles, respectively. The reinforcing mechanisms and their effects
      on localization are discussed. Plastic strain is shown to gradually concentrate
      on the weakest band of the system. This correlation of the plastic behavior with
      the material structure is used to design a simple analytical model. The latter
      nicely captures reinforcement size effects in (logN/N)(1/2), where N is the
      linear size of the system, observed numerically. Predictions of the effective
      flow stress accounting for further logarithmic corrections show a very good
      agreement with numerical results.

PMID- 26986404
TI  - Boson peak and Ioffe-Regel criterion in amorphous siliconlike materials: The
      effect of bond directionality.
AB  - The vibrational properties of model amorphous materials are studied by combining
      complete analysis of the vibration modes, dynamical structure factor, and energy
      diffusivity with exact diagonalization of the dynamical matrix and the kernel
      polynomial method, which allows a study of very large system sizes. Different
      materials are studied that differ only by the bending rigidity of the
      interactions in a Stillinger-Weber modelization used to describe amorphous
      silicon. The local bending rigidity can thus be used as a control parameter, to
      tune the sound velocity together with local bonds directionality. It is shown
      that for all the systems studied, the upper limit of the Boson peak corresponds
      to the Ioffe-Regel criterion for transverse waves, as well as to a minimum of the
      diffusivity. The Boson peak is followed by a diffusivity's increase supported by
      longitudinal phonons. The Ioffe-Regel criterion for transverse waves corresponds
      to a common characteristic mean-free path of 5-7 A (which is slightly bigger for
      longitudinal phonons), while the fine structure of the vibrational density of
      states is shown to be sensitive to the local bending rigidity. 

PMID- 26986403
TI  - Optical mechanical analogy and nonlinear nonholonomic constraints.
AB  - In this paper we establish a connection between particle trajectories subject to
      a nonholonomic constraint and light ray trajectories in a variable index of
      refraction. In particular, we extend the analysis of systems with linear
      nonholonomic constraints to the dynamics of particles in a potential subject to
      nonlinear velocity constraints. We contrast the long time behavior of particles
      subject to a constant kinetic energy constraint (a thermostat) to particles with
      the constraint of parallel velocities. We show that, while in the former case the
      velocities of each particle equalize in the limit, in the latter case all the
      kinetic energies of each particle remain the same. 

PMID- 26986406
TI  - Surface waves in granular phononic crystals.
AB  - The existence of surface elastic waves at a mechanically free surface of granular
      phononic crystals is studied. The granular phononic crystals are made of
      spherical particles distributed periodically on a simple cubic lattice. It is
      assumed that the particles are interacting by means of normal, shear, and bending
      contact rigidities. First, Rayleigh-type surface acoustic waves, where the
      displacement of the particles takes place in the sagittal plane while the
      particles possess one rotational and two translational degrees of freedom, are
      analyzed. Second, shear-horizontal-type waves, where the displacement of the
      particles is normal to the sagittal plane while the particles possess one
      translational and two rotational degrees of freedom are studied. The existence of
      zero-group-velocity surface acoustic waves of Rayleigh type is theoretically
      predicted and interpreted. A comparison with surface waves predicted by the
      reduced Cosserat theory is performed, and some limitations of the latter are
      established. 

PMID- 26986405
TI  - Devil's staircase in an optomechanical cavity.
AB  - We study self-excited oscillations (SEOs) in an on-fiber optomechanical cavity.
      While the phase of SEOs randomly diffuses in time when the laser power injected
      into the cavity is kept constant, phase locking may occur when the laser power is
      periodically modulated in time. We investigate the dependence of phase locking on
      the amplitude and frequency of the laser-power modulation. We find that phase
      locking can be induced with a relatively low modulation amplitude provided that
      the ratio between the modulation frequency and the frequency of SEOs is tuned
      close to a rational number of relatively low hierarchy in the Farey tree. To
      account for the experimental results, a one-dimensional map, which allows
      evaluating the time evolution of the phase of SEOs, is theoretically derived. By
      calculating the winding number of the one-dimensional map, the regions of phase
      locking can be mapped in the plane of modulation amplitude and modulation
      frequency. Comparison between the theoretical predictions and the experimental
      findings yields a partial agreement. 

PMID- 26986407
TI  - Hydrodynamic slip length as a surface property.
AB  - Equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were conducted in
      order to evaluate the hypothesis that the hydrodynamic slip length is a surface
      property. The system under investigation was water confined between two graphite
      layers to form nanochannels of different sizes (3-8 nm). The water-carbon
      interaction potential was calibrated by matching wettability experiments of
      graphitic-carbon surfaces free of airborne hydrocarbon contamination. Three
      equilibrium theories were used to calculate the hydrodynamic slip length. It was
      found that one of the recently reported equilibrium theories for the calculation
      of the slip length featured confinement effects, while the others resulted in
      calculations significantly hindered by the large margin of error observed between
      independent simulations. The hydrodynamic slip length was found to be channel
      size independent using equilibrium calculations, i.e., suggesting a consistency
      with the definition of a surface property, for 5-nm channels and larger. The
      analysis of the individual trajectories of liquid particles revealed that the
      reason for observing confinement effects in 3-nm nanochannels is the high
      mobility of the bulk particles. Nonequilibrium calculations were not consistently
      affected by size but by noisiness in the smallest systems. 

PMID- 26986408
TI  - Asymptotic-preserving Boltzmann model equations for binary gas mixture.
AB  - An improved system of Boltzmann model equations is developed for binary gas
      mixture. This system of model equations has a complete asymptotic preserving
      property that can strictly recover the Navier-Stokes equations in the continuum
      limit with the correct constitutive relations and the correct viscosity, thermal
      conduction, diffusion, and thermal diffusion coefficients. In this equation
      system, the self- and cross-collision terms in Boltzmann equations are replaced
      by single relaxation terms. In monocomponent case, this system of equations can
      be reduced to the commonly used Shakhov equation. The conservation property and
      the H theorem which are important for model equations are also satisfied by this
      system of model equations. 

PMID- 26986409
TI  - Fingering dynamics driven by a precipitation reaction: Nonlinear simulations.
AB  - A fingering instability can develop at the interface between two fluids when the
      more mobile fluid is injected into the less-mobile one. For example, viscous
      fingering appears when a less viscous (i.e., more mobile) fluid displaces a more
      viscous (and hence less mobile) one in a porous medium. Fingering can also be due
      to a local change in mobility arising when a precipitation reaction locally
      decreases the permeability. We numerically analyze the properties of the related
      precipitation fingering patterns occurring when an A+B->C chemical reaction takes
      place, where A and B are reactants in solution and C is a solid product. We show
      that, similarly to reactive viscous fingering patterns, the precipitation
      fingering structures differ depending on whether A invades B or vice versa. This
      asymmetry can be related to underlying asymmetric concentration profiles
      developing when diffusion coefficients or initial concentrations of the reactants
      differ. In contrast to reactive viscous fingering, however, precipitation
      fingering patterns appear at shorter time scales than viscous fingers because the
      solid product C has a diffusivity tending to zero which destabilizes the
      displacement. Moreover, contrary to reactive viscous fingering, the system is
      more unstable with regard to precipitation fingering when the high-concentrated
      solution is injected into the low-concentrated one or when the faster diffusing
      reactant displaces the slower diffusing one. 

PMID- 26986410
TI  - Viscous Rayleigh-Taylor instability in spherical geometry.
AB  - We consider viscous fluids in spherical geometry, a lighter fluid supporting a
      heavier one. Chandrasekhar [Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math. 8, 1 (1955)] analyzed this
      unstable configuration providing the equations needed to find, numerically, the
      exact growth rates for the ensuing Rayleigh-Taylor instability. He also derived
      an analytic but approximate solution. We point out a weakness in his approximate
      dispersion relation (DR) and offer a somewhat improved one. A third DR, based on
      transforming a planar DR into a spherical one, suffers no unphysical predictions
      and compares reasonably well with the exact work of Chandrasekhar and a more
      recent numerical analysis of the problem [Terrones and Carrara, Phys. Fluids 27,
      054105 (2015)].

PMID- 26986411
TI  - Effect of added mass on the interaction of bubbles in a low-Reynolds-number shear
      flow.
AB  - Equal size air bubbles that are entrapped by a Taylor vortex of the secondary
      flow in a Couette device, thereby defying buoyancy, slowly form a stable ordered
      ring with equal separation distances between all neighbors. We present two models
      of the process dynamics based on force balance on a bubble in the presence of
      other bubbles positioned on the same streamline in a simple shear flow. The
      forces taken into account are the viscous resistance, the added mass force, and
      the inertia-induced repulsing force between two bubbles in a low-Reynolds-number
      shear flow obtained in Prakash et al. [J. Prakash et al., Phys. Rev. E 87, 043002
      (2013)]. The first model of the process assumes that each bubble interacts solely
      with its nearest neighbors. The second model takes into account pairwise
      interactions among all the bubbles in the ring. The performed dynamic simulations
      were compared to the experimental results reported in Prakash et al. [J. Prakash
      et al., Phys. Rev. E 87, 043002 (2013)] and to the results of quasistationary
      models (ignoring the added mass effect) suggested in that paper. It is
      demonstrated that taking into account the effect of added mass, the models
      describe the major effect of the bubbles' ordering, provide good estimation of
      the relaxation time, and also predict nonmonotonic behavior of the separation
      distance between the bubbles, which exhibit over- and undershooting of
      equilibrium separations. The latter effects were observed in experiments, but are
      not predicted by the quasistationary models.

PMID- 26986412
TI  - Droplet migration characteristics in confined oscillatory microflows.
AB  - We analyze the migration characteristics of a droplet in an oscillatory flow
      field in a parallel plate microconfinement. Using phase field formalism, we
      capture the dynamical evolution of the droplet over a wide range of the frequency
      of the imposed oscillation in the flow field, drop size relative to the channel
      gap, and the capillary number. The latter two factors imply the contribution of
      droplet deformability, commonly considered in the study of droplet migration
      under steady shear flow conditions. We show that the imposed oscillation brings
      an additional time complexity in the droplet movement, realized through
      temporally varying drop shape, flow direction, and the inertial response of the
      droplet. As a consequence, we observe a spatially complicated pathway of the
      droplet along the transverse direction, in sharp contrast to the smooth migration
      under a similar yet steady shear flow condition. Intuitively, the longitudinal
      component of the droplet movement is in tandem with the flow continuity and
      evolves with time at the same frequency as that of the imposed oscillation,
      although with an amplitude decreasing with the frequency. The time complexity of
      the transverse component of the movement pattern, however, cannot be rationalized
      through such intuitive arguments. Towards bringing out the underlying physics, we
      further endeavor in a reciprocal identity based analysis. Following this
      approach, we unveil the time complexities of the droplet movement, which appear
      to be sufficient to rationalize the complex movement patterns observed through
      the comprehensive simulation studies. These results can be of profound importance
      in designing droplet based microfluidic systems in an oscillatory flow
      environment. 

PMID- 26986413
TI  - Mixing of spherical bubbles with time-dependent radius in incompressible flows.
AB  - The motion of contracting and expanding bubbles in an incompressible chaotic flow
      is analyzed in terms of the finite-time Lyapunov exponents. The viscous forces
      acting on the bubble surface depend not only on the relative acceleration but
      also on the time dependence of the bubble volume, which is modeled by the
      Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The effect of bubble coalescence on the coherent
      structures that develop in the flow is studied using a simplified bubble merger
      model. Contraction and expansion of the bubbles is favored in the vicinity of the
      coherent structures. Time evolution of coalescence bubbles follows a Levy
      distribution with an exponent that depends on the initial distance between
      bubbles. Mixing patterns were found to depend heavily on merging and on the time
      dependent volume of the bubbles. 

PMID- 26986414
TI  - Characterization of azimuthal and radial velocity fields induced by rotors in
      flows with a low Reynolds number.
AB  - We theoretically and experimentally investigate the flow field that emerges from
      a rodlike microrotor rotating about its center in a nonaxisymmetric manner. A
      simple theoretical model is proposed that uses a superposition of two rotlets as
      a fundamental solution to the Stokes equation. The predictions of this model are
      compared to measurements of the azimuthal and radial microfluidic velocity field
      components that are induced by a rotor composed of fused microscopic spheres. The
      rotor is driven magnetically and the fluid flow is measured with the help of a
      probe particle fixed by an optical tweezer. We find considerable deviations of
      the mere azimuthal flow pattern induced by a single rotating sphere as it has
      been reported by Di Leonardo et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 134502 (2006)].
      Notably, the presence of a radial velocity component that manifests itself by an
      oscillation of the probe particle with twice the rotor frequency is observed.
      These findings open up a way to discuss possible radial transport in microfluidic
      devices.

PMID- 26986415
TI  - Effects of shear rate, confinement, and particle parameters on margination in
      blood flow.
AB  - The effects of flow and particle properties on margination of particles in red
      blood cell (RBC) suspensions is investigated using direct numerical simulation
      (DNS) of cellar blood flow. We focus on margination of particles in the flow of
      moderately dense suspensions of RBCs. We hypothesize that margination rate in
      nondilute suspensions is mainly driven by the RBC-enhanced diffusion of
      marginating particles in the RBC-filled region. We derive a scaling law for
      margination length in a straight channel. Margination length increases cubically
      with channel height and is independent of shear rate. We verify this scaling law
      for margination length by DNS of flowing RBCs and marginating particles. We also
      show that rigidity and size both lead to particle margination with rigidity
      having a more significant effect compared to size within the range of parameters
      in this study. 

PMID- 26986416
TI  - Principal curvature effects on the early evolution of three-dimensional single
      mode Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities.
AB  - The Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) of single-mode air-SF(6) interfaces is
      studied numerically and the emphasis is placed on the effect of the principal
      curvature on the early evolution of the shocked interface. Two three-dimensional
      initial interfaces with opposite (3D-) and identical (3D+) principal curvatures
      and a traditional two-dimensional interface (2D) are considered. The weighted
      essentially nonoscillatory scheme and the Level-Set method combined with the real
      ghost fluid method are adopted. For comparison, perturbations on the initial
      interfaces with the same wavelength and amplitude in the symmetry plane are
      employed. The numerical results confirm the experimental finding that the growth
      rate of perturbations in the symmetry plane at the linear stage in the 3D- case
      is much smaller than that in the 2D and 3D+ cases. The difference among them can
      be ascribed to the different pressure and vorticity distributions associated with
      the principal curvatures of the initial interface. On the one hand, the high
      pressure zones in the vicinity of the deformed interface are significantly
      different for three cases especially in the very beginning. The shock convergence
      and divergence at the interface are more severe in the 3D+ case than those in the
      2D case, while the wave pattern in the 3D- case is more complex. On the other
      hand, the baroclinic vorticity distribution plays a leading role in the interface
      deformation of the 3D RMI after the passage of the planar shock. The accumulated
      vorticity changes the movement of the deformed interface and makes the local
      growth of perturbations different among three cases.

PMID- 26986417
TI  - Coalescence dynamics of viscous conical drops.
AB  - When two oppositely charged drops come into light contact, a liquid meniscus
      bridge with double-cone geometry forms between the drops. Recent experiments have
      demonstrated the existence of a critical cone angle above which the meniscus
      bridge pinches off and the drops do not coalesce. This striking behavior-which
      has implications for processes ranging from the coarsening of emulsions to
      electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry-has been studied theoretically and
      experimentally for inertial liquid drops. Little is known, however, about the
      influence of the liquid viscosity on the critical cone angle. Here, we use high
      fidelity numerical simulations to gain insight into the coalescence dynamics of
      conical drops at intermediate Reynolds numbers. The simulations, which account
      for viscous, inertial, and surface tension effects, predict that the critical
      cone angle increases as the viscosity of the drops decreases. When approaching
      the inertial regime, however, the predicted critical angle quickly stabilizes at
      approximately 27 degrees , as observed in experiments.

PMID- 26986418
TI  - Convection flows driven by laser heating of a liquid layer.
AB  - When a fluid is heated by the absorption of a continuous laser wave, the fluid
      density decreases in the heated area. This induces a pressure gradient that
      generates internal motion of the fluid. Due to mass conservation, convection
      eddies emerge in the sample. To investigate these laser-driven bulk flows at the
      microscopic scale, we built a setup to perform temperature measurements with a
      fluorescent-sensitive dye on the one hand, and measured the flow pattern at
      different beam powers, using a particle image velocimetry technique on the other
      hand. Temperature measurements were also used in numerical simulations in order
      to compare predictions to the experimental velocity profiles. The combination of
      our numerical and experimental approaches allows a detailed description of the
      convection flows induced by the absorption of light, which reveals a transition
      between a thin and a thick liquid layer regime. This supports the basis of
      optothermal approaches for microfluidic applications. 

PMID- 26986419
TI  - Transient elasticity and polymeric fluids: Small-amplitude deformations.
AB  - Transient elasticity (TE) is a concept useful for a systematic generalization of
      viscoelasticity. Due to its thermodynamic consistency, it naturally leads to a
      simple description of non-Newtonian effects displayed by polymeric fluids,
      granular media, and other soft matter. We employ a continuum-mechanical theory
      that is derived from TE and tailored to polymeric fluids, showing how it captures
      a surprisingly large number of phenomena in shear and elongational flows,
      including stationary, oscillatory, and transient ones, as well as the flow down
      an inclined channel. Even the Weissenberg effect is well accounted for. This
      theory is applicable for small- as well as large-amplitude deformations. We
      concentrate on the former in the present article, leaving the latter to a
      companion article. 

PMID- 26986420
TI  - Transient elasticity and the rheology of polymeric fluids with large amplitude
      deformations.
AB  - Transient elasticity is a systematic generalization of viscoelasticity. Its
      purpose is to give a coherent description of non-Newtonian effects displayed by
      soft-matter systems, especially polymer melts and solutions. Using the concept of
      transient elasticity we describe here a hydrodynamic model for polymeric fluids,
      which is applicable for large amplitude deformations. We present an energy
      density with only two independent parameters, which is compatible with all
      thermodynamic requirements and which reduces for small deformations to models
      studied previously. The expression discussed is simple enough to allow full
      analytic treatment and shows semiquantitative agreement with experimental data.
      This model is used to capture many of the interesting effects thought to be
      characteristic of polymer rheology for large deformations including viscosity
      overshoot near the onset of shear flow, the onset of elongational flows in
      situations for which there is no stationary solution as well as shear thinning
      and normal stress differences for a large range of shear rates. In addition, we
      analyze how well our model accounts for empirical relations including the Cox
      Merz rule, the Yamamoto relation, and Gleibetale's mirror relations. 

PMID- 26986421
TI  - Convection-driven kinematic dynamos at low Rossby and magnetic Prandtl numbers:
      Single mode solutions.
AB  - The onset of dynamo action is investigated within the context of a newly
      developed low Rossby, low magnetic Prandtl number, convection-driven dynamo
      model. This multiscale model represents an asymptotically exact form of an
      alpha^{2} mean field dynamo model in which the small-scale convection is
      represented explicitly by finite amplitude, single mode solutions. Both steady
      and oscillatory convection are considered for a variety of horizontal planforms.
      The kinetic helicity is observed to be a monotonically increasing function of the
      Rayleigh number. As a result, very small magnetic Prandtl number dynamos can be
      found for sufficiently large Rayleigh numbers. All dynamos are found to be
      oscillatory with an oscillation frequency that increases as the strength of the
      convection is increased and the magnetic Prandtl number is reduced. Kinematic
      dynamo action is strongly controlled by the profile of the helicity; single mode
      solutions which exhibit boundary layer behavior in the helicity show a decrease
      in the efficiency of dynamo action due to the enhancement of magnetic diffusion
      in the boundary layer regions. For a given value of the Rayleigh number, lower
      magnetic Prandtl number dynamos are excited for the case of oscillatory
      convection in comparison to steady convection. With regard to planetary dynamos,
      these results suggest that the low magnetic Prandtl number dynamos typical of
      liquid metals are more easily driven by thermal convection than by compositional
      convection. 

PMID- 26986423
TI  - Ability of a low-dimensional model to predict geometry-dependent dynamics of
      large-scale coherent structures in turbulence.
AB  - We test the ability of a general low-dimensional model for turbulence to predict
      geometry-dependent dynamics of large-scale coherent structures, such as
      convection rolls. The model consists of stochastic ordinary differential
      equations, which are derived as a function of boundary geometry from the Navier
      Stokes equations [Brown and Ahlers, Phys. Fluids 20, 075101 (2008); Phys. Fluids
      20, 105105 (2008)]. We test the model using Rayleigh-Benard convection
      experiments in a cubic container. The model predicts a mode in which the
      alignment of a convection roll stochastically crosses a potential barrier to
      switch between diagonals. We observe this mode with a measured switching rate
      within 30% of the prediction.

PMID- 26986422
TI  - Flow-induced compaction of a deformable porous medium.
AB  - Fluid flowing through a deformable porous medium imparts viscous drag on the
      solid matrix, causing it to deform. This effect is investigated theoretically and
      experimentally in a one-dimensional configuration. The experiments consist of the
      downwards flow of water through a saturated pack of small, soft, hydrogel
      spheres, driven by a pressure head that can be increased or decreased. As the
      pressure head is increased, the effective permeability of the medium decreases
      and, in contrast to flow through a rigid medium, the flux of water is found to
      increase towards a finite upper bound such that it becomes insensitive to changes
      in the pressure head. Measurements of the internal deformation, extracted by
      particle tracking, show that the medium compacts differentially, with the
      porosity being lower at the base than at the upper free surface. A general
      theoretical model is derived, and the predictions of the model give good
      agreement with experimental measurements from a series of experiments in which
      the applied pressure head is sequentially increased. However, contrary to theory,
      all the experimental results display a distinct and repeatable hysteresis: the
      flux through the material for a particular applied pressure drop is appreciably
      lower when the pressure has been decreased to that value compared to when it has
      been increased to the same value. 

PMID- 26986424
TI  - Stochastic dynamics of particles trapped in turbulent flows.
AB  - The long-time dynamics of large particles trapped in two nonhomogeneous turbulent
      shear flows is studied experimentally. Both flows present a common feature, a
      shear region that separates two colliding circulations, but with different
      spatial symmetries and temporal behaviors. Because large particles are less and
      less sensitive to flow fluctuations as their size increases, we observe the
      emergence of a slow dynamics corresponding to back-and-forth motions between two
      attractors, and a super-slow regime synchronized with flow reversals when they
      exist. Such dynamics is substantially reproduced by a one-dimensional stochastic
      model of an overdamped particle trapped in a two-well potential, forced by a
      colored noise. An extended model is also proposed that reproduces observed
      dynamics and trapping without potential barrier: the key ingredient is the ratio
      between the time scales of the noise correlation and the particle dynamics. A
      total agreement with experiments requires the introduction of spatially
      nonhomogeneous fluctuations and a suited confinement strength. 

PMID- 26986425
TI  - Interfacial wave dynamics of a drop with an embedded bubble.
AB  - This article describes how an embedded bubble changes the surface wave of a
      suspended liquid drop, and how such modifications, if recorded experimentally,
      can be used to detect voids in typically opaque interior of the fluid. The
      analysis uses a matrix formalism to predict the frequencies for natural
      oscillation and the deformation for acoustically induced forced vibration. The
      theory shows that the embedded cavity causes major shifts in the frequency and
      amplitude values as well as twofold increase in number of natural modes,
      indicating multifacetted utility of the results in process diagnostics, material
      characterizations, and combustion technology. 

PMID- 26986426
TI  - Demonstrating universal scaling for dynamics of Yukawa one-component plasmas
      after an interaction quench.
AB  - The Yukawa one-component plasma (OCP) model is a paradigm for describing plasmas
      that contain one component of interest and one or more other components that can
      be treated as a neutralizing, screening background. In appropriately scaled
      units, interactions are characterized entirely by a screening parameter, kappa.
      As a result, systems of similar kappa show the same dynamics, regardless of the
      underlying parameters (e.g., density and temperature). We demonstrate this
      behavior using ultracold neutral plasmas (UNPs) created by photoionizing a cold
      (T<=10 mK) gas. The ions in UNP systems are well described by the Yukawa model,
      with the electrons providing the screening. Creation of the plasma through
      photoionization can be thought of as a rapid quench of the interaction potential
      from kappa=infinity to a final kappa value set by the electron density and
      temperature. We demonstrate experimentally that the postquench dynamics are
      universal in kappa over a factor of 30 in density and an order of magnitude in
      temperature. Results are compared with molecular-dynamics simulations. We also
      demonstrate that features of the postquench kinetic energy evolution, such as
      disorder-induced heating and kinetic-energy oscillations, can be used to
      determine the plasma density and the electron temperature. 

PMID- 26986427
TI  - Calibrated simulations of Z opacity experiments that reproduce the experimentally
      measured plasma conditions.
AB  - Recently, frequency-resolved iron opacity measurements at electron temperatures
      of 170-200 eV and electron densities of (0.7-4.0)*10(22)cm(-3) revealed a 30-400%
      disagreement with the calculated opacities [J. E. Bailey et al., Nature (London)
      517, 56 (2015)]. The discrepancies have a high impact on astrophysics, atomic
      physics, and high-energy density physics, and it is important to verify our
      understanding of the experimental platform with simulations. Reliable simulations
      are challenging because the temporal and spatial evolution of the source
      radiation and of the sample plasma are both complex and incompletely diagnosed.
      In this article, we describe simulations that reproduce the measured temperature
      and density in recent iron opacity experiments performed at the Sandia National
      Laboratories Z facility. The time-dependent spectral irradiance at the sample is
      estimated using the measured time- and space-dependent source radiation
      distribution, in situ source-to-sample distance measurements, and a three
      dimensional (3D) view-factor code. The inferred spectral irradiance is used to
      drive 1D sample radiation hydrodynamics simulations. The images recorded by slit
      imaged space-resolved spectrometers are modeled by solving radiation transport of
      the source radiation through the sample. We find that the same drive radiation
      time history successfully reproduces the measured plasma conditions for eight
      different opacity experiments. These results provide a quantitative physical
      explanation for the observed dependence of both temperature and density on the
      sample configuration. Simulated spectral images for the experiments without the
      FeMg sample show quantitative agreement with the measured spectral images. The
      agreement in spectral profile, spatial profile, and brightness provides further
      confidence in our understanding of the backlight-radiation time history and image
      formation. These simulations bridge the static-uniform picture of the data
      interpretation and the dynamic-gradient reality of the experiments, and they will
      allow us to quantitatively assess the impact of effects neglected in the data
      interpretation.

PMID- 26986428
TI  - Electron heating in radiation-pressure-driven proton acceleration with a
      circularly polarized laser.
AB  - Dynamics of electron heating in the radiation-pressure-driven acceleration
      through self-induced transparency (SIT) is investigated with the help of particle
      in-cell simulations. The SIT is achieved through laser filamentation which is
      seeded by the transverse density modulations due to the Rayleigh-Taylor-like
      instability. We observe stronger SIT induced electron heating for the longer
      duration laser pulses leading to deterioration of accelerated ion beam quality
      (mainly energy spread). Such heating can be controlled to obtain a
      quasimonoenergetic beam by cascaded foils targets where a second foil behind the
      main accelerating foil acts as a laser reflector to suppress the SIT. 

PMID- 26986429
TI  - Temperature relaxation in dense plasmas.
AB  - We present a model to calculate temperature-relaxation rates in dense plasmas.
      The electron-ion interaction potential and the thermodynamic data of interest are
      provided by an average-atom model. This approach allows the study of the
      temperature relaxation in a two-temperature electron-ion system. 

PMID- 26986430
TI  - Formation of current singularity in a topologically constrained plasma.
AB  - Recently a variational integrator for ideal magnetohydrodynamics in Lagrangian
      labeling has been developed. Its built-in frozen-in equation makes it optimal for
      studying current sheet formation. We use this scheme to study the Hahm-Kulsrud
      Taylor problem, which considers the response of a 2D plasma magnetized by a
      sheared field under sinusoidal boundary forcing. We obtain an equilibrium
      solution that preserves the magnetic topology of the initial field exactly, with
      a fluid mapping that is non-differentiable. Unlike previous studies that examine
      the current density output, we identify a singular current sheet from the fluid
      mapping. These results are benchmarked with a constrained Grad-Shafranov solver.
      The same signature of current singularity can be found in other cases with more
      complex magnetic topologies. 

PMID- 26986431
TI  - Weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic excitations in a relativistic model for dense
      quantum plasma.
AB  - The dynamics of linear and nonlinear ionic-scale electrostatic excitations
      propagating in a magnetized relativistic quantum plasma is studied. A quantum
      hydrodynamic model is adopted and degenerate statistics for the electrons is
      taken into account. The dispersion properties of linear ion acoustic waves are
      examined in detail. A modified characteristic charge screening length and "sound
      speed" are introduced, for relativistic quantum plasmas. By employing the
      reductive perturbation technique, a Zakharov-Kuznetzov-type equation is derived.
      Using the small-k expansion method, the stability profile of weakly nonlinear
      slightly supersonic electrostatic pulses is also discussed. The effect of
      electron degeneracy on the basic characteristics of electrostatic excitations is
      investigated. The entire analysis is valid in a three-dimensional as well as in
      two-dimensional geometry. A brief discussion of possible applications in
      laboratory and space plasmas is included. 

PMID- 26986432
TI  - Electron dynamics and gamma and e(-)e(+) production by colliding laser pulses.
AB  - The dynamics of an electron bunch irradiated by two focused colliding super
      intense laser pulses and the resulting gamma and e(-)e(+) production are studied.
      Due to attractors of electron dynamics in a standing wave created by colliding
      pulses the photon emission and pair production, in general, are more efficient
      with linearly polarized pulses than with circularly polarized ones. The
      dependence of the key parameters on the laser intensity and wavelength allows us
      to identify the conditions for the cascade development and gammae(-)e(+) plasma
      creation.

PMID- 26986433
TI  - Nonparametric estimation of Fisher information from real data.
AB  - The Fisher information matrix (FIM) is a widely used measure for applications
      including statistical inference, information geometry, experiment design, and the
      study of criticality in biological systems. The FIM is defined for a parametric
      family of probability distributions and its estimation from data follows one of
      two paths: either the distribution is assumed to be known and the parameters are
      estimated from the data or the parameters are known and the distribution is
      estimated from the data. We consider the latter case which is applicable, for
      example, to experiments where the parameters are controlled by the experimenter
      and a complicated relation exists between the input parameters and the resulting
      distribution of the data. Since we assume that the distribution is unknown, we
      use a nonparametric density estimation on the data and then compute the FIM
      directly from that estimate using a finite-difference approximation to estimate
      the derivatives in its definition. The accuracy of the estimate depends on both
      the method of nonparametric estimation and the difference Deltatheta between the
      densities used in the finite-difference formula. We develop an approach for
      choosing the optimal parameter difference Deltatheta based on large deviations
      theory and compare two nonparametric density estimation methods, the Gaussian
      kernel density estimator and a novel density estimation using field theory
      method. We also compare these two methods to a recently published approach that
      circumvents the need for density estimation by estimating a nonparametric f
      divergence and using it to approximate the FIM. We use the Fisher information of
      the normal distribution to validate our method and as a more involved example we
      compute the temperature component of the FIM in the two-dimensional Ising model
      and show that it obeys the expected relation to the heat capacity and therefore
      peaks at the phase transition at the correct critical temperature. 

PMID- 26986434
TI  - Interface control and snow crystal growth.
AB  - The growth of snow crystals is dependent on the temperature and saturation of the
      environment. In the case of dendrites, Reiter's local two-dimensional model
      provides a realistic approach to the study of dendrite growth. In this paper we
      obtain a new geometric rule that incorporates interface control, a basic
      mechanism of crystallization that is not taken into account in the original
      Reiter model. By defining two new variables, growth latency and growth direction,
      our improved model gives a realistic model not only for dendrite but also for
      plate forms. 

PMID- 26986435
TI  - Lattice Boltzmann model for numerical relativity.
AB  - In the Z4 formulation, Einstein equations are written as a set of flux
      conservative first-order hyperbolic equations that resemble fluid dynamics
      equations. Based on this formulation, we construct a lattice Boltzmann model for
      numerical relativity and validate it with well-established tests, also known as
      "apples with apples." Furthermore, we find that by increasing the relaxation
      time, we gain stability at the cost of losing accuracy, and by decreasing the
      lattice spacings while keeping a constant numerical diffusivity, the accuracy and
      stability of our simulations improve. Finally, in order to show the potential of
      our approach, a linear scaling law for parallelization with respect to number of
      CPU cores is demonstrated. Our model represents the first step in using lattice
      kinetic theory to solve gravitational problems. 

PMID- 26986436
TI  - Fast solution of elliptic partial differential equations using linear
      combinations of plane waves.
AB  - Given an arbitrary elliptic partial differential equation (PDE), a procedure for
      obtaining its solution is proposed based on the method of Ritz: the solution is
      written as a linear combination of plane waves and the coefficients are obtained
      by variational minimization. The PDE to be solved is cast as a system of linear
      equations Ax=b, where the matrix A is not sparse, which prevents the
      straightforward application of standard iterative methods in order to solve it.
      This sparseness problem can be circumvented by means of a recursive bisection
      approach based on the fast Fourier transform, which makes it possible to
      implement fast versions of some stationary iterative methods (such as Gauss
      Seidel) consuming O(NlogN) memory and executing an iteration in O(Nlog(2)N) time,
      N being the number of plane waves used. In a similar way, fast versions of Krylov
      subspace methods and multigrid methods can also be implemented. These procedures
      are tested on Poisson's equation expressed in adaptive coordinates. It is found
      that the best results are obtained with the GMRES method using a multigrid
      preconditioner with Gauss-Seidel relaxation steps.

PMID- 26986437
TI  - Tracking vortices in superconductors: Extracting singularities from a discretized
      complex scalar field evolving in time.
AB  - In type-II superconductors, the dynamics of magnetic flux vortices determine
      their transport properties. In the Ginzburg-Landau theory, vortices correspond to
      topological defects in the complex order parameter field. Earlier, in Phillips et
      al. [Phys. Rev. E 91, 023311 (2015)], we introduced a method for extracting
      vortices from the discretized complex order parameter field generated by a large
      scale simulation of vortex matter. With this method, at a fixed time step, each
      vortex [simplistically, a one-dimensional (1D) curve in 3D space] can be
      represented as a connected graph extracted from the discretized field. Here we
      extend this method as a function of time as well. A vortex now corresponds to a
      2D space-time sheet embedded in 4D space time that can be represented as a
      connected graph extracted from the discretized field over both space and time.
      Vortices that interact by merging or splitting correspond to disappearance and
      appearance of holes in the connected graph in the time direction. This method of
      tracking vortices, which makes no assumptions about the scale or behavior of the
      vortices, can track the vortices with a resolution as good as the discretization
      of the temporally evolving complex scalar field. Additionally, even details of
      the trajectory between time steps can be reconstructed from the connected graph.
      With this form of vortex tracking, the details of vortex dynamics in a model of a
      superconducting materials can be understood in greater detail than previously
      possible.

PMID- 26986438
TI  - Finite-volume versus streaming-based lattice Boltzmann algorithm for fluid
      dynamics simulations: A one-to-one accuracy and performance study.
AB  - A finite-volume (FV) discretization method for the lattice Boltzmann (LB)
      equation, which combines high accuracy with limited computational cost is
      presented. In order to assess the performance of the FV method we carry out a
      systematic comparison, focused on accuracy and computational performances, with
      the standard streaming lattice Boltzmann equation algorithm. In particular we aim
      at clarifying whether and in which conditions the proposed algorithm, and more
      generally any FV algorithm, can be taken as the method of choice in fluid
      dynamics LB simulations. For this reason the comparative analysis is further
      extended to the case of realistic flows, in particular thermally driven flows in
      turbulent conditions. We report the successful simulation of high-Rayleigh number
      convective flow performed by a lattice Boltzmann FV-based algorithm with wall
      grid refinement. 

PMID- 26986439
TI  - Effects of viscosity and acoustic streaming on the interparticle radiation force
      between rigid spheres in a standing wave.
AB  - The total acoustic radiation force acting on interacting spheres in a viscous
      fluid consists of the primary and secondary forces. The primary force pushes
      rigid spheres to the pressure node due to the incident standing wave. The
      secondary force is the interparticle force caused by the interaction between
      spheres in the standing wave. In this study, an algorithm based on the multipole
      series expansion and Stokeslet method is proposed for calculating the primary and
      secondary radiation forces acting on a pair of spheres in a viscous fluid. It is
      concluded that the acoustical interaction between a pair of spheres is
      considerably stronger in a viscous fluid compared to the inviscid case due to the
      streaming effects in the viscous fluid. For spheres located far from each other,
      the interaction becomes considerably weak; thus, the spheres move mainly due to
      the primary radiation force. 

PMID- 26986440
TI  - Finite-volume method with lattice Boltzmann flux scheme for incompressible porous
      media flow at the representative-elementary-volume scale.
AB  - Based on the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer equation, a finite-volume computational
      model with lattice Boltzmann flux scheme is proposed for incompressible porous
      media flow in this paper. The fluxes across the cell interface are calculated by
      reconstructing the local solution of the generalized lattice Boltzmann equation
      for porous media flow. The time-scaled midpoint integration rule is adopted to
      discretize the governing equation, which makes the time step become limited by
      the Courant-Friedricks-Lewy condition. The force term which evaluates the effect
      of the porous medium is added to the discretized governing equation directly. The
      numerical simulations of the steady Poiseuille flow, the unsteady Womersley flow,
      the circular Couette flow, and the lid-driven flow are carried out to verify the
      present computational model. The obtained results show good agreement with the
      analytical, finite-difference, and/or previously published solutions. 

PMID- 26986441
TI  - Lattice Boltzmann model for Coulomb-driven flows in dielectric liquids.
AB  - In this paper, we developed a unified lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) to simulate
      electroconvection in a dielectric liquid induced by unipolar charge injection.
      Instead of solving the complex set of coupled Navier-Stokes equations, the charge
      conservation equation, and the Poisson equation of electric potential, three
      consistent lattice Boltzmann equations are formulated. Numerical results are
      presented for both strong and weak injection regimes, and different scenarios for
      the onset and evolution of instability, bifurcation, and chaos are tracked. All
      LBM results are found to be highly consistent with the analytical solutions and
      other numerical work. 

PMID- 26986442
TI  - Molecular Understanding and Structural-Based Design of Polyacrylamides and
      Polyacrylates as Antifouling Materials.
AB  - Design and synthesis of highly bioinert and biocompatible antifouling materials
      are crucial for a broad range of biomedical and engineering applications. Among
      antifouling materials, polyacrylamides and polyacrylates have proved so promising
      because of cheap raw materials, ease of synthesis and applicability, and abundant
      functional groups. The strong surface hydration and the high surface packing
      density of polyacrylamides and polyacrylates are considered to be the key
      contributors to their antifouling property. In this article, we review our
      studies on the design and synthesis of a series of polyacrylamides and
      polyacrylates with different molecular structures. These polymers can be
      fabricated into different architectural forms (brushes, nanoparticles, nanogels,
      and hydrogels), all of which are highly resistant to the attachment of proteins,
      cells, and bacteria. We find that small structural changes in the polymers can
      lead to large enhancement in surface hydration and antifouling performance, both
      showing a positive correlation. This reveals a general design rule for effective
      antifouling materials. Furthermore, polyacrylamides and polyacrylates are readily
      functionalized with other bioactive compounds to achieve different new
      multifunctionalities. 

PMID- 26986443
TI  - Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Importance: Intra-arterial chemotherapy has emerged as a treatment for
      intraocular retinoblastoma and has been quickly adopted by centers worldwide.
      Objective: To conduct a systematic review and attempt a meta-analysis to
      summarize the reported outcomes of intra-arterial chemotherapy. Evidence Review:
      In January 2015, we performed comprehensive searches in Medline, Embase,
      Cochrane, and Web of Science from inception through January 2015, including any
      peer-reviewed English-language publication that described outcomes related to
      toxicity or efficacy in at least 4 patients. Findings: From a total of 208
      identified publications, 28 met inclusion criteria. Twelve reports with
      discernable nonduplicative information were included, reporting 655 patients, 757
      eyes, and 2350 catheterizations. All were single-arm case series, and 67% (8 of
      12) were retrospective. Across all studies, globe salvage was achieved for 502
      (66%) of all eyes. Most common reported toxicities were chorioretinal atrophy and
      vascular occlusions. There were at least 13 reports of children with metastases.
      After publication, 7 additional children had metastases. The 4 different
      classification systems used challenged the comparison of disease severity at
      presentation. Visual outcome was not addressed in most studies. Meta-analyses
      were not possible because no study had a comparative group. Assessment of risk of
      bias was not possible because no validated tool for single-arm studies was
      available. Conclusions and Relevance: Intra-arterial chemotherapy is a promising
      new treatment associated with high rates of globe salvage. However, the
      literature is limited by the predominance of retrospective case series, absence
      of comparison groups, short median follow-up, heterogeneous definitions and tumor
      classifications, and frequent duplicate reporting. Metastases have been observed,
      and long-term follow-up is needed. Until the results of clinical, prospective
      studies are available, it is recommended that intra-arterial chemotherapy be
      offered selectively among other options, with fully informed discussion about all
      possible risks, benefits, and uncertainties.

PMID- 26986444
TI  - Dielectric Matrix Formulation of Correlation Energies in the Random Phase
      Approximation: Inclusion of Exchange Effects.
AB  - Starting from the general expression for the ground state correlation energy in
      the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation theorem (ACFDT) framework, it is
      shown that the dielectric matrix formulation, which is usually applied to
      calculate the direct random phase approximation (dRPA) correlation energy, can be
      used for alternative RPA expressions including exchange effects. Within this
      famework, the ACFDT analog of the second order screened exchange (SOSEX)
      approximation leads to a logarithmic formula for the correlation energy similar
      to the direct RPA expression. Alternatively, the contribution of the exchange can
      be included in the kernel used to evaluate the response functions. In this case,
      the use of an approximate kernel is crucial to simplify the formalism and to
      obtain a correlation energy in logarithmic form. Technical details of the
      implementation of these methods are discussed, and it is shown that one can take
      advantage of density fitting or Cholesky decomposition techniques to improve the
      computational efficiency; a discussion on the numerical quadrature made on the
      frequency variable is also provided. A series of test calculations on atomic
      correlation energies and molecular reaction energies shows that exchange effects
      are instrumental for improvement over direct RPA results. 

PMID- 26986446
TI  - Tumor-Treating Fields-A Fundamental Change in Locoregional Management for
      Glioblastoma.

PMID- 26986445
TI  - Fixed-dose combination therapy of nebivolol and valsartan for the treatment of
      hypertension.
AB  - Recent large clinical trials have refuted earlier suggestions from the Joint
      National Committee 8 committee that less aggressive targets for blood pressure
      control were all that could be justified in most hypertensive patients. It now
      does appear that in fact "lower is better," with blood pressure targets < 120/80
      mm Hg appropriate for many hypertensive patients. Two drug combinations are often
      indicated as initial therapy if a 20/10 mm Hg or greater blood pressure reduction
      is necessary to reach target. Combinations consisting of beta-blockers and renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors have previously been deemed "less
      effective," based on partially overlapping mechanisms of action and limited
      clinical trial evidence. Nebivolol is a vasodilating beta1-selective blocker and
      beta3- adrenoceptor agonist; beta3-adrenoceptor activation increases nitric oxide
      concentrations and thus explains the vasodilatory effect. A recent 8-week
      randomized trial (N=4,161) in individuals with stage 1-2 hypertension
      demonstrated that single-pill fixed dose combinations (FDC) of nebivolol and
      valsartan, an angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blocker, were more effective in
      reducing blood pressure than the corresponding monotherapies, with comparable
      tolerability. In addition, an ABPM-biomarkers substudy from that trial (n=805)
      demonstrated that the FDC prevented a valsartan-induced increase in plasma renin
      activity, and that the nebivolol/valsartan 20/320 mg/day dose reduced plasma
      aldosterone concentration significantly more than valsartan 320 mg/day. This
      article will describe the properties of nebivolol that make it unique and
      separate it from other beta-blockers, and will further support the
      pharmacological advantages of this particular combination. 

PMID- 26986447
TI  - Immunohistological study of tight junction protein expression in mal de Meleda.
AB  - Mal de Meleda (MdM, MIM: 248300) is a rare autosomal recessive skin disorder
      characterized by diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma and transgressive keratosis
      with onset in early infancy. The gene responsible for MdM, ARS, encodes for
      Secreted Lys6/Plaur domain-containing protein 1 which is essential for epidermal
      homeostasis. Tight junctions have been proposed to have two mutually exclusive
      functions: a fence function which prevents the mixing of membrane proteins
      between the apical and basolateral membranes; and a gate function which controls
      the paracellular passage of ions and solutes between cells. In this study we
      report immunohistochemical investigations of tight junction proteins claudin-1
      and occludin in MdM Tunisian families. Nine skin biopsies from patients with MdM
      were analyzed. The control group was formed by skin biopsies belonging to healthy
      individuals. Immunohistochemical study was performed on fixed sections from
      biopsies of four microns with the following polyclonal antibodies: anti-claudin-1
      and anti-occludin. In control skin, claudin-1 exhibited membrane expression
      throughout the epidermis with increasing and upward intensity, whereas occludin
      was detected in the cell membrane of keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum. In
      MdM skin, claudin-1 was expressed throughout the thickness of the spinous layers
      with membrane staining, and occludin had cytoplasmic staining in the granular
      layer. The immunohistochemical expression of TJ proteins in MdM patients harbors
      premature expression of occludin and decreased expression of claudin-1,
      highlighting further evidence for disorders in epidermal homeostasis. 

PMID- 26986448
TI  - Exploring the effects of substituting basketball players in high-level teams.
AB  - Substituting basketball players during competition is a key process to optimise
      collective performance. Available research on this topic is scarce, probably due
      to the difficulty in isolating these effects; thus, the aim of this study was to
      identify the temporal effects of substitutions in basketball (Spanish
      professional basketball league). The sample was composed of 1118 substitutions
      gathered from 21 basketball games. The analysed variables were coach-controlled
      (player and team's personal fouls, player in and player out roles, player's in
      and out minutes on-court and timeout situation); on-court (foul committed, free
      throws, 2- and 3-point field-goal effectiveness) and situational variables
      (scoreline, quality of opposition, game location and game quarter). The results
      showed positive scoring performances after the substitution for all the analyses.
      During the first quarter, there were significant effects for fouls committed,
      scoreline and game location after the substitution. The player's out personal
      fouls, free-throw effectiveness, player in, minutes on-court player in, timeout
      situation and 3-point field-goal effectiveness were significant during the second
      quarter. The team's personal fouls, game location, and scoreline were identified
      as important in the third quarter. The fourth quarter did not show significant
      effects on the independent variables. Current findings allow optimising coaches'
      plans and team management of on-court and bench players throughout the game.

PMID- 26986450
TI  - Oxidative Dearomatization of Indoles via Pd-Catalyzed C-H Oxygenation: An Entry
      to C2-Quaternary Indolin-3-ones.
AB  - An oxidative dearomatization chemistry of 2-arylindole via a unique pathway
      involving Pd-catalyzed C-H peroxygenation is documented. Coupled with cascade
      transformation, it provides a new route to access indolin-3-ones bearing a C2
      quaternary functionality, including a chiral center (indoxyls), a motif prevalent
      in indole alkaloids but synthetically underexplored. The method is chemo- and
      regioselective and compatible with versatile substrates. A mechanism has been
      outlined on the basis of results of control experiments, isolation/use of
      intermediates, and spectroscopic studies. 

PMID- 26986449
TI  - Comparison of real-world outcomes of adalimumab and infliximab for patients with
      ulcerative colitis in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We compared the real-world effectiveness of initiating adalimumab and
      infliximab among patients in the US who were naive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
      inhibitors. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate the
      real-world effectiveness among adults with ulcerative colitis (UC) initiating
      adalimumab or infliximab. Charts of patients with UC were abstracted by treating
      physicians (randomly selected from a nationally representative panel) in April
      2014. Patient eligibility criteria included: adalimumab or infliximab initiation
      on/after 1 October 2012; no prior anti-TNF therapy, history of Crohn's disease,
      or colectomy; and >=6 months of follow-up. Information on clinical outcomes
      (partial Mayo score, remission rate, physician global assessment (PGA), stool
      frequency, and rectal bleeding) and treatment patterns (dose escalations,
      discontinuations, switches, and treatment augmentations) were retrospectively
      reported by treating physicians. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox
      proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the time to clinical
      outcomes and treatment changes for each therapy. RESULTS: Overall, 170 physicians
      participated, contributing data on 380 and 424 patients who initiated adalimumab
      and infliximab, respectively. Baseline clinical characteristics were similar
      between groups. Both adalimumab- and infliximab-treated patients showed
      substantial improvements from baseline to follow-up in effectiveness measures;
      results of these measures were similar between the adalimumab and infliximab
      cohorts. Time to remission (p = 0.5241), no rectal bleeding (p = 0.7648), normal
      stool count (p = 0.9941), and normal PGA (p = 0.7697) showed no significant
      differences between therapies in unadjusted and adjusted comparisons. Unadjusted
      and adjusted time to event analysis of discontinuation (p = 0.7151), dose
      escalation (p = 0.6310), treatment augmentation (p = 0.1209), and switching (p =
      0.7975) showed no significant differences between the two cohorts. LIMITATIONS:
      Retrospective, observational design. CONCLUSIONS: Adalimumab and infliximab were
      similarly effective in the treatment of moderate-to-severe UC in the real-world
      clinical setting.

PMID- 26986452
TI  - S((1)D) + ortho-D2 Reaction Dynamics at Low Collision Energies: Complementary
      Crossed Molecular Beam Experiments and Theoretical Investigations.
AB  - The excitation function of the S((1)D) + D2 reaction was determined in a crossed
      molecular beam apparatus for collision energies ranging from 1817 to 47 J mol(-1)
      in the near-cold regime. A very good overall agreement was found between
      experimental data and the theoretical results obtained using the ab initio
      potential energy surface built by Ho and coworkers and different methods: time
      independent quantum dynamics (QM), semiclassical mean potential capture theory
      (sc-MPCT), and quasi-classical trajectories (QCT). The general trend of the
      experimental excitation function is well reproduced in most of the range by a
      simple capture calculation with an R(-6) dispersion potential. The present
      results are discussed in the light of previous studies on the isotopic variants
      S((1)D) + H2 and HD. 

PMID- 26986451
TI  - Caveolin-1-mediated Japanese encephalitis virus entry requires a two-step
      regulation of actin reorganization.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the detailed mechanism of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)
      cell entry. MATERIALS & METHODS: Utilize a siRNA library targeting cellular
      membrane trafficking genes to identify key molecules that mediate JEV entry into
      human neuronal cells. RESULTS: JEV enters human neuronal cells by caveolin-1
      mediated endocytosis, which depends on a two-step regulation of actin
      cytoskeleton remodeling triggered by RhoA and Rac1: RhoA activation promoted the
      phosphorylation of caveolin-1, and then Rac1 activation facilitated caveolin
      associated viral internalization. Specifically, virus attachment activates the
      EGFR-PI3K signaling pathway, thereby leading to RhoA activation. CONCLUSION: This
      work provides a detailed picture of the entry route and intricate cellular events
      following the entry of JEV into human neuronal cells, and promotes a better
      understanding of JEV entry.

PMID- 26986454
TI  - The Role of Fine Needle Aspiration of Orbital Lesions: A Case Series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper analyzes a series of ultrasound (US)-guided orbital fine
      needle aspirations (FNAs) which provide diagnostic information that
      cytopathologists approaching orbital lesions for the first time can find useful
      and underlines the importance of teamwork. STUDY DESIGN: The investigators
      retrospectively obtained data from 24 consecutive orbital FNAs. For all patients,
      a complete clinicoradiological database was created. FNAs were performed under US
      guidance with 25-gauge needles and an aspiration biopsy syringe gun, and sent to
      the Department of Pathology for examination and data management. RESULTS: The
      mean age of the patients was 54 years. Imaging studies included US, magnetic
      resonance imaging and computed tomography scans; 9 lesions involved the right
      orbit and 15 the left orbit. The mean lesion size was 23.6 +/- 7.2 mm. After
      microscopic examination, 7 smears were labeled as 'nondiagnostic', while in 17
      cases a definitive diagnosis was proposed, which always proved to be correct
      (70.8%, specificity = 100%). CONCLUSIONS: The investigators believe that FNA
      biopsy of orbital masses is a necessary step; its weaknesses lie in the
      particularly delicate site of sampling and the extreme heterogeneity of lesions.
      Nevertheless, when orbital FNA is performed within a well-coordinated
      multidisciplinary team, it is a powerful tool that can be used to define the most
      appropriate management of these patients.

PMID- 26986455
TI  - High-Resolution Spectroscopic Studies of Complexes Formed by Medium-Size Organic
      Molecules.
AB  - A wealth of structural and dynamical information has been obtained in the last 30
      years from the study of high-resolution spectra of molecular clusters generated
      in a cold supersonic expansion by means of highly resolved spectroscopic methods.
      The data obtained, generally lead to determination of the structures of stable
      conformations. In addition, in the case of weakly bound molecular complexes, it
      is usual to observe the effects of internal motions due to the shallowness of the
      potential energy surfaces involved and the flexibility of the systems. In the
      case of electronic excitation experiments, also the effect of electronic
      distribution changes on both equilibrium structures and internal motions becomes
      accessible. The structural and dynamical information that can be obtained by
      applying suitable theoretical models to the analysis of these unusually complex
      spectra allows the determination and understanding of the driving forces involved
      in formation of the molecular complex. In this way, many types of non-covalent
      interactions have been characterized, from pure van der Waals interactions in
      complexes of rare gases to moderate-strength and weak hydrogen bonds and to the
      most recent halogen bonds and n-pi interactions. The aim of this review is to
      underline how the different experimental and theoretical methods converge in
      giving a detailed picture of weak interactions in small molecular adducts
      involving medium-size molecules. The conclusions regarding geometries and
      energies can contribute to understanding of the different driving forces involved
      in the dynamics of the processes and can be exploited in all fields of chemistry
      and biochemistry, from design of new materials with novel properties to rational
      design of drugs.

PMID- 26986453
TI  - Sexual dimorphism in activation of placental autophagy in obese women with
      evidence for fetal programming from a placenta-specific mouse model.
AB  - The incidence of maternal obesity and its co-morbidities (diabetes,
      cardiovascular disease) continues to increase at an alarming rate, with major
      public health implications. In utero exposure to maternal obesity has been
      associated with development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the
      offspring as a result of developmental programming. The placenta regulates
      maternal-fetal metabolism and shows significant changes in its function with
      maternal obesity. Autophagy is a cell-survival process, which is responsible for
      the degradation of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. Here we show an
      activation of autophagosomal formation and autophagosome-lysosome fusion in
      placentas of males but not females from overweight (OW) and obese (OB) women vs.
      normal weight (NW) women. However, total autophagic activity in these placentas
      appeared to be decreased as it showed an increase in SQSTM1/p62 and a decrease in
      lysosomal biogenesis. A mouse model with a targeted deletion of the essential
      autophagy gene Atg7 in placental tissue showed significant placental
      abnormalities comparable to those seen in human placenta with maternal obesity.
      These included a decrease in expression of mitochondrial genes and antioxidants,
      and decreased lysosomal biogenesis. Strikingly, the knockout mice were
      developmentally programmed as they showed an increased sensitivity to high-fat
      diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased adiposity, and
      cardiac remodeling. In summary, our results indicate a sexual dimorphism in
      placental autophagy in response to maternal obesity. We also show that autophagy
      plays an important role in placental function and that inhibition of placental
      autophagy programs the offspring to obesity, and to metabolic and cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 26986456
TI  - Repulsive guidance molecule a blockade exerts the immunoregulatory function in
      DCs stimulated with ABP and LPS.
AB  - Repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) is an axonal guidance molecule that has
      recently found to exert function in immune system. This study evaluated the
      function of RGMa in modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) function stimulated with
      Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide (ABP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using a
      RGMa-neutralizing antibody. Compared with the Control-IgG/ABP and Control-IgG/LPS
      groups, DCs in the Anti-RGMa/ABP and Anti-RGMa/LPS groups 1) showed small, round
      cells with a few cell processes and organelles, and many pinocytotic vesicles; 2)
      had decreased MHC II, CD86, CD80, and CD40 expression; 3) displayed the decreased
      IL-12p70, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha levels and increased IL-10 secretion; 4) had a
      high percentage of FITC-dextran uptake; and 5) displayed a reduced ability to
      drive T cell proliferation and reinforced T cell polarization toward a Th2
      cytokine pattern. We conclude that DCs treated with RGMa-neutralizing antibodies
      present with tolerogenic and immunoregulatory characteristics, which provides new
      insights into further understanding of the function of RGMa.

PMID- 26986457
TI  - Hypofractionated 3D radiotherapy for inoperable T1-3 N0-1 non-small-cell lung
      cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the toxicity and clinical outcomes of three
      dimensional (3D) hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) for medically inoperable T1
      3 N0-1 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: 34 patients with inoperable
      early-stage NSCLC were treated from August 2008 to April 2013. Prior to
      enrolment, patients were required to be evaluated by an experienced thoracic
      surgeon to determine the "operability". All received 57 Gy in 19 fractions
      followed by escalated doses of 3-Gy fractions, up to a total dose of 66 Gy using
      a 3D conformal technique. Toxicities were measured using the Common Terminology
      Criteria for Adverse Effects v. 4.0. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 33 months
      (7-74 months). Toxicity grades >=3 were not observed. Local control (LC) was
      80.4% at 2 years, whereas regional control (RC) was 78%. The overall survival
      (OS), time to progression (TTP) and time to distant metastasis (TTM) at 2 years
      were 60%, 59% and 80%, respectively. For patients with T1-2 N0 and a tumour size
      <45 mm (n = 19), rates of OS, TTP and TTM at 2 years were 71%, 75% and 94%,
      respectively. LC and RC at 2 years were 85% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      HFRT using 3.0-Gy fractions amounting to a total dose of 66 Gy is the recommended
      dose. A Phase 2 trial is warranted in order to assess the safety and efficacy of
      this fractionation scheme. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: HFRT results in a favourable
      outcome in early-stage lung cancer without the usual restrictions in tumour size
      and/or location associated with previous treatment methods. No special equipment
      is required, therefore permitting its application in any centre.

PMID- 26986458
TI  - Quality of search strategies reported in systematic reviews published in
      stereotactic radiosurgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Systematic reviews require comprehensive literature search strategies
      to avoid publication bias. This study aimed to assess and evaluate the reporting
      quality of search strategies within systematic reviews published in the field of
      stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). METHODS: Three electronic databases (Ovid
      MEDLINE((r)), Ovid EMBASE((r)) and the Cochrane Library) were searched to
      identify systematic reviews addressing SRS interventions, with the last search
      performed in October 2014. Manual searches of the reference lists of included
      systematic reviews were conducted. The search strategies of the included
      systematic reviews were assessed using a standardized nine-question form based on
      the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and Assessment of Multiple Systematic
      Reviews checklist. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify
      the important predictors of search quality. RESULTS: A total of 85 systematic
      reviews were included. The median quality score of search strategies was 2
      (interquartile range = 2). Whilst 89% of systematic reviews reported the use of
      search terms, only 14% of systematic reviews reported searching the grey
      literature. Multiple linear regression analyses identified publication year
      (continuous variable), meta-analysis performance and journal impact factor
      (continuous variable) as predictors of higher mean quality scores. CONCLUSION:
      This study identified the urgent need to improve the quality of search strategies
      within systematic reviews published in the field of SRS. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:
      This study is the first to address how authors performed searches to select
      clinical studies for inclusion in their systematic reviews. Comprehensive and
      well-implemented search strategies are pivotal to reduce the chance of
      publication bias and consequently generate more reliable systematic review
      findings.

PMID- 26986460
TI  - Current artefacts in cardiac and chest magnetic resonance imaging: tips and
      tricks.
AB  - Currently MRI is extensively used for the evaluation of cardiovascular and
      thoracic disorders because of the well-established advantages that include use of
      non-ionizing radiation, good contrast and high spatial resolution. Despite the
      advantages of this technique, numerous categories of artefacts are frequently
      encountered. They may be related to the scanner hardware or software
      functionalities, environmental factors or the human body itself. In particular,
      some artefacts may be exacerbated with high-field-strength MR machines (e.g. 3
      T). Cardiac imaging poses specific challenges with respect to breath-holding and
      cardiac motion. In addition, new cardiac MR-conditional devices may also be
      responsible for peculiar artefacts. The image quality may thus be impaired and
      give rise to a misdiagnosis. Knowledge of acquisition and reconstruction
      techniques is required to understand and recognize the nature of these artefacts.
      This article will focus on the origin and appearance of the most common artefacts
      encountered in cardiac and chest MRI along with possible correcting methods to
      avoid or reduce them. 

PMID- 26986462
TI  - Commentary on "Assessing the Risk of Prehospital Administration of Naloxone with
      Subsequent Refusal of Care".

PMID- 26986461
TI  - Clinical outcomes of adaptive radiotherapy in head and neck cancers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of adaptive
      radiotherapy (RT) among patients with head and neck cancer. METHODS: 36 patients
      eligible for radical RT underwent RT planning scans and were planned for 54-Gy
      dose to both high-risk and low-risk target volumes in Phase I. All patients
      underwent a second (adaptive) scan during the fifth week of RT. Phase II plans
      for 16 Gy to high-risk planning target volume were developed on these mid
      treatment scans. The primary end point was local response. Disease-free survival
      (DFS), overall survival (OS) and treatment-related morbidity were secondary end
      points. RESULTS: Median reductions in gross primary and nodal disease volumes on
      mid-treatment scans were 34% and 43.2%, respectively. 16 patients experienced
      grade 3 acute mucositis. No patient had grade 3 or above haematologic toxicity.
      Four patients developed local recurrences, all within the RT field. Median DFS
      and OS were 17.5 and 23.5 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adaptation to changes
      in the anatomic and tumour volume or shape may help tilt the balance towards more
      efficient dose delivery as well as better normal tissue sparing. ADVANCES IN
      KNOWLEDGE: This study supports the need for adaptive replanning for minimizing
      normal tissue toxicity without compromising local control and adds to the
      existing body of literature.

PMID- 26986459
TI  - Accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy in
      locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of lung: evaluation of response,
      survival, toxicity and quality of life from a Phase II randomized study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of accelerated
      hypofractionated radiation with concomitant chemotherapy (AHFx-RT-CT) in locally
      advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung. METHODS: 36 patients were
      enrolled in this study (CTRI/2013/11/004143). Patients in Arm A (n = 18) received
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) (paclitaxel 200 mg m(-2) and carboplatin area
      under the curve 5) followed by external radiotherapy (60 Gy/30 fractions/6
      weeks). Patients in Arm B (n = 18) received NACT as in Arm A followed by AHFx-RT
      (48 Gy/20 fractions/4 weeks) with concomitant chemotherapy (cisplatin 30 mg m(-2)
      weekly). Primary end points included comparative evaluation of overall
      locoregional response rates (ORRs) and progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary
      end points included toxicity, quality of life (QOL) and overall survival (OS).
      RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 15 months. The ORR at first follow-up
      (72.2% vs 44%, p = 0.06) and at 1 year after treatment completion (61% vs 5.5%, p
      = 0.04) were superior in Arm B. The median PFS (17 vs 5.36 months; p = 0.053) and
      OS (24.73 vs 12.33 months; p = 0.007) were also superior in Arm B. Grade >=3
      acute pharyngitis/oesophagitis was less in Arm B (p = 0.05). Improvement of
      emotional function, cognitive function and chest pain was observed in Arm B.
      CONCLUSION: The study suggests that AHFx-RT-CT is feasible for locally advanced
      SCC of the lung with improved response rate, survival, QOL and favourable
      toxicity. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      study comparing conventionally fractionated radiation with AHFx-RT-CT. Addition
      of low-dose weekly cisplatin as radiosensitizer may be the potential factor
      responsible for improved response rate, survival and favourable toxicity in the
      study arm despite lower biological effective dose.

PMID- 26986463
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-naphthoyl-phenylglyoxamide-based small
      molecular antimicrobial peptide mimics as novel antimicrobial agents and biofilm
      inhibitors.
AB  - Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the human immune system.
      Synthetic AMP mimics represent a novel strategy to counteract the increasing
      incidence of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we describe the synthesis of novel
      glyoxamide derivatives via ring-opening reactions of N-hexanoyl, N-benzoyl and N
      naphthoylisatins with N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine and N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3
      diamine. These were converted to both the hydrochloric acid (HCl) or quaternary
      ammonium iodide (MeI) salts and their antibacterial activity against
      Staphylococcus aureus was investigated by their zone-of-inhibition and minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC). The HCl salt 22b exhibited the lowest MIC of 16
      MUg mL(-1), whereas the corresponding MeI salt 22c had a MIC of 39 MUg mL(-1). We
      also investigated the in vitro toxicity of active compounds against the MRC-5
      normal human lung fibroblasts and their activity against established biofilm in
      S. aureus. 

PMID- 26986464
TI  - Scrutinizing Immutability: Research on Sexual Orientation and U.S. Legal Advocacy
      for Sexual Minorities.
AB  - We review scientific research and legal authorities to argue that the
      immutability of sexual orientation should no longer be invoked as a foundation
      for the rights of individuals with same-sex attractions and relationships (i.e.,
      sexual minorities). On the basis of scientific research as well as U.S. legal
      rulings regarding lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) rights, we make three claims:
      First, arguments based on the immutability of sexual orientation are
      unscientific, given what we now know from longitudinal, population-based studies
      of naturally occurring changes in the same-sex attractions of some individuals
      over time. Second, arguments based on the immutability of sexual orientation are
      unnecessary, in light of U.S. legal decisions in which courts have used grounds
      other than immutability to protect the rights of sexual minorities. Third,
      arguments about the immutability of sexual orientation are unjust, because they
      imply that same-sex attractions are inferior to other-sex attractions, and
      because they privilege sexual minorities who experience their sexuality as fixed
      over those who experience their sexuality as fluid. We conclude that the legal
      rights of individuals with same-sex attractions and relationships should not be
      framed as if they depend on a certain pattern of scientific findings regarding
      sexual orientation.

PMID- 26986465
TI  - Diagnostic Performance of Alpha-Fetoprotein, Protein Induced by Vitamin K
      Absence, Osteopontin, Dickkopf-1 and Its Combinations for Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most widely used serum
      biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), despite its limitations. As
      complementary biomarkers, protein induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II),
      osteopontin (OPN), and Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) have been proposed. This study aimed to
      perform a head-to-head comparison of the diagnostic performance of AFP, PIVKA-II,
      OPN and DKK-1 as single or in combination to seek the best biomarker or panel,
      and to investigate the clinical factors affecting their performance. METHODS:
      Using 401 stored plasma samples obtained from 208 HCC patients and 193 liver
      cirrhosis control patients, plasma AFP, PIVKA-II, OPN and DKK-1 levels were
      measured by ELISA, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were
      performed for each biomarker and for every combination of two to four markers.
      RESULTS: Of the four biomarkers, AFP showed the highest area under the curve
      (0.786). The sensitivity and specificity for each single biomarker was 62% and
      90.2% (AFP>20 ng/mL), 51.0% and 91.2% (PIVKA-II>10 ng/mL), 46.2% and 80.3%
      (OPN>100 ng/mL), and 50.0% and 80.8% (DKK-1>500 pg/mL), respectively. Among the
      combinations of two biomarkers, AFP>20 ng/mL or DKK-1>500 pg/mL showed the best
      diagnostic performance (sensitivity 78.4%, specificity 72.5%). Triple or
      quadruple combination did not improve the diagnostic performance further. The
      patient's age, etiology and tumor invasiveness of HCC affected the performance of
      each marker. CONCLUSIONS: AFP was the most useful single biomarker for HCC
      diagnosis, and the combined measurement of AFP and DKK-1 could maximize the
      diagnostic yield. Clinical decision should be based on the consideration of
      various factors affecting the diagnostic performance of each biomarker. Efforts
      to seek novel HCC biomarkers should be continued.

PMID- 26986466
TI  - Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) Identifies Critical Illness among Ward
      Patients in a Resource Restricted Setting in Kampala, Uganda: A Prospective
      Observational Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Providing optimal critical care in developing countries is limited
      by lack of recognition of critical illness and lack of essential resources. The
      Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), based on physiological parameters, is
      validated in adult medical and surgical patients as a predictor of mortality. The
      objective of this study performed in Uganda was to determine the prevalence of
      critical illness on the wards as defined by the MEWS, to evaluate the MEWS as a
      predictor of death, and to describe additional risk factors for mortality.
      METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study at Mulago National
      Referral Teaching Hospital in Uganda. We included medical and surgical ward
      patients over 18 years old, excluding patients discharged the day of enrolment,
      obstetrical patients, and patients who self-discharged prior to study completion.
      Over a 72-hour study period, we collected demographic and vital signs, and
      calculated MEWS; at 7-days we measured outcomes. Patients discharged prior to 7
      days were assumed to be alive at study completion. Descriptive and inferential
      statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 452 patients, the median age was
      40.5 (IQR 29-54) years, 53.3% were male, 24.3% were HIV positive, and 45.1% had
      medical diagnoses. MEWS ranged from 0 to 9, with higher scores representing
      hemodynamic instability. The median MEWS was 2 [IQR 1-3] and the median length of
      hospital stay was 9 days [IQR 4-24]. In-hospital mortality at 7-days was 5.5%;
      41.4% of patients were discharged and 53.1% remained on the ward. Mortality was
      independently associated with medical admission (OR: 7.17; 95% CI: 2.064-24.930;
      p = 0.002) and the MEWS >= 5 (OR: 5.82; 95% CI: 2.420-13.987; p<0.0001) in the
      multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: There is a significant burden of critical
      illness at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Implementation of the MEWS could provide a
      useful triage tool to identify patients at greatest risk of death. Future
      research should include refinement of MEWS for low-resource settings, and
      development of appropriate interventions for patients identified to be at high
      risk of death based on early warning scores.

PMID- 26986467
TI  - Oral Samples as Non-Invasive Proxies for Assessing the Composition of the Rumen
      Microbial Community.
AB  - Microbial community analysis was carried out on ruminal digesta obtained directly
      via rumen fistula and buccal fluid, regurgitated digesta (bolus) and faeces of
      dairy cattle to assess if non-invasive samples could be used as proxies for
      ruminal digesta. Samples were collected from five cows receiving grass silage
      based diets containing no additional lipid or four different lipid supplements in
      a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Extracted DNA was analysed by qPCR and by sequencing
      16S and 18S rRNA genes or the fungal ITS1 amplicons. Faeces contained few
      protozoa, and bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities were substantially
      different to ruminal digesta. Buccal and bolus samples gave much more similar
      profiles to ruminal digesta, although fewer archaea were detected in buccal and
      bolus samples. Bolus samples overall were most similar to ruminal samples. The
      differences between both buccal and bolus samples and ruminal digesta were
      consistent across all treatments. It can be concluded that either proxy sample
      type could be used as a predictor of the rumen microbial community, thereby
      enabling more convenient large-scale animal sampling for phenotyping and possible
      use in future animal breeding programs aimed at selecting cattle with a lower
      environmental footprint.

PMID- 26986469
TI  - Cooperation and Conflict in the Plant Immune System.

PMID- 26986470
TI  - Adrenaline in anaphylaxis treatment. Balancing benefits and harms.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although anaphylaxis is a relatively common disorder, clinicians
      and scientists have debated on how to best define and manage this condition. The
      current recommendations are focused on the central role of adrenaline, but
      evidence in support of this therapeutic approach is modest, mainly for the lack
      of well-designed trials. Conversely, serious adverse effects are commonly
      reported following adrenaline use, especially when given intravenously. These
      include hypertension, ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, pulmonary
      edema. AREAS COVERED: Anaphylaxis treatment, with special focus on adrenaline
      utilization, both in pre-hospital and in-hospital settings. Aim is to examine in
      depth the balance between benefits and harms of this important drug. EXPERT
      OPINION: Due to the lack of solid evidence supporting the use of adrenaline in
      patients with anaphylaxis, except in severe cases, the strength of
      recommendations should be readdressed, limiting administration to selected
      categories of patients. Caregivers should promptly act in pre-hospital setting,
      given the shortness of time and lack of technology. In the hospital setting, and
      more specifically in the ED, clinicians should consider the prompt use of
      adrenaline in severe anaphylaxis cases, but they should also be able to
      judiciously wait in the vast majority of milder anaphylactic reactions, which may
      resolve spontaneously.

PMID- 26986472
TI  - A Global Perspective on Drinking-Water and Sanitation Classification: An
      Evaluation of Census Content.
AB  - Following the recent expiry of the United Nations' 2015 Millennium Development
      Goals (MDGs), new international development agenda covering 2030 water,
      sanitation and hygiene (WASH) targets have been proposed, which imply new demands
      on data sources for monitoring relevant progress. This study evaluates drinking
      water and sanitation classification systems from national census questionnaire
      content, based upon the most recent international policy changes, to examine
      national population census's ability to capture drinking-water and sanitation
      availability, safety, accessibility, and sustainability. In total, 247 censuses
      from 83 low income and lower-middle income countries were assessed using a
      scoring system, intended to assess harmonised water supply and sanitation
      classification systems for each census relative to the typology needed to monitor
      the proposed post-2015 indicators of WASH targets. The results signal a lack of
      international harmonisation and standardisation in census categorisation systems,
      especially concerning safety, accessibility, and sustainability of services in
      current census content. This suggests further refinements and harmonisation of
      future census content may be necessary to reflect ambitions for post-2015
      monitoring. 

PMID- 26986473
TI  - Lanthanide upconversion luminescence at the nanoscale: fundamentals and optical
      properties.
AB  - Upconversion photoluminescence is a nonlinear effect where multiple lower energy
      excitation photons produce higher energy emission photons. This fundamentally
      interesting process has many applications in biomedical imaging, light source and
      display technology, and solar energy harvesting. In this review we discuss the
      underlying physical principles and their modelling using rate equations. We
      discuss how the understanding of photophysical processes enabled a strategic
      influence over the optical properties of upconversion especially in rationally
      designed materials. We subsequently present an overview of recent experimental
      strategies to control and optimize the optical properties of upconversion
      nanoparticles, focussing on their emission spectral properties and brightness. 

PMID- 26986471
TI  - User and Provider Acceptability of Intermittent Screening and Treatment and
      Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine to Prevent
      Malaria in Pregnancy in Western Kenya.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends intermittent preventive
      treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) alongside long
      lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLIN) and case management for reducing the
      risks associated with malaria in pregnancy in areas of moderate-to-high
      transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to increasing Plasmodium falciparum
      resistance to SP, the search for alternative drugs or strategies to control
      malaria in pregnancy is a priority. We assessed the acceptability among pregnant
      women and health providers of intermittent screening and treatment (ISTp) and
      IPTp with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) as alternative strategies in the
      context of an un-blinded clinical trial. METHODS: Qualitative data were collected
      through ten focus group discussions with women participating in a randomized
      controlled trial to evaluate ISTp or IPTp with DP (multi-day regimen) versus IPTp
      with SP (single dose) in western Kenya. Individual in-depth interviews were
      conducted with 26 health providers working in the trial facilities and trial
      staff. RESULTS: Women appreciated the advantages of being tested with a rapid
      diagnostic test (RDT) at every ANC visit (although a few women disliked finger
      pricks) and accepted that they would not receive any antimalarial when tested RDT
      negative. There were differences in women's experiences of the efficacy of
      antimalarials between the trial arms, with more women in the IPTp-SP arm
      reporting they had experienced malaria episodes. Side effects were experienced
      among women taking DP and SP. Although women and trial staff reported adherence
      to the full DP regimen within the trial, health providers were not confident that
      women would adhere to multi-day regimens in non-trial settings. Health providers
      recognized the advantages of ISTp in reducing unnecessary exposure to drugs, but
      lacked confidence in the reliability of RDTs compared to microscopy. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our findings indicate that, within a trial context, ISTp-DP and IPTp-DP were
      generally acceptable among both users and providers and were regarded as
      potentially valuable alternatives to IPTp-SP. Several challenges were identified
      the most important of which was concerns with achieving adherence to DP in non
      trial settings, requiring operational feasibility studies in routine health
      systems. Policy adoption of ISTp with RDTs would require a major shift in
      thinking among health providers due to lack of confidence in RDTs.

PMID- 26986468
TI  - Is Dengue Vector Control Deficient in Effectiveness or Evidence?: Systematic
      Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although a vaccine could be available as early as 2016, vector
      control remains the primary approach used to prevent dengue, the most common and
      widespread arbovirus of humans worldwide. We reviewed the evidence for
      effectiveness of vector control methods in reducing its transmission.
      METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Studies of any design published since 1980 were
      included if they evaluated method(s) targeting Aedes aegypti or Ae. albopictus
      for at least 3 months. Primary outcome was dengue incidence. Following Cochrane
      and PRISMA Group guidelines, database searches yielded 960 reports, and 41 were
      eligible for inclusion, with 19 providing data for meta-analysis. Study duration
      ranged from 5 months to 10 years. Studies evaluating multiple tools/approaches
      (23 records) were more common than single methods, while environmental management
      was the most common method (19 studies). Only 9/41 reports were randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs). Two out of 19 studies evaluating dengue incidence were
      RCTs, and neither reported any statistically significant impact. No RCTs
      evaluated effectiveness of insecticide space-spraying (fogging) against dengue.
      Based on meta-analyses, house screening significantly reduced dengue risk, OR
      0.22 (95% CI 0.05-0.93, p = 0.04), as did combining community-based environmental
      management and water container covers, OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.15-0.32, p<0.0001).
      Indoor residual spraying (IRS) did not impact significantly on infection risk (OR
      0.67; 95% CI 0.22-2.11; p = 0.50). Skin repellents, insecticide-treated bed nets
      or traps had no effect (p>0.5), but insecticide aerosols (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.44
      2.86) and mosquito coils (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.09-1.91) were associated with higher
      dengue risk (p = 0.01). Although 23/41 studies examined the impact of insecticide
      based tools, only 9 evaluated the insecticide susceptibility status of the target
      vector population during the study. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This review and
      meta-analysis demonstrate the remarkable paucity of reliable evidence for the
      effectiveness of any dengue vector control method. Standardised studies of higher
      quality to evaluate and compare methods must be prioritised to optimise cost
      effective dengue prevention.

PMID- 26986475
TI  - Inflammation Activation Contributes to Adipokine Imbalance in Patients with Acute
      Coronary Syndrome.
AB  - Inflammation can be activated as a defensive response by the attack of acute
      coronary syndrome (ACS) for ischemic tissue injury. The aim of the present study
      was to investigate the impact of ACS-activated inflammation on adipokine
      imbalance and the effects of statins on the crosstalk between inflammation and
      adipokine imbalance during ACS. In this study, 586 subjects were categorized
      into: (1) control group; (2) SA (stable angina) group; and (3) ACS group.
      Circulating levels of hs-CRP, adiponectin and resistin were measured by ELISA.
      Furthermore, forty C57BL/6 mice were randomized into: sham, AMI, low-statin
      (atorvastatin, 2 mg/kg/day) and high-statin (atorvastatin, 20 mg/kg/day) group.
      After 3 weeks, AMI models were established by surgical coronary artery ligation.
      Circulating levels and adipose expressions of adiponectin and resistin were
      assessed in animals. Besides, we investigate the effects of atorvastatin on ox
      LDL-induced adipokine imbalance in vitro. As a result, we found that ACS patients
      had higher hs-CRP and resistin levels and lower adiponectin levels. Our
      correlation analysis demonstrated hs-CRP concentrations were positively
      correlated with resistin but negatively with adiponectin levels in humans. Our
      animal findings indicated higher circulating hs-CRP and resistin levels and lower
      adiponectin levels in AMI mice. Atorvastatin pre-treatment dose-dependently
      decreased hs-CRP and resistin levels but increased adiponectin levels in mice.
      The consistent findings were observed about the adipose expressions of resistin
      and adiponectin in mice. In study in vitro, ox-LDL increased cellular resistin
      expressions and otherwise for adiponectin expressions, which dose-dependently
      reversed by the addition of atorvastatin. Therefore, our study indicates that the
      ACS attack activates inflammation leading to adipokine imbalance that can be
      ameliorated by anti-inflammation of atorvastatin. 

PMID- 26986476
TI  - PTEN enhances G2/M arrest in etoposide-treated MCF-7 cells through activation of
      the ATM pathway.
AB  - As an effective tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has
      attracted the increased attention of scientists. Recent studies have shown that
      PTEN plays unique roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and can interact with
      the Chk1 pathway. However, little is known about how PTEN contributes to DDR
      through the ATM-Chk2 pathway. It is well-known that etoposide induces G2/M arrest
      in a variety of cell lines, including MCF-7 cells. The DNA damage-induced G2/M
      arrest results from the activation of protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia
      mutated (ATM), followed by the activation of Chk2 that subsequently inactivates
      CDC25C, resulting in G2/M arrest. In the present study, we assessed the
      contribution of PTEN to the etoposide-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest. PTEN was
      knocked down in MCF-7 cells by specific shRNA, and the effects of PTEN on the ATM
      Chk2 pathway were investigated through various approaches. The results showed
      that knockdown of PTEN strongly antagonized ATM activation in response to
      etoposide treatment, and thereby reduced the phosphorylation level of ATM
      substrates, including H2AX, P53 and Chk2. Furthermore, depletion of PTEN reduced
      the etoposide-induced phosphorylation of CDC25C and strikingly compromised
      etoposide-induced G2/M arrest in the MCF-7 cells. Altogether, we demonstrated
      that PTEN plays a unique role in etoposide-induced G2/M arrest by facilitating
      the activation of the ATM pathway, and PTEN was required for the proper
      activation of checkpoints in response to DNA damage in MCF-7 cells.

PMID- 26986477
TI  - Bioinspired, Highly Stretchable, and Conductive Dry Adhesives Based on 1D-2D
      Hybrid Carbon Nanocomposites for All-in-One ECG Electrodes.
AB  - Here we propose a concept of conductive dry adhesives (CDA) combining a gecko
      inspired hierarchical structure and an elastomeric carbon nanocomposite. To
      complement the poor electrical percolation of 1D carbon nanotube (CNT) networks
      in an elastomeric matrix at a low filler content (~1 wt %), a higher dimensional
      carbon material (i.e., carbon black, nanographite, and graphene nanopowder) is
      added into the mixture as an aid filler. The co-doped graphene and CNT in the
      composite show the lowest volume resistance (~100 ohm.cm) at an optimized filler
      ratio (1:9, total filler content: 1 wt %) through a synergetic effect in
      electrical percolation. With an optimized conductive elastomer, gecko-inspired
      high-aspect-ratio (>3) microstructures over a large area (~4 in.(2)) are
      successfully replicated from intaglio-patterned molds without collapse. The
      resultant CDA pad shows a high normal adhesion force (~1.3 N/cm(2)) even on rough
      human skin and an excellent cycling property for repeatable use over 30 times
      without degradation of adhesion force, which cannot be achieved by commercial wet
      adhesives. The body-attachable CDA can be used as a metal-free, all-in-one
      component for measuring biosignals under daily activity conditions (i.e.,
      underwater, movements) because of its superior conformality and water-repellent
      characteristic.

PMID- 26986474
TI  - Rosuvastatin Treatment Affects Both Basal and Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion
      in INS-1 832/13 Cells.
AB  - Rosuvastatin is a member of the statin family. Like the other statins it is
      prescribed to lower cholesterol levels and thereby reduce the risk of
      cardiovascular events. Rosuvastatin lowers the cholesterol levels by inhibiting
      the key enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) in
      the cholesterol producing mevalonate pathway. It has been recognized that apart
      from their beneficial lipid lowering effects, statins also exhibit diabetogenic
      properties. The molecular mechanisms behind these remain unresolved. To
      investigate the effects of rosuvastatin on insulin secretion, we treated INS-1
      832/13 cells with varying doses (20 nM to 20 MUM) of rosuvastatin for 48 h. At
      concentrations of 2 MUM and above basal insulin secretion was significantly
      increased. Using diazoxide we could determine that rosuvastatin did not increase
      basal insulin secretion by corrupting the KATP channels. Glucose-induced insulin
      secretion on the other hand seemed to be affected differently at different
      rosuvastatin concentrations. Rosuvastatin treatment (20 MUM) for 24-48 h
      inhibited voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, which lead to reduced depolarization
      induced exocytosis of insulin-containing granules. At lower concentrations of
      rosuvastatin (<= 2 MUM) the stimulus-secretion coupling pathway was intact
      downstream of the KATP channels as assessed by the patch clamp technique.
      However, a reduction in glucose-induced insulin secretion could be observed with
      rosuvastatin concentrations as low as 200 nM. The inhibitory effects of
      rosuvastatin on glucose-induced insulin secretion could be reversed with
      mevalonate, but not squalene, indicating that rosuvastatin affects insulin
      secretion through its effects on the mevalonate pathway, but not through the
      reduction of cholesterol biosynthesis. Taken together, these data suggest that
      rosuvastatin has the potential to increase basal insulin secretion and reduce
      glucose-induced insulin secretion. The latter is possibly an unavoidable side
      effect of rosuvastatin treatment as it occurs through the same mechanisms as the
      lipid-lowering effects of the drug.

PMID- 26986478
TI  - Synergistic Effect of Fluconazole and Calcium Channel Blockers against Resistant
      Candida albicans.
AB  - Candidiasis has increased significantly recently that threatens patients with low
      immunity. However, the number of antifungal drugs on the market is limited in
      comparison to the number of available antibacterial drugs. This fact, coupled
      with the increased frequency of fungal resistance, makes it necessary to develop
      new therapeutic strategies. Combination drug therapy is one of the most widely
      used and effective strategy to alleviate this problem. In this paper, we were
      aimed to evaluate the combined antifungal effects of four CCBs (calcium channel
      blockers), amlodipine (AML), nifedipine (NIF), benidipine (BEN) and flunarizine
      (FNZ) with fluconazole against C. albicans by checkerboard and time-killing
      method. In addition, we determined gene (CCH1, MID1, CNA1, CNB1, YVC1, CDR1, CDR2
      and MDR1) expression by quantitative PCR and investigated the efflux pump
      activity of resistant candida albicans by rhodamine 6G assay to reveal the
      potential mechanisms. Finally, we concluded that there was a synergy when
      fluconazole combined with the four tested CCBs against resistant strains, with
      fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) <0.5, but no interaction against
      sensitive strains (FICI = 0.56 ~ 2). The mechanism studies revealed that
      fluconazole plus amlodipine caused down-regulating of CNA1, CNB1 (encoding
      calcineurin) and YVC1 (encoding calcium channel protein in vacuole membrane). 

PMID- 26986479
TI  - A Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis Pipeline for Detecting Unknown
      Pathogens from Mixed Clinical Samples and Revealing Their Genetic Diversity.
AB  - Forty-two cytopathic effect (CPE)-positive isolates were collected from 2008 to
      2012. All isolates could not be identified for known viral pathogens by routine
      diagnostic assays. They were pooled into 8 groups of 5-6 isolates to reduce the
      sequencing cost. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted for each group of
      mixed samples, and the proposed data analysis pipeline was used to identify viral
      pathogens in these mixed samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was individually conducted for each of these
      42 isolates depending on the predicted viral types in each group. Two isolates
      remained unknown after these tests. Moreover, iteration mapping was implemented
      for each of these 2 isolates, and predicted human parechovirus (HPeV) in both. In
      summary, our NGS pipeline detected the following viruses among the 42 isolates:
      29 human rhinoviruses (HRVs), 10 HPeVs, 1 human adenovirus (HAdV), 1 echovirus
      and 1 rotavirus. We then focused on the 10 identified Taiwanese HPeVs because of
      their reported clinical significance over HRVs. Their genomes were assembled and
      their genetic diversity was explored. One novel 6-bp deletion was found in one
      HPeV-1 virus. In terms of nucleotide heterogeneity, 64 genetic variants were
      detected from these HPeVs using the mapped NGS reads. Most importantly, a
      recombination event was found between our HPeV-3 and a known HPeV-4 strain in the
      database. Similar event was detected in the other HPeV-3 strains in the same
      clade of the phylogenetic tree. These findings demonstrated that the proposed NGS
      data analysis pipeline identified unknown viruses from the mixed clinical
      samples, revealed their genetic identity and variants, and characterized their
      genetic features in terms of viral evolution. 

PMID- 26986484
TI  - Oxidative Dissolution of Silver Nanoparticles by Chlorine: Implications to Silver
      Nanoparticle Fate and Toxicity.
AB  - The kinetics of oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by chlorine
      is investigated in this work, with results showing that AgNPs are oxidized in the
      presence of chlorine at a much faster rate than observed in the presence of
      dioxygen and/or hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation of AgNPs by chlorine occurs in
      air-saturated solution in stoichiometric amounts with 2 mol of AgNPs oxidized for
      each mole of chlorine added. Dioxygen plays an important role in OCl(-)-mediated
      AgNP oxidation, especially at lower OCl(-) concentrations, with the mechanism
      shifting from stoichiometric oxidation of AgNPs by OCl(-) in the presence of
      dioxygen to catalytic removal of OCl(-) by AgNPs in the absence of dioxygen.
      These results suggest that the presence of chlorine will mitigate AgNP toxicity
      by forming less-reactive AgCl(s) following AgNP oxidation, although the
      disinfection efficiency of OCl(-) may not be significantly impacted by the
      presence of AgNPs because a chlorine-containing species is formed on OCl(-) decay
      that has significant oxidizing capacity. Our results further suggest that the
      antibacterial efficacy of nanosilver particles embedded on fabrics may be negated
      when treated with detergents containing strong oxidants, such as chlorine. 

PMID- 26986483
TI  - Immunological Characterization of Plant-Based HIV-1 Gag/Dgp41 Virus-Like
      Particles.
AB  - It is widely anticipated that a prophylactic vaccine may be needed to control the
      HIV/AIDS epidemic worldwide. Despite over two decades of research, a vaccine
      against HIV-1 remains elusive, although a recent clinical trial has shown
      promising results. Recent studies have focused on highly conserved domains within
      HIV-1 such as the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the envelope
      glycoprotein, gp41. MPER has been shown to play critical roles in mucosal
      transmission of HIV-1, though this peptide is poorly immunogenic on its own. Here
      we provide evidence that plant-produced HIV-1 enveloped virus-like particles
      (VLPs) consisting of Gag and a deconstructed form of gp41 comprising the MPER,
      transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains (Dgp41) provides an effective platform to
      display MPER for use as an HIV vaccine candidate. Prime-boost strategies
      combining systemic and mucosal priming with systemic boosting using two different
      vaccine candidates (VLPs and CTB-MPR--a fusion of MPER and the B-subunit of
      cholera toxin) were investigated in BALB/c mice. Serum antibody responses against
      both the Gag and gp41 antigens were elicited when systemically primed with VLPs.
      These responses could be recalled following systemic boosting with VLPs. In
      addition, mucosal priming with VLPs allowed for a boosting response against Gag
      and gp41 when boosted with either candidate. Importantly, the VLPs also induced
      Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. This report on the immunogenicity of
      plant-based Gag/Dgp41 VLPs may represent an important milestone on the road
      towards a broadly efficacious and inexpensive subunit vaccine against HIV-1.

PMID- 26986485
TI  - Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF-21) in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Natural
      History and Metabolic Implications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine liver
      hormone that stimulates adipocyte glucose uptake independently of insulin,
      suppresses hepatic glucose production and is involved in the regulation of body
      fat. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients suffer potential interference with FGF-21
      status with as yet unknown repercussions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was
      to define the natural history of FGF-21 in PD patients, to analyze its
      relationship with glucose homeostasis parameters and to study the influence of
      residual renal function and peritoneal functional parameters on FGF-21 levels and
      their variation over time. METHODS: We studied 48 patients with uremia undergoing
      PD. Plasma samples were routinely obtained from each patient at baseline and at
      1, 2 and 3 years after starting PD therapy. RESULTS: Plasma FGF-21 levels
      substantially increased over the first year and were maintained at high levels
      during the remainder of the study period (253 pg/ml (59; 685) at baseline; 582
      pg/ml (60.5-949) at first year and 647 pg/ml (120.5-1116.6) at third year)
      (p<0.01). We found a positive correlation between time on dialysis and FGF-21
      levels (p<0.001), and also, those patients with residual renal function (RRF) had
      significantly lower levels of FGF-21 than those without RRF (rho -0.484, p<0.05).
      Lastly, there was also a significant association between FGF-21 levels and
      peritoneal protein losses (PPL), independent of the time on dialysis (rho 0.410,
      p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that FGF-21 plasma levels in incident PD
      patients significantly increase during the first 3 years. This increment is
      dependent on or is associated with RRF and PPL (higher levels in patients with
      lower RRF and higher PPL). FGF-21 might be an important endocrine agent in PD
      patients and could act as hormonal signaling to maintain glucose homeostasis and
      prevent potential insulin resistance. These preliminary results suggest that FGF
      21 might play a protective role as against the development of insulin resistance
      over time in patients undergoing a continuous glucose load.

PMID- 26986488
TI  - Valence-specific emotion transmission: Potential influences on parent-adolescent
      emotion coregulation.
AB  - The current study tested if proximal transmission of positive and negative affect
      occurs bidirectionally between mothers and their adolescent children in valence
      specific patterns (e.g., maternal positive affect to adolescent positive, but not
      negative, affect) across a period of 7 minutes and between minutes. Whether
      adolescent gender moderated transmission effects was also explored. One hundred
      thirty-5 mothers (29-60 years old) and their children (12-16 years old, 49%
      female) independently completed questionnaires and then jointly engaged in a
      naturalistic 7-min problem-solving discussion. Transmission was examined by
      testing how 1 person's expressed affect (assessed observationally) changed the
      other person's self-reported state affect across the task. In path analyses,
      support for bidirectional transmission of negative affect emerged. Transmission
      was valence-specific, however, evidence for transmission of positive affect was
      not found. Results also supported cross-valence transmission of negative affect
      specifically from adolescents to their mothers, such that adolescent expressed
      negative affect predicted reduced maternal self-reported positive affect.
      Utilizing cross-lagged path analyses to further examine these findings between
      minutes revealed that transmission did not occur between specific minutes.
      Results largely support previous theoretical work on the orthogonal structure of
      affect and the bidirectionality of parent-adolescent affective interactions.
      Given this evidence for reciprocal transmission of affect across (not between)
      minutes in a microsocial context, implications for successful emotion
      coregulation in parent-adolescent interactions and how these mechanisms may
      predict long-term outcomes are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986487
TI  - Long noncoding RNAs related to the odontogenic potential of dental mesenchymal
      cells in mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the lncRNAs that are
      associated with the odontogenic potential in mouse dental mesenchymal cells.
      DESIGN: The odontogenic potential of dental mesenchymal cells was found to be
      lost in the course of in vitro culture, so the lncRNA profiles were subsequently
      compared between freshly-isolated and cultured dental mesenchymal cells using RNA
      sequencing. A co-expression analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and
      coding RNAs was performed to understand their potential functions. The expression
      of several selected lncRNAs was also examined in developing tooth germs. RESULTS:
      Compared with cultured dental mesenchymal cells, 108 lncRNAs were upregulated and
      36 lncRNAs were downregulated in freshly-isolated dental mesenchymal cells.
      Coding genes correlated with the lncRNAs were mainly associated with DNA and
      protein metabolic processes and cytoskeletal anchorage. Meg3, Malat1, Xist, and
      Dlx1as were significantly downregulated in cultured dental mesenchymal cells but
      were upregulated in odontogenic dental mesenchymal tissues. Moreover, the levels
      of Dlx1as were negatively correlated with that of Dlx1 in dental mesenchymal
      cells and dental mesenchymal tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The lncRNA profiles of dental
      mesenchymal cells are significantly changed during culturing, and the
      dysregulation of lncRNAs is associated with the loss of odontogenic potential.

PMID- 26986486
TI  - beta-COP as a Component of Transport Vesicles for HDL Apolipoprotein-Mediated
      Cholesterol Exocytosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: HDL and its apolipoproteins protect against atherosclerotic disease
      partly by removing excess cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. But the
      underlying mechanisms of cholesterol clearance are still not well defined. We
      investigated roles of vesicle trafficking of coatomer beta-COP in delivering
      cholesterol to the cell surface during apoA-1 and apoE-mediated lipid efflux from
      fibroblasts and THP-1 macrophages. METHODS: shRNA knockout, confocal and electron
      microscopy and biochemical analysis were used to investigate the roles of beta
      COP in apolipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux in fibroblasts and THP-1
      macrophages. RESULTS: We showed that beta-COP knockdown by lentiviral shRNA
      resulted in reduced apoA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux, while increased
      cholesterol accumulation and formation of larger vesicles were observed in THP-1
      macrophages by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy
      showed that beta-COP appeared on the membrane protrusion complexes and
      colocalized with apoA-1 or apoE during cholesterol efflux. This was associated
      with releasing heterogeneous sizes of small particles into the culture media of
      THP-1 macrophage. Western blotting also showed that apoA-1 promotes beta-COP
      translocation to the cell membrane and secretion into culture media, in which a
      total of 17 proteins were identified by proteomics. Moreover, beta-COP
      exclusively associated with human plasma HDL fractions. CONCLUSION: ApoA-1 and
      apoE promoted transport vesicles consisting of beta-COP and other candidate
      proteins to exocytose cholesterol, forming the protrusion complexes on cell
      surface, which were then released from the cell membrane as small particles to
      media.

PMID- 26986489
TI  - Expression Profiles of Endometrial Carcinoma by Integrative Analysis of TCGA
      Data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was to explore the expression profile of endometrial
      carcinoma (EC) and identify the potential molecular mechanism and therapeutic
      targets. METHODS: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially
      expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in EC using mRNA and miRNA sequencing
      data released by the Cancer Genome Atlas database; then, gene function and
      pathway of DEGs were analyzed based on the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia
      of Genes and Genomes pathway databases; finally, the transcription factors (TFs)
      latently regulating the DEGs and DEMs were predicted and a TF-miRNA-Gene network
      was then established to summarize the regulatory links between TFs, DEMs and
      DEGs. RESULTS: One thousand five hundred and forty two upregulated and 1,885
      downregulated DEGs, 34 upregulated and 12 downregulated DEMs were identified. The
      principal DEGs-enriched functions were cell differentiation, cell migration, and
      cell surface receptor signaling pathway. The DEGs-enriched cell signaling
      pathways including the MAPK, Wnt signaling pathway, and the p53 signaling
      pathway. As shown in the TF-miRNA-Gene network, TFs such as CPBP and GKLF, miRNAs
      such as miR-141-3p and miR-130b-3p, regulated most of DEGs and DEMs. CONCLUSION:
      These results may contribute to the study of the molecular mechanism and
      therapeutic targets in EC, and facilitate the discovery of new biomarkers for
      screening, diagnosis and monitoring.

PMID- 26986490
TI  - The Role of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Locoregionally Advanced Papillary
      Thyroid Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of adjuvant radiation therapy in locoregional
      control in patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma (pT4
      or pN1b) based on a comparison of a group that received radiation therapy and a
      group that did not receive radiation therapy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis
      was performed on 165 patients with locoregionally advanced papillary thyroid
      carcinoma who underwent treatment between 2002 and 2011. Of these, 32 patients
      received adjuvant radiation therapy, and 133 patients did not receive radiation
      therapy. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 7.2 years (range, 3.4-13.6) for
      the overall study population. The 10-year locoregional recurrence-free survival
      rates for patients in the radiation therapy and no radiation therapy groups were
      83.9 and 60.8%, respectively (p = 0.037). The overall survival rate and distant
      recurrence-free survival rate were not different between the two groups (p =
      0.076 and p = 0.813, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that adjuvant
      radiation therapy was an independent prognostic factor for locoregional
      recurrence-free survival (p = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant radiation therapy for
      patients with either pT4 or pN1b disease improved locoregional recurrence-free
      survival and might be of benefit for patients with these high-risk features by
      reducing the need for additional salvage treatment after locoregional recurrence.

PMID- 26986491
TI  - New clues on carcinogenicity-related substructures derived from mining two large
      datasets of chemical compounds.
AB  - In this study, new molecular fragments associated with genotoxic and nongenotoxic
      carcinogens are introduced to estimate the carcinogenic potential of compounds.
      Two rule-based carcinogenesis models were developed with the aid of SARpy: model
      R (from rodents' experimental data) and model E (from human carcinogenicity
      data). Structural alert extraction method of SARpy uses a completely automated
      and unbiased manner with statistical significance. The carcinogenicity models
      developed in this study are collections of carcinogenic potential fragments that
      were extracted from two carcinogenicity databases: the ANTARES carcinogenicity
      dataset with information from bioassay on rats and the combination of ISSCAN and
      CGX datasets, which take into accounts human-based assessment. The performance of
      these two models was evaluated in terms of cross-validation and external
      validation using a 258 compound case study dataset. Combining R and H predictions
      and scoring a positive or negative result when both models are concordant on a
      prediction, increased accuracy to 72% and specificity to 79% on the external test
      set. The carcinogenic fragments present in the two models were compared and
      analyzed from the point of view of chemical class. The results of this study show
      that the developed rule sets will be a useful tool to identify some new
      structural alerts of carcinogenicity and provide effective information on the
      molecular structures of carcinogenic chemicals.

PMID- 26986493
TI  - The adiabatic strictly-correlated-electrons functional: kernel and exact
      properties.
AB  - We investigate a number of formal properties of the adiabatic strictly-correlated
      electrons (SCE) functional, relevant for time-dependent potentials and for
      kernels in linear response time-dependent density functional theory. Among the
      former, we focus on the compliance to constraints of exact many-body theories,
      such as the generalised translational invariance and the zero-force theorem.
      Within the latter, we derive an analytical expression for the adiabatic SCE
      Hartree exchange-correlation kernel in one dimensional systems, and we compute it
      numerically for a variety of model densities. We analyse the non-local features
      of this kernel, particularly the ones that are relevant in tackling problems
      where kernels derived from local or semi-local functionals are known to fail. 

PMID- 26986492
TI  - Rubus coreanus Miquel extract causes apoptosis of doxorubicin-resistant NCI/ADR
      RES ovarian cancer cells via JNK phosphorylation.
AB  - Cancer cells can acquire an anticancer, drug-resistant phenotype following
      chemotherapy, which is tightly linked to cancer malignancy and patient survival
      rates. Therefore, the identification of options to treat chemotherapy-resistant
      cancer cells is an urgent requirement. Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM) has long been
      used as a source of food. In addition, it has been reported that RCM has
      effective functions against particular diseases, including cancer and
      inflammation. In the present study, it was demonstrated that RCM extract caused
      the apoptotic cell death of doxorubicin-resistant NCI/ADR-RES ovarian cancer
      cells by phosphorylating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The RCM-mediated
      reduction of cell viability showed no synergism with doxorubicin. In addition,
      ellagic acid and quercetin, which are phytochemicals found in RCM, also caused
      apoptosis of the NCI/ADR-RES cells. In subsequent investigations of the RCM
      altered signaling pathway, RCM extract, ellagic acid and quercetin were found to
      commonly induce the phosphorylation of JNK and AKT. Additionally, the inhibition
      of JNK with SP600125 repressed the apoptotic cell death induced by RCM extract,
      ellagic acid and quercetin, and the inhibition of JNK appeared to switch
      apoptosis to necrosis. JNK inhibition also reduced the phosphorylation of AKT,
      which was induced by RCM extract, ellagic acid and quercetin, suggesting that the
      phosphorylation of JNK is required for AKT phosphorylation in RCM-, ellagic acid-
      or quercetin-induced apoptotic cell death. Therefore, the data obtained in the
      present study led to the conclusion that RCM caused apoptosis of doxorubicin
      resistant NCI/ADR-RES ovarian cancer cells via JNK phosphorylation, and suggested
      that RCM may be effective in the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant cancer
      cells. 

PMID- 26986494
TI  - In situ generated polysiloxanes stabilizing MU3-oxo bridged Sb3 triangles.
AB  - The reaction of RSbO3H2 with t-butylsilanetriol has led to the isolation of
      organoantimony(v) based molecular triangles stabilized by siloxane frameworks.
      Depending on the reaction conditions employed or the substituents present on the
      antimony atom, either a combination of a disiloxane and a tetrasiloxane framework
      or a trisiloxane framework was generated in situ leading to the stabilization of
      the Sb3 triangle. 

PMID- 26986495
TI  - Lab-scale demonstration of recuperative thickening technology for enhanced biogas
      production and dewaterability in anaerobic digestion processes.
AB  - There is growing interest in the use of high performance anaerobic digestion (AD)
      processes for the production of biogas at wastewater treatment facilities to
      offset the energy demands associated with wastewater treatment. Recuperative
      thickening (RT) is a promising technique which involves recycling a portion of
      the digested solids back to the incoming feed. In general there exists a
      significant number of knowledge gaps in the field of RT because the studies that
      have been conducted to date have almost exclusively occurred in pilot plant or
      full scale trials; this approach greatly limits the amount of process
      optimization that can be done in a given trial. In this work, a detailed and
      comprehensive study of RT was conducted at the lab scale; two custom designed
      digesters (capacity = 1.5 L) were operated in parallel with one acting as a
      'control' digester and the other operating under a semi-batch RT mode. There was
      no significant change in biogas methane composition for the two digesters,
      however the RT digester had an average biogas productivity over two times higher
      than the control one. It was found that the recycling of the polymer flocculant
      back into the RT digester resulted in a significant improvement in dewatering
      performance. At the highest polymer concentration tested, the capillary suction
      time (CST) values for flocculated samples for the RT digester were over 6 times
      lower than the corresponding values for the control digester. Thus, there exists
      an opportunity to decrease the overall consumption of polymer flocculants through
      judicious selection of the dose of polymer flocculant that is used both for the
      thickening and end-stage dewatering steps in RT processes.

PMID- 26986496
TI  - Nitrification at different salinities: Biofilm community composition and
      physiological plasticity.
AB  - This paper describes an experimental study of microbial communities of three
      moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) inoculated with nitrifying cultures originated
      from environments with different salinity; freshwater, brackish (200/00) and
      seawater. All reactors were run until they operated at a conversion efficiency of
      >96%. The microbial communities were profiled using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S
      rRNA gene amplicons. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the differences
      in microbial community structure and distribution of the nitrifying populations
      with different salinity environments. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis
      (NMDS) and the PERMANOVA test based on Bray-Curtis similarities revealed
      significantly different community structure in the three reactors. The brackish
      reactor showed lower diversity index than fresh and seawater reactors. Venn
      diagram showed that 60 and 78% of the total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in
      the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) guild,
      respectively, were unique OTUs for a given reactor. Similarity Percentages
      (SIMPER) analysis showed that two-thirds of the total difference in community
      structure between the reactors was explained by 10 OTUs, indicating that only a
      small number of OTUs play a numerically dominant role in the nitrification
      process. Acute toxicity of salt stress on ammonium and nitrite oxidizing
      activities showed distinctly different patterns, reaching 97% inhibition of the
      freshwater reactor for ammonium oxidation rate. In the brackish culture,
      inhibition was only observed at maximal level of salinity, 320/00. In the fully
      adapted seawater culture, higher activities were observed at 320/00 than at any
      of the lower salinities.

PMID- 26986497
TI  - A review on chitosan-based flocculants and their applications in water treatment.
AB  - In recent years, the use of chitosan and its derivatives as flocculants in water
      treatment has received considerable attention due to their many advantages,
      including their widespread availability, environmental friendliness,
      biodegradability, and prominent structural features. However, it is a significant
      strategy for selection and design of the high-performance materials on the basis
      of their structure-activity relationships. Here we describe several of the
      chemical modification methods commonly used to prepare chitosan-based
      flocculants. These methods allow convenient control and adjustment of the
      structures of the obtained materials to meet the different practical
      requirements. The influence of structural elements of the chitosan-based
      flocculants on their flocculation properties are emphasized in this review by
      examining different flocculation mechanisms and their applications in the
      treatment of various wastewaters containing different pollutants (insoluble
      suspended colloids but also dissolved matters). Above all, the chitosan-based
      flocculants with proper structures by precise structure control bear great
      application potentials in water treatment.

PMID- 26986498
TI  - Effect of climate change on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land
      to surface water.
AB  - Faeces originating from wildlife, domestic animals or manure-fertilized fields,
      is considered an important source of zoonotic pathogens to which people may be
      exposed by, for instance, bathing or drinking-water consumption. An increase in
      runoff, and associated wash-off of animal faeces from fields, is assumed to
      contribute to the increase of disease outbreaks during periods of high
      precipitation. Climate change is expected to increase winter precipitation and
      extreme precipitation events during summer, but has simultaneously also other
      effects such as temperature rise and changes in evapotranspiration. The question
      is to what extent the combination of these effects influence the input of
      zoonotic pathogens to the surface waters. To quantitatively analyse the impacts
      of climate change on pathogen runoff, pathogen concentrations reaching surface
      waters through runoff were calculated by combining an input model for catchment
      pathogen loads with the Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS). Runoff of
      Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter was evaluated under different climate change
      scenarios and by applying different scenarios for sources of faecal pollution in
      the catchments, namely dairy cows and geese and manure fertilization. Model
      evaluation of these scenarios shows that climate change has little overall impact
      on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to the surface waters.
      Even though individual processes like runoff fluxes, pathogen release and
      dilution are affected, either positively or negatively, the net effect on the
      pathogen concentration in surface waters and consequently also on infection risks
      through recreation seems limited.

PMID- 26986499
TI  - Efficacy of carbonaceous nanocomposites for sorbing ionizable antibiotic
      sulfamethazine from aqueous solution.
AB  - This paper investigated the key factors and mechanisms of sulfamethazine (SMT)
      sorption on a novel carbonaceous nanocomposite, and the effects of harsh aging on
      SMT sorption in the presence and absence of soil and before as well as after
      aging. The carbonaceous nanocomposites were synthesized by dip-coating straw
      biomass in carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes solution and
      then pyrolyzed at 300  degrees C and 600  degrees C in the absence of air. The
      sorption performance of high temperature carbonaceous nanocomposite on SMT was
      excellent, as measured sorption distribution coefficient in the order of 10(3)
      10(5.5) L kg(-1). Carbonaceous nanocomposites were aged either alone or mixed
      with soil via exposure to nutrients and soil extract (biological aging) or 80 
      degrees C for 100 d (chemical aging). No obvious effects of harsh aging on SMT
      sorption were observed in the presence of soil and/or biological and chemical
      aging. The primary mechanisms for SMT sorption included partition caused by Van
      der Waals forces and adsorption caused by hydrogen bonding and pi-pi electron
      donor-acceptor interaction. Comprehensively considering the cost, renewability,
      and the application to real water samples, the carbonaceous nanocomposites have
      potential in removal of SMT and possibly other persistent organic pollutants from
      wastewater.

PMID- 26986500
TI  - Continuous-release beads of natural allelochemicals for the long-term control of
      cyanobacterial growth: Preparation, release dynamics and inhibitory effects.
AB  - The effects of allelochemicals on cyanobacterial blooms have been observed for
      more than 20 years; however, the use of these compounds, usually involving a
      "direct-added" mode, has clear disadvantages, such as a short activity period or
      temporarily excessive localized concentration. Here, a simulated-allelopathy mode
      to facilitate the application of allelochemicals was proposed and tested on
      Microcystis aeruginosa. The continuous-release beads of 5,4'-dihydroxyflavone
      (DHF) were constitutive of a polymer matrix and showed a high drug-loading rate
      (47.18%) and encapsulation efficiency (67.65%) with a theoretical release time of
      approximately 120 d. Cyanobacterial growth tests showed that the DHF beads had
      long-term inhibition effects (>30 d), whereas those of "direct-added" DHF to
      cells lasted a maximum of 10 d. The beads also continuously affected the
      superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation of M. aeruginosa. The
      inhibitory effects of DHF beads on cyanobacterial growth increased as initial
      cell densities of M. aeruginosa decreased, suggesting that the beads inhibit
      cyanobacterial activity more effectively in the early bloom phase. Consequently,
      the anti-cyanobacterial beads represent a novel application mode of
      allelochemicals with long-term inhibitory effects on cyanobacterial growth. Our
      study demonstrates that the successful application of allelochemicals offers
      great potential to control harmful cyanobacterial blooms, especially at the
      initial stage of development.

PMID- 26986501
TI  - Roles of iron species and pH optimization on sewage sludge conditioning with
      Fenton's reagent and lime.
AB  - Conditioning sewage sludge with Fenton's reagent could effectively improve its
      dewaterability. However, drawbacks of conditioning with Fenton's reagent are
      requirement of acidic conditions to prevent iron precipitation and subsequent
      neutralization with alkaline additive to obtain the pH of the filtrate close to
      neutrality. In this study, roles of pH were thoroughly investigated in the
      acidification pretreatment, Fenton reaction, and the final filtrate after
      conditioning. Through the response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal dosages
      of H2SO4, Fe(2+), H2O2, and lime acted as a neutralizer were found to be 0 (no
      acidification), 47.9, 34.3 and 43.2 mg/g DS (dry solids). With those optimal
      doses, water content of the dewatered sludge cakes could be reduced to 55.8 +/-
      0.6 wt%, and pH of the final filtrate was 6.6 +/- 0.2. Fenton conditioning
      without initial acidification can simplify the conditioning process and reduce
      the usage of lime. The Fe(3+) content in the sludge cakes showed a close
      correlation with the dewaterability of conditioned sludge, i.e., the water
      content of sludge cakes, SRF (specific resistance to filtration), CST (capillary
      suction time), bound water content, and specific surface area. It indicated that
      the coagulation by Fe(3+) species in Fenton reaction could play an important
      role, compared to traditional Fenton oxidation effect on sludge conditioning.
      Thus, a two-step mechanism of Fenton oxidation and Fe(III) coagulation was
      proposed in sewage sludge conditioning. The mechanisms include the following: (1)
      extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were firstly degraded into dissolved
      organics by Fenton oxidation; (2) bound water was converted to free water due to
      degradation of EPS; (3) the sludge particles were disintegrated into small ones
      by oxidation; (4) Fe(3+) generated from Fenton reaction acted as a coagulant to
      agglomerate smaller sludge particles into larger dense particles with less bond
      water; (5) finally, the dewatered sludge cakes were obtained, with less small
      pores (1-10 nm) that contributed to water affinity, but with more large pores
      (>10 nm) that contributed to a permeable, rigid lattice structure. Morphology of
      the Fenton-conditioned sludge cake exhibited a porous structure. The estimated
      cost of the composite conditioner, Fenton's reagent and lime, is USD$ 43.8/t DS,
      which is less than that of ferric chloride and lime (USD$ 54/t DS). Furthermore,
      pH of the final filtrate using this composite conditioner is about 6.6.
      Comparatively, that using ferric chloride and lime is as high as 12.4.

PMID- 26986502
TI  - Optimization of a cationic liposome-based gene delivery system for the
      application of miR-145 in anticancer therapeutics.
AB  - In order to improve the delivery efficiency of microRNA (miRNA or miR)-145, the
      present study examined several factors which may affect cationic liposome (CL)
      based transfection, including the hydration medium used for the preparation of
      liposomes, the quantity of the plasmid, the molar ratio of N-[1-(2,3
      dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP)/cholesterol (chol),
      or DOTAP/chol, and the weight ratio of DOTAP/DNA. In order to enhance the
      transfection efficiency, protamine was selected as a DNA-condensing agent to form
      liposome-protamine-DNA (LPD) ternary complexes. An agarose gel retardation assay
      was used to examine the DNA binding affinity of the CLs. Following transfection,
      GFP fluorescence images were captured and flow cytometry was performed to
      determine the transfection efficiency. Furthermore, an MTT assay was performed to
      determine the cytotoxicity of the liposome complexes. The final optimal
      conditions were as follows: 5% glucose as the hydration medium, a molar ratio of
      DOTAP/chol at 3:1 for the preparation of CLs, a weight ratio of
      DOTAP/protamine/DNA of 3:0.5:1, with 8 ug plasmid added for the preparation of
      the LPD complexes. In vitro, the LPD complexes exhibited an enhanced transfection
      efficiency and low cytotoxicity, which indicated that the presented LPD vector
      enhanced the transfection efficiency of the CLs. The HepG2 cells were found to
      have the lowest expression levels of miR-145 out of the cell lines tested (A549,
      BGC-823, HepG2, HeLa, LoVo and MCF-7). Following the transient transfection of
      the HepG2 cells with miR-145, the results revealed that the overexpression of miR
      145 inhibited the proliferation of the HepG2 cells and downregulated the
      expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), cyclinD1, c-myc, and Sp1
      transcription factor (Sp1). In conclusion, in this study, we optimized a liposome
      based delivery system for the efficient delivery of miR-145 into cancer cells.
      This may provide a foundation for further research into the use of miR-145 in
      anticancer therapeutics.

PMID- 26986503
TI  - BLCAP arrests G1/S checkpoint and induces apoptosis through downregulation of
      pRb1 in HeLa cells.
AB  - BLCAP (bladder cancer-associated protein) gene exhibited tumor suppressor
      function in different tumors and is regarded as a candidate tumor suppressor
      gene; however, the mechanism by which BLCAP exerts its function remains elusive.
      This study investigated the functional association between BLCAP and
      proliferation or apoptosis in cervical cancer cells, to identify the functional
      motifs of BLCAP. The BLCAP-shRNA expression vector based on pRNA-U6.1/Hygro
      plasmid was used to specifically inhibit BLCAP activity in HeLa cells. The
      optimal shRNA plasmid was selected to knock down BLCAP expression and the
      biological effects were investigated. The effects on cell cycle and apoptosis
      were detected by flow cytometric or Annexin V-FITC staining analysis. The gene
      expression profiles of HeLa cells transfected with blcap-wt and BLCAP-shRNA were
      analyzed using human signal pathway gene Oligochips. The levels of protein
      expression and interaction of BLCAP with Rb1 proteins were determined by western
      blotting and Co-IP assays. The site-specific mutagenesis assay was used to
      identify amino acid residues important for BLCAP. Significantly differentially
      expressed genes were found by gene Oligo chips analysis. These genes were all
      correlated with proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis. The results of western
      blotting and Co-IP assays confirmed that overexpression of BLCAP could interact
      with Rb1 and inhibit Rb1 phosphorylation. Further investigation revealed that
      SAXX mutation in the key regions of BLCAP suppressed the function of BLCAP and
      significantly increased the level of phosphorylated Rb1 protein. Here our
      findings suggested that the functional association of BLCAP and Rb1 might play
      important roles in proliferation and apoptosis of HeLa cells. It suggested that
      BLCAP could be a novel therapeutic target for cervical cancer.

PMID- 26986504
TI  - [Metastatic epiduritis in neurosurgery: Hospital data from the Abidjan teaching
      hospital, 2007-2012].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Metastatic epiduritis is the most frequent extrinsic epidural cause
      of spinal cord compression. Although neurosurgery is essential to its management,
      the exact role of this discipline in the treatment of spinal cancer in sub
      Saharan Africa has not yet been assessed. AIM: To analyze recent hospital data of
      patients with metastatic epiduritis managed in the Abidjan neurosurgery
      department. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a retrospective analysis of files of 56
      patients admitted from January 2007 through December 2012. Our data are discussed
      in the light of the literature. RESULTS: The primary cancers in men were mostly
      lung (16%) and prostate (34%) cancers, and in women, breast cancer (23%). The two
      age brackets mainly involved were those aged 31-45 years (21%) and 46-60 years
      (39%). The reason for admission in all cases was functional disability of the
      lower limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for 57%. The thoracic
      topography was dominant (60%), and vertebral damage was often associated with
      epiduritis (78%). This metastatic epiduritis was the initial sign leading to
      cancer diagnosis for 39%. Decompressive laminectomy with biopsy or lesionectomy
      was performed for 62%. Postoperative neurologic improvement was noted for 36%,
      and remained satisfactory at one year for 14 patients. Prostate-specific hormone
      therapy was performed for 30%. CONCLUSION: This study underlines the crucial
      importance of neurosurgery in management of metastatic epiduritis in our center.
      Our findings emphasize the need to improve access to neuroradiologic diagnostic
      resources and optimize surgical treatment in the sub-Saharan region.

PMID- 26986505
TI  - Sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the
      simultaneous determination of nine local anesthetic drugs.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with
      electrospray ionization (ESI) procedure for the simultaneous determination of
      nine local anesthetic drugs (procaine, mepivacaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine,
      oxybuprocaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine, T-caine and dibucaine) in human serum is
      described. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Mightysil-RP-18 GP
      II column (2.0mm*150mm, particle size 5MUm). The mobile phase consisted of 10mM
      acetic ammonium buffer (pH 5.4) and acetonitrile and was delivered at a flow rate
      of 0.20mL/min. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in positive
      ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring was used for drug quantification.
      Solid-phase extraction of the nine local anesthetic drugs added to the human
      serum was performed with an Oasis((r)) HLB extraction cartridges column. The
      method was linear for the investigated drugs over the concentration range of 10
      100ng/mL. The recoveries of these drugs were in the range of 81.4-144%. The
      standard deviation (SD) values for all analytes were <0.10 for both intraday and
      interday accuracy and precision. The selectivity, accuracy and precision of this
      method are satisfactory for clinical and forensic applications. The sensitive and
      selective method offers the opportunity for the simultaneous screening and
      quantification, for clinical and forensic purposes, of almost all local
      anesthetics available in Japan. 

PMID- 26986506
TI  - Shaping prestimulus neural activity with auditory rhythmic stimulation improves
      the temporal allocation of attention.
AB  - Human attention fluctuates across time, and even when stimuli have identical
      physical characteristics and the task demands are the same, relevant information
      is sometimes consciously perceived and at other times not. A typical example of
      this phenomenon is the attentional blink, where participants show a robust
      deficit in reporting the second of two targets (T2) in a rapid serial visual
      presentation (RSVP) stream. Previous electroencephalographical (EEG) studies
      showed that neural correlates of correct T2 report are not limited to the RSVP
      period, but extend before visual stimulation begins. In particular, reduced
      oscillatory neural activity in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) before the onset of the
      RSVP has been linked to lower T2 accuracy. We therefore examined whether auditory
      rhythmic stimuli presented at a rate of 10 Hz (within the alpha band) could
      increase oscillatory alpha-band activity and improve T2 performance in the
      attentional blink time window. Behaviourally, the auditory rhythmic stimulation
      worked to enhance T2 accuracy. This enhanced perception was associated with
      increases in the posterior T2-evoked N2 component of the event-related potentials
      and this effect was observed selectively at lag 3. Frontal and posterior
      oscillatory alpha-band activity was also enhanced during auditory stimulation in
      the pre-RSVP period and positively correlated with T2 accuracy. These findings
      suggest that ongoing fluctuations can be shaped by sensorial events to improve
      the allocation of attention in time. 

PMID- 26986507
TI  - MiR-218 impedes IL-6-induced prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion via
      suppression of LGR4 expression.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the most common solid-organ malignancy and the second leading
      cause of cancer-related death in males. The oncogenic effect of leucine-rich
      repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (LGR) 4 has been recognized in the
      formation of various types of cancers, yet its regulatory mechanism in prostate
      cancer is still not fully understood. Previous study has shown that LGR4 may be a
      new responsive gene of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cancer progression. In the present
      study, we established the LNCaP-IL-6+ cell subline by long-term incubation with a
      low concentration of IL-6 and explored the regulatory role of miR-218, a tumor
      suppressing miRNA, in IL-6-induced LGR4 expression and LNCaP-IL-6+ cell
      proliferation and invasion. The results showed that miR-218 expression was
      gradually decreased and IL-6 expression was gradually increased in the process of
      prostate cancer progression from normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia to
      prostate cancer, and from LNCaP to LNCaP-IL-6+ cells. Notably, we also found that
      miR-218 inhibited the expression of cell cycle regulatory protein cyclin A1 and
      invasion-related matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein induced by IL-6, and impeded
      the accelerative effect of IL-6 on LNCaP-IL-6+ cell proliferation, cell cycle
      progression and cell invasion. Moreover, our results confirmed that miR-218
      directly targets LGR4 and modulated the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways in
      the LNCaP-IL-6+ cells. Taken together, these data clearly demonstrated the
      involvement of the miR-218/LGR4 regulatory pathway in IL-6-induced cell
      proliferation and invasion in LNCaP-IL-6+ cells via PI3K/Akt and Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling, providing new insight into therapeutics for inflammation-induced
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 26986508
TI  - Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal
      toxicity.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Intestinal mucositis represents a common complication and dose
      limiting toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. So far chemotherapy-induced intestinal
      mucositis remains poorly treatable resulting in significant morbidity and reduced
      quality of life in cancer patients. This review discusses recent insights into
      the pathophysiology of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. Novel
      mechanisms linking gut microbiota, host innate immunity and anticancer drug
      metabolism are highlighted. RECENT FINDINGS: Gut microbiota may affect xenobiotic
      metabolism by direct and indirect mechanisms, critically modulating gut toxicity
      of chemotherapy drugs. Composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiome
      as well as innate immune responses of the intestinal mucosa are severely altered
      during chemotherapy. Commensal-mediated innate immune signaling via Toll-like
      receptors (TLRs) ambiguously shapes chemotherapy-induced genotoxic damage in the
      gastrointestinal tract. TLR2 may accelerate host detoxification by activating the
      multidrug transporter ATP-binding cassette 1 (ABCB1)/MDR1 P-glycoprotein to
      efflux harmful drugs, thus controlling the severity of cancer therapy-induced
      mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, selective chemotherapy
      drugs may drive LPS hyperresponsiveness via TLR4, which exacerbates mucosal
      injury through aberrant cytokine storms. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment does
      not seem to represent a valid therapeutic option, as drastic reduction in global
      gut microbiota may enhance risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and reduce efficacy
      of some chemotherapy drugs, at least in murine models. SUMMARY: Several variables
      (environment, metabolism, dysbiosis, infections and/or genetics) influence the
      outcome of mucosal TLR signaling during cancer treatment. Differences in innate
      immune responses also reflect chemotherapy drug-specific effects. Future studies
      must investigate in more detail whether manipulating the delicate balance between
      gut microbiota and host immune responses by either monotherapy or combinations of
      different TLR agonists and antagonists may be indeed useful to limit the toxic
      side-effects of complex chemotherapy regimens, accelerate mucosal tissue
      regeneration and improve the anticancer treatment response.

PMID- 26986509
TI  - Adipogenic placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells are not lineage restricted by
      withdrawing extrinsic factors: developing a novel visual angle in stem cell
      biology.
AB  - Current evidence implies that differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
      (BMMSCs) can act as progenitor cells and transdifferentiate across lineage
      boundaries. However, whether this unrestricted lineage has specificities
      depending on the stem cell type is unknown. Placental-derived mesenchymal stem
      cells (PDMSCs), an easily accessible and less invasive source, are extremely
      useful materials in current stem cell therapies. No studies have comprehensively
      analyzed the transition in morphology, surface antigens, metabolism and
      multilineage potency of differentiated PDMSCs after their dedifferentiation. In
      this study, we showed that after withdrawing extrinsic factors, adipogenic PDMSCs
      reverted to a primitive cell population and retained stem cell characteristics.
      The mitochondrial network during differentiation and dedifferentiation may serve
      as a marker of absent or acquired pluripotency in various stem cell models. The
      new population proliferated faster than unmanipulated PDMSCs and could be
      differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes and hepatocytes. The cell adhesion
      molecules (CAMs) signaling pathway and extracellular matrix (ECM) components
      modulate cell behavior and enable the cells to proliferate or differentiate
      during the differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation processes in
      our study. These observations indicate that the dedifferentiated PDMSCs are
      distinguishable from the original PDMSCs and may serve as a novel source in stem
      cell biology and cell-based therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, whether PDMSCs
      differentiated into other lineages can be dedifferentiated to a primitive cell
      population needs to be investigated. 

PMID- 26986510
TI  - Cdc42 deficiency induces podocyte apoptosis by inhibiting the Nwasp/stress
      fibers/YAP pathway.
AB  - Podocyte apoptosis is a major mechanism that leads to proteinuria in many chronic
      kidney diseases. However, the concert mechanisms that cause podocyte apoptosis in
      these kidney diseases are not fully understood. The Rho family of small GTPases
      has been shown to be required in maintaining podocyte structure and function.
      Recent studies have indicated that podocyte-specific deletion of Cdc42 in vivo,
      but not of RhoA or Rac1, leads to congenital nephrotic syndrome and
      glomerulosclerosis. However, the underlying cellular events in podocyte
      controlled by Cdc42 remain unclear. Here, we assessed the cellular mechanisms by
      which Cdc42 regulates podocyte apoptosis. We found that the expression of Cdc42
      and its activity were significantly decreased in high glucose-,
      lipopolysaccharide- or adriamycin-injured podocytes. Reduced Cdc42 expression in
      vitro and in vivo by small interfering RNA and selective Cdc42 inhibitor ML-141,
      respectively, caused podocyte apoptosis and proteinuria. Our results further
      demonstrated that insufficient Cdc42 or Nwasp, its downstream effector, could
      decrease the mRNA and protein expression of YAP, which had been regarded as an
      anti-apoptosis protein in podocyte. Moreover, our data indicated that the loss of
      stress fibers caused by Cdc42/Nwasp deficiency also decreased Yes-associated
      protein (YAP) mRNA and protein expression, and induced podocyte apoptosis.
      Podocyte apoptosis induced by Cdc42/Nwasp/stress fiber deficiency was
      significantly inhibited by overexpressing-active YAP. Thus, the
      Cdc42/Nwasp/stress fibers/YAP signal pathway may potentially play an important
      role in regulating podocyte apoptosis. Maintaining necessary Cdc42 would be one
      potent way to prevent proteinuria kidney diseases. 

PMID- 26986511
TI  - From fighting depression to conquering tumors: a novel tricyclic thiazepine
      compound as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor.
AB  - A novel tricyclic thiazepine derivative, 6-(p-tolyl)benzo[f] pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]
      thiazepine 11,11-dioxide (TBPT), exhibits potent inhibitory effects in two non
      small-cell lung cancer cell lines, H460 and its drug-resistant variant,
      H460(TaxR), while exhibiting much less toxic effects on normal human fibroblasts.
      After five injections of TBPT at a dose of 60 mg/kg, it inhibits H460(TaxR) tumor
      growth in xenografted mouse models by 66.7% without causing observable toxicity
      to normal tissues. Based on gene perturbation data and a series of
      investigations, we reveal that TBPT is not a P-glycoprotein substrate and it
      inhibits microtubule formation by targeting tubulin, thereby causing cell cycle
      arrest at the G2/M stage and eventually inducing apoptosis. This redeployment of
      anti-depressant compound scaffold for anticancer applications provides a
      promising future for conquering drug-resistant tumors with fewer side effects.

PMID- 26986512
TI  - Functional genetics-directed identification of novel pharmacological inhibitors
      of FAS- and TNF-dependent apoptosis that protect mice from acute liver failure.
AB  - shRNA-mediated gene-silencing technology paired with cell-based functional
      readouts reveals potential targets directly, providing an opportunity to identify
      drugs against the target without knowing the precise role of the target in the
      pathophysiological processes of interest. By screening a lentiviral shRNA library
      targeting for major components of human signaling pathways and known drug
      targets, we identified and validated both canonical as well as 52 novel mediators
      of FAS and TNF ligand-induced apoptosis. Presence of potential therapeutic
      targets among these mediators was confirmed by demonstration of in vivo activity
      of siRNAs against four identified target candidates that protected mice from
      acute liver failure (ALF), a life-threatening disease with known involvement of
      death receptor (DR)-mediated apoptosis. Network-based modeling was used to
      predict small-molecule inhibitors for several candidate apoptosis mediators,
      including somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) and a regulatory subunit of PP2A
      phosphatase, PPP2R5A. Remarkably, pharmacological inhibition of either SSTR5 or
      PPP2R5A reduced apoptosis induced by either FASL or TNF in cultured cells and
      dramatically improved survival in several mouse models of ALF. These results
      demonstrate the utility of loss-of-function genetic screens and network-based
      drug-repositioning methods for expedited identification of targeted drug
      candidates and revealed pharmacological agents potentially suitable for treatment
      of DR-mediated pathologies. 

PMID- 26986513
TI  - NORE1A induction by membrane-bound CD40L (mCD40L) contributes to CD40L-induced
      cell death and G1 growth arrest in p21-mediated mechanism.
AB  - Membrane-bound CD40L (mCD40L) but not soluble CD40L (sCD40L) has been implicated
      in direct cell death induction and apoptosis in CD40-expressing carcinomas. In
      this study, we show that mCD40L but not sCD40L induces NORE1A/Rassf5 expression
      in an NFkappaB-dependant mechanism. NORE1A expression appeared to contribute to
      mCD40L-induced cell death and enhance cell transition from G1 to S phase of the
      cell cycle in a p21-dependent mechanism. The upregulation of p21 protein was
      attributed to NORE1A expression, since NORE1A inhibition resulted in p21
      downregulation. p21 upregulation was concomitant with lower p53 expression in the
      cytoplasmic fraction with no detectable increase at the nuclear p53 level.
      Moreover, mCD40L-induced cell death mediated by NORE1A expression appeared to be
      independent of mCD40L-induced cell death mediated by sustained JNK activation
      since NORE1A inhibition did not affect JNK phosphorylation and vice versa. The
      presented data allow better understanding of the mechanism by which mCD40L
      induces cell death which could be exploited in the clinical development of CD40
      targeted anti-cancer therapies. 

PMID- 26986516
TI  - The ghost plastid of Choreocolax polysiphoniae.
AB  - Parasitism has evolved innumerable times among eukaryotes. Red algal parasites
      alone have independently evolved over 100 times. The accepted evolutionary
      paradigm proposes that red algal parasites arise by first infecting a close
      relative and over time diversifying and infecting more distantly related species.
      This provides a natural evolutionary gradient of relationships between hosts and
      parasites that share a photosynthetic common ancestor. Upon infection, the
      parasite deposits its organelles into the host cell and takes over, spreading
      through cell-cell connections. Microscopy and molecular studies have demonstrated
      that the parasites do not maintain their own plastid, but rather abscond with a
      dedifferentiated host plastid as they pack up spores for dispersal. We sequenced
      a ~90 kb plastid genome from the parasite Choreocolax polysiphoniae, which has
      lost genes for light harvesting and photosynthesis. Furthermore, the presence of
      a native C. polysiphoniae plastid indicates that not all red algal parasites
      follow the same evolutionary pathway to parasitism. Along with the 167 kb plastid
      genome of its host, Vertebrata lanosa, these plastids are the first to be
      sequenced from the Ceramiales. 

PMID- 26986515
TI  - p53MutaGene: an online tool to estimate the effect of p53 mutational status on
      gene regulation in cancer.
AB  - p53MutaGene is the first online tool for statistical validation of hypotheses
      regarding the effect of p53 mutational status on gene regulation in cancer. This
      tool is based on several large-scale clinical gene expression data sets and
      currently covers breast, colon and lung cancers. The tool detects differential co
      expression patterns in expression data between p53 mutated versus p53 normal
      samples for the user-specified genes. Statistically significant differential co
      expression for a gene pair is indicative that regulation of two genes is
      sensitive to the presence of p53 mutations. p53MutaGene can be used in 'single
      mode' where the user can test a specific pair of genes or in 'discovery mode'
      designed for analysis of several genes. Using several examples, we demonstrate
      that p53MutaGene is a useful tool for fast statistical validation in clinical
      data of p53-dependent gene regulation patterns. The tool is freely available at
      http://www.bioprofiling.de/tp53. 

PMID- 26986514
TI  - Necroptosis in Niemann-Pick disease, type C1: a potential therapeutic target.
AB  - Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage
      disorder due to mutation of the NPC1 gene. The NPC1 phenotype is characterized by
      progressive neuronal dysfunction, including cerebellar ataxia and dementia. There
      is histological evidence of neuroinflammation and progressive neuronal loss, with
      cerebellar Purkinje cells particularly vulnerable to loss of NPC1 function.
      Necroptosis was evaluated as a mechanism of neuronal loss. Receptor-interacting
      protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 are key components of the necrosomal complex
      that regulates necroptotic cell death. We report increased expression of RIP1 and
      RIP3 in NPC1 fibroblasts, NPC1 iPS cell-derived neuronal precursors, and in
      cerebellar tissue from both NPC1 mice and patients. Our data suggest a positive
      correlation between NPC1 neurological disease severity and assembly of the
      necrosome complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of
      RIP1 decreases cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of Npc1-mutant
      mice with necrostatin-1, an allosteric inhibitor of RIP1, significantly delayed
      cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, progression of neurological symptoms, and death.
      Collectively, our data identified necroptosis as a key component of the molecular
      network that contributes to neuronal loss in NPC1 and establish that inhibition
      of necroptosis is a potential therapeutic intervention. 

PMID- 26986517
TI  - Compartmentation of defensive compound synthesis in a red alga.

PMID- 26986518
TI  - Mevalonosomes: specific vacuoles containing the mevalonate pathway in Plocamium
      brasiliense cortical cells (Rhodophyta).
AB  - This paper has identified, for the first time in a member of the Rhodophyta, a
      vacuolar organelle containing enzymes that are involved in the mevalonate pathway
      an important step in red algal isoprenoid biosynthesis. These organelles were
      named mevalonosomes (Mev) and were found in the cortical cells (CC) of Plocamium
      brasiliense, a marine macroalgae that synthesizes several halogenated
      monoterpenes. P. brasiliense specimens were submitted to a cytochemical analysis
      of the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS). Using
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we confirmed the presence of HMGS
      activity within the Mev. Because HMGS is necessary for the biosynthesis of
      halogenated monoterpenes, we isolated a hexanic fraction (HF) rich in halogenated
      monoterpenes from P. brasiliense that contained a pentachlorinated monoterpene as
      a major metabolite. Because terpenes are often related to chemical defense, the
      antifouling (AF) activity of pentachlorinated monoterpene was tested. We found
      that the settlement of the mussel Perna perna was reduced by HF treatment (2.25
      times less than control; 40% and 90% of fouled surface, respectively; P = 0.001;
      F9,9 = 1.13). The HF (at 10 MUg . mL(-1) ) also inhibited three species of
      fouling microalgae (Chlorarachnion reptans, Cylindrotheca cloisterium, and
      Exanthemachrysis gayraliae), while at a higher concentration (50 MUg . mL(-1) ),
      it inhibited the bacteria Halomonas marina, Polaribacter irgensii,
      Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Vibrio aestuarianus.
      The AF activity of P. brasiliense halogenated monoterpenes and the localization
      of HMGS activity inside Mev suggest that this cellular structure found in CC may
      play a role in thallus protection against biofouling.

PMID- 26986520
TI  - ATP and related purines stimulate motility, spatial congregation, and coalescence
      in red algal spores.
AB  - Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a versatile extracellular signal along the
      tree of life, whereas cAMP plays a major role in vertebrates as an intracellular
      messenger for hormones, transmitters, tastants, and odorants. Since red algal
      spore coalescence may be considered analogous to the congregation process of
      social amoeba, which is stimulated by cAMP, we ascertained whether exogenous
      applications of ATP, cAMP, adenine, or adenosine modified spore survival and
      motility, spore settlement and coalescence. Concentration-response studies were
      performed with carpospores of Mazzaella laminarioides (Gigartinales), incubated
      with and without added purines. Stirring of algal blades released ADP/ATP to the
      cell media in a time-dependent manner. 10-300 MUM ATP significantly increased
      spore survival; however, 1,500 MUM ATP, cAMP or adenine induced 100% mortality
      within less than 24 h; the exception was adenosine, which up to 3,000 MUM, did
      not alter spore survival. ATP exposure elicited spore movement with speeds of 2.2
      2.5 MUm . s(-1) . 14 d after 1,000 MUM ATP addition, spore abundance in the
      central zone of the plaques was increased 2.7-fold as compared with parallel
      controls. Likewise, 1-10 MUM cAMP or 30-100 MUM adenine also increased central
      zone spore abundance, albeit these purines were less efficacious than ATP;
      adenosine up to 3,000 MUM did not influence settlement. Moreover, 1,000 MUM ATP
      markedly accelerated coalescence, the other purines caused a variable effect. We
      conclude that exogenous cAMP, adenine, but particularly ATP, markedly influence
      red algal spore physiology; effects are compatible with the expression of one or
      more membrane purinoceptor(s), discarding adenosine receptor participation.

PMID- 26986519
TI  - A molecular investigation of the genus Ecklonia (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) with
      special focus on the Southern Hemisphere.
AB  - Brown algae of the order Laminariales, commonly referred to as kelps, are the
      largest and most productive primary producers in the coastal inshore environment.
      The genus Ecklonia (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae) consists of seven species with
      four species in the Northern Hemisphere and three in the Southern Hemisphere. It
      was recently transferred to the family Lessoniaceae based on phylogenetic
      analyses of nuclear and chloroplastic markers, though the type of the genus was
      not included and its relationship with allied genera Eckloniopsis and Eisenia
      remained unresolved. The present study is the first to produce a phylogeny
      focussed on the genus Ecklonia. It included sequences from nuclear,
      mitochondrial, and chloroplastic DNA, for most of the distribution range of the
      three current Southern Hemisphere species (Ecklonia radiata, Ecklonia maxima, and
      a sample of a putative Ecklonia brevipes specimen), sequences for East Asiatic
      species (Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia kurome, and Ecklonia stolonifera), as well as
      the closely related genera Eckloniopsis and Eisenia. Results confirmed E. radiata
      and E. maxima as two distinct species in South Africa, E. radiata as a single
      species throughout the Southern Hemisphere (in South Africa, Australia, and New
      Zealand) and East Asiatic species as a distinct lineage from the Southern
      Hemisphere clade. Results further pointed out a close sister relationship between
      Eckloniopsis radicosa and two Eisenia species (including the type species:
      Eisenia arborea) to the genus Ecklonia suggesting that the genera Eckloniopsis
      and Eisenia are superfluous. 

PMID- 26986521
TI  - Size scaling of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity in centric marine
      diatoms.
AB  - Many microalgae have a surface-associated extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA)
      that converts HCO3 (-) to CO2 for uptake and subsequent photosynthetic fixation.
      We investigated eCA activity and assessed its importance for photosynthetic CO2
      supply in six centric diatom species spanning nearly the full range of cell sizes
      for centric diatoms (equivalent spherical radius 3-67 MUm). Since larger cells
      are more susceptible to diffusion limitation, we hypothesized that eCA activity
      would increase with cell size as would its importance for CO2 supply. eCA
      activity did increase with cell size, increasing with cell radius by a size
      scaling exponent of 2.6 +/- 0.3. The rapid increase in eCA activity with cell
      radius keeps the absolute CO2 concentration difference between bulk seawater and
      the cell surface very low (<~0.2 MUM) allowing high rates of CO2 uptake even for
      large diatoms. Although inhibiting eCA did reduce photosynthesis in the diatoms,
      there was no overall relationship between the extent of inhibition of
      photosynthesis and cell size. The only indication that eCA may be more important
      for larger diatoms was that photosynthesis in the smallest diatoms (<4 MUm
      radius) was only affected by eCA inhibition when CO2 concentrations were very
      low, while photosynthesis in some larger diatoms was affected even at typical
      seawater CO2 concentrations. eCA is ubiquitous in centric marine diatoms, in
      contrast to other taxa where its presence is irregularly distributed among
      different species, and plays an important role in supplying CO2 for
      photosynthesis across the size spectrum.

PMID- 26986522
TI  - Lipidomic analysis can distinguish between two morphologically similar strains of
      Nannochloropsis oceanica.
AB  - The two morphologically similar microalgae NMBluh014 and NMBluh-X belong to two
      different strains of Nannochloropsis oceanica. They possess obviously different
      feeding effects on bivalves, but are indistinguishable by 18S rRNA and
      morphological features. In this work, lipidomic analysis followed by principal
      component analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant
      analysis provided a clear distinction between these strains. Metabolites that
      definitively contribute to the classification were selected as potential
      biomarkers. The most important difference in polar lipids were
      sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (containing 18:1/16:0 and 18:3/16:0) and
      monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (containing 18:3/16:3 and 20:5/14:0), which were
      detected only in NMBluh-X. Additionally, an exhaustive qualitative and
      quantitative profiling of the neutral lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) in the two
      strains was carried out. The predominant species of TAG containing 16:1/16:1/16:1
      acyl groups was detected only in NMBluh-X with a content of ~93.67 +/- 11.85 nmol
      . mg(-1) dry algae at the onset of stationary phase. Meanwhile, TAG containing
      16:0/16:0/16:0 was the main TAG in NMBluh014 with a content of 40.25 +/- 3.92
      nmol . mg(-1) . These results provided the most straightforward evidence for
      differentiating the two species. The metabolomic profiling indicated that NMBluh
      X underwent significant chemical and physiological changes during the growth
      process, whereas NMBluh014 did not show such noticeable time-dependent metabolite
      change. This study is the first using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography
      coupled with Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
      (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for lipidomic profiling with multivariate statistical analysis to
      explore lipidomic differences of plesiomorphous microalgae. Our results
      demonstrate that lipidomic profiling is a valid chemotaxonomic tool in the study
      of microalgal systematics.

PMID- 26986523
TI  - Restricted use of nitrate and a strong preference for ammonium reflects the
      nitrogen ecophysiology of a light-limited red alga.
AB  - Ammonium and nitrate are important sources of inorganic nitrogen for coastal
      primary producers. Nitrate has higher energy requirement for uptake and
      assimilation, compared with ammonium, suggesting that it might be a more
      efficient nitrogen source for slow-growing, light-limited macroalgae. To address
      this hypothesis, we examined the nitrogen ecophysiology of Anotrichium crinitum,
      a rhodophyte macroalgae common in low-light habitats in New Zealand. We measured
      seasonal changes in seawater nitrate and ammonium concentrations and the
      concentration of nitrate and ammonium stored internally by A. crinitum. We
      determined the maximal uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium seasonally and grew
      A. crinitum in the laboratory with these nitrogen sources under two ecologically
      relevant saturating light levels. Our results show that field-harvested A.
      crinitum has a high affinity for ammonium and although it will grow when supplied
      exclusively with nitrate, internal nitrate pools are low and it is unable to take
      up nitrate without several days of acclimation to saturating light. Our data
      predict that A. crinitum would be able to sustain growth with ammonium as the
      sole source of nitrogen, a strategy that would help it survive under low-light
      conditions that prevail in the field. 

PMID- 26986524
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis of cultivation-resistant terrestrial cyanobacteria with
      massive sheaths (Stigonema spp. and Petalonema alatum, Nostocales, Cyanobacteria)
      using single-cell and filament sequencing of environmental samples.
AB  - Molecular assessment of a large portion of traditional cyanobacterial taxa has
      been hindered by the failure to isolate and grow them in culture. In this study,
      we developed an optimized protocol for single cell/filament isolation and 16S
      rRNA gene sequencing of terrestrial cyanobacteria with large mucilaginous
      sheaths, and applied it to determine the phylogenetic position of typical members
      of the genera Petalonema and Stigonema. A methodology based on a glass-capillary
      isolation technique and a semi-nested PCR protocol enabled reliable sequencing of
      the 16S rRNA gene from all samples analyzed. Ten samples covering seven species
      of Stigonema from Europe, North and Central America, and Hawaii, and the type
      species of Petalonema from Slovakia were sequenced. Contrary to some previous
      studies, which proposed a relationship with heteropolar nostocalean
      cyanobacteria, Petalonema appeared to belong to the family Scytonemataceae.
      Analysis of Stigonema specimens recovered a unique coherent phylogenetic cluster,
      substantially broadening our knowledge of the molecular diversity within this
      genus. Neither the uni- to biseriate species nor the multiseriate species formed
      monophyletic subclusters within the genus. Typical multiseriate species of
      Stigonema clustered in a phylogenetic branch derived from uni- to biseriate S.
      ocellatum Thuret ex Bornet & Flahault in our analysis, suggesting that species
      with more complex thalli may have evolved from the more simple ones. We propose
      the technique tested in this study as a promising tool for a future revision of
      the molecular taxonomy in cyanobacteria. 

PMID- 26986525
TI  - Sexual resting cyst production by the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea: a
      potential mechanism contributing to the ubiquitous distribution of a harmful
      alga.
AB  - The dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea is a well known, cosmopolitan harmful
      microalga that frequently forms harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine estuaries
      from temperate to tropical waters, and has posed a severe threat to fish,
      shellfish, and sea birds. Therefore, it is important to understand the ecology of
      this species, particularly the mechanisms regulating its ubiquitous geographic
      distribution and frequent recurrence of. To date, the mechanisms regulating
      distribution and recurrence of HABs by this species have been poorly understood.
      While resting cyst production can play a central role in the geographic expansion
      and initiation of HABs, studies of the life cycle of this alga, including cyst
      production, have been lacking. Here, we demonstrate that A. sanguinea produces
      sexual resting cysts homothallically. We present evidence for cell pairs in
      sexual mating, biflagellated planozygote formation, and cysts of different
      morphologies, and we describe time series for germination of cysts to germlings
      with two longitudinal flagella, along with studies of possible factors affecting
      cyst production. Phylogenetic analysis of large sub-unit rDNA sequences revealed
      a monophyly of this species and thus possibly a recent common ancestor for all
      global populations. The discovery of resting cyst production by A. sanguinea
      suggests its frequent recurrence of blooms and global distribution may have been
      facilitated by the natural and anthropogenic transport of resting cysts. 

PMID- 26986526
TI  - Oospore dimensions and morphology in North American Tolypella (Charophyceae,
      Charophyta).
AB  - Characteristics of the oospores have been used to delimit sections and, in some
      cases, species in the genus Tolypella A. Braun. To test the utility of oospore
      characters for identifying North American species of Tolypella, we investigated
      oospores from field-collected and herbarium specimens. Oospore dimensions
      (length, width, and length to width ratio) and morphology (color, ridge number
      and shape, wall ornamentation, and basal impression number) were measured.
      Oospore dimensions were statistically analyzed and oospore morphology was studied
      with light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analyses showed
      significant differences in length, width, and length to width ratios among most
      Tolypella species and populations but there was considerable overlap, which
      suggested that species identification based on oospore measurements alone is not
      wholly reliable. In addition, oospore morphology was not unique for every
      species. 

PMID- 26986527
TI  - Glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism plays a role in stress response in the red alga
      Pyropia haitanensis.
AB  - Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) has been suggested as a novel regulator of plant
      defense signaling, however, its role in algal resistance remains largely unknown.
      The glycerol kinase (also designated as NHO1) and NAD-dependent G3P dehydrogenase
      (GPDH) are two key enzymes involved in the G3P biosynthesis. In our study, we
      cloned the full-length cDNA of NHO1 (NHO1Ph ) and GPDH (GPDHP h ) from the red
      alga Pyropia haitanensis (denoted as NHO1Ph and GPDHP h ) and examined their
      expression level under flagellin peptide 22 (flg22) stimulation or heat stress.
      We also measured the level of G3P and floridoside (a downstream product of G3P in
      P. haitanensis) under flg22 stimulation or heat stress. Both NHO1Ph and GPDHP h
      shared high sequence identity and structural conservation with their orthologs
      from different species, especially from red algae. Phylogenetic analysis showed
      that NHO1s and GPDHs from red algae were closely related to those from animals.
      Under flg22 stimulation or heat stress, the expression levels of NHO1Ph and GPDHP
      h were up-regulated, G3P levels increased, and the contents of floridoside
      decreased. But the floridoside level increased in the recovery period after heat
      stress. Taken together, we found that G3P metabolism was associated with the
      flg22-induced defense response and heat stress response in P. haitanensis,
      indicating the general conservation of defense response in angiosperms and algae.
      Furthermore, floridoside might also participate in the stress resistance of P.
      haitanensis. 

PMID- 26986528
TI  - Stimulated rejuvenation of dormant Aulacoseira granulata (Bacillariophyta) by
      Gloeocystis planctonica (Chlorophyta) in a eutrophic river.
AB  - The abundance of Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenburg) Simonsen and Gloeocystis
      planctonica (West & G.S.West) Lemmermann was assessed during the summers of 2005
      and 2010 in the eutrophic Fox River, Wisconsin, USA. In both years, a mid-summer
      bloom of G. planctonica was followed by the rapid growth of A. granulata.
      Laboratory experiments in which A. granulata was grown in cell-free filtrate of a
      G. planctonica culture revealed that the growth of A. granulata was stimulated in
      the G. planctonica-treated medium relative to controls. This effect was detected
      when dormant A. granulata cells were used as the source culture for the
      experiment but not when actively growing cells were used. Dormant A. granulata
      also grew more rapidly in river water collected after the 2010 G. planctonica
      bloom relative to river water collected before the bloom. These results suggest
      that the summer bloom of A. granulata in the river was stimulated by G.
      planctonica. This relationship can be described as stimulated rejuvenation, an
      interaction where the transition of an algal resting stage into active growth is
      triggered by exposure to another species. 

PMID- 26986529
TI  - Biofilm and capsule formation of the diatom Achnanthidium minutissimum are
      affected by a bacterium.
AB  - Photoautotrophic biofilms play an important role in various aquatic habitats and
      are composed of prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic organisms embedded in extracellular
      polymeric substances (EPS). We have isolated diatoms as well as bacteria from
      freshwater biofilms to study organismal interactions between representative
      isolates. We found that bacteria have a strong impact on the biofilm formation of
      the pennate diatom Achnanthidium minutissimum. This alga produces extracellular
      capsules of insoluble EPS, mostly carbohydrates (CHO), only in the presence of
      bacteria (xenic culture). The EPS themselves also have a strong impact on the
      aggregation and attachment of the algae. In the absence of bacteria (axenic
      culture), A. minutissimum did not form capsules and the cells grew completely
      suspended. Fractionation and quantification of CHO revealed that the diatom in
      axenic culture produces large amounts of soluble CHO, whereas in the xenic
      culture mainly insoluble CHO were detected. For investigation of biofilm
      formation by A. minutissimum, a bioassay was established using a diatom satellite
      Bacteroidetes bacterium that had been shown to induce capsule formation of A.
      minutissimum. Interestingly, capsule and biofilm induction can be achieved by
      addition of bacterial spent medium, indicating that soluble hydrophobic molecules
      produced by the bacterium may mediate the diatom/bacteria interaction. With the
      designed bioassay, a reliable tool is now available to study the chemical
      interactions between diatoms and bacteria with consequences for biofilm
      formation. 

PMID- 26986530
TI  - Phylogeny of Gracilariaceae (Rhodophyta): evidence from plastid and mitochondrial
      nucleotide sequences.
AB  - Gracilariaceae are mostly pantropical red algae and include ~230 species in seven
      genera. Infrafamilial classification of the group has long been based on
      reproductive characters, but previous phylogenies have shown that traditionally
      circumscribed groups are not monophyletic. We performed phylogenetic analyses
      using two plastid (universal plastid amplicon and rbcL) and one mitochondrial
      (cox1) loci from a greatly expanded number of taxa to better assess generic
      relationships and understand patterns of character distributions. Our analyses
      produce the most well-supported phylogeny of the family to date, and indicate
      that key characteristics of spermatangia and cystocarp type do not delineate
      genera as commonly suggested. Our results further indicate that Hydropuntia is
      not monophyletic. Given their morphological overlap with closely related members
      of Gracilaria, we propose that Hydropuntia be synonymized with the former. Our
      results additionally expand the known ranges of several Gracilariaceae species to
      include Brazil. Lastly, we demonstrate that the recently described Gracilaria
      yoneshigueana should be synonymized as G. domingensis based on morphological and
      molecular characters. These results demonstrate the utility of DNA barcoding for
      understanding poorly known and fragmentary materials of cryptic red algae. 

PMID- 26986531
TI  - DNA barcoding the genus Chara: molecular evidence recovers fewer taxa than the
      classical morphological approach.
AB  - Charophytes (Charales) are benthic algae with a complex morphology. They are
      vulnerable to ecosystem changes, such as eutrophication, and are red-listed in
      many countries. Accurate identification of Chara species is critical for
      understanding their diversity and for documenting changes in species
      distribution. Species delineation is, however, complicated, because of high
      phenotypic plasticity. We used barcodes of the ITS2, matK and rbcL regions to
      test if the distribution of barcode haplotypes among individuals is consistent
      with species boundaries as they are currently understood. The study included
      freshly collected and herbarium material of 91 specimens from 10 European
      countries, Canada and Argentina. Results showed that herbarium specimens are
      useful as a source of material for genetic analyses for aquatic plants like
      Chara. rbcL and matK had highest sequence recoverability, but rbcL had a somewhat
      lower discriminatory power than ITS2 and matK. The tree resulting from the
      concatenated data matrix grouped the samples into six main groups contrary to a
      traditional morphological approach that consisted of 14 different taxa. A large
      unresolved group consisted of C. intermedia, C. hispida, C. horrida, C. baltica,
      C. polyacantha, C. rudis, C. aculeolata, and C. corfuensis. A second unresolved
      group consisted of C. virgata and C. strigosa. The taxa within each of the
      unresolved groups shared identical barcode sequences on the 977 positions of the
      concatenated data matrix. The morphological differences of taxa within both
      unresolved groups include the number and length of spine cells, stipulodes, and
      bract cells. We suggest that these morphological traits have less taxonomic
      relevance than hitherto assumed. 

PMID- 26986532
TI  - Transparent exopolymer particle production and aggregation by a marine planktonic
      diatom (Thalassiosira weissflogii) at different growth rates.
AB  - Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) play an important role in the ocean carbon
      cycle as they are sticky and affect particle aggregation and the biological
      carbon pump. We investigated the effect of growth rate on TEP production in
      nitrogen limited semi-continuous cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii
      (Grunow) G. Fryxell & Hasle. Steady-state diatom concentrations and other
      indicators of biomass (chl a, and total carbohydrate) were inversely related to
      growth rate, while individual cell volume increased with growth rate. There was
      no change in total TEP area with growth rate; however, individual TEP were larger
      at high growth rates and the number of individual TEP particles was lower. TEP
      concentration per cell was higher at higher growth rates. SYTOX Green staining
      showed that <5% of the diatom population had permeable cell membranes, with the
      proportion increasing at low growth rates. However, TEP production rates were
      greater at high growth rates, refuting our hypothesis that TEP formation is
      dependent on dying cells with compromised cell membranes in a diatom population.
      Measurements of particle size distribution in the cultures using laser scattering
      showed that they were most aggregated at high growth rates. These results
      indicate a coupling between TEP production and growth rate in diatoms under N
      limitation, with fast growing T. weissflogii producing more TEP and aggregates. 

PMID- 26986533
TI  - Genetic variability and taxonomic revision of the genus Auxenochlorella (Shihira
      et Krauss) Kalina et Puncocharova (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta).
AB  - The monotypic genus Auxenochlorella with its type species A. protothecoides is so
      far only known from specific habitats such as the sap of several tree species.
      Several varieties were described according to physiological performances in
      culture on different organic substrates. However, two strains designated as
      Auxenochlorella were isolated from other habitats (an endosymbiont of Hydra
      viridis and an aquatic strain from an acidic volcano stream). We studied those
      isolates and compared them with six strains of Auxenochlorella belonging to
      different varieties. The integrative approach used in this study revealed that
      all strains showed similar morphology but differed in their SSU and ITS rDNA
      sequences. The Hydra endosymbiont formed a sister taxon to A. protothecoides,
      which included the varieties protothecoides, galactophila, and communis. The
      variety acidicola is not closely related to Auxenochlorella and represented its
      own lineage within the Trebouxiophyceae. In view of these results, we propose a
      new species of Auxenochlorella, A. symbiontica, for the Hydra symbiont, and a new
      genus Pumiliosphaera, with its type species, P. acidophila, for acidophilic
      strain. These results are supported by several compensatory base changes in the
      conserved region of ITS-2 and ITS-2 DNA barcodes. 

PMID- 26986534
TI  - Mindfulness--What Works for Whom? Referral, Feasibility, and User Perspectives
      Regarding Patients with Mixed Chronic Pain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe and predict the patients who
      would benefit from a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course and those
      for whom the conditions or timing are not optimal. The hypothesis was that
      patients' sociodemographic status would affect the effectiveness of MBSR.
      METHODS: Data were collected by using mixed methods. Quantitative data were
      collected from a group of 58 patients who completed health-related questionnaires
      and from an evaluation 6 months after completion of a mindfulness course.
      Qualitative data were collected from three focus group interviews and seven case
      stories. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in positive or negative
      outcomes after MBSR regarding any sociodemographic variables, and no clear
      predictors to identify patients best suited for participating in mindfulness were
      found. Techniques used by most patients (with or without positive outcome) were
      meditation and focus on breathing. Patients expressed positive feedback and
      reported positive changes they felt would last for the rest of their lives.
      Focusing on the issue of what works, four categories of interest were identified
      from the transcribed interviews: lessons learned, being oneself, permanence, and
      continuity as a condition for success. CONCLUSIONS: Mindfulness meditation makes
      a difference for patients. Patients felt rested and in better control of their
      pain and its role in their life. Only older age predicted better outcome, but
      patients who recognized that pain is part of their life and were living under
      stable conditions may have been more likely to learn and put forth personal
      effort, which may have made change possible. More specific variables have to be
      developed to study good match between the specific intervention and the specific
      patient.

PMID- 26986535
TI  - Water-Soluble Phosphine-Protected Au11 Clusters: Synthesis, Electronic Structure,
      and Chiral Phase Transfer in a Synergistic Fashion.
AB  - Synthesis of atomically precise, water-soluble phosphine-protected gold clusters
      is still currently limited probably due to a stability issue. We here present the
      synthesis, magic-number isolation, and exploration of the electronic structures
      as well as the asymmetric conversion of triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPS)
      protected gold clusters. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and elemental
      analysis result in the primary formation of Au11(TPPS)9Cl undecagold cluster
      compound. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy clarifies that extremely
      weak transitions are present in the low-energy region unresolved in the UV-vis
      absorption, which can be due to the Faraday B-terms based on the magnetically
      allowed transitions in the cluster. Asymmetric conversion without changing the
      nuclearity is remarkable by the chiral phase transfer in a synergistic fashion,
      which yields a rather small anisotropy factor (g-factor) of at most (2.5-7.0) *
      10(-5). Quantum chemical calculations for model undecagold cluster compounds are
      then used to evaluate the optical and chiroptical responses induced by the chiral
      phase transfer. On this basis, we find that the Au core distortion is ignorable,
      and the chiral ion-pairing causes a slight increase in the CD response of the
      Au11 cluster. 

PMID- 26986536
TI  - Isolated Sphenoid Lesion.

PMID- 26986537
TI  - Advanced PCR-based molecular diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections: challenges
      and opportunities.
AB  - Acute infections of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common
      infectious diseases. The etiological agents of gastroenteritis may be bacteria,
      viruses or protozoa. Identification of the etiological agents of acute diarrhea
      is important for the treatment and management of diarrheal diseases. Conventional
      stool culture for bacteria shows a low sensitivity and requires more than 24
      hours. In addition, other approaches to detect viruses and protozoa mainly
      involve antigen detection, but this is not available for all enteropathogens, and
      microscopic observation requires training and is of low sensitivity. In this
      review, the authors describe currently available molecular methods to detect
      different enteropathogens and analyze the main advantages and disadvantages of
      these methods for laboratory diagnosis of gastroenteritis.

PMID- 26986538
TI  - The Neo-Bioscore Update for Staging Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant
      Chemotherapy: Incorporation of Prognostic Biologic Factors Into Staging After
      Treatment.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: We previously described and validated a breast cancer staging system
      (CPS+EG, clinical-pathologic scoring system incorporating estrogen receptor
      negative disease and nuclear grade 3 tumor pathology) for assessing prognosis
      after neoadjuvant chemotherapy using pretreatment clinical stage, posttreatment
      pathologic stage, estrogen receptor (ER) status, and grade. Development of the
      CPS+EG staging system predated routine administration of trastuzumab in patients
      with ERBB2-positive disease (formerly HER2 or HER2/neu). OBJECTIVE: To validate
      the CPS+EG staging system using the new definition of ER positivity (>=1%) and to
      develop an updated staging system (Neo-Bioscore) that incorporates ERBB2 status
      into the previously developed CPS+EG. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      Retrospective review of data collected prospectively from January 2005 through
      December 2012 on patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. MAIN OUTCOMES
      AND MEASURE: Prognostic scores were computed using 2 versions of the CPS+EG
      staging system, one with ER considered positive if it measured 10% or higher, the
      other with ER considered positive if it measured 1% or higher. Fits of the Cox
      proportional hazards model for the 2 sets of prognostic scores were compared
      using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Status of ERBB2 was added to the
      model, and the likelihood ratio test was used to determine improvement in fit.
      RESULTS: A total of 2377 patients were included; all were women (median age, 50
      years [range, 21-87 years]); ER status was less than 1% in 28.9%, 1% to 9% in
      8.3%, and 10% or higher in 62.8%; 591 patients were ERBB2 positive. Median follow
      up was 4.2 years (range, 0.5-11.7 years). Five-year disease-specific survival was
      89% (95% CI, 87%-90%). Using 1% or higher as the cutoff for ER positivity, 5-year
      disease-specific survival estimates determined using the CPS+EG stage ranged from
      52% to 98%, thereby validating our previous finding that the CPS+EG score
      facilitates more refined categorization into prognostic subgroups than clinical
      or final pathologic stage alone. The AIC value for this model was 3333.06, while
      for a model using 10% or higher as the cutoff for ER positivity, it was 3333.38,
      indicating that the model fits were nearly identical. The improvement in fit of
      the model when ERBB2 status was added was highly significant, with 5-year disease
      specific survival estimates ranging from 48% to 99% (P < .001). Incorporating
      ERBB2 into the staging system defined the Neo-Bioscore, which provided improved
      stratification of patients with respect to prognosis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      The Neo-Bioscore improves our previously validated staging system and allows its
      application in ERBB2-positive patients. We recommend that treatment response and
      biologic markers be incorporated into the American Joint Committee on Cancer
      staging system.

PMID- 26986539
TI  - De novo C3 glomerulonephritis in a renal allograft.
AB  - C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) is a recently described, rare glomerular disease
      characterized by predominant or sole glomerular C3 deposits. Morphologic features
      of C3GN are similar to those of dense deposit disease (DDD); however, ribbon-like
      intramembranous electron-dense deposits are absent in the former. We report a
      case of de novo C3GN in a renal allograft with morphologic transformation to DDD.
      A 6-year-old boy presented with congenital left renal agenesis and right
      ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The patient underwent pyeloplasty but
      experienced recurrent urinary tract infections. At the age of 22 years, he
      received a renal allograft from a living related donor. C3GN was diagnosed after
      1 year of transplantation; initial histology showed minimal mesangiopathy and
      this progressed to mesangial proliferation and membranoproliferative features
      over the next 7 years. Serum creatinine levels were stabilized with anti
      rejection treatments for combating repeated episodes of acute rejection; however,
      glomerular and tubular band-like electron-dense deposits became evident. 

PMID- 26986540
TI  - Time to RE-AIM: Why Community Weight Loss Programs Should Be Included in Academic
      Obesity Research.
AB  - Despite decades of efficacy-based research on weight loss interventions, the
      obesity epidemic in the United States persists, especially in underserved
      populations. We used the RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption,
      Implementation, and Maintenance) framework to describe the limitations of the
      current paradigm of efficacy-based research for weight loss interventions. We
      also used RE-AIM to propose that existing weight loss interventions (community
      based programs) such as Jenny Craig, Take Off Pounds Sensibly (TOPS), and Weight
      Watchers be studied to supplement the efficacy-based research approaches to
      achieve population-level impact on obesity. 

PMID- 26986541
TI  - Dissemination as Dialogue: Building Trust and Sharing Research Findings Through
      Community Engagement.
AB  - A fundamental feature of community-based participatory research (CBPR) is sharing
      findings with community members and engaging community partners in the
      dissemination process. To be truly collaborative, dissemination should involve
      community members in a two-way dialogue about new research findings. Yet little
      literature describes how to engage communities in dialogue about research
      findings, especially with historically marginalized communities where mistrust of
      researchers may exist because of past or present social injustices. Through a
      series of interactive community presentations on findings from a longitudinal
      study, we developed a process for community dissemination that involved several
      overlapping phases: planning, outreach, content development, interactive
      presentations, and follow-up. Through this process, we built on existing and new
      community relationships. Following each interactive presentation, the research
      team debriefed and reviewed notes to identify lessons learned from the process.
      Key themes included the importance of creating a flexible dissemination plan,
      tailoring presentations to each community group, establishing a point person to
      serve as a community liaison, and continuing dialogue with community members
      after the presentations. Core strategies for developing trust during
      dissemination included engaging community members at every step, reserving ample
      time for discussion during presentations, building rapport by sharing personal
      experiences, being receptive to and learning from criticism, and implementing
      input from community members. This process led to a deeper understanding of
      research findings and ensured that results reached community members who were
      invested in them. 

PMID- 26986542
TI  - Improvements and Disparities in Types of Foods and Milk Beverages Offered in
      Elementary School Lunches, 2006-2007 to 2013-2014.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Children consume much of their daily energy intake at school.
      School district policies, state laws, and national policies, such as revisions to
      the US Department of Agriculture's school meals standards, may affect the types
      of foods and beverages offered in school lunches over time. METHODS: This study
      evaluated changes and disparities in school lunch characteristics from 2006-2007
      to 2013-2014. Data were obtained from annual cross-sectional surveys at 4,630
      public elementary schools participating in the National School Lunch Program.
      Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to examine lunch
      characteristics. RESULTS: The percentage of schools regularly offering healthful
      items such as vegetables (other than potatoes), fresh fruit, salad bars, whole
      grains, and more healthful pizzas increased significantly from 2006-2007 to 2013
      2014, and the percentage of schools offering less healthful items such as fried
      potatoes, regular pizza, and high-fat milks decreased significantly.
      Nevertheless, disparities were evident in 2013-2014. Schools in the West were
      significantly more likely to offer salad bars than were schools in the Northeast,
      Midwest, or South (adjusted prevalence: West, 66.3%; Northeast, 22.3%; Midwest,
      20.8%; South, 18.3%). Majority-black or majority-Latino schools were
      significantly less likely to offer fresh fruit than were predominantly white
      schools (adjusted prevalence: majority black, 61.3%; majority Latino, 73.0%;
      predominantly white, 87.8%). Schools with low socioeconomic status were
      significantly less likely to offer salads regularly than were schools with middle
      or high socioeconomic status (adjusted prevalence: low, 38.5%; middle, 47.4%;
      high, 59.3%). CONCLUSION: Much progress has been made in improving the quality of
      school lunches in US public elementary schools, but additional opportunities for
      improvement remain.

PMID- 26986543
TI  - Influence of sex and limb dominance on lower extremity joint mechanics during
      unilateral land-and-cut manoeuvres.
AB  - Limb dominance theory suggests that females tend to be more one-leg dominant and
      exhibit greater kinematic and kinetic leg asymmetries than their male
      counterparts, contributing to the increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament
      injury among female athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the
      influences of sex and limb dominance on lower extremity joint mechanics during
      unilateral land-and-cut manoeuvres. Twenty-one women and 21 men completed land
      and-cut manoeuvres on their dominant limb as well as their nondominant limb.
      Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were calculated bilaterally for the
      entire stance phase of the manoeuvre. Women performed land-and-cut manoeuvres
      with altered hip motions and loads as well as greater knee abduction at touchdown
      compared to men. Dominant limb land-and-cut manoeuvres where characterised by
      decreased hip flexion at touchdown as well as decreased hip flexion and adduction
      range of motion compared to nondominant land-and-cuts regardless of sex. The
      observed sex differences are consistent with previous research regarding
      mechanisms underlying the sex disparity in anterior cruciate ligament injury
      rates. However, observed differences regarding limb dominances appear somewhat
      arbitrary and did not suggest that the dominant or nondominant limb would be at
      increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

PMID- 26986544
TI  - Hypoglycemia, diabetes therapies and driving categories in type 2 diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the experiences of hypoglycemia in drivers with type 2
      diabetes according to types of diabetes treatment; to determine experiences in
      different driving groups; and to ascertain whether UK-based Driving and Vehicle
      Licensing Agency (DVLA) guidance concerning hypoglycemia and driving is
      understood. Research, design, and methods: An online questionnaire was sent to UK
      drivers with type 2 diabetes between June and September 2014. Study limitations
      included selection bias inherent in online surveys, and lack of validation of the
      definition of hypoglycemic symptoms by an expert patient group. RESULTS: The
      survey was completed by 1569 (457 social, 590 commuters, and 522 business/work)
      drivers. Vocational drivers were more likely to be treated with an insulin
      secretagogue (sulfonylureas and glinides) (52%) than diet alone (18%), a non
      insulin secretagogue (26%) or insulin (16%). Symptoms of hypoglycemia (both mild
      and severe) were reported by 62% of the total cohort in the past year. Risk was
      greatest in those with poor diabetes self-management behavior and those receiving
      an insulin secretagogue. Among the 1112 respondents commuting or driving for a
      living, 16.8% had poor, 49.6% average, and 33.6% good diabetes self-management.
      Poor self-management was more frequent among vocational drivers and those
      receiving insulin secretagogues. Following a hypoglycemic episode, only 24% of
      insulin-secretagogue-treated drivers and 39% of insulin-treated drivers would
      discontinue driving for the DVLA-recommended 45 minutes. Insulin-treated drivers
      were best informed about diabetes and driving. Healthcare providers were the
      preferred source of information on driving and diabetes for 78% of drivers.
      CONCLUSION: Hypoglycemia risk is highest among drivers with poor diabetes self
      management, those commuting or driving for a living and those taking insulin
      secretagogues. There is an educational need for all drivers concerning driving
      and hypoglycemia.

PMID- 26986545
TI  - Highly Stereo- and Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Diynes with Carbon
      Dioxide.
AB  - A nickel-catalyzed three-component hydrocarboxylation of diynes with ZnEt2 and
      CO2 (1 atm) is disclosed. With this method, symmetric/nonsymmetric diynes could
      be reacted smoothly with very high stereo- and regioselectivity, affording
      conjugated 2,4-alkadienoic acids incorporated with five- or six-membered rings
      efficiently. A stepwise non-oxidative cyclometalation mechanism was proposed
      based on careful mechanistic studies. 

PMID- 26986546
TI  - Does the donor matter? Donor vs patient effects in the outcome of a next
      generation microbiota-based drug trial for recurrent Clostridium difficile
      infection.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the impact of the donor material versus the patient in outcomes
      achieved with RBX2660, a microbiota-based drug under study for recurrent
      Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). METHODS: RBX2660 was administered to
      patients enrolled in the previously reported Phase II PUNCH CD study under
      Rebiotix's Investigational New Drug submission to the US FDA. Four donors were
      used to prepare the RBX2660 drug product used in the study. The product was
      manufactured in individual, donor-specific batches that could be tracked to
      individual patients and their outcomes. Donor products were randomized to
      patients for both first and second doses. RESULTS: The individual donor or donor
      dose order did not significantly affect the outcome of RBX2660 treatment in 34
      patients (mean age 68.8 years). CONCLUSION: The specific donor did not affect the
      outcomes achieved with administration of RBX2660 for recurrent CDI.

PMID- 26986547
TI  - The Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 complex and Atg11 regulate autophagosome-vacuole fusion.
AB  - The macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) process involves de novo formation of
      double-membrane autophagosomes; after sequestering cytoplasm these transient
      organelles fuse with the vacuole/lysosome. Genetic studies in yeasts have
      characterized more than 40 autophagy-related (Atg) proteins required for
      autophagy, and the majority of these proteins play roles in autophagosome
      formation. The fusion of autophagosomes with the vacuole is mediated by the Rab
      GTPase Ypt7, its guanine nucleotide exchange factor Mon1-Ccz1, and soluble N
      ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins.
      However, these factors are not autophagosome-vacuole fusion specific. We recently
      showed that 2 autophagy scaffold proteins, the Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 complex and
      Atg11, regulate autophagosome-vacuole fusion by recruiting the vacuolar SNARE
      Vam7 to the phagophore assembly site (PAS), where an autophagosome forms in
      yeast.

PMID- 26986548
TI  - OX133, a monoclonal antibody recognizing protein-bound N-ethylmaleimide for the
      identification of reduced disulfide bonds in proteins.
AB  - In vivo, enzymatic reduction of some protein disulfide bonds, allosteric
      disulfide bonds, provides an important level of structural and functional
      regulation. The free cysteine residues generated can be labeled by maleimide
      reagents, including biotin derivatives, allowing the reduced protein to be
      detected or purified. During the screening of monoclonal antibodies for those
      specific for the reduced forms of proteins, we isolated OX133, a unique antibody
      that recognizes polypeptide resident, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-modified cysteine
      residues in a sequence-independent manner. OX133 offers an alternative to biotin
      maleimide reagents for labeling reduced/alkylated antigens and capturing
      reduced/alkylated proteins with the advantage that NEM-modified proteins are more
      easily detected in mass spectrometry, and may be more easily recovered than is
      the case following capture with biotin based reagents.

PMID- 26986549
TI  - Increased 1-year survival and discharge to independent living in overweight hip
      fracture patients: A prospective study of 843 patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hip fracture patients usually have low body mass index
      (BMI), and suffer further postoperative catabolism. How BMI relates to outcome in
      relatively healthy hip fracture patients is not well investigated. We
      investigated the association between BMI, survival, and independent living 1 year
      postoperatively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective multicenter study
      involved 843 patients with a hip fracture (mean age 82 (SD 7) years, 73% women),
      without severe cognitive impairment and living independently before admission. We
      investigated the relationship between BMI and both 1-year mortality and ability
      to return to independent living. RESULTS: Patients with BMI > 26 had a lower
      mortality rate than those with BMI < 22 and those with BMI 22-26 (6%, 16%, and
      18% respectively; p = 0.006). The odds ratio (OR) for 1-year survival in the
      group with BMI > 26 was 2.6 (95% CI: 1.2-5.5) after adjustment for age, sex, and
      physical status. Patients with BMI > 26 were also more likely to return to
      independent living after the hip fracture (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4-5.0). Patients
      with BMI < 22 had similar mortality and a similar likelihood of independent
      living to those with BMI 22-26. INTERPRETATION: In this selected group of
      patients with hip fracture, the overweight and obese patients (BMI > 26) had a
      higher survival rate at 1 year, and returned to independent living to a higher
      degree than those of normal (healthy) weight. The obesity paradox and the
      recommendations for optimal BMI need further consideration in patients with hip
      fracture.

PMID- 26986550
TI  - Similar mortality with general or regional anesthesia in elderly hip fracture
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is continuing confusion among practitioners with
      regard to the optimal choice of anesthetic type for repair of hip fractures. We
      investigated whether type of anesthetic was associated with short-term mortality
      after hip fracture surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective
      cohort study of patients with surgically treated hip fractures, performed between
      January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012. Exposure of interest was anesthesia type
      (general, spinal/neuroaxial, and mixed). Endpoints were 30-, 90-, and 365-day
      post-surgery mortality. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were
      used and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported.
      RESULTS: Of the 7,585 participants, 5,412 (71%) were women and the median age was
      80 (IQR: 72-85) years old. Of the total cohort, 4,257 (56%) received general
      anesthesia, 3,059 (40%) received spinal/neuroaxial, and 269 (4%) received mixed
      anesthesia. Overall, the incidence of 30-, 90-, and 365-day mortality was 4% (n =
      307), 8% (n = 583), and 15% (n = 1,126), respectively. When compared with general
      anesthesia, the 365-day odds of mortality was marginally lower in patients with
      spinal/neuroaxial anesthesia (OR = 0.84, CI: 0.70-1.0), but it was similar in
      patients with mixed anesthesia (OR = 1.3, CI: 0.70-2.3). No other statistically
      significant differences were observed. INTERPRETATION: Regarding mortality, this
      study does not support specific recommendations regarding the type of anesthetic
      in surgery of fractured hips.

PMID- 26986552
TI  - Medial scapular winging following trauma--a case report.

PMID- 26986551
TI  - Surgery of non-spinal skeletal metastases in renal cell carcinoma: No effect of
      preoperative embolization?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Surgery for metastases of renal cell carcinoma has
      increased in the last decade. It carries a risk of massive blood loss, as tumors
      are hypervascular and the surgery is often extensive. Preoperative embolization
      is believed to facilitate surgery. We evaluated the effect of preoperative
      embolization and resection margin on intraoperative blood loss, operation time,
      and survival in non-spinal skeletal metastases of renal cell carcinoma. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: This retrospective study involved 144 patients, 56 of which were
      treated preoperatively with embolization. The primary outcome was intraoperative
      blood loss. We also identified factors affecting operating time and survival.
      RESULTS: We did not find statistically significant effects on intraoperative
      blood loss of preoperative embolization of skeletal non-spinal metastases. Pelvic
      localization and large tumor size increased intraoperative blood loss. Marginal
      resection compared to intralesional resection, nephrectomy, level of hemoglobin,
      and solitary metastases were associated with better survival. INTERPRETATION:
      Tumor size, but not embolization, was an independent factor for intraoperative
      blood loss. Marginal resection rather than intralesional resection should be the
      gold standard treatment for skeletal metastases in non-spinal renal cell
      carcinoma, especially in the case of a solitary lesion, as this improved the
      overall survival.

PMID- 26986553
TI  - Emergency Medical Services Utilization among Patients with ST-Segment Elevation
      Myocardial Infarction: Observations from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction
      Registry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Early activation of emergency medical services (EMS), rapid transport,
      and treatment of patients experiencing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI) can improve outcomes. The Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry (SMIR)
      is a nation-wide registry that collects data on STEMI. We aimed to determine the
      prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of EMS utilization among STEMI patients
      presenting to Emergency Departments (ED) in Singapore. METHODS: We analyzed STEMI
      patients enrolled by SMIR from January 2010 to December 2012. We excluded
      patients who were transferred, developed STEMI in-hospital or suffered cardiac
      arrest out-of-hospital or in the ED. Primary outcome was process-of-care timings.
      Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of cardiac complications. Multivariate
      analysis was used to examine independent factors associated with EMS transport.
      RESULTS: 6412 patients were enrolled into the study; 4667 patients were eligible
      for analysis. 49.8% of patients utilized EMS transport. EMS transport was
      associated with higher rate of reperfusion therapy (74.3% vs. 65.1%, p < 0.01),
      shorter median symptom-to-door time (119 vs. 182 minutes, p < 0.01), door-to
      balloon time (59 vs. 70 minutes, p < 0.01), and symptom-to-balloon time (185 vs.
      233 minutes, p < 0.01). EMS transport had more patients with Killip Class 4 (7.5%
      vs 4.0%, p < 0.01) and was associated with greater presentation of heart failure,
      arrhythmias, and complete heart block. Independent predictors of EMS transport
      were age, syncope and Killip score; after-office-hour presentation was a negative
      predictor. CONCLUSION: Less than half of STEMI patients utilized EMS and EMS
      patients had faster receipt of initial reperfusion therapies. Targeted public
      education to reduce time to treatment may improve the care of STEMI patients.

PMID- 26986554
TI  - Clozapine for Drug-Refractory Irritability in Individuals with Developmental
      Disability.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In this case series, we describe the acute clinical impact and
      tolerability of rapid titration of clozapine for treatment of refractory
      irritability in five hospitalized youth with developmental disability. We offer
      this descriptive report in an effort to expand the evidence base guiding
      treatment of refractory aggression in this population. METHODS: Five youth with
      developmental disability and severe irritability were admitted to a 10-bed
      psychiatric crisis stabilization unit where they received thorough psychiatric
      and medical evaluation. Informed consent was obtained in each case, and each
      patient underwent rapid titration onto clozapine. Clozapine monitoring guidelines
      were followed for all patients throughout treatment, and clinical severity at
      baseline and improvement with treatment was measured by use of the Clinical
      Global Impressions-Severity scale (CGI-S) and the Clinical Global Impressions
      Improvement scale (CGI-I). RESULTS: One female and four males diagnosed with
      developmental disability and at least one other psychiatric diagnosis, mean age
      of 13.1 +/- 2.1 years, and mean CGI-S at baseline of 5.8, each received clozapine
      treatment by rapid titration. The mean therapeutic total daily dose of clozapine
      was 380 +/- 200 mg. All patients demonstrated acute clinical improvement with the
      mean final CGI-I of 2.0, or "much improved." CONCLUSION: These initial results
      support the potential utility of clozapine rapid titration for treatment of
      severe refractory irritability in youth with developmental disability. These
      patients tolerated clozapine treatment in the short term. Future studies are
      needed to thoroughly evaluate the long-term safety of clozapine treatment in this
      population.

PMID- 26986555
TI  - The beta-phosphorus hyperfine coupling constant in nitroxides: 6. Solvent effects
      in non-cyclic nitroxides.
AB  - In two recent articles (Org. Biomol. Chem., 2015 and 2016), we showed that
      changes in the phosphorus hyperfine coupling constant aP at position beta in beta
      phosphorylated nitroxides can be dramatic. Such changes were applied to the
      titration of water in organic solvents and conversely of organic solvents in
      water. One of the molecules tested was a non-cyclic nitroxide meaning that a
      thorough investigation of the solvent effect on the EPR hyperfine coupling
      constant is timely due. In this article, we show that the aP of persistent non
      cyclic beta-phosphorylated nitroxides decrease with the normalized polarity
      Reichardt's constant E(N)T. The Koppel-Palm and Kalmet-Abboud-Taft relationships
      were applied to gain deeper insight into the effects influencing aN and aP:
      polarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond donor properties, and the structuredness
      of the cybotactic region.

PMID- 26986556
TI  - Cytopathology of Vitreous Humor Samples in Routine Practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe findings in vitreous fluid samples in routine cytology
      practice. STUDY DESIGN: The pathology archives from 1988 to 2008 at our
      institution were searched for vitreous samples. The slides were reviewed and
      clinical and follow-up information was obtained. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty
      two vitreous fluid samples from 166 patients were analyzed. Most of the samples
      had been collected for vitreous hemorrhage (75 cases). The second reason for
      vitreous sample cytological evaluation was an intraocular inflammatory process
      (55 cases). A specific cause of inflammation was found by combining clinical,
      microbiological and cytopathological findings in 19 cases, i.e. infection in 7,
      sarcoidosis in 3, retinal necrosis in 3, lens-induced endophthalmitis in 2,
      uveitis associated with systemic disease in 2, retrobulbar neuritis in 1 and
      sympathetic ophthalmia in 1. Among the 19 samples from 16 patients collected to
      rule out malignancy, 8 had a confirmed intraocular malignancy. Malignant cells
      were observed in 5 cases (3 lymphomas, 1 melanoma and 1 carcinoma). Undiagnosed
      malignancies included 2 lymphomas and 1 choroidal melanoma. Other samples were
      collected during surgery for retinal detachment and cataracts. CONCLUSIONS: In
      routine practice, cytology of the vitreous fluid is performed in many and varied
      situations that are most often nonneoplastic. In nonneoplastic cases, cytology is
      a useful adjunct to vitrectomy, in spite of its limitations.

PMID- 26986558
TI  - Themenubersicht.

PMID- 26986557
TI  - Sexual Intimacy Constructions of Heterosexual Couples Living in a Low-Income,
      "Colored," Farmworker Community in South Africa.
AB  - This study has been motivated by the scarcity of research that adopts an
      unproblematic focus on sexuality in South African Black and Colored low-income
      communities. We explored the sexual intimacy constructions of 15 Colored
      married/cohabiting couples who live in a low-income, historical South African
      farmworker community. Using a social constructionist thematic analysis method, we
      identified four themes: (a) metaphoric and indirect sexual language; (b) the use
      of a romantic discourse to talk about sexual experiences; (c) male-centered
      sexual relationships; and (d) lack of privacy brings both restriction and
      pleasure. We consider how these themes may be linked to the participants'
      community context and colonial and apartheid history. Finally, we emphasize the
      need for research that also explores positive sex functions and experiences
      rather than focuses narrowly on problematic sexual behavior.

PMID- 26986560
TI  - Autorenverzeichnis.

PMID- 26986561
TI  - Inhaltsverzeichnis.

PMID- 26986563
TI  - Institutional Delivery Service Utilization among Women from Rural Districts of
      Wolaita and Dawro Zones, Southern Ethiopia; a Community Based Cross-Sectional
      Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The highest number of maternal deaths occur during labour, delivery
      and the first day after delivery highlighting the critical need for good quality
      care during this period. Therefore, for the strategies of institutional delivery
      to be effective, it is essential to understand the factors that influence
      individual and household factors to utilize skilled birth attendance and
      institutions for delivery. This study was aimed to assess factors affecting the
      utilization of institutional delivery service of women in rural districts of
      Wolaita and Dawro Zones. METHODS: A community based cross-sectional study was
      done among mothers who gave birth within the past one year preceding the survey
      in Wolaita and Dawro Zones, from February 01 -April 30, 2015 by using a three
      stage sampling technique. Initially, 6 districts were selected randomly from the
      total of 17 eligible districts. Then, 2 kebele from each district was selected
      randomly cumulating a total of 12 clusters. Finally, study participants were
      selected from each cluster by using systematic sampling technique. Accordingly,
      957 mothers were included in the survey. Data was collected by using a pretested
      interviewer administered structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared
      by including socio-demographic variables and variables of maternal health service
      utilization factors. Data was entered using Epi-data version 1.4.4.0 and exported
      to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were
      applied to identify candidate and predictor variables respectively. RESULT: Only
      38% of study participants delivered the index child at health facility. Husband's
      educational status, wealth index, average distance from nearest health facility,
      wanted pregnancy, agreement to follow post-natal care, problem faced during
      delivery, birth order, preference of health professional for ante-natal care and
      maternity care were predictors of institutional delivery. CONCLUSION: The use of
      institutional delivery service is low in the study community. Eventhough
      antenatal care service is high; nearly two in every three mothers delivered their
      index child out of health facility. Improving socio-economic status of mothers as
      well as availing modern health facilities to the nearest locality will have a
      good impact to improve institutional delivery service utilization. Similarly,
      education is also a tool to improve awareness of mothers and their husbands for
      the improvement of health care service utilization.

PMID- 26986562
TI  - Proposal to inform European institutions regarding the regulation of
      conscientious objection to abortion.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to define a set of proposals to inform European
      institutions in the regulation of Conscientious Objection to abortion. The board
      of the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care (ESC) was
      informed on the elements that should in the opinion of the authors be included in
      a future regulation of Conscientious Objection to abortion in Europe. These
      elements are outlined in this paper and the debate about them could form the
      basis for recommendations to the international scientific community and the
      European institutions. As current measures governing the principle of
      conscientious objection result in negative consequences regarding women's access
      to sexual and reproductive health services, they should be changed. Healthcare
      services should adopt measures to guarantee that a woman's right to voluntary
      abortion is not limited by the practitioner's stance on the principle of
      conscientious objection. In the countries where conscientious objection is
      allowed, the regulation must clearly delineate the extent of the duties and the
      exemptions of professionals based on the principles of established social
      consensus. The recommendations included in this document specify measures on the
      rights of women, the rights and duties of the practitioner, the role of
      institutions and the role of professional associations. 

PMID- 26986564
TI  - Electrical Impedance Myography to Detect the Effects of Electrical Muscle
      Stimulation in Wild Type and Mdx Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tools to better evaluate the impact of therapy on nerve and muscle
      disease are needed. Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is sensitive to
      neuromuscular disease progression as well as to therapeutic interventions
      including myostatin inhibition and antisense oligonucleotide-based treatments.
      Whether the technique identifies the impact of electrical muscle stimulation
      (EMS) is unknown. METHODS: Ten wild-type (wt) C57B6 mice and 10 dystrophin
      deficient (mdx) mice underwent 2 weeks of 20 min/day EMS on left gastrocnemius
      and sham stimulation on the right gastrocnemius. Multifrequency EIM data and limb
      girth were obtained before and at the conclusion of the protocol. Muscle weight,
      in situ force measurements, and muscle fiber histology were also assessed at the
      conclusion of the study. RESULTS: At the time of sacrifice, muscle weight was
      greater on the EMS-treated side than on the sham-stimulated side (p = 0.018 for
      wt and p = 0.007 for mdx). Similarly, in wt animals, EIM parameters changed
      significantly compared to baseline (resistance (p = 0.009), reactance (p =
      0.0003) and phase (p = 0.002); these changes were due in part to reductions in
      the EIM values on the EMS-treated side and elevations on the sham-simulated side.
      Mdx animals showed analogous but non-significant changes (p = 0.083, p = 0.064,
      and p = 0.57 for resistance, reactance and phase, respectively). Maximal
      isometric force trended higher on the stimulated side in wt animals only (p =
      0.06). Myofiber sizes in wt animals were also larger on the stimulated side than
      on the sham-stimulated side (p = 0.034); no significant difference was found in
      the mdx mice (p = 0.79). CONCLUSION: EIM is sensitive to stimulation-induced
      muscle alterations in wt animals; similar trends are also present in mdx mice.
      The mechanisms by which these EIM changes develop, however, remains uncertain.
      Possible explanations include longer-term trophic effects and shorter-term
      osmotic effects.

PMID- 26986565
TI  - Do Males Form Social Associations Based on Sexual Attractiveness in a Fission
      Fusion Fish Society?
AB  - Recent theory predicts that males should choose social environments that maximize
      their relative attractiveness to females by preferentially associating with less
      attractive rivals, so as to enhance their mating success. Using the Trinidadian
      guppy (Poecilia reticulata), a highly social species, we tested for non-random
      social associations among males in mixed-sex groups based on two phenotypic
      traits (body length and coloration) that predict relative sexual attractiveness
      to females and sexual (sperm) competitiveness. Based on a well-replicated
      laboratory dichotomous-choice test of social group preference, we could not
      reject the null hypothesis that focal males chose randomly between a mixed-sex
      group that comprised a female and a rival male that was less sexually attractive
      than themselves and another mixed-sex group containing a sexually more attractive
      male. The same conclusion was reached when females were absent from the two
      groups. As might be expected from these laboratory findings, free-ranging males
      in the field were not assorted by either body length or colour in mixed-sex
      shoals. The apparent lack of an evolved and expressed preference in wild male
      guppies from our study population to form social associations with other males
      based on their relative sexual attractiveness and competitiveness might be due to
      the fission-fusion dynamics of guppy shoals in nature. Such social dynamics
      likely places constraints on the formation of stable phenotype-based social
      associations among males. This possibility is supported by a simulation model
      which assumes group departure rules based on relative body size and coloration in
      males.

PMID- 26986566
TI  - Recombinant Salivary Proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis are Suitable Antigens to
      Measure Exposure of Domestic Animals to Sand Fly Bites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Certain salivary proteins of phlebotomine sand flies injected into
      the host skin during blood-feeding are highly antigenic and elicit strong
      antibody-mediated immune responses in repeatedly-exposed hosts. These antibodies
      can be measured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assays (ELISAs) using salivary
      gland homogenates (SGHs) as the source of antigens and serve as a markers for
      exposure to biting sand flies. Large-scale screening for anti-sand fly saliva
      antibodies requires replacement of SGH with recombinant salivary proteins. In
      East Africa, Phlebotomus orientalis is the main vector of Leishmania donovani, a
      trypanosomatid parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis. We tested recombinant
      salivary proteins derived from Ph. orientalis saliva to study exposure of
      domestic animals to this sand fly species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:
      Antigenic salivary proteins from Ph. orientalis were identified by immunoblot and
      mass spectrometry. Recombinant apyrase rPorSP15, yellow-related protein rPorSP24,
      ParSP25-like protein rPorSP65, D7-related protein rPorSP67, and antigen 5-related
      protein rPorSP76 were tested using ELISA with sera of domestic animals from L.
      donovani foci in Ethiopia where Ph. orientalis is present. Our results
      highlighted recombinant yellow-related protein rPorSP24 as the most promising
      antigen, displaying a high positive correlation coefficient as well as good
      sensitivity and specificity when compared to SGH. This recombinant protein was
      the most suitable one for testing sera of dogs, sheep, and goats. In addition, a
      different antigen, rPorSP65 was found efficacious for testing canine sera.
      CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Recombinant salivary proteins of Ph. orientalis,
      specifically rPorSP24, were shown to successfully substitute SGH in serological
      experiments to measure exposure of domestic animals to Ph. orientalis, the vector
      of L. donovani. The results suggest that rPorSP24 might be a suitable antigen for
      detecting anti-Ph. orientalis antibody-mediated reactions also in other host
      species.

PMID- 26986567
TI  - In Vivo Molecular Dissection of the Effects of HIV-1 in Active Tuberculosis.
AB  - Increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) associated with HIV-1 infection is primarily
      attributed to deficient T helper (Th)1 immune responses, but most people with
      active TB have robust Th1 responses, indicating that these are not sufficient to
      protect against disease. Recent findings suggest that favourable outcomes
      following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection arise from finely balanced
      inflammatory and regulatory pathways, achieving pathogen control without
      immunopathology. We hypothesised that HIV-1 and antiretroviral therapy (ART)
      exert widespread changes to cell mediated immunity, which may compromise the
      optimal host protective response to TB and provide novel insights into the
      correlates of immune protection and pathogenesis. We sought to define these
      effects in patients with active TB by transcriptional profiling of tuberculin
      skin tests (TST) to make comprehensive molecular level assessments of in vivo
      human immune responses at the site of a standardised mycobacterial challenge. We
      showed that the TST transcriptome accurately reflects the molecular pathology at
      the site of human pulmonary TB, and used this approach to investigate immune
      dysregulation in HIV-1/TB co-infected patients with distinct clinical phenotypes
      associated with TST reactivity or anergy and unmasking TB immune reconstitution
      inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiation of ART. HIV-1 infected patients
      with positive TSTs exhibited preserved Th1 responses but deficient
      immunoregulatory IL10-inducible responses. Those with clinically negative TSTs
      revealed profound anergy of innate as well as adaptive immune responses, except
      for preservation of type 1 interferon activity, implicated in impaired anti
      mycobacterial immunity. Patients with unmasking TB IRIS showed recovery of Th1
      immunity to normal levels, but exaggerated Th2-associated responses specifically.
      These mechanisms of immune dysregulation were localised to the tissue
      microenvironment and not evident in peripheral blood. TST molecular profiling
      categorised different mechanisms of immunological dysfunction in HIV-1 infection
      beyond the effects on CD4 T cells, each associated with increased risk of TB
      disease and amenable to host-directed therapies. 

PMID- 26986569
TI  - Finding Potent Sirt Inhibitor in Coffee: Isolation, Confirmation and Synthesis of
      Javamide-II (N-Caffeoyltryptophan) as Sirt1/2 Inhibitor.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that Sirt inhibition may have beneficial effects on
      several human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Coffee is
      one of most popular beverages with several positive health effects. Therefore, in
      this paper, potential Sirt inhibitors were screened using coffee extract. First,
      HPLC was utilized to fractionate coffee extract, then screened using a Sirt1/2
      inhibition assay. The screening led to the isolation of a potent Sirt1/2
      inhibitor, whose structure was determined as javamide-II (N-caffeoyltryptophan)
      by NMR. For confirmation, the amide was chemically synthesized and its capacity
      of inhibiting Sirt1/2 was also compared with the isolated amide. Javamide-II
      inhibited Sirt2 (IC50; 8.7 MUM) better than Sirt1(IC50; 34MUM). Since javamide-II
      is a stronger inhibitor for Sirt2 than Sirt1. The kinetic study was performed
      against Sirt2. The amide exhibited noncompetitive Sirt2 inhibition against the
      NAD+ (Ki = 9.8 MUM) and showed competitive inhibition against the peptide
      substrate (Ki = 5.3 MUM). Also, a docking simulation showed stronger binding pose
      of javamide-II to Sirt2 than AGK2. In cellular levels, javamide-II was able to
      increase the acetylation of total lysine, cortactin and histone H3 in neuronal
      NG108-15 cells. In the same cells, the amide also increased the acetylation of
      lysine (K382) in p53, but not (K305). This study suggests that Javamide-II found
      in coffee may be a potent Sirt1/2 inhibitor, probably with potential use in some
      conditions of human diseases.

PMID- 26986570
TI  - The Effects of Acute Exercise and Exercise Training on Plasma Homocysteine: A
      Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although studies have demonstrated that physical exercise alters
      homocysteine levels in the blood, meta-analyses of the effects of acute exercise
      and exercise training on homocysteine blood concentration have not been
      performed, especially regarding the duration and intensity of exercise, which
      could affect homocysteine levels differently. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this meta
      analysis was to ascertain the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on
      homocysteine levels in the blood. METHOD: A review was conducted according to the
      guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta
      Analyses using the online databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and SciELO to identify
      relevant studies published through June 2015. Review Manager was used to
      calculate the effect size of acute exercise and exercise training using the
      change in Hcy plasmaserum concentration from baseline to post-acute exercise and
      trained vs. sedentary control groups, respectively. Weighted mean differences
      were calculated using random effect models. RESULTS: Given the abundance of
      studies, acute exercise trials were divided into two subgroups according to
      exercise volume and intensity, whereas the effects of exercise training were
      analyzed together. Overall, 22 studies with a total of 520 participants indicated
      increased plasma homocysteine concentration after acute exercise (1.18 MUmol/L,
      95% CI: 0.71 to 1.65, p < .01). Results of a subgroup analysis indicated that
      either long-term exercise of low-to-moderate intensity (1.39 MUmol/L, 95% CI: 0.9
      to 1.89, p < .01) or short-term exercise of high intensity (0.83 MUmol/L, 95% CI:
      0.19 to 1.40, p < .01) elevated homocysteine levels in the blood. Increased
      homocysteine induced by exercise was significantly associated with volume of
      exercise, but not intensity. By contrast, resistance training reduced plasma
      homocysteine concentration (-1.53 MUmol/L, 95% CI: -2.77 to -0.28, p = .02),
      though aerobic training did not. The cumulative results of the seven studies with
      a total of 230 participants in exercise training analysis did not demonstrate a
      significant impact on homocysteine levels in the blood (-0.56 MUmol/L, 95% CI: 
      1.61 to 0.50, p = .23). CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence demonstrates that acute
      exercise increases homocysteine levels in the blood independent of exercise
      duration and intensity. Resistance, but not aerobic training decreases plasma
      homocysteine levels.

PMID- 26986571
TI  - Anticancer effect of metformin on estrogen receptor-positive and tamoxifen
      resistant breast cancer cell lines.
AB  - Acquisition of tamoxifen resistance (TR) during anti-estrogenic therapy using
      tamoxifen is a major obstacle in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive
      breast cancer. As a biguanide derivative, metformin is commonly used to treat
      type II diabetes. It has recently emerged as a potential anticancer agent. The
      objective of the present study was to investigate the anticancer activity of
      metformin in relation to ERalpha expression and its signaling pathway in ERalpha
      positive MCF-7 and MDA-MB-361 breast cancer cells as well as TR MCF-7 breast
      cancer cells. Metformin inhibited both protein and mRNA levels of ERalpha in the
      presence or absence of estrogen (E2) in the MCF-7, TR MCF-7 and MDA-MB-361 cells.
      Metformin repressed E2-inducible estrogen response element (ERE) luciferase
      activity, protein levels and mRNA levels of E2/ERalpha-regulated genes [including
      c-Myc, cyclin D1, progesterone receptor (PR) and pS2] to a greater degree than
      tamoxifen, resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation of MCF-7, TR MCF-7 and
      MDA-MB-361 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that one of the anticancer
      mechanisms of metformin could be attributable to the repression of expression and
      transcriptional activity of ERalpha. Metformin may be a good therapeutic agent
      for treating ERalpha-positive breast cancer by inhibiting the expression and
      function of ERalpha. In addition, metformin may be useful to treat tamoxifen
      resistant breast cancer.

PMID- 26986572
TI  - De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Immune Related Genes and
      the RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in the Freshwater Planarian (Dugesia
      japonica).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The freshwater planarian Dugesia japonica (D. japonica) possesses
      extraordinary ability to regenerate lost organs or body parts. Interestingly, in
      the process of regeneration, there is little wound infection, suggesting that D.
      japonica has a formidable innate immune system. The importance of immune system
      prompted us to search for immune-related genes and RIG-I-like receptor signaling
      pathways. RESULTS: Transcriptome sequencing of D. japonica was performed on an
      IlluminaHiSeq2000 platform. A total of 27,180 transcripts were obtained by
      Trinity assembler. CEGMA analysis and mapping of all trimmed reads back to the
      assembly result showed that our transcriptome assembly covered most of the whole
      transcriptome. 23,888 out of 27,180 transcripts contained ORF (open reading
      fragment), and were highly similar to those in Schistosoma mansoni using BLASTX
      analysis. 8,079 transcripts (29.7%) and 8,668 (31.9%) were annotated by Blast2GO
      and KEGG respectively. A DYNLRB-like gene was cloned to verify its roles in the
      immune response. Finally, the expression patterns of 4 genes (RIG-I, TRAF3,
      TRAF6, P38) in the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway were detected, and the
      results showed they are very likely to be involved in planarian immune response.
      CONCLUSION: RNA-Seq analysis based on the next-generation sequencing technology
      was an efficient approach to discover critical genes and to understand their
      corresponding biological functions. Through GO and KEGG analysis, several
      critical and conserved signaling pathways and genes related to RIG-I-like
      receptor signaling pathway were identified. Four candidate genes were selected to
      identify their expression dynamics in the process of pathogen stimulation. These
      annotated transcripts of D. japonica provide a useful resource for subsequent
      investigation of other important pathways.

PMID- 26986617
TI  - Behavioral Reactivity Associated With Electronic Monitoring of Environmental
      Health Interventions--A Cluster Randomized Trial with Water Filters and
      Cookstoves.
AB  - Subject reactivity--when research participants change their behavior in response
      to being observed--has been documented showing the effect of human observers.
      Electronics sensors are increasingly used to monitor environmental health
      interventions, but the effect of sensors on behavior has not been assessed. We
      conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in Rwanda among 170 households
      (70 blinded to the presence of the sensor, 100 open) testing whether awareness of
      an electronic monitor would result in a difference in weekly use of household
      water filters and improved cookstoves over a four-week surveillance period. A 63%
      increase in number of uses of the water filter per week between the groups was
      observed in week 1, an average of 4.4 times in the open group and 2.83 times in
      the blind group, declining in week 4 to an insignificant 55% difference of 2.82
      uses in the open, and 1.93 in the blind. There were no significant differences in
      the number of stove uses per week between the two groups. For both filters and
      stoves, use decreased in both groups over four-week installation periods. This
      study suggests behavioral monitoring should attempt to account for reactivity to
      awareness of electronic monitors that persists for weeks or more.

PMID- 26986573
TI  - Metagenomic Survey of Viral Diversity Obtained from Feces of Subantarctic and
      South American Fur Seals.
AB  - The Brazilian South coast seasonally hosts numerous marine species, observed
      particularly during winter months. Some animals, including fur seals, are found
      dead or debilitated along the shore and may harbor potential pathogens within
      their microbiota. In the present study, a metagenomic approach was performed to
      evaluate the viral diversity in feces of fur seals found deceased along the coast
      of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The fecal virome of two fur seal species was
      characterized: the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) and the
      Subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis). Fecal samples from 10 specimens
      (A. australis, n = 5; A. tropicalis, n = 5) were collected and viral particles
      were purified, extracted and amplified with a random PCR. The products were
      sequenced through Ion Torrent and Illumina platforms and assembled reads were
      submitted to BLASTx searches. Both viromes were dominated by bacteriophages and
      included a number of potentially novel virus genomes. Sequences of
      picobirnaviruses, picornaviruses and a hepevirus-like were identified in A.
      australis. A rotavirus related to group C, a novel member of the Sakobuvirus and
      a sapovirus very similar to California sea lion sapovirus 1 were found in A.
      tropicalis. Additionally, sequences of members of the Anelloviridae and
      Parvoviridae families were detected in both fur seal species. This is the first
      metagenomic study to screen the fecal virome of fur seals, contributing to a
      better understanding of the complexity of the viral community present in the
      intestinal microbiota of these animals. 

PMID- 26986618
TI  - The Nutritional Balancing Act of a Large Herbivore: An Experiment with Captive
      Moose (Alces alces L).
AB  - The nutrient balancing hypothesis proposes that, when sufficient food is
      available, the primary goal of animal diet selection is to obtain a nutritionally
      balanced diet. This hypothesis can be tested using the Geometric Framework for
      nutrition (GF). The GF enables researchers to study patterns of nutrient intake
      (e.g. macronutrients; protein, carbohydrates, fat), interactions between the
      different nutrients, and how an animal resolves the potential conflict between
      over-eating one or more nutrients and under-eating others during periods of
      dietary imbalance. Using the moose (Alces alces L.), a model species in the
      development of herbivore foraging theory, we conducted a feeding experiment
      guided by the GF, combining continuous observations of six captive moose with
      analysis of the macronutritional composition of foods. We identified the moose's
      self-selected macronutrient target by allowing them to compose a diet by mixing
      two nutritionally complementary pellet types plus limited access to Salix browse.
      Such periods of free choice were intermixed with periods when they were
      restricted to one of the two pellet types plus Salix browse. Our observations of
      food intake by moose given free choice lend support to the nutrient balancing
      hypothesis, as the moose combined the foods in specific proportions that provided
      a particular ratio and amount of macronutrients. When restricted to either of two
      diets comprising a single pellet type, the moose i) maintained a relatively
      stable intake of non-protein energy while allowing protein intakes to vary with
      food composition, and ii) increased their intake of the food item that most
      closely resembled the self-selected macronutrient intake from the free choice
      periods, namely Salix browse. We place our results in the context of the
      nutritional strategy of the moose, ruminant physiology and the categorization of
      food quality.

PMID- 26986621
TI  - Supported Tetrahedral Oxo-Sn Catalyst: Single Site, Two Modes of Catalysis.
AB  - Mild calcination in ozone of a (POSS)-Sn-(POSS) complex grafted on silica
      generated a heterogenized catalyst that mostly retained the tetrahedral
      coordination of its homogeneous precursor, as evidenced by spectroscopic
      characterizations using EXAFS, NMR, UV-vis, and DRIFT. The Sn centers are
      accessible and uniform and can be quantified by stoichiometric pyridine
      poisoning. This Sn-catalyst is active in hydride transfer reactions as a typical
      solid Lewis acid. However, the Sn centers can also create Bronsted acidity with
      alcohol by binding the alcohol strongly as alkoxide and transferring the hydroxyl
      H to the neighboring Sn-O-Si bond. The resulting acidic silanol is active in
      epoxide ring opening and acetalization reactions. 

PMID- 26986622
TI  - Pharmacist medication reviews to improve safety monitoring in primary care
      patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients prescribed psychotropic medications within primary care are
      at risk of suboptimal monitoring. It is unknown whether pharmacists can improve
      medication safety through targeted monitoring of at risk populations. Access
      Community Health Centers implemented a quality improvement pilot project that
      included pharmacists on an integrated care team to provide medication reviews for
      patients. Aims were to determine whether inclusion of a pharmacist performing
      medication reviews within a primary care behavioral health (PCBH) practice is
      feasible and facilitates safe medication use. METHOD: Pharmacists performed
      medication reviews of the electronic health record for patients referred for
      psychiatry consultation. Reviews were performed 1-3 months following consultation
      and focused on medications with known suboptimal monitoring rates. Reviews were
      documented within the EHR and routed to the primary care provider. Primary
      outcome measures were change in percentage up-to-date on monitoring and AIMS
      assessment, and at risk of experiencing drug interaction(s) between baseline and
      3 months postreview. Secondary outcome was provider opinion of medication reviews
      collected via electronic survey. RESULTS: Reviews were performed for 144
      patients. Three months postreview, percentage up-to-date on recommended
      monitoring increased 18% (p = .0001), at risk for drug interaction decreased 20%
      (p < .0001), and up-to-date on AIMS decreased 12% (p = .2113). The majority of
      surveyed providers wanted medication reviews to continue. CONCLUSION: Pharmacist
      population-level monitoring within an integrated care team is feasible and
      associated with improved safety monitoring of psychotropic medications. Results
      identify key areas for improvement that other clinics considering integration of
      similar pharmacy services should consider. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986620
TI  - Protective effects of Alpha-lipoic acid on MeHg-induced oxidative damage and
      intracellular Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis in primary cultured neurons.
AB  - Methylmercury (MeHg) is one of the ubiquitous environmental toxicant that leads
      to long-lasting neurological deficits in animals and humans. However, the
      mechanisms of MeHg-induced neuronal cell death are incompletely understood.
      Treatment of neuronal cells with MeHg (0-2 MUM) for 0.5-12 h, or pretreated with
      LA (12.5-100 MUM) for 0.5-6 h resulted in toxic effects of primary cultured
      neurons concentration- and time-dependently. For further experiments, 12.5, 25,
      and 50 MUM of LA pretreatment for 3 h followed by 1 MUM MeHg for 6 h were
      performed for the examination of the responses of neurons. Exposure of MeHg
      resulted in damages of neurons, which were shown by a loss of cell viability, and
      supported by high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, apoptosis, and
      morphological changes. In addition, neurons were sensitive to MeHg-mediated
      oxidative stress, a finding that is consistent with ROS over-production, leading
      to decrease Ca(2+)-ATPase activity and increase intracellular free calcium.
      Moreover, expressions of NMDA receptor subunits in neurons were down-regulated
      after MeHg exposure, and expression of NR2A mRNA and protein were much more
      sensitive to MeHg than those of NR1 and NR2B. On the contrary, pretreatment with
      LA presented a concentration-dependent prevention against MeHg-mediated cytotoxic
      effects of neurons. In conclusion, present results showed that oxidative stress
      and intracellular Ca(2+ )dyshomeostasis resulting from MeHg exposure contributed
      to neuronal injury. LA could attenuate MeHg-induced neuronal toxicity via its
      antioxidant properties in primary cultured neurons. 

PMID- 26986619
TI  - Lactoferrin Is an Allosteric Enhancer of the Proteolytic Activity of Cathepsin G.
AB  - Protease-mediated degradation of proteins is critical in a plethora of
      physiological processes. Neutrophils secrete serine proteases including cathepsin
      G (CatG), neutrophile elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3) together with
      lactoferrin (LF) as a first cellular immune response against pathogens. Here, we
      demonstrate that LF increases the catalytic activity of CatG at physiological
      concentration, with its highest enhancing capacity under acidic (pH 5.0)
      conditions, and broadens the substrate selectivity of CatG. On a functional
      level, the enzymatic activity of CatG was increased in the presence of LF in
      granulocyte-derived supernatant. Furthermore, LF enhanced CatG-induced activation
      of platelets as determined by cell surface expression of CD62P. Consequently, LF
      mediated enhancement of CatG activity might promote innate immunity during acute
      inflammation. 

PMID- 26986623
TI  - Do perceptions of family-centered care differ in older and younger
      family/caregivers of U.S. veterans?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Family-centered care (FCC) involves partnering with patients and
      family/caregivers ("caregivers"), engaging them in decisions, and providing
      support. FCC may be measured across 3 dimensions: respect, collaboration, and
      support and needs likely vary by caregiver age. The objective was to examine and
      compare caregiver perceptions of FCC by age. METHOD: We mailed surveys to
      family/caregivers of Veterans. We collected demographics and measured respect,
      collaboration, and support using the Family-Centered Care Survey (FCCS). We
      calculated mean values and conducted bivariate comparisons, dichotomized by
      caregiver age (>=60 vs. <60), of demographics and FCC constructs. We completed
      thematic analysis on open-ended text. RESULTS: Caregivers (n = 2,111) aged >=60
      versus <60 were more likely to be spouses (81% vs. 62%, p < .0001) and White (74%
      vs. 50%, p < .0001). Overall FCC subscales values were high: respect (3.30),
      collaboration (3.07), and support (2.99). Older caregivers reported higher
      respect (3.36 vs. 3.22, p < .001), collaboration (3.12 vs. 2.98, p < .0001), and
      support (3.06 vs. 2.88, p < .0001). Qualitative analysis revealed collaboration,
      communication, hospital climate, and physical environment as important to FCC and
      supplemented quantitative findings on age. Examples highlighted both positive
      perceptions of FCC and areas of concern, such as feeling "unheard" and "like I am
      bothering providers," and needing "more comfortable seating" and "better
      parking." DISCUSSION: Caregivers perceived high FCC levels at VA facilities,
      reporting highest on respect and lowest on support. Older caregivers perceived
      better FCC compared with younger caregivers. Several concerns identified can be
      used to target improvements to FCC including: improved support, collaboration
      between patient/family/provider, and climate/environmental enhancements.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986625
TI  - Interferon gamma-Induced Nuclear Interleukin-33 Potentiates the Release of
      Esophageal Epithelial Derived Cytokines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Esophageal epithelial cells are an initiating cell type in esophageal
      inflammation, playing an essential role in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal
      reflux disease (GERD). A new tissue-derived cytokine, interleukin-33 (IL-33), has
      been shown to be upregulated in esophageal epithelial cell nuclei in GERD, taking
      part in mucosal inflammation. Here, inflammatory cytokines secreted by esophageal
      epithelial cells, and their regulation by IL-33, were investigated. METHODS: In
      an in vitro stratified squamous epithelial model, IL-33 expression was examined
      using quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.
      Epithelial cell secreted inflammatory cytokines were examined using multiplex
      flow immunoassay. IL-33 was knocked down with small interfering RNA (siRNA) in
      normal human esophageal epithelial cells (HEECs). Pharmacological inhibitors and
      signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) siRNA were used to
      explore the signaling pathways. RESULTS: Interferon (IFN)gamma treatment
      upregulated nuclear IL-33 in HEECs. Furthermore, HEECs can produce various
      inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
      (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted
      (RANTES), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in
      response to IFNgamma. Nuclear, but not exogenous IL-33, amplified IFN induction
      of these cytokines. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and janus protein
      tyrosine kinases (JAK)/STAT1 were the common signaling pathways of IFNgamma
      mediated induction of IL-33 and other cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal
      epithelial cells can actively participate in GERD pathogenesis through the
      production of various cytokines, and epithelial-derived IL-33 might play a
      central role in the production of these cytokines.

PMID- 26986624
TI  - Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Metformin and Telmisartan: Reduction of PARP1
      Activity via the AMPK-PARP1 Cascade.
AB  - Hyperglycemia and hypertension impair endothelial function in part through
      oxidative stress-activated poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). Biguanides and
      angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) such as metformin and telmisartan have a
      vascular protective effect. We used cultured vascular endothelial cells (ECs),
      diabetic and hypertensive rodent models, and AMPKalpha2-knockout mice to
      investigate whether metformin and telmisartan have a beneficial effect on the
      endothelium via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation of PARP1 and
      thus inhibition of PARP1 activity. The results showed that metformin and
      telmisartan, but not glipizide and metoprolol, activated AMPK, which
      phosphorylated PARP1 Ser-177 in cultured ECs and the vascular wall of rodent
      models. Experiments using phosphorylated/de-phosphorylated PARP1 mutants show
      that AMPK phosphorylation of PARP1 leads to decreased PARP1 activity and
      attenuated protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), but increased endothelial
      nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and silent mating type information
      regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) expression. Taken together, the data presented
      here suggest biguanides and ARBs have a beneficial effect on the vasculature by
      the cascade of AMPK phosphorylation of PARP1 to inhibit PARP1 activity and
      protein PARylation in ECs, thereby mitigating endothelial dysfunction. 

PMID- 26986626
TI  - Prolonged Cerebral Circulation Time Is the Best Parameter for Predicting
      Vasospasm during Initial CT Perfusion in Subarachnoid Hemorrhagic Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: We sought to imitate angiographic cerebral circulation time (CCT) and
      create a similar index from baseline CT perfusion (CTP) to better predict
      vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: Forty-one SAH
      patients with available DSA and CTP were retrospectively included. The vasospasm
      group was comprised of patients with deterioration in conscious functioning and
      newly developed luminal narrowing; remaining cases were classified as the control
      group. The angiography CCT (XA-CCT) was defined as the difference in TTP (time to
      peak) between the selected arterial ROIs and the superior sagittal sinus (SSS).
      Four arterial ROIs were selected to generate four corresponding XA-CCTs: the
      right and left anterior cerebral arteries (XA-CCTRA2 and XA-CCTLA2) and right-
      and left-middle cerebral arteries (XA-CCTRM2 and XA-CCTLM2). The CCTs from CTP
      (CT-CCT) were defined as the differences in TTP from the corresponding arterial
      ROIs and the SSS. Correlations of the different CCTs were calculated and
      diagnostic accuracy in predicting vasospasm was evaluated. RESULTS: Intra-class
      correlations ranged from 0.96 to 0.98. The correlations of XA-CCTRA2, XA-CCTRM2,
      XA-CCTLA2, and XA-CCTLM2 with the corresponding CT-CCTs were 0.64, 0.65, 0.53,
      and 0.68, respectively. All CCTs were significantly prolonged in the vasospasm
      group (5.8-6.4 s) except for XA-CCTLA2. CT-CCTA2 of 5.62 was the optimal cut-off
      value for detecting vasospasm with a sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity 82.4.
      CONCLUSION: CT-CCTs can be used to interpret cerebral flow without deconvolution
      algorithms, and outperform both MTT and TTP in predicting vasospasm risk. This
      finding may help facilitate management of patients with SAH.

PMID- 26986627
TI  - Functional outcome at school age of neonatal post-hemorrhagic ventricular
      dilatation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Specific knowledge about the functional outcome of preterm born
      children with post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) is lacking.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine functional outcome at school age in children with post
      hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation and to identify whether PHVD characteristics
      increased the risk for deficits. METHODS: Single-center case-control study.
      Included were preterm children born between 1996 and 2003 who had PHVD in their
      neonatal period. The controls were children matched for gestation, gender, and
      year of birth. At school age, using standardized tests and questionnaires, we
      assessed intelligence, attention, verbal memory, executive functioning, visual
      perception, visuomotor integration, motor skills, and behavior. RESULTS: Of 34
      children with PHVD 28 survived, three of whom could not be tested at school age
      (one child's parents declined and two were lost to follow-up). At a mean age of
      10years (6-14years) the total and verbal IQs of the remaining 25 children (17
      boys, 8 girls) were significantly lower compared to controls (difference in total
      IQ-14 points, verbal IQ-9 points, P=0.001and P=0.009, respectively). After
      adjustment for possible confounders, the performance of the PHVD group was poorer
      on visual perception and attention tests. Selective attention showed a trend
      toward risk of borderline and abnormal scores (OR 4.03, 95%-CI 0.84-19.2). Within
      the PHVD group, total IQ was significantly lower (P=0.048) in those who had
      undergone surgical intervention (n=12). CONCLUSION: At school age, intelligence,
      attention, and visual perception were more affected in the PHVD group than in the
      matched controls. Surgical intervention was associated with lower IQ scores.

PMID- 26986628
TI  - Antimetabolites: A First Synthesis of a New Class of Cytosine Thioglycoside
      Analogs.
AB  - A first synthesis of a new class of novel cytosine thioglycoside analogs from
      readily available starting materials has been described. The key step of this
      protocol is the formation of sodium pyrimidine-4-thiolate via condensation of N'
      arylidene-2-cyanoacetohydrazides with sodium cyanocarbonimidodithioate salt,
      followed by coupling with halo sugars to give the corresponding cytosine
      thioglycoside analogs. Ammonolysis of the latter compounds afforded the free
      thioglycosides. 

PMID- 26986630
TI  - Hydrogen bonding in DPD: application to low molecular weight alcohol-water
      mixtures.
AB  - In this work we propose a computational approach to mimic hydrogen bonding in a
      widely used coarse-grained simulation method known as dissipative particle
      dynamics (DPD). The conventional DPD potential is modified by adding a Morse
      potential term to represent hydrogen bonding attraction. Morse potential
      parameters are calculated by a mapping of energetic and structural properties to
      those of atomistic scale simulations. By the addition of hydrogen bonding to DPD
      and with the proposed parameterization, the volumetric mixing behavior of low
      molecular weight alcohols and water is studied and experimentally observed
      negative volume excess is successfully predicted, contrary to the conventional
      DPD implementation. Moreover, the density-dependent DPD parameterization employed
      provides the asymmetrical shapes of the excess volume curves. In addition,
      alcohol surface enrichment at the air interface and self-assembly in the bulk is
      studied. The surface concentrations of alcohols at the air interface compare
      favorably with the experimental observations at all bulk-phase alcohol fractions
      and, in consonance with experiment, some clustering is observed. 

PMID- 26986629
TI  - S-Adenosylmethionine suppresses the expression of Smad3/4 in activated human
      hepatic stellate cells via Rac1 promoter methylation.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate whether S-adenosylmethionine
      (SAM) was able to suppress activated human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Human
      LX-2 HSCs were cultured with SAM or NSC23766, and were transfected with plasmids
      encoding ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) protein or an empty
      expression vector. Cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8. Cell
      migration and invasion were determined using the Transwell assay. The expression
      levels of Rac1 and Smad3/4 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or western blotting. The methylation status of
      Rac1 promoters was measured by methylation-specific PCR. The results demonstrated
      that SAM and NSC23766 suppressed the expression of Smad3/4 in LX-2 cells. The
      overexpression of Rac1 enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of LX-2
      cells. In addition, compared with the control groups, a marked increase was
      observed in the protein expression levels of Smad3/4 in the LX-2 cells
      transfected with Rac1 plasmids. The methylation-specific PCR findings showed that
      SAM increased the methylation of Rac1 promoters. The results of the present study
      suggested that Rac1 enhanced the expression of Smad3/4 in activated HSCs;
      however, this increase may be suppressed by SAM-induced methylation of Rac1
      promoters. 

PMID- 26986632
TI  - GABAA Receptor Modulation by Phenyl Ring Compounds Is Associated with a Water
      Solubility Cut-Off Value.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is associated with a
      molar water solubility cut-off effect of approximately 1.1 mmol/l and hence are
      unaffected by significantly less soluble compounds. However, compounds with this
      molar water solubility are still able to modulate x03B3;-aminobutyric acid type A
      (GABAA) receptors. We hypothesized that GABAA receptor modulation by phenolic
      compounds would exhibit cut-off at a molar water solubility value less than 1.1
      mmol/l. METHODS: GABAA receptors consisting of human alpha1 and rat beta2 and
      x03B3;2s subunits were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and drug responses
      were measured using standard 2-electrode voltage clamp techniques. Twenty
      substituted phenols and benzenes of similar size and molecular volume were
      studied at saturated aqueous concentrations. Reversible and statistically
      significant change in GABAA receptor current that was 10% or greater in magnitude
      from the baseline response defined a positive drug effect. RESULTS: All phenyl
      ring compounds with a molar water solubility value equal to or greater than 0.46
      mmol/l positively modulated GABAA receptor currents. No compounds with a molar
      water solubility value equal to or less than 0.10 mmol/l had any effect on GABAA
      receptor currents. Saturated solutions of phenols with 2,6-dimethyl and 2,6
      diisopropyl substituents also caused channel opening in the absence of GABA.
      CONCLUSIONS: The molar water solubility cut-off for GABAA receptor modulation by
      phenyl ring compounds lies between 0.10 and 0.46 mmol/l. Data suggest that
      hydrocarbons, perhaps including inhaled anesthetics, might modulate GABAA
      receptors by displacing water from one or more low-affinity amphipathic binding
      sites to induce conformational changes that increase ion conductance.

PMID- 26986633
TI  - Scaling-down antibody radiolabeling reactions with zirconium-89.
AB  - The most widely cited procedures for radiolabeling antibodies with zirconium-89
      for immuno-PET require multi-milligram amounts of antibody which can be cost
      prohibitive, particularly during the research and development process. We
      therefore sought to develop a reliable (89)Zr-radiolabeling procedure that
      provides high radiochemical yields at the microgram scale. 

PMID- 26986634
TI  - Selective suppression of Notch1 inhibits proliferation of renal cell carcinoma
      cells through JNK/p38 pathway.
AB  - The present study was performed to explore the effects of Notch1 inhibition
      selectively by siRNA on the proliferation and cell cycle of renal carcinoma
      cells. Human renal carcinoma cell lines, 786-0 and Caki-1, were treated with Si
      Notch1 or negative control (NC). RT-PCR and western blotting were used to confirm
      the efficiency of siRNA on Notch1 expression. MTT, cell cycle analysis, colony
      formation as well as migration and invasion assays were performed. The expression
      levels of p38 and SAPK/JNK were measured by western blotting. For both cell
      lines, as compared with the NC group, the cell growth was markedly reduced, and
      colony formation was restricted in the Si-Notch1-treated group. After incubated
      with Si-Notch1 or NC for 48 h, Si-Notch1-treated cells arrested the cell cycle at
      G1/S phase. The Si-Notch1 group also had a reduced rate of migration as well as
      invasion. Moreover, we observed a reduction in p-SAPK/JNK and p-p38 in Si-Notch1
      transfected cells. The present study indicated that Notch signaling is important
      in the tumorigenesis of renal cell carcinoma. Notch1 may be a potential
      therapeutic regimen towards renal cell carcinoma, and JNK/p38 may serve as an
      important molecular mechanism for Notch1-mediated carcinogenesis.

PMID- 26986635
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling, and potential antimicrobial and
      anticancer activities of novel 2-aminoisoindoline-1,3-dione derivatives.
AB  - In an effort to establish new drug candidates with improved antimicrobial and
      anticancer activities, we report here synthesis, molecular modeling, and in vitro
      biological evaluation of novel substituted N-amino phthalamide derivatives (3a-b,
      4a-b, 5a-j, and 6). Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were described
      by IR, (1)H &(13)CNMR and LC-MS spectral data. The novel compounds were evaluated
      for their antibacterial activity against four types of Gm+ve and two for Gm-ve
      types, and antifungal activity against three fungi microorganisms by well
      diffusion method. Of these novel compounds, Schiff bases showed mostly promising
      antibacterial activity compared to reference drugs. A successful step was done
      for explanation of their mode of action through molecular docking of most active
      molecules at DNA gyrase B enzyme and further were biologically tested. Moreover,
      the antiproliferative activity was tested against two human carcinoma cell lines
      (Human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7)) showing
      promising anticancer activity compared to doxorubicin drug. The data from
      structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that the lypophilic
      properties of these compounds might be essential parameter for their activity and
      suggest that 2-amino phthalamide scaffold derivatives 5g and 5h exhibited good
      antimicrobial and anticancer activities and might used as leads for further
      optimization.

PMID- 26986636
TI  - Novel analogs of alloferon: Synthesis, conformational studies, pro-apoptotic and
      antiviral activity.
AB  - In this study, we report the structure-activity relationships of novel
      derivatives of the insect peptide alloferon (H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln
      His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH). The peptide structure was modified by exchanging His at
      position 9 or 12 for natural or non-natural amino acids. Biological properties of
      these peptides were determined in antiviral in vitro test against Human Herpes
      Virus 1 McIntrie strain (HHV-1MC) using a Vero cell line. The peptides were also
      evaluated for the pro-apoptotic action in vivo on hemocytes of the Tenebrio
      molitor beetle. Additionally, the structural properties of alloferon analogs were
      examined by the circular dichroism in water and methanol. It was found that most
      of the evaluated peptides can reduce the HHV-1 titer in Vero cells. [Ala(9)]
      alloferon exhibits the strongest antiviral activity among the analyzed compounds.
      However, no cytotoxic activity against Vero cell line was observed for all the
      studied peptides. In vivo assays with hemocytes of T. molitor showed that
      [Lys(9)]-, [Phg(9)]-, [Lys(12)]-, and [Phe(12)]-alloferon exhibit a twofold
      increase in caspases activity in comparison with the native peptide. The CD
      conformational studies indicate that the investigated peptides seem to prefer the
      unordered conformation.

PMID- 26986638
TI  - A comparative life cycle assessment of material handling systems for sustainable
      mining.
AB  - In this comprehensive LCA comparison study, main objectives are to investigate
      life cycle environmental impacts of off-highway mining trucks and belt conveyors
      in surface mining. The research methodology essentially entails determination of
      the functional unit as 20,000 tons/day coal production transported for 5 km
      distance. After the system boundary was selected as the entire life cycle of
      material handling systems including pre-manufacturing of steel parts and plastic
      components, manufacturing, transportation, and utilization data was compiled from
      equipment manufacturers and the Eco-invent database. Life cycle impact categories
      for both material-handling systems were identified and the developed model was
      implemented using SIMAPRO 7.3. Climate change and acidification were selected as
      major impact categories as they were considered to be major concerns in mining
      industry. Although manufacturing stage had a significant impact on all of the
      environmental parameters, utilization stage was the hotspot for the selected
      impact categories. The results of this study revealed that belt conveyors have a
      greater environmental burden in climate change impact category when compared to
      the trucks. On the other hand, trucks have a greater environmental burden in
      acidification impact category when compared to the belt conveyors. This study
      implied that technological improvement in fuel combustion and electricity
      generation is crucial for the improvement of environmental profiles of off
      highway trucks and belt conveyors in the mining industry. The main novelty of
      this study is that it is the first initiative in applying LCA in the Turkish
      mining industry.

PMID- 26986637
TI  - 5,7-Dihydroxy-6-geranylflavanone improves insulin sensitivity through
      PPARalpha/gamma dual activation.
AB  - In the present study, we demonstrate that 5,7-dihydroxy-6-geranylflavanone (DGF)
      isolated from Amorpha fruticosa (A. fruticosa) is a novel peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptor (PPAR)alpha/gamma dual agonist which may be used to improve
      insulin sensitivity. The extract from A. fruticosa increased the transcriptional
      activity of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma which was, in part, driven by the active
      ingredient DGF. Treatment with DGF markedly enhanced the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1
      preadipocytes, which was comparable to the effect of the PPARgamma agonist,
      troglitazone. In addition, DGF was found to enhance fatty acid oxidation and
      glucose utilization through the dual activation of PPARalpha/gamma. In addition
      treatment with DGF led to an improvement in insulin sensitivity, resulting in
      enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells. The findings of our study data suggest
      that DGF may be used as potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of type 2
      diabetes and related metabolic disorders by enhancing glucose and lipid
      metabolism.

PMID- 26986639
TI  - HPLC method development for the online-coupling of chromatographic Perilla
      frutescens extract separation with xanthine oxidase enzymatic assay.
AB  - Enzyme-regulatory effects of compounds contained in complex mixtures can be
      unveiled by coupling a continuous-flow enzyme assay to a chromatographic
      separation. A temperature-elevated separation was developed and the performance
      was tested using Perilla frutescens plant extracts of various polarity (water,
      methanol, ethanol/water). Owning to the need of maintaining sufficient enzymatic
      activity, only low organic solvent concentrations can be added to the mobile
      phase. Hence, to broaden the spectrum of eluting compounds, two different organic
      solvents and various contents were tested. The chromatographic performance and
      elution was further improved by the application of a moderate temperature
      gradient to the column. By taking the effect of eluent composition as well as
      calculated logD values and molecular structure of known extract compounds into
      account, unknown features were tentatively assigned. The method used allowed the
      successful observation of an enzymatic inhibition caused by P. frutescens
      extract. 

PMID- 26986641
TI  - New Insights Into the Genomic Alterations in Glioma Progression.

PMID- 26986642
TI  - High-Resolution Computational Modeling of Somatosensory Cortex.

PMID- 26986643
TI  - New Targeted Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis.

PMID- 26986644
TI  - Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Infiltrative Gliomas Based on Molecular
      Profile.

PMID- 26986646
TI  - Genomic Characterization of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1-Mutant Glioma Malignant
      Progression.

PMID- 26986648
TI  - Detection of Human Brain Tumor Infiltration With Quantitative Stimulated Raman
      Scattering Microscopy.

PMID- 26986647
TI  - 2-Hydroxy-Glutarate 3-Dimensional Functional Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of
      Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Mutant Glioma Response to Therapy.

PMID- 26986649
TI  - Rhapontigenin inhibits TGF-beta-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition via
      the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and is not associated with HIF-1alpha degradation.
AB  - The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal event in cancer cell
      invasion and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that rhapontigenin (Rha) may
      impede the progression of cancer by disrupting angiogenesis and the EMT. However,
      the underlying mechanism of Rha has not yet been clarified. In this study, we
      used transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) to trigger EMT in diverse types
      of cancer cells and revealed that Rha inhibited TGF-beta-induced EMT and derived
      cell invasiveness. The effects of TGF-beta were blocked by Rha via interference
      with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/GSK3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, Rha
      also inhibited TGF-beta-induced expression of transcription regulators Snail and
      hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) by causing their degradation by the
      26S proteasome. Surprisingly, although HIF-1alpha was degraded with Snail as a
      result of Rha exposure, HIF-1alpha was not a key factor involved in TGF-beta
      mediated EMT induced by Rha. Knocking-down Snail expression, but not HIF-1alpha
      expression, by RNA interference dramatically reversed TGF-beta-mediated EMT.
      Moreover, Rha abolished TGF-beta-triggered cell invasiveness. Our results
      demonstrate that Rha inhibits TGF-beta-induced EMT in cancer cells by suppressing
      the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, Rha may represent a new
      route for therapeutic intervention in cancer patients and merits future studies
      to assess its potential.

PMID- 26986651
TI  - A comparison between r-LH and urinary supplements containing LH activity in
      patients undergoing the microdose GnRH agonist flare protocol for in-vitro
      fertilization: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy rates and stimulation
      parameters in patients with diminished ovarian reserve, who were treated with
      recombinant human luteinizing hormone (r-LH) or menopausal gonadotropins (hMG),
      as part of a microdose flare protocol. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was
      performed. Comparisons between the group that was stimulated with r-LH plus
      follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to those treated with hMG and FSH, were
      performed. Measurements included: medication doses, number of oocyte collected,
      number of embryos obtained, pregnancy and clinical pregnancy rates. RESULTS:
      Patients in the r-LH group (N.=40) had significant higher clinical pregnancy
      rates (33% vs. 14%; P=0.04) and used lower dose of LH (1938 IU vs. 2807 IU;
      P=0.02) compared to patients that were stimulated with hMG (N.=39). CONCLUSIONS:
      r-LH may offer advantages for the treatment of diminished ovarian reserve when
      performing a microdose flare protocol when compared to hMG. Both larger and
      prospective studies should be carried out to confirm these findings.

PMID- 26986652
TI  - [1]Benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar
      Cells.
AB  - Three new metal-free organic dyes with the [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene
      (BTBT) pi-bridge, having the structure donor-pi-acceptor (D-pi-A) and labeled as
      19, 20 and 21, have been designed and synthesized for application in dye
      sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Once the design of the pi-acceptor block was
      fixed, containing the BTBT as the pi-bridge and the cyanoacrylic group as the
      electron acceptor and anchoring unit, we selected three donor units with
      different electron-donor capacity, in order to assemble new chromophores with
      high molar extinction coefficients (epsilon), whose absorption features well
      reflect the good performance of the final DSSC devices. Starting with the 19 dye,
      which shows a molar extinction coefficient epsilon of over 14,000 M(-1) cm(-1)
      and takes into account the absorption maximun at the longer wavelength, the
      substitution of the BFT donor unit with the BFA yields a great enhancement of
      absorptivity (molar extinction coefficient epsilon > 42,000 M(-1) cm(-1)), until
      reaching the higher value (epsilon > 69,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) with the BFPhz donor
      unit. The good general photovoltaic performances obtained with the three dyes
      highlight the suitable properties of electron-transport of the BTBT as the pi
      bridge in organic chromophore for DSSC, making this very cheap and easy to
      synthesize molecule particularly attractive for efficient and low-cost
      photovoltaic devices. 

PMID- 26986650
TI  - Molecular subtyping of prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The recent publication of The Cancer Genome Atlas molecular
      taxonomy of primary prostate cancer highlights the increased understanding of the
      genomic basis of human prostate cancer, but also emphasizes the complexity and
      heterogeneity of prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Seven molecular subclasses
      have been defined on the basis of early genomic alterations, which are largely
      mutually exclusive. SUMMARY: We review the recent advances in the genomic
      understanding of human prostate cancer, with focus on molecular
      subclassification. Broadly, prostate cancer can be classified based upon whether
      specific genomic rearrangements, such as the Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2-ETS
      related gene fusion occur or whether specific alterations such as Speckle-type
      POZ protein and forkhead box A1 mutations occur. The molecular drivers remain to
      be identified in a further quarter of human prostate cancers. Depending upon the
      molecular subclassification and the coincident genomic alterations, specific
      clinical insights can be gained from this information, including associations
      with pathologic factors, race, and prognosis, as well as the possibility for
      future precision therapies.

PMID- 26986654
TI  - Lymphangiogenesis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease; A New Therapeutic Target?

PMID- 26986653
TI  - A Novel Resolvin-Based Strategy for Limiting Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity is a major cause of
      morbidity and mortality. The current pharmacologic treatment for APAP
      hepatotoxicity, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), targets the initial metabolite-driven
      injury but does not directly affect the host inflammatory response. Because of
      this, NAC is less effective if given at later stages in the disease course.
      Resolvins, a novel group of lipid mediators shown to attenuate host inflammation,
      may be a therapeutic intervention for APAP hepatotoxicity. METHODS: The temporal
      patterns of liver injury and neutrophil activation were investigated in a murine
      model of APAP hepatotoxicity. In addition, the effect of neutrophil depletion and
      resolvin administration on the severity of liver injury induced by APAP was
      studied. In vitro studies to investigate the mechanism of resolvin effect on
      hepatocyte injury and neutrophil adhesion were performed. RESULTS: We demonstrate
      that hepatic neutrophil activation occurs secondary to the initial liver injury
      induced directly by APAP. We also show that neutrophil depletion attenuates APAP
      induced liver injury, and administration of resolvins hours after APAP challenge
      not only attenuates liver injury, but also extends the therapeutic window
      eightfold compared to NAC. Mechanistic in vitro analysis highlights resolvins'
      ability to inhibit neutrophil attachment to endothelial cells in the presence of
      the reactive metabolite of APAP. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the ability
      of resolvins to protect against APAP-induced liver injury and extend the
      therapeutic window compared to NAC. Although the mechanism for resolvin-mediated
      hepatoprotection is likely multifactorial, inhibition of neutrophil infiltration
      and activation appears to play an important role.

PMID- 26986658
TI  - A metagenome for lacustrine Cladophora (Cladophorales) reveals remarkable
      diversity of eukaryotic epibionts and genes relevant to materials cycling.
AB  - Periphyton dominated by the cellulose-rich filamentous green alga Cladophora
      forms conspicuous growths along rocky marine and freshwater shorelines worldwide,
      providing habitat for diverse epibionts. Bacterial epibionts have been inferred
      to display diverse functions of biogeochemical significance: N-fixation and other
      redox reactions, phosphorus accumulation, and organic degradation. Here, we
      report taxonomic diversity of eukaryotic and prokaryotic epibionts and diversity
      of genes associated with materials cycling in a Cladophora metagenome sampled
      from Lake Mendota, Dane Co., WI, USA, during the growing season of 2012. A total
      of 1,060 distinct 16S, 173 18S, and 351 28S rRNA operational taxonomic units,
      from which >220 genera or species of bacteria (~60), protists (~80), fungi (6),
      and microscopic metazoa (~80), were distinguished with the use of reference
      databases. We inferred the presence of several algal taxa generally associated
      with marine systems and detected Jaoa, a freshwater periphytic ulvophyte
      previously thought endemic to China. We identified six distinct nifH gene
      sequences marking nitrogen fixation, >25 bacterial and eukaryotic cellulases
      relevant to sedimentary C-cycling and technological applications, and genes
      encoding enzymes in aerobic and anaerobic pathways for vitamin B12 biosynthesis.
      These results emphasize the importance of Cladophora in providing habitat for
      microscopic metazoa, fungi, protists, and bacteria that are often inconspicuous,
      yet play important roles in ecosystem biogeochemistry. 

PMID- 26986655
TI  - An Overview of the Diagnosis and Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis.
AB  - Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized
      by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and eosinophilic infiltration of the
      esophageal mucosa. The diagnosis requires esophageal biopsies demonstrating at
      least 15 eosinophils per high-powered field following a course of high-dose
      proton pump inhibitors. Management of EoE consists of the three Ds: drugs,
      dietary therapy, and esophageal dilation. In this review, we discuss the
      epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of EoE to include the role
      of emerging therapies. 

PMID- 26986657
TI  - Discovery of the mineral brucite (magnesium hydroxide) in the tropical calcifying
      alga Polystrata dura (Peyssonneliales, Rhodophyta).
AB  - Red algae of the family Peyssonneliaceae typically form thin crusts impregnated
      with aragonite. Here, we report the first discovery of brucite in a thick red
      algal crust (~1 cm) formed by the peyssonnelioid species Polystrata dura from
      Papua New Guinea. Cells of P. dura were found to be infilled by the magnesium
      rich mineral brucite [Mg(OH)2 ]; minor amounts of magnesite and calcite were also
      detected. We propose that cell infill may be associated with the development of
      thick (> ~5 mm) calcified red algal crusts, integral components of tropical
      biotic reefs. If brucite infill within the P. dura crust enhances resistance to
      dissolution similarly to crustose coralline algae that infill with dolomite, then
      these crusts would be more resilient to future ocean acidification than crusts
      without infill. 

PMID- 26986656
TI  - More Is Not Always Better: A Randomized Trial Of Low Volume Oral Laxative,
      Enemas, And Combination Of Both Demonstrate That Enemas Alone Are Most
      Efficacious For Preparation For Flexible Sigmoidoscopy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Colon cleansing for flexible sigmoidoscopy using a standard fleet
      enema does not provide adequate cleansing in a significant number of patients. We
      tested whether the addition of a low-volume oral cleansing agent could mitigate
      this challenge without significantly compromising patient tolerance. HYPOTHESIS:
      Oral picosulfate with magnesium citrate (P/MC) would enhance the colon cleansing
      of patients undergoing sigmoidoscopy, as assessed by the modified Ottawa Bowel
      Preparation Score. METHODS: A randomized single blinded trial comparing (1) a
      single dose (i.e., one sachet) of oral sodium picosulfate plus magnesium citrate
      (P/MC) administered the night before, (2) a single dose oral P/MC the night
      before plus sodium phosphate enema 1 h before leaving home, and (3) sodium
      phosphate enema alone 1 h before leaving home for flexible sigmoidoscopy was
      conducted on outpatients referred for sigmoidoscopy for symptom assessment.
      RESULTS: A total 120 patients were randomized to the study groups. The main
      indication for sigmoidoscopy was investigation of rectal bleeding (n=80). There
      was no significant difference in bowel cleansing quality, measured by the
      endoscopist blinded to preparation, between P/MC, P/MC plus enema, and enema
      alone as measured by the modified Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale (P=0.34) or the
      Aronchick Scale (P=0.13). Both oral P/MC regimens were associated with higher
      incidence of nausea, abdominal pain, bloating, and interrupted sleep than enema
      alone (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of oral P/MC administered the night
      before did not result in better colon cleansing for sigmoidoscopy when used alone
      or with an enema and was associated with more side effects (NCT 01554111).

PMID- 26986660
TI  - The immediate wound-induced oxidative burst of Saccharina latissima depends on
      light via photosynthetic electron transport.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by an oxidative burst are an important
      component of the wound response in algae, vascular plants, and animals. In all
      taxa, ROS production is usually attributed solely to a defense-related enzyme
      like NADPH-oxidase (Nox). However, here we show that the initial, wound-induced
      oxidative burst of the kelp Saccharina latissima depends on light and
      photosynthetic electron transport. We measured oxygen evolution and ROS
      production at different light levels and in the presence of a photosynthetic
      inhibitor, and we used spin trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance as an
      orthogonal method. Using an in vivo chemical probe, we provide data suggesting
      that wound-induced ROS production in two distantly related and geographically
      isolated species of Antarctic macroalgae may be light dependent as well. We
      propose that electron transport chains are an important and as yet unaddressed
      component of the wound response, not just for photosynthetic organisms, but for
      animals via mitochondria as well. This component may have been obscured by the
      historic use of diphenylene iodonium, which inhibits not only Noxes but also
      photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport as well. Finally, we anticipate
      physiological and/or ecological consequences of the light dependence of
      macroalgal wound-induced ROS since pathogens and grazers do not disappear in the
      dark. 

PMID- 26986661
TI  - Process optimization and modeling for the cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. and
      Tetraselmis striata via response surface methodology.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the optimal physical process conditions
      for the cultivation of locally isolated strains of Nannochloropsis sp. and
      Tetraselmis striata to achieve maximum growth rate. It was essential to evaluate
      biomass production at different agitation rates, light intensities, and
      temperature levels. Central composite design and response surface methodology
      were applied to design the experiments and optimize the cultivation process for
      Nannochloropsis sp. and T. striata. The specific growth rate of 0.250 d(-1) was
      obtained for Nannochloropsis sp. cells under the light intensity of 54 MUmol
      photons . m(-2) . s(-1) , at the agitation rate of 151 rpm in 24.5 degrees C. The
      optimal physical process conditions for T. striata were obtained under the light
      intensity of 56 MUmol photons . m(-2) . s(-1) in 25.5 degrees C at the agitation
      rate of 151 rpm in 25.5 degrees C, resulting in a specific growth rate of 0.226
      d(-1) . The predicted values were justified by the verification tests. Good
      agreement between the predicted values and the experimental values confirmed the
      validity of the models for the cultivation of microalgal strains. In this
      article, the noteworthy result was that temperature was a dominant factor in
      obtaining high chl-a content for Nannochloropsis sp., whereas the growth of T.
      striata strongly depended on light exposure.

PMID- 26986662
TI  - Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of New Zealand coralline algae: Corallinapetra
      Novaezelandiae gen. et sp. nov. and recognition of the Hapalidiales ord. nov.
AB  - Coralline red algae from the New Zealand region were investigated in a study
      focused on documenting regional diversity. We present a multi-gene analysis using
      sequence data obtained for four genes (nSSU, psaA, psbA, rbcL) from 68 samples.
      The study revealed cryptic diversity at both genus and species levels, confirming
      and providing further evidence of problems with current taxonomic concepts in the
      Corallinophycidae. In addition, a new genus Corallinapetra novaezelandiae gen. et
      sp. nov. is erected for material from northern New Zealand. Corallinapetra is
      excluded from all currently recognized families and orders within the
      Corallinophycidae and thus represents a previously unrecognized lineage within
      this subclass. We discuss rank in the Corallinophycidae and propose the order
      Hapalidiales. 

PMID- 26986659
TI  - Meiotic genes and sexual reproduction in the green algal class Trebouxiophyceae
      (Chlorophyta).
AB  - Sexual reproduction is widespread in eukaryotes and is well documented in
      chlorophytan green algae. In this lineage, however, the Trebouxiophyceae
      represent a striking exception: in contrast to its relatives Chlorophyceae and
      Ulvophyceae this group appears to be mostly asexual, as fertilization has been
      rarely observed. Assessments of sexual reproduction in the Trebouxiophyceae have
      been based on microscopic observation of gametes fusing. New genomic data offer
      now the opportunity to check for the presence of meiotic genes, which represent
      an indirect evidence of a sexual life cycle. Using genomic and transcriptomic
      data for 12 taxa spanning the phylogenetic breadth of the class, we tried to
      clarify whether genuine asexuality or cryptic sexuality is the most likely case
      for the numerous putatively asexual trebouxiophytes. On the basis of these data
      and a bibliographic review, we conclude that the view of trebouxiophytes as
      primarily asexual is incorrect. In contrast to the limited number of reports of
      fertilization, meiotic genes were found in all genomes and transcriptomes
      examined, even in species presumed asexual. In the taxa examined the totality or
      majority of the genes were present, Helicosporidium and Auxenochlorella being the
      only partial exceptions (only four genes present). The evidence of sex provided
      by the meiotic genes is phylogenetically widespread in the class and indicates
      that sexual reproduction is not associated with any particular morphological or
      ecological trait. On the basis of the results, we expect that the existence of
      the meiotic genes will be documented in all trebouxiophycean genomes that will
      become available in the future. 

PMID- 26986663
TI  - Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Chaetoceros dayaensis sp. nov.
      (Bacillariophyceae), characterized by two 90 degrees  rotations of the resting
      spore during maturation.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that a high species diversity of Chaetoceros exists in
      tropical waters. Based on plankton samples from Chinese tropical waters, Daya Bay
      of the South China Sea, a new species, Chaetoceros dayaensis sp. nov., is
      described. Vegetative cells and resting spores were examined by light microscopy
      as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The nuclear rDNA
      molecular markers SSU, ITS and D1-D3 of LSU, and the chloroplast rbcL gene were
      sequenced for information on phylogenetic relationships. The species is
      characterized by the presence of two 90 degrees  rotations of the resting spore
      during maturation. First a rotation in the apical plane of the mother cell
      resulting in the valvar plane of the resting spore turning from parallel to
      perpendicular to that of the mother cell, and a second 90 degrees  rotation in
      the valvar plane of the mother cell resulting in the valve faces of the resting
      spore turning from facing narrow girdle view to broad girdle view of the mother
      cell. It is the first report of two 90 degrees  rotations of resting spores
      during maturation in Chaetoceros. Based on this, the maturation rotation of the
      resting spore of C. rotosporus was reevaluated. C. dayaensis belongs to the
      subgenus Hyalochaete Gran and we suggest placing it in the section Laciniosa,
      although a new subdivision of Chaetoceros is needed. The description of C.
      dayaensis was based on analyses of the phylogenetic relationships combined with
      morphological comparisons with other similar species. 

PMID- 26986664
TI  - Molecular evidence for the coexistence of two sibling species in Pylaiella
      littoralis (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) along the Brittany coast.
AB  - The great phenotypic variability and the lack of diagnostic characters in the
      genus Pylaiella render the systematic study of this genus problematic. In this
      study, we investigated the diversity of Pylaiella littoralis along the Brittany
      (France) coast using a DNA barcoding multilocus approach with mitochondrial
      (cox1, nad1, and atp9) and chloroplastic (rbcL and atpB) markers associated with
      a population genetics approach using 10 microsatellite markers. In addition,
      spatio-temporal sampling was conducted along the Brittany coast. We sampled 140
      individuals from four sites located between Saint-Malo and Concarneau (380 km)
      from April to October. Mitochondrial sequence data revealed the occurrence of two
      sibling species, with a minimum of 2.4% divergence between them. Microsatellite
      genotypic data congruently revealed two well-supported clusters matching the two
      mitochondrial clades of Pylaiella. Although gene flow is limited between species,
      occurrence of genetic admixtures in some populations suggested that reproductive
      isolation is not complete. Our study highlighted the complementarity of barcoding
      and population genetics approaches to shed light on the evolutionary processes
      that lead to speciation. 

PMID- 26986665
TI  - Diversity of nitrogen assimilation pathways among microbial photosynthetic
      eukaryotes.
AB  - In an effort to better understand the diversity of genes coding for nitrogen (N)
      uptake and assimilation pathways among microalgae, we analyzed the transcriptomes
      of five phylogenetically diverse single celled algae originally isolated from the
      same high arctic marine region. The five photosynthetic flagellates (a
      pelagophyte, dictyochophyte, chrysoph-yte, cryptophyte and haptophyte) were grown
      on standard media and media with only urea or nitrate as a nitrogen source; cells
      were harvested during late exponential growth. Based on homolog protein
      sequences, transcriptomes of each alga were interrogated to retrieve genes
      potentially associated with nitrogen uptake and utilization pathways. We further
      investigated the phylogeny of poorly characterized genes and gene families that
      were identified. While the phylogeny of the active urea transporter (DUR3) was
      taxonomically coherent, those for the urea transporter superfamily, putative
      nitrilases and amidases indicated complex evolutionary histories, and preliminary
      evidence for horizontal gene transfers. All five algae expressed genes for
      ammonium assimilation and all but the chrysophyte expressed genes involved in
      nitrate utilization and the urea cycle. Among the four algae with nitrate
      transporter transcripts, we detected lower expression levels in three of these
      (the dictyochophyte, pelagophyte, and cryptophyte) grown in the urea only medium
      compared with cultures from the nitrate only media. The diversity of N pathway
      genes in the five algae, and their ability to grow using urea as a nitrogen
      source, suggest that these flagellates are able to use a variety of organic
      nitrogen sources, which would be an advantage in an inorganic nitrogen - limited
      environment, such as the Arctic Ocean. 

PMID- 26986666
TI  - Assembling the challenging puzzle of algal biodiversity: species delimitation
      within the genus Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta).
AB  - The genus Asterochloris represents one of the most common, widespread, and
      diverse taxa of lichen photobionts. In this report, we describe and characterize
      six new species (A. echinata, A. friedlii, A. gaertneri, A. leprarii, A.
      lobophora, and A. woessiae) that were identified during our recent investigation
      of photobiont diversity. We found that the species differed genetically,
      morphologically, ecologically, and with respect to their mycobiont partners.
      Statistical analyses revealed significant morphological differentiation of all
      six newly described species, as well as their separation from previously
      described Asterochloris species. Chloroplast morphology represented the best
      morphological marker for species delineation. In fact, each species can be
      recognized by the dominance and unique assemblage of particular chloroplast
      types. Although genetically well recognized by rapidly evolving internal
      transcribed spacer rDNA and actin intron markers, all 13 investigated
      Asterochloris species shared identical small subunit rDNA sequences. We therefore
      demonstrated that morphologically and ecologically diverse species can frequently
      be grouped into a single taxonomic unit in whole-transcriptome sequencing
      studies, considerably affecting the resulting estimates of species diversity.
      Finally, we demonstrated the presence of isogamous sexual reproduction in
      Asterochloris, disputing the current symbiotic dogma of the loss of sexual
      reproduction in algal symbionts. 

PMID- 26986667
TI  - The role of light availability and herbivory on algal responses to nutrient
      enrichment in a riparian wetland, Alaska.
AB  - We investigated how the relative availability of solar radiation in the presence
      or absence of grazing alters the ability of benthic algae to respond to nutrient
      enrichment in an Alaskan marsh. We used a factorial mesocosm experiment that
      included nutrient enrichment (enriched or control), grazing (grazed or ungrazed),
      and light (unshaded or shaded) to simulate shading by macrophytes early and late
      in the growing season, respectively. We found stronger effects of grazers and
      nutrients compared to light on benthic algal biomass and taxonomic composition.
      Algal biomass increased in nutrient-enriched treatments and was reduced by
      grazing. Shading did not have an effect on algal biomass or taxonomic
      composition, but the concentration of chl a per algal biovolume increased with
      shading, demonstrating the ability of algae to compensate for changes in light
      availability. Algal taxonomic composition was more affected by grazer presence
      than nutrients or light. Grazer-resistant taxa (basal filaments of Stigeoclonium)
      were replaced by diatoms (Nitzschia) and filamentous green algae (Ulothrix) when
      herbivores were removed. The interacting and opposing influences of nutrients and
      grazing indicate that the algal community is under dual control from the bottom
      up (nutrient limitation) and from the top-down (consumption by herbivores),
      although grazers had a stronger influence on algal biomass and taxonomic
      composition than nutrient enrichment. Our results suggest that low light
      availability will not inhibit the algal response to elevated nutrient
      concentrations expected with ongoing climate change, but grazers rapidly consume
      algae following enrichment, masking the effects of elevated nutrients on algal
      production. 

PMID- 26986668
TI  - Indirect and direct effects of salinity on the quantity and quality of total
      amino acids in Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta).
AB  - Salinity can affect the quantity and quality of total amino acids (TAAs) in
      seaweeds indirectly by altering growth rates and thereby diluting or
      concentrating the amino acid content of the biomass, or directly by altering the
      synthesis of specific amino acids and osmolytes. This study attempted to
      partition the indirect and direct effects of salinity on the quantity and quality
      of TAAs in the green seaweed Ulva ohnoi by culturing it under a range of
      salinities without nutrient limitation. Both the quantity and quality of TAAs
      varied across the salinity treatments. Quantity was most strongly related to the
      growth rate of the seaweed and was highest in the slowest growing seaweed. In
      contrast, the quality of TAAs (individual amino acids as a proportion of total
      content) was most strongly related to salinity for all amino acids, although this
      varied substantially among individual amino acids. Increases in salinity were
      positively correlated with the proportion of proline (46% increase), tyrosine
      (36% increase), and histidine (26% increase), whereas there was a negative
      correlation with alanine (29% decrease). The proportion of methionine, with
      strong links to the synthesis of the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate, did not
      correlate linearly with salinity and instead was moderately higher at the optimal
      salinities for growth. These results show that salinity simultaneously affects
      the quantity and quality of TAAs in seaweed through both indirect and direct
      mechanisms, with growth rates playing the overarching role in determining the
      quantity of TAAs. 

PMID- 26986669
TI  - A phylogenetic re-appraisal of the family Liagoraceae sensu lato (Nemaliales,
      Rhodophyta) based on sequence analyses of two plastid genes and postfertilization
      development.
AB  - The marine red algal family Liagoraceae sensu lato is shown to be polyphyletic
      based on analyses of a combined rbcL and psaA data set and the pattern of
      carposporophyte development. Fifteen of eighteen genera analyzed formed a
      monophyletic lineage that included the genus Liagora. Nemalion did not cluster
      with Liagoraceae sensu stricto, and Nemaliaceae is reinstated, characterized
      morphologically by the formation of the primary gonimolobes by longitudinal
      divisions of the gonimoblast initial. Yamadaella and Liagoropsis, previously
      placed in the Dermonemataceae, are shown to be independent lineages and are
      recognized as two new families Yamadaellaceae and Liagoropsidaceae.
      Yamadaellaceae is characterized by two gonimoblast initials cut off bilaterally
      from the fertilized carpogonium and diffusely spreading gonimoblast filaments.
      Liagoropsidaceae is characterized by at least three gonimoblast initials cut off
      by longitudinal septa from the fertilized carpogonium. In contrast, Liagoraceae
      sensu stricto is characterized by a single gonimoblast initial cut off
      transversely or diagonally from the fertilized carpogonium. Reproductive
      features, such as diffuse gonimoblasts and unfused carpogonial branches following
      postfertilization, appear to have evolved on more than one occasion in the
      Nemaliales and are therefore not taxonomically diagnostic at the family level,
      although they may be useful in recognizing genera. 

PMID- 26986670
TI  - Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and
      Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular
      characterization.
AB  - Here, we established the cyst-motile stage relation-ship for Spiniferites
      pachydermus through incubation of cysts with a characteristically
      microreticulate/perforate surface isolated from Izmir Bay in the eastern Aegean
      Sea of the eastern Mediterranean. The morphology of the motile stage was similar
      to Gonyaulax spinifera but had a different size, overhang, displacement and
      reticulations. Based on the distinct morphology of the cyst and morphological
      differences in motile cells, we assigned S. pachydermus from Izmir Bay to the new
      species Gonyaulax ellegaardiae. We elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of G.
      ellegaardiae through large and small subunit ribosomal DNA and show that it forms
      a clade with other species that belong to the G. spinifera complex. 

PMID- 26986671
TI  - Contrasting patterns of population structure and demographic history in cryptic
      species of Bostrychia intricata (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from New Zealand.
AB  - Spatial patterns of genetic diversity provide insight into the demography and
      history of species. Morphologically similar but genetically distinct "cryptic"
      species are increasingly being recognized in marine organisms through molecular
      analyses. Such species are, on closer inspection, often discovered to display
      contrasting life histories or occasionally minor morphological differences;
      molecular tools can thus be useful indicators of diversity. Bostrychia intricata,
      a marine red alga, is widely distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere and
      comprises many cryptic species. We used mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene
      sequences to assess the genetic variation, population genetic structure, and
      demographic history of B. intricata in New Zealand. Our results supported the
      existence of three cryptic species of B. intricata (N2, N4, and N5) in New
      Zealand. Cryptic species N4, which was found throughout New Zealand, showed a
      higher genetic diversity and wider distribution than the other two species, which
      were only found in the North Island and northern South Island. Our analyses
      showed low to moderate genetic differentiation among eastern North Island
      populations for cryptic species N2, but high differentiation among North and
      South Island populations for N4, suggesting different population structure
      between these cryptic species. Data also indicated that N2 has recently undergone
      population expansion, probably since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while the
      higher genetic diversity in N4 populations suggests persistence in situ through
      the LGM. The contrasting population structures and inferred demographic histories
      of these species highlight that life history can vary greatly even among
      morphologically indistinguishable taxa. 

PMID- 26986672
TI  - The plastid genome of the red alga Laurencia.
AB  - We present the 174,935 nt long plastid genome of the red alga Laurencia sp.
      JFC0032. It is the third plastid genome characterized for the largest order of
      red algae (Ceramiales). The circular-mapping plastid genome is small compared to
      most florideophyte red algae, and our comparisons show a trend toward smaller
      plastid genome sizes in the family Rhodomelaceae, independent from a similar
      trend in Cyanidiophyceae. The Laurencia genome is densely packed with 200
      annotated protein-coding genes (188 widely conserved, 3 open reading frames
      shared with other red algae and 9 hypothetical coding regions). It has 29 tRNAs,
      a single-copy ribosomal RNA cistron, a tmRNA, and the RNase P RNA. 

PMID- 26986673
TI  - Long-Term Effectiveness of Combined Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine
      and Western Medicine on the Prognosis of Patients with Lung Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The study aim was to compare the long-term effect of Western medicine
      and combined treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western
      medicine on the prognosis (survival rate, symptom distress, physical function,
      and quality of life) of patients with lung cancer. DESIGN: Longitudinal study.
      SETTING/LOCATION: Two medical centers, one each in Northern and Southern Taiwan.
      PATIENTS: Patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer and treated with Western
      medicine (n = 54) or TCM plus Western medicine (n = 30). OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Symptom distress, physical function, and quality of life were measured by using
      the Symptom Distress Scale, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status
      Rating, and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of
      Life Questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-LC13), respectively. Data on
      these measures were collected at baseline (before treatment) and 1, 3, 6, and 12
      months after starting treatment. Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves.
      Group differences in outcomes were analyzed by generalized estimating equations.
      RESULTS: Treatment groups did not differ significantly at baseline for
      demographic information; disease severity; symptom distress; or EORTC QLQ-C30 and
      QLQ-LC13 scores, except for pain and dyspnea. After adjustment for these baseline
      effects, the combined-treatment group had better physical function and role
      function than the Western medicine group at 6 months (p < 0.05). The combined
      treatment group had better cumulative survival, but this difference did not reach
      significance. CONCLUSIONS: To more precisely estimate the long-term effectiveness
      of combined treatment on the prognosis of patients with lung cancer, future
      studies should standardize the number of TCM visits; increase the number of
      participants by continuous recruitment; and ask patients to complete daily logs
      with single-item measures of outcomes, such as symptom distress, quality of life,
      and physical function. Similar studies are suggested in patients with different
      cancers to develop a collaborative model using Western medicine and TCM.

PMID- 26986675
TI  - Parapharyngeal Space Mass.

PMID- 26986674
TI  - Reconstitution of Fusion Proteins in Supported Lipid Bilayers for the Study of
      Cell Surface Receptor-Ligand Interactions in Cell-Cell Contact.
AB  - Bioactive molecules such as adhesion ligands, growth factors, or enzymes play an
      important role in modulating cell behavior such as cell adhesion, spreading, and
      differentiation. Deciphering the mechanism of ligand-mediated cell adhesion and
      associated signaling is of great interest not only for fundamental biophysical
      investigations but also for applications in medicine and biotechnology. In the
      presented work, we developed a new biomimetic platform that enables culturing
      primary neurons and testing cell surface-receptor ligand interactions in cell
      cell contacts as, e.g., in neuronal synapses. This platform consists of a
      supported lipid bilayer modified with incorporated neuronal adhesion proteins
      conjugated with the Fc-domain of IgG (ephrin A5 Fc-chimera). We extensively
      characterized properties of these protein containing bilayers using fluorescence
      recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), quartz crystal microbalance with
      dissipation (QCM-D), and immunostaining. We conclude that the Fc-domain is the
      part responsible for the incorporation of the protein into the bilayer. The
      biomimetic platform prepared by this new approach was able to promote neuronal
      cell adhesion and maintain growth as well as facilitate neuronal maturation as
      shown by electrophysiological measurements. We believe that our approach can be
      extended to insert other proteins to create a general culture platform for
      neurons and other cell types. 

PMID- 26986677
TI  - Medical Marijuana Use in Oncology: A Review.
AB  - Importance: Medicinal marijuana use is currently legal in 23 states and the
      District of Columbia. As more states approve marijuana use for medical
      indications, physicians will be asked by their patients for more information
      regarding the risks and benefits of use. This article reviews the history,
      adverse effects, and proposed mechanisms of action of marijuana and summarizes
      the available literature regarding symptom relief and therapeutic value in
      patients with cancer. Observations: Marijuana in oncology may have potential for
      use as an antiemetic, for refractory cancer pain, and as an antitumor agent.
      However, much of the data are based on animal data, small trials, or are
      outdated. Conclusions and Relevance: More research is needed in all areas related
      to the therapeutic use of marijuana in oncology.

PMID- 26986676
TI  - Variations in costs and use of provincially-funded testosterone replacement
      therapy across Canada: a population-based study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Provincial drug-program policies for the reimbursement of
      testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) vary across Canada, which may result in
      marked regional variability in use. METHODS: We conducted a population-based
      cross-sectional analysis of provincially funded TRT spending and utilization in
      eight provinces across Canada in 2012. We reported the annual cost per user,
      total cost, and rate of use of TRT overall and by formulation. RESULTS: We
      identified 23,544 provincially-funded recipients of TRT in 2012 in the eight
      provinces studied. Average annual cost per person varied by 3-fold, ranging from
      $173 (Prince Edward Island) to $485 (Ontario). Ontario also had the highest rate
      of use (1,105 users per 100,000 eligible) and the most liberal listing. Provinces
      with more restricted access (Alberta, British Columbia, and PEI) had lower annual
      costs per user ($293, $206, $173, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Differing
      reimbursement policies for TRT products across Canada are likely contributing to
      variation in the rate of use and cost per recipient.

PMID- 26986679
TI  - Twenty years young.

PMID- 26986678
TI  - Concomitant use of Congo red staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy to
      detect amyloidosis in oral biopsy: A clinicopathological study of 16 patients.
AB  - Twenty oral biopsies from 16 patients were analyzed both by traditional
      microscopy and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Using conventional
      histopathological techniques, the diagnosis of amyloidosis was confirmed only in
      15 biopsies. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, amyloid deposits were
      detected in all of the samples. The current study shows that confocal laser
      scanning analysis helps to identify minimal amyloid deposits that could be
      overlooked using traditional microscopy, thus raising the sensitivity of oral
      biopsy up to 100%. 

PMID- 26986681
TI  - President's message. Vision, mission, action.

PMID- 26986683
TI  - Rural cardiac rehabilitation: a 20-year success story.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Data are lacking on long-term participation in a clinically
      supervised cardiac rehabilitation program in a rural setting. We sought to
      determine whether there were sustained improvements in physiologic measures and
      discover what restorative and deteriorative processes took place over time.
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients who were enrolled
      for a least 1 year in the Healthy Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Program. Data
      from stress tests were tracked for up to 18 years to determine whether there were
      any sustained improvements and what factors were associated with restorative and
      deteriorative processes. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 85 participants. The mean
      age of the participants was 72 years, and the mean length of participation was 8
      years. Duration of stress testing significantly (p < 0.01) increased by a mean of
      15% from the first year to the second year, with a corresponding increase in
      estimated metabolic equivalent of task (MET) level (Cohen d = 0.82). The increase
      in duration was sustained into the ninth year, with an overall increase of 35%
      compared with the first year of testing. After the ninth year, the duration and
      estimated MET levels declined. CONCLUSION: Participants in the cardiac
      rehabilitation program demonstrated improved duration of stress testing, and
      stable rate-pressure product, blood pressure and resting heart rate during long
      term participation in the program.

PMID- 26986684
TI  - Should I apply to medical school? High school students and barriers to
      application.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A major goal of the Faculty of Medicine at the Memorial University
      of Newfoundland is to produce physicians who will return to rural areas that are
      currently underserviced. Research shows that the strongest indicator of practice
      in a rural area is a rural background, and thus it is important that rural
      students apply to medical school. We investigated what high school students
      believe to be preventing them from pursuing medical education. METHODS: Between
      September 2013 and June 2014, we administered a paper survey to high school
      students in Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.
      RESULTS: A total of 665 participants completed the survey. We found that fewer
      rural students (75.6%) than urban students (98.6%) believed that they could gain
      admission to medical school (p < 0.01) and that medicine was promoted as a career
      choice in fewer rural schools (55.7%) than urban schools (69.7%). Also, 55.4% of
      urban students, but only 44.4% of rural students, believed that rural students
      were disadvantaged when applying to medical school. CONCLUSION: In our study,
      rural students believed they were less likely to be accepted into medical school
      than urban students, and fewer rural students felt that medicine was promoted as
      a potential career choice. Our results may be explained by a lack of role models
      or perhaps by financial barriers, although further research is needed.

PMID- 26986685
TI  - The occasional digital nerve block.

PMID- 26986686
TI  - Country cardiograms case 56.

PMID- 26986688
TI  - Seeds of hope.

PMID- 26986689
TI  - LTX-315, CAPtivating immunity with necrosis.

PMID- 26986690
TI  - Abnormalities in the basement membrane structure promote basal keratinocytes in
      the epidermis of hypertrophic scars to adopt a proliferative phenotype.
AB  - The majority of studies on scar formation have mainly focused on the dermis and
      little is known of the involvement of the epidermis. Previous research has
      demonstrated that the scar tissue-derived keratinocytes are different from normal
      cells at both the genetic and cell biological levels; however, the mechanisms
      responsible for the fundamental abnormalities in keratinocytes during scar
      development remain elusive. For this purpose, in this study, we used normal,
      wound edge and hypertrophic scar tissue to examine the morphological changes
      which occur during epidermal regeneration as part of the wound healing process
      and found that the histological structure of hypertrophic scar tissues differed
      from that of normal skin, with a significant increase in epidermal thickness.
      Notably, staining of the basement membrane (BM) appeared to be absent in the scar
      tissues. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin (CK)10, CK14, CK5,
      CK19 and integrin-beta1 indicated the differential expression of cell markers in
      the epidermal keratinocytes among the normal, wound edge and hypertrophic scar
      tissues, which corresponded with the altered BM structures. By using a panel of
      proteins associated with BM components, we validated our hypothesis that the BM
      plays a significant role in regulating the cell fate decision of epidermal
      keratinocytes during skin wound healing. Alterations in the structure of the BM
      promote basal keratinocytes to adopt a proliferative phenotype both in vivo and
      in vitro.

PMID- 26986691
TI  - Characteristics and experiences of interns in strength and conditioning.
AB  - Student coaches undertake internships to develop practical skills and gain
      experience to improve employability prospects. The characteristics of the coaches
      who undertake these internships, their experiences and the nature of the work
      being performed are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to report
      the characteristics of strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches who have
      undertaken internships and their experiences during their respective placements.
      A total of 113 men and 6 women completed an online survey. Placements generally
      lasted 6-12 months (66%), were unpaid (93%) and took place at professional teams
      (63%). All respondents had a standard of experience prior to commencement (82%);
      a higher-education degree (bachelor's degree 56%; master's degree 18%) and others
      were qualified S&C coaches (16%). Activities consisted largely of coaching (47%),
      data collection (22%) and equipment set-up (25%) but lacked provision of
      appropriate training. Mentors were allocated to interns; however, often
      developmental objectives were not discussed, meetings were rarely documented, and
      in some cases, no meetings took place. This study suggests that internships offer
      worthwhile experiences and assistance in skill development to progress in S&C.
      However, clearer guidelines are required to define the responsibilities of
      employers and interns, to maximise these experiential learning opportunities and
      avoid the exploitation of willing students.

PMID- 26986693
TI  - Correction to "Stereocomplex Crystallization and Homocrystallization of Star
      Shaped Four-Armed Stereo Diblock Poly(lactide)s with Different l-Lactyl Unit
      Contents: Isothermal Crystallization from the Melt".

PMID- 26986694
TI  - Diastereoselective Passerini Reaction of Biobased Chiral Aldehydes: Divergent
      Synthesis of Various Polyfunctionalized Heterocycles.
AB  - Lewis acid catalyzed Passerini reactions on chiral aldehydes derived from
      desymmetrized erythritol take place with unprecedented diastereoselectivity. The
      resulting adducts have been selectively and efficiently converted into a variety
      of densely functionalized, polyoxygenated heterocycles. 

PMID- 26986692
TI  - Does the Presence of Endometriosis Affect Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer?
AB  - Ovarian cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2013 were examined and cases with and
      without endometriosis compared. Among 139 epithelial ovarian, there were 49 (35%)
      with endometriosis and 90 (65%) without endometriosis. Endometriosis associated
      ovarian cancers were more likely to be confined to the pelvis (54% vs. 9%, p <
      0.0001) and lower grade (51% vs. 29%, p = 0.014). Younger age and earlier stage
      independently predicted the presence of endometriosis (p = 0.0011 and p < 0.0001,
      respectively). Ovarian cancer patients with endometriosis had improved PFS and OS
      [(HR = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.09-0.43), (HR = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.81)], compared to
      patients without endometriosis; however, endometriosis had no independent
      prognostic significance. 

PMID- 26986696
TI  - Football Equipment Removal Improves Chest Compression and Ventilation Efficacy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Airway access recommendations in potential catastrophic spine injury
      scenarios advocate for facemask removal, while keeping the helmet and shoulder
      pads in place for ensuing emergency transport. The anecdotal evidence to support
      these recommendations assumes that maintaining the helmet and shoulder pads
      assists inline cervical stabilization and that facial access guarantees adequate
      airway access. Our objective was to determine the effect of football equipment
      interference on performing chest compressions and delivering adequate
      ventilations on patient simulators. We hypothesized that conditions with more
      football equipment would decrease chest compression and ventilation efficacy.
      METHODS: Thirty-two certified athletic trainers were block randomized to
      participate in six different compression conditions and six different ventilation
      conditions using human patient simulators. Data for chest compression (mean
      compression depth, compression rate, percentage of correctly released
      compressions, and percentage of adequate compressions) and ventilation (total
      ventilations, mean ventilation volume, and percentage of ventilations delivering
      adequate volume) conditions were analyzed across all conditions. RESULTS: The
      fully equipped athlete resulted in the lowest mean compression depth (F5,154 =
      22.82; P < 0.001; Effect Size = 0.98) and delivery of adequate compressions
      (F5,154 = 15.06; P < 0.001; Effect Size = 1.09) compared to all other conditions.
      Bag-valve mask conditions resulted in delivery of significantly higher mean
      ventilation volumes compared to all 1- or 2-person pocketmask conditions (F5,150
      = 40.05; P < 0.001; Effect Size = 1.47). Two-responder ventilation scenarios
      resulted in delivery of a greater number of total ventilations (F5,153 = 3.99; P
      = 0.002; Effect Size = 0.26) and percentage of adequate ventilations (F5,150 =
      5.44; P < 0.001; Effect Size = 0.89) compared to one-responder scenarios. Non
      chinstrap conditions permitted greater ventilation volumes (F3,28 = 35.17; P <
      0.001; Effect Size = 1.78) and a greater percentage of adequate volume (F3,28 =
      4.85; P = 0.008; Effect Size = 1.12) compared to conditions with the chinstrap
      buckled or with the chinstrap in place but not buckled. CONCLUSIONS: Chest
      compression and ventilation delivery are compromised in equipment-intense
      conditions when compared to conditions whereby equipment was mostly or entirely
      removed. Emergency medical personnel should remove the helmet and shoulder pads
      from all football athletes who require cardiopulmonary resuscitation, while
      maintaining appropriate cervical spine stabilization when injury is suspected.
      Further research is needed to confirm our findings supporting full equipment
      removal for chest compression and ventilation delivery.

PMID- 26986695
TI  - Activation of the EIF2AK4-EIF2A/eIF2alpha-ATF4 pathway triggers autophagy
      response to Crohn disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli
      infection.
AB  - The intestinal mucosa of Crohn disease (CD) patients is abnormally colonized by
      adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC). Upon AIEC infection, autophagy is induced in
      host cells to restrain bacterial intracellular replication. The underlying
      mechanism, however, remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the
      EIF2AK4-EIF2A/eIF2alpha-ATF4 pathway in the autophagic response to AIEC
      infection. We showed that infection of human intestinal epithelial T84 cells with
      the AIEC reference strain LF82 activated the EIF2AK4-EIF2A-ATF4 pathway, as
      evidenced by increased phospho-EIF2AK4, phospho-EIF2A and ATF4 levels. EIF2AK4
      depletion inhibited autophagy activation in response to LF82 infection, leading
      to increased LF82 intracellular replication and elevated pro-inflammatory
      cytokine production. Mechanistically, EIF2AK4 depletion suppressed the LF82
      induced ATF4 binding to promoters of several autophagy genes including MAP1LC3B,
      BECN1, SQSTM1, ATG3 and ATG7, and this subsequently inhibited transcription of
      these genes. LF82 infection of wild-type (WT), but not eif2ak4(-/-), mice
      activated the EIF2AK4-EIF2A-ATF4 pathway, inducing autophagy gene transcription
      and autophagy response in enterocytes. Consequently, eif2ak4(-/-) mice exhibited
      increased intestinal colonization by LF82 bacteria and aggravated inflammation
      compared to WT mice. Activation of the EIF2AK4-EIF2A-ATF4 pathway was observed in
      ileal biopsies from patients with noninflamed CD, and this was suppressed in
      inflamed CD, suggesting that a defect in the activation of this pathway could be
      one of the mechanisms contributing to active disease. In conclusion, we show that
      activation of the EIF2AK4-EIF2A-ATF4 pathway upon AIEC infection serves as a host
      defense mechanism to induce functional autophagy to control AIEC intracellular
      replication.

PMID- 26986698
TI  - Effects of trehalose supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal
      innate immunity of juvenile chicks.
AB  - Trehalose is composed of two molecules of D-glucose joined by an alpha,alpha-1,1
      glucosidic linkage and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The
      present study investigated the effect of feeding a trehalose-supplemented diet on
      the growth performance, as well as the oxidative status and the intestinal innate
      immunity of juvenile chicks. A total of 16 d-old male broiler chicks were used in
      this study: two groups of 8 birds were fed on a 0% (control) or 0.5% trehalose
      supplemented diet for 18 d. The mean body weight of the trehalose group was
      significantly greater than that of the control group, but feed efficiency was not
      altered by feeding the trehalose-supplemented diet. No differences in the levels
      of lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle, liver and plasma were observed between
      the control and trehalose-supplemented groups. The mRNA levels of interferon
      gamma, tumour necrosis factor-like ligand 1A, interleukin-10, NADPH oxidase 4 and
      inducible NO synthase were significantly reduced by the trehalose
      supplementation. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with trehalose
      after hatching may have beneficial effects on the growth performance of juvenile
      chicks, probably by improving their intestinal innate immunity. 

PMID- 26986699
TI  - [An exotic non-tropical lung disease].
AB  - We report a case of pulmonary blastomycosis in a young man recently returned from
      a journey in Canada. He had acute pneumonia resistant to various antibiotics.
      Blastomycosis is an endemic mycosis in Canada and the United States, most
      frequently affecting the lungs, although extrapulmonary dissemination occurs in
      approximately one third of cases. Diagnosis is made by identification of
      Blastomyces dermatidis at direct examination or in culture. The lack of precise
      knowledge concerning the natural habitat of this microorganism is an obstacle to
      effective prevention. 

PMID- 26986697
TI  - Prevalence of overweight and obesity among students with intellectual
      disabilities in Taiwan: A secondary analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The study aims to investigate the prevalence and likelihood of
      overweight and obesity in a large sample of students with intellectual
      disabilities (ID) from Taiwan. METHOD: A secondary analysis of a cross sectional
      study was employed to examine the body weight status among 7 to 18 year-old
      students with ID enrolled in public special education schools in 2013. The
      students were divided into three age groups (7-12 yrs, 13-15 yrs, and 16-18 yrs),
      four ID levels (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) and six comorbidities of ID
      (ID only, ID caused by genetic disorders, ID with physical disability, ID with
      multiple disabilities without physical disabilities, ID with autism spectrum
      disorders, and others with rare diseases). RESULTS: The sample represented 34.8%
      of students with ID attending public special education schools in Taiwan. Within
      this sample, 35.2% were identified as being overweight or obese. The 16 to 18
      year-old age group were approximately two times (AOR=2.02, more likely to be
      obese than the 7-12 year-old group. Students with ID caused by genetic disorders
      such as Down syndrome (AOR=2.00) appeared to be more overweight or obese in
      comparison to those with ID only. Students with moderate (AOR=1.64) and severe ID
      (AOR=1.49) were more overweight/obese compared to those with profound ID.
      CONCLUSION: The findings not only highlight the high prevalence of
      overweight/obesity but also stress the need for health promotion initiatives to
      address issues of overweight/obesity within this population.

PMID- 26986700
TI  - Reduced TiO2-Graphene Oxide Heterostructure As Broad Spectrum-Driven Efficient
      Water-Splitting Photocatalysts.
AB  - The reduced TiO2-graphene oxide heterostructure as an alternative broad spectrum
      driven efficient water splitting photocatalyst has become a really interesting
      topic, however, its syntheses has many flaws, e.g., tedious experimental steps,
      time-consuming, small scale production, and requirement of various additives, for
      example, hydrazine hydrate is widely used as reductant to the reduction of
      graphene oxide, which is high toxicity and easy to cause the second pollution.
      For these issues, herein, we reported the synthesis of the reduced TiO2-graphene
      oxide heterostructure by a facile chemical reduction agent-free one-step laser
      ablation in liquid (LAL) method, which achieves extended optical response range
      from ultraviolet to visible and composites TiO(2-x) (reduced TiO2) nanoparticle
      and graphene oxide for promoting charge conducting. 30.64% Ti(3+) content in the
      reduced TiO2 nanoparticles induces the electronic reconstruction of TiO2, which
      results in 0.87 eV decrease of the band gap for the visible light absorption.
      TiO(2-x)-graphene oxide heterostructure achieved drastically increased
      photocatalytic H2 production rate, up to 23 times with respect to the blank
      experiment. Furthermore, a maximum H2 production rate was measured to be 16
      mmol/h/g using Pt as a cocatalyst under the simulated sunlight irradiation (AM
      1.5G, 135 mW/cm(2)), the quantum efficiencies were measured to be 5.15% for
      wavelength lambda = 365 +/- 10 nm and 1.84% for lambda = 405 +/- 10 nm, and
      overall solar energy conversion efficiency was measured to be 14.3%. These
      findings provided new insights into the broad applicability of this methodology
      for accessing fascinate photocatalysts.

PMID- 26986701
TI  - Expedient and generic synthesis of imidazole nucleosides by enzymatic
      transglycosylation.
AB  - A straightforward route to original imidazole-based nucleosides that makes use of
      an enzymatic N-transglycosylation step is reported in both the ribo- and
      deoxyribo-series. To illustrate the scope of this approach, a diverse set of 4
      aryl and 4-heteroaryl-1H-imidazoles featuring variable sizes and hydrogen-bonding
      patterns was prepared using a microwave-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling
      reaction. These imidazole derivatives were examined as possible substrates for
      the nucleoside 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase from L. leichmannii and the purine
      nucleoside phosphorylase from E. coli. The optimum transglycosylation conditions,
      including the use of co-adjuvants to address solubility issues, were defined.
      Enzymatic conversion of 4-(hetero)arylimidazoles to 2'-deoxyribo- or ribo
      nucleosides proceeded in good to high conversion yields, except bulky hydrophobic
      imidazole derivatives. Nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase of class II was found
      to convert the widest range of functionalized imidazoles into 2'
      deoxyribonucleosides and was even capable of bis-glycosylating certain
      heterocyclic substrates. Our findings should enable chemoenzymatic access to a
      large diversity of flexible nucleoside analogues as molecular probes, drug
      candidates and original building blocks for synthetic biology. 

PMID- 26986702
TI  - Will Zika Virus and Microcephaly Epidemics Emerge After Ebola in West Africa? The
      Need for Prospective Studies Now.

PMID- 26986704
TI  - Endovascular-first strategy for acute and subacute limb ischaemia: Potential
      benefits of a pure mechanical thrombectomy approach Comment on Stanek et al, p.
      49-56.

PMID- 26986703
TI  - Ankle-brachial index measurement: Skill cannot be taken for granted. Comment on
      Chaudru et al, p. 37-41 and Monti et al, p. 43-48.

PMID- 26986706
TI  - Inflammatory diseases of the aorta.
AB  - Inflammatory aortic diseases may occur with and without dilatation and are
      complicated by obstruction, rupture and dissection. Infections originate from
      periaortic foci or septicaemia and tend to result in the rapid development of
      aneurysms. Large vessel vasculitis due to Takayasu arteritis in younger and giant
      cell arteritis (GCA) in older patients is located in all layers of the aortic
      wall and prevails in the thoracic section. GCA patients are prone to developing
      aortic complications in the late course of disease. In Behcet's disease,
      aneurysms may have an unusual morphology and localisation. The diagnosis of
      aortitis is usually obtained by vascular imaging, but partly made only by biopsy
      on occasion of an operation, especially in case of isolated aortitis of the
      ascending aorta which mostly remains inapparent until dissection or large
      aneurysms have developed. Periaortitis typically occurs in the abdominal aorta
      and may lead to inflammatory aortic aneurysm (IAA). It is looked upon as a
      special form of vasculitis, with an overlap to primary retroperitoneal fibrosis
      (RF). An identical pathology is discussed for the three diseases. On the other
      hand, about 50% of isolated aortitides and periaortitides as well as
      retroperitoneal fibroses can be classed among IgG4-related diseases. Periaortitis
      also is observed after treatment of aortic aneurysms by stent-graft implantation.
      Special attention should be paid to ureteral obstruction along with RF or IAA.
      Once infection is ruled out, immunosuppression is applied to all forms of
      inflammatory aortic diseases, primarily with glucocorticoids. However, after
      successful surgery for isolated thoracic aortitis or inflammatory aortic aneurysm
      immunosuppression may be dispensable and it is not required if periaortic tissue
      enlargement persists in chronic inactive disease. For some patients with
      periaortitis and RF, tamoxifen may be a valuable alternative.

PMID- 26986705
TI  - Gender differences in patients with carotid stenosis.
AB  - This overview analyses gender differences in prevalence, epidemiology, risk
      factors and therapy in patients with carotid stenosis in a systematic review.
      Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death in Western society, where about 20%
      of cases are triggered by a carotid stenosis or occlusion, which occurs more
      frequently in men than in women. The stroke-protective effect of carotid
      endarterectomy is greater in men. Men have lower peri-procedural stroke and death
      rates. Particularly men with carotid stenosis and a life expectancy of at least 5
      years benefit from surgical treatment. Also, the recurrence rate of ipsilateral
      stroke 5 years after initial surgery is lower in men than in women. It is not yet
      fully clarified whether there are significant gender differences regarding the
      outcome after endovascular versus surgical treatment. Gender differences in the
      outcome of carotid artery repair may be caused by biological, anatomical (smaller
      vessel diameter in women) or hormonal differences as well as a protracted
      development of atherosclerotic changes in women and different plaque morphology.
      Moreover, women are on average older at the time of surgery and their surgical
      treatment is often delayed. To reduce the risk of stroke and to improve treatment
      outcome especially for women, further research on gender differences and their
      causes is mandatory and promising.

PMID- 26986707
TI  - Predicting the prevalence of peripheral arterial diseases: modelling and
      validation in different cohorts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To develop models for prevalence estimation of peripheral arterial
      disease (PAD) and to validate them in an external cohort. METHODS: Model training
      cohort was a population based cross-sectional survey. Age, sex, smoking status,
      body mass index, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), TC/HDL
      ratio, low density lipoprotein, fasting glucose, diabetes, hypertension, pulse
      pressure, and stroke history were considered candidate predicting variables.
      Ankle brachial index <= 0.9 was defined as the presence of peripheral arterial
      disease. Logistic regression method was used to build the prediction models. The
      likelihood ratio test was applied to select predicting variables. The bootstrap
      method was used for model internal validation. Model performance was validated in
      an external cohort. RESULTS: The final models included age, sex, pulse pressure,
      TC/HDL ratio, smoking status, diabetes, and stroke history. Area under receiver
      operating characteristics (AUC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of the final
      model from the training cohort was 0.74 (0.70, 0.77). Model validation in another
      cohort revealed AUC (95% CI) of 0.72 (0.70, 0.73). P value of Hosmer-Lemeshow's
      model goodness of fit test was 0.75 indicating good model calibration.
      CONCLUSIONS: The developed model yielded a moderate usefulness for predicting the
      prevalence of PAD in general population.

PMID- 26986709
TI  - Accuracy of in-patients ankle-brachial index measurement by medical students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ankle brachial index (ABI) is a first line non-invasive screening
      tool for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in at risk populations. The need to
      extend ABI use in large population screening has urged its use by professionals
      other than vascular physicians. As advocated by the American Heart Association,
      ABI teaching is part of medical curriculum in several countries. We determine
      accuracy in ABI measurement by trained medical students compared with an
      experienced angiologist. METHODS: Twelve 6th year medical students underwent 9
      days of training at Lausanne University Hospital. Students and an experienced
      angiologist, blinded to students' results, screened consecutive hospitalised
      patients aged >= 65 or >= 50 with at least one cardiovascular risk factor during
      a 6-week period. RESULTS: A total of 249 patients were screened of whom 59
      (23.7%) met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 80, 45.8% were women, and 6.8%
      were symptomatic. In total, 116 ABIs were available for analysis. Agreement
      between students and angiologist was moderate with a k-value of 0.498 (95%
      confidence interval: 0.389-0.606). Overall accuracy and precision of PAD
      screening performed by students showed sensitivity of 73.2% and specificity of
      88.0%. Positive and negative predictive values were 76.9% and 85.7%,
      respectively; positive and negative likelihood ratios were 6.3 and 3,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A nine day training program on ABI measurement is not
      sufficient for inexperienced medical students to achieve an acceptable diagnostic
      accuracy in detecting PAD in at risk populations.

PMID- 26986708
TI  - Knowledge about ankle-brachial index procedure among residents: being experienced
      is beneficial but is not enough.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ankle-brachial index (ABI) at rest is the main clinical tool to
      diagnose the presence of lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). The
      method for ABI procedure (i.e., measurement, calculation and interpretation) is
      standardised and guidelines were published in 2012. This study sought to: i)
      assess knowledge about the three major steps of the ABI procedure (i.e.,
      measurement, calculation and interpretation) among residents from different
      medical schools, ii) compare the ABI knowledge of experienced residents (i.e.,
      who have already performed ABI procedure more than 20 times) with the knowledge
      of inexperienced residents, and iii) describe the most common errors by
      residents. METHODS: Residents from six medical schools were invited to complete a
      questionnaire about the ABI procedure. RESULTS: Sixty-eight residents completed
      the questionnaire. None of them knew how to perform the entire ABI procedure.
      Overall, 22%, 13% and 41% of residents correctly answered questions about ABI
      measurement, ABI calculation and ABI interpretation, respectively. Score
      comparisons underlined the fact that experienced residents (n = 26) answered ABI
      measurement questions to a significantly better level and had a significantly
      higher total score than inexperienced residents (n = 42) (P = 0.0485 and P =
      0.0332, respectively). Errors were similar for most of the residents.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that experienced residents have significantly
      better ABI procedure knowledge than inexperienced residents. However, none of
      them are able to perform the entire ABI procedure without any mistake with regard
      to current guidelines. It is important that training be given to residents in
      medical schools in order to improve their ABI procedure knowledge.

PMID- 26986710
TI  - Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in the treatment of acute and subacute
      occlusions of the peripheral arteries and bypasses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective single-centre study was to analyse the
      immediate results, failures and complications of percutaneous mechanical
      thrombectomy using the Rotarex catheter in the treatment of acute and subacute
      occlusions of peripheral arteries and bypasses, as well as to evaluate long-term
      outcomes of this method. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with acute (duration of
      symptoms < 14 days) or subacute (duration of symptoms > 14 days and < 3 months)
      occlusions of peripheral arteries and bypasses were selected consecutively for
      treatment. The cohort consisted of 113 patients, aged 18-92 years (median 72
      years). In all, 128 procedures were performed. RESULTS: Angiographic success was
      obtained in 120 interventions (93.8%). Reasons for failures were rethrombosis of
      a partially recanalised segment in six procedures, and embolism into crural
      arteries in one intervention--percutaneous aspiration thromboembolectomy (PAT)
      and/or thrombolysis were ineffective in all these cases. Breakage of the Rotarex
      catheter happened in one procedure. Embolisation into crural arteries as a
      transitory complication solvable with PAT and/or thrombolysis occurred in four
      cases. Rethrombosis was more frequent in bypasses than in native arteries (p =
      0.0069), in patients with longer occlusions (p = 0.026) and those with poorer
      distal runoff (p = 0.048). Embolisation happened more often in patients with a
      shorter duration of symptoms (p = 0.0001). Clinical success was achieved in
      82.5%. Major amputation was performed in 10% of cases. Cumulative patency rates
      were 75% after one month, 71% after six months, 38% after 12 months, 33% after 18
      months and 30% after 24, 30, 36 and 42 months. CONCLUSIONS: Rotarex thrombectomy
      has excellent immediate results with a low rate of failures and complications. In
      comparison to thrombolysis, it enables the fast and efficient treatment of acute
      and subacute occlusions of peripheral arteries in one session.

PMID- 26986711
TI  - Paroxysmal finger haematoma--a benign acrosyndrome occurring in middle-aged
      women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal finger haematoma (PFH) is an under-recognised vascular
      acrosyndrome with no epidemiological description to date. The aim of this work
      was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of PFH in a
      population-based sample of subjects and to describe their semiological
      characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study of random
      samples of the general population in three geographic areas of France involved
      802 subjects, 548 women and 254 men, aged 18 to 84 years. The diagnosis of PFH
      was made from a report by the subject of a history of recurrent haematoma in the
      fingers with a sudden, painful and unexpected occurrence. Diagnosis of associated
      conditions and evaluation of lifestyle variables were obtained through
      standardised medical interview and examination. RESULTS: A history of PFH was
      detected in 71 subjects, with a prevalence of 1.2% in men and 12.4% in women;
      there was no significant regional variation. Onset before 40 years of age was
      rare. Besides female sex and age, no socio-economical nor lifestyle risk factors
      were detected. PFH was associated with Raynaud phenomenon and a history of
      chilblains, but no link with any health threatening disease was found. In
      addition to the sudden onset of pain and hematoma, the main clinical features
      were a frequent digital swelling during the painful attack, and their predominant
      location on the volar side of the first and second phalanges of the third or
      second fingers of the dominant hand. CONCLUSIONS: PFH is a benign phenomenon,
      frequently found in middle-aged women, to be classified among the vascular
      acrosyndromes. Patients seeking medical evaluation for this disorder should be
      reassured.

PMID- 26986712
TI  - Risk factors for superficial vein thrombosis in patients with primary chronic
      venous disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary chronic venous disease (CVD) is associated with an increased
      risk of superficial vein thrombosis (SVT). While CVD is a predominant factor in
      SVT, there is a range of additional predisposing factors. The objective was to
      investigate the association between age, gender, BMI, smoking, oestrogen hormone
      therapy, family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and CEAP clinical
      classification in patients with CVD and a history of SVT. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      In a retrospective observational study on consecutive patients with primary CVD,
      641 outpatients were enrolled (152 men, 23.7%; 489 women, 76.3%). The prevalence
      of SVT was evaluated according to age, BMI, smoking, presence of family history
      of VTE, use of hormone therapy, and clinical class of CVD. RESULTS: Risk of SVT
      was significantly increased in women (OR 1.68, 95% CI = 1.02-2.76; p = 0.041),
      older patients (46-69 years, OR 1.57, 95% CI = 1.03-2.4; p = 0.036, >= 70 years,
      OR 2.93, 95% CI = 1.5-5.76; p = 0.001), smokers (OR 1.69, 95% CI = 1.1-2.58; p =
      0.015) and in persons with first-degree siblings diagnosed with VTE (OR 2,28, 95%
      CI = 1.28-4.05; p = 0.004). The risk was significantly increased in older male
      smokers (p - 0.042). In women, smoking and oestrogen therapy (p = 0.495) did not
      increase the risk of SVT even older women or in those with increased BMI. In CVD
      (C0-C3), a history of episodes of SVT was found in 103/550 (18.7%), in chronic
      venous insufficiency (CVI) in 27/91 (29.7%). There was a significantly higher
      prevalence of SVT in patients with CVI (OR 1.70, 95% CI = 1.1-2.5; p = 0.016).
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients with primary CVD, SVT was significantly associated with
      female gender. In men, older age, smoking and positive family history of VTE were
      relevant SVT risk factors. In women, risk factors were older age, BMI >= 25 kg/m2
      and positive family history of VTE. Compared with C0-C3 clinical classes, CVI
      significantly increases the risk of SVT.

PMID- 26986713
TI  - Coil embolization of a posterior circumflex humeral aneurysm in a volleyball
      player.

PMID- 26986714
TI  - Pushing the limits of endovascular intervention: favourable results of recent
      intracranial trials.

PMID- 26986716
TI  - Nickel Disulfide-Graphene Nanosheets Composites with Improved Electrochemical
      Performance for Sodium Ion Battery.
AB  - Nickel disulfide-graphene nanosheets (NiS2-GNS) composites were successfully
      synthesized via a simple and mild hydrothermal method. It was revealed by
      scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images that the
      spherical NiS2 nanoparticles with a diameter of 200-300 nm were uniformly
      dispersed on graphene nanosheets. Na(+) electrochemical storage properties
      including cycling performance and high-rate capability of NiS2-GNS composites
      were investigated, demonstrating a superior reversible capacity of 407 mAh g(-1)
      with the capacity retention of 77% over 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C.
      Furthermore, even at a large current density of 2 C, a high capacity of 168 mAh
      g(-1) can still remain, which is much higher than that of pristine NiS2
      materials. The enhancement in electrochemical properties might be attributed to
      the synergetic effect endowed by high conductivity of graphene and novel
      structure of the electrode material. Combined with the advantages of low cost and
      environmental benignity, NiS2-GNS composite would be a potential anode material
      for sodium ion batteries. 

PMID- 26986717
TI  - A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor strongly suppressed pulmonary vascular
      remodeling of allergic vasculitis in a murine model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, ZSTK474 on
      vascular remodeling using a murine model of allergic vasculitis with eosinophil
      infiltration. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with OVA. The positive
      controls were exposed to aerosolized OVA daily for 7 days. The other group of
      mice were administered ZSTK474 (30 mg/kg, p.o. daily) in parallel with daily
      exposure to aerosolized OVA for 7 days. On the 3rd and 7th day, bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL) was performed and the lungs were excised for pathological analysis.
      Cell differentials were determined and the concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
      and TGF-betain BAL fluid were measured. RESULTS: The total cell numbers and
      eosinophil numbers in BALF were greatly reduced in the ZSTK474-treated group on
      the 3rd and 7th day after exposure to OVA. The numbers of total white blood cells
      and eosinophils in the peripheral blood were significantly reduced in the ZSTK474
      treated group on the 3rd and 7th day after exposure to OVA. The concentrations of
      IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BAL fluids were also reduced significantly on the 3rd
      day in the ZSTK474-treated group. The concentrations of TGF-beta in BAL fluids
      were also reduced significantly on the 3rd and 7th day in the ZSTK474-treated
      group. The pathological scores reduced significantly in the ZSTK474-treated group
      compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The PI3K inhibitor, ZSTK474 suppressed
      pulmonary vascular remodeling in the murine model of allergic vasculitis with
      eosinophil infiltration. PI3K signal transduction may have a critical role in the
      immunological process that induces allergic vasculitis.

PMID- 26986718
TI  - Very Early versus Delayed Rehabilitation for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients with
      Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A Nationwide Retrospective
      Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the safety and feasibility of very early rehabilitation for
      stroke are well recognized, the initiation of rehabilitation is sometimes delayed
      after thrombolysis. The purpose of this study was to clarify the association
      between very early rehabilitation and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients
      who received tissue plasminogen activator, using a national inpatient database in
      Japan. METHODS: We identified patients who were admitted to acute-care hospitals
      with ischemic stroke and were treated with intravenous recombinant tissue
      plasminogen activator on the same day of stroke onset and received rehabilitation
      within 3 days from admission. The primary outcome was functional independence on
      discharge. We compared the outcomes of a very early rehabilitation group with a
      comparison group. RESULTS: We identified 6,153 eligible patients, of whom 4,266
      received very early rehabilitation. The proportion of functional independence on
      discharge was 41.2 and 36.6% in the very early rehabilitation group and the
      comparison group, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed
      that the very early rehabilitation was significantly associated with a higher
      proportion of functional independence after adjustment for confounding factors.
      There was no significant difference in 7-, 30-, 90-day mortality or incidence of
      intracerebral hemorrhage between the groups after adjusting for baseline
      characteristics. Instrumental variable analysis confirmed a higher proportion of
      functionally independent patients in the very early rehabilitation group.
      CONCLUSION: Patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing very early
      rehabilitation after thrombolysis were more likely to achieve functional
      independence without an increase in adverse outcomes.

PMID- 26986719
TI  - Spatial Organization of Epigenomes.
AB  - The role of genome architecture in transcription regulation has become the focus
      of an increasing number of studies over the past decade. Chromatin organization
      can have a significant impact on gene expression by promoting or restricting the
      physical proximity between regulatory DNA elements. Given that any change in
      chromatin state has the potential to alter DNA folding and the proximity between
      control elements, the spatial organization of chromatin is inherently linked to
      its molecular composition. In this review, we explore how modulators of chromatin
      state and organization might keep gene expression in check. We discuss recent
      findings and present some of the less well-studied aspects of spatial genome
      organization such as chromatin dynamics and regulation by non-coding RNAs.

PMID- 26986721
TI  - Precision wildlife monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles.
AB  - Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent a new frontier in environmental
      research. Their use has the potential to revolutionise the field if they prove
      capable of improving data quality or the ease with which data are collected
      beyond traditional methods. We apply UAV technology to wildlife monitoring in
      tropical and polar environments and demonstrate that UAV-derived counts of colony
      nesting birds are an order of magnitude more precise than traditional ground
      counts. The increased count precision afforded by UAVs, along with their ability
      to survey hard-to-reach populations and places, will likely drive many wildlife
      monitoring projects that rely on population counts to transition from traditional
      methods to UAV technology. Careful consideration will be required to ensure the
      coherence of historic data sets with new UAV-derived data and we propose a method
      for determining the number of duplicated (concurrent UAV and ground counts)
      sampling points needed to achieve data compatibility. 

PMID- 26986720
TI  - Bioinformatic analyses of sense and antisense expression from terminal inverted
      repeat transposons in Drosophila somatic cells.
AB  - Understanding regulation of transposon movement in somatic cells is important as
      mobile elements can cause detrimental genomic rearrangements. Generally,
      transposons move via one of 2 mechanisms; retrotransposons utilize an RNA
      intermediate, therefore copying themselves and amplifying throughout the genome,
      while terminal inverted repeat transposons (TIR Tns) excise DNA sequences from
      the genome and integrate into a new location. Our recently published work
      indicates that retrotransposons in Drosophila tissue culture cells are actively
      transcribed in the antisense direction. Our data support a model in which
      convergent transcription of retrotransposons from intra element transcription
      start sites results in complementary RNAs that hybridize to form substrates for
      Dicer-2, the endogenous small interfering (esi)RNA generating enzyme. Here, we
      extend our previous analysis to TIR Tns. In contrast to retrotransposons, our
      data show that antisense TIR Tn RNAs result from transcription of intronic TIR
      Tns oriented antisense to their host genes. Also, disproportionately less esiRNAs
      are generated from TIR transcripts than from retrotransposons and transcription
      of very few individual TIR Tns could be confirmed. Collectively, these data
      support a model in which TIR Tns are regulated at the level of Transposase
      production while retrotransposons are regulated with esiRNA post-transcriptional
      mechanisms in Drosophila somatic cells.

PMID- 26986722
TI  - Cisplatin Resistant Spheroids Model Clinically Relevant Survival Mechanisms in
      Ovarian Tumors.
AB  - The majority of ovarian tumors eventually recur in a drug resistant form. Using
      cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines assembled into 3D spheroids we
      profiled gene expression and identified candidate mechanisms and biological
      pathways associated with cisplatin resistance. OVCAR-8 human ovarian carcinoma
      cells were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cisplatin to create a matched
      cisplatin-resistant cell line, OVCAR-8R. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of
      sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer spheroids identified 3,331 significantly
      differentially expressed probesets coding for 3,139 distinct protein-coding genes
      (Fc >2, FDR < 0.05) (S2 Table). Despite significant expression changes in some
      transporters including MDR1, cisplatin resistance was not associated with
      differences in intracellular cisplatin concentration. Cisplatin resistant cells
      were significantly enriched for a mesenchymal gene expression signature. OVCAR-8R
      resistance derived gene sets were significantly more biased to patients with
      shorter survival. From the most differentially expressed genes, we derived a 17
      gene expression signature that identifies ovarian cancer patients with shorter
      overall survival in three independent datasets. We propose that the use of
      cisplatin resistant cell lines in 3D spheroid models is a viable approach to gain
      insight into resistance mechanisms relevant to ovarian tumors in patients. Our
      data support the emerging concept that ovarian cancers can acquire drug
      resistance through an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. 

PMID- 26986724
TI  - MicroRNA miR-93-5p regulates expression of IL-8 and VEGF in neuroblastoma SK-N-AS
      cells.
AB  - The role of the microRNA miR-93-5p on the secretome profile and the expression
      levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) was
      investigated in the neuroblastoma SK-N-AS cell line by Bio-Plex analysis and RT
      qPCR. The results indicate that VEGF and IL-8 are the major miR-93-5p molecular
      targets. This conclusion was based on in vitro transfection with pre-miR-93-5p
      and anti-miR-93-5p; these treatments inversely modulated both VEGF and IL-8 gene
      expression and protein release in the neuroblastoma SK-N-AS cell line.
      Computational analysis showed the presence of miR-93-5p consensus sequences in
      the 3'UTR region of both VEGF and IL-8 mRNAs, predicting possible interaction
      with miR-93-5p and confirming a potential regulatory role of this microRNA.

PMID- 26986723
TI  - Mechanism of Notch Pathway Activation and Its Role in the Regulation of Olfactory
      Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The neural plasticity of sensory systems is being increasingly recognized as
      playing a role in learning and memory. We have previously shown that Notch, part
      of an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway, is required in
      adult Drosophila melanogaster olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) for the
      structural and functional plasticity of olfactory glomeruli that is induced by
      chronic odor exposure. In this paper we address how long-term exposure to odor
      activates Notch and how Notch in conjunction with chronic odor mediates olfactory
      plasticity. We show that upon chronic odor exposure a non-canonical Notch pathway
      mediates an increase in the volume of glomeruli by a mechanism that is autonomous
      to ORNs. In addition to activating a pathway that is autonomous to ORNs, chronic
      odor exposure also activates the Notch ligand Delta in second order projection
      neurons (PNs), but this does not appear to require acetylcholine receptor
      activation in PNs. Delta on PNs then feeds back to activate canonical Notch
      signaling in ORNs, which restricts the extent of the odor induced increase in
      glomerular volume. Surprisingly, even though the pathway that mediates the
      increase in glomerular volume is autonomous to ORNs, nonproductive transsynaptic
      Delta/Notch interactions that do not activate the canonical pathway can block the
      increase in volume. In conjunction with chronic odor, the canonical Notch pathway
      also enhances cholinergic activation of PNs. We present evidence suggesting that
      this is due to increased acetylcholine release from ORNs. In regulating
      physiological plasticity, Notch functions solely by the canonical pathway,
      suggesting that there is no direct connection between morphological and
      physiological plasticity. 

PMID- 26986726
TI  - Visual Perception-Based Statistical Modeling of Complex Grain Image for Product
      Quality Monitoring and Supervision on Assembly Production Line.
AB  - Computer vision as a fast, low-cost, noncontact, and online monitoring technology
      has been an important tool to inspect product quality, particularly on a large
      scale assembly production line. However, the current industrial vision system is
      far from satisfactory in the intelligent perception of complex grain images,
      comprising a large number of local homogeneous fragmentations or patches without
      distinct foreground and background. We attempt to solve this problem based on the
      statistical modeling of spatial structures of grain images. We present a physical
      explanation in advance to indicate that the spatial structures of the complex
      grain images are subject to a representative Weibull distribution according to
      the theory of sequential fragmentation, which is well known in the continued
      comminution of ore grinding. To delineate the spatial structure of the grain
      image, we present a method of multiscale and omnidirectional Gaussian derivative
      filtering. Then, a product quality classifier based on sparse multikernel-least
      squares support vector machine is proposed to solve the low-confidence
      classification problem of imbalanced data distribution. The proposed method is
      applied on the assembly line of a food-processing enterprise to classify (or
      identify) automatically the production quality of rice. The experiments on the
      real application case, compared with the commonly used methods, illustrate the
      validity of our method. 

PMID- 26986725
TI  - Enhancing Maternal and Perinatal Health in Under-Served Remote Areas in Sub
      Saharan Africa: A Tanzanian Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Tanzania, maternal mortality ratio (MMR), unmet need for emergency
      obstetric care and health inequities across the country are in a critical state,
      particularly in rural areas. This study was established to determine the
      feasibility and impact of decentralizing comprehensive emergency obstetric and
      neonatal care (CEmONC) services in underserved rural areas using associate
      clinicians. METHODS: Ten health centres (HCs) were upgraded by constructing and
      equipping maternity blocks, operating rooms, laboratories, staff houses and
      installing solar panels, standby generators and water supply systems. Twenty
      three assistant medical officers (advanced level associate clinicians), and forty
      four nurse-midwives and clinical officers (associate clinicians) were trained in
      CEmONC and anaesthesia respectively. CEmONC services were launched between 2009
      and 2012. Monthly supportive supervision and clinical audits of adverse pregnancy
      outcomes were introduced in 2011 in these HCs and their respective district
      hospitals. FINDINGS: After launching CEmONC services from 2009 to 2014
      institutional deliveries increased in all upgraded rural HCs. Mean numbers of
      monthly deliveries increased by 151% and obstetric referrals decreased from 9% to
      3% (p = 0.03) in HCs. A total of 43,846 deliveries and 2,890 caesarean sections
      (CS) were performed in these HCs making the mean proportion of all births in
      EmONC facilities of 128% and mean population-based CS rate of 9%. There were 190
      maternal deaths and 1,198 intrapartum and very early neonatal deaths (IVEND) in
      all health facilities. Generally, health centres had statistically significantly
      lower maternal mortality ratios and IVEND rates than district hospitals (p < 0.00
      and < 0.02 respectively). Of all deaths (maternal and IVEND) 84% to 96% were
      considered avoidable. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly indicate that remotely
      located health centres in resource limited settings hold a great potential to
      increase accessibility to CEmONC services and to improve maternal and perinatal
      health.

PMID- 26986737
TI  - Haplotypes of the D-Amino Acid Oxidase Gene Are Significantly Associated with
      Schizophrenia and Its Neurocognitive Deficits.
AB  - D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) has been reported to be associated with schizophrenia.
      This study aimed to search for genetic variants associated with this gene. The
      genomic regions of all exons, highly conserved regions of introns, and promoters
      of this gene were sequenced. Potentially meaningful single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from direct sequencing were selected for genotyping
      in 600 controls and 912 patients with schizophrenia and in a replicated sample
      consisting of 388 patients with schizophrenia. Genetic associations were examined
      using single-locus and haplotype association analyses. In single-locus analyses,
      the frequency of the C allele of a novel SNP rs55944529 located at intron 8 was
      found to be significantly higher in the original large patient sample (p =
      0.016). This allele was associated with a higher level of DAO mRNA expression in
      the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes. The haplotype distribution of a
      haplotype block composed of rs11114083-rs2070586-rs2070587-rs55944529 across
      intron 1 and intron 8 was significantly different between the patients and
      controls and the haplotype frequencies of AAGC were significantly higher in
      patients, in both the original (corrected p < 0.0001) and replicated samples
      (corrected p = 0.0003). The CGTC haplotype was specifically associated with the
      subgroup with deficits in sustained attention and executive function and the AAGC
      haplotype was associated with the subgroup without such deficits. The DAO gene
      was a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and the genomic region between intron
      1 and intron 8 may harbor functional genetic variants, which may influence the
      mRNA expression of DAO and neurocognitive functions in schizophrenia. 

PMID- 26986739
TI  - Crystal Structure and Band Gap Engineering in Polyoxometalate-Based Inorganic
      Organic Hybrids.
AB  - We have demonstrated engineering of the electronic band gap of the hybrid
      materials based on POMs (polyoxometalates), by controlling its structural
      complexity through variation in the conditions of synthesis. The pH- and
      temperature-dependent studies give a clear insight into how these experimental
      factors affect the overall hybrid structure and its properties. Our structural
      manipulations have been successful in effectively tuning the optical band gap and
      electronic band structure of this kind of hybrids, which can find many
      applications in the field of photovoltaic and semiconducting devices. We have
      also addressed a common crystallographic disorder observed in Keggin-ion (one
      type of heteropolyoxometalate [POMs])-based hybrid materials. Through a
      combination of crystallographic, spectroscopic, and theoretical analysis of four
      new POM-based hybrids synthesized with tactically varied reaction conditions, we
      trace the origin and nature of the disorder associated with it and the subtle
      local structural coordination involved in its core picture. While the
      crystallography yields a centrosymmetric structure with planar coordination of
      Si, our analysis with XPS, IR, and Raman spectroscopy reveals a tetrahedral
      coordination with broken inversion symmetry, corroborated by first-principles
      calculations. 

PMID- 26986738
TI  - Branching Shoots and Spikes from Lateral Meristems in Bread Wheat.
AB  - Wheat grain yield consists of three components: spikes per plant, grains per
      spike (i.e. head or ear), and grain weight; and the grains per spike can be
      dissected into two subcomponents: spikelets per spike and grains per spikelet. An
      increase in any of these components will directly contribute to grain yield.
      Wheat morphology biology tells that a wheat plant has no lateral meristem that
      forms any branching shoot or spike. In this study, we report two novel shoot and
      spike traits that were produced from lateral meristems in bread wheat. One is
      supernumerary shoot that was developed from an axillary bud at the axil of leaves
      on the elongated internodes of the main stem. The other is supernumerary spike
      that was generated from a spikelet meristem on a spike. In addition,
      supernumerary spikelets were generated on the same rachis node of the spike in
      the plant that had supernumerary shoot and spikes. All of these supernumerary
      shoots/spikes/spikelets found in the super wheat plants produced normal fertility
      and seeds, displaying huge yield potential in bread wheat. 

PMID- 26986740
TI  - Queen Specific Exocrine Glands in Legionary Ants and Their Possible Function in
      Sexual Selection.
AB  - The colonies of army ants and some other legionary ant species have single,
      permanently wingless queens with massive post petioles and large gasters. Such
      highly modified queens are called dichthadiigynes. This paper presents the
      unusually rich exocrine gland endowment of dichthadiigynes, which is not found in
      queens of other ant species. It has been suggested these kinds of glands produce
      secretions that attract and maintain worker retinues around queens, especially
      during migration. However, large worker retinues also occur in non-legionary
      species whose queens do not have such an exuberance of exocrine glands. We argue
      and present evidence in support of our previously proposed hypothesis that the
      enormous outfit of exocrine glands found in dichthadiigynes is due to sexual
      selection mediated by workers as the main selecting agents. 

PMID- 26986741
TI  - Moribund Ants Do Not Call for Help.
AB  - When an antlion captures a foraging ant, the victim's nestmates may display
      rescue behaviour. This study tested the hypothesis that the expression of rescue
      behaviour depends on the life expectancy of the captured ant. This hypothesis
      predicts that the expression of rescue behaviour will be less frequent when the
      captured ant has a lower life expectancy than when it has a higher life
      expectancy because such a response would be adaptive at the colony level. Indeed,
      significant differences were found in the frequency of rescue behaviours in
      response to antlion victims with differing life expectancies. In agreement with
      prediction, victims with lower life expectancies were rescued less frequently,
      and those rescues had a longer latency and shorter duration. There was also a
      qualitative difference in the behaviour of rescuers to victims from the low and
      high life expectancy groups. Several explanations for these findings are
      proposed. 

PMID- 26986742
TI  - Does the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in natural IVF cycles
      for poor responder patients cause more harm than benefit?
AB  - Poor ovarian response to controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) is one of the most
      critical factors that substantially limits the success of assisted reproduction
      techniques (ARTs). Natural and modified natural cycle IVF are two options that
      could be considered as a last resort. Blocking gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      (GnRH) actions in the endometrium via GnRH receptor antagonism may have a
      negative impact on endometrial receptivity. We analysed IVF outcomes in 142
      natural (n = 30) or modified natural (n = 112) IVF cycles performed in 82 women
      retrospectively. A significantly lower proportion of natural cycles reached
      follicular aspiration compared to modified natural cycles (56.7% vs. 85.7%, p <
      0.001). However, the difference between the numbers of IVF cycles ending in
      embryo transfer (26.7% vs. 44.6%) was not statistically significant between
      natural cycle and modified natural IVF cycles. Clinical pregnancy (6.7% vs. 7.1%)
      and live birth rates per initiated cycle (6.7% vs. 5.4%) were similar between the
      two groups. Notably, the implantation rate was slightly lower in modified natural
      cycles (16% vs. 25%, p > 0.05). There was a trend towards higher clinical
      pregnancy (25% vs. 16%) and live birth (25% vs. 12%) rates per embryo transfer in
      natural cycles compared to modified natural cycles, but the differences did not
      reach statistical significance. 

PMID- 26986743
TI  - Frequency-dependent loudness balancing in bimodal cochlear implant users.
AB  - Conclusion In users of a cochlear implant (CI) and a hearing aid (HA) in
      contralateral ears, frequency-dependent loudness balancing between devices did,
      on average, not lead to improved speech understanding as compared to broadband
      balancing. However, nine out of 15 bimodal subjects showed significantly better
      speech understanding with either one of the fittings. Objectives Sub-optimal
      fittings and mismatches in loudness are possible explanations for the large
      individual differences seen in listeners using bimodal stimulation. Methods HA
      gain was adjusted for soft and loud input sounds in three frequency bands (0-548,
      548-1000, and >1000 Hz) to match loudness with the CI. This procedure was
      compared to a simple broadband balancing procedure that reflected current
      clinical practice. In a three-visit cross-over design with 4 weeks between
      sessions, speech understanding was tested in quiet and in noise and
      questionnaires were administered to assess benefit in real world. Results Both
      procedures resulted in comparable HA gains. For speech in noise, a marginal
      bimodal benefit of 0.3 +/- 4 dB was found, with large differences between
      subjects and spatial configurations. Speech understanding in quiet and in noise
      did not differ between the two loudness balancing procedures. 

PMID- 26986744
TI  - Energetic Chromophores: Low-Energy Laser Initiation in Explosive Fe(II) Tetrazine
      Complexes.
AB  - The synthesis and characterization of air stable Fe(II) coordination complexes
      with tetrazine and triazolo-tetrazine ligands and perchlorate counteranions have
      been achieved. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to
      model the structural, electrochemical, and optical properties of these materials.
      These compounds are secondary explosives that can be initiated with Nd:YAG laser
      light at lower energy thresholds than those of PETN. Furthermore, these Fe(II)
      tetrazine complexes have significantly lower sensitivity than PETN toward
      mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction. The lower threshold for laser
      initiation was achieved by altering the electronic properties of the ligand
      scaffold to tune the metal ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands of these materials
      from the visible into the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
      Unprecedented decrease in both the laser initiation threshold and the mechanical
      sensitivity makes these materials the first explosives that are both safer to
      handle and easier to initiate than PETN with NIR lasers. 

PMID- 26986746
TI  - Some people are "More Lexical" than others.
AB  - People can understand speech under poor conditions, even when successive pieces
      of the waveform are flipped in time. Using a new method to measure perception of
      such stimuli, we show that words with sounds based on rapid spectral changes
      (stop consonants) are much more impaired by reversing speech segments than words
      with fewer such sounds, and that words are much more resistant to disruption than
      pseudowords. We then demonstrate that this lexical advantage is more
      characteristic of some people than others. Participants listened to speech that
      was degraded in two very different ways, and we measured each person's reliance
      on lexical support for each task. Listeners who relied on the lexicon for help in
      perceiving one kind of degraded speech also relied on the lexicon when dealing
      with a quite different kind of degraded speech. Thus, people differ in their
      relative reliance on the speech signal versus their pre-existing knowledge. 

PMID- 26986745
TI  - Adaptation to number operates on perceived rather than physical numerosity.
AB  - Humans share with many animals a number sense, the ability to estimate rapidly
      the approximate number of items in a scene. Recent work has shown that like many
      other perceptual attributes, numerosity is susceptible to adaptation. It is not
      clear, however, whether adaptation works directly on mechanisms selective to
      numerosity, or via related mechanisms, such as those tuned to texture density. To
      disentangle this issue we measured adaptation of numerosity of 10 pairs of
      connected dots, as connecting dots makes them appear to be less numerous than
      unconnected dots. Adaptation to a 20-dot pattern (same number of dots as the
      test) caused robust reduction in apparent numerosity of the connected-dot
      pattern, but not of the unconnected dot-pattern. This suggests that adaptation to
      numerosity, at least for relatively sparse dot-pattern, occurs at neural levels
      encoding perceived numerosity, rather than at lower levels responding to the
      number of elements in the scene. 

PMID- 26986747
TI  - Affective experience and motivated behavior in schizophrenia spectrum disorders:
      Evidence from clinical and nonclinical samples.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Individuals with schizophrenia have been found to exhibit emotion
      behavior decoupling, particularly with respect to anticipated, rather than
      experienced events. However, previous research has focused on how emotion valence
      translates into motivated behavior, ignoring the fact that emotion arousal should
      also modulate emotion-behavior coupling. Few studies have examined emotion
      behavior coupling in prepsychotic conditions. This investigation aimed to examine
      the nature and extent of emotion valence- and arousal-behavior coupling across
      the schizophrenia spectrum. METHOD: We examine how emotional valence and arousal
      couple with behavior in 3 groups of individuals (25 individuals with chronic
      schizophrenia; 27 individuals early in the disease course, and 31 individuals
      reporting negative schizotypal symptoms). Participants completed a task using
      slides to elicit emotion and evoke motivated behavior. We compared participants
      with their respective matched control groups to determine differences in the
      correspondence between self-reported emotion valence/arousal and motivated
      behavior. RESULTS: Both groups with schizophrenia reported similar affective
      experiences as their controls, whereas individuals reporting negative schizotypal
      symptoms showed "in-the-moment" anhedonia but not emotion-behavior decoupling. In
      addition, the schizophrenia groups' affective experiences corresponded less well
      to their behavior relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest emotion
      behavior decoupling along both valence and arousal dimensions in schizophrenia
      but not in participants with high levels of schizotypal symptoms. Findings appear
      to support the idea that emotion-behavior decoupling differs in nature and extent
      across the schizophrenia spectrum. Interventions to recouple emotion and behavior
      may be particularly helpful in allowing people with schizophrenia to gain
      functional independence. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986748
TI  - Is APOE epsilon4 associated with poorer cognitive outcome following traumatic
      brain injury? A meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment is a common sequelae of traumatic brain injury
      (TBI); however, predicting who will experience poorer outcomes remains
      challenging. A potential risk factor that has gained attention is the APOE gene,
      with the epsilon4 allele hypothesized to have a detrimental effect on post-TBI
      cognitive outcome. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of
      APOE epsilon4 both in terms of general cognitive function and within specific
      domains known to be prone to impairment following TBI (executive function,
      working memory, verbal memory and visual memory). METHOD: A literature search was
      undertaken in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
      Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA), resulting in the inclusion of 10 studies
      (epsilon4-carriers n = 143, noncarriers n = 510). Neuropsychological tasks were
      identified, and Cohen's d was calculated and pooled. Meta-analyses were conducted
      on general cognitive functioning and for the specific cognitive domains of
      interest. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between APOE epsilon4
      carriers or noncarriers, either in general cognitive function or in the cognitive
      domains of executive function, working memory, verbal memory, or visual memory.
      CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that APOE epsilon4 does not have a
      detrimental effect on cognitive performance following TBI. We propose that the
      relationship between APOE and cognitive function following TBI is complex, and a
      more-nuanced exploration of APOE genotypes is needed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986749
TI  - Early onset marijuana use is associated with learning inefficiencies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Verbal memory difficulties are the most widely reported and persistent
      cognitive deficit associated with early onset marijuana use. Yet, it is not known
      what memory stages are most impaired in those with early marijuana use. METHOD:
      Forty-eight young adults, aged 18-25, who used marijuana at least once per week
      and 48 matched nonusing controls (CON) completed the California Verbal Learning
      Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II). Marijuana users were stratified by age of initial
      use: early onset users (EMJ), who started using marijuana at or before age 16 (n
      = 27), and late onset marijuana user group (LMJ), who started using marijuana
      after age 16 (n = 21). Outcome variables included trial immediate recall, total
      learning, clustering strategies (semantic clustering, serial clustering, ratio of
      semantic to serial clustering, and total number of strategies used), delayed
      recall, and percent retention. RESULTS: Learning improved with repetition, with
      no group effect on the learning slope. EMJ learned fewer words overall than LMJ
      or CON. There was no difference between LMJ and CON in total number of words
      learned. Reduced overall learning mediated the effect on reduced delayed recall
      among EMJ, but not CON or LMJ. Learning improved with greater use of semantic
      versus serial encoding, but this did not vary between groups. EMJ was not related
      to delayed recall after adjusting for encoding. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults
      reporting early onset marijuana use had learning weaknesses, which accounted for
      the association between early onset marijuana use and delayed recall. No amnestic
      effect of marijuana use was observed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986750
TI  - Individual differences in reasoning and visuospatial attention are associated
      with prefrontal and parietal white matter tracts in healthy older adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although reasoning and attention are 2 cognitive processes necessary
      for ensuring the efficiency of many everyday activities in older adults, the role
      of white matter integrity in these processes has been little studied. This is an
      important question due to the role of white matter integrity as a neural
      substrate of cognitive aging. Here, we sought to examine the white matter tracts
      subserving reasoning and visuospatial attention in healthy older adults. METHOD:
      Sixty-one adults ages 60 and older completed a battery of cognitive tests to
      assess reasoning and visuospatial attention. In addition, diffusion tensor images
      were collected to assess fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter
      integrity. A principle components analysis of the test scores yielded 2
      components: reasoning and visuospatial attention. Whole-brain correlations
      between FA and the cognitive components were submitted to probabilistic
      tractography analyses for visualization of cortical targets of tracts. RESULTS:
      For reasoning, bilateral thalamo-anterior prefrontal, anterior corpus callosum,
      and corpus callosum body tracts interconnecting the superior frontal cortices and
      right cingulum bundle were found. For visuospatial attention, a right inferior
      fronto-parietal tract and bilateral parietal and temporal connections were found.
      CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in older adults, prefrontal cortex white matter
      tracts and interhemispheric communication are important in higher order cognitive
      functioning. On the other hand, right-sided fronto-parietal tracts appear to be
      critical for supporting control of cognitive processes, such as redirecting
      attention. Researchers may use our results to develop neuroscience-based
      interventions for older adults targeting brain mechanisms involved in cognitive
      plasticity. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986752
TI  - Regulating Emotions during Difficult Multiattribute Decision Making: The Role of
      Pre-Decisional Coherence Shifting.
AB  - Almost all real-life decisions entail attribute conflict; every serious choice
      alternative is better than its competitors on some attribute dimensions but worse
      on others. In pre-decisional "coherence shifting," the decision maker gradually
      softens that conflict psychologically to the point where one alternative is seen
      as dominant over its competitors, or nearly so. Specifically, weaknesses of the
      eventually chosen alternative come to be perceived as less severe and less
      important while its strengths seem more desirable and significant. The research
      described here demonstrates that difficult multiattribute decision problems are
      aversive and that pre-decisional coherence shifting aids individuals in
      regulating that emotional discomfort. Across three studies, attribute conflict
      was confirmed to be aversive (Study 1), and skin conductance responses and
      ratings of decision difficulty both decreased in participants who coherence
      shifted (Study 2). Coherence shifting was also diminished among decision makers
      who were depleted of regulatory resources, known to be required for common
      emotion regulation mechanisms. Further, coherence shifting was shown to be
      relatively common among people who reported strong suppression tendencies in
      everyday emotion regulation (Study 3). Overall, the data suggest that, at least
      in part, coherence shifting serves as a tool that helps decision makers manage
      the pre-decisional discomfort generated by attribute conflict. Theoretical and
      practical implications are discussed.

PMID- 26986751
TI  - Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of the p14 Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane
      Protein Promotes Cancer Cell Fusion and Apoptosis In Vitro but Does Not Provide
      Therapeutic Efficacy in a Xenograft Mouse Model of Cancer.
AB  - Adenoviruses (Ads) are used in numerous preclinical and clinical studies for
      delivery of anti-cancer therapeutic genes. Unfortunately, Ad has a poor ability
      to distribute throughout a tumor mass after intratumoral injection, and infects
      cells primarily within the immediate area of the injection tract. Thus, Ad
      encoded transgene expression is typically limited to only a small percentage of
      cells within the tumor. One method to increase the proportion of the tumor
      impacted by Ad is through expression of fusogenic proteins. Infection of a single
      cell with an Ad vector encoding a fusogenic protein should lead to syncytium
      formation with adjacent cells, effectively spreading the effect of Ad and Ad
      encoded therapeutic transgenes to a greater percentage of the tumor mass.
      Moreover, syncytium formation can be cytotoxic, suggesting that such proteins may
      be effective sole therapeutics. We show that an early region 1 (E1)-deleted Ad
      expressing reptilian reovirus p14 fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST)
      protein caused extensive cell fusion in the replication-permissive 293 cell line
      and at high multiplicity of infection in non-permissive human lung adenocarcinoma
      A549 cells in vitro. FAST protein expression in the A549 cancer cell line led to
      a loss of cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity, which correlated
      with induction of apoptosis. However, in an A549 xenograft CD-1 nude mouse cancer
      model, Ad-mediated FAST gene delivery did not induce detectable cell fusion,
      reduce tumor burden nor enhance mouse survival compared to controls. Taken
      together, our results show that, although AdFAST can enhance cancer cell killing
      in vitro, it is not effective as a sole therapeutic in the A549 tumor model in
      vivo. 

PMID- 26986753
TI  - Thromboprophylaxis in multiple myeloma patients treated with lenalidomide - A
      systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies have consistently demonstrated the need for venous
      thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed multiple
      myeloma (NDMM) or relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), receiving
      lenalidomide-based therapy. However, the optimal approach has not yet been
      established. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of aspirin (ASA) and low
      molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis in patients with myeloma using
      lenalidomide-based therapy. RESULTS: Six studies were included with 1125 adult
      participants with NDMM or RRMM treated with lenalidomide-based therapy with
      thromboprophylaxis with ASA or LMWH. Pooled data of studies of NDMM showed that
      the risk of VTE in patients on ASA was 1.5 per 100 patient-cycles with a total
      risk of VTE of 98 of 915 (10.7%) [95% CI: 8.86-12.88] compared to 3 of 211 (1.4%)
      [95% CI: 0.48-4.09] with LMWH in NDMM and RRMM patients. Our study demonstrated a
      significantly higher VTE risk for patients receiving lenalidomide plus high-dose
      dexamethasone (RD) on ASA prophylaxis compared to lenalidomide plus low-dose
      dexamethasone (Rd) [RR=2.5 (95% CI: 1.68-3.96), P<0.0001]. Furthermore, patients
      who received lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone had a significantly higher risk
      of VTE compared to those on MPR while on ASA prophylaxis (RR=6.4 [(95% CI: 4.11
      9.91), P<0.0001]). CONCLUSION: The most frequent thromboprophylaxis option used
      for myeloma patients on lenalidomide-based therapy is ASA. However, ASA may not
      confer appropriate thromboprophylaxis in patients using RD, but may be a safe
      option with MPR. In future studies, the IMWG VTE risk stratification criteria
      should be validated, incorporating the thromboprophylaxis option accordingly.
      More studies comparing the efficacy and safety of ASA to LMWH are warranted.

PMID- 26986754
TI  - Post-thrombotic syndrome and the risk of subsequent recurrent thromboembolism.

PMID- 26986755
TI  - Biotransformation of penicillin V to 6-aminopenicillanic acid using immobilized
      whole cells of E. coli expressing a highly active penicillin V acylase.
AB  - The production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is a key step in the
      manufacture of semisynthetic antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry. The
      penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli has long been utilized for this
      purpose. However, the use of penicillin V acylases (PVA) presents some advantages
      including better stability and higher conversion rates. The industrial
      application of PVAs has so far been limited due to the nonavailability of
      suitable bacterial strains and cost issues. In this study, whole-cell
      immobilization of a recombinant PVA enzyme from Pectobacterium atrosepticum
      expressed in E. coli was performed. Membrane permeabilization with detergent was
      used to enhance the cell-bound PVA activity, and the cells were encapsulated in
      calcium alginate beads and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Optimization of
      parameters for the biotransformation by immobilized cells showed that full
      conversion of pen V to 6-APA could be achieved within 1 hr at pH 5.0 and 35
      degrees C, till 4% (w/v) concentration of the substrate. The beads could be
      stored for 28 days at 4 degrees C with minimal loss in activity and were reusable
      up to 10 cycles with 1-hr hardening in CaCl2 between each cycle. The high enzyme
      productivity of the PVA enzyme system makes a promising case for its application
      for 6-APA production in the industry.

PMID- 26986756
TI  - Altered function of monocytes/macrophages in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
AB  - The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) involves the intervention of the
      innate and adaptive immune responses. In the current study, the alterations in
      monocytes/Kupffer cells (KCs) were investigated in patients with AIH. A total of
      21 patients with AIH at different stages of the disease, and 7 controls with non
      alcoholic fatty liver disease were selected. The abundance of VAV1 and p21
      activated kinase 1 (PAK1) in the liver and KCs was analyzed. In addition, the
      expression levels of HLA-DR and CD80 in the peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs)
      were measured, and phagocytosis of PBMs was assessed. KCs of AIH patients
      exhibited higher expression levels of VAV1 and PAK1. This upregulated expression
      was associated with disease progression. A reduced expression of HLA-DR and CD80,
      and reduced capacity of E. coli phagocytosis in PBMs was observed for patients
      with AIH. This downregulated expression was associated with disease progression.
      The results of the current study indicated that defective function of KCs and
      PBMs may be involved in the pathogenesis of AIH. 

PMID- 26986759
TI  - Characterisation of the surface of freshly prepared precious metal catalysts.
AB  - A combination of electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron spectroscopies and
      computational methods has provided new insights into the species present on the
      surface of freshly prepared precious metal catalysts. The results show that in
      all cases, at least half of the surface is metallic or nearly so, with the
      remainder covered by oxygen, largely as hydroxide. Water is also present and is
      strongly held; weeks of pumping under high vacuum is insufficient to remove it.
      The hydroxyls are reactive as shown by their reaction with or displacement by CO
      and can be removed by hydrogenation. This clearly has implications for how
      precious metal catalysts are activated after preparation. 

PMID- 26986757
TI  - Amelioration of Diabetic Mouse Nephropathy by Catalpol Correlates with Down
      Regulation of Grb10 Expression and Activation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 /
      Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Signaling.
AB  - Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) is an adaptor protein that can
      negatively regulate the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). The IGF1
      1R pathway is critical for cell growth and apoptosis and has been implicated in
      kidney diseases; however, it is still unknown whether Grb10 expression is up
      regulated and plays a role in diabetic nephropathy. Catalpol, a major active
      ingredient of a traditional Chinese medicine, Rehmannia, has been reported to
      possess anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activities and then used to treat
      diabetes. Herein, we aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of catalpol on a
      mouse model diabetic nephropathy and the potential role of Grb10 in the
      pathogenesis of this diabetes-associated complication. Our results showed that
      catalpol treatment improved diabetes-associated impaired renal functions and
      ameliorated pathological changes in kidneys of diabetic mice. We also found that
      Grb10 expression was significantly elevated in kidneys of diabetic mice as
      compared with that in non-diabetic mice, while treatment with catalpol
      significantly abrogated the elevated Grb10 expression in diabetic kidneys. On the
      contrary, IGF-1 mRNA levels and IGF-1R phosphorylation were significantly higher
      in kidneys of catalpol-treated diabetic mice than those in non-treated diabetic
      mice. Our results suggest that elevated Grb10 expression may play an important
      role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy through suppressing IGF-1/IGF-1R
      signaling pathway, which might be a potential molecular target of catalpol for
      the treatment of this diabetic complication. 

PMID- 26986760
TI  - Gestalt Reasoning with Conjunctions and Disjunctions.
AB  - Reasoning, solving mathematical equations, or planning written and spoken
      sentences all must factor in stimuli perceptual properties. Indeed, thinking
      processes are inspired by and subsequently fitted to concrete objects and
      situations. It is therefore reasonable to expect that the mental representations
      evoked when people solve these seemingly abstract tasks should interact with the
      properties of the manipulated stimuli. Here, we investigated the mental
      representations evoked by conjunction and disjunction expressions in language
      picture matching tasks. We hypothesised that, if these representations have been
      derived using key Gestalt principles, reasoners should use perceptual
      compatibility to gauge the goodness of fit between conjunction/disjunction
      descriptions (e.g., the purple and/ or the green) and corresponding binary visual
      displays. Indeed, the results of three experimental studies demonstrate that
      reasoners associate conjunction descriptions with perceptually-dependent stimuli
      and disjunction descriptions with perceptually-independent stimuli, where visual
      dependency status follows the key Gestalt principles of common fate, proximity,
      and similarity. 

PMID- 26986761
TI  - Increasing Diagnostic Value of Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy.

PMID- 26986758
TI  - Modeling HIV-1 Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: Role of Platelets in Mediating
      Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction.
AB  - The number of HIV-1 positive individuals developing some form of HIV-associated
      neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is increasing. In these individuals, the integrity
      of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised due to an increase in exposure to
      pro-inflammatory mediators, viral proteins, and virus released from infected
      cells. It has been shown that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) is released upon platelet
      activation and is an important mediator of the pathogenesis of HAND but the
      underlying mechanisms are unclear, emphasizing the need of an effective animal
      model. Here, we have utilized a novel animal model in which wild-type (WT) mice
      were infected with EcoHIV; a derivative of HIV-1 that contains a substitution of
      envelope protein gp120 with that of gp80 derived from murine leukemia virus-1
      (MuLV-1). As early as two-weeks post-infection, EcoHIV led to increased
      permeability of the BBB associated with decreased expression of tight junction
      protein claudin-5, in CD40L and platelet activation-dependent manner. Treatment
      with an antiplatelet drug, eptifibatide, in EcoHIV-infected mice normalized BBB
      function, sCD40L release and platelet activity, thus implicating platelet
      activation and platelet-derived CD40L in virally induced BBB dysfunction. Our
      results also validate and underscore the importance of EcoHIV infection mouse
      model as a tool to explore therapeutic targets for HAND. 

PMID- 26986763
TI  - Fouling-release and chemical activity effects of a siloxane-based material on
      tunicates.
AB  - The antifouling performance of a siloxane-based elastomeric impression material
      (EIM) was compared to that of two silicone fouling-release coatings, Intersleek
      757 and RTV-11. In field immersion trials, the EIM caused the greatest reduction
      in fouling by the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis and caused the longest
      delay in the progression of fouling by two species of colonial tunicate. However,
      in pseudobarnacle adhesion tests, the EIM had higher attachment strengths.
      Further laboratory analyses showed that the EIM leached alkylphenol ethoxylates
      (APEs) that were toxic to C. intestinalis larvae. The EIM thus showed the longest
      duration of chemical activity measured to date for a siloxane-based coating (4
      months), supporting investigations of fouling-release coatings that release
      targeted biocides. However, due to potential widespread effects of APEs, the
      current EIM formulation should not be considered as an environmentally-safe
      antifoulant. Thus, the data also emphasize consideration of both immediate and
      long-term effects of potentially toxic constituents released from fouling-release
      coatings.

PMID- 26986762
TI  - Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells and chorionic plate-derived
      mesenchymal stem cells promote axon survival in a rat model of optic nerve crush
      injury.
AB  - The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell therapy in regenerative medicine
      has great potential, particularly in the treatment of nerve injury. Umbilical
      cord blood (UCB) reportedly contains stem cells, which have been widely used as a
      hematopoietic source and may have therapeutic potential for neurological
      impairment. Although ongoing research is dedicated to the management of traumatic
      optic nerve injury using various measures, novel therapeutic strategies based on
      the complex underlying mechanisms responsible for optic nerve injury, such as
      inflammation and/or ischemia, are required. In the present study, a rat model of
      optic nerve crush (ONC) injury was established in order to examine the effects of
      transplanting human chorionic plate-derived MSCs (CP-MSCs) isolated from the
      placenta, as well as human UCB mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) on compressed rat
      optic nerves. Expression markers for inflammation, apoptosis, and optic nerve
      regeneration were analyzed, as well as the axon survival rate by direct counting.
      Increased axon survival rates were observed following the injection of CB-MNCs at
      at 1 week post-transplantation compared with the controls. The levels of growth
      associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were increased after the injection of CB-MNCs or
      CP-MSCs compared with the controls, and the expression levels of hypoxia
      inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) were also significantly increased following
      the injection of CB-MNCs or CP-MSCs. ERM-like protein (ERMN) and SLIT-ROBO Rho
      GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2) were found to be expressed in the optic
      nerves of the CP-MSC-injected rats with ONC injury. The findings of our study
      suggest that the administration of CB-MNCs or CP-MSCs may promote axon survival
      through systemic concomitant mechanisms involving GAP-43 and HIF-1alpha. Taken
      together, these findings provide further understanding of the mechanisms
      repsonsible for optic nerve injury and may aid in the development of novel cell
      based therapeutic strategies with future applications in regenerative medicine,
      particularly in the management of optic nerve disorders.

PMID- 26986764
TI  - Heavy metal accumulation related to population density in road dust samples taken
      from urban sites under different land uses.
AB  - Soil pollution is a key component of the land degradation process, but little is
      known about the impact of soil pollution on human health in the urban
      environment. The heavy metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni were analyzed by acid
      digestion (method EPA 3050B) and a total of 15 dust samples were collected from
      streets of three sectors of the city with different land uses; commercial,
      residential and a highway. The purpose was to measure the concentrations of heavy
      metals in road sediment samples taken from urban sites under different land uses,
      and to assess pollution through pollution indices, namely the ecological risk
      index and geoaccumulation index. Heavy metals concentrations (mg/kg) followed the
      following sequences for each sector: commercial sector Pb (1289.4)>Cu (490.2)>Zn
      (387.6)>Cr (60.2)>Ni (54.3); highway Zn (133.3)>Cu (126.3)>Pb (87.5)>Cr (9.4)>Ni
      (5.3); residential sector Zn (108.3)>Pb (26.0)>Cu (23.7)>Cr (7.3)>Ni (7.2). The
      geoaccumulation index indicated that the commercial sector was moderately to
      strongly polluted while the other sectors fell into the unpolluted category.
      Similarly, using the ecological risk index the commercial sector fell into the
      considerable category while the other sectors classified as low risk. Road dust
      increased along with city growth and its dynamics, additionally, road dust might
      cause a number of negative environmental impacts, therefore the monitoring this
      dust is crucial. 

PMID- 26986766
TI  - Effort to reduce postural sway affects both cognitive and motor performances in
      individuals with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of voluntarily reducing postural sway on
      postural control and to determine the attention level needed to do so in healthy
      adults (n=16, 65.9+/-9.7) and persons with PD (n=25, 65.8+/-9.5 years). Tasks:
      quiet and still standing conditions with and without a category task. Cognitive
      performance, center of pressure (CoP) displacement variability (RMSCoP) and
      velocity (VCoP) were assessed in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral
      (ML) directions. Controls showed larger RMSCoP (AP) and VCoP (AP and ML) during
      still versus quiet standing (p<0.01), while the PD group demonstrated no changes.
      In the PD group, RMSCoP and VCoP (ML) increased in still standing when performed
      with the cognitive task (p<0.05). In both groups, cognitive responses decreased
      in still standing (p<0.05). In PD, attempting to reduce postural sway did not
      affect postural control under single task conditions, however ML CoP variability
      and velocity did increase as a dual task. In older adults, increased displacement
      and velocity in both AP and ML directions was observed during single, but not
      dual task conditions. Therefore standing still might not be an adequate postural
      strategy as it increases the attentional demand and affects motor performance,
      putting persons with PD at greater risk for falls.

PMID- 26986765
TI  - Prognostic and predictive effects of diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery
      disease among women on extended adjuvant letrozole: NCIC CTG MA.17.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Women with breast cancer and diabetes mellitus (DM) have poorer
      survival. Mechanisms include insulin dysregulation and/or DM related co
      morbidities (CM). In MA.17 adjuvant letrozole (LET) after 5 years of tamoxifen
      (TAM) reduced the risk of recurrence and improved survival. We evaluated DM,
      hypertension (HTN), and coronary artery disease (CAD) as prognostic and
      predictive factors in MA.17. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Disease free survival, distant
      disease free survival (DDFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared using Cox
      regression model adjusting for other prognostic factors: in women treated by
      placebo (PLAC) based on the presence or absence of baseline DM (n = 462), HTN (n
      = 1627), CAD (n = 604) or any one of these CM (n = 2049), and between LET and
      PLAC groups in each CM. Analyses based on nodal status were performed. RESULTS:
      DM was neither prognostic nor predictive for women on extended LET. Women with
      one CM had similar outcomes on LET compared to women free of CM. For node
      positive women, the difference between LET and PLAC in DDFS was greater among
      women with one CM (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.30 [0.15-0.60], p = 0.001) compared to
      those without CM (HR = 0.72 [0.45-1.16], p = 0.17, p interaction = 0.04). Women
      on PLAC with HTN trended towards lower DDFS (HR = 1.50 [0.98-2.3], p = 0.06) and
      OS (HR = 1.61 [0.95-2.72], p = 0.08) than non-HTN women. HTN women had better
      DDFS on LET than non-HTN women. Women with one CM on PLAC had lower OS (HR = 2.10
      [1.26-3.51], p = 0.004) than those free of CM. CONCLUSIONS: DM was not prognostic
      or predictive of outcomes. Women with CM who remain disease free after 5 years of
      TAM should be offered LET. HTN trended towards a negative prognosticator and
      outcomes among this group were improved on LET. More studies are needed to assess
      impact of adrenergic stimulation as a possible link to poorer breast cancer
      outcomes.

PMID- 26986767
TI  - Epigenetic targeting of glioma stem cells: Short-term and long-term treatments
      with valproic acid modulate DNA methylation and differentiation behavior, but not
      temozolomide sensitivity.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor of the central nervous system.
      GBM is a fatal tumor, incurable by conventional therapies. One of the factors
      underlying tumor recurrence and poor long-term survival is the presence of a
      cancer stem-like cell population, termed glioma stem cells (GSCs), which is
      particularly resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and supports tumor self
      renewal. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact and difference
      in effects of short-term and long-term treatments with valproic acid (VPA), a
      histone deacetylase inhibitor, on seven GSC lines. We investigated for the first
      time the changes in the genome-wide DNA methylation profile and the
      differentiation behavior of GSCs induced by short-term and long-term VPA
      treatments. Moreover, we verified VPA sensitivity after long-term VPA
      pretreatment and, notably, the results provide evidence of a subpopulation more
      resistant to further VPA treatments. Finally, since short-term VPA treatment
      induced a reversal of the MGMT methylation status, we aimed to sensitize GSCs to
      temozolomide, the drug commonly used for this tumor, using this regimen. The
      overall data highlighted the heterogeneous behavior of GSC lines that is
      representative of tumor heterogeneity in GBM. The VPA effects were variable among
      these cell lines in terms of pro-differentiating ability and DNA methylation
      switch. Here, we attempted to identify a suitable therapy for the eradication of
      the stem cell subpopulation, which is mandatory to achieve an effective treatment
      for this tumor. Differentiation-inducing and epigenetic therapies are the most
      promising approaches to affect the multiple properties of GSCs and, finally,
      defeat GBM.

PMID- 26986768
TI  - Lung Mass in a Teenage Male With Asthma.

PMID- 26986769
TI  - Risk Factors for Severity of Chikungunya in Children: A Prospective Assessment.
AB  - Chikungunya appeared during the second half of 2014 in Colombia. A prospective
      cohort study was carried to detect differences and severity between neonates and
      older children. Of 54 children with chikungunya, neonates had a higher viral load
      and greater frequency of severe laboratory and clinical findings.

PMID- 26986770
TI  - Predicting Outcome of Childhood Bacterial Meningitis With a Single Measurement of
      C-Reactive Protein.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, shows high
      serum levels in invasive bacterial infections. We investigated the potential of a
      single CRP measurement at different phases of acute childhood bacterial
      meningitis to predict outcomes. METHODS: Using whole-blood finger-prick samples
      with no centrifugation, CRP was measured quantitatively on arrival and on day 3
      or 4 in children participating in 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind
      treatment studies conducted in Latin America or Angola. The results were compared
      with patient outcomes. RESULTS: Although initial CRP values from 669 children
      gave useful prognostic information, the 3rd or 4th day measurements taken from
      275 children associated significantly with seizures, slow recovery and low scores
      on the Glasgow Outcome Scale, with odds ratios for CRP values above the median
      (62 mg/L) ranging from 2 to 6, 2 to 5, and 3 to 5 (Latin America-Angola),
      respectively. Hearing impairment, although not full deafness, was 3 to 7 times
      more likely if CRP was above the median soon after hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS:
      Especially in resource-poor settings, clinicians have few simple-enough tools to
      identify the child with meningitis who requires maximum attention. CRP is a
      worthy addition.

PMID- 26986771
TI  - Travelers' Diarrhea in Children: What Have We Learnt?

PMID- 26986772
TI  - Infections With Biofilm Formation: Selection of Antimicrobials and Role of
      Prolonged Antibiotic Therapy.

PMID- 26986773
TI  - Denouement.

PMID- 26986774
TI  - Short-axis/out-of-plane or long-axis/in-plane ultrasound-guided arterial
      cannulation in children: A randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Even with ultrasound guidance, arterial cannulation in children can
      be challenging. OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-axis/out-of-plane (SAX) with the
      long-axis/in-plane (LAX) technique for ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation in
      children. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial. SETTING: A tertiary university
      hospital, from 5 January 2015 to 21 April 2015. PATIENTS: 101 children, American
      Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status 1 or 2 and younger than 5 years of
      age. INTERVENTIONS: All were randomised into one of four groups according to age
      and ultrasound guidance technique: infants with SAX technique (n = 25), infants
      with LAX technique (n = 25), children with SAX technique (n = 25) and children
      with LAX technique (n = 26). Ultrasound-guided arterial cannulation was performed
      under general anaesthesia via the radial or posterior tibial artery, depending on
      individual position and operative field. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary
      outcome was the total time to successful cannulation. Secondary outcomes included
      diameter and depth of the artery, time variables (imaging time, time to first
      successful puncture and time between first successful puncture and cannulation),
      number of puncture attempts, success rates (first puncture and final
      cannulation), posterior wall puncture rate and complications. RESULTS: Ultrasound
      guided arterial cannulation was successful in 97 children (96.0%). There were no
      significant differences in the total time to successful cannulation between the
      two groups. Ultrasound imaging time was significantly longer in the LAX group
      than in the SAX group (46.5 +/- 39.2 vs 16.0 +/- 17.6 s; 95% confidence interval
      of mean difference, -42.7 to -18.3; P = 0.000). However, the posterior wall
      puncture rate was significantly higher in the SAX group than in the LAX group
      (95.7% vs 18.0%; P = 0.000; odds ratio 0.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.002 to
      0.048). There were no statistically significant differences in other secondary
      outcomes. CONCLUSION: Despite the longer imaging time with the LAX approach,
      there was no significant difference in the total time to successful cannulation
      between the two techniques. The posterior wall puncture rate was lower in the LAX
      group than in the SAX group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov (identifier:
      NCT02333786).

PMID- 26986775
TI  - Anaesthesia and orphan disease: Bloom's syndrome.

PMID- 26986776
TI  - Effect of head position on laryngeal visualisation with the McGrath MAC
      videolaryngoscope in paediatric patients: A randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The McGrath MAC video laryngoscope can improve visualisation of the
      glottis compared with the Macintosh direct laryngoscope. However, good
      visualisation of the glottis does not guarantee rapid or successful intubation
      because of difficulty in handling the McGrath device. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the
      effect of head elevation, aligning the positions of the external auditory meatus
      and sternal notch in the horizontal plane, on visualisation of the glottis and
      handling of the McGrath laryngoscope in paediatric patients. DESIGN: A randomised
      controlled trial. SETTING: The operating rooms of our tertiary care hospital.
      PATIENTS: Forty-six children, American Society of Anaesthesiologists' physical
      status 1 or 2, aged 3 to 7 years. INTERVENTION: Videolaryngoscopy using the
      McGrath device was performed with the head either flat or elevated. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: The percentage of glottis opening score, the use of optimisation
      manoeuvre and time to successful tracheal intubation were recorded. RESULTS: The
      median (IQR) percentage of glottis opening score was higher after head elevation
      than when the head was flat in all patients [100 (100 to 100)% vs. 100 (90 to
      100)%, P = 0.0001). The need for use of optimisation procedures (50 vs. 9%, P =
      0.004) and mean (SD) time to intubation (17 +/- 4 s vs. 15 +/- 3 s, P = 0.008)
      were lower in the head-elevated group. CONCLUSION: Visualisation of the glottis
      and handling of the McGrath MAC video laryngoscope were significantly better when
      the external auditory meatus and sternal notch were aligned in the horizontal
      plane. TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://cris.nih.go.kridentifier:KCT0001443.

PMID- 26986777
TI  - Regional haemodynamic changes after selective block of the four principal nerves
      in the arm: A double-blind randomised controlled study.

PMID- 26986778
TI  - Unraveling a generic growth pattern in structure evolution of thiolate-protected
      gold nanoclusters.
AB  - Precise control of the growth of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters is a
      prerequisite for their applications in catalysis and bioengineering. Here, we
      bring to bear a new series of thiolate-protected nanoclusters with a unique
      growth pattern, i.e., Au20(SR)16, Au28(SR)20, Au36(SR)24, Au44(SR)28, and
      Au52(SR)32. These nanoclusters can be viewed as resulting from the stepwise
      addition of a common structural motif [Au8(SR)4]. The highly negative values of
      the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) in the center of the tetrahedral
      Au4 units suggest that the overall stabilities of these clusters stem from the
      local stability of each tetrahedral Au4 unit. Generalization of this growth
      pattern rule to large-sized nanoclusters allows us to identify the structures of
      three new thiolate-protected nanoclusters, namely, Au60(SR)36, Au68(SR)40, and
      Au76(SR)44. Remarkably, all three large-sized nanoclusters possess relatively
      large HOMO-LUMO gaps and negative NICS values, suggesting their high chemical
      stability. Further extension of the growth-pattern rule to the infinitely long
      nanowire limit results in a one-dimensional (1D) thiolate-protected gold nanowire
      (RS-AuNW) with a band gap of 0.78 eV. Such a unique growth-pattern rule offers a
      guide for precise synthesis of a new class of large-sized thiolate-protected gold
      nanoclusters or even RS-AuNW which, to our knowledge, has not been reported in
      the literature. 

PMID- 26986779
TI  - The relationship between family functioning and the crime types in incarcerated
      children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated the relationship between the family functioning and
      crime types in incarcerated children. METHODS: One hundred eighty two
      incarcerated children aged between 13-18 years who were confined in child-youth
      prisons and child correctional facilities were enrolled into this descriptive
      study. Participants completed demographic questions and the McMaster Family
      Assessment Device (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) (FAD) with face to face
      interviews. RESULTS: The crime types were theft, assault (bodily injury),
      robbery, sexual assault, drug trafficker and murder. The socio-demographic
      characteristics were compared by using FAD scale, and growing up in a nuclear
      family had statistically significant better scores for problem solving and
      communication subscales and the children whose parents had their own house had
      significantly better problem solving scores When we compared the crime types of
      children by using problem solving, communication and general functioning
      subscales of FAD, we found statistical lower scores in assault (bodily injury)
      group than in theft, sexual assault, murder groups and in drug trafficker group
      than in murder group, also we found lower scores in drug trafficker group than in
      theft group for problem solving and general functioning sub-scales, also there
      were lower scores in bodily injury assault group than in robbery, theft groups
      and in drug trafficker than in theft group for problem solving subscale.
      CONCLUSIONS: The communication and problem solving sub-scales of FAD are firstly
      impaired scales for the incarcerated children. We mention these sub-scales are
      found with unplanned and less serious crimes and commented those as cry for help
      of the children.

PMID- 26986780
TI  - The value of pancreatic stone protein in the prediction of infected neonates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine serum pancreatic stone protein
      (PSP) levels in the neonates with highly probable or probable sepsis and assess
      their possible value in predicting infected neonates. METHODS: This was a
      prospective study involving 119 neonates who were admitted with suspected sepsis.
      The study population was divided into two groups, a infected group (N.=40, with
      highly probable sepsis or probable sepsis) and control group (N.=79, with
      possible or no sepsis). The blood samples were obtained at 24, 72 and 168 hours
      after birth. The amount of serum PSP were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent
      (ELISA). RESULTS: PSP serum concentrations were higher in the infected group
      comparison to the control group at all time points (all P=0.000). In addition the
      sequential comparison between the infected group and control group at all of time
      points was significantly different (F=48.558, P=0.000). ROC area under the curve
      (AUC) was 0.791 [95% CI: 0.71-0.87; P=0.000] for PSP at 24 hours after birth and
      0.790 (95% CI: 0.79-0.88; P=0.000) 72 hours after birth and combination of the
      two time points (24 and 72 hours), the AUC was 0.819 (95% CI: 0.74-0.90;
      P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: PSP is a valuable biomarker in predicting infected
      neonates. Combination of PSP at each time point within 72 hours after birth might
      be better.

PMID- 26986781
TI  - Stereoselective Synthesis of Spiro Bis-C,C-alpha-arylglycosides by Tandem Heck
      Type C-Glycosylation and Friedel-Crafts Cyclization.
AB  - Spiro bis-C,C-alpha-arylglycosides were synthesized in three steps in 78-85%
      overall yields starting from exo-glycals. The initial Heck type C-aryl addition
      of exo-glycals with arylboronic acids afforded alpha-aryl-beta-substituted C
      glycosides with exclusive alpha-stereoselectivity. Among the products, beta
      ethanal alpha-aryl C-glycosides further reacted with alkylthiol in the presence
      of InCl3, followed by in situ Friedel-Crafts cyclization to yield the desirable
      final products. We proposed a mechanism to explain how the alpha-aryl group
      serves as a main determinant of the cyclization. 

PMID- 26986783
TI  - Fifty years of the Journal of Phycology: What's the impact?

PMID- 26986784
TI  - Slow-flow habitats as refugia for coastal calcifiers from ocean acidification.
AB  - The pH of the oceans' surface water is dropping, termed ocean acidification (OA),
      and the 0.4 unit reduction in pH by 2100 is projected to negatively impact
      benthic coastal organisms that produce calcium carbonate "skeletons." Research
      has focussed on identifying species that are susceptible to OA, but there is an
      urgent need to discover refuge habitats that will afford protection to vulnerable
      species. The susceptibility of calcium carbonate skeletons to dissolution by OA
      depends on the pH at their surface, and this is controlled by the interaction
      between seawater velocity and organismal metabolism. This perspective considers
      how seawater velocity modifies the responses of calcifying organisms (seaweed,
      shellfish, and tropical corals) to OA through its action on controlling diffusion
      boundary layer thickness and thereby the pH and calcium carbonate saturation
      state (Omega) at the organisms' surface. Evidence is presented to support the
      idea that slow-flow habitats, such as wave-sheltered bays or the within canopies
      of seaweed/seagrass beds, might provide inexpensive refugia from OA for
      vulnerable coastal calcifiers. 

PMID- 26986785
TI  - Ecological niche models of invasive seaweeds.
AB  - Ecological niche models (ENMs) are commonly used to calculate habitat suitability
      from species' occurrence and macroecological data. In invasive species biology,
      ENMs can be applied to anticipate whether invasive species are likely to
      establish in an area, to identify critical routes and arrival points, to build
      risk maps and to predict the extent of potential spread following an
      introduction. Most studies using ENMs focus on terrestrial organisms and
      applications in the marine realm are still relatively rare. Here, we review some
      common methods to build ENMs and their application in seaweed invasion biology.
      We summarize methods and concepts involved in the development of niche models,
      show examples of how they have been applied in studies on algae and discuss the
      application of ENMs in invasive algae research and to predict effects of climate
      change on seaweed distributions. 

PMID- 26986782
TI  - Cistromic and genetic evidence that the vitamin D receptor mediates
      susceptibility to latitude-dependent autoimmune diseases.
AB  - The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that
      regulates gene expression in many cell types, including immune cells. It requires
      binding of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) for activation. Many autoimmune
      diseases show latitude-dependent prevalence and/or association with vitamin D
      deficiency, and vitamin D supplementation is commonly used in their clinical
      management. 1,25D3 is regulated by genes associated with the risk of autoimmune
      diseases and predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. We determined the VDR
      cistrome in monocytes and monocyte-derived inflammatory (DC1) and tolerogenic
      dendritic cells (DC2). VDR motifs were highly overrepresented in ChIP-Seq peaks
      in stimulated monocyte (40%), DC1 (21%) and DC2 (47%), P<E(-100) for all. Of the
      nearly 11 000 VDR-binding peaks identified across the genome in DC1s, 1317 were
      shared with DC2s (91% of DC2 sites) and 1579 with monocytes (83% of monocyte
      sites). Latitude-dependent autoimmune disease risk polymorphisms were highly
      overrepresented within 5 kb of the peaks. Several transcription factor
      recognition motifs were highly overrepresented in the peaks, including those for
      the autoimmune risk gene, BATF. This evidence indicates that VDR regulates
      hundreds of myeloid cell genes and that the molecular pathways controlled by VDR
      in these cells are important in maintaining tolerance.

PMID- 26986786
TI  - Win some, lose some: genome evolution in red algae.

PMID- 26986787
TI  - Evidence of ancient genome reduction in red algae (Rhodophyta).
AB  - Red algae (Rhodophyta) comprise a monophyletic eukaryotic lineage of ~6,500
      species with a fossil record that extends back 1.2 billion years. A surprising
      aspect of red algal evolution is that sequenced genomes encode a relatively
      limited gene inventory (~5-10 thousand genes) when compared with other free
      living algae or to other eukaryotes. This suggests that the common ancestor of
      red algae may have undergone extensive genome reduction, which can result from
      lineage specialization to a symbiotic or parasitic lifestyle or adaptation to an
      extreme or oligotrophic environment. We gathered genome and transcriptome data
      from a total of 14 red algal genera that represent the major branches of this
      phylum to study genome evolution in Rhodophyta. Analysis of orthologous gene
      gains and losses identifies two putative major phases of genome reduction: (i) in
      the stem lineage leading to all red algae resulting in the loss of major
      functions such as flagellae and basal bodies, the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol
      anchor biosynthesis pathway, and the autophagy regulation pathway; and (ii) in
      the common ancestor of the extremophilic Cyanidiophytina. Red algal genomes are
      also characterized by the recruitment of hundreds of bacterial genes through
      horizontal gene transfer that have taken on multiple functions in shared pathways
      and have replaced eukaryotic gene homologs. Our results suggest that Rhodophyta
      may trace their origin to a gene depauperate ancestor. Unlike plants, it appears
      that a limited gene inventory is sufficient to support the diversification of a
      major eukaryote lineage that possesses sophisticated multicellular reproductive
      structures and an elaborate triphasic sexual cycle. 

PMID- 26986789
TI  - Manipulation of nitrogen levels and mode of cultivation are viable methods to
      improve the lipid, fatty acids, phytochemical content, and bioactivities in
      Chlorella minutissima.
AB  - The effect of nitrogen (N: low = 2% N or moderate = 10% N) levels and cultivation
      (photoautotrophic or mixotrophic) modes on the biochemicals in Chlorella
      minutissima was evaluated using a mass culture system. Moderate N and mixotrophic
      cultures had higher biomass, protein, carbohydrate content and photosynthetic
      pigments than the low N and photoautotrophic treatments. In contrast, lipid and
      fatty acid content of the low N and photoautotrophic treatments were higher than
      in the moderate N and mixotrophic cultures. More phytochemicals were accumulated
      in moderate N and mixotrophic cultures which corresponded to better antioxidant
      capacity in the extracts. The most potent (0.7 mg . mL(-1) ) acetylcholinesterase
      inhibitory activity was displayed by moderate N and mixotrophic treatment.
      Approximately 60% of the extracts exhibited a noteworthy antimicrobial activity
      regardless of the N levels and cultivation modes. Thus, moderate N level enhanced
      the phytochemicals and biological activities of C. minutissima cultured under a
      mixotrophic system. 

PMID- 26986790
TI  - Analysis of rbcL sequences reveals the global biodiversity, community structure,
      and biogeographical pattern of thermoacidophilic red algae (Cyanidiales).
AB  - Thermoacidophilic cyanidia (Cyanidiales) are the primary photosynthetic
      eukaryotes in volcanic areas. These red algae also serve as important model
      organisms for studying life in extreme habitats. The global biodiversity and
      community structure of Cyanidiales remain unclear despite previous sampling
      efforts. Here, we surveyed the Cyanidiales biodiversity in the Tatun Volcano
      Group (TVG) area in Taiwan using environmental DNA sequencing. We generated 174
      rbcL sequences from eight samples from four regions in the TVG area, and combined
      them with 239 publicly available rbcL sequences collected worldwide. Species
      delimita-tion using this large rbcL data set suggested at least 20 Cyanidiales
      OTUs (operational taxono-mic units) worldwide, almost three times the presently
      recognized seven species. Results from environmental DNA showed that OTUs in the
      TVG area were divided into three groups: (i) dominant in hot springs with 92%-99%
      sequence identity to Galdieria maxima; (ii) largely distributed in drier and more
      acidic microhabitats with 99% identity to G. partita; and (iii) primarily
      distributed in cooler microhabitats and lacking identity to known cyanidia
      species (a novel Cyanidiales lineage). In both global and individual area
      analyses, we observed greater species diversity in non-aquatic than aquatic
      habitats. Community structure analysis showed high similarity between the TVG
      community and West Pacific-Iceland communities, reflecting their geographic
      proximity to each other. Our study is the first examination of the global species
      diversity and biogeographic affinity of cyanidia. Additionally, our data
      illuminate the influence of microhabitat type on Cyanidiales diversity and
      highlight intriguing questions for future ecological research. 

PMID- 26986788
TI  - A molecular evaluation of the Liagoraceae sensu lato (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) in
      Bermuda including Liagora nesophila sp. nov. and Yamadaella grassyi sp. nov.
AB  - We have undertaken a comprehensive, molecular-assisted alpha-taxonomic
      examination of the rhodophyte family Liagoraceae sensu lato, a group that has not
      previously been targeted for molecular studies in the western Atlantic. Sequence
      data from three molecular markers indicate that in Bermuda alone there are 10
      species in nine different genera. These include the addition of three genera to
      the flora - Hommersandiophycus, Trichogloeopsis, and Yamadaella. Liagora
      pectinata, a species with a type locality in Bermuda, is phylogenetically allied
      with Indo-Pacific species of Hommersandiophycus, and the species historically
      reported as L. ceranoides for the islands is morphologically and genetically
      distinct from that taxon, and is herein described as L. nesophila sp. nov.
      Molecular sequence data have also uncovered the Indo-Pacific L. mannarensis in
      Bermuda, a long-distance new western Atlantic record. DNA sequences of
      Trichogloeopsis pedicellata from the type locality (Bahamas) match with local
      specimens demonstrating its presence in Bermuda. We described Yamadaella grassyi
      sp. nov. from Bermuda, a species phylogenetically and morphologically distinct
      from the generitype, Y. caenomyce of the Indo-Pacific. Our data also indicated a
      single species each of Ganonema, Gloiocallis, Helminthocladia, Titanophycus, and
      Trichogloea in the flora. 

PMID- 26986791
TI  - Defense mechanisms of sargassacean species against the epiphytic red alga
      Neosiphonia harveyi.
AB  - Flora diversity and abundance of epiphytes are specific to their basiphyte
      species and may relate to variations in the defensive abilities of basiphytes.
      Thus, investigating the interactions between epiphytes and basiphytes is useful
      for a better understanding of the biological impact of epiphytism and the
      survival strategies of basiphytes. We examined the epiphyte density on five
      sargassacean species at six locations between two study sites, which showed that
      the epiphytic red alga Neosiphonia harveyi was remarkably less abundant on
      Sargassum siliquastrum at all locations. To assess its defense mechanism against
      N. harveyi, we performed bioassays of phlorotannins, which are considered
      effective in deterring fouling, by culturing sargassacean blades with N. harveyi
      carpospores and observed the process by which sargassacean blades remove
      epiphytes. When the carpospores were incubated with various concentrations of
      dissolved phlorotannins, settlement and germination were inhibited only at the
      highest concentrations (>0.1 g . L(-1) ), and this effect did not significantly
      differ among the five sargassacean species. When the carpospores were combined
      with blades from the five species, many of the spores attached and germinated on
      every blade. Because N. harveyi penetrated rhizoids into basiphyte tissues,
      cuticle peeling observed in all five sargassacean species could not remove this
      epiphyte after germination. However, in S. siliquastrum, the blade tissues around
      the germlings became swollen and disintegrative, and were removed together with
      the germlings. The spores normally grew on the dead blades, suggesting that the
      tissue degradation of S. siliquastrum is triggered by the infection of N.
      harveyi. 

PMID- 26986792
TI  - A non-toxigenic but morphologically and phylogenetically distinct new species of
      Pseudo-nitzschia, P. sabit sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae).
AB  - A new species of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) is described from plankton
      samples collected from Port Dickson (Malacca Strait, Malaysia) and Manzanillo Bay
      (Colima, Mexico). The species possesses a distinctive falcate cell valve, from
      which they form sickle-like colonies in both environmental samples and cultured
      strains. Detailed observation of frustules under TEM revealed ultrastructure that
      closely resembles P. decipiens, yet the new species differs by the valve shape
      and greater ranges of striae and poroid densities. The species is readily
      distinguished from the curve-shaped P. subcurvata by the presence of a central
      interspace. The morphological distinction is further supported by phylogenetic
      discrimination. We sequenced and analyzed the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes in the
      LSU and the second internal transcribed spacer, including its secondary
      structure, to infer the phylogenetic relationship of the new species with its
      closest relatives. The results revealed a distinct lineage of the new species,
      forming a sister cluster with its related species, P. decipiens and P. galaxiae,
      but not with P. subcurvata. We examined the domoic acid (DA) production of five
      cultured strains from Malaysia by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC
      MS), but they showed no detectable DA. Here, we present the taxonomic description
      of the vegetative cells, document the sexual reproduction, and detail the
      molecular phylogenetics of Pseudo-nitzschia sabit sp. nov. 

PMID- 26986793
TI  - The 24 hour recovery kinetics from n starvation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and
      Emiliania huxleyi.
AB  - The response of N (nitrate) starved cells of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
      and the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi to a pulse of new N were measured to
      investigate rapid cellular and photosynthetic recovery kinetics. The changes of
      multiple parameters were followed over 24 h. In P. tricornutum, the recovery of
      Fv /Fm (the maximum quantum yield of PS II) and sigmaPSII (the functional
      absorption cross-section for PSII) started within the first hour, much earlier
      than other parameters. Cellular pigments did not recover during the 24 h but the
      chlorophyll (chl) a/carotenoid ratios increased to levels measured in the
      controls. Cell division was independent of the recovery of chl a. In E. huxleyi,
      the recovery of Fv /Fm and sigmaPSII started after an hour, synchronous with the
      increase in cellular organic N and chl a with pigments fully recovered within 14
      h. P. tricornutum prioritized the recovery of its photosynthetic functions and
      cell divisions while E. huxleyi did not follow this pattern. We hypothesize that
      the different recovery strategies between the two species allow P. tricornutum to
      be more competitive when N pulses are introduced into N-limited water while E.
      huxleyi is adapted to N scarce waters where such pulses are infrequent. These
      findings are consistent with successional patterns observed in coastal
      environments. This is one of only a few studies exploring recovery kinetics of
      cellular functions and photosynthesis after nitrogen stress in phytoplankton. Our
      results can be used to enhance ecological models linking phytoplankton traits to
      species diversity and community structure. 

PMID- 26986794
TI  - Nutrient limitation of algal periphyton in streams along an acid mine drainage
      gradient.
AB  - Metal oxyhydroxide precipitates that form from acid mine drainage (AMD) may
      indirectly limit periphyton by sorbing nutrients, particularly P. We examined
      effects of nutrient addition on periphytic algal biomass (chl a), community
      structure, and carbon and nitrogen content along an AMD gradient. Nutrient
      diffusing substrata with treatments of +P, +NP and control were placed at seven
      stream sites. Conductivity and SO4 concentration ranged over an order of
      magnitude among sites and were used to define the AMD gradient, as they best
      indicate mine discharge sources of metals that create oxyhydroxide precipitates.
      Aqueous total phosphorous (TP) ranged from 2 to 23 MUg . L(-1) and significantly
      decreased with increasing SO4 . Mean chl a concentrations at sites ranged from
      0.2 to 8.1 MUg . cm(-2) . Across all sites, algal biomass was significantly
      higher on +NP than control treatments (Co), and significantly increased with +NP.
      The degree of nutrient limitation was determined by the increase in chl a
      concentration on +NP relative to Co (response ratio), which ranged from 0.6 to
      9.7. Response to nutrient addition significantly declined with increasing aqueous
      TP, and significantly increased with increasing SO4 . Thus, nutrient limitation
      of algal biomass increased with AMD impact, indicating metal oxyhydroxides
      associated with AMD likely decreased P availability. Algal species composition
      was significantly affected by site but not nutrient treatment. Percent carbon
      content of periphyton on the Co significantly increased with AMD impact and
      corresponded to an increase in the relative abundance of Chlorophytes. Changes in
      periphyton biomass and cellular nutrient content associated with nutrient
      limitation in AMD streams may affect higher trophic levels. 

PMID- 26986795
TI  - Phylogeography of the freshwater raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen confirms a recent
      expansion in northern Europe by a single haplotype.
AB  - Gonyostmum semen is a freshwater raphidophyte that has increased in occurrence
      and abundance in several countries in northern Europe since the 1980s. More
      recently, the species has expanded rapidly also in north-eastern Europe, and it
      is frequently referred to as invasive. To better understand the species history,
      we have explored the phylogeography of G. semen using strains from northern
      Europe, United States, and Japan. Three regions of the ribosomal RNA gene (small
      subunit [SSU], internal transcribed spacer [ITS] and large subunit [LSU]) and one
      mitochondrial DNA marker (cox1) were analyzed. The SSU and partial LSU sequences
      were identical in all strains, confirming that they belong to the same species.
      The ITS region differentiated the American from the other strains, but showed
      high intra-strain variability. In contrast, the mitochondrial marker cox1 showed
      distinct differences between the European, American, and Japanese strains.
      Interestingly, only one cox1 haplotype was detected in European strains. The
      overall low diversity and weak geographic structure within northern European
      strains supported the hypothesis of a recent invasion of new lakes by G. semen.
      Our data also show that the invasive northern European lineage is genetically
      distinct from the lineages from the other continents. Finally, we concluded that
      the mitochondrial cox1 was the most useful marker in determining large-scale
      biogeographic patterns in this species. 

PMID- 26986796
TI  - Novel psychrotolerant picocyanobacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay in the
      winter.
AB  - Picocyanobacteria are major primary producers in the ocean, especially in the
      tropical or subtropical oceans or during warm seasons. Many "warm"
      picocyanobacterial species have been isolated and characterized. However,
      picocyanobacteria in cold environments or cold seasons are much less studied. In
      general, little is known about the taxonomy and ecophysiology of
      picocyanobacteria living in the winter. In this study, 17 strains of
      picocyanobacteria were isolated from Chesapeake Bay, a temperate estuarine
      ecosystem, during the winter months. These winter isolates belong to five
      distinct phylogenetic lineages, and are distinct from the picocyanobacteria
      previously isolated from the warm seasons. The vast majority of the winter
      isolates were closely related to picocyanobacteria isolated from other cold
      environments like Arctic or subalpine waters. The winter picocyanobacterial
      isolates were able to maintain slow growth or prolonged dormancy at 4 degrees C.
      Interestingly, the phycoerythrin-rich strains outperformed the phycocyanin-rich
      strains at cold temperature. In addition, winter picocyanobacteria changed their
      morphology when cultivated at 4 degrees C. The close phylogenetic relationship
      between the winter picocyanobacteria and the picocyanobacteria living in high
      latitude cold regions indicates that low temperature locations select specific
      ecotypes of picocyanobacteria. 

PMID- 26986797
TI  - Sequencing type material resolves the identity and distribution of the generitype
      Lithophyllum incrustans, and related European species L. hibernicum and L.
      bathyporum (Corallinales, Rhodophyta).
AB  - DNA sequences from type material in the nongeniculate coralline genus
      Lithophyllum were used to unambiguously link some European species names to field
      collected specimens, thus providing a great advance over morpho-anatomical
      identifi-cation. In particular, sequence comparisons of rbcL, COI and psbA genes
      from field-collected specimens allowed the following conclusion: the generitype
      species, L. incrustans, occurs mostly as subtidal rhodoliths and crusts on both
      Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, and not as the common, NE Atlantic, epilithic,
      intertidal crust reported in the literature. The heterotypic type material of L.
      hibernicum was narrowed to one rhodolith belonging in Lithophyllum. As well as
      occurring as a subtidal rhodolith, L. hibernicum is a common, epilithic and
      epizoic crust in the intertidal zone from Ireland south to Mediterranean France.
      A set of four features distinguished L. incrustans from L. hibernicum, including
      epithallial cell diameter, pore canal shape of sporangial conceptacles and
      sporangium height and diameter. An rbcL sequence of the lectotype of Lithophyllum
      bathyporum, which was recently proposed to accommodate Atlantic intertidal
      collections of L. incrustans, corresponded to a distinct taxon hitherto known
      only from Brittany as the subtidal, bisporangial, lectotype, but also occurs
      intertidally in Atlantic Spain. Specimens from Ireland and France morpho
      anatomically identified as L. fasciculatum and a specimen from Cornwall likewise
      identified as L. duckerae were resolved as L. incrustans and L. hibernicum,
      respectively. 

PMID- 26986798
TI  - Trade-offs between life-history traits at range-edge and central locations.
AB  - The allocation of resources to different life-history traits should represent the
      best compromise in fitness investment for organisms in their local environment.
      When resources are limiting, the investment in a specific trait must carry a cost
      that is expressed in trade-offs with other traits. In this study, the relative
      investment in the fitness-related traits, growth, reproduction and defence were
      compared at central and range-edge locations, using the seaweed Ascophyllum
      nodosum as a model system. Individual growth rates were similar at both sites,
      whereas edge populations showed a higher relative investment in reproduction
      (demonstrated by a higher reproductive allocation and extended reproductive
      periods) when compared to central populations that invested more in defence.
      These results show the capability of A. nodosum to differentially allocate
      resources for different traits under different habitat conditions, suggesting
      that reproduction and defence have different fitness values under the specific
      living conditions experienced at edge and central locations. However, ongoing
      climate change may threaten edge populations by increasing the selective pressure
      on specific traits, forcing these populations to lower the investment in other
      traits that are also potentially important for population fitness. 

PMID- 26986799
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26986801
TI  - Encapsulation of Antioxidant Gallate Derivatives in Biocompatible Poly(epsilon
      caprolactone)-b-Pluronic-b-Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) Micelles.
AB  - Formulation of antioxidant agents is still a challenge that limits their
      application in the biomedical field. Pentablock copolymers obtained through
      modification of two common PEO-PPO-PEO copolymers (Pluronic F127 and F68) with
      poly(epsilon-carprolactone) (PCL) were evaluated regarding their capability to
      form nanocarriers suitable for gallic acid, methyl gallate, and ethyl gallate.
      Applying a dialysis method, PCL/F127/PCL and PCL/F68/PCL self-assembled into
      spherical micelles in 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution but notably differed in critical
      micellar concentration (CMC), micelle core hydrophobicity, and micelle size, as
      evidenced by pyrene fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic
      light scattering. Cytotoxicity studies showed that the copolymers were safe at
      concentrations well above the CMC. Transfer of gallic acid and derivatives from
      aqueous medium to the micelle phase was characterized in terms of distribution
      constant and free energy of transference, which were shown to be strongly
      dependent on the hydrophobicity of the gallate derivatives and the length of PCL
      in the pentablock copolymer. Antioxidant activity of gallates was challenged
      against DPPH previously loaded in PCL/F127/PCL and PCL/F68/PCL micelles. The more
      the hydrophobicity of the gallate derivative, the greater the capability to enter
      in the micelle and to consume free radicals. In vitro release studies of gallic
      acid, methyl gallate, and ethyl gallate from the pentablock copolymer micelles
      also evidenced the influence of the hydrophobicity of both the gallate derivative
      and the micelle core on release rate, recording a variety of release patterns.
      Overall, PCL/F127/PCL and PCL/F68/PCL appear as suitable nanocarriers of potent
      antioxidant agents in a wide range of polarities, which may be useful for diverse
      therapeutic applications. 

PMID- 26986802
TI  - A Highly Vascularized Supraglottic Neoplasm.

PMID- 26986800
TI  - Increases in NKG2C Expression on T Cells and Higher Levels of Circulating CD8+ B
      Cells Are Associated with Sterilizing Immunity Provided by a Live Attenuated SIV
      Vaccine.
AB  - Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are highly effective immunogens in the
      simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque animal model and offer the
      possibility of studying correlates of protection against infection with virulent
      virus. We utilized a tether system for studying, in naive macaques and animals
      vaccinated with a live-attenuated vaccine, the acute events after challenge with
      pathogenic SIV. This approach allowed for the frequent sampling of small blood
      volumes without sedation or restraining of the animals, thus reducing the
      confounding effect of sampling stress. Before challenge, vaccinated animals
      presented significantly higher levels of proliferating and activated B cells than
      naive macaques, which were manifested by high expression of CD8 on B cells. After
      SIV challenge, the only changes observed in protected vaccinated macaques were
      significant increases in expression of the NK marker NKG2C on CD4 and CD8 T
      cells. We also identified that infection of naive macaques with SIV resulted in a
      transient peak of expression of CD20 on CD8 T cells and a constant rise in the
      number of B cells expressing CD8. Finally, analysis of a larger cohort of
      vaccinated animals identified that, even when circulating levels of vaccine virus
      are below the limit of detection, live attenuated vaccines induce systemic
      increases of IP-10 and perforin. These studies indicate that components of both
      the innate and adaptive immune systems of animals inoculated with a live
      attenuated SIV vaccine respond to and control infection with virulent virus.
      Persistence of the vaccine virus in tissues may explain the elevated cytokine and
      B-cell activation levels. In addition, our report underpins the utility of the
      tether system for the intensive study of acute immune responses to viral
      infections.

PMID- 26986805
TI  - PD-L1 Testing and Lack of Benefit to Guide Treatment With Immune Checkpoint
      Inhibitors in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

PMID- 26986804
TI  - Concentrated growth factor promotes Schwann cell migration partly through the
      integrin beta1-mediated activation of the focal adhesion kinase pathway.
AB  - Nerve injury is a serious complication associated with dental implant surgery.
      Following nerve injury, the migration of Schwann cells (SCs) supports nerve
      regeneration. Concentrated growth factor (CGF) belongs to a new generation of
      biomaterials that contain fibrin matrix, as well as a number of growth factors
      that affect the migration of various types of cells, including endothelial cells
      and cancer cells. To the very best of our knowledge, there are no available
      studies to date on the promoting effect of CGF on the migration of SCs. Thus, the
      aim of the present study was to characterize the structure of CGF and growth
      factor release, examine the effects of CGF on the migration of SCs, and to
      examine the role of integrin beta1 and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway in
      the CGF-induced migration of SCs. For this purpose, CGF was prepared by
      centrifuging rat venous blood, which produced a fiber-like matrix capable of
      releasing transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) over a sustained period of
      time (at least 13 days). The soluble component of CGF was used to produce
      conditioned media to treat the SC cells in culture. The results demonstrated that
      CGF promoted the migration of SCs and increased the expression of integrin beta1.
      These effects appeared to involve FAK phosphorylation, which occurred downstream
      of integrin beta1 activation. The short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated
      downregulation of integrin beta1 expression did not block the ability of CGF to
      promote the migration of SCs. These data suggest that CGF promotes the migration
      of SCs partly through the integrin beta1-mediated activation of the FAK pathway.

PMID- 26986803
TI  - The Protease Inhibitor Monotherapy Versus Ongoing Triple Therapy (PIVOT) trial: a
      randomised controlled trial of a protease inhibitor monotherapy strategy for long
      term management of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Standard-of-care antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection uses a combination of drugs, until now
      considered essential to minimise treatment failure and development of drug
      resistance. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are potent with a high genetic barrier to
      resistance and have the potential for use as monotherapy after viral load (VL)
      suppression achieved on combination therapy. However, longer-term resistance and
      toxicity risks are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness, toxicity
      profile and cost-effectiveness of PI monotherapy with those of standard-of-care
      triple therapy in a pragmatic long-term clinical trial. DESIGN: Open-label,
      parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Forty-three HIV clinical
      centres in the UK NHS. PARTICIPANTS: HIV-positive adults taking standard
      combination ART with a suppressed VL for >= 6 months. INTERVENTIONS: Patients
      were randomised to maintain ongoing triple therapy (OT) or switch to a strategy
      of physician-selected ritonavir-boosted PI monotherapy (PI-mono), with prompt
      return to combination therapy in the event of VL rebound. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      The primary outcome was reduction of future drug options, defined as new
      intermediate-/high-level resistance to one or more drugs to which the patient's
      virus was considered to be sensitive at trial entry (non-inferiority comparison,
      10% margin). Secondary outcomes included confirmed virological rebound, serious
      drug- or disease-related complications, total grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs),
      neurocognitive function change, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell count
      change, change in health-related quality of life, cardiovascular risk change,
      health-care costs and health economic analysis. RESULTS: In total, 587
      participants were randomised (77% male, 68% white) to OT (n = 291) or PI-mono (n
      = 296) and followed for a median of 44 months, of whom 2.7% withdrew/were lost to
      follow-up. One or more episodes of confirmed VL rebound were observed in eight
      patients (Kaplan-Meier estimate 3.2%) in the OT group and 95 patients (35.0%) in
      the PI-mono group [absolute risk difference 31.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI)
      24.6% to 39.0%; p < 0.001]. PI-mono patients who changed to ART after VL rebound
      all resuppressed (median 3.5 weeks). The proportions with loss of a future drug
      option at 3 years were 0.7% in the OT group and 2.1% in the PI-mono group
      (difference 1.4%, (95% CI -0.4% to 3.4%); non-inferiority demonstrated). There
      were no significant differences in serious disease complications between groups
      or in the frequency of grade 3 or 4 clinical AEs (16.8% OT group vs. 22% PI-mono
      group; absolute risk difference 5.1%, 95% CI -1.3% to 11.5%; p = 0.12). Overall,
      the PI-mono strategy was shown to be cost-effective compared with OT under most
      scenarios explored. PI-mono was cost saving because of the large savings in ART
      drug costs while being no less effective in terms of quality-adjusted life-years
      in the within-trial analysis and only marginally less effective when extrapolated
      to lifetime outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: PI monotherapy, with prompt reintroduction of
      combination therapy for VL rebound, was non-inferior to combination therapy in
      preserving future treatment options and is an acceptable and cost-effective
      alternative for long-term management of HIV infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN04857074. FUNDING: This project was funded by the
      NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in
      Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 21. See the NIHR Journals Library
      website for further project information.

PMID- 26986806
TI  - How methylglyoxal kills bacteria: An ultrastructural study.
AB  - Antibacterial activity of honey is due to the presence of methylglyoxal (MGO),
      H2O2, bee defensin as well as polyphenols. High MGO levels in manuka honey are
      the main source of antibacterial activity. Manuka honey has been reported to
      reduce the swarming and swimming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to de
      flagellation. Due to the complexity of honey it is unknown if this effect is
      directly due to MGO. In this ultrastructural investigation the effects of MGO on
      the morphology of bacteria and specifically the structure of fimbriae and
      flagella were investigated. MGO effectively inhibited Gram positive (Bacillus
      subtilis; MIC 0.8 mM and Staphylococcus aureus; MIC 1.2 mM) and Gram negative (P.
      aeruginosa; MIC 1.0 mM and Escherichia coli; MIC 1.2 mM) bacteria growth. The
      ultrastructural effects of 0.5, 1.0 and 2 mM MGO on B. substilis and E. coli
      morphology was then evaluated. At 0.5 mM MGO, bacteria structure was unaltered.
      For both bacteria at 1 mM MGO fewer fimbriae were present and the flagella were
      less or absent. Identified structures appeared stunted and fragile. At 2 mM MGO
      fimbriae and flagella were absent while the bacteria were rounded with shrinkage
      and loss of membrane integrity. Antibacterial MGO causes alterations in the
      structure of bacterial fimbriae and flagella which would limit bacteria adherence
      and motility. 

PMID- 26986807
TI  - H2AX and EMT: deciphering beyond DNA repair.

PMID- 26986808
TI  - Abnormal expression of leiomyoma cytoskeletal proteins involved in cell
      migration.
AB  - Uterine leiomyomas are monoclonal tumors. Several factors are involved in the
      neoplastic transformation of the myometrium. In our study we focused on
      dysregulated cytoskeletal proteins in the leiomyoma as compared to the
      myometrium. Paired tissue samples of ten leiomyomas and adjacent myometria were
      obtained and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Mass
      spectrometry was used for protein identification, and western blotting for 2-DE
      data validation. The values of ten cytoskeletal proteins were found to be
      significantly different: eight proteins were upregulated in the leiomyoma and two
      proteins were downregulated. Three of the upregulated proteins (myosin regulatory
      light polypeptide 9, four and a half LIM domains protein 1 and LIM and SH3 domain
      protein 1) are involved in cell migration, while downregulated protein transgelin
      is involved in replicative senescence. Myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9
      (MYL9) was further validated by western blotting because it is considered to be a
      cell migration marker in several cancers and could play a key role in leiomyoma
      development. Our data demonstrate significant alterations in the expression of
      cytoskeletal proteins involved in leiomyoma growth. A better understanding of the
      involvement of cytoskeletal proteins in leiomyoma pathogenesis may contribute to
      the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of new
      pharmacological approaches.

PMID- 26986809
TI  - Radiation Duration in Women with Cervical Cancer Treated with Primary
      Chemoradiation: A Population-Based Analysis.
AB  - This study examines factors associated with prolonged radiation duration and its
      impact on survival in women with cervical cancer treated with primary
      chemoradiation. Women in the National Cancer Database with stage IB2-IVA cervical
      cancer from 2003 to 2011 who received radiation and chemotherapy were included.
      Of 7209 women, who met inclusion criteria, 3401 (47.1%) and 3808 (52.8%)
      completed radiation in <= 8 and > 8 weeks, respectively. There was no overall
      survival difference for radiation duration <= 8 vs. > 8 weeks. Sensitivity
      analyses showed that inferior overall survival is only seen with radiation
      duration of > 10-12 weeks. 

PMID- 26986810
TI  - Delivery of mesenchymal stem cells in biomimetic engineered scaffolds promotes
      healing of diabetic ulcers.
AB  - AIM: We hypothesized that delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a
      biomimetic collagen scaffold improves wound healing in a diabetic mouse model.
      MATERIALS & METHODS: Rolled collagen scaffolds containing MSCs were implanted or
      applied topically to diabetic C57BL/6 mice with excisional wounds. RESULTS:
      Rolled scaffolds were hypoxic, inducing MSC synthesis and secretion of VEGF.
      Diabetic mice with wounds treated with rolled scaffolds containing MSCs showed
      increased healing compared with controls. Histologic examination showed increased
      cellular proliferation, increased VEGF expression and capillary density, and
      increased numbers of macrophages, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Addition
      of laminin to the collagen scaffold enhanced these effects. CONCLUSION: Activated
      MSCs delivered in a biomimetic-collagen scaffold enhanced wound healing in a
      translationally relevant diabetic mouse model.

PMID- 26986812
TI  - Drug metabolism: Comparison of biodistribution profile of holmium in three
      different compositions in healthy Wistar rats.
AB  - Radioisotope holmium is a candidate to be used in cancer treatment and diagnosis.
      There are different holmium salts and they present distinct solubility and
      consequently different biodistribution profiles. In this work, we aimed to
      evaluate the biodistribution profiles of two holmium salts (chloride and sulfate)
      and holmium nanoparticles (oxide) through an in vivo biodistribution assay using
      animal model. Samples were labeled with technetium-99m and administered in Wistar
      rats by retro-orbital route. Holmium chloride is highly soluble in water and it
      was quickly filtered by the kidneys while holmium sulfate that presents lower
      solubility in water was mainly found in the liver and the spleen. However, both
      the salts showed a similar biodistribution profile. On the other hand, holmium
      oxide showed a very different biodistribution profile since it seemed to interact
      with all organs. Due to its particle size range (approximately 100nm) it was not
      intensively filtered by the kidneys being found in high quantities in many
      organs, for this reason its use as a nanoradiopharmaceutical could be promising
      in the oncology field.

PMID- 26986813
TI  - A plastic scintillator-based 2D thermal neutron mapping system for use in BNCT
      studies.
AB  - In this study, a scintillator-based measurement instrument is proposed which is
      capable of measuring a two-dimensional map of thermal neutrons within a phantom
      based on the detection of 2.22MeV gamma rays generated via nth+H->D+gamma
      reaction. The proposed instrument locates around a small rectangular water
      phantom (14cm*15cm*20cm) used in Birmingham BNCT facility. The whole system has
      been simulated using MCNPX 2.6. The results confirm that the thermal flux peaks
      somewhere between 2cm and 4cm distance from the system entrance which is in
      agreement with previous studies.

PMID- 26986811
TI  - Autophagy is required for ectoplasmic specialization assembly in sertoli cells.
AB  - The ectoplasmic specialization (ES) is essential for Sertoli-germ cell
      communication to support all phases of germ cell development and maturity. Its
      formation and remodeling requires rapid reorganization of the cytoskeleton.
      However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of ES assembly is
      still largely unknown. Here, we show that Sertoli cell-specific disruption of
      autophagy influenced male mouse fertility due to the resulting disorganized
      seminiferous tubules and spermatozoa with malformed heads. In autophagy-deficient
      mouse testes, cytoskeleton structures were disordered and ES assembly was
      disrupted. The disorganization of the cytoskeleton structures might be caused by
      the accumulation of a negative cytoskeleton organization regulator, PDLIM1, and
      these defects could be partially rescued by Pdlim1 knockdown in autophagy
      deficient Sertoli cells. Altogether, our works reveal that the degradation of
      PDLIM1 by autophagy in Sertoli cells is important for the proper assembly of the
      ES, and these findings define a novel role for autophagy in Sertoli cell-germ
      cell communication.

PMID- 26986814
TI  - A Novel Artificial Intelligence System for Endotracheal Intubation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Adequate visualization of the glottic opening is a key factor to
      successful endotracheal intubation (ETI); however, few objective tools exist to
      help guide providers' ETI attempts toward the glottic opening in real-time.
      Machine learning/artificial intelligence has helped to automate the detection of
      other visual structures but its utility with ETI is unknown. We sought to test
      the accuracy of various computer algorithms in identifying the glottic opening,
      creating a tool that could aid successful intubation. METHODS: We collected a
      convenience sample of providers who each performed ETI 10 times on a mannequin
      using a video laryngoscope (C-MAC, Karl Storz Corp, Tuttlingen, Germany). We
      recorded each attempt and reviewed one-second time intervals for the presence or
      absence of the glottic opening. Four different machine learning/artificial
      intelligence algorithms analyzed each attempt and time point: k-nearest neighbor
      (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision trees, and neural networks (NN). We
      used half of the videos to train the algorithms and the second half to test the
      accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of each algorithm. RESULTS: We enrolled
      seven providers, three Emergency Medicine attendings, and four paramedic
      students. From the 70 total recorded laryngoscopic video attempts, we created
      2,465 time intervals. The algorithms had the following sensitivity and
      specificity for detecting the glottic opening: KNN (70%, 90%), SVM (70%, 90%),
      decision trees (68%, 80%), and NN (72%, 78%). CONCLUSIONS: Initial efforts at
      computer algorithms using artificial intelligence are able to identify the
      glottic opening with over 80% accuracy. With further refinements, video
      laryngoscopy has the potential to provide real-time, direction feedback to the
      provider to help guide successful ETI.

PMID- 26986815
TI  - Antidifferentiation Noncoding RNA Regulates the Proliferation of Osteosarcoma
      Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antidifferentiation noncoding RNA (ANCR), a newly identified long
      noncoding RNA (lncRNA), plays a critical role for stem cells to maintain
      undifferentiated cell state. However, the functions of ANCR in human cancers have
      not been reported. This study is designed to explore the role of ANCR in
      osteosarcoma. METHODS: Lentivirus-mediated (shRNA) was applied to silence ANCR in
      the human osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS and Saos-2. Cell viability was measured by
      MTT assay. Colony-forming ability was measured by colony formation assay. Cell
      cycle progression was determined by flow cytometry with propidium iodide
      staining. In addition, cell cycle makers, including p21, CDK2, and CDK4, were
      investigated in ANCR silencing U2OS cells by real time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis.
      RESULTS: In this study, we first proved that lentivirus-mediated shRNA
      specifically suppressed the expression level of ANCR in U2OS and Saos-2 cells.
      Further investigations revealed that knockdown of ANCR significantly inhibited
      the proliferation of U2OS and Saos cells and colony formation of U2OS cells.
      Moreover, the cell cycle of U2OS cells was arrested at G0/G1 phase after ANCR
      knockdown. Furthermore, the expression level of p21 was increased and CDK2 was
      decreased in ANCR knock-down cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that ANCR
      might be an oncogenic lncRNA that promoted proliferation of osteosarcoma. The
      potential application of ANCR-targeted therapy using the lentivirus-mediated
      shRNA approach is worth further investigations in preclinical and clinical
      studies.

PMID- 26986816
TI  - The Result of Multiple I-131 Treatments on the Effective Half-Life of Retained
      Radioactivity in Patients Ablated for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Possible
      Evidence for Thyroid Remnant Function Impairment.
AB  - The ablation of differentiated thyroid cancer by ingested I-131 depends on the
      activity absorbed by the remnant. This depends on the function of the thyroid
      cells and on the rate that radioactivity is excreted from the blood. The
      reduction of radioiodine is described by the effective half-life (EHL), which is
      the time taken to half the retained radioactivity. If the tumor recurs, more
      treatments are prescribed, often with escalating activities. Patients may receive
      several treatments during the evolution of the disease, and the total
      radioactivity administered (TRA) is the sum of all such activities. The patients'
      archived information permitted the calculation of EHL and TRA. The patient cohort
      processed here comprised 274 females and 101 males treated during 1997 to 2015.
      The TRA to the patients ranged between 1.1 and 129.5 GBq (average = 7.93 +/- 9.9
      GBq) and the EHL varied between 5.06 and 43.87 hours (average = 14.13 +/- 5.7
      hours). The data were processed as follows: (a) the EHL corresponding to the last
      treatment of each patient was plotted against TRA to patients who were treated
      once and to those treated several times for comparison and (b) using a small
      subgroup of 16 patients who were treated at least 5 times, the EHL and TRA
      corresponding to each treatment of each patient were plotted. A function of the
      form y = p-k.ln(x) was fitted on the data in all graphs and k was calculated. For
      patients treated once, EHL was independent of TRA. A decrease was seen in (a)
      multitreated patients, with the gradient (k) ranging between -0.541 and -13.880
      and (b) 13 out of 16 patients, with the gradient (k) ranging between -5.55 and 
      31.17, both indicating an impairment of the remnant function, perhaps identified
      as "stunning." Since this is not avoidable, the uptake may be boosted by
      splitting the prescribed activity into low radioactivity fractions, which will
      also reduce patient hospitalization. 

PMID- 26986817
TI  - Complete Remission of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Combined
      Sorafenib and Adjuvant Yttrium-90 Radioembolization.
AB  - Sorafenib has improved the median overall survival of unresectable or otherwise
      untreatable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of ~3 months, compared to supportive
      cares. Complete response, although rare, has been reported. The authors reported
      herein a case of complete biochemical and radiological remission of advanced
      unresectable HCC with lymph node metastasis and tumoral portal vein thrombosis
      treated by 5 months therapy with sorafenib followed by adjuvant Yttrium-90
      radioembolization. At 12 months follow-up, there is no evidence of HCC
      recurrence. 

PMID- 26986818
TI  - Transpo-mAb display: Transposition-mediated B cell display and functional
      screening of full-length IgG antibody libraries.
AB  - In vitro antibody display and screening technologies geared toward the discovery
      and engineering of clinically applicable antibodies have evolved from screening
      artificial antibody formats, powered by microbial display technologies, to
      screening of natural, full-IgG molecules expressed in mammalian cells to readily
      yield lead antibodies with favorable properties in production and clinical
      applications. Here, we report the development and characterization of a novel,
      next-generation mammalian cell-based antibody display and screening platform
      called Transpo-mAb Display, offering straightforward and efficient generation of
      cellular libraries by using non-viral transposition technology to obtain stable
      antibody expression. Because Transpo-mAb Display uses DNA-transposable vectors
      with substantial cargo capacity, genomic antibody heavy chain expression
      constructs can be utilized that undergo the natural switch from membrane bound to
      secreted antibody expression in B cells by way of alternative splicing of Ig
      heavy chain transcripts from the same genomic expression cassette. We demonstrate
      that stably transposed cells co-express transmembrane and secreted antibodies at
      levels comparable to those provided by dedicated constructs for secreted and
      membrane-associated IgGs. This unique feature expedites the screening and
      antibody characterization process by obviating the need for intermediate
      sequencing and re-cloning of individual antibody clones into separate expression
      vectors for functional screening purposes. In a series of proof-of-concept
      experiments, we demonstrate the seamless integration of antibody discovery with
      functional screening for various antibody properties, including binding affinity
      and suitability for preparation of antibody-drug conjugates.

PMID- 26986820
TI  - [Risk factors and allergic manifestations associated with atopic dermatitis in
      Lome (Togo): a multicenter study of 476 children aged 0-15 years].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and document the
      risk factors and allergic reactions associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) in
      children in Lome. METHOD: This cross-sectional multicenter study took place from
      March to June 2013 in four health facilities in Lome. It applied the criteria of
      the United Kingdom Working Party (UKWP). RESULTS: We included 476 children aged 0
      15 years who came for a vaccination or pediatric consultation; 31.3% were
      diagnosed with AD. The mean age of the children with AD was 33.91 +/- 37 months,
      and the sex ratio (M/F) 0.96. In the univariate analysis, several risk factors
      and allergic reactions were significantly associated with AD including weaning,
      asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, alopecia,
      seborrheic dermatitis in infants, and prurigo. In the multivariate analysis, AD
      was associated with prurigo (aOR = 15.59, 95% CI = 7.54 to 32.21), allergic
      rhinitis (aOR = 7.51, 95% CI = 4.31 to 13.10), and food allergy (aOR = 5.32 95%
      CI = 1.20 to 23.48) were associated with AD. CONCLUSION: AD is common in children
      in Lome. Prurigo, allergic rhinitis and food allergy are allergic manifestations
      associated with it. These results deserve confirmation by a prospective study
      over a longer period.

PMID- 26986821
TI  - Integrating 3D Flower-Like Hierarchical Cu2NiSnS4 with Reduced Graphene Oxide as
      Advanced Anode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries.
AB  - Development of an anode material with high performance and low cost is crucial
      for implementation of next-generation Na-ion batteries (NIBs) electrode, which is
      proposed to meet the challenges of large scale renewable energy storage. Metal
      chalcogenides are considered as promising anode materials for NIBs due to their
      high theoretical capacity, low cost, and abundant sources. Unfortunately, their
      practical application in NIBs is still hindered because of low conductivity and
      morphological collapse caused by their volume expansion and shrinkage during
      Na(+) intercalation/deintercalation. To solve the daunting challenges, herein, we
      fabricated novel three-dimensional (3D) Cu2NiSnS4 nanoflowers (CNTSNs) as a proof
      of-concept experiment using a facile and low-cost method. Furthermore,
      homogeneous integration with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (RGNs) endows
      intrinsically insulated CNTSNs with superior electrochemical performances,
      including high specific capacity (up to 837 mAh g(-1)), good rate capability, and
      long cycling stability, which could be attributed to the unique 3D hierarchical
      structure providing fast ion diffusion pathway and high contact area at the
      electrode/electrolyte interface. 

PMID- 26986819
TI  - Accessing Elaborated 2,1-Borazaronaphthalene Cores Using Photoredox/Nickel Dual
      Catalytic Functionalization.
AB  - A highly effective method for derivatizing 2,1-borazaronaphthalene cores using
      ammonium alkylbis(catecholato)silicates via photoredox/nickel dual catalysis is
      reported. By forging C(sp)(3)-C(sp)(2) bonds via this approach, alkyl fragments
      with various functional groups can be introduced to the azaborine core, affording
      previously inaccessible heterocyclic isosteres in good to excellent yields. The
      base-free, room-temperature conditions outlined allow sensitive functional group
      tolerance, even permitting the cross-coupling of unprotected primary and
      secondary amines.

PMID- 26986822
TI  - [Changes in the epidemiology of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella during 2005
      2014 in Salamanca, Spain].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In Spain there are not many updated population studies about
      salmonellosis, despite being one of the most common etiologies of acute
      gastroenteritis (AGEs) caused by bacteria in the world. The aim of the study was
      to know the most relevant epidemiological features of AGEs produced by Salmonella
      spp. between 2005 and 2014 in Salamanca (Spain). METHODS: Descriptive cross
      sectional study carried out through review of the clinical microbiologic records
      at Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca. Culture, isolation,
      identification and serotyping were performed according to standard methodology.
      RESULTS: Salmonella was isolated in 1,477 patients, representing 47.7% of all
      positive stool cultures and 53.3% of all income bacterial AGE. The average
      prevalence was 42.1 cases/100,000 people per year. The mean age was 23 +/- 28
      years and the median 7 years. 40.2% of all isolates occurred in children under 5
      years, with an average prevalence of 45.1 cases/ 10,000 people per year. Overall,
      the most frequently isolated serotype was S. Typhimurium with 57%, followed by S.
      Enteritidis with 35.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Salmonella decreased over
      time. The group aged 0-4 years had the highest rate throughout the period.
      However, Salmonella produced the highest percentage of hospitalizations for
      bacterial AGE. In recent years, S. Typhimurium serotype has replaced S.
      Enteritidis serotype and predominates in younger patients. It is observed under
      reporting of cases of salmonellosis produced in Salamanca despite being mandatory
      notification of these since 2007.

PMID- 26986824
TI  - Blood Brain Barrier Disruption in Diabetic Stroke Related to Unfavorable Outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a wide range of
      microvascular abnormalities in the brain. These include the dysfunction of the
      blood brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we test the hypotheses that disruption
      of the BBB in patients presenting with acute stroke is common in patients with DM
      and is related to outcome. METHODS: Sixty-two consecutive patients with ischemic
      stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory were enrolled within 3-7 days
      after onset. In ischemic lesion, BBB disruption was detected by parenchymal
      enhancement (PE) on 5 min delayed post-contrast T1 weighted imaging. National
      Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) assessed neurologic impairment on
      admission. Clinical outcome at 3 months was classified as unfavorable if the
      modified Rankin scale was >1. The independent factors associated with clinical
      outcome were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis and OR with
      its 95% CIs were estimated. RESULTS: An unfavorable stroke outcome was found in
      19 diabetic patients and 21 non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients had a
      significantly higher frequency of PE than non-diabetic patients (58.6 vs. 27.3%,
      p = 0.013) and DM was independently associated with PE (OR 4.40; 95% CI 1.22
      15.83; p = 0.023). PE was significantly more common in diabetic patients with
      unfavorable stroke outcome (73.7%) than in other 3 subgroups: diabetic patients
      with favorable stroke outcome (30.0%), non-diabetic patients with favorable
      stroke outcome (38.1%) and unfavorable stroke outcome (8.3%; p = 0.002). PE was
      independently associated with unfavorable outcome (UO) in diabetic stroke (DS; OR
      7.04; 95% CI 1.20-41.52; p = 0.031). Admission NIHSS score was associated with UO
      in non-DS (NDS) (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.10-2.66; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Compared
      with NDS, DS had increased BBB disruption defined by the presence of PE. A
      different form of the relationship between admission NIHSS and UO in NDS, BBB
      disruption was related with UO in diabetic patients after stroke.

PMID- 26986825
TI  - Dynamic changes in circulating miRNA levels in response to antitumor therapy of
      lung cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Expression levels of cancer-associated microRNAs were reported to be
      altered in serum/plasma samples from lung cancer patients compared with healthy
      subjects. The purpose of this study was to estimate the value of five selected
      miRNAs plasma levels as markers of response to antitumor therapy in lung cancer
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression levels of miR-19b, miR-126, miR-25,
      miR-205, and miR-125b have been evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription
      PCR versus control miR-16 in blood plasma samples from 23 lung cancer (LC)
      patients. Plasma samples were obtained from LC patients before treatment
      (untreated-UT), within 30 days after completing two courses of chemotherapy
      (postchemotherapy-PC) and 15 days after surgery (postoperative-PO). RESULTS:
      Repeated Measures ANOVA demonstrated that miR-19b expression levels were
      decreased in PC and increased in PO samples. These changes were characterized by
      a significant quadratic trend (p = 0.03). Expression levels of miR-125b increased
      both after chemotherapy and again after surgery and demonstrated a significant
      linear trend (p = 0.03). The miR-125b/miR-19b ratio changed during the course of
      the antitumor treatment with a significant linear trend (p = 0.04). Individual
      analysis in the groups of patients with partial response to chemotherapy and
      patients with stable or progressive disease showed different trends for miR-19b,
      miR-125b, and miR-125b/miR-19b ratio between the groups. The Kaplan-Meier
      survival curves demonstrated an association of miR-125b/miR-19b ratio value with
      the survival time without the tumor relapse (p < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic
      change of trends for miR-19b and miR-125b expression levels and miR-125b/miR-19b
      ratio in the blood plasma have shown a potentiality to discriminate types of
      response to antitumor therapy in lung cancer patients. Further in-depth
      investigation is needed to establish a direct link the miRNAs expression levels
      in blood plasma with therapy response and patient's survival.

PMID- 26986823
TI  - Allele-Specific Quantitative PCR for Accurate, Rapid, and Cost-Effective
      Genotyping.
AB  - Customizable endonucleases such as transcription activator-like effector
      nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
      repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) enable rapid generation of
      mutant strains at genomic loci of interest in animal models and cell lines. With
      the accelerated pace of generating mutant alleles, genotyping has become a rate
      limiting step to understanding the effects of genetic perturbation. Unless
      mutated alleles result in distinct morphological phenotypes, mutant strains need
      to be genotyped using standard methods in molecular biology. Classic restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or sequencing is labor-intensive and
      expensive. Although simpler than RFLP, current versions of allele-specific PCR
      may still require post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) handling such as
      sequencing, or they are more expensive if allele-specific fluorescent probes are
      used. Commercial genotyping solutions can take weeks from assay design to result,
      and are often more expensive than assembling reactions in-house. Key components
      of commercial assay systems are often proprietary, which limits further
      customization. Therefore, we developed a one-step open-source genotyping method
      based on quantitative PCR. The allele-specific qPCR (ASQ) does not require post
      PCR processing and can genotype germline mutants through either threshold cycle
      (Ct) or end-point fluorescence reading. ASQ utilizes allele-specific primers, a
      locus-specific reverse primer, universal fluorescent probes and quenchers, and
      hot start DNA polymerase. Individual laboratories can further optimize this open
      source system as we completely disclose the sequences, reagents, and thermal
      cycling protocol. We have tested the ASQ protocol to genotype alleles in five
      different genes. ASQ showed a 98-100% concordance in genotype scoring with RFLP
      or Sanger sequencing outcomes. ASQ is time-saving because a single qPCR without
      post-PCR handling suffices to score genotypes. ASQ is cost-effective because
      universal fluorescent probes negate the necessity of designing expensive probes
      for each locus.

PMID- 26986826
TI  - Evaluation of the Septifast MGrade Test on Standard Care Wards--A Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The immediate need for appropriate antimicrobial therapy in septic
      patients requires the detection of the causative pathogen in a timely and
      reliable manner. In this study, the real-time PCR Septifast MGrade test was
      evaluated in adult patients meeting the systemic inflammatory response syndrome
      (SIRS) criteria that were treated at standard care wards. METHODS: Patients with
      clinical suspected infection, drawn blood cultures (BC), the Septifast M(Grade)
      test (SF) and sepsis biomarkers were prospectively screened for fulfillment of
      SIRS criteria and evaluated using the criteria of the European Centre of Disease
      Control (ECDC) for infection point prevalence studies. RESULTS: In total, 220
      patients with SIRS were prospectively enrolled, including 56 patients with
      detection of bacteria in the blood (incidence: 25.5%). BC analysis resulted in
      75.0% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, CI: 61.6%- 85.6%) with 97.6%
      specificity (CI: 93.9%- 99.3%) for detecting bacteria in the blood. In comparison
      to BC, SF presented with 80.4% sensitivity (CI: 67.6%- 89.8%) and with 97.6%
      specificity (CI: 93.9%- 99.3%). BC and SF analysis yielded comparable ROC-AUCs
      (0.86, 0.89), which did not differ significantly (p = 0.558). A trend of a
      shorter time-to-positivity of BC analysis was not seen in bacteremic patients
      with a positive SF test than those with a negative test result. Sepsis
      biomarkers, including PCT, IL-6 or CRP, did not help to explain discordant test
      results for BC and SF. CONCLUSION: Since negative results do not exclude
      bacteremia, the Septifast M(Grade) test is not suited to replacing BC, but it is
      a valuable tool with which to complement BC for faster detection of pathogens.

PMID- 26986828
TI  - Love at second sight: Sequential dependence of facial attractiveness in an on
      line dating paradigm.
AB  - Millions of people use online dating sites each day, scanning through streams of
      face images in search of an attractive mate. Face images, like most visual
      stimuli, undergo processes whereby the current percept is altered by exposure to
      previous visual input. Recent studies using rapid sequences of faces have found
      that perception of face identity is biased towards recently seen faces, promoting
      identity-invariance over time, and this has been extended to perceived face
      attractiveness. In this paper we adapt the rapid sequence task to ask a question
      about mate selection pertinent in the digital age. We designed a binary task
      mimicking the selection interface currently popular in online dating websites in
      which observers typically make binary decisions (attractive or unattractive)
      about each face in a sequence of unfamiliar faces. Our findings show that binary
      attractiveness decisions are not independent: we are more likely to rate a face
      as attractive when the preceding face was attractive than when it was
      unattractive. 

PMID- 26986829
TI  - Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism is associated with executive function
      impairments in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we investigate the association between the 5
      HTTLPR polymorphism and executive functions in a sample of patients with
      obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD: A total of 98 unmedicated patients
      diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-IV criteria and 80 healthy controls were
      included in this study. The genotype frequencies of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were
      compared in OCD and healthy control groups. The four subgroups of OCD and healthy
      control participants, determined according to having LaLa genotype (high
      expressing) or S- and/or Lg alleles (low expressing), were also compared using
      neuropsychological tests of executive functions. RESULTS: The frequency of SLa
      genotype of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was found to be higher in patients with OCD
      compared with healthy controls. The mean scores of conceptual level responses of
      the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were significantly lower in the OCD-high
      expressing subgroup compared with the low-expressing control group. The mean
      scores of the number of moves of the Tower of London were found to be
      significantly higher in the OCD-high-expressing subgroup, compared with the high
      expressing subgroup of healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that
      the high-expressing variant may be associated with lower performance on some
      abstraction and planning measures in OCD patients.

PMID- 26986827
TI  - Biochemistry and Crystal Structure of Ectoine Synthase: A Metal-Containing Member
      of the Cupin Superfamily.
AB  - Ectoine is a compatible solute and chemical chaperone widely used by members of
      the Bacteria and a few Archaea to fend-off the detrimental effects of high
      external osmolarity on cellular physiology and growth. Ectoine synthase (EctC)
      catalyzes the last step in ectoine production and mediates the ring closure of
      the substrate N-gamma-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid through a water
      elimination reaction. However, the crystal structure of ectoine synthase is not
      known and a clear understanding of how its fold contributes to enzyme activity is
      thus lacking. Using the ectoine synthase from the cold-adapted marine bacterium
      Sphingopyxis alaskensis (Sa), we report here both a detailed biochemical
      characterization of the EctC enzyme and the high-resolution crystal structure of
      its apo-form. Structural analysis classified the (Sa)EctC protein as a member of
      the cupin superfamily. EctC forms a dimer with a head-to-tail arrangement, both
      in solution and in the crystal structure. The interface of the dimer assembly is
      shaped through backbone-contacts and weak hydrophobic interactions mediated by
      two beta-sheets within each monomer. We show for the first time that ectoine
      synthase harbors a catalytically important metal co-factor; metal depletion and
      reconstitution experiments suggest that EctC is probably an iron-dependent
      enzyme. We found that EctC not only effectively converts its natural substrate N
      gamma-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid into ectoine through a cyclocondensation
      reaction, but that it can also use the isomer N-alpha-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric
      acid as its substrate, albeit with substantially reduced catalytic efficiency.
      Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis experiments targeting amino acid
      residues that are evolutionarily highly conserved among the extended EctC protein
      family, including those forming the presumptive iron-binding site, were conducted
      to functionally analyze the properties of the resulting EctC variants. An
      assessment of enzyme activity and iron content of these mutants give important
      clues for understanding the architecture of the active site positioned within the
      core of the EctC cupin barrel. 

PMID- 26986830
TI  - Activation of ERK/IER3/PP2A-B56gamma-positive feedback loop in lung
      adenocarcinoma by allelic deletion of B56gamma gene.
AB  - In order to investigate the involvement of the IER3/PP2A-B56gamma/ERK-positive
      feedback loop, which leads to sustained phosphorylation/activation of ERK in
      carcinogenesis, we immunohistochemically examined the expression of IER3 and
      phosphorylated ERK in lung tumor tissues. IER3 was overexpressed in all cases of
      adenocarcinomas examined, but was not overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas.
      Phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was also overexpressed in almost all adenocarcinomas.
      EGFR and RAS, whose gene product is located upstream of ERK, were sequenced.
      Activating mutation of EGFR, which is a possible cause of overexpression of IER3
      and pERK, was found only in 5 adenocarcinomas (42%). No mutation of RAS was
      found. We further examined the sequences of all exons of B56gamma gene (PPP2R5C)
      and IER3, but no mutation was found. Using a single nucleotide insertion in
      intron 1 of PPP2R5C, which was found in the process of sequencing, allelic
      deletion of PPP2R5C was examined. Eight cases were informative (67%), and the
      deletion was found in 4 of them (50%). Three cases having deletion of PPP2R5C did
      not have EGFR mutation. Finally, PPP2R5C deletion or EGFR mutation that could be
      responsible for IER3/pERK overexpression was found in at least 8 cases (67% or
      more). This is the first report of a high incidence of deletion of PPP2R5C in
      human carcinomas.

PMID- 26986833
TI  - Influence of Structural Disorder on Hollandites A(x)Ru4O8 (A(+) = K, Rb, Rb(1
      x)Na(x)).
AB  - Structural disorder can play an important role in the electrical properties of
      correlated materials. In this work we examine the average and local disorder in
      hollandites A(x)Ru4O8 (A(+) = K, Rb, Rb(1-x)Na(x)) through neutron total
      scattering techniques. Samples with A(+) = Rb, Rb(1-x)Na(x) exhibit the largest
      amount of local disorder as evidenced by higher atomic displacement parameters,
      and as a result, a weakened temperature dependence of the resistivity is observed
      upon cooling as compared to K(x)Ru4O8. All samples exhibit anisotropic
      resistivity that is dominated by metallic conductivity at lower temperatures, and
      this is corroborated by Pauli paramagnetic behavior throughout the measured
      temperature regime.

PMID- 26986832
TI  - Failure of Passive Immune Transfer in Calves: A Meta-Analysis on the Consequences
      and Assessment of the Economic Impact.
AB  - Low colostrum intake at birth results in the failure of passive transfer (FPT)
      due to the inadequate ingestion of colostral immunoglobulins (Ig). FPT is
      associated with an increased risk of mortality and decreased health and
      longevity. Despite the known management practices associated with low FPT, it
      remains an important issue in the field. Neither a quantitative analysis of FPT
      consequences nor an assessment of its total cost are available. To address this
      point, a meta-analysis on the adjusted associations between FPT and its outcomes
      was first performed. Then, the total costs of FPT in European systems were
      calculated using a stochastic method with adjusted values as the input
      parameters. The adjusted risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for mortality,
      bovine respiratory disease, diarrhoea and overall morbidity in the case of FPT
      were 2.12 (1.43-3.13), 1.75 (1.50-2.03), 1.51 (1.05-2.17) and 1.91 (1.63-2.24),
      respectively. The mean (and 95% prediction interval) total costs per calf with
      FPT were estimated to be ?60 (?10-109) and ?80 (?20-139) for dairy and beef,
      respectively. As a result of the double-step stochastic method, the proposed
      economic estimation constitutes the first estimate available for FPT. The results
      are presented in a way that facilitates their use in the field and, with limited
      effort, combines the cost of each contributor to increase the applicability of
      the economic assessment to the situations farm-advisors may face. The present
      economic estimates are also an important tool to evaluate the profitability of
      measures that aim to improve colostrum intake and FPT prevention. 

PMID- 26986831
TI  - The Relevance of a Novel Quantitative Assay to Detect up to 40 Major
      Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Directly in Clinical Nasopharyngeal and Blood
      Specimens.
AB  - For epidemiological and surveillance purposes, it is relevant to monitor the
      distribution and dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. Conventional
      serotyping methods do not provide rapid or quantitative information on serotype
      loads. Quantitative serotyping may enable prediction of the invasiveness of a
      specific serotype compared to other serotypes carried. Here, we describe a novel,
      rapid multiplex real-time PCR assay for identification and quantification of the
      40 most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes and the assay impacts in pneumonia
      specimens from emerging and developing countries. Eleven multiplex PCR to detect
      40 serotypes or serogroups were optimized. Quantification was enabled by
      reference to standard dilutions of known bacterial load. Performance of the assay
      was evaluated to specifically type and quantify S. pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal
      and blood samples from adult and pediatric patients hospitalized with pneumonia
      (n = 664) from five different countries. Serogroup 6 was widely represented in
      nasopharyngeal specimens from all five cohorts. The most frequent serotypes in
      the French, South African, and Brazilian cohorts were 1 and 7A/F, 3 and 19F, and
      14, respectively. When both samples were available, the serotype in blood was
      always present as carriage with other serotypes in the nasopharynx. Moreover, the
      ability of a serotype to invade the bloodstream may be linked to its
      nasopharyngeal load. The mean nasopharyngeal concentration of the serotypes that
      moved to the blood was 3 log-fold higher than the ones only found in the
      nasopharynx. This novel, rapid, quantitative assay may potentially predict some
      of the S. pneumoniae serotypes invasiveness and assessment of pneumococcal
      serotype distribution. 

PMID- 26986834
TI  - Bed rest following embryo transfer might negatively affect the outcome of
      IVF/ICSI: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - The majority of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and
      intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment will reach the stage of
      embryo transfer (ET), but only a small proportion of transferred embryos implant.
      Bed rest following ET has been recommended as a way to prevent embryo expulsion
      by gravity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to May 2014 reporting the effect of bed
      rest following ET, and irrespective of language, country of origin, blinding or
      sample size. Four RCTs, including 757 women met the inclusion criteria. Bed rest
      following ET did not improve clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, but reduced
      the implantation rate. The quality of the trials included was moderate because of
      attrition bias and possible reporting bias. The findings of this systematic
      review and meta-analysis are concordant with previously published literature and
      suggest that bed rest is not beneficial following ET. Moreover, it might
      negatively affect the outcome of IVF/ICSI cycles via stress/anxiety mechanisms. 

PMID- 26986835
TI  - The effect of inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty technique on compliance.
AB  - CONCLUSION: IBCT technique should be preferred owing to its high graft survival
      rate and ABG gain. While no significant difference was found in middle ear
      pressures between ears that underwent IBCT and normal ears, compliance values
      were found to be decreased in patients undergoing IBCT. However, the lack of
      correlation between ABG gain and compliance values indicated that compliance
      increase had no effect on post-operative ABG results. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the
      present study was to compare tympanometric and audiological parameters in
      patients undergoing inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty (IBCT) with their
      normal ears and to determine their difference with normal ear tympanometric
      parameters. METHODS: Overall, 25 patients that underwent an operation between
      August 2010-May 2014 were included in the present study. In 13 of these patients,
      the ear that did not undergo operation was normal. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz pure sound
      average values, tympanometric measurements and compliance values of normal and
      operated ears were compared. RESULTS: The graft survival rate in patients was
      found to be 92%. Mean pre-operative air-bone gap (ABG) was 16.4 +/- 5.4 in
      patients, while mean post-operative ABG was 10.9 +/- 5.8, with a statistically
      significant difference (p = 0.001) While there was no significant difference
      between operated and normal ears of patients in terms of middle ear pressure
      (0.441), compliance values were significantly higher in normal ears than those in
      operated ears (0.032). When post-operative ABG gain was compared with compliance
      values, no significant correlation was found between ABG gain and compliance
      measurements (r = -0.025 and p = 0.936).

PMID- 26986836
TI  - AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 Are Required for the Subcellular Localization of the SNARE
      Complex That Mediates the Trafficking of Seed Storage Proteins in Arabidopsis.
AB  - The SNARE complex composed of VAMP727, SYP22, VTI11 and SYP51 is critical for
      protein trafficking and PSV biogenesis in Arabidopsis. This SNARE complex directs
      the fusion between the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) and the vacuole, and thus
      mediates protein trafficking to the vacuole. In this study, we examined the role
      of AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 in regulating this SNARE complex and its function in protein
      trafficking. We found that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were required for seed production,
      protein trafficking and PSV biogenesis. We further found that the nhx5 nhx6 syp22
      triple mutant showed severe defects in seedling growth and seed development. The
      triple mutant had short siliques and reduced seed sets, but larger seeds. In
      addition, the triple mutant had numerous smaller protein storage vacuoles (PSVs)
      and accumulated precursors of the seed storage proteins in seeds. The PVC
      localization of SYP22 and VAMP727 was repressed in nhx5 nhx6, while a significant
      amount of SYP22 and VAMP727 was trapped in the Golgi or TGN in nhx5 nhx6. AtNHX5
      and AtNHX6 were co-localized with SYP22 and VAMP727. Three conserved acidic
      residues, D164, E188, and D193 in AtNHX5 and D165, E189, and D194 in AtNHX6, were
      essential for the transport of the storage proteins, indicating the importance of
      exchange activity in protein transport. AtNHX5 or AtNHX6 did not interact
      physically with the SNARE complex. Taken together, AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 are required
      for the PVC localization of the SNARE complex and hence its function in protein
      transport. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 may regulate the subcellular localization of the
      SNARE complex by their transport activity. 

PMID- 26986837
TI  - Resorcinol Crystallization from the Melt: A New Ambient Phase and New "Riddles".
AB  - Structures of the alpha and beta phases of resorcinol, a major commodity chemical
      in the pharmaceutical, agrichemical, and polymer industries, were the first
      polymorphic pair of molecular crystals solved by X-ray analysis. It was recently
      stated that "no additional phases can be found under atmospheric conditions"
      (Druzbicki, K. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2015, 119, 1681). Herein is described the
      growth and structure of a new ambient pressure phase, epsilon, through a
      combination of optical and X-ray crystallography and by computational crystal
      structure prediction algorithms. alpha-Resorcinol has long been a model for
      mechanistic crystal growth studies from both solution and vapor because prisms
      extended along the polar axis grow much faster in one direction than in the
      opposite direction. Research has focused on identifying the absolute sense of the
      fast direction-the so-called "resorcinol riddle"-with the aim of identifying how
      solvent controls crystal growth. Here, the growth velocity dissymmetry in the
      melt is analyzed for the beta phase. The epsilon phase only grows from the melt,
      concomitant with the beta phase, as polycrystalline, radially growing
      spherulites. If the radii are polar, then the sense of the polar axis is an
      essential feature of the form. Here, this determination is made for spherulites
      of beta resorcinol (epsilon, point symmetry 222, does not have a polar axis) with
      additives that stereoselectively modify growth velocities. Both beta and epsilon
      have the additional feature that individual radial lamellae may adopt helicoidal
      morphologies. We correlate the appearance of twisting in beta and epsilon with
      the symmetry of twist-inducing additives. 

PMID- 26986839
TI  - Mandated reporters' perceptions of and encounters with domestic minor sex
      trafficking of adolescent females in the United States.
AB  - This is the first study to explore whether mandated reporters who work with
      adolescent females, ages 10 to 17, recognize domestic minor sex trafficking
      (DMST) and associated risk factors. Because mandated reporters are required by
      law to report child abuse, neglect, and child exploitation, lack of specific DMST
      training or not believing DMST exists in communities continues to place young
      females at risk for revictimization. Results indicate that 60% of mandated
      reporters in the sample (N = 577) had no specific training on DMST. Furthermore,
      almost 25% of respondents did not believe DMST existed in their communities.
      Implications for practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986838
TI  - Importance of human right inferior frontoparietal network connected by inferior
      branch of superior longitudinal fasciculus tract in corporeal awareness of
      kinesthetic illusory movement.
AB  - It is generally believed that the human right cerebral hemisphere plays a
      dominant role in corporeal awareness, which is highly associated with conscious
      experience of the physical self. Prompted by our previous findings, we examined
      whether the right frontoparietal activations often observed when people
      experience kinesthetic illusory limb movement are supported by a large-scale
      brain network connected by a specific branch of the superior longitudinal
      fasciculus fiber tracts (SLF I, II, and III). We scanned brain activity with
      functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while nineteen blindfolded healthy
      volunteers experienced illusory movement of the right stationary hand elicited by
      tendon vibration, which was replicated after the scanning. We also scanned brain
      activity when they executed and imagined right hand movement, and identified the
      active brain regions during illusion, execution, and imagery in relation to the
      SLF fiber tracts. We found that illusion predominantly activated the right
      inferior frontoparietal regions connected by SLF III, which were not
      substantially recruited during execution and imagery. Among these regions,
      activities in the right inferior parietal cortices and inferior frontal cortices
      showed right-side dominance and correlated well with the amount of illusion
      (kinesthetic illusory awareness) experienced by the participants. The results
      illustrated the predominant involvement of the right inferior frontoparietal
      network connected by SLF III when people recognize postural changes of their
      limb. We assume that the network bears a series of functions, specifically,
      monitoring the current status of the musculoskeletal system, and building-up and
      updating our postural model (body schema), which could be a basis for the
      conscious experience of the physical self.

PMID- 26986840
TI  - How subjective well-being is associated with material deprivation and social
      exclusion in Israeli 12-year-olds.
AB  - The literature examining the relations between economic situation and happiness
      has focused almost exclusively on a household's income as a proxy for economic
      situation and, accordingly, also focused chiefly on the adult population,
      excluding children and adolescents. To fill this gap, this study examines the
      relation between economic deprivation and happiness by using 2 alternative
      proxies: material deprivation and social exclusion. The study tests the relation
      of these measures to the most common measure for happiness-subjective well-being
      (SWB)-in a sample of Israeli 12-year-olds (N = 1,081). The study also examines
      the effects of culture and life circumstances on these complex relations.
      Findings show that both material deprivation and social exclusion are negatively
      associated with children's SWB. Social exclusion explained a much larger
      percentage of children's SWB, adding up to 20%. Furthermore, children who were
      identified as materially deprived and socially excluded were found to be at much
      greater risk for unhappiness. Material deprivation was found to be significantly
      more important to the SWB of males compared with females, and for Jews compared
      with Arabs. Finally, some implications for social policy and regarding the
      relation of economic situation and happiness are discussed. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 26986841
TI  - Effects of Salivary Oxidative Markers on Edentulous Patients' Satisfaction with
      Prosthetic Denture Treatments: A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess relationships among
      periodontal conditions, salivary antioxidant levels, and patients' satisfaction
      with their prostheses. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Division of
      Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital. The
      periodontal condition of patients was based on an assessment of the plaque index
      (PI) and gingival index (GI). The pH value, flow rate, and buffer capacity of the
      saliva were estimated. The salivary total antioxidant status (TAS) and superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) level were also determined. Patients' satisfaction with
      prosthetic treatments was evaluated using the Chinese version of the short-form
      Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14C). A multivariate regression model was used
      to determine whether patients' satisfaction with prosthetic treatment was
      affected by their oral health status. RESULTS: In total, 35 edentulous patients
      were recruited. In the Spearman correlation analysis, salivary pH (r = -0.36, p =
      0.03) and the buffer ability (r = -0.48, p<0.01) were associated with OHIP-14C
      scores. In the multivariate analysis, patients who had a higher GI also had a
      higher score of physical disabilities (beta = 1.38, p = 0.04). Levels of SOD
      increased with the scores of psychological discomfort (beta = 0.33 U/g protein, p
      = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that both the GI and SOD levels were
      associated with patients' satisfaction with prosthetic treatments. To the best of
      our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the relationship between OHIP
      scores and salivary oxidative markers in edentulous patients.

PMID- 26986843
TI  - Does worry moderate the relation between aggression and depression in adolescent
      girls?
AB  - Aggressive girls, more so than aggressive boys, are at an increased risk for
      depression. Despite disconcerting outcomes, few researchers have examined factors
      that may attenuate or exacerbate the relation between aggression and depression.
      Competing hypotheses for explaining the role of worry in the relation between
      aggressive behaviour and depressive symptoms, commonly co-occurring problems in
      girls, have been proposed. In the present study, we examined worry as a possible
      moderator in the relation between girls nominated as aggressive by their peers
      and self-reported depressive symptoms in a sample of 226 girls aged 13 (M =
      12.92, SD = 1.28) at Time 1. We found that worry exacerbated the risk of
      depressive symptoms concurrently and one year later for physically aggressive
      girls, but not relationally aggressive girls. These results suggest that worry
      plays an important role in the prediction of depression for aggressive girls,
      which varies by the form aggression takes.

PMID- 26986842
TI  - Functional Analysis of Novel Candidate Regulators of Insulin Secretion in the
      MIN6 Mouse Pancreatic beta Cell Line.
AB  - Elucidating the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in
      pancreatic beta cells is important for understanding and treating diabetes. The
      pancreatic beta cell line, MIN6, retains GSIS but gradually loses it in long-term
      culture. The MIN6 subclone, MIN6c4, exhibits well-regulated GSIS even after
      prolonged culture. We previously used DNA microarray analysis to compare gene
      expression in the parental MIN6 cells and MIN6c4 cells and identified several
      differentially regulated genes that may be involved in maintaining GSIS. Here we
      investigated the potential roles of six of these genes in GSIS: Tmem59l
      (Transmembrane protein 59 like), Scgn (Secretagogin), Gucy2c (Guanylate cyclase
      2c), Slc29a4 (Solute carrier family 29, member 4), Cdhr1 (Cadherin-related family
      member 1), and Celsr2 (Cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 2). These
      genes were knocked down in MIN6c4 cells using lentivirus vectors expressing gene
      specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and the effects of the knockdown on insulin
      expression and secretion were analyzed. Suppression of Tmem59l, Scgn, and Gucy2c
      expression resulted in significantly decreased glucose- and/or KCl-stimulated
      insulin secretion from MIN6c4 cells, while the suppression of Slc29a4 expression
      resulted in increased insulin secretion. Tmem59l overexpression rescued the
      phenotype of the Tmem59l knockdown MIN6c4 cells, and immunostaining analysis
      indicated that the TMEM59L protein colocalized with insulin and GM130, a Golgi
      complex marker, in MIN6 cells. Collectively, our findings suggested that the
      proteins encoded by Tmem59l, Scgn, Gucy2c, and Slc29a4 play important roles in
      regulating GSIS. Detailed studies of these proteins and their functions are
      expected to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in
      insulin secretion. 

PMID- 26986844
TI  - Expression of nerve growth factor and its receptors in the uterus of rabbits:
      functional involvement in prostaglandin synthesis.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate: (1) the presence of nerve growth
      factor (NGF), neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 1 (NTRK1), and nerve growth
      factor receptor (NGFR) in the rabbit uterus; and (2) the in vitro effects of NGF
      on PGF2alpha and PGE2 synthesis and on the PGE2-9-ketoreductase (PGE2-9-K)
      activity by the rabbit uterus. Nerve growth factor, NTRK1, and NGFR were
      immunolocalized in the luminal and glandular epithelium and stroma cells of the
      endometrium. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction indicated the
      presence of messenger RNA for NGF, NTRK1, and NGFR in the uterus. Nerve growth
      factor increased (P < 0.01) in vitro secretions of PGF2alpha and PGE2 but
      coincubation with either NTRK1 or oxide nitric synthase (NOS) inhibitors reduced
      (P < 0.01) PGF2alpha production and blocked (P < 0.01) PGE2 secretion.
      Prostaglandins releases were lower (P < 0.01) than control when uterine samples
      were treated with NGF plus cyclooxygenase inhibitor. However, addition of NGFR
      inhibitor reduced (P < 0.01) PGF2alpha secretion less efficiently than NTRK1 or
      NOS inhibitors but had no effect on PGE2 yield. Nerve growth factor increased (P
      < 0.01) the activity of PGE2-9-K, whereas coincubation with NTRK1 or NOS
      inhibitors abolished (P < 0.01) this increase in PGE2-9-K activity. However,
      cotreatment with either cyclooxygenase or NGFR inhibitors had no effect on PGE2-9
      K activity. This is the first study to document the distribution of NGF/NTRK1 and
      NGFR systems and their effects on prostaglandin synthesis in the rabbit uterus.
      NGF/NTRK1 increases PGF2alpha and PGE2 productions by upregulating NOS and PGE2-9
      K activities, whereas NGF/NGFR augments only PGF2alpha secretion, through an
      intracellular mechanism that is still unknown.

PMID- 26986845
TI  - Increased expression of pentraxin 3 after in vivo and in vitro stimulation with
      gonadotropins in porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes and granulosa cells.
AB  - It has been previously shown that multimeric pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a key
      component of the cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix (ECM) in mice. In response
      to the ovulatory LH surge, the cumulus cells assemble a unique ECM that envelopes
      the oocyte and cumulus cell complex. Importantly, cumuli from PTX3(-/-) mice were
      defective in their ECM organization and their fertility was impaired. It has been
      demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 6 catalyzes the
      formation of heavy chains of (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor) -hyaluronan
      complexes and these are then cross-linked via PTX3. This process is tightly
      regulated and requires the proteins to meet/interact in the correct order.
      Finally, in this way, the above-listed proteins form the cumulus oophorus ECM. We
      investigated whether PTX3 is expressed in the porcine preovulatory follicle.
      Porcine oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) and mural granulosa cells (MGC) from gilts
      were obtained either after stimulation in vivo with eCG/hCG (4, 8, 16, 24, and 32
      h) or culture in vitro (4, 24, and 44 h) in FSH/LH-supplemented medium. The
      methods performed were real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction,
      Western blot analysis, and immunostaining. The expression of PTX3 transcripts was
      significantly increased 24 h after either in vivo hCG stimulation or in vitro
      FSH/LH treatment in both OCC and MGC. Western blot analysis with PTX3 antibody
      revealed that not only matrix extracts from in vivo-stimulated gilts contain high
      levels of PTX3 protein but also matrix extracts of FSH/LH-stimulated OCC cultured
      in medium supplemented either with follicular fluid or with porcine serum. The
      localization of PTX3 in the cumulus oocyte complex was confirmed by
      immunostaining. In conclusion, PTX3 is produced by porcine OCC and MGC both in
      vivo and in vitro with gonadotropin stimuli inducing cumulus expansion.

PMID- 26986846
TI  - PRIMA-1MET induces apoptosis through accumulation of intracellular reactive
      oxygen species irrespective of p53 status and chemo-sensitivity in epithelial
      ovarian cancer cells.
AB  - There is an intensive need for the development of novel drugs for the treatment
      of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy due to
      the high recurrence rate. TP53 mutation is a common event in EOC, particularly in
      high-grade serous ovarian cancer, where it occurs in more than 90% of cases.
      Recently, PRIMA-1 and PRIMA-1MET (p53 reactivation and induction of massive
      apoptosis and its methylated form) were shown to have an antitumor effect on
      several types of cancer. Despite that PRIMA-1MET is the first compound evaluated
      in clinical trials, the antitumor effects of PRIMA-1MET on EOC remain unclear. In
      this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of PRIMA-1MET for the
      treatment of EOC cells. PRIMA-1MET treatment of EOC cell lines (n=13) resulted in
      rapid apoptosis at various concentrations (24 h IC50 2.6-20.1 uM). The apoptotic
      response was independent of the p53 status and chemo-sensitivity. PRIMA-1MET
      treatment increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and PRIMA-1MET
      induced apoptosis was rescued by an ROS scavenger. Furthermore, RNA expression
      analysis revealed that the mechanism of action of PRIMA-1MET may be due to
      inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, such as Prx3 and GPx-1. In conclusion, our
      results suggest that PRIMA-1MET represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the
      treatment of ovarian cancer irrespective of p53 status and chemo-sensitivity.

PMID- 26986847
TI  - Phylogenetic Analysis of Different Ploidy Saccharum spontaneum Based on rDNA-ITS
      Sequences.
AB  - Saccharum spontaneum L. is a crucial wild parent of modern sugarcane cultivars
      whose ploidy clones have been utilized successfully in improving the stress
      resistance and yield related traits of sugarcane cultivars. To establish
      knowledge regarding the genetic variances and evolutional relationships of ploidy
      clones of Saccharum spontaneum collected in China, the rDNA-ITS sequences of 62
      ploidy clones including octaploid clones (2n = 64), nonaploid clones (2n = 72),
      decaploid clones (2n = 80), and dodecaploid clones (2n = 96), were obtained and
      analyzed. The rDNA-ITS sequences of four species from Saccharum and Sorghum
      bicolor selected as controls. The results showed that decaploid clones (2n = 80)
      possess the most abundant variances with 58 variable sites and 20 parsim
      informative sites in ITS sequences, which were then followed by octaploid clones
      with 43 variable sites and 17 parsim-informative sites. In haplotype diversity,
      all four population exhibited high diversity, especially nonaploid and decaploid
      populations. By comparing the genetic distances among four ploidy populations,
      the dodecaploid population exhibited the closest relationship with the nonaploid
      population, and then the relationship strength decreased successively for the
      decaploid population and then for the octaploid population. Population
      differentiation analysis showed that the phenomena of population differentiation
      were not found among different ploidy populations, and low coefficient of gene
      differentiation(Gst) and high gene flow(Nm) occur among these populations
      possessing close genetic relationship. These results mentioned above will
      contribute to the understanding of the evolution of different ploidy populations
      of Saccharum spontaneum and provide vital knowledge for their utilization in
      sugarcane breeding and innovation. 

PMID- 26986849
TI  - Copper complexes as catalyst precursors in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution
      reaction.
AB  - Herein, we report the synthesis and species distribution of copper(ii) complexes
      based on two different ligand scaffolds and the application of the two complexes
      in the electrochemical proton reduction catalysis. The ligands bind to one or two
      copper(II) ions and the pH-dependent mono/dinuclear equilibrium depends on the
      steric bulk of the ligands. The two water soluble copper(II) complexes were
      investigated for their activities in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution
      reaction (HER). In both complexes the copper(ii) ions have a N4-coordination
      environment composed of N-heterocycles, although in different coordination
      geometries (SPY-5 and TBPY-5). The solutions of the complexes were highly active
      catalysts in water at acidic pH but the complexes decompose under catalytic
      conditions. They act as precursors for highly active copper(0) and Cu2O deposits
      at the electrode surface, which are in turn the active catalysts. The absence or
      presence of the ligands has neither an influence on the catalytic activity of the
      solutions nor an influence on the activity of the deposit formed during
      controlled potential electrolysis. Finally, we can draw some conclusions on the
      stability of copper catalysts in the aqueous electrochemical HER.

PMID- 26986848
TI  - Effect of Fee on Cervical Cancer Screening Attendance--ScreenFee, a Swedish
      Population-Based Randomised Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Attendance in the cervical cancer screening programme is one of the
      most important factors to lower the risk of contracting the disease. Attendance
      rates are often low in areas with low socioeconomic status. Charging a fee for
      screening might possibly decrease attendance in this population. Screening
      programme coverage is low in low socio-economic status areas in Gothenburg,
      Sweden, but has increased slightly after multiple interventions in recent years.
      For many years, women in the region have paid a fee for screening. We studied the
      effect of abolishing this fee in a trial emanating from the regular cervical
      cancer screening programme. METHOD: Individually randomised controlled trial. All
      3 124 women in three low-resource areas in Gothenburg, due for screening during
      the study period, were randomised to receive an offer of a free test or the
      standard invitation stating the regular fee of 100 SEK (~11 ?). The study was
      conducted during the first six months of 2013. Attendance was defined as a
      registered Pap smear within 90 days from the date the invitation was sent out.
      RESULTS: Attendance did not differ significantly between women who were charged
      and those offered free screening (RR 0.93; CI 0.85-1.02). No differences were
      found within the districts or as an effect of age, attendance after the most
      recent previous invitation or previous experience of smear taking. CONCLUSION:
      Abolishment of a modest screening fee in socially disadvantaged urban districts
      with low coverage, after previous multiple systematic interventions, does not
      increase attendance in the short term. Other interventions might be more
      important for increasing attendance in low socio-economic status areas. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02378324.

PMID- 26986850
TI  - Activation of G Proteins by Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors Relies on GTPase
      Activity.
AB  - G proteins are an important family of signalling molecules controlled by guanine
      nucleotide exchange and GTPase activity in what is commonly called an
      'activation/inactivation cycle'. The molecular mechanism by which guanine
      nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) catalyse the activation of monomeric G
      proteins is well-established, however the complete reversibility of this
      mechanism is often overlooked. Here, we use a theoretical approach to prove that
      GEFs are unable to positively control G protein systems at steady-state in the
      absence of GTPase activity. Instead, positive regulation of G proteins must be
      seen as a product of the competition between guanine nucleotide exchange and
      GTPase activity--emphasising a central role for GTPase activity beyond merely
      signal termination. We conclude that a more accurate description of the
      regulation of G proteins via these processes is as a 'balance/imbalance'
      mechanism. This result has implications for the understanding of intracellular
      signalling processes, and for experimental strategies that rely on modulating G
      protein systems.

PMID- 26986851
TI  - GPU-Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulation to Study Liquid Crystal Phase
      Transition Using Coarse-Grained Gay-Berne Anisotropic Potential.
AB  - Gay-Berne (GB) potential is regarded as an accurate model in the simulation of
      anisotropic particles, especially for liquid crystal (LC) mesogens. However, its
      computational complexity leads to an extremely time-consuming process for large
      systems. Here, we developed a GPU-accelerated molecular dynamics (MD) simulation
      with coarse-grained GB potential implemented in GALAMOST package to investigate
      the LC phase transitions for mesogens in small molecules, main-chain or side
      chain polymers. For identical mesogens in three different molecules, on cooling
      from fully isotropic melts, the small molecules form a single-domain smectic-B
      phase, while the main-chain LC polymers prefer a single-domain nematic phase as a
      result of connective restraints in neighboring mesogens. The phase transition of
      side-chain LC polymers undergoes a two-step process: nucleation of nematic
      islands and formation of multi-domain nematic texture. The particular behavior
      originates in the fact that the rotational orientation of the mesogenes is
      hindered by the polymer backbones. Both the global distribution and the local
      orientation of mesogens are critical for the phase transition of anisotropic
      particles. Furthermore, compared with the MD simulation in LAMMPS, our GPU
      accelerated code is about 4 times faster than the GPU version of LAMMPS and at
      least 200 times faster than the CPU version of LAMMPS. This study clearly shows
      that GPU-accelerated MD simulation with GB potential in GALAMOST can efficiently
      handle systems with anisotropic particles and interactions, and accurately
      explore phase differences originated from molecular structures. 

PMID- 26986852
TI  - Temperature Affects the Use of Storage Fatty Acids as Energy Source in a Benthic
      Copepod (Platychelipus littoralis, Harpacticoida).
AB  - The utilization of storage lipids and their associated fatty acids (FA) is an
      important means for organisms to cope with periods of food shortage, however,
      little is known about the dynamics and FA mobilization in benthic copepods (order
      Harpacticoida). Furthermore, lipid depletion and FA mobilization may depend on
      the ambient temperature. Therefore, we subjected the temperate copepod
      Platychelipus littoralis to several intervals (3, 6 and 14 days) of food
      deprivation, under two temperatures in the range of the normal habitat
      temperature (4, 15  degrees C) and under an elevated temperature (24  degrees C),
      and studied the changes in FA composition of storage and membrane lipids.
      Although bulk depletion of storage FA occurred after a few days of food
      deprivation under 4  degrees C and 15  degrees C, copepod survival remained high
      during the experiment, suggesting the catabolization of other energy sources.
      Ambient temperature affected both the degree of FA depletion and the FA
      mobilization. In particular, storage FA were more exhausted and FA mobilization
      was more selective under 15  degrees C compared with 4  degrees C. In contrast,
      depletion of storage FA was limited under an elevated temperature, potentially
      due to a switch to partial anaerobiosis. Food deprivation induced selective DHA
      retention in the copepod's membrane, under all temperatures. However, prolonged
      exposure to heat and nutritional stress eventually depleted DHA in the membranes,
      and potentially induced high copepod mortality. Storage lipids clearly played an
      important role in the short-term response of the copepod P. littoralis to food
      deprivation. However, under elevated temperature, the use of storage FA as an
      energy source is compromised.

PMID- 26986853
TI  - rs621554 single nucleotide polymorphism of DLC1 is associated with breast cancer
      susceptibility and prognosis.
AB  - Deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) on chromosome 8p22, is an important tumor
      suppressor gene originally identified to be deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma.
      It can regulate the structure of the actin cytoskeleton and inhibit cell
      proliferation, motility and angiogenesis, which predominantly depends on its
      homology to rat RhoGAP. There are many genetic variants in DLC1, which may
      influence its antitumor efficacy. The rs621554 (IVS19+108C>T) polymorphism is a
      synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) previously found to be associated
      with hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, 453 patients with breast
      cancer and 330 healthy females were analyzed using a cycling probe method. It was
      determined that the rs621554 polymorphism of DLC1 was associated with breast
      cancer susceptibility, with the CC and CT genotypes resulting in a higher risk of
      developing breast cancer. In regard to clinicopathological variables, it was
      demonstrated that the CT and CC genotype were associated with tumor size, lymph
      node metastasis and progesterone receptor status. Patients with the CT and CC
      genotype had shorter disease-free survival and overall survival rates compared
      with those with the TT genotype. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the
      rs621554 polymorphism was correlated with DLC1 expression at the mRNA level.
      These results suggested that the rs621554 polymorphism is associated with breast
      cancer susceptibility and prognosis, and may serve as a biomarker for breast
      cancer development and progression. 

PMID- 26986855
TI  - Structural recovery of the retina in a retinoschisin-deficient mouse after gene
      replacement therapy by solid lipid nanoparticles.
AB  - X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a retinal degenerative disorder caused
      by mutations in the RS1 gene encoding a protein termed retinoschisin. The disease
      is an excellent candidate for gene replacement therapy as the majority of
      mutations have been shown to lead to a complete deficiency of the secreted
      protein in the retinal structures. In this work, we have studied the ability of
      non-viral vectors based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) to induce the
      expression of retinoschisin in photoreceptors (PR) after intravitreal
      administration to Rs1h-deficient mice. We designed two vectors prepared with SLN,
      protamine, and dextran (DX) or hyaluronic acid (HA), bearing a plasmid containing
      the human RS1 gene under the control of the murin opsin promoter (mOPS). In
      vitro, the nanocarriers were able to induce the expression of retinoschisin in a
      PR cell line. After injection into the murine vitreous, the formulation prepared
      with HA induced a higher transfection level in PR than the formulation prepared
      with DX. Moreover, the level of retinoschisin in the inner nuclear layer (INL),
      where bipolar cells are located, was also higher. Two weeks after vitreal
      administration into Rs1h-deficient mice, both formulations showed significant
      improvement of the retinal structure by inducing a decrease of cavities and PR
      loss, and an increase of retinal and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. HA-SLN
      resulted in a significant higher increase in the thickness of both retina and
      ONL, which can be explained by the higher transfection level of PR. In
      conclusion, we have shown the structural improvement of the retina of Rs1h
      deficient mice with PR specific expression of the RS1 gene driven by the specific
      promoter mOPS, after successful delivery via SLN-based non-viral vectors.

PMID- 26986856
TI  - Silk matrices promote formation of insulin-secreting islet-like clusters.
AB  - Ex vivo expansion of endocrine cells constitutes an interesting alternative to be
      able to match the unmet need of transplantable pancreatic islets. However,
      endocrine cells become fragile once removed from their extracellular matrix (ECM)
      and typically become senescent and loose insulin expression during conventional
      2D culture. Herein we develop a protocol where 3D silk matrices functionalized
      with ECM-derived motifs are used for generation of insulin-secreting islet-like
      clusters from mouse and human primary cells. The obtained clusters were shown to
      attain an islet-like spheroid shape and to maintain functional insulin release
      upon glucose stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo imaging of transplanted
      murine clusters showed engraftment with increasing vessel formation during time.
      There was no sign of cell death and the clusters maintained or increased in size
      throughout the period, thus suggesting a suitable cluster size for
      transplantation.

PMID- 26986854
TI  - CdSe/ZnS quantum dots induce hepatocyte pyroptosis and liver inflammation via
      NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
AB  - Increased biomedical applications of quantum dots (QDs) have raised considerable
      concern regarding their toxicological impact. However, the toxicity of QDs is
      largely unknown and the underlying mechanism is still undefined. This study was
      conducted to examine the hepatotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs and the
      underlying mechanism. In hepatic L02 cells, the QDs caused cytotoxicity in a dose
      dependent manner. The QDs were then shown to activate the NLR pyrin domain
      containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in hepatocytes, leading to a novel pro
      inflammatory form of cell death named pyroptosis. Further experiments
      demonstrated that the QDs induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS)
      production, and that both a mtROS and a total ROS scavenger attenuated QDs
      induced NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis. In addition, QDs increased cytoplasmic
      calcium (Ca(2+)) levels, while a Ca(2+) release antagonist and chelator
      alleviated QDs-induced mtROS, NLRP3 activation and subsequent pyroptosis in
      hepatocytes. In vivo, QDs administration induced liver inflammation and
      dysfunction. Moreover, the QDs also resulted in NLRP3 activation in liver tissue.
      However, QDs-induced liver inflammation and dysfunction were abolished in NLRP3
      knockout mice. Also, an elevation in mtROS was observed in liver after QDs
      administration, and the mtROS scavenger suppressed liver NLRP3 activation,
      inflammation and dysfunction induced by QDs. Our data suggest that QDs induced
      hepatocyte pyroptosis, liver inflammation and dysfunction via NLRP3 activation,
      which was caused by QDs-triggered mtROS production and Ca(2+) mobilization. Our
      results provide novel insights into QDs-induced hepatotoxicity and the underlying
      mechanism, facilitating control of the side effects of QDs.

PMID- 26986858
TI  - 39-YEAR-OLD FEMALE WITH MILD RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AND HYPOXIA.
AB  - The diagnosis of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is usually delayed for several
      weeks due to treatment for presumed infectious pneumonia. We present a case of
      cryptogenic organizing pneumonia in a 39-year-old female who presented with
      shortness of breath and cough. She had both rapid clinical and radiological
      response to treatment with corticosteroids. 

PMID- 26986859
TI  - A SEVEN-YEAR-OLD MALE WITH CIRCULATING RED BLOOD CELLS SHOWING A THERMAL INJURY
      LIKE MORPHOLOGY.
AB  - A seven-year-old African-American male presented with a history of hematuria,
      proteinuria, jaundice, and anemia occasionally treated with transfusions since
      early childhood. The family history included a father and sister with similar
      symptoms of anemia, both of which had been diagnosed with hereditary
      pyropoikilocytosis. Due to the patient's family history and symptoms indicating a
      possible hematologic problem, a blood draw was performed. Laboratory studies
      showed an elevated alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, and hemolytic anemia with
      unusual erythrocyte indices. The patient's vital signs and abdominal ultrasound
      were normal, and he had no known allergies. Examination of the patient's
      peripheral blood smear revealed extreme erythrocyte poikilocytosis with bizarre
      forms resembling the erythrocyte morphology sometimes seen in individuals with
      severe thermal burns. 

PMID- 26986857
TI  - Hydroxychloroquine-conjugated gold nanoparticles for improved siRNA activity.
AB  - Current technology of siRNA delivery relies on pharmaceutical dosage forms to
      route maximal doses of siRNA to the tumor. However, this rationale does not
      address intracellular bottlenecks governing silencing activity. Here, we tested
      the impact of hydroxychloroquine conjugation on the intracellular fate and
      silencing activity of siRNA conjugated PEGylated gold nanoparticles. Addition of
      hydroxychloroquine improved endosomal escape and increased siRNA guide strand
      distribution to the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), both crucial obstacles
      to the potency of siRNA. This modification significantly improved gene
      downregulation in cellulo. Altogether, our data suggest the benefit of this
      modification for the design of improved siRNA delivery systems. 

PMID- 26986860
TI  - ABSOLUTE PLATELET REFRACTORINESS ASSOCIATED WITH HLA ANTIBODIES: A CASE REPORT.
AB  - Refractoriness to platelet transfusion is a complex process that can be due to a
      diverse array of etiologies. We report a case of refractoriness in a patient with
      acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and the diagnostic challenge associated with it.
      During the course of myeloablative therapy the patient demonstrated no response
      to multiple sequential platelet transfusions given to prevent the onset of
      bleeding complications in the setting of severe thrombocytopenia. Diagnostic
      evaluation revealed multiple potential underlying etiologies and contributing
      factors, with alloimmunity to HLA antigens determined to be the most probable
      cause after thorough laboratory investigation. 

PMID- 26986861
TI  - ATYPICAL HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME IN AN ADULT SUCCESSFULLY TREATED WITH
      ECULIZUMAB.
AB  - Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is a triad of microangiopathic hemolytic
      anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure not associated with diarrhea. It
      is a rare condition associated with complement disorders in about 50 percent of
      cases. The first line of treatment is therapeutic plasma exchange. However,
      because clinical response to TPE varies, an anti-complement drug, eculizumab has
      been tried. We report a case of atypical HUS successfully treated with
      eculizumab. 

PMID- 26986862
TI  - THERAPY-RELATED T/MYELOID MIXED PHENOTYPE ACUTE LEUKEMIA IN A PATIENT TREATED
      WITH CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CUTANEOUS DIFFUSE LARGE B CELL LYMPHOMA.
AB  - Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia is a rare form of leukemia that is associated with
      a poor prognosis. Most cases of mixed-phenotype acute leukemia are de novo.
      However, therapy-related mixed-phenotype acute leukemia can occur, and are often
      associated with exposure to topoisomerase-II inhibitors and alkylating agents.
      There are no known treatment guidelines for therapy-related mixed-phenotype acute
      leukemia. We present a patient with T/myeloid mixed-phenotype acute leukemia
      secondary to rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and
      prednisone R-CHOP chemotherapy for primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma. The patient's leukemic cells express CD34, an immaturity marker, CD3, a
      T-cell marker, and myeloperoxidase, a myeloid marker, and her history of
      chemotherapy for previous lymphoma supports the diagnosis of therapy-related
      T/myeloid mixed phenotype acute leukemia. Clinicians should be aware that this
      entity could be associated with R-CHOP chemotherapy. Given the complexity in
      diagnosis, and lack of treatment guidelines, a further understanding of the
      pathological and genetic principles of therapy-related mixed-phenotype acute
      leukemia will assist in future efforts to treat and categorize these patients.
      Mixed phenotype acute leukemia is a rare entity that accounts for two to five
      percent of all acute leukemias. Therapy- related mixed phenotype acute leukemia
      is an exceedingly rare hematological neoplasm that accounts for less than one
      percent of acute leukemias. We describe a case of therapy-related T/myeloid mixed
      phenotype acute leukemia following rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
      vincristine, and prednisone R-CHOP chemotherapy for primary cutaneous diffuse
      large B-cell lymphoma DLBCL. The patient is a 63-year-old female who presented
      with several cutaneous nodules diagnosed as primary cutaneous DLBCL. The patient
      received R-CHOP chemotherapy and achieved remission. She remained in remission
      for four years until she presented with dyspnea, night sweats, weakness, and
      diffuse lymphadenopathy. Her presentation was initially concerning for recurrent
      lymphoma; however, a bone marrow biopsy and aspirate and a lymph node biopsy
      revealed a distinct blast population consistent with T/myeloid mixed phenotype
      acute leukemia T/M-MPAL. Given the patient's history of previous chemotherapy
      exposure, our patient represents a case of therapy-related T/myeloid mixed
      phenotype acute leukemia t-MPAL. 

PMID- 26986863
TI  - WEST NILE VIRUS MENINGO-ENCEPHALITIS: POSSIBLE SEXUAL TRANSMISSION.
AB  - PURPOSE: We report a previously healthy middle aged woman who developed West Nile
      virus meningo-encephalitis within two weeks of unprotected vaginal intercourse
      with her husband. SUBJECT: This patient's husband had serologically confirmed
      West Nile virus infection manifested by a flu-like illness and rash with the
      sexual contact one day before the onset of his symptoms. RESULT: This well
      documented neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection in our patient was within the
      incubation period of transmission and there was no reported mosquito bite
      exposure. CONCLUSION: The timeframe of infection raises the possibility that her
      illness was sexually transmitted.

PMID- 26986864
TI  - Clinical Case of the Month: PERSISTENT HYPERTENSION IN A YOUNG WOMAN: A CLASSIC
      PRESENTATION OF CONN'S SYNDROME.
AB  - Primary aldosteronism PA is a secondary cause of hypertension that is often
      missed due to inadequate clinical evaluation and the lack of classically
      described laboratory abnormalities. Based on guidelines from the Endocrine
      Society, primary aldosteronism should be suspected in young patients with
      moderate to severe hypertension, patients with hypertension and coexisting
      hypokalemia, any patient with hypertension and an incidental adrenal adenoma, and
      hypertension in the setting of a significant family history of early onset
      hypertension or cerebral vascular accident in a first degree relative less than
      40 years of age.1 In previous years, primary aldosteronism was attributed to less
      than one percent of all causes of secondary hypertension. However, recent
      research and increased utilization of aldosterone plasma renin ratio ARR as a
      method for screening has led to the understanding that majority of patients with
      PA are not hypokalemic, and the current literature now places the incidence of PA
      between 5-13 percent. Additionally, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated
      inflammatory, fibrotic, and remodeling effects on the cardiovascular and renal
      tissue that appear to be independent of PA- induced hypertension. Therefore a
      high suspicion for PA must be incorporated into evaluation of hypertensive
      patients, as diagnosis and subsequent treatment not only improves blood pressure
      control, but also acts to diminish cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Here
      we present a case of a young woman with a seven-year history of hypertension
      prior to receiving a diagnosis of Conn's Syndrome. 

PMID- 26986865
TI  - ECG Case of the Month: IRREGULARLY IRREGULAR CARDIAC RHYTHM IN AN 87-YEAR-OLD
      WOMAN. MULTIFOCAL ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA; RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK.
AB  - DIAGNOSIS: Multifocal atrial tachycardia; right bundle branch block. The rhythm
      is totally irregular at a rate of 103 beats/min and originally was read as atrial
      fibrillation. Close examination, however, reveals a P wave before each QRS and >=
      3 different P- wave morphologies with no dominant morphology. These are the
      criteria for multifocal atrial tachycardia MAT, also known as chaotic atrial
      rhythm,1 chaotic atrial tachycardia,2 and chaotic atrial mechanism.3 The wide QRS
      complexes >= 0.12 s with broad S waves in leads I, aVL, and the lateral
      precordial leads and broad R or R' waves in leads aVR and V1 indicate right
      bundle branch block. MAT is frequently seen in patients with acute pulmonary or
      other non-cardiac disease and tends to resolve when the underlying disease is
      brought under control. Patients with MAT also tend to have bouts of other
      arrhythmias,2 and 3 months earlier this.

PMID- 26986866
TI  - RADIOLOGY CASE OF THE MONTH: A CASE OF IDIOPATHIC BASAL GANGLIA CALCIFICATION AND
      BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
AB  - A 39-year-old woman was incidentally found to have extensive bilateral basal
      ganglia calcifications after a motor vehicle accident. Laboratory work-up was
      unremarkable. She was diagnosed with idiopathic basal ganglia calcifications,
      formerly known as Fahr's disease. A brief review of the literature is presented. 

PMID- 26986867
TI  - Exploring the Mechanism Responsible for Cellulase Thermostability by Structure
      Guided Recombination.
AB  - Cellulases from Bacillus and Geobacillus bacteria are potentially useful in the
      biofuel and animal feed industries. One of the unique characteristics of these
      enzymes is that they are usually quite thermostable. We previously identified a
      cellulase, GsCelA, from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. 70PC53, which is much more
      thermostable than its Bacillus homolog, BsCel5A. Thus, these two cellulases
      provide a pair of structures ideal for investigating the mechanism regarding how
      these cellulases can retain activity at high temperature. In the present study,
      we applied the SCHEMA non-contiguous recombination algorithm as a novel tool,
      which assigns protein sequences into blocks for domain swapping in a way that
      lessens structural disruption, to generate a set of chimeric proteins derived
      from the recombination of GsCelA and BsCel5A. Analyzing the activity and
      thermostability of this designed library set, which requires only a limited
      number of chimeras by SCHEMA calculations, revealed that one of the blocks may
      contribute to the higher thermostability of GsCelA. When tested against swollen
      Avicel, the highly thermostable chimeric cellulase C10 containing this block
      showed significantly higher activity (22%-43%) and higher thermostability
      compared to the parental enzymes. With further structural determinations and
      mutagenesis analyses, a 310 helix was identified as being responsible for the
      improved thermostability of this block. Furthermore, in the presence of ionic
      calcium and crown ether (CR), the chimeric C10 was found to retain 40% residual
      activity even after heat treatment at 90 degrees C. Combining crystal structure
      determinations and structure-guided SCHEMA recombination, we have determined the
      mechanism responsible for the high thermostability of GsCelA, and generated a
      novel recombinant enzyme with significantly higher activity. 

PMID- 26986868
TI  - Plasma concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 in non-progressive HIV
      1 infection correlates with markers of disease progression.
AB  - The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection shows variable rate of disease
      progression. The underlying biological and molecular mechanisms involved in
      determining progression of HIV infection are not fully understood. The aims of
      this study were to determine plasma concentrations of active TGF beta 1, Th1 and
      Th2 cytokines in patients with non-progressive and those with progressive HIV-1
      infection, as well as to determine if there is an association of these cytokines
      to disease progression. In a cross-sectional study of 61 HIV-1 infected
      individuals categorized according to disease progression as having non
      progressive HIV-1 infection (n=14) and progressive infection (n=47), plasma
      levels of active TGF beta 1, INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-1beta, IL-12p70 and
      IL-13 were compared with HIV uninfected healthy controls (n=12). Plasma
      concentration of these cytokines was measured using a highly sensitive luminex200
      XMAP assay. Pearson correlation test was used to assess the correlation of
      cytokines with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4:CD8 ratio and plasma HIV-1 RNA in the
      different study groups. Plasma concentrations of TGF beta 1 and IL-10 were
      significantly decreased while IL-1beta, IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha were increased in
      patients with non-progressive HIV-1 infection compared to patients with
      progressive infection. Plasma levels of TGF beta 1 and IL-10 showed an inverse
      correlation with CD8+ T cell counts and CD4:CD8 ratios in patients with non
      progressive HIV-1 infection, while plasma HIV-1 RNA positively correlated with
      CD4+ T cell counts. Plasma levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12p70 and IL-13
      positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts and inversely correlated with
      plasma HIV-1 RNA, CD8+ T cell count and CD4:CD8 ratio in patients with non
      progressive infection. The correlation of cytokines to the state of T-lymphocyte
      and plasma HIV-1 RNA found in this study may provide insight into the role of
      cytokines in both progressive and non-progressive HIV-1 infection. Additionally,
      these findings may have implications for systemic cytokine-based therapies in HIV
      1 infection. 

PMID- 26986869
TI  - Seasonal development of cambial activity in relation to xylem formation in
      Chinese fir.
AB  - The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem which can differentiate into secondary
      phloem and xylem. The secondary growth of woody plants resulting from vascular
      cambium activity has been a focus of considerable attention, but the quantitative
      relationships between cambial activity and secondary xylem formation have been
      little studied. Our analysis of cytological changes in the cambium of Chinese fir
      (Cunninghamia lanceolata), revealed a significant positive correlation between
      vascular cambium cell numbers and cambium zone width through the seasonal cycle.
      Cambium cell numbers and the cambium cell radial diameter were closely related to
      xylem formation. Immuno-labeling showed that de-esterified homogalacturonan and
      (1-4)-beta-d-galactan epitopes were highly abundant in cell walls of dormant
      stage cambium, whereas high methylesterified homogalacturonan was strongly
      labeled in the active stage. Raman spectroscopy detected significant changes in
      the chemical composition of cell walls during the active-dormant stage
      transition. More pectin and less monolignols occurred in radial cell walls than
      in tangential walls during the dormant stage, but no significant changes were
      found in other stages, indicating that pectin accumulation facilitates cell wall
      expansion, with cambium activity transition. Our quantitative analysis of the
      relationship between cambial activity and xylem formation, as well as the cell
      wall modification during the active stage provides useful information about
      cambial characteristics and xylogenesis. 

PMID- 26986870
TI  - Paclitaxel enhances tumoricidal potential of TRAIL via inhibition of MAPK in
      resistant gastric cancer cells.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) holds promise for
      cancer therapy due to its unique capacity to selectively trigger apoptosis in
      cancer cells. However, TRAIL therapy is greatly hampered by its resistance. A
      preclinical successful strategy is to identify combination treatments that
      sensitize resistant cancers to TRAIL. In the present study, we fully assessed
      TRAIL sensitivity in 9 gastric cancer cell lines. We found combined
      administration of paclitaxel (PTX) markedly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis in
      resistant cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The sensitization to TRAIL was
      accompanied by activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, upregulation of
      TRAIL receptors and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins including C-IAP1, C
      IAP2, Livin and Mcl-1. Noticeably, we found PTX could suppress the activation of
      mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Inhibition of MAPKs using specific
      inhibitors (ERK inhibitor U0126, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and P38 inhibitor
      SB202190) facilitated TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Additionally,
      SP600125 upregulated TRAL receptors as well as downregulated C-IAP2 and Mcl-1
      suggesting the anti-apoptotic role of JNK. Thus, PTX-induced suppression of MAPKs
      may contribute to restoring TRAIL senstitivity. Collectively, our comprehensive
      analyses gave new insight into the role of PTX on enhancing TRAIL sensitivity,
      and provided theoretical references on the development of combination treatment
      in TRAIL-resistant gastric cancer.

PMID- 26986871
TI  - Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in 2 Children: A Case Series.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this case report is to present the cases of 2 boys with
      benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). KEY POINTS: Patient A (11 years old)
      and Patient B (9 years old) had complaints of vertigo with position changes. Both
      exhibited left torsion upbeating nystagmus in the left Dix-Hallpike (DH) test and
      complaints of vertigo with reproduction of their symptoms, indicating BPPV. Both
      were treated with a left canalith repositioning maneuver and reported decreased
      incidence of positional vertigo upon reevaluation. Scores on the Dizziness
      Handicap Inventory and the Visual Analog Scale for Dizziness decreased after
      treatment for 1 of the boys. CONCLUSION: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is
      considered rare in children. Migraines may also cause vertigo. Differential
      diagnosis in these cases was made by performing the DH test. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
      CLINICAL PRACTICE: Children with vertigo should be screened for BPPV through use
      of history taking, and the DH test.

PMID- 26986872
TI  - The Excess Winter Deaths Measure: Why Its Use Is Misleading for Public Health
      Understanding of Cold-related Health Impacts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excess winter deaths, the ratio between average daily deaths in
      December-March versus other months, is a measure commonly used by public health
      practitioners and analysts to assess health burdens associated with wintertime
      weather. We seek to demonstrate that this measure is fundamentally biased and can
      lead to misleading conclusions about health impacts associated with current and
      future winter climate. METHODS: Time series regression analysis of 779,372 deaths
      from natural causes in London over 15 years (1 August 1997-31 July
      2012),collapsed by day of death and linked to daily temperature values. The
      outcome measures were the excess winter deaths index, and daily and annual deaths
      attributable specifically to cold. RESULTS: Most of the excess winter deaths are
      driven by cold: The excess winter deaths index decreased from 1.19 to 1.07 after
      excluding deaths attributable to low temperatures. Over 40% of cold-attributable
      deaths occurred outside of the December-March period, leading to bias in the
      excess winter deaths measure. Although there was no relationship between winter
      severity and annual excess winter deaths, there was a clear correlation with
      annual cold-attributable deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Excess winter deaths is not an
      appropriate indicator of cold-related health impacts, and its use should be
      discontinued. We advocate alternative measures. The findings we present bring
      into doubt previous claims that cold-related deaths in the UK will not reduce in
      future as a result of climate change.

PMID- 26986873
TI  - Commentary: Osteoarthritis and Mortality: Answering Questions or Questioning
      Answers?

PMID- 26986874
TI  - All-cause Mortality in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While increased mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well
      established, there is conflicting evidence on the association between
      osteoarthritis (OA) and mortality. Our aim was to estimate all-cause mortality in
      Swedish patients with RA and OA compared with the general population. METHODS:
      Cohort study of the population of Skane region, Sweden (1.3 million), based on
      physicians' diagnostic codes in a mandatory register covering all health care. We
      included all subjects aged >=45 years who between 1998 and 2012 consulted any
      physician at least once. We identified those who received a diagnosis of RA, knee
      OA, or hip OA. We followed all subjects until death, relocation outside Skane
      region, or end of 2013, and analyzed data using Cox proportional hazard
      regression with attained age as time scale. RESULTS: We identified 8,067 patients
      with RA, 51,939 with knee OA and 29,442 with hip OA among 524,136 in the
      population aged >=45 years. The mortality rates adjusted for sex, socioeconomic
      status, and comorbidities were elevated for RA, hazard ratio 1.86 (95% confidence
      interval = 1.78, 1.94) but not in knee or hip OA compared with the general
      population seeking health care, hazard ratio 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) and 0.90 (0.87,
      0.92), respectively. Extensive sensitivity analyses supported the conclusion of
      no increased mortality in OA. CONCLUSIONS: In Sweden, RA is associated with about
      doubled mortality rate, but we found no increased mortality in patients with knee
      and hip OA. Possible selection of those seeking physician care for knee or hip
      pain and/or OA management in health care are plausible explanations.

PMID- 26986875
TI  - Microwaves and Aqueous Solvents Promote the Reaction of Poorly Nucleophilic
      Anilines with a Zincke Salt.
AB  - The Zincke reaction allows the transformation of primary amines into their
      respective N-alkylated or N-arylated pyridinium salts. While nucleophilic primary
      amines (typically, aliphatic primary amines) often lead to quantitative reactions
      and has been documented profusely, the use of poorly nucleophilic amines still
      requires an in depth account. To date, the lack of nucleophilicity of the amines
      is redhibitory. The subject addressed in this article is a series of primary
      amines deriving from aniline having been engaged in Zincke reactions. Efficient
      transformations were obtained, even when conducted on electronically deactivated,
      eventually also sterically hindered, substrates. This was achieved by the
      combined use of microwave activation and aqueous solvents. Under our conditions,
      the role of water revealed indeed crucial to avoid the self-degradation of the
      Zincke salt, the reagent of the reaction. 

PMID- 26986876
TI  - Selective Ionic Transport Pathways in Phosphorene.
AB  - Despite many theoretical predictions indicating exceptionally low energy barriers
      of ionic transport in phosphorene, the ionic transport pathways in this two
      dimensional (2D) material has not been experimentally demonstrated. Here, using
      in situ aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and density
      functional theory, we studied sodium ion transport in phosphorene. Our high
      resolution TEM imaging complemented by electron energy loss spectroscopy
      demonstrates a precise description of anisotropic sodium ions migration along the
      [100] direction in phosphorene. This work also provides new insight into the
      effect of surface and the edge sites on the transport properties of phosphorene.
      According to our observation, the sodium ion transport is preferred in zigzag
      edge rather than the armchair edge. The use of this highly selective ionic
      transport property may endow phosphorene with new functionalities for novel
      chemical device applications. 

PMID- 26986878
TI  - An openly available online tool for implementing the ACMG/AMP standards and
      guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants.

PMID- 26986879
TI  - Overcalling secondary findings.

PMID- 26986881
TI  - Polyamines in macroalgae: advances and future perspectives.
AB  - Polyamines (PA) are ubiquitous, small, aliphatic cations found in all living
      cells. In recent years the importance of these molecules for macroalgae has
      become evident and a substantial body of knowledge has been accumulated over the
      last three decades. This review summarizes research on the PAs found in
      macroalgae, their transport and metabolism, and their biological significance in
      processes such as cell division, chloroplast development, and reproduction. The
      involvement of PAs in environmental stress responses in macroalgae is also
      addressed. The discussion of PAs in this review not only demonstrates that PAs
      play an important role in physiological processes in macroalgae, but also clearly
      demonstrates the similarities and differences between PA metabolism in macroalgae
      and higher plants. Key areas for future research are also discussed. 

PMID- 26986880
TI  - Prospects and challenges for industrial production of seaweed bioactives.
AB  - Large-scale seaweed cultivation has been instrumental in globalizing the seaweed
      industry since the 1950s. The domestication of seaweed cultivars (begun in the
      1940s) ended the reliance on natural cycles of raw material availability for some
      species, with efforts driven by consumer demands that far exceeded the available
      supplies. Currently, seaweed cultivation is unrivaled in mariculture with 94% of
      annual seaweed biomass utilized globally being derived from cultivated sources.
      In the last decade, research has confirmed seaweeds as rich sources of
      potentially valuable, health-promoting compounds. Most existing seaweed cultivars
      and current cultivation techniques have been developed for producing commoditized
      biomass, and may not necessarily be optimized for the production of valuable
      bioactive compounds. The future of the seaweed industry will include the
      development of high value markets for functional foods, cosmeceuticals,
      nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Entry into these markets will require a
      level of standardization, efficacy, and traceability that has not previously been
      demanded of seaweed products. Both internal concentrations and composition of
      bioactive compounds can fluctuate seasonally, geographically, bathymetrically,
      and according to genetic variability even within individual species, especially
      where life history stages can be important. History shows that successful
      expansion of seaweed products into new markets requires the cultivation of
      domesticated seaweed cultivars. Demands of an evolving new industry based upon
      efficacy and standardization will require the selection of improved cultivars,
      the domestication of new species, and a refinement of existing cultivation
      techniques to improve quality control and traceability of products. 

PMID- 26986882
TI  - New species of Clade B Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) from the greater Caribbean
      belong to different functional guilds: S. aenigmaticum sp. nov., S.
      antillogorgium sp. nov., S. endomadracis sp. nov., and S. pseudominutum sp. nov.
AB  - Molecular approaches have begun to supersede traditional morphometrics in the
      species delineation of micro-eukaryotes. In addition to fixed differences in DNA
      sequences, recent genetics-based descriptions within the dinoflagellate genus
      Symbiodinium have incorporated confirmatory morphological, physiological, and
      ecological evidence when possible. However, morphological and physiological data
      are difficult to collect from species that have not been cultured, while the
      natural ecologies of many cultured species remain unknown. Here, we rely on
      genetic evidence-the only data consistently available among all taxa investigated
      to describe four new Clade B Symbiodinium species. The 'host-specialized' species
      (S. antillogorgium sp. nov. and S. endomadracis sp. nov.) engage in mutualisms
      with specific cnidarian hosts, but exhibit differences in our ability to culture
      them in vitro. The ecologically 'cryptic' species (S. aenigmaticum sp. nov. and
      S. pseudominutum sp. nov.) thrive in culture, but their roles or functions in the
      ecosystem (i.e., niches) are yet to be documented. These new species call further
      attention to the spectrum of ecological guilds among Symbiodinium. 

PMID- 26986877
TI  - The expanding clinical phenotype of Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome:
      20 new cases and possible genotype-phenotype correlations.
AB  - PURPOSE: Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome (BBSOAS) is an autosomal
      dominant disorder characterized by optic atrophy and intellectual disability
      caused by loss-of-function mutations in NR2F1. We report 20 new individuals with
      BBSOAS, exploring the spectrum of clinical phenotypes and assessing potential
      genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS: Clinical features of individuals with
      pathogenic NR2F1 variants were evaluated by review of medical records. The
      functional relevance of coding nonsynonymous NR2F1 variants was assessed with a
      luciferase assay measuring the impact on transcriptional activity. The effects of
      two start codon variants on protein expression were evaluated by western blot
      analysis. RESULTS: We recruited 20 individuals with novel pathogenic NR2F1
      variants (seven missense variants, five translation initiation variants, two
      frameshifting insertions/deletions, one nonframeshifting insertion/deletion, and
      five whole-gene deletions). All the missense variants were found to impair
      transcriptional activity. In addition to visual and cognitive deficits,
      individuals with BBSOAS manifested hypotonia (75%), seizures (40%), autism
      spectrum disorder (35%), oromotor dysfunction (60%), thinning of the corpus
      callosum (53%), and hearing defects (20%). CONCLUSION: BBSOAS encompasses a broad
      range of clinical phenotypes. Functional studies help determine the severity of
      novel NR2F1 variants. Some genotype-phenotype correlations seem to exist, with
      missense mutations in the DNA-binding domain causing the most severe
      phenotypes.Genet Med 18 11, 1143-1150.

PMID- 26986883
TI  - Environmental correlates of phenotypic variation: do variable tidal regimes
      influence morphology in intertidal seaweeds?
AB  - Seaweed morphology is often shaped by the hydrodynamic environment. However,
      exposure to air at low tide represents an additional factor potentially affecting
      the morphology of intertidal species. Here, we examined the relationships between
      the morphology of Hormosira banksii, an important intertidal habitat-forming
      seaweed in southern Australia, and environmental factors across multiple spatial
      scales around the island of Tasmania, Australia. Tasmania is surrounded by a
      diverse coastline with differences in wave exposure, tidal parameters, and
      temperature. We sampled Hormosira from four regions (100s km apart), three sites
      (10s km apart) within each region, and two zones (meters apart; eulittoral and
      sublittoral) at each site, and measured multiple morphological variables to test
      for differences in morphology at those different spatial scales. Thirteen
      environmental variables reflecting wave exposure, tidal conditions, and
      temperature for each site were generated to assess the relationship between
      Hormosira morphology and environmental variation. Morphology varied at all
      spatial scales examined. Most notably, north coast individuals had a distinct
      morphology, generally having smaller vesicles and shorter fronds, compared to
      other regions. Tidal conditions were the main environmental factors separating
      north coast sites from other sites and tidal regime was identified as the best
      predictor of morphological differences between regions. In contrast to other
      studies, we found little evidence that wave exposure was associated with
      morphological variation. Overall, our study emphasizes the role of tidal
      conditions, associated with emersion stress during low tide, in affecting the
      morphology of intertidal seaweeds. 

PMID- 26986884
TI  - Comparison of population growth and photosynthetic apparatus changes in response
      to different nutrient status in a diatom and a coccolithophore.
AB  - In many marine ecosystems, diatoms dominate in nutrient-rich coastal waters while
      coccolithiophores are found offshore in areas where nutrients may be limiting. In
      lab-controlled batch cultures, mixed-species competition between the diatom
      Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the coccolithophore Emiliana huxleyi and the
      response of each species were examined under nitrate (N) and phosphate (P)
      starvation. Based on the logistic growth model and the Lotka-Volterra competition
      model, E. huxleyi showed higher competitive abilities than P. tricornutum under N
      and P starvation. For both species, cell growth was more inhibited by P
      starvation, while photosynthetic functions (chl a fluorescence parameters) and
      cellular constituents (pigments) were impaired by N starvation. The decline of
      photosynthetic functions occurred later in E. huxleyi (day 12) than in P.
      tricornutum (day 9); this time difference was associated with greater damage of
      the photosynthetic apparatus in P. tricornutum compared with E. huxleyi.
      Xanthophyll cycle pigment accumulation and the transformation from diadinoxanthin
      to diatoxanthin was more active in E. huxleyi than P. tricornutum, under similar
      N and P starvation. We concluded that E. huxleyi and P. tricornutum have
      different mechanisms to allocate resources and energy under nutrient starvation.
      It appears that E. huxleyi has a more economic strategy to adapt to nutrient
      depleted environments than P. tricornutum. These findings provided additional
      evidence explaining how N versus P limitation differentially support diatom and
      coccolithophore blooms in natural environments. 

PMID- 26986885
TI  - Nutritional stress effects under different nitrogen sources on the genes in
      microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis and the assistance of Alteromonas macleodii
      in releasing the stress of amino acid deficiency.
AB  - The expressions of nine nitrogen assimilation-associated genes, NRT2, NAR1, NIA2,
      NIR, GLN2, GLSF, GSN1, GDH, and AAT2, in the microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis
      were investigated to unveil the effects of limitations of various nitrogen
      sources (NaNO3 , NH4 Cl, NaNO2 , and an amino acid mixture) on the microalgae.
      The results demonstrated that the NRT2, NAR1, GLN2, GSN1, and AAT2 genes were
      highly expressed in lipid-rich microalgae under inorganic nitrogen-deficient
      conditions and they decreased after nitrogen resupply. Significant increases in
      the expressions of NAR1, GLN2, and GLSF were found in nitrate-depleted
      microalgae, whereas significant increases in the expressions of NRT2, NAR1, GLN2,
      and GSN1 were found in nitrite-depleted microalgae. Significant increases in the
      expressions of only NRT2 and GSN1 were found in ammonium-depleted microalgae (P <
      0.05). Except for the NRT2, other genes were expressed at lower levels under
      amino acid-deficient conditions compared with amino acid-sufficient controls. The
      expression of the NIA2 gene decreased in nitrogen-depleted microalgae regardless
      of the initial nitrogen source. However, the results of fatty acid analyses
      showed that the features of fatty acid profiles followed a similar mode, in which
      the percentage compositions of C16:0 and C18:1Delta(9) increased in nitrogen
      depleted cells and that of C16:1Delta(9) , C18:3Delta(9,12,15) ,
      C18:4Delta(6,9,12,15) , and C18:5Delta(3,6,9,12,15) decreased, regardless of the
      type of nitrogen source applied. It was also found that the epiphytic bacterium
      Alteromonas macleodii played a particularly important role in releasing
      microalgae from the stress of amino acid deficiency. These findings also provide
      a foundation for regulating microalgal lipid production through manipulation of
      the nitrogen assimilation-associated genes. 

PMID- 26986886
TI  - Phenotypic plasticity and biogeographic variation in physiology of habitat
      forming seaweed: response to temperature and nitrate.
AB  - Southeastern Australian waters are warming at nearly four times the global
      average rate (~0.7 degrees C . century(-1) ) driven by strengthening incursions
      of the warm oligotrophic East Australian Current. The growth rate hypothesis
      (GRH) predicts that nutrient depletion will impact more severely on seaweeds at
      high latitudes with compressed growth seasons. This study investigates the
      effects of temperature and nutrients on the ecophysiology of the habitat-forming
      seaweed Phyllospora comosa in a laboratory experiment using temperature (12
      degrees C, 17 degrees C, 22 degrees C) and nutrient (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 MUM NO3 (-) )
      scenarios representative of observed variation among geographic regions. Changes
      in growth, photosynthetic characteristics (via chlorophyll fluorescence), pigment
      content, tissue chemistry (delta(13) C, % C, % N, C:N) and nucleic acid
      characteristics (absolute RNA and DNA, RNA:DNA ratios) were determined in
      seaweeds derived from cool, high-latitude and warm, low-latitude portions of the
      species' range. Performance of P. comosa was unaffected by nitrate availability
      but was strongly temperature-dependent, with photosynthetic efficiency, growth,
      and survival significantly impaired at 22 degrees C. While some physiological
      processes (photosynthesis, nucleic acid, and accessory pigment synthesis)
      responded rapidly to temperature, others (C/N dynamics, carbon concentrating
      processes) were largely invariant and biogeographic variation in these
      characteristics may only occur through genetic adaptation. No link was detected
      between nutrient availability, RNA synthesis and growth, and the GRH was not
      supported in this species. While P. comosa at high latitudes may be less
      susceptible to oligotrophy than predicted by the GRH, warming water temperatures
      will have deleterious effects on this species across its range unless rapid
      adaptation is possible. 

PMID- 26986887
TI  - Reproductive morphology and DNA sequences of the brown alga Platysiphon
      verticillatus support the new combination Platysiphon glacialis.
AB  - Platysiphon verticillatus, a brown alga endemic to the Arctic, was described
      based on vegetative specimens collected at Inglefield Bay, West Greenland. The
      species is distinctive in having a lanceolate blade-like thallus terminated by a
      terete portion, both covered with hair-like assimilatory filaments. Punctaria
      glacialis was described from Eastern Greenland, and the species differs from
      other Punctaria species in lacking hairs and plurilocular zoidangia. Unilocular
      zoidangia were reported, but instead of zoids being released they formed cell
      walls in situ developing the appearance of plurilocular zoidangia. However, the
      fate of the zoids, as well as the walled cells was not traced, and the life
      history of the alga has remained unclear. By comparing DNA sequences (cox1, cox3,
      and rDNA ITS2) of specimens morphologically referable to Platysiphon
      verticillatus and Punctaria glacialis collected at Baffin Island, as well as re
      examining morphology and studying crude cultures, we concluded that they are the
      same taxonomic entity. Furthermore, their cox3 sequence and vegetative morphology
      agreed with those of the type specimen of Punctaria glacialis. Consequently, we
      propose Platysiphon glacialis comb. nov. The life cycle could not be completed in
      culture, but we hypothesize that in situ germination of the unizoids produces
      reduced gametophytes housed in peripheral tissue of erect sporophytic thalli. 

PMID- 26986889
TI  - A new molecular phylogeny of the Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)
      and a review of key morphological characters result in a new genus, Coronaphycus,
      and a description of C. novus.
AB  - Within the Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae), six genera have been
      recognized based on both molecular analyses and morphology: Laurencia, Osmundea,
      Chondrophycus, Palisada, Yuzurua, and Laurenciella. Recently, new material from
      Australia has been collected and included in the current molecular phylogeny,
      resulting in a new clade. This study examined the generic delineations using a
      combination of morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast
      (rbcL) nucleotide sequence. The molecular phylogeny recovered eight (rather than
      six) clades; Yuzurua, Laurenciella, Palisada, and Chondrophycus showed as
      monophyletic clades each with strong support. However, the genera Osmundea and
      Laurencia were polyphyletic. Consequently, the new genus Coronaphycus is
      proposed, resulting in the new combination Coronaphycus elatus and a description
      of the new species C. novus. 

PMID- 26986888
TI  - Molecular phylogeny of two unusual brown algae, Phaeostrophion irregulare and
      Platysiphon glacialis, proposal of the Stschapoviales ord. nov. and
      Platysiphonaceae fam. nov., and a re-examination of divergence times for brown
      algal orders.
AB  - The molecular phylogeny of brown algae was examined using concatenated DNA
      sequences of seven chloroplast and mitochondrial genes (atpB, psaA, psaB, psbA,
      psbC, rbcL, and cox1). The study was carried out mostly from unialgal cultures;
      we included Phaeostrophion irregulare and Platysiphon glacialis because their
      ordinal taxonomic positions were unclear. Overall, the molecular phylogeny agreed
      with previously published studies, however, Platysiphon clustered with Halosiphon
      and Stschapovia and was paraphyletic with the Tilopteridales. Platysiphon
      resembled Stschapovia in showing remarkable morphological changes between young
      and mature thalli. Platysiphon, Halosiphon and Stschapovia also shared
      parenchymatous, terete, erect thalli with assimilatory filaments in whorls or on
      the distal end. Based on these results, we proposed a new order Stschapoviales
      and a new family Platysiphonaceae. We proposed to include Phaeostrophion in the
      Sphacelariales, and we emended the order to include this foliose member. Finally,
      using basal taxa not included in earlier studies, the origin and divergence times
      for brown algae were re-investigated. Results showed that the Phaeophyceae
      branched from Schizocladiophyceae ~260 Ma during the Permian Period. The early
      diverging brown algae had isomorphic life histories, whereas the derived taxa
      with heteromorphic life histories evolved 155-110 Ma when they branched from the
      basal taxa. Based on these results, we propose that the development of
      heteromorphic life histories and their success in the temperate and cold-water
      regions was induced by the development of the remarkable seasonality caused by
      the breakup of Pangaea. Most brown algal orders had diverged by roughly 60 Ma,
      around the last mass extinction event during the Cretaceous Period, and therefore
      a drastic climate change might have triggered the divergence of brown algae. 

PMID- 26986890
TI  - The diversity of algal phospholipase D homologs revealed by biocomputational
      analysis.
AB  - Phospholipase D (PLD) participates in the formation of phosphatidic acid, a
      precursor in glycerolipid biosynthesis and a second messenger. PLDs are part of a
      superfamily of proteins that hydrolyze phosphodiesters and share a catalytic
      motif, HxKxxxxD, and hence a mechanism of action. Although HKD-PLDs have been
      thoroughly characterized in plants, animals and bacteria, very little is known
      about these enzymes in algae. To fill this gap in knowledge, we performed a
      biocomputational analysis by means of HMMER iterative profiling, using most
      eukaryotic algae genomes available. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that algae
      exhibit very few eukaryotic-type PLDs but possess, instead, many bacteria-like
      PLDs. Among algae eukaryotic-type PLDs, we identified C2-PLDs and PXPH-like PLDs.
      In addition, the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense features several proteins
      phylogenetically related to oomycete PLDs. Our phylogenetic analysis also showed
      that algae bacteria-like PLDs (proteins with putative PLD activity) fall into
      five clades, three of which are novel lineages in eukaryotes, composed almost
      entirely of algae. Specifically, Clade II is almost exclusive to diatoms, whereas
      Clade I and IV are mainly represented by proteins from prasinophytes. The other
      two clades are composed of mitochondrial PLDs (Clade V or Mito-PLDs), previously
      found in mammals, and a subfamily of potentially secreted proteins (Clade III or
      SP-PLDs), which includes a homolog formerly characterized in rice. In addition,
      our phylogenetic analysis shows that algae have non-PLD members within the
      bacteria-like HKD superfamily with putative cardiolipin synthase and
      phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase activities. Altogether,
      our results show that eukaryotic algae possess a moderate number of PLDs that
      belong to very diverse phylogenetic groups. 

PMID- 26986891
TI  - Transformation of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) by vector plasmids integrating
      into the genome.
AB  - A method for the stable transformation of the green marine macroalga Ulva
      mutabilis was developed based on vector plasmids integrating into the genome. By
      combination of the expression signals (promoter, enhancer, and transcriptional
      termination sequences) of a chromosomal rbcS gene from U. mutabilis with the
      bleomycin resistance gene (ble) from Streptoalloteichus hindustanus, a dominant
      selectable marker gene was constructed for the preparation of a series of E. coli
      U. mutabilis shuttle vector plasmids. Special vectors were prepared for the
      introduction and expression of foreign genes in Ulva, for insertional mutagenesis
      and gene tagging by plasmid integration into the genome, and for protein tagging
      by the green fluorescent protein, as well as tools for posttranscriptional gene
      silencing and cosmid cloning to prepare genomic gene libraries for mutant gene
      complementation. The vectors were successfully tested in pilot experiments, where
      they were efficiently introduced into Ulva gametes, zoospores or protoplasts of
      somatic blade cells by treatment with Ca(2+) -ions and polyethylene glycol under
      isotonic conditions at low ionic strength. The parthenogenetically propagated
      phleomycin-resistant transformants of the mutant slender (sl) and the wildtype
      (wt) were demonstrated to be carrying the plasmids randomly integrated into the
      chromosomes often as tandem repeat clusters. 

PMID- 26986892
TI  - Life history, excystment features, and growth characteristics of the
      Mediterranean harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax.
AB  - Studies considering the biology and ecology of the toxic bloom-forming species,
      Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, are rare. Our results highlight five features not
      described before in A. pseudogonyaulax life cycle: (i) A. pseudogonyaulax gametes
      showed two modes of conjugation, anisogamy and isogamy, (ii) sexual conjugation
      occurs either in the dark or in the light phase by engulfment or a fusion
      process, (iii) the presence of planozygote and newly formed cysts in monoclonal
      culture suggests homothallism, (iv) newly formed cysts have very dark vesicular
      content and are mostly unparatabulated when observed under light microscope and
      (v) natural resting cysts are able to give either a planomeiocyte or two
      vegetative cells. Cyst viability was enhanced after 5 months of cold storage (4
      degrees C), with excystment rate reaching 97% after 3 d of incubation. Excystment
      rate was highest (43%-79%) in Enriched Natural Sea Water diluted culture medium,
      whereas few germling cells were able to survive without the culture medium (0%
      13%). Salinity-irradiance experiments revealed that the highest cell
      concentrations occur at high irradiances for all the tested salinities.
      Vegetative growth rates generally increased with increasing irradiance, and were
      less dependent on salinity variations. The relatively low growth rate, low cell
      densities in the laboratory, and the notable capacity of producing cysts along
      growth phases of A. pseudogonyaulax could explain the occurrence of high resting
      cysts densities in the sediment of Bizerte lagoon and the relatively low
      abundances of vegetative cells in the water column. 

PMID- 26986893
TI  - Cyst-motile stage relationship, morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular
      phylogeny of the gymnodinioid dinoflagellate Barrufeta resplendens comb. nov.,
      formerly known as Gyrodinium resplendens, isolated from the Gulf of Mexico.
AB  - In the present study, we redescribed Gyrodinium resplendens through incubation of
      process bearing cysts extracted from sediment collected in the northern Gulf of
      Mexico. The morphology and ultrastructure of the motile stage and cyst stage were
      examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission
      electron microscopy and this revealed that the species should be transferred to
      the genus Barrufeta. This genus differs from other gymnodinioid genera in
      possessing a Smurf-cap apical structure complex (ASC) and currently encompasses
      only one species, Barrufeta bravensis. B. resplendens shows a Smurf-cap ASC that
      consists of three rows of elongated vesicles with small knobs in the middle one.
      B. resplendens is very similar to B. bravensis in cell morphology, but can be
      separated using the ultrastructure such as the shape and location of nucleus and
      pyrenoids, which highlights the importance of ultrastructure at inter-specific
      level in the genus Barrufeta. The unique cysts of B. resplendens are brown and
      process bearing, and have a tremic archeopyle with a zigzag margin on the dorsal
      side of the epicyst, and not polar as in cysts of Polykrikos. The cysts do not
      survive the palynological treatment used here and probably have a wide
      distribution. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference were carried out based on
      partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences. Molecular phylogeny
      supports that the genus Barrufeta is monophyletic, and that the genus Gymnodinium
      is polyphyletic. Our results suggest that details of the ASC together with
      ultrastructure are potential features to subdivide the genus Gymnodinium. 

PMID- 26986894
TI  - Taxonomic revision of oil-producing green algae, Chlorococcum oleofaciens
      (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae), and its relatives.
AB  - Historically, species in Volvocales were classified based primarily on
      morphology. Although the taxonomy of Chlamydomonas has been re-examined using a
      polyphasic approach including molecular phylogeny, that of Chlorococcum (Cc.),
      the largest coccoid genus in Volvocales, has yet to be reexamined. Six species
      thought to be synonymous with the oil-producing alga Cc. oleofaciens were
      previously not confirmed by molecular phylogeny. In this study, seven authentic
      strains of Cc. oleofaciens and its putative synonyms, along with 11 relatives,
      were examined based on the phylogeny of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene,
      comparisons of secondary structures of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and
      ITS2 rDNA, and morphological observations by light microscopy. Seven 18S rRNA
      types were recognized among these strains and three were distantly related to Cc.
      oleofaciens. Comparisons of ITS rDNA structures suggested possible separation of
      the remaining four types into different species. Shapes of vegetative cells,
      thickness of the cell walls in old cultures, the size of cells in old cultures,
      and stigma morphology of zoospores also supported the 18S rRNA grouping. Based on
      these results, the 18 strains examined were reclassified into seven species.
      Among the putative synonyms, synonymy of Cc. oleofaciens, Cc. croceum, and Cc.
      granulosum was confirmed, and Cc. microstigmatum, Cc. rugosum, Cc. aquaticum, and
      Cc. nivale were distinguished from Cc. oleofaciens. Furthermore, another related
      strain is described as a new species, Macrochloris rubrioleum sp. nov. 

PMID- 26986895
TI  - A new Eocene fossil of the genus Phycopeltis (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta).
AB  - A fossil of the aerophytic green algal genus Phycopeltis (Trentepohliaes,
      Ulvophyceae) dated to 35 Ma, is reported from the Pikopiko Fossil Forest,
      Southland, New Zealand. Previous reports of fossilized Phycopeltis have been
      subsequently synonymized with fungi by other authors; however, our specimen is
      not vulnerable to their criticisms. Inflated cells present in two approximately
      concentric rings are interpreted as gametangia, with irregular structures
      resembling the gametangial pores of modern material; sporophytic material is
      absent. The fossil resembles the modern disc-forming species P. novae-zelandiae,
      P. expansa, and P. arundinacea. The limited material available prevents the
      assignation of a specific epithet, but the habit and dimensions of the fossil
      clearly fall within those of modern representatives of the genus. Its single cell
      thickness throughout, absence of distinct melanization, and larger size
      demonstrate that it is not a fungal shield. The specimen constitutes arguably the
      most convincing fossil belonging to Trentepohliales, and the first unambiguously
      for the genus Phycopeltis. It is consistent in age with other known fossils of
      the order that, when combined with molecular evidence, suggests a terrestrial
      radiation far more recent than that of land plants. 

PMID- 26986896
TI  - Correction to Obtaining Optical Purity for Product Diols in Enzyme-Catalyzed
      Epoxide Hydrolysis: Contributions from Changes in both Enantio- and
      Regioselectivity.

PMID- 26986897
TI  - Study of Molecular Conformation and Activity-Related Properties of Lipase
      Immobilized onto Core-Shell Structured Polyacrylic Acid-Coated Magnetic Silica
      Nanocomposite Particles.
AB  - A facile approach for the preparation of core-shell structured poly(acrylic acid)
      (PAA)-coated Fe3O4 cluster@SiO2 nanocomposite particles as the support materials
      for the lipase immobilization is reported. Low- or high-molecular-weight (1800
      and 100,000, respectively) PAA molecules were covalently attached onto the
      surface of amine-functionalized magnetic silica nanoacomposite particles. The
      successful preparation of particles were verified by scanning transmission
      electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample
      magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential measurement,
      and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Once lipase is covalently
      immobilized onto the particles with an average diameter of 210 +/- 50 nm,
      resulting from high binding sites concentrations on the low- and high-molecular
      weight PAA-coated particles, high lipase immobilization efficiencies (86.2% and
      89.9%, respectively), and loading capacities (786 and 816 mg g(-1), respectively)
      are obtained. Results from circular dichroism (CD) analysis and catalytic
      activity tests reveal an increase in the beta-sheet content of lipase molecules
      upon immobilization, along with an enhancement in their activities and
      stabilities. The lipases immobilized onto the low- and high-molecular-weight PAA
      coated particles show maximum activities at 55 and 50  degrees C, respectively,
      which are ~28% and ~15% higher than that of the free lipase at its own optimum
      temperature (40  degrees C), respectively. The immobilized lipases exhibit
      excellent performance at broader temperature and pH ranges and high thermal and
      storage stabilities, as well as superior reusability. These prepared magnetic
      nanocomposite particles can be offered as suitable support materials for
      efficient immobilization of enzymes and improvement of the immobilized enzymes
      properties.

PMID- 26986899
TI  - Clinical Characteristics of Parotid Gland Sarcoidosis: A Population-Based Study.

PMID- 26986898
TI  - Characterizing the Epothilone Binding Site on beta-Tubulin by Photoaffinity
      Labeling: Identification of beta-Tubulin Peptides TARGSQQY and TSRGSQQY as
      Targets of an Epothilone Photoprobe for Polymerized Tubulin.
AB  - Photoaffinity labeling with an epothilone A photoprobe led to the identification
      of the beta-tubulin peptides TARGSQQY and TSRGSQQY as targets of the photoprobe
      for polymerized tubulin. These peptides represent residues 274-281 in different
      beta-tubulin isotypes. Placing the carbene producing 21-diazo/triazolo moiety of
      the photoprobe in the vicinity of the TARGSQQY peptide in a homology model of
      TBB3 predicted a binding pose and conformation of the photoprobe that are very
      similar to the ones reported for 1) the high resolution cocrystal structure of
      epothilone A with an alpha,beta-tubulin complex and for 2) a saturation transfer
      difference NMR and transferred NOESY NMR study of dimeric and polymerized
      tubulin. Our findings thus provide additional support for these models as
      physiologically the most relevant among several modes of binding that have been
      proposed for epothilone A in the taxane pocket of beta-tubulin. 

PMID- 26986901
TI  - A window on the world.

PMID- 26986902
TI  - In the absence of clear evidence: substantiate all aspects of an issue.

PMID- 26986900
TI  - Transcription factor E2-2 inhibits the proliferation of endothelial progenitor
      cells by suppressing autophagy.
AB  - Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a key role in repairing the injured
      vascular endothelium by differentiating into mature endothelial cells (ECs) or
      secreting cytokines in a paracrine manner to promote proliferation of existing
      ECs. However, the mechanisms underlying the proliferation of EPCs were not fully
      understood. In order to investigate the mechanisms of EPC proliferation, we
      isolated EPCs from mononuclear cells of mouse spleens. By manipulating E2-2
      expression in vitro, we observed that E2-2 negatively regulated the proliferation
      of EPCs. Moreover, we noted that E2-2 negatively regulated the autophagy of EPCs
      by studying the expression of LC3II and p62. We also demonstrated that an
      autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) decreased the proliferation of EPCs in a
      concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, CQ reversed the increase in cell
      proliferation and autophagy in the E2-2 knockdown group. Furthermore, we detected
      the expression of autophagy-related protein ATG7 in EPCs which had been
      transfected with small interfering (siRNA)-E2-2 and siRNA-autophagy related 7
      (ATG7) or were untransfected. Our study revealed that E2-2 regulated EPC
      autophagy via mediating ATG7 expression. We conclude that E2-2 inhibited EPC
      proliferation via suppressing their autophagy, and E2-2 regulated EPC autophagy
      by mediating the expression of ATG7.

PMID- 26986903
TI  - Smoking, vaping and public health: Time to be creative.
AB  - The development of policies on vaping in health care organizations (HCOs) needs
      to be based on a solid understanding of science and a recognition of individual
      rights. It should also be seen in the broader public health context of innovative
      alternative nicotine delivery systems playing a key role in ending the immense
      devastation of combustible cigarettes. Opposition to vaping based on inaccurate
      and incomplete information, or fear of unlikely and avoidable hypothetical
      unintended consequences, will invariably cause great harm to individuals, impede
      rather than assist the attainment of public health objectives, and unnecessarily
      prolong the epidemic of cigarette-caused diseases. 

PMID- 26986904
TI  - Victimless vapour? Health care organizations should restrict the use of e
      cigarettes.
AB  - Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices that heat a
      liquid containing either vegetable glycerin or propylene glycol in combination
      with nicotine and/or flavours; an aerosol is produced that is inhaled by the
      user. Health Canada currently prohibits the importation, marketing or selling of
      e-cigarettes containing nicotine, although they can be easily purchased. Because
      of the availability of e-cigarettes, patients and visitors to health care
      organizations (HCOs) are inquiring about their use within and on the grounds of
      those facilities. We contend that in provinces or municipalities where e
      cigarette use has not been restricted, HCOs should develop institutional policies
      to do so. We argue that the following reasons collectively justify measures to
      restrict the use of e-cigarettes within HCOs: unknown long-term safety, uncertain
      effectiveness in harm reduction, the conflict with the mission of HCOs to promote
      health, the potential negative health impacts on vulnerable patients with a
      compromised health status, and the risk of re-normalization of smoking. However,
      because of the rapidly developing evidence base in this area, HCOs should remain
      responsive to emerging evidence regarding the status of e-cigarettes as an
      effective harm reduction tool. 

PMID- 26986905
TI  - Active Canada 20/20: A physical activity plan for Canada.
AB  - Physical inactivity is a pressing public health concern. In this commentary we
      argue that Canada's approach to increasing physical activity (PA) has been
      fragmented and has lacked coordination, funding and a strategic approach. We then
      describe a potential solution in Active Canada 20/20 (AC 20/20), which provides
      both a national plan and a commitment to action from non-government and public
      sectors with a view to engaging corporate Canada and the general public. It
      outlines a road map for initiating, coordinating and implementing proactive
      initiatives to address this prominent health risk factor. The identified actions
      are based on the best available evidence and have been endorsed by the majority
      of representatives in the relevant sectors. The next crucial steps are to engage
      all those involved in public health promotion, service provision and advocacy at
      the municipal, provincial and national levels in order to incorporate AC 20/20
      principles into practice and planning and thus increase the PA level of every
      person in Canada. Further, governments, as well as the private, not-for-profit
      and philanthropic sectors, should demonstrate leadership and continue their
      efforts toward providing the substantial and sustained resources needed to
      recalibrate Canadians' habitual PA patterns; this will ultimately improve the
      overall health of our citizens. 

PMID- 26986906
TI  - A common public health-oriented policy framework for cannabis, alcohol and
      tobacco in Canada?
AB  - Support for a public health approach to cannabis policy as an alternative to
      prohibition and criminalization is gaining momentum. Recent drug policy changes
      in the United States suggest growing political feasibility for legal regulation
      of cannabis in other North American jurisdictions. This commentary discusses the
      outcomes of an interdisciplinary policy meeting with Canadian experts and
      knowledge users in the area of substance use interventions. The meeting explored
      possibilities for applying cross-substance learning on policy interventions for
      alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, towards the goal of advancing a public health
      framework for reducing harms associated with substance use in Canada. The meeting
      also explored how the shift in approach to cannabis policy can provide an
      opportunity to explore potential changes in substance use policy more generally,
      especially in relation to tobacco and alcohol as legally regulated substances
      associated with a heavy burden of illness. Drawing from the contributions and
      debates arising from the policy meeting, this commentary identifies underlying
      principles and opportunities for learning from policy interventions across
      tobacco, alcohol and cannabis, as well as research gaps that need to be addressed
      before a public health framework can be effectively pursued across these
      substances.

PMID- 26986908
TI  - Prevalence and risk factors of asthma in First Nations children living on
      reserves in Canada.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore the prevalence and determine the risk factors of asthma in
      First Nations children aged 0 to 11 years living on reserves in Canada. METHODS:
      In this cross-sectional study, we considered the data collected as part of the
      First Nations Regional Health Survey involving 6,657 children living in 238 First
      Nations communities in the 10 Canadian provinces, the Northwest Territories and
      the Yukon. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of asthma that has lasted or is
      expected to last at least six months (ever-asthma) among children living on
      reserves was 14.6%: a prevalence of 12.9% among 0 to 4 year olds and 15.6% among
      5 to 11 year olds. The prevalence of ever-asthma was greater among boys (16.1%)
      than girls (13.2%). Children from homes with two or more children aged less than
      11 years and those who were engaged in daily physical activities were less likely
      to have a report of ever-asthma. Children from high-income families and smoke
      free homes were more likely to have a report of ever-asthma. The association
      between allergy and ever-asthma was stronger in children with low birth weight.
      The association between chronic ear infections and ever-asthma was stronger in
      girls than boys. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of ever-asthma and factors
      associated with ever-asthma in First Nations children living on reserves were
      similar to those reported for off-reserve Aboriginal children and non-Aboriginal
      Canadian children.

PMID- 26986909
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Risky sexual behaviour associated with sexually transmitted
      infections (STI) and sexual harassment are important topics in university
      environments and public health. This article compares these behaviours between
      student cohorts in 2005 and 2012 from a Western Canadian university. The sexual
      habits of young adults with multiple partners are also examined. METHODS:
      Researchers conducted a comparative study of sexual behaviour among approximately
      400 students per cohort. Estimates of prevalence and adjusted odds for age group
      and sex were used to analyze associations between the two cohorts and their
      sexual behaviours. RESULTS: Trends in sexual behaviour of young adults are
      maintained with respect to the proportion of those who are sexually active and
      their number of partners. A reduction in sexual harassment is observed,
      especially towards women. The condom remains the most frequently used method of
      contraception, but its use is erratic, particularly among respondents with
      multiple sexual partners. Drinking and the use of drugs predisposes to unplanned
      sexual relations and to non-use of means to prevent STIs and pregnancy,
      particularly among respondents with multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: The
      postsecondary student population should be informed of the risks associated with
      multiple sexual partners and alcohol and drug consumption leading to unplanned
      sexual acts. A sexual harassment policy contributes to reduction of incidents of
      harassment within a postsecondary institution.

PMID- 26986907
TI  - Mandatory labeling requirements and over-the-counter cough and cold medication
      use in early childhood.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Due to rare but severe adverse events, Health Canada in October 2009
      required manufacturers to relabel over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold
      medication (CCM) to state that the products should not be used in children <6
      years of age. The main objective of this study was to determine whether this
      labeling standard decreased OTC CCM use among young children with a recent cough,
      cold or flu. METHODS: An interrupted time series study was conducted using data
      from the TARGet Kids! practice-based research network. A total of 3,515 healthy
      children 1-5 years of age were recruited from 2008-2011; of these, 1,072 had a
      cough, cold or flu in the previous month. Parents completed a standardized survey
      instrument. For the primary analysis, use of OTC CCMs prior to and after October
      1, 2009 was compared using time series analyses. For the secondary analysis,
      multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of recent OTC
      CCM use. RESULTS: OTC CCM use was reported in 222 of 1,072 (20.7%) children with
      a cough, cold or flu within the previous month. OTC CCM use declined from 22.2%
      to 17.8% following the October 2009 Health Canada labeling standard (p = 0.014).
      Maternal age <35 years (OR 1.49; 95% CI: 1.05-2.13) and having older siblings (OR
      1.65; 95% CI: 1.16-2.35) were independently associated with OTC CCM use.
      CONCLUSION: Labeling legislation against OTC CCM use for children <6 years
      resulted in a small decrease in OTC CCM use. Stronger measures may be needed to
      curtail OTC CCM use, particularly for younger parents and those with multiple
      children.

PMID- 26986910
TI  - Investigation of anxiety and depression symptom co-morbidity in a community
      sample with type 2 diabetes: Associations with indicators of self-care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Ascertain the association of elevated co-occurring anxiety and
      depression symptoms, elevated anxiety symptoms alone or elevated depression
      symptoms alone with indicators of self-care behaviours in people with type 2
      diabetes. METHODS: Data from a community sample of 1,990 people diagnosed with
      type 2 diabetes for less than 10 years were assessed. All participants took part
      in a telephone interview. Questionnaires examined depression, anxiety, health,
      and indicators of self-care (physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, diet
      and smoking). Data were assessed with cross tabulations, ANOVA and logistic
      regression. RESULTS: Groups who met criteria for elevated co-occurring anxiety
      and depression symptoms, elevated anxiety symptoms and elevated depression
      symptoms were more likely to report poor eating habits. Meeting criteria for
      either elevated depression symptoms (with and without anxiety) was also
      associated with an increased likelihood of not meeting physical activity
      recommendations. Those people with elevated depression and anxiety scores were
      more likely to be a current smoker. CONCLUSIONS: Those people who meet criteria
      for elevated anxiety and/or depression symptoms are less likely to report
      adhering to self-care recommendations. These associations are particularly marked
      in those people with elevated depression symptoms with or without co-occurring
      anxiety symptoms. There is a lot of evidence emphasising the importance of
      monitoring depressive symptoms in people with diabetes. Our results add to this,
      indicating that adherence to self-care recommendations should be carefully
      monitored in people with depression and anxiety symptoms.

PMID- 26986911
TI  - An investigation of the healthy migrant hypothesis: Pre-emigration
      characteristics of those in the British 1946 birth cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The finding that migrants to high-income countries have lower rates
      of morbidity and mortality than non-migrants, controlling for socioeconomic
      position, is often attributed to the "healthy migrant" hypothesis, which suggests
      that only the healthiest individuals choose to migrate. This prospective study
      investigates the healthy migrant hypothesis in a cohort of British emigrants
      using pre-migration health indicators. We also investigate how early-life health
      characteristics relate to age at emigration and whether or not the emigrant
      returned home. METHODS: Data are from the Medical Research Council National
      Survey of Health and Development, a nationally representative cohort study of
      people born in England, Scotland or Wales in March 1946. Childhood socio-economic
      position, health and cognitive ability were compared between 4,378 non-emigrants
      and 984 emigrants. Of the emigrants, 427 emigrated before age 20 and 557 after
      that age; 602 emigrants remained abroad and 382 returned home. RESULTS: Emigrants
      had better childhood health (especially greater height), higher childhood socio
      economic position and better childhood cognitive ability at age 8 than non
      emigrants. Return emigrants were very similar to emigrants who remained abroad.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found support for the healthy migrant hypothesis in a cohort of
      British emigrants. Our findings improve an understanding of how health is
      distributed within and across nations.

PMID- 26986912
TI  - Folate status of women in Toronto: Implications of folate fortification and
      supplementation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the percentage of women of childbearing age with suboptimal
      levels of folate for protecting against neural tube defects (<906 nM), and assess
      folate status among the elderly. METHODS: A total of 1,035 anonymous blood
      samples from a centralized clinical laboratory, with a catchment area across the
      Greater Toronto Area, were assessed for red blood cell (RBC) folate
      concentrations using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Folate analysis was
      requested by physicians as part of clinical care. Available data included age,
      sex, and RBC folate concentration. Descriptive statistics were used to
      characterize the percent of women who had suboptimal blood folate concentrations,
      and a multiple regression was used to analyze determinants of folate status.
      RESULTS: Our data from 2013 show that 7% of women of childbearing age (15-45
      years) had RBC folate concentrations below 906 nM, a substantially lower
      percentage than in our 2006 study (40%). Results from the multiple regression
      showed that age is a significant positive predictor of higher RBC folate status
      (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared to our earlier data, we report a significant
      decrease in the suboptimal folate status among women of childbearing age. We also
      show that age is a predictor of higher RBC folate levels. Our data are limited
      due to a lack of information regarding patient or physician characteristics, and
      to the nature of our sample, yet our results are consistent with the continued
      increase in folate status observed among several population-level studies in the
      US and Canada post-fortification. Further research is needed to determine the
      reasons for and future implications of this continued increase in the elderly.

PMID- 26986913
TI  - Ten-year trends in overweight/obesity among Ontario middle and high school
      students and their use in establishing baseline measures for government reduction
      targets.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Public health concern about increasing levels of child/youth
      overweight and obesity has resulted in initiatives to address this issue. In
      2012, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) established a
      target to reduce childhood obesity by 20% within five years. In this paper, we
      examine trends and establish baseline levels of overweight/obesity to assess the
      impacts of population-level interventions. METHODS: We analyzed 10 years (2003
      2013) of data accumulated from six cycles of the Ontario Student Drug Use and
      Health Survey using logistic regression to assess trends in the prevalence of
      overweight/obesity among middle and high school students. The 2013 data are used
      to begin monitoring progress toward achieving the MOHLTC target. RESULTS: From
      2003 through 2013, the prevalence of overweight/obesity among middle school
      students in the province remained stable overall and among all subgroups except
      7th-grade females, who showed a significant linear decline. Among high school
      students, the prevalence of overweight/obesity showed a significant linear
      increase and an increase among 11th graders, females, and 10th- and 11th-grade
      females specifically. The prevalence remained stable but elevated among 9th- and
      12th-grade females as well as among males in all grades. In 2013 (baseline for
      the MOHLTC target), 25.1% of students in grades 7-12 were overweight or obese,
      implying a presumed 2018 target of 20.1%. CONCLUSION: Ten-year trends in
      overweight/obesity indicate stability among males and significant linear
      increases in some female subgroups. Also, baseline data (2013) will facilitate
      the monitoring of future interventions aimed at achieving the 2018 MOHLTC target.

PMID- 26986914
TI  - Food safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices among Ontario high
      school students.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To measure the food safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported
      practices of high school students in Ontario. METHODS: We administered a school
      wide paper survey to the student body (n = 2,860) of four Ontario high schools.
      We developed the survey by selecting questions from existing, validated
      questionnaires, prioritizing questions that aligned with the Canadian Partnership
      for Consumer Food Safety Education's educational messages and the food safety
      objectives from the 2013 Ontario High School Curriculum. RESULTS: One in five
      students reported currently handling food in commercial or public-serving venues;
      of these, 45.1% had ever taken a course that taught them how to prepare food
      (e.g., food and nutrition classes, food handler certification). Food safety
      knowledge among respondents was low. For example, 17.3% knew that the best way to
      determine whether hamburgers were cooked enough to eat was to measure the
      temperature with a food thermometer. Despite low knowledge, most respondents
      (72.7%) reported being confident that they could cook safe, healthy meals for
      themselves and their families. Safe food handling practices were frequently self
      reported. Most students (86.5%) agreed that being able to cook safe, healthy
      meals was an important life skill, although their interest in learning about safe
      food handling and concern about foodborne disease were less pronounced.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that food safety knowledge is low, yet
      confidence in preparing safe, healthy meals is high, among high school students.
      Because work and volunteer opportunities put students in contact with both the
      public and food, this group is important to target for increased education about
      safe food handling.

PMID- 26986915
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand parents' representations based on their own lived
      experiences and their influence on the decision to vaccinate their children.
      METHODS: This was a qualitative, in-depth, phenomenological study using semi
      structured interviews with 14 volunteer parents who have children age-eligible
      for vaccination. The participants were recruited through family doctors in the
      Montpellier region (France). The methodology is modeled on grounded theory. The
      data, collected by audio recording, were analyzed using a semio-pragmatic method
      that brought forth conceptual categories giving meaning to the phenomenon being
      studied. RESULTS: Parents are unaware of the diseases for which there are
      vaccines and express a need for information. A perception of the inequality of
      the individual in face of the disease and the vaccine greatly influences the
      parents' vaccination decision. It induces in them a reasoned "sifting" of
      vaccines and leads them to strike a risk/benefit balance. They trust more in
      their doctor and their personal experience than in publicized information.
      CONCLUSION: Parents' lack of awareness of diseases, even those for which
      immunization exists, would suggest a need to better inform parents on this
      matter. Their perception of the inequality of the individual (their child) in
      face of the disease and the vaccine is the main determinant in their decision to
      vaccinate. Parents approach immunization in a thoughtful educated way, influenced
      by such factors as lifestyle, personal experiences and confidence in their
      doctor. These results make them very "critical" with regard to basic vaccination
      recommendations.

PMID- 26986916
TI  - Understanding young bisexual women's sexual, reproductive and mental health
      through syndemic theory.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We sought to understand how young bisexual women in Toronto perceive
      their sexual and reproductive health needs, the challenges to achieving those
      needs, and the factors contributing both positively and negatively to their
      sexual and reproductive health. METHODS: We conducted a community-based research
      project that included an advisory committee of young bisexual women, academic
      partners, and a community health centre. Four 2-hour focus group sessions were
      conducted with a total of 35 participants. Data were analyzed through a
      constructivist grounded theory approach using Nvivo software. RESULTS:
      Participants' discussion of their sexual and reproductive health indicated that
      they perceived social marginalization, particularly biphobia and monosexism, as a
      significant challenge to their health. Participants also discussed their sexual,
      reproductive and mental health as interconnected. CONCLUSIONS: Young bisexual
      women in this study perceived their sexual, reproductive and mental health as
      interconnected and negatively influenced by social marginalization. This
      perception is in line with syndemic research that illustrates the
      interrelationship between psychosocial and sexual health. Researchers should
      further explore the utility of syndemic theory in understanding the complexity of
      young bisexual women's health.

PMID- 26986917
TI  - Low-income working immigrant families in Quebec: Exploring their challenges to
      well-being.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify low-income working families' health challenges and
      understand their barriers and facilitators to navigating those challenges.
      METHODS: We conducted a focused ethnographic study in a food bank in Montreal,
      Quebec. Using purposeful sampling, we recruited participants who had at least one
      employed family member and one live-in child. Sensitizing concepts included
      social determinants of health (SDH) and family strengths. Participant
      observation, focus groups and in-depth interviews constituted the primary means
      of data collection. Thematic and contextual analyses were conducted iteratively.
      RESULTS: We recruited 25 participants, 22 clients (15 women and 7 men with up to
      5 children per family) and 3 members of staff. All clients were immigrants,
      having been in Canada for a range of 2 months to 23 years, thus reflecting the
      ethnic demography of the site. Families described health as physical, mental and
      socio-cultural well-being. Challenges to well-being included insufficient
      finances, non-standard work, hurdles in professional equivalency, isolation,
      children's acculturation, inadequate access to health care and the Canadian
      winter. Personal and structural barriers and facilitators to navigating
      challenges centred on parents' sense of the challenges being finite, control over
      discrete dimensions of life and hope of children's future success. Families who
      incorporated these perceptions into their narratives seemed to describe the
      challenges as navigable. Importantly, the SDH model did not anticipate the degree
      to which challenges would be defined by immigration factors. CONCLUSION: In order
      to help low-income working immigrant families face diverse challenges to well
      being, community workers and policy-makers must consider the specific challenges
      of immigration and the importance of individual families' outlooks as they
      navigate them.

PMID- 26986918
TI  - The health of temporary foreign workers in Canada: A scoping review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Temporary foreign workers contribute to economic prosperity in
      Canada, but they experience forms of structural inequities and have minimal
      rights, which can contribute to their ill health. The objective of this scoping
      review is to examine the extent, range and nature of the Canadian literature on
      the health of temporary foreign workers and their families in Canada. METHODS:
      The review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's five stages for conducting a
      scoping review. We performed a comprehensive search of seven databases, which
      revealed 994 studies. In total, 10 published research papers, which focused
      exclusively on the health of temporary foreign workers in Canada, were included
      in the study; these 10 papers represented the findings from 9 studies. SYNTHESIS:
      The majority of the studies involved seasonal agricultural workers in the
      province of Ontario (n = 8). Major health issues of temporary foreign workers
      included mental health, occupational health, poor housing and sanitation, and
      barriers to accessing health care, including fear of deportation and language
      barriers. These health issues are highly shaped by temporary foreign workers'
      precarious immigration status in Canada. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study
      demonstrate the need to reduce barriers to health care and to conduct more
      research on other groups of temporary foreign workers, outside the agricultural
      sector.

PMID- 26986919
TI  - Parents and Tots Together: Pilot randomized controlled trial of a family-based
      obesity prevention intervention in Canada.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary impact of
      Parents and Tots Together (PTT), a family-based obesity prevention intervention,
      in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Canadian parents of preschoolers (aged 2-5 years).
      SETTING: Ontario Early Years centres in southwestern Ontario. INTERVENTION: A
      pilot randomized controlled trial involving 48 parents who received either the
      PTT intervention (n = 27) or an attention-matched control home safety
      intervention (n = 21). To evaluate the feasibility of PTT, we assessed
      participant retention and outcome evaluation completion rates. To evaluate
      acceptability, we assessed program attendance and parents' responses to program
      satisfaction surveys. To evaluate preliminary impact, we assessed children's body
      mass index (BMI) at baseline, after intervention (end of 9-week intervention) and
      at 9-month follow-up. As well, at each time point, parents completed surveys
      assessing stress and self-efficacy related to parenting, children's sleep,
      activity, TV viewing and diet. OUTCOMES: Retention rates were high in the
      intervention (93%) and control (84%) study arms, and 87% of parents reported that
      they would highly recommend PTT to a friend. At 9-month follow-up, intervention
      parents reported lower parenting stress (beta^ = 15.83, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] -29.57, -2.07, p = 0.02) and greater self-efficacy in managing their child's
      behaviour (beta^ = 0.16, 95% CI 0.002, 0.33, p = 0.05) than control parents. PTT
      had minimal influence on children's weight-related behaviours and BMI.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PTT can feasibly be implemented and tested
      in the Canadian context. Preliminary impact results suggest that the program may
      be effective in changing general parenting; however, program content should be
      modified to adequately address children's weight-related behaviours.

PMID- 26986920
TI  - Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire.

PMID- 26986921
TI  - Reasons for non-timely completion of the routine infant immunization schedule by
      children in rural South West Uganda.

PMID- 26986923
TI  - The Value of PD-L1 Testing in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

PMID- 26986922
TI  - The contribution to mothers' health by village health team promotion practices: A
      case study of Kyabugimbi subcounty Bushenyi District.

PMID- 26986924
TI  - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of docetaxel and interspecies
      scaling: comparison of simple injection with folate receptor-targeting
      amphiphilic copolymer-modified liposomes.
AB  - 1. To compare the disposition of docetaxel (DTX) in male/female rats after
      intravenous administration of simple injection and folate-poly(PEG-cyanoacrylate
      co-cholesteryl cyanoacrylate)-modified liposomes utilising a physiologically
      based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling method, and extrapolate this model to mice
      and humans by taking into account the interspecies differences in physiological-
      and chemical-specific parameters. 2. Four structural models for single organs
      were evaluated, and the whole-body PBPK model included artery, vein, lung, brain,
      heart, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, muscle and remainder
      compartment. 3. Rats following modified liposomes administration were
      characterised by significant decrease in the partition coefficients for brain,
      spleen, liver and remainder compartment. The blood-to-plasma partition
      coefficient also decreased significantly, while a marked rise of partition
      coefficients for lung, kidney and muscle was revealed. Partition coefficient for
      heart was approximately 1.3-fold higher in females than males, while the decrease
      of intestinal clearance was revealed in females compared to males. The final
      model successfully characterised the time course of DTX in rats, mice and humans.
      4. This PBPK model is beneficial to the prediction of the effects of DTX in
      different species. It also represented a platform to encompass both formulation-
      and sex-related effects on DTX disposition and elimination in the future.

PMID- 26986926
TI  - Phenethyl isothiocyanate induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation and
      invasion in Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells.
AB  - The dietary compound phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), an important tumoricidal
      component found in cruciferous vegetables, exhibits strong anticancer and
      chemopreventive effects in a variety of tumors. However, its role in human
      laryngeal cancer is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate
      whether PEITC exhibits anticancer properties in human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2
      cells in vitro and to identify the potential molecular mechanisms. The results
      showed that treatment of Hep-2 cells with PEITC significantly inhibited cell
      proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, promoted apoptosis with
      concurrent G2/M cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell invasion in a dose-dependent
      manner. These effects were accompanied by significant alterations in the
      expression levels of key proteins associated with pro-survival signaling
      pathways, including PI3K, Akt, ERK, NF-kappaB, Bcl, Bax, cyclin B, CDK4 and CDK6.
      Importantly, these effects were not reflected in 16HBE normal human bronchial
      epithelial cells, suggesting a safe range of treatment concentrations between 0
      and 10 uM PEITC. In summary, PEITC exhibited significant anticancer effects
      against human laryngeal cancer cells in vitro with low toxicological impact on
      normal bronchial epithelial cells. This was achieved through dysregulation of key
      proteins involved in the occurrence and development of tumors, thereby offering a
      valuable contribution to future strategies for the treatment and screening of
      patients with laryngocarcinoma.

PMID- 26986927
TI  - Clinical significance of an easy-to-use dual task for assessing inattention.
AB  - Purpose To investigate clinical significance of a newly developed paper-and
      pencil type dual-task (Oiso-DT) for assessing inattention of brain-damaged
      patients. Methods A total of 134 healthy individuals and 44 patients with
      traumatic brain injury (TBI) were the subjects. Oiso-DT combined a cancelation
      sub-task and a written calculation sub-task on paper. The performance was scored
      based on the correct rate (CR) and success rate in the cancelation sub-task, and
      the number of correct answers and CR in the calculation sub-task for three
      minutes. Performances of Clinical Assessment for Attention (CAT) developed by The
      Japan Society for Higher Brain Dysfunction were also measured in TBI patients.
      Results Based on a simple and unique definition of cutoff values, abnormal
      performance was detected more often in the Oiso-DT than in any sub-task of CAT
      including Symbol Digit Modalities Test, The Memory Updating Test and Paced
      Auditory Serial Addition Task, etc. although the specificity was comparable.
      Conclusion This easy-to-use Oiso-DT might be valuable and sensitive for detecting
      inattention including mild deficit. Implications for Rehabilitation The Oiso-DT,
      a paper-and-pencil clinical test for assessing inattention demonstrates higher
      sensitivity for traumatic-brain-injury patients than standard neuropsychological
      tests. The task performance is evaluated by a simple and unique method without
      specific equipment or even a personal computer. The Oiso-DT might be valuable for
      detecting inattention including mild deficit. The Oiso-DT is easily applicable to
      patients with severe inattention who failed to complete complex tasks like paced
      auditory serial addition task.

PMID- 26986928
TI  - Our panel of experts highlight the most important research articles across the
      spectrum of topics relevant to the field of regenerative medicine.

PMID- 26986925
TI  - Novel indolyl-chalcones target stathmin to induce cancer cell death.
AB  - Efficacy of current therapies for advanced and metastatic cancers remains a
      challenge in clinical practice. We investigated the anti-cancer potency of 3
      novel indoly-chalcones (CITs). Our results indicated the lead molecule CIT-026
      (Formula = C20H16FNO) induced cell death in prostate and lung cancer cell lines
      at sub-micromolar concentration. CITs (CIT-026, CIT-214, CIT-223) lead to
      microtubule destabilization, cell death and low cell proliferation, which in part
      was dependent on stathmin (STMN1) expression. Knockdown of STMN1 with siRNA
      against STMN1 in part restored viability of cancer cells in response to CITs.
      Further, CIT-026 and CIT-223 blocked cancer cell invasion through matrigel-coated
      chambers. Mechanistically, CITs inhibited phosphorylation of STMN1 leading to
      STMN1 accumulation and mitotic catastrophe. In summary, we have synthetized novel
      anti-cancer CIT molecules and defined their mechanism of action in vitro.

PMID- 26986929
TI  - Toxicity of canavanine in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots is due to
      alterations in RNS, ROS and auxin levels.
AB  - Canavanine (CAN) is non-proteinogenic aminoacid and a structural analog of
      arginine (Arg). Naturally, CAN occurs in legumes e.g. jack bean and is considered
      as a strong allelochemical. As a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide
      synthase in mammalians, it could act as a modifier of nitric oxide (NO)
      concentration in plants. Modifications in the content of endogenous reactive
      nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence root structure
      and architecture, being also under hormonal control. The aim of the work was to
      investigate regulation of root growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv.
      Malinowy Ozarowski) seedling by application of CAN at concentration (10 and 50
      MUM) leading to 50% or 100% restriction of root elongation. CAN at higher
      concentration led to slight DNA fragmentation, increased total RNA and protein
      level. Decline in total respiration rate after CAN supplementation was not
      associated with enhanced membrane permeability. Malformations in root morphology
      (shorter and thicker roots, limited number of lateral roots) were accompanied by
      modification in NO and ONOO(-) localization; determined mainly in peridermal
      cells and some border cells. Although, CAN resulted in low RNS production,
      addition of exogenous NO by usage of NO donors did not reverse its negative
      effect, nor recovery effect was detected after roots imbibition in Arg. To build
      up a comprehensive view on mode of action of CAN as root growth inhibitor, it was
      shown an elevated level of auxin. To summarize, we demonstrated several secondary
      mode of action of CAN, indicating its toxicity in plants linked to restriction in
      RNS formation accompanied by simultaneous overaccumulation of ROS. 

PMID- 26986930
TI  - Salt-responsive mechanisms in chromosome segment substitution lines of rice
      (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML105).
AB  - Two chromosome segment substitution lines of Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) rice
      that carry quantitative trait loci for drought tolerance located on chromosome 8
      (DT-QTL8) designated CSSL8-94 and CSSL8-116 were investigated for co-expression
      network and physiological responses to salinity compared to their parents
      (KDML105; drought and salt sensitive recurrent parent, and DH103; drought
      tolerant QTL donor). These CSSL lines show different salt-response traits under
      salt stress (CSSL8-94 shows higher tolerance than CSSL8-116) and possess
      different segments of DT-QTL8. To identify specific biological process(es)
      associated with salt-stress response, co-expression network analysis was
      constructed from each DT-QTL segment. To evaluate differential physiological
      mechanisms responding to salt stress, all rice lines/cultivar were grown for 21 d
      in soils submerged in nutrient solutions, then subjected to 150 mM NaCl for 7 d.
      Physiological parameters related to co-expression network analysis
      (photosynthetic parameters) and salt responsive parameters (Na(+)/K(+) ratio,
      proline content, malondialdehyde and ascorbate peroxidase activity; EC1.11.1.1)
      were investigated along with the expression analysis of related genes.
      Physiological responses under salt stress particularly photosynthesis-related
      parameters of CSSL8-94 were similar to DH103, whereas those of CSSL8-116 were
      similar to KDML105. Moreover, expression levels of photosynthesis-related genes
      selected from the co-expression networks (Os08g41460, Os08g44680, Os06g01850,
      Os03g07300 and Os02g42570) were slightly decreased or stable in CSSL8-94 and
      DH103 but were dramatically down-regulated in CSSL8-116 and KDML105. These
      differential responses may contribute to the photosynthesis systems of CSSL8-94
      being less damaged under salt stress in comparison to those of CSSL8-116. It can
      be concluded that the presence of the specific DT-QTL8 segment in CSSL8-94 not
      only confers drought tolerant traits but also enhances its salt tolerant ability.

PMID- 26986931
TI  - Genome-wide characterization and comparative analysis of the MLO gene family in
      cotton.
AB  - In plants, MLO (Mildew Locus O) gene encodes a plant-specific seven transmembrane
      (TM) domain protein involved in several cellular processes, including
      susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM). In this study, a genome-wide
      characterization of the MLO gene family in G. raimondii L., G. arboreum L. and G.
      hirsutum L. was performed. In total, 22, 17 and 38 homologous sequences were
      identified for each species, respectively. Gene organization, including
      chromosomal location, gene clustering and gene duplication, was investigated.
      Homologues related to PM susceptibility in upland cotton were inferred by
      phylogenetic relationships with functionally characterized MLO proteins. To
      conduct a comparative analysis between MLO candidate genes from G. raimondii L.,
      G. arboreum L. and G. hirsutum L., orthologous relationships and conserved
      synteny blocks were constructed. The transcriptional variation of 38 GhMLO genes
      in response to exogenous application of salt, mannitol (Man), abscisic acid
      (ABA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) was monitored.
      Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the functions of MLO genes in PM
      susceptibility and phytohormone signalling pathways. 

PMID- 26986932
TI  - Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic studies of linalool-loaded
      nanostructured lipid carriers.
AB  - Context Linalool (LL) is associated with numerous pharmacological activities.
      However, its poor solubility usually results in poor bioavailability, and further
      limited its applications. Objective To reduce volatilization and improve
      bioavailability of LL, linalool-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (LL-NLCs)
      were prepared. Materials and methods LL-NLCs were prepared using high-pressure
      homogenization method and optimized via response surface methodology-central
      composite design, followed by characterization, including particle size (PS),
      zeta potential (ZP), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction
      (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in vitro release study. Rats
      were administered 300 mg * kg (-) (1) LL with each preparation (LL-NLCs or LL)
      via oral gavage. Results LL-NLCs had a PS of 52.72 nm with polydispersity index
      of 0.172, and ZP of -16.0 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading gave
      79.563 and 7.555%, respectively. The cumulative release of LL from free LL
      reached 51.414% at 180 min, while LL from LL-NLCs was 15.564%. All the
      pharmacokinetics parameters of LL-NLCs were better than those of LL, including
      Cmax (from 1915.45 to 2182.45 ng * mL (-) (1)), AUC0-t (from 76003.40 to
      298948.46 ng * min * mL (-) (1)) and relative bioavailability (393.34%). The
      t1/2, MRT and tmax of LL-NLCs (110.50, 146.66 and 60 min) were also longer than
      that of LL (44.72, 45.66 and 40 min). Discussion and conclusion LL-NLCs were for
      the first time prepared and its oral administration in rats thoroughly
      investigated. LL-NLCs exhibited sustained release effect and increased absorption
      of LL. Therefore, these findings might provide a potential possibility for
      clinical application of LL. 

PMID- 26986933
TI  - A Detailed Study on the Low-Energy Structures of Charged Colloidal Clusters.
AB  - The target of this investigation is the systematic characterization of the low
      energy structures of charged colloidal clusters that may be important to
      understand the self-assembling process of biomolecules. The aggregation of
      charged colloidal particles is governed by the attractive short-ranged Morse
      potential and the Yukawa repulsive tail to describe the long-range charge effect.
      A global optimization strategy, based on our own evolutionary algorithm, was
      adopted to discover the low-energy structures of colloidal clusters composed of
      up to 20 particles. A detailed analysis of the low-energy structures involving
      charged particles shows that the appearance of the Bernal spiral as the most
      stable motif occurs, first, at N = 6, but it is favored for larger clusters (N >=
      13); for 6 <= N <= 12, there is a competition between the spiral (which is
      favored for higher charges) and more spherical-like structures. Finally, we study
      binary clusters composed by two sets of differently charged colloidal particles.
      Although a great diversity of low-energy structures is observed (especially for
      aggregates with one of the components in excess), the global minimum is disputed
      by three structural motifs depending on the composition of the cluster and, in
      some cases, on the range of the Morse potential. 

PMID- 26986936
TI  - Spontaneous Oxygenation of Siloxy-N-silylketenimines to alpha-Ketoamides.
AB  - Siloxy-N-silylketenimines generated in situ from O-silyl cyanohydrins were
      converted to alpha-ketoamides by brief exposure to air or oxygen. Oxidation under
      extremely mild conditions can be explained by assuming the intermediacy of a 3
      imino-1,2-dioxetane derivative generated via triplet-singlet intersystem crossing
      after the reaction of siloxy-N-silylketenimines with triplet oxygen. 

PMID- 26986935
TI  - Conformation-specific anti-Mad2 monoclonal antibodies for the dissection of
      checkpoint signaling.
AB  - The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures accurate chromosome segregation
      during mitosis by delaying the activation of the anaphase-promoting
      complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in response to unattached kinetochores. The Mad2
      protein is essential for a functional checkpoint because it binds directly to
      Cdc20, the mitotic co-activator of the APC/C, thereby inhibiting progression into
      anaphase. Mad2 exists in at least 2 different conformations, open-Mad2 (O-Mad2)
      and closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2), with the latter representing the active form that is
      able to bind Cdc20. Our ability to dissect Mad2 biology in vivo is limited by the
      absence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) useful for recognizing the different
      conformations of Mad2. Here, we describe and extensively characterize mAbs
      specific for either O-Mad2 or C-Mad2, as well as a pan-Mad2 antibody, and use
      these to investigate the different Mad2 complexes present in mitotic cells. Our
      antibodies validate current Mad2 models but also suggest that O-Mad2 can
      associate with checkpoint complexes, most likely through dimerization with C
      Mad2. Furthermore, we investigate the makeup of checkpoint complexes bound to the
      APC/C, which indicate the presence of both Cdc20-BubR1-Bub3 and Mad2-Cdc20-BubR1
      Bub3 complexes, with Cdc20 being ubiquitinated in both. Thus, our defined mAbs
      provide insight into checkpoint signaling and provide useful tools for future
      research on Mad2 function and regulation.

PMID- 26986937
TI  - [Adverse prognostic factors for preeclampsia in Madagascar].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are serious diseases that cause
      high rates of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Our goal was to
      determine the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings associated with
      complications in these patients after the onset of hypertension. METHODS: This
      retrospective analytical study examined the files of women with hypertension who
      delivered at the Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics in Befelatanana, Madagascar,
      in 2008-2010. RESULTS: During this four-year study period, 1320 women giving
      birth at our center had been hypertensive during pregnancy, for a prevalence of
      5.11%; 409 (30.98%) had preeclampsia. The main maternal complications were
      eclampsia (14.46%), renal failure (3.40%), maternal death (3.03%), and placental
      abruption (2.95%). For the fetus, maternal preeclampsia was complicated by
      preterm birth (35.07%), perinatal death (21.42%), perinatal asphyxia (14.50%),
      and fetal growth restriction (9.71%). Patients younger than 20 years were at the
      highest risk of eclampsia (RR 2.18, 95% CI [(1.83 to 3.75]). Primiparity and
      history of eclampsia or fetal growth restriction were risk factors for eclampsia.
      Hyperproteinuria and elevated serum creatinine concentrations were associated
      with adverse fetal outcome. Isolated hyperuricemia was not associated with
      outcome. CONCLUSION: When preeclampsia has been diagnosed, some aspects of
      obstetric history and impaired kidney function are poor prognostic factors that
      can require early emergency delivery.

PMID- 26986934
TI  - Genetic biomarkers of drug response for small-molecule therapeutics targeting the
      RTK/Ras/PI3K, p53 or Rb pathway in glioblastoma.
AB  - Glioblastoma is the most deadly and frequently occurring primary malignant tumor
      of the central nervous system. Genomic studies have shown that mutated oncogenes
      and tumor suppressor genes in glioblastoma mainly occur in three pathways: the
      RTK/Ras/PI3K signaling, the p53 and the Rb pathways. In this review, we summarize
      the modulatory effects of genetic aberrations in these three pathways to drugs
      targeting these specific pathways. We also provide an overview of the preclinical
      efforts made to identify genetic biomarkers of response and resistance. Knowledge
      of biomarkers will finally promote patient stratification in clinical trials, a
      prerequisite for trial design in the era of precision medicine. 

PMID- 26986939
TI  - Flashes, Floaters, and an Unfamiliar Fundus.

PMID- 26986938
TI  - Spatial Control of Laser-Induced Doping Profiles in Graphene on Hexagonal Boron
      Nitride.
AB  - We present a method to create and erase spatially resolved doping profiles in
      graphene-hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures. The technique is based on
      photoinduced doping by a focused laser beam and does neither require masks nor
      photoresists. This makes our technique interesting for rapid prototyping of
      unconventional electronic device schemes, where the spatial resolution of the
      rewritable, long-term stable doping profiles is limited by only the laser spot
      size (~600 nm) and the accuracy of sample positioning. Our optical doping method
      offers a way to implement and to test different, complex doping patterns in one
      and the very same graphene device, which is not achievable with conventional
      gating techniques. 

PMID- 26986940
TI  - 2015 Reviewers.

PMID- 26986941
TI  - Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, City University of New York,
      Mourns the Loss of the Beloved Dr. Rose Dobrof.

PMID- 26986942
TI  - Establishment of an effective TLC bioautographic method for the detection of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra phosphoglucose isomerase inhibition by
      phosphoenolpyruvate.
AB  - A bioautographic assay based on thin layer chromatography was developed for
      phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) detecting as a known but rarely studied inhibitor of
      phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). The protocol with NADP(+)/NBT/PMS (beta
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/nitrotetrazolium blue
      chloride/phenazine methosulfate) staining was capable of detecting Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis H37Ra PGI inhibition using PEP. According to this method, visibly
      brighter spots (zones) against purple background are observed in the area of
      inhibition of the above-mentioned enzyme activity. The detection limit for PEP as
      an inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra PGI was 226 MUg per spot/zone.
      Noteworthy is that we are the first authors to have successfully used a
      bioautographic assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra PGI inhibition by
      PEP. 

PMID- 26986943
TI  - Clinical-Radiological Parameters Improve the Prediction of the Thrombolysis Time
      Window by Both MRI Signal Intensities and DWI-FLAIR Mismatch.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With regard to acute stroke, patients with unknown time from stroke
      onset are not eligible for thrombolysis. Quantitative diffusion weighted imaging
      (DWI) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI relative signal
      intensity (rSI) biomarkers have been introduced to predict eligibility for
      thrombolysis, but have shown heterogeneous results in the past. In the present
      work, we investigated whether the inclusion of easily obtainable clinical
      radiological parameters would improve the prediction of the thrombolysis time
      window by rSIs and compared their performance to the visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch.
      METHODS: In a retrospective study, patients from 2 centers with proven stroke
      with onset <12 h were included. The DWI lesion was segmented and overlaid on ADC
      and FLAIR images. rSI mean and SD, were calculated as follows: (mean ROI
      value/mean value of the unaffected hemisphere). Additionally, the visual DWI
      FLAIR mismatch was evaluated. Prediction of the thrombolysis time window was
      evaluated by the area-under-the-curve (AUC) derived from receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Factors such as the association of age,
      National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, MRI field strength, lesion size,
      vessel occlusion and Wahlund-Score with rSI were investigated and the models were
      adjusted and stratified accordingly. RESULTS: In 82 patients, the unadjusted rSI
      measures DWI-mean and -SD showed the highest AUCs (AUC 0.86-0.87). Adjustment for
      clinical-radiological covariates significantly improved the performance of FLAIR
      mean (0.91) and DWI-SD (0.91). The best prediction results based on the AUC were
      found for the final stratified and adjusted models of DWI-SD (0.94) and FLAIR
      mean (0.96) and a multivariable DWI-FLAIR model (0.95). The adjusted visual DWI
      FLAIR mismatch did not perform in a significantly worse manner (0.89). ADC-rSIs
      showed fair performance in all models. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative DWI and FLAIR
      MRI biomarkers as well as the visual DWI-FLAIR mismatch provide excellent
      prediction of eligibility for thrombolysis in acute stroke, when easily
      obtainable clinical-radiological parameters are included in the prediction
      models.

PMID- 26986944
TI  - Vertical Microcavity Organic Light-emitting Field-effect Transistors.
AB  - Organic light-emitting field-effect transistors (OLEFETs) are regarded as a novel
      kind of device architecture for fulfilling electrical-pumped organic lasers.
      However, the realization of OLEFETs with high external quantum efficiency (EQE)
      and high brightness simultaneously is still a tough task. Moreover, the design of
      the resonator structure in LED is far from satisfactory. Here, OLEFETs with EQE
      of 1.5% at the brightness of 2600 cdm(-2), and the corresponding ON/OFF ratio and
      current efficiency reaches above 10(4) and 3.1 cdA(-1), respectively, were
      achieved by introducing 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT
      CN) as a charge generation layer. Moreover, a vertical microcavity based on
      distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and Ag source/drain electrodes is successfully
      introduced into the high performance OLEFETs, which results in electroluminescent
      spectrum linewidth narrowing from 96 nm to 6.9 nm. The results manifest the
      superiority of the vertical microcavity as an optical resonator in OLEFETs, which
      sheds some light on achieving the electrically pumped organic lasers.

PMID- 26986945
TI  - ALK gene copy number gain and immunohistochemical expression status using three
      antibodies in neuroblastoma.
AB  - Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene aberrations-such as mutations,
      amplifications, and copy number gains-represent a major genetic predisposition to
      neuroblastoma (NB). This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between ALK gene
      copy number status, ALK protein expression, and clinicopathological parameters.
      We retrospectively retrieved 30 cases of poorly differentiated NB and constructed
      tissue microarrays (TMAs). ALK copy number changes were assessed by fluorescence
      in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, and ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing
      was performed using three different antibodies (ALK1, D5F3, and 5A4 clones). ALK
      amplification and copy number gain were observed in 10% (3/30) and 53.3% (16/30)
      of the cohort, respectively. There were positive correlations between ALK copy
      number and IHC positive rate in ALK1 and 5A4 antibodies (p= < 0.001 and 0.019,
      respectively). ALK1, D5F3, and 5A4 antibodies equally showed 100% sensitivity in
      detecting ALK amplification. However, the sensitivity for detecting copy number
      gain differed among the three antibodies, with 75% sensitivity in D5F3 and 0%
      sensitivity in ALK1. ALK-amplified NBs were correlated with synchronous MYCN
      amplification and chromosome 1p deletion. ALK IHC positivity was frequently
      observed in INSS stage IV and high-risk group patients. In conclusion, this study
      identified that an increase in the ALK copy number is a frequent genetic
      alteration in poorly differentiated NB. ALK-amplified NBs showed consistent ALK
      IHC positivity with all kinds of antibodies. In contrast, the detection
      performance of ALK copy number gain was antibody dependent, with the D5F3
      antibody showing the best sensitivity.

PMID- 26986946
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cereal products on the Turkish market.
AB  - The contamination level of four EU marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      in some cereal-derived products was surveyed in this study. Thirty-eight samples,
      20 bread and 18 breakfast cereals, were purchased from retail shops and local
      markets of East Black sea region in Turkey. The samples were analysed for four EU
      marker PAHs, using ultrasonic extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean up
      and stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric (GC/MS)
      detection. The method was validated with the parameters linearity, accuracy,
      precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and uncertainty.
      Total content of the four PAHs in bread varied from 0.19 to 0.46 ug kg(-1) and in
      breakfast cereals from 0.10 to 0.87 ug kg(-1). 

PMID- 26986947
TI  - Morphological Alterations in Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles in Male and Female
      Mice in a Fibromyalgia Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder,
      characterized by chronic widespread pain and bodily tenderness and is often
      accompanied by affective disturbances, however often with unknown etiology.
      According to recent reports, physical and psychological stress trigger FM. To
      develop new treatments for FM, experimental animal models for FM are needed to be
      development and characterized. Using a mouse model for FM including intermittent
      cold stress (ICS), we hypothesized that ICS leads to morphological alterations in
      skeletal muscles in mice. METHODS: Male and female ICS mice were kept under
      alternating temperature (4  degrees C/room temperature [22  degrees C]); mice
      constantly kept at room temperature served as control. After scarification,
      gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were removed and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen
      cooled isopentane or fixed for electron microscopy. RESULTS: In
      gastrocnemius/soleus muscles of male ICS mice, we found a 21.6% and 33.2%
      decrease of fiber cross sectional area (FCSA), which in soleus muscle concerns
      the loss of type IIa and IIx FCSA. This phenomenon was not seen in muscles of
      female ICS mice. However, this loss in male ICS mice was associated with an
      increase in gastrocnemius of the density of MIF+ (8.6%)-, MuRF+ (14.7%)-, Fbxo32+
      (17.8%)-cells, a 12.1% loss of capillary contacts/muscle fiber as well as a 30.7%
      increase of damaged mitochondria in comparison with male control mice. Moreover,
      significant positive correlations exist among densities (n/mm(2)) of MIF+, MuRF+,
      Fbxo32+-cells in gastrocnemius/ soleus muscles of male ICS mice; these cell
      densities inversely correlate with FCSA especially in gastrocnemius muscle of
      male ICS mice. CONCLUSION: The ICS-induced decrease of FCSA mainly concerns
      gastrocnemius muscle of male mice due to an increase of inflammatory and
      atrogenic cells. In soleus muscle of male ICS and soleus/gastrocnemius muscles of
      female ICS mice morphological alterations seem to occur not at all or delayed.
      The sex-specificity of findings, which is not easily reconciled with the
      epidemiology of FM (female predominance), implicate that gastrocnemius muscle of
      male ICS mice should preferentially be used for future investigations with FM.
      Moreover, we suggest to investigate morphological and/or molecular alterations at
      different time-points (up to two weeks) after ICS.

PMID- 26986948
TI  - An Interleukin 13 Polymorphism Is Associated with Symptom Severity in Adult
      Subjects with Ever Asthma.
AB  - Different genes are associated with categorical classifications of asthma
      severity. However, continuous outcomes should be used to catch the heterogeneity
      of asthma phenotypes and to increase the power in association studies.
      Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate gene regions and continuous measures
      of asthma severity, in adult patients from the general population. In the Gene
      Environment Interactions in Respiratory Diseases (GEIRD) study (www.geird.org),
      326 subjects (aged 20-64) with ever asthma were identified from the general
      population in Verona (Italy) between 2007 and 2010. A panel of 236 SNPs tagging
      51 candidate gene regions (including one or more genes) was analysed. A symptom
      and treatment score (STS) and pre-bronchodilator FEV1% predicted were used as
      continuous measures of asthma severity. The association of each SNP with STS and
      FEV1% predicted was tested by fitting quasi-gamma and linear regression models,
      respectively, with gender, body mass index and smoking habits as potential
      confounders. The Simes multiple-test procedure was used for controlling the false
      discovery rate (FDR). SNP rs848 in the IL13 gene region (IL5/RAD50/IL13/IL4) was
      associated with STS (TG/GG vs TT genotype: uncorrected p-value = 0.00006, FDR
      corrected p-value = 0.04), whereas rs20541 in the same gene region, in linkage
      disequilibrium with rs848 (r(2) = 0.94) in our sample, did not reach the
      statistical significance after adjusting for multiple testing (TC/CC vs TT:
      uncorrected p-value = 0.0003, FDR-corrected p-value = 0.09). Polymorphisms in
      other gene regions showed a non-significant moderate association with STS (IL12B,
      TNS1) or lung function (SERPINE2, GATA3, IL5, NPNT, FAM13A) only. After adjusting
      for multiple testing and potential confounders, SNP rs848 in the IL13 gene region
      is significantly associated with a continuous measure of symptom severity in
      adult subjects with ever asthma.

PMID- 26986949
TI  - Expression of alpha-fetoprotein in gastric cancer AGS cells contributes to
      invasion and metastasis by influencing anoikis sensitivity.
AB  - alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a valuable tumor marker for many types of cancers,
      including primary gastric cancer (GC). However, the effects of AFP expression on
      the metastasis and anoikis sensitivity of GC remain unclear. The present study
      aimed to explore the role and possible mechanism of AFP in the invasion and
      metastasis of GC AGS cells, particularly in the anoikis sensitivity of AGS cells.
      In the present study, the expression of AFP in cultured AGS cells was assayed
      firstly by RT-PCR, western blotting and sequencing. Then, a specific AFP siRNA
      was applied to interfere with AFP expression and poly(2-hydroxyethyl
      methacrylate) (poly-HEMA) was used to block cell anchorage. The invasion and
      metastatic ability, and anoikis sensitivity detections were conducted based on
      Transwell chamber assay, anoikis assay kit and western blotting. Our results
      confirmed the expression of AFP in AGS cells. Then, we found that interference of
      AFP with siRNA attenuated the invasion and metastasis of AGS cells and induced a
      significant upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin
      expression (P<0.05). Cell apoptosis and anoikis were induced when cell anchorage
      was blocked by poly-HEMA treatment, which was exacerbated significantly when
      cells were exposed to AFP siRNA. Moreover, interference of AFP when cell
      anchorage was blocked enhanced the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax,
      caspase-3 and -9, and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein B
      cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that
      interference of AFP reduced AGS cell invasion and metastasis by enhancing anoikis
      sensitivity. The present study provides new insight for the treatment of GC and
      suggests AFP as a potential therapeutic target by regulating anoikis sensitivity.

PMID- 26986950
TI  - Subacute inhalation exposure to ozone induces systemic inflammation but not
      insulin resistance in a diabetic mouse model.
AB  - Epidemiological studies suggest that diabetics may be more susceptible to the
      adverse health effects from exposure to high ambient concentrations of ozone, the
      primary oxidant gas in photochemical smog. While increased morbidity and
      mortality from ozone inhalation has been linked to disruption of normal
      cardiovascular and airway functions, potential effects on glucose and insulin
      homeostasis are not understood. We tested the hypothesis that ozone exposure
      would worsen metabolic homeostasis in KKAy mice, a genetic diabetic animal model.
      Male KKAy mice were exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone for 13 consecutive weekdays, and
      then assessed for airway, adipose and systemic inflammation, glucose homeostasis,
      and insulin signaling. Ozone exposure increased plasma TNFalpha, as well as
      expression of VCAM-1, iNOS and IL-6 in both pulmonary and adipose tissues. Pro
      inflammatory CD11b(+)Gr-1(lo)7/4(hi) macrophages were increased by 200% in
      adipose tissue, but unchanged in blood. Interestingly, glucose levels were not
      significantly different in the insulin tolerance test between air- and ozone
      exposed mice, whereas fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in ozone-exposed animals
      were significantly reduced. These changes were accompanied by increased insulin
      signaling in skeletal muscle and liver, but not adipose tissues. Ozone also
      caused decrease in body weight and plasma leptin. Our results show that in
      addition to marked local and systemic inflammation, ozone increases insulin
      sensitivity that may be related to weight loss/leptin sensitization-dependent
      mechanisms in KKAy mice, warranting further study on the role of hyperglycemia in
      mediating cardiometabolic effects of ozone inhalation. 

PMID- 26986952
TI  - Morning NO2 exposure sensitizes hypertensive rats to the cardiovascular effects
      of same day O3 exposure in the afternoon.
AB  - CONTEXT: Within urban air sheds, specific ambient air pollutants typically peak
      at predictable times throughout the day. For example, in environments dominated
      by mobile sources, peak nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels coincide with morning and
      afternoon rush hours, while peak levels of ozone (O3), occur in the afternoon.
      OBJECTIVE: Given that exposure to a single pollutant might sensitize the
      cardiopulmonary system to the effects of a subsequent exposure to a second
      pollutant, we hypothesized that a morning exposure to NO2 will exaggerate the
      cardiovascular effects of an afternoon O3 exposure in rats. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Rats were divided into four groups that were each exposed for 3 h in the
      morning (m) and 3 h in the afternoon (a) on the same day: (1) m-Air/a-Air, (2) m
      Air/a-O3 (0.3 ppm), (3) m-NO2 (0.5 ppm)/a-Air and (4) m-NO2/a-O3. Implanted
      telemetry devices recorded blood pressure and electrocardiographic data.
      Sensitivity to the arrhythmogenic agent aconitine was measured in a separate
      cohort. RESULTS: Only m-NO2/a-O3-exposed rats had significant changes in
      electrophysiological, mechanical and autonomic parameters. These included
      decreased heart rate and increased PR and QTc intervals and increased heart rate
      variability, suggesting increased parasympathetic tone. In addition, only m-NO2/a
      O3 exposure decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures and increased pulse
      pressure and QA interval, suggesting decreased cardiac contractility. DISCUSSION
      AND CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that initial exposure to NO2 sensitized
      rats to the cardiovascular effects of O3 and may provide insight into the
      epidemiological data linking adverse cardiovascular outcomes with exposures to
      low concentrations of O3.

PMID- 26986951
TI  - Effects of immunological and hematological parameter in mice exposed to mixture
      of volatile organic compounds.
AB  - Exposure to some kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leads to immune
      system disorders, liver and kidney damage, hematological change. However, there
      is little information about the effect of VOCs mixture on immune system and
      hematological parameter. In this study, 50 Kunming male mice were exposed in five
      similar chambers, 0 (control) and four different doses of VOCs mixture (G1-4) for
      consecutively 10 days at 2 h/day. The concentrations of VOCs mixture were as
      follows: formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene 1.0 + 1.1 + 2.0 + 2.0, 3.0 +
      3.3 + 6.0 + 6.0, 5.0 + 5.5 + 10.0 + 10.0 and 10.0 + 11.0 + 20.0 + 20.0 mg/m(3),
      respectively, which corresponded to 10, 30, 50 and 100 times of indoor air
      quality standard in china. One day following VOCs exposure, spleen T lymphocyte
      subpopulation, serum biochemical markers and peripheral blood cells in mice were
      analyzed, respectively. VOCs exposure decreased significantly erythrocyte count
      (RBC), platelet (PLT) in peripheral blood in mice. While aspartate
      aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase
      (ALP) and creatinine (CREA) in serum increased significantly in G4 mice versus
      controls. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the number of splenic lymphocyte
      subpopulation cells decreased significantly in G2, 3 and 4 mice in comparison
      with normal Kunming mice. These results indicate inhalation of VOCs mixture
      affects CD4/8 subpopulations, liver, kidney function and some hematological
      parameters in mice. 

PMID- 26986953
TI  - Modeling particle deposition in the Balb/c mouse respiratory tract.
AB  - The mouse lung has become increasingly important as a surrogate of the human lung
      for inhalation risk assessment. The main structural difference between the two
      lungs is that the airway branching of the human lung is relatively symmetric,
      while that of the mouse lung is distinctly asymmetric or monopodial. The
      objectives of this study were to develop a stochastic, asymmetric particle
      deposition model for the Balb/c mouse and to compare predicted deposition
      patterns with those in the human lung. The asymmetric bronchial airway geometry
      of the Balb/c mouse was based on a statistical analysis of several lung casts,
      while, in the absence of pertinent data, the asymmetric acinar airway geometry
      was represented by an allometrically scaled-down version of the rat acinar
      region, assuming structural similarity. Deposition of inhaled particles in nasal,
      bronchial and acinar airways for mouse-specific breathing conditions was computed
      with the Monte Carlo deposition model IDEAL-mouse. While total deposition for
      submicron particles decreases with increasing diameter in a fashion similar to
      that in the human lung, the effect of inhalability and nasal pre-filtration
      significantly reduces total deposition in the mouse lung for particles with
      diameters greater than about 3 MUm. The most notable difference between submicron
      particle deposition in the mouse and human airways is the shift of the deposition
      distribution from distal airway generations in the human lung to upper airway
      generations in the mouse lung. However, if plotted as a function of airway
      diameter, both deposition distributions are quite similar, indicating that airway
      diameter may be a more appropriate morphometric parameter for extrapolation
      purposes than airway generation. 

PMID- 26986955
TI  - A critical review of 20 years of parotid gland surgery.
AB  - Conclusion PG surgery provides sufficient radicality with a minimum of functional
      loss. Patient's outcome is associated with the reliable estimation of the
      lesional entity/dignity. Diagnostic approaches are required to determine
      morphological aspects, avoid unnecessary surgery, and to reliable identify
      primary carcinomas/occult metastases. Objectives The pre-operative assessment of
      parotid gland (PG) lesions is of major clinical impact, whilst surgery remains
      the diagnostic/therapeutic mainstay. There are still controversies about the
      distribution of entities, clinical course, functional outcome, and survival.
      Methods In total, 1211 patients were retrospectively analyzed for disease-related
      data. Differences were analyzed using the Chi-square/Fisher exact/unpaired
      student's t-test; survival by Kaplan-Meier. Results There were 946 benign and 265
      malignant tumours. In primary PG malignancy the disease-free/overall survival was
      78/127 months. Metastases into the PG demonstrated a decreased survival (67
      months). Extended surgery was associated with post-operative facial nerve
      alteration. Extracapsular dissection and superficial parotidectomy did not show
      differences in the facial palsy rate. 

PMID- 26986954
TI  - Comparison of realistic and idealized breathing patterns in computational models
      of airflow and vapor dosimetry in the rodent upper respiratory tract.
AB  - CONTEXT: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflows coupled with
      physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of respiratory tissue doses
      of airborne materials have traditionally used either steady-state inhalation or a
      sinusoidal approximation of the breathing cycle for airflow simulations despite
      their differences from normal breathing patterns. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impact
      of realistic breathing patterns, including sniffing, on predicted nasal tissue
      concentrations of a reactive vapor that targets the nose in rats as a case study.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole-body plethysmography measurements from a free
      breathing rat were used to produce profiles of normal breathing, sniffing and
      combinations of both as flow inputs to CFD/PBPK simulations of acetaldehyde
      exposure. RESULTS: For the normal measured ventilation profile, modest reductions
      in time- and tissue depth-dependent areas under the curve (AUC) acetaldehyde
      concentrations were predicted in the wet squamous, respiratory and transitional
      epithelium along the main airflow path, while corresponding increases were
      predicted in the olfactory epithelium, especially the most distal regions of the
      ethmoid turbinates, versus the idealized profile. The higher amplitude/frequency
      sniffing profile produced greater AUC increases over the idealized profile in the
      olfactory epithelium, especially in the posterior region. CONCLUSIONS: The
      differences in tissue AUCs at known lesion-forming regions for acetaldehyde
      between normal and idealized profiles were minimal, suggesting that sinusoidal
      profiles may be used for this chemical and exposure concentration. However,
      depending upon the chemical, exposure system and concentration and the time spent
      sniffing, the use of realistic breathing profiles, including sniffing, could
      become an important modulator for local tissue dose predictions.

PMID- 26986956
TI  - [n]Ferrocenophanes (n = 2, 3) with Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Bridging Positions.
AB  - The in situ prepared dilithio derivative of the known species 1-bromo-1'
      (trimethylsilylamino)ferrocene (1) reacted with tBuPCl2 to form the first example
      of a [2]ferrocenophane ([2]FCP) bridged by nitrogen and phosphorus (2).
      Sulfurization of 2 followed by column chromatography on silica gel gave the
      expected [2]FCP with a tBu(S)PN(SiMe3) bridging moiety (3a) and its desilylated
      counterpart with a tBu(S)PNH bridging moiety (3b). The molecular structure of 3b
      was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis (alpha = 18.40(11) degrees ).
      Using a common synthetic methodology, two new 1-amino-1'-bromoferrocene
      derivatives were prepared, one species with a PhCH2 (6a) and another with a
      tBuCH2 group (6b) on nitrogen. Dilithiation of 6a followed by addition of tBuPCl2
      gave a mixture of three constitutional isomers: the targeted [2]FCP (7a), the
      1,1'-disubstituted ferrocene derivative (tBuPH)(PhCH?N)fc (8a), and the [3]FCP
      bridged by a (NH)(CHPh)PtBu moiety (9a). NMR spectroscopy revealed that 8a is the
      precursor for 9a. The salt-metathesis reaction of the dilithio derivative of 6b
      with tBuPCl2 exclusively gave the 1,1'-disubstituted ferrocene derivative
      (tBuPH)(tBuCH?N)fc (8b), which does not isomerize to the respective [3]FCP. DFT
      calculations at the M06/6-311+G(d,p) level were used to better rationalize these
      unexpected results. 

PMID- 26986957
TI  - Direct Visualization of Excited-State Symmetry Breaking Using Ultrafast Time
      Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy.
AB  - Most symmetric quadrupolar molecules designed for two-photon absorption behave as
      dipolar molecules in the S1 electronic excited state. This is usually explained
      by a breakup of the symmetry in the excited state. However, the origin of this
      process and its dynamics are still not fully understood. Here, excited-state
      symmetry breaking in a quadrupolar molecule with a D-pi-A-pi-D motif, where D and
      A are electron donating and accepting units, is observed in real time using
      ultrafast transient infrared absorption spectroscopy. The nature of the relaxed
      S1 state was found to strongly depend on the solvent polarity: (1) in nonpolar
      solvents, it is symmetric and quadrupolar; (2) in weakly polar media, the
      quadrupolar state observed directly after excitation transforms to a symmetry
      broken S1 state with one arm bearing more excitation than the other; and (3) in
      highly polar solvents, the excited state evolves further to a purely dipolar S1
      state with the excitation localized entirely on one arm. The time scales
      associated with the transitions between these states coincide with those of
      solvation dynamics, indicating that symmetry breaking is governed by solvent
      fluctuations. 

PMID- 26986960
TI  - Fluctuation between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.
AB  - Current literature on narcissistic personality disorder has emphasized a
      distinction between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Some researchers have
      further suggested that narcissistic persons fluctuate between grandiose and
      vulnerable narcissism. However, this perception has been confined largely to
      clinical experience with no systematic research testing the hypothesis.
      Clinicians and clinical psychology professors in the current study identified 143
      persons who fit a description of either a grandiose or a vulnerable narcissist
      and indicated the extent to which these persons ever demonstrated traits of the
      complementary variant. The results supported the fluctuation hypothesis,
      particularly for episodes of vulnerable narcissism in persons identified as a
      grandiose narcissist. Correlations of the grandiose and vulnerable narcissism
      traits with a brief five-factor model measure corroborated past trait
      descriptions of the 2 respective variants of narcissism. The results of the
      current study are compared with existing cross-sectional and longitudinal
      research, and suggestions for future research are provided. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 26986958
TI  - Long Term Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Mortality in a Cohort
      of 4379 Men.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A number of observational studies have shown an inverse association
      between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and total mortality, but a reverse J
      shaped association has also been reported. In a large nested case-control study,
      serum-25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) was positively associated with incident
      prostate cancer. Based on the same study population, the primary aim of the
      present study was to investigate the association between s-25(OH)D and total
      mortality. METHODS: Men participating in population based health screenings
      during 1981-1991 and enrolled in a nested case-control study were followed
      throughout 2007 with respect to all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Hazard
      ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox
      proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: In men with prostate cancer (n = 2282),
      there was a significant inverse association between s-25(OH)D and total mortality
      after controlling for potential confounders (HR = 1.25 (95% CI 1.05-1.50), s
      25(OH)D <50 nmol/l versus s-25(OH)D >= 50 nmol/l). The corresponding figure among
      controls (n = 2147) was HR = 1.15 (95% CI 0.88-1.50) and in the total study
      population HR = 1.19 (95% CI 1.03-1.38). For cause-specific deaths, we found no
      significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population, s-25(OH)D was
      inversely associated with total mortality during more than two decades of follow
      up, despite, as previous reported, high s-25(OH)D was associated with increased
      risk of prostate cancer.

PMID- 26986959
TI  - Disorganized attachment and personality functioning in adults: A latent class
      analysis.
AB  - Though researchers have attended to disorganized attachment in infants and
      children, they have infrequently focused on the character of disorganized
      attachment in adults. In this study, we aimed to identify clusters of
      participants based on attachment levels and styles, seeking to better delineate
      severity and stylistic differences in disorganized attachment than has been
      previously articulated. We used a new assessment approach focused on a hierarchy
      of attachment organization, including secure, insecure (dismissive and
      preoccupied), rigid-controlling (hostile control and compulsive caregiving), and
      disorganized (contradictory, impoverished, and unresolved) levels of attachment.
      Clinical evaluators used information from diagnostic and attachment-based
      interviews to rate participants on each of these aspects of attachment. Latent
      class analysis (LCA) revealed a 4-class solution, including a secure (n = 33),
      insecure (n = 110), and 2 disorganized classes. One disorganized class
      (disorganized-oscillating) was characterized by elevations on contradictory and
      preoccupied styles (n = 77) and another (disorganized-impoverished) showed
      elevations on impoverished and dismissive styles (n = 53). The disorganized
      oscillating class exhibited elevated personality disorder (PD) severity and
      general symptom severity, borderline personality disorder (BPD), histrionic, and
      antisocial dimensional scores, and the most severe identity disturbance compared
      with the other classes. The impoverished-dismissive class exhibited the highest
      avoidant and schizoid PD dimensional scores of the classes, and higher PD
      severity compared with the insecure and secure classes. These results highlight
      the possibility of identifying distinct classes of attachment organization,
      differentiated both by aspects of severity and interpersonal style. They also
      shed light on the manifestation of attachment disorganization in adults.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986961
TI  - Examining the incremental and interactive effects of boldness with meanness and
      disinhibition within the triarchic model of psychopathy.
AB  - The triarchic model of psychopathy (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009) comprises 3
      phenotypic domains: Meanness, Disinhibition, and Boldness. Ongoing controversy
      surrounds the relevance of Boldness in the conceptualization and assessment of
      psychopathy. In the current study, undergraduate students (N = 439) completed the
      Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (Patrick, 2010) to examine the association between
      Boldness and a host of theoretically relevant external criteria. Boldness was
      generally unrelated to either prosocial or harmful criteria. Boldness rarely
      provided incremental value above or interacted with Meanness and Disinhibition
      with respect to external criteria. Curvilinear effects of Boldness rarely
      emerged. The findings suggest that Boldness might not be a central construct in
      the definition of psychopathic personality disorder. Implications for the 5th
      edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American
      Psychiatric Association, 2013) psychopathic specifier are discussed. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 26986962
TI  - Utilizing interview and self-report assessment of the Five-Factor Model to
      examine convergence with the alternative model for personality disorders.
AB  - An alternative model for personality disorders is included in Section III
      (Emerging Models and Measures) of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders, (5th ed.; DSM-5). The DSM-5 dimensional trait model is an extension of
      the Five-Factor Model (FFM; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The
      Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) assesses the 5 domains and 25 traits in
      the alternative model. The current study expands on recent research to examine
      the relationship of the PID-5 with an interview measure of the FFM. The
      Structured Interview for the Five Factor Model of Personality (SIFFM) assesses
      the 5 bipolar domains and 30 facets of the FFM. Research has indicated that the
      SIFFM captures maladaptive aspects of personality (as well as adaptive). The
      SIFFM, NEO PI-R, and PID-5 were administered to participants to examine their
      respective convergent and discriminant validity. Results provide evidence for the
      convergence of the 2 models using self-report and interview measures of the FFM.
      Clinical implications and future directions are discussed, particularly a call
      for the development of a structured interview for the assessment of the DSM-5
      dimensional trait model. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26986963
TI  - Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Arion vulgaris--Proteins for Probably
      Successful Survival Strategies?
AB  - The Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, is considered one of the hundred most invasive
      species in Central Europe. The immense and very successful adaptation and
      spreading of A. vulgaris suggest that it developed highly effective mechanisms to
      deal with infections and natural predators. Current transcriptomic and proteomic
      studies on gastropods have been restricted mainly to marine and freshwater
      gastropods. No transcriptomic or proteomic study on A. vulgaris has been carried
      out so far, and in the current study, the first transcriptomic database from
      adult specimen of A. vulgaris is reported. To facilitate and enable proteomics in
      this non-model organism, a mRNA-derived protein database was constructed for
      protein identification. A gel-based proteomic approach was used to obtain the
      first generation of a comprehensive slug mantle proteome. A total of 2128
      proteins were unambiguously identified; 48 proteins represent novel proteins with
      no significant homology in NCBI non-redundant database. Combined transcriptomic
      and proteomic analysis revealed an extensive repertoire of novel proteins with a
      role in innate immunity including many associated pattern recognition, effector
      proteins and cytokine-like proteins. The number and diversity in gene families
      encoding lectins point to a complex defense system, probably as a result of
      adaptation to a pathogen-rich environment. These results are providing a
      fundamental and important resource for subsequent studies on molluscs as well as
      for putative antimicrobial compounds for drug discovery and biomedical
      applications. 

PMID- 26986964
TI  - Identifying Metabolic Subpopulations from Population Level Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Metabolism underlies many important cellular decisions, such as the decisions to
      proliferate and differentiate, and defects in metabolic signaling can lead to
      disease and aging. In addition, metabolic heterogeneity can have biological
      consequences, such as differences in outcomes and drug susceptibilities in cancer
      and antibiotic treatments. Many approaches exist for characterizing the metabolic
      state of a population of cells, but technologies for measuring metabolism at the
      single cell level are in the preliminary stages and are limited. Here, we
      describe novel analysis methodologies that can be applied to established
      experimental methods to measure metabolic variability within a population. We use
      mass spectrometry to analyze amino acid composition in cells grown in a mixture
      of (12)C- and (13)C-labeled sugars; these measurements allow us to quantify the
      variability in sugar usage and thereby infer information about the behavior of
      cells within the population. The methodologies described here can be applied to a
      large range of metabolites and macromolecules and therefore have the potential
      for broad applications.

PMID- 26986965
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Molecular Analysis of Peritoneal Fluid for Patients
      with Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurately distinguishing serosal invasion in patients with gastric
      cancer (GC) prior to surgery can be difficult. Molecular analysis of peritoneal
      fluid (MAPF) for free cancer cells with higher sensitivity than other methods;
      however, its prognostic value for GC remains controversial, precluding its
      application in clinical practice. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE and other databases
      were systematically searched. Thirty-one studies were eligible for the meta
      analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled for
      overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and peritoneal recurrence-free
      survival (PRF). RESULTS: The current meta-analysis focused on patients with GC
      and negative cytological diagnoses. The results showed that positive MAPF status
      (MAPF+) led to poorer prognoses for OS (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.99-3.37), DFS (HR 4.92,
      95% CI 3.28-7.37) and PRF (HR 2.81, 95% CI 2.12-3.72) compared with negative MAPF
      status (MAPF-). Moreover, among the patients with GC who received curative
      treatment, the MAPF+ patients had poorer prognoses for OS (HR 3.27, 95% CI 2.49
      4.29), DFS (HR 3.90, 95% CI 2.74-5.57) and PRF (HR 5.45, 95% CI 3.70-8.03). A
      meta-analysis of multivariate-adjusted HRs demonstrated that MAPF+ status was an
      independent prognostic factor for patients with GC who underwent curative
      treatment (OS: HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.47-3.28; PRF: HR 3.44, 95% CI 2.01-5.87). Using
      the identical target genes (CEA, CEA/CK20) as molecular markers, the patients
      with GC who were MAPF+ had significantly worse prognoses for OS (CEA: HR 3.03,
      95% CI 2.29-4.01; CEA/CK20: HR 4.24, 95% CI 2.42-7.40), DFS (CEA: HR 3.99, 95% CI
      2.24-7.12; CEA/CK20: HR 4.31, 95% CI 1.49-2.48) and PRF (CEA: HR 4.45, 95% CI
      2.72-7.31; CEA/CK20: HR 6.46, 95% CI 3.62-11.55) than the patients who were MAPF
      . CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The above results demonstrate that MAPF could be a
      prognostic indicator for patients with GC who have a negative cytological
      diagnosis and/or are receiving curative treatment. MAPF could provide clinicians
      with additional prognostic information that could aid in developing
      individualized treatment plans prior to surgery. The widely used target genes
      CEA, CEA/CK20 were confirmed to be valuable MAPF markers for predicting the
      prognosis of GC.

PMID- 26986967
TI  - Oridonin inhibits the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by upregulating
      BMP7 to activate p38 MAPK.
AB  - Oridonin (ORI), a diterpenoid purified from Rabdosia rubescens, has been reported
      as a promising chemotherapy drug for colon cancer treatment; yet, the precise
      mechanisms underlying this anticancer activity remain unclear. In the present
      study, we investigated the anticancer effect of ORI in HCT116 cells, and
      dissected the possible molecular mechanisms underlying this activity. With
      crystal violet staining, flow cytometry and western blot assay, we found that ORI
      effectively inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of HCT116
      cells. Further analysis of the results indicated that BMP7 was greatly
      upregulated by ORI in the HCT116 cells, but its endogenous expression in FHC
      cells was apparently lower than that in the colon cancer cell lines. Exogenous
      expression of BMP7 inhibited the proliferation of the HCT116 cells, and
      substantially potentiated the anticancer effect of ORI. However, the specific
      antibody of BMP7 nearly abolished this anticancer activity of ORI in the HCT116
      cells. Meanwhile, ORI exerted no significant effect on the level of
      phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 or total p38 MAPK, but greatly increased the level of
      phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the HCT116 cells. A p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor partly
      reversed the antiproliferative effect of BMP7 in the HCT116 cells, but
      prominently promoted the effect of the BMP7 antibody on proliferation. Exogenous
      expression of BMP7 increased the ORI-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, while
      the BMP7 antibody almost abolished the ORI-elevated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Our
      findings suggest that ORI may be an efficacious drug for colon cancer treatment.
      This anticancer activity of ORI may be mediated by upregulating BMP7 at least to
      increase the activation of p38 MAPK.

PMID- 26986968
TI  - A Cd(II)-based metal-organic framework as a luminance sensor to nitrobenzene and
      Tb(III) ion.
AB  - A Cd(II)-based metal-organic framework, [Cd2(DPDC)2(BTB)]infinity (Cd-MOF, DPDC =
      2,2'-diphenyldicarboxylate and BTB = 1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane) was
      successfully constructed via a hydrothermal reaction. Structural analysis shows
      that the synthesized Cd-MOF is a three-dimensional (3D) architecture crystallized
      in the hexagonal system with a chiral space group P61. Powder X-ray diffraction
      experiments and thermogravimetric analysis reveal that the constructed Cd-MOF has
      a high chemical and thermal stability. A study of additional mechanical
      properties indicates that it exhibits a moderate stiffness with the average
      values of Young's modulus (E) and H as 11.3(2) and 0.9(7) GPa, respectively. The
      luminescence properties of the Cd-MOF were further studied. The result shows that
      it could be an effective sensor to the organic nitrobenzene molecule via a strong
      quenching effect, and also to the inorganic Tb(III) ion by a strong green
      emission effect. Moreover, when loading bimetal ions (Eu(III) and Tb(III) into
      the Cd-MOF/methanol suspension, tunable visible luminescence can also be achieved
      by carefully adjusting the excitation wavelengths.

PMID- 26986966
TI  - Evolution of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Pro-Loop Receptors.
AB  - Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are ubiquitous neurotransmitter
      receptors in Bilateria, with a small number of known prokaryotic homologues. Here
      we describe a new inventory and phylogenetic analysis of pLGIC genes across all
      kingdoms of life. Our main finding is a set of pLGIC genes in unicellular
      eukaryotes, some of which are metazoan-like Cys-loop receptors, and others devoid
      of Cys-loop cysteines, like their prokaryotic relatives. A number of such "Cys
      less" receptors also appears in invertebrate metazoans. Together, those findings
      draw a new distribution of pLGICs in eukaryotes. A broader distribution of
      prokaryotic channels also emerges, including a major new archaeal taxon,
      Thaumarchaeota. More generally, pLGICs now appear nearly ubiquitous in major
      taxonomic groups except multicellular plants and fungi. However, pLGICs are
      sparsely present in unicellular taxa, suggesting a high rate of gene loss and a
      non-essential character, contrasting with their essential role as synaptic
      receptors of the bilaterian nervous system. Multiple alignments of these highly
      divergent sequences reveal a small number of conserved residues clustered at the
      interface between the extracellular and transmembrane domains. Only the "Cys
      loop" proline is absolutely conserved, suggesting the more fitting name "Pro
      loop" for that motif, and "Pro-loop receptors" for the superfamily. The infered
      molecular phylogeny shows a Cys-loop and a Cys-less clade in eukaryotes, both
      containing metazoans and unicellular members. This suggests new hypotheses on the
      evolutionary history of the superfamily, such as a possible origin of the Cys
      loop cysteines in an ancient unicellular eukaryote. Deeper phylogenetic
      relationships remain uncertain, particularly around the split between bacteria,
      archaea, and eukaryotes. 

PMID- 26986970
TI  - An Efficient Object Tracking Method on Quad-/Oc-Trees.
AB  - We introduce a fast error-free tracking method applicable to sequences of two and
      three dimensional images. The core idea is to use Quadtree (resp. Octree) data
      structures for representing the spatial discretization of an image in two (resp.
      three) spatial dimensions. This representation enables one to merge into large
      computational cells the regions that can be faithfully described with such a
      coarse representation, thus significantly reducing the total number of degrees of
      freedom that are processed, without compromising accuracy. This encoding is
      particularly effective in the case of algorithms based on moving fronts, since
      the adaptive refinement provides a natural means to focus the processing
      resources on information near the moving front. In this paper, we use an existing
      contour based tracker and reformulate it to the case of Quad-/Oc-tree data
      structures. Relevant mathematical assumptions and derivations are presented for
      this purpose. We then demonstrate that, on standard bio-medical image sequences,
      a speed up of 5X is easily achieved in 2D and about 10X in 3D. 

PMID- 26986969
TI  - Antioxidants Abrogate Alpha-Tocopherylquinone-Mediated Down-Regulation of the
      Androgen Receptor in Androgen-Responsive Prostate Cancer Cells.
AB  - Tocopherylquinone (TQ), the oxidation product of alpha-tocopherol (AT), is a
      bioactive molecule with distinct properties from AT. In this study, AT and TQ are
      investigated for their comparative effects on growth and androgenic activity in
      prostate cancer cells. TQ potently inhibited the growth of androgen-responsive
      prostate cancer cell lines (e.g., LAPC4 and LNCaP cells), whereas the growth of
      androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (e.g., DU145 cells) was not affected
      by TQ. Due to the growth inhibitory effects induced by TQ on androgen-responsive
      cells, the anti-androgenic properties of TQ were examined. TQ inhibited the
      androgen-induced activation of an androgen-responsive reporter and inhibited the
      release of prostate specific antigen from LNCaP cells. TQ pretreatment was also
      found to inhibit AR activation as measured using the Multifunctional Androgen
      Receptor Screening assay. Furthermore, TQ decreased androgen-responsive gene
      expression, including TM4SF1, KLK2, and PSA over 5-fold, whereas AT did not
      affect the expression of androgen-responsive genes. Of importance, the
      antiandrogenic effects of TQ on prostate cancer cells were found to result from
      androgen receptor protein down-regulation produced by TQ that was not observed
      with AT treatment. Moreover, none of the androgenic endpoints assessed were
      affected by AT. The down-regulation of androgen receptor protein by TQ was
      abrogated by co-treatment with antioxidants. Overall, the biological actions of
      TQ were found to be distinct from AT, where TQ was found to be a potent inhibitor
      of cell growth and androgenic activity in androgen-responsive prostate cancer
      cells. 

PMID- 26986971
TI  - The 'selfish brain' is regulated by aquaporins and autophagy under nutrient
      deprivation.
AB  - The brain maintains its mass and physiological functional capacity compared with
      other organs under harsh conditions such as starvation, a mechanism termed the
      'selfish brain' theory. To further investigate this phenomenon, mice were
      examined following water and/or food deprivation. Although the body weights of
      the mice, the weight of the organs except the brain and blood glucose levels were
      significantly reduced in the absence of water and/or food, the brain weight
      maintained its original state. Furthermore, no significant differences in the
      water content of the brain or its energy balance were observed when the mice were
      subjected to water and/or food deprivation. To further investigate the mechanism
      underlying the brain maintenance of water and substance homeostasis, the
      expression levels of aquaporins (AQPs) and autophagy-specific protein long-chain
      protein 3 (LC3) were examined. During the process of water and food deprivation,
      no significant differences in the transcriptional levels of AQPs were observed.
      However, autophagy activity levels were initially stimulated, then suppressed in
      a time-dependent manner. LC3 and AQPs have important roles for the survival of
      the brain under conditions of food and water deprivation, which provided further
      understanding of the mechanism underlying the 'selfish brain' phenomenon.
      Although not involved in the energy regulation of the 'selfish brain', AQPs were
      observed to have important roles in water and food deprivation, specifically with
      regards to the control of water content. Additionally, the brain exhibits an
      'unselfish strategy' using autophagy during water and/or food deprivation. The
      present study furthered current understanding of the 'selfish brain' theory, and
      identified additional regulating target genes of AQPs and autophagy, with the aim
      of providing a basis for the prevention of nutrient shortage in humans and
      animals. 

PMID- 26986972
TI  - Effects of intravenous infusion of glycerol on blood parameters and urinary
      glycerol concentrations.
AB  - In sports, the oral intake and intravenous administration of glycerol as a
      potential masking agent have been prohibited. The effect of glycerol on blood
      parameters was investigated by comparing the intravenous administration of
      glycerol (20g/200mL) with that of an electrolyte (8g glucose/200mL) as a
      comparator (n=7, fixed-dose-rate i.v. infusion, 200mL in 1h). This study was also
      designed to evaluate whether the urinary concentrations reached the positivity
      threshold after the intravenous infusion of glycerol. Significant decreases of
      the haemoglobin (HGB, g/dL), haematocrit (HCT, %) and OFF-h Score (OFF-score)
      values were observed after the infusion of glycerol (P<0.05 at 1-6h). The
      differences in the HGB, HCT and OFF-score between pre- and post-administration
      were -0.49+/-0.23g/dL (2h), -1.54+/-0.73% (2h) and -3.89+/-3.66 (2h),
      respectively. Glycerol infusion significantly increased the plasma volume by
      12.1% (1h), 6.3% (2h) and 5.7% (3h) compared with the initial values. The
      infusion of the comparator also increased the plasma volume by 9.6% (1h), 5.8%
      (2h) and 4.9% (3h) compared with the values before infusion. There were no
      significant differences in the change of the plasma volume between the
      intravenous infusions of glycerol and the glucose-based electrolyte (as the
      comparator) (P>=0.05). This finding might indicate that glycerol itself only
      exhibited limited effects on the expansion of plasma. After administration of
      glycerol, the urinary glycerol concentrations increased from 0.0013+/-0.0004mg/mL
      to 6.86+/-2.86mg/mL at 1h and 6.45+/-3.08mg/mL at 2h. The intravenous infusion of
      glycerol can most likely be detected using the current urine analysis; however,
      the dependence of the concentration of urinary glycerol on the urine volume
      should be considered. 

PMID- 26986973
TI  - Post-mortem levels and tissue distribution of codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide,
      norcodeine, morphine and morphine glucuronides in a series of codeine-related
      deaths.
AB  - This article presents levels and tissue distribution of codeine, codeine-6
      glucuronide (C6G), norcodeine, morphine and the morphine metabolites morphine-3
      glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in post-mortem blood
      (peripheral and heart blood), vitreous fluid, muscle, fat and brain tissue in a
      series of 23 codeine-related fatalities. CYP2D6 genotype is also determined and
      taken into account. Quantification of codeine, C6G, norcodeine, morphine, M3G and
      M6G was performed with a validated solid phase extraction LC-MS method. The
      series comprise 19 deaths (83%) attributed to mixed drug intoxication, 4 deaths
      (17%) attributed to other causes of death, and no cases of unambiguous
      monointoxication with codeine. The typical peripheral blood concentration pattern
      in individual cases was C6G?codeine?norcodeine>morphine, and M3G>M6G>morphine. In
      matrices other than blood, the concentration pattern was similar, although in a
      less systematic fashion. Measured concentrations were generally lower in matrices
      other than blood, especially in brain and fat, and in particular for the
      glucuronides (C6G, M3G and M6G) and, to some extent, morphine. In brain tissue,
      the presumed active moieties morphine and M6G were both below the LLOQ
      (0.0080mg/L and 0.058mg/L, respectively) in a majority of cases. In general,
      there was a large variability in both measured concentrations and calculated
      blood/tissue concentration ratios. There was also a large variability in
      calculated ratios of morphine to codeine, C6G to codeine and norcodeine to
      codeine in all matrices, and CYP2D6 genotype was not a reliable predictor of
      these ratios. The different blood/tissue concentration ratios showed no
      systematic relationship with the post-mortem interval. No coherent degradation or
      formation patterns for codeine, morphine, M3G and M6G were observed upon
      reanalysis in peripheral blood after storage. 

PMID- 26986974
TI  - Development of a laboratory test for knicker tearing re-creation studies.
AB  - False sexual assault and rape claims result in wasted forensic and police
      resources and stigma for the alleged offender. In this work a laboratory method
      was developed to (i) recreate the ripping of knickers and (ii) measure the force
      required to rip the garments. The effect of laundering was considered as a means
      to mimic age of garment, and the effect of speed of ripping was used as a measure
      of forcible removal of garments. Whilst laundering resulted in visual damage to
      the thongs, it did not affect the mechanical properties. Faster test speeds
      resulted in higher measured forces and increased levels of damage. This may allow
      comment to be made regarding the level of force used during an attack. 

PMID- 26986975
TI  - Co-Expression of Wild-Type P2X7R with Gln460Arg Variant Alters Receptor Function.
AB  - The P2X7 receptor is a member of the P2X family of ligand-gated ion channels. A
      single-nucleotide polymorphism leading to a glutamine (Gln) by arginine (Arg)
      substitution at codon 460 of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has been
      associated with mood disorders. No change in function (loss or gain) has been
      described for this SNP so far. Here we show that although the P2X7R-Gln460Arg
      variant per se is not compromised in its function, co-expression of wild-type
      P2X7R with P2X7R-Gln460Arg impairs receptor function with respect to calcium
      influx, channel currents and intracellular signaling in vitro. Moreover, co
      immunoprecipitation and FRET studies show that the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant
      physically interacts with P2X7R-WT. Specific silencing of either the normal or
      polymorphic variant rescues the heterozygous loss of function phenotype and
      restores normal function. The described loss of function due to co-expression,
      unique for mutations in the P2RX7 gene so far, explains the mechanism by which
      the P2X7R-Gln460Arg variant affects the normal function of the channel and may
      represent a mechanism of action for other mutations. 

PMID- 26986976
TI  - Characterization of the Treg Response in the Hepatitis B Virus Hydrodynamic
      Injection Mouse Model.
AB  - Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in counter-regulating effector
      T cell responses in many infectious diseases. However, they can also contribute
      to the development of T cell dysfunction and pathogen persistence in chronic
      infections. Tregs have been reported to suppress virus-specific T cell responses
      in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of human patients as well as in HBV animal
      models. However, the phenotype and expansion of Tregs has so far only been
      investigated in other infections, but not in HBV. We therefore performed
      hydrodynamic injections of HBV plasmids into mice and analyzed the Treg response
      in the spleen and liver. Absolute Treg numbers significantly increased in the
      liver but not the spleen after HBV injection. The cells were natural Tregs that
      surprisingly did not show any activation or proliferation in response to the
      infection. However, they were able to suppress effector T cell responses, as
      selective depletion of Tregs significantly increased HBV-specific CD8+ T cell
      responses and accelerated viral antigen clearance. The data implies that natural
      Tregs infiltrate the liver in HBV infection without further activation or
      expansion but are still able to interfere with T cell mediated viral clearance. 

PMID- 26986977
TI  - An Examination of the Association between FOXA1 Staining Level and Biochemical
      Recurrence following Salvage Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Standardly collected clinical and pathological patient information
      has demonstrated only moderate ability to predict risk of biochemical recurrence
      (BCR) of prostate cancer in men undergoing salvage radiation therapy (SRT) for a
      rising PSA after radical prostatectomy (RP). Although elevated FOXA1 staining has
      been associated with poor patient outcomes following RP, it has not been studied
      in the specific setting of SRT after RP. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      the association between FOXA1 staining level and BCR after SRT for recurrent
      prostate cancer. METHODS: A total of 141 men who underwent SRT at our institution
      were included. FOXA1 staining levels in primary tumor samples were detected using
      immunohistochemistry. FOXA1 staining percentage and intensity were measured and
      multiplied together to obtain a FOXA1 H-score (range 0-12) which was our primary
      staining measure. P-values <= 0.0056 were considered as statistically significant
      after applying a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: There
      was not a significant association between FOXA1 H-score and risk of BCR when
      considering H-score as an ordinal variable or as a categorical variable (all P >=
      0.090). Similarly, no significant associations with BCR were observed for FOXA1
      staining percentage or staining intensity (all P >= 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: FOXA1
      staining level does not appear to have a major impact on risk of BCR after SRT.

PMID- 26986981
TI  - A Tribute to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Rudolf Speich.

PMID- 26986980
TI  - The synthesis, lipophilicity and cytotoxic effects of new ruthenium(II) arene
      complexes with chromone derivatives.
AB  - A series of arene ruthenium(II) complexes with the general formula [(eta(6)
      arene)Ru(L)X2] (where arene=p-cymene, benzene, hexamethylbenzene or mesitylene,
      L=aminoflavone or aminochromone derivatives and X=Cl, I) were synthesized and
      characterized by elemental analysis, MS, IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The
      stability of the selected complexes was assessed by UV-Vis spectroscopy in 24
      hour period. The lipophilicity of the synthesized complexes was determined by the
      shake-flask method, and their cytotoxicity evaluated in vitro on patient-derived
      melanoma populations. The most active complexes against melanoma cells contain 7
      aminoflavone and 6-aminoflavone as a ligand. The relationship between the
      cytotoxicity of all the obtained compounds and their logP values was determined
      and briefly analyzed with two different patterns observed.

PMID- 26986978
TI  - Induction Therapy for Locally Advanced, Resectable Esophagogastric Cancer: A
      Phase I Trial of Vandetanib (ZD6474), Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, 5-Fluorouracil,
      and Radiotherapy Followed by Resection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Preoperative chemotherapy and radiation for localized esophageal
      cancer produces cure rates near 30% when combined with surgical resection.
      Vandetanib, a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR-2, VEGFR
      3, RET, and EGFR, demonstrated synergy with radiation and chemotherapy in
      preclinical models. We conducted a phase I study to assess the safety and
      tolerability of vandetanib when combined with preoperative chemoradiation in
      patients with localized esophageal carcinoma who were surgical candidates.
      METHODS: Patients with stage II-III esophageal and gastroesophageal junction
      carcinoma without prior therapy were enrolled in a 3+3 phase I design. Patients
      received once-daily vandetanib (planned dosing levels of 100, 200, and 300 mg)
      with concomitant daily radiotherapy (1.8 Gy/d, 45 Gy total) and chemotherapy,
      consisting of infusional 5-FU (225 mg/m/d over 96 h, weekly), paclitaxel (50
      mg/m, days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29) and carboplatin (AUC of 5, days 1, 29). RESULTS: A
      total 9 patients were enrolled with 8 having either distal esophageal or
      gastroesophageal junction carcinomas. All patients completed the planned
      preoperative chemoradiation and underwent esophagectomy. Nausea (44%) and
      anorexia (44%) were the most common acute toxicities of any grade. One grade 4
      nonhematologic toxicity was observed (gastrobronchial fistula). One additional
      patient suffered a late complication, a fatal aortoenteric hemorrhage, not
      definitively related to the investigational regimen. Five (56%) patients achieved
      a pathologic complete response. Three (33%) additional patients had only
      microscopic residual disease. Five (56%) patients remain alive and disease free
      with a median follow-up of 3.7 years and median overall survival of 3.2 years.
      The maximum tolerated dose was vandetanib 100 mg/d. CONCLUSIONS: Vandetanib at
      100 mg daily is tolerable in combination with preoperative chemotherapy (5-FU,
      paclitaxel, carboplatin) and radiation therapy with encouraging efficacy worthy
      of future study.

PMID- 26986979
TI  - Water-soluble and photo-stable silver(I) dicarboxylate complexes containing 1,10
      phenanthroline ligands: Antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapeutic potential,
      DNA interactions and antioxidant activity.
AB  - The complexes [Ag2(OOC-(CH2)n-COO)] (n=1-10) (1-10) were synthesised and reacted
      with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) to yield derivatives formulating as
      [Ag2(phen)x(OOC-(CH2)y-COO)].zH2O (x=2 or 3; y=1-10; z=1-4) (11-20) which are
      highly water-soluble and photo-stable in aqueous solution. The phen derivatives
      11-20 exhibit chemotherapeutic potential against Candida albicans, Escherichia
      coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and against cisplatin
      sensitive breast (MCF-7) and resistant ovarian (SKOV-3) cancer cell lines. Cyclic
      voltammetric analysis and DNA binding and intercalation studies indicate that the
      mechanism of action of 11-20 is significantly different to that of their
      silver(I) dicarboxylate precursors and they do not induce DNA damage or ROS
      generation in mammalian cells. The representative complexes 9 and 19 (containing
      the undecanedioate ligand) were both found to significantly reduce superoxide and
      hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in the yeast S. cerevisiae.

PMID- 26986983
TI  - Cortical actin and the plasma membrane: inextricably intertwined.
AB  - The plasma membrane serves as a barrier, separating the cell from its external
      environment. Simultaneously it acts as a site for information transduction, entry
      of nutrients, receptor signaling, and adapts to the shape of the cell. This
      requires local control of organization at multiple scales in this heterogeneous
      fluid lipid bilayer with a plethora of proteins and a closely juxtaposed dynamic
      cortical cytoskeleton. New membrane models highlight the influence of the
      underlying cortical actin on the diffusion of membrane components. Myosin motors
      as well as proteins that remodel actin filaments have additionally been
      implicated in defining the organization of many membrane constituents. Here we
      provide a perspective of the intimate relationship of the membrane lipid matrix
      and the underlying cytoskeleton. 

PMID- 26986982
TI  - How could differences in 'control over destiny' lead to socio-economic
      inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living
      environment.
AB  - We conducted the first synthesis of theories on causal associations and pathways
      connecting degree of control in the living environment to socio-economic
      inequalities in health-related outcomes. We identified the main theories about
      how differences in 'control over destiny' could lead to socio-economic
      inequalities in health, and conceptualised these at three distinct explanatory
      levels: micro/personal; meso/community; and macro/societal. These levels are
      interrelated but have rarely been considered together in the disparate
      literatures in which they are located. This synthesis of theories provides new
      conceptual frameworks to contribute to the design and conduct of theory-led
      evaluations of actions to tackle inequalities in health.

PMID- 26986984
TI  - Mechanics of mitochondrial motility in neurons.
AB  - A properly organized, healthy mitochondrial network is critical for preserving
      neuronal form and function. Large, elaborately branched neuronal morphologies,
      energetic demands that fluctuate in time and space, and long neuronal lifespans
      make the distribution of mitochondria in neurons a particularly complex problem.
      Moreover, mitochondrial networks are dynamic systems in which mitochondria grow,
      divide and fuse, move along cytoskeletal filaments, and are degraded in an active
      fashion. Although the molecular mechanisms that govern mitochondrial motility, in
      particular, are increasingly well-characterized, the manner in which these
      mechanisms are coordinated to give rise to the global mitochondrial distribution
      in neurons is less well understood. Here I review several molecular mechanisms
      for mitochondrial motility in the context of a general mechanical framework. In
      this framework, molecular pathways that control mitochondrial movement can be
      reduced to their effects on the balance of forces that act on mitochondria,
      driving and opposing movement. 

PMID- 26986985
TI  - ADAM10 mediates the cell invasion and metastasis of human esophageal squamous
      cell carcinoma via regulation of E-cadherin activity.
AB  - A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) is involved in the tumorigenesis,
      invasion and metastasis of several types of solid tumors. However, the potential
      role of ADAM10 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is not yet well
      understood. The present study showed that ADAM10 was overexpressed in human ESCC
      tissues in vivo, and positively associated with depth of tumor invasion, lymph
      node metastasis and TNM stage, contributing to tumor carcinogenesis, invasion and
      metastasis. Additionally, ADAM10 was overexpressed in 3 types of ESCC cell lines
      in vitro, as compared to that in normal esophageal epithelial cells (NEECs); and
      moreover, ESCC cells with high ADAM10 expression obtained enhanced invasion and
      migration ability. Subsequently, ADAM10 silencing by small interfering (si) RNA
      in ESCC cell line, EC-1, reduced cell invasion, migration and proliferation in
      vitro. Finally, ADAM10 negatively regulated E-cadherin in ESCC in vivo and in
      vitro. In conclusion, active ADAM10 promotes the carcinogenesis, invasion,
      metastasis and proliferation of ESCC and controls invasion and metastasis at
      least in part through the shedding of E-cadherin activity, which makes it a
      potential biomarker and a useful therapeutic target for ESCC.

PMID- 26986987
TI  - Building the Composite Face Lift: A Personal Odyssey.
AB  - This article is a 42-year history of the development of a comprehensive face-lift
      technique by the author. It describes how the composite rhytidectomy has been
      constructed, anatomical area by anatomical area, over the author's lifetime
      career as a plastic surgeon. Over the course of these years, beginning with
      Skoog's 1973 description of using the platysma muscle of the lower face, it
      describes how progressively the other significant structures of anatomy necessary
      to be used in achieving significant rejuvenation have been analyzed by the author
      and in turn surgically repositioned. The theory was based on creating a composite
      flap of the face, keeping the orbicularis oculi muscle, facial platysma muscle,
      and cheek fat in their normal anatomical and intimate relationship with each
      other by using the skin as the carriage. In addition, differences of vectors
      between the composite rhytidectomy and traditional techniques are demonstrated.
      The gradual and persistent pursuit of periorbital rejuvenation using the lower
      eyelid fat and the septal orbitale is described. Each of the anatomical
      structures involved and the description of their importance and surgical
      execution have been published over the surgical career of the author, including
      use of the same principles for reversing suboptimal face-lift results. 

PMID- 26986986
TI  - Modeling Granulomas in Response to Infection in the Lung.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages play a large role in the innate immune response of the lung.
      However, when these highly immune-regulatory cells are unable to eradicate
      pathogens, the adaptive immune system, which includes activated macrophages and
      lymphocytes, particularly T cells, is called upon to control the pathogens. This
      collection of immune cells surrounds, isolates and quarantines the pathogen,
      forming a small tissue structure called a granuloma for intracellular pathogens
      like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the present work we develop a
      mathematical model of the dynamics of a granuloma by a system of partial
      differential equations. The 'strength' of the adaptive immune response to
      infection in the lung is represented by a parameter alpha, the flux rate by which
      T cells and M1 macrophages that immigrated from the lymph nodes enter into the
      granuloma through its boundary. The parameter alpha is negatively correlated with
      the 'switching time', namely, the time it takes for the number of M1 type
      macrophages to surpass the number of infected, M2 type alveolar macrophages.
      Simulations of the model show that as alpha increases the radius of the granuloma
      and bacterial load in the granuloma both decrease. The model is used to determine
      the efficacy of potential host-directed therapies in terms of the parameter
      alpha, suggesting that, with fixed dosing level, an infected individual with a
      stronger immune response will receive greater benefits in terms of reducing the
      bacterial load. 

PMID- 26986988
TI  - Generating an Engineered Adipose Tissue Flap Using an External Suspension Device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The tissue-engineering chamber technique can generate large volumes
      of adipose tissue, which provides a potential solution for the complex
      reconstruction of large soft-tissue defects. However, major drawbacks of this
      technique are the foreign-body reaction and the volume limitation imposed by the
      chamber. METHODS: In this study, the authors developed a novel tissue-engineering
      method using a specially designed external suspension device that generates an
      optimized volume of adipose flap and avoids the implantation of foreign material.
      The rabbits were processed using two different tissue-engineering methods, the
      external suspension device technique and the traditional tissue-engineering
      chamber technique. RESULTS: The adipose flaps generated by the external
      suspension device had a normal adipose tissue structure that was as good as that
      generated by the traditional tissue-engineering chamber, but the flap volume was
      much larger. The final volume of the engineered adipose flap grew between weeks 0
      and 36 from 5.1 ml to 30.7 ml in the traditional tissue-engineering chamber group
      and to 80.5 ml in the external suspension device group. During the generation
      process, there were no marked differences between the two methods in terms of
      structural and cellular changes of the flap, except that the flaps in the
      traditional tissue-engineering chamber group had a thicker capsule at the early
      stage. In addition, the enlarged flaps generated by the external suspension
      device could be reshaped into specific shapes by the implant chamber.
      CONCLUSIONS: This minimally invasive external suspension device technique can
      generate large-volume adipose flaps. Combined with a reshaping method, this
      technique should facilitate clinical application of adipose tissue engineering.

PMID- 26986989
TI  - Hospital Quality and Performance of a Complex Surgical Procedure after Traumatic
      Digit Amputation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traumatic digit amputations are prevalent injuries that have long
      term disabling consequences. Although replantation after traumatic digit
      amputation is a complex procedure, the aesthetic, functional, and long-term
      economic benefits of replantation render it preferable to revision amputation
      when clinically indicated. The authors adapted the Donabedian quality-of-care
      conceptual framework to examine the association between hospital outcome quality
      measured by observed-to-expected mortality ratio and the treatment received after
      traumatic digit amputation. The authors hypothesized that the probability of
      undergoing replantation is higher in hospitals with lower observed-to-expected
      mortality ratios. METHODS: Data from 106 qualified Level I and II trauma centers
      included in the 2007 to 2012 National Trauma Data Bank were used to estimate
      hospital-specific observed-to-expected mortality ratio. The authors then used a
      two-level logistic hierarchical model, adjusting for patient, clinical, and
      hospital characteristics, to examine whether observed-to-expected mortality
      ratio, as one of the commonly used hospital quality measures, is a predictor of
      the treatment received for 4169 patients with traumatic digit amputation.
      RESULTS: Compared with trauma centers with high observed-to-expected mortality
      ratios, the probability of undergoing replantation was substantially higher in
      trauma centers with low observed-to-expected mortality ratios (OR, 5.09; 95
      percent CI, 2.51 to 10.30; p < 0.001). Seeking care at hospitals with more than
      400 beds increased the probability of digit replantation (OR, 2.08; 95 percent
      CI, 1.08 to 4.01; p = 0.029). Having no insurance decreased the odds of
      undergoing replantation (OR, 0.70; 95 percent CI, 0.53 to 0.91; p = 0.009).
      CONCLUSIONS: Hospital observed-to-expected mortality ratio was the greatest
      predictor of undergoing replantation after digit amputation injury. The observed
      to-expected mortality ratio, as an outcome measure of hospital quality, is an
      important predictor of the treatment received.

PMID- 26986990
TI  - Analyzing Regional Differences over a 15-Year Trend of One-Stage versus Two-Stage
      Breast Reconstruction in 941,191 Postmastectomy Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Implant-based reconstruction is the predominant form of breast
      reconstruction, with the two-stage tissue expander/implant approach being the
      most popular. Recently, the direct-to-implant, one-stage breast reconstruction
      procedure has gained momentum. In this study, national and regional trends across
      the United States for the two different types of implant-based reconstructions
      were evaluated. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to
      extrapolate data on type of mastectomy, implant-based reconstructive technique
      (one-stage or two-stage), and sociodemographic and hospital variables.
      Differences were assessed using the chi-square test, impact of variables on
      reconstructive method was analyzed using logistic regression, and trends were
      analyzed using the Cochrane-Armitage test. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2012, a
      total of 1,444,587 patients treated for breast cancer or at increased risk of
      breast cancer met the defined selection criteria. Of these, 194,377 patients
      underwent implant-based breast reconstruction (13.6 percent one-stage and 86.4
      percent two-stage). In both, there was a significant increase in procedures
      performed over time (p < 0.001). The highest increase in both was seen in the
      Northeast region of the United States, and the lowest increase was seen in the
      South. When stratified into regions, analysis showed differences in socioeconomic
      and hospital characteristics within the different regions. CONCLUSIONS: There is
      an observed increase in the number of one-stage and two-stage breast
      reconstructions being performed. Sociodemographic and hospital factors of
      influence vary in the different regions of the United States. This study provides
      important information for clinicians and policy makers who seek to ensure
      equitable and appropriate access for patient to the different types of implant
      based procedures.

PMID- 26986991
TI  - A Novel Approach to Keloid Reconstruction with Bilaminar Dermal Substitute and
      Epidermal Skin Grafting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Keloids represent a challenging problem. Surgical excision remains
      the definitive treatment for immediate lesion debulking, but recurrence rates are
      reported to be 45 to 100 percent. The authors present a staged reconstructive
      approach using a dermal regeneration substrate and epidermal grafting to minimize
      recurrence and donor-site morbidity. METHODS: Keloids were completely excised
      down to normal subcutaneous tissue or perichondrium. A bilaminar dermal
      regeneration matrix was approximated to the entire wound, with the silicone
      lamina oriented superficially. Reconstruction was delayed for at least 21 days to
      allow for neodermal ingrowth. The silicone lamina was then removed, and an
      epidermal skin graft was harvested from the thigh and secured to the neodermis
      with nonocclusive dressing. Reconstructed defects and donor sites were assessed
      for recurrence of keloids and scar appearance. RESULTS: Five patients underwent
      treatment; two had keloids involving the superior helix of the ear (average area,
      2.6 cm), two had keloids involving the chest (average area, 28 cm), and one had a
      keloid in the pubic region (area, 10 cm). All had failed at least one previous
      treatment with direct excision and steroid injections. Mean follow-up was 48.8
      weeks (range, 38 to 60 weeks). Average time to complete wound epithelialization
      was 5.5 weeks. There were no infections or cellulitis. All reconstructed defects
      were aesthetically acceptable and remained flat without significant widening.
      There were no long-term complaints of pruritus or pain and there was no evidence
      of donor-site scarring. CONCLUSIONS: Epidermal grafting provides significant
      advantages when used with a dermal regeneration matrix. This approach obviates
      reliance on skin creep and flap undermining to achieve primary closure. Exclusion
      of dermis and significant extracellular matrix components limits contracture,
      further facilitating tension-free wound healing. Scarring response within the
      donor site and graft is also minimized. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Therapeutic, IV.

PMID- 26986992
TI  - Molecular Turnstiles Regulated by Metal Ions.
AB  - A family of novel molecular turnstiles 1-3 composed of two stators with pyridyl
      binding sites and a different-sized triptycene rotor was synthesized. The
      molecular turnstiles behave in an open state at room temperature in the absence
      of metal ions but display significantly different closed states in the presence
      of Ag(+) and Pd(2+). The Ag(+)-mediated turnstiles 1-3Ag exhibited closed states
      but unreadable bistability at ambient temperature because the Ag(+)-mediated
      macrocyclic framework is not able to restrict the rotations of the rotors; while
      temperature was decreased, the macrocyclic frameworks became stable enough to
      halt the rotations of the rotors, eventually leading to the readable closed
      states for 1-3Ag. In contrast, Pd(2+)-mediated macrocyclic frameworks are stable,
      giving rise to a detectable closed state of turnstiles 1-3Pd in a wide range of
      temperatures. These findings have also been supported by DFT calculations. 

PMID- 26986993
TI  - The impact of detraining on cardiac autonomic function and specific endurance and
      muscle power performances of high-level endurance runners.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of four weeks of
      training cessation (TC) on specific endurance performance, resting and
      postexercise heart rate variability (HRV) and neuromuscular capacities of high
      level endurance runners. METHODS: Eighteen endurance runners, 8 men and 10 women
      (25.5+/-7.5 years; 166.9+/-7.6 cm; 54.2+/-6.9 kg), took part in this study. The
      3000 m time trial performance, resting HRV, 5'-5' test, squat and countermovement
      jumps (SJ and CMJ, respectively) and mean propulsive power in the jump squat
      exercise relative to body mass (MPP JS REL) were performed pre and immediately
      following the 4-week TC. The inference based on magnitudes were used to analyze
      the differences between pre and post values. RESULTS: The time in the 3000 m time
      trial was almost certainly higher after TC. A very likely decrease was noticed in
      the resting HRV Index after the TC period. The differences in all variables
      analyzed during the 5'-5' test were rated as unclear. No differences were
      observed in SJ and CMJ comparing the pre and post moments of TC, while the MPP JS
      REL was very likely improved after the TC period. CONCLUSIONS: The resting HRV
      accompanied the reductions in the specific endurance performance while the 5'-5'
      test variables did not. The lack of training stimulus led to improvement in the
      MPP JS REL, possibly due to the withdrawal of specific endurance training, which
      strongly concurs with neuromuscular performance.

PMID- 26986994
TI  - Negative Poisson's Ratio in Single-Layer Graphene Ribbons.
AB  - The Poisson's ratio characterizes the resultant strain in the lateral direction
      for a material under longitudinal deformation. Though negative Poisson's ratios
      (NPR) are theoretically possible within continuum elasticity, they are most
      frequently observed in engineered materials and structures, as they are not
      intrinsic to many materials. In this work, we report NPR in single-layer graphene
      ribbons, which results from the compressive edge stress induced warping of the
      edges. The effect is robust, as the NPR is observed for graphene ribbons with
      widths smaller than about 10 nm, and for tensile strains smaller than about 0.5%
      with NPR values reaching as large as -1.51. The NPR is explained analytically
      using an inclined plate model, which is able to predict the Poisson's ratio for
      graphene sheets of arbitrary size. The inclined plate model demonstrates that the
      NPR is governed by the interplay between the width (a bulk property), and the
      warping amplitude of the edge (an edge property), which eventually yields a phase
      diagram determining the sign of the Poisson's ratio as a function of the graphene
      geometry. 

PMID- 26986996
TI  - Luigi Provasoli Award Recipients.

PMID- 26986995
TI  - Extended-interval gentamicin administration in neonates: a simplified approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Gentamicin dosing is highly variable and remains complicated in the
      neonatal population. Traditional dosing in our unit resulted in an excessive
      number of elevated trough serum gentamicin levels. We hypothesized that one
      uniform gentamicin dose for neonates of all gestational ages will reduce the
      incidence of elevated trough levels from 50 to 10%. STUDY DESIGN: Our
      prospective, randomized, controlled trial enrolled eligible neonates into two
      groups, according to gestational age (?34 6/7 (group I) and >35 0/7 weeks (group
      II)). Patients in the study arm received a dose of gentamicin 5 mg kg(-1)
      intravenous (i.v.) every 36 h, whereas patients in the control arm received
      traditional dosage. Patients were monitored for resolution of infection, serum
      gentamicin levels and adverse effects. We confirmed our findings in a follow-up
      study. Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis.
      RESULTS: We enrolled 96 neonates, 50 in group I (n=25 per arm) and 46 in group II
      (n=23 per arm). Elevated trough levels were reduced by 66% in group I (P=0.61)
      and 100% in group II (P=0.0015). In the study arm of both groups, 48/49 neonates
      had Cmin serum gentamicin concentration (SGC) <2 mg l(-1) and the majority had a
      trough SGC <1 mg l(-1) (P<0.0001). The study dose resulted in maximum gentamicin
      levels in the goal range and a 50% reduction in dosage modifications. There were
      no treatment failures or adverse effects. Our follow-up study phase confirmed
      these results. CONCLUSION: A standardized gentamicin dosage of 5 mg kg(-1) i.v.
      every 36 h to neonates of all gestational ages was safe and resulted in SGCs in
      goal therapeutic ranges. The implications of this simplified gentamicin dosage
      are to reduce health-care costs by less frequent dosing of gentamicin and
      reducing medication errors in physician prescribing from complicated dosing
      schemes.

PMID- 26986997
TI  - Interspecific plastidial recombination in the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia.
AB  - Plastids are usually uni-parentally inherited and genetic recombination between
      these organelles is seldom observed. The genus Pseudo-nitzschia, a globally
      relevant marine diatom, features bi-parental plastid inheritance in the course of
      sexual reproduction. This observation inspired the recombination detection we
      pursued in this paper over a ~1,400-nucleotide-long region of the plastidial
      rbcL, a marker used in both molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic studies in
      diatoms. Among all the rbcL-sequences available in web-databases for Pseudo
      nitzschia, 42 haplotypes were identified and grouped in five clusters by Bayesian
      phylogeny. Signs of hybridization were evident in four of five clusters, at both
      intra- and interspecific levels, suggesting that, in diatoms, (i) plastidial
      recombination is not absent and (ii) hybridization can play a role in speciation
      of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. 

PMID- 26986999
TI  - The surprising world of cyanobacteria: cylindrospermopsin has a soil face.

PMID- 26986998
TI  - Why we need more algal metagenomes(1).
AB  - A recent perspective article ably argued that fully sequencing more algal genomes
      would enable progress in diverse areas of fundamental and applied studies. More
      algal genomes would add resources needed to build well-supported phylogenies,
      improve our understanding of how horizontal gene transfer has influenced the
      evolution of algal genomes, provide useful ecological insights, and generate
      information essential to manipulating the genomes of industrially useful algae
      (J. Phycol. 51:1). We agree that more algal genomes would be quite beneficial,
      and also propose that more algal metagenomes would enable progress in both
      predictable and unforeseen directions. 

PMID- 26987000
TI  - A combined morphological, ultrastructural, molecular, and biochemical study of
      the peculiar family Gomontiellaceae (Oscillatoriales) reveals a new
      cylindrospermopsin-producing clade of cyanobacteria.
AB  - Members of the morphologically unusual cyanobacterial family Gomontiellaceae were
      studied using a polyphasic approach. Cultured strains of Hormoscilla
      pringsheimii, Starria zimbabweensis, Crinalium magnum, and Crinalium epipsammum
      were thoroughly examined, and the type specimen of the family, Gomontiella
      subtubulosa, was investigated. The results of morphological observations using
      both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were consistent with
      previous reports and provided evidence for the unique morphological and
      ultrastructural traits of this family. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed
      the monophyletic origin of non-marine repre-sentatives of genera traditionally
      classified into this family. The family was phylogenetically placed among other
      groups of filamentous cyanobacterial taxa. The presence of cellulose in the cell
      wall was analyzed and confirmed in all cultured Gomontiellaceae members using
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Evaluation
      of toxins produced by the studied strains revealed the hepatotoxin
      cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in available strains of the genus Hormoscilla.
      Production of this compound in both Hormoscilla strains was detected using high
      performance liquid chromatography in tandem with high resolution mass
      spectrometry and confirmed by positive PCR amplification of the cyrJ gene from
      the CYN biosynthetic cluster. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CYN
      production by soil cyanobacteria, establishing a previously unreported CYN
      producing lineage. This study indicates that cyanobacteria of the family
      Gomontiellaceae form a separate but coherent cluster defined by numerous
      intriguing morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical features, and
      exhibiting a toxic potential worthy of further investigation. 

PMID- 26987001
TI  - Seasonal succession of the travertine-forming desmid Oocardium stratum.
AB  - The calcifying Conjugatophyte Oocardium stratum occurs exclusively in spring
      associated limestones (SAL) with active meteogene limestone deposition. The
      macroscopic colonies of Oocardium stratum form hemispherical, pinhead-like
      structures with a diameter of 0.5-2.0 mm. As its autecology is still poorly
      understood, we focused on the seasonal development of Oocardium stratum and
      linked environmental factors to its abundance. The study was conducted in a
      rivulet in Lunz/See (Austria) for 16 months on a weekly (growing season) to
      monthly (winter season) basis. Oocardium colonies were found throughout the whole
      year, with maximum abundance during the mid-summer months July and August.
      Repeated macro-mapping of three SAL sites measuring 750 cm(2) each showed a
      maximum Oocardium cover of around 30% in August; two smaller peaks developed in
      early summer and late autumn with ~10% cover. Diatom mats dominated by Cymbella
      excisiformis occurred in spring, autumn and winter, with more than 75% cover. The
      seasonal change between Oocardium and diatoms in limestone-precipitating springs
      causes a typical sequence pattern of limestone layers. Redundancy analysis
      revealed water temperature and bicarbonate content as the main structuring
      factors; these control the occurrence and growth of Oocardium, reflecting season
      as a background variable. Optimum growth conditions for Oocardium were an
      alkalinity around 4.7 meq . L(-1) and a water temperature around 13 degrees C.
      Site openness, nitrate and dissolved carbon dioxide were inversely related to
      Oocardium biomass, the opposite for diatoms. Other environmental factors such as
      total ions or soluble reactive phosphorus had no significant influence on
      Oocardium stratum abundance. 

PMID- 26987003
TI  - Insight into glucosidase II from the red marine microalga Porphyridium sp.
      (Rhodophyta).
AB  - N-glycosylation of proteins is one of the most important post-translational
      modifications that occur in various organisms, and is of utmost importance for
      protein function, stability, secretion, and loca-lization. Although the N-linked
      glycosylation pathway of proteins has been extensively characterized in mammals
      and plants, not much information is available regarding the N-glycosylation
      pathway in algae. We studied the alpha 1,3-glucosidase glucosidase II (GANAB)
      glycoenzyme in a red marine microalga Porphyridium sp. (Rhodophyta) using
      bioinformatic and biochemical approaches. The GANAB-gene was found to be highly
      conserved evolutionarily (compo-sed of all the common features of alpha and beta
      subunits) and to exhibit similar motifs consistent with that of homolog
      eukaryotes GANAB genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its wide distribution
      across an evolutionarily vast range of organisms; while the alpha subunit is
      highly conserved and its phylogenic tree is similar to the taxon evolutionary
      tree, the beta subunit is less conserved and its pattern somewhat differs from
      the taxon tree. In addition, the activity of the red microalgal GANAB enzyme was
      studied, including functional and biochemical characterization using a bioassay,
      indicating that the enzyme is similar to other eukaryotes ortholog GANAB enzymes.
      A correlation between polysaccharide production and GANAB activity, indicating
      its involvement in polysaccharide biosynthesis, is also demonstrated. This study
      represents a valuable contribution toward understanding the N-glycosylation and
      polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in red microalgae. 

PMID- 26987002
TI  - Examination of the structures of several glycerolipids from marine macroalgae by
      NMR and GC-MS.
AB  - Several classes of glycerolipids were isolated from the total lipids of the algae
      Saccharina cichorioides, Eualaria fistulosa, Fucus evanescens, Sargassum
      pallidum, Silvetia babingtonii (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), Tichocarpus crinitus,
      and Neorhodomela larix (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae). The structures of these
      lipids were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, including
      1D ((1) H and (13) C) and 2D (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) experiments. All of the
      investigated algae included common galactolipids and sulfonoglycolipids as the
      major glycolipids. Minor glycolipids isolated from S. cichorioides, T. crinitus,
      and N. laris were identified as lyso-galactolipids with a polar group consisted
      of the galactose. Comparison of the (1) H NMR data of minor nonpolar lipids
      isolated from the extracts of the brown algae S. pallidum and F. evanescens with
      the (1) H NMR data of other lipids allowed them to be identified as
      diacylglycerols. The structures of betaine lipids isolated from brown algae were
      confirmed by NMR for the first time. The fatty acid compositions of the isolated
      lipids were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 26987004
TI  - Balechina and the new genus Cucumeridinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), unarmored
      dinoflagellates with thick cell coverings.
AB  - The genus Balechina (=subgenus Pachydinium) was established for heterotrophic
      gymnodinioid dinoflagellates with a thick cell covering. The type species, B.
      pachydermata (=Gymnodinium pachyderm-atum), showed numerous fine longitudinal
      striae, whereas B. coerulea (=G. coeruleum) showed ~24 prominent longitudinal
      surface ridges or furrows and a distinctive blue pigmentation. We have
      investigated the morphology and molecular phylogeny of these taxa and the species
      Gymnodinium cucumis, G. lira and G. amphora from the western Mediterranean,
      Brazil and Japan. Sudden contractions at the cingulum level were seen in B.
      pachydermata, which also showed a high morphological variability which included
      morphotypes that have been described as Amphidinium vasculum, G. amphora, G.
      dogielii and G. gracile sensu Kofoid and Swezy. Molecular phylogeny based on
      small subunit rRNA gene sequences revealed that Balechina coerulea, G. cucumis
      and G. lira formed a clade distantly related to the clade of the type species, B.
      pachydermata, and G. amphora. We propose the new genus Cucumeridinium for the
      species with longitudinal ridges and a circular apical groove (Cucumeridinium
      coeruleum comb. nov., C. lira comb. nov. and C. cucumis comb. nov.), and
      Gymnodinium canus and G. costatum are considered synonyms of C. coeruleum. The
      genus Balechina remains for the species with a double-layer cell covering, bossed
      surface with fine striae, and an elongated elliptical apical groove. At present,
      the genus is monotypic containing only B. pachydermata.

PMID- 26987006
TI  - Seasonal differences in the effects of oscillatory and uni-directional flow on
      the growth and nitrate-uptake rates of juvenile Laminaria digitata
      (Phaeophyceae).
AB  - The influence of oscillatory versus unidirectional flow on the growth and nitrate
      uptake rates of juvenile kelp, Laminaria digitata, was determined seasonally in
      experimental treatments that simulated as closely as possible natural
      environmental conditions. In winter, regardless of flow condition (oscillatory
      and unidirectional) or water velocity, no influence of water motion was observed
      on the growth rate of L. digitata. In summer, when ambient nitrate concentrations
      were low, increased water motion enhanced macroalgal growth, which is assumed to
      be related to an increase in the rate of supply of nutrients to the blade
      surface. Nitrate-uptake rates were significantly influenced by water motion and
      season. Lowest nitrate-uptake rates were observed for velocities <5 cm . s(-1)
      and nitrate-uptake rates increased by 20%-50% under oscillatory motion compared
      to unidirectional flow at the same average speed. These data further suggested
      that the diffusion boundary layer played a significant role in influencing
      nitrate-uptake rates. However, while increased nitrate-uptake in oscillatory flow
      was clear, this was not reflected in growth rates and further work is required to
      understand the disconnection of nitrate-uptake and growth by L. digitata in
      oscillatory flow. The data obtained support those from related field-based
      studies, which suggest that in summer, when insufficient nitrogen is available in
      the water to saturate metabolic demand, the growth rate of kelps will be
      influenced by water motion restricting mass transfer of nitrogen. 

PMID- 26987005
TI  - Microsensor studies on Padina from a natural CO2 seep: implications of morphology
      on acclimation to low pH.
AB  - Low seawater pH can be harmful to many calcifying marine organisms, but the
      calcifying macroalgae Padina spp. flourish at natural submarine carbon dioxide
      seeps where seawater pH is low. We show that the microenvironment created by the
      rolled thallus margin of Padina australis facilitates supersaturation of CaCO3
      and calcifi-cation via photosynthesis-induced elevated pH. Using microsensors to
      investigate oxygen and pH dynamics in the microenvironment of P. australis at a
      shallow CO2 seep, we found that, under saturating light, the pH inside the
      microenvironment (pHME ) was higher than the external seawater (pHSW ) at all
      pHSW levels investigated, and the difference (i.e., pHME - pHSW ) increased with
      decreasing pHSW (0.9 units at pHSW 7.0). Gross photosynthesis (Pg ) inside the
      microenvironment increased with decreasing pHSW , but algae from the control site
      reached a threshold at pH 6.5. Seep algae showed no pH threshold with respect to
      Pg within the pHSW range investigated. The external carbonic anhydrase (CA)
      inhibitor, acetazolamide, strongly inhibited Pg of P. australis at pHSW 8.2, but
      the effect was diminished under low pHSW (6.4-7.5), suggesting a greater
      dependence on membrane-bound CA for the dehydration of HCO3 (-) ions during
      dissolved inorganic carbon uptake at the higher pHSW . In comparison, a
      calcifying green alga, Halimeda cuneata f. digitata, was not inhibited by AZ,
      suggesting efficient bicarbonate transport. The ability of P. australis to
      elevate pHME at the site of calcification and its strong dependence on CA may
      explain why it can thrive at low pHSW . 

PMID- 26987007
TI  - Different strategies of energy storage in cultured and freshly isolated
      Symbiodinium sp.
AB  - The endosymbiotic relationship between cnidarians and Symbiodinium is critical
      for the survival of coral reefs. In this study, we developed a protocol to
      rapidly and freshly separate Symbiodinium from corals and sea anemones.
      Furthermore, we compared these freshly-isolated Symbiodinium with cultured
      Symbiodinium to investigate host and Symbiodinium interaction. Clade B
      Symbiodinium had higher starch content and lower lipid content than those of
      clades C and D in both freshly isolated and cultured forms. Clade C had the
      highest lipid content, particularly when associated with corals. Moreover, the
      coral-associated Symbiodinium had higher protein content than did cultured and
      sea anemone-associated Symbiodinium. Regarding fatty acid composition, cultured
      Symbiodinium and clades B, C, and D shared similar patterns, whereas sea anemone
      associated Symbiodinium had a distinct pattern compared coral-associated
      Symbiodinium. Specifically, the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were lower
      than those of the saturated fatty acids, and the level of polyunsaturated fatty
      acids (PUFAs) were the highest in all examined Symbiodinium. Furthermore, PUFAs
      levels were higher in coral-associated Symbiodinium than in cultured
      Symbiodinium. These results altogether indicated that different Symbiodinium
      clades used different energy storage strategies, which might be modified by
      hosts. 

PMID- 26987008
TI  - New diagnostic characters for the order Sporolithales (Corallinophycidae,
      Rhodophyta).
AB  - The diagnosis of the order Sporolithales is currently restricted to
      tetrasporangial anatomy. Until recently, there were few reports about
      gametangial, and more specifically carposporangial material for the
      Sporolithales. This study provides the first detailed observations of the anatomy
      of the mature carposporophyte phase from three species of Sporolithales commonly
      found in rhodolith beds from Brazil: Sporolithon episporum, S. ptychoides, and
      Sporolithon sp. Using these observations, along with previously published
      descriptions and illustrations from other representative species in the order, a
      comparison was made with the other three orders (Corallinales, Hapalidiales, and
      Rhodogorgonales) of the Corallinophycidae. We amend the diagnosis of the order
      Sporolithales to include the anatomy of the mature carposporophyte as follows:
      carposporangial conceptacles that lack a central fusion cell, but instead with
      numerous, short, one to two-celled, filaments that bear oblong terminal
      carposporangia that are distributed across the conceptacle chamber floor and
      walls. 

PMID- 26987009
TI  - Delimiting species in the Phacus longicauda complex (Euglenida) through
      morphological and molecular analyses.
AB  - Although Phacus longicauda is the type species of the genus Phacus and one of the
      most common species among autotrophic euglenids, its correct identification is
      nearly impossible. Over 30 morphologically similar taxa appear in the literature,
      but there are no good diagnostic features to distinguish them. Using
      environmental sampling and whole genome amplification, we delimited species
      within the Phacus longicauda complex. Morphological and molecular characters were
      analyzed for 36 strains isolated from environmental samples (mainly from Poland).
      DNA was obtained from a small number of cells (20-30) isolated with a
      micropipette from every sample (i.e., without setting up laboratory cultures),
      and phylogenetic analyses were based on variation in nSSU rDNA. Apart from Phacus
      longicauda, three other species (Phacus circumflexus, Phacus helikoides, and
      Phacus tortus) were distinguished. Phacus cordata comb. nov. Zakrys et M.
      Lukomska and Phacus rotunda comb. nov. Zakrys et M. Lukomska had their taxonomic
      ranks changed and two species new to science, Phacus cristatus sp. nov. Zakrys et
      M. Lukomska and Phacus crassus sp. nov. Zakrys et M. Lukomska, were described.
      For all verified species, diagnostic descriptions were amended and epitypes
      designated. 

PMID- 26987010
TI  - Etheliaceae fam. nov. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), with a clarification of the
      generitype of Ethelia and the addition of six novel species from warm waters.
AB  - Based upon COI-5P, LSU rDNA, and rbcL sequence data and morphological
      characteristics, six new members of the noncalcified crustose genus of red algae
      Ethelia are described in a new family, Etheliaceae (Gigartinales), sister to the
      recently described Ptilocladiopsidaceae. The novel species are described from
      subtropical to tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Ocean basins; E. mucronata sp.
      nov. and E. denizotii sp. nov. from southern and northern Western Australia
      respectively, E. wilcei sp. nov. from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands of Australia,
      E. suluensis sp. nov. from the Philippines, E. umbricola sp. nov. from Bermuda
      and E. kraftii sp. nov. from Lord Howe Island, Australia. The generitype, Ethelia
      biradiata, originally reported from the Seychelles, Indian Ocean, is added to the
      Western Australian flora. 

PMID- 26987012
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26987011
TI  - Chodatodesmus australis sp. nov. (Scenedesmaceae, Chlorophyta) from Antarctica,
      with the emended description of the genus Chodatodesmus, and circumscription of
      Flechtneria rotunda gen. et sp. nov.
AB  - The family Scenedesmaceae is a taxonomically complicated group due to its simple
      morphology, high phenotypic plasticity, and the presence of cryptic taxa. Over
      the years several taxonomic revisions, based on molecular data, affected the
      family. Here, we describe a new scenedesmacean species from Antarctica,
      Chodatodesmus australis, based on phylogenetic analyses of data from nuclear
      (ITS2 spacer, 18S rDNA), and plastid (rbcL, tufA) markers. Morphological (LM and
      SEM) and ultrastructural (TEM) observations, carried out both on the holotype of
      C. australis and on the generitype of Chodatodesmus, allow us to emend the
      original generic description of this genus. Our molecular and phylogenetic data
      also reveal the existence of a new monotypic genus, Flechtneria, inside the
      family Scenedesmaceae and lead to the taxonomic reassignment of some microalgal
      strains available in International Culture Collections to new taxa. Of the
      considered genomic regions, the tufA gene was the easiest to amplify and sequence
      and it showed the highest phylogenetic signal, even if the number of sequences
      already available for this marker in the public databases was considerably lower
      than for the other chosen loci. The rbcL gene also provided good phylogenetic
      signal, but its amplification and sequencing were generally more problematic. The
      nuclear markers gave lower phylogenetic signals, but the 18S rDNA allowed
      distinction at the genus level and the ITS2 spacer had the advantage that
      secondary structures could be considered in the analyses. The use of more than
      one molecular locus is suggested to obtain reliable results in the
      characterization of scenedesmacean strains. 

PMID- 26987013
TI  - A New Series of Orally Bioavailable Chemokine Receptor 9 (CCR9) Antagonists;
      Possible Agents for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
AB  - Chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), a cell surface chemokine receptor which belongs to
      the G protein-coupled receptor, 7-trans-membrane superfamily, is expressed on
      lymphocytes in the circulation and is the key chemokine receptor that enables
      these cells to target the intestine. It has been proposed that CCR9 antagonism
      represents a means to prevent the aberrant immune response of inflammatory bowel
      disease in a localized and disease specific manner and one which is accessible to
      small molecule approaches. One possible reason why clinical studies with
      vercirnon, a prototype CCR9 antagonist, were not successful may be due to a
      relatively poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profile for the molecule. We wish to
      describe work aimed at producing new, orally active CCR9 antagonists based on the
      1,3-dioxoisoindoline skeleton. This study led to a number of compounds that were
      potent in the nanomolar range and which, on optimization, resulted in several
      possible preclinical development candidates with excellent PK properties. 

PMID- 26987014
TI  - Ferrocene-Modified Phospholipid: An Innovative Precursor for Redox-Triggered Drug
      Delivery Vesicles Selective to Cancer Cells.
AB  - Controlled payload release is one of the key elements in the creation of a
      reliable drug delivery system. We report the discovery of a drug delivery vessel
      able to transport chemotherapeutic agents to target cancer cells and selectively
      trigger their release using the electrochemical activity of a ferrocene-modified
      phospholipid. Supported by in vitro assays, the competitive advantages of this
      discovery are (i) the simple one step scalability of the synthetic process, (ii)
      the stable encapsulation of toxic drugs (doxorubicin) during transport, and (iii)
      the selective redox triggering of the liposomes to harness their cytotoxic
      payload at the cancer site. Specifically, the redox-modified giant unilamellar
      vesicle and liposomes were characterized using advanced methods such as scanning
      electrochemical microscopy (SECM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
      dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescent imaging.

PMID- 26987015
TI  - Quantitative Assessment of Cochlear Histopathologic Findings in Patients With
      Suppurative Labyrinthitis.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Better understanding of the effects of suppurative labyrinthitis (SL)
      on cochlear elements will aid the development of new approaches to treat its
      sequelae and complications in the ear. OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the
      effects of SL on cochlear elements in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      A comparative study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center from
      October 20, 2014, to January 3, 2015, of the histopathologic characteristics of
      28 archived human temporal bone samples from 19 deceased patients with SL and 20
      temporal bone samples from 14 deceased, age-matched controls. EXPOSURES:
      Evaluation of archived human temporal bone samples. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      The locations of SL in the inner ear and the degree of endolymphatic hydrops were
      noted; the area of the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament in all turns of
      the cochlea at the midmodiolar level and in the adjacent 2 sections were
      measured; and the number of remaining outer and inner hair cells of the cochlea
      were counted to calculate the loss of both types of cells. To evaluate the loss
      of fibrocytes in the spiral ligament, a rating scale in each cochlear turn was
      used. For each segment of the cochlea, the number of spiral ganglion cells was
      determined. Outcomes between the group with SL and the control group were
      compared. RESULTS: Of the 28 temporal bone samples from the 19 deceased patients
      (16 men and 3 women; mean [SD] age, 23.1 [24.6] years) with SL, all showed SL in
      the scala tympani of the basal turn. In the group with SL vs the control group,
      the mean (SD) loss of outer hair cells was significantly higher in the lower
      (28.6% [11.4%] vs 12.4% [6.2%]; P = .02) and upper (22.3% [9.7%] vs 8.8% [3.2%];
      P = .01) basal cochlear turn, the mean (SD) loss of inner hair cells was
      significantly higher in the lower (15.4% [6.7%] vs 2.6% [1.1%]; P = .02) and
      upper (10.6% [4.6%] vs 2.2% [0.7%]; P = .03) basal cochlear turn, the mean (SD)
      total number of spiral ganglion cells (28,132 [2068] vs 30,358 [2036]; P = .001)
      and the mean (SD) number of spiral ganglion cells in segment I (3554 [847] vs
      4223 [649]; P = .003) was significantly decreased, the mean (SD) degree of
      atrophy of the stria vascularis in the lower (8455 [924] vs 9368 [1049] MUm2; P =
      .003) and upper (7911 [837] vs 8474 [813] MUm2; P = .02) basal cochlear turn was
      significantly greater, and the degree of endolymphatic hydrops was significantly
      greater (10 bone samples [36%] vs 1 [5%]; P = .006). No significant differences
      were found between the 2 groups in the number of fibrocytes and in the presence
      of atrophy of the spiral ligament in any cochlear turn. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: This study demonstrates that SL can lead to cochlear damage,
      especially in the basal turn of the cochlea. These pathological observations have
      formed the basis for clinical findings of hearing loss and tinnitus detected in
      those patients with SL.

PMID- 26987016
TI  - The role and mechanisms of action of SIRT6 in the suppression of postoperative
      epidural scar formation.
AB  - In order to investigate the role which sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) plays in lumbar spinal
      epidural fibrosis (EF) and scar formation in vitro and in vivo, SIRT6 and
      transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) protein levels in the lumbar disc of
      patients were detected using western blotting in patients who had undergone a
      laminectomy. The results demonstrated that SIRT6 expression was significantly
      reduced in the lumbar discs of patients in whom an epidural scar had formed, but
      the expression pattern of TGF-beta2 was much higher. Subsequently, a pcDNA-SIRT6
      expression vector was constructed and transfected into the primary fibroblasts
      isolated from the epidural scars. Flow cytometric and MTT analyses indicated that
      overexpression of SIRT6 suppressed the proliferation of the fibroblasts, and TGF
      beta2 and interleukin-1alpha expression, as well as collagen type I (Col I)
      production. The results of bioinformatics and molecular biological analyses
      demonstarted that TGF-beta2 was a target of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and SIRT6
      overexpression suppressed the levels of TGF-beta2 through promoting the
      expression of miR-21. Finally, by injecting the pcDNA-SIRT6 vector, it was
      possible to observe that SIRT6 suppressed EF and epidural scar formation in vivo.
      In conclusion, we noted that SIRT6 suppressed EF and epidural scar formation in
      vitro and in vivo. It was also noted that SIRT6 overexpression suppressed TGF
      beta2 levels by promoting the expression of miR-21.

PMID- 26987020
TI  - Transposed Corrugator Supercilii Muscle-Tendon Unit Flap for Contralateral
      Paralytic Medial Ectropion Repair.

PMID- 26987017
TI  - Birth order dependent growth cone segregation determines synaptic layer identity
      in the Drosophila visual system.
AB  - The precise recognition of appropriate synaptic partner neurons is a critical
      step during neural circuit assembly. However, little is known about the
      developmental context in which recognition specificity is important to establish
      synaptic contacts. We show that in the Drosophila visual system, sequential
      segregation of photoreceptor afferents, reflecting their birth order, lead to
      differential positioning of their growth cones in the early target region. By
      combining loss- and gain-of-function analyses we demonstrate that relative
      differences in the expression of the transcription factor Sequoia regulate R cell
      growth cone segregation. This initial growth cone positioning is consolidated via
      cell-adhesion molecule Capricious in R8 axons. Further, we show that the initial
      growth cone positioning determines synaptic layer selection through proximity
      based axon-target interactions. Taken together, we demonstrate that birth order
      dependent pre-patterning of afferent growth cones is an essential pre-requisite
      for the identification of synaptic partner neurons during visual map formation in
      Drosophila. 

PMID- 26987018
TI  - Nucleosomes impede Cas9 access to DNA in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The prokaryotic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)
      associated protein, Cas9, has been widely adopted as a tool for editing, imaging,
      and regulating eukaryotic genomes. However, our understanding of how to select
      single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that mediate efficient Cas9 activity is incomplete, as
      we lack insight into how chromatin impacts Cas9 targeting. To address this gap,
      we analyzed large-scale genetic screens performed in human cell lines using
      either nuclease-active or nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9). We observed that highly
      active sgRNAs for Cas9 and dCas9 were found almost exclusively in regions of low
      nucleosome occupancy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that nucleosomes in fact
      directly impede Cas9 binding and cleavage, while chromatin remodeling can restore
      Cas9 access. Our results reveal a critical role of eukaryotic chromatin in
      dictating the targeting specificity of this transplanted bacterial enzyme, and
      provide rules for selecting Cas9 target sites distinct from and complementary to
      those based on sequence properties.

PMID- 26987021
TI  - Cocoa and Whey Protein Differentially Affect Markers of Lipid and Glucose
      Metabolism and Satiety.
AB  - Food formulation with bioactive ingredients is a potential strategy to promote
      satiety and weight management. Whey proteins are high in leucine and are shown to
      decrease hunger ratings and increase satiety hormone levels; cocoa polyphenolics
      moderate glucose levels and slow digestion. This study examined the effects of
      cocoa and whey proteins on lipid and glucose metabolism and satiety in vitro and
      in a clinical trial. In vitro, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with 0.5-100
      MUg/mL cocoa polyphenolic extract (CPE) and/or 1-15 mM leucine (Leu) and assayed
      for lipid accumulation and leptin production. In vivo, a 6-week clinical trial
      consisted of nine panelists (age: 22.6 +/- 1.7; BMI: 22.3 +/- 2.1) consuming
      chocolate-protein beverages once per week, including placebo, whey protein
      isolate (WPI), low polyphenolic cocoa (LP), high polyphenolic cocoa (HP), LP-WPI,
      and HP-WPI. Measurements included blood glucose and adiponectin levels, and
      hunger ratings at baseline and 0.5-4.0 h following beverage consumption. At
      levels of 50 and 100 MUg/mL, CPE significantly inhibited preadipocyte lipid
      accumulation by 35% and 50%, respectively, and by 22% and 36% when combined with
      15 mM Leu. Leu treatment increased adipocyte leptin production by 26-37%. In the
      clinical trial, all beverages significantly moderated blood glucose levels 30 min
      postconsumption. WPI beverages elicited lowest peak glucose levels and HP levels
      were significantly lower than LP. The WPI and HP beverage treatments
      significantly increased adiponectin levels, but elicited no significant changes
      in hunger ratings. These trends suggest that combinations of WPI and cocoa
      polyphenols may improve markers of metabolic syndrome and satiety.

PMID- 26987019
TI  - Hepatocyte Growth Factor-mediated satellite cells niche perturbation promotes
      development of distinct sarcoma subtypes.
AB  - Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (UPS)
      are distinct sarcoma subtypes. Here we investigate the relevance of the satellite
      cell (SC) niche in sarcoma development by using Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) to
      perturb the niche microenvironment. In a Pax7 wild type background, HGF
      stimulation mainly causes ERMS that originate from satellite cells following a
      process of multistep progression. Conversely, in a Pax7 null genotype ERMS
      incidence drops, while UPS becomes the most frequent subtype. Murine EfRMS
      display genetic heterogeneity similar to their human counterpart. Altogether, our
      data demonstrate that selective perturbation of the SC niche results in distinct
      sarcoma subtypes in a Pax7 lineage-dependent manner, and define a critical role
      for the Met axis in sarcoma initiation. Finally, our results provide a rationale
      for the use of combination therapy, tailored on specific amplifications and
      activated signaling pathways, to minimize resistance emerging from sarcomas
      heterogeneity. 

PMID- 26987022
TI  - Alpinate Oxyphyllae Fructus Inhibits IGFII-Related Signaling Pathway to Attenuate
      Ang II-Induced Pathological Hypertrophy in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts.
AB  - Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a very important cardiovascular disease inducer and
      may cause cardiac pathological hypertrophy and remodeling. We evaluated a Chinese
      traditional medicine, alpinate oxyphyllae fructus (AOF), for therapeutic efficacy
      for treating Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. AOF has been used to treat
      patients with various symptoms accompanying hypertension and cerebrovascular
      disorders in Korea. We investigated its protective effect against Ang II-induced
      cytoskeletal change and hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. The results showed that
      treating cells with Ang II resulted in pathological hypertrophy, such as
      increased expression of transcription factors NFAT-3/p-NFAT-3, hypertrophic
      response genes (atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP] and b-type natriuretic peptide
      [BNP]), and Galphaq down-stream effectors (PLCbeta3 and calcineurin).
      Pretreatment with AOF (60-100 MUg/mL) led to significantly reduced hypertrophy.
      We also found that AOF pretreatment significantly suppressed the cardiac
      remodeling proteins, metalloproteinase (MMP9 and MMP2), and tissue plasminogen
      activator (tPA), induced by Ang II challenge. In conclusion, we provide evidence
      that AOF protects against Ang II-induced pathological hypertrophy by specifically
      inhibiting the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II/IIR-related signaling pathway
      in H9c2 cells. AOF might be a candidate for cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular
      remodeling prevention in chronic cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 26987023
TI  - Cichorium intybus Linn. Extract Prevents Type 2 Diabetes Through Inhibition of
      NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.
AB  - This study provides the scientific basis for the inhibitory effect of the aerial
      parts of Cichorium intybus Linn. (C. intybus) on the activation of the NLRP3
      inflammasome in vitro and on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type-2 diabetes (T2D).
      Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed bone marrow-derived macrophages were used to
      study the effects methanolic extract of C. intybus leaf (CI) on inflammasome
      activation. An insulin resistance model (mice fed a HFD) was used to study the in
      vivo effect of CI on T2D. CI attenuated interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secretion by
      inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse bone marrow
      macrophages. The CI treatment attenuated the intracellular movement of NLRP3 in
      Triton X-100 insoluble fraction, without affecting the expression of other NLRP3
      inflammasome-related proteins. Attenuated IL-1beta secretion may improve glucose
      metabolism in the HFD-fed insulin resistance mouse model. CI also attenuated the
      infiltration of M1 macrophages and increased the M2 macrophage population in
      white adipose tissue. Collectively, our data showed that CI inhibits IL-1beta
      secretion through attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to an
      antidiabetic effect by improving glucose metabolism and inhibiting
      metainflammation.

PMID- 26987024
TI  - Extension of Drosophila Lifespan by Rhodiola rosea Depends on Dietary
      Carbohydrate and Caloric Content in a Simplified Diet.
AB  - The root and rhizome extract of Rhodiola rosea has been extensively used in
      traditional medicine to improve physical and mental performance and to protect
      against stress. We, and others, have reported that R. rosea can extend lifespan
      in flies, worms, and yeast. We also previously found that the extract can act
      independently of dietary restriction (DR), a treatment that can extend lifespan
      in a range of model organisms. In flies, DR is implemented through a reduction in
      dietary yeast content. Here, we report that the ability of R. rosea extract to
      extend lifespan in flies is dependent on the carbohydrate and caloric content
      when supplemented with a simplified diet composed of yeast and sucrose. R. rosea
      extract elevated the sugar content in flies and down-regulated hexokinase
      expression, suggesting that it perturbs carbohydrate metabolism in flies. In our
      previous studies, bananas, barley malt, and corn syrup provided dietary
      carbohydrates, and R. rosea extract could extend lifespan with a range of caloric
      levels. We conclude that the lifespan-extending effect of R. rosea extract in
      flies is dependent on dietary carbohydrate and caloric contents coupled with an
      interaction with complex dietary components present in bananas, barley, or corn. 

PMID- 26987025
TI  - Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected
      Plants Used Traditionally as a Source of Food.
AB  - Many indigenous plants have also been used as a source of food and medicine in
      many African rural communities in the past. The study investigated the
      antimicrobial activity, phytochemical constituent, and antioxidant activity of
      selected traditional plants used traditionally as a source of food and medicine.
      The methanol and water extracts of different plant parts were analyzed for
      phytochemicals using standard phytochemical screening reagents while the broth
      microdilution assays were used to analyze antimicrobial activities. Alkaloids,
      phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenes were found in one or more of
      the plant extracts, and all the plant extracts demonstrated scavenging
      activities. The back extracts of Sclerocarya birrea and the leaf extracts of
      Garcinia livingstonei exhibit the best antioxidant activities, while the water
      and methanol back extracts of S. birrea and G. livingstonei were the most active
      against all the tested foodborne bacteria. 

PMID- 26987026
TI  - Evaluation of Safety and Antioxidant Activity of Yellow Tea (Camellia sinensis)
      Extract for Application in Food.
AB  - The article presents an evaluation of the safety of yellow tea (Camellia
      sinensis) extract consumption and its antioxidant activity in an animal model.
      Wistar rats were exposed through diet to 2, 6, and 10 g yellow tea extract/kg
      feed for 90 days. No signs of toxicity and no differences in mean body weight
      gain in the treated and control rats were recorded throughout the experiment. No
      statistically significant differences in hematology findings and clinical
      chemistry parameters were observed between controls and treated groups.
      Microscopic examination of tissue sections revealed no pathology attributable to
      yellow tea extract intake. Lipid peroxidation level in the liver was slightly
      increased in medium-dose males and high-dose females and decreased in two female
      groups receiving 2 and 6 g/kg of the extract tested. Content of carbonyl groups
      in protein, as well as the basal level of DNA damage, was not changed. In a
      majority of rats, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was increased except
      superoxide dismutase in high-dose groups, glutathione peroxidase in high-dose
      females, glutathione reductase in low- and mid-dose groups, and glutathione S
      transferase in mid-dose females and high-dose males. It could be concluded that
      rats tolerated well dietary treatment with yellow tea extract up to 0.8 g/kg
      b.w./day for 90 days. Results showed that yellow tea extract at the doses tested
      did not demonstrate adverse effects and improved the antioxidant status in the
      liver of rats.

PMID- 26987027
TI  - "Free" Raptor - a novel regulator of metabolism.

PMID- 26987028
TI  - Gallic acid induces apoptosis and enhances the anticancer effects of cisplatin in
      human small cell lung cancer H446 cell line via the ROS-dependent mitochondrial
      apoptotic pathway.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive lung cancer subtype and
      accounts for more than 15% of all lung cancer cases. Cisplatin [cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP)]-based combination chemotherapy is the
      cornerstone for all stages of SCLC. However, acquired multidrug resistance (MDR)
      and intolerable toxicities lead to a high mortality rate in SCLC patients. Gallic
      acid [3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (GA)] is a natural botanic phenolic compound
      which can induce cell apoptosis in several types of cancers. In the present
      study, we aimed to explore the anticancer effects of GA on human SCLC H446 cells
      and its promotive effects on the anticancer activities of cisplatin. The
      viability of the H446 cells was analyzed by MTT assay. Morphological changes in
      the H446 cells were observed under an inverted microscope. Apoptosis induction
      was determined by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide
      (PI) staining. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by 2'7'
      dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)
      by JC-1, and western blotting was used to examine the expression of mitochondrial
      apoptosis-related proteins. The results showed that both GA and cisplatin changed
      the morphology, inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in the H446 cells by
      inducing generation of ROS, disruption of MMP, downregulation of XIAP expression,
      and upregulation of Bax, Apaf-1, DIABLO and p53 expression. More importantly, GA
      combined with cisplatin exhibited synergistic effects on inducing of these pro
      apoptotic mediators and modulating the activation of apoptosis-related molecules.
      However, inhibition of the generation of ROS by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a
      specific ROS inhibitor, reversed the cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin combined
      with GA. In conclusion, the results from the present study revealed that GA
      exhibited an anticancer effect on human SCLC H446 cells and enhanced the
      antitumor activities of cisplatin via the ROS-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic
      pathway.

PMID- 26987029
TI  - A qualitative study analyzing access to physical rehabilitation for traffic
      accident victims with severe disability in Brazil.
AB  - Purpose To identify access barriers to physical rehabilitation for traffic
      accident (TA) victims with severe disability and build a theoretical model to
      provide guidance towards the improvement of these services. Methods Qualitative
      research carried out in the city of Natal (Northeast Brazil), with semi
      structured interviews with 120 subjects (19 key informer health professionals and
      101 TA victims) identified in a database made available by the emergency
      hospital. The interviews were analyzed using Alceste software, version 4.9.
      Results The main barriers present in the interviews were: (1) related to
      services: bureaucratic administrative practises, low offer of rehabilitation
      services, insufficient information on rehabilitation, lack of guidelines that
      integrate hospital and ambulatory care and (2) related to patients: financial
      difficulties, functional limitations, geographic distance, little information on
      health, association with low education levels and disbelief in the system and in
      rehabilitation. Conclusion The numerous access barriers were presented in a
      theoretical model with causes related to organizational structure, processes of
      care, professionals and patients. This model must be tested by health policy
      makers and managers to improve the quality of physical rehabilitation and avoid
      unnecessary prolongation of the suffering and disability experienced by TA
      survivors. Implications for rehabilitation Traffic accidents (TAs) are a global
      health dilemma that demands integrality of preventive actions, pre-hospital and
      hospital care and physical rehabilitation (PR). This study lays the foundation
      for improving access to PR for TA survivors, an issue of quality of care that
      results in preventable disabilities. The words of the patients interviewed reveal
      the suffering of victims, which is often invisible to society and given low
      priority by health policies that relegate PR to a second plan ahead of prevention
      and urgent care. A theoretical model of the causes of the problem of access to PR
      was built. The identified barriers are potentially preventable through the
      intervention of health policy-makers, managers, regulators and rehabilitation
      professionals, and by encouraging the participation of patients. Addressing
      timely access barriers involves the expansion of the supply of services and
      rehabilitation professionals, regulation and standardization of referencing
      practises and encouraging the provision of information to patients about
      continuity of care and their health needs.

PMID- 26987030
TI  - Regulatory requirements in the good manufacturing practice production of an
      epithelial cell graft for ocular surface reconstruction.
AB  - In the past decade, stem cell therapy has been increasingly employed for the
      treatment of various diseases. Subsequently, there has been a great interest in
      the manufacture of stem cells under good manufacturing practice, which is
      required by law for their use in humans. The cells for sight Stem Cell Therapy
      Research Unit, based at UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, delivers somatic cell
      based and tissue-engineered therapies to patients suffering from blinding eye
      diseases at Moorfields Eye Hospital (London, UK). The following article is based
      on our experience in the conception, design, construction, validation and
      manufacturing within a good manufacturing practice manufacturing facility based
      in the UK. As such the regulations can be extrapolated to the 28 members stated
      within the EU. However, the principles may have a broad relevance outside the EU.

PMID- 26987031
TI  - A new fatty acid ester from an edible mushroom Rhizopogon luteolus.
AB  - Phytochemical investigation of the Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. led to the isolation
      of one new fatty acid ester, 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylheptacosyl acetate (1)
      together with two known compounds tetracosanoic acid (2) and ergosterol (3). 1D
      and 2D NMR, and MS techniques were used for structural elucidation. Phenolic and
      fatty acid compositions were identified using HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD, respectively.
      Fumaric acid was the major phenolic acid, whereas linoleic, stearic and oleic
      acids were the most abundant fatty acids. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase
      activities of the extracts and compounds (1-3) were tested
      spectrophotometrically. Among the extracts, hexane extract showed the highest
      activity in all tests, particularly in beta-carotene-linoleic acid assay (IC50:
      16.65 +/- 1.12 MUg/mL). Furthermore, compound 3 exhibited higher antioxidant and
      anticholinesterase activities. The study indicates that R. luteolus can be used
      in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. 

PMID- 26987032
TI  - Metformin inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and tumor
      growth through upregulation of PEDF expression.
AB  - Metformin has been reported to inhibit the growth of various types of cancers,
      including prostate cancer. Yet the mode of anti-cancer action of metformin and
      the underlying mechanisms remain not fully elucidated. We hypothesized that the
      antitumorigenic effects of metformin are mediated through upregulation of pigment
      epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) expression in prostate cancer cells. In this
      report, metformin treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony
      formation of prostate cancer cells, in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
      Meanwhile, Metformin markedly suppressed migration and invasion and induced
      apoptosis of both LNCaP and PC3 cancer cells. Metformin also reduced PC3 tumor
      growth in BALB/c nude mice in vivo. Furthermore, metformin treatment was
      associated with higher PEDF expression in both prostate cancer cells and tumor
      tissue. Taken together, metformin inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation,
      migration, invasion and tumor growth, and these activities are mediated by
      upregulation of PEDF expression. These findings provide a novel insight into the
      molecular functions of metformin as an anticancer agent.

PMID- 26987033
TI  - Variables associated with co-existing epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic
      seizures: a systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Epileptic seizures (ES) have many mimickers, perhaps the most relevant
      being psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). The picture is even more
      challenging when PNES are associated with ES in a given patient. The aim of this
      research paper was to delineate the demographic, epileptological and psychiatric
      profile of that specific population. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out
      from 2000 to 2015 for articles in English, French, Italian, Spanish and
      Portuguese in PUBMED and EMBASE. Cohort or case-control studies reporting
      prospective or retrospective original data comparing patients with co-existing ES
      and PNES with those who had PNES only and ES only have been included. In retained
      studies, the presence of PNES was confirmed by video-electroencephalography (V
      EEG). Forty-eight abstracts were identified. RESULTS: Nine studies were retained.
      Most showed that female gender predominated in both groups with PNES. Patients
      with co-existing ES and PNES take higher number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
      than PNES alone. Two studies showed association of concomitant ES and PNES with
      earlier age of seizure onset. Localizing EEG features and ES type were evaluated
      in only two studies and their association with either group was inconclusive.
      Somatoform, conversion or cluster B personality disorders were more frequent in
      subjects with PNES than with ES. DISCUSSION: Patients with concomitant ES and
      PNES are highly heterogeneous, challenging differentiation on clinical grounds. A
      diagnosis of conversion or somatoform, anxiety disorders, and the use of a higher
      number of AEDs than psychiatric medications may have an association with co
      existing ES and PNES. Further studies are warranted to differentiate patients who
      only have PNES from those with co-existing ES and PNES.

PMID- 26987034
TI  - Lamotrigine monotherapy for paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia in children.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of lamotrigine monotherapy in
      children with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. METHOD: A sample of eighteen
      children aged between 2 years old and 13 years old who fulfilled the diagnostic
      criteria from January 2008 to December 2014 was enrolled, they received video
      electroencephalography, brain image scans and proline-rich transmembrane protein
      2 genetic tests. Children with known or suspected diseases which would cause
      secondary paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia were excluded. The initial dosage of
      lamotrigine was 6.25 mg, and it was gradually increased every week until attacks
      were controlled. Patients entered the maintenance dose phase upon reaching the
      effective dosage, and by being attack free at two consecutive outpatient visits.
      They were followed up for a couple of years until December 2014. RESULTS: By the
      end of the 4th week, the attack-free rate reached 100% among all the patients.
      During the maintenance dose phase, 16 patients remained attack free, 2 patients
      received additional drug due to attack relapses when they entered puberty. Three
      patients had relapses because of non-compliance to the therapy, but they became
      attack free as soon as they re-started the medicine. The mean daily dosage was
      26.4 mg (range 6.25-50). Definite adverse effect related to the drug was not
      reported in follow up. CONCLUSION: LTG monotherapy is effective and well
      tolerated for PKD in children.

PMID- 26987035
TI  - Skin rash following levetiracetam.

PMID- 26987037
TI  - Antifungal potential of Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Syzygium cumini and their
      mode of action against Candida albicans.
AB  - Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have
      encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms.
      Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D.
      Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga
      biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal
      potential against C. albicans. Materials and methods We determined the effects of
      hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and
      fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron
      microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their
      mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their
      effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data
      were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test
      (alpha = 0.05). Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S.
      cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 +/- 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35
      +/- 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated
      antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 MUg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc
      may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4-16-fold increase in MICs in the
      presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell
      membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of
      treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not
      toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike
      Nb. Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and
      should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat
      Candida biofilms. 

PMID- 26987036
TI  - Assessment of the association between Apgar scores and seizures in infants less
      than 1 year old.
AB  - PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess the association between Apgar scores at 1 and
      5 min after birth and seizures in infants less than 1 year old. METHODS: We
      conducted a retrospective, observational, hospital-based study by utilising
      medical records from the Chung-Ang University Hospital admissions from January
      2006 to May 2015 in order to identify infants less than 1 year old who had a
      history of seizures. Using electronic medical records, infants who were diagnosed
      with infantile seizures at the Chung-Ang University Hospital from January 2006 to
      May 2015 were included in the seizure group (n=93), and a control group
      consisting of 296 age-matched cases without a history of seizures was selected
      from a group of infants born at Chung-Ang University Hospital during the same
      study period. RESULTS: We found that Apgar scores were significant risk factors
      for infantile seizures. Apgar scores differed depending on gestational age and
      birth weight. We found strong associations between Apgar scores and infantile
      seizures in the full-term and the normal-birth weight groups (bodyweight >=2.5
      kg), regardless of delivery mode. The Apgar scores were inversely correlated with
      the EEG class, and only the 1-min Apgar scores were correlated with MRI findings.
      CONCLUSION: Low Apgar scores are significant perinatal risk factors for infantile
      seizures, especially in full-term and normal-birth weight infants, and have a
      strong negative linear relationship with EEG and brain MRI results in the seizure
      group.

PMID- 26987040
TI  - Synthesis of 2-Alkenylquinoline by Reductive Olefination of Quinoline N-Oxide
      under Metal-Free Conditions.
AB  - Synthesis of 2-alkenylquinoline by reductive olefination of quinoline N-oxide
      under metal-free conditions is disclosed. Practically, the reaction could be
      performed with quinoline as starting material via a one-pot, two-step process. A
      possible mechanism is proposed that involves a sequential 1,3-dipolar
      cycloaddition and acid-assisted ring opening followed by a dehydration process. 

PMID- 26987038
TI  - Fatigue among patients with brain tumors.
AB  - Fatigue is a ubiquitous and an extremely distressing symptom among patients with
      brain tumors (BT), particularly those with high-grade gliomas. The
      pathophysiology of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in the context of patients with
      BT is multifactorial and complex, involving biological, behavioral, medical and
      social factors. The etiology of CRF in the general oncology population is
      pointing to the role of inflammatory cytokines as a key factor in the genesis of
      CRF, but this research is currently limited in the setting of BT. CRF should be
      screened, assessed and managed according to clinical practice guidelines. Fatigue
      has recently emerged as a strong, independent prognostic factor for survival that
      provides incremental prognostic value to the traditional markers of prognosis in
      recurrent high-grade gliomas. Therefore, strategies to treat fatigue warrant
      investigation, not only to improve the QOL of a group of patients with often
      limited life expectancy, but also possibly to optimize survival. 

PMID- 26987039
TI  - In vitro and in vivo evidence for the inhibition of brassinosteroid synthesis by
      propiconazole through interference with side chain hydroxylation.
AB  - We carried out the biochemical evaluation of the target site of propiconazole in
      BR biosynthesis. Applying BR biosynthesis intermediates to Arabidopsis seedlings
      grown in the presence of propiconazole under dark condition, we found that the
      target site of propiconazole in BR biosynthesis can be identified among the C22
      and C23 side chain hydroxylation steps from campestanol to teasterone. Using
      differential spectra techniques to determine the binding affinity of
      propiconazole to CYP90D1, which is responsible for C23 hydroxylation of BR, we
      found that propiconazole induced typical type II binding spectra in response to
      purified recombinant CYP90D1 and the Kd value was found approximately 0.76 MUM.

PMID- 26987041
TI  - Hierarchical MnO2 Spheres Decorated by Carbon-Coated Cobalt Nanobeads: Low-Cost
      and High-Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors.
AB  - MnO2 is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors, because it exhibits
      high theoretical specific capacitance (1380 F g(-1)) for electrical charge while
      also being inexpensive and environmentally benign. However, owing to its low
      electrical conductivity, the intrinsic pseudocapacity of MnO2 is not fully
      utilized. In this work, hierarchically structured spheres composed of MnO2
      nanoplatelets and carbon coated cobalt nanobeads (MnO2-NPs@Co/C) are chosen as
      electrode materials for supercapacitor. With a Co/C mass loading of 19 wt %, the
      electrical conductivity of the hybrid is 122-fold larger than that of pristine
      MnO2, showing a specific capacitance of the constituent MnO2 as high as 1240 F g(
      1), being close to the theoretical value. Such improved specific capacitance of
      MnO2-NPs@Co/C electrode is largely contributed from the enhanced double-layer
      charging and Faradaic pseudocapacity of MnO2. Moreover, the fabricated
      symmetrical supercapacitor also exhibits excellent cycling stability with 89.1%
      capacitance retention over 10000 cycles, as well as high energy densities in both
      aqueous and organic electrolyte (24 Wh kg(-1) and 33 W kg(-1), respectively).
      Compared with frequently used noble metals to enhance the electrochemical
      performance of MnO2, the utilization of low cost Co/C nanobeads is proven to be
      more efficient and thus showing great potential for commercial application. 

PMID- 26987043
TI  - Which Test Is the Best for Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity Screening?

PMID- 26987042
TI  - Management of peptic pyloroduodenal stenosis in Sylvanus Olympio teaching
      hospital in Lome (Togo).
AB  - This study's aim was to describe the management of ulcerous pyloroduodenal
      stenosis in Sylvanus Olympio teaching hospital of Lome (Togo). It was a
      retrospective study of medical files of all patients managed for peptic
      pyloroduodenal stenosis at the visceral surgery department of Sylvanus Olympio
      teaching hospital in Lome (Togo) from january 1(st), 2002 to december 31(th),
      2011. Twenty-five patients were selected. Mean age was 38 +/- 7.4 years. Sex
      ratio was 5. Twenty four patients underwent upper digestive tract endoscopy,
      completed by upper gastrointestinal series in 18 cases. One patient had only an
      upper gastrointestinal series. Pyloroduodenal stenosis was improved by
      antisecretory therapy in 3 cases. Twenty two patients underwent laparotomy.
      Truncal vagotomy was performed in 15 cases associated with pyloroplasty in 8
      cases, and gastrojejunostomy in 7 cases. An antrectomy was performed in 5 cases.
      Selective vagotomy was associated with pyloroplasty in 1 case, and a
      gastrojejunostomy in 1 case. One patient died in postoperative period. Functional
      results were classified Visick I (17 cases) and II (4 cases). Peptic
      pyloroduodenal stenosis affects young adults. Its tight nature requires
      association of upper gastrointestinal series and esophagogastroduodenoscopy for
      diagnosis. Its surgical treatment is exclusively performed by laparotomy at
      present. Mortality is low and functionnal prognosis is good. 

PMID- 26987044
TI  - Establishing the fluorescent amyloid ligand h-FTAA for studying human tissues
      with systemic and localized amyloid.
AB  - Rapid and accurate detection of amyloid deposits in routine surgical pathology
      settings are of great importance. The use of fluorescence microscopy in
      combination with appropriate amyloid specific dyes is very promising in this
      regard. Here we report that a luminescent conjugated oligothiophene, h-FTAA,
      rapidly and with high sensitivity and selectivity detects amyloid deposits in
      verified clinical samples from systemic amyloidosis patients with AA, AL and ATTR
      types; as well as in tissues laden with localized amyloidosis of AANF, AIAPP and
      ASem1 type. The probe h-FTAA emitted yellow red fluorescence on binding to
      amyloid deposits, whereas no apparent staining was observed in surrounding
      tissue. The only functional structure stained with h-FTAA showing the
      amyloidotypic fluorescence spectrum was Paneth cell granules in intestine.
      Screening of 114 amyloid containing tissues derived from 107 verified (Congo red
      birefringence and/or immunohistochemistry) amyloidosis patients revealed complete
      correlation between h-FTAA and Congo red fluorescence (107/107, 100%
      sensitivity). The majority of Congo red negative control cases (27 of 32, 85%
      specificity) were negative with h-FTAA. Small Congo red negative aggregates in
      kidney, liver, pancreas and duodenum were found by h-FTAA fluorescence in five
      control patients aged 72-83 years suffering from diverse diseases. The clinical
      significance of these false-positive lesions is currently not known. Because h
      FTAA fluorescence is one magnitude brighter than Congo red and as the staining is
      performed four magnitudes lower than the concentration of dye, we believe that
      these inclusions are beyond detection by Congo red. We conclude that h-FTAA is a
      fluorescent hypersensitive, rapid and powerful tool for identifying amyloid
      deposits in tissue sections. Use of h-FTAA can be exploited as a rapid
      complementary technique for accurate detection of amyloid in routine surgical
      pathology settings. Our results also implicate the potential of the technique for
      detection of prodromal amyloidosis as well as for discovery of new amyloid-like
      protein aggregates in humans. 

PMID- 26987045
TI  - Dual Site-Controlled and Lysosome-Targeted Intramolecular Charge Transfer
      Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Fluorescent
      Probe for Monitoring pH Changes in Living Cells.
AB  - Acidic pH is a critical physiological factor for controlling the activities and
      functions of lysosome. Herein, we report a novel dual site-controlled and
      lysosome-targeted intramolecular charge transfer-photoinduced electron transfer
      Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (ICT-PET-FRET) fluorescent probe (CN-pH),
      which was essentially the combination of a turn-on pH probe (CN-1) and a turn-off
      pH probe (CN-2) by a nonconjugated linker. Coumarin and naphthalimide
      fluorophores were selected as donor and acceptor to construct the FRET platform.
      Hydroxyl group and morpholine were simultaneously employed as the two pH sensing
      sites and controlled the fluorescence of coumarin and naphthalimide units by ICT
      and PET, respectively. The sensing mechanism of CN-pH to pH was essentially an
      integration of ICT, PET, and FRET processes. Meanwhile, the morpholine also can
      serve as a lysosome-targeted group. By combining the two data analysis approaches
      of the ratios of the two emission intensities (R) and the reverse ratio R' (R' =
      1/R), the fluorescent ratio of CN-pH can show proportional relationship to pH
      values in a very broad range from pH 4.0 to 8.0 with high sensitivity. The probe
      has been successfully applied for the fluorescence imaging of the lysosomal pH
      values, as well as ratiometrically visualizing chloroquine-stimulated changes of
      intracellular pH in living cells. These features demonstrate that the probe can
      afford practical application in biological systems. 

PMID- 26987046
TI  - Benzimidazolium-based novel silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis,
      characterisation and in vitro antimicrobial activity.
AB  - This study reports the synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of
      five novel silver N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) complexes obtained by N
      propylphthalimide and N-methyldioxane substituted benzimidazolium salts with
      silver oxide. The reactions were performed at room temperature for 24 h in the
      absence of light. The obtained complexes were identified and characterised by
      (1)H and (13)C NMR, FT-IR and elemental analysis techniques. The minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the complexes was determined for E. coli, P.
      aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, C. tropicalis and C. albicans in vitro
      through agar and broth dilution. The results indicated that these complexes
      exhibit antimicrobial activity. In particular, complex 3 presented the
      significant broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. 

PMID- 26987048
TI  - Multicolor Spectral Analyses of Mitotic and Meiotic Mouse Chromosomes Involved in
      Multiple Robertsonian Translocations. I. The CD/Cremona Hybrid Strain.
AB  - Multicolor spectral analysis (spectral karyotyping) was applied to mitotic and
      male diakinetic chromosomes of hybrid mice carrying a unique system of 18
      autosomal Robertsonian translocation chromosomes with alternating arm homologies.
      Only the autosomes 19 and the XY sex chromosomes are excluded from these
      Robertsonian translocations. The translocations, previously identified by
      conventional banding analyses, could be verified by spectral karyotyping. Besides
      the Robertsonian translocations, no other interchromosomal rearrangements were
      detected. In diakineses of male meiosis, the 18 metacentric Robertsonian
      translocation chromosomes form a very large meiotic 'superring'. The predictable,
      specific order of the chromosomes along this 'superring' was completely confirmed
      by multicolor spectral analysis. In the majority of diakineses analyzed, the free
      autosomal bivalent 19 and the XY sex bivalent form a conspicuous complex which
      tightly associates with the 12;14 Robertsonian translocation chromosome in the
      'superring'. 

PMID- 26987047
TI  - Effects of Different Combinations of Er:YAG Laser-Adhesives on Enamel
      Demineralization and Bracket Bond Strength.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the demineralization
      around brackets and shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded to Er:YAG laser
      irradiated enamel at different power settings with various adhesive systems
      combinations. METHODS: A total of 108 premolar teeth were used in this study.
      Teeth were assigned into three groups according to the etching procedure, then
      each group divided into three subgroups based on the application of different
      adhesive systems. There were a total of nine groups as follows. Group 1: Acid +
      Transbond XT Primer; group 2: Er:YAG (100 mJ, 10 Hz) etching + Transbond XT
      Primer; group 3: Er:YAG (200 mJ, 10 Hz) etching + Transbond XT Primer; group 4:
      Transbond Plus self-etching primer (SEP); group 5: Er:YAG (100 mJ, 10 Hz) etching
      + Transbond Plus SEP; group 6: Er:YAG (200 mJ, 10 Hz) etching + Transbond Plus
      SEP; group 7: Clearfil Protect Bond; group 8: Er:YAG (100 mJ, 10 Hz) etching +
      Clearfil Protect Bond; group 9: Er:YAG (200 mJ, 10 Hz) etching + Clearfil Protect
      Bond. Brackets were bonded with Transbond XT Adhesive Paste in all groups. Teeth
      to be evaluated for demineralization and SBS were exposed to pH and thermal
      cyclings, respectively. Then, demineralization samples were scanned with micro-CT
      to determine lesion depth values. For SBS test, a universal testing machine was
      used and adhesive remnant was index scored after debonding. Data were analyzed
      statistically. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the lesion
      depth values of the various groups, except for G7 and G8, in which the lowest
      values were recorded. The lowest SBS values were in G7, whereas the highest were
      in G9. The differences between the other groups were not significant.
      CONCLUSIONS: Er:YAG laser did not have a positive effect on prevention of enamel
      demineralization. When two step self-etch adhesive is preferred for bonding
      brackets, laser etching at 1 W (100 mJ, 10 Hz) is suggested to improve SBS of
      brackets.

PMID- 26987049
TI  - Using Sex to Cure the Genome.
AB  - The diversification of prokaryotes is accelerated by their ability to acquire DNA
      from other genomes. However, the underlying processes also facilitate genome
      infection by costly mobile genetic elements. The discovery that cells can uptake
      DNA by natural transformation was instrumental to the birth of molecular biology
      nearly a century ago. Surprisingly, a new study shows that this mechanism could
      efficiently cure the genome of mobile elements acquired through previous sexual
      exchanges. 

PMID- 26987050
TI  - Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in
      pancreatic cancer cells via the hedgehog signaling pathway.
AB  - Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a wide range
      of clinical applications including antibiosis, anti-inflammation and anti
      oxidation. In the present study, we identified that its extract (SSBE) exerts
      pancreatic anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. In the cultured pancreatic
      cancer PANC-1 cell line, SSBE inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent
      manner, and it was accompanied by the downregulated expression of proliferating
      cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In addition, SSBE treatment also increased cellular
      apoptosis in a mitochondrial-dependent manner. Moreover, SSBE induced p53
      expression, reduced c-Myc expression, and inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT). The antiproliferative activity of SSBE in the pancreatic cancer
      cells was found to be closely related to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by
      upregulating p21(Waf1/CIP1) expression. Further study showed that this inhibitory
      effect of SSBE was through downregulation of the activity of the proliferation
      related Hedgehog signaling pathway. Exogenous recombinant protein Shh was used to
      activate Hedgehog signaling, thereby resulting in the abolishment of the SSBE
      mediated inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell growth. In animal xenograft models
      of pancreatic cancer, activated Hedgehog signaling was also observed compared
      with the vehicle controls, but was reduced by SSBE administration. As a result,
      SSBE suppressed the growth of pancreatic tumors. Thus, these findings demonstrate
      that SSBE has therapeutic potential for pancreatic cancer, and this anticancer
      effect in pancreatic cancer cells is associated with inhibition of the Hedgehog
      signaling pathway.

PMID- 26987051
TI  - Utility of bilateral acoustic hearing in combination with electrical stimulation
      provided by the cochlear implant.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to quantify the benefit provided by having
      access to amplified acoustic hearing in the implanted ear for use in combination
      with contralateral acoustic hearing and the electrical stimulation provided by
      the cochlear implant. DESIGN: Measures of spatial and non-spatial hearing
      abilities were obtained to compare performance obtained with different
      configurations of acoustic hearing in combination with electrical stimulation. In
      the combined listening condition participants had access to bilateral acoustic
      hearing whereas the bimodal condition used acoustic hearing contralateral to the
      implanted ear only. Experience was provided with each of the listening conditions
      using a repeated-measures A-B-B-A experimental design. STUDY SAMPLE: Sixteen post
      linguistically hearing-impaired adults participated in the study. RESULTS: Group
      mean benefit was obtained with use of the combined mode on measures of speech
      recognition in coincident speech in noise, localization ability, subjective
      ratings of real-world benefit, and musical sound quality ratings. CONCLUSIONS:
      Access to bilateral acoustic hearing after cochlear implantation provides
      significant benefit on a range of functional measures.

PMID- 26987053
TI  - Effect of Two Interacting Rings in Metalloporphyrin Dimers upon Stepwise
      Oxidations.
AB  - The interaction between two porphyrin macrocycles, connected covalently through
      either a rigid ethylene or a flexible ethane bridge, in the metalloporphyrin
      dimers (M: 2H, Zn(2+)) have been investigated upon stepwise oxidations. Upon 1e
      oxidation, two porphyrin macrocycles come closer and cofacial to each other while
      2e-oxidation forces them to be separated as far as possible. This has resulted in
      the conversion of the cis isomer to trans for the ethylene bridged porphyrin
      dimer with the stabilization of an unusual "U" form, which has unique spectral
      and geometrical features. Detailed ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis
      NIR), infrared (IR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) spectroscopic investigations, along with X-ray structure
      determination of the 2e-oxidized complexes, have demonstrated strong electronic
      communications between two porphyrin pi-cation radicals through the bridging
      ethylene group. Such extensive pi-conjugation also results in strong
      antiferromagnetic coupling between the radical spins of both of the macrocycles,
      which generates a diamagnetic compound. The experimental observations are also
      strongly supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. 

PMID- 26987052
TI  - Holothurian Nervous System Diversity Revealed by Neuroanatomical Analysis.
AB  - The Echinodermata comprise an interesting branch in the phylogenetic tree of
      deuterostomes. Their radial symmetry which is reflected in their nervous system
      anatomy makes them a target of interest in the study of nervous system evolution.
      Until recently, the study of the echinoderm nervous system has been hindered by a
      shortage of neuronal markers. However, in recent years several markers of
      neuronal and fiber subpopulations have been described. These have been used to
      identify subpopulations of neurons and fibers, but an integrative study of the
      anatomical relationship of these subpopulations is wanting. We have now used
      eight commercial antibodies, together with three antibodies produced by our group
      to provide a comprehensive and integrated description and new details of the
      echinoderm neuroanatomy using the holothurian Holothuria glaberrima (Selenka,
      1867) as our model system. Immunoreactivity of the markers used showed: (1)
      specific labeling patterns by markers in the radial nerve cords, which suggest
      the presence of specific nerve tracts in holothurians. (2) Nerves directly
      innervate most muscle fibers in the longitudinal muscles. (3) Similar to other
      deuterostomes (mainly vertebrates), their enteric nervous system is composed of a
      large and diverse repertoire of neurons and fiber phenotypes. Our results provide
      a first blueprint of the anatomical organization of cells and fibers that form
      the holothurian neural circuitry, and highlight the fact that the echinoderm
      nervous system shows unexpected diversity in cell and fiber types and their
      distribution in both central and peripheral nervous components. 

PMID- 26987054
TI  - Correction: Are Husbands Involving in Their Spouses' Utilization of Maternal Care
      Services?: A Cross-Sectional Study in Yangon, Myanmar.

PMID- 26987055
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness of Treatments for Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A
      French Societal Perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The paper aimed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
      (ICER) at the public published price for delayed-release dimethyl fumarate versus
      relevant Multiple Sclerosis disease-modifying therapies available in France in
      June 2015. METHODS: The economic model was adapted to the French setting in
      accordance with the Haute Autorite de Sante guidelines using a model previously
      developed for NICE. A cohort of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis patients
      was simulated over a 30-year time horizon. Twenty one health states were taken
      into account: Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0-9 for Relapsing
      Remitting Multiple Sclerosis patients, EDSS 0-9 for Secondary Progressive
      Multiple Sclerosis patients, and death. Estimates of relative treatment efficacy
      were determined using a mixed-treatment comparison. Probabilities of events were
      derived from the dimethyl fumarate pivotal clinical trials and the London Ontario
      Dataset. Costs and utilities were extracted from the published literature from
      both the payer and societal perspectives. Univariate and probabilistic
      sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model
      results. RESULTS: From both perspectives, dimethyl fumarate and interferon beta
      1a (IFN beta-1a) 44 mcg were the two optimal treatments, as the other treatments
      (IFN beta-1a 30 mcg, IFN beta-1b 250 mcg, teriflunomide, glatiramer acetate,
      fingolimod) were dominated on the efficiency frontier. From the societal
      perspective, dimethyl fumarate versus IFN beta-1a 44 mcg incurred an incremental
      cost of ?3,684 and an incremental quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of 0.281,
      corresponding to an ICER of ?13,110/QALY. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no reference
      threshold for France, dimethyl fumarate can be considered as a cost-effective
      option as it is on the efficiency frontier.

PMID- 26987056
TI  - Effects of a Follow-On Formula Containing Isomaltulose (PalatinoseTM) on
      Metabolic Response, Acceptance, Tolerance and Safety in Infants: A Randomized
      Controlled Trial.
AB  - Effects of the dietary glycaemic load on postprandial blood glucose and insulin
      response might be of importance for fat deposition and risk of obesity. We aimed
      to investigate the metabolic effects, acceptance and tolerance of a follow-on
      formula containing the low glycaemic and low insulinaemic carbohydrate
      isomaltulose replacing high glycaemic maltodextrin. Healthy term infants aged 4
      to 8 completed months (n = 50) were randomized to receive the intervention follow
      on formula (IF, 2.1g isomaltulose (PalatinoseTM)/100mL) or an isocaloric
      conventional formula (CF) providing 2.1g maltodextrin/100mL for four weeks.
      Plasma insulinaemia 60 min after start of feeding (primary outcome) was not
      statistically different, while glycaemia adjusted for age and time for
      drinking/volume of meal 60 min after start of feeding was 122(105,140) mg/dL in
      IF (median, interquartile range) and 111(100,123) in CF (p = 0.01). Urinary c
      peptide:creatinine ratio did not differ (IF:81.5(44.7, 96.0) vs. CF:56.8(37.5,
      129),p = 0.43). Urinary c-peptide:creatinine ratio was correlated total intake of
      energy (R = 0.31,p = 0.045), protein (R = 0.42,p = 0.006) and fat (R = 0.40,p =
      0.01) but not with carbohydrate intake (R = 0.22,p = 0.16). Both formulae were
      well accepted without differences in time of crying, flatulence, stool
      characteristics and the occurrence of adverse events. The expected lower
      postprandial plasma insulin and blood glucose level due to replacement of high
      glycaemic maltodextrin by low glycaemic isomaltulose were not observed in the
      single time-point blood analysis. In infants aged 4 to 8 completed months fed a
      liquid formula, peak blood glucose might be reached earlier than 60 min after
      start of feeding. Non-invasive urinary c-peptide measurements may be a suitable
      marker of nutritional intake during the previous four days in infants. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01627015.

PMID- 26987057
TI  - Soil C, N, P and Its Stratification Ratio Affected by Artificial Vegetation in
      Subsoil, Loess Plateau China.
AB  - Artificial vegetation restoration can induce variations in accumulation and
      distribution of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, little
      is known about variations in soil C, N and P nutrient fraction stratification
      following artificial vegetation in Loess Plateau China. Based on the hypothesis
      that re-vegetated can improve soil quality and stratification ratios (SR) can be
      used as an indicator to evaluate soil quality. This study measured contents and
      storages of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)
      and their SRs in topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-60 cm) in three 30-year re
      vegetated lands that had been converted from arable land (Robinia pseudoacacia
      L., Caragana Korshinskii Kom. and abandoned cropland with low interferences and
      few management measures) and one slope cropland (SC) as a control for three soil
      profiles(0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm) from June 2009 to June 2013. The results
      showed that the contents and storages of SOC, TN and TP in re-vegetated land were
      significantly higher than those in the SC in both topsoil and subsoil. The
      storages of SOC, TN and TP in the topsoil (0-20 cm) of the re-vegetated lands
      increased by 16.2%-26.4%, 12.7%-28.4% and 16.5%-20.9%, respectively, and
      increased by smaller but significant amounts in subsoil from 2009 to 2013. The
      SRs for SOC, TN and TP in the re-vegetated lands were mostly >2 (either for 0
      20:20-40 cm or 0-20:40-60 cm) and greater than that in the SC. The SRs showed an
      increasing trend with increasing restoration age. The results also showed that
      the land use type and soil depth were the most influential factors for the SRs
      and storages, and the SRs of SOC and TN had significantly positive correlations
      with their storages. The SRs were concluded to be a good indicator for evaluating
      the soil quality, which can be significantly enhanced through vegetation
      restoration. Moreover, vegetation restoration can significantly enhance SOC, TN
      and TP accumulation in both topsoil and subsoil. 

PMID- 26987058
TI  - Correction: Zebra Stripes through the Eyes of Their Predators, Zebras, and
      Humans.

PMID- 26987059
TI  - In-Hospital Disease Burden of Sarcoidosis in Switzerland from 2002 to 2012.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease with an unpredictable and sometimes fatal
      course while the underlying pathomechanism is still unclear. Reasons of the
      increasing hospitalization rate and mortality in the United States remain in
      dispute but incriminated are a number of distinct comorbidities and risk factors
      as well as the application of more aggressive therapeutic agents. Studies
      reflecting the recent development in central Europe are lacking. Our aim was to
      investigate the recent mortality and hospitalization rates as well as the
      underlying comorbidities of hospitalized sarcoidosis patients in Switzerland. In
      this longitudinal, nested case-control study, a nation-wide database provided by
      the Swiss Federal Office for Statistics enclosing every hospital entry covering
      the years 2002-2012 (n = 15,627,573) was analyzed. There were 8,385 cases with a
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis representing 0.054% (8,385 / 15,627,573) of all
      hospitalizations in Switzerland. These cases were compared with age- and sex
      matched controls without the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Hospitalization and
      mortality rates in Switzerland remained stable over the observed time period.
      Comorbidity analysis revealed that sarcoidosis patients had significantly higher
      medication-related comorbidities compared to matched controls, probably due to
      systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. Sarcoidosis patients were
      also more frequently re-hospitalized (median annual hospitalization rate 0.28
      [IQR 0.15-0.65] vs. 0.19 [IQR 0.13-0.36] per year; p < 0.001), had a longer
      hospital stay (6 [IQR 2-13] vs. 4 [IQR 1-8] days; p < 0.001), had more
      comorbidities (4 [IQR 2-7] vs. 2 [IQR 1-5]; p < 0.001), and had a significantly
      higher in-hospital mortality (2.6% [95% CI 2.3%-2.9%] vs. 1.8% [95% CI 1.5%-2.1%]
      (p < 0.001). A worse outcome was observed among sarcoidosis patients having co
      occurrence of associated respiratory diseases. Moreover, age was an important
      risk factor for re-hospitalization. 

PMID- 26987060
TI  - Molecular Variability and Distribution of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus in Shanxi,
      China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is responsible for large-scale economic
      losses in the global production of sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and some other
      graminaceous species. To understand the evolutionary mechanism of SCMV
      populations, this virus was studied in Shanxi, China. A total of 86 maize leaf
      samples (41 samples in 2012 and 45 samples in 2013) were collected from 4 regions
      of Shanxi. RESULTS: Double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and RT-PCR showed 59
      samples (30 samples in 2012 and 29 samples in 2013) to be positive for SCMV, from
      which 10 new isolates of SCMV were isolated and sequenced. The complete genomes
      of these isolates are 9610 nt long, including the 5' and 3' non-coding regions,
      and encode a 3063-amino acid polyprotein. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 24
      SCMV isolates could be divided on the basis of the whole genome into 2 divergent
      evolutionary groups, which were associated with the host species. Among the
      populations, 15 potential recombination events were identified. The selection
      pressure on the genes of these SCMV isolates was also calculated. The results
      confirmed that all the genes were under negative selection. CONCLUSIONS: Negative
      selection and recombination appear to be important evolutionary factors shaping
      the genetic structure of these SCMV isolates. SCMV is distributed widely in China
      and exists as numerous strains with distinct genetic diversity. Our findings will
      provide a foundation for evaluating the epidemiological characteristics of SCMV
      in China and will be useful in designing long-term, sustainable management
      strategies for SCMV.

PMID- 26987062
TI  - The novel dipeptide Tyr-Ala (TA) significantly enhances the lifespan and
      healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Food-derived bioactive peptides may have various physiological modulatory and
      regulatory functions and are now being studied extensively. Recently, the novel
      dipeptide Tyr-Ala was isolated from hydrolyzed maize protein. Tyr-Ala
      significantly prolonged the lifespan of wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans and
      extended the nematode healthspan and lifespan during heat/oxidative stress.
      Compared with its constituent amino acids, Tyr-Ala was more efficient in
      enhancing stress resistance. Further studies demonstrated that the significant
      longevity-extending effects of Tyr-Ala on Caenorhabditis elegans were attributed
      to its in vitro and in vivo free radical-scavenging effects, in addition to its
      ability to up-regulate stress resistance-related proteins, such as SOD
      (Superoxide Dismutase)-3 and HSP (Heat Shock Protein)-16.2. Real-time PCR results
      showed that the up-regulation of aging-associated genes, such as daf-16, sod-3,
      hsp-16.2 and skn-1, also contributed to the stress-resistance effect of Tyr-Ala.
      These results indicate that the novel dipeptide Tyr-Ala can protect against
      external stress and thus extend the lifespan and healthspan of Caenorhabditis
      elegans. Thereby, Tyr-Ala could be used as a potential medicine in anti-aging
      research. 

PMID- 26987063
TI  - Goniothalamin induces apoptosis associated with autophagy activation through MAPK
      signaling in SK-BR-3 cells.
AB  - Goniothalamin, a plant bioactive styrly-lactone, possesses many biological
      activities. In the present study, the anticancer effect of goniothalamin on human
      breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 was investigated. The results showed that
      goniothalamin induced nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, apoptotic bodies
      and mitochondrial dysfunction as determined by JC-1 staining. Goniothalamin also
      increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and expression of cleaved caspase-7, cleaved
      caspase-9 and cleaved PARP, but decreased Bcl-2 expression. In addition,
      goniothalamin induced apoptosis via p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 upregulation and inhibited
      cell survival via p-ERK1/2 and p-Akt downregulation. Notably, goniothalamin
      induced autophagy through upregulation of Atg7, Atg12-Atg5 conjugation and LC3II.
      The increased p-p38 and p-JNK1/2 and decreased p-Akt may lead to autophagy
      induction. Therefore, goniothalamin promoted apoptosis associated with autophagy
      induction in SK-BR-3 cells through p-p38 and p-JNK1/2 upregulation and p-Akt
      downregulation. The present study indicated that goniothalamin may be further
      used as a potential therapeutic candidate or may offer an alternative treatment
      for breast cancer.

PMID- 26987061
TI  - Raphanus sativus cv. Sango Sprout Juice Decreases Diet-Induced Obesity in Sprague
      Dawley Rats and Ameliorates Related Disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity is recognized as a leading global health problem, correlated
      with an increased risk for several chronic diseases. One strategy for weight
      control management includes the use of vegetables rich in bioactive compounds to
      counteract weight gain, improve the antioxidant status and stimulate lipid
      catabolism. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the role
      of Raphanus sativus Sango sprout juice (SSJ), a Brassica extraordinarily rich in
      anthocyanins (AC) and isothiocyanates (ITCs), in a non-genetic model of obesity
      (high fat diet-HFD induced). METHODS: Control groups were fed with HFD or regular
      diet (RD). After a 10-week period, animals were assigned to experimental units
      and treated by gavage for 28 days as follows: HFD and RD control groups (rats fed
      HFD or RD and treated with vehicle only) and HFD-treated groups (rats fed HFD and
      treated with 15, 75 or 150 mg/kg b.w. of SSJ). Body weight and food consumption
      were recorded and serum lipid profile was measured (total cholesterol,
      triglycerides, and non-esterified fatty acids). Hepatic phase-I, phase-II as well
      as antioxidant enzymatic activities were assessed. RESULTS: SSJ lowered total
      cholesterol level, food intake and liver weight compared with HFD rodents. SSJ at
      medium dose proved effective in reducing body-weight (~19 g reduction). SSJ was
      effective in up-regulating the antioxidant enzymes catalase, NAD(P)H: quinone
      reductase, oxidised glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, which reached
      or exceeded RD levels, as well as the phase II metabolic enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl
      transferase (up to about 43%). HFD up-regulated almost every cytochrome P450
      isoform tested, and a mild down-regulation to baseline was observed after SSJ
      intervention. CONCLUSION: This work reveals, for the first time, the antioxidant,
      hypolipidemic and antiobesity potential of SSJ, suggesting its use as an
      efficient new functional food/nutraceutical product.

PMID- 26987065
TI  - Effects of urinary cortisol levels and resting heart rate on the risk for fatal
      and nonfatal cardiovascular events.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Higher cortisol levels are associated with cardiovascular
      mortality in the elderly. It is unclear whether this association also exists in a
      general population of younger adults and for non-fatal cardiovascular events.
      Likewise, resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular mortality, but
      fewer studies have also considered non-fatal events. The goal of this study was
      to investigate whether twenty-four-hour urinary cortisol (24-h UFC) levels and
      resting heart rate (RHR) predict major adverse fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular
      events (MACE) in the general population. METHODS: We used data from a subcohort
      of the PREVEND study, a prospective general population based cohort study with a
      follow-up of 6.4 years for 24-h UFC and 10.6 years for RHR. Participants were
      3432 adults (mean age 49 years, range 28-75). 24-h UFC was collected and measured
      by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RHR was measured at baseline
      in a supine position for 10 min with the Dinamap XL Model 9300. Information about
      cardiovascular events and mortality was obtained from the Dutch national registry
      of hospital discharge diagnoses and the municipal register respectively. RESULTS:
      24-h UFC did not significantly increase the hazard of MACE (hazard ratio = 0.999,
      95% confidence interval = 0.993-1.006, p = 0.814). RHR increased the risk for
      MACE with 17% per 10 extra heart beats per minute (hazard ratio = 1.016, 95%
      confidence interval = 1.001-1.031, p = 0.036) after adjustment for conventional
      risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to 24-h UFC, RHR is a risk marker for MACE
      in the general population.

PMID- 26987064
TI  - Corneal Wound Healing Requires IKB kinase beta Signaling in Keratocytes.
AB  - IkB kinase beta (IKKbeta) is a key signaling kinase for inflammatory responses,
      but it also plays diverse cell type-specific roles that are not yet fully
      understood. Here we investigated the role of IKKbeta in the cornea using
      Ikkbeta(DeltaCS) mice in which the Ikkbeta gene was specifically deleted in the
      corneal stromal keratocytes. The Ikkbeta(DeltaCS) corneas had normal morphology,
      transparency and thickness; however, they did not heal well from mild alkali burn
      injury. In contrast to the Ikkbeta(F/F) corneas that restored transparency in 2
      weeks after injury, over 50% of the Ikkbeta(DeltaCS) corneas failed to fully
      recover. They instead developed recurrent haze with increased stromal thickness,
      severe inflammation and apoptosis. This pathogenesis correlated with sustained
      myofibroblast transformation with increased alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)
      expression, higher levels of senescence beta-Gal activity and scar tissue
      formation at the late stage of wound healing. In addition, the Ikkbeta(DeltaCS)
      corneas displayed elevated expression of hemo-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a marker of
      oxidative stress, and activation of stress signaling pathways with increased JNK,
      c-Jun and SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. These data suggest that IKKbeta in keratocytes
      is required to repress oxidative stress and attenuate fibrogenesis and senescence
      in corneal wound healing.

PMID- 26987066
TI  - Long noncoding RNAs and atherosclerosis.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is universally recognized as a chronic lipid-induced inflammation
      of the vessel wall in response to dyslipidemia and haemodynamic stress involving
      dysfunction and activation of resident vascular cells as well as infiltration of
      leukocytes. As members of nonprotein-coding RNAs, the long noncoding RNAs
      (lncRNAs) are implicated in various biological processes. Accumulating evidences
      suggest that lncRNAs regulate the function of vascular wall, activation of
      macrophages, lipid metabolism and immune response. Here, we review the effects of
      lncRNAs on the progress of atherosclerosis. 

PMID- 26987067
TI  - Targeting PCSK9 for therapeutic gains: Have we addressed all the concerns?
AB  - Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) regulates the expression of
      low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptors, through reducing their recycling by
      binding to the receptor along with LDL and targeting it for lysosomal
      destruction. PCSK9 also enhances the degradation of very-low-density-lipoprotein
      receptor (VLDLR) and lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) in a LDL
      receptor independent manner. This role in lipid homeostasis presents PCSK9 as an
      attractive target for the therapeutic management of familial hypercholesterolemia
      as well as other refractory dyslipidaemias. However, PCSK9 mediates multifarious
      functions independent of its role in lipid homeostasis, which can be grouped
      under "pleiotropic functions" of the protein. This includes PCSK9's role in:
      trafficking of epithelial sodium channel; hepatic regeneration; pancreatic
      integrity and glucose homeostasis; antiviral activity; antimalarial activity;
      regulation of different cell signalling pathways; cortical neural
      differentiation; neuronal apoptosis and Alzheimer's disease. The question that
      needs to be investigated in depth is "How will the pleotropic functions of PCSK9,
      be affected by the therapeutic intervention of the protease's LDL-receptor
      lowering activity?" In this review, we appraise the different lipid lowering
      strategies targeting PCSK9 in light of the protein's different pleiotropic
      functions. Additionally, we delineate the key areas that require further
      examination, to ensure the long-term safety of the above lipid-lowering
      strategies. 

PMID- 26987068
TI  - Effects of phytosterols on markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Regular intake of phytosterols (PS) is proven to dose
      dependently lower LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Whether PS consumption can also impact
      low-grade inflammation is unclear. Considering the low feasibility of outcomes
      studies involving PS consumption, investigation of surrogate markers of
      atherosclerosis represents a valuable approach. This study assessed the anti
      inflammatory effect of PS consumption, according to inflammatory biomarkers,
      mainly C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS AND RESULTS: A systematic search of
      Medline, Cab Abstracts, and Food Science & Technology Abstracts was conducted
      through January 2015. Our study selection included randomized controlled trials
      (RCT), involving intake of PS-enriched foods as active treatment, and measurement
      of plasma inflammatory biomarkers. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed
      using average baseline and end-of-intervention concentrations and control
      adjusted absolute changes in CRP and blood lipids. There were 20 eligible RCTs
      including a total of 1308 subjects. The absolute change of plasma CRP levels with
      PS consumption was -0.10 mg/L (95%CI -0.26; 0.05), a non-significant change, and
      heterogeneity had borderline significance (I(2) = 29.1; p-value = 0.073). The
      absolute reduction of LDL-C was -14.3 mg/dL (95%CI -17.3; -11.3). Meta-regression
      analyses showed that both the dose and duration of PS intake significantly
      influenced the absolute changes in plasma CRP (beta = -0.35, p = 0.0255 and beta
      = -0.03, p = 0.0209, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis, regular
      intake of PS-enriched foods did not significantly change CRP, whilst LDL-C
      concentrations were significantly reduced. Further studies with higher PS doses
      may provide more definite conclusions on a potential anti-inflammatory effect of
      PS intake.

PMID- 26987069
TI  - Comparison of Trifecta and Pentafecta Outcomes between T1a and T1b Renal Masses
      following Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy (RAPN) with Minimum One Year Follow
      Up: Can RAPN for T1b Renal Masses Be Feasible?
AB  - PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of RAPN on T1b renal mass by
      assessment of Trifecta and Pentafecta rate between T1a and T1b renal mass.
      MATERIALS/METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 277 cases
      of RPN performed from 2006 to 2015. Sixty patients with clinically T1b renal
      masses (> 4 cm and <= 7 cm) were identified, and from 180 patients with
      clinically T1a renal mass, 60 patients were matched with T1b renal mass by
      propensity score. Tumor complexity was investigated according to R.E.N.A.L
      nephrometry score. "Pentafecta" was defined as achievement of Trifecta (negative
      surgical margin, no postoperative complications and warm ischemia time of <= 25
      minutes) with addition of over 90% estimated GFR preservation and no chronic
      kidney disease stage upgrading at 1 year postoperative period. Propensity score
      matching was performed by OneToManyMTCH. Logistic regression models were used to
      identify the variables which predict the Trifecta, and Pentafecta ac. RESULTS:
      Preoperative variables (age, sex, body mass index, ASA score) were similar
      between T1a and T1b after propensity score matching. The median R.E.N.A.L.
      nephrometry score was 8 vs 9 for T1a and T1b respectively (p<0.001). The median
      warm ischemia time was 20.1 min vs 26.2 min (p<0.001). Positive surgical margin
      rate was 5% vs 6.6% (p = 0.729) and overall complication rate of 13.3%. vs 15% (p
      = 0.793). The rate of achievement of Trifecta rate were 65.3% vs 43.3% (p =
      0.017) and Pentafecta rate were 38.3% vs 26.7% (p = 0.172). For achievement of
      Pentafecta, R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score (HR 0.80; 95% CI (0.67-0.97); p = 0.031)
      was significant predictor of achieving Pentafecta. Subanalyis to assess the
      component of R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score, L component (location relative to the
      polar lines, HR 0.63; 95% CI (0.38-1.03); P = 0.064) was relatively important
      component for Pentafecta achievement. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of Pentafecta after
      RAPN was comparable between T1a and T1b renal masses. RAPN is a feasible modality
      with excellent long term outcome for patients with larger renal mass (cT1b).

PMID- 26987070
TI  - Opposing effects of dopamine D1- and D2-like agonists on intracranial self
      stimulation in male rats.
AB  - Dopamine acts through dopamine Type I receptors (comprising D1 and D5 subtypes)
      and dopamine Type II receptors (comprising D2, D3, and D4 subtypes). Intracranial
      self-stimulation (ICSS) is 1 experimental procedure that can be used to evaluate
      abuse-related effects of drugs targeting dopamine receptors. This study evaluated
      effects of dopamine receptor ligands on ICSS in rats using experimental
      procedures that have been used previously to examine abused indirect dopamine
      agonists such as cocaine and amphetamine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats responded
      under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain
      bundle, and frequency of stimulation varied from 56-158 Hz in 0.05 log increments
      during each experimental session. Drug potency and time course were determined
      for the D1 ligands A77636, SKF82958, SKF38393, fenoldopam, and SCH39166 and the
      D2/3 ligands sumanirole, apomorphine, quinpirole, PD128907, pramipexole,
      aripiprazole, eticlopride, and PG01037. The high-efficacy D1 agonists A77636 and
      SKF82958 produced dose-dependent, time-dependent, and abuse-related facilitation
      of ICSS. Lower efficacy D1 ligands and all D2/3 ligands failed to facilitate ICSS
      at any dose or pretreatment time. A mixture of SKF82958 and quinpirole produced a
      mixture of effects produced by each drug alone. Quinpirole also failed to
      facilitate ICSS after regimens of repeated treatment with either quinpirole or
      cocaine. These studies provide more evidence for divergent effects of dopamine D1
      and D2-family agonists on ICSS procedure in rats and suggest that ICSS may be a
      useful complement to other approaches for preclinical abuse potential assessment,
      in part because of the reproducibility of results. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 26987071
TI  - Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in TULP1 Induced Retinal
      Degeneration.
AB  - Inherited retinal disorders (IRDs) result in severe visual impairments in
      children and adults. A challenge in the field of retinal degenerations is
      identifying mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death related to specific genetic
      mutations. Mutations in the gene TULP1 have been associated with two forms of
      IRDs, early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).
      TULP1 is a cytoplasmic, membrane-associated protein shown to be involved in
      transportation of newly synthesized proteins destined for the outer segment
      compartment of photoreceptor cells; however, how mutant TULP1 causes cell death
      is not understood. In this study, we provide evidence that common missense
      mutations in TULP1 express as misfolded protein products that accumulate within
      the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causing prolonged ER stress. In an effort to
      maintain protein homeostasis, photoreceptor cells then activate the unfolded
      protein response (UPR) complex. Our results indicate that the two major apoptotic
      arms of the UPR pathway, PERK and IRE1, are activated. Additionally, we show that
      retinas expressing mutant TULP1 significantly upregulate the expression of CHOP,
      a UPR signaling protein promoting apoptosis, and undergo photoreceptor cell
      death. Our study demonstrates that the ER-UPR, a known mechanism of apoptosis
      secondary to an overwhelming accumulation of misfolded protein, is involved in
      photoreceptor degeneration caused by missense mutations in TULP1. These
      observations suggest that modulating the UPR pathways might be a strategy for
      therapeutic intervention. 

PMID- 26987073
TI  - Determining the Lowest Optimally Effective Methotrexate Dose for Individual RA
      Patients Using Their Dose Response Relation in a Tight Control Treatment
      Approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal methotrexate dose in individual patients and
      to explore whether this optimal dose and the level of disease activity at that
      dose could be predicted. METHODS: Data from CAMERA II trial comparing MTX and MTX
      with 10 mg of prednisone both in a tight control treatment strategy in early RA
      was used. For each patient a curve for disease activity over time was fitted and
      the MTX dose after which further step-up did not result in relevant improvement
      in disease activity anymore was determined the 'lowest optimally effective MTX
      dose (LOED)'. The association of demographic and clinical characteristics at
      baseline with this LOED and with the level of disease activity reached at LOED
      was studied. RESULTS: In 204 (100 MTX and 104 MTX with prednisone) out of 236
      patients LOED could be defined. 10 mg/wk was the most prevalent LOED in patients
      treated with MTX and prednisone and 10 mg/wk, 20 mg/wk and 30 mg/wk in the MTX
      strategy. Although the specific LOED could not reliably be predicted, higher
      baseline disease activity, height and lower weight were associated with higher
      LOEDs (i.e at least 15 mg/wk). A score was presented to decide on a starting dose
      of 10 mg/wk or (at least) 15 mg/wk. The level of disease activity at LOED could
      not be reliably predicted. CONCLUSION: A starting dose of 10 mg/wk might be a
      good choice for most patients and is frequently already the optimal dose.
      However, a subgroup of patient can be determined who would require higher MTX
      doses.

PMID- 26987078
TI  - Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin and doxorubicin in combination on the
      proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells.
AB  - Patients with cancer often exhibit signs of anemia as the result of the disease.
      Thus, cancer chemotherapies often include erythropoietin (EPO) in the regime to
      improve the survival rate of these patients. The aim of the present study was to
      determine the effect of EPO on doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells. The
      cytotoxicity of doxorubicin alone or in combination with EPO against the MCF-7
      and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were determined using an MTT cell
      viability assay, neutral red (NR) uptake assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      assay. The estimated half maximal inhibitory concentration values for doxorubicin
      and the combination of doxorubicin with EPO were between 0.140 and 0.260 ug/ml
      for all cells treated for 72 h. Treatment with doxorubicin in combination with
      EPO led to no notable difference in cytotoxicity, compared with treatment with
      doxorubicin alone. The antiproliferative effect of doxorubicin at a concentration
      of 1 ug/ml on the MDA-MB-231 cells was demonstrated by the decrease in viable
      cells from 3.6x10(5) at 24 h to 2.1x10(5) at 72 h of treatment. In order to
      confirm apoptosis in the doxorubicin-treated cells, the activities of caspases
      3/7 and -9 were determined using a TBE assay. The results indicated that the
      activities of caspases-3/7 and -9 were significantly elevated in the doxorubicin
      treated MDA-MB-231 cells by 571 and 645%, respectively, and in the MCF 7 cells by
      471 and 345%, respectively, compared with the control cells. EPO did not modify
      the effect of doxorubicin on these cell lines. The results of the present study
      suggested that EPO was safe for use in combination with doxorubicin in the
      treatment of patients with breast cancer and concurrent anemia. 

PMID- 26987079
TI  - An Ag(I) energetic metal-organic framework assembled with the energetic
      combination of furazan and tetrazole: synthesis, structure and energetic
      performance.
AB  - A novel Ag(I) energetic MOF [Ag16(BTFOF)9]n.[2(NH4)]n () assembled with Ag(iI
      ions and a furazan derivative, 4,4'-oxybis[3,3'-(1H-5-tetrazol)]furazan (H2BTFOF)
      was successfully synthesized and structurally characterized, featuring a three
      dimensional porous structure incorporating ammonium cations. The thermal
      stability and energetic properties were determined, revealing that the 3D
      energetic MOF had an outstanding insensitivity (IS > 40 J), an ultrahigh
      detonation pressure (P) of 65.29 GPa and a detonation velocity (D) of 11.81 km
      cm(-3). In addition, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (TSADT) and
      the critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tb) are also discussed in detail.
      The finding exemplifies that the assembly strategy plays a decisive role in the
      density and energetic properties of MOF-based energetic materials.

PMID- 26987080
TI  - Intrapatient variation in antiepileptic drug plasma concentration after generic
      substitution vs stable brand-name drug regimens.
AB  - Generic substitution of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is still a matter of
      controversy and concern among clinicians and patients. We aimed to assess
      intrasubject variation in plasma concentrations of lamotrigine (LTG),
      levetiracetam (LEV) and topiramate (TPM) after generic substitution compared with
      a stable brand-name drug regimen in a population of patients with epilepsy. A
      retrospective analysis was performed on prospectively collected and stored data
      from our therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) database for the years 2009-2014. The
      main outcome variable was the proportion of patients who, after switching from
      branded to generic formulations, showed a greater than +/-20% change in AED
      plasma concentrations compared to the proportion of control patients showing a
      change in AED plasma concentrations of the same extent while receiving stable
      branded formulations over repeated TDM tests. Fifty patients on LTG, 27 on LEV
      and 16 on TPM showing at least one TDM test while receiving generic products
      fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the analysis and were compared
      with 200 control patients for LTG, 120 for LEV and 80 for TPM. The proportion of
      patients showing an intrasubject change greater than +/-20% in AED plasma
      concentrations was similar in the brand name vs generic group compared with the
      control one for LTG (22% vs 33%) and LEV (44% vs 38%), while it was higher in the
      control group for TPM (41% vs 6%, p<0.01). These are the first data in the
      literature about the within-patient variation in steady-state plasma
      concentrations of a series of stable treatments with brand-name AEDs in a real
      clinical setting. In conclusion, a significant interday variability in
      intrapatient LTG, LEV and TPM plasma concentrations can be observed even in
      patients stabilized with the same brand name product over time. This suggests
      that any change in plasma AED concentration and possible related clinical effects
      after generic substitution may be not necessarily related to the switch. Our
      results should be confirmed by large, prospective, blinded, randomized controlled
      studies in people with epilepsy. 

PMID- 26987081
TI  - Functional fitness norms for community-dwelling older adults in Hong Kong.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish normative data for older adults in Hong
      Kong and explore age and sex differences in functional fitness. METHODS: A sample
      of 944 independent community-dwellers, aged 65-74 years, was evaluated using the
      Senior Fitness Test battery in addition to hand grip and single leg stance tests.
      Normative data were reported for the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles
      in 5-year age groups. RESULTS: Except for upper extremity muscle strength in
      women and body mass index (BMI) in both sexes, ageing-associated degradation was
      observed in all testing parameters especially in flexibility, balance, and
      agility. Significant sex differences were found in all testing parameters with
      the exception of BMI and static balance with eyes open. Moreover, men
      demonstrated higher capacities for muscle strength, agility, balance, and aerobic
      endurance, whereas women showed superior flexibility. CONCLUSION: The normative
      values enable the evaluation of individual performance regarding the fitness
      status of older adults in Hong Kong.

PMID- 26987082
TI  - CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016.
AB  - This guideline provides recommendations for primary care clinicians who are
      prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment,
      palliative care, and end-of-life care. The guideline addresses 1) when to
      initiate or continue opioids for chronic pain; 2) opioid selection, dosage,
      duration, follow-up, and discontinuation; and 3) assessing risk and addressing
      harms of opioid use. CDC developed the guideline using the Grading of
      Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, and
      recommendations are made on the basis of a systematic review of the scientific
      evidence while considering benefits and harms, values and preferences, and
      resource allocation. CDC obtained input from experts, stakeholders, the public,
      peer reviewers, and a federally chartered advisory committee. It is important
      that patients receive appropriate pain treatment with careful consideration of
      the benefits and risks of treatment options. This guideline is intended to
      improve communication between clinicians and patients about the risks and
      benefits of opioid therapy for chronic pain, improve the safety and effectiveness
      of pain treatment, and reduce the risks associated with long-term opioid therapy,
      including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. CDC has provided a checklist
      for prescribing opioids for chronic pain (http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/38025)
      as well as a website (http://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/prescribingresources.html)
      with additional tools to guide clinicians in implementing the recommendations. 

PMID- 26987083
TI  - Hydrogen sulfide promotes cell proliferation of oral cancer through activation of
      the COX2/AKT/ERK1/2 axis.
AB  - Hydrogen sulfide, the third gaseous transmitter, is one of the main causes of
      halitosis in the oral cavity. It is generally considered as playing a deleterious
      role in many oral diseases including oral cancer. However, the regulatory
      mechanisms involved in the effects of hydrogen sulfide on oral cancer growth
      remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the underlying
      mechanisms through CCK-8 assay, EdU incorporation, real-time PCR, western blot
      and pathway blockade assays. Our results showed that hydrogen sulfide promoted
      oral cancer cell proliferation through activation of the COX2, AKT and ERK1/2
      pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Blocking any of the three above pathways
      inhibited hydrogen sulfide-induced oral cancer cell proliferation. Meanwhile,
      blockade of COX2 by niflumic acid downregulated NaHS-induced p-ERK and p-AKT
      expression. Inactivation of the AKT pathway by GSK690693 significantly decreased
      NaHS-induced p-ERK1/2 expression, and inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by U0126
      markedly increased NaHS-induced p-AKT expression. Either the AKT or ERK1/2
      inhibitor did not significantly alter the COX2 expression level. Our data
      revealed, for the first time, that hydrogen sulfide promotes oral cancer cell
      proliferation through activation of the COX2/AKT/ERK1/2 axis, suggesting new
      potential targets to eliminate the effect of hydrogen sulfide on the development
      of oral cancer.

PMID- 26987072
TI  - Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity by (R)-Roscovitine: Potential Therapeutic
      Opportunity in Cystic Fibrosis.
AB  - (R)-Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of kinases, is currently in phase II
      clinical trial as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, Cushing's
      disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We here review the data that support the
      investigation of (R)-roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the
      treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). (R)-Roscovitine displays four independent
      properties that may favorably combine against CF: (1) it partially protects
      F508del-CFTR from proteolytic degradation and favors its trafficking to the
      plasma membrane; (2) by increasing membrane targeting of the TRPC6 ion channel,
      it rescues acidification in phagolysosomes of CF alveolar macrophages (which show
      abnormally high pH) and consequently restores their bactericidal activity; (3)
      its effects on neutrophils (induction of apoptosis), eosinophils (inhibition of
      degranulation/induction of apoptosis) and lymphocytes (modification of the
      Th17/Treg balance in favor of the differentiation of anti-inflammatory
      lymphocytes and reduced production of various interleukins, notably IL-17A)
      contribute to the resolution of inflammation and restoration of innate immunity,
      and (4) roscovitine displays analgesic properties in animal pain models. The fact
      that (R)-roscovitine has undergone extensive preclinical safety/pharmacology
      studies, and phase I and II clinical trials in cancer patients, encourages its
      repurposing as a CF drug candidate.

PMID- 26987084
TI  - The importance of effective sampling for exploring the population dynamics of
      haploid-diploid seaweeds.
AB  - The mating system partitions genetic diversity within and among populations and
      the links between life history traits and mating systems have been extensively
      studied in diploid organisms. As such most evolutionary theory is focused on
      species for which sexual reproduction occurs between diploid male and diploid
      female individuals. However, there are many multicellular organisms with biphasic
      life cycles in which the haploid stage is prolonged and undergoes substantial
      somatic development. In particular, biphasic life cycles are found across green,
      brown and red macroalgae. Yet, few studies have addressed the population
      structure and genetic diversity in both the haploid and diploid stages in these
      life cycles. We have developed some broad guidelines with which to develop
      population genetic studies of haploid-diploid macroalgae and to quantify the
      relationship between power and sampling strategy. We address three common goals
      for studying macroalgal population dynamics, including haploid-diploid ratios,
      genetic structure and paternity analyses. 

PMID- 26987086
TI  - The Age of Discovery is still with us.

PMID- 26987085
TI  - Phosphorus physiological ecology and molecular mechanisms in marine
      phytoplankton.
AB  - Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton and indeed all
      life forms. Current data show that P availability is growth-limiting in certain
      marine systems and can impact algal species composition. Available P occurs in
      marine waters as dissolved inorganic phosphate (primarily orthophosphate [Pi]) or
      as a myriad of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds. Despite numerous
      studies on P physiology and ecology and increasing research on genomics in marine
      phytoplankton, there have been few attempts to synthesize information from these
      different disciplines. This paper is aimed to integrate the physiological and
      molecular information on the acquisition, utilization, and storage of P in marine
      phytoplankton and the strategies used by these organisms to acclimate and adapt
      to variations in P availability. Where applicable, we attempt to identify gaps in
      our current knowledge that warrant further research and examine possible
      metabolic pathways that might occur in phytoplankton from well-studied bacterial
      models. Physical and chemical limitations governing cellular P uptake are
      explored along with physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt and acclimate
      to temporally and spatially varying P nutrient regimes. Topics covered include
      cellular Pi uptake and feedback regulation of uptake systems, enzymatic
      utilization of DOP, P acquisition by phagotrophy, P-limitation of phytoplankton
      growth in oceanic and coastal waters, and the role of P-limitation in regulating
      cell size and toxin levels in phytoplankton. Finally, we examine the role of P
      and other nutrients in the transition of phytoplankton communities from early
      succession species (diatoms) to late succession ones (e.g., dinoflagellates and
      haptophytes). 

PMID- 26987088
TI  - Evidence of an evolutionary-developmental trade-off between drag avoidance and
      tolerance strategies in wave-swept intertidal kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae).
AB  - Kelps are a clade of morphologically diverse, ecologically important habitat
      forming species. Many kelps live in wave-swept environments and are exposed to
      chronic flow-induced stress. In order to grow and survive in these harsh
      environments, kelps can streamline (reducing drag coefficient) to avoid drag or
      to increase attachment and breakage force to tolerate it. We aimed to quantify
      the drag tolerance and streamlining strategies of kelps from wave-swept
      intertidal habitats. We measured drag coefficient and tenacity of populations
      from eight kelp species over a wide range of sizes to determine whether kelps
      avoid dislodgement by reducing drag coefficient or by increasing tenacity as they
      grow, and whether these traits are traded off. We employed phylogenetic
      comparative methods to rule out potentially confounding effects of species'
      relatedness. There was a significant negative relationship between drag avoidance
      and tolerance strategies, even after incorporating phylogeny. Kelps that were
      more tenacious were less able to reduce drag, resulting in a continuum from
      "tolerators" to "streamliners," with some species demonstrating intermediate,
      mixed strategies. Drag and tenacity were correlated with geometric properties
      (i.e., second moment of area) of the stipe in large kelps. Results presented in
      this study suggest that kelps are either strong or streamlined, but not both.
      This continuum is consistent with avoidance and tolerance trade-offs that have
      been documented in many different biological systems and may have widespread
      implications for the evolution of large macroalgae, perhaps driving morphological
      diversity within this group.

PMID- 26987087
TI  - New Ulvaceae (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) from mesophotic ecosystems across the
      Hawaiian Archipelago.
AB  - Ulvalean algae (Chlorophyta) are most commonly described from intertidal and
      shallow subtidal marine environments worldwide, but are less well known from
      mesophotic environments. Their morphological simplicity and phenotypic plasticity
      make accurate species determinations difficult, even at the generic level. Here,
      we describe the mesophotic Ulvales species composition from 13 locations across
      2,300 km of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Twenty-eight representative Ulvales
      specimens from 64 to 125 m depths were collected using technical diving,
      submersibles, and remotely operated vehicles. Morphological and molecular
      characters suggest that mesophotic Ulvales in Hawaiian waters form unique
      communities comprising four species within the genera Ulva and Umbraulva, each
      with discrete geographic and/or depth-related distributional patterns. Three
      genetically distinct taxa are supported by both plastid (rbcL and tufA) and
      nuclear (ITS1) markers, and are presented here as new species: Umbraulva
      kaloakulau, Ulva ohiohilulu, and Ulva iliohaha. We also propose a new Umbraulva
      species (Umbraulva kuaweuweu), which is closely related to subtidal records from
      New Zealand and Australia, but not formally described. To our knowledge, these
      are the first marine species descriptions from Hawai'i resulting from the
      collaboration of traditional Hawaiian nomenclature specialists, cultural
      practitioners and scientists. The difficulty of finding reliable diagnostic
      morphological characters for these species reflects a common problem worldwide of
      achieving accurate identification of ulvalean taxa using solely morphological
      criteria. Mesophotic Ulvales appear to be distinct from shallow-water populations
      in Hawai'i, but their degree of similarity to mesophotic floras in other
      locations in the Pacific remains unknown.

PMID- 26987089
TI  - Differences in pigmentation between life cycle stages in Scrippsiella lachrymosa
      (dinophyceae).
AB  - Various life cycle stages of cyst-producing dinoflagellates often appear
      differently colored under the microscope; gametes appear paler while zygotes are
      darker in comparison to vegetative cells. To compare physiological and
      photochemical competency, the pigment composition of discrete life cycle stages
      was determined for the common resting cyst-producing dinoflagellate Scrippsiella
      lachrymosa. Vegetative cells had the highest cellular pigment content (25.2 +/-
      0.5 pg . cell(-1) ), whereas gamete pigment content was 22% lower. The pigment
      content of zygotes was 82% lower than vegetative cells, even though they appeared
      darker under the microscope. Zygotes of S. lachrymosa contained significantly
      higher cellular concentrations of beta-carotene (0.65 +/- 0.15 pg . cell(-1) )
      than all other life stages. Photoprotective pigments and the de-epoxidation ratio
      of xanthophylls-cycle pigments in S. lachrymosa were significantly elevated in
      zygotes and cysts compared to other stages. This suggests a role for accessory
      pigments in combating intracellular oxidative stress during sexual reproduction
      or encystment. Resting cysts contained some pigments even though chloroplasts
      were not visible, suggesting that the brightly colored accumulation body
      contained photosynthetic pigments. The differences in pigmentation between life
      stages have implications for interpretation of pigment data from field samples
      when sampled during dinoflagellate blooms.

PMID- 26987090
TI  - Effects of sodium sulfate on the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas moewusii:
      implications for the optimization of algal culture media.
AB  - The study of the microalgal growth kinetics is an indispensable tool in all
      fields of phycology. Knowing the optimal nutrient concentration is an important
      issue that will help to develop efficient growth systems for these
      microorganisms. Although nitrogen and phosphorus are well studied for this
      purpose, sulfur seems to be less investigated. Sulfate is a primary sulfur source
      used by microalgae; moreover, the concentration of this compound is increasing in
      freshwater systems due to pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      effects of different sodium sulfate concentrations in the culture medium on
      growth and growth kinetics of the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas moewusii.
      Production of biomass, chl content, kinetic equations, and a mathematical model
      that describe the microalgal growth in relation with the concentration of sodium
      sulfate were obtained. The lowest concentration of sodium sulfate allowing
      optimal growth was 0.1 mM. Concentrations higher than 3 mM generated a toxic
      effect. This work demonstrates that this toxic effect was not directly due to the
      excess of sulfate ion but by the elevation of the ionic strength. An inhibition
      model was successfully used to simulate the relationship between specific growth
      rate and sodium sulfate in this microalga.

PMID- 26987091
TI  - Gymnoxanthella radiolariae gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a dinoflagellate
      symbiont from solitary polycystine radiolarians.
AB  - The symbiotic dinoflagellate Gymnoxanthella radiolariae T. Yuasa et T. Horiguchi
      gen. et sp. nov. isolated from polycystine radiolarians is described herein based
      on light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as molecular
      phylogenetic analyses of SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Motile cells of G.
      radiolariae were obtained in culture, and appeared to be unarmored. The cells
      were 9.1-11.4 MUm long and 5.7-9.4 MUm wide, and oval to elongate oval in the
      ventral view. They possessed an counterclockwise horseshoe-shaped apical groove,
      a nuclear envelope with vesicular chambers, cingulum displacement with one
      cingulum width, and the nuclear fibrous connective; all of these are
      characteristics of Gymnodinium sensu stricto (Gymnodinium s.s.). Molecular
      phylogenetic analyses also indicated that G. radiolariae belongs to the clade of
      Gymnodinium s.s. However, in our molecular phylogenetic trees, G. radiolariae was
      distantly related to Gymnodinium fuscum, the type species of Gymnodinium. Based
      on the consistent morphological, genetic, and ecological divergence of our
      species with the other genera and species of Gymnodinium s.s., we considered it
      justified to erect a new, separate genus and species G. radiolariae gen. et sp.
      nov. As for the peridinioid symbiont of radiolarians, Brandtodinium has been
      erected as a new genus instead of Zooxanthella, but the name Zooxanthella is
      still valid. Brandtodinium is a junior synonym of Zooxanthella. Our results
      suggest that at least two dinoflagellate symbiont species, peridinioid
      Zooxanthella nutricula and gymnodinioid G. radiolariae, exist in radiolarians,
      and that they may have been mixed and reported as "Z. nutricula" since the 19th
      century.

PMID- 26987092
TI  - Capsular polysaccharides facilitate enhanced iron acquisition by the colonial
      cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. isolated from a freshwater lake.
AB  - Microcystis sp., especially in its colonial form, is a common dominant species
      during cyanobacterial blooms in many iron-deficient water bodies. It is still not
      entirely clear, however, how the colonial forms of Microcystis acclimate to iron
      deficient habitats, and the responses of unicellular and colonial forms to iron
      replete and iron-deficient conditions were examined here. Growth rates and levels
      of photosynthetic pigments declined to a greater extent in cultures of
      unicellular Microcystis than in cultures of the colonial form in response to
      decreasing iron concentrations, resulting in the impaired photosynthetic
      performance of unicellular Microcystis as compared to colonial forms as measured
      by variable fluorescence and photosynthetic oxygen evolution. These results
      indicate that the light-harvesting ability and photosynthetic capacity of
      colonial Microcystis was less affected by iron deficiency than the unicellular
      form. The carotenoid contents and nonphotochemical quenching of colonial
      Microcystis were less reduced than those of the unicellular form under decreasing
      iron concentrations, indicating that the colonial morphology enhanced
      photoprotection and acclimation to iron-deficient conditions. Furthermore, large
      amounts of iron were detected in the capsular polysaccharides (CPS) of the
      colonies, and more iron was found to be attached to the colonial Microcystis CPS
      under decreasing iron conditions as compared to unicellular cultures. These
      results demonstrated that colonial Microcystis can acclimate to iron deficiencies
      better than the unicellular form, and that CPS plays an important role in their
      acclimation advantage in iron-deficient waters.

PMID- 26987093
TI  - Kinetic flux profiling dissects nitrogen utilization pathways in the oleaginous
      green alga Chlorella protothecoides.
AB  - As a promising candidate for biodiesel production, the green alga Chlorella
      protothecoides can efficiently produce oleaginous biomass and the lipid
      biosynthesis is greatly influenced by the availability of nitrogen source and
      corresponding nitrogen assimilation pathways. Based on isotope-assisted kinetic
      flux profiling (KFP), the fluxes through the nitrogen utilization pathway were
      quantitatively analyzed. We found that autotrophic C. protothecoides cells
      absorbed ammonium mainly through glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and partially
      through glutamine synthetase (GS), which was the rate-limiting enzyme of nitrogen
      assimilation process with rare metabolic activity of glutamine oxoglutarate
      aminotransferase (GOGAT, also known as glutamate synthase); whereas under
      heterotrophic conditions, the cells adapted to GS-GOGAT cycle for nitrogen
      assimilation in which GS reaction rate was associated with GOGAT activity. The
      fact that C. protothecoides chooses the adenosine triphosphate-free and less
      ammonium-affinity GDH pathway, or alternatively the energy-consuming GS-GOGAT
      cycle with high ammonium affinity for nitrogen assimilation, highlights the
      metabolic adaptability of C. protothecoides exposed to altered nitrogen
      conditions.

PMID- 26987094
TI  - Bacterial influence on alkenones in live microalgae.
AB  - The microalga Emiliania huxleyi produces alkenone lipids that are important
      proxies for estimating past sea surface temperatures. Field calibrations of this
      proxy are robust but highly variable results are obtained in culture. Here, we
      present results suggesting that algal-bacterial interactions may be responsible
      for some of this variability. Co-cultures of E. huxleyi and the bacterium
      Phaeobacter inhibens resulted in a 2.5-fold decrease in algal alkenone-containing
      lipid bodies. In addition levels of unsaturated alkenones increase in co
      cultures. These changes result in an increase in the reconstructed growth
      temperature of up to 2 degrees C relative to axenic algal cultures.

PMID- 26987095
TI  - Recovery and identification of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) frustules
      from natural samples acquired using the environmental sample processor.
AB  - Many species within the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia are difficult to
      distinguish without applying molecular analytical or microscopy-based methods.
      DNA, antibody and lectin probes have previously been used to provide rapid and
      specific detection of species and strains in complex field assemblages. Recently,
      however, well-documented cryptic genetic diversity within the group has
      confounded results of DNA probe tests in particular. Moreover, the number of
      species descriptions within the genus continues to increase, as do insights into
      toxin production by both new and previously described species. Therefore, a
      combination of classical morphological techniques and modern molecular
      methodologies is needed to resolve ecophysiological traits of Pseudo-nitzschia
      species. Here, we present an approach to recover and identify frustules from
      sample collection filters used for toxin analysis onboard the Environmental
      Sample Processor (ESP), an in situ sample collection and analytical platform.
      This approach provides a new and powerful tool for correlating species presence
      with toxin detected remotely and in situ by the ESP, and has the potential to be
      applied broadly to other sampling configurations. This new technique will
      contribute to a better understanding of naturally occurring Pseudo-nitzschia
      community structure with respect to observed domoic acid outbreaks.

PMID- 26987096
TI  - Endemic or introduced? Phylogeography of Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae) in
      Australia reveals multiple introductions and a new mitochondrial lineage.
AB  - The red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis embodies five cryptic mitochondrial
      lineages (lineage 1-5) introduced worldwide as a consequence of human mediated
      transport and climate change. We compared globally collected mitochondrial cox2-3
      intergenic spacer sequences with sequences produced from multiple Australian
      locations and South Korea to identify Asparagopsis lineages and to reveal cryptic
      introductions. We report A. taxiformis lineage 4 from Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
      Australia, and the highly invasive Indo-Pacific Mediterranean lineage 2 from
      South Korea and Lord Howe Island, Australia. Phylogeographic analysis showed a
      clear haplotype and geographic separation between western Australian and Great
      Barrier Reef (GBR) isolates belonging to the recently described lineage 5. The
      same lineage, however, was characterized by a substantial genetic and geographic
      break between the majority of Australian specimens and Asparagopsis collections
      from South Solitary Island, Southern GBR, Lord Howe Island, Kermadec Islands,
      Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The disjunct geographic
      distribution and sequence divergence between these two groups supports the
      recognition of a sixth cryptic A. taxiformis mitochondrial lineage. As climatic
      changes accelerate the relocation of biota and offer novel niches for
      colonization, periodic surveys for early detection of cryptic invasive seaweeds
      will be critical in determining whether eradication or effective containment of
      the aliens are feasible.

PMID- 26987098
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26987097
TI  - Photosynthetic pigments of oceanic Chlorophyta belonging to prasinophytes clade
      VII.
AB  - The ecological importance and diversity of pico/nanoplanktonic algae remains
      poorly studied in marine waters, in part because many are tiny and without
      distinctive morphological features. Amongst green algae, Mamiellophyceae such as
      Micromonas or Bathycoccus are dominant in coastal waters while prasinophytes
      clade VII, yet not formerly described, appear to be major players in open oceanic
      waters. The pigment composition of 14 strains representative of different
      subclades of clade VII was analyzed using a method that improves the separation
      of loroxanthin and neoxanthin. All the prasinophytes clade VII analyzed here
      showed a pigment composition similar to that previously reported for RCC287
      corresponding to pigment group prasino-2A. However, we detected in addition
      astaxanthin for which it is the first report in prasinophytes. Among the strains
      analyzed, the pigment signature is qualitatively similar within subclades A and
      B. By contrast, RCC3402 from subclade C (Picocystis) lacks loroxanthin,
      astaxanthin, and antheraxanthin but contains alloxanthin, diatoxanthin, and
      monadoxanthin that are usually found in diatoms or cryptophytes. For subclades A
      and B, loroxanthin was lowest at highest light irradiance suggesting a light
      harvesting role of this pigment in clade VII as in Tetraselmis.

PMID- 26987099
TI  - Concurrent Surgery and Informed Consent.

PMID- 26987100
TI  - Cochrane Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine: Current State of Development and
      Next Steps.

PMID- 26987101
TI  - MRI-related thermal injury due to skin-to-skin contact.

PMID- 26987102
TI  - The Application of a Moldable Skin Barrier in the Self-Care of Elderly Ostomy
      Patients.
AB  - The quality of ostomy directly affects the stoma patient's quality of life. This
      study investigated the application of a moldable skin barrier in the self-care of
      elderly stoma patients after colostomy for colorectal cancer. A total of 104
      elderly stoma patients (65-79 years) who underwent colostomy because of
      colorectal cancer were randomly divided into an experimental group (56 cases)
      receiving a moldable skin barrier and a control group (48 cases) receiving a
      conventional skin barrier. The information on peristomal irritant dermatitis
      occurrence, the satisfaction of self-care, and related care costs were collected
      1 month after patients were discharged from the hospital. The overall incidence
      of irritant dermatitis was significantly lower (p = .01), the self-care
      satisfaction score was significantly higher (p = .02), and the cost for leakage
      proof cream (p < .001) was significantly lower in the experimental group than in
      the control group. In contrast, no significant differences in the cost of ostomy
      equipment and the barrier replacement interval were observed. In conclusion, a
      moldable skin barrier can reduce the incidence of irritant dermatitis in elderly
      stoma patients, improve their self-care satisfaction, and reduce the cost of
      leakage-proof cream use compared with the conventional stoma skin barrier.

PMID- 26987103
TI  - The Psychosocial Influences of Waiting Periods on Patients Undergoing Endoscopic
      Submucosal Dissection.
AB  - This study aimed to clarify psychosocial influences of waiting periods on
      patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection for cancer at an advanced
      medical care facility in Japan. Subjects were consenting patients hospitalized
      from 2009 to 2010. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered about
      patients' characteristics, disease and stage, and waiting period. Qualitative
      content analysis was used to analyze free statements and interview data. Subjects
      included 154 patients with an average wait period of 46.28 days for admission.
      Qualitative analysis revealed the following wait period perceptions. For
      calmness, results indicated (1) no anxiety, (2) relief based on doctors' positive
      judgment, (3) whatever happens/no choice, and (4) trust in doctor. For
      uneasiness, perceptions included (1) the sooner, the better/eagerly waiting, (2)
      anxiety and concern, and (3) emotional instability. Four waiting period coping
      types were identified: (1) making phone inquiries, (2) busy and forgot about the
      medical procedure, (3) relief from anxiety, and (4) unable to function well in
      daily life. Patients need to be educated about cancer progression and provided an
      estimated wait time. They also require more information about how to manage daily
      life such as monitoring factors from the nursing domain including physical
      condition, digestive symptoms, diet, and exercise.

PMID- 26987105
TI  - Efficacy of Coblation Endoscopic Lingual Lightening in Multilevel Surgery for
      Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Multilevel obstruction is involved in the pathogenesis of obstructive
      sleep apnea (OSA). Coblation endoscopic lingual lightening (CELL) is a variation
      of glossectomy to reduce tongue collapse and can be considered in the surgical
      management of adults with OSA. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and
      polysomnographic outcomes of tongue base reduction using CELL in multilevel
      surgery for OSA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective case-control
      study was performed to review the medical records of adults with OSA (apnea
      hypopnea index [AHI], >20) and Friedman stage III (tongue position III and tonsil
      size I-II) who underwent combined CELL and relocation pharyngoplasty (group 1) or
      relocation pharyngoplasty alone (group 2) for OSA between January 1, 2012, and
      December 31, 2013, at a tertiary referral sleep center. The groups were matched
      by age, sex, body mass index, and AHI at baseline. The dates of the analysis were
      May 30 to June 29, 2014. INTERVENTION: Coblation endoscopic lingual lightening.
      MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES METHODS: The primary outcome measure was change in AHI
      after surgery (after >=6 months). Other outcomes were differences in surgical
      response rates, perioperative apnea index, lowest oxygen saturation, and Epworth
      Sleepiness Scale score. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 90 participants.
      Their mean (SD) age was 40.7 (9.2) years, and 96% (86 of 90) were male. Group 1
      patients (n = 30) underwent combined CELL and relocation pharyngoplasty, and
      group 2 patients (n = 60) underwent relocation pharyngoplasty only. The mean (SD)
      AHI decreased from 48.4 (16.9) to 16.5 (11.2) (P < .001) in group 1 and from 44.2
      (19.3) to 20.1 (15.6) (P < .001) in group 2 . Percentage change in AHI was
      significantly different between group 1 and group 2 (mean [SD], -65.5 [20.5] vs 
      53.2 [30.3]) (P = .047). The surgical response rate was greater in group 1 (73%
      [22 of 30]) than in group 2 (50% [30 of 60]) (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Without increasing complications, combined CELL and relocation
      pharyngoplasty achieved greater AHI reduction and a higher surgical response rate
      among adults with OSA and Friedman stage III compared with relocation
      pharyngoplasty alone.

PMID- 26987104
TI  - Changes in small intestinal chromogranin A-immunoreactive cell densities in
      patients with irritable bowel syndrome after receiving dietary guidance.
AB  - Chromogranin A (CgA) is a common marker for enteroendocrine cells in the gut, and
      CgA-immunoreactive cell densities are abnormal in patients with irritable bowel
      syndrome (IBS). The majority of patients with IBS report that their symptoms
      develop after consuming certain foodstuffs. In the present study, we investigated
      the effects of dietary guidance on the total enteroendocrine cell densities in
      the small intestine, as detected by CgA. A total of 14 patients with IBS
      underwent a gastroscopy with duodenal biopsies and 11 of them also underwent a
      colonoscopy, with biopsy samples obtained from the ileum. Fourteen control
      subjects were also included. Each patient received 3 sessions of dietary
      guidance. Gastroscopies and colonoscopies were performed on both the controls and
      patients with IBS (at baseline and at 3-9 months after receiving guidance).
      Biopsy samples obtained from the duodenum and ileum were immunostained for CgA
      using the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method and were quantified using
      computerized image analysis. The density of CgA-immunoreactive cells in the
      duodenum (mean +/- SEM values) in the control subjects was 235.9 +/- 31.9
      cells/mm2; in the patients with IBS, the density was 36.9 +/- 9.8 and 103.7 +/-
      16.9 cells/mm2 before and after they received dietary guidance, respectively
      (P=0.007). The density of CgA-immunoreactive cells in the ileum in the control
      subjects was 47.4 +/- 8.3 cells/mm2; in the patients with IBS, the density was
      48.4 +/- 8.1 and 17.9 +/- 4.4 cells/mm2, before and after they received dietary
      guidance, respectively (P=0.0006). These data indicate that changes in CgA
      immunoreactive cell densities in patients with IBS after receiving dietary
      guidance may reflect a change in the densities of the small intestinal
      enteroendocrine cells, which may contribute to an improvement in the IBS
      symptoms.

PMID- 26987107
TI  - Association Between Lumbar Spine Sagittal Alignment and L4-L5 Disc Degeneration
      Among Asymptomatic Young Adults.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study on the relationship between the
      degrees of disc degeneration and sagittal alignment in asymptomatic healthy
      individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether the sagittal spine
      alignment subtype is related to the prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration.
      SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: Sagittal balance and spinopelvic parameters might be
      risk factors for disc degeneration. METHODS: A total of 70 asymptomatic
      participants (36 women and 34 men) without regular physical activity were
      categorized according to the four subtypes of sagittal alignment proposed by
      Roussouly. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar
      spine (1.5T) and panoramic radiography of the spine. The degree of disc
      degeneration was graded using T2-weighted images according to the Pfirrmann
      classification. Spinopelvic parameters and vertebral curvatures were measured on
      digital panoramic radiographs using Surgimap software. Interobserver analyses for
      the Pfirrmann classification and spinopelvic parameters were assessed using the
      weighted Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively.
      RESULTS: The Kappa associated with disc degeneration classification was 0.79 (95%
      confidence intervals 0.72-0.87). The ICCs were excellent, with small confidence
      intervals for all spinopelvic parameters. The type II group (flat lordosis)
      showed a higher frequency of degenerated discs at L4-L5 (P = 0.03) than the type
      IV group (long and curved lumbar spine). No significant differences in disc
      degeneration were observed among the four subtypes at the other disc levels. We
      found a negative, moderate correlation between the spinopelvic parameters and the
      occurrence of disc degeneration in the type II group. CONCLUSION: The Roussouly
      subtype II sagittal alignment is significantly associated with disc degeneration
      at L4-L5 in asymptomatic young adults. Our results support the hypothesis that
      spinal sagittal alignment plays a role in early disc degeneration. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 26987106
TI  - Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of Pediatric Spine Tumors: A Single
      Center Experience With 190 Cases.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was performed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the
      study was to illustrate the characteristics of pediatric spine tumors (PSTs) and
      obtain better insight into therapeutic strategies of such kinds of tumors.
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: PSTs, a heterogeneous group of tumors occurred among
      pediatric group, are relatively uncommon and rarely reported in the literature.
      METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to analyze clinical features and
      prognostic factors of patients with PSTs who were treated in our center between
      2000 and 2013. Local relapse-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS) rate
      were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method to identify potential prognostic
      factors. Factors with P values of 0.1 or lower were subjected to multivariate
      analysis by Cox regression analysis. P values of 0.05 or lower were considered
      statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 190 patients with PSTs were
      included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 53.5 months. Of the 190
      patients, 127 cases (66.8%) were diagnosed as benign lesions or tumor-like
      lesions, with 19 cases as aggressive lesions and 44 cases as malignant lesions.
      Recurrence was detected in 30 patients after initial surgery in our center,
      whereas death occurred in 24 cases. Implant failure and spinal deformity occurred
      in 3 and 5 patients, respectively. The statistical analysis suggested that
      multiple segments involvement (n >= 3), aggressive and malignant lesion were
      independent prognostic factors for LRFS, whereas malignant lesion was the only
      unfavorable factors for OS. In the subgroup analysis, multiple segments
      involvement (n >= 3) and Enneking stages III were independent factors for LRFS of
      patients with benign or aggressive lesions. CONCLUSION: Malignant lesion was
      significantly associated with decreased OS and LRFS of PSTs, whereas multiple
      segments involvement (n >= 3) and aggressive lesions were significantly
      associated with LRFS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 26987108
TI  - Mini-open Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation
      Following Posterior Instrumentation.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to
      evaluate, clinically and radiographically, the efficacy of mini-open
      retroperitoneal anterior lumbar discectomy followed by anterior lumbar interbody
      fusion (ALIF) for recurrent lumbar disc herniation following primary posterior
      instrumentation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Recurrent disc herniation following
      previous disc surgery occurs in 5 to 15% of cases. This is often treated by
      further surgical intervention where posterior approach is generally preferred.
      However, posterior surgery may be problematic if the initial surgery involved
      posterior instrumentation. An anterior approach may be indicated in these
      patients, and recent findings suggest that a "mini-open" procedure may have some
      benefits when compared with traditional open techniques and their associated
      morbidities. METHODS: A total of 35 recurrent lumbar disc herniation patients (10
      male, 25 female) following primary posterior instrumentation with an average age
      of 52.8 years (range: 34-70 yrs) who underwent the mini-open ALIF procedures
      between August 2001 and February 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. The ALIF
      was performed at the levels L4-L5 (n = 14), L5-S1 (n = 15), or both L4-L5 and L5
      S1 (n = 6). Visual Analog pain Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
      together with radiological results were assessed. RESULTS: The mean operating
      time, intraoperative estimated blood loss, and hospital stay were 115 minutes, 70
      mL, and 6 days, respectively. No blood transfusion was needed. Transient
      complication was recorded in two patients. Postoperative follow-up was a minimum
      24.3 months. VAS score and ODI percentage decreased significantly from 7.9 +/-
      0.8 and 78.8% +/- 12.4% pre-operatively to 1.4 +/- 0.6 and 21.7 +/- 4.2% at final
      follow-up, respectively. There was no neurological worsening and radicular pain
      improved significantly compared with pre-operation in all the patients. Computed
      tomographic reconstruction 12 and 24 months after surgery showed bony fusion,
      normal position, and morphology of the fusion cage in all patients. CONCLUSION:
      Mini-open retroperitoneal ALIF is an effective treatment for patients with
      recurrent lumbar disc herniation following primary posterior instrumentation.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 26987110
TI  - Precisely Patterned Growth of Ultra-Long Single-Crystalline Organic Microwire
      Arrays for Near-Infrared Photodetectors.
AB  - Owing to extraordinary properties, small-molecule organic micro/nanocrystals are
      identified to be prospective system to construct new-generation organic
      electronic and optoelectronic devices. Alignment and patterning of organic
      micro/nanocrystals at desired locations are prerequisite for their device
      applications in practice. Though various methods have been developed to control
      their directional growth and alignment, high-throughput precise positioning and
      patterning of the organic micro/nanocrystals at desired locations remains a
      challenge. Here, we report a photoresist-assisted evaporation method for large
      area growth of precisely positioned ultralong methyl-squarylium (MeSq) microwire
      (MW) arrays. Positions as well as alignment densities of the MWs can be precisely
      controlled with the aid of the photoresist-template that fabricated by
      photolithography process. This strategy enables large-scale fabrication of
      organic MW arrays with nearly the same accuracy, uniformity, and reliability as
      photolithography. Near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors based on the MeSq MW arrays
      show excellent photoresponse behavior and are capable of detecting 808 nm light
      with high stability and reproducibility. The high on/off ratio of 1600 is
      significantly better than other organic nanostructure-based optical switchers.
      More importantly, this strategy can be readily extended to other organic
      molecules, revealing the great potential of photoresist-assisted evaporation
      method for future high-performance organic optoelectronic devices. 

PMID- 26987109
TI  - Room-temperature electron spin relaxation of nitroxides immobilized in trehalose:
      Effect of substituents adjacent to NO-group.
AB  - Trehalose has been recently promoted as efficient immobilizer of biomolecules for
      room-temperature EPR studies, including distance measurements between attached
      nitroxide spin labels. Generally, the structure of nitroxide influences the
      electron spin relaxation times, being crucial parameters for room-temperature
      pulse EPR measurements. Therefore, in this work we investigated a series of
      nitroxides with different substituents adjacent to NO-moiety including
      spirocyclohexane, spirocyclopentane, tetraethyl and tetramethyl groups. Electron
      spin relaxation times (T1, Tm) of these radicals immobilized in trehalose were
      measured at room temperature at X- and Q-bands (9/34GHz). In addition, a
      comparison was made with the corresponding relaxation times in nitroxide-labeled
      DNA immobilized in trehalose. In all cases phase memory times Tm were close to
      700ns and did not essentially depend on structure of substituents. Comparison of
      temperature dependences of Tm at T=80-300K shows that the benefit of
      spirocyclohexane substituents well-known at medium temperatures (~100-180K)
      becomes negligible at 300K. Therefore, unless there are specific interactions
      between spin labels and biomolecules, the room-temperature value of Tm in
      trehalose is weakly dependent on the structure of substituents adjacent to NO
      moiety of nitroxide. The issues of specific interactions and stability of
      nitroxide labels in biological media might be more important for room temperature
      pulsed dipolar EPR than differences in intrinsic spin relaxation of radicals.

PMID- 26987111
TI  - Skin necrosis caused by prallethrin-A worldwide used insecticide.
AB  - We report a case of necrosis caused by the use of prallethrin (mosquito
      repellent) on the skin in a 67-year-old diabetic female patient suffering from
      delusions of parasitosis. Cutaneous toxicity due to pyrethroids is less known or
      reported, despite well-documented pyrethroid poisoning involving the
      gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiac, and nervous systems. Skin irritation has
      been described after acute accidental exposure but, as far as we know, no data
      have been published on the effects of pyrethroids when applied directly to the
      skin. 

PMID- 26987114
TI  - Geographical Detector-Based Identification of the Impact of Major Determinants on
      Aeolian Desertification Risk.
AB  - Arid and semi-arid areas in North China are facing the challenge of a rising
      aeolian desertification risk (ADR) due to the intertwined effects of complex
      natural processes and intensified anthropogenic activities. An accurate
      quantitative assessment of the relationship between ADR and its determinants is
      beneficial for understanding the driving mechanisms of aeolian desertification
      and for controlling future desertification. Previous studies have failed to
      quantify the relative role of determinants driving ADR and have been limited in
      assessing their interactive impacts. In this study, a spatial variance analysis
      based geographical detector methodology is used to quantify the effects of
      geological, physical, and human factors on the occurrence of ADR in an area
      characterized by mountains and hills in northern China. It is found that soil
      type, precipitation, and wind velocity are the major determinants of ADR, which
      implies that geological and physical elements (e.g., soil attribute) and climatic
      factors (e.g., precipitation and wind velocity) rather than human activities have
      played a greater role in the incidence of ADR. Particularly, the results show
      that the interaction of various determinants causes significant non-linearly
      enhanced impacts on the ADR. The findings of our study will assist local
      inhabitants and policy makers in developing measures for wind prevention and sand
      control to mitigate the effects of desertification in the region. 

PMID- 26987112
TI  - Phenolic acid protects of renal damage induced by ochratoxin A in a 28-days-oral
      treatment in rats.
AB  - The present study aimed to characterize the chlorogenic acid (ChlA) capacity to
      reverse the toxic effects induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in a subacute toxicity
      test in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed orally by gavage for 28 days with OTA
      (0.4mg/kg bw/day), ChlA (5mg/kg bw/day) or the combination OTA (0.4mg/kg
      bw/day)+ChlA (5mg/kg bw/day). No deaths, no decrease in feed intake or body
      weight in any experimental group were recorded. The negative control group and
      the animals treated with ChlA alone showed no changes in any parameters
      evaluated. In OTA-treated group significant changes such as decrease in urine
      volume, proteinuria, occult blood, increase in serum creatinine values; decrease
      in absolute and relative kidney weight and characteristics histopathological
      lesions that indicated kidney damage were observed. However, limited effect on
      oxidative stress parameters were detected in kidneys of OTA-treated group.
      Animals treated with the combination OTA+ChlA were showed as negative control
      group in the evaluation of several parameters of toxicity. In conclusion, ChlA,
      at given concentration, improved biochemical parameters altered in urine and
      serum and pathological damages in kidneys induced by OTA exposure, showing a good
      protective activity, but not by an apparent antioxidant mechanism. 

PMID- 26987113
TI  - Penehyclidine Hydrochloride Pretreatment Ameliorates Rhabdomyolysis-Induced AKI
      by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway and Alleviating [corrected] Endoplasmic
      Reticulum Stress in Rats. The.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most severe complications of
      rhabdomyolysis (RM). The underlying mechanisms and potential preventions need to
      be investigated. Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) was reported to ameliorate
      renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the effect of PHC on RM-reduced AKI is
      unknown. In this study, we established a rat model of RM-induced AKI using an
      intramuscular glycerol injection in the hind limbs. Rats were pretreated with PHC
      before the glycerol injection, and the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor ZnPP was
      introduced to evaluate the effect of HO-1 on RM-induced AKI. PHC pretreatment
      ameliorated the pathological renal injury and renal dysfunction, and decreased
      the renal apoptosis rate in RM-induced AKI. PHC significantly up-regulated HO-1
      expression, increased HO-1 enzymatic activity and decreased the accumulation of
      myoglobin in renal tissues. This effect was partly inhibited by ZnPP. PHC
      pretreatment also effectively up-regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related
      factor 2 (Nrf2) and down-regulated glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and
      caspase-12 at both the gene and protein levels. These results suggest that the
      protective effects of PHC pretreatment on RM-induced AKI occur at least in part
      through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and alleviating endoplasmic reticulum
      stress (ERS) in rat renal tissues. 

PMID- 26987115
TI  - Emotional and Affective Temperaments in Smoking Candidates for Bariatric Surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of smoking habits in severe obesity is higher than
      in the general population. There is some evidence that smokers have different
      temperaments compared to non-smokers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
      associations between smoking status (smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers) and
      temperament characteristics in bariatric surgery candidates. METHODS: We analyzed
      data on temperament of 420 bariatric surgery candidates, as assessed by the
      AFECTS scale, in an exploratory cross-sectional survey of bariatric surgery
      candidates who have been grouped into smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers.
      RESULTS: We detected significant statistical differences in temperament related
      to the smoking status in this population after controlling the current use of
      psychiatric medication. Smokers had higher anxiety and lower control than non
      smokers. Ex-smokers with BMI >50 kg/m(2) presented higher coping and control
      characteristics than smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking in bariatric surgery
      candidates was associated with lower control and higher anxious temperament, when
      controlled by current use of psychiatric medication. Smokers with BMI >50 kg/m(2)
      presented lower coping and control than ex-smokers. Assessment of temperament in
      bariatric surgery candidates may help in decisions about smoking cessation
      treatment and prevention of smoking relapse after surgery.

PMID- 26987116
TI  - The Extracellular and Cytoplasmic Domains of Syndecan Cooperate Postsynaptically
      to Promote Synapse Growth at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction.
AB  - The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) Syndecan (Sdc) is a crucial regulator of
      synapse development and growth in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In
      Drosophila, Sdc binds via its extracellular heparan sulfate (HS) sidechains to
      the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase LAR to promote the morphological growth
      of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). To date, however, little else is known about
      the molecular mechanisms by which Sdc functions to promote synapse growth. Here
      we show that all detectable Sdc found at the NMJ is provided by the muscle,
      strongly suggesting a post-synaptic role for Sdc. We also show that both the
      cytoplasmic and extracellular domains of Sdc are required to promote synapse
      growth or to rescue Sdc loss of function. We report the results of a yeast two
      hybrid screen using the cytoplasmic domains of Sdc as bait, and identify several
      novel candidate binding partners for the cytoplasmic domains of Sdc. Together,
      these studies provide new insight into the mechanism of Sdc function at the NMJ,
      and provide enticing future directions for further exploring how Sdc promotes
      synapse growth. 

PMID- 26987117
TI  - Drosophila Food-Associated Pheromones: Effect of Experience, Genotype and
      Antibiotics on Larval Behavior.
AB  - Animals ubiquitously use chemical signals to communicate many aspects of their
      social life. These chemical signals often consist of environmental cues mixed
      with species-specific signals-pheromones-emitted by conspecifics. During their
      life, insects can use pheromones to aggregate, disperse, choose a mate, or find
      the most suitable food source on which to lay eggs. Before pupariation, larvae of
      several Drosophila species migrate to food sources depending on their composition
      and the presence of pheromones. Some pheromones derive from microbiota gut
      activity and these food-associated cues can enhance larval attraction or
      repulsion. To explore the mechanisms underlying the preference
      (attraction/repulsion) to these cues and clarify their effect, we manipulated
      factors potentially involved in larval response. In particular, we found that the
      (i) early exposure to conspecifics, (ii) genotype, and (iii) antibiotic treatment
      changed D. melanogaster larval behavior. Generally, larvae-tested either
      individually or in groups-strongly avoided food processed by other larvae.
      Compared to previous reports on larval attractive pheromones, our data suggest
      that such attractive effects are largely masked by food-associated compounds
      eliciting larval aversion. The antagonistic effect of attractive vs. aversive
      compounds could modulate larval choice of a pupariation site and impact the
      dispersion of individuals in nature. 

PMID- 26987120
TI  - PopulationProfiler: A Tool for Population Analysis and Visualization of Image
      Based Cell Screening Data.
AB  - Image-based screening typically produces quantitative measurements of cell
      appearance. Large-scale screens involving tens of thousands of images, each
      containing hundreds of cells described by hundreds of measurements, result in
      overwhelming amounts of data. Reducing per-cell measurements to the averages
      across the image(s) for each treatment leads to loss of potentially valuable
      information on population variability. We present PopulationProfiler-a new
      software tool that reduces per-cell measurements to population statistics. The
      software imports measurements from a simple text file, visualizes population
      distributions in a compact and comprehensive way, and can create gates for
      subpopulation classes based on control samples. We validate the tool by showing
      how PopulationProfiler can be used to analyze the effect of drugs that disturb
      the cell cycle, and compare the results to those obtained with flow cytometry. 

PMID- 26987119
TI  - The Effect of Probiotic Treatment on Patients Infected with the H7N9 Influenza
      Virus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged and spread
      among humans in Eastern China in 2013. Prophylactic treatment with antibiotics
      and probiotics for secondary infection is as important as antiviral treatment.
      This study aims to assess the ability of probiotic treatment to restore internal
      homeostasis under antibiotic pressure and to reduce/ameliorate the risk of
      secondary infections resulting from infection with the H7N9 virus. METHODS: This
      is a retrospective study in archival samples. Between April 1 and May 10, 2013,
      113 stool, sputum, and blood specimens were collected and analyzed by denaturing
      gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to determine the composition of the patient
      microbiomes. Microbial diversity was calculated using Gel-Pro analyzer and Past
      software. Cluster analysis of DGGE pattern profiles was employed to create a
      phylogenetic tree for each patient, and multidimensional scaling (MDS) and
      principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to visualize relationships
      between individual lanes. RESULTS: Five patients had secondary infections,
      including Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumanii and Candida albicans
      infection. The DGGE profiles of fecal samples obtained at different time points
      from the same individual were clearly different, particularly for patients with
      secondary infections. Shannon's diversity index and evenness index were lower in
      all infected groups compared to the control group. After B. subtilis and E.
      faecium or C. butyricum administration, the fecal bacterial profiles of patients
      who had not been treated with antibiotics displayed a trend of increasing
      diversity and evenness. C. butyricum failed to reduce/ameliorate secondary
      infection in H7N9-infected patients, but administration of B. subtilis and E.
      faecium appeared to reduce/ameliorate secondary infection in one patient.
      CONCLUSION: H7N9 infection might decrease intestinal microbial diversity and
      species richness in humans. C. butyricum failed to reduce/ameliorate secondary
      infection in H7N9-infected patients. B. subtilis and E. faecium may also play a
      role in reducing/ameliorating secondary infection in these patients.

PMID- 26987118
TI  - Criterion-Related Validity of the Distance- and Time-Based Walk/Run Field Tests
      for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the
      criterion-related validity of the distance- and time-based walk/run tests for
      estimating cardiorespiratory fitness among apparently healthy children and
      adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Relevant studies were searched from seven
      electronic bibliographic databases up to August 2015 and through other sources.
      The Hunter-Schmidt's psychometric meta-analysis approach was conducted to
      estimate the population criterion-related validity of the following walk/run
      tests: 5,000 m, 3 miles, 2 miles, 3,000 m, 1.5 miles, 1 mile, 1,000 m, 1/2 mile,
      600 m, 600 yd, 1/4 mile, 15 min, 12 min, 9 min, and 6 min. RESULTS: From the 123
      included studies, a total of 200 correlation values were analyzed. The overall
      results showed that the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests for
      estimating maximum oxygen uptake ranged from low to moderate (rp = 0.42-0.79),
      with the 1.5 mile (rp = 0.79, 0.73-0.85) and 12 min walk/run tests (rp = 0.78,
      0.72-0.83) having the higher criterion-related validity for distance- and time
      based field tests, respectively. The present meta-analysis also showed that sex,
      age and maximum oxygen uptake level do not seem to affect the criterion-related
      validity of the walk/run tests. CONCLUSIONS: When the evaluation of an
      individual's maximum oxygen uptake attained during a laboratory test is not
      feasible, the 1.5 mile and 12 min walk/run tests represent useful alternatives
      for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. As in the assessment with any physical
      fitness field test, evaluators must be aware that the performance score of the
      walk/run field tests is simply an estimation and not a direct measure of
      cardiorespiratory fitness.

PMID- 26987121
TI  - Harmonization of the Volume of Interest Delineation among All Eleven Radiotherapy
      Centers in the North of France.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inter-observer delineation variation has been detailed for many years
      in almost every tumor location. Inadequate delineation can impair the chance of
      cure and/or increase toxicity. The aim of our original work was to prospectively
      improve the homogeneity of delineation among all of the senior radiation
      oncologists in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, irrespective of the conditions of
      practice. METHODS: All 11 centers were involved. The first studied cancer was
      prostate cancer. Three clinical cases were studied: a low-risk prostate cancer
      case (case 1), a high-risk prostate cancer case (pelvic nodes, case 2) and a case
      of post-operative biochemical elevated PSA (case 3). All of the involved
      physicians delineated characteristically the clinical target volume (CTV) and
      organs at risk. The volumes were compared using validated indexes: the volume
      ratio (VR), common and additional volumes (CV and AV), volume overlap (VO) and
      Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). A second delineation of the same three cases
      was performed after discussion of the slice results and the choice of shared
      guidelines to evaluate homogenization. A comparative analysis of the indexes
      before and after discussion was conducted using the Wilcoxon test for paired
      samples. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical
      significance. RESULTS: The indexes were not improved in case 1, for which the
      inter-observer agreement was considered good after the first comparison (DSC =
      0.83 +/- 0.06). In case 2, the second comparison showed homogenization of the CTV
      delineation with a significant improvement in CV (81.4 +/- 11.7 vs. 88.6 +/-
      10.26, respectively, p = 0.048), VO (0.41 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.47 +/- 0.07,
      respectively; p = 0.009) and DSC (0.58 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.63 +/- 0.07, respectively;
      p = 0.0098). In case 3, VR and AV were significantly improved: VR: 1.71(+/- 0.6)
      vs. 1.34(+/- 0.46), respectively, p = 0.0034; AV: 46.58(+/- 14.50) vs. 38.08(+/-
      15.10), respectively, p = 0.0024. DSC was not improved, but it was already
      superior to 0.6 in the first comparison. CONCLUSION: Our prospective work showed
      that a collaborative discussion about clinical cases and the choice of shared
      guidelines within an established framework improved the homogeneity of CTV
      delineation among the senior radiation oncologists in our region.

PMID- 26987122
TI  - Charge Variants of an Avastin Biosimilar Isolation, Characterization, In Vitro
      Properties and Pharmacokinetics in Rat.
AB  - The similarity between a proposed biosimilar product and the reference product
      can be affected by many factors. This study is designed to examine whether any
      subtle difference in the distribution of the charge variants of an Avastin
      biosimilar can affect its in vitro potency and in vivo PK. Here, the acidic,
      basic and main peak fractions of a biosimilar product were isolated using high
      performance cation-exchange chromatography and were subjected to various studies
      to compare their in vitro properties and in vivo PK profile. A serial of
      analytical methods, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), imaged
      capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and
      cation-exchange chromatography (CEX-HPLC) were also used to characterize the
      isolated charge variants. The kinetics constant was measured using a Biacore X100
      system. The study indicates the biosimilar product has a high similarity with
      avastin in physicochemical properties. The potency in vitro and PK profile in rat
      of charge variants and biosimilar product are consistent with avastin. 

PMID- 26987123
TI  - SiteOut: An Online Tool to Design Binding Site-Free DNA Sequences.
AB  - DNA-binding proteins control many fundamental biological processes such as
      transcription, recombination and replication. A major goal is to decipher the
      role that DNA sequence plays in orchestrating the binding and activity of such
      regulatory proteins. To address this goal, it is useful to rationally design DNA
      sequences with desired numbers, affinities and arrangements of protein binding
      sites. However, removing binding sites from DNA is computationally non-trivial
      since one risks creating new sites in the process of deleting or moving others.
      Here we present an online binding site removal tool, SiteOut, that enables users
      to design arbitrary DNA sequences that entirely lack binding sites for factors of
      interest. SiteOut can also be used to delete sites from a specific sequence, or
      to introduce site-free spacers between functional sequences without creating new
      sites at the junctions. In combination with commercial DNA synthesis services,
      SiteOut provides a powerful and flexible platform for synthetic projects that
      interrogate regulatory DNA. Here we describe the algorithm and illustrate the
      ways in which SiteOut can be used; it is publicly available at
      https://depace.med.harvard.edu/siteout/. 

PMID- 26987124
TI  - Metabolic Tumour Burden Measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT Predicts Malignant
      Transformation in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type-1.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic performances of 18F-FDG
      PET/CT measures of metabolic tumour burden in patients with neurofibromatosis
      type-1 (NF1), suspect of malignant transformation. METHODS: This retrospective
      study included 49 patients (15-60 years old, 30 women) with a diagnosis of NF1,
      followed in our Reference Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Diseases, who presented
      clinical signs of tumour progression (pain, neurological deficit, tumour growth).
      Quantitative metabolic parameters were measured on 149 tumoral targets, using
      semi-automatic software and the best cut off values to predict transformation was
      assessed by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. Prognostic value
      of PET/CT metabolic parameters was assessed by Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall
      survival. RESULTS: Lesions were histologically documented in 40 patients: a
      sarcomatous transformation was found in 16, a dysplastic neurofibroma (NF) in 7,
      and a benign NF in 17; in the remaining 9 patients, a minimal follow-up of 12 mo
      (median 59 mo) confirmed the absence of transformation. The optimal cut off
      values for detection of malignant transformation were, in decreasing order of
      area under the ROC curves, a tumour-to-liver (T/L) ratio >2.5, SUVmax > 4.5,
      total lesion glycolysis (TLG) > 377, total metabolic tumour volume (TMTV) > 88
      cm3, and heterogeneity index (HIsuv) > 1.69. The best prognostic marker was the
      TLG: the 4-y estimates of survival were 97% [95% CI, 90% - 100%] in patients with
      TLG <= 377 vs. 27% [95% CI, 5% - 49%] in patients with TLG > 377 (P < 0.0001;
      chi2 27.85; hazard ratio 13.27 [95% CI, 3.72-47.35]). T/L ratio, SUVmax and TMTV
      demonstrated slightly lower performance to predict survival, with chi2 ranging
      14.41-19.12. The HIsuv index was not predictive of survival. CONCLUSION: Our
      study demonstrates that TLG and TMTV, as PET/CT measures of metabolic tumour
      burden, may be used clinically to identify sarcomatous transformation in patients
      with NF1 and predict overall survival, with a higher specificity for the TLG.
      Conventional measures such as the SUVmax, and T/L ratio also demonstrate high
      prognostic value.

PMID- 26987125
TI  - Influence of Serum Levels of Vitamins A, D, and E as well as Vitamin D Receptor
      Polymorphisms on Micronucleus Frequencies and Other Biomarkers of Genotoxicity in
      Workers Exposed to Formaldehyde.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Formaldehyde is classified as carcinogenic to humans, making it a
      major concern, particularly in occupational settings. Fat-soluble vitamins, such
      as vitamins A, D, and E, are documented as antigenotoxic and antimutagenic and
      also correlate with the cell antioxidant potential. This study investigates the
      influence of these vitamins on genotoxicity biomarkers of formaldehyde-exposed
      hospital workers. METHODS: The target population were hospital workers exposed to
      formaldehyde (n = 55). Controls were nonexposed individuals (n = 80). The most
      used genotoxicity biomarkers were the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay for
      lymphocytes and the micronucleus test for exfoliated buccal cells. Vitamins A and
      E were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array
      detector (HPLC-DAD) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms by real-time PCR.
      RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between genotoxicity biomarkers and
      between vitamins A and E in controls. Multiple regression showed that vitamin A
      was significantly associated with a higher mean of nucleoplasmic bridges (p <
      0.001), and vitamin E was significantly associated with a decreased frequency of
      nuclear buds (p = 0.045) in the exposed group. No effect of vitamin D was
      observed. The VDRBsmI TT genotype carriers presented higher means of all the
      genotoxicity biomarkers; however, we found no significant associations.
      CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that vitamin levels may modulate direct signs of
      genotoxicity.

PMID- 26987126
TI  - Cardiovascular Variability Analysis and Baroreflex Estimation in Patients with
      Type 2 Diabetes in Absence of Any Manifest Neuropathy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Indexes derived from spontaneous heart period (HP) and systolic
      arterial pressure (SAP) fluctuations can detect autonomic dysfunction in
      individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) associated to cardiovascular
      autonomic neuropathy (CAN) or other neuropathies. It is unknown whether HP and
      SAP variability indexes are sensitive enough to detect the autonomic dysfunction
      in DM patients without CAN and other neuropathies. METHODS: We evaluated 68 males
      aged between 40 and 65 years. The group was composed by DM type 2 DM with no
      manifest neuropathy (n = 34) and healthy (H) subjects (n = 34). The protocol
      consisted of 15 minutes of recording of HP and SAP variabilities at rest in
      supine position (REST) and after active standing (STAND). The HP power in the
      high frequency band (HF, from 0.15 to 0.5 Hz), the SAP power in the low frequency
      band (LF, from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz) and BRS estimated via spectral approach and
      sequence method were computed. RESULTS: The HF power of HP was lower in DM
      patients than in H subjects, while the two groups exhibited comparable HF power
      of HP during STAND. The LF power of SAP was similar in DM and H groups at REST
      and increased during STAND in both groups. BRSs estimated in the HF band and via
      baroreflex sequence method were lower in DM than in H and they decreased further
      during STAND in both populations. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that vagal control
      of heart rate and cardiac baroreflex control was impaired in type 2 DM, while
      sympathetic control directed to vessels, sympathetic and baroreflex response to
      STAND were preserved. Cardiovascular variability indexes are sensitive enough to
      typify the early, peculiar signs of autonomic dysfunction in type-2 DM patients
      well before CAN becomes manifest.

PMID- 26987127
TI  - Medical Therapy for Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion.

PMID- 26987128
TI  - Telephone Enrollment in the VA Healthcare System. Interim final rule.
AB  - This rulemaking amends VA's medical regulations to allow veterans to complete
      applications for health care enrollment by telephone by providing application
      information to a VA employee, agreeing to VA's provisions regarding copayment
      liability and assignment of third-party insurance benefits, and attesting to the
      accuracy and authenticity of the information provided over the phone. This action
      will make it easier for veterans to apply to enroll and will speed VA processing
      of applications.

PMID- 26987129
TI  - Alternative route for   controlling wild horse   and burro population.

PMID- 26987130
TI  - In defense of low-cost   vaccination clinics.

PMID- 26987131
TI  - [Editorial Note].

PMID- 26987132
TI  - [CRITERIA FOR THE FORMATION OF PATIENTS' AGE GROUPS FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH].
AB  - At present, a variety of methods for age group formation and classification of
      clinical and morphological manifestations of diseases and their complications are
      available for the analysis of strategies of the choice of therapy and evaluation
      of its efficiency. Analysis of the results of diagnostic studies and the choice
      of therapeutic modalities need to be based on an individual approach to patients
      of different age groups. Age-related morphological, functional and histochemical
      changes responsible for combined normal and pathological alterations in the
      tissues, organs and their systems are associated with mild, moderate and severe
      clinical symptoms or their absence; they can be regarded as reflecting
      peculiarities of the development of the organism and subsequent tanatogenesis.
      Because age-specific changes are known to be risk factors of cardiovascular
      pathology, it suggests the necessity of more detailed objectivization and
      substantiation of division of such patients into age groups taking account of
      specific morphological and functional changes in the heart anatomical structures.

PMID- 26987133
TI  - [DNA POLYMORPHISM AND RISK OF OCCLUSIVE VASCULAR LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH
      CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES].
AB  - A method for diagnostics of occlusive vascular lesions in patients with
      cardiovascular diseases is proposed. Results of this study extend possibilities
      for diagnostics of occlusive vascular lesions in patients with cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 26987134
TI  - [LEFT HIS BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR TORSION AND
      REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION].
AB  - The influence of left His bundle branch block (LBBB) on left ventricular (LV)
      torsion in patients with cardiomyopathy remains to be elucidated. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate LV torsion associated with LBBB and hemodynamic
      consequences of possible changes. We studied 64 patients with ischemic and
      dilatation cardiomyopathy (LV ejection fraction less than 40%) divided into 2
      groups, with narrow and middle (153 ms) duration QRS complexes. Despite similar
      LV contractility, patients with LBBB had much less pronounced LV rotation and
      torsion. Torsion in patients with LBBB and narrow QRS complex was estimated at
      2.95 +/- 3.34 and 5.87 +/- 3.83 respectively (p < 0.01). Moreover; the group of
      patients with LBBB contained much more subjects with abnormal unidirectional
      rotation of the basal and apical parts than the group with narrow QRS complex,
      namely 11 (50%) and 9 (21.9%) respectively (p < 0.001). Patients with LBBB and
      abnormal LV rotation sowed much longer delay of posterior wall contractility
      (63.3 +/- 35.1 mc) compared with those having LBBB and multidirectional
      physiological LV rotation (8.0 +/- 17/9 mc) (p < 0.001) which suggests a higher
      degree of mechanical desynchronization. T is concluded that LBBB has negative
      effect on LV electrical activation and contractility resulting in abnormal
      torsion and mechanical desynchronization.

PMID- 26987135
TI  - [EVALUATION OF THE REGULATORY-ADAPTIVE STATUS FOR PROGNOSTICATION IN SYSTOLIC
      CHRONIC HEART FAILURE].
AB  - We studied a new approach to prognostication in systolic chronic heart failure
      (CHF) based on the quantitative evaluation of the regulatory-adaptive status
      (RAS) in 100 patients with FC III CHF and compromised LV systolic function
      associated with hypertensive disease and/or ischemic heart disease. The patients
      managed by combined therapy (quinapril, torasemid, spironolactone) were
      randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 included 56 patients (57.5 +/- 21.7 yr) treated
      with metoprolol succinate (59.1 +/- 12.1 mg/d), group 2 contained 44 patients
      (57.5 +/- 21.4 yr) treated with ivabradine (12.1 +/- 4.6 mg/d). A test of cardio
      respiratory synchronism for quantitative RAS evaluation, echocardiography,
      treadmill exercise, determination of N-terminal precursor of brain natriuretic
      peptide in blood plasma, and 6 min walk test were performed before and 6 months
      after the onset of the study. A 12 month follow up study with controlled
      pharmacotherapy was carried out to analyse cardiovascular complications. The
      clinical efficiency of pharmacotherapy was found to be identical in both groups.
      The frequency of hospitalization for the treatment of CHF, ischemic stroke, and
      myocardial infarction as well as the number of deaths from cardiovascular
      disorders were not significantly different. Cardiovascular complications occurred
      more frequently in patients with initially low or inadequate RAS associated with
      an enhanced risk of sudden cardiac death. These data are comparable with results
      of conventional diagnostic tests and reflect independent significance of RAS
      evaluation for prognostication of the outcome of systolic CHE

PMID- 26987136
TI  - [THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLYMORPHISMS OF G-1082A AND C-592A LOCI OF THE IL10
      GENE AND MULTIFOCAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
      WITHOUT SEGMENT ST ELEVATION].
AB  - AIM: To study the relationship between polymorphous G-1082A (rs3024491) and C
      592A (rs1800872) variants of the IL10 gene and multifocal atherosclerosis (MFA)
      in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without segment ST elevation.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genotypes of polymorphous G-1082A (rs3024491) and C-592A
      (rs1800872) variants of the IL10 gene were determined in 178 patients.
      Interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was measured in 93 of them using solid-phase
      immunoenzymatic assay. All patients underwent visualization of coronary and
      peripheral arteries. RESULTS: C-592A (rs1800872) polymorphism ofthe IL10 gene
      tended to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the carriers of the CC
      (gg) genotype and with elevated concentration of high density lipoproteins and
      reduced intima-media thickness in the carriers of the AA (tt) genotype. The
      frequency of MFA in the carriers of different genotypes of rs1800872 polymorphism
      was practically identical while the CA(gt) genotype was associated with more
      severe manifestations of atherosclerosis and AA(tt) genotype with lower frequency
      of peripheral artery stenosis. Patients with AA(tt) genotype of rs1800872
      polymorphism had higher IL-10 levels. No relationship between rs3024491
      polymorphism of IL10 gene, blood IL-10 level, clinical risk factors, and MFA was
      documented. CONCLUSION: CC (gg) genotype of C-592A (rs1800872) polymorphism of
      the IL10 gene in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without segment ST
      elevation was associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus while the AA(tt) genotype
      of the same polymorphism with elevated concentration of high density
      lipoproteins, reduced intima-media thickness, low frequency of peripheral artery
      stenosis, and increased IL-10 production. CA (gt) genotype of rs1800872
      polymorphism of the IL10 gene was associated with MFA.

PMID- 26987137
TI  - [DIFFUSE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM OF THE STOMACH AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
      PROLIFERATION IN REALIZATION OF CORREA'S CASCADE IN DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH
      HELICOBACTER PYLORI].
AB  - AIM: To study the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Ki-67,
      BCL-2, and endocrine cells (EC) of gastric mucosa producing somatostatin (SS),
      glucagon (GL), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in diseases associated with
      Helicobacter pylori. To use the data obtained to develop early diagnostic
      criteria for the progress of structural changes in gastric mucosa of the patients
      with stomach ulcer disease [SUD), chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), gastric
      adenomatous polyps (GAP), and gastric cancer (GC) before and after surgical
      intervention and eradication of H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 104
      patients with gastric pathology associated with Helicobacter pylori including 30
      with SUD, 30 with CAG, 20 with GAP and CAG, 24 with stage II noncardia GC. The
      effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated 2 months after alleviation of
      inflammation in the stomachfollowing polypectomy in case of GAP or gastrectomy in
      case of GC. Material for immunohistochemical studies was taken from the fundus.
      Monoclonal antibodies against VEGF SS, GL, PP Ki-67, BCL-2 (1:100, Novocastra)
      were used. Histobacterioscopy was conducted using antral mucosal smears stained
      by the Romanowsky-Giemsa procedure. RESULTS: Exacerbation of SUD was accompanied
      by a decrease in the number of epithelial cells and EC producing VEGF glucagon
      (GL), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) with the increase in the number of SS
      secreting EC along with intensification of proliferative processes determined
      from the number of Ki-67 and BCL-2 immunopositive epithelial cells. CAG and GC
      were associated with persistence of H. pylori, hyperplasia of EC producing VEGF
      glucagon (GL), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and hypoplasia of SS-secreting EC
      along with high proliferative activity of epitheliocytes expressed via Ki-67 and
      BCL-2. CONCLUSION: Endothelial growth factor (VEGF), somatostatin (SS), glucagon
      (GL), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are of importance for the prognostication
      of development and clinical course of diseases associated with Helicobacter
      pylori since their pathological properties are realized either directly or
      indirectly through H. pylori, Ki-67 and BCL-2. Eradication of H. pylori does not
      result in the disappearance of intestinal metaplasia.

PMID- 26987138
TI  - [THE INFLUENCE OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS ON THE RESULTS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION].
AB  - To understand whether the presence of cytomegalovirus in blood influences the
      results of kidney transplantation from live relative donors, we analysed
      materials from 258 recipients divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 113
      patients with negative results of PCR for cytomegalovirus, group 2 contained 139
      patients with positive PCR. We evaluated lethality, the loss of transplanted
      kidneys, frequency of rejection and infectious complications. Statistical
      treatment of the data obtained included Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the
      Wilcoxon test showing the cumulative hazard risk, and comparative analysis by
      Fisher's and Student's tests. It was shown that cytomegalovirus present in blood
      increases lethality and the frequency of infectious complications in recipients
      of transplanted kidneys but does not influence their rejection. The cumulative
      survival rate was significantly higher and cumulative risk lower in group 1 than
      in group 2.

PMID- 26987139
TI  - [PECULIAR CLINICAL FEATURES OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME].
AB  - AIM: To study peculiar clinical features of osteoporosis in patients with
      metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: We examined 160 patients with osteoarthrosis
      divided into 2 groups each containing 80 patients with MS and without it
      (control). Osteoarthrosis was diagnosed using the R. Althmann (1995) criteria.
      The parameters measured were localization of articular lesions, frequency of
      inflammatory processes (synovitis), and pain intensity based on a VAS at rest and
      in motion, WOMAC index, characteristics of acute inflammation (ESR, C-reactive
      protein and TNF levels). RESULTS: Frequency of joint lesions of different
      localization, occurrence of synovitis, inflammation and pain intensity in
      patients with MS was higher than in controls. CONCLUSION: Results of the study
      confirm negative effect of MS on the clinical picture of osteoarthrosis.

PMID- 26987140
TI  - [COMPREHENSIVE PROPHYLAXIS OF EARLY THROMBOEMBOLISM AND HEMORRHAGE AFTER LARGE
      JOINT ENDOPROSTHETIC SURGERY].
AB  - We examined 160 patients treated by endoprosthetic surgery of hip, knee, shoulder
      and elbow joints. 80 patients received i/v injections of 250 mg tranexam 30 min
      before and 4 hr after surgery. 220 mg ofpradax was given within 10-12 hr after
      surgery and thereafter on a daily basis. Fraxiparin (0.3-0.4 ml) was administered
      subcutaneously to 80 control patients 12 hr before surgery and once daily in the
      postoperative period. The intra- andpostoperative blood volume loss, dynamics of
      hematological parameters, and frequency of thromboembolic complications were
      determined. A Cell-Trans system was used to drain the surgical wound in the
      patients of the study group with subsequent reinfusion of blood. In controls, the
      wound was drained using conventional polyvinyl chloride drains with active
      aspiration of the contents without reinfusion. It was shown that combined
      application of tranexam, pradax, and the Cell-Trans system with postoperative
      blood reinfusion allows to reduce blood losses by 40% at all stages of the study.
      The total blood loss was 585.4 +/- 124.2 ml and 959.8 +/- 178.3 ml in study and
      control groups respectively. The proposed approach provides an effective and safe
      tool for the prevention of thromboembolic complications and hemorrhage in the
      early postoperative period after large joint endoprosthetic surgery.

PMID- 26987141
TI  - [RATIONAL COMBINATION OF MEDICATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF VASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN
      GERIATRICS].
AB  - We undertook retrospective analysis of combination of medications recommended for
      the long-term treatment of co-morbid vascular pathology (arterial hypertension +
      coronary heart disease + vascular atherosclerosis) in elderly patients (women,
      mean age 73 +/- 4 yr) hospitalized in a multidisciplinary clinic of the Perm krai
      from January 2010 to December 2014. Data on the interaction (type A reactions) of
      concurrently prescribed drugs were compared with those of the National Register
      of Medicinal Remedies and WHO Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions.
      Polypragmasia was found to be a characteristic feature of all recommended
      combinations (4-5 medications were simultaneously prescribed to 56.7% of the
      patients and 6 or more drugs to 43.3% of them). Nine combinations of drugs were
      distinguished among those prescribed to elderly patients with vascular co
      morbidity. Probability and peculiarities of their interaction (type A reactions)
      were analyzed and optimal combinations in terms of safety for the treatment of
      vascular co-morbidity identified.

PMID- 26987142
TI  - [THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY OF ACUTE VASCULAR DISEASES IN IRKUTSK REGION].
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases rank first as the cause of mortality, morbidity, and
      disability. This paper concerns evolution of thrombolytic therapy for acute
      coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke in the Irkutsk region characterized by low
      population density.

PMID- 26987143
TI  - [DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS WITHOUT DETECTED PRIMARY SITE].
AB  - Tumours without detected primary site (CUP syndrome) make up a heterogenous group
      of malignant neoplasms in which symptoms of metastatic process appear earlier
      than symptoms ofprimary tumour that is impossible to identify by the existing
      methods. The number of patients with CUP syndrome remains practically unaltered
      (3-5% of all oncological patients, according to WHO statistics) despite marked
      extension of the range of modern instrumental and radiodiagnostic methods. Unique
      biological nature of these tumours awaits elucidation. The available data suggest
      that dissemination ofthe process may occur in the absence ofprimary tumour growth
      due to hereditary aggressiveness of cancer cells or alteration of their
      properties after penetration into a target organ. Comprehensive examination of
      patients with CUP syndromefor the search of the primary site must include a
      series of physical, instrumental, radiodiagnostic, laboratory and morphological
      studies on a simple-to-complex basis. The treatment of CUP syndrome must take
      into consideration the extent of the lesion and the necessity of morphological
      verification of metastases. Anti-tumour therapy should be started immediately
      after establishment of diagnosis while continuing the search for the primary
      site. Once the primary tumour is detected, the primary site and metastases must
      be treated simultaneously in order to improve the long-term results of therapy.

PMID- 26987144
TI  - [A RARE CLINICAL CASE OF CONGENITAL HYPOPROCONVERTINEMIA].
AB  - The paper reports a rare clinical case of congenital hypoproconvertinemia in an
      elderly woman repeatedly admitted to the Cardiological Department for the
      management of coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension. The detection of
      low prothrombin index in a series of analysis requiredfurther hematological
      examination that revealed the history of postoperative and postnatal hemorrhage
      along with markedly reduced factor VII level. These results were interpreted as
      evidence of a rare congenital pathology, hypoproconvertinemia.

PMID- 26987146
TI  - [Prophylaxis of ischemic stroke].

PMID- 26987145
TI  - [TYPE 1 MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROME AND FAMILIAL ISOLATED
      HYPERPARATHYROIDISM].
AB  - Type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN-1) is a rare autosomal dominant
      disorder caused by mutation in the MEN-1 gene and manifest as a combination of
      tumours of parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas, and adenohypophysis. Familial
      isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) is another rare autosomal dominant disorder
      characterized by the development ofparathyroid tumours as the sole endocrinopathy
      within a single family. The notion of FIHP encompasses different hereditary forms
      of primary hyperparathyroidism, such as a variant of MEN-1 syndrome. This paper
      is a brief literature review of the problems related to primary
      hyperparathyroidism, MEN-1, and FIHP. Also, It describes a family presenting with
      genetically confirmed MEN-1 syndrome, manifest as primary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 26987147
TI  - [Aleksndr Leonidovich Myasnikov].

PMID- 26987148
TI  - The Accuracy of the Osteological Sexing of Cremated Human Remains: A Test Based
      on Grave Goods from East Lithuanian Barrows.
AB  - The accuracy of the sex determination of cremated human remains is one of the
      vital parameters for archaeologists and skeletal anthropologists dealing with
      cremations. Few studies have so far aimed at testing it. In the present paper,
      the accuracy of the sexing techniques was assessed by paralleling biological sex
      (identified morphologically) to gender (presumed on the basis of the grave goods
      which accompanied the deceased). A collection of cremated bones from East
      Lithuanian barrows (c. fourth/fifth--eleventh/twelfth centuries AD) was employed.
      The fragmentary nature and poor state of the bones generally represents cremains
      from similar archaeological contexts. The database inevitably underwent several
      stages of filtration. Out of 364 cremations with a minimum of 445 individuals,
      only 157 were sexed single adult burials, of which only 81 had "gender-related"
      grave goods. The relationship of artefact type to gender was defined
      statistically, revising the results in line with the chronological and
      typological differences and the probable symbolism of the grave goods. Sex and
      gender coincided in 56 cases (69.14%), but a considerable distance between the
      results for both sexes was observed. Biological females displayed a fairly high
      match level, i.e. 35 out of the 41 (85.37%) individuals osteologically identified
      as females had been given "feminine" items. The burials of biological males, on
      the other hand, yielded a surprisingly low match rate, i.e. only 21 out of 40
      (52.50%). This disparity suggests a possible misinterpretation of grave goods as
      gender markers, rather than (only?) erroneous sexing. It is thus argued that for
      females, the mean value for the accuracy of sexing is 85.5%. In most cases, such
      precision is entirely satisfactory for the analysis of a poorly-preserved
      osteological material. For males, however, the accuracy is likely to fall
      somewhere in the range between 52.5 and 85.5%, with the applied methodology so
      far failing to contribute to higher precision.

PMID- 26987149
TI  - Diet at the Roman Village of Virovitica Kiskorija South, Croatia.
AB  - The Virovitica Kiskorija South site was a Roman village. In this paper
      archaeological, archaeobotanical, and archaeo-zoological finds are presented and
      interpreted, then compared with similar sites and information available from
      ancient sources. The site was divided into complexes that made a whole. The finds
      within each complex are presented and compared to similar archaeological sites,
      as well as data from ancient written sources. The goal of the paper is to
      determine which kind of diet was present at this Roman village in Pannonia, and
      to analyze the differences and similarities between this village and analogous
      sites.

PMID- 26987150
TI  - Comparison between Inbreeding Analyses Methodologies.
AB  - Surnames are widely used in inbreeding analysis, but the validity of results has
      often been questioned due to the failure to comply with the prerequisites of the
      method. Here we analyze inbreeding in Hallstatt (Austria) between the 17th and
      the 19th centuries both using genealogies and surnames. The high and significant
      correlation of the results obtained by both methods demonstrates the validity of
      the use of surnames in this kind of studies. On the other hand, the inbreeding
      values obtained (0.24 x 10-3 in the genealogies analysis and 2.66 x 10-3 in the
      surnames analysis) are lower than those observed in Europe for this period and
      for this kind of population, demonstrating the falseness of the apparent
      isolation of Hallstatt's population. The temporal trend of inbreeding in both
      analyses does not follow the European general pattern, but shows a maximum in
      1850 with a later decrease along the second half of the 19th century. This is
      probably due to the high migration rate that is implied by the construction of
      transport infrastructures around the 1870's.

PMID- 26987151
TI  - The Disruption of Subsistence Agricultural Systems in Rural Yucatan, Mexico may
      have Contributed to the Coexistence of Stunting in Children with Adult Overweight
      and Obesity.
AB  - This paper attempts to link last century's disruption of local agricultural
      systems to today's presence of childhood under nutrition and adult overweight and
      obesity in the Yucatan Peninsula. It first compares Height for Age (H/A), Weight
      for Age (W/A) and Body Mass Index (BMI) of children from three rural populations
      in Yucatan and Campeche, Mexico whose subsistence strategy had been altered to
      different degrees since 1970. It then compares BMI in adults, in the same
      regions, born before and after the alteration of their environment in the 1970's.
      Children in the least disrupted zone were taller and had lower BMI than children
      in the other two, but were not heavier than children from the richest disrupted
      zone. Children in the poorest disrupted zone were shorter and lighter than the
      rest. BMI in adult men was higher in the two most disrupted zones only in those
      cohorts that grew up after the traditional agricultural regime was altered. It is
      concluded that disruptions of staple-based subsistence agriculture promoted a
      stockier phenotype in children and a tendency to accumulate body fat. Persistence
      of these conditions in the twenty first century has favored the coexistence of
      stunting during childhood with adults who easily become overweight.

PMID- 26987152
TI  - The Difference in the Severity of Premenstrual Symptoms between Users and Non
      users of Oral Contraceptives.

PMID- 26987153
TI  - Secular Changes in Education, Urban-rural Living, Menarche and Abortion Rates in
      Perinatal Population.
AB  - Over a 25-year period we examined the anthropological characteristics of mothers
      and their partners, such as the place of living: urban vs. rural, the degree of
      education, parity, the time of menarche, and the frequency of intentional
      abortions. We examined 2 414 mothers and their partners in four periods of time
      extending from 1985 to 2009 in order to establish changes in the said
      anthropological characteristics over a period of 25 years. The degree of
      education of mothers and their partners is on the rise. In the period from 1985
      to 1994, the percentage of mothers from the country was on the rise. Women with
      less education have on average more children, and those with better education the
      least children. Women from rural areas have on average more children than women
      from urban areas. The time of menarche dropped by 9 months over the period of 25
      years. Girls from urban areas have their first menstrual cycle earlier. Women
      with higher professional qualifications had their first period earlier. The
      number of intentional abortions over the 25-year period dropped.

PMID- 26987154
TI  - Elderly Abuse and Alcohol Consumption.
AB  - Excessive alcohol consumption and the exposure of the elderly to family violence
      are in close connection. They represent both a general and social problem from a
      legal, medical and social aspect. The objectives of this study were to 1) test
      the frequency of alcohol consumption in older persons with respect to certain
      social and demographic characteristics; and 2) test the correlation between
      alcohol consumption and family violence towards the elderly. The sample used in
      this study was constructed as probabilistic with a random selection of
      participants in order to ensure representativeness for the City of Zagreb
      population over 65 years. The study included 1000 persons older than 65, among
      which 38% were male (N = 380) and 62% female (N = 620). The results showed a
      significantly more frequent consumption of alcohol among older men aged between
      65 and 74, elderly people with life partners (unmarried), and financially
      independent older persons. A correlation between alcohol consumption frequency
      and exposure to violence was also established, as well as that older persons who
      consume alcohol are more likely to commit acts of violence. Further research is
      needed on the risk and protective factors for specific forms of family violence
      so as to detect the causes of violence within families as well as mechanisms that
      al- leviate coping with violence.

PMID- 26987155
TI  - Nursing Staffs' Views on Physical and Psychosocial Care Provision in Slovenian
      Nursing Homes.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore nursing staffs' perceptions of the physical
      and psychological care needs of elderly residents, their views on the relative
      importance of these needs and their perceived ability to meet them. The
      literature reveals that the quality of elder care in nursing homes should
      comprise both physical and psychosocial care. Despite this, the nursing staffs'
      perceptions of the physical and psychosocial care provision have not often been
      researched. As a method cross-sectional research design was used, with structured
      questionnaires and unstructured interviews. Our sample consisted of members of
      the nursing staff from four nursing homes in Slovenia (survey: N = 148;
      interview: N = 16). The resulting data was processed by means of statistical
      analysis and conventional content analysis. The nursing staff reported more
      knowledge of, skills with and willingness to meet residents'physical needs than
      psychosocial needs. On the other hand, communication, conversation, self-care and
      a home-like environment were considered by nursing staff as marking quality elder
      care. Consequently, nursing home administrators should try to strengthen
      psychosocial care provision to improve the residents' quality of life.
      Conversation, as the most often recognised aspect of psychosocial care, should be
      promoted, since improvements in this area would not be costly, and each nursing
      staff member may decide individually how best to include more conversation in the
      daily routines of elder care provision.

PMID- 26987156
TI  - Adaptive Changes in Basal Metabolic Rate in Humans in Different Eco-Geographical
      Areas.
AB  - Our aim was to establish whether the human basal metabolic rate (BMR) shifts
      towards the reduction of vital functions as an adaptation response to extreme
      environmental conditions. Data was collected in arid and Extreme North zones. The
      arid zone samples included Bedouins living in the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt,
      Turkmen students, the Pedagogical University of Chardzhou, Turkmenistan born
      Russians and Russian soldiers. Soldiers were divided into 3 groups according to
      the length of their tour of duty in the area: 1st group: up to six months, 2nd
      group: up to 2 years and the 3rd group: 3-5 years. The Extreme North samples
      comprised Chukchi natives, 1st generation Russian immigrants born in the area and
      3 groups of soldiers comparable to the soldiers from Turkmenistan. BMR values of
      the new recruits had the highest values of total and relative BMR (1769 +/- 16
      and 28.3 +/- 0.6, correspondingly). The total and relative BMR tended to decrease
      within a longer adaptation period. The BMR values of officers who served >3 years
      in Turkmenistan were very similar to the Turkmenistan born Russians (1730 +/- 14
      vs. 1726 +/- 18 and 26.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 27.3 +/- 0.7, correspondingly). Similarly,
      in Chukotka, the highest relative BMR was found in the new recruits, serving up
      to 6 months (28.1 +/- 0.7) and was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the Russians
      serving in Chukotka over 1.5 years (27.1 +/- 0.3). The BMR was virtually similar
      in Russian officers serving > 3 years, compared to the middle-aged Chukchi or
      Chukotka-born Russians (25.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 25.6 +/- 0.5 and 25.5 +/- 0.6,
      correspondingly). The BMR parameters demonstrated a stronger association with
      body weight than with age. In extreme environmental conditions, migrant
      populations showed a decrease in BMR, thus reducing its vital functions. The BMR
      reduction effect with the adequate adaptive transformation is likely to be the
      key strategy for developing programs to facilitate human and animal adaptation to
      extreme factors. This process is aimed at preserving the optimum energy balance
      and homeostasis while minimizing stress on the body's vital functions.

PMID- 26987157
TI  - The Influence of the Age, the Years of Training, and the BMI on the Average
      Muscle Power in Male and Female Rowers.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the age, the body mass
      index (BMI), and the years of training on the average muscle power in male and
      female rowers. The analysis of the testing results of the members of the Rowing
      club Iktus from Osijek in Croatia was performed. Results were obtained during the
      regular yearly testing on the rowing ergometer for the rowing season of 2009.
      Members of the Rowing club Iktus were divided into two subgroups according to
      their sex. The obtained results were analysed in accordance with the age, the
      BMI, and the years of training independently for the each of the two subgroups.
      The results have showed that the average muscle power is independent of all the
      three parameters in the male rowers, while it is dependent on the age and the
      years of training in the female rowers. It seems that the BMI does not play any
      role at all in the average muscle power. As a conclusion, it could be stated that
      while one can suggest to female rowers to improve their performance with
      prolonged training, there is a need for a further research in order to formulate
      a suitable advice for male rowers.

PMID- 26987158
TI  - Anthropometric Characteristics of Chinese Professional Female Marathoners and
      Predicted Variables for Their Personal Bests.
AB  - To investigate anthropometric characteristics of Chinese professional female
      marathoners and suitable predicted variables correlated with their personal bests
      (PB), 96 Chinese female long-distance runners were divided into international (<
      2 h 34 min), national (2 h 34 min~2 h 45 min) and average (2 h 45 min~3 h 19 min)
      levels according to their PB in marathon during the process of talent
      identification for London Olympic Games. Selected anthropometric variables,
      including height, body mass, percentages of body fat, girths, breadths, lengths
      and skin-folds were measured. Only iliac crest skin-fold of international
      athletes was significantly lower than it is in national group. Girth of forearm
      and lower limbs, length of lower limbs, and all skin-folds of national athletes
      were significantly lower than those from average level group. Percentages of body
      fat, girth of forearm and calf, length of lower limbs, and skin-folds at sites of
      subscapular, abdominal and iliac crest of athletes from average level group were
      significantly higher than those in international athletes. Positive correlation
      was found between forearm girth and PB, and between the subscapular, abdominal,
      iliac crest and triceps surae skin-folds and PB for total athletes. Negative
      correlation between biiliac breadth and PB in international athletes, and
      positive correlations between abdominal and triceps surae skin-folds and PB in
      national athletes were found. For average runners, high positive correlation was
      found between upper arm girth and PB, and between subscapular, abdominal, iliac
      crest and triceps surae skin-folds and PB. The findings suggested that compared
      to stride length, stride frequency and efficiency were more important factors
      influencing running performance, which were in accordance with running technique
      in Chinese female marathoners.

PMID- 26987159
TI  - Frequency Distribution and Association of some Morpho- and Physiological Traits
      in Patients with Lung Diseases in Kosova.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of specific phenotypes
      in patients with lung diseases as well as their eventual association with the
      risk of developing lung diseases. For this purpose 2777 patients with lung
      diseases and 2778 healthy individuals from all over Kosova were examined for the
      appearance of the following selected phenotypes: ear lobe free (ELF)/ear lobe
      attached, normal chin (NC)/cleft chin, tongue roller (TR)/non roller, hand
      clasping right thumb over (HC)/hand clasping left thumb over, righthanded
      (RH)/lefthanded. In addition, the blood group from ABO system and the presence or
      absence of the Rhesus factor asphenotypical markers were observed. The results
      obtained show significant differences between control and lung disease patients
      for NC (p <= 0.05) and TR (p <= 0.005) as well as for blood groups AB (p <= 0.05)
      and O (p <= 0.005). These results point to eventually increased levels of genetic
      load as a result of the increased homozygosity in some gene loci causing an
      increased frequency of some recessive phenotypes in patients with lung diseases.
      Together with the specific associations observed, these preliminary findings
      could serve as a basis for further in depth investigations with respect to the
      types of lung diseases, occupational exposure and dietary habits, and thus is
      expected to contribute to an understanding of predispositions and susceptibility
      to lung diseases.

PMID- 26987160
TI  - Health Impact of Elevated Levels of Lead Encountered in the Manufacture of
      Crystal Glass.
AB  - Lead is known to cause harmful effects in the haematopoietic, nervous, digestive,
      renal, and other organ systems, inhibiting a number of enzymes in the
      biosynthesis of haem, as well as other enzymes with haematological significance.
      Our study involved 151 employees involved with the cutting of crystal, i.e.
      leaded glass, who had been found using eco-monitoring to have been exposed to
      above normal levels of lead. Our bio-monitoring process followed the values of
      lead, delta-ALAD and EPP.The highest level of lead detected was 276 ug/L, the
      lowest level of delta-ALAD was 99 nkat/L), and the highest level of EPP was 14.2
      nmol/gHb). We had found that contrary to expectations, lead levels were not
      correlated to haemoglobin levels, or to gender or age, but were instead based
      only on the post of the employee and their time spent working at the glassworks.
      The levels of haematopoiesis were directly proportional to the levels of lead,
      however, the correlation was not statistically significant or had perhaps been
      masked by the exposure due to the employee's post and gender. We had also found a
      significant correlation of lead levels to the levels of renal function. The study
      had indicated some health impacts of lead on the exposed glass workers, but also
      at least partly diverged from the results of previous studies, prompting us to
      continue our research.

PMID- 26987161
TI  - The Value of Hormone Receptor Assessment in Ultrasound Guided Core Needle Biopsy
      of the Breast.
AB  - Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Western countries after skin
      tumors. Successful treatment depends on many factors, relies on clinical
      examination, diagnostic procedures, pathologic evaluation, and good therapy
      decision. The Pathologic diagnosis should be the determining factor in the
      decision on therapeutic approach. There are several methods of obtaining tissue
      samples. The percutaneous ultrasound guided breast Core needle biopsy (CNB) is
      one of them. The Aim of this Study is to evaluate our experience in the accuracy
      of hormone receptors assessment in ultrasound guided CNB. In our institution, in
      last 12 month 60 women (with 67 lesions) underwent Breast CNB. The CNB was
      performed with 16 Gauge semiautomatic biopsy needle with 15 Gauge coordinated
      introducer needle. 3-6 specimen (mean 4) were taken during the procedure. We
      analyzed five factors (histological type, histological grade, estrogen and
      progesterone receptor status, and HER2 from the biopsied sample. All results were
      presented at the Multidisciplinary Oncology Team. In addition to demographic data
      and morphological features of the lesion, we analyzed five pathological factors
      (histological type, histological grade, estrogen and progesterone receptor
      status, and HER2 from the biopsied sample. All results were presented at the
      Multidisciplinary Oncology Team. Ultrasound-guided CNB has proven to be a
      reliable technique for performing a biopsy for breast. It is a good and reliable,
      complication free method, for preoperative staging, operative planning as well
      for prognostic value. It is a cost-effective method, can be performed quickly and
      in outpatient population, does not deform the breast and multiple lesions can be
      biopsied. This technique shows a high sensitivity value and offers many
      advantages over other imaging methods to guide a biopsy. All advantages have made
      this technique the most widespread used technique to perform a biopsy for a
      suspicious breast lesion.

PMID- 26987162
TI  - Advanced Clinical and Radiological Features of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Relation
      to Gender, Onset of First Symptoms and Disease Duration.
AB  - To determine the frequency of advanced clinical and radiological features of AS
      with reference to gender, onset of symptoms and disease duration. Fifty-seven
      patients diagnosed with AS were included in this study. Functional evaluation of
      the musculoskeletal system detected advanced clinical features: rubber-ball
      phenomenon, flattening of the chest anterior wall, diastasis of rectus abdominis
      muscle, steel back phenomenon, umbilical extrusion, skiing posture. Conventional
      radiographs of sacroiliac joints, pelvis and axial skeleton were obtained in
      order to analyze signs of sacroiliitis, syndesmophytes, vertebral squaring and
      ligamentous ossification. Statistical significance is found in the distribution
      of particular advanced clinical and radiological features of AS between men and
      women: rubber-ball phenomenon (p = 0.002), flat chest (p = 0.002), diastasis of
      rectus abdominis muscle (p = 0.002), skiing position (p = 0.000), syndesmophytes
      (p = 0.009) and ligamentous ossification (p = 0.030) in thoracic and lumbar
      spine. Onset of first disease symptoms (> 20 years of age) is significantly
      associated with radiological changes in thoracic spine (ligamentous ossification,
      p = 0.015) and cervical spine (vertebral squaring, p = 0.032). Longer disease
      duration (> 10 years) is significantly associated with the appearance of
      particular clinical features: rubber-ball phenomenon, p < 0.01; rectus abdominis
      diastasis, p=0.042) and radiological changes of sacroiliac joints (grade IV
      sacroileitis, p = 0.012), thoracic and lumbar spine (syndesmophytes, p = 0.015;
      ligamentous ossification, p = 0.027). Our study shows that the occurrence of
      clinical and some radiological features of AS appears to be gender dependent.
      Furthermore, onset of first disease symptoms (> 20 years of age) and longer
      disease duration (> 10 years) are associated with the higher risk of developing
      particular clinical signs and radiological features in sacroiliac joints and
      axial skeleton.

PMID- 26987163
TI  - Mediatisation or PR-ization of Public--Media Communication--Analysis of Mediated
      Communication of Zoran Milanovic.
AB  - Politicians and their public relations advisors depend on the mass communication
      media to transmit messages dailyand communicate effectively. The development of
      the mass media, from traditional to new, has changed the working conditions of
      these professions where one inevitably affects the other. Consequently, the way
      of formatting information in the newshas changed, along with the way of
      monitoring the political developments and informs the public on political
      activities. Amajor role in this process, over and above the political actors, has
      advisers for public relations, who choose moments andevents to publicise (PR
      ization). With the increasing influence of public relations to media reports,
      politics also changes thepicture of the media and the impact on media coverage.
      Similarly, the impact on the manner in which the media reportprocess, what topics
      will be discussed topics and what tone the given information will have. We are
      living in a world characterized by mediation (Mazzoleni and Schulz, 1999) of the
      politics and the society as a whole, because politics and publicrelations
      necessarily need the media to communicate with their audiences. In this regard,
      we can talk about PR-izationmedia as the fundamental role of public relations
      practitioners affect attitudes, which skillfully make careful design ofmessages
      and events that are not included herein are the three professions each other
      should one without the other does notmake sense. This paper will focus on the
      influence of the media on politics and on influence of the public relations as
      profession in the content media perception. In view of the drawn by daily public
      appearances of Prime Minister, Zoran Milanovi6,and as says Lali63 few politics
      related phenomena have over the past twenty years engaged so many reviews by
      experts andscholars as the Prime Minister's rhetoric. The particular form of the
      political communication will be reviewed in this paper.Through the interviews and
      the content analysis of key moments and statements from the media, we shall try
      to determinehow the communication by Zoran Milanovi6 has changed with the new
      public relations advisor, and that the change hasaffected the public attitudes
      that Milanovi6 communication seen through the media-mediated reality.

PMID- 26987164
TI  - Bronze and Iron Age Finds from Romuald's Cave, Istria: 2014 Excavation Season.
AB  - Archaeological excavations in Romuald's Cave (Lim Channel, Istria, Croatia) have
      yielded evidence of human activity stretching back to the Middle Palaeolithic.
      This paper reports on recent Bronze Age/Early Iron Age discoveries uncovered
      during excavations as part of the Croatian National Science Foundation funded
      project: "Archaeological Investigations into the Late Pleistocene and Early
      Holocene of the Lim Channel, Istria". Fragmentary skeletal remains from at least
      two individuals were excavated, and a direct radiocarbon date from one of the
      remains is commensurate with a Bronze Age attribution. The recovered ceramics
      confirm this age attribution, although they range from the Middle Bronze Age to
      incipient Iron Age in character. Furthermore, the ceramics indicate that the
      human activities in Romuald's Cave were associated with the nearby settlements of
      Gradina and St. Martin.

PMID- 26987165
TI  - Nationwide Survey of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Strains Producing CTX-M Extended
      spectrum beta-lactamases in Croatia.
AB  - Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing bacteria have been
      increasingly reported in both hospital and community patients. Production of
      ESBLs is the major mechanism of resistance to oxymino-cephalosporins and
      aztreonam in Gram-negative bacteria. Recently a new family of ESBLs with
      predominant activity against cefotaxime (CTX-M beta-lactamases) has been
      reported. Over 80 CTX-M enzymes have been described so far, which can be grouped
      into five main subgroups according to amino acid sequence identity (CTX-M-1, CTX
      M-2, CTX-M-8, CTX-M-9 and CTX-M-25). In some countries, CTX-M beta-lactamases are
      the most prevalent types of ESBLs, for instance in Russia, Greece, Spain,
      Switzerland, Japan, Taiwan, China and Argentina. These enzymes have been
      identified in countries near Croatia such is Italy, Hungary and Austria. The aim
      of this study was to determine the prevalence and the types of CTX-M beta
      lactamases produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates collected from
      October 2006 to January 2007 from both community- and hospital-based isolates
      were included (Figure 1.). 128 ESBL isolates were subjected to further analysis:
      screening with double disc diffusion test and confirmed by ESBL E test.

PMID- 26987166
TI  - Successful Treatment of Acute Aortic Dissection Type Stanford A Presenting as
      Limb Ischemia, Successfully Treated with Operative and Endovascular Procedures.
AB  - We report a successful treatment of unusual case of a 48 year old male patient
      with acute aortic dissection type Stanford A that expanded into left common and
      external iliac artery diagnosed by MSCT angiography, presenting as a single leg
      paresis, without symptoms of a chest or back pain. Patient was operated with
      conventional ascending aortic replacement. Patient had no known prior medical
      condition. He has been treated for acute thrombosis of the left popliteal artery
      developing one day after ascending aortic replacement surgery, embolectomy was
      performed. Critical limb ischemia developed due to preocclusive stenosis of the
      left common and left external iliac artery and was treated by endovascular
      procedure of iliac artery stenting performed on the fifth postoperative day.
      After 17 days patient was discharged form hospital, showing no neurological or
      vascular deficit. For successful treatment of acute aortic dissection type
      Stanford A complicated with limb ischemia, rapid and accurate diagnosis is
      essential, together with close cooperation of cardio surgeons, vascular surgeons
      and invasive radiologists and individual approach to these demanding patients.

PMID- 26987167
TI  - Historical and Social Evolution of the Healers' Charisma.
AB  - This study aims to explore the relation between charisma and healing and how the
      concept of charisma evolved within medical profession over time. The development
      of medical profession from shamans to modern medical doctors, the gradual
      transition from ritual to physical healing, the relation between the physician
      and common people, and the transition from personal to professional charisma are
      presented in a medico-historical context. The article concludes that there is an
      indisputable link between the phenomenon of charisma and healing. Healers have
      often been considered among the most significant charismatic figures in their
      societies. With time physicians have lost their personal charisma and replaced it
      by a stable professional charisma. Today, the growing involvement of patients in
      healing and demystification of the medical profession is diminishing the charisma
      of the physicians, although medical profession still retains qualities found in
      classic charismatics and with it also some authority over patients.

PMID- 26987168
TI  - [THE MODERN CONDITION AND PROGNOSTIC ESTIMATES OF MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES
      IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION].
AB  - The prognostic estimates offurther development of medical demographic processes
      in the Russian Federation are presented on the basis of analysis of long-term
      patterns of natural science order: The deduction is proposed concerning necessity
      of focusing attention on issues ofpremature mortality and its preventability.

PMID- 26987169
TI  - [THE DIVERGENCE OF MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN RUSSIA].
AB  - The factors impacting demographic situation in largest cities are discussed. The
      transformation of correlation relationships ofvariation offertility and total
      mortality ofpopulation with intensity of its aging, labor payment, supply with
      physicians and capacity of medical institutions is analyzed

PMID- 26987170
TI  - [THE DISPENSARIZATION AND HEALTH OF SOCIALLY ECONOMICALLY PRIORITY GROUPS OF
      POPULATION OF THE KUZBAS].
AB  - The results of fragment of study concerning analysis of morbidity and
      dispensarization of socially economically active and priority groups
      ofpopulation, children included are presented. The volumes of dispensarization
      activities and directed cash resources are compared with. The estimates
      ofmorbidity of workers of metallurgic enterprises and dispensarized children are
      applied with subsequent health groups distribution. The territorialfoundation of
      mandatory medical insurance granted substantial cash resources to implement this
      task that required implementation ofestimate activities. The results are applied
      in planned curative preventive working, medical and preventive activities that
      constitute tasks of activities of the territorial foundation of mandatory medical
      insurance related to priority groups.

PMID- 26987171
TI  - [THE SOCIAL HYGIENIC AND MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES OF
      INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF YAKUTIA].
AB  - Nowadays, in indigenous populations of the North and Siberia lower indicators
      ofpsychic health are registered. The evidence ofthis occurrence is high mortality
      due to external causes and significant prevalence of alcoholism. The high level
      of suicide among indigenous children and adolescents reflects extreme social
      troubles. The sampling included 478 families of indigenous population of Yakutia
      (families of Yakut, Evenk, Even and Yukagir) residing in the northern, central
      eastern andsouthern regions ofthe Republic. The specially developed social
      hygienic questionnaire was applied. The study established that 52-55.5% of
      indigenous families have three and more children and are positioned as large
      families. At the same time, 22.6-32.2% offamilies are incomplete and 11.5-38.5%
      of children are born in unregistered marriage. The income lower than living wage
      have 55.9-67.9% of indigenous families. The lacking of permanent income is one of
      the causes of such situation in case of 20-28.6% of parents. Only 30.7-53.6% of
      indigenous families can be considered as well-to-do ones. From 464% to 69.3%
      offamilies are considered as disadvantaged in consequence of unfavorable
      psychological climate (in 33.7-43.6% of families); occurrence of frequent
      quarrels and conflicts (in 3.8-9.0% offamilies), alcoholization of one or both
      parents (in 5.7-10.9% of families), presence of relatives with previous
      convictions (in 7.4-11.4%).

PMID- 26987172
TI  - [THE MULTI-VECTOR MODE OF EVALUATION OF INTER-SECTORAL INTERACTION CONCERNING
      ISSUES OF POPULATION HEALTH CARE].
AB  - The algorithm of constructing mode of multi-vector evaluation of intersectoral
      interaction concerning issues of population health care is substantiated and
      implemented. The items ofevaluation included identification of informative
      vectors and criteria including their gradation, coefficients of significance and
      model versions.

PMID- 26987173
TI  - [THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SOMATOTYPE AND FUNCTIONAL STATE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF
      STUDENT YOUTH OF THE NORTHEAST OF RUSSIA].
AB  - The article considers results of single-step study in random sampling of female
      students of the M.K. Ammosov north-east federal university (n=456). The study was
      carried out to investigate somatotype and functional state of circulatory system.
      The standard technique was applied to measure height, body mass, chest
      circumference, level of arterial pressure and rate of heart beats. The type of
      somatotype was established using Pignet index. The tone of vegetative system was
      determined using Kerdo index. The adaptation potential of circulatory system was
      determined using functional changes index. The results of study established that
      in 61% of examined female students the type of constitution corresponds to
      normosthenic one. The percentage of persons with asthenic and hypersthenic type
      of constitution amounted to 27% and 12% correspondingly. The signs of increasing
      oftone ofsympathetic nervous system are observed in 89% of girls. The functional
      condition of circulatory system is evaluated as "tension of adaptation
      mechanisms" that is apparently related to period of adaptation to new conditions.
      The prolonged preservation of such states results in exhaustion offunctional
      resources of organism and can promote development of diseases. In conditions of
      impacting of unfavorable ecological factors the deconditionning disorders can
      significantly contribute to health disturbances and decreasing of life quality.
      To preserve youth's health during period of education the comprehensive strategy
      is to be implemented such components as dynamic monitoring of health,
      organization of adequate diet, explanation of necessity of observance of sleep
      and rest pattern, development of conditions for active aerobic physical exertion
      and activities on correction of risk factors of development of diseases are to be
      included.

PMID- 26987174
TI  - [THE ORGANIZATION OF REHABILITATION CARE OF POPULATION USING INNOVATIVE MEDICAL
      ORGANIZATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES AND PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP].
AB  - The article considers actual problems of actual stage of development of health
      care related to using innovative approaches to organization and management of
      rehabilitation care ofpopulation. The rehabilitation is most important direction
      of medical sector supporting complex of services in closed cycle of rendering
      medical care to population and significant social economic effects. The capacity
      and extreme unprofitability of rehabilitation services determine necessity of
      searching alternative forms of organization of this type of care and financing
      including mechanisms of public-private partnership. The experience is presented
      related to involvement of resources of non-public medical organizations for
      implementing public commitments on rendering qualitative rehabilitation services
      to population using innovative medical organizational technologies.

PMID- 26987175
TI  - [THE EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNCTIONING OF TUBERCULOSIS HOSPITALS AND
      CALCULATION OF NECESSARY NUMBER OF BEDS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL].
AB  - The adequate planning of capacity of hospital medical care accounting regional
      characteristics of prevalence of tuberculosis infection and functioning of anti
      tuberculosis institutions are one of activities increasing effectiveness of
      resources using. So far, in the Russian Federation no techniques was developed
      permitting to determine need of tuberculosis service of region in number of beds
      based on epidemiological indicators of tuberculosis. To bring nearer as much as
      possible to reliable level of such a need in the Irkutskaia oblast the technique
      was developed on the basis of listing of indications for hospitalization of
      tuberculosis patients. This technique permits to substantiate the need of the
      subject of the Russian Federation in necessary number of beds in consideration of
      regional characteristics of prevalence of tuberculosis. This approach supports
      development of organization, planning and increasing of effectiveness of anti
      tuberculosis activities in modern conditions.

PMID- 26987177
TI  - [THE STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TRAUMATOLOGICAL ORTHOPEDIC OUT
      PATIENT CARE TO POPULATION OF THE PRIVOLJSKII FEDERAL OKRUG].
AB  - The article presents the results of analysis ofmanpower support of specialized
      out-patient traumatological orthopedic care in the Privoljskii federal okrug. The
      manpower deficiency of traumatologist-orthopedist at the out-patient stage was
      established especially especially in rural area. This is cause of low indicators
      ofdispensary monitoring of patients with consequences of traumas and diseases of
      musculo-skeletal system and factual unavailability of rehabilitation care to
      patients of given profile. The experience oftraining and re-training of
      traumatologist-orthopedist is presented. The organization of hospital
      substituting forms of medical service of profile patients in the Saratovskaia
      oblast. The directions of development of organization of specialized out-patient
      care to population of the region.

PMID- 26987176
TI  - [THE ORGANIZATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES OF INCREASING OF EFFECTIVENESS OF DISPENSARY
      MONITORING OF HIV-INFECTED PERSONS].
AB  - The organizational technologies of increasing effectiveness ofdispensarization
      monitoring of HIV-infected persons are to targeted to development in patients
      commitment to get medical care. The cohort monitoring of registered patients
      receiving anti-retrovirus therapy permitted to evaluate effectiveness of
      organizational model of multi-professional team developing commitment ofpatients
      to anti-retrovirus therapy in conditions of center ofprevention and struggle with
      AIDS and infectious diseases. The criteria ofeffectiveness offunctioning ofmulti
      professional team are developed and implemented The list of criteria include
      percentage of patients in cohort with optimal commitment (not lower than 95% of
      applied dosage of anti-retrovirus pharmaceuticals at 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and
      60th month), percentage ofpatients with achieved effect of anti-retrovirus
      therapy, percentage of patients proceeding anti-retrovirus therapy. The multi
      professional team implemented motivational techniques of behavior alteration and
      patient-oriented care. The main strategy of development of of commitment to anti
      retrovirus therapy under HIV-infection is determined as management of resources
      and risks capable decreasing commitment to dispensarization monitoring. The
      analysis of problems permitted to structure them in risks of commitment failure:
      medical (13.7%), medical biological under using psychoactive substances (43.1%),
      psychological (27.7%), social (15.5%). This listing determined the profile of
      specialists of multi-professional team. The ranking of risks lead out to the
      first ranking place medical risks, including diagnosed tuberculosis, combination
      of secondary and concomitant diseases inpatient, number of intaking pills more
      than 7 per day. The second ranking place took medical biological risks in users
      of psychoactive substances. Up to 60th month the anti-retrovirus therapy was
      proceeded by 61.5% of users of psychoactive substances with optimal commitment in
      60%. The implementation of model of multi-professional team was accompanied by
      increasing of coverage of HIV-infected patients by dispensary monitoring and anti
      retrovirus therapy. The applied organizational technologies permit to develop
      commitment to dispensary monitoring and anti-retrovirus therapy in patients with
      any risks of breach of commitment.

PMID- 26987178
TI  - [THE ORGANIZATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES OF INCREASING QUALITY OF SPECIALIZED MEDICAL
      CARE UNDER ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE KEMEROVSKAIA OBLAST].
AB  - The article considers means of development ofsystem of specialized medical care
      under acute coronary syndrome. The new organizational approaches provide
      optimization of structure of specialized hospital, development of mechanisms of
      multi-stage and multi-level interaction of medical organizations of the subject
      of the Russian Federation as exemplifed by the Kemerovskaia oblast and
      integration of resources of institutions of health care, science and education.

PMID- 26987179
TI  - [THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES OF MULTIFIELD
      HOSPITAL AND ITS IMPACT ON EFFECTIVENESS OF INSTITUTION FUNCTIONING].
AB  - The role of development of material and technical resources of Moscow multifield
      hospital within the framework of program of modernization of capital health care
      and its impact on effectiveness offunctioning of institution. The comparison was
      implemented between capital investment level of physicians related to medical
      equipment and corresponding target indicators in Moscow. The correlation is
      established between indicators of capital investment level ofphysicians, average
      bed stay and clinical efficiency.

PMID- 26987180
TI  - [THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE APPLICATION OF PHYSICIAN FOR IMPLEMENTING REMOTE
      MONITORING].
AB  - The issues are considered concerning necessity of development and implementation
      of mobile application of physician within the framework of automated system of
      remote monitoring of indicators of human health as a mean of increasing of
      quality medical care of patients. The main characteristics of development of the
      given mobile application of physician are considered.

PMID- 26987181
TI  - [THE BOLOGNA PROCESS AND THE FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL STANDARD OF HIGH
      EDUCATION].
AB  - The article reveals characteristics of entering of high medical school of Russia
      in the Bologna process. The Russian Federation joined this process in 2003. The
      features of implementation of the new Federal state educational standard of high
      education of the third generation in area of training "Health care and medical
      sciences".

PMID- 26987183
TI  - [THE CANCELED FACULTY: ON THE ISSUE OF ESTABLISHMENT OF MEDICAL FACULTY OF THE
      PETROGRAD UNIVERSITY DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR].
AB  - The article considers history of attempts to organize medicalfaculty in the
      Petrograd university on the eve and during the First World War The actuality of
      issue is in both insufficient investigation of this page of history of national
      medicine and medical education and history of development of national medicine in
      the period of the First World War which centenary is observed this year On the
      basis of large spectrum of published and archive sources the article considers
      the prerequisites of organization of medical faculty in St. Petersburg-Petrograd
      The discussions around its organization, positioning and augmentation of its
      supporters and opponents are called to mind The attempt is cited concerning
      organization offaculty in context of existed relationship between professional
      and teaching staff corporation of the Petrograd university and authorities. The
      separate attention is paid to the issue of corporative aspiration of professorate
      which determined model of their behavior and in spite of all social politic
      alterations provide no permission to compromise with authorities. The similar
      behavior model continued and after the February Revolution and this became the
      cause of giving up the idea of organization of medical faculty after overthrow of
      czarism.

PMID- 26987182
TI  - [THE TRAUMAS IN PERSONS OF OLDER AGE].
AB  - The aging of population is one of the most signifcant demographic occurrences of
      actual century. The Republic of Kazakhstan is the country with accelerated rate
      of population aging. The rate of traumas in population older than 60 years
      gradually increases concurrently with increasing ofpopulation size. The study was
      organized to investigate traumas in persons of older age hospitalized in
      hospitals of town ofSemeii of the Eastern-Kazakystan oblast. The study was
      carried out in the traumatological department of emergency care hospital oftown
      of Semeii and the neurosurgical department of the Medical center of the Semeii
      state medical university. The period of study amounted to January 1 2010 -
      December 31 2012. The criteria of inclusion were determined as age 60 years and
      older hospitalization as a result of trauma. The sampling consisted of 746
      patients of geriatric profile. The average age consisted 70.4 years. During the
      established period increasing of number of hospitalized patients was detected.
      The percentage of male contingent diminishes with every year in comparison with
      female contingent. The traumas of area of coxofemoral joint and thigh comprised
      the most percentage among older patients in 2011-2012. The gender indicators
      among older patients reflect demography of total size of older population in
      Kazakhstan. The study established significant predominance ofwomen. Independently
      ofthe season, the traumas of area of coxofemoral joint and thigh prevail over all
      population of older people.

PMID- 26987184
TI  - [EMMANUIL ISAAKOVICH DEICHMAN (1889-1967) AS ONE OF LEADERS OF ANTI-ALCOHOLIC
      MOVEMENT OF THE I920S IN THE USSR: TO ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY].
AB  - The article presents for the first time the biography of E.I. Deichman, one of
      leaders of anti-alcoholic movement. The input of E.I. Deichman into struggle with
      drunkenness and alcoholism in the 1920s is concertized.

PMID- 26987185
TI  - [ZINAIDA KAZIMIROVNA ZABEGALSKAIA--THE FOUNDER OF SURGERY SCHOOL IN ORENBURG].
AB  - In 2014, the year of the seventieth anniversary of the Orenburg medical academy,
      will be ninetieth birthday of prominent surgeon, scientist, public figure,
      excellent pedagogue Zinaida Kazimirovna Zabegalskaia.

PMID- 26987186
TI  - [The Moscow scientitic society of historians of medicine in 2014].

PMID- 26987187
TI  - [Effect of FABP2 gene G54A polymorphism on lipid and glucose metabolism in simple
      obesity children].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between intestinal fatty acid binding
      protein (FABP2) gene G54A polymorphism and simple childhood obesity, the effect
      of mutant 54A FABP2 gene on serum lipids and glucose metabolism. METHODS: The
      total of 83 subjects with overweight/obesity and 100 subjects with healthy/normal
      weight were involved in this study. The G54A FABP2 gene allele and genotype
      frequencies between control group and overweight/obesity group were detected
      using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) technology, and DNA sequences were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The
      automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect fasting blood glucose (FBG),
      triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Plasma insulin
      (Ins) was detected by radiation immune method, free fatty acids (FFA) was tested
      by ELISA method, insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) was also calculated. The
      correlation between FABP2 G54A polymorphism and the development of children'
      obesity was analyzed. The relation between FABP2 G54A polymorphism and abnormal
      blood lipid and insulin resistance was assessed. RESULTS: The results of study on
      FABP2 gene polymorphism revealed as followed. In overweight/obese groups, the
      frequencies of GG, GA, AA genotypes was 33.7%, 49.4% and 16.9%, respectively. In
      control group, the frequencies of GG, GA, AA genotypes was 51. 0% , 40. 0% and 9.
      0% , respectively. The differences between two groups was statistically
      significant (Chi2 = 6.27, P < 0.05). In overweight/obesity group, the frequencies
      of alleles were 58.4% for 54G and 41.6% for 54A. In control group, the
      frequencies of alleles were 71.0% for 54G and 29.0% for 54A. There was
      significant differences (Chi2 = 6.32, P < 0.05). The plasma biochemical variables
      results showed that compared with the normal control group, plasma TG (P < 0.01),
      Ins (P < 0.05), HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) were elevated in overweight/obesity group, the
      difference between two groups was statistically significant. At the same time, in
      overweight/obesity group, the carriers of AA homozygous genotypes had
      significantly higher plasma TG levels than those with GG wild genotypes (P <
      0.05). A increased tendency of plasma Ins, FFA levels and HOMA-IR was found in
      the carriers with AA homozygous genotypes, but no differences compared with those
      with GG wild genotypes. Compared with those with GG wild genotypes, related
      plasma biochemical variables in the carriers with GA heterozygous genotypes had
      no differences (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The FABP2 gene G54A polymorphism is
      related to simple children obesity and lipid metabolism abnormality. The allele
      encoding in FABP2 gene may be a potential factor contributing to promoting lipid
      metabolism abnormality of and insulin resistance.

PMID- 26987188
TI  - [Proteomics study on ficolin 3 in the human plasma of type 2 diabetics].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression trend of ficolin 3 (FCN3) in type 2 diabetes
      (T2DM) plasma. METHODS: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2DE)
      was used to separate the plasma proteins from T2DM patients and healthy control
      subjects. MALDI-TOF-TOF was used to identify the differential proteins. Western
      Blot and enzyme-linked immune response (ELISA) were used to verify the results
      from 2DE. RESULTS: The experiment on 2DE showed complement C1s subcomponent,
      complement C3, C9 and FCN3 were up-regulated in the plasma of T2DM patients. The
      Western Blot results showed that C9 and FCN3 increased in the plasma of T2DM
      patients with respect to T2DM-free subjects. The experiment results on ELISA
      showed that the plasma concentration of FCN3 were (50.88 +/- 3.85 ) and (36.20 +/
      2.75 ) MUg/mL (P = 0.0062) in T2DM and T2DM-free, respectively. The plasma
      concentration of C9 were (26.22 +/- 1.43) and (19.23 +/- 1.55) MUg/mL (P =
      0.0022) in T2DM and T2DM-free. FCN3 and C9 were up-regulated in T2DM plasma.
      CONCLUSION: FCN3 over-expressed in the plasma of T2DM patients,which activated
      the complement system in greater degree.

PMID- 26987189
TI  - [Repeated cross-sectional studies on urinary iodine and iodine content of salt
      among school-aged children from 2012 to 2014 in Yuhuan County, Zhejiang
      Province].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the iodine status and its change among school-aged
      children in their morning urine and eating salt from 2012 to 2014 in Yuhuan
      County, Zhejiang Province, China. METHODS: Three repeated cross-sectional studies
      were carried out at a same primary school in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.
      Three classes were randomly selected from each of 3 to 5 grade by the cluster
      stratified sampling every year. Totally, 1343 out of 1350 eligible children aged
      8 to 10 years old were involved into this study. Their morning urine and salt
      eating at home were collected and tested. RESULTS: The overall median of urine
      iodine was 116.0 MUg/L, and no significant change was found over year. The
      overall proportions of subjects with urine iodine < 50 MUg/L, < 100 MUg/L, and >=
      300 MUg/L were 4.8%, 38.6% and 3.5%, respectively, and there were little
      differences over year, gender and grade of children. An overall median of iodine
      from 1343 salt samples was 0.0 mg/kg and no year difference was statistically
      observed. The proportions of subjects consumed iodized salt significantly
      decreased from 25.1% in 2012 to 21.8% in 2013 and to 14.2% in 2014. There was a
      significant difference in urine iodine between subjects taken iodized salt or not
      and also a weak positive correlation between salt iodine and urine iodine.
      CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of iodine is overall stable, proper and safety
      in recent 3 years among school children in Yuhuan County. The coverage rate of
      iodized salt is very low.

PMID- 26987190
TI  - [Association of pubertal timing and the different dimensionality of adolescents'
      aggressive behavior].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between pubertal timing and aggressive
      behaviors. METHODS: Stratified random sampling was used to choose 5760 students
      from one junior high school and one high school. The pubertal development scale
      (PDS) questionnaire and perceived pubertal timing were used to evaluate the
      pubertal timing, and the Buss-Perry questionnaire was used to explore the
      students' aggressive behaviors. RESULTS: The score of aggressive behavior was
      significantly different in junior high school students with different perceived
      pubertal timing, the score of early pubertal timing was highest and the score of
      delay pubertal timing was lowest, and the score of physical aggression and verbal
      aggression of schoolboy in early pubertal timing and normal pubertal timing in
      high school was higher than the delay pubertal timing (P < 0.05). The score of
      physical aggression, anger and hostility of schoolgirl in early pubertal timing
      was highest, there was significant difference between them. The relationship
      between the perceived pubertal timing and the aggressive behavior was the
      physical aggression, anger and hostility score was highest in schoolgirls both in
      junior high school and high school, and the score of verbal aggression was higher
      in normal pubertal timing and early pubertal timing in schoolboys (P < 0.05),
      there was significant difference between them. CONCLUSION: There are closely
      relationship between the early pubertal timing and aggressive behaviors by used
      the PDS questionnaire, and the perceived pubertal timing is in a relatively large
      impact on girls' aggressive behaviors.

PMID- 26987191
TI  - [Body composition investigation of 2321 Shenzhen government and enterprise
      staffs].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the laws of human body composition change and the status
      of the overweight and obesity of government and enterprise staffs. METHODS: In
      July 2013 - January 2014, 2321 adults more than 20-year-old healthy check-up
      crowd with complete human body composition and height as well as weight data in a
      medical center in Shenzhen were collected by convenience sampling method.
      RESULTS: The overweight rates of male and female were 46.41% and 18.94%
      respectively (standardized overweight rates were 44.02% and 14.51%,
      respectively), and the difference between them was statisically significant (Chi2
      = 201.01, P = 0. 000). The obesity rates of male and female were 12.13% and
      3.57%, respectively (standardized overweight rates were 11.11% (see symbol)
      2.63%, respectively), and the difference between them was statisically
      significant (X2 = 48.45, P = 0.000). The parameters of bone mineral quality,
      visceral fat area, body fat, body fat percentage, abdominal obesity, body
      moisture and free fat weight increased with body weight, and there were
      statistical significance among normal weight, overweight and obesity groups (P =
      0.000). Bone mineral quality was highest at the age of 30 to 40 for men and
      women, and there was the statistical significance. There was statistical
      significance in visceral fat area between different ages in the same gender. Body
      fat percentage (34.24 + 5.39)% of all ages 50 to 59 years old and body moisture
      (28.53 + 3.77)% of age 40 - 49 group were highest in women. Male body fat
      percentage (27.08 + 5.01)% at the age of 60-age group was the highest. Male and
      female visceral fat area increasesd with age, but there was no statistical
      difference between men and women at the same age. The human body composition had
      not a statistically significant difference among normal weight and overweight
      groups, but a significant difference between normal weight and obesity groups (P
      = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity rates in Shenzhen government and
      enterprise staffs increase with age. Body composition increase with the weight.

PMID- 26987192
TI  - [Cross-sectional association between diabetes and obesity among the elderly of
      different genders in Yantai City].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the cross-sectional association between the incidence of
      diabetes and obesity among the elderly of different genders, which intends to
      provide the scientific basis for undertaking glycemia interventions in the early
      stage to be conducive to the old folks' health status in Yantai City. METHODS: A
      total of 986 old people (>= 60 years old) were recruited from 4 districts in
      Laishan District Yantai City, Penglai City, Qixia City, Haiyang City by
      stratified cluster of random sampling and surveyed using questionnaires, while
      the physical examinations and blood glucose tests were conducted. The logistic
      regression model was used to analyze the cross-sectional association between the
      incidence of diabetes and obesity among the elderly of different genders in
      Yantai City. RESULTS: The rates of obesity and abdominal obesity were 10.04% and
      60.85% among the old people in Yantai, respectively. The morbidity rate of
      diabetes was 10.85%. The influencing factors such as age, cultural standard,
      monthly income, past job category, smoking, drinking were adjusted, the fat old
      people had 3.121 times as much chance of suffering from obesity as the normal
      weight ones (OR = 3.121, 95% CI 1.978 - 5.119). And there was a gender difference
      between diabetes and obesity. The cross-sectional association between the
      incidence of diabetes and masculine obesity was of statistical significance alone
      (OR = 3.924, 95% CI 1.561 - 7.174). The elderly with the abdominal obesity 2.398
      times as likely to suffer from diabetes as the elderly with the non-abdominal
      obesity (OR = 2.398, 95% CI 2.123 - 4.412). There was a gender difference between
      diabetes and abdominal obesity. The cross-sectional association between the
      incidence of diabetes and masculine abdominal obesity was of statistical
      significance alone (OR = 2.917, 95% CI 1.249 - 4.019). CONCLUSION: There are
      gender difference in the relationship between obesity, abdominal obesity and
      diabetes in the elderly in Yantai. BMI and waist circumference can be used as the
      predictive indexes of masculine diabetes.

PMID- 26987193
TI  - [Dietary exposure and health risk assessment of heavy metal in grains of Shaanxi
      Province].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate heavy metal contamination of grains, and to assess the
      health risk of the contamination on local inhabitants. METHODS: The contents of 6
      heavy metals of grains were detected, according to the food contamination monitor
      plan of Shaanxi Province. The levels of heavy metal contamination on grains were
      evaluated by pollution indices. Health risks associated with the daily dietary
      intake of heavy metals were assessed using USEPA health risk assessment model.
      RESULTS: 562 grain samples were randomly collected from 94 representative sites
      in Shaanxi Province. The contaminations of Cd and Pb were more seriously than the
      other metals. The pollution indices of Cd, As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb in 4 kinds of
      grains were less than 0.7, they were safe to eat. The dietary expose doses of Cd,
      As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb were also at the level of safety. The individual health
      risk of heavy metal pollution was 3.08 x 10(-4)/year for Cr, which was exceed the
      standard (5.0 x 10(-5)/year) of Inernational Commission on Radiological
      Protection (ICRP). The individual health risks of the other five metals were
      lower than the standard of ICRP. CONCLUSION: The most of grains are considered
      safe to eat for consumers, excepting a few samples are polluted by lead and
      cadmium. The individual health risk of Cr is higher than the standand of ICRP.

PMID- 26987194
TI  - [Analysis of colliery migrant workers quality of life and its influential
      factors].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study colliery migrant workers' quality of life and related
      influential factors. METHODS: By multi-stage random sampling, 1161 colliery
      migrant workers were collected and assessed with the SF-36 and the self-made
      questionnaires. Multiple covariance and optimal scaling regression statistical
      methods were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Physiological and mental health
      filed of colliery migrant workers, the physical functioning (PF), role-physical
      (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH) and vitality (VT) score of those
      colliery migrant workers whose working age was less than 5 years higher than
      those over 10 years. The PF, RP, BP, GH, mental health (MH), VT and SF based
      within the health group, resulted in a higher score, compared to those who suffer
      from chronic diseases. The RP, GH and social functioning (SF) based within the
      mild labor intensity, resulted in a higher score, compared to those who severe
      labor intensity. The PF and RE based within the non-initial coal mine work,
      resulted in a higher score, compared to those who initial coal mine work. The PF,
      BP and VT based within the pre-employment physical examination, resulted in a
      higher score, compared to those who non pre-employment physical examination. The
      MH based within the smoking, resulted in a higher score, compared to those who no
      smoking. These differences were statistical significance (P < 0.05). Multiple
      factors analysis showed that working age (F = 19.26, P < 0.01), chronic diseases
      (F = 13.89, P < 0.01) and initial coal mine work (F = 8.48, P < 0.01) were the
      influential factors of physical component summary (PCS). Labor intensity (F =
      5.90, P < 0.01), smoking (F = 10.45, P < 0.01) and chronic diseases (F = 7.91, P
      < 0.01) were the influential factors of mental component summary (MCS).
      CONCLUSION: There are some difference in individual characteristics (e. g.
      working age). Working age, chronic diseases, initial coal mine work, labor
      intensity, smoking are the influential factors for quality of life.

PMID- 26987195
TI  - [Association between life style, diet intake and high risk-human papillomavirus
      persistent infection among rural women in Xinmi City, Henan Province].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between life style, diet intake and high
      risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) persistent infection among Chinese rural women
      living in Xinmi City, Henan Province. METHODS: In 2010, a 3-year prospective
      study in which 2500 women were enrolled and screened by different HR-HPV DNA
      tests was conducted, part of women among them was followed and tested for HR-HPV
      DNA in 2012 and 2014. Furthermore, socio demographic factors, gynecological
      information and diet intake in the past 12 months were collected by self-designed
      questionnaire in 2014. A total of 721 women with complete test results were
      eligible for the final analysis. Study participants were divided into 3 groups
      (persistent infection group, transient infection group, and negative group) by HR
      HPV status, and the association between life style, diet intake and HR-HPV
      persistence was evaluated using ordinal logistic regression model. RESULTS: The
      average age of 721 women included in the analysis was 50 years old. 141 women had
      HR-HPV persistent infection, 180 women had HR-HPV transient infection, and 400
      women were negative for HR-HPV in 3 years. Age (Chi2 = 58.449, P < 0.001,
      P(trend) < 0.001), smoking (Chi2 = 6.981, P = 0.021), contraception method (Chi2
      = 8.448, P = 0.015) , menopause (Chi2 = 35.712, P < 0.001), number of live births
      (Chi2 = 16.340, P < 0.001, P(trend) < 0.001), and the intake frequency of cereals
      (Chi2 = 17.937, P = 0.001) or others (Chi2 = 12.107, P = 0.017) varied
      significantly between women grouped by different HR-HPV status. Compared to women
      who were older than 59 years, women in the younger groups had a much lower risk
      of HR-HPV persistence (adjusted OR1 = 0.39, 95% CI 0.26 - 0.59, OR2 = 0.40, 95%
      CI 0.23 - 0.69, and OR3 = 0.28, 95% CI 0.12 - 0.68). CONCLUSION: Age is the main
      risk factor of HR-HPV persistent infection. Lifestyle, diet intake do not
      associate with HR-HPV persistence after adjustment by age.

PMID- 26987196
TI  - [Determination of 8 hindered phenolic antioxidantsin olive oil by ultra
      performance liquid chromatography and its migration research].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for determination of PG, TBHQ, NDGA, BHA,
      Ionox100, OG, DG and BHT in olive oil by ultra-performance liquid chromatography
      (UPLC), and to study the migration rule of hindered phenolic antioxidants in food
      simulation solvent. METHODS: The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and
      C18 dispersion matrix solid-phase, the separation were performed by UPLC. The
      migration amount of PG, BHA, BHT from polyethylene film to different simulated
      solvent (olive oil, 20% ethanol, 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid) were determined at
      20, 60 and 100 degrees C. RESULTS: The retention time of 8 hindered phenolic
      antioxidants was less than 8.5 min. The limits of detection were in the range of
      0.01 - 0.05 MUg/mL, and the linear correlations were > 0.999. The average
      recoveries were from 80.0% to 106.8%, and the relative standard deviations were
      between 0.69% and 7.94%. The original heating migration experiments of PG, BHA
      and BHT were performed by such method. As the extension of heating time, the
      migration amounts were increased, and the migration amounts of PG in water-based
      food simulation solvent was similar in olive oil. BHA and BHT easily migrated to
      simulate fat solvents. The migration amount was the maximum in olive oil, while
      the migration amounts of BHA and BHT were little as the ethanol decreased in
      other simulation solvents. The migration amount of BHA in 20% ethanol was more
      than in 10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid. CONCLUSION: With the increase of
      temperature, the migration amount increase, and the hindered phenolic
      antioxidants easily migrate to simulate fat solvents.

PMID- 26987197
TI  - [Determination of 3-nitropropionic acid in poisoning samples by ultra-performance
      liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric
      method was established for determination of 3-nitropropionic acid of sugarcane,
      sugarcane bagasse, vomit, serum and urine. METHODS: The 3-nitropropionic acid in
      poisoning samples was extracted by acetonitrile in super-sonic instrument. The
      supernatant was cleaned up with PSA column and eluted with 10% ammonia water
      methanol (10: 90, V/V), then the purified solution was concentrated by nitrogen,
      dissolved with water (containing 0.4% formic acid) and cleaned by 0.22 MUm
      millipore filter. The filtrate was detected by ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, identified by electrospray ionization
      (ESI) in negative mode using multiple reaction monitoring, and quantified with
      external standards of sample matrix matching. The sample extract was separated on
      an acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 150 mm x 1.7 MUm) by gradient elution in 10
      minutes with acetronitrile-water as mobile phase. RESULTS: The calibration curves
      of 3-nitropropionic acid residues showed good linearity in the range of 1.0 - 50
      MUg/kg with correlation coefficient of 0.9993 or 0.9998. The detection limits of
      the method were from 0.06 MUg/kg to 0.30 MUg/kg, and limits of quantitation
      ranged from 0.20 MUg/kg to 1.0 MUg/kg. The recoveries of three spiking levels
      (1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 MUg/kg) ranged from 86.9% to 102.0%, and the relative
      standard deviations of 1.80%- 4.19% were obtained. CONCLUSION: The method for
      determination of 3-nitropropionic acid in poisoning samples by UPLC-MS/MS is of
      operation convenience, less interference from impurities and good accuracy, which
      could provide evidence and treatment for mouldy sugarcane poisoning.

PMID- 26987198
TI  - [Determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residues in tomato ketchup
      by UPLC-MS/MS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for simultaneous determination of streptomycin and
      dihydrostreptomycin residues in tomato ketchup by ultra-high performance liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). METHODS: The sample was
      dissolved with phosphorus solution (pH 2) and extracted by ultrasonic. The
      pigment was removed with n-hexane. Then, the sample was cleaned up by HLB SPE.
      The HILIC chromatographic column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 MUm) was used to complete
      the separation under gradient elution. The mixed solution of 0.1% formic acid
      solution and acetonitrile was used as mobile phase. The detection of streptomycin
      and dihydrostreptomycin were carried out by MS/MS under multiple reaction
      monitoring (MRM) mode. The external standard method was used for quantitative
      analysis. RESULTS: The calibration curves for streptomycin and
      dihydrostreptomycin were indicated in the range of 0.005 - 0.100 mg/kg, and the
      detection limits were both 0.005 mg/kg. The recoveries of streptomycin and
      dihydrostreptomycin were ranged from 79.5% to 93.9% with relative standard
      deviations no more than 10%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple and accurate to
      meet the requirements for determination of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin
      residues in tomato ketchup.

PMID- 26987199
TI  - [Determination of free selenomethionine in cow milk by UPLC-MS/MS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of free selenomethionine
      (SeMet), and be applied to the quantification of free SeMet in cow milk. METHODS:
      The analyte was separated on a BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.7 MUm) at 40
      degrees C with a mobile phase of water: acetonitrile: formic acid (95: 5: 0.1,
      V/V) , a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, and an analysis time of 2. 5 min. At positive
      electrospray ionization mode, multiple reaction monitoring of the precursor
      product ion transitions of m/z 198.0 --> 181.1 was used for the quantification.
      RESULTS: The linear calibration curve was obtained in a concentration range of
      0.5 - 100 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/mL. The value of
      intra- and inter-day accuracy for SeMet fell in the range of 97.6%-100.6% and
      97.7%-99.2%, and value of intra- and inter-day precision 0.53%-4.49% and 1.03%
      4.54%. CONCLUSION: The method is specific, sensitive, rapid, and accurate,
      suitable for the quantification of free SeMet in cow milk.

PMID- 26987200
TI  - [Determination of 41 pesticides in vegetables and fruits by GPC-GC-MS/MS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A method for the determination of 41 pesticides including 26
      organophosphorus pesticides, 6 kinds of carbamate, 7 pryethoids insecticides, 1
      kinds of organochlorine and fungicide in vegetables and fruits, was established
      based on optimized QuEChERS with on line gel permeation chromatography-gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (GPC-GC-MS/MS). METHODS: The method obtained the
      optimized conditions by comparing different methods of extraction and
      purification. The analytes were extracted from the samples using acetonitrile
      buffer of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Then the extracts were determined by GC
      MS/MS in multireaction monitoring (MRM) mode after being cleaned up with mixed
      solid-phase dispersion. And the external standard method was applied to quantify.
      RESULTS: All the 41 pesticides had good linearity in the ranges of 2-200 ng/mL
      with the correlation coefficients higher than 0.995. The average recoveries of
      the most of 41 pesticides in celery and apple were in the range of 71.0%-125.4%
      at the spiked levels of 5, 10 and 50 MUg/kg,with relative standard deviations
      (RSDs) of 0.34%-15.0%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the method at the
      spiked levels of 5 MUg/kg were 0.107-10.100 MUg/kg. CONCLUSION: The method is
      simple, rapid, sensitive and specific.

PMID- 26987201
TI  - [Determination of 13 elements in food by microwave plasma-atomic emission
      spectrometry].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A novel method for quantitative analysis of multi-elements (Ca, Fe, K,
      Na, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg, Ni, Sr, Cr, Cd and Co) in food was established by using
      microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). METHODS: Samples were
      digested with HNO3 and H2O2 followed by dilution with ultrapure water to 25 mL
      (g), and then analyzed directly by MP-AES. RESULTS: In the optimal conditions,
      the linear calibration curve was established for each element, and the linear
      regression correlation coefficient was more than 0.9999. The limit of detection
      (LOD) of these multi-elements varied from 0.04 MUg/kg to 3.90 MUg/kg. The spiked
      recovery was between 89.8% and 110.4% . The relative standard deviation of
      precision measurement was between 1.33% and 3.85%. The accurate and reliable
      results were obtained for validation of the MP-AES method with food reference
      material according to the standard reference materials (Nist 1549, Nist 1567,
      Nist 1568 and Nist 1570) and national standard (GBW08501 and GBW10051), and the
      measured values were in good agreement with the certified values. CONCLUSION: The
      established method is accurate, simple, fast, reproducible and environmentally
      friendly.

PMID- 26987202
TI  - [Inhibition effect of aquaculture water of Salvinia natans (L.) All. on
      Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibiting effect of aquaculture water of Salvinia natans
      (L.) All. on Microcystis aeruginosa and the mechanism. METHODS: Microcystis
      aeruginosa of 7.5 x 10(5) cells/mL was treated by the culture water of Salvinia
      natans density of 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%, respectively. The inhibition ratios were
      calculated, conductivity of algal cells, content of nucleic acid and protein in
      algae solution, influence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and
      malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. RESULTS: The inhibition rate of 40%
      treatment group up to 100% on the fourth day. The inhibition rate of 5% treatment
      group up to 65% on the 7th day. The conductivity of algae cell gone up while the
      concentration of cultured water was increasing, as well as its content of nucleic
      acid, protein and MDA. However, the activity of SOD rose at first and then fall
      down while the concentration of cultured water of Salvinia natans was increasing.
      CONCLUSION: The aquaculture water of Salvinia natans has a powerful inhibitory
      effect on Microcystis aeruginosa by changing the structure of algal cells and
      intracellular enzyme activity, etc.

PMID- 26987205
TI  - [Intravitreal Injection Therapy: the Past, Present and Future].

PMID- 26987204
TI  - [Study on congenital cardiac anomalies induced by arsenic exposure before and
      during maternal pregnancy in fetal rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of arsenic exposure before and during
      maternal pregnancy on heart development of fetal rats. METHODS: According to body
      weight, thirty-two female SD rats (30 to 40 days of age) were randomly divided
      into control group, low dose group, middle dose group and high dose group with 8
      rats per group. They were allowed free access to drinking water with 0, 37.5, 75
      and 150 mg/L of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) for 6 weeks, respectively. Then all the
      female rats and adult male SD rats were caged together for mating. Once female
      rats were determined to be pregnant, they would continue to drink deionized
      distilled water containing different concentrations of sodium arsenite for
      another 2 weeks. On embryonic day 16, rats were sacrificed to harvest fetuses.
      Female rats' weight changes, abortions, absorbed fetus number, growth and
      development of fetal rats were observed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining of serial
      cardiac slices was performed in embryos to observe cardiac morphology and
      structure. Fur arsenic contents of female rats were determined with the method of
      atomic fluorescence spectrometry. RESULTS: Subchronic arsenic exposure caused
      slow weight growth in female rats. There were two cases of abortion in middle
      dose group and high dose group, respectively. Compared with these of control
      group, fetal and placental weight decreased (P < 0.05), and the incidence of
      fetal absorption increased (P < 0.05) in all arsenic-treated groups. Cardiac
      malformations in fetal rats including ventricular septal defect, atrial septal
      defect and tetralogy of Fallot were observed in low, middle and high dose group.
      The incidence of cardiac malformations increased with the increase of arsenic
      concentrations in drinking water. Compared with that of control group, the
      incidence of cardiac malformations remarkably increased in both middle and high
      dose groups (P < 0.05). Fur arsenic contents increased with the increase of
      arsenic concentrations in drinking water (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Arsenic exposure
      before and during maternal pregnancy could cause abnormal cardiac development in
      fetal rats, and increased the risk of congenital heart disease.

PMID- 26987203
TI  - [Study on the resveratrol and arsenic trioxide combination induced apoptosis and
      its mechanism on lung adenocarcinoma cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the synergistically effects and mechanisms of resveratrol
      (RES) enhanced the oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death induced by As2O3
      (arsenic trioxide). METHODS: According to the result of MTT assay, human lung
      adenocarcinoma A549 cells were divided into four treatment groups as follow:
      control group, single RES or As2O3 treated group and the group treated with RES
      and As2O3. Then the differences of cell viability, colony formation, level of
      ROS, GSH content, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rate were
      compared with single or combined treatment. In addition, pre-treatment with L
      buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO), the inhibitory of GSH synthesis, was used to
      identify the role of GSH in synergistically apoptosis induced by RES and As2O3.
      RESULTS: The detected results demonstrated that RES could effectively inhibited
      the growth of A549 cells when its concentration above 20 MUmol/L, and inhibition
      effects was concentration dependent manner. The rate of colony formation, GSH
      content, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rate in combination group
      were significantly lower than that of single RES or As2O3 treatment group (P <
      0.05), whereas, RES markedly increased the level of ROS, the expression of
      cytochrome c and caspase 3 induced by As2O3. When pre-treatment with BSO before
      RES and As2O3 combination incubation, beside the apoptosis rate was increased
      from 30.0% to 77.7%, the GSH content was sharply depleted while ROS massively
      accumulated in intracellular. CONCLUSION: RES could significantly intensified the
      effects of As2O3 in inhibiting the proliferation, depleting GSH content, ROS
      accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential decline and cytochrome c
      releasing, thus leading to cells apoptosis via Cas-3 activation in a mitochondria
      dependent pathway.

PMID- 26987206
TI  - [Guidelines for Intravitreal Injection for Macular Diseases].
AB  - The guidelines for intravitreal injections for macular diseases are listed.
      Indication and drug information, injection techniques, pre -and peri-injection
      management, and complications due to injections are stated. Safe intravitreal
      injections are expected as a result of following these guidelines.

PMID- 26987207
TI  - [Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy on Exudative Age-related Macular
      Degeneration in Routine Clinical Practice of a Single Site: the Effectiveness of
      Cases Followed for More than Two Years].
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term effectiveness of as-needed anti-vascular
      endothelial growth factor therapy on age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The number of treatments, treatment period, visual acuity
      and morphological changes were investigated retrospectively in 257 eyes of 248
      patients (189 men and 59 women, mean age +/- SD; 71.1 +/- 9.2 years old) who were
      followed up for two years and more. Re-treatment was mainly decided based on
      patient's will. RESULTS: The mean number of treatments was 6.4 3.8 in the
      observational period of 3.7 years. Exudative changes were resolved at least once
      in the observational period in 240 eyes, and 160 eyes had no exudative changes at
      the final visit. Type 2 neovascularization by Gass resulted in fibrotic scar more
      frequently than type 1. The mean decimal visual acuity was 0.36 before the
      initiation of treatment and 0.26 at the final visit. The treatment period was
      less than 100 days in 54 eyes, and multivariate analysis revealed that polypoidal
      choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) was a factor of prolonged treatment period. No
      severe adverse effects were admitted locally and systemically. CONCLUSIONS: The
      deterioration of mean visual acuity was assumed to be due to the relatively small
      number of treatments. Twenty-one percent of all eyes preserved well without any
      recurrence of treatments for short periods, and PCV needed treatments for longer
      periods than typical AMD.

PMID- 26987208
TI  - [Characteristics of Fifty Cases of Pituitary Tumors in Eyes Diagnosed with
      Glaucoma].
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the characteristics of 50 cases of pituitary tumor.
      METHODS: The medical records of 50 cases of pituitary tumor found in glaucoma
      patients treated between June 2013 and June 2014 were reviewed. RESULTS: There
      were 37 women and 13 men whose average age was 55.7 years with a range of 24 to
      79 years. The glaucoma was unilateral in 19 and bilateral in 31. The pituitary
      tumors were classified as Rathke's Cleft Cyst (RCC) in 38 cases (76%), RCC with
      Cushing disease in 5 (10%), adenoma in 4 (8%), adenoma + growth hormone (GH)
      producing tumors in 2 (4%), and RCC with adenoma in 1 (2%). Of the 50 patients,
      23 were treated by surgery (46%), 2 (4%) by hormone supplement therapy, 2 (4%)
      rejected therapy, and 23 (46%) were followed without treatment. The visual field
      defects corresponded with typical pituitary visual field defects in 26 (52%)
      cases, with that typical of unilateral glaucoma in 6 (23%), and with that typical
      of bilateral glaucoma in 20 (77%) cases. The major symptom was headaches in 24
      (48%), headache with dizziness in 10 (20%), dizziness in only 8 (16%), and no
      complaints in 8 (16%). CONCLUSIONS: Fifty patients diagnosed with glaucoma had
      concurrent pituitary tumors. Special attention must be paid to glaucoma patients
      who complain of headaches with and without dizziness.

PMID- 26987209
TI  - [Evaluation of Iris Morphology Viewed through Stromal Edematous Corneas by
      Infrared Camera].
AB  - BACKGROUND: We reported that the application of infrared camera enables us to
      observe iris morphology in Peters' anomaly through edematous corneas. PURPOSE: To
      observe the iris morphology in bullous keratopathy or failure grafts with an
      infrared camera. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven bullous keratopathy or failure
      grafts subjects (6 men and 5 women, mean age +/- SD; 72.7 +/- 13.0 years old)
      were enrolled in this study. The iris morphology was observed by applying visible
      light mode and near infrared light mode of infrared camera (MeibomPen). The
      detectability of pupil shapes, iris patterns and presence of iridectomy was
      evaluated. RESULTS: Infrared mode observation enabled us to detect the pupil
      shapes in 11 out of 11 cases, iris patterns in 3 out of 11 cases, and presence of
      iridetomy in 9 out of 11 cases although visible light mode observation could not
      detect any iris morphological changes. CONCLUSION: Applying infrared optics was
      valuable for observation of the iris morphology through stromal edematous
      corneas.

PMID- 26987210
TI  - [A Clinical Case Report Including In Vivo Laser Confocal Microscopic Findings of
      Keratitis Complicated with Takayasu's Arteritis].
AB  - BACKGROUND: We present a clinical case report including in vivo laser confocal
      microscopic findings of keratitis complicated with Takayasu's arteritis (aortitis
      syndrome). CASE: A 47-year-old woman was referred to the outpatient clinic of
      ophthalmology with blurred vision in her both eyes at the onset of Takayasu's
      arteritis. Since multifocal infiltrates in the stromal corneas with injection
      were observed with slit-lamp biomicroscope in the both eyes, the diagnosis was
      keratitis. A large amount of cells infiltrating the stromal cornea and activated
      keratocytes were also observed with in vivo laser confocal microscope in the both
      eyes. Systemic and local steroidal agents were initiated, which resolved the
      keratitis, and the active lesions turned into mild corneal scars. In vivo laser
      confocal microscopy showed no infiltrating cells in the stromal cornea of both
      eyes. No recurrence has been observed since. CONCLUSION : A rare case of
      keratitis complicated with Takayasu's arteritis is reported. An immune response
      to the stromal cornea as the etiology of the keratitis may be indicated by in
      vivo laser confocal microscopy.

PMID- 26987211
TI  - [INTERACTION OF PRO- AND EUKARYOTES AND THE PROBLEMS OF TISSUE BIOLOGY].
AB  - The article considers the interaction of pro- and eukaryotes from the standpoint
      of tissue biology. Examples of long-term persistence of prokaryotes in eukaryotic
      cells are presented. Morpho-functional characteristics of the interactions of pro
      and eukaryotic cells are given, including their ultrastructural relationship. It
      is shown that the symbiosis between unrelated organisms is a reflection of their
      adaptation to the use of trophic resources of the environment. One of the
      implications of endocytobiosis of non-pathogenic bacteria in eukaryotic cells is
      to increase the biodiversity. The concept of multicellular eukaryotic organisms
      as complex cell and tissue systems of symbiotic interactions of pro- and
      eukaryotic cells, is discussed.

PMID- 26987212
TI  - [CHANGES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX AFTER DOSED TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN RATS OF
      DIFFERENT AGES].
AB  - Using dosed lateral fluid percussion, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
      (TBI) was modeled in one- and two-year-old rats. Brain sections were stained
      using the Nissl cresyl violet method and an immunohistochemical reaction was
      performed for the demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a
      marker of astrocytes. The results obtained indicate the formation in the cerebral
      cortex, ipsilateral to the impact, the zones of direct and remote of injury. The
      zone of direct injury corresponded to the area of immediate contact of the liquid
      column with the dura mater, whereas the remote area of damage was located
      laterally and caudally to the former. Morphological signs of the injury depended
      on the force of impact and were manifested in both age groups by astrocytic
      gliosis and the thinning of layer I of the cortex resulting from neuronal death.
      The emergence of ischemia-modified neurons, probably, was due to a local
      disruption of the blood supply. Disorders in the brain in one-year-old rats had a
      local character and those in two-year-old rats were diffuse, while gliosis was
      inhomogeneous. The reproducibility and adequacy of the model allow its use for
      research of molecular-genetic mechanisms of TBI outcomes in humans, as well as
      for the identification of common mechanisms of TBI consequences and the
      pathogenesis of the major diseases, comorbid with TBI, primarily depression and
      epilepsy.

PMID- 26987213
TI  - [CHANGE IN BCL-2 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN NEURONS OF THE HIPPOCAMPAL AREAS AFTER THE
      APPLICATION OF ISCHEMIC CEREBRAL POSTCONDITIONING].
AB  - Bcl-2 protein expression was studied in hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4
      pyramidal neurons in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), of the in in the
      early (Day 2) and late (Day 7) reperfusion period after a 7-minute forebrain
      ischemia and following ischemic postconditioning (IPostC), as well as in sham
      operated animals (n=60). In the latter, the highest level, of Bcl-2-expression
      was found in CA4 neurons, while the lowest--in-CA1 neurons (P<0.01). Reversible
      ischemic brain damage led to the increasing deficit of morphologically unchanged
      hippocampal neurons with the increasing duration of reperfusion period. This was
      accompanied by a significant decrease in expression of Bcl-2 in the early
      reperfusion period, but in the late reperfu- sion period this decrease largely
      disappeared. IPostC, applied as three episodes of ischemia-reperfusion lasting
      15/15 seconds, contributed to significant increase in the number of
      morphologically unchanged CA1 and CA3 neurons in the early reperfusion period,
      while the expression of Bel-2 was increased in morphologically unchanged neurons
      in all the hippocampal areas. In the late reperfusion period after IPostC, the
      number of unchanged neurons was increased in hippocampal areas CA1, CA3 and CA4
      (P<0.05), while a significant increase in Bcl-2 expression (by 12.7%, P<0.01) was
      detected only in CA1 neurons. The results suggest that the cytoprotective effect
      of IPostC in hippocampal CA1 area is realized through a mechanism leading to
      increased expression of Bcl-2 protein, i.e., by blocking apoptosis.

PMID- 26987214
TI  - [DISTRIBUTION OF THE MARINESCO BODIES IN THE NEURONS OF HUMAN BRAIN SUBSTANTIA
      NIGRA].
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence and intranuclear
      distribution of Marinesco bodies in substantia nigra neurons of the human brain.
      Marinesco bodies were identified in substantia nigra sections of 5 men aged 28 to
      58 years old using Nissl staining and immunohistochemical detection of ubiquitin-
      the protein characteristic of this intranuclear inclusion. Marinesco bodies were
      found in 1-2% of the substantia nigra neurons, but not in adjacent brain areas.
      One neuron contained 1-4 Marinesco bodies sized up to 6.7x5.1 microm, which were
      located both near and at a distance from the nucleolus. Most Marinesco bodies
      exhibited ubiquitin expression. A trend was found for the increased incidence of
      Marinesco bodies in human substantia nigra neurons with age.

PMID- 26987215
TI  - [PLASTIC REORGANIZATION OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SYNAPSES IN THE CEREBELLUM DUE
      TO TOXIC EFFECTS OF GLUTAMATE AND NO-GENERATING COMPOUND].
AB  - Ultrastructural changes in synapses between parallel fibers (PF) and the spines
      of Purkinje cell dendrites (PCD) in frog cerebellum were studied after exposure
      to high concentrations (1 mM) of glutamate (Glu) and NO-generating compound in
      experimental model. It was shown that exposure to Glu resulted in the envelopment
      of the terminal bouton by the spine, while under the influence of NO-generating
      compound, on the contrary, the spine was surrounded by the bouton. Morphological
      study has shown that in Glu solution there was the predominance of synapses in
      which the glial cells surrounded the spines, while in the presence of NO they
      covered the boutons. After the electrical stimulation of PF, the relative number
      of synapses, containing the boutons surrounded by glial cells, was 10 times
      higher as compared to those in which the glial cells surrounded the spines. The
      observed morphological changes reflect the functional state of synapses between
      PF and PCD in response to the damaging effects of excess Glu and NO, that is
      expressed in different forms of synaptic contacts and neuronglial structures.

PMID- 26987216
TI  - [EXPRESSION OF SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER IN THE VENTROLATERAL PART OF THE NUCLEUS OF
      THE SOLITARY TRACT IN RATS IN THE EARLY POSTNATAL PERIOD IN NORM AND FOLLOWING
      SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM DEFICIENCY IN THE PRENATAL PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT].
AB  - The expression of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) was examined using the
      immunocytochemical method in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus of the
      solitary tract in Wistar rats in the early postnatal period (Days 5 and 10) in
      norm (n=10) and after prenatal serotonin deficiency (n=12). Temporary expression
      of the 5-HTT was demonstrated during the early postnatal period in the
      ventrolateral division of the nucleus of the solitary tract, that was more
      pronounced in the most caudal part of the ventral submucleus. It was shown that
      in the rostral part of ventral and lateral subnuclei, the number of neurons
      synthesizing 5-HTT was low and remained unchanged with age. In the caudal region
      of the ventral subnucleus, a large number of neurons synthesizing 5-HTT was found
      on Day 5 of postnatal period, that was significantly reduced with age. In the
      caudal region of the lateral subnucleus, a small number of neurons expressing 5
      HTT was detected, that also decreased with age. It was found that in the caudal
      region of both ventral and lateral subnuclei, the level of 5-HTT expression was
      significantly higher than in the rostral region. Prenatal deficiency of serotonin
      resulted in a reduction of the number of neurons synthesizing 5-NTT in all the
      subnuclei investigated.

PMID- 26987217
TI  - [CHANGES OF THE SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE IN RELATION TO THE FREQUENCY OF HIGH
      FRACTIONAL AUTODISTRACTION IN ORTHOPEDIC LENGTHENING OF THE TIBIA IN DOGS WITH A
      DAILY RATE OF 3 mm].
AB  - The experiments on the elongation of the tibia in 18 dogs were performed for 10
      days using the Ilizarov apparatus with an automatic drive providing the pace of 3
      mm/day for 120 moves (group 1) and 180 moves (group 2). The impact of
      fractionation of distraction on the structure of the peroneal nerve was
      estimated. In group 1, perineurium micro-injuries and endoneural blood vessel
      destruction were detected. In group 2, perineurium preserved its integrity and
      fine-lamellar structure, endoneural blood vessels were also preserved, however,
      the decrease in the total area of nerve fiber bundles was more pronounced.
      Morphometric analysis of the preserved myelinated nerve fibers 60 days after the
      cessation of distraction indicated less marked axonal atrophy and better
      myelination in group 2.

PMID- 26987218
TI  - [MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES AFTER THE USE OF MULTIPOTENT STROMAL CELLS OF BONE MARROW
      ORIGIN TO RESTORE THE LYMPH FLOW IN THE REGION OF THROMBOSED VEIN].
AB  - In the male Wag rats aged 6 months with the body mass of 180-200 g the
      luminescent microscopy was used to examine the possibility of lymphatic vessel
      formation after injection into thrombosed vein of the thigh of autologous
      multipotent stromal cells of bone marrow origin (AMSCBMO) transfected with green
      fluorescent protein gene. Animals were sacrificed 4 days and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
      weeks after the injection of AMSCBMO. The control group consisted of intact rats,
      animals with venous thrombosis receiving no injection of AMSCBMO and those
      injected with AMSCBMO but without the prior modelling of venous thrombosis. In
      each experimental and control groups at each time point 11-12 animals were used
      (total number equal to 226). After the main vein ligation with the subsequent
      injection of thrombin solution, in addition to the thrombosis of the blood
      vessels, morphological signs of thrombosis of the lymphatic bed and lymphostasis
      were present: the dilation of lymphatic vessel lumen, thinning of their layers,
      intense staining of their luminal heterogeneous content. AMSCBMO, injected into
      thrombosed vein, were found to directly participate in lymphangiogenesis in the
      connective tissue around vein, its tissue region and in the area of regional
      lymph nodes. This is indicated by bright specific luminescence of both individual
      cells in the wall of the lymphatic vessels, and all their tunics together with
      the valves, when exposed to UV light.

PMID- 26987219
TI  - [STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF CRANIAL CAVAL VEINS IN POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS (A
      MORPHOMETRIC STUDY)].
AB  - The peculiarities of structural transformations of different portions of the
      cranial caval veins were studied in 60 rats at Days 1-30 after birth. The
      alternating periods of rapid and slow increase in the length of the cranial caval
      veins were identified. Wall thickness in all the parts of the right cranial caval
      vein increased less significantly as compared with its length during the early
      period after birth (Days 1-11). At Days 16-30, the rate of growth of the length
      was reduced, while the vessel wall thickness increased. This regularity was not
      observed in the development of the left cranial caval vein. Instead, this vessel
      demonstrated alternating periods of accelerated and decelerated growth of the
      wall thickness.

PMID- 26987220
TI  - [CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF THE MUCOSAL LAMINA PROPRIA OF
      THE JEJUNUM IN MICE SUBJECTED TO THE CONDITIONS SIMULATING LONG-DURATION
      SPACEFLIGHT].
AB  - The cellular composition of the lamina propria of the mucous membrane of the
      jejunum was examined in the villi (LPV) and between the crypts (LPC). Two groups
      of male C57/BL6 mice aged 4-5 months were studied. Experimental group of animals
      (n=8) for 30 days was living under the terrestrial conditions in "BIOS-SLA"
      blocks and received a paste-like food made with standard feed containing water
      and casein. The control group of animals (n=6) were kept in standard vivarium
      conditions and received standard dry pellets. Studies have shown no significant
      changes in the content of lymphocytes in LPV and LPC in a terrestrial experiment.
      LPV was characterized by a sharp reduction in the number of plasma cells. In both
      LPV and LPC the number of eosinophils was increased, while the content of low
      differentiated forms of cells (blasts and large lymphocytes) was decreased. It is
      suggested that the changes in the contents of different cell types in ground
      based experiment were due not only to the limited mobility of the animals but
      also to different composition of the feed.

PMID- 26987221
TI  - [THE PROCESSES OF CELL PROLIFERATION, APOPTOSIS AND ANGIOGENESIS IN
      PATHOLOGICALLY UNCHANGED LUNG AND IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER].
AB  - The objective of this study was to examine cell proliferation, apoptosis and
      angiogenesis in pathologically unchanged lung and in non-small cell lung cancer
      with the use of appropriate markers. The material studied included samples of
      pathologically unchanged lung (n=80) and those obtained at operations in 237
      cases of non-small cell lung cancer. Immunohistochemical methods were used to
      demonstrate Ki-67, topoisomerase IIalpha (TopoIIalpha), p53, bcl-2, bax, CD34 and
      podoplanin. Argyrophilic proteins associated with nucleolar organizer regions (Ag
      NOR proteins), were detected by impregnation with silver nitrate. The
      quantitative data were obtained and the peculiarities of the expression of
      markers associated with proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis in
      pathologically unchanged lung were determined. In the alveoli, the labeling index
      of Ki-67 and Topolla was less than 1%, AgNOR area index was equal to 1.31 +/-
      0.20; p53, bcl-2, bax expression was absent, density of blood vessels was equal
      to 86 (73-102), while lymphatic vessels were absent. In the bronchus, the
      labeling index of Ki-67 and TopoIIalpha were respectively 4 (1-8) and less than
      1%, AgNOR area index--1.85 +/- 0.24, bax expression--100%, density of blood and
      lymph vessels--22 (17-31) and 4 (2-7) respectively; p53 and bcl-2 expression were
      absent. The results were compared with the expression of markers in non-small
      cell lung cancer. This comparison has fundamental and differential diagnostic
      value in the study of histopathological lung material. The expression of markers
      associated with proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis changes from
      pathologically unchanged lung to non-small cell lung cancer.

PMID- 26987222
TI  - [CHANGES IN THE FOLLICULAR APPARATUS AND BLOOD VESSELS OF THE OVARIES IN RATS
      INDUCED BY MELATONIN UNDER CONDITIONS OF HYPERTHERMIA].
AB  - The study was conducted on 155 female Wistar rats (aged 3 months, body mass--180
      200 g), in diestrus phase of the sexual cycle. The effect of the pineal hormone
      melatonin (MT) on morphological organization of the follicular apparatus and the
      vasculature of the ovaries was studied in rats after overheating achieving a
      rectal temperature of 43.5 degrees C. It was found that hyperthermic exposure
      lead to an increase of the relative areas of the arteries, veins and lymph
      vessels of the ovaries. Overheating caused disturbances of folliculogenesis. The
      injection of MT after exposure to hyperthermia resulted in a quick (already on
      Day 7 after exposure) recovery of the disturbances of the venous circulation and
      lymphatic drainage of the ovary, as evidenced by the normalization of the
      relative sizes of arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels of the ovary, reaching
      control values. This, in turn, contributed to the reduction of morphological
      disorders of folliculogenesis and created the conditions for accelerated recovery
      of the relative area of generative elements of the ovary (at the stages of
      primary, preovulatory and atretic follicles) as early as 7 days after
      hyperthermia.

PMID- 26987224
TI  - [MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF PALATO-ALVEOLAR COMPLEX IN ADULTS WITH DIFFERENT
      FORMS OF CEREBRAL AND FACIAL SKULL].
AB  - Morphometric characteristics of a palato-alveolar complex were studied in the
      skulls of 150 adult individuals with various shapes of a facial and cerebral
      skull. No statistically significant differences in the parameters of a palato
      alveolar complex were established between the groups systematized by the value of
      their transverse-longitudinal index of the brain skull. However, the significant
      differences were found between the groups of skulls, selected by the value of
      upper facial index. Thus, the width of the palate at the level of canines,
      premolars and molars, the width of the alveolar arc at the same levels and the
      distances between greater palatine foramena were significantly higher in the
      group of euriprosops. Using Pearson linear correlation, a positive correlation of
      various degrees was shown between the parameters of a cerebral and facial skull
      and the sizes of a palato-alveolar complex. The dependence between the shape of
      the facial skull and the form of a palato-alveolar complex was also noted.
      Parameters characterizing the position of greater palatine foramen relative to
      other anatomical structures were found to have low variability.

PMID- 26987223
TI  - [EMBRYONIC SOURCES OF "RESERVE CELLS" DEVELOPMENT IN THE EPITHELIAL LINING OF THE
      CERVIX].
AB  - Using general histological and immunohistochemical methods, the sources of
      "reserve cells" of the epithelial lining of the uterus and vagina were studied on
      the material obtained from human embryos and fetuses. From 13th to 20th week of
      fetal development, the epithelial lining of the cervix was formed with the
      participation of the urogenital sinus (UGS). The cells of the latter interacted
      with the coelomic epithelial cells of the paramesonephric ducts (PMD). After 25th
      week, UGS cells were dispersed along the length of the cervix, lying on the
      basement membrane beneath the columnar epithelial cells. It is suggested that
      epitheliocytes of UGS are the source of the "reserve cells". Taking into account
      the tissue nature of the "reserve cell" it is expedient to determine them as
      mesonephroblasts. Cells are present in the cervical epithelium as a concomitant
      determined cellular differon.

PMID- 26987225
TI  - [CYTOPLASMIC LOCALIZATION OF NEUN/Fox-3 NUCLEAR PROTEIN IN THE PANCREATIC CELLS].
AB  - The study of the sections of Wistar rat pancreas (n=4) using the methods of
      immunocytochemistry and confocal laser microscopy has demonstrated previously
      unknown fact of the presence of NeuN protein in the secretory epithelial cells of
      the exocrine part of this organ. The protein was located in the apical part of
      the cytoplasm slightly below the zone of zymogen granules. Until now the nuclear
      protein NeuN was considered to be the panneuronal differentiation marker and was
      used in the studies of neurogenesis.

PMID- 26987226
TI  - [STUDYING THE ROLE OF BRAIN MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS IN THE SUPPRESSING OF FOOD
      INTAKE UNDER ETHER STRESS IN MICE].
AB  - Melanocortin (MC) system regulates food intake under the rest conditions. Stress
      inhibits food intake. It is not clear whether brain MC system is involved in
      stress-induced anorexia in mice. The aim of the work was to investigate the
      effect of pharmacological blockade and activation of brain MC receptors on food
      intake under stress. C57B1/6J male mice were subjected to ether stress (0.5
      minute ether anesthesia) before the administration of saline solution or
      synthetic non-selective blocker (SHU9119) or agonist (Melanotan II) of MC
      receptors into the lateral brain ventricle. Food intake was pre-stimulated with
      17 hours of fasting in all mice. Ether stress decreased food intake, increased
      the plasma corticosterone level and hypothalamic mRNA AgRP (natural MC receptor
      antagonist) level at 1 hour after the stress. Pharmacological blockade of the MC
      receptors weakened stress-induced anorexia and decreased mRNA AgRP level in the
      hypothalamus. Pharmacological stimulation of the MC receptors enhanced ether
      stress-induced anorexia and hypercortisolism. Thus, our data demonstrated that
      the central MC system was involved in the development of stress-induced anorexia
      in mice.

PMID- 26987227
TI  - [STRESS-INDUCED PATTERNS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC CRH AND VASOPRESSIN EXPRESSION IN
      FEMALE RATS IN A MODEL OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER].
AB  - The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying anxiety-like state development in
      cycling female rats with different plasma estradiol levels have been studied in a
      stress-restress paradigm, an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder
      (PTSD). The effect of stress-restress on the hypothalamic expression of
      corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin was analyzed by
      quantitative immunocytochemistry. Stress-restress was found to increase CRH
      expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on the 10th post
      restress day, but the level of CRH expression in the PVN restored to the basal
      values on the 30th post-restress day in all experimental groups. It was shown an
      increase in vasopressin immunoreactivity in the PVN from the 10th to the 30th
      post-restress days in female rats exposed to stress during the estrus phase (low
      plasma estradiol level). In summary, female rats with low plasma estradiol level
      exhibited the most significant changes in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system
      following stress-restress exposure. It might be hypothesized that hyperactivity
      of the hypothalamic circuit of the central vasopressinergic system is one of the
      possible mechanisms underlying PTSD-like state development in female rats in a
      stress-restress paradigm.

PMID- 26987228
TI  - [OPEN FIELD BEHAVIOR AS A PREDICTIVE CRITERIA REFLECTING RATS CORTICOSTERONELEVEL
      BEFORE AND AFTER STRESS].
AB  - In the presented study we investigated the possibility to use the open field
      behavior data for prediction of corticosterone level in rat blood plasma before
      and after stress. It is shown that the most reliable open field behavior
      parameters, reflecting high probability of significant upregulation of
      corticosterone after 3 hours of immobilization, are the short latency of first
      movement and low locomotor activity during the test. Rats with high
      corticosterone at normal non-stress conditions are characterized by low locomotor
      activity and on the contrary long latency period for the entrance of open field
      center.

PMID- 26987229
TI  - [PARTICIPATION OF NO-ERGIC MECHANISMS IN REALIZATION OF RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF
      PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA].
AB  - The role of NO-ergic mechanisms in the realization of the respiratory effects of
      pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta was investigated in acute experiments on
      anesthetized rats. To achieve this, we studied the effect of intravenous
      administration of IL-1beta during inhibition of NO-synthase by N-nitro-L-arginine
      methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-specific blocker of NO-synthase) on the parameters of
      breathing and the Hering-Breuer inspiratory-inhibitory reflex. It was shown that
      the effect of L-NAME eliminates the IL-1beta-dependent increase of the Hering
      Breuer reflex, whereas effects on breathing pattern does not change: the increase
      in IL-1beta system-level evokes an increase in respiratory rate, tidal volume and
      lung ventilation. It is assumed that one of the mechanisms of enhance in the
      strength inspiratory-inhibitory reflex by increasing circulatory IL-1beta level
      is the increased glutamate-ergic transmission on pump-neurons induced by increase
      in nitric oxide synthesis in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, NO
      ergic mechanisms participate in the modulation of the vagal respiratory reflexes
      during the development of the acute phase of systemic inflammation.

PMID- 26987230
TI  - [MECHANISMS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATORY CHANGES FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY
      THROMBOEMBOLISM].
AB  - In acute experiments the pulmonary hemodynamics changes following pulmonary
      embolism were studied in rabbits with intact circulation and isolated lungs
      perfusion. In both cases the pulmonary vascular resistance increased to the same
      extent. The pulmonary artery pressure following pulmonary embolism in intact
      animals increased less, than in the case of isolated lungs perfusion, because the
      pulmonary artery flow decreased. The experiments with the restriction of the
      inferior vena cava flow have revealed that pulmonary artery pressure and flow
      decreased, where the pulmonary artery flow was reduced in the same level as
      following pulmonary embolism. At the same time the pulmonary vascular resistance
      was increased in two times less, than following pulmonary thrombosis. Thus we
      concluded, that following pulmonary embolism the pulmonary artery pressure is
      dependent on the pulmonary artery flow and pulmonary vascular resistance. The
      pulmonary artery flow changes are caused by the venous return and right
      ventricular contractility changes and not correlated with the pulmonary vascular
      resistance alterations.

PMID- 26987231
TI  - [MODIFICATION OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE POOL UNDER INFLUENCE OF PEPTIDE THERAPY IN
      THE BLEOMYCIN PNEUMOFIBROSIS MODEL].
AB  - Effect of peptide therapy on morphological and functional characteristics of
      alveolar macrophages and role of their phenotypic reprogramming in modulation of
      pulmonary fibrosing process were evaluated on the rat's model of pulmonary
      fibrosis, initiated by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. Status of
      alveolar macrophages was evaluated on the basis of electron microscopic studies
      and phagocytic activity. In lung tissue of control animals widespread diffuse
      interstitial fibrosis was determined. Alveolar macrophage cytoplasm was filled
      geterophagosomes with surfactant fragments, lipid droplets and cholesterol
      crystals; foam cells were a third of macrophage pool. After the course of peptide
      therapy the young cell with rare geterophagosomes and lipid droplets, without
      cholesterol crystals and increased phagocytic activity prevailed in macrophage
      population. There were rare sites of fibrosis in lungs; connective tissue
      contained much less collagen fibers than in the control; there was a growing
      proliferation of the bronchial epithelium. It may be assumed that under the
      influence of the peptide therapy a certain balance in the alveolar macrophage
      population was established with a predominance of M2 phenotype for the formation
      of the optimal ratio of cellular and humoral immune response, providing effective
      remedy of bronchial epithelium and prevention of lung tissue remodeling with the
      interstitial fibrosis formation.

PMID- 26987233
TI  - [EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN AUDITORY PERCEPTION].
AB  - The effect of normobaric hypoxic hypoxia (single and interval training) on the
      characteristics of human hearing was investigated. The hearing thresholds (tonal
      audiograms), reaction time of subjects in psychophysical experiments (pause
      detection, perception of rhythm and target words), and short-term auditory memory
      were measured before and after hypoxia. The obtained data revealed improvement of
      the auditory sensitivity and characteristics of working memory, and increasing of
      response speed. It was demonstrated that interval hypoxic training had positive
      effect on the processes of auditory perception.

PMID- 26987232
TI  - NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR OF 6- AND 12-MONTH OLD INFANTS HAVING THE NEUROLOGICAL
      PROBLEMS FROM THE BIRTH: A PILOT STUDY.
AB  - Ethological approach was applied to compare a non-verbal behavior of the 6- and
      12-month old infants having neurological diagnosis by the birth (P 91.8 according
      to ICD-10 scale; risk infants) with the behavior of their healthy (norm infants)
      peers. The double-blind controlled uninterrupted observation of 1- and 2-minute
      videos was done to estimate duration and sequence of behavioral elements
      manifested by infants in familiar home environment during everyday activity. We
      suggested that if the specific behavioral differences exist it would be
      considered as predictive markers of infant's development problems. Ethological
      analysis indicated that the main behavioral differences were related with
      infant's eye and hand activities. The risk infants of the both age distracted
      from an object in their hands "looking aside" more often than their healthy
      peers. The 12-month old risk infants displayed less communicative and explorative
      abilities than their norm peers. It was proposed that the short-term observations
      of nonverbal behavior would be useful like an addition to a diagnostic scale to
      estimate briefly an infant's cognitive condition.

PMID- 26987234
TI  - [ACTIVE AND PASSIVE DISCRIMINATION OF MOVING SOUNDS: RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN
      BRAIN].
AB  - The spectral dynamics of the EEG rhythmicity during active and passive
      discrimination of stationary and moving sound stimuli presented according to the
      oddball paradigm were investigated. Standard stimuli represented stationary
      midline sounds. Deviant stimuli simulated smooth and stepwise sound source motion
      (to the left/right from head midline) produced by linear and stepwise changes of
      interaural time delay. Significant changes of the brain oscillations were found
      in the frequency range of 3-30 Hz. The dynamics of the moving deviant stimuli
      (smooth vs. stepwise) had greater impact on theta-rhythm power in active
      listening conditions: a stronger theta-power increase was evoked by the stepwise
      sound motion as compared to smooth motion. Significant increase in theta-power
      was also observed with rightward sound displacement as compared to leftward
      displacements. Active deviant discrimination reduced alpha-power (8-11 Hz) mostly
      during smooth deviant motion. The power increase of lower alpha-oscillations (12
      15 Hz) was stronger with step- wise motion than with smooth motion of deviants.
      The interhemispheric asymmetry of beta-power decrease in active conditions (as
      compared to passive) was found in the whole beta-range. The sup- pression of beta
      power was stronger at the right hemisphere than at the midline or left hemisphere
      and showed no dependence on spatial properties of the deviant stimuli. This
      asymmetry may be related to selective attention to task-relevant sounds and with
      preparation to motor response. Generally, active auditory discrimination resulted
      in stronger deviant-related changes of the wide-ranged EEG spectral power than
      passive discrimination with attentional tuning to task-irrelevant stimuli.

PMID- 26987235
TI  - UNANSWERED QUESTIONS IN THE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION TREATMENT OF
      PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION.
AB  - According to the WHO fact sheet depression is a common mental disorder affecting
      350 million people of all ages worldwide. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
      is a technique which allows the investigator to stimulate and study cortical
      functions in healthy subjects and patients suffering from various mental and
      neurological disorders. In the early 1990s, studies revealed that it is possible
      to evoke long term mood changes in healthy volunteers by rapid rate repetitive,
      TMS (rTMS) over the frontal cortex. Subsequent studies involving depressed
      patients found frontal cortical rTMS administered daily to be clinically
      effective. In the past two decades, numerous trials examined the therapeutic
      potential of rTMS application in the treatment of mood disorders with constantly
      evolving treatment protocols. The aim of this paper is to review the literature
      of the past two decades, focusing on trials addressing the efficacy and safety of
      rTMS in depressed patients. Our primary goal is to evaluate the results in order
      to direct future studies which may help investigators in the development of
      treatment protocols suitable in hospital settings. The time is not far when TMS
      devices will be used routinely by practitioners primarily for therapeutic purpose
      rather than clinical research. To our knowledge, a widely accepted "gold
      standard" that would offer the highest efficacy, with the best tolerability has
      not been established yet. In order to approach this goal, the most important
      factors to be addressed by further studies are: localization, frequency,
      intensity, concurrent medication, maintenance treatments, number of pulses,
      trains, unilateral, or bilateral mode of application.

PMID- 26987236
TI  - [EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS AND CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA].
AB  - The investigation of schizophrenia's aetiology and pathomechanism is of high
      importance in neurosciences. In the recent decades, analyzing event-related
      potentials have proven to be useful to reveal the neuropsychological dysfunctions
      in schizophrenia. Even the very early stages of auditory stimulus processing are
      impaired in this disorder; this might contribute to the experience of auditory
      hallucinations. The present review summarizes the recent literature on the
      relationship between auditory hallucinations and event-related potentials. Due to
      the dysfunction of early auditory sensory processing, patients with schizophrenia
      are not able to locate the source of stimuli and to allocate their attention
      appropriately. These deficits might lead to auditory hallucinations and problems
      with daily functioning. Studies involving high risk groups may provide tools for
      screening and early interventions; thus improving the prognosis of schizophrenia.

PMID- 26987237
TI  - LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP OF LESIONAL AND NON-LESIONAL PATIENTS WITH ELECTRICAL STATUS
      EPILEPTICUS IN SLOW WAVE SLEEP.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A retrospective study has been done at the Bethesda Children's
      Hospital Epilepsy Center with those patients whose EEG records fulfilled in one
      or more records the criteria of electrical status epilepticus in slow wave sleep
      (ESES) pattern, occupying at least 75% of NREM sleep with bilateral discharges,
      and had detailed disease history and long term follow-up data, between 2000 and
      2012. PATIENTS AND METHODS--Thirty-three patients (mean 11.1 +/- 4.2 years of
      age) were studied by 171 sleep EEG records. Sleep was recorded after sleep
      deprivation or during spontaneous sleep at least for one hour length of NREM.
      From the 492 EEGs, 171 sleep records were performed (average five/patient).
      Average follow-up time was 7.5 years. Eighty-two ESES records have been analyzed
      in 15 non-lesional and 18 lesional (11 with dysgenetic and seven with perinatal
      asphyxic or vascular origin) patients. Variability of seizure types, seizure
      frequency and frequency of status epilepticus was higher in the lesional group.
      Impairment of the cognitive functions was moderate and partial in the non
      lesional, while severely damaged in the lesional group. RESULTS: EEG records of
      29 patients shawed unihemispherial spike fields with a perpendicular axis (in
      anterior, medial and posterior variants) to the Sylvian fissure, regardless their
      lesional or non-lesional origin. Only three (lone nonlesional and two lesional)
      patients had bilateral synchronous spike-wave discharges with bilateral symmetric
      frontocentral spike fields. The individual discharges of the sleep EEG pattern
      were very similar to the awake interictal records except their extension in time
      and field, their increased number, amplitude, and continuity of them and
      furthermore in the increased trans-hemispheral propagation and their synchronity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Assumed circuits involved in the pathomechanism of discharges during
      NREM sleep in ESES are discussed based on our findings.

PMID- 26987238
TI  - INTERNET AND STROKE AWARENESS IN THE YOUNG HUNGARIAN POPULATION.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although stroke mortality rate in Hungary has tapered off over the
      last years, it is still twice the European average. This statistic is alarming
      and a coordinated response is needed to deal with this situation when considering
      new ways of communication. There are currently more than 300 websites in
      Hungarian related to stroke prevention, acute stroke treatment, recovery and
      rehabilitation. AIMS AND/OR HYPOTHESIS: We sought to identify base level of
      stroke knowledge of the Hungarian students and the efficiency with which the
      knowledge disseminated by internet is actually utilized. METHODS: We surveyed 321
      high-school and university students to determine their ability to extract
      specific information regarding stroke from Hungarian websites. The base level of
      knowledge was established by asking 15 structured, close-ended questions. After
      completing the questionnaire, students were asked to search individually on
      stroke in the internet where all the correct answers were available. After a 25
      min search session they answered the same questionnaire. We recorded and analyzed
      all their internet activity during the search period. RESULTS: The students
      displayed a fair knowledge on the basics of stroke but their results did not
      change significantly after the 25-min search (53 +/- 13% vs. 63 +/- 14%). Only
      correct information given on demographic facts improved significantly. Most of
      the students used very simple search strategies and engines and only the first 5
      10 web-pages were visited. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the most often visited web
      pages revealed that although stroke-related Hungarian web-based resources contain
      almost all the important and required information the unsuitable structure, lack
      of simplicity and verbosity hinder their effective public utilization.

PMID- 26987239
TI  - [FINANCING OF MEDICINES FOR TREATMENT OF RARE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
      ORPHAN DRUGS IN RARE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nervous system involvement is expected up to 60-70% in case of rare
      diseases. This article aims to present the financial methods and expenditures of
      rare neurological diseases' orphan medicinal products being financed in the frame
      of Hungarian social insurance system in 2012. METHODS: The subsidized orphan
      medicines were selected on the Orphanet portal 2012 while orphans financed by
      compessionate use were provided by the Hungarian National Insurance Fund
      Administration (OEP) database. Three products exist without orphan designation,
      however those are intended for the treatment of rare neurological ailments. The
      medicines were categorized by financial methods and determined by costs. RESULTS:
      Numerically, out of 36 pieces of subsidized orphan or orphan criteria fulfilled
      medicines 17 were authorized for the treatments of rare neurological diseases in
      the year of 2012. Most of the drugs (14 pieces) were to be financed in the frame
      of compassionate use by the reimbursement system. The cost amount of social
      insurance for 387 rare neurological disease patients reached more than 4.5
      billion HUF (1.4% of the total pharmaceutical budget in outpatient care).
      CONCLUSIONS: In Hungary half of the subsidized orphans are intended for the
      treatments of rare neurological ailments. 30% of the total amount of social
      insurance for rare diseases' medicinal treatments were used to subsidizing rare
      neurological disease patients in 2012. Most of the orphan medicines were to be
      financed in the frame of compassionate use by the reimbursement system for
      outpatient care. Consequently, a great deal of crucial problems occurred in
      relation with the unconventional subsidizing method. At the end of 2012 new
      financial methods have been elaborated and introduced in a pilot phase from 1
      January 2013. In spite of the high cost commitment, nearly the entire diagnosed
      rare disease subpopulation has been provided with subsidized treatments in
      Hungary. In order to facilitate the access to orphan drugs, collaboration is
      needed between the financing agencies and the professional representatives for
      identifying the optimal form of financial subsidy.

PMID- 26987240
TI  - COMPARISON OF HOSPITALIZED ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS' CHARACTERISTICS USING TWO LARGE
      CENTRAL-EASTERN EUROPEAN DATABASES.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the European region. In
      spite of a decreasing trend, stroke related mortality remains higher in Hungary
      and Romania when compared to the EU average. This might be due to higher
      incidence, increased severity or even less effective care. METHODS: In this study
      we used two large, hospital based databases from Targu Mures (Romania) and
      Debrecen (Hungary) to compare not only the demographic characteristics of stroke
      patients from these countries but also the risk factors, as well as stroke
      severity and short term outcome. RESULTS: The gender related distribution of
      patients was similar to those found in the European Survey, whereas the mean age
      of patients at stroke onset was similar in the two countries but lower by four
      years. Although the length of hospital stay was significantly different in the
      two countries it was still much shorter (about half) than in most reports from
      western European countries. The overall fatality rate in both databases,
      regardless of gender was comparable to averages from Europe and other countries.
      In both countries we found a high number of risk factors, frequently overlapping.
      The prevalence of risk factors (hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidaemia) was
      higher than those reported in other countries, which can explain the high ratio
      of recurring stroke.

PMID- 26987241
TI  - [THE PROPAGATION AND SEMIOLOGY OF FOCAL EPILEPTIC SEIZURES. CASES CONNECTED TO
      THE INSULA. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS].
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVES: The developing of diagnostical examinations in epileptology
      provides new challenges in seizure semiology. On the analysis of seizures it is
      important to examine the mechanisms of their propagation. The brain connectivity
      (based on the neuroimaging), the shadowing of the movement of excessive neuronal
      activity (based on computerized EEG and MEG methods), the cognition of the
      physiological and pathological brain networks are the footstone of the epileptic
      seizure propagation. The investigators prove, by means of case demonstrations of
      the role of the network nodes and the role of the epileptic hubs in the seizure
      symptomatology. METHODS: The preoperative, intra and postoperative data are
      analised of three insular and one parietal epileptic patients in point of view of
      their seizure symptomes. Complex neuroimaging, noninvasive and invasive
      electrophysiology, intensive long-term video-EEG monitoring, computerized EEG
      analysis, fuctional mapping, intraoperative corticography were used. The etiology
      were confirmed with hystology. RESULTS: It is observed that on seizure semiology
      our patients plays the insula a double role. In some cases, it is the focus of
      insular seizures with their symptoms difficult to identify. However, in the
      majority of cases and as a consequence of its rich neural connections, the insula
      has a peculiar property in the evolution of the symptomatogenic features of
      seizures. This observations are developing new relationships between the
      mechanism of seizure propagation and its semiological consequences. CONCLUSIONS:
      On epileptological point of view there are brain structures which has peculiar
      role in the "designe" of propagation of the epileptic excitement. The numerous
      new methods in neuroimaging and neurophysiology allowed the connectomical
      examination of the epileptic networks. The role of the epileptic diathesis is
      approachable with the metholdology of the brain connectivity. Theoretically the
      node of the epileptic network consist of the potential pathes where the localised
      excessive excitement can propagete. The route where the actual seizure can go
      adhead is determined by the actual edpileptic propensity of the above mentioned
      potential pathes.

PMID- 26987243
TI  - Ottawa's,role in advancing PHC.

PMID- 26987244
TI  - Act means simplified death reporting.

PMID- 26987242
TI  - TO TREAT OR NOT TO TREAT, CHEYNE-STOKES RESPIRATION IN A YOUNG ADULT WITH
      VASCULAR ENCEPHALOPATHY.
AB  - Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) is a form of sleep-disordered breathing
      characterised by recurrent central sleep apnoea alternating with a crescendo
      decrescendo pattern of tidal volume, relatively rare observation in sleep labs.
      It is mainly seen in severe heart failure and stroke. We report the case of a
      young man with CSR after sudden onset of seizure in the context of hypertensive
      exacerbation leading to the diagnosis of a leukoencephalopathy, and comment on
      differential diagnoses, prognostic and therapeutic outcomes. The very uniqueness
      of this case consists in the extremely young age for developing a vascular
      encephalopathy in the absence of genetic diseases and without previous diagnosis
      of hypertension. There is no adequate explanation for the origin of vascular
      encephalopathy; also there is lack of evidence regarding the benefits and
      modality of treatment for CSR in neurologic diseases. Thus, we were forced to
      find the best compromise in a nocturnal oxygen therapy and follow-up.

PMID- 26987245
TI  - Screening tests and predictive values.

PMID- 26987246
TI  - A New Government: A New Open and Collaborative Era?

PMID- 26987247
TI  - A political force for health.

PMID- 26987248
TI  - Public health strategy: Photovoice contest.

PMID- 26987249
TI  - Team player.

PMID- 26987250
TI  - Thinking on our feet.

PMID- 26987251
TI  - A campaign woven into the fabric of patient safety.

PMID- 26987252
TI  - Managing Online Reviews.

PMID- 26987253
TI  - Medication Management Key To Improving Quality.

PMID- 26987255
TI  - OT: The Misunderstood Therapy.

PMID- 26987254
TI  - 10 STEPS TO STAFF STABILITY. PART TWO: MAXIMIZE STABILITY BY SUPPORTING AND
      ENGAGING STAFF.

PMID- 26987257
TI  - Expanding the Strained Alkyne Toolbox: Generation and Utility of Oxygen
      Containing Strained Alkynes.
AB  - We report synthetic methodology that permits access to two oxacyclic strained
      intermediates, the 4,5-benzofuranyne and the 3,4-oxacyclohexyne. In situ trapping
      of these intermediates affords an array of heterocyclic scaffolds by the
      formation of one or more new C-C or C-heteroatom bonds. Experimentally determined
      regioselectivities were consistent with predictions made using the
      distortion/interaction model and were also found to be greater compared to
      selectivities seen in the case of trapping experiments of the corresponding N
      containing intermediates. These studies demonstrate the synthetic versatility of
      oxacyclic arynes and alkynes for the synthesis of functionalized heterocycles,
      while further expanding the scope of the distortion/interaction model. Moreover,
      these efforts underscore the value of harnessing strained heterocyclic
      intermediates as a unique approach to building polycyclic heteroatom-containing
      frameworks. 

PMID- 26987256
TI  - Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Bronchial Asthma: Joint
      Recommendations of National College of Chest Physicians (India) and Indian Chest
      Society.
AB  - Bronchial asthma is an important public health problem in India with significant
      morbidity. Several international guidelines for diagnosis and management of
      asthma are available, however there is a need for country-specific guidelines due
      to vast differences in availability and affordability of health-care facilities
      across the globe. The Indian Chest Society (ICS) and the National College of
      Chest Physicians (NCCP) of India have collaborated to develop evidence-based
      guidelines with an aim to assist physicians at all levels of health-care in
      diagnosis and management of asthma in a scientific manner. Besides a systematic
      review of the literature, Indian studies were specifically analysed to arrive at
      simple and practical recommendations. The evidence is presented under these five
      headings: (1) definitions, epidemiology and impact, (2) diagnosis, (3)
      pharmacologic management of stable disease, (4) management of acute
      exacerbations, and (5) non-pharmacologic management and special situations. The
      modified grade system was used for classifying the quality of evidence as 1, 2,
      3, or usual practice point (UPP). The strength of recommendation was graded as A
      or B depending upon the level of evidence.

PMID- 26987260
TI  - Corrigendum. Ambient ionization MS for bioanalysis: recent developments and
      challenges.

PMID- 26987258
TI  - Npas4: Linking Neuronal Activity to Memory.
AB  - Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are rapidly activated after sensory and behavioral
      experience and are believed to be crucial for converting experience into long
      term memory. Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), a recently discovered IEG,
      has several characteristics that make it likely to be a particularly important
      molecular link between neuronal activity and memory: it is among the most rapidly
      induced IEGs, is expressed only in neurons, and is selectively induced by
      neuronal activity. By orchestrating distinct activity-dependent gene programs in
      different neuronal populations, Npas4 affects synaptic connections in excitatory
      and inhibitory neurons, neural circuit plasticity, and memory formation. It may
      also be involved in circuit homeostasis through negative feedback and psychiatric
      disorders. We summarize these findings and discuss their implications. 

PMID- 26987259
TI  - Secondary Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: Neuronal Exhaustion or Distinct
      Pathology?
AB  - Prevention of progression in neurological diseases, particularly in multiple
      sclerosis (MS) but also in neurodegenerative diseases, remains a significant
      challenge. MS patients switch from a relapsing-remitting to a progressive disease
      course, but it is not understood why and how this conversion occurs and why some
      patients never experience disease progression. Do aging and accumulation of
      neuronal damage induce progression, or do cognitive symptoms and accelerated grey
      matter (GM) atrophy point to distinct processes affecting networks? This review
      weighs accepted dogma against real data on the secondary progressive phase of the
      disease, highlighting current challenges in this important field and directions
      towards development of treatment strategies to slow or prevent progression of
      disability.

PMID- 26987261
TI  - Stress levels during emergency care: A comparison between reality and simulated
      scenarios.
AB  - PURPOSE: Medical simulation is fast becoming a standard of health care training
      throughout undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing medical education. Our aim
      was to evaluate if simulated scenarios have a high psychological fidelity and
      induce stress levels similarly to real emergency medical situations. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Medical residents had their stress levels measured during emergency
      care (real-life and simulation) in baseline (T1) and immediately post-emergencies
      (T2). Parameters measuring acute stress were: heart rate, systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure, salivary alpha-amylase, salivary interleukin-1beta, and State
      Trait Anxiety Inventory score. RESULTS: Twenty-eight internal medicine residents
      participated in 32 emergency situations (16 real-life and 16 simulated
      emergencies). In the real-life group, all parameters increased significantly (P <
      .05) between T1 and T2. In the simulation group, only heart rate and interleukin
      1beta increased significantly after emergencies. The comparison between groups
      demonstrates that acute stress response (T2 - T1) and State-Trait Anxiety
      Inventory score (in T2) did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Acute stress
      response did not differ between both groups. Our results indicate that emergency
      medicine simulation may create a high psychological fidelity environment
      similarly to what is observed in a real emergency room.

PMID- 26987262
TI  - Comments on "Impact of bronchoalveolar lavage multiplex polymerase chain reaction
      on microbiological yield and therapeutic decisions in severe pneumonia in
      intensive care unit".

PMID- 26987263
TI  - White adipose tissue IFN-gamma expression and signalling along the progression of
      rodent cancer cachexia.
AB  - Cachexia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cancer. The
      White adipose tissue (WAT) synthesizes and releases several pro-inflammatory
      cytokines that play a role in cancer cachexia-related systemic inflammation. IFN
      gamma is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates several immune and metabolic
      functions. To assess whether IFN-gamma signalling in different WAT pads is
      modified along cancer-cachexia progression, we evaluated IFN-gamma receptors
      expression (IFNGR1 and IFNGR2) and IFN-gamma protein expression in a rodent model
      of cachexia (7, 10, and 14days after tumour implantation). IFN-gamma protein
      expression was heterogeneously modulated in WAT, with increases in the mesenteric
      pad and decreased levels in the retroperitoneal depot along cachexia progression.
      Ifngr1 was up-regulated 7days after tumour cell injection in mesenteric and
      epididymal WAT, but the retroperitoneal depot showed reduced Ifngr1 gene
      expression. Ifngr2 gene expression was increased 7 and 14days after tumour
      inoculation in mesenteric WAT. The results provide evidence that changes in IFN
      gamma expression and signalling may be perceived at stages preceding refractory
      cachexia, and therefore, might be employed as a means to assess the early stage
      of the syndrome.

PMID- 26987264
TI  - Efficacy of zoledronic acid in Erdheim-Chester disease: A case report.
AB  - Erdheim-Chester disease is rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis
      characterized by organ infiltration of CD68+ CD1a- histiocytes. Between 500 and
      600 cases have been reported. It is a multifaceted disease ranging from a solely
      asymptomatic bone to a fatal multisystem pattern. Bone involvement occurs in more
      than 90% of cases. Although not life-threatening, bone localizations can be
      responsible of difficult-to-treat pain and disability. Treatment depends on
      lesion severity. Bisphosphonates have been reported to be efficient and safe in
      bone involvement. We report a case of a biopsy proven bone Erdheim-Chester
      disease in a 65-year-old woman with history of breast cancer. Her pain was
      relieved after 3 perfusions of zoledronic acid and the efficiency remained at one
      year of follow-up. 

PMID- 26987265
TI  - Atlantooccipital arthritis inaugurating axial spondyloarthritis.

PMID- 26987266
TI  - NT-proANP and NT-proBNP circulating levels as predictors of cardiovascular
      outcome following coronary stent implantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Natriuretic peptides are diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in major
      cardiovascular diseases. We aimed at assessing the predictive role of N-terminal
      pro-A-type (NT-proANP) and pro-B-type (NT-proBNP) natriuretic peptides levels
      toward cardiovascular outcome in both stable and unstable coronary artery disease
      (CAD) patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a non-primary
      PCI setting. METHODS: A total of 395 patients undergoing PCI with stent
      implantation for either stable angina (SA) or non ST-elevation acute coronary
      syndrome (NSTE-ACS) were enrolled. Pre-procedural NT-proANP and NT-proBNP levels
      were measured. Occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), composite of
      cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target
      lesion revascularization (c-TLR), was the endpoint of the study. Follow up mean
      time was 48.53+/-14.69months. RESULTS: MACEs occurred in forty-four patients
      (11%) during follow up. Both NT-proANP levels [3170 (2210-4630) vs 2283 (1314
      3913) fmol/mL, p=0.004] and NT-proBNP levels [729 (356-1353) vs 511 (267-1006)
      fmol/mL, p=0.04] were significantly higher in patients with MACEs compared to
      patients without MACEs. Similar results were found when considering hard MACEs
      (myocardial infarction and cardiac death). NT-proANP levels were significantly
      higher in patients with c-TLR compared with patients without c-TLR [3705 (2766
      5184) vs 2343 (1340-3960) fmol/mL, p=0.021]. At multivariate analysis, NT-proANP
      levels were a significant predictor of MACEs (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.18, p=0.04).
      Kaplan-Meyer curves revealed that patients with elevated NT-proANP levels
      (>2.100fmol/mL) had a lower MACE free survival (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Both NT
      proANP and NT-proBNP levels were higher in CAD patients experiencing MACEs
      following PCI in a non-primary setting. Notably, only NT-proANP levels
      significantly affected prognosis after PCI.

PMID- 26987267
TI  - Daily rhythms of digestive enzyme activity and gene expression in gilthead
      seabream (Sparus aurata) during ontogeny.
AB  - In order to identify daily changes in digestive physiology in developing gilthead
      seabream larvae, the enzyme activity (trypsin, lipases and alpha-amylase) and
      gene expression (trypsinogen-try, chymotrypsinogen-ctrb, bile salt-activated
      lipase-cel1b, phospholipase A2-pla2 and alpha-amylase-amy2a) were measured during
      a 24h cycle in larvae reared under a 12h light/12h dark photoperiod. Larvae were
      sampled at 10, 18, 30 and 60days post-hatch. In each sampling day, larvae were
      sampled every 3h during a complete 24h cycle. The enzyme activity and gene
      expression exhibited a marked dependent behavior to the light/darkness cycle in
      all tested ages. The patterns of activity and expression of all tested enzymes
      were compared to the feeding pattern found in the same larvae, which showed a
      rhythmic feeding pattern with a strong light synchronization. In the four tested
      ages, the activities of trypsin, and to a lesser extent lipases and amylase, were
      related to feeding activity. Molecular expression of the pancreatic enzymes
      tended to increase during the night, probably as an anticipation of the
      forthcoming ingestion of food that will take place during the next light period.
      It follows that the enzymatic activities are being regulated at translational
      and/or post-translational level. The potential variability of enzyme secretion
      along the whole day is an important factor to take into account in future
      studies. A particularly striking consequence of the present results is the
      reliability of studies based in only one daily sample taken at the same hour of
      the day, as those focused to assess ontogeny of digestive enzymes. 

PMID- 26987268
TI  - Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate protects rifampicin- and isoniazid-induced
      hepatotoxicity via regulating the expression of transporter Mrp2, Ntcp, and
      Oatp1a4 in liver.
AB  - CONTEXT: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is associated with altering expression
      of hepatobiliary membrane transporters. Monoammonium glycyrrhizin (MAG) is
      commonly used for hepatic protection and may have a correlation with the
      inhibition effect of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2). OBJECTIVE:
      This study evaluates the dynamic protective effect of MAG on rifampicin (RIF)-
      and isoniazid (INH)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male
      Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of 15 rats. Liver injury was
      induced by co-treatment with RIF (60 mg/kg) and INH (60 mg/kg) by gavage
      administration; MAG was orally pretreated at the doses of 45 or 90 mg/kg 3 h
      before RIF and INH. Rats in each group were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 21 d time
      points after drug administration. RESULTS: Liver function, histopathological
      analysis, and oxidative stress factors were significantly altered in each group.
      The expression of Mrp2 was significantly increased 230, 760, and 990% at 7, 14,
      and 21 time points, respectively, in RIF- and INH-treated rats. Compared with the
      RIF and INH groups, Mrp2 was reduced and Ntcp was significantly elevated by 180,
      140, and 160% in the MAG high-dose group at the three time points, respectively.
      The immunoreaction intensity of Oatp1a4 was increased 170, 190, and 370% in the
      MAG low-dose group and 160, 290, and 420% in the MAG high-dose group at the three
      time points, respectively, compared with the RIF and INH groups. DISCUSSION AND
      CONCLUSION: These results indicated that MAG has a protective effects against RIF
      and INH-induced hepatotoxicity. The underlying mechanism may have correlation
      with its effect on regulating the expression of hepatobiliary membrane
      transporters.

PMID- 26987269
TI  - Targeting Holliday junctions by origin DNA-binding protein of herpes simplex
      virus type 1.
AB  - In the present paper, the interactions of the origin binding protein (OBP) of
      herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) with synthetic four-way Holliday junctions
      (HJs) were studied using electrophoresis mobility shift assay and the FRET method
      and compared with the interactions of the protein with duplex and single-stranded
      DNAs. It has been found that OBP exhibits a strong preference for binding to four
      way and three-way DNA junctions and possesses much lower affinities to duplex and
      single-stranded DNAs. The protein forms three types of complexes with HJs. It
      forms complexes I and II which are reminiscent of the tetramer and octamer
      complexes with four-way junction of HJ-specific protein RuvA of Escherichia coli.
      The binding approaches saturation level when two OBP dimers are bound per
      junction. In the presence of Mg2+ ions (>=2 mM) OBP also interacts with HJ in the
      stacked arm form (complex III). In the presence of 5 mM ATP and 10 mM Mg2+ ions
      OBP catalyzes processing of the HJ in which one of the annealed oligonucleotides
      has a 3'-terminal tail containing 20 unpaired thymine residues. The observed
      preference of OBP for binding to the four-way DNA junctions provides a basis for
      suggestion that OBP induces large DNA structural changes upon binding to Box I
      and Box II sites in OriS. These changes involve the bending and partial melting
      of the DNA at A+T-rich spacer and also include the formation of HJ containing Box
      I and Box II inverted repeats and flanking DNA sequences.

PMID- 26987271
TI  - Isolated lung model for assessing drug absorption from PLGA microparticles.

PMID- 26987273
TI  - Pseudo-Jahn-Teller Distortion in Two-Dimensional Phosphorus: Origin of Black and
      Blue Phases of Phosphorene and Band Gap Modulation by Molecular Charge Transfer.
AB  - Phosphorene (Pn) is stabilized as a layered material like graphite, yet it
      possess a natural direct band gap (Eg = 2.0 eV). Interestingly, unlike graphene,
      Pn exhibits a much richer phase diagram which includes distorted forms like the
      stapler-clip (black Pn, alpha form) and chairlike (blue Pn, beta form)
      structures. The existence of these phases is attributed to pseudo-Jahn-Teller
      (PJT) instability of planar hexagonal P6(6-) rings. In both cases, the condition
      for vibronic instability of the planar P6(6-) rings is satisfied. Doping with
      electron donors like tetrathiafulvalene and tetraamino-tetrathiafulvalene and
      electron acceptors like tetracyanoquinodimethane and tetracyanoethylene convert
      blue Pn into N-type and black Pn into efficient P-type semiconductors,
      respectively. Interestingly, pristine blue Pn, an indirect gap semiconductor,
      gets converted into a direct gap semiconductor on electron or hole doping.
      Because of comparatively smaller undulation in blue Pn (with respect to black
      Pn), the van der Waals interactions between the dopants and blue Pn is stronger.
      PJT distortions for two-dimensional phosphorus provides a unified understanding
      of structural features and chemical reactivity in its different phases. 

PMID- 26987272
TI  - Composition of connective tissues and morphometry of vascular smooth muscle in
      arterial wall of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats - In relation with arterial
      remodeling.
AB  - Hypertension (HT) was induced in Wistar rats aged 16 and 48 weeks by a
      deoxycortico-sterone acetate (DOCA)-salt procedure. Common carotid arteries were
      resected 16 weeks after, and their histological specimens were selectively
      stained for observations of collagen, elastin, and vascular smooth muscle (VSM)
      cells. Then, the fractions of collagen and elastin and their radial
      distributions, and the size and number of VSM cells were determined with an image
      analyzer. These results were compared with the results from age-matched, non
      treated, normotensive (NT) animals and also with those from our previous
      biomechanical studies. In both age groups, there were no significant differences
      in the fractions of collagen and elastin, and the ratio of collagen to elastin
      content between HT and NT arteries. These results correspond well with our
      previous biomechanical results, which showed no significant difference in wall
      elasticity between HT and NT vessels. Moreover, in the innermost layer out of 4
      layers bordered with thick elastic lamellae, the fraction of collagen was
      significantly greater in HT arteries than in NT ones, which is attributable to HT
      related stress concentration in the layer. VSM cells were significantly
      hypertrophied and their content was increased by HT, although their total number
      in the media remained unchanged. The increased size and content of cells
      correspond to the enhancement of vascular tone and contractility in HT arteries.

PMID- 26987270
TI  - Vegetarian dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer in a low-risk
      population.
AB  - Among cancers in American women, breast cancer (BC) has the second highest
      incidence and mortality. The association of BC with diet has been inconsistent.
      Studies that evaluate associations with dietary patterns are less common and
      reflect an individual's whole diet. We associated dietary patterns with the risk
      of BC in American women of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2), a prospective
      cohort of 96 001 subjects recruited between 2002 and 2007. Answers to a
      previously validated FFQ were used to classify subjects to vegan, lacto-ovo
      vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary
      patterns. Incident BC were identified by matching AHS-2 subjects to data from
      forty-eight state cancer registries. Statistical analyses used proportional
      hazard regression analyses with covariates that were chosen a priori. From 50 404
      female participants (26 193 vegetarians), we identified 892 incident BC cases,
      with 478 cases among vegetarians. As compared with non-vegetarians, all
      vegetarians combined did not have a significantly lower risk (hazard ratio (HR)
      0.97; CI 0.84, 1.11; P=0.64). However, vegans showed consistently lower (but non
      significant) point estimates when compared with non-vegetarians (all cases: HR
      0.78; CI 0.58, 1.05; P=0.09). In summary, participants in this cohort who follow
      a vegetarian dietary pattern did not experience a lower risk of BC as compared
      with non-vegetarians, although lower risk in vegans is possible. These findings
      add to the very limited literature associating vegetarian diets with BC risk and
      can assist nutritionists when evaluating the impact of these diets. The findings
      will also motivate further evaluation of vegan diets and their special
      characteristics. 

PMID- 26987274
TI  - [The Use of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Paediatric
      residents in the City of Buenos Aires].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) is considered
      the reference standard for competence evaluation, but its use in Latin America is
      limited. The City of Buenos Aires Government (CBAG) administers a Paediatric
      residency system that includes 400 residents distributed in 13 hospitals, sharing
      an admission system and education program. We aim to describe the experience of
      administering an OSCE for evaluating all the Paediatric residents of the CBAG.
      SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Descriptive study, including all paediatric residents of the
      CBAG, belonging to 13 hospitals (2 paediatric and 11 general), ending their first
      year of training. The OSCE included 10 stations. RESULTS: Eighty-five residents
      participated in the OSCE, and 88.2% (95% CI 79.7-93.5) passed the examination.
      There were no significant differences in the pass rate between residents from
      paediatric hospitals and from general hospitals (89.5 vs. 85.7%; OR=1.4; 95% CI
      0.4-5.5; P=.8). CONCLUSIONS: In 2015, the OSCE was administered to all paediatric
      residents of the CBAG for the first time. This experience allowed identifying
      weaknesses in the education system, in order to develop strategies to overcome
      them.

PMID- 26987275
TI  - Cervical intertrigo: Think beyond fungi.

PMID- 26987276
TI  - Multifunctionality of plastid nucleoids as revealed by proteome analyses.
AB  - Protocols aimed at the isolation of nucleoids and transcriptionally active
      chromosomes (TACs) from plastids of higher plants have been established already
      decades ago, but only recent improvements in the mass spectrometry methods
      enabled detailed proteomic characterization of their components. Here we present
      a comprehensive analysis of the protein compositions obtained from two proteomic
      studies of TAC fractions isolated from Arabidopsis/mustard and spinach
      chloroplasts, respectively, as well as nucleoid fractions from Arabidopsis, maize
      and pea. Interestingly, different approaches as well as the use of diverse
      starting materials resulted in the detection of varying protein catalogues with a
      number of shared proteins. Possible reasons for the discrepancies between the
      protein repertoires and for missing out some of the nucleoid proteins that have
      been identified previously by other means than mass spectrometry as well as the
      repeated identification of "unexpected" proteins indicating potential links
      between DNA/RNA-associated nucleoid core functions and energy metabolism as well
      as biosynthetic activities of plastids will be discussed. In accordance with the
      nucleoid association of proteins involved in key functions of plastids including
      photosynthesis, the phenotypes of mutants lacking one or the other plastid
      nucleoid-associated protein (ptNAP) show the importance of nucleoid proteins for
      overall plant development and growth. This article is part of a Special Issue
      entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop
      production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.

PMID- 26987278
TI  - [Conflicts between nursing ethics and health care legislation in Spain].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the ethical conflicts that may arise between the nursing
      codes of ethics and the Royal Decree-law 16/2012 modifying Spanish health
      regulations. METHOD: We conducted a review and critical analysis of the discourse
      of five nursing codes of ethics from Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Europe and
      International, and of the discourse of the Spanish legislation in force in 2013.
      Language structures referring to five different concepts of the theoretical
      framework of care were identified in the texts: equity, human rights, right to
      healthcare, access to care, and continuity of care. RESULTS: Codes of ethics
      define the function of nursing according to equity, acknowledgement of human
      rights, right to healthcare, access to care and continuity of care, while legal
      discourse hinges on the concept of beneficiary or being insured. CONCLUSIONS: The
      divergence between the code of ethics and the legal discourse may produce ethical
      conflicts that negatively affect nursing practice. The application of RDL 16/2012
      promotes a framework of action that prevents nursing professionals from providing
      care to uninsured collectives, which violates human rights and the principles of
      care ethics.

PMID- 26987279
TI  - [Problems in the process of adapting to change among the family caregivers of
      elderly people with dementia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyse problems in adapting to change among the
      family caregivers of relatives with dementia. METHOD: Qualitative study based on
      the methodology of Charmaz's Constructivist Grounded Theory. Seven focus groups
      were conducted in different primary health care centres in the province of Jaen
      (Spain). Eighty-two primary family caregivers of relatives with dementia
      participated by purposeful maximum variation sampling and theoretical sampling.
      Triangulation analysis was carried out to increase internal validity. RESULTS: We
      obtained three main categories: 'Changing Care', 'Problems in the process of
      adapting to change' and 'Facilitators of the process of adapting to change'.
      Family caregivers perform their role in a context characterized by personal
      change, both in the person receiving the care and in the social and cultural
      context. The challenge of adaptation lies in the balance between the problems
      that hamper adaptation of the caregiver to new situations of care and the factors
      that facilitate the caregiver role. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptation of family
      caregivers to caring for a person with dementia is hindered by the lack of formal
      support and under-diagnosis of dementia. The adaptation process could be improved
      by strengthening formal support in the early stages of care to reduce the stress
      of family caregivers who must teach themselves about their task and by
      interventions adapted to each phase in the development of the caregiver role.

PMID- 26987280
TI  - [Perceptions of primary care physicians in Madrid on the austerity measures in
      the health care system].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To address the current economic crisis, governments have promoted
      austerity measures that have affected the taxpayer-funded health system. We
      report the findings of a study exploring the perceptions of primary care
      physicians in Madrid (Spain) on measures implemented in the Spanish health
      system. METHODS: We carried out a qualitative study in two primary health care
      centres located in two neighbourhoods with unemployment and migrant population
      rates above the average of those in Madrid. Interviews were conducted with 12
      primary health care physicians. Interview data were analysed by using thematic
      analysis and by adopting some elements of the grounded theory approach. RESULTS:
      Two categories were identified: evaluation of austerity measures and evaluation
      of decision-making in this process. Respondents believed there was a need to
      promote measures to improve the taxpayer-funded health system, but expressed
      their disagreement with the measures implemented. They considered that the
      measures were not evidence-based and responded to the need to decrease public
      health care expenditure in the short term. Respondents believed that they had not
      been properly informed about the measures and that there was adequate
      professional participation in the prioritization, selection and implementation of
      measures. They considered physician participation to be essential in the decision
      making process because physicians have a more patient-centred view and have first
      hand knowledge of areas requiring improvement in the system. CONCLUSIONS: It is
      essential that public authorities actively involve health care professionals in
      decision-making processes to ensure the implementation of evidence-based measures
      with strong professional support, thus maintaining the quality of care.

PMID- 26987281
TI  - [Sexually transmitted infections in male prison inmates: risk of development of
      new diseases].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To measure incidence and main risk factors related to sexually
      transmitted infections (STIs) in Daroca Prison (Zaragoza, Spain). METHOD: A
      retrospective cohort study (2005-2013) to measure the incidence of STI and a
      cross-sectional study to measure risk factors. RESULTS: Of the 203 inmates, 79
      developed an STI, 37 had a previous STI, 55.2% lacked knowledge on STI
      prevention, and 28.9% showed behaviours unfavourable for STI prevention. The
      incidence rate was 6.5 STIs per 1,000 inmates-year. The most frequent STIs were
      hepatitis B (39.7%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (19.1%), herpes simplex (16.2%) and
      HIV (8.8%). The risk (hazard ratio, HR) of acquiring a new STI was significantly
      higher in inmates with a history of previous STI (HR=2.61; 95%CI: 1.01 to 6.69),
      and was at the limit of significance for non-preventive behaviour (HR=2.10;
      95%CI: 0.98 to 4.53), but not in knowledge related to STIs (HR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.58
      to 3.07). CONCLUSION: The most important risk factors in prison are behaviours
      related to STIs and previous history of STIs. Other factors are being a repeat
      offender, injecting drug use, or being in a methadone programme. Health personnel
      and peer education can facilitate prevention and control.

PMID- 26987277
TI  - Methylmercury and brain development: A review of recent literature.
AB  - Methylmercury (MeHg) is a potent environmental pollutant, which elicits
      significant toxicity in humans. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary
      target of toxicity, and is particularly vulnerable during development. Maternal
      exposure to MeHg via consumption of fish and seafood can have irreversible
      effects on the neurobehavioral development of children, even in the absence of
      symptoms in the mother. It is well documented that developmental MeHg exposure
      may lead to neurological alterations, including cognitive and motor dysfunction.
      The neurotoxic effects of MeHg on the developing brain have been extensively
      studied. The mechanism of toxicity, however, is not fully understood. No single
      process can explain the multitude of effects observed in MeHg-induced
      neurotoxicity. This review summarizes the most current knowledge on the effects
      of MeHg during nervous system development considering both, in vitro and in vivo
      experimental models. Considerable attention was directed towards the role of
      glutamate and calcium dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the
      effects of MeHg on cytoskeletal components/regulators.

PMID- 26987282
TI  - CAD/CAM-designed 3D-printed electroanalytical cell for the evaluation of
      nanostructured gas-diffusion electrodes.
AB  - The ability to effectively screen and validate gas-diffusion electrodes is
      critical to the development of next-generation metal-air batteries and
      regenerative fuel cells. The limiting electrode in a classic two-terminal device
      such as a battery or fuel cell is difficult to discern without an internal
      reference electrode, but the flooded electrolyte characteristic of three
      electrode electroanalytical cells negates the prime function of an air electrode
      a void volume freely accessible to gases. The nanostructured catalysts that drive
      the energy-conversion reactions (e.g., oxygen reduction and evolution in the air
      electrode of metal-air batteries) are best evaluated in the electrode structure
      as-used in the practical device. We have designed, 3D-printed, and characterized
      an air-breathing, thermodynamically referenced electroanalytical cell that allows
      us to mimic the Janus arrangement of the gas-diffusion electrode in a metal-air
      cell: one face freely exposed to gases, the other wetted by electrolyte. 

PMID- 26987285
TI  - DNA barcoding and wing morphometrics to distinguish three Aedes vectors in
      Thailand.
AB  - Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) (L.), Ae. albopictus (Skuse), and Ae.
      scutellaris (Walker) are important mosquito vectors of dengue and chikungunya
      viruses. They are morphologically similar and sympatric in some parts of their
      distribution; therefore, there is a risk of incorrect morphological
      identification. Any confusion could have a negative impact on epidemiological
      studies or control strategies. Therefore, we explored two modern tools to
      supplement current morphological identification: DNA barcoding and geometric
      morphometric analyses. Field larvae were reared to adults and carefully
      classified based on morphological traits. The genetic analysis was based on the
      658bp each of 30COI sequences. Some Culex spp., Mansonia bonneae, were included
      as outgroups, and inclusion of a few other Aedes spp. facilitated phylogenetic
      inference of the relationship between Ae. albopictus and Ae. scutellaris. The two
      species were separated by an average interspecific divergence of 0.123 (0.119
      0.127). Morphometric examination included landmark- (392 specimens) and outline
      based (317 specimens) techniques. The shape of the wing showed different
      discriminating power based on sex and digitizing technique. This is the first
      time that Ae. scutellaris and Ae. albopictus have been compared using these two
      techniques. We confirm that these morphologically close species are valid, and
      that geometric morphometrics can considerably increase the reliability of
      morphological identification. 

PMID- 26987286
TI  - End-of-life care in residential care homes: a retrospective study of the
      perspectives of family members using the VOICES questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Europe, residential care homes (RCHs) are replacing hospitals as
      the place where death occurs, and they play an important role in end-of-life
      (EOL) care. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to describe the quality of care during the
      last 3 months and last 3 days of life of those who died in RCHs as reported by
      family members. We also investigated whether there were differences in the EOL
      care of younger patients (<85 years) vs. the oldest old patients (>=85 years) as
      reported by family members. DESIGN: A retrospective survey design. METHODS:
      Deaths (n = 189) at 19 RCHs in one municipality in Sweden were included. Family
      members were sent the VOICES questionnaire 1 month after their elderly relative
      had died. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: In the last 3 days before
      death, most family members reported there was enough help with nursing (93%) and
      personal care (78.5%). Among the family members, 86% were told that the resident
      was likely to die shortly. Most (94.1%) of residents were reported to have died
      at their preferred place. No significant difference was found between age groups.
      Family members also reported that about half of the elderly had pain (46.5%) and
      86.4% received treatment; 55.9% had breathlessness and 39.7% received treatment.
      Breathlessness was significantly (p = 0.01) more common in the younger group, and
      they were treated more often (p = 0.006) than the oldest old. CONCLUSION: This
      study revealed an overall positive picture of personal and nursing care and
      communication. These findings indicate that the quality of EOL care at RCHs is
      high. Inadequate management was found for symptom relief the last days of life.
      This suggests that this subject merits further attention by care professionals.
      To achieve better quality of EOL care at RCHs, we emphasise the importance of
      systematically working to improve symptom relief.

PMID- 26987287
TI  - Sex-dependent expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (amh) and amh receptor 2
      during sex organ differentiation and characterization of the Mullerian duct
      development in Xenopus tropicalis.
AB  - Amphibian gonadal differentiation involves the action of sex steroids. Recent
      research indicates that the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is involved in
      testicular development in some lower vertebrate species. For amphibians there is
      a lack of data on ontogenetic expression of the AMH receptor AMHR2/amhr2 and of
      progesterone receptors (PGRS/pgrs). Here we expand the knowledge on amphibian sex
      differentiation by characterizing ontogenetic mRNA levels of amh, amhr2,
      intracellular and membrane pgrs (ipgr and mpgr beta) and cytochrome P450 19a1
      (cyp19a1) (ovarian marker) in the urogenital complex of the model species Xenopus
      (Silurana) tropicalis. Furthermore, we characterized the ontogenetic development
      of the Mullerian ducts (precursors of the female reproductive tract)
      histologically. The developmental period investigated spanned from beginning of
      gonadal differentiation, Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) stage 51, to 4weeks post
      metamorphosis. The Mullerian ducts were first observed at NF 64 in both sexes.
      Male-enhanced amh mRNA levels from NF 53/54 to 6days post-metamorphosis and
      female-enhanced cyp19a1 levels from NF 53 to 4weeks post-metamorphosis were
      noted. The sexually dimorphic mRNA level profile was more distinct for amh than
      for cyp19a1. The pgrs mRNA levels increased over the studied period and showed no
      sex differences. At later developmental stages, the amhr2 mRNA level was
      increased in putative females compared with males. Our findings suggest that AMH
      has a role in gonadal differentiation in X. tropicalis. We propose relative
      gonadal amh mRNA level as a testicular marker during early gonadal development in
      amphibians.

PMID- 26987288
TI  - Androgens modulate gene expression and specific DNA methylation pattern of
      steroid 5alpha-reductases in the frog Silurana tropicalis.
AB  - In vertebrates, androgens are essential in many biological functions, including
      reproduction, immune system, metabolism, cardiovascular function, and the central
      nervous system. The most potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT),
      which is actively involved in sexual differentiation and development, is
      converted from testosterone (T) by the steroid 5alpha-reductases type 1, 2, and 3
      (Srd5alpha1, Srd5alpha2, and Srd5alpha3). Alternatively, steroid 5beta-reductase
      (Srd5beta) converts T to 5beta-dihydrotestosterone (5beta-DHT), a metabolite
      believed to be involved in steroid clearance. Recent studies suggested that Srd5
      isoforms are targets for endocrine disruption. Thus, understanding the regulation
      of Srd5 is important to expand our knowledge on how exogenous compounds can
      interfere with these enzymes. In this study, we exposed frog brain, liver, and
      gonads ex vivo to T, 5alpha-DHT, and 5beta-DHT in order to investigate the
      regulation of srd5 in response to androgens as a simulation of endocrine
      disrupting chemicals with androgenic properties. Androgens did not modulate
      srd5alpha2, suggesting that this isoform is not regulated by T and 5alpha-DHT in
      frogs. However, the DNA methylation of srd5alpha2 increased following 5alpha-DHT
      treatment suggesting that androgens can modulate epigenetic mechanisms in
      amphibians. In contrast, the DNA methylation of srd5alpha1 and srd5alpha3
      remained stable after androgen exposure, but the mRNA levels of srd5alpha1 and
      srd5alpha3 were modulated by T, 5alpha-DHT, and 5beta-DHT in a sex- and tissue
      specific manner. While T positively regulates srd5alpha1 and srd5alpha3 in
      testes, T negatively regulates srd5alpha3 in ovaries. Moreover, exposure to T
      also increased the mRNA level of srd5beta in the male brain suggesting a
      mechanism to protect the brain from androgen action by elimination of T into
      5beta-DHT. Thus, exogenous compounds with androgenic properties potentially
      interact with srd5 transcription and DNA methylation pattern, which could
      adversely affect biological functions of vertebrates during development and
      reproduction.

PMID- 26987289
TI  - Adenovirus-directed expression of TIPE2 suppresses gastric cancer growth via
      induction of apoptosis and inhibition of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2 (TNFAIP8L2/TIPE2) as a
      novel anti-inflammatory factor plays an important role in maintaining immune
      homeostasis. Recently, TIPE2 has been shown to inhibit hepatocarcinoma growth and
      metastasis through targeting Ras and Rac1. However, its effects in human cancers
      are poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed TIPE2 mRNA expression in
      a panel of human gastric cancer cells (AGS, HGC-27 and SGC-7901) and then
      examined the cell-autonomous effects of adenovirus-mediated human TIPE2 gene
      transfer (AdVTIPE2) on AGS and HGC-27 human gastric cancer cells. We found that
      compared with the GES-1 normal human gastric mucous epithelial cells, human TIPE2
      was lost in the AGS, HGC-27 and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Adenovirus
      mediated human TIPE2 overexpression significantly inhibited AGS and HGC-27
      gastric cancer cell growth and induced AGS and HGC-27 tumor cell apoptosis in
      vitro. Furthermore, AdVTIPE2 treatment obviously suppressed the growth of AGS
      gastric cancer subcutaneously xenografted tumors implanted in athymic BALB/c nude
      mice in vivo. Mechanistically, AdVTIPE2 exhibited marked effects on the
      upregulation of Bax, cleaved Caspase-9, cleaved Caspase-3, cleaved poly ADP
      ribose polymerase as well as the downregulation of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-XL,
      phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-PKB/AKT), phosphorylated-extracellular signal
      regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in AGS gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
      Collectively, AdVTIPE2 suppressed gastric cancer growth very possibly by the
      activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway and the attenuation of AKT and ERK1/2
      signaling. Thus, our data indicated that TIPE2 may be a novel potential
      therapeutic target for human gastric cancer. 

PMID- 26987290
TI  - Let-7c blocks estrogen-activated Wnt signaling in induction of self-renewal of
      breast cancer stem cells.
AB  - Let-7 miRNAs are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression through their
      roles in maintaining differentiation and normal development. However, there is
      little research focusing on the effects of let-7 on Wnt-activated self-renewal of
      breast cancer stem cells. By analyzing the expression levels of let-7 family
      members in clinical tissues, we found that higher expression levels of let-7b and
      let-7c were correlated with better clinical prognosis of patients with estrogen
      receptor (ER)alpha-positive breast tumor. Further, we found that only let-7c was
      inversely correlated with ERalpha expression, and there is corelationship between
      let-7c and Wnt signaling in clinical tissues. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1
      sorting and mammosphere formation assays showed that let-7c inhibited the self
      renewal of stem cells in ERalpha-positive breast cancer. Let-7c decreased ERalpha
      expression through directly binding to the 3'UTR (untranslated region), and let
      7c inhibited the estrogen-induced activation of Wnt signaling. Depletion of
      ERalpha abolished let-7c functions in stem cell signatures, which further
      confirmed that let-7c inhibited estrogen-induced Wnt activity through decreasing
      ERalpha expression. Taken together, our findings identified a biochemical and
      functional link between let-7c with ERalpha/Wnt signaling in breast cancer stem
      cells. 

PMID- 26987291
TI  - Immunogenic cell death by oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 in squamous cell
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - Molecules essential for the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) are called
      damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The effects of oncolytic herpes
      simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) on the production of DAMPs were examined in squamous
      cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. The cytopathic effects of HSV-1 RH2 were observed in
      mouse SCCVII cells infected at a high multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the
      amounts of viable cells were decreased. After being infected with RH2, ATP and
      high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were released extracellulary, while
      calreticulin (CRT) translocated to the cell membrane. A flow-cytometric analysis
      revealed an increase in the number of annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI)-stained
      cells; and the amount of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was
      increased. The killing effect of RH2 was reduced by pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD
      fmk and the caspase-1 inhibitor z-YVAD-fmk, suggesting the involvement of
      apoptosis and pyroptosis. In C3H mice bearing synergic SCCVII tumors, the growth
      of tumors injected with the supernatant of RH2-infected cells was less than that
      of tumors injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). These results indicate
      that oncolytic HSV-1 RH2 produces DAMPs from SCC cells to induce cell death. This
      may contribute to the enhancement of tumor immunity by oncolytic HSV-1. 

PMID- 26987293
TI  - Retinol and alpha-tocopherol in human milk and their relationship with dietary
      intake during lactation.
AB  - Human milk is considered as an optimal nutrition source for neonates, and
      vitamins A and E improve oxidative stress in offspring through breast milk. We
      aim to determine alpha-tocopherol and retinol contents in breast milk obtained
      over the course of lactation stages from mothers in three regions in China, and
      to investigate their correlation with maternal dietary intake during lactation.
      Human milk samples and 24 hour food records were obtained from mothers in
      Hangzhou (n = 34), Lanzhou (n = 34) and Beijing (n = 34) on day 1 (colostrum),
      day 14 (transitional milk) and day 42 (mature milk) postpartum. Concentrations of
      alpha-tocopherol and retinol in breast milk samples were measured by high
      performance liquid chromatography. The breast milk concentrations of alpha
      tocopherol and retinol decreased over progress of lactation stages (P < 0.001).
      The retinol content of transitional milk from Hangzhou was higher than that in
      Lanzhou (P = 0.019) and Beijing (P < 0.001), and the alpha-tocopherol content in
      colostrum from Hangzhou showed a lower concentration than that from Lanzhou (P =
      0.001). There was a significantly positive correlation between retinol and alpha
      tocopherol contents in colostrum (r = 0.37, P = 0.002), transitional (r = 0.41, P
      < 0.001) and mature milk (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was
      found between any dietary constituents (grain, fruit, vegetable, dairy, egg and
      meat, oil and bean products) and either retinol or alpha-tocopherol. 

PMID- 26987292
TI  - Precise and efficient siRNA design: a key point in competent gene silencing.
AB  - RNA interference-related strategies have become appealing methods in various
      fields of research. Exact sequence design of these small molecules is an
      essential step in the silencing procedure. Numerous researchers have tried to
      define some algorithms in order to increase the chance of short interfering RNA's
      (siRNA's) success. In recent decades, online designing software has aimed at
      promoting the quality of siRNA designing based on the most cited algorithms.
      According to our previous experiments, a combination of different criteria would
      be helpful. That is, siRNAs suggested by a combination of tools seem to be more
      efficient. Furthermore, different factors such as distance of target region to
      transcription start site, nucleotide composition, absence of off-target effects
      and secondary structures in the target site and siRNA and the presence of
      asymmetry and energy valley within the siRNA will increase the efficiency of
      siRNAs. Despite application of different online tools and fulfilling the
      criteria, there is no guarantee for designing an effective siRNA. However,
      meticulous designing of siRNAs according to the suggested algorithms and scoring
      systems and using different siRNAs for targeting the same gene would lead to
      improved silencing outcome. In this review, we focus on common algorithms and
      online software, and introduce a new scoring system used in our experiments. 

PMID- 26987295
TI  - ECG feature extraction based on the bandwidth properties of variational mode
      decomposition.
AB  - It is a difficult process to detect abnormal heart beats, known as arrhythmia, in
      long-term ECG recording. Thus, computer-aided diagnosis systems have become a
      supportive tool for helping physicians improve the diagnostic accuracy of
      heartbeat detection. This paper explores the bandwidth properties of the modes
      obtained using variational mode decomposition (VMD) to classify arrhythmia
      electrocardiogram (ECG) beats. VMD is an enhanced version of the empirical mode
      decomposition (EMD) algorithm for analyzing non-linear and non-stationary
      signals. It decomposes the signal into a set of band-limited oscillations called
      modes. ECG signals from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database are decomposed using VMD,
      and the amplitude modulation bandwidth B AM, the frequency modulation bandwidth B
      FM and the total bandwidth B of the modes are used as feature vectors to detect
      heartbeats such as normal (N), premature ventricular contraction (V), left bundle
      branch block (L), right bundle branch block (R), paced beat (P) and atrial
      premature beat (A). Bandwidth estimations based on the instantaneous frequency
      (IF) and amplitude (IA) spectra of the modes indicate that the proposed VMD-based
      features have sufficient class discrimination capability regarding ECG beats.
      Moreover, the extracted features using the bandwidths (B AM, B FM and B) of four
      modes are used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy rates of several classifiers
      such as the k-nearest neighbor classifier (k-NN), the decision tree (DT), the
      artificial neural network (ANN), the bagged decision tree (BDT), the AdaBoost
      decision tree (ABDT) and random sub-spaced k-NN (RSNN) for N, R, L, V, P, and A
      beats. The performance of the proposed VMD-based feature extraction with a BDT
      classifier has accuracy rates of 99.06%, 99.00%, 99.40%, 99.51%, 98.72%, 98.71%,
      and 99.02% for overall, N-, R-, L-, V-, P-, and A-type ECG beats, respectively. 

PMID- 26987294
TI  - Co-production of acetone and ethanol with molar ratio control enables production
      of improved gasoline or jet fuel blends.
AB  - The fermentation of simple sugars to ethanol has been the most successful biofuel
      process to displace fossil fuel consumption worldwide thus far. However, the
      physical properties of ethanol and automotive components limit its application in
      most cases to 10-15 vol% blends with conventional gasoline. Fermentative co
      production of ethanol and acetone coupled with a catalytic alkylation reaction
      could enable the production of gasoline blendstocks enriched in higher-chain
      oxygenates. Here we demonstrate a synthetic pathway for the production of acetone
      through the mevalonate precursor hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA. Expression of this
      pathway in various strains of Escherichia coli resulted in the co-production of
      acetone and ethanol. Metabolic engineering and control of the environmental
      conditions for microbial growth resulted in controllable acetone and ethanol
      production with ethanol:acetone molar ratios ranging from 0.7:1 to 10.0:1.
      Specifically, use of gluconic acid as a substrate increased production of acetone
      and balanced the redox state of the system, predictively reducing the molar
      ethanol:acetone ratio. Increases in ethanol production and the molar
      ethanol:acetone ratio were achieved by co-expression of the aldehyde/alcohol
      dehydrogenase (AdhE) from E. coli MG1655 and by co-expression of pyruvate
      decarboxylase (Pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhB) from Z. mobilis. Controlling
      the fermentation aeration rate and pH in a bioreactor raised the acetone titer to
      5.1 g L(-1) , similar to that obtained with wild-type Clostridium acetobutylicum.
      Optimizing the metabolic pathway, the selection of host strain, and the
      physiological conditions employed for host growth together improved acetone
      titers over 35-fold (0.14-5.1 g/L). Finally, chemical catalysis was used to
      upgrade the co-produced ethanol and acetone at both low and high molar ratios to
      higher-chain oxygenates for gasoline and jet fuel applications. Biotechnol.
      Bioeng. 2016;113: 2079-2087. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26987296
TI  - Clec16a is Critical for Autolysosome Function and Purkinje Cell Survival.
AB  - CLEC16A is in a locus genetically linked to autoimmune diseases including
      multiple sclerosis, but the function of this gene in the nervous system is
      unknown. Here we show that two mouse strains carrying independent Clec16a
      mutations developed neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments
      and loss of Purkinje cells. Neurons from Clec16a-mutant mice exhibited increased
      expression of the autophagy substrate p62, accumulation of abnormal intra-axonal
      membranous structures bearing the autophagy protein LC3, and abnormal Golgi
      morphology. Multiple aspects of endocytosis, lysosome and Golgi function were
      normal in Clec16a-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts and HeLa cells. However,
      these cells displayed abnormal bulk autophagy despite unimpaired autophagosome
      formation. Cultured Clec16a-deficient cells exhibited a striking accumulation of
      LC3 and LAMP-1 positive autolysosomes containing undigested cytoplasmic contents.
      Therefore Clec16a, an autophagy protein that is critical for autolysosome
      function and clearance, is required for Purkinje cell survival. 

PMID- 26987298
TI  - Actin nucleation at the centrosome controls lymphocyte polarity.
AB  - Cell polarity is required for the functional specialization of many cell types
      including lymphocytes. A hallmark of cell polarity is the reorientation of the
      centrosome that allows repositioning of organelles and vesicles in an asymmetric
      fashion. The mechanisms underlying centrosome polarization are not fully
      understood. Here we found that in resting lymphocytes, centrosome-associated
      Arp2/3 locally nucleates F-actin, which is needed for centrosome tethering to the
      nucleus via the LINC complex. Upon lymphocyte activation, Arp2/3 is partially
      depleted from the centrosome as a result of its recruitment to the immune
      synapse. This leads to a reduction in F-actin nucleation at the centrosome and
      thereby allows its detachment from the nucleus and polarization to the synapse.
      Therefore, F-actin nucleation at the centrosome--regulated by the availability of
      the Arp2/3 complex--determines its capacity to polarize in response to external
      stimuli.

PMID- 26987300
TI  - Screening and quantification of anticancer compounds in traditional Chinese
      medicine by hollow fiber cell fishing and hollow fiber liquid/solid-phase
      microextraction.
AB  - Hollow fiber cell fishing, based on HepG-2, SKOV-3, and ACHN cancer cells, and
      hollow fiber liquid/solid microextraction with HPLC were developed and introduced
      for researching the anticancer activity of Rhizoma Curcumae Longae, Radix
      Curcumae, and Rhizoma Curcumae. The structures of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin,
      and bisdemethoxycurcumin screened were identified and their contents were
      determined. The compound target fishing factors and cell apoptosis rates under
      the effect of the three medicines were determined. The binding sites (cell
      membrane and cell organelle) and binding target (phospholipase C) on the cell
      were researched. Hollow fiber liquid/solid-phase microextraction mechanism was
      analyzed and expounded. Before the application, cell seeding time, growth state
      and survival rate, compound nonspecific binding, positive and negative controls,
      repeatability in hollow fiber cell fishing with high-performance liquid
      chromatography; extraction solvent, sample pH, salt concentration, agitation
      speed, extraction time, temperature and sample volume in hollow fiber
      liquid/solid-phase microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography
      were investigated. The results demonstrated that the proposed strategy is a
      simple and quick method to identify bioactive compounds at the cellular level as
      well as determine their contents (particularly trace levels of the bioactive
      compounds), analyze multicompound and multitarget entirety effects, and elucidate
      the efficacious material base in traditional medicine. 

PMID- 26987297
TI  - Microcin determinants are associated with B2 phylogroup of human fecal
      Escherichia coli isolates.
AB  - Escherichia coli strains are classified into four main phylogenetic groups (A,
      B1, B2, and D) and strains of these phylogroups differ in a number of
      characteristics. This study tested whether human fecal E. coli isolates belonging
      to different phylogroups differ in prevalence of bacteriocinogenic isolates and
      prevalence of individual bacteriocinogenic determinants. A set of 1283 fecal E.
      coli isolates from patients with different diseases was tested for the presence
      of DNA regions allowing classification into E. coli phylogroups and for the
      ability to produce bacteriocins (23 colicins and 7 microcins). Of the isolates
      tested, the most common was phylogroup B2 (38.3%) followed by phylogroups A
      (28.3%), D (26.3%) and B1 (7.2%). Altogether, 695 bacteriocin producers were
      identified representing 54.2% of all tested isolates. The highest prevalence of
      bacteriocin producers was found in group B2 (60.3%) and the lowest in group B1
      (44.6%). Determinants encoding colicins E1, Ia, and microcin mV were most common
      in phylogroup A, determinants encoding microcins mM and mH47 were most common in
      phylogroup B2, and determinant encoding mB17 was most common in phylogroup D. The
      highest prevalence of bacteriocinogeny was found in phylogroup B2, suggesting
      that bacteriocinogeny and especially the synthesis of microcins was associated
      with virulent and resident E. coli strains.

PMID- 26987299
TI  - Labeling of virus components for advanced, quantitative imaging analyses.
AB  - In recent years, investigation of virus-cell interactions has moved from ensemble
      measurements to imaging analyses at the single-particle level. Advanced
      fluorescence microscopy techniques provide single-molecule sensitivity and
      subdiffraction spatial resolution, allowing observation of subviral details and
      individual replication events to obtain detailed quantitative information. To
      exploit the full potential of these techniques, virologists need to employ novel
      labeling strategies, taking into account specific constraints imposed by viruses,
      as well as unique requirements of microscopic methods. Here, we compare strengths
      and limitations of various labeling methods, exemplify virological questions that
      were successfully addressed, and discuss challenges and future potential of novel
      approaches in virus imaging.

PMID- 26987301
TI  - Further deliberating the relationship between do-not-resuscitate and the
      increased risk of death.
AB  - Few studies have examined the outcome of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) patients in
      surgical intensive care units (SICUs). This study deliberated the association
      between a DNR decision and the increased risk of death methodologically and
      ethically. This study was conducted in three SICUs. We collected patients'
      demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and the status of
      death/survival at SICU and hospital discharge. We used Kaplan-Meier survival
      curves to compare the time from SICU admission to the end of SICU stay for the
      DNR and non-DNR patients. Differences in the Kaplan-Meier curves were tested
      using log-rank tests. We also conducted a Cox proportional hazards model to
      account for the effect of a DNR decision on mortality. We found that having a DNR
      order was associated with an increased risk of death during the SICU stay (aRR =
      2.39, p < 0.01) after adjusting for severity of illness upon SICU admission and
      other confounding variables. To make the conclusion that a DNR order is causally
      related to an increased risk of death, or that a DNR order increases the risk of
      death is absolutely questionable. By clarifying this key point, we expect that
      the discussion of DNR between healthcare professionals and patients/surrogate
      decision-makers will not be hampered or delayed.

PMID- 26987303
TI  - Public health implications of waterpipe tobacco use in the United States warrant
      initial steps towards assessing dependence.

PMID- 26987302
TI  - The fertilization-induced zinc spark is a novel biomarker of mouse embryo quality
      and early development.
AB  - Upon activation, mammalian eggs release billions of zinc ions in an exocytotic
      event termed the "zinc spark." The zinc spark is dependent on and occurs
      coordinately with intracellular calcium transients, which are tightly associated
      with embryonic development. Thus, we hypothesized that the zinc spark represents
      an early extracellular physicochemical marker of the developmental potential of
      the zygote. To test this hypothesis, we monitored zinc exocytosis in individual
      mouse eggs following parthenogenetic activation or in vitro fertilization (IVF)
      and tracked their development. Retrospective analysis of zinc spark profiles
      revealed that parthenotes and zygotes that developed into blastocysts released
      more zinc than those that failed to develop. Prospective selection of embryos
      based on their zinc spark profile significantly improved developmental outcomes
      and more than doubled the percentage of embryos that reached the blastocyst
      stage. Moreover, the zinc spark profile was also associated with embryo quality
      as the total cell number in the resulting morulae and blastocysts positively
      correlated with the zinc spark amplitude (R = 0.9209). Zinc sparks can thus serve
      as an early biomarker of zygote quality in mouse model.

PMID- 26987305
TI  - An innovative co-axial system to electrospin in situ crosslinked gelatin
      nanofibers.
AB  - Crosslinking of gelatin nanofibers maintaining a fibrous morphology after
      exposure to an aqueous solution is still a challenge. In this work, we developed
      an innovative method based on the use of an ad hoc designed co-axial needle to
      fabricate gelatin mats crosslinked with a very small amount of genipin and still
      able to retain their morphology when immersed in aqueous solution. Genipin
      containing gelatin nanofibers are obtained by allowing mixing of the two
      solutions just within the needle. Genipin content of the electrospun mats can be
      modulated by varying feeding rates of the inner and outer solutions and their
      relative concentration. A subsequent thermal treatment of the mats, performed at
      55  degrees C or 37  degrees C for 1 or 3 days and followed by rapid rinsing in
      ethanol and then in PB, allows one to obtain highly crosslinked gelatin
      nanofibers that perfectly maintain their morphology after immersion in an aqueous
      solution, display improved mechanical properties and enhanced stability. This new
      approach allows us to achieve gelatin mat stabilization using a very small amount
      of genipin with respect to other methods and to avoid post-treatment of the mats
      with the crosslinking agent, with a consequent significant reduction of the final
      cost of the materials. Moreover, in vitro tests demonstrate that the crosslinked
      mats support normal human primary chondrocyte culture, promoting their
      differentiation. 

PMID- 26987304
TI  - Characterization and biological evaluation of the introduction of PLGA into
      biosilicate(r).
AB  - The aims of this study were to characterize different BS/PLGA composites for
      their physicochemical and morphological characteristics and evaluate the in vitro
      and in vivo biological performance. The physicochemical and morphological
      modifications were analyzed by pH, mass loss, XRD, setting time, and SEM. For in
      vitro analysis, the osteoblast and fibroblast viability was evaluated. For in
      vivo evaluations, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed in a
      tibial defect in rats. After incubation, all composites presented lower values in
      pH and mass loss over time. Moreover, XRD and SEM analysis confirmed that the
      composites degraded over time. Additionally, pore formation was observed by SEM
      analysis after incubation mainly in BS/PLGA groups. BS/PLGA showed significantly
      increased in osteoblast viability 24 h. Moreover, BS/PLGA composites demonstrated
      an increase in fibroblast viability in all periods analyzed when compared to BS.
      In the in vivo study, after 2 and 6 weeks of implantation of biomaterials,
      histopathological findings revealed that the BS/PLGA composites degrades over
      time, mainly at periphery. Moreover, can be observed the presence of granulation
      tissue, bone formation, Runx-2, and RANKL immunoexpression in all groups. In
      conclusion, BS/PLGA composites present appropriate physicochemical
      characteristics, stimulate the cellular viability, and enhance the bone repair in
      vivo. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater,
      105B: 1063-1074, 2017.

PMID- 26987306
TI  - The effect of positioning cations on acidity and stability of the framework
      structure of Y zeolite.
AB  - The investigation on the modification of NaY zeolite on LaHY and AEHY (AE refers
      Ca and Sr and the molar ratio of Ca and Sr is 1:1) zeolites was proformed by XRD,
      N2-physisorption (BET), XRF, XPS, NH3-TPD, Py-IR, hydrothermal stability, and
      catalytic cracking test. These results indicate that HY zeolite with ultra low
      content Na can be obtained from NaY zeolite through four exchange four
      calcination method. The positioning capability of La(3+) in sodalite cage is much
      better than that of AE(2+) and about 12 La(3+) can be well coordinated in
      sodalite cages of one unit cell of Y zeolite. Appropriate acid amount and
      strength favor the formation of propylene and La(3+) is more suitable for the
      catalytic cracking of cyclohexane than that of AE(2+). Our results not only
      elaborate the variation of the strong and weak acid sites as well as the Bronsted
      and Lewis acid sites with the change of exchanged ion content but also explore
      the influence of hydrothermal aging of LaHY and AEHY zeolites and find the
      optimum ion exchange content for the most reserved acid sites. At last, the
      coordination state and stabilization of ion exchanged Y zeolites were discussed
      in detail.

PMID- 26987307
TI  - Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells Using a Novel Immunomagnetic Bead Method in
      Lung Cancer Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are detectable in peripheral blood of
      metastatic lung cancer patients. In this article, we evaluate a new CTC
      separation method based on a combination of anti-EpCAM and immunomagnetic beads
      with the aim to detect CTCs more conveniently and specifically. METHODS: Lung
      cancer cells were magnetically labeled by anti-EpCAM magnetic beads, and
      subsequently captured by magnetic separation using our novel device. Isolated
      lung cancer cells were identified by pathomorphological by hematoxylin-eosin
      staining protocol. The system was used to detect CTCs in 2 ml blood. Blood
      samples of healthy donors spiked with lung cancer cell line A549 cells were used
      to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the method. Prevalence of CTCs
      was examined in samples from 56 patients with lung cancer. RESULTS: Regression
      analysis of number of recovered versus spiked A549 cells yielded a coefficient of
      determination of R(2) = 0.996 (P < 0.001). The average recovery was 68% or more
      at each spiking level. The coefficient of variation increased as the number of
      spiked cells decreased, ranging from 6.4% (1,000-cell spike) to 18.4% (50-cell
      spike). Forty-nine of the fifty-six patients (87.5%) were found to have CTCs in
      peripheral blood. None of the 2 ml peripheral blood samples of the 20 healthy
      subjects analyzed were found to have CTCs. CONCLUSIONS: This novel turbulence
      device provides a new tool allowing for feasible and specific detection of CTCs
      in lung cancer patients. It is likely clinically useful in diagnosis and
      monitoring of lung cancer and may have a role in clinical decision making.

PMID- 26987309
TI  - The Human Variome Project.
AB  - The practical realization of genomics has meant a growing realization that
      variant interpretation is a major barrier to practical use of DNA sequence data.
      The late Professor Dick Cotton devoted his life to innovation in molecular
      genetics and was a prime mover in the international response to the need to
      understand the "variome." His leadership resulted in the launch first of the
      Human Genetic Variation Society and then, in 2006, an international agreement to
      launch the Human Variome Project (HVP), aimed at data integration enabled by
      standards and infrastructure of the databases of variants being identified in
      families with a range of inherited disorders. The project attracted a network of
      affiliates across 81 countries and earned formal recognition by UNESCO, which now
      hosts its biennial meetings. It has also signed a Memorandum of Understanding
      with the World Health Organization. Future progress will depend on longer term
      secure funding and integration with the efforts of the genomics community where
      the rapid advances in sequencing technology have enabled variant capture on a
      previously unimaginable scale. Efforts are underway to integrate the efforts of
      HVP with those of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health to provide a
      lasting legacy of Dick Cotton's vision.

PMID- 26987308
TI  - Granger causality reveals a dominant role of memory circuit in chronic opioid
      dependence.
AB  - Resting-state magnetic resonance imaging has uncovered abnormal functional
      connectivity in heroin-dependent individuals (HDIs). However, it remains unclear
      how brain regions implicated in addictions are related in baseline state without
      conditioned cues in heroin dependent individuals during opioid maintenance
      treatment (HDIs-OMT). Previous connectivity analysis assessed the strength of
      correlated activity between brain regions but lacked the ability to infer
      directional neural interactions. In the current study, we employed Granger
      causality analysis to investigate directional causal influences among the brain
      circuits in HDIs-OMT and non-opioid users. The results revealed a weaker
      effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus implicated in mediating the
      reward circuit and other brain regions and also a weaker connectivity between the
      anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex implicated in mediating
      inhibitory control. Conversely, HDIs-OMT exhibited stronger effective
      connectivity between the hippocampus and amygdala implicated in mediating
      learning-memory, and the anterior cingulate cortex involved in mediating
      inhibitory control while the putamen mediated learned habits, suggesting that the
      hippocampus and amygdala may propel the memory circuit to override the control
      circuit and drive the learned habit in HDIs-OMT. Alterations in learning-memory
      and inhibitory control may contribute jointly and form a basis for relapse risk
      even after a period of heroin abstinence. Sustained neural effect of opioid
      dependence on methadone maintenance including hyperactivation in the memory
      circuit and impairment in the control circuit support the role of the memory
      circuitry in relapse and may help redefine targets for treatment.

PMID- 26987310
TI  - A galinstan-based inkjet printing system for highly stretchable electronics with
      self-healing capability.
AB  - We report a galinstan-based inkjet printing system to realize highly stretchable
      electronics with self-healing capability. The printing head made of
      polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) consists of a main microfluidic channel and a
      coplanar channel. The main channel containing the oxidized galinstan is
      surrounded by the coplanar channel, which is filled with HCl. The HCl vapor
      effectively permeates the channel wall due to the high gas permeability of PDMS.
      The oxide skin of galinstan is consistently removed by chemical reaction with the
      HCl vapor. This allows one to maintain galinstan in a true liquid phase in the
      main channel. After the fabrication of the printing head with PDMS, the sizes of
      droplets ejected from the printing head with various flow rates have been
      characterized. The fabricated inkjet printing system is also utilized to generate
      complex galinstan patterns on various substrates. An LED-integrated circuit with
      self-healing capability shows excellent electrical and mechanical performance
      even after it is twisted more than 180 degrees  or stretched up to ~60% more than
      2000 times. The experimental results reveal that the proposed system has
      tremendous potential for stretchable electronic applications in the future. 

PMID- 26987311
TI  - Exploring the implications of distinct mutational signatures and mutation rates
      in aging and cancer.
AB  - Signatures of mutagenesis provide a powerful tool for dissecting the role of
      somatic mutations in both normal and pathological processes. Significantly,
      cancer genomes are dominated by mutation signatures distinct from those that
      accumulate in normal tissues with age, with potentially important translational
      implications. 

PMID- 26987312
TI  - Determination of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Release Rates of Slow- and
      Controlled-Release Fertilizers: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action
      2015.15.
AB  - A previously validated method for the determination of nitrogen release patterns
      of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers (SRFs and CRFs, respectively) was
      submitted to the Expert Review Panel (ERP) for Fertilizers for consideration of
      First Action Official Method(SM) status. The ERP evaluated the single-laboratory
      validation results and recommended the method for First Action Official Method
      status and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action. The 180 day soil
      incubation-column leaching technique was demonstrated to be a robust and reliable
      method for characterizing N release patterns from SRFs and CRFs. The method was
      reproducible, and the results were only slightly affected by variations in
      environmental factors such as microbial activity, soil moisture, temperature, and
      texture. The release of P and K were also studied, but at fewer replications than
      for N. Optimization experiments on the accelerated 74 h extraction method
      indicated that temperature was the only factor found to substantially influence
      nutrient-release rates from the materials studied, and an optimized extraction
      profile was established as follows: 2 h at 25 degrees C, 2 h at 50 degrees C, 20
      h at 55 degrees C, and 50 h at 60 degrees C. 

PMID- 26987313
TI  - Genotyping bacterial and fungal pathogens using sequence variation in the gene
      for the CCA-adding enzyme.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To allow an immediate treatment of an infection with suitable
      antibiotics and bactericides or fungicides, there is an urgent need for fast and
      precise identification of the causative human pathogens. Methods based on DNA
      sequence comparison like 16S rRNA analysis have become standard tools for
      pathogen verification. However, the distinction of closely related organisms
      remains a challenging task. To overcome such limitations, we identified a new
      genomic target sequence located in the single copy gene for tRNA
      nucleotidyltransferase fulfilling the requirements for a ubiquitous, yet highly
      specific DNA marker. In the present study, we demonstrate that this sequence
      marker has a higher discriminating potential than commonly used genotyping
      markers in pro- as well as eukaryotes, underscoring its applicability as an
      excellent diagnostic tool in infectology. RESULTS: Based on phylogenetic
      analyses, a region within the gene for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (CCA-adding
      enzyme) was identified as highly heterogeneous. As prominent examples for pro-
      and eukaryotic pathogens, several Vibrio and Aspergillus species were used for
      genotyping and identification in a multiplex PCR approach followed by gel
      electrophoresis and fluorescence-based product detection. Compared to rRNA
      analysis, the selected gene region of the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase revealed a
      seven to 30-fold higher distinction potential between closely related Vibrio or
      Aspergillus species, respectively. The obtained data exhibit a superb genome
      specificity in the diagnostic analysis. Even in the presence of a 1,000-fold
      excess of human genomic DNA, no unspecific amplicons were produced. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results indicate that a relatively short segment of the coding region for
      tRNA nucleotidyltransferase has a higher discriminatory potential than most
      established diagnostic DNA markers. Besides identifying microbial pathogens in
      infections, further possible applications of this new marker are food hygiene
      controls or metagenome analyses.

PMID- 26987316
TI  - Erratum to: Blood or spores? A cautionary note on interpreting cellular debris on
      human skeletal remains.

PMID- 26987314
TI  - The matrix domain contributes to the nucleic acid chaperone activity of HIV-2
      Gag.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Gag polyprotein is a multifunctional regulator of retroviral
      replication and major structural component of immature virions. The nucleic acid
      chaperone (NAC) activity is considered necessary to retroviral Gag functions, but
      so far, NAC activity has only been confirmed for HIV-1 and RSV Gag polyproteins.
      The nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag is proposed to be crucial for interactions
      with nucleic acids and NAC activity. The major function of matrix (MA) domain is
      targeting and binding of Gag to the plasma membrane but MA can also interact with
      RNA and influence NAC activity of Gag. Here, we characterize RNA binding
      properties and NAC activity of HIV-2 MA and Gag, lacking p6 domain (GagDeltap6)
      and discuss potential contribution of NC and MA domains to HIV-2 GagDeltap6
      functions and interactions with RNA. RESULTS: We found that HIV-2 GagDeltap6 is a
      robust nucleic acid chaperone. HIV-2 MA protein promotes nucleic acids
      aggregation and tRNA(Lys3) annealing in vitro. The NAC activity of HIV-2 NC is
      affected by salt which is in contrast to HIV-2 GagDeltap6 and MA. At a
      physiological NaCl concentration the tRNA(Lys3) annealing activity of HIV-2
      GagDeltap6 or MA is higher than HIV-2 NC. The HIV-2 NC and GagDeltap6 show strong
      binding to the packaging signal (Psi) of HIV-2 RNA and preference for the purine
      rich sequences, while MA protein binds mainly to G residues without favouring Psi
      RNA. Moreover, HIV-2 GagDeltap6 and NC promote HIV-2 RNA dimerization while our
      data do not support MA domain participation in this process in vitro.
      CONCLUSIONS: We present that contrary to HIV-1 MA, HIV-2 MA displays NAC activity
      and we propose that MA domain may enhance the activity of HIV-2 GagDeltap6. The
      role of the MA domain in the NAC activity of Gag may differ significantly between
      HIV-1 and HIV-2. The HIV-2 NC and MA interactions with RNA are not equivalent.
      Even though both NC and MA can facilitate tRNA(Lys3) annealing, MA does not
      participate in RNA dimerization in vitro. Our data on HIV-2 indicate that the
      role of the MA domain in the NAC activity of Gag differs not only between, but
      also within, retroviral genera.

PMID- 26987317
TI  - Tongue protrusion in burned bodies.
AB  - Protrusion of the tongue is a common, though often neglected finding in fire
      fatalities. According to a study recently published by Bernitz et al., it is an
      indicator of vital burning. This statement has been doubted repeatedly.
      Retrospective analysis of 61 fire fatalities from our own autopsy material did
      not show any statistically significant increased incidence of tongue protrusion
      in deaths with vital exposure to heat. Similarly, there was no correlation with
      the degree of destruction by the fire in general or the extent of cervical
      burning. Further prospective studies seem to be necessary also with regard to the
      pathophysiological processes. 

PMID- 26987315
TI  - Japan Unified Protocol Clinical Trial for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders (JUNP
      study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional
      disorders is a promising treatment approach that could be applicable to a broad
      range of mental disorders, including depressive, anxiety, trauma-related, and
      obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, no randomized controlled trial has been
      conducted to verify the efficacy of the unified protocol on the heterogeneous
      clinical population with depressive and anxiety disorders. METHODS/DESIGN: The
      trial was designed as a single-center, assessor-blinded, randomized, 20-week,
      parallel-group superiority study in order to compare the efficacy of the
      combination of unified protocol and treatment-as-usual versus waiting-list with
      treatment-as-usual for patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders. The
      primary outcome was depression at 21 weeks, assessed by the 17-item version of
      the GRID-Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Estimated minimum sample size was
      27 participants in each group. We will also examine the treatment mechanisms,
      treatment processes, and neuropsychological correlates. DISCUSSION: The results
      of this study will clarify the efficacy of the unified protocol for depressive
      and anxiety disorders, and the treatment mechanism, process, and neurological
      correlates for the effectiveness of the unified protocol. If its efficacy can be
      confirmed, the unified protocol may be of high clinical value for Japan, a
      country in which cognitive behavioral treatment has not yet been widely adopted.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02003261 (registered on December 2,
      2013).

PMID- 26987318
TI  - Fatal toxicity index of medicinal drugs based on a comprehensive toxicology
      database.
AB  - The fatal toxicity index (FTI) is the absolute number of fatal poisonings caused
      by a particular drug divided by its consumption figure. Consequently, it is a
      useful measure in evaluating toxicity of the drug and its relevance in fatal
      poisonings. In this study, we assessed the FTI of medicinal drugs in 3 years
      (2005, 2009, and 2013) in Finland. As the measure of drug consumption, we used
      the number of defined daily doses (DDD) per population in each year. There were
      70 medicinal drugs in Finland for which the mean FTI expressed as the number of
      deaths per million DDD over the three study years was higher or equal to 0.1. The
      Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system was used for the
      classification of the active ingredients of medicinal drugs according to the
      organ or system which they act on. Of these 70 drugs, 55 drugs (78.6 %) acted on
      the nervous system (denoted by ATC code N), 11 (15.7 %) on the cardiovascular
      system (C), three (4.3 %) on the alimentary tract and metabolism (A), and one
      (1.4 %) on the musculoskeletal system (M). The nervous system drugs consisted of
      20 psycholeptics, (ATC code N05), 20 psychoanaleptics (N06), eight analgesics
      (N02), six antiepileptics (N03), and one other nervous system drug (N07). The
      highest individual FTIs were associated with the opioids methadone,
      dextropropoxyphene, oxycodone, tramadol, and morphine; the antipsychotics
      levomepromazine and chlorprothixene; and the antidepressants doxepin,
      amitriptyline, trimipramine, and bupropion. Buprenorphine was not included in the
      study, because most of the fatal buprenorphine poisonings were due to smuggled
      tablets. A clearly increasing trend in FTI was observed with pregabalin and
      possibly with bupropion, both drugs emerging as abused substances. 

PMID- 26987319
TI  - Genetic distribution of 15 autosomal STR markers in the Punjabi population of
      Pakistan.
AB  - Genetic diversity of 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci was evaluated in
      713 unrelated individual samples of a Punjabi population of Pakistan. These loci
      were scrutinized to establish allelic frequencies and statistical parameters of
      forensic and paternity interests. A total of 165 alleles were observed with the
      corresponding allele frequencies ranging from 0.001 to 0.446. D2S1338 was found
      as the most informative locus while TPOX (0.611) was the least discriminating
      locus. The combined power of discrimination (CPD), the combined probability of
      exclusion (CPE), and cumulative probability of matching (CPM) were found equaled
      to 0.999999999999999998606227424808, 0.999995777557989, and 1.37543 * 10-18,
      respectively. All the loci followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after the
      Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0033) except one locus D3S1358. The study revealed
      that these STR loci are highly polymorphic, suitable for forensic and parentage
      analyses. In comparison to different populations (Asians and non-Asians),
      significant differences were recorded for these loci.

PMID- 26987320
TI  - Application of Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization in Newborns with Multiple
      Congenital Anomalies.
AB  - Major congenital anomalies are detectable in 2-3 % of the newborn population.
      Some of their genetic causes are attributable to copy number variations
      identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). The value of aCGH
      screening as a first-tier test in children with multiple congenital anomalies has
      been studied and consensus adopted. However, array resolution has not been agreed
      upon, specifically in the newborn or infant population. Moreover, most array
      studies have been focused on mixed populations of intellectual
      disability/developmental delay with or without multiple congenital anomalies,
      making it difficult to assess the value of microarrays in newborns. The aim of
      the study was to determine the optimal quality and clinical sensitivity of high
      resolution array comparative genomic hybridization in neonates with multiple
      congenital anomalies. We investigated a group of 54 newborns with multiple
      congenital anomalies defined as two or more birth defects from more than one
      organ system. Cytogenetic studies were performed using OGT CytoSure 8 * 60 K
      microarray. We found ten rearrangements in ten newborns. Of these, one recurrent
      syndromic microduplication was observed, whereas all other changes were unique.
      Six rearrangements were definitely pathogenic, including one submicroscopic and
      five that could be seen on routine karyotype analysis. Four other copy number
      variants were likely pathogenic. The candidate genes that may explain the
      phenotype were discussed. In conclusion, high-resolution array comparative
      hybridization can be applied successfully in newborns with multiple congenital
      anomalies as the method detects a significant number of pathogenic changes,
      resulting in early diagnoses. We hypothesize that small changes previously
      considered benign or even inherited rearrangements should be classified as
      potentially pathogenic at least until a subsequent clinical assessment would
      exclude a developmental delay or dysmorphism.

PMID- 26987321
TI  - Cytogenomic Evaluation of Children with Congenital Anomalies: Critical
      Implications for Diagnostic Testing and Genetic Counseling.
AB  - Identification of submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations, as a cause of
      structural malformations, is currently performed by MLPA (multiplex ligation
      dependent probe amplification) or array CGH (array comparative genomic
      hybridization) techniques. The aim of this study was the evaluation of diagnostic
      usefulness of MLPA and array CGH in patients with congenital malformations or
      abnormalities (at least one major or minor birth defect, including dysmorphism)
      with or without intellectual disability or developmental delay and the
      optimization of genetic counseling in the context of the results obtained. The
      MLPA and array CGH were performed in 91 patients diagnosed with developmental
      disorders and major or minor congenital anomalies. A total of 49 MLPA tests
      toward common microdeletion syndromes, 42 MLPA tests for subtelomeric regions of
      chromosomes, two tests for common aberrations in autism, and five array CGH tests
      were performed. Eight (9 %) patients were diagnosed with microdeletion MLPA, four
      (4 %) patients with subtelomeric MLPA, one (1 %) patient with autism MLPA.
      Further three (3 %) individuals had rearrangements diagnosed by array CGH.
      Altogether, chromosomal microaberrations were found in 16 patients (17 %). All
      the MLPA-detected rearrangements were found to be pathogenic, but none detected
      with array CGH could unequivocally be interpreted as pathogenic. In patients with
      congenital anomalies, the application of MLPA and array CGH techniques is
      efficient in detecting syndromic and unique microrearrangements. Consistent pre
      MLPA test phenotyping leads to better post-test genetic counseling. Incomplete
      penetrance and unknown inheritance of detected variants are major issues in
      clinical interpretation of array CGH data. 

PMID- 26987322
TI  - Respiratory Function and Language Abilities of Profoundly Deaf Adolescents with
      and without Cochlear Implants.
AB  - The objective of the study was to investigate whether hearing loss has an effect
      on the ventilatory functional capability and whether possible deviations of
      ventilatory variables from the reference ranges could have to do with the
      language abilities of deaf adolescents. Spirometric evaluations were performed in
      72 prelingually profoundly deaf adolescents with and without cochlear implants
      (CI) and compared with the results of a control group consisting of 48
      participants with normal hearing (CG). The deaf adolescents showed a
      significantly lower vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), and
      expiratory flows (PEF and MEF) compared with their hearing peers. The adolescents
      with CI demonstrated predominantly the oral communication mode, which however did
      not affect the students' education achievements. Perseverance of oral
      communication was also associated with higher FVC and PEF, compared with deaf
      participants without CI. We conclude that sensory deprivation of prelingually
      deaf adolescents affects the respiratory system function. The use of oral
      communication seems to have beneficial effects on respiratory performance in
      profoundly deaf adolescents. 

PMID- 26987323
TI  - High-Frequency Jet Ventilation against Small-Volume Conventional Mechanical
      Ventilation in the Rabbit Models of Neonatal Acute Lung Injury.
AB  - Patients with acute lung injury are ventilated by conventional mechanical
      ventilation (CMV) rather than high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV). This study
      estimated the potential usefulness of HFJV in acute lung injury. The issue was
      addressed by comparing the effects on lung function of CMV and HFJV in two rabbit
      models of neonatal acute lung injury: repetitive saline lung lavage (LAV) and
      meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) induced by intratracheal meconium
      instillation. The animals were then ventilated with either HFJV or CMV for 4 h.
      Ventilatory pressures, blood gases, and indexes of gas exchange were assessed.
      Lung edema formation was expressed as wet-dry lung weight ratio. Both LAV and MAS
      significantly decreased lung compliance, increased airway resistance, and caused
      severe hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis. Although CMV was superior to HFJV at
      1 h of ventilation, there were no clinically relevant differences in lung
      function or edema formation between CMV and LAV in both models of respiratory
      insufficiency at 4 h of ventilation. We conclude that, HFJV may be used for
      ventilation in acute non-homogenous lung injury.

PMID- 26987324
TI  - Impact of Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration on
      Diagnostic Yield of Bronchoscopy in Patients with Mediastinal Lymph Node
      Enlargement.
AB  - Endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) had
      an enormous impact on the current advancement in diagnostic bronchoscopy. The
      aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the added value of EBUS-TBNA to
      routine diagnostic bronchoscopy performed in patients with mediastinal lymph node
      enlargement and (2) to identify factors that affect the diagnostic yield of EBUS
      TBNA. We retrospectively analyzed 712 EBUS-TBNA procedures out of the 4081
      bronchoscopies performed in the years 2009-2014. The number of EBUS-TBNA
      procedures increased from 61 (8.8 % of all bronchoscopies) in 2009 to 160 (21.4
      %) in 2014. In 625 (87.8 %) patients adequate cytological material was obtained.
      Based on cytological examination of EBUS-TBNA aspirates, specific diagnosis was
      made in 367 (51.5 %) patients. The forceps biopsy of endobronchial lesions
      provided specific diagnosis in only 204 (28.6 %) patients. The percentage of
      patients with EBUS-TBNA based diagnosis increased steadily from 34.4 % in 2009 to
      65.0 % in 2014 (p < 0.0001). The median lymph node diameter in patients with
      positive EBUS-TBNA findings was 20 (IQR 15-30) mm and was significantly larger
      than that in patients with negative EBUS-TBNA results (15 (IQR 10-20) mm, p =
      0.0001). The highest diagnostic yield (78.5 %) was found in patients with lymph
      node dimension between 31 mm and 40 mm. We conclude that EBUS-TBNA is a valuable
      diagnostic method in an unselected group of patients with mediastinal lymph node
      enlargement. The percentage of positive EBUS-TBNA diagnoses is related to lymph
      node dimensions. The overall efficacy of EBUS-TBNA improves with increasing years
      of experience.

PMID- 26987325
TI  - Lung Cancer and Multiple Neoplasms: A Retrospective Analysis.
AB  - Over the past 30 years there has been an increase in the survival of cancer
      patients resulting from the advances in cancer management and improved detection
      of cancer in its early stages. The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency
      of multiple malignancies in a sample of hospitalized patients in Poland. We
      analyzed retrospectively the records of 1112 cancer patients hospitalized in the
      period of January 2013 - August 2014. The criterion for inclusion into the group
      of multiple malignancy patients was the presence of at least two different
      malignancies. We found 52 cases in which lung cancer accompanied different
      malignancies and 4 cases where the multiple malignancy was not associated with
      the respiratory system. Lung cancer was chronologically the first malignancy
      unravelled in 11 patients, the second in 39, and the third in 2. Other
      malignancies chronologically being the first to be unravelled in patients
      included the following: colorectal cancer in 8 patients, prostatic cancer in 6,
      renal cell carcinoma 4, and the subsequent: prostate cancer 4, bladder cancer 3,
      hematopoietic malignancies 3, and breast cancer 2. We conclude that patients with
      multiple malignancy account for 5.0 % of lung cancer patients. Lung cancer is
      more frequent as a second malignancy developing in patients with multiple
      malignancy. Synchronous cancers become apparent at older age than metachronous
      cancers.

PMID- 26987326
TI  - Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia: IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF- beta1 Serum
      Concentrations and Response to Clarithromycin Treatment.
AB  - Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a distinct clinicopathological entity
      with unknown etiology. Inflammatory cytokines play a role in the development of
      the disease. The present study was performed to assess the correlation between
      concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-beta1 in the serum with response
      to clarithromycin (CAM) treatment in patients with COP. A total of 39 patients
      with COP were enrolled in to this study. An oral dose of 500 mg CAM was
      administered to all of the patients twice daily for 3 months. A complete response
      was noticed in 31 (80 %) of patients, and 8 (20 %) patients failed to respond to
      treatment. The concentration of cytokines were assessed by ELISAs before and
      after treatment. CAM treatment was associated with decreases in serum IL-6 (3.8
      pg/mL [IQR 0.9-11.8] vs. 1.1 pg/mL [IQR 0.2-3.1]; p = 0.004), IL-8 (13.6 pg/mL
      [IQR 9.8-17.5] vs. 8.1 pg/mL [IQR 6.2-13.2]; p = 0.004), and TGF-beta1 (37.1
      ng/mL [IQR 31.7-46.2] vs. 25.7 ng/mL [IQR 22-41.7];p = 0.0001), which was
      particularly notable in the responders. We conclude that IL-6, IL-8, and TGF
      beta1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of COP, as their decreased
      concentrations were associated with a positive response to CAM treatment.

PMID- 26987328
TI  - The Role of Dysregulated MicroRNA Expression in Lung Cancer.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded non-protein-coding RNAs
      that play important regulatory roles in many cellular processes including cell
      proliferation, differentiation, growth control, and apoptosis. They regulate gene
      expression on the posttranscriptional level by translational repression, mRNA
      cleavage, or mRNA degradation in various physiological and pathological
      processes. In addition, some miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor
      suppressors, so they can regulate several genes that play important roles in
      tumorigenesis. It was found that miRNAs are directly involved in many types of
      cancer, including lung cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer
      mortality worldwide with a substantially low survival rate. In this work, we
      summarize recent findings related to miRNAs mechanisms of action and the role of
      their dysregulated expression in lung tumorigenesis. We describe the most
      important miRNAs involved in lung cancer development and targets of their
      activity. The understanding of the miRNA regulation in cancer may help better
      understand the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and their importance in
      cancerous transformation.

PMID- 26987327
TI  - Associations of CYP1A2 Polymorphisms with the Risk Haplotypes in Lung Cancer in
      the Slovak Population.
AB  - Phase I enzymes, including cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, and
      polypeptide 2 (CYP1A2), are involved in the activation of carcinogens to reactive
      intermediates that are capable of binding covalently to DNA to form DNA adducts,
      potentially initiating the carcinogenic process. The aim of present study was to
      investigate the association of CYP1A2 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with lung
      cancer risk. A case-control study was carried out on 105 lung cancer patients and
      189 controls. To investigate three CYP1A2 polymorphisms: rs2472299, rs2470890,
      rs11072508 we used a high resolution melting analysis. We found significant
      allele associations (rs2470890 and rs2422299) with lung cancer risk. We searched
      for meaningful associations for all variants in the dominant, recessive, and
      additive genetic models. Genotype associations in the recessive model were of
      marginal significance for the same single nucleotide polymorphisms. A haplotype
      analysis included five variants with the frequency higher than 1 %. The haplotype
      "acc", present with the highest frequency, was associated with increased lung
      cancer risk (38.7 % vs. 31.5 %; OR 1.38; 95 %CI 0.95-2.01). On the contrary, rare
      haplotype "gtc" was significantly associated with decreased lung cancer risk in
      the Slovak population. In conclusion, the present study identified the risk
      alleles and haploid genotype associations of the CYP1A2 gene in lung cancer.

PMID- 26987329
TI  - Viral Infections in Children in the 2014/2015 Epidemic Season in Poland.
AB  - In every epidemic season, viral infections affect the general population,
      including children, which is an underestimated issue. The present study
      demonstrates the results of examination of 802 clinical samples obtained from
      pediatric patients aged 0-14 years during the 2014/2015 epidemic season in
      Poland. The study was part of the virological surveillance systems - SENTINEL and
      NON-SENTINEL. A positive result for virological infection was obtained in 50.9 %
      of samples tested. The distribution of positive results by the age-groups was as
      follows: 38.2 % in 0-4 years old, 8.5 % in 5-9 years old, and 4.2 % in 10-14
      years old children. Influenza viruses accounted for 48.0 % and influenza-like
      viruses for 52.0 % of all positive samples. Concerning the influenza virus,
      molecular biology-based techniques confirmed the infection caused by influenza
      type A in 63.3 % of samples, consisting of unsubtyped A virus detected in 65.3 %
      of cases of this sample group, subtype A/H1N1/pdm09 in 28.2 %, and subtype
      A/H3N2/ in 6.5 %. Genetic material of influenza B was detected in 36.7 % of
      samples. In a group of influenza-like viruses, the predominant virus was
      respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in as many as 96.2 % of samples, followed by
      parainfluenza viruses: PIV3 - 1.4 % and PIV1 - 1.0 %. Attention should be paid to
      the coinfection of respiratory viruses. There were six possible coinfection
      combinations reported in Poland, with four of them related to children up to 14
      years old.

PMID- 26987330
TI  - Impairment of Immune Function in Children with Familial Hemophagocytic
      Lymphohistiocytosis.
AB  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe systemic syndrome associated
      with hyperactivation of macrophages and impaired regulation of the immune system.
      Two forms of HLH are currently recognized: genetically determined or familial
      (FHLH), and secondarily developed in the course of primary diseases, like
      autoimmune disorders, rheumatoid disorders, cancers, or infections. In the Polish
      population, FHLH is rather rare. The aim of the present study was to assess the
      immune function in a group of children with clinical symptoms suggesting FHLH.
      Forty five children with suspected HLH of the median age of 4 years and 15
      healthy children, taken as a control group, were enrolled into the study. All
      presented results were obtained with the use of flow cytometry. In the HLH group,
      there were only three cases identified with the UNC13D gene mutation responsible
      for the FHLH3 phenotype. Another four children, without known mutation, were
      classified as FHLH because of frequent recurrence of the disease. In all cases of
      FHLH, cell cytotoxicity was impaired compared with healthy children (p = 0.003).
      Perforin expression in FHLH was normal or higher than that observed in controls
      (p = 0.09). In case of patients with mutation in the Munc13 protein,
      degranulation was lower than that in healthy children (<5 %). The findings of
      this study demonstrate that children with known mutations responsible for the
      FHLH development are immunocompromised. However, it requires further elucidation
      whether the presence of currently unknown mutations could lead to a similar
      phenotype.

PMID- 26987332
TI  - Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Related to Increased Arterial Stiffness in Ultrasound
      Speckle-Tracking Analysis.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.
      The aim of our study was to determine arterial stiffness in OSA patients by means
      of the ultrasound speckle-tracking-based method. Twenty six OSA patients and 17
      control subjects were enrolled in the study. The speckle-tracking-based analysis
      of carotid artery included circumferential strains, circumferential strain rates,
      radial displacement, and radial strain rates. We found that the global average
      circumferential strains, circumferential strain rates, and radial displacement
      were significantly lower in OSA patients compared to controls (2.19 +/- 0.30 %
      vs. 4.17 +/- 0.33 %, 0.22 +/- 0.03 l/s vs. 0.31 +/- 0.02 l/s, 0.10 +/- 0.01 mm
      vs. 0.16 +/- 0.02 mm, respectively, p < 0.05 for all). There were no significant
      differences in radial strain rates between the groups (0.32 +/- 0.04 % vs. 0.33
      +/- 0.01 %). We conclude that OSA is associated with an increased arterial
      stiffness. 

PMID- 26987331
TI  - Frequency of Rare Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Variants in Polish Patients with Chronic
      Respiratory Disorders.
AB  - The SERPINA1 gene encoding the alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) protein is highly
      polymorphic. It is known that, apart from the most prevalent PI*S and PI*Z A1AT
      deficiency variants, other so-called rare variants also predispose individuals to
      severe chronic respiratory disorders such as emphysema and chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease. Our aim was to assess the frequencies of common and rare
      SERPINA1 mutations in a group of 1033 Polish patients referred for A1AT
      deficiency diagnostics due to chronic respiratory disorders in the period of
      January 2014-September 2015. All blood samples were analyzed according to the
      routine diagnostic protocol, including A1AT serum concentration assessment by
      nephelometry and immune isoelectric focusing, followed by PCR genotyping and
      direct sequencing when necessary. A total of 890 out of the 1033 samples (86 %)
      carried the normal PI*MM genotype, whereas, in 143 samples (14 %), at least one
      A1AT deficiency variant was detected. In 132 subjects, PI*S (2.1 %) and PI*Z
      (10.8 %) common deficiency alleles were identified, yielding frequencies of 0.011
      and 0.062, respectively. Rare SERPINA1 variants were detected in nine patients:
      PI*F (c.739C>T) (n = 5) and PI*I (c.187C>T) (n = 4). Samples from the patients
      with an A1AT serum concentration below 120 mg/dl and presenting a PI*MM-like
      phenotypic pattern were retrospectively analyzed by direct sequencing for rare
      SERPINA1 mutations, revealing a PI*M2Obernburg (c.514G>T) mutation in one patient
      and a non-pathogenic mutation (c.922G>T) in another. We conclude that the
      deficiency PI*Z A1AT allele is considerably more common in patients with chronic
      respiratory disorders than in the general Polish population. The prevalence of
      the PI*F allele seems higher than in other European studies.

PMID- 26987333
TI  - Polymorphisms of Selected DNA Repair Genes and Lung Cancer in Chromium Exposure.
AB  - Chromium is a well-known mutagen and carcinogen involved in lung cancer
      development. DNA repair genes play an important role in the elimination of
      genetic changes caused by chromium exposure. In the present study, we
      investigated the polymorphisms of the following DNA repair genes: XRCC3,
      participating in the homologous recombination repair, and hMLH1 and hMSH2,
      functioning in the mismatch repair. We focused on the risk the polymorphisms
      present in the development of lung cancer regarding the exposure to chromium. We
      analyzed 106 individuals; 45 patients exposed to chromium with diagnosed lung
      cancer and 61 healthy controls. Genotypes were determined by a PCR-RFLP method.
      We unravelled a potential for increased risk of lung cancer development in the
      hMLH1 (rs1800734) AA genotype in the recessive model. In conclusion, gene
      polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes underscores the risk of lung cancer
      development in chromium exposed individuals.

PMID- 26987334
TI  - The Effect on Cognition of Mitochondrial Respiratory System Proteins in
      Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in the Course of Lung Cancer.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) represent an easily available
      population of cells for the studies on remote effects of lung cancer. NADH
      dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein-1 (Ndufs1), a marker of mitochondrial
      complex I, and mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 (MTCO1), a marker
      of complex IV, may participate in cognitive decline during the course of lung
      cancer. In this study, Ndufs1 and MTCO1 expression in PBMC was evaluated by means
      of ELISA in 80 lung cancer patients. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were
      conducted Trail Making Tests (TMT-A and TMT-B) at baseline and after the 6
      months' follow-up. Autoantibodies were identified by means of indirect
      immunofluorescence and line blot. We found that enhanced levels of Ndufs1 in PBMC
      were related to impaired cognitive performance; TMT-A of 13.6 +/- 3.1 s and TMT-B
      of 162.5 +/- 46.4 s compared with 8.6 +/- 4.5 s (p = 0.003) and 124.8 +/- 51.8 s
      (p < 0.05), respectively, in the case of low Ndufs-1 levels. The Ndufs1
      expression at baseline was associated with MMSE - taub (Kendall's tau-b) = -0.31;
      p = 0.024; TMT-A - taub = 0.30; p = 0.001), and TMT-B - taub = 0.199; p = 0.012)
      after the 6 months' follow-up. Higher MTCO1 expression was accompanied by worse
      TMT-A results than in case of inhibited MTCO1; 11.1 +/- 5.8 s vs. 8.5 +/- 4.1 s;
      respectively; p = 0.048. MTCO1 expression was correlated with TMT-A results (taub
      = 0.17; p = 0.034) at baseline. We conclude that stimulation of PBMC
      mitochondrial function in lung cancer patients is associated with cognitive
      impairment. Mitochondrial dysfunction in PBMC may reflect cytotoxicity
      responsible for neurological deficits.

PMID- 26987335
TI  - Humoral Immune Response against Neural Antigens and Its Effects on Cognition in
      Lung Cancer Patients.
AB  - Cognitive impairment develops as a clinical manifestation of immune-mediated
      indirect effects of malignancy in lung cancer patients. This study aimed to
      evaluate the effects of humoral immune response on cognition in lung cancer
      patients. Fifty-one lung cancer patients were subjected to neurological
      examination: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT), and
      Hamilton scale. The Psychology Experiment Building Language software was used for
      the evaluation of digit span, simple reaction time (SRT), and choice reaction
      time (CRT) tests. Serum samples were tested for the presence of onconeuronal
      antibodies and antineural antibodies. The results demonstrate that autoantibodies
      were found in 31 % patients. MMSE scores were lower (26.7 +/- 2.7) in
      seropositive patients than in seronegative subjects (28.7 +/- 1.2; p = 0.013).
      Executive functions were also influenced by the presence of autoantibodies. The
      humoral immune response in lung cancer patients affected both SRT and CRT. We
      conclude that the humoral immune response in lung cancer patients is associated
      with cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is associated with both specific
      reactions against onconeuronal or antineural antigens and non-organ specific
      reactions against nucleosome antigens.

PMID- 26987336
TI  - Relationship Between 25(OH)D and IGF-I in Children and Adolescents with Growth
      Hormone Deficiency.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that vitamin D has an impact on the production and
      secretion of IGF-I in the liver. The aim of our study was to investigate the
      relationship between the concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and
      insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in growth hormone deficient children and
      adolescents before recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment. The study
      was retrospective and included 84 children and adolescents aged 4-17. Prior to
      initiating rhGH therapy, concentrations of 25(OH)D and IGF-I were measured in all
      patients. IGF-I concentrations were normalized for bone age. The studied group
      was divided into two subgroups according to serum 25(OH)D levels. Significant
      positive correlations between 25(OH)D concentration and IGF-I SDS-normalized for
      bone age were observed in both studied subgroups. The results of our study
      suggest that vitamin D deficiency could influence IGF-I concentrations in
      children and adolescents with growth hormone deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency
      should be normalized before the measurement of IGF-I concentrations to obtain the
      reliable and unbiased IGF-I values. 

PMID- 26987337
TI  - Intracellular and Extracellular Cytokines in A549 Cells and THP1 Cells Exposed to
      Cigarette Smoke.
AB  - Cigarette smoke (CS) activates inflammatory cells and increases cytokine levels
      producing local and systemic inflammation. To assess changes in intracellular and
      extracellular cytokine levels we used human epithelial (A549 cells) and monocyte
      (THP-1) cell lines grown for 24 h in cigarette smoke-conditioned media. Cytokines
      were assessed using immunostaining/flow cytometry and ELISA assay. In THP1cells,
      grown in CS-conditioned media, the intracellular interleukins IL-1beta, IL-6, and
      IL-10 increased by more than tenfold, while less significant increases were found
      in A549 cells. IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, but not IL-6 or IL-10, were increased in
      the culture media, while IL-2 was raised by about fivefold only in the culture
      medium of A549 cells. IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha were undetectable, while only a slight increase was observed in
      extracellular IL-17A (by about 60 %) in the medium of A549 cells and by about 115
      % in the medium of THP1 cells. The interferon gamma (IFNgamma) was increased by
      about eightfold, but only in the medium of THP1 cells grown with CS. We conclude
      that IL-1 and INFgamma are the key cytokines responsible for pro-inflammatory
      signaling in epithelial cells and monocytes, respectively, exposed to cigarette
      smoke. 

PMID- 26987338
TI  - The Guinea Pig Sensitized by House Dust Mite: A Model of Experimental Cough
      Studies.
AB  - The guinea pig sensitized by ovalbumin is the most widely used model to study
      cough experimentally, as the neurophysiology of the vagus nerve in the guinea pig
      is closest to humans. Nonetheless, the choice of the antigen remains
      questionable, which influences the translation of results into clinical medicine.
      The present study seeks to develop an alternative model of cough study using
      house dust mite sensitization (HDM). Thirty guinea pigs were divided into the HDM
      group, ovalbumin (OVA) group, and control group based on their cough response to
      0.4 M citric acid. In the HDM group animals were sensitized by 0.25 %HDM aerosol,
      which they inhaled for 5 min over 5 days, followed by inhalation of 0.5 %HDM in
      the same protocol. Sensitization was confirmed by a skin test. Symptoms of
      allergic rhinitis were induced by intranasal application of 15 MUl 0.5 %HDM and
      cough challenges with citric acid were performed. Airway resistance was measured
      in vivo by Pennock's method. We found that both HDM and OVA-sensitized groups
      showed a significantly enhanced nasal reactivity and cough response compared with
      controls. The airway resistance data did not show significant differences. We
      conclude that the HDM cough model replicates functional aspects of the OVA model,
      which may make it an alternative to the latter. However, the superiority of the
      HDM model for experimental cough studies remains to be further explored.

PMID- 26987339
TI  - Characterization of temporal expressions of FOXO and pFOXO proteins in the
      hippocampus by kainic acid in mice: involvement of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors.
AB  - In the present study, we characterized the expression and role of forkhead box O
      (FoxO3a) in kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. FoxO3a and
      pFoxO3a expression in the CA1, CA2, and dentate gyrus regions in the hippocampus
      increased 0.5 and 1 h after intracerebroventricular administration of KA. In
      addition, both FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression in the hippocampal CA3 region
      increased significantly and equally for 1 h but decreased gradually for 24 h
      after KA administration. In particular, the KA-induced increases in FoxO3a and
      pFoxO3a expression in the hippocampal CA3 region were inhibited by pretreatment
      with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801, dizocilpine, 1
      ug/5 ul) or a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3
      dione, 0.5 ug/5 ul). Furthermore, dizocilpine and CNQX produced a neuroprotective
      effect against KA-induced neuronal death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus.
      Our results suggest that FoxO3a and pFoxO3 expression is upregulated by KA. Both
      FoxO3a and pFoxO3a expression appear to be responsible for KA-induced neuronal
      death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. 

PMID- 26987340
TI  - Re: "Did you write a protocol before starting your project?".
AB  - We read the article "did you write a protocol before starting your project?" by
      Bando et al. In this letter, we express our opinion regarding the importance of
      writing protocols prior to starting projects. 

PMID- 26987341
TI  - Ankylosing spondylitis diagnosis in US patients with back pain: identifying
      providers involved and factors associated with rheumatology referral delay.
AB  - This study aimed to identify providers involved in diagnosing ankylosing
      spondylitis (AS) following back pain diagnosis in the USA and to identify factors
      leading to the delay in rheumatology referrals. The Truven Health MarketScan(r)
      US Commercial Database was searched for patients aged 18-64 years with back pain
      diagnosis in a non-rheumatology setting followed by AS diagnosis in any setting
      during January 2000-December 2012. Patients with a rheumatologist visit on or
      before AS diagnosis were considered referred. Cox regression was used to
      determine factors associated with referral time after adjusting for age, sex,
      comorbidities, physician specialty, drug therapy, and imaging procedures. Of 3336
      patients included, 1244 (37 %) were referred to and diagnosed by rheumatologists;
      the others were diagnosed in primary care (25.7 %), chiropractic/physical therapy
      (7 %), orthopedic surgery (3.8 %), pain clinic (3.6 %), acute care (3.4 %), and
      other (19.2 %) settings. Median time from back pain diagnosis to rheumatology
      referral was 307 days and from first rheumatologist visit to AS diagnosis was 28
      days. Referred patients were more likely to be younger (hazard ratio [HR] =
      0.986; p < 0.0001), male (HR = 1.15; p = 0.0163), diagnosed with uveitis (HR =
      1.49; p = 0.0050), referred by primary care physicians (HR = 1.96; p < 0.0001),
      prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (HR = 1.55; p < 0.0001), disease
      modifying antirheumatic drugs (HR = 1.33; p < 0.0001), and tumor necrosis factor
      inhibitors (HR = 1.40; p = 0.0036), and to have had spinal/pelvic X-ray prior to
      referral (HR = 1.28; p = 0.0003). During 2000-2012, most patients with AS were
      diagnosed outside of rheumatology practices. The delay before referral to
      rheumatology was 10 months; AS diagnosis generally followed within a month.
      Earlier referral of patients with AS signs and symptoms may lead to more timely
      diagnosis and appropriate treatment. 

PMID- 26987343
TI  - The oxalate content of oolong tea and its relationship with soaking times.

PMID- 26987344
TI  - Calculating the cost of reusable materials in endourological stone surgeries.

PMID- 26987345
TI  - It's the workforce, stupid.

PMID- 26987346
TI  - The 2004 tsunami and mental health in Thailand: a longitudinal analysis of one
      and two-year post-disaster data.
AB  - Some 280,000 people died in the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. This
      cohort study examined its impact on mental health one and two years later. It did
      so by investigating the association between six consequent variables (personal
      injury, loss of home, loss of business, death of a family member, injury to a
      family member, or loss of a family member's business) and mental health, as
      measured by the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), among residents in four
      provinces of Thailand. One year later, participants who suffered a personal
      injury, the loss of a business, or the loss of a family member reported poorer
      mental health than those who were unaffected. Two years later, participants who
      experienced the loss of a family member reported poorer mental health than those
      who were unaffected. This research shows that such a disaster may have long
      lasting ramifications for mental health, and that diverse losses may influence
      mental health differently.

PMID- 26987348
TI  - Improving Pain Care Through Telemedicine: Future or Folly?

PMID- 26987342
TI  - Substrate engagement of integrins alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 is necessary, but
      not sufficient, for high directional persistence in migration on fibronectin.
AB  - The interplay between specific integrin-mediated matrix adhesion and directional
      persistence in cell migration is not well understood. Here, we characterized
      fibroblast adhesion and migration on the extracellular matrix glycoproteins
      fibronectin and vitronectin, focusing on the role of alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3
      integrins. Fibroblasts manifested high directional persistence in migration on
      fibronectin-, but not vitronectin-coated substrates, in a ligand density
      dependent manner. Fibronectin stimulated alpha5beta1-dependent organization of
      the actin cytoskeleton into oriented, ventral stress fibers, and assembly of
      dynamic, polarized protrusions, characterized as regions free of stress fibers
      and rich in nascent adhesions at their edge. Such protrusions correlated with
      persistent, local leading edge advancement, but were not sufficient, nor
      necessary for directional migration over longer times. Selective blocking of
      alphavbeta3 or alpha5beta1 integrins using small molecule integrin antagonists
      reduced directional persistence on fibronectin, indicating integrin cooperativity
      in maintaining directionality. On the other hand, patterned substrates, designed
      to selectively engage either integrin, or their combination, were not sufficient
      to establish directional migration. Overall, our study demonstrates adhesive
      coating-dependent regulation of directional persistence in fibroblast migration
      and challenges the generality of the previously suggested role of beta1 and beta3
      integrins in directional migration. 

PMID- 26987349
TI  - Theoretical rationalisation for the mechanism of N-heterocyclic carbene-halide
      reductive elimination at Cu(III), Ag(III) and Au(III).
AB  - Reductive elimination of imidazolium salts from Cu(III) is extremely sensitive to
      the anionic ligand (X or Y) type on Cu (e.g.DeltaG(?) ranges from 4.7 kcal mol(
      1) to 31.8 kcal mol(-1), from chloride to benzyl). Weakly sigma-donating ligands
      dramatically accelerate reductive elimination. Comparison with Ag/Au shows that
      the HOMO energy, strength of M-NHC and M-Y bonds and inherent stability of M(III)
      with respect to M(I) are critical to governing reaction feasibility. 

PMID- 26987347
TI  - Analyzing Health-Related Quality of Life in the EVOLVE Trial: The Joint Impact of
      Treatment and Clinical Events.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Evaluation of Cinacalcet HCl Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular
      Events (EVOLVE) clinical trial evaluated the effects of cinacalcet on clinical
      events in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) who were on
      hemodialysis. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by a generic,
      preference-based health outcome measure (EQ-5D) at scheduled visits and after a
      study event. Here, we report the HRQoL analysis from EVOLVE. METHODS: We assessed
      changes in HRQoL from baseline to scheduled visits, and estimated the acute (3
      mo) and chronic (beyond 3 mo) effects of sHPT-related events on HRQoL using
      generalized estimating equation analysis controlling for baseline HRQoL and
      randomized assignment. RESULTS: Data on HRQoL were available for 3547 of 3883
      subjects, with 1650 events in the placebo and 1502 in the cinacalcet arm. At the
      study end, no difference in change from baseline HRQoL was observed in the direct
      comparison of EQ-5D by treatment arms. The regression analysis showed significant
      effects of events on HRQoL and a modest positive effect of cinacalcet. Estimated
      quality-adjusted life-year gains were of similar magnitude based on the observed
      data or the predictions from the model, with only a small gain in precision from
      the predicted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: By contrast with a conventional comparison,
      a regression analysis demonstrated large decrements in HRQoL after events and a
      modest improvement in HRQoL with cinacalcet. As randomized controlled trials are
      rarely powered to detect differences in HRQoL, a prespecified regression analysis
      may be acceptable to improve precision of the effects and understand their
      origin.

PMID- 26987350
TI  - Novel effect of Daflon and low-dose gamma-radiation in modulation of
      thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in male albino rats.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the hepato and neuroprotective activity of
      Daflon and low-dose gamma radiation on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver damage
      and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in rats. Effect of daily Daflon treatment (100
      mg/kg body weight, Per OS (p.o.) for consecutive 3 days) and/or fractionated low
      dose gamma-radiation (LDR; 0.25 Gy, twice the total dose of 0.5 Gy at the 1st and
      3rd day, respectively) was evaluated against TAA (300 mg/kg, intraperitoneal * 3)
      induced liver damage and HE in rats. Serum aspartate transaminase, alanine
      transaminase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, ammonia, and manganese
      were estimated to evaluate liver function. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) as
      well as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide
      dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were determined to assess antioxidant
      capacity in liver tissue. Moreover, hepatic apoptotic markers (cysteine-dependent
      aspartate-directed proteases 3, 8 (caspase-3, 8) and cytochrome C) were estimated
      to indicate hepatic apoptosis. HE was evaluated through the determination of
      whole brain ammonia, manganese, MDA, GSH, GPX, SOD, CAT, and caspase-3. The
      cognitive and locomotor deficits were assessed via step through passive avoidance
      test, activity cage (actophotometer), gamma-aminobutyric acid, and N-methyl-d
      aspartate/adenosine triphosphate-neuronal nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide
      cyclic guanosine monophosphate axis in rats' cerebella and hippocampi. The
      involvement of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha, aquaporine-4, and matrix
      metalloproteinase 9 in association with the brain water content (%) in the whole
      brain as an index for brain edema was also evaluated. The obtained results showed
      a marked amelioration of the aforementioned biochemical parameters and behavioral
      tasks which is supported by histopathological and immunohistochemical
      examination. It could be concluded that Daflon and LDR afforded hepatoprotection
      and neuroprotection against TAA-induced acute liver damage and HE.

PMID- 26987351
TI  - The healthcare workers' clinical skill set requirements for a uniformed
      international response to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa: the
      Canadian perspective.
AB  - Since December 2013, the Zaire Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic has ravaged
      West Africa. In collaboration with the Public Health Agency of Canada, healthcare
      workers (HCWs) and support staff from the Royal Canadian Medical Services (RCMS)
      of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) were deployed to Kerry Town, Sierra Leone. A
      total of 79 RCMS personnel deployed over the course of the 6-month mission in
      collaboration with the British Armed Forces to support efforts in West Africa.
      The treatment centre was mandated to treat international and local HCWs exposed
      to the infection. The goal of the Ebola virus disease treatment unit (EVDTU) was
      to provide care to affected HCWs and a beacon to attract and engage foreign HCWs
      to work in one of the international non-governmental organisation Ebola treatment
      centres in Sierra Leone. We focus on the CAF experience at the Kerry Town Ebola
      treatment unit in Sierra Leone in particular on the various clinical skill sets
      demonstrated in physicians, nurses and medical technicians deployed to the EVDTU.
      We outline some of the staffing challenges that arose and suggest that the
      necessary clinical skills needed to effectively manage patients with EVD in an
      austere environment can be shared across a small and diverse team of healthcare
      providers. 

PMID- 26987354
TI  - Effects of beta-glucans ingestion (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on metabolism of
      rats receiving high-fat diet.
AB  - We investigated the effects of beta-glucans (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ingestion
      on metabolic parameters of Wistar rats receiving high-fat diet. The experimental
      period was divided into two stages: in the first one, the animals were divided
      into two groups containing 12 animals each. The first group received commercial
      feed and the second received high-fat diet containing 20% of pork fat during 60
      days. At the end of this period, body weight, blood glucose and Lee index were
      assessed. In the second stage, those 24 animals were redivided into four groups:
      (C) - control diet; (CB) - control diet and treated with Beta-glucan (BG); (O) -
      obese animals and (OB) - obese animals treated with BG. Animals from groups CB
      and OB received 30 mg/kg of BG dissolved in saline solution by gavage. Animals
      from groups C and O received only saline solution for 28 days. The design used
      was totally randomized in 2 * 2 factorial scheme. Data were submitted to analysis
      of variance (anova). Animals from OB group showed inferior levels (p < 0.05) of
      total cholesterol (13.33%), triacylglycerols (16.77%) and blood glucose (23.97%)
      when compared to the animals from group O. The use of BG has provided smaller
      increase in Lee index (p < 0.05), without promoting alteration in feed and water
      consumption, organs weight, HDL-C, LDL+VLDL-C, carcass composition, villus/crypt
      ratio, and pancreas, kidney and stomach histology. BG from S. cerevisiae promoted
      beneficial metabolic effects in rats receiving high-fat diet.

PMID- 26987353
TI  - Systemic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantation Prevents Functional Bone Loss
      in a Mouse Model of Age-Related Osteoporosis.
AB  - Age-related osteoporosis is driven by defects in the tissue-resident mesenchymal
      stromal cells (MSCs), a heterogeneous population of musculoskeletal progenitors
      that includes skeletal stem cells. MSC decline leads to reduced bone formation,
      causing loss of bone volume and the breakdown of bony microarchitecture crucial
      to trabecular strength. Furthermore, the low-turnover state precipitated by MSC
      loss leads to low-quality bone that is unable to perform remodeling-mediated
      maintenance--replacing old damaged bone with new healthy tissue. Using minimally
      expanded exogenous MSCs injected systemically into a mouse model of human age
      related osteoporosis, we show long-term engraftment and markedly increased bone
      formation. This led to improved bone quality and turnover and, importantly,
      sustained microarchitectural competence. These data establish proof of concept
      that MSC transplantation may be used to prevent or treat human age-related
      osteoporosis. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that a single dose of minimally
      expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) injected systemically into a mouse
      model of human age-related osteoporosis display long-term engraftment and prevent
      the decline in bone formation, bone quality, and microarchitectural competence.
      This work adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the decline of MSCs
      associated with age-related osteoporosis is a major transformative event in the
      progression of the disease. Furthermore, it establishes proof of concept that MSC
      transplantation may be a viable therapeutic strategy to treat or prevent human
      age-related osteoporosis.

PMID- 26987355
TI  - Macroevolutionary patterns of ultraviolet floral pigmentation explained by
      geography and associated bioclimatic factors.
AB  - Selection driven by biotic interactions can generate variation in floral traits.
      Abiotic selection, however, also contributes to floral diversity, especially with
      respect to patterns of pigmentation. Combining comparative studies of floral
      pigmentation and geography can reveal the bioclimatic factors that may drive
      macroevolutionary patterns of floral color. We create a molecular phylogeny and
      measure ultraviolet (UV) floral pattern for 177 species in the Potentilleae tribe
      (Rosaceae). Species are similar in flower shape and visible color but vary in UV
      floral pattern. We use comparative approaches to determine whether UV
      pigmentation variation is associated with geography and/or bioclimatic features
      (UV-B, precipitation, temperature). Floral UV pattern was present in half of the
      species, while others were uniformly UV-absorbing. Phylogenetic signal was
      detected for presence/absence of pattern, but among patterned species,
      quantitative variation in UV-absorbing area was evolutionarily labile. Uniformly
      UV-absorbing species tended to experience higher UV-B irradiance. Patterned
      species occurring at higher altitudes had larger UV-absorbing petal areas,
      corresponding with low temperature and high UV exposure. This analysis expands
      our understanding of the covariation of UV-B irradiance and UV floral
      pigmentation from within species to that among species, and supports the view
      that abiotic selection is associated with floral diversification among species.

PMID- 26987356
TI  - Comparative analysis of bacterial profiles in unstimulated and stimulated saliva
      samples.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The microbial profiles of stimulated saliva samples
      have been shown to differentiate between patients with periodontitis, patients
      with dental caries, and orally healthy individuals. Saliva was stimulated to
      allow for easy and rapid collection; however, microbial composition may not
      reflect the more natural, unstimulated state. The purpose of this study was to
      validate whether stimulated saliva is an adequate surrogate for unstimulated
      saliva in determining salivary microbiomes. DESIGN: Unstimulated (n=20) and
      stimulated (n=20) saliva samples were collected from 20 orally and systemically
      healthy, non-smoking participants. Salivary bacterial profiles were analyzed by
      means of the Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing
      (HOMINGS), and statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test with
      Benjamini-Hochberg's correction for multiple comparison, cluster analysis,
      principal component analysis, and correspondence analysis. RESULTS: From a total
      of 40 saliva samples, 496 probe targets were identified with a mean number of
      targets per sample of 203 (range: 146-303), and a mean number of probe targets of
      206 and 200 in unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples, respectively (p=0.62).
      Based on all statistical methods used for this study, the microbial profiles of
      unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples collected from the same person were
      not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of bacterial
      salivary profiles in unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples collected from
      the same individual showed comparable results. Thus, the results verify that
      stimulated saliva is an adequate surrogate of unstimulated saliva for microbiome
      related studies.

PMID- 26987357
TI  - Influence of transport conditions and pre-slaughter water shower spray during
      summer on protein characteristics and water distribution of broiler breast meat.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of pre-slaughter transport during summer and
      subsequent water shower spray on broiler meat quality and protein
      characteristics. Arbor Acres broiler chickens (n = 126, 42 days old, mixed sex,
      2.5-3 kg) were randomly categorized into three treatments: (i) control group
      without transport (C); (ii) 30 min transport (T); and (iii) 30 min transport
      followed by 10 min water shower spray and 20 min lairage (T/W). Each treatment
      consisted of six replicates with seven birds each. Ambient temperature was 32-35
      degrees C during transportation. Results indicated that transport during high
      ambient temperature denatured myosin and sarcoplasmic proteins, led to decreased
      protein solubility and resulted in glycogen phosphorylase precipitated to the
      myofibrillar fraction. Furthermore, meat quality in the transport group showed a
      pale, soft and exudative (PSE)-like syndrome. Water shower spray during lairage
      after transport reduced the degree of protein denaturation and lessened the
      deterioration of meat quality.

PMID- 26987352
TI  - Tumor-Free Transplantation of Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
      Progeny for Customized Islet Regeneration.
AB  - Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and derived progeny provide
      invaluable regenerative platforms, yet their clinical translation has been
      compromised by their biosafety concern. Here, we assessed the safety of
      transplanting patient-derived iPSC-generated pancreatic endoderm/progenitor
      cells. Transplantation of progenitors from iPSCs reprogrammed by lentiviral
      vectors (LV-iPSCs) led to the formation of invasive teratocarcinoma-like tumors
      in more than 90% of immunodeficient mice. Moreover, removal of primary tumors
      from LV-iPSC progeny-transplanted hosts generated secondary and metastatic
      tumors. Combined transgene-free (TGF) reprogramming and elimination of residual
      pluripotent cells by enzymatic dissociation ensured tumor-free transplantation,
      ultimately enabling regeneration of type 1 diabetes-specific human islet
      structures in vivo. The incidence of tumor formation in TGF-iPSCs was titratable,
      depending on the oncogenic load, with reintegration of the cMYC expressing vector
      abolishing tumor-free transplantation. Thus, transgene-free cMYC-independent
      reprogramming and elimination of residual pluripotent cells are mandatory steps
      in achieving transplantation of iPSC progeny for customized and safe islet
      regeneration in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE: Pluripotent stem cell therapy for diabetes
      relies on the safety as well as the quality of derived insulin-producing cells.
      Data from this study highlight prominent tumorigenic risks of induced pluripotent
      stem cell (iPSC) products, especially when reprogrammed with integrating vectors.
      Two major underlying mechanisms in iPSC tumorigenicity are residual pluripotent
      cells and cMYC overload by vector integration. This study also demonstrated that
      combined transgene-free reprogramming and enzymatic dissociation allows teratoma
      free transplantation of iPSC progeny in the mouse model in testing the
      tumorigenicity of iPSC products. Further safety assessment and improvement in
      iPSC specification into a mature beta cell phenotype would lead to safe islet
      replacement therapy for diabetes.

PMID- 26987359
TI  - End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring and load band device for mechanical cardio
      pulmonary resuscitation: Never trust the numbers, believe at the curves.

PMID- 26987361
TI  - Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the MRI environment.
AB  - Maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]max) measured by cardiopulmonary
      exercise testing (CPX) is the gold standard for assessment of cardiorespiratory
      fitness. Likewise, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard
      for quantification of cardiac function. The combination of CPX and CMR may offer
      unique insights into cardiopulmonary pathophysiology; however, the MRI-compatible
      equipment needed to combine these tests has not been available to date. We sought
      to determine whether CPX testing in the MRI environment, using equipment modified
      for MRI yields results equivalent to those obtained in standard exercise
      physiology (EP) lab. Ten recreationally trained subjects completed [Formula: see
      text]max tests in different locations; an EP laboratory and an MRI laboratory,
      using site specific equipment. CMR cine images of the heart were acquired before
      and immediately after maximal exercise to measure cardiac function. Subjects in
      all tests met criteria indicating that peak exercise was achieved. Despite
      equipment modifications for the MRI environment, [Formula: see text]max was
      nearly identical between tests run in the different labs (95% lower confidence
      limit (LCL)  =  0.8182). The mean difference in [Formula: see text]max was less
      than 3.40 ml (kg/min)(-1), within the variability expected for tests performed on
      different days, in different locations, using different metabolic carts. MRI
      performed at rest and following peak exercise stress indicated cardiac output
      increased from 5.1  +/-  1.0 l min(-1) to 16.4  +/-  5.6 l min(-1), LVEF
      increased from 65.2  +/-  3.3% to 78.4  +/-  4.8%, while RVEF increased from 52.8
      +/-  5.3% to 63.4  +/-  5.3%. Regression analysis revealed a significant
      positive correlation between [Formula: see text]max and stroke volume (R  = 
      0.788, P  =  0.006), while the correlation with cardiac output did not reach
      statistical significance (R  =  0.505, P  =  0.137). [Formula: see text]max CPX
      testing can be effectively performed in the MRI environment, enabling direct
      combination of physiological data with advanced post-exercise imaging in the same
      test session. 

PMID- 26987360
TI  - Near-infrared light-triggered thermochemotherapy of cancer using a polymer-gold
      nanorod conjugate.
AB  - A biocompatible polymer-gold nanorod (P-AuNR) conjugate was developed as a thermo
      chemotherapeutic nano-sized drug carrier for cancer therapy using near-infrared
      (NIR) light as an external trigger. The amphiphilic polymer, poly(ethylene
      glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) bearing a disulfide bond, was
      prepared using a facile synthetic route via copper(I)-free click chemistry and
      covalently linked to AuNR. The chemical structures and successful conjugation of
      PEG-b-PCL were analyzed using (1)H NMR and FT-IR. Doxorubicin (DOX), a
      hydrophobic anticancer drug, was effectively loaded into the hydrophobic PCL
      domain of P-AuNR through a simple dialysis method. P-AuNR showed longitudinal
      plasmon resonance absorption at the NIR region, thus generating heat under
      irradiation at 808 nm. Interestingly, exposure of P-AuNRs to NIR induced a
      structural change in the PCL block from a crystalline to an amorphous state,
      leading to the temporally controlled release of DOX. No significant release of
      DOX was observed from P-AuNRs under physiological conditions (pH 7.4), whereas
      the release rate of DOX was remarkably enhanced in response to NIR irradiation.
      In vitro cellular experiments to assess cytotoxicity and intracellular drug
      release behavior of DOX-P-AuNRs demonstrated that the release of DOX could be
      selectively regulated by NIR irradiation. Overall, DOX-P-AuNRs might have the
      potential to overcome the indiscriminate toxicity of free DOX. 

PMID- 26987362
TI  - Molecular Packing Determines Charge Separation in a Liquid Crystalline
      Bisthiophene-Perylene Diimide Donor-Acceptor Material.
AB  - Combined electronic structure and quantum dynamical calculations are employed to
      investigate charge separation in a novel class of covalently bound bisthiophene
      perylene diimide type donor-acceptor (DA) co-oligomer aggregates. In an earlier
      spectroscopic study of this DA system in a smectic liquid crystalline (LC) film,
      efficient and ultrafast (subpicosecond) initial charge separation was found to be
      followed by rapid recombination. By comparison, the same DA system in solution
      exhibits ultrafast resonant energy transfer followed by slower (picosecond scale)
      charge separation. The present first-principles study explains these contrasting
      observations, highlighting the role of an efficient intermolecular charge
      transfer pathway that results from the molecular packing in the LC phase. Despite
      the efficiency of this primary charge-transfer step, long-range charge separation
      is impeded by a comparatively high Coulomb barrier in conjunction with small
      electron- and hole-transfer integrals. Quantum dynamical calculations are carried
      out for a fragment-based model Hamiltonian, parametrized by ab initio second
      order Algebraic Diagrammatic Construction (ADC(2)) and Time-Dependent Density
      Functional Theory (TDDFT) electronic structure calculations. Simulations of
      coherent vibronic quantum dynamics for up to 156 electronic states and 48 modes
      are performed using the Multi-Layer Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree
      (ML-MCTDH) method. Excellent agreement with experimentally determined charge
      separation time scales is obtained, and the spatially coherent nature of the
      dynamics is analyzed. 

PMID- 26987358
TI  - Factors associated with malaria chemoprophylaxis compliance among French service
      members deployed in Central African Republic.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria is a public health concern in the French armed forces, with
      400-800 cases reported every year and three deaths in the past 2 years. However,
      lack of chemoprophylaxis (CP) compliance is often reported among service members.
      The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with CP compliance.
      METHODS: A retrospective study (1296 service members) was carried out among
      troops deployed in Central African Republic. Determinants of CP were collected by
      self-questionnaire. Socio-demographic variables, behavioural characteristics,
      belief variables, operational determinants such as troops in contact (TIC) and
      number of nights worked per week and peer-to-peer reinforcement were studied.
      Relationships between covariates and compliance were explored using logistic
      regressions (outcome: compliance as a dummy variable). RESULTS: Chemoprophylaxis
      compliance was associated with other individual preventive measures against
      mosquito bites (bed net use, OR (odds ratio) = 1.41 (95% CI [1.08-1.84]), and
      insecticide on clothing, OR = 1.90 ([1.43-2.51]) and malaria-related behaviours
      (taking chemoprophylaxis at the same time every day, OR = 2.37 ([1.17-4.78]) and
      taking chemoprophylaxis with food, OR = 1.45 ([1.11-1.89])). High perceived risk
      of contracting malaria, OR = 1.59 ([1.02-2.50]), positive perception of CP
      effectiveness, OR = 1.62 ([1.09-2.40]) and the practice of peer-to-peer
      reinforcement, OR = 1.38 ([1.05-1.82]) were also associated with better
      compliance. No association was found with TIC and number of nights worked.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study, which shows a positive relationship between peer-to-peer
      reinforcement and CP compliance, also suggests the existence of two main
      personality profiles among service members: those who seek risks and those who
      are health-conscious. Health education should be expanded beyond knowledge, know
      how and motivational factors by using a comprehensive approach based on
      identification of health determinants, development of psychosocial skills and
      peer-to-peer reinforcement.

PMID- 26987364
TI  - Impact of elastin incorporation into electrochemically aligned collagen fibers on
      mechanical properties and smooth muscle cell phenotype.
AB  - Application of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) for the replacement of
      small-diameter arteries is limited due to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia.
      Previous studies have attempted to address the limitations of TEVGs by developing
      scaffolds that mimic the composition (collagen and elastin) of native arteries to
      better match the mechanical properties of the graft with the native tissue.
      However, most existing scaffolds do not recapitulate the aligned topography of
      the collagen fibers found in native vessels. In the current study, based on the
      principles of isoelectric focusing, two different types of elastin (soluble and
      insoluble) were incorporated into highly oriented electrochemically aligned
      collagen (ELAC) fibers and the effect of elastin incorporation on the mechanical
      properties of the ELAC fibers and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype was
      investigated. The results indicate that elastin incorporation significantly
      decreased the modulus of ELAC fibers to converge upon that of native vessels.
      Further, a significant increase in yield strain and decrease in Young's modulus
      was observed on all fibers post SMC culture compared with before the culture.
      Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed a significant increase in the
      expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and calponin on ELAC fibers with
      insoluble elastin, suggesting that incorporation of insoluble elastin induces a
      contractile phenotype in SMCs after two weeks of culture on ELAC fibers.
      Immunofluorescence results showed that calponin expression increased with time on
      all fibers. In conclusion, insoluble elastin incorporated ELAC fibers have the
      potential to be used for the development of functional TEVGs for the repair and
      replacement of small-diameter arteries. 

PMID- 26987363
TI  - A Chemical Controller of SNARE-Driven Membrane Fusion That Primes Vesicles for
      Ca(2+)-Triggered Millisecond Exocytosis.
AB  - Membrane fusion is mediated by the SNARE complex which is formed through a
      zippering process. Here, we developed a chemical controller for the progress of
      membrane fusion. A hemifusion state was arrested by a polyphenol myricetin which
      binds to the SNARE complex. The arrest of membrane fusion was rescued by an
      enzyme laccase that removes myricetin from the SNARE complex. The rescued
      hemifusion state was metastable and long-lived with a decay constant of 39 min.
      This membrane fusion controller was applied to delineate how Ca(2+) stimulates
      fusion-pore formation in a millisecond time scale. We found, using a single
      vesicle fusion assay, that such myricetin-primed vesicles with synaptotagmin 1
      respond synchronously to physiological concentrations of Ca(2+). When 10 MUM
      Ca(2+) was added to the hemifused vesicles, the majority of vesicles rapidly
      advanced to fusion pores with a time constant of 16.2 ms. Thus, the results
      demonstrate that a minimal exocytotic membrane fusion machinery composed of
      SNAREs and synaptotagmin 1 is capable of driving membrane fusion in a millisecond
      time scale when a proper vesicle priming is established. The chemical controller
      of SNARE-driven membrane fusion should serve as a versatile tool for
      investigating the differential roles of various synaptic proteins in discrete
      fusion steps. 

PMID- 26987366
TI  - Talking about cross-talk: the immune system and the microbiome.
AB  - A report on the first EMBO conference entitled "Next Gen Immunology-From Host
      Genome to the Microbiome: Immunity in the Genomic Era", held at the Weizmann
      Institute of Science, Israel, 14-16 February, 2016. 

PMID- 26987365
TI  - Barraquer-Simons syndrome: a rare form of acquired lipodystrophy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human lipodystrophies are uncommon disorders, with important clinical
      consequences, which are often undiagnosed. The Barraquer-Simons syndrome is a
      form of partial symmetric lipodystrophy of unknown etiology, characterized by the
      loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue, limited to upper part of the body. Insulin
      resistance and metabolic complications are less common than with other
      lipodystrophy subtypes. Patients usually have decreased serum complement
      component 3 levels, associated with complement activation by the alternative
      pathway, which may indicate the presence of renal involvement. CASE PRESENTATION:
      The authors report a case of a 31-year-old woman with progressive loss of
      subcutaneous fat, limited to the face, neck and thorax. She presented no severe
      metabolic complications, neither signs of insulin resistance. Laboratory tests
      revealed mild dyslipidemia, and low serum levels of complement-component 3.
      Clinical and biochemical characteristics were consistent with the diagnosis of
      Barraquer-Simons syndrome. CONCLUSION: The present case illustrates the
      importance of recognizing the clinical features of this lipodystrophic syndrome,
      which may present potentially severe consequences and psychological distress. A
      brief overview is made, addressing the clinical signs of the disease, its course,
      and how to manage it.

PMID- 26987367
TI  - Prevalence of plasmid-bearing and plasmid-free Chlamydia trachomatis infection
      among women who visited obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Malaysia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The 7.5 kb cryptic plasmid of Chlamydia trachomatis has been shown to
      be a virulence factor in animal models, but its significance in humans still
      remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and
      potential involvement of the C. trachomatis cryptic plasmid in causing various
      clinical manifestations; including infertility, reproductive tract disintegrity,
      menstrual disorder, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) among genital C.
      trachomatis-infected patients. RESULTS: A total of 180 female patients of child
      bearing age (mean 30.9 years old, IQR:27-35) with gynecological complications and
      subfertility issues, who visited Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics in Kuala
      Lumpur, Malaysia were recruited for the study. Prevalence of genital chlamydial
      infection among these patients was alarmingly high at 51.1% (92/180). Of the 92
      chlamydia-infected patients, 93.5% (86/92) were infected with plasmid-bearing (+)
      C. trachomatis while the remaining 6.5% (6/92) were caused by the plasmid-free (
      ) variant. Our data showed that genital C. trachomatis infection was associated
      with infertility issues, inflammation in the reproductive tract (mucopurulent
      cervicitis or endometriosis), irregular menstrual cycles and polycystic ovarian
      syndrome (PCOS). However, no statistical significance was detected among patients
      with plasmid (+) versus plasmid (-) C. trachomatis infection. Interestingly,
      plasmid (+) C. trachomatis was detected in all patients with PCOS, and the
      plasmid copy numbers were significantly higher among PCOS patients, relative to
      non-PCOS patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings show a high incidence of C.
      trachomatis infection among women with infertility or gynecological problems in
      Malaysia. However, due to the low number of plasmid (-) C. trachomatis cases, a
      significant role of the plasmid in causing virulence in human requires further
      investigation of a larger cohort.

PMID- 26987368
TI  - Engaging with community-based public and private mid-level providers for
      promoting the use of modern contraceptive methods in rural Pakistan: results from
      two innovative birth spacing interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Family planning (FP) interventions aimed at reducing population
      growth have negligible during the last two decades in Pakistan. Innovative FP
      interventions that help reduce the growing population burden are the need of the
      hour. Marie Stopes Society--Pakistan implemented an operational research project-
      'Evidence for Innovating to Save Lives', to explore effective and viable
      intervention models that can promote healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy in
      rural and under-served communities of Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
      provinces of Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental (pre- and post
      intervention with control arm) study to assess the effectiveness of each of the
      two intervention models, (1) Suraj model (meaning 'Sun' in English), which uses
      social franchises (SF) along with a demand-side financing (DSF) approach using
      free vouchers, and (2) Community Midwife (CMW) model, in promoting the use of
      modern contraceptive methods compared to respective controls. Baseline and
      endline cross-sectional household surveys were conducted, 24 months apart, by
      recruiting 5566 and 6316 married women of reproductive age (MWRA) respectively.
      We used Stata version 8 to report the net effect of interventions on outcome
      indicators using difference-in-differences analysis. Multivariate Cox
      proportional hazard regression analysis was used to assess the net effect of the
      intervention on current contraceptive use, keeping time constant and adjusting
      for other variables in the model. RESULTS: The Suraj model was effective in
      significantly increasing awareness about FP methods among MWRA by 14% percentage
      points, current contraceptive use by 5% percentage points and long term modern
      method--intrauterine device (IUD) use by 6% percentage points. The CMW model
      significantly increased contraceptive awareness by 28% percentage points, ever
      use of contraceptives by 7% percentage points and, IUD use by 3% percentage
      points. Additionally the Suraj intervention led to a 35% greater prevalence
      (prevalence ratio: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.22-1.50) of contraceptive use among MWRA.
      CONCLUSION: Suraj intervention highlights the importance of embedding subsidized
      FP services within the communities of the beneficiaries. The outcomes of the CMW
      intervention also improved the use of long-term contraceptives. These findings
      indicate the necessity of designing and implementing FP initiatives involving
      local mid-level providers to expand contraceptive coverage in under-served areas.

PMID- 26987369
TI  - Cocaine self-administration differentially affects allosteric A2A-D2 receptor
      receptor interactions in the striatum. Relevance for cocaine use disorder.
AB  - In the current study behavioral and biochemical experiments were performed to
      study changes in the allosteric A2AR-D2R interactions in the ventral and dorsal
      striatum after cocaine self-administration versus corresponding yoked saline
      control. By using ex vivo [(3)H]-raclopride/quinpirole competition experiments,
      the effects of the A2AR agonist CGS 21680 (100 nM) on the KiH and KiL values of
      the D2-like receptor (D2-likeR) were determined. One major result was a
      significant reduction in the D2-likeR agonist high affinity state observed with
      CGS 21680 after cocaine self-administration in the ventral striatum compared with
      the yoked saline group. The results therefore support the hypothesis that A2AR
      agonists can at least in part counteract the motivational actions of cocaine.
      This action is mediated via the D2-likeR by targeting the A2AR protomer of A2AR
      D2-like R heteroreceptor complexes in the ventral striatum, which leads to the
      reduction of D2-likeR protomer recognition through the allosteric receptor
      receptor interaction. In contrast, in the dorsal striatum the CGS 21680-induced
      antagonistic modulation in the D2-likeR agonist high affinity state was abolished
      after cocaine self-administration versus the yoked saline group probably due to a
      local dysfunction/disruption of the A2AR-D2-like R heteroreceptor complexes. Such
      a change in the dorsal striatum in cocaine self-administration can contribute to
      the development of either locomotor sensitization, habit-forming learning and/or
      the compulsive drug seeking by enhanced D2-likeR protomer signaling. Potential
      differences in the composition and stoichiometry of the A2AR-D2R heteroreceptor
      complexes, including differential recruitment of sigma 1 receptor, in the ventral
      and dorsal striatum may explain the differential regional changes observed in the
      A2A-D2-likeR interactions after cocaine self-administration.

PMID- 26987370
TI  - Depression-like behaviors in tree shrews and comparison of the effects of
      treatment with fluoxetine and carbetocin.
AB  - Tree shrews, a species phylogenetically close to primates, are regarded as a
      suitable and naturalistic animal model for depression studies. However,
      psychological symptoms that are essential for depression diagnosis and treatment,
      such as helplessness and social withdrawal, have not been studied in this model.
      Therefore, in this study, we first investigated learned helplessness, social
      interaction and sucrose preference induced by two chronic stress paradigms:
      uncontrollable foot shocks (1-week foot shocks) and multiple unpredictable
      stimuli (1-week foot shocks and 3-week unpredictable stressors) in tree shrews.
      Our results showed that uncontrollable foot shocks could only induce learned
      helplessness in animals; whereas animals treated with multiple unpredictable
      stimuli exhibited more depression-like behaviors including social withdrawal,
      anhedonia and learned helplessness. These findings suggested that multiple
      unpredictable stimuli could effectively induce various depression-like behaviors
      in tree shrews. More importantly, we compared the antidepressant effects of
      fluoxetine and carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analog, on specific depression
      like behaviors. Our present data displayed that, compared with fluoxetine,
      carbetocin was also effective in reversing learned helplessness, elevating
      sucrose preference and improving social interaction behaviors in depression-like
      animals. Therefore, carbetocin might be a potential antidepressant with
      applications in humans.

PMID- 26987371
TI  - 6-Gingerol inhibits Vibrio cholerae-induced proinflammatory cytokines in
      intestinal epithelial cells via modulation of NF-kappaB.
AB  - Context The effect of 6-gingerol (6G), the bioactive component of Zingiber
      officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), in the reduction of Vibrio cholerae
      (Vibrionaceae)-induced inflammation has not yet been reported. Materials and
      methods Cell viability assay was performed to determine the working concentration
      of 6G. Elisa and RT-PCR were performed with Int 407 cells treated with 50 MUM 6G
      and 100 multiplicity of infection (MOI) V. cholerae for 0, 2, 3, 3.5, 6 and 8 h
      to determine the concentration of IL-8, IL-6, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in both
      protein and RNA levels. Furthermore, the effect of 50 MUM 6G on upstream MAP
      kinases and NF-kappaB signalling pathways was evaluated at 0, 10, 15, 30, 60 and
      90 min. Results The effective dose (ED50) value of 6G was found to be 50 MUM as
      determined by cell viability assay. Pre-treatment with 50 MUM 6G reduced V.
      cholerae infection-triggered levels of IL-8, IL-6, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta by 3.2
      fold in the protein level and two-fold in the RNA level at 3.5 h. The levels of
      MAP-kinases signalling molecules like p38 and ERK1/2 were also reduced by two-
      and three-fold, respectively, after 30 min of treatment. Additionally, there was
      an increase in phosphorylated IkappaBalpha and down-regulation of p65 resulting
      in down-regulation of NF-kappaB pathway. Conclusion Our results showed that 6G
      could modulate the anti-inflammatory responses triggered by V. cholerae-induced
      infection in intestinal epithelial cells by modulating NF-kappaB pathway. 

PMID- 26987373
TI  - The prevalence and significance of thoracic findings in patients undergoing
      extended coverage computed tomography for assessment of abdominal aortic
      aneurysms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Many major vascular centres, including ours, incorporate coverage of
      the thoracic aorta in CT scans evaluating abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs)
      (extended coverage contrast-enhanced CT (EC-CECT) scan]. We sought to determine
      the prevalence of thoracic pathology in a large consecutive series of patients
      with AAA undergoing EC-CECT. METHODS: All patients who underwent EC-CECT for AAA
      between April 2013 and 2014 were identified from our radiology information
      system. Reports were retrospectively reviewed and for each study, sex, age and
      reported thoracic aortic and other non-vascular findings were extracted. Findings
      were initially categorized into "major" or "minor" depending on if they were
      mentioned in the report impression/conclusion. Any major thoracic pathology was
      termed "significant" if there was a new diagnosis/patient
      intervention/investigation and a change in patient management. RESULTS: Of the
      150 scans included in the study, 97 (65%) had at least one thoracic finding.
      These findings included 24 scans (16%) with major findings and 73 scans (48%)
      with minor findings. In 13 scans (9%), the findings were significant and resulted
      in a delay (n = 11) or cancellation (n = 2) of AAA repair. CONCLUSION: Pre
      procedural EC-CECT helps to identify significant intrathoracic findings in
      patients with AAA, which can have a major impact on AAA repair. This study
      supports the routine use of pre-procedural EC-CECT in planning AAA repair.
      ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This study describes the prevalence of significant
      thoracic pathology, which can impact on AAA repair. This information could
      potentially change the pre-procedure imaging protocol for patients with AAA.

PMID- 26987372
TI  - Awareness, treatment and control of type 2 diabetes among Chinese elderly and its
      changing trend for past decade.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the awareness, treatment, control rate of
      type 2 diabetes and its risk factors among Chinese community elderly, and also
      examine the changing trend for the past decade. METHODS: We conducted two
      population-based cross-sectional studies in a representative urban area of
      Beijing in 2001 and 2010 respectively, using with the same method. A total of
      2,277 participants (943 male, 1,334 female) in 2001 and 2,102 participants (848
      male, 1,254 female) in 2010 were recruited. All the participants diagnosed with
      diabetes were included in this study. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes was
      21.4% and 24.8% in 2001 and 2010 respectively. Among participants with diabetes,
      74.2% were aware of the condition, 51.0% were treated, 20.1% well controlled the
      condition in 2001, and the corresponding rates were 78.5%, 69.3%,15.9% in 2010
      respectively. Higher education level and a positive family history were related
      to better management of diabetes, while obesity and alcohol drinking showed a
      reverse direction. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and awareness of diabetes stayed
      high for the past decade. The treatment increased 18.3% while the control rate
      decreased among community elderly for the past 10 years. It's urgent to carry out
      effective measures to raise awareness, treatment, and control rate of diabetes in
      order to avoid growing disease burden in China.

PMID- 26987375
TI  - Connectivity to the 'four corners of the world'.

PMID- 26987374
TI  - Quantification of epicardial adipose tissue in coronary calcium score and CT
      coronary angiography image data sets: comparison of attenuation values, thickness
      and volumes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare epicardial adipose tissue (EAT)
      characteristics assessed with coronary calcium score (CS) and CT coronary
      angiography (CTCA) image data sets. METHODS: In 76 patients (mean age 59 +/- 13
      years) who underwent CS and CTCA owing to suspected coronary artery disease
      (CAD), EAT was quantified in terms of density (Hounsfield units), thickness and
      volume. The EAT volume was extracted with a semi-automatic software. RESULTS: A
      moderate correlation was found between EAT density in CS and CTCA image data sets
      (-100 +/- 19 HU vs -70 +/- 24 HU; p < 0.05, r = 0.55). The distribution of EAT
      was not symmetrical with a maximal thickness at the right atrioventricular groove
      (14.2 +/- 5.3 mm in CS, 15.7 +/- 5 mm in CTCA; p > 0.05, r = 0.76). The EAT
      volume resulted as 122 +/- 50 cm(3) in CS and 86 +/- 40 cm(3) in CTCA (Delta =
      30%, p < 0.05, r = 0.92). After adjustment for post-contrast EAT attenuation
      difference (Delta = 30 HU), the volume was 101 +/- 47 cm(3) (Delta = 17%, p <
      0.05, r = 0.92). Based on EAT volume median values, no differences were found
      between groups with smaller and larger volumes in terms of Agatston score and CAD
      severity. CONCLUSION: CS and CTCA image data sets may be equally employed for EAT
      assessment; however, an underestimation of volume is found with the latter
      acquisition even after post-contrast attenuation adjustment. ADVANCES IN
      KNOWLEDGE: EAT may be measured by processing either the CS or CTCA image data
      sets.

PMID- 26987376
TI  - Rosuvastatin vs. protease inhibitor switching for hypercholesterolaemia: a
      randomized trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of
      rosuvastatin initiation with those of switching of ritonavir-boosted protease
      inhibitors (PI/rs) in HIV-1-infected adults with hypercholesterolaemia and
      increased cardiovascular risk scores. METHODS: In this open-label, multicentre
      study, HIV-1-infected adults on PI/r-based therapy with viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA
      copies/mL, fasting total cholesterol >= 5.5 mmol/L (both for >= 6 months) and
      elevated cardiovascular risk (Framingham score >= 8% or diabetes or family
      history), and not on lipid-lowering therapy, were randomized to open-label
      rosuvastatin 10 mg/day or to PI/r switching, both with standardized diet/exercise
      advice. The primary endpoint was change in total cholesterol at week 12
      (intention to treat). RESULTS: There were 43 participants (23 on rosuvastatin).
      Baseline characteristics were: mean [+/- standard deviation (SD)] age 55 (8.5)
      years, 42 (98%) male, 41 (95%) white race, and mean (+/- SD) total cholesterol
      6.2 (1.2) mmol/L. At enrolment, PI/rs were lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 22; 51%),
      atazanavir/ritonavir (n = 12; 28%) and darunavir/ritonavir (n = 9; 21%). The
      commonest PI/r substitutes were raltegravir (n = 9; 45%) and rilpivirine (n = 4;
      20%). All participants were adherent through to week 12. Rosuvastatin yielded
      greater declines than PI/r switching in total (- 21.4% vs. - 8.7%, respectively;
      P = 0.003) and low-density lipoprotein (- 29.9% vs. - 1.0%, respectively; P <
      0.001) cholesterol, but smaller declines in very low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.01). Cholesterol lowering was greater in
      participants on atazanavir/ritonavir or once-daily darunavir/ritonavir (vs.
      lopinavir/ritonavir). More study drug-related adverse events (mostly grade 1
      nausea/diarrhoea; 10 vs. one, respectively; P = 0.001) occurred with PI/r
      switching than with rosuvastatin. CONCLUSIONS: In adults receiving a PI/r,
      rosuvastatin 10 mg/day for 12 weeks yielded larger decreases in total and low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol than PI/r switching, and was better tolerated.

PMID- 26987377
TI  - Comprehensive European dietary exposure model (CEDEM) for food additives.
AB  - European methods for assessing dietary exposures to nutrients, additives and
      other substances in food are limited by the availability of detailed food
      consumption data for all member states. A proposed comprehensive European dietary
      exposure model (CEDEM) applies summary data published by the European Food Safety
      Authority (EFSA) in a deterministic model based on an algorithm from the EFSA
      intake method for food additives. The proposed approach can predict estimates of
      food additive exposure provided in previous EFSA scientific opinions that were
      based on the full European food consumption database. 

PMID- 26987378
TI  - Towards a methodology to formulate sustainable diets for livestock: accounting
      for environmental impact in diet formulation.
AB  - The objective of this study was to develop a novel methodology that enables pig
      diets to be formulated explicitly for environmental impact objectives using a
      Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. To achieve this, the following
      methodological issues had to be addressed: (1) account for environmental impacts
      caused by both ingredient choice and nutrient excretion, (2) formulate diets for
      multiple environmental impact objectives and (3) allow flexibility to identify
      the optimal nutritional composition for each environmental impact objective. An
      LCA model based on Canadian pig farms was integrated into a diet formulation tool
      to compare the use of different ingredients in Eastern and Western Canada. By
      allowing the feed energy content to vary, it was possible to identify the optimum
      energy density for different environmental impact objectives, while accounting
      for the expected effect of energy density on feed intake. A least-cost diet was
      compared with diets formulated to minimise the following objectives: non
      renewable resource use, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global
      warming potential and a combined environmental impact score (using these four
      categories). The resulting environmental impacts were compared using parallel
      Monte Carlo simulations to account for shared uncertainty. When optimising diets
      to minimise a single environmental impact category, reductions in the said
      category were observed in all cases. However, this was at the expense of
      increasing the impact in other categories and higher dietary costs. The
      methodology can identify nutritional strategies to minimise environmental
      impacts, such as increasing the nutritional density of the diets, compared with
      the least-cost formulation. 

PMID- 26987379
TI  - Role of enterohepatic recirculation in drug disposition: cooperation and
      complications.
AB  - Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) concerns many physiological processes and
      notably affects pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma half-life and AUC as
      well as estimates of bioavailability of drugs. Also, EHC plays a detrimental role
      as the compounds/drugs are allowed to recycle. An in-depth comprehension of this
      phenomenon and its consequences on the pharmacological effects of affected drugs
      is important and decisive in the design and development of new candidate drugs.
      EHC of a compound/drug occurs by biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption,
      sometimes with hepatic conjugation and intestinal deconjugation. EHC leads to
      prolonged elimination half-life of the drugs, altered pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics. Study of the EHC of any drug is complicated due to
      unavailability of the apposite model, sophisticated procedures and ethical
      concerns. Different in vitro and in vivo methods for studies in experimental
      animals and humans have been devised, each having its own merits and demerits.
      Involvement of the different transporters in biliary excretion, intra- and inter
      species, pathological and biochemical variabilities obscure the study of the
      phenomenon. Modeling of drugs undergoing EHC has always been intricate and
      exigent models have been exploited to interpret the pharmacokinetic profiles of
      drugs witnessing multiple peaks due to EHC. Here, we critically appraise the
      mechanisms of bile formation, factors affecting biliary drug elimination, methods
      to estimate biliary excretion of drugs, EHC, multiple peak phenomenon and its
      modeling.

PMID- 26987380
TI  - Apigenin ameliorates hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and down-regulates
      cardiac hypoxia inducible factor-lalpha in rats.
AB  - Apigenin is a natural flavonoid compound that can inhibit hypoxia-inducible
      factor (HIF)-1alpha expression in cultured tumor cells under hypoxic conditions.
      Hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy is always accompanied by abnormal
      myocardial glucolipid metabolism due to an increase of HIF-1alpha. However,
      whether or not apigenin may ameliorate the cardiac hypertrophy and abnormal
      myocardial glucolipid metabolism remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the
      effects of apigenin. Rats with cardiac hypertrophy induced by renovascular
      hypertension were treated with apigenin 50-100 mg kg(-1) (the doses can be
      achieved by pharmacological or dietary supplementation for an adult person) by
      gavage for 4 weeks. The results showed that after treatment with apigenin, the
      blood pressure, heart weight, heart weight index, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional
      area, serum angiotensin II, and serum and myocardial free fatty acids were
      reduced. It is important to note that apigenin decreased the expression level of
      myocardial HIF-1alpha protein. Moreover, apigenin simultaneously increased the
      expression levels of myocardial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
      alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
      (PDK)-4 proteins and decreased the expression levels of myocardial PPARgamma,
      glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase genes (GPAT), and glucose transporter (GLUT)
      4 proteins. These findings demonstrated that apigenin could improve hypertensive
      cardiac hypertrophy and abnormal myocardial glucolipid metabolism in rats, and
      its mechanisms might be associated with the down-regulation of myocardial HIF
      1alpha expression and, subsequently increasing the expressions of myocardial
      PPARalpha and its target genes CPT-1 and PDK-4, and decreasing the expressions of
      myocardial PPARgamma and its target genes GPAT and GLUT-4. 

PMID- 26987381
TI  - Characterization of exhaled breath particles collected by an electret filter
      technique.
AB  - Aerosol particles that are present in exhaled breath carry nonvolatile components
      and have gained interest as a specimen for potential biomarkers. Nonvolatile
      compounds detected in exhaled breath include both endogenous and exogenous
      compounds. The aim of this study was to study particles collected with a new,
      simple and convenient filter technique. Samples of breath were collected from
      healthy volunteers from approximately 30 l of exhaled air. Particles were counted
      with an optical particle counter and two phosphatidylcholines were measured by
      liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, phosphatidylcholines
      and methadone was analysed in breath from patients in treatment with methadone
      and oral fluid was collected with the Quantisal device. The results demonstrated
      that the majority of particles are  <1 MUm in size and that the fraction of
      larger particle contributes most to the total mass. The phosphatidylcholine PC(16
      : 0/16 : 0) dominated over PC(16 : 0/18 : 1) and represented a major constituent
      of the particles. The concentration of the PC(16 : 0/16 : 0) homolog was
      significantly correlated (p  <  0.001) with total mass. From the low
      concentration of the two phosphatidylcholines and their relative abundance in
      oral fluid a major contribution from the oral cavity could be ruled out. The
      concentration of PC(16 : 0/16 : 0) in breath was positively correlated with age
      (p  <  0.01). An attempt to use PC(16 : 0/16 : 0) as a sample size indicator for
      methadone was not successful, as the large intra-individual variability between
      samplings even increased after normalization. In conclusion, it was demonstrated
      that exhaled breath sampled with the filter device represents a specimen
      corresponding to surfactant. The possible use of PC(16 : 0/16 : 0) as a sample
      size indicator was supported and deserves further investigations. We propose that
      the direct and selective collection of the breath aerosol particles is a
      promising strategy for measurement of nonvolatiles in breath. 

PMID- 26987382
TI  - Bi(iii) polybromides: a new chapter in coordination chemistry of bismuth.
AB  - A new family of bismuth coordination compounds - Bi(iii) polybromides - is
      introduced. Four representatives of this class - (N-EtPy)3[Bi2Br9](Br2)2 (1), (4
      MePyH)3[Bi2Br9](Br2) (2), (H2bpe){[BiBr5]}(Br2) (3) and
      (BPB)2[BiBr5(Br3)](Br3)(Br2) (4) - were obtained in a simple way from HBr
      solutions of BiBr3 with added Br2, highlighting the diversity of the structural
      types in the new family of complexes. 

PMID- 26987383
TI  - Graphene-Molybdenum Disulfide-Graphene Tunneling Junctions with Large-Area
      Synthesized Materials.
AB  - Tunneling devices based on vertical heterostructures of graphene and other 2D
      materials can overcome the low on-off ratios typically observed in planar
      graphene field-effect transistors. This study addresses the impact of processing
      conditions on two-dimensional materials in a fully integrated heterostructure
      device fabrication process. In this paper, graphene-molybdenum disulfide-graphene
      tunneling heterostructures were fabricated using only large-area synthesized
      materials, unlike previous studies that used small exfoliated flakes. The MoS2
      tunneling barrier is either synthesized on a sacrificial substrate and
      transferred to the bottom-layer graphene or synthesized directly on CVD graphene.
      The presence of graphene was shown to have no impact on the quality of the grown
      MoS2. The thickness uniformity of MoS2 grown on graphene and SiO2 was found to be
      1.8 +/- 0.22 nm. XPS and Raman spectroscopy are used to show how the MoS2
      synthesis process introduces defects into the graphene structure by incorporating
      sulfur into the graphene. The incorporation of sulfur was shown to be greatly
      reduced in the absence of molybdenum suggesting molybdenum acts as a catalyst for
      sulfur incorporation. Tunneling simulations based on the Bardeen transfer
      Hamiltonian were performed and compared to the experimental tunneling results.
      The simulations show the use of MoS2 as a tunneling barrier suppresses
      contributions to the tunneling current from the conduction band. This is a result
      of the observed reduction of electron conduction within the graphene sheets. 

PMID- 26987385
TI  - Fullerenic particles for the growth of carbon nanowall-like flowers on multilayer
      graphene.
AB  - Carbon nanowalls (CNWs) are composed of stacks of planar graphene layers with
      open edges that grow almost vertically on a substrate. Their morphology makes
      them a promising material for field emission, batteries, light absorbers and
      enhanced detectors for electrochemical and gas sensors. However, three main
      challenges prevent the fast development of CNWs: the synthesis is energetically
      demanding, poorly transferable to suitable substrates, and the growth mechanism
      is not understood. Here, we present a simple method to grow carbon nanowall-like
      flowers on multilayer graphene through fullerenic particles using thermal CVD and
      copper. The hydrophobicity of the fabricated hybrid material facilitates its
      transfer to any substrate. Our findings can boost the understanding of the
      physical properties and the practical applicability of CNWs. At the same time,
      our work is a concrete example of the role of multilayer graphene as a platform
      to one-step synthesis of new transferable graphenic materials. 

PMID- 26987384
TI  - Monodisperse polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel microsphere formation by
      oxygen-controlled photopolymerization in a microfluidic device.
AB  - PEG-based hydrogels have become widely used as drug delivery and tissue
      scaffolding materials. Common among PEG hydrogel-forming polymers are
      photopolymerizable acrylates such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA).
      Microfluidics and microfabrication technologies have recently enabled the
      miniaturization of PEGDA structures, thus enabling many possible applications for
      nano- and micro- structured hydrogels. The presence of oxygen, however,
      dramatically inhibits the photopolymerization of PEGDA, which in turn frustrates
      hydrogel formation in environments of persistently high oxygen concentration.
      Using PEGDA that has been emulsified in fluorocarbon oil via microfluidic flow
      focusing within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices, we show that polymerization
      is completely inhibited below critical droplet diameters. By developing an
      integrated model incorporating reaction kinetics and oxygen diffusion, we
      demonstrate that the critical droplet diameter is largely determined by the
      oxygen transport rate, which is dictated by the oxygen saturation concentration
      of the continuous oil phase. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we present
      a nitrogen micro-jacketed microfluidic device to reduce oxygen within the
      droplet, enabling the continuous on-chip photopolymerization of microscale PEGDA
      particles. 

PMID- 26987386
TI  - Medical students' self-efficacy in problem-based learning and its relationship
      with self-regulated learning.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Problem-based learning (PBL) is most commonly used in medical
      education to enhance self-regulated learning (SRL) skills. Self-efficacy beliefs
      affect students' motivation through self-regulatory processes. The purpose of
      this study is to examine the relationship between medical students' self-reported
      SRL skills and their self-efficacy in PBL. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was
      conducted with second (286; 83.1%) and third (275; 80.2%) year students at the
      Ankara University School of Medicine. The SRL perception (SRLP) scale and self
      efficacy for problem-based learning (SPBL) scale were used in the study. RESULTS:
      The SRLP subscales were positively correlated with the SPBL subscales. There was
      a weak but meaningful correlation between the subscales of SRLP (with the
      exception of the lack of self-directedness scale) and the subscales of SPBL and
      the students' views on benefiting from PBL. The female students' mean score was
      higher for the 'planning and goal setting' subscale of SRLP (p=0.017), and the
      second-year students' mean score was higher than that of the third-year students
      for the 'lack of self-directedness' subscale of SRLP (p=0.001) with small effect
      sizes (Cohen's d is 0.17 and 0.27). There was no statistically significant
      difference between the year and subscales of SPBL. With regard to gender, the
      female students had higher scores than the male students on the 'responsibility'
      subscale of SPBL (p=0.003; Cohen's d=0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that
      medical students used SRL skills and believed in their ability to learn
      effectively in the PBL context and demonstrated the relationship between SRL
      skills and self-efficacy beliefs. Monitoring students' development in these
      skills and giving them feedback could be beneficial for the cognitive achievement
      of students with learning difficulties and insufficient study skills. Further
      studies need to be undertaken to investigate issues such as the curriculum,
      learning environment, individual differences, and how these can affect the SRL
      process.

PMID- 26987387
TI  - Assessment of the usage and effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment
      and insecticide-treated nets on the indicators of malaria among pregnant women
      attending antenatal care in the Buea Health District, Cameroon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria in pregnancy is an immense public health problem with at
      least 50 million pregnant women living in malaria endemic areas. To prevent
      malaria and its complications in pregnancy the World Health Organization
      recommends the use of intermittent preventive treatment sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine
      (IPTp-SP), the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and effective case
      management. In most malaria endemic countries in Africa, 40% of pregnant women
      sleep under ITNs. In Cameroon, about 90% of pregnant women receive the first dose
      of SP, while 64% take the complete dose. Following the 2011 mass-campaign of free
      distribution of ITNs coupled with routine ANC distribution of ITN and adoption of
      IPTp in Cameroon, little has been done to assess the effectiveness of both
      interventions outside of Yaounde, the capital city. This study sought to assess
      the usage and effectiveness of IPTp-SP and ITNs on malaria in pregnancy. METHODS:
      The research was a cross-sectional hospital-based study that included 410
      pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in the Buea Health District. Capillary
      blood samples were collected to check malaria parasite by microscopy and
      haemoglobin levels by microhaematocrit technique. RESULTS: A prevalence of 13.4
      and 41.7% was detected for malaria and anaemia, respectively. The Overall
      coverage of ITN was 32.4% while that of ITPp was 63.2%. Malaria prevalence was
      least (7.2%) amongst women using both IPTp-SP and ITN while those with no
      intervention had the highest malaria prevalence of 18.6% (chi2 = 6.188; P =
      0.103). Of the women with malaria, 12.73% were using ITN and had taken at least
      one dose of SP, 38.18% had taken at least one dose IPTp only, 10.91% were using
      only ITN and 38.18% were not using any preventive measure. There was a difference
      in anaemia status within the different intervention groups (chi2 = 8.673; P =
      0.034). Pregnant women using both interventions were less associated to malaria
      (OR = 0.341, 95% CI = 0.138-0.841) compared to those using only one control
      method. CONCLUSION: Repeated doses of SP in combination with ITN use are
      effective in reducing malaria parasitaemia and improving haemoglobin level of
      pregnant women.

PMID- 26987388
TI  - Dramatic response to alectinib in a patient of ALK-rearranged lung cancer with
      poor performance status.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung cancers with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements are
      highly sensitive to anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibition,
      underscoring the notion that such cancers are addicted to anaplastic lymphoma
      kinase activity. Several anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors have been
      identified and are being evaluated in clinical trials. However patients with poor
      performance status (3 or 4) were not involved in these clinical trials, it has
      been unclear to use anaplastic lymphoma kinase-tyrosine kinase inhibitors for
      these patients. Here, we report an anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non small
      cell lung cancer patient with performance status 4, who was successfully treated
      with alectinib. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on a 52-year-old patient diagnosed
      as non small cell lung cancer harboring echinoderm microtubule-associated protein
      like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene. His performance status was 4
      because of severe respiratory failure. We treated this patient with alectinib as
      the first line therapy. Dramatic response was obtained and his performance status
      improved from 4 to 1 without severe adverse events. CONCLUSION: Alectinib is a
      therapeutic option for the anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive patients with poor
      performance status.

PMID- 26987389
TI  - The protective effect of qiancao naomaitong mixture on neuronal damage and
      cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
AB  - Context Qiancao Naomaitong Mixture (QNM) is mainly used to treat ischemic stroke
      patients in the clinic. Objective This study evaluates the protective effect of
      QNM on neuronal damage in vitro, and clarifies the underlying mechanism against
      cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. Materials and methods
      Activity assay of caspase 3 (C-3) and caspase 8 (C-8) were measured with
      microplate reader and cell apoptosis was investigated. Cerebral I/R injury was
      induced by MCAO model. QNM groups were given at 0.27, 0.54 and 1.08 mL/100 g body
      weight. The weight ratio of cerebral infarction tissue was obtained. The cytokine
      levels in serum and brain tissue were measured using ELISA. Results Compared with
      the OGD group (C-3: 29.69 +/- 5.63, C-8: 74.05 +/- 6.86), 100 mg/mL QNM (C-3:
      19.80 +/- 2.62, C-8: 48.94 +/- 6.41) and 200 mg/mL QNM (C-3: 16.28 +/- 4.55, C-8:
      41.08 +/- 4.05) treatments decreased C-3 and C-8 activities significantly, and
      inhibited apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. The weight ratios of cerebral tissues in
      low, medium and high dose groups were 17.33 +/- 5.1%, 17.78 +/- 5.4% and 14.25 +/
      4.2%, respectively, significantly lower than in control group. QNM also improved
      the cytokine levels in serum and brain tissue. In addition, histological
      examination indicated that dense neuropil and largely surviving neurons were seen
      in treated rats. Conclusion QNM exerted protective effect by inhibiting the cell
      apoptosis in vitro. The protective mechanisms of QNM were associated with its
      properties of anti-apoptosis and antioxidation as well as improved neuronal
      nutrition in I/R rats. 

PMID- 26987390
TI  - Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Surrogate Biomarker for
      Bevacizumab in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis: A Single-Arm, Exploratory
      Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate dynamic contrast-enhanced
      magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and plasma cytokines and angiogenic factors
      (CAFs) as pharmacodynamic and prognostic biomarkers of bevacizumab monotherapy in
      colorectal cancer with liver metastasis (CRCLM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July
      2011 to March 2012, 28 patients with histologically confirmed CRCLM received
      bevacizumab monotherapy followed by combined FOLFOX therapy. The mean age of the
      patients was 57 years (range, 30 to 77 years). DCE-MRI (Ktransand IAUC60) was
      performed at baseline, first follow-up (3 days after bevacizumab monotherapy),
      and second follow-up (3 days after combined therapy). CAF levels (vascular
      endothelial growth factor [VEGF], placental growth factor [PlGF], and interleukin
      8) were assessed on the same days. Progression-free survival (PFS) time
      distributions were summarized using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using
      log-rank tests. RESULTS: The median PFS period was 11.2 months. Ktrans, IAUC60,
      VEGF, and PlGF values on the first follow-up day were significantly different
      compared with baseline values. No differences were observed on the second follow
      up day. A > 40% decrease in Ktrans from baseline to first follow-up was
      associated with a longer PFS (hazard ratio, 0.349; 95% confidence interval, 0.133
      to 0.912; p=0.032). Changes in CAFs did not show correlation with PFS time.
      CONCLUSION: DCE-MRI parameters and CAFs are pharmacodynamic biomarkers of
      bevacizumab for CRCLM. In our study, change in Ktrans at 3 days after bevacizumab
      monotherapy was a favorable prognostic factor; however, the value of CAFs as a
      prognostic biomarker was not found.

PMID- 26987391
TI  - TRIM29 Overexpression Promotes Proliferation and Survival of Bladder Cancer Cells
      through NF-kappaB Signaling.
AB  - PURPOSE: TRIM29 overexpression has been reported in several human malignancies
      and showed correlation with cancer cell malignancy. The aim of the current study
      is to examine its clinical significance and biological roles in human bladder
      cancer tissues and cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 102 cases of
      bladder cancer tissues were examined for TRIM29 expression by
      immunohistochemistry. siRNA and plasmid transfection were performed in 5637 and
      BIU-87 cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, western blot, and real
      time polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine its biological roles and
      mechanism in bladder cancer cells. RESULTS: We found that TRIM29 overexpression
      showed correlation with invading depth (p=0.0087). Knockdown of TRIM29 expression
      in bladder cancer cell line 5637 inhibited cell growth rate and cell cycle
      transition while its overexpression in BIU-87 cells accelerated cell
      proliferation and cell cycle progression. TRIM29 overexpression also inhibited
      cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin. In addition, we demonstrated that TRIM29
      depletion decreased while its overexpression led to upregulated expression of
      cyclin D1, cyclin E, and Bcl-2. We also showed that TRIM29 knockdown inhibited
      protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling while its
      overexpression stimulated the PKC and NF-kappaB pathways. BAY 11-7082 (NF-kappaB
      inhibitor) partly attenuated the effect of TRIM29 on expression of cyclin and Bcl
      2. Treatment with PKC inhibitor staurosporine resulted in ameliorated TRIM29
      induced activation of NF-kappaB. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrated that
      TRIM29 upregulates cyclin and Bcl family proteins level to facilitate malignant
      cell growth and inhibit drug-induced apoptosis in bladder cancer, possibly
      through PKC-NF-kappaB signaling pathways.

PMID- 26987393
TI  - Radiation Therapy Alone in cT1-3N0 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Who Are
      Unfit for Surgical Resection or Stereotactic Radiation Therapy: Comparison of
      Risk-Adaptive Dose Schedules.
AB  - PURPOSE: High dose definitive radiation therapy (RT) alone is recommended to
      patients with cT1-3N0 non-small cell lung cancer, who are unfit for surgery or
      stereotactic RT. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical outcomes and
      cost-effectiveness following RT alone using two different modest
      hypofractionation dose schemes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2001 and 2014, 124
      patients underwent RT alone. From 2001 till 2010, 60 Gy in 20 fractions was
      delivered to 79 patients (group 1). Since 2011, 60 Gy in 20 fractions (group 2,
      20 patients), and 60 Gy in 15 fractions (group 3, 25 patients) were selectively
      chosen depending on estimated risk of esophagitis. RESULTS: At follow-up of 16.7
      months, 2-year rates of local control, progression-free survival, and overall
      survival were 62.6%, 39.1%, and 59.1%, respectively. Overall survival was
      significantly better in group 3 (p=0.002). In multivariate analyses, cT3 was the
      most powerful adverse factor affecting clinical outcomes. Incidence and severity
      of radiation pneumonitis were not different among groups, while no patients
      developed grade 2 esophagitis in group 3 (p=0.003). Under current Korean Health
      Insurance Policy, RT cost per person was 22.5% less in group 3 compared with
      others. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrated that 60 Gy in 15 fractions
      instead of 60 Gy in 20 fractions resulted in comparable clinical outcomes with
      excellent safety, direct cost saving, and improved convenience to the patients
      with tumors located at >= 1.5 cm from the esophagus.

PMID- 26987392
TI  - Clinicopathologic Features and Long-Term Outcomes of Elderly Breast Cancer
      Patients: Experiences at a Single Institution in Korea.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the tumor characteristics and
      long-term clinical outcomes of adjuvant treatments after surgery with a curative
      aim for patients with breast cancer who are 65 years and older. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Patients with breast cancer who underwent curative surgery from 2000 to
      2009 were analyzed (n=4,388). Tumor characteristics and survival outcome were
      compared by dividing the patients into two age groups (< 65 and >= 65 years old).
      The Kaplan-Meier method was used for comparison of survival rates by log-rank
      test, and a Cox regression model was used to examine the effect of variables.
      RESULTS: Among 4,388 patients with invasive breast cancer, 317 patients (7.2%)
      were 65 years or older and the median age of all patients was 47 years (range, 18
      to 91 years). Tumor characteristics were similar between the two age groups, but
      the older patients were treated less often with adjuvant treatments. During a
      median follow-up period of 122 months, recurrence-free survival (RFS) was
      equivalent for patients 65 years and older compared to younger patients, but
      significantly worse in overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival
      (BCSS) (5-year OS, 94.3% vs. 90.5%; p < 0.001 and 5-year BCSS, 94.7% vs. 91.8%;
      p=0.031). In the multivariate model, age >= 65 years old was identified as an
      independent risk factor for OS and RFS. CONCLUSION: Elderly breast cancer
      appeared to have worse outcomes with very low prevalence in Korea, despite
      similar tumor characteristics. More active adjuvant therapies would have a role
      for aggressive subtypes for fit, elderly patients.

PMID- 26987394
TI  - The Impact of High-Risk HPV Genotypes Other Than HPV 16/18 on the Natural Course
      of Abnormal Cervical Cytology: A Korean HPV Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of high-risk human
      papillomaviruses (HPVs) other than HPV 16/18 on the natural course of atypical
      squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or low-grade squamous
      intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population was
      derived from the Korean HPV cohort (2010-2014). Women aged 20 to 60 who satisfied
      the criteria of having both HPV infection and abnormal cervical cytology of
      either ASC-US or LSIL were recruited from five institutions nationwide. Enrolled
      patients underwent cervical cytology and HPV DNA testing every 6 months. RESULTS:
      A total of 1,158 patients were enrolled. The 10 most common HPV types were HPV 16
      (12.3%), 58 (10.0%), 56 (8.8%), 53 (8.4%), 52 (7.7%), 39 (6.2%), 18 (6.0%), 51
      (5.7%), 68 (5.1%), and 66 (4.6%). Among these patients, 636 women were positive
      for high-risk HPVs other than HPV 16 or 18, and 429 women were followed for more
      than 6 months. Cytology evaluations showed progression in 15.3% of women, no
      change in 22.6%, and regression in 62.1% of women at 12 months. In cases of HPV
      58 single infection, a more highly significant progression rate, compared to
      other high-risk types, was observed at 6 months (relative risk [RR], 3.3; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 2.04 to 5.30; p < 0.001) and 12 months (RR, 5.03; 95%
      CI, 2.56 to 9.91; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: HPV genotypes numbered in the 50s were
      frequent in Korean women with ASC-US and LSIL. HPV 58 was the second most common
      type, with a high progression rate of cervical cytology.

PMID- 26987395
TI  - Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in
      2013.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study described the 2013 nationwide cancer statistics in Korea,
      including cancer incidence, survival, prevalence, and mortality. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Cancer incidence data from 1999-2013 were obtained from Korea National
      Cancer Incidence Database and followed until December 31, 2014. Mortality data
      from 1983-2013 were obtained from Statistics Korea. The prevalence was defined as
      the number of cancer patients alive on January 1, 2014 among all cancer patients
      diagnosed since 1999. Crude, and age-standardized and 5-year relative survival
      rates were also calculated. RESULTS: In 2013, a total of 225,343 and 75,334
      Koreans were newly diagnosed and died from cancer, respectively. The age
      standardized rates for cancer incidence and mortality in 2013 were 290.5 and 87.9
      per 100,000, respectively. The age-standardized cancer incidence rate increased
      3.1% annually between 1999 and 2013. However, the overall cancer incidence rates
      have decreased slightly in recent years (2011 to 2013). The age-standardized rate
      for all-cancer mortality has decreased 2.7% annually since 2002. Overall, the 5
      year relative survival rate for people diagnosed with cancer between 2009 and
      2013 was 69.4%, which represents an improved survival rate as compared with 41.2%
      for people diagnosed between 1993 and 1995. CONCLUSION: Age-standardized cancer
      incidence rates have decreased between 2011 and 2013; mortality rates have also
      declined since 2002, while 5-year survival rates have improved remarkably from
      1993-1995 to 2009-2013 in Korea.

PMID- 26987397
TI  - A Pilot Study Evaluating Steroid-Induced Diabetes after Antiemetic Dexamethasone
      Therapy in Chemotherapy-Treated Cancer Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Dexamethasone is a mainstay antiemetic regimen for the prevention of
      chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The aim of this pilot study was to
      assess the incidence of and factors associated with steroid-induced diabetes in
      cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with dexamethasone as an antiemetic.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non-diabetic patients with newly diagnosed
      gastrointestinal cancer who received at least three cycles of highly or
      moderately emetogenic chemotherapy with dexamethasone as an antiemetic were
      enrolled. Fasting plasma glucose levels, 2-hour postprandial glucose levels, and
      hemoglobin A1C tests for the diagnosis of diabetes were performed before
      chemotherapy and at 3 and 6 months after the start of chemotherapy. The
      homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as an index
      for measurement of insulin resistance, defined as a HOMA-IR >= 2.5. RESULTS:
      Between January 2012 and November 2013, 101 patients with no history of diabetes
      underwent laboratory tests for assessment of eligibility; 77 of these patients
      were included in the analysis. Forty-five patients (58.4%) were insulin resistant
      and 17 (22.1%) developed steroid-induced diabetes at 3 or 6 months after the
      first chemotherapy, which included dexamethasone as an antiemetic. Multivariate
      analysis showed significant association of the incidence of steroid-induced
      diabetes with the cumulative dose of dexamethasone (p=0.049). CONCLUSION: We
      suggest that development of steroid-induced diabetes after antiemetic
      dexamethasone therapy occurs in approximately 20% of non-diabetic cancer
      patients; this is particularly significant for patients receiving high doses of
      dexamethasone.

PMID- 26987396
TI  - Predictors of Distant Metastasis after Radical Surgery Followed by Postoperative
      Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: We investigated the prognostic factors for distant metastasis (DM) in
      patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) treated with surgery
      and adjuvant radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Eighty-five patients treated between January 1995 and August 2014 were
      evaluated retrospectively. Data regarding the pathological tumour and nodal
      status, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, treatment characteristics, and
      pretreatment maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 18-fluoro-2
      deoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan (18F-FDG PET
      CT) were evaluated, and their influence on DM and survival outcomes were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Median follow-up period was 48.0 months. Recurrence was
      observed in 20 patients, including locoregional recurrence and DM. DM was
      observed in 13 patients. A multivariate analysis confirmed that the presence of
      lymphovascular invasion (p=0.031), lower neck lymph node (LN) involvement
      (p=0.006), SUVmax >= 9.7 (p=0.014), and tumour size >= 3 cm (p=0.037)
      significantly affected DM. HPV status was not associated with DM. Perineural
      invasion (p=0.048), lower neck LNinvolvement (p=0.008), SUVmax >= 9.7 (p=0.019),
      and tumour size >= 3 cm (p=0.033) were also significant factors for the DM-free
      survival rate. CONCLUSION: Lower neck LN involvement, high SUVmax in pretreatment
      18F-FDG PET-CT, and large tumour size were predictive factors for DM in patients
      of OPC.

PMID- 26987398
TI  - Overexpression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Oxidoreductin 1-alpha (ERO1L) Is
      Associated with Poor Prognosis of Gastric Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death
      worldwide. Although surgery is the standard curative treatment for gastric
      cancer, relapse occurs in a large number of patients, except in the case of early
      diagnosed gastric cancer. Following previous studies that identified endoplasmic
      reticulum oxidoreductin 1-alpha (ERO1L) as a potential marker for gastric cancer,
      we investigated the functional role of ERO1L in gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: For validation of microarray data, the mRNA expression level of ERO1L
      was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain
      reaction in 56 independent stage III gastric cancer patients. Immunohistochemical
      staining was performed to examine the protein expression level of ERO1L in 231
      gastric cancer patients. Correlation between gene expression and cancer prognosis
      was evaluated. RESULTS: Patients with high ERO1L expression had poorer survival
      than those with low expression (p < 0.01). Functional assays demonstrated that
      ERO1L knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and
      chemoresistance. In addition, involvement of inactivation of Akt and JNK
      signaling in molecular mechanisms of ERO1L inhibition was demonstrated.
      CONCLUSION: High expression of ERO1L is associated with poor prognosis of
      patients with gastric cancer. These results indicate that ERO1L expression may be
      a clinically promising therapeutic target for prevention of gastric cancer.

PMID- 26987400
TI  - Message from the new CMI Editor-in-Chief.

PMID- 26987399
TI  - Sound Interferes with the Early Tactile Manual Abilities of Preterm Infants.
AB  - Premature birth is a sudden change of the sensory environment of a newborn, while
      their senses are still in development, especially in the stressful and noisy
      environment of the NICU. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of noise on the
      early tactile manual abilities of preterm infants (between 29 and 35 weeks PCA).
      Infants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: Silence and Noise.
      For each condition, two phases were introduced: a habituation phase (repeated
      presentation of the same object, prism or cylinder), followed by a test phase
      (presentation of the familiar or a novel object). In the Silence condition, they
      received the tactile habituation and test phases: In the Noise condition, they
      went through the same phases, while an alarm sounded. Sixty-three preterm infants
      were included. They displayed a strong and effective ability to memorize tactile
      manual information and to detect the difference between two shape features, but
      this ability seems to be impaired by the concomitant exposure to an alarm sound.
      This study is the first to highlight the effect of a negative stimulus on sensory
      functioning in premature infants. It reinforces the importance of developing
      environmental measures to lower the sound level in NICUs. 

PMID- 26987401
TI  - Spin-orbit coupling of light in asymmetric microcavities.
AB  - When spinning particles, such as electrons and photons, undergo spin-orbit
      coupling, they can acquire an extra phase in addition to the well-known dynamical
      phase. This extra phase is called the geometric phase (also known as the Berry
      phase), which plays an important role in a startling variety of physical contexts
      such as in photonics, condensed matter, high-energy and space physics. The
      geometric phase was originally discussed for a cyclically evolving physical
      system with an Abelian evolution, and was later generalized to non-cyclic and non
      Abelian cases, which are the most interesting fundamental subjects in this area
      and indicate promising applications in various fields. Here, we enable optical
      spin-orbit coupling in asymmetric microcavities and experimentally observe a non
      cyclic optical geometric phase acquired in a non-Abelian evolution. Our work is
      relevant to fundamental studies and implies promising applications by
      manipulating photons in on-chip quantum devices. 

PMID- 26987403
TI  - Photo-induced Doping in GaN Epilayers with Graphene Quantum Dots.
AB  - We demonstrate a new doping scheme where photo-induced carriers from graphene
      quantum dots (GQDs) can be injected into GaN and greatly enhance
      photoluminescence (PL) in GaN epilayers. An 8.3-fold enhancement of PL in GaN is
      observed after the doping. On the basis of time-resolved PL studies, the PL
      enhancement is attributed to the carrier transfer from GQDs to GaN. Such a
      carrier transfer process is caused by the work function difference between GQDs
      and GaN, which is verified by Kelvin probe measurements. We have also observed
      that photocurrent in GaN can be enhanced by 23-fold due to photo-induced doping
      with GQDs. The improved optical and transport properties from photo-induced
      doping are promising for applications in GaN-based optoelectronic devices. 

PMID- 26987405
TI  - Non-antigenic regulators of targeting for imaging and therapy.

PMID- 26987402
TI  - Numb regulates vesicular docking for homotypic fusion of early endosomes via
      membrane recruitment of Mon1b.
AB  - Numb is an endocytic protein that plays crucial roles in diverse cellular
      processes such as asymmetric cell division, cell migration and differentiation.
      However, the molecular mechanism by which Numb regulates endocytic trafficking is
      poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Numb is a docking regulator for
      homotypic fusion of early endosomes (EEs). Numb depletion causes clustered but
      unfused EEs, which can be rescued by overexpressing cytosolic Numb 65 and Numb 71
      but not plasma membrane-attached Numb 66 or Numb 72. Time-lapse analysis reveals
      that paired vesicles tend to tether but not fuse with each other in the absence
      of Numb. We further show that Numb binds to another docking regulator, Mon1b, and
      is required for the recruitment of cytosolic Mon1b to the EE membrane. Consistent
      with this, deletion of Mon1b causes similar defects in EE fusion. Our study thus
      identifies a novel mechanism by which Numb regulates endocytic sorting by
      mediating EE fusion.

PMID- 26987404
TI  - Spines slow down dendritic chloride diffusion and affect short-term ionic
      plasticity of GABAergic inhibition.
AB  - Cl(-) plays a crucial role in neuronal function and synaptic inhibition. However,
      the impact of neuronal morphology on the diffusion and redistribution of
      intracellular Cl(-) is not well understood. The role of spines in Cl(-) diffusion
      along dendritic trees has not been addressed so far. Because measuring fast and
      spatially restricted Cl(-) changes within dendrites is not yet technically
      possible, we used computational approaches to predict the effects of spines on
      Cl(-) dynamics in morphologically complex dendrites. In all morphologies tested,
      including dendrites imaged by super-resolution STED microscopy in live brain
      tissue, spines slowed down longitudinal Cl(-) diffusion along dendrites. This
      effect was robust and could be observed in both deterministic as well as
      stochastic simulations. Cl(-) extrusion altered Cl(-) diffusion to a much lesser
      extent than the presence of spines. The spine-dependent slowing of Cl(-)
      diffusion affected the amount and spatial spread of changes in the GABA reversal
      potential thereby altering homosynaptic as well as heterosynaptic short-term
      ionic plasticity at GABAergic synapses in dendrites. Altogether, our results
      suggest a fundamental role of dendritic spines in shaping Cl(-) diffusion, which
      could be of relevance in the context of pathological conditions where spine
      densities and neural excitability are perturbed. 

PMID- 26987406
TI  - Nighttime dissolution in a temperate coastal ocean ecosystem increases under
      acidification.
AB  - Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) are causing ocean acidification,
      lowering seawater aragonite (CaCO3) saturation state (Omega arag), with
      potentially substantial impacts on marine ecosystems over the 21(st) Century.
      Calcifying organisms have exhibited reduced calcification under lower saturation
      state conditions in aquaria. However, the in situ sensitivity of calcifying
      ecosystems to future ocean acidification remains unknown. Here we assess the
      community level sensitivity of calcification to local CO2-induced acidification
      caused by natural respiration in an unperturbed, biodiverse, temperate intertidal
      ecosystem. We find that on hourly timescales nighttime community calcification is
      strongly influenced by Omega arag, with greater net calcium carbonate dissolution
      under more acidic conditions. Daytime calcification however, is not detectably
      affected by Omega arag. If the short-term sensitivity of community calcification
      to Omega arag is representative of the long-term sensitivity to ocean
      acidification, nighttime dissolution in these intertidal ecosystems could more
      than double by 2050, with significant ecological and economic consequences.

PMID- 26987408
TI  - Effect of continuous and interval aerobic exercise training on baroreflex
      sensitivity in heart failure.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The ability of continuous aerobic exercise training (AET) to
      increase baroreflex control and cardiac function in heart failure (HF) has been
      well described, but the comparison between continuous and interval AET on these
      functions is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of continuous and
      interval AET on cardiac function and baroreflex sensitivity (BrS) in an
      experimental model of HF. METHODS: Rats were divided into the following groups:
      continuous training (HF-CT), intense interval training (HF-IIT), moderate
      interval training (HF-MIT), sedentary group (HF-SED), and sham sedentary (SHAM
      SED). Animals underwent surgery to induce HF by ligation of the interventricular
      coronary artery. Six weeks after surgery, AET was started (8weeks,
      3sessions/week). Echocardiography studies to assess cardiac function were
      performed before and after AET. At the end of the training protocols, the BrS
      index was assessed by stepwise intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside and
      phenylephrine. RESULTS: All methods of exercise prevented the HF-induced increase
      in left ventricular diameter in diastole observed in the HF-SED rats (0.88+/-0.09
      vs. 1.03+/-0.09cm; P<0.05), but only the HF-CT (28.5+/-6.3 vs. 39.2+/-12.7%;
      P<0.05) and HF-MIT (31.0+/-8.5 vs. 42.0+/-10.3%; P<0.05) groups exhibited an
      increase in ejection fraction. Nevertheless, the HF-CT group was the only group
      that showed a tachycardia reflex higher than that of the HF-SED group (0.87+/
      0.34 vs. 0.20+/-0.05bpm/mmHg; P<0.05) and similar to that of the SHAM-SED group
      (1.04+/-0.11bpm/mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that continuous and
      moderate interval training induced similar improvements in cardiac function but
      that only continuous training induced higher BrS in HF rats.

PMID- 26987407
TI  - Snake Venom Disintegrin Inhibits the Activation of Toll-Like Receptors and
      Alleviates Sepsis through Integrin alphaVbeta3 Blockade.
AB  - Bacterial infection-induced sepsis is the leading cause of septic inflammatory
      disease. Rhodostomin (Rn), a snake venom disintegrin, was previously reported to
      interact with the alphaVbeta3 integrin and the TLR4 on phagocyte in attenuating
      LPS-induced endotoxemia. In this report, we further evaluated the effects of Rn
      on TLR2-activated monocytes and its in vivo efficacy. Rn effectively suppressed
      the adhesion, migration, and cytokine release of Pam3CSK4-activated THP-1 cells.
      Rn specifically bound to integrin alphaVbeta3 of TLR2-activated THP-1. Integrin
      alphaV and Akt siRNA transfection both restrained Pam3CSK4-elicited cytokine
      release. Rn decreased the Pam3CSK4-induced phosporylation of MAPKs, degradation
      of IkappaB and activation of FAK, Akt, c-Src and Syk. The Pam3CSK4-induced
      translocation of MyD88, a central adaptor of TLR2, to the cell membrane was also
      inhibited by Rn treatment. In the polymicrobial inflammatory caecal ligation and
      puncture model, Rn significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine
      release, alleviated tissue injury and elevated survival rate in vivo. Taken
      together, in addition to inhibiting the activation of TLR4, Rn exhibits anti
      inflammatory activity through antagonizing the activation of phagocytes and
      interrupting the crosstalk between alphaVbeta3 and TLR2-dependent signaling
      pathways.

PMID- 26987409
TI  - Acute effect of oral sensation of sweetness on celiac artery blood flow and
      gastric myoelectrical activity in humans.
AB  - Little is known about the effect of sweet taste stimulus on gastrointestinal
      motility and splanchnic blood flow. We examined whether gastric myoelectrical
      activity and/or celiac artery blood flow (CABF), which perfuses the stomach, are
      increased following an oral sensation of sweetness. After overnight fasting, 11
      subjects rested for 5min and sipped, but not swallowed, one of four solutions for
      1min. The fluid was then spat out, and subjects remained at rest for a further
      10min. Fluids were approximately 15ml of three glucose solutions (4, 16, or 48%)
      or distilled water. Subjects completed trials with all four solutions in a
      randomized order. During each trial, gastric myoelectrical activity and CABF were
      continuously measured using electrogastrography and pulsed Doppler
      ultrasonography, respectively. None of the four solutions affected gastric
      myoelectrical activity. CABF was significantly increased after oral stimuli by
      all three glucose solutions, but not by water. There were no significant
      differences in the increments in CABF among the three glucose solutions. These
      results suggest that a sweet taste stimulus above a certain level of intensity
      acutely increases CABF during cephalic phase, without augmentation of gastric
      myoelectrical activity.

PMID- 26987410
TI  - Accidental usage of an adrenaline auto-injector in Japanese children with a food
      allergy.

PMID- 26987411
TI  - Genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas: getting more versatile and more precise at
      the same time.
AB  - A report on the second meeting on 'Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology:
      Tools and Technologies', held 28-29 January 2016 in Ghent, Belgium. 

PMID- 26987412
TI  - Genome-wide identification and validation of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from
      Asparagus officinalis.
AB  - Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis), an important vegetable cultivated
      worldwide, can also serve as a model dioecious plant species in the study of sex
      determination and sex chromosome evolution. However, limited DNA marker resources
      have been developed and used for this species. To expand these resources, we
      examined the DNA sequences for simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in 163,406
      scaffolds representing approximately 400 Mbp of the A. officinalis genome. A
      total of 87,576 SSRs were identified in 59,565 scaffolds. The most abundant SSR
      repeats were trinucleotide and tetranucleotide, accounting for 29.2 and 29.1% of
      the total SSRs, respectively, followed by di-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and
      octanucleotides. The AG motif was most common among dinucleotides and was also
      the most frequent motif in the entire A. officinalis genome, representing 14.7%
      of all SSRs. A total of 41,917 SSR primers pairs were designed to amplify SSRs.
      Twenty-two genomic SSR markers were tested in 39 asparagus accessions belonging
      to ten cultivars and one accession of Asparagus setaceus for determination of
      genetic diversity. The intra-species polymorphism information content (PIC)
      values of the 22 genomic SSR markers were intermediate, with an average of 0.41.
      The genetic diversity between the ten A. officinalis cultivars was low, and the
      UPGMA dendrogram was largely unrelated to cultivars. It is here suggested that
      the sex of individuals is an important factor influencing the clustering results.
      The information reported here provides new information about the organization of
      the microsatellites in A. officinalis genome and lays a foundation for further
      genetic studies and breeding applications of A. officinalis and related species.

PMID- 26987413
TI  - Effect of pre- and post-column band broadening on the performance of high-speed
      chromatography columns under isocratic and gradient conditions.
AB  - We report on the results of an experimental and theoretical study of the effect
      of the extra-column band broadening (ECBB) on the performance of narrow-bore
      columns filled with the smallest particles that are currently commercially
      available. Emphasis is on the difference between the effect of ECBB under
      gradient and isocratic conditions, as well as on the ability to model and predict
      the ECBB effects using well-established band broadening expressions available
      from the theory of chromatography. The fine details and assumptions that need to
      be taken into account when using these expressions are discussed. The experiments
      showed that, the steeper the gradient, the more pronounced the extra-column band
      broadening losses become. Whereas the pre-column band broadening can in both
      isocratic and gradient elution be avoided by playing on the possibilities to
      focus the analytes on top of the column (e.g. by using the POISe injection method
      when running isocratic separations), the post-column extra-column band broadening
      is inescapable in both cases. Inducing extra-column band broadening by changing
      the inner diameter of the post-column tubing from 65 to 250 MUm, we found that
      all peaks in the chromatogram are strongly affected (around a factor of 1.9
      increase in relative peak width) when running steep gradients, while usually only
      the first eluting peak was affected in the isocratic mode or when running shallow
      gradients (factor 1.6-1.8 increase in relative peak width for the first eluting
      analyte).

PMID- 26987414
TI  - Photodegradation of fluorene in aqueous solution: Identification and biological
      activity testing of degradation products.
AB  - Degradation of fluorene under UV-vis irradiation in water was investigated and
      structural elucidation of the main photoproducts was achieved using gas
      chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Twenty-six photoproducts were
      structurally identified, mainly on the basis of electron ionization mass spectra
      interpretation. The main generated transformation products are hydroxy
      derivatives. Some secondary photoproducts including fluorenone, hydroxy
      fluorenone, 2-biphenyl carboxylic acid, biphenylene, methanol fluorene congeners
      and hydroxy fluorene dimers were also observed. A photodegradation pathway was
      suggested on the basis of the chemical structures of photoproducts. Fluorene as
      well as its main photoproducts for which chemical standards were commercially
      available were tested for their ability to elicit cytotoxic, estrogenic and
      dioxin-like activity by using in vitro cell-based bioassays. None of the tested
      compounds was cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 MUM. However, 2
      hydroxyfluorene and 3-hydroxyfluorene exerted significant estrogenic and dioxin
      like activity on a concentration range of 3-30 MUM, while fluorene and 9
      hydroxyfluorene were weakly or not active, respectively, in our assays. This
      supports the view that photodegradation processes can generate by-products of
      higher toxicological concern than the parent compound and strengthens the need to
      further identify transformation products in the aquatic environment.

PMID- 26987415
TI  - Advanced analysis of polymer emulsions: Particle size and particle size
      distribution by field-flow fractionation and dynamic light scattering.
AB  - Field flow fractionation (FFF) is an advanced fractionation technique for the
      analyses of very sensitive particles. In this study, different FFF techniques
      were used for the fractionation and analysis of polymer emulsions/latexes. As
      model systems, a pure acrylic emulsion and emulsions containing titanium dioxide
      were prepared and analyzed. An acrylic emulsion polymerization was conducted,
      continuously sampled from the reactor and subsequently analyzed to determine the
      particle size, radius of gyration in specific, of the latex particles throughout
      the polymerization reaction. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and
      sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF), coupled to a multidetector
      system, multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), ultraviolet (UV) and
      refractive index (RI), respectively, were used to investigate the evolution of
      particle sizes and particle size distributions (PSDs) as the polymerization
      progressed. The obtained particle sizes were compared against batch-mode dynamic
      light scattering (DLS). Results indicated differences between AF4 and DLS results
      due to DLS taking hydration layers into account, whereas both AF4 and SdFFF were
      coupled to MALLS detection, hence not taking the hydration layer into account for
      size determination. SdFFF has additional separation capabilities with a much
      higher resolution compared to AF4. The calculated radii values were 5 nm larger
      for SdFFF measurements for each analyzed sample against the corresponding AF4
      values. Additionally a low particle size shoulder was observed for SdFFF
      indicating bimodality in the reactor very early during the polymerization
      reaction. Furthermore, different emulsions were mixed with inorganic species used
      as additives in cosmetics and coatings such as TiO2. These complex mixtures of
      species were analyzed to investigate the retention and particle interaction
      behavior under different AF4 experimental conditions, such as the mobile phase.
      The AF4 system was coupled online to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
      (ICP-MS) for elemental speciation and identification of the inorganic additive.
      SdFFF had a larger separation power to distinguish different particle size
      populations whereas AF4 had the capability of separating the organic particles
      and inorganic TiO2 particles, with high resolution.

PMID- 26987416
TI  - Prospects of in vivo singlet oxygen luminescence monitoring: Kinetics at
      different locations on living mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Singlet oxygen observation is considered a valuable tool to assess
      and optimize PDT treatment. In complex systems, such as tumors in vivo, only the
      direct, time-resolved singlet oxygen luminescence detection can give reliable
      information about generation and interaction of singlet oxygen. Up to now,
      evaluation of kinetics was not possible due to insufficient signal-to-noise
      ratio. Here we present high signal-to-noise ratio singlet oxygen luminescence
      kinetics obtained in mouse tumor model under PDT relevant conditions. METHODS: A
      highly optimized system based on a custom made laser diode excitation source and
      a high aperture multi-furcated fiber, utilizing a photomultiplier tube with a
      multi photon counting device was used. RESULTS: Luminescence kinetics with
      unsurpassed signal-to-noise ratio were gained from tumor bearing nude mice in
      vivo upon topic application, subcutaneous injection as well as intravenous
      injection of different photosensitizers (chlorin e6 and dendrimer formulations of
      chlorin e6). Singlet oxygen kinetics in appropriate model systems are discussed
      to facilitate the interpretation of complex kinetics obtained from in vivo tumor
      tissue. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study addressing the complexity of singlet
      oxygen luminescence kinetics in tumor tissue. At present, further investigations
      are needed to fully explain the processes involved. Nevertheless, the high signal
      to-noise ratio proves the applicability of direct time-resolved singlet oxygen
      luminescence detection as a prospective tool for monitoring photodynamic therapy.

PMID- 26987418
TI  - No correlation between health care expenditure and mortality in the European
      Union.

PMID- 26987417
TI  - Personality in multiple sclerosis (MS): impact on health, psychological well
      being, coping, and overall quality of life.
AB  - Personality has long been considered a factor that can account for differences in
      health, well-being, and overall quality of life (QOL). A 'Distressed or Type D
      Personality' has been studied in medical populations as a predictor of several
      outcomes. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the presence
      of Type D Personality in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its role on disease
      symptoms, disease management, health-related behaviors, coping, psychological
      well-being, and overall QOL and functioning. Two hundred and thirty (230)
      individuals with MS completed a survey assessing personality, disease symptoms,
      disease management, coping, self-efficacy, locus of control (LOC), psychological
      well-being, and QOL. Thirty-seven (16%) individuals were found to be 'Type D+.'
      Such individuals reported greater fatigue, pain, depression, and anxiety and
      worse disease management and adherence. They also reported engaging in
      maladaptive means of coping. Compared to 'Type D-' they reported lower self
      efficacy, LOC, QOL and greater perceived stress. Finally, 'Type D+' individuals
      were more likely to be considering leaving the workforce. Findings suggest that
      'Type D' Personality is associated with various negative outcomes in MS.
      Consideration of the routine assessment of personality in MS seems warranted and
      may better inform interventions and ward off poor outcomes.

PMID- 26987419
TI  - Ocean literacy: a 'new' socio-ecological concept for a sustainable use of the
      seas.

PMID- 26987420
TI  - Amniotic fluid embolism: diagnosis and management.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We sought to provide evidence-based guidelines regarding the diagnosis
      and management of amniotic fluid embolism. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic literature
      review was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The
      search was restricted to English-language articles published from 1966 through
      March 2015. Priority was given to articles reporting original research, in
      particular randomized controlled trials, although review articles and
      commentaries were consulted. Abstracts of research presented at symposia and
      scientific conferences were not considered adequate for inclusion. Evidence
      reports and published guidelines were also reviewed, and additional studies were
      located by reviewing bibliographies of identified articles. Grading of
      Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was
      used for defining the strength of recommendations and rating quality of the
      evidence. Consistent with US Preventive Task Force guidelines, references were
      evaluated for quality based on the highest level of evidence. RESULTS AND
      RECOMMENDATIONS: We recommend the following: (1) we recommend consideration of
      amniotic fluid embolism in the differential diagnosis of sudden cardiorespiratory
      collapse in the laboring or recently delivered woman (GRADE 1C); (2) we do not
      recommend the use of any specific diagnostic laboratory test to either confirm or
      refute the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism; at the present time, amniotic
      fluid embolism remains a clinical diagnosis (GRADE 1C); (3) we recommend the
      provision of immediate high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation with standard
      basic cardiac life support and advanced cardiac life support protocols in
      patients who develop cardiac arrest associated with amniotic fluid embolism
      (GRADE 1C); (4) we recommend that a multidisciplinary team including anesthesia,
      respiratory therapy, critical care, and maternal-fetal medicine should be
      involved in the ongoing care of women with AFE (Best Practice); (5) following
      cardiac arrest with amniotic fluid embolism, we recommend immediate delivery in
      the presence of a fetus >=23 weeks of gestation (GRADE 2C); (6) we recommend the
      provision of adequate oxygenation and ventilation and, when indicated by
      hemodynamic status, the use of vasopressors and inotropic agents in the initial
      management of amniotic fluid embolism. Excessive fluid administration should be
      avoided (GRADE 1C); and (7) because coagulopathy may follow cardiovascular
      collapse with amniotic fluid embolism, we recommend the early assessment of
      clotting status and early aggressive management of clinical bleeding with
      standard massive transfusion protocols (GRADE 1C).

PMID- 26987421
TI  - An artificial intelligence approach for modeling volume and fresh weight of
      callus - A case study of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.).
AB  - Cumin (Cuminum cyminum Linn.) is valued for its aroma and its medicinal and
      therapeutic properties. A supervised feedforward artificial neural network (ANN)
      trained with back propagation algorithms, was applied to predict fresh weight and
      volume of Cuminum cyminum L. calli. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to
      evaluate input/output dependency of the eleven input parameters. Area, feret
      diameter, minor axis length, perimeter and weighted density parameters were
      chosen as input variables. Different training algorithms, transfer functions,
      number of hidden nodes and training iteration were studied to find out the
      optimum ANN structure. The network with conjugate gradient fletcher-reeves (CGF)
      algorithm, tangent sigmoid transfer function, 17 hidden nodes and 2000 training
      epochs was selected as the final ANN model. The final model was able to predict
      the fresh weight and volume of calli more precisely relative to multiple linear
      models. The results were confirmed by R(2)>=0.89, R(i)>=0.94 and T value >=0.86.
      The results for both volume and fresh weight values showed that almost 90% of
      data had an acceptable absolute error of +/-5%. 

PMID- 26987422
TI  - Nutritional regulation of long-chain PUFA biosynthetic genes in rainbow trout
      (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
AB  - Most studies on dietary vegetable oil in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have
      been conducted on a background of dietary EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3)
      contained in the fishmeal used as a protein source in aquaculture feed. If
      dietary EPA and DHA repress their endogenous synthesis from alpha-linolenic acid
      (ALA, 18 : 3n-3), then the potential of ALA-containing vegetable oils to maintain
      tissue EPA and DHA has been underestimated. We examined the effect of individual
      dietary n-3 PUFA on the expression of the biosynthetic genes required for
      metabolism of ALA to DHA in rainbow trout. A total of 720 juvenile rainbow trout
      were allocated to twenty-four experimental tanks and assigned one of eight diets.
      The effect of dietary ALA, EPA or DHA, in isolation or in combination, on hepatic
      expression of fatty acyl desaturase (FADS)2a(Delta6), FADS2b(Delta5), elongation
      of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVL)5 and ELOVL2 was examined after 3 weeks of
      dietary intervention. The effect of these diets on liver and muscle phospholipid
      PUFA composition was also examined. The expression levels of FADS2a(Delta6),
      ELOVL5 and ELOVL2 were highest when diets were high in ALA, with no added EPA or
      DHA. Under these conditions ALA was readily converted to tissue DHA. Dietary DHA
      had the largest and most consistent effect in down-regulating the gene expression
      of all four genes. The ELOVL5 expression was the least responsive of the four
      genes to dietary n-3 PUFA changes. These findings should be considered when
      optimising aquaculture feeds containing vegetable oils and/or fish oil or
      fishmeal to achieve maximum DHA synthesis. 

PMID- 26987423
TI  - Treatment effect on biases in size estimation in spider phobia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current study investigates biases in size estimations made by
      spider-phobic and healthy participants before and after treatment. METHOD: Forty
      one spider-phobic and 20 healthy participants received virtual reality (VR)
      exposure treatment and were then asked to rate the size of a real spider
      immediately before and, on average, 15days after the treatment. During the VR
      exposure treatment skin conductance response was assessed. RESULTS: Prior to the
      treatment, both groups tended to overestimate the size of the spider, but this
      size estimation bias was significantly larger in the phobic group than in the
      control group. The VR exposure treatment reduced this bias, which was reflected
      in a significantly smaller size rating post treatment. However, the size
      estimation bias was unrelated to the skin conductance response. CONCLUSION: Our
      results confirm the hypothesis that size estimation by spider-phobic patients is
      biased. This bias is not stable over time and can be decreased with adequate
      treatment.

PMID- 26987424
TI  - CBM research needs more power: Commentary on the special issue on cognitive bias
      modification.

PMID- 26987425
TI  - Mortality trends and years of potential life lost from gastric cancer in Mexico,
      2000-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2013 in Mexico, gastric cancer (GC) was the third leading cause of
      death from cancer in individuals 20 years of age or older. GC remains a public
      health problem in Mexico due to its high mortality and low survival rates, and
      the significantly lower quality of life of patients with this condition.
      OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine mortality trends nationwide,
      by state and socioeconomic region, and to determine rates of age-adjusted years
      of potential life lost due to GC, by state and socioeconomic region, within the
      period of 2000-2012. METHODS: Mortality records associated with GC for 2000-2012
      were obtained from the National Health Information System of the Mexican
      Department of Health. Codes from the Tenth Revision of the International
      Classification of Diseases corresponding to the basic cause of death from GC were
      identified. Mortality and age-adjusted years of potential life lost rates, by
      state and socioeconomic region, were also calculated. RESULTS: In Mexico, 69,107
      individuals died from GC within the time frame of 2000-2012. The age-adjusted
      mortality rate per 100,000 inhabitants decreased from 7.5 to 5.6. The male:female
      ratio was 1.15:1.0. Chiapas had the highest death rate from GC (9.2, 95% CI 8.2
      10.3 [2000] and 8.2, 95% CI 7.3-9 [2012]), as well as regions 1, 2, and 5.
      Chiapas and socioeconomic region 1 had the highest rate of years of potential
      life lost. CONCLUSIONS: Using the world population age distribution as the
      standard, the age-adjusted mortality rate in Mexico per 100,000 inhabitants that
      died from GC decreased from 7.5 to 5.6 between 2000 and 2012. Chiapas and
      socioeconomic regions 1, 2, and 5 had the highest mortality from GC (Chiapas:
      9.2, 95% CI 8.2-10.3 [2000] and 8.2, 95% CI 7.3-9 [2012], region 1: 5.5, 95% CI
      5.2-5.9 [2000] and 5.3, 95% CI 4.9-5.7 [2012]; region 2: 5.3, 95% CI 5-5.6 [2000]
      and 5.4, 95% CI 5.1-5.8 [2012]; region 5: 6.1, 95% CI 5.6-6.6 [2000] and 4.6, 95%
      CI 4.2-5 [2012]). Chiapas and socioeconomic region 1 had the highest rate of
      years of potential life lost (Chiapas: 97.4 [2000] and 79.6 [2012] and region 1:
      73.5 [2000] 65 [2012]).

PMID- 26987427
TI  - Increased Risk of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Patients with Psoriasis: A Danish
      Nationwide Cohort Study.

PMID- 26987426
TI  - Modification in a single meal is sufficient to provoke benefits in inflammatory
      responses of individuals at low-to-moderate cardiometabolic risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Postprandial state is characterized by metabolic changes which
      may elevate circulating inflammatory biomarkers, used to assess cardiometabolic
      risk. It is unclear if biological benefits of certain food components could be
      obtained by a short-term change in a single meal of Brazilian's habitual diet. We
      investigated the postprandial effects of 2 fat tolerance tests (FTT) with
      different isocaloric meals (a typical Brazilian and a modified meal) differing by
      type of fatty acids and fiber contents, prior to and after breakfast
      interventions. METHODS: This crossover clinical trial included 80 overweight
      individuals with at least one cardiometabolic risk factor, (35-69 years) who
      received two isocaloric breakfast interventions for 4 weeks, with a 2-week
      washout. The Brazilian breakfast was saturated fat-enriched while the modified
      one was rich in unsaturated fatty acids and fibers. Before and after intervention
      periods, individuals underwent two FTT with meals with similar composition to the
      interventions breakfasts but higher energy content. Variables were compared by
      repeated-measures ANOVA. Correlations were assessed by Pearson's coefficient.
      RESULTS: At the end of both interventions, participants did not change plasma
      glucose or triglycerides. The higher IL-6 and IL-8 responses to the FTT with the
      Brazilian meal compared to that with the modified meal was accentuated after the
      interventions (p-diet <0.01; p-time <0.01). Acutely, E-selectin, TNF-alpha, IFN
      gamma, IL-10 and IL-17 concentrations did not increase in response to the FTTs,
      but showed higher values only after the Brazilian intervention. In contrast,
      intervention with the modified breakfast induced reductions in fasting and
      postprandial cytokines (p-diet <0.01). Changes in MUFA and PUFA intakes were
      inversely correlated to changes in inflammatory markers, while changes in
      saturated fat intake were directly correlated to IFN-gamma and IL-6. CONCLUSION:
      Isocaloric meals with distinct nutrient composition elicit different postprandial
      inflammatory responses after a relatively short intervention in a single meal.
      Each saturated fat-enriched meal consumed, as well as each unsaturated fat and
      fiber-enriched meal may induce pro- or anti-inflammatory responses that could
      impact on the cardiometabolic risk profile.

PMID- 26987428
TI  - Epicutaneous Allergic Sensitization by Cooperation between Allergen Protease
      Activity and Mechanical Skin Barrier Damage in Mice.
AB  - Allergen sources such as mites, insects, fungi, and pollen contain proteases.
      Airway exposure to proteases induces allergic airway inflammation and IgE/IgG1
      responses via IL-33-dependent mechanisms in mice. We examined the epicutaneous
      sensitization of mice to a model protease allergen, papain; the effects of tape
      stripping, which induces epidermal barrier dysfunction; and the atopic march upon
      a subsequent airway challenge. Papain painting on ear skin and tape stripping
      cooperatively promoted dermatitis, the skin gene expression of proinflammatory
      cytokines and growth factors, up-regulation of serum total IgE, and papain
      specific IgE/IgG1 induction. Epicutaneous sensitization induced T helper (Th) 2
      cells and Th17 differentiation in draining lymph nodes. Ovalbumin and protease
      inhibitor-treated papain induced no or weak responses, whereas the co
      administration of ovalbumin and papain promoted ovalbumin-specific IgE/IgG1
      induction. Wild-type and IL-33-deficient mice showed similar responses in the
      epicutaneous sensitization phase. The subsequent airway papain challenge induced
      airway eosinophilia and maintained high papain-specific IgE levels in an IL-33
      dependent manner. These results suggest that allergen source-derived protease
      activity and mechanical barrier damage such as that caused by scratching
      cooperatively promote epicutaneous sensitization and skin inflammation and that
      IL-33 is dispensable for epicutaneous sensitization but is crucial in the atopic
      march upon a subsequent airway low-dose encounter with protease allergens.

PMID- 26987430
TI  - Anti-tumor and anti-virus activity of polysaccharides extracted from Sipunculus
      nudus(SNP) on Hepg2.2.15.
AB  - Many polysaccharides have biological activities and have been investigated for
      their antitumor effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity
      and anti-virus activity of SNP-the water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from
      Sipunculus nudus on Hepg2.2.15. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that SNP
      induced dose-dependent cell apoptosis on Hepg2.2.15. Real-time PCR and Western
      Blot analysis showed that SNP down-regulated the synthesis of HBsAg, HBV-DNA and
      enhanced the expression of pro-apoptosis proteins TNF-alpha, caspase-3, and Bax,
      while decreasing the expression of the anti-apoptosis proteins survivin, Bcl-2,
      and VEGF. These results suggested that SNP suppressed cell viability of
      Hepg2.2.15 and that could be a novel anti-tumor and anti-HBV agent. 

PMID- 26987431
TI  - Charge state of arginine as an additive on heat-induced protein aggregation.
AB  - Arginine (Arg) is one of the most versatile solvent additives, such as
      suppressing protein aggregation, increasing solubility of small aromatic
      compounds and peptides, and preventing protein binding on solid surfaces. In this
      study, we investigated the role of the charged state of alpha-amino group of Arg
      for the prevention of protein aggregation. As expected, Arg effectively
      suppressed thermal aggregation of hen egg-white lysozyme at neutral pH, whereas
      the suppression effect diminished at and above pH 9.0, which corresponds to the
      pK of Arg's alpha-amino group. The pH dependence of Arg as an aggregation
      suppressor was confirmed by additional experiments with neutral proteins, bovine
      hemoglobin and bovine gamma-globulin. Interestingly, N-acetylated arginine, which
      lacks the alpha-amino group, showed a weaker suppressive effect on protein
      aggregation than Arg, even at neutral pH. These results indicate that both
      positively charged alpha-amino group and guanidinium group play important roles
      in suppressing heat-induced protein aggregation by Arg. The elucidated limitation
      of Arg at alkaline pH provides new insight in the application as well as the
      mechanism of Arg as a solvent additive. 

PMID- 26987429
TI  - Combining energy and Laplacian regularization to accurately retrieve the depth of
      brain activity of diffuse optical tomographic data.
AB  - Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) provides data about brain function using surface
      recordings. Despite recent advancements, an unbiased method for estimating the
      depth of absorption changes and for providing an accurate three-dimensional (3-D)
      reconstruction remains elusive. DOT involves solving an ill-posed inverse
      problem, requiring additional criteria for finding unique solutions. The most
      commonly used criterion is energy minimization (energy constraint). However, as
      measurements are taken from only one side of the medium (the scalp) and
      sensitivity is greater at shallow depths, the energy constraint leads to
      solutions that tend to be small and superficial. To correct for this bias, we
      combine the energy constraint with another criterion, minimization of spatial
      derivatives (Laplacian constraint, also used in low resolution electromagnetic
      tomography, LORETA). Used in isolation, the Laplacian constraint leads to
      solutions that tend to be large and deep. Using simulated, phantom, and actual
      brain activation data, we show that combining these two criteria results in
      accurate (error <2 mm) absorption depth estimates, while maintaining a two-point
      spatial resolution of <24 mm up to a depth of 30 mm. This indicates that accurate
      3-D reconstruction of brain activity up to 30 mm from the scalp can be obtained
      with DOT.

PMID- 26987432
TI  - Dendrimer-based nanoparticles for potential personalized therapy in chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia: Targeting the BCR-signaling pathway.
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the most prevalent forms of leukemia
      in western society. Although classic chemoimmune therapy is still the gold
      standard of care for leukemic patients, effective therapy of CLL is yet to be
      achieved. The present study examines the influence of poly(propylene)imine (PPI)
      dendrimers with primary amino surface groups modified with maltotriose residues
      in approximately 90% (PPI-G4-DS-Mal-III) or 30% (PPI-G4-OS-Mal-III) of cases on
      CLL cells (MEC-1 cell line with del(17p)), and confirms that the main trigger in
      this interaction is the induction of the apoptotic mechanism. The efficacy of
      each dendrimer was compared using fludarabine (FA). Gene expression profiling
      (GEP) by microarray identified a group of genes in the BCR signaling pathway
      characterized by different levels of expression directly associated with the
      tested agent and type of interaction. Network analysis revealed the potential
      patterns involved in potential personalized therapy of CLL. The expression of
      most BCR genes decreased under the influence of dendrimers, which might translate
      into decreased maturation and proliferation of CLL lymphocytes. Moreover, PPI-G4
      OS/DS-Mal-III dendrimers affected gene expression and CLL cells in a different
      way to FA. Thanks to unique properties, dendrimers may be specifically targeted,
      thus improving the effectiveness of CLL therapy. 

PMID- 26987433
TI  - Formation scheme and antioxidant activity of a novel Maillard pigment,
      pyrrolothiazolate, formed from cysteine and glucose.
AB  - We recently identified 6-hydroxy-3[R],7a[S]-dimethyl-7-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,1
      b]thiazole-3-calboxylic acid, a novel pyrrolothiazole derivative carrying a
      carboxy group and named pyrrolothiazolate, as a Mallard pigment formed from l
      cysteine and d-glucose. Here we described the formation of its enantiomer, the
      plausible formation scheme of pyrrolothiazolate, and its antioxidant activity.
      When d-cysteine was used instead of l-cysteine in the reaction mixture, the
      enantiomer of pyrrolothiazolate was obtained. The carbon at position 1 of glucose
      was incorporated into two methyl groups of pyrrolothiazolate. The pigment was
      considered to be formed through 1-deoxyglucosone (1-DG). The dehydrated isomer of
      1-DG would be condensed with the thiol and amino groups of cysteine. This
      condensate was dehydrated and cyclized to form pyrrolothiazolate. This compound
      was an antioxidant showing radical scavenging activity. 

PMID- 26987434
TI  - Transfemoral Rescue for a Transapical Malpositioned TAVI Device.

PMID- 26987435
TI  - The effective combination therapy against human osteosarcoma: doxorubicin plus
      curcumin co-encapsulated lipid-coated polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery
      system.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To overcome both the dose-limiting side effects of conventional
      chemotherapeutic agents and the therapeutic failure incurred from multidrug
      resistant (MDR) in osteosarcoma (OS), biodegradable lipid-coated polymeric
      nanoparticles (LPNs) were explored for the loading of doxorubicin (DOX) and
      curcumin (CUR). METHODS: DOX plus CUR co-encapsulated LPNs (DOX + CUR LPNs) of
      mixed lipid monolayer shell and biodegradable polymer core were prepared. The
      cytotoxicity effect of DOX + CUR LPNs, single drug loaded LPNs, and free drug
      solutions were evaluated on human OS cell line KHOS cells and mice KHOS cells
      xenograft in vivo. RESULTS: DOX + CUR LPNs displayed a curative effect on OS cell
      lines than the free drug counterparts. Also, best anti-OS effects were observed
      on the animal model compared with other groups tested. CONCLUSION: This promising
      dual drugs co-encapsulated lipid-coated polymeric nanoparticulate drug delivery
      system enhanced the cell delivery and activity of drugs against human OS cancer
      cell lines and in cancer bearing mice. This research may offer new options for
      the treatment of OS.

PMID- 26987436
TI  - Quantum electrodynamics and plasmonic resonance of metallic nanostructures.
AB  - Plasmonic resonance of a metallic nanostructure results from coherent motion of
      its conduction electrons driven by incident light. At the resonance, the induced
      dipole in the nanostructure is proportional to the number of the conduction
      electrons, hence 10(7) times larger than that in an atom. The interaction energy
      between the induced dipole and fluctuating virtual field of the incident light
      can reach a few tenths of an eV. Therefore, the classical electromagnetism
      dominating the field may become inadequate. We propose that quantum
      electrodynamics (QED) may be used as a fundamental theory to describe the
      interaction between the virtual field and the oscillating electrons. Based on
      QED, we derive analytic expressions for the plasmon resonant frequency, which
      depends on three easily accessible material parameters. The analytic theory
      reproduces very well the experimental data, and can be used in rational design of
      materials for plasmonic applications. 

PMID- 26987438
TI  - Reducing the global burden of Preterm Birth through knowledge transfer and
      exchange: a research agenda for engaging effectively with policymakers.
AB  - Preterm birth (PTB) is the world's leading cause of death in children under 5
      years. In 2013, over one million out of six million child deaths were due to
      complications of PTB. The rate of decline in child death overall has far outpaced
      the rate of decline attributable to PTB. Three key reasons for this slow progress
      in reducing PTB mortality are: (a) the underlying etiology and biological
      mechanisms remain unknown, presenting a challenge to discovering ways to prevent
      and treat the condition; (ii) while there are several evidence-based
      interventions that can reduce the risk of PTB and associated infant mortality,
      the coverage rates of these interventions in low- and middle-income countries
      remain very low; and (c) the gap between knowledge and action on PTB--the "know
      do gap"--has been a major obstacle to progress in scaling up the use of existing
      evidence-based child health interventions, including those to prevent and treat
      PTB.In this review, we focus on the know-do gap in PTB as it applies to
      policymakers. The evidence-based approaches to narrowing this gap have become
      known as knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE). In our paper, we propose a
      research agenda for promoting KTE with policymakers, with an ambitious but
      realistic goal of reducing the global burden of PTB. We hope that our proposed
      research agenda stimulates further debate and discussion on research priorities
      to soon bend the curve of PTB mortality.

PMID- 26987437
TI  - Off-treatment durability of antiviral response to nucleoside analogues in
      patients with chronic hepatitis B.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Off-treatment durability of nucleoside analogue (NA) therapy in
      patients with chronic hepatitis B has not been well investigated. In this study
      we monitored antiviral effect of NA therapy and evaluated off-treatment
      durability after NA cessation in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 94 consecutive patients (39 HBeAg-negative and 55 HBeAg
      positive patients) who received NA therapy were followed up for approximately 9
      years. We discontinued NA according to the following criteria; undetectable serum
      HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on three separate occasions at least 6
      months apart in HBeAg-negative patients (APASL stopping recommendation), and
      seroconversion from HBeAg-positive to HBeAb-positive and undetectable serum HBV
      DNA by PCR for at least 12 months in HBeAg-positive patients. RESULTS: The
      cumulative rate of relapse after NA cessation was 48 % and 40 % in HBeAg-negative
      and -positive patients, respectively. Higher baseline serum alanine
      aminotransferase level was the only significant predictor for maintaining
      remission. No patients experienced decompensation after relapse. HBsAg loss
      occurred at an annual rate of 1.4 % and 0.4 % in HBeAg-negative and -positive
      patients, respectively. Hepatocellular carcinoma developed at an annual rate of
      0.6 % in both HBeAg-negative and -positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of
      the patients did not relapse after cessation of NA therapy in both HBeAg-negative
      and -positive patients. Therefore, NA therapy could be discontinued with close
      monitoring if the APASL stopping recommendation is satisfied even in HBeAg
      negative patients.

PMID- 26987439
TI  - An examination of internet and land-based gambling among adolescents in three
      Canadian provinces: results from the youth gambling survey (YGS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the rapid proliferation of new gambling technology and online
      gambling opportunities, there is a concern that online gambling could have a
      significant impact on public health, particularly for adolescents. The aim of
      this study is to examine online and land-based gambling behaviour among
      adolescents in 3 Canadian provinces (Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador,
      Saskatchewan) prior to the implementation of legalized online gambling. METHODS:
      Data are from 10,035 students in grades 9 to 12 who responded to the 2012-2013
      Youth Gambling Survey (YGS) supplement, a questionnaire administered as part of
      the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS, 2012) in 3 provinces: Newfoundland and
      Labrador (n = 2,588), Ontario (n = 3,892), and Saskatchewan (n = 3,555). RESULTS:
      Overall, 41.6% of adolescents (35.9% of females and 47.4% of males) had gambled
      in the past 3 months. 9.4% of adolescents had gambled online in the past 3 months
      alone (3.7% of females and 15.3% of males). The most popular form of online
      gambling was online sports betting. Adolescents also engaged in online simulated
      gambling including internet poker (9.1%) and simulated gambling on Facebook
      (9.0%). Few adolescents participated in online gambling exclusively and online
      gamblers were more likely than land-based gamblers to engage in multiple forms of
      gambling. A higher proportion of adolescent online gamblers scored "high" or "low
      to moderate" in problem gambling severity compared to land-based only gamblers.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite restrictions on online gambling at the time of the study,
      adolescents were engaging in online gambling at a significantly higher rate than
      has been previously found. Adolescents were also using technology such as video
      games to gamble and free online gambling simulations.

PMID- 26987440
TI  - Peptide based hydrogels for cancer drug release: modulation of stiffness, drug
      release and proteolytic stability of hydrogels by incorporating d-amino acid
      residue(s).
AB  - Synthetic tripeptide based noncytotoxic hydrogelators have been discovered for
      releasing an anticancer drug at physiological pH and temparature. Interestingly,
      gel stiffness, drug release capacity and proteolytic stability of these hydrogels
      have been successfully modulated by incorporating d-amino acid residues,
      indicating their potential use for drug delivery in the future. 

PMID- 26987442
TI  - Correlation between siblings in caries in Norway. A quantitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of the family for caries between siblings has been a focus
      for researchers for almost 100 years. However, the contribution of the family to
      the variation in caries has not been determined. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the
      correlation between siblings in caries, and to investigate whether this varied
      according to number of siblings, mother's level of education, marital status and
      country of birth. METHODS: The population included families with two or more
      siblings, altogether 409 766 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years, and 181
      551 mothers. Data on caries were from electronic dental journals, which were
      merged with data from Statistics Norway about the characteristics of the mothers.
      The analyses were performed using random-effects regression, in which separate
      regressions were run for the extent of the carious lesion. Caries was scored for
      permanent teeth only. Mothers were used to identify siblings within families. The
      correlation between siblings in caries was measured using the intraclass
      correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The proportion of the variance in the outcome
      measures that was due to between-family variability was in the range 13-29%. The
      intraclass correlation coefficients from the analyses of the subpopulations that
      described the characteristics of the mothers were fairly similar to the ICCs as
      estimated on the whole population. CONCLUSION: We identified a fairly strong
      family effect, which confirms that the family is an important arena in which the
      dental health of the children is formed. An improvement in dental health for one
      of the siblings was associated with a positive effect on the dental health of the
      other sibling, and vice versa.

PMID- 26987441
TI  - The HigB/HigA toxin/antitoxin system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa influences the
      virulence factors pyochelin, pyocyanin, and biofilm formation.
AB  - Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are prevalent in most bacterial and archaeal
      genomes, and one of the emerging physiological roles of TA systems is to help
      regulate pathogenicity. Although TA systems have been studied in several model
      organisms, few studies have investigated the role of TA systems in pseudomonads.
      Here, we demonstrate that the previously uncharacterized proteins HigB
      (unannotated) and HigA (PA4674) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 form a type II TA
      system in which antitoxin HigA masks the RNase activity of toxin HigB through
      direct binding. Furthermore, toxin HigB reduces production of the virulence
      factors pyochelin, pyocyanin, swarming, and biofilm formation; hence, this system
      affects the pathogencity of this strain in a manner that has not been
      demonstrated previously for TA systems.

PMID- 26987443
TI  - Furanodiene alters mitochondrial function in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 human
      breast cancer cells in an AMPK-dependent manner.
AB  - Furanodiene is a bioactive sesquiterpene isolated from the spice-producing
      Curcuma wenyujin plant (Y. H. Chen and C. Ling) (C. wenyujin), which is a
      commonly prescribed herb used in clinical cancer therapy by modern practitioners
      of traditional Chinese medicine. Previously, we have shown that furanodiene
      inhibits breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, however, the
      mechanism for this effect is not yet known. In this study, therefore, we asked
      (1) whether cultured breast cancer cells made resistant to the chemotherapeutic
      agent doxorubicin (DOX) via serial selection protocols are susceptible to
      furanodiene's anticancer effect, and (2) whether AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK), which is a regulator of cellular energy homeostasis in eukaryotic cells,
      participates in this effect. We show here (1) that doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7
      (MCF-7/DOX(R)) cells treated with furanodiene exhibit altered mitochondrial
      function and reduced levels of ATP, resulting in apoptotic cell death, and (2)
      that AMPK is central to this effect. In these cells, furanodiene (as opposed to
      doxorubicin) noticeably affects the phosphorylation of AMPK and AMPK pathway
      intermediates, ACLY and GSK-3beta, suggesting that furanodiene reduces
      mitochondrial function and cellular ATP levels by way of AMPK activation.
      Finally, we find that the cell permeable agent and AMPK inhibitor compound C
      (CC), abolishes furanodiene-induced anticancer activity in these MCF-7/DOX(R)
      cells, with regard to cell growth inhibition and AMPK activation; in contrast,
      AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside, acadesine), an
      AMPK activator, augments furanodiene-induced anticancer activity. Furthermore,
      specific knockdown of AMPK in MCF-7/DOX(R) cells protects these cells from
      furanodiene-induced cell death. Taken together, these findings suggest that AMPK
      and its pathway intermediates are promising therapeutic targets for treating
      chemoresistant breast cancer, and that furanodiene may be an important chemical
      agent incorporated in next-generation chemotherapy protocols.

PMID- 26987444
TI  - Unraveling the role of mechanical stimulation on smooth muscle cells: A
      comparative study between 2D and 3D models.
AB  - A thorough understanding of cell response to combined culture configuration and
      mechanical cues is of paramount importance in vascular tissue engineering
      applications. Herein, we investigated and compared the response of vascular
      smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) cultured in different culture environments (2D cell
      monolayers and 3D cellularized collagen-based gels) in combination with
      mechanical stimulation (7% uniaxial cyclic strain, 1 Hz) for 2 and 5 days. When
      cyclic strain was applied, two different responses, in terms of cell orientation
      and expression of contractile-phenotype proteins, were observed in 2D and 3D
      models. Specifically, in 2D configuration, cyclic strain caused ~50% of cell
      population to align nearly perpendicular (80-90 degrees) to the strain direction,
      while not influencing the contractile-phenotype protein expression, as compared
      to the 2D static controls. Conversely, the application of uniaxial strain to 3D
      constructs induced a ~60% cell alignment almost parallel (0-10 degrees) to the
      strain direction. Moreover, 3D mechanical stimulation applied for 5 days induced
      a twofold increase of SM alpha-actin level and a 14-fold increase of calponin
      expression as compared to 3D static controls. Altogether these findings provide a
      new insight into the potential to drive cell behavior by modulating the
      extracellular matrix and the biomechanical environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng.
      2016;113: 2254-2263. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26987445
TI  - Microspheres Assembled from Chitosan-Graft-Poly(lactic acid) Micelle-Like Core
      Shell Nanospheres for Distinctly Controlled Release of Hydrophobic and
      Hydrophilic Biomolecules.
AB  - To simultaneously control inflammation and facilitate dentin regeneration, a
      copolymeric micelle-in-microsphere platform is developed in this study, aiming to
      simultaneously release a hydrophobic drug to suppress inflammation and a
      hydrophilic biomolecule to enhance odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp
      stem cells in a distinctly controlled fashion. A series of chitosan-graft
      poly(lactic acid) copolymers is synthesized with varying lactic acid and chitosan
      weight ratios, self-assembled into nanoscale micelle-like core-shell structures
      in an aqueous system, and subsequently crosslinked into microspheres through
      electrostatic interaction with sodium tripolyphosphate. A hydrophobic biomolecule
      either coumarin-6 or fluocinolone acetonide (FA) is encapsulated into the
      hydrophobic cores of the micelles, while a hydrophilic biomolecule either bovine
      serum albumin or bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is entrapped in the
      hydrophilic shells and the interspaces among the micelles. Both hydrophobic and
      hydrophilic biomolecules are delivered with distinct and tunable release
      patterns. Delivery of FA and BMP-2 simultaneously suppresses inflammation and
      enhances odontogenesis, resulting in significantly enhanced mineralized tissue
      regeneration. This result also demonstrates the potential for this novel delivery
      system to deliver multiple therapeutics and to achieve synergistic effects.

PMID- 26987446
TI  - Improving Medicare's Hospital Compare Mortality Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To improve the predictions provided by Medicare's Hospital Compare
      (HC) to facilitate better informed decisions regarding hospital choice by the
      public. DATA SOURCES/SETTING: Medicare claims on all patients admitted for Acute
      Myocardial Infarction between 2009 through 2011. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort analysis
      using a Bayesian approach, comparing the present assumptions of HC (using a
      constant mean and constant variance for all hospital random effects), versus an
      expanded model that allows for the inclusion of hospital characteristics to
      permit the data to determine whether they vary with attributes of hospitals, such
      as volume, capabilities, and staffing. Hospital predictions are then created
      using directly standardized estimates to facilitate comparisons between
      hospitals. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Medicare fee-for-service claims.
      PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our model that included hospital characteristics produces
      very different predictions from the current HC model, with higher predicted
      mortality rates at hospitals with lower volume and worse characteristics. Using
      Chicago as an example, the expanded model would advise patients against seeking
      treatment at the smallest hospitals with worse technology and staffing.
      CONCLUSION: To aid patients when selecting between hospitals, the Centers for
      Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) should improve the HC model by permitting
      its predictions to vary systematically with hospital attributes such as volume,
      capabilities, and staffing.

PMID- 26987448
TI  - Focus on Epigenetics.

PMID- 26987447
TI  - An evolutionary insight into the hatching strategies of pipefish and seahorse
      embryos.
AB  - Syngnathiform fishes carry their eggs in a brood structure found in males. The
      brood structure differs from species to species: seahorses carry eggs within
      enclosed brood pouch, messmate pipefish carry eggs in the semi-brood pouch, and
      alligator pipefish carry eggs in the egg compartment on abdomen. These egg
      protection strategies were established during syngnathiform evolution. In the
      present study, we compared the hatching mode of protected embryos of three
      species. Electron microscopic observations revealed that alligator pipefish and
      messmate pipefish egg envelopes were thicker than those of seahorses, suggesting
      that the seahorse produces a weaker envelope. Furthermore, molecular genetic
      analysis revealed that these two pipefishes possessed the egg envelope-digesting
      enzymes, high choriolytic enzyme (HCE), and low choriolytic enzyme (LCE), as do
      many euteleosts. In seahorses, however, only HCE gene expression was detected.
      When searching the entire seahorse genome by high-throughput DNA sequencing, we
      did not find a functional LCE gene and only a trace of the LCE gene exon was
      found, confirming that the seahorse LCE gene was pseudogenized during evolution.
      Finally, we estimated the size and number of hatching gland cells expressing
      hatching enzyme genes by whole-mount in situ hybridization. The seahorse cells
      were the smallest of the three species, while they had the greatest number. These
      results suggest that the isolation of eggs from the external environment by
      paternal bearing might bring the egg envelope thin, and then, the hatching enzyme
      genes became pseudogenized. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 9999B:XX-XX, 2016.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26987451
TI  - Probing sol-gel matrices microenvironments by PGSE HR-MAS NMR.
AB  - We applied Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo diffusion with high-resolution magic angle
      spinning NMR to study sol-gel matrices used to encapsulate enzymes for
      biocatalysis (TMOS/MTMS and TMOS/BTMS) to gain insight into the local chemical
      microenvironment. Transport properties of solvents with different polarities (1
      pentanol, acetonitrile and n-hexane) were studied through their apparent self
      diffusion coefficients. The spin echo attenuation of the solvents shows two
      distinct diffusion domains, one with fast diffusion (Dfast ) associated with
      interparticle diffusion and another with slow diffusion (Dslow ) corresponding to
      the displacement inside the pores within the sol-gel particles. The analysis of
      the root mean square displacements at different diffusion times showed that the
      Dfast domain has a free diffusion regime in both matrices (the root mean square
      displacement is linearly dependent of the diffusion time), while the Dslow domain
      shows a different regime that depends on the matrix. We investigated the exchange
      regime between the two diffusion sites. In both matrices, n-hexane was in
      intermediate exchange between diffusion domains, while the polar solvents were in
      slow exchange in TMOS/BTMS and in intermediate exchange in TMOS/MTMS. Data were
      fitted for TMOS/BTMS with the Karger model, and the physical parameters were
      obtained. The results add to the evidence that the pores are a hydrophobic
      environment but that the presence of some free hydrophilic groups inside the
      pore, as observed in the TMOS/BTMS, has a key role in slowing down the exchange
      of polar solvents and that this is relevant to explain previously reported enzyme
      activity in these materials. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26987452
TI  - Ag-catalysed cutting of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
AB  - In this work, the cutting of carbon nanotubes is investigated using silver
      nanoparticles deposited on arc discharge multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The
      composite is subsequently heated in air to fabricate shortened multi-walled
      nanotubes. Complementary transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy
      techniques shed light on the cutting mechanism. The nanotube cutting is catalysed
      by the fundamental mechanism based on the coordination of the silver atoms to the
      pi-bonds of carbon nanotubes. As a result of the metal coordination, the strength
      of the carbon-carbon bond is reduced, promoting the oxidation of carbon at lower
      temperature when heated in air, or lowering the activation energy required for
      the removal of carbon atoms by electron beam irradiation, assuring in both cases
      the cutting of the nanotubes. 

PMID- 26987453
TI  - Analysis of Hemogram of Radiation Workers in Tangshan, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate changes in peripheral blood cells of
      radiation workers and explore the impact of long-term ionizing radiation (IR) on
      human peripheral hemogram. METHODS: With a cohort method, we selected 1,392
      radiation workers (case group) and 1,430 non-health-ray-exposure history persons
      (control group) to detect and analyze their peripheral hemogram. FAITH3000
      automatic biochemical analyzer was used for blood testing. Examination of
      peripheral hemogram includes the examination of white blood cells (WBCs),
      platelet (PLTs), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), lymphocytes (LYMs), and
      mononuclear cells (MOs). The data analysis was conducted with software SPSS19.0.
      RESULTS: All the peripheral hemogram indicators (WBCs, RBCs, Hb, PLTs, LYMs, and
      MOs) in the case group, in accordance with the order of radiology diagnostic
      medical group, industrial inspection group, petroleum logging group, and
      radiotherapy medical group, showed a significant decreasing trend and were lower
      than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Besides, with the increase of
      radiation seniority and accumulative radiation dose, all the peripheral hemogram
      indicators (WBCs, RBCs, Hb, PLTs, LYMs, and MOs) in the case group dramatically
      decreased and were lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05).
      Seniority was in negative association with the expressions of WBCs, PLTs, RBCs,
      Hb, LYMs, and MOs and radiation dose with Hb, LYMs, and MOs (all P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Long-term IR has some effects on the health of radiation workers,
      thus protective measures should be further strengthened.

PMID- 26987454
TI  - Should we measure ambivalence to change?

PMID- 26987455
TI  - Defining disaster resilience: comparisons from key stakeholders involved in
      emergency management in Victoria, Australia.
AB  - Three years after the introduction of the National Strategy for Disaster
      Resilience there remains no unanimously adopted definition of disaster resilience
      within Australia's emergency management sector. The aim of this study is to
      determine what the concept means to key stakeholders in the emergency management
      sector in the Australian State of Victoria, and how these conceptualisations
      overlap and diverge. Via an online survey, 113 people were asked how they define
      disaster resilience in their work in the emergency management sector. A data
      mining software tool, Leximancer, was employed to uncover the relationships
      between the definitions provided. The findings show that stakeholders see
      resilience as an 'ability' that encompasses emergency management activities and
      personal responsibility. However, the findings also highlight some possible
      points of conflict between stakeholders. In addition, the paper outlines and
      discusses a number of potential consequences for the implementation and the
      success of the resilience-based approach in Australia.

PMID- 26987456
TI  - Variation Interpretation Predictors: Principles, Types, Performance, and Choice.
AB  - Next-generation sequencing methods have revolutionized the speed of generating
      variation information. Sequence data have a plethora of applications and will
      increasingly be used for disease diagnosis. Interpretation of the identified
      variants is usually not possible with experimental methods. This has caused a
      bottleneck that many computational methods aim at addressing. Fast and efficient
      methods for explaining the significance and mechanisms of detected variants are
      required for efficient precision/personalized medicine. Computational prediction
      methods have been developed in three areas to address the issue. There are
      generic tolerance (pathogenicity) predictors for filtering harmful variants.
      Gene/protein/disease-specific tools are available for some applications.
      Mechanism and effect-specific computer programs aim at explaining the
      consequences of variations. Here, we discuss the different types of predictors
      and their applications. We review available variation databases and prediction
      methods useful for variation interpretation. We discuss how the performance of
      methods is assessed and summarize existing assessment studies. A brief
      introduction is provided to the principles of the methods developed for variation
      interpretation as well as guidelines for how to choose the optimal tools and
      where the field is heading in the future.

PMID- 26987458
TI  - Effects of dietary oil blend on fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and
      physicochemical properties of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle in goats.
AB  - This study examined the effects of dietary blend of 80% canola oil and 20% palm
      oil (BCPO) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant status, oxidative
      stability and fatty acid composition of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL)
      muscle from goats during chill storage. Over a 14-week feeding trial, 24 Boer
      bucks were randomly assigned to and supplemented with diets containing 0, 4 or 8%
      BCPO on a dry matter basis, slaughtered and the LTL was subjected to a 7 day
      chill storage. Neither diet nor post mortem ageing influenced (P > 0.05)
      antioxidant enzyme activities, chemical composition and cholesterol. Diet had no
      effect on the carbonyl content, free thiol content, water-holding capacity,
      tenderness, pH and glycogen. Oil-supplemented goats had higher (P < 0.05) C18:1
      trans-11, C18:3n-3 and C20:5n-3, carotenoid, tocopherol and redness, and lower
      thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values than the control goats. Post
      mortem ageing decreased (P < 0.05) shear force and oxidative stability of chevon.
      No significant (P > 0.05) changes were found in the proportion of individual
      fatty acids throughout storage. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
      decreased while total saturated fatty acids increased as storage progressed.
      Dietary BCPO enhanced n-3 PUFA without compromising the quality attributes of
      chevon.

PMID- 26987457
TI  - Rice PROTEIN l-ISOASPARTYL METHYLTRANSFERASE isoforms differentially accumulate
      during seed maturation to restrict deleterious isoAsp and reactive oxygen species
      accumulation and are implicated in seed vigor and longevity.
AB  - PROTEIN l-ISOASPARTYL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (PIMT) is a protein-repairing enzyme
      involved in seed vigor and longevity. However, the regulation of PIMT isoforms
      during seed development and the mechanism of PIMT-mediated improvement of seed
      vigor and longevity are largely unknown. In this study in rice (Oryza sativa), we
      demonstrate the dynamics and correlation of isoaspartyl (isoAsp)-repairing
      demands and PIMT activity, and their implications, during seed development,
      germination and aging, through biochemical, molecular and genetic studies.
      Molecular and biochemical analyses revealed that rice possesses various
      biochemically active and inactive PIMT isoforms. Transcript and western blot
      analyses clearly showed the seed development stage and tissue-specific
      accumulation of active isoforms. Immunolocalization studies revealed distinct
      isoform expression in embryo and aleurone layers. Further analyses of transgenic
      lines for each OsPIMT isoform revealed a clear role in the restriction of
      deleterious isoAsp and age-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation to
      improve seed vigor and longevity. Collectively, our data suggest that a PIMT
      mediated, protein repair mechanism is initiated during seed development in rice,
      with each isoform playing a distinct, yet coordinated, role. Our results also
      raise the intriguing possibility that PIMT repairs antioxidative enzymes and
      proteins which restrict ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, etc. in seed,
      particularly during aging, thus contributing to seed vigor and longevity.

PMID- 26987459
TI  - Support and preferences for intermediate health care services for back and neck
      pain: a survey among members of the Dutch patient association for spinal pain.
AB  - RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Recent health care reforms in the Netherlands
      have led to the introduction of intermediate health care. Intermediate health
      care combines features of primary care and secondary (hospital) care. It is
      characterized by a task shift from hospital care to primary care. The initial
      experiences of medical specialists and general practitioners with intermediate
      health care are positive. However, the patients' perspectives regarding this
      reform are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the level of support from
      patients with back and/or neck pain for intermediate health care services and to
      provide insight into their preferences how this care should be organized.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in which members of the patient
      association for spinal pain in the Netherlands completed electronic
      questionnaires to measure the level of support and preferred organization of
      intermediate health care services. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 367
      patients (response rate: 51%). Respondents supported the concept of intermediate
      health care (numeric rating scale: 7/10). Aspects considered important for
      intermediate health care included knowledge and expertise of staff,
      multidisciplinary cooperation, patient contact time, reimbursement via health
      insurance, quality control of care, evidence-based treatments and electronic
      medical records. Although intermediate care is a health care reform, patients
      continued to think according to traditional primary and secondary care
      constitutions. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with neck and/or back pain support the
      introduction of intermediate health care services and have explicit preferences
      regarding its organization, but may need to be better informed when intermediate
      care is introduced.

PMID- 26987460
TI  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) permeates ovine ruminal and jejunal epithelia,
      mainly by passive diffusion.
AB  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) represents the most abundant inhibitory
      neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. GABA is also produced in plants and/or
      by the microbial conversion of amino acids. Thus, ruminants may be forced to take
      up significant amounts of GABA from their diet. However, it is not known whether
      exogenously acquired GABA might permeate the gastrointestinal barrier in such
      quantities as to induce systemic alterations. Thus, this study pursues the
      question of where within the ruminant's GI tract and by which pathways GABA may
      be taken up from the ingesta. The jejunal and ruminal epithelia of sheep were
      mounted in Ussing chambers under short-circuit conditions. The flux rates of
      radiolabelled GABA from the mucosal to the serosal side (Jms ) and vice versa
      (Jsm ) were measured. GABA was applied in various concentrations with adjustment
      of the mucosal pH to 6.1 or 7.4. Furthermore, beta-alanine or glycine was used as
      a competitive inhibitor for GABA transport. In both the jejunal and ruminal
      epithelium, the Jms of GABA was linearly correlated to the mucosal GABA
      concentration. However, Jms across the jejunal epithelium was approximately 10
      fold higher than Jms across the ruminal epithelium. When 0.5 mmol/l GABA was
      applied on both sides of the epithelium, no net flux could be observed in the
      jejunal epithelia. Additionally, there was no effect of decreased mucosal pH or
      the application of glycine or beta-alanine under these conditions. The Jms and
      Jsm of GABA were linearly correlated to the transepithelial conductance. Our
      results suggest that GABA is taken up from the small intestine rather than from
      the rumen. Due to the lack of influence of pH and competitive inhibitors, this
      uptake seems to occur primarily via passive diffusion.

PMID- 26987461
TI  - Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine--Equally Effective for Everyone?

PMID- 26987463
TI  - Two Very Different Patient Populations.

PMID- 26987464
TI  - Unrealistic View.

PMID- 26987462
TI  - The Clinical Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for approximately 1.6 million
      yearly deaths worldwide. An up-to-date evidence base on the effects of
      pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on infectious diseases and mortality in
      any population or setting regardless of age or health status is currently
      lacking. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for pertinent
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two reviewers independently screened 9498
      titles/abstracts and 430 full-text papers for eligible trials. The outcomes of
      our meta-analysis were pooled using relative risks (RRs) with a random effects
      model or Peto's odds ratios (ORs) if event rates were :lt;1%. RESULTS: 21 RCTs
      comprising 361 612 individuals were included. PCVs reduced the risk for invasive
      pneumococcal disease (odds ratio [OR]: 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.36;
      0.51]), all-cause acute otitis media (AOM) (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: [0.86; 1.00]),
      pneumococcal AOM (RR: 0.57, 95% CI: [0.39; 0.83]), allcause pneumonia (RR: 0.93,
      95% CI: [0.89; 0.97]), and pneumococcal pneumonia (RR: 0.78, 95% CI: [0.62;
      0.97]). We found no significant effect of PCVs on all-cause mortality (RR: 0.95,
      95% CI: [0.88; 1.03]) or recurrent AOM (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: [0.72; 1.05]).
      CONCLUSION: PCVs are associated with large risk reductions for pneumococcal
      infectious diseases, smaller risk reductions for infectious diseases from any
      cause, and no significant effect on all-cause mortality.

PMID- 26987465
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26987466
TI  - Simple Solution.

PMID- 26987467
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 26987469
TI  - Effects of guided breath exercise on complex behaviour of heart rate dynamics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cardiac autonomic regulation is influenced by changes in
      respiratory rate, which has been demonstrated by linear analysis of heart rate
      variability (HRV). Conversely, the complex behaviour is not well defined for HRV
      during this physiological state. In this sense, Higuchi Fractal Dimension is
      applied directly to the time series. It analyses the fractal dimension of
      discrete time sequences and is simpler and faster than correlation dimension and
      many other classical measures derived from chaos theory. We investigated chaotic
      behaviour of heart rate dynamics during guided breath exercises. METHOD: We
      investigated 21 healthy male volunteers aged between 18 and 30 years. HRV was
      analysed 10 min before and 10 min during guided breath exercises. HRV was
      analysed in the time and frequency domain for linear analysis and through HFD for
      non-linear analysis. RESULTS: Linear analysis indicated that SDNN, pNN50, RMSSD,
      LF, HF and LF/HF increased during guided breath exercises. HFD analysis
      illustrated that between Kmax 20 to Kmax 120 intervals, was enhanced during
      guided breath exercises. CONCLUSION: Guided breath exercises acutely increased
      chaotic behaviour of HRV measured by HFD.

PMID- 26987468
TI  - Evidence-Based Hernia Treatment in Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inguinal hernia repair is the most common general surgical procedure
      in industrialized countries, with a frequency of about 200 operations per 100 000
      persons per year. Suture- and mesh-based techniques can be used, and the
      procedure can be either open or minimally invasive. METHODS: This review is based
      on a selective search of the literature, with interpretation of the published
      findings according to the principles of evidence-based medicine. RESULTS:
      Inguinal hernia is diagnosed by physical examination. Surgery is not necessarily
      indicated for a primary, asymptomatic inguinal hernia in a male patient, but all
      inguinal hernias in women should be operated on. For hernias in women, and for
      all bilateral hernias, a laparoscopic or endoscopic procedure is preferable to an
      open procedure. Primary unilateral hernias in men can be treated either by open
      surgery or by laparoscopy/endoscopy. Patients treated by laparoscopy/endoscopy
      develop chronic pain less often than those treated by open surgery. A mesh-based
      repair is generally recommended; this seems reasonable in view of the
      pathogenesis of the condition, which involves an abnormality of the extracellular
      matrix. CONCLUSION: The choice of procedure has been addressed by international
      guidelines based on high-level evidence. Surgeons should deviate from their
      recommendations only in exceptional cases and for special reasons. Guideline
      conformity implies that hernia surgeons must master both open and
      endoscopic/laparoscopic techniques.

PMID- 26987470
TI  - Non-nociceptive pain in rheumatoid arthritis is frequent and affects disease
      activity estimation: cross-sectional data from the FRAME study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The painDETECT questionnaire (PDQ) is a mechanism-based pain
      classification tool assigning patients to one of three categories depending on
      the quality of the experienced pain. Patients with non-nociceptive pain score
      high on the PDQ. The objective was to assess the proportions of the three PDQ
      classification groups in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to explore
      differences in clinical characteristics. METHOD: RA patients initiating or
      escalating their RA therapy were included prospectively and underwent a thorough
      examination programme. Low (PDQ score < 13), medium (PDQ score 13-18), and high
      (PDQ score > 18) scores indicate nociceptive, unclear/possible neuropathic, or
      neuropathic pain mechanisms, respectively. RESULTS: The 102 included patients
      were classified into the following PDQ classification groups: low = 65%, medium =
      23%, and high = 12%. Patients in the medium and high PDQ groups scored worse on
      indicators of anxiety, depression, disability, mental health-related quality of
      life, pain, and fatigue. They also had more tender points and an RA disease
      activity score based on 28 joints (DAS28) where a higher fraction of the
      composite score pertained to non-inflammatory factors compared to patients in the
      low PDQ classification group. There were no differences in objective inflammatory
      indices across groups. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the tender
      joint count (TJC) and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF36) mental
      component summary (MCS) score were independently associated with the PDQ score.
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients initiating or intensifying medical treatment for their
      RA, non-nociceptive pain (PDQ score >= 13) is common. In these patients, the pain
      mechanisms result in increased disease activity scores on a non-inflammatory
      basis.

PMID- 26987471
TI  - Gender bias in individual radiosensitivity and the association with genetic
      polymorphic variations.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the extent of variation in radiosensitivity between
      individuals, gender-related dissimilarity and impact on the association with
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Survival curves of
      152 fibroblast cell strains derived from both gender were generated. Individual
      radiosensitivity was characterized by the surviving fraction at 2Gy (SF2). SNPs
      in 10 radiation responsive genes were genotyped by direct sequencing. RESULTS:
      The wide variation in SF2 (0.12-0.50; mean=0.33) was significantly associated
      with 3 SNPs: TP53 G72C (P=0.007), XRCC1 G399A (P=0.002) and ATM G1853A (P=0.01).
      Females and males differed significantly in radiosensitivity (P=0.004) that
      impacted genetic association where only XRCC1 remained significant in both gender
      (P<0.05). Meanwhile, discordant association was observed for TP53 that was
      significant in females (P=0.012) and ATM that was significant in males
      (P=0.0006). When gender-specific SF2-mean (0.31 and 0.35 for females and males;
      respectively) was considered, further discordance was observed where XRCC1 turned
      out not to be associated with radiosensitivity in males (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Although the variation in individual radiosensitivity was associated with certain
      SNPs, gender bias for both endpoints was evident. Therefore, assessing the risk
      of radiation exposure in females and males should be considered separately in
      order to achieve the ultimate goal of personalized radiation medicine.

PMID- 26987472
TI  - Effect of contrast enhancement in delineating GTV and constructing IGTV of
      thoracic oesophageal cancer based on 4D-CT scans.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of contrast enhancement on delineating the
      gross tumour volumes (GTVs) of different respiratory phases and constructing the
      corresponding internal GTVs (IGTVs) of primary thoracic oesophageal cancer based
      on four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) scans. METHODS: Forty-five
      patients with upper (14 cases), middle (16 cases), or lower (15 cases) thoracic
      oesophageal cancer sequentially underwent conventional plain and contrast
      enhanced 4D-CT scans during free breathing. First, the GTVs were delineated on
      plain 4D-CT, and the corresponding IGTVs were constructed by a physician. Then
      the GTVs were delineated on contrast-enhanced 4D-CT images, and the corresponding
      IGTVs were constructed by the same physician using the same standards. RESULTS:
      The coefficient of variation for the target volume delineated on contrast
      enhanced 4D-CT images was constantly smaller than that for plain 4D-CT images.
      The length of the GTVs along the z axis, as well as the volumes of the GTVs that
      were delineated and the IGTVs that were constructed, did not change between
      contrast-enhanced and plain 4D-CT images in patients with upper or lower thoracic
      oesophageal cancer (P>0.05), but showed significant differences in patients with
      middle thoracic oesophageal cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced 4D-CT
      scans can reduce the error of target volume delineation and be used to construct
      a more accurate internal target volume in patients with middle thoracic
      oesophageal cancer, however, whether GTV delineation or IGTV construction for
      patients with upper or lower thoracic oesophageal cancer, no significant benefit
      was found from contrast-enhanced 4D-CT scan.

PMID- 26987473
TI  - A tumour control probability model for radiotherapy of prostate cancer using
      magnetic resonance imaging-based apparent diffusion coefficient maps.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Standard tumour control probability (TCP) models assume
      uniform tumour cell density across the tumour. The aim of this study was to
      develop an individualised TCP model by including index-tumour regions extracted
      form multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and apparent diffusion
      coefficient (ADC) maps-based cell density distributions. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      ADC maps in a series of 20 prostate cancer patients were applied to estimate the
      initial number of cells within each voxel, using three different approaches for
      the relation between ADC values and cell density: a linear, a binary and a
      sigmoid relation. All TCP models were based on linear-quadratic cell survival
      curves assuming alpha/beta=1.93Gy (consistent with a recent meta-analysis) and
      alpha set to obtain a 70% of TCP when 77Gy was delivered to the entire prostate
      in 35 fractions (alpha=0.18Gy(-1)). RESULTS: Overall, TCP curves based on ADC
      maps showed larger differences between individuals than those assuming uniform
      cell densities. The range of the dose required to reach 50% TCP across the
      patient cohort was 20.1Gy, 18.7Gy and 13.2Gy using an MRI-based voxel density
      (linear, binary and sigmoid approach, respectively), compared to 4.1Gy using a
      constant density. CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of tumour-index information together
      with ADC maps-based cell density increases inter-patient tumour response
      differentiation for use in prostate cancer RT, resulting in TCP curves with a
      larger range in D50% across the cohort compared with those based on uniform cell
      densities.

PMID- 26987474
TI  - Cannabis use among Navy personnel in Sri Lanka: a cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prevalence of cannabis use among military populations vary. There is
      evidence that drug use is associated with combat exposure and PTSD. The objective
      of the study was to assess the prevalence of cannabis use among Sri Lanka Navy
      (SLN) personnel and to identify any relationship with cannabis use and combat
      exposure. METHODS: This cross sectional study was carried out among
      representative samples of SLN Special Forces (Special Boat Squadron) and regular
      forces deployed in combat areas. Both Special Forces and regular forces were
      selected using simple random sampling. Personnel who had served continuously in
      combat areas during the 1 year period prior to end of combat operations were
      included in the study. Cannabis use was defined as smoking cannabis at least once
      during the past 12 months. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 259 Special Forces
      and 412 regular navy personnel. Prevalence of cannabis use was 5.22% (95% CI 3.53
      6.9). There was no significant difference in prevalence of cannabis use among
      Special Forces personnel compared to regular forces. Cannabis use was
      significantly higher in the age group 18-24 years [OR 4.42 (95% CI 2.18-8.97)],
      personnel who were never married [OR 2.02 (95% CI 0.99-4.12)], or had an
      educational level less than GCE O'Level [OR 4.02 (95% CI 1.17-13.78)]. There was
      significant association between cannabis use and hazardous alcohol use [adjusted
      OR 5.47 (95% CI 2.65-11.28)], PTSD [adjusted OR 4.20 (95% CI 1.08-16.38)], GHQ
      caseness [adjusted OR 2.83 (95% CI 1.18-6.79)] and multiple somatic complaints
      [adjusted OR 3.61 (95% CI 1.5-8.7)]. Cannabis use was not associated with
      smoking. Risk of cannabis use was less in those who had seen dead or wounded
      [adjusted OR 0.42 (95% CI 0.20-0.85)]. Experiencing hostility from civilians was
      the only combat exposure that significantly increased the risk of cannabis use
      [adjusted OR 4.06 (95% CI 1.06-15.56)]. CONCLUSIONS: Among Sri Lanka Navy
      personnel exposed to combat cannabis use was significantly associated with
      hazardous alcohol use but not smoking. PTSD and other adverse mental health
      outcomes were associated with an increased risk of cannabis use. Exposure to
      combat was not associated with increased risk of cannabis use.

PMID- 26987475
TI  - Contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography with picomolar sensitivity for
      functional in vivo imaging.
AB  - Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) enables real-time imaging of living tissues at
      cell-scale resolution over millimeters in three dimensions. Despite these
      advantages, functional biological studies with OCT have been limited by a lack of
      exogenous contrast agents that can be distinguished from tissue. Here we report
      an approach to functional OCT imaging that implements custom algorithms to
      spectrally identify unique contrast agents: large gold nanorods (LGNRs). LGNRs
      exhibit 110-fold greater spectral signal per particle than conventional GNRs,
      which enables detection of individual LGNRs in water and concentrations as low as
      250 pM in the circulation of living mice. This translates to ~40 particles per
      imaging voxel in vivo. Unlike previous implementations of OCT spectral detection,
      the methods described herein adaptively compensate for depth and processing
      artifacts on a per sample basis. Collectively, these methods enable high-quality
      noninvasive contrast-enhanced imaging of OCT in living subjects, including
      detection of tumor microvasculature at twice the depth achievable with
      conventional OCT. Additionally, multiplexed detection of spectrally-distinct
      LGNRs was demonstrated to observe discrete patterns of lymphatic drainage and
      identify individual lymphangions and lymphatic valve functional states. These
      capabilities provide a powerful platform for molecular imaging and
      characterization of tissue noninvasively at cellular resolution, called MOZART.

PMID- 26987476
TI  - Communicable diseases as health risks at mass gatherings other than Hajj: what is
      the evidence?
AB  - Mass gatherings are characterized by the concentration of people temporally and
      spatially, and may lead to the emergence of infectious diseases due to enhanced
      transmission between attendees. This is well-demonstrated in the context of the
      Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages in Saudi Arabia. The goal of this review was to
      present the available evidence on outbreaks associated with a variety of
      pathogens, or also the lack thereof, as assessed by thorough surveillance at any
      mass gatherings with the exception of those in Saudi Arabia. A systematic search
      for relevant articles in the literature was conducted according to the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Sixty-eight
      studies were identified. Although outbreaks have not been reported frequently in
      or after mass gatherings outside the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages, they have
      sometimes occurred at Muslim, Christian, and Hindu religious events, at sports
      events, and at large-scale open air festivals. In this review it was found that
      the most common outbreaks at these mass gatherings involved vaccine preventable
      diseases, mainly measles and influenza, but also mumps and hepatitis A.
      Meningococcal disease has rarely been recorded. Additionally it was found that
      the transmission of various communicable diseases that may not be prevented by
      vaccination has been recorded in association with mass gatherings. These were
      mainly gastrointestinal infections, caused by a variety of pathogens. It was also
      noted that some outbreaks occurring at mass gatherings have resulted in the
      international spread of communicable diseases. 

PMID- 26987477
TI  - Is nodding syndrome an Onchocerca volvulus-induced neuroinflammatory disorder?
      Uganda's story of research in understanding the disease.
AB  - Nodding syndrome is a devastating neurological disorder, mostly affecting
      children in eastern Africa. An estimated 10000 children are affected. Uganda, one
      of the most affected countries, set out to systematically investigate the disease
      and develop interventions for it. On December 21, 2015, the Ministry of Health
      held a meeting with community leaders from the affected areas to disseminate the
      results of the investigations made to date. This article summarizes the
      presentation and shares the story of studies into this peculiar disease. It also
      shares the results of preliminary studies on its pathogenesis and puts into
      perspective an upcoming treatment intervention. Clinical and electrophysiological
      studies have demonstrated nodding syndrome to be a complex epilepsy disorder. A
      definitive aetiological agent has not been established, but in agreement with
      other affected countries, a consistent epidemiological association has been
      demonstrated with infection by Onchocerca volvulus. Preliminary studies of its
      pathogenesis suggest that nodding syndrome may be a neuroinflammatory disorder,
      possibly induced by antibodies to O. volvulus cross-reacting with neuron
      proteins. Histological examination of post-mortem brains has shown some yet to be
      characterized polarizable material in the majority of specimens. Studies to
      confirm these observations and a clinical trial are planned for 2016.

PMID- 26987478
TI  - Yersiniosis in France: overview and potential sources of infection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to exploit the extensive database on
      strains of Yersinia collected over more than 50 years in France in order to gain
      an overview of yersiniosis and potential sources of contamination in this
      country. METHODS: The 19 670 strains of Yersinia of human, animal, environmental,
      and food origin isolated in France were grouped by species, biotype, and
      serotype. RESULTS: Most human strains (59%) were pathogenic, with a marked
      predominance of Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3 (66.8%), followed by Y.
      enterocolitica 2/O:9 (23.8%) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (6.1%). Pigs and
      pork meat were the nearly exclusive sources of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3. Other
      pathogenic strains were rarely isolated from food or environmental samples
      (0.2%). The major source of pathogenic Yersinia was the animal reservoir, with a
      remarkable association between Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 and pigs, Y.
      pseudotuberculosis and wildlife, Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 and grazing farm
      animals, Y. enterocolitica 5/O:2,3 and hares, and Y. enterocolitica 3/O:1,2,3 and
      chinchillas. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of human infection caused by certain
      Yersinia subgroups might be related to the frequency of exposure to specific
      animal sources. In contrast, non-pathogenic Yersinia were commonly isolated from
      foodstuffs and the environment, most probably accounting for the abundance of non
      pathogenic Yersinia recovered from human stools.

PMID- 26987479
TI  - Clindamycin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus strains in Israel:
      implications for empirical treatment of skin and soft tissue infections.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to characterize isolates of
      Staphylococcus aureus obtained from skin and soft tissue infections in the
      community in Israel and to document the sensitivity patterns for commonly used
      antimicrobial agents. METHODS: The susceptibilities of S. aureus isolates from
      skin and soft tissue infections in the community in Israel were reviewed to
      determine the appropriate empirical therapy for these infections. RESULTS: A
      total of 7221 isolates were collected during the period 2009-2012; 39% were from
      children (age 0-18 years). In children, S. aureus oxacillin resistance dropped
      from 8.4% to 3.8% (p=0.073). While inducible clindamycin resistance increased
      slightly from 20% to 25%, there was a prominent increase in constitutive
      clindamycin resistance from 0.1% to 26.8% (p=0.012). In adults, oxacillin
      resistance increased from 16% to 23% (p<0.001) and constitutive clindamycin
      resistance increased notably from 5% to 29% (p<0.001). These findings demonstrate
      a dramatic increase in clindamycin resistance among S. aureus isolates and
      suggest against the usage of clindamycin as empirical treatment for suspected S.
      aureus infections in Israel. CONCLUSIONS: Beta-lactam anti-staphylococcal agents
      may be given as empirical treatment for children, but should be considered
      according to risk factors for adults in Israel.

PMID- 26987481
TI  - Lithium-coated polymeric matrix as a minimum volume-change and dendrite-free
      lithium metal anode.
AB  - Lithium metal is the ideal anode for the next generation of high-energy-density
      batteries. Nevertheless, dendrite growth, side reactions and infinite relative
      volume change have prevented it from practical applications. Here, we demonstrate
      a promising metallic lithium anode design by infusing molten lithium into a
      polymeric matrix. The electrospun polyimide employed is stable against highly
      reactive molten lithium and, via a conformal layer of zinc oxide coating to
      render the surface lithiophilic, molten lithium can be drawn into the matrix,
      affording a nano-porous lithium electrode. Importantly, the polymeric backbone
      enables uniform lithium stripping/plating, which successfully confines lithium
      within the matrix, realizing minimum volume change and effective dendrite
      suppression. The porous electrode reduces the effective current density; thus,
      flat voltage profiles and stable cycling of more than 100 cycles is achieved even
      at a high current density of 5 mA cm(-2) in both carbonate and ether electrolyte.
      The advantages of the porous, polymeric matrix provide important insights into
      the design principles of lithium metal anodes.

PMID- 26987480
TI  - Low prevalence of Plasmodium and absence of malaria transmission in Conakry,
      Guinea: prospects for elimination.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the past 15 years, mortality and morbidity due to malaria have
      been reduced substantially in sub-Saharan Africa and local elimination has been
      achieved in some settings. This study addresses the bio-ecology of larval and
      adult stages of malaria vectors, Plasmodium infection in Anopheles gambiae s.l.
      in the city of Conakry, Guinea, and discusses the prospect for malaria
      elimination. METHODS: Water bodies were prospected to identify potential mosquito
      breeding sites for 6 days each in the dry season (January 2013) and in the rainy
      season (August 2013), using the dipping method. Adult mosquitoes were collected
      in 15 communities in the five districts of Conakry using exit traps and indoor
      spraying catches over a 1-year period (November 2012 to October 2013). Molecular
      approaches were employed for identification of Anopheles species, including An.
      coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. Individual An. gambiae mosquitoes were tested for
      Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites using the VecTestTM malaria panel
      assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A systematic research of Ministry
      of Health statistical yearbooks was performed to determine malaria prevalence in
      children below the age of 5 years. RESULTS: Culex larval breeding sites were
      observed in large numbers throughout Conakry in both seasons. While Anopheles
      larval breeding sites were less frequent than Culex breeding sites, there was a
      high odds of finding An. gambiae mosquito larvae in agricultural sites during the
      rainy season. Over the 1-year study period, a total of 14,334 adult mosquitoes
      were collected; 14,135 Culex (98.6%) and 161 (1.1%) from the An. gambiae complex.
      One-hundred and twelve Anopheles mosquitoes, mainly collected from rice fields
      and gardens, were subjected to molecular analysis. Most of the mosquitoes were
      An. gambiae s.s. (n = 102; 91.1%) while the remaining 10 (8.9%) were An. melas.
      The molecular M form of An. gambiae s.s. was predominant (n = 89; 79.5%). The
      proportions of kdr genotype in the An. gambiae s.s. M and S form were 65.2 and
      81.8% (n = 9), respectively. No sporozoite infection were detected in any of the
      mosquitoes tested. The prevalence of Plasmodium recorded in children aged below 5
      years was relatively low and varied between 2.2 and 7.6% from 2009 to 2012.
      CONCLUSIONS: The low density of larval and adult stages of Anopheles mosquitoes,
      the absence of infected An. gambiae species and the low prevalence of Plasmodium
      in under 5-year-old children are important features that might facilitate malaria
      elimination in Conakry. The heterogeneity in species composition and resistance
      profiles call for vector control interventions that are tailored to the local bio
      ecological setting.

PMID- 26987482
TI  - Nighttime warming enhances drought resistance of plant communities in a temperate
      steppe.
AB  - Drought events could have profound influence on plant community structure and
      ecosystem function, and have subsequent impacts on community stability, but we
      know little about how different climate warming scenarios affect community
      resistance and resilience to drought. Combining a daytime and nighttime warming
      experiment in the temperate steppe of north China with a natural drought event
      during the study period, we tested how daytime and nighttime warming influences
      drought resistance and resilience. Our results showed that the semi-arid steppe
      in north China was resistant to both daytime and nighttime warming, but
      vulnerable to drought. Nighttime warming, but not daytime warming, enhanced
      community resistance to drought via stimulating carbon sequestration, whereas
      neither daytime nor nighttime warming affected community resilience to drought.
      Large decline in plant community cover, primarily caused by the reduction in the
      cover of dominant and rare species rather than subordinate species during
      drought, did not preclude rapid ecosystem recovery. These findings suggest that
      nighttime warming may facilitate ecosystem sustainability and highlight the need
      to assess the effects of climate extremes on ecosystem functions at finer
      temporal resolutions than based on diurnal mean temperature. 

PMID- 26987483
TI  - Study on the biodegradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS
      alternatives.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the biodegradation features of 4
      perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives developed at Changwon National
      University compared to those of PFOS. METHODS: Biodegradation testing was
      performed with microorganisms cultured in the good laboratory practice laboratory
      of the Korea Environment Corporation for 28 days following the Organization for
      Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines for the testing of chemicals
      (Test No. 301 C). RESULTS: While C8F17SO3Na, PFOS sodium salt was not degraded
      after 28 days, the 4 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 20.9% for
      C15F9H21S2O8Na2, 8.4% for C17F9H 25S2O8Na2, 22.6% for C23F18H28S2O8Na2, and 23.6%
      for C25F17H32O13S3Na3. CONCLUSIONS: C25F17H32S3O13Na3, C23F18H28S2O8Na2, and
      C15F9H21S2O8Na2 were superior to PFOS in terms of biodegradation rates and
      surface tension, and thus they were considered highly applicable as PFOS
      alternatives. Environmental toxicity, human toxicity, and economic feasibility of
      these compounds should be investigated prior to their commercialization.

PMID- 26987484
TI  - Myeloid deletion of SIRT1 suppresses collagen-induced arthritis in mice by
      modulating dendritic cell maturation.
AB  - The type III histone deacetylase silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is an
      enzyme that is critical for the modulation of immune and inflammatory responses.
      However, the data on its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are limited and
      controversial. To better understand how SIRT1 regulates adaptive immune responses
      in RA, we evaluated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in myeloid cell-specific
      SIRT1 knockout (mSIRT1 KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Arthritis severity was gauged
      on the basis of clinical, radiographic and pathologic scores. Compared with their
      WT counterparts, the mSIRT1 KO mice exhibited less severe arthritis, which was
      less destructive to the joints. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines,
      matrix metalloproteinases and ROR-gammaT were also reduced in the mSIRT1 KO mice
      compared with the WT mice and were paralleled by reductions in the numbers of Th1
      and Th17 cells and CD80- or CD86-positive dendritic cells (DCs). In addition,
      impaired DC maturation and decreases in the Th1/Th17 immune response were
      observed in the mSIRT1 KO mice. T-cell proliferation was also investigated in co
      cultures with antigen-pulsed DCs. In the co-cultures, the DCs from the mSIRT1 KO
      mice showed decreases in T-cell proliferation and the Th1/Th17 immune response.
      In this study, myeloid cell-specific deletion of SIRT1 appeared to suppress CIA
      by modulating DC maturation. Thus, a careful investigation of DC-specific SIRT1
      downregulation is needed to gauge the therapeutic utility of agents targeting
      SIRT1 in RA. 

PMID- 26987485
TI  - Abnormal proplatelet formation and emperipolesis in cultured human megakaryocytes
      from gray platelet syndrome patients.
AB  - The Gray Platelet Syndrome (GPS) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder
      characterized by deficiency of platelet alpha-granules, macrothrombocytopenia and
      marrow fibrosis. The autosomal recessive form of GPS is linked to loss of
      function mutations in NBEAL2, which is predicted to regulate granule trafficking
      in megakaryocytes, the platelet progenitors. We report the first analysis of
      cultured megakaryocytes from GPS patients with NBEAL2 mutations. Megakaryocytes
      cultured from peripheral blood or bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells from
      four patients were used to investigate megakaryopoiesis, megakaryocyte morphology
      and platelet formation. In vitro differentiation of megakaryocytes was normal,
      whereas we observed deficiency of megakaryocyte alpha-granule proteins and
      emperipolesis. Importantly, we first demonstrated that platelet formation by GPS
      megakaryocytes was severely affected, a defect which might be the major cause of
      thrombocytopenia in patients. These results demonstrate that cultured
      megakaryocytes from GPS patients provide a valuable model to understand the
      pathogenesis of GPS in humans. 

PMID- 26987486
TI  - High Nutritional-Related Risk on Admission Predicts Less Improvement of
      Functional Independence Measure in Geriatric Stroke Patients: A Retrospective
      Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to establish whether high
      nutritional-related risk on admission predicts less improvement of Functional
      Independence Measure (FIM) in geriatric stroke patients. METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective cohort study of patients admitted for stroke at 5 major hospitals
      in the Noto district of Japan from July 2009 to June 2013. Patients were divided
      into 2 groups according to Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) at admission.
      Patient characteristics were compared between the low GNRI (<92) and high GNRI
      (>=92) groups. We assessed nutritional status using GNRI and activities of daily
      living using the FIM. RESULTS: A total of 540 participants (mean age, 80 years;
      interquartile range, 75-85 years) were included in the present study. Patients
      were admitted because of cerebral infarction (394 patients), intracerebral
      hemorrhage (123 patients), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (23 patients). Univariate
      analysis of FIM gain demonstrated significant differences between groups.
      Multivariate analysis of FIM gain adjusting for confounding factors demonstrated
      age (beta = -.139; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -.629 to -.140), cerebral
      infarction (beta = -.264; 95% CI = -12.956 to -6.729), National Institutes of
      Health Stroke Scale (beta = -.180; 95% CI = -.688 to -.248), and GNRI score (beta
      = .089; 95% CI = .010-.347) as independent factors associated with FIM gain (P <
      .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: GNRI at admission may independently predict FIM gain.
      Poor nutritional status is a predictor of lower FIM improvement in geriatric
      stroke patients.

PMID- 26987487
TI  - Peak Systolic Velocity Measured by Continuous-Wave Doppler Ultrasonography
      without Angle Correction in Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peak systolic velocity (PSV) is measured with pulse-wave (PW) Doppler
      with angle correction in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS).
      However, the correlation between conventional angiography and PSV shows
      considerable scattering. We hypothesized that measuring PSV without angle
      correction would lead to better inter-rater reliability. This hypothesis was
      tested using a sector probe and continuous-wave (CW) Doppler without angle
      correction. METHODS: Consecutive patients with more than 50% ICAS were enrolled
      from a prospective database. PSV was measured with PW Doppler with angle
      correction (PW PSV) and CW Doppler without angle correction (CW PSV) by 2
      examiners. The inter-rater reliabilities of PW PSV and CW PSV were analyzed by
      Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS: A total of 37 ICAS sites (median 67
      [interquartile range 57-78] % stenosis) were enrolled. Measuring PSV using a
      sector probe insonating nearly parallel to the flow was feasible in all cases.
      Inter-rater reproducibility of CW PSV (Spearman's rho = .810) was similar to that
      of PW PSV (Spearman's rho = .796). When limited to patients with a PSV greater
      than 200 cm/s with both PW Doppler examinations (25 ICAS sites), inter-rater
      reliability was relatively higher for CW PSV (Spearman's rho = .674) than for PW
      PSV (Spearman's rho = .423). CONCLUSIONS: Measuring PSV with CW Doppler using a
      sector probe was feasible. Inter-rater reliability was similar between PW Doppler
      with angle correction and CW Doppler without angle correction in evaluating PSV
      in patients with ICAS. CW Doppler appears to have better inter-rater
      reproducibility than PW Doppler in assessing high PSV.

PMID- 26987489
TI  - Why Clinicians Prognosticate Stroke Patients Poorly: Results from the Clinician
      Judgment versus Risk Score to Predict Stroke Outcomes Randomized Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prognostication after a stroke has important implications for care
      and for decisions made by patients and their families. It is not clear why
      clinicians, even experienced stroke neurologists, poorly estimate the risk of
      disability and death following stroke. METHODS: We analyzed the results from the
      Clinician Judgment versus Risk Score to predict Stroke Outcomes study in which
      each clinician estimated the risk of death and the risk of death or disability in
      5 case-based ischemic stroke scenarios. We employed a mixed-effect linear model
      to disentangle the ability of clinicians to discriminate between poor and good
      prognosis cases (slope) from the calibration of quantitative estimates
      (intercept), and to assess for any effect of anchoring in the death or disability
      condition (through a comparison with the death condition). RESULTS: One hundred
      eleven clinicians made 1665 predictions. Clinicians were able to discriminate
      between cases with low and high risks of death (slope of .81, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] .70-.93), but the quantitative estimates were not well calibrated
      (intercept of 5.14, 95% CI 3.97-6.33). The discrimination was poorer (slope of
      .67, 95% CI .60-.75), but the calibration was better (intercept of -.34, 95% CI 
      5.43 to 4.98) in the death or disability estimates. CONCLUSION: Poor stroke
      prognostication can be explained by poor calibration and an anchoring effect,
      which are both amenable to specific training interventions.

PMID- 26987488
TI  - Design and Rationale of the RELAXED (Recurrent Embolism Lessened by rivaroxaban,
      an Anti-Xa agent, of Early Dosing for acute ischemic stroke and transient
      ischemic attack with atrial fibrillation) Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the acute phase of cardioembolic stroke in patients with
      nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), the recurrence rate is high. Nonvitamin K
      antagonist oral anticoagulants may be appropriate for prevention of early
      recurrence because they have a much lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke than
      warfarin. METHODS: RELAXED (Recurrent Embolism Lessened by rivaroxaban, an Anti
      Xa agent, of Early Dosing for acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack
      with atrial fibrillation) study is an observational study designed to investigate
      the optimal timing to start administration of rivaroxaban for prevention of
      recurrence in NVAF patients in the acute phase of cardioembolic stroke
      (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02129920 and UMIN-clinical trials registry:
      UMIN000013932). It will evaluate the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban with
      regard to infarct size, timing of initiation of rivaroxaban medication, and other
      patient characteristics. A total of 2000 consecutive patients with acute ischemic
      stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery and NVAF will be enrolled
      in 100 institutes throughout Japan, and they will receive rivaroxaban within 30
      days of the index stroke for secondary prevention of stroke. The infarct size
      within 48 hours after stroke onset will be measured by diffusion-weighted
      magnetic resonance imaging. The primary efficacy endpoint is recurrent ischemic
      stroke, and the primary safety endpoint is major bleeding during the
      observational period of 3 months after stroke onset. The optimal timing to start
      treatment with rivaroxaban during the acute stage of ischemic stroke will be
      determined by analysis of the correlation between primary endpoints and the size
      of cerebral infarct. CONCLUSIONS: The RELAXED observational registry study will
      elucidate the optimal timing of the initiation of rivaroxaban in acute
      cardioembolic stroke associated with NVAF.

PMID- 26987490
TI  - Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Stroke Risk: A Meta-analysis of Prospective
      Cohort Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We performed a meta-analysis aiming to clarify the relationship
      between monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake and stroke risk. METHODS:
      Relevant studies were identified by searching relevant databases through January
      2016. We included cohort studies that reported relative risks (RRs) with 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between MUFA intake and stroke
      risk. A random-effects model was used to derive composite RR estimates for
      stroke. RESULTS: Ten prospective cohort studies including 314,511 nonoverlapping
      individuals and 5827 strokes were included. Higher MUFA intake was not associated
      with risk of overall stroke (RR = .86 [95% CI, .74-1.00]) and risk of ischemic
      stroke (RR = .92 [95% CI, .79-1.08]), but was associated with a reduced risk of
      hemorrhagic stroke (RR = .68 [95% CI, .49-.96]). In subgroup analyses, higher
      MUFA intake was associated with a reduced risk of stroke for a follow-up duration
      of 14 years or more (RR = .77 [95% CI, .68-.87]), for males (RR = .79 [95% CI,
      .69-.91]), for 24-hour recall (RR = .74 [95% CI, .63-.86]), and for a quality
      score of more than 8 stars (RR = .78 [95% CI, .61-.98]). CONCLUSIONS: There is no
      significant evidence for concluding that dietary MUFA is associated with a
      reduced risk of overall stroke. However, higher MUFA intake seems to be
      associated with a reduced risk of hem orrhagic stroke but not ischemic stroke.
      Duration of MUFA intake and sex are considered as factors affecting the
      relationship between MUFA intake and stroke risk. Further studies are needed to
      evaluate the relationship between specific food sources of MUFA (i.e., plant
      versus animal) and stroke risk.

PMID- 26987493
TI  - Erratum: Spectral variation of fluorescence lifetime near single metal
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 26987492
TI  - Thrombosis of the Cerebral Veins and Sinuses in Hamadan, West of Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral venous sinuses thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon
      type of stroke with an incidence of 3-4 cases per million. There have been
      reports of higher incidence of this disease in Iran. Our objective is to describe
      the incidence, clinical presentation, predisposing factors, and outcomes of CVST
      at Sina Hospital in Hamadan, west of Iran. METHODS: This is a prospective, single
      center, longitudinal study of all patients referred to Sina Hospital in Hamadan,
      west of Iran, between May 2009 to May 2015 who were diagnosed with CVST. RESULTS:
      In this study, 151 patients were included. There were 118 women and 33 men. The
      mean age was 37.48 years. The mean incidence rate of CVST in the duration of our
      study was 13.49 per 1 million. Oral contraceptives, the most common risk factor,
      were used by 55.1% of women and half of these patients had fasting
      simultaneously. Fifty-eight patients had more than 1 risk factor. After 12
      months' follow-up, 73.1% of the patients were functionally independent (mRS score
      0-1). Ten percent were dependent. The overall mortality was 16.9%. CONCLUSIONS:
      The incidence of CVST in Hamadan is higher than the world's average, and overall
      outcome is worse. It seems that fasting and subsequent dehydration in women with
      recent use of oral contraceptives make them more susceptible to CVST.

PMID- 26987491
TI  - Characteristics of Cerebral Microbleeds in Patients with Fabry Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage
      disorder frequently associated with the central nervous system manifestations.
      Although white matter hyperintensity (WMH) on MRI has been previously reported,
      little is known about cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with FD. Our aim is
      to investigate the clinical characteristics of CMBs in patients with FD. METHODS:
      All patients with FD were diagnosed by enzyme activity and/or gene analysis at
      Jikei University Hospital. We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients with
      FD who underwent MRI study, including fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and
      susceptibility-weighted imaging, between July 2008 and September 2013. After
      categorizing the patients into CMB-positive and CMB-negative groups, we compared
      the clinical characteristics between the 2 groups. RESULTS: We enrolled 54
      patients (males, 24; median age 39 years, interquartile range; 29-50 years). The
      CMB-positive group included 16 (30%) patients. The number of males was
      significantly higher in the CMB-positive group than in the CMB-negative group
      (75% versus 32%, P = .003). The prevalence rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
      (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and WMH were higher
      in the CMB-positive group than in the CMB-negative group (CKD: 44% versus 13%, P
      = .013; WMH: 88% versus 58%, P = .035). No significant differences in the number
      of vascular risk factors were observed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The
      distinct characteristics of FD patients with CMBs were male sex, presence of CKD,
      and WMH. These factors may play an important role in the mechanism of hemorrhagic
      stroke in FD.

PMID- 26987494
TI  - Clinical relevance of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in cardiology.
AB  - Coping with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are of the main causes of death
      worldwide, has influenced investigation of high sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and its
      role in pathogenesis, prognosis and prevention of CVD. hsCRP can be synthesized
      in vascular endothelium, atherosclerotic plaques, and theory of inflammatory
      origin of atherosclerosis is being more widely debated, raising questions,
      whether higher hsCRP plasma concentration might be the cause or the consequence.
      Summing up controversial data from multiple studies, guidelines recommend hsCRP
      testing for both, primary (stratifying CVD risk groups, selecting patients for
      statin therapy) and secondary CVD prevention (prognosis of CVD and its treatment
      complications, evaluation of treatment efficacy in moderate CVD risk group).
      hsCRP testing also has role in heart failure, atrial fibrillation, arterial
      hypertension, valve pathology and prognosis of coronary stent thrombosis or
      restenosis. Medications (the well-known and the new specific - CRP binding)
      affecting its concentration are being investigated as well. 

PMID- 26987495
TI  - Moving into the wide clinical spectrum of consciousness disorders: Pearls, perils
      and pitfalls.
AB  - The last few years have been characterized by a growing interest of the medical
      and scientific world for the field of consciousness and its related disorders.
      Medically speaking, consciousness can be defined as the state of awareness of
      self and environment and the alertness to external stimulation, besides
      responsiveness to inner need. Transient loss of consciousness can be due to
      alterations in cerebral blood flow leading to fainting or syncope, migraine,
      metabolic dysfunctions, unexpected intracranial pressure increases, epileptic
      seizures, and sleep disorders. Chronic disorders of consciousness are a tragic
      success of high-technology treatment, in an attempt to maintain or reestablish
      brain function, which is to be considered as the main goal of therapeutics.
      Management of vegetative or a minimally conscious state individuals involves
      charily getting the right diagnosis with an evidence-based prognosis, also taking
      into account the medical, ethical, and legal key factors of the ideal treatment.
      This paper is aimed at exploring the wide spectrum of consciousness disorders and
      their clinical differential diagnosis, with particular regards to those with a
      negative impact on patient and their caregiver quality of life, including
      epilepsy, sleep disorders, and vegetative/minimally conscious state. 

PMID- 26987496
TI  - Hypertension and physical exercise: The role of oxidative stress.
AB  - Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension. Decreased
      bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) is one of the mechanisms involved in the
      pathogenesis. It has been suggested that physical exercise could be a potential
      non-pharmacological strategy in treatment of hypertension because of its
      beneficial effects on oxidative stress and endothelial function. The aim of this
      review is to investigate the effect of oxidative stress in relation to
      hypertension and physical exercise, including the role of NO in the pathogenesis
      of hypertension. Endothelial dysfunction and decreased NO levels have been found
      to have the adverse effects in the correlation between oxidative stress and
      hypertension. Most of the previous studies found that aerobic exercise
      significantly decreased blood pressure and oxidative stress in hypertensive
      subjects, but the intense aerobic exercise can also injure endothelial cells.
      Isometric exercise decreases normally only systolic blood pressure. An
      alternative exercise, Tai chi significantly decreases blood pressure and
      oxidative stress in normotensive elderly, but the effect in hypertensive subjects
      has not yet been studied. Physical exercise and especially aerobic training can
      be suggested as an effective intervention in the prevention and treatment of
      hypertension and cardiovascular disease via reduction in oxidative stress. 

PMID- 26987497
TI  - Effect of probiotics on glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the effects of probiotics on glucose
      metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a meta-analysis of
      randomized, controlled trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Online databases Embase,
      Web of Science, and PubMed were searched until August 2014 to identify eligible
      articles. Finally, 7 trials were included. RESULTS: Probiotic consumption
      significantly changed fasting plasma glucose (FPG) by -15.92mg/dL (95% confidence
      interval [CI], -29.75 to -2.09) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by -0.54%
      (95% CI, -0.82 to -0.25) compared with control groups. Subgroup analysis was
      conducted to trials with non-yogurts control. Meta-analysis of trials with
      multiple species of probiotics found a significant reduction in FPG (weighted
      mean difference [WMD]: -35.41mg/dL, 95% CI: -51.98 to -18.89). The duration of
      intervention for >=8 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in FPG (WMD: 
      20.34mg/dL, 95% CI: -35.92 to -4.76). Subgroup analysis of trials with species of
      probiotics did not result in a significant meta-analysis effect. Furthermore, the
      duration of intervention <8 weeks did not result in a significant reduction in
      FPG. The results also showed that probiotic therapy significantly decreased
      homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin
      concentration (WMD: -1.08, 95% CI: -1.88 to -0.28; and WMD: -1.35mIU/L, 95% CI: 
      2.38 to -0.31, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present meta-analysis suggests
      that consuming probiotics may improve glucose metabolism by a modest degree, with
      a potentially greater effect when the duration of intervention is >=8 weeks, or
      multiple species of probiotics are consumed.

PMID- 26987498
TI  - The importance of MTHFR C677T/A1298C combined polymorphisms in pulmonary embolism
      in Turkish population.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important cardiovascular
      emergency with high mortality. There are still problems related to the diagnosis
      of PE and genetic research may play a key role on diagnosis as well as
      determining risk stratification. In the present study, the aim was to evaluate
      MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms that play a role on folate metabolism in PE
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 118 PE patients and 126 controls were
      enrolled in the current study. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped using
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses for the MTHFR C677T and A1298C
      polymorphisms. RESULTS: There was no association between clinical and demographic
      characteristics of PE patients and both MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms.
      Allele frequencies showed a significant difference between patients and controls.
      T allele frequency was significantly higher in the patients' group than the
      control group. There was an association between PE and combined MTHFR C677T and
      A1298C polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: We found an association between MTHFR
      C677T/A1298C combined mutations and PE in the Turkish population. Future genetic
      studies investigating combined mutations could be very helpful to identify risk
      population in PE.

PMID- 26987500
TI  - Association between the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients and
      cerebrovascular autoregulation, cerebral perfusion pressure, age, and injury
      grades.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the association of
      cerebrovascular autoregulation (CA) and optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
      managing conditions with the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients
      including additional information about the patients' age and grade of diffuse
      axonal injury (DAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CA monitoring of 28 TBI patients
      was performed by using ICM+ software (Cambridge, UK). The CA status estimating
      pressure reactivity indexes (PRx) and CPP data were processed in order to obtain
      information on the patient-specific treatment conditions by calculating the
      optimal CPP. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between the Glasgow
      outcome scale (GOS) score and PRx (r=-0.448 at hospital discharge and r=-0.402
      after 6 months). The estimated threshold value PRx of >0.24 was associated with
      mortality. The correlation coefficients between the GOS score and the difference
      CPP-optimal CPP were 0.549 at hospital discharge and 0.484 after 6 months. The
      threshold value of CPP declination from DeltaCPPopt per -6mmHg was associated
      with mortality. Poorer outcome was predicted for elderly TBI patients (aged >47
      years) and patients having a DAI grade of 3. CONCLUSIONS: The association of the
      GOS score with CPP, CA impairment conditions, age and diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
      grade showed that the outcomes of TBI patients were associated with patient
      specific CPP management and better outcomes were obtained for younger patients,
      for patients having lower DAI grade and for patients whose CPP was kept within
      the range from the optimal CPP to the optimal CPP+10mmHg.

PMID- 26987499
TI  - Effects of cluster vs. traditional plyometric training sets on maximal-intensity
      exercise performance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 6-week cluster
      versus traditional plyometric training sets on jumping ability, sprint and
      agility performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen college students were
      assigned to a cluster sets group (N=6) or traditional sets group (N=7). Both
      training groups completed the same training program. The traditional group
      completed five sets of 20 repetitions with 2min of rest between sets each
      session, while the cluster group completed five sets of 20 [2*10] repetitions
      with 30/90-s rest each session. Subjects were evaluated for countermovement jump
      (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), t test, 20-m and 40-m sprint test performance
      before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Both groups had similar improvements
      (P<0.05) in CMJ, SLJ, t test, 20-m, and 40-m sprint. However, the magnitude of
      improvement in CMJ, SLJ and t test was greater for the cluster group (effect size
      [ES]=1.24, 0.81 and 1.38, respectively) compared to the traditional group
      (ES=0.84, 0.60 and 0.55). Conversely, the magnitude of improvement in 20-m and 40
      m sprint test was greater for the traditional group (ES=1.59 and 0.96,
      respectively) compared to the cluster group (ES=0.94 and 0.75, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: Although both plyometric training methods improved lower body
      maximal-intensity exercise performance, the traditional sets methods resulted in
      greater adaptations in sprint performance, while the cluster sets method resulted
      in greater jump and agility adaptations.

PMID- 26987501
TI  - Prevalence and severity of dental caries among 18-year-old Lithuanian
      adolescents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of
      dental caries among 18-year-old Lithuanian adolescents and to disclose possible
      differences in the prevalence and severity of dental caries related to gender,
      urbanization, and different county. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 1063 18-year
      old adolescents attending school, 427 boys and 636 girls from 10 Lithuanian
      counties including urban and rural areas, were included in the cross-sectional
      study on dental caries. The method of multistage cluster sampling was used. The
      dental examination was performed according to the methodology of oral status
      evaluation recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The prevalence
      of dental caries, DMFT score, Significant Caries Index, and dental care index
      were determined. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dental caries among 18-year
      old Lithuanian adolescents was 78.3%. The study population had a mean DMFT score
      of 2.93 [SD, 2.81]. Considering the gender, a higher DMFT score was observed
      among girls than boys (3.03 [SD, 2.88] versus 2.73 [SD, 2.71]) and in rural than
      urban areas (3.02 [SD, 2.98] versus 2.89 [SD, 2.73]). The Significant Caries
      Index and the dental care index among 18-year-old adolescents were 6.14 and
      62.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study showed a relatively high prevalence
      of dental caries. The existing differences of caries experience between the urban
      and the rural areas as well as between the counties could be influenced by the
      socioeconomic differences in the country.

PMID- 26987502
TI  - Evaluation of daily outpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitative treatment of
      patients with musculoskeletal, neurological and traumatic disorders in a
      municipality outpatient setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Musculoskeletal, neurological, and traumatic injuries
      are a considerably increasing problem. There is a lack of studies evaluating the
      results of outpatient rehabilitative treatment of patients with the
      abovementioned diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness
      of daily outpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      observational study enrolled 223 adult people undergoing outpatient
      rehabilitation performed in a municipality outpatient clinic during 14 days. The
      functional assessment of disability was performed by using the Barthel index
      (BI), functional performance was estimated by the modified Keitel functional test
      (MKFT), and pain perception was evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS). The
      mean scores of the tests were compared before and after outpatient
      multidisciplinary rehabilitation. RESULTS: Significantly reduced disability and
      pain perception as well as increased functional performance were documented after
      outpatient rehabilitation. The mean scores of BI, MKFT, and VAS before and after
      rehabilitation did not differ significantly among patients ranked to each cluster
      of diseases. Increased functional performance of patients had a moderate-to-weak
      association with decreased disability and pain perception. The positive changes
      in health status considering disability, functional performance, and pain
      perception were documented after 14-day rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation can be considered as effective
      treatment. However, it is necessary to implement specific, well-adapted consuming
      assessment instruments in order to evaluate the outcomes of daily
      multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitative treatment.

PMID- 26987504
TI  - Introduction: Natural product-based drug discovery in Immunopharmacology.

PMID- 26987503
TI  - Label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on enhanced signal amplification
      between Au@Pd and CoFe2O4/graphene nanohybrid.
AB  - The improvement of sensitivity of electrochemical immunosensor can be achieved
      via two approaches: increasing loading capacities of antibody and enlarging
      responding electrochemical signals. Based on these, CoFe2O4/graphene nanohybrid
      (CoFe2O4/rGO) as support was firstly used for preparing electrochemical
      biosensor, and with the addition of Au@Pd nanorods (NRs) as mimic enzyme, a label
      free electrochemical immunosensor was prepared. Due to the high electrical
      conductivity, open porous structure and large loading capacities of CoFe2O4/rGO,
      the enhanced signal amplification between Au@Pd NRs and CoFe2O4/rGO was studied.
      Fabricated as a novel substrate, the prepared immunosensor had a good analytical
      performance and exhibited a wide linear range from 0.01 to 18.0 ng . mL(-1) with
      a low detection limit of 3.3 pg . mL(-1) for estradiol, which was succeeded in
      applying to detect estradiol in the natural water.

PMID- 26987506
TI  - Beyond the corrupting influence of pharmaceutical companies on antidepressant
      meta-analyses (Letter commenting on: J Clin Epidemiol. 70, 2016, 155-163).

PMID- 26987505
TI  - Indirubin, a component of Ban-Lan-Gen, activates CYP3A4 gene transcription
      through the human pregnane X receptor.
AB  - Ban-Lan-Gen is the common name for the dried roots of indigo plants, including
      Polygonum tinctorium, Isatis indigotica, Isatis tinctoria, and Strobilanthes
      cusia. Ban-Lan-Gen is frequently used as an anti-inflammatory and an anti-viral
      for the treatment of hepatitis, influenza, and various types of inflammation. One
      of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP3A4, is responsible for the metabolism
      of a wide variety of xenobiotics, including an estimated 60% of all clinically
      used drugs. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ban-Lan-Gen on the
      transcriptional activation of the CYP3A4 gene. Ban-Lan-Gen extract increased
      CYP3A4 gene reporter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Indirubin, one of the
      biologically active ingredients in the Ban-Lan-Gen, also dose-dependently
      increased CYP3A4 gene reporter activity. Expression of short hairpin RNA for the
      human pregnane X receptor (hPXR-shRNA) inhibited CYP3A4 gene reporter activity,
      and overexpression of human PXR increased indirubin- and rifampicin-induced
      CYP3A4 gene reporter activity. Furthermore, indirubin induced CYP3A4 mRNA
      expression in HepG2 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that indirubin,
      a component of Ban-Lan-Gen, activated CYP3A4 gene transcription through the
      activation of the human PXR.

PMID- 26987507
TI  - Modern modeling techniques had limited external validity in predicting mortality
      from traumatic brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Prediction of medical outcomes may potentially benefit
      from using modern statistical modeling techniques. We aimed to externally
      validate modeling strategies for prediction of 6-month mortality of patients
      suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) with predictor sets of increasing
      complexity. METHODS: We analyzed individual patient data from 15 different
      studies including 11,026 TBI patients. We consecutively considered a core set of
      predictors (age, motor score, and pupillary reactivity), an extended set with
      computed tomography scan characteristics, and a further extension with two
      laboratory measurements (glucose and hemoglobin). With each of these sets, we
      predicted 6-month mortality using default settings with five statistical modeling
      techniques: logistic regression (LR), classification and regression trees, random
      forests (RFs), support vector machines (SVM) and neural nets. For external
      validation, a model developed on one of the 15 data sets was applied to each of
      the 14 remaining sets. This process was repeated 15 times for a total of 630
      validations. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was
      used to assess the discriminative ability of the models. RESULTS: For the most
      complex predictor set, the LR models performed best (median validated AUC value,
      0.757), followed by RF and support vector machine models (median validated AUC
      value, 0.735 and 0.732, respectively). With each predictor set, the
      classification and regression trees models showed poor performance (median
      validated AUC value, <0.7). The variability in performance across the studies was
      smallest for the RF- and LR-based models (inter quartile range for validated AUC
      values from 0.07 to 0.10). CONCLUSION: In the area of predicting mortality from
      TBI, nonlinear and nonadditive effects are not pronounced enough to make modern
      prediction methods beneficial.

PMID- 26987508
TI  - Capnometry in children with bronchiolitis: A pathophysiological point of view.

PMID- 26987509
TI  - Fatal Systemic Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris),
      a Swinhoe's Striped Squirrel (Tamiops swinhoei) and a New World Porcupine
      (Erethizontidae sp.).
AB  - Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that affects man and animals worldwide. The
      primary hosts and major reservoir for Toxoplasma gondii are felids and the
      intermediate hosts are most warm-blooded animals including man. This report
      describes fatal toxoplasmosis in three different rodent species in Germany: a
      female red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and a male Swinhoe's striped squirrel
      (Tamiops swinhoei), both kept as pets, and a female New World porcupine
      (Erethizontidae sp.) from a zoo. All three animals had multifocal necrotizing
      hepatitis. Additional findings included lymphohistiocytic and necrotizing
      myocarditis in the New World porcupine and the Swinhoe's striped squirrel,
      lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis in the New World porcupine and suppurative
      lymphadenitis in the red squirrel. Numerous tachyzoites were identified
      associated with the lesions. The diagnosis was confirmed by Toxoplasma. gondii
      immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. This is the first report of
      toxoplasmosis in a New World porcupine and a Swinhoe's striped squirrel. 

PMID- 26987510
TI  - Intracerebral Malignant Plasmacytoma in a Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
AB  - A wild, mature, gravid female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was presented with
      marked neurological signs, including abnormal behaviour, circling and
      incoordination. The animal was humanely destroyed and submitted for diagnostic
      investigation. Grossly, a well-demarcated, 3 * 3 * 3 cm intracranial mass
      replaced the left olfactory bulb and frontal lobe. Histologically, there was a
      highly cellular, infiltrative and unencapsulated neoplastic mass of round cells
      with eccentrically located nuclei. Neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically
      labelled for lambda immunoglobulin light chain. Clusters of CD20- and CD79a
      positive cells were scattered throughout the tumour and CD3- and Iba1-positive
      cells diffusely infiltrated the neoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the
      neoplastic cells had prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum with a variable degree
      of dilation. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopical
      results were diagnostic for a solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Intracranial
      neoplasms are rarely diagnosed in wildlife species, but they should be included
      in the differential diagnosis for potential causes of central nervous system
      disease. 

PMID- 26987511
TI  - Morphometric Properties of the Thoracic Aorta of Warmblood and Friesian Horses
      with and without Aortic Rupture.
AB  - Rupture of the aorta is much more common in Friesians compared with other breeds
      of horse. Rupture always occurs adjacent to the scar of the ligamentum
      arteriosum. Previous histological examination of ruptured aortic walls suggested
      the presence of an underlying connective tissue disorder. Therefore, the aim of
      the present study was to compare the structural characteristics of the tunica
      media of the mid-thoracic aorta, distant to the lesion, in warmblood and Friesian
      horses with and without thoracic aortic rupture. In unaffected Friesian horses,
      the thickness of the tunica media, as well as the percentage area comprised of
      collagen type I, were significantly higher compared with the warmblood horses,
      supporting the hypothesis of a primary collagen disorder in the Friesian horse
      breed. However, in the tunica media of the affected Friesian horses there was no
      significant wall thickening. Moreover, the percentage area comprised of elastin
      was significantly lower, while the percentage area comprised of smooth muscle was
      higher, compared with unaffected Friesian and warmblood horses. These lesions are
      suggestive of an additional mild elastin deficiency with compensatory smooth
      muscle cell hypertrophy in affected Friesians. 

PMID- 26987512
TI  - Relationships between perceived social support and retention among patients in
      methadone maintenance treatment in mainland China.
AB  - The study purpose was to explore relationships between perceived social support
      and retention in mainland Chinese patients receiving methadone maintenance
      treatment (MMT). Data collection included baseline information, perceived social
      support, and retention. A total of 1212 patients completed the cross-sectional
      survey; 809 (66.7%) perceived good social support and 458 (37.8%) had been re
      admitted. Despite controlling baseline information, past retention did not
      significantly influence perceived social support. At the two-year follow-up, 527
      (43.5%) patients terminated MMT. Patients with poorer perceived social support
      were more likely to terminate treatment, with hazard ratios of 1.31 (95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.57 without controlling baseline information and
      past retention) and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.04-1.51 controlling baseline information and
      past retention). Thus, while MMT retention does not significantly influence
      perceived social support, good perceived social support is a strong predictor of
      retention.

PMID- 26987513
TI  - The surgical treatment of esophageal cancer in Sudan: A 100 consecutive cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Esophageal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in
      The Sudan. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of the surgical management.
      METHODS: A 100 consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy in Shaab Hospital
      in Khartoum during the period June 2003-Aug 2007 were studied. RESULTS: The mean
      age was 55 +/- 14 years with an equal sex ratio. Fifty five per cent of patients
      presented with stage III&IV locally advanced and or metastatic disease. Sixty
      seven percent of the patients underwent a 2-stage resection, Lewis Tanner type
      while 27% underwent a 3-stage resection, McKeon operation and 6% had total
      gastrectomy with distal esophagectomy and roux-en-y reconstruction. The 30 days
      postoperative mortality was 10%. In 75 patients who could be traced, the overall
      5 years survival was 21% (n = 16) and the 10 years survival was 8% (n = 6).
      CONCLUSION: There was great improvement in the early postoperative mortality from
      27% in 1986 to 10% in this series. The surgical treatment offered a rapid
      symptoms relief which suited most patients coming from distant locations and
      couldn't afford to stay for long in the Capital as will be required if chemo
      radiotherapy was used as sole or as a neo-adjuvant treatment.

PMID- 26987514
TI  - Transtibial vs anatomical single bundle technique for anterior cruciate ligament
      reconstruction: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Most of the ACL reconstruction is done with isometric single-bundle
      technique. Traditionally, surgeons were trained to use the transtibial technique
      (TT) for drilling the femoral tunnel. Our study compared the early postoperative
      period functional and clinical outcomes of patients who had ACL reconstruction
      with TT and patients who had ACL reconstruction with anatomical single-bundle
      technique (AT). MATERIAL METHOD: Fifty-five patients who had ACL reconstruction
      and adequate follow-up between January 2010-December 2013 were included the
      study. Patients were grouped by their surgery technique. 28 patients included
      into anatomical single-bundle ACL reconstruction surgery group (group 1) and 27
      patients were included into transtibial AC reconstruction group (group 2).
      Average age of patients in group 1 and group 2 was 28.3 +/- 6, and 27.9 +/- 6.4,
      respectively. Lachman and Pivot-shift tests were performed to patients. Laxity
      was measured by KT-1000 arthrometer test with 15, 20 and 30 pound power. All
      patients' muscle strength between both extremities were evaluated with Cybex II
      (Humac) at 60 degrees /sec, 240 degrees /sec frequencies with flexion and
      extension peak torque. The maximum force values of non-operated knee and the
      operated knee were compared to each other. Groups were evaluated by using
      International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee ligament healing Standard
      form, IKDC activity scale, modified Lysholm and Cincinnati evaluation forms.
      Return to work and exercise time of patients were compared. Functional and
      clinical outcomes of two groups were compared. NCSS 2007 and PASS 2008
      Statistical Software programs were used for statistical analysis. RESULT: There
      was no statistically significant difference between Lachman and Pivot-shift
      results (p > 0.01). Positive value of Pivot-shift test and incidence of anterior
      translation in Lachman test were higher in the patients who had TT. Lysholm
      activity level of patients who had TT, 33.3% (n = 9) were excellent, 51.9% (n =
      14) were good and 14.8% (n = 4) were moderate; patients who had AT, 57.1% (n =
      16) were excellent, 39.3% (n = 11) were good and 3.6% (n = 1) was good level.
      There was no statistically significant difference between Lysholm Activity level
      of the patients (p < 0.01). Lysholm Activity level of patients who had AT
      significantly higher than TT. There was no statistically significant difference
      between Modified Cincinnati activity level of the patients (p < 0.05). Modified
      Cincinnati activity level of patients who had AT were significantly higher than
      those had TT. There was no statistically significant difference between two
      groups with post treatment IKDC activity level (p < 0.01). Intense activity after
      treatment rate of patient who had AT was significantly higher than those had TT.
      There was statistically significant difference between Cybex extension-flexion 60
      measurement and extension 240 measurement of the patients (p < 0.01). KT-1000
      arthrometer test results with AT was better than the TT in antero-posterior
      translation of the knee kinematics at 20 and 30 pound of forces. Return to
      exercise time of patients who had TT was significantly higher than those had AT
      (p < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between return to
      work time of patients (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Single-bundle anatomic ACL
      reconstruction was better than the TT in term of clinical, functional, and
      laboratory results. We believe that AT ACL reconstruction will increase in use
      and traditional method which is TT ACL reconstruction surgery will decrease in
      the long term. Theoretically, anatomic relocation of the ACL can provide better
      knee kinematics.

PMID- 26987515
TI  - MONGKIE: an integrated tool for network analysis and visualization for multi
      omics data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Network-based integrative analysis is a powerful technique for
      extracting biological insights from multilayered omics data such as somatic
      mutations, copy number variations, and gene expression data. However, integrated
      analysis of multi-omics data is quite complicated and can hardly be done in an
      automated way. Thus, a powerful interactive visual mining tool supporting diverse
      analysis algorithms for identification of driver genes and regulatory modules is
      much needed. RESULTS: Here, we present a software platform that integrates
      network visualization with omics data analysis tools seamlessly. The
      visualization unit supports various options for displaying multi-omics data as
      well as unique network models for describing sophisticated biological networks
      such as complex biomolecular reactions. In addition, we implemented diverse in
      house algorithms for network analysis including network clustering and over
      representation analysis. Novel functions include facile definition and optimized
      visualization of subgroups, comparison of a series of data sets in an identical
      network by data-to-visual mapping and subsequent overlaying function, and
      management of custom interaction networks. Utility of MONGKIE for network-based
      visual data mining of multi-omics data was demonstrated by analysis of the TCGA
      glioblastoma data. MONGKIE was developed in Java based on the NetBeans plugin
      architecture, thus being OS-independent with intrinsic support of module
      extension by third-party developers. CONCLUSION: We believe that MONGKIE would be
      a valuable addition to network analysis software by supporting many unique
      features and visualization options, especially for analysing multi-omics data
      sets in cancer and other diseases. .

PMID- 26987516
TI  - dsRNA-protein interactions studied by molecular dynamics techniques. Unravelling
      dsRNA recognition by DCL1.
AB  - Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) participates in several biological processes, where
      RNA molecules acquire secondary structure inside the cell through base
      complementarity. The double stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) is one of the
      main protein folds that is able to recognize and bind to dsRNA regions. The N
      terminal dsRBD of DCL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (DCL1-1), in contrast to other
      studied dsRBDs, lacks a stable structure, behaving as an intrinsically disordered
      protein. DCL1-1 does however recognize dsRNA by acquiring a canonical fold in the
      presence of its substrate. Here we present a detailed modeling and molecular
      dynamics study of dsRNA recognition by DCL1-1. We found that DCL1-1 forms stable
      complexes with different RNAs and we characterized the residues involved in
      binding. Although the domain shows a binding loop substantially shorter than
      other homologs, it can still interact with the dsRNA and results in bending of
      the dsRNA A-type helix. Furthermore, we found that R8, a non-conserved residue
      located in the first dsRNA binding region, recognizes preferentially mismatched
      base pairs. We discuss our findings in the context of the function of DCL1-1
      within the microRNA processing complex.

PMID- 26987517
TI  - Re: Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell
      Carcinoma: H. Fukushima, Y. Nakanishi, M. Kataoka, K. Tobisu and F. Koga J Urol
      2016;195:26-32.

PMID- 26987519
TI  - A prospective cohort study on the association between coffee drinking and risk of
      non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Only one previous study has examined the association between coffee consumption
      and risk of acute pancreatitis, and it found a reduced risk for alcohol-related
      episodes among high consumers of coffee. Therefore, we examined (1) the
      association between coffee consumption and risk of non-gallstone-related acute
      pancreatitis and (2) whether this association was modified by alcohol intake.
      Data were obtained from two prospective cohorts, the Cohort of Swedish Men and
      the Swedish Mammography Cohort, including 76 731 men and women (born 1914-1952).
      Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline with a FFQ, and the cohorts were
      followed up between 1998 and 2012 via linkage to national health registries.
      Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox models, with adjustment for potential
      confounding factors. During 1 035 881 person-years of total follow-up, 383 cases
      (246 in men and 137 in women) of incident non-gallstone-related acute
      pancreatitis were identified. Overall, and irrespective of whether a categorical
      or a continuous exposure model was used, we observed no association between
      coffee consumption and risk of non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis (e.g. the
      multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for each 1 cup/d increase in coffee
      consumption was 0.97; 95 % CI 0.92, 1.03). There was no evidence of effect
      modification by alcohol intake (P interaction=0.77). In conclusion, coffee
      consumption was not associated with risk of non-gallstone-related acute
      pancreatitis in this large prospective cohort study. Because of the limited
      number of epidemiological studies and their conflicting results, further research
      is needed to elucidate this potential association. 

PMID- 26987518
TI  - Targeted inactivation of the mouse epididymal beta-defensin 41 alters sperm
      flagellar beat pattern and zona pellucida binding.
AB  - During epididymal maturation, sperm acquire the ability to swim progressively by
      interacting with proteins secreted by the epididymal epithelium. Beta-defensin
      proteins, expressed in the epididymis, continue to regulate sperm motility during
      capacitation and hyperactivation in the female reproductive tract. We
      characterized the mouse beta-defensin 41 (DEFB41), by generating a mouse model
      with iCre recombinase inserted into the first exon of the gene. The homozygous
      Defb41(iCre/iCre) knock-in mice lacked Defb41 expression and displayed iCre
      recombinase activity in the principal cells of the proximal epididymis.
      Heterozygous Defb41(iCre/+) mice can be used to generate epididymis specific
      conditional knock-out mouse models. Homozygous Defb41(iCre/iCre) sperm displayed
      a defect in sperm motility with the flagella primarily bending in the pro-hook
      conformation while capacitated wild-type sperm more often displayed the anti-hook
      conformation. This led to a reduced straight line motility of Defb41(iCre/iCre)
      sperm and weaker binding to the oocyte. Thus, DEFB41 is required for proper sperm
      maturation. 

PMID- 26987521
TI  - WITHDRAWN: Declarations of interest.
AB  - This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor.
      The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier
      Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at
      http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

PMID- 26987520
TI  - Assessing 30-day quantity-frequency of U.S. adolescent cigarette smoking as a
      predictor of adult smoking 14 years later.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To improve measures of monthly tobacco cigarette smoking among non
      daily smokers, predictive of future non-daily monthly and daily smoking. METHODS:
      Data from United States National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult
      Health, tracking adolescents, ages 12-21, over 14 years were analyzed. At
      baseline, 6501 adolescents were assessed; 5114 individuals provided data at waves
      1 and 4. Baseline past 30-day non-daily smokers were classified using quantity
      frequency measures: cigarettes smoked/day by number of days smoked in the past 30
      days. RESULTS: Three categories of past 30-day non-daily smokers emerged using
      cigarettes/month (low:1-5, moderate: 6-60, high: 61+) and predicted past 30-day
      smoking at follow-up (low: 44.5%, moderate: 60.0%, high: 77.0%, versus 74.2%
      daily smokers; rtau=-0.2319, p<0.001). Two categories of non-smokers plus low,
      moderate and high categories of non-daily smokers made up a five-category non
      daily smoking index (NDSI). High NDSI (61+ cigs/mo.) and daily smokers were
      equally likely to be smoking 14 years later (High NDSI OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.53-1.80
      [daily as reference]). Low (1-5 cigs/mo.) and moderate (6-60 cigs/mo.) NDSI were
      distinctly different from high NDSI, but similar to one another (OR=0.21, 95%
      CI=0.15-0.29 and OR=0.22, 95% CI=0.14-0.34, respectively) when estimating future
      monthly smoking. Among those smoking at both waves, wave 1 non-daily smokers,
      overall, were less likely than wave 1 daily smokers to be smoking daily 14 years
      later. CONCLUSIONS: Non-daily smokers smoking over three packs/month were as
      likely as daily smokers to be smoking 14-years later. Lower levels of non-daily
      smoking (at ages 12-21) predicted lower likelihood of future monthly smoking. In
      terms of surveillance and cessation interventions, high NDSI smokers might be
      treated similar to daily smokers.

PMID- 26987522
TI  - Single parameter of inverse proportion between mortality and age could determine
      all mortality indicators in the first year of life.
AB  - Mortality increase with age in adult population has been studied and modeled by
      many authors, but relatively little attention has been given to mortality
      decrease with age after birth. Data split in more detailed age categories can
      newly test mortality decrease with age. Age trajectories of mortality are studied
      in 20 age categories in the specific age interval 1-365 days. Four basic models
      mentioned in literature are tested here. The linear model and the linear model
      with the specific slope -1 in the log-log scale represent the most successful
      formalism. Mortality indicators describing the first year could be determined by
      a single parameter of the model with slope -1 in the log-log scale. All
      conclusions are based on published data which are presented as a supplement. 

PMID- 26987523
TI  - Vascular phenotype identification and anti-angiogenic treatment recommendation: A
      pseudo-multiscale mathematical model of angiogenesis.
AB  - The development of anti-angiogenic drugs for cancer therapy has yielded some
      promising candidates, but novel approaches for interventions to angiogenesis have
      led to disappointing results. In addition, there is a shortage of biomarkers that
      are predictive of response to anti-angiogenic treatments. Consequently, the
      complex biochemical and physiological basis for tumour angiogenesis remains
      incompletely understood. We have adopted a mathematical approach to address these
      issues, formulating a spatially averaged multiscale model that couples the
      dynamics of VEGF, Ang1, Ang2 and PDGF, with those of mature and immature
      endothelial cells and pericyte cells. The model reproduces qualitative
      experimental results regarding pericyte coverage of vessels after treatment by
      anti-Ang2, anti-VEGF and combination anti-VEGF/anti-Ang2 antibodies. We used the
      steady state behaviours of the model to characterise angiogenic and non
      angiogenic vascular phenotypes, and used mechanistic perturbations representing
      hypothetical anti-angiogenic treatments to generate testable hypotheses regarding
      transitions to non-angiogenic phenotypes that depend on the pre-treatment
      vascular phenotype. Additionally, we predicted a synergistic effect between anti
      VEGF and anti-Ang2 treatments when applied to an immature pre-treatment vascular
      phenotype, but not when applied to a normalised angiogenic pre-treatment
      phenotype. Based on these findings, we conclude that changes in vascular
      phenotype are predicted to be useful as an experimental biomarker of response to
      treatment. Further, our analysis illustrates the potential value of non-spatial
      mathematical models for generating tractable predictions regarding the action of
      anti-angiogenic therapies.

PMID- 26987526
TI  - The complement system of elasmobranches revealed by liver transcriptome analysis
      of a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna zygaena.
AB  - Comprehensive studies of the complement genes in basal vertebrates have revealed
      that cyclostomes have apparently primitive complement systems whereas bony fish
      have well-developed complement systems comparable to those of mammals. Here we
      have performed liver transcriptome analysis of a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna
      zygaeana, to elucidate the early history of vertebrate complement evolution.
      Identified genes were; one C1qB, one C1r, one C1s, one MASP-1/-3, one MASP-2, two
      factor B/C2, one C3, three C4, one C5, one C6, one C7, one C8A, three C8B, one
      C8G, one C9, two factor I and one S protein. No MBL, ficolin, C1qA or C1qC were
      found. These results indicate that the lectin, classical, alternative and lytic
      pathways were established in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. In
      addition to the absence of MBL and ficolin, the MASP transcripts lacked the
      serine protease domain, suggesting that the lectin pathway was lost in the
      hammerhead shark lineage.

PMID- 26987525
TI  - TLR21's agonists in combination with Aeromonas antigens synergistically up
      regulate functional TLR21 and cytokine gene expression in yellowtail leucocytes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to characterize the TLR21 gene from yellowtail
      (Seriola lalandi) and its functional activity using TLR agonist stimulation and
      Aeromonas antigens. The TLR21 nucleotide sequence from yellowtail was obtained
      using the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method and bioinformatics tools. Basal
      TLR21 gene expression was analyzed in several tissues. Subsequently, the gene
      expression of TLR21 and cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha was evaluated in TLR
      agonist (CpG-ODN2006, LPS, and Poly I:C) exposing head kidney leucocytes, which
      were then subjected to Aeromonas antigen stimulation. The yellowtail full-length
      cDNA sequence of SlTLR21 was 3615 bp (980 aa) showing a high degree of similarity
      with the counterparts of other fish species and sharing the common structural
      architecture of the TLR family, including LRR domains, one C-terminal LRR region,
      and a TIR domain. Gene expression studies revealed the constitutive expression of
      TLR21 mRNA in all the analyzed tissues; the highest levels were observed in
      spleen and head kidney where they play an important role in the fish immune
      system. Transcripts of TLR21 and the downstream IL-1beta and TNF-alpha cytokine
      genes were most strongly up-regulated after exposure to the TLR agonists
      following Aeromonas antigen stimulation, suggesting they are involved in immune
      response. The results indicated that TLR agonists, in combination with Aeromonas
      antigens in head kidney leucocytes, synergistically enhance TLR21 and cytokines
      in yellowtail.

PMID- 26987524
TI  - The emerging roles of exosomes in tumor-stroma interaction.
AB  - PURPOSE: The tumor-stroma interaction is critical for the development and
      progression of cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), one of the major
      components of the tumor stroma, can promote tumor growth and metastasis. Exosomes
      are secreted microvesicles that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Exosomal
      contents, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, can be shuttled from
      donor cells to target cells. Recent studies suggest that exosomes play important
      roles in the tumor-stroma interaction. Herein, we review the multifaceted roles
      of exosomes in the tumor-stroma interaction and the underlying molecular
      mechanisms. METHODS: Literature search for all relevant publications was
      performed on PubMed databases. The keywords of exosomes, tumor, stroma, CAFs,
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other closely related terms were used for
      searching. RESULTS: Tumor cell-derived exosomes induce the differentiation of
      fibroblasts and MSCs into CAFs. In turn, exosomes secreted by CAFs promote tumor
      growth, metastasis, and drug resistance through distinct mechanisms. Moreover,
      exosomes from stromal cells can be used as therapeutic vehicles for the delivery
      of anticancer drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor cells communicate with CAFs through
      exosomes, which establishes a bidirectional cross talk to promote tumor growth,
      metastasis, and drug resistance. Targeting exosomes in tumor-stroma interaction
      may have important implications for anticancer therapy.

PMID- 26987527
TI  - Photobiomodulation on human annulus fibrosus cells during the intervertebral disk
      degeneration: extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes.
AB  - Destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) leads to degeneration of the
      intervertebral disk (IVD), which is a major contributor to many spine disorders.
      IVD degeneration is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), which are secreted by
      immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The cytokines modulate ECM
      modifying enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors
      of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells. The resulting
      imbalance in catabolic and anabolic enzymes can cause generalized back, neck, and
      low back pain (LBP). Photobiomodulation (PBM) is known to regulate inflammatory
      responses and wound healing. The aim of this study was to mimic the degenerative
      IVD microenvironment, and to investigate the effect of a variety of PBM
      conditions (wavelength: 635, 525, and 470 nm; energy density: 16, 32, and 64
      J/cm(2)) on the production of ECM-modifying-enzymes by AF cells under
      degenerative conditions induced by macrophage-conditioned medium (MCM), which
      contains pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-beta secreted by
      macrophage during the development of intervertebral disk inflammation. We showed
      that the MCM-stimulated AF cells express imbalanced ratios of TIMPs (TIMP-1 and
      TIMP-2) and MMPs (MMP-1 and MMP-3). PBM selectively modulated the production of
      ECM-modifying enzymes in AF cells. These results suggest that PBM can be a
      therapeutic tool for degenerative IVD disorders.

PMID- 26987528
TI  - Comparing the transcriptomes of embryos from domesticated and wild Atlantic
      salmon (Salmo salar L.) stocks and examining factors that influence heritability
      of gene expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to selective breeding, domesticated and wild Atlantic salmon are
      genetically diverged, which raises concerns about farmed escapees having the
      potential to alter the genetic composition of wild populations and thereby
      disrupting local adaptation. Documenting transcriptional differences between wild
      and domesticated stocks under controlled conditions is one way to explore the
      consequences of domestication and selection. We compared the transcriptomes of
      wild and domesticated Atlantic salmon embryos, by using a custom 44k
      oligonucleotide microarray to identify perturbed gene pathways between the two
      stocks, and to document the inheritance patterns of differentially-expressed
      genes by examining gene expression in their reciprocal hybrids. RESULTS: Data
      from 24 array interrogations were analysed: four reciprocal cross types (W? * W?,
      D? * W?; W? * D?, D? * D?) * six biological replicates. A common set of 31,491
      features on the microarrays passed quality control, of which about 62 % were
      assigned a KEGG Orthology number. A total of 6037 distinct genes were identified
      for gene-set enrichment/pathway analysis. The most highly enriched functional
      groups that were perturbed between the two stocks were cellular signalling and
      immune system, ribosome and RNA transport, and focal adhesion and gap junction
      pathways, relating to cell communication and cell adhesion molecules. Most
      transcripts that were differentially expressed between the stocks were governed
      by additive gene interaction (33 to 42 %). Maternal dominance and over-dominance
      were also prevalent modes of inheritance, with no convincing evidence for a stock
      effect. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that even at this relatively early
      developmental stage, transcriptional differences exist between the two stocks and
      affect pathways that are relevant to wild versus domesticated environments. Many
      of the identified differentially perturbed pathways are involved in
      organogenesis, which is expected to be an active process at the eyed egg stage.
      The dominant effects are more largely due to the maternal line than to the origin
      of the stock. This finding is particularly relevant in the context of potential
      introgression between farmed and wild fish, since female escapees tend to have a
      higher spawning success rate compared to males.

PMID- 26987531
TI  - Incorporating Biomarkers in Studies of Chemoprevention.
AB  - Despite Food and Drug Administration approval of tamoxifen and raloxifene for
      breast cancer risk reduction and endorsement by multiple agencies, uptake of
      these drugs for primary prevention in the United States is only 4% for risk
      eligible women likely to benefit from their use. Side effects coupled with
      incomplete efficacy and lack of a survival advantage are the likely reasons. This
      disappointing uptake, after the considerable effort and expense of large Phase
      III cancer incidence trials required for approval, suggests that a new paradigm
      is required. Current prevention research is focused on (1) refining risk
      prediction, (2) exploring behavioral and natural product interventions, and (3)
      utilizing novel translational trial designs for efficacy. Risk biomarkers will
      play a central role in refining risk estimates from traditional models and
      selecting cohorts for prevention trials. Modifiable risk markers called surrogate
      endpoint or response biomarkers will continue to be used in Phase I and II
      prevention trials to determine optimal dose or exposure and likely effectiveness
      from an intervention. The majority of Phase II trials will continue to assess
      benign breast tissue for response and mechanism of action biomarkers. Co-trials
      are those in which human and animal cohorts receive the same effective dose and
      the same tissue biomarkers are assessed for modulation due to the intervention,
      but then additional animals are allowed to progress to cancer development. These
      collaborations linking biomarker modulation and cancer prevention may obviate the
      need for cancer incidence trials for non-prescription interventions.

PMID- 26987532
TI  - Breast Molecular Profiling and Radiotherapy Considerations.
AB  - The last decade has seen major changes in the management of breast cancer.
      Heterogeneity regarding histology, therapeutic response, dissemination patterns,
      and patient outcome is evident. Molecular profiling provides an accurate tool to
      predict treatment outcome compared with classical clinicopathologic features. The
      genomic profiling unveiled the heterogeneity of breast cancer and identified
      distinct biologic subtypes. These advanced techniques were integrated into the
      clinical management; predicting systemic therapy benefit and overall survival.
      Utilizing genotyping to guide locoregional management decisions needs further
      characterization. In this chapter we will review available data on molecular
      classification of breast cancer, their association with locoregional outcome,
      their radiobiological properties and radiotherapy considerations. 

PMID- 26987534
TI  - Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Anti-HER2 Agents.
AB  - The HER2 receptor is amplified or overexpressed in approximately 20% of all
      breast cancers, but despite significant efforts of the clinical research
      community and a growing number of anti-HER2 agents, a significant number of
      patients with HER2-positive breast cancer either progress or suffer disease
      relapse within 5-10 years. The development of robust biomarkers that predict
      response to anti-HER2 agents is therefore an important clinical need to prevent
      overtreatment and to enable earlier assignment of patients to more optimal
      therapies. Here we review some of the recent advances in the field by focusing on
      pathways mediating resistance to anti-HER2 therapies, and the role of the immune
      system and cancer stem cells in therapy response. We also review preoperative
      treatment strategies and research paradigms that show promise in identifying
      novel biomarkers of response while also enabling the delineation of the
      mechanisms underlying clinical benefit from anti-HER2 therapies.

PMID- 26987533
TI  - Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers of Endocrine Responsiveness for Estrogen
      Receptor Positive Breast Cancer.
AB  - The estrogen-dependent nature of breast cancer is the fundamental basis for
      endocrine therapy. The presence of estrogen receptor (ER), the therapeutic target
      of endocrine therapy, is a prerequisite for this therapeutic approach. However,
      estrogen-independent growth often exists de novo at diagnosis or develops during
      the course of endocrine therapy. Therefore ER alone is insufficient in predicting
      endocrine therapy efficacy. Several RNA-based multigene assays are now available
      in clinical practice to assess distant recurrence risk, with majority of these
      assays evaluated in patients treated with 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy.
      While MammaPrint and Oncotype Dx are most predictive of recurrence risk within
      the first 5 years of diagnosis, Prosigna, Breast Cancer Index (BCI), and
      EndoPredict Clin have also demonstrated utility in predicting late recurrence. In
      addition, PAM50, or Prosigna, provides further biological insights by classifying
      breast cancers into intrinsic molecular subtypes. Additional strategies are under
      investigation in prospective clinical trials to differentiate endocrine sensitive
      and resistant tumors and include on-treatment Ki-67 and Preoperative Endocrine
      Prognostic Index (PEPI) score in the setting of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy.
      These biomarkers have become important tools in clinical practice for the
      identification of low risk patients for whom chemotherapy could be avoided.
      However, there is much work ahead toward the development of a molecular
      classification that informs the biology and novel therapeutic targets in high
      risk disease as chemotherapy has only modest benefit in this population. The
      recognition of somatic mutations and their relationship to endocrine therapy
      responsiveness opens important opportunities toward this goal. 

PMID- 26987529
TI  - Genomic Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Risk.
AB  - Clinical risk assessment for cancer predisposition includes a three-generation
      pedigree and physical examination to identify inherited syndromes. Additionally
      genetic and genomic biomarkers may identify individuals with a constitutional
      basis for their disease that may not be evident clinically. Genomic biomarker
      testing may detect molecular variations in single genes, panels of genes, or
      entire genomes. The strength of evidence for the association of a genomic
      biomarker with disease risk may be weak or strong. The factors contributing to
      clinical validity and utility of genomic biomarkers include functional laboratory
      analyses and genetic epidemiologic evidence. Genomic biomarkers may be further
      classified as low, moderate or highly penetrant based on the likelihood of
      disease. Genomic biomarkers for breast cancer are comprised of rare highly
      penetrant mutations of genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, moderately penetrant
      mutations of genes such as CHEK2, as well as more common genomic variants,
      including single nucleotide polymorphisms, associated with modest effect sizes.
      When applied in the context of appropriate counseling and interpretation,
      identification of genomic biomarkers of inherited risk for breast cancer may
      decrease morbidity and mortality, allow for definitive prevention through
      assisted reproduction, and serve as a guide to targeted therapy . 

PMID- 26987536
TI  - Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Response.
AB  - Pharmacogenetics attempts to predict treatment response using a patient's
      "germline" genome as the biomarker of interest. This chapter on pharmacogenetic
      predictors of breast cancer response is divided into four sections. The first
      introduces readers to genetic variation and describes how variation in the
      germline genome can affect biology or pharmacology. The second section introduces
      the translational pathway for pharmacogenetic research and discusses the specific
      challenges to identifying pharmacogenetic predictors of breast cancer response.
      The third section is divided into three subsections, each of which discusses a
      distinct category of pharmacogenetic response predictors; pharmacokinetics,
      cancer cell sensitivity, and effector cell activation. Within each subsection a
      specific pharmacogenetic association is described in detail; CYP2D6-tamoxifen,
      BRCA-PARP inhibitors, and FCGRA-trastuzumab, respectively, followed by a general
      discussion of other less well-established examples or areas for further research.
      The chapter concludes with a summary of the current status of pharmacogenetic
      predictors of breast cancer response and a few predictions for the future of this
      field. 

PMID- 26987530
TI  - Epigenetic Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk: Across the Breast Cancer Prevention
      Continuum.
AB  - Epigenetic biomarkers, such as DNA methylation, can increase cancer risk through
      altering gene expression. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Network has demonstrated
      breast cancer-specific DNA methylation signatures. DNA methylation signatures
      measured at the time of diagnosis may prove important for treatment options and
      in predicting disease-free and overall survival (tertiary prevention). DNA
      methylation measurement in cell free DNA may also be useful in improving early
      detection by measuring tumor DNA released into the blood (secondary prevention).
      Most evidence evaluating the use of DNA methylation markers in tertiary and
      secondary prevention efforts for breast cancer comes from studies that are cross
      sectional or retrospective with limited corresponding epidemiologic data, raising
      concerns about temporality. Few prospective studies exist that are large enough
      to address whether DNA methylation markers add to the prediction of tertiary and
      secondary outcomes over and beyond standard clinical measures. Determining the
      role of epigenetic biomarkers in primary prevention can help in identifying
      modifiable pathways for targeting interventions and reducing disease incidence.
      The potential is great for DNA methylation markers to improve cancer outcomes
      across the prevention continuum. Large, prospective epidemiological studies will
      provide essential evidence of the overall utility of adding these markers to
      primary prevention efforts, screening, and clinical care. 

PMID- 26987535
TI  - Intratumor Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer.
AB  - Intratumor heterogeneity is the main obstacle to effective cancer treatment and
      personalized medicine. Both genetic and epigenetic sources of intratumor
      heterogeneity are well recognized and several technologies have been developed
      for their characterization. With the technological advances in recent years,
      investigators are now elucidating intratumor heterogeneity at the single cell
      level and in situ. However, translating the accumulated knowledge about
      intratumor heterogeneity to clinical practice has been slow. We are certain that
      better understanding of the composition and evolution of tumors during disease
      progression and treatment will improve cancer diagnosis and the design of
      therapies. Here we review some of the most important considerations related to
      intratumor heterogeneity. We discuss both genetic and epigenetic sources of
      intratumor heterogeneity and review experimental approaches that are commonly
      used to quantify it. We also discuss the impact of intratumor heterogeneity on
      cancer diagnosis and treatment and share our perspectives on the future of this
      field. 

PMID- 26987537
TI  - Metabolomics in Breast Cancer: Current Status and Perspectives.
AB  - Metabolomics refers to the study of the whole set of metabolites in a biological
      sample that constitute a reflection of cellular functions. Cancer cells display
      significantly altered cellular processes, and thus metabolites, compared to
      normal cells. This can be detected in a number of ways, and is already exploited
      to a limited extent in the diagnosis of cancer. The host response to the tumor is
      perhaps equally important, as it either rejects or permits tumor growth, and this
      may also potentially result in a measurable metabolite signature. Analysis then
      of entire pools of metabolites may yield critical information about both tumor
      presence and host response, and represent a possible novel collective biomarker
      for cancer behaviour that could allow prediction of relapse, response to therapy,
      or progression. Isolating meaningful differences in the sea of metabolites and
      within the context of significant metabolic heterogeneity both within and between
      patients remains a great challenge. This chapter will review current metabolomic
      research in breast cancer, with a focus on efforts to translate the technology
      into clinical practice. 

PMID- 26987538
TI  - Circulating Tumor Cells.
AB  - Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC) are shed from primary or secondary tumors. Prior
      studies have demonstrated that enumeration of CTC is a robust independent
      prognostic factor of progression free and overall survival in patients with early
      and metastatic breast cancer. CTC, as well as other circulating tumor markers,
      have the appealing advantages over tissue biopsy of (1) ease of collection, (2)
      serial evaluation, and (3) interrogation of the entire tumor burden instead of
      just a limited part of the tumor. Advances have been recently made in phenotyping
      and genotyping of CTC, which should provide insights into the predictive role of
      CTC for sensitivity or resistance to therapies. In addition, CTC phenotypic
      marker changes during the course of treatment may serve as pharmacodynamic
      monitoring tools. Therefore, CTC may be considered "liquid biopsies," providing
      prognostic and predictive clinical information as well as additional
      understanding of tumor heterogeneity. 

PMID- 26987539
TI  - Circulating Plasma Tumor DNA.
AB  - Circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA)--first identified in 1947--is "naked" DNA that
      is free-floating in the blood, and derived from both normal and diseased cells.
      In the 1970s, scientists observed that patients with cancer had elevated levels
      of ccfDNA as compared to their healthy, cancer-free counterparts. The maternal
      fetal medicine community first developed techniques to identify the small
      fraction of fetal-derived ccfDNA for diagnostic purposes. Similarly, due to the
      presence of tumor-specific (somatic) variations in all cancers, the fraction of
      circulating cell-free plasma tumor DNA (ptDNA) in the larger pool of ccfDNA
      derived from normal cells can serve as extremely specific blood-based biomarkers
      for a patient's cancer. In theory this "liquid biopsy" can provide a real-time
      assessment of molecular tumor genotype (qualitative) and existing tumor burden
      (quantitative). Historically, the major limitation for ptDNA as a biomarker has
      been related to a low detection rate; however, current and developing techniques
      have improved sensitivity dramatically. In this chapter, we discuss these
      methods, including digital polymerase chain reaction and various approaches to
      tagged next-generation sequencing.

PMID- 26987540
TI  - Exposure Assessment to Environmental Chemicals in Children from Ciudad Juarez,
      Chihuahua, Mexico.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that the human biomonitoring of susceptible populations
      is a valuable method for the identification of critical contaminants. Therefore,
      the purpose of this study was to assess the exposure profile for arsenic (As),
      lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2
      trichloroethane (DDT), 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE),
      polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in
      children living in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (a major manufacturing center
      in Mexico). In 2012, we evaluated a total of 135 healthy children living in
      Ciudad Juarez since birth. The total PBDEs levels ranged from nondetectable (<
      LOD) to 215 ng/g lipid, with a mean total PBDEs level of 29.5 +/- 53.0 ng/g lipid
      (geometric mean +/- standard deviation). The mean total PCBs level in the study
      participants was 29.0 +/- 10.5 ng/g lipid (range 4.50-50.0 ng/g lipid). The mean
      concentration of total DDT (DDT + DDE) was 11.9 +/- 6.70 ng/g lipid (range 3.00
      26.0 ng/g lipid). The mean 1-OHP levels was 1.2 +/- 1.1 umol/mol creatinine
      (range <LOD to 3.90 umol/mol creatinine). Regarding heavy metals levels, the mean
      urinary As levels was 19.5 +/- 3.07 ug/g creatinine, for urinary mercury the
      levels ranged from <LOD to 11.5 ug/L, with a mean value of 2.10 ug/L, and
      finally, the mean blood lead level was 4.20 +/- 3.80 ug/dL. In conclusion, our
      data indicate high exposure levels to chemicals analyzed in the children living
      in the study community. Therefore, a biomonitoring program for the surveillance
      of the child population in Ciudad Juarez is necessary.

PMID- 26987541
TI  - Generation of Acid Mine Lakes Associated with Abandoned Coal Mines in Northwest
      Turkey.
AB  - A total of five acid mine lakes (AMLs) located in northwest Turkey were
      investigated using combined isotope, molecular, and geochemical techniques to
      identify geochemical processes controlling and promoting acid formation. All of
      the investigated lakes showed typical characteristics of an AML with low pH (2.59
      3.79) and high electrical conductivity values (1040-6430 MUS/cm), in addition to
      high sulfate (594-5370 mg/l) and metal (aluminum [Al], iron [Fe], manganese [Mn],
      nickel [Ni], and zinc [Zn]) concentrations. Geochemical and isotope results
      showed that the acid-generation mechanism and source of sulfate in the lakes can
      change and depends on the age of the lakes. In the relatively older lakes (AMLs 1
      through 3), biogeochemical Fe cycles seem to be the dominant process controlling
      metal concentration and pH of the water unlike in the younger lakes (AMLs 4 and
      5). Bacterial species determined in an older lake (AML 2) indicate that
      biological oxidation and reduction of Fe and S are the dominant processes in the
      lakes. Furthermore, O and S isotopes of sulfate indicate that sulfate in the
      older mine lakes may be a product of much more complex oxidation/dissolution
      reactions. However, the major source of sulfate in the younger mine lakes is in
      situ pyrite oxidation catalyzed by Fe(III) produced by way of oxidation of
      Fe(II). Consistent with this, insignificant fractionation between delta(34)
      [Formula: see text] and delta(34) [Formula: see text] values indicated that the
      oxidation of pyrite, along with dissolution and precipitation reactions of
      Fe(III) minerals, is the main reason for acid formation in the region. Overall,
      the results showed that acid generation during early stage formation of an AML
      associated with pyrite-rich mine waste is primarily controlled by the oxidation
      of pyrite with Fe cycles becoming the dominant processes regulating pH and metal
      cycles in the later stages of mine lake development. 

PMID- 26987542
TI  - Continuous nucleus extraction by optically-induced cell lysis on a batch-type
      microfluidic platform.
AB  - The extraction of a cell's nucleus is an essential technique required for a
      number of procedures, such as disease diagnosis, genetic replication, and animal
      cloning. However, existing nucleus extraction techniques are relatively
      inefficient and labor-intensive. Therefore, this study presents an innovative,
      microfluidics-based approach featuring optically-induced cell lysis (OICL) for
      nucleus extraction and collection in an automatic format. In comparison to
      previous micro-devices designed for nucleus extraction, the new OICL device
      designed herein is superior in terms of flexibility, selectivity, and efficiency.
      To facilitate this OICL module for continuous nucleus extraction, we further
      integrated an optically-induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP) module with the OICL
      device within the microfluidic chip. This on-chip integration circumvents the
      need for highly trained personnel and expensive, cumbersome equipment.
      Specifically, this microfluidic system automates four steps by 1) automatically
      focusing and transporting cells, 2) releasing the nuclei on the OICL module, 3)
      isolating the nuclei on the ODEP module, and 4) collecting the nuclei in the
      outlet chamber. The efficiency of cell membrane lysis and the ODEP nucleus
      separation was measured to be 78.04 +/- 5.70% and 80.90 +/- 5.98%, respectively,
      leading to an overall nucleus extraction efficiency of 58.21 +/- 2.21%. These
      results demonstrate that this microfluidics-based system can successfully perform
      nucleus extraction, and the integrated platform is therefore promising in cell
      fusion technology with the goal of achieving genetic replication, or even animal
      cloning, in the near future. 

PMID- 26987543
TI  - Development and validation of allele-specific SNP/indel markers for eight yield
      enhancing genes using whole-genome sequencing strategy to increase yield
      potential of rice, Oryza sativa L.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rice is one of the major staple foods in the world, especially in the
      developing countries of Asia. Its consumption as a dietary source is also
      increasing in Africa. To meet the demand for rice to feed the increasing human
      population, increasing rice yield is essential. Improving the genetic yield
      potential of rice is one ideal solution. It is imperative to introduce the
      identified yield-enhancing gene(s) into modern rice cultivars for the rapid
      improvement of yield potential through marker-assisted breeding. RESULTS: We
      report the development of PCR-gel-based markers for eight yield-related
      functional genes (Gn1a, OsSPL14, SCM2, Ghd7, DEP1, SPIKE, GS5, and TGW6) to
      introduce yield-positive alleles from the donor lines. Six rice cultivars,
      including three each of donor and recipient lines, respectively, were sequenced
      by next-generation whole-genome sequencing to detect DNA polymorphisms between
      the genotypes. Additionally, PCR products containing functional nucleotide
      polymorphism (FNP) or putative FNPs for yield-related genes were sequenced. DNA
      polymorphisms discriminating yield-positive alleles and non-target alleles for
      each gene were selected through sequence analysis and the allele-specific PCR-gel
      based markers were developed. The markers were validated with our intermediate
      breeding lines produced from crosses between the donors and 12 elite indica rice
      cultivars as recipients. Automated capillary electrophoresis was tested and
      fluorescence-labeled SNP genotyping markers (Fluidigm SNP genotyping platform)
      for Gn1a, OsSPL14, Ghd7, GS5, and GS3 genes were developed for high-throughput
      genotyping. CONCLUSIONS: The SNP/indel markers linked to yield related genes
      functioned properly in our marker-assisted breeding program with identified high
      yield potential lines. These markers can be utilized in local favorite rice
      cultivars for yield enhancement. The marker designing strategy using both next
      generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing methods can be used for suitable
      marker development of other genes associated with useful agronomic traits.

PMID- 26987544
TI  - Prevalence of color vision deficiency among arc welders.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate whether occupationally related
      color vision deficiency can occur from welding. METHODS: A total of 50 male
      welders, who had been working as welders for at least 4 years, were randomly
      selected as case group, and 50 age matched non-welder men, who lived in the same
      area, were regarded as control group. Color vision was assessed using the
      Lanthony desatured panel D-15 test. The test was performed under the daylight
      fluorescent lamp with a spectral distribution of energy with a color temperature
      of 6500K and a color rendering index of 94 that provided 1000lx on the work
      plane. The test was carried out monocularly and no time limit was imposed. All
      data analysis were performed using SPSS, version 22. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      dyschromatopsia among welders was 15% which was statistically higher than that of
      nonwelder group (2%) (p=0.001). Among welders with dyschromatopsia, color vision
      deficiency in 72.7% of cases was monocular. There was positive relationship
      between the employment length and color vision loss (p=0.04). Similarly, a
      significant correlation was found between the prevalence of color vision
      deficiency and average working hours of welding a day (p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS:
      Chronic exposure to welding light may cause color vision deficiency. The damage
      depends on the exposure duration and the length of their employment as welders.

PMID- 26987545
TI  - Ethnicity and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in east London.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incidence and prevalence rates of multiple sclerosis (MS) are
      generally higher in White populations than in other ethnic groups. Relevant
      studies in the United Kingdom were conducted over 30 years ago. OBJECTIVES: To
      provide updated ethnicity-specific MS prevalence rates in the United Kingdom.
      METHODS: Electronic records from general practices (GPs) in four east London
      boroughs were queried for the number of people diagnosed with MS, grouped by
      ethnicity, into 5-year age bands. Compared against total registered GP patients
      in the area (c. 900,000), the age-standardised MS prevalence was calculated by
      ethnic group. RESULTS: The overall age-standardised prevalence of MS was 111 per
      100,000 (152 for women and 70 for men), and 180, 74 and 29 for the White, Black
      and South Asian populations, respectively. The sex ratios (female:male) were
      2.2:1, 2.1:1 and 2.8:1, respectively. CONCLUSION: MS prevalence was considerably
      lower among Black and South Asian populations, compared to the White population,
      by 59% and 84%, respectively. However, compared to available data in Africa and
      South Asia, MS is several times more prevalent among Black people and South
      Asians living in the United Kingdom than their territorial ancestry.

PMID- 26987546
TI  - A simple test of choice stepping reaction time for assessing fall risk in people
      with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Purpose To determine (a) the discriminant validity for established fall risk
      factors and (b) the predictive validity for falls of a simple test of choice
      stepping reaction time (CSRT) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Method
      People with MS (n = 210, 21-74y) performed the CSRT, sensorimotor, balance and
      neuropsychological tests in a single session. They were then followed up for
      falls using monthly fall diaries for 6 months. Results The CSRT test had
      excellent discriminant validity with respect to established fall risk factors.
      Frequent fallers (>=3 falls) performed significantly worse in the CSRT test than
      non-frequent fallers (0-2 falls). With the odds of suffering frequent falls
      increasing 69% with each SD increase in CSRT (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.27-2.26, p =
      <0.001). In regression analysis, CSRT was best explained by sway, time to
      complete the 9-Hole Peg test, knee extension strength of the weaker leg,
      proprioception and the time to complete the Trails B test (multiple R2  =  0.449,
      p < 0.001). Conclusions A simple low tech CSRT test has excellent discriminative
      and predictive validity in relation to falls in people with MS. This test may
      prove useful in documenting longitudinal changes in fall risk in relation to MS
      disease progression and effects of interventions. Implications for rehabilitation
      Good choice stepping reaction time (CSRT) is required for maintaining balance. A
      simple low-tech CSRT test has excellent discriminative and predictive validity in
      relation to falls in people with MS. This test may prove useful documenting
      longitudinal changes in fall risk in relation to MS disease progression and
      effects of interventions.

PMID- 26987548
TI  - High pressure and temperature equation of state and spectroscopic study of CeO2.
AB  - One of the most widely used x-ray standards and a highly applied component of
      catalysis systems, CeO2 has been studied for the purpose of better understanding
      its equation of state and electronic properties. Diamond anvil cells have been
      used to extend the equation of state for this material to 130 GPa and explore the
      electronic behavior with applied load. From the x-ray diffraction studies, it has
      been determined that the high pressure phase transition extends from
      approximately 35-75 GPa at ambient temperature. Elevation of temperature is found
      to decrease the initiation pressure for this transition, with multiple distinct
      temperature regions which indicate structural related anomalies. In addition,
      hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic effects are compared and exhibit a drastic
      difference in bulk moduli. The electronic results indicate a change in the
      scattering environment of the cerium atom, associated with the high pressure
      phase transition. Overall, these results present the first megabar pressure study
      and the first high pressure and temperature study of ceria. Additionally, this
      shows the first combined study of the K and L III edges of this material to 33
      GPa. 

PMID- 26987547
TI  - The influence of chronic kidney disease and age on revascularization rates and
      outcomes in acute myocardial infarction - a cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data on the complex interaction between chronic
      kidney disease, age and its impact on management and outcomes in acute myocardial
      infarction. METHODS: A state based claims dataset that collects data on all
      hospitalizations (representing 32.3% of the Australian population) was used to
      identify all patients admitted with a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial
      infarction (ICD10 codes: I21.0-I21.4) over a four-year period. Patients were
      linked to the state death registry and followed until death or end of follow-up
      (31 December 2009). Chronic kidney disease was defined as the presence of any of
      65 ICD10 diagnostic codes for chronic kidney disease. The primary outcomes were
      receipt of revascularization, length of hospital stay and mortality adjusted for
      age, comorbidities and prior revascularization at presentation. RESULTS: Of the
      40,472 patients with acute myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease was
      present in 4814 patients (11.9%). Median follow-up was 2.8 years (range 0-5.5
      years). In the multivariable model, there was a marked interaction between
      chronic kidney disease and age ( p<0.001). Chronic kidney disease was a powerful
      marker of lower revascularization rates (median age group of 70-79 years: odds
      ratio 0.68; 95% confidence interval 0.59-0.78; p<0.001), especially in those over
      the age of 50 years. The impact of chronic kidney disease on length of stay
      (median age group of 70-79 years vs. referent age group 18-39 years: incidence
      rate ratio 1.41; 95% confidence interval 1.32-1.51; p<0.001) and long-term
      mortality (median age group of 70-79 years: hazard ratio 2.19; 95% confidence
      interval 2.01-2.39; p<0.001) was mitigated with increasing age. CONCLUSION:
      Chronic kidney disease is an important deterrent for the receipt of
      revascularization in older patients, but age is the primary determinant of length
      of stay and mortality.

PMID- 26987549
TI  - Sugar tax will double funding for sport in primary schools, says chancellor.

PMID- 26987550
TI  - Enzyme classification using complex dynamic hemithioacetal systems.
AB  - A complex dynamic hemithioacetal system was generated for the evaluation of
      lipase reactivities in organic media. In combination with pattern recognition
      methodology, twelve different lipases were successfully classified into four
      distinct groups following their reaction selectivities and reactivities. A probe
      lipase was further categorized using the training matrix with predicted
      reactivity. 

PMID- 26987551
TI  - Twenty years of enamel matrix derivative: the past, the present and the future.
AB  - BACGROUND: On June 5th, 2015 at Europerio 8, a group of leading experts were
      gathered to discuss what has now been 20 years of documented evidence supporting
      the clinical use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Original experiments led by
      Lars Hammarstrom demonstrated that enamel matrix proteins could serve as key
      regenerative proteins capable of promoting periodontal regeneration including new
      cementum, with functionally oriented inserting new periodontal ligament fibres,
      and new alveolar bone formation. This pioneering work and vision by Lars
      Hammarstrom has paved the way to an enormous amount of publications related to
      its biological basis and clinical use. Twenty years later, it is clear that all
      these studies have greatly contributed to our understanding of how biologics can
      act as mediators for periodontal regeneration and have provided additional
      clinical means to support tissue regeneration of the periodontium. AIMS: This
      review article aims to: (1) provide the biological background necessary to
      understand the rational for the use of EMD for periodontal regeneration, (2)
      present animal and human histological evidence of periodontal regeneration
      following EMD application, (3) provide clinically relevant indications for the
      use of EMD and (4) discuss future avenues of research including key early
      findings leading to the development of Osteogain, a new carrier system for EMD
      specifically developed with better protein adsorption to bone grafting materials.

PMID- 26987553
TI  - A multimodal imaging workflow to visualize metal mixtures in the human placenta
      and explore colocalization with biological response markers.
AB  - Fetal exposure to essential and toxic metals can influence life-long health
      trajectories. The placenta regulates chemical transmission from maternal
      circulation to the fetus and itself exhibits a complex response to environmental
      stressors. The placenta can thus be a useful matrix to monitor metal exposures
      and stress responses in utero, but strategies to explore the biologic effects of
      metal mixtures in this organ are not well-developed. In this proof-of-concept
      study, we used laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA
      ICP-MS) to measure the distributions of multiple metals in placental tissue from
      a low-birth-weight pregnancy, and we developed an approach to identify the
      components of metal mixtures that colocalized with biological response markers.
      Our novel workflow, which includes custom-developed software tools and algorithms
      for spatial outlier identification and background subtraction in multidimensional
      elemental image stacks, enables rapid image processing and seamless integration
      of data from elemental imaging and immunohistochemistry. Using quantitative
      spatial statistics, we identified distinct patterns of metal accumulation at
      sites of inflammation. Broadly, our multiplexed approach can be used to explore
      the mechanisms mediating complex metal exposures and biologic responses within
      placentae and other tissue types. Our LA-ICP-MS image processing workflow can be
      accessed through our interactive R Shiny application 'shinyImaging', which is
      available at or through our laboratory's website, . 

PMID- 26987554
TI  - Least-Squares Regression and Spectral Residual Augmented Classical Least-Squares
      Chemometric Models for Stability-Indicating Analysis of Agomelatine and Its
      Degradation Products: A Comparative Study.
AB  - Two accurate, sensitive, and selective stability-indicating methods are developed
      and validated for simultaneous quantitative determination of agomelatine (AGM)
      and its forced degradation products (Deg I and Deg II), whether in pure forms or
      in pharmaceutical formulations. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and
      spectral residual augmented classical least-squares (SRACLS) are two chemometric
      models that are being subjected to a comparative study through handling UV
      spectral data in range (215-350 nm). For proper analysis, a three-factor, four
      level experimental design was established, resulting in a training set consisting
      of 16 mixtures containing different ratios of interfering species. An independent
      test set consisting of eight mixtures was used to validate the prediction ability
      of the suggested models. The results presented indicate the ability of mentioned
      multivariate calibration models to analyze AGM, Deg I, and Deg II with high
      selectivity and accuracy. The analysis results of the pharmaceutical formulations
      were statistically compared to the reference HPLC method, with no significant
      differences observed regarding accuracy and precision. The SRACLS model gives
      comparable results to the PLSR model; however, it keeps the qualitative spectral
      information of the classical least-squares algorithm for analyzed components. 

PMID- 26987552
TI  - Anaerobic microbial community response to methanogenic inhibitors 2
      bromoethanesulfonate and propynoic acid.
AB  - Methanogenic inhibitors are often used to study methanogenesis in complex
      microbial communities or inhibit methanogens in the gastrointestinal tract of
      livestock. However, the resulting structural and functional changes in archaeal
      and bacterial communities are poorly understood. We characterized microbial
      community structure and activity in mesocosms seeded with cow dung and municipal
      wastewater treatment plant anaerobic digester sludge after exposure to two
      methanogenic inhibitors, 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) and propynoic acid (PA).
      Methane production was reduced by 89% (0.5 mmol/L BES), 100% (10 mmol/LBES), 24%
      (0.1 mmol/LPA), and 95% (10 mmol/LPA). Using modified primers targeting the
      methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene, changes in mcrA gene expression were
      found to correspond with changes in methane production and the relative activity
      of methanogens. Methanogenic activity was determined by the relative abundance of
      methanogen 16S rRNA cDNA as a percentage of the total community 16S rRNA cDNA.
      Overall, methanogenic activity was lower when mesocosms were exposed to higher
      concentrations of both inhibitors, and aceticlastic methanogens were inhibited to
      a greater extent than hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Syntrophic bacterial
      activity, measured by 16S rRNA cDNA, was also reduced following exposure to both
      inhibitors, but the overall structure of the active bacterial community was not
      significantly affected.

PMID- 26987555
TI  - Pre-caruncular approach to the medial orbit and landmarks for anterior ethmoidal
      artery ligation: a cadaveric study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In epistaxis and skull base surgery, the anterior ethmoidal artery
      sometimes needs to be ligated. We describe a novel, quick and scar-free surgical
      technique to ligate this artery with salient landmarks allowing rapid
      identification. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty medial orbital walls from 10
      randomly selected fresh-frozen, non-formalinised cadaver heads were examined.
      Dissection was performed by a pre-caruncular external approach to expose the AEA
      in all cases. RESULTS: The Horner's muscle and nasion, two salient landmarks,
      have been identified for use during the pre-caruncular approach.
      DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The pre-caruncular approach is a novel combined open and
      endoscopic surgical approach to the anterior ethmoidal artery. It is a simple,
      quick and scar-free technique. The identification of the artery is easy when
      using the two anatomic landmarks we describe in our study, that is Horner's
      muscle and the nasion.

PMID- 26987556
TI  - Hepatitis B in Ghana: a systematic review & meta-analysis of prevalence studies
      (1995-2015).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although, chronic hepatitis B (HBV) is considered to be of
      significant public health importance in Ghana, not many reviews detailing the
      burden (prevalence) of the disease have been conducted. This study was aimed at
      summarizing the available information and to make an accurate estimate of HBV
      infection prevalence in Ghana over the last two decades (1995-2015). METHODS: A
      systematic search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and
      Africa Journals Online (AJOL) databases to retrieve primary studies published
      between 1st January 1995 and 4th October 2015, assessing the prevalence of HBV
      among populations in Ghana. This was supplemented by a manual search of retrieved
      references. RESULTS: Thirty (30) studies across all the ten (10) regions of Ghana
      and involving an overall population size of 105,435 were analyzed. The national
      prevalence of HBV as determined by HBsAg seropositivity was 12.3%. HBV prevalence
      among voluntary blood donors (VBDs), replacement blood donors (RBDs) and pregnant
      women were 10.8, 12.7 and 13.1% respectively. HBV infection prevalence was
      highest among studies published within the period 1995-2002 (17.3%), followed by
      those published within 2003-2009 (14.7%) and the lowest prevalence rate being
      recorded across studies published in the period 2010-2015 (10.2%). Regional
      prevalence were determined for Ashanti, Greater Accra, Eastern, Northern, central
      and Brong-Ahafo regions as 13.1, 10.6, 13.6, 13.1, 11.5 and 13.7% respectively.
      No aggregate data were derived for Volta, Western, Upper East and Upper West
      regions. Higher prevalence of HBV infection was attained for rural (13.3%)
      compared to urban settings (12.2%). Across the country, highest HBV infection
      prevalence rates were recorded in persons within the age group 16-39 years.
      CONCLUSION: Hepatitis B infection is clearly an important public health problem
      in Ghana. The burden of the disease as dictated by a high prevalence rate calls
      for urgent public health interventions and strategic policy directions to
      controlling the disease to avert any potential future explosion.

PMID- 26987559
TI  - Skin surgery, an evidence-based update: meeting report.
AB  - The Evidence Based Update on Skin Surgery was held in Nottingham in May 2015. The
      meeting featured presentations on new diagnostic techniques, trials in
      development, discussions of recently published trials, and a question and answer
      session with an expert panel. This report aims to summarize the presentations and
      discussions from the day. 

PMID- 26987558
TI  - The height-, weight- and BMI-for-age of preschool children from Nizhny Novgorod
      city, Russia, relative to the international growth references.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monitoring a child's growth status helps to diagnose diseases and
      implement curative and preventive measures. The aim of this study was to assess
      how well preschool children of Russian city (Nizhny Novgorod) match with, or
      diverge from, international growth charts (WHO2006,2007; USCDC2000). METHODS:
      Cross-sectional study included 3,130 children aged 3-7 years attending municipal
      preschools of Nizhny Novgorod, the city in the European part of Russia. The study
      was held from February 2012 to October 2013. The international WHO2006,2007 and
      USCDC2000 growth references were used to calculate the height, weight and BMI z
      scores. The distributions of z-scores were analysed with descriptive and
      inferential statistical methods. Z-score equal 0.25 was considered as a benchmark
      for clinically significant differences. RESULTS: Means height z-scores calculated
      with the use of WHO2006, 2007 and USCDC2000 references were above the 50th
      centile (0.13 - 0.47) for both boys and girls. The means height z-scores was less
      than 0.25 SD above the 50th centile only for WHO2006. Stunting prevalence (the
      height-for-age z-score less than -2) was slightly higher under WHO2006 (3-4%)
      than under USCDC 2000 (2-3%). Stunting prevalence among children aged 5-7 years
      was similar under WHO2007 and USCDC2000 references (1%). For boys and girls aged
      3-4 years the thinness prevalence, using WHO2006 was 2%, using USCDC2000 was 6%
      (p < 0.05). At the age 5-7 years this proportion under WHO2007 was 3% in both sex
      groups, under USCDC2000 was 8% for boys and 6% for girls (p < 0.05). A proportion
      of preschoolers aged 3-4 years with overweight was slightly higher under WHO2006
      reference (13-15%) than under USCDC2000 (12-14%). In the case of age 5-7 years
      the overweight prevalence under WHO2007 (13-12 %) was lower than under USCDC2000
      (14%). Obesity prevalence under WHO2006,2007 (3-4%) was slightly higher than that
      under USCDC2000 reference (2-3%). Preschoolers' distribution by groups of normal
      weight, overweight, obesity didn't significantly differ among the references (chi
      square). CONCLUSIONS: The growth assessment of children aged 3-7 years attending
      municipal preschools of the Russian city Nizhny Novgorod under the international
      references (WHO2006,2007; USCDC 2000), demonstrated that the height fit to the
      WHO2006 standard for the children aged 3 and 4 was generally fine, since all the
      mean values were within 0.25 of the standard deviations of the mean. Beyond the
      age of 5 the fit to the WHO2007 was poor while the fit to the USCDC2000 was poor
      throughout.

PMID- 26987557
TI  - Normative NeuroFlexor data for detection of spasticity after stroke: a cross
      sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The NeuroFlexor is a novel instrument for
      quantification of neural, viscous and elastic components of passive movement
      resistance. The aim of this study was to provide normative data and cut-off
      values from healthy subjects and to use these to explore signs of spasticity at
      the wrist and fingers in patients recovering from stroke. METHODS: 107 healthy
      subjects (age range 28-68 years; 51 % females) and 39 stroke patients (age range
      33-69 years; 33 % females), 2-4 weeks after stroke, were assessed with the
      NeuroFlexor. Cut-off values based on mean + 3SD of the reference data were
      calculated. In patients, the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) was also applied.
      RESULTS: In healthy subjects, neural component was 0.8 +/- 0.9 N (mean +/- SD),
      elastic component was 2.7 +/- 1.1 N, viscous component was 0.3 +/- 0.3 N and
      resting tension was 5.9 +/- 1 N. Age only correlated with elastic component (r = 
      0.3, p = 0.01). Elasticity and resting tension were higher in males compared to
      females (p = 0.001) and both correlated positively with height (p = 0.01). Values
      above healthy population cut-off were observed in 16 patients (41 %) for neural
      component, in 2 (5 %) for elastic component and in 23 (59 %) for viscous
      component. Neural component above cut-off did not correspond well to MAS ratings.
      Ten patients with MAS = 0 had neural component values above cut-off and five
      patients with MAS >= 1 had neural component within normal range. CONCLUSION: This
      study provides NeuroFlexor cut-off values that are useful for detection of
      spasticity in the early phase after stroke.

PMID- 26987560
TI  - Effect of individual thinking styles on item selection during study time
      allocation.
AB  - The influence of individual differences on learners' study time allocation has
      been emphasised in recent studies; however, little is known about the role of
      individual thinking styles (analytical versus intuitive). In the present study,
      we explored the influence of individual thinking styles on learners' application
      of agenda-based and habitual processes when selecting the first item during a
      study-time allocation task. A 3-item cognitive reflection test (CRT) was used to
      determine individuals' degree of cognitive reliance on intuitive versus
      analytical cognitive processing. Significant correlations between CRT scores and
      the choices of first item selection were observed in both Experiment 1a (study
      time was 5 seconds per triplet) and Experiment 1b (study time was 20 seconds per
      triplet). Furthermore, analytical decision makers constructed a value-based
      agenda (prioritised high-reward items), whereas intuitive decision makers relied
      more upon habitual responding (selected items from the leftmost of the array).
      The findings of Experiment 1a were replicated in Experiment 2 notwithstanding
      ruling out the possible effects from individual intelligence and working memory
      capacity. Overall, the individual thinking style plays an important role on
      learners' study time allocation and the predictive ability of CRT is reliable in
      learners' item selection strategy.

PMID- 26987562
TI  - Synthesis and structure elucidation of a series of chloroquinoline-2-chalcones by
      the Doebner-Miller reaction.

PMID- 26987563
TI  - The effect of Cu doping on the mechanical and optical properties of zinc oxide
      nanowires synthesized by hydrothermal route.
AB  - Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material with applications in a
      variety of fields such as electronics, optoelectronic and solar cells. However,
      much of these applications demand a reproducible, reliable and controllable
      synthesis method that takes special care of their functional properties. In this
      work ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanowires are obtained by an optimized hydrothermal
      method, following the promising results which ZnO nanostructures have shown in
      the past few years. The morphology of as-prepared and copper-doped ZnO
      nanostructures is investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and high
      resolution transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction is used to study
      the impact of doping on the crystalline structure of the wires. Furthermore, the
      mechanical properties (nanoindentation) and the functional properties (absorption
      and photoluminescence measurements) of ZnO nanostructures are examined in order
      to assess their applicability in photovoltaics, piezoelectric and hybrids
      nanodevices. This work shows a strong correlation between growing conditions,
      morphology, doping and mechanical as well as optical properties of ZnO nanowires.

PMID- 26987564
TI  - Sensitivity of the Standard Chlamydia trachomatis Culture Method Is Improved
      After One Additional In Vitro Passage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis causes the most common bacterial sexually
      transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Although highly sensitive nucleic acid
      amplification tests (NAATs) are used to routinely diagnose chlamydial infection,
      C. trachomatis isolation by cell culture is still preferred for legal cases and
      epidemiological studies because of its high specificity; however, the sensitivity
      of traditional two-passage diagnostic cultures is significantly lower than that
      of NAATs. Therefore, we sought to analyze if additional in vitro passaging of
      clinical samples would improve detection sensitivity of C. trachomatis. METHODS:
      Clinical swabs (n = 428) were collected from Tianjin Medical University General
      Hospital, grown in McCoy cells for up to five passages, and analyzed for the
      presence of inclusions by iodine staining. Results were confirmed by routine PCR
      based methods. RESULTS: Viable C. trachomatis organisms were detected in 91
      (21.26%) swabs with the traditional two-passage protocol, which increased to 145
      (33.88%) and 149 (34.81%) following three and four passages, respectively. Thus,
      the standard protocol yielded a false-negative rate of nearly 39%. Subsequent PCR
      based diagnostics revealed a concordance rate of 80.98% between these two methods
      without any false negatives. CONCLUSION: The results of this study support the
      use of a three-passage Chlamydia culture procedure to increase the detection
      sensitivity of this method.

PMID- 26987561
TI  - Aminothiazoles inhibit RANKL- and LPS-mediated osteoclastogenesis and PGE2
      production in RAW 264.7 cells.
AB  - Periodontitis is characterized by chronic inflammation and osteoclast-mediated
      bone loss regulated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK),
      RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The aim of this study was to
      investigate the effect of aminothiazoles targeting prostaglandin E synthase-1
      (mPGES-1) on RANKL- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated osteoclastogenesis and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) production in vitro using the osteoclast precursor RAW
      264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with RANKL or LPS alone or in
      combination with the aminothiazoles 4-([4-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-thiazol-2
      yl]amino)phenol (TH-848) or 4-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3
      thiazol-2-amine (TH-644). Aminothiazoles significantly decreased the number of
      multinucleated tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclast
      like cells in cultures of RANKL- and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, as well as
      reduced the production of PGE2 in culture supernatants. LPS-treatment induced
      mPGES-1 mRNA expression at 16 hrs and the subsequent PGE2 production at 72 hrs.
      Conversely, RANKL did not affect PGE2 secretion but markedly reduced mPGES-1 at
      mRNA level. Furthermore, mRNA expression of TRAP and cathepsin K (CTSK) was
      reduced by aminothiazoles in RAW 264.7 cells activated by LPS, whereas RANK, OPG
      or tumour necrosis factor alpha mRNA expression was not significantly affected.
      In RANKL-activated RAW 264.7 cells, TH-848 and TH-644 down-regulated CTSK but not
      TRAP mRNA expression. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of aminothiazoles on PGE2
      production was also confirmed in LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood
      mononuclear cell cultures. In conclusion, the aminothiazoles reduced both LPS-
      and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and PGE2 production in RAW 264.7 cells,
      suggesting these compounds as potential inhibitors for treatment of chronic
      inflammatory bone resorption, such as periodontitis.

PMID- 26987565
TI  - Structural Hierarchy and Polymorphic Transformation in Shear-Induced Shish-Kebab
      of Stereocomplex Poly(Lactic Acid).
AB  - The realization of hierarchical shish-kebab structures for stereocomplex
      poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is achieved by the application of a shear flow (100 s(-1)
      for 1 s) mimicking what can be expected during polymer processing. Compared to
      the normal shearing scenarios, this transient and strong shear flow enables the
      creation of dense shish precursors in time- and energy-saving manner. The
      distribution of crystal form associated with the hierarchical structure is
      revealed by 2D Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy imaging, creating a unique
      visualization for both spatial resolution and polymorphism identification.
      Interestingly, in the shear stereocomplex chains are preferentially extended and
      crystallized as stable central cores with weak temperature dependence, whereas
      the development of lateral kebabs is defined by the distinct relation to the
      crystallization temperature. Below the melting point of homocrystals, both homo
      and stereocomplex crystallization are engaged in lamellar packing. Above that,
      exclusive stereocomplex crystals are organized into ordered lamellae. Combining
      the direct observations at multiscale, the ordered alignment of stereocomplex
      chains is recognized as the molecular origin of fibrillar extended chain bundles
      that constitute the central row-nuclei. The proposed hypothesis affords
      elucidation of shish-kebab formation and unique polymorphism in sheared
      stereocomplex PLA, which generates opportunities for engendering hierarchically
      structured PLA with improved performance. 

PMID- 26987566
TI  - Developing indicators to measure post-disaster community recovery in the United
      States.
AB  - Disaster recovery is a key capability of federal, state, and local government. To
      support this capability effectively practitioners need useful and validated
      metrics to document how well a community is recovering from a particular
      disaster. This study developed and categorised recovery indicators according to
      the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s Recovery Support Functions and
      Recovery Mission Area Core Capabilities through a literature review, an
      evaluation of the pre-disaster recovery plans for 87 coastal jurisdictions, and a
      case study of two communities (New Hanover County, North Carolina, and the City
      of Hoboken, New Jersey). Metrics identified in the literature were validated
      through the recovery plan review and the case study. The research team also
      identified sources for both baseline and current status data. Based on these
      findings, a user-friendly checklist for practitioners was established, which will
      be piloted with practice partners during a future disaster recovery initiative.

PMID- 26987568
TI  - A Collapsed Sportsman With a Shock Advised in Sinus Rhythm: The Importance of
      Automated External Defibrillator Rhythm Strip Retrieval Prior to Defibrillator
      Implantation.

PMID- 26987567
TI  - Relationship Between Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Brugada
      Syndrome: New Insights From Molecular Biology and Clinical Implications.

PMID- 26987569
TI  - The Experience of Postnatal Depression in Immigrant Mothers Living in Western
      Countries: A Meta-Synthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postnatal depression affects women from all cultures and countries.
      The postnatal period is thought to be a vulnerable time for all mothers.
      Immigrant women may be at particular risk as they attempt to adhere to childbirth
      rituals in western societies which might exacerbate stress, while navigating
      through the multiple stressors they face from migration in the transition to
      motherhood. METHODS: This study utilized a meta-synthesis approach to synthesize
      qualitative studies exploring postnatal depression in immigrant mothers living in
      western countries. Searching six databases identified 16 studies that met
      criteria. RESULTS: The synthesis revealed two overarching themes of migration and
      cultural influences on immigrant mothers that interact and give rise to
      psychosocial understandings of postnatal depression, remedies and healthcare
      barriers. Mothers used self-help coping strategies in line with this.
      CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant mothers living in western countries are subject to
      multifactorial stressors following childbirth, increasing their susceptibility to
      postnatal depression. These stressors relate to being an immigrant in a western
      society and cultural influences, which may be harder to comply with, when removed
      from their sociocultural context. Social support appears to play a mediating role
      for these immigrant mothers. There were several similarities between immigrant
      and non-immigrant mothers including their views of healthcare and medication,
      their health-seeking behaviours and their fears of having their baby removed. All
      these findings have implications for healthcare settings in terms of assessments
      and service delivery. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER
      MESSAGE: In this meta-synthesis, we explored the experience of postnatal
      depression in immigrant women living in western countries, including the UK, the
      USA and Canada. Sixteen qualitative studies were reviewed, and their
      methodological quality was examined. The findings are based a total sample of 337
      women. Two overarching themes were identified that are termed 'cultural
      influences' and 'migration factors', which influenced how these mothers coped
      with their postnatal depression. Social support played a mediating role for these
      immigrant mothers.

PMID- 26987570
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor in the
      primate testis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic kisspeptin-kisspeptin receptor signalling in primates
      ensures the successful progression into puberty during development and
      maintenance of reproductive capacity during adulthood. Human testis has been
      shown to express high-to-moderate levels of kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor
      gene expression. In this study, we aimed at characterizing the localization of
      kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor in adult primate testis tissue. METHODS:
      Immunocytochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded testicular sections from
      adult rhesus monkeys and from common marmoset monkeys. RESULTS: Kisspeptin
      receptor was detected in Sertoli cells in the periphery of the seminiferous
      tubules in adult testes of both species. In contrast, kisspeptin was not
      localized in the seminiferous epithelium and was detected only in the
      interstitial compartment of the adult rhesus monkey testis. CONCLUSION:
      Kisspeptin receptor and kisspeptin are localized in the testis of Old World and
      New World primates.

PMID- 26987572
TI  - Validation of the Turkish version of medication regimen complexity index among
      elderly patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate the Turkish version of the
      'Medication Regimen Complexity Index' (MRCI). METHODS: This validation study has
      been conducted in prescriptions of the first 100 elderly patients who had visited
      the pharmacy for their prescription refill to evaluate convergent and divergent
      validity of the Turkish version. The reliability of the Turkish version was
      assessed with inter-rater and test-retest analysis after its translation and
      cultural adaptation. RESULTS: The mean age of the 100 patients (53 women) was
      74.9 years (SD = 7.58, 65-95). The scale showed high inter-rater reliability and
      test-retest reliability for the total and subscale scores (p < 0.05). A strong
      and positive correlation between the number of medications in a prescription and
      the total Medication Regimen Complexity Index scores (r = 0.930, p < 0.001) was
      determined. There were no statistically significant differences between age,
      gender and MRCI scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results show that the
      Turkish version of MRCI is a reliable and valid tool in elderly patients.

PMID- 26987571
TI  - Enhanced efficacy against cervical carcinomas through polymeric micelles
      physically incorporating the proteasome inhibitor MG132.
AB  - Treatment of recurrent or advanced cervical cancer is still limited, and new
      therapeutic choices are needed for improving prognosis and quality of life of
      patients. Because human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is critical in cervical
      carcinogenesis, with the E6 and E7 oncogenes of HPV degrading tumor suppressor
      proteins through the ubiquitin proteasome system, the inhibition of the ubiquitin
      proteasome system appears to be an ideal target to suppress the growth of
      cervical tumors. Herein, we focused on the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor MG132
      (carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal) as an anticancer agent against cervical cancer
      cells, and physically incorporated it into micellar nanomedicines for achieving
      selective delivery to solid tumors and improving its in vivo efficacy. These
      MG132-loaded polymeric micelles (MG132/m) showed strong tumor inhibitory in vivo
      effect against HPV-positive tumors from HeLa and CaSki cells, and even in HPV
      negative tumors from C33A cells. Repeated injection of MG132/m showed no
      significant toxicity to mice under analysis by weight change or histopathology.
      Moreover, the tumors treated with MG132/m showed higher levels of tumor
      suppressing proteins, hScrib and p53, as well as apoptotic degree, than tumors
      treated with free MG132. This enhanced efficacy of MG132/m was attributed to
      their prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, which allowed their gradual
      extravasation and penetration within the tumor tissue, as determined by
      intravital microscopy. These results support the use of MG132 incorporated into
      polymeric micelles as a safe and effective therapeutic strategy against cervical
      tumors. 

PMID- 26987573
TI  - The elderly pancreas transplant recipient.

PMID- 26987574
TI  - Exclusive enteral nutrition in active pediatric Crohn disease: Effects on
      intestinal microbiota and immune regulation.

PMID- 26987575
TI  - The Use of Personalized Video Training for Orthopaedic Surgeons.

PMID- 26987576
TI  - Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013.
AB  - In 2013, 15 clusters of mumps were notified in France; 72% (82/114) of the cases
      had been vaccinated twice with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. To determine
      whether the risk of mumps increased with time since the last vaccination, we
      conducted a case-control study among clusters in universities and military
      barracks. A confirmed case had an inflammation of a salivary gland plus
      laboratory confirmation in 2013. A probable case presented with inflammation of a
      salivary gland in 2013 either lasting for > 2 days or with epidemiological link
      to a confirmed case. Controls had no mumps symptoms and attended the same
      university course, student party or military barracks. We collected clinical and
      vaccination data via web questionnaire and medical records. We calculated
      adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using logistic regression. 59% (50/85) of cases and
      62% (199/321) of controls had been vaccinated twice. The odds of mumps increased
      for twice-vaccinated individuals by 10% for every year that had passed since the
      second dose (aOR 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.19; p = 0.02). Mumps
      immunity waned with increasing time since vaccination. Our findings contributed
      to the French High Council of Public Health's decision to recommend a third MMR
      dose during outbreaks for individuals whose second dose dates > 10 years.

PMID- 26987578
TI  - Flow of Information in Biological Systems.

PMID- 26987579
TI  - Xenopus as a model for developmental biology.

PMID- 26987577
TI  - Impact of limiting visual input on gait: Individuals with Parkinson disease, age
      matched controls, and healthy young participants.
AB  - Normal and limited vision gait was investigated in individuals with Parkinson
      disease (PD), healthy older and healthy young individuals. Participants walked a
      GAITRite mat with normal vision or vision of lower limbs occluded. Results
      indicate individuals with PD walked more slowly, with shorter and wider steps,
      and spent more time in double support with limited vision as compared to full
      vision. Healthy young and old individuals took shorter steps but were otherwise
      unchanged between conditions.

PMID- 26987581
TI  - Contemporary Obstetric Triage.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The role of obstetric triage in the care of pregnant women has
      expanded significantly. Factors driving this change include the Emergency Medical
      Treatment and Active Labor Act, improved methods of testing for fetal well-being,
      increasing litigation risk, and changes in resident duty hour guidelines. The
      contemporary obstetric triage facility must have processes in place to provide a
      medical screening examination that complies with regulatory statues while
      considering both the facility's maternal level of care and available resources.
      OBJECTIVE: This review examines the history of the development of obstetric
      triage, current considerations in a contemporary obstetric triage paradigm, and
      future areas for consideration. An example of a contemporary obstetric triage
      program at an academic medical center is presented. RESULT: A successful
      contemporary obstetric triage paradigm is one that addresses the questions of
      "sick or not sick" and "labor or no labor," for every obstetric patient that
      presents for care. Failure to do so risks poor patient outcome, poor patient
      satisfaction, adverse litigation outcome, regulatory scrutiny, and exclusion from
      federal payment programs. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the role of contemporary
      obstetric triage in the current health care environment is important for both
      providers and health care leadership. TARGET AUDIENCE: This study is for
      obstetricians and gynecologists as well as family physicians. LEARNING
      OBJECTIVES: After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to
      understand the scope of a medical screening examination within the context of
      contemporary obstetric triage; understand how a facility's level of maternal care
      influences clinical decision making in a contemporary obstetric triage setting;
      and understand the considerations necessary for the systematic evaluation of the
      2 basic contemporary obstetric questions, "sick or not sick?" and "labor or no
      labor?"

PMID- 26987582
TI  - Vaccination During Pregnancy.
AB  - Active immunization during pregnancy for maternal and neonatal benefit is a
      remarkably promising strategy to reduce infectious morbidity in both women and
      infants. The aim of this review is to present current clinical guidelines for
      vaccination during pregnancy and review evidence-based strategies for the
      implementation of maternal immunization recommendations. Observational studies,
      clinical trials, cost-effectiveness analyses, systematic reviews, and meta
      analyses were evaluated to generate the evidence base for this review. In
      addition, recommendations from major national professional and public health
      organizations were examined. We present current clinical recommendations for
      vaccination during pregnancy and review medical and public health strategies to
      implement these guidelines. We also discuss a research agenda to advance the
      field of maternal immunization and achieve further improvements in maternal and
      child health. 

PMID- 26987580
TI  - Identification of a novel interaction between corticotropin releasing hormone
      (Crh) and macroautophagy.
AB  - In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), compromised restitution of the epithelial
      barrier contributes to disease severity. Owing to the complexity in the
      pathogenesis of IBD, a variety of factors have been implicated in its progress.
      In this study, we report a functional interaction between macroautophagy and
      Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (Crh) in the gut. For this purpose we used DSS
      colitis model on Crh -/- or wild-type (wt) with pharmacological inhibition of
      autophagy. We uncovered sustained basal autophagy in the gut of Crh -/- mice,
      which persisted over the course of DSS administration. Autophagy inhibition
      resulted in partial rescue of Crh -/- mice, while it increased the expression of
      Crh in the wt gut. Similarly, Crh deficiency was associated with sustained
      activation of base line autophagy. In vitro models of amino acid deprivation- and
      LPS-induced autophagy confirmed the in vivo findings. Our results indicate a
      novel role for Crh in the intestinal epithelium that involves regulation of
      autophagy, while suggesting the complementary action of the two pathways. These
      data suggest the intriguing possibility that targeting Crh stimulation in the
      intestine may provide a novel therapeutic approach to support the integrity of
      the epithelial barrier and to protect from chronic colitis. 

PMID- 26987583
TI  - Vitamin C: Promises Not Kept.
AB  - Vitamin C has been suggested as beneficial in preventing and curing the common
      cold, decreasing the incidence of preterm delivery and preeclampsia, decreasing
      risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and improving the quality of life by
      inhibiting blindness and dementia. In this article, we review the hypothesized
      mechanisms of these purported health benefits and the evidence behind such
      claims. 

PMID- 26987584
TI  - A case of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) in a young judo tutor: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We present a case of unsuspected Paget-Schroetter syndrome (also
      called effort thrombosis), one of the rare causes of upper extremity deep vein
      thrombosis. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first such case in our
      hospital. Our patient may have been discharged with an incomplete diagnosis and
      inappropriate management but for one of the few physicians who knew about effort
      thrombosis, made the diagnosis, and referred the patient promptly to the
      appropriate team. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old Caucasian man who was an
      active judo tutor presented to the acute medical unit in our hospital. He had
      initially presented to his primary care physician complaining of redness and
      swelling of his right arm and elbow of 1 week's duration. He had been prescribed
      some antibiotics by his general practitioner, but his symptoms worsened. At that
      point, he was referred to our hospital for further review of his arm swelling.
      CONCLUSIONS: When considering a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, the age,
      hobbies, and occupation, among other things, of individual patients should be put
      into context at all times to avoid missing rare causes such as Paget-Schroetter
      syndrome. This report is intended to raise awareness of this rare condition.
      Knowledge of this condition and its management is essential for all medical
      practitioners, especially medical doctors who are involved in unselected medical
      admissions in accident and emergency or medical admission units, where the
      majority of such patients are seen.

PMID- 26987585
TI  - Redox signaling in the cardiomyocyte: From physiology to failure.
AB  - The specific effect of oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating post
      translational modification of protein targets has emerged as a key mechanism
      regulating signaling components, a process termed redox signaling. ROS act in the
      post-translational modification of multiple target proteins including receptors,
      kinases, phosphatases, ion channels and transcription factors. Both O2 and ROS
      are major source of electrons in redox reactions in aerobic organisms. Because
      the heart has the highest O2 consumption among body organs, it is not surprising
      that redox signaling is central to heart function and pathophysiology. In this
      article, we review some of the main cardiac redox signaling pathways and their
      roles in the cardiomyocyte and in heart failure, with particular focus on the
      specific molecular targets of ROS in the heart. 

PMID- 26987586
TI  - Inside story of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs).
AB  - Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
      that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous
      system. Among the eight subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5 belong to the group I family.
      These receptors play important roles in the brain and are believed to be involved
      in multiple forms of experience dependent synaptic plasticity including learning
      and memory. In addition, group I mGluRs also have been implicated in various
      neuropsychiatric disorders like Fragile X syndrome, autism etc. The normal
      signaling depends on the precise location of these receptors in specific region
      of the neuron and the process of receptor trafficking plays a crucial role in
      controlling this localization. Intracellular trafficking could also regulate the
      desensitization, resensitization, down-regulation and intracellular signaling of
      these receptors. In this review I focus on the current understanding of group I
      mGluR regulation in the central nervous system and also their role in
      neuropsychiatric disorders.

PMID- 26987587
TI  - Tuning-free controller to accurately regulate flow rates in a microfluidic
      network.
AB  - We describe a control algorithm that can improve accuracy and stability of flow
      regulation in a microfluidic network that uses a conventional pressure pump
      system. The algorithm enables simultaneous and independent control of fluid flows
      in multiple micro-channels of a microfluidic network, but does not require any
      model parameters or tuning process. We investigate robustness and optimality of
      the proposed control algorithm and those are verified by simulations and
      experiments. In addition, the control algorithm is compared with a conventional
      PID controller to show that the proposed control algorithm resolves critical
      problems induced by the PID control. The capability of the control algorithm can
      be used not only in high-precision flow regulation in the presence of
      disturbance, but in some useful functions for lab-on-a-chip devices such as
      regulation of volumetric flow rate, interface position control of two laminar
      flows, valveless flow switching, droplet generation and particle manipulation. We
      demonstrate those functions and also suggest further potential biological
      applications which can be accomplished by the proposed control framework. 

PMID- 26987588
TI  - Silencing of S100A4, a metastasis-associated protein, inhibits retinal
      neovascularization via the downregulation of BDNF in oxygen-induced ischaemic
      retinopathy.
AB  - BackgroundTo investigate the underlying mechanism of S100A4 function and whether
      it has a role in retinal neovascularization (RNV) in a mouse model of oxygen
      induced retinopathy (OIR).MethodsRetinas from a mouse model of OIR were treated
      with and without an intravitreous injection of adenoviral-S100A4-RNAi or
      adenoviral green fluorescence protein (GFP) at postnatal day 12 (P12). At P17,
      the efficacy of adenoviral gene transfer was assessed using fluorescence
      microscopy and western blot analysis. RNV was evaluated by whole-mount
      immunofluorescence staining of the mouse retina and by counting the number of pre
      retinal neovascular cells. Protein and mRNA expression levels of S100A4, brain
      derived growth factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were
      measured using western blot analysis and real-time PCR.ResultsRetinal S100A4
      levels were positively correlated with the progression of RNV. In the OIR-S100A4
      RNAi group, both protein and mRNA expression levels of S100A4 in the retina
      significantly decreased at P17 compared with those in the OIR group. Ad-S100A4
      RNAi transfer was clearly demonstrated by GFP fluorescence in many layers of the
      retina 5 days after the Ad-S100A4-RNAi transfer. Whole-mount immunofluorescence
      staining of the retina and quantification of the pre-retinal neovascular cells
      demonstrated that RNV was significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, the levels of the
      transcription and translation of BDNF, VEGF, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha
      (HIF-1alpha) significantly decreased in the OIR-S100A4-RNAi group.ConclusionsAd
      S100A4-RNAi transfer ameliorates RNV. The related mechanism may involve silencing
      S100A4 to decrease the activation of BDNF, which downregulates VEGF expression
      via HIF-1alpha. This finding could provide a new therapeutic target for the
      treatment of ocular neovascularization diseases. 

PMID- 26987589
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil vs avastin as adjunct to conjunctival autograft in the surgical
      treatment of pterygium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of adjunct antimetabolite therapy along with conjunctiva
      autograft has been shown to be effective in preventing pterygium recurrence.
      There has however been fewer reports on the effect of anti-vascular endothelial
      growth factor on pterygium recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To compare 5-fluorouracil with
      conjunctival autograft with bevacizumab (avastin) used along with autograft in
      the surgical treatment of pterygium. METHODS: A randomized controlled prospective
      study of outcome of pterygium treatment using 5-fluorouracil with conjunctiva
      autograft as adjuvant treatment compared avastin with conjunctiva autograft.
      RESULTS: A total of 70 eyes of 70 patients were recruited into the study with a
      mean age of 51.49 (+/-14.36) years. Thirty-five patients each were randomized
      into the 5-fluorouracil treatment group and into the avastin treatment group
      respectively. The mean follow-up was 18.35 months (18.44 for the 5-FU and 18.26
      for the avastin group). Post operative, pterygium recurrence was observed in 1/27
      (3.7%) eyes treated with 5-fluorouracil and 1/26 (3.9%) eyes of the avastin
      group. Both recurrences were observed at 1 year of follow-up and they were both
      female patients aged 46 and 52 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both 5
      fluorouracil and avastin are comparably effective as adjunct to conjunctival
      autograft. However, cost, availability, and convenience are other considerations
      with use of avastin.

PMID- 26987590
TI  - Glaucoma detection with damato multifixation campimetry online.
AB  - PurposeTo evaluate Damato Multifixation Campimetry Online (DMCO), a free-of
      charge internet-based visual field test. DMCO exists in three versions: DMCO
      BASIC, DMCO STANDARD, and DMCO ADVANCED. The main focus was (i) to investigate
      the sensitivity and the specificity of the existing DMCO versions in the
      detection of glaucomatous visual field loss and (ii) to define and evaluate
      algorithms for the interpretation of DMCO results.MethodsThe study design was an
      evaluation of a diagnostic test and included 97 individuals performing DMCO and
      white-on-white perimetry. Interpretation algorithms were devised to define
      abnormality, and these were evaluated using the Glaucoma Staging System as gold
      standard. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC
      (AUC) were calculated.ResultsAUCs from 15 algorithms ranged from 0.79 to 0.90.
      The most promising algorithm combined results from two successive DMCO STANDARD
      tests. The sensitivity was highly dependent on the severity of glaucoma. Hence,
      for eyes with mild, moderate, advanced, and severe glaucoma, the DMCO test
      demonstrated a sensitivity of 11.8, 71.4, 100, and 100%, respectively. The
      specificity was as high as 98.1%. Median duration per eye to complete the DMCO
      STANDARD test was 86 s for the control group and 125 s in participants with
      glaucoma.ConclusionsDMCO shows promise as a free-of-charge online tool to
      identify glaucomatous visual field defects in a preselected population. Ongoing
      studies are evaluating the use of DMCO in a nonselected population.

PMID- 26987592
TI  - The accuracy of the Edinburgh diplopia diagnostic algorithm.
AB  - PurposeTo assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Edinburgh diplopia diagnostic
      algorithm.MethodsThis was a prospective study. Details of consecutive patients
      referred to ophthalmology clinics at Falkirk Community Hospital and Princess
      Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, with double vision were collected by the
      clinician first seeing the patient and passed to the investigators. The
      investigators then assessed the patient using the algorithm. An assessment of the
      degree of concordance between the 'algorithm assisted' diagnosis and the 'gold
      standard' diagnosis, made by a consultant ophthalmologist was then carried out.
      The accuracy of the pre-algorithm diagnosis made by the referrer was also
      noted.ResultsAll patients referred with diplopia were eligible for inclusion.
      Fifty-one patients were assessed; six were excluded. The pre-algorithm accuracy
      of referrers was 24% (10/41). The algorithm assisted diagnosis was correct 82%
      (37/45) of the time. It correctly diagnosed: cranial nerve (CN) III palsy in 6/6,
      CN IV palsy in 7/8, CN VI palsy in 12/12, internuclear ophthalmoplegia in 4/4,
      restrictive myopathy in 4/4, media opacity in 1/1, and blurred vision in 3/3. The
      algorithm assisted diagnosis was wrong in 18% (8/45) of the
      patients.ConclusionsThe baseline diagnostic accuracy of non-ophthalmologists rose
      from 24 to 82% when patients were assessed using the algorithm. The improvement
      in the diagnostic accuracy resulting from the use of the algorithm would,
      hopefully, result in more accurate triage of patients with diplopia that are
      referred to the hospital eye service. We hope we have demonstrated its potential
      as a learning tool for inexperienced clinicians. 

PMID- 26987591
TI  - Introduction to metabolomics and its applications in ophthalmology.
AB  - Metabolomics is the study of endogenous and exogenous metabolites in biological
      systems, which aims to provide comparative semi-quantitative information about
      all metabolites in the system. Metabolomics is an emerging and potentially
      powerful tool in ophthalmology research. It is therefore important for health
      professionals and researchers involved in the speciality to understand the basic
      principles of metabolomics experiments. This article provides an overview of the
      experimental workflow and examples of its use in ophthalmology research from the
      study of disease metabolism and pathogenesis to identification of biomarkers. 

PMID- 26987593
TI  - Peripheral Intravenous Catheterisation in Obstetric Patients in the Hand or
      Forearm Vein: A Randomised Trial.
AB  - A peripheral intravenous catheter is often inserted as part of care during
      labour. The catheter is inserted into the back of the hand or lower forearm vein
      in usual practice. There is no trial data to guide the care provider on which is
      the better insertion site in any clinical setting. 307 women admitted to the
      labour ward who required insertion of intravenous catheter were randomised to
      back of hand or lower forearm vein catheter insertion. Catheter insertion is by
      junior to mid-grade providers. We evaluated insertion success at the first
      attempt, pain during insertion and catheter replacement due to malfunction as
      main outcomes. After catheter removal, we recorded patient satisfaction with
      site, future site preference and insertion site swelling, bruising, tenderness,
      vein thrombosis and pain. Insertion of a catheter into back of hand vein is more
      likely to be successful at the first attempt. Insertion pain score, catheter
      replacement rate, patient satisfaction, patient fidelity to site in a future
      insertion and insertion site complications rate are not different between trial
      arms. In conclusion, both insertion sites are suitable; the back of the hand vein
      maybe easier to cannulate and seems to be preferred by our frontline providers. 

PMID- 26987595
TI  - Lung capillary blood volume and membrane diffusion in precapillary pulmonary
      hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Combined diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco)
      and nitric oxide (DLno) measurements allow for the estimation of pulmonary
      capillary blood volume (Vc) and alveolar membrane diffusion (Dm). The clinical
      usefulness of these measurements in pulmonary hypertension (PH) is unclear.
      METHODS: Combined DLco and DLno were measured in 290 consecutive patients with
      precapillary PH (pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), n = 153; pulmonary veno
      occlusive disease (PVOD), n = 33; and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary
      hypertension (CTEPH), n = 104). Clinical correlates of Vc and Dm were assessed in
      a sub-group of PAH patients without comorbidities. RESULTS: PVOD patients
      compared with PAH and CTEPH patients displayed the lowest values of Vc (29.4 +/-
      16.8 ml vs 56.3 +/- 26.5 ml vs 56.9 +/- 26.2 ml, p < 0.01, respectively) and Dm
      (27.7 +/- 11.6 ml/mm Hg/min vs 43.4 +/- 14.8 ml/mm Hg/min vs 44.7 +/- 17.7 ml/mm
      Hg/min, p < 0.01, respectively). The DLno/DLco ratio was highest in the PVOD
      group (5.82 +/- 2.04 vs 4.95 +/- 1.31 vs 5.16 +/- 1.58, p < 0.05). In a sub-set
      of 69 PAH patients without comorbidities, Vc and Dm correlated significantly with
      functional capacity (6-minute walking distance, oxygen consumption) and New York
      Heart Association Functional Classification but not with invasive hemodynamics.
      Only Dm was significantly associated with survival. On receiver operating
      characteristic curve analysis, Vc, Dm, and DLno/DLco were not superior to DLco
      for discriminating PVOD from PAH or CTEPH. CONCLUSIONS: PVOD patients display
      higher values of the DLno/DLco ratio compared with PAH and CTEPH, suggesting
      proportionally greater reduction in Vc relative to Dm. However, partitioning of
      diffusion failed to be more clinically relevant than conventional DLco for
      detection of PVOD.

PMID- 26987596
TI  - Two rare neurologic complications after heart transplantation: Posterior
      reversible encephalopathy syndrome, followed by reversible cerebral
      vasoconstriction syndrome.

PMID- 26987594
TI  - Structure and mechanism of the essential two-component signal-transduction system
      WalKR in Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Most low GC Gram-positive bacteria possess an essential walKR two-component
      system (TCS) for signal transduction involved in regulating cell wall
      homoeostasis. Despite the well-established intracellular regulatory mechanism,
      the role of this TCS in extracellular signal recognition and factors that
      modulate the activity of this TCS remain largely unknown. Here we identify the
      extracellular receptor of the kinase 'WalK' (erWalK) as a key hub for bridging
      extracellular signal input and intracellular kinase activity modulation in
      Staphylococcus aureus. Characterization of the crystal structure of erWalK
      revealed a canonical Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain for signal sensing. Single amino
      acid mutation of potential signal-transduction residues resulted in severely
      impaired function of WalKR. A small molecule derived from structure-based virtual
      screening against erWalK is capable of selectively activating the walKR TCS. The
      molecular level characterization of erWalK will not only facilitate exploration
      of natural signal(s) but also provide a template for rational design of erWalK
      inhibitors. 

PMID- 26987597
TI  - Epicardial infarct repair with bioinductive extracellular matrix promotes
      vasculogenesis and myocardial recovery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infarcted myocardium can remodel after successful reperfusion,
      resulting in left ventricular dilation and heart failure. Epicardial infarct
      repair (EIR) using a bioinductive extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterial is a
      novel surgical approach to promote endogenous myocardial repair and functional
      recovery after myocardial infarction. Using a pre-clinical porcine model of
      coronary ischemia-reperfusion, we assessed the effects of EIR on regional
      functional recovery, safety, and possible mechanisms of benefit. METHODS: An ECM
      biomaterial (CorMatrix ECM) was applied to the epicardium after 75 minutes of
      coronary ischemia in a porcine model. Following ischemia-reperfusion injury,
      animals were randomly assigned in 2:1 fashion to EIR (n = 8) or sham treatment (n
      = 4). Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed on normal (n = 4)
      and study animals at baseline (1 week) and 6 weeks after treatment. Myocardial
      function and tissue characteristics were assessed. RESULTS: Functional myocardial
      recovery was significantly increased by EIR compared with sham treatment (change
      in regional myocardial contraction at 6 weeks, 28.6 +/- 14.0% vs 4.2 +/- 13.5%
      wall thickening, p < 0.05). Animals receiving EIR had reduced adhesions compared
      with animals receiving sham treatment (1.44 +/- 0.51 vs 3.08 +/- 0.89, p < 0.05).
      Myocardial fibrosis was not increased, and EIR did not cause myocardial
      constriction, as left ventricular compliance by passive pressure distention at
      matched volumes was similar between groups (13.9 +/- 4.0 mm Hg in EIR group vs
      16.0 +/- 5.2 mm Hg in sham group, p = 0.61). Animals receiving EIR showed
      evidence of vasculogenesis in the region of functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS: In
      addition to the beneficial effects of successful reperfusion, EIR using a
      bioinductive ECM enhances myocardial repair and functional recovery. Clinical
      translation of EIR early after myocardial infarction as an adjunct to surgical
      revascularization may be warranted in the future.

PMID- 26987598
TI  - Longitudinal changes in hemostatic parameters and reduced pulsatility contribute
      to non-surgical bleeding in patients with centrifugal continuous-flow left
      ventricular assist devices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bleeding and thromboembolic events are identified complications in
      patients supported with newer centrifugal continuous-flow left ventricular assist
      devices (cfLVADs). Bleeding events have been associated with acquired von
      Willebrand syndrome (vWS) in these patients, though longitudinal changes and the
      effect of pulsatility remain unquantified. We evaluated longitudinal effects of
      third-generation cfLVADs on hemostatic biomarkers, non-surgical bleeding, and
      thromboembolic events. We investigated the association between pulsatility (as
      defined by aortic valve opening) on von Willebrand Factor (VWF) profile and
      bleeding. METHODS: We prospectively studied 28 patients implanted with the
      HeartWare (HeartWare International, Framingham, MA) cfLVAD for up to 360 days. We
      performed bleeding and coagulation assays 8 times from pre-implant to Day 360
      (D360) post-implant, including platelet aggregometry, VWF collagen binding
      activity-to-antigen (CBA/Ag) ratio, thromboelastography, soluble P-selectin,
      platelet-specific marker soluble glycoprotein VI (sGPVI), and platelet
      microparticles. Aortic valve opening was assessed by echocardiography at each
      assessment. Bleeding and thromboembolic events were documented. RESULTS: Bleeding
      events occurred in 14 patients (50%). Maximal platelet inhibition occurred by
      D30. VWF profile impairment (VWF CBA/Ag < 0.8) was demonstrated in 89% of
      patients at D30, with subsequent recovery but further deterioration after D180.
      Bleeding was associated with elevated pre-implant sGPVI (p = 0.008). Pulsatility
      was associated with higher VWF CBA/Ag (p = 0.02) and a trend to less bleeding.
      CONCLUSIONS: Third-generation cfLVADs were associated with longitudinal changes
      in hemostatic markers, and bleeding was associated with elevated pre-implant
      plasma sGPVI. Further, pulsatility may contribute to recovery of the VWF profile
      and potentially lower bleeding risk.

PMID- 26987599
TI  - High early event rates in patients with questionable eligibility for advanced
      heart failure therapies: Results from the Medical Arm of Mechanically Assisted
      Circulatory Support (Medamacs) Registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis of ambulatory patients with advanced heart failure (HF)
      who are not yet inotrope dependent and implications for evaluation and timing for
      transplant or destination therapy with a left ventricular assist device (DT-LVAD)
      are unknown. We hypothesized that the characteristics defining eligibility for
      advanced HF therapies would be a primary determinant of outcomes in these
      patients. METHODS: Ambulatory patients with advanced HF (New York Heart
      Association class III-IV, Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted
      Circulatory Support profiles 4-7) were enrolled across 11 centers from May 2013
      to February 2015. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: likely transplant
      eligible, DT-LVAD eligible, and ineligible for both transplant and DT-LVAD.
      Clinical characteristics were collected, and patients were prospectively followed
      for death, transplant, and left ventricular assist device implantation. RESULTS:
      The study enrolled 144 patients with a mean follow-up of 10 +/- 6 months.
      Patients in the ineligible cohort (n = 43) had worse congestion, renal function,
      and anemia compared with transplant (n = 51) and DT-LVAD (n = 50) eligible
      patients. Ineligible patients had higher mortality (23.3% vs 8.0% in DT-LVAD
      group and 5.9% in transplant group, p = 0.02). The differences in mortality were
      related to lower rates of transplantation (11.8% in transplant group vs 2.0% in
      DT-LVAD group and 0% in ineligible group, p = 0.02) and left ventricular assist
      device implantation (15.7% in transplant group vs 2.0% in DT-LVAD group and 0% in
      ineligible group, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory patients with advanced HF
      who were deemed ineligible for transplant and DT-LVAD had markers of greater HF
      severity and a higher rate of mortality compared with patients eligible for
      transplant or DT-LVAD. The high early event rate in this group emphasizes the
      need for timely evaluation and decision making regarding lifesaving therapies.

PMID- 26987601
TI  - Identification of Plasmodium falciparum specific translation inhibitors from the
      MMV Malaria Box using a high throughput in vitro translation screen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A major goal in the search for new anti-malarial compounds is to
      identify new mechanisms of action or new molecular targets. While cell-based,
      growth inhibition-based screening have enjoyed tremendous success, an alternative
      approach is to specifically assay a given pathway or essential cellular process.
      METHODS: Here, this work describes the development of a plate-based, in vitro
      luciferase assay to probe for inhibitors specific to protein synthesis in
      Plasmodium falciparum through the use of an in vitro translation system derived
      from the parasite. RESULTS: Using the Medicines for Malaria Venture's Malaria Box
      as a pilot, 400 bioactive compounds with minimal human cytotoxicity profiles were
      screened, identifying eight compounds that displayed greater potency against the
      P. falciparum translation machinery relative to a mammalian translation system.
      Dose-response curves were determined in both translation systems to further
      characterize the top hit compound (MMV008270). CONCLUSIONS: This assay will be
      useful not only in future anti-malarial screening efforts but also in the
      investigation of P. falciparum protein synthesis and essential processes in P.
      falciparum biology.

PMID- 26987606
TI  - Time trend of malaria in relation to climate variability in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to describe the regional malaria incidence
      in relation to the geographic and climatic conditions and describe the effect of
      altitude on the expansion of malaria over the last decade in Papua New Guinea.
      METHODS: Malaria incidence was estimated in five provinces from 1996 to 2008
      using national health surveillance data. Time trend of malaria incidence was
      compared with rainfall and minimum/maximum temperature. In the Eastern Highland
      Province, time trend of malaria incidence over the study period was stratified by
      altitude. Spatio-temporal pattern of malaria was analyzed. RESULTS: Nationwide,
      malaria incidence was stationary. Regionally, the incidence increased markedly in
      the highland region (292.0/100000/yr, p =0.021), and remained stationary in the
      other regions. Seasonality of the malaria incidence was related with rainfall.
      Decreasing incidence of malaria was associated with decreasing rainfall in the
      southern coastal region, whereas it was not evident in the northern coastal
      region. In the Eastern Highland Province, malaria incidence increased in areas
      below 1700 m, with the rate of increase being steeper at higher altitudes.
      CONCLUSIONS: Increasing trend of malaria incidence was prominent in the highland
      region of Papua New Guinea, while long-term trend was dependent upon baseline
      level of rainfall in coastal regions.

PMID- 26987602
TI  - Expanded CURB-65: a new score system predicts severity of community-acquired
      pneumonia with superior efficiency.
AB  - Aim of this study was to develop a new simpler and more effective severity score
      for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients. A total of 1640 consecutive
      hospitalized CAP patients in Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University
      were included. The effectiveness of different pneumonia severity scores to
      predict mortality was compared, and the performance of the new score was
      validated on an external cohort of 1164 patients with pneumonia admitted to a
      teaching hospital in Italy. Using age >= 65 years, LDH > 230 u/L, albumin < 3.5
      g/dL, platelet count < 100 * 10(9)/L, confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory
      rate >= 30/min, low blood pressure, we assembled a new severity score named as
      expanded-CURB-65. The 30-day mortality and length of stay were increased along
      with increased risk score. The AUCs in the prediction of 30-day mortality in the
      main cohort were 0.826 (95% CI, 0.807-0.844), 0.801 (95% CI, 0.781-0.820), 0.756
      (95% CI, 0.735-0.777), 0.793 (95% CI, 0.773-0.813) and 0.759 (95% CI, 0.737
      0.779) for the expanded-CURB-65, PSI, CURB-65, SMART-COP and A-DROP,
      respectively. The performance of this bedside score was confirmed in CAP patients
      of the validation cohort although calibration was not successful in patients with
      health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP). The expanded CURB-65 is objective,
      simpler and more accurate scoring system for evaluation of CAP severity, and the
      predictive efficiency was better than other score systems.

PMID- 26987609
TI  - Modifying release characteristics from 3D printed drug-eluting products.
AB  - This work describes an approach to modify the release of active compound from a
      3D printed model drug product geometry intended for flexible dosing and precision
      medication. The production of novel polylactic acid and hydroxypropyl
      methylcellulose based feed materials containing nitrofurantoin for 3D printing
      purposes is demonstrated. Nitrofurantoin, Metolose(r) and polylactic acid were
      successfully co-extruded with up to 40% Metolose(r) content, and subsequently 3D
      printed into model disk geometries (o10mm, h=2mm). Thermal analysis with
      differential scanning calorimetry and solid phase identification with Raman
      spectroscopy showed that nitrofurantoin remained in its original solid form
      during both hot-melt extrusion and subsequent 3D printing. Rheological
      measurements of the different compositions showed that the flow properties were
      sensitive to the amount of undissolved particles present in the formulation.
      Release of nitrofurantoin from the disks was dependent on Metolose(r) loading,
      with higher accumulated release observed for higher Metolose(r) loads. This work
      shows the potential of custom-made, drug loaded feed materials for 3D printing of
      precision drug products with tailored drug release characteristics. 

PMID- 26987607
TI  - Substance use and HIV infection awareness among HIV-infected female sex workers
      in Lilongwe, Malawi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HIV diagnosis, the first step in HIV care and treatment engagement,
      may be inhibited by substance use among female sex workers (FSW). We assessed the
      relationship between alcohol and cannabis use and lack of HIV infection awareness
      among HIV-infected FSW in Lilongwe, Malawi. METHODS: From July to September,
      2014, 200 FSW aged >=18 years were enrolled using venue-based sampling to examine
      substance use, HIV testing history, and serostatus ascertained by HIV rapid test.
      We used Poisson regression with robust variance estimates to estimate the
      associations of alcohol and cannabis use and lack of HIV infection awareness.
      RESULTS: Of the 138 HIV-infected FSW, 20% were unaware of their HIV infection,
      with 70% not testing within 6 months prior. According to the Alcohol Use Disorder
      Identification Tests (AUDIT), 55% of FSW unaware of their HIV infection reported
      hazardous, harmful, or dependent alcohol consumption. We observed a dose-response
      relationship between alcohol use and lack of HIV infection awareness, with
      alcohol dependency significantly associated with lack of HIV infection awareness
      (adjusted prevalence ratio: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.3, 6.8). Current cannabis use was
      uncommon (26%) among unaware HIV-infected FSW and weakly associated with lack of
      HIV infection awareness adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.5, 2.5).
      CONCLUSION: Increased levels of alcohol use is associated with lack of HIV
      infection awareness among HIV-infected FSW in Malawi. Frequent, consistent HIV
      testing integrated with alcohol reduction strategies could improve the health and
      infection awareness of substance-using FSW.

PMID- 26987608
TI  - Multimodal molecular imaging system for pathway-specific reporter gene
      expression.
AB  - Preclinical imaging modalities represent an essential tool to develop a modern
      and translational biomedical research. To date, Optical Imaging (OI) and Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging (MRI) are used principally in separate studies for molecular
      imaging studies. We decided to combine OI and MRI together through the
      development of a lentiviral vector to monitor the Wnt pathway response to Lithium
      Chloride (LiCl) treatment. The construct was stably infected in glioblastoma
      cells and, after intracranial transplantation in mice, serial MRI and OI imaging
      sessions were performed to detect human ferritin heavy chain protein (hFTH) and
      firefly luciferase enzyme (FLuc) respectively. The system allowed also ex vivo
      analysis using a constitutive fluorescence protein expression. In mice, LiCl
      administration has shown significantly increment of luminescence signal and a
      lower signal of T2 values (P<0.05), recorded noninvasively with OI and a 7 Tesla
      MRI scanner. This study indicates that OI and MRI can be performed in a single in
      vivo experiment, providing an in vivo proof-of-concept for drug discovery
      projects in preclinical phase. 

PMID- 26987610
TI  - Optimising the controlled release of dexamethasone from a new generation of PLGA
      based microspheres intended for intravitreal administration.
AB  - Successful therapy for chronic diseases affecting the posterior segment of the
      eye requires sustained drug concentrations at the site of action for extended
      periods of time. To achieve this, it is necessary to use high systemic doses or
      frequent intraocular injections, both associated with serious adverse effects. In
      order to avoid these complications and improve patient's quality of life, an
      experimental study has been conducted on the preparation of a new generation of
      biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50) (PLGA) polymer microspheres
      (MSs) loaded with Dxm, vitamin E and/or human serum albumin (HSA). Particles were
      prepared according to a S/O/W encapsulation method and the 20-40MUm fraction was
      selected. This narrow size distribution is suitable for minimally invasive
      intravitreal injection by small calibre needles. Characterisation of the MSs
      showed high Dxm loading and encapsulation efficiency (> 90%) without a strong
      interaction with the polymer matrix, as revealed by DSC analysis. MSs drug
      release studies indicated a small burst effect (lower than 5%) during the first
      five hours and subsequently, drug release was sustained for at least 30days, led
      by diffusion and erosion mechanisms. Dxm release rate was modulated when solid
      state HSA was incorporated into MSs formulation. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that
      the protein maintained its integrity during the encapsulation process, as well as
      for the release study. MSs presented good tolerance and lack of cytotoxicity in
      macrophages and HeLa cultured cells. After 12months of storage under standard
      refrigerated conditions (4+/-1 degrees C), MSs retained appropriate physical and
      chemical properties and analogous drug release kinetics. Therefore, we conclude
      that these microspheres are promising pharmaceutical systems for intraocular
      administration, allowing controlled release of the drug. 

PMID- 26987611
TI  - RNase L and the NLRP3-inflammasome: An old merchant in a new trade.
AB  - The type I/III interferon (IFN)-inducible 2'-5'- oligoadenylate synthetase
      (OAS)/endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is a classical innate immune pathway that has
      been implicated in antiviral and antibacterial defense and also in hereditary
      prostate cancer. The OAS/RNase L pathway is activated when OAS senses double
      stranded RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of 2'-5' linked oligodenylates (2-5A)
      from ATP. 2-5A then binds and activates RNase L, resulting cleavage of single
      stranded RNAs. RNase L cleavage products are capable of activating RIG-like
      receptors such as RIG-I and MDA5 that leads to IFN-beta expression during viral
      infection. Our recent findings suggest that beside the RLR pathway, RNase L
      cleavage products can also activate the NLRP3-inflammasome pathway, which
      requires DHX33 (DExD/H-box helicase) and the mitochondrial adaptor protein MAVS.
      Here we discuss this newly identified role of OAS-RNase L pathway in regulation
      of inflammasome signaling as an alternative antimicrobial mechanism that has
      potential as a target for development of new broad-spectrum antimicrobial and
      anti-inflammatory therapies.

PMID- 26987612
TI  - Chemokine binding proteins: An immunomodulatory strategy going viral.
AB  - Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines whose main function is to direct cell
      migration. The chemokine network is highly complex and its deregulation is linked
      to several diseases including immunopathology, cancer and chronic pain.
      Chemokines also play essential roles in the antiviral immune response. Viruses
      have therefore developed several counter strategies to modulate chemokine
      activity. One of these is the expression of type I transmembrane or secreted
      proteins with the ability to bind chemokines and modulate their activity. These
      proteins, termed viral chemokine binding proteins (vCKBP), do not share sequence
      homology with host proteins and are immunomodulatory in vivo. In this review we
      describe the discovery and characterization of vCKBP, explain their role in the
      context of infection in vivo and discuss relevant novel findings.

PMID- 26987614
TI  - The emerging role of interferon regulatory factor 9 in the antiviral host
      response and beyond.
AB  - The host response to viral infections relies on tightly regulated and intricate
      signaling pathways involving type I interferons (IFN-Is). The IFN-Is mediate
      their antiviral effects predominantly through a signaling factor complex that
      comprises the transcription factors, interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and
      the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. While
      STAT1 and STAT2 have been studied extensively, the biological significance of
      IRF9 is only beginning to emerge. Recent studies have revealed a unique role for
      IRF9 as a conductor of the cellular responses to IFN-Is. Intriguingly, novel
      roles for IRF9 outside of the antiviral response are also being identified. Thus
      IRF9 may have a more extensive influence on cellular processes than previously
      recognized, ranging from antiviral immune responses to oncogenesis and gut
      homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the distinct and emerging roles of
      IRF9 in the antiviral host response and beyond.

PMID- 26987615
TI  - Vision for the ECG Challenge Within Circulation.

PMID- 26987613
TI  - Microbial pathogenesis and type III interferons.
AB  - The innate immune system possesses a multitude of pathways to sense and respond
      to microbial pathogens. One such family are the interferons (IFNs), a family of
      cytokines that are involved in several cellular functions. Type I IFNs are
      appreciated to be important in several viral and bacterial diseases, while the
      recently identified type III IFNs (IFNL1, IFNL2, IFNL3, IFNL4) have been studied
      primarily in the context of viral infection. Viral and bacterial infections
      however are not mutually exclusive, and often the presence of a viral pathogen
      increases the pathogenesis of bacterial infection. The role of type III IFN in
      bacterial and viral-bacterial co-infections has just begun to be explored. In
      this mini review we discuss type III IFN signaling and its role in microbial
      pathogenesis with an emphasis on the work that has been conducted with bacterial
      pathogens.

PMID- 26987616
TI  - Quantitative T-wave alternans analysis for sudden cardiac death risk assessment
      and guiding therapy: answered and unanswered questions: For: Proceedings of
      ICE2015 Comandatuba, Brazil, Sudden Death Symposium.
AB  - This review addresses current questions regarding use of T-wave alternans to
      stratify risk for sudden cardiac death. Both of the currently available
      commercial methodologies, namely, the frequency-domain spectral method and the
      time-domain modified moving average (MMA) method, are supported by guideline
      statements, cleared by the US FDA, and covered by the US Center for Medicare and
      Medicaid services. Similar numbers of patients have been enrolled in predictive
      studies; odds ratios generated by the two methods are similar including in a head
      to-head study. However, in two prospective studies, prediction by TWA with the
      spectral method was negative, likely due to withdrawal of beta-blockade before
      the test with later resumption, while all studies with MMA have achieved
      prediction when the commercial software was used appropriately. Questions
      currently undergoing investigation include TWA's potential to guide ICD
      implantation, to track changes in risk during cardiac disease progression, and to
      evaluate the adequacy of medical therapy.

PMID- 26987617
TI  - Scientific STAFF and MALT meetings - past, present, and future.
AB  - The scientific STAFF and MALT meetings were created around the turn of the
      century for scientists engaged in enhancing the role of the 12-lead ECG for
      detection and quantification of involved myocardium in patients with acute
      coronary syndrome. These meetings were initially focused on computer processing
      of data from two single-center databases. The STAFF database was collected in the
      mid-nineties on patients with prolonged total coronary occlusion; high-resolution
      12-lead ECGs were collected before, during, and after 5 minutes of occlusion. The
      MALT database was created in the early years of this century on consecutive
      patients with chest pain admitted to a large teaching hospital. Delayed
      enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and electrocardiograms were recorded in
      these acutely ill patients. The paper highlights the first 2 decades of the STAFF
      and MALT meetings and details the meeting format.

PMID- 26987620
TI  - Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Pilot
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of extracorporeal shock wave
      therapy (ESWT) in patients with secondary lymphedema after breast cancer
      treatment. DESIGN: Prospective clinical pilot study. SETTING: Education and
      research hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Women with a diagnosis of lymphedema secondary
      to breast cancer (N=11). INTERVENTIONS: Patients were treated for 12 sessions of
      ESWT with 2500 impulses each. The treatment frequency was 4Hz in multiple shock
      mode. The energy flow density during treatment was equal to a working pressure of
      2 bar. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was volumetric
      measurements. The secondary outcome measures were the short version of the
      Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH) and the
      brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF).
      Assessments were conducted by the same investigator at baseline, posttreatment,
      and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment for all patients. RESULTS: Significant
      reduction was found in the amount of lymphedema with ESWT treatment in all
      patients, and this reduction was maintained for 6 months. A statistically
      significant reduction was observed in volumetric measurements for the follow-up
      period (P=.001). The mean volume displacement of the affected upper extremity
      before treatment was 870.45+/-384.19mL at 6 months, and after the treatment it
      was 604.54+/-381.74mL. In addition, improvements were observed in the QuickDASH
      functional assessment tool and in the physical health domain of the WHOQOL-BREF
      questionnaire (P=.002 and P=.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: ESWT was shown to
      provide a reduction in the amount of lymphedema in patients with lymphedema
      secondary to breast cancer. Also, a marked improvement was observed in the
      functional status and quality of life of study patients. Treatment efficacy was
      maintained in the long term. As a noninvasive, novel, and effective method, ESWT
      is a promising treatment modality for the treatment of lymphedema, which is a
      chronic, progressive, and refractory condition.

PMID- 26987619
TI  - Surgical Staff Radiation Protection During Fluoroscopy-Guided Urologic
      Interventions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Over the past 20 years, the use of fluoroscopy to guide urologic
      surgical interventions has been constantly growing. Thus, in their daily
      practice, urologists and other operating room (OR) staff are exposed to X
      radiation increasingly frequently. This raises questions as to the risks they
      encounter and the actions needed to reduce them. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate X-ray dose
      exposure in the members of the surgical team and determine urologist
      radioprotection knowledge and practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective
      bicenter study was conducted within AFUF (French urology resident association)
      and in association with The French Nuclear Safety Authority/The Institute for
      Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (ASN/IRSN). Radiation exposure was
      measured on 12 operators using dosimeters (seven per operator), in staff-occupied
      locations in the OR using ionization chambers, and on anthropomorphic phantoms. A
      survey was used to gather information on radiation knowledge and safety practices
      of the AFUF members. RESULTS: Annual whole-body radiation doses were low (0.1-0.8
      millisieverts [mSv], mostly at around 0.3 mSv), and equivalent doses were low for
      the fingers (0.7-15 mSv, mostly at around 2.5 mSv), and low for the lens of the
      eye (0.3-2.3 mSv, mostly at around 0.7 mSv). In percutaneous nephrolithotomy,
      extremity doses were lower when the patient was placed in dorsal decubitus
      compared with ventral decubitus. Pulsed fluoroscopy reduced radiation dose
      exposure by a factor of 3 compared with continuous fluoroscopy with no image
      quality loss. Radiation safety practices were poor: only 15% of urologists wore
      dosimeters and only 5% had been trained in the handling of X-ray generators.
      CONCLUSION: In the present study, radiation exposure for urologists was low, but
      so was knowledge of radiation safety and optimization practices. This absence of
      training for radiation safety and reduction, teamed with novel techniques
      involving long fluoroscopy-guided interventions, could result in unnecessarily
      high exposure for patients and OR personnel.

PMID- 26987618
TI  - Self-Monitoring Artificial Red Cells with Sufficient Oxygen Supply for Enhanced
      Photodynamic Therapy.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy has been increasingly applied in clinical cancer treatments.
      However, native hypoxic tumoural microenvironment and lacking oxygen supply are
      the major barriers hindering photodynamic reactions. To solve this problem, we
      have developed biomimetic artificial red cells by loading complexes of oxygen
      carrier (hemoglobin) and photosensitizer (indocyanine green) for boosted
      photodynamic strategy. Such nanosystem provides a coupling structure with stable
      self-oxygen supply and acting as an ideal fluorescent/photoacoustic imaging
      probe, dynamically monitoring the nanoparticle biodistribution and the treatment
      of PDT. Upon exposure to near-infrared laser, the remote-triggered
      photosensitizer generates massive cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) with
      sufficient oxygen supply. Importantly, hemoglobin is simultaneously oxidized into
      the more active and resident ferryl-hemoglobin leading to persistent
      cytotoxicity. ROS and ferryl-hemoglobin synergistically trigger the oxidative
      damage of xenograft tumour resulting in complete suppression. The artificial red
      cells with self-monitoring and boosted photodynamic efficacy could serve as a
      versatile theranostic platform. 

PMID- 26987621
TI  - Do Performance-Based Wheelchair Propulsion Tests Detect Changes Among Manual
      Wheelchair Users With Spinal Cord Injury During Inpatient Rehabilitation in
      Quebec?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To quantify and compare the responsiveness and concurrent validity of
      3 performance-based manual wheelchair propulsion tests among manual wheelchair
      users with subacute spinal cord injury (SCI) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.
      DESIGN: Quasi-experimental repeated-measures design. SETTING: Publicly funded
      comprehensive inpatient SCI rehabilitation program. PARTICIPANTS: Consenting
      adult manual wheelchair users with a subacute SCI admitted and discharged from
      inpatient rehabilitation (N=14). INTERVENTION: Participants performed 20-m
      propulsion at both self-selected natural and maximal speeds, the slalom, and the
      6-minute propulsion tests at rehabilitation admission and discharge. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Time required to complete the performance-based wheelchair propulsion
      tests. Standardized response means (SRMs) were computed for each performance test
      and Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to explore the
      associations between performance tests. RESULTS: The slalom (SRM=1.24), 20-m
      propulsion at maximum speed (SRM=.99), and 6-minute propulsion tests (SRM=.84)
      were the most responsive. The slalom and 20-m propulsion at maximum speed were
      strongly correlated at both admission (r=.93) and discharge (r=.92). CONCLUSIONS:
      The slalom and 6-minute propulsion tests best document wheelchair propulsion
      performance change over the course of inpatient rehabilitation. Adding the 20-m
      propulsion test performed at maximal speed provides a complementary description
      of performance change.

PMID- 26987622
TI  - Acute Trauma Factor Associations With Suicidality Across the First 5 Years After
      Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether severity of head and extracranial injuries (ECI)
      is associated with suicidal ideation (SI) or suicide attempt (SA) after traumatic
      brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Factors associated with SI and SA were assessed in
      this inception cohort study using data collected 1, 2, and 5 years post-TBI from
      the National Trauma Data Bank and Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS)
      databases. SETTING: Level I trauma centers, inpatient rehabilitation centers, and
      the community. PARTICIPANTS: Participants with TBI from 15 TBIMS Centers with
      linked National Trauma Data Bank trauma data (N=3575). INTERVENTIONS: Not
      applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SI was measured via the Patient Health
      Questionnaire 9 (question 9). SA in the last year was assessed via interview. ECI
      was measured by the Injury Severity Scale (nonhead) and categorized as none,
      mild, moderate, or severe. RESULTS: There were 293 (8.2%) participants who had SI
      without SA and 109 (3.0%) who had SA at least once in the first 5 years
      postinjury. Random effects logit modeling showed a higher likelihood of SI when
      ECI was severe (odds ratio=2.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.55-4.82; P=.001).
      Drug use at time of injury was also associated with SI (odds ratio=1.69; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.11-2.86; P=.015). Severity of ECI was not associated with
      SA. CONCLUSIONS: Severe ECI carried a nearly 3-fold increase in the odds of SI
      after TBI, but it was not related to SA. Head injury severity and less severe ECI
      were not associated with SI or SA. These findings warrant additional work to
      identify factors associated with severe ECI that make individuals more
      susceptible to SI after TBI.

PMID- 26987623
TI  - B4GALT3 up-regulation by miR-27a contributes to the oncogenic activity in human
      cervical cancer cells.
AB  - beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase III (B4GALT3) is an enzyme responsible for the
      generation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine and is involved in tumorigenesis. However,
      B4GALT3-dysregulation and its role in cervical cancer cells are unknown. Herein,
      we found that B4GALT3 was upregulated in cervical cancer tissues compared to
      adjacent non-tumor tissues. B4GALT3-overexpression promoted, whereas B4GALT3
      knockdown suppressed the cellular migration, invasion and EMT of HeLa and C33A
      cervical cancer cells. To explore the mechanism of dysregulation, B4GALT3 was
      predicted to be a target of miR-27a. EGFP and pGL3-promoter reporter assay showed
      miR-27a binds to B4GALT3 3'UTR region but enhanced its expression. RT-qPCR showed
      miR-27a was also upregulated and presented positive correlation with B4GALT3
      expression in cervical cancer tissues. miR-27a-overexpression promoted, but
      blocking-miR-27a repressed these malignancies in HeLa and C33A cells.
      Furthermore, shR-B4GALT3 counteracted the promotion of malignancies induced by
      miR-27a, suggesting miR-27a upregulates B4GALT3 to enhance tumorigenic
      activities. In addition, we found that B4GALT3 significantly enhances beta1
      integrin stability, thus mediating promotion of B4GALT3 on malignancy in cervical
      cancer cells. Altogether, our findings evidenced that B4GALT3 upregulated by miR
      27a contributes to the tumorigenic activities by beta1-integrin pathway and might
      provide potential biomarkers for cervical cancer.

PMID- 26987624
TI  - Precision oncology: A new era of cancer clinical trials.
AB  - Traditionally, site of disease and anatomic staging have been used to define
      patient populations to be studied in individual cancer clinical trials. In the
      past decade, however, oncology has become increasingly understood on a cellular
      and molecular level, with many cancer subtypes being described as a function of
      biomarkers or tumor genetic mutations. With these changes in the science of
      oncology have come changes to the way we design and perform clinical trials.
      Increasingly common are trials tailored to detect enhanced efficacy in a patient
      subpopulation, e.g. patients with a known biomarker value or whose tumors harbor
      a specific genetic mutation. Here, we provide an overview of traditional and
      newer biomarker-based trial designs, and highlight lessons learned through
      implementation of several ongoing and recently completed trials.

PMID- 26987625
TI  - Nanoparticles in radiation oncology: From bench-side to bedside.
AB  - Nanoparticles (NP) are "in vogue" in medical research. Pre-clinical studies
      accumulate evidence of NP enhancing radiation therapy. On one hand, NP, selected
      for their intrinsic physicochemical characteristics, are radio-sensitizers. Thus,
      when NP accumulate in cancer cells, they increase the radiation absorption
      coefficient specifically in tumour tissue, sparing healthy surrounding tissue
      from toxicity. On the other hand, NP, by being drug vectors, can carry radio
      sensitizer therapeutics to cancer cells. Finally, NP present theranostic effects.
      Indeed they are used in imaging as contrast agents. NP therefore can be multi
      tasking and have promising prospect in radiotherapy field. In spite of the
      numerous encouraging preclinical evidence, the very small number of clinical
      trials investigating NP possible involvement in the radiotherapy clinical
      practice suggests a physicians' unwillingness. Many prerequisites seem necessary
      including define biological mechanisms of NP radiosensitization pathways and of
      NP clearance. NP biocompatibility and toxicities should be better investigated to
      select, among the extensive range of possible systems, the harmless and most
      efficient one, and to finally come to a safe and successful clinical use. The
      present review focuses on the various interests of NP in the radiotherapy area
      and proposes a discussion about their role in the future clinical practice.

PMID- 26987628
TI  - Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression: Is It a Gray or White "Matter"?

PMID- 26987626
TI  - beta2-1 Fructan supplementation alters host immune responses in a manner
      consistent with increased exposure to microbial components: results from a double
      blinded, randomised, cross-over study in healthy adults.
AB  - beta2-1 Fructans are purported to improve health by stimulating growth of colonic
      bifidobacteria, increasing host resistance to pathogens and stimulating the
      immune system. However, in healthy adults, the benefits of supplementation remain
      undefined. Adults (thirteen men, seventeen women) participated in a double
      blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised, cross-over study consisting of two 28-d
      treatments separated by a 14-d washout period. Subjects' regular diets were
      supplemented with beta2-1 fructan or placebo (maltodextrin) at 3*5 g/d. Fasting
      blood and 1-d faecal collections were obtained at the beginning and at the end of
      each phase. Blood was analysed for clinical, biochemical and immunological
      variables. Determinations of well-being and general health, gastrointestinal (GI)
      symptoms, regularity, faecal SCFA content, residual faecal beta2-1 fructans and
      faecal bifidobacteria content were undertaken. beta2-1 Fructan supplementation
      had no effect on blood lipid or cholesterol concentrations or on circulating
      lymphocyte and macrophage numbers, but significantly increased serum
      lipopolysaccharide, faecal SCFA, faecal bifidobacteria and indigestion. With
      respect to immune function, beta2-1 fructan supplementation increased serum IL-4,
      circulating percentages of CD282+/TLR2+ myeloid dendritic cells and ex vivo
      responsiveness to a toll-like receptor 2 agonist. beta2-1 Fructans also decreased
      serum IL-10, but did not affect C-reactive protein or serum/faecal Ig
      concentrations. No differences in host well-being were associated with either
      treatment, although the self-reported incidence of GI symptoms and headaches
      increased during the beta2-1 fructan phase. Although beta2-1 fructan
      supplementation increased faecal bifidobacteria, this change was not directly
      related to any of the determined host parameters. 

PMID- 26987627
TI  - Proposal for agar disk diffusion interpretive criteria for susceptibility testing
      of bovine mastitis pathogens using cefoperazone 30MUg disks.
AB  - Cefoperazone is a third generation cephalosporin which is commonly used for
      bovine mastitis therapy. Bacterial pathogens involved in bovine mastitis are
      frequently tested for their susceptibility to cefoperazone. So far, the
      cefoperazone susceptibility testing using 30MUg disks has been hampered by the
      lack of quality control (QC) ranges as well as the lack of interpretive criteria.
      In 2014, QC ranges for 30 MUg cefoperazone disks have been established for
      Staphylococcus aureus ATCC(r) 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC(r) 25922. As a next
      step, interpretive criteria for the susceptibility testing of bovine mastitis
      pathogens should be developed. For this, 637 bovine mastitis pathogens (including
      112 S. aureus, 121 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 103 E. coli, 101
      Streptococcus agalactiae, 100 Streptococcus dysgalactiae and 100 Streptococcus
      uberis) were investigated by agar disk diffusion according to the document Vet01
      A4 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) using 30MUg
      cefoperazone disks and the results were compared to the corresponding MIC values
      as determined by broth microdilution also according to the aforementioned CLSI
      document. Based on the results obtained and taking into account the achievable
      milk concentration of cefoperazone after regular dosing, the following
      interpretive criteria were proposed as a guidance for mastitis diagnostic
      laboratories: for staphylococci and E. coli >=23mm (susceptible), 18-22mm
      (intermediate) and <=17mm (resistant) and for streptococci >=18mm (susceptible),
      and <=17mm (non-susceptible). These proposed interpretive criteria shall
      contribute to a harmonization of cefoperazone susceptibility testing of bovine
      mastitis pathogens.

PMID- 26987629
TI  - Reply to: Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression: Is It a Gray or White "Matter"?

PMID- 26987631
TI  - Flow Behavior and Distribution of Embolus-Model Particles at the Terminal
      Bifurcation of the Human Internal Carotid Artery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the possible role of fluid mechanical factors in
      thromboembolism that occurs at a high rate in the human middle cerebral artery
      (MCA). METHODS: Isolated transparent cerebral arterial trees containing the
      terminal bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (ICA), where the ICA
      bifurcated into the MCA and the anterior cerebral artery, were prepared from
      human cadavers. The flow behavior and distribution of embolus-model polystyrene
      particles in dilute suspensions at the bifurcation were studied in detail by
      means of flow visualization and high-speed cinemicrographic techniques. RESULTS:
      Large particles in suspensions flowing through the ICA migrated radially away
      from the vessel wall toward the axis of the ICA. It became more remarkable by
      increasing the flow rate in the ICA (Q0), flow rate ratio of Q1 to Q0 (MCA/ICA),
      and particle diameter. As a result, redistribution of particles flowing in the
      ICA occurred at the bifurcation. The particles >1 mm in diameter (~1/4 of vessel
      diameter) selectively entered the MCA, even when the flow rate ratio of Q1 to Q0
      was decreased to as low as 0.34. In contrast, the particles whose diameters were
      <0.3 mm (~1/10 of vessel diameter) and that did not show radial migration entered
      the MCA at the same rate as the flow rate ratio of Q1 to Q0. CONCLUSIONS: Due to
      the flow-dependent migration of particles away from the vessel wall toward the
      axis of the ICA, large particles selectively enter the MCA to which the core flow
      of the ICA is generally directed. This might explain why the incidence of
      thromboembolism is higher in the MCA than in the anterior cerebral artery in
      humans.

PMID- 26987632
TI  - Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy as a Treatment for Osseous Foraminal
      Stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Posterior cervical foraminotomy is a valuable treatment option for
      cervical radiculopathy. Here the authors present their technique and results in
      the treatment of a series of patients suffering from osseous foraminal stenosis.
      METHODS: Forty-three patients suffering from cervical osseous foraminal stenosis
      were operated on via a posterior approach with the EasyGO endoscopic system.
      Decompression was performed in 1 segment in 31 patients, in 2 segments in 11
      patients, and in 3 segments in 1 patient. Bilateral decompression was performed
      in 4 cases. Twenty-four (55.8%) patients had been subjected to previous spine
      surgery. All procedures were video recorded and afterwards retrospectively
      analyzed. In addition, particular reference was given to previous cervical spine
      surgery, postoperative outcome, reoperation rate, and complications. RESULTS: The
      endoscopic system was easy to handle intraoperatively in all procedures. No
      emergency stopping was required. Forty-one patients reported improved and/or even
      no remaining pain postoperatively (95%). Thirty-five patients (81.4%) regained
      full motor strength. Clinical success rate with respect to Odom's criteria
      reached 39 patients (90.7%). One reoperation was needed due to postoperative
      hematoma (2.3%). One patient suffered from transient worsening of his
      preoperative paresis (2.3%). Neither dural tear nor nerve root injury was
      observed. Reoperation rate due to degenerative changes was 18.6% (8 of 43
      patients). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis shows that posterior
      endoscopic decompression is a successful option in the treatment of osseous
      cervical foraminal stenosis.

PMID- 26987633
TI  - The Inferolateral Transorbital Endoscopic Approach: A Preclinical Anatomic Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In recent years, transorbital endoscopic approaches are increasing in
      popularity as they provide several corridors to reach lateral areas of the
      ventral skull base through the orbit. The aim of this study is to investigate the
      feasibility of the inferolateral transorbital endoscopic approach (ILTEA) by
      detailing the step-by-step dissection, anatomic landmarks, and target anatomic
      areas. METHODS: Seven cadaveric specimens (14 sides) were dissected in the
      Laboratory of Endoscopic Anatomy of the University of Brescia. Step-by-step
      dissection of ILTEA was performed to identify the main anatomic landmarks and
      corridors. Skin incision, dural incision, and boundaries of craniectomy were
      measured. Neuronavigation was used to check landmarks, track boundaries of
      surgical volumes, and measure orbital dislocation. RESULTS: The study on the 14
      ILTEAs defined 1 anatomic area ("waterline door") that leads to 4 corridors:
      Meckel's cave corridor, carotid foramen corridor, petrous corridor, and
      transdural middle fossa corridor. Crucial anatomic landmarks were identified and
      analyzed. Orbital dislocation was <10 mm. CONCLUSIONS: ILTEA provides the surgeon
      with a direct route to the region of the "waterline door," lateral areas of the
      ventral skull base, and middle cranial fossa. In addition, it allows an optimal
      view of the intracranial and extracranial portions of the maxillary and
      mandibular nerves. Further anatomic and clinical studies are needed to validate
      ILTEA in surgical practice.

PMID- 26987634
TI  - Functional Outcomes of Salvage Surgery for Vestibular Schwannomas after Failed
      Gamma Knife Radiosurgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We reviewed our experience with salvage surgery following failed gamma
      knife radiosurgery (GKS) for vestibular schwannomas. METHODS: The study comprised
      18 patients with unilateral vestibular schwannomas. The median prescribed
      radiation dose was 12 Gy (range, 10-12.5 Gy). Nine patients had regrowth after
      GKS, and 9 had regrowth after surgical resection plus GKS. The median interval
      between GKS and surgical resection was 26 months (range: 4-66 months). The
      maximum tumor diameter of all patients ranged 25-43 mm (median 35.5 mm). The
      tumor was removed subtotally in 2 patients and partially in the other 16
      patients. The median follow-up period after surgical resection was 60 months
      (range: 12-144 months). RESULTS: Among the 17 patients with preoperative
      preserved facial nerve function (House-Brackmann [HB] grade I-III), 14 of them
      (82%) had an HB score of grade I at the last follow-up. There were no differences
      in facial nerve preservation between those with failed GKS and those with failed
      GKS plus surgery (78% vs. 100%, P = 0.156). At the post-salvage surgery follow
      up, the residual tumor was unchanged or decreased in 15 patients (83%) and
      increased in 3 patients (17%). CONCLUSION: A surgical indication after GKS should
      be carefully considered because of the natural regression of transient tumor
      expansion with time, and surgical resection is limited to subtotal or partial
      removal for functional preservation. Careful follow-up is necessary in patients
      with tumor regrowth several years after GKS due to delayed radiation effects.

PMID- 26987635
TI  - Usefulness of Extradural Optic Nerve Decompression via Trans-Superior Orbital
      Fissure Approach for Treatment of Traumatic Optic Nerve Injury: Surgical
      Procedures and Techniques from Experience with 8 Consecutive Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience of extradural optic nerve decompression via
      the trans-superior orbital fissure approach for traumatic optic neuropathy (TON)
      and retrospectively analyze its advantages and pitfalls. METHODS: Between
      September 2009 and August 2014, 8 consecutive patients with TON underwent
      extradural optic canal decompression via the trans-superior orbital fissure
      approach. We retrospectively reviewed medical charts, radiologic findings,
      surgical techniques, complications, and final surgical results. RESULTS: All 8
      patients presented with visual disturbance caused by head injury; 2 patients had
      no light perception, 6 had light perception, and 2 had ophthalmoplegia. All
      patients underwent extradural optic canal decompression and high-dose steroid
      administration within 24 hours after injury. Postoperative visual acuity on
      discharge was improved in 6 patients and unchanged in 2. The 2 patients with
      ophthalmoplegia gradually recovered by 3 months after operation. The
      postoperative outcome was good recovery in 7 patients and moderate disability in
      1 patient. There were no complications related to the surgical procedure.
      CONCLUSIONS: Emergent optic canal release has been recommended in patients with
      TON. The advantage of the extradural optic canal decompression via the trans
      superior orbital fissure approach is easy identification of the optic canal after
      partial removal of the anterior clinoid process, resulting in fewer surgical
      complications. In addition, this procedure can achieve intraorbital decompression
      if necessary. We recommend this modified approach with mini-peeling as a safe and
      reliable procedure in patients with TON.

PMID- 26987636
TI  - Neurosurgical Management of Nonmissile Penetrating Cranial Lesions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to present a case series of nonmissile
      penetrating (NMP) injuries and to establish a workflow for an uncommon mechanism
      of traumatic head injury through the analysis of each case, classification of the
      type of lesion, management, and outcome score at follow-up. METHODS: From January
      1991 to December 2008, 36,000 patients presenting with traumatic brain injury
      (TBI) were admitted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Antonio Targino,
      Campina Grande-PB, Brazil. From these patients, 11 presenting with lesions caused
      by NMP objects were selected. RESULTS: Among the 11 patients, 9 were men and 2
      were women. Their ages ranged from 7 to 74 years old (mean age +/- SD, 29.1 +/-
      22.99 years). All patients underwent neuroradiologic evaluation. The entry point
      was classified as natural (orbit) or artificial (skull transfixation), and we
      also divided the patients presenting with secondary parenchymal or vascular
      damage from those presenting with only lesions caused by the primary penetration
      into the cranium and meninges. All patients were neurosurgically treated with
      removal of the foreign body through craniotomy, except the patient whose object
      (pen) was removed without craniotomy with local anesthesia. Glasgow Coma Scale
      (GCS) score on admission was a statistically significant factor on prognosis, and
      any patient who presented with a GCS score of 15 evolved satisfactorily, and
      there were no deaths in this group of patients (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: TBIs
      caused by NMP objects are unusual and caused by aggression, self-inflicted harm
      (in the case of psychiatric patients), and accident. The foreign body may enter
      into the skull through a natural hole (orbit, nose, mouth, or ear) or crosses the
      skull, causing a fracture and creating an artificial hole. Preoperative
      neuroradiologic assessment is paramount for the correct neurosurgical approach.
      The main prognostic factor for these patients is the GCS score at admission.

PMID- 26987637
TI  - A Cost-Effective Delivery System for FloSeal During Endoscopic and Microscopic
      Brain Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To share our experience with a new delivery system for the flowable
      hemostatic matrix, FloSeal, in endoscopic and microscopic skull base surgery.
      METHODS: We prospectively analyzed the use of FloSeal with a hemostatic delivery
      system in transnasal endoscopic and microscopic skull base procedures performed
      at the authors' institution from January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2015. In all cases
      the number of aliquots was noted for the entire operation, and the total number
      of FloSeal ampules of 5 mL was also recorded. RESULTS: Our device allowed
      controlled application of small amounts (0.5-1 mL) of FloSeal to the site of
      bleeding. This controlled application resulted not only in increased visibility
      during its application, but it also reduced the amount of FloSeal required during
      the procedure. We were able to use 5-10 applications per 5-mL ampule of FloSeal
      within an individual procedure. No procedure required more than one 5-mL ampule
      of FloSeal. Therefore, the use of our device results in a reduction of costs.
      Prior to the use of our device, we were often only able to use 1 vial of 5 ml of
      material for 1 or 2 applications, especially in transnasal endoscopic procedures
      when working along a deep corridor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that our
      delivery device of FlowSeal can effectively control hemostasis by applying small
      amounts of FlowSeal to the site of bleeding. This results in increased visibility
      during hemostasis and a reduction of cost.

PMID- 26987638
TI  - Treatment Results of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Central Neurocytoma: Report of
      a Japanese Multi-Institutional Cooperative Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare benign neuronal tumor, and a
      limited number of reports have described the usefulness of radiosurgery for a
      relatively large group of patients. We evaluated the effectiveness and outcomes
      of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS) for CN in a Japanese multi-institutional study.
      METHODS: We performed retrospective analysis of 36 patients with CN who were
      treated with GKS in 12 institutes in Japan. All patients underwent surgery before
      GKS. The median tumor volume at GKS was 4.9 mL (range, 0.07-23.4 mL), and the
      median radiation dose prescribed to the tumor margin was 15 Gy (range, 10-20 Gy).
      The median follow-up period was 54.5 months (range, 3-180 months). RESULTS: The
      local tumor progression-free survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 94% and 86%,
      respectively. Three patients developed distant dissemination 16-90 months later.
      Overall progression-free survival was unrelated to the prescribed dose (<15 Gy
      vs. >=15 Gy, P = 0.62), tumor size (<6 mL vs. >=6 mL, P = 0.46), gender (P =
      0.36), age (<30 vs. >=30 years, P = 0.37), target of GKS (residual vs.
      recurrence, P = 0.90), and type of enhancement (homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous, P
      = 0.19). Two permanent complications occurred with 1 intratumoral hemorrhage and
      1 radiation injury. CONCLUSIONS: GKS is effective for CN because of its high rate
      of long-term local tumor control. GKS may have a potential role as a primary
      treatment for asymptomatic, relatively small tumors in the absence of
      hydrocephalus without surgical resection.

PMID- 26987640
TI  - Tryptophan supplementation modulates social behavior: A review.
AB  - Tryptophan (TRP), the precursor of serotonin (5-HT), is one of the most
      investigated amino-acids. TRP supplementation can increase 5-HT levels in the
      brain and for this reason numerous studies have investigated whether
      administration of TRP can positively influence social behavior that relies on
      serotonergic function. Here we review the available studies on TRP, to clarify if
      and under what circumstances TRP supplementation might modulate social behavior.
      TRP supplementation seems to improve control over social behavior in patients and
      individuals suffering from disorders or behaviors associated with dysfunctions in
      serotonergic functioning. In contrast, in healthy humans TRP supplementation
      seems to promote social behavior. Although more research is needed to disentangle
      and understand the relations between individual differences, TRP effectivity, 5
      HT functioning, social interactions, and context, we conclude TRP can be a
      promising tool for modulating social behavior. 

PMID- 26987639
TI  - Outcomes associated with early removal versus retention of peripherally inserted
      central catheters after diagnosis of catheter-associated infections in neonates.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical outcomes and hospital resource utilization of
      infants who had peripherally inserted central catheters removed early versus
      retained following diagnosis of central line-associated bloodstream infection.
      STUDY DESIGN: In a single centre retrospective cohort study, we compared outcomes
      of infants who had peripherally inserted central catheters removed early versus
      retained after diagnosis of central line-associated bloodstream infection.
      Mortality, cardio-respiratory deterioration, use of blood products and
      antibiotics were compared between groups. RESULTS: Over a 10-year period, of the
      119 eligible infants, 38 had peripherally inserted central catheters removed
      early and 81 had catheters retained after diagnosis of central line-associated
      bloodstream infection. Baseline demographics, illness severity at onset of sepsis
      and distribution of organisms were similar between the groups. Infants in
      "catheter-retained" group required longer antibiotic usage (17 +/- 9 versus 13 +/
      6 days; p = 0.025) and more frequent sequential positive blood cultures [31/81
      (47%) versus 8/38 (22%), p = 0.014). Infants with Gram-negative bacteremia
      demonstrated higher mortality when catheters were retained [43% (9/21) versus 7%
      (1/14); p = 0.028]. CONCLUSIONS: Retaining peripherally inserted central
      catheters after diagnosis of central line-associated bloodstream infection was
      associated with longer duration of bacteremia and prolonged exposure to systemic
      antibiotics as well as increased mortality in Gram-negative bacteremia.

PMID- 26987641
TI  - Effect of cannabis on glutamate signalling in the brain: A systematic review of
      human and animal evidence.
AB  - Use of cannabis or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC), its main
      psychoactive ingredient, is associated with psychotic symptoms or disorder.
      However, the neurochemical mechanism that may underlie this psychotomimetic
      effect is poorly understood. Although dopaminergic dysfunction is generally
      recognized as the final common pathway in psychosis, evidence of the effects of
      Delta9-THC or cannabis use on dopaminergic measures in the brain is equivocal. In
      fact, it is thought that cannabis or Delta9-THC may not act on dopamine firing
      directly but indirectly by altering glutamate neurotransmission. Here we
      systematically review all studies examining acute and chronic effects of cannabis
      or Delta9-THC on glutamate signalling in both animals and man. Limited research
      carried out in humans tends to support the evidence that chronic cannabis use
      reduces levels of glutamate-derived metabolites in both cortical and subcortical
      brain areas. Research in animals tends to consistently suggest that Delta9-THC
      depresses glutamate synaptic transmission via CB1 receptor activation, affecting
      glutamate release, inhibiting receptors and transporters function, reducing
      enzyme activity, and disrupting glutamate synaptic plasticity after prolonged
      exposure. 

PMID- 26987642
TI  - Fresh fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms as transmission vehicles for Echinococcus
      multilocularis in Europe: inferences and concerns from sample analysis data from
      Poland.
AB  - Fresh fruit, vegetables, mushrooms, and other fresh produce are recognised as
      important vehicles of infection for several foodborne parasites, particularly
      those with a faecal-oral transmission route and robust environmental transmission
      stages. Nevertheless, analysis of such foods for parasite transmission stages,
      even during outbreaks, tends to show only low contamination. Echinococcus
      multilocularis is considered one of the most important foodborne parasites, but
      there are few studies in which fresh produce or like foods collected in their
      natural habitat is analysed for contamination with E. multilocularis eggs. In
      this article, we question a recent study from Poland reporting over 23 % of fresh
      berries, vegetables, and mushroom being highly contaminated with E.
      multilocularis eggs. In particular, it appears unlikely that 20 % of raspberries,
      which are elevated from ground level, should be exposed to faecal contamination.
      Additionally, the similar egg contamination of vegetation in forest and
      plantation environments is surprising considering the preference of the
      parasite's most competent intermediate hosts for the latter environment.
      Furthermore, a lack of specific temporal information is concerning due to the
      varying infection pressure (and therefore environmental contamination) occurring
      in definitive hosts over the course of the year. Several important aspects of the
      study seem to us to have been neglected, and we are concerned that the published
      data might, if not questioned, lead to incorrect interpretation, and unnecessary
      losses in the agricultural sector. 

PMID- 26987643
TI  - Prevalence and predictors associated with intestinal infections by protozoa and
      helminths in southern Brazil.
AB  - Approximately 2 billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths
      worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. This research aimed to
      investigate the prevalence and predictors associated with parasitic infections in
      primary health care. A cross-sectional study was performed with a large random
      sample to identify the prevalence and predictors associated with parasitic
      infections in primary health care in Marialva, southern Brazil, from April 2011
      to September 2013. Stool samples from 775 individuals were analyzed for the
      presence of protozoan cysts, helminth eggs, and larvae. The overall prevalence of
      intestinal parasites was 13.94 %, and the prevalence of protozoa and helminths
      was 15.1 and 2.9 %, respectively. The predictor variables that were associated
      with intestinal parasites were male gender odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95 % confidence
      interval (CI 1.10-2.40) and the absence of a kitchen garden (OR 2.28, 95 % CI,
      1.08-4.85). Positive associations were found between Giardia duodenalis and
      individuals aged <=18 with high risk (OR 19.0, 95 % CI 2.16-167.52), between
      Endolimax nana and the absence of a kitchen garden (p < 0.01), and between
      Trichuris trichiura and the presence of a kitchen garden (p = 0.014).
      Polyparasitism was present in 27.27 % of infected individuals. Our findings
      confirmed a relatively low prevalence in primary care, compared to international
      standards, despite the rare publications in the area. As variables, male gender
      and the absence of a kitchen garden stood out as important predictors. It is
      highly relevant that the health conditions of the population comply with
      consistent standards. 

PMID- 26987644
TI  - The complete mitochondrial genome of Gasterophilus intestinalis, the first
      representative of the family Gasterophilidae.
AB  - Gasterophilus spp. (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) has a worldwide distribution;
      however, no complete mitochondrial (mt) genome data is available for Diptera
      which has greatly impeded population genetics, phylogenetics, and systematics
      studies in Gasterophilidae. Mt genome is known to provide genetic markers for
      investigations in these areas, but complete mt genomic datasets have been lacking
      for many Gasterophilidae species. Herein, we present the complete mt genome of
      the third-stage larvae (L3) of Gasterophilus intestinalis from the stomach wall
      of naturally infected horses in Heilongjiang province (HLJ) and Xinjiang Uygur
      Autonomous Region (XJ), China. The complete mt genome of G. intestinalis was
      15,687 bp (HLJ) and 15,660 bp (XJ) in length and consists of 37 genes, including
      13 genes for proteins, 22 genes for tRNA, and 2 genes for rRNA. The gene
      arrangement is the same as those of Oestroidae species. Phylogenetic analyses
      using concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes by Bayesian
      inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML), suggested that the families
      Gasterophilidae and Oestroidae were more closely related than to Tachinidae. The
      mt genome of G. intestinalis represents the first mt genome of any member of the
      family Gasterophilidae. These data provide novel mtDNA markers for studying the
      molecular epidemiology and population genetics of the G. intestinalis and its
      congeners. 

PMID- 26987645
TI  - Cysticercus fasciolaris infection induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat
      liver: a strategy for host-parasite cross talk.
AB  - Parasitic helminths have developed various strategies to induce or inhibit
      apoptosis in the cells of their host, thereby modulating the host's immune
      response and aiding dissemination to the host. Cysticercus fasciolaris, the
      larval form of Taenia taeniaeformis, parasitized different intermediate hosts
      like rats, rabbits, etc. and is cosmopolitan in distribution. In the present
      study, we have investigated host-parasite interactions and the resulting effect
      of C. fasciolaris in the liver of rat. Histology of the infected livers showed
      dilation and damages of hepatic cells near the parasite. Infected liver cells
      showed an increase in DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation compared to
      the normal liver. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining revealed the
      presence of apoptotic cells in the infected liver. The decline in the
      mitochondrial membrane potential in the infected liver suggested that the
      observed apoptosis is mitochondria mediated. Occurrence of an elevated level of
      active executioner caspases 3/7 in the infected rat liver further confirms the
      occurrence of apoptosis. Different antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated and
      revealed a notable decline in the level of glutathione and glutathione-S
      transferase activity leading to the augmented generation of reactive oxygen
      species. Results of the present study revealed that C. fasciolaris infection
      leads to apoptosis in the liver of rats which may be a surviving strategy for the
      parasitic larvae. 

PMID- 26987647
TI  - 'Appropriateness' in Italy: A 'Magic Word' in Pharmaceuticals?

PMID- 26987648
TI  - Thiazides are useful agents in CKD.

PMID- 26987646
TI  - Risk factors for recurrent biliary obstruction following placement of self
      expandable metallic stents in patients with malignant perihilar biliary
      stricture.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) are used for
      palliation in patients with malignant perihilar biliary strictures. However,
      recurrent biliary obstruction occasionally causes cholangitis and jaundice. This
      study aimed to identify risk factors for recurrent biliary obstruction in such
      patients. METHODS: Data from consecutive patients with malignant perihilar
      biliary strictures treated with endoscopic placement of SEMSs between 2007 and
      2014 in Tohoku University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Risk factors
      for recurrent biliary obstruction were calculated using the Cox proportional
      hazards models (with hazard ratios [HRs] and 95 % confidence interval [95 %CIs]),
      and SEMS patency period was examined using the Kaplan - Meier method. SEMS
      patency was defined as the period between SEMS insertion and the development of
      recurrent biliary obstruction. RESULTS: 104 patients were included. Median
      survival time was 281 days; and 85 patients died during a median follow-up period
      of 320 days. Recurrent biliary obstruction occurred in 35 patients. Median SEMS
      patency period was 549 days. Multivariable analyses showed that: compared with
      bile duct carcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma was associated with shorter SEMS
      patency (HR 8.18, 95 %CI 2.41 - 26.83); patency of left-sided SEMS was inferior
      to that of bilateral (HR 0.5, 95 %CI 0.32 - 0.93) and right-sided SEMS (HR 0.1,
      95 %CI 0.02 - 0.65). Cholangitis before SEMS placement increased the risk of
      recurrent biliary obstruction (HR 11.44; 95 %CI 4.48 - 32.35) and reduced the
      SEMS patency period (746 vs. 210 days). CONCLUSION: Gallbladder carcinoma, left
      sided stent placement, and cholangitis before SEMS placement are risk factors for
      recurrent biliary obstruction after SEMS placement.

PMID- 26987649
TI  - A comparative study of SMILES-based compound similarity functions for drug-target
      interaction prediction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Molecular structures can be represented as strings of special
      characters using SMILES. Since each molecule is represented as a string, the
      similarity between compounds can be computed using SMILES-based string similarity
      functions. Most previous studies on drug-target interaction prediction use 2D
      based compound similarity kernels such as SIMCOMP. To the best of our knowledge,
      using SMILES-based similarity functions, which are computationally more efficient
      than the 2D-based kernels, has not been investigated for this task before.
      RESULTS: In this study, we adapt and evaluate various SMILES-based similarity
      methods for drug-target interaction prediction. In addition, inspired by the
      vector space model of Information Retrieval we propose cosine similarity based
      SMILES kernels that make use of the Term Frequency (TF) and Term Frequency
      Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) weighting approaches. We also investigate
      generating composite kernels by combining our best SMILES-based similarity
      functions with the SIMCOMP kernel. With this study, we provided a comparison of
      13 different ligand similarity functions, each of which utilizes the SMILES
      string of molecule representation. Additionally, TF and TF-IDF based cosine
      similarity kernels are proposed. CONCLUSION: The more efficient SMILES-based
      similarity functions performed similarly to the more complex 2D-based SIMCOMP
      kernel in terms of AUC-ROC scores. The TF-IDF based cosine similarity obtained a
      better AUC-PR score than the SIMCOMP kernel on the GPCR benchmark data set. The
      composite kernel of TF-IDF based cosine similarity and SIMCOMP achieved the best
      AUC-PR scores for all data sets.

PMID- 26987650
TI  - Psychometric properties of the HI-FI problem checklist in a sample of adults with
      neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: factors contributing to life
      satisfaction after long-term disability.
AB  - Purpose To assess psychometric properties of the problem checklist (PCL) in a
      sample of individuals with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders many years
      after trauma; to identify factors that impact life satisfaction and promote
      functional competence after long-term disability. Method Cross-sectional,
      interview- and assessment-based study. Participants were community-dwelling
      adults with disabilities resulting from neurological and neuropsychiatric
      disorders (N = 53), who participated in a pre-vocational readiness and social
      skills training program. The Problem Checklist from the New York University Head
      Injury Family Interview (PCL), a battery of self-rated and clinician-rated
      measures of social/emotional status, and neuropsychological tests were main
      outcome measures. Results PCL is a valid and reliable instrument with acceptable
      psychometric properties (reliability coefficients for two scales and the total
      score are above (0.795). Use of maladaptive coping strategies in our sample was
      reflected in inverse relationship between depression and denial of disability,
      and in the tendency to overrate self-reported symptoms by participants with
      acquired trauma. Considerably lower self-ratings of symptoms across all PCL
      scales were seen in those of our participants who live with parents. Conclusions
      The study offers initial support for the use of PCL as a measure of long-term
      functional outcome in individuals with neurological and neuropsychiatric
      diagnoses. The goal of rehabilitation in patients with long-term disabilities is
      increase in life satisfaction. Implications for Rehabilitation An important goal
      of rehabilitation and training programs for individuals with long-term
      disabilities due to dysfunction of the central nervous system is to improve their
      quality of life. The HI-FI Problem Checklist (PCL) is a brief and efficient
      instrument for assessing functional outcomes after long-term disability. This
      study demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties of the PCL in a sample of
      53 individuals participating in a pre-vocational training program and provided
      initial support for its utility for patients with various diagnoses.

PMID- 26987651
TI  - Reply to Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 26987652
TI  - Reliability of the Ultrasound Cardiac Output Monitor for Pediatric Patients.

PMID- 26987653
TI  - Theory of electron spin resonance in bulk topological insulators Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3
      and Sb2Te3.
AB  - We report a theoretical study of electron spin resonance in bulk topological
      insulators, such as Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. Using the effective four-band
      model, we find the electron energy spectrum in a static magnetic field and
      determine the response to electric and magnetic dipole perturbations, represented
      by oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the static field. We
      determine the associated selection rules and calculate the absorption spectra.
      This enables us to separate the effective orbital and spin degrees of freedom and
      to determine the effective g factors for electrons and holes. 

PMID- 26987654
TI  - Altered neural circuits accompany lower performance during narrative
      comprehension in children with reading difficulties: an fMRI study.
AB  - Narrative comprehension is a linguistic ability that is foundational for future
      reading ability. The aim of the current study was to examine the neural circuitry
      of children with reading difficulties (RD) compared to typical readers during a
      narrative-comprehension task. We hypothesized that due to deficient executive
      functions, which support narrative comprehension abilities, children with RD
      would display altered activation and functional connectivity, as well as lower
      performance on a narrative-comprehension task. Children with RD and typical
      readers were scanned during a narrative-comprehension task and administered
      reading behavioral tests. Children with RD scored significantly lower on the
      narrative-comprehension task than did typical readers. Composite activation maps
      showed more diffused activation during narrative comprehension in the RD group.
      Maps comparing the two reading groups showed more activation in the frontal lobes
      (regions responsible for executive functions), and functional connectivity showed
      higher global efficiency in children with RD than in typical readers. Global
      efficiency was negatively correlated with phonological awareness and reading and
      executive function scores in the entire study group. Children with RD may suffer
      from narrative-comprehension difficulties due to diffused activation of language
      areas, as was observed during a narrative-comprehension task. Greater effort in
      this task may be reflected by the engagement of brain regions related to
      executive functions and higher functional connectivity or attributed to
      difficulties in phonological processing and reading and executive functions.
      Therefore, the accommodation given to children with RD of reading aloud may need
      to be revised due to the observed difficulty in this domain.

PMID- 26987655
TI  - K(+)-Induced in situ self-assembly of near-infrared luminescent membrane material
      armored with bigger Yb(III) complex crystallites.
AB  - A semi-rigid ligand could capture effectively Yb(3+) ions to form a stable Yb(3+)
      complex and provide a potential cavity to accommodate alkali metal ions. Only
      K(+) ions could induce the Yb(3+) complex to form a 1D coordination polymer and
      promote the in situ formation of an NIR membrane coated with bigger Yb(3+)
      complex crystallites under mild conditions. 

PMID- 26987656
TI  - The effects of ventricular drainage on the intracranial pressure signal and the
      pressure reactivity index.
AB  - In subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients intracranial pressure (ICP) is usually
      monitored via an extraventricular drain (EVD), which can produce false readings
      when the drain is open. It is established that both the ICP cardiac pulse
      frequency and long term trends over several hours are often seriously corrupted.
      The aim of this study was to establish whether or not the intermediate frequency
      bands [respiratory, Mayer wave and very low frequency (VLF)] were also corrupted.
      The VLF range is of special interest because it is important in cerebral
      autoregulation studies. Using a pattern recognition algorithm we retrospectively
      identified 718 cases of EVD opening in 80 SAH patients. An analysis of
      differences between closed and open-drain periods showed that ICP amplitude
      decreased significantly in all of the three lower frequency bands when the EVD
      was open. A similar analysis of systemic arterial pressure signal revealed
      similar changes in the same frequency bands that were positively correlated with
      the ICP changes. Therefore we concluded that the changes in the ICP signal
      represented real, physiological changes and not artifact. Pressure reactivity
      index (PRx) values were also computed during closed and open-drain periods. We
      found a small but statistically significant decrease during open-drain periods.
      Based on analysis of the change in the PRx distribution during open drainage we
      concluded that this decrease also represented physiological changes rather than
      artifact. In summary the ICP respiratory, Mayer wave, and VLF frequency bands are
      not corrupted when the EVD is open, and it safe to use these for autoregulation
      studies.

PMID- 26987657
TI  - Psychosocial Influences on Parental Decision-Making Regarding Vaccination Against
      Seasonal Influenza for Young Children in Hong Kong: a Longitudinal Study, 2012
      2013.
AB  - PURPOSE: Vaccination uptake remained low, although annual subsidies are provided
      to encourage 6-72-month-old Hong Kong children to be vaccinated against seasonal
      influenza. This study was aimed to investigate the psychosocial influences on
      parental decision-making regarding young children's seasonal influenza
      vaccination. METHODS: One-thousand two-hundred twenty-six parents of eligible
      children were recruited using random digit dialing in August-October 2012 to
      assess baseline perceptions and re-contacted in March 2013 to record children's
      vaccination uptake. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to examine
      factors associated with parental decision about children's vaccination based on
      the complete data of 1222 respondents. RESULTS: Of the 1226 respondents who
      completed the follow-up survey, 34.3 % reported that their child was vaccinated
      during the follow-up period. Child's past influenza vaccination history (beta =
      0.48), belief in vaccination safety (beta = 0.35), and social norms (beta = 0.25)
      were strongly associated with parental intention to vaccinate their child which
      directly predicted child vaccination uptake (beta = 0.57). Belief in vaccination
      safety (beta = 0.42) and social norms (beta = 0.36) were strongly associated with
      vaccination intention of parents whose children never received influenza vaccine.
      CONCLUSION: Interventions that address concerns on vaccination safety and utilize
      social norms may be effective to initiate Chinese parents to vaccinate their
      children.

PMID- 26987658
TI  - Preventing childhood obesity in early care and education settings: lessons from
      two intervention studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity prevention in young children is a public health priority. In
      the USA, nearly 10% of children less than 5 years of age are obese, and most
      attend some form of out-of-home child care. While a number of interventions have
      been conducted in early care and education settings, few have targeted the
      youngest children in care or the less formal types of child care like family
      child care homes. Additionally, only two previous studies provided
      recommendations to help inform future interventions. METHODS: This paper presents
      lessons learned from two distinct intervention studies in early care and
      education settings to help guide researchers and public health professionals
      interested in implementing and evaluating similar interventions. We highlight two
      studies: one targeting children ages 4 to 24 months in child care centres and the
      other intervening in children 18 months to 4 years in family child care homes. We
      include lessons from our pilot studies and the ongoing larger trials. RESULTS: To
      date, our experiences suggest that an intervention should have a firm basis in
      behaviour change theory; an advisory group should help evaluate intervention
      materials and plan for delivery; and realistic recruitment goals should recognize
      economic challenges of the business of child care. A flexible data collection
      approach and realistic sample size calculations are needed because of high rates
      of child (and sometimes facility) turnover. An intervention that is relatively
      easy to implement is more likely to appeal to a wide variety of early care and
      education providers. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to prevent obesity in early care
      and education have the potential to reach large numbers of children. It is
      important to consider the unique features and similarities of centres and family
      child care homes and take advantage of lessons learned from current studies in
      order to develop effective, evidence-based interventions.

PMID- 26987659
TI  - Refactoring the lambda phage lytic/lysogenic decision with a synthetic regulator.
AB  - In this work, we explore the refactoring of the circuitry of lambda phage by
      engineering a new-to-nature regulator that responds to an ad hoc input signal
      that behaves orthogonal with respect to the host cell. We tailored a chimeric
      regulator, termed Qlambda, between the CI protein of the lambda phage and the
      BzdR repressor from Azoarcus sp. strain CIB that responds to benzoyl-CoA. When
      the Qlambda was expressed in the appropriate Escherichia coli cells, it was able
      to reprogram the lytic/lysogenic lambda phage decision according to the
      intracellular production of benzoyl-CoA. Our results are also an example of how
      generating new artificial regulators that respond to effectors of choice may be
      useful to control different cellular processes.

PMID- 26987661
TI  - Intraoperative 3D imaging in the treatment of elbow fractures--a retrospective
      analysis of indications, intraoperative revision rates, and implications in 36
      cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) imaging with a mobile C-arm has proven to be a
      valuable intraoperative tool in trauma surgery. However, little data is available
      concerning its use in the treatment of elbow fractures. The aim of the current
      study was to determine the intraoperative findings and consequences of 3D imaging
      in the treatment of elbow fractures. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2015,
      prospectively collected data of 36 patients who underwent intraoperative 3D
      imaging during elbow surgery were recorded. The findings and consequences of the
      intraoperative 3D scans were analyzed in a retrospective chart review. For
      clinical evaluation the analysis included the patients' medical history, the
      injury pattern of the affected elbow and concomitant injuries. Intraoperative and
      postoperative complications and revision surgeries were evaluated as well.
      RESULTS: In 6 patients (16.7%) analysis of the intraoperative 3D scan led to an
      immediate revision due to the detection of intra-articular screw placement (n =
      3, 8.3%) and remaining intra-articular step of >2 mm (n = 3, 8.3%). In all of
      these patients, correct implant positioning and anatomical reduction could be
      achieved after immediate intraoperative revision, which was verified by a
      repeated intraoperative 3D scan. None of the 36 patients needed surgical revision
      based on postoperative radiological examinations due to secondary dislocation,
      wrong implant placement or remaining steps in the articular surface. CONCLUSIONS:
      Intraoperative 3D imaging offers additional information about fracture reduction
      and implant positioning in the treatment of elbow fractures compared to
      conventional intraoperative 2D imaging. It may therefore reduce the need for
      revision surgery. The value of intraoperative 3D imaging for clinical outcomes
      still needs to be assessed.

PMID- 26987662
TI  - Blending of brain-machine interface and vision-guided autonomous robotics
      improves neuroprosthetic arm performance during grasping.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) offer
      great potential for restoring upper limb function. However, grasping objects is a
      complicated task and the signals extracted from the brain may not always be
      capable of driving these movements reliably. Vision-guided robotic assistance is
      one possible way to improve BMI performance. We describe a method of shared
      control where the user controls a prosthetic arm using a BMI and receives
      assistance with positioning the hand when it approaches an object. METHODS: Two
      human subjects with tetraplegia used a robotic arm to complete object transport
      tasks with and without shared control. The shared control system was designed to
      provide a balance between BMI-derived intention and computer assistance. An
      autonomous robotic grasping system identified and tracked objects and defined
      stable grasp positions for these objects. The system identified when the user
      intended to interact with an object based on the BMI-controlled movements of the
      robotic arm. Using shared control, BMI controlled movements and autonomous
      grasping commands were blended to ensure secure grasps. RESULTS: Both subjects
      were more successful on object transfer tasks when using shared control compared
      to BMI control alone. Movements made using shared control were more accurate,
      more efficient, and less difficult. One participant attempted a task with
      multiple objects and successfully lifted one of two closely spaced objects in 92
      % of trials, demonstrating the potential for users to accurately execute their
      intention while using shared control. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of BMI control
      with vision-guided robotic assistance led to improved performance on object
      transfer tasks. Providing assistance while maintaining generalizability will make
      BMI systems more attractive to potential users. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01364480
      and NCT01894802 .

PMID- 26987664
TI  - Community -and hospital laboratory-based surveillance for respiratory viruses.
AB  - Traditional surveillance for respiratory viruses relies on symptom detection and
      laboratory detection during medically attended encounters for acute respiratory
      infection/influenza-like illness (ARI/ILI). Ecological momentary reporting using
      text messages is a novel method for surveillance. This study compares respiratory
      viral activity detected through longitudinal community-based surveillance using
      text message responses for sample acquisition and testing to respiratory viral
      activity obtained from hospital laboratory data from the same community. We
      demonstrate a significant correlation between community- and hospital laboratory
      based surveillance for most respiratory viruses, although the relative
      proportions of viruses detected in the community and hospital differed
      significantly.

PMID- 26987663
TI  - Traumatic injuries among adult obese patients in southern Taiwan: a cross
      sectional study based on a trauma registry system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The adverse impact of obesity has been extensively studied in the
      general population; however, the added risk of obesity on trauma-related
      mortality remains controversial. This study investigated and compared mortality
      as well injury patterns and length of stay (LOS) in obese and normal-weight
      patients hospitalized for trauma in the hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) of
      a Level I trauma center in southern Taiwan. METHODS: Detailed data of 880 obese
      adult patients with body mass index (BMI) >= 30 kg/m(2) and 5391 normal-weight
      adult patients (25 > BMI >= 18.5 kg/m(2)) who had sustained a trauma injury
      between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013 were retrieved from the Trauma
      Registry System. Pearson's chi-squared, Fisher's exact, and independent Student's
      t-tests were used to compare differences between groups. Propensity score
      matching with logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of obesity on
      mortality. RESULTS: In this study, obese patients were more often men, motorcycle
      riders and pedestrians, and had a lower proportion of alcohol intoxication
      compared to normal-weight patients. Analysis of Abbreviated Injury Scale scores
      revealed that obese trauma patients presented with a higher rate of injury to the
      thorax, but a lower rate of facial injuries than normal-weight patients. No
      significant differences were found between obese and normal-weight patients
      regarding Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma-Injury Severity Score (TRISS),
      mortality, the proportion of patients admitted to the ICU, or LOS in ICU. After
      propensity score matching, logistic regression of 66 well-matched pairs did not
      show a significant influence of obesity on mortality (odds ratio: 1.51, 95%
      confidence interval: 0.54-4.23 p = 0.438). However, significantly longer hospital
      LOS (10.6 vs. 9.5 days, respectively, p = 0.044) was observed in obese patients
      than in normal-weight patients, particularly obese patients with pelvic, tibial,
      or fibular fractures. CONCLUSION: Compared to normal-weight patients, obese
      patients presented with different injury characteristics and bodily injury
      patterns but no difference in mortality.

PMID- 26987665
TI  - The role of hydrogen in oxygen-assisted chemical vapor deposition growth of
      millimeter-sized graphene single crystals.
AB  - Involving oxygen in the traditional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process has
      proven a promising approach to achieve large-scale graphene single crystals
      (GSCs), but its many relevant fundamental aspects are still not fully understood.
      Here we report a systematic study on the role of hydrogen in the growth of
      millimeter-sized GSCs using enclosure-like Cu structures via the oxygen-assisted
      CVD process. Results show that GSCs have different first layer growth behaviors
      on the inside and outside surfaces of a Cu enclosure when the H2 environment is
      varied, and these behaviors will consequently and strongly influence the adlayer
      formation in these GSCs, leading to two entirely different growth modes. Low H2
      partial pressure (PH2) tends to result in fast growth of dendritically shaped
      GSCs with multiple small adlayers, but high PH2 can modify the GSC shape into
      hexagons with single large adlayer nuclei. This difference of adlayers is
      attributed to the different C diffusion paths determined by the shapes of their
      host GSCs. On the basis of these observations, we developed an isothermal two
      step method to obtain GSCs with significantly improved growth rate and sample
      quality, in which low PH2 is first set to accelerate the growth rate followed by
      high PH2 to restrict the adlayer nuclei. Our results prove that the growth of
      GSCs can reach a reasonable optimization between their growth rates and sample
      quality by simply adjusting the CVD H2 environment, which we believe will lead to
      more improvements in graphene synthesis and fundamental insight into the related
      growth mechanisms. 

PMID- 26987666
TI  - Drilling and modeling studies expose Antarctica's Miocene secrets.

PMID- 26987667
TI  - Tuning in by tuning out distractions.

PMID- 26987668
TI  - Proteomic analysis of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: dealing with the issues of a non
      conventional yeast.
AB  - Red yeasts ascribed to the species Rhodotorula mucilaginosa are gaining
      increasing attention, due to their numerous biotechnological applications,
      spanning carotenoid production, liquid bioremediation, heavy metal
      biotransformation and antifungal and plant growth-promoting actions, but also for
      their role as opportunistic pathogens. Nevertheless, their characterization at
      the 'omic' level is still scarce. Here, we applied different proteomic workflows
      to R. mucilaginosa with the aim of assessing their potential in generating
      information on proteins and functions of biotechnological interest, with a
      particular focus on the carotenogenic pathway. After optimization of protein
      extraction, we tested several gel-based (including 2D-DIGE) and gel-free sample
      preparation techniques, followed by tandem mass spectrometry analysis.
      Contextually, we evaluated different bioinformatic strategies for protein
      identification and interpretation of the biological significance of the dataset.
      When 2D-DIGE analysis was applied, not all spots returned a unambiguous
      identification and no carotenogenic enzymes were identified, even upon the
      application of different database search strategies. Then, the application of
      shotgun proteomic workflows with varying levels of sensitivity provided a picture
      of the information depth that can be reached with different analytical resources,
      and resulted in a plethora of information on R. mucilaginosa metabolism. However,
      also in these cases no proteins related to the carotenogenic pathway were
      identified, thus indicating that further improvements in sequence databases and
      functional annotations are strictly needed for increasing the outcome of
      proteomic analysis of this and other non-conventional yeasts. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26987669
TI  - Evaluation of the MicroSEQTM Salmonella spp. Detection Kit with the PrepSEQTM
      Rapid Spin Sample Preparation Kit for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Dry Pet
      Food.
AB  - A method modification validation study was conducted to validate the Applied
      Biosystems MicroSEQTM Salmonella spp. Detection Kit for the detection of
      Salmonella spp. in 375 g samples of dried pet food. The MicroSEQ assay protocol,
      using the Applied Biosystems PrepSEQTM Rapid Spin DNA Sample Preparation Kit, was
      compared to the reference method detailed in the U.S Food and Drug Administration
      (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM; Chapter 5, Salmonella) for
      detection of Salmonella spp. For each method, 20 replicates were analyzed at a
      low contamination level of 0.2-2 CFU/test portion, five replicates were analyzed
      at a high level of contamination of 2-5 CFU/test portion, and five control
      replicates were also analyzed at 0 CFU/test portion (uninoculated). Statistical
      analysis was conducted using the Probability of Detection statistical test to
      determine the ability of the MicroSEQ Salmonella spp. Detection Kit to detect
      Salmonella from 375 g samples of dried pet food in comparison to the FDA-BAM
      reference method. The results demonstrated that the MicroSEQ Salmonella spp.
      Detection Kit was able to accurately detect Salmonella spp. present in dry pet
      food after an enrichment time of 20 h. 

PMID- 26987670
TI  - Effects of regions of interest methods on apparent coefficient measurement of the
      parotid gland in early Sjogren's syndrome at 3T MRI.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) has been used to assess
      parotid gland abnormalities in Sjogren's syndrome (SS) patients; however, few
      data exist on the influence of region of interest (ROI) methods on ADC
      measurements. PURPOSE: To assess the influence of ROI methods on ADC measurement,
      and their diagnostic ability in detecting parotid gland abnormalities in early SS
      patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirteen early SS patients underwent parotid
      gland diffusion-weighted imaging scans at a 3.0 T MR unit. Two readers
      independently measured the parotid gland ADC value using three different ROIs
      (whole-gland [WG], single-slice [SS], and reader-based circular [RBC]). The ADC
      value based on three different ROIs (ADC-ROIWG, ADC-ROISS, ADC-ROIRBC) were
      compared between the SS group and a matched healthy control (HC) group (n = 19).
      Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and intra-class correlation
      coefficients (ICC) were used to determine the diagnostic ability and
      reproducibility of the parameters. RESULTS: The ADC-ROIWG, ADC-ROISS, and ADC
      ROIRBC in the SS group were all significantly higher than those in HC group (all
      P < 0.05). The ADC-ROIWG showed better diagnostic ability than did ADC-ROIRBC (P
      = 0.0200), while no significant difference was found between ADC-ROIWG and ADC
      ROISS (P = 0.4636). The ROIWG method showed the best inter- and intra-reader
      agreement (ICC, 0.902 and 0.928, respectively), followed by ROISS and ROIRBC.
      CONCLUSION: The ROI methods can influence the parotid gland ADC measurements and
      their diagnostic ability. Considering our results, we suggest using in clinical
      practice single-slice ROIs to measure the ADC of the parotid gland.

PMID- 26987671
TI  - Classification of spondylolytic clefts in patients with spondylolysis or isthmic
      spondylolisthesis using positional MRI.
AB  - Background Posterior instability is a pathologic movement occurring in the
      spondylolytic cleft. Purpose To present a new classification system for the
      evaluation of spondylolytic cleft by positional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      and determine the prevalence of the different types. Material and Methods A total
      of 176 segments of the lumbar spine with spondylolysis or isthmic
      spondylolisthesis were examined using positional MRI. Scans were obtained in
      neutral sitting, flexion, and extension positions. No visible movement in the
      cleft was defined as type A, fluid displaced into the cleft as type BI,
      displacement of the flava ligaments at the level of the cleft as type BII, and
      intraspinal cysts arising from the spondylolytic cleft as type BIII. The
      movements were characterized by a radiologist and a neurosurgeon experienced in
      positional MRI. Clinical findings were correlated with the different types of
      instability. Results A high agreement was found between the two observers. In
      total, 131 segments were characterized as type A, six as type BI, 24 as type BII,
      and 10 as type BIII. In five segments, the type differed between the right and
      the left side. Two patients had a mixed type BI/II, another two patients had a
      mixed type BII/III, and one patient had a mixed type BI/III. Patients with type
      BII and BIII instabilities suffered more often from radicular symptoms compared
      to patients without any instability. Conclusion The presented classification
      might help to better understand and study changes encountered in the
      spondylolytic cleft in patients with spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis
      using positional MRI.

PMID- 26987672
TI  - Hemobilia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: computed tomography findings
      and clinical outcome of transcatheter arterial embolization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemobilia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) can occur in
      the early or late postoperative course and poses a diagnostic and therapeutic
      challenge. PURPOSE: To assess computed tomography (CT) findings and clinical
      outcomes after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in patients presenting
      with hemobilia following LC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen patients treated for
      hemobilia following LC were included in the study. Three patients were diagnosed
      by endoscopy and 11 by abdominal contrast-enhanced CT. Coils or microcoils were
      superselectively deployed to occlude the bleeding vessel during TAE. Abdominal CT
      findings of hemobilia, and the success rate and complication of TAE were
      observed. RESULTS: Abdominal CT provided the following signs of hemobilia:
      hematoma within the abdominal cavity and gallbladder fossa, blood clots
      containing high attenuation within the bile duct, biliary dilatation,
      pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery, contrast extravasation, enhancement
      of the bile duct wall, and hypoperfusion of the right lobe. The success rate of
      TAE was 100% and rebleeding did not occur in any patient. Post-embolization
      syndrome and hepatic ischemia occurred in nine patients, which was associated
      with age and the time interval between the LC and TAE. CONCLUSION: Abdominal CT
      provided direct signs that can aid in the diagnosis of hemobilia after LC. TAE
      allowed for successful treatment of hemobilia with minor complications.

PMID- 26987673
TI  - Multifunctional Hydrogels with Temperature, Ion, and Magnetocaloric Stimuli
      Responsive Performances.
AB  - In this work, multifunctional hydrogels with vivid color change and shrinking
      swelling response to temperature, ion strength, and alternating magnetic field
      are fabricated via magnetic assembly. The hydrogels show gradual shift colors
      from yellowish green to green, cyan, blue, purple, and even reddish violet in
      response to temperature or ion strength. In the response process, the whole color
      modulation process is fully reversible and transferable along with a relative
      short response time. Especially, the magnetism and porous structure of the hybrid
      hydrogel enable it to be a potential carrier for hydrophobic molecules. Taking
      advantage of the magnetocaloric responsiveness, the dyed oil loaded hydrogel
      exhibits a controllable release behavior in each reversible shrinking-swelling
      cycle under an alternating magnetic field. This multi-responsive hydrogel can
      hold promise for practical engineering applications, including sensors, displays,
      and controlled release. 

PMID- 26987675
TI  - An experimental challenge model of visceral leishmaniasis by Leishmania donovani
      promastigotes in mice.
AB  - Although visceral leishmaniasis is a fatal disease in humans and dogs, the use of
      mouse models is important for obtaining a better understanding of the
      pathogenesis, immunity, and host-parasite interactions of this disease. Such
      models are also useful for the evaluation of vaccines and chemotherapies for
      treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we present our method of experimental
      inoculation of mice with Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Nutrient-enriched
      undefined media may be beneficial for laboratory maintenance of promastigotes for
      maintaining their virulence or infectivity in mice. With this method, we could
      preserve the infectivity of promastigote lines recovered from inoculated animals
      and use these lines for further in vivo experiments. Furthermore, the use of
      cryopreserved stabilates is highly recommended for the reproducibility of
      experiments. To assess a newly developed method for determination of parasite
      burden in infected animal tissues, initial comparison of parasite burden in the
      liver obtained in the classic Leishman-Donovan units (LDU) with values obtained
      from the new method is recommended. As an example, the association between
      parasite burden determined by LDU and real-time PCR assay targeting the
      leishmanial gp63 gene in the liver of mice is presented.

PMID- 26987676
TI  - Detailed methodology for high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of
      murine malaria parasitized-erythrocytes.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool used to investigate object
      surfaces and has been widely applied in both material science and biology. With
      respect to the study of malaria, SEM revealed that erythrocytes infected with
      Plasmodium falciparum, a human parasite, display 'knob-like' structures on their
      surface comprising parasitized proteins. However, detailed methodology for SEM
      studies of malaria parasites is lacking in the literature making such studies
      challenging. Here, we provide a step-by-step guide to preparing Plasmodium
      infected erythrocytes from two mouse strains for SEM analysis with minimal
      structural deterioration. We tested three species of murine malaria parasites, P.
      berghei, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi, as well as non-parasitized human
      erythrocytes and P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes for comparisons. Our data
      demonstrated that the surface structures of parasitized erythrocytes between the
      three species of murine parasites in the two different strains of mice were
      indistinguishable and no surface alterations were observed in P. falciparum
      erythrocytes. Our SEM observations contribute towards an understanding of the
      molecular mechanisms of parasite maturation in the erythrocyte cytoplasm and,
      along with future studies using our detailed methodology, may help to gain
      insight into the clinical phenomena of human malaria.

PMID- 26987674
TI  - Serum From Advanced Heart Failure Patients Promotes Angiogenic Sprouting and
      Affects the Notch Pathway in Human Endothelial Cells.
AB  - It is unknown whether components present in heart failure (HF) patients' serum
      provide an angiogenic stimulus. We sought to determine whether serum from HF
      patients affects angiogenesis and its major modulator, the Notch pathway, in
      human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In cells treated with serum from
      healthy subjects or from patients at different HF stage we determined: (1)
      Sprouting angiogenesis, by measuring cells network (closed tubes) in collagen
      gel. (2) Protein levels of Notch receptors 1, 2, 4, and ligands Jagged1, Delta
      like4. We found a higher number of closed tubes in HUVECs treated with advanced
      HF patients serum in comparison with cells treated with serum from mild HF
      patients or controls. Furthermore, as indicated by the reduction of the active
      form of Notch4 (N4IC) and of Jagged1, advanced HF patients serum inhibited Notch
      signalling in HUVECs in comparison with mild HF patients' serum and controls. The
      circulating levels of NT-proBNP (N-terminal of the pro-hormone brain natriuretic
      peptide), a marker for the detection and evalutation of HF, were positively
      correlated with the number of closed tubes (r = 0.485) and negatively with
      Notch4IC and Jagged1 levels in sera-treated cells (r = -0.526 and r = -0.604,
      respectively). In conclusion, we found that sera from advanced HF patients
      promote sprouting angiogenesis and dysregulate Notch signaling in HUVECs. Our
      study provides in vitro evidence of an angiogenic stimulus arising during HF
      progression and suggests a role for the Notch pathway in it. J. Cell. Physiol.
      231: 2700-2710, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26987677
TI  - Conserved interaction of Ctf18-RFC with DNA polymerase epsilon is critical for
      maintenance of genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Human Ctf18-RFC, a PCNA loader complex, interacts with DNA polymerase epsilon
      (Polepsilon) through a structure formed by the Ctf18, Dcc1 and Ctf8 subunits. The
      C-terminal stretch of Ctf18, which is highly conserved from yeast to human, is
      necessary to form the Polepsilon-capturing structure. We found that in the
      budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ctf18, Dcc1 and Ctf8 formed the same
      structure through the conserved C-terminus and interacted specifically with
      Polepsilon. Thus, the specific interaction of Ctf18-RFC with Polepsilon is a
      conserved feature between these proteins. A C-terminal deletion mutant of Ctf18
      (ctf18(DeltaC) ) exhibited the same high sensitivity to hydroxyurea as the
      complete deletion strain (ctf18Delta) or ATPase-deficient mutant (ctf18(K189A) ),
      but was somewhat less sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate than either of them.
      These phenotypes were also observed in dcc1Delta and ctf8Delta, predicted to be
      deficient in the interaction with Polepsilon. Furthermore, both plasmid loss and
      gross chromosomal rearrangement (GCR) rates were increased in ctf18(DeltaC) cells
      to the same extent as in ctf18Delta cells. These results indicate that the Ctf18
      RFC/Polepsilon interaction plays a crucial role in maintaining genome stability
      in budding yeast, probably through recruitment of this PCNA loader to the
      replication fork. 

PMID- 26987678
TI  - Effects of the antipsychotic paliperidone on stress-induced changes in the
      endocannabinoid system in rat prefrontal cortex.
AB  - Objectives There is a need to explore novel mechanisms of action of existing/new
      antipsychotics. One potential candidate is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The
      present study tried to elucidate the effects of the antipsychotic paliperidone on
      stress-induced ECS alterations. Methods Wister rats were submitted to
      acute/chronic restraint stress. Paliperidone (1 mg/kg) was given prior each
      stress session. Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids (eCBs) synthesis and
      degradation enzymes were measured in prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples by RT-PCR
      and Western Blot. Results In the PFC of rats exposed to acute stress,
      paliperidone increased CB1 receptor (CB1R) expression. Furthermore, paliperidone
      increased the expression of the eCB synthesis enzymes N
      acylphosphatidylethanolamine- hydrolysing phospholipase D and DAGLalpha, and
      blocked the stress-induced increased expression of the degrading enzyme fatty
      acid amide hydrolase. In chronic conditions, paliperidone prevented the chronic
      stress-induced down-regulation of CB1R, normalised DAGLalpha expression and
      reverted stress-induced down-regulation of the 2-AG degrading enzyme
      monoacylglycerol lipase. ECS was analysed also in periphery. Acute stress
      decreased DAGLalpha expression, an effect prevented by paliperidone. Contrarily,
      chronic stress increased DAGLalpha and this effect was potentiated by
      paliperidone. Conclusions The results obtained described a preventive effect of
      paliperidone on stress-induced alterations in ECS. Considering the diverse
      alterations on ECS described in psychotic disease, targeting ECS emerges as a new
      therapeutic possibility.

PMID- 26987679
TI  - ECDC publishes updated evidence-based guidance for chlamydia prevention and
      control and makes latest chlamydia figures available online through interactive
      Surveillance Atlas.

PMID- 26987680
TI  - Robust fluence map optimization via alternating direction method of multipliers
      with empirical parameter optimization.
AB  - For the treatment planning during intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or
      volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), beam fluence maps can be first optimized
      via fluence map optimization (FMO) under the given dose prescriptions and
      constraints to conformally deliver the radiation dose to the targets while
      sparing the organs-at-risk, and then segmented into deliverable MLC apertures via
      leaf or arc sequencing algorithms. This work is to develop an efficient algorithm
      for FMO based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Here we
      consider FMO with the least-square cost function and non-negative fluence
      constraints, and its solution algorithm is based on ADMM, which is efficient and
      simple-to-implement. In addition, an empirical method for optimizing the ADMM
      parameter is developed to improve the robustness of the ADMM algorithm. The ADMM
      based FMO solver was benchmarked with the quadratic programming method based on
      the interior-point (IP) method using the CORT dataset. The comparison results
      suggested the ADMM solver had a similar plan quality with slightly smaller total
      objective function value than IP. A simple-to-implement ADMM based FMO solver
      with empirical parameter optimization is proposed for IMRT or VMAT. 

PMID- 26987681
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for Medical Students: A Proposed Course
      Outline.

PMID- 26987682
TI  - Pt-free carbon-based fuel cell catalyst prepared from spherical polyimide for
      enhanced oxygen diffusion.
AB  - The development of a non-precious metal (NPM) fuel cell catalyst is extremely
      important to achieve globalization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells due to the
      cost and scarcity of platinum. Here, we report on a NPM cathode catalyst prepared
      by the pyrolysis of spherical polyimide nanoparticles that contain small amounts
      of Fe additive. 60 nm diameter Fe-containing polyimide nanoparticles were
      successfully synthesized by the precipitation polymerization of pyromellitic acid
      dianhydride and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene with Fe(acac)3 (acac =
      acetylacetonate) as an additive. The particles were subsequently carbonized by
      multistep pyrolysis to obtain the NPM catalyst while retaining the small particle
      size. The catalyst has good performance and promising durability for fuel cell
      applications. The fuel cell performance under a 0.2 MPa air atmosphere at 80 
      degrees C of 1.0 A cm(-2) at 0.46 V is especially remarkable and better than that
      previously reported.

PMID- 26987683
TI  - Effects of Microporosity and Surface Chemistry on Separation Performances of N
      Containing Pitch-Based Activated Carbons for CO2/N2 Binary Mixture.
AB  - In this study, N-containing pitch-based activated carbons (NPCs) were prepared
      using petroleum pitch with a low softening point and melamine with a high
      nitrogen content. The major advantage of the preparation method is that it
      enables variations in chemical structures and textural properties by steam
      activation at high temperatures. The adequate micropore structures, appropriate
      chemical modifications, and high adsorption enthalpies of NPCs are favorable for
      CO2 adsorption onto carbon surfaces. Furthermore, the structure generates a
      considerable gas/N-containing carbon interfacial area, and provides selective
      access to CO2 molecules over N2 molecules by offering an increased number of
      active sites on the carbon surfaces. The highest CO2/N2 selectivity, i.e., 47.5,
      and CO2 adsorption capacity for a CO2/N2 (0.15:0.85) binary gas mixture, i.e.,
      5.30 tw%, were attained at 298 K. The NPCs also gave reversible and durable CO2
      capturing performances. All the results suggest that NPCs are promising CO2
      sorbents, which can meet the challenges of current CO2 capture and separation
      techniques.

PMID- 26987684
TI  - A CEP215-HSET complex links centrosomes with spindle poles and drives centrosome
      clustering in cancer.
AB  - Numerical centrosome aberrations underlie certain developmental abnormalities and
      may promote cancer. A cell maintains normal centrosome numbers by coupling
      centrosome duplication with segregation, which is achieved through sustained
      association of each centrosome with a mitotic spindle pole. Although the
      microcephaly- and primordial dwarfism-linked centrosomal protein CEP215 has been
      implicated in this process, the molecular mechanism responsible remains unclear.
      Here, using proteomic profiling, we identify the minus end-directed microtubule
      motor protein HSET as a direct binding partner of CEP215. Targeted deletion of
      the HSET-binding domain of CEP215 in vertebrate cells causes centrosome
      detachment and results in HSET depletion at centrosomes, a phenotype also
      observed in CEP215-deficient patient-derived cells. Moreover, in cancer cells
      with centrosome amplification, the CEP215-HSET complex promotes the clustering of
      extra centrosomes into pseudo-bipolar spindles, thereby ensuring viable cell
      division. Therefore, stabilization of the centrosome-spindle pole interface by
      the CEP215-HSET complex could promote survival of cancer cells containing
      supernumerary centrosomes. 

PMID- 26987685
TI  - Telocytes in exercise-induced cardiac growth.
AB  - Exercise can induce physiological cardiac growth, which is featured by enlarged
      cardiomyocyte cell size and formation of new cardiomyocytes. Telocytes (TCs) are
      a recently identified distinct interstitial cell type, existing in many tissues
      and organs including heart. TCs have been shown to form a tandem with cardiac
      stem/progenitor cells in cardiac stem cell niches, participating in cardiac
      regeneration and repair. Although exercise-induced cardiac growth has been
      confirmed as an important way to promote cardiac regeneration and repair, the
      response of cardiac TCs to exercise is still unclear. In this study, 4 weeks of
      swimming training was used to induce robust healthy cardiac growth. Exercise can
      induce an increase in cardiomyocyte cell size and formation of new cardiomyocytes
      as determined by Wheat Germ Lectin and EdU staining respectively. TCs were
      identified by three immunofluorescence stainings including double labelling for
      CD34/vimentin, CD34/platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-alpha and
      CD34/PDGF receptor-beta. We found that cardiac TCs were significantly increased
      in exercised heart, suggesting that TCs might help control the activity of
      cardiac stem/progenitor cells, cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells. Adding
      cardiac TCs might help promote cardiac regeneration and renewal. 

PMID- 26987687
TI  - Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the
      United States.
AB  - PURPOSE: Persons aged 15-25 years have high sexually transmitted infection (STI)
      rates and suboptimal screening. There has been limited research analyzing
      barriers to STI testing at a national level. We examined STI testing among 15-25
      year olds and reasons for not testing. METHODS: We used data from a national
      survey of youth. Bivariate and multivariable analyses examined differences in
      testing behaviors by demographics, separately by sex. Among sexually experienced
      respondents who reported never being tested, health system-related reasons for
      not testing were examined in bivariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS:
      Females (16.6%) were more likely to have ever been tested compared with males
      (6.1%, p < .01) in the last 12 months. Among sexually experienced respondents who
      were never tested, 41.8% did not seek testing because they felt they were not at
      risk for STIs. Males (60.1%) had significantly higher reports of foregoing
      testing for confidentiality reasons compared with females (39.9%, p < .01). Non
      Hispanic whites (44.9%) the highest reports of this compared with other
      ethnic/racial groups (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: This national-level study found that
      most of the 15-25 year olds never received an STI test. In addition,
      confidentiality concerns may deter youth from seeking STI testing. Appropriate
      strategies to minimize these concerns may be useful. Potential strategies to
      ameliorate these issues may include engaging clinicians who frequently serve
      adolescents and young adults to address confidentiality issues with youth
      patients.

PMID- 26987688
TI  - Micro-Computed Tomography Study of Filling Material Removal from Oval-shaped
      Canals by Using Rotary, Reciprocating, and Adaptive Motion Systems.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated filling material removal from distal oval
      shaped canals of mandibular molars with rotary, reciprocating, and adaptive
      motion systems by using micro-computed tomography. METHODS: After cone-beam
      computed tomography scanning, 21 teeth were selected, prepared up to a size 40
      file, root filled, and divided into 3 groups (n = 7) according to the filling
      material removal technique: group PTUR, ProTaper Universal Retreatment combined
      with ProTaper Universal F2, F3, F4, and F5 files; group RP, Reciproc R50 file;
      and group TFA: TF Adaptive 50.04 files. The specimens were scanned preoperatively
      and postoperatively to assess filling material removal by using micro-computed
      tomography imaging, and the percent volume of residual filling material was
      calculated. RESULTS: The statistical analysis showed the lowest percent volume of
      residual filling material at the coronal third in all groups (P < .05). There was
      no significant difference among the systems in the coronal third (P > .05). In
      the middle third, group TFA (31.2 +/- 10.1) showed lower volume of residual
      filling material than group RP (52.4 +/- 14.1) (P < .05). In the apical third,
      groups TFA (44.8 +/- 20.6) and PTUR (48.6 +/- 16.8) presented a lower percent
      volume of filling material than group RP (70.6 +/- 7.2) (P < .05), as confirmed
      by the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the adaptive motion
      increased the amount of root filling removed in the middle and apical thirds
      compared with the reciprocating motion. However, no technique was able to
      completely remove the filling material from the canals.

PMID- 26987689
TI  - The ethics of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in brain-dead potential organ
      donors.
AB  - Organ-preserving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OP-ECMO) is defined as the
      use of extracorporeal support for the primary purpose of preserving organs for
      transplantation, rather than to save the patient's life. This paper discusses the
      ethics of using OP-ECMO in donation after brain determination of death (DBDD) to
      avoid the loss of organs for transplantation. We review case reports in the
      literature and analyze the ethical issues raised. We conclude that there is
      little additional ethical concern in continuing OP-ECMO in patients already on
      ECMO if they become brain dead. The implementation of OP-ECMO in hemodynamically
      unstable brain-dead patients is ethically permissible in certain clinical
      situations but requires specific consent from relatives if the patient's wish to
      donate is not clear. If no evidence of a patient's wish to donate is available,
      OP-ECMO is not recommended. In countries with presumed consent legislation,
      failure to opt out should be considered as a positive wish to donate. If a
      patient is not-yet brain-dead or is undergoing testing for brain death, OP-ECMO
      is not recommended. Further research on OP-ECMO is needed to better understand
      the attitudes of professionals, families, and lay people to ensure agreement on
      key ethical issues. 

PMID- 26987692
TI  - Exercise and weight gain in pregnancy.

PMID- 26987690
TI  - Beta-palmitate - a natural component of human milk in supplemental milk formulas.
AB  - The composition and function of human milk is unique and gives a basis for the
      development of modern artificial milk formulas that can provide an appropriate
      substitute for non-breastfed infants. Although human milk is not fully
      substitutable, modern milk formulas are attempting to mimic human milk and
      partially substitute its complex biological positive effects on infants. Besides
      the immunomodulatory factors from human milk, research has been focused on the
      composition and structure of human milk fat with a high content of beta-palmitic
      acid (sn-2 palmitic acid, beta-palmitate). According to the available studies,
      increasing the content of beta-palmitate added to milk formulas promotes several
      beneficial physiological functions. beta-palmitate positively influences fatty
      acid metabolism, increases calcium absorption, improves bone matrix quality and
      the stool consistency, and has a positive effect on the development of the
      intestinal microbiome. 

PMID- 26987691
TI  - The Special Challenges of Psychotherapy with Persons with Psychosis:
      Intersubjective Metacognitive Model of Agreement and Shared Meaning.
AB  - : Agreement between client and therapist is an essential part of the therapeutic
      alliance. While there are general challenges to the creation of agreement and
      shared meaning in all psychotherapies, there are specific challenges while
      working with persons with psychosis. These challenges include the different
      narratives of the client and the therapist with regard to their roles and the
      description of the condition or problem, as well as possible stigmatic views and
      theoretical bias. Here we present a metacognitive intersubjective model as a
      framework for the understanding and resolutions of these challenges. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: Goal consensus,
      agreement and shared meaning are essential for a collaborative process and
      positive outcome in psychotherapy. Challenges to psychotherapy with persons with
      psychosis include the different narratives of the client and the therapist with
      regard to their roles and the description of the condition or problem, as well as
      possible stigmatic views and theoretical bias. In the intersubjective exchange,
      the concepts of metacognition and empathy can act as a framework for navigating
      between the possible challenges and the desired shared meaning and agreement.

PMID- 26987686
TI  - Increased expression with differential subcellular location of cytidine deaminase
      APOBEC3G in human CD4(+) T-cell activation and dendritic cell maturation.
AB  - APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G;
      A3G) is an innate defense protein showing activity against retroviruses and
      retrotransposons. Activated CD4(+) T cells are highly permissive for HIV-1
      replication, whereas resting CD4(+) T cells are refractory. Dendritic cells
      (DCs), especially mature DCs, are also refractory. We investigated whether these
      differences could be related to a differential A3G expression and/or subcellular
      distribution. We found that A3G mRNA and protein expression is very low in
      resting CD4(+) T cells and immature DCs, but increases strongly following T-cell
      activation and DC maturation. The Apo-7 anti-A3G monoclonal antibody (mAb), which
      was specifically developed, confirmed these differences at the protein level and
      disclosed that A3G is mainly cytoplasmic in resting CD4(+) T cells and immature
      DCs. Nevertheless, A3G translocates to the nucleus in activated-proliferating
      CD4(+) T cells, yet remaining cytoplasmic in matured DCs, a finding confirmed by
      immunoblotting analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. Apo-7 mAb was able
      to immunoprecipitate endogenous A3G allowing to detect complexes with numerous
      proteins in activated-proliferating but not in resting CD4(+) T cells. The
      results show for the first time the nuclear translocation of A3G in activated
      proliferating CD4(+) T cells.

PMID- 26987693
TI  - Drug-resin drug interactions in patients with delayed gastric emptying: What is
      optimal time window for drug administration?
AB  - Most drug-drug interactions involve overlap or competition in drug metabolic
      pathways. However, there are medications, typically resins, whose function is to
      bind injurious substances such as bile acids or potassium within the digestive
      tract. The objective of this article is to review the functions of the stomach
      and the kinetics of emptying of different food forms or formulations to make
      recommendations on timing of medication administration in order to avoid
      intragastric drug interactions. Based on the profiles and kinetics of emptying of
      liquid nutrients and homogenized solids, a window of 3 h between administration
      of a resin drug and another 'target' medication would be expected to allow a
      median of 80% of medications with particle size <1 mm to empty from the stomach
      and, hence, avoid potential interaction such as binding of the 'target'
      medication within the stomach.

PMID- 26987694
TI  - A comparison of three treatment methods for fractures of the mandibular angle.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine a practical and cost-effective
      treatment method for fixing mandibular angle fractures using miniplates. Patients
      were divided into three groups for comparison, based on the intraoperative plates
      and maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) used: group A, single miniplate fixation
      with MMF (n=37); group B, double miniplate fixation with MMF (n=59); group C,
      double miniplate fixation without MMF (n=38). Details of the characteristics of
      the fractures and the treatments and outcomes were collected retrospectively and
      analyzed statistically. This study was based on 134 cases of isolated mandibular
      angle fracture. Of the surgically treated patients, 78.4% (n=105) were completely
      free of complications. A detailed complication correlation matrix is given in the
      text. Besides screw loosening and malocclusion, no statistically significant
      difference was observed between the groups. The results of this study suggest
      that treatment with single miniplate fixation and MMF has a low incidence rate of
      complications, and this method of treatment is considered to be simple. 

PMID- 26987695
TI  - Effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma as an adjunctive material to bone graft: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.
AB  - The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has become a strategic therapy in tissue
      regeneration medicine. PRP represents a good source of growth factors. Due to
      this property, it has been considered a reliable adjunctive material in bone
      augmentation procedures, such as the sinus lift technique. The aim of this review
      was to assess the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of PRP as an
      adjunctive material in the sinus floor elevation technique. The following
      databases were searched for relevant published studies: Medline, Cochrane Central
      Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL,
      Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge, and SCOPUS. Only randomized controlled
      clinical trials comparing a group receiving PRP as an adjunctive material to a
      control group without PRP, involving adult human subjects (age >18 years) with no
      systemic disease, were included. Of the studies identified, only one reported a
      significant difference in bone augmentation in favour of the adjunctive use of
      PRP, while four studies did not find any significant difference. None of the
      studies included reported a significant difference in the implant survival rate.
      Further randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify the effectiveness of
      adjunctive PRP. 

PMID- 26987696
TI  - Virtues and humanitarian ethics.
AB  - This paper analyses the contribution of virtue ethics, the study of good
      character traits, to the humanitarian context. It argues that a virtue ethics
      perspective paints a realistic picture of the use of ethical standards in morally
      complex circumstances. Virtuous relief workers can employ standards in their
      thinking, but they are also committed to professional excellence that goes beyond
      any formal code. The concept of virtue ethics places a stress on moral
      development, which can be facilitated by role models that impart modest and
      feasible ideals. However, virtue ethics cannot provide simple guidelines on how
      to resolve difficult situations. It is possible that two virtuous persons can
      disagree on what should be done in a particular instance. In addition, a virtue
      ethics perspective emphasises the need for both individuals and organisations to
      discuss the actual purpose of relief work in order to pinpoint the virtues of a
      good relief professional.

PMID- 26987698
TI  - Analysis on the Radiation Property of the Bounded Modes of Periodic Leaky-Wave
      Structure with Finite-Length Using a Hybrid Method.
AB  - In this paper the radiation property of the one-dimensional periodic leaky-wave
      structure is analysed using a new hybrid method, which involves the mode
      expansion method for expanding the periodic aperture field in terms of spatial
      harmonics and the method of effective radiation sections for transforming the
      expanded fields into far fields. Using this method, the radiation of each spatial
      harmonic can be achieved, and the contributions of the harmonics (especially the
      bounded modes) to the total radiation of the periodic leaky-wave structure can be
      calculated. The main findings in this paper demonstrate that the bounded modes in
      a finite length structure have obvious contribution to the far-field radiation,
      which was considered to be non-radiative and always ignored in the conventional
      researches. 

PMID- 26987697
TI  - Genome-wide Long Non-coding RNA Analysis Identified Circulating LncRNAs as Novel
      Non-invasive Diagnostic Biomarkers for Gynecological Disease.
AB  - Increasing evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important
      roles in human diseases. This study aimed to investigate the tissue and serum
      lncRNAs that are differentially expressed between patients with endometriosis, a
      gynecological disease, to evaluate the potential of these lncRNAs as non-invasive
      markers for the disease. The differentially expressed lncRNAs as competing
      endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) were also analyzed to predict their functions in disease
      development. Genome-wide profiling of lncRNA expression patterns revealed that
      many lncRNAs were abnormally expressed between sera and tissuesof the patient
      samples. A set of aberrant differentially expressed lncRNAs were further
      validated in a validation cohort of 110 serum and 24 tissue samples. Functional
      analysis predicted that differentially expressed lncRNAs may participate in
      disease development through crosstalk between the ceRNAs of miRNAs and may be
      involved in a range of cellular pathways including steroid or hormone responses.
      We also found a unique set of lncRNAs that were associated with disease severity
      and progression, and their diagnostic values were also investigated. Our study
      demonstrated that lncRNAs could potentially serve as non-invasive biomarkers for
      the diagnosis of endometriosis and as important regulators in the progression of
      this disease. 

PMID- 26987699
TI  - Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.

PMID- 26987700
TI  - Fighting dementia in Europe: the time to act is now.

PMID- 26987702
TI  - Anti-Mitotic Spindle Apparatus Antoantibodies: Prevalence and Disease Association
      in Chinese Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mitotic spindle apparatus (MSA) antibodies are rare findings with
      undefined clinical significance in clinical research. We aimed at investigating
      the prevalence and clinical significance of anti-MSA antibodies in Chinese
      population. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2013, a total of 180,180 patients were
      studied for the presence of anti-MSA antibodies. The clinical details and
      laboratory data of anti-MSA-positive patients were retrospectively collected and
      analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 180,180 patients tested, 68,640 patients presented with
      positive antinuclear antibodies (ANAs, 38.10%), but only 32 patients with
      positive anti-MSA antibodies (0.018%). Diagnoses were established in 22 of 32
      patients: 16 connective tissue diseases (CTDs), mainly Sjogren syndrome (SS,
      5/16), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, 4/16), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE,
      3/16), and 6 nonautoimmune conditions. The most frequent clinical symptoms of the
      anti-MSA-positive patients were arthralgia and eyes and mouth drying.
      Additionally, 70% of anti-MSA antibodies were not associated with other ANAs,
      however, when associated, the most frequent ANA was anti-SSA. CONCLUSIONS: Anti
      MSA antibodies have a low prevalence and female gender predominance. Anti-MSA
      antibodies are primarily associated with CTDs, mainly SS, RA, and SLE. The
      presence of anti-MSA antibodies might be the unique serological markers of the
      CTDs, especially when anti-SSA, SSB, and dsDNA antibodies are negative, or the
      level of RF is low.

PMID- 26987701
TI  - Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European
      science and society.

PMID- 26987703
TI  - Double targeting and aptamer-assisted controlled release delivery of epirubicin
      to cancer cells by aptamers-based dendrimer in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Clinical use of epirubicin (Epi) in the treatment of cancer has been limited, due
      to its cardiotoxicity. Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents could
      increase their efficacy and reduce their off-target effects. High drug loading
      and excellent stability of DNA dendrimers make these DNA nanostructures unique
      candidates for biological applications. In this study a modified and promoted
      dendrimer using three kinds of aptamers (MUC1, AS1411 and ATP aptamers) was
      designed for targeted delivery of Epi and its efficacy was evaluated in target
      cells including MCF-7 cells (breast cancer cell) and C26 cells (murine colon
      carcinoma cell). Aptamers (Apts)-Dendrimer-Epi complex formation was analyzed by
      fluorometric analysis and gel retardation assay. Release profiles of Epi from the
      designed complex were assessed at pHs 5.4 and 7.4. For MTT assay (cytotoxic
      study) MCF-7 and C26 cells (target cells) and CHO cells (Chinese hamster ovary
      cell, nontarget) were treated with Epi, Apts-Dendrimer-Epi complex and Apts
      Dendrimer conjugate. Internalization was evaluated using flow cytometry analysis.
      Finally, the developed complex was used for inhibition of tumor growth in vivo.
      25MUM Epi was efficiently intercalated to 1MUM dendrimer. Epi was released from
      the Apts-Dendrimer-Epi complex in a pH-sensitive manner (more release at pH 5.5).
      The results of flow cytometry analysis indicated that the designed complex was
      efficiently internalized into target cells, but not into control cells. The
      internalization data were confirmed by the results of MTT assay. Apts-Dendrimer
      Epi complex had less cytotoxicity in CHO cells compared to Epi alone. The complex
      had more cytotoxicity in C26 and MCF-7 cells compared to Epi alone. Moreover, the
      Apts-Dendrimer-Epi complex could efficiently prohibit tumor growth in vivo. In
      conclusion, the designed targeted drug delivery system inherited characteristics
      of pH-dependent drug release, high drug loading and tumor targeting in vitro and
      in vivo. 

PMID- 26987704
TI  - Editorial overview: Neurobiology of cognitive behavior: Complexity of neural
      computation and cognition.

PMID- 26987705
TI  - A 'time and motion' evaluation of automated dispensing machines in the emergency
      department.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been limited assessment of the impact that automated
      medication dispensing machines have on the medication administration process,
      particularly in Australian emergency departments. The aim of this study is to
      examine the change in medication retrieval times, number of medications retrieved
      and staff perceptions before and after the installation of automated dispensing
      machines in an Australian emergency and trauma centre. METHODS: A time and motion
      method recorded the time taken and number of medications retrieved from the
      medication room by emergency department staff, before and after the installation
      of two automated dispensing machines. Surveys were administered to staff members
      to elicit the perceived impact on clinical practice, utilising 5-point Likert
      scales. RESULTS: A total of 954 medication retrievals (1030 medications) were
      recorded in the pre-implementation period and 842 (991 medications) in the post
      implementation period. The mean time taken to retrieve any medication was
      significantly longer in the post-implementation period (+5.7s; p<0.01). For
      schedules 2, 3, 4 or unscheduled medications, the mean time increased by 26.9s
      (p<0.01), but decreased by 36.1s (p<0.01) for schedule 8 or 11 medications. The
      mean number of medications per retrieval increased slightly in the post
      implementation period (+0.10; p<0.01). Staff perceptions were that automated
      dispensing machines improve knowledge of medications on imprest (p=0.03) and
      reduced medication retrieval time (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that
      the medication retrieval process was slower with automated dispensing machines
      for Schedules 2, 3, 4 and unscheduled medications, but quicker for Schedule 8 and
      11 medications in an Australian emergency and trauma centre. Although retrieving
      medications took slightly longer overall, staff believed automated dispensing
      machines save time.

PMID- 26987706
TI  - Liposarcoma masquerading as an inflammatory pseudotumor: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Distinguishing an atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated
      liposarcoma from a benign lipomatous tumor on morphology alone can be difficult
      and there is an established role for MDM2 fluorescent in situ hybridization
      studies in making this differential diagnosis. There is no literature on the role
      for MDM2 fluorescent in situ hybridization studies in distinguishing between a
      well-differentiated liposarcoma with extreme fibrosis and a fibrosing
      inflammatory pseudotumor. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 76-year-old
      Australian woman initially diagnosed by an excision biopsy with a retroperitoneal
      fibrosing inflammatory pseudotumor. She was then diagnosed 5 years later with a
      pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma. Upon review of the original resection
      specimen, we were able to show that the tumor demonstrated MDM2 amplification.
      MDM2 amplification was also present in some adjacent bland adipose tissue, and
      also in the tumor recurrence as a pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma.
      CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings provide strong evidence that the
      original tumor was a misdiagnosed well-differentiated liposarcoma with extreme
      fibrosis, and the pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma represented a recurrence
      of the same tumor with dedifferentiation.

PMID- 26987708
TI  - (Why) Does Evolution Favour Embryogenesis?
AB  - Complex multicellular organisms typically possess life cycles in which zygotes
      (formed by gamete fusion) and meiosis occur. Canonical animal embryogenesis
      describes development from zygote to birth. It involves polarisation of the
      egg/zygote, asymmetric cell divisions, establishment of axes, symmetry breaking,
      formation of organs, and parental nutrition (at least in early stages). Similar
      developmental patterns have independently evolved in other eukaryotic lineages,
      including land plants and brown algae. The question arises whether embryo-like
      structures and associated developmental processes recurrently emerge because they
      are local optima of the evolutionary landscape. To understand which evolutionary
      principles govern complex multicellularity, we need to analyse why and how
      similar processes evolve convergently - von Baer's and Haeckel's phylotypic stage
      revisited in other phyla.

PMID- 26987707
TI  - Lack of association between polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-12, IL-12R, IL-23,
      IL-23R genes and Takayasu arteritis in a Chinese population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between
      polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-12, IL-12R, IL-23, and IL-23R genes and
      Takayasu arteritis (TA) in a Chinese population. METHODS: A case-control study
      was performed to investigate the associations of 19 single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping to IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2 and IL23R with
      susceptibility to TA in 145 Chinese TA patients and 300 healthy controls.
      Genotype identification was performed with the MassARRAY system from Sequenom.
      The statistical analysis was conducted by Chi square test and unconditional
      logistic regression with plink. RESULTS: No significant differences were found
      for the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of these SNPs between TA
      patients and healthy controls. However, a trend for IL12A rs582054 and IL23R
      rs1004819 in association with the TA phenotype was detected. TA patients carrying
      the rs582054/rs568408 haplotype (P' = 0.019) appeared less likely to progress to
      a more severe form of disease. And the C allele (P' = 0.082) of IL23R rs1004819
      appeared to be a protective factor to refractory disease. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings suggest that the polymorphisms of IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2 and
      IL23R might make no contribution to the susceptibility of TA in the Chinese
      population.

PMID- 26987709
TI  - Pediatric surgery - a changing field: national trends in pediatric surgical
      practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the last decade, our institution has experienced a relative
      increase in the number of mundane cases, such as appendectomy and incision and
      drainage of abscess, versus index (complex) cases. We sought to determine if this
      trend is present at the national level. METHODS: A retrospective review of
      surgical case volume at 36 freestanding children's hospitals was performed
      between January 2004 and December 2013 using the Pediatric Health Information
      System (PHIS) database. Procedures were classified as "mundane" or "index", and
      10 procedures of each type were selected for analysis. Results were reported as a
      percentage of total cases. Statistical analysis of linear trends was performed
      with the Mann-Kendall test. RESULTS: Overall, index procedures had a significant
      downward trend (p<0.01), whereas mundane procedures had a significant upward
      trend (p<0.01). Individually, 5 mundane procedures had significant upward trends,
      and 3 had downward trends. Five index procedures had significant downward trends,
      and none had an upward trend. CONCLUSION: The field of pediatric surgery is
      undergoing change with mundane procedures constituting an increasing proportion
      of the surgical caseload, while complex procedures are proportionately
      decreasing. These trends may be useful to inform decisions regarding future
      pediatric surgery workforce planning.

PMID- 26987710
TI  - Prepubertal testicular tumors: a single-center experience of 44years.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present the clinical and histological features of prepubertal
      testicular tumors (PTTs), the long-term experience of a single institution was
      reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 62 prepubertal children who were
      treated for testicular tumors at Kanagawa Children's Medical Center from 1971 to
      2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Histopathological findings, age at operation,
      clinical stage, and outcomes were analyzed. Clinical findings between the two
      eras, 1971-1990 and 1991-2014, were also compared. RESULT: The median age at
      operation was 17months. Pathology revealed 29 teratomas (47%), 26 yolk sac tumors
      (42%), 5 epidermoid cysts (8%), 1 Sertoli cell tumor (1.5%), and 1 benign cyst
      (1.5%). Teratoma was the most common tumor in this series, and children with
      immature teratomas were operated at a significantly younger age than those with
      mature teratomas. Yolk sac tumor was the second most common. The clinical stages
      of yolk sac tumors were stage I in 23 (89%) and stage II in 3 (11%). Clinical
      findings were not significantly different between the early and late eras.
      CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest single-center
      study of PTTs in Japan. The most common PTT in this study was teratoma, followed
      by yolk sac tumor. There was no significant difference in the histological
      distribution of PTTs between the two eras. Compared with the current data of
      single-center series in North America, the incidence of yolk sac tumor was
      markedly higher in the present study. This discrepancy is possibly explained by
      racial differences.

PMID- 26987711
TI  - An evaluation of the role of concomitant anomalies on the outcomes of fetuses
      with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of various types of
      associated anomalies on CDH mortality and morbidity. METHODS: All CDH patients at
      a tertiary care center from January 2004 to January 2014 were reviewed
      retrospectively. Isolated CDH was defined as CDH without any associated
      anomalies. Cardiac anomalies were stratified into minor and major based on the
      Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1) scoring system. Other
      anatomic anomalies requiring intervention in the perinatal period were classified
      as major anomalies. The outcomes of interest were 6-month mortality as well as
      pulmonary and gastrointestinal morbidity. RESULTS: Of 189 CDH patients, 93 (49%)
      had isolated CDH. Others had: cardiac anomalies alone (n=47, 25%), genetic
      anomalies (n=28, 15%), structural anomalies alone (n=18, 10%), and both cardiac
      and genetic anomalies (n=20, 11%). Fifty (26.5%) patients were dead before six
      months of age. Mortality rate at 6months was higher in patients with genetic and
      major cardiac anomalies. A major cardiac anomaly was independently associated
      with a 102-fold increased risk of mortality at 6months (95%CI: 3.1-3402).
      Pulmonary morbidity was increased in patients with genetic, major cardiac, and
      major structural anomalies, while gastrointestinal morbidity was higher in
      patients with major structural anomalies alone. CONCLUSION: Major cardiac and
      genetic anomalies were associated with increased 6-month mortality in CDH
      patients. However, the association with minor cardiac anomalies and/or structural
      anomalies did not affect mortality and morbidity of CDH patients. The presence of
      minor anomalies should not adversely impact their perinatal management or
      consideration for in-utero therapy.

PMID- 26987712
TI  - Biological insertion of computationally designed short transmembrane segments.
AB  - The great majority of helical membrane proteins are inserted co-translationally
      into the ER membrane through a continuous ribosome-translocon channel. The
      efficiency of membrane insertion depends on transmembrane (TM) helix amino acid
      composition, the helix length and the position of the amino acids within the
      helix. In this work, we conducted a computational analysis of the composition and
      location of amino acids in transmembrane helices found in membrane proteins of
      known structure to obtain an extensive set of designed polypeptide segments with
      naturally occurring amino acid distributions. Then, using an in vitro translation
      system in the presence of biological membranes, we experimentally validated our
      predictions by analyzing its membrane integration capacity. Coupled with known
      strategies to control membrane protein topology, these findings may pave the way
      to de novo membrane protein design. 

PMID- 26987713
TI  - Humidifier disinfectants, unfinished stories.
AB  - Once released into the air, humidifier disinfectants became tiny nano-size
      particles, and resulted in chemical bronchoalveolitis. Families had lost their
      most beloved members, and even some of them became broken. Based on an estimate
      of two million potential victims who had experienced adverse effects from the use
      of humidifier disinfectants, we can say that what we have observed was only the
      tip of the iceberg. Problems of entire airways, as well as other systemic
      effects, should be examined, as we know these nano-size particles can irritate
      cell membranes and migrate into systemic circulation. The story of humidifier
      disinfectant is not finished yet. 

PMID- 26987714
TI  - Palbociclib: an approval at last for HER2-negative breast cancer.

PMID- 26987715
TI  - Upregulated expression of Nogo-A and NgR in an experimental model of focal
      microgyria regulates the migration, proliferation and self-renewal of
      subventricular zone neural progenitors.
AB  - Nogo-A and its receptor (NgR) were first described as myelin-associated
      inhibitors of neuronal regeneration in response to injury. In recent years,
      knowledge about the important role of the Nogo-A protein in several neuronal
      pathologies has grown considerably. Here, we employed a neonatal cortex freeze
      lesion (NFL) model in neonatal rats and measured the expression of Nogo-A and NgR
      in the resulting cerebrocortical microdysgenesis 5-75 days after freezing injury.
      We observed marked upregulation of Nogo-A and NgR in protein levels. Furthermore,
      the migration of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from the subventricular
      zone (SVZ) toward the sits of injury was perturbed by treatment of NgR antagonist
      peptide NEP1-40. In vitro analysis showed that the knockdown of NgR by lentivirus
      delivered siRNA promoted in axonal regeneration and SVZ-derived neural stem
      cell/progenitor cell (SVZ-NPCs) adhesion and migration, findings which were
      similar to the effects of NEP1-40. Taken together, our results indicate an
      important role for NgR in regulating the physiological processes of SVZ-NPCs. The
      observation of upregulated Nogo-A/NgR in lesion sites in the NFL model suggest
      that the effects of the perturbed Nogo-A are a key feature during the development
      and/or the progression of cortical malformation. 

PMID- 26987717
TI  - A crucial role of Cys218 in configuring an unprecedented auto-inhibition form of
      MAP2K7.
AB  - Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MAP2K7) is an indispensable kinase of
      the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signal cascade and is rigorously regulated via
      phosphorylation. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of the inactive non
      phosphorylated state of MAP2K7, the crystal structures of the wild-type and C218S
      mutant were solved. The wild-type apo-structure revealed an unprecedented auto
      inhibition form that occluded the ATP site. This closed form was configured by
      the n-sigma* interaction of Cys218, a non-conserved residue among the MAP2K
      family kinases, with Gly145 in the glycine-rich loop. The interaction was
      unaltered in the presence of an ATP analog, whereas the C218S mutation precluded
      the closed configuration. These structural insights are potentially valuable for
      drug discovery of highly selective MAP2K7 inhibitors. 

PMID- 26987716
TI  - Expression of the Nrf2 and Keap1 proteins and their clinical significance in
      osteosarcoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of nuclear
      factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein
      1 (Keap1) in osteosarcoma tissue. METHODS: The data of 102 osteosarcoma patients
      who underwent surgical treatment at our hospital from June 2000 to March 2009
      were collected. The expression levels of the Nrf2 and Keap1 proteins in
      osteosarcoma tissue and normal peritumour tissues were detected by
      immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between the expression level and the
      clinical and pathological features as well as the prognosis was explored.
      RESULTS: The nuclear expression rate of Nrf2 was 77.5% in osteosarcoma tissue,
      which was significantly higher than the rate in normal peritumour bone tissue
      (9.8%) (P < 0.05). The expression rate of the Keap1 protein in osteosarcoma
      tissue was 13.7%, which was significantly lower than the rate in normal
      peritumour tissue (80.4%). In addition, Nrf2/Keap1 expression was unrelated to
      patient gender and age, tumour site, and histological type and was related to
      metastasis and patient response to chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The five-year
      survival rate was significantly lower in patients with positive Nrf2 expression
      than in those with negative Nrf2 expression (p = 0.023), and it was significantly
      higher in patients with positive Keap1 expression than in those with negative
      Keap1 expression (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: The expression of Nrf2-Keap1 is
      abnormal in osteosarcoma tissue and shows significant clinical relevance for
      determining the prognosis of osteosarcoma.

PMID- 26987719
TI  - Hierarchical spike clustering analysis for investigation of interneuron
      heterogeneity.
AB  - Action potentials represent the output of a neuron. Especially interneurons
      display a variety of discharge patterns ranging from regular action potential
      firing to prominent spike clustering or stuttering. The mechanisms underlying
      this heterogeneity remain incompletely understood. We established hierarchical
      cluster analysis of spike trains as a measure of spike clustering. A clustering
      index was calculated from action potential trains recorded in the whole-cell
      patch clamp configuration from hippocampal (CA1, stratum radiatum) and entorhinal
      (medial entorhinal cortex, layer 2) interneurons in acute slices and simulated
      data. Prominent, region-dependent, but also variable spike clustering was
      detected using this measure. Further analysis revealed a strong positive
      correlation between spike clustering and membrane potentials oscillations but an
      inverse correlation with neuronal resonance. Furthermore, clustering was more
      pronounced when the balance between fast-activating K(+) currents, assessed by
      the spike repolarisation time, and hyperpolarization-activated currents, gauged
      by the size of the sag potential, was shifted in favour of fast K(+) currents.
      Simulations of spike clustering confirmed that variable ratios of fast K(+) and
      hyperpolarization-activated currents could underlie different degrees of spike
      clustering and could thus be crucial for temporally structuring interneuron spike
      output. 

PMID- 26987718
TI  - Mitochondrial energy-dissipation pathway and cellular redox disruption
      compromises Arabidopsis resistance to turnip crinkle virus infection.
AB  - Members of the plant mitochondrial energy-dissipation pathway (MEDP) coordinate
      cellular energy metabolism, redox homeostasis and the balance of ROS production.
      However, the roles of MEDP members, particularly uncoupling protein (UCP), in
      resistance to turnip crinkle virus infection (TCV) are poorly understood. Here,
      we showed that disrupting some MEDP genes compromises plant resistance to TCV
      viral infection and this is partly associated with damaged photosynthetic
      characteristics, altered cellular redox and increased ROS production. Experiments
      using mutant plants with impaired cellular compartment redox poising further
      demonstrated that impaired chloroplast/mitochondria and cystosol redox increases
      the susceptibility of plants to viral infection. Our results illustrate a
      mechanism by which MEDP and cellular compartment redox act in concert to regulate
      plant resistance to viral infections. 

PMID- 26987720
TI  - The dissociable neural dynamics of cognitive conflict and emotional conflict
      control: An ERP study.
AB  - This study investigated differences in the neural time-course of cognitive
      conflict and emotional conflict control, using event-related potentials (ERPs).
      Although imaging studies have provided some evidence that distinct, dissociable
      neural systems underlie emotional and nonemotional conflict resolution, no ERP
      study has directly compared these two types of conflict. Therefore, the present
      study used a modified face-word Stroop task to explore the electrophysiological
      correlates of cognitive and emotional conflict control. The behavioral data
      showed that the difference in response time of congruency (incongruent condition
      minus the congruent condition) was larger in the cognitive conflict task than in
      the emotional conflict task, which indicated that cognitive conflict was stronger
      than the emotional conflict in the present tasks. Analysis of the ERP data
      revealed a main effect of task type on N2, which may be associated with top-down
      attention. The N450 results showed an interaction between cognitive and emotional
      conflict, which might be related to conflict detection. In addition, we found the
      incongruent condition elicited a larger SP than the congruent condition, which
      might be related to conflict resolution. 

PMID- 26987721
TI  - Duloxetine and 8-OH-DPAT, but not fluoxetine, reduce depression-like behaviour in
      an animal model of chronic neuropathic pain.
AB  - The current study assessed whether antidepressant and/or antinociceptive drugs,
      duloxetine, fluoxetine as well as (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propylamino] tetralin
      (8-OH-DPAT), are able to reverse depression-like behaviour in animals with
      chronic neuropathic pain. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve
      in rats was selected as neuropathic pain model. Mechanical hypersensitivity and
      depression-like behaviour were evaluated 4 weeks after surgery by "electronic
      algometer" and forced swimming test (FST), which measured the time of immobility,
      and active behaviours climbing and swimming. The selective noradrenergic and
      serotonergic uptake blocker duloxetine (20mg/kg) and the selective 5-HT1A agonist
      8-OH-DPAT (0.5mg/kg) significantly reversed both mechanical hypersensitivity and
      depression-like behaviour in CCI animals. Duloxetine significantly reversed
      depression-like behaviour in CCI rats by increasing the time of climbing and
      swimming, while 8-OH-DPAT attenuated depression-like behaviour mainly by
      increasing the time of swimming. However, the selective serotonergic uptake
      blocker fluoxetine (20mg/kg) failed to attenuate mechanical hypersensitivity and
      depression-like behaviour, possibly due to confounding pro-nociceptive actions at
      5-HT3 receptors. These data suggest to target noradrenergic and 5-HT1A receptors
      for treatment of chronic pain and its comorbidity depression. 

PMID- 26987722
TI  - Effects of stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in medial septum on
      some immune responses in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Though the immunomodulatory role of medial septum (MS) has been
      indicated, but the contribution of the muscarinic acetylcholine (mAch) receptors
      presented in the internal network of the neurons of MS in this regard is not
      known. The aim of the present study is to assess the contribution of mAch
      receptors of MS on some immunological parameters. METHODS: Different
      immunological parameters i.e. phagocytic activity of peripheral leukocytes,
      adhesibility and cytotoxicity of splenic mononuclear cells (MNC), delayed type of
      hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, Total Count (TC) and Differential Count (DC) of
      WBC with serum corticosterone (CORT) concentration have been measured after
      stimulation and blocking of mAch receptors of MS in rats. Ach or atropine has
      been micro infused into MS of separate groups of rats for stimulating or blocking
      of the mAch receptors respectively. RESULTS: In Ach or atropine microinfused
      rats, the TC of WBC remained unaltered in the present study. The percentage of
      neutrophil has increased and the percentage of lymphocyte has decreased in Ach
      microinfused rats, but these parameters remain unaltered in atropine microinfused
      rats. The observed immunological parameters have increased after microinfusion of
      0.60MUM and 0.12MUM of Ach and serum CORT concentration has decreased in those
      animals. These immunological parameters have decreased and serum CORT has
      increased after microinfusion of atropine (2 and 4mM) in MS of rats. CONCLUSION:
      It appears that the Ach receptors in MS can modulate the observed immunological
      parameters, and serum CORT plays an important role for these immune changes.

PMID- 26987723
TI  - Acute tryptophan depletion and Lewy body dementias.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies using acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) to examine the effects
      of a rapid reduction in serotonin function have shown a reduction in global
      cognitive status during ATD in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease
      (PD). Based on the severe cholinergic loss evident in dementia with Lewy bodies
      (DLB) and Parkinson's disease and dementia (PDD), we predicted that a reduction
      of global cognitive status during ATD would be greater in these conditions than
      in AD. METHODS: Patients having DLB or PDD underwent ATD in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. RESULTS: While
      the study intended to test 20 patients, the protocol was poorly tolerated and
      terminated after six patients attempted, but only four patients - three with DLB
      and one with PDD - completed the protocol. The Modified Mini-Mental State
      Examination (3MSE) score was reduced in all three DLB patients and unchanged in
      the PDD and dementia patient during ATD compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: This
      reduction in global cognitive function and the poor tolerability may fit with the
      hypothesis that people with dementia with Lewy bodies have sensitivity to the
      effects of reduced serotonin function.

PMID- 26987724
TI  - How to use immunoglobulin levels in investigating immune deficiencies.
AB  - Children are often referred to immunologists for the evaluation of reduced serum
      immunoglobulins. Knowledge of the immunoglobulin levels in healthy children of
      different ages is necessary when estimating immunological deficiency states of
      various kinds. After the measurement of the serum levels of the three major
      isotypes, examination of the capacity of the child to form antibodies to several
      antigens is a reasonable next step in the evaluation. We can rely on vaccine
      responses to make the distinction between significant primary immunodeficiency
      diseases and transiently low immunoglobulin levels. On the other hand, normal
      values of IgM, IgG and IgA are not always enough to exclude a more serious
      condition. Regardless of immunoglobulin concentrations, if a child's history
      indicates that further evaluation is warranted, a complete humoral immunity study
      should be carried out, including IgG subclasses, specific antibody responses and
      identification of B lymphocyte populations. 

PMID- 26987726
TI  - Classic Spotlight: the Physiological State of Competence and So Much More.

PMID- 26987725
TI  - Comparative studies on testicular and epididymal morphology, and serum hormone
      concentrations in foxes and the hybrids during the breeding season.
AB  - The silver fox and the blue fox belong to different genera, and the hybrid males
      are fully or partially sterile. In the present study, the objective was to
      evaluate the causes of hybrid male sterility, and therefore analyze the
      differences in testicular, and epididymal morphology and serum hormone
      concentrations among silver foxes, blue foxes, and the hybrids during the
      breeding season. Samples were collected from 20 male silver foxes, 20 male blue
      foxes, 15 male HSBs (silver fox female * blue fox male hybrids) and 14 male HBSs
      (blue fox male * silver fox female hybrids), respectively. Seminal evaluation
      showed large numbers of sperm present in the semen of blue foxes and silver
      foxes, but no sperm present in the hybrids. Mean testicular volume and the
      diameter of seminiferous tubules in silver foxes and blue foxes were greater than
      in the hybrids; and there were many Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells, and sperm
      in silver foxes and blue foxes, while spermatogenic cells decreased with no sperm
      in the hybrids. Mean serum LH and prolactin concentrations in silver foxes and
      blue foxes were less and testosterone was greater than in the hybrids (P<0.05).
      The results indicate that germ cell meioses in the hybrids were arrested at the
      prophase stage of meiosis, and that lesser concentrations of testosterone and
      greater concentrations of LH and prolactin can inhibit the completion of
      spermatogenesis.

PMID- 26987727
TI  - Classic Spotlight: Bacteria versus Phage-the Battle Rages!

PMID- 26987731
TI  - Comparison of module detection algorithms in protein networks and investigation
      of the biological meaning of predicted modules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is generally acknowledged that a functional understanding of a
      biological system can only be obtained by an understanding of the collective of
      molecular interactions in form of biological networks. Protein networks are one
      particular network type of special importance, because proteins form the
      functional base units of every biological cell. On a mesoscopic level of protein
      networks, modules are of significant importance because these building blocks may
      be the next elementary functional level above individual proteins allowing to
      gain insight into fundamental organizational principles of biological cells.
      RESULTS: In this paper, we provide a comparative analysis of five popular and
      four novel module detection algorithms. We study these module prediction methods
      for simulated benchmark networks as well as 10 biological protein interaction
      networks (PINs). A particular focus of our analysis is placed on the biological
      meaning of the predicted modules by utilizing the Gene Ontology (GO) database as
      gold standard for the definition of biological processes. Furthermore, we
      investigate the robustness of the results by perturbing the PINs simulating in
      this way our incomplete knowledge of protein networks. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our
      study reveals that there is a large heterogeneity among the different module
      prediction algorithms if one zooms-in the biological level of biological
      processes in the form of GO terms and all methods are severely affected by a
      slight perturbation of the networks. However, we also find pathways that are
      enriched in multiple modules, which could provide important information about the
      hierarchical organization of the system.

PMID- 26987730
TI  - RUDI, a short interspersed element of the V-SINE superfamily widespread in
      molluscan genomes.
AB  - Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are non-autonomous retrotransposons that are
      widespread in eukaryotic genomes. They exhibit a chimeric sequence structure
      consisting of a small RNA-related head, an anonymous body and an AT-rich tail.
      Although their turnover and de novo emergence is rapid, some SINE elements found
      in distantly related species retain similarity in certain core segments (or
      highly conserved domains, HCD). We have characterized a new SINE element named
      RUDI in the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and R. philippinarum and found
      this element to be widely distributed in the genomes of a number of mollusc
      species. An unexpected structural feature of RUDI is the HCD domain type V, which
      was first found in non-amniote vertebrate SINEs and in the SINE from one
      cnidarian species. In addition to the V domain, the overall sequence conservation
      pattern of RUDI elements resembles that found in ancient AmnSINE (~310 Myr old)
      and Au SINE (~320 Myr old) families, suggesting that RUDI might be among the most
      ancient SINE families. Sequence conservation suggests a monophyletic origin of
      RUDI. Nucleotide variability and phylogenetic analyses suggest long-term vertical
      inheritance combined with at least one horizontal transfer event as the most
      parsimonious explanation for the observed taxonomic distribution. 

PMID- 26987732
TI  - Spatio-temporal dynamics of a cell signal pathway with negative feedbacks: the
      MAPK/ERK pathway.
AB  - We studied the spatio-temporal dynamics of a cell signal cascade with negative
      feedback that quantitatively emulates the regulative process that occurs in the
      Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Regulated Kinase (MAPK/ERK)
      pathway. The model consists of a set of six coupled reaction-diffusion equations
      that describes the dynamics of the six-module pathway. In the basic module the
      active form of the protein transmits the signal to the next pathway's module. As
      suggested by experiments, the model considers that the fifth module's kinase down
      regulates the first and third modules. The feedback parameter is defined as,
      MU(r)( j)= k(kin)5/k(kin)(j), (j = 1, 3). We analysed the pathway's dynamics for
      MU(r)( j) = 0.10, 1.0, and 10 in the kinetic regimes: i) saturation of both
      kinases and phosphatases, ii) saturation of the phosphatases and iii) saturation
      of the kinases. For a regulated pathway the Total Activated Protein Profiles
      (TAPPs) as a function of time develop a maximum during the transient stage in the
      three kinetic regimes. These maxima become higher and their positions shift to
      longer times downstream. This scenario also applies to the TAPP's regulatory
      kinase that sums up its inhibitory action to that of the phosphatases leading to
      a maximum. Nevertheless, when MU(r)(j)= 1.0 , the TAPPs develop two maxima, with
      the second maximum being almost imperceptible. These results are in qualitative
      agreement with experimental data obtained from NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. In
      addition, analyses of the stationary states as a function of position indicate
      that in the kinetic regime i) which is of physiological interest, signal
      transduction occurs with a relatively large propagation length for the three
      values of the regulative parameter. However, for MU(r)(j)= 0.10 , the sixth
      module concentration profile is transmitted with approximately 45% of its full
      value. The results obtained for MU(r)(j) = 10 , indicate that the first five
      concentration profiles are small with a short propagation length; nonetheless,
      the last concentration profile, c6, attains more than 90% of its full value with
      a relatively large propagation length as an indication of signal transduction.
      Signal transduction also occurred favourably in the kinetic regimes ii) and iii),
      but the signal was longer-ranged in the regime ii).

PMID- 26987733
TI  - On the different sources of cooperativity in pH titrating sites of a membrane
      protein channel.
AB  - Cooperative interactions play a central role in the regulation of protein
      functions. Here we show that in multi-site systems like ion channels the
      application of the Hill formalism could require a combination of different
      experiments, even involving site-directed mutagenesis, to identify the different
      sources of cooperativity and to discriminate between genuine and apparent
      cooperativity. We discuss the implications for the channel function in the
      bacterial porins PorA (N. meningitidis) and OmpF (E. coli) and the viroporin SARS
      CoV E. 

PMID- 26987734
TI  - Pediatric thoracic CT angiography at 70 kV: a phantom study to investigate the
      effects on image quality and radiation dose.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that 70-kilovolt (kV) imaging enhances the
      contrast of iodine, potentially affording a reduction in radiation dose while
      maintaining the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). There is a maximum amount of image
      noise beyond which increased contrast does not improve structure visualization.
      Thus, noise should be constrained during protocol optimization. OBJECTIVE: This
      phantom study investigated the effect of 70-kV imaging for pediatric thoracic CT
      angiography on image quality and radiation dose in a pediatric population when a
      noise constraint was considered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured contrast and
      noise using anthropomorphic thoracic phantoms ranging in size from newborn age
      equivalent to 10-year-old age equivalent. We inserted contrast rods into the
      phantoms to simulate injected contrast material used in a CT angiography study.
      The image-quality metric "iodine CNR with a noise constraint" was used to
      determine the relative dose factor for each phantom size, kV setting (70-140 kV)
      and noise constraint (1.00-1.20). A noise constraint of 1.20 indicates that noise
      should not increase by more than 20% of the noise level in images performed at
      the reference kV, selected to be 80 kV in this study. The relative dose factor
      can be applied to the original dose obtained at 80 kV in order to maintain iodine
      CNR with the noise constraint. A relative dose factor <1.0 indicates potential
      for dose reduction while a relative dose factor >1.0 indicates a dose penalty.
      RESULTS: Iodine contrast was highest for 70 kV and decreased with higher kV
      settings for all phantom sizes. The relative dose factor at 70 kV was <1.0 for
      all noise constraint >1.0, indicating potential for dose reduction, for the
      newborn, 1-year-old and 5-year-old age-equivalent phantom sizes. For the 10-year
      old age-equivalent phantom, relative dose factor at 70 kV=1.22, 1.11, 1.01, 0.92
      and 0.83 for noise constraint=1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, respectively,
      indicating a dose penalty for noise constraint <=1.10 and potential for dose
      reduction for noise constraint >1.10. CONCLUSION: Using 70 kV does allow for
      radiation dose reduction if the radiologist is willing to accept a higher level
      of image noise as a trade-off for increased vessel contrast. This increase in
      noise is small (<5%) for the nominal newborn, 1- and 5-year-old but is >10% for
      the 10-year-old. Therefore, we recommend limiting 70 kV thoracic CT angiography
      to newborn through 5-year-old patients.

PMID- 26987735
TI  - Decomposition and humification of dissolved organic matter in swine manure during
      housefly larvae composting.
AB  - Housefly larvae (Musca domestica) composting has been increasingly adopted as an
      efficient practice to achieve value-added swine manure bioconversion, but few
      researches have evaluated the features of compost maturity by examining the
      biochemical compositions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in compost. Here, we
      adopted spectrum fingerprint technologies to explore the related transformation
      mechanisms of DOM in compost by conducting field investigations in a full-scale
      housefly larvae composting farm. The 1-week composting with larvae significantly
      decreased DOM concentrations from 192.9 to 77.1 g kg(-1) The hydrolysis of
      proteins and lipids were enhanced during composting, as well as a build-up of
      aromatic substances, while contents of fulvic- and humic-like substances were
      augmented on Day 5 and Day 6 (ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 and 0.11 to 0.59 for Fmax,
      respectively). Compared with traditional composting without the aid of larvae,
      the stronger biodegradation of DOM and the subsequent formation of humus in
      compost, led to a higher level of aromaticity and humification under housefly
      larvae bioconversion, generating a more stable bio-product for downstream
      utilisation. 

PMID- 26987736
TI  - Copper and cobalt recovery from pyrite ashes of a sulphuric acid plant.
AB  - The pyrite ashes formed as waste material during the calcination of concentrated
      pyrite ore used for producing sulphuric acid not only has a high iron content but
      also contains economically valuable metals. These wastes, which are currently
      landfilled or dumped into the sea, cause serious land and environmental pollution
      problems owing to the release of acids and toxic substances. In this study,
      physical (sulphation roasting) and hydrometallurgical methods were evaluated for
      their efficacy to recover non-iron metals with a high content in the pyrite ashes
      and to prevent pollution thereby. The preliminary enrichment tests performed via
      sulphation roasting were conducted at different roasting temperatures and with
      different acid amounts. The leaching tests investigated the impact of the
      variables, including different solvents, acid concentrations and leach
      temperatures on the copper and cobalt leaching efficiency. The experimental
      studies indicated that the pre-enrichment via sulphation roasting method has an
      effect on the leaching efficiencies of copper and cobalt, and that approximate
      recoveries of 80% copper and 70% cobalt were achieved in the H2O2-added H2SO4
      leaching tests. 

PMID- 26987737
TI  - A pilot-scale steam autoclave system for treating municipal solid waste for
      recovery of renewable organic content: Operational results and energy usage.
AB  - A pilot-scale (1800 kg per batch capacity) autoclave used in this study reduces
      municipal solid waste to a debris contaminated pulp product that is efficiently
      separated into its renewable organic content and non-renewable organic content
      fractions using a rotary trommel screen. The renewable organic content can be
      recovered at nearly 90% efficiency and the trommel rejects are also much easier
      to sort for recovery. This study provides the evaluation of autoclave operation,
      including mass and energy balances for the purpose of integration into organic
      diversion systems. Several methods of cooking municipal solid waste were explored
      from indirect oil heating only, a combination of oil and direct steam during the
      same cooking cycle, and steam only. Gross energy requirements averaged 1290 kJ
      kg(-1) material in vessel, including the weight of free water and steam added
      during heating. On average, steam recovery can recoup 43% of the water added and
      30% of the energy, supplying on average 40% of steam requirements for the next
      cook. Steam recycle from one vessel to the next can reduce gross energy
      requirements to an average of 790 kJ kg(-1). 

PMID- 26987738
TI  - Learning crisis resource management: Practicing versus an observational role in
      simulation training - a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - AIM: Simulation training has been shown to be an effective way to teach crisis
      resource management (CRM) skills. Deliberate practice theory states that learners
      need to actively practice so that learning is effective. However, many residency
      programs have limited opportunities for learners to be "active" participants in
      simulation exercises. This study compares the effectiveness of learning CRM
      skills when being an active participant versus being an observer participant in
      simulation followed by a debriefing. METHODS: Participants were randomized to two
      groups: active or observer. Active participants managed a simulated crisis
      scenario (pre-test) while paired observer participants viewed the scenario via
      video transmission. Then, a trained instructor debriefed participants on CRM
      principles. On the same day, each participant individually managed another
      simulated crisis scenario (post-test) and completed a post-test questionnaire.
      Two independent, blinded raters evaluated all videos using the Ottawa Global
      Rating Scale (GRS). RESULTS: Thirty-nine residents were included in the analysis.
      Normally distributed data were analyzed using paired and unpaired t-tests. Inter
      rater reliability was 0.64. Active participants significantly improved from pre
      test to post-test (P=0.015). There was no significant difference between the post
      test performance of active participants compared to observer participants
      (P=0.12). CONCLUSION: We found that learning CRM principles was not superior when
      learners were active participants compared to being observers followed by
      debriefing. These findings challenge the deliberate practice theory claiming that
      learning requires active practice. Assigning residents as observers in simulation
      training and involving them in debriefing is still beneficial.

PMID- 26987739
TI  - Innate danger signals in acute injury: From bench to bedside.
AB  - The description of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) as a
      reaction to numerous insults marked a turning point in the understanding of acute
      critical states, which are intensive care basic cases. This concept highlighted
      the final inflammatory response features whichever the injury mechanism is:
      infectious, or non-infectious such as extensive burns, traumas, major surgery or
      acute pancreatitis. In these cases of severe non-infectious insult, many
      endogenous mediators are released. Like infectious agents components, they can
      activate the immune system (via common signaling pathways) and initiate an
      inflammatory response. They are danger signals or alarmins. These molecules
      generally play an intracellular physiological role and acquire new functions when
      released in extracellular space. Many progresses brought new information on these
      molecules and on their function in infectious and non-infectious inflammation.
      These danger signals can be used as biomarkers and provide new pathophysiological
      and therapeutic approaches, particularly for immune dysfunctions occurring after
      an acute injury. We present herein the danger model, the main danger signals and
      the clinical consequences. 

PMID- 26987740
TI  - Empyema management: A cohort study evaluating antimicrobial therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Empyemas require aggressive antimicrobial and surgical management.
      However, the specifics of antimicrobial therapy have not been studied in clinical
      trials. The present study examines management and outcomes among a cohort of
      patients with empyema cared for in a tertiary-care referral hospital over a
      decade. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients hospitalized with empyema
      from January 2000 through December 2010 at one institution. Patient demographics,
      laboratory findings, treatments, and patient outcomes were abstracted using a
      standard form. Data were summarized with standard descriptive statistics.
      RESULTS: A total of 91 patients were identified. The predominant organisms were
      viridans group streptococci, which were isolated in 64% of cases with cultures.
      The median length of hospitalization was 9 days. Length of antimicrobial therapy
      from time of source control was variable, with a median (interquartile range)
      duration of 27 (15-31) days. Of note, longer courses of parenteral, but not oral,
      therapy were associated with fewer cases of clinical failure. CONCLUSIONS: This
      descriptive analysis demonstrated a higher rate of viridans group streptococci
      than expected. Three weeks of therapy was generally adequate and prevented
      clinical failure, but further study is needed with a much larger cohort to better
      define the optimal drug regimen, route, and duration of antimicrobial therapy for
      empyema.

PMID- 26987741
TI  - Understanding the magnetic interaction between intrinsic defects and impurity
      ions in room-temperature ferromagnetic Mg1-xFexO thin films.
AB  - Understanding the nature and characteristics of the intrinsic defects and
      impurities in the dielectric barrier separating the ferromagnetic electrodes in a
      magnetic tunneling junction is of great importance for understanding the often
      observed 'barrier-breakdown' therein. In this connection, we present herein
      systematic experimental (SQUID and synchrotron-radiation-based x-ray absorption
      spectroscopy) and computational studies on the electronic and magnetic properties
      of Mg1-xFexO thin films. Our studies reveal: (i) defect aggregates comprised of
      basic and trimer units (Fe impurity coupled to 1 or 2 Mg vacancies) and (ii)
      existence of two competing magnetic orders, defect- and dopant-induced, with spin
      densities aligning anti-parallel if the trimer is present in the oxide matrix.
      These findings open up new avenues for designing tunneling barriers with high
      endurance and tunneling effect upon tuning the concentration/distribution of the
      two magnetic orders.

PMID- 26987742
TI  - Influence of alkoxy chain envelopes on the interfacial photoinduced processes in
      tetraarylporphyrin-sensitized solar cells.
AB  - The introduction of alkoxy chains in the molecular architecture of meso push-pull
      porphyrins is of paramount importance aiming at high performing dye-sensitized
      solar cells (DSSCs) based on these specific sensitizers. Recently, we have
      demonstrated that the same approach is fruitful even if it is applied to
      tetraarylporphyrins with an acceptor/anchoring substituent in the beta-pyrrolic
      position. In particular, among the ortho-ortho, the ortho-para and the ortho
      functionalization of the aryl rings with an octyloxy chain, we identified the
      latter as the most performing in the series, showing a good balance between the
      dye loading and the reduction of pi-pi aggregation. Herein, focusing our
      attention on the mono-ortho-functionalized molecular structure, we have
      investigated the effect of the alkoxy chain length and nature on the reduction of
      dye-to-dye aggregation as well as on the enhancement of light harvesting
      capabilities, finding an almost linear relationship between the device photon
      conversion efficiency (PCE) and the alkoxy chain length both in the presence and
      in the absence of a co-disaggregating agent. 

PMID- 26987743
TI  - Current Findings and Mechanisms of Action of Disulfiram in the Treatment of
      Alcohol Dependence.
AB  - As an alcohol-aversive agent, disulfiram occupies an exceptional position in the
      pharmacological relapse prevention of alcohol dependence. In contrast to anti
      craving drugs, disulfiram does not modulate neurobiological mechanisms of
      addiction, but rather works by producing an aversive reaction when combined with
      alcohol. Therapeutic and adverse effects are therefore closely related: On the
      one hand, the aversiveness of the disulfiram ethanol reaction has the potential
      to support abstinence in a subgroup of alcohol-dependent patients, while on the
      other hand it becomes a health threat if the patient fails to maintain complete
      abstinence. The exceptional position of disulfiram is also related to the role
      that expectations play in the mediation of therapeutic effects. These are not
      determined by the pharmacological effects or the actual occurrence of a
      disulfiram-ethanol reaction, but are attributable to patient awareness that the
      drug was consumed and the corresponding anticipation of an aversive reaction if
      combined with alcohol. This is in line with the findings of a recent meta
      analysis that only showed significant effects for disulfiram in open-label
      trials. The authors of the meta-analysis conclude that due to expectations
      induced in both the treatment and placebo groups, blinded studies are incapable
      of distinguishing a difference between groups. The mediation of therapeutic
      effects through expectation has a number of consequences for clinical practice
      and future research on disulfiram. 

PMID- 26987744
TI  - Self limiting atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on perovskite surfaces: a reality?
AB  - The feasibility of self-saturated atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on an
      organolead halide perovskite (MAPbI3-xClx) surface through a well known
      trimethylaluminium (TMA)-water (H2O) chemistry is studied. Though the sequential
      dosages of reactants form films on the perovskite surfaces, a self saturated
      growth is never observed. Self-saturation leads to the degradation of the
      material. Both experimental and density functional theory calculations are
      carried out for complete understanding of the growth mechanism of self-limiting
      Al2O3 on the perovskite surface. 

PMID- 26987746
TI  - Japanese regulation of biosimilar products: past experience and current
      challenges.
AB  - Seven biosimilar products have been approved in Japan since the March 2009
      publication of the 'Guideline for quality, safety and efficacy assurance of
      biosimilar products' by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW). Four
      years previously, the 'Guideline on similar biological medicinal products' was
      issued in the European Union (EU), and 13 products as of February 2016 have been
      approved as biosimilar. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the
      first biosimilar product in the US in March 2015 and final Guidance was issued at
      the end of April 2015. Over the past decade, the challenges regarding the
      development of biosimilar products have been discussed extensively. In this
      article, the data packages of biosimilar products in Japan are compared with
      those overseas in order to clarify the concepts used by the Japanese regulatory
      authority, i.e., the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). The
      challenges in the development of biosimilar products in Japan are also addressed.

PMID- 26987747
TI  - Stabilization of HIF-1alpha modulates VEGF and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus of
      rats following transient global ischemia induced by asphyxial cardiac arrest.
AB  - AIMS: Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) contributes to pathophysiological
      changes of homeostasis under conditions of oxygen deprivation as well as
      ischemia. In this study, we examined protein expression of subtype HIF-1alpha and
      its downstream product, namely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the
      rat hippocampus after transient global ischemia induced by asphyxial cardiac
      arrest (CA) followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We also examined the
      effects of stabilization of HIF-1alpha by systemic administration of
      dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and ML228 on expression of VEGF receptor subtype 2
      (VEGFR-2), Caspase-3 and NF-kB in the hippocampus. MAIN METHODS: Ninety-six adult
      Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The animals surviving from CPR were
      sacrificed 0, 3, 6 and 24h following CPR and the protein levels of HIF-1alpha and
      VEGF in the hippocampus were determined. VEGFR-2, Caspase-3 and NF-kB were also
      examined in control rats, and rats that survived for 24h after CPR and were given
      with DMOG/ML228. Moreover, neurological functions were estimated in control rats
      and rats with DMOG/ML228. KEY FINDINGS: Our results show that HIF-1alpha and VEGF
      were significantly increased in the hippocampus 3-24h after CA. Significant
      increases in VEGFR-2, Caspase-3 and NF-kappaB were observed in the hippocampus
      24h after CA (P<0.05 vs. control group). Nonetheless, DMOG and ML228
      significantly augmented VEGFR-2, attenuated Caspase-3 and neuronal apoptosis, and
      improved neurological Severity Score and tissue edema (P<0.05 vs. saline group),
      without affecting expression of NF-kappaB. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data revealed
      specific signaling pathways in alleviating CA-evoked global cerebral ischemia by
      elucidating that HIF-1alpha plays an important role in regulating expression of
      VEGFR-2 and Caspase-3 as well as improving neurological functions and neuronal
      edema. The subsequent induction of HIF-1alpha and its target signal pathways is
      likely a part of the intrinsic neuroprotective effects aimed at attenuating
      damage as a result of global cerebral ischemia. Thus, targeting one or more of
      these signaling molecules has clinical implications for treatment and management
      of CA-evoked global cerebral ischemia often observed in clinics.

PMID- 26987745
TI  - The Zn(II) nanocomplex: Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, DNA- and BSA
      binding, cell imaging, and cytotoxicity against the human carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - The focus of this article is preparation of a new kind of nanomaterial, the
      Zn(II) nanocomplex, to decrease growth of human carcinoma cell lines. The Zn(II)
      nanocomplex coordinated by phendione, [Zn(phendione)3](PF6)2 (where phendione is
      1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione), has been synthesized by sonochemical method and
      characterized by FT-IR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM). The interaction of the complex and nanocomplex with fish sperm
      DNA (FS-DNA) has been investigated under physiological conditions by a series of
      experimental methods (fluorescence titration, viscosity, cyclic voltammetry (CV),
      competitive DNA-binding studies with ethidium bromide, and SEM). Results have
      indicated that the complex binds to FS-DNA by two biding modes, viz.,
      electrostatic and partial insertion phendione between the base stacks of double
      stranded DNA. The quenching constants (Ksv), binding constants (Kbin), and number
      of binding sites (n) at different temperatures, as well as thermodynamic
      parameters (DeltaH(o), DeltaS(o) and DeltaG(o)) have been calculated for the BSA
      complex system. Protein binding studies show that the complex and nanocomplex
      could bind with BSA. Results of synchronous fluorescence of BSA show that
      addition of the complex affect the microenvironment of both tyrosine and
      tryptophan residues during the binding process. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the
      complex and nanocomplex against the human carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and A-549)
      was evaluated by MTT assay. Results indicate that the complex and nanocomplex
      have greater cytotoxicity activity against MCF-7 with IC50 values of 0.2 and 0.9
      mg/L, respectively. Results of the microscopic analyses of the cancer cells
      confirm results of cytotoxicity. 

PMID- 26987749
TI  - Chinese and Iranian Scientific Publications: Fast Growth and Poor Ethics.

PMID- 26987748
TI  - Increased xanthine oxidase-related ROS production and TRPV1 synthesis preceding
      DOMS post-eccentric exercise in rats.
AB  - AIMS: It is well-known that unaccustomed exercise, especially eccentric exercise,
      is associated to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Whether DOMS is associated
      with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid
      1 (TRPV1) is still an open question. Thus, the aim of this study was to
      investigate the association between TRPV1 and xanthine oxidase-related ROS
      production in muscle and DOMS after a bout of eccentric exercise. MAIN METHODS:
      Male Wistar rats performed a downhill running exercise on a treadmill at a -16
      degrees  tilt and a constant speed for 90min (5min/bout separated by 2min of
      rest). Mechanical allodynia and grip force tests were performed before and 1, 3,
      6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h after the downhill running. Biochemical assays probing
      oxidative stress, purine degradation, xanthine oxidase activity, Ca(2+) ATPase
      activity and TRPV1 protein content were performed in gastrocnemius muscle at 12,
      24, and 48h after the downhill running. KEY FINDINGS: Our statistical analysis
      showed an increase in mechanical allodynia and a loss of strength after the
      downhill running. Similarly, an increase in carbonyl, xanthine oxidase activity,
      uric acid levels and TRPV1 immunoreactivity were found 12h post-exercise. On the
      other hand, Ca(2+) ATPase activity decreased in all analyzed times. SIGNIFICANCE:
      Our results suggest that a possible relationship between xanthine oxidase-related
      ROS and TRPV1 may exist during the events preceding eccentric exercise-related
      DOMS.

PMID- 26987750
TI  - Profiling of potential driver mutations in sarcomas by targeted next generation
      sequencing.
AB  - Comprehensive genetic profiling by massively parallel sequencing, commonly known
      as next generation sequencing (NGS), is becoming the foundation of personalized
      oncology. For sarcomas very few targeted treatments are currently in routine use.
      In clinical practice the preoperative diagnostic workup of soft tissue tumours
      largely relies on core needle biopsies. Although mostly sufficient for
      histopathological diagnosis, only very limited amounts of formalin fixated
      paraffin embedded tissue are often available for predictive mutation analysis.
      Targeted NGS may thus open up new possibilities for comprehensive
      characterization of scarce biopsies. We therefore set out to search for driver
      mutations by NGS in a cohort of 55 clinically and morphologically well
      characterized sarcomas using low input of DNA from formalin fixated paraffin
      embedded tissues. The aim was to investigate if there are any recurrent or
      targetable aberrations in cancer driver genes in addition to known chromosome
      translocations in different types of sarcomas. We employed a panel covering 207
      mutation hotspots in 50 cancer-associated genes to analyse DNA from nine
      gastrointestinal stromal tumours, 14 synovial sarcomas, seven myxoid
      liposarcomas, 22 Ewing sarcomas and three Ewing-like small round cell tumours at
      a large sequencing depth to detect also mutations that are subclonal or occur at
      low allele frequencies. We found nine mutations in eight different potential
      driver genes, some of which are potentially actionable by currently existing
      targeted therapies. Even though no recurrent mutations in driver genes were found
      in the different sarcoma groups, we show that targeted NGS-based sequencing is
      clearly feasible in a diagnostic setting with very limited amounts of paraffin
      embedded tissue and may provide novel insights into mesenchymal cell signalling
      and potentially druggable targets. Interestingly, we also identify five non
      synonymous sequence variants in 4 established cancer driver genes in DNA from
      normal tissue from sarcoma patients that may possibly predispose or contribute to
      neoplastic development. 

PMID- 26987751
TI  - Effects of singing on voice, respiratory control and quality of life in persons
      with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Purpose Interventions focused on singing may provide additional benefits to
      established voice and respiratory therapies, due to their greater emphasis on the
      respiratory muscle control system in those with Parkinson's disease (PD)
      progresses. The purpose of this study was to examine if singing can improve
      voice, respiratory pressure and quality of life (QOL) in persons with PD. Methods
      This pilot study measured the effects of a singing intervention in 27
      participants with PD. Participants were assigned to a high (met twice weekly) or
      low (met once weekly) dosage group. Voice, respiratory and QOL measures were
      recorded before and after an 8-week singing intervention. Sessions were led by
      board-certified music therapists and included a series of vocal and articulation
      exercises and group singing. Results Both groups demonstrated significant
      improvements in maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure, as well as phonation
      time. While other voice measures improved, they did not reach statistical
      significance. Voice QOL and whole health QOL also significantly improved.
      Conclusion These results suggest singing may be a beneficial and engaging
      treatment choice for improving and maintaining vocal function and respiratory
      pressure in persons with PD. Implications for Rehabilitation In a small sample,
      group singing proved beneficial for improving voice and respiratory impairment in
      persons with Parkinson's disease. Completing group singing one time per week for
      8 weeks was as effective as completing group singing two times per week for 8
      weeks in persons with Parkinson's disease. Group singing is an effective means of
      improving overall quality of life in persons with Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 26987752
TI  - HLA-A*24:334, a novel variant of HLA-A*24, discovered in a Taiwanese individual.
AB  - One nucleotide replacement at residue 587 of HLA-A*24:02:01:01 results in a novel
      allele, HLA-A*24:334. 

PMID- 26987754
TI  - Solvent-molecule-mediated manipulation of crystalline grains for efficient planar
      binary lead and tin triiodide perovskite solar cells.
AB  - Binary lead and tin perovskites offer the benefits of narrower band gaps for
      broader adsorption of solar spectrum and better charge transport for higher
      photocurrent density. Here, we report the growth of large, smooth crystalline
      grains of bianry lead and tin triiodide perovskite films via a two-step solution
      process with thermal plus solvent vapor-assisted thermal annealing. The
      crystalline SnxPb1-xI2 films formed in the first step served as the templates for
      the formation of crystalline CH3NH3SnxPb1-xI3 films during the second step
      interdiffusion of methylammonium iodide (MAI). Followed by dimethylsulfoxide
      (DMSO) vapor-assisted thermal annealing, small, faceted perovskite grains grew
      into large, smooth grains via the possible mechanism involving bond breaking and
      reforming mediated by DMSO solvent molecules. The absorption onset was extended
      to 950 and 1010 nm for the CH3NH3SnxPb1-xI3 perovskites with x = 0.1 and 0.25,
      respectively. The highest PCE of 10.25% was achieved from the planar perovskite
      solar cell with the CH3NH3Sn0.1Pb0.9I3 layer prepared via the thermal plus DMSO
      vapor-assisted thermal annealing. This research provides a way to control and
      manipulate film morphology, grain size, and especially the distribution of metal
      cations in binary metal perovskite layers, which opens an avenue to grow
      perovskite materials with desired properties to enhance device performance. 

PMID- 26987753
TI  - Development of an HSV-1 neutralization test with a glycoprotein D specific
      antibody for measurement of neutralizing antibody titer in human sera.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Investigating the neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer against HSV-1 is
      essential for monitoring the immune protection against HSV-1 in susceptible
      populations, which would facilitate the development of vaccines against herpes
      infection and improvement of HSV-1 based oncolytic virotherapy. RESULTS: In this
      study, we have developed a neutralization test based on the enzyme-linked
      immunospot assay (ELISPOT-NT) to determine the neutralizing antibody titer
      against HSV-1 in human serum samples. This optimized assay employed a monoclonal
      antibody specifically recognizing glycoprotein D to detect the HSV-1 infected
      cells. With this test, the neutralizing antibody titer against HSV-1 could be
      determined within one day by automated interpretation of the counts of cell
      spots. We observed good correlation in the results obtained from ELISPOT-NT and
      plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) by testing 22 human serum samples
      representing different titers. Moreover, 269 human serum samples collected from a
      wide range of age groups were tested, the average neutralizing antibody titer
      (log2NT50) was 8.3 +/- 2.8 and the prevalence of NAbs was 83.6 % in this cohort,
      it also revealed that the average neutralizing antibody titer in different groups
      increased with the age, and no significant difference in neutralizing antibody
      titers was observed between males and females. CONCLUSIONS: These results prove
      that this novel assay would serve as an accurate and simple assay for the
      assessment of the neutralizing antibody titers against HSV-1 in large cohorts.

PMID- 26987755
TI  - Clinical trial on tonal tinnitus with tailor-made notched music training.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is a result of hyper-activity/hyper-synchrony of auditory
      neurons coding the tinnitus frequency, which has developed due to synchronous
      mass activity owing to the lack of inhibition. We assume that removal of exactly
      these frequencies from a complex auditory stimulus will cause the brain to
      reorganize around tonotopic regions coding the tinnitus frequency through
      inhibition-induced plasticity. Based on this assumption, a novel treatment for
      tonal tinnitus--tailor-made notched music training (TMNMT)--has been introduced
      and was tested in this clinical trial. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial in
      parallel group design was performed in a double-blinded manner. We included 100
      participants with chronic, tonal tinnitus who listened to tailor-made notched
      music for two hours a day for three consecutive months. Our primary outcome
      measures were the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire and Visual Analog Scales
      measuring perceived tinnitus loudness, awareness, distress and handicap.
      Participants rated their tinnitus before and after the training as well as one
      month after cessation of the training. RESULTS: While no effect was found for the
      primary outcome measures, tinnitus distress, as measured by the Tinnitus
      Questionnaire, a secondary outcome measure, developed differently in the two
      groups. The treatment group showed higher distress scores while the placebo group
      revealed lower distress scores after the training. However, this effect did not
      reach significance in post-hoc analysis and disappeared at follow-up
      measurements. At follow-up, tinnitus loudness in the treatment group was
      significantly reduced as compared to the control group. Post hoc analysis,
      accounting for low reliability scores in the Visual Analog Scales, showed a
      significant reduction of the overall Visual Analog Scale mean score in the
      treatment group even at the post measurement. CONCLUSION: This is the first study
      on TMNMT that was planned and conducted following the CONSORT statement standards
      for clinical trials. The current work is one more step towards a final evaluation
      of TMNMT. Already after three months the effect of training with tailor-made
      notched music is observable in the most direct rating of tinnitus perception -
      the tinnitus loudness, while more global measures of tinnitus distress do not
      show relevant changes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials
      ISRCTN04840953; Trial registration date: 17.07.2013.

PMID- 26987757
TI  - Coronary artery disease: screen or treat?

PMID- 26987756
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about influenza illness and vaccination: a
      cross-sectional survey in two South African communities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding knowledge and sentiment toward influenza and
      vaccination is important for effective health messages and prevention strategies.
      We aimed to characterize knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding
      influenza illness and vaccination in two South African communities and explore
      reasons for vaccine hesitancy. METHODS: Household primary caregivers in Soweto
      and Klerksdorp townships were interviewed about knowledge of influenza and
      intention to receive an influenza vaccine using a structured questionnaire.
      Factors associated with unwillingness to receive vaccine were explored using
      multivariable regression. RESULTS: We interviewed representatives of 973
      households in Soweto and 1,442 in Klerksdorp. Most respondents in Soweto (692,
      71%) and Klerksdorp (1247, 87%) thought weather or cold caused influenza. While
      most would get a free influenza vaccine, those unwilling to receive vaccine had
      concerns about efficacy (Soweto: 19%; Klerksdorp: 19%) and safety (Soweto: 17%;
      Klerksdorp: 10%). In Soweto, females (aRR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.2) and those with
      higher household income (aRR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7) were less willing to receive
      vaccine. In Klerksdorp, more educated respondents (aRR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4) were
      less willing to receive vaccine; households reporting an HIV-positive member were
      more willing to receive vaccine (aRR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Although
      findings suggest most community participants were amenable to influenza
      vaccination, knowledge gaps were present. Emphasizing the importance of influenza
      as a health problem and addressing vaccine safety and efficacy concerns may
      improve uptake. Populations less amenable to vaccination, including those with
      higher education and income, may benefit from targeted messaging efforts.

PMID- 26987758
TI  - Effects of healthcare reform on health resource allocation and service
      utilization in 1110 Chinese county hospitals: data from 2006 to 2012.
AB  - The central government of China launched a large-scale, expensive health reform
      in April 2009 because of the serious health-related problems in the country. This
      reform aims to re-establish a universal healthcare system, which is expected to
      provide affordable basic healthcare. Independent two-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA
      and chi-squared test were conducted to analyze the effect of the health reform on
      health resource allocation and service utilization in Chinese county hospitals.
      First, we described the hospitals' financial performance in terms of funding
      sources, balances and fiscal compensations (for personnel expenditure). Second,
      we discussed the total number of health personnel as well as the structure
      (number of medical personnel per thousand population and ratio of doctors and
      nurses) and quality of the health personnel. Lastly, we investigated the county
      hospitals' health resource utilization, bed occupancy and average medical expense
      per visit. Then, we probed different reasons and provided multiple approaches to
      existing problems. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26987759
TI  - Predictors of knowledge about tuberculosis: results from SANHANES I, a national,
      cross-sectional household survey in South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: South Africa is one of the 22 high tuberculosis burden countries that
      contribute 80% of the global tuberculosis cases. Tuberculosis is infectious and
      due to its rapid and easy transmission route poses a threat to population health.
      Considering the importance of social and psychological factors in influencing
      health outcomes, appraising knowledge and awareness of tuberculosis, remain vital
      for effective tuberculosis control. The main aim of this study was to investigate
      the factors that predict knowledge about tuberculosis among 18-64 year old adults
      in South Africa. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey method was used. Multi-stage
      disproportionate, stratified cluster sampling was used to select households
      within enumeration areas stratified by province and locality type. Based on the
      Human Sciences Research Council 2007 master sample, 500 Enumerator Areas
      representative of the socio-demographic profile of South Africa were identified
      and a random sample of 20 households was randomly selected from each Enumerator
      Area, yielding an overall sample of 10,000 households. The tuberculosis module
      contained in the South African National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey I
      was the only module that examined the social determinants of an infectious
      disease. This module was questionnaire-based with no biomarkers obtained to
      screen for the presence of tuberculosis disease among the participants. Data was
      collected by administering a researcher developed individual level questionnaire.
      Simple and multiple linear regression was used to determine the independent
      variables associated with tuberculosis knowledge. RESULTS: Half the sample
      (52.6%) was female and the majority of the respondents were black African
      (76.5%). More than two thirds (68.0%) resided in urban areas, 56.9% did not
      complete high school and half were not in formal employment. Significant
      predictors of tuberculosis knowledge were race, sex, completion of high school,
      being in employment, having a diagnosis of the disease in ones' life-time and
      learning about tuberculosis from television, brochures, health workers, and
      teachers. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the burden of tuberculosis in South Africa,
      media campaigns targeting both rural and urban communities should include
      conveying accurate information about the disease. Policy makers should also
      address structural barriers that vulnerable communities face.

PMID- 26987760
TI  - Thermoresponsive Poly(Ionic Liquid)s in Aqueous Salt Solutions: Salting-Out
      Effect on Their Phase Behavior and Water Absorption/Desorption Properties.
AB  - Here, a thermoresponsive phase behavior of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs)
      composed of poly([tri-n-alkyl(vinylbenzyl)phosphonium]chloride) (poly([Pnnn VB
      ]Cl) is reported, where n (the number of carbon atoms of an alkyl chain) = 4, 5,
      or 6 after mixing with aqueous sodium chloride solutions. Both monomeric [P555VB
      ]Cl and the resulting poly([P555VB ]Cl) linear homopolymer show a lower critical
      solution temperature (LCST)-type phase behavior in aq. NaCl solutions. The phase
      transition temperature of the PIL shifts to lower value by increasing
      concentration of NaCl. Also the swelling degree of cross-linked poly([P555VB ]Cl)
      gel decreases by increasing NaCl concentration, clearly suggesting the "salting
      out" effect of NaCl results in a significant dehydration of the poly([P555VB ]Cl)
      gel. The absorbed water in the PIL gel is desorbed by moderate heating via the
      LCST behavior, and the absolute absorption/desorption amount is improved by
      copolymerization of [P555VB ]Cl with more hydrophilic [P444VB ]Cl monomer. 

PMID- 26987762
TI  - Critical Evaluation and Compilation of Physicochemical Determinants and Membrane
      Interactions of MMGP1 Antifungal Peptide.
AB  - A growing issue of pathogen resistance to antibiotics has fostered the
      development of innovative approaches for novel drug development. Here, we report
      the physicochemical and biological properties of an antifungal peptide, MMGP1,
      based on computational analysis. Computation of physicochemical properties has
      revealed that the natural biological activities of MMGP1 are coordinated by its
      intrinsic properties such as net positive charge (+5.04), amphipathicity, high
      hydrophobicity, low hydrophobic moment, and higher isoelectric point (11.915).
      Prediction of aggregation hot spots in MMGP1 had revealed the presence of
      potentially aggregation-prone segments that can nucleate in vivo aggregation (on
      the membrane), whereas no aggregating regions were predicted for in vitro
      aggregation (in solutions) of MMGP1. This ability of MMGP1 to form oligomeric
      aggregates on membrane further substantiates its direct-cell penetrating potency.
      Monte Carlo simulation of the interactions of MMGP1 in the aqueous phase and
      different membrane environments revealed that increasing the proportion of acidic
      lipids on membrane had led to increase in the peptide helicity. Furthermore, the
      peptide adopts energetically favorable transmembrane configuration, by inserting
      peptide loop and helix termini into the membrane containing >60% of anionic
      lipids. The charged lipid-based insertion of MMGP1 into membrane might be
      responsible for the selectivity of peptide toward fungal cells. Additionally,
      MMGP1 possessed DNA-binding property. Computational docking has identified DNA
      binding residues (TRP3, SER4, MET7, ARG8, PHE10, ALA11, GLY20, THR21, ARG22,
      MET23, TRP34, and LYS36) in MMGP1 crucial for its DNA-binding property.
      Furthermore, computational mutation analysis revealed that aromatic amino acids
      are crucial for in vivo aggregation, membrane insertion, and DNA-binding property
      of MMGP1. These data provide new insight into the molecular determinants of MMGP1
      antifungal activity and also serves as the template for the design of novel
      peptide antibiotics.

PMID- 26987763
TI  - Platelet Indices in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Bedside Marker of
      Prognosis?

PMID- 26987765
TI  - Birds of a feather - Analysis of travel health advice provided to international
      avitourists.

PMID- 26987766
TI  - Prostate-specific antigen testing rates and referral patterns from general
      practice data in England.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is currently no national screening programme for prostate
      cancer in England, but eligible men can request a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
      test from their general practitioner (GP). There are no routinely available data
      to monitor the extent of PSA testing and referral. AIM: The aim of this study was
      to investigate the rate of PSA testing in general practice and subsequent
      patterns of referral. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data obtained from the Clinical
      Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) for men aged 45-84 years who had a PSA test
      during 2010-2011, registered in practices in England with linked Hospital Episode
      Statistics (HES) data. METHOD: Patient data were linked to previous tests and
      consultations. Rates of PSA testing and proportions of men retested and referred
      to secondary care were calculated. RESULTS: Overall, 8.74 (95% CI 8.67-8.82) of
      men per 100 person-years were tested at least once in 2010, and 9.45 (95% CI 9.37
      9.53) in 2011. Rates increased with age and decreased with increasing level of
      deprivation. Of the 53,069 men tested in 2010, 11,289 (21.3%) had a previous PSA
      test within the past 12 months. Of men with raised PSA according to age specific
      guidelines, 22.4% (2113/9425) were referred to secondary care within 14 days,
      with 36% of the remainder retested within 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of PSA
      testing have increased compared with earlier studies; the data suggest that many
      GPs are retesting men with raised PSA rather than referring immediately. More
      routine data on PSA testing, including reasons for testing, and subsequent
      management and outcomes, are required.

PMID- 26987764
TI  - Unusual microorganisms and antimicrobial resistances in a group of Syrian
      migrants: Sentinel surveillance data from an asylum seekers centre in Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Three years of civil war in Syria have caused death and increase of
      communicable diseases. The suffering population has been forced to migrate
      creating a fertile condition for epidemic spread of infection within the refugee
      camps. METHODS: Forty-eight Syrian migrants, upon their arrival in Italy, were
      accommodated at the asylum seekers centre of Castelnuovo di Porto. They received
      a physical examination and were subjected to microbiological surveillance by
      blood, rectal, pharyngeal and nasal swabs collection and delivering to the
      Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory of the University Campus Bio
      Medico of Rome. RESULTS: All refugees resulted negative for HBV, HCV and HIV
      infections. In swabs a large number of unusual gram-negative bacteria species
      were isolated, such as Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas
      fulva, Pseudomonas moselii, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas
      hydrophila, Acinteobacter guilloviae, Acinteobacter lowffii; Acinetobacter
      johnsonii; Acinteobacter tjernbergae; Pantoea agglomerans; Pantoea calida. Among
      isolates, strains resistant to carbapenems, ESBL producers and methicillin
      resistant were found. CONCLUSIONS: The microbiological surveillance performed
      represents a useful action to understand refugees health status and to trace
      unusual microorganisms movement even carriers of antimicrobial resistance during
      migrants traveling.

PMID- 26987767
TI  - Frontal fibrosing alopecia: possible association with leave-on facial skin care
      products and sunscreens; a questionnaire study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since its first description in 1994, frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA)
      has become increasingly common, suggesting that environmental factors are
      involved in the aetiology. OBJECTIVES: To identify possible causative
      environmental factors in FFA. METHODS: A questionnaire enquiring about exposure
      to a wide range of lifestyle, social and medical factors was completed by 105
      women with FFA and 100 age- and sex-matched control subjects. A subcohort of
      women with FFA was patch tested to an extended British standard series of
      allergens. RESULTS: The use of sunscreens was significantly greater in the FFA
      group compared with controls. Subjects with FFA also showed a trend towards more
      frequent use of facial moisturizers and foundations but, compared with controls,
      the difference in frequencies just failed to reach statistical significance. The
      frequency of hair shampooing, oral contraceptive use, hair colouring and facial
      hair removal were significantly lower in the FFA group than in controls. Thyroid
      disease was more common in subjects with FFA than controls and there was a high
      frequency of positive patch tests in women with FFA, mainly to fragrances.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest an association between FFA and the use of
      facial skin care products. The high frequency of sunscreen use in patients with
      FFA, and the fact that many facial skin care products now contain sunscreens,
      raises the possibility of a causative role for sunscreen chemicals. The high
      frequency of positive patch tests in women with FFA and the association with
      thyroid disease may indicate a predisposition to immune-mediated disease.

PMID- 26987770
TI  - Floral Nectar: Pollinator Attraction or Manipulation?
AB  - The literature suggests that floral nectar acts principally to attract pollinator
      visitation (and/or revisitation), thereby enhancing plant reproductive success.
      However, floral nectar also manipulates pollinator behaviour during and
      immediately following plant visits, affecting pollen transfer, and plant
      reproduction. I argue that floral nectar should really be viewed as a pollinator
      manipulant rather than attractant, thus potentially explaining why its
      concentration is not generally high and why it decreases with increasing
      pollinator body size. Otherwise, such patterns may remain mysterious and
      unexplained.

PMID- 26987769
TI  - Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding
      in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016.
AB  - We report the isolation of infectious Zika virus (ZIKV) in cell culture from the
      saliva of a patient who developed a febrile illness after returning from the
      Dominican Republic to Italy, in January 2016. The patient had prolonged shedding
      of viral RNA in saliva and urine, at higher load than in blood, for up to 29 days
      after symptom onset. Sequencing of ZIKV genome showed relatedness with strains
      from Latin America.

PMID- 26987771
TI  - Restoration, Reintroduction, and Rewilding in a Changing World.
AB  - The increasing abandonment of marginal land creates new opportunities for
      restoration, reintroduction, and rewilding, but what do these terms mean in a
      rapidly and irreversibly changing world? The 're' prefix means 'back', but it is
      becoming clear that the traditional use of past ecosystems as targets and
      criteria for success must be replaced by an orientation towards an uncertain
      future. Current opinions in restoration and reintroduction biology range from a
      defense of traditional definitions, with some modifications, to acceptance of
      more radical responses, including assisted migration, taxon substitution, de
      extinction, and genetic modification. Rewilding attempts to minimize sustained
      intervention, but this hands-off approach is also threatened by rapid
      environmental change.

PMID- 26987761
TI  - Research Review: Environmental exposures, neurodevelopment, and child mental
      health - new paradigms for the study of brain and behavioral effects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures play a critical role in the genesis of some
      child mental health problems. METHODS: We open with a discussion of children's
      vulnerability to neurotoxic substances, changes in the distribution of toxic
      exposures, and cooccurrence of social and physical exposures. We address trends
      in prevalence of mental health disorders, and approaches to the definition of
      disorders that are sensitive to the subtle effects of toxic exposures. We suggest
      broadening outcomes to include dimensional measures of autism spectrum disorders,
      attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and child learning capacity, as well as
      direct assessment of brain function. FINDINGS: We consider the impact of two
      important exposures on children's mental health: lead and pesticides. We argue
      that longitudinal research designs may capture the cascading effects of exposures
      across biological systems and the full-range of neuropsychological endpoints.
      Neuroimaging is a valuable tool for observing brain maturation under varying
      environmental conditions. A dimensional approach to measurement may be sensitive
      to subtle subclinical toxic effects, permitting the development of exposure
      related profiles and testing of complex functional relationships between brain
      and behavior. Questions about the neurotoxic effects of chemicals become more
      pressing when viewed through the lens of environmental justice. CONCLUSIONS:
      Reduction in the burden of child mental health disorders will require
      longitudinal study of neurotoxic exposures, incorporating dimensional approaches
      to outcome assessment, and measures of brain function. Research that seeks to
      identify links between toxic exposures and mental health outcomes has enormous
      public health and societal value.

PMID- 26987772
TI  - Determination of sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and N(4) -acetyl-sulfadiazine in
      fish muscle plus skin by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Withdrawal-time
      calculation after in-feed administration in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)
      fed two different diets.
AB  - This study presents a depletion study for sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in muscle
      plus skin of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). N(4) -acetyl-sulfadiazine,
      the main metabolite of sulfadiazine (SDZ), was also examined. The fish were held
      in seawater at a temperature of 24-26  degrees C. SDZ and trimethoprim (TMP) were
      administered orally with medicated feed for five consecutive days at daily doses
      of 25 mg SDZ and 5 mg TMP per kg of fish body weight per day. Two different
      diets, fish oil- and plant oil-based diets, were investigated. Ten fish were
      sampled at each of the days 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12 after the start of
      veterinary medicine administration. However for the calculation of the withdrawal
      periods, sampling day 1 was set as 24 h after the last dose of the treatment.
      Fish samples were analyzed for SDZ, TMP, and acetyl-sulfadiazine (AcSDZ) residues
      by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. SDZ and TMP concentrations declined
      rapidly from muscle plus skin. Considering a maximum residue limit of 100 MUg/kg
      for the total of sulfonamides and 50 MUg/kg for TMP residues in fish muscle plus
      skin, the withdrawal periods of the premix trimethoprim-sulfadiazine 50% were
      calculated as 5 and 6 days, at 24-26  degrees C, in fish oil (FO) and plant oil
      (PO) groups, respectively. The investigation of this work is important to protect
      consumers by controlling the undesirable residues in fish. 

PMID- 26987773
TI  - Robotic surgery rapidly and successfully implemented in a high volume
      laparoscopic center on living kidney donation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is important to minimize risks associated with live donor
      nephrectomy. In this study we evaluated the results of left-sided robot-assisted
      donor nephrectomies in comparison with standard techniques. METHODS: Data on
      perioperative results, kidney function, and recipient and graft survival were
      collected. All left-sided laparoscopic and hand-assisted procedures were selected
      as control groups. RESULTS: Fifty-nine robot-assisted procedures were performed
      by two surgeons. Operative time was significantly longer in the robot-assisted
      group compared with both control groups. However, it decreased significantly
      during procedures 40-59 compared with procedures 20-39 (P = 0.014) to median
      172.5 (114.0-242.0) min. One conversion to the open approach occurred in the
      robot group due to a bleeding of the renal artery stump. No difference was found
      between all techniques at 3 months post-donation. CONCLUSION: Left-sided robot
      assisted donor nephrectomy is feasible with over time a significant decrease in
      operative time with good outcomes for donor and recipient. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26987774
TI  - Initial PET performance evaluation of a preclinical insert for PET/MRI with
      digital SiPM technology.
AB  - Hyperion-II(D) is a positron emission tomography (PET) insert which allows
      simultaneous operation in a clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. To
      read out the scintillation light of the employed lutetium yttrium orthosilicate
      crystal arrays with a pitch of 1 mm and 12 mm in height, digital silicon
      photomultipliers (DPC 3200-22, Philips Digital Photon Counting) (DPC) are used.
      The basic PET performance in terms of energy resolution, coincidence resolution
      time (CRT) and sensitivity as a function of the operating parameters, such as the
      operating temperature, the applied overvoltage, activity and configuration
      parameters of the DPCs, has been evaluated at system level. The measured energy
      resolution did not show a large dependency on the selected parameters and is in
      the range of 12.4%-12.9% for low activity, degrading to  ~13.6% at an activity of
      ~100 MBq. The CRT strongly depends on the selected trigger scheme (trig) of the
      DPCs, and we measured approximately 260 ps, 440 ps, 550 ps and 1300 ps for trig 1
      4, respectively. The trues sensitivity for a NEMA NU 4 mouse-sized scatter
      phantom with a 70 mm long tube of activity was dependent on the operating
      parameters and was determined to be 0.4%-1.4% at low activity. The random
      fraction stayed below 5% at activity up to 100 MBq and the scatter fraction was
      evaluated as  ~6% for an energy window of 411 keV-561 keV and  ~16% for 250 keV
      625 keV. Furthermore, we performed imaging experiments using a mouse-sized hot
      rod phantom and a large rabbit-sized phantom. In 2D slices of the reconstructed
      mouse-sized hot-rod phantom (? = 28 mm), the rods were distinguishable from each
      other down to a rod size of 0.8 mm. There was no benefit from the better CRT of
      trig 1 over trig 3, where in the larger rabbit-sized phantom (? = 114 mm) we were
      able to show a clear improvement in image quality using the time-of-flight
      information. The findings will allow system architects-aiming at a similar
      detector design using DPCs-to make predictions about the design requirements and
      the performance that can be expected. 

PMID- 26987775
TI  - Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells foster conversion of CD4+CD25-Foxp3- T
      cells into CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells via Transforming Growth Factor-beta.
AB  - Trans-placental cell trafficking is a naturally occurring process during
      pregnancy that results in the direct recognition of foreign maternal antigens by
      fetal tissue and vice versa. Immigration of potentially harmful allo-reactive
      maternal T cells into fetal circulation may provoke anti-fetal immune responses.
      However, the contact with fetal tissue may favor differentiation of maternal
      immune cells into cells with a regulatory phenotype. Human Umbilical Vein
      Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) possess immune-regulating properties and are one of
      the first fetal cells to get in contact with foreign maternal immune cells.
      Therefore, here we studied whether HUVECs induce the conversion of maternal T
      cells into regulatory T (Treg) cells. Moreover, we assessed whether this response
      is changing according to the sex of the HUVECs. Both female and male HUVECs
      induced the conversion of maternal T cells into Treg cells which is partially
      mediated via TGF-beta. Female HUVECs showed a stronger capacity to induce Treg
      cells compared to male HUVECs. Our findings propose that HUVECs contribute to
      fetal-maternal tolerance by the increase of the Treg cell population. Sex
      specific differences in Treg cell induction may partly account for the
      disparities on the incidence of infectious and autoimmune diseases between both
      sexes during early childhood. 

PMID- 26987779
TI  - Electrosensitization assists cell ablation by nanosecond pulsed electric field in
      3D cultures.
AB  - Previous studies reported a delayed increase of sensitivity to electroporation
      (termed "electrosensitization") in mammalian cells that had been subjected to
      electroporation. Electrosensitization facilitated membrane permeabilization and
      reduced survival in cell suspensions when the electric pulse treatments were
      split in fractions. The present study was aimed to visualize the effect of
      sensitization and establish its utility for cell ablation. We used KLN 205
      squamous carcinoma cells embedded in an agarose gel and cell spheroids in
      Matrigel. A local ablation was created by a train of 200 to 600 of 300-ns pulses
      (50 Hz, 300-600 V) delivered by a two-needle probe with 1-mm inter-electrode
      distance. In order to facilitate ablation by engaging electrosensitization, the
      train was split in two identical fractions applied with a 2- to 480-s interval.
      At 400-600 V (2.9-4.3 kV/cm), the split-dose treatments increased the ablation
      volume and cell death up to 2-3-fold compared to single-train treatments. Under
      the conditions tested, the maximum enhancement of ablation was achieved when two
      fractions were separated by 100 s. The results suggest that engaging
      electrosensitization may assist in vivo cancer ablation by reducing the voltage
      or number of pulses required, or by enabling larger inter-electrode distances
      without losing the ablation efficiency.

PMID- 26987776
TI  - Differential TGFbeta pathway targeting by miR-122 in humans and mice affects
      liver cancer metastasis.
AB  - Downregulation of a predominantly hepatocyte-specific miR-122 is associated with
      human liver cancer metastasis, whereas miR-122-deficient mice display normal
      liver function. Here we show a functional conservation of miR-122 in the TGFbeta
      pathway: miR-122 target site is present in the mouse but not human TGFbetaR1,
      whereas a noncanonical target site is present in the TGFbeta1 5'UTR in humans and
      other primates. Experimental switch of the miR-122 target between the receptor
      TGFbetaR1 and the ligand TGFbeta1 changes the metastatic properties of mouse and
      human liver cancer cells. High expression of TGFbeta1 in human primary liver
      tumours is associated with poor survival. We identify over 50 other miRNAs
      orthogonally targeting ligand/receptor pairs in humans and mice, suggesting that
      these are evolutionarily common events. These results reveal an evolutionary
      mechanism for miRNA-mediated gene regulation underlying species-specific
      physiological or pathological phenotype and provide a potentially valuable
      strategy for treating liver-associated diseases. 

PMID- 26987780
TI  - MicroRNA expression profile of human periodontal ligament cells under the
      influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS.
AB  - Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is caused by bacterial
      infection and leads to the destruction of periodontal tissues and resorption of
      alveolar bone. Thus, special attention should be paid to the mechanism under
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis because LPS is the major cause of
      periodontitis. However, to date, miRNA expression in the LPS-induced
      periodontitis has not been well characterized. In this study, we investigated
      miRNA expression patterns in LPS-treated periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs).
      Through miRNA array and differential analysis, 22 up-regulated miRNAs and 28 down
      regulated miRNAs in LPS-treated PDLCs were identified. Seven randomly selected up
      regulated (miR-21-5p, 498, 548a-5p) and down-regulated (miR-495-3p, 539-5p, 34c
      3p and 7a-2-3p) miRNAs were examined by qRT-PCR, and the results proved the
      accuracy of the miRNA array. Moreover, targets of these deregulated miRNAs were
      analysed using the miRWalk database. Database for Annotation, Visualization and
      Integration Discovery software were performed to analyse the Gene Ontology and
      Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway of differential expression
      miRNAs, and the results shown that Toll-like receptor signalling pathway, cAMP
      signalling pathway, transforming growth factor-beta signalling pathway, mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and other pathways were
      involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying LPS-induced periodontitis. In
      conclusion, this study provides clues for enhancing our understanding of the
      mechanisms and roles of miRNAs as key regulators of LPS-induced periodontitis.

PMID- 26987781
TI  - [Incidence of community-acquired infections of lower airways among infants].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of community-acquired infections of the
      lower respiratory tract and the risk factors associated with its occurrence in
      infants, in their first year of life. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of
      infants who were followed up during the first 12 months of life. Interviews were
      conducted with their mothers, and children were clinically monitored bimonthly to
      investigate the occurrence of the incidence density of community-acquired
      infections of the lower respiratory tract. Cox regression analysis was used to
      estimate the crude and adjusted relative risk of the variables associated with
      the outcome. RESULTS: The mean age of the mothers was 26 years, 62% of them had
      more than 11 years of schooling, and 23.5 were at risk of social exclusion
      regarding economic income. The incidence density of pneumonia and bronchiolitis
      were, respectively, 0.51 and 3.10 episodes per 100 children-months. Children who
      had low birth weight (<2500g) were 5.96 (95%CI 1.75-20.40) times more likely to
      have pneumonia than infants weighing 2500g or over. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of
      acute lower respiratory tract infection in children was similar to that found in
      other studies. Only low birth weight was an independent risk factor for the
      occurrence of pneumonia.

PMID- 26987783
TI  - A highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the detection of
      organophosphate pesticides based on cyclodextrin functionalized graphitic carbon
      nitride and enzyme inhibition.
AB  - A signal on an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor using beta-cyclodextrin
      (CD) functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as the luminophore was
      constructed for sensitive organophosphate pesticides (OPs) detection based on the
      enzyme inhibition of OPs, showing that the consumption of coreactant
      triethylamine (Et3N) decreased with a lessening of the acetic acid (HAc) in situ
      generated by enzymatic reaction. 

PMID- 26987782
TI  - Association between clinical variables related to asthma in schoolchildren born
      with very low birth weight with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to assess the prevalence, spirometry findings and risk factors for
      asthma in schoolchildren who were very low birth weight infants with and without
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia. METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional study. The
      parents and/or tutors answered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in
      Childhood questionnaire. The schoolchildren were submitted to the skin prick test
      and spirometry assessment. RESULTS: 54 schoolchildren who were very low birth
      weight infants were assessed and 43 met the criteria for spirometry. Age at the
      assessment (bronchopulmonary dysplasia=9.5+/-0.85; without bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia=10.1+/-0.86 years) and birth weight (bronchopulmonary dysplasia=916.7+/
      251.2; without bronchopulmonary dysplasia=1,171.3+/-190.5g) were lower in the
      group with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p<0.05). The prevalence of asthma among
      very low birth weight infants was 17/54 (31.5%), being 6/18 (33.3%) in the group
      with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There was an association between wool blanket
      use in the first year of life (p=0.026) with the presence of asthma at school
      age. The skin prick test was positive in 13/17 (76.5%) and 23/37 (62.2%) of
      patients with and without asthma, respectively. The schoolchildren with asthma
      had lower z-score values of forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced
      vital capacity (n=16; -1.04+/-1.19) when compared to the group of patients
      without asthma (n=27; -0.38+/-0.93) (p=0.049). There was no difference between
      the spirometry variables in the groups regarding the presence or absence of
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Very low birth weight infants with and
      without bronchopulmonary dysplasia showed a high prevalence of asthma (33.3% and
      30.6%, respectively). Pulmonary flow in the small airways was lower in children
      with asthma.

PMID- 26987784
TI  - Preliminary Findings on the Association Between Symptoms of Depression and
      Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Individuals Born Inside Versus Outside of
      Canada.
AB  - For optimal health, people living with HIV (PLWH) need to adhere to
      antiretroviral therapy (ART). We explored the relationship between symptoms of
      depression and ART adherence for PLWH born inside versus outside of Canada. PLWH
      taking ART (N = 57) completed self-assessments of depression and adherence to
      ART. Adherence rates did not differ significantly for PLWH who were born outside
      (66.7% were >=95% adherent) versus inside Canada (51.6% were >=95% adherent), but
      the relationship between symptoms of depression and ART adherence depended on the
      country of birth: for individuals born in Canada, depression was associated with
      lower ART adherence (beta = -.21, p = .005, 95% confidence interval -.35 to 
      .07); for PLWH born outside of Canada there was no association between symptoms
      of depression and ART adherence. Symptoms of depression may not universally
      affect ART adherence; country of birth may be one critical variable impacting
      this relationship.

PMID- 26987785
TI  - Impact of graft implantation order on graft survival in simultaneous pancreas
      kidney transplantation.
AB  - The optimal order of revascularization for pancreas and kidney grafts in
      simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation has not been established. In this
      study, we investigate the influence of graft implantation order on graft survival
      in SPK. 12 700 transplantations from the Scientific Registry of Transplant
      Recipients were analyzed retrospectively. Graft implantation order was determined
      based on the reported ischemia times of pancreas and kidney grafts. Pancreas and
      kidney graft survivals were analyzed depending on graft implantation order at 3
      months and 5 years using Kaplan-Meier plots. Significance was tested with log
      rank test and Cox regression model. In 8454 transplantations, the pancreas was
      implanted first (PBK), and in 4246 transplantations, the kidney was implanted
      first (KBP). The proportion of lost pancreas grafts at 3 months was significantly
      lower in PBK (9.4% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.011). Increasing time lag (>2 h) between
      kidney and pancreas graft implantation in KBP accentuated the detrimental impact
      on pancreas graft survival (12.5% graft loss at 3 months, P = 0.001). Technical
      failure rates were reduced in PBK (5.6 vs. 6.9%, P = 0.005). Graft implantation
      order had no impact on kidney graft survival. In summary, although observed
      differences are small, pancreas graft implantation first increases short-term
      pancreas graft survival and reduces rates of technical failure. 

PMID- 26987786
TI  - Pregnancy Reveals Evolving Risk for Cardiometabolic Disease in Women.
AB  - Pregnancy serves as a cardiometabolic stressor that may unmask underlying
      metabolic and vascular abnormalities in an evolving continuum of pathophysiology.
      In 2011, the American Heart Association indicated that a diagnosis of pre
      eclampsia, gestational hypertension, or gestational diabetes classified a woman
      as at risk for cardiovascular disease. In this article, we discuss hypertensive
      disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth as risk factors
      for future cardiovascular disease in women.

PMID- 26987787
TI  - Detail-preserving construction of neonatal brain atlases in space-frequency
      domain.
AB  - Brain atlases are commonly utilized in neuroimaging studies. However, most brain
      atlases are fuzzy and lack structural details, especially in the cortical
      regions. This is mainly caused by the image averaging process involved in atlas
      construction, which often smoothes out high-frequency contents that capture fine
      anatomical details. Brain atlas construction for neonatal images is even more
      challenging due to insufficient spatial resolution and low tissue contrast. In
      this paper, we propose a novel framework for detail-preserving construction of
      population-representative atlases. Our approach combines spatial and frequency
      information to better preserve image details. This is achieved by performing
      atlas construction in the space-frequency domain given by wavelet transform. In
      particular, sparse patch-based atlas construction is performed in all frequency
      subbands, and the results are combined to give a final atlas. For enhancing
      anatomical details, tissue probability maps are also used to guide atlas
      construction. Experimental results show that our approach can produce atlases
      with greater structural details than existing atlases. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2133
      2150, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26987788
TI  - Multiple non-parkinsonian rest tremors: dystonic rest tremor is the next
      candidate.

PMID- 26987789
TI  - Circadian variations in laboratory measurements of coagulation assays after
      administration of rivaroxaban or warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial
      fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although rivaroxaban has a relatively shorter half-life and peak and
      trough plasma concentrations throughout the day than warfarin, rivaroxaban has
      been found to be non-inferior to warfarin in preventing thromboembolic events in
      patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We measured circadian
      variations in laboratory measurements of coagulation assays for chronic treatment
      with rivaroxaban or warfarin in patients with NVAF. METHODS: We included 28
      consecutive patients with NVAF who were treated with rivaroxaban (n=13) or
      warfarin (n=15). Blood samples were collected at 6 AM, 11 AM, and 3 PM on the
      same day and on the next morning at 6 AM. Prothrombin time (PT), international
      normalized ratio of the PT (PT-INR), activated partial thromboplastin time
      (APTT), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), and protein C level/activity were
      measured in each patient. RESULTS: PT and PT-INR were significantly and
      consistently lower, and the F1+2 and protein C level/activity were significantly
      and consistently higher throughout the day in rivaroxaban-treated patients than
      in warfarin-treated patients. Significant increases in PT and PT-INR were
      observed 3h after oral administration in the patients taking rivaroxaban in the
      morning, whereas, significant increases in the protein C level/activity were
      observed 3h after oral administration in the patients taking warfarin in the
      morning. CONCLUSIONS: The protein C level/activity was significantly and
      consistently higher in the rivaroxaban-treated patients than in the warfarin
      treated patients throughout the day, which was in contrast to the findings for
      other coagulation assays. These findings may partly explain the specific
      persistent anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban even during the trough phase of
      the plasma concentration.

PMID- 26987790
TI  - Minimal energy requirement for external cardioversion and catheter ablation for
      long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The minimal energy requirement (Emin) for electrical cardioversion
      (ECV) reflects the atrial substrate in patients with long-standing persistent
      atrial fibrillation (L-PeAF), but the relationship between EminECV and
      radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has not yet been studied. We hypothesize
      that EminECV before ablation (EminECVpre) predicts clinical outcome of RFCA, and
      that catheter ablation reduces EminECVpost. METHODS: We included 172 patients
      with L-PeAF who underwent RFCA (79.7% males, 57.5+/-10.0 years) due to AF
      recurrence after ECV with an anti-arrhythmic drug (AAD). ECV began with 70J
      (patch electrode on anterior-posterior position) and was serially increased to
      100, 150, 200, and 250J until sinus rhythm was achieved, at an average 5.0+/-5.6
      months before RFCA. After RFCA, ECV was repeated (ECVpost) in 42 patients with
      recurrent AF that was not controlled by AAD. RESULTS: (1) During 34.8+/-20.0
      months of follow-up after RFCA, 103 patients (59.9%) showed clinical recurrence
      of AF after RFCA. EminECVpre was significantly higher in patients with recurrent
      AF (129.0+/-58.6J) than those who remained in sinus rhythm (94.2+/-39.4J,
      p<0.001). (2) EminECVpre >=150J (HR=3.31, 95% CI 2.18-5.03, p<0.001) and left
      atrial volume index (HR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04, p=0.021) were significantly
      associated with post-RFCA recurrence. (3) Shorter post-RFCA recurrence timing was
      also independently related to EminECVpre (beta=-0.147, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.09,
      p<0.001). (4) Among 103 patients with recurrent AF after RFCA, 42 AAD-resistant
      AF patients underwent ECVpost. EminECVpost (100.9+/-50.8J) was significantly
      lower than EminECVpre (130.0+/-66.1J, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Higher EminECVpre
      was independently associated with clinical recurrence and earlier recurrence
      timing of AF after catheter ablation among patients with AAD-resistant L-PeAF.
      Catheter ablation for L-PeAF significantly reduces EminECV.

PMID- 26987791
TI  - Impact of preoperative dual antiplatelet therapy on bleeding complications in
      patients with acute coronary syndromes who undergo urgent coronary artery bypass
      grafting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A 5- to 7-day washout period before coronary artery bypass grafting
      (CABG) is recommended for patients who have recently received a thienopyridine
      derivative; however, data supporting this guideline recommendation are lacking in
      Japanese patients. METHODS: Urgent isolated CABG was performed in 130 consecutive
      patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (101 men; mean age, 69 years).
      Urgent CABG was defined as operation performed within 5 days after coronary
      angiography. All patients continued to receive aspirin 100mg/day. The subjects
      were retrospectively divided into 2 groups: 30 patients with preoperative
      thienopyridine (clopidogrel in 15 patients, ticlopidine in 15) exposure within 5
      days [dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) group] and 100 patients without exposure
      [single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) group]. RESULTS: Although the DAPT group had
      a higher proportion of patients who received perioperative platelet transfusions
      than the SAPT group (50% vs. 18%, p<0.001), intraoperative bleeding (median,
      1100ml; interquartile range, 620-1440 vs. 920ml; 500-1100) and total drain output
      within 48h after surgery (577+/-262 vs. 543+/-277ml) were similar. CABG-related
      major bleeding, which was defined as type 4 or 5 bleeding according to the
      Bleeding Academic Research Consortium definitions, occurred in a significantly
      higher proportion of patients in the DAPT group than in the SAPT group (20% vs.
      3%, p=0.005). This difference in major bleeding was driven mainly by the higher
      rate of transfusion of >=5U red blood cells within a 48-h period in the DAPT
      group (13% vs. 1%, p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the 30-day
      composite endpoint including death, myocardial (re)infarction, ischemic stroke,
      and refractory angina between the DAPT group and SAPT group (17% vs. 19%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative DAPT increases the risk of CABG-related major bleeding
      in Japanese patients with ACS undergoing urgent CABG.

PMID- 26987792
TI  - Relationship between local production of microRNA-328 and atrial substrate
      remodeling in atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The underlying mechanism of atrial substrate remodeling in atrial
      fibrillation (AF) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether local
      and systemic levels of microRNA (miR) might be associated with the presence of AF
      and with left atrial (LA) substrate properties. METHODS: Blood from the
      periphery, pulmonary vein (PV), and left atrial appendage (LAA) was sampled from
      30 patients with AF undergoing PV isolation, and from 10 control subjects with
      Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and without AF. We measured peripheral, PV, and
      LAA plasma levels of miR-1, -26, -133a, -328, and -590 by reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction. LA global contact mapping during sinus rhythm was
      performed before PV isolation. RESULTS: Plasma levels of miR-328 were higher in
      patients with AF than in control subjects. Plasma miR-328 levels were
      significantly higher in the LAA than in the periphery and PV in patients with AF,
      but not in control subjects. Plasma miR-1 levels were also higher in the LAA than
      in the PV in AF patients. Interestingly, LAA plasma levels of miR-328 showed a
      positive correlation with the LA voltage zone index (area with voltage <0.5mV
      divided by total LA surface area) and a weak correlation with LA volume.
      CONCLUSION: Local production of miR-328 in the left atrium may be involved in the
      process of atrial remodeling in patients with AF.

PMID- 26987793
TI  - Involvement of a universal amino acid synthesis impediment in cytoplasmic male
      sterility in pepper.
AB  - To explore the mechanisms of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cytoplasmic male
      sterility (CMS), we studied the different maturation processes of sterile and
      fertile pepper anthers. A paraffin section analysis of the sterile anthers
      indicated an abnormality of the tapetal layer and an over-vacuolization of the
      cells. The quantitative proteomics results showed that the expression of
      histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH), dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DAD), aspartate
      aminotransferase (ATAAT), cysteine synthase (CS), delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
      synthase (P5CS), and glutamate synthetase (GS) in the amino acid synthesis
      pathway decreased by more than 1.5-fold. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein
      expression levels of DAD, ATAAT, CS and P5CS showed a 2- to 16-fold increase in
      the maintainer line anthers. We also found that most of the amino acid content
      levels decreased to varying degrees during the anther tapetum period of the
      sterile line, whereas these levels increased in the maintainer line. The results
      of our study indicate that during pepper anther development, changes in amino
      acid synthesis are significant and accompany abnormal tapetum maturity, which is
      most likely an important cause of male sterility in pepper. 

PMID- 26987794
TI  - Facebook and Twitter, communication and shelter, and the 2011 Tuscaloosa tornado.
AB  - This paper represents one of the first attempts to analyse the many ways in which
      Facebook and Twitter were used during a tornado disaster. Comparisons between
      five randomly selected campus samples and a city of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, sample
      revealed that campus samples used Facebook and Twitter significantly more both
      before and after the tornado, but Facebook usage was not significantly different
      after the event. Furthermore, differences in social media usage and other forms
      of communication before the tornado were found for age, education, and years
      lived in Tuscaloosa. Generally, age and education were inversely proportionate to
      social media usage. Influences on shelter-seeking actions varied between social
      media users and three random samples of non-social media users; however, it
      appears that social media respondents were likely to be using a smartphone
      simultaneously to access warning polygon information, to receive text message
      alerts, and to listen or respond to environmental cues.

PMID- 26987795
TI  - The Australian Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale (RACES): item
      response theory findings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Racism and associated discrimination are pervasive and persistent
      challenges with multiple cumulative deleterious effects contributing to
      inequities in various health outcomes. Globally, research over the past decade
      has shown consistent associations between racism and negative health concerns.
      Such research confirms that race endures as one of the strongest predictors of
      poor health. Due to the lack of validated Australian measures of racist
      attitudes, RACES (Racism, Acceptance, and Cultural-Ethnocentrism Scale) was
      developed. METHODS: Here, we examine RACES' psychometric properties, including
      the latent structure, utilising Item Response Theory (IRT). Unidimensional and
      Multidimensional Rating Scale Model (RSM) Rasch analyses were utilised with 296
      Victorian primary school students and 182 adolescents and 220 adults from the
      Australian community. RESULTS: RACES was demonstrated to be a robust 24-item
      three-dimensional scale of Accepting Attitudes (12 items), Racist Attitudes (8
      items), and Ethnocentric Attitudes (4 items). RSM Rasch analyses provide strong
      support for the instrument as a robust measure of racist attitudes in the
      Australian context, and for the overall factorial and construct validity of RACES
      across primary school children, adolescents, and adults. CONCLUSIONS: RACES
      provides a reliable and valid measure that can be utilised across the lifespan to
      evaluate attitudes towards all racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious groups. A
      core function of RACES is to assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce
      community levels of racism and in turn inequities in health outcomes within
      Australia.

PMID- 26987796
TI  - The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a tool to predict chemical activity on
      mammalian development and identify mechanisms influencing toxicological outcome.
AB  - To determine whether a C. elegans bioassay could predict mammalian developmental
      activity, we selected diverse compounds known and known not to elicit such
      activity and measured their effect on C. elegans egg viability. 89% of compounds
      that reduced C. elegans egg viability also had mammalian developmental activity.
      Conversely only 25% of compounds found not to reduce egg viability in C. elegans
      were also inactive in mammals. We conclude that the C. elegans egg viability
      assay is an accurate positive predictor, but an inaccurate negative predictor, of
      mammalian developmental activity. We then evaluated C. elegans as a tool to
      identify mechanisms affecting toxicological outcomes among related compounds. The
      difference in developmental activity of structurally related fungicides in C.
      elegans correlated with their rate of metabolism. Knockdown of the cytochrome
      P450s cyp-35A3 and cyp-35A4 increased the toxicity to C. elegans of the least
      developmentally active compounds to the level of the most developmentally active.
      This indicated that these P450s were involved in the greater rate of metabolism
      of the less toxic of these compounds. We conclude that C. elegans based
      approaches can predict mammalian developmental activity and can yield plausible
      hypotheses for factors affecting the biological potency of compounds in mammals. 

PMID- 26987797
TI  - Assessing Differences in the Availability of Opioid Addiction Therapy Options:
      Rural Versus Urban and American Indian Reservation Versus Nonreservation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Opioid misuse is a large public health problem in the United States.
      Residents of rural areas and American Indian (AI) reservation/trust lands
      represent traditionally underserved populations with regard to substance-use
      disorder therapy. PURPOSE: Assess differences in the number of opioid agonist
      therapy (OAT) facilities and physicians with Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA)
      waivers for rural versus urban, and AI reservation/trust land versus non-AI
      reservation/trust land areas in Washington State. METHODS: The unit of analysis
      was the ZIP code. The dependent variables were the number of OAT facilities and
      DATA-waivered physicians in a region per 10,000 residents aged 18-64 in a ZIP
      code. A region was defined as a ZIP code and its contiguous ZIP codes. The
      independent variables were binary measures of whether a ZIP code was classified
      as rural versus urban, or AI reservation/trust land versus non-AI
      reservation/trust land. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions with robust
      standard errors were estimated. RESULTS: The number of OAT clinics in a region
      per 10,000 ZIP-code residents was significantly lower in rural versus urban areas
      (P = .002). This did not differ significantly between AI reservation/trust land
      and non-AI reservation/trust land areas (P = .79). DATA-waivered physicians in a
      region per 10,000 ZIP-code residents was not significantly different between
      rural and urban (P = .08), or AI reservation/trust land versus non-AI
      reservation/trust land areas (P = .21). CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the
      potential for Washington State residents of rural and AI reservation areas to
      receive OAT is similar to that of residents outside of those areas; however,
      difficulties in accessing therapy may remain, highlighting the importance of
      expanding health care insurance and providing support for DATA-waivered
      physicians.

PMID- 26987798
TI  - Hyaluronan synthase 2 regulates fibroblast senescence in pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Dysregulated repair of lung injury often results in lung fibrosis characterized
      by unremitting deposition of matrix components including glycosaminoglycan
      hyaluronan (HA). HA is mainly produced by hyaluronan synthases (HAS) in
      mesenchymal cells. We previously demonstrated that over-expression of HAS2 in
      mesenchymal cells in mice regulates the invasiveness of fibroblasts and promotes
      severe lung fibrosis. The mechanisms that control the resolution of lung fibrosis
      are unknown. We propose that a critical step in resolving fibrosis is the
      induction of senescence in fibrotic fibroblasts and hyaluronan synthase 2 may
      regulate this process. We found that fibrotic fibroblasts developed the
      characteristics of replicative senescence in culture and that HAS2 expression was
      dramatically down-regulated. Furthermore, down-regulation of HAS2 initiated and
      regulated fibroblast senescence through a p27-CDK2-SKP2 pathway. Deletion of HAS2
      in mouse mesenchymal cells increased the cellular senescence of fibroblasts in
      bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis in vivo. These data suggest that HAS2 may
      be a critical regulator of the fate of pulmonary fibrosis and we propose a model
      where over-expression of HAS2 promotes an invasive phenotype resulting in severe
      fibrosis and down-regulation of HAS2 promotes resolution. Targeting HAS2 to
      induce fibroblast senescence could be an attractive approach to resolve tissue
      fibrosis.

PMID- 26987800
TI  - Management implications of resection margin histology in patients undergoing
      resection for IPMN: A meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: IPMN is a relatively new clinical entity and surgeons are
      continuing to develop their understanding of this complex pathology. Little is
      known of the natural disease process post-resection of an IPMN, particularly the
      impact of gland histology and margin status on the chance of recurrence and
      survival in benign and invasive IPMN. METHODS: An online search was conducted to
      evaluate and include those studies which reported on gland histology, margin
      status and disease recurrence in resected benign and malignant IPMN. A Meta
      analysis was then performed using a random effects model. RESULTS: The chance of
      recurrence in non-invasive margin positive IPMN is similar to margin negative
      IPMN. The chance of recurrence is higher in invasive gland IPMN compared to non
      invasive gland. The vast majority of recurrences occurred in patients with
      positive margins demonstrating invasion. CONCLUSION: All patients with intra- or
      post-operative evidence of invasive carcinoma at the resection margin should
      undergo further resection to achieve a negative margin. Patients with evidence of
      IPMN at the transaction margin (even with changes of high grade dysplasia/CIS)
      may not achieve any benefit from further resection. Patients with recurrence in
      benign/non-invasive IPMN should undergo re-resection, whereas patients with
      recurrence in invasive IPMN should not.

PMID- 26987801
TI  - Retrospective Study of Obesity in Children with Down Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess whether children with Down syndrome in the US are at an
      increased risk for obesity, we determined the obesity prevalence and analyzed
      obesity development throughout childhood in a cohort of children with Down
      syndrome. In addition, we analyzed a comorbidity that is associated with Down
      syndrome and obesity, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). STUDY DESIGN: This
      study was a retrospective chart review that evaluated 303 children ages 2 through
      18 years with a diagnosis of Down syndrome. All children were patients at
      Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center with multiple height and weight
      measurements. To determine obesity burden, the rate of obesity was compared with
      a local control cohort using contingency tables. Change in obesity rate through
      time was determined with mixed models. Association of obesity with OSAS was
      determined with contingency tables. RESULTS: We evaluated 303 individuals, 47.8%
      of whom were obese (body mass index >=95th percentile for age and sex). This was
      significantly higher than the general pediatric population, which had a 12.1%
      obesity rate (P < .0001). Body mass index z-scores did not change markedly over
      time (P = .40). The majority of children with Down syndrome also had OSAS (74.0%
      of the 177 children who had polysomnography studies). However, OSAS risk was
      elevated in obese children (risk ratio = 2.4, P = .0015). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results indicate that children with Down syndrome are at a substantial risk for
      obesity and OSAS. These findings support the need for more aggressive weight
      management in early childhood and throughout the lifespan.

PMID- 26987799
TI  - DNA damage signalling barrier, oxidative stress and treatment-relevant DNA repair
      factor alterations during progression of human prostate cancer.
AB  - The DNA damage checkpoints provide an anti-cancer barrier in diverse tumour
      types, however this concept has remained unexplored in prostate cancer (CaP).
      Furthermore, targeting DNA repair defects by PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) as a cancer
      treatment strategy is emerging yet requires suitable predictive biomarkers. To
      address these issues, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of multiple
      markers of DNA damage signalling, oxidative stress, DNA repair and cell cycle
      control pathways during progression of human prostate disease from benign
      hyperplasia, through intraepithelial neoplasia to CaP, complemented by genetic
      analyses of TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and NQO1, an anti-oxidant factor and p53
      protector. The DNA damage checkpoint barrier (gammaH2AX, pATM, p53) mechanism was
      activated during CaP tumorigenesis, albeit less and with delayed culmination
      compared to other cancers, possibly reflecting lower replication stress (slow
      proliferation despite cases of Rb loss and cyclin D1 overexpression) and
      progressive loss of ATM activator NKX3.1. Oxidative stress (8-oxoguanine lesions)
      and NQO1 increased during disease progression. NQO1 genotypes of 390 men did not
      indicate predisposition to CaP, yet loss of NQO1 in CaP suggested potential
      progression-opposing tumour suppressor role. TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and PTEN
      loss, events sensitizing to PARPi, occurred frequently along with heterogeneous
      loss of DNA repair factors 53BP1, JMJD1C and Rev7 (all studied here for the first
      time in CaP) whose defects may cause resistance to PARPi. Overall, our results
      reveal an unorthodox DNA damage checkpoint barrier scenario in CaP tumorigenesis,
      and provide novel insights into oxidative stress and DNA repair, with
      implications for biomarker guidance of future targeted therapy of CaP.

PMID- 26987802
TI  - A rapid method to authenticate vegetable oils through surface-enhanced Raman
      scattering.
AB  - Vegetable oils are essential in our daily diet. Among various vegetable oils, the
      major difference lies in the composition of fatty acids, including unsaturated
      fatty acids (USFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). USFA include oleic acid (OA),
      linoleic acid (LA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), while SFA are mainly palmitic
      acid (PA). In this study, the most typical and abundant USFA present with PA in
      vegetable oils were quantified. More importantly, certain proportional
      relationships between the integrated intensities of peaks centered at 1656 cm(-1)
      (S1656) in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra of different USFA were
      confirmed. Therefore, the LA or ALA content could be converted into an equivalent
      virtual OA content enabling the characterization of the USFA content in vegetable
      oils using the equivalent total OA content. In combination with the S1656 of pure
      OA and using peanut, sesame, and soybean oils as examples, the ranges of S1656
      corresponding to the National Standards of China were established to allow the
      rapid authentication of vegetable oils. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer
      analyses verified the accuracy of the method, with relative errors of less than
      5%. Moreover, this method can be extended to other detection fields, such as
      diseases.

PMID- 26987805
TI  - Can age-related biology impact on clinical management and outcome of primary
      breast cancer in older women?

PMID- 26987804
TI  - Involvement of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors within the dentate gyrus of the
      hippocampus in the acquisition, expression and extinction of lateral hypothalamic
      induced conditioned place preference in the rats.
AB  - Orexinergic projections originating from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) have an
      important role in the acquisition of the LH-stimulation conditioned place
      preference (CPP). Among the brain areas associated with reward processing, LH
      orexinergic neurons send projections to the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the
      hippocampus, and it has been shown that orexin receptors are expressed in the DG.
      In this study, we investigated the role of intra-DG orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2
      (OX2) receptors on acquisition, expression and extinction of CPP induced by
      stimulation of the LH. Rats were unilaterally implanted by two separate cannulae
      into the LH and DG. The CPP paradigm was done; conditioning scores and locomotor
      activities were recorded by Ethovision software. The results showed that intra-DG
      administration of SB334867, a selective OX1r antagonist, and TCS OX2 29, a
      selective OX2r antagonist, (0.5, 5, 12.5 and 50nM/0.5ul DMSO) before carbachol
      microinjection (250nM; effective dose) during the 3-days conditioning phase, dose
      dependently inhibited the development of LH stimulation-induced CPP in the rats.
      However, this reduction in OX1r antagonist treated groups was more than that in
      OX2r antagonist treated animals. In addition, these antagonists decreased the
      expression of LH-induced CPP. Moreover, OX1r but not OX2r antagonist could
      shorten the extinction duration of place preference. We conclude that the
      orexinergic projections from the LH to DG are involved in the development,
      expression and extinction of CPP induced by LH stimulation.

PMID- 26987806
TI  - Artificial Photosynthesis: Hybrid Systems.
AB  - Oxidoreductases are promising catalysts for organic synthesis. To sustain their
      catalytic cycles they require efficient supply with redox equivalents. Today
      classical biomimetic approaches utilizing natural electron supply chains prevail
      but artificial regeneration approaches bear the promise of simpler and more
      robust reaction schemes. Utilizing visible light can accelerate such artificial
      electron transport chains and even enable thermodynamically unfeasible reactions
      such as the use of water as reductant.This contribution critically summarizes the
      current state of the art in photoredoxbiocatalysis (i.e. light-driven
      biocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions).

PMID- 26987807
TI  - Are we being exposed to radiation in the hospital?

PMID- 26987808
TI  - Mining for genes related to choroidal neovascularization based on the shortest
      path algorithm and protein interaction information.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a serious eye disease that may
      cause visual loss, especially for older people. Many factors have been proven to
      induce this disease including age, gender, obesity, and so on. However, until
      now, we have had limited knowledge on CNV's pathogenic mechanism. Discovering the
      genes that underlie this disease and performing extensive studies on them can
      help us to understand how CNV occurs and design effective treatments. METHODS: In
      this study, we designed a computational method to identify novel CNV-related
      genes in a large protein network constructed using the protein-protein
      interaction information in STRING. The candidate genes were first extracted from
      the shortest paths connecting any two known CNV-related genes and then filtered
      by a permutation test and using knowledge of their linkages to known CNV-related
      genes. RESULTS: A list of putative CNV-related candidate genes was accessed by
      our method. These genes are deemed to have strong relationships with CNV.
      CONCLUSIONS: Extensive analyses of several of the putative genes such as ANK1,
      ITGA4, CD44 and others indicate that they are related to specific biological
      processes involved in CNV, implying they may be novel CNV-related genes. GENERAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: The newfound putative CNV-related genes may provide new insights
      into CNV and help design more effective treatments. This article is part of a
      Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao
      Huang.

PMID- 26987803
TI  - Restrained Th17 response and myeloid cell infiltration into the central nervous
      system by human decidua-derived mesenchymal stem cells during experimental
      autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis is a widespread inflammatory demyelinating
      disease. Several immunomodulatory therapies are available, including interferon
      beta, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod, and mitoxantrone. Although
      useful to delay disease progression, they do not provide a definitive cure and
      are associated with some undesirable side-effects. Accordingly, the search for
      new therapeutic methods constitutes an active investigation field. The use of
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to modify the disease course is currently the
      subject of intense interest. Decidua-derived MSCs (DMSCs) are a cell population
      obtained from human placental extraembryonic membranes able to differentiate into
      the three germ layers. This study explores the therapeutic potential of DMSCs.
      METHODS: We used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model
      to evaluate the effect of DMSCs on clinical signs of the disease and on the
      presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the central nervous system. We also
      compared the inflammatory profile of spleen T cells from DMSC-treated mice with
      that of EAE control animals, and the influence of DMSCs on the in vitro
      definition of the Th17 phenotype. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects on the
      presence of some critical cell types in central nervous system infiltrates.
      RESULTS: Preventive intraperitoneal injection of DMSCs resulted in a significant
      delay of external signs of EAE. In addition, treatment of animals already
      presenting with moderate symptoms resulted in mild EAE with reduced disease
      scores. Besides decreased inflammatory infiltration, diminished percentages of
      CD4(+)IL17(+), CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) and CD11b(+)Ly6C(+) cells were found in
      infiltrates of treated animals. Early immune response was mitigated, with spleen
      cells of DMSC-treated mice displaying low proliferative response to antigen,
      decreased production of interleukin (IL)-17, and increased production of the anti
      inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, lower RORgammaT and higher GATA
      3 expression levels were detected in DMSC-treated mice. DMSCs also showed a
      detrimental influence on the in vitro definition of the Th17 phenotype.
      CONCLUSIONS: DMSCs modulated the clinical course of EAE, modified the frequency
      and cell composition of the central nervous system infiltrates during the
      disease, and mediated an impairment of Th17 phenotype establishment in favor of
      the Th2 subtype. These results suggest that DMSCs might provide a new cell-based
      therapy for the control of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26987809
TI  - Fragment-wise design of inhibitors to 3C proteinase from enterovirus 71.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot and mouth
      disease (HFMD), which can spread its infection to central nervous and other
      systems with severe consequence. A key factor in the replication of EV71 is its
      3C proteinase (3C(pro)), a significant drug target. Peptidomimetics were employed
      as inhibitors of this enzyme for developing antivirals. However, the peptide
      bonds in these peptidomimetics are a source of low bioavailability due to their
      susceptibility to protease digestion. To produce non-peptidomimetic inhibitors by
      replacing these peptide bonds, it would be important to gain better understanding
      on the contribution of each component to the interaction and potency. METHODS: A
      series of compounds of different lengths targeting 3C(pro) and having an
      alpha,beta-unsaturated ester as the warhead were synthesized and their
      interactions with the enzyme were evaluated by complex structure analyses and
      potency assays for a better understanding on the relationship between potency and
      evolution of interaction. RESULTS: The P2 moiety of the compound would need to be
      oriented to interact in the S2 site in the substrate binding cleft and the P3-P4
      moieties were required to generate sufficient potency. A hydrophobic terminal
      group will benefit the cellular uptake and improve the activity in vivo.
      CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The data presented here provide a basis for
      designing a new generation of non-peptidomimetics to target EV71 3C(pro).

PMID- 26987810
TI  - The promise of protein glycosylation for personalised medicine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complex diseases such as cancer are a consequence of numerous causes.
      State of the art personalised medicine approaches are mostly based on evaluating
      patients' individual genetic background. Despite the advances of genomics it
      fails to take individual dynamic influences into account that contribute to the
      individual and unique glycomic and glycoproteomic "configurations" of every
      living being. SCOPE OF REVIEW: Glycomic and glycoproteomic-based personalised
      medicine diagnostics are still in their infancies, however some initial success
      stories indicate that these fields are highly promising to mediate novel early
      diagnosis and disease stratification markers, subsequently resulting in improved
      patient well-being and reduced treatment costs. In this review we not only
      summarise current protein glycosylation based examples that substantially improve
      or possess great potential for personalised medicine, but also describe current
      limitations as well as future perspectives and challenges associated with
      establishing protein glycosylation aspects for this purpose. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS:
      Many protein biomarkers currently in clinical use are glycoproteins, however,
      their glycosylation status is seldom evaluated in a clinical context. To date
      just few examples have already been successfully translated into clinical
      practice, making protein glycosylation a highly promising diagnostic target with
      humongous potential for personalised medicine. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: There is an
      urgent need for markers that enable the establishment of an individualised and
      optimised patient treatment at the earliest disease stage possible. The
      glycosylation status of a patient and/or specific marker proteins can provide
      important clues that result in improved patient management. This article is part
      of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor:
      Professor Gordan Lauc.

PMID- 26987811
TI  - Engineered Cx26 variants established functional heterotypic Cx26/Cx43 and
      Cx26/Cx40 gap junction channels.
AB  - Gap junction (GJ) channels mediate direct intercellular communication and are
      composed of two docked hemichannels (connexin oligomers). It is well documented
      that the docking and formation of GJs are possible only between compatible
      hemichannels (or connexins). The mechanisms of heterotypic docking compatibility
      are not fully clear. We aligned the protein sequences of docking-compatible and 
      incompatible connexins with that of connexin26 (Cx26). We found that two docking
      hydrogen bond (HB)-forming residues on the second extracellular domain (E2) of
      Cx26 and their equivalent residues are well conserved within docking-compatible
      connexins, but different between docking-incompatible connexins. Replacing one or
      both of these residues of Cx26 into the corresponding residues in the docking
      incompatible connexins (K168V, N176H or K168V-N176H) increased the formation of
      morphological and functional heterotypic GJs with connexin43 (Cx43) or connexin40
      (Cx40), indicating that these two residues are important for docking
      incompatibility between Cx26 and these connexins. Our homology structure models
      predict that both HBs and hydrophobic interactions at the E2 docking interface
      are important docking mechanisms in heterotypic Cx26 K168V-N176H/Cx43 GJs and
      probably other docking compatible connexins. Revealing the key residues and
      mechanisms of heterotypic docking compatibility will assist us in understanding
      why these putative docking residues are hotspots of disease-linked mutants.

PMID- 26987812
TI  - Substrate determinants of signal peptide peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a)-mediated
      intramembrane proteolysis of the invariant chain CD74.
AB  - The presenilin homologue signal peptide peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2a) is an
      intramembrane protease of lysosomes/late endosomes which cleaves type II
      transmembrane proteins. We recently identified CD74, the invariant chain of the
      MHCII complex, as the first in vivo validated substrate of this protease. In
      endosomal compartments, CD74 undergoes sequential proteolysis leading to the
      generation of a membrane-bound N-terminal fragment (NTF) that requires cleavage
      by SPPL2a for its turnover. In SPPL2a(-/-) mice, this fragment accumulates in B
      cells and significantly disturbs their maturation and functionality. To date, the
      substrate requirements of the protease SPPL2a have not been investigated. In the
      present study, we systematically analysed the molecular determinants of CD74 with
      regard to the intramembrane cleavage by SPPL2a. Using domain-exchange
      experiments, we demonstrate that the intracellular domain (ICD) of CD74 can be
      substituted without affecting cleavability by SPPL2a. Based on IP-MS analysis of
      the cleavage product, we report identification of the primary SPPL2a cleavage
      site between Y52 and F53 within the CD74 transmembrane segment. Furthermore,
      systematic alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the transmembrane and membrane
      proximal parts of the CD74 NTF has been performed. We show that none of the
      analysed determinants within the CD74 NTF including the residues flanking the
      primary cleavage site are absolutely essential for SPPL2a cleavage. Importantly,
      we found that alanine substitution of helix-destabilizing glycines within the
      transmembrane segment and distinct residues within the luminal membrane-proximal
      segment led to a reduced efficiency of SPPL2a-mediated processing. Therefore we
      propose that elements within the transmembrane segment and the luminal
      juxtamembrane domain facilitate intramembrane proteolysis of CD74 by SPPL2a.

PMID- 26987814
TI  - Molecular basis of lipo-chitooligosaccharide recognition by the lysin motif
      receptor-like kinase LYR3 in legumes.
AB  - LYR3 [LysM (lysin motif) receptor-like kinase 3] of Medicago truncatula is a high
      affinity binding protein for symbiotic LCO (lipo-chitooligosaccharide) signals,
      produced by rhizobia bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The present study
      shows that LYR3 from several other legumes, but not from two Lupinus species
      which are incapable of forming the mycorrhizal symbiosis, bind LCOs with high
      affinity and discriminate them from COs (chitooligosaccharides). The biodiversity
      of these proteins and the lack of binding to the Lupinus proteins were used to
      identify features required for high-affinity LCO binding. Swapping experiments
      between each of the three LysMs of the extracellular domain of the M. truncatula
      and Lupinus angustifolius LYR3 proteins revealed the crucial role of the third
      LysM in LCO binding. Site-directed mutagenesis identified a tyrosine residue,
      highly conserved in all LYR3 LCO-binding proteins, which is essential for high
      affinity binding. Molecular modelling suggests that it may be part of a
      hydrophobic tunnel able to accommodate the LCO acyl chain. The lack of
      conservation of these features in the binding site of plant LysM proteins binding
      COs provides a mechanistic explanation of how LCO recognition might differ from
      CO perception by structurally related LysM receptors.

PMID- 26987816
TI  - Facial emotion recognition and its relationship to cognition and depressive
      symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Impairments in facial emotion recognition (FER) have been detected in
      patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Presently, we aim at assessing differences
      in emotion recognition performance in PD patient groups with and without mild
      forms of cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to healthy controls. METHODS:
      Performance on a concise emotion recognition test battery (VERT-K) of three
      groups of 97 PD patients was compared with an age-equivalent sample of 168
      healthy controls. Patients were categorized into groups according to two well
      established classifications of MCI according to Petersen's (cognitively intact
      vs. amnestic MCI, aMCI, vs. non-amnestic MCI, non-aMCI) and Litvan's (cognitively
      intact vs. single-domain MCI, sMCI, vs. multi-domain MCI, mMCI) criteria.
      Patients and controls underwent individual assessments using a comprehensive
      neuropsychological test battery examining attention, executive functioning,
      language, and memory (Neuropsychological Test Battery Vienna, NTBV), the Beck
      Depression Inventory, and a measure of premorbid IQ (WST). RESULTS: Cognitively
      intact PD patients and patients with MCI in PD (PD-MCI) showed significantly
      worse emotion recognition performance when compared to healthy controls. Between
      groups effect sizes were substantial, showing non-trivial effects in all
      comparisons (Cohen's ds from 0.31 to 1.22). Moreover, emotion recognition
      performance was higher in women, positively associated with premorbid IQ and
      negatively associated with age. Depressive symptoms were not related to FER.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation yields further evidence for impaired FER
      in PD. Interestingly, our data suggest FER deficits even in cognitively intact PD
      patients indicating FER dysfunction prior to the development of overt cognitive
      dysfunction. Age showed a negative association whereas IQ showed a positive
      association with FER.

PMID- 26987813
TI  - Regulator of G-protein signalling and GoLoco proteins suppress TRPC4 channel
      function via acting at Galphai/o.
AB  - Transient receptor potential canonical 4 (TRPC4) forms non-selective cation
      channels implicated in the regulation of diverse physiological functions.
      Previously, TRPC4 was shown to be activated by the Gi/o subgroup of
      heterotrimeric G-proteins involving Galphai/o, rather than Gbetagamma, subunits.
      Because the lifetime and availability of Galpha-GTP are regulated by regulators
      of G-protein signalling (RGS) and Galphai/o-Loco (GoLoco) domain-containing
      proteins via their GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and guanine-nucleotide
      dissociation inhibitor (GDI) functions respectively, we tested how RGS and GoLoco
      domain proteins affect TRPC4 currents activated via Gi/o-coupled receptors. Using
      whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we show that both RGS and GoLoco proteins
      [RGS4, RGS6, RGS12, RGS14, LGN or activator of G-protein signalling 3 (AGS3)]
      suppress receptor-mediated TRPC4 activation without causing detectable basal
      current or altering surface expression of the channel protein. The inhibitory
      effects are dependent on the GAP and GoLoco domains and facilitated by enhancing
      membrane targeting of the GoLoco protein AGS3. In addition, RGS, but not GoLoco,
      proteins accelerate desensitization of receptor-activation evoked TRPC4 currents.
      The inhibitory effects of RGS and GoLoco domains are additive and are most
      prominent with RGS12 and RGS14, which contain both RGS and GoLoco domains. Our
      data support the notion that the Galpha, but not Gbetagamma, arm of the Gi/o
      signalling is involved in TRPC4 activation and unveil new roles for RGS and
      GoLoco domain proteins in fine-tuning TRPC4 activities. The versatile and diverse
      functions of RGS and GoLoco proteins in regulating G-protein signalling may
      underlie the complexity of receptor-operated TRPC4 activation in various cell
      types under different conditions.

PMID- 26987817
TI  - Prognostic factors for recurrence after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic
      rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to clarify the prognostic factors affecting
      the ethmoid condition during a long-term follow-up after endoscopic sinus surgery
      in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). METHODS:
      Thirty-six patients with CRSwNP underwent surgery from December 2008 to February
      2012. All surgeries were performed by one surgeon, and all patients were followed
      up for at least 2 years postoperatively. We investigated the association of
      postoperative endoscopic findings with clinical parameters, mucosal eosinophil
      count and mRNA expression of CCL11, IL-5, and IFN-gamma in nasal polyps. RESULTS:
      Seventeen patients (47.2%) had severe mucosal edema, and the patency of each
      sinus was not confirmed during the >2-year follow-up. The mucosal eosinophil
      count and two eosinophil-associated factors, namely the CCL11 and IL-5 mRNA
      levels, were higher in the severe mucosal edema group than in the control group.
      The severe mucosal edema group was divided into two subgroups: the steroid
      responsive and -resistant groups. Five patients (13.9%) had frank polyp formation
      because the oral steroids were less effective. The mucosal eosinophil count was
      significantly different among the four groups, including the control group
      (p=0.001); however, the CCL11, IL-5, and IFN-gamma mRNA levels were not
      significantly different. Although the IL-5 mRNA level was not significantly
      different among the four groups, it tended to increase when the sinus condition
      worsened. In the severe mucosal edema group, a higher IL-5 mRNA level was
      associated with earlier severe mucosal edema in the ethmoid cavity. CONCLUSION:
      The IL-5 mRNA level is associated with the time of severe edema formation in the
      ethmoid cavity. This finding permits early intervention on the postoperative
      course and would prevent polyp recurrence.

PMID- 26987815
TI  - alphaB-crystallin is essential for the TGF-beta2-mediated epithelial to
      mesenchymal transition of lens epithelial cells.
AB  - Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2-mediated pathways play a major role in the
      epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) during
      secondary cataract formation, which is also known as posterior capsule
      opacification (PCO). Although alphaB-crystallin is a major protein in LEC, its
      role in the EMT remains unknown. In a human LEC line (FHL124), TGF-beta2
      treatment resulted in changes in the EMT-associated proteins at the mRNA and
      protein levels. This was associated with nuclear localization of alphaB
      crystallin, phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) (S245/250/255), pSmad3 (S423/425),
      Smad4 and Snail and the binding of alphaB-crystallin to these transcription
      factors, all of which were reduced by the down-regulation of alphaB-crystallin.
      Expression of the functionally defective R120G mutant of alphaB-crystallin
      reduced TGF-beta2-induced EMT in LECs of alphaB-crystallin knockout (KO) mice.
      Treatment of bovine lens epithelial explants and mouse LEC with TGF-beta2
      resulted in changes in the EMT-associated proteins at the mRNA and protein
      levels. This was accompanied by increase in phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen
      activated protein kinases (MAPK) (T202/Y204), p38 MAPK (T180/Y182), protein
      kinase B (Akt) (S473) and Smad2 when compared with untreated cells. These changes
      were significantly reduced in alphaB-crystallin depleted or knocked out LEC. The
      removal of the fibre cell mass from the lens of wild-type (WT) mice resulted in
      the up-regulation of EMT-associated genes in the capsule-adherent epithelial
      cells, which was reduced in the alphaB-crystallin KO mice. Together, our data
      show that alphaB-crystallin plays a central role in the TGF-beta2-induced EMT of
      LEC. alphaB-Crystallin could be targeted to prevent PCO and pathological fibrosis
      in other tissues.

PMID- 26987818
TI  - A behavioural change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in the
      national health service (the SCIN trial): study protocol for a cluster randomised
      controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hand dermatitis can be a serious health problem in healthcare
      workers. While a range of skin care strategies and policy directives have been
      developed in recent years to minimise the risk, their effectiveness and cost
      effectiveness remain unclear. Evidence now suggests that psychological theory can
      facilitate behaviour change with respect to improved hand care practices.
      Therefore, we will test the hypothesis that a behavioural change intervention to
      improve hand care, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and implementation
      intentions, coupled with provision of hand moisturisers, can produce a clinically
      useful reduction in the occurrence of hand dermatitis, when compared to standard
      care, among nurses working in the UK National Health Service (NHS) who are
      particularly at risk. Secondary aims will be to assess impacts on participants'
      beliefs and behaviour regarding hand care. In addition, we will assess the cost
      effectiveness of the intervention in comparison with normal care. METHODS/DESIGN:
      We will conduct a cluster randomised controlled trial at 35 NHS hospital
      trusts/health boards/universities, focussing on student nurses with a previous
      history of atopic disease or hand eczema and on nurses in intensive care units.
      Nurses at 'intervention-light' sites will be managed according to what would
      currently be regarded as best practice, with provision of an advice leaflet about
      optimal hand care to prevent hand dermatitis and encouragement to contact their
      occupational health (OH) department early if hand dermatitis occurs. Nurses at
      'intervention-plus' sites will additionally receive a behavioural change
      programme (BCP) with on-going active reinforcement of its messages, and enhanced
      provision of moisturising cream. The impact of the interventions will be compared
      using information collected by questionnaires and through standardised
      photographs of the hands and wrists, collected at baseline and after 12 months
      follow-up. In addition, we will assemble relevant economic data for an analysis
      of costs and benefits, and collect information from various sources to evaluate
      processes. Statistical analysis will be by multi-level regression modelling to
      allow for clustering by site, and will compare the prevalence of outcome measures
      at follow-up after adjustment for values at baseline. The principal outcome
      measure will be the prevalence of visible hand dermatitis as assessed by the
      study dermatologists. In addition, several secondary outcome measures will be
      assessed. DISCUSSION: This trial will assess the clinical and cost effectiveness
      of an intervention to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses in the United Kigdom.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN53303171 : date of registration, 21 June 2013.

PMID- 26987819
TI  - Uterine Prx2 restrains decidual differentiation through inhibiting lipolysis in
      mice.
AB  - Uterine decidualization, characterized as extensive stromal cell proliferation,
      differentiation and polyploidization, is a crucial event for successful pregnancy
      and is tightly regulated by many different molecules and pathways. Prx2, an
      evolutionarily conserved homeobox transcription factor expressed in both embryos
      and adults, plays an important role during mesenchymal cell differentiation.
      However, it remains unclear what the exact function of Prx2 is in the uterine
      stromal cells, one type of mesenchymal cells. In the present study, employing in
      vivo and in vitro stromal cell decidualization models, combining adenovirus
      mediated overexpression of Prx2, we found that the expression of Prx2 is
      initiated in the uterine stromal cells once the blastocyst attached to the
      epithelium and is always detected around the differentiated decidual zone in the
      anti-mesometrium of the uterus during post-implantation uterine development.
      Also, overexpression of Prx2 disturbed stromal-decidual differentiation, which is
      reflected by the decreased expression of decidual/trophoblast prolactin-related
      protein (Dtprp), the marker for uterine decidualization in mice. Further, we
      demonstrate that Prx2 overexpression disturbs lipolysis, leading to lipid
      droplets accumulation in uterine stromal cells, partially mediated by
      downregulated expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase. Collectively, these
      data indicate that uterine Prx2 restrains uterine decidual differentiation
      through regulating lipid metabolism.

PMID- 26987821
TI  - Fast calcium wave inhibits excessive apoptosis during epithelial wound healing.
AB  - Successful wound closure is mainly the result of two cellular processes:
      migration and proliferation. Apoptosis has also been suggested to play a role in
      the mechanisms of wound healing. The fast calcium wave (FCW), triggered
      immediately after a wound is produced, has been proposed to be involved in
      determining healing responses in epithelia. We have explored the effects of the
      reversible inhibition of FCW on the apoptotic and proliferative responses of
      healing bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells in culture. The most important
      findings of this study are that caspase-dependent apoptosis occurs during the
      healing process, that the amount of apoptosis has a linear dependence on the
      migrated distance, and that FCW inhibition greatly increases the apoptotic index.
      We have further been able to establish that FCW plays a role in the control of
      cell proliferation during BCE wound healing. These results indicate that one of
      the main roles of the wave is to inhibit an excessive apoptotic response of the
      healing migrating cells. This property might represent a basic mechanism to allow
      sufficient migration and proliferation of the healing cells to assure proper
      restitution of the injured tissue.

PMID- 26987822
TI  - SIB health psychology in Brazil: The challenges for working in public health
      settings.
AB  - Considering the diversity of theoretical approaches and settings for
      psychological practice, this editorial provides a background for the articles
      that have been included in this special issue concerning health psychology in the
      context of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude). We
      addressed issues concerning the national curricular outline for undergraduate
      training in psychology and historical data on the social movements that led to
      the creation of the Sistema Unico de Saude and the Psychiatric Reform which
      created an important area for psychological work absorbing a considerable number
      of psychologists. 

PMID- 26987820
TI  - Changes of myoid and endothelial cells in the peritubular wall during contraction
      of the seminiferous tubule.
AB  - The wall of the seminiferous tubule in rodents consists of an inner layer of
      myoid cells covered by an outer layer of endothelial cells. Myoid cells are a
      type of smooth muscle cell containing alpha-actin filaments arranged in two
      independent layers that contract when stimulated by endothelin-1. The irregular
      surface relief of the tubular wall is often considered a hallmark of contraction
      induced by a variety of stimuli. We examine morphological changes of the rat
      seminiferous tubule wall during contraction by a combination of light, confocal,
      transmission and scanning electron microscopy. During ET-1-induced contraction,
      myoid cells changed from a flat to a conical shape, but their actin filaments
      remained in independent layers. As a consequence of myoid cell contraction, the
      basement membrane became wavy, orientation of collagen fibers in the
      extracellular matrix was altered and the endothelial cell layer became folded. To
      observe the basement of the myoid cell cone, the endothelial cell monolayer was
      removed by collagenase digestion prior to SEM study. In contracted tubules, it is
      possible to distinguish cell relief: myoid cells have large folds on the external
      surface oriented parallel to the tubular axis, whereas endothelial cells have
      numerous cytoplasmic projections facing the interstitium. The myoid cell
      cytoskeleton is unusual in that the actin filaments are arranged in two
      orthogonal layers, which adopt differing shapes during contraction with myoid
      cells becoming cone-shaped. This arrangement impacts on other components of the
      seminiferous tubule wall and affects the propulsion of the tubular contents to
      the rete testis.

PMID- 26987823
TI  - Psychologists in public health: Historical aspects and current challenges.
AB  - This article presents the historical context of the insertion of psychology, as a
      profession, in health policies in Brazil, in order to understand its current
      challenges. Analysis was based on a non-systematic literature review about
      professional training, practice, and research in psychology. Three challenges
      were identified: working in high social vulnerability contexts, practice in
      multidisciplinary teams and the need to expand the research agenda. We conclude
      that dealing with these challenges will depend on the area's capacity to reinvent
      itself and become more permeable to interdisciplinary dialogue. 

PMID- 26987824
TI  - A good training based on insufficiency: Work in health care as an ethics.
AB  - The article discusses psychology training in health care at the Federal
      University of Sao Paulo. It places curriculum guidelines in a changing movement
      of training for health professions, proposing Work in Health Care as one of its
      common axes. In the Baixada Santista campus, the course is based on learning by
      experience, public health services and multidisciplinary team work. Three vectors
      derived from the experience in this project and its assessment are discussed: a
      common clinic, work in health care as an ethics and the idea of good training by
      insufficiency. 

PMID- 26987825
TI  - Experiences in the health services network and in the street: Captures and
      detours in psychology training for public health services.
AB  - This article discusses the internships at the psychosocial health system of
      Natal, Northeast region of Brazil, as part of training in psychology. The
      objective of these internships is to offer students work experiences in public
      health both inside and outside health services. Based on Institutional Analysis
      and Schizoanalysis, these experiences were examined through two analysers: (1)
      the power of knowledge and (2) the need for by-passes. We conclude that health
      provokes tensions between instituted practices in health services and those
      instituted in psychology training. 

PMID- 26987826
TI  - Group work in the public health context: A proposal for training in psychology.
AB  - The entry of psychologists into the public health sector in Brazil is usually
      connected to a traditional clinical model, and, thus, marked by a lack of
      training for group work. A reflection on the training of psychologists for group
      work is essential. Aiming at contributing to this theme, the objective of this
      article is to discuss the training for group work in the public health sector. In
      particular, we aim to introduce a proposal for training in psychology in a
      Brazilian public university, covering a theoretical-practical module, as well as
      basic and professionalizing internship programmes. 

PMID- 26987827
TI  - Care in movement: Health psychology in the Sofia Feldman Maternity Hospital in
      Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
AB  - Psychologists in hospital settings are part of a complex network of professional
      relationships in constant negotiation. In addition, psychologists have skills
      that enable them to work with social phenomena and to act strategically within
      them. This is especially important in inter-disciplinary team work where
      professional boundaries can generate barriers to change. This article shows how
      psychologists of a maternity hospital in a working-class district of a large
      Brazilian city adapted to an integral approach to health care in a way that
      helped other professionals to rethink practices. 

PMID- 26987828
TI  - The matrix approach to mental health care: Experiences in Florianopolis, Brazil.
AB  - This article reports on the experience of a matrix approach to mental health in
      primary health care. Professionals who work in the Family Health Support Nuclei,
      Nucleos de Apoio a Saude da Familia, pointed to challenges of this approach,
      especially regarding the difficulties of introducing pedagogic actions in the
      health field and problems related to work relationships. As the matrix approach
      and its practice are new aspects of the Brazilian Unified Health System, the
      academic knowledge must walk hand in hand with everyday professional practice to
      help improve the quality of the services offered in this context. 

PMID- 26987829
TI  - Matrix Support in mental health: The experience in Vitoria, Espirito Santo.
AB  - This study discusses the implementation of Matrix Support in Vitoria, Espirito
      Santo, Brazil, through analysis of documents and semi-structured interviews.
      Results indicate that Matrix Support evolved over time to provide community
      services that reflect local reality, enabling the integration of mental health
      into primary care practices as well as boosting reduction in the number of
      psychiatric hospital admissions. Results suggest that the use of collaborative
      spaces to evaluate Matrix Support network and the services it provides helps to
      ensure that this strategy is not lost in hierarchies and specialisms. 

PMID- 26987830
TI  - Effectiveness of a multidimensional web-based intervention program to change
      Brazilian health practitioners' attitudes toward the lesbian, gay, bisexual and
      transgender population.
AB  - The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a multidimensional
      (educational, affective and behavioural) web-based intervention to change
      healthcare practitioners' attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
      population. It aimed to measure gender and sexual (GenSex) prejudice pre- and
      post-intervention in relation to sociodemographic characteristics. A total of 307
      health practitioners from southern Brazil enrolled and completed the follow-up
      assessment. The intervention had significant effects, varying across
      traditionally high prejudiced groups. State- and street-level continuous
      prejudice reduction policies are suggested. 

PMID- 26987831
TI  - Health care provision in Brazil: A dialogue between health professionals and
      lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender service users.
AB  - The aim of this study was to encourage the development of resources to improve
      health care for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender service users. Dialogues
      between health professionals and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender service
      users (inspired by the Public Conversations Project) highlighted the need (a) to
      improve communication between users and health professionals; (b) to question
      what constitutes an expert on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender care; (c) to
      reconfigure rigid notions about sexual identity; (d) to deconstruct the
      association between sexually transmitted diseases and lesbian, gay, bisexual and
      transgender service users; and (e) to adopt a less judgemental attitude towards
      lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people during hospital admissions. 

PMID- 26987832
TI  - Counselling in STD/HIV/AIDS in the context of rapid test: Perception of users and
      health professionals at a counselling and testing centre in Porto Alegre.
AB  - This article discusses the perceptions of professionals and users about
      counselling practices at a counselling and testing centre in Porto Alegre/RS
      based on interviews with 27 service users and 14 members of the staff. The
      following categories emerged from thematic analysis: professionals' perceptions
      on counselling, users' perceptions on counselling and changes in counselling due
      to the introduction of rapid test procedures. The results show that, although
      initially there were some imprecision and apparent contradictions in its use,
      rapid testing was considered an invitation to rethink practices, bringing service
      closer to users' needs. 

PMID- 26987833
TI  - Work-related mental disorders and their inclusion in health policies in the
      Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude).
AB  - This study discusses the inclusion of mental disorders as work-related diseases
      in occupational health policies in Brazil. Mental disorders first appeared as a
      group of occupational diseases in 1999. Establishing mental disorders as
      occupational diseases was a result of the confluence of several factors: a
      broader notion of health, a positive shift in public perception regarding
      preconceived judgements relating to mental disorders and the improvement in the
      process that defines social security benefit entitlements due to the
      implementation of a new methodology in 2007. 

PMID- 26987834
TI  - From manicomial logic to territorial logic: Impasses and challenges of
      psychosocial care.
AB  - The present study describes Psychosocial Care as a new paradigm currently
      operating within the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform, emphasising one of its key
      elements: the provision of mental care within a network and a territory. To this
      end, the social and cultural diversity of each territory is taken as fundamental
      aspects to enable appropriate care for mental suffering, overcoming exclusionist
      thinking patterns that recently have taken on worrying conservative
      manifestations, and eliminating misconceptions about what defines a mental health
      sufferer, as well as those who choose alternative ways of being. 

PMID- 26987835
TI  - A critical view of the 'social reinsertion' concept and its implications for the
      practice of psychologists in the area of mental health in the Brazilian Unified
      Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude).
AB  - Improving psychological practice in mental health services in the Brazilian
      Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de Saude) requires a critical analysis of
      core concepts of the psychiatric reform, such as 'social reinsertion'. This
      analysis, oriented by the dialectics of exclusion/inclusion, showed that this
      concept is impregnated with the adaptation paradigm and asylum view which
      prevents its effective implantation. The results suggest it is necessary to
      include social aspects in the discussion of mental health, articulating it with
      networks of social work and recuperating the revolutionary aspects of the
      psychiatric reform, thus demarcating the political nature of professional
      practices. 

PMID- 26987836
TI  - The construction of autonomy for professionals who work with drug users: An
      analysis of two intervention projects in the largest asylum centre in Brazil.
AB  - Based on results of two intervention projects with professionals working with
      drug users in Sorocaba, Sao Paulo, the article discusses the possibilities of
      health promotion in the field of mental health, understood as a form of
      resistance to the regulatory powers of official policies. The projects proved to
      be promising for the construction of autonomy of these workers. The guiding
      principles of humanized care in health care and respect for human rights of drug
      users proved to be important tools for these interventions as were university
      extramural activities. 

PMID- 26987837
TI  - Temporary housing as a mental health intervention for the needs of children and
      adolescents users of alcohol and other drugs: Hybridity between care and
      protection.
AB  - This article discusses temporary housing for children and adolescents as a
      modality of health care. Using the framework of French Institutional Analysis,
      the research was based on interviews with practitioners, participant observation
      and analysis of individual records so as to understand the trajectory of the
      cases and the implications of the temporary and volunteer nature of this service.
      The hybridity of this home and its acceptance of other possible life norms
      generate tension with custodial and stigmatizing practices in the Brazilian
      health and social assistance services available to children and adolescents. 

PMID- 26987838
TI  - The Forum for Defence of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de
      Saude) and its role in building community participation in the fight against the
      privatization of health.
AB  - Based on a Foucauldian framework, this article discusses the involvement of the
      Forum for Defence of the Sistema Unico de Saude in the fight against health care
      privatization. Community participation is a locus of experience that produces
      subjects implicated in the production of public health care. The locus of
      experience in this instance derives from the rejection of private elements that
      historically have been part of Brazilian public policies. It is an experience
      that produces workers and service users as agents able to defend the public
      system and endowed with instituting power. 

PMID- 26987840
TI  - On the comparison of regulatory sequences with multiple resolution Entropic
      Profiles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enhancers are stretches of DNA (100-1000 bp) that play a major role
      in development gene expression, evolution and disease. It has been recently shown
      that in high-level eukaryotes enhancers rarely work alone, instead they
      collaborate by forming clusters of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs). Although the
      binding of transcription factors is sequence-specific, the identification of
      functionally similar enhancers is very difficult and it cannot be carried out
      with traditional alignment-based techniques. RESULTS: The use of fast similarity
      measures, like alignment-free measures, to detect related regulatory sequences is
      crucial to understand functional correlation between two enhancers. In this paper
      we study the use of alignment-free measures for the classification of CRMs.
      However, alignment-free measures are generally tied to a fixed resolution k. Here
      we propose an alignment-free statistic, called [Formula: see text], that is based
      on multiple resolution patterns derived from the Entropic Profiles (EPs). The
      Entropic Profile is a function of the genomic location that captures the
      importance of that region with respect to the whole genome. As a byproduct we
      provide a formula to compute the exact variance of variable length word counts, a
      result that can be of general interest also in other applications. CONCLUSIONS:
      We evaluate several alignment-free statistics on simulated data and real mouse
      ChIP-seq sequences. The new statistic, [Formula: see text], is highly successful
      in discriminating functionally related enhancers and, in almost all experiments,
      it outperforms fixed-resolution methods. We implemented the new alignment-free
      measures, as well as traditional ones, in a software called EP-sim that is freely
      available: http://www.dei.unipd.it/~ciompin/main/EP-sim.html .

PMID- 26987841
TI  - [Intrathecal methotrexate in breast cancer meningeal carcinomatosis - Experience
      with a new administration schedule].
AB  - Methotrexate represents the standard intrathecal treatment of breast cancer
      meningeal carcinomatosis. However, its optimal schedule remains undefined. The
      aim of the present study was to evaluate results obtained with the methotrexate
      schedule used in Saint-Louis hospital (Paris). Patients followed in Saint-Louis
      hospital for breast cancer and who received intrathecal methotrexate were
      included in this retrospective monocentric study. Intrathecal treatment received
      contained methotrexate 12 mg/day (days: 1-5) and then 15 mg/week until
      progression or toxicity. Between 2003 and 2015, 41 patients were included.
      Primitive tumours were RH+/HER2-, HER2+ and triple-negative in respectively 66%,
      14%, 5% and 15% of patients, 22% of them had meningeal carcinomatosis as
      metastatic disease initial manifestation. Objective response rate was 54%, median
      overall survival was 4.0 mois [CI 95%: 3-7.3] and 1-year survival rate was 15.2%
      (11.4%, 50% et 0% in RH+/HER2-, HER2+ and triple-negative subgroups; HR=0.45
      [0.21-0.97] between HER2+ and RH+/HER2-). In univariate analysis, prognostic
      factors were brain involvement (p=0.049), initial cerebrospinal fluid protein
      level (p=0.0002) and concomitant systemic treatment received (p=0.049). This
      intrathecal methotrexate schedule demonstrates a similar median overall survival
      as the one obtained with a dose-dense schedule and an improved quality of life.
      Nevertheless, as the objective response and 1-year survival rates are slightly
      inferior, a dose-dense schedule remains still preferred in HER2+ patients or in
      those harboring a mainly meningeal progression. 

PMID- 26987842
TI  - [Iron status in 72 Congolese patients with sickle cell anemia].
AB  - Multiple blood transfusions, intestinal parasites, and high iron needs during the
      growth period are all factors that influence iron status in African children. To
      determine their iron status and its association with these factors, we studied 72
      homozygous sickle-cell patients in a steady state in Kinshasa. Iron status was
      determined by a combination of several indicators: ferritin, transferrin, blood
      count, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and C-reactive
      protein. These results were compared with those from a matched control group
      without sickle-cell disease. Compared to the control group, 5 patients (11%) were
      iron-deficient, while 18 (35%) had an iron overload, probably due to multiple
      blood transfusions. This study shows the importance of periodic assessments of
      iron status in homozygous sickle cell patients to prevent and manage any iron
      imbalance. 

PMID- 26987843
TI  - Genkwadaphnin promotes leukocyte migration by increasing CD44 expression via
      PKD1/NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
AB  - Genkwadaphnin (GD), an extract from the flower buds of Daphne genkwa Siebold &
      Zucc. (Thymelaeaceae) has been reported a significant anti-leukemic activity.
      However, its functional mechanism has not been defined well. To study the
      biological mechanism of GD function, we have investigated whether GD affects CD44
      expression, which has a role in the regulation of immune cell motilities, and
      identified the related signaling pathways. GD treatment induced the increase of
      CD44 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which was specific
      for immune cells. GD activated PKD1/NF-kappaB signaling to induce CD44
      expression, and resulted in the increased migration of K562 cells. In invasion
      assay, cell migratory ability was induced by GD and the transfection with CD44
      specific short hairpin RNA resulted in reduction of its cell migration. GD
      treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were also shown the
      increased CD44 expression and migration. These data suggest that the induction of
      CD44 expression by GD treatment promotes immune cell transmigration resulting in
      the enhanced innate immunity.

PMID- 26987845
TI  - First-principles study of the Fe | MgO(0 0 1) interface: magnetic anisotropy.
AB  - We present a systematic first-principles study of Fe | MgO bilayer systems
      emphasizing the influence of the iron layer thickness on the geometry, the
      electronic structure and the magnetic properties. Our calculations ensure the
      unconstrained structural relaxation at scalar relativistic level for various
      numbers of iron layers placed on the magnesium oxide substrate. Our results show
      that due to the formation of the interface the electronic structure of the
      interface iron atoms is significantly modified involving charge transfer within
      the iron subsystem. In addition, we find that the magnetic anisotropy energy
      increases from 1.9 mJ m(-2) for 3 Fe layers up to 3.0 mJ m(-2) for 11 Fe layers.

PMID- 26987844
TI  - Pro-lymphangiogenic properties of IFN-gamma-activated human dendritic cells.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of adaptive immune
      responses. In addition, through the release of pro- and anti-angiogenic
      mediators, DCs are key regulators of blood vessel remodeling, a process that
      characterizes inflammation. Less information is available on the role of DCs in
      lymphangiogenesis. This study reports that human DCs produce VEGF-C, a cytokine
      with potent pro-lymphangiogenic activity when stimulated with IFN-gamma. DC
      derived VEGF-C was biologically active, being able to promote tube-like structure
      formation in cultures of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). DCs co
      cultured with IL-15-activated NK cells produced high levels of VEGF-C, suggesting
      a role for NK-DC cross-talk in peripheral lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in
      inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis. Induction of VEGF-C by IFN-gamma was
      detected also in other myeloid cells, such as blood-purified CD1c(+) DCs, CD14(+)
      monocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages. In all these cell types, VEGF-C
      was found associated with the cell membrane by low affinity, heparan sulphate
      mediated, interactions. Therefore, human DCs should be considered as new players
      in inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis.

PMID- 26987847
TI  - Introduction.

PMID- 26987846
TI  - Chondrocytes, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Their Combination in Articular
      Cartilage Regenerative Medicine.
AB  - Articular cartilage (AC) is a highly organized connective tissue lining, covering
      the ends of bones within articulating joints. Its highly ordered structure is
      essential for stable motion and provides a frictionless surface easing load
      transfer. AC is vulnerable to lesions and, because it is aneural and avascular,
      it has limited self-repair potential which often leads to osteoarthritis. To
      date, no fully successful treatment for osteoarthritis has been reported. Thus,
      the development of innovative therapeutic approaches is desperately needed.
      Autologous chondrocyte implantation, the only cell-based surgical intervention
      approved in the United States for treating cartilage defects, has limitations
      because of de-differentiation of articular chondrocytes (AChs) upon in vitro
      expansion. De-differentiation can be abated if initial populations of AChs are co
      cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which not only undergo
      chondrogenesis themselves but also support chondrocyte vitality. In this review
      we summarize studies utilizing AChs, non-AChs, and MSCs and compare associated
      outcomes. Moreover, a comprehensive set of recent human studies using
      chondrocytes to direct MSC differentiation, MSCs to support chondrocyte re
      differentiation and proliferation in co-culture environments, and exploratory
      animal intra- and inter-species studies are systematically reviewed and discussed
      in an innovative manner allowing side-by-side comparisons of protocols and
      outcomes. Finally, a comprehensive set of recommendations are made for future
      studies. 

PMID- 26987849
TI  - Enhanced anion binding by heteroatom replacement in bambusurils.
AB  - This study was driven by the hypothesis that heteroatom replacement in
      bambusurils could significantly modify their anion binding properties. Indeed,
      calculations with various glycoluril and bambusuril analogs predict that such
      replacements significantly alter their molecular electrostatic potential and
      binding properties. Both polarization and electrostatic interactions contribute
      to anion binding, leading to a general trend of affinity among the neutral
      molecules: X = S > O > NH. In bambusurils the heteroatom replacement at the
      portal carbonyls affect the induced dipole more significantly than replacements
      at the equatorial carbonyls. The stronger polarization and stronger anion binding
      manifest the increased aptitude of the portal heteroatoms as electron sinks.
      Notably, this study predicts that protonated aza-bambusurils would not only bind
      multiple anions along their main axis, but could also function as synthetic anion
      channels.

PMID- 26987848
TI  - Reduction of peristalsis-related gastrointestinal streak artifacts with dual
      energy CT: a patient and phantom study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess the ability of rapid-kV
      switching (rs) dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to reduce peristalsis
      related streak artifact. METHODS: rsDECT images of 100 consecutive patients (48
      male, 52 female, mean age 57 years) were retrospectively evaluated in this
      institutional review board-approved study. Image reconstructions included virtual
      monochromatic 70 and 120 keV images, as well as iodine(-water) and water(-iodine)
      material decomposition images. We recorded the presence and severity of artifacts
      qualitatively (4-point scale) and quantitatively [iodine/water concentrations,
      Hounsfield units, gray scale values (GY)] and compared to corresponding
      unaffected reference tissue. Similar measures were obtained in DECT images of a
      peristalsis phantom. Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired t tests were used to compare
      results between different image reconstructions. RESULTS: Peristalsis-related
      streak artifacts were found in 49 (49%) of the DECT examinations. Artifacts were
      significantly more severe in 70, 120, and water(-iodine) images than in iodine(
      water) images (qualitative readout P < 0.001, each). Quantitative measurements
      were significantly different between the artifact and the reference tissue in 70,
      120 keV, and water(-iodine) images (P < 0.001 for both HU and GY for each image
      reconstruction), but not significantly different in iodine(-water) images (iodine
      concentrations P = 0.088 and GY P = 0.111). Similar results were seen in the
      peristalsis DECT phantom study. CONCLUSIONS: Peristalsis-related streak artifacts
      seen in 70, 120 keV, and water(-iodine) images are substantially reduced in
      iodine(-water) images at rsDECT.

PMID- 26987850
TI  - Defect segregation and optical emission in ZnO nano- and microwires.
AB  - The spatial distribution of defect related deep band emission has been studied in
      zinc oxide (ZnO) nano- and microwires using depth resolved cathodoluminescence
      spectroscopy (DRCLS) in a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) mode within a UHV scanning
      electron microscope (SEM). Three sets of wires were examined that had been grown
      by pulsed laser deposition or vapor transport methods and ranged in diameter from
      200 nm-2.7 MUm. This data was analyzed by developing a 3D DRCLS simulation and
      using it to estimate the segregation depth and decay profile of the near surface
      defects. We observed different dominant defects from each growth process as well
      as diameter-dependent defect segregation behavior. 

PMID- 26987851
TI  - Plant cystine-knot peptides: pharmacological perspectives.
AB  - Cystine-knot miniproteins are a class of 30-50 amino acid long peptides
      widespread in eukaryotic organisms. Due to their very peculiar three-dimensional
      structure, they exhibit high resistance to heat and peptidase attack. The cystine
      knot peptides are well represented in several plant species including medicinal
      herbs and crops. The pharmacological interest in plant cystine-knot peptides
      derives from their broad biological activities, mainly cytotoxic, antimicrobial
      and peptidase inhibitory and in the possibility to engineer them to incorporate
      pharmacophoric information for oral delivery or disease biomonitoring. The
      mechanisms of action of plant cystine-knot peptides are still largely unknown,
      although the capacity to interfere with plasma membranes seems a feature common
      to several cystine-knot peptides. In some cases, such as potato carboxypetidase
      inhibitor (PCI) and tomato cystine-knot miniproteins (TCMPs), the cystine-knot
      peptides target human growth factor receptors either by acting as growth factor
      antagonist or by altering their signal transduction pathway. The possibility to
      identify specific molecular targets of plant cystine-knot peptides in human cells
      opens novel possibilities for the pharmacological use of these peptides besides
      their use as scaffold to develop stable disease molecular markers and therapeutic
      agents.

PMID- 26987853
TI  - Immune response to infection by Leishmania: A mathematical model.
AB  - Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the Leishmania parasites. The injection of
      the parasites into the host occurs when a sand fly, which is the vector, bites
      the skin of the host. The parasites, which are obligate, take advantage of the
      immune system response and invade both the classically activated macrophages (M1)
      and the alternatively activated macrophages (M2). In this paper, we develop a
      mathematical model to explain the evolution of the disease. Simulations of the
      model show that, M2 macrophages steadily increase and M1 macrophages steadily
      decrease, while M1+M2 reach a steady state which is approximately the same as at
      healthy state of the host. Furthermore, the ratio of Leishmania parasites to
      macrophages depends homogeneously on their ratio at the time of the initial
      infection, in agreement with in vitro experimental data. The model is used to
      simulate treatment by existing or potential new drugs, and to compare the
      efficacy of different schedules of drug delivery.

PMID- 26987852
TI  - Neurogenesis in Stroke Recovery.
AB  - Stroke, resulting from limited blood flow to the brain, is one of the most
      important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Stroke is classified as
      ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, or hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Because 87
      % of strokes are classified as ischemic, this type will be the predominant focus
      of this review. Except for thrombolytic therapy, there is no established
      treatment to reduce the neurological deficits caused by ischemic stroke.
      Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies designed to
      improve neurological functions after ischemic stroke. Recently, therapies to
      enhance neurogenesis after ischemic stroke have been investigated. However, these
      approaches have not led to successful clinical outcomes. This review addresses
      the pathophysiology of stroke, neurogenesis after stroke, and how to stimulate
      these processes based on the current literature. Finally, ongoing clinical trials
      to improve neurological functions after stroke by enhancing neurogenesis are
      discussed in this review.

PMID- 26987854
TI  - You have no Choice but to go on: How Physicians and Midwives in Ghana Cope with
      High Rates of Perinatal Death.
AB  - Objectives Healthcare providers in low-resource settings confront high rates of
      perinatal mortality. How providers cope with such challenges can affect their
      well-being and patient care; we therefore sought to understand how physicians and
      midwives make sense of and cope with these deaths. Methods We conducted semi
      structured interviews with midwives, obstetrician-gynecologists, pediatricians
      and trainee physicians at a large teaching hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. Interviews
      focused on participants' coping strategies surrounding perinatal death. We
      identified themes from interview transcripts using qualitative content analysis.
      Results Thirty-six participants completed the study. Themes from the transcripts
      revealed a continuum of control/self-efficacy and engagement with the deaths.
      Providers demonstrated a commitment to push on with their work and provide the
      best care possible. In select cases, they described the transformative power of
      attitude and sought to be agents of change. Conclusions Physicians and midwives
      in a low-resource country in sub-Saharan Africa showed remarkable resiliency in
      coping with perinatal death. Still, future work should focus on training
      clinicians in coping and strengthening their self-efficacy and engagement.

PMID- 26987855
TI  - Fragmentation of Care in Ectopic Pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Ectopic pregnancy is an important cause of maternal morbidity and
      mortality. Women who experience fragmented care may undergo unnecessary delays to
      diagnosis and treatment. Based on ectopic pregnancy cases observed in clinical
      practice that raised our concern about fragmentation of care, we designed an
      exploratory study to describe the number, characteristics, and outcomes of
      fragmented care among patients with ectopic pregnancy at one urban academic
      hospital. METHODS: Chart review with descriptive statistics. Fragmented care was
      defined as a patient being evaluated at an outside facility for possible ectopic
      pregnancy and transferred, referred, or discharged before receiving care at the
      study institution. RESULTS: Of 191 women seen for possible or definite ectopic
      pregnancy during the study period, 42 (22 %) met the study definition of
      fragmented care. The study was under-powered to observe statistically significant
      differences across groups, but we found concerning, non-significant trends:
      patients with fragmented care were more likely to be Medicaid recipients (65.9
      vs. 58.8 %) and to experience a complication (23.8 vs. 18.1 %) compared to those
      with non-fragmented care. Most patients (n = 37) received no identifiable
      treatment prior to transfer and arrived to the study hospital with no
      communication to the receiving hospital from the outside provider (n = 34). Nine
      patients (21 %) presented with ruptured ectopic pregnancies. The fragmentation we
      observed in our study may contribute to previously identified socio-economic
      disparities in ectopic pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION: If future research
      confirms these findings, health information exchanges and regional coordination
      of care may be important strategies for reducing maternal mortality.

PMID- 26987857
TI  - Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of Factors Associated with the Healthfulness of
      Parental Responses to Child Food Purchasing Requests.
AB  - Objective The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship
      between various factors (e.g., sociodemographic, child, and parental factors) and
      the healthfulness of parental responses to child in-store food purchasing
      requests. Additionally, a secondary objective is to describe "resist strategies"
      used by parents to respond to child food-purchasing requests and their efficacy
      in avoiding conflict. Methods Parent-child dyads (children aged 2-6 years)
      completed an audio-/visual-recoded food shopping trip at their usual grocery
      store and time. Recordings of trips were coded for behavioral and environmental
      factors. Parental healthful response rate (i.e., percent of responses that were
      healthful) was the primary outcome variable. A healthful response occurred when a
      parent yielded to a healthful child request, or resisted a non-healthful request.
      Parents also completed a questionnaire. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess
      the relationship between the main outcome variable and sociodemographic, child,
      and parent factors. Results Parents (n = 39) responded healthfully to 62.9 % (+/
      26.7 %) of child food purchasing requests. Low- and middle-income parents, and
      black and white parents, had significantly higher healthful response rates
      compared to high-income parents (p = 0.03) and Hispanic/Indian-descent parents (p
      = 0.02), respectively. Using the "ignore" strategy proved an effective resist
      strategy in this study, leading to no parent-child conflicts. Conclusions
      Programming that seeks to improve the healthfulness of food purchasing in
      families with young children should address unhealthful response behaviors in
      Hispanic/Indian-descent parents and high-income parents; although, the needs of
      these groups are different. Further research is needed to confirm and expand on
      these findings.

PMID- 26987856
TI  - Visceral Adiposity in the First Half of Pregnancy in Association with Glucose,
      Lipid and Insulin Profiles in Later Pregnancy: A Cohort Study.
AB  - Background Obesity is the most common risk factor in pregnancy but few studies
      have assessed the association of between visceral adiposity (VAT) depth in early
      to mild pregnancy and insulin resistance (IR), dysglycemia and dyslipidemia in
      later pregnancy. Objective To assess the association between VAT depth in early
      to mid pregnancy and IR [homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR)],
      dysglycemia and dyslipidemia in later pregnancy. Methods We completed a
      prospective cohort study of 344 pregnant women at a single large hospital in
      Recife, Brazil. VAT depth was measured by ultrasound at 15-20 weeks gestation.
      Serum glucose, insulin and lipids were evaluated at 32-37 weeks gestation.
      Results In contrast to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), VAT depth at 15-20
      weeks was generally inferior in explaining the variation in the biochemical
      measures at 32-37 weeks gestation. This was the case for fasting HOMA-IR
      (adjusted r(2): 0.21 vs. 0.11, respectively), fasting insulin (adjusted r(2):
      0.27 vs. 0.09, respectively), and lipids. Only for fasting glucose was the
      opposite true, but marginally (adjusted r(2) 0.03 vs. 0.06, respectively).
      Conclusion VAT depth measured in the first half of pregnancy is not better than
      pre-pregnancy BMI in predicting IR and related biochemical measures in later
      pregnancy.

PMID- 26987859
TI  - The Effect of Local Smokefree Regulations on Birth Outcomes and Prenatal Smoking.
AB  - Objectives We assessed the impact of varying levels of smokefree regulations on
      birth outcomes and prenatal smoking. Methods We exploited variations in timing
      and regulation restrictiveness of West Virginia's county smokefree regulations to
      assess their impact on birthweight, gestational age, low birthweight, very low
      birthweight, preterm birth, and prenatal smoking. We conducted regression
      analysis using state Vital Statistics individual-level data for singletons born
      to West Virginia residents between 1995-2010 (N = 293,715). Results Only more
      comprehensive smokefree regulations were associated with statistically
      significant favorable effects on birth outcomes in the full sample: Comprehensive
      (workplace/restaurant/bar ban) demonstrated increased birthweight (29 grams, p <
      0.05) and gestational age (1.64 days, p < 0.01), as well as reductions in very
      low birthweight (-0.4 %, p < 0.05) and preterm birth (-1.5 %, p < 0.01);
      Restrictive (workplace/restaurant ban) demonstrated a small decrease in very low
      birthweight (-0.2 %, p < 0.05). Among less restrictive regulations: Moderate
      (workplace ban) was associated with a 23 g (p < 0.01) decrease in birthweight;
      Limited (partial ban) had no effect. Comprehensive's improvements extended to
      most maternal groups, and were broadest among mothers 21+ years, non-smokers, and
      unmarried mothers. Prenatal smoking declined slightly (-1.7 %, p < 0.01) only
      among married women with Comprehensive. Conclusions Regulation restrictiveness is
      a determining factor in the impact of smokefree regulations on birth outcomes,
      with comprehensive smokefree regulations showing promise in improving birth
      outcomes. Favorable effects on birth outcomes appear to stem from reduced
      secondhand smoke exposure rather than reduced prenatal smoking prevalence. This
      study is limited by an inability to measure secondhand smoke exposure and the
      paucity of data on policy implementation and enforcement.

PMID- 26987858
TI  - Social Integration and Maternal Smoking: A Longitudinal Analysis of a National
      Birth Cohort.
AB  - Objectives Social support and engagement are related to smoking behavior in
      general populations, but it is unknown whether these measures of social
      integration as experienced by recent mothers are related to longitudinal maternal
      smoking patterns. The purpose of this study is, first, to describe longitudinal
      patterns of maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy through the
      early childhood parenting years, as well as variation in these patterns; and
      second, to examine these patterns in relation to social integration, emotional,
      behavioral, and sociodemographic factors. Methods Among 9050 mothers of the Early
      Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (a nationally representative
      probability sample of children born in 2001), we estimated trajectories of
      maternal smoking with a general growth mixture model and examined how baseline
      predictors are associated with these patterns over a 5-6 year period beginning 3
      months prior to pregnancy. Results A 5-class solution identified trajectories of
      nonsmokers (70.5 %), temporary quitters (9.4 %), pregnancy-inspired quitters (3.3
      %), delayed initiators (5.1 %), and persistent smokers (11.7 %). Modifiable risk
      factors included postpartum alcohol consumption and behavioral cues from co
      resident smokers, while breastfeeding beyond 6 months and social engagement
      through religious service attendance were protective characteristics. Conclusions
      for Practice Prevention of and treatment for maternal perinatal and postpartum
      smoking is best informed by mothers' emotional, behavioral and sociodemographic
      characteristics. Religious service attendance, but not measures of social support
      or social engagement, was a protective factor for maternal smoking trajectories.

PMID- 26987860
TI  - Reducing Iron Deficiency in 18-36-months-old US Children: Is the Solution Less
      Calcium?
AB  - Objectives National surveys consistently identify iron deficiency (ID) in US
      children between 1 and 3 years of age, when the brain is rapidly developing and
      vulnerable to the effects of ID. However, controversy remains as to how best to
      recognize and prevent ID in young children, in part because of the multiple
      potential etiologies. The objective of this project was to assess ID in children
      and identify potential individual dietary predictors of status. Methods We
      examined three biomarkers of ID [soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and serum
      ferritin (SF), and body iron (calculated from sTfR and SF)] against parent
      provided dietary calcium and iron intake for eight-three 18-36 month old children
      from middle class families. Results Using literature-based cutoffs, fourteen
      children (16.9 %) had at least one indicator of ID: low SF(<10 MUg/l, 7.2 %),
      negative body iron (<0 mg/kg, 7.2 %) or elevated sTfR (>8.4 MUg/ml, 13.2 %). All
      children consumed more than the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) Estimated Average
      Requirement of 3 mg/d iron. The mean iron intake of children identified with ID
      approximated the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 7 mg/d. Most children (81 %)
      consumed above the DRI Adequate Intake of 500 mg/d of calcium. Calcium intakes
      were generally high and predicted lower body iron (p = 0.0005), lower SF (p =
      0.0086) and higher sTfR (p = 0.0176). Conclusions for Practice We found rates of
      ID similar to US national averages. Dietary calcium intake predicted lower iron
      status more than deficits in iron intake. Teaching parents to balance calcium and
      iron intake in toddlers could be a strategy to prevent ID.

PMID- 26987861
TI  - Healthcare Utilization After a Children's Health Insurance Program Expansion in
      Oregon.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The future of the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is
      uncertain after 2017. Survey-based research shows positive associations between
      CHIP expansions and children's healthcare utilization. To build on this prior
      work, we used electronic health record (EHR) data to assess temporal patterns of
      healthcare utilization after Oregon's 2009-2010 CHIP expansion. We hypothesized
      increased post-expansion utilization among children who gained public insurance.
      METHODS: Using EHR data from 154 Oregon community health centers, we conducted a
      retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients (2-18 years old) who gained
      public insurance coverage during the Oregon expansion (n = 3054), compared to
      those who were continuously publicly insured (n = 10,946) or continuously
      uninsured (n = 10,307) during the 2-year study period. We compared pre-post rates
      of primary care visits, well-child visits, and dental visits within- and between
      groups. We also conducted longitudinal analysis of monthly visit rates, comparing
      the three insurance groups. RESULTS: After Oregon's 2009-2010 CHIP expansions,
      newly insured patients' utilization rates were more than double their pre
      expansion rates [adjusted rate ratios (95 % confidence intervals); increases
      ranged from 2.10 (1.94-2.26) for primary care visits to 2.77 (2.56-2.99) for
      dental visits]. Utilization among the newly insured spiked shortly after coverage
      began, then leveled off, but remained higher than the uninsured group.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study used EHR data to confirm that CHIP expansions are
      associated with increased utilization of essential pediatric primary and
      preventive care. These findings are timely to pending policy decisions that could
      impact children's access to public health insurance in the United States.

PMID- 26987863
TI  - Perspectives of school-work transitions among youth with spina bifida, their
      parents and health care providers.
AB  - Purpose Youth with disabilities encounter many challenges in finding employment
      and transitioning to post-secondary education. In this article, we explore the
      nature of school-work transitions for youth with spina bifida, which few studies
      have previously addressed. Method We conducted in-depth interviews with 44
      participants (nine youth and 12 young adults with spina bifida, 11 parents and 12
      clinicians). We analyzed our data using a qualitative content analysis approach.
      Results We identified several enablers to school-work transitions, including
      professional support, social support and school accommodations. Lacking such
      support created several challenges for youth with spina bifida. We also
      identified several barriers to school-work transitions, including lack of
      education and information on finances, housing and transportation; discrimination
      and stigma; and challenges coping with spina bifida at school and work.
      Conclusions Although some supports are available, youth with spina bifida
      encounter many challenges in transitioning to post-secondary education and
      employment. With clinicians at the helm, efforts should be put in place within
      the health and social services system to better prepare youth, as they transition
      to adulthood, to become connected to appropriate information and resources to
      help them to succeed in their school and employment goals. Implications for
      Rehabilitation Youth with spina bifida encounter many challenges in transitioning
      to post-secondary education or work. Clinicians, educators and parents should
      continue to support youth with spina bifida in choosing their vocations, setting
      career goals and developing career plans. Starting from a young age, parents,
      clinicians and educators should help youth with spina bifida prepare for school
      work transitions by fostering their independence, life skills and self-management
      of spina bifida-related symptoms. Clinicians and educators should help connect
      youth with spina bifida to appropriate information and resources to support their
      school-work transitions, including information on finances, housing,
      transportation, school accommodations and employment supports.

PMID- 26987862
TI  - Grandmothers' Beliefs and Practices in Infant Safe Sleep.
AB  - Background Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and suffocation are leading causes
      of infant mortality. Supine sleep position and use of appropriate sleep surfaces
      reduce SIDS risk but are not universally practiced. Mothers' decisions about
      sleep position and environment may be influenced by guidance provided by infants'
      grandmothers and other caregivers. Methods A survey was conducted of a
      convenience sample of grandmothers aged 30-70 years who provide care at least
      weekly for an infant grandchild <6 months old. The survey was distributed through
      community partners of a university-based research team. Respondents received home
      safety items as compensation. Analyses focused on the relationship of grandmother
      demographic characteristics and beliefs on their reported practices related to
      infant sleep. Results Among the 239 grandmothers, 45 % reported placing infants
      to sleep supine on an appropriate sleep surface at the grandmother's house, while
      58 % reported doing so when the infant was sleeping in the mother's house. After
      adjusting for other factors, respondents were less likely to adhere to
      recommended guidelines when they believed supine position increased choking risk
      (OR 0.34, 95 % CI 0.18-0.62) or believed infants are more comfortable or sleep
      longer when on their stomachs (OR 0.51, 95 % CI 0.28-0.93). Discussion
      Grandmothers do not universally observe evidence-based safe sleep practices,
      particularly if the infant is not sleeping in the home of the parent.
      Interventions for senior caregivers focused on perceived choking risk, infant
      comfort in the supine position, and other recent changes in recommended safety
      practices are warranted.

PMID- 26987864
TI  - Gendered Innovations in Orthopaedic Science: Hollywood and Orthopaedics: Through
      the Glass Ceiling-Darkly.

PMID- 26987865
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Does Preadmission Cutaneous Chlorhexidine Preparation Reduce
      Surgical Site Infections After Total Hip Arthroplasty?

PMID- 26987868
TI  - Following the nanostructural molecular orientation guidelines for sulfur versus
      thiophene units in small molecule photovoltaic cells.
AB  - In bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics, particularly those using
      small molecules, electron donor and/or electron acceptor materials form a
      distributed network in the photoactive layer where critical photo-physical
      processes occur. Extensive research has recently focused on the importance of
      sulfur atoms in the small molecules. Little is known about the three-dimensional
      orientation of these sulfur atom-containing molecules. Herein, we report on our
      research concerning the heterojunction textures of the crystalline molecular
      orientation of small compounds having sulfur-containing units in the side chains,
      specifically, compounds known as DR3TSBDT that contain the alkylthio group and
      DR3TBDTT that does not. The improved performance of the DR3TBDTT-based devices,
      particularly in the photocurrent and the fill factor, was attributed to the large
      population of donor compound crystallites with a favorable face-on orientation
      along the perpendicular direction. This orientation resulted in efficient charge
      transport and a reduction in charge recombination. These findings underscore the
      great potential of small-molecule solar cells and suggest that even higher
      efficiencies can be achieved through materials development and molecular
      orientation control.

PMID- 26987866
TI  - Complications Are Not Increased With Acetabular Revision of Metal-on-metal Total
      Hip Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Isolated revision of the acetabular component in the setting of total
      hip arthroplasty has an increased risk of dislocation. With local soft tissue
      destruction frequently associated with failed metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings, it
      is presumed that acetabular revision of these hips will have even greater risk of
      complications. However, no study directly compares the complications of MoM with
      metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) acetabular revisions. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: In the
      context of a large database analysis, we asked the following questions: (1) Are
      there differences in early medical or wound complications after isolated
      acetabular revision of MoM and MoP bearing surfaces? (2) Are there differences in
      the frequency of dislocation, deep infection, and rerevision based on the bearing
      surface of the original implant? METHODS: A review of the 100% Medicare database
      from 2005 to 2012 was performed using International Classification of Diseases,
      9th Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes. We identified 451 patients
      with a MoM bearing and 628 patients with a MoP bearing who had an isolated
      acetabular revision and a minimum followup of 2 years. The incidence, odds
      ratios, and 95% confidence intervals for early medical or wound complications
      were calculated using a univariate analysis at 30 days with patient sex and age
      group-adjusted analysis for blood transfusion. The incidence, odds ratio, and 95%
      confidence intervals for dislocation, deep infection, and rerevision were
      calculated using a univariate analysis at 30 day, 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years
      using a subgroup analysis with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to adjust for
      patient gender and age groups. RESULTS: There were no differences between the MoM
      and MoP isolated acetabular revisions in the incidence of 30-day local
      complications. There was a greater risk of transfusion in the MoP group than the
      MoM group (134 of 451 [30%] versus 230 of 628 [37%]; odds ratio [OR], 0.731; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 0.565-0.948; p = 0.018). There were no differences at 2
      years between the MoM and MoP acetabular revisions in the incidence of
      dislocation, infection, or rerevision. When analyzed by patient sex and age
      group, there were more infections in the age 70 to 79 years MoP group compared
      with MoM (10 of 451 [5%] versus 29 of 628 [10%]; OR, 4.47; CI, 1.699-11.761; p =
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There were high rates of dislocation, infection, and
      rerevision in both revision cohorts. The rate of dislocation was not greater
      after acetabular revision of MoM bearings at 2 years. Based on these findings,
      clinicians should counsel these patients preoperatively about the risks of these
      complications. Dual-mobility and constrained components have specific advantages
      and disadvantages in these settings and should be further studied. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

PMID- 26987867
TI  - Comprehensive Mechanism Analysis of Mesoporous-Silica-Nanoparticle-Induced Cancer
      Immunotherapy.
AB  - A plain mesoporous silica nanoparticle without any immunomodulatory molecules
      significantly enhances anticancer immunity in vivo. Comprehensive mechanism of
      mesoporous-silica-nanoparticle-induced cancer immunotherapy is analyzed in this
      paper. The mesoporous silica nanoparticle promotes both Th1 and Th2 immune
      responses, as it accelerates lymphocytes proliferation, stimulates IFN-gamma, IL
      2, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokine secretion by lymphocytes ex vivo, and increases IgG,
      IgG1, IgG2a, IgM, and IgA antibody titers in mice serum compared with those of
      alum and adjuvant-free groups. Moreover, the mesoporous silica nanoparticle
      enhances effector memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations in three most
      important immune organs (bone marrow, lymph node, and spleen) of mice compared
      with those of alum and adjuvant-free groups three months after adjuvant
      injection. The present study paves the way for the application of mesoporous
      silica nanoparticle as immunoadjuvant for cancer immunotherapy.

PMID- 26987869
TI  - Determining the Number of Ischemic Strokes Potentially Eligible for Endovascular
      Thrombectomy: A Population-Based Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular thrombectomy (ET) is standard-of-care for
      ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion, but estimates of
      potentially eligible patients from population-based studies have not been
      published. Such data are urgently needed to rationally plan hyperacute services.
      Retrospective analysis determined the incidence of ET-eligible ischemic strokes
      in a comprehensive population-based stroke study (Adelaide, Australia 2009-2010).
      METHODS: Stroke patients were stratified via a prespecified eligibility algorithm
      derived from recent ET trials comprising stroke subtype, pathogenesis, severity,
      premorbid modified Rankin Score, presentation delay, large vessel occlusion, and
      target mismatch penumbra. Recognizing centers may interpret recent ET trials
      either loosely or rigidly; 2 eligibility algorithms were applied: restrictive
      (key criteria modified Rankin Scale score 0-1, presentation delay <3.5 hours, and
      target mismatch penumbra) and permissive (modified Rankin Scale score 0-3 and
      presentation delay <5 hours). RESULTS: In a population of 148 027 people, 318
      strokes occurred in the 1-year study period (crude attack rate 215 [192-240] per
      100 000 person-years). The number of ischemic strokes eligible by restrictive
      criteria was 17/258 (7%; 95% confidence intervals 4%-10%) and by permissive
      criteria, an additional 16 were identified, total 33/258 (13%; 95% confidence
      intervals 9%-18%). Two of 17 patients (and 6/33 permissive patients) had
      thrombolysis contraindications. Using the restrictive algorithm, there were 11
      (95% confidence intervals 4-18) potential ET cases per 100 000 person-years or 22
      (95% confidence intervals 13-31) using the permissive algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this cohort, ~7% of ischemic strokes were potentially eligible for ET (13% with
      permissive criteria). In similar populations, the permissive criteria predict
      that <=22 strokes per 100 000 person-years may be eligible for ET.

PMID- 26987870
TI  - Distinct Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Mild Versus Rapidly Improving
      Stroke Not Treated With Thrombolytics.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mild stroke (MS) and rapidly improving stroke (RIS)
      symptoms are common stroke presentations. Our objective is to describe the short
      term outcomes in this population. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients
      with ischemic stroke in the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke registry who arrived
      <=4.5 hours from symptom onset not treated with thrombolytics because of MS and
      RIS. Outcomes included in-hospital death, home discharge, independent ambulation
      at discharge, and length of stay; these were analyzed for the categories of MS,
      RIS, and MS+RIS. Multivariable models evaluated the associations of individual
      and hospital covariates with outcomes. RESULTS: Among 42 394 patients with MS and
      RIS not treated with thrombolytics, 27% were not discharged directly home, 27.2%
      did not ambulate independently, and 61.1% had length of stay >=3 days, despite a
      low in-hospital mortality of 0.8%. Adjusted outcomes were better for MS+RIS
      compared with MS; RIS also had better independent ambulation and home discharge
      compared with MS. Among those with a documented National Institutes of Health
      Stroke Scale, 25% of those with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 0 to 5
      and half of those with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale >5 could not be
      discharged directly to home or ambulate independently. Older individuals, women,
      blacks, transport by ambulance, delayed arrival, greater severity and greater
      burden of vascular risk factors, except for dyslipidemia, had worse adjusted
      outcomes for home discharge and independent ambulation. CONCLUSIONS: A
      significant proportion of patients with MS and RIS not treated with thrombolytics
      have suboptimal discharge outcomes. We found significant differences between MS,
      RIS, and MS+RIS and identified factors associated with worse outcomes.

PMID- 26987872
TI  - Poly(1-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazolium) Poly(Ionic Liquid)s: Synthesis and the Unique
      Behavior in Loading Metal Ions.
AB  - Herein, the synthesis of a series of poly(4-alkyl-1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazolium)
      poly(ionic liquid)s is reported either via straightforward free radical
      polymerization of their corresponding ionic liquid monomers or via anion
      metathesis of the polymer precursors bearing halide as counter anion. The ionic
      liquid monomers are first prepared via N-alkylation reaction of commercially
      available 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole with alkyl iodides, followed by anion metathesis
      with targeted fluorinated anions. The thermal properties and solubilities of
      these poly(ionic liquid)s have been systematically investigated. Interestingly,
      it is found that the poly(4-ethyl-1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazolium) poly(ionic liquid)
      exhibited an improved loading capacity of transition metal ions in comparison
      with its imidazolium counterpart. 

PMID- 26987871
TI  - Exercise as an intervention for first-episode psychosis: a feasibility study.
AB  - AIM: Exercise can improve psychiatric symptoms, neurocognitive functioning and
      physical health in schizophrenia. However, the effects in early psychosis have
      not been explored. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an exercise
      intervention for early psychosis and to determine if it was associated with
      changes in physical and mental health. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with first
      episode psychosis (FEP) were recruited from early intervention services to a 10
      week exercise intervention. The intervention group received individualized
      training programmes, aiming to achieve >=90 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity
      each week, using exercise programmes tailored to individual preferences and
      needs. A comparison FEP sample from the same services (n = 7) received treatment
      as usual. RESULTS: Rates of consent and retention in the exercise group were 94%
      and 81%, respectively. Participants achieved an average of 107 min of moderate-to
      vigorous exercise per week. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores
      reduced by 13.3 points after 10 weeks of exercise, which was significantly
      greater than the treatment as usual comparison group (P = 0.010). The greatest
      differences were observed in negative symptoms, which reduced by 33% in the
      intervention group (P = 0.013). Significant improvements were also observed in
      psychosocial functioning and verbal short-term memory. Increases in
      cardiovascular fitness and processing speed were positively associated with the
      amounts of exercise achieved by participants. CONCLUSION: Individualized exercise
      training could provide a feasible treatment option for improving symptomatic,
      neurocognitive and metabolic outcomes in FEP.

PMID- 26987873
TI  - Racial and ethnic disparities in universal cervical length screening with
      transvaginal ultrasound.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Determine if race or ethnicity is associated with missed or late
      transvaginal cervical length screening in a universal screening program. METHODS:
      Retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with singleton gestations and a
      fetal anatomical ultrasound from 16-24 weeks' gestation from January 2012 to
      November 2013. We classified women into mutually exclusive racial and ethnic
      groups: non-Hispanic black (black), Hispanic, Asian, non-Hispanic white (white),
      and other or unknown race. We used log-binomial regression to calculate the risk
      ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of missed or late (>=20 weeks'
      gestation) screening versus optimally timed screening between the different
      racial and ethnic groups. RESULTS: Among the 2967 women in our study population,
      971 (32.7%) had either missed or late cervical length screening. Compared to
      white women, black (RR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.5) and Hispanic (RR:1.2; 95% CI: 1.01
      1.5) women were more likely to have missed or late screening. Among women
      screened, black (versus white) women were more likely to be screened late (RR:
      2.2; 95% CI: 1.6-3.1). CONCLUSIONS: Black and Hispanic women may be more likely
      to have missed or late cervical length screenings.

PMID- 26987874
TI  - Compensatory patterns of collateral flow in stroke patients with unilateral and
      bilateral carotid stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Collateral pathways are important in maintaining adequate cerebral
      blood flow in patients with carotid stenosis. We aimed to evaluate the
      hemodynamic patterns in relation to carotid stenosis in acute stroke patients.
      METHODS: Consecutive 586 stroke patients in a hospital based cohort were included
      in the present study. Carotid duplex was performed to identify patients with
      absolute minimal diameter reductions of 50% or greater in their internal carotid
      arteries (ICAs). Color velocity imaging quantification ultrasound (CVIQ) was used
      to measure extracranial arterial blood flow volume (BFV) in bilateral common
      carotid arteries (CCAs) and bilateral vertebral arteries (VAs). The absolute
      values of BFV and the ratios were compared between patients with and without ICA
      stenosis. RESULTS: Among 586 acute ischemic stroke patients (mean age: 67.5 +/-
      12.4y), ICA stenosis was detected in 112 patients (19.1%), including unilateral
      ICA stenosis in 81 patients (13.8%) and bilateral ICA stenosis in 31 patients
      (5.3%). Among patients with unilateral ICA stenosis, the BFV in contralateral CCA
      was significantly higher than that in ipsilateral CCA (325.5 +/- 99.8 mL/min vs.
      242.2 +/- 112.2 mL/min, P < 0.001). Among patients with bilateral ICA stenosis,
      the sum of BFV in bilateral VAs accounted for 22% of the whole cerebral blood
      flow, which was significantly higher than that in those without ICA stenosis
      (14.8%, P < 0.001) or with unilateral ICA stenosis (16.9%, P = 0.007).
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients with unilateral carotid stenosis, contralateral carotid
      blood flow increases to compensate decreased blood flow, while posterior
      circulation may compensate for the decreased brain perfusion in those with
      bilateral carotid stenosis.

PMID- 26987875
TI  - Spondyloocular Syndrome: Novel Mutations in XYLT2 Gene and Expansion of the
      Phenotypic Spectrum.
AB  - Spondyloocular syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder with spinal
      compression fractures, osteoporosis, and cataract. Mutations in XYLT2, encoding
      isoform of xylosyltransferase, were recently identified as the cause of the
      syndrome. We report on 4 patients, 2 unrelated patients and 2 siblings, with
      spondyloocular syndrome and novel mutations in XYLT2. Exome sequencing revealed a
      homozygous nonsense mutation, NM_022167.3(XYLT2): c.2188C>T, resulting in a
      premature stop codon (p.Arg730*) in a female patient. The patient presents visual
      impairment, generalized osteoporosis, short stature with short trunk, spinal
      compression fractures, and increased intervertebral disc space and hearing loss.
      We extended our XYLT2 analysis to a cohort of 22 patients with generalized
      osteoporosis, mostly from consanguineous families. In this cohort, we found by
      Sanger sequencing 2 siblings and 1 single patient who were homozygous for
      missense mutations in the XYLT2 gene (p.Arg563Gly and p.Leu605Pro). The patients
      had osteoporosis, compression fractures, cataracts, and hearing loss.
      Bisphosphonate treatment in 1 patient resulted in almost complete normalization
      of vertebral structures by adolescence, whereas treatment response in the others
      was variable. This report together with a previous study shows that mutations in
      the XYLT2 gene result in a variable phenotype dominated by spinal osteoporosis,
      cataract, and hearing loss. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral
      Research.

PMID- 26987878
TI  - Penetrating chest injury caused by self-inflicted crossbow arrow traversing the
      hemithorax.

PMID- 26987876
TI  - Study protocol for a multi-component kindergarten-based intervention to promote
      healthy diets in toddlers: a cluster randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is concern about the lack of diversity in children's diets,
      particularly low intakes of fruit and vegetables and high intakes of unhealthy
      processed food. This may be a factor in the rising prevalence of obesity. A
      reason for the lack of diversity in children's diets may be food neophobia. This
      study aimed to promote a healthy and varied diet among toddlers in kindergarten.
      The primary objectives were to reduce food neophobia in toddlers, and promote
      healthy feeding practices among kindergarten staff and parents. Secondary
      objectives were to increase food variety in toddlers' diets and reduce future
      overweight and obesity in these children. METHODS: This is an ongoing, cluster
      randomized trial. The intervention finished in 2014, but follow-up data
      collection is not yet complete. Eighteen randomly selected kindergartens located
      in two counties in Norway with enrolled children born in 2012 participated in the
      intervention. The kindergartens were matched into pairs based on background
      information, and randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. A 9
      week multi-component intervention was implemented, with four main elements: 1)
      kindergarten staff implemented a pedagogical tool (Sapere method) in daily
      sessions to promote willingness to try new food; 2) kindergarten staff prepared
      and served the toddlers a cooked lunch from a menu corresponding to the
      pedagogical sessions; 3) kindergarten staff were encouraged to follow 10 meal
      principles on modeling, responsive feeding, repeated exposure, and enjoyable
      meals; and 4) parents were encouraged to read information and apply relevant
      feeding practices at home. The control group continued their usual practices.
      Preference taste tests were conducted to evaluate behavioral food neophobia, and
      children's height and weight were measured. Parents and staff completed
      questionnaires before and after the intervention. Data have not yet been
      analyzed. DISCUSSION: This study provides new knowledge about whether or not a
      Sapere-sensory education and healthy meal intervention targeting children,
      kindergarten staff, and parents will: reduce levels of food neophobia in
      toddlers; improve parental and kindergarten feeding practices; improve children's
      dietary variety; and reduce childhood overweight and obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ISRCTN74823448 DOI 10.1186/ISRCTN74823448.

PMID- 26987879
TI  - Pulmonary endarterectomy is effective and safe in patients with
      haemoglobinopathies and abnormal red blood cells: the Papworth experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with haemoglobinopathies and congenital haemolytic anaemia
      constitute a unique population more predisposed to developing chronic
      thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Although pulmonary endarterectomy
      (PEA) is accepted as the best treatment for CTEPH, PEA in these patients poses
      significant practical challenges. Apart from a few case reports, the results of
      PEA in this patient population have not been previously reported. The aim of this
      study was to review the outcome of PEA in this patient population. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective analysis, from our dedicated CTEPH database, of all
      patients who underwent PEA surgery and had abnormal haemoglobin or congenital
      haemolytic anaemia. We reviewed diagnosis, exchange transfusions on
      cardiopulmonary bypass, preoperative and postoperative pulmonary haemodynamic and
      functional data and outcomes for this group. Paired data analysis was performed
      by Student's t-test; P < 0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: Between the
      start of our PEA programme in 1997 and April 2015, we performed PEA in 19
      patients with haemoglobinopathy or congenital haemolytic anaemia. The mean age
      was 52 +/- 15 years. There were 9 patients with sickle cell trait, 2 with
      coexisting alpha+ thalassaemia trait, 2 patients with HbSC disease, 2 patients
      with beta-thalassaemia major, 3 patients with hereditary spherocytosis, 2
      patients with stomatocytosis (one with the cryohydrocytosis subtype) and 1
      patient with HbC trait. In the 9 HbAS patients, the mean HbS% was 31.9 +/- 6%,
      and in the HbSC patients, the mean HbS% was 46.5 +/- 1.3% preoperatively. To
      reduce this HbS to <=20%, for safe PEA with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest,
      we used exchange blood transfusion. Immediately postoperatively, there was a
      significant improvement in pulmonary vascular resistance (938 +/- 462 to 260 +/-
      167 dyne s cm(-5); P < 0.0001). One patient died 81 days following surgery; 18
      patients are alive at a median follow-up of 3.4 +/- 3 years. Six months
      postoperatively, the patients showed significant improvement in New York Heart
      Association status (P < 0.0001), and in 6-min walk distance from 251 +/- 111 to
      399 +/- 69 m (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Results of PEA in this complex patient
      group were satisfactory. Expert haematological advice is important and exchange
      blood transfusions may be necessary. The presence of abnormal haemoglobin does
      not contra-indicate PEA surgery.

PMID- 26987877
TI  - Diagnostic efficacy of cell block method for vitreoretinal lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is a life- and sight-threatening
      disorder. The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of the cell block
      method for diagnosis of VRL. METHODS: Sixteen eyes in 12 patients with VRL, and 4
      eyes in 4 patients with idiopathic uveitis presenting with vitreous opacity were
      enrolled in this study. Both undiluted vitreous and diluted fluids were isolated
      during micro-incision vitrectomy. Cell block specimens were prepared in 19 eyes
      from diluted fluid containing shredding vitreous. These specimens were then
      submitted for HE staining as well as immunocytological analyses with antibodies
      against the B-cell marker CD20, the T-cell marker CD3, and cell proliferation
      marker Ki67. Conventional smear cytology was applied in 14 eyes with VRL using
      undiluted vitreous samples. The diagnosis of VRL was made based on the results of
      cytology, concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 in undiluted vitreous,
      and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement analysis. RESULTS: Atypical
      lymphoid cells were identified in 14 out of 15 cell block specimens of VRL
      (positive rate: 93.3 %), but in 5 out of 14 eyes in conventional smear cytology
      (positive rate: 35.7 %). Atypical lymphoid cells showed immunoreactivity for CD20
      and Ki67. Seven cell block specimens were smear cytology-negative and cell block
      positive. The cell block method showed no atypical lymphoid cells in any patient
      with idiopathic uveitis. CONCLUSIONS: Cell block specimens using diluted vitreous
      fluid demonstrated a high diagnostic sensitivity and a low pseudo-positive rate
      for the cytological diagnosis of VRL. The cell block method contributed to clear
      differentiation between VRL and idiopathic uveitis with vitreous opacity.

PMID- 26987880
TI  - Risk of the preoperative underestimation of tumour size of lung cancer in
      patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sublobar resection of lung cancer (LC) is a valuable procedure in
      patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). Having adequate surgical
      margins is the key to successful sublobar resection, and evaluation of the
      precise extent of LC is mandatory. However, tumour extent in IIPs is difficult to
      evaluate. This study assessed the risk of underestimating tumour size by
      preoperative computed axial tomography (CAT) scan in LC patients with IIPs.
      METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 1221 patients who underwent
      surgical resection of primary LC at our institute between 2009 and 2013. Review
      of CAT findings revealed that 136 (11.1%) patients were complicated with IIPs.
      The discrepancy between radiological and pathological tumour dimensions was
      measured and underestimation was defined as 10 mm or more in pathological tumour
      dimension. The rate and cause of preoperative underestimation were also compared
      between patients with and without IIPs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were
      performed using a logistic regression model to predict underestimation of the
      preoperative tumour size. RESULTS: Maximum tumour dimension was underestimated in
      14 (10.3%) patients with IIPs and 35 (3.2%) patients without IIPs. A
      multivariable analysis revealed that IIP was the only predictive factor for
      tumour size underestimation identified in this study (hazard ratio = 3.52, P =
      0.017). Underestimation of tumour size in patients with IIPs was mainly due to
      extension of tumour cells in the honeycomb lung. CONCLUSIONS: IIPs pose a high
      risk for underestimating tumour size of LCs in preoperative measurements. Thus,
      tumour extent should be assessed carefully in order to maintain adequate surgical
      margins.

PMID- 26987881
TI  - True patient participation is difficult and takes dialogue.

PMID- 26987883
TI  - Rh-Catalyzed One-Pot Sequential Asymmetric Hydrogenation of alpha-Dehydroamino
      Ketones for the Synthesis of Chiral Cyclic trans-beta-Amino Alcohols.
AB  - Catalyzed by a rhodium complex of P-stereogenic diphosphine ligand (R)-2-tert
      butylmethylphosphino-3-(di-tert-butylphosphino)quinoxaline ((R)-3H-QuinoxP*),
      five-membered cyclic alpha-dehydroamino ketones bearing endocyclic vinyl and
      endocyclic keto-carbonyl groups were sequentially hydrogenated to give chiral
      cyclic trans-beta-amino alcohols with two contiguous stereocenters in
      quantitative conversions, excellent enantioselectivities and good
      diastereoselectivities. 

PMID- 26987882
TI  - Cyclopropenes in Metallacycle-Mediated Cross-Coupling with Alkynes: Convergent
      Synthesis of Highly Substituted Vinylcyclopropanes.
AB  - Stereodivergent metallacycle-mediated cross-coupling reactions are described for
      the synthesis of densely functionalized vinylcyclopropanes from the union of
      alkynes with cyclopropenes. Strategies explored include hydroxyl-directed and
      nondirected processes, with the latter of these delivering vinylcyclopropanes
      with exquisite levels of regio- and stereoselectivity. Challenges inherent to
      these coupling reactions include diastereoselectivity (with respect to the
      cyclopropene) and regioselectivity (with respect to both coupling partners). 

PMID- 26987884
TI  - Synergistic Rhodium/Copper Catalysis: Synthesis of 1,3-Enynes and N-Aryl
      Enaminones.
AB  - Synergistic rhodium/copper catalysis enables new three-component coupling
      reactions of terminal alkynes and alpha-diazoketones and/or arylamines, allowing
      dediazotized carbene C-H insertion for the synthesis of functionalized 1,3-enynes
      and N-aryl enaminones with high stereoselectivity. The synthetic utility of these
      transformations results in subsequent C-C or/and C-N bond-forming reactions to
      effectively build up functional molecules with potential significance. 

PMID- 26987885
TI  - Syntheses of D-Glucose Derivatives Emitting Blue Fluorescence through Pd
      Catalyzed C-N Coupling.
AB  - Green fluorescence-emitting D-glucose derivatives such as 2-NBDG have been
      effectively used to monitor D-glucose uptake through glucose transporters GLUTs
      at the single cell level. By contrast, GLUT-permeable D-glucose derivatives
      emitting blue fluorescence have been long awaited. A glucose tracer, 2-deoxy-2-(2
      oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)amino-D-glucose (CDG) (1), together with related compounds
      have been synthesized by Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling. Of these, CDG (1) is a
      promising blue fluorescence-emitting candidate molecule that may enter into
      mammalian cells through GLUTs.

PMID- 26987888
TI  - Drug-induced toxicity and patient reported outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis
      patients following intensive treated-to-target strategy: does ceasing therapy due
      to toxicity worsen outcomes in long term?
AB  - AIM: While the introduction of the treat-to-target (T2T) strategy has been an
      important advance in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the potential
      for increased toxicity due to use of concurrent drugs could adversely affect
      patient reported outcomes (PROs). The objective was to determine whether the
      cessation of therapy due to toxicity affects long-term improvement in PROs in
      patients treated according to T2T strategy. METHODS: A total of 149 patients from
      an inception cohort of early RA were included. The occurrence and severity of
      toxicity were monitored at each visit over 3 years. PROs studied were function
      (measured using health assessment questionnaire); pain, fatigue and patient
      global assessment (PtGA) all assessed using a 100 mm visual analogue scale;
      helplessness and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). For each PRO, effect of
      drug withdrawal was measured by comparing mean change in PROs among patients with
      no/temporary vs. permanent withdrawal. In addition, effects of frequency of drug
      withdrawals, weeks to withdrawal and number of drugs withdrawn were analysed
      using linear regression. RESULT: After 3 years, 56 (37.4%) patients ceased at
      least one drug permanently due to toxicity. Patients with no/temporary withdrawal
      (n = 93) achieved significantly greater improvement in function (mean change = 
      0.54 vs. -0.31, p = 0.033), pain (mean change = -39.82 vs. -5.02, p = 0.018),
      fatigue (mean change = -29.14 vs. -14.76, p = 0.015) and PtGA (mean change = 
      29.64 vs. -17.00, p = 0.018) compared with their counterparts. Higher frequency
      of withdrawals was associated with lesser improvements in function, pain, fatigue
      and PtGA, while the number of drugs withdrawn and the weeks to withdrawal had
      lesser effects. However, the cessation of the drugs due to their toxicity did not
      have a significant association with HRQoL and helplessness. CONCLUSION:
      Improvements in function, pain, fatigue and PtGA at 3 years were diminished for
      patients who ceased drugs due to toxicity while broader measures of HRQoL were
      not affected.

PMID- 26987886
TI  - Titanium ions form particles that activate and execute interleukin-1beta release
      from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Peri-implantitis is a destructive inflammatory process
      characterized by destruction of the implant-supporting bone. Inflammasomes are
      large intracellular multiprotein complexes that play a central role in innate
      immunity by activating the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Although
      inflammasome activation has previously been linked to periodontal inflammation,
      there is still no information on a potential association with peri-implantitis.
      The aim of this study was to examine cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects,
      including inflammasome activation, of metals used in dental implants, in an in
      vitro model, as well as from clinical tissue samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human
      macrophages were exposed to different metals [titanium (Ti), cobalt, chromium and
      molybdenum] in a cell-culture assay. Cytotoxicity was determined using the
      neutral red uptake assay. Cytokine secretion was quantified using an ELISA, and
      the expression of genes of various inflammasome components was analysed using
      quantitative PCR. In addition, the concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)
      and Ti in mucosal tissue samples taken in the vicinity of dental implants were
      determined using ELISA and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,
      respectively. RESULTS: Ti ions in physiological solutions stimulated inflammasome
      activation in human macrophages and consequently IL-1beta release. This effect
      was further enhanced by macrophages that have been exposed to
      lipopolysaccharides. The proinflammatory activation caused by Ti ions disappeared
      after filtration (0.22 MUm), which indicates an effect of particles. Ti ions
      alone did not stimulate transcription of the inflammasome components. The Ti
      levels of tissue samples obtained in the vicinity of Ti implants were
      sufficiently high (>= 40 MUm) to stimulate secretion of IL-1beta from human
      macrophages in vitro. CONCLUSION: Ti ions form particles that act as secondary
      stimuli for a proinflammatory reaction.

PMID- 26987890
TI  - Response to 'Darier disease in Israel: combined evaluation of genetic and
      neuropsychiatric aspects'.

PMID- 26987889
TI  - Overview of ICRP Committee 5: protection of the environment.
AB  - Protection of the environment is integral to the system of radiological
      protection, as outlined in the 2007 Recommendations of the International
      Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, Publication 103). The Commission's
      activities in this area are mainly pursued by Committee 5 and its associated Task
      Groups. Publication 91 broadly outlines the approach to radiological protection
      of the environment, and its alignment with approaches to environmental protection
      from hazardous substances in general. Publications 108 and 114 provide the
      cornerstones of the environmental protection system and relevant databases.
      Publication 124 considers its application in planned, existing, and emergency
      exposure situations. The system centres on 12 Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs)
      with broad relevance for environmental protection based on their ubiquity and
      significance as well as other criteria, as described in Publication 108 The
      databases comprise general biology of the RAPs, transfer parameters, dose
      conversion coefficients, and effects data. Derived Consideration Reference Levels
      (DCRLs) were established for each RAP; a DCRL represents a band of dose rates
      that might result in some deleterious effects in individuals of that type of RAP.
      Newly established Task Group 99 will compile the RAP-specific reference
      information into monographs, with the view of updating information and improving
      the applicability of the system in different exposure situations. For certain
      scenarios, more precise and ecosystem-specific protection benchmarks may be
      justified, which would have to be informed by consideration of representative
      organisms (i.e. representative of a particular ecosystem and relevant to the
      specific scenario; Publication 124). Committee 5 will explore this further,
      making use of a limited number of case studies. 

PMID- 26987887
TI  - A plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine induces cross
      reactive antibody and T cell response in healthy adults.
AB  - Recent issues regarding efficacy of influenza vaccines have re-emphasized the
      need of new approaches to face this major public health issue. In a phase 1-2
      clinical trial, healthy adults received one intramuscular dose of a seasonal
      influenza plant-based quadrivalent virus-like particle (QVLP) vaccine or placebo.
      The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers met all the European licensure
      criteria for the type A influenza strains at the 3MUg/strain dose and for all
      four strains at the higher dosages 21days after immunization. High HI titers were
      maintained for most of the strains 6months after vaccination. QVLP vaccine
      induced a substantial and sustained increase of hemagglutinin-specific
      polyfunctional CD4 T cells, mainly transitional memory and TEMRA effector IFN
      gamma(+) CD4 T cells. A T cells cross-reactive response was also observed against
      A/Hong-Kong/1/1968 H3N2 and B/Massachusetts/2/2012. Plant-based QVLP offers an
      attractive alternative manufacturing method for producing effective and HA-strain
      matching seasonal influenza vaccines. 

PMID- 26987891
TI  - 1,3,5-Triazapentadienes by Nucleophilic Addition to 1,3- and 1,4-Dinitriles
      Sterically Constrained Examples by Incorporation into Cyclic Peripheries:
      Synthesis, Aggregation, and Photophysical Properties.
AB  - 1,3,5-Triazapentadienes usually show U- or twisted S-shaped conformations along
      the N-C-N-C-N skeleton due to dominating n/pi* interactions. If, however, the
      1,3,5-triazapentadiene unit is part of a ring, its W conformation might be
      restricted to the plane. Here, we describe the synthesis of 13 new 1,3,5
      triazapentadienes 10-12, which are sterically restrained by incorporation into
      six- or seven-membered ring systems, by addition of a lithiated primary amine or
      hydrazine 5 to a dinitrile 7, 8, or 9 with the two cyano groups in 1,3 or 1,4
      distance. These novel compounds show very strong tendency for aggregation due to
      hydrogen bonding, especially to form homodimers as seen from X-ray data in the
      solid state. Additional hydrogen bonding generates also linear chains in the
      crystal. Several of the new compounds show fluorescence in solution. Quantum
      chemical DFT calculations were used for evaluation of the dimerization energies
      and for interpretation of the photophysical properties. 

PMID- 26987892
TI  - Targeted, triggered drug delivery to tumor and biofilm microenvironments.

PMID- 26987893
TI  - Profile of illness in Syrian refugees: A GeoSentinel analysis, 2013 to 2015.
AB  - Screening of 488 Syrian unaccompanied minor refugees (< 18 years-old) in Berlin
      showed low prevalence of intestinal parasites (Giardia, 7%), positive
      schistosomiasis serology (1.4%) and absence of hepatitis B. Among 44 ill adult
      Syrian refugees examined at GeoSentinel clinics worldwide, cutaneous
      leishmaniasis affected one in three patients; other noteworthy infections were
      active tuberculosis (11%) and chronic hepatitis B or C (9%). These data can
      contribute to evidence-based guidelines for infectious disease screening of
      Syrian refugees.

PMID- 26987894
TI  - Thermoluminescent properties of some phosphor glasses based on aluminum oxide.
AB  - The transparent thermoluminescent aluminum oxide-based glass of 15Al2 O3 -35P2 O5
      -25CaO-25Na2 CO3 , abbreviated as APCN (all in mol%) doped with different
      concentrations of SiO2 from 0.0-500 ppm was prepared using a conventional melt
      quenching technique. The TL sensitivities of the prepared glasses were
      investigated at 3 Gy gamma-dose using a 60 Co source and measured at a heating
      rate 10 C/sec. The highest TL intensity of the material doped with SiO2 was found
      at a concentration of 500 ppm (APCNSi5 ). Deconvolution of the glow curve from
      APCNSi5 resulted in four peaks at about 161, 194, 237 and 293 C with a Figure Of
      Merit (FOM) of 1.28%. The APCNSi5 specimen had the best dosimetric properties
      when compared with the other samples. Reproducibility, repeatability, dose
      response curve and fading effect were checked for peak 3, which appeared at about
      237 C. The results displayed that the APCNSi5 glass system was a low-Z material
      (Zeff  ~ 10), and had good reproducibility and good repeatability. Peak 3 showed
      good linearity over a dose range up to 20 Gy (R2  = 0.999) and sublinearity
      behaviour was found. The signal from APCNSi5 faded by about 11% after 2 days post
      irradiation, therefore it showed almost no significant loss. Such properties make
      the newly prepared glasses suitable for and highly recommended for use in gamma
      dosimeters. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26987895
TI  - In vivo characterization of lamina cribrosa pore morphology in primary open-angle
      glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize the in vivo morphology of human lamina cribrosa pores in
      healthy and glaucoma eyes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional,
      observational study, a flood-illumination adaptive optics fundus (FIAO) camera
      was used to perform in vivo, high-resolution, noninvasive imaging of the optic
      disc and lamina cribrosa in 30 patients diagnosed with primary open-angle
      glaucoma (POAG), in 15 healthy controls and in 14 healthy subjects with at least
      one direct relative with POAG. Two masked graders measured each visible lamina
      cribrosa pore along the major and minor axes in order to categorize pores as oval
      (minor/major axis ratio<0.75) or round. We used these same measurements to
      calculate pore surface area as a best-fit oval. RESULTS: Lamina cribrosa pores
      were visible in 95.2% of the subjects. In 52% of controls, the pores were
      visualized under the neuroretinal rim. In POAG patients, 78% of visible pores had
      an oval shape versus 19.4% in controls (P<0.01). Average pore surface area was
      significantly different (1561 px(2) versus 724 px(2); P<0.01). In healthy
      subjects with at least one direct relative with POAG, 21% had pores with an
      appearance comparable to that of subjects in the glaucoma group. CONCLUSION: On
      average, lamina cribrosa pores are elongated in POAG eyes and also in healthy
      eyes of POAG relatives. In vivo characterization of lamina cribrosa pore
      morphology by FIAO imaging may enhance our understanding of glaucoma, and offer
      new means for its early detection.

PMID- 26987896
TI  - [Pediatric uveitis, report of 33 cases].

PMID- 26987897
TI  - [Post-traumatic Morgagnian cataract].

PMID- 26987898
TI  - Achieving fast timing performance with multiplexed SiPMs.
AB  - Using time of flight (ToF) measurements for positron emission tomography (PET) is
      an attractive avenue for increasing the signal to noise (SNR) ratio of PET
      images. However, achieving excellent time resolution required for high SNR gain
      using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) requires many resource heavy high bandwidth
      readout channels. A method of multiplexing many SiPM signals into a single
      electronic channel would greatly simplify ToF PET systems. However, multiplexing
      SiPMs degrades time resolution because of added dark counts and signal shaping.
      In this work the relative contribution of dark counts and signal shaping to
      timing degradation is simulated and a baseline correction technique to mitigate
      the effect of multiplexing on the time resolution of analog SiPMs is simulated
      and experimentally verified. A charge sharing network for multiplexing is
      proposed and tested. Results show a full width at half maximum (FWHM) coincidence
      time resolution of [Formula: see text] ps for a single 3 mm  *  3 mm  *  20 mm
      LYSO scintillation crystals coupled to an array of sixteen 3 mm  *  3 mm SiPMs
      that are multiplexed to a single timing channel (in addition to 4 position
      channels). A [Formula: see text] array of 3 mm  *  3 mm  *  20 mm LFS crystals
      showed an average FWHM coincidence time resolution of [Formula: see text] ps
      using the same timing scheme. All experiments were performed at room temperature
      with no thermal regulation. These results show that excellent time resolution for
      ToF can be achieved with a highly multiplexed analog SiPM readout. 

PMID- 26987899
TI  - ARPES view on surface and bulk hybridization phenomena in the antiferromagnetic
      Kondo lattice CeRh2Si2.
AB  - The hybridization between localized 4f electrons and itinerant electrons in rare
      earth-based materials gives rise to their exotic properties like valence
      fluctuations, Kondo behaviour, heavy-fermions, or unconventional
      superconductivity. Here we present an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
      (ARPES) study of the Kondo lattice antiferromagnet CeRh2Si2, where the surface
      and bulk Ce-4f spectral responses were clearly resolved. The pronounced 4f (0)
      peak seen for the Ce terminated surface gets strongly suppressed in the bulk Ce
      4f spectra taken from a Si-terminated crystal due to much larger f-d
      hybridization. Most interestingly, the bulk Ce-4f spectra reveal a fine structure
      near the Fermi edge reflecting the crystal electric field splitting of the bulk
      magnetic 4f (1)5/2 state. This structure presents a clear dispersion upon
      crossing valence states, providing direct evidence of f-d hybridization. Our
      findings give precise insight into f-d hybridization penomena and highlight their
      importance in the antiferromagnetic phases of Kondo lattices.

PMID- 26987900
TI  - MP-4 Contributes to Snake Venom Neutralization by Mucuna pruriens Seeds through
      an Indirect Antibody-mediated Mechanism.
AB  - Mortality due to snakebite is a serious public health problem, and available
      therapeutics are known to induce debilitating side effects. Traditional medicine
      suggests that seeds of Mucuna pruriens can provide protection against the effects
      of snakebite. Our aim is to identify the protein(s) that may be important for
      snake venom neutralization and elucidate its mechanism of action. To this end, we
      have identified and purified a protein from M. pruriens, which we have named MP
      4. The full-length polypeptide sequence of MP-4 was obtained through N-terminal
      sequencing of peptide fragments. Sequence analysis suggested that the protein may
      belong to the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor family and therefore may potentially
      neutralize the proteases present in snake venom. Using various structural and
      biochemical tools coupled with in vivo assays, we are able to show that MP-4 does
      not afford direct protection against snake venom because it is actually a poor
      inhibitor of serine proteases. Further experiments showed that antibodies
      generated against MP-4 cross-react with the whole venom and provide protection to
      mice against Echis carinatus snake venom. This study shows that the MP-4
      contributes significantly to the snake venom neutralization activity of M.
      pruriens seeds through an indirect antibody-mediated mechanism. 

PMID- 26987901
TI  - NEU3 Sialidase Protein Interactors in the Plasma Membrane and in the Endosomes.
AB  - NEU3 sialidase has been shown to be a key player in many physio- and pathological
      processes, including cell differentiation, cellular response to hypoxic stress,
      and carcinogenesis. The enzyme, peculiarly localized on the outer leaflet of the
      plasma membrane, has been shown to be able to remove sialic acid residues from
      the gangliosides present on adjacent cells, thus creating cell to cell
      interactions. Nonetheless, herein we report that the enzyme localization is
      dynamically regulated between the plasma membrane and the endosomes, where a
      substantial amount of NEU3 is stored with low enzymatic activity. However, under
      opportune stimuli, NEU3 is shifted from the endosomes to the plasma membrane,
      where it greatly increases the sialidase activity. Finally, we found that NEU3
      possesses also the ability to interact with specific proteins, many of which are
      different in each cell compartment. They were identified by mass spectrometry,
      and some selected ones were also confirmed by cross-immunoprecipitation with the
      enzyme, supporting NEU3 involvement in the cell stress response, protein folding,
      and intracellular trafficking. 

PMID- 26987904
TI  - Thermodynamic theory of the plasmoelectric effect.
AB  - Resonant metal nanostructures exhibit an optically induced electrostatic
      potential when illuminated with monochromatic light under off-resonant
      conditions. This plasmoelectric effect is thermodynamically driven by the
      increase in entropy that occurs when the plasmonic structure aligns its resonant
      absorption spectrum with incident illumination by varying charge density. As a
      result, the elevated steady-state temperature of the nanostructure induced by
      plasmonic absorption is further increased by a small amount. Here, we study in
      detail the thermodynamic theory underlying the plasmoelectric effect by analyzing
      a simplified model system consisting of a single silver nanoparticle. We find
      that surface potentials as large as 473 mV are induced under 100 W/m(2)
      monochromatic illumination, as a result of a 11 mK increases in the steady-state
      temperature of the nanoparticle. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability of
      this analysis for realistic experimental geometries, and show that this effect is
      generic for optical structures in which the resonance is linked to the charge
      density.

PMID- 26987902
TI  - Loss of Mitochondrial Function Impairs Lysosomes.
AB  - Alterations in mitochondrial function, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases,
      lead to disrupted energy metabolism and production of damaging reactive oxygen
      species. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction also disrupts the
      structure and function of lysosomes, the main degradation and recycling
      organelle. Specifically, inhibition of mitochondrial function, following deletion
      of the mitochondrial protein AIF, OPA1, or PINK1, as well as chemical inhibition
      of the electron transport chain, impaired lysosomal activity and caused the
      appearance of large lysosomal vacuoles. Importantly, our results show that
      lysosomal impairment is dependent on reactive oxygen species. Given that
      alterations in both mitochondrial function and lysosomal activity are key
      features of neurodegenerative diseases, this work provides important insights
      into the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 26987903
TI  - Estrogen Enhances Linkage in the Vascular Endothelial Calmodulin Network via a
      Feedforward Mechanism at the G Protein-coupled Estrogen Receptor 1.
AB  - Estrogen exerts many effects on the vascular endothelium. Calmodulin (CaM) is the
      transducer of Ca(2+) signals and is a limiting factor in cardiovascular tissues.
      It is unknown whether and how estrogen modifies endothelial functions via the
      network of CaM-dependent proteins. Here we show that 17beta-estradiol (E2) up
      regulates total CaM level in endothelial cells. Concurrent measurement of Ca(2+)
      and Ca(2+)-CaM indicated that E2 also increases free Ca(2+)-CaM. Pharmacological
      studies, gene silencing, and receptor expression-specific cell studies indicated
      that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER/GPR30) mediates these
      effects via transactivation of EGFR and subsequent MAPK activation. The outcomes
      were then examined on four distinct members of the intracellular CaM target
      network, including GPER/GPR30 itself and estrogen receptor alpha, the plasma
      membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA), and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). E2
      substantially increases CaM binding to estrogen receptor alpha and GPER/GPR30.
      Mutations that reduced CaM binding to GPER/GPR30 in separate binding domains do
      not affect GPER/GPR30-Gbetagamma preassociation but decrease GPER/GPR30-mediated
      ERK1/2 phosphorylation. E2 increases CaM-PMCA association, but the expected
      stimulation of Ca(2+) efflux is reversed by E2-stimulated tyrosine
      phosphorylation of PMCA. These effects sustain Ca(2+) signals and promote Ca(2+)
      dependent CaM interactions with other CaM targets. Consequently, E2 doubles CaM
      eNOS interaction and also promotes dual phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser-617 and
      Ser-1179. Calculations using in-cell and in vitro data revealed substantial
      individual and combined contribution of these effects to total eNOS activity.
      Taken together, E2 generates a feedforward loop via GPER/GPR30, which enhances
      Ca(2+)/CaM signals and functional linkage in the endothelial CaM target network. 

PMID- 26987905
TI  - Pathologic activation of thrombopoietin receptor and JAK2-STAT5 pathway by
      frameshift mutants of mouse calreticulin.

PMID- 26987906
TI  - High CIP2A levels correlate with an antiapoptotic phenotype that can be overcome
      by targeting BCL-XL in chronic myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is a predictive biomarker
      of disease progression in many malignancies, including imatinib-treated chronic
      myeloid leukemia (CML). Although high CIP2A levels correlate with disease
      progression in CML, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In a
      screen of diagnostic chronic phase samples from patients with high and low CIP2A
      protein levels, high CIP2A levels correlate with an antiapoptotic phenotype,
      characterized by downregulation of proapoptotic BCL-2 family members, including
      BIM, PUMA and HRK, and upregulation of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-XL. These
      results suggest that the poor prognosis of patients with high CIP2A levels is due
      to an antiapoptotic phenotype. Disrupting this antiapoptotic phenotype by
      inhibition of BCL-XL via RNA interference or A-1331852, a novel, potent and BCL
      XL-selective inhibitor, resulted in extensive apoptosis either alone or in
      combination with imatinib, dasatinib or nilotinib, both in cell lines and in
      primary CD34(+) cells from patients with high levels of CIP2A. These results
      demonstrate that BCL-XL is the major antiapoptotic survival protein and may be a
      novel therapeutic target in CML.

PMID- 26987909
TI  - The frontotemporal dementia-motor neuron disease continuum.
AB  - Early reports of cognitive and behavioural deficits in motor neuron disease might
      have been overlooked initially, but the concept of a frontotemporal dementia
      motor neuron disease continuum has emerged during the past decade. Frontotemporal
      dementia-motor neuron disease is now recognised as an important dementia
      syndrome, which presents substantial challenges for diagnosis and management.
      Frontotemporal dementia, motor neuron disease, and frontotemporal dementia-motor
      neuron disease are characterised by overlapping patterns of TAR DNA binding
      protein (TDP-43) pathology, while the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72
      (C9orf72) repeat expansion is common across the disease spectrum. Indeed, the
      C9orf72 repeat expansion provides important clues to disease pathogenesis and
      suggests potential therapeutic targets. Variable diagnostic criteria identify
      motor, cognitive, and behavioural deficits, but further refinement is needed to
      define the clinical syndromes encountered in frontotemporal dementia-motor neuron
      disease. 

PMID- 26987908
TI  - Internalization of nanopolymeric tracers does not alter characteristics of
      placental cells.
AB  - In the cell therapy scenario, efficient tracing of transplanted cells is
      essential for investigating cell migration and interactions with host tissues.
      This is fundamental to provide mechanistic insights which altogether allow for
      the understanding of the translational potential of placental cell therapy in the
      clinical setting. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from human placenta are
      increasingly being investigated for their potential in treating patients with a
      variety of diseases. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using poly
      (methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (PMMA-NPs) to trace placental MSC, namely
      those from the amniotic membrane (hAMSC) and early chorionic villi (hCV-MSC). We
      report that PMMP-NPs are efficiently internalized and retained in both
      populations, and do not alter cell morphofunctional parameters. We observed that
      PMMP-NP incorporation does not alter in vitro immune modulatory capability of
      placental MSC, a characteristic central to their reparative/therapeutic effects
      in vitro. We also show that in vitro, PMMP-NP uptake is not affected by hypoxia.
      Interestingly, after in vivo brain ischaemia and reperfusion injury achieved by
      transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) in mice, iv hAMSC treatment
      resulted in significant improvement in cognitive function compared to PBS-treated
      tMCAo mice. Our study provides evidence that tracing placental MSC with PMMP-NPs
      does not alter their in vitro and in vivo functions. These observations are
      grounds for the use of PMMP-NPs as tools to investigate the therapeutic
      mechanisms of hAMSC and hCV-MSC in preclinical models of inflammatory-driven
      diseases.

PMID- 26987907
TI  - Restoration of normal embryogenesis by mitochondrial supplementation in pig
      oocytes exhibiting mitochondrial DNA deficiency.
AB  - An increasing number of women fail to achieve pregnancy due to either failed
      fertilization or embryo arrest during preimplantation development. This often
      results from decreased oocyte quality. Indeed, reduced mitochondrial DNA copy
      number (mitochondrial DNA deficiency) may disrupt oocyte quality in some women.
      To overcome mitochondrial DNA deficiency, whilst maintaining genetic identity, we
      supplemented pig oocytes selected for mitochondrial DNA deficiency, reduced
      cytoplasmic maturation and lower developmental competence, with autologous
      populations of mitochondrial isolate at fertilization. Supplementation increased
      development to blastocyst, the final stage of preimplantation development, and
      promoted mitochondrial DNA replication prior to embryonic genome activation in
      mitochondrial DNA deficient oocytes but not in oocytes with normal levels of
      mitochondrial DNA. Blastocysts exhibited transcriptome profiles more closely
      resembling those of blastocysts from developmentally competent oocytes.
      Furthermore, mitochondrial supplementation reduced gene expression patterns
      associated with metabolic disorders that were identified in blastocysts from
      mitochondrial DNA deficient oocytes. These results demonstrate the importance of
      the oocyte's mitochondrial DNA investment in fertilization outcome and subsequent
      embryo development to mitochondrial DNA deficient oocytes. 

PMID- 26987910
TI  - Fortune Favors the Prepared: Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Hypoxia
      Preconditioned Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Primates.

PMID- 26987911
TI  - Cell Therapy Augments Myocardial Perfusion and Improves Quality of Life in
      Patients With Refractory Angina.

PMID- 26987912
TI  - Revisiting Preadolescent Cardiomyocyte Proliferation in Mice.

PMID- 26987913
TI  - Healing a Heart Through Genetic Intervention.

PMID- 26987914
TI  - Cardio-Oncology: An Update on Cardiotoxicity of Cancer-Related Treatment.
AB  - Through the success of basic and disease-specific research, cancer survivors are
      one of the largest growing subsets of individuals accessing the healthcare
      system. Interestingly, cardiovascular disease is the second leading cause of
      morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors after recurrent malignancy. This
      recognition has helped stimulate a collaboration between oncology and cardiology
      practitioners and researchers, and the portmanteau cardio-oncology (also known as
      onco-cardiology) can now be found in many medical centers. This collaboration
      promises new insights into how cancer therapies impact cardiovascular homeostasis
      and long-term effects on cancer survivors. In this review, we will discuss the
      most recent views on the cardiotoxicity related to various classes of
      chemotherapy agents and radiation. We will also discuss broadly the current
      strategies for treating and preventing cardiovascular effects of cancer therapy. 

PMID- 26987916
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26987917
TI  - Visible light-photocatalysed carbazole synthesis via a formal (4+2) cycloaddition
      of indole-derived bromides and alkynes.
AB  - We successfully developed an unprecedented route to carbazole synthesis through a
      visible light-photocatalysed formal (4+2) cycloaddition of indole-derived
      bromides and alkynes. This novel protocol features extremely mild conditions, a
      broad substrate scope and high reaction efficiency. 

PMID- 26987918
TI  - Achilles or biceps tendon rupture in women and men with type 2 diabetes: A
      population-based case-control study.
AB  - AIMS: Previous studies suggest that diabetes causes alterations in tendon
      collagen structure, but evidence on how such findings translate into clinical
      practice is scarce. We aimed to analyze the association between type 2 diabetes
      and the risk of tendon rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a matched
      case-control analysis using the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
      Cases (n=7895) were aged 30-89years and had an incident diagnosis of Achilles- or
      biceps tendon rupture between 1995 and 2013. In multivariable logistic regression
      analyses we compared the odds of tendon rupture between patients with or without
      type 2 diabetes, in men and women separately, and taking into account diabetes
      severity (HbA1c), duration, and antidiabetic drug treatment. RESULTS: Within 165
      (7.1%) female cases with type 2 diabetes, odds ratios (ORs) were increased with
      poorer diabetes control (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.20-3.41, HbA1c >=9% [>=75mmol/mol]),
      longer disease duration (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.93-2.74, >=10years), and current
      insulin use (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.30-3.90, >=20 prescriptions). Among 372 (6.7%)
      male cases, there was no effect of type 2 diabetes on the risk of tendon rupture.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the risk of tendon ruptures may be
      increased in women with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, but not in men.

PMID- 26987919
TI  - The relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetic complications in
      elderly patients with diabetes: Analysis using the Diabetes Study from the Center
      of Tokyo Women's Medical University (DIACET).
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the association between likelihood or severity of depression
      and symptoms associated with diabetic complications in elderly Japanese patients
      with diabetes. METHODS: This single-center cross-sectional study included 4283
      patients with diabetes, 65 years and older (mean age was 73 +/- 6 years, 38.7%
      were women, 3.9% had type 1 diabetes). Participants completed a self-administered
      questionnaire including items on subjective symptoms associated with diabetic
      microangiopathy, frequency of clinical visits due to vascular diseases (heart
      diseases, stroke, or gangrene), hospitalization, and the Patient Health
      Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a simple but reliable measure of depression. The
      associations between severity of depression and diabetic complications were
      examined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: According to the PHQ-9
      scores, patients were classified into the following 3 categories: 0-4 points
      (n=2975); 5-9 points (n=842); and 10 or more points (n=466). Higher PHQ-9 scores
      were associated with increased odds ratios for retinopathy, symptoms related to
      peripheral polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy, and end-stage renal disease
      requiring dialysis after adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, and HbA1c
      (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Significant relationships were found between
      depression severity and chronic diabetic complications among elderly Japanese
      patients with diabetes.

PMID- 26987920
TI  - Reprogramming of mouse amniotic fluid cells using a PiggyBac transposon system.
AB  - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic
      cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using different
      methods. Amniotic fluid (AF) cells are easy to obtain from routinely scheduled
      procedures for prenatal diagnosis and iPS cells have been generated from human
      AF. Here, we generated iPS cells from mouse AF cells, using a non-viral-based
      approach constituted by the PiggyBac (PB) transposon system. All iPS cell lines
      obtained exhibited characteristics of pluripotent cells, including the ability to
      differentiate toward derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. 

PMID- 26987921
TI  - Generation of an iPS cell line from bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells
      from an elderly patient.
AB  - An induced pluripotent stem cell line was generated from primary human bone
      marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells of a 74 year old donor using
      retroviruses harboring OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC in combination with the
      following inhibitors TGFbeta receptor-SB 431542, MEK-PD325901, and p53-Pifithrin
      alpha. Pluripotency was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 26987915
TI  - Cardiac Fibrosis: The Fibroblast Awakens.
AB  - Myocardial fibrosis is a significant global health problem associated with nearly
      all forms of heart disease. Cardiac fibroblasts comprise an essential cell type
      in the heart that is responsible for the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix;
      however, upon injury, these cells transform to a myofibroblast phenotype and
      contribute to cardiac fibrosis. This remodeling involves pathological changes
      that include chamber dilation, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, and
      ultimately leads to the progression to heart failure. Despite the critical
      importance of fibrosis in cardiovascular disease, our limited understanding of
      the cardiac fibroblast impedes the development of potential therapies that
      effectively target this cell type and its pathological contribution to disease
      progression. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the origins and
      roles of fibroblasts, mediators and signaling pathways known to influence
      fibroblast function after myocardial injury, as well as novel therapeutic
      strategies under investigation to attenuate cardiac fibrosis. 

PMID- 26987922
TI  - Generation of iPSC line epiHUVEC from human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
AB  - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to generate the iPSC
      line epiHUVEC employing a combination of three episomal-based plasmids expressing
      OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, c-MYC and KLF4. Pluripotency was confirmed both in vivo
      and in vitro. The transcriptome profile of epiHUVEC and the human embryonic stem
      cell line - H1 have a Pearson correlation of 0.899. 

PMID- 26987923
TI  - Generation of poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN) induced pluripotent stem cells
      (iPSCs).
AB  - Poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN, Clericuzio-type poikiloderma with neutropenia)
      is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the USB1
      gene (Alias C16orf57 and MPN1). To date, there have been only 37 reported cases
      worldwide of this disorder that presents with neutropenia, early onset
      poikiloderma, respiratory infections, palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis, and skeletal
      defects. Here we described the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell
      lines (PN1 and PN2) from the peripheral blood of a 1-year-old patient using the
      dox-inducible STEMCCA vector. This patient presented with bacteremia, pneumonia,
      and neutropenia. Analysis of bone marrow demonstrated normal cellularity with
      trilineage hematopoiesis and neutropenia. 

PMID- 26987924
TI  - Generation and characterization of the human iPSC line PBMC1-iPS4F1 from adult
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - Here we describe the generation and characterization of the human induced
      pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line PBMC1-iPS4F1 from peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells from a healthy female with Spanish background. We used heat sensitive, non
      integrative Sendai viruses containing the reprogramming factors Oct3/4, Sox2,
      Klf4 and c-Myc, whose expression was silenced in the established iPSC line.
      Characterization of the PBMC1-iPS4F1 cell line included analysis of typical
      pluripotency-associated factors at mRNA and protein level, alkaline phosphatase
      enzymatic activity, and in vivo and in vitro differentiation studies. 

PMID- 26987925
TI  - Generation of iPSC lines from a Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome patient.
AB  - Human dermal fibroblasts from a Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) patient bearing
      the 657del5 mutation within the DNA repair gene NIBRIN were used to generate two
      iPSC-lines (vNBS8-iPS-c1, vNBS8-iPS-c2) by retroviral transduction of OCT4, SOX2,
      c-MYC and KLF4. Pluripotency was confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. 

PMID- 26987926
TI  - Development of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryonic stem cell lines from somatic
      cell nuclear transferred blastocysts.
AB  - We developed buffalo embryonic stem cell lines from somatic cell nuclear transfer
      derived blastocysts, produced by hand-guided cloning technique. The inner cell
      mass of the blastocyst was cut mechanically using a Microblade and cultured onto
      feeder cells in buffalo embryonic stem (ES) cell culture medium at 38  degrees C
      in a 5% CO2 incubator. The stem cell colonies were characterized for alkaline
      phosphatase activity, karyotype, pluripotency and self-renewal markers like OCT4,
      NANOG, SOX2, c-Myc, FOXD3, SSEA-1, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 and CD90. The cell
      lines also possessed the capability to differentiate across all the three germ
      layers under spontaneous differentiation conditions.

PMID- 26987927
TI  - Human embryonic stem cells derived from abnormal blastocyst donated by Marfan
      syndrome patient.
AB  - Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line was derived from abnormal blastocyst
      donated by Marfan syndrome patient after preimpantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
      treatment. DNA sequencing analysis confirmed that the hESC line carried the
      heterozygous deletion mutation, c.3536delA, of FBN1 gene. Characteristic tests
      proved that the hESC line presented typicalmarkers of pluripotency and had the
      capability to formthe three germlayers both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 26987928
TI  - Generation of integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells from a patient with
      Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF).
AB  - Fibroblasts from a Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) patient were reprogrammed
      with episomal vectors by using the Neon Transfection System for the generation of
      integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The resulting iPSC line
      was characterized to determine the expression of pluripotency markers, proper
      differentiation into three germ layers, the presence of normal chromosomal
      structures as well as the lack of genomic integration. A homozygous missense
      mutation in the MEFV gene (p.Met694Val), which lead to typical FMF phenotype, was
      shown to be present in the generated iPSC line. 

PMID- 26987929
TI  - Generation of iPSC lines from primary human chorionic villi cells.
AB  - Primary human chorionic villi (CV) cells were used to generate the iPSC line by
      retroviral transduction of the four Yamanaka-factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC.
      Pluripotency was confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. The transcriptomes of the
      CV-derived iPSC lines and the human embryonic stem cell lines-H1 and H9 have a
      Pearson correlation of 0.929 and 0.943 respectively. 

PMID- 26987930
TI  - Generation of iPSC lines from primary human amniotic fluid cells.
AB  - By means of retroviral transduction using the four Yamanaka-factors OCT4, SOX2,
      KLF4 and c-MYC primary human amniotic fluid cells (AFCs) were reprogrammed into
      several iPSC lines. Pluripotency was confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. A
      comparative transcriptome analysis of the AF-derived iPSC line 41 and the human
      embryonic stem cell lines (H1 and H9) revealed a Pearson correlation of 0.953 and
      0.941 respectively. 

PMID- 26987931
TI  - Paolo Bianco (1955-2015).

PMID- 26987932
TI  - Investigation of the electrophysiological correlates of negative BOLD response
      during intermittent photic stimulation: An EEG-fMRI study.
AB  - Although the occurrence of concomitant positive BOLD responses (PBRs) and
      negative BOLD responses (NBRs) to visual stimuli is increasingly investigated in
      neuroscience, it still lacks a definite explanation. Multimodal imaging
      represents a powerful tool to study the determinants of negative BOLD responses:
      the integration of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and
      electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings is especially useful, since it can give
      information on the neurovascular coupling underlying this complex phenomenon. In
      the present study, the brain response to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS)
      was investigated in a group of healthy subjects using simultaneous EEG-fMRI, with
      the main objective to study the electrophysiological mechanisms associated with
      the intense NBRs elicited by IPS in extra-striate visual cortex. The EEG analysis
      showed that IPS induced a desynchronization of the basal rhythm, followed by the
      instauration of a novel rhythm driven by the visual stimulation. The most
      interesting results emerged from the EEG-informed fMRI analysis, which suggested
      a relationship between the neuronal rhythms at 10 and 12 Hz and the BOLD dynamics
      in extra-striate visual cortex. These findings support the hypothesis that NBRs
      to visual stimuli may be neuronal in origin rather than reflecting pure vascular
      phenomena. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2247-2262, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26987933
TI  - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Increases the Risk of Hip Fracture: A
      Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - Hip fractures can lead to functional disability and high mortality rates among
      elderly patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for hip fracture. A
      retrospective population-based 4-year cohort study was conducted using case
      control matched analysis of data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance
      Database 2005 (LHID2005). Patients with a diagnosis of COPD between January 1,
      2004 and December 31, 2007 were enrolled. A 2-stage approach and data from the
      National Health Interview Survey 2005 were applied to adjust for missing
      confounders in the LHID2005 cohort. Hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted HRs were
      estimated hip fracture risk for the COPD. We enrolled 16,239 patients in the COPD
      cohort and 48,747 (1:3) patients in non-COPD cohort. The hip fracture incidences
      were 649 per 100,000 person-years in the study cohort and 369 per 100,000 person
      years in non-COPD cohort. The hip fracture HR during the follow-up period was
      1.78 (P < 0.001) and the adjusted hip fracture HR was 1.57 (P < 0.001) after
      adjustment for covariates by using the 2-stage approach method. Patients with
      COPD were at hip fracture risk and fracture-prevention strategies are essential
      for better quality of care.

PMID- 26987935
TI  - A randomized study of very low-dose factor VIII prophylaxis in severe haemophilia
      - A success story from a resource limited country.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Current factor prophylaxis strategy practised in developed
      countries is not feasible in resource constraint developing countries like India.
      AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of very low
      dose factor prophylaxis in India. METHODS: Children of 1-10 years of age with
      severe haemophilia were randomized to Prophylaxis group and Episodic (On demand)
      group. Children in prophylaxis group received very low-dose factor VIII (FVIII)
      concentrate, i.e. 10 units kg(-1) body weights on 2 days a week. Episodic group
      received factor concentrate in standard recommended doses. The study period was
      11.5 months. RESULTS: In total 21 children were enrolled in this study, 11
      assigned to prophylaxis and 10 to episodic group. Children on prophylaxis had 11
      joint bleeds in comparison to 57 joint bleeds in episodic group. Mean number of
      haemarthrosis per patient per month were 0.08 (0.08 +/- 0.13) in prophylaxis
      group compared to 0.48 (0.48 +/- 0.34) in episodic group (P < 0.05). Total FVIII
      consumption was 87.51 and 56.32 units kg(-1) month(-1) in prophylaxis and
      episodic group respectively (P = ns). Overall median hospital emergency visits
      were 1 day in prophylaxis group and 9 days in episodic group (P <= 0.05). Median
      days of absenteeism from school were 25 days in episodic group and 3 days in
      prophylaxis group (P < 0.05). No significant complications were noted in
      prophylaxis group and compliance was 98%. CONCLUSION: To conclude, low-dose FVIII
      prophylaxis is cost effective, efficacious and a safe method of preventing joint
      bleeds and consequent joint damages.

PMID- 26987936
TI  - The humanitarian common logistic operating picture: a solution to the inter
      agency coordination challenge.
AB  - Although significant progress has been made in developing the practice of
      humanitarian logistics, further improvements in efficiency and effectiveness have
      the potential to save lives and reduce suffering. This paper explores how the
      military/emergency services' concept of a common operating picture (COP) can be
      adapted to the humanitarian logistics context, and analyses a practical and
      proven approach to addressing the key challenge of inter-agency coordination and
      decision-making. Successful adaptation could provide the mechanism through which
      predicted and actual demands, together with the location and status of material
      in transit, are captured, evaluated, and presented in real time as the basis for
      enhanced decision-making between actors in the humanitarian supply network.
      Through the introduction of a humanitarian logistics COP and its linkages to
      national disaster management systems, local communities and countries affected by
      disasters and emergencies will be better placed to oversee and manage their
      response activities.

PMID- 26987934
TI  - Does the meld system provide equal access to liver transplantation for patients
      with different ABO blood groups?
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between blood group and waiting time
      until transplantation or death on the waiting list. All patients listed for liver
      transplantation in the Netherlands between 15 December 2006 and 31 December 2012,
      were included. Study variables were gender, age, year of listing, diagnosis,
      previous transplantations, blood group, urgency, and MELD score. Using a
      competing risks analysis, separate cumulative incidence curves were constructed
      for death on the waiting list and transplantation and used to evaluate
      outcomes.In 517 listings, the mean death rate per 100 patient-years was 10.4. A
      total of 375 (72.5% of all listings) were transplanted. Of all transplantations,
      352 (93.9%) were ABO-identical and 23 (6.1%) ABO-compatible. The 5-year
      cumulative incidence of death was 11.2% (SE 1.4%), and of transplantation 72.5%
      (SE 2.0%). Patient blood group had no multivariate significant impact on the
      hazard of dying on the waiting list nor on transplantation. Age, MELD score, and
      urgency status were significantly related to the death on the waiting list and
      transplantation. More recent listing had higher probability of being
      transplanted. In the MELD era, patient blood group status does not have a
      significant impact on liver transplant waiting list mortality nor on waiting time
      for transplantation. 

PMID- 26987937
TI  - Strain-induced magnetic domain wall control by voltage in hybrid piezoelectric
      BaTiO3 ferrimagnetic TbFe structures.
AB  - This paper reports on the voltage dependence of the magnetization reversal of a
      thin amorphous ferromagnetic TbFe film grown on a ferroelectric and piezoelectric
      BaTiO3 single crystal. Magneto-optical measurements, at macroscopic scale or in a
      microscope, demonstrate how the ferroelectric BaTiO3 polarisation history
      influences the properties of the perpendicularly magnetized TbFe film.
      Unpolarised and twinned regions are obtained when the sample is zero voltage
      cooled whereas flat and saturated regions are obtained when the sample is voltage
      cooled through the ferroelectric ordering temperature of the BaTiO3 crystal, as
      supported by atomic force microscopy experiments. The two steps involved in the
      TbFe magnetization reversal, namely nucleation and propagation of magnetic domain
      walls, depend on the polarisation history. Nucleation is associated to coupling
      through strains with the piezoelectric BaTiO3 crystal and propagation to pinning
      with the ferroelastic surface patterns visible in the BaTiO3 topography. 

PMID- 26987938
TI  - Comparison of treatment effectiveness and medical costs for different long-acting
      injectable antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan: A nationwide
      population-based cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the comparative effectiveness and medical costs of five long
      acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, flupentixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol,
      risperidone, and clopentixol/zuclopentixol, in patients with schizophrenia.
      METHOD: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with schizophrenia
      using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients
      aged 15years or older who began treatment with LAI antipsychotics between June 1,
      2004 and December 31, 2008 were enrolled and followed for 1year. We evaluated the
      medical costs and treatment effectiveness, which was assessed using the rates of
      treatment discontinuation, psychiatric hospitalization, and emergency department
      visits. Risperidone was used as a reference group. RESULTS: Compared to
      risperidone, flupentixol was associated with higher hazard ratios of treatment
      discontinuation and psychiatric hospitalization, fluphenazine was associated with
      higher hazard ratios of treatment discontinuation, and haloperidol was associated
      with higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization and emergence department visits.
      However, fluphenazine, flupentixol, and haloperidol were associated with lower
      medical costs compared to risperidone. Clopentixol/zuclopentixol was inferior to
      risperidone in treatment effectiveness and medical cost. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings suggest that patients taking the LAI risperidone may be more effective
      in some but not all outcome measures; however, risperidone was also associated
      with higher medical costs in the Taiwanese healthcare setting.

PMID- 26987940
TI  - Role of thioredoxin-1 in ischemic preconditioning, postconditioning and aged
      ischemic hearts.
AB  - Thioredoxin is one of the most important cellular antioxidant systems known to
      date, and is responsible of maintaining the reduced state of the intracellular
      space. Trx-1 is a small cytosolic protein whose transcription is induced by
      stress. Therefore it is possible that this antioxidant plays a protective role
      against the oxidative stress caused by an increase of reactive oxygen species
      concentration, as occurs during the reperfusion after an ischemic episode.
      However, in addition to its antioxidant properties, it is able to activate other
      cytoplasmic and nuclear mediators that confer cardioprotection. It is remarkable
      that Trx-1 also participates in myocardial protection mechanisms such as ischemic
      preconditioning and postconditioning, activating proteins related to cellular
      survival. In this sense, it has been shown that Trx-1 inhibition abolished the
      preconditioning cardioprotective effect, evidenced through apoptosis and infarct
      size. Furthermore, ischemic postconditioning preserves Trx-1 content at
      reperfusion, after ischemia. However, comorbidities such as aging can modify this
      powerful cellular defense leading to decrease cardioprotection. Even ischemic
      preconditioning and postconditioning protocols performed in aged animal models
      failed to decrease infarct size. Therefore, the lack of success of antioxidants
      therapies to treat ischemic heart disease could be solved, at least in part,
      avoiding the damage of Trx system.

PMID- 26987939
TI  - Geographic Variations of Colorectal and Breast Cancer Late-Stage Diagnosis and
      the Effects of Neighborhood-Level Factors.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the geographic variations of
      late-stage diagnosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer as well as to
      investigate the effects of 3 neighborhood-level factors-socioeconomic
      deprivation, urban/rural residence, and spatial accessibility to health care-on
      the late-stage risks. METHODS: This study used population-based South Dakota
      cancer registry data from 2001 to 2012. A total of 4,878 CRC cases and 6,418
      breast cancer cases were included in the analyses. Two-level logistic regression
      models were used to analyze the risk of late-stage CRC and breast cancer.
      FINDINGS: For CRC, there was a small geographic variation across census tracts in
      late-stage diagnosis, and residing in isolated small rural areas was
      significantly associated with late-stage risk. However, this association became
      nonsignificant after adjusting for census-tract level socioeconomic deprivation.
      Socioeconomic deprivation was an independent predictor of CRC late-stage risk,
      and it explained the elevated risk among American Indians. No relationship was
      found between spatial accessibility and CRC late-stage risk. For breast cancer,
      no geographic variation in the late-stage diagnosis was observed across census
      tracts, and none of the 3 neighborhood-level factors was significantly associated
      with late-stage risk. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggested that socioeconomic
      deprivation, rather than spatial accessibility, contributed to CRC late-stage
      risks in South Dakota as a rural state. CRC intervention programs could be
      developed to target isolated small rural areas, socioeconomically disadvantaged
      areas, as well as American Indians residing in these areas.

PMID- 26987941
TI  - The reduction of oxidative stress by nanocomposite Fullerol decreases mucositis
      severity and reverts leukopenia induced by Irinotecan.
AB  - Irinotecan is a useful chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of several solid
      tumors. However, this therapy is associated with side effects, including
      leukopenia and mucositis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate inflammatory
      pathways and contribute to Irinotecan-induced mucositis. Fullerol is a
      nanocomposite with anti-oxidant properties that may reduce tissue damage after
      inflammatory stimuli. In this paper, the effects of Fullerol and mechanisms of
      protection were investigated in a model of Irinotecan-induced mucositis.
      Mucositis was induced by an injection of Irinotecan per 4 days in C57BL/6.
      Fullerol or a vehicle was injected every 12h. On day 7, the intestines were
      removed to evaluate histological changes, leukocyte influx, and the production of
      cytokines and ROS. Irinotecan therapy resulted in weight loss, an increased
      clinical score and intestinal injury. Treatment with Fullerol attenuated weight
      loss, decreased clinical score and intestinal damage. Irinotecan also induced
      increased ROS production in enterocytes, oxidative stress, IL-1beta production,
      neutrophil and eosinophil influx in the ileum. Fullerol treatment decreased
      production of ROS in the enterocytes, oxidative stress, IL-1beta production,
      neutrophil and eosinophil influx in the ileum. Irinotecan therapy also induced
      leukopenia in an ROS-dependent manner because leukopenia reverted in WT mice
      treated with Fullerol or Apocynin or in Gp91phox(-/-) mice. Mice treated with
      Irinotecan presented less melanoma tumor growth compared to the control group.
      Fullerol does not interfere in the anti-tumor action of Irinotecan. Fullerol has
      a great pharmacology potential to decreases the severity of mucositis and of
      leukopenia during chemotherapy treatment.

PMID- 26987943
TI  - The prognostic value of a classification system for centrally located liver
      tumors in the setting of hepatocellular carcinoma after mesohepatectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A classification system of centrally located liver tumors (CLLTs) was
      proposed by our group in 2013, which divided CLLTs into four subtypes by focusing
      on the involvement of resected segments and the anatomical location of lesions
      relative to the principal hepatic vascular structures. The current study aimed to
      analyze the clinical characteristics and compare the surgical outcomes of the
      different CLLTs classification system for patients with hepatocelluar carcinoma
      (HCC) underwent mesohepatectomy (MH). Moreover, we sought to validate the
      prognostic value of the new classification system. METHODS: Data from 353
      consecutive patients with centrally located HCC who were treated with MH between
      2005 and 2013 were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS:
      The 1-, 3-, and 5-y overall recurrence rates were 21.4%, 41.3%, and 55.6%,
      respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-y overall (OS) and corresponding recurrence-free
      survival rates (RFS) were 82.5%, 61.6%, 40.2%, and 68.8%, 42.5%, 30.7%,
      respectively. According the CLLTs classification system, 106 patients were
      classified as type I, 68 as type II, 94 as type III and 85 as type IV. There were
      no significant differences in RFS rate among the CLLTs groups, however, a
      significant decrease in OS rates was observed in the type IV classification,
      respectively. Multivariate analysis reveal that patients with microvascular
      invasion, portal vein thrombosis, the largest tumor size>=5 cm, tumor number>=3,
      liver cirrhosis, hepatic inflow occlusion >=60 min, intraoperative blood
      loss>=1500 ml, pTNM staging and CLLTs classification of Type IV to be independent
      adverse factors for long-term survivals. CONCLUSION: The classification system of
      CLLTs is meant to help clinicians in defining the extent of resection, providing
      a risk assessment and predicting prognosis. However, it is need to be validated
      in more HCC patients and medical centers.

PMID- 26987944
TI  - Absence of IDH mutation in colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancers (CRCs) with deficient DNA mismatch repair system
      (dMMR) represents approximately 12% of all CRCs. Sporadic dMMR CRCs are due to
      hypermethylation MLH1 gene promoter and associated with the CpG island methylator
      phenotype (CIMP). Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant tumors are associated
      with DNA hypermethylation in various cancers. AIMS: Look if dMMR CRC are
      associated with IDH mutations. METHODS: All consecutive dMMR CRCs between 2005
      and 2014 were included in this study. Tumoral DNA used for dMMR analysis was also
      used to determine IDH1 and IDH2 mutations using pyrosequencing method. RESULTS: A
      total of 152 dMMR CRCs patients were analyzed. No IDH mutation was observed in
      dMMR CRC, nor in IDH1 or IDH2. Especially, no mutation was found in sporadic dMMR
      CRC which is known to be associated with CIMP. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with
      others types of hypermethylated tumors, dMMR CRCs are not associated with IDH
      mutations.

PMID- 26987942
TI  - Targeting mutant NRAS signaling pathways in melanoma.
AB  - Cutaneous melanoma is a devastating form of skin cancer and its incidence is
      increasing faster than any other preventable cancer in the United States. The
      mutant NRAS subset of melanoma is more aggressive and associated with poorer
      outcomes compared to non-NRAS mutant melanoma. The aggressive nature and complex
      molecular signaling conferred by this transformation has evaded clinically
      effective treatment options. This review examines the major downstream effectors
      of NRAS relevant in melanoma and the associated advances made in targeted
      therapies that focus on these effector pathways. We outline the history of MEK
      inhibition in mutant NRAS melanoma and recent advances with newer MEK inhibitors.
      Since MEK inhibitors will likely be optimized when combined with other targeted
      therapies, we focus on recently identified targets that can be used in
      combination with MEK inhibitors.

PMID- 26987945
TI  - Venous infarction mimicking a neoplasm in spontaneous intracranial hypotension:
      an unusual cause of Parinaud's syndrome.
AB  - We present a case of longstanding, undiagnosed spontaneous intracranial
      hypotension (SIH) with an acute presentation of Parinaud's syndrome, in whom
      serial imaging demonstrated development of a midbrain mass. The patient was
      ultimately diagnosed with tumefactive venous infarction secondary to SIH.
      However, this patient underwent a brainstem biopsy, which in retrospect may have
      been avoidable. This case demonstrates the imaging features of tumefactive venous
      infarction in SIH and highlights the risk of misinterpretation as a neoplasm with
      potentially catastrophic consequences. 

PMID- 26987946
TI  - Association of current phthalate exposure with neurobehavioral development in a
      national sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that phthalate exposure may influence
      the development of children, but the current data are limited, and controversy
      remains regarding the sex-specific and age-specific effects of phthalate
      exposure. METHODS: We investigated the sex- and age-specific associations of
      current phthalate exposure with neurobehavioral development scores in a
      nationally representative sample of 6-18-year-olds participating in the Korean
      Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C).
      Neurobehavioral development was assessed using the Korean Child Behavior
      Checklist (CBCL, N=1723) and the Korean Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
      Rating Scale (ARS, N=867). We measured the concentrations of phthalate
      metabolites in urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem
      mass spectrometry. The associations between urine phthalate metabolite
      concentrations and neurobehavioral development were examined by survey regression
      analysis for complex sampling and penalized regression splines using a
      generalized additive model. RESULTS: Survey regression analysis revealed that a
      higher mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) level was associated with social (beta=0.60;
      95% confidence interval=0.15-1.05), thought (0.55; 0.08-1.03), and attention
      (0.68; 0.21-1.14) problems on the CBCL. A significant association was found
      between the MnBP level and the ARS hyperactivity subscale score (0.42; 0.05
      0.58). Higher levels of MnBP (0.87; 0.20-1.54), mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate
      (MEOHP, 0.61; 0.11-1.11) and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP, 0.51;
      0.04-0.97) were associated with an increase in thought problems among the girls.
      Among the younger children aged 6-11 years, significant positive associations
      between the MnBP (0.71; 0.09-1.33), MECPP (0.74, 0.14-1.34), MEOHP (0.65; 0.10
      1.20), and MEHHP (0.71; 0.21-1.21) levels and social problems and between the
      MnBP (1.11; 0.37-1.84), MEOHP (0.64; 0.13-1.15), and MEHHP (0.66; 0.18-1.14)
      levels and attention problems were observed. The penalized regression splines for
      the age-specific relationships between the urinary MnBP, MEOHP, and MEHHP levels
      and social and attention problems exhibited positive supralinear relationships
      with downward curvature in the 6-11 year age group. In contrast, the score for
      social problems exhibited nearly linear relationships with these levels in the 12
      18 year age group. CONCLUSIONS: In this national sample, increased phthalate
      exposure exhibited supralinear associations with social, thought and attention
      problems in children aged 6-11 years, who showed greater vulnerability to
      phthalate exposure. The results highlight the need for the environmental
      regulation of phthalate exposure in younger children, even at low dosages.

PMID- 26987948
TI  - Rapid-Onset Sildenafil Sublingual Drug Delivery Systems: In Vitro Evaluation and
      In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies in Rabbits.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to prepare sublingual delivery systems for
      sildenafil and evaluate its relative bioavailability after sublingual
      administration in rabbits to attain a rapid onset of action with good efficacy at
      lower doses. For sublingual application, sildenafil and its citrate were
      formulated in 2 different dosage forms: the first was a sublingual spray
      consisting of sildenafil in 2 microemulsion systems, oleic acid or propylene
      glycol (PG), and the second was sublingual tablets prepared with various
      granulated sublingual sprays adsorbed onto a silicate adsorbant (Florite((r)) R),
      binders (Cyclocel((r)) or EMDEX((r))), and disintegrants (Ac-Di-Sol((r)) or
      Kollidon((r)) CL). Results showed that sublingual absorption of sildenafil spray
      prepared with PG was fairly rapid. At a 0.5-mg dose, the mean onset of action was
      1.3 +/- 0.6 min and lasted for about 1.5 h according to the pharmacokinetic
      studies. In vivo studies also showed that for sublingual tablets formulated with
      sildenafil in PG adsorbed onto Florite((r)) R at a 1:1 weight ratio then mixed
      with Cycloel((r)) and Ac-Di-Sol((r)), the onset action was fast at 1.9 +/- 0.4
      min and lasted for about 1 h at 0.5 mg. These findings suggest the potential for
      the sublingual delivery of sildenafil instead of the conventional oral
      administration.

PMID- 26987949
TI  - Exploratory Investigation of the Limiting Steps of Oral Absorption of Fluconazole
      and Ketoconazole in Children Using an In Silico Pediatric Absorption Model.
AB  - Due to the higher total clearance of certain drugs in children than in adults, it
      is recommended that, in such cases, higher relative doses on a milligram/kilogram
      basis should be administered to children in order to achieve similar systemic
      exposure to adults. This is the case for fluconazole and ketoconazole. Even
      though the lower absorptive surface area and smaller volumes of intestinal fluids
      in children does not affect fluconazole absorption, cumulative fraction absorbed
      of ketoconazole seems to be dose dependent. A dose of 200 mg of ketoconazole,
      which belongs to the class 2a of the Developability Classification System (DCS)
      in adults, seems to be higher than the maximum absorbable dose in children, and
      ketoconazole absorption is expected to be solubility limited (i.e., DCS class 2b)
      in this population, indicating a DCS class migration. Therefore, extrapolating
      DCS and DCS drug classification from adults to pediatric groups does not seem to
      be straightforward and the development of specific pediatric classification
      systems should be a high priority.

PMID- 26987947
TI  - Novel Ricin Subunit Antigens With Enhanced Capacity to Elicit Toxin-Neutralizing
      Antibody Responses in Mice.
AB  - RiVax is a candidate ricin toxin subunit vaccine antigen that has proven to be
      safe in human phase I clinical trials. In this study, we introduced double and
      triple cavity-filling point mutations into the RiVax antigen with the expectation
      that stability-enhancing modifications would have a beneficial effect on overall
      immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins. We demonstrate that 2 RiVax triple
      mutant derivatives, RB (V81L/C171L/V204I) and RC (V81I/C171L/V204I), when
      adsorbed to aluminum salts adjuvant and tested in a mouse prime-boost-boost
      regimen were 5- to 10-fold more effective than RiVax at eliciting toxin
      neutralizing serum IgG antibody titers. Increased toxin neutralizing antibody
      values and seroconversion rates were evident at different antigen dosages and
      within 7 days after the first booster. Quantitative stability/flexibility
      relationships analysis revealed that the RB and RC mutations affect
      rigidification of regions spanning residues 98-103, which constitutes a known
      immunodominant neutralizing B-cell epitope. A more detailed understanding of the
      immunogenic nature of RB and RC may provide insight into the fundamental
      relationship between local protein stability and antibody reactivity.

PMID- 26987951
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of protein-cholesterol interactions in plasma membranes:
      Functional distinction between topological (tilted) and consensus (CARC/CRAC)
      domains.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms that control the multiple possible modes of protein
      association with membrane cholesterol are remarkably convergent. These
      mechanisms, which include hydrogen bonding, CH-pi stacking and dispersion forces,
      are used by a wide variety of extracellular proteins (e.g. microbial or amyloid)
      and membrane receptors. Virus fusion peptides penetrate the membrane of host
      cells with a tilted orientation that is compatible with a transient interaction
      with cholesterol; this tilted orientation is also characteristic of the process
      of insertion of amyloid proteins that subsequently form oligomeric pores in the
      plasma membrane of brain cells. Membrane receptors that are associated with
      cholesterol generally display linear consensus binding motifs (CARC and CRAC)
      characterized by a triad of basic (Lys/Arg), aromatic (Tyr/phe) and aliphatic
      (Leu/Val) amino acid residues. In some cases, the presence of both CARC and CRAC
      within the same membrane-spanning domain allows the simultaneous binding of two
      cholesterol molecules, one in each membrane leaflet. In this review the molecular
      basis and the functional significance of the different modes of protein
      cholesterol interactions in plasma membranes are discussed. 

PMID- 26987952
TI  - Implication of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in cancer-related signaling
      pathways.
AB  - The altered expression of SHP-1 (SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine
      phosphatase) as a consequence of promoter hypermethylation or mutations has
      evidently been linked to cancer development. The notion of being a cancer drug
      target is conceivable as SHP-1 negatively regulates cell cycle and inflammatory
      pathways which are an inevitable part of oncogenic transformation. In the present
      review, we try to critically analyze the role of SHP-1 in cancer progression via
      regulating the above mentioned pathways with the major emphasis on cell cycle
      components and JAK/STAT pathway, commencing with the SHP-1 biology in immune cell
      signaling. Lastly, we have provided the future directions for researchers to
      encourage SHP-1 as a prognostic marker and curative target for this debilitating
      disease called as cancer. 

PMID- 26987950
TI  - AHNAK deficiency promotes browning and lipolysis in mice via increased
      responsiveness to beta-adrenergic signalling.
AB  - In adipose tissue, agonists of the beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) regulate
      lipolysis, lipid oxidation, and thermogenesis. The deficiency in the
      thermogenesis induced by neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK in
      white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed a high-fat diet suggests that AHNAK may
      stimulate energy expenditure via development of beige fat. Here, we report that
      AHNAK deficiency promoted browning and thermogenic gene expression in WAT but not
      in brown adipose tissue of mice stimulated with the ADRB3 agonist CL-316243.
      Consistent with the increased thermogenesis, Ahnak(-/-) mice exhibited an
      increase in energy expenditure, accompanied by elevated mitochondrial biogenesis
      in WAT depots in response to CL-316243. Additionally, AHNAK-deficient WAT
      contained more eosinophils and higher levels of type 2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-13) to
      promote browning of WAT in response to CL-316243. This was associated with
      enhanced sympathetic tone in the WAT via upregulation of adrb3 and tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) in response to beta-adrenergic activation. CL-316243 activated
      PKA signalling and enhanced lipolysis, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation
      of hormone-sensitive lipase and release of free glycerol in Ahnak(-/-) mice
      compared to wild-type mice. Overall, these findings suggest an important role of
      AHNAK in the regulation of thermogenesis and lipolysis in WAT via beta-adrenergic
      signalling. 

PMID- 26987953
TI  - Gastrodin suppresses BACE1 expression under oxidative stress condition via
      inhibition of the PKR/eIF2alpha pathway in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The expression of beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is increased in the
      brain of late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and oxidative stress may be
      the potential cause of this event. The phenolic glucoside gastrodin (Gas), a main
      component of a Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata Blume, has been
      demonstrated to display antioxidant activity and suppresses BACE1 expression.
      However, the mechanisms by which Gas suppresses BACE1 expression are not clear.
      Morris water maze test was performed to assess the effect of Gas treatment on
      memory impairments in Tg2576 mice. The level of oxidative stress in the brain of
      Tg2576 mice was determined by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,
      catalase (CAT) activity, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS. In vivo
      and in vitro, we detected the expression levels of BACE1, pPKRThr446, PKR,
      pPERKThr981, PERK, peIF2alphaSer51, and eIF2alpha using western blot analysis. We
      found that Gas improved learning and memory abilities of Tg2576 transgenic mice
      and attenuated intracellular oxidative stress in hippocampi of Tg2576 mice. We
      discovered that the expression levels of BACE1, activated PKR (pPKRThr446) and
      activated eIF2alpha (peIF2alphaSer51) were elevated in the brains of Tg2576 mice
      and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, peptide PKR
      inhibitor (PRI) and Gas down-regulated BACE1 expression in Tg2576 mice and H2O2
      stimulated SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting activation of PKR and eIF2alpha. Gas
      alleviates memory deficits in mice and suppresses BACE1 expression by inhibiting
      the protein kinase/Eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha (PKR/eIF2alpha) pathway.
      The research suggested that Gas may develop as an drug candidate in
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 26987954
TI  - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling is altered in the forebrain of
      Engrailed-2 knockout mice.
AB  - Engrailed-2 (En2), a homeodomain transcription factor involved in regionalization
      and patterning of the midbrain and hindbrain regions has been associated to
      autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). En2 knockout (En2(-/-)) mice show ASD-like
      features accompanied by a significant loss of GABAergic subpopulations in the
      hippocampus and neocortex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a crucial
      factor for the postnatal development of forebrain GABAergic neurons, and altered
      GABA signaling has been hypothesized to underlie the symptoms of ASD. Here we
      sought to determine whether interneuron loss in the En2(-/-) forebrain might be
      related to altered expression of BDNF and its signaling receptors. We first
      evaluated the expression of different BDNF mRNA isoforms in the neocortex and
      hippocampus of wild-type (WT) and En2(-/-) mice. Quantitative RT-PCR showed a
      marked down-regulation of several splicing variants of BDNF mRNA in the neocortex
      but not hippocampus of adult En2(-/-) mice, as compared to WT controls.
      Accordingly, levels of mature BDNF protein were lower in the neocortex but not
      hippocampus of En2(-/-) mice, as compared to WT. Increased levels of
      phosphorylated TrkB and decreased levels of p75 receptor were also detected in
      the neocortex of mutant mice. Accordingly, the expression of low density
      lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and RhoA, two genes regulated via p75 was
      significantly altered in forebrain areas of mutant mice. These data indicate that
      BDNF signaling alterations might be involved in the anatomical changes observed
      in the En2(-/-) forebrain and suggest a pathogenic role of altered BDNF signaling
      in this mouse model of ASD. 

PMID- 26987955
TI  - Nonlinear interactions in the thalamocortical loop in essential tremor: A model
      based frequency domain analysis.
AB  - There is increasing evidence to suggest that essential tremor has a central
      origin. Different structures appear to be part of the central tremorogenic
      network, including the motor cortex, the thalamus and the cerebellum. Some
      studies using electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) show
      linear association in the tremor frequency between the motor cortex and the
      contralateral tremor electromyography (EMG). Additionally, high thalamomuscular
      coherence is found with the use of thalamic local field potential (LFP)
      recordings and tremulous EMG in patients undergoing surgery for deep brain
      stimulation (DBS). Despite a well-established reciprocal anatomical connection
      between the thalamus and cortex, the functional association between the two
      structures during "tremor-on" periods remains elusive. Thalamic (Vim) LFPs,
      ipsilateral scalp EEG from the sensorimotor cortex and contralateral tremor arm
      EMG recordings were obtained from two patients with essential tremor who had
      undergone successful surgery for DBS. Coherence analysis shows a strong linear
      association between thalamic LFPs and contralateral tremor EMG, but the
      relationship between the EEG and the thalamus is much less clear. These
      measurements were then analyzed by constructing a novel parametric nonlinear
      autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) model. This new approach uncovered two
      distinct and not overlapping frequency "channels" of communication between Vim
      thalamus and the ipsilateral motor cortex, defining robustly "tremor-on" versus
      "tremor-off" states. The associated estimated nonlinear time lags also showed non
      overlapping values between the two states, with longer corticothalamic lags
      (exceeding 50ms) in the tremor active state, suggesting involvement of an
      indirect multisynaptic loop. The results reveal the importance of the nonlinear
      interactions between cortical and subcortical areas in the central motor network
      of essential tremor. This work is important because it demonstrates for the first
      time that in essential tremor the functional interrelationships between the
      cortex and thalamus should not be sought exclusively within individual
      frequencies but more importantly between cross-frequency nonlinear interactions.
      Should our results be successfully reproduced on a bigger cohort of patients with
      essential tremor, our approach could be used to create an on-demand closed-loop
      DBS device, able to automatically activate when the tremor is on. 

PMID- 26987956
TI  - Revisiting the supratrigeminal nucleus in the rat.
AB  - The supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup), originally proposed as a premotoneuron pool
      in the trigeminal reflex arc, is a key structure of jaw movement control.
      Surprisingly, however, the location of the rat Vsup has not precisely been
      defined. In light of our previous cat studies, we made two hypotheses regarding
      the rat Vsup: (1) the Vsup is cytoarchitectonically distinguishable from its
      surrounding structures; (2) the Vsup receives central axon terminals of the
      trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vmes) neurons which are primary afferents
      innervating muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscles and periodontal ligaments
      around the teeth. To test the first hypothesis, we examined the cytoarchitecture
      of the rat Vsup. The Vsup was identified as an area medially adjacent to the
      dorsomedial part of trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (Vp), and extended from
      the level just rostral to the caudal two-thirds of the trigeminal motor nucleus
      (Vmo) to the level approximately 150 MUm caudal to the Vmo. Our rat Vsup was much
      smaller and its location was considerably different in comparison to the Vsup
      reported previously. To evaluate the second hypothesis, we tested the
      distribution patterns of Vmes primary afferent terminals in the
      cytoarchitectonically identified Vsup. After transganglionic tracer applications
      to the masseter, deep temporal, and medial pterygoid nerves, a large number of
      axon terminals were observed in all parts of Vsup (especially in its medial
      part). After applications to the inferior alveolar, infraorbital, and lingual
      nerves, a small number of axon terminals were labeled in the caudolateral Vsup.
      The Vsup could also be identified electrophysiologically. After electrical
      stimulation of the masseter nerve, evoked potentials with slow negative component
      were isolated only in the Vsup. The present findings suggest that the rat Vsup
      can be cytoarchitectonically and electrophysiologically identified, receives
      somatotopic termination of the trigeminal primary afferents, and principally
      receives strong termination of the spindle Vmes primary afferents.

PMID- 26987957
TI  - 17beta-Estradiol upregulates ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in hippocampal
      synaptosomes of female rats through action mediated by estrogen receptor-alpha
      and -beta.
AB  - 17beta-Estradiol (E2) crucially affects several processes in the hippocampus of
      both sexes. E2 acts upon estradiol receptors ERalpha and ERbeta, influencing
      target gene expression and/or modulates intracellular signaling cascades. Another
      potent modulator of hippocampal function is nucleoside adenosine, the final
      product of ectonucleotidase cascade, enzymes which hydrolyze extracellular ATP to
      adenosine. The last and rate-limiting step of the hydrolysis is catalyzed by
      membrane-bound ecto-5'-nucleotidase (eN). Previous findings obtained on adenosine
      metabolism in brain suggest that eN may be modulated by ovarian steroids.
      Therefore, the present study reports that the activity and protein abundance of
      membrane-bound eN fluctuates across the estrus cycle in the hippocampal
      synaptosomes of female rats. Further, we analyzed the role of E2 and its
      intracellular receptors on the expression of eN in ovariectomized females. We
      found that E2 upregulated eN activity and protein abundance in the hippocampal
      synaptosomes. Application of nonspecific ER antagonist, ICI 182,780 and selective
      ERalpha and ERbeta agonists, PPT and DPN, respectively, demonstrated the
      involvement of both receptor subtypes in observed actions. Selective ERalpha
      receptor agonist, PPT, induced upregulation of both the protein level and
      activity of eN, while application of selective ERbeta receptor agonist, DPN,
      increased only the activity of eN. In both cases, E2 entered into the
      intracellular compartment and activated ER(s), which was demonstrated by membrane
      impermeable E2-BSA conjugate. Together these results imply that E2-induced
      effects on connectivity and functional properties of the hippocampal synapses may
      be in part mediated through observed effect on eN. 

PMID- 26987958
TI  - Antidepressant use and mortality in very old people.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antidepressant treatment may increase the risk of death. The
      association between antidepressants and mortality has been evaluated in community
      dwelling older people, but not in representative samples of very old people,
      among whom dementia, multimorbidity, and disability are common. METHODS: Umea
      85+/GERDA study participants (n = 992) aged 85, 90, and >=95 years were followed
      for up to five years. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to
      analyze mortality risk associated with baseline antidepressant treatment,
      adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Mean age was 89 years; 27% of
      participants had dementia, 20% had stroke histories, 29% had heart failure, and
      16% used antidepressants. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, antidepressant use
      was associated with a 76% increased mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.76; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 1.41-2.19). Adding adjustment for Geriatric Depression
      Scale score, HR was 1.62 (95% CI, 1.29-2.03). The association was not significant
      when adjusting for additional confounding factors (HR = 1.08; 95% CI, 0.85-1.38).
      Interaction analyses in the fully adjusted model revealed a significant
      interaction between sex and antidepressant use (HR: 1.76; 95% CI, 1.05-2.94).
      Among male and female antidepressant users, the HRs for death were 0.76 (95% CI,
      0.47-1.24) and 1.28 (95% CI, 0.97-1.70), respectively. CONCLUSION: Among very old
      people, baseline antidepressant treatment does not seem to be independently
      associated with increased mortality risk. However, the risk may be different in
      men and women. This difference and the potential risk of initial treatment
      require further investigation in future cohort studies of very old people.

PMID- 26987959
TI  - Regulation of tracheal antimicrobial peptide gene expression in airway epithelial
      cells of cattle.
AB  - beta-defensins are an important element of the mucosal innate immune response
      against bacterial pathogens. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) has
      microbicidal activity against the bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease,
      and its expression in tracheal epithelial cells is upregulated by bacterial
      products including lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 agonist), Pam3CSK4 (an agonist
      of Toll-like receptor 2/1), and interleukin (IL)-17A. The objectives of this
      study were to identify the signalling pathway by which LPS, Pam3CSK4 and IL-17A
      induce TAP gene expression, and to determine the effect of glucocorticoid as a
      model of stress on this epithelial innate immune response. In primary cultures of
      bovine tracheal epithelial cells (bTEC), LPS, Pam3CSK4 and IL-17A each stimulated
      TAP gene expression. This effect was abrogated by caffeic acid phenylester
      (CAPE), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Similarly, western analysis showed that LPS,
      Pam3CSK4 and IL-17A each induced translocation of NF-kappaB p65 from the
      cytoplasm to the nucleus, but pre-treatment with CAPE inhibited this response.
      Finally, pre-treatment of bTEC with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone abolished
      the stimulatory effect of LPS, Pam3CSK4 and IL-17A on upregulation of TAP gene
      expression. These findings indicate that NF-kappaB activation is necessary for
      induction of TAP gene expression by LPS (a TLR4 agonist), Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2/1
      agonist), or IL-17A. Furthermore, this stimulatory response is inhibited by
      glucocorticoid, suggesting this as one mechanism by which stress increases the
      risk of bacterial pneumonia. These findings have implications for understanding
      the pathogenesis of stress-associated bacterial pneumonia, and for developing
      methods to stimulate innate immune responses in the respiratory tract of cattle.

PMID- 26987960
TI  - The impact of the web and social networks on vaccination. New challenges and
      opportunities offered to fight against vaccine hesitancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Vaccine hesitancy is a growing and threatening trend, increasing the
      risk of disease outbreaks and potentially defeating health authorities'
      strategies. We aimed to describe the significant role of social networks and the
      Internet on vaccine hesitancy, and more generally on vaccine attitudes and
      behaviors. METHODS: Presentation and discussion of lessons learnt from: (i) the
      monitoring and analysis of web and social network contents on vaccination; (ii)
      the tracking of Google search terms used by web users; (iii) the analysis of
      Google search suggestions related to vaccination; (iv) results from the
      Vaccinoscopie((c)) study, online annual surveys of representative samples of 6500
      to 10,000 French mothers, monitoring vaccine behaviors and attitude of French
      parents as well as vaccination coverage of their children, since 2008; and (v)
      various studies published in the scientific literature. RESULTS: Social networks
      and the web play a major role in disseminating information about vaccination.
      They have modified the vaccination decision-making process and, more generally,
      the doctor/patient relationship. The Internet may fuel controversial issues
      related to vaccination and durably impact public opinion, but it may also provide
      new tools to fight against vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSION: Vaccine hesitancy
      should be fought on the Internet battlefield, and for this purpose, communication
      strategies should take into account new threats and opportunities offered by the
      web and social networks.

PMID- 26987961
TI  - [Histopathological diagnostic work-up of joint endoprosthesis-associated
      pathologies].
AB  - Increasing classes of joint implants and the combination of materials results in
      increased and wear-associated pathologies. According to the revised consensus
      classification, the following types can be recognized at conventional
      histological examination: Type I, particle-induced type; Type II, infection type;
      Type III, combination type; Type IV, indifferent type; Type V arthrofibrotic
      type; Type VI, allergic/immunological/toxic adverse reactions and Type VII, bone
      pathologies. Wear particles are histopathologically characterized according to
      the Krenn particle algorithm which focuses on a descriptive identification of
      wear particles and the differentiation of other nonwear-related particles. Type
      VII is considered histologically when there is evidence of a
      perivascular/interstitial lymphocytic CD20- and CD3-positive infiltrate, presence
      of mast cells and eosinophils, and tissue necrosis/infarction associated with
      implant wear material. Since wear particle-induced toxicity cannot be
      differentiated with certainty from hypersensitivity/allergic reaction on
      histological examination, immunological-allergological and clinical data should
      be used as supplementary criteria for the differential diagnosis. Tissue sampling
      should be performed from periprosthetic soft tissue with location mapping and
      when feasible also from bone tissue. Additional information regarding the type of
      implant and clinical, radiological, immunological, and microbiology data should
      be available to the pathologist. Further immunohistochemical studies are
      recommended in the following settings: infection (CD15, CD20, CD68); prosthesis
      associated arthrofibrosis (beta-catenin); allergic/immunologic/toxic adverse
      reactions (CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD117 and for T-cell characterization T-bet, GATA
      3, and FOXP3). 

PMID- 26987962
TI  - Spatial assessment of soil contamination by heavy metals from informal electronic
      waste recycling in Agbogbloshie, Ghana.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study examined the spatial distribution and the extent of soil
      contamination by heavy metals resulting from primitive, unconventional informal
      electronic waste recycling in the Agbogbloshie e-waste processing site (AEPS) in
      Ghana. METHODS: A total of 132 samples were collected at 100 m intervals, with a
      handheld global position system used in taking the location data of the soil
      sample points. Observing all procedural and quality assurance measures, the
      samples were analyzed for barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr),
      copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), using X-ray
      fluorescence. Using environmental risk indices of contamination factor and degree
      of contamination (Cdeg), we analyzed the individual contribution of each heavy
      metal contamination and the overall Cdeg. We further used geostatistical
      techniques of spatial autocorrelation and variability to examine spatial
      distribution and extent of heavy metal contamination. RESULTS: Results from soil
      analysis showed that heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher than
      the Canadian Environmental Protection Agency and Dutch environmental standards.
      In an increasing order, Pb>Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn>Cr>Co>Ba>Ni contributed significantly to
      the overall Cdeg. Contamination was highest in the main working areas of burning
      and dismantling sites, indicating the influence of recycling activities.
      Geostatistical analysis also revealed that heavy metal contamination spreads
      beyond the main working areas to residential, recreational, farming, and
      commercial areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the studied heavy metals are
      ubiquitous within AEPS and the significantly high concentration of these metals
      reflect the contamination factor and Cdeg, indicating soil contamination in AEPS
      with the nine heavy metals studied.

PMID- 26987964
TI  - Patterns of Treatment Switching in Multiple Sclerosis Therapies in US Patients
      Active on Social Media: Application of Social Media Content Analysis to Health
      Outcomes Research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Social media analysis has rarely been applied to the study of
      specific questions in outcomes research. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to test the
      applicability of social media analysis to outcomes research using automated
      listening combined with filtering and analysis of data by specialists. After
      validation, the process was applied to the study of patterns of treatment
      switching in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: A comprehensive listening and
      analysis process was developed that blended automated listening with filtering
      and analysis of data by life sciences-qualified analysts and physicians. The
      population was patients with MS from the United States. Data sources were
      Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and online forums. Sources were searched for mention of
      specific oral, injectable, and intravenous (IV) infusion treatments. The
      representativeness of the social media population was validated by comparison
      with community survey data and with data from three large US administrative
      claims databases: MarketScan, PharMetrics Plus, and Department of Defense.
      RESULTS: A total of 10,260 data points were sampled for manual review: 3025 from
      Twitter, 3771 from Facebook, 2773 from Internet forums, and 691 from blogs. The
      demographics of the social media population were similar to those reported from
      community surveys and claims databases. Mean age was 39 (SD 11) years and 14.56%
      (326/2239) of the population was older than 50 years. Women, patients aged 30 to
      49 years, and those diagnosed for more than 10 years were represented by more
      data points than other patients were. Women also accounted for a large majority
      (82.6%, 819/991) of reported switches. Two-fifths of switching patients had lived
      with their disease for more than 10 years since diagnosis. Most reported switches
      (55.05%, 927/1684) were from injectable to oral drugs with switches from IV
      therapies to orals the second largest switch (15.38%, 259/1684). Switches to oral
      drugs accounted for more than 80% (927/1114) of the switches away from injectable
      therapies. Four reasons accounted for more than 90% of all switches: severe side
      effects, lack of efficacy, physicians' advice, and greater ease of use. Side
      effects were the main reason for switches to oral or to injectable therapies and
      search for greater efficacy was the most important factor in switches to IV
      therapies. Cost of medication was the reason for switching in less than 0.5% of
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: Social intelligence can be applied to outcomes research
      with power to analyze MS patients' personal experiences of treatments and to
      chart the most common reasons for switching between therapies.

PMID- 26987965
TI  - Massive colonic ischemia secondary to sigmoid volvulus.

PMID- 26987966
TI  - Abdominal Cocoon: A rare cause of intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 26987963
TI  - The biomechanical effect of acupuncture for poststroke cavovarus foot: study
      protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Poststroke cavovarus foot greatly affects patients' activities of
      daily life and raises the risks of falls and consequent fractures. Acupuncture
      appears to be safe and effective in promoting motor functions and enhancing the
      activities of daily life among patients with poststroke cavovarus foot. The
      current study aims to study the biomechanical effect of acupuncture for
      poststroke cavovarus foot with objective outcome measurements. METHODS/DESIGN:
      This is an assessor and analyst-blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study. A
      total of 60 eligible patients with poststroke cavovarus foot will be allocated by
      a 1:1 ratio into an acupuncture treatment group and a control group. Patients in
      the control group will receive conventional rehabilitation therapies, whereas a
      combination of acupuncture and conventional rehabilitation therapies will be
      applied in the acupuncture group. The primary outcome measures are three
      objective biomechanical parameters from the RSSCAN gait system: varus angle,
      dynamic plantar pressure distribution, and static plantar contact area. Scores of
      the Berg Balance Scale, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and the Stroke-Specific
      Quality of Life Scale, as well as other biomechanical parameters such as the step
      length and width, step time phase, and weight shifting phase will be selected as
      secondary outcome measurements. All assessments will be conducted at baseline, 4
      weeks after the treatment course, and after a follow-up period of 3 months.
      DISCUSSION: Results of the current study will provide detailed interpretations of
      the biomechanical effect of acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation and foundations
      for future larger clinical studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial
      Registry: ChiCTR-IPC-15006889 (8 August 2015).

PMID- 26987967
TI  - Gastric ulcer penetrating the liver.

PMID- 26987969
TI  - Single molecules as whispering galleries for electrons.
AB  - Whispering gallery modes, well-known for acoustic and optical waves, have been
      shown recently for electrons in molecules on surfaces. The existence of such
      waves opens new possibilities for nanoelectronic devices. Here we propose a
      simple analytical textbook model which allows the main characteristic features of
      such electronic waves to be understood. The model is illustrated by two- and
      three-dimensional experimental situations. 

PMID- 26987968
TI  - Three-dimensional protein model similarity analysis based on salient shape index.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proteins play a special role in bioinformatics. The surface shape of
      a protein, which is an important characteristic of the protein, defines a
      geometric and biochemical domain where the protein interacts with other proteins.
      The similarity analysis among protein models has become an important topic of
      protein analysis, by which it can reveal the structure and the function of
      proteins. RESULTS: In this paper, a new protein similarity analysis method based
      on three-dimensional protein models is proposed. It constructs a feature matrix
      descriptor for each protein model combined by calculating the shape index (SI)
      and the related salient geometric feature (SGF), and then analyzes the protein
      model similarity by using this feature matrix and the extended grey relation
      analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We compare our method to the Multi-resolution Reeb Graph
      (MRG) skeleton method, the L1-medial skeleton method and the local-diameter
      descriptor method. Experimental results show that our protein similarity analysis
      method is accurate and reliable while keeping the high computational efficiency.

PMID- 26987970
TI  - Multiplex real-time PCR for identification of canine parvovirus antigenic types.
AB  - Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important disease causing gastroenteritis and/or
      haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in dogs. There are four antigenic types of CPV
      reported worldwide viz. CPV 2, CPV 2a, CPV 2b and CPV 2c. The diagnosis of CPV
      with the identification of the antigen type responsible remains problematic. In
      the present study, identification as well as antigenic typing of CPV was done
      using a de novo multiplex real time PCR to combat the problem of antigenic type
      identification. From the study it could be concluded that the here developed
      multiplex real time PCR assay could be used for rapid detection of CPV as well as
      typing of its three antigenic types. 

PMID- 26987972
TI  - Time-dependent Dyson orbital theory.
AB  - Although time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has become the tool of
      choice for real-time propagation of the electron density rho(N)(t) of N-electron
      systems, it also encounters problems in this application. The first problem is
      the neglect of memory effects stemming from the, in TDDFT virtually unavoidable,
      adiabatic approximation, the second problem is the reliable evaluation of the
      probabilities P(n)(t) of multiple photoinduced ionization, while the third
      problem (which TDDFT shares with other approaches) is the reliable description of
      continuum states of the electrons ejected in the process of ionization. In this
      paper time-dependent Dyson orbital theory (TDDOT) is proposed. Exact TDDOT
      equations of motion (EOMs) for time-dependent Dyson orbitals are derived, which
      are linear differential equations with just static, feasible potentials of the
      electron-electron interaction. No adiabatic approximation is used, which formally
      resolves the first TDDFT problem. TDDOT offers formally exact expressions for the
      complete evolution in time of the wavefunction of the outgoing electron. This
      leads to the correlated probability of single ionization P(1)(t) as well as the
      probabilities of no ionization (P(0)(t)) and multiple ionization of n electrons,
      P(n)(t), which formally solves the second problem of TDDFT. For two-electron
      systems a proper description of the required continuum states appears to be
      rather straightforward, and both P(1)(t) and P(2)(t) can be calculated. Because
      of the exact formulation, TDDOT is expected to reproduce a notorious memory
      effect, the "knee structure" of the non-sequential double ionization of the He
      atom. 

PMID- 26987973
TI  - Crime Seasonality: Examining the Temporal Fluctuations of Property Crime in
      Cities With Varying Climates.
AB  - This study investigates whether crime patterns fluctuate periodically throughout
      the year using data containing different property crime types in two Canadian
      cities with differing climates. Using police report data, a series of ordinary
      least squares (OLS; Vancouver, British Columbia) and negative binomial (Ottawa,
      Ontario) regressions were employed to examine the corresponding temporal patterns
      of property crime in Vancouver (2003-2013) and Ottawa (2006-2008). Moreover, both
      aggregate and disaggregate models were run to examine whether different weather
      and temporal variables had a distinctive impact on particular offences. Overall,
      results suggest that cities that experience greater variations in weather
      throughout the year have more distinct increases of property offences in the
      summer months and that different climate variables affect certain crime types,
      thus advocating for disaggregate analysis in the future.

PMID- 26987971
TI  - Parameters of Instrumental Swallowing Evaluations: Describing a Diagnostic
      Dilemma.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare selected parameters of two swallow
      evaluations: fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and the
      modified barium swallow (MBS) study. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive
      study. Fifty-five clinicians were asked to watch video recordings of swallow
      evaluations of 2 patients that were done using fluoroscopy and endoscopy
      simultaneously. In a randomized order, clinicians viewed 4 edited videos from
      simultaneous evaluations: the FEES and MBS videos of patient 1 and 2 each taking
      one swallow of 5 mL applesauce. Clinicians filled out a questionnaire that asked
      (1) which anatomical sites they could visualize on each video, (2) where they saw
      pharyngeal residue after a swallow, (3) their overall clinical impression of the
      pharyngeal residue, and (4) their opinions of the evaluation styles. Clinicians
      reported a significant difference in the visualization of anatomical sites, 11 of
      the 15 sites were reported as better-visualized on the FEES than on the MBS video
      (p < 0.05). Clinicians also rated residue to be present in more locations on the
      FEES than on the MBS. Clinicians' overall impressions of the severity of residue
      on the same exact swallow were significantly different depending on the
      evaluation type (FEES vs. MBS for patient 1 chi(2) = 20.05, p < 0.0001; patient 2
      chi(2) = 7.52, p = 0.006), with FEES videos rated more severely. FEES advantages
      were: more visualization of pharyngeal and laryngeal swallowing anatomy and
      residue. However, as a result, clinicians provided more severe impressions of
      residue amount on FEES. On one hand, this suggests that FEES is a more sensitive
      tool than MBS studies, but on the other hand, clinicians might provide more
      severe interpretations on FEES.

PMID- 26987974
TI  - Investigations of ion transport through nanoscale polymer membranes by
      fluorescence quenching of CdSe/CdS quantum dot/quantum rods.
AB  - Detailed steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching measurements give
      deep insight into ion transport through nanometer thick diblock copolymer
      membranes, which were assembled as biocompatible shell material around CdSe/CdS
      quantum dot in quantum rods. We discuss the role of polymer chain length,
      intermolecular cross-linking and nanopore formation by analysing electron
      transfer processes from the photoexcited QDQRs to Cu(II) ions, which accumulate
      in the polymer membrane. Fluorescence investigations on single particle level
      additionally allow identifying ensemble inhomogeneities.

PMID- 26987976
TI  - Immunohistochemical detection of BRAF V600E mutation status in anaplastic thyroid
      carcinoma.

PMID- 26987975
TI  - Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of FAAH Inhibitor V158866: A Double
      Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Study in Healthy Volunteers.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase 1 (FAAH)
      has been proposed as a novel mechanism for treating pain syndromes by increasing
      the levels of endogenous cannabinoids (ECs). This study describes the safety,
      tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of V158866, a reversible FAAH
      inhibitor, after first administration to man. METHODS: 51 healthy male subjects
      were recruited into this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, adaptive
      dose, phase I single (Part A) and repeated ascending dose (Part B) study. The
      primary outcome was the safety and tolerability of V158866. Secondary outcomes
      were (1) pharmacokinetics of V158866 and (2) pharmacodynamics of V158866, as
      assessed by changes in plasma EC concentrations. RESULTS: Single oral doses of 5
      300 mg and repeated oral doses of 50-500 mg were evaluated. V158866 was well
      tolerated, with no apparent treatment-related effects on laboratory variables.
      V158866 was rapidly absorbed with a mean terminal elimination half-life of 9.6
      18.3 h (Day 7; Part B). V158866 reached steady state within 2-3 days of
      administration, with an accumulation ratio, based on AUC0-24h, of approximately 2
      on Day 7. V158866 showed a linear relationship between dose and AUC across the
      entire dose range. V158866 caused reversible, dose-related increases in plasma
      ECs. At hemi-equilibrium, there was a sigmoidal maximum effect relationship
      between plasma V158866 concentrations and changes in plasma ECs. CONCLUSIONS:
      V158866 is well tolerated, with linear pharmacokinetics suitable for once-daily
      administration, and reversible effects on plasma ECs. Maximum increases in plasma
      ECs occur with V158866 doses of 300-500 mg/day.

PMID- 26987977
TI  - Cruising Venues as a Context for HIV Risky Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex With
      Men.
AB  - We examined differences in sexual risk behaviors, HIV prevalence, and demographic
      characteristics between men who have sex with men (MSM) who visit different types
      of venues to meet sexual partners, and identified correlates of high-risk
      behaviors. A cross-sectional behavioral survey was conducted with a venue-based
      sample of 1011 MSM in Portugal. Overall, 36.3 % of MSM usually visit cruising
      venues to meet sexual partners (63.7 % only visit social gay venues). Cruising
      venues' visitors reported higher HIV prevalence (14.6 % [95 % CI 11-18 %] vs. 5.5
      % [95 % CI 4-7 %]). Visiting cruising venues was more likely among those older,
      reporting high number of male sexual partners, group sex, and unprotected anal
      sex with a partner whose HIV status was unknown. Cruising venues play an
      important role in increasing risk of HIV transmission among MSM who frequent
      them. Venue-focused behavioral interventions that promote healthy sexual
      behaviors are needed.

PMID- 26987978
TI  - Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in the treatment of far-lateral
      lumbar disc herniations in children.
AB  - PURPOSE: The use of transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy for the
      treatment of far-lateral lumbar disc herniations has been applied mostly in
      adults. However, transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in children
      has probably been rarely documented. The aim of this study was to assess the
      efficacy of transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in the treatment of
      far-lateral lumbar disc herniations in children. METHODS: Overall, 12 cases of
      far-lateral lumbar disc herniations were treated with the procedure of
      transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy between January 2010 and
      December 2014. There were seven male and five female children included, with an
      average age of 12.6 years (11-16 years). Pre-operative and post-operative (6
      weeks, 6 months and 12 months) clinical outcome data (back and leg visual analog
      scale [VAS] and Macnab criteria) were collected along with clinical assessments
      of motor strength (graded 0-5). RESULTS: All patients were discharged to home on
      the same day of surgery. The average leg VAS score improved from 8.6 +/- 1.6 to
      2.1 +/- 0.4 (p < 0.005). Six patients had excellent outcomes, five had good
      outcomes, one had fair outcomes, and none had poor outcomes, according to the
      Macnab criteria. Eleven of 12 patients had excellent or good outcomes, for an
      overall success rate of 91.6 %. No patients required re-operation. There were no
      incidental durotomies, infections, vascular or visceral injuries. There was one
      complication, a case of leg numbness caused by ganglion injury. The numbness
      improved after two weeks. After three months, it was obvious that the total area
      of numbness in the legs had become smaller. At last follow-up, the patient had no
      pain, and only a few areas with numbness remained and did not affect the
      patient's activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: Transforaminal percutaneous
      endoscopic discectomy achieved satisfactory results for children with far-lateral
      lumbar disc herniations.

PMID- 26987979
TI  - Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar fusion: a systematic review
      of complications.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare mTLIF vs. oTLIF with regard to peri
      operative complications, operative time, estimated blood loss, fluoroscopic time,
      and the length of hospital stay. METHODS: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were
      searched for relevant articles reporting patients undergoing TLIF, and a
      comparison between mTILF and oTLIF was performed. The database included patient
      demographic information, complications, operative time, fluoroscopic time, and
      the length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in this
      systematic review. The total number of subjects included was 901, of which 455
      underwent mTLIF (50 %) and 446 underwent oTLIF (50 %). The operating time for the
      mTLIF was ranged from 116 to 390 minutes, compared with 102 to 365 minutes for
      oTLIF, the operating time tended to be longer in the mTLIF group than the oTLIF
      group. The estimated blood loss was lower in the mTLIF group, ranging from 51 to
      578 ml in mTLIF and 225 to 961 ml in oTLIF, respectively. Length of hospital stay
      was short for the mTLIF with a 2.3 to 10.6 days hospitalization compared to 2.9
      to 14.6 days for oTLIF. However the fluoroscopic time was consistently higher in
      the mTLIF group with a 49 to 106 seconds of fluoroscopy compared to 16.4 to 44
      seconds for oTLIF. The complications divided into technical complications and
      infection complications. The main technical and infection complications included
      dural tears, screw malposition, and wound infection. Systemic complications
      included pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and DVT. The numbers of patients
      with complication was 54 out of 455 (11.87 %) in the mTLIF, and 64 out of 446
      (14.35 %) in the oTLIF. CONCLUSION: The review shows mTLIF offers several
      potential advantages in reducing blood loss and the length of hospital stay,
      especially lowering the complication rates for patients compared with oTLIF.
      However, it required much more operative time and radiation exposure. Class I
      evidence and high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed for further
      study.

PMID- 26987980
TI  - Outcomes of lumbar facet syndrome treated with oral diclofenac or
      methylprednisolone facet injection: a randomized trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: This prospective randomized trial is to determine the effectiveness of
      treating lumbar facet syndrome with oral diclofenac, methylprednisolone facet
      joint injection or both. METHODS: We enrolled lumbar facet syndrome patients
      treated at Srinagarind Hospital. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to
      receive 100 mg/day oral diclofenac, an 80 mg injection of methylprednisolone into
      each symptomatic facet joint, or both. Endpoints were the Oswestry disability
      index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) before treatment, and at four and 12
      weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Of the 99 patients, the mean age was 46.4 years
      and 48 were men. The initial ODI (mean +/- SD) for the diclofenac,
      methylprednisolone and combined treatment was 45.1 +/- 9.3, 42.9 +/- 15.6, and
      42.2 +/- 11.5, respectively. The respective four week ODI was 30.1 +/- 8.1, 20.2
      +/- 8.0, and 15.1 +/- 5.5. The 12-week ODI was 42.4 +/- 9.0, 32.2 +/- 15.6, and
      26.2 +/- 11.7. The initial VAS was 7.1 +/- 1.2, 7.6 +/- 1.1, and 7.3 +/- 1.0. The
      four week VAS was 5.3 +/- 1.4, 3.6 +/- 0.7, and 3.3 +/- 1.1. The 12-week VAS was
      6.1 +/- 1.1, 5.8 +/- 1.4, and 5.1 +/- 0.9. The four week ODI and VAS for the
      combined treatment and the methylprednisolone treatment were significantly less
      than the diclofenac alone. The combined treatment also showed better scores than
      the methylprednisolone injection. Within each treatment, the best treatment
      effect was found at four weeks after which the ODI and VAS gradually increased
      but were still less than the initial scores. CONCLUSIONS: The combined treatment
      was more effective in reducing lumbar facet pain and improving the functional
      index than either treatment alone. This approach should be the preferred
      treatment.

PMID- 26987981
TI  - Hamstring tendon autograft versus fresh-frozen tibialis posterior allograft in
      primary arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective
      cohort study with three to six years follow-up.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Selection of various grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
      reconstructions have been employed in order to improve on stability and function
      of the knee. This study aimed to compare stability and function of the knee after
      ACL arthroscopic reconstruction by single-loop tibialis posterior (TP) allograft
      and four-strand hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      retrospective cohort study included 104 patients in the TP group matched with 118
      patients in the HT group in terms of demographic characteristics, associated
      meniscus injury, subjective and objective knee characteristics. All patients were
      followed up for at least three years with regards to mentioned criteria and time
      of return to former activities. RESULTS: The mean (range) age of TP (88 males and
      16 females) and HT (99 males and 19 females) groups was 34.4 (19-48) and 36.9 (20
      51) years, respectively. Median (range) follow-up durations were 55 (37-71) and
      56 (36-72) months, respectively. No significant differences were observed post
      operatively, regarding subjective and objective evaluations. Additionally, time
      duration for return to former activity was similar in both groups. Post-operative
      paresthesia and numbness of medial aspect of the calf were observed for two
      months in eight patients of the HT group which persisted to the final visit in
      one case. No similar symptom was seen in the TP group. CONCLUSION: In
      arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, fresh frozen doubled TP allograft compared to HT
      autograft was equally effective in restoring function and stability of knee,
      permitting return to former activities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective
      comparative, Level III.

PMID- 26987982
TI  - Mono segmental fixation of selected types of thoracic and lumbar fractures; a
      prospective study.
AB  - AIM OF STUDY: A prospective study to evaluate the results of monosegmental
      fixation; fixation of the fractured level with the adjacent vertebra sharing the
      same disc, in selected types of lumbar and thoracic fractures. This technique
      aims at saving motion levels by fusion of the only affected motion segment
      without sacrificing other levels. METHODS: Forty patients enrolled in this study
      between August 2011 and October 2013. The inclusion criteria were recent thoracic
      or lumbar vertebral fractures (less than 2 weeks). The fracture involves only one
      of the end plates of the vertebrae (either the superior or the inferior). The
      other end plate and both pedicles should be intact. The exclusion criteria were
      cervical fractures, fractures that include both end plates or pedicles of the
      vertebra, fracture dislocation, and load sharing classification score more than
      seven. All patients underwent monosegmental fixation with pedicle screw fixation.
      Eight patients were supplemented with interbody grafts. Radiological evaluation
      was done to assess local kyphosis angle, degree of compression of the anterior
      column, the degree of comminution, retropulsed fragment, neural canal compromise,
      integrity of the affected end plate, exclusion of pedicle fracture, and most
      important to assure that only one end plate is affected. All patients were
      assessed neurologically according to Frankel grading system. Patient were
      assessed by Denis pain scale and Denis work scale. RESULTS: The age of the
      patients was of a mean of 34.5 years old. All patients were Frankle E at time of
      presentation and remained the same post-operative. The mean operative time from
      incision time to end of skin closure was 74.2 min. The mean blood loss was 230
      ml. The pre-operative degree of local kyphosis; was of a mean 8.22 degrees . This
      was improved to 2.25 degrees  at the immediate postoperative x-rays. At two years
      follow up, the loss of correction was of a mean 0.85 degrees  which was
      insignificant. The pre-operative percentage of height lost improved from a mean
      of 56.05 % to post-operative mean of 90.125 %. At the end of follow up, no
      pseudoarthrosis cases or metal failure were noticed. DISCUSSION: Thoracic and
      lumbar fractures are common in young adults. Surgical treatment offers early
      rehabilitation and preserves spine alignment. Monosegmental fixation technique in
      selected types of dorsal and lumbar fractures offers spine stability and
      preserves motion segments. It fuses only one motion segment that is prone for
      later instability or deformity. Reconstrcution of the anterior column can be
      achieved through TLIF approach in combination of monosegmental fixation to
      achieve 360 degrees  fusion. CONCLUSION: Monosegmental fixation is an effective
      technique. It can save motion segments in young patients with adequate spine
      stability and good functional outcomes.

PMID- 26987983
TI  - Prevalence and influence of cys407* Grm2 mutation in Hannover-derived Wistar
      rats: mGlu2 receptor loss links to alcohol intake, risk taking and emotional
      behaviour.
AB  - Modulation of metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptor function has huge
      potential for treating psychiatric and neurological diseases. Development of
      drugs acting on mGlu2 receptors depends on the development and use of
      translatable animal models of disease. We report here a stop codon mutation at
      cysteine 407 in Grm2 (cys407*) that is common in some Wistar rats. Therefore,
      researchers in this field need to be aware of strains with this mutation. Our
      genotypic survey found widespread prevalence of the mutation in commercial Wistar
      strains, particularly those known as Han Wistar. Such Han Wistar rats are ideal
      for research into the separate roles of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors in CNS
      function. Previous investigations, unknowingly using such mGlu2 receptor-lacking
      rats, provide insights into the role of mGlu2 receptors in behaviour. The Grm2
      mutant rats, which dominate some selectively bred lines, display characteristics
      of altered emotionality, impulsivity and risk-related behaviours and increased
      voluntary alcohol intake compared with their mGlu2 receptor-competent
      counterparts. In addition, the data further emphasize the potential therapeutic
      role of mGlu2 receptors in psychiatric and neurological disease, and indicate
      novel methods of studying the role of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors. This article is
      part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years
      on'.

PMID- 26987984
TI  - Effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for prevention of
      invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA: a matched case-control
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2010, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was
      licensed and recommended in the USA for prevention of invasive pneumococcal
      disease in children. Licensure was based on immunogenicity data comparing PCV13
      with the earlier seven-valent formulation. Because clinical endpoints were not
      assessed for the new antigens, we did a postlicensure matched case-control study
      to assess vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: Cases in children aged 2-59 months were
      identified through active surveillance in 13 sites. Controls were identified via
      birth registries and matched to cases by age and postal (zip) code. The primary
      objective was the vaccine effectiveness of at least one dose against the 13
      serotypes included in PCV13. Secondary objectives included vaccine effectiveness
      against all-cause invasive pneumococcal disease, against antibiotic non
      susceptible invasive pneumococcal disease, and among children with and without
      underlying conditions. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1 - matched odds
      ratio) * 100%. FINDINGS: We enrolled 722 children with invasive pneumococcal
      disease and 2991 controls; PCV13 serotype cases (217 [30%]) included most
      commonly serotypes 19A (128 [18%]), 7F (32 [4%]), and 3 (43 [6%]). Vaccine
      effectiveness against PCV13 serotypes was 86.0% (95% CI 75.5 to 92.3), driven by
      serotypes 19A and 7F, for which vaccine effectiveness was 85.6% (95% CI 70.6 to
      93.5) and 96.5% (82.7 to 100), respectively. We also identified statistically
      significant effectiveness against serotype 3 (79.5%, 95% CI 30.3 to 94.8) and
      against antibiotic non-susceptible invasive pneumococcal disease (65.6%, 44.9 to
      78.7). Vaccine effectiveness against all-cause invasive pneumococcal disease was
      60.2% (95% CI 46.8 to 70.3). Vaccine effectiveness was similar among children
      with (81.4%, 95% CI 45.4 to 93.6) and without (85.8%, 74.9 to 91.9) underlying
      conditions. INTERPRETATION: PCV13 appears highly effective against invasive
      pneumococcal disease among children in the USA in the context of routine and
      catch-up schedules, although some new vaccine antigens could not be assessed.
      PCV13 immunisation provides a robust strategy for combating pneumococcal
      antimicrobial resistance. FUNDING: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

PMID- 26987987
TI  - Safety reports on the off-label use of baclofen for alcohol-dependence:
      recommendations to improve causality assessment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The off-label use of high-dose baclofen (HDB) for alcohol
      dependence has recently spread. However, HDB has been associated with numerous
      reports of adverse events (AEs). Pharmacovigilance reporting is supposed to
      differentiate AEs from adverse drug reactions (ADRs), for which the causality of
      the drug is determined using validated methods. AREAS COVERED: Since 2010, we
      found 20 publications on baclofen-related AEs in alcohol dependence, in Medline
      referenced journals or national pharmacovigilance reports. We focused on whether
      these reports used causality algorithms, and provided essential elements for
      determining baclofen causality and excluding the involvement of alcohol and other
      psychoactive substances or psychotropic drugs. In half of the cases, no causality
      algorithm was used. Detailed information on baclofen dosing was found in 17 out
      of 20 (85%) articles, whereas alcohol doses were given only in 10 (50%)
      publications. Other psychoactive substances and psychotropic drugs were broached
      in 14 (70%) publications. EXPERT OPINION: future publications reporting suspected
      HDB-induced ADRs should use validated causality algorithms and provide sufficient
      amount of contextual information for excluding other potential causes. For HDB,
      the psychiatric history, and the longitudinal description of alcohol consumptions
      and associated doses of psychoactive substances or psychotropic medications
      should be detailed for every reported case.

PMID- 26987985
TI  - Acinar phenotype is preserved in human exocrine pancreas cells cultured at low
      temperature: implications for lineage-tracing of beta-cell neogenesis.
AB  - The regenerative medicine field is expanding with great successes in laboratory
      and preclinical settings. Pancreatic acinar cells in diabetic mice were recently
      converted into beta-cells by treatment with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)
      and epidermal growth factor (EGF). This suggests that human acinar cells might
      become a cornerstone for diabetes cell therapy in the future, if they can also be
      converted into glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells. Presently, studying
      pancreatic acinar cell biology in vitro is limited by their high plasticity, as
      they rapidly lose their phenotype and spontaneously transdifferentiate to a duct
      like phenotype in culture. We questioned whether human pancreatic acinar cell
      phenotype could be preserved in vitro by physico-chemical manipulations and
      whether this could be valuable in the study of beta-cell neogenesis. We found
      that culture at low temperature (4 degrees C) resulted in the maintenance of
      morphological and molecular acinar cell characteristics. Specifically, chilled
      acinar cells did not form the spherical clusters observed in controls (culture at
      37 degrees C), and they maintained high levels of acinar-specific transcripts and
      proteins. Five-day chilled acinar cells still transdifferentiated into duct-like
      cells upon transfer to 37 degrees C. Moreover, adenoviral-mediated gene transfer
      evidenced an active Amylase promoter in the 7-day chilled acinar cells, and
      transduction performed in chilled conditions improved acinar cell labelling.
      Together, our findings indicate the maintenance of human pancreatic acinar cell
      phenotype at low temperature and the possibility to efficiently label acinar
      cells, which opens new perspectives for the study of human acinar-to-beta-cell
      transdifferentiation.

PMID- 26987986
TI  - Tighter alphaC-helix-alphaL16-helix interactions seem to make p38alpha less prone
      to activation by autophosphorylation than Hog1.
AB  - Many eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) are autoactivated through
      autophosphorylation of their activation loop. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP)
      kinases do not autophosphorylate spontaneously; relying instead upon mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases (MKKs) for their activation loop
      phosphorylation. Yet, in previous studies we identified mutations in the yeast
      MAPK high osmolarity glycerol (Hog1) that render it capable of spontaneous
      autophosphorylation and consequently intrinsically active (MKK-independent). Four
      of the mutations occurred in hydrophobic residues, residing in the alphaC-helix,
      which is conserved in all EPKs, and in the alphaL16-helix that is unique to
      MAPKs. These four residues interact together forming a structural element termed
      'hydrophobic core'. A similar element exists in the Hog1's mammalian orthologues
      p38s. Here we show that the 'hydrophobic core' is a loose suppressor of Hog1's
      autophosphorylation. We inserted 18 point mutations into this core, 17 of which
      were able to render Hog1 MKK-independent. In p38s, however, only a very few
      mutations in the equivalent residues rendered these proteins intrinsically
      active. Structural analysis revealed that a salt bridge between the alphaC-helix
      and the alphaL16-helix that exists in p38alpha may not exist in Hog1. This bond
      further stabilizes the 'hydrophobic core' of p38, making p38 less prone to de
      repressing its concealed autophosphorylation. Mutating equivalent hydrophobic
      residues in Jnk1 and Erk2 has no effect on their autophosphorylation. We propose
      that specific structural elements developed in the course of evolution to
      suppress spontaneous autophosphorylation of Hog1/p38. The suppressors were kept
      wobbly, probably to allow activation by induced autophosphorylation, but became
      stricter in mammalian p38s than in the yeast Hog1. 

PMID- 26987989
TI  - Carbon-Quantum-Dots-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers with pH-Switchable
      Zwitterionic Surface and Enzyme-Responsive Pore-Cap for Targeted Imaging and Drug
      Delivery to Tumor.
AB  - Mesoporous silica nanocarriers with pH-switchable antifouling zwitterionic
      surface, enzyme responsive drug release properties and blue fluorescence are
      reported. Prolonged circulation in the blood system with zero premature release
      as well as efficient cellular uptake and intracellular drug release in tumor
      tissue are achieved.

PMID- 26987988
TI  - A RANKL Wrinkle: Denosumab-Induced Hypocalcemia.
AB  - The human monoclonal antibody denosumab inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone
      resorption by binding to receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand
      (RANKL), which is upregulated by tumor cells. Denosumab is indicated to prevent
      skeletal-related events (SREs) from osteoporosis and metastatic bone disease. We
      report a case of denosumab-induced hypocalcemia to highlight potential toxicity
      and treatment considerations. A 66-year-old man with prostate cancer, small cell
      lung cancer, and bone metastases presented with fatigue, weakness, and muscle
      spasm. Sixteen days prior, he received cycle 6 of cisplatin and etoposide,
      leuprolide, and denosumab (120 mg subcutaneously). His examination demonstrated a
      slight resting tremor, normal strength, and negative Chvostek sign. Laboratory
      analysis revealed hemoglobin, 8.0 g/dL; total calcium, 5.2 mg/dL (pre-denosumab,
      8.9 mg/dL); and magnesium, 0.7 mg/dL. He initially received two units packed red
      blood cells, intravenous calcium and magnesium, and vitamin D. During his
      hospitalization, he required multiple doses of intravenous and oral calcium,
      magnesium, and vitamin D. Despite ongoing oral supplementation, his post
      discharge serum calcium fluctuated significantly, requiring close monitoring and
      frequent dose adjustments. Denosumab's unique antiresorptive properties yield
      fewer SREs. The trade-off is increased hypocalcemia risk, which may be severe and
      require aggressive, prolonged supplementation and monitoring.

PMID- 26987990
TI  - Superhydrophobic meshes that can repel hot water and strong corrosive liquids
      used for efficient gravity-driven oil/water separation.
AB  - Oil-polluted water has become a worldwide problem due to increasing industrial
      oily wastewater as well as frequent oil-spill pollution. Compared with underwater
      superoleophobic (water-removing) filtration membranes,
      superhydrophobic/superoleophilic (oil-removing) materials have advantages as they
      can be used for the filtration of heavy oil or the absorption of floating oil
      from water/oil mixtures. However, most of the superhydrophobic materials used for
      oil/water separation lose their superhydrophobicity when exposed to hot (e.g. >50
      degrees C) water and strong corrosive liquids. Herein, we demonstrate
      superhydrophobic overlapped candle soot (CS) and silica coated meshes that can
      repel hot water (about 92  degrees C) and strong corrosive liquids, and were used
      for the gravity driven separation of oil-water mixtures in hot water and strong
      acidic, alkaline, and salty environments. To the best of our knowledge, we are
      unaware of any previously reported studies on the use of superhydrophobic
      materials for the separation of oil from hot water and corrosive aqueous media.
      In addition, the as-prepared robust superhydrophobic CS and silica coated meshes
      can separate a series of oils and organic solvents like kerosene, toluene,
      petroleum ether, heptane and chloroform from water with a separation efficiency
      larger than 99.0%. Moreover, the as-prepared coated mesh still maintained a
      separation efficiency above 98.5% and stable recyclability after 55 cycles of
      separation. The robust superhydrophobic meshes developed in this work can
      therefore be practically used as a highly efficient filtration membrane for the
      separation of oil from harsh water conditions, benefiting the environment and
      human health. 

PMID- 26987991
TI  - Analysis of HER2 status in gastroesophageal tumor specimens using a new automated
      HER2 IQFISH pharmDxTM (Dako Omnis) assay.
AB  - The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is an important target for
      treatment of gastroesophageal cancer. Different slide-based assays are available
      for assessment of HER2 status. Overexpression of the HER2 protein is assessed by
      immunohistochemistry (IHC) whereas amplification of the HER2 gene is assessed by
      fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or other in situ hybridization (ISH)
      methods. Here we report a summary of the validation data on HER2 IQFISH pharmDxTM
      (Dako Omnis), a newly developed assay for the automated staining platform Dako
      Omnis. This assay uses a non-toxic buffer that significantly reduces the
      hybridization time, which results in a total turnaround time of less than 4 hours
      from deparaffinization to counting of the gene and centromere signals. The data
      reported in the current summary cover method comparison, assessment of staining
      quality, observer-to-observer reproducibility as well as reproducibility within
      and between laboratories. Based on data from the different studies it was
      concluded that HER2 IQFISH pharmDx (Dako Omnis) is a reliable and robust assay,
      with high precision and at least comparable to the manual HER2 IQFISH pharmDxTM
      assay. The HER2 IQFISH pharmDx (Dako Omnis) assay is currently not commercially
      available outside the Europe Union. 

PMID- 26987993
TI  - Synthesis of Copolymers by Living Carbanionic Alternating Copolymerization.
AB  - The synthesis and characterization of copolymers from styrene and 1,3-pentadiene
      (two isomers) are reported. Styrene/1,3-pentadiene (1:1) copolymerization with
      carbanion initiator yield living, well-defined, alternating (r1 = 0.037, r2 =
      0.056), and highly stereoregular copolymers with 90%-100% trans-1,4 units,
      designed Mn s and low DM s (1.07-1.17). The first-order kinetic resolution and
      NMR spectra demonstrate that the copolymers obtained possess strictly alternating
      structure containing both 1,4- and 4,1-enchaiments. Also a series of copolymers
      with varying degrees of alternation are synthesized from para-alkyl substituted
      styrene derivatives and 1,3-pentadiene. The degree of alternation is strongly
      dependent on the polarity of solvent, reaction temperature, type of trans-cis
      isomer of 1,3-pentadiene and para-substituted group in styrene. The macro
      zwitterion forms (SPC) through the distribution of electronic charges from the
      donor (1,3-pentadiene) to the acceptor (styrenes) are proposed to interpret the
      carbanion alternating copolymerization mechanism. Owing to the versatility of the
      carbanion-initiating reaction, the present alternating strategy based on 1,3
      pentadiene (especially cis isomer) can serve as a powerful tool for precise
      control of polymer chain microstructure, architecture, and functionalities in one
      pot polymerization. 

PMID- 26987992
TI  - Current status and future of clinical islet xenotransplantation.
AB  - beta-Cell replacement therapy, including allogeneic pancreas and islet
      transplantation, can normalize HbA1c levels in unstable type 1 diabetic (T1D)
      patients, but a donor shortage is a serious issue. To overcome this problem,
      xenotransplantation is an attractive option. In fact, islet transplantation from
      porcine pancreata was performed in the 1990s, which opened the door for islet
      xenotransplantation, but the possibility of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV)
      infection was raised, which has restricted progress in this field. The
      International Xenotransplantation Association published a consensus statement on
      conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in T1D to
      restart islet xenotransplantation safely. Clinical porcine islet
      xenotransplantation was restarted under comprehensive regulations in New Zealand.
      In addition, newly emerged gene-editing technologies have activated the
      xenotransplantation field. Islet xenotransplantation is becoming a clinical
      reality, with the results of recent studies showing promise to advance this
      field. 

PMID- 26987994
TI  - PICALM rs3851179 Variant and Alzheimer's Disease in Asian Population.

PMID- 26987995
TI  - Bone Material Properties in Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta entrains changes at every level in bone tissue, from the
      disorganization of the collagen molecules and mineral platelets within and
      between collagen fibrils to the macroarchitecture of the whole skeleton.
      Investigations using an array of sophisticated instruments at multiple scale
      levels have now determined many aspects of the effect of the disease on the
      material properties of bone tissue. The brittle nature of bone in osteogenesis
      imperfecta reflects both increased bone mineralization density-the quantity of
      mineral in relation to the quantity of matrix within a specific bone volume-and
      altered matrix-matrix and matrix mineral interactions. Contributions to fracture
      resistance at multiple scale lengths are discussed, comparing normal and brittle
      bone. Integrating the available information provides both a better understanding
      of the effect of current approaches to treatment-largely improved architecture
      and possibly some macroscale toughening-and indicates potential opportunities for
      alternative strategies that can influence fracture resistance at longer-length
      scales.

PMID- 26987997
TI  - A randomized, double-blinded, double-dummy efficacy and safety study of
      budesonide-formoterol Spiromax(r) compared to budesonide-formoterol Turbuhaler(r)
      in adults and adolescents with persistent asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Budesonide and formoterol (BF) Spiromax(r) is a dry powder inhaler
      designed to deliver BF with maximum ease of use for patients with asthma or
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: A phase 3b, 12-week, multicenter,
      double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, controlled trial in patients (>=12 years)
      with persistent asthma. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate non-inferiority of
      twice-daily BF Spiromax 160/4.5 mcg to BF Turbuhaler(r) 200/6 mcg in change from
      baseline in weekly average of daily trough morning peak expiratory flow (PEF).
      Secondary endpoints included: Patient Satisfaction and Preference Questionnaire
      scores, change from baseline in evening PEF, trough forced expiratory volume in
      one second, percentage of symptom-free and rescue-free 24-hour periods, and
      safety. RESULTS: The analysis was based on the per-protocol population (BF
      Spiromax, n = 290; BF Turbuhaler, n = 284). The least squares mean change from
      baseline to week 12 in morning PEF was: BF Spiromax, 18.8 L/min and BF
      Turbuhaler, 21.8 L/min. Non-inferiority of BF Spiromax vs BF Turbuhaler was
      demonstrated (the lower limit of the 95% two-sided confidence interval was -9.02
      L/min, which is greater than -15 L/min [the criteria specified for non
      inferiority]). The mean difference in the total performance domains scores for BF
      Spiromax vs BF Turbuhaler were 0.248 at baseline and 0.353 at week 12 (both, p
      <0.001), indicating statistical superiority for BF Spiromax. No statistical or
      numerical differences were recorded in the total convenience domain score between
      the two devices. Scores for 'device preference' and 'willingness to continue'
      supported BF Spiromax at baseline and at week 12 (p = 0.0005 vs BF Turbuhaler).
      No significant between-group differences were observed in the other secondary
      efficacy endpoints. Both treatments were well tolerated, with no significant
      differences in adverse events or asthma exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      demonstrates the non-inferiority of BF Spiromax vs BF Turbuhaler in patients
      (>=12 years) with asthma. More patients preferred the Spiromax device over
      Turbuhaler for its performance, and were willing to continue therapy with BF
      Spiromax beyond the 12-week study period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01803555;
      February 28, 2013.

PMID- 26987998
TI  - Transplacental sildenafil rescues lung abnormalities in the rabbit model of
      diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (DH) would
      benefit from an antenatal medical therapy, which addresses both lung hypoplasia
      and persistent pulmonary hypertension. We aimed at evaluating the pulmonary
      effects of sildenafil in the fetal rabbit model for DH. METHODS: We performed a
      dose-finding study to achieve therapeutic fetal plasmatic concentrations without
      toxicity following maternal sildenafil administration. Subsequently, DH fetuses
      were randomly exposed to transplacental placebo or sildenafil 10 mg/kg/day from
      gestational day 24 until examination at term (day 30). Efficacy measures were
      ipsilateral pulmonary vascular and airway morphometry, micro-CT-based branching
      analysis, Doppler flow in the main pulmonary artery and postnatal lung mechanics.
      RESULTS: Fetal sildenafil plasmatic concentration was above the minimal
      therapeutic level for at least 22 h/day without maternal and fetal side effects.
      The placebo-exposed DH fetuses had increased wall thickness in peripheral
      pulmonary vessels and significantly less fifth-order vessels compared with
      controls (CTR). Sildenafil-exposed DH fetuses, instead, had a medial and
      adventitial thickness in peripheral pulmonary vessels in the normal range and
      normal vascular branching. Fetal pulmonary artery Doppler showed a reduction of
      pulmonary vascular resistances both in DH and in CTR fetuses treated by
      sildenafil compared with the placebo-treated ones. Sildenafil also reversed the
      mean terminal bronchiolar density to normal and improved lung mechanics, yet
      without measurable impact on lung-to-bodyweight ratio. CONCLUSIONS: In the rabbit
      model for DH, antenatal sildenafil rescues vascular branching and architecture,
      reduces pulmonary vascular resistances and also improves airway morphometry and
      respiratory mechanics.

PMID- 26987999
TI  - Barriers around access to abortion experienced by rural women in New South Wales,
      Australia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Little is known about Australian rural women's overall experiences
      of accessing an abortion service and the barriers they encounter. Approximately
      one in three Australian women access an abortion at some time in their lives.
      Most abortions are undertaken during the first trimester of pregnancy in private
      clinics. Although both medical and surgical abortions are uncomplicated medical
      procedures, abortion remains a contentious area of women's health. Whilst it is
      clear that rural women experience disparities in relation to access to health
      care, there is a gap in the evidence on rural women's experiences of accessing an
      abortion. The aim of the present study was to identify factors that women in
      rural New South Wales (NSW) experience in accessing abortion services and
      suggestions about how rural women could be better supported when seeking access
      to an abortion service. METHODS: In-depth qualitative interviews were undertaken
      with rural women living in NSW who had had an abortion in the previous 15 years.
      Participants self-selected for a phone or face-to-face interview, in response to
      promotion of the study through women's services, community flyers and press
      releases. RESULTS: Rural women in this study experienced many barriers to
      accessing an abortion. Women travelled 1-9 hours one way to access an abortion in
      clinics. Several women borrowed money for the abortion fee. Five themes were
      identified: finding information about the provider; stigma, shame and secrecy;
      logistics involved in accessing the clinic related to travel, money and support;
      medical and surgical abortion; and ways rural women could be better supported in
      this process. Suggestions to improve rural women's access to abortion services
      included more affordable services that were 'closer to home' as a way to reduce
      travel and cost, and to normalise abortion as a women's health rights issue.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite welcome legal and pharmaceutical reform in Australia,
      results from this small study indicate that there is a long way to go remove
      barriers on issues rural women experience in their process of accessing
      reproductive care, including the pervasiveness of abortion stigma. Services
      closer to home may help reduce inequities in access to health care experienced by
      rural women. Strategies such as broader use of tele-health and willingness of
      general practitioners to become authorised prescribers for medical abortions
      could help to reduce long distances to travel to services and the financial
      burden experienced by rural women.

PMID- 26988000
TI  - Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) in health care: a scoping review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) refers to collaboration
      between researchers and decision-makers. While advocated as an approach for
      enhancing the relevance and use of research, IKT is challenging and
      inconsistently applied. This study sought to inform future IKT practice and
      research by synthesizing studies that empirically evaluated IKT and identifying
      knowledge gaps. METHODS: We performed a scoping review. We searched MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from 2005 to 2014 for English language studies
      that evaluated IKT interventions involving researchers and organizational or
      policy-level decision-makers. Data were extracted on study characteristics, IKT
      intervention (theory, content, mode, duration, frequency, personnel,
      participants, timing from initiation, initiator, source of funding, decision
      maker involvement), and enablers, barriers, and outcomes reported by studies. We
      performed content analysis and reported summary statistics. RESULTS: Thirteen
      studies were eligible after screening 14,754 titles and reviewing 106 full-text
      studies. Details about IKT activities were poorly reported, and none were
      formally based on theory. Studies varied in the number and type of interactions
      between researchers and decision-makers; meetings were the most common format.
      All studies reported barriers and facilitators. Studies reported a range of
      positive and sub-optimal outcomes. Outcomes did not appear to be associated with
      initiator of the partnership, dedicated funding, partnership maturity, nature of
      decision-maker involvement, presence or absence of enablers or barriers, or the
      number of different IKT activities. CONCLUSIONS: The IKT strategies that achieve
      beneficial outcomes remain unknown. We generated a summary of IKT approaches,
      enablers, barriers, conditions, and outcomes that can serve as the basis for a
      future review or for planning ongoing primary research. Future research can
      contribute to three identified knowledge gaps by examining (1) how different IKT
      strategies influence outcomes, (2) the relationship between the logic or theory
      underlying IKT interventions and beneficial outcomes, and (3) when and how
      decision-makers should be involved in the research process. Future IKT
      initiatives should more systematically plan and document their design and
      implementation, and evaluations should report the findings with sufficient detail
      to reveal how IKT was associated with outcomes.

PMID- 26988002
TI  - Complete response to short-term sorafenib treatment alone for hepatocellular
      carcinoma with bone, lymph node, and peritoneum metastases.
AB  - We report a 60-year-old male patient who developed extrahepatic metastases in
      bone, peritoneum, and lymph nodes (confirmed by computed tomography and positron
      emission tomography-computed tomography) after hepatectomy for hepatocellular
      carcinoma. He was treated with sorafenib (800 mg/day) but developed grade 3 hand
      foot syndrome. He continued to be treated with sorafenib but at a lower dose (400
      mg/week). The response to sorafenib therapy was graded as complete response at 6
      months by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Sorafenib was
      continued for 8 months and the patient remained in complete response for 11
      months. Further reporting of similar cases should help design treatment
      strategies and evaluate predictors of the response to sorafenib therapy.

PMID- 26988001
TI  - Utilizing a structural meta-ontology for family-based quality assurance of the
      BioPortal ontologies.
AB  - An Abstraction Network is a compact summary of an ontology's structure and
      content. In previous research, we showed that Abstraction Networks support
      quality assurance (QA) of biomedical ontologies. The development of an
      Abstraction Network and its associated QA methodologies, however, is a labor
      intensive process that previously was applicable only to one ontology at a time.
      To improve the efficiency of the Abstraction-Network-based QA methodology, we
      introduced a QA framework that uses uniform Abstraction Network derivation
      techniques and QA methodologies that are applicable to whole families of
      structurally similar ontologies. For the family-based framework to be successful,
      it is necessary to develop a method for classifying ontologies into structurally
      similar families. We now describe a structural meta-ontology that classifies
      ontologies according to certain structural features that are commonly used in the
      modeling of ontologies (e.g., object properties) and that are important for
      Abstraction Network derivation. Each class of the structural meta-ontology
      represents a family of ontologies with identical structural features, indicating
      which types of Abstraction Networks and QA methodologies are potentially
      applicable to all of the ontologies in the family. We derive a collection of 81
      families, corresponding to classes of the structural meta-ontology, that enable a
      flexible, streamlined family-based QA methodology, offering multiple choices for
      classifying an ontology. The structure of 373 ontologies from the NCBO BioPortal
      is analyzed and each ontology is classified into multiple families modeled by the
      structural meta-ontology.

PMID- 26988004
TI  - Bringing order to little green balls: new insights from the Chlorophycean order
      Sphaeropleales.

PMID- 26988003
TI  - Chemical mediation of mutualistic interactions between macroalgae and mesograzers
      structure unique coastal communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula.
AB  - Hard bottom communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula region are
      dominated by thick macroalgal forests, which support high densities of
      mesograzers, particularly amphipods, and also numerous gastropods. The macroalgae
      are chemically defended from consumption by the mesograzers and other herbivores
      and they provide the mesograzers a chemically defended refuge from predation by
      omnivorous fish. The macroalgae benefit in return because the mesograzers remove
      epiphytic algae from them. Since these two assemblages are major components of
      the community, this can be viewed as a community-wide mutualism. Most
      subcomponents of these interactions have also been documented in lower latitude
      communities and the similarities and differences between the communities in
      Antarctica and in other regions are discussed. 

PMID- 26988006
TI  - Morphological complexity, plasticity, and species diagnosability in the
      application of old species names in DNA-based taxonomies.

PMID- 26988005
TI  - Putting incertae sedis taxa in their place: a proposal for ten new families and
      three new genera in Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta).
AB  - Best known for aquatic colonial algae such as Hydrodictyon, Pediastrum, or
      Scenedesmus, the order Sphaeropleales also contains numerous coccoid taxa from
      aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Recent findings indicate that coccoid lineages
      in this order are very diverse genetically and may be the prevalent form,
      although their diversity is often hidden morphologically. This study
      characterizes coccoid algae recently discovered from desert soil crusts that
      share morphological and ecological features with the genera Bracteacoccus,
      Pseudomuriella, and Chromochloris. Analyses of a multi-gene data set that
      includes members from all sphaeroplealean families are used to examine the
      monophyly of these morphologically similar taxa, which are shown instead to be
      phylogenetically distinct and very divergent. We propose new generic names for
      these lineages: Bracteamorpha, Rotundella, and Tumidella. In addition, we propose
      an updated family-level taxonomy within Sphaeropleales that includes ten new
      families of coccoid algae to accommodate the newly presented genera and many
      incertae sedis taxa in the order: Bracteamorphaceae, Chromochloridaceae,
      Dictyococcaceae, Dictyochloridaceae, Mychonastaceae, Pseudomuriellaceae,
      Rotundellaceae, Schizochlamydaceae, Schroederiaceae, and Tumidellaceae. 

PMID- 26988008
TI  - Mixotrophy and loss of phototrophy among geographic isolates of freshwater
      Esoptrodinium/Bernardinium sp. (Dinophyceae).
AB  - The genus Esoptrodinium Javornicky consists of freshwater, athecate
      dinoflagellates with an incomplete cingulum. Strains isolated thus far feed on
      microalgae and most possess obvious pigmented chloroplasts, suggesting
      mixotrophy. However, some geographic isolates lack obvious pigmented
      chloroplasts. The purpose of this study was to comparatively examine this
      difference and the associated potential for mixotrophy among different isolates
      of Esoptrodinium. All isolates phagocytized prey cells through an unusual hatch
      like peduncle located on the ventral episome, and were capable of ingesting
      various protist taxa. All Esoptrodinium isolates required both food and light to
      grow. However, only the tested strain with visible pigmented chloroplasts
      benefited from light in terms of increased biomass (phototrophy). Isolates
      lacking obvious chloroplasts received no biomass benefit from light, but
      nevertheless required light for sustained growth (i.e., photoobligate, but not
      phototrophic). Isolates with visible chloroplasts exhibited chlorophyll
      autofluorescence and formed a monophyletic psbA gene clade that suggested
      Esoptrodinium possesses inherited, peridinoid-type plastids. One isolate with
      cryptic, barely visible plastids lacked detectable chlorophyll and exhibited an
      apparent loss-of-function mutation in psbA, indicating the presence of
      nonphotosynthetic plastids. The other isolate that lacked visible chloroplasts
      lacked both detectable chlorophyll and an amplifiable psbA sequence. The results
      demonstrate mixotrophy quantitatively for the first time in a freshwater
      dinoflagellate, as well as apparent within-clade loss of phototrophy along with a
      correlated mutation sufficient to explain that phenotype. Phototrophy is a
      variable trait in Esoptrodinium; further study is required to determine if this
      represents an inter- or intraspecific (allelic) characteristic in this taxon. 

PMID- 26988007
TI  - Resolving phenotypic plasticity and species designation in the morphologically
      challenging Caulerpa racemosa-peltata complex (Chlorophyta, Caulerpaceae).
AB  - Although recent molecular studies have indicated the presence of a number of
      distinct species within the Caulerpa racemosa-peltata complex, due to the
      difficulties presented by high levels of phenotypic plasticity and the large
      number of synonyms, infra-specific taxa, and names of uncertain affinity,
      taxonomic proposals are yet to be made. In this study, we aimed to resolve the
      taxonomy of the complex and provide an example of how historical nomenclature can
      best be integrated into molecular based taxonomies. We accomplished this by first
      determining the number of genetic species within our globally sampled data set
      through a combination of phylogenetic and species-delimitation approaches of
      partial elongation factor TU and RUBISCO large subunit gene sequences. Guided by
      these results, comparative morphological examinations were then undertaken to
      gauge the extent of phenotypic plasticity within each species, as well as any
      morphological overlap between them. Our results revealed the presence of 11
      distinct species within the complex, five of which showed high levels of
      phenotypic plasticity and partial overlap with other species. On the basis of
      observations of a large number of specimens, including type
      specimens/descriptions, and geographic inferences, we were able to confidently
      designate names for the lineages. Caulerpa peltata, C. imbricata and C. racemosa
      vars. laetevirens, occidentalis and turbinata were found to represent
      environmentally induced forms of a single species, for which the earlier
      described C. chemnitzia, previously regarded as a synonym of C. racemosa var.
      turbinata, is reinstated. C. cylindracea, C. lamourouxii, C. macrodisca, C.
      nummularia and C. oligophylla are also reinstated and two new species, C. macra
      stat. nov. and C. megadisca sp. nov., are proposed. 

PMID- 26988009
TI  - Reactive oxygen species and the Antarctic macroalgal wound response.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are commonly produced by algal, vascular plant, and
      animal cells involved in the innate immune response as cellular signals promoting
      defense and healing and/or as a direct defense against invading pathogens. The
      production of reactive species in macroalgae upon injury, however, is largely
      uncharacterized. In this study, we surveyed 13 species of macroalgae from the
      Western Antarctic Peninsula and show that the release of strong oxidants is
      common after macroalgal wounding. Most species released strong oxidants within 1
      min of wounding and/or showed cellular accumulation of strong oxidants over an
      hour post-wounding. Exogenous catalase was used to show that hydrogen peroxide
      was a component of immediate oxidant release in one of five species, but was not
      responsible for the entire oxidative wound response as is common in vascular
      plants. The other component(s) of the oxidant cocktail released upon wounding are
      unknown. We were unable to detect protein nitration in extracts of four oxidant
      producing species flash frozen 30 s after wounding, but a role for reactive
      nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite cannot be completely ruled out. Two
      species showed evidence for the production of a catalase-activated oxidant, a
      mechanism previously known only from the laboratory and from the synthetic drug
      isoniazid used to kill the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
      rhodophyte Palmaria decipiens, which released strong oxidants after wounding,
      also produced strong oxidants upon grazing by a sympatric amphipod, suggesting
      that oxidants are involved in the response to grazing. 

PMID- 26988010
TI  - Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the
      Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species
      boundaries and identities.
AB  - Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech and Tangen and A. peruvianum (Balech and
      B.R. Mendiola) Balech and Tangen are morphologically closely related
      dinoflagellates known to produce potent neurotoxins. Together with Gonyaulax
      dimorpha Biecheler, they constitute the A. ostenfeldii species complex. Due to
      the subtle differences in the morphological characters used to differentiate
      these species, unambiguous species identification has proven problematic. To
      better understand the species boundaries within the A. ostenfeldii complex we
      compared rDNA data, morphometric characters and toxin profiles of multiple
      cultured isolates from different geographic regions. Phylogenetic analysis of
      rDNA sequences from cultures characterized as A. ostenfeldii or A. peruvianum
      formed a monophyletic clade consisting of six distinct groups. Each group
      examined contained strains morphologically identified as either A. ostenfeldii or
      A. peruvianum. Though key morphological characters were generally found to be
      highly variable and not consistently distributed, selected plate features and
      toxin profiles differed significantly among phylogenetic clusters. Additional
      sequence analyses revealed a lack of compensatory base changes in ITS2 rRNA
      structure, low to intermediate ITS/5.8S uncorrected genetic distances, and
      evidence of reticulation. Together these data (criteria currently used for
      species delineation in dinoflagellates) imply that the A. ostenfeldii complex
      should be regarded a single genetically structured species until more material
      and alternative criteria for species delimitation are available. Consequently, we
      propose that A. peruvianum is a heterotypic synonym of A. ostenfeldii and this
      taxon name should be discontinued. 

PMID- 26988011
TI  - cPPB-aE is discovered from photosynthetic benthic dinoflagellates.
AB  - Although chlorophyll degradation pathways in higher plants have been well
      studied, little is known about the mechanisms of chlorophyll degradation in
      microalgae. In this article, we report the occurrence of a chlorophyll a
      derivative that has never been discovered in photosynthetic organisms. This
      chlorophyll derivative emits no fluorescence and has a peculiar absorbance peak
      at 425, 451, 625, and 685 nm. From these features, it was identified as 13(2)
      ,17(3) -cyclopheophorbide a enol (cPPB-aE), reported as a degradation product of
      chlorophyll a derived from prey algal cells in heterotrophic protists. We
      discovered cPPB-aE in six benthic photosynthetic dinoflagellates that are
      phylogenetically separated into four clades based on SSU rDNA molecular
      phylogeny. This is the first report of this chlorophyll derivative in
      photosynthetic organisms and we suggest that the derivative is used to quench
      excess light energy. 

PMID- 26988012
TI  - Ecosystem functioning impacts of the invasive seaweed Sargassum muticum (Fucales,
      Phaeophyceae).
AB  - Ongoing changes in natural diversity due to anthropogenic activities can alter
      ecosystem functioning. Particular attention has been given to research on
      biodiversity loss and how those changes can affect the functioning of ecosystems,
      and, by extension, human welfare. Few studies, however, have addressed how
      increased diversity due to establishment of nonindigenous species (NIS) may
      affect ecosystem function in the recipient communities. Marine algae have a
      highly important role in sustaining nearshore marine ecosystems and are
      considered a significant component of marine bioinvasions. Here, we examined the
      patterns of respiration and light-use efficiency across macroalgal assemblages
      with different levels of species richness and evenness. Additionally, we compared
      our results between native and invaded macroalgal assemblages, using the invasive
      brown macroalga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt as a model species. Results
      showed that the presence of the invader increased the rates of respiration and
      production, most likely as a result of the high biomass of the invader. This
      effect disappeared when S. muticum lost most of its biomass after senescence.
      Moreover, predictability-diversity relationships of macroalgal assemblages varied
      between native and invaded assemblages. Hence, the introduction of high-impact
      invasive species may trigger major changes in ecosystem functioning. The impact
      of S. muticum may be related to its greater biomass in the invaded assemblages,
      although species interactions and seasonality influenced the magnitude of the
      impact. 

PMID- 26988013
TI  - Linking elements to biochemicals: effects of nutrient supply ratios and growth
      rates on fatty acid composition of phytoplankton species.
AB  - Three species of marine phytoplankton, Rhodomonas sp., Isochrysis galbana Parke,
      and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, were cultivated in semicontinuous cultures
      to test biochemical responses (fatty acids; FAs) to five nitrogen (N):phosphorus
      (P) supply ratios and four growth rates (dilution rates). The characteristic FA
      profile was observed for each algal species (representing particular algal
      class), which remained relatively stable across the entire ranges of N:P supply
      ratios and growth rates. For all species, significant direct effects of N:P
      supply ratios on FAs were found at lower growth rates. The highest saturated and
      monounsaturated fatty acid (SFA and MUFA) contents were observed under N
      deficiency at the lowest growth rate in all three species, while responses of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) revealed no consistent pattern. Total FAs
      (and SFAs and MUFAs) in all species showed significant negative correlations with
      N cell quota (QN ) under N deficiency, but PUFAs had species-specific
      correlations with QN . The results show that characteristic FA profiles of algal
      genus or species (representing particular algal classes) underlie fluctuations
      according to culture conditions. The significant correlation between FAs and QN
      under N deficiency suggests that elemental and biochemical limitation of
      phytoplankton should be considered mutually as determinants of food quality for
      zooplankton in marine ecosystems. 

PMID- 26988014
TI  - Tolerance of soil algae and cyanobacteria to drought stress.
AB  - Tolerance to drought stress in soil crust microorganisms is essential for
      exploiting suitable organisms for restoring soil. In this study, the responses to
      drought stress of two drought-tolerant species, a green alga and a
      cyanobacterium, were compared with those of two non-tolerant green algae. In
      response to drought stress, induced by treatment with polyethylene glycol, the
      intracellular proline levels increased and were associated with increases in
      malondialdehye, pigment contents, and enzyme activities such as superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Our results suggest that tolerance to
      drought stress could be indicated by the intracellular levels of proline, SOD,
      and carotenoids. This study provides insights into the drought physiology of the
      photosynthetic microorganisms and suggests that Leptolyngbya boryana and
      Chlorella vulgaris are suitable pioneer organisms for soil restoration. 

PMID- 26988015
TI  - Genetic delineation between and within the widespread coccolithophore morpho
      species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica (Haptophyta).
AB  - Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica are abundant coccolithophore morpho
      species that play key roles in ocean carbon cycling due to their importance as
      both primary producers and cal-cifiers. Global change processes such as ocean
      acidification impact these key calcifying species. The physiology of E. huxleyi,
      a developing model species, has been widely studied, but its genetic delineation
      from G. oceanica remains unclear due to a lack of resolution in classical genetic
      markers. Using nuclear (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA), mitochondrial (cox1, cox2, cox3,
      rpl16, and dam), and plastidial (16S rDNA, rbcL, tufA, and petA) DNA markers from
      99 E. huxleyi and 44 G. oceanica strains, we conducted a multigene/multistrain
      survey to compare the suitability of different markers for resolving phylogenetic
      patterns within and between these two morpho-species. The nuclear genes tested
      did not provide sufficient resolution to discriminate between the two morpho
      species that diverged only 291Kya. Typical patterns of incomplete lineage sorting
      were generated in phylogenetic analyses using plastidial genes. In contrast, full
      morpho-species delineation was achieved with mitochondrial markers and common
      intra-morpho-species phylogenetic patterns were observed despite differing rates
      of DNA substitution. Mitochondrial genes are thus promising barcodes for
      distinguishing these coccolithophore morpho-species, in particular in the context
      of environmental monitoring. 

PMID- 26988016
TI  - Ligulate Desmarestia (Desmarestiales, Phaeophyceae) revisited: D. japonica sp.
      nov. and D. dudresnayi differ from D. ligulata.
AB  - The phylogeny of ligulate and sulfuric-acid containing species of Desmarestia,
      occurring worldwide from polar to temperate regions, was revised using a
      multigenic and polyphasic approach. Sequence data, gametophyte characteristics,
      and sporophyte morphology support reducing a total of 16 taxa to four different
      species. (1) D. herbacea, containing broad-bladed and highly branched forms, has
      dioecious gametophytes. The three other species have monoecious gametophytes: (2)
      D. ligulata which is profusely branched and, except for one subspecies, narrow
      bladed, (3) Japanese ligulate Desmarestia, here described as D. japonica sp.
      nov., which is morphologically similar to D. ligulata but genetically distant
      from all other ligulate taxa. This species may have conserved the morphology of
      original ligulate Desmarestia. (4) D. dudresnayi, including unbranched or little
      branched broad-bladed taxa. A figure of the holotype of D. dudresnayi, which was
      lost for decades, was relocated. The taxonomy is complemented by a comparison of
      internal transcribed spacer and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) as
      potential barcode loci, with cox1 offering good resolution, reflecting species
      delimitations within the genus Desmarestia. 

PMID- 26988018
TI  - Morphological and molecular characterization within 26 strains of the genus
      Cylindrospermum (Nostocaceae, Cyanobacteria), with descriptions of three new
      species.
AB  - Twenty-six strains morphologically identified as Cylindrospermum as well as the
      closely related taxon Cronbergia siamensis were examined microscopically as well
      as phylogenetically using sequence data for the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S
      internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA
      revealed three distinct clades. The clade we designate as Cylindrospermum sensu
      stricto contained all five of the foundational species, C. maius, C. stagnale, C.
      licheniforme, C. muscicola, and C. catenatum. In addition to these taxa, three
      species new to science in this clade were described: C. badium, C. moravicum, and
      C. pellucidum. Our evidence indicated that Cronbergia is a later synonym of
      Cylindrospermum. The phylogenetic position of Cylindrospermum within the
      Nostocaceae was not clearly resolved in our analyses. Cylindrospermum is unusual
      among cyanobacterial genera in that the morphological diversity appears to be
      more evident than sequence divergence. Taxa were clearly separable using
      morphology, but had very high percent similarity among ribosomal sequences. Given
      the high diversity we noted in this study, we conclude that there is likely much
      more diversity remaining to be described in this genus. 

PMID- 26988019
TI  - The impact of CO2 emission scenarios and nutrient enrichment on a common coral
      reef macroalga is modified by temporal effects.
AB  - Future coral reefs are expected to be subject to higher pCO2 and temperature due
      to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Such global stressors are often paired
      with local stressors thereby potentially modifying the response of organisms.
      Benthic macroalgae are strong competitors to corals and are assumed to do well
      under future conditions. The present study aimed to assess the impact of past and
      future CO2 emission scenarios as well as nutrient enrichment on the growth,
      productivity, pigment, and tissue nutrient content of the common tropical brown
      alga Chnoospora implexa. Two experiments were conducted to assess the
      differential impacts of the manipulated conditions in winter and spring.
      Chnoospora implexa's growth rate averaged over winter and spring declined with
      increasing pCO2 and temperature. Furthermore, nutrient enrichment did not affect
      growth. Highest growth was observed under spring pre-industrial (PI) conditions,
      while slightly reduced growth was observed under winter A1FI ("business-as
      usual") scenarios. Productivity was not a good proxy for growth, as net O2 flux
      increased under A1FI conditions. Nutrient enrichment, whilst not affecting
      growth, led to luxury nutrient uptake that was greater in winter than in spring.
      The findings suggest that in contrast with previous work, C. implexa is not
      likely to show enhanced growth under future conditions in isolation or in
      conjunction with nutrient enrichment. Instead, the results suggest that greatest
      growth rates for this species appear to be a feature of the PI past, with A1FI
      winter conditions leading to potential decreases in the abundance of this species
      from present day levels. 

PMID- 26988017
TI  - The monospecific genus Meredithia (Kallymeniaceae, Gigartinales) is species rich
      and geographically widespread with species from temperate Atlantic, Pacific, and
      Indian Oceans.
AB  - Using sequences of 5' region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene, large
      subunit rDNA, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit
      gene as genetic markers to elucidate their phylogenetic positions, six unknown
      species from Western Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Is., and Norfolk Is. cluster
      with Meredithia in the Kallymeniaceae (Gigartinales), and are described as new
      members of this previously monospecific genus. Specimens from Bermuda referable
      to Kallymenia limminghei Mont. in the 20th century also clustered with this
      genetic grouping, not with the generitype of Kallymenia. The Bermudian specimens
      are further shown to be morphologically distinct from the type of K. limminghei
      (Guadeloupe, Caribbean Sea) and are described as a new species, Meredithia
      crenata. Using these Indo-Pacific and Bermudian collections, our analyses further
      show that Psaromenia is closely related to Meredithia, and that Cirrulicarpus
      nanus sensu stricto should be returned to Meredithia. 

PMID- 26988020
TI  - Variation in amino acid content and its relationship to nitrogen content and
      growth rate in Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta).
AB  - To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in amino acids related to
      internal nitrogen content and growth rate of Ulva ohnoi, the supply of nitrogen
      to outdoor cultures of the seaweed was manipulated by simultaneously varying
      water nitrogen concentrations and renewal rate. Both internal nitrogen content
      and growth rate varied substantially, and the quantitative and qualitative
      changes in amino acids were described in the context of three internal nitrogen
      states: nitrogen-limited, metabolic, and luxury. The nitrogen limited state was
      defined by increases in all amino acids with increasing nitrogen content and
      growth up until 1.2% internal nitrogen. The metabolic nitrogen state was defined
      by increases in all amino acids with increasing internal nitrogen content up to
      2.6%, with no increases in growth rate. Luxury state was defined by internal
      nitrogen content above 2.6%, which occurred only when nitrogen availability was
      high but growth rates were reduced. In this luxury circumstance, excess nitrogen
      was accumulated as free amino acids, in two phases. The first phase was
      distinguished by a small increase in the majority of amino acids up to ~3.3%
      internal nitrogen, and the second by a large increase in glutamic acid,
      glutamine, and arginine up to 4.2% internal nitrogen. These results demonstrate
      that the relationship between internal nitrogen content and amino acid quality is
      dynamic but predictable, and could be used for the selective culture of seaweeds.

PMID- 26988022
TI  - Vanishing bile duct syndrome associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 26988021
TI  - Guidelines for reporting of health interventions using mobile phones: mobile
      health (mHealth) evidence reporting and assessment (mERA) checklist.

PMID- 26988024
TI  - Minimally invasive procedures for neuropathic pain.
AB  - Neuropathic pain is "pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease
      affecting the somatosensory system". The prevalence of neuropathic pain ranges
      from 7 to 11% of the population and minimally invasive procedures have been used
      to both diagnose and treat neuropathic pain. Diagnostic procedures consist of
      nerve blocks aimed to isolate the peripheral nerve implicated, whereas
      therapeutic interventions either modify or destroy nerve function. Procedures
      that modify how nerves function include epidural steroid injections, peripheral
      nerve blocks and sympathetic nerve blocks. Neuroablative procedures include
      radiofrequency ablation, cryoanalgesia and neurectomies. Currently,
      neuromodulation with peripheral nerve stimulators and spinal cord stimulators are
      the most evidence-based treatments of neuropathic pain. 

PMID- 26988025
TI  - 3-Year Randomized Controlled Prospective Clinical Trial on Different CAD-CAM
      Implant Abutments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Zirconia abutments were introduced to restore esthetic regions and
      showed sufficient stability to support implant restorations. Nonetheless, to date
      the observation periods are shorter than those of titanium abutments. PURPOSE: To
      assess the survival of implant crowns supported by computer aided design-computer
      aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) abutments after 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Fifty-six patients were selected for this prospective clinical study. Each
      patient received at least 1 titanium implant for a total of 89 fixtures. A two
      stage surgical technique and no additional soft or hard tissue graft were used.
      The implants were randomly divided into 3 groups receiving different CAD-CAM
      abutments: titanium, titanium nitride, and zirconia. Zirconia or metal-ceramic
      crowns were used as final restorations. Cementation was the baseline and the
      restorations were checked after 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 years, assessing any
      mechanical complication. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the 3
      year success rates. RESULTS: Five failures were reported in the zirconia group;
      all the failed restorations showed fractures of the abutment connection. Four
      failures occurred in posterior regions and one more occurred while screwing the
      abutment. Titanium and titanium nitride abutments had significantly higher 3-year
      success rates than zirconia abutments (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Atlantis titanium
      and titanium nitride abutments showed optimal clinical performances after 3
      years. Conversely, Atlantis zirconia abutments should be avoided to restore
      posterior regions.

PMID- 26988027
TI  - Letter to the editor: diagnostic challenges to be considered regarding Zika virus
      in the context of the presence of the vector Aedes albopictus in Europe.

PMID- 26988026
TI  - Unfractionated bone marrow cells attenuate paraquat-induced glomerular injury and
      acute renal failure by modulating the inflammatory response.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of unfractionated bone marrow
      cells (BMCs) in attenuating acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by paraquat (PQ) in
      a mouse model. PQ (55 mg/kg BW) was intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6
      female mice to induce AKI, including renal function failure, glomerular damage
      and renal tubule injury. Glomerular podocytes were the first target damaged by
      PQ, which led to glomerular injury. Upon immunofluorescence staining, podocytes
      depletion was validated and accompanied by increased urinary podocin levels,
      measured on days 1 and 6. A total of 5.4 * 10(6) BMCs obtained from the same
      strain of male mice were injected into AKI mice through the tail vein at 3, 24,
      and 48 hours after PQ administration. As a result, renal function increased,
      tubular and glomerular injury were ameliorated, podocytes loss improved, and
      recipient mortality decreased. In addition, BMCs co-treatment decreased the
      extent of neutrophil infiltration and modulated the inflammatory response by
      shifting from pro-inflammatory Th1 to an anti-inflammatory Th2 profile, where IL
      1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma levels declined and IL-10 and IL-4 levels
      increased. The present study provides a platform to investigate PQ-induced AKI
      and repeated BMCs injection represents an efficient therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 26988028
TI  - Stray light in cone beam optical computed tomography: I. Measurement and
      reduction strategies with planar diffuse source.
AB  - Optical cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scanning of 3D radiochromic
      dosimeters may provide a practical method for 3D dose verification in radiation
      therapy. However, in cone-beam geometry stray light contaminates the projection
      images, degrading the accuracy of reconstructed linear attenuation coefficients.
      Stray light was measured using a beam pass aperture array (BPA) and structured
      illumination methods. The stray-to-primary ray ratio (SPR) along the central axis
      was found to be 0.24 for a 5% gelatin hydrogel, representative of radiochromic
      hydrogels. The scanner was modified by moving the spectral filter from the
      detector to the source, changing the light's spatial fluence pattern and lowering
      the acceptance angle by extending distance between the source and object. These
      modifications reduced the SPR significantly from 0.24 to 0.06. The accuracy of
      the reconstructed linear attenuation coefficients for uniform carbon black
      liquids was compared to independent spectrometer measurements. Reducing the stray
      light increased the range of accurate transmission readings. In order to evaluate
      scanner performance for the more challenging application to small field
      dosimetry, a carbon black finger gel phantom was prepared. Reconstructions of the
      phantom from CBCT and fan-beam CT scans were compared. The modified source
      resulted in improved agreement. Subtraction of residual stray light, measured
      with BPA or structured illumination from each projection further improved
      agreement. Structured illumination was superior to BPA for measuring stray light
      for the smaller 1.2 and 0.5 cm diameter phantom fingers. At the costs of doubling
      the scanner size and tripling the number of scans, CBCT reconstructions of low
      scattering hydrogel dosimeters agreed with those of fan-beam CT scans. 

PMID- 26988023
TI  - Haem-dependent dimerization of PGRMC1/Sigma-2 receptor facilitates cancer
      proliferation and chemoresistance.
AB  - Progesterone-receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1/Sigma-2 receptor) is a haem
      containing protein that interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
      and cytochromes P450 to regulate cancer proliferation and chemoresistance; its
      structural basis remains unknown. Here crystallographic analyses of the PGRMC1
      cytosolic domain at 1.95 A resolution reveal that it forms a stable dimer through
      stacking interactions of two protruding haem molecules. The haem iron is five
      coordinated by Tyr113, and the open surface of the haem mediates dimerization.
      Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with PGRMC1 dimerization by binding to the sixth
      coordination site of the haem. Haem-mediated PGRMC1 dimerization is required for
      interactions with EGFR and cytochromes P450, cancer proliferation and
      chemoresistance against anti-cancer drugs; these events are attenuated by either
      CO or haem deprivation in cancer cells. This study demonstrates protein
      dimerization via haem-haem stacking, which has not been seen in eukaryotes, and
      provides insights into its functional significance in cancer.

PMID- 26988029
TI  - Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for
      pharmaceutical analysis (2013-2015).
AB  - This review updates and follows-up a previous review by highlighting recent
      advancements regarding capillary electromigration methodologies and applications
      in pharmaceutical analysis. General approaches such as quality by design as well
      as sample injection methods and detection sensitivity are discussed. The
      separation and analysis of drug-related substances, chiral CE, and chiral CE-MS
      in addition to the determination of physicochemical constants are addressed. The
      advantages of applying affinity capillary electrophoresis in studying receptor
      ligand interactions are highlighted. Finally, current aspects related to the
      analysis of biopharmaceuticals are reviewed. The present review covers the
      literature between January 2013 and December 2015.

PMID- 26988031
TI  - Correspondence: Reply to 'Reassessing the contribution of natural gas to US CO2
      emission reductions since 2007'.

PMID- 26988030
TI  - Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B extracellular fragment shows
      neuroprotective effects and activates the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways via the
      Na+/K+-ATPase.
AB  - Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) plays important roles in
      various types of cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The details of
      GPNMB function and its interacting protein have not been clarified. Therefore, to
      identify GPNMB binding partners on the cell membrane, we used membrane protein
      library/BLOTCHIP-MS technology, which enables us to analyze all cell membrane
      proteins as binding partners of the GPNMB extracellular fragment. As a result of
      a comprehensive search, we identified the alpha subunits of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase
      (NKA) as a possible binding partner. We confirmed the interaction between the
      GPNMB extracellular fragment and NKA by immunoprecipitation and immunostaining in
      NSC-34 cells. Indeed, endogenous GPNMB extracellular fragment bound to and
      colocalized with NKA alpha subunits. Furthermore, exogenous GPNMB extracellular
      fragment, i.e., human recombinant GPNMB, also bound to and colocalized with NKA
      alpha subunits. Additionally, we found that the GPNMB extracellular fragment had
      neuroprotective effects and activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt
      and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK pathways via NKA. These findings indicated that NKA may
      act as a novel "receptor" for the GPNMB extracellular fragment, offering
      additional molecular targets for the treatment of GPNMB-related diseases,
      including various types of cancer and ALS. 

PMID- 26988032
TI  - eIF4A inactivates TORC1 in response to amino acid starvation.
AB  - Amino acids regulate TOR complex 1 (TORC1) via two counteracting mechanisms, one
      activating and one inactivating. The presence of amino acids causes TORC1
      recruitment to lysosomes where TORC1 is activated by binding Rheb. How the
      absence of amino acids inactivates TORC1 is less well understood. Amino acid
      starvation recruits the TSC1/TSC2 complex to the vicinity of TORC1 to inhibit
      Rheb; however, the upstream mechanisms regulating TSC2 are not known. We identify
      here the eIF4A-containing eIF4F translation initiation complex as an upstream
      regulator of TSC2 in response to amino acid withdrawal in Drosophila We find that
      TORC1 and translation preinitiation complexes bind each other. Cells lacking
      eIF4F components retain elevated TORC1 activity upon amino acid removal. This
      effect is specific for eIF4F and not a general consequence of blocked
      translation. This study identifies specific components of the translation
      machinery as important mediators of TORC1 inactivation upon amino acid removal.

PMID- 26988035
TI  - Improved High-Quality Draft Genome Sequence of the Eurypsychrophile Rhodotorula
      sp. JG1b, Isolated from Permafrost in the Hyperarid Upper-Elevation McMurdo Dry
      Valleys, Antarctica.
AB  - Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Rhodotorula sp. strain JG1b, a yeast
      that was isolated from ice-cemented permafrost in the upper-elevation McMurdo Dry
      Valleys, Antarctica. The sequenced genome size is 19.39 Mb, consisting of 156
      scaffolds and containing a total of 5,625 predicted genes. This is the first
      known cold-adapted Rhodotorula sp. sequenced to date. 

PMID- 26988034
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Alternanthera mosaic virus, Isolated from Achyranthes
      bidentata in Asia.
AB  - Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) infecting Achyranthes bidentata was first
      detected in Asia, and the complete genome sequence (6,604 nucleotides) was
      determined. Sequence identity analysis and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that
      this isolate is the most phylogenetically distant AltMV isolate worldwide. 

PMID- 26988036
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequencing of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Strain S355,
      Isolated in China.
AB  - Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae plays an important role in refractory
      M. pneumoniae pneumonia. Here, we present the whole-genome sequencing of the
      macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strain S355. The annotated full-genome sequence
      might provide a new insight into drug resistance in M. pneumoniae and can help
      pediatricians recognize the disease earlier. 

PMID- 26988037
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. NIES-3755.
AB  - Cyanobacterial genus Leptolyngbya comprises genetically diverse species, but the
      availability of their complete genome information is limited. Here, we isolated
      Leptolyngbya sp. strain NIES-3755 from soil at the Toyohashi University of
      Technology, Japan. We determined the complete genome sequence of the NIES-3755
      strain, which is composed of one chromosome and three plasmids. 

PMID- 26988033
TI  - USP19 modulates autophagy and antiviral immune responses by deubiquitinating
      Beclin-1.
AB  - Autophagy, mediated by a number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, plays an
      important role in the bulk degradation of cellular constituents. Beclin-1 (also
      known as Atg6 in yeast) is a core protein essential for autophagic initiation and
      other biological processes. The activity of Beclin-1 is tightly regulated by
      multiple post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, yet the
      molecular mechanism underpinning its reversible deubiquitination remains poorly
      defined. Here, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 19 (USP19) as a positive
      regulator of autophagy, but a negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN)
      signaling.USP19 stabilizes Beclin-1 by removing the K11-linked ubiquitin chains
      of Beclin-1 at lysine 437. Moreover, we foundthat USP19 negatively regulates type
      IIFNsignaling pathway, by blockingRIG-I-MAVSinteraction in a Beclin-1-dependent
      manner. Depletion of eitherUSP19 or Beclin-1 inhibits autophagic flux and
      promotes type IIFNsignaling as well as cellular antiviral immunity. Our findings
      reveal novel dual functions of theUSP19-Beclin-1 axis by balancing autophagy and
      the production of type IIFNs. 

PMID- 26988039
TI  - Draft Whole-Genome Sequence of Urease-Producing Sporosarcina koreensis.
AB  - Urease-producing microbes are of significance due to their potential application
      in biocement production. Sporosarcina koreensis Q1 is a urease-producing
      bacterium belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. Here, we present the draft whole
      genome sequence of S. koreensis Q1, isolated from a barchan sand dune in Qatar. 

PMID- 26988040
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequences of Staphylococcus haemolyticus Isolated from Infected Eyes
      and Healthy Conjunctiva in Bhubaneswar, India.
AB  - Staphylococcus haemolyticus, an opportunistic pathogen, is known to exhibit
      multidrug resistance and produce biofilm. We sequenced the genome of four
      multidrug resistant, biofilm forming isolates from infected eyes and asymptomatic
      healthy conjunctiva. 

PMID- 26988038
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Two Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae Strains Isolated from
      Seagrass Sediment.
AB  - Here, we present the draft genome sequences of Pseudoalteromonas porphyrae UCD
      SED9 and UCD-SED14 (phylum Proteobacteria). These strains were isolated from
      sediment surrounding the roots of the seagrass, Zostera marina, collected near
      the UC, Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory (Bodega Bay, California). The assemblies
      contain 4,847,456 bp and 4,817,752 bp, respectively. 

PMID- 26988041
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecium Commensal Isolate E1002.
AB  - The emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has been associated with
      an increase in multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections. Here, we report the
      2.614-Mb genome sequence of the Enterococcus faecium commensal isolate E1002,
      which will be instrumental in further understanding the determinants of the
      commensal and pathogenic lifestyle of E. faecium. 

PMID- 26988042
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Strain
      MI (HIP5827).
AB  - We report the complete genome sequence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus
      aureus (VISA) strain MI (HIP5827). 

PMID- 26988043
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of 10 Bacillus subtilis Strains That Form Spores with High
      or Low Heat Resistance.
AB  - Here, we report the draft genome sequences of 10 isolates of Bacillus subtilis, a
      spore forming Gram-positive bacterium. The strains were selected from food
      products and produced spores with either high or low heat resistance. 

PMID- 26988044
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Burkholderia ambifaria RZ2MS16, a Plant Growth-Promoting
      Rhizobacterium Isolated from Guarana, a Tropical Plant.
AB  - Burkholderia ambifaria strain RZ2MS16 was isolated from the rhizosphere of Amazon
      guarana in Brazil. This bacterium exhibits a remarkable capacity to promote the
      growth of corn and soybean. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of RZ2MS16
      and some genes related to multiple traits involved in plant growth promotion. 

PMID- 26988045
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. Strain CCGE-LA001, Isolated from
      Field Nodules of the Enigmatic Wild Bean Phaseolus microcarpus.
AB  - We present the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain CCGE-LA001,
      a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from nodules of Phaseolus microcarpus.
      Strain CCGE-LA001 represents the first sequenced bradyrhizobial strain obtained
      from a wild Phaseolus sp. Its genome revealed a large and novel symbiotic island.

PMID- 26988046
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of emm4 Streptococcus pyogenes MEW427, a Throat Isolate
      from a Child Meeting Clinical Criteria for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric
      Disorders Associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS).
AB  - We report the complete genome assembly of the Streptococcus pyogenes type emm4
      strain MEW427 (also referred to as strain UM001 in the Pediatric Acute-Onset
      Neuropsychiatric Syndrome [PANS] Research Consortium), a throat isolate from a
      child with acute-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms meeting clinical criteria for
      PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with
      streptococcus). The genome length is 1,814,455 bp with 38.51% G+C%. 

PMID- 26988047
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter coli Strain COL B1
      266, Isolated from the Colombian Poultry Chain.
AB  - Campylobacter coli is considered one of the main causes of food-borne illness
      worldwide. We report here the whole-genome sequence of multidrug-resistant
      Campylobacter coli strain COL B1-266, isolated from the Colombian poultry chain.
      The genome sequences encode genes for a variety of antimicrobial resistance
      genes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, lincosamides, fluoroquinolones,
      and tetracyclines. 

PMID- 26988048
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Campylobacter coli Isolates from the Antimicrobial
      Resistance Monitoring Program in Colombia.
AB  - Campylobacter coli, along with Campylobacter jejuni, is a major agent of
      gastroenteritis and acute enterocolitis in humans. We report the whole-genome
      sequences of two multidrug-resistance C. coli strains, isolated from the
      Colombian poultry chain. The isolates contain a variety of antimicrobial
      resistance genes for aminoglycosides, lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and
      tetracycline. 

PMID- 26988049
TI  - Complete Genome and Methylome Sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
      Serovar Panama (ATCC 7378) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar
      Sloterdijk (ATCC 15791).
AB  - Salmonella enterica spp. are pathogenic bacteria commonly associated with food
      borne outbreaks in human and animals. Salmonella enterica spp. are characterized
      into more than 2,500 different serotypes, which makes epidemiological
      surveillance and outbreak control more difficult. In this report, we announce the
      first complete genome and methylome sequences from two Salmonella type strains
      associated with food-borne outbreaks, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
      Panama (ATCC 7378) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Sloterdijk
      (ATCC 15791). 

PMID- 26988050
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of an ortho-Nitrophenyl-beta-d-Galactoside (ONPG)-Negative
      Strain of Vibrio cholerae, Isolated from Drakes Bay, California.
AB  - We present the draft whole-genome sequence of a Vibrio cholerae strain (Vc25-3)
      isolated from Drakes Bay, California. This environmental isolate has an atypical
      morphology and is ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactoside (ONPG)-negative. 

PMID- 26988051
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of emm28 Type Streptococcus pyogenes MEW123, a
      Streptomycin-Resistant Derivative of a Clinical Throat Isolate Suitable for
      Investigation of Pathogenesis.
AB  - We present here the complete genome sequence of Streptococcus pyogenes type emm28
      strain MEW123, a streptomycin-resistant derivative of a pediatric throat isolate.
      The genome length is 1,878,699 bp, with 38.29% G+C% content. The genome sequence
      adds value to this virulent emm28 representative strain and will aid in the
      investigation of streptococcal pathogenesis. 

PMID- 26988052
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium wolinskyi, a Rapid-Growing Species of
      Nontuberculous Mycobacteria.
AB  - Mycobacterium wolinskyi is a nonpigmented, rapidly growing nontuberculous
      mycobacterium species that is associated with bacteremia, peritonitis, infections
      associated with implants/prostheses, and skin and soft tissue infections often
      following surgical procedures in humans. Here, we report the first functionally
      annotated draft genome sequence of M. wolinskyi CDC_01. 

PMID- 26988053
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Methylobacterium sp. Strain AMS5, an Isolate from a
      Soybean Stem.
AB  - Nonrhizobial Methylobacterium spp. inhabit the phyllosphere of a wide variety of
      plants. We report here the complete genome sequence of Methylobacterium sp. AMS5,
      which was isolated from a soybean stem. The information is useful for
      understanding the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between nonrhizobial
      Methylobacterium spp. and plants. 

PMID- 26988054
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Aliiroseovarius crassostreae CV919-312, the Causative
      Agent of Roseovarius Oyster Disease (Formerly Juvenile Oyster Disease).
AB  - Aliiroseovarius crassostreae CV919-312 is a marine alphaproteobacterium and the
      causative agent of Roseovarius oyster disease. We announce here the draft genome
      sequence of A. crassostreae CV919-312 and identify potential virulence genes
      involved in pathogenicity. 

PMID- 26988055
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of a Variant Pseudorabies Virus Strain Isolated in
      Central China.
AB  - Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have been prevalent in China since 2011 and
      have caused huge economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. Here, we report the
      genome sequence of a PRV variant HN1201 that was isolated from diseased animals
      in central China in 2011. 

PMID- 26988056
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii HP88, an
      Entomopathogenic Bacterium Isolated from Nematodes.
AB  - Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii HP88 is an entomopathogenic bacterium
      that forms a symbiotic association with Heterorhabditis nematodes. We report here
      a 5.27-Mbp draft genome sequence for P. luminescens subsp. laumondii HP88, with a
      G+C content of 42.4% and containing 4,243 candidate protein-coding genes. 

PMID- 26988057
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Serotype g
      Strain NUM4039 (JCM 30399).
AB  - Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is considered to be a major etiological
      agent of aggressive periodontitis and includes serotype a to g strains. We herein
      report the first complete genome sequence of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype g
      strain NUM4039. The genome is 2,382,853 bp in length with a G+C content of
      44.34%. 

PMID- 26988058
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of "Halomonas chromatireducens" Strain AGD 8-3, a
      Haloalkaliphilic Chromate- and Selenite-Reducing Gammaproteobacterium.
AB  - Here, we report the complete genome sequence (3.97 Mb) of "Halomonas
      chromatireducens" AGD 8-3, a denitrifying bacterium capable of chromate and
      selenite reduction under extreme haloalkaline conditions. This strain was
      isolated from soda solonchak soils of the Kulunda steppe, Russian Federation. 

PMID- 26988059
TI  - Erratum for Fontana et al., Genome Sequence of Acidovorax avenae Strain T10_61
      Associated with Sugarcane Red Stripe in Argentina.

PMID- 26988060
TI  - Erratum for Alves et al., Complete Genome Sequence of Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis Strain PA01, Isolated from Sheep in Para, Brazil.

PMID- 26988061
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of an NDM-5-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type
      14 Strain of Serotype K2.
AB  - We report here the draft genome sequence of uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae
      sequence type 14 strain of serotype K2 possessing blaNDM-5, isolated from a 65
      year-old male in China without a history of travel abroad. 

PMID- 26988062
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of "Acidibacillus ferrooxidans" ITV01, a Novel Acidophilic
      Firmicute Isolated from a Chalcopyrite Mine Drainage Site in Brazil.
AB  - Here, we report the draft genome sequence of "Acidibacillus ferrooxidans" strain
      ITV01, a ferrous iron- and sulfide-mineral-oxidizing, obligate heterotrophic, and
      acidophilic bacterium affiliated with the phylum Firmicutes. Strain ITV01 was
      isolated from neutral drainage from a low-grade chalcopyrite from a mine in
      northern Brazil. 

PMID- 26988064
TI  - Identifying neuropeptide Y (NPY) as the main stress-related substrate of
      dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in blood circulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; EC 3.4.14.5; CD26) is a membrane-bound
      or shedded serine protease that hydrolyzes dipeptides from the N-terminus of
      peptides with either proline or alanine at the penultimate position. Substrates
      of DPP4 include several stress-related neuropeptides implicated in anxiety,
      depression and schizophrenia. A decline of DPP4-like activity has been reported
      in sera from depressed patient, but not fully characterized regarding DPP4-like
      enzymes, therapeutic interventions and protein. METHODS: Sera from 16 melancholic
      and 16 non-melancholic-depressed patients were evaluated for DPP4-like
      activities and the concentration of soluble DPP4 protein before and after
      treatment by anti-depressive therapies. Post-translational modification of DPP4
      isoforms and degradation of NPY, Peptide YY (PYY), Galanin-like peptide (GALP),
      Orexin B (OrxB), OrxA, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)
      and substance P (SP) were studied in serum and in ex vivo human blood. N-terminal
      truncation of biotinylated NPY by endothelial membrane-bound DPP4 versus soluble
      DPP4 was determined in rat brain perfusates and spiked sera. RESULTS: Lower DPP4
      activities in depressed patients were reversed by anti-depressive treatment. In
      sera, DPP4 contributed to more than 90% of the overall DPP4-like activity and
      correlated with its protein concentration. NPY displayed equal degradation in
      serum and blood, and was equally truncated by serum and endothelial DPP4. In
      addition, GALP and rat OrxB were identified as novel substrates of DPP4.
      CONCLUSION: NPY is the best DPP4-substrate in blood, being truncated by soluble
      and membrane DPP4, respectively. The decline of soluble DPP4 in acute depression
      could be reversed upon anti-depressive treatment. Peptidases from three
      functional compartments regulate the bioactivity of NPY in blood.

PMID- 26988065
TI  - Synthesis, phase composition, Mossbauer and magnetic characterization of iron
      oxide nanoparticles.
AB  - The present work describes the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by thermal
      decomposition of Fe-precursors in argon and vacuum environments with control over
      particle size distribution, phase composition and the resulting magnetic
      properties. The Rietveld refinement analysis of X-ray diffraction data revealed
      the crystallinity as well the single-phase of gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared
      under vacuum, whereas the argon environment leads to the formation of multi-phase
      composition of gamma-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 (90%) and wustite (10%). Synchrotron X-ray
      absorption near edge structure (XANES) indicates that the predominant phase in
      both samples is gamma-Fe2O3, which is subsequently verified from the Mossbauer
      spectra. DC magnetic measurements indicate behavior typical of a
      superparamagnetic system validated by Mossbauer analysis. However, further
      investigation of ac susceptibility by typical Neel-Arrhenius and Vogel Fulcher
      magnetic models suggests an influence of interparticle interactions on the
      overall magnetic behavior of the system. 

PMID- 26988066
TI  - Blood drop patterns: Formation and applications.
AB  - The drying of a drop of blood or plasma on a solid substrate leads to the
      formation of interesting and complex patterns. Inter- and intra-cellular and
      macromolecular interactions in the drying plasma or blood drop are responsible
      for the final morphologies of the dried patterns. Changes in these cellular and
      macromolecular components in blood caused by diseases have been suspected to
      cause changes in the dried drop patterns of plasma and whole blood, which could
      be used as simple diagnostic tools to identify the health of humans and
      livestock. However, complex physicochemical driving forces involved in the
      pattern formation are not fully understood. This review focuses on the scientific
      development in microscopic observations and pattern interpretation of dried
      plasma and whole blood samples, as well as the diagnostic applications of pattern
      analysis. Dried drop patterns of plasma consist of intricate visible cracks in
      the outer region and fine structures in the central region, which are mainly
      influenced by the presence and concentration of inorganic salts and proteins
      during drying. The shrinkage of macromolecular gel and its adhesion to the
      substrate surface have been thought to be responsible for the formation of the
      cracks. Dried drop patterns of whole blood have three characteristic zones; their
      formation as functions of drying time has been reported in the literature. Some
      research works have applied engineering treatment to the evaporation process of
      whole blood samples. The sensitivities of the resultant patterns to the relative
      humidity of the environment, the wettability of the substrates, and the size of
      the drop have been reported. These research works shed light on the mechanisms of
      spreading, evaporation, gelation, and crack formation of the blood drops on solid
      substrates, as well as on the potential applications of dried drop patterns of
      plasma and whole blood in diagnosis.

PMID- 26988067
TI  - Release of the Inferior Crus in Antihelix Plasty.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Protruding ears with a hypoplastic antihelix often have poorly
      developed inferior cura. Publications on this topic until now have only dealt
      with absent inferior crus and have neglected its importance in everyday antihelix
      plasty. This article describes a new surgical technique to improve treatment of
      the antihelix. METHODS: Patients with protruding upper third ears received either
      standard otoplasty with crus superior remodeling (ST) or the newly developed
      surgical procedure including crus inferior release (STI). To evaluate the
      results, a survey containing 10 questions about different outcome parameters was
      conducted with the patients. Each question was given a score ranging from 0 to
      10, where 10 meant the best outcome and 0 the worst. RESULTS: From January 2013
      to March 2014, 216 patients underwent otoplasty, of which 99 completed the
      questionnaire. No differences could be found between ST and STI patients except
      for their duration of pain, which was significantly less in group STI. Overall,
      the scores from the questionnaire were 89.85 in ST and 92.35 in STI. Mean values
      for satisfaction were 9.33 in group ST and 9.56 in group STI. CONCLUSION: When
      correcting the antihelix, the inferior crus must always be checked because the
      protruding upper third cannot be compensated only by overcorrecting the superior
      crus. It should be a matter of routine to recognize the degree of malformation
      and determine the best possible treatment. This novel technique is an additional
      valuable option in otoplasty to improve the upper third in a more natural way and
      create highly satisfactory results.

PMID- 26988063
TI  - Ambient particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular diseases: a focus on
      progenitor and stem cells.
AB  - Air pollution is a major challenge to public health. Ambient fine particulate
      matter (PM) is the key component for air pollution, and associated with
      significant mortality. The majority of the mortality following PM exposure is
      related to cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms for the adverse
      effects of PM exposure on cardiovascular system remain largely unknown and under
      active investigation. Endothelial dysfunction or injury is considered one of the
      major factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases such
      as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Endothelial progenitor cells
      (EPCs) play a critical role in maintaining the structural and functional
      integrity of vasculature. Particulate matter exposure significantly suppressed
      the number and function of EPCs in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms
      for the detrimental effects of PM on EPCs remain to be fully defined. One of the
      important mechanisms might be related to increased level of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) and inflammation. Bone marrow (BM) is a major source of EPCs. Thus,
      the number and function of EPCs could be intimately associated with the
      population and functional status of stem cells (SCs) in the BM. Bone marrow stem
      cells and other SCs have the potential for cardiovascular regeneration and
      repair. The present review is focused on summarizing the detrimental effects of
      PM exposure on EPCs and SCs, and potential mechanisms including ROS formation as
      well as clinical implications. 

PMID- 26988068
TI  - A Five-Year Analysis of Airway Foreign Body Management: Toward a Better
      Understanding of Negative Bronchoscopies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics in patients who undergo positive and
      negative bronchoscopy for a suspected airway foreign body (AFB). METHODS: Review
      medical records between 2008 and 2012. RESULTS: There were 145 patients who went
      to the operating room with the pre-bronchoscopy diagnosis of suspected AFB during
      the study period. There was an overall negative bronchoscopy rate of an average
      of 37%, with an annual range between 21% and 50%. The findings of history or
      suspicion of choking, asymmetric breath sounds, and wheezing were statistically
      more common in patients with an AFB. Chest roentograms (CXR) had a sensitivity
      and specificity of 62% and 57%. Twenty patients had a chest computed tomography
      (CT) scan, and 100% were clinically significant. Four CT scans were diagnostic of
      an AFB, and 16 patients avoided bronchoscopy after negative CT. CONCLUSIONS: In
      current clinical practice, it is difficult to identify patients with an AFB
      without performing bronchoscopy. This results in a significant number of negative
      bronchoscopes. Certain elements in the history and physical exam were more common
      in patients who were found to have an AFB. Our preliminary data suggest that
      chest CT scans may be useful to decrease the number of negative bronchoscopies.

PMID- 26988070
TI  - Influence of pH, competing ions, and salinity on the sorption of strontium and
      cobalt onto biogenic hydroxyapatite.
AB  - Anthropogenic radionuclides contaminate a range of environments as a result of
      nuclear activities, for example, leakage from waste storage tanks/ponds (e.g.
      Hanford, USA or Sellafield sites, UK) or as a result of large scale nuclear
      accidents (e.g. Chernobyl, Ukraine or Fukushima, Japan). One of the most widely
      applied remediation techniques for contaminated waters is the use of sorbent
      materials (e.g. zeolites and apatites). However, a key problem at nuclear
      contaminated sites is the remediation of radionuclides from complex chemical
      environments. In this study, biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHAP) produced by Serratia
      sp. bacteria was investigated for its potential to remediate surrogate
      radionuclides (Sr(2+) and Co(2+)) from environmentally relevant waters by varying
      pH, salinity and the type and concentration of cations present. The sorption
      capacity of the BHAP for both Sr(2+) and Co(2+) was higher than for a
      synthetically produced hydroxyapatite (HAP) in the solutions tested. BHAP also
      compared favorably against a natural zeolite (as used in industrial
      decontamination) for Sr(2+) and Co(2+) uptake from saline waters. Results confirm
      that hydroxyapatite minerals of high surface area and amorphous calcium phosphate
      content, typical for biogenic sources, are suitable restoration or reactive
      barrier materials for the remediation of complex contaminated environments or
      wastewaters. 

PMID- 26988071
TI  - Perception of Parental Bonds and Suicide Intent Among Egyptian Adolescents.
AB  - PROBLEM: Suicidal adolescents, compared to their nonsuicidal peers, tend to
      perceive their parents as less "caring" and more "controlling"-which
      characterizes the "affectionless control" parenting style. Research findings are
      inconsistent regarding the distinct influence of mother versus father parenting
      on youth suicide intent; moreover, the influence of parents' joint parenting
      styles on suicide intent has not been investigated. METHODS: Using a cross
      sectional design and large sample (N = 150 youth, 13-21 years old), currently
      hospitalized in a treatment center in Egypt for a recent suicide attempt, data
      were collected using the Suicide Intent Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument, and
      Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. FINDINGS: Seventy percent of
      youth reported high suicide intent. Mother and father parenting styles, assessed
      independently, were not associated with adolescent suicide intent. The joint
      effect of both parents' parenting style, however, was positively associated with
      suicide intent (Wald chi(2) = 8.79, p = .03). Suicide intent was stronger among
      adolescents who experienced neglectful compared with optimal parenting style (B =
      1.93, Wald chi(2) = 4.28, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: The findings have direct
      implications for mental health nursing interventions, signaling the critical need
      to engage both parents in family-based interventions to address youth suicidal
      behavior.

PMID- 26988069
TI  - CD70 Exacerbates Blood Pressure Elevation and Renal Damage in Response to
      Repeated Hypertensive Stimuli.
AB  - RATIONALE: Accumulating evidence supports a role of adaptive immunity and
      particularly T cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Formation of memory T
      cells, which requires the costimulatory molecule CD70 on antigen-presenting
      cells, is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity. OBJECTIVE: To test the
      hypothesis that CD70 and immunologic memory contribute to the blood pressure
      elevation and renal dysfunction mediated by repeated hypertensive challenges.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: We imposed repeated hypertensive challenges using either
      N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)/high salt or
      repeated angiotensin II stimulation in mice. During these challenges effector
      memory T cells (T(EM)) accumulated in the kidney and bone marrow. In the L
      NAME/high-salt model, memory T cells of the kidney were predominant sources of
      interferon-gamma and interleukin-17A, known to contribute to hypertension. L
      NAME/high salt increased macrophage and dendritic cell surface expression of CD70
      by 3- to 5-fold. Mice lacking CD70 did not accumulate T(EM) cells and did not
      develop hypertension to either high salt or the second angiotensin II challenge
      and were protected against renal damage. Bone marrow-residing T(EM) cells
      proliferated and redistributed to the kidney in response to repeated salt
      feeding. Adoptively transferred T(EM) cells from hypertensive mice homed to the
      bone marrow and spleen and expanded on salt feeding of the recipient mice.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings illustrate a previously undefined role of CD70 and long
      lived T(EM) cells in the development of blood pressure elevation and end-organ
      damage that occur on delayed exposure to mild hypertensive stimuli. Interventions
      to prevent repeated hypertensive surges could attenuate formation of hypertension
      specific T(EM) cells.

PMID- 26988072
TI  - Early renal function recovery and long-term graft survival in kidney
      transplantation.
AB  - Following kidney transplantation (KTx), renal function improves gradually until a
      baseline eGFR is achieved. Whether or not a recipient achieves the best-predicted
      eGFR after KTx may have important implications for immediate patient management,
      as well as for long-term graft survival. The aim of this cohort study was to
      calculate the renal function recovery (RFR) based on recipient and donor eGFR and
      to evaluate the association between RFR and long-term death-censored graft
      failure (DCGF). We studied 790 KTx recipients between January 1990 and August
      2014. The last donor SCr prior to organ procurement was used to estimate donor
      GFR. Recipient eGFR was calculated using the average of the best three SCr values
      observed during the first 3 months post-KTx. RFR was defined as the ratio of
      recipient eGFR to half the donor eGFR. 53% of recipients had an RFR >=1. There
      were 127 death-censored graft failures (16%). Recipients with an RFR >=1 had less
      DCGF compared with those with an RFR <1 (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.37-0.85; P = 0.006).
      Transplant era, acute rejection, ECD and DGF were also significant determinants
      of graft failure. Early recovery of predicted eGFR based on donor eGFR is
      associated with less DCGF after KTx. 

PMID- 26988073
TI  - Minimal Requirements for the Emergence of Learned Signaling.
AB  - The emergence of signaling systems has been observed in numerous experimental and
      real-world contexts, but there is no consensus on which (if any) shared
      mechanisms underlie such phenomena. A number of explanatory mechanisms have been
      proposed within several disciplines, all of which have been instantiated as
      credible working models. However, they are usually framed as being mutually
      incompatible. Using an exemplar-based framework, we replicate these models in a
      minimal configuration which allows us to directly compare them. This reveals that
      the development of optimal signaling is driven by similar mechanisms in each
      model, which leads us to propose three requirements for the emergence of
      conventional signaling. These are the creation and transmission of referential
      information, a systemic bias against ambiguity, and finally some form of
      information loss. Considering this, we then discuss some implications for
      theoretical and experimental approaches to the emergence of learned
      communication.

PMID- 26988074
TI  - Effects of moderate-intensity physical exercise on pharmacokinetics of factor
      VIII and von Willebrand factor in young adults with severe haemophilia A: a pilot
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In persons with severe haemophilia A (pwshA), infused factor VIII
      (FVIII) half-life can vary according to such determinants as blood group, von
      Willebrand factor (VWF) level or age; however, FVIII pharmacokinetics (PK) has
      not been well studied in pwshA during exercise. AIM: To investigate FVIII PK in
      pwshA performing moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. METHODS: Twelve young-adult
      pwshA with the intron-22 inversion mutation, on relatively low-dose FVIII
      prophylaxis regimens, and relatively good musculoskeletal status were recruited.
      Abbreviated PK of FVIII activity and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) level
      were compared - during rest, and with 60-min exercise (2 * 15 min each of
      moderate-intensity stationary cycling and treadmill walking). During rest and
      exercise visits, a baseline blood specimen was drawn, routine prophylaxis FVIII
      infused; then six blood specimens were taken over the following 24 h. RESULTS:
      For all subjects, mean half-life of infused FVIII did not change significantly
      with exercise vs. at rest (577 +/- 190 vs. 614 +/- 163 min; P = 0.4131). VWF:Ag
      rose transiently by 40-50% for 6-8 h with exercise (P < 0.01), particularly in
      non-O blood group subjects. No musculoskeletal bleeds occurred during the study.
      CONCLUSION: Four * 15 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased VWF:Ag
      levels for 6-8 h, and showed no evidence of accelerated FVIII clearance or of
      musculoskeletal bleeding in these young-adult pwshA with relatively good
      musculoskeletal status, on relatively low-dose FVIII prophylaxis regimens.
      However, O blood group impact would merit larger studies, with longer durations
      of similar or more vigorous exercise intensities.

PMID- 26988075
TI  - Risk of fractures in vitiligo patients treated with phototherapy-A retrospective
      population-based cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phototherapy might increase bone mineral density. However, it is
      unknown whether phototherapy can reduce the risk of fractures in patients with
      vitiligo. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of phototherapy on fracture risks
      in vitiligo patients aged 40 or older. METHODS: This population-based cohort
      study used the 2000-2010 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database
      (NHIRD) to identify 3863 patients newly diagnosed with vitiligo between 2003 and
      2009 at age >=40 years. Study subjects were classified into three cohorts: (1)
      frequent phototherapy; (2) infrequent phototherapy; and (3) no phototherapy.
      Patients were followed until the first hip or vertebral fracture or 31 December
      2010. Data were analysed using Cox regression models and also stratified by age
      and gender. RESULTS: Frequent phototherapy decreased the fracture risks (adjusted
      hazard ratio (aHR)=0.32, p=0.009) in vitiligo patients. Stratification by age and
      gender confirmed the fracture prevention effect of frequent phototherapy in
      patients aged 40-64 years (aHR=0.14, p=0.016) and in female patients (aHR=0.31,
      p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence that frequent
      phototherapy can reduce the risk of fractures among middle-aged and among female
      vitiligo patients.

PMID- 26988077
TI  - Proton beam therapy.

PMID- 26988076
TI  - Identification of Potential Drug Targets in Cancer Signaling Pathways using
      Stochastic Logical Models.
AB  - The investigation of vulnerable components in a signaling pathway can contribute
      to development of drug therapy addressing aberrations in that pathway. Here, an
      original signaling pathway is derived from the published literature on breast
      cancer models. New stochastic logical models are then developed to analyze the
      vulnerability of the components in multiple signalling sub-pathways involved in
      this signaling cascade. The computational results are consistent with the
      experimental results, where the selected proteins were silenced using specific
      siRNAs and the viability of the cells were analyzed 72 hours after silencing. The
      genes elF4E and NFkB are found to have nearly no effect on the relative cell
      viability and the genes JAK2, Stat3, S6K, JUN, FOS, Myc, and Mcl1 are effective
      candidates to influence the relative cell growth. The vulnerabilities of some
      targets such as Myc and S6K are found to vary significantly depending on the
      weights of the sub-pathways; this will be indicative of the chosen target to
      require customization for therapy. When these targets are utilized, the response
      of breast cancers from different patients will be highly variable because of the
      known heterogeneities in signaling pathways among the patients. The targets whose
      vulnerabilities are invariably high might be more universally acceptable targets.

PMID- 26988078
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 26988080
TI  - Ischaemic stroke in the setting of glioblastoma: A case series and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Ischaemic strokes are an uncommon occurrence in the setting of glioblastoma, and
      clinically challenging due to co-existing deficits from the tumour, but important
      to consider as a possible cause of clinical deterioration. Modern therapies and
      their associated improvements in survival may lead to a greater overall
      incidence. The possible underlying causes of ischaemia are multiple, and several
      factors may contribute in a given patient. This review discusses the causative
      mechanisms of ischaemic strokes in the setting of glioblastoma, with some
      illustrative cases. 

PMID- 26988081
TI  - Usefulness of quantitative peritumoural perfusion and proton spectroscopic
      magnetic resonance imaging evaluation in differentiating brain gliomas from
      solitary brain metastases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether peritumoural
      perfusion weighted and proton spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging can be
      used in differentiating between primary gliomas and solitary metastases. METHODS:
      Ten low-grade gliomas, eight high-grade gliomas and 10 metastases were
      prospectively evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging, dynamic susceptibility
      contrast enhanced perfusion imaging and single-voxel proton magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy before surgical resection or stereotactic biopsy. Maximal relative
      cerebral blood volume values were calculated drawing three regions of interest of
      2 cm(2) in the non-enhancing peritumoural areas. Maximal relative cerebral blood
      volume values were normalised to that of contralateral normal-appearing white
      matter. Maximal choline/creatine ratios were calculated from three voxels of 10
      cm(3) placed in the peritumoural areas defined as non-enhancing peritumoural
      white matter surrounding the tumour. The tumour grade presumed with these values
      was compared to histopathological grading. Differences in the study parameters
      between groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney test. A receiver operating
      characteristic analysis was performed to determine cut-off values. RESULTS: A
      clear relative cerebral blood volume cut-off value of 1.88 was detected for
      differentiating low-grade gliomas from high-grade gliomas. A clear relative
      cerebral blood volume cut-off value of 1.20 was detected for differentiation of
      metastases from gliomas. The differences in the choline/creatine ratios in the
      peritumoural regions of high-grade gliomas and of solitary metastasis were
      statistically significant (P < 0.001) but a clear cut-off value was not found.
      CONCLUSION: Our preliminary data support the hypothesis that peritumoural
      perfusion-weighted imaging can assist in preoperative differentiation between a
      glioma and a solitary metastasis.

PMID- 26988082
TI  - Imaging of connective tissue diseases of the head and neck.
AB  - We review the imaging appearance of connective tissue diseases of the head and
      neck. Bilateral sialadenitis and dacryoadenitis are seen in Sjogren's syndrome;
      ankylosis of the temporo-mandibular joint with sclerosis of the crico-arytenoid
      joint are reported in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus panniculitis with atypical
      infection are reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Relapsing
      polychondritis shows subglottic stenosis, prominent ear and saddle nose;
      progressive systemic sclerosis shows osteolysis of the mandible, fibrosis of the
      masseter muscle with calcinosis of the subcutaneous tissue and
      dermatomyositis/polymyositis shows condylar erosions and autoimmune thyroiditis.
      Vascular thrombosis is reported in antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome; cervical
      lymphadenopathy is seen in adult-onset Still's disease, and neuropathy with
      thyroiditis reported in mixed connective tissue disorder. Imaging is important to
      detect associated malignancy with connective tissue disorders. Correlation of the
      imaging findings with demographic data and clinical findings are important for
      the diagnosis of connective tissue disorders. 

PMID- 26988083
TI  - Why a standard contrast-enhanced MRI might be useful in intracranial internal
      carotid artery stenosis.
AB  - In patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause cerebral vasculitis is a rare
      but relevant differential diagnosis, especially when signs of intracranial artery
      stenosis are found and laboratory findings show systemic inflammation. In such
      cases, high-resolution T1w vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 'black
      blood' technique) at 3 T is preferentially performed, but may not be available in
      every hospital. We report a case of an 84-year-old man with right hemispheric
      transient ischemic attack and signs of distal occlusion in the right internal
      carotid artery (ICA) in duplex sonography. Standard MRI with contrast agent
      pointed the way to the correct diagnosis since it showed an intramural contrast
      uptake in the right ICA and both vertebral arteries. Temporal artery biopsy
      confirmed the suspected diagnosis of a giant cell arteritis and dedicated vessel
      wall MRI performed later supported the suspected intracranial large artery
      inflammation. Our case also shows that early diagnosis and immunosuppressive
      therapy may not always prevent disease progression, as our patient suffered
      several infarcts in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with
      consecutive high-grade hemiparesis of the right side within the following four
      months. 

PMID- 26988084
TI  - Safety of coil occlusion of the parent artery for endovascular treatment of
      anterior communicating artery aneurysm.
AB  - Many studies lay emphasis on the clinical importance of perforating branches of
      the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and report that vascular damage of the
      perforators from ACoA aneurysm during surgery cause subsequent postoperative
      amnesia. The purpose of our study was to analyze the safety of parent artery
      occlusion for ACoA aneurysm coiling based on the anatomical features of the ACoA
      complex in 13 patients with 13 ACoA aneurysms. All patients underwent coiling of
      the aneurysm sac and ACoA. Aneurysm characteristics including size, dome-to-neck
      ratio, anterior/posterior orientation of the aneurysm dome with respect to the
      axis of the pericallosal artery, location of the aneurysm neck with respect to
      the A1-A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) or the ACoA, and the
      presence of hypoplasia/aplasia of A1 segment were assessed. The aneurysm neck was
      located directly on the ACoA in five aneurysms (38%), whereas eight (62%) had the
      neck located at the A1-A2 junction. Of the five patients whose aneurysm neck was
      located in the ACoA, four patients had infarcts in the basal forebrain. Three of
      the patients complained of amnesia. None of the aneurysms with the neck located
      at the A1-A2 junction were associated with infarction. There has been little
      evidence thus far that parent vessel occlusion of ACoA aneurysms is a safe method
      for the treatment of aneurysms. Patients with the aneurysm neck located at the A1
      A2 junction and without A1 aplasia, who were treated with aneurysm sac and ACoA
      embolism, were potentially safe. 

PMID- 26988087
TI  - [Dr. Simon M. Danner - MedUni Wien RESEARCHER OF THE MONTH, Marz 2015].

PMID- 26988086
TI  - Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health problems in Korean adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE)
      and mental health problems among Korean adults. METHODS: We analyzed data from
      the 2011 Korean Community Health Survey. From the total of 229,226 participants
      aged 19 years or above, we excluded 48,679 current smokers, 36,612 former
      smokers, 3,036 participants with a history of stroke, 2,264 participants with a
      history of myocardial infarction, 14,115 participants who experienced at least
      one day in bed per month due to disability, and 855 participants for whom
      information regarding SHSE or mental health problems was not available. The final
      analysis was performed with 22,818 men and 100,847 women. Participants were
      classified into four groups according to the duration of SHSE: none, <1 hr/d, 1
      <3 hr/d, and >=3 hr/d. The presence of depressive symptoms, diagnosed depression,
      and high stress were measured by questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjusting for
      demographic factors, lifestyle, and chronic disease, the odds ratio (OR) and 95%
      confidence interval (CI) of depressive symptoms with 1-<3 hr/d and >=3 hr/d SHSE
      were 1.44 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.82) and 1.59 (95% CI, 1.46 to 1.74), respectively.
      However, SHSE >=3 hr/d had a higher OR of 1.37 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.58) for
      diagnosed depression. SHSE was also associated with high stress (1-<3 hr/d: OR,
      1.56; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.76; >=3 hr/d: OR, 1.33 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.40). However,
      the association between SHSE and symptoms of depression and stress did not differ
      significantly by region. CONCLUSIONS: SHSE may be associated with mental health
      problems such as depression and stress in Korean adults.

PMID- 26988085
TI  - Comparative analysis of routes of immunization of a live porcine reproductive and
      respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in a heterologous virus challenge
      study.
AB  - Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by PRRS virus
      (PRRSV), which infects primarily the respiratory tract of pigs. Thus intranasal
      (IN) delivery of a potent vaccine-adjuvant formulation is promising. In this
      study, PRRS-MLV (VR2332) was coadministered +/- an adjuvant Mycobacterium vaccae
      whole cell lysate or CpG ODN through intramuscular (IM) or IN route as a mist,
      and challenged with a heterologous PRRSV 1-4-4 IN at 42 days post-vaccination
      (dpv). At 14 and 26 dpv, vaccine viral RNA copies were one log greater in the
      plasma of PRRS-MLV IM compared to IN vaccinated pigs, and the infectious
      replicating vaccine virus was detected only in the IM group. In PRRS-MLV +/-
      adjuvant IM vaccinated pigs, reduced viral RNA load and absence of the
      replicating challenged virus was observed at 7, 10 and 14 days post-challenge
      (dpc). At 14 dpc, in BAL fluid >= 5 log viral RNA copies were detected in all the
      pig groups, but the replicating challenged virus was undetectable only in IM
      groups. Immunologically, virus neutralizing antibody titers in the plasma of IM
      (but not IN) vaccine groups was >= 8 against the vaccine and challenged viruses.
      At 26 dpv, PRRS-MLV IM (without adjuvant) received pigs had significantly
      increased population of CD4 and CD8 T cells in PBMC. At 14 dpc, relatively
      increased population of IFN-gamma(+) total lymphocytes, NK, CD4, CD8 and
      gammadelta T cells were observed in the MLV-IM group. In conclusion, PRRS-MLV IM
      vaccination induced the virus specific T cell response in pigs, but still it is
      required to improve its cross-protective efficacy.

PMID- 26988088
TI  - Double sternal foramina in a dried sternum: a rare normal variant and its
      radiologic assessment.
AB  - Sternal foramina (SF) constitute developmental defects of the sternum and are
      usually radiologic or postmortem accidental findings. A rare case is presented,
      concerning the dried sternum of Greek origin and unknown age. The manubrium,
      sternal body and xiphoid process were fused and ossified, while two SF of
      undocumented size were present. The proximal SF was located at the sternal body
      extending between the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces, whereas the distal SF
      was located at the xiphoid process being surrounded by a thin "ring-like" osseous
      rim. Computed tomography was utilized for further investigation. Awareness of
      this variation is essential for the radiologist to avoid misdiagnosis and
      interpret with accuracy the current combination of normal anatomic variants.
      Moreover, SF existence is associated with clinical and forensic implications that
      are shortly discussed. 

PMID- 26988089
TI  - Outcome of patients with local recurrent gynecologic malignancies after resection
      combined with intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment of recurrent gynecologic cancer is a challenging issue. Aim
      of the study was to investigate clinical features and outcomes of patients with
      recurrent gynecologic malignancies who underwent resection including IOERT
      (intraoperative electron radiation therapy) with regard to clinical outcome and
      potential predictive factors or subgroups that benefit most from this radical
      treatment regime. METHODS: A total of 36 patients with recurrent gynecologic
      malignancies (cervical (n = 18), endometrial (n = 12) or vulvar cancer (n = 6))
      were retrospectively identified through hospital databases in accordance with
      institutional ethical policies. Patient characteristics and outcomes were
      assessed. Survival data was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier-method and log-rank
      test, categorical variables were analyzed with chi-square-method. RESULTS: For
      the entire cohort 1-/2-/5-year Overall Survival (OS) was 65.3 %/36.2 %/21.7 %.
      Patients with endometrial, cervical, and vulvar carcinoma had a 1-/2-/5-year OS
      of 83.3 %/62.5 %/50 %, 44.5 %/25.4 %/6.4 %, and 83.3 %/16.7 %/16.7 %,
      respectively. Patients with endometrial carcinoma showed a significantly better
      OS (p = 0.038). 1-/2-/5-year Local Progression-free Survival (LPFS) for the
      entire cohort was 44.1 %/28 %/21 % with 76.2 %/61 %/40.6 % for endometrial, 17.2
      %/0 %/0 % for cervical, and 40 %/20 %/20 % for vulvar cancer, respectively.
      Patients with endometrial cancer showed a significantly (p = 0.017) and older
      patients a trend (p = 0.059) for a better LPFS. 1-/2-/5-year Distant Progression
      free Survival (DPFS) for the entire cohort was 53.1 %/46.5 %/38.7 % with 74.1
      %/74.1 %/74.1 % for endometrial, 36.7 %/36.7 %/0 % for cervical, and 60 %/30 %/30
      % for vulvar cancer, respectively. There was a significantly better DPFS for
      older patients (p = 0.015) and a trend for a better DPFS for patients with
      endometrial carcinoma (p = 0.075). CONCLUSION: The radical procedure of resection
      combined with IOERT seems to be a valid curative treatment option for patients
      with recurrent endometrial carcinoma with 5-year survival rates of 50 %. For
      patients with cervical or vulvar cancer this treatment should be considered a
      rather palliative one and must be weighted carefully against other treatment
      options like chemotherapy, targeted therapies or new highly conformal
      radiotherapy techniques.

PMID- 26988094
TI  - Genome analysis of the sugar beet pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IIIB revealed
      high numbers in secreted proteins and cell wall degrading enzymes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a crop cultivated for its high content
      in sugar, but it is vulnerable to many soil-borne pathogens. One of them is the
      basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani. This fungal species has a compatibility system
      regulating hyphal fusions (anastomosis). Consequently, R. solani species are
      categorized in anastomosis groups (AGs). AG2-2IIIB isolates are most aggressive
      on sugar beet. In the present study, we report on the draft genome of R. solani
      AG2-2IIIB using the Illumina technology. Genome analysis, interpretation and
      comparative genomics of five sequenced R. solani isolates were carried out.
      RESULTS: The draft genome of R. solani AG2-2IIIB has an estimated size of 56.02
      Mb. In addition, two normalized EST libraries were sequenced. In total 20,790 of
      21,980 AG2-2IIIB isotigs (transcript isoforms) were mapped on the genome with
      more than 95 % sequence identity. The genome of R. solani AG2-2IIIB was predicted
      to harbor 11,897 genes and 4908 were found to be isolate-specific. R. solani AG2
      2IIIB was predicted to contain 1142 putatively secreted proteins and 473 of them
      were found to be unique for this isolate. The R. solani AG2-2IIIB genome encodes
      a high number of carbohydrate active enzymes. The highest numbers were observed
      for the polysaccharide lyases family 1 (PL-1), glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH
      43) and carbohydrate estarase family 12 (CE-12). Transcription analysis of
      selected genes representing different enzyme clades revealed a mixed pattern of
      up- and down-regulation six days after infection on sugar beets featuring
      variable levels of resistance compared to mycelia of the fungus grown in vitro.
      CONCLUSIONS: The established R. solani AG2-2IIIB genome and EST sequences provide
      important information on the gene content, gene structure and transcriptional
      activity for this sugar beet pathogen. The enriched genomic platform provides an
      important platform to enhance our understanding of R. solani biology.

PMID- 26988095
TI  - Efficacy of an educational intervention in primary health care in inhalation
      techniques: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounts for 10-12 % of
      primary care consultations, 7 % of hospital admissions and 35 % of chronic
      incapacity related to productivity. The misuse of inhalers is a significant
      problem in COPD because it is associated with reduced therapeutic drug effects
      leading to lack of control of both symptoms and disease. Despite all advice,
      health care professionals' practice management of inhalation treatments is
      usually deficient. Interventions to improve inhaler technique by health care
      professionals are limited, especially among primary care professionals, who
      provide the most care to patients with COPD. The aim of this study is to evaluate
      the efficacy of an educational intervention to train general practitioners (GPs)
      in the right inhalation technique for the most commonly used inhalers.
      METHODS/DESIGN: We are conducting a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled
      trial. The sample population is composed of 267 patients diagnosed with COPD
      using inhalation therapy selected from among those in 20 general practices,
      divided into two groups (control and intervention) by block randomisation at 8
      primary care centres. The sample has two levels. The first level is patients with
      COPD who agree to participate in the trial and receive the educational
      intervention from their GPs. The second level is GPs who are primary health care
      professionals and receive the educational intervention. The intervention is one
      session of the educational intervention with a monitor given to GPs for training
      in the right inhalation technique. The primary outcome is correct inhalation
      technique in patients. Secondary outcomes are functional status (spirometry) and
      quality of life. The follow-up period will be 1 year. GPs will have two visits
      (baseline and at the 1-year follow-up visit. Patients will have four visits (at
      baseline and 3, 6 and 12 months). Analysis will be done on an intention-to-treat
      basis. DISCUSSION: We carried out three previous clinical trials in patients with
      COPD, which showed the efficacy of an educational intervention based on monitor
      training to improve the inhalation technique in patients. This intervention is
      suitable and feasible in the context of clinical practice. Now we are seeking to
      know if we can improve it when the monitor is the GP (the real care provider in
      daily practise). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry identifier ISRCTN93725230 .
      Registered on 18 August 2014.

PMID- 26988098
TI  - Health Beliefs of Midwifery Students at Istanbul University about Breast Cancer
      and Breast Self-Examination Acknowledgements.
AB  - Knowing the attitudes and beliefs of midwifery students toward breast cancer and
      breast self-examination (BSE) practice may reduce breast cancer-related deaths by
      increasing breast cancer awareness. This study was conducted to examine the
      attitudes and beliefs of midwifery students toward breast cancer and the BSE
      practice. The study was conducted with 160 midwifery students at Istanbul
      University as a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data were collected by a part
      of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and a self-administered questionnaire.
      The descriptive characteristics were given as frequencies and percentages. The
      evaluation was done with Kruskal-Wallis test, a non-parametric test. It has been
      observed 70.0 % among midwifery students have knowledge of breast cancer. 90.0 %
      of midwifery students know about BSE, however only 14.4 % among them practice BSE
      regularly every month. The benefit, barrier and confidence sub-dimension scores
      were positively associated with BSE practice regularity (p <= 0.05). It has been
      determined that more than half of midwifery students have knowledge about breast
      cancer and BSE, and that only a fraction of those with knowledge about BSE
      practice BSE regularly every month. The perceived seriousness of breast cancer
      and knowledge about breast cancer affect the ability of individuals to perform
      BSE, initiating BSE and continuing to practice BSE for early diagnosis of breast
      cancer. The results from the study provide the midwifery students awareness of
      breast cancer and BSE both for themselves and for the women for whom they take
      responsibility.

PMID- 26988099
TI  - Drought-induced changes in photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant components of
      wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties.
AB  - Water deficit is a key factor influencing the yield and quality of crops. In the
      present study, the photosynthetic responses by means of chlorophyll fluorescence
      of chloroplasts, thylakoid membrane proteins, and antioxidant components were
      analyzed in wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants differing in their tolerance to
      drought. Two durum winter wheat varieties, Barakatli 95 (drought tolerant) and
      Garagylchyg 2 (drought sensitive) were grown under field well-watered and drought
      conditions. It was found that contents of the PS I core (CPI) with Mr of 123 kD
      and apoprotein P700 with Mr of 63 kD were relatively higher in Barakatli 95
      variety under drought stress compared with the control plants. Synthesis of alpha
      and beta-subunits of CF1 ATP-synthase complex with Mr of 55 and 53.5 kD also
      slightly increased in the tolerant Barakatli 95 and decreased in the drought
      sensitive variety Garagylchyg 2. A decrease in the intensity of 30 kD band and a
      significant increase were found in the content of the 25-16 kD region in
      Garagylchyg 2 variety. The synthesis of 60 kD and content of low molecular mass
      polypeptides (21.5 and 12 kD) were increased in the tolerant genotype Barakatli
      95. The intensity of peaks at 687, 695, and 742 nm considerably increases in the
      fluorescence spectra (77 K) of chloroplasts isolated from the sensitive variety
      Garagylchyg 2, and there is a stimulation of the ratio of fluorescence band
      intensity F687/F740. At the same time, higher level of glycine betaine was found
      in the drought tolerant variety compared with the control one throughout the
      different periods of growth.

PMID- 26988096
TI  - GLI pathogenesis-related 1 functions as a tumor-suppressor in lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: GLI pathogenesis-related 1 (GLIPR1) was originally identified in
      glioblastomas and its expression was also found to be down-regulated in prostate
      cancer. Functional studies revealed both growth suppression and proapoptotic
      activities for GLIPR1 in multiple cancer cell lines. GLIPR1's role in lung cancer
      has not been investigated. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a
      protein arginine methyltransferase and forms a stoichiometric complex with the WD
      repeat domain 77 (WDR77) protein. Both PRMT5 and WDR77 are essential for growth
      of lung epithelial and cancer cells. But additional gene products that interact
      genetically or biochemichally with PRMT5 and WDR77 in the control of lung cancer
      cell growth are not characterized. METHODS: DNA microarray and immunostaining
      were used to detect GLIPR1 expression during lung development and lung
      tumorigenesis. GLIPR1 expression was also analyzed in the TCGA lung cancer
      cohort. The consequence of GLIPR1 on growth of lung cancer cells in the tissue
      culture and lung tumor xenografts in the nude mice was observed. RESULTS: We
      found that GLIPR1 expression is negatively associated with PRMT5/WDR77. GLIPR1 is
      absent in growing epithelial cells at the early stages of mouse lung development
      and highly expressed in the adult lung. Expression of GLIPR1 was down-regulated
      during lung tumorigenesis and its expression suppressed growth of lung cancer
      cells in the tissue culture and lung tumor xenografts in mice. GLIPR1 regulates
      lung cancer growth through the V-Erb-B avian erythroblastic leukemia viral
      oncogene homolog 3 (ErbB3). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a novel pathway that
      PRMT5/WDR77 regulates GLIPR1 expression to control lung cancer cell growth and
      GLIPR1 as a potential therapeutic agent for lung cancer.

PMID- 26988100
TI  - Early pregnancy fasting plasma glucose and lipid concentrations in pregnancy and
      association to offspring size: a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidemia and high fasting plasma glucose levels at the first
      prenatal visit (First Visit FPG) are both related to gestational diabetes
      mellitus, maternal obesity/overweight and fetal overgrowth. The purpose of the
      present study is to investigate the correlation between First Visit FPG and lipid
      concentrations, and their potential association with offspring size at delivery.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pregnant women that received regular prenatal care and
      delivered in our center in 2013 were recruited for the study. Fasting plasma
      glucose levels were tested at the first prenatal visit (First Visit FPG) and
      prior to delivery (Before Delivery FPG). HbA1c and lipid profiles were examined
      at the time of OGTT test. Maternal and neonatal clinical data were collected for
      analysis. Data was analyzed by independent sample t test, Pearson correlation,
      and Chi-square test, followed by partial correlation and multiple linear
      regression analyses to confirm association. Statistical significance level was
      alpha =0.05. RESULTS: Analyses were based on 1546 mother-baby pairs. First Visit
      FPG was not correlated with any lipid parameters after adjusting for maternal
      pregravid BMI, maternal age and gestational age at First Visit FPG. HbA1c was
      positively correlated with triglyceride and Apolipoprotein B in the whole cohort
      and in the NGT group after adjusting for maternal age and maternal BMI at OGTT
      test. Multiple linear regression analyses showed neonatal birth weight, head
      circumference and shoulder circumference were all associated with First Visit FPG
      and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSION: Fasting plasma glucose at first prenatal
      visit is not associated with lipid concentrations in mid-pregnancy, but may
      influence fetal growth together with triglyceride concentration.

PMID- 26988101
TI  - Midwives' oral health recommendations for pregnant women, infants and young
      children: results of a nationwide survey in Germany.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that poor oral health during pregnancy can lead to
      perinatal complications, such as low birth weight and preterm delivery as well as
      poor oral health in children. Aim of this study was to assess the German midwives
      knowledge about oral health and preventive recommendations for pregnant women,
      infants and young children. METHODS: The nationwide online-survey was conducted
      with use of a self-developed, pretested and validated standardized questionnaire.
      The German association of midwives (Deutscher Hebammenverband e.V.) informed
      their members about the survey through email, newsletter, website and association
      journal (Hebammenforum) (n = 7.500). Data were analyzed using descriptive
      statistics. RESULTS: Response rate was 12.6 % (mean age 42.9 +/- 9.3 years). The
      majority of midwives advised pregnant women about periodontal diseases (78.6 %).
      Of the midwives, 8.4 % mentioned the possible associations between periodontal
      diseases and perinatal complications. In general, half of the midwives (53.5 %)
      recommended a dental visit during pregnancy. A total of 65.5 % of midwives
      advised parents about early childhood caries. The majority of midwives
      recommended that oral hygiene starts with eruption of the first tooth (60.4 %)
      and the first dental visit of the child should be at age 2 or 3 years (51.6 %).
      Midwives recommendations regarding the implementation of oral hygiene and the
      referral to a dentist during pregnancy and childhood were highly variable.
      CONCLUSIONS: To increase oral awareness and to improve the oral health knowledge
      among midwives and all other health-care professionals, uniform guidelines should
      be developed in Germany. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trial Register
      DRKS00008021.

PMID- 26988103
TI  - Involvement of NMDA receptors and L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine
      monophosphate pathway in the antidepressant-like effects of topiramate in mice
      forced swimming test.
AB  - Topiramate (TPM) is an agent primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy. Using
      mice model of forced swimming test (FST) the current study was basically aimed to
      investigate the influence of TPM on depression by inhibiting NMDA receptor and
      nitric oxide-cGMP production. When TPM was administered in a dose of 20 and 30
      mg/kg by i.p. route it reduced the immobility time during FST. However this
      effect of TPM (30 mg/kg, i.p.) in the FST was abolished when the mice were
      pretreated either with NMDA (75 mg/kg, i.p.), or l-arginine (750 mg/kg, i.p. NO
      precursor), or sildenafil (5mg/kg, i.p. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor). The
      immobility time in the FST was reduced after administration of L-NAME (10mg/kg,
      i.p, a non-specific NOS inhibitor), 7-nitoinidazol (30 mg/kg, i.p. a nNOS
      inhibitor) or MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p, a NMDA receptor antagonist) in combination
      with a subeffective dose of TPM (10mg/kg, i.p.) as compared with single use of
      either drug. Co-administrated of lower doses of MK-801 (0.01 mg/kg) or L-NAME
      (1mg/kg) failed to effect immobility time. However, simultaneous administration
      of these two agents in the same doses with subeffective dose of TPM (10mg/kg,
      i.p.), reduced the immobility time during FST. None of these drugs were found to
      have a profound effect on the locomotor activity per se during the open field
      test. Taken together, our data demonstrates that TPM exhibit antidepressant-like
      effect which is accomplished either due to inhibition of NMDA receptors or NO
      cGMP production.

PMID- 26988102
TI  - Generation and deposition of Abeta43 by the virtually inactive presenilin-1 L435F
      mutant contradicts the presenilin loss-of-function hypothesis of Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - As stated by the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      is caused by the aggregation and cerebral deposition of long amyloid-beta peptide
      (Abeta) species, which are released from a C-terminal amyloid precursor protein
      fragment by gamma-secretase. Mutations in its catalytic subunit presenilin-1
      (PS1) increase the Abeta42 to Abeta40 ratio and are the major cause of familial
      AD (FAD). An opposing hypothesis states that loss of essential presenilin
      functions underlies the disease. A major argument for this hypothesis is the
      observation that the nearly inactive PS1 L435F mutant, paradoxically, causes FAD
      We now show that the very little Abeta generated by PS1 L435F consists primarily
      of Abeta43, a highly amyloidogenic species which was overlooked in previous
      studies of this mutant. We further demonstrate that the generation of Abeta43 is
      not due to a trans-dominant effect of this mutant on WT presenilin. Furthermore,
      we found Abeta43-containing plaques in brains of patients with this mutation. The
      aberrant generation of Abeta43 by this particular mutant provides a direct
      objection against the presenilin hypothesis.

PMID- 26988104
TI  - N-butyl cyanoacrylate- and alpha-cyanoacrylate induced hepatotoxicity and venous
      sclerosis in a rabbit model.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Tissue adhesives are commonly used. The aim of this
      study was to assess the efficacy and hepatotoxicity of intravenous injection of N
      butyl cyanoacrylate versus alpha-cyanoacrylate in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 20 rabbits were divided into three groups: group I included
      four rabbits injected with lipiodol in the dorsal vein of a pinna (control
      group); group II included eight rabbits injected with N-butyl
      cyanoacrylate/lipiodol; and group III included eight rabbits injected with alpha
      cyanoacrylate/lipiodol. All animals were left under normal living conditions for
      1week, and then euthanised. Specimens of ear and liver were taken and fixed in
      10% formalin saline for histological examination. Secondary fixation was
      performed using Bouin solution. Specimens of ear were decalcified in
      ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at room temperature for 3months. Then, all
      specimens were processed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with
      haematoxylin and eosin stains for microscopic examination. RESULTS: Microscopic
      examination of all specimens of the control group revealed normal structure of
      pinna and liver tissue. Both test groups demonstrated a wide variability of
      structural changes ranging from oedema and congestion to necrosis and marked
      cellular inflammatory infiltration. The two groups were compared using a self
      designed inflammatory score. This revealed that alpha-cyanoacrylate caused more
      venous sclerosis with extensive perivenous reaction and hepatotoxicity than both
      N-butyl cyanoacrylate and control (p<0.05 and p<0.05). N-butyl cyanoacrylate was
      also found to cause more venous sclerosis and hepatotoxicity than control
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggested that injection of Krazy Glue, either
      the clinically usable N-butyl cyanoacrylate or the commercially available alpha
      cyanoacrylate, caused comparable venous sclerosis. Unfortunately, both induced
      significant hepatotoxicity. Therefore, neither of them should be used unless all
      other safe options are absent. Larger studies have to be conducted and effects of
      these components on other organs should be investigated; however, caution must be
      exercised in their clinical use.

PMID- 26988105
TI  - Impact of point-of-care ultrasonography on ED time to disposition for patients
      with nontraumatic shock.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Nontraumatic shock in the emergency department (ED) has multiple
      causes and carries in-hospital mortality approaching 20%, underscoring the need
      for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic ultrasonography at the point of
      care is one method that may improve the ability of ED physicians to quickly
      diagnose and treat. This study assesses the effect of the use and timing of point
      of-care (POC) ultrasonography on time to disposition request. METHODS: This
      retrospective study across 4 Connecticut EDs compared propensity score matched
      shock patients who did and did not receive POC ultrasonography. Two propensity
      score matches were performed: the first using covariates of time to disposition
      from previous literature and the second using 25 novel covariates identified from
      electronic health records using machine learning to reduce variable selection
      biases. RESULTS: A total of 3834 unique patients presented with shock during an
      18-month period, and 703 (18.3%) patients received POC ultrasonography. Mean time
      to disposition for all patients was 255.4minutes (interquartile range, 163.8).
      After propensity score matching, patients had a mean reduction of 26.7minutes
      (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8-58.3) in time to disposition when POC
      ultrasonography was performed within 1hour of ED arrival and a lesser reduction
      of 16.7minutes (95% CI, -2.8 to 35.5) when POC ultrasonography was performed
      within 2hours. There was no evidence of reduction in time to disposition when
      ultrasonography was performed after 2hours (16.7minutes; 95% CI, -14.3 to 29.9).
      Propensity score models using machine learning-selected variables yielded similar
      results. CONCLUSION: Performance of POC ultrasonography likely improves time to
      disposition when performed early on ED patients with shock.

PMID- 26988106
TI  - Acute lethargy in a young woman due to latent disseminated cancer mimicking
      bacterial meningitis: a diagnostic pitfall.

PMID- 26988107
TI  - Stray light in cone beam optical computed tomography: II. Reduction using a
      convergent light source.
AB  - Optical cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) using a broad beam and CCD camera is
      a fast method for densitometry of 3D optical gel dosimeters. However, diffuse
      light sources introduce considerable stray light into the imaging system, leading
      to underestimation of attenuation coefficients and non-uniformities in CT images
      unless corrections are applied to each projection image. In this study, the light
      source of a commercial optical CT scanner is replaced with a convergent cone beam
      source consisting of almost exclusively image forming primary rays. The
      convergent source is achieved using a small isotropic source and a Fresnel lens.
      To characterize stray light effects, full-field cone beam CT imaging is compared
      to fan beam CT (FBCT) using a 1 cm high fan beam aperture centered on the optic
      axis of the system. Attenuating liquids are scanned within a large 96 mm diameter
      uniform phantom and in a small 13.5 mm diameter finger phantom. For the uniform
      phantom, cone and fan beam CT attenuation coefficients agree within a maximum
      deviation of (1  +/-  2)% between mean values over a wide range from 0.036 to
      0.43 cm(-1). For the finger phantom, agreement is found with a maximum deviation
      of (4  +/-  2)% between mean values over a range of 0.1-0.47 cm(-1). With the
      convergent source, artifacts associated with refractive index mismatch and vessel
      optical features are more pronounced. Further optimization of the source size to
      achieve a balance between quantitative accuracy and artifact reduction should
      enable practical, accurate 3D dosimetry, avoiding time consuming 3D scatter
      measurements. 

PMID- 26988108
TI  - Social and attention-to-detail subclusters of autistic traits differentially
      predict looking at eyes and face identity recognition ability.
AB  - This study distinguished between different subclusters of autistic traits in the
      general population and examined the relationships between these subclusters,
      looking at the eyes of faces, and the ability to recognize facial identity. Using
      the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) measure in a university-recruited sample, we
      separate the social aspects of autistic traits (i.e., those related to
      communication and social interaction; AQ-Social) from the non-social aspects,
      particularly attention-to-detail (AQ-Attention). We provide the first evidence
      that these social and non-social aspects are associated differentially with
      looking at eyes: While AQ-Social showed the commonly assumed tendency towards
      reduced looking at eyes, AQ-Attention was associated with increased looking at
      eyes. We also report that higher attention-to-detail (AQ-Attention) was then
      indirectly related to improved face recognition, mediated by increased number of
      fixations to the eyes during face learning. Higher levels of socially relevant
      autistic traits (AQ-Social) trended in the opposite direction towards being
      related to poorer face recognition (significantly so in females on the Cambridge
      Face Memory Test). There was no evidence of any mediated relationship between AQ
      Social and face recognition via reduced looking at the eyes. These different
      effects of AQ-Attention and AQ-Social suggest face-processing studies in Autism
      Spectrum Disorder might similarly benefit from considering symptom subclusters.
      Additionally, concerning mechanisms of face recognition, our results support the
      view that more looking at eyes predicts better face memory.

PMID- 26988109
TI  - In Memoriam Patrick J. Mulrow, MD (1926-2015).

PMID- 26988110
TI  - Adult human metapneumonovirus (hMPV) pneumonia mimicking Legionnaire's disease.
AB  - In adults hospitalized with viral pneumonias the main differential diagnostic
      consideration is influenza pneumonia. The respiratory viruses causing viral
      influenza like illnesses (ILIs), e.g., RSV may closely resemble influenza.
      Rarely, extrapulmonary findings of some ILIs may resemble Legionnaire's disease
      (LD), e.g., adenovirus, human parainfluenza virus (HPIV-3). We present a most
      unusual case of human metapneumonovirus pneumonia (hMPV) with some characteristic
      extrapulmonary findings characteristic of LD, e.g., relative bradycardia, as well
      as mildly elevated serum transaminases and hyphosphatemia. We believe this is the
      first reported case of hMPV pneumonia in a hospitalized adult that had some
      features of LD. 

PMID- 26988111
TI  - Graphene "microdrums" on a freestanding perforated thin membrane for high
      sensitivity MEMS pressure sensors.
AB  - We present a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) graphene-based pressure sensor
      realized by transferring a large area, few-layered graphene on a suspended
      silicon nitride thin membrane perforated by a periodic array of micro-through
      holes. Each through-hole is covered by a circular drum-like graphene layer,
      namely a graphene "microdrum". The uniqueness of the sensor design is the fact
      that introducing the through-hole arrays into the supporting nitride membrane
      allows generating an increased strain in the graphene membrane over the through
      hole array by local deformations of the holes under an applied differential
      pressure. Further reasons contributing to the increased strain in the devised
      sensitive membrane include larger deflection of the membrane than that of its
      imperforated counterpart membrane, and direct bulging of the graphene microdrum
      under an applied pressure. Electromechanical measurements show a gauge factor of
      4.4 for the graphene membrane and a sensitivity of 2.8 * 10(-5) mbar(-1) for the
      pressure sensor with a good linearity over a wide pressure range. The present
      sensor outperforms most existing MEMS-based small footprint pressure sensors
      using graphene, silicon, and carbon nanotubes as sensitive materials, due to the
      high sensitivity. 

PMID- 26988113
TI  - Interlayer breathing and shear modes in few-layer black phosphorus.
AB  - The interlayer breathing and shear modes in few-layer black phosphorus are
      investigated for their symmetry and lattice dynamical properties. The symmetry
      groups for the even-layer and odd-layer few-layer black phosphorus are utilized
      to determine the irreducible representation and the infrared and Raman activity
      for the interlayer modes. The valence force field model is applied to calculate
      the eigenvectors and frequencies for the interlayer breathing and shear modes,
      which are explained using the atomic chain model. The anisotropic puckered
      configuration for black phosphorus leads to a highly anisotropic frequency for
      the two interlayer shear modes. More specifically, the frequency for the shear
      mode in the direction perpendicular to the pucker is less than half of the shear
      mode in the direction parallel with the pucker. We also report a set of specular
      interlayer modes having the same frequency for all few-layer black phosphorus
      with layer numbers N being a multiple of 3, because these modes manifest
      themselves as collective vibrations of atoms in specific layers. The optical
      activity of the collective modes enables possible experimental identification for
      these modes. 

PMID- 26988114
TI  - When prediction is fulfilled: Insight from emotion processing.
AB  - Research on prediction in language processing has focused predominantly on the
      function of predictive context and less on the potential contribution of the
      predicted word. The present study investigated how meaning that is not
      immediately prominent in the contents of predictions but is part of the predicted
      words influences sentence processing. We used emotional meaning to address this
      question. Participants read emotional and neutral words embedded in highly
      predictive and non-predictive sentential contexts, with the two sentential
      contexts rated similarly for their emotional ratings. Event Related Potential
      (ERP) effects of prediction and emotion both started at ~200ms. Confirmed
      predictions elicited larger P200s than violated predictions when the target words
      were non-emotional (neutral), but such an effect was absent when the target words
      were emotional. Likewise, emotional words elicited larger P200s than neutral
      words when the target words were non-predictive, but such effect were absent when
      the contexts were predictive. We conjecture that the prediction and emotion
      effects at ~200ms may share similar neural process(es). We suggest that such
      process(es) could be affective, where confirmed predictions and word emotion give
      rise to 'aha' or rewarding feelings, and/or cognitive, where both prediction and
      word emotion quickly engage attention.

PMID- 26988115
TI  - Does a single neurostimulation session really affect mood in healthy individuals?
      A systematic review.
AB  - Non-invasive neurostimulation or neuromodulation techniques such as repetitive
      transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current
      stimulation (tDCS) were welcomed as promising tools for investigating cognitive
      and mood processes in healthy participants as well as in patients suffering from
      neuropsychiatric conditions. Due to their rather easy application, both
      modalities have been used to experimentally examine prefrontal cognitive and
      emotional control. However, it remains unclear whether a single session of such
      stimulation may affect the mood of participants in a healthy state. We provide a
      systematic review of studies reporting the effects of a single session of rTMS or
      tDCS (...-2014) on self-reported mood in healthy participants. Although early
      studies reported significant effects on self-reported mood in healthy
      participants, more recent work investigating mood effects after a single
      rTMS/tDCS session has failed to find any significant changes in self-reported
      mood. Therefore it appears that a single session of rTMS/tDCS has no impact on
      mood in the healthy state.

PMID- 26988112
TI  - Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men
      Study (MrOS).
AB  - Almost 30% of hip fractures occur in men; the mortality, morbidity, and loss of
      independence after hip fractures are greater in men than in women. To
      comprehensively evaluate risk factors for hip fracture in older men, we performed
      a prospective study of 5994 men, primarily white, age 65+ years recruited at six
      US clinical centers. During a mean of 8.6 years of 97% complete follow-up, 178
      men experienced incident hip fractures. Information on risk factors including
      femoral neck bone mineral density (FNBMD) was obtained at the baseline visit. Cox
      proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95%
      confidence intervals; Fine and Gray models adjusted for competing mortality risk.
      Older age (>=75 years), low FNBMD, currently smoking, greater height and height
      loss since age 25 years, history of fracture, use of tricyclic antidepressants,
      history of myocardial infarction or angina, hyperthyroidism or Parkinson's
      disease, lower protein intake, and lower executive function were all associated
      with an increased hip fracture risk. Further adjustment for competing mortality
      attenuated HR for smoking, hyperthyroidism, and Parkinson's disease. The
      incidence rate of hip fracture per 1000 person-years (PY) was greatest in men
      with FNBMD T-scores <-2.5 (white women reference database) who also had 4+ risk
      factors, 33.4. Men age >=80 years with 3+ major comorbidities experienced hip
      fracture at rates of 14.52 versus 0.88 per 1000 PY in men age <70 years with zero
      comorbidities. Older men with low FNBMD, multiple risk factors, and
      multimorbidity have a high risk of hip fracture. Many of these assessments can
      easily be incorporated into routine clinical practice and may lead to improved
      risk stratification. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 26988116
TI  - Intra-hemispheric intrinsic connectivity asymmetry and its relationships with
      handedness and language Lateralization.
AB  - Asymmetry in intra-hemispheric intrinsic connectivity, and its association with
      handedness and hemispheric dominance for language, were investigated in a sample
      of 290 healthy volunteers enriched in left-handers (52.7%). From the resting
      state FMRI data of each participant, we derived an intra-hemispheric intrinsic
      connectivity asymmetry (HICA) matrix as the difference between the left and right
      intra-hemispheric matrices of intrinsic correlation computed for each pair of the
      AICHA atlas ROIs. We defined a similarity measure between the HICA matrices of
      two individuals as the correlation coefficient of their corresponding elements,
      and computed for each individual an index of intra-hemispheric intrinsic
      connectivity asymmetry as the average similarity measure of his HICA matrix to
      those of the other subjects of the sample (HICAs). Gaussian-mixture modeling of
      the age-corrected HICAs sample distribution revealed that two types of HICA
      patterns were present, one (Typical_HICA) including 92.4% of the participants
      while the other (Atypical_HICA) included only 7.6% of them, mostly left-handers.
      In addition, we investigated the relationship between asymmetry in intra
      hemispheric intrinsic connectivity and language hemispheric dominance, including
      a potential effect of handedness on this relationship, thanks to an FMRI
      acquisition during language production from which an hemispheric functional
      lateralization index for language (HFLI) and a type of hemispheric dominance for
      language, namely leftward, ambilateral, or rightward, were derived for each
      individual. There was a significant association between the types of language
      hemispheric dominance and of intra-hemispheric intrinsic connectivity asymmetry,
      occurrence of Atypical_HICAs individuals being very high in the group of
      individuals rightward-lateralized for language (80%), reduced in the ambilateral
      group (19%) and rare in individuals leftward-lateralized for language (less than
      3%). Quantitatively, we found a significant positive linear relationship between
      the HICAs and HFLI indices, with an effect of handedness on the intercept but not
      on the slope of this relationship. These findings demonstrate that handedness and
      hemispheric dominance for language are significantly but independently associated
      with the asymmetry of intra-hemispheric intrinsic connectivity. These findings
      suggest that asymmetry in intra-hemispheric connectivity is a variable phenotype
      shaped in part by hemispheric lateralization for language, but possibly also
      depending on other lateralized functions.

PMID- 26988117
TI  - Slow cycling cells in the continuous dental lamina of Scyliorhinus canicula: new
      evidence for stem cells in sharks.
AB  - In the lesser spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), as in most non-mammalian
      vertebrates, the dentition renews throughout life. To contribute to our
      understanding of how continuous tooth replacement is achieved, we searched for
      evidence for the presence of stem cells in this species. Three-dimensional
      reconstructions of juvenile (2-3 weeks post-hatch) specimens showed that tooth
      families merge imperceptibly with so-called interdental zones within a continuous
      and permanent dental lamina. Interdental regions are composed of three layers,
      continuous with cervical loop, middle, and outer dental epithelium of the tooth
      families, respectively. A BrdU pulse-chase experiment revealed that cell
      proliferation is initiated in the lingual part of the dental lamina and the
      resulting population shifts one tooth position towards the oral epithelium in
      around four to five weeks. In the longest chase time (114 days) label-retaining
      and arguably non-differentiated cells were present at the lingual border of the
      dental lamina. These were found in the outer and middle dental epithelium, both
      within and between tooth families. This area of the dental lamina did not show
      expression or distribution of Sox2. Our data support the hypothesis that stem
      cells reside at the lingual border of the continuous dental lamina, more
      specifically in the middle dental epithelium at the level of the tooth families,
      and in its extension between the tooth families. To demonstrate their true
      stemness and their role in continuous tooth replacement, it remains to be shown
      that these cells have the potential to give rise to a complete new successor. 

PMID- 26988121
TI  - The impact of thyroid abnormalities during pregnancy on subsequent
      neuropsychological development of the offspring: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between specific thyroid abnormalities
      in women during pregnancy and the subsequent neuropsychological development of
      their offspring. METHODS: A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase and
      Web of Science was conducted. Eligible studies were case-control or cohort study
      that explored this association with euthyroid thyroid abnormalities during
      pregnancy. The outcomes included intelligence scores and motor scores. Weighted
      mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and
      heterogeneity was assessed with Cochrane Q chi-square test and I(2) statistics. A
      fixed-effects or random-effects model was used to pool the estimates according to
      the heterogeneity among the included studies. RESULTS: Six studies, involving
      4449 participants, were included. Children of women with thyroid abnormalities
      had mean intelligence score of 6.27 points and motor score of 5.99 points lower
      than that of children of euthyroid women. Subgroup analysis suggested that,
      children of women with hypothyroxinaemia, subclinical hypothyroidism and positive
      TPOAb had mean intelligence scores of 5.69 points, 8.76 points and 10.55 points,
      and mean motor scores of 4.19 points, 9.98 points and 9.03 points lower than
      those of the controls, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The thyroid abnormalities in
      pregnant women may adversely affect neuropsychological development of their
      offspring.

PMID- 26988120
TI  - Epicardium is required for cardiac seeding by yolk sac macrophages, precursors of
      resident macrophages of the adult heart.
AB  - A subset of macrophages that reside in adult tissues originate from the fetal
      yolk sac, while others derive from circulating monocytes. These ontologically
      different macrophage subsets have distinct roles in tissue injury responses, with
      the embryonic population overall having beneficial activity in cardiac repair.
      Here we show that fetal yolk macrophages are recruited to a niche within and just
      below the epicardium, the mesothelial covering of the heart. The epicardium was
      required for establishment of yolk sac macrophages in this region of the fetal
      heart, and this function of epicardium depended on its expression of the
      transcription factor WT1. Thus, tissue-specific cues and transcriptional programs
      recruit or retain embryonic macrophages in their final abodes, where they help to
      shape organ homeostasis and injury responses.

PMID- 26988118
TI  - In vivo time-lapse imaging reveals extensive neural crest and endothelial cell
      interactions during neural crest migration and formation of the dorsal root and
      sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - During amniote embryogenesis the nervous and vascular systems interact in a
      process that significantly affects the respective morphogenesis of each network
      by forming a "neurovascular" link. The importance of neurovascular cross-talk in
      the central nervous system has recently come into focus with the growing
      awareness that these two systems interact extensively both during development, in
      the stem-cell niche, and in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's
      Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. With respect to the peripheral nervous
      system, however, there have been no live, real-time investigations of the
      potential relationship between these two developing systems. To address this
      deficit, we used multispectral 4D time-lapse imaging in a transgenic quail model
      in which endothelial cells (ECs) express a yellow fluorescent marker, while
      neural crest cells (NCCs) express an electroporated red fluorescent marker. We
      monitored EC and NCC migration in real-time during formation of the peripheral
      nervous system. Our time-lapse recordings indicate that NCCs and ECs are
      physically juxtaposed and dynamically interact at multiple locations along their
      trajectories. These interactions are stereotypical and occur at precise
      anatomical locations along the NCC migratory pathway. NCCs migrate alongside the
      posterior surface of developing intersomitic vessels, but fail to cross these
      continuous streams of motile ECs. NCCs change their morphology and migration
      trajectory when they encounter gaps in the developing vasculature. Within the
      nascent dorsal root ganglion, proximity to ECs causes filopodial retraction which
      curtails forward persistence of NCC motility. Overall, our time-lapse recordings
      support the conclusion that primary vascular networks substantially influence the
      distribution and migratory behavior of NCCs and the patterned formation of dorsal
      root and sympathetic ganglia. 

PMID- 26988119
TI  - A cellular and molecular mosaic establishes growth and differentiation states for
      cranial sensory neurons.
AB  - We compared apparent origins, cellular diversity and regulation of initial axon
      growth for differentiating cranial sensory neurons. We assessed the molecular and
      cellular composition of the developing olfactory and otic placodes, and cranial
      sensory ganglia to evaluate contributions of ectodermal placode versus neural
      crest at each site. Special sensory neuron populations-the olfactory and otic
      placodes, as well as those in vestibulo-acoustic ganglion- are entirely populated
      with cells expressing cranial placode-associated, rather than neural crest
      associated markers. The remaining cranial sensory ganglia are a mosaic of cells
      that express placode-associated as well as neural crest-associated markers. We
      found two distinct populations of neural crest in the cranial ganglia: the first,
      as expected, is labeled by Wnt1:Cre mediated recombination. The second is not
      labeled by Wnt1:Cre recombination, and expresses both Sox10 and FoxD3. These
      populations-Wnt1:Cre recombined, and Sox10/Foxd3-expressing- are proliferatively
      distinct from one another. Together, the two neural crest-associated populations
      are substantially more proliferative than their placode-associated counterparts.
      Nevertheless, the apparently placode- and neural crest-associated populations are
      similarly sensitive to altered signaling that compromises cranial morphogenesis
      and differentiation. Acute disruption of either Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) or
      Retinoic acid (RA) signaling alters axon growth and cell death, but does not
      preferentially target any of the three distinct populations. Apparently, mosaic
      derivation and diversity of precursors and early differentiating neurons,
      modulated uniformly by local signals, supports early cranial sensory neuron
      differentiation and growth.

PMID- 26988122
TI  - Immune responses induced by recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the spike
      protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in pigs.
AB  - Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets,
      results in enormous economic loss in swine-producing areas of the world. To
      develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of TGE, we
      have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis CotGSG)
      displaying the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) protein and
      discussed its immune function to intestinal submucosal dendritic cells (DCs). Our
      results showed that the recombinant B. subtilis had the ability to recruit more
      DCs to sample B. subtilis CotGSG, migrate to MLNs, and induce immune responses.
      Immunized piglets with B. subtilis CotGSG could significantly elevate the
      specific SIgA titers in feces, IgG titers and neutralizing antibodies in serum.
      Collectively, our results suggested that recombinant B. subtilis CotGSG
      expressing the TGEV S protein could effectively induce immune responses via DCs,
      and provided a perspective on potential novel strategy and approach that may be
      applicable to the development of the next generation of TGEV vaccines.

PMID- 26988123
TI  - Hand hygiene compliance: are we kidding ourselves?

PMID- 26988124
TI  - Preferred Barefoot Step Frequency is Influenced by Factors Beyond Minimizing
      Metabolic Rate.
AB  - Humans tend to increase their step frequency in barefoot walking, as compared to
      shod walking at the same speed. Based on prior studies and the energy
      minimization hypothesis we predicted that people make this adjustment to minimize
      metabolic cost. We performed an experiment quantifying barefoot walking metabolic
      rate at different step frequencies, specifically comparing preferred barefoot to
      preferred shod step frequency. We found that subjects increased their preferred
      frequency when walking barefoot at 1.4 m/s (~123 vs. ~117 steps/min shod, P = 2e
      5). However, average barefoot walking metabolic rates at the preferred barefoot
      and shod step frequencies were not significantly different (P = 0.40). Instead,
      we observed subject-specific trends: five subjects consistently reduced (-8%
      average), and three subjects consistently increased (+10% average) their
      metabolic rate at preferred barefoot vs. preferred shod frequency. Thus, it does
      not appear that people ubiquitously select a barefoot step frequency that
      minimizes metabolic rate. We concluded that preferred barefoot step frequency is
      influenced by factors beyond minimizing metabolic rate, such as shoe properties
      and/or perceived comfort. Our results highlight the subject-specific nature of
      locomotor adaptations and how averaging data across subjects may obscure
      meaningful trends. Alternative experimental designs may be needed to better
      understand individual adaptations.

PMID- 26988125
TI  - Cdon, a cell surface protein, mediates oligodendrocyte differentiation and
      myelination.
AB  - During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs)
      establish multiple branched processes and axonal contacts to initiate
      myelination. A complete understanding of the molecular signals implicated in cell
      surface interaction to initiate myelination/remyelination is currently lacking.
      The objective of our study was to assess whether Cdon, a cell surface protein
      that was shown to participate in muscle and neuron cell development, is involved
      in oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and myelination. Here, we demonstrate
      that endogenous Cdon protein is expressed in OLPs, increasing in the early
      differentiation stages and decreasing in mature OLGs. Immunocytochemistry of
      endogenous Cdon showed localization on both OLG cell membranes and cellular
      processes exhibiting puncta- or varicosity-like structures. Cdon knockdown with
      siRNA decreased protein levels by 62% as well as two myelin-specific proteins,
      MBP and MAG. Conversely, overexpression of full-length rat Cdon increased myelin
      proteins in OLGs. The complexity of OLGs branching and contact point numbers with
      axons were also increased in Cdon overexpressing cells growing alone or in
      coculture with dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). Furthermore, myelination of
      DRGNs was decreased when OLPs were transfected with Cdon siRNA. Altogether, our
      results suggest that Cdon participates in OLG differentiation and myelination,
      most likely in the initial stages of development.

PMID- 26988128
TI  - "Smart" RCTs: Development of a Smartphone App for Fully Automated Nutrition
      Labeling Intervention Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is substantial interest in the effects of nutrition labels on
      consumer food-purchasing behavior. However, conducting randomized controlled
      trials on the impact of nutrition labels in the real world presents a significant
      challenge. OBJECTIVE: The Food Label Trial (FLT) smartphone app was developed to
      enable conducting fully automated trials, delivering intervention remotely, and
      collecting individual-level data on food purchases for two nutrition-labeling
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in New Zealand and Australia. METHODS: Two
      versions of the smartphone app were developed: one for a 5-arm trial (Australian)
      and the other for a 3-arm trial (New Zealand). The RCT protocols guided
      requirements for app functionality, that is, obtaining informed consent, two
      stage eligibility check, questionnaire administration, randomization,
      intervention delivery, and outcome assessment. Intervention delivery (nutrition
      labels) and outcome data collection (individual shopping data) used the
      smartphone camera technology, where a barcode scanner was used to identify a
      packaged food and link it with its corresponding match in a food composition
      database. Scanned products were either recorded in an electronic list (data
      collection mode) or allocated a nutrition label on screen if matched successfully
      with an existing product in the database (intervention delivery mode). All
      recorded data were transmitted to the RCT database hosted on a server. RESULTS:
      In total approximately 4000 users have downloaded the FLT app to date; 606
      (Australia) and 1470 (New Zealand) users met the eligibility criteria and were
      randomized. Individual shopping data collected by participants currently comprise
      more than 96,000 (Australia) and 229,000 (New Zealand) packaged food and beverage
      products. CONCLUSIONS: The FLT app is one of the first smartphone apps to enable
      conducting fully automated RCTs. Preliminary app usage statistics demonstrate
      large potential of such technology, both for intervention delivery and data
      collection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
      ACTRN12614000964617. New Zealand trial: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials
      Registry ACTRN12614000644662.

PMID- 26988126
TI  - Structural and functional assessment of APOBEC3G macromolecular complexes.
AB  - There are eleven members in the human APOBEC family of proteins that are
      evolutionarily related through their zinc-dependent cytidine deaminase domains.
      The human APOBEC gene clusters arose on chromosome 6 and 22 through gene
      duplication and divergence to where current day APOBEC proteins are functionally
      diverse and broadly expressed in tissues. APOBEC serve enzymatic and non
      enzymatic functions in cells. In both cases, formation of higher-order structures
      driven by APOBEC protein-protein interactions and binding to RNA and/or single
      stranded DNA are integral to their function. In some circumstances, these
      interactions are regulatory and modulate APOBEC activities. We are just beginning
      to understand how macromolecular interactions drive processes such as APOBEC
      subcellular compartmentalization, formation of holoenzyme complexes, gene
      targeting, foreign DNA restriction, anti-retroviral activity, formation of
      ribonucleoprotein particles and APOBEC degradation. Protein-protein and protein
      nucleic acid cross-linking methods coupled with mass spectrometry,
      electrophoretic mobility shift assays, glycerol gradient sedimentation,
      fluorescence anisotropy and APOBEC deaminase assays are enabling mapping of
      interacting surfaces that are essential for these functions. The goal of this
      methods review is through example of our research on APOBEC3G, describe the
      application of cross-linking methods to characterize and quantify macromolecular
      interactions and their functional implications. Given the homology in structure
      and function, it is proposed that these methods will be generally applicable to
      the discovery process for other APOBEC and RNA and DNA editing and modifying
      proteins.

PMID- 26988129
TI  - Platelet-rich plasma as a novel treatment for lichen planopillaris.
AB  - Treatment of lichen planopillaris (LPP) remains a significant challenge due to
      the irreversible damage inflicted on hair follicles combined with the low
      efficacy of existing treatments. We hypothesized that growth factors released by
      the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) may arrest the development of LPP. To test
      our hypothesis, we treated an LPP patient that has failed previous treatments
      with a new PRP regimen. Following PRP treatment and six months follow-up, the
      patient experienced complete regression of itching and hair shedding. To the best
      of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of LPP with a
      PRP regimen. 

PMID- 26988131
TI  - A pillared-layer framework with high uptake and selective sorption of light
      hydrocarbons.
AB  - A new pillared-layer metal-organic framework [Zn2(NH2-BTB)(2-nim)] () was
      successfully synthesized based on mixed ligands, where binuclear [Zn2(CO2)3](+)
      cluster-based cationic layers [Zn2(NH2-BTB)](+) (NH2-H3BTB = 1,3,5-(three-benzoic
      acid)aniline) are connected by 2-nitroimidazoles. Compound shows high uptake and
      good adsorption selectivities for C3/C1 and C2/C1. Particularly, the C2H2 uptake
      capacity of is up to 152 cm(3) g(-1) at 273 K and the selectivity for C3H8/CH4 is
      over 85 at room temperature. 

PMID- 26988130
TI  - Investigational therapies for Ewing sarcoma: a search without a clear finding.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are a group of aggressive
      diseases, characterized histologically by small, round, blue cells and
      genetically by translocation involving EWS and ETS partner genes. The current
      treatment of localized Ewing sarcoma (ES) requires a multi-disciplinary approach,
      including multidrug chemotherapy, administrated before and after local treatment,
      surgery and radiation therapy. Unfortunately, the cure rate of metastatic or
      refractory/recurrent disease is still very poor. AREAS COVERED: In this review,
      the authors summarize the new types of therapy and strategies aimed to improve
      the prognosis or cure ES. Herein, the authors discuss several preclinical and
      phase I-II studies with new-targeted therapies. The most studied therapies are
      insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) inhibitors but have limited efficacy.
      Other strategies include Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibition, poly
      ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition, vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) inhibition, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and telomerase inhibitors, all with
      limited effectiveness. EXPERT OPINION: Future treatment strategies should combine
      one or more targeted therapies with conventional chemotherapy. Some combined
      modality treatments are under clinical study. However, treatment breakthroughs
      are still needed to improve the relatively poor prognosis of recurrent/metastatic
      ESFT.

PMID- 26988127
TI  - Refinement of atomic models in high resolution EM reconstructions using Flex-EM
      and local assessment.
AB  - As the resolutions of Three Dimensional Electron Microscopic reconstructions of
      biological macromolecules are being improved, there is a need for better fitting
      and refinement methods at high resolutions and robust approaches for model
      assessment. Flex-EM/MODELLER has been used for flexible fitting of atomic models
      in intermediate-to-low resolution density maps of different biological systems.
      Here, we demonstrate the suitability of the method to successfully refine
      structures at higher resolutions (2.5-4.5A) using both simulated and experimental
      data, including a newly processed map of Apo-GroEL. A hierarchical refinement
      protocol was adopted where the rigid body definitions are relaxed and atom
      displacement steps are reduced progressively at successive stages of refinement.
      For the assessment of local fit, we used the SMOC (segment-based Manders' overlap
      coefficient) score, while the model quality was checked using the Qmean score.
      Comparison of SMOC profiles at different stages of refinement helped in detecting
      regions that are poorly fitted. We also show how initial model errors can have
      significant impact on the goodness-of-fit. Finally, we discuss the implementation
      of Flex-EM in the CCP-EM software suite.

PMID- 26988133
TI  - Spontaneous Regression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-a Case Report.

PMID- 26988134
TI  - Acceptance and Body Dissatisfaction: Examining the Efficacy of a Brief Acceptance
      Based Intervention for Body Dissatisfaction in College Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction among college women is concerning given its high
      prevalence and associated negative consequences. While cognitive-behavioral
      approaches to reducing body dissatisfaction have considerable support, it may be
      beneficial to target the problematic relationship that some individuals have with
      their internal experiences. AIMS: To examine the relative efficacy of an
      acceptance-based compared to a cognitive restructuring approach to targeting body
      dissatisfaction. METHOD: College women were randomly assigned to an acceptance (n
      = 21), cognitive restructuring (n = 21) or a neutral comparison condition (n =
      24). Participants completed a body dissatisfaction challenge postintervention and
      their dissatisfaction, distress about body-related thoughts and emotions, and the
      extent they felt defined by their outward appearance were measured. RESULTS: Both
      approaches provided a protective effect against decreases in body satisfaction
      and related feelings. CONCLUSION: Acceptance and CBT approaches to treating body
      dissatisfaction are worthy of future investigation.

PMID- 26988132
TI  - 2-phenylethynesulphonamide (PFT-MU) enhances the anticancer effect of the novel
      hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in melanoma, by reducing GSH levels.
AB  - Heat shock proteins (HSPs), are molecular chaperones that assist the proper
      folding of nascent proteins. This study aims to evaluate the antitumour effects
      of the hsp90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 in melanoma, both in vitro and in vivo. Our
      results show that NVP-AUY922 inhibits melanoma cell growth in vitro, with down
      regulation of multiple signalling pathways involved in melanoma progression such
      as NF-KB and MAPK/ERK. However, NVP-AUY922 was unable to limit tumour growth in
      vivo. Cotreatment of A375M xenografts with NVP-AUY922 and PFT-MU, a dual
      inhibitor of both hsp70 and autophagy, induced a synergistic increase of cell
      death in vitro, and delayed tumour formation in A375M xenografts. PFT-MU depleted
      cells from the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and increased oxidative stress.
      The oxidative stress induced by PFT-MU further enhanced NVP-AUY922-induced
      cytotoxic effects. These data suggest a potential therapeutic role for NVP-AUY922
      used in combination with PFT-MU, in melanoma.

PMID- 26988135
TI  - Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and its drivers during anaerobic co-digestion
      of food waste and sewage sludge based on microwave pretreatment.
AB  - In this study, anaerobic digestion of mono-SS, MW-SS:FW and SS:MW-FW was
      investigated to understand the fate of ARGs and its drivers. Anaerobic digestion
      was effective for the reduction of metal resistance genes (MRGs), and could
      reduce the abundance of blaOXA-1, sulI and tetG, while sulII in co-digestion and
      blaTEM and ereA only in MW-SS. ARGs reduction could be partly attributed to the
      reduction of co-selective pressure from heavy metals reflected by MRGs. However,
      the abundance of mefA/E, ermB, ermF, tetM and tetX increased significantly.
      Anaerobic co-digestion, especially for MW-SS, could reduce total ARGs abundance
      compared with mono-SS, and evolution of bacterial community was the main driver
      for the fate of ARGs. 

PMID- 26988136
TI  - A new Burgess Shale-type deposit from the Ediacaran of western Mongolia.
AB  - Preservation of soft-bodied organisms is exceedingly rare in the fossil record.
      One way that such fossils are preserved is as carbonaceous compressions in fined
      grained marine sedimentary rocks. These deposits of exceptional preservation are
      known as Burgess Shale-type (BST) deposits. During the Cambrian Period, BST
      deposits are more common and provide a crucial view of early animal evolution.
      The earliest definitive fossil evidence for macroscopic animal-grade organisms is
      found in the preceding Ediacaran Period. BST deposits from the Ediacaran are
      rarer and lack conclusive evidence for animals. Here we report the discovery of a
      new Ediacaran BST deposit with exceptional preservation of non-mineralizing macro
      organisms in thinly bedded black shale from Zavkhan Province, western Mongolia.
      This fossil assemblage, here named the Zuun-Arts biota, currently consists of two
      new species of probable macroscopic multicellular benthic algae. One species,
      Chinggiskhaania bifurcata n. gen., n. sp., dominates the biota. The other
      species, Zuunartsphyton delicatum n. gen., n. sp., is known from three specimens.
      SEM-EDS analysis shows that the fossils are composed of aluminosilicate clay
      minerals and some carbon, a composition comparable to fossils from the Cambrian
      Burgess Shale biota. This discovery opens a new window through which to view late
      Precambrian life. 

PMID- 26988137
TI  - Banff Borderline Changes Suspicious for Acute T Cell-Mediated Rejection: Where Do
      We Stand?
AB  - The definition of Banff Borderline became ambiguous when the Banff 2005 consensus
      modified the lower threshold from i1t1 (10-25% interstitial inflammation with
      mild tubulitis) to i0t1 (0-10% interstitial inflammation with mild tubulitis). We
      conducted a worldwide survey among members of the Renal Pathology Society about
      their approach to this diagnostic category. A web-based survey was sent out to
      all 503 current members (153 respondents). A database search yielded which
      threshold for Banff i was applied in the most influential manuscripts about
      Borderline. Among the 139 nephropathologists using the Borderline category, 67%
      use the Banff 1997 definition, requiring Banff i1. Thirty-seven percent admitted
      to sometimes exaggerating Banff i in the presence of tubulitis, to reach a
      diagnosis of Borderline. Forty-eight percent were dissatisfied with the
      definition of Borderline. The majority of the most influential manuscripts used
      the 1997 definition, contrary to the current one. There is considerable
      dissatisfaction with Borderline, and practice in Banff i thresholds is variable.
      Until additional studies inform a revision, we suggest leaving it to each
      pathologist's discretion whether to use i0 or i1 as the minimal threshold. In
      order to avoid future ambiguity, a web-based synopsis of all scattered current
      Banff definitions and rules should be created.

PMID- 26988138
TI  - Bubble Stripping as a Tool To Reduce High Dissolved CO2 in Coastal Marine
      Ecosystems.
AB  - High dissolved CO2 concentrations in coastal ecosystems are a common occurrence
      due to a combination of large ecosystem metabolism, shallow water, and long
      residence times. Many important coastal species may have adapted to this natural
      variability over time, but eutrophication and ocean acidification may be
      perturbing the water chemistry beyond the bounds of tolerance for these
      organisms. We are currently limited in our ability to deal with the geochemical
      changes unfolding in our coastal ocean. This study helps to address this deficit
      of solutions by introducing bubble stripping as a novel geochemical engineering
      approach to reducing high CO2 in coastal marine ecosystems. We use a process
      based model to find that air/sea gas exchange rates within a bubbled system are 1
      2 orders of magnitude higher than within a nonbubbled system. By coupling
      bubbling-enhanced ventilation to a coastal ecosystem metabolism model, we
      demonstrate that strategically timed bubble plumes can mitigate exposure to high
      CO2 under present-day conditions and that exposure mitigation is enhanced in the
      more acidic conditions predicted by the end of the century. We argue that shallow
      water CO2 bubble stripping should be considered among the growing list of
      engineering approaches intended to increase coastal resilience in a changing
      ocean. 

PMID- 26988139
TI  - Versatile protein tagging in cells with split fluorescent protein.
AB  - In addition to the popular method of fluorescent protein fusion, live cell
      protein imaging has now seen more and more application of epitope tags. The small
      size of these tags may reduce functional perturbation and enable signal
      amplification. To address their background issue, we adapt self-complementing
      split fluorescent proteins as epitope tags for live cell protein labelling. The
      two tags, GFP11 and sfCherry11 are derived from the eleventh beta-strand of super
      folder GFP and sfCherry, respectively. The small size of FP11-tags enables a cost
      effective and scalable way to insert them into endogenous genomic loci via CRISPR
      mediated homology-directed repair. Tandem arrangement FP11-tags allows
      proportional enhancement of fluorescence signal in tracking intraflagellar
      transport particles, or reduction of photobleaching for live microtubule imaging.
      Finally, we show the utility of tandem GFP11-tag in scaffolding protein
      oligomerization. These experiments illustrate the versatility of FP11-tag as a
      labelling tool as well as a multimerization-control tool for both imaging and non
      imaging applications. 

PMID- 26988141
TI  - Kilohertz Pulsed-Laser-Polymerization: Simultaneous Determination of Backbiting,
      Secondary, and Tertiary Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients for tert-Butyl
      Acrylate.
AB  - For the first time, a 1000 Hz pulse laser has been applied to determine detailed
      kinetic rate coefficients from pulsed laser polymerization-size exclusion
      chromatography experiments. For the monomer tert-butyl acrylate, apparent
      propagation rate coefficients kp (app) have been determined in the temperature
      range of 0-80  degrees C. kp (app) in the range of few hundreds to close to 50
      000 L.mol(-1) .s(-1) are determined for low and high pulse frequencies,
      respectively. The apparent propagation coefficients show a distinct pulse
      frequency dependency, which follows an S-shape curve. From these curves, rate
      coefficients for secondary radial propagation (kp (SPR) ), backbiting (kbb ),
      midchain radical propagation (kp (tert) ), and the (residual) effective
      propagation rate (kp (eff) ) can be deduced via a herein proposed simple Predici
      fitting procedure. For kp (SPR) , the activation energy is determined to be (17.9
      +/- 0.6) kJ.mol(-1) in excellent agreement with literature data. For kbb , an
      activation energy of (25.9 +/- 2.2) kJ.mol(-1) is deduced. 

PMID- 26988140
TI  - Sox2 in the differentiation of cochlear progenitor cells.
AB  - HMG domain transcription factor, Sox2, is a critical gene for the development of
      cochlear hair cells, the receptor cells for hearing, but this has been ascribed
      to expansion of the progenitors that become hair cells. Here, we show that Sox2
      activated Atoh1, a transcription factor important for hair cell differentiation,
      through an interaction with the 3' enhancer of Atoh1. Binding to consensus
      sequences in the Atoh1 enhancer was dependent on the level of Sox2, and the
      extent of enhancer binding correlated to the extent of activation. Atoh1
      activation by Sox2 was required for embryonic hair cell development: deletion of
      Sox2 in an inducible mutant, even after progenitor cells were fully established,
      halted development of hair cells, and silencing also inhibited postnatal
      differentiation of hair cells induced by inhibition of gamma-secretase. Sox2 is
      thus required in the cochlea to both expand the progenitor cells and initiate
      their differentiation to hair cells. 

PMID- 26988142
TI  - [Epidemiology of oral diseases in a university hospital specialized
      consultation].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oral diseases (OD) are common and affect, according to studies, 2.5
      to 61.6% of general population. The main objective of our study was to determine
      the most common diagnoses of OD in a dedicated consultation in a University
      Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a descriptive observational study
      over 12 months from weekly OD consultations provided within the oral and
      maxillofacial surgery department at the Timone university hospital, Marseille,
      France. We divided our patient population into 4 subgroups: subgroup A, in which
      each patient was considered as a new one for each consultation; subgroup B, in
      which each patient was only considered once; subgroup C, including patients seen
      three times at least and subgroup D, including the children. At each
      consultation, were identified: age, sex, alcohol and tobacco consumption,
      corresponding physician specialty, time between onset of symptoms and
      consultation, reason for consultation and final diagnosis. RESULTS: Subgroups A,
      B, C and D respectively included 393, 208, 23 and 11 cases. Age and sex were
      similar in the subgroups A, B and C (mean age: 53.6, 54.3 and 51.4 years,
      respectively; female predominance: 62.9%, 66.8% and 65.2%, respectively). The
      most commonly encountered diagnoses were similar in the subgroups A and B: oral
      lichen planus (19.6% and 19.2%), aphthous stomatitis (11.5 and 7.2%), burning
      mouth syndrome (11.5 and 14.9%). In subgroup C, were found: oral lichen planus
      (34.8%), aphthous stomatitis (21.7%), cicatricial pemphigoid (13%) and pemphigus
      (13%). In the subgroup D, the most common diagnoses were aphthous stomatitis
      (45.5%) and traumatic injury (18.2%). The mean time before diagnosis was about 2
      years. DISCUSSION: The most common diagnoses in a specialized OD consultation
      are: lichen planus, aphthous stomatitis and burning mouth syndrome. The time
      before diagnosis could be improved by means of more information for practitioners
      and patients.

PMID- 26988145
TI  - Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation of trifluoromethyl group
      substituted racemic and acyclic unsymmetrical 1,3-disubstituted allylic esters
      with malonate anions.
AB  - We examined the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of trifluoromethyl group
      substituted racemic and acyclic unsymmetrical 1,3-disubstituted allylic benzoate
      with a malonate anion, and succeeded in obtaining an enantiomerically enriched
      product in high yields with high ee values through the dynamic kinetic asymmetric
      transformation (DYKAT). The best result was attained by the
      [Pd(C3H5)(cod)]BF4/(S)-tol-BINAP in the presence of BSA or DMAP as a base. 

PMID- 26988144
TI  - Decreased Cathepsin K Plasma Level may Reflect an Association of
      Osteopoenia/Osteoporosis with Coronary Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery
      Calcification in Male Patients with Stable Angina.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of bone
      turnover markers (BTMs) in male patients with stable angina depending on the bone
      mineral density (BMD), coronary atherosclerosis (CA) and coronary artery
      calcification (CAC). METHODS: We recruited 112 males with verified stable angina.
      All the patients underwent coronary angiography, multislice spiral computed
      tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Plasma levels of BTMs were
      measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Osteopoenia and
      osteoporosis were reported in 90 (80.4%) and 34 (30.4%) patients, respectively.
      Multivessel coronary artery disease, severe CA and CAC, decreased cathepsin K
      plasma level, and increased osteocalcin plasma level were significantly more
      prevalent in patients with osteopoenia/osteoporosis compared to the subjects with
      normal BMD. Patients with severe CA and CAC had significantly reduced cathepsin K
      plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS: We revealed a significant association of
      osteopoenia/osteoporosis with severe CA and CAC in males with stable angina.
      Cathepsin K and osteocalcin plasma levels may be suggested as the significant
      markers of osteopoenia/osteoporosis. In addition, cathepsin K plasma level can be
      also a valuable marker of severe CA and CAC.

PMID- 26988143
TI  - Human adaptation and population differentiation in the light of ancient genomes.
AB  - The influence of positive selection sweeps in human evolution is increasingly
      debated, although our ability to detect them is hampered by inherent
      uncertainties in the timing of past events. Ancient genomes provide snapshots of
      allele frequencies in the past and can help address this question. We combine
      modern and ancient genomic data in a simple statistic (DAnc) to time allele
      frequency changes, and investigate the role of drift and adaptation in population
      differentiation. Only 30% of the most strongly differentiated alleles between
      Africans and Eurasians changed in frequency during the colonization of Eurasia,
      but in Europe these alleles are enriched in genic and putatively functional
      alleles to an extent only compatible with local adaptation. Adaptive alleles-
      especially those associated with pigmentation--are mostly of hunter-gatherer
      origin, although lactose persistence arose in a haplotype present in farmers.
      These results provide evidence for a role of local adaptation in human population
      differentiation.

PMID- 26988147
TI  - Diagnosing and treating HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a global perspective.
AB  - HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is a common complication of HIV and
      remains highly prevalent even with modern HIV management strategies, causing
      debilitating pain in millions globally. We review HIV-SN diagnosis and
      management. We suggest most HIV-SN cases are easily recognized using clinical
      screening tools, with physician assessment and/or specialized testing prioritized
      for atypical cases. Management aims to prevent further nerve damage and optimize
      symptom control. Symptom relief is difficult and rarely complete, with a lack of
      proven pharmacological strategies. Work is needed to clarify optimal use of
      available medications. This includes understanding the marked placebo effect in
      HIV-SN analgesic trials and exploring 'responder phenotypes'. Limited data
      support nondrug strategies including hypnosis, meditation, psychology, physical
      activity and a positive therapeutic relationship. 

PMID- 26988148
TI  - Effects of electrical stimulation at different locations in the central nucleus
      of amygdala on gastric motility and spike activity.
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine the effects of electrical stimulation of
      different locations in the central nucleus of amygdala (CNA) on gastric motility
      and spike activity in dorsal vagal complex. Gastric motility index (GMI) and
      firing rate (FR) of dorsal vagal complex neurons were measured in adult Wistar
      rats respectively. Neuronal spikes in dorsal vagal complex (DVC) were recorded
      extracellularly with single-barrel glass microelectrodes. Each type of responses
      elicited by electrical stimulation in medial (CEM) and lateral (CEL) subdivisions
      of CNA were recorded, respectively. GMI was significantly increased after
      stimulation of CEM (p<0.01), and significantly decreased in response to CEL
      stimulation (p<0.01). After stimulation of CEM, FR in medial nucleus of the
      solitary tract (mNST) decreased by 31.6 % (p<0.01) and that in dorsal motor
      nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) increased by 27.1 % (p<0.01). On the contrary, FR in
      mNST increased (p<0.01) and that in DMNV decreased in response to CEL stimulation
      (p<0.05). In conclusions, our findings indicated that different loci of CNA may
      mediate differential effects on gastric activity via changes in the firing of
      brainstem neurons controlling gut activity.

PMID- 26988146
TI  - Exploring regulatory networks of miR-96 in the developing inner ear.
AB  - Mutations in the microRNA Mir96 cause deafness in mice and humans. In the
      diminuendo mouse, which carries a single base pair change in the seed region of
      miR-96, the sensory hair cells crucial for hearing fail to develop fully and
      retain immature characteristics, suggesting that miR-96 is important for
      coordinating hair cell maturation. Our previous transcriptional analyses show
      that many genes are misregulated in the diminuendo inner ear and we report here
      further misregulated genes. We have chosen three complementary approaches to
      explore potential networks controlled by miR-96 using these transcriptional data.
      Firstly, we used regulatory interactions manually curated from the literature to
      construct a regulatory network incorporating our transcriptional data. Secondly,
      we built a protein-protein interaction network using the InnateDB database.
      Thirdly, gene set enrichment analysis was used to identify gene sets in which the
      misregulated genes are enriched. We have identified several candidates for
      mediating some of the expression changes caused by the diminuendo mutation,
      including Fos, Myc, Trp53 and Nr3c1, and confirmed our prediction that Fos is
      downregulated in diminuendo homozygotes. Understanding the pathways regulated by
      miR-96 could lead to potential therapeutic targets for treating hearing loss due
      to perturbation of any component of the network. 

PMID- 26988149
TI  - Perindoprilat changes ANG (1-9) production in renal arteries isolated from young
      spontaneously hypertensive rats after ANG I incubation.
AB  - We used mass spectrometry to quantitate production of angiotensinogen metabolites
      in renal artery of 3- and 7-month-old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously
      Hypertensive Rats (SHR). Tissue fragments were incubated for 15 min in oxygenated
      buffer, with added angiotensin I. Concentrations of angiotensins I (ANG I), II
      (ANG II), III (ANG III), IV (ANG IV), angiotensin (1-9) [ANG (1-9)], angiotensin
      (1-7) [ANG (1-7)], and angiotensin (1-5) [ANG (1-5)], excreted into the buffer
      during experiment, were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
      (LC/MS) and expressed per mg of dry tissue. Effects of pretreatment with 10
      microM perindoprilat on the production of ANG I metabolites were quantitated.
      Background production of any of ANG I metabolites differed neither between WKY
      and SHR rats nor between 3- and 7-month-old rats. Perindoprilat pretreatment of
      renal arteries resulted, as expected, in decrease of ANG II production. However,
      renal arteries of 7-month-old SHR rats were resistant to ACE inhibitor and did
      not change ANG II production in response to perindoprilat. In renal arteries,
      taken from 3-month-old rats, pretreated with perindoprilat, incubation with ANG
      I, resulted in the level of ANG (1-9) significantly higher in SHR than WKY rats.
      Our conclusion is that in SHR rats, sensitivity of renal artery ACE to
      perindoprilat inhibition changes with age.

PMID- 26988150
TI  - Expression of aquaporin 1 and 5 and their regulation by ovarian hormones,
      arachidonic acid, forskolin and cAMP during implantation in pigs.
AB  - Aquaporin proteins (AQPs) are a family of channels expressed in numerous
      mammalian tissues, where they play a fundamental role in regulating water
      transport across cell membranes. Based on reports that AQPs are present in the
      reproductive system and participate in reproductive processes, our aim was to
      investigate the effect of progesterone (P(4)), estradiol (E(2)), oxytocin (OT),
      arachidonic acid (AA), forskolin (FSK) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
      on AQP1 and AQP5 expression at mRNA and protein levels in porcine uterine
      explants from Days 14-16 of gestation in order to determine if they play a role
      in implantation period in pigs. Quantitative real time PCR and Western-blot
      analysis revealed that the uterine explants treated with FSK and cAMP produce
      delayed, but long-term effects on AQP1 abundance (24 h) while AQP5 had a rapid
      and sustained response to FSK and cAMP in protein content (3 and 24 h). AA
      increases gene and protein content of AQP1 after longer exposition whereas AQP5
      increases after 3 h only at the protein level. Both AQPs potentially remains
      under control of steroid hormones. OT has been shown to increase AQP1, and
      decrease AQP5 mRNA, without visible changes in protein content. P(4), E(2), AA,
      FSK and cAMP caused the appearance of AQP5 expression in the basolateral plasma
      membrane of the epithelial cells. The staining represents most likely AQP5
      functioning mechanism for both absorption and reabsorption across the glandular
      epithelium.

PMID- 26988151
TI  - Perfusion of isolated carotid sinus with hydrogen sulfide attenuated the renal
      sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized male rats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to define the indirect central effect of
      hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) on baroreflex control of sympathetic outflow. Perfusing
      the isolated carotid sinus with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H(2)S donor, the
      effect of H(2)S was measured by recording changes of renal sympathetic nerve
      activity (RSNA) in anesthetized male rats. Perfusion of isolated carotid sinus
      with NaHS (25, 50, 100 micromol/l) dose and time-dependently inhibited
      sympathetic outflow. Preconditioning of glibenclamide (20 micromol/l), a ATP
      sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP)) blocker, the above effect of NaHS was removed.
      With 1, 4-dihydro-2, 6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-[trifluoromethyl] phenyl) pyridine-3
      carboxylic acid methyl ester (Bay K8644, 500 nmol/l) pretreatment, which is an
      agonist of L-calcium channels, the effect of NaHS was eliminated. Perfusion of
      cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) inhibitor, DL-propargylglycine (PPG, 200
      micromol/l), increased sympathetic outflow. The results show that exogenous H(2)S
      in the carotid sinus inhibits sympathetic outflow. The effect of H(2)S is
      attributed to opening K(ATP) channels and closing the L-calcium channels. 

PMID- 26988153
TI  - Characteristic enhancement of blood pressure V-shaped waves in sinoaortic
      denervated rats in a conscious and quiet state.
AB  - A hemodynamic feature of chronic sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) rats is the increase
      in blood pressure variability (BPV) without significant changes in the average
      level of blood pressure (BP). The current study was designed to investigate the
      changes in BP V-shaped waves (V waves) in SAD rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were
      divided into 2 groups: SAD rats and sham-operated rats (n=13). Hemodynamics
      measurements were obtained in conscious, freely moving rats, four weeks after
      sinoaortic denervation or sham operation. V wave indices were evaluated in rats
      in both conscious and quiet states. Additionally, normal and high BPV was
      simulated by the production of V waves with different amplitudes. The results
      showed that the V wave amplitude was dramatically increased, with a significantly
      prolonged duration and reduced frequency in SAD rats. V wave BPV in SAD rats was
      significantly increased, though BP remained unchanged. The twenty-four hour BPV
      in all rats was positively correlated with amplitude, duration time and V wave
      BPV and negatively correlated with frequency. The systolic BP spectral powers in
      the low frequency range (0.38-0.45 Hz) were significantly reduced in the V waves
      of SAD rats. Moreover, there was a remarkable increase in mean BPV and a normal
      mean BP after simulating high BPV in SAD rats. These results suggest that
      enhancement of V waves might be a waveform character of BP in SAD rats in both
      the conscious and quiet states. These types of V waves appear to be related to a
      depression of sympathetic regulation of BP induced by sinoaortic denervation.

PMID- 26988152
TI  - Characterization of acetaminophen toxicity in human kidney HK-2 cells.
AB  - Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes liver injury, but in some cases it is
      associated also with renal impairment. While several studies exist in relation to
      acetaminophen nephrotoxicity, no reports have been published describing
      intracellular changes related to APAP nephrotoxicity in vitro. Because proximal
      tubular cells are considered to constitute a secondary site of drug-induced
      injury after hepatocytes, our study's aim was to estimate the toxicity in the
      human HK-2 cell line. We used a range of APAP concentrations (1-10 mM) to examine
      toxicity in the cells (1-48 h). We evaluated cell viability using the WST-1 and
      LDH tests. Cells impairment was also determined by monitoring ROS production,
      glutathione levels. We proved that HK-2 cells are able to metabolize
      acetaminophen. We observed moderate impairment of cells already after 1 h of
      treatment based on a finding of increased ROS production and decreased cell
      viability. After 24 h, the results showed significant cellular impairment at all
      tested concentrations except for 1 mM APAP, but no glutathione depletion was
      found. We conclude that HK-2 cells are susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity but,
      unlike hepatocytes, it might be not linked to glutathione depletion.

PMID- 26988154
TI  - The influence of the anastomosis angle on the hemodynamics in the distal
      anastomosis in the infrainguinal bypass: an in vitro study.
AB  - The geometric shape of the distal anastomosis in an infrainguinal bypass has an
      influence on its durability. In this article, we compared three different angles
      of the anastomosis with regard to the hemodynamics. Three experimental models of
      the distal infrainguinal anastomosis with angles of 25 degrees , 45 degrees , and
      60 degrees  respectively were constructed according to the similarity theory to
      assess flow in the anastomoses using particle image velocimetry and computational
      fluid dynamics. In the toe, heel, and floor of the anastomosis that correspond to
      the locations worst affected by intimal hyperplasia, adverse blood flow and wall
      shear stress were observed in the 45 degrees  and 60 degrees  models. In the 25
      degrees  model, laminar blood flow was apparent more peripherally from the
      anastomosis. In conclusions, decreasing the distal anastomosis angle in a
      femoropopliteal bypass results in more favorable hemodynamics including the flow
      pattern and wall shear stress in locations susceptible to intimal hyperplasia.

PMID- 26988155
TI  - The molecular mechanisms of calpains action on skeletal muscle atrophy.
AB  - Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with a loss of muscle protein which may
      result from both increased proteolysis and decreased protein synthesis.
      Investigations on cell signaling pathways that regulate muscle atrophy have
      promoted our understanding of this complicated process. Emerging evidence
      implicates that calpains play key roles in dysregulation of proteolysis seen in
      muscle atrophy. Moreover, studies have also shown that abnormally activated
      calpain results muscle atrophy via its downstream effects on ubiquitin-proteasome
      pathway (UPP) and Akt phosphorylation. This review will discuss the role of
      calpains in regulation of skeletal muscle atrophy mainly focusing on its
      collaboration with either UPP or Akt in atrophy conditions in hope to stimulate
      the interest in development of novel therapeutic interventions for skeletal
      muscle atrophy.

PMID- 26988156
TI  - Effect of continuous passive motion initiated after the onset of arthritis on
      inflammation and secondary hyperalgesia in rats.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of continuous passive motion (CPM) initiated
      after the onset of arthritis in rats. Rats were injected with 3 %
      kaolin/carrageenan in the knee joint and randomized to the control,
      immobilization (IM), or CPM group. The knee joints of the IM and CPM groups were
      immobilized with a cast for 56 days. In the CPM group, CPM exercise was
      administered for 60 min/day (6 times/week). Joint transverse diameter and
      pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed as indicators of inflammation, and
      paw withdrawal response (PWR) was assessed as indicator of secondary
      hyperalgesia. Central sensitization was analyzed by measuring calcitonin gene
      related peptide (CGRP) expression levels in the spinal dorsal horn. In the CPM
      group, the PPT was significantly increased compared with the IM group from 14 to
      35 days, and PWR was significantly decreased from 14 to 56 days. Additionally,
      CGRP expression in the super facial layer (I-II) of the spinal dorsal horn (L4-5)
      in the CPM group was significantly decreased compared with the IM group. Our
      study found the CPM initiated after the onset of arthritis promoted the recovery
      of inflammation and mitigated secondary hyperalgesia.

PMID- 26988157
TI  - No change in serum incretins levels but rise of leptin levels after smoking
      cessation: a pilot study.
AB  - The mechanisms behind the changes of body weight after smoking cessation are only
      partially understood. To this end, we explored the possible effects of smoking
      cessation on incretin hormones, leptin and selected anthropometric, biochemical
      and other hormonal parameters. Twenty-two non-obese male adult smokers attending
      an ambulatory smoking cessation program in Prague, Czech Republic, were examined
      at the baseline. Thirteen patients (mean age 37.92+/-2.66 years, mean body mass
      index 25.56+/-0.69 kg/m(2)) successfully quit smoking and were examined three
      months after smoking cessation; relapsed smokers were not followed up. The
      patients underwent 2-h liquid meal test with Fresubin and repeated blood sampling
      for measurements of blood glucose, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon
      like peptide 1 (GLP-1), amylin, insulin, leptin, peptide-YY (PYY) and pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP). Three months after smoking cessation, body weight increased
      (4.35+/-3.32 kg, p<0.001). Leptin levels increased significantly in all repeated
      samples, while levels of GIP, GLP-1, amylin, insulin, PYY and PP remained
      unchanged. In conclusions, smoking cessation increased leptin levels probably
      owing to weight gain while it did not influence incretin levels.

PMID- 26988159
TI  - Predicting blood flow responses to rhythmic handgrip exercise from one second
      isometric contractions.
AB  - The aim of this work was to predict blood flow responses to rhythmic handgrip
      exercise from one second isometric contractions. Seven healthy men were studied.
      Each subject performed a single 1 s handgrip contraction at 10 %, 20 % and 40 %
      of the maximum handgrip strength. We then repeatedly summed hyperaemic responses
      from single contractions to predict hyperaemic response to a prolonged bout of
      rhythmic exercise. There was similarity between steady state brachial blood flow
      velocity (BBV) extrapolated from single handgrip contractions and during 2 min of
      rhythmic exercise for 20 % (10.0+/-3.8 cm/s vs. 10.2+/-2.6 cm/s, r=0.93, p=0.003)
      and 40 % of maximum contractions (14.2+/-5.5 cm/s vs. 15.6+/-3.4 cm/s, r=0.88,
      p=0.009), but not for 10 % (7.5+/-4.1 cm/s vs. 5.7+/-3.3 cm/s, r=0.94, p=0.018).
      BBV progressively rose substantially higher during rhythmic contractions than
      peak BBV observed during single contractions at matched intensity. Respective
      peak BBV during single contractions and steady state BBV rhythmic contractions
      were 4.4+/-2.1 and 5.7+/-3.3 cm.s(-1) at 10 % forearm strength (p=0.14), 5.6+/
      2.4 and 10.2+/-2.8 cm.s(-1) at 20 % (p=0.002), and 7.0+/-2.5 and 15.6+/-3.6 cm.s(
      1) at 40 % (p=0.003). In conclusion, there is similarity between the summated
      blood flow velocity calculated from a single 1 s muscle contraction and the
      steady state blood flow velocity response of rhythmic exercise.

PMID- 26988158
TI  - Comparison of the effects of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and peroxynitrite on the
      oxidative damage to isolated beef heart mitochondria.
AB  - Isolated beef heart mitochondria have been exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide
      (tBHP) and peroxynitrite (PeN) in order to model the effects of reactive oxygen
      and nitrogen species on mitochondria in vivo. The formation of malondialdehyde
      (MDA), protein carbonyls, lipofuscin-like pigments (LFP), and nitrotyrosine was
      studied during incubations with various concentrations of oxidants for up to 24
      h. The oxidants differed in their ability to oxidize particular substrates. Fatty
      acids were more sensitive to the low concentrations of tBHP, whereas higher
      concentrations of PeN consumed MDA. Oxidation of proteins producing carbonyls had
      different kinetics and also a probable mechanism with tBHP or PeN. Diverse
      proteins were affected by tBHP or PeN. In both cases, prolonged incubation led to
      the appearance of proteins with molecular weights lower than 29 kDa bearing
      carbonyl groups that might have been caused by protein fragmentation. PeN induced
      nitration of protein tyrosines that was more intensive in the soluble proteins
      than in the insoluble ones. LFP, the end products of lipid peroxidation, were
      formed more readily by PeN. On the other hand, fluorometric and chromatographic
      techniques have confirmed destruction of LFP by higher PeN concentrations. This
      is a unique feature that has not been described so far for any oxidant.

PMID- 26988160
TI  - Postnatal expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors in the
      mouse testis.
AB  - TGF-beta superfamily members including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and
      their receptors (BMPR-1A, -1B and -2) have been shown to be important for
      reproductive function in both males and females, while information on the role of
      BMPs in males is limited. Functional studies on select BMPs and BMP receptors
      have demonstrated vital roles for these proteins in somatic and germ cell
      proliferation, steroidogenesis and overall fertility. In order to gain insight
      into the importance of these genes during postnatal reproductive development in
      males, our study was undertaken to specify the distribution of BMP and BMPR mRNA
      in male reproductive and steroidogenic tissues and quantify these genes in the
      testis using the mouse as our model. We screened testis at two, four, six and
      eight weeks of age for the expression of ten BMPs and three BMP receptors using
      RT-qPCR. All three BMP receptor mRNAs - Bmpr1a, Bmpr1b and Bmpr2, and ten BMP
      mRNAs - Bmp2, Bmp3, Bmp3b, Bmp4, Bmp5, Bmp6, Bmp7, Bmp8a, Bmp8b and Bmp15 were
      expressed in mouse testis at all stages screened. Testicular expression of genes
      varied within age groups and at specific developmental stages. Our study
      establishes an extensive BMP system in mouse reproductive and steroidogenic
      tissues.

PMID- 26988161
TI  - Analysis of expression profiles of genes involved in F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase
      biogenesis during perinatal development in rat liver and skeletal muscle.
AB  - During the process of intra-uterine mammalian fetal development, the oxygen
      supply in growing fetus is low. A rapid switch from glycolysis-based metabolism
      to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) must proceed during early postnatal
      adaptation to extra-uterine conditions. Mitochondrial biogenesis and mammalian
      mitochondrial F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase assembly (complex V, EC 3.6.3.14, ATPase) are
      complex processes regulated by multiple transcription regulators and assembly
      factors. Using RNA expression analysis of rat liver and skeletal tissue (Rattus
      norvegicus, Berkenhout, 1769), we describe the expression profiles of 20 genes
      involved in mitochondrial maturation and ATP synthase biogenesis in detail
      between the 16th and 22nd day of gestation and the first 4 days of life. We
      observed that the most important expression shift occurred in the liver between
      the 20th and 22nd day of gestation, indicating that the fetus prepares for birth
      about two days before parturition. The detailed mechanism regulating the
      perinatal adaptation process is not yet known. Deeper insights in perinatal
      physiological development will help to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in the
      broader context of cell metabolism in preterm newborns or neonates with poor
      adaptation to extra-uterine life.

PMID- 26988162
TI  - The role of the insular cortex in naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion in
      morphine-dependent mice.
AB  - A negative emotional state resulting from the withdrawal of drug addiction is
      thought to be an important factor that triggers and exacerbates relapse. Since
      the insular cortex is a key brain structure involved in the modulation of
      negative emotions, we investigated whether the integrity of the insular cortex
      was important for motivational aversion associated with morphine withdrawal as
      well as whether this kind of negative emotion induced neuroadaptation in the
      insular cortex. In this present study, a sensitive mouse conditioned place
      aversion (CPA) model measuring the motivational aversion of morphine withdrawal
      was first established. Our results showed that bilateral insular cortex lesions
      by kainic acid completely inhibited the expression of CPA. The expression of
      FosB/deltaFosB in the insular cortex was significantly increased 24 h after the
      CPA regime was performed, but the expression of c-Fos in the insular cortex did
      not changed. These findings indicate that the integrity of the insular cortex is
      essential to motivational aversion associated with morphine withdrawal, and that
      this kind of aversion induces neuroadaptation, observed as the increase of
      FosB/deltaFosB expression, in the insular cortex.

PMID- 26988163
TI  - CL316243 induces phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate production in rat
      adipocytes in an adenosine deaminase-, pertussis toxin-, or wortmannin-sensitive
      manner.
AB  - The effect of beta(3)-adrenoceptor (beta(3)-AR) agonists on adipocytes treated or
      not treated with signaling modulators has not been sufficiently elucidated. Using
      rat epididymal adipocytes (adipocytes) labeled with [(32)P]orthophosphate, we
      found that treatment with the selective beta(3)-AR agonist CL316243 (CL; 1
      microM) induces phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3,4,5-triphosphate (PI[3,4,5]P(3))
      production and that this response is inhibited by adenosine deaminase (ADA, an
      adenosine-degrading enzyme; 2 U/ml), pertussis toxin (PTX, an inactivator of
      inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-binding protein; 1 microg/ml), or wortmannin (WT, a
      PI-kinase inhibitor; 3 microM). The results showed that CL induced PI(3,4,5)P(3)
      production in intact adipocytes and that this production was affected by
      signaling modulators. Taken together, our findings indicate that CL produces
      PI(3,4,5)P(3) in an ADA-sensitive, PTX-sensitive, or WT-sensitive manner and will
      advance understanding of the effect of beta(3)-AR agonists on adipocytes. 

PMID- 26988164
TI  - Two new asterriquinols from Aspergillus sp. CBS-P-2 with anti-inflammatory
      activity.
AB  - Two new bisindolylbenzenoid alkaloids asterriquinol E (1) and asterriquinol F
      (2), together with four known compounds (3-6) were isolated from the fermentation
      products of the fungus Aspergillus sp. CBS-P-2. Their structures were established
      on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR,
      1D, and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) methods. The stereochemical structure of 2
      was confirmed via the CD data of the in situ formed [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex
      method. All of the isolated compounds were tested for inhibitory activity against
      LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced nitric oxide production in microglia. 

PMID- 26988165
TI  - Hardiness, psychosocial factors and shift work tolerance among nurses - a 2-year
      follow-up study.
AB  - AIM: To examine the predictive power of the subfactors of hardiness (commitment,
      control and challenge) on shift work tolerance (measured with sleepiness,
      fatigue, anxiety and depression) over 2 years in nurses working shifts. We also
      investigated the direct effects of psychosocial variables such as role conflict,
      social support and fair leadership on shift work tolerance, as well as their
      moderating role on the relationship between hardiness and shift work tolerance.
      BACKGROUND: Several scholars have discussed the role of individual differences
      and psychosocial variables in predicting shift work tolerance. The conclusions
      are not clear. DESIGN: Longitudinal questionnaire study. METHODS: A sample of
      Norwegian nurses employed in shift work including nights participated in this
      longitudinal questionnaire study: 1877 at baseline, 1228 at 1-year follow-up and
      659 nurses at 2-year follow-up. Data were collected in three waves, first wave in
      2008 and third in 2011 and were analysed with a series of hierarchical multiple
      regression analyses. RESULTS: We found that the subfactor commitment could
      predict fatigue over 1 year and anxiety and depression over 2 years. Challenge
      could predict anxiety over 1 year. Control was unrelated to shift work
      intolerance. Hardiness did not predict sleepiness. Social support, role conflict
      and fair leadership were important for some aspects of shift work tolerance;
      however, hardiness seemed to be more eminent for shift work tolerance than the
      psychosocial variables. Social support moderated the relationship between
      hardiness and shift work tolerance to some degree, but this interaction was weak.
      CONCLUSION: Hardiness can to some degree predict shift work tolerance over 2
      years among nurses.

PMID- 26988166
TI  - [The importance of sleep deprivation as a mechanism for activating interictal
      epileptiform paroxysms].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although sleep deprivation has been used for years in
      electroencephalography (EEG) as a method for activating interictal epileptiform
      discharges (IED) in patients with a strong suspicion of epilepsy, its sensitivity
      and specificity are still under discussion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a
      descriptive retrospective study of paediatric patients who were referred to a
      neurophysiology clinic for epilepsy assessment. The results of the sleep-deprived
      EEG (SD-EEG) were compared with those of the wakefulness EEG (W-EEG) carried out
      in each patient in order to describe the performance of each method as a
      mechanism for activating IED. RESULTS: A total of 500 patients were analysed (830
      SD-EEG and 1018 W-EEG). IED were detected in 44% of the W-EEG. SD-EEG increased
      the capacity of the test to detect IED by 35%. IED (not detected in the W-EEG)
      were detected in 25.1% of the SD-EEG in which spontaneous sleep was achieved. In
      the group of focal epilepsies, it was found that W-EEG detected IED in 60.1%
      versus the 79.12% displayed with SD-EEG. In generalised epilepsies this
      difference was more marked (27.2% and 77.2%, respectively). In patients in whom
      no IED were detected following an SD-EEG (23.7%) and the clinical suspicion of
      epilepsy was still high, nocturnal polysomnography was performed and interictal
      epileptiform activity was observed in 13.6%. CONCLUSIONS: SD-EEG increases the
      chances of recording IED by 35% with respect to W-EEG. Sleep deprivation is a
      method for activating epileptiform paroxysms, regardless of whether the EEG is
      performed while sleeping or not, although this effect is more pronounced in
      patients who do manage to sleep.

PMID- 26988167
TI  - [Frontal symptoms, self-perceived stress, and subjective memory complaints in
      substance abusers].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Substance addiction is a public health problem considering that
      every day increases the number of individuals with problem drug use, in this
      sense it is interesting the study of neuropsychological variables to understand
      the nature of addiction, understanding that brain circuits are involved in the
      establishment, maintenance and rehabilitation of the same. AIMS: To determine the
      influence of addiction on the frontal symptoms, self-perceived stress and
      subjective memory complaints, secondly, to analyze how these variables relate to
      people with addictions and finally, establish differences in them between addicts
      with and without subjective memory complaints. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: ISP, EEP-14
      and MFE-30 instruments were applied to a sample of 115 substance abusers, and 115
      people from non-clinical population, matched for age, sex and educational level.
      RESULTS: Significant differences are evident between addicted to substances and
      non-clinical subjects in the emotional scale ISP and MFE-30, also in the clinical
      sample highly significant correlations between all scales are observed; Finally,
      among people with addictions who reported memory complaints and those who do not,
      significant differences are evident on all scales except for the self-perceived
      stress. CONCLUSIONS: It is considered necessary to take into account the levels
      of self-perceived stress, frontal symptoms and subjective memory complaints in
      substance abusers, because the executive, attentional and mnemonic problems may
      affect several variables in the process of treatment and rehabilitation.

PMID- 26988169
TI  - [Refractory encephalitis because of seronegative celiac disease: a case report].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The celiac disease is an autoimmune bowel disease trigger by
      gliadine proteins, that can has systemic involvement with varied neurological
      manifestation since polineuropathy, ataxia, epilepsy, migraine to encephalitis.
      The aim of the current work is to report a case of possible refractory
      encephalitis due to celiac disease. CASE REPORT: A 45 years-old man with
      histopathologic diagnosis of celiac disease but negative celiac antibodies
      developed encephalic, brainstem and periphery nervous system manifestations:
      cognitive declaim and seizures, diplopia and ataxia, polyneuropathy and
      polyradiculopathy respectively; inflammatory cebrospinal fluid and cortico
      subcortical and multiple brainstem lesions with mild contrast enhancement; the
      neurologic deficits progress in spite of gluten a free diet and immuno
      suppressive treatment. During the illness process some pathologies with nervous
      system and intestinal involvement were discarded: sarcoidosis, systemic lupus;
      Sjogren syndrome, paraneoplastic syndromes, Whipple disease, AIDS and B12 vitamin
      deficit. CONCLUSION: The encephalitis is an infrequent clinical manifestation of
      the celiac disease despite the high prevalence of the celiac disease in the
      general population. It presents with numerous differential diagnosis, with
      requires high suspicious diagnosis.

PMID- 26988171
TI  - [XXX Reunion Annual de la Sociedad Andaluza de Neurofisiologia Clinica].

PMID- 26988168
TI  - [Urgent stroke care in hospitals with a stroke unit. Quick Project].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A stroke is a time-dependent medical emergency. Swiftness in its
      recognition and in the care received by the patients plays a key role in the
      prognosis. AIMS: To analyse the medical intervention times, to evaluate possible
      areas where improvements can be made and to examine the allocation of resources
      in the centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was based on a prospective
      register of patients with suspected stroke and stroke code activation treated in
      eight experienced Spanish stroke units. Onset-to-door, door-to-computed
      tomography (CT), door-to-needle, CT-to-needle and onset-to-needle times were
      collected. Information about the means of transport used to get to the hospital,
      the type of stroke and reperfusion therapies was also collected. With regard to
      the structural resources of the centres, data were gathered about the nurse-to
      patient ratio, bed monitoring, availability of multimodal CT and magnetic
      resonance, and doing information or training courses. RESULTS: Altogether 197
      patients were included, of whom 181 (151 infarctions and 30 brain haemorrhages)
      were valid. The medians (p25-p75) in minutes were: onset-to-door, 104 (70-188);
      door-to-CT, 27 (19-41); CT-to-needle, 30 (21-43); door-to-needle, 64 (49-83); and
      onset-to-needle, 156 (129-202). Reperfusion therapies were applied in 68 patients
      (45% of the cerebral infarctions), of which 81% were intravenous thrombolyses;
      7%, endovascular treatments; and 12%, a combination of the two. The resources
      available in the centres were in accordance with those recommended by the
      clinical guidelines. There was a low percentage of patients who were studied by
      means of magnetic resonance. CONCLUSION: The percentage of patients treated with
      thrombolysis was very high and although the times of the in-hospital circuits
      were good, there is still room for further improvement.

PMID- 26988170
TI  - Epidemiology and neurological complications of infection by the Zika virus: a new
      emerging neurotropic virus.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The current epidemic outbreak due to Zika virus began in 2015 and
      since then it has been reported in 31 countries and territories in America. The
      epidemiological and clinical aspects related to infection by Zika virus are
      reviewed. DEVELOPMENT: Since 2007, 55 countries in America, Asia, Africa and
      Oceania have detected local transmission of the virus. This epidemic has affected
      almost 1.5 million people in Brazil. 80% of the cases are asymptomatic. The
      symptoms of Zika virus disease include fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia and
      non-purulent conjunctivitis. The symptoms are usually self-limiting and last one
      week. An increase in the incidence of cases of microcephaly, retinal lesions and
      Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with the Zika virus has been reported. Zika
      associated Guillain-Barre syndrome in Polynesia is a pure motor axonal variant.
      The RNA of the Zika virus has been identified in samples of brain tissue,
      placenta and amniotic liquid of children with microcephaly and in the still-born
      infants of women infected by Zika during pregnancy. The reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction test is recommended to detect viral RNA, and
      serological tests (IgM ELISA and neutralising antibodies) should be conducted to
      confirm infection by Zika. The differential diagnosis includes infection by the
      dengue and chikungunya viruses. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about the pathogenic
      mechanisms involved in infection due to Zika virus and its long-term consequences
      in adults and newborn infants is still limited.

PMID- 26988172
TI  - [Cerebellar syndrome induced by metronidazole: a rare side effect].

PMID- 26988173
TI  - IV and V cranial nerves dysfunction as initial manifestations of superficial
      siderosis of the central nervous system.

PMID- 26988174
TI  - [Quantification of stress: incomplete information plus excessive triumphalism].

PMID- 26988175
TI  - [Quantification of stress: incomplete information plus excessive triumphalism.
      Reply].

PMID- 26988176
TI  - Curvature-dependent adsorption of water inside and outside armchair carbon
      nanotubes.
AB  - The curvature dependence of the physisorption properties of a water molecule
      inside and outside an armchair carbon nanotube (CNT) is investigated by an
      incremental density-fitting local coupled cluster treatment with single and
      double excitations and perturbative triples (DF-LCCSD(T)) study. Our results show
      that a water molecule outside and inside (n, n) CNTs (n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10) is
      stabilized by electron correlation. The adsorption energy of water inside CNTs
      decreases quickly with the decrease of curvature (increase of radius) and the
      configuration with the oxygen pointing toward the CNT wall is the most stable
      one. However, when the water molecule is adsorbed outside the CNT, the adsorption
      energy varies only slightly with the curvature and the configuration with
      hydrogens pointing toward the CNT wall is the most stable one. We also use the DF
      LCCSD(T) results to parameterize Lennard-Jones (LJ) force fields for the
      interaction of water both with the inner and outer sides of CNTs and with
      graphene representing the zero curvature limit. It is not possible to reproduce
      all DF-LCCSD(T) results for water inside and outside CNTs of different curvature
      by a single set of LJ parameters, but two sets have to be used instead. Each of
      the two resulting sets can reproduce three out of four minima of the effective
      potential curves reasonably well. These LJ models are then used to calculate the
      water adsorption energies of larger CNTs, approaching the graphene limit, thus
      bridging the gap between CNTs of increasing radius and flat graphene sheets.

PMID- 26988177
TI  - Clear cell renal cell tumors: Not all that is "clear" is cancer.
AB  - Continued improvement of our understanding of the clinical, histologic, and
      genetic features of renal cell tumors has progressively evolved renal tumor
      classification, revealing an expanding array of distinct tumor types with
      different implications for prognosis, patient counseling, and treatment. Although
      clear cell renal cell carcinoma is unequivocally the most common adult renal
      tumor, there is growing evidence that some "clear cell" renal neoplasms, such as
      exemplified by multilocular cystic clear cell renal neoplasm of low malignant
      potential (formerly multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma), do not have the
      same potential for insidious progression and metastasis, warranting
      reclassification as low malignant potential tumors or benign neoplasms. Still
      other novel tumor types such as clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma have
      been more recently recognized, which similarly have shown a conspicuous absence
      of aggressive behavior to date, suggesting that these too may be recategorized as
      noncancerous or may be premalignant neoplasms. This importance for prognosis is
      increasingly significant in the modern era, in which renal masses are
      increasingly found incidentally by imaging techniques at a small tumor size,
      raising consideration for less aggressive management options guided by renal mass
      biopsy diagnosis, including imaging surveillance, tumor ablation, or partial
      nephrectomy.

PMID- 26988180
TI  - Gender-Related Factors for Depressive Symptoms in Turkish Adolescents.
AB  - PROBLEM: Currently more adolescents suffer from mental health problems than
      compared to the past. PURPOSE: This study was designed to extend the knowledge of
      depressive symptoms in adolescence and to determine the gender-related factors
      associated with it. METHODS: The study sample consisted of (N = 487) adolescents.
      The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived
      Social Support (MSPSS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-S), and
      UCLA loneliness scale (UCLA-LS) were completed by the participants. FINDINGS:
      Among the study population, 26.6% (n = 130) scored >= 19 on the CDI, which was
      the cut-off point. UCLA-LS, hyperactivity and conduct problems, and peer problems
      subscale scores of SDQ-S were found significantly higher in males (p < .05).
      Emotional symptoms, pro-social behavior subscale scores of SDQ-S, and a family
      member, a friend subscale scores of MSPSS were found significantly higher in
      females (p < .05). For males, loneliness and hyperactivity and conduct problems,
      while for females, emotional symptoms and loneliness (p < .05) were predictive
      variables. Pro-social behavior and perceived family member support were
      protective variables for females scoring high enough to be diagnosed with
      depression (p < .05). CONCLUSION: We suggest further studies to confirm these
      results as well as establishing strategies for better detection of depressive
      symptoms when working on adolescents.

PMID- 26988179
TI  - Molecular Signaling Pathways Behind the Biological Effects of Salvia Species
      Diterpenes in Neuropharmacology and Cardiology.
AB  - The genus Salvia, from the Lamiaceae family, has diverse biological properties
      that are primarily attributable to their diterpene contents. There is no
      comprehensive review on the molecular signaling pathways of these active
      components. In this review, we investigated the molecular targets of bioactive
      Salvia diterpenes responsible for the treatment of nervous and cardiovascular
      diseases. The effects on different pathways, including apoptosis signaling,
      oxidative stress phenomena, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and tau
      phosphorylation, have all been considered to be mechanisms of the anti-Alzheimer
      properties of Salvia diterpenes. Additionally, effects on the benzodiazepine and
      kappa opioid receptors and neuroprotective effects are noted as
      neuropharmacological properties of Salvia diterpenes, including tanshinone IIA,
      salvinorin A, cryptotanshinone, and miltirone. Tanshinone IIA, as the primary
      diterpene of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has beneficial activities in heart diseases
      because of its ability to scavenge free radicals and its effects on transcription
      factors, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and the mitogen
      activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, tanshinone IIA has also been
      proposed to have cardioprotective properties including antiarrhythmic activities
      and effects on myocardial infarction. With respect to the potential therapeutic
      effects of Salvia diterpenes, comprehensive clinical trials are warranted to
      evaluate these valuable molecules as lead compounds. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 26988181
TI  - Phototrophic pigment production with microalgae: biological constraints and
      opportunities.
AB  - There is increasing interest in naturally produced colorants, and microalgae
      represent a bio-technologically interesting source due to their wide range of
      colored pigments, including chlorophylls (green), carotenoids (red, orange and
      yellow), and phycobiliproteins (red and blue). However, the concentration of
      these pigments, under optimal growth conditions, is often too low to make
      microalgal-based pigment production economically feasible. In some Chlorophyta
      (green algae), specific process conditions such as oversaturating light
      intensities or a high salt concentration induce the overproduction of secondary
      carotenoids (beta-carotene in Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco and
      astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis (Flotow)). Overproduction of all other
      pigments (including lutein, fucoxanthin, and phycocyanin) requires modification
      in gene expression or enzyme activity, most likely combined with the creation of
      storage space outside of the photosystems. The success of such modification
      strategies depends on an adequate understanding of the metabolic pathways and the
      functional roles of all the pigments involved. In this review, the distribution
      of commercially interesting pigments across the most common microalgal groups,
      the roles of these pigments in vivo and their biosynthesis routes are reviewed,
      and constraints and opportunities for overproduction of both primary and
      secondary pigments are presented. 

PMID- 26988178
TI  - The changing tobacco landscape: What dental professionals need to know.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco products in the United States and the patterns of tobacco use
      are changing. Although cigarette smoking prevalence has declined, dental
      professionals are likely to encounter substantial numbers of patients who have
      tried and are continuing to use new and alternative tobacco products, including
      cigars, water pipes (hookahs), and electronic cigarettes, as well as conventional
      and new smokeless tobacco products. METHODS: The authors reviewed conventional
      and new tobacco products in the United States, their adverse oral and systemic
      health effects, and their prevalence of use. RESULTS: Tobacco products other than
      cigarettes account for a substantial portion of tobacco use. For this reason,
      tobacco-use prevention and cessation counseling provided by dental health care
      professionals must address all tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars,
      water pipes, and electronic cigarettes, as well as conventional and new smokeless
      tobacco products. Cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use are associated with
      immediate and long-term adverse health effects, including nicotine addiction,
      oral and systemic disease, and death. Novel products may attract new tobacco
      users, potentially leading to addiction that results in enduring tobacco product
      use and associated adverse health effects. CONCLUSIONS: This critical review of
      conventional, new, and emerging tobacco products presents information that dental
      professionals can use in providing tobacco-related counseling to patients who use
      or who are at risk for using tobacco products. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It is
      essential that dental professionals are knowledgeable about tobacco products and
      are able to answer patients' questions and provide them with evidence-based
      tobacco-related counseling. This information may prevent patients from initiating
      use or help reduce or cease use to avoid immediate and long-term adverse health
      effects, including nicotine addiction, oral and systemic disease, and death.

PMID- 26988182
TI  - Acclimation conditions modify physiological response of the diatom Thalassiosira
      pseudonana to elevated CO2 concentrations in a nitrate-limited chemostat.
AB  - Diatoms are responsible for a large proportion of global carbon fixation, with
      the possibility that they may fix more carbon under future levels of high CO2 .
      To determine how increased CO2 concentrations impact the physiology of the diatom
      Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle et Heimdal, nitrate-limited chemostats were used
      to acclimate cells to a recent past (333 +/- 6 MUatm) and two projected future
      concentrations (476 +/- 18 MUatm, 816 +/- 35 MUatm) of CO2 . Samples were
      harvested under steady-state growth conditions after either an abrupt (15-16
      generations) or a longer acclimation process (33-57 generations) to increased CO2
      concentrations. The use of un-bubbled chemostat cultures allowed us to calculate
      the uptake ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon relative to dissolved inorganic
      nitrogen (DIC:DIN), which was strongly correlated with fCO2 in the shorter
      acclimations but not in the longer acclimations. Both CO2 treatment and
      acclimation time significantly affected the DIC:DIN uptake ratio. Chlorophyll a
      per cell decreased under elevated CO2 and the rates of photosynthesis and
      respiration decreased significantly under higher levels of CO2 . These results
      suggest that T. pseudonana shifts carbon and energy fluxes in response to high
      CO2 and that acclimation time has a strong effect on the physiological response. 

PMID- 26988183
TI  - Differences in the chemical composition of organic-walled dinoflagellate resting
      cysts from phototrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates.
AB  - Dinoflagellates constitute a large proportion of the planktonic biomass from
      marine to freshwater environments. Some species produce a preservable organic
      walled resting cyst (dinocyst) during the sexual phase of their life cycle that
      is an important link between the organisms, the environment in which their parent
      motile theca grew, and the sedimentary record. Despite their abundance and
      widespread usage as proxy indicators for environmental conditions, there is a
      lack of knowledge regarding the dinocyst wall chemical composition. It is likely
      that numerous factors, including phylogeny and life strategy, determine the cyst
      wall chemistry. However, the extent to which this composition varies based on
      inherent (phylogenetic) or variable (ecological) factors has not been studied. To
      address this, we used micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze
      nine cyst species produced by either phototrophic or heterotrophic
      dinoflagellates from the extant orders Gonyaulacales, Gymnodiniales, and
      Peridiniales. Based on the presence of characteristic functional groups, two
      significantly different cyst wall compositions are observed that correspond to
      the dinoflagellate's nutritional strategy. The dinocyst wall compositions
      analyzed appeared carbohydrate-based, but the cyst wall produced by phototrophic
      dinoflagellates suggested a cellulose-like glucan, while heterotrophic forms
      produced a nitrogen-rich glycan. This constitutes the first empirical evidence
      nutritional strategy is related to different dinocyst wall chemistries. Our
      results indicated phylogeny was less important for predicting composition than
      the nutritional strategy of the dinoflagellate, suggesting potential for cyst
      wall chemistry to infer past nutritional strategies of extinct taxa preserved in
      the sedimentary record. 

PMID- 26988184
TI  - Regulation of polyamine metabolism in Pyropia cinnamomea (W.A. Nelson), an
      important mechanism for reducing UV-B-induced oxidative damage.
AB  - It is generally accepted that ultraviolet (UV) radiation can have adverse affects
      on phototrophic organisms, independent of ozone depletion. The red intertidal
      seaweed Pyropia cinnamomea W.A. Nelson (previously Porphyra cinnamomea Sutherland
      et al. 2011), similar to many other intertidal macrophytes, is exposed to high
      levels of UV radiation on a daily basis due to emersion in the upper littoral
      zone. It has been shown that seaweeds, like higher plants, respond to an
      increased activity of antioxidative enzymes when exposed to stress. However,
      earlier investigations have shown that P. cinnamomea also compensates for stress
      due to UV radiation by increasing polyamine (PA) levels, especially bound-soluble
      and bound-insoluble PAs. The PA precursor putrescine (PUT) can be synthesized via
      two enzymatic pathways: arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase
      (ODC). Both of these enzymes showed increased activity in P. cinnamomea under UV
      stress. In higher plants, ADC is the enzyme responsible for increased PA levels
      during stress exposure, while ODC is correlated with cell division and
      reproduction. However, there are contrary findings in the literature. Using two
      irreversible inhibitors, we identified the enzyme most likely responsible for
      increased PUT synthesis and therefore increased stress tolerance in P.
      cinnamomea. Our results show that changes in the PA synthesis pathway in P.
      cinnamomea under UV stress are based on an increased activity of ADC. When either
      inhibitor was added, lipid hydroperoxide levels increased even under
      photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that PAs are involved in
      protection mechanisms under normal light conditions as well. We also show that
      under optimum or low-stress conditions, ODC activity is correlated with PUT
      synthesis. 

PMID- 26988185
TI  - Lacustrine Nostoc (Nostocales) and associated microbiome generate a new type of
      modern clotted microbialite.
AB  - Microbialites are mineral formations formed by microbial communities that are
      often dominated by cyanobacteria. Carbonate microbialites, known from Proterozoic
      times through the present, are recognized for sequestering globally significant
      amounts of inorganic carbon. Recent ecological work has focused on microbial
      communities dominated by cyanobacteria that produce microbial mats and laminate
      microbialites (stromatolites). However, the taxonomic composition and functions
      of microbial communities that generate distinctive clotted microbialites
      (thrombolites) are less well understood. Here, microscopy and deep shotgun
      sequencing were used to characterize the microbiome (microbial taxa and their
      genomes) associated with a single cyanobacterial host linked by 16S sequences to
      Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault, which dominates abundant littoral
      clotted microbialites in shallow, subpolar, freshwater Laguna Larga in southern
      Chile. Microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy suggested the
      hypothesis that adherent hollow carbonate spheres typical of the clotted
      microbialite begin development on the rigid curved outer surfaces of the Nostoc
      balls. A surface biofilm included >50 nonoxygenic bacterial genera (taxa other
      than Nostoc) that indicate diverse ecological functions. The Laguna Larga Nostoc
      microbiome included the sulfate reducers Desulfomicrobium and Sulfospirillum and
      genes encoding all known proteins specific to sulfate reduction, a process known
      to facilitate carbonate deposition by increasing pH. Sequences indicating
      presence of nostocalean and other types of nifH, nostocalean sulfide:ferredoxin
      oxidoreductase (indicating anoxygenic photosynthesis), and biosynthetic pathways
      for the secondary products scytonemin, mycosporine, and microviridin toxin were
      identified. These results allow comparisons with microbiota and microbiomes of
      other algae and illuminate biogeochemical roles of ancient microbialites. 

PMID- 26988186
TI  - Photosynthetic characteristics of two Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains
      differing in their toxicity.
AB  - We studied the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of a toxic (CS506) and a
      nontoxic strain (CS509) of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis
      raciborskii grown under identical experimental conditions. When exposed to light
      saturating growth conditions (100 MUmol photons . m(-2)  . s(-1) ), values for
      maximal photosynthetic capacity (Pmax ) and maximum quantum yield (Fv /Fm )
      indicated that both strains had an equal ability to process captured photons and
      deliver them to PSII reaction centers. However, CS506 grew faster than CS509.
      This was consistent with its higher light requirement for saturation of
      photosynthesis (Ik ). Greater shade tolerance of CS509 was indicated by its
      higher ability to harvest light (alpha), lower photosynthetic light compensation
      point (Ic ), and higher chlorophyll a to biovolume ratio. Strain-specific
      differences were found in relation to non-photochemical quenching, effective
      absorption cross-sectional area of PSIIalpha-centers (sigmaPSIIalpha), and the
      antenna connectivity parameter of PSIIalpha (Jcon PSIIalpha). These findings
      highlighted differences in the transfer of excitation from phycobilisome/PSII to
      PSI, on the dependence on different pigments for light harvesting and on the
      functioning of the PSII reaction centers between the two strains. The results of
      this study showed that both performance and composition of the photosynthetic
      apparatus are different between these strains, though with only two strains
      examined we cannot attribute the performance of strain 506 to its ability to
      produce cylindrospermopsins. The emphasis on a strain-specific light
      adaptation/acclimation is crucial to our understanding of how different light
      conditions (both quantity and quality) can trigger the occurrence of different C.
      raciborskii strains and control their competition and/or dominance in natural
      ecosystems. 

PMID- 26988187
TI  - Microalgal assemblages in a poikilohaline pond.
AB  - Microalgal strains for algal biofuels production in outdoor ponds will need to
      have high net growth rates under diverse environmental conditions. A small,
      variable salinity pond in the San Elijo Lagoon estuary in southern California was
      chosen to serve as a model pond due to its routinely high chlorophyll content.
      Profiles of microalgal assemblages from water samples collected from April 2011
      to January 2012 were obtained by constructing 18S rDNA environmental clone
      libraries. Pond assemblages were found to be dominated by green algae Picochlorum
      sp. and Picocystis sp. throughout the year. Pigment analysis suggested that the
      two species contributed most of the chlorophyll a of the pond, which ranged from
      21.9 to 664.3 MUg . L(-1) with the Picocystis contribution increasing at higher
      salinities. However, changes of temperature, salinity or irradiance may have
      enabled a bloom of the diatom Chaetoceros sp. in June 2011. Isolates of these
      microalgae were obtained and their growth rates characterized as a function of
      temperature and salinity. Chaetoceros sp. had the highest growth rate over the
      temperature test range while it showed the most sensitivity to high salinity. All
      three strains showed the presence of lipid bodies during nitrogen starvation,
      suggesting they have potential as future biofuels strains. 

PMID- 26988188
TI  - Physiological performance of intertidal coralline algae during a simulated tidal
      cycle.
AB  - Intertidal macroalgae endure light, desiccation, and temperature variation
      associated with sub-merged and emerged conditions on a daily basis. Physiological
      stresses exist over the course of the entire tidal cycle, and physiological
      differences in response to these stresses likely contribute to spatial separation
      of species along the shore. For example, marine species that have a high stress
      tolerance can live higher on the shore and are able to recover when the tide
      returns, whereas species with a lower stress tolerance may be relegated to living
      lower on the shore or in tidepools, where low tide stresses are buffered. In this
      study, we monitored the physiological responses of the tidepool coralline
      Calliarthron tuberculosum (Postels and Ruprecht) E.Y. Dawson and the nontidepool
      coralline Corallina vancouveriensis Yendo during simulated tidal conditions to
      identify differences in physiology that might underlie differences in habitat.
      During high tide, Corallina was more photosynthetically active than Calliarthron
      as light levels increased. During low tide, Corallina continued to out-perform
      Calliarthron when submerged in warming tidepools, but photosynthesis abruptly
      halted for both species when emerged in air. Surprisingly, pigment composition
      did not differ, suggesting that light harvesting does not account for this
      difference. Additionally, Corallina was more effective at resisting desiccation
      by retaining water in its branches. When the tide returned, only Corallina
      recovered from combined temperature and desiccation stresses associated with
      emergence. This study broadens our understanding of intertidal algal physiology
      and provides a new perspective on the physiological and morphological
      underpinnings of habitat partitioning. 

PMID- 26988189
TI  - Isomerization of octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5n-3) in algal lipid samples under
      derivatization for GC and GC-MS analysis.
AB  - During gas chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition of the
      dinoflagellate Gymnodinium kowalevskii, we found unex-pectedly low and
      irreproducible content of all-cis-3,6,9,12,15-octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5n-3),
      which is an important chemotaxonomic marker of several classes of microalgae. We
      compared chromatographic behavior of 18:5n-3 methyl ester and other GC
      derivatives obtained using different conventional methods of derivatization. The
      use of methods based on saponification or base-catalyzed transesterification
      resulted in a mixture of double-bond positional isomers of 18:5. On a SUPELCOWAX
      10 column, the equivalent chain length (ECL) value for authentic 18:5n-3 methyl
      ester was 20.22, whereas the main component after base-catalyzed methylation had
      ECL 20.88. Attempts to prepare N-acyl pyrrolidides or 4,4-dimethyloxazoline
      (DMOX) derivatives of 18:5n-3 also gave inadequate results. These derivatives
      also showed a main peak corresponding to isomerized 18:5. Mass spectra for both
      DMOX and pyrrolidide derivatives of this compound showed the base peak at m/z
      139, probably corresponding to 2,6,9,12,15-18:5 acid. Of all methods tested for
      methylation, only derivatization with 5% HCl or 1% sulphuric acid in methanol
      gave satisfactory results. Therefore, GC or GC-mass spectrometry analyses of
      algal lipids containing 18:5n-3 may be inaccurate when base-catalyzed methods of
      FA derivatization are applied. The best and simplest way to avoid incorrect GC
      results is to use standard acid-catalyzed methylation. 

PMID- 26988190
TI  - Analysis of diversity of chromophytic phytoplankton in a mangrove ecosystem using
      rbcL gene sequencing.
AB  - Phytoplankton forms the basis of primary production in mangrove environments. The
      phylogeny and diversity based on the amplification and sequencing of rbcL, the
      large subunit encoding the key enzyme ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate
      carboxylase/oxygenase was investigated for improved understanding of the
      community structure and temporal trends of chromophytic eukaryotic phytoplankton
      assemblages in Sundarbans, the world's largest continuous mangrove. Diatoms
      (Bacillariophyceae) were by far the most frequently detected group in clone
      libraries (485 out of 525 clones), consistent with their importance as a major
      bloom-forming group. Other major chromophytic algal groups including
      Cryptophyceae, Haptophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Raphidophyceae
      which are important component of the assemblages were detected for the first time
      from Sundarbans based on rbcL approach. Many of the sequences from Sundarbans
      rbcL clone libraries showed identity with key bloom forming diatom genera namely
      Thalassiosira, Skeletonema and Nitzschia. Similarly, several rbcL sequences which
      were diatom-like were also detected highlighting the need to explore diatom
      communities from the study area. Some of the rbcL sequences detected from
      Sundarbans were ubiquitous in distribution showing 100% identities with
      uncultured rbcL sequences targeted previously from the Gulf of Mexico and
      California upwelling system that are geographically separated from study area.
      Novel rbcL lineages were also detected highlighting the need to culture and
      sequence phytoplankton from the ecoregion. Principal component analysis revealed
      that nitrate is an important variable that is associated with observed variation
      in phytoplankton assemblages (operational taxonomic units). This study applied
      molecular tools to highlight the ecological significance of diatoms, in addition
      to other chromophytic algal groups in Sundarbans. 

PMID- 26988192
TI  - Nitrogen retention and partitioning at the initiation of lipid accumulation in
      nitrogen-deficient algae.
AB  - Nitrogen (N) deficiency promotes lipid accumulation in many oleaginous algae, but
      we have a poor understanding of the associations between the initiation of lipid
      accumulation and algal N retention and partitioning. Here, we report on total
      cell N, five bulk pools of N in the cell (protein, free amino acids, DNA, RNA,
      chl), and lipids from N saturation to growth cessation in three species. While
      the maximum level of N uptake differed among species, the ratio of minimum
      retained N to N retained at the initiation of lipid accumulation was consistent
      among species at 0.5 +/- 0.04. This suggests that the cellular initiation of
      lipid accumulation was associated with a common magnitude of N deficiency among
      species. Concerning the partitioning of N, the concentration of RNA and the
      protein to RNA ratio were most similar among species at the initiation of lipid
      accumulation with averages of 3.2 +/- 0.26 g . L(-1) (8.2% variation) and 16 +/-
      1.5 (9.2% variation), respectively. All other pools and physiologically relevant
      ratios were considerably more variable. The species commonalities in RNA and
      protein show a similar reduction in general cellular function due to N deficiency
      before cellular initiation of lipid accumulation. These results provide insight
      into the physiological drivers for lipid accumulation in N-deficient algae and
      data for modeling these associations. 

PMID- 26988191
TI  - Curvature in models of the photosynthesis-irradiance response.
AB  - An equation for the rate of photosynthesis as a function of irradiance introduced
      by T. T. Bannister included an empirical parameter b to account for observed
      variations in curvature between the initial slope and the maximum rate of
      photosynthesis. Yet researchers have generally favored equations with fixed
      curvature, possibly because b was viewed as having no physiological meaning. We
      developed an analytic photosynthesis-irradiance equation relating variations in
      curvature to changes in the degree of connectivity between photosystems, and also
      considered a recently published alternative, based on changes in the size of the
      plastoquinone pool. When fitted to a set of 185 observed photosynthesis
      irradiance curves, it was found that the Bannister equation provided the best fit
      more frequently compared to either of the analytic equations. While Bannister's
      curvature parameter engendered negligible improvement in the statistical fit to
      the study data, we argued that the parameter is nevertheless quite useful because
      it allows for consistent estimates of initial slope and saturation irradiance for
      observations exhibiting a range of curvatures, which would otherwise have to be
      fitted to different fixed-curvature equations. Using theoretical models, we also
      found that intra- and intercellular self-shading can result in biased estimates
      of both curvature and the saturation irradiance parameter. We concluded that
      Bannister's is the best currently available equation accounting for variations in
      curvature precisely because it does not assign inappropriate physiological
      meaning to its curvature parameter, and we proposed that b should be thought of
      as the expression of the integration of all factors impacting curvature. 

PMID- 26988193
TI  - Temperature response of photosynthetic light- and carbon-use characteristics in
      the red seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta).
AB  - The red seaweed Gracilariopsis is an important crop extensively cultivated in
      China for high-quality raw agar. In the cultivation site at Nanao Island,
      Shantou, China, G. lemaneiformis experiences high variability in environmental
      conditions like seawater temperature. In this study, G. lemaneiformis was
      cultured at 12, 19, or 26 degrees C for 3 weeks, to examine its photosynthetic
      acclimation to changing temperature. Growth rates were highest in G.
      lemaneiformis thalli grown at 19 degrees C, and were reduced with either
      decreased or increased temperature. The irradiance-saturated rate of
      photosynthesis (Pmax ) decreased with decreasing temperature, but increased
      significantly with prolonged cultivation at lower temperatures, indicating the
      potential for photosynthesis acclimation to lower temperature. Moreover, Pmax
      increased with increasing temperature (~30 MUmol O2  . g(-1) FW . h(-1) at 12
      degrees C to 70 MUmol O2  . g(-1) FW . h(-1) at 26 degrees C). The irradiance
      compensation point for photosynthesis (Ic ) decreased significantly with
      increasing temperature (28 MUmol photons . m(-2)  . s(-1) at high temperature vs.
      38 MUmol photons . m(-2)  . s(-1) at low temperature). Both the photosynthetic
      light- and carbon-use efficiencies increased with increasing growth or
      temperatures (from 12 degrees C to 26 degrees C). The results suggested that the
      thermal acclimation of photosynthetic performance of G. lemaneiformis would have
      important ecophysiological implications in sea cultivation for improving
      photosynthesis at low temperature and maintaining high standing biomass during
      summer. Ongoing climate change (increasing atmospheric CO2 and global warming)
      may enhance biomass production in G. lemaneiformis mariculture through the
      improved photosynthetic performances in response to increasing temperature. 

PMID- 26988194
TI  - Allelopathic effects of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) on Thalassiosira cf.
      gravida (Bacillariophyceae): a matter of size.
AB  - Allelopathic interactions among phytoplankton are well documented. The potency of
      allelopathic species and responses of target species to allelochemicals are quite
      variable, however, limiting full understanding of the role these interactions may
      play in nature. One trait that may influence the sensitivity of an individual to
      allelochemicals is cell size. The few studies that have examined relationships
      between cell size and susceptibility to allelochemicals have compared different
      species and thus could not distinguish between the role of size and species
      specific physiological differences. Culturing an actively sexually reproducing
      diatom allowed us to focus on the influence of target cell size within a single
      species. We studied growth and nutrient acquisition by the chain-forming
      Thalassiosira cf. gravida Clever in the presence and absence of allelochemicals
      released by Alexandrium fundyense Balech as a function of T. cf. gravida cell
      size. Upon exposure to filtrate of A. fundyense, T. cf. gravida cultures
      "bleached" and both growth and nutrient utilization ceased for up to 4 d. The
      magnitude of the effect was dependent on filtrate concentration and T. cf.
      gravida cell surface area:volume ratio. The greatest inhibition was observed on
      the smallest cells, while T. cf. gravida cultures that had undergone cell
      enlargement via sexual reproduction were least sensitive to A. fundyense
      filtrate. These results demonstrate that competitor cell size, independent from
      taxonomy, may influence the outcome of allelopathic interactions. The findings
      presented here suggest a potential ecological impact of diatom cell size
      reduction and sexual reproduction that has not yet been described and that may be
      important in determining diatom survival and success. 

PMID- 26988195
TI  - Brandtodinium gen. nov. and B. nutricula comb. Nov. (Dinophyceae), a
      dinoflagellate commonly found in symbiosis with polycystine radiolarians.
AB  - Symbiotic interactions between pelagic hosts and microalgae have received little
      attention, although they are widespread in the photic layer of the world ocean,
      where they play a fundamental role in the ecology of the planktonic ecosystem.
      Polycystine radiolarians (including the orders Spumellaria, Collodaria and
      Nassellaria) are planktonic heterotrophic protists that are widely distributed
      and often abundant in the ocean. Many polycystines host symbiotic microalgae
      within their cytoplasm, mostly thought to be the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella
      nutricula, a species originally described by Karl Brandt in the late nineteenth
      century as Zooxanthella nutricula. The free-living stage of this dinoflagellate
      has never been characterized in terms of morphology and thecal plate tabulation.
      We examined morphological characters and sequenced conservative ribosomal markers
      of clonal cultures of the free-living stage of symbiotic dinoflagellates isolated
      from radiolarian hosts from the three polycystine orders. In addition, we
      sequenced symbiont genes directly from several polycystine-symbiont holobiont
      specimens from different oceanic regions. Thecal plate arrangement of the free
      living stage does not match that of Scrippsiella or related genera, and LSU and
      SSU rDNA-based molecular phylogenies place these symbionts in a distinct clade
      within the Peridiniales. Both phylogenetic analyses and the comparison of
      morphological features of culture strains with those reported for other closely
      related species support the erection of a new genus that we name Brandtodinium
      gen. nov. and the recombination of S. nutricula as B. nutricula comb. nov. 

PMID- 26988196
TI  - Meiospores produced in sori of nonsporophyllous laminae of Macrocystis pyrifera
      (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) may enhance reproductive output.
AB  - Different lamina of Macrocystis pyrifera sporophytes (i.e., sporophylls,
      pneumatocyst-bearing blades, and apical scimitars) in a wave-sheltered site were
      found to be fertile. We quantified their sorus surface area, reproductive output
      (number of spores released) and the viability of released spores (germination
      rate). Sorus area was greatest on the sporophylls, with sporangia developing on
      >57% of the total area and smallest on the pneumatocyst-bearing blades with 21%
      of the total area bearing sporangia. The apical scimitar released the greatest
      number of meiospores (cells . mL(-1)  . cm(-2) ) and the sporophylls the least.
      Meiospores produced from all types of fertile laminae were equally viable. This
      reproductive plasticity may enhance reproductive output, and contribute to short
      and long-distance spore dispersal and the cryptic gametophyte propagule bank for
      the next generation of sporophytes. 

PMID- 26988199
TI  - Human rabies following a non-human primate bite in India.

PMID- 26988198
TI  - A Bootstrapping Model of Frequency and Context Effects in Word Learning.
AB  - Prior research has shown that people can learn many nouns (i.e., word-object
      mappings) from a short series of ambiguous situations containing multiple words
      and objects. For successful cross-situational learning, people must approximately
      track which words and referents co-occur most frequently. This study investigates
      the effects of allowing some word-referent pairs to appear more frequently than
      others, as is true in real-world learning environments. Surprisingly, high
      frequency pairs are not always learned better, but can also boost learning of
      other pairs. Using a recent associative model (Kachergis, Yu, & Shiffrin, 2012),
      we explain how mixing pairs of different frequencies can bootstrap late learning
      of the low-frequency pairs based on early learning of higher frequency pairs. We
      also manipulate contextual diversity, the number of pairs a given pair appears
      with across training, since it is naturalistically confounded with frequency. The
      associative model has competing familiarity and uncertainty biases, and their
      interaction is able to capture the individual and combined effects of frequency
      and contextual diversity on human learning. Two other recent word-learning models
      do not account for the behavioral findings.

PMID- 26988197
TI  - Children and young people with perinatal HIV in Europe: epidemiological situation
      in 2014 and implications for the future.
AB  - Accurate ascertainment of the number of children living with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is important to plan paediatric and adolescent
      health services. In Europe, the first generation of perinatally HIV-infected
      survivors are transferring to adult care and their health needs are unknown. We
      undertook an online survey of HIV cohort studies participating in the EuroCoord
      Network of Excellence to ascertain the number of perinatally HIV-infected (pHIV)
      patients included, to compare it with those published by the European Centre for
      Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and
      to assess the ability of countries to follow up pHIV patients after transfer to
      adult care. At the end of 2013, 16 countries in EuroCoord reported 8,229 pHIV
      patients in follow-up in cohorts, compared with 5,160 cumulative diagnoses
      reported by the ECDC in the same area. Follow-up of pHIV patients after transfer
      to adult care varied. It is likely that the number of diagnoses of perinatal HIV
      reported to ECDC is an underestimate, although this varies by country. Further
      work is needed to refine estimates and encourage follow-up in adult HIV cohorts
      to investigate long-term outcomes and improve the care of the next generation of
      children with HIV.

PMID- 26988200
TI  - Twitter for travel medicine providers.
AB  - Travel medicine practitioners, perhaps more so than medical practitioners working
      in other areas of medicine, require a constant flow of information to stay up-to
      date, and provide best practice information and care to their patients. Many
      travel medicine providers are unaware of the popularity and potential of the
      Twitter platform. Twitter use among our travellers, as well as by physicians and
      health providers, is growing exponentially. There is a rapidly expanding body of
      published literature on this information tool. This review provides a brief
      overview of the ways Twitter is being used by health practitioners, the
      advantages that are peculiar to Twitter as a platform of social media, and how
      the interested practitioner can get started. Some key points about the dark side
      of Twitter are highlighted, as well as the potential benefits of using Twitter as
      a way to disseminate accurate medical information to the public. This article
      will help readers develop an increased understanding of Twitter as a tool for
      extracting useful facts and insights from the ever increasing volume of health
      information. 

PMID- 26988201
TI  - Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with direct acting antiviral agents in patients
      with haemophilia, end-stage liver disease and coinfected with HIV.

PMID- 26988203
TI  - An exploratory study on speech and hearing outcomes in children with cleft lip
      and palate.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the treatment outcomes of children with cleft
      lip and/or palate (CLP) receiving surgical care for primary lip and palate
      closure in Malaysia. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the speech and hearing
      status of Malay-speaking children with CLP residing in Kuala Lumpur. METHODS:
      Parents whose children were between the age of 5 and 7 years were recruited via
      the Cleft Lip and Palate Association of Malaysia (CLAPAM) registry. Parents
      completed a survey and the children completed a speech and hearing assessment at
      the Audiology and Speech Sciences Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
      OUTCOMES: Speech measures include nasality rating, nasalance scores, articulation
      errors and speech intelligibility rating, while hearing measures include hearing
      thresholds and tympanometry results for each child. RESULTS: Out of 118
      registered members who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 21 agreed to participate
      in the study. The overall speech and hearing status of children in this sample
      were poor. Only four (19%) participants had normal speech intelligibility rating
      and normal hearing bilaterally. In terms of overall cleft management, only four
      (19%) participants were seen by a cleft team while seven (33%) had never had
      their hearing tested prior to this study. CONCLUSION: Participants in this sample
      had poor outcomes in speech and hearing and received uncoordinated and fragmented
      cleft care. This finding calls for further large scale research and collaborative
      efforts into improving and providing centralised, multidisciplinary care for
      children born with CLP.

PMID- 26988204
TI  - Comparison on the use of semi-automated and automated core biopsy needle in
      ultrasound guided breast biopsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the use of semi-automated (Medax
      Velox 2; Poggio Rusco, Italy) and automated (Bard Magnum Biopsy Instrument;
      Covington, GA, USA) core biopsy needles, for ultrasound guided breast biopsy.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 14G semi-automatic spring loaded core biopsy needle with
      a 22-mm-throw (Medax Velox 2; Poggio Rusco, Italy) and 14-gauge automated needle
      device with a 22-mm-throw biopsy gun (Bard-Magnum Biopsy Instrument, Covington,
      GA, USA) were used for breast biopsies under ultrasound guidance on alternate
      months during the study period between July 2009 and May 2011. One hundred and
      sixty lesions were biopsied and specimens were sent for histological evaluation.
      RESULTS: The automated needle obtained a higher number of histology reports at
      84% (67/80) as compared with the semiautomated needle at 60% (48/80) (Fisher
      exact test, p value=0.023). Inadequate samples with the automated needle were
      much less at 9% (7/60) than with the semiautomated needle at 23% (18/60) (Fisher
      exact test, p value=0.028). The semi-automated needle showed slightly less
      fragmented samples. However, the number of fragmented samples with definitive
      diagnosis was slightly higher with the automated compared with the semiautomated
      needle, at 16% (13/80) and 13% (10/80) respectively. Compared with histology of
      29 lesions that were excised, the semi-automated needle had higher sensitivity
      (100%) but lower specificity (75%) and accuracy (90%) compared with the automated
      needle (88% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 95% accuracy). CONCLUSION: Definitive
      diagnosis from the study samples slightly favours the use of automated core
      biopsy needle as compared to semi-automated core biopsy needle.

PMID- 26988202
TI  - Influenza A viruses escape from MxA restriction at the expense of efficient
      nuclear vRNP import.
AB  - To establish a new lineage in the human population, avian influenza A viruses
      (AIV) must overcome the intracellular restriction factor MxA. Partial escape from
      MxA restriction can be achieved when the viral nucleoprotein (NP) acquires the
      critical human-adaptive amino acid residues 100I/V, 283P, and 313Y. Here, we show
      that introduction of these three residues into the NP of an avian H5N1 virus
      renders it genetically unstable, resulting in viruses harboring additional single
      mutations, including G16D. These substitutions restored genetic stability yet
      again yielded viruses with varying degrees of attenuation in mammalian and avian
      cells. Additionally, most of the mutant viruses lost the capacity to escape MxA
      restriction, with the exception of the G16D virus. We show that MxA escape is
      linked to attenuation by demonstrating that the three substitutions promoting MxA
      escape disturbed intracellular trafficking of incoming viral ribonucleoprotein
      complexes (vRNPs), thereby resulting in impaired nuclear import, and that the
      additional acquired mutations only partially compensate for this import block. We
      conclude that for adaptation to the human host, AIV must not only overcome MxA
      restriction but also an associated block in nuclear vRNP import. This inherent
      difficulty may partially explain the frequent failure of AIV to become pandemic. 

PMID- 26988205
TI  - A study on the use of abbreviations among doctors and nurses in the medical
      department of a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Misinterpretation of abbreviations by healthcare professionals has
      been reported to compromise patient safety. This study was done to determine the
      prevalence of abbreviations usage among medical doctors and nurses and their
      ability to interpret commonly used abbreviations in medical practice. METHODS:
      Seventy-seven medical doctors and eighty nurses answered a self-administered
      questionnaire designed to capture demographic data and information regarding
      abbreviation use in medical practice. Comparisons were made between doctors and
      nurses with regards to frequency and reasons for using abbreviations; from where
      abbreviations were learned; frequency of encountering abbreviations in medical
      practice; prevalence of medical errors due to misinterpretation of abbreviations;
      and their ability to correctly interpret commonly used abbreviations. RESULTS:
      The use of abbreviations was highly prevalent among doctors and nurses. Time
      saving, avoidance of writing sentences in full and convenience, were the main
      reasons for using abbreviations. Doctors learned abbreviations from fellow
      doctors while nurses learned from fellow nurses and doctors. More doctors than
      nurses reported encountering abbreviations. Both groups reported no difficulties
      in interpreting abbreviations although nurses reported often resorting to
      guesswork. Both groups felt abbreviations were necessary and an acceptable part
      of work. Doctors outperformed nurses in correctly interpreting commonly used
      standard and non-standard abbreviations. CONCLUSION: The use of standard and non
      standard abbreviation in clinical practice by doctors and nurses was highly
      prevalent. Significant variability in interpretation of abbreviations exists
      between doctors and nurses.

PMID- 26988206
TI  - Natural history of asymptomatic gallstones: differential behaviour in male and
      female subjects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The natural history of asymptomatic (silent) gallstones has been
      inadequately studied. Existing information derives from studies based on oral
      cholecystography or relatively small sample sizes. We planned a retrospective
      cohort study in subjects with gallstones to determine conversion rates from
      asymptomatic to symptomatic. METHODS: We extracted data from computerised
      databases of one government hospital and two private clinics in Malaysia. Files
      were scrutinised to ensure that criteria for asymptomatic gallstones were
      fulfilled. Patients were called on telephone, further questioned to confirm that
      the gallstones at detection were truly asymptomatic, and asked about symptoms
      that were consistent with previously defined criteria for biliary colic.
      Appropriate ethical clearances were taken. RESULTS: 213 (112 males) patients
      fulfilled the criteria for asymptomatic gallstones and could be contacted. 23
      (10.8%) developed pain after an average follow up interval of 4.02 years (range
      0.1-11 years). Conversion rates from asymptomatic to symptomatic gallstones were
      high in the first two years of follow up, averaging 4.03+/-0.965 per year. Over
      time the conversion rates slowed, and by year 10 the annual conversion rate
      averaged only 1.38+/-0.29. Conversion rates were much higher for females compared
      to males (F:M hazard ratio 3.23, SE 1.54, p>z 0.014). The lifetime risks for
      conversion approached 6.15% for males, and 22.1% for females. CONCLUSION: In
      conclusion, asymptomatic gallstones are much more likely to convert to
      symptomatic in females than in males. Males in whom asymptomatic stones are
      discovered should be advised conservative treatment. Surgery may be preferable to
      conservative management if the subject is a young female.

PMID- 26988207
TI  - Renal doppler assessment in differentiating obstructive from non-obstructive
      hydronephrosis in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: to determine the usefulness of Doppler ultrasound measurement of
      resistive index (RI) in differentiating obstructive from non-obstructive
      hydronephrosis in children. METHODS: From August 2011 to November 2012, renal
      Doppler assessments of the intra-renal renal arteries were performed on 16
      children (19 kidneys) with congenital hydronephrosis. the independent t-test was
      used to assess for significant difference in RI values between those with
      obstructive hydronephrosis (6 kidneys) and those with non-obstructive
      hydronephrosis (13 kidneys) as determined by dynamic renal scintigraphy. the
      assessor was blinded to the clinical findings and scintigraphy results. RESULTS:
      RI was significantly different between obstructive and non-obstructive
      hydronephrosis. Obstructive hydronephrosis returned higher RI values, with mean
      RI of 0.78. Mean RI in non-obstructive hydronephrosis was 0.70, and the
      difference was significant (p <0.05). the sensitivity and specificity of Doppler
      ultrasound were 100% and 53% respectively. CONCLUSION: Doppler ultrasound
      measurement of resistive index is useful in differentiating obstructive from
      nonobstructive hydronephrosis and provides an alternative non-ionizing
      investigation.

PMID- 26988208
TI  - Leptospirosis: recent incidents and available diagnostics - a review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to review published research articles on
      leptospirosis, in particular the recent incidence of leptospirosis in Malaysia
      and the currently available diagnostic methods for the detection of
      leptospirosis. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar and Google Search databases were
      searched using the key words Leptospira and leptospirosis. A total of seventy-six
      references were reviewed including sixty-seven research articles, three annual
      reports from Ministry of Health and six online newspaper articles. This review
      includes the following five sub-headings: introduction, leptospirosis
      transmission, leptospirosis incidents, laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis and
      treatment and prevention of leptospirosis. RESULTS: An increase in incidents of
      leptospirosis cases has been seen in recent years in Malaysia. The recent floods
      have contributed to the rise in the number of reported cases. Current diagnostic
      approaches such as dark field microscopy, microscopic agglutination test (MAT),
      Polymerase chain reaction and serological tests are inadequate as the organism is
      a slow grower. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to develop newer techniques
      for rapid detection of leptospirosis. The combination of PCR and ELISA are
      suggested for rapid and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis. Studies on the
      mechanism of pathogenesis of Leptospira are needed for the development of
      vaccines that are safe for human use.

PMID- 26988209
TI  - The use of SPECT-CT improves accuracy of post-radioiodine therapy imaging and
      changes the management strategy in a case of advanced follicular thyroid
      carcinoma.
AB  - This is a case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with extensive lung, bone and
      brain metastases. Multi-modality treatments including total thyroidectomy,
      modified radical neck dissection, cranial radiotherapy and Iodine-131 (RAI)
      therapy were instituted. Post RAI therapy planar whole body scan showed RAI avid
      metastases in the skull, cervical spine, bilateral lungs and abdomen. With the
      use of SPECTCT imaging, rare adrenal metastasis and additional rib metastasis
      were identified. Besides, management strategy was altered due to detection of non
      RAI avid brain and lung metastatic lesions. 

PMID- 26988210
TI  - Recalcitrant cystoid macular oedema in an eye with ischaemic central retinal vein
      occlusion - what's next?
AB  - We report a case of a middle-aged gentleman with recalcitrant macular oedema
      (RMO) secondary to ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). He was given
      six injections of intravitreal ranibizumab (anti-VEGF) monthly. However, his
      visual acuity (VA) deteriorated and the macular oedema worsened. He then received
      an intravitreal dexamethasone implant eight months post-CRVO. His VA and macular
      oedema improved dramatically and significantly at first follow-up and remained
      stable at six months after implant. This case can be a reference for those who
      treating recalcitrant macular oedema. It shows the effect of an intravitreal
      dexamathasone implant might have in a patient with RMO due to CRVO. The patient
      enjoyed improvement of vision, with clinical evidence of reduction in central
      macular thickness (CMT) and with no serious adverse events after a single
      injection up to six months post implant. 

PMID- 26988211
TI  - Penile Paraffinoma.
AB  - Penile augmentation with injection of paraffin is a common practice in South East
      Asia. Penile paraffinoma occurring due to injection of liquid paraffin to enhance
      the size of the penis is an uncommon condition. Normally, this procedure is
      carried out by nonmedical personnel, without the prior knowledge or consultation
      of any urologist. The occurrence of such a deforming procedure is not commonly
      known to the medical profession in Malaysia. 

PMID- 26988212
TI  - Anti N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis: An under-recognised cause of
      encephalitis.
AB  - Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an immune mediated
      condition with characteristic clinical presentation. We report the first case
      from Borneo, Sabah and the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating
      recalcitrant psychiatrist symptoms associated with this condition. 

PMID- 26988213
TI  - Fulminant necrotising amoebic colitis: A diagnostic conundrum.
AB  - Fulminant necrotising amoebic colitis is a complication of untreated amoebiasis.
      This is seen in mainly low-income countries. It has a high mortality rate and is
      difficult to diagnose. We present an extremely rare case of fulminant necrotising
      amoebic colitis that caused diagnostic confusion in mimicking an acute abdomen,
      presumably caused by a perforated duodenal ulcer. 

PMID- 26988214
TI  - Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma - Penang experience.
AB  - Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) is rare and poses difficulties in
      diagnosing, staging and management. We describe a case series with six patients
      who were diagnosed TBSCC, from January 2009 to June 2014, with median age of 62
      years old. All patients presented with blood-stain discharge and external
      auditory canal mass, showing that these findings should highly alert the
      diagnosis of TBSCC. Three patients staged T3 and another three with T4 disease.
      High-resolution CT (HRCT) temporal findings were noted to be different from
      intraoperative findings and therefore we conclude that MRI should be done to look
      for middle ear involvement or other soft tissue invasion for more accurate
      staging. Lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR) and parotidectomy was done for
      four patients with or without neck dissection. Patients with positive margin,
      perineural invasion or parotid and glenoid involvement carry poorer prognosis and
      postoperative radiotherapy may improve the survival rate. One patient had
      successful tumor resection via piecemeal removal approach in contrast with the
      recommended en bloc resection shows that with negative margin achieved, piecemeal
      removal approach can be a good option for patients with T2-3 disease. In general,
      T4 tumor has dismal outcome regardless of surgery or radiotherapy given. 

PMID- 26988215
TI  - A case of successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for right ventricular
      failure following pericardiectomy.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a useful but less commonly used
      technique in right ventricular failure post cardiac surgery in our region. We
      report a case of successful use of ECMO for right ventricular failure post
      cardiac surgery. Our patient is a 27-year-old male presented with constrictive
      pericarditis post completion of treatment for disseminated Tuberculosis. He
      underwent pericardiectomy that was complicated with acute right ventricular
      failure. He was placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after few hours
      post op that lasted for five days. The patient survived to hospital discharge and
      remained well on follow-up. From our experience, this aggressive management
      approach is beneficial in right ventricular failure and can be safely utilised in
      all cardiothoracic centres. 

PMID- 26988216
TI  - Intrauterine management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with cardiac
      failure.
AB  - Fetal arrhythmias are not uncommon in pregnancy. The diagnosis can be established
      on routine ultrasound scan. Fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most
      common cause of fetal tachycardia. If left undiagnosed and untreated, these
      fetuses may develop cardiac failure, hydrops fetalis and eventually death. We
      report two fetuses diagnosed antenatally to have fetal SVT. Both fetuses were in
      cardiac failure and were successfully treated with maternal administration of
      antiarrhythmic medications. Digoxin, and in severe instances, a combination with
      flecanaide significantly improved fetal outcomes and prevented fetal mortality.
      The long term prognosis of such patients are good. 

PMID- 26988217
TI  - Techniques to Repair Implant Malposition after Breast Augmentation: A Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Implant malposition is a complication of breast augmentation that
      adversely affects aesthetic outcomes. It is one of the most common reasons for
      revisionary aesthetic breast surgery yet there is a lack of peer reviewed
      literature dedicated to the management of this complication. OBJECTIVES: The
      purpose of this article was to summarize the malposition literature, review the
      types and causes of this complication, and evaluate the strengths and weakness of
      procedures aimed at addressing it. METHODS: A review of the literature was
      performed using the PubMed database. Articles describing surgical techniques for
      correction of implant malposition, as well as outcome data for patients
      undergoing revision with described techniques, were included. Articles describing
      revisionary surgery following breast reconstruction were excluded. A series of
      cases are presented to illustrate techniques discussed. RESULTS: Search criteria
      resulted in 763 articles. Title and abstract review followed by application of
      inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in a total of 21 clinical studies from
      1988 to 2014 that were included in this review. All studies included in this
      study were of level IV or V evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the overall low level
      of evidence in the literature regarding secondary breast augmentation, a thorough
      understanding of the corrective techniques presented will allow surgeons to make
      the most informed judgments. Weighing the strengths and weakness of these
      surgical techniques in the context of each patient will allow surgeons to develop
      the most appropriate treatment strategy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4: Therapeutic.

PMID- 26988219
TI  - Association analysis for disease resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in cape
      gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the most important
      disease in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in Colombia. The development
      of resistant cultivars is considered one of the most cost-effective means to
      reduce the impact of this disease. In order to do so, it is necessary to provide
      breeders with molecular markers and promising germplasm for introgression of
      different resistance loci as part of breeding schemes. Here we described an
      association mapping study in cape gooseberry with the goal to: (i) select
      promising materials for use in plant breeding and (ii) identify SNPs associated
      with the cape gooseberry resistance response to the F. oxysporum pathogen under
      greenhouse conditions, as potential markers for cape gooseberry breeding.
      RESULTS: We found a total of 21 accessions with different resistance responses
      within a diversity panel of 100 cape gooseberry accessions. A total of 60,663
      SNPs were also identified within the same panel by means of GBS (Genotyping By
      Sequencing). Model-based population structure and neighbor-joining analyses
      showed three populations comprising the cape gooseberry panel. After correction
      for population structure and kinship, we identified SNPs markers associated with
      the resistance response against F. oxysporum. The identification of markers was
      based on common tags using the reference genomes of tomato and potato as well as
      the root/stem transcriptome of cape gooseberry. By comparing their location with
      the tomato genome, 16 SNPs were found in genes involved in defense/resistance
      response to pathogens, likewise when compared with the genome of potato, 12
      markers were related. CONCLUSIONS: The work presented herein provides the first
      association mapping study in cape gooseberry showing both the identification of
      promising accessions with resistance response phenotypes and the identification
      of a set of SNP markers mapped to defense/resistance response genes of reference
      genomes. Thus, the work also provides new knowledge on candidate genes involved
      in the P. peruviana - F. oxysporum pathosystem as a foundation for further
      validation in marker-assisted selection. The results have important implications
      for conservation and breeding strategies in cape gooseberry.

PMID- 26988222
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate in infants aged less than 12 months
      treated for aggressive brain tumors.
AB  - PURPOSE: In infants aged less than 12 months, there are few data on
      pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate (MTX) for brain tumors at the dose of
      8 g/m(2). Consolidated knowledges are present only with the dose of 5 g/m(2) in
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS: We collected data on 8 infants at the time
      of their first treatment with high-dose MTX, 8 g/m(2), to evaluate the
      pharmacokinetic profile. All children had a dose adjustment with a weight-based
      prescription (1 m(2) = 30 kg). RESULTS: The median age was 4.5 months (range 0
      9). The median weight was 5.63 kg (range 3.12-9.0). The median steady-state MTX
      concentration at the end of 6-hr infusion was 486 uM/L (range 227-790). The
      median systemic MTX clearance was 4.14 L/h/m(2) (range 1.98-9.35). The median MTX
      concentration after 24 h from the beginning of infusion was 3.29 uM/L (range 1.14
      100.44). Three (37.5 %) patients had a delayed elimination of MTX (delayed early,
      delayed late, or total delayed: one for each). These altered elimination occurred
      principally in children weighing less than 4 kg (p: 0.0179). Moreover, a systemic
      MTX clearance at the end of infusion minor than 3 L/h/m(2) can predict a delayed
      elimination (p: 0.0179). Patients with altered elimination underwent rescue
      measures (leucovorin supplement and/or exchange transfusion). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data suggest that a higher dose of MTX for the treatment of aggressive brain
      tumors in early infants had an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. Greater
      attention must be used in the treatment of children weighing less than 4 kg.

PMID- 26988220
TI  - The effect of high dose oral manganese exposure on copper, iron and zinc levels
      in rats.
AB  - Manganese is an essential dietary nutrient and trace element with important roles
      in mammalian development, metabolism, and antioxidant defense. In healthy
      individuals, gastrointestinal absorption and hepatobiliary excretion are tightly
      regulated to maintain systemic manganese concentrations at physiologic levels.
      Interactions of manganese with other essential metals following high dose
      ingestion are incompletely understood. We previously reported that gavage
      manganese exposure in rats resulted in higher tissue manganese concentrations
      when compared with equivalent dietary or drinking water manganese exposures. In
      this study, we performed follow-up evaluations to determine whether oral
      manganese exposure perturbs iron, copper, or zinc tissue concentrations. Rats
      were exposed to a control diet with 10 ppm manganese or dietary, drinking water,
      or gavage exposure to approximately 11.1 mg manganese/kg body weight/day for 7 or
      61 exposure days. While manganese exposure affected levels of all metals,
      particularly in the frontal cortex and liver, copper levels were most prominently
      affected. This result suggests an under-appreciated effect of manganese exposure
      on copper homeostasis which may contribute to our understanding of the
      pathophysiology of manganese toxicity.

PMID- 26988221
TI  - Inhibition of E-selectin expression on the surface of endothelial cells inhibits
      hepatocellular carcinoma growth by preventing tumor angiogenesis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Interactions between endothelial and tumor cells via E-selectin and
      sialyl Lewis x (sLex) have been suggested to play a significant role in the
      development of metastasis and tumor growth. In this work, we tested whether
      inhibition of E-selectin expression on the surface of endothelial cells might
      impair endothelial/tumor cells interactions and tumor growth of hepatocarcinoma
      cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: We used HepG2 cells that highly express sLex
      antigens and HuH7 cells that do not express sLex. Inhibition of E-selectin
      expression on the surface of endothelial cells was obtained by using cimetidine
      and amiloride treatment. RESULTS: Cimetidine and amiloride inhibited,
      respectively, by 20 and 64 % E-selectin expression by activated endothelial cells
      and significantly subsequent adhesion of HepG2 cells to activated endothelial
      cells. Subcutaneous injection of cimetidine or amiloride resulted in a
      significant inhibition of HepG2 cells tumor growth in nu/nu mice but not of HuH7
      cells. Thus, cimetidine and amiloride administration led to an inhibition of 57
      and 75 % of HepG2 tumor growth in vivo, respectively. This effect was associated
      with an inhibition of vasculogenesis as demonstrated by anti-CD31 immunostaining.
      CONCLUSION: Inhibition of E-selectin expression allows an anti-tumoral effect on
      sLex-expressing HCC tumors in vivo. This suggests that interactions between HCC
      cells and endothelial cells through sLex antigens and E-selectin might be a
      target for treatment of HCC. Further studies might evaluate the clinical impact
      of cimetidine and amiloride in the treatment of HCC patients alone or in
      combination with other anti-tumoral agents.

PMID- 26988223
TI  - A Rapid, Fluorescence-Based Field Screening Technique for Organic Species in Soil
      and Water Matrices.
AB  - Real-time detection of hydrocarbon contaminants in the environment presents
      analytical challenges because traditional laboratory-based techniques are
      cumbersome and not readily field portable. In the current work, a method for
      rapid and semi-quantitative detection of organic contaminants, primarily crude
      oil, in natural water and soil matrices has been developed. Detection limits in
      the parts per million and parts per billion were accomplished when using visual
      and digital detection methods, respectively. The extraction technique was
      modified from standard methodologies used for hydrocarbon analysis and provides a
      straight-forward separation technique that can remove interference from complex
      natural constituents. For water samples this method is semi-quantitative, with
      recoveries ranging from 70 % to 130 %, while measurements of soil samples are
      more qualitative due to lower extraction efficiencies related to the limitations
      of field-deployable procedures. 

PMID- 26988224
TI  - Levels of PCBs in Oysters Coming from Galicia Coast: Comparison to Mussels from
      the Same Region.
AB  - PCBs were analyzed in two species of oyster (Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis)
      cultured in intertidal beds and rafts coming from the Galician Rias during the
      period 2011-2014. PCBs were also analyzed in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
      collected in the same Rias during 2011. The main objective of this work is to
      investigate the distribution of PCBs in Galician oysters and to study their
      suitability as bioindicator in comparison to mussels. The levels of SigmaPCBs
      (ten congeners) ranged from 5.58 to 179.49 ng g(-1) d.w. The effect of biological
      parameters (shell length, lipid content and condition index) on bioaccumulation
      of PCBs was also evaluated. ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference
      between species for higher chlorinated biphenyls (CBs 153 and 138). The spatial
      patterns were investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed differences
      between geographical areas (Rias Altas, Centrales and Baixas) in the distribution
      of PCBs.

PMID- 26988225
TI  - Assessment of Giant Duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza L. Schleiden) Turions as Model
      Objects in Ecotoxicological Applications.
AB  - In this study germination of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden (giant duckweed)
      turions was assessed under cadmium exposure to test applicability of a novel
      turion-based ecotoxicology method. Floating success of germinating turions,
      protrusion of the first and subsequent fronds as test endpoints were investigated
      and compared to results of standard duckweed growth inhibition tests with fronds
      of the same species. Our results indicate that turions can be used to
      characterize effects of toxic substances. Initial phase of turion germination
      (floating up and appearance of the first frond) was less sensitive to Cd
      treatments than the subsequent frond production. The calculated effective
      concentrations for growth rates in turion and normal frond tests were similar.
      Single frond area produced by germinating turions proved to be the most sensitive
      test endpoint. Single frond area and colony disintegration as additionally
      measured parameters in normal frond cultures also changed due to Cd treatments
      but the sensitivity of these parameters was lower than that of growth rates. 

PMID- 26988226
TI  - Imidacloprid Extraction from Citrus Leaves and Analysis by Liquid Chromatography
      Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
AB  - A procedure was developed to extract Imidacloprid (IMD) from newly-flushed and
      fully-expanded citrus leaves. The extraction was conducted in a bullet blender,
      using a small sample mass (0.5 g of fresh tissue), stainless-steel beads (24 g),
      and methanol as extractant (10 mL). The extracts did not require further clean-up
      before analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. The method was validated with control samples from
      IMD-untreated Hamlin orange trees. The method limit of detection and limit of
      quantitation were 0.04 and 0.12 MUg g(-1), respectively. IMD recoveries from
      fortified leaf tissue were between 92 % and 102 %, with relative standard
      deviations of <8 %. The method was further evaluated by extracting leaves from
      Hamlin orange trees treated with IMD. The treated trees showed maximum
      concentrations of 10.8 and 21.8 ug g(-1), observed at 20 days after applying two
      soil-drenching rates (0.51 and 1.02 kg IMD ha(-1)), respectively. This extraction
      technique will generate useful data on IMD plant uptake, foliar concentration,
      and correlations with Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) mortality or control. The method
      could be used to generate baseline data to improve IMD soil-drenching
      applications as the main management practice to control the ACP.

PMID- 26988227
TI  - Medial approach to treat humeral mid-shaft fractures: a retrospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plate fixation is the gold standard for diaphyseal fracture
      management, and the anterolateral approach is widely used by reconstructive
      surgeons. However, the outcomes of humeral shaft fracture fixation using a medial
      approach are rarely reported. The aim of this study is to explore the management
      and outcomes of humeral mid-shaft fractures fixed through a medial incision.
      METHODS: Thirty-four patients who sustained a humeral mid-shaft fracture and
      underwent an open-reduction internal fixation (ORIF) in our department between
      January 2010 and January 2013 were included in this study. Sixteen patients had
      an ORIF performed through a medial approach, while the remaining 18 were fixed
      through an anterolateral approach. Postoperative clinical and radiographic
      results were reviewed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the
      blood loss and the range of motion of the shoulder and elbow between the
      anterolateral and medial fixation groups. One patient in the medial group and two
      patients in the anterolateral group had radial nerve dysfunction that improved
      after 8, 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. All patients healed radiographically except
      one from the anterolateral group who underwent grafting and re-fixation for a non
      union. No vascular injuries, infections, malunions, broken plates or loose screws
      were noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The medial approach to the humerus had
      equivalent outcomes to anterolateral fixation. It is an available choice for
      humeral mid-shaft fracture fixation in cases where there is no need to expose the
      radial nerve. The medial approach does not require a pre-bent plate and creates a
      large operative exposure. A well-hidden incision can also be designed, improving
      cosmetic outcomes. However, the medial approach is not suitable to proximal or
      distal humerus fractures.

PMID- 26988229
TI  - Can microteaching be used for teaching postgraduate psychiatry residents in a
      small group?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using
      microteaching for teaching postgraduate psychiatry residents in a small-group
      setting. METHODS: Twelve postgraduate psychiatry residents attending the tutorial
      program were employed as study participants. Five of the consenting residents
      took part in the microteaching session in which subtopics were assigned. Feedback
      was obtained from the presenters and other participants regarding the
      microteaching session. RESULTS: All of the presenters reported the microteaching
      session to be helpful in gaining a deeper understanding of the topic. Among the
      other participants, most found the microteaching exercise to be useful.
      CONCLUSION: Although preliminary, our findings suggest that microteaching can be
      used for training postgraduate psychiatry residents.

PMID- 26988228
TI  - Preferences for the organization of long-term follow-up in adolescent and young
      adult cancer survivors.
AB  - PURPOSE: As survival rates of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients
      increase, a growing number of AYA cancer survivors need follow-up care. However,
      there is little research on their preferences for follow-up care. We aimed to (1)
      describe AYA cancer survivors' preferences for the organization and content of
      follow-up care, (2) describe their preferences for different models of follow-up,
      and (3) investigate clinical and sociodemographic characteristics associated with
      preferences for the different models. METHODS: AYA cancer survivors (diagnosed
      with cancer at age 16-25 years; >=5 years after diagnosis) were identified
      through the Cancer Registry Zurich and Zug. Survivors completed a questionnaire
      on follow-up attendance, preferences for organizational aspects of follow-up care
      (what is important during follow-up, what should be included during appointments,
      what specialists should be involved, location), models of follow-up
      (telephone/questionnaire, general practitioner (GP), pediatric oncologist,
      medical oncologist, multidisciplinary team), and sociodemographic
      characteristics. Information on tumor and treatment was available through the
      Cancer Registry Zurich and Zug. RESULTS: Of 389 contacted survivors, 160 (41.1 %)
      participated and 92 (57.5 %) reported still attending follow-up. Medical aspects
      of follow-up care were more important than general aspects (p < 0.001). Among
      different organizational models, follow-up by a medical oncologist was rated
      higher than all other models (p = 0.002). Non-attenders of follow-up rated GP-led
      follow-up significantly higher than attenders (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Swiss AYA
      cancer survivors valued medical content of follow-up and showed a preference for
      medical oncologist-led follow-up. Implementation of different models of follow-up
      care might improve accessibility and attendance among AYA cancer survivors.

PMID- 26988230
TI  - Correlates of a single-item Self-Rated Mental Health Question in people with
      schizophrenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the correlates of a single
      item Self-Rated Mental Health Question in people with schizophrenia, in order to
      achieve a better understanding of what it is measuring. METHODS: A cross
      sectional survey was conducted exploring the responses of 71 adults with
      schizophrenia to a single-item Self-Rated Mental Health Question and the
      relationship with psychological distress, illness perception, and self-rated
      general health. Measures included the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress
      Scale, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, and the single-item Self-Rated
      Health Question. RESULTS: People with schizophrenia who reported poorer levels of
      mental health on a single-item Self-Rated Mental Health Question were more likely
      to have: higher levels of psychological distress; depressive and anxiety
      symptoms; and negative illness perceptions, especially a lack of perceived
      personal control over their illness. There was a moderate positive correlation
      between self-rated mental health and self-rated general health. CONCLUSION: The
      single-item Self-Rated Mental Health Question is a predictor of important
      clinical features in people with schizophrenia. As such, there are implications
      for health services, with a possible role as a brief, easily administered
      screening tool for the detection of clinical vulnerability.

PMID- 26988233
TI  - Call intercalation in dyadic interactions in natural choruses of Johnstone's
      whistling frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae).
AB  - Communal signaling increases the likelihood of acoustic interference and impairs
      mate choice; consequently, mechanisms of interference avoidance are expected.
      Adjustment of the timing of the calls between signalers, specifically call
      alternation, is probably the most efficient strategy. For this reason, in the
      present study we analyzed call timing in dyads of males of E. johnstonei in six
      natural assemblages. We addressed whether males entrain their calls with those of
      other males at the assemblage and if they show selective attention in relation to
      perceived amplitude of the other males' calls, inter-male distance, or intrinsic
      call features (call duration, period or dominant frequency). We expected males to
      selectively attend to closer or louder males and/or to those of higher or similar
      attractiveness for females than themselves, because those would be their
      strongest competitors. We found that most males intercalated their calls with
      those of at least one male. In assemblages of 3 individuals, males seemed to
      attend to a fixed number of males regardless of their characteristics. In
      assemblages of more than 3 individuals, the perceived amplitude of the call of
      the neighboring male was higher, and the call periods of the males were more
      similar in alternating dyads than in the non-alternating ones. At the proximate
      level, selective attention based on perceived amplitude may relate to behavioral
      hearing thresholds. Selective attention based on the similarity of call periods
      may relate to the properties of the call oscillators controlling calling rhythms.
      At the ultimate level, selective attention may be related to the likelihood of
      acoustic competition for females. 

PMID- 26988231
TI  - Room temperature stable carbetocin for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
      during the third stage of labour in women delivering vaginally: study protocol
      for a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal
      mortality in low-income countries and contributes to nearly a quarter of maternal
      deaths globally. The current available interventions for prevention of postpartum
      haemorrhage, oxytocin and carbetocin, are limited by their need for refrigeration
      to maintain potency, as the ability to maintain a cold chain across the drug
      distribution and storage network is inconsistent, thus restricting their use in
      countries with the highest burden of maternal mortality. We describe a
      randomized, double-blind non-inferiority trial comparing a newly developed room
      temperature stable formulation of carbetocin to the standard intervention
      (oxytocin) for the prevention of PPH after vaginal birth. METHODS/DESIGN:
      Approximately 30,000 women delivering vaginally will be recruited across 22
      centres in 10 countries. The primary objectives are to evaluate the non
      inferiority of room temperature stable carbetocin (100 MUg intramuscular) versus
      oxytocin (10 IU intramuscular) in the prevention of PPH and severe PPH after
      vaginal birth. The primary endpoints are blood loss >=500 mL or the use of
      additional uterotonics (composite endpoint required by drug regulatory
      authorities) and blood loss >=1,000 mL (WHO requirement). Non-inferiority will be
      assessed using a two-sided 95 % confidence interval for the relative risk of the
      above endpoints for room temperature stable carbetocin versus oxytocin. The upper
      limit of the two-sided 95 % confidence interval for the relative risk for the
      composite endpoint of blood loss >=500 mL or the use of additional uterotonics,
      and for the endpoint of blood loss >=1,000 mL, will be compared to a non
      inferiority margin of 1.16 and 1.23, respectively. If the upper limit is below
      the corresponding margin, non-inferiority will have been demonstrated. The safety
      analysis will include all women receiving treatment. Safety and tolerability will
      be assessed by a review of adverse events, by conducting inferential testing with
      significance levels for between-group comparisons. DISCUSSION: If the results of
      the study show that room temperature stable carbetocin is a safe and effective
      alternative to oxytocin, this could have a substantial impact on the prevention
      of postpartum haemorrhage and maternal survival worldwide. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ACTRN12614000870651 (14 August 2014).

PMID- 26988234
TI  - [Hypovitaminosis D and associated factors in 4-year old children in northern
      Spain].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D is an essential prohormone in calcium and phosphorus
      homeostasis. Recent studies show a high frequency of insufficiency/deficiency of
      vitamin D in the general population worldwide. Our objective was to estimate the
      prevalence of circulating vitamin D [25(OH)D3] deficiency and insufficiency in
      children and examine the associated factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 283
      children, participants in the cohort INMA-Asturias, were studied. The 25(OH)D3
      concentrations were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The
      prevalence of deficiency [25(OH)D3<20 ng/ml] and insufficiency [20-29.9 ng/ml] of
      vitamin D was estimated. Distribution of 25(OH)D3 for month of extraction of
      specimen, ingestion, and other factors were analysed. RESULTS: The mean 25(OH)D3
      was 20.1 ng/ml (range 2.7-49.8), with 8.8% >= 30 ng/ml, 38.5% from 20-20.9 ng/ml,
      and 52.7%<20 ng/ml. Seasonal variation was found, with lower values in winter.
      There was no relationship between plasma levels and intake of vitamin D (median
      2.7MUg/day, range 0.81-12.62), time outdoors (mean 3hours, range: 0:21-6:55), or
      BMI or gender, but there was one found with the mother's levels during gestation.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in
      children at 4 years. Solar exposure might not be enough in our region. Healthy
      children should be encouraged to follow adequate outdoor activities with
      associated sun exposure. Due the deficit of intake in childhood, recommendations
      are needed about a varied diet with vitamin D-containing foods in this age group,
      especially during the winter, and assessing the need of vitamin D supplementation
      in children at risk.

PMID- 26988232
TI  - Hedgehog signaling: modulation of cancer properies and tumor mircroenvironment.
AB  - Cancer poses a serious health problem in society and is increasingly surpassing
      cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of mortality in the United States.
      Current therapeutic strategies for cancer are extreme and harsh to patients and
      often have limited success; the danger of cancer is intensified as it
      metastasizes to secondary locations such as lung, bone, and liver, posing a dire
      threat to patient treatment and survival. Hedgehog signaling is an important
      pathway for normal development. Initially identified in Drosophila, the
      vertebrate and mammalian equivalent of the pathway has been studied extensively
      for its role in cancer development and progression. As this pathway regulates key
      target genes involved in development, its action also allows for the modulation
      of the microenvironment to prepare a tumor-suitable niche by manipulating tumor
      cell growth, differentiation, and immune regulation, thus creating an enabling
      environment for progression and metastasis. In this review, we will summarize
      recent scientific discoveries reporting the impact of the Hedgehog signaling
      pathway on the tumor initiation process and metastatic cascade, shedding light on
      the ability of the tumor to take over a mechanism crucially intended for
      development and normal function. 

PMID- 26988235
TI  - [High levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and copeptin and mortality risk].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high levels of mid-regional pro-atrial
      natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), copeptin, and procalcitonin (PCT) plasma
      concentrations are associated with increased mortality risk. METHODS: Prospective
      observational study including 254 critically ill children. MR-proANP, copeptin
      and PCT were compared between children with high (Group A; n=33) and low (Group
      B; n=221) mortality risk, and between patients with failure of more than 1 organ
      (Group 1; n=71) and less than 2 (Group 2; n=183). RESULTS: Median (range) of MR
      proANP, copeptin, and PCT levels in group A vs B were, respectively: 209.4 (30.5
      1415.8) vs. 75.0 (14.6-867.2) pmol/L (P<.001); 104.4 (7.4-460.9) vs. 26.6 (0.00
      613.1) pmol/L (P<.001), and 7.8 (0.3-552.0) vs. 0.3 (0.02-107.0) ng/mL (P<.001).
      The area under the curve (AUC) for the differentiation of group A and B was 0.764
      (95% CI: 0.674-0.854) for MR-proANP; 0.735 (0.642-0.827) for copeptin, and 0.842
      (0.744-0.941) for PCT, with no statistical differences. The AUCs for the
      differentiation of group 1 and 2 were: 0.837 (0.784-0.891) for MR-proANP, 0.735
      (0.666-0.804) for copeptin, and 0.804 (0.715-0.892) for PCT, with statistical
      differences between MR-proANP and copeptin, P=.01. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of MR
      proANP, copeptin and PCT were associated with increased mortality risk scores. MR
      proANP showed a higher association than copeptin with number of organs in
      failure.

PMID- 26988236
TI  - Purinergic signalling in a latent stem cell niche of the rat spinal cord.
AB  - The ependyma of the spinal cord harbours stem cells which are activated by
      traumatic spinal cord injury. Progenitor-like cells in the central canal (CC) are
      organized in spatial domains. The cells lining the lateral aspects combine
      characteristics of ependymocytes and radial glia (RG) whereas in the dorsal and
      ventral poles, CC-contacting cells have the morphological phenotype of RG and
      display complex electrophysiological phenotypes. The signals that may affect
      these progenitors are little understood. Because ATP is massively released after
      spinal cord injury, we hypothesized that purinergic signalling plays a part in
      this spinal stem cell niche. We combined immunohistochemistry, in vitro patch
      clamp whole-cell recordings and Ca(2+) imaging to explore the effects of
      purinergic agonists on ependymal progenitor-like cells in the neonatal (P1-P6)
      rat spinal cord. Prolonged focal application of a high concentration of ATP (1
      mM) induced a slow inward current. Equimolar concentrations of BzATP generated
      larger currents that reversed close to 0 mV, had a linear current-voltage
      relationship and were blocked by Brilliant Blue G, suggesting the presence of
      functional P2X7 receptors. Immunohistochemistry showed that P2X7 receptors were
      expressed around the CC and the processes of RG. BzATP also generated Ca(2+)
      waves in RG that were triggered by Ca(2+) influx and propagated via Ca(2+)
      release from internal stores through activation of ryanodine receptors. We
      speculate that the intracellular Ca(2+) signalling triggered by P2X7 receptor
      activation may be an epigenetic mechanism to modulate the behaviour of
      progenitors in response to ATP released after injury.

PMID- 26988237
TI  - Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis induced by chemoradiotherapy and steroids in
      an esophageal cancer patient: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systemic chemotherapy combined with steroids used as prophylactic
      antiemetics have been reported to induce immunosuppression. Further, herpes
      simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection has been reported to occur in patients with
      small cell carcinomas after chemoradiotherapy that includes brain irradiation.
      Here, we report a case of HSV-1 encephalitis that occurred in a patient
      undergoing chemoradiotherapy for advanced esophageal cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: A
      77-year-old woman received chemoradiotherapy (5-fluorouracil, 700 mg/m(2);
      cisplatin, 70 mg/m(2); and radiotherapy, 60 Gy in total) for stage III esophageal
      cancer. The total radiation dose was administered concurrently with the first two
      courses of chemotherapy, together with dexamethasone as a prophylactic
      antiemetic. Two days before completion of the fourth course of chemotherapy, the
      patient developed acute neurological symptoms of disorientation, clouding of
      consciousness, and fever. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed a high
      intensity area in the bilateral temporal lobes and insular cortex. Furthermore,
      DNA PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid showed clear positivity for HSV-1 DNA, and
      the patient was diagnosed with herpetic encephalitis. Intravenous administration
      of acyclovir for 3 weeks led to gradual improvement of consciousness, and the
      patient was able to respond to verbal cues. CONCLUSION: In advanced esophageal
      cancer patients, standard treatment involves chemoradiotherapy and surgery.
      However, primary infection with or reactivation of endogenous latent HSV-1 in the
      brain cortex during chemoradiotherapy combined with administration of a steroid
      may compromise the benefits of treatment.

PMID- 26988238
TI  - A case study of vocal features associated with galvanic skin response to
      stressors in a clinical interaction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated vocal characteristics associated with physiologically
      determined stressful episodes by means of post-hoc acoustic analyses of speech
      recorded in a clinical setting. Our research addressed the understudied question
      of which vocal features may serve as cues naturally occurring stress and is the
      first to explore this issue in a pitch accent language. METHODS: The vocal
      profile of a single female patient interacting with a physician was analyzed with
      standard speech analysis software for acoustic indicators of stress-related
      arousal determined by galvanic skin response measurements. RESULTS: Vocal jitter,
      representing an aspect of voice quality perceived as hoarseness, appeared to
      increase during and immediately after skin conductance response intervals. Skin
      conductance levels during the response intervals were negatively correlated with
      acoustic features used to approximate the perception of voice unsteadiness (slope
      and standard deviation of fundamental frequency). CONCLUSION: An acoustic
      analysis of vocal properties of speech uttered during independently detected skin
      conductance response intervals revealed individual patterns for some acoustic
      features linked to stress in earlier studies. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Non-invasive
      methods of arousal detection in physician-patient communication based on acoustic
      analyses of vocal profiles may, in combination with other analyses, help identify
      stressful events and thus improve the process of medical information gathering
      and decision-making.

PMID- 26988239
TI  - Survey of medical genetic services in Italy: year 2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to collect information about 2011 genetic
      activities in Italy, with the purpose of providing guidance to the national
      health systems in order to improve genetic services. METHODS: A web-based survey
      was carried out to achieve the information. RESULTS: Data were collected from 268
      macrostructures hosting 517 services and employing 3246 persons. About 295,000
      cytogenetic, 35,000 immunogenetic and 263,000 molecular genetic analyses of 902
      genes were recorded. Seventy-four percent of the services were accredited with
      institutional bodies and 57 % were also certified according to ISO 9001 standard.
      Twenty percent of cytogenetic laboratories had participated in an European
      External Quality Assessment (EQA) while 44 % participated in a national EQA. Only
      28 % of the molecular laboratories had participated in a national Cystic Fibrosis
      EQA. The percentage of diagnoses confirmed by genetic tests varied among
      disorders, ranging from 52 % for coeliac disease to 4 % for fragile X syndrome.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need for reorganizing the Italian genetic
      services network, improving EQA participation and developing national plans for
      implementing next generation technologies. Concerted effort has to be addressed
      in the education of the professionals prescribing tests to improve
      appropriateness and to inform patients, who now have exposure to direct-to
      consumer multifactorial genetic testing where clinical utility is unproven.

PMID- 26988240
TI  - Real-time monitoring of focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening via
      subharmonic acoustic emission detection: implementation of confocal dual
      frequency piezoelectric transducers.
AB  - Burst-tone focused ultrasound exposure in the presence of microbubbles has been
      demonstrated to be effective at inducing temporal and local opening of the blood
      brain barrier (BBB), which promises significant clinical potential to deliver
      therapeutic molecules into the central nervous system (CNS). Traditional contrast
      enhanced imaging confirmation after focused ultrasound (FUS) exposure serves as a
      post-operative indicator of the effectiveness of FUS-BBB opening, however, an
      indicator that can concurrently report the BBB status and BBB-opening
      effectiveness is required to provide effective feedback to implement this
      treatment clinically. In this study, we demonstrate the use of subharmonic
      acoustic emission detection with implementation on a confocal dual-frequency
      piezoelectric ceramic structure to perform real-time monitoring of FUS-BBB
      opening. A confocal dual-frequency (0.55 MHz/1.1 MHz) focused ultrasound
      transducer was designed. The 1.1 MHz spherically-curved ceramic was employed to
      deliver FUS exposure to induce BBB-opening, whereas the outer-ring 0.55 MHz
      ceramic was employed to detect the subharmonic acoustic emissions originating
      from the target position. In stage-1 experiments, we employed spectral analysis
      and performed an energy spectrum density (ESD) calculation. An optimized 0.55 MHz
      ESD level change was shown to effectively discriminate the occurrence of BBB
      opening. Wideband acoustic emissions received from 0.55 MHz ceramics were also
      analyzed to evaluate its correlations with erythrocyte extravasations. In stage-2
      real-time monitoring experiments, we applied the predetermined ESD change as a
      detection threshold in PC-controlled algorithm to predict the FUS exposure intra
      operatively. In stage-1 experiment, we showed that subharmonic ESD presents
      distinguishable dynamics between intact BBB and opened BBB, and therefore a
      threshold ESD change level (5.5 dB) can be identified for BBB-opening prediction.
      Using this ESD change threshold detection as a surrogate to on/off control the
      FUS exposure in stage-2 experiments, we demonstrated both excellent sensitivity
      (92%) and specificity (92.3%) in discriminating BBB-opening occurrence can be
      obtained in animal treatments, while concurrently achieving a high positive
      predicted value (95.8%). Wideband ESD was also highly correlated with the
      occurrence and level of erythrocyte extravasations (r (2)  =  0.81). The proposed
      system configuration and corresponding analysis based on subharmonic acoustic
      emissions has the potential to be implemented as a real-time feedback control
      structure for reliable indication of intact FUS-BBB opening for CNS brain drug
      delivery. 

PMID- 26988241
TI  - Definition and clinical significance of tumour rupture in gastrointestinal
      stromal tumours of the small intestine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumour rupture is a risk factor for recurrence of gastrointestinal
      stromal tumour (GIST). In this study, patterns of recurrence after potential
      tumour seeding were investigated, and a new definition of tumour rupture, based
      on major and minor defects of tumour integrity, is proposed. METHODS: Patients
      undergoing surgery for non-metastatic small intestinal GIST from 2000 to 2012
      were included in the study. Tumour spillage, tumour fracture or piecemeal
      resection, bowel perforation at the tumour site, blood-tinged ascites,
      microscopic tumour infiltration into an adjacent organ, and surgical biopsy were
      defined as major defects of tumour integrity. Peritoneal tumour penetration,
      iatrogenic peritoneal laceration and microscopically involved margins were
      defined as minor defects. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were identified. Median
      follow-up was 58 (range 7-122) months. Radical surgery was performed in 71
      patients. A major defect was recorded in 20 patients, and a minor defect in 21.
      The 5-year recurrence rate was 64, 29 and 31 per cent in patients with major,
      minor and no defect respectively (P = 0.001). The hazard ratio (HR) for major
      defect versus no defect was 3.55 (95 per cent c.i. 1.51 to 8.35). Peritoneal
      recurrence rates for major, minor and no defect were 52, 25 and 19 per cent
      respectively (P = 0.002), and the HR for major defect versus no defect was 4.98
      (1.69 to 14.68). On multivariable analysis, mitotic index, major defect of tumour
      integrity, tumour size and age were independently associated with risk of
      recurrence. CONCLUSION: Recurrence rates were increased after major, but not
      minor tumour ruptures.

PMID- 26988242
TI  - Reply to: The Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Is a
      Useful Marker to Predict Unfavorable Cardiovascular Outcomes, But Other
      Confounding Factors Should Be Considered.

PMID- 26988243
TI  - Biosimilars: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.
AB  - A biosimilar is an officially regulated and approved copy of an originator
      biologic therapy. Improved affordability and consequent wider patient access
      compared with biologics are a significant appeal of biosimilars. Regulatory
      guidelines for biosimilar development and approval are rigorous and undergoing
      constant refinement. The process of licensing approval for all biosimilars
      requires demonstration of comparability in quality, efficacy, and safety between
      the biosimilar and reference (originator) product, which is undertaken in a
      stepwise procedure of nonclinical and clinical evaluation. The approval of >20
      biosimilars in Europe in several drug classes, including the first monoclonal
      antibody biosimilar, bears testimony to the increasing regulatory acceptance of
      these agents. In contrast, the clinical application of biosimilars remains
      underrecognized by physicians across therapy areas. Therefore, this article aims
      to provide a comprehensive review of the biosimilar development process and to
      provide multidisciplinary guidance on the potential therapeutic utility of
      biosimilars in clinical practice. Specifically, experts discuss clinical
      developments in the introduction of biosimilars across the disciplines of
      gastroenterology, nephrology, oncology, and rheumatology, and from a payer
      perspective, and also highlight a common need for ongoing pharmacovigilance,
      robust head-to-head clinical studies, and real-world data to establish the long
      term risk-benefit profile of biosimilars. In conclusion, significant potential
      exists for biosimilars to revolutionize biologic therapy by widening patient
      access across therapy areas.

PMID- 26988244
TI  - Cofactor-embedded nanoporous activated carbon matrices for the immobilization of
      intracellular enzymes and degradation of endocrine disruptor.
AB  - The mixed intracellular enzyme (MICE) from Citrobacter freundii, capable of
      degrading o-phenylene diamine (OPD), was extracted and characterized. Cofactors
      such as zinc and copper ions enhanced the MICE activity. The functionalized
      nanoporous-activated carbon (FNAC) matrix, zinc-impregnated FNAC matrix (Zn2+ 
      FNAC), copper-impregnated FNAC matrix (Cu2+ -FNAC), and zinc- and copper
      impregnated FNAC matrix (Zn2+ -Cu2+ -FNAC) were prepared and characterized to
      immobilize MICE. The parameters such as time (0-240 Min), pH (1-10), temperature
      (20-50 oC), amount of MICE (1-5 mg), particle size of carbon (100-600 MUm), and
      mass of carbon (0.5-2.5 g) were optimized for immobilization of MICE on different
      FNAC matrices. The carrier matrices in the free and MICE immobilized form were
      characterized using SEM, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and
      DSC analyses. The kinetic and adsorption models for the immobilization of MICE on
      FNAC matrices were studied. The parameters such as time, pH, temperature,
      concentration of OPD, and agitation speed were optimized for the degradation of
      OPD using FNAC-MICE and MICE-immobilized metal-impregnated FNAC matrices. The
      maximum amount of pyruvic acid formed was found to be 133 MUg/mg of OPD using
      Zn2+ -Cu2+ -FNAC-MICE matrix. The kinetic models were studied for the formation
      of pyruvic acid on OPD degradation and confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy.

PMID- 26988245
TI  - Acute encephalopathy with combination dabrafenib/trametinib therapy.
AB  - Biomarkers have improved the clinical application of numerous targeted agents
      used to treat solid tumors. In melanoma, the finding that approximately 60% of
      tumor cells harbor specific Val600 mutations of BRAF has increased the likelihood
      of response to certain agents aimed at inhibiting the mutant kinase. While
      dabrafenib is an effective anti-tumor agent with acceptable tolerability in
      patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma, we report the development (and outcome) of a
      previously unpublished acute toxic reaction observed in a patient receiving the
      drug.

PMID- 26988246
TI  - Improving adherence to the Epic Beacon ambulatory workflow.
AB  - Computerized physician order entry has been shown to significantly improve
      chemotherapy safety by reducing the number of prescribing errors. Epic's Beacon
      Oncology Information System of computerized physician order entry and electronic
      medication administration was implemented in Henry Ford Health System's
      ambulatory oncology infusion centers on 9 November 2013. Since that time,
      compliance to the infusion workflow had not been assessed. The objective of this
      study was to optimize the current workflow and improve the compliance to this
      workflow in the ambulatory oncology setting. This study was a retrospective,
      quasi-experimental study which analyzed the composite workflow compliance rate of
      patient encounters from 9 to 23 November 2014. Based on this analysis, an
      intervention was identified and implemented in February 2015 to improve workflow
      compliance. The primary endpoint was to compare the composite compliance rate to
      the Beacon workflow before and after a pharmacy-initiated intervention. The
      intervention, which was education of infusion center staff, was initiated by
      ambulatory-based, oncology pharmacists and implemented by a multi-disciplinary
      team of pharmacists and nurses. The composite compliance rate was then reassessed
      for patient encounters from 2 to 13 March 2015 in order to analyze the effects of
      the determined intervention on compliance. The initial analysis in November 2014
      revealed a composite compliance rate of 38%, and data analysis after the
      intervention revealed a statistically significant increase in the composite
      compliance rate to 83% ( p < 0.001). This study supports a pharmacist-initiated
      educational intervention can improve compliance to an ambulatory, oncology
      infusion workflow.

PMID- 26988247
TI  - Precision Medicine for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma.
AB  - This study demonstrates the clinical utility of a targeted gene sequencing panel
      "the Lymphopanel," which enables the detection of actionable mutations and
      subtype-enriched gene alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that will pave
      the way to precision therapy era for patients with this form of aggressive
      lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 2829-31. (c)2016 AACRSee related article by
      Dubois et al., p. 2919.

PMID- 26988248
TI  - Cervical Cancer Stem Cells Selectively Overexpress HPV Oncoprotein E6 that
      Controls Stemness and Self-Renewal through Upregulation of HES1.
AB  - PURPOSE: Perturbation of keratinocyte differentiation by E6/E7 oncoproteins of
      high-risk human papillomaviruses that drive oncogenic transformation of cells in
      squamocolumnar junction of the uterine cervix may confer "stem-cell like"
      characteristics. However, the crosstalk between E6/E7 and stem cell signaling
      during cervical carcinogenesis is not well understood. We therefore examined the
      role of viral oncoproteins in stem cell signaling and maintenance of stemness in
      cervical cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Isolation and enrichment of cervical cancer
      stem-like cells (CaCxSLCs) was done from cervical primary tumors and cancer cell
      lines by novel sequential gating using a set of functional and phenotypic markers
      (ABCG2, CD49f, CD71, CD133) in defined conditioned media for assessing sphere
      formation and expression of self-renewal and stemness markers by FACS, confocal
      microscopy, and qRT-PCR. Differential expression level and DNA-binding activity
      of Notch1 and its downstream targets in CaCxSLCs as well as silencing of
      HPVE6/Hes1 by siRNA was evaluated by gel retardation assay, FACS, immunoblotting,
      and qRT-PCR followed by in silico and in vivo xenograft analysis. RESULTS:
      CaCxSLCs showed spheroid-forming ability, expressed self-renewal and stemness
      markers Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Lrig1, and CD133, and selectively overexpressed E6 and
      HES1 transcripts in both cervical primary tumors and cancer cell lines. The
      enriched CaCxSLCs were highly tumorigenic and did recapitulate primary tumor
      histology in nude mice. siRNA silencing of HPVE6 or Hes1 abolished sphere
      formation, downregulated AP-1-STAT3 signaling, and induced redifferentiation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the possible mechanism by which HPVE6
      potentially regulate and maintain stem-like cancer cells through Hes1. Clin
      Cancer Res; 22(16); 4170-84. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26988250
TI  - How Archiving by Freezing Affects the Genome-Scale Diversity of Escherichia coli
      Populations.
AB  - In the experimental evolution of microbes such as Escherichia coli, many
      replicate populations are evolved from a common ancestor. Freezing a population
      sample supplemented with the cryoprotectant glycerol permits later analysis or
      restarting of an evolution experiment. Typically, each evolving population, and
      thus each sample archived in this way, consists of many unique genotypes and
      phenotypes. The effect of archiving on such a heterogeneous population is
      unknown. Here, we identified optimal archiving conditions for E. coli. We also
      used genome sequencing of archived samples to study the effects that archiving
      has on genomic population diversity. We observed no allele substitutions and
      mostly small changes in allele frequency. Nevertheless, principal component
      analysis of genome-scale allelic diversity shows that archiving affects diversity
      across many loci. We showed that this change in diversity is due to selection
      rather than drift. In addition, ~1% of rare alleles that occurred at low
      frequencies were lost after treatment. Our observations imply that archived
      populations may be used to conduct fitness or other phenotypic assays of
      populations, in which the loss of a rare allele may have negligible effects.
      However, caution is appropriate when sequencing populations restarted from
      glycerol stocks, as well as when using glycerol stocks to restart or replay
      evolution. This is because the loss of rare alleles can alter the future
      evolutionary trajectory of a population if the lost alleles were strongly
      beneficial.

PMID- 26988249
TI  - Genome Hotspots for Nucleotide Substitutions and the Evolution of Influenza A
      (H1N1) Human Strains.
AB  - In recent years a number of studies have brought attention to the role of
      positive selection during the evolution of antigenic escape by influenza strains.
      Particularly, the identification of positively selected sites within antigenic
      domains of viral surface proteins has been used to suggest that the evolution of
      viral-host receptor binding specificity is driven by selection. Here we show
      that, following the 1918 outbreak, the antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin (HA)
      viral surface protein and the stalk region of neuraminidase became substitution
      hotspots. The hotspots show similar patterns of nucleotide substitution bias at
      synonymous and nonsynonymous sites. Such bias imposes directionality in amino
      acid replacements that can influence signals of selection at antigenic sites. Our
      results suggest that the high accumulation of substitutions within the antigenic
      sites of HA can explain not only cases of antigenic escape by antigenic drift but
      also lead to occasional episodes of viral extinction. 

PMID- 26988251
TI  - Evaluating and Characterizing Ancient Whole-Genome Duplications in Plants with
      Gene Count Data.
AB  - Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) have helped shape the genomes of land plants,
      and recent evidence suggests that the genomes of all angiosperms have experienced
      at least two ancient WGDs. In plants, WGDs often are followed by rapid
      fractionation, in which many homeologous gene copies are lost. Thus, it can be
      extremely difficult to identify, let alone characterize, ancient WGDs. In this
      study, we use a new maximum likelihood estimator to test for evidence of ancient
      WGDs in land plants and estimate the fraction of new genes copies that are
      retained following a WGD using gene count data, the number of gene copies in gene
      families. We identified evidence of many putative ancient WGDs in land plants and
      found that the genome fractionation rates vary tremendously among ancient WGDs.
      Analyses of WGDs within Brassicales also indicate that background gene
      duplication and loss rates vary across land plants, and different gene families
      have different probabilities of being retained following a WGD. Although our
      analyses are largely robust to errors in duplication and loss rates and the
      choice of priors, simulations indicate that this method can have trouble
      detecting multiple WGDs that occur on the same branch, especially when the gene
      retention rates for ancient WGDs are very low. They also suggest that we should
      carefully evaluate evidence for some ancient plant WGD hypotheses. 

PMID- 26988253
TI  - Mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection
      in mice.
AB  - Vascular disorders have a direct link to mortality in the acute phase of
      Trypanosoma cruzi infection. However, the underlying mechanisms of vascular
      dysfunction in this phase are largely unknown. We hypothesize that T. cruzi
      invades endothelial cells causing dysfunction in contractility and relaxation of
      the mouse aorta. Immunodetection of T. cruzi antigen TcRBP28 was observed in
      endothelial cells. There was a decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)
      derived NO-dependent vascular relaxation, and increased vascular contractility
      accompanied by augmented superoxide anions production. Endothelial removal,
      inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), blockade of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) TP
      receptors, and scavenger of superoxide normalized the contractile response. COX
      2, thromboxane synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), p65 NFkappaB
      subunit and p22(phox) of NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) subunit expressions were increased
      in vessels of chagasic animals. Serum TNF-alpha was augmented. Basal NO
      production, and nitrotyrosine residue expression were increased. It is concluded
      that T. cruzi invades mice aorta endothelial cells and increases TXA2/TP
      receptor/NOX-derived superoxide formation. Alongside, T. cruzi promotes systemic
      TNF-alpha increase, which stimulates iNOS expression in vessels and nitrosative
      stress. In light of the heart failure that develops in the chronic phase of the
      disease, to understand the mechanism involved in the increased contractility of
      the aorta is crucial.

PMID- 26988254
TI  - The dilemma of raising awareness "responsibly": The need to discuss controversial
      research with the public raises a conundrum for scientists: when is the right
      time to start public debates?

PMID- 26988252
TI  - A Phylogenomic Assessment of Ancient Polyploidy and Genome Evolution across the
      Poales.
AB  - Comparisons of flowering plant genomes reveal multiple rounds of ancient
      polyploidy characterized by large intragenomic syntenic blocks. Three such whole
      genome duplication (WGD) events, designated as rho (rho), sigma (sigma), and tau
      (tau), have been identified in the genomes of cereal grasses. Precise dating of
      these WGD events is necessary to investigate how they have influenced
      diversification rates, evolutionary innovations, and genomic characteristics such
      as the GC profile of protein-coding sequences. The timing of these events has
      remained uncertain due to the paucity of monocot genome sequence data outside the
      grass family (Poaceae). Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes from
      sequenced genomes and transcriptome assemblies from 35 species, including
      representatives of all families within the Poales, has resolved the timing of rho
      and sigma relative to speciation events and placed tau prior to divergence of
      Asparagales and the commelinids but after divergence with eudicots. Examination
      of gene family phylogenies indicates that rho occurred just prior to the
      diversification of Poaceae and sigma occurred before early diversification of
      Poales lineages but after the Poales-commelinid split. Additional lineage
      specific WGD events were identified on the basis of the transcriptome data. Gene
      families exhibiting high GC content are underrepresented among those with
      duplicate genes that persisted following these genome duplications. However,
      genome duplications had little overall influence on lineage-specific changes in
      the GC content of coding genes. Improved resolution of the timing of WGD events
      in monocot history provides evidence for the influence of polyploidization on
      functional evolution and species diversification. 

PMID- 26988255
TI  - Spin transport in p-type germanium.
AB  - We report on the spin transport properties in p-doped germanium (Ge-p) using low
      temperature magnetoresistance measurements, electrical spin injection from a
      ferromagnetic metal and the spin pumping-inverse spin Hall effect method.
      Electrical spin injection is carried out using three-terminal measurements and
      the Hanle effect. In the 2-20 K temperature range, weak antilocalization and the
      Hanle effect provide the same spin lifetime in the germanium valence band (~1 ps)
      in agreement with predicted values and previous optical measurements. These
      results, combined with dynamical spin injection by spin pumping and the inverse
      spin Hall effect, demonstrate successful spin accumulation in Ge. We also
      estimate the spin Hall angle theta(SHE) in Ge-p (6-7 x 10(-4) at room
      temperature, pointing out the essential role of ionized impurities in spin
      dependent scattering.

PMID- 26988256
TI  - Immunogenicity and safety of two doses of catch-up immunization with Haemophilus
      influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Indian children living with HIV.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children living with HIV are at increased risk of disease from
      Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Data are limited on the immunogenicity of a
      two-dose, catch-up schedule for Hib conjugate vaccine (HibCV) among HIV-infected
      children accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) late. OBJECTIVES: The objectives
      of the study were to: (1) evaluate baseline immunity to Hib and the
      immunogenicity and safety of two doses of HibCV among HIV-infected Indian
      children; and (2) document the threshold antibody level required to prevent Hib
      colonization among HIV-infected children following immunization. METHODS: We
      conducted a prospective cohort study among HIV-infected children 2-15 years of
      age and HIV-uninfected children 2-5 years of age. HIV-infected children received
      two doses of HibCV and uninfected children received one. Serum anti-Hib PRP IgG
      antibodies were measured at baseline and two months after immunization in the HIV
      infected children. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected at baseline and
      follow-up. RESULTS: 125 HIV-infected and 44 uninfected children participated. 40%
      of HIV-infected children were receiving ART and 26% had a viral load >100,000
      copies/mL. The geometric mean concentration of serum anti-Hib PRP antibody
      increased from 0.25 MUg/mL at baseline to 2.65 MUg/mL after two doses of HibCV,
      representing a 10.6-fold increase (p<0.0001). 76% percent of HIV-infected
      children mounted an immune response. Moderate or severe immune suppression,
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis, and lower baseline antibody levels
      were associated with lower post-vaccine serum anti-Hib PRP IgG antibodies. A
      serum anti-Hib PRP IgG antibody level >= 3.3 MUg/mL was protective against Hib NP
      colonization. There were no differences in adverse events between HIV-infected
      and uninfected children. CONCLUSION: Including a catch-up immunization schedule
      for older HIV infected children in countries introducing Hib vaccines is
      important. Older HIV-infected children with delayed access to ART and without
      suppressed viral loads mounted an adequate immune response following two doses of
      HibCV.

PMID- 26988258
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for GBS.
AB  - Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus (GBS)) is the leading cause of
      neonatal sepsis and meningitis in many countries. Intrapartum antibiotic
      strategies have reduced the incidence of early-onset neonatal GBS in a number of
      countries but have had no impact on late onset GBS infection (LOD). In low/middle
      income settings, the disease burden remains uncertain although in several
      countries of Southern Africa appears comparable to or higher than that of high
      income countries. As disease may be rapidly fulminating cases can be missed
      before appropriate samples are obtained and this may lead to underestimation of
      the true burden. Given the rapid onset and progression within hours of birth as
      well as the deficiencies in IAP strategies and absence of a solution for
      preventing LOD, it is clear that administration of a suitable vaccine in
      pregnancy could provide a better solution in all settings; it should also be cost
      effective. The current leading vaccine candidates are CPS-protein conjugate
      vaccines but protein-based vaccines are also in development and one has recently
      commenced clinical trials.

PMID- 26988257
TI  - The cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in healthy adults over 50: An
      exploration of influential factors for Belgium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A recent trial demonstrated the 13 valent conjugate pneumococcal
      vaccine (PCV13) to be effective against invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal
      disease in healthy adults. PCV13 might therefore be considered as an alternative
      to the 23 valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). AIM: To explore the cost
      effectiveness of vaccinating healthy adults over 50, with either PCV13 or PPV23
      alone, or with a combined strategy using both PCV13 and PPV23. METHODS: A static
      multi-cohort model was developed simulating the consequences of pneumococcal
      vaccination in adults over 50 from a health care payer's perspective, for
      different scenarios of duration of vaccine protection and serotype evolution.
      RESULTS: At currently expected prices, PCV13 vaccination of healthy adults over
      50 is unlikely to be cost-effective either compared with no vaccination or in
      combination with PPV23 versus PPV23 only. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed
      on vaccine efficacy of the combination strategy and of risk groups, as well as
      the duration of vaccine protection. Serotype evolutions under the influence of
      the childhood PCV program should be closely monitored.

PMID- 26988259
TI  - Status of vaccine research and development for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common bacterial
      causes of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality, particularly among infants
      and young children in developing countries. Still, the true impact on child and
      traveler health is likely underestimated. There are currently no licensed
      vaccines for ETEC, but studies indicate high public health impact, cost
      effectiveness, and feasibility of immune protection through vaccination. ETEC
      vaccine development remains a World Health Organization priority. Traditionally,
      ETEC vaccine development efforts have focused on inducing antitoxin and
      anticolonization antigen immunity, as studies indicate that antibodies against
      both antigen types can contribute to protection and thus have potential for
      vaccines. Leading cellular vaccine candidates are ETVAX (a mixture of four
      inactivated strains) and ACE527 (a mixture of three live attenuated strains),
      both of which have been found to be safe and immunogenic in Phase 1/2 trials.
      ETVAX is the furthest along in development with descending-age studies already
      underway in Bangladesh. Other ETEC vaccine candidates based on protein subunits,
      toxoids (both LT and ST), or novel, more broadly conserved ETEC antigens are also
      under development. Of these, a protein adhesin-based subunit approach is the most
      advanced. Impact and economic models suggest favorable vaccine cost
      effectiveness, which may help expand market interest in ETEC vaccines.
      Combination vaccine formulations may help improve the economic case for
      development and use, and better point-of-care diagnostics will help to raise
      awareness of the true health burden of ETEC and highlight the potential public
      health benefit of ETEC vaccine introduction. Better diagnostics and vaccine
      demand forecasting will also improve vaccine development financing and support
      accelerated uptake once a licensed vaccine becomes available.

PMID- 26988260
TI  - Monitoring the process of measles elimination by serosurveillance data: The
      Apulian 2012 study.
AB  - In 2003 Italy adopted the National Plan for Measles and Congenital Rubella
      Elimination, but some outbreaks of measles are still occurring, as the target
      coverage rate (>= 95%) for new-borns has currently not been achieved. In order to
      support the monitoring of the measles elimination programme, the authors carried
      out a survey about the seroprevalence of measles among Apulia young adults. The
      study was carried out from May 2011 to June 2012 among blood donors of the
      Department of Transfusion Medicine of Policlinico General Hospital in Bari.
      Subjects were enrolled by a convenience sampling. For each enrolled patient we
      collected a 5 mL serum sample. Collected sera were tested by chemiluminescence
      (CLIA) for anti-Measles IgG. We enrolled 1764 subjects; 1362 (77.2%) were male
      with a mean age of 38.4 +/- 11.7 years. Anti-Measles IgG titre was >16.5UA/mL in
      95.1% (95% CI=94.1-96.1) of enrolled subjects with a Geometric Mean Titre (GMT)
      of 2.3 +/- 0.4, which did not differ dividing the enrolled subjects into age
      groups. As our data showed, the universal routine vaccination changed the
      epidemiological pattern among adults, in particular young adults (18-24 years),
      who showed lowest seropositivity rates; in these groups of population there is a
      risk of the onset of outbreaks due to the presence of susceptible population.
      This is a paradox linked to the vaccination strategy: when coverage rates keep
      sub-optimal, measles is more likely to affect young adults and a higher
      percentage of complications is expected. According to our data, health
      authorities have to plan a mop-up strategy to actively offer measles vaccination
      to susceptible young adults.

PMID- 26988263
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis.

PMID- 26988262
TI  - CT Permeability Imaging Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke
      Patients Treated with Intra-arterial Thrombolytic Therapy.
AB  - In this study, we determined whether a prediction of final infarct volume (FIV)
      and clinical outcomes in patients with an acute stroke is improved by using a
      contrast transfer coefficient (K trans) as a biomarker for blood-brain barrier
      (BBB) dysfunction. Here, consecutive patients admitted with signs and symptoms
      suggesting acute hemispheric stroke were included in this study. Ninety-eight
      participants with intra-arterial therapy were assessed (46 female). Definition of
      predicted FIV was performed using conventional perfusion CT (PCT-PIV) parameters
      alone and in combination with K trans (K trans-PIV). Multiple logistic regression
      analyses and linear regression modeling were conducted to determine independent
      predictors of the 90-day modified Rankin score (mRS) and FIV, respectively. We
      found that patients with favorable outcomes were younger and had lower National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, smaller PCT-PIV, K trans-PIV,
      and smaller FIV (P < 0.001). K trans-PIV showed good correlation with FIV (P <
      00.001, R 2 = 0.6997). In the regression analyses, K trans-PIV was the best
      predictor of clinical outcomes (P = 0.009, odds ratio (OR) = 1.960) and also the
      best predictor for FIV (F = 75.590, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, combining PCT and
      K trans maps derived from first-pass PCT can identify at-risk cerebral ischemic
      tissue more precisely than perfusion parameters alone. This provides improved
      accuracy in predicting FIV and clinical outcomes.

PMID- 26988264
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA 4977-base pair common deletion in blood leukocytes and melanoma
      risk.
AB  - The 4977-base pair common deletion DmtDNA4977 is the most frequently observed
      mitochondrial DNA mutation in human tissues. Because mitochondrial DNA mutations
      are mainly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and given that oxidative
      stress plays an important role in melanoma carcinogenesis, the investigation of
      DmtDNA4977 may be particularly relevant to the development of melanoma. In this
      study, we compared DmtDNA4977 levels in blood leukocytes from 206 melanoma
      patients and 219 healthy controls. Overall, melanoma cases had significantly
      higher levels of DmtDNA4977 than healthy controls (median: 0.60 vs 0.20, P =
      0.008). The difference was evident among individuals who were older than 47 yrs,
      women, and had pigmentation risk factors (e.g., blond or red hair, blue eye, fair
      skin, light, or none tanning ability after prolonged sun exposure, and freckling
      in the sun as a child). The difference was also evident among those who had at
      least one lifetime sunburn with blistering and had no reported use of a sunlamp.
      Interestingly, among controls, DmtDNA4977 levels differed by phenotypic index and
      reported use of a sunlamp. In the risk assessment, increased levels of DmtDNA4977
      were associated with a 1.23-fold increased risk of melanoma (odds ratio (OR):
      1.23, 95% confidence interval (90% CI): 1.01, 1.50). A significant dose-response
      relationship was observed in quartile analysis (P = 0.001). In summary, our study
      suggests that high levels of DmtDNA4977 in blood leukocytes are associated with
      increased risk of melanoma and that association is affected by both pigmentation
      and personal history of sun exposure.

PMID- 26988265
TI  - Delocalized Plastic Flow in Proton-Irradiated Monolithic Metallic Glasses.
AB  - Creating new materials with novel properties through structural modification is
      the Holy Grail of materials science. The range of targetable structures for
      amplification of mechanical properties in metallic glasses would include types of
      atomic short range orders at the smallest scale through compositions or
      morphologies of phases in composites. Even though the usefulness of the latter
      approach has been successfully demonstrated in the past decades, the feasibility
      of the former has been incompletely proved with only marginal property
      improvements reported within experimentally-accessible atomic-level structural
      changes. Here, we report the significant enhancement of deformability in Zr-based
      monolithic metallic glass only through the atomic disordering by proton
      irradiation without altering any other structural traits. Metallic glass
      nanopillars that originally failed catastrophically without any notable
      plasticity become capable of attaining more than 30% uniaxial plastic strain
      accommodated by homogeneous deformation when irradiated to ~1 displacement per
      atom (DPA). We discuss the atomistic origin of this improved plasticity in terms
      of density and spatial distributions of icosahedral short range order influenced
      by irradiation. 

PMID- 26988267
TI  - Watch one, do one, teach one.

PMID- 26988266
TI  - TOGETHER Project to Increase Understanding of the HIV Epidemic Among Sub-Saharan
      African Migrants: Protocol of Community-Based Participatory Mixed-Method Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sub-Saharan African Migrants (SAM) are the second largest group
      affected by HIV/AIDS in Belgium and the rest of Western Europe. Increasing
      evidence shows that, more than previously thought, SAM are acquiring HIV in their
      host countries. This calls for a renewed focus on primary prevention. Yet,
      knowledge on the magnitude of the HIV epidemic among SAM (HIV prevalence
      estimates and proportions of undiagnosed HIV infections) and underlying drivers
      are scarce and limit the development of such interventions. OBJECTIVE: By
      applying a community-based participatory and mixed-methods approach, the TOGETHER
      project aims to deepen our understanding of HIV transmission dynamics, as well as
      inform future primary prevention interventions for this target group. METHODS:
      The TOGETHER project consists of a cross-sectional study to assess HIV prevalence
      and risk factors among SAM visiting community settings in Antwerp city, Belgium,
      and links an anonymous electronic self-reported questionnaire to oral fluid
      samples. Three formative studies informed this method: (1) a social mapping of
      community settings using an adaptation of the PLACE method; (2) a multiple case
      study aiming to identify factors that increase risk and vulnerability for HIV
      infection by triangulating data from life history interviews, lifelines, and
      patient files; and (3) an acceptability and feasibility study of oral fluid
      sampling in community settings using participant observations. RESULTS: Results
      have been obtained from 4 interlinked studies and will be described in future
      research. CONCLUSIONS: Combining empirically tested and innovative
      epidemiological and social science methods, this project provides the first HIV
      prevalence estimates for a representative sample of SAM residing in a West
      European city. By triangulating qualitative and quantitative insights, the
      project will generate an in-depth understanding of the factors that increase risk
      and vulnerability for HIV infection among SAM. Based on this knowledge, the
      project will identify priority subgroups within SAM communities and places for
      HIV prevention. Adopting a community-based participatory approach throughout the
      full research process should increase community ownership, investment, and
      mobilization for HIV prevention.

PMID- 26988268
TI  - Higher rate alternative non-drug reinforcement produces faster suppression of
      cocaine seeking but more resurgence when removed.
AB  - Relapse following removal of an alternative source of reinforcement introduced
      during extinction of a target behavior is called resurgence. This form of relapse
      may be related to relapse of drug taking following loss of alternative non-drug
      reinforcement in human populations. Laboratory investigations of factors
      mediating resurgence with food-maintained behavior suggest higher rates of
      alternative reinforcement produce faster suppression of target behavior but
      paradoxically generate more relapse when alternative reinforcement is
      discontinued. At present, it is unknown if a similar effect occurs when target
      behavior is maintained by drug reinforcement and the alternative is a non-drug
      reinforcer. In the present experiment three groups of rats were trained to lever
      press for infusions of cocaine during baseline. Next, during treatment, cocaine
      reinforcement was suspended and an alternative response was reinforced with
      either high-rate, low-rate, or no alternative food reinforcement. Finally, all
      reinforcement was suspended to test for relapse of cocaine seeking. Higher rate
      alternative reinforcement produced faster elimination of cocaine seeking than
      lower rates or extinction alone, but when treatment was suspended resurgence of
      cocaine seeking occurred following only high-rate alternative reinforcement.
      Thus, although higher rate alternative reinforcement appears to more effectively
      suppress drug seeking, should it become unavailable, it can have the unfortunate
      effect of increasing relapse.

PMID- 26988269
TI  - Loss of the trpc4 gene is associated with a reduction in cocaine self
      administration and reduced spontaneous ventral tegmental area dopamine neuronal
      activity, without deficits in learning for natural rewards.
AB  - Among the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, the TRPC4 non
      selective cation channel is one of the most abundantly expressed subtypes within
      mammalian corticolimbic brain regions, but its functional and behavioral role is
      unknown. To identify a function for TRPC4 channels we compared the performance of
      rats with a genetic knockout of the trpc4 gene (trpc4 KO) to wild-type (WT)
      controls on the acquisition of simple and complex learning for natural rewards,
      and on cocaine self-administration (SA). Despite the abundant distribution of
      TRPC4 channels through the corticolimbic brain regions, we found trpc4 KO rats
      exhibited normal learning in Y-maze and complex reversal shift paradigms.
      However, a deficit was observed in cocaine SA in the trpc4 KO group, which
      infused significantly less cocaine than WT controls despite displaying normal
      sucrose SA. Given the important role of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine
      neurons in cocaine SA, we hypothesized that TRPC4 channels may regulate basal
      dopamine neuron excitability. Double-immunolabeling showed a selective expression
      of TRPC4 channels in a subpopulation of putative dopamine neurons in the VTA. Ex
      vivo recordings of spontaneous VTA dopamine neuronal activity from acute brain
      slices revealed fewer cells with high-frequency firing rates in trpc4 KO rats
      compared to WT controls. Since deletion of the trpc4 gene does not impair
      learning involving natural rewards, but reduces cocaine SA, these data
      demonstrate a potentially novel role for TRPC4 channels in dopamine systems and
      may offer a new pharmacological target for more effective treatment of a variety
      of dopamine disorders.

PMID- 26988270
TI  - Diphosphane 2,2'-binaphtho[1,8-de][1,3,2]dithiaphosphinine and the easy formation
      of a stable phosphorus radical cation.
AB  - A convenient synthesis route to 2,2'-binaphtho[1,8-de][1,3,2]di-thiaphosphinine
      () was found. Its stable radical cation 3(+) was accessed easily through one
      electron oxidation with NOBF4.

PMID- 26988271
TI  - Placental tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein expression during normal human
      gestation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Placental tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cell signaling
      protein. During pregnancy, TNF-alpha induces synthesis of matrix
      metalloproteinases (MMPs) which allows cytotrophoblasts to reach the spiral
      arteries deeper within the uterine decidua. TNF-alpha also augments apoptosis of
      vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding these arteries. In this study, chorionic
      villi TNF-alpha protein expression throughout normal human gestation were
      investigated. METHODS: Placental chorionic villi tissues obtained from elective
      surgical terminations of pregnancy and from uncomplicated term births were
      assayed using EIA kits (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, Item # 589201). RESULTS:
      The median, 25th percentile and 75th percentile values in the first (N = 99),
      second (N = 58) and third trimester (N = 42) were: 36.46, 27.25, 45.90 pg/100 mg
      tissue; 55.43, 40.09, 110.88 pg/100 mg tissue; and 16.63, 9.32, 31.92 pg/100 mg
      tissue, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Variations in placental TNF-alpha protein
      expression noted at different trimesters may suggest gestational age specific
      roles for the cytokine. The increase in TNF-alpha protein expression observed in
      the second trimester may be involved in upregulating synthesis of MMP and in
      augmenting apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells of the spiral arteries. A
      failure in this second trimester increase in TNF-alpha protein could contribute
      to gestational compromise.

PMID- 26988273
TI  - YKL-40 protein in osteosarcoma tumor tissue.
AB  - YKL-40, a cellular glycoprotein isolated from the human osteosarcoma (OS) cell
      line MG63, is increased in the blood of patients with various types of cancer,
      and is found as an independent prognostic variable for survival. YKL-40 is also
      present with variable intensity in the tumor cells of some cancer types, but
      survival results have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate
      the tissue expression of YKL-40 and its possible role as a predictive marker in
      patients with OS. Forty-eight patients were included in the study. Diagnostic
      biopsies were analyzed by immunohistochemistry; YKL-staining scores as well as
      CD14 and CD163 scores were determined, and survival data were determined
      statistically. A universal intense immunostaining for YKL-40 was found in all
      tumor cells, but tumor cell/stroma ratio varied, and this ratio (%) served as
      staining score. Using 24% as mean score to divide the material, patients with
      tumors of high YKL-40 score had a better survival than patients with low score (p
      = 0.05). YKL-positive macrophages had no influence on the result. Unexpectedly
      and contrary to some other findings in cancer tissues, this study has shown a
      correlation between high YKL-40 tumor cell/matrix ratio and longer overall
      survival in OS. 

PMID- 26988274
TI  - Concomitant NSAID use during antipsychotic treatment and risk of 2-year relapse -
      a population-based study of 16,253 incident patients with schizophrenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Clinical trials have indicated antipsychotic effects of non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among incident patients with schizophrenia. We
      aimed to study, in a population-based setting, whether concomitant use of NSAIDs
      or paracetamol, changed 2-year relapse risk for schizophrenia. METHODS: We
      identified all incident patients with schizophrenia in Denmark diagnosed 1996
      2012 initiating antipsychotic treatment within the year after diagnosis. We
      calculated concomitant treatment intervals for antipsychotic and NSAID or
      paracetamol use. Hazard rate ratios (HRR) were estimated using Cox regression
      adjusted for important covariates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 2-year relapse, i.e.
      (re)-hospitalizations with schizophrenia. RESULTS: Among 16,235 incident patients
      with schizophrenia using antipsychotics, 1480 (9.1%) used NSAIDs and 767 (4.7%)
      paracetamol. Concomitant use of NSAIDs was associated with an increased risk of
      schizophrenia relapse (HRR = 1.21; 95%-CI = 1.11-1.31), particularly associated
      with acetylsalicylic acid and diclofenac. Concomitant use of paracetamol was not
      associated with schizophrenia relapse (HRR = 0.97; 95%-CI = 0.87-1.08). Subgroup
      analyses showed that individuals with somatic comorbidity and NSAID use had an
      increased relapse-risk, except for individuals with a prior hospital diagnosis
      for musculoskeletal disease and NSAID use who had a decreased relapse-risk (HRR =
      0.82; 95%-CI = 0.71-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The increased relapse risk associated
      with concomitant NSAID use among incident patients with schizophrenia may
      indicate a potential impact of underlying somatic comorbidity.

PMID- 26988272
TI  - Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir for the treatment of patients with
      hepatitis C virus re-infection after liver transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a particularly
      poor outcome after liver transplantation. In December 2014, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir
      (SOF/LDV) fixed-dose combination (FDC) was approved for HCV genotype 1 and 4 in
      Europe. In orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients, the interferon-free
      treatment of HCV re-infection with novel direct-acting antivirals has been
      demonstrated to be safe and effective in clinical trials, but real-world data are
      missing. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of
      SOF/LDV FDC in OLT recipients in the real-life setting. METHODS: All consecutive
      OLT patients started on SOF/LDV FDC for 12 or 24 weeks at the University Medical
      Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Medical School Hannover between October 2014 and
      August 2015 were retrospectively analyzed (n = 30). The primary efficacy endpoint
      was sustained virological response (SVR), i.e., absence of viremia 12 weeks after
      end of treatment (SVR 12). Liver function tests, creatinine, blood count, and HCV
      RNA (by polymerase chain reaction assay) were determined at each visit. RESULTS:
      SVR was achieved in 29/30 patients (96.67%) treated with SOF/LDV +/- ribavirin
      (RBV) for 12 (n = 4) or 24 weeks (n = 25). Twenty-five patients (86.2%) received
      RBV. However, in 15 of the 25 patients, RBV administration had to be discontinued
      because of severe anemia (57.7%). One RBV-treated patient died of a myocardial
      infarction during antiviral therapy; this event was most likely not directly
      related to SOF/LDV. Aside from RBV-associated anemia, no severe side effects of
      the antiviral regimen were observed. CONCLUSION: Antiviral treatment with SOF/LDV
      is highly effective, safe, and well tolerated in OLT recipients. The addition of
      RBV often results in severe anemia, requiring dose reduction or discontinuation.

PMID- 26988275
TI  - In situ synthesis of Bi2S3 sensitized WO3 nanoplate arrays with less interfacial
      defects and enhanced photoelectrochemical performance.
AB  - In this study, Bi2S3 sensitive layer has been grown on the surface of WO3
      nanoplate arrays via an in situ approach. The characterization of samples were
      carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible absorption
      spectroscopy (UV-vis). The results show that the Bi2S3 layer is uniformly formed
      on the surface of WO3 nanoplates and less interfacial defects were observed in
      the interface between the Bi2S3 and WO3. More importantly, the Bi2S3/WO3 films as
      photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells display the enhanced PEC
      performance compared with the Bi2S3/WO3 films prepared by a sequential ionic
      layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) method. In order to understand the reason for
      the enhanced PEC properties, the electron transport properties of the
      photoelectrodes were studied by using the transient photocurrent spectroscopy and
      intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS). The Bi2S3/WO3 films
      prepared via an in situ approach have a greater transient time constant and
      higher electron transit rate. This is most likely due to less interfacial defects
      for the Bi2S3/WO3 films prepared via an in situ approach, resulting in a lower
      resistance and faster carrier transport in the interface between WO3 and Bi2S3.

PMID- 26988276
TI  - A cross-sectional survey on consequences of nurses' burnout: moderating role of
      organizational politics.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study was to assess whether perceptions of organizational
      politics (defined as self-serving behaviours at the expense of others) influence
      the prospective associations between nurses' burnout and its consequences,
      namely, intention to quit and neglect of work. BACKGROUND: Researchers have
      previously investigated relationships between nurses' burnout, intention to quit,
      neglect of work and perceptions of organizational politics in different research
      models and from different perspectives. As far as we know, no studies have
      considered whether nurses' perceptions of organizational politics moderate the
      influence of burnout. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey using self-report
      questionnaires. METHOD: Data were collected by questionnaire from a sample of 456
      nurses from six private hospitals in Ankara, Turkey in March 2015. Four different
      previously designed scales were used to measure research variables (burnout,
      intention to quit, neglect of work and perceptions of organizational politics).
      Following confirmatory validity and reliability analyses of data collection
      instruments, descriptive statistics for each research variable were analysed.
      Structural regression models were created to assess relationships among
      variables. FINDINGS: Burnout resulted in intention to quit and neglect. Intention
      to quit partially mediated the association between burnout and neglect. Burnout
      gave rise to intention to quit slightly more strongly in nurses who had greater
      perceptions of organizational politics. CONCLUSION: This study uncovers and
      emphasizes the moderating role of perceptions of organizational politics in
      consequences of burnout. This may help hospital managers and nurses to improve
      costs, efficiency, satisfaction and productivity.

PMID- 26988278
TI  - Electron tunneling through molecule-electrode contacts of single alkane molecular
      junctions: experimental determination and a practical barrier model.
AB  - An advanced understanding of the molecule-electrode contact interfaces of single
      molecule junctions is a necessity for real world application of future single
      molecule devices. This study aims to elucidate the change in the contact
      tunnelling barrier induced by junction extension and how this change affects the
      resulting junction conductance. The contact barrier of Au
      octanedithiol/octanediamine-Au junctions was studied under triangle (TRI)
      mechanical modulations using the modified scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
      break junction technique. The experimental results reveal that as the junction
      separation extends, the contact barrier of octanedithiol follows a unique trend,
      a linear increase followed by a plateau in barrier height, which is in contrast
      to that of octanediamine, a nearly rectangle barrier. We propose a modified
      contact barrier model for the unique barrier shape of octanedithiol, based on
      which the calculation agrees well with the experimental data. This study shows
      unprecedented experimental features of the molecule-electrode contact barrier of
      single-molecule junctions and provides new insights into the nature of contact
      effect in determining electron transport through single-molecule junctions. 

PMID- 26988279
TI  - Erratum: Graphene oxide/metal nanocrystal multilaminates as the atomic limit for
      safe and selective hydrogen storage.

PMID- 26988277
TI  - Genetic Association of Curative and Adverse Reactions to Tyrosine Kinase
      Inhibitors in Chinese advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer patients.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is an
      effective targeted therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but
      also causes adverse drug reactions (ADRs) e.g., skin rash and diarrhea. SNPs in
      the EGFR signal pathway, drug metabolism/ transport pathways and miRNA might
      contribute to the interpersonal difference in ADRs but biomarkers for therapeutic
      responses and ADRs to TKIs in Chinese population are yet to be fully
      investigated. We recruited 226 Chinese advanced NSCLC patients who received TKIs
      erlotinib, gefitinib and icotinib hydrochloride and systematically studied the
      genetic factors associated with therapeutic responses and ADRs. Rs884225 (T > C)
      in EGFR 3' UTR was significantly associated with lower risk of ADRs to erlotinib
      (p value = 0.0010, adjusted p value = 0.042). A multivariant interaction four-SNP
      model (rs884225 in EGFR 3'UTR, rs7787082 in ABCB1 intron, rs38845 in MET intron
      and rs3803300 in AKT1 5'UTR) was associated with ADRs in general and the more
      specific drug induced skin injury. The SNPs associated with both therapeutic
      responses and ADRs indicates they might share a common genetic basis. Our study
      provided potential biomarkers and clues for further research of biomarkers for
      therapeutic responses and ADRs in Chinese NSCLC patients.

PMID- 26988280
TI  - New C-19-modified geldanamycin derivatives: synthesis, antitumor activities, and
      physical properties study.
AB  - Thiazinogeldanamycin (2) was identified from Streptomyces hygroscopicus 17997 at
      the late stage of the fermentation. The pH was firstly proposed as an important
      factor in the biosynthesis of it. It was verified that 2 was produced by direct
      chemical reactions between geldanamycin (1, GDM) and cysteine or aminoethanethiol
      hydrochloride at pH > 7 in vitro. The proposed synthesis pathway for compound 2
      was also discussed. Eleven new C-19-modified GDM derivatives, including five
      stable hydroquinone form derivatives, were synthesized, most of which exhibited
      desirable properties such as lower cytotoxicity, increased water solubility, and
      potent antitumor activity. Especially, compounds 5 and 8 showed antitumor
      activities against HepG2 cell with IC50 values of 2.97-6.61 MUM, lower
      cytotoxicity and at least 15-fold higher water solubility compared with 1 in pH
      7.0 phosphate buffer. 

PMID- 26988282
TI  - Blunted cardiac stress reactors exhibit relatively high levels of behavioural
      impulsivity.
AB  - Blunted physiological reactions to acute psychological stress are associated with
      a range of adverse health and behavioural outcomes. This study examined whether
      extreme stress reactors differ in their behavioural impulsivity. Individuals
      showing blunted (N=23) and exaggerated (N=23) cardiovascular reactions to stress
      were selected by screening a healthy student population (N=276). Behavioural
      impulsivity was measured via inhibitory control and motor impulsivity tasks.
      Blunted reactors exhibited greater impulsivity than exaggerated reactors on both
      stop-signal, F(1,41)=4.99, p=0.03, etap(2)=0.108, and circle drawing,
      F(1,43)=4.00, p=0.05, eta p(2)=0.085, tasks. Individuals showing blunted
      cardiovascular stress reactions are characterized by greater impulsivity which
      may contribute to their increased susceptibility to outcomes such as obesity and
      addiction. 

PMID- 26988281
TI  - Insulin receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens reflects nutritive value of
      a recently ingested meal.
AB  - With respect to feeding, insulin is typically thought of as a satiety hormone,
      acting in the hypothalamus to limit ingestive behavior. However, accumulating
      evidence suggests that insulin also has the ability to alter dopamine release in
      the striatum and influence food preferences. With increased access to high
      calorie foods, Western societies have a high prevalence of obesity, accompanied
      by insulin insensitivity. Little is known about how insulin is trafficked into
      the brain following food consumption and whether insulin insensitivity in the
      periphery is mirrored in the central nervous system. We investigated insulin
      receptor activation in the ventral striatum of rats receiving water or 16%
      glucose either orally or intragastrically. We also investigated whether glucose
      induced insulin receptor activation was altered in food-restricted (FR) or diet
      induced obesity (OB) rat models. Lastly, we examined whether insulin plays a
      significant role in flavor-nutrient preference learning. Glucose intake
      stimulated a rapid increase in insulin receptor activity in the ventral striatum
      of FR and ad libitum (AL) fed rats, but not OB rats. Similarly, both AL and FR,
      but not OB rats demonstrated significant flavor-nutrient preferences. However AL
      rats receiving brief inhibition of insulin activity during conditioning failed to
      acquire a significant flavor-nutrient preference. These findings suggest that
      impaired insulin receptor activation in the ventral striatum may result in
      inaccurate valuation of nutritive foods, which could lead to overconsumption of
      food or the selection of foods that don't accurately meet the body's current
      physiological needs. 

PMID- 26988284
TI  - Clinical Implications of Basic Science Discoveries: Microchimerism Finds a Major
      Role in Reproductive Success; but Does It Also Contribute to Transplant Success?
AB  - Conventional wisdom argues against inbreeding, to maintain hybrid vigor and
      increase MHC diversity in response to pathogens. A recent report from the
      laboratory of Sing-Sing Way uses a mouse model to test a hypothesis put forward
      by Ray D. Owen more than 60 years ago: that a certain amount of inbreeding is a
      good thing. Owen proposed that antigens not inherited from the mother
      (noninherited maternal antigens), when replicated on the mate of the daughter,
      could protect the latter's developing child from fetal wastage due to immune
      attack during her pregnancy. Kinder et al use elegant mouse breeding models and
      MHC class II peptide tetramers to show that Owen's hypothesis, based only on
      humoral (anti-Rh IgG) data and a small sample size, was indeed correct. The
      mediators of this cross-generational protection turn out to be a special kind of
      Foxp3+ T regulatory cell, the development of which requires the persistence of
      maternal microchimerism into adulthood. The implications of this discovery for
      the role of microchimerism in tolerance to transplants are discussed.

PMID- 26988283
TI  - Hippotherapy acute impact on heart rate variability non-linear dynamics in
      neurological disorders.
AB  - Neurological disorders are associated with autonomic dysfunction. Hippotherapy
      (HT) is a therapy treatment strategy that utilizes a horse in an
      interdisciplinary approach for the physical and mental rehabilitation of people
      with physical, mental and/or psychological disabilities. However, no studies have
      been carried out which evaluated the effects of HT on the autonomic control in
      these patients. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate
      the effects of a single HT session on cardiovascular autonomic control by time
      domain and non-linear analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). The HRV signal
      was recorded continuously in twelve children affected by neurological disorders
      during a HT session, consisting in a 10-minute sitting position rest (P1), a 15
      minute preparatory phase sitting on the horse (P2), a 15-minute HT session (P3)
      and a final 10-minute sitting position recovery (P4). Time domain and non-linear
      HRV indices, including Sample Entropy (SampEn), Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC) and
      Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), were calculated for each treatment phase.
      We observed that SampEn increased during P3 (SampEn=0.56+/-0.10) with respect to
      P1 (SampEn=0.40+/-0.14, p<0.05), while DFA decreased during P3 (DFA=1.10+/-0.10)
      with respect to P1 (DFA=1.26+/-0.14, p<0.05). A significant SDRR increase
      (p<0.05) was observed during the recovery period P4 (SDRR=50+/-30ms) with respect
      to the HT session period P3 (SDRR=30+/-10ms). Our results suggest that HT might
      benefit children with disabilities attributable to neurological disorders by
      eliciting an acute autonomic response during the therapy and during the recovery
      period. 

PMID- 26988285
TI  - Identification and characterization of Bacillus subtilis from grass carp
      (Ctenopharynodon idellus) for use as probiotic additives in aquatic feed.
AB  - Bacillus subtilis is widely used as probiotic species in aquaculture for water
      quality control, growth promoting, or immunity enhancing. The aim of this study
      is to find novel B. subtilis strains from fish as potential probiotics for
      aquaculture. Eleven B. subtilis isolates derived from the intestinal tract of
      grass carp were identified by gene sequencing and biochemical tests. These
      isolates were classified into 4 groups, and the representatives (GC-5, GC-6, GC
      21 and GC-22) of each group were further investigated for antibiotic
      susceptibility, sporulation rate, biofilm formation, activity against pathogenic
      bacteria, resistance to stress conditions of intestinal tract (high percentage of
      bile and low pH) and high temperature, which are important for probiotics to be
      used as feed additives. Additionally, the adhesion properties of the 4
      characterized strains were assessed using Caco-2 cell and gut mucus models. The
      results showed that the 4 strains differed in their capacities to adhere to
      intestinal epithelial cells and mucus. Furthermore, the strains GC-21 and GC-22
      up-regulated the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta but down-regulated IL
      1beta, suggesting their potential anti-inflammatory abilities. Based on
      physiological properties of the 4 characterized B. subtilis strains, one or more
      strains may have potential to be used as probiotics in aquaculture.

PMID- 26988286
TI  - Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analyses of two TNFRs
      in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) provide insight into the disparity of
      responses to bacterial infections and heat stress in bivalves.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factors receptors (TNFRs) comprise a superfamily of proteins
      characterized by a unique cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and play important roles in
      diverse physiological and pathological processes in the innate immune system,
      including inflammation, apoptosis, autoimmunity and organogenesis. Although
      significant effects of TNFRs on immunity have been reported in most vertebrates
      as well as some invertebrates, the complete TNFR superfamily has not been
      systematically characterized in scallops. In this study, two different types of
      TNFR-like genes, including PyTNFR1 and PyTNFR2 genes were identified from Yesso
      scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis, Jay, 1857) through whole-genome scanning.
      Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were carried out to determine the
      identities and evolutionary relationships of the two genes. The expression
      profiling of PyTNFRs was performed at different development stages, in healthy
      adult tissues and in hemocytes after bacterial infection and heat stress.
      Expression analysis revealed that both PyTNFRs were significantly induced during
      the acute phase (3 h) after infection with Gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus) and
      Gram-negative (Vibrio anguillarum) bacteria, though much more dramatic chronic
      phase (24 h) changes were observed after V. anguillarum challenge. For heat
      stress, only PyTNFR2 displayed significant elevation at 12 h and 24 h, which
      suggests a functional difference in the two PyTNFRs. Collectively, this study
      provides novel insight into the PyTNFRs and the specific role and response of
      TNFR-involved pathways in host immune responses against different bacterial
      pathogens and heat stress in bivalves.

PMID- 26988287
TI  - Dietary choline regulates antibacterial activity, inflammatory response and
      barrier function in the gills of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
AB  - An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels
      of choline (197-1795 mg/kg) on antibacterial properties, inflammatory status and
      barrier function in the gills of grass carp. The results showed that optimal
      dietary choline supplementation significantly improved lysozyme and acid
      phosphatase activities, complement component 3 (C3) content, and the liver
      expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and Hepcidin mRNA levels in the gills of fish
      (P < 0.05). In addition, appropriate dietary choline significantly decreased the
      oxidative damage, which might be partly due to increase copper, zinc superoxide
      dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione
      S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and increased
      glutathione content in the gills of fish (P < 0.05). Moreover, appropriate
      dietary choline significantly up-regulated the mRNA levels of interleukin 10 and
      transforming growth factor beta1, Zonula occludens 1, Occludin, Claudin-b, c, 3
      and 12, inhibitor of kappaBalpha, target of rapamycin, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, GR, GPx,
      GST and NF-E2-related factor 2 in the gills of fish (P < 0.05). Conversely,
      appropriate dietary choline significantly down-regulated the mRNA levels of pro
      inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 8, interferon
      gamma, interleukin 1beta, and related signaling factors, nuclear factor kappa B
      p65, IkappaB kinase beta, IkappaB kinase gamma, myosin light chain kinase and
      Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1a (Keap1a) in the gills of fish (P < 0.05).
      However, choline did not have a significant effect on the mRNA levels of IkappaB
      kinase alpha, Claudin-15 and Keap1b in the gills of fish. Collectively,
      appropriate dietary choline levels improved gill antibacterial properties and
      relative gene expression levels of tight junction proteins, and decreased
      inflammatory status, as well as up-regulated the mRNA levels of related signaling
      molecules in the gills of fish. Based on gill C3 content and AHR activity, the
      dietary choline requirements for young grass carp (266.5-787.1 g) were estimated
      to be 1191.0 and 1555.0 mg/kg diet, respectively.

PMID- 26988289
TI  - Litopenaeus vannamei clathrin coat AP17 involved in white spot syndrome virus
      infection.
AB  - White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the main pathogen of shrimp culture, and has
      brought great losses of the shrimp aquaculture industry every year since it has
      been found. However, the specific mechanism of the virus into the cell is not
      very clear. Recent research suggests that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is
      involved in WSSV infection. By sequence analysis, clathrin coat AP17 is an sigma
      subunit of AP-2 complex which is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To
      obtain the full-length sequence of Clathrin coat AP17 of Litopenaeus vannamei
      (LvCCAP17), the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was performed to get the
      sequence of 3'and 5' end and splicing by DNAMAN. The full-length sequence of
      LvCCAP17 is 842 bp and expected to encoding 142 amino acids, and the amino acid
      sequence was analyzed by online software. The mRNA expression of LvCCAP17 in
      different tissues was carried out with quantitative real-time PCR and the
      LvCCAP17 was detected in all tested tissues of Litopenaeus vannamei. The
      transcriptional expression level of LvCCAP17 in epithelium and hepatopancreas was
      significantly up-regulated after WSSV infection. Far-Western blotting and ELISA
      assay showed that LvCCAP17 interacted with rVP26 and rVP37. Silencing of LvCCAP17
      gene by double-strand RNA (dsRNA) interference significantly delay of cumulative
      mortality rate in WSSV infected shrimp and reduced the expression level of
      immediate early gene 1(ie1) and vp28. These results indicated that clathrin
      meated endocytosis is responsible for WSSV infection.

PMID- 26988288
TI  - Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6)
      modulates the transcriptional level of GRP78 and GRP94 in CIK cells.
AB  - ATF transcription factors are stress proteins containing alkaline area-leucine
      zipper and play an important role in endoplasmic reticulum stress. ATF6 is a
      protective protein which regulates the adaptation of cells to ER stress by
      modulating the transcription of UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) target genes,
      including GRP78 and GRP94. In the present study, a grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
      idella) ATF6 full-length cDNA (named CiATF6, KT279356) has been cloned and
      identified. CiATF6 is 4176 bp in length, comprising 159 nucleotides of 5'
      untranslated sequence, a 1947 nucleotides open reading frame and 2170 nucleotides
      of 3'-untranslated sequences. The largest open reading frame of CiATF6 translates
      into 648 aa with a typical DNA binding domain (BRLZ domain) and shares
      significant homology to the known ATF6 counterparts. Phylogenetic reconstruction
      confirmed its closer evolutionary relationship with other fish counterparts,
      especially with Zebrafish ATF6. RT-PCR showed that CiATF6 was ubiquitously
      expressed and significantly up-regulated after stimulation with thermal stress in
      all tested grass carp tissues. In order to know more about the role of CiATF6 in
      ER stress, recombinant CiATF6N with His-tag was over-expressed in Rosetta
      Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein was purified by affinity
      chromatography with Ni-NTA His-Bind Resin. In vitro, gel mobility shift assays
      were employed to analyze the interaction of CiATF6 protein with the promoters of
      grass carp GRP78 and GRP94, respectively. The result has shown that CiATF6 could
      bind to these promoters with high affinity by means of its BRLZ mainly. To
      further study the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of CiATF6, Dual-luciferase
      reporter assays were applied. Recombinant plasmids of pGL3-GRP78P and pGL3
      CiGRP94P were constructed and transiently co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-CiATF6
      (pcDN3.1-CiATF6-nBRLZ, respectively) into C. idella kidney (CIK) cells. The
      result has shown that CiATF6 could activate CiGRP78 and CiGRP94 promoters.

PMID- 26988290
TI  - Culturing murine embryonic organs: Pros, cons, tips and tricks.
AB  - There are three established techniques described for ex vivo culture of the early
      embryonic organs: filter culture, agar block culture and hanging drop culture.
      Each of these protocols has advantages and disadvantages; here we assess the
      merits of each approach. Agar block culture has a long history and has been well
      described. This method results in good embryonic organ morphology. Filter culture
      has been used to culture a number of different embryonic organs and there are a
      variety of filter choices available. The key disadvantage of agar-block and
      filter based culture is that the large amount of media required can make the
      approach expensive, especially if biologicals such as growth factors are
      necessary; in addition, using these methods it can be difficult to track
      particular samples. Hanging drop culture is most commonly used to enable the
      aggregation of embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies but it has also been
      employed for ex vivo organ culture. This method requires only 40MUL of media per
      drop and isolates every organ to a trackable unit. We describe each of these
      methods and the use of different medias and provide the user with a matrix to
      help determine the optimal culture method for their needs. Glass-based culture
      methods required for live imaging are not discussed here.

PMID- 26988291
TI  - Evaluating structured assessment of anaesthesiologists' non-technical skills.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-technical skills (NTS) are essential for safe and efficient
      anaesthesia. Assessment instruments with appropriate validity evidence can be
      used to ensure that anaesthesiologists possess the NTS necessary to deliver high
      standard patient care. The aims were to collect validity evidence using a
      contemporary validity framework for the assessment instrument Anaesthesiologists'
      Non-Technical Skills in Denmark (ANTSdk) regarding response process and internal
      structure (including reliability), and to investigate the effect of rater
      training on these properties. METHODS: An explorative study was undertaken at the
      Danish Institute for Medical Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark. In a 1-day session,
      using ANTSdk, a convenience sample of 19 anaesthesiologists rated trainee
      anaesthesiologists' NTS in nine video-recorded simulation scenarios before and
      after a 3-h training session. RESULTS: Response process evidence: participants
      considered ANTSdk useful and feasible for NTS assessment. Internal structure
      evidence: inter-rater reliability (single measures) largely expressed substantial
      agreement (ICC >= 0.55 and ICC >= 0.60 for pre- and post-training ratings
      respectively). Strong internal consistency of ratings was found (Spearman's
      correlation coefficient >= 0.82). Accuracy of participants' ratings compared with
      reference ratings (+/- 1 scale point) was notable (76% and 78% for pre- and post
      training ratings, respectively). The results indicate that the elements
      'Demonstrating self-awareness', 'Reassessing decisions', 'Assessing
      competencies', and 'Supporting others' need more attention in future rater
      training. CONCLUSION: The validity evidence collected on content, response
      process, and internal structure, suggests that ANTSdk is easy to use on video
      recorded simulation scenarios, indicating that ANTSdk is a feasible instrument
      for NTS assessment during anaesthesia training.

PMID- 26988292
TI  - Monocyte Toll-Like Receptor Expression in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia. Inflammation
      has been suggested to play a vital role in the pathogenesis. Previous studies
      have investigated expression of inflammatory markers in AF. Several studies have
      focused on the effects of toll-like receptors (TLRs) on heart in terms of
      capability of modulating inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate
      whether peripheral monocyte TLR expression was associated with the AF presence,
      and recurrence of AF after cryoablation, as a reflection of inflammatory status.
      Patients with AF who were scheduled for cryoballoon-based ablation for AF and age
      and gender-matched subjects in sinus rhythm were included. Peripheral monocyte
      TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressions were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis in
      peripheral venous blood samples obtained during evaluation in outpatient clinics:
      172 patients (56.5 +/- 6.6 years, 52.3% men) were included in the study.
      Peripheral monocyte TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression levels were significantly higher
      in patients with AF (p <0.05). Among patients with AF, 12 patients (14.0%)
      developed AF recurrence at a follow- up of 17 months. Multivariate Cox regression
      analysis showed that left atrial volume index (hazard ratio 2.040, 95% CI 1.197
      to 3.477, p = 0.009) and monocyte TLR-4 expression (hazard ratio 1.226, 95% CI
      1.042 to 1.443, p = 0.014) were independent predictors of AF recurrence after
      blanking period following second-generation cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein
      isolation for paroxysmal AF. In conclusion, our study highlights the role of TLR
      mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of AF. This link may also constitute a
      therapeutic target in patients with AF.

PMID- 26988294
TI  - A Wasp Sting and a Broken Heart.

PMID- 26988293
TI  - Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus infection models in a series of pediatric carriers
      from a developing country.
AB  - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a B lymphotropic human herpesvirus. Two models,
      germinal center (GC) and direct infection, describe how EBV infects B-cells.
      Since in Argentina primary infection is mostly subclinical at young ages,
      children represent an interesting population where to analyze EBV infection,
      especially considering that most studies are usually performed in adults. Tonsil
      biopsies from pediatric carriers were studied to describe infection
      characteristics. EBV+ lymphocytes at the interfollicular region were mainly
      observed. Latency III pattern in subepithelial (SubEp) lymphocytes was observed
      at young ages, probably indicating a recent infection. In older patients EBV was
      mostly detected in epithelial cells, suggesting that they could have been
      infected some time ago. This finding was sustained by tonsillar viral load, which
      was higher in cases with LMP1+SubEp cells vs. LMP1+nonSubEp cells (p = 0.0237,
      Mann-Whiney test). Latency III was prevalent and related to the GC, while latency
      II was associated with non-GC (p = 0.0159, chi2 test). EBERs+/IgD+ cells were
      statistically prevalent over EBERs+/CD27+ cells (p = 0.0021, chi2 test). These
      findings indicated that both EBV infection models are not mutually exclusive and
      provide some basis for further understanding of EBV infection dynamics. Moreover,
      we provide a more accurate explanation of EBV infection in pediatric asymptomatic
      carriers from a developing country.

PMID- 26988295
TI  - The influence of chronic nicotine treatment on proteins expressed in the mouse
      hippocampus and cortex.
AB  - Chronic treatment with nicotine, the primary psychoactive substance in tobacco
      smoke, affects central nervous system functions, such as synaptic plasticity.
      Here, to clarify the effects of chronic nicotine treatment on the higher brain
      functions, proteomic analysis of the hippocampus and cortex of mice treated for 6
      months with nicotine was performed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2
      DE) followed by mass spectrometry. There was significant change in the expression
      of 16 proteins and one phosphoprotein in the hippocampus (increased tubulin beta
      5, atp5b, MDH1, cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, Hsc70, dynamin, profilin-2, 4
      aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor, calpain small
      subunit 1, and vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase subunit B and decreased gamma
      actin, alpha-tubulin isotype M-alpha-2, putative beta-actin, tubulin beta-2A,
      NDUFA10, and G6PD) and 24 proteins and two phosphoproteins in the cortex
      (increased spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 isoform 1, tubulin beta-5,
      gamma-actin, creatine kinase B-type, LDH-B, secernin-1, UCH-L1, 14-3-3 gamma,
      type II peroxiredoxin 1, PEBP-1, and unnamed protein product and decreased
      tubulin alpha-1C, alpha-internexin, gamma-enolase, PDHE1-B, DPYL2, vacuolar
      adenosine triphosphatase subunit A, vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase subunit B,
      TCTP, NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 1, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, hnRNP
      H2, gamma-actin, atp5b, and unnamed protein product). Additionally, Western
      blotting validated the changes in dynamin, Hsc70, MDH1, NDUFA10, alpha
      internexin, tubulin beta-5 chain, and secernin-1. Thus, these findings indicate
      that chronic nicotine treatment changes the expression of proteins and
      phosphoproteins in the hippocampus and cortex. We propose that effect of smoking
      on higher brain functions could be mediated by alterations in expression levels
      of these proteins. 

PMID- 26988296
TI  - Direct renin inhibitor ameliorates insulin resistance by improving insulin
      signaling and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle from post-infarct heart
      failure in mice.
AB  - Insulin resistance can occur as a consequence of heart failure (HF). Activation
      of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may play a crucial role in this phenomenon.
      We thus investigated the effect of a direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, on
      insulin resistance in HF after myocardial infarction (MI). MI and sham operation
      were performed in male C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into 4 groups and
      treated with sham-operation (Sham, n=10), sham-operation and aliskiren
      (Sham+Aliskiren; 10mg/kg/day, n=10), MI (n=11), or MI and aliskiren
      (MI+Aliskiren, n=11). After 4 weeks, MI mice showed left ventricular dilation and
      dysfunction, which were not affected by aliskiren. The percent decrease of blood
      glucose after insulin load was significantly smaller in MI than in Sham (14+/-5%
      vs. 36+/-2%), and was ameliorated in MI+Aliskiren (34+/-5%) mice. Insulin
      stimulated serine-phosphorylation of Akt and glucose transporter 4 translocation
      were decreased in the skeletal muscle of MI compared to Sham by 57% and 69%, and
      both changes were ameliorated in the MI+Aliskiren group (91% and 94%). Aliskiren
      administration in MI mice significantly inhibited plasma renin activity and
      angiotensin II (Ang II) levels. Moreover, (pro)renin receptor expression and
      local Ang II production were upregulated in skeletal muscle from MI and were
      attenuated in MI+Aliskiren mice, in tandem with a decrease in superoxide
      production and NAD(P)H oxidase activities. In conclusion, aliskiren ameliorated
      insulin resistance in HF by improving insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle,
      at least partly by inhibiting systemic and (pro)renin receptor-mediated local RAS
      activation, and subsequent NAD(P)H oxidase-induced oxidative stress. 

PMID- 26988297
TI  - The influence of erythrocyte maturity on ion transport and membrane lipid
      composition in the rat.
AB  - Significant relationships between ion transport and membrane lipid composition
      (cholesterol, total phospholipids and sphingomyelins) were found in erythrocytes
      of salt hypertensive Dahl rats. In these animals mean cellular hemoglobin content
      correlated negatively with Na(+)-K(+) pump activity and Na(+) leak but positively
      with Na(+)-K(+) cotransport activity. Immature erythrocytes exhibit lower mean
      cellular hemoglobin content (MCHC) than mature ones. The aim of the present study
      was to find a relationship between erythrocyte maturity, membrane lipid
      composition and ion transport activity in Wistar rats aged three months which
      were subjected to repeated hemorrhage (blood loss 2 ml/day for 6 days) to enrich
      circulating erythrocytes with immature forms. Immature and mature erythrocyte
      fractions in control and hemorrhaged rats were separated by repeated
      centrifugation. Hemorrhaged rats had increased number of reticulocytes but
      reduced hematocrit and MCHC compared to control rats. Immature erythrocytes of
      hemorrhaged rats differed from mature ones of control animals by elevated Na(+)
      K(+) pump activity, reduced Na(+)-K(+) cotransport activity and increased Rb(+)
      leak. These ion transport changes in immature erythrocytes were accompanied by
      higher concentration of total phospholipids in their cell membranes. Membrane
      phospholipid content correlated positively with Na(+)-K(+) pump activity and
      cation leaks but negatively with Na(+)-K(+) cotransport activity. Moreover, they
      were also negatively related with MCHC which correlated negatively with Na(+)
      K(+) pump activity and Rb(+) leak but positively with Na(+)-K(+) cotransport
      activity. Thus certain abnormalities of erythrocyte ion transport and membrane
      lipid composition detected in hypertensive animals might be caused by higher
      incidence of immature cells. 

PMID- 26988298
TI  - Bioactive lignan constituents from the twigs of Sambucus williamsii.
AB  - As part of our ongoing search for bioactive constituents of natural Korean
      medicinal plants, three new lignan derivatives, sambucasinol A-C (1-3), together
      with 7 known compounds (4-10) were isolated from the twigs of Sambucus
      williamsii. The structures of these new compounds were determined by a
      combination of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analysis, as well as circular
      dichroism (CD) spectroscopy studies. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory
      effects of 1-10 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV-2
      cells. Compounds 1-3 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on nitric oxide
      production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells, with IC50 values of 6.82, 7.04, and 14.70
      MUM, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of compounds 1-10 on
      NGF induction in a C6 rat glioma cell line. Compounds 1-3 upregulated NGF
      secretion to 183.95 +/- 2.63%, 153.99 +/- 5.15%, and 155.96 +/- 5.15%,
      respectively, without any significant cell toxicity. Moreover, all isolates were
      evaluated for their cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and XF498 cell
      lines. Compounds 1-3 showed consistent cytotoxicity against the four human cell
      lines, with IC50 values in the range of 11.07-19.62 MUM.

PMID- 26988299
TI  - Ecdysones from Zoanthus spp. with inhibitory activity against dengue virus 2.
AB  - Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethanolic extract of Zoanthus spp. collected
      in Taiwan has resulted in the isolation of one new ecdysone, zoanthone A (1),
      along with thirteen known compounds (2-14). The structures of these compounds
      were determined by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR analyses. The in
      vitro antiviral activities of all isolated ecdysones (1-14) against dengue virus
      type 2 (DENV-2) were evaluated using DENV infectious system. New compound (1)
      exhibited potent antiviral activity (EC50=19.61 +/- 2.46 MUM) with a selectivity
      index (CC50/EC50) value of 36.7. The structure-activity relationships of isolated
      ecdysones against DENV-2 were concluded. Molecular docking information of 3 and
      NS5 polymerase was performed either.

PMID- 26988301
TI  - Identification of nonabsorbable inhibitors of the scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI)
      for tissue-specific administration.
AB  - The identification of a low-permeability scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) inhibitor
      starting from the ITX-5061 template is described. Structure-activity and
      structure-permeability relationships were assessed for analogs leading to the
      identification of compound 8 as a potent and nonabsorbable SR-BI inhibitor. 

PMID- 26988300
TI  - Induction of apoptosis and differentiation by atractylenolide-1 isolated from
      Atractylodes macrocephala in human leukemia cells.
AB  - Atractylodes macrocephula Koidz (A. macrocephula, also known as Baizhu) is an
      important ingredient in several traditional Chinese herb complexes for the
      treatment of abdominal pain and gastroenterology diseases for thousands of years.
      We previously demonstrated the induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis by methanol
      extract of A. macrocephula in human leukemia cells. After purification and
      assessment of those active compounds from A. macrocephula ethanol extracts, in
      this study, we focused on the major active compound, atractylenolide I (ATL-I).
      Through MTT assay and morphology observation, we found cytotoxic effect of ATL-I
      in human K562 chronic myeloblastic leukemia (CML), U937 acute myeloblastic
      leukemia (AML) and Jurkat T lymphoma cells. In addition, ATL-I-induced apoptosis
      was demonstrated by sub G1 and fragmented chromosomal DNA detection using flow
      cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and agarose electrophoresis.
      Finally, we found ATL-I also induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation through
      the detection of procaspase-3, procaspase-9 and caspase-3 substrate poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase (PARP) by immunoblotting. Interestingly, we found that ATL-I
      induced not only apoptosis but also differentiation, as upregulation of CD14 and
      CD68 surface markers and increase of phagocytosis ability were discovered in ATL
      I-treated K562 CML and U937 AML cells. Our study thus suggests the potential of
      developing new leukemia therapies by using ATL-I for leukemia treatment in the
      future. 

PMID- 26988303
TI  - New pentasubstituted pyrrole hybrid atorvastatin-quinoline derivatives with
      antiplasmodial activity.
AB  - Cerebral malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Atorvastatin (AVA) is a
      pentasubstituted pyrrole, which has been tested as an adjuvant in the treatment
      of cerebral malaria. Herein, a new class of hybrids of AVA and aminoquinolines
      (primaquine and chloroquine derivatives) has been synthesized. The quinolinic
      moiety was connected to the pentasubstituted pyrrole from AVA by a linker group
      (CH2)n=2-4 units. The activity of the compounds increased with the size of the
      carbons chain. Compound with n=4 and 7-chloroquinolinyl has displayed better
      activity (IC50=0.40 MUM) than chloroquine. The primaquine derivative showed
      IC50=1.41 MUM, being less toxic and more active than primaquine.

PMID- 26988302
TI  - Lead optimization of the VU0486321 series of mGlu1 PAMs. Part 3. Engineering
      plasma stability by discovery and optimization of isoindolinone analogs.
AB  - This Letter describes the further lead optimization of the VU0486321 series of
      mGlu1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), focused on addressing the recurrent
      issue of plasma instability of the phthalimide moiety. Here, we evaluated a
      number of phthalimide bioisosteres, and ultimately identified isoindolinones as
      the ideal replacement that effectively address plasma instability, while
      maintaining acceptable mGlu1 PAM potency, DMPK profile, CNS penetration and mGluR
      selectivity. 

PMID- 26988304
TI  - Pharmacophore elucidation of phosphoiodyn A - Potent and selective peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta agonists with neuroprotective
      activity.
AB  - We report the pharmacophore of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
      delta (PPARdelta) agonist natural product phosphoiodyn A is the phosphonate core.
      Synthesis of simplified phosphonate esters 13 and 15 provide structurally novel,
      highly selective and potent PPARdelta agonists (EC50=78 and 112 nM,
      respectively). Further, both compounds demonstrate significant neuroprotective
      activity in an in vitro cellular model indicating that phosphonates may be an
      effective novel scaffold for the design of therapeutics for the treatment of
      neurodegenerative disorders.

PMID- 26988305
TI  - Inhibitors of HIV-1 maturation: Development of structure-activity relationship
      for C-28 amides based on C-3 benzoic acid-modified triterpenoids.
AB  - We have recently reported on the discovery of a C-3 benzoic acid (1) as a
      suitable replacement for the dimethyl succinate side chain of bevirimat (2), an
      HIV-1 maturation inhibitor that reached Phase II clinical trials before being
      discontinued. Recent SAR studies aimed at improving the antiviral properties of 2
      have shown that the benzoic acid moiety conferred topographical constraint to the
      pharmacophore and was associated with a lower shift in potency in the presence of
      human serum albumin. In this manuscript, we describe efforts to improve the
      polymorphic coverage of the C-3 benzoic acid chemotype through modifications at
      the C-28 position of the triterpenoid core. The dimethylaminoethyl amides 17 and
      23 delivered improved potency toward bevirimat-resistant viruses while increasing
      C24 in rat oral PK studies. 

PMID- 26988306
TI  - Selective inhibitors of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL: Balancing antitumor activity with on
      target toxicity.
AB  - The induction of apoptosis in tumor cells represents a promising approach to the
      treatment of cancer. Accordingly, compounds that interact with the Bcl-2 family
      of proteins, which are critical regulators of the apoptotic process, have been
      widely pursued as potential anticancer agents. While encouraging antitumor
      activity in clinical trials has been observed with some of these compounds, their
      therapeutic utility is often limited by accompanying toxicities associated with
      the interaction with this family of proteins. As a result, there has been recent
      interest in identifying agents that can selectively target a single Bcl-2 family
      member (such as Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL), with the expectation that improved therapeutic
      margins can be achieved. In this review, we outline the biological rationale
      behind this approach, and highlight key examples of selective compounds from the
      recent literature alongside the structural basis for the reported selectivity. 

PMID- 26988307
TI  - Three diketopiperazines from marine-derived bacteria inhibit LPS-induced
      endothelial inflammatory responses.
AB  - Diketopiperazine is a natural products found from bacteria, fungi, marine
      sponges, gorgonian and red algae. They are cyclic dipeptides possessing
      relatively simple and rigid structures with chiral nature and various side
      chains. Endothelial dysfunction is a key pathological feature of many
      inflammatory diseases, including sepsis. In the present study, three (1-3) of
      diketopiperazines were isolated from two strains of marine-derived bacteria. The
      compounds were investigated for their effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      mediated endothelial inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. From 1 MUM, 1-3
      inhibited LPS-induced hyperpermeability, adhesion, and migration of leukocytes
      across a human endothelial cell monolayer and in mice in a dose-dependent manner
      suggesting that 1-3 may serve as potential scaffolds for the development of
      therapeutic agents to treat vascular inflammatory disorders.

PMID- 26988309
TI  - Slimming and Appetite-Suppressing Effects of Caraway Aqueous Extract as a Natural
      Therapy in Physically Active Women.
AB  - Following the current 'Globesity' trend, there is an increasing demand for
      alternative natural therapies for weight management. Numerous phytoconstituents
      reduce body weight through suppressing appetite and reducing food intake. Caraway
      (Carum carvi L.) is one of the medicinal plants that is traditionally used for
      weight loss. In this study, the appetite-suppressing effects of caraway aqueous
      extract (CAE) on 70 aerobically trained, overweight, and obese women were
      examined in a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study. Subjects were
      randomly allocated into placebo and experimental groups and consumed either 30
      mL/day of CAE or placebo without changing their diet or physical activity over a
      period of 90 days. Calorie and macronutrient intake and anthropometric indices
      were measured before and after the intervention. In addition, appetite changes
      were assessed through a visual analog scale and an ad libitum pizza test. After
      the intervention, the results showed a significant reduction in appetite levels
      and carbohydrate intake of the experimental group compared with the placebo
      group. All of the anthropometric indices were reduced significantly in CAE
      compared with placebo group (p < 0.01). These preliminary outcomes suggest that a
      dietary CAE might be effective in weight management of physically active, adult
      females, reducing their body size and hunger level. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley
      & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 26988308
TI  - N-Alkylpyrido[1',2':1,5]pyrazolo-[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines: A new series of
      negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1/5 with CNS exposure in rodents.
AB  - Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of each of the group I
      metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5) have been well characterized
      in the literature and offer potential as therapeutics in several disorders of the
      central nervous system (CNS). Still, compounds that are potent mGlu1/5 NAMs with
      selectivity versus the other six members of the mGlu family as well as the
      balance of properties required for use in vivo are lacking. A medicinal chemistry
      effort centered on the identification of a lead series with the potential of
      delivering such compounds is described in this Letter. Specifically, a new class
      of pyrido[1',2':1,5]pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines was designed as a novel
      isosteric replacement for 4-aminoquinazolines, and compounds from within this
      chemotype exhibited dual NAM activity at both group I mGlus. One compound,
      VU0467558 (29), demonstrated near equipotent activity at both receptors,
      selectivity versus other mGlus, a favorable ancillary pharmacology profile, and
      CNS exposure in rodents. 

PMID- 26988310
TI  - (18)F-FDG PET/CT in staging and follow-up of adamantinoma.

PMID- 26988311
TI  - The developmental expression of the CDK inhibitor p57(kip2) (Cdkn1c) in the early
      mouse placenta.
AB  - p57(kip2) (encoded by the Cdkn1c gene) is a member of the cip/kip family of
      cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors that mediates cell cycle arrest in G1,
      allowing cells to differentiate. In the placenta, p57(kip2) is involved in
      endoreduplication, formation of trophoblast giant cells, trophoblast invasion,
      and expansion of placental cell layers. Here, we quantitatively and qualitatively
      define the cell- and region-specific expression of mouse placental p57(kip2)
      using laser-capture microdissection, in situ hybridization, and
      immunohistochemistry. Cdkn1c RNA was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Co
      expression of Pl1 was used to identify trophoblast giant cells while Tbpba was
      used to identify spongiotrophoblast cells. Timed sacrifices were also carried out
      at embryonic days E7.5, E8.5, E9.5, and E12.5 to profile the expression in
      embryos and their placentas. At E8.5, intense expression of Cdkn1c was seen in
      invasive TGCs and the ectoplacental cone. Cdkn1c expression was more diffuse and
      more abundant in the labyrinth that in the junctional zone at both E9.5 and
      E12.5. Immunohistochemistry revealed robust p57(kip2) staining in trophoblast
      giant cells and in the ectoplacental cone at E8.5. p57(kip2) protein was seen in
      giant cells and throughout the labyrinth, although its abundance was reduced in
      the junctional zone at E9.5, and became more diffuse by E12.5. The early and
      intense expression in trophoblast giant cells is consistent with a role for
      p57(kip2) in the invasive phenotype of these cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 405
      412, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26988312
TI  - The opioid epidemic and the long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain
      revisited: a transatlantic perspective.
AB  - The rise of opioid prescriptions and associated deaths ('opioid epidemic') in
      North America has evoked worldwide discussions on the long-term efficacy and
      safety of long-term opioid therapy (LtOT) for chronic noncancer pain (CNCP). We
      discuss if the opioid epidemic is a real worldwide or a more North American
      phenomenon. We consider reasons of the opioid epidemic. We highlight differences
      in the appraisal of the evidence of recent systematic reviews on LtOT for CNCP of
      US and European authors. We discuss similarities and differences of recent North
      American and European guidelines on LtOT for chronic CNCP. We point out potential
      indications and contraindications of LtOT in CNCP syndromes. 

PMID- 26988314
TI  - Communicating Science: Lessons from Film.
AB  - Films engage us visually, aurally, viscerally, and emotionally. Incorporating
      science themes into films has the potential to open up new audiences to
      scientific ideas, pique their interests, and inspire them to engage in a broader
      discussion of the science itself. Here, I discuss several narrative techniques
      and strategies employed in film to effectively engage the audience around science
      themes, which may be useful tools for scientists looking to become better
      communicators. 

PMID- 26988313
TI  - Phase-selective entrainment of nonlinear oscillator ensembles.
AB  - The ability to organize and finely manipulate the hierarchy and timing of dynamic
      processes is important for understanding and influencing brain functions, sleep
      and metabolic cycles, and many other natural phenomena. However, establishing
      spatiotemporal structures in biological oscillator ensembles is a challenging
      task that requires controlling large collections of complex nonlinear dynamical
      units. In this report, we present a method to design entrainment signals that
      create stable phase patterns in ensembles of heterogeneous nonlinear oscillators
      without using state feedback information. We demonstrate the approach using
      experiments with electrochemical reactions on multielectrode arrays, in which we
      selectively assign ensemble subgroups into spatiotemporal patterns with multiple
      phase clusters. The experimentally confirmed mechanism elucidates the connection
      between the phases and natural frequencies of a collection of dynamical elements,
      the spatial and temporal information that is encoded within this ensemble, and
      how external signals can be used to retrieve this information. 

PMID- 26988315
TI  - Algal assessment of threats to freshwater ecosystems: trends, challenges, and
      opportunities.

PMID- 26988316
TI  - Taxonomic identification of algae (morphological and molecular): species
      concepts, methodologies, and their implications for ecological bioassessment.
AB  - Algal taxonomy is a key discipline in phycology and is critical for algal
      genetics, physiology, ecology, applied phycology, and particularly bioassessment.
      Taxonomic identification is the most common analysis and hypothesis-testing
      endeavor in science. Errors of identification are often related to the inherent
      problem of small organisms with morphologies that are difficult to distinguish
      without research-grade microscopes and taxonomic expertise in phycology. Proposed
      molecular approaches for taxonomic identification from environmental samples
      promise rapid, potentially inexpensive, and more thorough culture-independent
      identification of all algal species present in a sample of interest. Molecular
      identification has been used in biodiversity and conservation, but it also has
      great potential for applications in bioassessment. Comparisons of morphological
      and molecular identification of benthic algal communities are improved by the
      identification of more taxa; however, automated identification technology does
      not allow for the simultaneous analysis of thousands of samples. Currently,
      morphological identification is used to verify molecular taxonomic identities,
      but with the increased number of taxa verified in algal gene libraries, molecular
      identification will become a universal tool in biological studies. Thus, in this
      report, successful application of molecular techniques related to algal
      bioassessment is discussed. 

PMID- 26988317
TI  - Roles of benthic algae in the structure, function, and assessment of stream
      ecosystems affected by acid mine drainage.
AB  - Tens of thousands of stream kilometers worldwide are degraded by a legacy of acid
      loads, high metal concentrations, and altered habitat caused by acid mine
      drainage (AMD) from abandoned underground and surface mines. As the primary
      production base in streams, the condition of algal-dominated periphyton
      communities is particularly important to nutrient cycling, energy flow, and
      higher trophic levels. Here, we synthesize current knowledge regarding how AMD
      associated stressors affect (i) algal communities and their use as ecological
      indicators, (ii) their functional roles in stream ecosystems, and (iii) how these
      findings inform management decisions and evaluation of restoration effectiveness.
      A growing body of research has found ecosystem simplification caused by AMD
      stressors. Species diversity declines, productivity decreases, and less efficient
      nutrient uptake and retention occur as AMD severity increases. New monitoring
      approaches, indices of biological condition, and attributes of algal community
      structure and function effectively assess AMD severity and effectiveness of
      management practices. Measures of ecosystem processes, such as nutrient uptake
      rates, extracellular enzyme activities, and metabolism, are increasingly being
      used as assessment tools, but remain in their infancy relative to traditional
      community structure-based approaches. The continued development, testing, and
      implementation of functional measures and their use alongside community structure
      metrics will further advance assessments, inform management decisions, and foster
      progress toward restoration goals. Algal assessments will have important roles in
      making progress toward improving and sustaining the water quality, ecological
      condition, and ecosystem services of streams in regions affected by the legacy of
      unregulated coal mining. 

PMID- 26988318
TI  - Ecological assessments with algae: a review and synthesis.
AB  - Algae have been used for a century in environmental assessments of water bodies
      and are now used in countries around the world. This review synthesizes recent
      advances in the field around a framework for environmental assessment and
      management that can guide design of assessments, applications of phycology in
      assessments, and refinements of those applications to better support management
      decisions. Algae are critical parts of aquatic ecosystems that power food webs
      and biogeochemical cycling. Algae are also major sources of problems that
      threaten many ecosystems goods and services when abundances of nuisance and toxic
      taxa are high. Thus, algae can be used to indicate ecosystem goods and services,
      which complements how algal indicators are also used to assess levels of
      contaminants and habitat alterations (stressors). Understanding environmental
      managers' use of algal ecology, taxonomy, and physiology can guide our research
      and improve its application. Environmental assessments involve characterizing
      ecological condition and diagnosing causes and threats to ecosystems goods and
      services. Recent advances in characterizing condition include site-specific
      models that account for natural variability among habitats to better estimate
      effects of humans. Relationships between algal assemblages and stressors caused
      by humans help diagnose stressors and establish targets for protection and
      restoration. Many algal responses to stressors have thresholds that are
      particularly important for developing stakeholder consensus for stressor
      management targets. Future research on the regional-scale resilience of algal
      assemblages, the ecosystem goods and services they provide, and methods for
      monitoring and forecasting change will improve water resource management. 

PMID- 26988319
TI  - Toward an empirical framework for interpreting plastid evolution.
AB  - The idea that evolutionary models should minimize plastid endosymbioses has
      dominated thinking about the history of eukaryotic photosynthesis. Although a
      reasonable starting point, this framework has not gained support from observed
      patterns of algal and plant evolution, and can be an obstacle to fully
      understanding the modern distribution of plastids. Empirical data indicate that
      plastid losses are extremely uncommon, that major changes in plastid
      biochemistry/architecture are evidence of an endosymbiotic event, and that
      comparable selection pressures can lead to remarkable convergences in algae with
      different endosymbiotic origins. Such empirically based generalizations can
      provide a more realistic philosophical framework for interpreting complex and
      often contradictory results from phylogenomic investigations of algal evolution. 

PMID- 26988320
TI  - Salt tolerance and polyphyly in the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis
      (Pleurocapsales).
AB  - Chroococcidiopsis Geitler (Geitler 1933) is a genus of cyanobacteria containing
      desiccation and radiation resistant strains. Members of the genus live in
      habitats ranging from hot and cold deserts to fresh and saltwater environments.
      Morphology and cell division pattern have historically been used to define the
      genus. To better understand the evolution and ability of the Chroococcidiopsis
      genus to survive in diverse environments we investigated how salt tolerance
      varies among 15 strains previously isolated from different locations, and if salt
      tolerant strains are monophyletic to those isolated from freshwater and land
      environments. Four markers were sequenced from these 15 strains, the 16S rRNA,
      rbcL, desC1, and gltX genes. Phylogenetic trees were generated which identified a
      distinct clade of salt-tolerant strains. This study demonstrates that the genus
      is polyphyletic based on saltwater and freshwater phenotypes. To understand the
      resistance to salt in more details, the strains were grown on a range of sea salt
      concentrations which demonstrated that the freshwater strains were salt
      intolerant whilst the saltwater strains required salt for growth. This study
      shows an increased resolution of the phylogeny of Chroococcidiopsis and provides
      further evidence that the genus is polyphyletic and should be reclassified to
      improve clarity in the literature. 

PMID- 26988321
TI  - Detection of flavonoids in microalgae from different evolutionary lineages.
AB  - Flavonoids are important secondary plant metabolites believed to be present
      mainly in land plants. As phenolics were detected previously in microalgae using
      photometric assays, we wanted to investigate the nature of these phenolics and
      verify whether flavonoids are present. Therefore, in this study, we used state-of
      the-art ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-two-dimensional mass
      spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) technology to investigate whether microalgae also
      contain flavonoids. For this, representative microalgal biomass samples from
      divergent evolutionary lineages (Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta,
      Haptophyta, Ochrophyta) were screened for a set of carefully selected precursors,
      intermediates, and end products of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Our data
      unequivocally showed that microalgae contain a wide range of flavonoids and thus
      must possess the enzyme pool required for their biosynthesis. Further, some of
      the microalgae displayed an intricate flavonoid pattern that is compatible with
      the established basic flavonoid pathway as observed in higher plants. This
      implies that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway arose much earlier in evolution
      compared to what is generally accepted. 

PMID- 26988322
TI  - Allelopathy in the tropical alga Lobophora variegata (Phaeophyceae): mechanistic
      basis for a phase shift on mesophotic coral reefs?
AB  - Macroalgal phase shifts on Caribbean reefs have been reported with increasing
      frequency, and recent reports of these changes on mesophotic coral reefs have
      raised questions regarding the mechanistic processes behind algal population
      expansions to deeper depths. The brown alga Lobophora variegata is a dominant
      species on many shallow and deep coral reefs of the Caribbean and Pacific, and it
      increased in percent cover (>50%) up to 61 m on Bahamian reefs following the
      invasion of the lionfish Pterois volitans. We examined the physiological and
      ecological constraints contributing to the spread of Lobophora on Bahamian reefs
      across a mesophotic depth gradient from 30 to 61 m, pre- and post-lionfish
      invasion. Results indicate that there were no physiological limitations to the
      depth distribution of Lobophora within this range prior to the lionfish invasion.
      Herbivory by acanthurids and scarids in algal recruitment plots at mesophotic
      depths was higher prior to the lionfish invasion, and Lobophora chemical defenses
      were ineffective against an omnivorous fish species. In contrast, Lobophora
      exhibited significant allelopathic activity against the coral Montastraea
      cavernosa and the sponge Agelas clathrodes in laboratory assays. These data
      indicate that when lionfish predation on herbivorous fish released Lobophora from
      grazing pressure at depth, Lobophora expanded its benthic cover to a depth of 61
      m, where it replaced the dominant coral and sponge species. Our results suggest
      that this chemically defended alga may out-compete these species in situ, and
      that mesophotic reefs may be further impacted in the near future as Lobophora
      continues to expand to its compensation point. 

PMID- 26988323
TI  - Morphology of Gambierdiscus scabrosus sp. nov. (Gonyaulacales): a new epiphytic
      toxic dinoflagellate from coastal areas of Japan.
AB  - A new epiphytic dinoflagellate is described, G ambierdiscus scabrosus sp. nov.,
      from tidal pools and rocky shores along the coastal areas of Japan. Cells are
      63.2 +/- 5.7 MUm in depth, 58.2 +/- 5.7 MUm in width, and 37.3 +/- 3.5 MUm in
      length. The plate formula of G . scabrosus is Po, 4', 0a, 6'', 6c, ?s, 5''', 0p,
      and 2''''. Morphologically, G . scabrosus resembles G . belizeanus as follows:
      anterioposteriorly compressed cell shape, narrow 2'''' plate, and areolated
      surface. Despite this similarity, the cells of G . scabrosus can be
      distinguishable by the presence of the asymmetric shaped 3'' plate and the
      rectangular shaped 2' plate.

PMID- 26988324
TI  - Effects of light and circadian clock on growth and chlorophyll accumulation of
      Nannochloropsis gaditana.
AB  - Circadian clocks synchronize various physiological, metabolic and developmental
      processes of organisms with specific phases of recurring changes in their
      environment (e.g. day and night or seasons). Here, we investigated whether the
      circadian clock plays a role in regulation of growth and chlorophyll (Chl)
      accumulation in Nannochloropsis gaditana, an oleaginous marine microalga which is
      considered as a potential feedstock for biofuels and for which a draft genome
      sequence has been published. Optical density (OD) of N. gaditana culture was
      monitored at 680 and 735 nm under 12:12 h or 18:6 h light-dark (LD) cycles and
      after switching to continuous illumination in photobioreactors. In parallel, Chl
      fluorescence was measured to assess the quantum yield of photosystem II.
      Furthermore, to test if red- or blue-light photoreceptors are involved in clock
      entrainment in N. gaditana, some of the experiments were conducted by using only
      red or blue light. Growth and Chl accumulation were confined to light periods in
      the LD cycles, increasing more strongly in the first half than in the second half
      of the light periods. After switching to continuous light, rhythmic oscillations
      continued (especially for OD680 ) at least in the first 24 h, with a 50% decrease
      in the capacity to grow and accumulate Chl during the first subjective night.
      Pronounced free-running oscillations were induced by blue light, but not by red
      light. In contrast, the photosystem II quantum yield was determined by light
      conditions. The results indicate interactions between circadian and light
      regulation of growth and Chl accumulation in N. gaditana. 

PMID- 26988325
TI  - Molecular and morphological evidence for Sheathia gen. nov. (Batrachospermales,
      Rhodophyta) and three new species.
AB  - The freshwater red algal genus Batrachospermum has been shown to be paraphyletic
      since the first molecular studies of the Batrachospermales. Previous research,
      along with this study, provides strong support for the clade Batrachospermum
      section Helminthoidea. This study has found that heterocortication, the presence
      of both cylindrical and bulbous cells on the main axis, is an underlying
      synapomorphy of this clade. Based on support from DNA sequences of the rbcL gene,
      the COI barcode region and the rDNA ITS 1 and 2, along with morphological
      studies, the new genus Sheathia is proposed. Seven heterocorticate species were
      recognized from the molecular clades. Sheathia boryana and S. exigua sp. nov.
      appear to be restricted to Europe, whereas S. confusa occurs in Europe and New
      Zealand. Sheathia involuta is widespread in the USA and reported for the first
      time from Europe. Sheathia americana sp. nov., has been collected in the USA and
      Canada, and S. heterocortica and S. grandis sp. nov. have been collected only in
      the USA. Sheathia confusa and S. grandis can be distinguished based on
      morphological characters, whereas DNA sequence data are required to conclusively
      distinguish the other species. Sheathia fluitans and S. carpoinvolucra also are
      placed within this genus based on the presence of heterocortication. These data
      also hint at greater diversity among non-heterocorticate Sheathia than is
      recognized by the single species name S. arcuata. 

PMID- 26988326
TI  - Comparative transcriptome analysis of Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum
      (Phaeophyceae), Schizocladia ischiensis (Schizocladiophyceae), and Phaeothamnion
      confervicola (Phaeothamniophyceae), with special reference to cell wall-related
      genes.
AB  - Within the stramenopile lineage, only brown algae (Phaeophyceae) have evolved
      complex multicellularity, although some other members of the lineage (e.g.,
      Schizocladia in Schizocladiophyceae; Phaeothamnion in Phaeothamniophyceae) also
      develop simple multicellular thalli. The development of an adherent extracellular
      matrix (ECM) is considered to be one of the key steps in the evolution of
      multicellularity, because ECM is involved in adhesion of cells to each other and
      in cell-cell communication essential for developmental, reproductive, and
      sophisticated defense systems. Because there are no unicellular organisms within
      brown algae, we considered that comparison of other stramenopile taxa closely
      related to brown algae and having multicellular thalli could yield clues to
      elucidate the evolution of multicellularity in brown algae. In this study, we
      investigated transcriptomes involved in cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of
      three stramenopile species, Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum, which is suggested
      to be one of the most basal taxa within Phaeophyceae, S. ischiensis, and P.
      confervicola. We employed 454-FLX high-throughput pyrosequencing to generate
      expressed sequence tag (EST) databases for these species, and performed
      comparative analyses between these databases and the genome sequence of the brown
      alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Results indicate that cell wall polysaccharide
      metabolism pathways of D. mesarthrocarpum are similar to E. siliculosus, whereas
      those of S. ischiensis and P. confervicola are significantly different from E.
      siliculosus, suggesting that the components of the cell wall in S. ischiensis and
      P. confervicola are likely to be different from those of E. siliculosus. 

PMID- 26988327
TI  - Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) diversity in reef-invertebrates along an offshore to
      inshore reef gradient near Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef.
AB  - Despite extensive work on the genetic diversity of reef invertebrate
      dinoflagellate symbioses on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR; Australia), large
      information gaps exist from northern and inshore regions. Therefore, a broad
      survey was done comparing the community of inshore, mid-shelf and outer reefs at
      the latitude of Lizard Island. Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) diversity was
      characterized using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting and
      sequencing of the ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA. Thirty-nine distinct
      Symbiodinium types were identified from four subgeneric clades (B, C, D, and G).
      Several Symbiodinium types originally characterized from the Indian Ocean were
      discovered as well as eight novel types (C1kk, C1LL, C3nn, C26b, C161a, C162,
      C165, C166). Multivariate analyses on the Symbiodinium species diversity data
      showed a strong link with host identity, consistent with previous findings. Of
      the four environmental variables tested, mean austral winter sea surface
      temperature (SST) influenced Symbiodinium distribution across shelves most
      significantly. A similar result was found when the analysis was performed on
      Symbiodinium diversity data of genera with an open symbiont transmission mode
      separately with chl a and PAR explaining additional variation. This study
      underscores the importance of SST and water quality related variables as factors
      driving Symbiodinium distribution on cross-shelf scales. Furthermore, this study
      expands our knowledge on Symbiodinium species diversity, ecological partitioning
      (including host-specificity) and geographic ranges across the GBR. The
      accelerating rate of environmental change experienced by coral reef ecosystems
      emphasizes the need to comprehend the full complexity of cnidarian symbioses,
      including the biotic and abiotic factors that shape their current distributions. 

PMID- 26988328
TI  - Induced resistance to periwinkle grazing in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus
      (Phaeophyceae): molecular insights and seaweed-mediated effects on herbivore
      interactions.
AB  - Herbivory is a key factor for controlling seaweed biomass and community
      structure. To cope with grazers, constitutive and inducible defenses have evolved
      in macroalgae. Inducible chemical defenses show grazer-specificity and, at the
      same time, have the potential to mediate interactions among different herbivores.
      Furthermore, temporal variations in defense patterns, which may adjust
      antiherbivory responses to grazing pressure, were reported in two brown seaweeds.
      However, underlying cellular processes are only rudimentarily characterized. To
      investigate the response of Fucus vesiculosus (L.) to periwinkle (Littorina
      obtusata) grazing, feeding assays were conducted at several times during a 33 d
      induction experiment. Underlying cellular processes were analyzed through gene
      expression profiling. Furthermore, direct processes driving the antiherbivory
      response to periwinkle grazing and indirect effects on another herbivore, the
      isopod Idotea baltica, were elucidated. F. vesiculosus showed multiple defense
      pulses in response to periwinkle grazing, suggesting a high level of temporal
      variability in antiherbivory traits. Defense induction was accompanied by
      extensive transcriptome changes. Approximately 400 genes were significantly up
      /down-regulated relative to controls, including genes relevant for translation
      and the cytoskeleton. Genes involved in photosynthesis were mostly down
      regulated, while genes related to the respiratory chain were up-regulated,
      indicating alterations in resource allocation. The comparison of genes regulated
      in response to isopod (previous study) and periwinkle grazing suggests specific
      induction of several genes by each herbivore. However, grazing by both herbivores
      induced similar metabolic processes in F. vesiculosus. These common defense
      related processes reflected in strong indirect effects as isopods were also
      repelled after previous grazing by L. obtusata. 

PMID- 26988329
TI  - Effects of brefeldin A on the endomembrane system and germ tube formation of the
      tetraspore of Gelidium floridanum (Rhodophyta, Florideophyceae).
AB  - Gelidium floridanum W.R. Taylor tetraspores are units of dispersal and are
      responsible for substrate attachment. This study aimed to examine evidence of
      direct interaction between germ tube formation and Golgi activity during
      tetraspore germination of G. floridanum. After release, the tetraspores were
      incubated with brefeldin A (BFA) in concentrations of 4 and 8 MUM over a 6 h
      period. The controls and treatments were analyzed with light, fluorescence (FM4
      64 dye) and transmission electron microscopy. In the control samples, the Golgi
      bodies were responsible for germ tube formation. In contrast, BFA-treated samples
      were observed to inhibit spore adhesion and germ tube formation. These
      tetraspores also showed an increase in volume (>=30 MUm width). BFA treatment
      also resulted in the disassembly of Golgi cisternae and the formation of
      vesiculated areas of the cytoplasm, blocking the secretion of protein and
      amorphous matrix polysaccharides. When stained with FM4-64, the control samples
      showed fluorescence in the apical region of the germ tube, but the treated
      samples showed an intense fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm. From these
      results, we can conclude that the germ tube is formed by the incorporation of
      vesicles derived from Golgi. Thus, vesicle secretion and Golgi organization are
      basic processes and essential in adhesion and tube formation. By blocking the
      secretion of protein and amorphous matrix polysaccharides, BFA treatment
      precluded tetraspore germination. 

PMID- 26988330
TI  - Menadione-induced caspase-dependent programmed cell death in the green
      chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - Menadione, a quinone that undergoes redox cycles leading to the formation of
      superoxide radicals, induces programmed cell death (PCD) in animals and plants.
      In this study, we investigated whether the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii P.A.Dangeard is capable of executing PCD upon exposure to menadione
      stress. We report here, the morphological, molecular, and biochemical changes
      after menadione exposure of C. reinhardtii cells. The effect of menadione on cell
      death has been shown to be dose-dependent; 5-100 MUM menadione causes 20%-46%
      cell death, respectively. It appears that growth is inhibited with the
      concomitant degradation of the photosynthetic pigments and by a decrease in the
      photosynthetic capacity. Being an oxidative stress, we found an H2 O2 burst
      within 15 min of menadione exposure, followed by an increase in antioxidant
      enzyme (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase
      [APX]) activities. In parallel, RT-PCR was performed for transcript analyses of
      Mn-SOD, CAT, and APX. Our results clearly revealed that expression of these genes
      were up-regulated upon menadione exposure. Furthermore, classical hallmarks of
      PCD such as alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, significant increase
      in caspase-3-like DEVDase activity, cleavage of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase
      (PARP)-1-like enzyme, and DNA fragmentation as detected by terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and
      oligosomal DNA fragmentation were observed. Moreover, antibodies against a
      mammalian active caspase-3 shared epitopes with a caspase-3-like protein of ~17
      kDa; its pattern of expression and activity correlated with the onset of cell
      death. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on menadione
      induced PCD through a mitochondrian-caspase protease pathway in an algal species.

PMID- 26988331
TI  - Effects of silicate resupply to silicate-deprived Thalassiosira weissflogii
      (Bacillariophyceae) in stationary or senescent phase: short-term patterns of
      growth and cell death.
AB  - The ability of nutrient-deprived phytoplankton to recover in the short term when
      nutrients are resupplied has been studied for nitrogen and phosphorus, but the
      case for silicate (Si) is poorly understood. Si-limited Thalassiosira weissflogii
      (Grunow) Fryxell et Hasle (grown in batch culture) was harvested in stationary
      phase (when cell numbers stopped increasing ~2 d after Si depletion) and
      senescence (when cell numbers declined ~4 d after Si depletion) and Si was
      resupplied at different concentrations (from 0 to 100 MUM). Cell numbers,
      proportion of dead cells, variable fluorescence emissions (Fv /Fm ), and
      activities of proteases were measured during Si depletion and for 24 h after Si
      resupply. As Si was depleted, the specific growth rate declined, dead cells
      increased from ~2% in log phase, to ~25% in stationary phase to over 35% in
      senescence, and activities of proteases associated with cell death increased
      several-fold. Concentration-dependent recovery of growth rate was seen after 24 h
      for cultures resupplied with Si in stationary phase but not in senescence.
      However, resupply of Si at 100 MUM to stationary phase cultures alone increased
      protease activity to nearly the levels seen in senescence. Differences in the
      responses to Si resupply suggest that the ability and time to recover from Si
      depletion depend not only on the growth phase but also on the concentration
      resupplied. 

PMID- 26988332
TI  - Direct health care costs and length of hospital stay related to health care
      acquired infections in adult patients based on point prevalence measurements.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of health care-acquired infection (HAI) and the
      consequence for patients with HAI tend to vary from study to study. By including
      all patients, all medical specialties, and performing a follow-up analysis, this
      study contributes to previous findings in this research field. METHODS: Data from
      the Swedish National Point Prevalence Surveys of HAI 2010-2012 was merged with
      cost per patient data from the county Health Care Register (N = 6,823). Extended
      length of stay (LOS) and costs related to an HAI were adjusted for sex, age,
      intensive care unit use, and surgery. RESULTS: Patients with HAI (n = 732) had a
      larger proportion of readmissions compared with patients with no HAI (29.0% vs
      16.5%). Of the total bed days, 9.3% was considered to be excess days attributed
      to the group of patients with an HAI. The excess LOS comprised 11.4% of the total
      costs (95% CI, 10.2-12.7). The 1-year overall mortality rate for patients with
      HAI in comparison to all other patients was 1.75 (95% CI, 1.45-2.11), all 5 of
      these differences were statistically significant (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Even if
      not all outcomes for patients with an HAI can be explained by the HAI itself, the
      increase in inpatient days, readmissions, associated costs, and higher mortality
      rates are quite notable.

PMID- 26988334
TI  - Rapid access to unsymmetrical tolanes and alkynones by sequentially palladium
      catalyzed one-pot processes.
AB  - Alkynones as well as unsymmetrically substituted tolanes (diarylalkynes) can be
      rapidly generated in a one-pot fashion via sequential palladium catalysis.
      Terminal alkynes, formed in situ by protecting-group free palladium-catalyzed
      coupling of aryl iodides with ethynyl magnesium bromide, are subsequently
      transformed by Sonogashira coupling with aryl halides or aroyl chlorides to
      furnish unsymmetrically substituted alkynes in good to excellent yields. 

PMID- 26988333
TI  - Eight-year sustainability of a successful intervention to prevent urinary tract
      infection: A mixed-methods study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Data on long-term effects of interventions in infection control are
      scarce. We aimed to evaluate the 8-year sustainability of a successful
      intervention to reduce urinary tract infections (UTIs) through restriction of
      urinary catheter (UC) use in an orthopedic surgical population. METHODS:
      Prospective UTI surveillance from November 2009-January 2010 was conducted to
      compare the results against the 2-year sustainability assessment performed in
      2004. Semistructured staff interviews focused on UC indication, training,
      insertion techniques, and recall of the former intervention. RESULTS: A total of
      336 consecutive patients were included (median age, 63 years; range, 16-95 years;
      55% women). A UC was placed in 17.6% of patients (operating room [OR], 10.1%;
      postanesthesia care unit [PACU], 3.6%; surgical wards [SW], 3.9%) compared with
      20.0% in 2004 (OR, 15.7%; PACU, 1.0%; SW, 3.7%). The incidence rate of UTI was
      2.4 per 1,000 patient-days in 2010 versus 2.6 per 1,000 patient-days in 2004;
      adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-2.76; P = .67.
      The qualitative inquiry demonstrated poor recall of the intervention and
      knowledge of guidelines except in the OR, where we identified a champion leader.
      DISCUSSION: The intervention effect was sustained with regard to overall UTI rate
      and UC placement in the OR, but less in the PACU and SW. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous
      leadership of a single opinion leader in a pivotal position can contribute
      critically to sustainability.

PMID- 26988335
TI  - Persistent Postoperative Pain after Cardiac Surgery: Incidence, Characterization,
      Associated Factors and its impact in Quality of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery (CS) ranks among the most frequently performed
      interventions worldwide and persistent postoperative pain (PPP) has been
      recognized as a relevant clinical outcome in this context. We aimed to evaluate
      its incidence, characteristics, associated factors and patient's quality of life
      (QoL). METHODS: Observational prospective study conducted in patients undergoing
      CS in a tertiary university hospital. PPP was defined as persistent pain after
      surgery with higher than 3 months' duration, after excluding other causes of
      pain. We used a set of questionnaires for data collection: Pain Catastrophizing
      Scale, Duke Health Profile, Brief Pain Inventory Short Form, McGill Pain
      Questionnaire Short Form, Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions and standardized
      questions regarding pain periodicity. RESULTS: A total of 288 patients have
      completed the study and 43% presented PPP assessed at 3 months (PPP3M); out of
      which 84% were not under any treatment. PPP patients reported significantly lower
      QoL, and a neuropathic pain (NP) component was present in 50% of them. Younger
      age, female gender, higher body mass index, catastrophizing, coronary artery
      bypass graft, osteoarthritis, history of previous surgery (excluding sternotomy)
      and moderate to severe acute postoperative pain were independent predictors of
      PPP3M. CONCLUSION: This is the first study comprehensively describing PPP after
      CS and identifying NP in half of them. Our results support the important role
      that PPP plays after CS in considering its interference in patients' daily life
      and their lower QoL, which deserves the attention of health care professionals in
      order to improve prevention, assessment and treatment of these patients. WHAT
      DOES THIS STUDY ADD?: This study comprehensively describes persistent
      postoperative pain (PPP) after cardiac surgery (CS) and identifies neuropathic
      pain (NP) in half of them. Our results support the important role that PPP plays
      after CS in considering its interference in patients' daily life and their lower
      quality of life.

PMID- 26988337
TI  - Authors' reply: diagnostic challenges to be considered regarding Zika virus in
      the context of the presence of the vector Aedes albopictus in Europe.

PMID- 26988336
TI  - Placental biomarkers and angiogenic factors in oral fluids of patients with
      preeclampsia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to explore the feasibility of
      measuring endothelial and placental biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular
      fluid (GCF) and to determine if patients with preeclampsia (PE) have a different
      profile of these biomarkers in oral fluids. METHOD: A case-control study was
      conducted, including patients with PE (n = 10) and a control group with normal
      pregnancies randomly selected (n = 20) admitted at the Sotero del Rio Hospital in
      Santiago, Chile. A complete periodontal and obstetric history that involved the
      collection of oral fluids was performed at the same gestational age. Levels of
      Cd63(+) extracellular vesicles, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), placental
      growth factor (PlGF), and sFlt-1 levels were determined by ELISA assays. Data
      analysis was performed with chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U
      test for continuous variables. The association was assessed using a multiple
      logistic regression model. RESULTS: sFlt-1 concentrations in saliva and GCF were
      significantly higher in patients with PE (p = 0.045 and p = 0.033 respectively).
      Concentrations of PLAP were elevated in GCF of patients with PE (p = 0.049). The
      PLAP/CD63(+) ratio in GCF of patients with PE was significantly higher (p =
      0.0008). No differences in PlGF levels were observed. CONCLUSION(S): GCF of
      patients with PE concentrates higher levels of biomarkers related with the PE
      development. (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988338
TI  - Semantic Coherence Facilitates Distributional Learning.
AB  - Computational models have shown that purely statistical knowledge about words'
      linguistic contexts is sufficient to learn many properties of words, including
      syntactic and semantic category. For example, models can infer that "postman" and
      "mailman" are semantically similar because they have quantitatively similar
      patterns of association with other words (e.g., they both tend to occur with
      words like "deliver," "truck," "package"). In contrast to these computational
      results, artificial language learning experiments suggest that distributional
      statistics alone do not facilitate learning of linguistic categories. However,
      experiments in this paradigm expose participants to entirely novel words, whereas
      real language learners encounter input that contains some known words that are
      semantically organized. In three experiments, we show that (a) the presence of
      familiar semantic reference points facilitates distributional learning and (b)
      this effect crucially depends both on the presence of known words and the
      adherence of these known words to some semantic organization.

PMID- 26988339
TI  - Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials in critically ill
      patients: A structured review.
AB  - The increased prevalence of obesity presents challenges for clinicians aiming to
      provide optimised antimicrobial dosing in the intensive care unit. Obesity is
      likely to exacerbate the alterations to antimicrobial pharmacokinetics when the
      chronic diseases associated with obesity exist with the acute pathophysiological
      changes associated with critical illness. The purpose of this paper is to review
      the potential pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of antimicrobials in obese critically
      ill patients and the implications for appropriate dosing. We found that
      hydrophilic antimicrobials (e.g. beta-lactams, vancomycin, daptomycin) were more
      likely to manifest altered pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients who are
      obese. In particular for beta-lactam antibiotics, obesity is associated with a
      larger volume of distribution (V(d)). In obese critically ill patients,
      piperacillin is also associated with a lower drug clearance (CL). For doripenem,
      these PK changes have been associated with reduced achievement of pharmacodynamic
      (PD) targets when standard drug doses are used. For vancomycin, increases in Vd
      are associated with increasing total body weight (TBW), meaning that the loading
      dose should be based on TBW even in obese patients. For daptomycin, an increased
      Vd is not considered to be clinically relevant. For antifungals, little data
      exist in obese critically ill patients; during fluconazole therapy, an obese
      patient had a lower V(d) and higher CL than non-obese comparators. Overall, most
      studies suggested that standard dosage regimens of most commonly used
      antimicrobials are sufficient to achieve PD targets. However, it is likely that
      larger doses would be required for pathogens with higher minimum inhibitory
      concentrations.

PMID- 26988340
TI  - A successful physiotherapy management case of a patient with acquired haemophilia
      A prior to factor VIII inhibitor eradication.

PMID- 26988342
TI  - A Case of Cardiac Light Chain Deposition Disease in a Patient with Solitary
      Plasmacytoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Light chain deposition disease is a systemic disease characterized by
      deposition of immunoglobin light chains in various organs. Cardiac involvement of
      light chain deposition disease, also known as cardiac nonamyloidotic immunoglobin
      deposition disease (CIDD), is a rare clinical entity, where clinical outcome is
      very variable and best treatment approaches are not well known. CASE REPORT: We
      present the case of a 31-year-old man with a solitary thoracic plasmacytoma and
      cardiac light chain deposition disease with evidence of congestive heart failure
      by echocardiography and cardiac markers. The patient underwent surgical resection
      of the plasmacytoma followed by systemic therapy with 50% VDT-PACE and then VRD
      with near-normalization of his heart function. A melphalan-based stem cell
      transplant is planned in this young patient to achieve the best possible long
      term remission. CONCLUSIONS: CIDD is a very rare disease, with previous reports
      showing diverse manifestations with variable outcome. A high level of clinical
      suspicion should be maintained in such cases and early intervention, as in our
      patient, can restore cardiac function. There is very little literature on the
      optimal management of these patients. A combination of surgery and chemotherapy
      were pursued in our patient with very good results.

PMID- 26988341
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis growth and development requires the activity of host Long
      chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases (ACSLs).
AB  - The obligate-intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) has undergone
      considerable genome reduction with consequent dependence on host biosynthetic
      pathways, metabolites and enzymes. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) are
      key host-cell enzymes that convert fatty acids (FA) into acyl-CoA for use in
      metabolic pathways. Here, we show that the complete host ACSL family [ACSL1 and
      ACSL3-6] translocates into the Ct membrane-bound vacuole, termed inclusion, and
      remains associated with membranes of metabolically active forms of Ct throughout
      development. We discovered that three different pharmacologic inhibitors of ACSL
      activity independently impede Ct growth in a dose-dependent fashion. Using an FA
      competition assay, host ACSLs were found to activate Ct branched-chain FAs,
      suggesting that one function of the ACSLs is to activate Ct FAs and host FAs
      (recruited from the cytoplasm) within the inclusion. Because the ACSL inhibitors
      can deplete lipid droplets (LD), we used a cell line where LD synthesis was
      switched off to evaluate whether LD deficiency affects Ct growth. In these cells,
      we found no effect on growth or on translocation of ACSLs into the inclusion. Our
      findings support an essential role for ACSL activation of host-cell and bacterial
      FAs within the inclusion to promote Ct growth and development, independent of
      LDs. 

PMID- 26988344
TI  - Situating the Embodied Mind in a Landscape of Standing Affordances for Living
      Without Chairs: Materializing a Philosophical Worldview.
AB  - Sitting too much is unhealthy, but a widespread habit in many societies.
      Realizing behavioral change in this area is hard. Our societies promote being
      seated via the way its places are structured: they are filled with chairs for
      example. How can we make healthier environments that invite people to move around
      more? This article shows how philosophical research in the area of
      embodied/enactive cognitive science let to a built vision for the office of the
      future, of 2025. Multidisciplinary studio RAAAF [Rietveld Architecture-Art
      Affordances] and visual artist Barbara Visser built this world without chairs,
      titled The End of Sitting. This large rock-like landscape integrates many
      affordances for standing. Affordances are the possibilities for action provided
      by the environment. This landscape of standing affordances allows people to work
      standing while being supported by the material structure of the environment. This
      unorthodox working landscape is both an enactive art installation and the
      materialization of a philosophical worldview that understands people as embodied
      minds situated in a landscape of affordances. It stimulates reflection on the way
      built environments can naturally invite more active and healthy behavior. 

PMID- 26988343
TI  - The Functions of Serine 687 Phosphorylation of Human DNA Polymerase eta in UV
      Damage Tolerance.
AB  - DNA polymerase eta (poleta) is a Y-family translesion synthesis polymerase that
      plays a key role in the cellular tolerance toward UV irradiation-induced DNA
      damage. Here, we identified, for the first time, the phosphorylation of serine
      687 (Ser(687)), which is located in the highly conserved nuclear localization
      signal (NLS) region of human poleta and is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2
      (CDK2). We also showed that this phosphorylation is stimulated in human cells
      upon UV light exposure and results in diminished interaction of poleta with
      proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the
      phosphorylation of Ser(687) in poleta confers cellular protection from UV
      irradiation and increases the efficiency in replication across a site
      specifically incorporated cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer in human cells. Based on
      these results, we proposed a mechanistic model where Ser(687) phosphorylation
      functions in the reverse polymerase switching step of translesion synthesis: The
      phosphorylation brings negative charges to the NLS of poleta, which facilitates
      its departure from PCNA, thereby resetting the replication fork for highly
      accurate and processive DNA replication. Thus, our study, together with previous
      findings, supported that the posttranslational modifications of NLS of poleta
      played a dual role in polymerase switching, where Lys(682) deubiquitination
      promotes the recruitment of poleta to PCNA immediately prior to lesion bypass and
      Ser(687) phosphorylation stimulates its departure from the replication fork
      immediately after lesion bypass.

PMID- 26988345
TI  - Validation of the Flourishing Scale in a sample of people with suboptimal levels
      of mental well-being.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in measuring the eudaimonic perspective of
      mental well-being (social and psychological well-being) alongside existing
      measures of the hedonic perspective of mental well-being (subjective well-being).
      The Flourishing Scale (FS) assesses core aspects of social-psychological
      functioning and is now widely used in research in practice. However, the
      reliability and validity of eudaimonic measures such as the FS has not yet been
      tested in people with low or moderate levels of well-being. This group is at risk
      for developing mental disorders and, therefore, an important target group for
      public mental health. METHODS: We extensively evaluated the psychometric
      properties of the 8-item FS in a sample of adults with low or moderate levels of
      well-being in The Netherlands (N = 275) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA),
      item response theory analysis and a multitrait matrix. RESULTS: The
      unidimensional structure of the scale was confirmed with CFA and an adequate fit
      to the Rasch model. However, our sample showed positive skewness of the scale,
      but lacked measurement precision at the higher end of the social-psychological
      continuum. In general, the multitrait matrix demonstrated the convergent validity
      of the scale, with strong to weak correlations between the FS and (1) overall
      well-being, (2) social and psychological well-being (3) positive eudaimonic
      states, (4) hedonic states, (5) psychopathology and (6) personality traits.
      Nevertheless, relatively low correlations were found, specifically in comparison
      with the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF). CONCLUSIONS: The FS seems a
      reliable and valid instrument for measuring social-psychological functioning in
      adults with suboptimal well-being, but its use in intervention studies and
      clinical practice might be debatable. Therefore, the FS seems most suitable to
      include in epidemiological studies alongside existing hedonic measures to more
      fully capture mental well-being. Future research should examine the temporal
      stability of the FS and the consequences of the positive skewness and limited
      external validity of the scale found in the current study.

PMID- 26988346
TI  - Expanding access to high-cost medicines through the E2 access program in
      Thailand: effects on utilisation, health outcomes and cost using an interrupted
      time-series analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In 2008, the Thai government introduced the 'high-cost medicines E2
      access program' as a part of the National List of Essential Medicines to increase
      patient access to medicines, improve clinical outcomes and make medicines more
      affordable. Our objective was to examine whether the 'high-cost medicines E2
      access program' achieved its goals. DESIGN: Interrupted time-series design study.
      SETTING: 3 tertiary hospitals in different regions of Thailand, January 2006 to
      December 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with target acute and chronic disease
      diagnoses who newly met E2 program criteria for selected study medicines.
      INTERVENTION: High-cost medicines E2 access program. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:
      Level and trend changes over time in the proportions of eligible patients who
      received the indicated E2 medicines and who improved clinically, as well as in
      costs of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 2024 patients were included in
      utilisation analyses and 1375 patients with selected acute diseases contributed
      to analyses of clinical outcome. After 1 year of the E2 program implementation,
      the percentage of eligible patients receiving the indicated E2 program medicines
      increased significantly (relative change 12.7% (95% CI 4.4% to 21.0%), especially
      among those insured by the government's universal coverage scheme (relative
      change 19.9% (95% CI 9.5% to 30.5%)). The increase in the proportion of
      clinically improved patients with acute conditions was not significant (relative
      change 6.2% (95% CI -1.9% to 15.1%)). Quarterly healthcare costs per patient
      dropped significantly (relative change -13.5% (95% CI -26.9% to -1.7%)).
      CONCLUSIONS: In the study hospitals, the E2 access program seems to have
      facilitated patient access to specialty medicines, may have contributed to
      improved health outcomes, and decreased treatment costs. Routine monitoring is
      needed to assess effects of expanding the programme, including effects on quality
      of care and financial sustainability.

PMID- 26988347
TI  - Antiplatelet regimens in the long-term secondary prevention of transient
      ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: an updated network meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the comparative efficacy and safety of different
      antiplatelet regimens in patients with prior non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke
      or transient ischaemic attack. DESIGN: Systematic review and network meta
      analysis. DATA SOURCES: As on 31 March 2015, all randomised controlled trials
      that investigated the effects of antiplatelet agents in the long-term (>= 3
      months) secondary prevention of non-cardioembolic transient ischaemic attack or
      ischaemic stroke were searched and identified. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary
      outcome measure of efficacy was serious vascular events (non-fatal stroke, non
      fatal myocardial infarction and vascular death). The outcome measure of safety
      was any bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 36 randomised controlled trials (82,144
      patients) were included. Network meta-analysis showed that cilostazol was
      significantly more effective than clopidogrel (OR 0.77, 95% credible interval
      0.60-0.98) and low-dose (75-162 mg daily) aspirin (0.69, 0.55-0.86) in the
      prevention of serious vascular events. Aspirin (50 mg daily) plus dipyridamole
      (400 mg daily) and clopidogrel reduced the risk of serious vascular events
      compared with low-dose aspirin; however, the difference was not statistically
      significant. Furthermore, low-dose aspirin was as effective as higher daily
      doses. Cilostazol was associated with a significantly lower bleeding risk than
      most of the other regimens. Moreover, aspirin plus clopidogrel was associated
      with significantly more haemorrhagic events than other regimens. Direct
      comparisons showed similar results as the network meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS:
      Cilostazol was significantly more effective than aspirin and clopidogrel alone in
      the long-term prevention of serious vascular events in patients with prior non
      cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cilostazol was
      associated with a significantly lower bleeding risk than low-dose aspirin (75-162
      mg daily) and aspirin (50 mg daily) plus dipyridamole (400 mg daily). Low-dose
      aspirin was as effective as higher daily doses. However, further large,
      randomised, controlled, head-to-head trials are needed, especially in non-Asian
      ethnic groups.

PMID- 26988348
TI  - Trial protocol to compare the efficacy of a smartphone-based blood glucose
      management system with standard clinic care in the gestational diabetic
      population.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is rising in
      the UK. Good glycaemic control improves maternal and neonatal outcomes. Frequent
      clinical review of patients with GDM by healthcare professionals is required
      owing to the rapidly changing physiology of pregnancy and its unpredictable
      course. Novel technologies that allow home blood glucose (BG) monitoring with
      results transmitted in real time to a healthcare professional have the potential
      to deliver good-quality healthcare to women more conveniently and at a lower cost
      to the patient and the healthcare provider compared to the conventional face-to
      face or telephone-based consultation. We have developed an integrated GDm-health
      management system and aim to test the impact of using this system on maternal
      glycaemic control, costs, patient satisfaction and maternal and neonatal outcomes
      compared to standard clinic care in a single large publicly funded (National
      Health Service (NHS)) maternity unit. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Women with confirmed
      gestational diabetes in a current pregnancy are individually randomised to either
      the GDm-health system and half the normal clinic visits or normal clinic care.
      Primary outcome is mean BG in each group from recruitment to delivery calculated,
      with adjustments made for number of BG measurements, proportion of preprandial
      and postprandial readings and length of time in study, and compared between the
      groups. The secondary objective will be to compare the two groups for compliance
      to the allocated BG monitoring regime, maternal and neonatal outcomes, glycaemic
      control using glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and other BG metrics, and patient
      attitudes to care assessed using a questionnaire and resource use. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: Thresholds for treatment, dietary advice and clinical management
      are the same in both groups. The results of the study will be published in a peer
      reviewed journal and disseminated electronically and in print. TRIAL REGISTRATION
      NUMBER: NCT01916694; Pre-results.

PMID- 26988350
TI  - Arrival by ambulance in acute heart failure: insights into the mode of
      presentation from Acute Studies of Nesiritide in Decompensated Heart Failure
      (ASCEND-HF).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Limited data exist assessing the relationship between ambulance
      versus self-presentation and outcomes in patients with acute heart failure (AHF).
      SETTING: Clinical trial sites in North America. PARTICIPANTS: 1068 patients
      enrolled in the Acute Studies of Nesiritide in Decompensated Heart Failure
      (ASCEND-HF) trial. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The association
      between ambulance use and dyspnoea improvement, 30-day mortality or HF
      rehospitalisation and 180-day mortality. RESULTS: Of the 1068 patients in the
      substudy, 832 (78%) self-presented (SP) and 236 (22%) patients presented via
      ambulance. Patients presenting via ambulance were older, more likely to be
      female, have a higher ejection fraction but similar natriuretic peptide levels as
      patients who SP. Patients presenting by ambulance (compared with SP) trended
      towards more dyspnoea improvement at 6 (p=0.09) and 24 h (p=0.10). The co-primary
      end point (30-day mortality or HF rehospitalisation) was similar between groups
      (ambulance 12.2% vs SP 11.4%, p=0.74). Patients who presented by ambulance had a
      higher 30-day and 180-day mortality rate than those who SP (30-day: 4.3% vs 2.2%,
      p=0.08; 180-day: 15.1% vs 10.3%, p=0.04). After adjustment for baseline
      characteristics, patients arriving by ambulance (compared with SP) had a 2-fold
      high risk of 30-day mortality (OR 2.12, 95% CI 0.94 to 4.79), but no relationship
      to the composite of 30-day mortality/HF rehospitalisation (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.63
      to 1.63). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with AHF, 30-day and 180-day mortality is
      1.5-2 times higher for those with presenting via ambulance compared with patients
      who self-present. Understanding patient-related and system-related factors of
      ambulance use for patients with AHF is important. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      NCT00475852.

PMID- 26988351
TI  - Smoke-free homes: what are the barriers, motivators and enablers? A qualitative
      systematic review and thematic synthesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To thematically synthesise primary qualitative studies of the
      barriers, motivators and enablers of smoke-free homes (SFHs). DESIGN: Systematic
      review and thematic synthesis. DATA SOURCES: Searches of MEDLINE, EBM Reviews
      (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), PsycINFO, Global Health, CINAHL, Web
      of Science, Informit and EMBASE, combining terms for families, households and
      vulnerable populations; SFH and secondhand smoke; and qualitative research, were
      supplemented by searches of PhD theses, key authors, specialist journals and
      reference lists. STUDY SELECTION: We included 22 articles, reporting on 18
      studies, involving 646 participants. INCLUSION CRITERIA: peer-reviewed; English
      language; published from 1990 onwards (to week 3 of April 2014); used qualitative
      data collection methods; explored participants' perspectives of home smoking
      behaviours; and the barriers, motivators and enablers to initiating and/or
      maintaining a SFH. DATA EXTRACTION: 1 of 3 authors extracted data with checking
      by a second. DATA SYNTHESIS: A thematic synthesis was performed to develop 7 core
      analytic themes: (1) knowledge, awareness and risk perception; (2) agency and
      personal skills/attributes; (3) wider community norms and personal moral
      responsibilities; (4) social relationships and influence of others; (5) perceived
      benefits, preferences and priorities; (6) addiction and habit; (7)
      practicalities. CONCLUSIONS: This synthesis highlights the complexity faced by
      many households in having a SFH, the practical, social, cultural and personal
      issues that need to be addressed and balanced by households, and that while some
      of these are common across study settings, specific social and cultural factors
      play a critical role in shaping household smoking behaviours. The findings can
      inform policy and practice and the development of interventions aimed at
      increasing SFHs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42014014115.

PMID- 26988352
TI  - Do patients hospitalised in high-minority hospitals experience more diversion and
      poorer outcomes? A retrospective multivariate analysis of Medicare patients in
      California.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between crowding as measured by
      ambulance diversion and differences in access, treatment and outcomes between
      black and white patients. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: We linked
      daily ambulance diversion logs from 26 California counties between 2001 and 2011
      to Medicare patient records with acute myocardial infarction and categorised
      patients according to hours in diversion status for their nearest emergency
      departments on their day of admission: 0, <6, 6 to <12 and >= 12 h. We compared
      the amount of diversion time between hospitals serving high volume of black
      patients and other hospitals. We then use multivariate models to analyse changes
      in outcomes when patients faced different levels of diversion, and compared that
      change between black and white patients. PARTICIPANTS: 29,939 Medicare patients
      from 26 California counties between 2001 and 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1)
      Access to hospitals with cardiac technology; (2) treatment received; and (3)
      health outcomes (30-day, 90-day, and 1-year death and 30-day readmission).
      RESULTS: Hospitals serving high volume of black patients spent more hours in
      diversion status compared with other hospitals. Patients faced with the highest
      level of diversion had the lowest probability of being admitted to hospitals with
      cardiac technology compared with those facing no diversion, by 4.4% for cardiac
      care intensive unit, and 3.4% for catheterisation laboratory and coronary artery
      bypass graft facilities. Patients experiencing increased diversion also had a
      4.3% decreased likelihood of receiving catheterisation and 9.6% higher 1-year
      mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals serving high volume of black patients are more
      likely to be on diversion, and diversion is associated with poorer access to
      cardiac technology, lower probability of receiving revascularisation and worse
      long-term mortality outcomes.

PMID- 26988353
TI  - Understanding tensions and identifying clinician agreement on improvements to
      early-stage chronic kidney disease monitoring in primary care: a qualitative
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Since 2006, general practitioners (GPs) in England, UK, have been
      incentivised to keep a register and monitor patients with chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) stages 3-5. Despite tensions and debate around the merit of this activity,
      there has been little qualitative research exploring clinician perspectives on
      monitoring early-stage CKD in primary care. This study aimed to examine and
      understand a range of different healthcare professional views and experiences of
      identification and monitoring in primary care of early-stage CKD, in particular
      stage 3. DESIGN: Qualitative design using semistructured interviews. SETTING:
      National Health Service (NHS) settings across primary and secondary care in South
      West England, UK. PARTICIPANTS: 25 clinicians: 16 GPs, 3 practice nurses, 4 renal
      consultants and 2 public health physicians. RESULTS: We identified two related
      overarching themes of dissonance and consonance in clinician perspectives on
      early-stage CKD monitoring in primary care. Clinician dissonance around clinical
      guidelines for CKD monitoring emanated from different interpretations of CKD and
      different philosophies of healthcare and moral decision-making. Clinician
      consonance centred on the need for greater understanding of renal decline and
      increasing proteinuria testing to reduce overdiagnosis and identify those
      patients who were at risk of progression and further morbidity and who would
      benefit from early intervention. Clinicians recommended adopting a holistic
      approach for patients with CKD representing a barometer of overall health.
      CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of new National Institute for Health and Care
      Excellence (NICE) CKD guidelines in 2014, which focus the meaning and purpose of
      CKD monitoring by increased proteinuria testing and assessment of risk, may help
      to resolve some of the ethical and moral tensions clinicians expressed regarding
      the overmedicalisation of patients with a CKD diagnosis.

PMID- 26988354
TI  - Analysis of the interactome of the Ser/Thr Protein Phosphatase type 1 in
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) is an enzyme essential to cell viability
      in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The activity of PP1 is
      regulated by the binding of regulatory subunits, of which there are up to 200 in
      humans, but only 3 have been so far reported for the parasite. To better
      understand the P. falciparum PP1 (PfPP1) regulatory network, we here report the
      use of three strategies to characterize the PfPP1 interactome: co-affinity
      purified proteins identified by mass spectrometry, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H)
      screening and in silico analysis of the P. falciparum predicted proteome.
      RESULTS: Co-affinity purification followed by MS analysis identified 6 PfPP1
      interacting proteins (Pips) of which 3 contained the RVxF consensus binding, 2
      with a Fxx[RK]x[RK] motif, also shown to be a PP1 binding motif and one with both
      binding motifs. The Y2H screens identified 134 proteins of which 30 present the
      RVxF binding motif and 20 have the Fxx[RK]x[RK] binding motif. The in silico
      screen of the Pf predicted proteome using a consensus RVxF motif as template
      revealed the presence of 55 potential Pips. As further demonstration, 35
      candidate proteins were validated as PfPP1 interacting proteins in an ELISA-based
      assay. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on
      PfPP1 interactome. The data reports several conserved PP1 interacting proteins as
      well as a high number of specific interactors to PfPP1. Their analysis indicates
      a high diversity of biological functions for PP1 in Plasmodium. Based on the
      present data and on an earlier study of the Pf interactome, a potential
      implication of Pips in protein folding/proteolysis, transcription and
      pathogenicity networks is proposed. The present work provides a starting point
      for further studies on the structural basis of these interactions and their
      functions in P. falciparum.

PMID- 26988349
TI  - Epidemic potential of Escherichia coli ST131 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Observational studies have suggested that Escherichia coli sequence
      type (ST) 131 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 have hyperendemic properties. This
      would be obvious from continuously high incidence and/or prevalence of carriage
      or infection with these bacteria in specific patient populations. Hyperendemicity
      could result from increased transmissibility, longer duration of infectiousness,
      and/or higher pathogenic potential as compared with other lineages of the same
      species. The aim of our research is to quantitatively estimate these critical
      parameters for E. coli ST131 and K. pneumoniae ST258, in order to investigate
      whether E. coli ST131 and K. pneumoniae ST258 are truly hyperendemic clones.
      PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: A systematic literature search was performed to assess
      the evidence of transmissibility, duration of infectiousness, and pathogenicity
      for E. coli ST131 and K. pneumoniae ST258. Meta-regression was performed to
      quantify these characteristics. RESULTS: The systematic literature search yielded
      639 articles, of which 19 data sources provided information on transmissibility
      (E. coli ST131 n=9; K. pneumoniae ST258 n=10)), 2 on duration of infectiousness
      (E. coli ST131 n=2), and 324 on pathogenicity (E. coli ST131 n=285; K. pneumoniae
      ST258 n=39). Available data on duration of carriage and on transmissibility were
      insufficient for quantitative assessment. In multivariable meta-regression E.
      coli isolates causing infection were associated with ST131, compared to isolates
      only causing colonisation, suggesting that E. coli ST131 can be considered more
      pathogenic than non-ST131 isolates. Date of isolation, location and resistance
      mechanism also influenced the prevalence of ST131. E. coli ST131 was 3.2 (95% CI
      2.0 to 5.0) times more pathogenic than non-ST131. For K. pneumoniae ST258 there
      were not enough data for meta-regression assessing the influence of colonisation
      versus infection on ST258 prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: With the currently available
      data, it cannot be confirmed nor rejected, that E. coli ST131 or K. pneumoniae
      ST258 are hyperendemic clones.

PMID- 26988355
TI  - Quality of life, fatigue and mental health in patients with the m.3243A > G
      mutation and its correlates with genetic characteristics and disease
      manifestation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial disorders belong to the most prevalent inherited
      metabolic diseases with the m.3243A > G mutation reflecting being one of the most
      common mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Previous studies showed little
      relationship between mitochondrial genetics and disease manifestation.
      Relationship between genotype and disease manifestation with patient reported
      quality of life and other patient reported outcomes is still unexplored. METHODS:
      Seventy-two out of the 122 invited adult patients with m.3243A > G mutation
      completed online standardized questionnaires on quality of life, functional
      impairment, fatigue and mental health as assessed by the RAND-SF36, the Sickness
      Impact Profile (SIP), the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) and the Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Data were related to clinical manifestation
      reflected by the Newcastle Mitochondrial Disease Adult Scale (NMDAS) score and
      heteroplasmy levels of the mutation in urine epithelial cells. RESULTS: Patients
      reported impaired quality of life. Sixty percent showed severe levels of fatigue,
      and 37% showed clinical relevant mental health problems, which was significantly
      more than healthy norms. These patient reported health outcomes showed negligible
      relationship with levels of heteroplasmy (r = <.30) and weak (.30 < r < .50) to
      moderate (.50 < r < .70) relationship with clinical manifestation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Patient reported outcomes on quality of life, fatigue and mental health problems,
      are only partly reflected by clinical assessments. In order to support patients
      more effectively, integration of patient reported outcomes, alongside symptoms of
      their disease, in clinical practice is warranted.

PMID- 26988357
TI  - Should the hyperechogenic halo around malignant breast lesions be included in the
      measurement of tumor size?
AB  - The estimation of tumor size is important for treatment strategies of breast
      cancer. The hyperechogenic zone around breast cancer is a recognized criterion
      for malignancy, but its impact on preoperative tumor size estimations has been
      poorly investigated. Data of prospectively maintained database of 513 patients
      with primary breast tumors were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 196 patients
      with complete datasets including preoperative ultrasound (US) were eligible for
      analysis. The median age of the patients was 58.5 years (range 33-87). With all
      of the 196 patients, US has been performed. In 170 of 196 (86.7 %) cases, an
      echogenic halo was detected. We use two ways to measure tumor size with US:
      without (US-0) and with (US-1) echogenic halo. Mammography (MG) was used as
      standard. Tumor size measured by US and MG was compared with the actual
      histopathological (HP) tumor size. Mean differences between the sizing obtained
      by US-0, US-1, and MG and the HP sizing were -6.5, -1.5, and -1.8 mm,
      respectively. All three methods tend to underestimate the tumor size. The US-1
      measurement was the closest to the HP size in comparison to the MG and US-0
      measurements and the match was higher in tumors <2 cm. The estimated Pearson
      correlation coefficients (r) were 0.72, 0.68, and 0.61 for US-1, US-0, and MG,
      respectively. Moreover, the predictive value of US-1 regarding tumor size was not
      influenced by histological type and grade of the tumor, receptor status, and
      presence of intraductal component. Estimation of tumor size by US should include
      the hyperechogenic zone around the tumor. 

PMID- 26988356
TI  - Submillisievert CT using model-based iterative reconstruction with lung-specific
      setting: An initial phantom study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess image quality of filtered back-projection (FBP) and model
      based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) with a conventional setting and a new lung
      specific setting on submillisievert CT. METHODS: A lung phantom with artificial
      nodules was scanned with 10 mA at 120 kVp and 80 kVp (0.14 mSv and 0.05 mSv,
      respectively); images were reconstructed using FBP and MBIR with conventional
      setting (MBIRStnd) and lung-specific settings (MBIRRP20/Tx and MBIRRP20). Three
      observers subjectively scored overall image quality and image findings on a 5
      point scale (1 = worst, 5 = best) compared with reference standard images (50 mA
      FBP at 120, 100, 80 kVp). Image noise was measured objectively. RESULTS:
      MBIRRP20/Tx performed significantly better than MBIRStnd for overall image
      quality in 80-kVp images (p < 0.01), blurring of the border between lung and
      chest wall in 120p-kVp images (p < 0.05) and the ventral area of 80-kVp images (p
      < 0.001), and clarity of small vessels in the ventral area of 80-kVp images (p =
      0.037). At 120 kVp, 10 mA-MBIRRP20 and 10 mA-MBIRRP20/Tx showed similar
      performance to 50 mA-FBP. MBIRStnd was better for noise reduction. Except for
      blurring in 120 kVp-MBIRStnd, MBIRs performed better than FBP. CONCLUSION:
      Although a conventional setting was advantageous in noise reduction, a lung
      specific setting can provide more appropriate image quality, even on
      submillisievert CT. KEY POINTS: * Lung-specific submillisievert 10 mA-MBIR CT
      setting has similar performance to 50 mA-FBP * The new lung-specific settings
      improve vessel clarity and blurring of borders * The new settings may provide
      more appropriate images than conventional settings.

PMID- 26988359
TI  - Our study 20 years on: UK collaborative randomised trial of neonatal
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMID- 26988358
TI  - A comparison of toxicity profiles between the lower and standard dose
      capecitabine in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid * 14 days every 21 days (14/21) has been reported
      to have similar efficacy but more favorable toxicity profile than the approved
      dosage of 1250 mg/m(2). However, a dose-toxicity relationship of capecitabine in
      breast cancer patients has not been fully elucidated. We performed a systematic
      review and meta-analysis to compare a safety profile between capecitabine
      starting dose of 1000 and 1250 mg/m(2) bid. Studies were identified using PubMed,
      ASCO, and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium abstract databases through December
      2015. Eligible trials included phase II/III trials of capecitabine monotherapy at
      1000 or 1250 mg/m(2) bid (14/21) for breast cancer patients that reported
      adequate safety data for all (grade 1-4) or high (grade 3-4) grade hand foot
      syndrome (HFS), diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, neutropenia,
      thrombocytopenia, or anemia, as well as dose reductions, treatment
      discontinuation or treatment-related deaths. The summary incidence was calculated
      using random-effects models. A total of 4833 patients from 34 trials were
      included. 1218 and 3615 patients were treated with capecitabine 1000 and 1250
      mg/m(2) bid, respectively. A significantly lower incidence of dose reduction
      (15.9 vs. 39.0 %; P = 0.007), high-grade HFS (12.0 vs. 19.0 %; P = 0.01),
      diarrhea (5.3 vs. 9.1 %; P = 0.01), and neutropenia (1.8 vs. 7.3 %; P < 0.01),
      and all-grade neutropenia (5.8 vs. 25.4 %; P = 0.01) was seen in capecitabine
      1000 mg/m(2) compared to 1250 mg/m(2). Capecitabine monotherapy at 1000 mg/m(2)
      bid (14/21) has a clinically meaningful and significantly better toxicity profile
      compared to 1250 mg/m(2) bid (14/21). 

PMID- 26988360
TI  - Focus on acute kidney injury and fluids.

PMID- 26988361
TI  - Pancreatic cysts in general population on ultrasonography: Prevalence and
      development of risk score.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cysts are related to the presence of ductal
      adenocarcinomas elsewhere in the pancreas, and are also associated with an
      increased risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the future. Most of the previous
      studies that investigated the prevalence of pancreatic cysts focused on patients
      within a hospital or out-patient setting, which may not be representative of the
      general population. We investigated the prevalence and predictive factors for the
      presence of pancreatic cysts within a large number of subjects via general health
      examination. METHODS: Between December 2007 and December 2013, a total of 5198
      subjects were enrolled that underwent ultrasonography (US) on general health
      examination. We established a scoring system for predicting the presence of one
      or more pancreatic cysts using a split-sample method. RESULTS: Among the enrolled
      subjects, the prevalence of a pancreatic cyst was 3.5 %. In multivariate
      analysis, the prevalence was significantly increased with older age, female sex,
      and the presence of gall bladder adenomyomatosis (GB-ADM). Based on multivariate
      analysis in the training sample (n = 2,599), we established the scoring system
      consisting of age, sex, and the presence of GB-ADM to predict the presence of
      pancreatic cysts. This scoring system was validated in the testing sample (n =
      2,599) and produced an area under the curve of 0.711. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence
      of pancreatic cyst detected by US was 3.5 % in the general population, and
      increased with age, female sex, and the presence of GB-ADM. A new scoring system
      developed in the present study may help to identify better candidates for further
      examination when the pancreas is not visible by US.

PMID- 26988362
TI  - Effects of additional fermented food wastes on nitrogen removal enhancement and
      sludge characteristics in a sequential batch reactor for wastewater treatment.
AB  - In order to enhance nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater with a
      carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio as low as 2.2:1, external carbon source was prepared
      by short-term fermentation of food wastes and its effect was evaluated by
      experiments using sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The addition of fermented
      food wastes, with carbohydrate (42.8 %) and organic acids (24.6 %) as the main
      organic carbon components, could enhance the total nitrogen (TN) removal by about
      25 % in contrast to the 20 % brought about by the addition of sodium acetate when
      the C/N ratio was equally adjusted to 6.6:1. The fermented food waste addition
      resulted in more efficient denitrification in the first anoxic stage of the SBR
      operation cycle than sodium acetate. In order to characterize the metabolic
      potential of microorganisms by utilizing different carbon sources, Biolog-ECO
      tests were conducted with activated sludge samples from the SBRs. As a result, in
      comparison with sodium acetate, the sludge sample by fermented food waste
      addition showed a greater average well color development (AWCD590), better
      utilization level of common carbon sources, and higher microbial diversity
      indexes. As a multi-organic mixture, fermented food wastes seem to be superior
      over mono-organic chemicals as an external carbon source. 

PMID- 26988363
TI  - Effect of temperature on the release and remobilization of ecotoxic elements in
      AMD colloidal precipitates: the example of the Libiola copper mine, Liguria,
      (Italy).
AB  - Due to their characteristics, colloidal particles are able to control the
      dispersion of many organic and inorganic pollutants in soils and streams.
      Colloidal precipitates generated by acid mine drainage (AMD) process are usually
      amorphous or nanocrystalline materials, and their stability plays a crucial role
      in controlling the fate of metals released by sulphide oxydation. This paper
      describes a study of elements release (Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, S, Zn) due
      to desorption or destabilization of three different colloidal precipitates, two
      ochreous and a greenish-blue precipitate, sampled at the Libiola mine site
      (northwest Italy). The samples were heated at high temperature in order to verify
      this treatment as inertization process. At room temperature, the most easily
      extracted element was S (with released percentages from 8.39 to 29.17 %), but
      considerable amounts of Cu, Zn and Mn (up to 16.6, 610.6 and 595.6 mg/kg,
      respectively) were also observed in the leachates for greenish-blue precipitates.
      The highest release of elements (S > Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd > Co, Ni > Al, Fe, Cr), with
      minor differences depending on the mineralogical composition of the samples, was
      observed for heat-treated samples obtained through moderate heating and mainly
      formed by anhydrous phases. Samples treated at high temperature had the lowest
      release, with only Cu showing a significant concentration in the leachate of
      greenish-blue precipitates. The results showed that dissolution/desorption is
      limited from ochreous natural colloidal precipitates occurring at the Libiola
      mine site but also that high amounts of some metals can be remobilized from
      greenish-blue precipitates. The destabilization of all percipitates through
      dehydratation-dehydroxylation can further remobilize important amounts of
      ecotoxic elements. Heat treatment at high temperature could be a definitive,
      although expensive, way to fix heavy metals in the solid fraction, preventing
      their dispersion in the surrounding environment. 

PMID- 26988364
TI  - From immunotoxicity to carcinogenicity: the effects of carbamate pesticides on
      the immune system.
AB  - The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe
      adverse effects on the host's health. In the literature, carbamate (CM)
      pesticides have been implicated in the increasing prevalence of diseases
      associated with alterations of the immune response, such as hypersensitivity
      reactions, some autoimmune diseases and cancers. CMs may initiate, facilitate, or
      exacerbate pathological immune processes, resulting in immunotoxicity by
      induction of mutations in genes coding for immunoregulatory factors and modifying
      immune tolerance. In the present study, direct immunotoxicity, endocrine
      disruption and inhibition of esterases activities have been introduced as the
      main mechanisms of CMs-induced immune dysregulation. Moreover, the evidence on
      the relationship between CM pesticide exposure, dysregulation of the immune
      system and predisposition to different types of cancers, allergies, autoimmune
      and infectious diseases is criticized. In addition, in this review, we will
      discuss the relationship between immunotoxicity and cancer, and the advances made
      toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion. 

PMID- 26988365
TI  - Concentration, sources, and flux of dissolved organic carbon of precipitation at
      Lhasa city, the Tibetan Plateau.
AB  - Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays an important role in the climate system, but
      few data are available on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, 89
      precipitation samples were collected at Lhasa, the largest city of southern
      Tibet, from March to December 2013. The average concentration and wet deposition
      flux of DOC was 1.10 mg C L(-1) and 0.63 g C m(-2) year(-1), respectively.
      Seasonally, low DOC concentration and high flux appeared during the monsoon
      period, which were in line with heavy precipitation amount, reflecting dilution
      effect of precipitation for the DOC. Compared to other regions, the values of
      Lhasa were lower than those of large cities (e.g., Beijing and Seoul) mainly
      because of less air pollution of Lhasa. The principal component analysis (PCA) of
      DOC and ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), NH4 (+), Cl(-), NO3 (-), and SO4 (2-))
      showed that DOC of Lhasa was derived mainly from the natural sources, followed by
      anthropogenic burning activities. Furthermore, ?(14)C value of DOC indicated that
      fossil fuel combustion contributed around 28 % of the rainwater DOC of Lhasa,
      indicating that the atmosphere of Lhasa has been influenced by emission from
      fossil fuel combustion or high-temperature industrial processes. 

PMID- 26988366
TI  - Methylparaben removal using heterogeneous photocatalysis: effect of operational
      parameters and mineralization/biodegradability studies.
AB  - Methylparaben (MePB) is an organic compound employed mainly in the manufacture of
      different personal care products. However, it has been recently listed as a
      potential endocrine disrupter chemical. Therefore, the main objective of this
      work was to evaluate the degradation of MePB in aqueous solutions using
      heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2 and hydrogen peroxide. In this way,
      effects of pH and the initial concentrations of catalyst, H2O2, and pollutant on
      treatment were analyzed. A face centered, central composite design was used for
      determination of the influence of each parameter in the process and the
      conditions under which the pollutant suffers the highest rates of degradation
      were selected. In general, results indicate that combination TiO2/H2O2/light
      irradiation leads to ~90 % of substrate removal after 30 min of reaction and that
      hydroxyl free radicals are the main specie responsible for organic matter
      elimination. Finally, in terms of mineralization and biodegradability,
      experimental results indicated that part of the organic matter was transformed
      into CO2 and water and the photo-treatment promoted an increase in samples
      biodegradability.

PMID- 26988369
TI  - The evolution of the health system outcomes in Central and Eastern Europe and
      their association with social, economic and political factors: an analysis of 25
      years of transition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After the fall of communism, the countries of Central and Eastern
      Europe started the process of political, economic, and social transformation. In
      health system the reform directions were often similar, despite differences in
      transition dynamics and the degree of government determination to implement
      reforms. Nonetheless, for most post-communist countries, there is a gap in
      evidence regarding the effectiveness of implemented reforms and their impact on
      health system performance. The presented study attempts to analyse and evaluate
      the results of health reforms in CEE countries with regard to their influence on
      health system outcomes. We also analysed the external and internal health system
      environments during the transition period to determine the factors affecting the
      effectiveness of health reforms. METHODS: We compared the indicators of
      population health status, lifestyle, occupational safety issues and health system
      resources in 21 post-communist countries between sub-periods across the entire
      transition period at the aggregate level. The dynamics of change in health system
      outcomes in individual countries, as well as between countries, was also
      compared. Finally, we analysed the correlations between health system outcomes
      gathered into one synthetic measure and factors considered as potential
      determinants affecting the effectiveness of health reforms. The analyses were
      performed based on one-dimensional, two-dimensional and multidimensional
      statistical methods. The data were retrieved from the international databases,
      such as WHO, World Bank, International Labour Organization, World Value Survey
      and the European Social Survey. RESULTS: Among the factors positively stimulating
      improvements in health system outcomes were the total expenditure on health and a
      lower financial burden on patients, but primarily they were determined by the
      broader economic context of the country. Another finding was that better initial
      position positively determined health system outcomes at later stages, but did
      not affect the degree of improvements. Countries that embarked on comprehensive
      reforms early on tended to achieve the greatest improvements in health system
      outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer countries may have only limited ability to improve
      health system outcomes by committing more financial resources to the health
      system. Progress can still be made in terms of health behaviours, since policies
      to address these have so far been insufficient or ineffective.

PMID- 26988368
TI  - Dorsal penile nerve block for rigid cystoscopy in men: study protocol for a
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain is common in men undergoing rigid cystoscopy. Even with the
      application of a lubricant containing 2 % lidocaine, about 76 % of men suffer
      from mild to severe pain when undergoing rigid cystoscopy. The most painful part
      of the procedure for men is when the cystoscope passes through the membranous
      urethra. Song et al. (Neurourol Urodyn 29:592-5, 2010) did autopsies on males and
      found that the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP), the terminal branch of the
      pudendal nerve, innervates the membranous urethra in 53.3 % of specimens. In
      addition, the urethral mucosa has branches of innervated DNP. Dorsal penile nerve
      block (DPNB) is usually used for circumcision in children, and it has been shown
      to provide effective analgesia for penile surgeries. In this study, we
      hypothesized that DPNB could reduce the overall pain level in men during rigid
      cystoscopy. METHODS/DESIGN: The trial is a prospective, randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled, single-center trial to evaluate the effectiveness and safety
      of DPNB in analgesia for men undergoing rigid cystoscopy. Participants will be
      enrolled and randomly allocated into one of three groups according to the
      different analgesia regimens: 1) tetracaine gel group (DPNB with saline), 2) DPNB
      group (DPNB with ropivacaine plus plain lubricant), 3) combination group (DPNB
      with ropivacaine plus tetracaine gel). The primary outcome of this study is the
      visual analog scale (VAS, 0-10) for pain at cystoscopic inspection of the
      external sphincter. VAS scores evaluated at other time points serve as secondary
      outcomes. Vital signs are secondary outcomes that address the discomfort and pain
      during the procedure. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events as secondary
      outcomes will also be recorded for evaluation of the safety of DPNB in rigid
      cystoscopy. Clinical assessments will be evaluated prior to DPNB, at
      administration of the lubricant gel, at cystoscopic inspection of the penile and
      bulbar urethra, external sphincter, prostate, and bladder, as well as at
      withdrawal of the cystoscope. DISCUSSION: This research will determine the
      effectiveness and safety of DPNB in men undergoing rigid cystoscopy. The results
      of this trial may have important implications for exploring the role of DPNB in
      analgesia for cystoscopy in men. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov
      identifier NCT02502487 (6 Jul 2015).

PMID- 26988367
TI  - Randomised controlled trial of a home-based physical activity intervention in
      breast cancer survivors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To improve adherence to physical activity (PA), behavioural support
      in the form of behavioural change counselling may be necessary. However, limited
      evidence of the effectiveness of home-based PA combined with counselling in
      breast cancer patients exists. The aim of this current randomised controlled
      trial with a parallel group design was to evaluate the effectiveness of a home
      based PA intervention on PA levels, anthropometric measures, health-related
      quality of life (HRQoL), and blood biomarkers in breast cancer survivors.
      METHODS: Eighty post-adjuvant therapy invasive breast cancer patients (age = 53.6
      +/- 9.4 years; height = 161.2 +/- 6.8 cm; mass = 68.7 +/- 10.5 kg) were randomly
      allocated to a 6-month home-based PA intervention or usual care. The intervention
      group received face-to-face and telephone PA counselling aimed at encouraging the
      achievement of current recommended PA guidelines. All patients were evaluated for
      our primary outcome, PA (International PA Questionnaire) and secondary outcomes,
      mass, BMI, body fat %, HRQoL (Functional assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast),
      insulin resistance, triglycerides (TG) and total (TC), high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol were assessed at baseline
      and at 6-months. RESULTS: On the basis of linear mixed-model analyses adjusted
      for baseline values performed on 40 patients in each group, total, leisure and
      vigorous PA significantly increased from baseline to post-intervention in the
      intervention compared to usual care (between-group differences, 578.5 MET-min?wk(
      1), p = .024, 382.2 MET-min?wk(-1), p = .010, and 264.1 MET-min?wk(-1), p = .007,
      respectively). Both body mass and BMI decreased significantly in the intervention
      compared to usual care (between-group differences, -1.6 kg, p = .040, and -.6
      kg/m(2), p = .020, respectively). Of the HRQoL variables, FACT-Breast, Trial
      Outcome Index, functional wellbeing, and breast cancer subscale improved
      significantly in the PA group compared to the usual care group (between-group
      differences, 5.1, p = .024; 5.6, p = .001; 1.9 p = .025; and 2.8, p = .007,
      respectively). Finally, TC and LDL-C was significantly reduced in the PA group
      compared to the usual care group (between-group differences, -.38 mmol?L(-1), p =
      .001; and -.3 mmol?L(-1), p = .023, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We found that
      home-based PA resulted in significant albeit small to moderate improvements in
      self-reported PA, mass, BMI, breast cancer specific HRQoL, and TC and LDL-C
      compared with usual care. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02408107 (March 25,
      2015).

PMID- 26988371
TI  - Fragmentation of Protonated N-(3-Aminophenyl)Benzamide and Its Derivatives in Gas
      Phase.
AB  - An ion of m/z 110.06036 (ion formula [C6H8NO](+); error: 0.32 mDa) was observed
      in the collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry experiments of
      protonated N-(3-aminophenyl)benzamide, which is a rearrangement product ion
      purportedly through nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) exchange. The N-O exchange
      rearrangement was confirmed by the MS/MS spectrum of protonated N-(3-aminophenyl)
      O (18) -benzamide, where the rearranged ion, [C6H8NO (18) ](+) of m/z 112 was
      available because of the presence of O (18) . Theoretical calculations using
      Density Functional Theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31 g(d) level suggest that an ion
      neutral complex containing a water molecule and a nitrilium ion was formed via a
      transition state (TS-1), followed by the water molecule migrating to the anilide
      ring, eventually leading to the formation of the rearranged ion of m/z 110. The
      rearrangement can be generalized to other protonated amide compounds with
      electron-donating groups at the meta position, such as, -OH, -CH3, -OCH3, 
      NH(CH3)2, -NH-Ph, and -NHCOCH3, all of which show the corresponding rearranged
      ions in MS/MS spectra. However, the protonated amide compounds containing
      electron-withdrawing groups, including -Cl, -Br, -CN, -NO2, and -CF3, at the meta
      position did not display this type of rearrangement during dissociation.
      Additionally, effects of various acyl groups on the rearrangement were
      investigated. It was found that the rearrangement can be enhanced by substitution
      on the ring of the benzoyl with electron-withdrawing groups. 

PMID- 26988370
TI  - Anatomic distribution, clinical features, and survival data of 87 cases primary
      gastrointestinal lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to analyze the anatomic distribution,
      clinical features, therapeutic methods, and prognosis factors of primary
      gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGIL). METHODS: Clinical data of 87 cases PGIL in the
      First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from January 1999 to
      December 2010 were collected. Follow-ups were made according to the clinical
      feature, pathological pattern, clinical stage, and therapeutic method. Kapan
      Meier method was used for the survival analysis. Log-rank test was used to
      perform univariate survival analysis. COX multivariate analysis was carried out
      to analyze factors of P < 0.05 in univariate survival analysis. RESULTS: The
      incidence of PGIL significantly increased in patients more than 40 years old
      (87.4%). Clinical symptoms of PGIL were indistinguishable from other digestive
      system diseases, which included abdominal pain or discomfort (72.4%), lack of
      appetite (16.3%), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (14.9%), and diarrhea (12.8%). Some
      patients presented with systemic symptoms or complications, such as weight loss
      (35.6%) and digestive tract obstruction (13.8%). Primary gastric lymphoma (PGL)
      was the most common, followed by primary intestine lymphoma (PIL). The majority
      of PGIL were single lesion, which included 40 cases (87%) PGL and 35 cases
      (94.5%) PIL. The most frequent site of PGL was antrum of the stomach (43.5%), as
      to PIL, the small intestine (90.2%) was the most frequent site, especially within
      100 cm far away from ileocecal valve. Most of PGIL were derived from B cell
      (93.1%). The most common pathological type was mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
      (MALT) (67.4%) in the PGL group and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (46.3%)
      in the PIL group. Surgical treatment had been performed in most of PGIL, which
      included 32 cases in the PGL group and 38 cases in the PIL group. The 1-year
      overall survival (OS) and the 3-year OS were 82 and 77%, respectively. Analysis
      of single factor affecting prognosis showed that lesion location, sources of
      cells, and clinical stage were associated with OS. PGL group had better OS than
      that of PIL group (1-year 89 vs 62%, 3-year 84 vs 50%, P = 0.03). B cell
      originated group had better OS than that of T cell-originated group (1-year 89 vs
      36%, 3-year 85 vs 0 %, P = 0.008). Stage I + II group had better OS than that of
      stage III + IV group (1-year 89 vs 38%, 3-year 87 vs 0 %, P = 0.007).
      Multivariate analysis showed that clinical stage and sources of cells were the
      significant independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: It was more common to
      find location of PGIL in the stomach than that in the intestine. The most common
      pathological type was MALT in the PGL and DLBCL in the PIL. The treatment of PGL
      was focused on chemotherapy. It was noting that since PIL was not only difficult
      to make confirmed diagnosis but also likely to develop with complications, so it
      was usually needed surgical excision. Clinical stage and pathological pattern
      were related to prognosis of PGIL.

PMID- 26988373
TI  - Exploratory Analysis of Biological Networks through Visualization, Clustering,
      and Functional Annotation in Cytoscape.
AB  - Biological networks define how genes, proteins, and other cellular components
      interact with one another to carry out specific functions, providing a scaffold
      for understanding cellular organization. Although in-depth network analysis
      requires advanced mathematical and computational knowledge, a preliminary visual
      exploration of biological networks is accessible to anyone with basic computer
      skills. Visualization of biological networks is used primarily to examine network
      topology, identify functional modules, and predict gene functions based on gene
      connectivity within the network. Networks are excellent at providing a bird's-eye
      view of data sets and have the power of illustrating complex ideas in simple and
      intuitive terms. In addition, they enable exploratory analysis and generation of
      new hypotheses, which can then be tested using rigorous statistical and
      experimental tools. This protocol describes a simple procedure for visualizing a
      biological network using the genetic interaction similarity network for
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an example. The visualization procedure described
      here relies on the open-source network visualization software Cytoscape and
      includes detailed instructions on formatting and loading the data, clustering
      networks, and overlaying functional annotations.

PMID- 26988372
TI  - Evaluation of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Comparative Analysis of
      Monoclonal Antibodies.
AB  - Analytical techniques capable of detecting changes in structure are necessary to
      monitor the quality of monoclonal antibody drug products. Ion mobility mass
      spectrometry offers an advanced mode of characterization of protein higher order
      structure. In this work, we evaluated the reproducibility of ion mobility mass
      spectrometry measurements and mobiligrams, as well as the suitability of this
      approach to differentiate between and/or characterize different monoclonal
      antibody drug products. Four mobiligram-derived metrics were identified to be
      reproducible across a multi-day window of analysis. These metrics were further
      applied to comparative studies of monoclonal antibody drug products representing
      different IgG subclasses, manufacturers, and lots. These comparisons resulted in
      some differences, based on the four metrics derived from ion mobility mass
      spectrometry mobiligrams. The use of collision-induced unfolding resulted in more
      observed differences. Use of summed charge state datasets and the analysis of
      metrics beyond drift time allowed for a more comprehensive comparative study
      between different monoclonal antibody drug products. Ion mobility mass
      spectrometry enabled detection of differences between monoclonal antibodies with
      the same target protein but different production techniques, as well as products
      with different targets. These differences were not always detectable by
      traditional collision cross section studies. Ion mobility mass spectrometry, and
      the added separation capability of collision-induced unfolding, was highly
      reproducible and remains a promising technique for advanced analytical
      characterization of protein therapeutics. Graphical Abstract ?. 

PMID- 26988375
TI  - Why (not) disagree? Human values and the readiness to question experts' views.
AB  - Whether people blindly trust experts on all occasions or whether they evaluate
      experts' views and question them if necessary is a vital question. This study
      investigates associations of human values with the readiness to question experts'
      views and one's reasons for not disagreeing with experts among randomly sampled
      Finns. Readiness to question experts' views and one's reasons for not disagreeing
      were inferred from self-reported written accounts. Value priorities were measured
      with Schwartz et al.'s Portrait Values Questionnaire and Wach and Hammer's items
      concerning rational and non-rational truth. The results showed that after
      adjusting for the effects of age, sex and education, the values of power and
      rational truth were positively associated, whereas the values of security,
      conformity and tradition were negatively associated with readiness to question
      experts' views. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that the reasons for not
      disagreeing with experts were related to individual factors, situational factors,
      social risks and views about experts.

PMID- 26988374
TI  - Predicting the growth of nanoscale nuclei by histotripsy pulses.
AB  - Histotripsy is a focused ultrasound therapy that ablates tissue through the
      mechanical action of cavitation. Histotripsy-initiated cavitation activity is
      generated from shocked ultrasound pulses that scatter from incidental nuclei
      (shock scattering histotripsy), or purely tensile ultrasound pulses
      (microtripsy). The Yang/Church model was numerically integrated to predict the
      behavior of the cavitation nuclei exposed to measured shock scattering
      histotripsy pulses. The bubble motion exhibited expansion only behavior,
      suggesting that the ablative action of a histotripsy pulse is related to the
      maximum size of the bubble. The analytic model of Holland and Apfel was extended
      to predict the maximum size of cavitation nuclei for both shock scattering
      histotripsy and microtripsy excitations. The predictions of the analytic model
      and the numerical model agree within 2% for fully developed shock scattering
      histotripsy pulses (>72 MPa peak positive pressure). For shock scattering
      histotripsy pulses that are not fully developed (<72 MPa), the analytic model
      underestimated the maximum size by less than 5%. The analytic model was also used
      to predict bubble growth nucleated from microtripsy insonations, and was found to
      be consistent with experimental observations. Based on the extended analytic
      model, metrics were developed to predict the extent of the treatment zone from
      histotripsy pulses. 

PMID- 26988376
TI  - An efficient dual-loaded multifunctional nanocarrier for combined photothermal
      and photodynamic therapy based on copper sulfide and chlorin e6.
AB  - The therapeutic effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was hampered by the
      poor water solubility and instability in physiological conditions of the
      photosensitizers. Here, we designed folate conjugated thermosensitive liposomes
      (TSL) as the nanocarrier to improve the solubility, stability and
      biocompatibility of photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6). Based on the photothermal
      effect, we combined copper sulfide (CuS) as the photothermal agent to realize
      heat-triggered Ce6 release as well as synergistic effect of photothermal and
      photodynamic therapy. In vitro MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5
      diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay showed that Ce6-CuS-TSL had low dark toxicity,
      while performed excellent phototoxicity under the combined 660 and 808 nm laser
      irradiation compared to any single laser irradiation alone. Moreover, in vivo
      combination therapy study revealed that Ce6-CuS-TSL inhibited tumor growth to a
      great extent without evident side effect under the laser irradiation. All
      detailed evidence demonstrated a considerable potential of Ce6-CuS-TSL for
      synergistic cancer treatment.

PMID- 26988378
TI  - Impact on Hip Fracture Mortality After the Establishment of an Orthogeriatric
      Care Program in a Colombian Hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate mortality and survival rates of
      patients aged 65 years or older who sustained a hip fracture and were treated at
      a hospital in Bogota, Colombia, after the establishment of an Orthogeriatric
      Program. METHOD: In total, 298 patients were treated according to the program's
      protocol. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. Mortality predictors were
      estimated using Cox proportional hazards model, and survival was measured with
      Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: The annual survival rate increased from 80% to
      89% ( p = .039) 4 years after its implementation. There was a significant
      decrease in mortality risk (Hazard Ratio = 0.54, p = .049). Arrhythmia, valvular
      heart disease, history of myocardial infarction, and age greater than 85 years
      were predictors of mortality. DISCUSSION: This is the first study in Latin
      America to show decreased mortality rates 1 year after the implementation of an
      Orthogeriatric Program. Our rates were lower than developed countries, suggesting
      the existence of additional factors that influence long-term outcomes.

PMID- 26988377
TI  - Cold stress improves the production of artemisinin depending on the increase in
      endogenous jasmonate.
AB  - Previous publications reported that the artemisinin level was increased in
      Artemisia annua following a night-frost period. However, the molecular mechanism
      was not clear. In this study, we found that exogenous jasmonate (JA) effectively
      enhanced the freezing tolerance of A. annua. The JA biosynthetic genes (LOX1,
      LOX2, allene oxide cyclase [AOC], and jasmonate resistant 1 [JAR1]) were induced
      by cold stress, leading to an increase in endogenous JA in cold-treated A. annua.
      Increased endogenous JA enhanced the expression of three JA-responsive
      transcription factors, ethylene response factor 1, ethylene response factor 2,
      and octadecanoid-responsive AP2/ERF, all of which were reported to
      transcriptionally activate the expression of artemisinin biosynthetic genes, such
      as amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), CYP71AV1, DBR2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase
      1 (ALDH1). Furthermore, the expression levels of the four artemisinin
      biosynthetic genes were also significantly increased under cold stress.
      Consequently, the levels of artemisinin and related secondary metabolites, such
      as dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinin B, and artemisinic acid, were increased
      in A. annua under cold stress. Our study points to a molecular mechanism in which
      the production of artemisinin is regulated by cold stress in A. annua.

PMID- 26988379
TI  - Extended detection time to reduce shocks is safe in secondary prevention
      patients: The secondary prevention substudy of PainFree SST.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF) detection has been shown to
      reduce implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies and improve
      prognosis in primary prevention ICD patients. Data in secondary prevention
      patients are limited. OBJECTIVE: The PainFree SST secondary prevention study is
      the largest trial of secondary prevention patients randomized between standard
      and prolonged detection to assess the safety of this strategy in these patients.
      METHODS: A total of 705 secondary prevention patients implanted with an ICD in
      the PainFree SST trial were enrolled in this substudy; 353 patients were
      randomized to VF detection of 18/24 intervals and 352 patients to 30/40. All
      other VF parameters were standardized by protocol. RESULTS: The 1-year arrhythmic
      syncope-free rates in the standard and prolonged groups were 97.7% vs 96.9%,
      respectively, (P = .0034 for noninferiority). Freedom from all-cause syncope was
      96% in both arms (P = .0013 for noninferiority). There was no difference in the
      time to first appropriate or inappropriate VF therapy. However, the rates of
      treated VF episodes were lower in the prolonged arm (1.48 per patient per year vs
      0.44 per patient per year, P = .0001). A trend toward lower mortality in the
      prolonged group was not statistically different (5.6% 1 year, 12% 2 years vs 3.8%
      1 year, 7.7% 2 years, adjusted hazard ratio = 0.60, P = .061). CONCLUSION: This
      large prospective randomized study shows that prolonged detection can safely be
      programmed in secondary prevention ICD patients with new or existing devices.
      This programming strategy decreases the rate of treated events and is not
      associated with an increased risk of syncope or mortality.

PMID- 26988380
TI  - [Cosmetic nail products].
AB  - Cosmetic embellishment of fingernails involves the use of substance that harden
      either after the evaporation of solvents (varnishes) or after polymerisation
      (artificial acrylic nails, gel tips, glue-on artificial nails). Pathological
      reactions to cosmetics usually occur at a remote site for varnishes, and, most
      commonly, in situ with polymerising substances. Unvarnished artificial nails do
      not affect pulse oximetry readings, and in theory, patients are not required to
      remove them. However, a real problem of contamination via artificial nails
      exists. Increased carriage of pathological Gram-negative organisms and of
      Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts has been noted among nursing staff wearing
      artificial nails, both before and after fingernail cleaning. Fingernail fragility
      manifests itself through a number of different physical signs such as soft,
      breaking nails, with longitudinal or transverse fissures, showing distal doubling
      or friability. In some subjects, excessive manicuring with metal instruments or
      manicure sticks results in rolled onycholysis, of evocative appearance, or
      transverse onycholysis. 

PMID- 26988381
TI  - [Role of dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy as an aid in the
      diagnosis of exogenous ochronosis].

PMID- 26988382
TI  - [Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome during ulcerative colitis: A rare
      extra-intestinal sign of inflammatory bowel disease].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS) is
      characterized by combined pustular skin eruption and arthralgia. It may be
      associated with inflammatory bowel disease or bowel bypass surgery. We report a
      case of BADAS in a patient with ulcerative colitis. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old
      woman was being treated for a severe flare-up of ulcerative colitis present over
      the preceding 2 months and treated with prednisone, azathioprine and
      cyclosporine. She was also presenting a cutaneous eruption and arthralgia that
      had begun three days earlier. Dermatological examination revealed profuse
      vesicular and pustular lesions. Biopsy specimens showed mature neutrophilic
      infiltrate within the dermis. A diagnosis of BADAS was made and the same
      treatment was maintained. Systemic symptoms were resolved but the vesicular
      lesions were superseded by hypertrophic scars. DISCUSSION: Bowel-associated
      dermatosis-arthritis syndrome consists of a vesiculopustular eruption associated
      with arthralgia and/or arthritis and fever, as was the case in our patient. The
      histological picture is characterized by abundant neutrophilic infiltrate in the
      superficial dermis. The clinical and histological features and the course of
      BADAS allow this entity to be classified within the spectrum of neutrophilic
      dermatoses. Treatment chiefly involves systemic corticosteroids.

PMID- 26988383
TI  - [Livedo-like cutaneous sarcoidosis].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cutaneous signs of sarcoidosis are extremely polymorphous and may
      be classified under several different headings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Herein, we
      report the case of a 51-year-old female patient presenting bilateral livedo of
      the knees accompanied by systemic signs with polyarthralgia, impaired general
      state of health, weight loss, and a sensation of dyspnoea. Skin biopsy revealed
      giant-cell granuloma around the dermal vessels, with no caseous necrosis.
      Histopathological examination of the patient's blood vessels revealed no
      abnormalities. Laboratory tests showed high levels of angiotensin converting
      enzyme (1.5*ULN), bilateral mediastinal adenomegaly and incipient pulmonary
      fibrosis. Systemic sarcoidosis was diagnosed on the basis of the overall clinical
      and laboratory picture. The patient subsequently presented hepatic involvement
      and hypercalcaemia associated with the sarcoidosis; systemic corticosteroid
      therapy (prednisone) was initiated, with slow dose-reduction. The outcome was
      favourable with a return to normal laboratory values, regression of the
      adenomegaly and subsidence of the livedo. DISCUSSION: The literature contains
      reports of a number of cases of livedo heralding sarcoidosis. The majority of
      such cases involved young or middle-aged female patients of Asian origin
      presenting systemic sarcoidosis, with a high frequency of ocular and neural
      involvement. Livedo could be accounted for by the specific disposition of
      granulomas around the arterioles, resulting in disturbance of local blood flow,
      which was probably associated with the mechanical compression of vessels and with
      the micro-thrombi noted at histology. CONCLUSION: Livedo may be considered a
      clinical sign of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Laboratory tests to screen for
      sarcoidosis may be proposed in the exploration of atypical livedo.

PMID- 26988384
TI  - [Surface membrane markers (clusters of differentiation) used in dermatopathology
      (2): Inflammatory infiltrates].

PMID- 26988385
TI  - Valence fluctuation and magnetic ordering in EuNi2(P(1-x)Ge(x))2 single crystals.
AB  - Unusual phases and phase transitions are seen at the magnetic-nonmagnetic
      boundary in Ce-, Eu- and Yb-based compounds. EuNi2P2 is a very unusual valence
      fluctuating Eu system, because at low temperatures the Eu valence stays close to
      2.5 instead of approaching an integer value. The Eu valence, and thus the
      magnetic property in this system, can be tuned by Ge substitution in the P site
      as EuNi2Ge2 is known to exhibit the antiferromagnetc (AFM) ordering of divalent
      Eu moments with T(N)=30K. We have grown EuNi2(P(1-x)Ge(x))2 (0.0<= x <=0.5))
      single crystals and studied their magnetic, thermodynamic and transport
      properties. Increasing Ge doping to x  >  0.4 results in a well-defined AFM
      ordered state with T(N)=12K for x  =  0.5. Moreover, the reduced value of
      magnetic entropy for x  =  0.5 at T(N) suggests the presence of valance
      fluctuation/the Kondo effect in this compound. Interestingly, the specific heat
      exhibits an enhanced Sommerfeld coefficient upon Ge doping. Subsequently,
      electronic structure calculations lead to a non-integral valence in EuNi2P2 but a
      stable divalent Eu state in EuNi2Ge2, which is in good agreement with the
      experimental results.

PMID- 26988386
TI  - Selection and outcome of the potential live liver donor.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: A thorough donor evaluation in the living donation process is
      mandatory to ensure a safe outcome in an otherwise healthy individual. The aim of
      the current study was to evaluate the reasons for not proceeding to donation and
      the outcome of live liver donors. METHODS: A prospective study of potential
      donors who underwent evaluation and proceeded to surgery from 1 April 2012 to 31
      January 2015 was conducted. The process of donor selection, its outcome and peri
      operative complications were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 460 donors were
      evaluated in a stepwise manner for 367 potential recipients. Of the 321 (69.7 %)
      donors not proceeding to donation, the reasons were donor-related in 63.6 % and
      recipient-related in the rest. Common donor-related reasons were: donor
      reluctance (23.5 %), negative liver attenuation index (16.2 %), anatomic
      variations (10.3 %), inadequate remnant liver volume (9.8 %), unacceptable liver
      biopsy (8.8 %), and inadequate graft volume (5.4 %). A majority of donors (82.8
      %) were turned down early in the (steps 1 and 2) evaluation process. Recipient
      death was the most common recipient-related reason [n = 51 (43.6 %)] for not
      proceeding to donation. There was no donor mortality. The overall complication
      rate was 19.8 % and major complication rate (grade 3 or higher) was 4.4 %.
      CONCLUSIONS: A stringent stepwise donor evaluation process leads to early
      recognition of unsuitable donors and a low complication rate.

PMID- 26988387
TI  - Seeking Synthesis: The Integrative Problem in Understanding Language and Its
      Evolution.
AB  - We discuss two problems for a general scientific understanding of language,
      sequences and synergies: how language is an intricately sequenced behavior and
      how language is manifested as a multidimensionally structured behavior. Though
      both are central in our understanding, we observe that the former tends to be
      studied more than the latter. We consider very general conditions that hold in
      human brain evolution and its computational implications, and identify multimodal
      and multiscale organization as two key characteristics of emerging cognitive
      function in our species. This suggests that human brains, and cognitive function
      specifically, became more adept at integrating diverse information sources and
      operating at multiple levels for linguistic performance. We argue that framing
      language evolution, learning, and use in terms of synergies suggests new research
      questions, and it may be a fruitful direction for new developments in theory and
      modeling of language as an integrated system.

PMID- 26988388
TI  - The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of the Implementation
      of Salt Reduction Interventions (June-October 2015).

PMID- 26988389
TI  - Antipsychotic use in dementia patients in a general practice setting: a Dutch
      population-based study.

PMID- 26988390
TI  - Origins and features of oil slicks in the Bohai Sea detected from satellite SAR
      images.
AB  - Oil slicks were detected using satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images in
      2011. We investigated potential origins and regional and seasonal features of oil
      slick in the Bohai Sea. Distance between oil slicks and potential origins (ships,
      seaports, and oil exploitation platforms) and the angle at which oil slicks move
      relative to potential driving forces were evaluated. Most oil slicks were
      detected along main ship routes rather than around seaports and oil exploitation
      platforms. Few oil slicks were detected within 20km of seaports. Directions of
      oil slicks movement were much more strongly correlated with directions of ship
      routes than with directions of winds and currents. These findings support the
      premise that oil slicks in the Bohai Sea most likely originate from illegal
      disposal of oil-polluted wastes from ships. Seasonal variation of oil slicks
      followed an annual cycle, with a peak in August and a trough in December. 

PMID- 26988391
TI  - Effects of emerging contaminants on neurotransmission and biotransformation in
      marine organisms - An in vitro approach.
AB  - The effects of gold (ionic form and nanoparticles - AuNPs) and pharmaceuticals
      (carbamazepine and fluoxetine) on enzymes involved in neurotransmission
      (acetylcholinesterase - AChE) and biotransformation (glutathione S-transferases -
      GST) were assessed by their incubation with Mytilus galloprovincialis' hemolymph
      and subcellular fraction of gills, respectively. AuNPs did not alter enzymatic
      activities unlike ionic gold that inhibited AChE and GST activities at 2.5 and
      0.42mg.L(-1), respectively. Carbamazepine inhibited AChE activity at 500mg.L(-1)
      and fluoxetine at 1000mg.L(-1). GST was inhibited by carbamazepine at 250mg.L(-1)
      and by fluoxetine at 125mg.L(-1). Increased AChE activity was found in
      simultaneous exposures to fluoxetine and bovine serum albumin coated AuNPs (BSA
      AuNPs). Concerning GST, in the simultaneous exposures, AuNPs revealed protective
      effects against carbamazepine (citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone coated) and
      fluoxetine (citrate and BSA coated) induced inhibition. However, BSA-AuNPs
      increased the inhibition caused by carbamazepine. AuNPs demonstrated ability to
      interfere with other chemicals toxicity justifying further studies. 

PMID- 26988392
TI  - Chiral nematic self-assembly of minimally surface damaged chitin nanofibrils and
      its load bearing functions.
AB  - Chitin is one of the most abundant biomaterials in nature, with 10(10) tons
      produced annually as hierarchically organized nanofibril fillers to reinforce the
      exoskeletons of arthropods. This green and cheap biomaterial has attracted great
      attention due to its potential application to reinforce biomedical materials.
      Despite that, its practical use is limited since the extraction of chitin
      nanofibrils requires surface modification involving harsh chemical treatments,
      leading to difficulties in reproducing their natural prototypal hierarchical
      structure, i.e. chiral nematic phase. Here, we develop a chemical etching-free
      approach using calcium ions, called "natural way", to disintegrate the chitin
      nanofibrils while keeping the essential moiety for the self-assembly, ultimately
      resulting in the reproduction of chitin's natural chiral structure in a polymeric
      matrix. This chiral chitin nanostructure exceptionally toughens the composite.
      Our resultant chiral nematic phase of chitin materials can contribute to the
      understanding and use of the reinforcing strategy in nature. 

PMID- 26988393
TI  - Fed-batch production and secretion of streptavidin by Hansenula polymorpha:
      Evaluation of genetic factors and bioprocess development.
AB  - Streptavidin - a protein secreted by the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces
      avidinii - is applied in a variety of methods, leading to numerous studies on its
      heterologous production. Development and characterization of a novel expression
      system for streptavidin genes by Hansenula polymorpha is described utilizing
      different target gene variants along with the two methanol-inducible promoters
      PMOX and PFMD. Extracellular product concentrations were higher for cultivation
      at 30 instead of 37 degrees C. The best performing strain carrying the full
      length streptavidin gene under control of PFMD was characterized in the
      bioreactor applying a synthetic medium and oxygen-controlled feeding of glucose.
      Derepression resulted in an extracellular concentration of 1.31+/-0.07MUM of
      tetrameric streptavidin after 48h (27.3nMh(-1)). Feeding of glycerol improved
      biomass formation, but lowered the product concentration. By combining
      derepression and methanol induction the final extracellular streptavidin
      concentration increased to 11.42+/-0.22MUM (approx. 751mgL(-1)), yielding a
      productivity of 52.5nMh(-1). Despite supplementing biotin the proportion of
      biotin-blocked binding sites in the supernatant dropped from 54.4+/-5.0 % after
      18h to 17.2+/-6.5 % towards the end of glucose feeding to a final value of 1.1+/
      3.8 %, indicating a highly bioactive product. Thus, H. polymorpha proved to be a
      suitable host for the production of streptavidin. 

PMID- 26988394
TI  - Complete genome sequence of Acinetobacter sp. TTH0-4, a cold-active crude oil
      degrading strain isolated from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
AB  - Acinetobacter sp. strain TTH0-4 was isolated from a permafrost region in Qinghai
      Tibet Plateau. With its capability to degrade crude oil at low temperature, 10
      degrees C, the strain could be an excellent candidate for the bioremediation of
      crude oil pollution in cold areas or at cold seasons. We sequenced and annotated
      the whole genome to serve as a basis for further elucidation of the genetic
      background of this promising strain, and provide opportunities for investigating
      the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms and optimizing the biodegradative
      activity in cold environment. 

PMID- 26988395
TI  - Complete genome of Martelella sp. AD-3, a moderately halophilic polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons-degrading bacterium.
AB  - Martelella sp. strain AD-3, a moderate halophilic bacterium, was isolated from a
      petroleum-contaminated soil with high salinity in China. Here, we report the
      complete genome of strain AD-3, which contains one circular chromosome and two
      circular plasmids. An array of genes related to metabolism of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons and halophilic mechanism in this bacterium was identified by the
      whole genome analysis. 

PMID- 26988396
TI  - Complete genome sequence of a bacterium Pseudomonas fragi P121, a strain with
      degradation of toxic compounds.
AB  - A newly isolated strain P121 was identified as Pseudomonas fragi. The complete
      genome sequence of P.fragi P121 was carried out using the PacBio RSII platform.
      The genome contains a circular chromosome with 5,101,809bp. The genome sequence
      suggests that the P121 exhibited the ability of degradation of toxic compounds.
      Genome sequencing information provides the genetic basis for the analysis of
      toxic compounds and the mechanism of extreme environmental adaptation of the
      strain. 

PMID- 26988397
TI  - Complete genome sequence of 'Mycobacterium neoaurum' NRRL B-3805, an
      androstenedione (AD) producer for industrial biotransformation of sterols.
AB  - Microbial bioconversion of sterols into high value steroid precursors, such as 4
      androstene-3,17-dione (AD), is an industrial challenge. Genes and enzymes
      involved in sterol degradation have been proposed, although the complete pathway
      is not yet known. The genome sequencing of the AD producer strain 'Mycobacterium
      neoaurum' NRRL B-3805 (formerly Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B-3805) will serve to
      elucidate the critical steps for industrial processes and will provide the basis
      for further genetic engineering. The genome comprises a circular chromosome (5
      421 338bp), is devoid of plasmids and contains 4844 protein-coding genes. 

PMID- 26988398
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, and mechanism analysis of S = 2 quasi-one
      dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor Pb2Mn(VO4)2(OH).
AB  - A brackebuschite-type compound Pb2Mn(VO4)2(OH) was synthesized by a hydrothermal
      method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that Pb2Mn(VO4)2(OH)
      crystallizes in the space group P21/m, with the structure built of single [010]
      chains of edge-shared MnO6 octahedra bridged by VO4-PbO6 groups along a and c
      axes, as a result forming a very large inter-chain distance of about 7.67 A. The
      magnetic and optical measurements indicate that Pb2Mn(VO4)2(OH) is an S = 2 quasi
      one-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor, with a very small specific value of
      intra- and inter-chain exchange coupling Jintra/Jinter = 10(-3), and a band gap
      of 1.72 eV. The electronic structure calculations indicate that a 90 degrees  Mn
      O-Mn dpsigma-dpsigma correlation superexchange dominates the intra-chain
      ferromagnetic coupling in Pb2Mn(VO4)2(OH). 

PMID- 26988399
TI  - A new approach for fabrications of SiC based photodetectors.
AB  - We report on a new approach to quickly synthesize high-quality single crystalline
      wide band gap silicon carbide (SiC) films for development of high-performance
      deep ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors. The fabricated SiC based UV photodetectors
      exhibited high response while maintaining cost-effectiveness and size
      miniaturization. Focus of the experiments was on studies of electrical and
      electronic properties, as well as responsivity, response and recovery times, and
      repeatability of the deep UV photodetectors. Raman scattering spectroscopy and
      scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the SiC materials.
      Analyses of the SEM data indicated that highly flat SiC thin films have been
      obtained. Based on the synthesized SiC, deep UV detectors are designed,
      fabricated, and tested with various UV wavelength lights at different radiation
      intensities. Temperature effect and bias effect on the photocurrent strength and
      signal-to-noise ratio, humidity effect on the response time and recovery time of
      the fabricated detectors have been carefully characterized and discussed. The
      detectors appear to have a very stable baseline and repeatability. The obtained
      responsivity is more than 40% higher compared to commercial detectors. The good
      performance of the photodetectors at operating temperature up to 300  degrees C
      remains nearly unchanged. 

PMID- 26988400
TI  - Justifying the Gompertz curve of mortality via the generalized Polya process of
      shocks.
AB  - A new probabilistic model of aging that can be applied to organisms is suggested
      and analyzed. Organisms are subject to shocks that follow the generalized Polya
      process (GPP), which has been recently introduced and characterized in the
      literature. Distinct from the nonhomogeneous Poisson process that has been widely
      used in applications, the important feature of this process is the dependence of
      its future behavior on the number of previous events (shocks). The corresponding
      survival and the mortality rate functions are derived and analyzed. The general
      approach is used for justification of the Gompertz law of human mortality.

PMID- 26988402
TI  - More for less: Improving the biomass yield of a pear cell suspension culture by
      design of experiments.
AB  - Plant cell suspension cultures are widely used for the production of recombinant
      proteins and secondary metabolites. One of the most important steps during
      process development is the optimization of yields by testing different
      cultivation parameters, including the components of the growth medium. However,
      we have shown that the biomass yield of a cell suspension culture derived from
      the pear cultivar Pyrus communis cv. Champagner Bratbirne can be significantly
      improved solely by varying the temperature, inoculum density, illumination, and
      incubation time. In contrast to medium optimization, these simple physical
      factors are easily controlled and varied, thereby reducing the effort required.
      Using an experimental design approach, we improved the biomass yield from 146 g
      fresh weight (FW)/L to 407 g FW/L in only 5 weeks, simultaneously reducing the
      costs of goods sold per kg biomass from ? 125 to ? 45. Our simple approach
      therefore offers a rapid, efficient and economical process for the optimization
      of plant cell suspension cultures.

PMID- 26988401
TI  - Efficacy and safety of tenofovir, entecavir, and telbivudine for chronic
      hepatitis B in heart transplant recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) with polymerase inhibitors is
      key to prevent disease flares and progression toward advanced liver disease.
      Efficacy and tolerability of newer agents has been reported anecdotally in
      transplant recipients. METHODS: In this prospective, observational study, we
      assessed outcomes of therapy with tenofovir (TDF), entecavir (ETV), and
      telbivudine (LdT) in 13 heart transplant recipients (HTR) with CHB. RESULTS: Most
      patients were hepatitis B e antigen negative, had low baseline hepatitis B virus
      (HBV) DNA, and normal aminotransferases. Liver biopsy showed a median fibrosis
      score of 1.5 (range 0-4). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was <50 mL/min in 7
      patients (54%). Two patients were started on de novo ETV before transplant.
      Eleven previously treated patients were switched to TDF (n = 9) or LdT (n = 2).
      Median treatment duration was 33 months (range 1-71). HBV DNA remained suppressed
      in 6 patients and became undetectable in 5. Aminotransferases went down to the
      normal range in all patients, with a single flare in 1 patient. One patient lost
      hepatitis B surface antigen. No cases occurred of hepatic decompensation,
      hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver-related death. The GFR remained largely
      stable, and no cases of TDF-related hyper-phosphaturia were observed.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that newer antivirals are effective and safe in
      HTR with CHB.

PMID- 26988403
TI  - Pectin nanocoating of titanium implant surfaces - an experimental study in
      rabbits.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A major determinant of successful osseointegration of endosseous
      implants is the surface of the implant, which influences the cellular response of
      the surrounding tissues. A new strategy to improve osseointegration and bone
      healing is biochemical stimulation by surface nanocoatings that may increase
      adhesion of bone proteins, and bone cells at the implant surface. Nanocoating
      with pectins, plant cell wall-derived polysaccharides, is frequently done using
      rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect
      of nanocoating titanium implants with plant cell wall-derived rhamnogalacturonan
      I, on bone healing and osseointegration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Machined titanium
      implants were coated with three modifications of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I).
      Chemical and physical surface properties were examined before insertion of
      nanocoated implants (n = 96) into the left and right tibia of rabbits. Machined
      titanium implants without RG-I nanocoating were used as controls (n = 32). Total
      number of 128 implants was placed in tibias of 16 rabbits. Fluorochrome bone
      labels, calcein green and alizarin red S were given intravenously after 9 and 12
      days, respectively. The bone response to the nanocoated implants was analyzed
      qualitatively and quantitatively after 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of healing using
      light microscopy and histomorphometric methods. RESULTS: The RG-I coating
      influenced the surface chemical composition; wettability and roughness, making
      the surface more hydrophilic without any major effect on surface micro roughness
      compared to control implant surfaces. The different modifications of pectin RG-I
      did not significantly enhance bone healing and osseointegration analyzed after 2,
      4, 6, and 8 weeks of healing compared to control implants. Although the
      qualitative analyses of the fluorochromes indicated a higher activity of bone
      formation in the mineralization front at the early stage, after 9 and 12 days at
      the RG-I nanocoated implants compared to the control implants although no
      significant quantitative difference was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The present
      study showed that nanocoating of titanium implants with pectin RG-Is did not
      significantly enhance bone healing and osseointegration when placed in rabbit
      tibia bone.

PMID- 26988404
TI  - Psychometric Properties of a Structured Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 Anxiety,
      Mood, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.
AB  - Three hundred sixty-two adult patients were administered the Diagnostic Interview
      for Anxiety, Mood, and OCD and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders (DIAMOND). Of
      these, 121 provided interrater reliability data, and 115 provided test-retest
      reliability data. Participants also completed a battery of self-report measures
      that assess symptoms of anxiety, mood, and obsessive-compulsive and related
      disorders. Interrater reliability of DIAMOND anxiety, mood, and obsessive
      compulsive and related diagnoses ranged from very good to excellent. Test-retest
      reliability of DIAMOND diagnoses ranged from good to excellent. Convergent
      validity was established by significant between-group comparisons on applicable
      self-report measures for nearly all diagnoses. The results of the present study
      indicate that the DIAMOND is a promising semistructured diagnostic interview for
      DSM-5 disorders.

PMID- 26988405
TI  - On Measuring the Sixth Basic Personality Dimension: A Comparison Between HEXACO
      Honesty-Humility and Big Six Honesty-Propriety.
AB  - Recent developments in personality research led to the proposition of two
      alternative six-factor trait models, the HEXACO model and the Big Six model.
      However, given the lack of direct comparisons, it is unclear whether the HEXACO
      and Big Six factors are distinct or essentially equivalent, that is, whether
      corresponding inventories measure similar or distinct personality traits. Using
      Structural Equation Modeling (Study 1), we found substantial differences between
      the traits as measured via the HEXACO-60 and the 30-item Questionnaire Big Six
      (30QB6), particularly for Honesty-Humility and Honesty-Propriety (both model's
      critical difference to the Big Five approach). This distinction was further
      supported by Study 2, showing differential capabilities of the HEXACO-60 and the
      30QB6 to account for several criteria representing the theoretical core of
      Honesty-Humility and/or Honesty-Propriety. Specifically, unlike the indicator of
      Honesty-Humility, the indicator of Honesty-Propriety showed low predictive power
      for some conceptually relevant criteria, suggesting a limited validity of the
      30QB6.

PMID- 26988406
TI  - Psychopathy in a Multiethnic World: Investigating Multiple Measures of
      Psychopathy in Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian Offenders.
AB  - Despite the forensic relevance of psychopathy and the overrepresentation of
      Hispanics in the United States' criminal justice system, these two issues remain
      underexplored, particularly with self-report measures of psychopathy. We
      investigated the criterion validity of three psychopathy measures among African
      Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics in a sample of 1,742 offenders. More
      similarity than dissimilarity emerged across groups. The factor structures of
      psychopathy measures among Hispanic offenders were consistent with previous
      findings. Few significant differences emerged between Hispanic and Caucasian
      offenders, with most differences emerging between African Americans and the other
      ethnic groups. In such instances, the correlates of psychopathy were typically
      weaker for African Americans. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised yielded fewer
      psychopathy * ethnicity interactions than the Psychopathic Personality Inventory
      and Levenson Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales. Overall, these psychopathy
      measures showed reasonable validity across these cultural groups.

PMID- 26988408
TI  - Assessing interrater agreement on binary measurements via intraclass odds ratio.
AB  - Interrater agreement on binary measurements is usually assessed via Scott's pi or
      Cohen's kappa, which are known to be difficult to interpret. One reason for this
      difficulty is that these coefficients can be defined as a correlation between two
      exchangeable measurements made on the same subject, that is as an "intraclass
      correlation", a concept originally defined for continuous measurements. To
      measure an association between two binary variables, it is however more common to
      calculate an odds ratio rather than a correlation. For assessing interrater
      agreement on binary measurements, we suggest thus to calculate the odds ratio
      between two exchangeable measurements made on the same subject, yielding the
      concept of "intraclass odds ratio". Since it is interpretable as a ratio of
      probabilities of (strict) concordance and discordance (between two raters rating
      two subjects), an intraclass odds ratio might be easier to understand for
      researchers and clinicians than an intraclass correlation. It might thus be a
      valuable descriptive measure (summary index) to evaluate the agreement among a
      set of raters, without having to refer to arbitrary benchmark values. To
      facilitate its use, an explicit formula to calculate a confidence interval for
      the intraclass odds ratio is also provided. 

PMID- 26988409
TI  - Verification of the isotopic composition of precipitation simulated by a regional
      isotope circulation model over Japan.
AB  - The isotopic composition (delta(18)O and delta(2)H) of precipitation simulated by
      a regional isotope circulation model with a horizontal resolution of 10, 30 and
      50 km was compared with observations at 56 sites over Japan in 2013. All
      simulations produced reasonable spatio-temporal variations in delta(18)O in
      precipitation over Japan, except in January. In January, simulated delta(18)O
      values in precipitation were higher than observed values on the Pacific side of
      Japan, especially during an explosively developing extratropical cyclone event.
      This caused a parameterisation of precipitation formulation about the large
      fraction of precipitated water to liquid detrained water in the lower
      troposphere. As a result, most water vapour that transported from the Sea of
      Japan precipitated on the Sea of Japan side. The isotopic composition of
      precipitation was a useful verification tool for the parameterisation of
      precipitation formulation as well as large-scale moisture transport processes in
      the regional isotope circulation model. 

PMID- 26988407
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia therapy: new targeted therapies on the way.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The critical role of the tissue microenvironment and B-cell
      receptor (BCR) signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, and
      the clinical success of targeted agents that disrupt BCR signaling are currently
      changing the CLL landscape. Three new drugs were recently approved for CLL
      therapy, and other agents are in late development. AREAS COVERED: In this review,
      we summarize data on promising new targeted drugs for CLL. The heterogeneous
      mechanisms of actions of these molecules are described, such as the inhibition of
      BCR signaling, direct targeting of CD20 molecules on the CLL cell surface, and
      BCL-2 inhibition. We present preclinical and clinical data from phase I to III
      studies in order to describe efficacy and side effect profile of these new drugs.
      Data are derived from peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed and from abstracts
      presented at major international meetings. EXPERT OPINION: Ibrutinib and
      idelalisib are challenging the role of chemo-immunotherapy in CLL therapy in the
      frontline and relapsed disease settings. High-risk CLL patients particularly
      benefit from these new agents. Venetoclax and obinutuzumab are other effective
      agents added to our therapeutic armamentarium. Studies to better define the
      optimal use of these drugs, alone, or rather in combination or sequenced are
      underway.

PMID- 26988410
TI  - Use of the PD-1 Pathway Inhibitor Nivolumab in a Renal Transplant Patient With
      Malignancy.

PMID- 26988412
TI  - Genetic divergence in the common bush-tanager Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Aves:
      Emberizidae) throughout Mexican cloud forests: The role of geography, ecology and
      Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.
AB  - By integrating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), microsatellites and ecological niche
      modelling (ENM), we investigated the phylogeography of Mexican populations of the
      common bush-tanager Chlorospingus ophthalmicus to examine the relative role of
      geographical and ecological features, as well as Pleistocene climatic
      oscillations in driving the diversification. We sequenced mtDNA of individuals
      collected throughout the species range in Mexico and genotyped them at seven
      microsatellite loci. Phylogeographic, population genetics and coalescent methods
      were used to assess patterns of genetic structure, gene flow and demographic
      history. ENM was used to infer contractions and expansions at different time
      periods as well as differences in climatic conditions among lineages. The
      retrieved mitochondrial and microsatellite groups correspond with the fragmented
      cloud forest distribution in mountain ranges and morphotectonic provinces.
      Differing climatic conditions between mountain ranges were detected, and
      palaeodistribution modelling as well as demographic history analyses, indicated
      recent population expansions throughout the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO). The
      marked genetic structure of C. ophthalmicus was promoted by the presence of
      ecological and geographical barriers that restricted the movement of individuals
      among mountain ranges. The SMO was mainly affected by Pleistocene climatic
      oscillations, with the moist forests model best fitting the displayed genetic
      patterns of populations in this mountain range.

PMID- 26988413
TI  - Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees
      (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).
AB  - The bee tribe Anthidiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is a large, cosmopolitan
      group of solitary bees that exhibit intriguing nesting behavior. We present the
      first molecular-based phylogenetic analysis of relationships within Anthidiini
      using model-based methods and a large, multi-locus dataset (five nuclear genes,
      5081 base pairs), as well as a combined analysis using our molecular dataset in
      conjunction with a previously published morphological matrix. We discuss the
      evolution of nesting behavior in Anthidiini and the relationship between nesting
      material and female mandibular morphology. Following an examination of the
      morphological characters historically used to recognize anthidiine genera, we
      recommend the use of a molecular-based phylogenetic backbone to define taxonomic
      groups prior to the assignment of diagnostic morphological characters for these
      groups. Finally, our results reveal the paraphyly of numerous genera and have
      significant consequences for anthidiine classification. In order to promote a
      classification system based on stable, monophyletic clades, we hereby make the
      following changes to Michener's (2007) classification: The subgenera Afranthidium
      (Zosteranthidium) Michener and Griswold, 1994, Afranthidium (Branthidium)
      Pasteels, 1969 and Afranthidium (Immanthidium) Pasteels, 1969 are moved into the
      genus Pseudoanthidium, thus forming the new combinations Pseudoanthidium
      (Zosteranthidium), Pseudoanthidium (Branthidium), and Pseudoanthidium
      (Immanthidium). The genus Neanthidium Pasteels, 1969 is also moved into the genus
      Pseudoanthidium, thus forming the new combination Pseudoanthidium (Neanthidium).
      Based on morphological characters shared with our new definition of the genus
      Pseudoanthidium, the subgenus Afranthidium (Mesanthidiellum) Pasteels, 1969 and
      the genus Gnathanthidium Pasteels, 1969 are also moved into the genus
      Pseudoanthidium, thus forming the new combinations Pseudoanthidium
      (Mesanthidiellum) and Pseudoanthidium (Gnathanthidium).

PMID- 26988414
TI  - Virus classification in 60-dimensional protein space.
AB  - Due to vast sequence divergence among different viral groups, sequence alignment
      is not directly applicable to genome-wide comparative analysis of viruses. More
      and more attention has been paid to alignment-free methods for whole genome
      comparison and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Among alignment-free methods,
      the recently proposed "Natural Vector (NV) representation" has successfully been
      used to study the phylogeny of multi-segmented viruses based on a 12-dimensional
      genome space derived from the nucleotide sequence structure. But the preference
      of proteomes over genomes for the determination of viral phylogeny was not deeply
      investigated. As the translated products of genes, proteins directly form the
      shape of viral structure and are vital for all metabolic pathways. In this study,
      using the NV representation of a protein sequence along with the Hausdorff
      distance suitable to compare point sets, we construct a 60-dimensional protein
      space to analyze the evolutionary relationships of 4021 viruses by whole
      proteomes in the current NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq). We also take
      advantage of the previously developed natural graphical representation to recover
      viral phylogeny. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient
      and accurate for classifying viruses. The accuracy rates of our predictions such
      as for Baltimore II viruses are as high as 95.9% for family labels, 95.7% for
      subfamily labels and 96.5% for genus labels. Finally, we discover that proteomes
      lead to better viral classification when reliable protein sequences are abundant.
      In other cases, the accuracy rates using proteomes are still comparable to that
      of genomes.

PMID- 26988411
TI  - Pursuit of a perfect insulin.
AB  - Insulin remains indispensable in the treatment of diabetes, but its use is
      hampered by its narrow therapeutic index. Although advances in peptide chemistry
      and recombinant DNA-based macromolecule synthesis have enabled the synthesis of
      structurally optimized insulin analogues, the growing epidemics of obesity and
      diabetes have emphasized the need for diabetes therapies that are more
      efficacious, safe and convenient. Accordingly, a broad set of drug candidates,
      targeting hyperglycaemia plus other disease abnormalities, is now progressing
      through the clinic. The development of an insulin therapy that is responsive to
      glucose concentration remains an ultimate goal, with initial prototypes now
      reaching the proof-of-concept stage. Simultaneously, the first alternatives to
      injectable delivery have progressed to registration.

PMID- 26988415
TI  - Phylogenetic relationships of Darwin's "Mr. Arthrobalanus": The burrowing
      barnacles (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica).
AB  - The barnacles of the superorder Acrothoracica are small, burrowing, epibiotic,
      and dioecious (large female with dwarf male) crustaceans largely found in the
      carbonate sediments and skeletons of marine invertebrates. The acrothoracicans
      represent the Cirripedia with the most plesiomorphic characters and have
      prominently featured in phylogenetic speculations concerning these crustaceans.
      Traditionally, Acrothoracica was divided into two main orders, Pygophora and
      Apygophora. The Apygophora had uniramus cirri and no anus. The Pygophora had
      biramus terminal cirri and an anus and was further divided into two families,
      Lithoglyptidae and Cryptophialidae. Kolbasov (2009) revised the superorder
      Acrothoracica on the basis of morphological examinations of females, dwarf males,
      and cyprids and rearranged the acrothoracican species into two new orders,
      Lithoglyptida and Cryptophialida. The present study is the first attempt to
      reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of acrothoracican barnacles by
      sequencing two mitochondrial (cytochrome C oxidase I and 16S ribosomal DNA) and
      two nuclear (18S ribosomal DNA and histone H3) markers of 8 of the 11 genera
      comprising 23 acrothoracican species. All monophylies of the eight acrothoracican
      genera sampled in this study were strongly supported. The deep interfamilial
      relationship constructed is consistent with the recent morphological phylogenetic
      relationship proposed by Kolbasov, Newman, and Hoeg (Kolbasov, 2009) that
      Cryptophialidae (order Cryptophialida) is the sister group to all other
      acrothoracicans (order Lithoglyptida). According to an ancestral character state
      reconstruction analysis, the posterior lobes of females; armament of opercular
      bars, attachment stalk, lateral projections of the body, and aperture slits in
      dwarf males; and habitat use appear to have phylogenetic importance.

PMID- 26988416
TI  - Scandinavian clinical practice guideline on fluid and drug therapy in adults with
      acute respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and
      Intensive Care Medicine (SSAI) task force on fluid and drug therapy in adults
      with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was to provide clinically
      relevant, evidence-based treatment recommendations according to standards for
      trustworthy guidelines. METHODS: The guideline was developed according to
      standards for trustworthy guidelines, including a systematic review of the
      literature and use of the GRADE methodology for assessment of the quality of
      evidence and for moving from evidence to recommendations. RESULTS: A total of
      seven ARDS interventions were assessed. We suggest fluid restriction in patients
      with ARDS (weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence). Also, we suggest
      early use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) in patients with severe ARDS
      (weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence). We recommend against the
      routine use of other drugs, including corticosteroids, beta2 agonists, statins,
      and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) or prostanoids in adults with ARDS (strong
      recommendations: low- to high-quality evidence). These recommendations do not
      preclude the use of any drug or combination of drugs targeting underlying or co
      existing disorders. CONCLUSION: This guideline emphasizes the paucity of evidence
      of benefit - and potential for harm - of common interventions in adults with ARDS
      and highlights the need for prudence when considering use of non-licensed
      interventions in this patient population.

PMID- 26988417
TI  - Is Pre-Operative Axillary Staging with Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided Fine
      Needle Aspiration Reliable in Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast?
AB  - Axillary ultrasound (US) with US-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) for
      suspicious lymph nodes is important for pre-operative staging and planning of
      surgical management. Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) metastases were previously
      thought to be difficult to detect, but with a limited amount of evidence. This
      study investigated the ability of US and US-FNA to detect ILC metastases by
      assessing 142 patients with ILC. The sensitivity of US in detection of metastasis
      was 52.3%, and US was able to exclude 96% of N2 and N3 axillary metastases. The
      false-negative rate of US-FNA in detection of metastasis for suspicious lymph
      nodes on US was 34.8%, and lymph nodes with longer maximal dimensions were
      associated with false-negative US-FNA results. Multiplicity of breast lesions and
      maximal cortical thickness >=3.1 mm of lymph nodes were independently associated
      with metastasis. Although pre-operative US in ILC can reliably exclude advanced
      axillary nodal disease, US-FNA results should be carefully interpreted.

PMID- 26988420
TI  - Response to "Antihypertensive Drug-Related Side Effects: Is it the Unique
      Indicator for Nonadherence?".

PMID- 26988418
TI  - The proper connection between shelterin components is required for telomeric
      heterochromatin assembly.
AB  - Telomeric regions contain prominent sites of heterochromatin, which is associated
      with unique histone modification profiles such as the methylation of histone H3
      at Lys9 (H3K9me). In fission yeast, the conserved telomeric shelterin complex
      recruits the histone H3K9 methyltransferase complex CLRC to establish
      subtelomeric heterochromatin. Although many shelterin mutations affect
      subtelomeric heterochromatin assembly, the mechanism remains elusive due to the
      diverse functions of shelterin. Through affinity purification, we found that
      shelterin directly associates with CLRC through the Ccq1 subunit. Surprisingly,
      mutations that disrupt interactions between shelterin subunits compromise
      subtelomeric heterochromatin without affecting CLRC interaction with shelterin
      component Pot1, located at chromosome ends. We further discovered that telomeric
      repeats are refractory to heterochromatin spreading and that artificial
      restoration of shelterin connections or increased heterochromatin spreading
      rescued heterochromatin defects in these shelterin mutants. Thus, subtelomeric
      heterochromatin assembly requires both the recruitment of CLRC by shelterin to
      chromosome ends and the proper connection of shelterin components, which allows
      CLRC to skip telomeric repeats to internal regions. 

PMID- 26988421
TI  - Antihypertensive Drug-Related Side Effects: Is It the Unique Indicator for
      Nonadherence?

PMID- 26988419
TI  - Coordination of stress signals by the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 promotes
      pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal form of cancer with few
      therapeutic options. We found that levels of the lysine methyltransferase SMYD2
      (SET and MYND domain 2) are elevated in PDAC and that genetic and pharmacological
      inhibition of SMYD2 restricts PDAC growth. We further identified the stress
      response kinase MAPKAPK3 (MK3) as a new physiologic substrate of SMYD2 in PDAC
      cells. Inhibition of MAPKAPK3 impedes PDAC growth, identifying a potential new
      kinase target in PDAC. Finally, we show that inhibition of SMYD2 cooperates with
      standard chemotherapy to treat PDAC cells and tumors. These findings uncover a
      pivotal role for SMYD2 in promoting pancreatic cancer. 

PMID- 26988422
TI  - A microfluidic Transwell to study chemotaxis.
AB  - Chemotaxis is typically studied in vitro using commercially available products
      such as the Transwell(r) in which cells migrate through a porous membrane in
      response to one or more clearly defined chemotactic stimuli. Despite its
      widespread use, the Transwell assay suffers from being largely an endpoint assay,
      with built-in errors due to inconsistent pore size and human sampling. In this
      study, we report a microfluidic chemotactic chip that provides real-time
      monitoring, consistent paths for cell migration, and easy on-chip staining for
      quantifying migration. To compare its performance with that of a traditional
      Transwell chamber, we investigate the chemotactic response of MDA-MB-231 1833
      metastatic breast cancer cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF). The results show
      that while both platforms were able to detect a chemotactic response, we observed
      a dose-dependent response of breast cancer cells towards EGF with low non
      specific migration using the microfluidic platform, whereas we observed a dose
      independent response of breast cancer cells towards EGF with high levels of non
      specific migration using the commercially available Transwell.The microfluidic
      platform also allowed EGF-dependent chemotactic responses to be observed 24h, a
      substantially longer window than seen with the Transwell. Thus the performance of
      our microfluidic platform revealed phenomena that were not detected in the
      Transwell under the conditions tested. 

PMID- 26988424
TI  - From Rhetoric to Reality: Commentary on Flynn & Brown (2016).

PMID- 26988425
TI  - Origin of the mysterious Yin-Shang bronzes in China indicated by lead isotopes.
AB  - Fine Yin-Shang bronzes containing lead with puzzlingly highly radiogenic isotopic
      compositions appeared suddenly in the alluvial plain of the Yellow River around
      1400 BC. The Tongkuangyu copper deposit in central China is known to have lead
      isotopic compositions even more radiogenic and scattered than those of the Yin
      Shang bronzes. Most of the Yin-Shang bronzes are tin-copper alloys with high lead
      contents. The low lead and tin concentrations, together with the less radiogenic
      lead isotopes of bronzes in an ancient smelting site nearby, however, exclude
      Tongkuangyu as the sole supplier of the Yin-Shang bronzes. Interestingly, tin
      ingots/prills and bronzes found in Africa also have highly radiogenic lead
      isotopes, but it remains mysterious as to how such African bronzes may have been
      transported to China. Nevertheless, these African bronzes are the only bronzes
      outside China so far reported that have lead isotopes similar to those of the Yin
      Shang bronzes. All these radiogenic lead isotopes plot along ~2.0-2.5 Ga isochron
      lines, implying that deposits around Archean cratons are the most likely
      candidates for the sources. African cratons along the Nile and even micro-cratons
      in the Sahara desert may have similar lead signatures. These places were probably
      accessible by ancient civilizations, and thus are the most favorable suppliers of
      the bronzes.

PMID- 26988423
TI  - Hepatitis C Virus Testing and Treatment Among Persons Receiving Buprenorphine in
      an Office-Based Program for Opioid Use Disorders.
AB  - AIMS: In the United States, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is primarily spread
      through injection drug use. There is an urgent need to improve access to care for
      HCV among persons with opioid use disorders who inject drugs. The purpose of our
      study was to determine the prevalence of HCV, patient characteristics, and
      receipt of appropriate care in a sample of patients treated with buprenorphine
      for their opioid use disorders in a primary care setting. METHODS: This study
      used retrospective clinical data from the electronic medical record. The study
      population included patients receiving buprenorphine in the Office Based Opioid
      Treatment (OBOT) clinic within the adult primary medicine clinic at Boston
      Medical Center between October 2003 and August 2013 who received a conclusive HCV
      antibody (Ab) test within a year of clinic entry. We compared characteristics by
      HCV serostatus using Pearson's chi-square and provided numbers/percentages
      receiving appropriate care. RESULTS: The sample comprised 700 patients. Slightly
      less than half of all patients (n=334, 47.7%) were HCV Ab positive, and were
      significantly more likely to be older, Hispanic or African American, have
      diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or bipolar disorder, have
      prior heroin or cocaine use, and be HIV-infected. Among the 334 HCV Ab positive
      patients, 226 (67.7%) had detectable HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) indicating
      chronic HCV infection; only 5 patients (2.21%) with chronic HCV infection ever
      initiated treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of patients (47.7%) receiving
      office-based treatment with buprenorphine for their opioid use disorder had a
      positive hepatitis C virus antibody screening test although initiation of HCV
      treatment was nearly non-existent (2.21%).

PMID- 26988429
TI  - Traditional Chinese medicine in the UK in the past forty years: an interview with
      Professor Bo-ying Ma.

PMID- 26988428
TI  - The phenotypical core of Alzheimer's disease-related and nonrelated variants of
      the corticobasal syndrome: A systematic clinical, neuropsychological, imaging,
      and biomarker study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The corticobasal syndrome (CBS) constitutes a neurodegenerative
      disease spectrum with substantial phenotypical or biological heterogeneity,
      requiring large or multimodal studies to identify its clinico-biological
      signature while disentangling Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related from non-AD
      related CBS. METHODS: We analyzed a large (N = 45) monocenter expert-clinic CBS
      cohort, recruited in motor and/or cognitive units to avoid recruitment biases,
      assessed with standardized motor and/or cognitive-language tests, brain perfusion
      imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. RESULTS: CBS mainly manifests as a
      motor and/or language disorder incorporating a "mixed progressive aphasia"
      phenotype, consistent with left-lateralized damage to frontal-parietal-temporal
      cortices. Biomarker expression indicates in 18% underlying AD causing predominant
      parietal-temporal damage and Gerstmann syndrome (sensitivity 75%; specificity
      75%), whereas non-AD-CBS presented with predominant prefrontal and lexical
      semantic impairment. DISCUSSION: CBS is primarily a "motor-plus-aphasia" disease
      unfolding into AD-related and non-AD-related variants with distinctive cognitive
      anatomic patterns. CBS, and notably its "Gerstmann variant", should be included
      in the new AD "lexicon" and categorized in the evolving diagnostic spectrum of
      "atypical AD"d.

PMID- 26988426
TI  - Development and Evaluation of a Modified Fourth-Generation Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus Enzyme Immunoassay for Cross-Sectional Incidence Estimation in Clade B
      Populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate methods for cross-sectional incidence estimation are needed
      for HIV surveillance and prevention research. We developed an avidity assay based
      on the fourth-generation Genetic Systems HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA (Bio-Rad Combo
      assay) and evaluated its performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Bio-Rad Combo
      assay was modified incubating samples with and without 0.025 M diethylamine
      (DEA). The avidity index (AI) was calculated as the ratio of the DEA-treated to
      untreated result for a specific sample. We analyzed 2,140 samples from 808
      individuals from the United States with known duration of HIV infection. The mean
      duration of recent infection (MDRI) and the false-recent rate (FRR, fraction of
      samples from individuals known to be infected >2 years misclassified as recent)
      were calculated for AI cutoffs of 20%-90% for the avidity assay alone and in
      combination with a viral load assay (VL, limit of detection 400 copies/ml).
      Factors associated with misclassification of samples collected >=2 years after
      infections were also evaluated. RESULTS: The MDRI for the Bio-Rad Combo Avidity
      assay ranged from 50 days using an AI cutoff of 20% to 276 days using an AI
      cutoff of 90%; the FRR ranged from 0% to 9%. When samples with a VL <400
      copies/ml were classified as nonrecent, the FRRs were reduced approximately
      twofold and the MDRI estimates were reduced by ~20%. An AI cutoff of 50% provided
      an MDRI of 135 days with an FRR of 2.1%. All samples from elite suppressors had
      an AI >80%. In adjusted analysis, viral suppression and low CD4 cell count were
      significantly associated with misclassification among individuals infected >2
      years. CONCLUSIONS: This modified Bio-Rad Combo Avidity assay may be a useful
      tool for cross-sectional HIV incidence estimation. Further research is needed to
      evaluate use of this assay in combination with other assays to accurately
      estimate population-level HIV incidence.

PMID- 26988430
TI  - Health-promoting and disease-preventive potential of Trianthema portulacastrum
      Linn. (Gadabani) -An Indian medicinal and dietary plant.
AB  - It is estimated that 80% of the world population depends on traditional medicine
      for primary healthcare need. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (family: Aizoaceae)
      is a small perennial weed found in the Americas, Africa, India, and other regions
      of the world. This plant is used extensively in Indian traditional medicines and
      is also consumed as a vegetable throughout Asia for its perceived health
      benefits. Phytochemical analysis of T. portulacastrum reveals the presence of
      alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Emerging
      studies demonstrate that crude extracts as well as bioactive phytoconstituents of
      T. portulacastrum exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-infective, analgesic, and anti
      inflammatory activities. A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies
      demonstrate various biological and pharmacological activities, including
      prevention and amelioration of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hyperglycemia,
      hyperlipidemia, infectious diseases and cancer. This review aims to present and
      analyze available literature to understand the full potential of T.
      portulacastrum in health promotion and disease prevention. Current limitations
      and future directions of research on this medicinal and dietary plant are also
      critically discussed. 

PMID- 26988431
TI  - Traditional Chinese medicine wrist pulse-taking is associated with pulse waveform
      analysis and hemodynamics in hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulse wave analysis (PWA) quantifies the phenomenon of pulse waveform
      propagation in patients with cardiovascular diseases, whereas pulse image
      analysis (PIA) is a subjective examination in traditional Chinese medicine.
      OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the association of PIA with PWA and hemodynamics
      in patients with hypertension. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS:
      This observational, cross-sectional study enrolled 45 patients (26 men, (55.2 +/-
      10.3) years, systolic blood pressure (155 +/- 28) mmHg, diastolic blood pressure
      (93 +/- 17) mmHg) for assessment of clinical and laboratorial data. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Primary outcomes comprised: pattern differentiation based on an
      automated method; PIA at the radial artery using the 'simultaneous pressing'
      method for identification of factors such as strength (strong/weak), depth
      (superficial/deep), and speed (fast/moderate/slow); and PWA at the same artery
      using a noninvasive system. RESULTS: Significant multivariate main effects were
      observed for depth (lambda=0.648, F5,29 =3.149, P=0.022, eta(2) =0.352), strength
      (lambda=0.608, F5,29 =3.736, P=0.010, eta(2) =0.392), and speed (lambda=0.535,
      F5,29 =5.302, P=0.002, eta(2) =0.465). General effects comprised high values of
      PWA and blood pressure for superficial, strong, and fast pulse images. A strong
      pulse was found for pulse pressure >= 62.5 mmHg and systolic blood pressure >=
      149.5 mmHg, whereas a superficial pulse was found for heart rate >= 58.25
      beats/min; a fast pulse was found for heart rate >= 69.6 beats/min and pulse wave
      velocity >= 9.185 m/s. CONCLUSION: Associations were explained by LaPlace's law,
      arterial remodeling in hypertension, alongside the traditional criterion for
      classifying speed in pulse images. PIA is associated with PWA and hemodynamics in
      patients with hypertension. Systolic and pulse pressures, heart rate, and pulse
      wave velocity are quantitative variables that have information to describe the
      qualitative pulse images such as strength, depth and speed.

PMID- 26988427
TI  - Ethical challenges in preclinical Alzheimer's disease observational studies and
      trials: Results of the Barcelona summit.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most significant health care burdens.
      Disappointing results from clinical trials in late-stage AD persons combined with
      hopeful results from trials in persons with early-stage suggest that research in
      the preclinical stage of AD is necessary to define an optimal therapeutic success
      window. We review the justification for conducting trials in the preclinical
      stage and highlight novel ethical challenges that arise and are related to
      determining appropriate risk-benefit ratios and disclosing individuals' biomarker
      status. We propose that to conduct clinical trials with these participants, we
      need to improve public understanding of AD using unified vocabulary, resolve the
      acceptable risk-benefit ratio in asymptomatic participants, and disclose or not
      biomarker status with attention to study type (observational studies vs clinical
      trials). Overcoming these challenges will justify clinical trials in preclinical
      AD at the societal level and aid to the development of societal and legal support
      for trial participants.

PMID- 26988432
TI  - Effects of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai cream) in the treatment of delayed onset
      muscle soreness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Zingiber cassumunar (Plai cream) in either
      7% or 14% concentration on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). METHODS: Seventy
      five untrained healthy volunteers (28 males and 47 females), performed 4 sets of
      25 eccentric repetitions of the dominant quadriceps muscle on an isokinetic
      dynamometry machine. Participants were then randomized into 3 groups: 14% Plai
      cream, 7% Plai cream and placebo cream. Two grams of the cream (strips of 5-cm
      long) were gently rubbed into the quadriceps muscles for 5 min immediately
      following the exercise and every 8 h thereafter for 7 d in all groups. Muscle
      soreness, muscle strength, jump height, thigh circumference and creatine kinase
      were measured before and after eccentric exercise. RESULTS: Compared to the
      placebo cream the 14% Plai cream substantially reduced muscle soreness over the 7
      d by -82% (95% CI = -155% to -6%, P = 0.03), but had similar muscle soreness
      effects to 7% Plai cream (-34%, -96% to 27%, P = 0.2). Compared to the placebo
      cream the 7% Plai cream resulted in a small non-significant reduction in muscle
      soreness levels over the following 7 d (-40%, -116% to 36%, P = 0.3). Compared to
      placebo cream there was little effect of Plai cream (7% or 14%) on muscle
      strength, jump height, thigh circumference or creatine kinase concentration.
      CONCLUSION: Using 14% Plai cream over a 7-day period substantially reduced muscle
      soreness symptoms compared to 7% Plai cream or a placebo cream. The authors
      suggest that the administration of 14% Plai cream is a useful alternative in the
      management of DOMS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Thai Clinical Trial Registry
      TCTR20140215001.

PMID- 26988433
TI  - Knowledge, attitude and use of complementary and integrative health strategies: a
      preliminary survey of Iranian nurses.
AB  - BACKGROUND:  BACKGROUND: Disagreement exists regarding the need for knowledge
      about complementary and integrative health (CIH) strategies, as well as for the
      need to consider such strategies in clinical nursing practice. OBJECTIVE: This
      study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and use of CIH strategies
      among nurses in Iran. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: A cross
      sectional study of nurses working in two hospitals of Zabol University of Medical
      Sciences, in southeast Iran, was conducted from October 2014 to April 2015. The
      questionnaire, developed specifically for this research, was used to assess the
      knowledge, attitude and use of CIH by nurses. Descriptive and inferential
      statistics were used to interpret the survey responses. RESULTS: Most nurses
      (n=95, 60.5%) have average knowledge about CIH strategies with most holding a
      positive attitude about use (n=81, 51.6%). The majority (n=90, 57.3%) of nurses,
      however, never applied CIH methods. Where CIH was used, massage was most often
      clinically applied (n=129, 82.2%) and a large percentage believed it useful for
      treating illness (n=136, 87.9%). Other CIH methods commonly used included prayer
      and herbal medicine. CONCLUSION: Nurses have positive attitudes about CIH though
      knowledge was typically weak. Educational programs should carefully consider how
      knowledge about CIH methods could be strengthened within curricula.

PMID- 26988434
TI  - A study to investigate needle insertion at Shenshu (BL23) to puncture psoas major
      muscle.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is unknown whether the psoas major muscle, thought to be a key
      muscle for treatment of lower back pain, can be punctured at Shenshu (BL23).
      METHODS: Twelve dissected specimens were used for studying the needling pathway
      of BL23 by perpendicularly inserting the depth-measuring blade of a vernier
      caliper at BL23. Dimensions of psoas muscle were measured. Correlation studies
      were conducted. In addition, our samples were grouped by gender and underlying
      medical conditions for analysis. RESULTS: Half (50%) of the needle insertions
      successfully punctured psoas muscle. The mean depth of needle insertion to
      puncture psoas muscle (Dmin) in the group with short-term underlying medical
      conditions was 38.0 mm (interquartile range 29.0-51.8 mm), approximately 6 mm
      deeper than 32.0 (29.3-42.5) mm in the group with long-term health problems (P =
      0.041). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of psoas muscle in the former group was on
      average approximately 1.5 times that of the latter group (P = 0.04). When the
      data were analysed by gender, the thickness of psoas muscle in the male group was
      19.0 (6.5-24.0) mm compared to 19.5 (5.8-34.8) mm in the female group (P = 0.02).
      The age in the female group (P = 0.04) and the body length of the total group (P
      =0.04) negatively correlated to Dmin. CONCLUSION: Needle insertion at BL23 might
      be able to puncture psoas muscle. Differences in the CSA of psoas muscle and Dmin
      were observed in groups with short-term and long-term underlying medical
      conditions.

PMID- 26988435
TI  - Chungtaejeon, a Korean fermented tea, prevents the risk of atherosclerosis in
      rats fed a high-fat atherogenic diet.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the well-established risk factors for
      cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in coronary heart disease. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the anti-atherogenic effect of Chungtaejeon (CTJ, a
      Korean fermented tea) aqueous extract on proliferation and migration of human
      aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: The authors
      used high-fat atherogenic diet (HFAD) to induce hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats in
      in vivo animal experiments and used HASMCs for in vitro cell experiments. For the
      in vitro cell experiment, the proliferation of HASMCs was evaluated using the MTT
      assay. Similarly, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in HASMCs
      was measured using gelatin zymography. Antimigratory activity of CTJ was revealed
      using the wound-healing model and Boyden 's chamber assay. In the in vivo
      experiment, CTJ was administered in three different doses for 20 d from the
      initiation of the HFAD. After 20 d, the serum lipid profile and total lipid
      contents in liver were measured. RESULTS: Treatment with CTJ for 24 h dose
      dependently inhibited the proliferation and migration of HASMCs and expression of
      MMP-2 in HASMCs. The oral administration of CTJ at concentrations of 200 and 400
      mg/kg decreased the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total serum
      cholesterol and hepatic cholesterol of HFAD-fed rats. CONCLUSION: CTJ possessed
      strong antiproliferative, antimigratory, as well as lipid-lowering activities.
      Thus, CTJ can be considered as a therapeutic option in the treatment of high-fat
      diet-induced atherosclerosis.

PMID- 26988436
TI  - Psorinum 6 * triggers apoptosis signals in human lung cancer cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide in vitro evidence of Psorinum treatment against cancer
      cells in a controlled study. METHODS: Effects of homeopathic Psorinum 6* on cell
      viability were initially determined in several cancer cell lines, including A549,
      HepG2 and MCF-7, using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium
      bromide assay, and an ethanol 6* control. The cell line that exhibited highest
      inhibition was selected and used in the following experiments. A range of
      Psorinum 6* doses was used to explore treatment effects on cell cycle arrest,
      cell death (apoptosis), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and change in
      mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using flow cytometry and fluorescence
      microscopy, respectively. Expression of several signal proteins related to
      apoptosis and cell survival were quantified with Western blotting and confocal
      microscopy. Further, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to determine
      possible drug-DNA interactions, as well as the induction of conformational
      changes. RESULTS: Treatment of cancer cell lines with Psorinum showed greater
      anticancer effects in A549 cells than in others. In A549 cells Psorinum treatment
      inhibited cell proliferation at 24 h after treatment, and arrested cell cycle at
      sub-G1 stage. It also induced ROS generation, MMP depolarization, morphological
      changes and DNA damage, as well as externalization of phosphatidyl serine.
      Further, increases in p53 expression, Bax expression, cytochrome c release, along
      with reduction of Bcl-2 level and caspase-3 activation were observed after
      Psorinum 6* treatment, which eventually drove A549 cells towards the mitochondria
      mediated caspase-3-dependent pathway. CD spectroscopy revealed direct interaction
      of Psorinum with DNA, using calf thymus-DNA as target. CONCLUSION: Psorinum 6*
      triggered apoptosis in A549 cells via both up- and down-regulations of relevant
      signal proteins, including p53, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2.

PMID- 26988437
TI  - Management of low transsphincteric anal fistula with serial setons and interval
      muscle-cutting fistulotomy.
AB  - This study evaluates low transsphincteric anal fistula managed by serial setons
      and interval fistulotomy, with attention to healing without recurrence and
      preservation of continence. Following Institutional Review Board approval,
      consecutive anal fistula operations performed by a single surgeon from January 1,
      2009 to December 31, 2013 were retrospectively reviewed using electronic medical
      records and telephone interviews for patients lost to follow up. Of the 71
      patients, 26 (37%) had low transsphincteric fistula (23 males and 3 females; mean
      age: 46 years), treated at our institution by seton placement followed by
      interval surgical muscle cutting and subsequent seton replacement or final
      fistulotomy. Of the 26 patients, 22 (85%) were initially referred due to previous
      failed treatment, with a 30.6 month mean duration of fistula prior to referral
      and a mean of 2.2 (range: 0 -6) prior anorectal surgeries. At a mean follow-up of
      11.9 months, none of the 21 patients experienced recurrence or fecal
      incontinence. Serial seton with interval muscle-cutting sphincterotomy followed
      by complete fistulotomy is an effective treatment for the management of patients
      who are either initially seen for low transsphincteric fistula, or referred after
      failed anorectal surgery for that condition. 

PMID- 26988439
TI  - Therapeutic Targets of Triglyceride Metabolism as Informed by Human Genetics.
AB  - Human genetics has contributed to the development of multiple drugs to treat
      hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease (CAD), most recently including
      antibodies targeting PCSK9 to reduce LDL cholesterol. Despite these successes, a
      large burden of CAD remains. Genetic and epidemiological studies have suggested
      that circulating triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) are a causal risk
      factor for CAD, presenting an opportunity for novel therapeutic strategies. We
      discuss recent unbiased human genetics testing, including genome-wide association
      studies (GWAS) and whole-genome or -exome sequencing, that have identified the
      lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipogenesis pathways as important mechanisms
      in the regulation of circulating TRLs. Further strengthening the causal
      relationship between TRLs and CAD, findings such as these may provide novel
      targets for much-needed potential therapeutic interventions. 

PMID- 26988438
TI  - Human Knockout Carriers: Dead, Diseased, Healthy, or Improved?
AB  - Whole-genome and whole-exome sequence data from large numbers of individuals
      reveal that we all carry many variants predicted to inactivate genes (knockouts).
      This discovery raises questions about the phenotypic consequences of these
      knockouts and potentially allows us to study human gene function through the
      investigation of homozygous loss-of-function carriers. Here, we discuss
      strategies, recent results, and future prospects for large-scale human knockout
      studies. We examine their relevance to studying gene function, population
      genetics, and importantly, the implications for accurate clinical
      interpretations. 

PMID- 26988440
TI  - Fibrinolysis Treatment for Cerebral Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Temporal and
      Spatial Voxel-Based Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A voxel-based statistical approach on computer tomographic data in
      patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and acute intraventricular
      hemorrhage (IVH) was used to evaluate spatial and temporal patterns of
      intraventricular blood in patients treated with intraventricular fibrinolysis
      (IVF) or without. METHODS: IVH shapes were systematically assessed three
      dimensionally in patients with supratentorial ICH at three intervals of time (day
      of admission, day 4 +/- 1, day 7+). The boundaries of the intraventricular blood
      clot were delineated on computed tomography (CT) scans using dedicated software.
      The CT scan and the IVH shape were transferred into stereotaxic space. In a
      second step, voxel-based statistics on group level were used to correlate the
      distribution of intraventricular blood with the interval and the treatment group.
      RESULTS: Altogether 45 patients, 29 with IVF therapy and 16 without, were
      eligible to be included into this study. We found significant (false discovery
      rate [FDR] correction, q < .05) reduction of the intraventricular blood between
      day of admission and day 7 + for the third and fourth ventricle and parts of both
      lateral ventricles. In addition, we were able to show a significant difference
      between the IVF therapy and the conventionally treated group at day 4 +/- 1 for
      the third ventricle. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that voxel-based analysis on
      group level can be used to compare the time course and the distribution of
      intraventricular hemorrhage. This technique could be an interesting tool for
      future research on ICH with IVH.

PMID- 26988441
TI  - p73 and FoxJ1: Programming Multiciliated Epithelia.
AB  - The mysteriously diverse phenotypes in mice lacking the p53 homolog p73 are
      recently unified by new analysis showing p73 is required for formation of
      multiciliated epithelia. p73 directly activates FoxJ1, the central
      transcriptional driver for multiciliation, and induces a host of genes critical
      for ciliogenesis. 

PMID- 26988442
TI  - Over-generalization in youth with anxiety disorders.
AB  - Over-generalization of dangerous stimuli is a possible etiological account of
      anxiety. Recently, we demonstrated it could result from alterations in early
      perceptual mechanisms, i.e., a fundamental change in the way the stimulus is
      perceived. Yet it is still unclear if these mechanisms already exist in youth, or
      develop only later. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the
      mechanism of generalization in youth suffering from anxiety disorders. Children
      and adolescents with anxiety disorders and age-matched control participants
      underwent a conditioning task where a loss or gain outcome was associated with
      two well-separated tones. A generalization probe then followed in which different
      surrounding tones were presented and classified. Generalization curves and
      changes in discrimination abilities were compared between groups and according to
      the background variables. We found that patients had lower perceptual
      discrimination thresholds after conditioning, and tended to have wider
      generalization curve. Relative enhanced generalization was observed in
      adolescents with anxiety, in males, and as the level of anxiety rose. Our results
      suggest that over-generalization in anxiety can start already during adolescence,
      and may suggest that an early perceptual source can give rise to later more
      cognitive over-generalization during adult anxiety.

PMID- 26988445
TI  - Aquatic ecotones-new insights from Arctic Canada.

PMID- 26988443
TI  - Biological Properties and Therapeutic Applications of Propolis.
AB  - Propolis is a resinous material collected by bees from bud and exudates of the
      plants, mixed with bee enzymes, pollen and wax. In this review, the biological
      properties of propolis and some therapeutic applications are discussed. The same
      biological activities have been investigated until today, using samples from
      different geographic regions. Thus, the study of the biological properties of a
      given sample should always be associated with its chemical composition and
      botanical source, representing a particular sample of a given geographic area,
      exploring its biological potential and the role of its constituents. Efforts have
      been carried out to explain propolis' mechanisms of action in vivo and in vitro,
      but the majority of propolis' targets and actions are still unclear. The number
      of formulations containing propolis and patents have increased, although propolis
      extracts have been used deliberately with different recommendations, not always
      mentioning the chemical composition, vegetal source and the methods of
      extraction. Clinical studies will help to obtain criterious recommendations in
      view of the expected outcomes. Further investigation should explore the effects
      of common compounds found in the samples from all over the world in an attempt to
      standardize the research on propolis and to obtain new drugs. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 26988446
TI  - Determining diatom ecotones and their relationship to terrestrial ecoregion
      designations in the central Canadian Arctic Islands.
AB  - Ecotones are key areas for the detection of global change because many are
      predicted to move with shifts in climate. Prince of Wales Island, in the Canadian
      Arctic Archipelago, spans the transition between mid- to high-Arctic ecoregions.
      We analyzed limnological variables and recent diatom assemblages from its lakes
      and ponds to determine if assemblages reflected this ecotone. Limnological
      gradients were short, and water chemistry explained 20.0% of diatom variance in a
      redundancy analysis (RDA), driven primarily by dissolved organic carbon, Ca and
      SO4 . Most taxa were small, benthic forms; key taxa such as planktonic Cyclotella
      species were restricted to the warmer, southern portion of the study area, while
      benthic Staurosirella were associated with larger, ice-dominated lakes.
      Nonetheless, there were no significant changes in diatom assemblages across the
      mid- to high-Arctic ecoregion boundary. We combined our data set with one from
      nearby Cornwallis Island to expand the study area and lengthen its environmental
      gradients. Within this expanded data set, 40.6% of the diatom variance was
      explained by a combination of water chemistry and geographic variables, and
      significant relationships were revealed between diatom distributions and key
      limnological variables, including pH, specific conductivity, and chl-a. Using
      principal coordinates analysis, we estimated community turnover with latitude and
      applied piecewise linear regression to determine diatom ecotone positions. A
      pronounced transition was present between Prince of Wales Island and the colder,
      more northerly Cornwallis Island. These data will be important in detecting any
      future northward ecotone movement in response to predicted Arctic climate warming
      in this highly sensitive region. 

PMID- 26988444
TI  - A conserved motif in JNK/p38-specific MAPK phosphatases as a determinant for JNK1
      recognition and inactivation.
AB  - Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), important in a large array of
      signalling pathways, are tightly controlled by a cascade of protein kinases and
      by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). MAPK signalling efficiency and specificity is
      modulated by protein-protein interactions between individual MAPKs and the
      docking motifs in cognate binding partners. Two types of docking interactions
      have been identified: D-motif-mediated interaction and FXF-docking interaction.
      Here we report the crystal structure of JNK1 bound to the catalytic domain of
      MKP7 at 2.4-A resolution, providing high-resolution structural insight into the
      FXF-docking interaction. The (285)FNFL(288) segment in MKP7 directly binds to a
      hydrophobic site on JNK1 that is near the MAPK insertion and helix alphaG.
      Biochemical studies further reveal that this highly conserved structural motif is
      present in all members of the MKP family, and the interaction mode is universal
      and critical for the MKP-MAPK recognition and biological function. 

PMID- 26988447
TI  - Immunofluorescence localization of the tubulin cytoskeleton during cell division
      and cell growth in members of the Coleochaetales (Streptophyta).
AB  - Study of charophycean green algae, including the Coleochaetales, may shed light
      on the evolutionary history of characters they share with their land plant
      relatives. We examined the tubulin cytoskeleton during mitosis, cytokinesis, and
      growth in members of the Coleochaetales with diverse morphologies to determine if
      phragmoplasts occurred throughout this order and to identify microtubular
      patterns associated with cell growth. Species representing three subgroups of
      Coleochaete and its sister genus Chaetosphaeridium were studied. Cytokinesis
      involving a phragmoplast was found in the four taxa examined. Differential
      interference contrast microscopy of living cells confirmed that polar cytokinesis
      like that described in the model flowering plant Arabidopsis occurred in all
      species when the forming cell plate traversed a vacuole. Calcofluor labeling of
      cell walls demonstrated directed growth from particular cell regions of all taxa.
      Electron microscopy confirmed directed growth in the unusual growth pattern of
      Chaetosphaeridium. All four species exhibited unordered microtubule patterns
      associated with diffuse growth in early cell expansion. In subsequent elongating
      cells, Coleochaete irregularis Pringsheim and Chaetosphaeridium globosum
      (Nordstedt) Klebahn exhibited tubulin cytoskeleton arrays corresponding to growth
      patterns associated with tip growth in plants, fungi, and other charophycean
      algae. Hoop-shaped microtubules frequently associated with diffuse growth of
      elongating cells in plants were not observed in any of these species. Presence of
      phragmoplasts in the diverse species studied supports the hypothesis that
      cytokinesis involving a phragmoplast originated in a common ancestor of the
      Coleochaetales, and possibly in a common ancestor of Charales, Coleochaetales,
      Zygnematales, and plants. 

PMID- 26988448
TI  - Variation in elemental stoichiometry of the marine diatom Thalassiosira
      weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae) in response to combined nutrient stress and
      changes in carbonate chemistry.
AB  - The combined consequences of the multi-stressors of pH and nutrient availability
      upon the growth of a marine diatom were investigated. Thalassiosira weissflogii
      was grown in N- or P-limited batch culture in sealed systems, with pH commencing
      at 8.2 ("extant" conditions) or 7.6 ("ocean acidification" [OA] conditions), and
      then pH was allowed to either drift with growth, or was held fixed. Results
      indicated that within the pH range tested, the stability of environmental pH
      rather than its value (i.e., OA vs. extant) fundamentally influenced biomass
      accumul-ation and C:N:P stoichiometry. Despite large changes in total alkalinity
      in the fixed pH systems, final biomass production was consistently greater in
      these systems than that in drifting pH systems. In drift systems, pH increased to
      exceed pH 9.5, a level of alkalinity that was inhibitory to growth. No statis
      tically significant differences between pH treatments were measured for N:C, P:C
      or N:P ratios during nutrient-replete growth, although the diatom expre-ssed
      greater plasticity in P:C and N:P ratios than in N:C during this growth phase.
      During nutrient-deplete conditions, the capacity for uncoupled carbon fixa-tion
      at fixed pH was considerably greater than that measured in drift pH systems,
      leading to strong contrasts in C:N:P stoichiometry between these treatments.
      Whether environmental pH was stable or drifted directly influenced the extent of
      physiological stress. In contrast, few distinctions could be drawn between
      "extant" versus "OA" conditions for cell physiology. 

PMID- 26988449
TI  - Different speciation for bromine in brown and red algae, revealed by in vivo X
      ray absorption spectroscopic studies.
AB  - Members of various algal lineages are known to be strong producers of
      atmospherically relevant halogen emissions, that is a consequence of their
      capability to store and metabolize halogens. This study uses a noninvasive,
      synchrotron-based technique, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, for addressing in
      vivo bromine speciation in the brown algae Ectocarpus siliculosus, Ascophyllum
      nodosum, and Fucus serratus, the red algae Gracilaria dura, G. gracilis, Chondrus
      crispus, Osmundea pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata, Polysiphonia elongata, and
      Corallina officinalis, the diatom Thalassiosira rotula, the dinoflagellate
      Lingulodinium polyedrum and a natural phytoplankton sample. The results highlight
      a diversity of fundamentally different bromine storage modes: while most of the
      stramenopile representatives and the dinoflagellate store mostly bromide, there
      is evidence for Br incorporated in nonaromatic hydrocarbons in Thalassiosira. Red
      algae operate various organic bromine stores - including a possible precursor (by
      the haloform reaction) for bromoform in Asparagopsis and aromatically bound Br in
      Polysiphonia and Corallina. Large fractions of the bromine in the red algae G.
      dura and C. crispus and the brown alga F. serratus are present as Br(-) defects
      in solid KCl, similar to what was reported earlier for Laminaria parts. These
      results are discussed according to different defensive strategies that are used
      within algal taxa to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses. 

PMID- 26988450
TI  - Three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of the fluorescent
      dissolved organic matter released by the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium
      catenella exposed to metal stress by zinc or lead.
AB  - We investigated the effects of zinc or lead on growth and on exudation of
      fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) by the marine toxic dinoflagellate
      Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech. The species was exposed to
      increasing free zinc (1.34 * 10(-7) M-3.98 * 10(-6) M) or lead (5.13 * 10(-9) M
      1.82 * 10(-7) M) concentra-tions. Low metal levels ([Zn(2+) ] = 1.34 * 10(-7) M;
      [Pb(2+) ] = 5.13 * 10(-9) M) had no effect on cell growth. Toxic effects were
      observed from higher metal contamination ([Zn(2+) ] = 3.98 * 10(-6) M; [Pb(2+) ]
      = 6.54 * 10(-8) M), as a conversion of vegetative cells into cysts. Analysis of
      the released FDOM by three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence spectroscopy was
      achieved, using the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The PARAFAC modeling
      revealed four components associated with two contributions: one related to the
      biological activity; the other linked to the organic matter decomposition in the
      culture medium. The C1 component combined a tryptophan peak and characteristics
      of humic substances, whereas the C2 component was considered as a tryptophan
      protein fluorophore. The two others C3 and C4 components were associated with
      marine organic matter production. Relea-sed fluorescent substances were induced
      by low ([Zn(2+) ]= 1.34 * 10(-7) M; [Pb(2+) ] = 5.13 * 10(-9) M) and moderate
      ([Zn(2+) ] = 6.21 * 10(-7) M; [Pb(2+) ] = 2.64* 10(-9) M) metal concentrations,
      suggesting the activation of cellular mechanisms in response to metal stress, to
      exudate FDOM that could complex metal cations and reduce their toxicity toward A.
      catenella cells.

PMID- 26988451
TI  - Nonheterocytous cyanobacteria from Brazilian saline-alkaline lakes.
AB  - Saline-alkaline lakes are extreme environments that limit the establishment and
      development of life. The Nhecolandia, a subregion of the Pantanal wetland in
      Brazil, is characterized by the existence of ~500 saline-alkaline lakes, which
      support an underexplored and rich diversity of microorganisms. In this study,
      unicellular and homocytous cyanobacteria from five saline-alkaline lakes were
      accessed by culture-dependent approaches. Morphological evaluation and analyses
      of near complete sequences (~1400 nt) of the 16S rRNA genes were applied for
      phylogenetic and taxonomic placement. This polyphasic approach allowed for the
      determination of the taxonomic position of the isolated strains into the
      following genera: Cyanobacterium, Geminocystis, Phormidium, Leptolyngbya,
      Limnothrix, and Nodosilinea. In addition, fourteen Pseudanabaenales and
      Oscillatoriales representatives of putative novel taxa were found. These
      sequences fell into five new clades that could correspond to new generic units of
      the Pseudanabaenaceae and Phormidiaceae families. 

PMID- 26988452
TI  - Purification and culture characteristics of 36 benthic marine diatoms isolated
      from the Solthorn tidal flat (Southern North Sea).
AB  - Marine benthic diatoms growing in biofilms on sediment surfaces generally occur
      associated with heterotrophic bacteria, whereas modern molecular techniques and
      analyses of species-specific physiology create a demand for axenic cultures.
      Numerous benthic diatoms were isolated from surface sediments during a monitoring
      of the Solthorn tidal flat (southern North Sea, Germany) from May 2008 to May
      2009. Of these, around 50% could be purified from the accompanying heterotrophic
      bacteria using different antibiotics combined with physical separation methods
      (vortexing, ultrasound). Overall, seven different antibiotics were tested at
      different concentrations, and a best working protocol was developed. The axenic
      strains were stable on average for only around 15 months, indicating a symbiotic
      interaction between the benthic diatoms and the associated bacteria. While most
      short-term effects during the purification process were restricted to differences
      in growth rates among xenic and axenic diatom strains, long-term cultivation led
      to distinct changes in cell volumes and growth characteristics of the axenic
      strains. 

PMID- 26988453
TI  - Biodiversity of soil cyanobacteria in the hyper-arid Atacama Desert, Chile.
AB  - The cyanobacterial diversity of soils of the Atacama Desert (Chile) was
      investigated using 16S rRNA gene cloning/sequencing directly from soil samples
      and 16S rRNA gene sequencing from unialgal cultures. Within the hyper-arid
      Atacama Desert, one of the driest parts of the world, 10 sites with differing
      altitude and distance to the shore were sampled along a total air-line distance
      (from south to north) of ~1,100 km. Filamentous cyanobacteria belonging to
      Nostocophycideae and Synechococcophycideae were present. Oscillatoriophycideae
      exhibited the highest species richness among the subclasses of cyanobacteria, and
      included mostly filamentous species along with some coccoids (e.g.,
      Chroococcidiopsis). Thirty species-level phylotypes could be recognized using a
      cut-off of 99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity within the 22 genera defined at 97%
      16S rRNA sequence similarity. Eight of the 30 taxa could be detected by both
      clonal and culture sequences. Five taxa were observed only in cultures, whereas
      the cloning approach revealed 17 additional taxa, which might be in the
      collection but unsequenced, hard-to-cultivate, or entirely unculturable species
      using standard cultivation media. The Atacama Desert soils have a high diversity
      of phylotypes, among which are likely both new genera and new species awaiting
      characterization and description. 

PMID- 26988454
TI  - Trichocytes in Lithophyllum kotschyanum and Lithophyllum spp. (Corallinales,
      Rhodophyta) from the NW Indian Ocean.
AB  - The current diagnosis of the genus Lithophyllum includes absent or rare
      trichocyte occurrence. After examining holotype material, single trichocytes have
      been revealed to occur abundantly in Lithophyllum kotschyanum Unger, and in
      freshly collected specimens of Lithophyllum spp. from the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden
      and Socotra Island (Yemen). Trichocyte occurrence is not considered a diagnostic
      character at specific or supraspecific levels in the Lithophylloideae, and the
      ecological significance of trichocyte formation is discussed. The generitype
      species, L. incrustans Philippi, does not show trichocytes nor do many other
      Lithophyllum species from diverse geographic localities, but the presence of
      abundant trichocytes in other congeneric taxa requires emendation of the genus
      diagnosis. Therefore, the diagnosis of Lithophyllum is here emended by
      eliminating the adjective "rare" in the sentence concerning trichocyte
      occurrence, as follows: "Trichocytes present or absent, if present occurring
      singly." 

PMID- 26988455
TI  - Characterization of Prorocentrum elegans and Prorocentrum levis (Dinophyceae)
      from the southeastern Bay of Biscay by morphology and molecular phylogeny.
AB  - Benthic Prorocentrum species can produce toxins that adversely affect animals and
      human health. They are known to co-occur with other bloom-forming, potentially
      toxic, benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Ostreopsis, Coolia, and
      Gambierdiscus. In this study, we report on the presence of P. elegans M.Faust and
      P. levis M.A.Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P.A. Tester & Litaker from the
      southeastern Bay of Biscay. Sampling was carried out in the Summer-Autumn 2010
      2012 along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, but these two species
      were only found in the northeastern part of the Peninsula. Strains were isolated
      from macroalgae collected from rocky-shore areas bordering accessible beaches.
      Morphological traits of isolated strains were analyzed by LM and SEM, whereas
      molecular analyses were performed using the LSU and internal transcribed spacer
      (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 regions of the rDNA. A bioassay with Artemia fransciscana and
      liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses were used to
      check the toxicity of the species, whose results were negative. The strains
      mostly corresponded to their species original morphological characterization,
      which is supported by the phylogenetic analyses in the case of P. levis, whereas
      for P. elegans, this is the first known molecular characterization. This is also
      the second known report of P. elegans. 

PMID- 26988456
TI  - Evaluation of biologically mediated changes in oil sands naphthenic acid
      composition by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using negative-ion electrospray orbitrap
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - Industrial activity associated with oil-sands extraction in Canada's Athabasca
      region produces a variety of contaminants of concern, including naphthenic acid
      fraction components (NAFCs). NAFCs are a complex mixture of organic compounds
      that are poorly understood both in terms of their chemical composition and
      effects on the environment. NAFC toxicity in the unicellular green algae
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A.Dangeard was correlated with the presence of the
      algal cell wall. It was suggested that the toxicity of NAFCs in C. reinhardtii
      was due to surfactant effects. Surfactant-cell wall interactions are specific and
      governed by the compound class and structure, and by the nature of the biological
      material. Here, we investigate the effects of wildtype (WT) C. reinhardtii and
      two cell-wall mutants on specific classes of NAFCs when growing cultures were
      treated with a 100 mg . L(-1) solution of NAFCs. Changes in the NAFC composition
      in the media were examined using high resolution mass spectrometry over a period
      of 4 d. Algal mediated changes in the NAFCs were limited to specific classes of
      NAFCs. In particular, the removal of large, classical naphthenic acids, with a
      double bond equivalent of 8, was observed in WT C. reinhardtii cultures. The
      observed algal mediated changes in NAFC composition would have been masked by low
      resolution mass spectrometry and highlight the importance of this tool in
      examining bioremediation of complex mixtures of NAFCs. 

PMID- 26988457
TI  - Phylogenetic study of Geitlerinema and Microcystis (Cyanobacteria) using PC-IGS
      and 16S-23S ITS as markers: investigation of horizontal gene transfer.
AB  - Selection of genes that have not been horizontally transferred for prokaryote
      phylogenetic inferences is regarded as a challenging task. The markers internal
      transcribed spacer of ribosomal genes (16S-23S ITS) and phycocyanin intergenic
      spacer (PC-IGS), based on the operons of ribosomal and phycocyanin genes
      respectively, are among the most used markers in cyanobacteria. The region of the
      ribosomal genes has been considered stable, whereas the phycocyanin operon may
      have undergone horizontal transfer. To investigate the occurrence of horizontal
      transfer of PC-IGS, phylogenetic trees of Geitlerinema and Microcystis strains
      were generated using PC-IGS and 16S-23S ITS and compared. Phylogenetic trees
      based on the two markers were mostly congruent for Geitlerinema and Microcystis,
      indicating a common evolutionary history among ribosomal and phycocyanin genes
      with no evidence for horizontal transfer of PC-IGS. Thus, PC-IGS is a suitable
      marker, along with 16S-23S ITS for phylogenetic studies of cyanobacteria. 

PMID- 26988458
TI  - Growth and cell cycle of Ulva compressa (Ulvophyceae) under LED illumination.
AB  - The cell-cycle progression of Ulva compressa is diurnally gated at the G1 phase
      in accordance with light-dark cycles. The present study was designed to examine
      the spectral sensitivity of the G1 gating system. When blue, red, and green light
      emitting diodes (LEDs) were used for illumination either alone or in combination,
      the cells divided under all illumination conditions, suggesting that all colors
      of light were able to open the G1 gate. Although blue light was most effective to
      open the G1 gate, red light alone or green light alone was also able to open the
      G1 gate even at irradiance levels lower than the light compensation point of each
      color. Occurrence of a period of no cell division in the course of a day
      suggested that the G1 gating system normally functioned as under ordinary
      illumination by cool-white fluorescent lamps. The rise of the proportion of blue
      light to green light resulted in increased growth rate. On the other hand, the
      growth rates did not vary regardless of the proportion of blue light to red
      light. These results indicate that the difference in growth rate due to light
      color resulted from the difference in photosynthetic efficiency of the colors of
      light. However, the growth rates significantly decreased under conditions without
      blue light. This result suggests that blue light mediates cell elongation and
      because the spectral sensitivity of the cell elongation regulating system was
      different from that of the G1 gating system, distinct photoreceptors are likely
      to mediate the two systems. 

PMID- 26988459
TI  - Abiotic stress modifies the synthesis of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in
      phytoplankton species.
AB  - We performed laboratory experiments to investi-gate whether the synthesis of the
      antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and beta-carotene in phytoplankton
      depends on changes in abiotic factors. Cultures of Nodularia spumigena,
      Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Dunaliella tertiolecta,
      Prorocentrum cordatum, and Rhodomonas salina were incubated at different tempe
      ratures, photon flux densities and salinities for 48 h. We found that abiotic
      stress, within natural ecological ranges, affects the synthesis of the two
      antioxidants in different ways in different species. In most cases antioxidant
      production was stimulated by increased abiotic stress. In P. tricornutum KAC 37
      and D. tertiolecta SCCAP K-0591, both good producers of this compound, alpha
      tocopherol accumulation was negatively affected by environmentally induced higher
      photosystem II efficiency (Fv /Fm ). On the other hand, beta-carotene
      accumulation was positively affected by higher Fv /Fm in N. spumigena KAC 7, P.
      tricornutum KAC 37, D. tertiolecta SCCAP K-0591 and R. salina SCCAP K-0294. These
      different patterns in the synthesis of the two compounds may be explained by
      their different locations and functions in the cell. While alpha-tocopherol is
      heavily involved in the protection of prevention of lipid peroxidation in
      membranes, beta-carotene performs immediate photo-oxidative protection in the
      antennae complex of photosystem II. Overall, our results suggest a high
      variability in the antioxidant pool of natural aquatic ecosystems, which can be
      subject to short-term temperature, photon flux density and salinity fluctuations.
      The antioxidant levels in natural phytoplankton communities depend on species
      composition, the physiological condition of the species, and their respective
      strategies to deal with reactive oxygen species. Since alpha-tocopherol and beta
      carotene, as well as many other nonenzymatic antioxidants, are exclusively
      produced by photo-synthetic organisms, and are required by higher trophic levels
      through dietary intake, regime shifts in the phytoplankton as a result of large
      scale environmental changes, such as climate change, may have serious
      consequences for aquatic food webs. 

PMID- 26988460
TI  - Misleading morphologies and the importance of sequencing type specimens for
      resolving coralline taxonomy (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): Pachyarthron cretaceum
      is Corallina officinalis.
AB  - Coralline red algae play a key role in the ecology of near shore marine
      ecosystems and are increasingly being used to study the effects of climate change
      in the marine environment. Corallines are very difficult to identify to species,
      and even to genus, using morpho-anatomy, likely complicating studies of their
      ecology, physiology, and biodiversity. We sequenced a 296 base pair fragment of
      chloroplast DNA from a 187-year-old isolectotype specimen of Pachyarthron
      cretaceum, a morphologically distinct geniculate species, to demonstrate that
      coralline morphology is often misleading and that species names can only be
      applied unequivocally by comparing DNA sequences from type material with
      sequences from field-collected specimens. Our results indicate that Pachyarthron
      cretaceum is synonymous with Corallina officinalis. 

PMID- 26988461
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 26988462
TI  - Rich Janus colloid phase behavior under steady shear.
AB  - We study the assembly of single-patch colloidal Janus particles under steady
      shear flow via Brownian dynamics simulations. In the absence of flow, by varying
      the Janus patch size and the range and strength of the anisotropic interaction
      potential, Janus colloids form different aggregates such as micelles, wormlike
      clusters, vesicles and lamellae. Under shear flow we observe rearrangement,
      deformation, and break-up of aggregates. At small and intermediate Peclet (Pe)
      numbers-the ratio between shear and Brownian forces-the competition between
      rearrangement, deformation, and break-up favors the growth of micelles and
      vesicles increasing mean cluster size, which is consistent with a previous
      numerical study of Janus particles under shear. This initial shear-induced growth
      causes micelles and vesicles to reach a maximum cluster size at Pe ~ 1 and Pe ~
      10, respectively. After this growth micelles dissociate continuously to reach a
      dilute colloidal "gas phase" at Pe ~ 10 while vesicles dissociate into micelles
      with high aspect ratio at Pe ~ 10 and finally break-up into a gas phase at Pe ~
      30. Wormlike clusters initially break-up into micelles with high aspect ratio at
      Pe ~ 0.1, and proceed to finally reach a gas phase at Pe ~ 10. Lamellae initially
      break into smaller lamellae that align with the flow in the velocity-velocity
      gradient plane and finally break-up into a gas phase at Pe ~ 100. The different
      cluster sizes and morphologies observed as functions of interaction range, Janus
      patch size, interaction strength, and shear rate, open new actuation routes for
      reconfigurable materials and applications.

PMID- 26988463
TI  - Transoral Surgery or Radiotherapy for Oropharyngeal Carcinoma - Is It Either
      Or...?
AB  - The management of oropharyngeal carcinoma represents an increasing clinical
      challenge, because of its rising incidence, particularly in younger patients as a
      result of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and because significant
      technological advances have occurred in radiotherapy and surgery over the last 10
      years that have increased treatment options for patients, with little robust
      evidence yet of their relative merits. As a result, there is a lack of clinical
      consensus on the optimum treatment modality, reflected in wide variation in
      practice between different cancer networks across the UK. Here, we consider the
      evidence base for minimally invasive transoral surgery and for intensity
      modulated radiotherapy-based primary treatment for oropharyngeal cancer, in terms
      of both oncological and functional outcomes. Management strategies for HPV
      positive and HPV-negative disease, and for different stages of the disease, are
      considered. There is currently an unparalleled opportunity to shape the future
      management of oropharyngeal cancer, which is dependent on recruiting patients to
      ongoing clinical trials, in order to build an evidence base to support a clinical
      consensus on the optimal treatment strategies. It appears likely that future
      evidence-based decision-making will use both primary radiotherapy and primary
      surgical treatment modalities to maximise patient benefit.

PMID- 26988464
TI  - Non-Arbitrariness in Mapping Word Form to Meaning: Cross-Linguistic Formal
      Markers of Word Concreteness.
AB  - Arbitrary symbolism is a linguistic doctrine that predicts an orthogonal
      relationship between word forms and their corresponding meanings. Recent corpora
      analyses have demonstrated violations of arbitrary symbolism with respect to
      concreteness, a variable characterizing the sensorimotor salience of a word. In
      addition to qualitative semantic differences, abstract and concrete words are
      also marked by distinct morphophonological structures such as length and
      morphological complexity. Native English speakers show sensitivity to these
      markers in tasks such as auditory word recognition and naming. One unanswered
      question is whether this violation of arbitrariness reflects an idiosyncratic
      property of the English lexicon or whether word concreteness is a marked
      phenomenon across other natural languages. We isolated concrete and abstract
      English nouns (N = 400), and translated each into Russian, Arabic, Dutch,
      Mandarin, Hindi, Korean, Hebrew, and American Sign Language. We conducted offline
      acoustic analyses of abstract and concrete word length discrepancies across
      languages. In a separate experiment, native English speakers (N = 56) with no
      prior knowledge of these foreign languages judged concreteness of these nouns
      (e.g., Can you see, hear, feel, or touch this? Yes/No). Each naive participant
      heard pre-recorded words presented in randomized blocks of three foreign
      languages following a brief listening exposure to a narrative sample from each
      respective language. Concrete and abstract words differed by length across five
      of eight languages, and prediction accuracy exceeded chance for four of eight
      languages. These results suggest that word concreteness is a marked phenomenon
      across several of the world's most widely spoken languages. We interpret these
      findings as supportive of an adaptive cognitive heuristic that allows listeners
      to exploit non-arbitrary mappings of word form to word meaning.

PMID- 26988465
TI  - Correlation between FIX genotype and pharmacokinetics of Nonacog alpha according
      to a multicentre Italian study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on recombinant FIX concentrate,
      Nonacog alpha, were conducted with different sampling time designs which gave
      rise to not complete and homogenous outcomes. In addition, patient's FIX
      genotype/PK relationship has never been investigated. AIM: Investigate how
      different sampling times may affect PK parameters and try to find a FIX
      genotype/PK relationship. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort pharmacokinetic, Nonacog
      Alpha single-dose, open-label, non-comparative study was conducted in eight
      Comprehensive Care Haemophilia Centres in Italy. Seventeen previously treated
      moderate or severe haemophilia B patients were enrolled. Factors IX:C one-stage
      clotting assay, FIX genotype and PK analysis were centralized. RESULTS: The
      evaluation of PK outcomes showed a quite long half-life, smaller clearance and
      volume of distribution of Nonacog Alpha in comparison with the results from
      previously reported studies, where blood sampling was stopped too early. The
      relationship between PK outcomes and FIX genotype showed that small deletions
      displayed the higher clearance and shorter half-life, the nonsense mutations (the
      lower and the longer respectively), and missense mutations were in between.
      CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that area under the curve (AUC) and other PK
      parameters depend from the sampling time design. In order to have a complete
      evaluation of clotting factors in vivo decay, blood samples must be collected
      until the baseline factor concentration has been achieved again. Due to the
      relationship between FIX genotype and clearance, tailored prophylaxis of HB
      patients could be partially predicted by genotyping.

PMID- 26988467
TI  - Short lasting transient effects of a capsaicin 8% patch on nociceptor activation
      in humans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: At high concentration, the TRPV-1 agonist capsaicin de-sensitizes
      nociceptors and reduces the intra-epidermal nerve density. METHODS: We
      investigated the effects of a 5 * 10 cm capsaicin 8% patch on C- and A-delta
      nociceptor activation in ten healthy subjects before and at days 1-3-7-21 after
      patch application. Thermal thresholds, infrared thulium-YAG laser-evoked
      potentials (LEP) and heat pain (numeric rating scale, NRS, 0-10), electrically
      induced pain (10 pulses, 1.5-fold pain threshold intensity, five randomized
      series of 5-10-20-50-100 Hz), and axon-reflex flare (laser Doppler imaging) were
      recorded. RESULTS: Thermal hypoesthesia developed upon capsaicin 8% treatment.
      Warmth detection thresholds increased at day 1-3, heat pain thresholds were
      increased by about 2.6  degrees C after day 3, and laser-evoked heat pain
      remained significantly reduced for 7 days. Axon-reflex flare responses (days 1
      3), but not supra-threshold electrically induced pain were significantly reduced
      by the capsaicin patch. CONCLUSIONS: Axonal nociceptor function assessed by
      electrical excitability tests supplements threshold tests of nociceptive endings.
      The differential analgesic effects of 8% capsaicin patches may be attributed to
      the kinetics of capsaicin and the different depth of nociceptive nerve fibres,
      yet, the time course does not match the long-lasting analgesia observed in
      neuropathic pain patients treated with the same patch. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?:
      Axonal nociceptor function assessed by supra-threshold electrical excitability
      tests did not coincide with capsaicin-induced transduction changes supplementing
      threshold measures of terminal nociceptor endings. Threshold measurements do not
      reflect the sustained effect of pain relief seen in neuropathic pain patients.
      Capsaicin-sensitive nociceptors responsible for spontaneous pain are either not
      specifically tested with currently available sensory stimulation protocols or
      have higher capsaicin sensitivity or slower recovery under neuropathic
      conditions.

PMID- 26988466
TI  - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure influence the expression of
      glutamate transporter GLT-1 in C6 glioma cells via the Ca(2+) /protein kinase C
      pathway.
AB  - The widespread environmental contaminant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD), is considered one of the most toxic dioxin-like compounds. Although
      epidemiological studies have shown that TCDD exposure is linked to some
      neurological and neurophysiological disorders, the underlying mechanism of TCDD
      mediated neurotoxicity has remained unclear. Astrocytes are the most abundant
      cells in the nervous systems, and are recognized as the important mediators of
      normal brain functions as well as neurological, neurodevelopmental and
      neurodegenerative brain diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TCDD
      in regulating the expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in astrocytes. TCDD,
      at concentrations of 0.1-100 nm, had no significantly harmful effect on the
      viability of C6 glioma cells. However, the expression of GLT-1 in C6 glioma cells
      was downregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TCDD also caused
      activation of protein kinase C (PKC), as TCDD induced translocation of the PKC
      from the cytoplasm or perinuclear to the membrane. The translocation of PKC was
      inhibited by one Ca(2+) blocker, nifedipine, suggesting that the effects are
      triggered by the initial elevated intracellular concentration of free Ca(2+) .
      Finally, we showed that inhibition of the PKC activity reverses the TCDD
      triggered reduction of GLT-1. In summary, our results suggested that TCDD
      exposure could downregulate the expression of GLT-1 in C6 via Ca(2+) /PKC
      pathway. The downregulation of GLT-1 might participate in TCDD-mediated
      neurotoxicity. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988468
TI  - Effect of apotransferrin, lactoferrin and ovotransferrin on the hydroxyl radical
      mediated degradation of beta-glucan.
AB  - Beta-glucan is a polysaccharide widely accepted and used as a functional
      ingredient due to its positive effects on human health. However, beta-glucan is
      readily degraded in aqueous systems in presence of a hydroxyl radical generating
      system such as ascorbic/iron(II). In the present study, we tested whether iron
      binding proteins; apotransferrin, lactoferrin and ovotransferrin; could prevent
      the hydroxyl radical mediated degradation of beta-glucan. The radical formation
      was investigated by ESR spectroscopy and the polysaccharide degradation was
      monitored by the viscosity loss of the solutions. Apo-transferrin increased the
      formation of hydroxyl radicals and this related with a faster degradation of beta
      glucan. Lactoferrin did not have any effect on the ascorbate induced degradation
      of beta-glucan, whereas ovotransferrin completely inhibited the hydroxyl radical
      generation by a system containing ascorbic acid and iron(II). However, the
      presence of ovotransferrin in beta-glucan decreased the viscosity of the
      solution, which was accompanied by the apparition of a precipitate, indicating a
      potential interaction between the protein and beta-glucan. FT-IR analyses
      indicate the presence of beta-glucan and ovotransferrin in both precipitate and
      supernatant, as well as the occurrence of interactions between the two compounds.
      This study reveals that ovotransferrin is a promising candidate for inhibiting
      the formation of ascorbate/iron(II) induced hydroxyl radicals in beta-glucan
      solutions.

PMID- 26988469
TI  - Fast, cross cultivar determination of total carotenoids in intact carrot tissue
      by Raman spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares calibration.
AB  - In order to speed up the breeding of orange carrots for high carotenoid content
      it is imperative to develop a fast and non-destructive technique. 332 roots from
      86 carrot varieties grown in 2014 at the experimental farm in Hoje Taastrup (DK)
      form the basis of this study. All roots were measured by Raman spectroscopy. The
      carotenoid content of the very same roots was estimated through a wet chemistry
      method coupled with UV-VIS at 447nm and 540nm. For the Raman spectroscopy,
      measurements were made on a cross section disk approximately 10cm from the root
      top at three different positions in the phloem. Since the top of the carrot is
      intact, it may still be used for growing. The final calibration model shows an
      uncertainty (RMSECV) of 20.5ppm, and a R(2)=0.86. It has thus proven to be well
      suited for prediction of carotenoids in orange carrots, and especially for
      ranking them according to the content.

PMID- 26988470
TI  - High variability in flavonoid contents and composition between different North
      European currant (Ribes spp.) varieties.
AB  - This study provides information on the variation of anthocyanin and flavonol
      contents and composition in 32 black and 12 redcurrant varieties, as well as
      flavonol contents and composition in two green-fruited blackcurrant (green
      currant) and one white currant varieties conserved in a national ex situ
      germplasm field collection in Finland, North Europe. Flavonols were analysed as
      aglycones and anthocyanins as authentic compounds using HPLC methods. In
      blackcurrants, total anthocyanin content varied 1260-2878mg/100g dry weight and
      total flavonol content 43.6-89.9mg/100g dry weight. In redcurrants, the content
      of anthocyanins and flavonols varied 138-462mg/100g dry weight and from not
      detectable to 17.7mg/100g dry weight, respectively. The green currants contained
      flavonols 26.1 and 15.4mg/100g dry weight, while in the white variety no
      flavonols were detected. A positive correlation was found between the total
      content of anthocyanins and flavonols in both black and redcurrants. Berry size
      was negatively related to the flavonoid content in redcurrants but not in
      blackcurrants. The results revealed that some old varieties may be of particular
      interest when high contents or special composition of flavonoids are desired.

PMID- 26988471
TI  - Stability of added and in situ-produced vitamin B12 in breadmaking.
AB  - Vitamin B12 exists naturally in foods of animal origin and is synthesised only by
      certain bacteria. New food sources are needed to ensure vitamin B12 intake in
      risk groups. This study aimed to investigate the stability of added
      cyanocobalamin (CNCbl, chemically modified form) and hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl,
      natural form) and in situ-synthesised vitamin B12 in breadmaking. Samples were
      analysed both with a microbiological (MBA) and a liquid chromatographic (UHPLC)
      method to test applicability of these two methods. Proofing did not affect CNCbl
      and OHCbl levels. By contrast, 21% and 31% of OHCbl was lost in oven-baking steps
      in straight- and sponge-dough processes, respectively, whereas CNCbl remained
      almost stable. In sourdough baking, 23% of CNCbl and 44% of OHCbl were lost. In
      situ-produced vitamin B12 was almost as stable as added CNCbl and more stable
      than OHCbl. The UHPLC method showed its superiority to the MBA in determining the
      active vitamin B12.

PMID- 26988472
TI  - Bioactive compounds contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities during
      ripening of Prunus persica L. varieties from the North West of Tunisia.
AB  - Bioactive molecules from fruits of four varieties of Prunus persica at different
      stages of ripening (green, small orange, red) were studied. For example, contents
      on polyphenols (20.36mg GAE/g FW) and flavonoids (0.764mg RE/g FW) were high and
      varied according variety. The antioxidant activity, using four different tests
      (DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, beta carotene bleaching system
      and TBARS assay) showed that the variety Chatos exhibited the highest antioxidant
      activity comparing with others varieties. The antibacterial activity of Prunus
      persica varieties studied seems to be more sensitive against Staphylococcus
      aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The capacity of peach DMSO extracts to inhibit
      Candida albicans growth was more pronounced, especially, in the presence of
      Chatos DMSO extract. Enzymes inhibition gives results which correlate with
      polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins contents, and so, confirm the
      fascinating bioactivity of this fruit.

PMID- 26988473
TI  - Chemical profile of mango (Mangifera indica L.) using electrospray ionisation
      mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
AB  - Mangifera indica L., mango fruit, is consumed as a dietary supplement with
      purported health benefits; it is widely used in the food industry. Herein, the
      chemical profile of the Uba mango at four distinct maturation stages was
      evaluated during the process of growth and maturity using negative-ion mode
      electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass
      spectrometry (ESI(-)FT-ICR MS) and physicochemical characterisation analysis
      (total titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/TA ratio, and
      total polyphenolic content). Primary (organic acids and sugars) and secondary
      metabolites (polyphenolic compounds) were mostly identified in the third
      maturation stage, thus indicating the best stage for harvesting and consuming the
      fruit. In addition, the potential cancer chemoprevention of the secondary
      metabolites (phenolic extracts obtained from mango samples) was evaluated using
      the induction of quinone reductase activity, concluding that fruit polyphenols
      have the potential for cancer chemoprevention.

PMID- 26988474
TI  - Structure and IgE-binding properties of alpha-casein treated by high hydrostatic
      pressure, UV-C, and far-IR radiations.
AB  - alpha-Casein was treated by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), UV-C, or far-IR
      (FIR). These treatments increased roughness, alpha-helicity, and beta-turn, but
      decreased beta-sheet and IgE-binding reactivity. One 5-min cycle at 600-MPa
      pressure caused maximum alpha-helicity, beta-turn, and surface hydrophobicity
      (Ho), but minimum stimulated intestinal fluid from alpha-casein. UV-C (15min)
      produced the maximum kurtosis, free sulfhydryl content (FSC), and stimulated
      intestinal fluid, minimum Ho, R, and simulated gastric fluid. FIR (15min) caused
      the minimum alpha-helicity and FSC, but maximum R and beta-sheet. The NMR peaks
      of the main allergenic characteristics affected were 15-17, 23-26, 40, 53, 59 and
      85-88, respectively. Generally, all treatments decreased the allergenicity of
      alpha-casein by modifying its morphology, ultrastructure, characteristic domains,
      and peptides. Based on the stimulated digestion tests, UV-C (15min) was more
      efficient for lowering alpha-casein allergenicity, thus decreasing the
      allergenicity of milk.

PMID- 26988475
TI  - Solid-phase extraction of flavonoids in honey samples using carbamate-embedded
      triacontyl-modified silica sorbent.
AB  - In this study, carbamate-embedded triacontyl-modified silica (Sil-CBM-C30) is
      successfully prepared and used as an efficient sorbent for solid-phase
      extraction. The extraction performance of the resultant sorbent is evaluated with
      five flavonoids including myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol and
      isorhamnetin. Main parameters, which affect extraction efficiencies, are
      carefully investigated and optimized. Comparative experiments between Sil-CBM-C30
      and commercial C18 sorbents indicate that the extraction efficiencies of the
      former one surpass the latter one. The modification of carbamate-embedded
      triacontyl group on surface of silica causes analytes extracted by hydrophobic,
      hydrogen bonding and pi-pi interactions. Under optimal conditions, good
      linearities and satisfied LODs and LOQs are achieved. The SPE-HPLC-DAD method is
      successfully developed and applied for the honey sample analysis.

PMID- 26988476
TI  - Pressurized liquid extraction of Aglaonema sp. iminosugars: Chemical composition,
      bioactivity, cell viability and thermal stability.
AB  - Pressurized liquid extraction of Aglaonema sp. iminosugars has been optimized. A
      single cycle under optimal conditions (80mg, 100 degrees C, 2min) was enough to
      extract ?96% of most iminosugars. Further incubation with Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae for 5h removed coextracted interfering low molecular weight
      carbohydrates from extracts of different Aglaonema cultivars. A complete
      characterization of these extracts was carried out by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry: three iminosugars were tentatively identified for the first time;
      alpha-homonojirimycin and 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-mannitol were the major
      iminosugars determined. alpha-Glucosidase inhibition activity, cell viability and
      thermal stability of Aglaonema extracts were also evaluated. Extracts with IC50
      for alpha-glucosidase activity in the 0.010-0.079mgmL(-1) range showed no
      decrease of Caco-2 cell viability at concentrations lower than 125MUgmL(-1) and
      were stable at 50 degrees C for 30days. These results highlight the potential of
      Aglaonema extracts as a source of bioactives to be used as functional
      ingredients.

PMID- 26988477
TI  - Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of phenolic compounds and
      anthocyanins from blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) wine pomace.
AB  - Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of total anthocyanins (TA) and phenolics
      (TP) from Blueberry Wine Pomace (BWP) was optimized using Response Surface
      Methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was used to predict that the optimized
      conditions were an extraction temperature of 61.03 degrees C, a liquid-solid
      ratio of 21.70mL/g and a sonication time of 23.67min. Using the modeled optimized
      conditions, the predicted and experimental yields of TA and TP were within a 2%
      difference. The yields of TA and TP obtained through the optimized UAE method
      were higher than those using a Conventional Solvent Extraction (CSE) method.
      Seven anthocyanins, namely delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphindin-3-O-arabinoside,
      petunidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside,
      malvidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-arabinoside, were found in the BWP
      extract from both the UAE and CSE methods.

PMID- 26988479
TI  - Oligosaccharide formation during commercial pear juice processing.
AB  - The effect of enzyme treatment and processing on the oligosaccharide profile of
      commercial pear juice samples was examined by high performance anion exchange
      chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and capillary gas
      chromatography with flame ionization detection. Industrial samples representing
      the major stages of processing produced with various commercial enzyme
      preparations were studied. Through the use of commercially available standards
      and laboratory scale enzymatic hydrolysis of pectin, starch and xyloglucan;
      galacturonic acid oligomers, glucose oligomers (e.g., maltose and cellotriose)
      and isoprimeverose were identified as being formed during pear juice production.
      It was found that the majority of polysaccharide hydrolysis and oligosaccharide
      formation occurred during enzymatic treatment at the pear mashing stage and that
      the remaining processing steps had minimal impact on the carbohydrate-based
      chromatographic profile of pear juice. Also, all commercial enzyme preparations
      and conditions (time and temperature) studied produced similar carbohydrate-based
      chromatographic profiles.

PMID- 26988478
TI  - Development of alginate microspheres containing thyme essential oil using ionic
      gelation.
AB  - Essential oils are a good antimicrobial and antioxidant agent alternative in
      human or animal feed. However, their direct use has several disadvantages such as
      volatilization or oxidation. The development of essential oil microspheres may
      help to avoid these problems. The objective of the present research was to
      microencapsulate thyme essential oil by generating emulsions with different
      dispersion degrees. The emulsions were encapsulated in calcium-alginate
      microspheres by ionic gelation. The microspheres were evaluated regarding size,
      shape, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and antimicrobial properties.
      The results indicate that encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity are
      dependent on concentration and degree of dispersion. The best encapsulation
      conditions were obtained at 2% v/v of thyme essential oil with a high dispersion
      degree (18,000rpm/5min), which was achieved with an efficiency of 85%. Finally,
      the microspheres obtained showed significant antimicrobial effect, especially in
      gram-positive bacteria.

PMID- 26988480
TI  - Contents and compositions of policosanols in green tea (Camellia sinensis)
      leaves.
AB  - Policosanol (PC) is a mixture of health promoting bioactive long-chain aliphatic
      alcohols. Here, we report that green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves are the
      exceptionally rich plant-sources of PC. Young and tender leaves and old and turf
      leaves of C. sinensis were hand-picked in spring and autumn. The total contents
      of PC in the leaves were in the range of 726.2-1363.6mg/kg as determined by a GC
      MS/MS. The compositions of PC in the leaves were different with harvest season
      and types. The total contents of PC in commercial green tea leaves were found to
      be in the range of 856.7-1435.1mg/kg. Interestingly, the infused green tea leaves
      contained the higher PC than the non-infused green tea product, reaching to
      1629.4mg/kg. This represents the first report on the contents and compositions of
      PC in green tea leaves, showing unambiguous evidence of their potential as rich
      sources of PC.

PMID- 26988481
TI  - (1)H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics evaluation of non-thermal processing of
      orange juice.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of atmospheric cold plasma and ozone treatments
      on the key compounds (sugars, amino acids and short chain organic acids) in
      orange juice by NMR and chemometric analysis. The juice was directly and
      indirectly exposed to atmospheric cold plasma field at 70kV for different
      treatment time (15, 30, 45 and 60sec). For ozone processing different loads were
      evaluated. The Principal Component Analysis shown that the groups of compounds
      are affected differently depending on the processing. The ozone was the
      processing that more affected the aromatic compounds and atmospheric cold plasma
      processing affected more the aliphatic compounds. However, these variations did
      not result in significant changes in orange juice composition as a whole. Thus,
      NMR data and chemometrics were suitable to follow quality changes in orange juice
      processing by atmospheric cold plasma and ozone.

PMID- 26988482
TI  - Laboratory to pilot scale: Microwave extraction for polyphenols lettuce.
AB  - Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) technique has been applied to pilot
      scale solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of polyphenols from Lettuce
      sativa. Following the dictates of green extraction and with the aim to save time
      and energy, the lab-scale knowledge on SFME was exploited for the development of
      a pilot-scale process. The investigation entailed the optimization of all main
      parameters (temperature, time, extracted water volume, etc.) and we showed that
      the polyphenols composition profile under SFME was similar to the classic methods
      though a bit lower in total content. The energy consumption in the optimized
      procedure (30min) was 1W/g of fresh matrix.

PMID- 26988483
TI  - Enzymatic milk clotting activity in artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves and alpine
      thistle (Carduus defloratus) flowers. Immobilization of alpine thistle aspartic
      protease.
AB  - Two different milk clotting enzymes, belonging to the aspartic protease family,
      were extracted from both artichoke leaves and alpine thistle flowers, and the
      latter was covalently immobilized by using a polyacrylic support containing polar
      epoxy groups. Our findings showed that the alpine thistle aspartic protease was
      successfully immobilized at pH 7.0 on Immobeads IB-150P beads and that, under
      these experimental conditions, an immobilization yield of about 68% and a
      recovery of about 54% were obtained. Since the enzyme showed an optimal pH of
      5.0, a value very similar to the one generally used for milk clotting during
      cheese making, and exhibited a satisfactory stability over time, the use of such
      immobilized vegetable rennet for the production of novel dairy products is
      suggested.

PMID- 26988484
TI  - The use of delta(2)H and delta(18)O isotopic analyses combined with chemometrics
      as a traceability tool for the geographical origin of bell peppers.
AB  - Two approaches were investigated to discriminate between bell peppers of
      different geographic origins. Firstly, delta(18)O fruit water and corresponding
      source water were analyzed and correlated to the regional GNIP (Global Network of
      Isotopes in Precipitation) values. The water and GNIP data showed good
      correlation with the pepper data, with constant isotope fractionation of about 
      4. Secondly, compound-specific stable hydrogen isotope data was used for
      classification. Using n-alkane fingerprinting data, both linear discriminant
      analysis (LDA) and a likelihood-based classification, using the kernel-density
      smoothed data, were developed to discriminate between peppers from different
      origins. Both methods were evaluated using the delta(2)H values and n-alkanes
      relative composition as variables. Misclassification rates were calculated using
      a Monte-Carlo 5-fold cross-validation procedure. Comparable overall
      classification performance was achieved, however, the two methods showed
      sensitivity to different samples. The combined values of delta(2)H IRMS, and
      complimentary information regarding the relative abundance of four main alkanes
      in bell pepper fruit water, has proven effective for geographic origin
      discrimination. Evaluation of the rarity of observing particular ranges for these
      characteristics could be used to make quantitative assertions regarding
      geographic origin of bell peppers and, therefore, have a role in verifying
      compliance with labeling of geographical origin.

PMID- 26988485
TI  - Absolute quantification of Pru av 2 in sweet cherry fruit by liquid
      chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with the use of a stable isotope-labelled
      peptide.
AB  - Pru av 2, a pathogenesis-related (PR) protein present in the sweet cherry (Prunus
      avium L.) fruit, is the principal allergen of cherry and one of the chief causes
      of pollen food syndrome (oral allergy syndrome). In this study, a quantitative
      assay for this protein was developed with the use of the protein absolute
      quantification (AQUA) method, which consists of liquid chromatography/tandem mass
      spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) employing TGC[CAM]STDASGK[(13)C6,(15)N2], a stable
      isotope-labelled internal standard (SIIS) peptide. This assay gave a linear
      relationship (r(2)>0.99) in a concentration range (2.3-600fmol/MUL), and the
      overall coefficient of variation (CV) for multiple tests was 14.6%. Thus, the
      contents of this allergenic protein in sweet cherry products could be determined
      using this assay. This assay should be valuable for allergological investigations
      of Pru av 2 in sweet cherry and detection of protein contamination in foods.

PMID- 26988486
TI  - Magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction as a novel
      technique for the determination of estrogens in pork samples.
AB  - A simple and rapid magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based dispersive micro-solid
      phase extraction (D-MU-SPE) method coupled with HPLC-DAD has been proposed for
      simultaneous determination of three estrogens (17beta-estradiol (E2), estrone
      (E1) and diethylstilbestrol (DES)) in pork samples. In this paper, the synthesis
      of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated Fe3O4@caprylic acid NPs as an
      efficient sorbent for its high surface area, excellent adsorption capacity, good
      dispersion ability and high super-paramagnetic property was successfully applied
      to adsorb estrogens. Vortex was used to enhance mass transfer rate as it provided
      mild and effective mixing of sample solution and increased the contact between
      analytes and MNPs. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were
      investigated in detail. The dosages of sorbent and eluate are 100MUL and 500MUL,
      respectively. The extraction equilibrium was achieved within 2min and the MNPs
      can be reused. The proposed technique provided high recoveries (93.3-106.7%),
      good linearity (0.9993-0.9999), low LODs (0.021-0.033ngmL(-1)) and repeatability
      (RSD%=1.87-2.92).

PMID- 26988487
TI  - The antioxidant potential of the New Zealand surf clams.
AB  - The antioxidant action of three New Zealand surf clams was evaluated for the
      first time. Aqueous (cd) and ethanolic extracts from Diamond shell - Crassula
      aequilatera, Storm shell - Mactra murchisoni, and Tua tua - Paphies donacina were
      studied for their antioxidant potentials using two in vitro assays. The ethanolic
      extracts were further fractioned into four parts; petroleum ether (pe), ethyl
      acetate (ea), n-butanol (nb), and the final aqueous fraction (w). Comparing among
      all fractions tested, the ea fraction of P. donacina showed the strongest free
      radical scavenging power, with a radical scavenging activity of 76.14% at
      20MUg/mL. The ea fraction of C. aequilatera had the highest copper reducing
      activity with an absorbance of 1.596 at 20MUg/mL. Results from this study suggest
      that some bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant effects may exist in
      the New Zealand surf clams, and could potentially reduce oxidative stress to
      deliver health benefits or to produce functional foods.

PMID- 26988488
TI  - Antioxidant capacities and anthocyanin characteristics of the black-red wild
      berries obtained in Northeast China.
AB  - Various edible berries widely accessible in nature in Northeast China are poorly
      exploited. The compositions and contents of anthocyanins in black (Padus maackii,
      Padus avium, Lonicera caerulea, and Ribes nigrum) and red (Ribes rubrum, Sambucus
      williamsii, Rubus idaeus, and Ribes procumbens) wild berries in Northeast China
      were firstly characterized by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS(2). Twenty-three anthocyanins were
      detected and identified. Cyanidin glycosides were dominant in both berries. Six
      anthocyanins were reported for the first time in P. avium, R. rubrum, and
      Sambucus. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) ranged from 10mg/100gfreshweight (FW)
      (R. procumbens) to 1058mg/100gFW (P. maackii) among berries. The TACs and
      antioxidant activities assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays were much higher in black
      than in red berries. Black-red berries, especially P. maackii and P. avium, can
      be used in developing functional foods and in improving breeding programs.

PMID- 26988489
TI  - Development of a low resolution (1)H NMR spectroscopic technique for the study of
      matrix mobility in fresh and freeze-thawed hen egg yolk.
AB  - Three experiments were conducted in developing a low resolution proton nuclear
      magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopic technique to study matrix mobility in
      fresh and freeze-thawed gelled yolk. The Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG)
      sequence was used to measure spin-spin relaxation times of proton pools
      representing major yolk constituents. A component identification test
      distinguished 3-4 pools. The least mobile pool was assigned to proteins, protein
      lipid and protein-water interactions, and the most mobile to unbound water. The
      remaining pools were assigned to lipids, lipid-protein and lipid-water
      interactions. A stability test indicated that yolk had varied matrix mobility
      within the same sample across five days of refrigeration storage. A
      reproducibility test demonstrated high repeatability of fresh yolk measurements,
      but significant differences (p<0.05) were found within gelled yolk samples. This
      research determined that (1)H NMR spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, can
      identify yolk components and detect changes in the matrix.

PMID- 26988490
TI  - Application of ionic liquids for elution of bioactive flavonoid glycosides from
      lime fruit by miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion.
AB  - In this work, two flavonoid glycosides (neohesperidin and naringin) in lime fruit
      were effectively extracted by miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD),
      followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. The
      best results were obtained using Florisil (150mg) as the sorbent and 1-butyl-3
      methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (0.4mL, 250mM) as the elution solvent. This
      work represents the first attempt of using ionic liquids as a green eluent for
      extraction of the investigated compounds in miniaturized MSPD. Compared with the
      conventional methods, the proposed method is advantageous due to improved
      enrichment factor and reduced reagent consumption. A good linearity was observed
      with r(2) values (>0.998). Meanwhile, the method gave acceptable recoveries
      (90.16-96.47%) for the determination of flavonoids in plant samples. The limits
      of detection of the two analytes ranged between 4.08 and 5.04MUg/g. The results
      showed that the optimized method has a great potential for sample preparation in
      routine analysis of complex plant samples.

PMID- 26988491
TI  - Polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant and antiradical activity of Italian berries
      from Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp. gaultherioides
      (Bigelow) S.B. Young.
AB  - Total soluble polyphenols (TSP), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), radical
      scavenging activity (RSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and a number
      of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavanols, dihydrochalcones and
      flavonols were investigated in Tuscan bilberry (i.e. Vaccinium myrtillus) and
      "false bilberry" (i.e. Vaccinium uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides Bigelow). V.
      myrtillus berries showed much higher TSP, TMA, RSA and FRAP values than V.
      uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides fruits. Moreover, very different profiles of
      individual phenolics were observed in the two species, being V. myrtillus mainly
      characterised by delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides, together with chlorogenic
      acid, and V. uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides dominated by malvidin derivatives
      and flavonols. Strong differences between the two species regarded also
      metabolites investigated herein for the first time, such as scopoletin, which was
      approximately two magnitude orders higher in V. uliginosum subsp. gaultherioides
      than in V. myrtillus berries. Very different abundances were also highlighted for
      cryptochlorogenic acid and quercetin-3-rhamnoside that were about ten-fold higher
      in bilberry than in "false bilberry". When the anthocyanin composition pattern of
      Tuscan "false bilberry" was compared to those elsewhere reported for V.
      uliginosum fruits harvested in different world areas, some important differences
      were observed.

PMID- 26988492
TI  - Chestnut and lemon balm based ingredients as natural preserving agents of the
      nutritional profile in matured "Serra da Estrela" cheese.
AB  - Chestnut flowers, lemon balm plants and their decoctions were incorporated into
      "Serra da Estrela" cheese, to assess their potential to preserve its nutritional
      properties and provide new foodstuffs. The analyses were carried out after the
      normal ripening period of 1month and after 6months of storage. The most abundant
      nutrients were proteins and fats. The most abundant minerals were Ca and Na,
      while C16:0 and C18:1 were the main fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids were the
      most abundant, followed by the monounsaturated. Moisture seemed to be lower in
      the samples with the plants incorporated. The dried plants, when incorporated,
      seemed to be more efficient as preservers then the decoctions, although these
      better preserved the proteins. These plants can be regarded as promising natural
      preservers in foodstuffs cheese, given the preservation of key parameters and the
      slight impact on the nutritional value.

PMID- 26988493
TI  - Co-surfactant free microemulsions: Preparation, characterization and stability
      evaluation for food application.
AB  - The aim of the study is to prepare co-surfactant free microalgal oil
      microemulsions and investigate their properties as well as processing stability
      for food application. The physicochemical characteristics of the microemulsions
      were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), turbidity, conductivity,
      rheological measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Within the
      microemulsion region, when the surfactant to oil ratio was 9:1, the hydrodynamic
      diameter (Dh) was 18nm; when the surfactant to oil ratio was 7.5:1, the
      hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) was 50nm. Rheological studies proved that the
      microemulsion system was a pseudoplastic fluid, which followed a shear thinning
      flow behavior. The loss rate of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was less than 5%wt
      after ultra high temperature (UHT) and high temperature short time (HTST) thermal
      treatments. A high content of CaCl2 (10.0%wt) could not destroy the microemulsion
      system, and it could be stored at 4 degrees C for two years.

PMID- 26988494
TI  - Saffron authentication based on liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass
      spectrometry and multivariate data analysis.
AB  - Saffron is one of the oldest and most expensive spices, which is often target of
      fraudulent activities. In this research, a new strategy of saffron authentication
      based on metabolic fingerprinting was developed. In the first phase, a solid
      liquid extraction procedure was optimized, the main aim was to isolate as maximal
      representation of small molecules contained in saffron as possible. In the second
      step, a detection method based on liquid chromatography coupled with high
      resolution mass spectrometry was developed. Initially, principal component
      analysis (PCA) revealed clear differences between saffron cultivated and packaged
      in Spain, protected designation of origin (PDO), and saffron packaged in Spain of
      unknown origin, labeled Spanish saffron. Afterwards, orthogonal partial least
      square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was favorably used to discriminate between
      Spanish saffron. The tentative identification of markers showed
      glycerophospholipids and their oxidized lipids were significant markers according
      to their origin.

PMID- 26988496
TI  - Certain (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) auto-oxidation products (EAOPs)
      retain the cytotoxic activities of EGCG.
AB  - (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea has anti-cancer effect. The
      cytotoxic actions of EGCG are associated with its auto-oxidation, leading to the
      production of hydrogen peroxide and formation of numerous EGCG auto-oxidation
      products (EAOPs), the structures and bioactivities of them remain largely
      unclear. In the present study, we compared several fundamental properties of EGCG
      and EAOPs, which were prepared using 5mg/mL EGCG dissolved in 200mM phosphate
      buffered saline (pH 8.0 at 37 degrees C) and normal oxygen partial pressure for
      different periods of time. Despite the complete disappearance of EGCG after the 4
      h auto-oxidation, 4-h EAOPs gained an enhanced capacity to deplete cysteine thiol
      groups, and retained the cytotoxic effects of EGCG as well as the capacity to
      produce hydrogen peroxide and inhibit thioredoxin reductase, a putative target
      for cancer prevention and treatment. The results indicate that certain EAOPs
      possess equivalent cytotoxic activities to EGCG, while exhibiting simultaneously
      enhanced capacity for cysteine depletion. These results imply that EGCG and EAOPs
      formed extracellularly function in concert to exhibit cytotoxic effects, which
      previously have been ascribed to EGCG alone.

PMID- 26988495
TI  - Injection-port derivatization coupled to GC-MS/MS for the analysis of
      glycosylated and non-glycosylated polyphenols in fruit samples.
AB  - Polyphenols, including glycosylated polyphenols, were analyzed via a procedure
      based on injection-port derivatization coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The polyphenols in lyophilized fruit samples were
      extracted with an acidified MeOH mixture assisted by ultrasound. Samples were
      dried under vacuum, and carbonyl groups were protected with methoxylamine. Free
      hydroxyl groups were subsequently silylated in-port. Mass fragmentations of 17
      polyphenol and glycosylated polyphenol standards were examined using Multiple
      Reaction Monitoring (MRM) as the acquisition mode. Furthermore, in-port
      derivatization was optimized in terms of optimal injection port temperature,
      derivatization time and sample: N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
      (MSTFA) volume ratio. A C18 solid-phase-extraction clean-up method was used to
      reduce matrix effects and injection liner degradation. Using this clean-up
      method, recoveries for samples spiked at 1 and 10MUg/g ranged from 52% to 98%,
      depending on the chemical compound. Finally, the method was applied to real fruit
      samples containing the target compounds. The complete chromatographic runtime was
      15min, which is faster than reported for recent HPLC methods able to analyze
      similar compounds.

PMID- 26988497
TI  - LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in Turkish black tea:
      Effect of infusion time and temperature.
AB  - The influence of different infusion times and temperatures on phenolic,
      antioxidant, and color properties of black teas (Camellia sinensis L.) was
      investigated in the present study. The teas were prepared using infusion times of
      3, 6, and 10min at 80 and 100 degrees C. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode
      array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI
      MS/MS), whereby the two purine alkaloids were detected using positive ESI, and
      the other 33 phenolic compounds were detected using negative ESI. A total of 35
      phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the tea infusions, with the
      most abundant being gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin-gallate, 4-p-coumaroylquinic
      acid, quercetin-3-O-galactosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl
      rhamnosyl-glucoside, theaflavin, and theobromine. The antioxidant capacity of the
      tea infusions was determined using two different methods: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1
      picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
      acid) assays. DPPH and the ABTS values varied largely among the tea preparations.
      The increment in infusion times and temperature led to increase in the tea's
      antioxidant capacities.

PMID- 26988498
TI  - Effect of protein structure on water and fat distribution during meat gelling.
AB  - Emulsion-type sausages were produced, at 80 degrees C for either 0, 10, 20 or
      30min, using homogeneous Taihu pork batters. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance
      (LF-NMR), with or without deuterium oxide (D2O) substitution, evaluated the
      proton mobility states related to both water and fat molecules, or fat molecules
      only, respectively, in the sausage samples, during heat-induced gelation. The
      decreasing trend in the area proportion of main peak T21, reflected a tighter gel
      structure in emulsion-type sausages. Raman spectra (400-3600cm(-1)) revealed
      decreased alpha-helix, but increased beta-sheet, beta-turns and random coil
      contents, during the gelling process. Moreover, principal component analysis
      (PCA) showed significant correlations between secondary protein structures with
      distribution of water and fat in the gel matrix. Furthermore, this study
      established the relationship of water and fat protons mobility with changes in
      secondary protein structures, and described the critical time of gel formation in
      emulsion-type pork sausages.

PMID- 26988499
TI  - Selenium modification of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) and its biological
      activity.
AB  - beta-Lg is a major whey protein in cow's milk. This study was aimed to find a new
      kind of organic selenium compound synthesized with beta-Lg and selenium dioxide
      as raw materials under the conditions of vacuum and low temperature. Fourier
      transformed infrared spectroscopy revealed that seleno-beta-lactoglobulin (Se
      beta-Lg) displayed a strong band at 878cm(-1), belonging to SeO. Circular
      dichroism spectra results indicated that the conformation of Se-beta-Lg was
      transformed and alpha-helical, and unordered structures were increased by 9% and
      11.2%, respectively, while beta-sheet and beta-turn were reduced by 14.2% and 6%,
      respectively. Electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
      time of flight mass spectrometry results showed that there were two protein bands
      (1-Sebeta-Lg and 2-Sebeta-Lg) in Se-beta-Lg, only one beta-Lg connected with
      selenate in 1-Sebeta-Lg, but two beta-Lgs, connected to each other, and with
      selenate, in 2-Sebeta-Lg. Morphological observation and hematoxylin and eosin
      staining indicated that Se-beta-lg could induce K562 cell apoptosis. These
      results indicated that Se-beta-Lg could be synthesized by selenium conjugating
      beta-Lg and it had antitumor activity.

PMID- 26988501
TI  - Rapid direct analysis to discriminate geographic origin of extra virgin olive
      oils by flash gas chromatography electronic nose and chemometrics.
AB  - At present, the geographical origin of extra virgin olive oils can be ensured by
      documented traceability, although chemical analysis may add information that is
      useful for possible confirmation. This preliminary study investigated the
      effectiveness of flash gas chromatography electronic nose and multivariate data
      analysis to perform rapid screening of commercial extra virgin olive oils
      characterized by a different geographical origin declared in the label. A
      comparison with solid phase micro extraction coupled to gas chromatography mass
      spectrometry was also performed. The new method is suitable to verify the
      geographic origin of extra virgin olive oils based on principal components
      analysis and discriminant analysis applied to the volatile profile of the
      headspace as a fingerprint. The selected variables were suitable in
      discriminating between "100% Italian" and "non-100% Italian" oils. Partial least
      squares discriminant analysis also allowed prediction of the degree of membership
      of unknown samples to the classes examined.

PMID- 26988500
TI  - Multiresidue analysis of sulfonamides, quinolones, and tetracyclines in animal
      tissues by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - A multiresidue method for the efficient identification and quantification of 38
      compounds from 3 different classes of antibiotics (tetracyclines, sulfonamides,
      and quinolones) in animal tissues has been developed. The method optimization
      involved the selection of extraction solutions, comparison of different solid
      phase extraction cartridges and different mobile phases. As a result, the samples
      were extracted with Mcllvaine and phosphate buffers, followed by clean-up step
      based on solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB cartridge. All compounds were
      determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry, in one single injection with a chromatographic run time of only
      9min. The method efficiency was evaluated in 5 tissues including muscle, liver,
      and kidney, and the mean recoveries ranged from 54% to 102%, with inter-day
      relative standard deviation lower than 14%. The limits of quantification were
      between 0.5 and 10MUg/kg, which were satisfactory to support future surveillance
      monitoring. The developed method was applied to the analysis of swine liver and
      chicken samples from local markets, and sulfamethazine was the most commonly
      detected compound in the animal samples, with the highest residue level of
      998MUg/kg.

PMID- 26988502
TI  - Identification of flavonoids from Flammulina velutipes and its neuroprotective
      effect on pheochromocytoma-12 cells.
AB  - The flavonoids from Flammulina velutipes (FVF) were isolated and the chemical
      composition of FVF was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The antioxidant activity and the neuroprotective effect
      against H2O2-induced pheochromocytoma-12 cells (PC12) cytotoxicity of FVF was
      investigated. Six flavonoids from FVF were identified as arbutin, epicatechin,
      phillyrin, apigenin, kaempferol and formononetin. Obtained results suggested that
      FVF possesses strong antioxidant properties in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
      (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical
      scavenging activities as well as reducing power. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with
      FVF significantly increased the survival rate of cells, glutathione level and
      superoxide dismutase activity. Conversely, the pretreatment reduced the release
      of lactate dehydrogenase and the accumulation of both intracellular reactive
      oxygen species and malondialdehyde. These findings collectively suggested that
      the protective effects of FVF against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells as
      well as the potential for neuroprotection of FVF could be due to its antioxidant
      action.

PMID- 26988503
TI  - Optimization of arsenic extraction in rice samples by Plackett-Burman design and
      response surface methodology.
AB  - Statistical experimental designs were employed to optimize the extraction
      condition of arsenic species (As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and
      dimethylarsonic acid (DMA)) in paddy rice by a simple solvent extraction using
      water as an extraction reagent. The effect of variables were estimated by a two
      level Plackett-Burman factorial design. A five-level central composite design was
      subsequently employed to optimize the significant factors. The desirability
      parameters of the significant factors were confirmed to 60min of shaking time and
      85 degrees C of extraction temperature by compromising the experimental period
      and extraction efficiency. The analytical performances, such as linearity, method
      detection limits, relative standard deviation and recovery were examined, and
      these data exhibited broad linear range, high sensitivity and good precision. The
      proposed method was applied for real rice samples. The species of As(III), As(V)
      and DMA were detected in all the rice samples mostly in the order
      As(III)>As(V)>DMA.

PMID- 26988504
TI  - Combination of solid-phase extraction with dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction followed by GC-MS for determination of pesticide residues from
      water, milk, honey and fruit juice.
AB  - In this work, an effective preconcentration method for the extraction and
      determination of traces of multi-residue pesticides was developed using solid
      phase extraction (SPE) coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Variables affecting the performance
      of both extraction steps such as type and volume of elution and extraction
      solvents, breakthrough volume, salt addition, extraction time were thoroughly
      investigated. The proposed method resulted in good linearities (R(2)>0.9915) over
      the ranges of 1-10,000ngkg(-1), limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.5
      1.0ngkg(-1) at S/N=3, and precision of RSD% of ?11.8. Under optimal conditions,
      the preconcentration factors were obtained in the range of 2362-10,593 for 100mL
      sample solutions. Comparison of the proposed method with other ones demonstrated
      that SPE-DLLME method provides higher extraction efficiency and larger
      preconcentration factor for determination of pesticides residues. Further, it is
      simple, inexpensive, highly sensitive, and can be successfully applied to
      separation, preconcentration and determination of the pesticides (and other
      noxious materials) in different real food samples.

PMID- 26988505
TI  - Identification of the bioactive and consensus peptide motif from Momordica
      charantia insulin receptor-binding protein.
AB  - Many food bioactive peptides with diverse functions have been discovered by
      studying plant proteins. We have previously identified a 68-residue insulin
      receptor (IR)-binding protein (mcIRBP) from Momordica charantia that exhibits
      hypoglycemic effects in mice via interaction with IR. By in vitro digestion, we
      found that mcIRBP-19, spanning residues 50-68 of mcIRBP, enhanced the binding of
      insulin to IR, stimulated the phosphorylation of PDK1 and Akt, induced the
      expression of glucose transporter 4, and stimulated both the uptake of glucose in
      cells and the clearance of glucose in diabetic mice. Furthermore, mcIRBP-19
      homologs were present in various plants and shared similar beta-hairpin
      structures and IR kinase-activating abilities to mcIRBP-19. In conclusion, our
      findings suggested that mcIRBP-19 is a blood glucose-lowering bioactive peptide
      that exhibits IR-binding potentials. Moreover, we newly identified novel IR
      binding bioactive peptides in various plants which belonged to different
      taxonomic families.

PMID- 26988506
TI  - Detection of regulated disinfection by-products in cheeses.
AB  - Cheese can contain regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs), mainly through
      contact with brine solutions prepared in disinfected water or sanitisers used to
      clean all contact surfaces, such as processing equipment and tanks. This study
      has focused on the possible presence of up to 10 trihalomethanes (THMs) and 13
      haloacetic acids (HAAs) in a wide range of European cheeses. The study shows that
      2 THMs, (in particular trichloromethane) and 3 HAAs (in particular dichloroacetic
      acid) can be found at MUg/kg levels in the 56 cheeses analysed. Of the two types
      of DBPs, HAAs were generally present at higher concentrations, due to their
      hydrophilic and non-volatile nature. Despite their different nature (THMs are
      lipophilic), both of them have an affinity for fatty cheeses, increasing their
      concentrations as the percentage of water decreased because the DBPs were
      concentrated in the aqueous phase of the cheeses.

PMID- 26988507
TI  - Optimizing elicitation and seed priming to enrich broccoli and radish sprouts in
      glucosinolates.
AB  - Elicitation is a cheaper and socially acceptable tool for improving plant food
      functionality. Our objective was to optimize the treatment doses of the
      elicitors: methyl jasmonate (MeJA), jasmonic acid (JA) and DL-methionine (MET),
      in order to find a successful and feasible treatment to produce broccoli and
      radish sprouts with enhanced levels of health-promoting glucosinolates. Also a
      priming of seeds as a novel strategy to trigger the glucosinolates content was
      carried out with water (control), MeJA (250MUM), JA (250MUM) and MET (10mM)
      before the elicitor exogenous treatment. The results showed that almost all
      treatments could enhance effectively the total glucosinolates content in the
      sprouts, achieving the most significant increases from 34% to 100% of increase in
      broccoli and from 45% to 118% of increase in radish sprouts after MeJA priming
      and treatments. Consequently, our work demonstrates the feasibility of using
      elicitors, such as plant stress hormones, by priming and exogenously, as a way of
      increase the phytochemical profile of these sprouts to enhance their consumption
      in the diet.

PMID- 26988508
TI  - Effects of extrusion conditions on the extrusion responses and the quality of
      brown rice pasta.
AB  - This research investigated the effects of extrusion temperature and screw speed
      on the extrusion system parameters and the qualities of brown rice pasta. The die
      pressure and motor torque value reached a maximum at 90 degrees C but decreased
      when the screw speed increased from 80 to 120rpm. The extrusion temperature and
      screw speed also significantly affected the cooking quality and textural
      properties of brown rice pasta. The pasta produced at an extrusion temperature of
      120 degrees C and screw speed of 120rpm had the best quality with a cooking loss,
      hardness and adhesiveness of 6.7%, 2387.2g and -7.0g?s, respectively, similar to
      those of pasta made from gluten-free flour. The results indicated that brown rice
      can be used to produce gluten-free pasta with improved nutrition.

PMID- 26988509
TI  - Microencapsulation of Nigella sativa oleoresin by spray drying for food and
      nutraceutical applications.
AB  - Oleoresin of Nigella sativa L. (Black cumin) was obtained from the seeds using
      hexane extraction at room temperature. The oleoresin was emulsified in an aqueous
      solution containing gum Arabic/maltodextrin (1:1 w/w) and then encapsulated in
      powder form by spray drying. The characteristics of the obtained powder including
      moisture content, bulk density, wettability, morphology, encapsulation efficiency
      were evaluated. The effect of the spray drying on the chemical composition of the
      volatile oil fraction of N. sativa oleoresin was also evaluated using gas
      chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis. Results indicated that the
      encapsulation efficiency of the whole oleoresin in the powder can range from
      84.2+/-1.5% to 96.2+/-0.2% depending on the conditions of extracting the surface
      oil from the powder. On the other hand the encapsulation efficiency of the
      volatile oil fraction was 86.2% +/-4.7. The formulated N. sativa L. oleoresin
      powder can be used in the fortification of processed food and nutraceuticals.

PMID- 26988510
TI  - Simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in sesame oil using LC-MS/MS
      combined with magnetic carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
AB  - A novel magnetic carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT-MNPs) was
      proposed for magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry to determine phenolic compounds in sesame oil. In this
      study, c-MWCNT-MNPs were acquired by simply dispersing Fe3O4 magnetic
      nanoparticles into carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The major
      parameters affecting extraction efficiency were optimized, including the type and
      volume of desorption solvents, extraction and desorption time, washing solution,
      and sorbent amount. The limit of quantifications and limit of detections were
      from 0.03MUg/kg to 43.00MUg/kg and from 0.01MUg/kg to 13.60MUg/kg, respectively.
      The recoveries of phenolic compounds in vegetable oils were in the range of 83.8
      125.9% with inter-day and intra-day precisions of less than 13.2%. It was
      confirmed that this method was simple, rapid and reliable with an excellent
      potential for routine analysis of phenolic compounds in oil samples.

PMID- 26988511
TI  - The dynamics of the biological membrane surrounding the buffalo milk fat globule
      investigated as a function of temperature.
AB  - The biological membrane surrounding fat globules in milk (the MFGM) is poorly
      understood, despite its importance in digestion and in determining the properties
      of fat globules. In this study, in situ structural investigations of buffalo MFGM
      were performed as a function of temperature (4-60 degrees C), using confocal
      microscopy. We demonstrate that temperature and rate of temperature change
      affected the lipid domains formed in the MFGM with the lateral segregation (i) of
      high Tm lipids and cholesterol in a Lo phase for both T<Tm and T>Tm and (ii) of
      high Tm lipids in a gel phase for T<Tm. Rapid cooling favours nucleation, while
      slow cooling favours growth, leading to the formation of small and large lipid
      domains, respectively. Changes in the interfacial properties of the MFGM, as a
      function of temperature, could modulate the functions of fat globules during
      processing and digestion.

PMID- 26988512
TI  - FAST Real Time PCR for control of intra-species recycling in aquaculture feed,
      focused to the most relevant fish species farmed in Europe.
AB  - Recent regulations in animal feed composition prohibit intra-species recycling,
      the recycling of one given animal species to the same species, in order to avoid
      potential safety risks to human and animal health. These regulations have
      generated the need of their control in aquaculture by effective and specific
      analytical techniques. To date, most studies of species identification and
      detection in feedstuffs are focused on land species, but few studies are focused
      on species composition in fish feed. The present work describes five
      methodologies based in Real Time PCR for detection of the most relevant fish
      species farmed in Europe: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata); sea bass
      (Dicentrarchus labrax); turbot (Scophthalmus maximus); rainbow trout
      (Onchorynchus mykiss); and salmon (Salmo salar), in order to guarantee the intra
      species recycling regulation in aquaculture feedstuffs.

PMID- 26988513
TI  - Simultaneous determination of sucralose and related compounds by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection.
AB  - Sucralose is widely used in food and beverages as sweetener. Current synthesis
      approaches typically provide sucralose products with varying levels of related
      chlorinated carbohydrates which can affect the taste and flavor-modifying
      properties of sucralose. Quantification of related compounds in sucralose is
      often hampered by the lack of commercially available standards. In this work,
      nine related compounds were purified (purity>97%) and identified by liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
      then a rapid and simple HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection
      (ELSD) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of sucralose
      and related compounds. Under optimized conditions, the method showed good
      linearity in the range of 2-600MUgmL(-1) with determination coefficients
      R(2)?0.9990. Moreover, low limits of detection in the range of 0.5-2.0MUgmL(-1)
      and good repeatability (RSD<3%, n=6) were obtained. Recoveries were from 96.8% to
      101.2%. Finally, the method has been successfully applied to sucralose quality
      control and purification process monitoring.

PMID- 26988514
TI  - Isolation, purification and characterization of antioxidative peptide of pearl
      millet (Pennisetum glaucum) protein hydrolysate.
AB  - Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a rich source of protein, used for present
      study to hydrolyze protein, peptide separation and its functional activity.
      Antioxidative bioactive peptide was successfully identified from pearl millet
      using trypsin enzyme. Different antioxidative potential of isolated peptide were
      assessed based on activity of DPPH radical, ABTS radical, hydroxyl radical,
      Fe(2+) chelating ability and reducing power. Bioactive peptide separated by gel
      filtration chromatography, showed the higher antioxidant activity as tested by
      different free radicals. The activity of pearl millet protein hydrolysate
      fraction was found for DPPH assay (67.66%), ABTS assay (78.81%), Fe(2+) chelating
      ability (51.20%), hydroxyl assay (60.95%) and reducing power (0.375nm) was
      further purified using reversed-phase UFLC and subjected to matrix assisted laser
      desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI
      TOF/TOF-MS) for sequential identification of the peptide. The sequence
      SDRDLLGPNNQYLPK was identified as antioxidant peptide.

PMID- 26988515
TI  - Nitric oxide mediates isoflavone accumulation and the antioxidant system
      enhancement in soybean sprouts.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the relationships between endogenous NO signal
      transduction pathways, the antioxidant system and isoflavone accumulation induced
      by UV-B radiation in soybean sprouts. Results showed that UV-B-triggered NO
      generation induced isoflavone accumulation by up-regulating the activity and gene
      expression of key enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL; chalcone isomerase,
      CHI; chalcone synthase, CHS; isoflavone synthase, IFS) that participate in
      isoflavone biosynthesis and enhanced the antioxidant system by regulating levels
      of antioxidants (glutathione reductase, GR; glutathione S-transferase, GST;
      ascorbate peroxidase, APX; glutathione GSH; ascorbic acid, ASC), antioxidant
      enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT) and
      their gene expression. These effects were inhibited by the addition of a specific
      NO-scavenger, carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO). The inhibition was reversed through
      application of the exogenous NO donor, SNP. Overall, NO is an essential signaling
      molecule, mediating UV-B-induced isoflavone accumulation and the antioxidant
      system enhancement in soybean sprouts.

PMID- 26988516
TI  - Variations in oxygen and ellagitannins, and organoleptic properties of red wine
      aged in French oak barrels classified by a near infrared system.
AB  - During wine aging in barrels, antioxidant molecules from wood, such as
      ellagitannins, are solubilized and react with wine molecules and oxygen. However,
      their concentrations are highly variable. Oxygen is an important factor, as it
      plays a role in wine parameters and organoleptic perceptions. Five barrel
      modalities were used; three polyphenol indices (IP), classified using the NIRS
      procedure, and three grain qualities. Barrels were equipped with windows to
      measure the oxygen using luminescence technology. The ellagitannin concentrations
      in the wine and its organoleptic properties were monitored. Oxygen concentrations
      decreased quickly during the first 8days of aging and this phenomenon was
      significantly more marked in barrels with a higher IP and medium grain. The
      ellagitannin concentrations were believed to be correlated with wood
      classification and oxygen consumption. Furthermore, the organoleptic properties
      were significantly impacted, as the wine with the lowest ellagitannin level was
      described as less astringent, bitter, woody, and smoky/toasty.

PMID- 26988517
TI  - Cationic beta-lactoglobulin nanoparticles as a bioavailability enhancer: Effect
      of surface properties and size on the transport and delivery in vitro.
AB  - BLG (beta-lactoglobulin) and CBLG (cationic BLG developed by our lab) were
      evaluated as potential nutraceutical/drug carriers. The cationic corona conferred
      CBLG with superior integrity and drug retention under gastrointestinal
      conditions, at most 40-fold higher mucoadhesion, up to 30-fold greater
      transepithelial permeation and, at most 285% higher cellular uptake, compared to
      BLG. Furthermore, the more hydrophilic CBLG species exhibited better
      mucoadhesion, while the more hydrophobic one exhibited higher cellular uptake.
      Intriguingly, protein molecules were more cytotoxic and exhibited up to 175%
      higher tight junction-opening capacity than did protein nanoparticles, whereas
      the nanoparticles displayed up to 770% higher mucoadhesion, greater
      transepithelial permeation and elevated cellular uptake. Finally, all these
      surface properties and performances were significantly altered as CBLG bound to
      serum proteins. Possible mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed in
      detail. This research sheds some light on the development of protein-based
      nanoencapsulants and their performance upon oral administration.

PMID- 26988518
TI  - Determination of benzoxazinoids in wheat and rye beers by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-QTOF
      MS.
AB  - Phenolic compounds in beer have received considerable interest. Besides the more
      typical phenolic acids and flavonoids, beer contains also lesser-known compounds,
      such as hordatines, their agmatine precursors and other phenolamines. Current
      work shows that beers brewed from wheat or rye malts, in addition to barley
      malts, contain benzoxazinoids, a group of nitrogen containing secondary
      metabolites typical to wheat and rye. In this work, HPLC-DAD was used for the
      quantification of major benzoxazinoids in 32 wheat and four rye beers. Of the
      wheat beers 22 samples and all of the rye beers contained benzoxazinoids, or
      their breakdown products. Concentrations of DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3
      one) (as aglycon) varied from 1.7 to 21.9mg/l in wheat beers and from 5.6 to
      31.6mg/l in rye beers. Breakdown products BOA (benzoxazolin-2-one), found in 15
      beers, and MBOA (6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2-one), found in two beers, were measured
      at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 10.7mg/l and 8.4 to 10.5mg/l, respectively.
      Identification of benzoxazinoids by UPLC-QTOF MS was done on selected beers.
      Benzoxazinoid profiles varied greatly between different wheat beers, and compared
      to rye beers the chemical diversity of benzoxazinoids was higher. As far as the
      authors know, this is the first time that other benzoxazinoids, rather than just
      the decomposition products BOA or MBOA, have been reported in beer. The results
      also show that benzoxazinoids can be present in beer glycosylated with three or
      four hexose units.

PMID- 26988519
TI  - Antioxidant activity of cod (Gadus morhua) protein hydrolysates: Fractionation
      and characterisation of peptide fractions.
AB  - This study aimed to characterise peptide fractions (>5kDa, 3-5kDa and <3kDa) with
      antioxidative activity obtained from a cod protein hydrolysate. The free amino
      acids in all fractions were dominated by Ala, Gly, Glu and Ser. The total amino
      acid composition had high proportions of Lys, Ala and Glu. The 3-5kDa and <3kDa
      fractions were further fractionated by size exclusion chromatography. All sub
      fractions showed high Fe(2+) chelating activity. The DPPH radical-scavenging
      activity of the 3-5kDa fraction was exerted mainly by one sub-fraction dominated
      by peptides with masses below 600Da. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity of the
      <3kDa fraction was exerted by sub-fractions with low molecular weight. The
      highest reducing power was found in a sub-fraction containing peptides rich in
      Arg, Tyr and Phe. Both free amino acids and low molecular weight peptides thus
      seemed to contribute to the antioxidative activity of the peptide fractions, and
      Tyr seemed to play a major role in the antioxidant activity.

PMID- 26988520
TI  - Development of an antioxidant biomaterial by promoting the deglycosylation of
      rutin to isoquercetin and quercetin.
AB  - Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercetin) and
      quercetin have shown antioxidant, cytoprotective, vasoprotective,
      antiproliferative and antiinflammatory properties. The aim of this work was to
      determine the conversion of rutin to isoquercetin and quercetin during the
      production of poly(l-lactic acid) films with potential to deliver these
      flavonoids toward tissues, pharmaceuticals or food matrices. Three poly(l-lactic
      acid) formulations with 17.7, 39.6 and 39.1mg/g of rutin were prepared by the
      extrusion process. Processing temperatures (130-165 degrees C) promoted the
      deglycosylation of rutin to produce isoquercetin and subsequently quercetin,
      identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass
      spectrometry. The effect of the process on the antioxidant activity of the films
      was determined by measuring the capacity to scavenge 2,2 diphenyl-1
      picrylhydrazyl radicals. The material with the highest proportion of quercetin
      showed the highest antioxidant activity which could be used to produce delivering
      devices of the flavonoids to tissues, pharmaceuticals or food matrices.

PMID- 26988522
TI  - Synthesis and emulsifying properties of carbohydrate fatty acid esters produced
      from Agave tequilana fructans by enzymatic acylation.
AB  - Carbohydrate fatty acid esters are non-ionic surfactants with a broad spectrum of
      applications. These molecules are generally synthesized using short carbohydrates
      or linear fructans; however in this research carbohydrate fatty acid esters were
      produced for the first time with branched fructans from Agave tequilana. Using
      immobilized lipases we successfully acylated A. tequilana fructans with vinyl
      laurate, obtaining products with different degrees of polymerization (DP).
      Lipozyme 435 was the most efficient lipase to catalyze the transesterification
      reaction. HPLC and ESI-MS analysis proved the presence of a mixture of acylated
      products as a result of the chemical complexity of fructans in the A. tequilana.
      The ESI-MS spectra showed a molecular mass shift between 183 and 366g/mol for
      fructooligosaccharides with a DP lower than 6, which indicated the presence of
      Agave fructans that had been mono- and diacylated with lauric acid. The
      carbohydrate fatty acid esters (CFAE) obtained showed good emulsifying properties
      in W/O emulsions.

PMID- 26988521
TI  - Preparation of antioxidative corn protein hydrolysates, purification and
      evaluation of three novel corn antioxidant peptides.
AB  - Corn gluten meal is a major co-product of corn wet milling. Corn gluten meal was
      hydrolyzed with Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase+Flavourzyme and
      Flavourzyme+Alcalase. At the substrate concentration of 10%, corn protein
      hydrolysate catalyzed by Alcalase had a degree of hydrolysis of 17.83%, which was
      higher than that by Flavourzyme (3.65%). The hydrolysate catalyzed by
      Alcalase+Flavourzyme exhibited better antioxidant activities and was further
      purified. Three novel antioxidant peptides were purified by a series of
      chromatographic techniques. Sequences of the three peptides were identified as
      Cys-Ser-Gln-Ala-Pro-Leu-Ala, Tyr-Pro-Lys-Leu-Ala-Pro-Asn-Glu and Tyr-Pro-Gln-Leu
      Leu-Pro-Asn-Glu, respectively. Among the three peptides, Cys-Ser-Gln-Ala-Pro-Leu
      Ala exhibited good reducing power and excellent scavenging capacities for DPPH
      radical and superoxide anion radical, with IC50 values of 0.116 and 0.39mg/ml,
      respectively. The results from our study indicate antioxidant potency of corn
      protein hydrolysates and peptides separated from corn gluten meal and can provide
      basic understanding for the application of corn protein hydrolysates as natural
      antioxidants.

PMID- 26988523
TI  - Development of dual-emission ratiometric probe-based on fluorescent silica
      nanoparticle and CdTe quantum dots for determination of glucose in beverages and
      human body fluids.
AB  - A novel dual emission ratiometric fluorescence probe for determination of glucose
      has been developed. The reference dye fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC) has been
      encapsulated in the silica nanoparticles and then the red emission CdTe QDs were
      grafted on the surface of the silica particles to obtain the fluorescence probe.
      With glucose and dopamine as substrates, the glucose level was proportional to
      the fluorescence ratio change of above probe caused by dopamine oxidation, which
      was produced via bienzyme catalysis (glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase).
      The established approach was sensitive and selective, and has been applied to
      determine the glucose in beverage, urine and serum samples. The average
      recoveries of the glucose at various spiking levels ranged from 95.5% to 108.9%
      with relative standard deviations from 1.5% to 4.3%. The results provided a clue
      to develop sensors for rapid determination of the target analytes from complex
      matrices.

PMID- 26988524
TI  - Biotransformation of polyphenols in a dynamic multistage gastrointestinal model.
AB  - A multi-reactor gastrointestinal model was used to digest a mixture of pure
      polyphenol compounds, including non-flavonoid phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid,
      caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and a flavonoid (rutin) to identify phenolic
      metabolites and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and compare relative antioxidant
      capacities following a 24h digestion. Biotransformation of these polyphenols
      occurred in the colonic compartments generating phenylpropionic, benzoic,
      phenylacetic and cinnamic acids. Total SCFAs increased in all colonic vessels
      with a rise in the proportion of propionic to acetic acid. Antioxidant capacity
      increased significantly in all compartments, but first in the stomach, small
      intestine and ascending colon. After 24h, the colonic vessels without parent
      polyphenols, but containing new metabolites, had antioxidant capacities similar
      to the stomach and small intestine, containing parent compounds.
      Biotransformation of pure polyphenols resulted in different phenolic metabolite
      and SCFAs profiles in each colonic segment, with important health implications
      for these colonic compartments.

PMID- 26988525
TI  - Terpene evolution during the development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grapes.
AB  - The flavour of wine is derived, in part, from the flavour compounds present in
      the grape, which change as the grapes accumulate sugar and ripen. Grape berry
      terpene concentrations may vary at different stages of berry development. This
      study aimed to investigate terpene evolution in grape berries from four weeks
      post-flowering to maturity. Grape bunches were sampled at fortnightly intervals
      over two vintages (2012-13 and 2013-14). In total, five monoterpenoids, 24
      sesquiterpenes, and four norisoprenoids were detected in grape samples. The
      highest concentrations of total monoterpenoids, total sesquiterpenes, and total
      norisoprenoids in grapes were all observed at pre-veraison. Terpenes derived from
      the same biosynthetic pathway had a similar production pattern during berry
      development. Terpenes in grapes at harvest might not necessarily be synthesised
      at post-veraison, since the compounds or their precursors may already exist in
      grapes at pre-veraison, with the veraison to harvest period functioning to
      convert these precursors into final products.

PMID- 26988526
TI  - An evaluation of the bioaccessibility of arsenic in corn and rice samples based
      on cloud point extraction and hydride generation coupled to atomic fluorescence
      spectrometry.
AB  - A simple, inexpensive and rapid method was proposed for the determination of
      bioaccessible arsenic in corn and rice samples using an in vitro bioaccessibility
      assay. The method was based on the preconcentration of arsenic by cloud point
      extraction (CPE) using o,o-diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP) complex, which was
      generated from an in vitro extract using polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl
      ether (Triton X-114) as a surfactant prior to its detection by atomic
      fluorescence spectrometry with a hydride generation system (HG-AFS). The CPE
      method was optimized by a multivariate approach (two-level full factorial and
      Doehlert designs). A photo-oxidation step of the organic species prior to HG-AFS
      detection was included for the accurate quantification of the total As. The limit
      of detection was 1.34MUgkg(-1) and 1.90MUgkg(-1) for rice and corn samples,
      respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by analyzing certified
      reference material ERM BC-211 (rice powder). The corn and rice samples that were
      analyzed showed a high bioaccessible arsenic content (72-88% and 54-96%,
      respectively), indicating a potential human health risk.

PMID- 26988528
TI  - Report of the International Symposium on Phytochemicals in Medicine and Food
      (ISPMF 2015).
AB  - The International Symposium on Phytochemicals in Medicine and Food (ISPMF2015)
      was held June 26-29, 2015, in Shanghai, China. This is the first time that a PSE
      meeting has been held in Asia and a PSE-PSA joint symposium provided an
      opportunity for communication between scientists from European and Asian
      countries. More than 270 scientists from 48 countries attended this meeting.
      ISPMF2015 assembled an exciting and diverse programme with 16 sessions,
      consisting of 12 plenary lectures, 20 invited talks, 55 short oral presentations,
      and in excess of 130 posters, dedicated to creating a podium for exchanging the
      latest research results on phytochemicals for food and human health.

PMID- 26988527
TI  - Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Prunella.
AB  - Prunella is a genus of perennial herbaceous plants in the Labiatae family. There
      are approximately 15 species worldwide, distributed widely in the temperate
      regions and tropical mountains of Europe and Asia. In the genus Prunella, P.
      vulgaris is the most studied, following a several thousand-year history as a
      traditional antipyretic and antidotal Chinese herb. Furthermore, since ancient
      times, P. vulgaris has been widely used as a cool tea ingredient and consumed as
      a vegetable. The genus Prunella contains triterpenoids and their saponins,
      phenolic acids, sterols and associated glycosides, flavonoids, organic acids,
      volatile oil and saccharides. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that
      Prunella possess antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory,
      anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic functions. The
      active components related to these functions are mainly triterpenoids, phenolic
      acids, flavonoids and polysaccharides. This review mainly summarizes recent
      advances in traditional usage, chemical components and pharmacological functions.

PMID- 26988529
TI  - Effect of toasting on non-volatile and volatile vine-shoots low molecular weight
      phenolic compounds.
AB  - Low molecular weight phenolic compounds (LMWPC), including non-volatile and
      volatile, of Airen and Moscatel vine-shoot cultivars waste submitted to different
      toasting conditions (light, 180 degrees /15min; medium, 180 degrees /30min; high
      180 degrees /45min) were studied in order to exploit them with oenological
      purposes. The LMWPC differences were mainly due to the toasting times rather than
      vine-shoot variety. In non-volatile LMWPC fraction, flavanols and almost all
      phenolic acids decreased by toasting. The presence of trans-resveratrol has a
      special relevance at light toasting: 14 times more concentrated in Airen and 6
      times in Moscatel vine-shoots, than their respective non-toasted samples. The
      volatile LMWPC showed a significant increment with toasting, being vanillin the
      one with the highest difference respect to non-toasted samples at high
      conditions: more than 15 times in Airen and 11 in Moscatel. Although toasting
      reduced some LMWPC, particular characteristics of these vine-shoots must be taken
      into account when considering its future use.

PMID- 26988530
TI  - Tannin profile of different Monastrell wines and its relation to projected market
      prices.
AB  - This study focuses on the differences or similarities in tannin composition and
      concentration in Monastrell wines from different wineries from the same
      geographic area and, within each winery, from wines elaborated based on different
      projected market prices, to determine whether there is any relationship between
      the wine tannin composition and the projected price. The tannin composition of
      the different wines, all of them analyzed at the same point during winemaking,
      indicated that those elaborated as premium wines presented higher phenol and
      tannin contents. The mean degree of polymerization of these wines was also
      positively related with the projected price, which agreed with the results
      obtained by size exclusion chromatography, that showed that wines with high
      projected prices had a higher proportion of polymeric tannins, suggesting that
      techniques favoring the extraction of skin tannins were mostly used in those
      wines projected as premium wines, probably looking for greater mouthfeel
      complexity.

PMID- 26988531
TI  - A green analytical method for rapid determination of pectin degree of
      esterification using micro sequential injection lab-on-valve system.
AB  - A novel method for automated determination pectin degree of esterification (DE)
      using micro sequential injection lab-on-valve (MUSI-LOV) system is developed. A
      face-centered central composite response surface methodology (RSM) was used to
      optimise system parameters. A calibration graph for determination of non
      esterified galacturonic acid (GalA) content in pectin solutions with linear range
      of 0.08-0.34% (w/v) and the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057% (w/v) under
      optimal condition was achieved. The difference between concentrations (w/v, %) of
      total GalA and non-esterified GalA was applied to estimate DE (%) of pectin
      samples. Results indicated a good agreement (tstat<tcrit) and correlation
      (R(2)=0.998) between proposed automated method and the manual reference method.
      The current method provided precision of less than 6% RSD, (n=10) with sample
      throughput of 15 samples h(-1). The presented method requires remarkably low
      consumption of sample and reagents and is thereby environmental friendly.

PMID- 26988533
TI  - Nanoscale precipitates strengthened lanthanum-bearing Mg-3Sn-1Mn alloys through
      continuous rheo-rolling.
AB  - We elucidate the effect of lanthanum (La) on the microstructure and mechanical
      properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn-xLa (wt.%) alloy plates processed through continuous
      rheo-rolling for the first time. At x = 0.2 wt.%, La dissolved completely in the
      alpha-Mg matrix. As the La content was increased to 0.6 wt.%, a new plate-shaped
      three-phase compound composed of La5Sn3, Mg2Sn and Mg17La2 phases was formed with
      an average length of 380 +/- 10 nm and an average width of 110 +/- 5 nm. This
      compound had a pinning effect on the alpha-Mg grain boundary and on dislocations.
      With further increase in La-content to 1.0 wt.%, the length of the plate-shaped
      compound increased to an average length of 560 +/- 10 nm, while the width was
      reduced to 90 +/- 5 nm. The particle size of Mg2Sn decreased from 100 nm to 50 nm
      with increase in La-content from 0.2 to 1.4 wt.%. At La content of 1.0 wt.%, the
      tensile strength and elongation of the alloy was maximum, with 29% and 32%
      increase, respectively, compared to the Mg-3Sn-1Mn (wt.%) alloy, and 37% and 89%
      increase, in comparison to the Mg-3Sn-1Mn-0.87 Ce (wt.%) alloy.

PMID- 26988532
TI  - Unilateral Pedicle Screw Fixation with Bone Graft vs. Bilateral Pedicle Screw
      Fixation with Bone Graft or Cage: A Comparative Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the clinical efficacy of
      unilateral pedicle screw fixation with bone graft (UPSFB) in treating single
      segment lumbar degenerative diseases (LDD), as compared to bilateral pedicle
      screw fixation with bone graft (BPSFB) or with cage (BPSFC). MATERIAL/METHODS:
      Medical records were retrospectively collected between 01/2010 and 02/2015 in
      Longyao County Hospital. According to surgical methods used, all patients were
      divided into 3 groups: UPSFB group, BPSFB group, and BPSFC group. Clinical
      outcomes were evaluated by blood loss, blood transfusion, duration of operation,
      hospital stay, postoperative complications, interbody fusion rate, reoperation
      rate, medical expenses, patient satisfaction survey, and JOA score. RESULTS:
      Ninety-five patients were included and underwent 2.5-year follow-up, with 7
      patients lost to regular follow-up. As compared to the BPSFB group and BPSFC
      group, the UPSFB group had less blood loss and less blood transfusion, as well as
      shorter hospital stay (p<0.05). Medical expenses were far lower in the UPSFB
      group (p<0.001). There were no significant differences among the 3 groups in
      postoperative complications, interbody fusion rate, reoperation rate, JOA score,
      and patient satisfaction (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As compared to BPSFB and
      BPSFC, UPSFB has the same reliability and effectiveness in treating single
      segment LDD with unilateral radicular symptoms in a single lower extremity, with
      the additional advantage being less expensive.

PMID- 26988534
TI  - Actualities in Ovarian Cancer in the Perspective of 2015 (ASCO and ECCO).
AB  - Ovarian cancer represents the 4-th reason of cancer related death in women, the
      majority of patients being diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease, (III-IV).
      The loco-regional advanced ovarian cancer should be considered a chronic disease,
      with multiple evolutionary relapses and where the adjuvant treatment is
      mandatory.The treatment of the disease is multidisciplinary and the oncologist is
      the centerpiece. 

PMID- 26988535
TI  - Benefits and Disadvantages of Neoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy (RCT) in the
      Multimodal Therapy of Squamous Esophageal Cancer (ESC).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this paper is to present the advantages and
      disadvantages of neoadjuvant RCT in multimodal therapyof ESC. MATERIAL AND
      METHOD: Between 1998-2014 221 patients were treated with ESC, 85 of whom received
      neoadjuvant RCT. For these we have made imaging and pathologic assessment of
      response using RECIST and MANDARD criteria and statistical data were interpreted
      in terms of the factors that influence the response. Also, they were evaluated
      statistical correlations between RCT and resectability, postoperative morbidity,
      mortality and long-term survival. RESULTS: 45 patients were imagistic responders
      and 34 underwent surgery, 40 non-responders of which 14 underwent surgery. Of the
      48 surgical patients with preoperative RCT, histopathological evaluation showed
      that 32 were pathological responders and 16 non responders. There were performed
      statistical analyzes of correlations between RCT and resectability, stage,
      location of ESC, morbidity, mortality and survival. CONCLUSION: RCT increase
      resectability, improves survival and maximum duration of survival, more in
      responders than in nonresponders and does not affect postoperative complications
      and postoperative mortality, nor among the responders or nonresponders. Imaging
      evaluation result of the response to RCT overestimate responders.

PMID- 26988536
TI  - Selective Intraoperative Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is probably one of the most
      frequent surgical procedure performed worldwide. Intraoperative cholangiography
      (IOC) is required more often than in open procedures due to the need to clarify
      the anatomy or to diagnose common bile duct (CBD) stones. AIM: The present study
      analyzes the value of IOC performed on selective basis following preoperative and
      intraoperative criteria. Our experience covers 15 years of surgical activity in
      Elias Surgery Department and, as a result of a continuous scientific concern on
      the matter, we developed a set of criteria that are analyzed and discussed.
      MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied the patients subjected to LC in our department
      between January 2013 and December 2014. A group of 945 patients was analyzed; IOC
      was performed in 147 cases. All IOC were selective procedures. The criteria were
      divided in two groups: Preoperative criteria (clinical, lab tests and imaging
      findings); Intraoperative criteria (dilated biliary ducts and obscure biliary
      anatomy). RESULTS: IOC was performed in 147 cases. We had a positive result, a
      finding that changed surgical management of the patient after IOC in over 50% of
      cases. The biliary tree anatomy was cleared in 100% of cases. IOC required a
      median period of time of 11 minutes. There were no complications caused by IOC.
      CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative cholangiography, performed either routinely or
      selectively, represents an important tool in diagnosing unsuspected CBD stones
      during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Criteria for selective IOC may significantly
      reduce the number of useless cholangiograms and are to be considered in daily
      practice. The main predictive factors used for selective intraoperative
      cholangiography in our study were: history of jaundice, elevated values of ALP,
      GGTP, SGO, SGP, and CBD diameter.

PMID- 26988537
TI  - Intestinal Infarction Through Arterial Vascular Obstruction - Case Series from
      1st and 3rd Surgery Clinics Cluj-Napoca.
AB  - This article presents a case series of intestinal infarction through obstruction
      of superior mesenteric artery - two cases of acute mesenteric artery embolism,
      two cases of acute mesenteric artery thrombosis and a case of volvulus. 

PMID- 26988538
TI  - The Early C-reactive Protein Trend Does Not Have a Role in Monitoring Acute
      Diverticulitis Progression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the variation of the values of the serum inflammation
      markers during the hospital stay of patients with acute diverticulitis and to
      evaluate the role of their initial trend in the early determination of the
      disease resistance to conservative measures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The electronic
      records of patients presenting with acute diverticulitis at the Oulu University
      Hospital, Finland during a 2-year period starting from December 2006 were
      retrospectively reviewed. Acute diverticulitis that was successfully treated
      conservatively was graded as mild. Severe disease was considered when a
      percutaneous or surgical intervention was necessitated during the same
      hospitalization or within the first month. Comparisons of the means of continuous
      variables were performed using the paired samples T test. RESULTS: One hundred
      and thirty-nine patients with mild acute diverticulitis had available data
      concerning the initial trends of the inflammation markers. The C-reactive protein
      (CRP) mean value showed a paradoxical significant increase in uncomplicated cases
      whereas the WBC count declined within the first 24 hours of hospitalization.
      Thereafter the CRP levels showed a significant daily decrease below the initial
      levels for the remainder of the in-hospital duration. The inflammation markers'
      initial trends in patients with severe disease did not change significantly.
      CONCLUSION: A rise in the CRP value during the first 24 hours of hospitalization
      should not be necessarily considered as a deterioration of the clinical status.
      This trend has no role in the early evaluation of the clinical progression of
      acute diverticulitis as it may mislead the clinician towards potential invasive
      overtreatment.

PMID- 26988539
TI  - Laparoscopic Approach has Benefits in Gynecological Emergencies - Even for
      Massive Hemoperitoneum.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the laparoscopic with the open
      approach in hemoperitoneum of gynecological origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Retrospective study of patients admitted to a tertiary emergency hospital between
      January 2013 - January 2015. RESULTS: There were 56 patients, 27 in the
      laparoscopic group (LG) and 28 in the open group (OG). The gynecological
      emergency was a ruptured ovarian cyst in 20 (74%) versus 17 (59%) cases, and an
      ectopic pregnancy with tubal rupture in 7 (26%) versus 12 (41%) patients in both
      the laparoscopic and open approaches, respectively. The main outcome - mean
      intraoperative hemoglobin decrease - was 1.5 +- 1.2 g/dl in the laparoscopic and
      1.9 ?+-1.4 in the open approach (p=0.344). There were no differences regarding
      red blood transfusion rate, needs for analgesics, postoperative complications and
      in-hospital stay. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic approach in acute abdomen of
      gynecologic origin is non-inferior to open surgery.

PMID- 26988540
TI  - Ovarian Damage after Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Endometrioma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite extensive research endometriosis is an area with important
      controversies. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embriology issued
      in 2014 the last Guideline for endometriosis management including the statement
      that among 83 recommendations in 32 cases the best available evidence was only
      based on good clinical practice, further research being necessary to solve the
      lack of evidence in this pathology. The prevalence of endometriosis is unknown in
      Romania but in the medical literature estimates range from 2 to 10% of women of
      reproductive age, to 50% of infertile women, worldwide. Ovarian endometrioma
      prevalence goes up to 44%. A Cochrane review published in 2008 by Hart et al.
      concluded that excisional surgery of ovarian endometriosis results in a more
      favorable outcome compared to drainage and ablation with regard to recurrence,
      pain symptoms and subsequent spontaneous pregnancy in subfertilewomen- so the
      gold standard was set. But several authors revealed that ovarian tissue was
      inadvertently excised together with the cyst wall and endometrioma cystectomy is
      associated with a significant decrease in residual ovarian volume that may result
      in diminished ovarian reserve and function. The aim of our retrospective study
      was to evaluate whether or not ovarian parenchyma is inadvertently removed during
      laparoscopic surgery for endometrioma in a Romanian academic center. MATERIAL AND
      METHOD: We performed a retrospective study including women having undergone
      endometrioma excision, between January 2009 to June 2014 in the Department of
      Gynecology and Obstetrics of Targu-Mures University Hospital. Histological
      specimens of excised endometriomas were reviewed by different pathologists, who
      carried out serial microscopic sections according to pathology protocol for
      diagnosis of ovarian mass but not specific for the ovarian parenchyma removed
      with the cyst. RESULTS: Among 202 endometriomas, drainage and ablation was done
      in 60 cases and excisional surgery in the remaining 152 cases. Ovarian parenchyma
      was found in 40% of cases of endometrioma cystectomy. DISCUSSION: We observed
      that endometrioma cystectomy leads to ovarian tissue removal in an important
      number of cases. Furthermore, at the time of surgery the amount of ovarian
      parenchyma loss may increases proportionally with increases in cyst diameter and
      patient age. Considering that most of the woman in our series were infertile and
      because of data from series using plasma energy, a shift in the endometrioma
      treatment paradigm is likely to occur.

PMID- 26988541
TI  - To Study the Aetiological Factors and Outcomes of Urgent Re-Laparotomy in
      Himalayan Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment of a number of complications that occur after abdominal
      surgeries may require that Urgent Relaparotomy (UR), the life-saving and
      obligatory operations, are performed. The objectives of this study were to
      evaluate the reasons for performing URs, their outcomes and factors that affect
      mortality. METHODS: Observational, Prospective Study. The study included all the
      patients who underwent urgent re-laparotomy following laparotomy (emergency,
      elective) in Himalayan Hospital from 01.01.2013 to 01.06.2014 and excluded those
      who underwent laparotomy outside. RESULTS: UR was performed for 40 out of 1050
      patients (4.2%), of which males were 25 and females 15. The average time interval
      between the index laparotomy and urgent re-exploration was 6.4 days. The most
      common reason for mortality was multi organ failure with septic shock. The most
      common criteria for re-exploration were anastomotic leak (n=13), followed by
      pyoperitoneum (n=11) and persistent peritonitis (n=6). Comparing the index
      surgery, lower gastro-intestinal procedures were most usually involved (n=21,
      47.7%), followed by hepato-pancreato-biliary surgeries (n=8, 18.2%). There were 6
      cases of upper gastro-intestinal surgeries that reexplored (13.6%). CONCLUSION:
      UR that is performed following complicated abdominal surgeries has high mortality
      rates. In particular, they have higher mortality rates following GIS surgeries or
      when infectious complications occur.

PMID- 26988542
TI  - Parotid Gland Lipoma: An Unusual Entity.
AB  - The occurrence of lipomas in the parotid gland is extremely rare, and impossible
      to differentiate clinically. A case of this bizarre entity is reported herein,
      which was treated successfully with superficial parotidectomy. A 57-year-old man
      with a well-circumscribed, rubbery mass, probably arising from the right parotid
      gland was investigated in our hospital initially with ultrasound scan, and
      finally with MRI-scan. Both imaging modalities implied a benign lipomatous tumor
      and the patient underwent an uneventful superficial parotidectomy. Although
      adipose tissue is a natural component of parotid glands, lipomas arising in the
      gland are very unusual. The entity'?s incidence is about 1% (0.6-4.4%) of parotid
      gland mass lesions and history of previous trauma in the area is the most common
      pathophysiological mechanism described. Tomographic imaging modalities are very
      accurate in preoperative diagnosis and cosmetic appearance is the usual
      indication for surgical intervention. Any particular symptoms jeopardize
      clinically the diagnosis of parotid lipoma. As always, surgical excision should
      respect the facial nerve and branches.

PMID- 26988543
TI  - Right Retroperitoneal and Subhepatic Abscess; Late Complications Due to Spilled
      Stones During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy - Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gallbladder perforation with gallstone spillage during laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy is usually an event with no consequences. CASE REPORT: We report
      the case of a 66 year-old female admitted in our hospital with severe large
      abscess in the right lumbar region. Her medical history reveals a laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy for acute gallstone cholecystitis. Emergent abscess incision and
      drainage are performed, noticing a mass of stone outline. The abdominal CT scan
      shows fluid, air-bubbled collection with biloculate walls located in the right
      retroperitoneal subhepatic region. Laparoscopic procedure is performed, the
      subhepatic abscess is located and drained, the abscess cavity containing 19
      gallstones. OUTCOME: The post-operative evolution was favourable. The patient was
      discharged on the 6th post-operative day. CONCLUSIONS: The stones left in the
      peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be sometimes the cause
      of severe late complications.

PMID- 26988544
TI  - Ileocecal Obstruction Due to B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
AB  - We report a rare case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma presented as an ileocecal mass. The
      patient was a 77-year-old man with history of symptoms of partial bowel
      obstruction, intermittent right iliac fossa pain, loss of weight, vomiting and
      fatigue. Clinical signs included moderate abdominal tenderness with a palpable
      mass in the right iliac fossa at the physical examination. Colonoscopy revealed
      an intussusception of the right colon causing a complete stenosis. The patient
      developed complete bowel obstruction during hospitalization that required
      emergent surgical intervention. Intraoperatively an ileocecal mass was found
      measuring 10-12 cm in diameter, causing complete stenosis at its level and bowel
      dilatation proximally. Multiple nodules were found in the liver and the parietal
      peritoneum as well. An ileotransverso-anastomosis was performed and biopsies of
      the nodules were taken. Pathological evaluation revealed a diffuse large B cell
      non-Hodgkin'?s lymphoma of the ileocecum and the parietal peritoneum. 

PMID- 26988545
TI  - Highlighted Steps of the Management Algorithm in Acute Lower Gastrointestinal
      Bleeding - Case Reports and Literature Review.
AB  - Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a major problem worldwide, being a rare
      and life threatening condition, with a mortality rate situated between 2 and 4%.
      Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is solvent for 1 - 2% of the entire
      hospital emergencies, 15% presenting as massive bleeding and up to 5% requiring
      surgery. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding can be classified depending on their
      location in the small or large intestine. The small bowel is the rarest site of
      lower gastrointestinal bleeding, at the same time being the commonest cause of
      obscure bleeding. 5% of total lower GI bleeding appears in the small bowel. When
      endoscopic therapy associated with medical treatment are insufficient,
      endovascular intervention can be lifesaving. Unfortunately in some rare cases of
      acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding with hemo-dynamic instability and the
      angiography performed being unable to locate the source of bleeding, the last
      therapeutic resource remains surgery. In the following we exemplify two cases of
      acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding which were resolved in different ways,
      followed by a thorough description of the different types of available treatment
      and finally, in the conclusions, we systematize the most important stages of the
      management algorithm in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. 

PMID- 26988546
TI  - Total Pelvic Supralevator Exenteration with Ileo-Colic Orthotopic Neobladder for
      Locoregional Recurrence after Cervical Cancer - A Case Report.
AB  - Pelvic exenteration is one of the most aggressive surgical interventions in
      gynaecologic surgical oncology, but, in the same time, is the only potentially
      curative treatment of locoregional recurrence after cervical cancer. Due to
      improvements in surgical technique and postoperative management, the overall
      survival increased signifficantly in the last decades. Trying to improve the
      quality of life, multiple models of reconstruction of urinary and digestive tract
      have been developed. In this report we present the case of a 51 years old female
      who underwent a total supralevator exenteration with ileo colic neobladder
      reconstruction with good oncologic and functional outcomes. 

PMID- 26988548
TI  - In what circumstances will a neonatologist decide a patient is not a
      resuscitation candidate?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions of practising
      neonatologists regarding the ethical permissibility of unilateral Do Not Attempt
      Resuscitation (DNAR) decisions in the neonatal intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN:
      An anonymous survey regarding the permissibility of unilateral DNAR orders for
      three clinical vignettes was sent to members of the American Academy of
      Pediatrics Section of Perinatal Medicine. RESULTS: There were 490 out of a
      possible 3000 respondents (16%). A majority (76%) responded that a unilateral
      DNAR decision would be permissible in cases for which survival was felt to be
      impossible. A minority (25%) responded 'yes' when asked if a unilateral DNAR
      order would be permissible based solely on neurological prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: A
      majority of neonatologists believed unilateral DNAR decisions are ethically
      permissible if survival is felt to be impossible, but not permissible based
      solely on poor neurological prognosis. This has significant implications for
      clinical care.

PMID- 26988547
TI  - Pitfalls in Cutaneous Melanoma Lymphatic Drainage.
AB  - Sentinel node (SN) biopsy has become standard in staging of cutaneous melanoma.
      As skin lymphatic drainage is complex, preoperative empirical assessment of SN
      localization is virtually impossible. Therefore in order to identify all regional
      lymphatic basins corresponding to a specific primary tumor is mandatory to carry
      out preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. In this paper we present a clinical case
      that highlights the importance of identifying, biopsy and histological analysis
      of all SN in order to achieve a correct staging of the patient, followed by
      appropriate treatment according to the real clinical stage of the disease. 

PMID- 26988549
TI  - Special series on trending themes in Neurobiology in Biological Research.

PMID- 26988550
TI  - A method for near full-length amplification and sequencing for six hepatitis C
      virus genotypes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a rapidly evolving RNA virus that has been
      classified into seven genotypes. All HCV genotypes cause chronic hepatitis, which
      ultimately leads to liver diseases such as cirrhosis. The genotypes are unevenly
      distributed across the globe, with genotypes 1 and 3 being the most prevalent.
      Until recently, molecular epidemiological studies of HCV evolution within the
      host and at the population level have been limited to the analyses of partial
      viral genome segments, as it has been technically challenging to amplify and
      sequence the full-length of the 9.6 kb HCV genome. Although recent improvements
      have been made in full genome sequencing methodologies, these protocols are still
      either limited to a specific genotype or cost-inefficient. RESULTS: In this study
      we describe a genotype-specific protocol for the amplification and sequencing of
      the near-full length genome of all six major HCV genotypes. We applied this
      protocol to 122 HCV positive clinical samples, and had a successful genome
      amplification rate of 90%, when the viral load was greater than 15,000 IU/ml. The
      assay was shown to have a detection limit of 1-3 cDNA copies per reaction. The
      method was tested with both Illumina and PacBio single molecule, real-time (SMRT)
      sequencing technologies. Illumina sequencing resulted in deep coverage and
      allowed detection of rare variants as well as HCV co-infection with multiple
      genotypes. The application of the method with PacBio RS resulted in sequence
      reads greater than 9 kb that covered the near full-length HCV amplicon in a
      single read and enabled analysis of the near full-length quasispecies.
      CONCLUSIONS: The protocol described herein can be utilised for rapid
      amplification and sequencing of the near-full length HCV genome in a cost
      efficient manner suitable for a wide range of applications.

PMID- 26988551
TI  - Fertility-sparing surgery for young patients with borderline ovarian tumors
      (BOTs): single institution experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fertility-sparing surgery for patients with borderline ovarian tumors
      (BOTs) is still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the oncological
      safety and fertility benefits in conservative surgery,as well as efficiency of
      surgical procedures and approaches. RESULTS: In total 122 patients with BOTs,
      four types of fertility-sparing surgery were performed: unilateral adnexectomy
      (UA, n = 47), unilateral cystectomy (UC, n = 59), unilateral adnexectomy +
      contralateral cystectomy (UA + CC, n = 7) and bilateral cystectomy (BC, n = 9).
      Fifty-two (42.6 %) patients had undergone laparoscopy, while 70 (57.4 %) had
      undergone laparotomy. After a median follow-up of 58.0 months, eight patients
      (6.6 %) relapsed in average of 25.9 months. Only one patient progressed to
      invasive cancer. None died within our observational period. Univariate analysis
      showed that patients with elevated CA125, bilateral tumors, extra-ovary tumor or
      mucinous type tended to replase in shorter time (p < 0.05). Among all cases, 45
      patients attempted to conceive and 34 (75.6 %) patients had successful pregnancy.
      The recurrence rates were successively increased (2.1 %, 6.8 %, 14.3 %, and 22.2
      %), the recurrence interval were shortened (48.0, 25.3, 26.0 and 21.2 months) and
      the subsequent fertility rates were 76.9 %, 77.3 %, 66.7 % and 71.4 % in UA, UC,
      UA + CC, and BC groups, respectively. As for surgical approaches, three patients
      (5.8 %) relapsed in 26.3 months in the laparoscopy group and five (7.1 %) in 25.5
      months in the laparotomy group. The subsequent fertility rate was higher in
      laparoscopy group (88.9 %) than in laparotomy group (66.7 %). In our study, 38
      patients underwent staging surgery. Two patients (5.3 %) recurrent in average of
      21.0 months, and the subsequent pregnancy rate of staging surgery group was 61.5
      %. Twelve patients received adjuvant chemotherapy but they didn't get any benefit
      from it, both in term of recurrence (8.3 %, 26.0 months) and subsequent pregnancy
      rate (75.5 %). CONCLUSION: Fertility-sparing surgery is safe and beneficial for
      most young BOTs. UA through laparoscopy should be recommended as the first
      choice. To the patients with bilateral tumors, elevated CA125, extra-ovary tumor
      or mucinous type, conservative surgery should be carefully chosen and subsequent
      pregnancy should be attempted in short term. In addition, the benefit of
      comprehensive surgical staging is to be further investigated and adjuvant
      chemotherapy is not recommended.

PMID- 26988552
TI  - Non-metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a call for improved guidance
      on clinical management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guidelines on the clinical management of non-metastatic castrate
      resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) generally focus on the need to continue
      androgen deprivation therapy and enrol patients into clinical trials of
      investigational agents. This guidance reflects the lack of clinical trial data
      with established agents in the nmCRPC patient population and the need for trials
      of new agents. AIM: To review the evidence base and consider ways of improving
      the management of nmCRPC. CONCLUSION: Upon the development of castrate
      resistance, it is essential to rule out the presence of metastases or
      micrometastases by optimising the use of bone scans and possibly newer procedures
      and techniques. When nmCRPC is established, management decisions should be
      individualised according to risk, but risk stratification in this diverse
      population is poorly defined. Currently, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
      and PSA doubling time remain the best method of assessing the risk of progression
      and response to treatment in nmCRPC. However, optimising imaging protocols can
      also help assess the changing metastatic burden in patients with CRPC. Clinical
      trials of novel agents in nmCRPC are limited and have problems with enrolment,
      and therefore, improved risk stratification and imaging may be crucial to the
      improved management. The statements presented in this paper, reflecting the views
      of the authors, provide a discussion of the most recent evidence in nmCRPC and
      provide some advice on how to ensure these patients receive the best management
      available. However, there is an urgent need for more data on the management of
      nmCRPC.

PMID- 26988554
TI  - Anterior versus posterior debridement fusion for single-level dorsal
      tuberculosis: the role of graft-type and level of fixation on determining the
      outcome.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study compared the clinical, radiological and functional outcome of
      anterior versus posterior approaches for single-level dorsal tuberculosis with
      analysis of effect of graft type and fixation level on the outcome. METHODS:
      Anterior group (AG): 43 cases (mean age: 49.5 years) fixed with Z-plate by
      anterior transthoracic-transpleural approach. Posterior group (PG): 49 cases
      (47.0 years) fixed with transpedicular-screws with unilateral facetectomy +/-
      pediculectomy. Assessment was done using Frankel classification, blood-loss,
      operative-time, Kyphus-angle, correction loss, union and Oswestry disability
      index (ODI). RESULTS: Both groups had similar operative-time, blood-loss, time to
      union, follow-up, and hospital-stay. Kyphus-angle improved from 36.6 +/- 8.4
      degrees  to 7.5 +/- 2.3 degrees  (AG) and from 38.5 +/- 5.9 degrees  to 11.1 +/-
      3.6 degrees  (PG) and this was significant. Postoperative Kyphus-angles were
      significantly better than preoperative ones in both groups. The correction
      percentage was 79.2 % (AG) and 69.9 % (PG) and this was significant. ODI was 3.4
      +/- 4.1 (AG) and 3.0 +/- 4.2 % (PG) and this was insignificant. Correction loss
      was .8 +/- 1.2 degrees  (AG) and 1.9 +/- 2.2 degrees  (PG) and this was
      significant. Union was faster with iliac graft but with lower correction degree
      and higher correction loss than rib-strut graft. All patients achieved union. All
      but three patients achieved full neurological recovery. Superficial infection
      occurred in three cases (PG:2; AG:1) lung parenchymal injury in two case (AG),
      and DVT in one case (AG). CONCLUSIONS: Both approaches give very good union and
      kyphosis correction rate that were maintained overtime. Anterior approach gives
      statistically better kyphosis correction and less correction-loss, but this is
      clinically insignificant. Besides, it is more risky and difficult. Strut-graft is
      essential in reconstruction and correction of kyphosis and vertebral height.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III therapeutic.

PMID- 26988553
TI  - Meta-analysis and suggested guidelines for prevention of venous thromboembolism
      (VTE) in foot and ankle surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To perform a meta-analysis investigating venous thromboembolism (VTE)
      following isolated foot and ankle surgery and propose guidelines for VTE
      prevention in this group of patients. METHODS: Following a PRISMA compliant
      search, 372 papers were identified and meta-analysis performed on 22 papers using
      the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
      level of evidence. RESULTS: 43,381 patients were clinically assessed for VTE and
      the incidence with and without chemoprophylaxis was 0.6% (95% CI 0.4-0.8%) and 1%
      (95% CI 0.2-1.7%), respectively. 1666 Patients were assessed radiologically and
      the incidence of VTE with and without chemoprophylaxis was 12.5% (95% CI 6.8
      18.2%) and 10.5% (95% CI 5.0-15.9%), respectively. There was no significant
      difference in the rates of VTE with or without chemoprophylaxis whether assessed
      clinically or by radiological criteria. The risk of VTE in those patients with
      Achilles tendon rupture was greater with a clinical incidence of 7% (95% CI 5.5
      8.5%) and radiological incidence of 35.3% (95% CI 26.4-44.3%). CONCLUSION:
      Isolated foot and ankle surgery has a lower incidence of clinically apparent VTE
      when compared to general lower limb procedures, and this rate is not
      significantly reduced using low molecular weight heparin. The incidence of VTE
      following Achilles tendon rupture is high whether treated surgically or
      conservatively. With the exception of those with Achilles tendon rupture, routine
      use of chemical VTE prophylaxis is not justified in those undergoing isolated
      foot and ankle surgery, but patient-specific risk factors for VTE should be used
      to assess patients individually. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 26988555
TI  - Surgical site infections following operative management of cervical spondylotic
      myelopathy: prevalence, predictors of occurence, and influence on peri-operative
      outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Studies have examined infection rates following spine surgery and their
      relationship to post-operative complications and increased length of stay. Few
      studies, however, have investigated predictors of infection, specifically in the
      setting of operative intervention for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). This
      study aims to identify the incidence and factors predictive of infection amongst
      this cohort. METHODS: This study performed a retrospective review of the
      prospectively collected American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality
      Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Patients included those treated surgically
      for CSM (ICD-9 code 721.1) from 2010 to 2012. Patient demographics and surgical
      data were collected with outcome variables including the occurrence of one of the
      following surgical site infections (SSIs) within 30 days of index operation:
      superficial SSI, deep incisional SSI, and organ/space SSI. RESULTS: 3057 patients
      were included in this analysis. Overall infection rate was 1.15 % (35/3057), of
      which 54.3 % (19/35) were superficial SSIs, 28.6 % (10/35) were deep incisional
      SSI, and 20 % (7/35) were peri-spinal SSI. Logistic regression revealed factors
      associated with SSI included: higher BMI [OR 1.162 (CI 1.269-1.064), p = 0.001]
      and operative time >=208 min [OR 4.769 (CI 20.220-1.125), p = 0.034].
      CONCLUSIONS: The overall SSI rate for the examined CSM cohort was 1.15 %. This
      study identified increased BMI and operative time >=208 min as predictors of
      infection in surgical CSM patients. This information should be carefully
      considered in delivering patient education and future efforts to optimize risk in
      CSM patients indicated for surgical intervention.

PMID- 26988556
TI  - Publication rates: is more better?

PMID- 26988557
TI  - Local Actors' Frames of the Role of Living Conditions in Shaping Hypertension
      Risk and Disparities in a Colombian Municipality.
AB  - Conditions in the social and physical environment influence population health and
      risk for CVD, including hypertension. These environmental conditions are
      influenced by the decisions of public officials, community leaders, and service
      providers. Examining the frames that local decision makers bring to understanding
      hypertension can provide important insights into the decisions that they make
      about strategies for addressing this problem in their jurisdiction. The goal of
      this study was to examine the frames that local decision makers in Quibdo,
      Colombia, bring to understanding hypertension risk, and in particular, whether
      and how they use frames that encompass associations between living conditions and
      hypertension risk. Data for this qualitative study were collected using a
      stratified sampling strategy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2012
      with 13 local decision makers and analyzed using a framework approach.
      Participants linked the structural conditions experienced in Quibdo, including
      displacement, limited economic opportunities, and the infrastructure of the city,
      to hypertension risk through multiple pathways, including behavioral risk factors
      for hypertension and physiologic responses to stress. They described the social
      patterning of these factors across socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and gender
      hierarchies. Although several conditions associated with hypertension risk are
      widely distributed in the city's population, social processes of marginalization
      and stratification create additional disadvantages for those on the lower rungs
      of the social hierarchy. 

PMID- 26988559
TI  - Lutzomyia migonei is a permissive vector competent for Leishmania infantum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leishmania infantum is the most widespread etiological agent of
      visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the world, with significant mortality rates in
      human cases. In Latin America, this parasite is primarily transmitted by
      Lutzomyia longipalpis, but the role of Lutzomyia migonei as a potential vector
      for this protozoan has been discussed. Laboratory and field investigations have
      contributed to this hypothesis; however, proof of the vector competence of L.
      migonei has not yet been provided. In this study, we evaluate for the first time
      the susceptibility of L. migonei to L. infantum. METHODS: Females of laboratory
      reared L. migonei were fed through a chick-skin membrane on rabbit blood
      containing L. infantum promastigotes, dissected at 1, 5 and 8 days post-infection
      (PI) and checked microscopically for the presence, intensity and localisation of
      Leishmania infections. In addition, morphometric analysis of L. infantum
      promastigotes was performed. RESULTS: High infection rates of both L. infantum
      strains tested were observed in L. migonei, with colonisation of the stomodeal
      valve already on day 5 PI. At the late-stage infection, most L. migonei females
      had their cardia and stomodeal valve colonised by high numbers of parasites, and
      no significant differences were found compared to the development in L.
      longipalpis. Metacyclic forms were found in all parasite-vector combinations
      since day 5 PI. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that Lutzomyia migonei belongs to sand
      fly species permissive to various Leishmania spp. Here we demonstrate that L.
      migonei is highly susceptible to the development of L. infantum. This, together
      with its known anthropophily, abundance in VL foci and natural infection by L.
      infantum, constitute important evidence that L. migonei is another vector of this
      parasite in Latin America.

PMID- 26988560
TI  - Exploiting redox activity in metal-organic frameworks: concepts, trends and
      perspectives.
AB  - Of the many thousands of new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are now
      discovered each year, many possess potential redox activity arising from the
      constituent metal ions and/or organic ligands, or the guest molecules located
      within their porous structures. Those redox states that can be accessed via
      postsynthetic redox modulation often possess distinct physical properties; if
      harnessed, these provide a basis for applications including microporous
      conductors, electrocatalysts, energy storage devices and electrochemical sensors,
      amongst others. This feature article highlights the latest developments in
      experimental, theoretical and computational concepts relevant to redox-active
      MOFs, including new solid state electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical
      techniques that have great utility in this field. A particular emphasis is on
      current and emerging trends at the fundamental level which underscore the
      importance of this promising class of electroactive materials for a wide range of
      technologically- and industrially-relevant applications. 

PMID- 26988558
TI  - Snail-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells:
      systems analysis of molecular changes and their effect on radiation and drug
      sensitivity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been associated with
      the acquisition of metastatic potential and the resistance of cancer cells to
      therapeutic treatments. MCF-7 breast cancer cells engineered to constitutively
      express the zinc-finger transcriptional repressor gene Snail (MCF-7-Snail cells)
      have been previously shown to display morphological and molecular changes
      characteristic of EMT. We report here the results of a comprehensive systems
      level molecular analysis of changes in global patterns of gene expression and
      levels of glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MCF-7-Snail cells and
      the consequence of these changes on the sensitivity of cells to radiation
      treatment and therapeutic drugs. METHODS: Snail-induced changes in global
      patterns of gene expression were identified by microarray profiling using the
      Affymetrix platform (U133 Plus 2.0). The resulting data were processed and
      analyzed by a variety of system level analytical methods. Levels of ROS and
      glutathione (GSH) were determined by fluorescent and luminescence assays, and
      nuclear levels of NF-kappaB protein were determined by an ELISA based method. The
      sensitivity of cells to ionizing radiation and anticancer drugs was determined
      using a resazurin-based cell cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS: Constitutive ectopic
      expression of Snail in epithelial-like, luminal A-type MCF-7 cells induced
      significant changes in the expression of >7600 genes including gene and miRNA
      regulators of EMT. Mesenchymal-like MCF-7-Snail cells acquired molecular profiles
      characteristic of triple-negative, claudin-low breast cancer cells, and displayed
      increased sensitivity to radiation treatment, and increased, decreased or no
      change in sensitivity to a variety of anticancer drugs. Elevated ROS levels in
      MCF-7-Snail cells were unexpectedly not positively correlated with NF-kappaB
      activity. CONCLUSIONS: Ectopic expression of Snail in MCF-7 cells resulted in
      morphological and molecular changes previously associated with EMT. The results
      underscore the complexity and cell-type dependent nature of the EMT process and
      indicate that EMT is not necessarily predictive of decreased resistance to
      radiation and drug-based therapies.

PMID- 26988563
TI  - Comment on 'Predicting the efficacy of radiotherapy in individual glioblastoma
      patients in vivo: a mathematical modeling approach'.

PMID- 26988561
TI  - "The others look at you as if you are a grave": a qualitative study of subjective
      experiences of patients with epilepsy regarding their treatment and care in Cape
      Town, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Existing evidence shows that the majority of people with epilepsy in
      lower and middle income countries are not receiving appropriate treatment and
      care. Although this problem has been reported as one of the factors affecting the
      quality of lives of people with epilepsy, very few studies have investigated
      patients' perspectives and their experiences about the problem. This qualitative
      study explored perspectives and subjective experiences of people with epilepsy
      about their illness in an urban township in South Africa. METHODS: Individual
      face-to-face interviews included twelve people who had epilepsy. A semi
      structured interview guide which was based on Kleinman (1980) Explanatory Models
      Framework was used to elicit participants' perspectives and subjective
      experiences about their illness and its treatment. Thematic analysis method was
      used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The main theme reflecting participants'
      verbatim accounts was about their perceived difficulties affecting their access
      to treatment and care during their routine clinical follow up visits. These
      concerned rushed consultations which focussed on seizure frequency and adherence
      to medication with no attention to personal concerns. They perceived that part of
      the problem could be that some health care practitioners were not adequately
      trained and lacked empathy, interest, respect and listening skills. We argue that
      in a health system where patients feel that they are not respected and their
      concerns are not listened to or are ignored, they may lack trust in the system
      and this may violate their right to access treatment and care. CONCLUSIONS: The
      findings provide a glimpse of the extent to which the power and nature of the
      routine task-centred system can lead to violation of patients' health rights -
      especially with epilepsy which is poorly understood and stigmatized. Appropriate
      interventions are needed to address health system factors affecting the treatment
      and care of this marginalized and vulnerable group of patients.

PMID- 26988562
TI  - How to meet the demand for good quality renal dialysis as part of universal
      health coverage in resource-limited settings?
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is very challenging for resource-limited settings to introduce
      universal health coverage (UHC), particularly regarding the inclusion of high
      cost renal dialysis as part of the UHC benefit package. This paper addresses
      three issues: (1) whether a setting commits to include renal dialysis in its UHC
      benefit package and if so, why and how; (2) how to ensure quality of renal
      dialysis services; and (3) how to improve the quality of life of patients using
      psychosocial and community interventions. DISCUSSION: This article reviews
      experiences of renal dialysis programs in seven settings based on presentations
      and discussions during the International Forum on Peritoneal Dialysis as a
      Priority Health Policy in Asia. A literature review was conducted to verify and
      validate the data as well as to fill information gaps presented in the forum.
      Five out of the seven settings implemented renal dialysis as part of their
      benefits package, while the other two have pilots or programs in their nascent
      stage. Renal replacement therapy has become part of the universal access package
      because these governments recognize the rising number of chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) cases, the catastrophically high costs of treatment, and that this is the
      only life-saving treatment available to patients. The recommendations are as
      follows: Governments should have a holistic approach to CKD interventions,
      including primary prevention as well as psychosocial interventions. Governments
      should consider subsidizing CKD treatment costs depending on their resources.
      Multi-stakeholder cooperation should be facilitated to enact these policies and
      conduct research and development for all aspects of interventions. International
      collaboration should be initiated to share experiences, good practices, and joint
      activities (e.g. capacity building and multinational procurement of medical
      supplies). CONCLUSION: This study provides practical recommendations to country
      governments as well as the international community on how to meet the demand for
      good quality renal dialysis as part of UHC in resource-limited settings.

PMID- 26988564
TI  - Extracts of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. inhibit NF-<kappa>B-signaling in
      a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis and primary synovial cells.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. is used in
      Chinese traditional medicine to treat arthritis, especially has been used a long
      time ago on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in She ethnic minority group. AIM OF THE
      RESEARCH: To investigate the anti-RA effect of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth
      ethyl acetate extract (BCBEE) and the molecular bases of it. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: BCBEE was studied on a rat model of RA induced by IIcollagen in vivo, as
      well as on primary synovial cells in vitro. RESULTS: After BCBEE treatment, in
      vivo, it was showed that paw and joint edema was inhibited, pathological joint
      changes was ameliorated and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor
      necrosis factor-<alpha>(TNF-alpha) was decreased significantly. The protein and
      mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-<kappa>B (NF-kappaB)(p65), IkappaB, p-IkappaB
      and IkappaB kinase beta (IkappaKbeta) were also down-regulated. Moreover, the in
      vitro study revealed that BCBEE treatment inhibited primary synovial cells
      proliferation, and promoted down-regulation of NF-kappaB(p65), IkappaB, p-IkappaB
      and IkappaKbeta. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the present study demonstrates that
      BCBEE produces a protection in a rat model of RA induced by IIcollagen via
      inhibiting paw and joint edema, ameliorating pathological joint changes and
      regulating the levels of cytokines and its action mechanism maybe is via down
      regulating NF-kappaB(p65), IkappaB, p-IkappaB and IkappaKbeta expression.

PMID- 26988566
TI  - Failure to replicate?

PMID- 26988565
TI  - Protection of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on high glucose-induced human retinal
      microvascular endothelial cells dysfunction and streptozotocin-induced diabetic
      retinopathy rats.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), one of the
      main ingredients from bear gall which hold "Clearing heat and detoxification,
      Removing liver fire for improving eyesight" functions, is formed by the
      conjugation of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with taurine. However, the limited
      information of TUDCA on protecting diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been known. The
      present study was conducted to evaluate the protection of TUDCA on high glucose
      induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) dysfunction and
      streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) rats and the possible
      mechanism underlying was also explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proliferation
      of high glucose-induced HRMECs was determined by MTT assay. DR rats' model was
      established by an administration of high-glucose-fat diet and an intraperitoneal
      injection of STZ (30mg/kg). The cell supernatant and rats' serum were collected
      for the assays of NO content by ELISA kits. Retinas were stained with hematoxylin
      and eosin (HE) to observe pathological changes. Immunohistochemical assay was
      applied to examine the protein expression of ICAM-1, NOS, NF-kappaB p65 and VEGF
      in rat retinas. Furthermore, western blot analysis was carried out to examine the
      protein expression of ICAM-1, NOS, NF-kappaB p65 and VEGF in high glucose-induced
      HRMECs. RESULTS: After treating with TUDCA, high glucose-induced HRMECs
      proliferation could be significantly inhibited. TUDCA (5.0MUM, 25.0MUM and
      125.0MUM) could decrease NO content in high glucose-induced HRMECs. Furthermore,
      TUDCA (500mg/kg/d and 250mg/kg/d) also decrease NO content in serum of DR rats.
      Additionally, both immunocytochemistry analysis and western blot analysis showed
      that the over-expression of ICAM-1, NOS, NF-kappaB p65 and VEGF were
      significantly decreased by TUDCA. CONCLUSION: The data indicated that TUDCA could
      ameliorate DR by decreasing NO content and down-regulating the protein expression
      of ICAM-1, NOS, NF-kappaB p65 and VEGF. Thus, our experimental results suggested
      that TUDCA might be a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of DR.

PMID- 26988567
TI  - Cloning and functional analysis of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) gene
      from Mylabris cichorii.
AB  - Cantharidin, a defensive terpene compound synthesized by the meloid beetle
      (Coleoptera, Meloidae), is an important anticancer agent. However, there has been
      little study done on how this compound synthesized by the beetle. In this paper,
      a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) gene, designated McFPPS, was isolated
      from Mylabris cichorii by reverse transcription PCR based on conserved domains in
      other organisms. Multiple alignment analysis showed that the deduced amino acids
      shared >70% homology with FPPSs from other species and contained typically seven
      conservative regions. Gene expression profile analysis revealed that McFPPS was
      expressed throughout the tested growth stages of M. cichorii adults, whereas the
      transcripts accumulated to the highest level at 20 days in male adults while the
      highest expression level appeared at 15 days in females. Tissue expression
      pattern analysis showed that McFPPS was expressed constitutively in all tested
      tissues and a relatively higher expression level in the alimentary canal of
      males, but no significant tissue difference in the females. For the first time, a
      RNA interference strategy was employed to induce a greater suppression of McFPPS
      mRNA, and thus a sharp decrease in the expression levels of downstream genes and
      the concentration of product. All these results indicated that McFPPS may be
      directly involved or play an essential role in the biosynthesis of cantharidin.

PMID- 26988568
TI  - Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase in abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracellular matrix degeneration, caused by matrix metalloproteinase
      2, facilitates smooth muscle cell migration leading to medial layer decline and,
      ultimately, abdominal aortic aneurysm. It remains unclear what exactly causes
      aneurysms to rupture, which leads to death in most patients. The extracellular
      signal-related kinase may be linked to the latter process. We aimed to clarify
      the role of extracellular signal-related kinase in aortic aneurysm development
      and rupture in patients. DESIGN: Aortic fragments were harvested during open
      repair of nonruptured (n = 20) and ruptured (n = 8) aneurysms. As control,
      nondilated aortas (n = 6) were obtained during autopsy. We determined levels of
      phosphorylated and total extracellular signal-related kinase by Western blot,
      matrix metalloproteinase-2 by immunohistochemistry and medial layer thickness by
      conventional microscopy. RESULTS: Nonruptured aneurysms had 1.8 times higher
      activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ratio: phosphorylated/total)
      than controls (P = 0.011). However, the ruptured aneurysms had only 0.9 times the
      activation of controls (ns). Both nonruptured and ruptured aneurysms showed
      significantly higher matrix metalloproteinase-2 than controls (3.8 and 4.0-times,
      respectively; P < 0.005). Of the medial layer thickness in controls, the median
      was 1.5 mm, in nonruptured 1.0 mm and in ruptured aneurysms 0.7 mm. Activation of
      extracellular signal-related kinase correlated positively to medial layer
      thickness (Rs  = 0.48; P = 0.014), but not to matrix metalloproteinase-2 (Rs  = 
      0.36; P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, nonruptured aneurysms are associated
      with increased extracellular signal-related kinase activation while ruptured
      aneurysms are not. Extracellular signal-related kinase was not related to total
      matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. We therefore speculate that increased
      extracellular signal-related kinase, in response to medial layer decline, could
      be protective against aneurysm rupture.

PMID- 26988569
TI  - Reliability Assurance of Detection of EML4-ALK Rearrangement in Non-Small Cell
      Lung Cancer: The Results of Proficiency Testing in China.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Currently, several approaches are being used to detect echinoderm
      microtubule associated protein like 4 gene (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma receptor
      tyrosine kinase gene (ALK) rearrangement, but the performance of laboratories in
      China is unknown. To evaluate the proficiency of different laboratories in
      detecting EML4-ALK rearrangement, we organized a proficiency test (PT). METHODS:
      We prepared formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples derived from the xenograft
      tumor tissue of three non-small cell lung cancer cell lines with different EML4
      ALK rearrangements and used PTs to evaluate the detection performance of
      laboratories in China. RESULTS: We received results from 94 laboratories that
      used different methods. Of the participants, 75.53% correctly identified all
      samples in the PT panel. Among the errors made by participants, false-negative
      errors were likely to occur. According to the methodology applied, 82.86%,
      76.67%, 77.78%, and 66.67% of laboratories using reverse transcriptase polymerase
      chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing,
      and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively, could analyze all the samples
      correctly. Moreover, we have found that the laboratories' genotyping capacity is
      high, especially for variant 3. CONCLUSION: Our PT survey revealed that the
      performance and methodological problems of laboratories must be addressed to
      further increase the reproducibility and accuracy of detection of EML4-ALK
      rearrangement to ensure reliable results for selection of appropriate patients.

PMID- 26988570
TI  - Dramatic Response to Combination Erlotinib and Crizotinib in a Patient with
      Advanced, EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer Harboring De Novo MET Amplification.

PMID- 26988571
TI  - A gallium(III) Schiff base-curcumin complex that binds to amyloid-beta plaques.
AB  - Gallium-68 is a positron-emitting isotope that can be used in positron-emission
      tomography imaging agents. Alzheimer's disease is associated with the formation
      of plaques in the brain primarily comprised of aggregates of a 42 amino acid
      protein called amyloid-beta. With the goal of synthesising charge neutral, low
      molecular weight, lipophilic gallium complexes with the potential to cross the
      blood-brain barrier and bind to Abeta plaques we have used an ancillary
      tetradentate N2O2 Schiff base ligand and the beta-diketone curcumin as a
      bidentate ligand to give a six-coordinate Ga3+ complex. The tetradentate Schiff
      base ligand adopts the cis-beta configuration with deprotonated curcumin acting
      as a bidentate ligand. The complex binds to amyloid-beta plaques in human brain
      tissue and it is possible that extension of this chemistry to positron-emitting
      gallium-68 could provide useful imaging agents for Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 26988572
TI  - Influence of metallocene substitution on the antibacterial activity of
      multivalent peptide conjugates.
AB  - Peptide dendrimers and derivatisation of peptides with metallocenes showed
      promising results in the search for new antibacterial agents. The two concepts
      are combined in this work leading to multivalent, metallocene-containing peptide
      derivates. These new peptides were synthesised utilising microwave assisted,
      copper(I) catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC, "click" chemistry). Twelve
      new peptide conjugates, containing either a ferrocenoyl group or a ruthenocenoyl
      group on so-called ultrashort (i.e. < 5 amino acids) peptides, and ranging from
      monovalent to trivalent conjugates, were synthesised and their antibacterial
      activity was investigated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays on
      five different bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity was compared to the
      same peptide conjugates without metallocenes. The resulting MIC values showed a
      significant enhancement of the antibacterial activity of these peptide conjugates
      against Gram-positive bacteria by the metallocenoyl groups. Additionally, the
      compounds with two metallocenoyl groups presented the best antibacterial
      activities overall.

PMID- 26988574
TI  - Low-dimensional carbon and MXene-based electrochemical capacitor electrodes.
AB  - Due to their unique structure and outstanding intrinsic physical properties such
      as extraordinarily high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and various
      chemical functionalities, low-dimension-based materials exhibit great potential
      for application in electrochemical capacitors (ECs). The electrical properties of
      electrochemical capacitors are determined by the electrode materials. Because
      energy charge storage is a surface process, the surface properties of the
      electrode materials greatly influence the electrochemical performance of the
      cell. Recently, graphene, a single layer of sp(2)-bonded carbon atoms arrayed
      into two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, has attracted wide interest as an
      electrode material for electrochemical capacitor applications due to its unique
      properties, including a high electrical conductivity and large surface area.
      Several low-dimensional materials with large surface areas and high conductivity
      such as onion-like carbons (OLCs), carbide-derived carbons (CDCs), carbon
      nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, metal hydroxide, transition metal dichalcogenides
      (TMDs), and most recently MXene, have been developed for electrochemical
      capacitors. Therefore, it is useful to understand the current issues of low
      dimensional materials and their device applications.

PMID- 26988573
TI  - Does Unilateral Temporomandibular Total Joint Reconstruction Result in
      Contralateral Joint Pain and Dysfunction?
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients requiring unilateral
      total temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction and the risk for development
      of postsurgical contralateral TMJ pain and dysfunction over time requiring
      subsequent contralateral total joint reconstruction. Long-term subjective and
      objective outcomes of unilateral TMJ reconstruction also were evaluated.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy patients underwent unilateral total joint
      reconstruction using a patient-fitted total joint prosthesis from a single
      private practice from 1990 through 2012. The inclusion criteria were 1)
      unilateral TMJ reconstruction with TMJ Concepts or Techmedica patient-fitted
      total joint prosthesis; 2) operation performed by 1 surgeon (L.M.W.); 3) minimum
      12-month follow-up; and 4) adequate records. There were no specific exclusion
      criteria. The primary outcome variable was to evaluate the effects of unilateral
      TMJ reconstruction with a total joint prosthesis on the contralateral TMJ
      relative to development of pain and dysfunction requiring subsequent
      contralateral reconstruction with a total joint prosthesis. Secondary outcome
      variables for all patients included TMJ pain, facial pain, headaches, diet,
      disability, quality of life, maximum incisal opening (MIO), and lateral excursion
      movements after unilateral TMJ reconstruction with the patient-fitted total joint
      prosthesis. Student t test and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analyses,
      with a P value less than .01 for statistical significance. RESULTS: Sixty-one of
      70 patients (87%) met the inclusion criteria (47 women [77%] and 14 men [23%];
      average age, 38 yr; age range, 11 to 69 yr; average follow-up, 44 months; range,
      12 to 215 months). Eight of 61 patients (13%) subsequently required contralateral
      TMJ reconstruction with a total joint prosthesis related to contralateral pain,
      dysfunction, and arthritis, but all 8 (8 of 27 [29.6%]) had previous
      contralateral TMJ disc repositioning surgery. For the secondary outcomes, TMJ
      pain decreased 63%, jaw function improved 61%, facial pain decreased 59%,
      headaches decreased 57%, diet improved 52%, disability decreased 58.5%, and MIO
      increased from 31.4 to 38.8 mm (mean change, 7.4 mm). All subjective factors and
      MIO showed statistically significant improvements at longest follow-up (P < .01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients requiring unilateral TMJ reconstruction with a patient
      fitted total joint prosthesis have a strong probability of improving their
      clinical condition and do not require bilateral reconstruction if the
      contralateral TMJ is healthy. Patients with previous or concomitant contralateral
      TMJ surgery (articular disc repositioning) have an approximately 30% chance of
      requiring a total joint prosthesis in the future.

PMID- 26988575
TI  - The Co-evolution of Speech and the Lexicon: The Interaction of Functional
      Pressures, Redundancy, and Category Variation.
AB  - The sound system of a language must be able to support a perceptual contrast
      between different words in order to signal communicatively relevant meaning
      distinctions. In this paper, we use a simple agent-based exemplar model in which
      the evolution of sound-category systems is understood as a co-evolutionary
      process, where the range of variation within sound categories is constrained by
      functional pressure to keep different words perceptually distinct. We show that
      this model can reproduce several observed effects on the range of sound
      variation. We argue that phonological systems can be seen as finding a relative
      optimum of variation: Efficient communication is sustained while at the same
      time, hidden category variation provides pathways for future evolution.

PMID- 26988576
TI  - Has the participation of older employees in the workforce increased? Study of the
      total Swedish population regarding exit from working life.
AB  - AIMS: This study investigated: (i) the workforce participation in Sweden among
      older employees before and after changes in eligibility for sickness absence and
      unemployment compensation by a social insurance reform; and (ii) absence and
      early exit mechanisms from the workforce for different professions by looking at
      sickness benefits, disability pension and unemployment, early statutory pension,
      employment pension and unregistered economic supply. METHODS: A register-based
      follow-up study of the total Swedish workforce population of 55-64-year-olds,
      measured in 2004 and 2011. RESULTS: The total proportion of individuals aged 55
      64 in the workforce increased between 2004 and 2011, but the increase was mostly
      in professions with lower educational requirements, a lower salary and dominated
      by women. Both in 2004 and in 2011, men in professions with higher educational
      requirements more often exit working life with an early statutory pension and
      employment pension. In contrast, professions with lower educational requirements
      more often absence working life with sickness benefits, disability pension and
      unemployment compensation than other professions in both 2004 and 2011.
      CONCLUSIONS THE CHANGE IN REGULATIONS SEEMS TO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO AN OVERALL
      SHRINKING PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THE SICKNESS BENEFIT AND DISABILITY
      PENSION SCHEMES AT THE SAME TIME THE PROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALS TAKING AN EARLY
      PENSION HAS INCREASED THE RESULTS INDICATED A TENDENCY OF PASSING ON THE COSTS OF
      LABOUR-MARKET EXIT WITHIN DIFFERENT ECONOMIC COMPENSATION ARRANGEMENTS, AS WELL
      AS TO THE INDIVIDUALS THEMSELVES; FOR EXAMPLE, LESS SICKNESS BENEFIT, DISABILITY
      PENSION, BUT MORE STATUTORY PENSION AND EMPLOYMENT PENSION EARLIER.

PMID- 26988577
TI  - Of Tweets and Men.

PMID- 26988578
TI  - Assessment of Left Ventricular Mass and Hypertrophy by Cardiovascular Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging in Pediatric Hypertension.
AB  - Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in adults is considered the gold
      standard for assessment of left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular
      hypertrophy (LVH). The authors aimed to evaluate agreement of LVM measurements
      and LVH determination between echocardiography (ECHO) and CMR imaging in children
      with hypertension (HTN) confirmed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
      (ABPM). The children (n=22) underwent contemporaneous ECHO, CMR imaging, and
      ABPM. Patients had a mean body mass index of 30.9+/-7.5 (kg/m2 ), and 81.8% had
      severe HTN. LVM measured by ECHO was 189.6+/-62.1 g and by CMR imaging was
      164.6+/-44.7 g (P<.0001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed significant variability
      between ECHO and CMR imaging in the measurement of LVM. Interobserver error was
      higher with ECHO than with CMR imaging. ECHO had high sensitivity and low
      specificity in LVH determination. In conclusion, ECHO overestimates LVM and is
      less accurate in measuring LVM as compared with CMR imaging in children with HTN.
      Further prospective study using CMR imaging to assess LVM in children is
      warranted.

PMID- 26988579
TI  - Growth and Endocrinal Abnormalities in Pediatric Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the growth and endocrinal disturbances associated with
      Pediatric Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of
      hospital records of subjects with LCH, aged 1 mo to 18 y was performed. The
      diagnosis of LCH was made as per Histiocyte Society criteria. Subjects were
      classified as group A: multifocal bone disease; B: soft tissue involvement
      without organ dysfunction; and C: organ dysfunction and treated as per DAL-HX-83
      protocol of the Histiocyte Society LCH treatment guidelines. Paired t-test was
      used to compare the baseline and follow-up data. RESULTS: Total 62 records (group
      A- 18, B-32 and C-12) were identified with median follow-up of 5.3 +/- 3.3 y.
      Growth failure [measured as weight/ height Standard deviation score (SDS) <=-2]
      was the commonest disorder seen in 27 (44 %) subjects. Central Diabetes Insipidus
      (DI) was seen in 12 (19 %) subjects. Subjects with group C of LCH had poorer
      weight and height at baseline and follow-up than subjects with group A or B.
      Height SDS were lower in subjects with concomitant DI than those without DI at
      baseline (-2.35 +/- 1.9 and -1.69 +/- 1.4; P 0.18). Subjects with DI did not show
      significant catch-up in their height (P 0.12) unlike those without DI who showed
      a catch-up in height (P 0.03) on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Growth monitoring and
      screening for DI should be essential part of follow-up in all subjects with LCH.

PMID- 26988581
TI  - The New Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Oral Fluid
      Cutoffs for Cocaine and Heroin-Related Analytes Applied to an Addiction Medicine
      Setting: Important, Unanticipated Findings with LC-MS/MS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We implemented oral fluid (OF) as an alternative specimen type to
      urine for detection of cocaine (COC) and opiate abuse in outpatient addiction
      medicine clinics. METHODS: We implemented a 2-MUg/L limit of quantification OF LC
      MS/MS assay and compiled and reviewed all findings from a 22-month collection
      period for COC, benzoylecgonine (BZE), codeine (COD), 6-acetylmorphine (MAM), and
      morphine (MOR). We also compared the results of our clinical samples at different
      OF cutoffs and analytes specified in the new 2015 SAMHSA OF guidelines. RESULTS:
      Of 3608 OF samples, COC and BZE were positive in 593 and 508, respectively. COC
      or BZE was positive in 662 samples. Importantly and unexpectedly, 154 samples
      were COC positive and BZE negative, with 125 having COC 2.0-7.9 MUg/L. A
      simulation with the new guideline cutoffs confirmed 65% (430 of 662) of all COC-
      or BZE-positive data set samples. Similarly, the new guidelines confirmed 44%
      (263 of 603) of data set samples positive for MOR or COD. Simulation found that
      the new, lower MAM guideline cutoffs detected 89% of the 382 MAM-positive samples
      in the data set, 104 of which the new guidelines had identified as negative for
      MOR and COD. CONCLUSIONS: COC (not BZE) is the dominant low-concentration OF
      analyte in an addiction medicine setting. This information will aid OF test
      interpretation. It also illustrates the importance of the 2015 guideline's new
      immunoassay cross-reactivity requirements and the likely improvement in detection
      of heroin use stemming from the new, lower MAM cutoffs.

PMID- 26988582
TI  - Incorporating Clinical Considerations into Statistical Analyses of Markers: A
      Quiet Revolution in How We Think About Data.

PMID- 26988580
TI  - CDC Kerala--The Untold Story.
AB  - This article is our life time experience in conceptualizing and systematically
      developing Child Development Centre (CDC) Kerala in the last 25 years, from a
      research project to a national training centre in child and adolescent
      development and premarital counseling. CDC Kerala's major contribution was in
      creating a 'conceptual framework' of a valid link between childhood disability,
      low birth weight, adolescent girls' nutrition and fetal onset adult lifestyle
      diseases. It all started with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) proving beyond
      doubt that early stimulation is effective in improving the neurodevelopmental
      status of high risk babies at one and two years and the same cohort was followed
      up in detail at 5, 13, 16, 19 and 24 completed years. The process of establishing
      CDC Kerala is being presented under (i) clinical child development, (ii)
      adolescent care counseling, (iii) young adults and premarital counseling and (iv)
      institution building. 

PMID- 26988583
TI  - DETECT the Extremes That Usually Remain Undetected in Conventional Observational
      Studies.

PMID- 26988584
TI  - B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Testing in the Era of Neprilysin Inhibition: Are the
      Winds of Change Blowing?

PMID- 26988585
TI  - Time to Pay Attention to Reagent and Calibrator Lots for Proficiency Testing.

PMID- 26988586
TI  - Postmarket Surveillance of Point-of-Care Glucose Meters through Analysis of
      Electronic Medical Records.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The electronic medical record (EMR) holds a promising source of data
      for active postmarket surveillance of diagnostic accuracy, particularly for point
      of-care (POC) devices. Through a comparison with prospective bedside and
      laboratory accuracy studies, we demonstrate the validity of active surveillance
      via an EMR data mining method [Data Mining EMRs to Evaluate Coincident Testing
      (DETECT)], comparing POC glucose results to near-in-time central laboratory
      glucose results. METHODS: The Roche ACCU-CHEK Inform II((r)) POC glucose meter
      was evaluated in a laboratory validation study (n = 73), a prospective bedside
      intensive care unit (ICU) study (n = 124), and with DETECT (n = 852-27 503). For
      DETECT, the EMR was queried for POC and central laboratory glucose results with
      filtering based on of bedside collection timestamps, central laboratory time
      delays, patient location, time period, absence of repeat testing, and presence of
      peripheral lines. RESULTS: DETECT and the bedside ICU study produced similar
      estimates of average bias (4.5 vs 5.0 mg/dL) and relative random error (6.3% vs
      5.6%), with overlapping CIs. For glucose <100 mg/dL, the laboratory validation
      study estimated a lower relative random error of 3.6%. POC average bias
      correlated with central laboratory turnaround times, consistent with 4.8 mg . dL(
      1) . h(-1) glycolysis. After glycolysis adjustment, average bias was estimated by
      the bedside ICU study at -0.4 mg/dL (CI, -1.6 to 0.9) and DETECT at -0.7 (CI, 
      1.3 to 0.2), and percentage POC results occurring outside Clinical Laboratory
      Standards Institute quality goals were 2.4% and 4.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study validates DETECT for estimating POC glucose meter accuracy compared
      with a prospective bedside ICU study and establishes it as a reliable postmarket
      surveillance methodology.

PMID- 26988588
TI  - Counterpoint: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Targets Are Not Needed in Lipid
      Treatment Guidelines.
AB  - On the basis of accumulating evidence, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL
      C) treat-to-goal approaches no longer seem to be the best way to optimize lipid
      modifying therapy to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The
      potential for a net ASCVD risk reduction benefit is a more individualized
      approach to clinical decision making and may better inform patient preferences.
      However, risk estimation tools will need to be developed to facilitate more
      personalized CVD risk estimation in statin-treated patients. In the meantime, LDL
      C thresholds rather than targets may aid in determining which patients might
      benefit from additional LDL-C-lowering therapy beyond statins. 

PMID- 26988587
TI  - Signaling of Serum Amyloid A Through Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
      as a Possible Mechanism for Uremia-Related Atherosclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with
      end-stage renal disease. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein and a
      binding partner for the multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products
      (RAGE). We investigated the role of the interaction between SAA and RAGE in
      uremia-related atherogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We used a mouse model of
      uremic vasculopathy, induced by 5 of 6 nephrectomy in the Apoe(-/-) background.
      Sham-operated mice were used as controls. Primary cultures of Ager(+/+) and Ager(
      /-) vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were stimulated with recombinant SAA,
      S100B, or vehicle alone. Relevance to human disease was assessed with human
      VSMCs. The surface area of atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic roots was larger
      in uremic Apoe(-/-) than in sham-operated Apoe(-/-) mice (P<0.001). Furthermore,
      atherosclerotic lesions displayed intense immunostaining for RAGE and SAA, with a
      pattern similar to that of alpha-SMA. Ager transcript levels in the aorta were 6*
      higher in uremic animals than in controls (P<0.0001). Serum SAA concentrations
      were higher in uremic mice, not only after 4 weeks of uremia but also at 8 and 12
      weeks of uremia, than in sham-operated animals. We investigated the functional
      role of RAGE in uremia-induced atherosclerosis further, in animals lacking RAGE.
      We found that the induction of uremia in Apoe(-/-) Ager(-/-) mice did not
      accelerate atherosclerosis. In vitro, the stimulation of Ager(+/+) but not of
      Ager(-/-) VSMCs with SAA or S100B significantly induced the production of
      reactive oxygen species, the phosphorylation of AKT and mitogen-activated protein
      kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinases and cell migration. Reactive oxygen
      species inhibition with N-acetyl cysteine significantly inhibited both the
      phosphorylation of AKT and the migration of VSMCs. Similar results were obtained
      for human VSMCs, except that the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein
      kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinases, rather than of AKT, was subject to
      specific redox-regulation by SAA and S100B. Furthermore, human aortic
      atherosclerotic sections were positively stained for RAGE and SAA. CONCLUSIONS:
      Uremia upregulates SAA and RAGE expression in the aortic wall and in
      atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Ager(-/-) animals are protected against the
      uremia-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis. SAA modulates the functions of
      murine and human VSMCs in vitro in a RAGE-dependent manner. This study,
      therefore, identifies SAA as a potential new uremic toxin involved in uremia
      related atherosclerosis through interaction with RAGE.

PMID- 26988590
TI  - Pharmacologically Improved Contractility Protects Against Aortic Dissection in
      Mice With Disrupted Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling Despite Compromised
      Extracellular Matrix Properties.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Transforming growth factor-beta is a pleiotropic cytokine having
      diverse roles in vascular morphogenesis, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Altered
      activity of and signaling through transforming growth factor-beta has been
      implicated in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, conditions characterized
      by a reduced structural integrity of the wall that associates with altered
      biomechanics and mechanobiology. We quantify and contrast the passive and active
      biaxial biomechanical properties of the ascending and proximal descending
      thoracic aorta in a mouse model of altered transforming growth factor-beta
      signaling, with and without treatment with rapamycin. APPROACH AND RESULTS:
      Postnatal disruption of the gene (Tgfbr2) that codes the type II transforming
      growth factor-beta receptor compromises vessel-level contractility and
      elasticity. Daily treatment with rapamycin, a mechanistic target of rapamycin
      inhibitor that protects against aortic dissection in these mice, largely
      preserves or restores the contractile function while the passive properties
      remain compromised. Importantly, this increased smooth muscle contractility
      protects an otherwise vulnerable aortic wall from pressure-induced intramural
      delaminations in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Notwithstanding the protection afforded by
      rapamycin in vivo and in vitro, the residual mechanical dysfunctionality suggests
      a need for caution if rapamycin is to be considered as a potential therapeutic.
      There is a need for in vivo evaluations in cases of increased hemodynamic
      loading, including hypertension or extreme exercise, which could unduly stress a
      structurally vulnerable aortic wall. Given these promising early results,
      however, such studies are clearly warranted.

PMID- 26988589
TI  - Angiotensin II Destabilizes Coronary Plaques in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic
      Rabbits.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Increased plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II) have been
      implicated in many cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, aortic
      aneurysms, and myocardial infarction, in humans. However, it is not known whether
      high levels of plasma Ang II affect coronary plaque stability and subsequent
      myocardial infarction. This study was designed to examine whether elevated plasma
      Ang II can directly induce coronary events, such as acute coronary syndrome.
      APPROACH AND RESULTS: To examine the above hypothesis, we infused Ang II (100
      ng/min per kg [low group] and 200 ng/min per kg [high group]) or saline vehicle
      via osmotic minipumps into Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits, a model of
      human familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Infusion of Ang II
      resulted in mortality rates of 50% and 92% in the low- and high-Ang II groups,
      respectively, whereas there were no deaths in the vehicle group. Pathological
      analysis revealed that Ang II-infused Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits
      that died showed myocardial infarction. Furthermore, Ang II-infused Watanabe
      heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits exhibited coronary plaque erosion and rupture
      that were associated with thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that
      increased blood levels of Ang II can destabilize coronary plaques and trigger the
      thrombosis, which possibly induces myocardial infarction. The model described in
      this study provides a novel means for the study of human acute coronary syndrome.

PMID- 26988593
TI  - Observationally and Genetically High YKL-40 and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in
      the General Population: Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: High baseline YKL-40 is associated with later development of ischemic
      stroke, but not with myocardial infarction. Whether high YKL-40 levels are
      associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism is presently unknown. We
      tested the hypothesis that observationally and genetically high YKL-40 is
      associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in the general
      population. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Cohort and Mendelian randomization studies in
      96 110 individuals from the Danish general population, with measured plasma
      levels of YKL-40 (N=21 647) and CHI3L1 rs4950928 genotype (N=94 579). From 1977
      to 2013, 1489 individuals developed pulmonary embolism, 2647 developed deep vein
      thrombosis, and 3750 developed venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism and
      deep vein thrombosis). For the 91% to 100% versus 0% to 33% YKL-40 percentile
      category, the multifactorially adjusted hazard ratio was 2.38 (95% confidence
      interval, 1.25-4.55) for pulmonary embolism, 1.98 (1.09-3.59) for deep vein
      thrombosis, and 2.13 (1.35-3.35) for venous thromboembolism. Compared with
      rs4950928 GG homozygosity, presence of C-allele was associated with a doubling
      (CG) or tripling (CC) in YKL-40 levels, but not with risk of venous
      thromboembolism. A doubling in YKL-40 was associated with a multifactorially
      adjusted observational hazard ratio for pulmonary embolism of 1.17 (1.00-1.38)
      and a genetic odds ratio of 0.97 (0.76-1.23). Corresponding risk estimates were
      1.28 (1.12-1.47) observationally and 1.11 (0.91-1.35) genetically for deep vein
      thrombosis and 1.23 (1.10-1.38) observationally and 1.08 (0.92-1.27) genetically
      for venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: High YKL-40 levels were associated with
      a 2-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism, but the association was not
      causal.

PMID- 26988591
TI  - Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate NADPH Oxidase-Dependent High Mobility Group Box
      1 Production and Inhibit Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation is characterized by
      inflammation, smooth muscle activation, and matrix degradation. This study tests
      the hypothesis that macrophage-produced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)
      production is dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
      (Nox2), which leads to increase in interleukin (IL)-17 production resulting in
      AAA formation and that treatment with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can
      attenuate this process thereby inhibiting AAA formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS:
      Human aortic tissue demonstrated a significant increase in HMGB1 expression in
      AAA patients when compared with controls. An elastase-perfusion model of AAA
      demonstrated a significant increase in HMGB1 production in C57BL/6 (wild-type
      [WT]) mice, which was attenuated by MSC treatment. Furthermore, anti-HMGB1
      antibody treatment of WT mice attenuated AAA formation, IL-17 production, and
      immune cell infiltration when compared with elastase-perfused WT mice on day 14.
      Elastase-perfused Nox2(-/y) mice demonstrated a significant attenuation of HMGB1
      and IL-17 production, cellular infiltration, matrix metalloproteinase activity,
      and AAA formation when compared with WT mice on day 14. In vitro studies showed
      that elastase-treated macrophages from WT mice, but not from Nox2(-/y) mice,
      produced HMGB1, which was attenuated by MSC treatment. The production of
      macrophage-dependent HMGB1 involved Nox2 activation and superoxide anion
      production, which was mitigated by MSC treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      demonstrate that macrophage-produced HMGB1 leads to aortic inflammation and acts
      as a trigger for CD4(+) T-cell-produced IL-17 during AAA formation. HMGB1 release
      is dependent on Nox2 activation, which can be inhibited by MSCs leading to
      attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17, and protection
      against AAA formation.

PMID- 26988592
TI  - CalDAG-GEFI Deficiency Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Platelets are important for the development and progression of
      atherosclerotic lesions. However, relatively little is known about the
      contribution of platelet signaling to this pathological process. Our recent work
      identified 2 independent, yet synergistic, signaling pathways that lead to the
      activation of the small GTPase Rap1; one mediated by the guanine nucleotide
      exchange factor, CalDAG-GEFI (CDGI), the other by P2Y12, a platelet receptor for
      adenosine diphosphate and the target of antiplatelet drugs. In this study, we
      evaluated lesion formation in atherosclerosis-prone low-density lipoprotein
      receptor deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice lacking CDGI or P2Y12 in hematopoietic cells.
      APPROACH AND RESULTS: Lethally irradiated Ldlr(-/-) mice were reconstituted with
      bone marrow from wild-type (WT), Caldaggef1(-/-) (cdgI(-/-)), p2y12(-/-), or
      cdgI(-/-)p2y12(-/-) (double knockout [DKO]) mice and fed a high-fat diet for 12
      weeks. Ldlr(-/-) chimeras deficient for CDGI or P2Y12 developed significantly
      smaller atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus and in aortas when compared
      with the Ldlr(-/-)/WT controls. We also observed a significant reduction in
      platelet-leukocyte aggregates in blood from hypercholesterolemic Ldlr(-/-)/cdgI(
      /-) and Ldlr(-/-)/p2y12(-/-) chimeras. Consistently, fewer macrophages and
      neutrophils were detected in the aortic sinus of Ldlr(-/-)/cdgI(-/-) and Ldlr(-/
      )/ p2y12(-/-) chimeras. Compared with controls, the plaque collagen content was
      significantly higher in Ldlr(-/-) chimeras lacking CDGI. Interestingly, no
      statistically significant additive effects were seen in Ldlr(-/-)/DKO chimeras
      when compared with chimeras lacking only CDGI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest
      that CDGI is critical for atherosclerotic plaque development in
      hypercholesterolemic Ldlr(-/-) mice because of its contribution to platelet
      leukocyte aggregate formation and leukocyte recruitment to the lesion area.

PMID- 26988595
TI  - Quantifying the consequences of nutritional strategies aimed at decreasing
      phosphorus excretion from pig populations: a modeling approach.
AB  - There is a global imperative to reduce phosphorous (P) excretion from pig
      systems. In this study, a previously validated deterministic model was modified
      to be stochastic, in order to investigate the consequences of different
      management strategies on P excretion by a group of growing pigs. The model
      predicts P digestion, retention and excretion from feed composition and growth
      parameters that describe a specified pig phenotype. Stochasticity was achieved by
      introducing random variation in the latter. The strategies investigated were: (1)
      changing feed composition frequently in order to match more closely pig
      digestible P (digP) requirements to feed composition (phase feeding) and (2)
      grouping pigs into light and heavy groups and feeding each group according to the
      requirements of their group average BW (sorting). Phase feeding reduced P
      excretion as the number of feeding phases increased. The effect was most
      pronounced as feeding phases increased from 1 to 2, with a 7.5% decrease
      achieved; the increase in phases from 2 to 3 was associated with a further 2.0%
      reduction. Similarly, the effect was more pronounced when the feed targeted the
      population requirements for digP at the average BW of the first third, rather
      than the average requirements at the mid-point BW of each feeding sequence plan.
      Increasing the number of feeding phases increased the percentage of pigs that met
      their digP requirements during the early stages of growth and reduced the
      percentage of pigs that were supplied <85% of their digP requirements at any
      stage of their growth; the latter may have welfare implications. Sorting of pigs
      reduced P excretion to a lesser extent; the reduction was greater as the
      percentage of pigs in the light group increased from 10% to 30% (from 1.5% to
      3.0% reduction, respectively). This resulted from an increase in the P excreted
      by the light group, accompanied by a decrease in the P excreted by the remaining
      pigs. Sorting increased the percentage of light pigs that met their dig P
      requirements, but only slightly decreased the percentage of heavy pigs that met
      these requirements at any point of their growth. Exactly the converse was the
      case as far as the percentage of pigs that were supplied <85% of their digP
      requirements were concerned. The developed model is flexible and can be used to
      investigate the effectiveness of other management strategies in reducing P
      excretion from groups of pigs, including precision livestock feeding. 

PMID- 26988597
TI  - New fluoroborate Cd8B5O15F with two different isolated borate anions prepared by
      an open high-temperature solution method.
AB  - The novel cadmium fluoroborate crystal Cd8B5O15F has been successfully obtained
      from the reaction of the high-temperature solution method in open air for the
      first time. An X-ray crystallographic study of the product reveals that Cd8B5O15F
      crystallizes in the space group Fd3[combining macron]m. The parameters of the
      cubic unit cell are a = 13.972(3) A, and Z = 8. The title compound exhibits a
      complicated three-dimensional (3D) network. And the crystal structure is composed
      of two isolated borate anions: BO3 and B(O/F)4. For the B(O/F)4 group, it
      consists of the occupancy of F and O with the ratio of 3 : 1. Spectroscopic
      properties using the IR spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman
      spectrum were measured to illustrate this feature. The thermal behavior and UV
      Vis-NIR diffuse-reflectance spectrum of Cd8B5O15F are also reported in this work.

PMID- 26988594
TI  - Differential Roles of the NADPH-Oxidase 1 and 2 in Platelet Activation and
      Thrombosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to regulate platelet
      activation; however, the mechanisms of ROS production during platelet activation
      remain unclear. Platelets express different isoforms of nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) oxidases (NOXs). Here, we investigated the
      role of NOX1 and NOX2 in ROS generation and platelet activation using NOX1 and
      NOX2 knockout mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS: NOX1(-/Y) platelets showed selective
      defects in G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated platelet activation induced by
      thrombin and thromboxane A2 analog U46619, but were not affected in platelet
      activation induced by collagen-related peptide, a glycoprotein VI agonist. In
      contrast, NOX2(-/-) platelets showed potent inhibition of collagen-related
      peptide-induced platelet activation, and also showed partial inhibition of
      thrombin-induced platelet activation. Consistently, production of ROS was
      inhibited in NOX1(-/Y) platelets stimulated with thrombin, but not collagen
      related peptide, whereas NOX2(-/-) platelets showed reduced ROS generation
      induced by collagen-related peptide or thrombin. Reduced ROS generation in NOX1/2
      deficient platelets is associated with impaired activation of Syk and
      phospholipase Cgamma2, but minimally affected mitogen-activated protein kinase
      pathways. Interestingly, laser-induced arterial thrombosis was impaired but the
      bleeding time was not affected in NOX2(-/-) mice. Wild-type thrombocytopenic mice
      injected with NOX2(-/-) platelets also showed defective arterial thrombosis,
      suggesting an important role for platelet NOX2 in thrombosis in vivo but not
      hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: NOX1 and NOX2 play differential roles in different
      platelet activation pathways and in thrombosis. ROS generated by these enzymes
      promotes platelet activation via the Syk/phospholipase Cgamma2/calcium signaling
      pathway.

PMID- 26988599
TI  - Deconstruction of destruction stories: narrative, inequality, and disasters.
AB  - A commonly-held belief is that natural disasters do not discriminate. This paper,
      though, poses the following theoretical question: what does the elision of race,
      class, and gender in the news media say about disasters in the neoliberal era? It
      draws on the author's analysis of two prominent newspapers-The New York Times and
      USA Today-and their coverage of the recovery process after devastating tornadoes
      in two towns in the United States (Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Joplin, Missouri) in
      2011. The study asserts that the narrative of the news media is one with which
      people are familiar and that it fits into larger 'formula stories'. It utilises
      theoretical treatments of narrative to demonstrate how differences are erased and
      how they lead to complicity in hegemonic representations. Critical theory is used
      to elucidate why this occurs, and the paper sources Goldberg (2002) in suggesting
      that the news media employs 'fantasies of homogenisation' when representing post
      disaster communities.

PMID- 26988596
TI  - Multiscale method for modeling binding phenomena involving large objects:
      application to kinesin motor domains motion along microtubules.
AB  - Many biological phenomena involve the binding of proteins to a large object.
      Because the electrostatic forces that guide binding act over large distances,
      truncating the size of the system to facilitate computational modeling frequently
      yields inaccurate results. Our multiscale approach implements a computational
      focusing method that permits computation of large systems without truncating the
      electrostatic potential and achieves the high resolution required for modeling
      macromolecular interactions, all while keeping the computational time reasonable.
      We tested our approach on the motility of various kinesin motor domains. We found
      that electrostatics help guide kinesins as they walk: N-kinesins towards the plus
      end, and C-kinesins towards the minus-end of microtubules. Our methodology
      enables computation in similar, large systems including protein binding to DNA,
      viruses, and membranes. 

PMID- 26988598
TI  - PI3K in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus mediates estrogenic actions on
      energy expenditure in female mice.
AB  - Estrogens act in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) to regulate body
      weight homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these estrogenic
      effects are unknown. We show that activation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha)
      stimulates neural firing of VMH neurons expressing ERalpha, and these effects are
      blocked with intracellular application of a pharmacological inhibitor of the
      phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Further, we demonstrated that mice with
      genetic inhibition of PI3K activity in VMH neurons showed a sexual dimorphic
      obese phenotype, with only female mutants being affected. In addition, inhibition
      of VMH PI3K activity blocked effects of 17beta-estradiol to stimulate energy
      expenditure, but did not affect estrogen-induced anorexia. Collectively, our
      results indicate that PI3K activity in VMH neurons plays a physiologically
      relevant role in mediating estrogenic actions on energy expenditure in females. 

PMID- 26988600
TI  - Single chain antibody fragments with pH dependent binding to FcRn enabled
      prolonged circulation of therapeutic peptide in vivo.
AB  - The neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) is considered critical for the regulation
      of endogenous IgG and serum albumin (SA) and their circulation half-life in vivo.
      Both IgG and SA can bind to FcRn tightly at acidic pH but not so much at neutral
      pH. Here we reported a few novel single chain antibody fragments (scFv) obtained
      based on screening of a phage library. FnAb-8 and FnAb-12 can bind to human FcRn
      with higher affinities than IgG at acidic pH but similar or lower affinities than
      IgG at pH7.4. Fusion proteins consisted of the therapeutic peptide, GLP-1
      (Glucagon-like peptide-1) connected to the N-terminus of FnAb-8 and FnAb-12,
      named as G8 and G12, were shown to retain the pH-dependent binding capabilities
      to FcRn while also bound to the GLP-1 receptor. In vivo efficacy studies in diet
      induced diabetes mice confirmed the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist activities
      and sustained blood sugar lowering effect. In vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) studies
      were performed in nonhuman primates and FnAb-8 was found to have circulation half
      life several folds longer than what have been reported for scFvs. G8 may be
      developed into long acting GLP-1R agonists with great potentials in clinical
      applications.

PMID- 26988601
TI  - Nano-biomaterials for cardiovascular applications: Clinical perspective.
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, are
      responsible for nearly 25% of all deaths worldwide. Globally, their prevalence
      continues to increase, in spite of enormous progress in cardiovascular
      diagnostics and therapy. For therapeutic and regenerative purposes, biomaterials
      promise solutions with multiple advantages over synthetic materials. Furthermore,
      their easy availability as nanoformulations recommends their application as drug
      carriers or protective nanoshells improving the biocompatibility of imaging
      agents. In this work, we review the most promising and clinically meaningful
      scientific reports with regard to (nano)biomaterials with particular focus on
      potential improvements of existing, and development of novel constructs for
      cardiovascular applications.

PMID- 26988602
TI  - EGFR targeted nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy in a
      pre-clinical model of head and neck cancer.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces cell death through local light activation of a
      photosensitizer (PS) and has been used to treat head and neck cancers. Yet,
      common PS lack tumor specificity, which leads to collateral damage to normal
      tissues. Targeted delivery of PS via antibodies has pre-clinically improved tumor
      selectivity. However, antibodies have long half-lives and relatively poor tissue
      penetration, which could limit therapeutic efficacy and lead to long
      photosensitivity. Here, in this feasibility study, we evaluate at the pre
      clinical level a recently introduced format of targeted PDT, which employs
      nanobodies as targeting agents and a water-soluble PS (IRDye700DX) that is
      traceable through optical imaging. In vitro, the PS solely binds to cells and
      induces phototoxicity on cells overexpressing the epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR), when conjugated to the EGFR targeted nanobodies. To investigate
      whether this new format of targeted PDT is capable of inducing selective tumor
      cell death in vivo, PDT was applied on an orthotopic mouse tumor model with
      illumination at 1h post-injection of the nanobody-PS conjugates, as selected from
      quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. In parallel, and as a
      reference, PDT was applied with an antibody-PS conjugate, with illumination
      performed 24h post-injection. Importantly, EGFR targeted nanobody-PS conjugates
      led to extensive tumor necrosis (approx. 90%) and almost no toxicity in healthy
      tissues, as observed through histology 24h after PDT. Overall, results show that
      these EGFR targeted nanobody-PS conjugates are selective and able to induce tumor
      cell death in vivo. Additional studies are now needed to assess the full
      potential of this approach to improving PDT.

PMID- 26988604
TI  - Radiological safety assessment inside ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara.
AB  - Many archaeological sites in Egypt are unique worldwide, such as ancient tombs
      and pyramids, because they document fundamental developments in human
      civilization that took place several thousands of years ago. For this reason,
      these sites are visited by numerous visitors every year. The present work is
      devoted to provide a pre-operational radiological baseline needed to quantify
      occupational radiation exposure at the famous Saqqara region in Cairo, Egypt. A
      hyperpure Ge detector has been used in the gamma-ray spectrometric analysis while
      the (222)Rn concentration was measured using a portable radon monitor RTM 1688-2,
      SARAD. The mean specific activities of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in the samples
      collected from the interior walls of the Saqqara tombs were determined and found
      to show average values of 16, 8.5 and 45 Bq kg(-1), respectively. The
      concentration of radon was measured inside the tombs Serapeum, South tomb and the
      Zoser Pyramid (fifth level) and an associated average working level of 0.83 WL
      was obtained. In order to avoid the health hazards associated with the exposure
      to radon during the long period of work inside these tombs, proposed solutions
      are introduced. 

PMID- 26988603
TI  - Fluvoxamine, an anti-depressant, inhibits human glioblastoma invasion by
      disrupting actin polymerization.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor with a
      median survival time about one year. Invasion of GBM cells into normal brain is
      the major cause of poor prognosis and requires dynamic reorganization of the
      actin cytoskeleton, which includes lamellipodial protrusions, focal adhesions,
      and stress fibers at the leading edge of GBM. Therefore, we hypothesized that
      inhibitors of actin polymerization can suppress GBM migration and invasion.
      First, we adopted a drug repositioning system for screening with a pyrene-actin
      based actin polymerization assay and identified fluvoxamine, a clinically used
      antidepressant. Fluvoxamine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was a potent
      inhibitor of actin polymerization and confirmed as drug penetration through the
      blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulation of whole brain including brain tumor
      with no drug toxicity. Fluvoxamine inhibited serum-induced ruffle formation, cell
      migration, and invasion of human GBM and glioma stem cells in vitro by
      suppressing both FAK and Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Daily
      treatment of athymic mice bearing human glioma-initiating cells with fluvoxamine
      blocked tumor cell invasion and prolonged the survival with almost same dose of
      anti-depressant effect. In conclusion, fluvoxamine is a promising anti-invasive
      treatment against GBM with reliable approach. 

PMID- 26988605
TI  - Induction Therapy in Lung Transplantation? A Frustrating Message of Persisting
      Uncertainty.

PMID- 26988607
TI  - Deoxynivalenol exposure induces autophagy/apoptosis and epigenetic modification
      changes during porcine oocyte maturation.
AB  - Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread trichothecene mycotoxin which contaminates
      agricultural staples and elicits a complex spectrum of toxic effects on humans
      and animals. It has been shown that DON impairs oocyte maturation, reproductive
      function and causes abnormal fetal development in mammals; however, the
      mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigate the possible
      reasons of the toxic effects of DON on porcine oocytes. Our results showed that
      DON significantly inhibited porcine oocyte maturation and disrupted meiotic
      spindle by reducing p-MAPK protein level, which caused retardation of cell cycle
      progression. In addition, up-regulated LC3 protein expression and aberrant Lamp2,
      LC3 and mTOR mRNA levels were observed with DON exposure, together with Annexin V
      FITC staining assay analysis, these results indicated that DON treatment induced
      autophagy/apoptosis in porcine oocytes. We also showed that DON exposure
      increased DNA methylation level in porcine oocytes through altering DNMT3A mRNA
      levels. Histone methylation levels were also changed showing with increased
      H3K27me3 and H3K4me2 protein levels, and mRNA levels of their relative
      methyltransferase genes, indicating that epigenetic modifications were affected.
      Taken together, our results suggested that DON exposure reduced porcine oocytes
      maturation capability through affecting cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle,
      autophagy/apoptosis and epigenetic modifications.

PMID- 26988606
TI  - Disruption of estrogen homeostasis as a mechanism for uterine toxicity in Wistar
      Han rats treated with tetrabromobisphenol A.
AB  - Chronic oral treatment of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) to female Wistar Han rats
      resulted in increased incidence of cell proliferation at 250mg/kg and tumor
      formation in the uterus at higher doses. The present study was designed to test
      the hypothesis that disruption of estrogen homeostasis was a major mode-of-action
      for the observed effects. Biological changes were assessed in serum, liver, and
      the proximal (nearest the cervix) and distal (nearest the ovaries) sections of
      the uterine horn of Wistar Han rats 24h following administration of the last of
      five daily oral doses of 250mg/kg. Expression of genes associated with receptors,
      biosynthesis, and metabolism of estrogen was altered in the liver and uterus.
      TBBPA treatment also resulted in changes in expression of genes associated with
      cell division and growth. Changes were also observed in the concentration of
      thyroxine in serum and in expression of genes in the liver and uterus associated
      with thyroid hormone receptors. Differential expression of some genes was tissue
      dependent or specific to tissue location in the uterus. The biological responses
      observed in the present study support the hypothesis that perturbation of
      estrogen homeostasis is a major mode-of-action for TBBPA-mediated cell
      proliferation and tumorigenesis previously observed in the uterus of TBBPA
      treated Wistar Han rats. 

PMID- 26988608
TI  - Osteogenic potential of rhBMP9 combined with a bovine-derived natural bone
      mineral scaffold compared to rhBMP2.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Combination therapies of growth factors and scaffolds for bone tissue
      engineering are becoming routine for clinical use. BMP9 has previously been
      characterized as one of the most osteogenic inducers among the BMP superfamily;
      however, up until recently, BMP9 has only been available through adenovirus
      transfection experiments (gene therapy). While recombinant human (rh)BMP2 is
      regarded as the gold standard for bone regeneration with recombinant growth
      factors, recently the successful development of rhBMP9 brings intriguing new
      possibilities for future clinical use. The purpose of this pioneering study was
      to investigate the effects of rhBMP9 in comparison with rhBMP2 on an in vitro
      cell behavior of bone-forming osteoblasts when combined with a bone grafting
      material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Undifferentiated mouse ST2 stromal bone marrow
      cells were seeded onto bovine-derived natural bone mineral (NBM) particles
      treated with (i) control, (ii) rhBMP2 (10 ng/ml), (iii) rhBMP2 (100 ng/ml), (iv)
      rhBMP9 (10 ng/ml) and (v) rhBMP9 (100 ng/ml). The effects of rhBMPs were compared
      for cell adhesion at 8 h, cell proliferation at 1, 3 and 5 days and osteoblast
      differentiation as assessed by real-time PCR at 3 and 14 days for genes encoding
      Runx2, collagen1alpha2 (COL1a2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin
      (OCN). Furthermore, ALP staining and alizarin red staining were used to
      investigate localization of osteoblast differentiation marker and mineralization
      on NBM. RESULTS: Although neither rhBMP2 nor rhBMP9 influenced cell attachment to
      NBM particles, both were able to stimulate cell proliferation at 3 days.
      Furthermore, all concentrations of rhBMPs were able to significantly induce mRNA
      levels of Runx2, COL1a2 and OCN at 3 days. Interestingly, only rhBMP9 was able to
      significantly upregulate mRNA levels of ALP up to eightfold, and ALP staining up
      to 25-fold, when compared to rhBMP2. In addition, only rhBMP9 (100 ng/ml)
      significantly increased alizarin red staining when compared to control and rhBMP2
      (10 ng/ml) samples. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that both rhBMP2 and
      rhBMP9 have osteopromotive properties on osteoblast differentiation. It was found
      that rhBMP9 additionally stimulated the osteopromotive potential of osteoblasts
      when compared to rhBMP2 by demonstrating higher levels of ALP expression and
      alizarin red staining. Further animal studies comparing both recombinant proteins
      are necessary to further characterize the osteoinductive potential of BMP9.

PMID- 26988610
TI  - Re: Jan P. Radtke, Constantin Schwab, Maya B. Wolf, et al. Multiparametric
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and MRI-Transrectal Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy for
      Index Tumor Detection: Correlation with Radical Prostatectomy Specimen. Eur Urol.
      In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.052.

PMID- 26988611
TI  - Is Combination Better than Escalation for Overactive Bladder Therapy?

PMID- 26988612
TI  - Half-sandwich rhodium and iridium metallamacrocycles constructed via C-H
      activation.
AB  - Half-sandwich rhodium and iridium complexes with carboxylic acid ligands were
      combined with pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy) or trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)
      ethylene (bpe) to give a series of tetranuclear macrocycles. The
      metallamacrocycles [(Cp*Rh)4()2(pyrazine)2][OTf]2 (), [(Cp*Rh)4()2(bpy)2][OTf]2
      (), [(Cp*Rh)4()2(bpe)2][OTf]4 () and [(Cp*Ir)4()2 (pyrazine)2] () ( = 3-(2
      pyridyl)acrylic acid, = 1,4-di(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene) were characterized by
      elemental analysis, NMR, IR and single-crystal X-ray analyses. Due to the
      different structures of the carboxylate ligands, the complexes , and were
      synthesized through double-site C-H activation, and complexes were obtained by
      one-site C-H activation. 

PMID- 26988609
TI  - Gene Expression Profile of the Clinically Aggressive Micropapillary Variant of
      Bladder Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Progression of conventional urothelial carcinoma of the bladder to a
      tumor with unique microscopic features referred to as micropapillary carcinoma is
      coupled with aggressive clinical behavior signified by a high propensity for
      metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distant organs resulting in shorter
      survival. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the expression profile of micropapillary cancer
      and define its molecular features relevant to clinical behavior. DESIGN, SETTING,
      AND PARTICIPANTS: We retrospectively identified 43 patients with micropapillary
      bladder cancers and a reference set of 89 patients with conventional urothelial
      carcinomas and performed whole-genome expression messenger RNA profiling. OUTCOME
      MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The tumors were segregated into distinct
      groups according to hierarchical clustering analyses. They were also classified
      according to luminal, p53-like, and basal categories using a previously described
      algorithm. We applied Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (Qiagen, Redwood City,
      CA, USA) and gene set enrichment analysis for pathway analyses. Cox proportional
      hazards models and Kaplan-Meier methods were used to assess the relationship
      between survival and molecular subtypes. The expression profile of micropapillary
      cancer was validated for selected markers by immunohistochemistry on parallel
      tissue microarrays. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: We show that the striking features
      of micropapillary cancer are downregulation of miR-296 and activation of
      chromatin-remodeling complex RUVBL1. In contrast to conventional urothelial
      carcinomas that based on their expression can be equally divided into luminal and
      basal subtypes, micropapillary cancer is almost exclusively luminal, displaying
      enrichment of active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and
      suppression of p63 target genes. As with conventional luminal urothelial
      carcinomas, a subset of micropapillary cancers exhibit activation of wild-type
      p53 downstream genes and represent the most aggressive molecular subtype of the
      disease with the shortest survival. The involvement of miR-296 and RUVBL1 in the
      development of micropapillary bladder cancer was identified by the analyses of
      correlative associations of genome expression profiles and requires mechanistic
      validation. CONCLUSIONS: Micropapillary cancer evolves through the luminal
      pathway and is characterized by the activation of miR-296 and RUVBL1 target
      genes. PATIENT SUMMARY: Our observations have important implications for
      prognosis and for possible future development of more effective therapies for
      micropapillary bladder cancer.

PMID- 26988613
TI  - Neural correlates of expression-independent memories in the crab Neohelice.
AB  - The neural correlates of memory have been usually examined considering that
      memory retrieval and memory expression are interchangeable concepts. However, our
      studies in the crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata and in other memory
      models have shown that memory expression is not necessary for memory to be re
      activated and become labile. In order to examine putative neural correlates of
      memory in the crab Neohelice, we contrast changes induced by training in both
      animal's behavior and neuronal responses in the medulla terminalis using in vivo
      Ca(2+) imaging. Disruption of long-term memory by the amnesic agents MK-801 or
      scopolamine (5MUg/g) blocks the learning-induced changes in the Ca(2+) responses
      in the medulla terminalis. Conversely, treatments that lead to an unexpressed but
      persistent memory (weak training protocol or scopolamine 0.1MUg/g) do not block
      these learning-induced neural changes. The present results reveal a set of
      changes in the neural activity induced by training that correlates with memory
      persistence but not with the probability of this memory to be expressed in the
      long-term. In addition, the study constitutes the first in vivo evidence in favor
      of a role of the medulla terminalis in learning and memory in crustaceans, and
      provides a physiological evidence indicating that memory persistence and the
      probability of memory to be expressed might involve separate components of memory
      traces.

PMID- 26988614
TI  - Adipose tissue: 'Hot' and cold therapy reduces obesity.

PMID- 26988615
TI  - Diabetes: New mechanism for insulin resistance.

PMID- 26988616
TI  - Endocrine disruptors: Manmade and natural oestrogens: opposite effects on
      assisted reproduction.

PMID- 26988617
TI  - In vitro controlled release of clove essential oil in self-assembly of
      amphiphilic polyethylene glycol-block-polycaprolactone.
AB  - In this study, a micellar delivery system with an amphiphilic diblock copolymer
      of poly (ethylene glycol) and poly (E-caprolactone) was synthesised and used to
      incorporate hydrophobic clove essential oil (CEO). To determine an optimal
      delivery system, the effects of the copolymer's hydrophobic block length and the
      CEO-loading content on the encapsulation of CEO were investigated. Percentages of
      entrapment efficiency (%EE), CEO loading (%CEO), and in vitro release profiles
      were determined. The size, size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology of
      the obtained micelles were determined by DLS, FE-SEM, and TEM. The %EE, %CEO, and
      in vitro release profiles of CEO incorporated in micelles were analysed by HPLC.
      The study revealed a sustained release profile of CEO from CEO-loaded micelles.
      The results indicate the successful formulation of CEO-loaded PEG-b-PCL micelle
      nanoparticles. It is suggested that this micelle system has considerably
      potential applications in the sustained release of CEO in intravascular drug
      delivery. 

PMID- 26988618
TI  - HIV positivity and anal cancer outcomes: A single-center experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anal cancer remains common among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      patients. Chemoradiation has had mixed results. We evaluated outcome differences
      by HIV status. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 14 HIV+ and 72 HIV- anal
      cancer patients (2000 to 2013). Outcomes included chemoradiation tolerance,
      recurrence, and survival. RESULTS: HIV+ patients were more often male (100% vs
      38%, P < .001) but diagnosed at similar stages (P = .49). They were less likely
      to receive traditional chemotherapy (36% vs 86%, P < .001). Recurrence (P = .55)
      and survival time (P = .48) were similar across groups. HIV+ patients had similar
      colostomy-free survival (P = .053). Receipt of 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin C (MMC)
      chemotherapy predicted recurrence-free and overall survival (Hazard ratios .278,
      .32). HIV status did not worsen recurrence (P = .71) or survival (P = .57).
      CONCLUSIONS: HIV+ patients received more non-MMC-based chemoradiation but had
      equivalent colostomy-free, recurrence, and overall survival. Use of 5
      fluorouracil/MMC chemotherapy increased after 2008.

PMID- 26988619
TI  - A night float week in a surgical clerkship improves student team cohesion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We hypothesize that night float rotations in the third-year surgical
      clerkship improve student learning and perceptions of team cohesion. METHODS: A 1
      week night float (NF) system was implemented during the 2013 to 2014 academic
      year for students. Each student completed 1 week of NF with the Trauma/Emergency
      General Surgery service. The Perceived Cohesion Scale survey was prospectively
      administered and National Board of Medical Examiners academic performance
      retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: We surveyed 70 medical students, 37
      traditional call and 33 NF students, with 91% response rate. Perception of team
      cohesion increased significantly, without perceived loss of educational benefit.
      Examination scores increased significantly comparing pre- and postintervention
      groups, with this trend continuing in the following academic year. CONCLUSIONS: A
      week-long student NF experience significantly improved perception of team
      cohesion and standardized examination results. A dedicated period of NF during
      the surgical clerkship may improve its overall educational value.

PMID- 26988620
TI  - No associations between five polymorphisms in COMT gene and migraine.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of migraine headaches is not clearly understood
      yet. The dopaminergic system has been hypothesized to be involved in migraine
      pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate catechol-O
      methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphisms and chronic headaches. We analyzed five
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COMT. MATERIALS & METHODS: The study
      population consisted of 71 patients with migraine with aura, 152 patients with
      migraine without aura, 86 patients with tension-type headache, and 191 healthy
      controls. The selected polymorphic markers included one causing His62His (rs4633)
      and two non-synonymous SNPs, Ala72Ser and Val158Met (rs6267, rs4680
      respectively). Two other non-polymorphic SNPs (rs6270, rs740602) were examined.
      RESULTS: We found no significant differences in any genotypes, allele
      frequencies, or haplotypes among the patient groups and controls. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results indicate that the five polymorphisms in COMT have no association with
      migraineurs in Western Japan. The possibility that segments elsewhere in the gene
      may contain a mutation responsible for modifying the expression of COMT or the
      activity of the enzyme is important. We cannot conclusively exclude the entire
      COMT gene from being involved in migraine pathogenesis.

PMID- 26988621
TI  - Growth Characteristics of Contemporary School-age Nigerian Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There are no locally derived growth charts in Nigeria, and so, health
      workers rely on international reference charts. We therefore compared the growth
      characteristics of 4350 school-age Nigerian children (SNC) (2243 girls, 2107
      boys) (4-16 years) from three ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) to both the
      UK (UK 1990) and US (2000 CDC) reference data. RESULTS: Height of SNC was similar
      to international references at the start of school age and then started to
      decline. The decline appeared to peak at 15 years for boys and 13 years for
      girls. At all ages, sex, ethnicity and affluence, SNC were lighter than
      international references. There were significant differences in the prevalence of
      stunting, underweight and obesity among the three ethnic groups (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: There is a risk of over-diagnosing short stature and underweight if
      health workers continue to use growth charts derived from other geographical
      areas.

PMID- 26988622
TI  - Enhanced photovoltaic properties in dye sensitized solar cells by surface
      treatment of SnO2 photoanodes.
AB  - We report the fabrication and testing of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) based
      on tin oxide (SnO2) particles of average size ~20 nm. Fluorine-doped tin oxide
      (FTO) conducting glass substrates were treated with TiOx or TiCl4 precursor
      solutions to create a blocking layer before tape casting the SnO2 mesoporous
      anode. In addition, SnO2 photoelectrodes were treated with the same precursor
      solutions to deposit a TiO2 passivating layer covering the SnO2 particles. We
      found that the modification enhances the short circuit current, open-circuit
      voltage and fill factor, leading to nearly 2-fold increase in power conversion
      efficiency, from 1.48% without any treatment, to 2.85% achieved with TiCl4
      treatment. The superior photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs assembled with
      modified photoanode is attributed to enhanced electron lifetime and suppression
      of electron recombination to the electrolyte, as confirmed by electrochemical
      impedance spectroscopy (EIS) carried out under dark condition. These results
      indicate that modification of the FTO and SnO2 anode by titania can play a major
      role in maximizing the photo conversion efficiency.

PMID- 26988623
TI  - Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery: Volume replacement vs. volume
      displacement.
AB  - Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery (BCS) has emerged as a third option between
      conventional BCS and mastectomy. Oncoplastic BCS includes two fundamentally
      different approaches: volume replacement and volume displacement. The former
      involves partial mastectomy and immediate reconstruction of the breast with the
      transposition of autologous tissue from elsewhere, while the latter involves
      partial mastectomy and using the remaining breast tissue to fill the defect
      resulting from extirpation of the tumor. There are several benefits associated
      with oncoplastic BCS. First, it allows partial mastectomy without cosmetic
      penalties, and can achieve better cosmetic outcomes than total mastectomy with
      immediate breast reconstruction. Second, it avoids the need for total mastectomy
      in an increasing number of patients without compromising local control. Third,
      partial breast reconstruction is less extensive and has fewer complications than
      conventional procedures. Partial mastectomy and partial breast reconstruction can
      be carried out either simultaneously as a one-stage procedure, or using a two
      stage approach. Although patients prefer a one-stage procedure, it requires
      intraoperative confirmation of complete tumor excision using frozen-section
      analysis. Moreover, oncoplastic BCS requires combined skills, knowledge, and
      understanding of both oncological and plastic surgeries, which may be optimally
      achieved by an oncoplastic surgeon.

PMID- 26988624
TI  - Cost effectiveness analysis of fesoterodine compared to mirabegron in first-line
      therapy setting for overactive bladder with urge urinary incontinence, from the
      Spanish National Health System perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of first-line treatment of
      Overactive Bladder (OAB) with fesoterodine relative to mirabegron, from the
      Spanish National Health System (NHS) perspective. METHODS: A decision tree model
      was developed to represent a typical clinical process of 52-week of treatment for
      an OAB patient with urge urinary incontinence (UUI) initiating first-line therapy
      with fesoterodine 4mg, including optional titration to 8mg, vs.mirabegron 50mg.
      Efficacy data were obtained from a Bayesian indirect treatment meta-analysis.
      Patients with UUI of less than one episode/day were defined as treatment
      responder and persistence was assessed at weeks 4, 12 and 24. At week 12, non
      responders discontinued treatment permanently. Quality-adjusted life years
      (QALYs) were calculated based on time spent in responder and non-responder
      states. OAB-related drug and medical care costs including physician visits,
      laboratory tests, incontinence pads, and comorbidities (fracture, skin infection,
      urinary tract infections and depression) were modeled and expressed in ?2015.
      RESULTS: At week 52, the percentage of responders was 20.8% for patients starting
      on fesoterodine 4mg who optionally titrated to 8mg and 19.4% for patients treated
      with mirabegron. QALYs were slightly higher with fesoterodine than mirabegron
      (0.7703vs. 0.7668, difference=0.0035). Fesoterodine treatment also had slightly
      higher total costs than mirabegron (3,296?vs. 3,217, difference=79?), resulting
      in a cost of 22,523/QALY? gained for fesoterodine versus mirabegron.
      Probabilistic sensitivity analysis confirmed the slight advantage of fesoterodine
      with a 61.1% probability of being cost-effective at the 30,000? willingness-to
      pay for 1QALY threshold. CONCLUSIONS: Given the relatively small 1-year cost
      difference between the two treatments, fesoterodine can be considered a cost
      effective option relative to mirabegron for the first-line management of OAB with
      UUI in Spain.

PMID- 26988625
TI  - A test of the stranger-interviewer norm in the Dominican Republic.
AB  - We offer the first empirical test of the 'stranger-interviewer norm', according
      to which interviewers in social, demographic, and health surveys should be
      strangers-not personally familiar with respondents. We use data from an
      experimental survey in the Dominican Republic that featured three types of
      interviewer: from out of town (outsiders); local but unknown to the respondent
      (local-strangers); and local with a previous relationship to the respondent
      (insiders). We were able to validate answers to up to 18 questions per
      respondent, mainly by checking official documents in their possession. Contrary
      to expectations derived from the stranger-interviewer norm, respondents were more
      reluctant to show the documents needed for validation when the interviewer was an
      outsider. Furthermore, and again at odds with the stranger-interviewer norm, we
      found no difference in accuracy by type of interviewer. Our results have
      important implications for the selection of survey interviewers in less developed
      and non-Western settings. 

PMID- 26988626
TI  - A lost family-planning regime in eighteenth-century Ceylon.
AB  - Based on Dutch colonial registers (thombos), this paper reconstructs fertility
      for two districts in Ceylon, 1756-68. It overcomes challenges in data quality by
      establishing the outer bounds of plausible estimates in a series of scenarios.
      Among these, total fertility rates (TFRs) averaged 5.5 in one district, but only
      2.7 in the other. These figures exclude the victims of infanticide, a custom
      noted in European travelogues between about 1660 and 1820. Sex ratios among
      children differed depending on the number of older siblings, and overall, 27 per
      cent of girls are missing in one district and 57 per cent in the other. There was
      little significant variation either in the TFR or the sex ratio by socio-economic
      status, suggesting that poverty was not a key factor in motivating infanticides.
      Instead, we argue that at least parts of Ceylon had a forward-looking culture of
      family planning in the eighteenth century, which was lost in subsequent decades. 

PMID- 26988629
TI  - Messages for Clinicians: Moderators and Mediators of Treatment Outcome in
      Randomized Clinical Trials.
AB  - Many problems in randomized clinical trial design, execution, analysis,
      presentation and interpretation stem in part from an inadequate understanding of
      the roles of moderators and mediators of treatment outcome. As a result, 1) the
      results of clinical research are slow to have an impact on clinical decision
      making and thus to benefit patients; 2) it is difficult for clinicians or
      patients to apply randomized clinical trial results comparing two treatments
      (treatment versus control); 3) when such trials are conducted at various sites,
      the results often do not replicate; 4) when the results influence clinical
      decision making, the results clinicians obtain do not match what researchers
      report; and 5) the treatment effects comparing treatment and control conditions,
      particularly for psychiatric treatments, often seem trivial. In this review
      article, the author reviews and integrates the methodological literature
      concerning dealing with covariates in trials to emphasize their impact on
      clinical decision making. The goal of trials should ultimately be to establish
      who should get the treatment condition rather than the control condition
      (moderators) and to determine how to obtain the best outcomes with whatever is
      the preferred treatment (mediators). The author makes recommendations to
      clinicians as to which trials might best be ignored and which carefully
      considered, and urges clinical researchers to focus on studies best designed to
      reduce the burden of mental illness on patients. 

PMID- 26988627
TI  - Organization of lipids in fiber-cell plasma membranes of the eye lens.
AB  - The plasma membrane together with the cytoskeleton forms the only supramolecular
      structure of the matured fiber cell which accounts for mostly all fiber cell
      lipids. The purpose of this review is to inform researchers about the importance
      of the lipid bilayer portion of the lens fiber cell plasma membranes in the
      maintaining lens homeostasis, and thus protecting against cataract development.

PMID- 26988630
TI  - Arteriovenous fistula in dialysis patients: Factors implicated in early and late
      AVF maturation failure.
AB  - Increasing numbers of patients are being diagnosed with end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD), and the demand for on haemodialysis (HD) is rising. Arteriovenous
      fistulae (AVFs) remain the best conduit for adequate HD, with fewer complications
      associated with long-term use compared to bypass grafts and central venous
      catheters. However, it is known that many newly formed fistulae do not mature to
      provide useful HD access. The paper provides a narrative overview of factors
      influencing the process of AVF maturation failure. 

PMID- 26988628
TI  - The Bidirectional Associations Between Psychotic Experiences and DSM-IV Mental
      Disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: While it is now recognized that psychotic experiences are associated
      with an increased risk of later mental disorders, we lack a detailed
      understanding of the reciprocal time-lagged relationships between first onsets of
      psychotic experiences and mental disorders. Using data from World Health
      Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys, the authors assessed the
      bidirectional temporal associations between psychotic experiences and mental
      disorders. METHOD: The WMH Surveys assessed lifetime prevalence and age at onset
      of psychotic experiences and 21 common DSM-IV mental disorders among 31,261 adult
      respondents from 18 countries. Discrete-time survival models were used to examine
      bivariate and multivariate associations between psychotic experiences and mental
      disorders. RESULTS: Temporally primary psychotic experiences were significantly
      associated with subsequent first onset of eight of the 21 mental disorders (major
      depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social
      phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, adult separation anxiety disorder, bulimia
      nervosa, and alcohol abuse), with odds ratios ranging from 1.3 (95% CI=1.2-1.5)
      for major depressive disorder to 2.0 (95% CI=1.5-2.6) for bipolar disorder. In
      contrast, 18 of 21 primary mental disorders were significantly associated with
      subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences, with odds ratios ranging from
      1.5 (95% CI=1.0-2.1) for childhood separation anxiety disorder to 2.8 (95% CI=1.0
      7.8) for anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSIONS: While temporally primary psychotic
      experiences are associated with an elevated risk of several subsequent mental
      disorders, these data show that most mental disorders are associated with an
      elevated risk of subsequent psychotic experiences. Further investigation of the
      underlying factors accounting for these time-order relationships may shed light
      on the etiology of psychotic experiences.

PMID- 26988632
TI  - Assessments of outcome in haemophilia - a patient perspective.

PMID- 26988633
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis infections in domestic dogs in New York
      City public parks.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii and Giardia duodenalis have been widely reported to produce
      major diseases in humans and domestic animals. Little is known about the
      occurrence of these protozoan parasites in domestic dogs in the United States.
      The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of T. gondii
      and G. duodenalis among dogs in New York City. Fecal samples from domestic dogs
      were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, 3% of the samples
      tested positive for T. gondii, while 15% were positive for G. duodenalis. PCR
      RFLP of T. gondii-positive samples revealed genotypes I and III, while sequence
      analysis of the G. duodenalis-positive samples indicated that 94.1% of the dogs
      were infected with the zoonotic assemblage A. Further studies are needed to
      determine the prevalence of zoonotic protozoan parasites in domestic dogs. 

PMID- 26988635
TI  - Phylogeny and taxonomy of charophytes, good news from a battlefield of concepts.

PMID- 26988634
TI  - Upcoding in a National Health Service: the evidence from Portugal.
AB  - For many years, evidence from the USA has pointed out to the existence of
      upcoding in management practices. Upcoding is defined as classifying patients in
      diagnosis-related groups codes associated with larger payments. The incentive for
      upcoding is not restricted to private providers of care. Conceptually, any
      patient classification system that is used for payment purposes may be vulnerable
      to this sort of strategic behaviour by providers. We document here that upcoding
      occurs in a National Health Service where public hospitals have their payment
      (budget) tied to the classification of treatment episodes. Using diagnosis
      related groups data from Portugal, we found that the practice of upcoding has
      been used in the hospitals in a way leading to larger budgets (age of patients
      plays a key role). The effect is quantitatively small. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988631
TI  - Glia, sympathetic activity and cardiovascular disease.
AB  - NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? In this review, we discuss recent
      findings that provide a novel insight into the mechanisms that link glial cell
      function with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including systemic
      arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure. What advances does it highlight?
      We discuss how glial cells may influence central presympathetic circuits, leading
      to maladaptive and detrimental increases in sympathetic activity and contributing
      to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Increased activity
      of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with the development of
      cardiovascular disease and may contribute to its progression. Vasomotor and
      cardiac sympathetic activities are generated by the neuronal circuits located in
      the hypothalamus and the brainstem. These neuronal networks receive multiple
      inputs from the periphery and other parts of the CNS and, at a local level, may
      be influenced by their non-neuronal neighbours, in particular glial cells. In
      this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence suggesting that astrocytes
      and microglial cells are able to modulate the activity of sympathoexcitatory
      neural networks in disparate physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We
      focus on the chemosensory properties of astrocytes residing in the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla oblongata and discuss signalling mechanisms leading to
      glial activation during brain hypoxia and inflammation. Alterations in these
      mechanisms may lead to heightened activity of sympathoexcitatory CNS circuits and
      contribute to maladaptive and detrimental increases in sympathetic tone
      associated with systemic arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure.

PMID- 26988636
TI  - Phylogeny of North American Tolypella (Charophyceae, Charophyta) based on plastid
      DNA sequences with a description of Tolypella ramosissima sp. nov.
AB  - Characeae (Charophyceae, Charophyta) contains two tribes with six genera: tribe
      Chareae with four genera and tribe Nitelleae, which includes Tolypella and
      Nitella. This paper uses molecular and morphological data to elucidate the
      phylogeny of Tolypella species in North America. In the most comprehensive
      taxonomic treatment of Characeae, 16 Tolypella species worldwide were subsumed
      into two species, T. intricata and T. nidifica, in two sections, Rothia and
      Tolypella respectively. It was further suggested that Tolypella might be a
      derived group within Nitella. In this investigation into species diversity and
      relationships in North American Tolypella, sequence data from the plastid genes
      atpB, psbC, and rbcL were assembled for a broad range of charophycean and land
      plant taxa. Molecular data were used in conjunction with morphology to test
      monophyly of the genus and species within it. Phylogenetic analyses of the
      sequence data showed that Characeae is monophyletic but that Nitelleae is
      paraphyletic with Tolypella sister to a monophyletic Nitella + Chareae. The
      results also supported the monophyly of Tolypella and the sections Rothia and
      Tolypella. Morphologically defined species were supported as clades with little
      or no DNA sequence differences. In addition, molecular data revealed several
      lineages and a new species (T. ramosissima sp. nov.), which suggests greater
      species diversity in Tolypella than previously recognized. 

PMID- 26988637
TI  - The dynamics of sexual phase in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata
      (Bacillariophyceae).
AB  - Sexual reproduction represents a fundamental phase in the life cycle of diatoms,
      linked to both the production of genotypic diversity and the formation of large
      sized initial cells. Only cells below a certain size threshold can be sexualized,
      but various environmental factors can modulate the success of sexual
      reproduction. We investigated the role of cell density and physiological
      conditions of parental strains in affecting the success and timing of sexual
      reproduction in the marine heterothallic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata. We
      also studied the dynamics of the sexual phase in still conditions allowing cell
      sedimentation and in gently mixed conditions that keep cells in suspension. Our
      results showed that successful sexual reproduction can only be achieved when
      crossing parental strains in the exponential growth phase. Evidence was provided
      for the fact that sexual reproduction is a density-dependent event and requires a
      threshold cell concentration to start, although this might vary considerably
      amongst strains. Moreover, the onset of the sexual phase was coupled to a marked
      reduction in growth of the vegetative parental cells. The crosses carried out in
      physically mixed conditions produced a significantly reduced number of sexual
      stages as compared to crosses in still conditions, showing that mixing impairs
      sexualization. The results of our experiments suggest that the signaling that
      triggers the sexual phase is favored when cells can accumulate, reducing the
      distance between them and facilitating contacts and/or the perception of chemical
      cues. Information on the progression of the sexual phase in laboratory conditions
      help understanding the conditions at which sex occurs in the natural environment.

PMID- 26988638
TI  - Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on Cu(2+) removal by Spirulina platensis
      strain (FACHB-834).
AB  - The removal efficiency of Cu(2+) by Spirulina platensis (strain FACHB-834), in
      viable and heat-inactivated forms, was investigated in the presence and absence
      of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). When the initial Cu(2+) concentration was
      in the range of 0.5-1.5 mg . L(-1) , a slight increase in growth rate of FACHB
      834 was observed. In contrast, when Cu(2+) or LAS concentrations were at or
      higher than 2.0 or 6.0 mg . L(-1) , respectively, the growth of FACHB-834 was
      inhibited and displayed yellowing and fragmentation of filaments. The presence of
      LAS improved Cu(2+) removal by ~20%, and accelerated attainment of Cu(2+)
      retention equilibrium. For the 2- mg . L(-1) Cu(2+) treatments, retention
      equilibrium occurred within 2 d and showed maximum Cu(2+) removal of 1.83 mg . L(
      1) . In the presence of LAS, the ratio of extracellular bound Cu(2+) to
      intracellular Cu(2+) taken up by the cells was lower (1.05-2.26) than
      corresponding ratios (2.46-7.85) in the absence of LAS. The percentages of
      extracellular bound Cu(2+) to total Cu(2+) removal (both bound and taken up by
      cells) in the presence of LAS ranged from 51.2% to 69.3%, which was lower than
      their corresponding percentages (71.1%-88.7%) in the absence of LAS. LAS promoted
      biologically active transport of the extracellular bound form of Cu(2+) into the
      cell. In contrast, the addition of LAS did not increase the maximum removal
      efficiency of Cu(2+) (61.4% +/- 5.6%) by heat-inactivated cells compared to that
      of living cells (59.6% +/- 6.0%). These results provide a theoretical foundation
      for designing bioremediation strategies using FACHB-834 for use in surface waters
      contaminated by both heavy metals and LAS. 

PMID- 26988639
TI  - Adhesion molecules from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae):
      genomic identification by amino-acid profiling and in vivo analysis.
AB  - Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important in prokaryotes and eukaryotes for
      cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions. The characteristics of adhesive
      proteins in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum were investigated by
      bioinformatic analysis and in vivo characterization. Bioinformatic analysis of
      the protein coding potential of the P. tricornutum genome used an amino-acid
      profile that we developed as a new system to identify uncharacterized or novel
      CAMs. Putative diatom CAMs were identified and seven were characterized in vivo,
      by generation of transgenic diatom lines overexpressing genes encoding C-terminal
      yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion proteins. Three of these selected genes
      encode proteins with weak similarity to characterized proteins, a c-type lectin
      and two fasciclins, whereas the others are novel. The resultant cell lines were
      investigated for alterations in their adhesive ability. Whole cell-substratum
      adhesion strength was measured in a fully turbulent flow chamber, while atomic
      force microscopy was used to quantify the relative frequency of adhesion, as well
      as the length and strength of single molecules in the secreted mucilage. Finally,
      quartz crystal microbalance analysis characterized the visco-elastic properties
      and interaction of the mucilage-substratum interface. These combined studies
      revealed a range of phenotypes affecting adhesion, and led to the identification
      of candidate proteins involved in diatom adhesion. In summary, our study has for
      the first time combined bioinformatics and molecular physiological studies to
      provide new insights into diatom adhesive molecules. 

PMID- 26988640
TI  - Antigenic variation in mucilage secreted by members of the genus Symbiodinium
      (Dinophyceae).
AB  - Symbiodinium reside intracellularly in a complex symbiosome (host and symbiont
      derived) within cnidarian hosts in a specific host-symbiont association.
      Symbiodinium is a diverse genus with variation greater than other dinoflagellate
      orders. In this paper, our investigation into specificity examines antigenic
      variation in the algal mucilage secretions at the host-symbiont interface.
      Cultured Symbiodinium from a variety of clades were labeled with one of two
      antibodies to symbiont mucilage (PC3, developed using a clade B alga cultured
      from Aiptasia pallida; BF10, developed using a clade F alga cultured from
      Briareum sp.). The labeling was visualized with a fluorescent marker and examined
      with epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. PC3 antigen was found in cultured
      Symbiodinium from clades A and B, but not clades C, D, E and F. The correlation
      between labeling and clade may account for some of the specificity between host
      and symbiont in the field. Within clades A and B there was variation in the
      amount of label present. BF10 antigen was more specific and only found in
      cultures of the same cp23S-rDNA strain the antibody was created against. These
      results indicate that the mucilage secretions do vary both qualitatively and
      quantitatively amongst Symbiodinium strains. Since the mucilage forms the host
      symbiont interface, variation in its molecular composition is likely to be the
      source of any signals involved in recognition and specificity. 

PMID- 26988641
TI  - Hanicella moenia, gen. et sp. nov., a ribbon-forming diatom (Bacillariophyta)
      with complex girdle bands, compared to Microtabella interrupta and Rhabdonema cf.
      adriaticum: implications for Striatellales, Rhabdonematales, and
      Grammatophoraceae, fam. nov.
AB  - Tropical benthic diatoms are poorly known but constitute a rich resource for
      studies of diatom morphology and phylogeny. A remarkable tabellarioid ribbon
      forming diatom with a very distinctive pattern of plastid distribution and unique
      valve and girdle band characters is described from Guam (Mariana Islands) as a
      new genus and species, Hanicella moenia. We were able to study the ultrastructure
      and ontogeny of the girdle bands, to compare several other genera in the
      Striatellales and the Rhabdonematales with numerous septate copulae and hyaline,
      nonseptate pleurae, and to evaluate their phylogenetic relationships. The last
      formed two copulae of Microtabella interrupta have distended septa, the last
      interlocking with the other via a transverse ridge between two unique "ligules."
      The fourth pleura of Hanicella is a delicate, fimbriate band. Views of developing
      copulae of H. moenia indicated that the septum was formed by ingrowth from the
      sides rather than from the apex; this blurs the distinction between septate and
      scalariform valvocopulae. Phylogenetic results (i) confirmed that the
      Striatellales and Striatellaceae, consisting of Striatella and Pseudostriatella,
      are unrelated to clades containing Hyalosira, Microtabella, Hanicella, and
      Rhabdonema; and (ii) showed that the fRhabdonemataceae is close to, but separate
      from, the strongly supported Hanicella/Microtabella/Grammatophora clade, for
      which we propose Grammatophoraceae fam. nov. Formal genus and species
      descriptions of H. moenia are given and we also propose to restore Hyalosira
      interrupta to Microtabella with an emended genus description. 

PMID- 26988643
TI  - Speciation in the marine crop Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta).
AB  - In the marine red alga Pyropia yezoensis, commonly known in Japan as nori,
      sympatric occurrence of two cryptic species Pyropia sp. 2 and Pyropia sp. 3 on
      the same rock in a natural habitat has been confirmed by molecular analysis and
      detailed morphological observations. To confirm whether Pyropia sp. 2 and Pyropia
      sp. 3 were reproductively isolated in the sympatric population, 170 blades that
      had previously been studied using a maternally inherited plastid marker were
      examined with a nuclear gene marker. The results suggested that Pyropia sp. 2 and
      Pyropia sp. 3 with identical morphological features were reproductively isolated
      in the sympatric population and that they were different species based on the
      biological species concept. Although gametophytic blades of Pyropia were usually
      assumed to be haploid, 18 of 170 blades possessed both of the two genotypes
      derived from Pyropia sp. 2 and from Pyropia sp. 3. These results inferred that
      allodiploid blades were generated from the interspecific hybridization between
      these two cryptic species. The present findings provide insights for future
      studies on the speciation mechanism in seaweeds, particularly for genera that
      contain numerous species. 

PMID- 26988642
TI  - Genetic diversity and haplotype distribution of Pachymeniopsis gargiuli sp. nov.
      and P. lanceolata (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) in Korea, with notes on their non
      native distributions.
AB  - The red alga Pachymeniopsis lanceolata, formerly known as Grateloupia lanceolata,
      is a component of the native algal flora of northeast Asia and has been
      introduced to European and North American waters. It has been confused with a
      cryptic species collected from Korea and Italy. Our analyses of rbcL, cox3 and
      ITS from P. lanceolata and this cryptic species has revealed two distinct
      entities, forming a clade, which were clearly separated from its congeners and
      positioned with other Asian species. Here, we describe the cryptic species as P.
      gargiuli sp. nov., a species that differs from others by molecular sequence and
      subtle anatomical characters. We hypothesize that P. gargiuli may have been
      recently dispersed by anthropogenic vectors, possibly at or near the same time as
      was P. lanceolata. Our cox3 data set revealed that one haplotype of P. gargiuli,
      shared between Korea and Italy, and two haplotypes of P. lanceolata, commonly
      occurring in Korea and USA, are invasive haplotypes. This is the first report of
      the utility of the mitochondrial coding cox3 sequences in red algae. 

PMID- 26988644
TI  - Production rate estimation of mycosporine-like amino acids in two Arctic melt
      ponds by stable isotope probing with NAH(13) CO3.
AB  - The net carbon uptake rate and net production rate of mycosporine-like amino
      acids (MAAs) were measured in phytoplankton from 2 different melt ponds (MPs;
      closed and open type pond) in the western Arctic Ocean using a (13) C stable
      isotope tracer technique. The Research Vessel Araon visited ice-covered western
      central basins situated at 82 degrees N and 173 degrees E in the summer of 2012,
      when Arctic sea ice declined to a record minimum. The average net carbon uptake
      rate of the phytoplankton in polycarbonate (PC) bottles in the closed MP was 3.24
      mg C . m(-3) . h(-1) (SD = +/-1.12 mg C . m(-3) . h(-1) ), while that in the open
      MP was 1.3 mg C . m(-3) . h(-1) (SD = +/-0.05 mg C . m(-3) . h(-1) ). The net
      production rate of total MAAs in incubated PC bottles was highest (1.44 (SD = +/
      0.24) ng C . L(-1) . h(-1) ) in the open MP and lowest (0.05 (SD = +/-0.003) ng C
      . L(-1) . h(-1) ) in the closed MP. The net production rate of shinorine and
      palythine in incubated PC bottles at the open MP presented significantly high
      values 0.76 (SD = +/-0.12) ng C . L(-1) . h(-1) and 0.53 (SD = +/-0.06) ng C . L(
      1) . h(-1) . Our results showed that high net production rate of MAAs in the open
      MP was enhanced by a combination of osmotic and UVR stress and that in situ net
      production rates of individual MAA can be determined using (13) C tracer in MPs
      in Arctic sea ice.

PMID- 26988646
TI  - The effects of different light-dark cycles on the metabolism of the diazotrophic,
      unicellular cyanobacteria Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, and Cyanothecesp. PCC 7822.
AB  - The diazotrophic unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142
      demonstrates circadian patterns in nitrogenase activity, H2 production and
      glycogen storage when grown under nitrogen-fixing, 12:12 light:dark (L:D)
      conditions. In this study, we grew Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, and another strain
      in this genus, Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822, under long-day (16:8 L:D) and short-day
      (8:16 L:D) nitrogen-fixing conditions to determine if they continued to display
      circadian rhythms. Both strains demonstrated similar circadian patterns for all
      three metabolic parameters when grown under long-day conditions. However, the
      strains responded differently to short-day growth conditions. Cyanothece sp. ATCC
      51142 retained reasonable circadian patterns under 8:16 L:D conditions, whereas
      Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 had quite damped patterns without a clear circadian
      pattern. In particular, glycogen storage changed very little throughout the day
      and we ascribe this to the difference in the type of glycogen granules in
      Cyanothece sp. PCC 7822 which has small beta-granules, compared to the large,
      starch-like granules in Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142. The results suggested that
      both mechanistic and regulatory processes play a role in establishing the basis
      for these metabolic oscillations. 

PMID- 26988645
TI  - Diversity of bladed Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in western Mediterranean: recognition
      of the genus Themis and descriptions of T. ballesterosii sp. nov., T. iberica sp.
      nov., and Pyropia parva sp. nov.
AB  - The diversity of the bladed species of the red algal order Bangiales from the
      Iberian Mediterranean shores has been reassessed after a detailed study of this
      region. Prior to this study, 11 bladed species of Bangiales had been reported
      from Mediterranean waters: Porphyra atropurpurea, P. cordata, P. coriacea, P.
      dioica, P. linearis, P. purpurea, P. umbilicalis, Pyropia leucosticta, Pyropia
      koreana (as P. olivii), Py. elongata (as P. rosengurttii) and Py. suborbiculata.
      A combined analysis of the nuclear nSSU and the plastid rbcL genes together with
      detailed morphological studies has confirmed the presence of species within the
      genera Porphyra and Pyropia and also revealed a third, undescribed genus, Themis
      gen. nov. Porphyra linearis, Pyropia elongata and the introduced Pyropia koreana
      had been previously listed for the Mediterranean and were recorded in this study.
      An additional four species, including the introduced Pyropia suborbiculata and
      three new species: Pyropia parva sp. nov., Themis ballesterosii sp. nov., and
      Themis iberica sp. nov. were also observed. Hence, most of the Porphyra species
      traditionally reported along these shores were not reported in this survey. This
      new floristic Bangiales composition confirms the importance of the Mediterranean
      basin as a hotspot for biodiversity, possible endemics of ancient origin and high
      proportion of introductions. Our data also continue to confirm the extent of
      Bangiales diversity at regional and worldwide levels. 

PMID- 26988647
TI  - Hyperspectral imaging techniques for the characterization of Haematococcus
      pluvialis (Chlorophyceae).
AB  - A hyperspectral imaging camera was combined with a bright-field microscope to
      investigate the intracellular distribution of pigments in cells of the green
      microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, a synonym for H. lacustris (Chlorophyceae). We
      applied multivariate curve resolution to the hyperspectral image data to estimate
      the pigment contents in culture and revealed that the predicted values were
      consistent with actual measurements obtained from extracted pigments. Because it
      was possible to estimate pigment contents in every pixel, the intracellular
      distribution of the pigments was investigated during various life-cycle stages.
      Astaxanthin was localized specifically at the eyespot of zoospores in early
      culture stages. Then, it became widely distributed in cells, but subsequently
      localized differently than the chl. Integrated with our recently developed image
      processing program "HaematoCalMorph," the hyperspectral imaging system was useful
      for monitoring intracellular distributions of pigments during culture as well as
      for studying cellular responses under various conditions. 

PMID- 26988648
TI  - Molecular Phylogeny and Cryptic Diversity of the Genus Phacus (Phacaceae,
      Euglenophyceae) and the Descriptions of Seven New Species.
AB  - The photosynthetic euglenoid genus Phacus is commonly found in freshwater; it is
      characterized by a rigid to semi-rigid cell, usually flat with numerous small
      discoid chloroplasts without pyrenoids. To understand the phylogenetic
      relationships among Phacus species, we used combined cytoplasmic SSU and LSU rDNA
      and plastid-encoded SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data from 82 strains, including
      seven Lepocinclis, three Discoplastis, one Eutreptia, and two Eutreptiella
      strains, as well as morphological data. The combined molecular dataset was
      analyzed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. The resulting tree
      revealed that the genus Phacus was not monophyletic and fully resolved the
      phylogenetic relationships among eight lineages that were congruent with unique
      morphological characters in each clade. Molecular phylogeny and detailed
      morphological data led to the descriptions of seven new species: P. brevisulca,
      P. claviformis, P. hordei-formis, P. longisulca, P. minimus, P. paraorbicularis,
      and P. viridioryza. The new species were well supported as independent species
      and formed close relationships with small Phacus species and P. orbicularis in
      the tree. In addition, the new species had unique molecular signatures and showed
      high genetic diversity. Although the strains of P. orbicularis sensu Hubner were
      morphologically very similar, the phylogenetic analyses and genetic diversity
      suggested that P. orbicularis sensu Hubner should be divided into two subclades. 

PMID- 26988649
TI  - High-throughput sequencing reveals neustonic and planktonic microbial eukaryote
      diversity in coastal waters.
AB  - Neustonic organisms inhabit the sea surface microlayer (SML) and have important
      roles in marine ecosystem functioning. Here, we use high-throughput 18S rRNA gene
      sequencing to characterize protist and fungal diversity in the SML at a coastal
      time-series station and compare with underlying plankton assemblages. Protist
      diversity was higher in February (pre-bloom) compared to April (spring bloom),
      and was lower in the neuston than in the plankton. Major protist groups,
      including Stramenopiles and Alveolata, dominated both neuston and plankton
      assemblages. Chrysophytes and diatoms were enriched in the neuston in April, with
      diatoms showing distinct changes in community composition between the sampling
      periods. Pezizomycetes dominated planktonic fungi assemblages, whereas fungal
      diversity in the neuston was more varied. This is the first study to utilize a
      molecular-based approach to characterize neustonic protist and fungal
      assemblages, and provides the most comprehensive diversity assessment to date of
      this ecosystem. Variability in the SML microeukaryote assemblage structure has
      potential implications for biogeochemical and food web processes at the air-sea
      interface. 

PMID- 26988650
TI  - Yogurt consumption and abdominal obesity reversion in the PREDIMED study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Evidence on the association yogurt consumption and obesity
      is not conclusive. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the
      association between yogurt consumption, reversion of abdominal obesity status and
      waist circumference change in elderly. METHODS AND RESULTS: 4545 individuals at
      high cardiovascular risk were prospectively followed. Total, whole-fat and low
      fat yogurt consumption were assessed using food frequency questionnaires.
      Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the association between
      yogurt consumption and waist circumference change (measured at baseline and
      yearly during the follow-up). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate
      the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of the reversion rate of abdominal obesity for
      each quintile of yogurt consumption compared with the lowest quintile. After
      multivariable adjustment, the average yearly waist circumference change in the
      quintiles of whole-fat yogurt consumption was: Q1: 0.00, Q2: 0.00 (-0.23 to
      0.23), Q3: -0.15 (-0.42 to 0.13), Q4: 0.10 (-0.21 to 0.42), and Q5: -0.23 (-0.46
      to -0.00) cm; p for trend = 0.05. The ORs for the reversion of abdominal obesity
      for whole-fat yogurt consumption were Q1: 1.00, Q2: 1.40 (1.04-1.90), Q3: 1.33
      (0.94-1.89), Q4: 1.21 (0.83-1.77), and Q5: 1.43 (1.06-1.93); p for trend = 0.26.
      CONCLUSION: Total yogurt consumption was not significantly associated with
      reversion of abdominal obesity status and a lower waist circumference. However,
      consumption of whole-fat yogurt was associated with changes in waist
      circumference and higher probability for reversion of abdominal obesity.
      Therefore, it seems that whole-fat yogurt has more beneficial effects in
      management of abdominal obesity in elderly population at high cardiovascular
      risk.

PMID- 26988651
TI  - Transgenic Disruption of Glucocorticoid Signaling in Osteoblasts Attenuates Joint
      Inflammation in Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis.
AB  - The role of endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) in rheumatoid arthritis remains
      unclear. Herein, we examined the role of osteoblastic GC signaling in collagen
      antibody-induced arthritis. Intracellular GC signaling was abrogated exclusively
      in mature osteoblasts via transgenic (tg) expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase type 2. Arthritis was induced in 8-week-old male tg mice and their
      wild-type (WT) littermates. Paw swelling was scored daily from induction to end
      point (day 14). Inflammation, cartilage degradation, and local bone erosion were
      assessed at the wrist, knee, and ankle joints. Systemic skeletal changes were
      determined by microcomputed tomography and histomorphometrical analysis of the
      tibiae. Both tg and WT mice developed acute arthritis in response to the
      administration of collagen antibodies. However, compared with WT mice, both
      clinical and histological indexes of joint inflammation were significantly
      mitigated in animals with disrupted osteoblastic GC signaling. In WT mice,
      arthritis was associated with increased bone resorption, decreased bone
      formation, and significant bone loss. In contrast, bone turnover and bone mass
      remained unchanged in tg arthritic mice. Disruption of GC signaling in
      osteoblasts significantly reduces joint inflammation and prevents structural bone
      and cartilage damage in collagen antibody-induced arthritis. These data
      corroborate the concept that osteoblasts modulate the inflammatory response in
      immune-mediated arthritis via a GC-dependent pathway.

PMID- 26988653
TI  - Normative Judgments and Individual Essence.
AB  - A growing body of research has examined how people judge the persistence of
      identity over time-that is, how they decide that a particular individual is the
      same entity from one time to the next. While a great deal of progress has been
      made in understanding the types of features that people typically consider when
      making such judgments, to date, existing work has not explored how these
      judgments may be shaped by normative considerations. The present studies
      demonstrate that normative beliefs do appear to play an important role in
      people's beliefs about persistence. Specifically, people are more likely to judge
      that the identity of a given entity (e.g., a hypothetical nation) remains the
      same when its features improve (e.g., the nation becomes more egalitarian) than
      when its features deteriorate (e.g., the nation becomes more discriminatory).
      Study 1 provides a basic demonstration of this effect. Study 2 shows that this
      effect is moderated by individual differences in normative beliefs. Study 3
      examines the underlying mechanism, which is the belief that, in general, various
      entities are essentially good. Study 4 directly manipulates beliefs about essence
      to show that the positivity bias regarding essences is causally responsible for
      the effect.

PMID- 26988652
TI  - Transforming Growth Factor-beta Is an Upstream Regulator of Mammalian Target of
      Rapamycin Complex 2-Dependent Bladder Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion.
AB  - Our prior work identified the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) as
      a key regulator of bladder cancer cell migration and invasion, although upstream
      growth factor mediators of this pathway in bladder cancer have not been well
      delineated. We tested whether transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, which can
      function as a promotility factor in bladder cancer cells, could regulate mTORC2
      dependent bladder cancer cell motility and invasion. In human bladder cancers,
      the highest levels of phosphorylated SMAD2, a TGF-beta signaling intermediate,
      were present in high-grade invasive bladder cancers and associated with more
      frequent recurrence and decreased disease-specific survival. Increased expression
      of TGF-beta isoforms, receptors, and signaling components was detected in
      invasive high-grade bladder cancer cells that expressed Vimentin and lacked E
      cadherin. Application of TGF-beta induced phosphorylation of the Ser473 residue
      of AKT, a selective target of mTORC2, in a SMAD2- and SMAD4-independent manner
      and increased bladder cancer cell migration in a modified scratch wound assay and
      invasion through Matrigel. Inhibition of TGF-beta receptor I using SB431542
      ablated TGF-beta-induced migration and invasion. A similar effect was seen when
      Rictor, a key mTORC2 component, was selectively silenced. Our results suggest
      that TGF-beta can induce bladder cancer cell invasion via mTORC2 signaling, which
      may be applicable in most bladder cancers.

PMID- 26988655
TI  - Different mechanisms of action of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47)
      and its metabolites (5-OH-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47) on cell proliferation in OVCAR
      3 ovarian cancer cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
AB  - Data concerning the possible action of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in
      hormone-dependent cancer are scarce. Some data showed that PBDEs may directly
      affect breast cancer cells formation and only one research showed increased
      proliferation of the OVCAR-3 cells, but the results are ambiguous and the
      mechanisms are not clear. There is growing evidence that not only parent
      compounds but also its metabolites may be involved in cancer development. The
      present study was, therefore, designed to determine the effect of BDE-47 and its
      metabolites (2.5 to 50 ng ml-1 ) on proliferation (BrdU), cell-cycle genes (real
      time PCR) and protein expression (Western blot), protein expression of oestrogen
      receptors (alpha beta), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)
      and protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) in OVCAR-3 ovarian and MCF-7 breast cancer
      cells. In OVCAR-3 cells, the parent compound stimulated cell proliferation by
      activating CDK1, CDK7, E2F1 and E2F2. Independent of time of exposure, BDE-47 had
      no effect on ERalpha and ERbeta protein expression and ERK1/2 and PKCalpha
      phosphorylation. Metabolites had no effect on cell proliferation but increased
      both ERs protein expression and ERK1/2 and PKCalpha phosphorylation. In MCF-7
      cells, the parent compound displayed no effect on cell proliferation but
      decreased ERalpha and increased ERbeta protein expression with concomitant
      induction of PKCalpha phosphorylation. Both metabolites increased MCF-7 cell
      proliferation, ERK1/2 and PKCalpha phosphorylation and decreased ERalpha and
      ERbeta protein expression.We suggest that studies concerning PBDEs with fewer
      bromine atoms should be continued to understand environmental links to different
      hormone-dependent cancers. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988654
TI  - Cross-modal representations of first-hand and vicarious pain, disgust and
      fairness in insular and cingulate cortex.
AB  - The anterior insula (AI) and mid-anterior cingulate cortex (mACC) have repeatedly
      been implicated in first-hand and vicarious experiences of pain, disgust and
      unfairness. However, it is debated whether these regions process different
      aversive events through a common modality-independent code, reflecting the shared
      unpleasantness of the experiences or through independent modality-specific
      representations. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we subjected 19
      participants (and 19 confederates) to equally unpleasant painful and disgusting
      stimulations, as well as unfair monetary treatments. Multivoxel pattern analysis
      identified modality-independent activation maps in the left AI and mACC, pointing
      to common coding of affective unpleasantness, but also response patterns specific
      for the events' sensory properties and the person to whom it was addressed,
      particularly in the right AI. Our results provide evidence of both functional
      specialization and integration within AI and mACC, and support a comprehensive
      role of this network in processing aversive experiences for self and others. 

PMID- 26988656
TI  - Overexpression of tissue microRNA10b may help predict glioma prognosis.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between microRNA-10b (miR-10b) expression and
      prognosis in human glioma patients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to characterize the expression patterns of
      miR-10b in 128 glioma and 20 normal brain tissues. Clinical information - age,
      sex, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) and World Health Organization (WHO) grade
      - were also collected. The associations between miR-10b expression and the
      clinicopathological factors and outcome of glioma patients were statistically
      analyzed. Expression levels of miR-10b in glioma tissue were significantly higher
      than in normal brain tissue (P<0.001). High-grade glioma (WHO grade III and IV)
      had much higher miR-10b expression levels than low-grade tumors (WHO grade I and
      II). Additionally, the increased miR-10b expression in the glioma tissues was
      significantly associated with a low KPS (P=0.03). Kaplan-Meier survival curves
      and Cox regression analyses showed that overexpression of miR-10b (P=0.01) and
      high grade (P=0.02) were independent factors predicting poor outcome for glioma
      patients. Furthermore, subgroup analyses showed that the miR-10b expression level
      was significantly associated with poor overall survival in glioma patients with
      high grades (P<0.001). Up-regulation of miR-10b may have value in predicting
      clinical outcome in glioma patients, particularly for those with high
      pathological grades. 

PMID- 26988657
TI  - [Haemostatic disorders in children].
AB  - Haemorrhagic and thrombotic events occur in both children and adults. The
      underlying causes are congenital or acquired disorders. In contrast to
      haemorrhagic disorders, inherited thrombotic disorders nearly exclusively in
      association with additional external risk factors lead to thrombotic events
      predominantly during the newborn period and adolescence. It is necessary to be
      aware of age-specific properties of coagulation in order to correctly interpret
      clinical and laboratory findings and to provide optimal care for children with
      haemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. 

PMID- 26988658
TI  - Raman Spectroscopy an Option for the Early Detection of Citrus Huanglongbing.
AB  - This research describes the application of portable field Raman spectroscopy
      combined with a statistical analysis of the resulting spectra, employing
      principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), in
      which we determine that this method provides a high degree of reliability in the
      early detection of Huanglongbing (HLB) on Sweet Orange, disease caused by the
      bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plant
      samples of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis), Persian Lime (C. latifolia), and
      Mexican Lime (C. aurantifolia) trees were collected from several municipalities,
      three at Colima State and three at Jalisco State (HLB presence). In addition,
      Sweet Orange samples were taken from two other Mexican municipalities, one at San
      Luis Potosi and the other at Veracruz (HLB absent). All samples were analyzed by
      real-time PCR to determine its phytosanitary condition, and its spectral
      signatures were obtained with an ID-Raman mini. Spectral anomalies in orange
      trees HLB-positive, were identified in bands related to carbohydrates (905 cm(
      1), 1043 cm(-1), 1127 cm(-1), 1208 cm(-1), 1370 cm(-1), 1272 cm(-1), 1340 cm(-1),
      and 1260-1280 cm(-1)), amino acids, proteins (815 cm(-1), 830 cm(-1), 852 cm(-1),
      918 cm(-1), 926 cm(-1), 970 cm(-1), 1002 cm(-1), 1053 cm(-1), and 1446 cm(-1)),
      and lipids (1734 cm(-1), 1736 cm(-1), 1738 cm(-1), 1745 cm(-1), and 1746 cm(-1)).
      Moreover, PCA-LDA showed a sensitivity of 86.9 % (percentage of positives, which
      are correctly identified), a specificity of 91.4 % (percentage of negatives,
      which are correctly identified), and a precision of 89.2 % (the proportion of all
      tests that are correct) in discriminating between orange plants HLB-positive and
      healthy plants. The Raman spectroscopy technique permitted rapid diagnoses, was
      low-cost, simple, and practical to administer, and produced immediate results.
      These are essential features for phytosanitary epidemiological surveillance
      activities that may conduct a targeted selection of highly suspicious trees to
      undergo molecular DNA analysis.

PMID- 26988659
TI  - Cotton Micronaire Measurements Using Small Portable Near-Infrared (NIR)
      Analyzers.
AB  - A key quality and processing parameter for cotton fiber is micronaire, which is a
      function of the fiber's maturity and fineness. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
      has previously shown the ability to measure micronaire, primarily in the
      laboratory and using large, research-grade laboratory NIR instrumentation.
      International interest has been expressed by the industry in the measurement of
      fiber micronaire using small, portable NIR spectroscopy instruments for both
      laboratory and outside the laboratory (e.g., field or greenhouse) locations. New,
      very small NIR micro-spectrometers have been commercialized that offer the
      potential advantages of smaller size and lower weight, lower cost, and increased
      portability over current portable units. A program was implemented to determine
      the feasibility of a small NIR micro-spectrometer to measure fiber micronaire
      both in the laboratory and outside the laboratory, with initial emphasis on
      laboratory measurements prior to moving to field evaluations. In the laboratory,
      distinct spectral differences with increasing micronaire were observed. Optimal
      sampling and instrumental procedures and protocols for two units (different
      spectral wavelength capabilities) were established. Comparative evaluations
      established very good method micronaire agreement between the micro-spectrometer
      and a standard portable spectrometer, with high Regression (R) value, low
      residuals, and few outliers (less than 20%). The NIR micro-spectrometer
      measurements were fast (<1 min per sample), required no sample preparation, and
      were easy to perform. All end-state criteria were exceeded. The rapid and
      accurate laboratory measurement of fiber micronaire with a NIR micro-spectrometer
      was demonstrated.

PMID- 26988660
TI  - Assessment of Transition Element Speciation in Glasses Using a Portable
      Transmission Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) Spectrometer.
AB  - A new low-cost experimental setup based on two compact dispersive optical
      spectrometers has been developed to measure optical absorption transmission
      spectra over the 350-2500 nm energy range. We demonstrate how near-infrared (NIR)
      data are essential to identify the coloring species in addition to ultraviolet
      visible data. After calibration with reference glasses, the use of an original
      sample stage that maintains the window panel in the vertical position enables the
      comparison of ancient and modern glasses embedded in a panel from the Sainte
      Chapelle of Paris, without any sampling. The spectral resolution enables to
      observe fine resonances arising in the absorption bands of Cr(3+), and the
      complementary information obtained in the NIR enables to determine the
      contribution of Fe(2+), a key indicator of glassmaking conditions.

PMID- 26988661
TI  - Life Expectancy With and Without Pain in the U.S. Elderly Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study contributes to dialogue on quality versus quantity of life
      by examining years older persons can expect to live in various states of pain.
      METHODS: Data from seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study; N = 26,896;
      age 55+. Estimations using the Interpolative Markov Chain approach apply
      probability transitions to multistate life table functions. Two estimates are
      interpreted: (i) population-based, which provide population averages aggregated
      across baseline states and (ii) status-based, which provide independent estimates
      by baseline state. Age- and sex-specific years with no pain, milder nonlimiting,
      and severe or limiting pain are reported as is percent of life in states of pain.
      RESULTS: Females have higher life expectancy than males but similar expectations
      of pain-free life. Total life expectancy varies only slightly by baseline pain
      states but pain-free life expectancy varies greatly. For example, an 85-year-old
      female pain-free at baseline expects 7.04 more years, 5.28 being pain-free. An 85
      year-old female with severe pain at baseline expects 6.42 years with only 2.66
      pain-free. Percent of life with pain decreases by age for those pain-free at
      baseline and increases for those with pain at baseline. CONCLUSION: Pain is
      moderately associated with quantity of or total life but substantially and
      importantly associated with quality of or pain-free life.

PMID- 26988663
TI  - Prevention and treatment of atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome after kidney
      transplantation.
AB  - Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by an over
      activated, dysregulated alternative complement pathway due to genetic mutation
      and environmental triggers. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is a serious,
      life-threatening disease characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy, which
      causes haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, and acute renal failure. Since
      recurrences of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome frequently lead to end-stage
      kidney disease even in renal allografts, kidney transplantation for patients with
      end-stage kidney disease secondary to atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome has
      long been contraindicated. However, over the past several years, advancements in
      the management of atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome have allowed successful
      kidney transplantation in these patients. The key factor of this success is
      eculizumab, a humanized anti-C5 monoclonal antibody, which inhibits terminal
      membrane-attack complex formation and thrombotic microangiopathy progression. In
      the setting of kidney transplantation, there are different possible triggers of
      post-transplant atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome recurrence, such as brain
      death related injury, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, infections, the use of
      immunosuppressive drugs, and rejection. Principal strategies are to prevent
      endothelial damage that could potentially activate alternative complement pathway
      activation and subsequently lead to atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome
      recurrence in kidney allograft. Published data shows that prophylactic eculizumab
      therapy is highly effective for the prevention of post-transplant atypical
      haemolytic uraemic syndrome recurrence, and prompt treatment with eculizumab as
      soon as recurrence is diagnosed is important to maintain renal allograft
      function. Further study to determine the optimal dosing and duration of
      prophylactic therapy and treatment of post-transplant atypical haemolytic uraemic
      syndrome recurrence is needed. 

PMID- 26988662
TI  - Effect of Statin Use on Mobility Disability and its Prevention in At-risk Older
      Adults: The LIFE Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are among the most commonly
      prescribed classes of medications. Although their cardiovascular benefits and
      myalgia risks are well documented, their effects on older adults initiating an
      exercise training program are less understood. METHODS: 1,635 sedentary men and
      women aged 70-89 years with Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score of 9
      or below and were able to walk 400 m were randomized to a structured, moderate
      intensity physical activity (PA) program consisting of both center-based
      (twice/wk) and home-based (3-4 times/wk) aerobic, resistance, and flexibility
      training or to a health education (HE) program combined with upper extremity
      stretching. RESULTS: Overall, the PA intervention was associated with lower risk
      of major mobility disability (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.82; 95% confidence interval
      [CI] = 0.69-0.98). The effect was similar (p value for interaction = .62) in both
      statin users (PA n = 415, HE n = 412; HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.67-1.1) and nonusers
      (PA n = 402, HE n = 404; HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.61-1.01). Attendance was similar
      for statin users (65%) and nonusers (63%). SPPB at 12 months was slightly greater
      for PA (8.35+/-0.10) than for HE (7.94+/-0.10) in statin users but not in
      nonusers (PA 8.25+/-0.10, HE 8.16+/-0.10), though the interaction effect was not
      statistically significant. Self-reported PA levels were not different between
      statin users and nonusers. CONCLUSIONS: Although statins have been associated
      with adverse effects on muscle, data from the LIFE Study show that statin users
      and nonusers both benefit from PA interventions. Older adults who require statin
      medications to manage chronic medical conditions and are sedentary will be able
      to benefit from interventions to increase PA.

PMID- 26988665
TI  - MYC-Overexpressing TNBCs Depend on Fatty Acid Oxidation.
AB  - Inhibiting fatty acid oxidation reduces tumor growth in models of TNBC
      overexpressing MYC.

PMID- 26988666
TI  - CD4+ T Cell Loss Drives NAFLD Progression to Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - Dysregulated lipid metabolism in NAFLD promotes hepatocarcinogenesis via loss of
      CD4(+) T cells.

PMID- 26988667
TI  - Prostate Cancer Risk Loci Are Associated with Gene Regulatory Mechanisms.
AB  - Gene regulatory mechanisms underlying all known prostate cancer risk loci were
      characterized.

PMID- 26988668
TI  - Milk Duct Engraftment Allows Preclinical Modeling of ER+ Breast Cancer.
AB  - Tumor cell engraftment into milk ducts generates a physiologically relevant model
      of ER(+) breast cancer.

PMID- 26988669
TI  - A High-Fat Diet Promotes Intestinal Stemness and Tumorigenesis.
AB  - A high-fat diet boosts Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cell number and function,
      enhancing tumor formation.

PMID- 26988671
TI  - [Clinical practice of acute pulmonary embolism: experience from Thrombosis and
      Vascular Medicine Center of Fuwai Hospital].

PMID- 26988672
TI  - [Controversy on blood pressure target: is SPRINT the terminator?].

PMID- 26988670
TI  - Functional Genome Screening to Elucidate the Colistin Resistance Mechanism.
AB  - Antibiogram profile of 1590 clinical bacterial isolates based on thirteen
      different antimicrobial compounds showed that 1.6% of the bacterial isolates are
      multidrug resistant. Distribution pattern based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis
      showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa constituted the largest group (83.6%) followed
      by Burkholderia pseudomallei sp. A191 (5.17%), Staphylococcus sp. A261 (3.45%).
      Among the various antibiotics used, colistin appeared to be the most effective
      against the Gram negative bacteria. Burkholderia pseudomallei sp. A191 and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa sp. A111 showed resistance to 1500 MUg/ml and 750 MUg/ml
      of colistin respectively which constitutes 7.7% of the bacterial population. A
      functional genomics strategy was employed to discover the molecular support for
      colistin resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei sp. A191. A pUC plasmid-based
      genomic expression library was constructed with an estimated library size of 2.1
      * 10(7)bp. Five colistin resistant clones were obtained after functional
      screening of the library. Analysis of DNA sequence of five colistin resistant
      clones showed homology to two component regularity systems (TCRS) encoding for a
      histidine kinase (mrgS) and its regulatory component (mrgR). Cross
      complementation assay showed that mutations in mrgS were sufficient enough to
      confer colistin resistant phenotype in a sensitive strain.

PMID- 26988673
TI  - [Pay attention to early screening for preeclampsia].

PMID- 26988674
TI  - [Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary
      embolism (2015)].

PMID- 26988675
TI  - [Chinese expert consensus on obesity-related hypertension management].

PMID- 26988677
TI  - [A clinical study on the relationship of autonomic nervous function and
      arteriosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between autonomic nervous function and
      arteriosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: From January
      2011 to December 2013, a total of 269 patients with essential hypertension
      hospitalized in Chang'an Branch of First People's Hospital of Liangshan were
      divided into normal PWV group (PWV<9 m/s, n=178) and high PWV group (PWV>=9 m/s,
      n=91) via the results of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Synchronic 24
      hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and dynamic electrocardiogram were
      performed for all participants to simultaneously monitor the heart rate
      variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) in these patients. Pearson
      single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were
      performed to define the relationship between PWV and HRV, BPV respectively.
      RESULTS: The level of nHR/dHR (index of heart rate variability), 24 hour'sSSD,
      dSSD, nSSD (indexes of blood pressure variability) increased significantly (all
      P<0.05), while the level of SDANN (index of heart rate variability) decreased
      significantly (P<0.05) in high PWV group compared with normal PWV group. Multiple
      linear regression analysis showed that PWV was positively correlated with 24
      hour'sSSD, 24 hour'sPP, LF, LF/HF and night/day heart rate ratio (all P<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: HRV (LF, LF/HF, nHR/dHR) and BPV (24 hours'SSD, dSSD, nSSD) are
      positively correlated to arteriosclerosis in patients with essential
      hypertension. Our results show that sympathetic activation and vascular injury
      are closely related in patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 26988676
TI  - [Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute aortic dissection:
      impact of hypertension].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with
      acute aortic dissection (AAD) and explore the impact of hypertension. METHODS:
      The present study enrolled 1 087 consecutive patients with AAD who were confirmed
      by computed tomographic scanning in Fuwai Hospital from January 2008 to December
      2010. The major endpoints were in-hospital death and long-term mortality during
      follow up. RESULTS: A total of 595 (54.7%) patients were Stanford type A and 492
      (45.3%) patients were Stanford type B. The median length of follow-up was 24.2
      months (interquartile range 10.9, 40.8 months). The prevalence of hypertension
      was 67.4%(733 cases), and was significantly higher in type B patients than in
      type A patients (71.3%(351/492) vs. 64.2%(382/595), P=0.01). Regardless of
      Stanford classification, patients complicating with hypertension were older, had
      higher comorbidities (coronary heart diseases or diabetes), and less likely to
      receive surgical treatment compared with those without hypertension (all P<0.05).
      In Stanford type A AAD group, patients with hypertension had higher levels of
      admission blood pressure, serum creatinine and inflammatory markers (including
      WBC count, D-dimer and CRP) than those without hypertension (all P<0.05). In
      hospital death (9.9% (38/382)vs. 5.6%(12/213), P=0.07) and long-term mortality
      (9.0% (31/344) vs. 8.9% (18/201), P=0.98) were similar in hypertensive and
      normotensive AAD type A patients. In type B AAD group, the in-hospital death rate
      was significantly higher in patients with hypertension than those without
      hypertension (5.4%(19/351) vs. 0.7%(1/141), P=0.02), while the long-term
      mortality was similar (6.9%(23/332) vs. 7.9%(11/140), P=0.71) between patients
      with and without hypertension. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that
      hypertension did not predict the increased risk of in-hospital death of type A or
      type B AAD patients. The main protective factor of in-hospital mortality was
      operation in patients with type A AAD. The independent predictors of in-hospital
      death were age and surgical treatment in patients with type B AAD. CONCLUSIONS:
      Hypertension is a common co-morbidity in patients with AAD. AAD patients with
      hypertension are usually elder, have higher comorbidities of cardiovascular
      diseases, and less likely to receive surgical treatment compared with those
      without hypertension, but hypertension is not associated with increased risk of
      in-hospital and long-term mortality in both AAD type A and type B patients.

PMID- 26988678
TI  - [Impact of combined systolic blood pressure and body mass index on the risk of
      new-onset atrial fibrillation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the impact of combined systolic blood pressure and body
      mass index (BMI) on the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. METHODS: The
      participants who participated the health examination between July 2006 and
      October 2007 at Kailuan medical group and had no history of atrial fibrillation
      were selected as the observation cohort.The second, the third and the fourth
      health examination were conducted between July 2008 and October 2009, July 2010
      and October 2011, July 2012 and October 2013, respectively.The participants were
      stratified by 3 systolic blood pressure levels (<=120, 120-140, >=140 mmHg (1
      mmHg=0.133 kPa))*3 BMI levels (<=24, 24-28, >=28 kg/m(2)) at baseline.The
      combined effect of systolic blood pressure and BMI on the risk of new-onset
      atrial fibrillation was analyzed by multiple Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A
      total of 99 206 participants were recruited and 88 715 participants were included
      in the final analysis after excluding participants who had new-onset valvular
      atrial fibrillation or lost to follow-up.A total of 265 participants developed
      atrial fibrillation during the 5.6 years follow-up.The incidence of atrial
      fibrillation increased with the BMI and systolic blood pressure, the incidence of
      new onset of atrial fibrillation was significantly higher in the group with
      systolic blood pressure>=140 mmHg and BMI>=28 kg/m(2) than the group with
      systolic blood pressure<=120 mmHg and BMI<=24 kg/m(2)(1.15/1 000 person-year vs.
      0.25/1 000 person-year). Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that
      participants in the group with systolic blood pressure>=140 mmHg and BMI>=28
      kg/m(2) carried 2.08 (95%CI 1.18-3.67) times higher risk for atrial fibrillation
      than the group with systolic blood pressure<=120 mmHg and BMI<=24 kg/m(2) after
      adjustment for age, gender and other confounders at baseline. CONCLUSION:
      Participants with systolic blood pressure>=140 mmHg and BMI>=28 kg/m(2) are at
      high risk for new onset of atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 26988679
TI  - [Efficacy of interventional therapy on paravalvular leakage after mitral valve
      replacement].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of transcatheter intervention of paravalvular
      leakage (PVL) after mitral valve replacement. METHODS: Present respective study
      included 15 patients (8 males and mean age (53.5+/-11.7) years) with mitral PVL
      who underwent interventional therapy in our hospital from April 2014 to May 2015.
      There were 9 cases with NYHA heart function III, 6 cases with NYHA heart function
      IV. Left ventricular ejection fraction was (46.8+/-8.2)%, and mitral
      regurgitation volume was 12.0 (10.0, 15.0)ml before the intervention.
      Transcatheter intervention was carried out in the catheterization laboratory or
      the hybrid operation room with initial local anesthesia. By puncturing femoral
      artery and implantation of different congenital heart disease devices, the mitral
      PVL were occluded interventionally. To some complicated cases, the occluder was
      implanted by puncturing apex and atrial septum. Follow-up evaluation included
      peri-operational mortality, complications and postoperative residual shunt.
      RESULTS: The median time between transcatheter intervention and previous
      operation was 5.0 (0.6, 7.0) years. One patient did not tolerate the operation
      and occlude was not implanted in this patient. The success rate of transcatheter
      intervention was 93.3% (14/15). The average operation time was (126.7+/-56.4)min,
      and X ray exposure time was (21.0+/-10.0)min, and median hospitalization time was
      7.0 (6.0, 10.0)d. The main post-operative complications included 1 case of
      hemoptysis, 1 case of acute renal failure, 1 case of hematuria and 4 cases of
      blood transfusion. The median follow-up time was 7.0 (4.0, 12.0) months. During
      the follow-up, there was no death and no serious complications. One month after
      the procedure, left ventricular ejection fraction significantly increased
      to(52.1+/-4.3)%, and median mitral regurgitation significantly reduced to 0.5 (0,
      2.0)ml (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The interventional therapy for PVL after mitral
      valve replacement is safe and effective, and further studies are warranted to
      observe the long-term effect of this procedure.

PMID- 26988680
TI  - [Effects of selenium supplement on atherogenesis of ApoE-knockout mice fed high
      fat diet].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of selenium supplement on atherogenesis and
      endothelial function in ApoE-knockout mice fed high fat diet. METHODS: ApoE
      knockout mice fed with selenium-deficient and high fat diet were randomly
      allocated into 3 groups based on random number table including control group (not
      supplied with sodium selenite, n=10), low dosage selenium supplement group
      (supplied water with 0.1 mg/L sodium selenite, n=10) and high dosage selenium
      supplement group (supplied water with 0.2 mg/L sodium selenite, n=10). After 15
      weeks, the following values were measured: the concentrations of selenium in
      heart and liver, the levels of serum lipid, the parameters of antioxidant
      function including activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathion
      peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum, the parameters of
      endothelial function including serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin 1(ET-1), and
      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, and ET-1 and VEGF levels in
      aorta roots. The atherosclerotic lesions in aorta roots were analyzed with oil
      red O staining. RESULTS: (1) The selenium concentrations in heart and liver were
      significantly higher in high dosage and low dosage selenium supplement groups
      compared to control group (both P<0.05). (2) The levels of triglyceride, total
      cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were similar among groups
      (all P>0.05). (3) The activity levels of serum SOD were significantly higher in
      low dosage ((113.8+/-12.5)U/ml) and high dosage selenium supplement group
      ((152.3+/-11.3)U/ml) compared to control group ((90.7+/-10.7)U/ml, all P<0.05).
      The activity levels of serum GSH-Px were significantly higher in low dosage
      ((53.9+/-7.2)U/ml) and high dosage ((69.6+/-8.7)U/ml) selenium supplement groups
      than that of control group ((36.4+/-5.6)U/ml, all P<0.05). The serum MDA levels
      in low dosage ((4.73+/-1.05)nmol/ml) and high dosage ((4.13+/-1.21)nmol/ml)
      selenium supplement groups were significantly lower than that of control group
      ((5.97+/-1.08)nmol/ml, all P<0.05). (4) The serum NO concentrations in low dosage
      ((61.5+/-12.8)MUmol/L) and high dosage ((79.0+/-14.6)MUmol/L)selenium supplement
      groups were significantly higher than that of control group((42.7+/-9.1)MUmol/L,
      all P<0.05). The concentrations of serum ET-1 in low dosage ((52.8+/-6.3)ng/L)and
      high dosage ((46.3+/-4.7)ng/L)selenium supplement groups were significantly lower
      than that of control group((72.2+/-6.3)ng/L, P<0.05). The concentrations of serum
      VEGF in low dosage ((97.4+/-16.5)ng/L)and high dosage ((83.5+/-22.0)ng/L)selenium
      supplement groups were significantly lower than that of control group((125.8+/
      18.6)ng/L, P<0.05). The expression levels of ET-1 and VEGF in aorta roots among
      low dosage and high dosage selenium supplement groups were significantly lower
      compared to control group (all P<0.05). (5) The plaque area of aorta roots in low
      dosage ((0.95+/-0.19)*10(5) MUm(2))and high dosage selenium supplement ((0.75+/
      0.15)*10(5) MUm(2)) groups were significantly smaller than that of control
      group((1.13+/-0.23)*10(5) MUm(2)), and the plaque area in high dosage selenium
      supplement group was significantly smaller than in low dosage selenium supplement
      group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Supplement of selenium can attenuate atherogenesis in
      ApoE-knockout mice fed high fat diet, which is possibly mediated via reducing
      lipid peroxidation and improving endothelial functions.

PMID- 26988681
TI  - [Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten/phosphatidyl Inositol 3
      kinase/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway changes in the rabbit
      Kawasaki disease model].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on
      chromosome ten(PTEN)/ phosphatidyl Inositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/ vascular endothelial
      growth factor(VEGF)signaling pathway in a rabbit Kawasaki disease model. METHODS:
      Model of Kawasaki disease was established in weanling Japanese big-eared rabbits
      with 10% bovine serum venous injection (2.5 ml/kg, 2 times, and 2 week's
      interval) through the ear. Twenty four rabbits were divided into 4 groups:
      control group (without injection of 10% bovine serum albumin, six rabbits); 1 day
      group (sacrificed a the second day after the establishment of Kawasaki disease
      models, six rabbits); 7 day group (sacrificed at the seventh day after
      establishment of Kawasaki disease model, six rabbits); 30 day group (sacrificed
      at the thirtieth day after establishment of Kawasaki disease model, six rabbits).
      Pathological analysis was performed on coronary artery tissue samples. The
      express of PTEN and PI3K were detected by immunohistochemistry. The levels of
      VEGF and CK were also examined with ELISA and white blood cells were counted.
      RESULTS: (1) Coronary artery of model groups was thinner, distorted and had
      enlarged lumen. (2) PTEN expression in 1 d group, 7 d group and 30 d group were
      58.5 +/- 12.9, 73.2+/-9.9 and 109.6 +/- 24.4, respectively, significantly higher
      than in the control group (25.5 +/- 6.9, P<0.01 or 0.05). (3) The express of PI3K
      was significantly upregulated in 1 d group(57.2+/-11.1)and 7 d group(39.9+/-4.8)
      compared to control group(19.1+/-3.5, P<0.01 or 0.05). The expression level of
      PI3K in 30 d group was 18.8 +/- 7.5, which was similar as control group (P>0.05)
      and significantly lower than 1 d and 7 d group (both P<0.05). (4) Similarly, the
      level of VEGF in 1 d group, 7 d group ((89.1 +/- 15.5) ng/L, (76.9+/-9.9) ng/L)
      were significantly higher while it was significantly lower in 30 d group ((19.8
      +/- 4.4)ng/L) compared with the control group ((33.9 +/- 6.7) ng/L, P<0.01 or
      0.05). The level of VEGF in 7 d group was significantly lower than in 1 d group
      (P<0.05) and the level of VEGF was significantly lower in 30 d group than in 7 d
      group (P<0.01). (5)Creatine kinase levels were significantly higher in 30 d group
      than in control group (P<0.05) and there were no significantly different between
      control group, 1 d group and 7 d group(all P>0.05). (6)White blood cell count
      were significantly higher in 1 d group, 7 d group and 30 d group than in control
      group (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The level of PTEN/PI3K/VEGF signaling pathway
      change after establishment of rabbit Kawasaki disease model and the signaling
      pathway might be involved in this model.

PMID- 26988682
TI  - [Upregulated Notch1 expression promotes bone morphogenetic protein-2/4 expression
      of calcified human heart valve interstitial cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the protein expression of Notch1 in the cultured calcified
      human heart valve interstitial cells (hVICs) in vitro and related mechanisms.
      METHODS: hVICs were divided into two groups: control hVICs were cultured in
      conventional media for 14 days and calcified hVICs were cultured with
      calcification inducers: beta-glycerophosphate (500 MUl), ascorbic acid (200 MUl),
      dexamethasone(100 MUl) for 7 days. The calcified hVICs were further divided into
      calcified hVICs group and inhibited calcified hVICs by adding specific Notch1
      inhibitor DAPT (50 MUmol/L(4 MUl/hole))groups and cultured for another 7 days.
      Inflammatory response of all groups were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for
      8 to 12 hours. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Notch1,
      phosphorylation nuclear transcription factor kappaB (p-NF-kappaB), bone
      morphogenetic protein-2/4(BMP-2/4). ELISA was applied to detect the content of
      BMP-2 secretion of the groups. Von Kossa staining was used to observe of cellular
      calcification. RESULTS: (1)Von Kossa staining is positive in the induced
      calcification group, the expression of Notch1, p-NF-kappaB, BMP-2 and BMP-4 is
      significantly higher in the induced calcification group than in the control group
      (all P<0.05). The expression of BMP-2 is significantly higher in the induced
      calcification group than in control group ((88.23+/-3.28) pg/ml vs. (25.41+/
      3.68) pg/ml, P=0.02). (2) After treatment with DAPT, the calcification and the
      expression of Notch1, p-NF-kappaB, BMP-2 and BMP-4 were significantly decreased
      compared to calcification group (all P<0.05). The expression of BMP-2 is (26.74+/
      4.62) pg/ml in the calcification inhibition group and (80.41+/-2.96) pg/ml in
      calcified control group (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Upregulated Notch 1 expression
      promotes BMP-2/4 secretion in LPS stimulated hVICs, and contributes to osteogenic
      changes in hVICs. Inhibiting Notch1 can decrease the BMP-2/4 secretion and
      calcification in hVICs, which may serve as a novel therapeutic option for
      treating calcific valve disease.

PMID- 26988683
TI  - [Relationship of blood aryl hydrocarbon receptor mRNA and cytochrome P450 1A1
      mRNA expression with corrected QT interval among residents exposed to arsenic via
      drinking water].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between blood aryl hydrocarbon
      receptor(AhR)mRNA and cytochrome P450(CYP)1A1 mRNA expression and corrected QT
      interval among residents exposed to arsenic via drinking water. METHODS: Arsenic
      exposure area in Bayannao'er city of Nei Monggol Autonomous Region was selected
      as the survey point, and the residents living more than 10 years in this area
      were investigated from December 2012 to January 2015.A total of 233 residents
      were divided into four groups according to drinking water arsenic concentration
      (ranged from 0.8 to 824.7 MUg/L): control group (drinking water arsenic
      concentration <10.0 MUg/L, n=55), low exposure group (drinking water arsenic
      concentration 10.0-99.9 MUg/L, n=47), middle exposure group (drinking water
      arsenic concentration 100.0-199.9 MUg/L, n=45), high exposure group (drinking
      water arsenic concentration >=200.0 MUg/L, n=86). Epidemiological investigation
      was performed.Real-time PCR technology was used to detect the expression levels
      of blood AhR mRNA and CYP1A1 mRNA, and the relationship between expression levels
      of blood AhR mRNA and CYP1A1 mRNA and corrected QT interval was analyzed.
      RESULTS: (1) Blood AhR mRNA and CYP1A1 mRNA expression levels were similar among
      control group, low exposure group and middle exposure group (all P>0.05) while
      blood AhR mRNA (3.18*10(-3)(2.42*10(-3), 4.45*10(-3)) vs.2.30*10(-3)(1.53*10(-3),
      3.20*10(-3)), P<0.05) and CYP1A1 mRNA (1.58*10(-3)(0.80*10(-3), 2.73*10(
      3))vs.1.00*10(-3)(0.59*10(-3), 2.09*10(-3)), P<0.05) expression levels were
      significantly higher in high dose group than in control group.(2) AhR mRNA
      expression level was similar between residents with longer corrected QT interval
      and residents with normal corrected QT interval (2.89*10(-3)(1.90*10(-3),
      3.71*10(-3)) vs.2.58*10(-3)(1.85*10(-3), 3.57*10(-3)), P>0.05). CYP1A1 mRNA
      expression level was significantly higher in residents with longer corrected QT
      interval than in residents with normal corrected QT interval (1.50*10(
      3)(0.78*10(-3), 2.63*10(-3)) vs.1.16*10(-3)(0.64*10(-3), 2.36*10(-3)), P<0.05).
      (3) AhR mRNA expression level was similar between residents with sinus
      tachycardia or bradycardia or normal heart rate(2.89*10(-3)(1.71*10(-3), 4.45*10(
      3)) vs.2.64*10(-3)(1.86*10(-3), 3.52*10(-3)), P>0.05). CYP1A1 mRNA expression
      level was significantly higher in residents with sinus tachycardia or bradycardia
      than in residents with normal heart rate (1.47*10(-3)(0.87*10(-3), 2.77*10(-3))
      vs.1.24*10(-3)(0.64*10(-3), 2.31*10(-3)), P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term
      exposure to arsenic is associated with upregulated blood AhRmRNA and CYP1A1 mRNA
      expression.Blood CYP1A1 mRNA expression, but not AhRmRNA expression, is
      associated with prolonged corrected QT interval.

PMID- 26988685
TI  - [Case report of a patient with Heyde syndrome treated by transcatheter aortic
      valve implantation].

PMID- 26988684
TI  - [Association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and isolated coronary artery
      ectasia: a meta-analysis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
      and isolated coronary artery ectasia by meta-analysis. METHODS: Case-control
      studies focusing the association between NLR and isolated coronary artery ectasia
      published before July 2015 were identified from PubMed, CBM, CNKI, WanFang, and
      VIP databases and references of related studies were also searched manually.
      After document screening, data extraction and quality evaluation, meta-analysis
      was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: Five case-control studies
      including 817 patients were identified. The result of meta-analysis showed the
      NLR level in the isolated coronary artery ectasia group was significantly higher
      than that of the control group (MD=0.89, 95%CI 0.07-1.00, P<0.01), and the loss
      of safety coefficient was 335 showing that the result of meta-analysis was
      reliable. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present meta-analysis show that elevated
      NLR level may be associated with the presence of isolated coronary artery
      ectasia. However, further studies are warranted to establish the causal
      association between NLR level and presence of isolated coronary artery ectasia.

PMID- 26988686
TI  - [Research advances on the relationship between O-linked N-acetylglucosamine and
      cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 26988687
TI  - [Role and mechanisms of cardiomyocyte autophagy in cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 26988688
TI  - [Research update on the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis regression].

PMID- 26988689
TI  - Comparison of the measurement properties of the Functional Independence and
      Difficulty Scale with the Barthel Index in community-dwelling elderly people in
      Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The new Functional Independence and Difficulty Scale (FIDS) is a tool
      for assessing the performance of basic activities of daily living (BADL). Because
      many BADL measures already exist, it is important to know whether FIDS can offer
      added benefit over the existing measures. AIMS: This study compared measurement
      properties between the FIDS and a representative BADL assessment tool, the
      Barthel Index (BI). METHODS: Recruitment of the participants was done on the
      basis of convenience sampling. Participants were community-dwelling elderly
      Japanese subjects (n = 314; age >=65 years) divided into a healthy elderly group
      [n = 225; subjects not using long-term care insurance (LTCI) services] and frail
      elderly group (n = 89; subjects using LTCI services). For each group, ceiling
      effect (percent participation with the maximum score) was calculated, and it was
      compared between the two scales. Associations between the FIDS, BI and Medical
      Outcomes Study Short Form 8 Health Survey (SF-8) were evaluated by Spearman
      correlation coefficient and partial correlations. Partial correlations
      coefficients to SF-8 were compared between the two scales. RESULTS: FIDS showed a
      relatively small ceiling effect compared to the BI. Compared to the BI, FIDS
      showed a significant positive partial correlation with the broader aspect of the
      SF-8 subscales, but the strength of correlation between FIDS and SF-8 was weak to
      negligible. CONCLUSIONS: The FIDS might be less affected by ceiling effect than
      the BI. Additional studies using a sufficient number of probability samples are
      needed to clarify whether FIDS has any benefit over BI in terms of correlations
      with the SF-8.

PMID- 26988690
TI  - Cobalt oxide nanoparticles aggravate DNA damage and cell death in eggplant via
      mitochondrial swelling and NO signaling pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite manifold benefits of nanoparticles (NPs), less information on
      the risks of NPs to human health and environment has been studied. Cobalt oxide
      nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) have been reported to cause toxicity in several
      organisms. In this study, we have investigated the role of Co3O4-NPs in inducing
      phytotoxicity, cellular DNA damage and apoptosis in eggplant (Solanum melongena
      L. cv. Violetta lunga 2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report
      on Co3O4-NPs showing phytotoxicity in eggplant. RESULTS: The data revealed that
      eggplant seeds treated with Co3O4-NPs for 2 h at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml
      retarded root length by 81.5 % upon 7 days incubation in a moist chamber.
      Ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated
      the uptake and translocation of Co3O4-NPs into the cytoplasm. Intracellular
      presence of Co3O4-NPs triggered subcellular changes such as degeneration of
      mitochondrial cristae, abundance of peroxisomes and excessive vacuolization. Flow
      cytometric analysis of Co3O4-NPs (1.0 mg/ml) treated root protoplasts revealed
      157, 282 and 178 % increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential
      (DeltaPsim) and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. Besides, the esterase activity
      in treated protoplasts was also found compromised. About 2.4-fold greater level
      of DNA damage, as compared to untreated control was observed in Comet assay, and
      73.2 % of Co3O4-NPs treated cells appeared apoptotic in flow cytometry based cell
      cycle analysis. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrate the phytotoxic potential of
      Co3O4-NPs in terms of reduction in seed germination, root growth, greater level
      of DNA and mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and cell death in eggplant. The
      data generated from this study will provide a strong background to draw attention
      on Co3O4-NPs environmental hazards to vegetable crops.

PMID- 26988691
TI  - Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 impacts on growth and virulence gene
      expression of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 (RBL67), a human fecal isolate and
      health promoting candidate shows antagonistic and protective effects against
      Salmonella and Listeria spec. in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms
      fostering these effects remain unknown. In this study, the interactions of RBL67
      and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium N-15 (N-15) were
      explored by global transcriptional analysis. RESULTS: Growth experiments were
      performed in a complex nutritive medium with controlled pH of 6.0 and suitable
      for balanced growth of both RBL67 and N-15. RBL67 growth was slightly enhanced in
      presence of N-15. Conversely, N-15 showed reduced growth in the presence of
      RBL67. Transcriptional analyses revealed higher expression of stress genes and
      amino acid related function in RBL67 in co-culture with N-15 when compared to
      mono-culture. Repression of the PhoP regulator was observed in N-15 in presence
      of RBL67. Further, RBL67 activated virulence genes located on the Salmonella
      pathogenicity islands 1 and 2. Flagellar genes, however, were repressed by RBL67.
      Sequential expression of flagellar, SPI 1 and fimbrial genes is essential for
      Salmonella infection. Our data revealed that RBL67 triggers expression of SPI 1
      and fimbrial determinants prematurely, potentially leading to redundant energy
      expenditure. In the competitive environment of the gut such energy expenditure
      could lead to enhanced clearing of Salmonella. CONCLUSION: Our study provides
      first insights into probiotic-pathogen interactions on global transcriptional
      level and suggests that deregulation of virulence gene expression might be an
      additional protective mechanism of probiotica against infections of the host.

PMID- 26988694
TI  - 'Is she alive? Is she dead?' Representations of chronic disorders of
      consciousness in Douglas Coupland's Girlfriend in a Coma.
AB  - Depictions of coma have come to dominate literary and filmic texts over the last
      half century, a phenomenon coinciding with advancements in medical technology
      that have led to remarkable increases in the survival rates of patients with
      chronic disorders of consciousness. Authors of coma fiction are preoccupied with
      the imagined subjective experience of coma, often creating complex, dream-like
      worlds from which the protagonist must escape if survival is to be achieved.
      However, such representations appear to conflict with medical case studies and
      patient narratives that reveal that most often survivors of coma have no
      recollection of the coma itself. Providing a close reading of Douglas Coupland's
      Girlfriend in a Coma (1998) against the context of medical literature and
      diagnoses, this article examines how the coma patient is represented, often
      depicting the realities of a prolonged vegetative state, in contrast with other
      popular representations of coma. It explores how the author develops a work of
      'fantastic' fiction (a genre defined by the structuralist critic Tzvetan
      Todorov), using the condition of coma as a metaphor for a postmodern existential
      crisis, while simultaneously employing mimetic techniques that raise important
      medical, ethical and philosophical questions surrounding the ontological status
      of the comatose patient. It is argued that coma fiction, even in its
      misrepresentation of the condition, can help us to engage with and interrogate
      how we think about chronic disorders of consciousness, thereby providing a
      valuable insight into our attitudes towards illness and mortality. 

PMID- 26988695
TI  - Lattice Strain Defects in a Ceria Nanolayer.
AB  - An ultrathin two-dimensional CeO2 (ceria) phase on a Cu(110) surface has been
      fabricated and fully characterized by high-resolution scanning tunneling
      microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory. The atomic
      lattice structure of the ceria/Cu(110) system is revealed as a hexagonal
      CeO2(111)-type monolayer separated from the Cu(110) surface by a partly
      disordered Cu-O intercalated buffer layer. The epitaxial coupling of the two
      dimensional ceria overlayer to the Cu(110)-O surface leads to a nanoscopic stripe
      pattern, which creates defect regions of quasi-periodic lattice distortions. The
      symmetry and lattice mismatch at the interface is clarified to be responsible for
      the topographic stripe geometry and the related anisotropic strain defect regions
      at the ceria surface. This ceria monolayer is in a fully oxidized and
      thermodynamically stable state. 

PMID- 26988693
TI  - Effect of multi-strain probiotics (multi-strain microbial cell preparation) on
      glycemic control and other diabetes-related outcomes in people with type 2
      diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - AIM: Evidence of a possible connection between gut microbiota and several
      physiological processes linked to type 2 diabetes is increasing. However, the
      effect of multi-strain probiotics in people with type 2 diabetes remains unclear.
      This study investigated the effect of multi-strain microbial cell preparation
      also refers to multi-strain probiotics-on glycemic control and other diabetes
      related outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: A randomized, double
      blind, parallel-group, controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Diabetes clinic of a
      teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 136
      participants with type 2 diabetes, aged 30-70 years, were recruited and randomly
      assigned to receive either probiotics (n = 68) or placebo (n = 68) for 12 weeks.
      OUTCOMES: Primary outcomes were glycemic control-related parameters, and
      secondary outcomes were anthropomorphic variables, lipid profile, blood pressure
      and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium
      quantities were measured before and after intervention as an indicator of
      successful passage of the supplement through gastrointestinal tract. STATISTICAL
      ANALYSIS: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed on all participants,
      while per-protocol (PP) analysis was performed on those participants who had
      successfully completed the trial with good compliance rate. RESULTS: With respect
      to primary outcomes, glycated hemoglobin decreased by 0.14 % in the probiotics
      and increased by 0.02 % in the placebo group in PP analysis (p < 0.05, small
      effect size of 0.050), while these changes were not significant in ITT analysis.
      Fasting insulin increased by 1.8 uU/mL in placebo group and decreased by 2.9
      uU/mL in probiotics group in PP analysis. These changes were significant between
      groups at both analyses (p < 0.05, medium effect size of 0.062 in PP analysis and
      small effect size of 0.033 in ITT analysis). Secondary outcomes did not change
      significantly. Probiotics successfully passed through the gastrointestinal tract.
      CONCLUSION: Probiotics modestly improved HbA1c and fasting insulin in people with
      type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 26988696
TI  - Animal Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID).
AB  - Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is the most common etiology of
      dementia in the elderly. Both, vascular and Alzheimer's disease, pathologies work
      synergistically to create neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. The main
      causes of VCID include hemorrhage/microbleed (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia),
      cerebral small vessel disease, multi-infarct dementia, severe hypoperfusion
      (i.e., bilateral common carotid artery stenosis), strategic infarct, angiopathy
      (i.e., cerebral angiopathy), and hereditary vasculopathy (i.e., cerebral
      autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and
      leukoencephalopathy). In this review, we will discuss the experimental animal
      models that have been developed to study these pathologies. We will discuss the
      limitations and strengths of these models and the important research findings
      that have advanced the field through the use of the models. 

PMID- 26988698
TI  - De Novo assembly and annotation of the freshwater crayfish Astacus astacus
      transcriptome.
AB  - We generated RNA-seq data to assemble the transcriptome of the noble crayfish
      (Astacus astacus) from four combined tissues (abdominal muscle, hepatopancreas,
      ovaries, green glands). A total of 194 million read pairs with a length of 100 bp
      were generated. The transcriptome was assembled de novo using Trinity software,
      producing 158,649 non-redundant transcripts. Lowly expressed transcripts were
      filtered out leaving 45,415 transcripts of which 14,559 were found to contain
      open reading frames with predicted gene function. The Transrate software revealed
      that 91% of the total reads were realigned to the assembly. Furthermore, BUSCO
      analysis indicated that our assembly is 64% complete. A total of 13,770
      transcripts were assigned at least one GO term. This first de novo transcriptome
      assembly is an important foundation for future genomic research on the noble
      crayfish and adds to the general knowledge and further characterization of
      transcriptomes of non-model organisms. 

PMID- 26988699
TI  - Displaced humeral shaft fractures in children and adolescents: results and
      adverse effects in patients treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to retrospectively investigate the
      clinical and radiological outcome of humeral shaft fractures treated by ESIN in
      children <16 years old and to evaluate the functional outcome of these injuries
      using the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome
      questionnaire (Quick DASH((r))). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated children
      with fractures of the humeral shaft, surgically treated by ESIN. All the patients
      were regularly followed clinically and radiographically for at least 1 year after
      their index surgery. After hardware removal, the patients were asked to answer
      the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome
      questionnaire (Quick DASH). RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients met the inclusion
      criteria. Mean age at the time of trauma was 11.1 years. Mean follow-up was 30
      months. All fractures healed, but three patients had a residual valgus of >10
      degrees , two a residual varum of >10 degrees , four a residual recurvatum
      deformity of >10 degrees , and one a residual procurvatum deformity of >10
      degrees . Four complications were observed. Functional outcome was nevertheless
      good in all the patients, with a mean Quick DASH((r)) score of 3. CONCLUSION: The
      study shows good clinical and functional outcomes in children and adolescents
      with closed isolated fractures of the humeral shaft surgically treated by ESIN,
      even with ensuing mild residual frontal and sagittal plane deformity. However,
      conservative treatment has also been advocated in the scientific literature for
      this type of injuries, and surgical treatment should not be considered as the
      only option for the management of humeral shaft fractures in older children and
      adolescents.

PMID- 26988700
TI  - Structure of a novel 13 nm dodecahedral nanocage assembled from a redesigned
      bacterial microcompartment shell protein.
AB  - We report the crystal structure of a novel 60-subunit dodecahedral cage that
      results from self-assembly of a re-engineered version of a natural protein (PduA)
      from the Pdu microcompartment shell. Biophysical data illustrate the dependence
      of assembly on solution conditions, opening up new applications in
      microcompartment studies and nanotechnology. 

PMID- 26988701
TI  - Reply to comment on: 'Predicting the efficacy of radiotherapy in individual
      glioblastoma patients in vivo: a mathematical modeling approach'.

PMID- 26988702
TI  - Simulation of Yeast Cooperation in 2D.
AB  - Evolution of cooperation has been an active research area in evolutionary biology
      in decades. An important type of cooperation is developed from group selection,
      when individuals form spatial groups to prevent them from foreign invasions. In
      this paper, we study the evolution of cooperation in a mixed population of
      cooperating and cheating yeast strains in 2D with the interactions among the
      yeast cells restricted to their small neighborhoods. We conduct a computer
      simulation based on a game theoretic model and show that cooperation is increased
      when the interactions are spatially restricted, whether the game is of a
      prisoner's dilemma, snow drifting, or mutual benefit type. We study the evolution
      of homogeneous groups of cooperators or cheaters and describe the conditions for
      them to sustain or expand in an opponent population. We show that under certain
      spatial restrictions, cooperator groups are able to sustain and expand as group
      sizes become large, while cheater groups fail to expand and keep them from
      collapse. 

PMID- 26988703
TI  - Front-line intraperitoneal versus intravenous chemotherapy in stage III-IV
      epithelial ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancer with minimal residual disease: a
      competing risk analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the analysis of survival data for cancer patients, the problem of
      competing risks is often ignored. Competing risks have been recognized as a
      special case of time-to-event analysis. The conventional techniques for time-to
      event analysis applied in the presence of competing risks often give biased or
      uninterpretable results. METHODS: Using a prospectively collected administrative
      health care database in a single institution, we identified patients diagnosed
      with stage III or IV primary epithelial ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancers
      with minimal residual disease after primary cytoreductive surgery between 1995
      and 2012. Here, we sought to evaluate whether intraperitoneal chemotherapy
      outperforms intravenous chemotherapy in the presence of competing risks.
      Unadjusted and multivariable subdistribution hazards models were applied to this
      database with two types of competing risks (cancer-specific mortality and other
      cause mortality) coded to measure the relative effects of intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 1263 patients were recruited as the initial
      cohort. After propensity score matching, 381 patients in each arm entered into
      final competing risk analysis. Cumulative incidence estimates for cancer-specific
      mortality were statistically significantly lower (p = 0.017, Gray test) in
      patients receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy (5-year estimates, 34.5%; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 29.5-39.6%, and 10-year estimates, 60.7%; 95% CI, 52.2
      68.0%) versus intravenous chemotherapy (5-year estimates, 41.3%; 95% CI, 36.2
      46.3%, and 10-year estimates, 67.5%, 95% CI, 61.6-72.7%). In subdistribution
      hazards analysis, for cancer-specific mortality, intraperitoneal chemotherapy
      outperforms intravenous chemotherapy (Subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI,
      0.70-0.96) after correcting other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, results
      from this comparative effectiveness study provide supportive evidence for
      previous published randomized trials that intraperitoneal chemotherapy
      outperforms intravenous chemotherapy even eliminating the confounding of
      competing risks. We suggest that implementation of competing risk analysis should
      be highly considered for the investigation of cancer patients who have medium to
      long-term follow-up period.

PMID- 26988705
TI  - Complex-valued time-series correlation increases sensitivity in FMRI analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a linear matrix representation of correlation between complex
      valued (CV) time-series in the temporal Fourier frequency domain, and demonstrate
      its increased sensitivity over correlation between magnitude-only (MO) time
      series in functional MRI (fMRI) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The standard in
      fMRI is to discard the phase before the statistical analysis of the data, despite
      evidence of task related change in the phase time-series. With a real-valued
      isomorphism representation of Fourier reconstruction, correlation is computed in
      the temporal frequency domain with CV time-series data, rather than with the
      standard of MO data. A MATLAB simulation compares the Fisher-z transform of MO
      and CV correlations for varying degrees of task related magnitude and phase
      amplitude change in the time-series. The increased sensitivity of the complex
      valued Fourier representation of correlation is also demonstrated with
      experimental human data. Since the correlation description in the temporal
      frequency domain is represented as a summation of second order temporal
      frequencies, the correlation is easily divided into experimentally relevant
      frequency bands for each voxel's temporal frequency spectrum. The MO and CV
      correlations for the experimental human data are analyzed for four voxels of
      interest (VOIs) to show the framework with high and low contrast-to-noise ratios
      in the motor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex. RESULTS: The simulation
      demonstrates the increased strength of CV correlations over MO correlations for
      low magnitude contrast-to-noise time-series. In the experimental human data, the
      MO correlation maps are noisier than the CV maps, and it is more difficult to
      distinguish the motor cortex in the MO correlation maps after spatial processing.
      CONCLUSIONS: Including both magnitude and phase in the spatial correlation
      computations more accurately defines the correlated left and right motor
      cortices. Sensitivity in correlation analysis is important to preserve the signal
      of interest in fMRI data sets with high noise variance, and avoid excessive
      processing induced correlation.

PMID- 26988704
TI  - Improvement of water saturation shift referencing by sequence and analysis
      optimization to enhance chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE: To optimize B0-field inhomogeneity correction for chemical exchange
      saturation transfer (CEST) imaging by investigating different water saturation
      shift referencing (WASSR) Z-spectrum shapes and different frequency correction
      techniques. METHODS: WASSR Z-spectra were simulated for different B1-fields and
      pulse durations (PD). Two parameter settings were used for further simulations
      and experiments (WASSR1: B1=0.1 MUT, PD=50ms; WASSR2: B1=0.3 MUT, PD=40ms). Four
      frequency correction techniques were investigated: 1) MinW: Minimum of the spline
      interpolated WASSR-spectrum; 2) MSCF: maximum symmetry center frequency
      algorithm; 3) PMSCF: further development of MSCF algorithm; 4) BFit: fit with
      Bloch equations. Performance of frequency correction was assessed with Monte
      Carlo simulations and in-vivo MR examinations in the brain and intervertebral
      disks. RESULTS: Different shapes of WASSR-Z-spectra were obtained by changing B1
      and PD including spectra with one (1-Peak) or two (2-Peak) minima. WASSR1
      resulted in 1-Peak WASSR-spectrum, whereas WASSR2 resulted in 2-Peak WASSR
      spectrum. Both Monte-Carlo simulations and in-vivo MR examinations revealed
      highest accuracy of field-inhomogeneity correction with WASSR1 combined with
      PMSCF or BFit. CONCLUSION: Using a WASSR sequence, which results in a Z-spectrum
      with a single absorption peak, in combination with advanced postprocessing
      algorithms enables improved B0-field inhomogeneity correction for CEST imaging.

PMID- 26988697
TI  - Microvascular Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - The impact of vascular risk factors on cognitive function has garnered much
      interest in recent years. The appropriate distribution of oxygen, glucose, and
      other nutrients by the cerebral vasculature is critical for proper cognitive
      performance. The cerebral microvasculature is a key site of vascular resistance
      and a preferential target for small vessel disease. While deleterious effects of
      vascular risk factors on microvascular function are known, the contribution of
      this dysfunction to cognitive deficits is less clear. In this review, we
      summarize current evidence for microvascular dysfunction in brain. We highlight
      effects of select vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and
      hyperhomocysteinemia) on the pial and parenchymal circulation. Lastly, we discuss
      potential links between microvascular disease and cognitive function,
      highlighting current gaps in our understanding. 

PMID- 26988707
TI  - Perceived needs for support among care home staff providing end of life care for
      people with dementia: a qualitative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current exploratory study was to investigate the impact
      on care home staff when working with people with dementia at the end of life and
      to explore how they cope with this aspect of their work. With UK policy
      encouraging death in the place of residence, rather than hospital, more people
      with dementia are dying in care homes. METHOD: A qualitative approach was
      employed; 20 care home staff working in five English care homes were interviewed.
      Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Care home staff found
      the external demands on them and difficulties associated with interacting with
      people with dementia sometimes challenging, stressful and anxiety-provoking,
      particularly as residents approached end of life. Emotional aspects of caring for
      dying residents were sometimes heightened by close attachments with residents and
      their families. Staff were able to recognise these unmet needs and identified a
      need for further training and emotional support to manage these stressors.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed rich and complex understandings of the practice
      dimensions of caring for people with dementia at the end of life and the impact
      these have on staff. There is a need to develop effective psychosocial
      interventions that focus on emotional support for care home staff. There will be
      challenges in providing this in employment settings that are generally low paid,
      low status, have high turnover and are reliant on temporary or migrant staff,
      where training is not rewarded, mandatory or culturally valued. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988706
TI  - A roadmap of constitutive NF-kappaB activity in Hodgkin lymphoma: Dominant roles
      of p50 and p52 revealed by genome-wide analyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: NF-kappaB is widely involved in lymphoid malignancies; however, the
      functional roles and specific transcriptomes of NF-kappaB dimers with distinct
      subunit compositions have been unclear. METHODS: Using combined ChIP-sequencing
      and microarray analyses, we determined the cistromes and target gene signatures
      of canonical and non-canonical NF-kappaB species in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cells.
      RESULTS: We found that the various NF-kappaB subunits are recruited to regions
      with redundant kappaB motifs in a large number of genes. Yet canonical and non
      canonical NF-kappaB dimers up- and downregulate gene sets that are both distinct
      and overlapping, and are associated with diverse biological functions. p50 and
      p52 are formed through NIK-dependent p105 and p100 precursor processing in HL
      cells and are the predominant DNA binding subunits. Logistic regression analyses
      of combinations of the p50, p52, RelA, and RelB subunits in binding regions that
      have been assigned to genes they regulate reveal a cross-contribution of p52 and
      p50 to canonical and non-canonical transcriptomes. These analyses also indicate
      that the subunit occupancy pattern of NF-kappaB binding regions and their
      distance from the genes they regulate are determinants of gene activation versus
      repression. The pathway-specific signatures of activated and repressed genes
      distinguish HL from other NF-kappaB-associated lymphoid malignancies and
      inversely correlate with gene expression patterns in normal germinal center B
      cells, which are presumed to be the precursors of HL cells. CONCLUSIONS: We
      provide insights that are relevant for lymphomas with constitutive NF-kappaB
      activation and generally for the decoding of the mechanisms of differential gene
      regulation through canonical and non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling.

PMID- 26988709
TI  - Older coronary thrombus is an independent predictor of 1-year mortality in acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that older thrombus is associated with a
      twofold higher long-term mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI) patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). We
      evaluated whether the addition of the presence of older thrombus to a multimarker
      model would result in increased predictive power for 1-year mortality in STEMI
      patients. METHODS: The study population (n = 1442) consists of STEMI patients
      treated with thrombus aspiration during pPCI. Patients were included if aspirated
      thrombus material could histopathologically be classified according to thrombus
      age (n = 870) and laboratory measurements of biomarkers (cardiac troponin T,
      glucose, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, estimated glomerular
      filtration rate and C-reactive protein) were available. The additional prognostic
      value of the presence of older thrombus beyond multiple biomarkers and
      established clinical risk factors was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression
      models. RESULTS: Serum biomarker concentrations were similar between patients
      with fresh and older thrombus. Sixty patients (7%) died within 1 year. The
      presence of older thrombus remained strongly associated with mortality at 1 year
      after multivariable adjustment for multiple biomarkers and established clinical
      risk factors. Addition of older thrombus to either a model including clinical
      risk factors and biomarkers or a model including solely biomarkers resulted in
      significant increases in the discriminative value, evidenced by net
      reclassification improvement and integrated discriminative improvement.
      CONCLUSIONS: The presence of older thrombus provides independent complementary
      information to a multimarker model including established clinical risk factors
      and multiple biomarkers for predicting 1-year mortality in STEMI patients treated
      with pPCI and thrombus aspiration.

PMID- 26988708
TI  - The transcription factor scleraxis is a critical regulator of cardiac fibroblast
      phenotype.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resident fibroblasts synthesize the cardiac extracellular matrix, and
      can undergo phenotype conversion to myofibroblasts to augment matrix production,
      impairing function and contributing to organ failure. A significant gap in our
      understanding of the transcriptional regulation of these processes exists. Given
      the key role of this phenotype conversion in fibrotic disease, the identification
      of such novel transcriptional regulators may yield new targets for therapies for
      fibrosis. RESULTS: Using explanted primary cardiac fibroblasts in gain- and loss
      of-function studies, we found that scleraxis critically controls cardiac
      fibroblast/myofibroblast phenotype by direct transcriptional regulation of myriad
      genes that effectively define these cells, including extracellular matrix
      components and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Scleraxis furthermore potentiated the
      TGFbeta/Smad3 signaling pathway, a key regulator of myofibroblast conversion, by
      facilitating transcription complex formation. While scleraxis promoted fibroblast
      to myofibroblast conversion, loss of scleraxis attenuated myofibroblast function
      and gene expression. These results were confirmed in scleraxis knockout mice,
      which were cardiac matrix-deficient and lost ~50% of their complement of cardiac
      fibroblasts, with evidence of impaired epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT). Scleraxis directly transactivated several EMT marker genes, and was
      sufficient to induce mesenchymal/fibroblast phenotype conversion of A549
      epithelial cells. Conversely, loss of scleraxis attenuated TGFbeta-induced EMT
      marker expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that scleraxis is a novel
      and potent regulator of cellular progression along the continuum culminating in
      the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype. Scleraxis was both sufficient to drive
      conversion, and required for full conversion to occur. Scleraxis fulfills this
      role by direct transcriptional regulation of key target genes, and by
      facilitating TGFbeta/Smad signaling. Given the key role of fibroblast to
      myofibroblast conversion in fibrotic diseases in the heart and other tissue
      types, scleraxis may be an important target for therapeutic development.

PMID- 26988710
TI  - Modified ground-truthing: an accurate and cost-effective food environment
      validation method for town and rural areas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A major concern in food environment research is the lack of accuracy
      in commercial business listings of food stores, which are convenient and commonly
      used. Accuracy concerns may be particularly pronounced in rural areas. Ground
      truthing or on-site verification has been deemed the necessary standard to
      validate business listings, but researchers perceive this process to be costly
      and time-consuming. This study calculated the accuracy and cost of ground
      truthing three town/rural areas in Minnesota, USA (an area of 564 miles, or 908
      km), and simulated a modified validation process to increase efficiency without
      comprising accuracy. For traditional ground-truthing, all streets in the study
      area were driven, while the route and geographic coordinates of food stores were
      recorded. RESULTS: The process required 1510 miles (2430 km) of driving and 114
      staff hours. The ground-truthed list of stores was compared with commercial
      business listings, which had an average positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.57
      and sensitivity of 0.62 across the three sites. Using observations from the
      field, a modified process was proposed in which only the streets located within
      central commercial clusters (the 1/8 mile or 200 m buffer around any cluster of 2
      stores) would be validated. Modified ground-truthing would have yielded an
      estimated PPV of 1.00 and sensitivity of 0.95, and would have resulted in a
      reduction in approximately 88 % of the mileage costs. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude
      that ground-truthing is necessary in town/rural settings. The modified ground
      truthing process, with excellent accuracy at a fraction of the costs, suggests a
      new standard and warrants further evaluation.

PMID- 26988712
TI  - Joining, Leaving, and Staying in the American Indian/Alaska Native Race Category
      Between 2000 and 2010.
AB  - Conceptualizing and operationalizing American Indian populations is challenging.
      Each census for decades has seen the American Indian population increase
      substantially more than expected, with indirect and qualitative evidence that
      this is due to changes in individuals' race responses. We apply uniquely suited
      (but not nationally representative) linked data from the 2000 and 2010 decennial
      censuses (N = 3.1 million) and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey (N =
      188,131) to address three research questions. First, to what extent do American
      Indian people have different race responses across data sources? We find
      considerable race response change, especially among multiple-race and/or Hispanic
      American Indians. Second, how are people who change responses different from or
      similar to those who do not? We find three sets of American Indians: those who
      (1) had the same race and Hispanic responses in 2000 and 2010, (2) moved between
      single-race and multiple-race American Indian responses, and (3) added or dropped
      the American Indian response, thus joining or leaving the enumerated American
      Indian population. People in groups (1) and (2) were relatively likely to report
      a tribe, live in an American Indian area, report American Indian ancestry, and
      live in the West. Third, how are people who join a group different from or
      similar to those who leave it? Multivariate models show general similarity
      between joiners and leavers in group (1) and in group (2). Population turnover is
      hidden in cross-sectional comparisons; people joining each subpopulation of
      American Indians are similar in number and characteristics to those who leave it.

PMID- 26988711
TI  - Comparative assessment on the prevalence of mutations in the Plasmodium
      falciparum drug-resistant genes in two different ecotypes of Odisha state, India.
AB  - Considering malaria as a local and focal disease, epidemiological understanding
      of different ecotypes of malaria can help in devising novel control measures. One
      of the major hurdles in malaria control lies on the evolution and dispersal of
      the drug-resistant malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We herewith present
      data on genetic variation at the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) level in
      four different genes of P. falciparum (Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps) that
      confer resistance to different antimalarials in two different eco-epidemiological
      settings, i.e. Hilly-Forest (HF) and Riverine-Plain (RP), in a high malaria
      endemic district of Odisha state, India. Greater frequency of antimalarial
      resistance conferring SNPs and haplotypes was observed in all four genes in P.
      falciparum, and Pfdhps was the most variable gene among the four. No significant
      genetic differentiation could be observed in isolates from HF and RP ecotypes.
      Twelve novel, hitherto unreported nucleotide mutations could be observed in the
      Pfmdr1 and Pfdhps genes. While the Pfdhps gene presented highest haplotype
      diversity, the Pfcrt gene displayed the highest nucleotide diversity. When the
      data on all the four genes were complied, the isolates from HF ecotype were found
      to harbour higher average nucleotide diversity than those coming from RP ecotype.
      High and positive Tajima's D values were obtained for the Pfcrt and Pfdhfr genes
      in isolates from both the HF and RP ecotypes, with statistically significant
      deviation from neutrality in the RP ecotype. Different patterns of Linkage
      Disequilibrium (LD) among SNPs located in different drug-resistant genes were
      found in the isolates collected from HF and RP ecotypes. Whereas in the HF
      ecotype, SNPs in the Pfmdr1 and Pfdhfr were significantly associated, in the RP
      ecotype, SNPs located in Pfcrt were associated with Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr and Pfdhps.
      These findings provide a baseline understanding on how different micro eco
      epidemiological settings influence evolution and spread of different drug
      resistance alleles. Our findings further suggest that drug resistance to
      chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is approaching fixation level, which
      requires urgent attention of malaria control programme in India.

PMID- 26988713
TI  - Using an organic radical precursor as an electron injection material for
      efficient and stable organic light-emitting diodes.
AB  - Materials with strong reducibility have been used as electron injection layers
      (EILs) to lower the work function of cathodes and reduce the driving voltage of
      organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the most prominent electron
      injection materials presented so far are high-temperature-evaporable inorganic
      salts based on alkaline metals, which suffer from a high tendency of metal
      diffusion throughout the organic layer and thus reduce the device efficiency and
      stability. Here, we introduce a new kind of EIL based on a stable precursor of a
      strongly reducing organic radical. By using an organic precursor, we are able to
      take the advantage of the low-evaporation-temperature and avoid the problem of
      metal diffusion, thus improving the device efficiency and stability. Ultraviolet
      photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) study indicates that inserting a thin layer of
      organic radical between the electron transport layer and cathode could greatly
      reduce the electron injection barrier due to the strong interaction of radical
      with cathode and the electron transporting material. As a result, OLEDs with an
      organic radical as the EIL showed a 25.2% higher efficiency and 2.2 times longer
      lifetime than the control device with conventional LiF as the EIL. 

PMID- 26988715
TI  - A scary chest X-ray.

PMID- 26988714
TI  - Natural antigenic differences in the functionally equivalent extracellular DNABII
      proteins of bacterial biofilms provide a means for targeted biofilm therapeutics.
AB  - Bacteria that persist in the oral cavity exist within complex biofilm
      communities. A hallmark of biofilms is the presence of an extracellular polymeric
      substance (EPS), which consists of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA (eDNA), and
      proteins, including the DNABII family of proteins. The removal of DNABII proteins
      from a biofilm results in the loss of structural integrity of the eDNA and the
      collapse of the biofilm structure. We examined the role of DNABII proteins in the
      biofilm structure of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and the
      oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii. Co-aggregation with oral streptococci is
      thought to facilitate the establishment of P. gingivalis within the biofilm
      community. We demonstrate that DNABII proteins are present in the EPS of both S.
      gordonii and P. gingivalis biofilms, and that these biofilms can be disrupted
      through the addition of antisera derived against their respective DNABII
      proteins. We provide evidence that both eDNA and DNABII proteins are limiting in
      S. gordonii but not in P. gingivalis biofilms. In addition, these proteins are
      capable of complementing one another functionally. We also found that whereas
      antisera derived against most DNABII proteins are capable of binding a wide
      variety of DNABII proteins, the P. gingivalis DNABII proteins are antigenically
      distinct. The presence of DNABII proteins in the EPS of these biofilms and the
      antigenic uniqueness of the P. gingivalis proteins provide an opportunity to
      develop therapies that are targeted to remove P. gingivalis and biofilms that
      contain P. gingivalis from the oral cavity.

PMID- 26988716
TI  - How the routine reporting of laboratory measurement uncertainty might affect
      clinical decision making in acute and emergency medicine.

PMID- 26988717
TI  - Diagnostic and prognostic value of factor VIII binding antibodies in acquired
      hemophilia A: data from the GTH-AH 01/2010 study.
AB  - Essentials Factor VIII (FVIII) binding IgG detected by ELISA could be an
      alternative to the Bethesda assay. We studied the performance of anti-FVIII IgG
      ELISA in patients with acquired hemophilia and controls. Anti-FVIII IgG > 99th
      percentile of controls was highly sensitive and specific. Patients with high anti
      FVIII IgG have a lower chance of achieving remission. SUMMARY: Background
      Acquired hemophilia A is a severe bleeding disorder that requires fast and
      accurate diagnosis as it occurs often unexpectedly in previously healthy men and
      women of every age. The Nijmegen-modified Bethesda assay is the diagnostic
      reference standard for detecting neutralizing autoantibodies against factor VIII
      (FVIII), but is not widely available, not ideal for quantifying the complex type
      2 inhibitors seen in acquired hemophilia, and suffers from high inter-laboratory
      variability. Objectives To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of FVIII
      binding antibodies as detected by ELISA compared with the Nijmegen Bethesda
      assay. Methods Samples from the time of first diagnosis and clinical data were
      available from 102 patients with acquired hemophilia enrolled in the prospective
      GTH-AH 01/2010 study. Controls (n = 102) were matched for gender and age.
      Diagnostic cut-offs were determined by receiver-operator curve analysis. The
      prognostic value was assessed in 92 of the 102 patients by Cox regression
      analysis of time to partial remission. Results Anti-FVIII IgG above the 99th
      percentile (> 15 arbitrary units per mL) revealed high sensitivity and
      specificity (both 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-1.0) for diagnosing
      acquired hemophilia. The likelihood of achieving partial remission was related to
      anti-FVIII IgG concentration (< 300 arbitrary units, 1.0; 300-1050, 0.65; > 1050,
      0.39). The Bethesda titer was only associated with the likelihood of partial
      remission when analyzed in the central laboratory, but not when data from local
      GTH study sites were used. Conclusion Although the Nijmegen-modified Bethesda
      assay is the reference standard for demonstrating neutralizing antibodies, the
      detection of FVIII-binding antibodies by ELISA is similarly sensitive and
      specific for diagnosing acquired hemophilia. In addition, anti-FVIII IgG may
      provide prognostic information.

PMID- 26988719
TI  - Hypertonic saline in severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta
      analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hypertonic saline solutions are increasingly used to treat increased
      intracranial pressure following severe traumatic brain injury. However, whether
      hypertonic saline provides superior management of intracranial pressure and
      improves outcome is unclear. We thus conducted a systematic review to evaluate
      the effect of hypertonic saline in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
      METHODS: Two researchers independently selected randomized controlled trials
      studying hypertonic saline in severe traumatic brain injury and collected data
      using a standardized abstraction form. No language restriction was applied. We
      searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus,
      Web of Science, and BIOSIS databases. We searched grey literature via OpenGrey
      and National Technical Information Service databases. We searched the references
      of included studies and relevant reviews for additional studies. RESULTS: Eleven
      studies (1,820 patients) were included. Hypertonic saline did not decrease
      mortality (risk ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83 to 1.11, I2=0%) or
      improve intracranial pressure control (weighted mean difference -1.25 mm Hg, 95%
      CI -4.18 to 1.68, I2=78%) as compared to any other solutions. Only one study
      reported monitoring for adverse events with hypertonic saline, finding no
      significant differences between comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no
      mortality benefit or effect on the control of intracranial pressure with the use
      of hypertonic saline when compared to other solutions. Based on the current level
      of evidence pertaining to mortality or control of intracranial pressure,
      hypertonic saline could thus not be recommended as a first-line agent for
      managing patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

PMID- 26988718
TI  - Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls.
AB  - Nanoindentation experiments are performed using an atomic force microscope (AFM)
      to quantify the spatial distribution of mechanical properties of plant cell walls
      at nanometre length scales. At any specific location on the cell wall, a complex
      (non-linear) force-indentation response occurs that can be deconvoluted using a
      unique multiregime analysis (MRA). This allows an unambiguous evaluation of the
      local transverse elastic modulus of the wall. Nanomechanical measurements on
      suspension-cultured cells (SCCs), derived from Italian ryegrass (Lolium
      multiflorum) starchy endosperm, show three characteristic modes of deformation
      and a spatial distribution of elastic moduli across the surface. 'Soft' and
      'hard' domains are found across length scales between 0.1 um and 3 um, which is
      well above a typical pore size of the polysaccharide mesh. The generality and
      wider applicability of this mechanical heterogeneity is verified through in
      planta characterization on leaf epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and L.
      multiflorum The outcomes of this research provide a basis for uncovering and
      quantifying the relationships between local wall composition, architecture, cell
      growth, and/or morphogenesis.

PMID- 26988720
TI  - Paramedics assessing Elders at Risk for Independence Loss (PERIL): Derivation,
      Reliability and Comparative Effectiveness of a Clinical Prediction Rule.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We conducted a program of research to derive and test the reliability
      of a clinical prediction rule to identify high-risk older adults using
      paramedics' observations. METHODS: We developed the Paramedics assessing Elders
      at Risk of Independence Loss (PERIL) checklist of 43 yes or no questions,
      including the Identifying Seniors at Risk (ISAR) tool items. We trained 1,185
      paramedics from three Ontario services to use this checklist, and assessed inter
      observer reliability in a convenience sample. The primary outcome, return to the
      ED, hospitalization, or death within one month was assessed using provincial
      databases. We derived a prediction rule using multivariable logistic regression.
      RESULTS: We enrolled 1,065 subjects, of which 764 (71.7%) had complete data.
      Inter-observer reliability was good or excellent for 40/43 questions. We derived
      a four-item rule: 1) "Problems in the home contributing to adverse outcomes?" (OR
      1.43); 2) "Called 911 in the last 30 days?" (OR 1.72); 3) male (OR 1.38) and 4)
      lacks social support (OR 1.4). The PERIL rule performed better than a proxy
      measure of clinical judgment (AUC 0.62 vs. 0.56, p=0.02) and adherence was better
      for PERIL than for ISAR. CONCLUSIONS: The four-item PERIL rule has good inter
      observer reliability and adherence, and had advantages compared to a proxy
      measure of clinical judgment. The ISAR is an acceptable alternative, but
      adherence may be lower. If future research validates the PERIL rule, it could be
      used by emergency physicians and paramedic services to target preventative
      interventions for seniors identified as high-risk.

PMID- 26988721
TI  - Health Care in Canada--Where? When? For Whom?

PMID- 26988722
TI  - ABO blood group system and the coronary artery disease: an updated systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - ABO blood group system, a well-known genetic risk factor, has clinically been
      demonstrated to be linked with thrombotic vascular diseases. However, the
      relationship between ABO blood group and coronary artery disease (CAD) is still
      controversial. We here performed an updated meta-analysis of the related studies
      and tried to elucidate the potential role of ABO blood group as a risk factor for
      CAD. All detectable case-control and cohort studies comparing the risk of CAD in
      different ABO blood groups were collected for this analysis through searching
      PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Ultimately, 17 studies covering 225,810
      participants were included. The combined results showed that the risk of CAD was
      significantly higher in blood group A (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.26, p =
      0.01) and lower in blood group O (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.94, p = 0.0008).
      Even when studies merely about myocardial infarction (MI) were removed, the risk
      of CAD was still significantly higher in blood group A (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00
      to 1.10, p = 0.03) and lower in blood group O (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.93,
      p < 0.00001). This updated systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that
      both blood group A and non-O were the risk factors of CAD.

PMID- 26988723
TI  - (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments of the Cdc42-binding domain of TOCA1.
AB  - TOCA1 is a downstream effector protein of the small GTPase, Cdc42. It is a multi
      domain protein that includes a membrane binding F-BAR domain, a homology region 1
      (HR1) domain, which binds selectively to active Cdc42 and an SH3 domain. TOCA1 is
      involved in the regulation of actin dynamics in processes such as endocytosis,
      filopodia formation, neurite elongation, cell motility and invasion. Structural
      insight into the interaction between TOCA1 and Cdc42 will contribute to our
      understanding of the role of TOCA1 in actin dynamics. The (1)H, (15)N and (13)C
      NMR backbone and sidechain resonance assignment of the HR1 domain (12 kDa)
      presented here provides the foundation for structural studies of the domain and
      its interactions.

PMID- 26988724
TI  - Immobilization of Bacillus subtilis lipase on a Cu-BTC based hierarchically
      porous metal-organic framework material: a biocatalyst for esterification.
AB  - Bacillus subtilis lipase (BSL2) has been successfully immobilized into a Cu-BTC
      based hierarchically porous metal-organic framework material for the first time.
      The Cu-BTC hierarchically porous MOF material with large mesopore apertures is
      prepared conveniently by using a template-free strategy under mild conditions.
      The immobilized BSL2 presents high enzymatic activity and perfect reusability
      during the esterification reaction. After 10 cycles, the immobilized BSL2 still
      exhibits 90.7% of its initial enzymatic activity and 99.6% of its initial
      conversion. 

PMID- 26988725
TI  - Heartbeat, embryo communication and hatching synchrony in snake eggs.
AB  - Communication is central to life at all levels of complexity, from cells to
      organs, through to organisms and communities. Turtle eggs were recently shown to
      communicate with each other in order to synchronise their development and
      generate beneficial hatching synchrony. Yet the mechanism underlying embryo to
      embryo communication remains unknown. Here we show that within a clutch,
      developing snake embryos use heart beats emanating from neighbouring eggs as a
      clue for their metabolic level, in order to synchronise development and
      ultimately hatching. Eggs of the water snake Natrix maura increased heart rates
      and hatched earlier than control eggs in response to being incubated in physical
      contact with more advanced eggs. The former produced shorter and slower swimming
      young than their control siblings. Our results suggest potential fitness
      consequences of embryo to embryo communication and describe a novel driver for
      the evolution of egg-clustering behaviour in animals. 

PMID- 26988726
TI  - The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and
      sword.
AB  - Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural
      politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of
      'nature'. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending
      conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and
      reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent
      exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in
      Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this 'natural' disaster is
      characterised by differing conceptions of 'nature' as cultural tradition, divine
      force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting
      similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of
      development, environment, self-determination, and tradition. This paper examines
      the 'disputes over meaning' associated with natural disasters in contemporary
      societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social
      organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.

PMID- 26988727
TI  - Benzoylsalicylic acid isolated from seed coats of Givotia rottleriformis induces
      systemic acquired resistance in tobacco and Arabidopsis.
AB  - Systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a whole plant defense response to a broad
      spectrum of pathogens, is characterized by a coordinated expression of a large
      number of defense genes. Plants synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites to
      protect themselves from the invading microbial pathogens. Several studies have
      shown that salicylic acid (SA) is a key endogenous component of local and
      systemic disease resistance in plants. Although SA is a critical signal for SAR,
      accumulation of endogenous SA levels alone is insufficient to establish SAR.
      Here, we have identified a new acyl derivative of SA, the benzoylsalicylic acid
      (BzSA) also known as 2-(benzoyloxy) benzoic acid from the seed coats of Givotia
      rottleriformis and investigated its role in inducing SAR in tobacco and
      Arabidopsis. Interestingly, exogenous BzSA treatment induced the expression of
      NPR1 (Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene-1) and pathogenesis related (PR)
      genes. BzSA enhanced the expression of hypersensitivity related (HSR), mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) and WRKY genes in tobacco. Moreover, Arabidopsis
      NahG plants that were treated with BzSA showed enhanced resistance to tobacco
      mosaic virus (TMV) as evidenced by reduced leaf necrosis and TMV-coat protein
      levels in systemic leaves. We, therefore, conclude that BzSA, hitherto unknown
      natural plant product, is a new SAR inducer in plants. 

PMID- 26988728
TI  - Acetophenone derivatives from a freshwater fungal isolate of recently described
      Lindgomyces madisonensis (G416).
AB  - The exploration of freshwater ascomycetes, which have undergone only limited
      investigation, may provide opportunities both to characterize new genera/species
      of fungi and to uncover new chemical diversity. In this study, seven acetophenone
      derivatives, madisone, 4'-methoxymadisone, dehydromadisone, 2"-methoxymadisone,
      dihydroallovisnaginone, dimadisone, and 4'-methoxydimadisone were characterized
      from an organic extract of a recently described Lindgomyces madisonensis (G416)
      culture, which was isolated from submerged wood collected in a stream in North
      Carolina. Madisone, dehydromadisone, 2"-methoxymadisone, dimadisone and 4'
      demethoxydimadisone have not been reported previously, while 4'-methoxymadisone
      and dihydroallovisnaginone were previously unknown as natural products. Their
      structures were assigned on the basis of NMR and HRESIMS data, with the structure
      of madisone supported by X-ray crystallography. The antimicrobial activities of
      madisone, 4'-methoxymadisone and dihydroallovisnaginone were evaluated against a
      panel of bacteria and fungi. A heat map analysis of the surface of a G416 culture
      showed that most of the isolated compounds concentrated in the guttate compared
      with the vegetative mycelium of the fungus. 

PMID- 26988729
TI  - Polyoxypregnane steroids with an open-chain sugar moiety from Marsdenia
      tenacissima and their chemoresistance reversal activity.
AB  - A polyoxypregnane aglycone, 12beta-O-acetyl-11alpha-O-isobutyryltenacigenin B,
      and four polyoxypregnane glycosides with a pachybionic acid ester moiety, 12beta
      O-acetyl-3-O-(6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-oleandronyl)
      11alpha-O-isobutyryltenacigenin B, 12beta-O-acetyl-3-O-(6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D
      allopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-oleandronyl)-11alpha-O-tigloyltenacigenin B, 12beta-O
      acetyl-3-O-(6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-oleandronyl)
      11alpha-O-2-methylbutyryltenacigenin B, and 12beta-O-acetyl-3-O-(beta-D
      glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl-(1->4)-D
      oleandronyl)-11alpha-O-tigloyltenacigenin B, were isolated from the canes of
      Marsdenia tenacissima, together with a disaccharide derivative. Their structures
      were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute
      configurations were further determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. With
      the exception of the disaccharide derivative, all five compounds are unusual
      naturally occurring polyoxypregnane glycosides bearing an open-chain sugar
      moiety. Two of these exhibit a wide spectrum of chemoresistance reversal
      activity, and potential mechanisms were studied accordingly.

PMID- 26988730
TI  - Functional characterisation of a tropine-forming reductase gene from Brugmansia
      arborea, a woody plant species producing tropane alkaloids.
AB  - Brugmansia arborea is a woody plant species that produces tropane alkaloids
      (TAs). The gene encoding tropine-forming reductase or tropinone reductase I
      (BaTRI) in this plant species was functionally characterised. The full-length
      cDNA of BaTRI encoded a 272-amino-acid polypeptide that was highly similar to
      tropinone reductase I from TAs-producing herbal plant species. The purified 29kDa
      recombinant BaTRI exhibited maximum reduction activity at pH 6.8-8.0 when
      tropinone was used as substrate; it also exhibited maximum oxidation activity at
      pH 9.6 when tropine was used as substrate. The Km, Vmax and Kcat values of BaTRI
      for tropinone were 2.65mM, 88.3nkatmg(-1) and 2.93S(-1), respectively, at pH 6.4;
      the Km, Vmax and Kcat values of TRI from Datura stramonium (DsTRI) for tropinone
      were respectively 4.18mM, 81.20nkatmg(-1) and 2.40S(-1) at pH 6.4. At pH 6.4, 6.8
      and 7.0, BaTRI had a significantly higher activity than DsTRI. Analogues of
      tropinone, 4-methylcyclohexanone and 3-quinuclidinone hydrochloride, were also
      used to investigate the enzymatic kinetics of BaTRI. The Km, Vmax and Kcat values
      of BaTRI for tropine were 0.56mM, 171.62nkat.mg(-1) and 5.69S(-1), respectively,
      at pH 9.6; the Km, Vmax and Kcat values of DsTRI for tropine were 0.34mM,
      111.90nkatmg(-1) and 3.30S(-1), respectively, at pH 9.6. The tissue profiles of
      BaTRI differed from those in TAs-producing herbal plant species. BaTRI was
      expressed in all examined organs but was most abundant in secondary roots.
      Finally, tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine, anisodamine and scopolamine,
      were detected in various organs of B. arborea by HPLC. Interestingly, scopolamine
      constituted most of the tropane alkaloids content in B. arborea, which suggests
      that B. arborea is a scopolamine-rich plant species. The scopolamine content was
      much higher in the leaves and stems than in other organs. The gene expression and
      TAs accumulation suggest that the biosynthesis of hyoscyamine, especially
      scopolamine, occurred not only in the roots but also in the aerial parts of B.
      arborea. 

PMID- 26988731
TI  - Exosomes in liver pathology.
AB  - Exosomes are small (~100nm) membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by
      various types of cells into biological fluids. They contain proteins, mRNAs and
      miRNAs as cargo. Different cell types can take up exosomes by endocytosis and the
      cargo contained within them can be transferred horizontally to these recipient
      cells. Exosomal proteins and miRNAs can be functional and regulate physiological
      cell events modifying the microenvironment in target cells, a key event of liver
      pathology. Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication can alter tumor growth, cell
      migration, antiviral infection and hepatocyte regeneration, indicating that
      exosomes have great potential for development as diagnostic or therapeutic tools.
      Analyses of circulating total or exosomal miRNAs have identified a large number
      of candidate miRNAs that are regulated in liver diseases, and the diagnostic
      testing using single or multiple miRNAs shows good sensitivity and specificity.
      Some candidate miRNAs have been identified to play an important role in various
      liver disorders. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of
      extracellular vesicles in liver diseases and their diagnostic and therapeutic
      potential, mainly focusing on exosomes but also includes microvesicles in liver
      pathology.

PMID- 26988732
TI  - Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a biomarker of acute-on-chronic
      liver failure and prognosis in cirrhosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome that
      occurs in cirrhosis characterized by organ failure(s) and high mortality rate.
      There are no biomarkers of ACLF. The LCN2 gene and its product, neutrophil
      gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), are upregulated in experimental models of
      liver injury and cultured hepatocytes as a result of injury by toxins or
      proinflammatory cytokines, particularly Interleukin-6. The aim of this study was
      to investigate whether NGAL could be a biomarker of ACLF and whether LCN2 gene
      may be upregulated in the liver in ACLF. METHODS: We analyzed urine and plasma
      NGAL levels in 716 patients hospitalized for complications of cirrhosis, 148 with
      ACLF. LCN2 expression was assessed in liver biopsies from 29 additional patients
      with decompensated cirrhosis with and without ACLF. RESULTS: Urine NGAL was
      markedly increased in ACLF vs. no ACLF patients (108(35-400) vs. 29(12-73)MUg/g
      creatinine; p<0.001) and was an independent predictive factor of ACLF; the
      independent association persisted after adjustment for kidney function or
      exclusion of variables present in ACLF definition. Urine NGAL was also an
      independent predictive factor of 28day transplant-free mortality together with
      MELD score and leukocyte count (AUROC 0.88(0.83-0.92)). Urine NGAL improved
      significantly the accuracy of MELD in predicting prognosis. The LCN2 gene was
      markedly upregulated in the liver of patients with ACLF. Gene expression
      correlated directly with serum bilirubin and INR (r=0.79; p<0.001 and r=0.67;
      p<0.001), MELD (r=0.68; p<0.001) and Interleukin-6 (r=0.65; p<0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: NGAL is a biomarker of ACLF and prognosis and correlates with liver
      failure and systemic inflammation. There is remarkable overexpression of LCN2
      gene in the liver in ACLF syndrome. LAY SUMMARY: Urine NGAL is a biomarker of
      acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). NGAL is a protein that may be expressed in
      several tissues in response to injury. The protein is filtered by the kidneys due
      to its small size and can be measured in the urine. Ariza, Graupera and
      colleagues found in a series of 716 patients with cirrhosis that urine NGAL was
      markedly increased in patients with ACLF and correlated with prognosis. Moreover,
      gene coding NGAL was markedly overexpressed in the liver tissue in ACLF.

PMID- 26988733
TI  - NMR Observation of Mobile Protons in Proton-Implanted ZnO Nanorods.
AB  - The diffusion properties of H(+) in ZnO nanorods are investigated before and
      after 20 MeV proton beam irradiation by using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) spectroscopy. Herein, we unambiguously observe that the implanted protons
      occupy thermally unstable site of ZnO, giving rise to a narrow NMR line at 4.1
      ppm. The activation barrier of the implanted protons was found to be 0.46 eV by
      means of the rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation measurements, apparently
      being interstitial hydrogens. High-energy beam irradiation also leads to
      correlated jump diffusion of the surface hydroxyl group of multiple lines at ~1
      ppm, implying the presence of structural disorder at the ZnO surface.

PMID- 26988734
TI  - Ferulone A and ferulone B: two new coumarin esters from Ferula orientalis L.
      roots.
AB  - Ferula orientalis (Apiaceae) is a well-known perennial herb growing wild in Iran
      used in traditional medicine. To perform phytochemical studies, dried ground
      roots of F. orientalis were sequentially Soxhlet-extracted using n-hexane,
      dichloromethane and methanol. A combination of vacuum liquid chromatography and
      preparative thin-layer chromatographic analyses were performed to isolate
      coumarin esters. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by
      spectroscopic means, and in vitro free-radical-scavenging property was determined
      by the DPPH assay. Two new coumarin esters, 7-O-(4,8,12,16-tetrahydroxy-4,8,12,16
      tetramethyl-heptadecanoyl)-coumarinand 7-O-(4-hydroxy-4,8,12-trimethyl-trideca
      7,11-dienoyl)-coumarin, named ferulone A and ferulone B, respectively, were
      isolated from the n-hexane extract of the roots of F. orientalis. Both compounds
      showed a low level of free-radical-scavenging property with the RC50 values of
      0.252 and 0.556 mg/mL for compounds 1 and 2, respectively, as opposed to that of
      the positive control (quercetin) 0.004 mg/mL. This is the first report on the
      purification of coumarin esters from the genus Ferula. 

PMID- 26988735
TI  - Fatty Acid Patterns of Seeds of Some Salvia Species from Iran--A Chemotaxonomic
      Approach.
AB  - In this study, the seed oil content and fatty acid (FA) profile of 21 populations
      from 16 wild Salvia species of Iran were analyzed by GC. Patterns of chemical
      variations of the oils among species were identified via numerical analyses and
      also the taxonomic status of the infrageneric grouping was outlined in the genus.
      Salvia species were scored based on the contents of main FAs using principal
      coordinate analysis (PCO). The results showed that the total oil content in the
      seeds varied significantly, and ranged from 6.68 to 38.53% dry weight. alpha
      Linolenic (18:3omega3, 1.69 - 53.56%), linoleic (18:2omega6, 13.04 - 60.64%),
      oleic (18:1omega9, 6.15 - 27.06%), palmitic (16:0, 3.77 - 9.27%), and stearic
      (18:0, 1.78 - 3.05%) acid were identified as five major FAs in the oils. The
      amount of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs ranged between 1.90 - 53.80% and 13.46 - 60.83%
      of total FAs in the seed oils, respectively. The results confirmed that FA
      profiles were distinctive among the species and that they can be used as
      chemotaxonomic markers. The discrimination of Salvia species according to their
      botanical classification at intersectional level was supported. In general, seed
      oils of Salvia species were rich sources of polyunsaturated FAs, except in
      linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, and may be valuable for food and
      pharmaceutical industries.

PMID- 26988736
TI  - Analysis of the intersexual variation in Thalassophryne maculosa fish venoms.
AB  - Gender related variation in the molecular composition of venoms and secretions
      have been described for some animal species, and there are some evidences that
      the difference in the toxin (s) profile among males and females may be related to
      different physiopathological effects caused by the envenomation by either gender.
      In order to investigate whether this same phenomenon occurs to the toadfish
      Thalassophryne maculosa, we have compared some biological and biochemical
      properties of female and male venoms. Twenty females and males were collected in
      deep waters of the La Restinga lagoon (Venezuela) and, after protein
      concentration assessed, the induction of toxic activities in mice and the
      biochemical properties were analyzed. Protein content is higher in males than in
      females, which may be associated to a higher size and weight of the male body. In
      vivo studies showed that mice injected with male venoms presented higher
      nociception when compared to those injected with female venoms, and both venoms
      induced migration of macrophages into the paw of mice. On the other hand, mice
      injected with female venoms had more paw edema and extravasation of Evans blue in
      peritoneal cavity than mice injected with male venoms. We observed that the
      female venoms had more capacity for necrosis induction when compared with male
      venoms. The female samples present a higher proteolytic activity then the male
      venom when gelatin, casein and FRETs were used as substrates. Evaluation of the
      venoms of females and males by SDS-PAGE and chromatographic profile showed that,
      at least three components (present in two peaks) are only present in males.
      Although the severity of the lesion, characterized by necrosis development, is
      related with the poisoning by female specimens, the presence of exclusive toxins
      in the male venoms could be associated with the largest capacity of nociception
      induction by this sample. 

PMID- 26988737
TI  - Disease activity return after natalizumab cessation in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Natalizumab (NAT) was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for the
      treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Its considerable and
      sustained efficacy has been demonstrated in two phase III studies. However, there
      are several reasons why its use is limited in clinical practice. The main
      argument for stopping use of the drug is the risk of the rare but serious
      progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy. Other reasons are neutralizing
      antibodies and pregnancy. There is compelling evidence from some clinical trials
      and many case series that disease activity returns upon suspension or cessation
      of NAT. Several therapeutic strategies that have been tested to prevent or reduce
      the recurrence of disease activity will be reviewed in this article. Considering
      these data, it is evident that the decision to stop NAT treatment has different
      implications and consequences. A subsequent therapy after cessation of NAT is
      needed to reduce the risk of disease recurrence.

PMID- 26988738
TI  - Orbital foreign body masquerading as orbital air.

PMID- 26988739
TI  - Bone volume changes after immediate implant placement with or without flap
      elevation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this prospective study were to evaluate bone dimensions
      after immediate implant placement with simultaneous grafting of the buccal gap,
      to determine if initial buccal bone width had an influence on bone remodelling
      and to compare bone volume changes using a flap or a flapless approach after 6
      months of healing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included patients
      who required an extraction and a subsequent immediate implant placement at a non
      molar site. In those cases where tooth extraction was not feasible with a
      flapless approach (test group) a mucoperiosteal flap was carefully elevated
      (control group). After extraction, a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was
      taken. Then, an implant was placed and the buccal gap was grafted using anorganic
      bovine bone. After 6 months of healing, a second CBCT was performed. A blinded
      investigator superimposed both images and performed a series of measurements to
      determine bone volume changes between the two time points. RESULTS: Thirty-five
      patients were included in this study, 20 of which belonged to the test group. All
      together, the differences between baseline and 6 months in buccal plate height,
      lingual plate height and in ridge width at 2, 4 and 6 mm were 0.48 +/- 1.35; 0.58
      +/- 1.51; 0.64 +/- 0.81; 0.59 +/- 1.36 and 0.52 +/- 1.16, respectively. Only a
      moderate correlation was observed between initial buccal plate width and buccal
      plate height at 6 months (P = 0.0001). No statistically significant differences
      were observed between flap and flapless approach. CONCLUSIONS: A mean reduction
      of around 0.5 mm in height and width after placing immediate implants and filling
      the residual gap with anorganic bovine bone may be expected. No significant
      association between initial buccal bone width and ridge width at 6 months was
      seen. No statistically significant differences were found between the two
      treatment protocols although more ridge reduction was observed for the flap
      group.

PMID- 26988740
TI  - Synthesis and structural properties of thermoelectric Ca3-xAgxCo4O9+delta
      powders.
AB  - A series of Ca3-xAgxCo4O9+delta (0 <= x <= 0.2) powders is prepared by the
      Pechini sol-gel method. The effect of dispersants on the size and morphology of
      the Ca2.9Ag0.1Co4O9+delta powders is investigated. The desired powders are
      obtained after calcinations of the dried powders at 800  degrees C for 12 h. The
      structural and morphological properties are studied with the help of XRD
      patterns, FE-SEM images, FT-IR spectra, Raman spectra, and XPS spectra. It is
      found that a mixed valence (+3 and +4) of Co exists in a CdI2-type CoO2 layer,
      while a mixed valence (+2, +3, and +4) exists in the CoO of a rock salt-type
      Ca2CoO3 layer. The mixed-valence state in the CoO2 layer can improve the high
      temperature thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 systems. 

PMID- 26988741
TI  - Peritransplant Serum Albumin Decline Predicts Subsequent Severe Acute Graft
      versus-Host Disease after Mucotoxic Myeloablative Conditioning.
AB  - Conditioning-related gut toxicity can result in a protein-losing enteropathy
      manifesting as a decline in serum albumin in the peritransplant period. Inspired
      by the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), we hypothesized
      that the magnitude of decline in serum albumin from the day of conditioning
      initiation until its nadir in the first 2 weeks after hematopoietic cell
      transplantation HCT (DeltaAlb) predicts the risk for subsequent severe aGVHD. We
      reviewed the medical records of all 88 patients with acute myeloid leukemia or
      myelodysplastic syndrome who underwent highly mucotoxic myeloablative
      (busulfan/cyclophosphamide or cyclophosphamide/total body irradiation) allogeneic
      HCT from a matched related donor (MRD) or matched unrelated donor (MUD) at our
      institution between January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2015. Severe aGVHD was
      associated with MUD (47% versus 14% with MRD; P = .001) and DeltaAlb, which was
      significantly greater among patients who developed versus did not develop severe
      aGVHD (1.2 +/- .5 versus .8 +/- .4 g/dL, respectively; P < .001). In multivariate
      analysis DeltaAlb remained a significant predictor of severe aGVHD (odds ratio,
      5.68; 95% CI, 1.65 to 19.64; P = .006; area under the ROC curve, .74; 95% CI, .63
      to .86; P < .001). The best cutoff for DeltaAlb to predict severe aGVHD was .9,
      with a sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification accuracy of 77%, 66%,
      and 69%, respectively. The model was validated using the bootstrap technique,
      with no significant change in its performance. These results were not
      generalizable to a cohort of 30 patients who received less mucotoxic
      myeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning. In conclusion, with mucotoxic
      myeloablative HCT, each .1-g/dL increase in DeltaAlb was associated with an
      approximately 23% increase in the odds of developing severe aGVHD. As an early
      biomarker of gut damage, DeltaAlb can be incorporated in composite risk models
      for aGVHD prediction, with hopes for ultimately allowing for individualized GVHD
      prophylaxis and potential intervention according to the predicted risk.

PMID- 26988742
TI  - Time to Insurance Approval in Private and Public Payers Does Not Influence
      Survival in Patients Who Undergo Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
AB  - In the United States, insurance status has been implicated as a barrier to
      obtaining timely treatment. In this retrospective cohort study of 521 patients
      who underwent first hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), we investigated the
      association between timeliness of HCT and overall survival. Timeliness was
      operationally defined in the following 3 ways: (1) payer approval, from request
      for approval to actual payer approval; (2) transplantation speed, from payer
      approval to time of actual HCT; and (3) total time, from request for approval to
      HCT. Patients with private insurance had longer time to payer approval (P <
      .0001) than those with public payers but shorter time from approval to actual HCT
      (P < .0001) and total time to HCT (P < .0001). Multivariate Cox regression showed
      no significant differences in risk of death between slow and fast times in the 3
      indices of timeliness in the models that used all patients (n = 509), autologous
      HCT in lymphoma (n = 278), and autologous HCT in multiple myeloma (n = 121).
      Additional studies to evaluate the effect of insurance timeliness on all patients
      for whom HCT is recommended, not just those who undergo HCT, should be conducted.

PMID- 26988743
TI  - Mechanistic basis of MAGUK-organized complexes in synaptic development and
      signalling.
AB  - Membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) are a family of scaffold proteins
      that are highly enriched in synapses and are responsible for organizing the
      numerous protein complexes required for synaptic development and plasticity.
      Mutations in genes encoding MAGUKs and their interacting proteins can cause a
      broad spectrum of human psychiatric disorders. Here, we review MAGUK-mediated
      synaptic protein complex formation and regulation by focusing on findings from
      recent biochemical and structural investigations. These mechanistic-based studies
      show that the formation of MAGUK-organized complexes is often directly regulated
      by protein phosphorylation, suggesting a close connection between neuronal
      activity and the assembly of dynamic protein complexes in synapses. 

PMID- 26988745
TI  - Aneurysm Shrinkage Is Compatible With Massive Endoleak in the Presence of an
      Aortocaval Fistula: Potential Therapeutic Implications for Endoleaks and Spinal
      Cord Ischemia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present a patient with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and
      aortocaval fistula who was successfully treated with endovascular aneurysm repair
      in spite of developing a massive endoleak. CASE REPORT: A 70-year-old man with
      ruptured AAA and aortocaval fistula was treated with endovascular aneurysm repair
      (EVAR). During 8 years of follow-up, he had massive perfusion of the aneurysm sac
      by retrograde flow from the inferior mesenteric artery into the caval vein
      through the aortocaval fistula. The aneurysm diameter decreased continuously in
      spite of the type II endoleak. This observation illustrates the mechanisms of sac
      expansion and may have therapeutic implications for complicated type II endoleaks
      and prevention of spinal cord ischemia in thoracic stent-grafting. CONCLUSION:
      EVAR can be applied in this rare setting because the ensuing high-flow endoleak
      is associated with sac shrinkage owing to depressurization by the caval shunt.

PMID- 26988744
TI  - A critical appraisal of the pathogenic protein spread hypothesis of
      neurodegeneration.
AB  - There has been an explosion in the number of papers discussing the hypothesis of
      'pathogenic spread' in neurodegenerative disease - the idea that abnormal forms
      of disease-associated proteins, such as tau or alpha-synuclein, physically move
      from neuron to neuron to induce disease progression. However, whether inter
      neuronal spread of protein aggregates actually occurs in humans and, if so,
      whether it causes symptom onset remain uncertain. Even if pathogenic spread is
      proven in humans, it is unclear how much this would alter the specific
      therapeutic approaches that are in development. A critical appraisal of this
      increasingly popular hypothesis thus seems both important and timely. 

PMID- 26988746
TI  - Systematic Review and Patient-Level Meta-analysis of the Streamliner Multilayer
      Flow Modulator in the Management of Complex Thoracoabdominal Aortic Pathology.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the safety and short-term efficacy of the Streamliner
      Multilayer Flow Modulator (SMFM) in the management of patients with complex
      thoracoabdominal aortic pathology who are unfit for alternative interventions.
      METHODS: Biomedical databases were systematically searched for articles published
      between 2008 and 2015 on the SMFM. A patient-level meta-analysis was used to
      evaluate aneurysm-related survival. Secondary outcomes were all-cause survival,
      stroke, spinal cord ischemia, renal impairment, and branch vessel patency. Other
      considerations were the impact of compliance with the instructions for use (IFU)
      on clinical outcome. Mean values and Kaplan-Meier estimates are presented with
      the 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Fifteen articles (3 multicenter cohort
      studies, 3 observational cohort studies, and 9 case reports) were included,
      presenting 171 patients (mean age 68.8+/-12.3 years; 139 men). The mean aneurysm
      diameter was 6.7+/-1.6 cm (95% CI 6.4 to 6.9 cm). Technical success reported in
      15 studies was 77.2%. Aneurysm-related survival at 1 year was 78.7% (95% CI 71.7%
      to 84.4%). One-year all-cause survival was 53.7% (95% CI 46.0% to 61.3%). There
      were no reported cases of spinal cord ischemia, renal insult, or stroke.
      CONCLUSION: The SMFM can be safely utilized in some patients with complex
      thoracoabdominal pathologies provided operators adhere to the IFU. The SMFM is a
      novel technology with no long-term published data on its sustained effectiveness
      and a lack of comparative studies. Randomized clinical trials, registries, and
      continued assessment are essential before this flow-modulating technology can be
      widely disseminated.

PMID- 26988747
TI  - Efficacy of rasagiline in early Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of data from
      the TEMPO and ADAGIO studies.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the efficacy of rasagiline versus placebo in a
      pooled population of patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: TEMPO and ADAGIO were Phase III studies that evaluated the symptomatic
      efficacy of rasagiline versus placebo in patients with early PD. This meta
      analysis included Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) observations
      from weeks 12, 24 and 36 in ADAGIO and from weeks 14 and 26 in TEMPO; TEMPO
      visits were recoded to weeks 12 and 24, respectively. The present analysis
      includes all patients who received rasagiline 1 mg/day, 2 mg/day or placebo, and
      had >=1 post-baseline observations and a subgroup of patients whose baseline
      UPDRS Total scores were >=27 (Upper Quartile population). Change from baseline in
      UPDRS scores were evaluated using mixed models repeated measures analyses.
      RESULTS: Of the 1578 patients randomized to the two studies, 1546 patients met
      criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Effects on UPDRS Total, motor and
      activities of daily living scores were significantly better for both doses of
      rasagiline compared with placebo at all time periods. The Upper Quartile
      population included 402 patients with a UPDRS Total score >=27 at baseline. These
      patients generally demonstrated a larger magnitude of treatment effect than was
      seen in the full population. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis confirms the
      efficacy of rasagiline monotherapy over 36 weeks. Although TEMPO and ADAGIO are
      considered studies of "very early" PD, both contained a sizeable pool of patients
      with more severe disease. In addition, the meta-analysis showed a larger
      magnitude of effect in patients with more severe baseline disease.

PMID- 26988748
TI  - Comparative Survival among Older Adults with Advanced Kidney Disease Managed
      Conservatively Versus with Dialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Outcomes of older patients with ESRD undergoing RRT or
      conservative management (CM) are uncertain. Adequate survival data, specifically
      of older patients, are needed for proper counseling. We compared survival of
      older renal patients choosing either CM or RRT. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, &
      MEASUREMENTS: A retrospective survival analysis was performed of a single-center
      cohort in a nonacademic teaching hospital in The Netherlands from 2004 to 2014.
      Patients with ESRD ages >=70 years old at the time that they opted for CM or RRT
      were included. Patients with acute on chronic renal failure needing immediate
      start of dialysis were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 107 patients chose CM, and
      204 chose RRT. Patients choosing CM were older (mean+/-SD: 83+/-4.5 versus 76+/
      4.4 years; P<0.001). The Davies comorbidity scores did not differ significantly
      between both groups. Median survival of those choosing RRT was higher than those
      choosing CM from time of modality choice (median; 75th to 25th percentiles: 3.1,
      1.5-6.9 versus 1.5, 0.7-3.0 years; log-rank test: P<0.001) and all other starting
      points (P<0.001 in all patients). However, the survival advantage of patients
      choosing RRT was no longer observed in patients ages >=80 years old (median; 75th
      to 25th percentiles: 2.1, 1.5-3.4 versus 1.4, 0.7-3.0 years; log-rank test:
      P=0.08). The survival advantage was also substantially reduced in patients ages
      >=70 years old with Davies comorbidity scores of >=3, particularly with
      cardiovascular comorbidity, although the RRT group maintained its survival
      advantage at the 5% significance level (median; 75th to 25th percentiles: 1.8,
      0.7-4.1 versus 1.0, 0.6-1.4 years; log-rank test: P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this
      single-center observational study, there was no statistically significant
      survival advantage among patients ages >=80 years old choosing RRT over CM.
      Comorbidity was associated with a lower survival advantage. This provides
      important information for decision making in older patients with ESRD. CM could
      be a reasonable alternative to RRT in selected patients.

PMID- 26988749
TI  - Does the Evidence Support Conservative Management as an Alternative to Dialysis
      for Older Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease?

PMID- 26988750
TI  - [Prevalence and characteristics of acute coronary syndromes in a sub-Saharan
      Africa population].
AB  - AIM: To assess prevalence, characteristics and management of acute coronary
      syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective
      survey from January, 2010 to December, 2013, carried out among patients aged 18
      years old, admitted to intensive care unit of Abidjan Heart Institute for acute
      coronary syndrome (ACS). RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty-five (425) patients
      were enrolled in this study. Prevalence of ACS was 13.5%. Mean age was 55.4+/-11
      years. Clinical presentation was predominantly ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (STEMI) in 71.5% of subjects, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary
      syndrome (NSTE-ACS) accounted for 28.5%. Two hundred and eighty patients (65.9%)
      were transferred by unsafe transportation. Among the 89 patients admitted within
      12hours of the onset of symptoms, primary percutaneous coronary intervention was
      performed in 20 patients (22.5%), or 6.6% of STEMI as a whole. Twenty-five
      patients (8.2%) received fibrinolytic therapy with alteplase. In-hospital death
      rate was 10%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of acute coronary syndromes is
      increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. Excessive delays of admission and limited
      technical facilities are the major difficulties of their management in our
      regions.

PMID- 26988751
TI  - Toll-like receptor 2 gene polymorphisms in Korean women with human papillomavirus
      related cervical neoplasia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between
      Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene polymorphisms and human papillomavirus (HPV)
      related cervical neoplasia in Korean women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Peripheral
      blood samples collected from 127 patients with HPV-related cervical neoplasia and
      175 healthy women were genotyped for the TLR2 -16934, +1350, intron1, and 3'
      untranslated region (UTR) polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction and
      restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: The TLR2 -16934 A/A,
      intron1 A/A, and +1350 T/C genotypes were more frequent in patients than in
      controls [odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.302-3.475, p = 0.002; OR = 1.9, 95%
      CI = 1.168-3.169, p = 0.010; and OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.211-3.123, p = 0.006,
      respectively]. The frequencies of the TLR2 + 1350 C and 3'UTR G alleles were also
      higher in patients (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.236-3.121, p = 0.004 and OR = 1.7, 95%
      CI = 1.005-3.076, p = 0.046, respectively). The genotype frequencies of TLR2 
      16934 A/A and intron1 A/A increased with increasing oncogenic risk of the HPV
      genotype, as follows. low-risk type < high-risk type < HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 type
      (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first evidence that TLR2 gene
      polymorphisms are associated with high-risk type HPV-related cervical neoplasia
      and may play an important role in susceptibility to HPV infection. Further large
      scale and functional studies are needed to confirm the role of TLR2 gene
      polymorphisms in HPV-related cervical neoplasia.

PMID- 26988753
TI  - The mTOR inhibitor Everolimus synergizes with the PI3K inhibitor GDC0941 to
      enhance anti-tumor efficacy in uveal melanoma.
AB  - Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most frequent malignant ocular tumor in adults. While
      the primary tumor is efficiently treated by surgery and/or radiotherapy, about
      one third of UM patients develop metastases, for which no effective treatment is
      currently available. The PKC, MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascades have been
      shown to be associated with tumor growth. However, none of the compounds against
      those pathways results in tumor regression when used as single agents. To
      identify more effective therapeutic strategies for UM patients, we performed a
      combination screen using seven targeted agents inhibiting PKC, MEK, AKT, PI3K and
      mTOR in a panel of ten UM cell lines, representative of the UM disease. We
      identified a strong synergy between the mTOR inhibitor Everolimus and the PI3K
      inhibitor GDC0941. This combination resulted in an increase in apoptosis in
      several UM cell lines compared to monotherapies and enhanced the anti-tumor
      effect of each single agent in two patient-derived xenografts. Furthermore, we
      showed that the synergism between the two drugs was associated with the relief by
      GDC0491 of a reactivation of AKT induced by Everolimus. Altogether, our results
      highlight a novel and effective combination strategy, which could be beneficial
      for UM patients. 

PMID- 26988752
TI  - HER2-siRNA delivered by EGFR-specific single chain antibody inhibits NSCLC cell
      proliferation and tumor growth.
AB  - Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor type2 (HER2) is closely
      associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC). Here, we generated an EGFR-scFv-arginine nonamer peptide fusion
      protein (scFv-9R) as a cargo to deliver HER2 specific siRNA into HER2-positive
      NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. HER2-siRNAs delivered by scFv-9R
      effeciently silenced HER2 expression in EGFR-positive NSCLC cells, and
      consequently resulted in G1 arrest and cell growth inhibition. Importantly,
      intravenous injection of scFv-9R/HER2-siRNA complex markedly suppressed growth of
      EGFR-positive NSCLC xenograft in nude mice, resulting from downregulated HER2
      expression, reduced cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis. Collectively,
      our study provides a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of EGFR
      positive, HER2-overexpressed NSCLC. 

PMID- 26988755
TI  - SNP-SNP interactions of three new pri-miRNAs with the target gene PGC and
      multidimensional analysis of H. pylori in the gastric cancer/atrophic gastritis
      risk in a Chinese population.
AB  - Gastric cancer (GC) is a multistep complex disease involving multiple genes, and
      gene-gene interactions have a greater effect than a single gene in determining
      cancer susceptibility. This study aimed to explore the interaction of the let-7e
      rs8111742, miR-365b rs121224, and miR-4795 rs1002765 single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) with SNPs of the predicted target gene PGC and Helicobacter
      pylori status in GC and atrophic gastritis (AG) risk. Three miRNA SNPs and seven
      PGC SNPs were detected in 2448 cases using the Sequenom MassArray platform. Two
      pairwise combinations of miRNA and PGC SNPs were associated with increased AG
      risk (let-7e rs8111742 - PGC rs6458238 and miR-4795 rs1002765 - PGC rs9471643).
      Singly, miR-365b rs121224 and PGC rs6912200 had no effect individually but in
      combination they demonstrated an epistatic interaction associated with AG risk.
      Similarly, let-7e rs8111742 and miR-4795 rs1002765 SNPs interacted with H. pylori
      infection to increase GC risk (rs8111742: Pinteraction = 0.024; rs1002765:
      Pinteraction = 0.031, respectively). A three-dimensional interaction analysis
      found miR-4795 rs1002765, PGC rs9471643, and H. pylori infection positively
      interacted to increase AG risk (Pinteraction = 0.027). Also, let-7e rs8111742,
      PGC rs6458238, and H. pylori infection positively interacted to increase GC risk
      (Pinteraction = 0.036). Furthermore, both of these three-dimensional interactions
      had a dosage-effect correspondence (Ptrend < 0.001) and were verified by MDR. In
      conclusion, the miRNAs SNPs (let-7e rs8111742 and miR-4795 rs1002765) might have
      more superior efficiency when combined with PGC SNPs and/or H. pylori for GC or
      AG risk than a single SNP on its own. 

PMID- 26988754
TI  - Gedunin inhibits pancreatic cancer by altering sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The lack of efficient treatment options for pancreatic cancer
      highlights the critical need for the development of novel and effective
      chemotherapeutic agents. The medicinal properties found in plants have been used
      to treat many different illnesses including cancers. This study focuses on the
      anticancer effects of gedunin, a natural compound isolated from Azadirachta
      indica. METHODS: Anti-proliferative effect of gedunin on pancreatic cancer cells
      was assessed using MTS assay. We used matrigel invasion assay, scratch assay, and
      soft agar colony formation assay to measure the anti-metastatic potential of
      gedunin. Immunoblotting was performed to analyze the effect of gedunin on the
      expression of key proteins involved in pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis.
      Gedunin induced apoptosis was measured using flow cytometric analysis. To further
      validate, xenograft studies with HPAC cells were performed. RESULTS: Gedunin
      treatment is highly effective in inducing death of pancreatic cancer cells via
      intrinsic and extrinsic mediated apoptosis. Our data further indicates that
      gedunin inhibited metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by decreasing their EMT,
      invasive, migratory and colony formation capabilities. Gedunin treatment also
      inhibited sonic hedgehog signaling pathways. Further, experiments with
      recombinant sonic hedgehog protein and Gli inhibitor (Gant-61) demonstrated that
      gedunin induces its anti-metastatic effect through inhibition of sonic hedgehog
      signaling. The anti-cancer effect of gedunin was further validated using
      xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSION: Overall, our data suggests that gedunin could
      serve as a potent anticancer agent against pancreatic cancers.

PMID- 26988757
TI  - Habitat constraints and self-thinning shape Mediterranean red coral deep
      population structure: implications for conservation practice.
AB  - The Mediterranean red coral, Corallium rubrum, is one of the most precious corals
      worldwide. Below 50 m depth, C. rubrum populations are generally characterised by
      large and sparse colonies, whereas shallow populations (above 50 m depth) show
      high densities of small colonies. We show here instead that populations dwelling
      between 80 and 170 m depth exhibited a continuous range of population density
      (from 2 to 75 colonies per 0.25 m(2)), with less than 1% of variance explained by
      water depth. An inverse relationship between maximum population density and mean
      colony height was found, suggesting that self-thinning processes may shape
      population structure. Moreover, demographically young populations composed of
      small and dense colonies dominated along rocky vertical walls, whereas mature
      populations characterised by large and sparsely distributed colonies were found
      only in horizontal beds not covered by sediment. We hypothesise that, in the long
      term, shallow protected populations should resemble to present deep populations,
      with sparsely distributed large colonies. Since the density of red coral colonies
      can decay as a result of self-thinning mechanisms, we advise that future
      protection strategies should be based also on a measure of red coral spatial
      coverage instead of population density. 

PMID- 26988756
TI  - The DEK oncogene activates VEGF expression and promotes tumor angiogenesis and
      growth in HIF-1alpha-dependent and -independent manners.
AB  - The DEK oncogene is overexpressed in various cancers and overexpression of DEK
      correlates with poor clinical outcome. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
      is the most important regulator of tumor angiogenesis, a process essential for
      tumor growth and metastasis. However, whether DEK enhances tumor angiogenesis
      remains unclear. Here, we show that DEK is a key regulator of VEGF expression and
      tumor angiogenesis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we found that DEK
      promoted VEGF transcription in breast cancer cells (MCF7, ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231)
      by directly binding to putative DEK-responsive element (DRE) of the VEGF promoter
      and indirectly binding to hypoxia response element (HRE) upstream of the DRE
      through its interaction with the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor
      1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a master regulator of tumor angiogenesis and growth. DEK is
      responsible for recruitment of HIF-1alpha and the histone acetyltransferase p300
      to the VEGF promoter. DEK-enhanced VEGF increases vascular endothelial cell
      proliferation, migration and tube formation as well as angiogenesis in the chick
      chorioallantoic membrane. DEK promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth in nude mice
      in HIF-1alpha-dependent and -independent manners. Immunohistochemical staining
      showed that DEK expression positively correlates with the expression of VEGF and
      microvessel number in 58 breast cancer patients. Our data establish DEK as a
      sequence-specific binding transcription factor, a novel coactivator for HIF
      1alpha in regulation of VEGF transcription and a novel promoter of angiogenesis. 

PMID- 26988758
TI  - A role for PDGF-C/PDGFRalpha signaling in the formation of the meningeal basement
      membranes surrounding the cerebral cortex.
AB  - Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) is one of three known ligands for the
      tyrosine kinase receptor PDGFRalpha. Analysis ofPdgfcnull mice has demonstrated
      roles for PDGF-C in palate closure and the formation of cerebral ventricles, but
      redundancy with other PDGFRalpha ligands might obscure additional functions. In
      search of further developmental roles for PDGF-C, we generated mice that were
      double mutants forPdgfc(-/-)andPdgfra(GFP/+) These mice display a range of severe
      phenotypes including spina bifida, lung emphysema, abnormal meninges and neuronal
      over-migration in the cerebral cortex. We focused our analysis on the central
      nervous system (CNS), where PDGF-C was identified as a critical factor for the
      formation of meninges and assembly of the glia limitans basement membrane. We
      also present expression data onPdgfa,PdgfcandPdgfrain the cerebral cortex and
      microarray data on cerebral meninges. 

PMID- 26988759
TI  - Estimating energetics in cetaceans from respiratory frequency: why we need to
      understand physiology.
AB  - The accurate estimation of field metabolic rates (FMR) in wild animals is a key
      component of bioenergetic models, and is important for understanding the routine
      limitations for survival as well as individual responses to disturbances or
      environmental changes. Several methods have been used to estimate FMR, including
      accelerometer-derived activity budgets, isotope dilution techniques, and proxies
      from heart rate. Counting the number of breaths is another method used to assess
      FMR in cetaceans, which is attractive in its simplicity and the ability to
      measure respiration frequency from visual cues or data loggers. This method
      hinges on the assumption that over time a constant tidal volume (VT) and
      O2exchange fraction (DeltaO2) can be used to predict FMR. To test whether this
      method of estimating FMR is valid, we measured breath-by-breath tidal volumes and
      expired O2levels of bottlenose dolphins, and computed the O2consumption rate (VO2
      ) before and after a pre-determined duration of exercise. The measuredVO2 was
      compared with three methods to estimate FMR. Each method to estimateVO2 included
      variable VT and/or DeltaO2 Two assumption-based methods overestimatedVO2 by 216
      501%. Once the temporal changes in cardio-respiratory physiology, such as
      variation in VT and DeltaO2, were taken into account, pre-exercise restingVO2 was
      predicted to within 2%, and post-exerciseVO2 was overestimated by 12%. Our data
      show that a better understanding of cardiorespiratory physiology significantly
      improves the ability to estimate metabolic rate from respiratory frequency, and
      further emphasizes the importance of eco-physiology for conservation management
      efforts. 

PMID- 26988761
TI  - Laying the Foundation: Factors Associated With Medical Home Recognition Among
      Health Centers.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The characteristics associated with medical home recognition among
      federally qualified health centers were explored. The results will help guide the
      transformation of health centers and other providers to the medical home model of
      practice. METHODS: This study included the universe of 1,198 federally qualified
      health centers in calendar year 2012; the data were collected in 2013 and
      analyzed in 2014-2015. Using the 2012 Uniform Data System, descriptive statistics
      were calculated and differences in means of health center characteristics by
      third-party medical home recognition status were tested. Multivariable logistic
      regression models examined correlates of recognition. RESULTS: In 2012, 17.3% of
      health centers had third-party medical home recognition. Health centers in the
      Northeast had more than three times the odds of being recognized as medical
      homes, compared with health centers located in the South (OR=3.3, p<0.001).
      Health centers with medical home recognition were larger and had higher odds of
      having electronic health records in all sites (OR=3.08, p<0.001). Recognized
      health centers had a higher percentage of total staffing composed of behavioral
      health specialists, compared with health centers that had not attained medical
      home recognition in 2012 (OR=1.06, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings
      highlight the importance of monitoring which types of health centers are falling
      behind, encouraging the adoption of health information technology, and enabling
      the recruitment of onsite behavioral health staffing.

PMID- 26988760
TI  - Impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia on brain and retina.
AB  - Many premature newborns develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung
      disease resulting from prolonged mechanical ventilation and hyperoxia. BPD
      survivors typically suffer long-term injuries not only to the lungs, but also to
      the brain and retina. However, currently it is not clear whether the brain and
      retinal injuries in these newborns are related only to their prematurity, or also
      to BPD. We investigated whether the hyperoxia known to cause histologic changes
      in the lungs similar to BPD in an animal model also causes brain and retinal
      injuries. Sprague Dawley rat pups were exposed to hyperoxia (95% O2, 'BPD' group)
      or room air (21% O2, 'control' group) from postnatal day 4-14 (P4-14); the rat
      pups were housed in room air between P14 and P28. At P28, they were sacrificed,
      and their lungs, brain, and eyes were extracted. Hematoxylin and eosin staining
      was performed on lung and brain sections; retinas were stained with Toluidine
      Blue. Hyperoxia exposure resulted in an increased mean linear intercept in the
      lungs (P<0.0001). This increase was associated with a decrease in some brain
      structures [especially the whole-brain surface (P=0.02)], as well as a decrease
      in the thickness of the retinal layers [especially the total retina (P=0.0008)],
      compared to the room air control group. In addition, a significant negative
      relationship was observed between the lung structures and the brain (r=
      0.49,P=0.02) and retina (r=-0.70,P=0.0008) structures. In conclusion, hyperoxia
      exposure impaired lung, brain, and retina structures. More severe lung injuries
      correlated with more severe brain and retinal injuries. This result suggests that
      the same animal model of chronic neonatal hyperoxia can be used to simultaneously
      study lung, brain and retinal injuries related to hyperoxia. 

PMID- 26988762
TI  - Burkitt lymphoma with extensive ileocolonic extranodal involvement. Presentation
      as a rapidly growing abdominal mass.

PMID- 26988763
TI  - Increased Expression of EGR-1 in Diabetic Human Adipose Tissue-Derived
      Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Their Wound Healing Capacity.
AB  - The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which leads to diabetic
      complications, has been increasing worldwide. The possible applications of T2DM
      derived stem cells in cell therapy are limited because their characteristics are
      still not fully understood. In this study, we characterized adipose tissue
      derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) from diabetic patients (dAT-MSCs) and
      found that insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) was highly phosphorylated at
      serine 636/639 in dAT-MSCs. Moreover, we found that early growth response factor
      1 (EGR-1) and its target genes of PTEN and GGPS1 were highly expressed in dAT
      MSCs in comparison to healthy donor-derived AT-MSCs (nAT-MSCs). We observed
      impaired wound healing after the injection of dAT-MSCs in the ischemic flap mouse
      model. The expressions of EGR-1 and its target genes were diminished by small
      hairpin RNA-targeted EGR-1 (shEGR-1) and treatment with a mitogen-activated
      protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) inhibitor
      (PD98059). Importantly, dAT-MSCs with shEGR-1 were able to restore the wound
      healing ability in the mouse model. Interestingly, under hypoxic conditions,
      hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) can bind to the EGR-1 promoter in
      dAT-MSCs, but not in nAT-MSCs. Together, these results demonstrate that the
      expression of EGR-1 was upregulated in dAT-MSCs through two pathways: the main
      regulatory pathway is the MAPK/ERK pathway, the other is mediated by HIF-1alpha
      through direct transcriptional activation at the promoter region of the EGR1
      gene. Our study suggests that dAT-MSCs may contribute to microvascular damage and
      delay wound healing through the overexpression of EGR-1. Interrupting the
      expression of EGR-1 in dAT-MSCs may be a useful treatment for chronic wounds in
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 26988765
TI  - Association of work productivity with clinical and patient-reported factors in
      patients infected with hepatitis C virus.
AB  - Patients with HCV infection have reduced work productivity (WP), in terms of both
      presenteeism (impairment in work productivity while working) and absenteeism
      (productivity loss due to absence from work). The aim of this study was to
      identify clinical and patient-reported factors that are predictive of WP in HCV
      infected patients. HCV-infected patients enrolled in clinical trials completed 3
      PRO questionnaires (CLDQ-HCV, SF-36 and FACIT-F) and one work productivity
      (WPAI:SHP) questionnaire. In employed subjects, work productivity and its
      absenteeism and presenteeism components were calculated using WPAI:SHP
      instrument. Of 4121 HCV-infected patients with work productivity data, 2480
      (60.2%) reported to be employed, and of those, 2190 had completed all PRO
      questionnaires before treatment initiation. Of the study cohort, 519/2190 (23.7%)
      had severe work impairment. In multiple linear regression analysis, work
      productivity was predicted by lower scores in activity/energy domain of CLDQ-HCV,
      physical well-being domain of FACIT-F, worry domain of CLDQ-HCV and role physical
      domain of SF-36 (all P < 0.0005). Furthermore, presenteeism was independently
      predicted by the activity/energy of CLDQ-HCV, physical well-being of FACIT-F,
      worry domain of CLDQ-HCV, role physical scale of SF-36 and fatigue scale of FACIT
      F (P < 0.002). Finally, absenteeism was independently predicted by physical well
      being scale of FACIT-F and role physical scale of SF-36 (all P < 0.002).
      Clinically, work productivity impairment was predicted by the presence of
      cirrhosis, anxiety, depression and clinically overt fatigue (P < 0.01). Thus, the
      most important drivers of WP in HCV are impairment of physical aspects of PROs
      and clinical history of depression, anxiety, fatigue and cirrhosis.

PMID- 26988766
TI  - Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting
      in elite endurance athletes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare whole-body fat oxidation kinetics after
      prior exercise with overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes. Thirteen
      highly trained athletes (9 men and 4 women; maximal oxygen uptake: 66 +/- 1
      mL.min(-1).kg(-1)) performed 3 identical submaximal incremental tests on a cycle
      ergometer using a cross-over design. A control test (CON) was performed 3 h after
      a standardized breakfast, a fasting test (FAST) 12 h after a standardized evening
      meal, and a postexercise test (EXER) after standardized breakfast, endurance
      exercise, and 2 h fasting recovery. The test consisted of 3 min each at 30%, 40%,
      50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of maximal oxygen uptake and fat oxidation rates were
      measured through indirect calorimetry. During CON, maximal fat oxidation rate was
      0.51 +/- 0.04 g.min(-1) compared with 0.69 +/- 0.04 g.min(-1) in FAST (P < 0.01),
      and 0.89 +/- 0.05 g.min(-1) in EXER (P < 0.01). Across all intensities, EXER was
      significantly higher than FAST and FAST was higher than CON (P < 0.01). Blood
      insulin levels were lower and free fatty acid and cortisol levels were higher at
      the start of EXER compared with CON and FAST (P < 0.05). Plasma nuclear magnetic
      resonance-metabolomics showed similar changes in both EXER and FAST, including
      increased levels of fatty acids and succinate. In conclusion, prior exercise
      significantly increases whole-body fat oxidation during submaximal exercise
      compared with overnight fasting. Already high rates of maximal fat oxidation in
      elite endurance athletes were increased by approximately 75% after prior exercise
      and fasting recovery. 

PMID- 26988767
TI  - Is beetroot juice more effective than sodium nitrate? The effects of equimolar
      nitrate dosages of nitrate-rich beetroot juice and sodium nitrate on oxygen
      consumption during exercise.
AB  - Dietary nitrate has been reported to lower oxygen consumption in moderate- and
      severe-intensity exercise. To date, it is unproven that sodium nitrate (NaNO3(-);
      NIT) and nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BR) have the same effects on oxygen
      consumption, blood pressure, and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations or
      not. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different dosages of NIT
      and BR on oxygen consumption in male athletes. Twelve healthy, well-trained men
      (median [minimum; maximum]; peak oxygen consumption: 59.4 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)
      [40.5; 67.0]) performed 7 trials on different days, ingesting different nitrate
      dosages and placebo (PLC). Dosages were 3, 6, and 12 mmol nitrate as concentrated
      BR or NIT dissolved in plain water. Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations
      were measured before, 3 h after ingestion, and postexercise. Participants cycled
      for 5 min at moderate intensity and further 8 min at severe intensity. End
      exercise oxygen consumption at moderate intensity was not significantly different
      between the 7 trials (p = 0.08). At severe-intensity exercise, end-exercise
      oxygen consumption was ~4% lower in the 6-mmol BR trial compared with the 6-mmol
      NIT (p = 0.003) trial as well as compared with PLC (p = 0.010). Plasma nitrite
      and nitrate concentrations were significantly increased after the ingestion of BR
      and NIT with the highest concentrations in the 12-mmol trials. Plasma nitrite
      concentration between NIT and BR did not significantly differ in the 6-mmol (p =
      0.27) and in the 12-mmol (p = 0.75) trials. In conclusion, BR might reduce oxygen
      consumption to a greater extent compared with NIT.

PMID- 26988764
TI  - The multifaceted role of astrocytes in regulating myelination.
AB  - Astrocytes are the major glial cell of the central nervous system (CNS),
      providing both metabolic and physical support to other neural cells. After
      injury, astrocytes become reactive and express a continuum of phenotypes which
      may be supportive or inhibitory to CNS repair. This review will focus on the
      ability of astrocytes to influence myelination in the context of specific
      secreted factors, cytokines and other neural cell targets within the CNS. In
      particular, we focus on how astrocytes provide energy and cholesterol to neurons,
      influence synaptogenesis, affect oligodendrocyte biology and instigate cross-talk
      between the many cellular components of the CNS.

PMID- 26988768
TI  - Evaluating the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, ingested individually
      or in combination, and a taste-matched placebo on high-intensity cycling capacity
      in healthy males.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of ingesting sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or
      caffeine individually or in combination on high-intensity cycling capacity. In a
      counterbalanced, crossover design, 13 healthy, noncycling trained males (age: 21
      +/- 3 years, height: 178 +/- 6 cm, body mass: 76 +/- 12 kg, peak power output
      (Wpeak): 230 +/- 34 W, peak oxygen uptake: 46 +/- 8 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) performed
      a graded incremental exercise test, 2 familiarisation trials, and 4 experimental
      trials. Trials consisted of cycling to volitional exhaustion at 100% Wpeak (TLIM)
      60 min after ingesting a solution containing either (i) 0.3 g.kg(-1) body mass
      sodium bicarbonate (BIC), (ii) 5 mg.kg(-1) body mass caffeine plus 0.1 g.kg(-1)
      body mass sodium chloride (CAF), (iii) 0.3 g.kg(-1) body mass sodium bicarbonate
      plus 5 mg.kg(-1) body mass caffeine (BIC-CAF), or (iv) 0.1 g.kg(-1) body mass
      sodium chloride (PLA). Experimental solutions were administered double-blind. Pre
      exercise, at the end of exercise, and 5-min postexercise blood pH, base excess,
      and bicarbonate ion concentration ([HCO3(-)]) were significantly elevated for BIC
      and BIC-CAF compared with CAF and PLA. TLIM (median; interquartile range) was
      significantly greater for CAF (399; 350-415 s; P = 0.039; r = 0.6) and BIC-CAF
      (367; 333-402 s; P = 0.028; r = 0.6) compared with BIC (313: 284-448 s) although
      not compared with PLA (358; 290-433 s; P = 0.249, r = 0.3 and P = 0.099 and r =
      0.5, respectively). There were no differences between PLA and BIC (P = 0.196; r =
      0.4) or between CAF and BIC-CAF (P = 0.753; r = 0.1). Relatively large inter- and
      intra-individual variation was observed when comparing treatments and therefore
      an individual approach to supplementation appears warranted. 

PMID- 26988769
TI  - Relationships between maximal strength, muscle size, and myosin heavy chain
      isoform composition and postactivation potentiation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between maximal
      voluntary postactivation potentiation (PAP) and maximal knee extensor torque,
      quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume, and type II myosin heavy chain
      (MHC) isoform percentage in human skeletal muscle. Thirteen resistance-trained
      men completed a test protocol consisting of 2 isokinetic knee extensions at 180
      degrees .s(-)(1) performed before and 1, 4, 7, and 10 min after the completion of
      4 maximal knee extensions at 60 degrees .s(-)(1) (i.e., a conditioning activity
      (CA)). Magnetic resonance imaging and muscle microbiopsy procedures were
      completed on separate days to assess quadriceps CSA and volume and MHC isoform
      content. Maximal voluntary PAP response was assessed as the ratio of the highest
      knee extensor torques measured before and after the CA. There were large to very
      large correlations between maximal voluntary PAP response and maximal knee
      extensor torque (r = 0.62) and quadriceps CSA (r = 0.68) and volume (r = 0.63).
      Nonetheless, these correlations were not statistically significant after
      adjusting for the influence of type II MHC percentage using partial correlation
      analysis. By contrast, the strongest correlation was observed for type II MHC
      percentage (r = 0.77), and this correlation remained significant after adjusting
      for the other variables. Maximal voluntary PAP response is strongly correlated
      with maximal knee extensor torque and quadriceps CSA and volume, but is mostly
      clearly associated with the type II myosin isoform percentage in human skeletal
      muscle. 

PMID- 26988770
TI  - Skeletal muscle TLR4 and TACE are associated with body fat percentage in older
      adults.
AB  - Elevated skeletal muscle expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been
      linked to increased inflammation in clinical populations. TNFalpha converting
      enzyme (TACE), which cleaves membrane-bound TNFalpha (mTNFalpha) to its soluble
      (sTNFalpha) and more bioactive form, has been linked to chronic disease. In
      contrast, higher physical activity level is associated with decreased chronic
      disease risk and inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to examine
      the relationship between physical activity and skeletal muscle TLR4, TACE, and
      TNFalpha in older adults. In 26 older adults (age = 68 +/- 4 years, body mass
      index = 26 +/- 3 kg.m(-2)), self-reported physical activity (kcal.week(-1)),
      estimated maximal oxygen consumption, and body composition (air plethysmography)
      were measured. TLR4, TACE, mTNFalpha, and sTNFalpha were measured in skeletal
      muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) using western blot analyses. Pearson product
      moment correlations were run between variables. Significance was set at p < 0.05.
      Skeletal muscle TACE was directly associated with sTNFalpha (r = 0.53, p < 0.01).
      Linear regression modeling showed that mTNFalpha and TACE expression were
      predictive of sTNFalpha expression. No correlations were observed between
      physical activity and TLR4, TACE, or sTNFalpha. Percent body fat was directly
      associated with skeletal muscle TLR4 (r = 0.52, p < 0.01) and TACE (r = 0.50, p <
      0.01), whereas fasting blood glucose was directly associated with TACE and
      sTNFalpha. In conclusion, we found that percent body fat was directly associated
      with TLR4 and TACE expression in skeletal muscle of older adults. These findings
      suggest that elevated skeletal muscle expression of TLR4 and TACE may contribute
      to the augmented inflammation and chronic disease risk observed with increased
      adiposity. 

PMID- 26988771
TI  - Inflammatory TNBC Breast Cancer: Demography and Clinical Outcome in a Large
      Cohort of Patients With TNBC.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of
      breast cancer with poor 5-year survival. Knowledge and information about IBC with
      the triple negative (TNBC) phenotype are limited. Here, we report the
      characteristics and outcome of inflammatory TNBC (I-TNBC) cancer cohorts from a
      large TNBC dataset. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After obtaining institutional review
      board approval, we collected information on 476 women with a diagnosis of TNBC
      from 1996 to 2011. Data on patient characteristics, tumor, and treatment were
      collected. Overall survival (OS) was computed from the date of diagnosis to the
      date of death or last follow-up. For disease-free survival (DFS), patients were
      scored if they failed. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS v9.3.
      RESULTS: A total of 34 (7%) patients were diagnosed with inflammatory TNBC. The
      median age was 52 years, and 56% were white. The median follow-up was 13 months
      (interquartile range, 2-126 months). Twenty-one percent (n = 7) presented with
      stage IV disease, while 91% had axillary nodal involvement. All but 2 (94%; n =
      32) patients had neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with 6% (n = 2) achieving complete
      response. Twenty-one (62%) patients underwent mastectomy; 71% (n = 24) received
      radiation. The 2- and 5-year OS and DFS were 34%, 26% (vs. 65%, 46%) and 27%, 23%
      (vs. 53%, 40%), respectively, for I-TNBC and non-inflammatory stage III-IV TNBC.
      Compared with the non-inflammatory group, the 2- and 5-year OS (P < .0005) and
      DFS (P < .0073) were significantly inferior for I-TNBC. CONCLUSION: IBC with the
      triple negative phenotype is an aggressive disease with a significantly inferior
      outcome compared with non-inflammatory locally advanced TNBC. Newer strategies
      are required to improve survival outcome.

PMID- 26988772
TI  - Minocycline-induced orbital rim discoloration.
AB  - A 20-year-old woman underwent lacrimal gland biopsy for unilateral swelling and
      was unexpectedly found to have olive-green discoloration of her orbital rim.
      Postoperative questioning revealed that as a teenager she had been treated for
      acne with minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic and a first-line
      treatment for moderate and severe acne. While hyperpigmentation is a known side
      effect of minocycline, reports of pigmentation changes of the periorbital bones
      are relatively rare and could pose a diagnostic dilemma during surgery. 

PMID- 26988773
TI  - Central retinal vein occlusion in an otherwise healthy child treated successfully
      with a single injection of bevacizumab.

PMID- 26988774
TI  - Choroidal thickness of children's eyes with anisometropic and strabismic
      amblyopia.

PMID- 26988775
TI  - Diffuse bilateral retinal hemorrhages in an infant with a coagulopathy and
      prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - We report a case of diffuse bilateral retinal and optic nerve sheath hemorrhages
      in an 8-week-old boy who was found unresponsive. The child underwent prolonged
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation and was noted on admission to have a coagulopathy.
      An autopsy determined the cause of death to be a myocardial infarct in the
      distribution of an anomalous coronary artery. This case demonstrates the
      difficulty that may occur in establishing whether child abuse caused death in the
      setting of another potential cause of mortality. 

PMID- 26988776
TI  - Adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency esotropia: clinical features and
      response to surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical and demographic features and surgical outcomes
      of a series of patients with adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency
      esotropia to investigate novel associations of this condition with race, sex, and
      surgical dose-response. METHODS: The medical records from a single practice were
      retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with adult-onset chronic divergence
      insufficiency esotropia who underwent strabismus surgery over a 12-year period.
      Demographic, clinical, surgical, and outcome data were analyzed to determine
      statistically significant findings with respect to race, sex, and surgical
      results. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (all white; 23 females) were identified.
      The average age was 72 years. All patients underwent medial rectus recession
      bilaterally or unilaterally. The dose-response to surgery (1.6(Delta)/mm) was
      significantly less than that predicted by standard surgical nomograms; however
      the individual dose-responses varied directly with preoperative angle.
      CONCLUSIONS: Adult-onset chronic divergence insufficiency esotropia occurs
      predominantly in white women in our experience. Medial rectus recession is an
      effective surgical treatment when augmented recession amounts are employed. The
      findings that surgical dose-response was relatively low but increased with
      preoperative angle suggest a mixed mechanism of chronic lateral rectus weakness
      combined with reduced medial rectus elasticity.

PMID- 26988778
TI  - Long distance kelp rafting impacts seaweed biogeography in the Northeast Pacific:
      the kelp conveyor hypothesis.
AB  - Routine DNA barcoding of the Haida Gwaii seaweed flora revealed "endemic species"
      attributed initially to this region's past as a glacial refugium. However,
      subsequent barcode records from central California rapidly eroded this list
      leaving species characterized by disjunct distributions (DD) between California
      and Haida Gwaii. This observation prompted a more detailed look at species for
      California and British Columbia and revealed that 33 of 180 DNA-barcoded genetic
      groups in common between these regions (~18%) predominantly displayed DD between
      California and northern British Columbia. A previous discovery that a red abalone
      shell found in Haida Gwaii (far north of its range) had a float-bearing kelp
      (Nereocystis luetkeana) holdfast attached to it prompted a closer consideration
      of the COI-5P barcode data in support of a "kelp conveyor hypothesis." The
      hypothesis posits that there has been a net migration of Californian species to
      northern British Columbia the vector being species growing on substrata carried
      along with kelp rafts on the winter Davidson Current. 

PMID- 26988779
TI  - On the trail of ancestors of diatoms.

PMID- 26988780
TI  - Transcriptomic Insights into the Life History of Bolidophytes, the Sister Lineage
      to Diatoms.
AB  - Diatoms are perhaps the most diverse lineage of eukaryotic algae, with their
      siliceous cell wall and diplontic life history often considered to have played
      important roles in their extraordinary diversification. The characteristic
      diminution of the diatom cell wall over the course of vegetative growth provides
      a reliable, intrinsic trigger for sexual reproduction, establishing a direct link
      between the evolution of their cell-wall and life-history features. It is
      unclear, however, whether the diplontic life cycle of diatoms represents an
      ancestral or derived trait. This uncertainty is based in part on our lack of
      understanding of the life cycle of the sister lineage to diatoms, which includes
      a mix of two free-living and separately classified forms: naked biflagellate
      unicells in the genus Bolidomonas and silicified forms in the order Parmales.
      These two forms might represent different life-history stages, although directly
      establishing such links can be difficult. We sequenced transcriptomes for
      Bolidomonas and two diatoms and found that ~0.1% of the coding regions in the two
      diploid diatoms are heterozygous, whereas Bolidomonas is virtually devoid of
      heterozygous alleles, consistent with expectations for a haploid genome. These
      results suggest that Bolidomonas is haploid and predict that parmaleans represent
      the diploid phase of a haplodiplontic life cycle. These data fill an important
      gap in our understanding of the origin of the diplontic life history of diatoms,
      which may represent an evolutionarily derived, adaptive feature. 

PMID- 26988781
TI  - Latent virus-like infections are present in a diverse range of Symbiodinium spp.
      (Dinophyta).
AB  - Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by disease outbreaks, which affect the
      coral animal and/or its algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) and can cause mass
      mortalities. Currently around half of the recognized coral diseases have unknown
      causative agents. While many of the diseases are thought to be bacterial in
      origin, there is growing evidence that viruses may play a role. In particular, it
      appears that viruses may infect the algal symbionts, causing breakdown of the
      coral-algal mutualism. In this study, we screened a wide range of Symbiodinium
      cultures in vitro for the presence of latent viral infections. Using flow
      cytometry and electron microscopy, we found that many types of Symbiodinium
      apparently harbor such infections, and that the type of putative virus varied
      within and among host types. Furthermore, the putative viral infections could be
      induced via abiotic stress and cause host cell lysis and population decline. If
      similar processes occur in Symbiodinium cells in hospite, they may provide an
      explanation for some of the diseases affecting corals and other organisms forming
      symbioses with these algae. 

PMID- 26988782
TI  - Bicarbonate uptake via an anion exchange protein is the main mechanism of
      inorganic carbon acquisition by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera
      (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under variable pH.
AB  - Macrocystis pyrifera is a widely distributed, highly productive, seaweed. It is
      known to use bicarbonate (HCO3 (-) ) from seawater in photosynthesis and the main
      mechanism of utilization is attributed to the external catalyzed dehydration of
      HCO3 (-) by the surface-bound enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CAext ). Here, we
      examined other putative HCO3 (-) uptake mechanisms in M. pyrifera under pHT 9.00
      (HCO3 (-) : CO2  = 940:1) and pHT 7.65 (HCO3 (-) : CO2  = 51:1). Rates of
      photosynthesis, and internal CA (CAint ) and CAext activity were measured
      following the application of AZ which inhibits CAext , and DIDS which inhibits a
      different HCO3 (-) uptake system, via an anion exchange (AE) protein. We found
      that the main mechanism of HCO3 (-) uptake by M. pyrifera is via an AE protein,
      regardless of the HCO3 (-) : CO2 ratio, with CAext making little contribution.
      Inhibiting the AE protein led to a 55%-65% decrease in photosynthetic rates.
      Inhibiting both the AE protein and CAext at pHT 9.00 led to 80%-100% inhibition
      of photosynthesis, whereas at pHT 7.65, passive CO2 diffusion supported 33% of
      photosynthesis. CAint was active at pHT 7.65 and 9.00, and activity was always
      higher than CAext , because of its role in dehydrating HCO3 (-) to supply CO2 to
      RuBisCO. Interestingly, the main mechanism of HCO3 (-) uptake in M. pyrifera was
      different than that in other Laminariales studied (CAext -catalyzed reaction) and
      we suggest that species-specific knowledge of carbon uptake mechanisms is
      required in order to elucidate how seaweeds might respond to future changes in
      HCO3 (-) :CO2 due to ocean acidification. 

PMID- 26988783
TI  - Eukaryotic pathogens (Chytridiomycota and Oomycota) infecting marine
      microphytobenthic diatoms - a methodological comparison.
AB  - Using sediment samples from the Solthorn tidal flat (southern North Sea,
      Germany), collected in bi-weekly intervals from June to July 2012, a range of
      qualitative and quantitative screening methods for oomycete and chytrid pathogens
      infecting benthic diatoms were evaluated. Pre-treatment of sediment samples using
      short ultrasound pulses and gradient centrifugation, in combination with
      CalcoFluor White, showed the best results in the visualization of both pathogen
      groups. The highest number of infected benthic diatoms was observed in mid July
      (5.8% of the total benthic diatom community). Most infections were caused by
      chytrids and, in a few cases, oomycetes (Lagenisma Drebes (host: Coscinodiscus
      radiatus Ehrenberg) and Ectrogella Zopf (hosts: Dimeregramma minor in Pritchard
      and Gyrosigma peisonis). Among the chytrids, sporangium morphology indicated the
      presence of five different morphotypes, infecting mainly epipelic taxa of the
      orders Naviculales (e.g., Navicula digitoradiata) and Achnanthales (e.g.,
      Achnanthes brevipes Agardh). The presence of multiple pathogens in several
      epipelic diatom taxa suggests a significant role for fungal parasitism in
      affecting microphytobenthic diatom succession. 

PMID- 26988784
TI  - A re-assessment of the infra-generic classification of the genus Caulerpa
      (Caulerpaceae, Chlorophyta) inferred from a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny.
AB  - The siphonous green algal family Caulerpaceae includes the monotypic genus
      Caulerpella and the species-rich genus Caulerpa. A molecular phylogeny was
      inferred from chloroplast tufA and rbcL DNA sequences analyzed together with a
      five marker dataset of non-caulerpacean siphonous green algae. Six Caulerpaceae
      lineages were revealed, but relationships between them remained largely
      unresolved. A Caulerpella clade representing multiple cryptic species was nested
      within the genus Caulerpa. Therefore, that genus is subsumed and Caulerpa ambigua
      Okamura is reinstated. Caulerpa subgenus status is proposed for the six lineages
      substantiated by morphological characters, viz., three monotypic subgenera
      Cliftonii, Hedleyi, and Caulerpella, subgenus Araucarioideae exhibiting stolons
      covered with scale-like appendages, subgenus Charoideae characterized by a
      verticillate branching mode, and subgenus Caulerpa for a clade regarded as the
      Caulerpa core clade. The latter subgenus is subdivided in two sections, i.e.,
      Sedoideae for species with pyrenoids and a species-rich section Caulerpa. A
      single section with the same name is proposed for each of the other five
      subgenera. In addition, species status is proposed for Caulerpa filicoides var.
      andamanensis (W.R. Taylor). All Caulerpa species without sequence data were
      examined (or data were taken from species descriptions) and classified in the new
      classification scheme. A temporal framework of Caulerpa diversification is
      provided by calibrating the phylogeny in geological time. The chronogram suggests
      that Caulerpa diversified into subgenera and sections after the Triassic-Jurassic
      mass extinction and that infra-section species radiation happened after the
      Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. 

PMID- 26988785
TI  - Antioxidant plasticity and thermal sensitivity in four types of Symbiodinium sp.
AB  - Warmer than average summer sea surface temperature is one of the main drivers for
      coral bleaching, which describes the loss of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates
      (genus: Symbiodinium) in reef-building corals. Past research has established that
      oxidative stress in the symbiont plays an important part in the bleaching
      cascade. Corals hosting different genotypes of Symbiodinium may have varying
      thermal bleaching thresholds, but changes in the symbiont's antioxidant system
      that may accompany these differences have received less attention. This study
      shows that constitutive activity and up-regulation of different parts of the
      antioxidant network under thermal stress differs between four Symbiodinium types
      in culture and that thermal susceptibility can be linked to glutathione redox
      homeostasis. In Symbiodinium B1, C1 and E, declining maximum quantum yield of
      PSII (Fv /Fm ) and death at 33 degrees C were generally associated with elevated
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and a more oxidized glutathione pool.
      Symbiodinium F1 exhibited no decline in Fv /Fm or growth, but showed
      proportionally larger increases in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and
      glutathione content (GSx), while maintaining GSx in a reduced state. Depressed
      growth in Symbiodinium B1 at a sublethal temperature of 29 degrees C was
      associated with transiently increased APX activity and glutathione pool size, and
      an overall increase in glutathione reductase (GR) activity. The collapse of GR
      activity at 33 degrees C, together with increased SOD, APX and glutathione S
      transferase activity, contributed to a strong oxidation of the glutathione pool
      with subsequent death. Integrating responses of multiple components of the
      antioxidant network highlights the importance of antioxidant plasticity in
      explaining type-specific temperature responses in Symbiodinium. 

PMID- 26988786
TI  - Isolation of turbinaric acid as a chemomarker of Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh)
      Kutzing from South Pacific Islands.
AB  - Several species of the genus Turbinaria coexist along the coasts of islands in
      the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Among these brown algae, Turbinaria ornata and T.
      conoides are sister species that are difficult to differentiate using exclusively
      morphological characters. Based on in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance and
      chromatographic techniques, i.e., liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
      analysis, combined with phylogenetic data, we successfully identified turbinaric
      acid in T. conoides samples from several Indian and Pacific Ocean islands. This
      nonvariable discriminant molecule was only identified in T. conoides specimens,
      but not in the two allied species T. ornata and T. decurrens. Results are
      discussed with regard to turbinaric acid as an interesting chemomarker isolated
      from T. conoides and the rapid discrimination of Turbinaria specimens using
      chemical assays. 

PMID- 26988787
TI  - Five Cyanophora (Cyanophorales, Glaucophyta) species delineated based on
      morphological and molecular data.
AB  - Cyanophora is an important glaucophyte genus of unicellular biflagellates that
      may have retained ancestral features of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The nuclear
      genome of Cyanophora was recently sequenced, but taxonomic studies of more than
      two strains are lacking for this genus. Furthermore, no study has used molecular
      methods to taxonomically delineate Cyanophora species. Here, we delimited the
      species of Cyanophora using light and electron microscopy, combined with
      molecular data from several globally distributed strains, including one newly
      established. Using a light microscope, we identified two distinct morphological
      groups: one with ovoid to ellipsoidal vegetative cells and another with
      dorsoventrally flattened or broad, bean-shaped vegetative cells containing
      duplicated plastids. Our light and scanning electron microscopy clearly
      distinguished three species with ovoid to ellipsoidal cells (C. paradoxa
      Korshikov, C. cuspidata Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov., and C. kugrensii Tos.Takah.
      & Nozaki sp. nov.) and two species with broad, bean-shaped cells (C. biloba
      Kugrens, B.L.Clay, C.J.Mey. & R.E.Lee and C. sudae Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov.)
      based on differences in cell shape and surface ornamentations of the vegetative
      cells under the field-emission scanning electron microscope. Molecular
      phylogenetic analyses of P700 chl a apoprotein A2 (psaB) genes and internal
      transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as well as a
      comparison of secondary structures of nuclear rDNA ITS-2 and genetic distances of
      psaB genes, supported the delineation of five morphological species of
      Cyanophora. 

PMID- 26988788
TI  - The pigment composition of Phaeocystis antarctica (Haptophyceae) under various
      conditions of light, temperature, salinity, and iron.
AB  - The pigment composition of Phaeocystis antarctica was monitored under various
      conditions of light, temperature, salinity, and iron. 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin
      (Hex-fuco) always constituted the major light-harvesting pigment, with remarkably
      stable ratios of Hex-fuco-to-chl a under the various environmental conditions.
      Increased pigment-to-chl a ratios at low irradiance confirmed the light
      harvesting function of Fucoxanthin (Fuco), 19'-Hexanoyloxy-4-ketofucoxanthin (Hex
      kfuco), 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin (But-fuco), and chl c2 and c3. Increased
      pigment-to-chl a ratios at high irradiance, low iron concentrations, and to a
      lesser extent at high salinity confirmed the photoprotective function of
      diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and beta,beta-carotene. Pigment ratios were not
      always according to expectations. The consistent increase in But-fuco/chl at high
      temperature, high salinity, and low iron suggests a role in photoprotection
      rather than in light harvesting. Low Hex-kfuco/chl ratios at high salinity were
      consistent with a role as light harvester, but the high ratios at high
      temperature were not, leaving the function of Hex-kfuco enigmatic. Dedicated
      experiments were performed to test whether or not the light-harvesting pigment
      Fuco could be converted into its structural relative Hex-fuco, and vice versa, in
      response to exposure to light shifts. Rapid conversions could not be confirmed,
      but long-term conversions cannot be excluded. New pigment ratios are proposed for
      chemotaxonomic applications. The ratios will improve pigment-based diagnosis of
      algal species in waters dominated by P. antarctica. 

PMID- 26988789
TI  - Selective feeding and foreign plastid retention in an Antarctic dinoflagellate.
AB  - The peridinin-containing plastid found in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates is
      thought to have been replaced in a few lineages by plastids of chlorophyte,
      diatom, or haptophyte origin. Other distinct lineages of phagotrophic
      dinoflagellates retain functional plastids obtained from algal prey for different
      durations and with varying source species specificity. 18S rRNA gene sequence
      analyses have placed a novel gymnodinoid dinoflagellate isolated from the Ross
      Sea (RSD) in the Kareniaceae, a family of dinoflagellates with permanent plastids
      of haptophyte origin. In contrast to other species in this family, the RSD
      contains kleptoplastids sequestered from its prey, Phaeocystis antarctica.
      Culture experiments were employed to determine whether the RSD fed selectively on
      P. antarctica when offered in combination with another polar haptophyte or
      cryptophyte species, and whether the RSD, isolated from its prey and starved,
      would take up plastids from P. antarctica or from other polar haptophyte or
      cryptophyte species. Evidence was obtained for selective feeding on P.
      antarctica, plastid uptake from P. antarctica, and increased RSD growth in the
      presence of P. antarctica. The presence of a peduncle-like structure in the RSD
      suggests that kleptoplasts are obtained by myzocytosis. RSD cells incubated
      without P. antarctica were capable of survival for at least 29.5 months. This
      remarkable longevity of the RSD's kleptoplasts and its species specificity for
      prey and plastid source is consistent with its prolonged co-evolution with P.
      antarctica. It may also reflect the presence of a plastid protein import
      mechanism and genes transferred to the dinokaryon from a lost permanent
      haptophyte plastid. 

PMID- 26988790
TI  - Reassessment of the cyanobacterial family Microchaetaceae and establishment of
      new families Tolypothrichaceae and Godleyaceae.
AB  - The family Microchaetaceae is a large group of heterocytous cyanobacteria, whose
      members bear typical morphological features of uniseriate heteropolar filaments
      never terminated by thin hairs and with simple false branching. However,
      phylogenetic analyses of the gene for 16S rRNA showed that members of this
      traditionally morphologically delimited family form several distant groups and
      therefore the current concept is hereafter indefensible. In this study, we
      provide reassessment of the status of the family Microchaetaceae based on
      morphology, ecology, biogeography, and phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene. Thorough
      examination of strains of the nominate genus Microchaete revealed their
      affiliation to two groups, Nostocaceae and Rivulariaceae, and their distant
      position to other traditional members of Microchaetaceae such as Tolypothrix,
      Hassallia, and Coleodesmium. To reflect the phylogenetic relationships and to
      accommodate members of the traditional family Microchaetaceae that are clearly
      not related to any of the Microchaete representatives, we propose establishment
      of two new families, Tolypothrichaceae and Godleyaceae. Based on both molecular
      and morphological evidence, we also provide a description of three new species of
      the genus Fortiea. 

PMID- 26988792
TI  - Ailadinium reticulatum gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a New Thecate, Marine,
      Sand-Dwelling Dinoflagellate from the Northern Red Sea.
AB  - A new photosynthetic, sand-dwelling marine dinoflagellate, Ailadinium reticulatum
      gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Jordanian coast in the Gulf of Aqaba,
      northern Red Sea, based on detailed morphological and molecular data. A.
      reticulatum is a large (53-61 MUm long and 38-48 MUm wide), dorsoventrally
      compressed species, with the epitheca smaller than the hypotheca. The theca of
      this new species is thick and peculiarly ornamented with round to polygonal
      depressions forming a foveate-reticulate thecal surface structure. The Kofoidian
      thecal tabulation is APC (Po, cp), 4', 2a, 6'', 6c, 4s, 6''', 1p, 1'''' or
      alternatively it can be interpreted as APC, 4', 2a, 6'', 6c, 4s, 6''', 2''''. The
      plate pattern of A. reticulatum is noticeably different from described
      dinoflagellate genera. Phylogenetic analyses based on the SSU and LSU rDNA genes
      did not show any supported affinities with currently known thecate
      dinoflagellates. 

PMID- 26988791
TI  - Toward an inordinate fondness for stars, beetles and Lobophora? Species diversity
      of the genus Lobophora (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) in New Caledonia.
AB  - Until the recent use of molecular markers, species diversity of Lobophora, an
      ecologically important brown algal genus with a worldwide distribution in
      temperate and tropical seas, has been critically underestimated. Using a DNA
      based taxonomic approach, we re-examined diversity of the genus from New
      Caledonia in the Southwest Pacific Ocean. First, species were delineated using
      general mixed Yule coalescent-based and barcoding gap approaches applied to a
      mitochondrial cox3 data set. Results were subsequently confirmed using
      chloroplast psbA and rbcL data sets. Species delimitation analyses agreed well
      across markers and delimitation algorithms, with the barcoding gap approach being
      slightly more conservative. Analyses of the cox3 data set resulted in 31-39
      molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), four of which are previously
      described species (L. asiatica, L. crassa, L. nigrescens s.l., L. pachyventera).
      Of the remaining MOTUs for which we obtained a representative number of sequences
      and results are corroborated across analyses and genes, we described 10 species
      de novo: L. abaculusa, L. abscondita, L. densa, L. dimorpha, L. gibbera, L.
      hederacea, L. monticola, L. petila, L. rosacea, and L. undulata. Our study
      presents an excellent case of how a traditional morphology-based taxonomy fails
      to provide accurate estimates of algal diversity. Furthermore, the level of
      Lobophora diversity unveiled from a single locality in the Pacific Ocean raises
      important questions with respect to the global diversity of the genus, the
      distributions and range sizes of the individual species, as well as the
      mechanisms facilitating coexistence. 

PMID- 26988793
TI  - Cellular organelles facilitate dimerization of a newly identified Arf from
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - GTPases of the Ras superfamily regulate a wide variety of cellular processes
      including vesicular transport and various secretory pathways of the cell. ADP -
      ribosylation factor (ARF) belongs to one of the five major families of the Ras
      superfamily and serves as an important component of vesicle formation and
      transport machinery of the cells. The binding of GTP to these Arfs and its
      subsequent hydrolysis, induces conformational changes in these proteins leading
      to their enzymatic activities. The dimeric form of Arf is associated with
      membrane pinch-off during vesicle formation. In this report, we have identified
      an arf gene from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, CrArf, and
      showed that the oligomeric state of the protein in C. renhardtii is modulated by
      the cellular membrane environment of the organism. Protein cross-linking
      experiments showed that the purified recombinant CrArf has the ability to form a
      dimer. Both the 20-kDa monomeric and 40-kDa dimeric forms of CrArf were
      recognized from Chlamydomonas total cell lysate (CrTLC) and purified recombinant
      CrArf by the CrArf specific antibody. The membranous environment of the cell
      appeared to facilitate dimerization of the CrArf, as dimeric form was found
      exclusively associated with the membrane bound organelles. The subcellular
      localization studies in Chlamydomonas suggested that CrArf mainly localized in
      the cytosol and was mislocalized in vesicle transport machinery inhibitor treated
      cells. This research sheds light on the importance of the cellular membrane
      environment for regulating the oligomeric state of CrArf protein in this organism
      and associated functional role. 

PMID- 26988794
TI  - Pigment composition and photoacclimation as keys to the ecological success of
      Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyceae, Stramenopiles).
AB  - Aquatic habitats are usually structured by light attenuation with depth resulting
      in different microalgal communities, each one adapted to a certain light regime
      by their specific pigment composition. Several taxa contain pigments restricted
      to one phylogenetic group, making them useful as marker pigments in phytoplankton
      community studies. The nuisance and invasive freshwater microalga Gonyostomum
      semen (Raphidophyceae) is mainly found in brown water lakes with sharp vertical
      gradients in light intensity and color. However, its pigment composition and
      potential photoadaptations have not been comprehensively studied. We analyzed the
      photopigment composition of 12 genetically different strains of G. semen by high
      performance liquid chromatography after acclimation to different light
      conditions. We confirmed the pigments chl a, chl c1c2, diadinoxanthin, trans
      neoxanthin, cis-neoxanthin, alpha and beta carotene, which have already been
      reported for G. semen. In addition, we identified, for the first time, the
      pigments violaxan-thin, zeaxanthin, and alloxanthin in this species. Alloxanthin
      has never been observed in raphidophytes before, suggesting differences in
      evolutionary plastid acquisition between freshwater lineages and the well
      described marine species. The amount of total chl a per cell generally decreased
      with increasing light intensity. In contrast, the increasing ratios of the
      prominent pigments diadinoxanthin and alloxanthin per chl a with light intensity
      suggest photoprotective functions. In addition, we found significant variation in
      cell-specific pigment concentration among strains, grouped by lake of origin,
      which might correspond to genetic differences between strains and populations. 

PMID- 26988797
TI  - Modification of Tet1 and histone methylation dynamics in dairy goat male germline
      stem cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Tet (ten-eleven translocation) protein 1 is a key enzyme for DNA
      demethylation, which modulates DNA methylation and gene transcription. DNA
      methylation and histone methylation are critical elements in self-renewal of male
      germline stem cells (mGSCs) and spermatogenesis. mGSCs are the only type of adult
      stem cells able to achieve intergenerational transfer of genetic information,
      which is accomplished through differentiated sperm cells. However, numerous
      epigenetic obstacles including incomplete DNA methylation and histone methylation
      dynamics make establishment of stable livestock mGSC cell lines difficult. The
      present study was conducted to detect effects of DNA methylation and histone
      methylation dynamics in dairy goat mGSCs self-renewal and proliferation, through
      overexpression of Tet1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An immortalized dairy goat mGSC
      cell line bearing mouse Tet1 (mTet1) gene was screened and characteristics of the
      cells were assayed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence
      assay, western blotting, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and use of
      the cell counting kit (CCK8) assay. RESULTS: The screened immortalized dairy goat
      mGSC cell line bearing mTet1, called mGSC-mTet1 cells was treated with optimal
      doxycycline (Dox) concentration to maintain Tet1 gene expression. mGSC-mTet1
      cells proliferated at a significantly greater rate than wild-type mGSCs, and
      mGSCs-specific markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),
      cyclinD1 (CCND1), GDNF family receptor alpha 1 (Gfra1) and endogenic Tet1, Tet2
      were upregulated. The cells exhibited not only reduction in level of histone
      methylation but also changes in nuclear location of that methylation marker.
      While H3K9me3 was uniformly distributed throughout the nucleus of mGSC-mTet1
      cells, it was present in only particular locations in mGSCs. H3K27me3 was
      distributed surrounding the edges of nuclei of mGSC-mTet1 cells, while it was
      uniformly distributed throughout nuclei of mGSCs. Our results conclusively
      demonstrate that modification of mGSCs with mTet1 affected mGSC maintenance and
      seemed to promote establishment of stable goat mGSC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS:
      Taken together, our data suggest that Tet1 had novel and dynamic roles for
      regulating maintenance of pluripotency and proliferation of mGSCs by forming
      complexes with PCNA and histone methylation dynamics. This may provide new
      solutions for mGSCs stability and livestock mGSC cell line establishment.

PMID- 26988799
TI  - Analytical and semi-preparative enantioresolution of (RS)-ketorolac from
      pharmaceutical formulation and in human plasma by HPLC.
AB  - An efficient, simple, validated, analytical and semi-preparative HPLC method has
      been developed for direct enantioresolution of (RS)-Ketorolac (Ket) using
      monochloro-methylated derivatives of cellulose and amylose, i.e. cellulose (tris
      3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) and amylose (tris-5-chloro-2
      methylphenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) with photo diode array
      detection at 320 nm. Enantioresolution was carried out in samples of human plasma
      spiked with (RS)-Ket under normal and reversed-phase elution modes with suitable
      mobile phase compositions. The effect of nature of alcohols (MeOH, EtOH, PrOH and
      n-BuOH) and other solvents (MeCN and MeOH) as organic modifiers in the mobile
      phase was investigated on the separation performance of two CSPs in terms of
      retention and separation of enantiomers. The best resolution was observed on
      cellulose-based CSP using EtOH, while using 2-PrOH (15%) and amylose-based CSP
      obtained the highest retention. Under reversed-phase elution mode the best
      enantioseparation was observed using 30% MeCN with ammonium formate buffer. The
      elution order of enantiomers was ascertained by determining specific rotations.
      The limit of detection and quantitation values were 5 and 15.5 ng/mL for each
      enantiomer of (RS)-Ket, respectively. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 26988798
TI  - Clinical efficacy of water extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex
      DC.) Wight & Arn. in patients of chronic heart failure: a double-blind,
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn.
      (Arjuna) is used in Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda) for treatment of various
      cardiac diseases, including heart failure. However, well designed clinical trials
      exploring its efficacy and safety in chronic heart failure (CHF) are lacking.
      PURPOSE: To ascertain the add-on efficacy and safety of a standardized water
      extract of stem bark of Arjuna (Arjuna extract) in CHF patients on standard
      pharmacotherapy. STUDY DESIGN: Double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo
      controlled add-on clinical trial. METHODS: After approval of institutional ethics
      committee, 100 patients of CHF of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional
      class II on standard pharmacotherapy having an echocardiographic left ventricular
      ejection fraction (LVEF) <= 40% were consecutively recruited with informed
      consent and randomized 1:1 to Arjuna extract 750 mg or matching placebo twice
      daily. The primary outcome measure was change in LVEF at 12 weeks. Secondary
      outcome measures included changes in (i) NYHA functional class, (ii) distance
      covered in 6 min walk test (6MWT), (iii) quality of life (QoL), as determined by
      the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), (iv) plasma brain
      natriuretic peptide, (v) plasma cytokines (interleukin-6, high sensitivity C
      reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-alpha) and (vi) oxidative stress
      markers [serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), red blood cell
      (RBC) superoxide dismutase (SOD), RBC catalase and RBC glutathione (GSH)] at 6
      and 12 weeks. Safety assessment was done by adverse event monitoring and
      laboratory investigations. Results were expressed as mean +/- SD or median
      (interquartile range) and analysed with intention-to- treat principle using
      appropriate two-sided statistical tests. A p-value < 0.05 was considered
      significant. RESULTS: Arjuna extract was well-tolerated, but did not change LVEF
      (24.3 +/- 7.1 versus 25.5 +/- 7.7%; p = 0.4) or secondary outcome measures except
      preservation of RBC catalase activity [1275(104, 10350) versus 1243.5(104, 10350)
      U/g haemoglobin; p = 0.01] compared to placebo. Significantly greater percentage
      increases occurred in distance covered in 6 MWT, RBC-SOD, RBC catalase, RBC GSH
      and in symptom severity and stability domains of KCCQ in patients on Arjuna
      extract versus those on placebo, on a post-hoc analysis, between subgroups of
      patients who improved in these outcomes. CONCLUSION: Arjuna extract did not
      improve LVEF in CHF patients over 12 weeks, although there was improvement in
      functional capacity, antioxidant reserves and symptom-related QoL domains in some
      patients.

PMID- 26988796
TI  - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) inhibits cortical dendrites.
AB  - One of the leading approaches to non-invasively treat a variety of brain
      disorders is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, despite its
      clinical prevalence, very little is known about the action of TMS at the cellular
      level let alone what effect it might have at the subcellular level (e.g.
      dendrites). Here, we examine the effect of single-pulse TMS on dendritic activity
      in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex using an optical fiber
      imaging approach. We find that TMS causes GABAB-mediated inhibition of sensory
      evoked dendritic Ca(2+) activity. We conclude that TMS directly activates fibers
      within the upper cortical layers that leads to the activation of dendrite
      targeting inhibitory neurons which in turn suppress dendritic Ca(2+) activity.
      This result implies a specificity of TMS at the dendritic level that could in
      principle be exploited for investigating these structures non-invasively. 

PMID- 26988800
TI  - Short-term effectiveness of a web-based tailored intervention for cancer
      survivors on quality of life, anxiety, depression, and fatigue: randomized
      controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of
      the web-based computer-tailored intervention Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (Cancer
      Aftercare Guide). The intervention aims to support cancer survivors with managing
      psychosocial and lifestyle-related issues. In this study, the impact on quality
      of life, anxiety, depression, and fatigue were evaluated. METHODS: Cancer
      survivors were recruited through 21 Dutch hospitals (November 2013-June 2014).
      Outcome measures included quality of life (European Organization for Research and
      Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30), anxiety and depression
      (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and fatigue (Checklist Individual
      Strength). In a randomized controlled trial with an intervention group (n = 231)
      and a waiting list control group (n = 231), the short-term effectiveness was
      evaluated through multilevel linear regression analyses, controlling for
      selective dropout, baseline differences, and several demographic and disease
      related characteristics. RESULTS: In total, 188 participants of the intervention
      group and 221 of the control group completed the 6-month measurement (dropout =
      11.5%). The intervention was effective in reducing depression (B = -0.63, p =
      0.007, f2  = 0.019, d = 0.21) and fatigue (B = -4.36, p = 0.020, f2  = 0.013, d =
      0.21). In addition, effects were found for emotional (B = 3.47, p = 0.022, f2  =
      0.013, d = 0.15) and social functioning (B = 3.95, p = 0.011, f2  = 0.017, d =
      0.15), although this evidence was less strong. There were indications that the
      effects of fatigue and social functioning were influenced by module use.
      CONCLUSIONS: While effect sizes were small, they can be considered as clinically
      relevant. With the Cancer Aftercare Guide being an effective, low-intensive, and
      easy accessible intervention, it could serve as a first step in stepped care for
      needs assessment and initial support for psychosocial problems that are present
      after cancer treatment. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988801
TI  - Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N
      [(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as
      anticonvulsant agents.
AB  - A series of thirty N-(phenoxy)alkyl or N-{2-[2
      (phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols has been designed, synthesized and evaluated
      for anticonvulsant activity in MES, 6Hz test, and pilocarpine-induced status
      epilepticus. Among the title compounds, the most promising seems R-(-)-2N-{2-[2
      (2,6-dimethylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminopropan-1-ol hydrochloride (22a) with
      proved absolute configuration with X-ray analysis and enantiomeric purity. The
      compound is effective in MES test with ED50=12.92 mg/kg b.w. and its rotarod
      TD50=33.26 mg/kg b.w. The activity dose is also effective in a neurogenic pain
      model-the formalin test. Within high throughput profile assay, among eighty one
      targets, the strongest affinity of the compound is observed towards sigma
      receptors and 5-HT transporter and the compound does not bind to hERG. It also
      does not exhibit mutagenic properties in the Vibrio harveyi test. Moreover,
      murine liver microsomal assay and pharmacokinetics profile (mice, iv, p.o., ip)
      indicate that the liver is the primary site of biotransformation of the compound,
      suggesting that both 22a and its metabolite(s) are active, compensating probably
      low bioavailability of the parent molecule.

PMID- 26988802
TI  - Design, synthesis, topoisomerase I & II inhibitory activity, antiproliferative
      activity, and structure-activity relationship study of pyrazoline derivatives: An
      ATP-competitive human topoisomerase IIalpha catalytic inhibitor.
AB  - A series of pyrazoline derivatives (5) were synthesized in 92-96% yields from
      chalcones (3) and hydrazides (4). Subsequently, topo-I and IIalpha-mediated
      relaxation and antiproliferative activity assays were evaluated for 5. Among the
      tested compounds, 5h had a very strong topo-I activity of 97% (Camptothecin, 74%)
      at concentration of 100 MUM. Nevertheless, all the compounds 5a-5i showed
      significant topo II inhibitory activity in the range of 90-94% (Etoposide, 96%)
      at the same concentration. Cytotoxic potential of these compounds was tested in a
      panel of three human tumor cell lines, HCT15, BT474 and T47D. All the compounds
      showed strong activity against HCT15 cell line with IC50 at the range of 1.9-10.4
      MUM (Adriamycin, 23.0; Etoposide, 6.9; and Camptothecin, 7.1 MUM). Moreover,
      compounds 5c, 5f and 5i were observed to have strong antiproliferative activity
      against BT474 cell lines. Since, compound 5d showed antiproliferative activity at
      a very low IC50 thus 5d was then selected to study on their mode of action with
      diverse methods of ATP competition assay, ATPase assay and DNA-topo IIalpha
      cleavable complex assay and the results revealed that it functioned as a ATP
      competitive human topoisomerase IIalpha catalytic inhibitor. Further evaluation
      of endogenous topo-mediated DNA relaxation in cells has been conducted to find
      that, 5d inhibited endogenous topo-mediated pBR322 plasmid relaxation is more
      efficient (78.0 +/- 4.7% at 50 MUM) than Etoposide (36.0 +/- 1.7% at 50 MUM).

PMID- 26988803
TI  - Design and evaluation of novel glutaminase inhibitors.
AB  - A novel set of GAC (kidney glutaminase isoform C) inhibitors able to inhibit the
      enzymatic activity of GAC and the growth of the triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast
      cancer cells with low nanomolar potency is described. Compounds in this series
      have a reduced number of rotatable bonds, improved ClogPs, microsomal stability
      and ligand efficiency when compared to the leading GAC inhibitors BPTES and CB
      839. Property improvements were achieved by the replacement of the flexible n
      diethylthio or the n-butyl moiety present in the leading inhibitors by heteroatom
      substituted heterocycloalkanes. 

PMID- 26988805
TI  - The influence of salinity on the fate and behavior of silver standardized
      nanomaterial and toxicity effects in the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana.
AB  - Because of their antibacterial properties, silver (Ag) engineered nanomaterials
      are included in many products. The present study used a standardized Ag
      nanomaterial (NM-300K, 20 nm) supplied with a stabilizing agent. The aim was to
      investigate the behavior of Ag nanomaterial in an estuarine-like medium at 2
      salinities (15 psu and 30 psu). Uptake as well as sublethal effects of Ag
      nanomaterial (10 MUg Ag/L), its stabilizing agent, and AgNO3 (10 MUg Ag/L) were
      assessed in the clam Scrobicularia plana, after 7 d of exposure. The release of
      soluble Ag from Ag nanomaterial in the experimental media was quantified by using
      diffusive gradient in thin films and ultrafiltration. A multibiomarker approach
      was employed to reveal responses of clams at subindividual and individual levels.
      The bioaccumulation of Ag was significantly greater at 15 psu versus 30 psu,
      which could be explained by differences in Ag speciation. In conclusion, the
      present study showed different impacts of Ag nanomaterial that were not always
      explained by the release of Ag ions in clams at both salinities; such impacts
      were particularly characterized by induction of oxidative stress, cell damage,
      and impairment of energetic levels. Burrowing of clams was affected by the
      stabilizing agent depending on the salinity tested, with stronger effects at 15
      psu. Finally, the present study highlighted salinity-dependent changes in the
      physiology of estuarine bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2550-2561. (c)
      2016 SETAC.

PMID- 26988804
TI  - Investigation of 4-amino-5-alkynylpyrimidine-2(1H)-ones as anti-mycobacterial
      agents.
AB  - In vitro anti-mycobacterial activities of novel 4-amino-5-alkynylpyrimidine-2(1H)
      ones were investigated. 4-Amino-5-heptynylpyrimidine-2(1H)-one (3) and 4-amino-5
      (2-phenylethynyl)pyrimidine-2(1H)-one (7) displayed potent in vitro activity
      against Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compounds 3 and 7
      were also assessed for their in vivo activity in BALB/c mice infected with M.
      tuberculosis (H37Ra). Both compounds showed promising in vivo efficacy at a dose
      of 25 mg/kg for 2 weeks. Importantly, compounds 3 and 7 interacted
      synergistically with the front-line anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid in vitro and
      in vivo. These results suggest that this class of compounds has strong anti
      mycobacterial potential.

PMID- 26988807
TI  - Genotype-phenotype correlation in a cohort of Portuguese patients comprising the
      entire spectrum of VWD types: impact of NGS.
AB  - The diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD), the most common inherited bleeding
      disorder, is characterised by a variable bleeding tendency and heterogeneous
      laboratory phenotype. The sequencing of the entire VWF coding region has not yet
      become a routine practice in diagnostic laboratories owing to its high costs.
      Nevertheless, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has emerged as an alternative to
      overcome this limitation. We aimed to determine the correlation of genotype and
      phenotype in 92 Portuguese individuals from 60 unrelated families with VWD;
      therefore, we directly sequenced VWF. We compared the classical Sanger sequencing
      approach and NGS to assess the value-added effect on the analysis of the mutation
      distribution in different types of VWD. Sixty-two different VWF mutations were
      identified, 27 of which had not been previously described. NGS detected 26
      additional mutations, contributing to a broad overview of the mutant alleles
      present in each VWD type. Twenty-nine probands (48.3 %) had two or more
      mutations; in addition, mutations with pleiotropic effects were detected, and NGS
      allowed an appropriate classification for seven of them. Furthermore, the
      differential diagnosis between VWD 2B and platelet type VWD (n = 1), Bernard
      Soulier syndrome and VWD 2B (n = 1), and mild haemophilia A and VWD 2N (n = 2)
      was possible. NGS provided an efficient laboratory workflow for analysing VWF.
      These findings in our cohort of Portuguese patients support the proposal that
      improving VWD diagnosis strategies will enhance clinical and laboratory
      approaches, allowing to establish the most appropriate treatment for each
      patient.

PMID- 26988806
TI  - Rapid erasure of hippocampal memory following inhibition of dentate gyrus granule
      cells.
AB  - The hippocampus is critical for the acquisition and retrieval of episodic and
      contextual memories. Lesions of the dentate gyrus, a principal input of the
      hippocampus, block memory acquisition, but it remains unclear whether this region
      also plays a role in memory retrieval. Here we combine cell-type specific neural
      inhibition with electrophysiological measurements of learning-associated
      plasticity in behaving mice to demonstrate that dentate gyrus granule cells are
      not required for memory retrieval, but instead have an unexpected role in memory
      maintenance. Furthermore, we demonstrate the translational potential of our
      findings by showing that pharmacological activation of an endogenous inhibitory
      receptor expressed selectively in dentate gyrus granule cells can induce a rapid
      loss of hippocampal memory. These findings open a new avenue for the targeted
      erasure of episodic and contextual memories. 

PMID- 26988808
TI  - Changing state of gynecologic oncologist specialty in Japan.
AB  - Gynecologic oncologists must have extensive knowledge regarding the methods of
      treating a diverse range of gynecologic cancers as well as the ability to perform
      cutting-edge multidisciplinary treatments that frequently involve surgery. Given
      that coordination with other medical departments is vital for treatment, a high
      level of interpersonal and technical skills needs to be demonstrated to form the
      axis for medical treatment. One objective of the specialist certification system
      is the grooming of leaders as gynecologic oncologists while instructing trainees.
      The most distinguishing feature of Japanese gynecologic oncologists is that they
      need experience in more than 150 invasive cancer treatments, including more than
      100 operations within the last 3-5 years. As for performance of surgery, at least
      30 operations, including 15 radical hysterectomies, are required. Since surgical
      methods, including laparoscopic surgery, are undergoing a radical change, and
      increasing numbers of patients are undergoing radiotherapy for invasive cervical
      cancer, a review of the necessary requirements is critical. It is important to
      foster new leaders who are research-oriented. Now is the time for marked reform
      with the new specialist certification system being introduced by the Japanese
      Medical Specialty Board. Japan has the advantage of offering medical services at
      a much lower cost because of its national health insurance system. However,
      specialists are currently not receiving clear benefits befitting their efforts,
      and the question of how to maintain their motivation is an issue for the future.
      For these purposes, I believe securing incentives is a critical issue for
      specialists. 

PMID- 26988809
TI  - Brain Injury in Neonates with Complex Congenital Heart Disease: What Is the
      Predictive Value of MRI in the Fetal Period?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain injury in neonates with congenital heart disease is
      an important predictor of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Impaired brain
      development in congenital heart disease may have a prenatal origin, but the
      sensitivity and specificity of fetal brain MR imaging for predicting neonatal
      brain lesions are currently unknown. We sought to determine the value of
      conventional fetal MR imaging for predicting abnormal findings on neonatal
      preoperative MR imaging in neonates with complex congenital heart disease.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging studies were performed in 103 fetuses with
      confirmed congenital heart disease (mean gestational age, 31.57 +/- 3.86 weeks)
      and were repeated postnatally before cardiac surgery (mean age, 6.8 +/- 12.2
      days). Each MR imaging study was read by a pediatric neuroradiologist. RESULTS:
      Brain abnormalities were detected in 17/103 (16%) fetuses by fetal MR imaging and
      in 33/103 (32%) neonates by neonatal MR imaging. Only 9/33 studies with abnormal
      neonatal findings were preceded by abnormal findings on fetal MR imaging. The
      sensitivity and specificity of conventional fetal brain MR imaging for predicting
      neonatal brain abnormalities were 27% and 89%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Brain
      abnormalities detected by in utero MR imaging in fetuses with congenital heart
      disease are associated with higher risk of postnatal preoperative brain injury.
      However, a substantial proportion of anomalies on postnatal MR imaging were not
      present on fetal MR imaging; this result is likely due to the limitations of
      conventional fetal MR imaging and the emergence of new lesions that occurred
      after the fetal studies. Postnatal brain MR imaging studies are needed to confirm
      the presence of injury before open heart surgery.

PMID- 26988810
TI  - A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study on White Matter Abnormalities in Patients with
      Type 2 Diabetes Using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have considerably
      higher risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia. WM changes in these
      patients have been reported. Our aim was to demonstrate that gradual and
      continuous WM change and the associated cognitive decline in patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus can be captured by DTI parameters, which can be used to
      complement neuropsychological test scores in identifying patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus with and without mild cognitive impairment. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Forty-two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, divided into a group
      with mild cognitive impairment (n = 20) and a group with normal cognition (n =
      22), were enrolled with age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (n =
      26). 3T DTI followed by Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis was used to
      investigate the differences in fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial
      diffusivity (lambda1), and radial diffusivity (lambda23) among the groups. A
      receiver operating characteristic analysis assessed the performance of DTI
      parameters for separating the 2 groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS:
      The whole-brain Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis revealed that 7.3% and
      24.9% of the WM exhibited decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean
      diffusivity (P < .05), respectively, between the diabetes mellitus with mild
      cognitive impairment and the diabetes mellitus with normal cognition groups,
      while considerably larger WM regions showed fractional anisotropy (36.6%) and
      mean diffusivity (58.8%) changes between the diabetes mellitus with mild
      cognitive impairment and the healthy control groups. These changes were caused
      primarily by an elevated radial diffusivity observed in the patients with
      diabetes mellitus with mild cognitive impairment. Radial diffusivity also
      exhibited subtle but statistically significant changes between the diabetes
      mellitus with normal cognition and the healthy control groups. Analyses on
      individual fiber tracts showed pronounced fractional anisotropy reduction and
      mean diffusivity elevation in regions related to cognitive functions. The
      receiver operating characteristic analysis on the right cingulum (hippocampus)
      showed that fractional anisotropy produced a larger area under the curve (0.832)
      than mean diffusivity (0.753) for separating mild cognitive impairment from
      normal cognition among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. When fractional
      anisotropy was combined with mean diffusivity, the area under the curve was
      further improved to 0.857. CONCLUSIONS: DTI parameters can show a substantial
      difference between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without mild
      cognitive impairment, suggesting their potential use as an imaging marker for
      detecting cognitive decline in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. More
      important, DTI parameters may capture gradual and continuous WM changes that can
      be associated with early stages of cognitive decline in patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus before they can be diagnosed clinically by using conventional
      neuropsychological tests.

PMID- 26988811
TI  - Multimodal CT Imaging: Time to Treatment and Outcomes in the IMS III Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The importance of time in acute stroke is well
      established. Using the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial data, we
      explored the effect of multimodal imaging (CT perfusion and/or CT angiography)
      versus noncontrast CT alone on time to treatment and outcomes. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We examined 3 groups: 1) subjects with baseline CTP and CTA (CTP+CTA),
      2) subjects with baseline CTA without CTP (CTA), and 3) subjects with noncontrast
      head CT alone. The demographics, treatment time intervals, and clinical outcomes
      in these groups were studied. RESULTS: Of 656 subjects enrolled in the
      Interventional Management of Stroke III trial, 90 (13.7%) received CTP and CTA,
      216 (32.9%) received CTA (without CTP), and 342 (52.1%) received NCCT alone.
      Median times for the CTP+CTA, CTA, and NCCT groups were as follows: stroke onset
      to IV tPA (120.5 versus 117.5 versus 120 minutes; P = .5762), IV tPA to groin
      puncture (77.5 versus 81 versus 91 minutes; P = .0043), groin puncture to
      endovascular therapy start (30 versus 38 versus 44 minutes; P = .0001), and
      endovascular therapy start to end (63 versus 46 versus 74 minutes; P < .0001).
      Compared with NCCT, the CTA group had better outcomes in the endovascular arm
      (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.36-3.31; adjusted for age, NIHSS score, and time from onset
      to IV tPA). The CTP+CTA group did not have better outcomes compared with the NCCT
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Use of CTA with or without CTP did not delay IV tPA or
      endovascular therapy compared with NCCT in the Interventional Management of
      Stroke III trial.

PMID- 26988813
TI  - T1-Weighted Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Is a Noninvasive Marker of Epidermal
      Growth Factor Receptor vIII Status in Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Experimental
      Glioblastomas.

PMID- 26988812
TI  - Improving Perfusion Measurement in DSC-MR Imaging with Multiecho Information for
      Arterial Input Function Determination.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Clinical measurements of cerebral perfusion have been
      increasingly performed with multiecho dynamic susceptibility contrast-MR imaging
      techniques due to their ability to remove confounding T1 effects of contrast
      agent extravasation from perfusion quantification. However, to this point, the
      extra information provided by multiecho techniques has not been used to improve
      the process of estimating the arterial input function, which is critical to
      accurate perfusion quantification. The purpose of this study is to investigate
      methods by which multiecho DSC-MRI data can be used to automatically avoid voxels
      whose signal decreases to the level of noise when calculating the arterial input
      function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here we compare postprocessing strategies for
      clinical multiecho DSC-MR imaging data to test whether arterial input function
      measures could be improved by automatically identifying and removing voxels
      exhibiting signal attenuation (truncation) artifacts. RESULTS: In a clinical
      pediatric population, we found that the Pearson correlation coefficient between
      DeltaR2* time-series calculated from each TE individually was a valuable
      criterion for automated estimation of the arterial input function, resulting in
      higher peak arterial input function values while maintaining smooth and reliable
      arterial input function shapes. CONCLUSIONS: This work is the first to
      demonstrate that multiecho information may be useful in clinically important
      automatic arterial input function estimation because it can be used to improve
      automatic selection of voxels from which the arterial input function should be
      measured.

PMID- 26988815
TI  - Spectrum of Clinical and Associated MR Imaging Findings in Children with
      Olfactory Anomalies.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The olfactory apparatus, consisting of the bulb and
      tract, is readily identifiable on MR imaging. Anomalous development of the
      olfactory apparatus may be the harbinger of anomalies of the secondary olfactory
      cortex and associated structures. We report a large single-site series of
      associated MR imaging findings in patients with olfactory anomalies. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A retrospective search of radiologic reports (2010 through 2014) was
      performed by using the keyword "olfactory"; MR imaging studies were reviewed for
      olfactory anomalies and intracranial and skull base malformations. Medical
      records were reviewed for clinical symptoms, neuroendocrine dysfunction,
      syndromic associations, and genetics. RESULTS: We identified 41 patients with
      olfactory anomalies (range, 0.03-18 years of age; M/F ratio, 19:22); olfactory
      anomalies were bilateral in 31 of 41 patients (76%) and absent olfactory bulbs
      and olfactory tracts were found in 56 of 82 (68%). Developmental delay was found
      in 24 (59%), and seizures, in 14 (34%). Pituitary dysfunction was present in 14
      (34%), 8 had panhypopituitarism, and 2 had isolated hypogonadotropic
      hypogonadism. CNS anomalies, seen in 95% of patients, included hippocampal
      dysplasia in 26, cortical malformations in 15, malformed corpus callosum in 10,
      and optic pathway hypoplasia in 12. Infratentorial anomalies were seen in 15
      (37%) patients and included an abnormal brain stem in 9 and an abnormal
      cerebellum in 3. Four patients had an abnormal membranous labyrinth. Genetic
      testing was performed in 23 (56%) and findings were abnormal in 11 (48%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Olfactory anomalies should prompt careful screening of the brain,
      skull base, and the pituitary gland for additional anomalies. Genetic testing
      should be considered.

PMID- 26988814
TI  - Whole-Brain DTI Assessment of White Matter Damage in Children with Bilateral
      Cerebral Palsy: Evidence of Involvement beyond the Primary Target of the Anoxic
      Insult.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral palsy is frequently associated with both motor
      and nonmotor symptoms. DTI can characterize the damage at the level of motor
      tracts but provides less consistent results in nonmotor areas. We used a
      standardized pipeline of analysis to describe and quantify the pattern of DTI
      white matter abnormalities of the whole brain in a group of children with chronic
      bilateral cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia. We also explored
      potential correlations between DTI and clinical scale metrics. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Twenty-five patients (mean age, 11.8 years) and 25 healthy children
      (mean age, 11.8 years) were studied at 3T with a 2-mm isotropic DTI sequence.
      Differences between patients and controls were assessed both voxelwise and in
      ROIs obtained from an existing DTI atlas. Clinical metrics included the Gross
      Motor Function Classification System, the Manual Ability Classification System,
      and intelligence quotient. RESULTS: The voxel-level and ROI-level analyses
      demonstrated highly significant (P < .001) modifications of DTI measurements in
      patients at several levels: cerebellar peduncles, corticospinal tracts and
      posterior thalamic radiations, posterior corpus callosum, external capsule,
      anterior thalamic radiation, superior longitudinal fasciculi and corona radiata,
      optic nerves, and chiasm. The reduction of fractional anisotropy values in
      significant tracts was between 8% and 30%. Statistically significant correlations
      were found between motor impairment and fractional anisotropy in corticospinal
      tracts and commissural and associative tracts of the supratentorial brain.
      CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the involvement of several motor and nonmotor areas
      in the chronic damage associated with periventricular leukomalacia and showed new
      correlations between motor skills and DTI metrics.

PMID- 26988816
TI  - Reduction of Oxygen-Induced CSF Hyperintensity on FLAIR MR Images in Sedated
      Children: Usefulness of Magnetization-Prepared FLAIR Imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Oxygen-induced CSF hyperintensity on FLAIR MR imaging is
      often observed in sedated children. This phenomenon can mimic leptomeningeal
      pathology and lead to a misdiagnosis. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate whether magnetization-prepared FLAIR MR imaging can reduce oxygen
      induced CSF hyperintensity and improve image quality compared with conventional
      (non-magnetization-prepared) FLAIR MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bloch
      simulation for magnetization-prepared and non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR
      sequences was performed for tissue contrast. We retrospectively reviewed 85
      children with epilepsy who underwent MR imaging under general anesthesia with
      supplemental oxygen (41 with non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR and 44 with
      magnetization-prepared FLAIR). CSF hyperintensity was scored from 0 to 3 points
      according to the degree of CSF signal intensity and was compared between the 2
      sequences. The contrast-to-noise ratios among GM, WM, and CSF were evaluated to
      assess general image quality from both sequences. To assess the diagnostic
      accuracy for hemorrhage, we reviewed an additional 25 patients with hemorrhage.
      RESULTS: Bloch simulation demonstrated that CSF hyperintensity can be reduced on
      magnetization-prepared FLAIR compared with non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR. CSF
      hyperintensity scores were significantly lower in magnetization-prepared FLAIR
      than in non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR (P < .01). The contrast-to-noise ratios
      for GM-WM, GM-CSF, and WM-CSF were significantly higher in magnetization-prepared
      FLAIR than in non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR (P < .05). Hemorrhage was clearly
      demarcated from CSF hyperintensity in the magnetization-prepared group (100%,
      12/12) and non-magnetization-prepared group (38%, 5/13). CONCLUSIONS:
      Magnetization-prepared 3D-FLAIR MR imaging can significantly reduce oxygen
      induced CSF artifacts and increase the tissue contrast-to-noise ratio beyond the
      levels achieved with conventional non-magnetization-prepared 3D-FLAIR MR imaging.

PMID- 26988817
TI  - A New Ultrasound Marker for Bedside Monitoring of Preterm Brain Growth.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Preterm neonates are at risk for neurodevelopmental
      impairment, but reliable, bedside-available markers to monitor preterm brain
      growth during hospital stay are still lacking. The aim of this study was to
      assess the feasibility of corpus callosum-fastigium length as a new cranial
      sonography marker for monitoring of preterm brain growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      In this longitudinal prospective cohort study, cranial ultrasound was planned on
      the day of birth, days 1, 2, 3, and 7 of life; and then weekly until discharge in
      preterm infants born before 29 weeks of gestational age. Reproducibility and
      associations between clinical variables and corpus callosum-fastigium growth
      trajectories were studied. RESULTS: A series of 1-8 cranial ultrasounds was
      performed in 140 infants (median gestational age at birth, 27(+2) weeks
      (interquartile range, 26(+1) to 28(+1); 57.9% male infants). Corpus callosum
      fastigium measurements showed good-to-excellent agreement for inter- and
      intraobserver reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.89). Growth
      charts for preterm infants between 24 and 32 weeks of gestation were developed.
      Male sex and birth weight SD score were positively associated with corpus
      callosum-fastigium growth rate. CONCLUSIONS: Corpus callosum-fastigium length
      measurement is a new reproducible marker applicable for bedside monitoring of
      preterm brain growth during neonatal intensive care stay.

PMID- 26988819
TI  - [Significance of precision medicine in pancreatic cancer prevention and
      treatment].
AB  - The morbidity and mortality of pancreatic cancer has been increasing year by
      year, however, the treatment progress and prevention effect were minimal. With
      the development of basic research, especially the advances of gene sequencing
      technology, it was possible to clarify the etiology and pathogenesis of
      pancreatic cancer, and achieve the first stage prevention. The discovery of
      pancreatic cancer exosomes of high sensitivity and specificity made early
      diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (the second stage prevention) no longer a
      worldwide problem. The build of pancreatic cancer genotyping with clinical
      applicability made the precision treatment of pancreatic cancer (the third stage
      prevention) possible. Thus, the precision medicine which is based on advances of
      gene sequencing, popularity of the Internet and the big data technology has
      brought a ray of hope for the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer. 

PMID- 26988818
TI  - Proteome analysis of the macroscopically affected colonic mucosa of Crohn's
      disease and intestinal tuberculosis.
AB  - Differentiation between intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) and Crohn's disease (CD) is
      challenging in geographical regions where both these diseases are prevalent.
      There is a need of biomarkers for differentiation between these two disorders.
      Colonic biopsies from inflamed mucosa of treatment-naive patients with ITB, CD
      and controls were used for analysis. Protein extracted from biopsies was digested
      with trypsin and resulting peptides were labeled with iTRAQ reagents. The
      peptides were subsequently analyzed using LC-MS/MS for identification and
      quantification. Gene ontology annotation for proteins was analyzed in PANTHER.
      Validation experiments were done for six differentially expressed proteins using
      immunohistochemistry. 533 proteins were identified and 241 proteins were
      quantified from 5 sets of iTRAQ experiments. While 63 were differentially
      expressed in colonic mucosa of patients with CD and ITB in at least one set of
      iTRAQ experiment, 11 proteins were differentially expressed in more than one set
      of experiments. Six proteins used for validation using immunohistochemistry in a
      larger cohort of patients; none of them however was differentially expressed in
      patients with ITB and CD. There are differentially expressed proteins in tissue
      proteome of CD and ITB. Further experiments are required using a larger cohort of
      homogeneous tissue samples. 

PMID- 26988820
TI  - [Changes of macrophages in colitis-associated colonic carcinogenesis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of quantity and phenotype of macrophages
      during the progress of colitis-associated carcinogenesis, and to identify the
      chemokines mediating macrophage recruitment. METHODS: Colitis-associated cancer
      was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) combined with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in
      C57BL/6 mice. The three sequential developmental stages of colitis associated
      cancer in the mice were named AD1, AD2 and AD3, respectively. Colon tissues were
      collected and digested into single-cell suspension. The percentage and phenotype
      of macrophages in the colon tissues were determined by fluorescence activated
      cell sorter (FACS). Protein array and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      were used to predict potential chemotatic factors of macrophages. RESULTS:
      Colitis-associated cancer was effectively induced in C57BL/6 mice using AOM
      combined with DSS. The percentage of macrophages was gradually elevated in the
      AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups [(9.93+/-1.28)%, (15.42+/-1.15)%, (21.25+/-0.62)%],
      respectively, significantly higher than that of the control group [(2.39+/
      0.54)%, P<0.01]. The macrophages infiltrating the colonic mucosa exhibited mainly
      a pro-inflammatory phenotype as CD206(-)CD86(+) MHCII(-). The positive rates of
      CD206 in the AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups were (15.03+/-1.54)%, (8.11+/-3.70)%, and
      (9.06+/-1.16)%, respectively, significantly lower than that of the control group
      [(19.43+/-7.31)%, P<0.01]. The positive rates of CD86 in the AD2 and AD3 groups
      were (46.73+/-6.58)% and (76.90+/-14.32)%, respectively, significantly higher
      than that of the control group [(19.37+/-9.69)%, P<0.01)]. The positive rates of
      MHCII in the AD1, AD2 and AD3 groups were (31.10+/-2.69)%, (33.93+/-14.08)%, and
      (29.93+/-1.41)%, respectively, significantly lower than that of the control group
      [(50.30+/-6.58)%, P<0.01]. Protein array analysis and real-time PCR data revealed
      that G-CSF was the potential chemokine to recruit macrophages in the AOM-DSS
      mouse model. CONCLUSION: Macrophages infiltrate increasingly during the
      carcinogenesis and development of colitis-associated cancer, which mostly express
      CD206(-)CD86(+) MHCII(-) and might be potentially recruited by G-CSF.

PMID- 26988821
TI  - [RNPC1 induces sensitivity of HER-2-positive breast cancer BT474 cells to
      trastuzumab through upregulation of HER2].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the sensitivity of HER-2-positive BT474 breast cancer cells
      to trastuzumab after knockdown or overexpression of RNA binding protein 38
      (RNPC1). METHODS: The expressions of RNPC1 and HER-2 mRNA were detected by qRT
      PCR, and the expressions of RNPC1, HER-2 and PI3K/AKT proteins were detected by
      Western blot after transfected with RNPC1 lentiviral vector, respectively. The
      experimental groups were treated with different concentration of trastuzumab, and
      cell apoptosis rate was analyzed by 7-AAD/APC double staining flow cytometry, and
      cell growth inhibition rate was tested by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8). The
      expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot assay.
      RESULTS: The results of qRT-PCR showed that overexpression of RNPC1 increased the
      expressions of RNPC1 and HER-2 mRNA, and the expressions of RNPC1 and HER-2 were
      decreased after RNPC1 knockdown. The knockdown of RNPC1 decreased the expressions
      of RNPC1 and HER-2. Moreover, overexpression of RNPC1 decreased and knockdown of
      RNPC1 increased the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT while the total protein
      expressions of both were marginally changed.The results of analysis using a cell
      counting CCK-8 kit showed that the RNPC1 overexpressed group had a higher growth
      inhibition rate [(20.33+/-1.25)%, (35.38+/-2.05)%, (50.43+/-2.12)%, (65.35+/
      2.08)% and(76.00+/-2.16)%, respectively] than that of the control group [(13.67+/
      1.24)%, (27.86+/-2.05)%, (39.72+/-1.69)%, (53.33+/-1.70)% and(62.68+/-2.07)% ]
      when treated with different concentrations of trastuzumab (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25
      MUg/ml). The cell apoptosis rates in the RNPC1-overexpressed group [(19.46+/
      1.06)%, (30.87+/-0.98)%, (50.45+/-1.13)%, respectively] were also increased
      compared with that in the control group [(14.38+/-0.64)%, (21.65+/-1.24)%,
      (38.03+/-0.85)%] when treated with different concentrations of trastuzumab (0,
      10, 20 and 30 MUg/ml)(P<0.05 for all). Reverse results were observed in the RNPC1
      knockdown experiments [experimental groups: (9.67+/-1.18)%, (21.67+/-1.23)%,
      (30.33+/-1.25)%, (40.33+/-1.69)%, and (53.00+/-1.63)%] compared with those of
      control groups: [(14.00+/-0.82)%, (27.67+/-1.25)%, (39.67+/-1.79)%, (53.67+/
      1.50)%, and (63.33+/-1.52)%]; and experimental groups: [(11.64+/-0.68)%, (16.60+/
      1.01)%, and (25.14+/-3.12)%] compared with those of the control groups: [(14.71+/
      0.61)%, (22.65+/-0.96)%, and (39.03+/-0.85)%]. The overexpression of RNPC1
      increased the expression levels of Bim and Bad and decreased the level of Bcl-xl,
      and reverse result was observed after knockdown of RNPC1. CONCLUSION: RNPC1 may
      promote the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to trastuzumab through the
      increased expression of HER-2 in the BT474 breast cancer cells.

PMID- 26988822
TI  - [Expression and significance of FoxM1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells
      in vitro and in vivo].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and significance of FoxM1 in esophageal
      squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines and tissues. METHODS: Western blot
      assay was used to detect the expression of FoxM1 in human esophageal epithelial
      cells and esophageal squamous cell cancer cell lines TE1, TE10, TE11 and Eca109
      cells. To determine whether down-regulation of FoxM1 expression could inhibit the
      aggressive phenotype of ESCC cells, we knocked down the expression of FoxM1 by
      using FoxM1-shRNA in TE1 cells. Then we detected the cell proliferation,
      migration and invasion of TE1 cells by MTT assay, scratch assay and transwell
      assay. Furthermore, the effect of FoxM1 knockdown on tumorigenicity in nude mice
      was evaluated. Finally, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the
      expression of FoxM1 in 99 cases of ESCC tissues and adjacent normal esophageal
      tissues. chi(2) test was used to analyze the correlations between the expression
      of FoxM1 and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of ESCC patients.
      RESULTS: Western blot data showed that FoxM1 expression was lower in normal
      esophageal epithelial cells and highly expressed in four esophageal cancer cell
      lines, especially in TE1 cells. Knockdown of FoxM1 inhibited the growth, invasion
      and migration of TE1 cells and reduced their tumorigenicity in nude mice.The
      positive expression rate of FoxM1 in ESCC was 61.6% (61/99), significantly higher
      than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues (24.2%, 24/99) (P<0.05). The
      positive expression rate of FoxM1 in ESCC tissues was 61.6% (61/99),
      significantly higher than that in the paired adjacent normal tissues (24.2%,
      24/99) (P<0.05). FoxM1 expression was significantly and positively correlated
      with lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and invasive depth (P<0.05). The
      median survival time was 42.3 months in 38 cases of patients with negative FoxM1
      expression, and 33.0 months in 61 cases of positive FoxM1 expression, and the
      difference was statistically significant (P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: FoxM1 is highly
      expressed in ESCC, and significantly correlated with the initiation, development
      and prognosis of esophageal cancer. FOXM1 might be an indicator to predict the
      prognosis and serve as a potential target for therapy in esophageal cancer.

PMID- 26988823
TI  - [Relationship of clinicopathological features and chemotherapeutic outcomes in
      women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative familial breast cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of clinicopathological features and
      response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation
      negative familial breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 6 200 women with breast
      cancer were treated at our hospital from October 2003 to December 2012. All
      subjects underwent genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Patients with BRCA1
      and BRCA2 mutations were excluded. This cohort of 5 842 patients with BRCA1 and
      BRCA2 mutation-negative breast cancer was classified as two groups: familial
      breast cancer patients (n=480) and sporadic breast cancer patients (n=5 362). The
      clinicalpathological data and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy of the 480
      patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative familial breast cancer and the 5
      362 patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative sporadic breast cancer were
      compared retrospectively. Then the influencing factors of response to neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative
      breast cancer patients, 4.4% of the patients were diagnosed before 30 years of
      age in the familial breast cancer group, significantly higher than that of 2.6%
      in the sporadic breast cancer group(P=0.020). 5.0% of the patients in the
      familial breast cancer group had bilateral breast cancer, significantly higher
      than that of 2.7% in the sporadic breast cancer group (P=0.004). Compared with
      BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative sporadic breast cancer patients, the relative
      risk of early-onset breast cancer (<= 30 years) and bilateral breast cancer were
      1.73 and 1.91, respectively, significantly higher than that in the BRCA1 and
      BRCA2 mutation-negative familial breast cancer cases (P=0.020 and P=0.004). 2 964
      patients in this cohort of 5 842 case sreceived neoadjuvant chemotherapy.The
      pathologic complete response (pCR) rate was significantly higher in the BRCA1 and
      BRCA2 mutation-negative familial breast cancer group than in the BRCA1 and BRCA2
      mutation-negative sporadic breast cancer group (21.7% vs. 14.0%, P=0.001).
      Independent factors associated with pCR in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative
      breast cancer patients were tumor size less than 2 cm (P=0.012), histologic grade
      III (P<0.001), triple-negative breast cancers (P<0.001), and BRCA1 and BRCA2
      mutation-negative familial breast cancer(P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with
      BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative sporadic breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2
      mutation-negative familial breast cancer is more likely diagnosed before the age
      of 30 years and has a higher risk to develop bilateral breast cancer. BRCA1 and
      BRCA2 mutation-negative familial breast cancers are more likely to respond to
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy than BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation-negative sporadic breast
      cancer.

PMID- 26988824
TI  - [Association between efficacy and molecular subtypes in breast cancer patients
      receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between pathological complete response
      (pCR), clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes in breast cancer
      patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Medical records of 221
      patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer between January
      2006 and December 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Their clinicopathological
      features, response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, survivals and prognostic factors
      were then analyzed. RESULTS: The total pCR rate was 11.3% (25/221). The rate of
      pCR was 0%(0/12), 5.7%(6/106), 7.4%(2/27) and 16.9%(11/65) in the luminal A,
      luminal B, HER-2, and Basal-like subtypes, respectively. Statistically
      significant association was found between the pCR rate and the molecular
      substypes of breast cancer(P<0.05). The median 5-year disease free survival and
      the 5-year overall survival were 72 months and 79 months. The 5-year disease free
      survival rate and 5-year overall survival rate were 61.1% and 71.9% in all the
      221 patients. The 5-year disease free survival rates of pCR and non-pCR patients
      were 84.0% and 58.2%, and the 5-year overall survival rates of pCR and non-pCR
      patients were 96.0% and 68.9%, respectively(P<0.05 for all). The multivariate
      survival analysis showed that clinical and pathological node stage and pCR are
      independent prognostic factors for the 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year
      total survival in patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P<0.05 for both).
      CONCLUSIONS: pCR is more frequently observed in HER-2 and basal-like breast
      cancer subtypes compared with the luminal breast cancer subtype. The status of
      clinical and pathological node status and pCR are independent prognostic factors
      in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

PMID- 26988825
TI  - [Cone beam CT-derived adaptive radiotherapy for setup error assessment and
      correction in whole breast intensity modulated radiotherapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To quantify the setup error (SE) in breast cancer patients treated
      with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) based on cone beam CT (CBCT), and to
      explore the feasibility of using several CBCT scans to presume and correct SE in
      the treatment for breast cancer patients. METHODS: Eighteen breast cancer
      patients after breast conserving surgery who underwent whole breast IMRT were
      included in this study. Three dimensional interfraction motion before and after
      on-line CBCT-based corrections were quantified. The on-line CBCT-based
      corrections were performed using automated greyscale match. The system SE (Sigma)
      and random error (sigma) were calculated for each patient based on the
      consecutive multiple online scanning based on CBCT (>=5). The trends in
      magnitudes of Sigma and sigmawere assessed during the treatment. RESULTS: The
      magnitude variation of Sigma was less than 1 mm before and after on-line CBCT
      based corrections. As the CBCT scanning times increase (before 10 times), the
      Sigma in anteroposterior (AP) direction was increased significantly, and sigmain
      three dimensional directions was also increased after 7 times of CBCT scanning.
      After on-line CBCT-based corrections, the Sigma showed a steady trend by
      variation near zero for the first 20 times irradiation; but after 20 times, the
      Sigma in AP and superoinferior (SI) directions was increased slightly (less than
      0.5 mm), and sigmadecreased in three-dimensional directions. There were no
      significant differences for Sigma, sigmaand setup margin (SM) before and after on
      line CBCT-based corrections in all three directions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For
      breast cancer patients who underwent IMRT after breast conserving surgery, the
      setup error is relatively stable during the whole irradiation. The first 5 CBCT
      scans are suitable to presume and correct SE, and also can be used as the right
      time for adaptive radiotherapy planning revision.

PMID- 26988827
TI  - [Clinical characteristics and prognosis of concurrent positive t(14; 18) and myc
      gene rearrangement in diffuse large B cell lymphoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of positive t(14; 18) and myc gene
      rearrangement, and the clinical features and prognosis of concurrent positive
      t(14; 18) and myc gene rearrangement "double-hit lymphoma" (DHL) in diffuse large
      B cell lymphoma. METHODS: The positive t(14; 18) and myc gene rearrangement in
      106 cases of DLBCL were analyzed using interphase fluorescent in situ
      hybridization (FISH) technique. The expression of myc and bcl-2 proteins was
      determined by immunohistochemistry. The relationship of positive t(14; 18) and
      myc gene rearrangement with clinical features, pathogenesis and prognosis for the
      patients was analyzed. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis.
      RESULTS: Among the 106 cases, there were 27 (25.5%) cases with positive t(14; 18)
      and 13 (12.3%) cases with myc gene rearrangement, and 7 cases (6.6%) of DLBCL
      with concurrent t(14; 18)-positive and myc gene rearrangement. A relationship was
      observed between positive t(14; 18) and myc gene rearrangement (P=0.019). The
      follow-up data showed that the 7 DHL patients were in age of 52-84 years, the
      International Prognostic Index (IPI) scores were 3 in two cases, 4 in four cases
      and 5 in one case, and the ECOG scores were 3 in all the 7 cases. Four patients
      had bone marrow involvement and were combined with leukemia. The survival time
      ranged from 0.5 to 6 months, with a median survival of 4 months. The univariate
      analysis showed that B symptom, Ann Arbor stage, ECOG score, LDH level, IPI
      score, immunophenotype, bcl-2 protein expression, myc protein expression, and myc
      gene rearrangement were all associated with poor prognosis (P<0.05 for all). The
      multivariate analysis using a COX proportional hazard model confirmed that ECOG
      score, bcl-2 protein expression, myc protein expression, myc gene rearrangement,
      and immunophenotype were independent prognostic factors affecting survival
      (P<0.05 for all), among them, the myc gene rearrangement was the strongest
      prognostic factor (OR=4.337, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: "Double-hit" DLBCL is rare
      and can be mainly identified only by molecular detection. Perhaps positive t(14;
      18) and myc gene rearrangement play concurrent role in its "double-hit"
      pathogenesis. DHL are highly invasive, and most of DHL patients have poor
      prognosis. Further studies of larger case number are required to determine the
      pathologic features and the therapeutic strategy of this subgroup.

PMID- 26988826
TI  - [Prognostic significance of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase before transcatheter
      arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatitis C virus-related
      hepatocellular carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of serum GGT in patients with
      hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV-HCC) treated with
      transcatheeter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS: The
      clinicopathological data of 110 patients with hepatitis C virus-related stage B
      hepatocellular carcinoma, who received TACE treatment from January 2008 to May
      2011, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups:
      the normal GCT group (GGT<50 U/L, 41 cases) and high GCT group (GGT>=50 U/L, 69
      cases). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the survival rates, log-rank
      test was used for univariate analysis, and Cox regression model was used for
      multivariate analysis. The factors affecting survival and prognosis of the
      patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The pretreatment GGT level was (160.0+/-120.2)
      U/L in the high GGT group and (40.1+/-8.5) U/L in the normal GGT group (P<0.001).
      After TACE treatment, the 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 90.2%, 45.9% and
      24.6% in the high GGT group, and 90.2%, 75.6% and 58.5%, respectively, in the
      normal GGT group (P=0.002). The univariate analysis showed that the pretreatment
      GGT level, ECOG score, alpha-fetoprotein, tumor size, tumor number, and Child
      grade are factors affecting the prognosis of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma
      patients (P<0.05 for all). The Cox multivariate survival analysis revealed that
      the tumor size, tumor number, Child grade, and serum GGT level are independent
      prognostic factors for patients with stage B HCV-related hepatocellular
      carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The level of serum GGT before TACE is an independent
      prognostic factor for patients with stage B HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 26988828
TI  - [Comparison of clinical outcomes of patients with non-small cell lung cancer
      harboring different types of epidermal growth factor receptor sensitive mutations
      after first-line EGFR-TKI treatment].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether there are differences in the efficacy and clinical
      outcomes to first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) therapy in Chinese
      patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring different
      subtypes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. METHODS: A
      retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of stage IIIB or IV NSCLC
      patients who were diagnosed by histology and received EGFR mutation test, in
      order to confirm if there is any difference between the therapeutic effects of
      TKIs as first-line therapy and the prognosis. RESULTS: A total of 165 patients
      harboring EGFR exon 19 deletion (19del, n=71), exon 21 L858R mutation (L858R,
      n=80) or uncommon sensitive mutation (n=14) were treated with EGFR-TKIs for first
      line treatment. The comparison among different groups of common types of
      sensitive mutations revealed that the objective response rate (ORR) of group
      19del and group L858R were 57.8% and 45.0%, respectively (P=0.113). The disease
      control rate (DCR) was 93.0% and 93.8%, respectively (P=0.158). However, the ORR
      and DCR of uncommon sensitive mutation were 35.7% and 78.6%, which were
      significantly lower than that of the group 19del (P=0.035) and group L858R
      (P=0.020). The median progression-free survival (PFS) of group 19del, group L858R
      and uncommon sensitive mutation were 14.0 months, 7.8 months and 5.1 months,
      respectively (P=0.001). The median PFS of the group 19del was significantly
      longer than that of the group L858R (P=0.009). The median overall survival (OS)
      of these three groups had significant difference (22.8, 15.2 and 10.0 months)
      (P=0.048). But those of group 19del and group L858R were similar (P=0.152). The
      multivariate analysis indicated that ECOG-PS (P=0.030), cigarette smoking
      (P=0.013) and EGFR mutation types (P=0.034) are independent prognostic factors of
      OS. CONCLUSIONS: For Chinese NSCLC patients with different types of sensitive
      mutation, there are differences between their efficacy and prognosis of EGFR-TKIs
      as first-line treatment. The PFS of group 19del is obviously longer than that of
      other types of sensitive mutations, but have no significant differences in OS.
      The PFS and OS of patients with common types of sensitive mutation are better
      than those with uncommon sensitive mutation.

PMID- 26988829
TI  - [Analysis of the therapeutic effects of different treatment modalities on the
      outcomes of 87 patients with lung oligometastasis from nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      after radiotherapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of three
      different modalities in treatment of lung oligometastases from nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma (NPC) after radiotherapy and to identify a more appropriate treatment
      modality. METHODS: The clinical data of 87 cases of lung oligometastases from NPC
      were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, 33 patients underwent local small
      field irradiation+ /- chemotherapy, 28 underwent whole-lung irradiation+
      chemotherapy, and 26 underwent simple chemotherapy. The survival rates were
      calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The differences among the modalities were
      evaluated using the log-rank test. Cox univariate and multivariate analyses were
      performed to determine the influencing factors. RESULTS: The 3-year lung
      metastasis survival (LMS) rates of patients with lung metastasis undergoing the
      three treatment modalities (local small-field irradiation+ /-chemotherapy, whole
      lung irradiation+ chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone) were 89.3%, 72.7%, and
      72.4%, respectively, showing a significant difference between the groups
      (P=0.003). Further subgroup analysis showed that the 5-year LMS rate was
      significantly higher in the local small-field irradiation+ /-chemotherapy group
      than that in the whole-lung irradiation+ chemotherapy group and chemotherapy
      alone group (P=0.001). The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates of the
      three groups were 57.1%, 25.8% and 3.8%, respectively, showing significant
      intergroup differences (P=0.002 and P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated
      that compared with the whole lung irradiation group and the chemotherapy alone
      group, the local irradiation+ /- chemotherapy is an independent favorable
      prognostic factor for LMS and PFS (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Local radiotherapy
      combined with systemic chemotherapy is the best therapeutic modality for lung
      oligometastases derived from NPC after radiotherapy, improving the LMS and
      prolonging the PFS.

PMID- 26988830
TI  - [Clinical efficacy of (125)I seed implantation in the treatment of delayed
      hepatic metastasis from colon carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided (125)I seed
      implantation in the treatment of delayed hepatic metastasis from colon carcinoma.
      METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2014, 48 patients with delayed hepatic
      metastasis from colon carcinoma (study group) underwent (125)I seed implantation.
      The clinical data and therapeutic effect in the study group were retrospectively
      analyzed and the therapeutic efficacy was compared with that of 59 patients with
      delayed hepatic metastasis from colon carcinoma (control group) who underwent
      ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The clinical data of these
      patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: In the 48 patients of study
      group, there were 13 cases of complete response (CR), 23 cases of partial
      response (PR), 8 cases of stable disease (SD) and 4 cases of progressive disease
      (PD). In the 59 patients of control group, there were 16 cases of CR, 28 cases of
      PR, 9 cases of SD and 6 cases of PD. The objective response rate (ORR) was 75.0%
      in the study group and 74.6% in the control group.The results of Ridit analysis
      showed that the therapeutic effect in the two groups was similar (P>0.05). The
      0.5-, 1- and 2-year overall survival rates in the study group and control group
      were 97.9%, 83.3%, 66.7% and 96.6%, 84.8%, 69.5%, respectively, showing no
      significant statistical difference between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION:
      (125)I seed implantation has positive effects in the treatment of delayed hepatic
      metastasis from colon carcinoma, and is of much value for clinic application.

PMID- 26988831
TI  - [Application of (125)I seeds combined with biliary stent implantation in the
      treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility and therapeutic effect of the application of
      (125)I seeds combined with biliary stent implantation on the treatment of
      malignant obstructive jaundice. METHODS: Fifty patients with malignant
      obstructive jaundice treated from September 2010 to February 2013 in Yantai
      Yuhuangding Hospital were included in this study. Among them, 24 patients
      received biliary stent implantation combined with (125)I seeds intraluminal
      brachytherapy as experimental group, and 26 were treated by biliary stent
      implantation as control group.The total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and tumor
      markers (CA-199, CA-242, CEA) before and after surgery, the biliary stent patency
      status was assessed, and the survival time was evaluated. RESULTS: The 24
      patients in experimental group were implanted with 30 (125)I seeds successfully
      in a total of 450 seeds. Jaundice was improved greatly in both groups. The CA-199
      and CA-242 after treatment in the experimental group were significantly decreased
      than that before treatment (P=0.003 and P=0.004). CEA was also decreased, but
      showed no statistical significance (P>0.05). There were no significant
      improvement comparing the CA-199, CA-242 and CEA before and 2 months after
      surgery in the control group (P>0.05). The rate of biliary stent patency was
      83.3% (20/24) in the experimental group and 57.7% (15/26) in the control group
      (P=0.048). The mean biliary stent patency time in the experimental group was 9.84
      months (range 1-15.5 months). The mean biliary stent patency time in the control
      group was 5.57 months (range 0.8-9 months). There was a significant difference
      between the two groups (P=0.018). The median survival time was 10.2 months in the
      experimental group and 5.4 months in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:
      (125)I seeds combined with biliary stent implantation can inhibit the
      proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and the growth of tumor effectively,
      and can prolong the biliary stent patency time and the survival time obviously
      for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice, therefore, is a safe and
      effective treatment in this malignancy.

PMID- 26988832
TI  - [Clinical features and surgical treatment of chest aggressive fibromatosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features and surgical treatment of chest
      aggressive fibromatosis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with aggressive
      fibromatosis treated from September 1998 to May 2014 in the Department of
      Thoracic Surgery of Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were
      included in this study. RESULTS: The 25 patients, including 12 males and 13
      famales, had an average age of 38 (range 15-76 years). The initial manifestations
      included chest pain (9 patients, 36.0%) and shortness of breath (1 patient). In
      13 patients (52.0%) the tumor was found in a physical examination. Two patients
      (8.0%) were detected during an operation for lung disease. The tumor was located
      in the left chest wall in 15 patients, and located on the right side in 10
      patients. Among them, the most common locations were the left front chest wall
      and the right front chest wall. The operation method affects the prognosis.
      Radiological imaging and needle biopsy did not make a correct diagnosis, and the
      diagnosis of aggressive fibromatosis was confirmed by pathology using
      immunohistechmistry after surgery. 13 patients underwent tumor resection, 9 cases
      had expanded resection, 3 patients had palliative resection. Six cases received
      radiotherapy after surgery. The median follow-up time was 101.5 months.
      Currently, all of the 25 patients are still alive, but 5 cases had local
      recurrence after surgery, among them, 4 patients received tumor resection, and
      one patient underwent expanded resection. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive fibromatosis is
      a low-grade malignant tumor. The diagnosis of aggressive fibromatosis needs to be
      confirmed by pathology using immunohistechmical staining after surgery. Although
      this tumor is liable to relapse, its prognosis is favorable. Radical surgery is
      the most important treatment for patients to get a higher quality of life and
      long-term survival without recurrence.

PMID- 26988833
TI  - [Analysis of life-threatening complications during perioperative period in
      patients undergoing radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors influencing life-threatening complications
      during perioperative period in patients undergoing traditional cystectomy with
      orthotopic neobladder. METHODS: To retrospectively analyze the clinical data of
      206 cases who underwent radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder. Logistic
      regression analysis was used to analyze the significance of the factors such as
      age, amount of bleeding, pathological stage, effective supplement of albumin,
      cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, operation duration, intestinal
      preparation, etc., on the occurrence of severe complications. RESULTS: Among the
      206 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder, 22
      cases (10.7%) had life-threatening complications (intestinal fistula, hemorrhagic
      shock, severe infection) during the perioperative period, and 9 cases died
      (mortality rate 4.4%). Logistic regression analysis showed that the elderly age,
      long operation duration, lack of effective supplement of albumin, diabetes
      mellitus are independent factors influencing the occurrence of life-threatening
      complications during the perioperative period of radical cystectomy with
      orthotopic ileal neobladder (P<0.05 for all), and are risk factors positively
      correlated with the severe complications. CONCLUSION: The elderly age, long
      operation duration, lack of effective supplement of albumin, and diabetes
      mellitus are risk factors of the occurrence of life-threatening complications
      during the perioperative period in patients undergoing radical cystectomy with
      orthotopic ileal neobladder, therefore, attention should be paid to this issue.

PMID- 26988834
TI  - [Transformation to small-cell lung cancer from advanced lung adenocarcinoma after
      gefitinib treatment -report of a case].

PMID- 26988835
TI  - Practical Considerations for the Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients
      With Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant risk factor for stroke and peripheral
      thromboembolic events (TEs). Preventing blood clots in the heart to reduce stroke
      and TE risk is a key goal of AF therapy. Traditional stroke risk assessment tools
      for patients with nonvalvular AF include the CHADS2 and CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc scores,
      while long-term outcome data with the newer direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)
      are emerging. The goals of this review were to assess traditional therapies and
      existing treatment guidelines and to discuss key pharmacologic properties of the
      DOACS, noting how these may benefit at-risk patients with AF. This narrative
      review was developed on the basis of the authors' clinical knowledge, extensive
      reading of the literature, and broad pharmacy experience in the management of
      patients with AF. Limitations of oral vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) include slow
      onset of action, the need for regular monitoring of their anticoagulation effect,
      significant food and drug interactions, and unpredictable dose-response
      properties. Key clinical trial data led to the approvals of apixaban, dabigatran
      etexilate, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban in the United States to reduce the risk of
      stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular AF. With predictable
      pharmacologic properties and limited drug and/or dietary interactions, the DOACs
      offer several benefits over traditional oral anticoagulation therapy with VKA.
      However, they have limitations, including the absence of immediate reversal
      agents and limited options for monitoring their anticoagulation effects in
      clinical practice. As experience with the use of DOACs grows, optimized treatment
      regimens and improved patient care are expected.

PMID- 26988836
TI  - Conditional cash transfers and the double burden of malnutrition among children
      in Colombia: a quasi-experimental study.
AB  - Conditional cash-transfer (CCT) programmes have been shown to improve the
      nutritional and health status of children from poor families. However, CCT
      programmes may have unintended and not fully known consequences by increasing the
      risk of overweight and obesity. We examined the impact of Familias en Accion
      (FA), a large CCT programme in Colombia, on the double burden of malnutrition
      among pre-school and school-aged children. Height and weight were measured before
      programme enrolment and during follow-ups in 1290 children from thirty-one
      treatment municipalities, being compared with 1584 children from sixty-two
      matched control municipalities. We used a difference-in-differences approach to
      evaluate the effect of FA on children's stunting, BMI z-scores, thinness,
      overweight and obesity, controlling for individual and municipality-level
      confounders. At baseline, the prevalences of stunting and overweight were 30.3
      and 15.4 %, respectively, in treatment municipalities and 27.9 and 17.4 % in
      control municipalities. FA was associated with reduced odds of thinness (OR 0.26;
      95 % CI 0.09, 0.75) and higher BMI-for-age z-scores (BMI z-scores) (beta 0.14; 95
      % CI 0.00, 0.27; P<0.05), although the latter was of small clinical significance.
      The prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity decreased over time, but the
      effect of FA on these outcomes was not significant. The CCT programme in Colombia
      reduced the odds of thinness, but had no effect on stunting, a more prevalent
      outcome. The FA programme had no effect on overweight or obesity, although BMI z
      scores were higher for children under treatment, raising the possibility of an
      increase of small clinical significance on BMI among pre-school and school-aged
      children. 

PMID- 26988838
TI  - Benefit of statin therapy in current smokers: Need for stronger evidence?

PMID- 26988837
TI  - The VALVAFRIC study: A registry of rheumatic heart disease in Western and Central
      Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are few African data available on rheumatic heart disease
      (RHD). AIM: To provide data on the clinical characteristics and treatment of
      patients with RHD hospitalized in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: The VALVAFRIC
      study is a multicentre hospital-based retrospective registry of patients with RHD
      hospitalized in African cardiology departments from 2004 to 2008. RESULTS: Among
      3441 patients with at least one mild RHD lesion seen on echocardiography in 5
      years in 12 cardiology departments from seven countries, 1385 had severe lesions
      (502 men; 803 women; mean age 29.3+/-15.6 years). The ratio of severe to any RHD
      valvular lesion was higher in countries with the lowest gross domestic product
      (GDP). Mitral valve regurgitation was seen in 52.8% of cases, aortic
      regurgitation in 32.1%, mitral stenosis in 13.4% and aortic stenosis in 1.8%.
      Combined valvular lesions were observed in 13% of cases. Heart failure was
      present in 40% of patients. Major left ventricular dilatation was observed in
      13.6% of patients, ectasic left atrial dilatation in 13.8%, dilatation of the
      right cardiac chambers in 19.8% and pulmonary hypertension in 28.7%. Patients
      with no formal schooling (41.5%) were older and had a higher New York Heart
      Association (NYHA) class and a lower ejection fraction (EF). Among patients
      aged<20 years (mean age 14.5+/-3.8 years), those who were schooled had a lower
      NYHA class (2.86+/-0.92 vs 3.42+/-0.93; P<0.01) and a higher EF (60.3+/-11.7 vs.
      54.8+/-12.8; P<0.05) than those who were not. RHD-related delays or school
      failures were affected by NYHA class, EF and the number of children in the
      household. Although 1200 of 1334 patients required valve repair or replacement,
      only 27 had surgery. In-hospital outcomes included death (16%), heart failure
      (62%), arrhythmias (22%), endocarditis (4%) and thromboembolic events (4%).
      Subsequently, 176 patients were readmitted (13.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with
      RHD hospitalized in sub-Saharan Africa are young, socially disadvantaged, with a
      high mortality rate and extremely low access to surgery. Poverty, as quantified
      by GDP and educational level, affects RHD-related severity, NYHA class and left
      ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 26988839
TI  - The new Occlutech((r)) patent ductus arteriosus occluder: Single centre
      experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transcatheter therapy is the first-line treatment for closure of
      patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A range of different devices have been used. AIM:
      To report our experience using the new Occlutech((r)) PDA occluder for closure of
      PDA. METHODS: All consecutive patients receiving an Occlutech((r)) PDA occluder
      for closure of PDA from March 2014 to May 2015 were included in the study.
      Occluders were implanted using a conventional technique. After cardiac
      catheterization, transthoracic echocardiography was performed sequentially.
      Residual shunting and procedural and mid-term complications, including
      embolization, device-induced left pulmonary artery stenosis and aortic
      coarctation, were systematically assessed and reported. RESULTS: Fifty-six
      patients (35 females) with a median age of 1 year (range: 29 days to 24 years)
      were included in the study. PDAs were closed successfully using device number
      5/3.5 in 17 patients, 6/4 in 28 patients, 7/5 in four patients, 8/6 in six
      patients and 10/8 in one patient. Post-implantation angiography showed no
      residual shunt in 10 patients (17.8%), moderate intraprosthetic shunt in 43
      patients (76.8%) and severe shunt in three patients (5.4%). One device embolized
      in the right pulmonary artery 1hour after successful closure; the device was
      retrieved surgically after unsuccessful snaring. After a mean follow-up of 10
      months (range: 3-17.8 months), no residual shunt or device-related complications
      were noted. CONCLUSION: The new Occlutech((r)) PDA occluder allows safe and
      efficient PDA closure, similar to existing devices.

PMID- 26988841
TI  - Development and Use of Scripted Filmed Scenarios to Teach the One-Minute
      Preceptor Model.

PMID- 26988840
TI  - Reflections on an Innovation: The First Trainee-Led Academic Psychiatry Journal.

PMID- 26988842
TI  - Spatial and seasonal influences on culturable endophytic mycobiota associated
      with different tissues of Eugenia jambolana Lam. and their antibacterial activity
      against MDR strains.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Present study focuses on diversity and distribution analysis of
      endophytic fungi associated with different tissues of Eugenia jambolana. The
      influence of season and geographical location on diversity and distribution of
      endophytic fungi has been analyzed. Antibacterial activity of isolated fungal
      species has also been investigated against MDR bacterial strains. RESULT: A total
      of 1896 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from healthy, surface sterilized
      tissues of leaf, stem and petiole tissues during summer, monsoon and winter
      season. Out of 24 fungal species isolated, 20 species belong to class
      Ascomycetes, 2 to Basidiomycetes and 2 to Zygomycetes. Maximum species diversity
      was in rainy season whereas colonization frequency was in winter. All the
      diversity indices showed maximum species diversity at site 5 (Yamunanager), rainy
      among the seasons and leaf among the tissues studied. Aspergillus genus was most
      frequently isolated. Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata were most
      dominant species. Three way ANOVA results showed that effect of season was highly
      significant on species diversity in relation to sites and tissues. 60% endophytic
      fungal extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against one or more
      than one MDR bacterial strain. CONCLUSION: Different fungal species were
      recovered from different sites but the inter-site comparisons were not
      significant according to Jaccard similarity coefficient. Diversity of such fungal
      endophytes indicates that Eugenia jambolana plant acts as an ecosystem
      facilitating survival of many microbes with impressive antibacterial potential.

PMID- 26988844
TI  - Dipyrrolonaphthyridinediones--structurally unique cross-conjugated dyes.
AB  - Red-emissive dyes based on a previously unknown skeleton--dipyrrolo[1,2-b:1',2'
      g][2,6]naphthyridine-5,11-dione--can be easily synthesized from simple and
      inexpensive reagents by one- or two-step routes. A careful selection of the
      substituents gives access to a variety of dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione derivatives
      with intense fluorescence in the range of 520-740 nm.

PMID- 26988843
TI  - Tau pathology-dependent remodelling of cerebral arteries precedes Alzheimer's
      disease-related microvascular cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by pathologic cerebrovascular
      remodelling. Whether this occurs already before disease onset, as may be
      indicated by early Braak tau-related cerebral hypoperfusion and blood-brain
      barrier (BBB) impairment found in previous studies, remains unknown. Therefore,
      we systematically quantified Braak tau stage- and cerebral amyloid angiopathy
      (CAA)-dependent alterations in the alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA),
      collagen, and elastin content of leptomeningeal arterioles, small arteries, and
      medium-sized arteries surrounding the gyrus frontalis medialis (GFM) and
      hippocampus (HIPP), including the sulci, of 17 clinically and pathologically
      diagnosed AD subjects (Braak stage IV-VI) and 28 non-demented control subjects
      (Braak stage I-IV). GFM and HIPP paraffin sections were stained for general
      collagen and elastin with the Verhoeff-van Gieson stain; alpha-SMA and
      CAA/amyloid beta (Abeta) were detected using immunohistochemistry. Significant
      arterial elastin degradation was observed from Braak stage III onward and
      correlated with Braak tau pathology (rho = 0.909, 95% CI 0.370 to 0.990, p <
      0.05). This was accompanied by an increase in neutrophil elastase expression by
      alpha-SMA-positive cells in the vessel wall. Small and medium-sized arteries
      exhibited significant CAA-independent alpha-SMA loss starting between Braak stage
      I and II-III, along with accumulation of phosphorylated paired helical filament
      (PHF) tau in the perivascular space of intraparenchymal vessels. alpha-SMA
      remained at the decreased level throughout the later Braak stages. In contrast,
      arterioles exhibited significant alpha-SMA loss only at Braak stage V and VI/in
      AD subjects, which was CAA-dependent/correlated with CAA burden (rho = -0.422,
      95% CI -0.557 to -0.265, p < 0.0001). Collagen content was only significantly
      changed in small arteries. Our data indicate that vessel wall remodelling of
      leptomeningeal arteries is an early-onset, Braak tau pathology-dependent process
      unrelated to CAA and AD, which potentially may contribute to downstream CAA
      dependent microvascular pathology in AD.

PMID- 26988845
TI  - The effect of nutritional supplementation on the multifocal electroretinogram in
      healthy eyes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in macular pigment
      optical density (MPOD) with lutein (L)-based supplementation in healthy eyes.
      However, not all studies have assessed whether this increase in MPOD is
      associated with changes to other measures of retinal function such as the
      multifocal ERG (mfERG). Some studies also fail to report dietary levels of L and
      zeaxanthin (Z). Because of the associations between increased levels of L and Z,
      and reduced risk of AMD, this study was designed to assess the effects of L-based
      supplementation on mfERG amplitudes and latencies in healthy eyes. METHODS:
      Multifocal ERG amplitudes, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, MPOD and dietary
      levels of L and Z were assessed in this longitudinal, randomized clinical trial.
      Fifty-two healthy eyes from 52 participants were randomly allocated to receive a
      L-based supplement (treated group), or no supplement (non-treated group).
      RESULTS: There were 25 subjects aged 18-77 (mean age +/- SD; 48 +/- 17) in the
      treated group and 27 subjects aged 21-69 (mean age +/- SD; 43 +/- 16) in the non
      treated group. All participants attended for three visits: visit one at baseline,
      visit two at 20 weeks and visit three at 40 weeks. A statistically significant
      increase in MPOD (F = 17.0, p <= 0.001) and shortening of mfERG ring 2 P1 latency
      (F = 3.69, p = 0.04) was seen in the treated group. CONCLUSIONS: Although the
      results were not clinically significant, the reported trend for improvement in
      MPOD and mfERG outcomes warrants further investigation.

PMID- 26988847
TI  - Validation of the Amharic Version of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory and
      Assessment of Symptoms in Ethiopian Cancer Patients.
AB  - CONTEXT: Cancer patients often face a variety of symptoms that impact their
      quality of life. The management of these symptoms is highly dependent on the
      accurate appraisal of their severity through the use of a standardized symptom
      assessment tool. The M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), developed in
      English, is one of such tools that contain 13 core cancer related symptoms that
      can easily be rated on a scale of 0-10. OBJECTIVES: The present study tried to
      develop and validate the Amharic language version of the MDASI (MDASI-Am).
      METHODS: The MDASI-Am was developed by the standard forward/backward translation
      of the original English version of the MDASI. The MDASI-Am was completed by or
      administered to 145 randomly selected Ethiopian cancer patients. Factor analysis,
      Cronbach alpha coefficient, and mean comparison, respectively, were used to
      establish construct validity, internal consistency, and known-group validity
      (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status). RESULTS: Factor analysis
      identified three symptom constructs interpreted as general, gastrointestinal, and
      neuropsychiatric symptoms, with Cronbach alpha coefficients of 0.70, 0.80, and
      0.82, respectively. The MDASI-Am significantly detected differences in symptom
      severity and interference levels in patient groups categorized according to
      Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (P < 0.01), establishing
      known-group validity. The most prevalent severe symptoms identified in the
      current sample were pain, sadness, numbness, distress, and fatigue. CONCLUSION:
      The MDASI-Am is a valid and reliable tool for measuring symptom severity and
      symptom interference with daily living in Ethiopian cancer patients.

PMID- 26988848
TI  - Palliative Care Education in Emergency Medicine Residency Training: A Survey of
      Program Directors, Associate Program Directors, and Assistant Program Directors.
AB  - CONTEXT: Emergency medicine (EM) residents perceive palliative care (PC) skills
      as important and want training, yet there is a general lack of formal PC training
      in EM residency programs. A clearer definition of the PC educational needs of EM
      trainees is a research priority. OBJECTIVES: To assess PC competency education in
      EM residency programs. METHODS: This was a mixed-mode survey of residency program
      directors, associate program directors, and assistant program directors at
      accredited EM residency programs, evaluating four educational domains: 1)
      importance of specific competencies for senior EM residents, 2) senior resident
      skills in PC competencies, 3) effectiveness of educational methods, and 4)
      barriers to training. RESULTS: Response rate was 50% from more than 100 residency
      programs. Most respondents (64%) identified PC competencies as important for
      residents to learn, and 59% reported that they teach7 PC skills in their
      residency program. In Domains 1 and 2, crucial conversations, management of pain,
      and management of the imminently dying had the highest scores for importance and
      residents' skill. In Domain 3, bedside teaching, mentoring from hospice and
      palliative medicine faculty, and case-based simulation were the most effective
      educational methods. In Domain 4, lack of PC expertise among faculty and lack of
      interest by faculty and residents were the greatest barriers. There were
      differences between competency importance and senior resident skill level for
      management of the dying child, withdrawal/withholding of nonbeneficial
      interventions, and ethical/legal issues. CONCLUSION: There are specific barriers
      and opportunities for PC competency training and gaps in resident skill level.
      Specifically, there are discrepancies in competency importance and residency
      skill in the management of the dying child, nonbeneficial interventions, and
      ethical and legal issues that could be a focus for educational interventions in
      PC competency training in EM residencies.

PMID- 26988846
TI  - Is it time for immunopsychiatry in psychotic disorders?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Immune dysregulation is suggested to play an important aetiological
      role in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) potentially driving
      neurodevelopmental pathways. Immune dysfunction may precede the onset of
      psychiatric disorders and parallel the development of multiaxial comorbidity,
      including suicidal behaviour and metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Depicting
      the source of the chronic low-grade inflammatory component in SZ and BD is thus a
      research priority. Strong environmental insults early in life, such as
      infections, acting on a background of genetic vulnerability, may induce potent
      and enduring inflammatory responses setting a state of liability to second-hit
      environmental encounters, namely childhood trauma, drug abuse or additional
      infectious exposures. The immunogenetic background of susceptibility, suggested
      to be not only lying within the HLA locus but also implicating inherited deficits
      of the innate immune system, may amplify the harmful biological effects of
      infections/psychosocial stress leading to the manifestation of a broad range of
      psychiatric symptoms. OBJECTIVES: The present review aims to discuss the
      following: (i) biological arguments in favour of a chronic low-grade inflammation
      in SZ and BD and its potential origin in the interaction between the
      immunogenetic background and environmental infectious insults, and (ii) the
      consequences of this inflammatory dysfunction by focusing on N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor antibodies and activation of the family of human endogenous
      retroviruses (HERVs). CONCLUSIONS: Specific therapeutic approaches targeting
      immune pathways may lead the way to novel personalized medical interventions,
      improvement of quality of life and average life expectancy of psychiatric
      patients, if not even prevent mood episodes and psychotic symptoms.

PMID- 26988849
TI  - A Multifaceted Approach to Improve the Availability and Accessibility of Opioids
      for the Treatment of Cancer Pain in Serbia: Results From the International Pain
      Policy Fellowship (2006-2012) and Recommendations for Action.
AB  - Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Serbia, and at least 14,000-16,000
      patients experience moderate-to-severe cancer pain every year. Cancer pain relief
      has been impeded by inadequate availability of opioid analgesics and barriers to
      their accessibility. In 2006, a Serbian oncologist was selected as an
      International Pain Policy Fellow. The fellow identified barriers to opioid
      availability in Serbia and implemented an action plan to address the
      unavailability of oral morphine, attitudinal and knowledge barriers about
      opioids, and barriers in the national opioid control policy, in collaboration
      with the government, local partners, and international experts, including those
      from the World Health Organization. Collaborative efforts resulted in
      availability of immediate-release oral morphine, registration of controlled
      release hydromorphone, and reimbursement of oral methadone for cancer pain;
      numerous educational activities aimed at changing inadequate knowledge and
      negative attitudes toward opioids; recognition of opioids as essential medicines
      for palliative care in a new National Palliative Care Strategy; and recognition
      of the medical use of opioids as psychoactive-controlled substances for the
      relief of pain included in a new national law on psychoactive-controlled
      substances, and the development of recommendations for updating regulations on
      prescribing and dispensing opioids. An increase in opioid consumption at the
      institutional and national levels also was observed. This article outlines a
      multifaceted approach to improving access to strong opioids for cancer pain
      management and palliative care in a middle-income country and offers a potential
      road map to success.

PMID- 26988850
TI  - Eosinophilic myocarditis during treatment with olanzapine - report of two
      possible cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drug-induced eosinophilic myocarditis is a life-threatening and
      frequently overlooked condition. The prevalence of myocarditis in clozapine
      treated patients may be as high as 3 %. An association between olanzapine and
      myocarditis has not previously been described, but given the chemical similarity
      between olanzapine and clozapine, we hypothesized the existence of such an
      association. We searched the spontaneous adverse drug reports database of the
      Danish Health and Medicines Authority for olanzapine and myocarditis in the
      period from October 21, 1996 to - June 03, 2015. We identified two fatal cases of
      eosinophilic myocarditis associated with the use of olanzapine. CASE
      PRESENTATION: Case 1 was a 39-year-old Caucasian man with known substance abuse
      and schizophrenia. He was found dead in his home. Olanzapine was prescribed at
      day -54, and dose at time of death was 40 mg/day. Post-mortem toxicological
      examination demonstrated presence of olanzapine, morphine, venlafaxine and
      oxazepam. Syringes indicating substance abuse were found in his home. Case 2 was
      a 36-year-old Caucasian man diagnosed with schizophrenia was found dead
      unexpectedly. There was no history of substance abuse. Current treatment was
      olanzapine 20 mg/day +5 mg as PRN (prescribed for almost 4 years), aripiprazole
      30 mg/day (prescribed for 6 months) and mirtazapine 30 mg/day (prescribed for 6
      months). Both cases of eosinophilic myocarditis were confirmed by autopsy
      findings and both patients received olanzapine in doses exceeding the
      recommendations. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine may have contributed to and/or worsened
      the two reported fatal cases of myocarditis. Additional studies are required to
      establish a causal link between olanzapine and eosinophilic myocarditis.

PMID- 26988851
TI  - Prospective associations between sedentary behaviour and incident depressive
      symptoms in older people: a 15-month longitudinal cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether sitting time, as a form of
      sedentary behaviour, is related to incident depressive symptoms in older people.
      METHODS: This study included 3503 participants (mean age 71.7 years, 50.1%
      female) from the 'Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly' cohort study. At
      baseline and then 15 months later, the participants reported their status of
      depressive symptoms using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. During the
      baseline assessment, the participants were also asked about their sedentary
      behaviour on weekdays over the past 7 days and, from there, categorized into
      three groups (<240, 240-480, >=480 min/day). Demographic data and the other
      health behaviours were also assessed at the baseline. RESULTS: Cross-sectional
      analysis revealed that 437 participants (12.0%) had depressive symptoms. In a
      prospective analysis, the logistic regression model revealed that the odds ratio
      for depressive symptom incidence was higher in participants who, at baseline,
      spent 480 min or more per day sitting (1.636; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.015
      to 2.636, p = 0.043), and in those who spent 240-480 min (1.605; 95% CI 1.085 to
      2.375, p = 0.018) in comparison with those who spent less than 240 min.
      CONCLUSIONS: Sedentary behaviour significantly affects the risk of incident
      depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to develop an intervention
      strategy to manage depressive symptoms, as the second most common cause of burden
      of disease among older adults. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988852
TI  - Negative-assortative mating for color in wolves.
AB  - There is strong negative-assortative mating for gray and black pelage color in
      the iconic wolves in Yellowstone National Park. This is the first documented case
      of significant negative-assortative mating in mammals and one of only a very few
      cases in vertebrates. Of 261 matings documented from 1995 to 2015, 63.6% were
      between gray and black wolves and the correlation between mates for color was 
      0.266. There was a similar excess of matings of both gray males * black females
      and black males * gray females. Using the observed frequency of negative
      assortative mating in a model with both random and negative-assortative mating,
      the estimated proportion of negative-assortative mating was 0.430. The estimated
      frequency of black wolves in the population from 1996 to 2014 was 0.452 and these
      frequencies appear stable over this 19-year period. Using the estimated level of
      negative-assortative mating, the predicted equilibrium frequency of the dominant
      allele was 0.278, very close to the mean value of 0.253 observed. In addition,
      the patterns of genotype frequencies, that is, the observed proportion of black
      homozygotes and the observed excess of black heterozygotes, are consistent with
      negative-assortative mating. Importantly these results demonstrate that negative
      assortative mating could be entirely responsible for the maintenance of this well
      known color polymorphism. 

PMID- 26988853
TI  - Efficacy and hemodynamic response of pleural carbon dioxide insufflation during
      thoracoscopic surgery in a swine vessel injury model.
AB  - PURPOSES: Thoracoscopic anatomical lung resection is a minimally invasive
      technique, but intraoperative massive bleeding is a critical complication. We
      investigated the hemostatic efficacy and safety of intrapleural carbon dioxide
      (CO2) insufflation in thoracoscopic surgery in a swine vessel injury model.
      METHODS: Swines were assigned to one of four groups subjected to thoracoscopic
      surgery under target intrathoracic pressures of 0, 5, 10, or 15 mmHg CO2
      insufflation, respectively. A pin-hole injury of the right cranial lobe pulmonary
      vein was inflicted thoracoscopically and we compared the blood loss and
      hemodynamic changes in each group. RESULTS: There were no signs or echographic
      findings of air embolus. Both the blood loss per minute and total blood loss
      during the experiment were significantly lower in the 10 and 15 mmHg groups than
      in the 0 mmHg group (p > 0.05, respectively). The hemodynamic signs, including
      heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and peripheral oxygen saturation, were not
      significantly different in the 0 and 10 mmHg groups at most times, although they
      were significantly correlated with the insufflation pressure during the
      experiments (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CO2 insufflation in thoracoscopic major lung
      resection appears to be safe, even in the short term, and can help to control
      vessel injury.

PMID- 26988854
TI  - New simple image overlay system using a tablet PC for pinpoint identification of
      the appropriate site for anastomosis in peripheral arterial reconstruction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy and utility of a new image overlay system using
      a tablet PC for patients undergoing peripheral arterial reconstruction. METHODS:
      Eleven limbs treated with distal bypass surgery were studied. Three-dimensional
      images obtained by processing a preoperative contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography scan were superimposed onto the back-camera images of a tablet PC. We
      used this system to pinpoint a planned distal anastomotic site preoperatively and
      to make a precise incision directly above it during surgery. We used a branch
      artery near the distal anastomotic site as a reference point and the accuracy of
      the system was validated by comparing its results with the intraoperative
      findings. The precision of the system was also compared with that of a
      preoperative ultrasonographic examination. RESULTS: Both the image overlay system
      and ultrasonography (US) accurately identified the target branch artery in all
      except one limb. In that limb, which had a very small reference branch artery,
      preoperative US wrongly identified another branch, whereas the image overlay
      system located the target branch with an error of 10 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Our image
      overlay system was easy to use and allowed us to precisely identify a target
      artery preoperatively. Therefore, this system could be helpful for pinpointing
      the most accurate incision site during surgery.

PMID- 26988855
TI  - Is "functional end-to-end anastomosis" really functional? A review of the
      literature on stapled anastomosis using linear staplers.
AB  - PURPOSES: Anastomosis is one of the basic skills of a gastrointestinal surgeon.
      Stapling devices are widely used because stapled anastomosis (SA) can shorten
      operation times. Antiperistaltic stapled side-to-side anastomosis (SSSA) using
      linear staplers is a popular SA technique that is often referred to as
      "functional end-to-end anastomosis (FEEA)." The term "FEEA" has spread without
      any definite validation of its "function." The aim of this review is to show the
      heterogeneity of SA and conventional hand-sewn end-to-end anastomosis (HEEA) and
      to advocate the renaming of "FEEA." METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of
      the literature on SSSA. We reviewed the literature on ileocolic and small
      intestinal anastomosis in colonic cancer, Crohn's disease and ileostomy closure
      due to the simplicity of the technique. RESULTS: The superiority of SSSA in
      comparison to HEEA has been demonstrated in previous clinical studies concerning
      gastrointestinal anastomosis. Additionally, experimental studies have shown the
      differences between the two anastomotic techniques on peristalsis and the
      intestinal bacteria at the anastomotic site. CONCLUSIONS: SSSA and HEEA affect
      the postoperative clinical outcome, electrophysiological peristalsis, and
      bacteriology in different manners; no current studies have shown the functional
      equality of SSSA and HEEA. However, the use of the terms "functional end-to-end
      anastomosis" and/or "FEEA" could cause confusion for surgeons and researchers and
      should therefore be avoided.

PMID- 26988858
TI  - Functional neuroimaging of normal aging: Declining brain, adapting brain.
AB  - Early functional neuroimaging research on normal aging brain has been dominated
      by the interest in cognitive decline. In this framework the age-related
      compensatory recruitment of prefrontal cortex, in terms of executive system or
      reduced lateralization, has been established. Further details on these
      compensatory mechanisms and the findings reflecting cognitive decline, however,
      remain the matter of intensive investigations. Studies in another framework where
      age-related neural alteration is considered adaptation to the environmental
      change are recently burgeoning and appear largely categorized into three domains.
      The age-related increase in activation of the sensorimotor network may reflect
      the alteration of the peripheral sensorimotor systems. The increased
      susceptibility of the network for the mental-state inference to the
      socioemotional significance may be explained by the age-related motivational
      shift due to the altered social perception. The age-related change in activation
      of the self-referential network may be relevant to the focused positive self
      concept of elderly driven by a similar motivational shift. Across the domains,
      the concept of the self and internal model may provide the theoretical bases of
      this adaptation framework. These two frameworks complement each other to provide
      a comprehensive view of the normal aging brain.

PMID- 26988857
TI  - Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates consisting primarily of unsaturated 3
      hydroxy-5-cis-dodecanoate synthesized by newly isolated bacteria using crude
      glycerol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our study aimed to search for novel bacteria capable of producing
      polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using crude glycerol residue obtained from biodiesel
      production in which used cooking oils were the substrates. RESULTS: Newly
      isolated bacteria from soils in Thailand were screened for the efficient
      production of PHAs from crude glycerol. The bacterial strains were cultivated on
      glucose, refined glycerol, crude glycerol, or various cooking oils (canola oil,
      palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, grape seed oil, olive oil, rice
      bran oil, camellia seed oil) for growth and PHA production. The effects of the
      total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and the mole ratio of carbon to nitrogen
      were investigated in batch cultivation. (1)H NMR, two dimensional-(1)H
      correlation spectroscopy (2D-(1)H-COSY) and (13)C NMR analyses confirmed four
      bacterial strains were capable of producing medium-chain-length PHAs (mcl-PHAs),
      consisting of 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO) and 3-hydroxy-5-cis-dodecanoate (3H5DD),
      from crude glycerol. On the basis of phenotypic features and genotypic
      investigations, the bacterial strains were assigned as: ASC1, Acinetobacter genus
      (94.9% similarity); ASC2, Pseudomonas genus (99.2% similarity); ASC3,
      Enterobacter genus (99.2% similarity); ASC4, Bacillus genus (98.4% similarity).
      The highest amount of mcl-PHAs, 17.5 +/- 0.8 g/L (content 61.8 +/- 3.3% wt), with
      3HO (14.7 +/- 2.2 mol %), 3H5DD (85.3 +/- 2.2 mol%), and a total biomass of 32.3
      +/- 0.3 g/L, was obtained from Pseudomonas sp. ASC2 in batch cultivation after 36
      h. The mcl-PHAs recovered had a number-average molecular weight (M N) of 3.6 *
      10(4) Da. Homopolymeric 3H5DD was obtained when the cultivation time was
      prolonged to 96 h. CONCLUSIONS: Novel PHA-producing strains were isolated and
      identified. These bacterial strains are able to produce mcl-PHAs from crude
      glycerol. The mcl-PHAs produced contained a high percentage of 3H5DD, which
      suggests their future application as softeners mixed with other biomaterials. The
      unsaturated side chain of 3H5DD monomers containing double bounds offers
      additional potential for improving the properties of the mcl-PHAs or extending
      their applications to the food industry.

PMID- 26988859
TI  - The miR-143/miR-145 cluster and the tumor microenvironment: unexpected roles.
AB  - miR-143 and miR-145 have been widely described as tumor suppressors. Recent
      findings suggest these microRNAs (miRNAs) have a critical role that affects the
      stroma rather than epithelial cells. Understanding the part played by the miR
      143/miR-145 cluster in the tumor microenvironment is essential for the
      development of future miRNA-related therapies. 

PMID- 26988861
TI  - Pharmacokinetic modeling of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for premature
      infants, and newborns through 5-year-olds.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Absorbed dose estimates for pediatric patients require
      pharmacokinetics that are, to the extent possible, age-specific. Such age
      specific pharmacokinetic data are lacking for many of the diagnostic agents
      typically used in pediatric imaging. We have developed a pharmacokinetic model of
      [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) applicable to premature infants and to 0-
      (newborns) to 5-year-old patients, which may be used to generate model-derived
      time-integrated activity coefficients and absorbed dose calculations for these
      patients. METHODS: The FDG compartmental model developed by Hays and Segall for
      adults was fitted to published data from infants and also to a retrospective data
      set collected at the Boston Children's Hospital (BCH). The BCH data set was also
      used to examine the relationship between uptake of FDG in different organs and
      patient weight or age. RESULTS: Substantial changes in the structure of the FDG
      model were required to fit the pediatric data. Fitted rate constants and
      fractional blood volumes were reduced relative to the adult values. CONCLUSIONS:
      The pharmacokinetic models developed differ substantially from adult
      pharmacokinetic (PK) models which can have considerable impact on the dosimetric
      models for pediatric patients. This approach may be used as a model for
      estimating dosimetry in children from other radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 26988860
TI  - Hericium erinaceus mycelium and its isolated erinacine A protection from MPTP
      induced neurotoxicity through the ER stress, triggering an apoptosis cascade.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hericium erinaceus is an edible mushroom; its various pharmacological
      effects which have been investigated. This study aimed to demonstrate whether
      efficacy of oral administration of H. erinaceus mycelium (HEM) and its isolated
      diterpenoid derivative, erinacine A, can act as an anti-neuroinflammatory agent
      to bring about neuroprotection using an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine) mouse model of Parkinson's disease, which results in motor
      disturbances, in addition to elucidating the mechanisms involved. METHODS: Mice
      were treated with and without HEM or erinacine A, after MPTP injection for brain
      injuries by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. The efficacy
      of oral administration of HEM improved MPTP-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase
      positive neurons and brain impairment in the substantia nigra pars compacta as
      measured by brain histological examination. RESULTS: Treatment with HEM reduced
      MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell loss, apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative
      stress, as well as the level of glutathione, nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2
      nonenal (4-HNE). Furthermore, HEM reversed MPTP-associated motor deficits, as
      revealed by the analysis of rotarod assessment. Our results demonstrated that
      erinacine A decreases the impairment of MPP-induced neuronal cell cytotoxicity
      and apoptosis, which were accompanied by ER stress-sustained activation of the
      IRE1alpha/TRAF2, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways, the expression of C/EBP homologous
      protein (CHOP), IKB-beta and NF-kappaB, as well as Fas and Bax. CONCLUSION: These
      physiological and brain histological changes provide HEM neuron-protective
      insights into the progression of Parkinson's disease, and this protective effect
      seems to exist both in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 26988862
TI  - Maternal investment, life-history strategy of the offspring and adult chronic
      disease risk in South Asian women in the UK.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patterns of development predict cardiovascular disease
      (CVD) risk, and ethnic differences therein, but it remains unclear why apparently
      'adaptive plasticity' in early life should generate health costs in later life.
      We hypothesized that offspring receiving low maternal investment during fetal
      life, the primary period of organogenesis, should predict a shorter reproductive
      career and develop a fast life-history strategy, prioritizing reproduction over
      growth and homeostatic maintenance. METHODOLOGY: We studied 58 young adult South
      Asian women living in the UK, a group with high susceptibility to CVD. We
      obtained gestational age, birth weight (BW) and menarcheal age by recall and
      measured anthropometry, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and blood
      pressure (BP). RESULTS: BW and gestational age were inversely associated with
      menarcheal age, indicating that lower maternal investment is associated with
      faster maturation. Menarcheal age was positively associated with height but
      inversely with adiposity, indicating that rapid maturation prioritizes lipid
      stores over somatic growth. BW was inversely associated with BP, whereas
      adiposity was positively associated, indicating that lower maternal investment
      reduces BP homeostasis. BW was positively associated with RMR, whereas menarche
      was inversely associated, indicating that maternal investment influences adult
      metabolism. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Supporting our hypothesis, low maternal
      investment promoted faster life histories, demonstrated by earlier menarche,
      reduced growth and elevated adiposity. These traits were associated with poorer
      BP regulation. This is the first study demonstrating strategic adjustment of the
      balance between reproduction and metabolic health in response to the level of
      maternal investment during fetal life.

PMID- 26988864
TI  - Subgingivally delivered 1.2% atorvastatin in the treatment of chronic
      periodontitis among smokers: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.
AB  - AIM: Statins are known to have a beneficial effect in the treatment of chronic
      periodontitis (CP). The current study was designed to investigate the
      effectiveness of a 1.2% atorvastatin (ATV) local drug delivery system as an
      adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of intrabony defects
      (IBD) in CP among smokers. METHODS: Seventy-one smokers with CP were categorized
      into two treatment groups: SRP + 1.2% ATV gel and SRP + placebo gel. Clinical
      parameters, modified sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical
      attachment level were recorded at baseline before SRP and at 3, 6, and 9 months.
      At baseline, 6 months, and 9 months, the percentage of radiographic defect depth
      reduction was determined using computer-aided software. RESULTS: The mean probing
      depth reduction and mean clinical attachment level gain were found to be greater
      in the ATV group than the placebo group at 3, 6, and 9 months. A significantly
      greater mean percentage of radiographic defect depth reduction was found in the
      ATV group compared to the placebo group after 9 months. CONCLUSION: The ATV local
      drug delivery as an adjunct to SRP can be used in the treatment of IBD in CP
      among smokers.

PMID- 26988865
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 26988863
TI  - Spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus pulmonarius: a source of easily
      hydrolyzable lignocellulose.
AB  - Pleurotus pulmonarius was cultivated on a corncob-based substrate for producing
      of mushrooms and for assessing the transformation of the lignocellulosics during
      the development of fungal biomass. Associated events, such as the release of
      relevant enzymes and the H2O2 generation, were also monitored. The peaks of
      laccase and catalase activities occurred at the 5th day and that of Mn peroxidase
      at the 30th day, simultaneously with a high activity of superoxide dismutase.
      Increase in the endocellulase and xylanase activities was observed after 10 days,
      with maximal activities achieved during the 20-30-day period. Maximal values of
      H2O2 were found after 10 days of cultivation. Electron microscopy and Fourier
      transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed strong alterations in the
      lignocellulosic fibers. The uncultivated and the cultivated substrates at
      different times were hydrolyzed with commercial cellulase and beta-glucosidase.
      The highest values of reducing sugars (110.5 +/- 5.6 MUmol/mL), being 65 %
      glucose, were obtained using the 20-day cultivated substrate. After the fruiting
      stage (first flush), enzymatic hydrolysis of the spent mushroom substrate (SMS)
      yielded 53.0 +/- 2.8 and 77.5 +/- 4.0 MUmol/mL of glucose and total reducing
      sugars, respectively. Although the release of reducing sugars of the P.
      pulmonarius SMS was lower than that obtained after 20 days of cultivation, it was
      still 50 % higher than that obtained using the uncultured substrate. This
      observation, combined with the fact that SMS constitutes a residue generated as a
      by-product of the depletion of an agro-industrial residue, allows to conclude
      that this material offers an interesting economic perspective for the obtainment
      of cellulosic ethanol. 

PMID- 26988867
TI  - How Does Employment-Based Insurance Coverage Relate to Health After Early
      Retirement?

PMID- 26988866
TI  - Boundary Extension Is Sensitive to Hand Position in Young and Older Adults.
AB  - Objectives: Based on preliminary reports, we expected an age-related increase in
      boundary extension (BE), a phenomenon in which people falsely remember seeing
      more of a scene than was presented. Given recent data suggesting hand-centered
      attentional frames in young adults contrasted with body-centered attentional
      frames in older adults, we predicted hand-position effects on BE in young adults
      only. Method: Participants (59 young, 60 older adults) viewed photographs of
      complex scenes (e.g., a market) and answered yes/no questions about each. Half
      answered with key presses while their hands were framing the computer monitor;
      half while their hands were on a lapdesk. At test, participants indicated whether
      photographs were the same as, or at a closer or wider angle than at study.
      Results: Both age groups demonstrated BE. When study-test angles were the same,
      participants rated test pictures as closer than at study. When study-test angles
      differed, older adults showed less BE than young adults. For both same- and
      different-angle conditions, there was a main effect of hand position (less BE
      when hands framed the monitor than when on participants' laps). Discussion: The
      data confirm older adults show BE but show no age-related increase. Surprisingly,
      both young and older adults showed hand-centered attention.

PMID- 26988868
TI  - Gist and Generalization in Young and Older Adults' Causal Learning.
AB  - Objectives: To investigate age differences in gist-based causal learning. Method:
      Young and older adults learned to predict whether eating foods from each of 6
      categories was or was not followed by sickness. Experience with the categories
      was varied by presenting 5 exemplars of a category in only one of 2 training
      phases (small categories) or by presenting 5 exemplars of a category in the first
      phase and an additional 5 exemplars in the second phase (large categories).
      Trained and novel exemplars from all categories appeared in subsequent causal
      judgment and recognition tests. Results: There were no age differences in causal
      judgments for old exemplars or in generalization of causal associations to novel
      exemplars. For both groups, causal generalization was more successful and
      recognition was less successful for exemplars from large categories. There was no
      age difference in recognition for large categories, but older adults performed
      more poorly than young adults for small categories. Discussion: Older adults
      resemble young adults in their ability to induce unseen category features from
      presented exemplars, acquire causal associations for these gist representations,
      and generalize this knowledge to new exemplars. However, they continue to rely on
      these gist-based representations for memory discrimination, whereas young adults
      use both category and individuating features of cues.

PMID- 26988869
TI  - You're Just Like Your Dad: Intergenerational Patterns of Differential Treatment
      of Siblings.
AB  - Objectives: Past work highlights that parents' differential treatment has
      implications for offspring's mental and relational health across the life course.
      Although the current body of literature has examined offspring- and parent-level
      correlates of differential treatment, research has yet to consider whether and
      how patterns of differential treatment are transmitted across generations.
      Method: As part of a two-wave longitudinal study of 157 families, both
      grandparents (M age = 76.50 years, SD = 6.20) and parents (M age = 51.10 years,
      SD = 4.41) reported on differential treatment of their own offspring at both
      phases. Results: A series of residualized change models revealed support for both
      continuity and compensation hypotheses. Middle-aged parents tended to model the
      patterns of differential treatment exhibited by their fathers, but middle-aged
      men who experienced more differential treatment from their own parents in recent
      years tended to subsequently exhibit lower levels of differential treatment to
      their offspring. Discussion: These findings suggest that patterns of differential
      treatment both continue and diverge across generations, and those patterns vary
      by gender. On a broader level, these results also suggest that siblings not only
      impact one another's development, but in adulthood, they may indirectly influence
      their nieces' and nephews' development by virtue of their influence on their
      siblings' parenting.

PMID- 26988870
TI  - Predicting protein thermal stability changes upon point mutations using
      statistical potentials: Introducing HoTMuSiC.
AB  - The accurate prediction of the impact of an amino acid substitution on the
      thermal stability of a protein is a central issue in protein science, and is of
      key relevance for the rational optimization of various bioprocesses that use
      enzymes in unusual conditions. Here we present one of the first computational
      tools to predict the change in melting temperature DeltaTm upon point mutations,
      given the protein structure and, when available, the melting temperature Tm of
      the wild-type protein. The key ingredients of our model structure are standard
      and temperature-dependent statistical potentials, which are combined with the
      help of an artificial neural network. The model structure was chosen on the basis
      of a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the system. The parameters of the model
      were identified on a set of more than 1,600 mutations with experimentally
      measured DeltaTm. The performance of our method was tested using a strict 5-fold
      cross-validation procedure, and was found to be significantly superior to that of
      competing methods. We obtained a root mean square deviation between predicted and
      experimental DeltaTm values of 4.2  degrees C that reduces to 2.9  degrees C when
      ten percent outliers are removed. A webserver-based tool is freely available for
      non-commercial use at soft.dezyme.com. 

PMID- 26988872
TI  - Endovascular reperfusion therapies for acute ischemic stroke: dissecting the
      evidence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability and
      intravenous thrombolysis has been the only approved acute reperfusion therapy
      (RT) for many years. METHODS: Seven randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCTs)
      evaluating the safety and efficacy of endovascular therapy in patients with acute
      ischemic stroke (AIS) due to emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) have been
      recently published. RESULTS: These studies have changed the treatment paradigm by
      establishing mechanical thrombectomy (MT) as the most effective acute stroke
      therapy for improving functional outcome in anterior circulation ELVO with a NNT
      of 6. CONCLUSIONS: The present review will critically evaluate the results of
      these RCTs and of the existing meta-analyses investigating the safety and
      efficacy of endovascular therapy for AIS. Points of debate such as acute stroke
      imaging, posterior circulation stroke and general anesthesia will be addressed.
      We will also discuss health policies aiming to increase the availability of
      endovascular treatment for stroke patients.

PMID- 26988871
TI  - Periprocedural management of patients receiving a vitamin K antagonist or a
      direct oral anticoagulant requiring an elective procedure or surgery.
AB  - The periprocedural management of patients receiving chronic therapy with oral
      anticoagulants (OACs), including vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin
      and direct OACs (DOACs), is a common clinical problem. The optimal perioperative
      management of patients receiving chronic OAC therapy is anchored on four key
      principles: (i) risk stratification of patient-related and procedure-related
      risks of thrombosis and bleeding; (ii) the clinical consequences of a thrombotic
      or bleeding event; (iii) discontinuation and reinitiation of OAC therapy on the
      basis of the pharmacokinetic properties of each agent; and (iv) whether
      aggressive management such as the use of periprocedural heparin bridging has
      advantages for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolism at the cost of a
      possible increase in bleeding risk. Recent data from randomized trials in
      patients receiving VKAs undergoing pacemaker/defibrillator implantation or using
      heparin bridging therapy for elective procedures or surgeries can now inform best
      practice. There are also emerging data on periprocedural outcomes in the DOAC
      trials for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. This review summarizes
      the evidence for the periprocedural management of patients receiving chronic OAC
      therapy, focusing on recent randomized trials and large outcome studies, to
      address three key clinical scenarios: (i) can OAC therapy be safely continued for
      minor procedures or surgeries; (ii) if therapy with VKAs (especially warfarin)
      needs to be temporarily interrupted for an elective procedure/surgery, is heparin
      bridging necessary; and (iii) what is the optimal periprocedural management of
      the DOACs? In answering these questions, we aim to provide updated clinical
      guidance for the periprocedural management of patients receiving VKA or DOAC
      therapy, including the use of heparin bridging.

PMID- 26988873
TI  - Structure activity relationship modelling of milk protein-derived peptides with
      dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity.
AB  - Quantitative structure activity type models were developed in an attempt to
      predict the key features of peptide sequences having dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP
      IV) inhibitory activity. The models were then employed to help predict the
      potential of peptides, which are currently reported in the literature to be
      present in the intestinal tract of humans following milk/dairy product ingestion,
      to act as inhibitors of DPP-IV. Two models (z- and v-scale) for short (2-5 amino
      acid residues) bovine milk peptides, behaving as competitive inhibitors of DPP
      IV, were developed. The z- and the v-scale models (p<0.05, R(2) of 0.829 and
      0.815, respectively) were then applied to 56 milk protein-derived peptides
      previously reported in the literature to be found in the intestinal tract of
      humans which possessed a structural feature of DPP-IV inhibitory peptides (P at
      the N2 position). Ten of these peptides were synthetized and tested for their in
      vitro DPP-IV inhibitory properties. There was no agreement between the predicted
      and experimentally determined DPP-IV half maximal inhibitory concentrations
      (IC50) for the competitive peptide inhibitors. However, the ranking for DPP-IV
      inhibitory potency of the competitive peptide inhibitors was conserved.
      Furthermore, potent in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory activity was observed with two
      peptides, LPVPQ (IC50=43.8+/-8.8MUM) and IPM (IC50=69.5+/-8.7MUM). Peptides
      present within the gastrointestinal tract of human may have promise for the
      development of natural DPP-IV inhibitors for the management of serum glucose.

PMID- 26988874
TI  - Assessment of RNA carrier function in peptide amphiphiles derived from the HIV
      fusion peptide.
AB  - A small library of amphiphilic peptides has been evaluated for duplex RNA carrier
      function into A549 cells. We studied peptides in which a C-terminal 7-residue
      cationic domain is attached to a neutral/hydrophobic 23-residue domain that is
      based on the viral fusion peptide of HIV. We also examined peptides in which the
      cationic charge was evenly distributed throughout the peptide. Strikingly, subtle
      sequence variations in the hydrophobic domain that do not alter net
      hydrophobicity result in wide variation in RNA uptake. Additionally, cyclic
      cystine variants are much less active as RNA carriers than their open-chain
      cysteine analogs. With regard to electrostatic effects, we find that lysine is
      less effective than arginine in facilitating uptake, and that even distribution
      of cationic residues throughout the peptide sequence results in especially
      effective RNA carrier function. Overall, minor changes in peptide hydrophobicity,
      flexibility and charge distribution can significantly alter carrier function. We
      hypothesize this is due to altered properties of the peptide-RNA assembly rather
      than peptide secondary structure.

PMID- 26988875
TI  - Risk agents related to work and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An occupational
      medicine focus.
AB  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized
      by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons. In
      recent years, in addition to several studies about genetic mechanisms leading to
      motor neurons damage, various epigenetic theories have been developed, involving
      the study of the patients' work and lifestyle. The work aims at focusing the role
      of occupational exposure related to ALS by literature data analysis. Articles,
      selected on the basis of keywords, year of publication and topics, are related to
      occupational exposure, suggesting an impact on ALS onset. The literature review
      shows that there are still a lot of biases in the studies design, which actually
      do not allow to draw unequivocal conclusions. 

PMID- 26988876
TI  - Update on work-exacerbated asthma.
AB  - Work-exacerbated asthma (WEA) is the term used to describe the worsening of
      asthma related to work but not the causation of asthma by work. It is common and
      has been reported to occur for 21.5% of working asthmatics on average. The
      frequency and severity may range from a single mild exacerbation that may lead to
      no time lost at work up to daily or severe exacerbations that may require a
      permanent change in work. Reports from general population surveys and primary
      care settings include more patients with short-term or mild exacerbations while
      those from tertiary care settings reflect the more severe end of the spectrum of
      severity or frequency, with socioeconomic outcomes that are similar to those of
      occupational asthma. In the minority of patients with the WEA, whose asthma
      starts while working, the differential diagnosis includes sensitizer-induced or
      possible irritant-induced occupational asthma. Optimizing work exposures and
      asthma management may improve outcome and prevent exacerbations. Worker education
      and screening of working asthmatics by primary health care workers may also
      prevent morbidity. 

PMID- 26988877
TI  - Microbiological characterization of stable resuspended dust.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Air quality in the stables is characterized by elevated level of dust
      and aeroallergens which are supposed to directly cause or exacerbate several
      respiratory disorders. The most often recognized problem is recurrent airway
      obstruction (RAO), previously known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD). There is some indication that aeroallergens (among them endotoxins) may
      also cause inflammation in human airways and may exceed safe levels in stables.
      Monitoring studies have covered mainly the determination of the concentration of
      respirable particles and of culturable fungi and their toxins. However, these
      particles do not only directly affect the respiratory system, but might act as a
      carrier conveying toxic contaminants and biological agents such as bacteria. In a
      typical, 20-horse Hungarian stable, microbial community of respirable fraction of
      resuspended dust has been characterized to reveal if these particles convey
      hazardous pathogenic bacteria, posing risk to either horses or staff. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Resuspended dust was sampled using a mobile instrument. The
      instrument contains a PARTISOL-FRM model 2000 sampler that was operated at a flow
      rate of 16.7 l/min and a cyclone separator which collected the particulate matter
      with an aerodynamic size between 1 MUm and 10 MUm (PM1-10) fraction. Microbial
      taxa were identified by culture-independent next generation sequencing (NGS) of
      variable 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene regions. RESULTS: In total,
      1491 different taxa were identified, of them 384 were identified to species
      level, 961 to genus level. The sample was dominated by common ubiquitous soil and
      organic material-dwelling taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogens occurred at low abundance,
      and were represented by mostly facultative human pathogens, with the prevalence
      of Staphylococcus species.

PMID- 26988878
TI  - Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case
      crossover study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between
      emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis and ambient air pollution
      levels in urban regions across the province of Ontario, Canada. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Information from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System was used
      to create time-series records, for the period of April 2004 to December 2011, on
      emergency department visits of patients suffering from conjunctivitis. A total of
      77 439 emergency department visits for conjunctivitis were analyzed. A time
      stratified case-crossover design was applied, completed with meta-analysis in
      order to pool inter-city results. Odds ratio (OR) for an emergency department
      visit was calculated in different population strata per one-unit increase (one
      interquartile range - IQR increase in a pollutant's daily level) while
      controlling for the impacts of temperature and relative humidity. RESULTS:
      Statistically significant positive results were observed in the female population
      sample, for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure lagged 5-8 days, with the highest
      result for the 7-day lag (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.018-1.052) and for fine
      particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 MUm
      (PM2.5), for lags 6 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 7 (OR = 1.017,
      95% CI: 1.003-1.031). In the male population sample, statistically significant
      positive results were observed for NO2; at lag 5 days (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.004
      1.045) and for ozone (O3), at lags 0-3 and 7 days, with the highest result for
      lag 0 (OR = 1.038, 95% CI: 1.012-1.056). Also for males, statistically
      significant results were observed in the case of PM2.5 exposure lagged by 5 days
      (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.038) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure lagged by 1
      and 2 days (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.000-1.031 and OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.002-1.033).
      CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that there are associations
      between levels of air pollution and ED visits for conjunctivitis, with different
      temporal trends and strength of association by age, sex, and season.

PMID- 26988880
TI  - Poor weight control, alcoholic beverage consumption and sudden sleep onset at the
      wheel among Italian truck drivers: A preliminary pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity,
      alcoholic beverage consumption, unhealthy alcohol use and sudden sleep onset at
      the wheel among Italian truck drivers. In addition to prevalence rates, this
      study also aimed at investigating potential predictors for sudden-onset
      sleepiness and obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of truck drivers was
      extracted from the database of the High Risk Professional Driver Study. Data
      concerning demographics, anthropometry, medical information and working
      conditions were collected using anonymous questionnaires. Logistic regression
      analyses were performed to assess the association of the reported body mass index
      (BMI), alcohol consumption and sudden sleep onset with working conditions and
      general lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty-five questionnaires
      were collected. According to their BMI, 45% of the participants were overweight
      and 21.4% of them were obese. Twenty-four point two percent declared they drank
      alcoholic beverages during working hours or work breaks and 21.3% of the drivers
      had an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption (AUDIT C) score >= 5
      (the threshold value for unhealthy alcohol use). Forty-one point six percent of
      the interviewees experienced one episode of sudden sleep onset at the wheel per
      month (5.5% per week and 0.9% daily). Predictive factors for obesity were: length
      of service (odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, confidence interval (95% CI): 1.04-1.15, p <
      0.001) and the AUDIT C total score (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08-1.66, p = 0.008).
      Predictive factors for sudden-onset sleepiness at the wheel were: age > 55 years
      old (OR = 5.22, 95% CI: 1.29-21.1, p = 0.020), driving more than 50 000 km per
      year (OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 1.37-6.11, p = 0.006) and the Chalder Fatigue
      Questionnaire (CFQ) score > 11 (adjusted OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.22-7.21, p =
      0.016). CONCLUSIONS: This study strongly emphasizes the need for intervention in
      order to reduce and prevent important risk factors for the sake of road safety
      and truck drivers' health.

PMID- 26988879
TI  - Validity of mesothelin in occupational medicine practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is the most serious asbestos-related
      disease. Its increasing incidence is alarming, suggesting the need for as early
      diagnosis as possible. This 4.5-year prospective longitudinal study aimed at
      assessing the benefit of measuring serum mesothelin as a marker for diagnosing
      malignant mesothelioma in individuals with previous occupational exposure to
      asbestos, as a part of their clinical follow-up care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      study comprised 309 participants (235 males, 74 females) with a mean age of 58.9
      years (standard deviation (SD) = 9.8) and a mean duration of exposure to asbestos
      dust of 13.4 years (SD = 9.3). From 2009 to June 2013, all subjects were followed
      at a department of occupational medicine in Olomouc. Apart from the standard
      parts of medical examination (history, physical examination, simple chest
      radiographs and spirometry), the patients' serum mesothelin levels were
      determined by the Mesomark immunoenzymatic diagnostic assay. Statistical analysis
      of the validity of serum mesothelin level measurement was carried out with
      respect to the diagnosis of MM. RESULTS: Among the participants, 16 (5.2%)
      individuals (14 males and 2 females) were diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma.
      Based on the detected mesothelin levels, their validity for prediction of
      malignant mesothelioma was calculated as follows: sensitivity - 0.75, specificity
      - 0.962, positive predictive value - 0.706, negative predictive value - 0.969,
      positive and negative likelihood ratios - 19.95 and 0.26, respectively, and
      diagnostic odds ratio - 76.8, at a 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSIONS: The high
      specificity was identified indicating the low false positivity as well. In the
      case of detecting elevated soluble mesothelin-related peptides (SMRP) levels in
      formerly asbestos-exposed individuals, the possibility of the presence of MM
      should be included into the clinical consideration. The high negative predictive
      value denotes a lower probability of the presence of MM in patients with normal
      SMRP levels but due to the limiting lower sensitivity this possibility cannot be
      entirely excluded.

PMID- 26988881
TI  - Overall human mortality and morbidity due to exposure to air pollution.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Concentrations of particulate matter that contains particles with
      diameter <= 10 mm (PM10) and diameter <= 2.5 mm (PM2.5) as well as nitrogen
      dioxide (NO2) have considerable impact on human mortality, especially in the
      cases when cardiovascular or respiratory causes are attributed. Additionally,
      they affect morbidity. An estimation of human mortality and morbidity due to the
      increased concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 between the years 2005-2013 was
      performed for the city of Krakow, Poland. For this purpose the Air Quality Health
      Impact Assessment Tool (AirQ) software was successfully applied. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The Air Quality Health Impact Assessment Tool was used for the
      calculation of the total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality as well as
      hospital admissions related to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Data on
      concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and NO2, which was obtained from the website of the
      Voivodeship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (WIOS) in Krakow, was used
      in this study. RESULTS: Total mortality due to exposure to PM10 in 2005 was found
      to be 41 deaths per 100 000 and dropped to 30 deaths per 100 000 in 2013.
      Cardiovascular mortality was 2 times lower than the total mortality. However,
      hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases were more than an order of
      magnitude higher than the respiratory mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The calculated
      total mortality due to PM2.5 was higher than that due to PM10. Air pollution was
      determined to have a significant effect on human health. The values obtained by
      the use of the AirQ software for the city of Krakow imply that exposure to
      polluted air can result in serious health problems.

PMID- 26988882
TI  - Airborne peptidoglycans as a supporting indicator of bacterial contamination in a
      metal processing plant.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess exposure to airborne endotoxins
      and peptidoglycans (PGs) as well as possibility of using PGs as a surrogate
      measure of bacterial exposure in workplaces in a metal processing plant. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Personal dosimetry (N = 11) was used to obtain data on
      concentrations of viable bacteria, total number of bioaerosol particles,
      endotoxins and peptidoglycans. To investigate the size distributions of aerosol
      particles responsible for transport of endotoxins and PGs, air samples (N = 5)
      were additionally collected using the 8-stage cascade impactor. Endotoxins and
      PGs were assayed with the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test and a kinetic
      version of the silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) test, respectively. RESULTS: Median
      concentrations of airborne PGs (14.6 ng/m3), endotoxins (0.2 ng/m3), viable
      bacteria (1.16*103 CFU/m3) and the total number of bioaerosol particles (1.81*106
      cells/m3) were determined. Qualitative analysis revealed presence of 19 bacterial
      species belonging to 14 genera. The calculations showed strong, significant
      correlations (p < 0.05) between endotoxins, viable bacteria (r = 0.75) and the
      total number of bioaerosol particle concentrations (r = 0.76) as well as between
      PGs and the total number of bioaerosol particle concentrations (r = 0.72). Size
      distribution analysis showed that the highest concentrations of bacterial
      aerosols occurred in the range of 2.1-3.3 MUm. In the case of endotoxins, an
      increase of concentrations in 2 ranges of aerodynamic diameters: 1.1-3.3 MUm and
      5.8-9 MUm was shown. For PGs there was a visible gradual increase of their
      concentrations in the range 2.1-9 MUm. CONCLUSIONS: Peptidoglycans can be treated
      as a supporting indicator of bacterial contamination in metal processing plants,
      particularly when an assessment of an immunotoxic potential of microbiological
      hazards needs to be performed. However, to be extrapolated to other occupational
      and non-occupational environments, the obtained results require a further
      verification.

PMID- 26988883
TI  - Relationship between job demands and psychological outcomes among nurses: Does
      skill discretion matter?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess both the direct and
      indirect effects (i.e., interacting with various job demands) of skill discretion
      on various psychological outcomes (i.e., emotional exhaustion, intention to
      leave, affective well-being, and job satisfaction). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data
      were collected by a self-reported questionnaire in 3 hospitals in Italy. The
      sample consisted of 522 nurses. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses were
      employed. RESULTS: The findings highlighted the direct effect of skill discretion
      on reducing emotional exhaustion, intention to leave, sustaining affective well
      being and job satisfaction. As regards interaction effect, the analyses indicated
      that skill discretion moderates the negative effect of disproportionate patient
      expectations on all the considered psychological outcomes. On the other hand,
      skill discretion was found to moderate the effect of cognitive demands on
      turnover intention as well as the effect of quantitative demands on emotional
      exhaustion and job satisfaction only in conditions of low job demands.
      CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed some interesting findings, suggesting that skill
      discretion is not a resource in the pure sense, but that it also has some
      characteristics of a job demand. The study has relevant practical implications.
      Particularly, from a job design point of view, the present study suggests that
      job demands and skill discretion should be balanced carefully in order to sustain
      job well-being and worker retention.

PMID- 26988884
TI  - Geospatial clustering of gastroschisis in Poland: Data from the Polish Registry
      of Congenital Malformations (PRCM).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were: to evaluate the prevalence of abdominal
      wall defects in the Polish population, to analyze temporal trends in the
      prevalence, to identify areas (clusters) of high risk of abdominal wall defects,
      and to characterize, with respect to epidemiology, children with abdominal wall
      defects and their mothers in the area defined as a cluster. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      We used isolated congenital malformations (gastroschisis Q79.3 and omphalocele
      Q79.2 according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and
      Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10, the extended version)) data
      reported to the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations (PRCM) over the years
      1998- 2008 based on the population of 2 362 502 live births. We analyzed 11
      administrative regions of Poland with complete epidemiologic data. RESULTS: Of 11
      regions, 2 had a significantly higher standardized prevalence of isolated
      gastroschisis: Dolnoslaskie (1.7/10 000 live births, p = 0.0052) and Slaskie
      (1.9/10 000 live births, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, within the region of
      Dolnoslaskie, we defined a clear prevalence of the isolated gastroschisis cluster
      (p = 0.023). We comprehensively examined demographic and socio-economic risk
      factors for abdominal wall defects in this area, and we found that these factors
      failed to account for the cluster. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a distinct
      prevalence cluster for isolated gastroschisis, although a precise reason for the
      disease clustering in this region remains unknown. Cluster identification enables
      more focused research aimed at identification of specific factors with
      teratogenic effects.

PMID- 26988885
TI  - Visual evoked potentials in patients after methanol poisoning.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We report the results of the visual evoked potentials (VEP)
      examination in patients after severe poisoning by methanol. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      The group of 47 patients (38 males and 9 females) was assembled out of persons
      who survived an outbreak of poisoning by the methanol adulterated alcohol
      beverages, which happened in the Czech Republic in 2012-2013. The visual evoked
      potentials examination was performed using monocular checkerboard pattern
      reversal stimulation. Two criteria of abnormality were chosen: missing evoked
      response, and wave P1 latency > 117 ms. Non-parametric statistical methods
      (median, range, and the median test) were used to analyze factors influencing the
      VEP abnormality. RESULTS: The visual evoked potential was abnormal in 20 patients
      (43%), 5 of them had normal visual acuity on the Snellen chart. The VEP
      abnormality did not correlate significantly with initial serum concentrations of
      methanol, formic acid or lactate; however, it showed statistically significant
      inverse relation to the initial serum pH: the subgroup with the abnormal VEP had
      significantly lower median pH in comparison with the subgroup with the normal VEP
      (7.16 vs. 7.34, p = 0.04). The abnormality was not related to chronic alcohol
      abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The visual evoked potentials examination appeared sensitive
      enough to detected even subclinical impairment of the optic system. Metabolic
      acidosis is likely to be the key factor related to the development of visual
      damage induced by methanol. The examination performed with a delay of 1-9 months
      after the poisoning documented the situation relatively early after the event. It
      is considered as a baseline for the planned long-term follow-up of the patients,
      which will make it possible to assess the dynamics of the observed changes, their
      reversibility, and the occurrence of potential late sequelae.

PMID- 26988886
TI  - Developmental toxicity of N-methylaniline following prenatal oral administration
      in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to assess prenatal toxicity of N
      methylaniline (NMA) administered by gavage to pregnant female rats. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Pregnant female rats were administered N-methylaniline in corn oil by
      gavage at daily doses of 0.8 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.), 4 mg/kg b.w., 20 mg/kg
      b.w. and 100 mg/kg b.w. from implantation (the 5th day post mating) to the day
      prior to the scheduled caesarean section (the 20th day of pregnancy). General
      behavior, body weight, food and water consumption, hematological, biochemical
      analyses and pathomorphological changes of the dams were recorded. RESULTS: All
      the females survived until the end of the study. The test substance was toxic to
      pregnant females, even at the lowest of the used doses, i.e., 0.8 mg/kg b.w./day.
      Lower weight gain during pregnancy and significantly higher NMA-dose-dependent
      absolute weight of the organs were noted in the exposed females. The females from
      the groups exposed at doses of 20 mg/kg b.w./day and 100 mg/kg b.w./day developed
      anemia and showed higher concentrations of free thyroxine (FT3) and free
      triiodothyronine (FT4) thyroid hormones. Total protein concentration exhibited an
      increase in all the exposed groups of females. In the prenatal toxicity study,
      administration of N-methylaniline throughout the embryonic and fetal periods
      produced embryotoxic effects at doses ranging 4-100 mg/kg b.w./day. CONCLUSIONS:
      Considering the data obtained in this study, it is reasonable to assume that N
      methylaniline administered orally to pregnant rats is toxic for mothers even at a
      low dose of 0.8 mg/kg b.w./day. However, this dose was not associated with any
      significant effects to their offspring. This prenatal exposure level may be
      considered as no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the progeny and a dose
      of 4 mg/kg b.w./day as the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for the
      progeny.

PMID- 26988887
TI  - Methods of sampling airborne fungi in working environments of waste treatment
      facilities.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the
      efficiency of a filter based sampling method and a high volume sampling method
      for sampling airborne culturable fungi present in waste sorting facilities.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Membrane filters method was compared with surface air
      system method. The selected sampling methods were modified and tested in 2
      plastic waste sorting facilities. RESULTS: The total number of colony-forming
      units (CFU)/m3 of airborne fungi was dependent on the type of sampling device, on
      the time of sampling, which was carried out every hour from the beginning of the
      work shift, and on the type of cultivation medium (p < 0.001). Detected
      concentrations of airborne fungi ranged 2*102-1.7*106 CFU/m3 when using the
      membrane filters (MF) method, and 3*102-6.4*104 CFU/m3 when using the surface air
      system (SAS) method. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods showed comparable sensitivity to
      the fluctuations of the concentrations of airborne fungi during the work shifts.
      The SAS method is adequate for a fast indicative determination of concentration
      of airborne fungi. The MF method is suitable for thorough assessment of working
      environment contamination by airborne fungi. Therefore we recommend the MF method
      for the implementation of a uniform standard methodology of airborne fungi
      sampling in working environments of waste treatment facilities.

PMID- 26988888
TI  - Pathogenic and phylogenetic features of 2 multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      strains originated from remediated sites.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possible occupational hazard of environmental strains
      of opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa on hydrocarbon contaminated sites during
      remediation, 2 multidrug-resistant isolates originating from environmental (soil
      and groundwater) samples were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Antibiotic
      resistance profiles of the examined 2 strains were determined by Etest(r) against
      20 different agents. Virulence investigations included the hemolytic activity
      test, the detection of virulence-related gene sequences such as exoA, exoU, exoS,
      exoY, exoT and the determination of intraperitoneal LD50 (the lethal dose, 50%)
      values in a mouse model. The hydrocarbon-degrading ability was evaluated in a
      gravimetric experiment, in vitro. The phylogenetic relationship of the isolates
      was investigated with a multilocus sequence typing scheme. RESULTS: Multidrug
      resistant environmental strains of P. aeruginosa are strongly related to isolates
      that have proven effects on the infection of patients who suffer from cystic
      fibrosis, have a notable hemolytic activity, carry important virulence markers
      (exoS or exoU, respectively) and retain their hydrocarbon degradation ability
      (87.4% and 62.8% hydrocarbon degradation rate, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa presumably raise considerable concerns for human health in
      the environment, already well known among nosocomial isolates, and the
      application of environmental strains of this species for environmental purposes
      is questionable.

PMID- 26988889
TI  - Bilateral hypermobility of ulnar nerves at the elbow joint with unilateral left
      ulnar neuropathy in a computer user: A case study.
AB  - Occupational ulnar neuropathy at the elbow joint develops in the course of long
      term direct pressure on the nerve and a persistently flexed elbow posture, but
      first of all, it is strongly associated with "holding a tool in a certain
      position" repetitively. Therefore, computer work only in exceptional cases can be
      considered as a risk factor for the neuropathy. Ulnar hypermobility at the elbow
      might be one of the risk factors in the development of occupational ulnar
      neuropathy; however, this issue still remains disputable. As this condition is
      mostly of congenital origin, an additional factor, such as a direct acute or
      chronic professional or non-professional trauma, is needed for clinical
      manifestations. We describe a patient - a computer user with a right ulnar nerve
      complete dislocation and left ulnar nerve hypermobility, unaware of her anomaly
      until symptoms of left ulnar neuropathy occurred in the course of job exposure.
      The patient was exposed to repetitive long lasting pressure of the left elbow and
      forearm on the hard support on the cupboard and desk because of a non
      ergonomically designed workplace. The additional coexistent congenital abnormal
      displacement of the ulnar nerve from the postcondylar groove during flexion at
      the elbow increased the possibility of its mechanical injury. We recognized left
      ulnar neuropathy at the ulnar groove as an occupational disease. An early and
      accurate diagnosis of any form of hypermobility of ulnar nerve, informing
      patients about it, prevention of an ulnar nerve injury as well as compliance with
      ergonomic rules are essential to avoid development of occupational and non
      occupational neuropathy. 

PMID- 26988890
TI  - Pleural mesothelioma: Case-report of uncommon occupational asbestos exposure in a
      small furniture industry.
AB  - The relationship between asbestos exposure and malignant mesothelioma is no
      longer disputed, although it is not always easy to trace past occupational
      exposure. This report describes a case of uncommon asbestos exposure of a small
      furniture industry worker, who subsequently died of pleural malignant
      mesothelioma, to stress the crucial importance of a full reconstruction of the
      occupational history, both for legal and compensation purposes. Sarcomatoid
      pleural mesothelioma was diagnosed in a 70-year-old man, who was previously
      employed as a carpenter in a small furniture industry. He worked for about 6
      years in the small factory, was exposed to asbestos during the assembly of the
      furniture inspired by classical architecture, in which asbestos cement tubes were
      used to reproduce classical columns. During this production process no specific
      work safety measures were applied, nor masks or local aspirators. No extra
      professional exposure to asbestos was identified. This mesothelioma case was
      investigated by the Public Prosecutor's assignment that commissioned expert
      evidence on the legal accountability for the disease. Despite its uncommon
      expositive circumstance, the length of latency (about 30 years), the duration of
      exposure, the clinical and histochemical features are all consistent with
      literature evidence, accounting for the occupational origin of this malignancy. 

PMID- 26988891
TI  - Blood biomarkers in the early stage of cerebral ischemia.
AB  - In ischemic stroke patients, blood-based biomarkers may be applied for the
      diagnosis of ischemic origin and subtype, prediction of outcomes and targeted
      treatment in selected patients. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of cerebral
      ischemia has led to the evaluation of proteins, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids
      and lipids as potential biomarkers. The present report focuses on the role of
      blood-based biomarkers in the early stage of ischemic stroke-within 72h of its
      onset-as gleaned from studies published in English in such patients. Despite
      growing interest in their potential role in clinical practice, the application of
      biomarkers for the management of cerebral ischemia is not currently recommended
      by guidelines. However, there are some promising clinical biomarkers, as well as
      the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) peptide and NMDA-receptor (R) autoantibodies that
      appear to identify the ischemic nature of stroke, and the glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP) that might be able to discriminate between acute ischemic and
      hemorrhagic strokes. Moreover, genomics and proteomics allow the characterization
      of differences in gene expression, and protein and metabolite production, in
      ischemic stroke patients compared with controls and, thus, may help to identify
      novel markers with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Additional studies to
      validate promising biomarkers and to identify novel biomarkers are needed. 

PMID- 26988892
TI  - Pathobiological Characterization of a Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic H5N1
      Virus Isolated in British Columbia, Canada, 2015.
AB  - In the current study, we describe the pathobiologic characteristics of a novel
      reassortant virus - A/chicken/BC/FAV-002/2015 (H5N1) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4
      that was isolated from backyard chickens in British Columbia, Canada. Sequence
      analyses demonstrate PB1, PA, NA and NS gene segments were of North American
      lineage while PB2, HA, NP and M were derived from a Eurasian lineage H5N8 virus.
      This novel virus had a 19 amino acid deletion in the neuraminidase stalk. We
      evaluated the pathogenic potential of this isolate in various animal models. The
      virus was highly pathogenic to mice with a LD50 of 10 plaque forming units (PFU),
      but had limited tissue tropism. It caused only subclinical infection in pigs
      which did result in seroconversion. This virus was highly pathogenic to chickens,
      turkeys, juvenile Muscovy ducks (Cairnia moschata foma domestica) and adult
      Chinese geese (Anser cynoides domesticus) causing a systemic infection in all
      species. The virus was also efficiently transmitted and resulted in mortality in
      naive contact ducks, geese and chickens. Our findings indicate that this novel
      H5N1 virus has a wide host range and enhanced surveillance of migratory waterfowl
      may be necessary in order to determine its potential to establish itself in the
      wild bird reservoir. 

PMID- 26988894
TI  - Chemotaxonomic Approach to the Central Balkan Sedum Species Based on Distribution
      of Triterpenoids in Their Epicuticular Waxes.
AB  - Triterpenoid distribution in epicuticular waxes of 20 central Balkan Sedum L.
      species and four out-groups of genera: Hylotelephium H. Ohba, Crassula L.,
      Echeveria DC., and Kalanchoe Adans. were investigated for chemotaxonomic
      purposes. Identification and quantification of wax triterpenoids were performed
      by GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. Distribution of identified triterpenoids (oleanane,
      lupane, and taraxerane series), as a pattern in statistical analysis, indicated
      very good agreement with phylogeny and systematics, except members of series
      Rupestria Berger, in which case the distribution of triterpenoids did not support
      known classification in a satisfactory manner. According to the obtained
      clustering, Kalanchoe is shown as similar to Sedum samples, while the other out
      groups were clearly separated. 

PMID- 26988893
TI  - Ovariectomy May Induce Detrusor Overactivity in Rats: The Therapeutic Role of Rho
      Kinase Inhibition.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To verify the impact of ovariectomy (OVX) on the micturition cycle in
      conscious rats; to examine the influence of rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition on the
      bladder detrusor in OVX rats; to assess the effect of the joint administration of
      the ROCK inhibitor (GSK 269962) and solifenacin succinate (SOL) to these animals.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The impact of OVX or a single dose of GSK 269962 and/or
      SOL on the cystometric parameters was assessed 28 days after the procedure.
      RESULTS: OVX caused an increase in detrusor overactivity index, amplitude, and
      frequency of nonvoiding contractions, along with a decrease in voided volume,
      volume threshold, intercontraction interval, bladder compliance, and volume
      threshold to elicit nonvoiding contractions. GSK 269962 administered in a dose of
      10 mg/kg (but not 5 mg/kg) or SOL in a dose of 0.03 mg/kg (but not 0.015 mg/kg)
      triggered an increase in voided volume, volume threshold, intercontraction
      interval, bladder compliance, and volume threshold to elicit nonvoiding
      contractions, along with a decrease in detrusor overactivity index, amplitude,
      and frequency of nonvoiding contractions. A combined administration of GSK 269962
      (5 mg/kg) and SOL (0.15 mg/kg), in doses ineffective in monotherapy, triggered a
      reversal in the OVX-induced cystometric changes. CONCLUSION: It appears that ROCK
      inhibitors can become an alternative worth considering in overactive bladder
      syndrome treatment, especially in the light of the findings pointing to the
      decreased efficiency of antimuscarinic drugs in the overactive bladder syndrome
      treatment of postmenopausal women.

PMID- 26988896
TI  - Attitudes towards relocation following Hurricane Sandy: should we stay or should
      we go?
AB  - This study explores the dilemma of whether to rebuild or relocate from the areas
      devastated by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Since disasters represent the discernible
      manifestation of other complex coastal hazards, they offer a window of
      opportunity to engage residents in the dialogue on relocation as sometimes the
      most effective risk reduction strategy. The following research evaluates
      attitudes towards relocation and willingness to consider buyout among 46 surveyed
      households located in highly-affected communities five months after Sandy. It
      also gauges perceptions of coastal risks and recovery concerns as drivers of
      relocation, the level of support for different adaptation strategies, and
      preferences related to the relocation process itself on how and where to relocate
      and with what type of assistance. Responses indicate that, even though residents
      prefer structural solutions to address coastal hazards, they are not fully
      opposed to the possibility of relocation mostly for personal health and safety
      reasons.

PMID- 26988895
TI  - A search for synbiotics: effects of enzymatically modified arabinoxylan and
      Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens on short-chain fatty acids in the cecum content and
      plasma of rats.
AB  - Identification of dietary strategies to increase large intestinal production and
      absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, is of great
      interest due to the possible health promoting effects. We explored the effect of
      an enzymatically modified arabinoxylan-rich diet (EAXD) versus a Western-style
      control diet (WSD) low in dietary fiber with or without orally administrated
      Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a butyrate producer, on the SCFA pool in the cecal
      content and feces and the SCFA concentration in the blood of rats. The pool of
      acetate, butyrate and total SCFA was more than double in the cecal content from
      EAXD-fed rats compared with WSD-fed rats, and this was also reflected as an
      increase in portal plasma SCFA concentrations. Acetate, propionate and total SCFA
      concentrations were higher in mixed venous plasma following the EAXD. The number
      of B. fibrisolvens did not increase significantly in cecal content following
      administration of the bacteria. Furthermore, there was no interaction between the
      EAXD and B. fibrisolvens on the measured parameters. 

PMID- 26988897
TI  - What are the combined effects of negative emotions and illness cognitions on self
      care in people with type 2 diabetes? A longitudinal structural equation model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore whether negative emotions mediate the effect of diabetes
      cognitions on diabetes self-care and conversely whether diabetes cognitions
      mediate the effect of negative emotions on diabetes self-care. DESIGN:
      Longitudinal observational study in adults with type 2 diabetes. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Self-reported depression and anxiety (Diabetes Wellbeing
      Questionnaire), cognitions (Illness Perceptions Questionnaire-Revised; Beliefs
      about Medicines Questionnaire), and diabetes self-care (Summary of Diabetes Self
      Care Activities Scale) were completed at baseline and six months. Analyses used
      structural equation modelling. RESULTS: Baseline medication concerns were
      associated with elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety at follow-up, but
      emotions did not mediate medication concern's effect on diabetes self-care.
      Baseline depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with specific diabetes
      cognitions over time, but these cognition domains did not mediate emotion's
      effect on diabetes self-care. Personal control remained independent of emotions
      and was associated with diabetes self-care over time. CONCLUSIONS: Negative
      emotions did not act directly or alongside cognitions to influence diabetes self
      care. The reciprocal relationship between diabetes cognitions and emotions
      suggests cognitive restructuring, in addition to other mood management
      intervention techniques would likely improve the emotional wellbeing of adults
      with type 2 diabetes. Likewise, personal control beliefs are likely important
      intervention targets for improving self-care.

PMID- 26988898
TI  - Distinct iris gene expression profiles of primary angle closure glaucoma and
      primary open angle glaucoma and their interaction with ocular biometric
      parameters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate differences in iris gene expression
      profiles between primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open angle
      glaucoma (POAG) and their interaction with biometric characteristics. DESIGN:
      Prospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five subjects with PACG and thirty-three
      subjects with POAG who required trabeculectomy were enrolled at the Singapore
      National Eye Centre, Singapore. METHODS: Iris specimens, obtained by iridectomy,
      were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for expression of type I
      collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, -B and -C, as well as VEGF
      receptors (VEGFRs) 1 and 2. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT)
      imaging for biometric parameters, including anterior chamber depth (ACD),
      anterior chamber volume (ACV) and lens vault (LV), was also performed pre
      operatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative mRNA levels between PACG and POAG
      irises, biometric measurements, discriminant analyses using genes and biometric
      parameters. RESULTS: COL1A1, VEGFB, VEGFC and VEGFR2 mRNA expression was higher
      in PACG compared to POAG irises. LV, ACD and ACV were significantly different
      between the two subgroups. Discriminant analyses based on gene expression,
      biometric parameters or a combination of both gene expression and biometrics (LV
      and ACV), correctly classified 94.1%, 85.3% and 94.1% of the original PACG and
      POAG cases, respectively. The discriminant function combining genes and
      biometrics demonstrated the highest accuracy in cross-validated classification of
      the two glaucoma subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct iris gene expression supports
      the pathophysiological differences that exist between PACG and POAG. Biometric
      parameters can combine with iris gene expression to more accurately define PACG
      from POAG.

PMID- 26988900
TI  - Electrochemical treatment of water containing Microcystis aeruginosa in a fixed
      bed reactor with three-dimensional conductive diamond anodes.
AB  - An electrochemical treatment was investigated to remove Microcystis aeruginosa
      from water. A fixed bed reactor in flow was tested, which was equipped with
      electrodes constituted by stacks of grids electrically connected in parallel,
      with the electric field parallel to the fluid flow. Conductive diamond were used
      as anodes, platinised Ti as cathode. Electrolyses were performed in continuous
      and in batch recirculated mode with flow rates corresponding to Re from 10 to
      160, current densities in the range 10-60Am(-2) and Cl(-) concentrations up to
      600gm(-3). The absorbance of chlorophyll-a pigment and the concentration of
      products and by-products of electrolysis were measured. In continuous experiments
      without algae in the inlet stream, total oxidants concentrations as equivalent
      Cl2, of about 0.7gCl2m(-3) were measured; the maximum values were obtained at
      Re=10 and i=25Am(-2), with values strongly dependent on the concentration of Cl(
      ). The highest algae inactivation was obtained under the operative conditions of
      maximum generation of oxidants; in the presence of microalgae the oxidants
      concentrations were generally below the detection limit. Results indicated that
      most of the bulk oxidants electrogenerated is constituted by active chlorine. The
      prevailing mechanism of M. aeruginosa inactivation is the disinfection by bulk
      oxidants. The experimental data were quantitatively interpreted through a simple
      plug flow model, in which the axial dispersion accounts for the non-ideal flow
      behaviour of the system; the model was successfully used to simulate the
      performances of the reactor in the single-stack configuration used for the
      experiments and in multi-stack configurations. 

PMID- 26988901
TI  - Detection of ochratoxin A in beer samples with a label-free monolithically
      integrated optoelectronic biosensor.
AB  - An optical biosensor for label-free detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) in beer
      samples is presented. The biosensor consists of an array of ten Mach-Zehnder
      interferometers (MZIs) monolithically integrated along with their respective
      broad-band silicon light sources on the same Si chip (37mm2). The chip was
      transformed to biosensor by functionalizing the MZIs sensing arms with an OTA
      ovalbumin conjugate. OTA determination was performed by pumping over the chip
      mixtures of calibrators or samples with anti-OTA antibody following a competitive
      immunoassay format. An external miniaturized spectrometer was employed to
      continuously record the transmission spectra of each interferometer. Spectral
      shifts obtained due to immunoreaction were transformed to phase shifts through
      Discrete Fourier Transform. The assay had a detection limit of 2.0ng/ml and a
      dynamic range 4.0-100ng/ml in beer samples, recoveries ranging from 90.6 to 116%,
      and intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 9% and 14%, respectively.
      The results obtained with the sensor using OTA-spiked beer samples spiked were in
      good agreement with those obtained by an ELISA developed using the same antibody.
      The good analytical performance of the biosensor and the small size of the
      proposed chip provide for the development of a portable instrument for point-of
      need determinations.

PMID- 26988899
TI  - Initial in vitro studies on tissues and cells from GTKO/CD46/NeuGcKO pigs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact that the absence of expression of NeuGc in pigs might have
      on pig organ or cell transplantation in humans has been studied in vitro, but
      only using red blood cells (pRBCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (pPBMCs) as the target cells for immune assays. We have extended this work in
      various in vitro models and now report our initial results. METHODS: The models
      we have used involve GTKO/hCD46 and GTKO/hCD46/NeuGcKO pig aortas and corneas,
      and pRBCs, pPBMCs, aortic endothelial cells (pAECs), corneal endothelial cells
      (pCECs), and isolated pancreatic islets. We have investigated the effect of the
      absence of NeuGc expression on (i) human IgM and IgG binding, (ii) the T-cell
      proliferative response, (iii) human platelet aggregation, and (iv) in an in vitro
      assay of the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) following
      exposure of pig islets to human blood/serum. RESULTS: The lack of expression of
      NeuGc on some pig tissues (aortas, corneas) and cells (RBCs, PBMCs, AECs)
      significantly reduces the extent of human antibody binding. In contrast, the
      absence of NeuGc expression on some pig tissues (CECs, isolated islet cells) does
      not reduce human antibody binding, possibly due to their relatively low NeuGc
      expression level. The strength of the human T-cell proliferative response may
      also be marginally reduced, but is already weak to GTKO/hCD46 pAECs and islet
      cells. We also demonstrate that the absence of NeuGc expression on GTKO/hCD46
      pAECs does not reduce human platelet aggregation, and nor does it significantly
      modify the IBMIR to pig islets. CONCLUSION: The absence of NeuGc on some solid
      organs from GTKO/hCD46/NeuGcKO pigs should reduce the human antibody response
      after clinical transplantation when compared to GTKO/hCD46 pig organs. However,
      the clinical benefit of using certain tissue (e.g., cornea, islets) from
      GTKO/hCD46/NeuGcKO pigs is questionable.

PMID- 26988902
TI  - Combination of nanofiltration and ozonation for the remediation of real municipal
      wastewater effluents: Acute and chronic toxicity assessment.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to study the ozonation of nanofiltration (NF)
      retentates of real municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) effluents for
      removal of microcontaminants (MCs) and toxicity. MCs present in these effluents
      were monitored using LC-MS/MS. Acute and chronic toxicity was addressed with
      Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri and Selenastrum capricornutum. Up to 40 MCs were
      found, most of them in concentrations over 100ng/L. 90% degradation of the sum of
      MCs was the critical point of comparison. When the NF membrane system was applied
      to MWTP effluents, treatment of NF rejection needed 2.75-4.5g O3/m3,4.5g O3/m3,
      which is less than 50% of the ozone needed for direct treatment of MWTP effluent.
      Treatment time (lower than 11min) was not influenced by MCs concentration, at
      least in the range tested (25-190MUg/L). It has been demonstrated that
      consumption of ozone increased with organic load and inorganic content of
      different real effluents. MCs were eliminated by ozonation but acute toxicity
      (against V. fischeri and D. magna) increased. Chronic toxicity results were
      different and contrary in D. magna and S. capricornutum, due to the generation of
      new transformation products more toxic to D. magna than the parent contaminants.
      S. capricornutum inhibition percentage decreased in all cases after ozonation
      treatment. According to these results, before ozonation is implemented in MWTPs
      for the removal of MCs, the transformation products must first be examined and
      the treatment time or ozone doses should be extended to complete degradation if
      necessary.

PMID- 26988904
TI  - Chasing stress signals - Exposure to extracellular stimuli differentially affects
      the redox state of cell compartments in the wild type and signaling mutants of
      Botrytis cinerea.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important molecules influencing intracellular
      developmental processes as well as plant pathogen interactions. They are produced
      at the infection site and affect the intracellular redox homeostasis. However,
      knowledge of ROS signaling pathways, their connection to other signaling
      cascades, and tools for the visualization of intra- and extracellular ROS levels
      and their impact on the redox state are scarce. By using the genetically encoded
      biosensor roGFP2 we studied for the first time the differences between the redox
      states of the cytosol, the intermembrane space of mitochondria and the ER in the
      filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea. We showed that the ratio of oxidized to
      reduced glutathione inside of the cellular compartments differ and that the
      addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and the
      fluorescent dye calcofluor white (CFW) have a direct impact on the cellular redox
      states. Dependent on the type of stress agents applied, the redox states were
      affected in the different cellular compartments in a temporally shifted manner.
      By integrating the biosensor in deletion mutants of bcnoxA, bcnoxB, bctrx1 and
      bcltf1 we further elucidated the putative roles of the different proteins in
      distinct stress-response pathways. We showed that the redox states of DeltabcnoxA
      and DeltabcnoxB display a wild-type pattern upon exposure to H2O2, but appear to
      be strongly affected by CaCl2 and CFW. Moreover, we demonstrated the involvement
      of the light-responsive transcription factor BcLtf1 in the maintenance of the
      redox state in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Finally, we report
      that CaCl2 as well as cell wall stress-inducing agents stimulate ROS production
      and that DeltabcnoxB produces significantly less ROS than the wild type and
      DeltabcnoxA. 

PMID- 26988903
TI  - Patent foramen ovale (PFO), stroke and pregnancy.
AB  - Patent foramen ovale (PFO)-related stroke is increasingly recognized as an
      important etiology of ischemic embolic stroke-accounting for up to 50% of strokes
      previously considered 'cryptogenic' or with an unknown mechanism. As a 'back door
      to the brain,' PFO can allow venous clots to enter arterial circulation via
      interatrial right-to-left shunting, potentially resulting in ischemic stroke. We
      observe that clinically, PFO-related stroke affects women of childbearing age,
      and that pregnancy-owing to major changes in hemocoagulative, hormonal, and
      cardiovascular parameters-can enhance stroke risks. However, no systematic study
      has been performed and little is known regarding complications, pregnancy
      outcomes and treatment for PFO-related stroke during pregnancy. To identify and
      characterize the complications and clinical outcomes related to PFOs during
      pregnancy, we performed a literature review and analysis from all reported cases
      of pregnancy with PFO-related complications in the medical literature from 1970
      to 2015. We find that during pregnancy and post-partum, PFO is associated with
      complications affecting multiple organs, including the brain, heart and lung. The
      three principal complications reported are stroke, pulmonary emboli and
      myocardial infarction. In contrast to other pregnancy-related stroke etiologies,
      which peak during later pregnancy and postpartum, PFO-related stroke peaks during
      early pregnancy (first and second trimester-60%), and most patients had good
      neurological outcome (77%). In patients with PFO with recurrent stroke during
      pregnancy, additional key factors include high-risk PFO morphology (atrial septal
      aneurysm), larger right-to-left shunt, multiple gestation and concurrent
      hypercoagulability. Compared to strokes of other etiologies during pregnancy,
      most PFO stroke patients experienced uneventful delivery (93%) of healthy babies
      with a good clinical outcome. We conclude with recommended clinical treatment
      strategies for pregnant patients with PFO suggested by the data from these cases,
      and the clinical experience of our Cardio-Neurology Clinic.

PMID- 26988905
TI  - CNS infections: Zika virus infection could trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 26988907
TI  - Motor neuron disease: Loss of MHCI exposes motor neurons to astrocyte-mediated
      toxicity.

PMID- 26988906
TI  - Epilepsy: Trends in new-onset epilepsy - the importance of comorbidities.

PMID- 26988908
TI  - How I do it: Anterior pull-through tympanoplasty for anterior eardrum
      perforations.
AB  - Conclusions This technique is offered as a convenient and reliable method for
      cases with anterior TM perforation and inadequate anterior remnant. Objectives
      Chronic otitis media surgery is one of the most common procedures in otology.
      Anterior tympanic membrane (TM) perforation with inadequate anterior remnant is
      associated with higher rates of graft failure. It was the goal of this series to
      evaluate the anatomical and functional outcomes of a modified underlay
      myringoplasty technique-the anterior pull-through method. Materials and methods
      In a retrospective clinical study, 13 patients with anterior TM perforations with
      inadequate anterior remnants underwent tympanoplasty with anterior pull-through
      technique. The anterior tip of the temporalis fascia was pulled through and
      secured in a short incision lateral to the anterior part of the annulus. Data on
      graft take rate, pre-operative, and post-operative hearing status were analyzed.
      Results A graft success rate of 84.6% (11 out of 13) was achieved, without
      lateralization, blunting, atelectasia, or epithelial pearls. The air-bone gap was
      21.5 +/- 6.8 dB before intervention and 11.75 +/- 5.7 dB after surgery (p =
      0.003). 

PMID- 26988909
TI  - Use of genetically encoded, light-gated ion translocators to control
      tumorigenesis.
AB  - It has long been known that the resting potential of tumor cells is depolarized
      relative to their normal counterparts. More recent work has provided evidence
      that resting potential is not just a readout of cell state: it regulates cell
      behavior as well. Thus, the ability to control resting potential in vivo would
      provide a powerful new tool for the study and treatment of tumors, a tool capable
      of revealing living-state physiological information impossible to obtain using
      molecular tools applied to isolated cell components. Here we describe the first
      use of optogenetics to manipulate ion-flux mediated regulation of membrane
      potential specifically to prevent and cause regression of oncogene-induced
      tumors. Injection of mutant-KRAS mRNA induces tumor-like structures with many
      documented similarities to tumors, in Xenopus tadpoles. We show that expression
      and activation of either ChR2D156A, a blue-light activated cation channel, or
      Arch, a green-light activated proton pump, both of which hyperpolarize cells,
      significantly lowers the incidence of KRAS tumor formation. Excitingly, we also
      demonstrate that activation of co-expressed light-activated ion translocators
      after tumor formation significantly increases the frequency with which the tumors
      regress in a process called normalization. These data demonstrate an optogenetic
      approach to dissect the biophysics of cancer. Moreover, they provide proof-of
      principle for a novel class of interventions, directed at regulating cell state
      by targeting physiological regulators that can over-ride the presence of
      mutations. 

PMID- 26988910
TI  - MAPK15 upregulation promotes cell proliferation and prevents DNA damage in male
      germ cell tumors.
AB  - Germ cell tumors (GCT) are the most common malignancies in males between 15 and
      35 years of age. Despite the high cure rate, achieved through chemotherapy and/or
      surgery, the molecular basis of GCT etiology is still largely obscure. Here, we
      show a positive correlation between MAPK15 (ERK8; ERK7) expression and specific
      GCT subtypes, with the highest levels found in the aggressive embryonal
      carcinomas (EC). Indeed, in corresponding cellular models for EC, MAPK15 enhanced
      tumorigenicity in vivo and promoted cell proliferation in vitro, supporting a
      role for this kinase in human GCT. At molecular level, we demonstrated that
      endogenous MAPK15 is necessary to sustain cell cycle progression of EC cells, by
      limiting p53 activation and preventing the triggering of p53-dependent mechanisms
      resulting in cell cycle arrest.To understand MAPK15-dependent mechanisms
      impinging on p53 activation, we demonstrate that this kinase efficiently protects
      cells from DNA damage. Moreover, we show that the ability of MAPK15 to control
      the autophagic process is necessary for basal management of DNA damage and for
      tumor formation controlled by the kinase.In conclusion, our findings suggest that
      MAPK15 overexpression may contribute to the malignant transformation of germ
      cells by controlling a "stress support" autophagic pathway, able to prevent DNA
      damage and the consequent activation of the p53 tumor suppressor. Moreover, in
      light of these results, MAPK15-specific inhibitors might represent new tools to
      enhance the therapeutic index of cytotoxic therapy in GCT treatment, and to
      increase the sensitivity to DNA-damaging drugs in other chemotherapy-resistant
      human tumors. 

PMID- 26988911
TI  - ATP7B expression confers multidrug resistance through drug sequestration.
AB  - We previously reported that ATP7B is involved in cisplatin resistance and ATP7A
      confers multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells.In this study, we show that
      ATP7B expressing cells also are resistant to doxorubicin, SN-38, etoposide, and
      paclitaxel as well as cisplatin.In ATP7B expressing cells, doxorubicin relocated
      from the nuclei to the late-endosome at 4 hours after doxorubicin exposure. EGFP
      ATP7B mainly colocalized with doxorubicin.ATP7B has six metal binding sites
      (MBSs) in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region. To investigate the role of the MBSs
      of ATP7B in doxorubicin resistance, we used three mutant ATP7B (Cu0, Cu6 and
      M6C/S) expressing cells. Cu0 has no MBSs, Cu6 has only the sixth MBS and M6C/S
      carries CXXC to SXXS mutation in the sixth MBS. Cu6 expressing cells were less
      resistance to the anticancer agents than wild type ATP7B expressing cells, and
      had doxorubicin sequestration in the late-endosome. Cu0- and M6C/S-expressing
      cells were sensitive to doxorubicin. In these cells, doxorubicin did not
      relocalize to the late-endosome. EGFP-M6C/S mainly localized to the trans-Golgi
      network (TGN) even in the presence of copper. Thus the cysteine residues in the
      sixth MBS of ATP7B are essential for MDR phenotype.Finally, we found that
      ammonium chloride and tamoxifen suppressed late endosomal sequestration of
      doxorubicin, thereby attenuating drug resistance. These results suggest that the
      sequestration depends on the acidity of the vesicles partly.We here demonstrate
      that ATP7B confers MDR by facilitating nuclear drug efflux and late endosomal
      drug sequestration. 

PMID- 26988912
TI  - Loss of miR-449a in ERG-associated prostate cancer promotes the invasive
      phenotype by inducing SIRT1.
AB  - Epigenetic regulation by SIRT1, a multifaceted NAD+-dependent protein
      deacetylase, is one of the most common factors modulating cellular processes in a
      broad range of diseases, including prostate cancer (CaP). SIRT1 is over-expressed
      in CaP cells, however the associated mechanism is not well understood. To
      identify whether specific microRNAs might mediate this linkage, we have screened
      a miRNA library for differential expression in ERG-associated CaP tissues. Of 20
      differentially and significantly expressed miRNAs that distinguish ERG-positive
      tumors from ERG-negative tumors, we find miR-449a is highly suppressed in ERG
      positive tumors. We establish that SIRT1 is a direct target of miR-449a and is
      also induced by ERG in ERG-associated CaP. Our data suggest that attenuation of
      miR-449a promotes the invasive phenotype of the ERG-positive CaP in part by
      inducing the expression of SIRT1 in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we also
      find that suppression of SIRT1 results in a significant reduction in ERG
      expression in ERG-positive CaP cells, indicating a feed-back regulatory loop
      associated with ERG, miR-449a and SIRT1. We also report that ERG suppresses p53
      acetylation perhaps through miR-449a-SIRT1 axis in CaP cells. Our findings
      provide new insight into the function of miRNAs in regulating ERG-associated CaP.
      Thus, miR-449a activation or SIRT1 suppression may represent new therapeutic
      opportunity for ERG-associated CaP. 

PMID- 26988913
TI  - Activation of mesenchymal stem cells by macrophages promotes tumor progression
      through immune suppressive effects.
AB  - Cancer development and progression is linked to tumor-associated macrophages
      (TAMs). Distinct TAMs subsets perform either protective or pathogenic effects in
      cancer. A protective role in carcinogenesis has been described for M1
      macrophages, which activate antitumor mechanisms. By comparison, TAMs isolated
      from solid and metastatic tumors have a suppressive M2-like phenotype, which
      could support multiple aspects of tumor progression. Currently, it has not been
      clearly understood how macrophages in tumor-associated stroma could be hijacked
      to support tumor growth. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) actively interact with
      components of the innate immune system and display both anti-inflammatory and pro
      inflammatory effects. Here, we tested whether MSCs could favor the tumor to
      escape from immunologic surveillance in the presence of M1 macrophages. We found
      that MSCs educated by M1 condition medium (cMSCs) possessed a greatly enhanced
      ability in promoting tumor growth in vivo. Examination of cytokines/chemokines
      showed that the cMSCs acquired a regulatory profile, which expressed high levels
      of iNOS and MCP1. Consistent with an elevated MCP1 expression in cMSCs, the tumor
      promoting effect of the cMSCs depended on MCP1 mediated macrophage recruitment to
      tumor sites. Furthermore, IL-6 secreted by the cMSCs could polarize infiltrated
      TAMs into M2-like macrophages. Therefore, when macrophages changed into M1 pro
      inflammation type in tumor microenvironment, the MSCs would act as poor sensors
      and switchers to accelerate tumor growth. 

PMID- 26988914
TI  - Automethylation of SUV39H2, an oncogenic histone lysine methyltransferase,
      regulates its binding affinity to substrate proteins.
AB  - We previously reported that the histone lysine methyltransferase SUV39H2, which
      is overexpressed in various types of human cancer, plays a critical role in the
      DNA repair after double strand breakage, and possesses oncogenic activity.
      Although its biological significance in tumorigenesis has been elucidated, the
      regulatory mechanism of SUV39H2 activity through post-translational modification
      is not well known. In this study, we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo
      automethylation of SUV39H2 at lysine 392. Automethylation of SUV39H2 led to
      impairment of its binding affinity to substrate proteins such as histone H3 and
      LSD1. Furthermore, we observed that hyper-automethylated SUV39H2 reduced
      methylation activities to substrates through affecting the binding affinity to
      substrate proteins. Our finding unveils a novel autoregulatory mechanism of
      SUV39H2 through lysine automethylation. 

PMID- 26988915
TI  - To treat or not to treat: metabolomics reveals biomarkers for treatment
      indication in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients.
AB  - In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the clinical course of patients is
      heterogeneous. Some present an aggressive disease onset and require immediate
      therapy, while others remain without treatment for years. Current disease staging
      systems developed by Rai and Binet may be useful in forecasting patient survival
      time, but do not discriminate between stable and progressive forms of the disease
      in the early stages. Recently ample attention has been directed towards
      identifying new disease prognostic markers capable of predicting clinical
      aggressiveness at diagnosis. In the present study serum samples from stable (n =
      51) and progressive (n = 42) CLL patients and controls (n = 45) were used with
      aim to discover metabolic indicators of disease status. First an LC-MS based
      metabolic fingerprinting method was used to analyse selected samples in order to
      find a potential markers discriminating aggressive from indolent patients. Ten of
      these discovered markers were validated on the whole set of samples with an
      independent analytical technique. Linoleamide (p = 0.002) in addition to various
      acylcarnitines (p = 0.001-0.000001) showed to be significant markers of CLL in
      its aggressive form. Acetylcarnitine (p = 0.05) and hexannoylcarnitine (p =
      0.005) were also distinguishable markers of indolent subjects. Forming a panel of
      selected acylcarnitines and fatty acid amides, it was possible to reach a
      potentially highly specific and sensitive diagnostic approach (AUC = 0.766). 

PMID- 26988917
TI  - eIF3f reduces tumor growth by directly interrupting clusterin with anti-apoptotic
      property in cancer cells.
AB  - Clusterin is a secretory heterodimeric glycoprotein and the overexpression of
      secretory clusterin (sCLU) promotes cancer cell proliferation and reduces
      chemosensitivity. Therefore, sCLU might be an effective target for anticancer
      therapy. In the current study, we identified eIF3f as a novel CLU-interacting
      protein and demonstrated its novel function as a CLU inhibitor. The
      overexpression of eIF3f retarded cancer cell growth significantly and induced
      apoptosis. In addition, eIF3f interacted with the alpha-chain (1-227) of sCLU.
      This interaction blocked modification of psCLU, thereby decreasing the expression
      and secretion of alpha/beta CLU. Consequently, the overexpression of eIF3f
      suppressed Akt and ERK signaling and subsequently depleted CLU expression. In
      addition, eIF3F stabilized p53, which increased the expression of p21 and Bax.
      Interestingly, the expression of Bax was increased without the activation of p53.
      eIF3f injected into a xenograft model of human cervical cancer in nude mice
      markedly inhibited tumor growth. The identification of this novel function of
      eIF3f as a sCLU inhibitor might open novel avenues for developing improved
      strategies for CLU-targeted anti-cancer therapies. 

PMID- 26988919
TI  - Demonstration of single crystal growth via solid-solid transformation of a glass.
AB  - Many advanced technologies have relied on the availability of single crystals of
      appropriate material such as silicon for microelectronics or superalloys for
      turbine blades. Similarly, many promising materials could unleash their full
      potential if they were available in a single crystal form. However, the current
      methods are unsuitable for growing single crystals of these oftentimes
      incongruently melting, unstable or metastable materials. Here we demonstrate a
      strategy to overcome this hurdle by avoiding the gaseous or liquid phase, and
      directly converting glass into a single crystal. Specifically, Sb2S3 single
      crystals are grown in Sb-S-I glasses as an example of this approach. In this
      first unambiguous demonstration of an all-solid-state glass -> crystal
      transformation, extraneous nucleation is avoided relative to crystal growth via
      spatially localized laser heating and inclusion of a suitable glass former in the
      composition. The ability to fabricate patterned single-crystal architecture on a
      glass surface is demonstrated, providing a new class of micro-structured
      substrate for low cost epitaxial growth, active planar devices, etc.

PMID- 26988920
TI  - Recovery of upper extremity function following endoscopically assisted
      contralateral C7 transfer for obstetrical brachial plexus injury.
AB  - Transfer of the contralateral C7 nerve for reconstruction of the brachial plexus
      in infants with obstetrical brachial plexus injury has rarely been reported. We
      developed a new endoscopy-assisted technique via the prevertebral
      (retroesophageal) route for the transfer of the contralateral C7 nerve in
      reconstruction of the brachial plexus. The reconstruction was performed in 20
      infants (14 boys and six girls). Motor recovery was assessed using the Gilbert
      and Raimondi scales. The Narakas Sensory Grading System was used to evaluate hand
      sensation. The mean follow-up period was 45 months (SD 18.2). Of the 20 children,
      nine had contralateral C7 transfer to lower nerve roots, two had transfer to
      upper nerve roots and nine had transfer to both upper and lower roots. The
      postoperative shoulder and elbow functions were good or satisfactory according to
      the Gilbert classification in all children whose preoperative scores were poor.
      All patients with lower roots reconstruction (9) had satisfactory hand function.
      A total of 15 children had a Narakas score of S3. Our technique enables safe
      contralateral C7 transfer to the avulsed roots in severe obstetrical brachial
      plexus injury infants with a satisfactory functional recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Level IV.

PMID- 26988918
TI  - MicroRNA-related polymorphisms in apoptosis pathway genes are predictive of
      clinical outcome in patients with limited disease small cell lung cancer.
AB  - We examined the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at miRNA binding
      sites in the 3'-UTRs of genes in the apoptosis pathway on the prognosis of
      patients with limited disease-small cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC). Twelve tagSNPs in
      seven genes were genotyped using blood samples from 146 LD-SCLC patients treated
      with chemoradiotherapy. Cox proportional hazard regression models and recursive
      partitioning analysis were performed to identify SNPs significantly associated
      with overall survival. Three SNPs, CASP8: rs1045494 (C > T), PIK3R1: rs3756668 (A
      > G) and CASP7: rs4353229 (T > C), were associated with longer overall survival
      in LD-SCLC patients after chemoradiotherapy. The adjusted hazard ratios (95%
      confidence intervals) were 0.480 (0.258-0.894), 0.405 (0.173-0.947) and 0.446
      (0.247-0.802), respectively, and remained significant after multiple comparison
      correction. Moreover, subset analysis showed these SNPs were still predictive of
      overall survival in stage III patients. Recursive partitioning analysis enabled
      patients to be classified into three risk subgroups based on unfavorable genotype
      combinations of the rs1045494 and rs4353229 SNPs. These findings suggest miRNA
      related polymorphisms in the apoptosis pathway may be useful biomarkers for
      selection of LD-SCLC patients likely to benefit from chemoradiotherapy. 

PMID- 26988921
TI  - [Termination of pregnancy: A survey about its evolution in French perinatal
      centres].
AB  - CONTEXT: Termination of pregnancy (TOP) is regulated by French law for decades.
      Indications of TOP may vary depending on progress performed in perinatal medicine
      and in diagnosis of fetal anomalies, and also according to the way malformations
      are perceived in society. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the frequency and
      indications of TOP had varied in the Lorraine Centre for Perinatal Diagnosis from
      2000 to 2012. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study performed on a randomized
      sample of medical files presented in the Lorraine Centre for Perinatal Diagnosis
      in years 2000, 2006 and 2012. We analyzed the number of files presented by
      parents-to-be, the indication motivating TOP, general characteristics of both
      pregnancies and mothers. We also performed a prospective enquiry among the French
      Centres for Perinatal Diagnosis in order to determine national rates. RESULTS:
      General characteristics of mothers and pregnancies were similar from 2002 to
      2012. No modification in indications of TOP was measured. In Lorraine, most TOPs
      were performed for chromosomal abnormality. On the national level, centres for
      perinatal diagnosis received more requests for TOPs in the study period. There
      were also more TOPs for non-lethal fetal anomalies, and parents refusing TOPs
      though the centres had agreed with its indication. CONCLUSION: The national
      trends were not measured in Lorraine region.

PMID- 26988922
TI  - Guideline for dialysate quality of Spanish Society of Nephrology (second edition,
      2015).
AB  - A Best Practice Guideline about Dialysis fluid purity was developed under the
      leadership of the Spanish Society of Nephrology in 2004. The second edition
      revised Guideline considered new evidences and International Standard. The
      Guideline has established recommendations for standards for preparing dialysate:
      water, concentrates and hemodialysis proportioning systems. This Guideline is
      based on the ISO13959, European Pharmacopoeia, the Real Farmacopea Espanola, the
      AAMI Standards and Recommended Practices, European Best Practice Guidelines for
      Haemodialysis, literature reviews, according to their level of evidence, and the
      opinion of the expert Spanish group. Two levels of quality of water were defined:
      purified water and high purified water (ultra pure) and for dialysate: ultra pure
      dialysate. Regular use of ultra pure dialysate is recommended for all type of
      hemodialysis to prevent and delay the occurrence of complications: inflammation,
      malnutrition, anaemia and amiloidosis. Water, concentrates and dialysate quality
      requirements are defined as maximum allowable contaminant levels: chemicals
      (4.1.2), conductivity, microbial and endotoxins (4.1.1): Monitoring frequency,
      maintenance and corrective actions were specified. Methods of sampling and
      analysis were described in appendix (anexos). For microbiological monitoring, R2A
      medium is recommended, incubated during 7-14 days at a temperature of 17-23
      degrees C. The dialysate quality assurance process involves all dialysis staff
      members and requires strict protocols. The physician in charge of hemodialysis
      has the ultimate responsibility for dialysate quality. All suggestions and
      questions about this Guideline are wellcome to www.senefro.org. 

PMID- 26988923
TI  - Zoonotic trypanosomes in South East Asia: Attempts to control Trypanosoma lewisi
      using veterinary drugs.
AB  - A growing number of atypical human infections due to the livestock parasite
      Trypanosoma evansi, or to the rat parasite Trypanosoma lewisi, are reported in
      humans in Asia. In some cases, clinical evolutions request treatments, however,
      so far, there were very few attempts to control T. lewisi using trypanocidal
      drugs. In a study published elsewhere, the efficacy of human trypanocides is
      evaluated in laboratory rats, and it concludes that none of them is able to cure
      rats experimentally infected with T. lewisi. Control of T. lewisi in rat would be
      a step for identification of drugs against this parasite. In the present study, 4
      veterinary drugs: diminazene aceturate, isometamidium chloride, melarsomine
      hydrochloride and quinapyramine sulfate and chloride, were evaluated at low and
      high doses, in intra-muscular injections to normal rats experimentally infected
      with a stock of T. lewisi from Thailand. None of these treatments being
      efficient, a trial was also made using melarsomine hydrochloride in T. evansi
      infected rats and in mixed T. lewisi and T. evansi infected rats, in order to
      demonstrate the efficacy of the drugs under the present protocol. T. evansi was
      cleared from the rat's blood the day after the treatment, while, T. lewisi
      remained unaffected until the end of the experiment. These observations clearly
      demonstrated the efficacy of melarsomine hydrochloride against T. evansi and its
      inefficacy against T. lewisi. In conclusion none of the veterinary drugs was
      efficient against this stock of T. lewisi. Other protocols using higher doses or
      other drugs and T. lewisi stocks should be investigated in further studies. The
      control of T. lewisi infection in Wistar rats, using veterinary trypanocidal
      drugs, remains so far unsuccessful. 

PMID- 26988916
TI  - Emerging preclinical pharmacological targets for Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological condition caused by the
      degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. It is the most
      prevalent form of Parkinsonism, categorized by cardinal features such as
      bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, and postural instability. Due to the
      multicentric pathology of PD involving inflammation, oxidative stress,
      excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and protein aggregation, it has become difficult to
      pin-point a single therapeutic target and evaluate its potential application.
      Currently available drugs for treating PD provide only symptomatic relief and do
      not decrease or avert disease progression resulting in poor patient satisfaction
      and compliance. Significant amount of understanding concerning the
      pathophysiology of PD has offered a range of potential targets for PD. Several
      emerging targets including AAV-hAADC gene therapy, phosphodiesterase-4, potassium
      channels, myeloperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase, MAO-B, dopamine, A2A, mGlu5, and
      5-HT-1A/1B receptors are in different stages of clinical development.
      Additionally, alternative interventions such as deep brain stimulation,
      thalamotomy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and gamma knife surgery, are also
      being developed for patients with advanced PD. As much as these therapeutic
      targets hold potential to delay the onset and reverse the disease, more targets
      and alternative interventions need to be examined in different stages of PD. In
      this review, we discuss various emerging preclinical pharmacological targets that
      may serve as a new promising neuroprotective strategy that could actually help
      alleviate PD and its symptoms. 

PMID- 26988926
TI  - Phase I/II dose-finding design for molecularly targeted agent: Plateau
      determination using adaptive randomization.
AB  - Conventionally, phase I dose-finding trials aim to determine the maximum
      tolerated dose of a new drug under the assumption that both toxicity and efficacy
      monotonically increase with the dose. This paradigm, however, is not suitable for
      some molecularly targeted agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, for which
      efficacy often increases initially with the dose and then plateaus. For
      molecularly targeted agents, the goal is to find the optimal dose, defined as the
      lowest safe dose that achieves the highest efficacy. We develop a Bayesian phase
      I/II dose-finding design to find the optimal dose. We employ a logistic model
      with a plateau parameter to capture the increasing-then-plateau feature of the
      dose-efficacy relationship. We take the weighted likelihood approach to
      accommodate for the case where efficacy is possibly late-onset. Based on observed
      data, we continuously update the posterior estimates of toxicity and efficacy
      probabilities and adaptively assign patients to the optimal dose. The simulation
      studies show that the proposed design has good operating characteristics. This
      method is going to be applied in more than two phase I clinical trials as no
      other method is available for this specific setting. We also provide an R package
      dfmta that can be downloaded from CRAN website.

PMID- 26988925
TI  - Impact of intervention targeting risk factors on chronic disease burden.
AB  - The aging of the population is accompanied by a sharp rise of chronic disease
      prevalences, such as dementia. These diseases generally cannot be prevented or
      cured and persist over time, with a progressive deterioration of health,
      requiring specific care. To reduce the burden of these diseases, it is
      appropriate to propose interventions targeting disease risk factors, but the
      association between most of these risk factors and mortality makes it difficult
      to anticipate the potential impact of such interventions. A method was previously
      proposed to estimate changes in disease prevalence following an intervention
      targeting subjects at a given age where the incidence of the disease is supposed
      to be null. Here, we propose a general framework to make projections for life
      expectancies with and without the disease, the age at onset, and the lifelong
      probability of the disease, and to evaluate the consequences of preventive
      interventions targeting risk factors on these various measures of disease burden.
      The methodology takes into account the mortality trend over calendar time and age
      in both healthy and diseased subjects, and the change in mortality due to the
      intervention. The method is applied to make projections for dementia in 2030
      according to several scenarios of public health interventions.

PMID- 26988924
TI  - Statin intake is associated with MMP-1 level in gingival crevicular fluid of
      patients with periodontitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess whether statin intake is
      associated with clinical parameters of periodontitis and matrix metalloproteinase
      (MMP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of non-diabetic and diabetic
      patients. METHODS: We first determined the effect of simvastatin on MMP
      expression in mononuclear cells. We then recruited 117 non-diabetic and diabetic
      patients, who all had periodontitis and took or did not take statin, and measured
      periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), and
      collected gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to quantify MMPs. RESULTS: The in vitro
      studies showed that simvastatin potently inhibited the expression of MMP-1, MMP
      8, and MMP-9 upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high glucose in
      mononuclear cells. The patient study showed that, after adjusting for age and
      smoking status, PPD in diabetic patients on statin was significantly less than
      that in diabetic patients not on statin. MMP-1 level in GCF of non-diabetic and
      diabetic patients on statin was lower than that of non-diabetic and diabetic
      patients not on statin, respectively. No difference was found for MMP-8 and -9
      levels in GCF. CONCLUSION: Statin intake is associated with reduced PPD in
      diabetic patients and MMP-1 level in GCF in either non-diabetic or diabetic
      patients.

PMID- 26988927
TI  - Sample size determinations for stepped-wedge clinical trials from a three-level
      data hierarchy perspective.
AB  - Stepped-wedge (SW) designs have been steadily implemented in a variety of trials.
      A SW design typically assumes a three-level hierarchical data structure where
      participants are nested within times or periods which are in turn nested within
      clusters. Therefore, statistical models for analysis of SW trial data need to
      consider two correlations, the first and second level correlations. Existing
      power functions and sample size determination formulas had been derived based on
      statistical models for two-level data structures. Consequently, the second-level
      correlation has not been incorporated in conventional power analyses. In this
      paper, we derived a closed-form explicit power function based on a statistical
      model for three-level continuous outcome data. The power function is based on a
      pooled overall estimate of stratified cluster-specific estimates of an
      intervention effect. The sampling distribution of the pooled estimate is derived
      by applying a fixed-effect meta-analytic approach. Simulation studies verified
      that the derived power function is unbiased and can be applicable to varying
      number of participants per period per cluster. In addition, when data structures
      are assumed to have two levels, we compare three types of power functions by
      conducting additional simulation studies under a two-level statistical model. In
      this case, the power function based on a sampling distribution of a marginal, as
      opposed to pooled, estimate of the intervention effect performed the best.
      Extensions of power functions to binary outcomes are also suggested.

PMID- 26988928
TI  - Identification of predicted individual treatment effects in randomized clinical
      trials.
AB  - In most medical research, treatment effectiveness is assessed using the average
      treatment effect or some version of subgroup analysis. The practice of
      individualized or precision medicine, however, requires new approaches that
      predict how an individual will respond to treatment, rather than relying on
      aggregate measures of effect. In this study, we present a conceptual framework
      for estimating individual treatment effects, referred to as predicted individual
      treatment effects. We first apply the predicted individual treatment effect
      approach to a randomized controlled trial designed to improve behavioral and
      physical symptoms. Despite trivial average effects of the intervention, we show
      substantial heterogeneity in predicted individual treatment response using the
      predicted individual treatment effect approach. The predicted individual
      treatment effects can be used to predict individuals for whom the intervention
      may be most effective (or harmful). Next, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation
      study to evaluate the accuracy of predicted individual treatment effects. We
      compare the performance of two methods used to obtain predictions: multiple
      imputation and non-parametric random decision trees. Results showed that, on
      average, both predictive methods produced accurate estimates at the individual
      level; however, the random decision trees tended to underestimate the predicted
      individual treatment effect for people at the extreme and showed more variability
      in predictions across repetitions compared to the imputation approach.
      Limitations and future directions are discussed.

PMID- 26988930
TI  - Correcting for dependent censoring in routine outcome monitoring data by applying
      the inverse probability censoring weighted estimator.
AB  - Censored data make survival analysis more complicated because exact event times
      are not observed. Statistical methodology developed to account for censored
      observations assumes that patients' withdrawal from a study is independent of the
      event of interest. However, in practice, some covariates might be associated to
      both lifetime and censoring mechanism, inducing dependent censoring. In this
      case, standard survival techniques, like Kaplan-Meier estimator, give biased
      results. The inverse probability censoring weighted estimator was developed to
      correct for bias due to dependent censoring. In this article, we explore the use
      of inverse probability censoring weighting methodology and describe why it is
      effective in removing the bias. Since implementing this method is highly time
      consuming and requires programming and mathematical skills, we propose a user
      friendly algorithm in R. Applications to a toy example and to a medical data set
      illustrate how the algorithm works. A simulation study was carried out to
      investigate the performance of the inverse probability censoring weighted
      estimators in situations where dependent censoring is present in the data. In the
      simulation process, different sample sizes, strengths of the censoring model, and
      percentages of censored individuals were chosen. Results show that in each
      scenario inverse probability censoring weighting reduces the bias induced in the
      traditional Kaplan-Meier approach where dependent censoring is ignored.

PMID- 26988929
TI  - Bayesian bivariate meta-analysis of correlated effects: Impact of the prior
      distributions on the between-study correlation, borrowing of strength, and joint
      inferences.
AB  - Multivariate random-effects meta-analysis allows the joint synthesis of
      correlated results from multiple studies, for example, for multiple outcomes or
      multiple treatment groups. In a Bayesian univariate meta-analysis of one
      endpoint, the importance of specifying a sensible prior distribution for the
      between-study variance is well understood. However, in multivariate meta
      analysis, there is little guidance about the choice of prior distributions for
      the variances or, crucially, the between-study correlation, rhoB; for the latter,
      researchers often use a Uniform(-1,1) distribution assuming it is vague. In this
      paper, an extensive simulation study and a real illustrative example is used to
      examine the impact of various (realistically) vague prior distributions for rhoB
      and the between-study variances within a Bayesian bivariate random-effects meta
      analysis of two correlated treatment effects. A range of diverse scenarios are
      considered, including complete and missing data, to examine the impact of the
      prior distributions on posterior results (for treatment effect and between-study
      correlation), amount of borrowing of strength, and joint predictive distributions
      of treatment effectiveness in new studies. Two key recommendations are identified
      to improve the robustness of multivariate meta-analysis results. First, the
      routine use of a Uniform(-1,1) prior distribution for rhoB should be avoided, if
      possible, as it is not necessarily vague. Instead, researchers should identify a
      sensible prior distribution, for example, by restricting values to be positive or
      negative as indicated by prior knowledge. Second, it remains critical to use
      sensible (e.g. empirically based) prior distributions for the between-study
      variances, as an inappropriate choice can adversely impact the posterior
      distribution for rhoB, which may then adversely affect inferences such as joint
      predictive probabilities. These recommendations are especially important with a
      small number of studies and missing data.

PMID- 26988931
TI  - A robust semi-parametric warping estimator of the survivor function with an
      application to two-group comparisons.
AB  - In this note, we develop a new and novel semi-parametric estimator of the
      survival curve that is comparable to the product-limit estimator under very
      relaxed assumptions. The estimator is based on a beta parametrization that warps
      the empirical distribution of the observed censored and uncensored data. The
      parameters are obtained using a pseudo-maximum likelihood approach adjusting the
      survival curve accounting for the censored observations. In the univariate
      setting, the new estimator tends to better extend the range of the survival
      estimation given a high degree of censoring. However, the key feature of this
      paper is that we develop a new two-group semi-parametric exact permutation test
      for comparing survival curves that is generally superior to the classic log-rank
      and Wilcoxon tests and provides the best global power across a variety of
      alternatives. The new test is readily extended to the k group setting.

PMID- 26988932
TI  - Confidence interval of difference of proportions in logistic regression in
      presence of covariates.
AB  - Comparison of treatment differences in incidence rates is an important objective
      of many clinical trials. However, often the proportion is affected by covariates,
      and the adjustment of the predicted proportion is made using logistic regression.
      It is desirable to estimate the treatment differences in proportions adjusting
      for the covariates, similarly to the comparison of adjusted means in analysis of
      variance. Because of the correlation between the point estimates in the different
      treatment groups, the standard methods for constructing confidence intervals are
      inadequate. The problem is more difficult in the binary case, as the comparison
      is not uniquely defined, and the sampling distribution more difficult to analyze.
      Four procedures for analyzing the data are presented, which expand upon existing
      methods and generalize the link function. It is shown that, among the four
      methods studied, the resampling method based on the exact distribution function
      yields a coverage rate closest to the nominal.

PMID- 26988933
TI  - Bayesian joint modeling for assessing the progression of chronic kidney disease
      in children.
AB  - Joint models are rich and flexible models for analyzing longitudinal data with
      nonignorable missing data mechanisms. This article proposes a Bayesian random
      effects joint model to assess the evolution of a longitudinal process in terms of
      a linear mixed-effects model that accounts for heterogeneity between the
      subjects, serial correlation, and measurement error. Dropout is modeled in terms
      of a survival model with competing risks and left truncation. The model is
      applied to data coming from ReVaPIR, a project involving children with chronic
      kidney disease whose evolution is mainly assessed through longitudinal
      measurements of glomerular filtration rate.

PMID- 26988934
TI  - Evaluating hospital infection control measures for antimicrobial-resistant
      pathogens using stochastic transmission models: Application to vancomycin
      resistant enterococci in intensive care units.
AB  - Nosocomial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are the cause of significant morbidity
      and mortality among hospital patients. It is important to be able to assess the
      efficacy of control measures using data on patient outcomes. In this paper, we
      describe methods for analysing such data using patient-level stochastic models
      which seek to describe the underlying unobserved process of transmission. The
      methods are applied to detailed longitudinal patient-level data on vancomycin
      resistant Enterococci from a study in a US hospital with eight intensive care
      units (ICUs). The data comprise admission and discharge dates, dates and results
      of screening tests, and dates during which precautionary measures were in place
      for each patient during the study period. Results include estimates of the
      efficacy of the control measures, the proportion of unobserved patients colonized
      with vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and the proportion of patients colonized
      on admission.

PMID- 26988935
TI  - Phase correlation applied to the 3D registration of CT and CBCT image volumes.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this study, a 3D phase correlation algorithm was investigated to test
      feasibility for use in determining the anatomical changes that occur throughout a
      patient's radiotherapy treatment. The algorithm determines the transformations
      between two image volumes through analysis in the Fourier domain and has not
      previously been used in radiotherapy for 3D registration of CT and CBCT volumes.
      METHODS: Various known transformations were applied to a patient's prostate CT
      image volume to create 12 different test cases. The mean absolute error and
      standard deviation were determined by evaluating the difference between the known
      contours and those calculated from the registration process on a point-by-point
      basis. Similar evaluations were performed on images with increasing levels of
      noise added. The improvement in structure overlap offered by the algorithm in
      registering clinical CBCT to CT images was evaluated using the Dice Similarity
      Coefficient (DSC). RESULTS: A mean error of 2.35 (sigma = 1.54) mm was calculated
      for the 12 deformations applied. When increasing levels of noise were introduced
      to the images, the mean errors were observed to rise up to a maximum increase of
      1.77 mm. For CBCT to CT registration, maximum improvements in the DSC of 0.09 and
      0.46 were observed for the bladder and rectum, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The
      Fourier-based 3D phase correlation registration algorithm investigated displayed
      promising results in CT to CT and CT to CBCT registration, offers potential in
      terms of efficiency and robustness to noise, and is suitable for use in
      radiotherapy for monitoring patient anatomy throughout treatment.

PMID- 26988936
TI  - The influence of physical wedges on penumbra and in-field dose uniformity in
      ocular proton beams.
AB  - A physical wedge may be partially introduced into a proton beam when treating
      ocular tumours in order to improve dose conformity to the distal border of the
      tumour and spare the optic nerve. Two unwanted effects of this are observed: a
      predictable broadening of the beam penumbra on the wedged side of the field and,
      less predictably, an increase in dose within the field along a relatively narrow
      volume beneath the edge (toe) of the wedge, as a result of small-angle proton
      scatter. Monte Carlo simulations using MCNPX and direct measurements with
      radiochromic (GAFCHROMIC((r)) EBT2) film were performed to quantify these effects
      for aluminium wedges in a 60 MeV proton beam as a function of wedge angle and
      position of the wedge relative to the patient. For extreme wedge angles (60
      degrees  in eye tissue) and large wedge-to-patient distances (70 mm in this
      context), the 90-10% beam penumbra increased from 1.9 mm to 9.1 mm. In-field dose
      increases from small-angle proton scatter were found to contribute up to 21%
      additional dose, persisting along almost the full depth of the spread-out-Bragg
      peak. Profile broadening and in-field dose enhancement are both minimised by
      placing the wedge as close as possible to the patient. Use of lower atomic number
      wedge materials such as PMMA reduce the magnitude of both effects as a result of
      a reduced mean scattering angle per unit energy loss; however, their larger
      physical size and greater variation in density are undesirable. 

PMID- 26988938
TI  - Prognostic significance of standardised uptake value (SUVmax ) measured on 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients
      with small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Certain prognostic factors for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) have been validated,
      but the prognostic role of 18F-FDG PET/CT still remains unclear. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients
      with SCLC. We reviewed 142 patients with pathologically proven SCLC who underwent
      pre-treatment 18F-FDG PET/CT. Standardised uptake value (SUVmax ) and other
      potential prognostic variables were chosen for analysis. The mean age of the
      study population was 58.2 +/- 10.1 years (range, 25-84), and 124 (87.3%) patients
      were men. The median SUVmax value was 11.6 (4.0-29.3). Among the variables
      included in the univariate analysis, performance status (P = 0.001), disease
      stage (P < 0.001), administration of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT; P < 0.001),
      albumin level (P = 0.030) and LDH level (P < 0.001) showed prognostic
      significance. Further, multivariate analysis showed that performance status (P =
      0.007), albumin level (P = 0.002), LDH level (P < 0.001) and administration of
      TRT (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for survival. In conclusion,
      performance status, TRT, LDH level and albumin level were identified as important
      prognostic factors, while 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake of the primary lesions did not
      have any prognostic significance for survival in patients with SCLC.

PMID- 26988940
TI  - Grief symptoms and difficult patient loss for oncologists in response to patient
      death.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to explore oncologist's grief symptoms over patient
      death and to identify why and which losses are particularly challenging when
      patients die. METHODS: The grounded theory method was used to collect and analyze
      the data. Twenty-two oncologists were interviewed between March 2013 and June
      2014 from three adult oncology centers in the north, center, and south of Israel.
      Oncologists were at different stages of their careers and varied in their sub
      specialties, gender, and personal and professional backgrounds. RESULTS: Grief
      begun when the patient died, in anticipation of the patient's death, many days
      after the death, or when the patient received a poor prognosis. The
      phenomenological experience of grief for oncologists included behavioral,
      cognitive, physical, and emotional symptoms in response to patient death.
      Behavioral symptoms included crying and difficulties sleeping. Cognitive symptoms
      included self-doubt and rumination about the patient and the care the patient had
      received before death. Physical symptoms included chest pain, fatigue, and
      general physical discomfort. Emotional symptoms included sadness, anxiety,
      helplessness, guilt, relief, irritability, and loss. Difficult patient loss was
      caused by patient-related factors, family-related factors, and disease-related
      factors. CONCLUSIONS: Patient deaths result in behavioral, cognitive, physical,
      and emotional symptoms of grief in oncologists. These symptoms become
      particularly intense in the context of patient, family, and disease-related
      factors. Educational and supportive interventions for managing grief related to
      patient death are needed in order to support oncologists in their emotionally and
      mentally taxing work. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26988939
TI  - Molecular characterization of a novel androgen receptor transgene responsive to
      MicroRNA mediated post-transcriptional control exerted via 3'-untranslated
      region.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Androgen Receptor (AR) gene is associated with Prostate cancer (PCa)
      and hence targeting androgen-and AR-signaling axis remains the most promising
      primary therapeutic option to treat the disease. The AR mRNA has a 6.8 kb long 3'
      untranslated region (UTR) which harbors several experimentally validated and
      numerous predicted miRNA binding sites. AR 3'-UTR is likely to positively or
      negatively regulate AR expression by interacting with miRNAs and possibly other
      trans-acting auxiliary factors including 3'-UTR RNA binding proteins. In this
      context, systematic understanding of the regulatory role of AR 3'-UTR in
      intrinsic post-transcriptional control of AR gene expression is of significance
      to understand AR related diseases including PCa. METHODS: In this study, we have
      constructed a heterologous reporter system in which Firefly luciferase and AR
      expression is experimentally influenced by the presence of AR 3'-UTR and its
      interactions with ectopically expressing miRNA. RESULTS: The expression of AR 3'
      UTR containing reporters, including the Firefly luciferase and the AR open
      reading frame (ORF) were repressed by the overexpression of miR-488* mimics. In
      addition, the AR expressed from 3'-UTR containing expression vectors was fully
      functional in its transactivation function as determined by a prostate specific
      antigen (PSA) reporter assay. Further, by using confocal microscopy we also
      demonstrate that AR can translocate to the nucleus upon DHT activation confirming
      the functional ability of AR. CONCLUSIONS: AR transgenes with AR 3'-UTR fragments
      closely resemble the endogenous AR expression than any other previously
      characterized AR expression constructs. The 3'-UTR containing AR expression
      system is amiable to post-transcriptional manipulations including miRNA mediated
      repression of AR expression. This AR reporter system has the potential to be used
      in determining specificity of AR targeting miRNAs and their role in AR functional
      regulatory networks. Prostate 76:834-844, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26988937
TI  - Shaping of cutaneous function by encounters with commensals.
AB  - The skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides the first line of
      defence against environmental attack and pathogen invasion. It harbor multiple
      commensal microbial communities at different body sites, which play important
      roles in sensing the environment, protecting against colonization and infection
      of pathogens, and guiding the host immune system in response to foreign
      invasions. The skin microbiome is largely variable between individuals and body
      sites, with several core commensal members commonly shared among individuals at
      the healthy state. These microbial commensals are essential to skin health and
      can potentially lead to disease when their abundances and activities change due
      to alterations in the environment or in the host. While recent advances in
      sequencing technologies have enabled a large number of studies to characterize
      the taxonomic composition of the skin microbiome at various body sites and under
      different physiological conditions, we have limited understanding of the
      microbiome composition and dynamics at the strain level, which is highly
      important to many microbe-related diseases. Functional studies of the skin
      microbial communities and the interactions among community members and with the
      host are currently scant, warranting future investigations. In this review, we
      summarize the recent findings on the skin microbiome, highlighting the roles of
      the major commensals, including bacteria, fungi and bacteriophages, in modulating
      skin functions in health and disease. Functional studies of the skin microbiota
      at the metatranscriptomic and proteomic levels are also included to illustrate
      the interactions between the microbiota and the host skin.

PMID- 26988941
TI  - CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPSIN-LIKE AND CHYMOTRYPSIN-LIKE SERINE PROTEASES FROM
      MIDGUT OF Mythimna separata Walker.
AB  - Two cDNA sequences encoding a trypsin-like and a chymotrypsin-like serine
      protease (MsT and MsCT, GenBank accession Nos. KP730443 and KP730444,
      respectively) were cloned from midgut of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata
      Walker. Multiple alignments revealed that the deduced amino acid sequences of MsT
      and MsCT contained a serine protease catalytic motif GDSGGPL and catalytic triads
      (His, Asp, and Ser). Analyses of tissue and developmental expression of MsT and
      MsCT showed that they were mainly expressed in midguts and could be detected in
      first to sixth instar larvae, prepupal and pupal stages. Expressions of both MsT
      and MsCT were downregulated after 24 h of starvation and upregulated by
      subsequent insect refeeding. MsT expression in response to 20-hydroxyecdysone
      (20E) was dose dependent and upregulated after 24 h. However, MsCT expression in
      response to 20E was downregulated compared with controls. MsCT, but not MsT,
      transcripts were upregulated after 24 h of Cry1Ac protoxin exposure. These
      results suggested that MsT was most likely involved in food protein digestion and
      molting in M. separata whereas MsCT was most likely involved in food protein
      digestion and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protoxin activation. RNA interference
      indicated that MsT and MsCT expression levels decreased 76.7 and 86.2% after
      treated with MsT and MsCT dsRNA, respectively. This study showed that M. separata
      expressed midgut proteases in line with known lepidopteran counterparts and
      contributed valuable sequence resource information regarding insect proteases. 

PMID- 26988943
TI  - Age dependency for coagulation parameters in paediatric populations. Results of a
      multicentre study aimed at defining the age-specific reference ranges.
AB  - Understanding of developmental haemostasis is critical to ensure optimal
      prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of haemorrhagic and thrombotic diseases in
      children. As coagulation test results are known to be dependent on the
      reagents/analysers used, it is recommended for each laboratory to define the age
      dependent reference ranges by using its own technical condition. That study was
      carried out in seven centers to establish age-specific reference ranges using the
      same reagents and analyser. Plasma samples were obtained from 1437 paediatric
      patients from the following age groups: 15 days-4 weeks (n=36), 1-5 months
      (n=320), 6-12 months (n=176), 1-5 years (n=507), 6-10 years (n=132) and 11-17
      years (n=262). Indication of coagulation testing was pre-operative screening for
      non-acute diseases in most cases. PT values were similar in the different age
      groups to those in adults, whereas longer aPTTs were demonstrated in the younger
      children. Plasma levels of all clotting factors, except for FV, were
      significantly decreased (p<0.0001) in the youngest children, adult values being
      usually reached before the end of the first year. The same applied to
      antithrombin, protein C/S, and plasminogen. In contrast, FVIII and VWF levels
      were elevated in the youngest children and returned to adult values within six
      months. The same applied to D-dimer levels, which were found elevated,
      particularly until six months of life, until puberty. These data suggest that
      most coagulation test results are highly dependent on age, mainly during the
      first year of life, and that age-specific reference ranges must be used to ensure
      proper evaluation of coagulation in children.

PMID- 26988942
TI  - Regulation at a distance of biomolecular interactions using a DNA origami
      nanoactuator.
AB  - The creation of nanometre-sized structures that exhibit controllable motions and
      functions is a critical step towards building nanomachines. Recent developments
      in the field of DNA nanotechnology have begun to address these goals,
      demonstrating complex static or dynamic nanostructures made of DNA. Here we have
      designed and constructed a rhombus-shaped DNA origami 'nanoactuator' that uses
      mechanical linkages to copy distance changes induced on one half ('the driver')
      to be propagated to the other half ('the mirror'). By combining this nanoactuator
      with split enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), we have constructed a DNA
      protein hybrid nanostructure that demonstrates tunable fluorescent behaviours via
      long-range allosteric regulation. In addition, the nanoactuator can be used as a
      sensor that responds to specific stimuli, including changes in buffer composition
      and the presence of restriction enzymes or specific nucleic acids. 

PMID- 26988944
TI  - Expression of DNA repair genes in porcine oocytes before and after fertilization
      by ICSI using freeze-dried sperm.
AB  - Boar sperm freeze-dried with trehalose showed a protective effect against sperm
      DNA fragmentation. However, normal fertilization and embryonic development were
      not improved. Damaged sperm may activate maternal DNA repair genes when injected
      into oocytes. Therefore, we investigated the expression profile of some DNA
      repair genes in porcine oocytes after intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. First,
      the expression levels of MGMT, UDG, XPC, MSH2, XRCC6 and RAD51 genes that are
      concerned with different types of DNA repair were examined in in vitro mature
      (IVM) oocytes injected with ejaculated sperm, or freeze-dried sperm with or
      without trehalose. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
      revealed that expression of six DNA repair genes in the oocytes at 4 h after
      injection did not differ among the four groups. Next, we investigated the gene
      expression levels of these genes at different stages of maturation. The relative
      expression levels of UDG and XPC were significantly up-regulated in mature
      oocytes compared with earlier stages. Furthermore, there was an increased
      tendency in relative expression of MSH2 and RAD51. These results suggested two
      possible mechanisms that messenger RNA of DNA repair genes are either accumulated
      during IVM to be ready for fertilization or increased expression levels of DNA
      repair genes in oocytes caused by suboptimal IVM conditions.

PMID- 26988945
TI  - Femoral and Carotid Subclinical Atherosclerosis Association With Risk Factors and
      Coronary Calcium: The AWHS Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early subclinical atherosclerosis has been mainly researched in
      carotid arteries. The potential value of femoral arteries for improving the
      predictive capacity of traditional risk factors is an understudied area.
      OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the association of subclinical carotid
      and femoral plaques with risk factors and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in
      middle-aged men. METHODS: Participants (n = 1,423) of the AWHS (Aragon Workers'
      Health Study), a study designed to assess cardiovascular risk and subclinical
      atherosclerosis in a cohort of middle-aged men (40 to 59 years of age), underwent
      carotid and femoral ultrasound plus noncontrast coronary computed tomography.
      Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of any plaque in carotid
      or femoral arteries and/or CACS >=1. Logistic regression models were used to
      estimate the prevalence of atherosclerosis adjusted for risk factors and age, to
      evaluate the association of atherosclerosis with risk factors, and to calculate
      areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for the presence of
      positive CACS. RESULTS: Subclinical atherosclerosis was found in 72% of
      participants. Plaques were most common in femoral arteries (54%), followed by
      coronary calcification (38%) and carotid plaques (34%). Association of
      atherosclerosis with risk factors was stronger in femoral arteries than carotid
      or coronary arteries. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve
      for prediction of positive CACS increased from 0.665 when considering only risk
      factors (dyslipidemia, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and age) to 0.719
      when adding femoral and carotid plaques (p < 0.001). In this model, the femoral
      odds ratio (2.58) exceeded the carotid odds ratio (1.80) for prediction of
      positive CACS. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical atherosclerosis was highly prevalent in
      this middle-aged male cohort. Association with risk factors and positive CACS was
      stronger in femoral than carotid arteries. Screening for femoral plaques may be
      an appealing strategy for improving cardiovascular risk scales and predicting
      coronary disease.

PMID- 26988946
TI  - Screening for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Using Ultrasound.

PMID- 26988948
TI  - Improving the Monitoring and Care of Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 26988947
TI  - Attainment of LDL-Cholesterol Treatment Goals in Patients With Familial
      Hypercholesterolemia: 5-Year SAFEHEART Registry Follow-Up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common genetic
      disorder associated with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
      (ASCVD). There are sparse data on attainment of treatment targets; large
      registries that reflect real-life clinical practice can uniquely provide this
      information. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the achievement of low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment goals in FH patients enrolled in a
      large national registry. METHODS: The SAFEHEART study (Spanish Familial
      Hypercholesterolemia Cohort Study) is a large, ongoing registry of molecularly
      defined patients with heterozygous FH treated in Spain. The attainment of
      guideline-recommended plasma LDL-C goals at entry and follow-up was investigated
      in relation to use of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). RESULTS: The study recruited
      4,132 individuals (3,745 of whom were >=18 years of age); 2,752 of those enrolled
      were molecularly diagnosed FH cases. Mean follow-up was 5.1 +/- 3.1 years; 71.8%
      of FH cases were on maximal LLT, and an LDL-C treatment target <100 mg/dl was
      reached by only 11.2% of patients. At follow-up, there was a significant increase
      in the use of ezetimibe, drug combinations with statins, and maximal LLT. The
      presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a defective allele mutation, ezetimibe use,
      and the absence of previous ASCVD were predictors of the attainment of LDL-C
      goals. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the use of intensified LLT, many FH patients continue
      to experience high plasma LDL-C levels and, consequently, do not achieve
      recommended treatment targets. Type of LDL-receptor mutation, use of ezetimibe,
      coexistent diabetes, and ASCVD status can bear significantly on the likelihood of
      attaining LDL-C treatment goals.

PMID- 26988950
TI  - Save the Unlucky Unrevascularized Acute Coronary Syndrome Patient.

PMID- 26988949
TI  - Spontaneous MI After Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Managed
      Without Revascularization: The TRILOGY ACS Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), especially those
      receiving medical management without revascularization, are at high risk for
      spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI), but its frequency and predictors are
      unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize spontaneous MI events in a
      randomized population during 30 months of follow-up and develop a prediction
      model for spontaneous MI to assign risk of spontaneous MI events in ACS
      populations. METHODS: We analyzed data from the randomized TRILOGY ACS (TaRgeted
      platelet Inhibition to cLarify the Optimal strateGy to medically manage Acute
      Coronary Syndromes) trial of aspirin plus prasugrel or clopidogrel following ACS.
      The trial included 9,326 patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (NSTEMI)/unstable angina (UA) who were managed medically without
      planned revascularization. Our study population included 9,294 patients. A
      multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was developed to determine
      predictors of time to first spontaneous MI event through 30 months. After model
      validation, we developed a calculator for model implementation. RESULTS: Among
      9,294 patients, 695 spontaneous MI events occurred over a median of 17 months,
      representing 94% of adjudicated MI events (n = 737). The Kaplan-Meier event rate
      of spontaneous MI through 30 months was 10.7%. The strongest predictors of
      spontaneous MI were older age, NSTEMI versus UA as index event, diabetes
      mellitus, no pre-randomization angiography, and higher baseline creatinine
      values. The model exhibited good predictive capabilities (c-index = 0.732) and
      had good calibration, especially for patients with low-to-moderate risk of
      spontaneous MI. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous MI following a medically managed
      UA/NSTEMI event is common. Baseline characteristics can be used to predict
      subsequent risk of spontaneous MI in this population. These findings provide
      insight into the long-term natural history of medically managed UA/NSTEMI
      patients and could be used to optimize risk stratification and treatment of these
      patients. (A Comparison of Prasugrel and Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndrome
      Subjects [TRILOGY ACS]; NCT00699998).

PMID- 26988952
TI  - BRUISE CONTROL INFECTION Study: Blood and Bugs.

PMID- 26988954
TI  - Using Registries to Understand Clinical Practice: A Lesson for Rare Disease.

PMID- 26988955
TI  - Procedural Success and Adverse Events in Pulmonary Artery Stenting: Insights From
      the NCDR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Risk factors associated with outcomes for pulmonary artery (PA)
      stenting remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to
      determine the effect of patient and procedural characteristics on rates of
      adverse events and procedural success. METHODS: Registry data were collected, and
      2 definitions of procedural success were pre-specified for patients with
      biventricular circulation: 1) 20% reduction in right ventricular pressure or 50%
      increase in PA diameter; and 2) 25% reduction in right ventricular pressure or
      50% decrease in PA gradient or post-procedure ratio of in-stent minimum to pre
      stent distal diameter >80%. A separate definition of procedural success based on
      normalization of PA diameter was pre-specified for patients with single ventricle
      palliation. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and January 2014, a total of 1,183 PA
      stenting procedures were performed at 59 institutions across 1,001 admissions;
      262 (22%) procedures were performed in patients with a single ventricle. The rate
      of procedural success was 76% for definition 1, 86% for definition 2, and 75% for
      single ventricle patients. In the multivariate analysis, ostial stenosis was
      significantly associated with procedural success for biventricular patients
      according to both definitions. The overall complication rate was 14%, with 9% of
      patients experiencing death or a major adverse event (MAE). According to
      multivariate analysis, weight <4 kg, having a single ventricle, and emergency
      status were significantly associated with death or MAEs. CONCLUSIONS: In our
      analysis, success was >75% across all definitions, and adverse events were
      relatively common. Biventricular patients with an ostial stenosis had a higher
      probability of a successful outcome. Patients who had a single ventricle, weight
      <4 kg, or who underwent an emergency procedure had a higher risk of death or MAE.
      These findings may help inform patient selection for PA stenting.

PMID- 26988956
TI  - Congenital Interventions Enter the Era of Big Data: Risks and Rewards.

PMID- 26988953
TI  - Acute Vasodilator Response in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Current
      Clinical Practice From the TOPP Registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), acute vasodilator response
      testing (AVT) is considered important to identify adult patients with favorable
      prognosis using calcium-channel blocker (CCB) therapy. However, in pediatric PAH,
      criteria used to identify acute responders and CCB use are insufficiently
      studied. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe current clinical practice of
      AVT and subsequent treatment decisions in pediatric PAH. METHODS: From January
      2008 to May 2013, 529 consecutive children with confirmed pulmonary hypertension
      were enrolled in an international registry. We analyzed those children with
      evaluable AVT. RESULTS: Of 382 children with evaluable AVT, 212 had
      idiopathic/familial PAH (IPAH/FPAH) and 105 had PAH associated with congenital
      heart disease (PAH-CHD). In 70% of the patients, AVT was performed using inhaled
      nitric oxide; other agents were used in the remaining patients. In IPAH/FPAH
      patients, 78 (37%) patients were acute responders according to their physician,
      62 (30%) according to REVEAL (Registry-to-Evaluate-Early-And-Long-term PAH
      disease management)-pediatric criteria, and 32 (15%) according to Sitbon
      criteria. For PAH-CHD patients, the numbers of AVT responders were 38 (36%), 14
      (13%), and 7 (7%) respectively. Correlation between AVT responder status as
      judged by the treating physician and by published response criteria was poor.
      Moreover, of the IPAH/FPAH patients judged by the treating physician as acute
      responders, only 23% were treated with CCB without additional PAH-targeted
      therapy. The Sitbon criteria selected patients with better prognosis who had
      excellent outcome when treated with CCB. CONCLUSIONS: The current practice of
      identifying responders to AVT and subsequent treatment with CCB therapy
      demonstrated large discrepancies with current international guidelines. Also, in
      pediatric IPAH, the Sitbon criteria are the criteria of choice to identify
      patients with excellent survival when treated with CCB therapy.

PMID- 26988951
TI  - Clinically Significant Pocket Hematoma Increases Long-Term Risk of Device
      Infection: BRUISE CONTROL INFECTION Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The BRUISE CONTROL trial (Bridge or Continue Coumadin for Device
      Surgery Randomized Controlled Trial) demonstrated that a strategy of continued
      warfarin during cardiac implantable electronic device surgery was safe and
      reduced the incidence of clinically significant pocket hematoma (CSH). CSH was
      defined as a post-procedure hematoma requiring further surgery and/or resulting
      in prolongation of hospitalization of at least 24 h, and/or requiring
      interruption of anticoagulation. Previous studies have inconsistently associated
      hematoma with the subsequent development of device infection; reasons include the
      retrospective nature of many studies, lack of endpoint adjudication, and
      differing subjective definitions of hematoma. OBJECTIVES: The BRUISE CONTROL
      INFECTION (Bridge or Continue Coumadin for Device Surgery Randomized Controlled
      Trial Extended Follow-Up for Infection) prospectively examined the association
      between CSH and subsequent device infection. METHODS: The study included 659
      patients with a primary outcome of device-related infection requiring
      hospitalization, defined as 1 or more of the following: pocket infection;
      endocarditis; and bloodstream infection. Outcomes were verified by a blinded
      adjudication committee. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify
      predictors of infection. RESULTS: The overall 1-year device-related infection
      rate was 2.4% (16 of 659). Infection occurred in 11% of patients (7 of 66) with
      previous CSH and in 1.5% (9 of 593) without CSH. CSH was the only independent
      predictor and was associated with a >7-fold increased risk of infection (hazard
      ratio: 7.7; 95% confidence interval: 2.9 to 20.5; p < 0.0001). Empiric
      antibiotics upon development of hematoma did not reduce long-term infection risk.
      CONCLUSIONS: CSH is associated with a significantly increased risk of infection
      requiring hospitalization within 1 year following cardiac implantable electronic
      device surgery. Strategies aimed at reducing hematomas may decrease the long-term
      risk of infection. (Bridge or Continue Coumadin for Device Surgery Randomized
      Controlled Trial [BRUISE CONTROL]; NCT00800137).

PMID- 26988957
TI  - Peripheral Artery Disease: Evolving Role of Exercise, Medical Therapy, and
      Endovascular Options.
AB  - The prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) continues to increase
      worldwide. It is important to identify patients with PAD because of the increased
      risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death and impaired
      quality of life because of a profound limitation in exercise performance and the
      potential to develop critical limb ischemia. Despite effective therapies to lower
      the cardiovascular risk and prevent progression to critical limb ischemia,
      patients with PAD continue to be under-recognized and undertreated. The
      management of PAD patients should include an exercise program, guideline-based
      medical therapy to lower the cardiovascular risk, and, when revascularization is
      indicated, an "endovascular first" approach. The indications and strategic
      choices for endovascular revascularization will vary depending on the clinical
      severity of the PAD and the anatomic distribution of the disease. In this review,
      we discuss an evidence-based approach to the management of patients with PAD.

PMID- 26988958
TI  - Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator Lead Failure and Management.
AB  - The implantable-cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead is the most vulnerable
      component of the ICD system. Despite advanced engineering design, sophisticated
      manufacturing techniques, and extensive bench, pre-clinical, and clinical
      testing, lead failure (LF) remains the Achilles' heel of the ICD system. ICD LF
      has a broad range of adverse outcomes, ranging from intermittent inappropriate
      pacing to proarrhythmia leading to patient mortality. ICD LF is often considered
      in the context of design or construction defects, but is more appropriately
      considered in the context of the finite service life of a mechanical component
      placed in chemically stressful environment and subjected to continuous mechanical
      stresses. This clinical review summarizes LF mechanisms, assessment, and
      differential diagnosis of LF, including lead diagnostics, recent prominent lead
      recalls, and management of LF and functioning, but recalled leads. Despite recent
      advances in lead technology, physicians will likely continue to need to
      understand how to manage patients with transvenous ICD leads. 

PMID- 26988960
TI  - Hypertension Landmark Trials 2015: A European Perspective of the Practicing
      Clinician.

PMID- 26988959
TI  - State of the States: ACC Chapters Making a Difference in Communities Across the
      United States.

PMID- 26988961
TI  - The Necessity of High-Fidelity Simulation in Cardiology Training Programs.

PMID- 26988963
TI  - TAVI in Lower Risk Patients: Revolution or Nonsense? Keep Calm and Select
      Patients.

PMID- 26988962
TI  - Persistent but not Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Is Independently Associated
      With Lower Cognitive Function: ARIC Study.

PMID- 26988964
TI  - Reply: TAVI in Lower Risk Patients: Revolution or Nonsense? Keep Calm and Select
      Patients.

PMID- 26988965
TI  - Nitrites/Nitrates in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

PMID- 26988966
TI  - Reply: Nitrites/Nitrates in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

PMID- 26988968
TI  - Genome-Based Microbial Taxonomy Coming of Age.
AB  - Reconstructing the complete evolutionary history of extant life on our planet
      will be one of the most fundamental accomplishments of scientific endeavor, akin
      to the completion of the periodic table, which revolutionized chemistry. The road
      to this goal is via comparative genomics because genomes are our most
      comprehensive and objective evolutionary documents. The genomes of plant and
      animal species have been systematically targeted over the past decade to provide
      coverage of the tree of life. However, multicellular organisms only emerged in
      the last 550 million years of more than three billion years of biological
      evolution and thus comprise a small fraction of total biological diversity. The
      bulk of biodiversity, both past and present, is microbial. We have only scratched
      the surface in our understanding of the microbial world, as most microorganisms
      cannot be readily grown in the laboratory and remain unknown to science. Ground
      breaking, culture-independent molecular techniques developed over the past 30
      years have opened the door to this so-called microbial dark matter with an
      accelerating momentum driven by exponential increases in sequencing capacity. We
      are on the verge of obtaining representative genomes across all life for the
      first time. However, historical use of morphology, biochemical properties,
      behavioral traits, and single-marker genes to infer organismal relationships mean
      that the existing highly incomplete tree is riddled with taxonomic errors.
      Concerted efforts are now needed to synthesize and integrate the burgeoning
      genomic data resources into a coherent universal tree of life and genome-based
      taxonomy. 

PMID- 26988971
TI  - Length of stay in acute hospitals: be careful what you wish for.

PMID- 26988970
TI  - Spatiotemporal transcriptome provides insights into early fruit development of
      tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
AB  - Early fruit development is crucial for crop production in tomato. After
      fertilization, the ovary undergoes cell division and cell expansion before
      maturation. Although the roles of regulatory signals such as hormone and
      carbohydrate during early fruit development have been studied, the spatial
      distribution and the sequential initiation of these regulatory signals still need
      to be explored. Using the tomato cultivar 'Moneymaker', we analyzed the
      transcriptome of the ovule and the ovary wall/pericarp dissected from four
      different stages of the early developing fruits by stereoscope. These datasets
      give us the whole picture about the spatial and temporal signal distribution in
      early development of ovule and pericarp. Our results indicate that the hormone
      signal was initiated in both ovule and pericarp after fertilization. After that,
      different signals were activated in ovule and pericarp due to their distinct
      developmental processes. Our study provides spatiotemporal regulatory landscape
      of gene expression with sequential information which was not studied by previous
      work and further strengthens the comprehension of the regulatory and metabolic
      events controlling early fruit development. 

PMID- 26988972
TI  - The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and narrative structure
      among adolescent terrorist-attack survivors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The structure of trauma narratives is considered to be related to
      posttraumatic stress symptomatology and thus the capacity to make a coherent
      narrative after stressful events is crucial for mental health. OBJECTIVE: The aim
      of this study is to understand more of the relationship between narrative
      structure and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). More specifically, we
      investigated whether internal and external focus, organization, fragmentation,
      and length differed between two groups of adolescent survivors of a mass
      shooting, one group with low levels of PTSS and one group with high levels of
      PTSS. METHOD: The sample comprised 30 adolescents who survived the shooting at
      Utoya Island in Norway in 2011. They were interviewed 4-5 months after the
      shooting and provided a free narrative of the event. PTSS were assessed using the
      UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (PTSD-RI). RESULTS: We found
      that survivors with high levels of PTSS described more external events and fewer
      internal events in their narratives compared with survivors with low levels of
      symptoms. The analysis also showed that especially narratives containing more
      descriptions of dialogue and fewer organized thoughts were related to higher
      levels of PTSS. The groups did not differ in levels of narrative fragmentation or
      in length of the narratives. CONCLUSION: Specific attributes of narrative
      structure proved to be related to the level of PTSS. On the basis of our results,
      we can recommend that practitioners focus especially on two elements of the
      trauma narratives, namely, the amount of external events, particularly dialogues,
      within the narrative and the number of organized thoughts. Participants with high
      levels of PTSS provided trauma narratives with low amount of organized
      (explanatory) thoughts accompanied by detailed descriptions of dialogues and
      actions, which is indicative for "here and now" quality of recall and a lack of
      trauma processing.

PMID- 26988967
TI  - Diversity of Neural Precursors in the Adult Mammalian Brain.
AB  - Aided by advances in technology, recent studies of neural precursor identity and
      regulation have revealed various cell types as contributors to ongoing cell
      genesis in the adult mammalian brain. Here, we use stem-cell biology as a
      framework to highlight the diversity of adult neural precursor populations and
      emphasize their hierarchy, organization, and plasticity under physiological and
      pathological conditions. 

PMID- 26988969
TI  - Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins.
AB  - Organisms from all domains of life depend on filaments of the protein actin to
      provide structure and to support internal movements. Many eukaryotic cells use
      forces produced by actin polymerization for their motility, and myosin motor
      proteins use ATP hydrolysis to produce force on actin filaments. Actin
      polymerizes spontaneously, followed by hydrolysis of a bound adenosine
      triphosphate (ATP). Dissociation of the gamma-phosphate prepares the polymer for
      disassembly. This review provides an overview of the properties of actin and
      shows how dozens of proteins control both the assembly and disassembly of actin
      filaments. These players catalyze nucleotide exchange on actin monomers, initiate
      polymerization, promote phosphate dissociation, cap the ends of polymers, cross
      link filaments to each other and other cellular components, and sever filaments.

PMID- 26988974
TI  - Chronic kidney disease and prognosis in elderly patients with cardiovascular
      disease: Comparison between CKD-EPI and Berlin Initiative Study-1 formulas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequent in patients with
      cardiovascular (CV) disease and impacts prognosis in these subjects. While
      current guidelines recommend the CKD-EPI equation for the estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR) and recognizing CKD, a new creatinine-based equation - the
      Berlin Initiative Study-1 (BIS-1) - was generated for elders with a high
      prevalence of CV disease. We assessed whether BIS-1 provided more accurate risk
      stratification than the CKD-EPI equation in unselected aged patients with CV
      disease. METHODS: Patients aged >=70 years who were seen consecutively at the
      Cardiovascular Centre of Trieste (Italy) between November 2009 and October 2013
      were recruited into this study. The correlation and agreement between the BIS-1
      and CKD-EPI formulas were evaluated and intra-class correlation coefficients
      (ICCs) were computed in order to estimate the correlation between the two
      formulas. Patients were followed for all-cause death, composite outcomes of all
      cause death/all-cause hospitalization and all-cause death/CV hospitalization.
      RESULTS: A total of 7845 subjects met the inclusion criteria for this study. GFR
      as estimated with the BIS-1 and the CKD-EPI equation was highly correlated (ICC:
      0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79-0.82; p < 0.0001). When allocating
      patients in Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classes of eGFR, compared to
      CKD-EPI, the BIS-1 formula reclassified 2720 (34.7%) patients: 53 (1.9%) were
      placed in a better class and 2667 (98.1%) were placed in a worse class.
      Multivariable Cox models showed that BIS-1 compared to CKD-EPI had a
      significantly better accuracy for predicting death (NRI: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03-0.19;
      p = 0.001), death/CV hospitalization (net reclassification improvement [NRI]:
      0.34; 95% CI: 0.27-0.38; p < 0.001) and death/all-cause hospitalization (NRI:
      0.14; 95% CI: 0.06-0.21; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The BIS-1 formula is better
      than the CKD-EPI formula for risk stratification of CKD in elderly people with CV
      disease.

PMID- 26988976
TI  - An evaluation of the additional benefit of population screening for dementia
      beyond a passive case-finding approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: General practitioners (GPs) fail to identify more than 50% of dementia
      cases using the existing passive case-finding approach. Using data from the
      "Ageing in General Practice" study, we sought to establish the additional benefit
      of screening all patients over the age of 75 for dementia beyond those patients
      already identified by passive case-finding. METHOD: Patients were classified as
      "case-finding" (n = 425) or "screening" (n = 1006) based on their answers to four
      subjective memory related questions or their GP's clinical judgement of their
      dementia status. Cognitive status of each patient was formally assessed by a
      research nurse using the Cambridge Cognition Examination (CAMCOG-R). Patients
      then attended their usual GP for administration of the GP assessment of Cognition
      (GPCOG) dementia screening instrument, and follow-up care and/or referral as
      necessary in light of the outcome. RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia was
      significantly higher in the case-finding group (13.6%) compared to the screening
      group (4.6%; p < 0.01). The GPCOG had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 61% in
      the case-finding group and 39% in the screening group; negative predictive value
      was >95% in both groups. GPs and their patients both found the GPCOG to be an
      acceptable cognitive assessment tool. The dementia cases missed via case-finding
      were younger (p = 0.024) and less cognitively impaired (p = 0.020) than those
      detected. CONCLUSION: There is a very limited benefit of screening for dementia,
      as most people with dementia could be detected using a case-finding approach, and
      considerable potential for social and economic harm because of the low PPV
      associated with screening.

PMID- 26988975
TI  - Molecular mode of action of NKP-1339 - a clinically investigated ruthenium-based
      drug - involves ER- and ROS-related effects in colon carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339) is a
      clinically investigated ruthenium-based metal complex, which shows promising
      results in solid tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal
      carcinoma, and most distinctively in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. In
      previous studies, fast binding to albumin as well as transferrin could be shown.
      The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which is diversely being
      exploited for tumor targeting, could therefore be applicable for NKP-1339. Here
      we studied the serum dependence of its biological activity in various methods,
      influencing its cellular accumulation, cytotoxicity as well as the generation of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS lead to Nrf2 activation, which is known to
      activate antioxidant response gene transcription. GRP78 down-regulation on the
      protein level suggests ER associated protein degradation (ERAD) as a mode of
      action, as RNA levels are only mildly affected. Another important part for the
      mode of action is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as different factors are
      highly upregulated on the protein level. For example PERK, a transmembrane
      receptor which is released by GRP78 when the ER is disturbed, is upregulated and
      phosphorylated. EIF2alpha is phosphorylated, which leads to an inhibition of CAP
      dependent translation and other stress responses. The transcription factor CHOP
      (DDIT3), which promotes ER stress dependent apoptosis, is time and concentration
      dependently upregulated. Finally cytotoxicity tests could prove that inhibition
      of ER stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis leads to decreased cytotoxic
      effects of NKP-1339, which highlights the involvement of this mechanism in the
      mode of action.

PMID- 26988977
TI  - Introduction to the Special Issue on Multisensory Processing.

PMID- 26988978
TI  - Poor guideline adherence in the initiation of antidepressant treatment in
      children and adolescents in the Netherlands: choice of antidepressant and dose.
AB  - The Dutch guideline for the treatment of depression in young people recommends
      initiating antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine, as the evidence for its
      efficacy is strongest and the risk of suicidality may be lower than with other
      antidepressants. Furthermore, low starting doses are recommended. We aimed to
      determine whether antidepressant prescriptions are in accord with guidelines. A
      cohort of young people aged between 6 and 17 at the time of antidepressant
      initiation was selected from IABD, a Dutch pharmacy prescription database. The
      percentage of prescriptions for each antidepressant was determined. Starting and
      maintenance doses were determined and compared with recommendations for
      citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline. During the study period,
      2942 patients initiated antidepressant treatment. The proportion of these young
      people who were prescribed fluoxetine increased from 10.1 % in 1994-2003 to 19.7
      % in 2010-2014. However, the most commonly prescribed antidepressants were
      paroxetine in 1994-2003 and citalopram in 2004-2014. The median starting and
      maintenance doses were <=0.5 DDD/day for tricyclic antidepressants and 0.5-1
      DDD/day for SSRIs and other antidepressants. Starting doses were guideline
      concordant 58 % of the time for children, 31 % for preteens, and 16 % for teens.
      Sixty percent of teens were prescribed an adult starting dose. In conclusion,
      guideline adherence was poor. Physicians preferred citalopram over fluoxetine, in
      contrast to the recommendations. Furthermore, although children were prescribed a
      low starting dose relatively frequently, teens were often prescribed an adult
      starting dose. These results suggest that dedicated effort may be necessary to
      improve guideline adherence.

PMID- 26988979
TI  - Improving Shared Decision Making with LGBT Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients.

PMID- 26988973
TI  - A best practice position statement on pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: the
      Italian Study Group on Kidney and Pregnancy.
AB  - Pregnancy is increasingly undertaken in patients with chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) and, conversely, CKD is increasingly diagnosed in pregnancy: up to 3 % of
      pregnancies are estimated to be complicated by CKD. The heterogeneity of CKD
      (accounting for stage, hypertension and proteinuria) and the rarity of several
      kidney diseases make risk assessment difficult and therapeutic strategies are
      often based upon scattered experiences and small series. In this setting, the aim
      of this position statement of the Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of the Italian
      Society of Nephrology is to review the literature, and discuss the experience in
      the clinical management of CKD in pregnancy. CKD is associated with an increased
      risk for adverse pregnancy-related outcomes since its early stage, also in the
      absence of hypertension and proteinuria, thus supporting the need for a
      multidisciplinary follow-up in all CKD patients. CKD stage, hypertension and
      proteinuria are interrelated, but they are also independent risk factors for
      adverse pregnancy-related outcomes. Among the different kidney diseases, patients
      with glomerulonephritis and immunologic diseases are at higher risk of developing
      or increasing proteinuria and hypertension, a picture often difficult to
      differentiate from preeclampsia. The risk is higher in active immunologic
      diseases, and in those cases that are detected or flare up during pregnancy.
      Referral to tertiary care centres for multidisciplinary follow-up and tailored
      approaches are warranted. The risk of maternal death is, almost exclusively,
      reported in systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis, which share with
      diabetic nephropathy an increased risk for perinatal death of the babies.
      Conversely, patients with kidney malformation, autosomal-dominant polycystic
      kidney disease, stone disease, and previous upper urinary tract infections are at
      higher risk for urinary tract infections, in turn associated with prematurity. No
      risk for malformations other than those related to familiar urinary tract
      malformations is reported in CKD patients, with the possible exception of
      diabetic nephropathy. Risks of worsening of the renal function are differently
      reported, but are higher in advanced CKD. Strict follow-up is needed, also to
      identify the best balance between maternal and foetal risks. The need for further
      multicentre studies is underlined.

PMID- 26988981
TI  - Use of Decision Aids with Minority Patients: a Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One potential approach to reducing health disparities among
      minorities is through the promotion of shared decision making (SDM). The most
      commonly studied SDM intervention is the decision aid (DA). While DAs have been
      extensively studied, we know relatively little about their use in minority
      populations. We conducted a systematic review to characterize the application and
      effectiveness of DAs in racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities. METHODS:
      We searched PubMed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating DAs between
      2004 and 2013. We included trials that enrolled adults (> 18 years of age) with >
      50 % representation by minority patients. Four reviewers independently assessed
      597 initially identified articles, and those with inconclusive results were
      discussed to consensus. We abstracted decision quality, patient-doctor
      communication, and clinical treatment decision outcomes. Results were considered
      significantly modified by the DA if the study reported p < 0.05. RESULTS: We
      reviewed 18 RCTs of DA interventions in minority populations. The majority of
      interventions (78 %) addressed cancer screening. The most common mode of delivery
      for the DAs was personal counseling (46 %), followed by multi-media (29 %), and
      print materials (25 %). Most of the trials studied racial (78 %) or ethnic (17 %)
      minorities with only one trial focused on sexual minorities and none on gender
      minorities. Ten studies tailored their interventions for their minority
      populations. Comparing intervention vs. control, decision quality outcomes
      improved in six out of eight studies and patient-doctor communication improved in
      six out of seven studies. Of the 15 studies that reported on clinical decisions,
      eight demonstrated significant changes in decisions with DAs. DISCUSSION: DAs
      have been effective in improving patient-doctor communication and decision
      quality outcomes in minority populations and could help address health
      disparities. However, the existing literature is almost non-existent for sexual
      and gender minorities and has not included the full breadth of clinical decisions
      that affect minority populations.

PMID- 26988980
TI  - A Model of Organizational Context and Shared Decision Making: Application to LGBT
      Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients.
AB  - Shared decision making (SDM) occurs when patients and clinicians work together to
      reach care decisions that are both medically sound and responsive to patients'
      preferences and values. SDM is an important tenet of patient-centered care that
      can improve patient outcomes. Patients with multiple minority identities, such as
      sexual orientation and race/ethnicity, are at particular risk for poor SDM. Among
      these dual-minority patients, added challenges to clear and open communication
      include cultural barriers, distrust, and a health care provider's lack of
      awareness of the patient's minority sexual orientation or gender identity.
      However, organizational factors like a culture of inclusion and private space
      throughout the visit can improve SDM with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
      ("LGBT") racial/ethnic minority patients who have faced stigma and
      discrimination. Most models of shared decision making focus on the patient
      provider interaction, but the health care organization's context is also
      critical. Context-an organization's structure and operations-can strongly
      influence the ability and willingness of patients and clinicians to engage in
      shared decision making. SDM is most likely to be optimal if organizations
      transform their contexts and patients and providers improve their communication.
      Thus, we propose a conceptual model that suggests ways in which organizations can
      shape their contextual structure and operations to support SDM. The model
      contains six drivers: workflows, health information technology, organizational
      structure and culture, resources and clinic environment, training and education,
      and incentives and disincentives. These drivers work through four mechanisms to
      impact care: continuity and coordination, the ease of SDM, knowledge and skills,
      and attitudes and beliefs. These mechanisms can activate clinicians and patients
      to engage in high-quality SDM. We provide examples of how specific contextual
      changes could make SDM more effective for LGBT racial/ethnic minority
      populations, focusing especially on transformations that would establish a safe
      environment, build trust, and decrease stigma.

PMID- 26988983
TI  - Violaxanthin inhibits nonphotochemical quenching in light-harvesting antenna of
      Chromera velia.
AB  - Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a photoprotective mechanism in light
      harvesting antennae. NPQ is triggered by chloroplast thylakoid lumen
      acidification and is accompanied by violaxanthin de-epoxidation to zeaxanthin,
      which further stimulates NPQ. In the present study, we show that violaxanthin can
      act in the opposite direction to zeaxanthin because an increase in the
      concentration of violaxanthin reduced NPQ in the light-harvesting antennae of
      Chromera velia. The correlation overlapped with a similar relationship between
      violaxanthin and NPQ as observed in isolated higher plant light-harvesting
      complex II. The data suggest that violaxanthin in C. velia can act as an
      inhibitor of NPQ, indicating that violaxanthin has to be removed from the
      vicinity of the protein to reach maximal NPQ.

PMID- 26988982
TI  - IL-17 mediates inflammatory reactions via p38/c-Fos and JNK/c-Jun activation in
      an AP-1-dependent manner in human nucleus pulposus cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low back pain and sciatica caused by intervertebral disc (IVD)
      disease are associated with inflammatory responses. The cytokine interleukin 17
      (IL-17) is elevated in herniated and degenerated IVD tissues and acts as a
      regulator of disc inflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate
      the involvement of IL-17A in IVD inflammatory response and to explore the
      mechanisms underlying this response. METHODS: Cells were isolated from nucleus
      pulposus (NP) tissues collected from patients undergoing surgeries for IVD
      degeneration. The concentrations of COX2 and PGE2, as well as of select proteins
      involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activating protein-1 (AP
      1) pathway, were quantified in NP cells after exposure to IL-17 with or without
      pretreatment with MAPK or AP-1 inhibitors. RESULTS: Our results showed that IL
      17A increased COX2 expression and PGE2 production via the activation of MAPKs,
      including p38 kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, IL-17A-induced
      COX2 and PGE2 production was shown to rely on p38/c-Fos and JNK/c-Jun activation
      in an AP-1-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results indicate that IL
      17A enhances COX2 expression and PGE2 production via the p38/c-Fos and JNK/c-Jun
      signalling pathways in NP cells to mediate IVD inflammation.

PMID- 26988984
TI  - Reserpine Inhibit the JB6 P+ Cell Transformation Through Epigenetic Reactivation
      of Nrf2-Mediated Anti-oxidative Stress Pathway.
AB  - Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial transcription
      factor that regulates the expression of defensive antioxidants and detoxification
      enzymes in cells. In a previous study, we showed that expression of the Nrf2 gene
      is regulated by an epigenetic modification. Rauvolfia verticillata, a traditional
      Chinese herbal medicine widely used in China, possesses anticancer and
      antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated how Nrf2 is epigenetically
      regulated by reserpine, the main active component in R. verticillata, in mouse
      skin epidermal JB6 P+ cells. Reserpine induced ARE (antioxidant response element)
      luciferase activity in HepG2-C8 cells. Accordingly, in JB6 P+ cells, it
      upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes
      heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), while it
      only increased the protein level of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1).
      Furthermore, reserpine decreased the TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)
      induced colony formation of JB6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. DNA sequencing
      and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation further demonstrated the demethylation
      effect of reserpine on the first 15 CpGs of the Nrf2 promoter in JB6 P+ cells.
      Reserpine also reduced the mRNA and protein expression of DNMT1 (DNA
      methyltransferase 1), DNMT3a (DNA methyltransferases 3a), and DNMT3b (DNA
      methyltransferases 3b). Moreover, reserpine induced Nrf2 expression via an
      epigenetic pathway in skin epidermal JB6 P+ cells, enhancing the protective
      antioxidant activity and decreasing TPA-induced cell transformation. These
      results suggest that reserpine exhibits a cancer preventive effect by
      reactivating Nrf2 and inducing the expression of target genes involved in
      cellular protection, potentially providing new insight into the chemoprevention
      of skin cancer using reserpine.

PMID- 26988985
TI  - Combining Epigenetic and Immunotherapy to Combat Cancer.
AB  - The most exciting recent advance for achieving durable management of advanced
      human cancers is immunotherapy, especially the concept of immune checkpoint
      blockade. However, with the exception of melanoma, most patients do not respond
      to immunotherapy alone. A growing body of work has shown that epigenetic drugs,
      specifically DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, can upregulate immune signaling in
      epithelial cancer cells through demethylation of endogenous retroviruses and
      cancer testis antigens. These demethylating agents may induce T-cell attraction
      and enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in mouse models. Current
      clinical trials are testing this combination therapy as a potent new cancer
      management strategy. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1683-9. (c)2016 AACR. 

PMID- 26988986
TI  - Proteasomal Inhibition by Ixazomib Induces CHK1 and MYC-Dependent Cell Death in T
      cell and Hodgkin Lymphoma.
AB  - Proteasome-regulated NF-kappaB has been shown to be important for cell survival
      in T-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma models. Several new small-molecule
      proteasome inhibitors are under various stages of active preclinical and clinical
      development. We completed a comprehensive preclinical examination of the efficacy
      and associated biologic effects of a second-generation proteasome inhibitor,
      ixazomib, in T-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma cells and in vivo SCID mouse
      models. We demonstrated that ixazomib induced potent cell death in all cell lines
      at clinically achievable concentrations. In addition, it significantly inhibited
      tumor growth and improved survival in T-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma human
      lymphoma xenograft models. Through global transcriptome analyses, proteasomal
      inhibition showed conserved overlap in downregulation of cell cycle, chromatin
      modification, and DNA repair processes in ixazomib-sensitive lymphoma cells. The
      predicted activity for tumor suppressors and oncogenes, the impact on "hallmarks
      of cancer," and the analysis of key significant genes from global transcriptome
      analysis for ixazomib strongly favored tumor inhibition via downregulation of MYC
      and CHK1, its target genes. Furthermore, in ixazomib-treated lymphoma cells, we
      identified that CHK1 was involved in the regulation of MYC expression through
      chromatin modification involving histone H3 acetylation via chromatin
      immunoprecipitation. Finally, using pharmacologic and RNA silencing of CHK1 or
      the associated MYC-related mechanism, we demonstrated synergistic cell death in
      combination with antiproteasome therapy. Altogether, ixazomib significantly
      downregulates MYC and induces potent cell death in T-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin
      lymphoma, and we identified that combinatorial therapy with anti-CHK1 treatment
      represents a rational and novel therapeutic approach. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3319
      31. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26988987
TI  - Induction of Therapeutic Senescence in Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma by Extended
      Inhibition of CDK4/6.
AB  - Dysregulation of the p16-cyclin D1-CDK4/6-Rb pathway occurs frequently in
      melanoma; however, the therapeutic efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibition remains to be
      critically evaluated. We demonstrate that CDK4/6 inhibition inhibits melanoma
      progression through induction of senescence. Palbociclib, a specific CDK4/6
      inhibitor, rapidly induces cell cycle arrest within 24 hours and continued
      exposure for 8 days or longer induces senescence. The induction of senescence
      correlates with inhibition of mTOR and more specifically mTORC1 signaling.
      Vemurafenib, a specific BRAF(V600E) inhibitor, has significant clinical efficacy
      in BRAF(V600E)-positive melanomas, but its impact is hampered by a rapid
      acquisition of resistance. Strikingly, we found that vemurafenib-resistant tumors
      remain sensitive to palbociclib, suggesting that initial treatment with
      vemurafenib followed by palbociclib with or without mTOR inhibitors might provide
      an avenue to overcome recurrence of vemurafenib-resistant metastatic disease.
      Taken together, these results support palbociclib as a promising therapeutic for
      treatment of melanoma. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2990-3002. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26988988
TI  - Elucidation of the Roles of Tumor Integrin beta1 in the Extravasation Stage of
      the Metastasis Cascade.
AB  - Tumor integrin beta1 (ITGB1) contributes to primary tumor growth and metastasis,
      but its specific roles in extravasation have not yet been clearly elucidated. In
      this study, we engineered a three-dimensional microfluidic model of the human
      microvasculature to recapitulate the environment wherein extravasation takes
      place and assess the consequences of beta1 depletion in cancer cells. Combined
      with confocal imaging, these tools allowed us to decipher the detailed morphology
      of transmigrating tumor cells and associated endothelial cells in vitro at high
      spatio-temporal resolution not easily achieved in conventional transmigration
      assays. Dynamic imaging revealed that beta1-depleted cells lacked the ability to
      sustain protrusions into the subendothelial matrix in contrast with control
      cells. Specifically, adhesion via alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 to subendothelial
      laminin was a critical prerequisite for successful transmigration. beta1 was
      required to invade past the endothelial basement membrane, whereas its
      attenuation in a syngeneic tumor model resulted in reduced metastatic
      colonization of the lung, an effect not observed upon depletion of other integrin
      alpha and beta subunits. Collectively, our findings in this novel model of the
      extravasation microenvironment revealed a critical requirement for beta1 in
      several steps of extravasation, providing new insights into the mechanisms
      underlying metastasis. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2513-24. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26988989
TI  - DeltaNp63alpha Silences a miRNA Program to Aberrantly Initiate a Wound-Healing
      Program That Promotes TGFbeta-Induced Metastasis.
AB  - Primary cancer cell dissemination is a key event during the metastatic cascade,
      but context-specific determinants of this process remain largely undefined.
      Multiple reports have suggested that the p53 (TP53) family member p63 (TP63)
      plays an antimetastatic role through its minor epithelial isoform containing the
      N-terminal transactivation domain (TAp63). However, the role and contribution of
      the major p63 isoform lacking this domain, DeltaNp63alpha, remain largely
      undefined. Here, we report a distinct and TAp63-independent mechanism by which
      DeltaNp63alpha-expressing cells within a TGFbeta-rich microenvironment become
      positively selected for metastatic dissemination. Orthotopic transplantation of
      DeltaNp63alpha-expressing human osteosarcoma cells into athymic mice resulted in
      larger and more frequent lung metastases than transplantation of control cells.
      Mechanistic investigations revealed that DeltaNp63alpha repressed miR-527 and miR
      665, leading to the upregulation of two TGFbeta effectors, SMAD4 and TbetaRII
      (TGFBR2). Furthermore, we provide evidence that this mechanism reflects a
      fundamental role for DeltaNp63alpha in the normal wound-healing response. We show
      that DeltaNp63alpha-mediated repression of miR-527/665 controls a TGFbeta
      dependent signaling node that switches off antimigratory miR-198 by suppressing
      the expression of the regulatory factor, KSRP (KHSRP). Collectively, these
      findings reveal that a novel miRNA network involved in the regulation of
      physiologic wound-healing responses is hijacked and suppressed by tumor cells to
      promote metastatic dissemination. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3236-51. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26988990
TI  - Intracrine VEGF Signaling Mediates the Activity of Prosurvival Pathways in Human
      Colorectal Cancer Cells.
AB  - The effects of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A/VEGF) and its
      receptors on endothelial cells function have been studied extensively, but their
      effects on tumor cells are less well defined. Studies of human colorectal cancer
      cells where the VEGF gene has been deleted suggest an intracellular role of VEGF
      as a cell survival factor. In this study, we investigated the role of intracrine
      VEGF signaling in colorectal cancer cell survival. In human colorectal cancer
      cells, RNAi-mediated depletion of VEGF decreased cell survival and enhanced
      sensitivity to chemotherapy. Unbiased reverse phase protein array studies and
      subsequent validation experiments indicated that impaired cell survival was a
      consequence of disrupted AKT and ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1) signaling, as evidenced by
      reduced phosphorylation. Inhibition of paracrine or autocrine VEGF signaling had
      no effect on phospho-AKT or phospho-ERK1/2 levels, indicating that VEGF mediates
      cell survival via an intracellular mechanism. Notably, RNAi-mediated depletion of
      VEGF receptor VEGFR1/FLT1 replicated the effects of VEGF depletion on phospho-AKT
      and phospho-ERK1/2 levels. Together, these studies show how VEGF functions as an
      intracrine survival factor in colorectal cancer cells, demonstrating its distinct
      role in colorectal cancer cell survival. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3014-24. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 26988991
TI  - Injection Site Lichenoid Dermatitis Following Pneumococcal Vaccination: Report
      and Review of Cutaneous Conditions Occurring at Vaccination Sites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cutaneous dermatoses and malignancies have occurred at the sites of
      vaccines. PURPOSE: To describe a man who developed a lichenoid dermatitis at the
      pneumococcal vaccine injection site and to review cutaneous dermatoses and
      malignancies occurring at vaccination sites. METHODS: PubMed was used to search
      the following terms, separately and in combination: adverse, condition,
      cutaneous, dermatosis, dermatitis, injection, PCV13, pneumococcal, pneumonia,
      prevnar, reaction, skin, site, vaccination, and vaccine. All papers were
      reviewed, and relevant manuscripts, along with their reference citations, were
      evaluated. RESULTS: Several vaccines-including bacillus Calmette-Guerin,
      hepatitis B, influenza, leishmaniasis, meningitis, pneumococcal, smallpox,
      tetanus (alone and in combination with diphtheria, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus
      influenza type B or plague and yellow fever), and varicella-zoster-have been
      associated with post-vaccination site reactions. A 70-year-old male developed a
      lichenoid dermatitis that occurred at the pneumococcal vaccine injection site
      within 2 weeks after PCV13 vaccination; the erythematous nodule resolved
      spontaneously within 9 weeks following immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatoses at
      the injection sites of vaccines can be granulomatous, immunity-related
      conditions, infections, lichenoid, neutrophilic, or pseudolymphomatous. Basal
      cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common vaccination site
      associated malignancies; however, melanoma and sarcomas (dermatofibrosarcoma
      protuberans, fibrosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma) are also smallpox
      vaccine-related site neoplasms. A cutaneous immunocompromised district that is
      created by vaccine-induced local immunologic changes is hypothesized to be the
      pathogenesis of vaccination site reactions.

PMID- 26988992
TI  - Which index should be used to measure primary surgical outcome for unilateral
      cleft lip and palate patients?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal dentoalveolar measure to assess unilateral
      cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patient plaster models. DESIGN: The models of 34
      patients with UCLP taken at 5, 10, and 15-20 years of age were scored by two
      examiners on two separate occasions using five indices: the 5 Year Olds' (5YO),
      GOSLON, Modified Huddart/Bodenham (MHB), EUROCRAN, and Overjet. Reliability,
      validity, and ease of use were recorded for each index/examiner. SETTING: All
      models were scored in either Bristol Dental Hospital or Derriford Hospital,
      Plymouth, United Kingdom by senior orthodontic clinicians. RESULTS: Highest
      overall reliability was seen with MHB (Kappa = 0.56-0.97). Predictive validity
      was similar for MHB, GOSLON, and 5YO with a 50-65 per cent prediction of final
      outcome from 5 and 10 years. EUROCRAN palatal index showed no clear predictive
      validity (Spearman's correlation = 0.20-0.21). Agreement to the gold standard 5YO
      score at the 5-year age group was high for MHB (Kappa = 0.83) and moderate for
      GOSLON (Kappa = 0.59). Agreement to the gold standard GOSLON score at 10 years
      was highest for 5YO (Kappa = 0.69), followed by Overjet (Kappa = 0.59) and MHB
      (Kappa = 0.46). Time to score 34 models per index (minutes): GOSLON (13.4) <
      Overjet (13.6) < 5YO (19.4) < EUROCRAN (24.8) < MHB (27.4). CONCLUSION: As an
      outcome measure of UCLP models, only MHB and 5YO indices can be recommended for
      use at 5 years of age and GOSLON at 10 years of age.

PMID- 26988993
TI  - Reduced 25-OH vitamin D in patients with autoimmune cytopenias, clinical
      correlations and literature review.
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in Western Countries and has been found
      related to autoimmune and hematologic disease incidence and clinical course. We
      evaluated vitamin D levels, vitamin D receptor (VDR) and T helper (Th)1, Th2 and
      Th17 immunomodulatory cytokines in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura
      (ITP, N=44), primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA, n=35), Evans' syndrome
      (n=5) and chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN, n=19) and also tested vitamin D
      effect on the in vitro production of anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies. 25-OH
      vitamin D levels were significantly lower and vitamin D receptor higher in
      patients than in controls. Among ITP cases, those with very low vitamin D levels
      displayed reduced platelet counts, irrespective of the bleeding history. In AIHA
      patients, LDH values negatively correlated with vitamin D levels in mixed forms,
      and reticulocyte counts were positively related with vitamin D. Considering
      treatment, AIHA patients who had been treated with 2 therapy lines or more showed
      lower mean 25-OH-vitamin D levels than those untreated or treated with one line
      of therapy only. IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-gamma levels were higher in patients
      versus controls, whereas TNF-alpha was significantly reduced. Finally, vitamin D
      at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40ng/mL reduced the in vitro production of anti
      erythrocyte autoantibodies both in pokeweed-stimulated and unstimulated cultures.
      In conclusion, vitamin D is reduced in autoimmune cytopenias and correlate with
      disease severity, supporting its possible protective role against the development
      of autoimmunity. Literature review showed vitamin D deficiency reports both in
      onco- and in non onco-hematologic diseases with a relationship with disease
      severity/activity in myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms, as well as in sickle cell
      disease. Supplementation has produced weak results in autoimmune and hematologic
      diseases, and further studies are needed. 

PMID- 26988994
TI  - Increased risk of major bleeding after a minor bleed during treatment with
      vitamin K antagonists is determined by fixed common risk factors.
AB  - Essentials Minor bleeding is associated with subsequent major bleeding in
      patients treated with vitamin K antagonists. This study confirms that patients
      with minor bleeds have a 2.5-fold increased risk of major bleeds. A case
      crossover analysis revealed that the increased risk is due to fixed underlying
      risk factors. Future research may unveil these unknown fixed risk factors and
      improve major bleeding risk scores. SUMMARY: Background Patients who have a minor
      bleed during treatment with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have a 3-fold increased
      risk of subsequent major bleeding. The nature of the underlying risk factors is
      largely unknown. Objectives To indicate why patients with minor bleeds are at
      increased risk of subsequent major bleeds (e.g. are risk factors of a transient
      or a fixed nature). Methods Patients who started VKA treatment between 2003 and
      2013 were included. Exposure was from the minor bleed until 3 months later. We
      used two analyses: a Cox model which we adjusted for several known risk factors,
      and a case-crossover (CCO) design, which corrects for all fixed risk factors
      (such as chronic diseases and genes) as patients are compared with themselves.
      The combination of both analyses gives insight into whether the association of
      minor with major bleeds is a result of fixed or transient risk factors. Results
      Out of 26 130 patients who were included and followed for '61 672 patient years',
      7194 experienced a minor bleed and 913 a major bleed. The Cox model indicated
      that patients with minor bleeds had a 2.5-fold increased risk of experiencing
      subsequent major bleeding after adjustment for known risk factors, whereas the
      CCO gave risk estimates around unity (odds ratio, 0.9; 95% confidence interval,
      0.5-1.5). Conclusions The combination of both analyses indicates that minor
      bleeds are markers for fixed and currently unknown risk factors for major
      bleeding events.

PMID- 26988996
TI  - Characteristics of Patients with Alcohol Dependence Seeking Baclofen Treatment in
      France: A Two-Centre Comparative Cohort Study.
AB  - AIM: To characterize the profile of patients seeking baclofen treatment for
      alcohol dependence in France. METHOD: We compared retrospectively baclofen
      seekers and baclofen non-seekers within a cohort of consecutive outpatients with
      alcohol dependence who attended a first appointment for alcohol treatment at two
      French addiction centres between September 2012 and March 2014. We documented
      socio-demographic characteristics; comorbid psychiatric, addiction, alcohol
      dependence features; patients' initial drinking goal, and referral status; and
      treatment retention at 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Of the 289 patients identified,
      107 were baclofen seekers and 182 were baclofen non-seekers. The only parameters
      significantly associated with baclofen seekers in multivariate analyses were a
      greater baseline alcohol consumption (beta = 15.4, 95% CI: 0.18-30.65, P = 0.05),
      a controlled-drinking initial goal (OR = 14.9, 95% CI: 7.7-29, P < 0.0001) and
      self-referral (OR = 6.6, 95% CI: 3.7-12, P < 0.0001), baclofen seekers being
      eight times more likely to be self-referred and treatment-naive (OR = 8.8, 95%
      CI: 4.1-18.9, P < 0.0001). Baclofen seekers were more likely to be retained in
      treatment at 6 months (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.8-6.7, P < 0.0001) and 12 months (OR =
      1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.2, P = 0.019). CONCLUSION: In France, the perspective of
      controlled drinking offered by baclofen treatment may have attracted more self
      referred patients, including those without previous alcohol treatment, to attend
      treatment, than the usual treatment options. These findings raise the question as
      to whether future public health strategies on alcohol should more prominently
      promote some aspects of alcohol treatment, such as patient's preference and
      treatment options, in order to reduce the treatment gap in alcohol dependence.

PMID- 26988995
TI  - Combined detection of serum Dickkopf-1 and its autoantibodies to diagnose
      esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) can be treated effectively if diagnosed
      at an early stage. We evaluated whether measurement of Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) in
      combination of DKK-1 autoantibodies in serum may benefit early diagnosis of ESCC.
      Serum DKK-1 and DKK-1 autoantibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay in a training cohort (185 ESCC samples vs. 97 normal controls) and
      validated in a validation cohort (104 ESCC samples vs. 53 normal controls).
      Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was applied to calculate diagnostic
      accuracy. Testing of DKK-1 and DKK-1 autoantibodies together could differentiate
      ESCC from normal controls (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.769, 95% confidence
      interval (CI), 0.715-0.823, 50.3% sensitivity, and 90.7% specificity in the
      training cohort; AUC 0.752, 95% CI, 0.675-0.829, 50.0% sensitivity, and 84.9%
      specificity in the validation cohort). Importantly, the diagnostic performance of
      the combination of DKK-1 and DKK-1 autoantibodies persisted in early ESCC
      patients (AUC 0.780, 95% CI, 0.699-0.862, 50.0% sensitivity, and 90.7%
      specificity in the training cohort; AUC 0.745, 95% CI, 0.626-0.865, 53.8%
      sensitivity, and 84.9% specificity in the validation cohort). Furthermore, the
      levels of serum DKK-1 or DKK-1 autoantibody after surgical resection were lower,
      respectively, compared with the corresponding preoperative samples (P < 0.05).
      Our results suggest that measurement of DKK-1 combined with DKK-1 autoantibodies
      is a potentially valuable tool for the early detection of ESCC.

PMID- 26988997
TI  - Animal models of myocardial infarction: Mainstay in clinical translation.
AB  - Preclinical models with high prognostic power are a prerequisite for
      translational research. The closer the similarity of a model to myocardial
      infarction (MI), the higher is the prognostic value for clinical trials. An ideal
      MI model should present cardinal signs and pathology that resemble the human
      disease. The increasing understanding of MI stratification and etiology, however,
      complicates the choice of animal model for preclinical studies. An ultimate
      animal model, relevant to address all MI related pathophysiology is yet to be
      developed. However, many of the existing MI models comprising small and large
      animals are useful in answering specific questions. An appropriate MI model
      should be selected after considering both the context of the research question
      and the model properties. This review addresses the strengths, and limitations of
      current MI models for translational research. 

PMID- 26988998
TI  - Pegfilgrastim Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies.
AB  - Therapeutic mAbs exert antitumor activity through various mechanisms, including
      apoptotic signalization, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP). G-CSF and GM-CSF
      have been reported to increase the activity of antibodies in preclinical models
      and in clinical trials. To determine the potential role of pegfilgrastim as an
      enhancer of anticancer antibodies, we performed a comparative study of filgrastim
      and pegfilgrastim. We found that pegfilgrastim was significantly more potent than
      filgrastim in murine xenograft models treated with mAbs. This was observed with
      rituximab in CD20(+) models and with trastuzumab in HER2(+) models. Stimulation
      with pegfilgrastim was associated with significant enhancement of leukocyte
      content in spleen as well as mobilization of activated monocytes/granulocytes
      from the spleen to the tumor bed. These results suggest that pegfilgrastim could
      constitute a potent adjuvant for immunotherapy with mAbs possessing ADCC/ADCP
      properties. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1238-47. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 26988999
TI  - Sex hormones and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Regulation, implications, and
      potential mechanisms.
AB  - Neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus is modulated by endogenous and
      exogenous factors. Here, we review the role of sex hormones in the regulation of
      adult hippocampal neurogenesis in males and females. The review is framed around
      the potential functional implications of sex hormone regulation of adult
      hippocampal neurogenesis, with a focus on cognitive function and mood regulation,
      which may be related to sex differences in incidence and severity of dementia and
      depression. We present findings from preclinical studies of endogenous
      fluctuations in sex hormones relating to reproductive function and ageing, and
      from studies of exogenous hormone manipulations. In addition, we discuss the
      modulating roles of sex, age, and reproductive history on the relationship
      between sex hormones and neurogenesis. Because sex hormones have diverse targets
      in the central nervous system, we overview potential mechanisms through which sex
      hormones may influence hippocampal neurogenesis. Lastly, we advocate for a more
      systematic consideration of sex and sex hormones in studying the functional
      implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

PMID- 26989000
TI  - The effects of hormones and physical exercise on hippocampal structural
      plasticity.
AB  - The hippocampus plays an integral role in certain aspects of cognition.
      Hippocampal structural plasticity and in particular adult hippocampal
      neurogenesis can be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here
      we review how hormones (i.e., intrinsic modulators) and physical exercise (i.e.,
      an extrinsic modulator) can differentially modulate hippocampal plasticity in
      general and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in particular. Specifically, we
      provide an overview of the effects of sex hormones, stress hormones, and
      metabolic hormones on hippocampal structural plasticity and adult hippocampal
      neurogenesis. In addition, we also discuss how physical exercise modulates these
      forms of hippocampal plasticity, giving particular emphasis on how this
      modulation can be affected by variables such as exercise regime, duration, and
      intensity. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation
      of hippocampal structural plasticity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors will
      impact the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring hippocampal
      plasticity following brain injury or neurodegeneration.

PMID- 26989001
TI  - Multi-laboratory evaluation of SkinEthic HCE test method for testing serious eye
      damage/eye irritation using solid chemicals and overall performance of the test
      method with regard to solid and liquid chemicals testing.
AB  - A prospective multicentre study of the reconstructed human corneal epithelial
      tissue-based in vitro test method (SkinEthicTM HCE) was conducted to evaluate its
      usefulness to identify chemicals as either not classified for serious eye
      damage/eye irritation (No Cat.) or as classified (Cat. 1/Cat. 2) within UN GHS.
      The aim of this study was to demonstrate the transferability and reproducibility
      of the SkinEthicTM HCE EITS protocol for solids and define its predictive
      capacity. Briefly, 60 chemicals were three times tested (double blinded) in 3
      laboratories and 35 additional chemicals were tested three times in one
      laboratory. Good within laboratory reproducibility was achieved of at least 95%
      (57/60) and 96.8% (92/95) for the extended data set. Furthermore, the overall
      concordance between the laboratories was 96.7% (58/60). The accuracy of the
      SkinEthicTM HCE EITS for the extended dataset, based on bootstrap resampling, was
      81.0% (95% CI: 78.9% to 83.2%) with a sensitivity of 90.5% (95% CI: 88.1% to
      92.9%) and specificity of 73.6% (95% CI: 71.7% to 75.5%). Overall, 200 chemicals
      were tested (105 liquids (EITL protocol) and 95 solids (EITS protocol)) resulting
      in a sensitivity of 95.2%, specificity of 72.1% and accuracy of 83.7%, thereby
      meeting all acceptance criteria for predictive capacity. 

PMID- 26989002
TI  - Organisational challenges in the United Kingdom's post-disaster 'crisis support'
      work.
AB  - Local authorities in the United Kingdom are required to 'lead' multi-agency
      humanitarian responses to major disasters. Concerns mounted in the late twentieth
      century that responses to people bereaved in the immediate aftermath of such
      events at best failed to meet their needs and at worst compounded their distress.
      Subsequent reviews and reforms reframed some victim needs as 'rights' and
      established legal, administrative, and practice frameworks to improve matters.
      Local authority 'crisis support', provided in partnership with other actors, lies
      at the heart of the UK's contemporary emergency response to the bereaved. Drawing
      on primary research on the development and the deployment of crisis support in a
      local authority, and while acknowledging both incident- and context-related
      difficulties, this paper considers the significance of challenges with their
      origins in organisational factors. Recent developments within and between
      responders may exacerbate them. This paper argues, therefore, that further
      research into such developments is necessary.

PMID- 26989003
TI  - Meibomian gland dysfunction and tear cytokines after cataract surgery according
      to preoperative meibomian gland status.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the possible mechanisms by which cataract surgery
      aggravates meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), we evaluated the changes in tear
      cytokines and ocular surface parameters after cataract surgery according to the
      preoperative MGD grade. DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 50 eyes from 50 patients who underwent cataract surgery
      were included. METHODS: Patients were classified into two groups: Group I had no
      or minimal MGD, and group II had grades 2-4 MGD. Ocular surface parameters were
      measured, including tear film break-up time, Schirmer I test, ocular surface
      staining and Ocular Surface Disease Index, and tear cytokine levels were
      measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcomes were changes in ocular surface
      parameters and inflammatory tear cytokine concentrations. RESULTS: In group II,
      preoperative MGD grade, ocular surface staining, tear film break-up time and
      Ocular Surface Disease Index were worse, and mean interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and
      TNF-alpha levels were higher than those of group I. MGD and ocular surface
      parameters were worsened to a greater degree after surgery in group II than in
      group I (P < 0.050). In group II, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels significantly
      increased at postoperative 1 month, and there were significant correlations
      between changes in ocular surface parameters and tear cytokines (IL-2, IL-6 and
      TNF-alpha; P < 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: The extent to which the MGD grade was
      aggravated following cataract surgery differed based on preoperative MGD grade.
      Preoperative MGD and ocular surface status should be carefully evaluated.

PMID- 26989004
TI  - Polydopamine-coated magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective
      solid-phase extraction of cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid from radix
      scrophulariae sample.
AB  - We describe novel cinnamic acid polydopamine-coated magnetic imprinted polymers
      for the simultaneous selective extraction of cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and
      caffeic acid from radix scrophulariae sample. The novel magnetic imprinted
      polymers were synthesized by surface imprinting polymerization using magnetic
      multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the support material, cinnamic acid as the
      template and dopamine as the functional monomer. The magnetic imprinted polymers
      were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron
      microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample
      magnetometry. The results revealed that the magnetic imprinted polymers had
      outstanding magnetic properties, high adsorption capacity, selectivity and fast
      kinetic binding toward cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid. Coupled with
      high-performance liquid chromatography, the extraction conditions of the magnetic
      imprinted polymers as a magnetic solid-phase extraction sorbent were investigated
      in detail. The proposed imprinted magnetic solid phase extraction procedure has
      been used for the purification and enrichment of cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and
      caffeic acid successfully from radix scrophulariae extraction sample with
      recoveries of 92.4-115.0% for cinnamic acid, 89.4-103.0% for ferulic acid and
      86.6-96.0% for caffeic acid. 

PMID- 26989005
TI  - Trends in autopsy-verified dementia prevalence over 29 years of the Hisayama
      study.
AB  - We investigated the trends in dementia over the past 29 years in the town of
      Hisayama, Japan using 1266 autopsy specimens. The Hisayama study is a prospective
      cohort study of lifestyle-related diseases that was started in 1961. Clinical
      examination of dementia was started in 1985 with five detailed cross-sectional
      assessments conducted in 1985, 1992, 1998, 2005 and 2012. To examine the trends
      in dementia, we divided the 1266 autopsy samples into five groups according to
      the year of death: I (1986-1991, 257 cases), II (1992-1997, 268 cases), III (1998
      2004, 318 cases), IV (2005-2011, 296 cases) and V (2012-2014, 127 cases). The
      prevalence of all-cause dementia significantly increased over time (28.4% in
      group I, 22.4% in group II, 32.1% in group III, 30.1% in group IV, 51.2% in group
      V; P for trend <0.001). A similar trend was observed for Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      (15.2%, 11.9%, 17.3%, 20.6% and 33.1%, respectively; P for trend <0.001). A
      significant increasing trend was observed in both men and women. A rapid increase
      in senile dementia of the NFT type (SD-NFT) in recent years was notable. Vascular
      dementia was the most common type of dementia in men prior to 2004; however, its
      prevalence decreased over time. Our study revealed that tauopathies, including AD
      and SD-NFT, significantly increased in the aged Japanese population over the
      course of this study. The neuritic plaque pathology of AD was associated with
      metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and abnormal lipid metabolism,
      whereas the risk factors for tau pathology remain unclear. Although aging is
      considered one of the important risk factors accelerating tau pathology, there
      could be other risk factors associated with lifestyle diseases. 

PMID- 26989006
TI  - [What do we know about perinatal sexuality? A scoping review on sexoperinatality 
      Part 2].
AB  - The intimate and sexual dimension of future and new parenting couples'
      relationship is the most affected and the most vulnerable during the transition
      to parenthood. The purpose of this scoping review is to present the portrait of
      perinatal sexuality through 123 empirical articles published in the last 15
      years. This second article in a series of two is about sexuality during labor and
      birth, during the postpartum, and in relation to breastfeeding. A total of 29
      sexual variables were analyzed. Sexuality during the intrapartal and postnatal
      periods is very diversified. Some recurring items, however, can be identified: a
      period of non-sexuality in the first postnatal months, followed by a gradual
      return of sexuality from 3 to 6 months postpartum and continuing until 12 months
      or more. Sexuality during the intrapartum is considered taboo and couples'
      experiences can be at opposite ends: some couples' experiences are sensual and
      erotic during childbirth, while others experience birth trauma with a negative
      sexual impact postnatally. Sexuality during breastfeeding is also taboo with a
      negative impact on women's sexuality. In all of these circumstances, women's and
      men's sexuality are affected and a multitude of simultaneous physiological and
      psychological factors affect their experiences. Fluctuations in the intimate and
      sexual dimensions of the conjugal relationship are considered as a natural
      phenomenon but temporary. Sexoperinatal interventions should be part of holistic
      perinatal health care in order to help couples maintain a positive intimate and
      sexual relationship.

PMID- 26989007
TI  - [Assessment patient's sexuality after prolapse repair using the ElevateTM kit].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study is to present the impact on the sexuality
      of patients after prolapse repair by a vaginal approach using the ElevateTM kit.
      Secondary objectives include the evaluation of the quality of life and
      presentation of anatomical results and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      is a retrospective unicentric study of 177 patients with symptomatic urogenital
      prolapse, repair from 2009 to 2013, using anterior and/or posterior ElevateTM
      kit. Assessment sexuality was performed using a validated questionnaire, the PISQ
      12. Anatomical outcomes and quality of life were assessed using the
      classification POP-Q and questionnaires PFDI20 and PFIQ-7 respectively. RESULTS:
      Response to the questionnaire was 53.1 % with a mean follow-up of 29 months (8
      60). Forty-six patients were sexually (49 %) active after the procedure. The
      average score of postoperative questionnaire PISQ-12 was 34.5/48. De novo
      dyspareunia rate is 10.8 %. The anatomic success rate was 90 %, the exposure rate
      was 2.8 % and the retraction rate was 2.2 %. No patient with de novo dyspareunia
      had postoperative complication. CONCLUSION: The ElevateTM kit is associated with
      satisfactory functional and anatomical results. De novo dyspareunia rate is
      "acceptable" compared to the literature data.

PMID- 26989008
TI  - [Axillary management in breast cancer: The French practice versus recommendations
      in the post-2011 era].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Today, according to St-Gallen and ASCO clinical guidelines, axillary
      lymph node dissection (ALND) should be avoided in patients who meet the ACOSOG
      Z011 criteria. In French guidelines, ALND is still recommended in case of
      macrometastasis in sentinel lymph node (SLN) and in case of micrometastasis
      without systemic treatment. We performed a survey of the French practices in the
      management of the axilla. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 454
      breast surgeons between June 2014 and January 2015. Questionnaire included items
      about: indications of SLN biopsy, frequency of ALND in case of metastatic SLN and
      modality of radiotherapy in case of metastatic SLN without ALND. RESULTS: A total
      of 169 surgeons (37%) answer the questionnaire. Twenty-one percent of surgeons
      avoid ALND in case of macrometastasis. Thirty-two percent do not perform
      extemporaneous examination of SLN. Only 8.4% of practionners performed a SLN
      biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Fourteen percent performed a SLN biopsy in
      case of multicentric tumors, while it is not recommended. In case of positive SLN
      without ALND completion, radiotherapy does not change in 34% while irradiation
      fields are expanded in 44%. CONCLUSIONS: Significant unconformities are observed
      towards national recommendations. The divergence between French and international
      guidelines leads to heterogeneous surgical practices.

PMID- 26989011
TI  - Analysis of health promotion and prevention financing mechanisms in Thailand.
AB  - In the transition to the post-2015 agenda, many countries are striving towards
      universal health coverage (UHC). Achieving this, governments need to shift from
      curative care to promotion and prevention services. This research analyses
      Thailand's financing system for health promotion and prevention, and assesses
      policy options for health financing reforms. The study employed a mixed-methods
      approach and integrates multiple sources of evidence, including scientific and
      grey literature, expenditure data, and semi-structured interviews with key
      stakeholders in Thailand. The analysis was underpinned by the use of a well-known
      health financing framework. In Thailand, three agencies plus local governments
      share major funding roles for health promotion and prevention services: the
      Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), the National Health Security Office, the Thai
      Health Promotion Foundation and Tambon Health Insurance Funds. The total
      expenditure on prevention and public health in 2010 was 10.8% of the total health
      expenditure, greater than many middle-income countries that average 7.0-9.2%.
      MOPH was the largest contributor at 32.9%, the Universal Coverage scheme was the
      second at 23.1%, followed by the local governments and ThaiHealth at 22.8 and
      7.3%, respectively. Thailand's health financing system for promotion and
      prevention is strategic and innovative due to the three complementary mechanisms
      in operation. There are several methodological limitations to determine the
      adequate level of spending. The health financing reforms in Thailand could
      usefully inform policymakers on ways to increase spending on promotion and
      prevention. Further comparative policy research is needed to generate evidence to
      support efforts towards UHC.

PMID- 26989010
TI  - Endothelial AMPK activation induces mitochondrial biogenesis and stress
      adaptation via eNOS-dependent mTORC1 signaling.
AB  - Metabolic stress sensors like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are known to
      confer stress adaptation and promote longevity in lower organisms. This study
      demonstrates that activating the metabolic stress sensor AMP-activated protein
      kinase (AMPK) in endothelial cells helps maintain normal cellular function by
      promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and stress adaptation. To better define the
      mechanisms whereby AMPK promotes endothelial stress resistance, we used 5
      aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) to chronically activate AMPK and
      observed stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in wild type mouse endothelium,
      but not in endothelium from endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS
      null) mice. Interestingly, AICAR-enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis was blocked by
      pretreatment with the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor,
      rapamycin. Further, AICAR stimulated mTORC1 as determined by phosphorylation of
      its known downstream effectors in wild type, but not eNOS-null, endothelial
      cells. Together these data indicate that eNOS is needed to couple AMPK activation
      to mTORC1 and thus promote mitochondrial biogenesis and stress adaptation in the
      endothelium. These data suggest a novel mechanism for mTORC1 activation that is
      significant for investigations in vascular dysfunction.

PMID- 26989012
TI  - Empowerment and the ecological determinants of health: three critical capacities
      for practitioners.
AB  - Human agency or the expression of intentionality towards some form of betterment
      has long occupied human imagination and creativity. The ways in which we express
      such aspirations are fundamentally informed by our beliefs about the nature of
      reality, meanings of human well-being and progress, and the ways in which our
      social locations shape our interests. Within Western health-promoting discourse
      and practice, such processes have largely been expressed through the construct of
      empowerment. To date, like health, much empowerment practice has been implicitly
      rooted in Cartesianism, has tended towards anthropocentrism and in cases where it
      has engaged with environmental issues, has mirrored environmentalism's focus on
      externalities and objectivity. These tendencies coupled with the increasing
      complexity of global, ecological, human well-being issues call empowerment
      practitioners to integrate new kinds of capacities more suited to addressing the
      ecological determinants of health. Drawing in part on the author's empowerment
      research over more than a decade, this article distinguishes between a range of
      epistemological perspectives underlying contemporary empowerment practices while
      fore-grounding the concepts of place-based agency and social-ecological
      resilience. These constructs in turn form the basis for three capacities
      considered critical for practitioners addressing human-ecological well-being.

PMID- 26989013
TI  - The role of neurocranial shape in defining the boundaries of an expanded Homo
      erectus hypodigm.
AB  - The main goals of this study were to evaluate the distinctiveness of Homo erectus
      neurocranial shape relative to other closely related species, and assess the
      likelihood that particular fossils were correctly attributed to H. erectus given
      how shape variation related to geography, time and brain size. This was
      accomplished through analyses of several sets of landmarks designed to maximize
      the fossil sample, including 24 putative H. erectus fossils. The question of
      taxonomic differentiation was initially assessed for the type specimen (Trinil
      II) and morphologically similar Sangiran fossils and subsequently for
      increasingly inclusive definitions of H. erectus. Results indicated that H.
      erectus fossils from China, Indonesia, Georgia and East Africa shared a
      neurocranial shape that was distinct from that of other Plio-Pleistocene Homo
      taxa, a pattern only partially accounted for by brain size. Early Indonesian H.
      erectus formed a morphological "bridge" between earlier and later populations
      assigned to H. erectus from Africa and Asia, respectively. These results were
      combined with discrete characters to create a more complete species definition
      for H. erectus. There were two notable exceptions to the general pattern of H.
      erectus uniqueness. The 0.8-1.0 Ma (millions of years ago) Daka calvaria from
      Ethiopia consistently grouped with mid-Pleistocene Homo, including Bodo and
      Kabwe, rather than African or Asian H. erectus. In addition, Daka also exhibited
      several traits derived for mid-Pleistocene Homo, and its scaling pattern mirrored
      mid-Pleistocene Homo rather than H. erectus. Daka may have belonged to an
      "advanced" H. erectus population close to the root of Homo heidelbergensis sensu
      lato (s.l.), or to an early population of H. heidelbergensis s.l.. The 1.5 Ma KNM
      ER 42700 specimen from Kenya exhibited a unique calvarial shape distinct from H.
      erectus despite the exclusion of problematic landmarks from the frontal bone.
      These unique aspects of shape were not present in two other subadult fossils, KNM
      WT 15000 and D2700.

PMID- 26989014
TI  - Brain, calvarium, cladistics: A new approach to an old question, who are modern
      humans and Neandertals?
AB  - The evolutionary history of the genus Homo is the focus of major research efforts
      in palaeoanthropology. However, the use of palaeoneurology to infer phylogenies
      of our genus is rare. Here we use cladistics to test the importance of the brain
      in differentiating and defining Neandertals and modern humans. The analysis is
      based on morphological data from the calvarium and endocast of Pleistocene
      fossils and results in a single most parsimonious cladogram. We demonstrate that
      the joint use of endocranial and calvarial features with cladistics provides a
      unique means to understand the evolution of the genus Homo. The main results of
      this study indicate that: (i) the endocranial features are more phylogenetically
      informative than the characters from the calvarium; (ii) the specific
      differentiation of Neandertals and modern humans is mostly supported by well
      known calvarial autapomorphies; (iii) the endocranial anatomy of modern humans
      and Neandertals show strong similarities, which appeared in the fossil record
      with the last common ancestor of both species; and (iv) apart from
      encephalisation, human endocranial anatomy changed tremendously during the end of
      the Middle Pleistocene. This may be linked to major cultural and technological
      novelties that had happened by the end of the Middle Pleistocene (e.g., expansion
      of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in Africa and Mousterian in Europe). The combined
      study of endocranial and exocranial anatomy offers opportunities to further
      understand human evolution and the implication for the phylogeny of our genus. 

PMID- 26989015
TI  - The impact of subsistence changes on humeral bilateral asymmetry in Terminal
      Pleistocene and Holocene Europe.
AB  - Analyses of upper limb bone bilateral asymmetry can shed light on manipulative
      behavior, sexual division of labor, and the effects of economic transitions on
      skeletal morphology. We compared the maximum (absolute) and directional asymmetry
      in humeral length, articular breadth, and cross-sectional diaphyseal geometry
      (CSG) in a large (n > 1200) European sample distributed among 11 archaeological
      periods from the Early Upper Paleolithic through the 20(th) century. Asymmetry in
      length and articular breadth is right-biased, but relatively small and fairly
      constant between temporal periods. Females show more asymmetry in length than
      males. This suggests a low impact of behavioral changes on asymmetry in length
      and breadth, but strong genetic control with probable sex linkage of asymmetry in
      length. Asymmetry in CSG properties is much more marked than in length and
      articular breadth, with sex-specific variation. In males, a major decline in
      asymmetry occurs between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. There is no
      further decline in asymmetry between the Mesolithic and Neolithic in males and
      only limited variation during the Holocene. In females, a major decline occurs
      between the Mesolithic and Neolithic, with resulting average directional
      asymmetry close to zero. Asymmetry among females continues to be very low in the
      subsequent Copper and Bronze Ages, but increases again in the Iron Age. Changes
      in female asymmetry result in an increase of sexual dimorphism during the early
      agricultural periods, followed by a decrease in the Iron Age. Sexual dimorphism
      again slightly declines after the Late Medieval. Our results indicate that
      changes in manipulative behavior were sex-specific with a probable higher impact
      of changes in hunting behavior on male asymmetry (e.g., shift from unimanual
      throwing to use of the bow-and-arrow) and food grain processing in females,
      specifically, use of two-handed saddle querns in the early agricultural periods
      and one-handed rotary querns in later agricultural periods.

PMID- 26989016
TI  - Reassessment of Olduvai Bed I cercopithecoids: A new biochronological and
      biogeographical link to the South African fossil record.
AB  - Fossil monkeys have long been used as important faunal elements in studies of
      African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology, particularly in the case of the South
      African karst cave sites. Cercopithecoid fossils have been known from Tanzania's
      Olduvai Gorge for nearly a century, with multiple taxa documented including
      Theropithecus oswaldi and Cercopithecoides kimeui, along with papionins and
      colobines less clearly attributable to species. A small number of large papionin
      fossils, including a partial male cranium and partial female skull, have been
      previously identified as an early form of Papio, but noted as distinct from
      extant baboons as well as other fossil Papio species. In 2013 we reviewed the
      Olduvai cercopithecoid material at the National Museum of Tanzania, with a
      particular focus on the specimens from Beds I-IV. Quantitative and qualitative
      comparisons of the Olduvai papionins largely confirmed previous observations,
      with one notable exception. The large papionin taxon from Bed I previously
      recognized as Papio sp. is more properly recognized as Gorgopithecus major, a
      taxon previously known only from South Africa. Features shared between the
      Olduvai specimens and G. major include relatively short and concavo-convex
      tubular nasals, antero-posteriorly curved upper incisor roots, downwardly curved
      brow ridges in the midline, and robust zygomatic arches. The recognition of G.
      major at Olduvai Bed I, a well-known horizon with precise radiometric dates,
      provides an important biochronological and biogeographical link with South
      African localities Kromdraai A, Swartkrans Member 1 and possibly Swartkrans
      Members 2-3 and Cooper's A and D.

PMID- 26989017
TI  - Primary bone microanatomy records developmental aspects of life history in
      catarrhine primates.
AB  - A central challenge in human origins research is to understand how evolution has
      shaped modern human life history. As fossilized remains of our ancestors provide
      the only direct evidence for life history evolution, efforts to reconstruct life
      history in paleontological contexts have focused on hard tissues, particularly on
      dental development. However, among investigators of other vertebrate groups,
      there is a long tradition of examining primary bone microstructure to decipher
      growth rates and maturational timing, based on an empirical relationship between
      the microanatomy of primary bone and the rate at which it is deposited. We
      examined ontogenetic variation in primary bone microstructure at the midshaft
      femur of Chlorocebus aethiops, Hylobates lar, and Pan troglodytes to test whether
      tissue type proportions vary in accordance with predictions based on body mass
      growth patterns described previously. In all taxa, younger age classes were
      characterized by significantly higher percent areas of fibro-lamellar and/or
      parallel-fibered tissues, while older age classes showed significantly higher
      proportions of lamellar bone. In prior experimental studies, fibro-lamellar and
      parallel-fibered tissue types have been associated with faster depositional rates
      than lamellar bone. Principal components analysis revealed differences among taxa
      in the timing of this transition, and in the particular tissue types observed
      among individuals of similar dental emergence status. Among M1 and M2 age
      classes, higher proportions of parallel-fibered and fibro-lamellar tissues were
      observed in those taxa characterized by reportedly faster body mass growth rates.
      Further, persistence of fibro-lamellar tissue throughout DECID, M1 and M2 age
      classes in chimpanzees contrasts with the pattern reported previously for modern
      humans. Despite the necessary limitations of our cross-sectional study design and
      the secondary remodeling of bone in primates, large areas of primary bone remain
      intact and represent a valuable and independent source of information about the
      evolution of growth and development in the fossil record. 

PMID- 26989018
TI  - Comparative perspective on antemortem tooth loss in Neandertals.
AB  - Neandertal specimens with severe antemortem (before death) tooth loss (AMTL) are
      sometimes interpreted as evidence for human-like behaviors in Neandertals, such
      as conspecific care or cooking, although it is uncertain whether AMTL frequencies
      in Neandertals are similar to those in modern humans and exceed those in non
      human primates. This study characterizes AMTL (all tooth types) in Neandertals
      relative to recent human hunter-gatherers and several non-human primate taxa
      using binomial-normal regression models fit in a Bayesian framework to a sample
      of 25 Neandertals, 310 recent human hunter-gatherers, 61 chimpanzees, 38
      orangutans, and 75 baboons. The probability that a tooth is lost antemortem is
      modeled to depend on tooth class, taxon, and estimated age at death. Neandertals
      have odds of AMTL above orangutans and baboons, similar to or somewhat lower than
      chimpanzees, and below recent humans, if we assume a human-like rate of
      senescence; or intermediate between chimpanzees and recent humans, if we assume a
      faster rate of senescence. These findings suggest that Neandertals can only be
      considered to have frequencies of AMTL above non-human primates if they had more
      rapid life histories than modern humans. Either Neandertals are not human-like in
      their life history or their frequency of AMTL. These interpretations are
      complicated, however, by the substantial inter-population variation in AMTL among
      recent humans, with some populations having odds of AMTL as low as in non-human
      primates. These results, together with theoretical considerations, suggest that
      only high frequencies of AMTL are diagnostic of behavior. Consequently, the
      behavioral implications of low frequencies of AMTL, such as those found in
      Neandertals, are ambiguous. Low frequencies in Neandertals could be because they
      had a low risk of AMTL rather than because they had high mortality from AMTL
      relative to an average modern human of similar age. 

PMID- 26989019
TI  - Life history, cognition and the evolution of complex foraging niches.
AB  - Animal species that live in complex foraging niches have, in general, improved
      access to energy-rich and seasonally stable food sources. Because human food
      procurement is uniquely complex, we ask here which conditions may have allowed
      species to evolve into such complex foraging niches, and also how niche
      complexity is related to relative brain size. To do so, we divided niche
      complexity into a knowledge-learning and a motor-learning dimension. Using a
      sample of 78 primate and 65 carnivoran species, we found that two life-history
      features are consistently correlated with complex niches: slow, conservative
      development or provisioning of offspring over extended periods of time. Both act
      to buffer low energy yields during periods of learning, and may thus act as
      limiting factors for the evolution of complex niches. Our results further showed
      that the knowledge and motor dimensions of niche complexity were correlated with
      pace of development in primates only, and with the length of provisioning in only
      carnivorans. Accordingly, in primates, but not carnivorans, living in a complex
      foraging niche requires enhanced cognitive abilities, i.e., a large brain. The
      patterns in these two groups of mammals show that selection favors evolution into
      complex niches (in either the knowledge or motor dimension) in species that
      either develop more slowly or provision their young for an extended period of
      time. These findings help to explain how humans constructed by far the most
      complex niche: our ancestors managed to combine slow development (as in other
      primates) with systematic provisioning of immatures and even adults (as in
      carnivorans). This study also provides strong support for the importance of
      ecological factors in brain size evolution. 

PMID- 26989020
TI  - Return rates from intertidal foraging from Blombos Cave to Pinnacle Point:
      Understanding early human economies.
AB  - The south coast of South Africa provides the earliest evidence for Middle Stone
      Age (MSA) coastal resource exploitation by early Homo sapiens. In coastal
      archaeology worldwide, there has been a debate over the general productivity of
      intertidal foraging, leading to studies that directly measure productivity in
      some regions, but there have been no such studies in South Africa. Here we
      present energetic return rate estimates for intertidal foraging along the
      southern coast of South Africa from Blombos Cave to Pinnacle Point. Foraging
      experiments were conducted with Khoi-San descendants of the region, and hourly
      caloric return rates for experienced foragers were measured on 41 days near low
      tide and through three seasons over two study years. On-site return rates varied
      as a function of sex, tidal level, marine habitat type and weather conditions.
      The overall energetic return rate from the entire sample (1492 kcal h(-1)) equals
      or exceeds intertidal returns reported from other hunter-gatherer studies, as
      well as measured return rates for activities as diverse as hunting mammals and
      plant collecting. Returns are projected to be exceptionally high (~ 3400 kcal h(
      1) for men, ~ 1900 kcal h(-1) for women) under the best combination of
      conditions. However, because of the monthly tidal cycle, high return foraging is
      only possible for about 10 days per month and for only 2-3 h on those days. These
      experiments suggest that while intertidal resources are attractive, women and
      children could not have subsisted independently, nor met all their protein-lipid
      needs from marine resources alone, and would have required substantial additional
      energy and nutrients from plant gathering and/or from males contributing game.

PMID- 26989021
TI  - Knowledge and beliefs about nutrition and physical activity during pregnancy in
      women from South Auckland region, New Zealand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Approximately 60% of women in South Auckland, a culturally diverse
      region in New Zealand, become pregnant with a high body mass index. However,
      little is known about these women's knowledge of nutrition and physical activity
      during pregnancy. AIMS: To assess knowledge of nutrition and physical activity
      during pregnancy, factors influencing eating habits and the willingness to
      participate in a nutritional intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 422
      women completed the survey in late pregnancy between September and December 2013.
      Multivariable logistic regression investigated factors associated with infrequent
      healthy eating, adjusting for ethnicity and gestation at questionnaire
      completion. RESULTS: Ethnicity of participants was Maori (24.2%), Pacific
      (40.5%), Asian (12.8%) and European/Others (21.8%). Most (95.0%) reported
      receiving information about healthy eating while pregnant and 61% reported eating
      healthy frequently or very frequently. Forty-four point three per cent reported
      eating more in pregnancy; the commonest reasons were cravings and 'eating for
      two'. The adjusted odd ratios (aORs) indicated that the self-reported factors
      associated with infrequent healthy eating in this sample were Maori (aOR 17.66;
      95% CI 8.49-36.77) and Pacific ethnicity (aOR 14.54; 95% CI 7.32-28.88); parity
      >=3 (aOR 2.09; 95%CI 1.26-3.48); obesity (aOR 2.84; 95% CI 1.35-5.97); unplanned
      pregnancy (aOR 1.95; 95%CI 1.18-3.22); and eating takeaways >=3 times/week (aOR
      4.46; 95%CI 1.88-10.56). Of women sampled, 83.4% would likely/very likely
      participate in a nutritional intervention. CONCLUSION: Self-reported factors
      associated with infrequent healthy eating in pregnancy were identified in this
      sample. Our findings will assist development of a nutritional intervention for
      pregnant women in South Auckland.

PMID- 26989022
TI  - Epigenetic alterations leading to TMPRSS4 promoter hypomethylation and protein
      overexpression predict poor prognosis in squamous lung cancer patients.
AB  - Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death
      worldwide, which highlights the need of innovative therapeutic options. Although
      targeted therapies can be successfully used in a subset of patients with lung
      adenocarcinomas (ADC), they are not appropriate for patients with squamous cell
      carcinomas (SCC). In addition, there is an unmet need for the identification of
      prognostic biomarkers that can select patients at risk of relapse in early
      stages. Here, we have used several cohorts of NSCLC patients to analyze the
      prognostic value of both protein expression and DNA promoter methylation status
      of the prometastatic serine protease TMPRSS4. Moreover, expression and promoter
      methylation was evaluated in a panel of 46 lung cancer cell lines. We have
      demonstrated that a high TMPRSS4 expression is an independent prognostic factor
      in SCC. Similarly, aberrant hypomethylation in tumors, which correlates with high
      TMPRSS4 expression, is an independent prognostic predictor in SCC. The inverse
      correlation between expression and methylation status was also observed in cell
      lines. In vitro studies showed that treatment of cells lacking TMPRSS4 expression
      with a demethylating agent significantly increased TMPRSS4 levels. In conclusion,
      TMPRSS4 is a novel independent prognostic biomarker regulated by epigenetic
      changes in SCC and a potential therapeutic target in this tumor type, where
      targeted therapy is still underdeveloped. 

PMID- 26989024
TI  - Protein kinase C beta II suppresses colorectal cancer by regulating IGF-1
      mediated cell survival.
AB  - Despite extensive efforts, cancer therapies directed at the Protein Kinase C
      (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases have failed in clinical trials. These
      therapies have been directed at inhibiting PKC and have, in some cases, worsened
      disease outcome. Here we examine colon cancer patients and show not only that PKC
      Beta II is a tumour suppressor, but patients with low levels of this isozyme have
      significantly decreased disease free survival. Specifically, analysis of gene
      expression levels of all PKC genes in matched normal and cancer tissue samples
      from colon cancer patients revealed a striking down-regulation of the gene coding
      PKC Beta in the cancer tissue (n = 21). Tissue microarray analysis revealed a
      dramatic down-regulation of PKC Beta II protein levels in both the epithelial and
      stromal diseased tissue (n = 166). Of clinical significance, low levels of the
      protein in the normal tissue of patients is associated with a low (10%) 10 year
      survival compared with a much higher (60%) survival in patients with relatively
      high levels of the protein. Consistent with PKC Beta II levels protecting against
      colon cancer, overexpression of PKC Beta II in colon cancer cell lines reveals
      that PKC Beta II reverses transformation in cell based assays. Further to this,
      activation of PKC Beta II results in a dramatic downregulation of IGF-I-induced
      AKT, indicating a role for PKCs in regulating IGF-1 mediated cell survival. Thus,
      PKC Beta II is a tumour suppressor in colon cancer and low levels serve as a
      predictor for poor survival outcome. 

PMID- 26989025
TI  - Long noncoding RNA H19 indicates a poor prognosis of colorectal cancer and
      promotes tumor growth by recruiting and binding to eIF4A3.
AB  - The overall biological role and clinical significance of long non-coding RNA H19
      in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. Here, we firstly report that
      the lncRNA H19 recruits eIF4A3 and promotes the CRC cell proliferation. We
      observed higher expression of H19 was significantly correlated with tumor
      differentiation and advanced TNM stage in a cohort of 83 CRC patients.
      Multivariate analyses revealed that expression of H19 served as an independent
      predictor for overall survival and disease-free survival. Further experiments
      revealed that overexpression of H19 promoted the proliferation of CRC cells,
      while depletion of H19 inhibited cell viability and induced growth arrest.
      Moreover, expression profile data showed that H19 upregulated a series of cell
      cycle genes. Using bioinformatics prediction and RNA immunoprecipitation assays,
      we identified eIF4A3 as an RNA-binding protein that binds to H19. We confirmed
      that combining eIF4A3 with H19 obstructed the recruitment of eIF4A3 to the cell
      cycle gene mRNA. Our results suggest that H19, as a growth regulator, could serve
      as a candidate prognostic biomarker and target for new therapies in human CRC. 

PMID- 26989026
TI  - SMAD7 loci contribute to risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and clinicopathologic
      development among Chinese Han population.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified three loci at 18q21
      (rs4939827, rs7240004, and rs7229639), which maps to SMAD7 loci, were associated
      with risk of diseases of the digestive system. However, their associations with
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk remain unknown. A case-control study was
      conducted to assess genetic associations with HCC risk and clinicopathologic
      development among Chinese Han population. Three SNPs were genotyped among 1,000
      HCC cases and 1,000 controls using Sequenom Mass-ARRAY technology. We observed
      statistically significant associations for the three SMAD7 loci and HCC risk.
      Each copy of minor allele was associated with a 1.24-1.36 fold increased risk of
      HCC. We also found that significant differences were observed between rs4939827
      and clinical TNM stage and vascular invasion, as well as rs7240004 and vascular
      invasion. We also established a genetic risk score (GRS) by summing the risk
      alleles. The GRS was significantly associated with increased risk of HCC and
      vascular invasion. Our data revealed the SMAD7 loci is associated with HCC
      susceptibility and its clinicopathologic development. 

PMID- 26989028
TI  - Metabolic Syndrome and Deep Vein Thrombosis After Total Knee and Hip
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS), defined as obesity, hypertension,
      hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, is prevalent among patients undergoing total
      joint arthroplasty (TJA). MS has proven to promote a proinflammatory and
      prothrombotic state in patients. Venous thromboembolism is one of the major
      complications of TJA. The purpose of this retrospective study is to identify
      whether MS and its components increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
      after TJA. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1553 patients undergoing primary
      unilateral TJA from 2007 to 2014. MS was diagnosed based on the World Health
      Organization criteria. All subjects received venography after operation to screen
      for DVT. Symptomatic DVT events after TJA were also recorded. Univariate analysis
      and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the
      association of MS and its components with postoperative DVT. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of MS in patients undergoing TJA was 5.1% (n = 79). A total of 335
      patients (21.6%) were diagnosed with DVT by venography. Seventy-eight patients
      (5.0%) developed symptomatic DVT. In the total knee arthroplasty group, MS and
      obesity were related to postoperative DVT. MS alone was found to be associated
      with symptomatic DVT. In the total hip arthroplasty group, MS increased the risk
      of symptomatic DVT. However, obesity, rather than MS, was associated with total
      DVT after total hip arthroplasty. CONCLUSIONS: MS was a significant risk factor
      for DVT after TJA. Strategies to minimize the adverse effect of MS should be
      considered for these patients.

PMID- 26989029
TI  - Bilateral Symmetrical Comparison of Femoral and Tibial Anatomic Features.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Variability in morphologic features of the human lower extremity
      within and across populations has been reported, but limb asymmetry within
      individuals is often overlooked. For example, in 19 studies of version of the
      lower extremity in the literature, 6 document asymmetry in the population, but
      none of these reports document asymmetry in an individual. The aim of this study
      was to identify the (a)symmetry and quantify variability in the tibiae and femora
      of matched pairs of limbs. More specifically, using a computed tomography scan
      database tool, we (1) identified (a)symmetry between paired left and right legs
      for angulation, version, and alignment features and (2) calculated the percentage
      of paired limbs with >1 degrees  of (a)symmetry for each evaluated parameter.
      METHODS: Computerized axial tomographic scans (<1.0 mm slices) from bilateral
      lower limbs of 361 skeletally mature subjects without bone pathology were
      prospectively acquired. Bones were segmented and morphologic features were
      measured. RESULTS: Angular features are symmetric left to right, but rotational
      features are not, with 7 degrees  of mean asymmetry in femoral anteversion
      (range: 0 degrees -23 degrees ) and 3 degrees  of asymmetry in tibial version
      (range: 0 degrees -8 degrees ). CONCLUSIONS: This study disproves the hypothesis
      that human limbs are absolutely symmetric, confirming instead that there is
      asymmetry in version between left and right paired limbs. Surgeons strive for
      symmetry in lower extremity reconstruction, and they often compare side to side
      in outcome studies, believing that normal limbs are absolutely symmetric when
      this is not necessarily true. These assumptions concerning lower extremity
      symmetry need to be reassessed.

PMID- 26989027
TI  - Mutations of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF predict cetuximab resistance in metastatic colorectal
      cancer patients.
AB  - Approximately 45% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients with wild-type
      KRAS exon 2 are resistant to cetuximab treatment. We set out to identify
      additional genetic markers that might predict the response to cetuximab
      treatment. Fifty-three wild-type KRAS exon 2 mCRC patients were treated with
      cetuximab/irinotecan-based chemotherapy as a first- or third-line therapy. The
      mutational statuses of 10 EGFR pathway genes were analyzed in primary tumors
      using next-generation sequencing. BRAF, PIK3CA, KRAS (exons 3 and 4), NRAS, PTEN,
      and AKT1 mutations were detected in 6, 6, 5, 4, 1, and 1 patient, respectively.
      Four of the BRAF mutations were non-V600 variants. Four tumors harbored multiple
      co-existing (complex) mutations. All patients with BRAF mutations or complex
      mutation patterns were cetuximab non-responders. All patients but one harboring
      KRAS, NRAS, or BRAF mutations were non-responders. Mutations in any one of these
      three genes were associated with a poor response rate (7.1%) and reduced survival
      (PFS = 8.0 months) compared to wild-type patients (74.4% and 11.6 months). Our
      data suggest that KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations predict response to cetuximab
      treatment in mCRC patients. 

PMID- 26989030
TI  - Subcutaneous Fat Thickness Is Associated With Early Reoperation and Infection
      After Total Knee Arthroplasty in Morbidly Obese Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morbid obesity has been associated with increased complications after
      primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but previous studies have failed to take
      factors such as body composition and fat distribution into consideration. The
      aims of this study were to (1) assess the interobservable and intraobservable
      reliabilities of measuring anterior knee subcutaneous fat thickness on lateral
      knee radiographs and (2) determine if these measurements associate with early
      complications in patients with morbid obesity. METHODS: Using a retrospective
      case-control analysis, we reviewed 1689 primary TKAs performed in morbidly obese
      patients at our institution from 1995 to 2012. All patients (n = 58) who required
      reoperation for wound complication or infection within 90 days were compared to a
      matched cohort of morbidly obese patients who did not require early reoperation.
      Distances from patella skin (prepatellar thickness) and tibial tubercle skin
      (pretubercular thickness) were measured on routine lateral knee radiographs and
      associated with outcomes. RESULTS: Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities
      were excellent for both measurements. Knees in the reoperation group had
      significantly greater prepatellar (P = .0001) and pretubercular (P = .0006) soft
      tissue thickness. Prepatellar thickness >=15 mm and pretubercular thickness >=25
      mm increased the risk of early reoperation by 2.0* (P = .0003) and 1.6* (P =
      .023), respectively, and were more predictive measurements than body mass index.
      CONCLUSION: Anterior knee subcutaneous fat thickness can be reproducibly measured
      on lateral knee radiographs and is associated with a significantly increased risk
      of early reoperation for wound complications and infection after primary TKA in
      morbidly obese patients.

PMID- 26989031
TI  - Application of Far Cortical Locking Technology in Periprosthetic Femoral Fracture
      Fixation: A Biomechanical Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lack of fracture movement could be a potential cause of
      periprosthetic femoral fracture (PFF) fixation failures. This study aimed to test
      whether the use of distal far cortical locking screws reduces the overall
      stiffness of PFF fixations and allows an increase in fracture movement compared
      to standard locking screws while retaining the overall strength of the PFF
      fixations. METHODS: Twelve laboratory models of Vancouver type B1 PFFs were
      developed. In all specimens, the proximal screw fixations were similar, whereas
      in 6 specimens, distal locking screws were used, and in the other six specimens,
      far cortical locking screws. The overall stiffness, fracture movement, and
      pattern of strain distribution on the plate were measured in stable and unstable
      fractures under anatomic 1-legged stance. Specimens with unstable fracture were
      loaded to failure. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found between the
      stiffness and fracture movement of the two groups in stable fractures. In the
      unstable fractures, the overall stiffness and fracture movement of the locking
      group was significantly higher and lower than the far cortical group,
      respectively. Maximum principal strain on the plate was consistently lower in the
      far cortical group, and there was no significant difference between the failure
      loads of the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that far cortical locking
      screws can reduce the overall effective stiffness of the locking plates and
      increase the fracture movement while maintaining the overall strength of the PFF
      fixation construct. However, in unstable fractures, alternative fixation methods,
      for example, long stem revision might be a better option.

PMID- 26989033
TI  - Use of volumetric laser endomicroscopy in staging multifocal superficial squamous
      carcinoma of the esophagus.

PMID- 26989032
TI  - Use of digital cholangioscopy in a dilated bile duct for detection of small
      symptomatic bile duct stones.

PMID- 26989034
TI  - EUS-guided, through-the-needle forceps: clenching down the diagnosis.

PMID- 26989035
TI  - Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric metastasis from malignant melanoma
      by use of a novel over-the-scope device.

PMID- 26989036
TI  - A novel training model composed of nonbiological materials for endoscopic
      submucosal dissection.

PMID- 26989037
TI  - Unintentional gastroduodenostomy complicating successful pancreatic necrosectomy
      with use of a double lumen-apposing stent.

PMID- 26989038
TI  - Endoscopic-guided transgastric stapled stricturoplasty.

PMID- 26989039
TI  - Over-the-scope clip-assisted endoscopic resection of a gastric submucosal nodule.

PMID- 26989040
TI  - New digital cholangioscopy-guided removal of a transpapillary plastic stent
      through the hepaticogastrostomy route.

PMID- 26989041
TI  - Successful closure of a large perforation during colorectal endoscopic submucosal
      dissection by application of polyglycolic acid sheets and fibrin glue.

PMID- 26989043
TI  - What's new in the management of complex tibial plateau fractures?
AB  - The management of complex tibial plateau fractures is ever evolving. The severity
      of the injury to the surrounding soft tissues influences the timing and the
      method of fixation. Minimal invasive techniques continue to dominate our
      philosophy of reduction and reconstruction whereas augmentation of depressed
      intra-articular fragments remains an accepted strategy to maintain reduction and
      prevent secondary collapse. Locking plates, conventional plates and fine wire
      fixators all have been used successfully with satisfactory outcomes. In this
      article we report on the latest advances made in the management of these complex
      injuries. 

PMID- 26989042
TI  - Incubation of extinction responding and cue-induced reinstatement, but not
      context- or drug priming-induced reinstatement, after withdrawal from
      methamphetamine.
AB  - In rats trained to self-administer methamphetamine, extinction responding in the
      presence of drug-associated contextual and discrete cues progressively increases
      after withdrawal (incubation of methamphetamine craving). The conditioning
      factors underlying this incubation are unknown. Here, we studied incubation of
      methamphetamine craving under different experimental conditions to identify
      factors contributing to this incubation. We also determined whether the rats'
      response to methamphetamine priming incubates after withdrawal. We trained rats
      to self-administer methamphetamine in a distinct context (context A) for 14 days
      (6 hours/day). Lever presses were paired with a discrete light cue. We then
      tested groups of rats in context A or a different non-drug context (context B)
      after 1 day, 1 week or 1 month for extinction responding with or without the
      discrete cue. Subsequently, we tested the rats for reinstatement of drug seeking
      induced by exposure to contextual, discrete cue, or drug priming (0, 0.25 and 0.5
      mg/kg). Operant responding in the extinction sessions in contexts A or B was
      higher after 1 week and 1 month of withdrawal than after 1 day; this effect was
      context-independent. Independent of the withdrawal period, operant responding in
      the extinction sessions was higher when responding led to contingent delivery of
      the discrete cue. After extinction, discrete cue-induced reinstatement, but not
      context- or drug priming-induced reinstatement, progressively increased after
      withdrawal. Together, incubation of methamphetamine craving, as assessed in
      extinction tests, is primarily mediated by time-dependent increases in non
      reinforced operant responding, and this effect is potentiated by exposure to
      discrete, but not contextual, cues.

PMID- 26989044
TI  - Concurrent sorafenib therapy extends the interval to subsequent TACE for patients
      with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the impact of concurrent TACE + sorafenib
      versus TACE alone on overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP) in
      patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). A secondary goal was
      to determine if sorafenib use increases the interval between courses of TACE.
      METHODS: This study enrolled 150 patients with uHCC from June 2011 to June 2014,
      including 50 treated with TACE + sorafenib and 100 treated with TACE alone.
      Factors associated with OS and TTP were identified by univariate and multivariate
      Cox-regression model analyses. Average TACE interval was defined as TTP/TACE
      frequency. RESULTS: The median OS (21.7 vs. 11.5 months) and TTP (10.2 vs. 6.7
      months) were longer in the TACE + sorafenib group compared to the TACE group.
      Patients receiving combination therapy had higher survival rate (P < 0.032) and
      longer average interval to TACE (P < 0.001), but lower progression rate (P <
      0.001). TACE + sorafenib therapy was associated with improved OS (P <= 0.009) and
      TTP (P <= 0.021). The majority of AEs identified in patients receiving the
      combination therapy were classified as Grades 1 and 2, and skin-related reactions
      and fatigue were the most common. CONCLUSION: Concurrent sorafenib with TACE
      provides survival benefits over TACE monotherapy, which may be related to a
      prolonged interval between subsequent TACE courses. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:672
      677. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26989045
TI  - A review of question prompt lists used in the oncology setting with comparison to
      the Patient Concerns Inventory.
AB  - A question prompt list (QPL) is a simple and inexpensive communication tool used
      to facilitate patient participation in medical consultations. The QPL is composed
      of a structured list of questions and has been shown to be an effective way of
      helping ensure patients' individual information needs are appropriately met. This
      intervention has been investigated in a variety of settings but not specifically
      head and neck cancer (HNC). The aim of this paper was to perform a narrative
      review of literature reporting the use of a QPL for oncology patients and to draw
      comparison to the Patient Concerns Inventory (PCI-HN). The databases Scopus,
      PubMed and MEDLINE were searched using the key terms 'question prompt list',
      'question prompt sheet', 'cancer' and 'oncology'. Of 98 articles hand searched,
      30 of which were found to meet all inclusion criteria, and described in a
      tabulated summary. The studies concluded that the QPL was an effective
      intervention, enabling active patient participation in medical consultations. The
      PCI-HN is specific for HNC and differs from many QPLs, which are more general
      cancer tools. The QPL approach should prove to be a useful intervention for HNC
      sufferers, however further research into the clinical utility is required.

PMID- 26989047
TI  - Lightening the burden of care in assisted reproductive technology.

PMID- 26989046
TI  - A Newly Designed Enterocutaneous Esophageal Fistula Model in the Pig.
AB  - Background Fistulas after esophagectomy are a significant cause of morbidity and
      mortality. Several endoscopic treatments have been attempted, with varying
      success. An experimental model that could validate new approaches such as
      cellular therapies is highly desirable. The aim of this study was to create a
      chronic esophageal enterocutaneous fistula model in order to study future
      experimental treatment options. Methods Eight pigs (six 35-kg young German and
      two 50-kg adult Yucatan pigs) were used. Through a left and right cervicotomy,
      under endoscopic view, 1 (group A, n = 6) or 2 (group B, n = 7) plastic catheters
      were introduced into the esophagus 30 cm from the dental arches bilaterally and
      left in place for 1 month. Radiologic and endoscopic fistula tract evaluations
      were performed at postoperative day (POD; 30) and at sacrifice (POD 45). Results
      Three fistulas were excluded from the study because of early (POD 5) dislodgment
      of the catheter, with complete fistula closure. At catheter removal (POD 30), the
      external orifice was larger in group B (5.2 +/- 1.1 mm vs 2.6 +/- 0.4 mm) with
      more severe inflammation (72% vs 33%). At POD 45, the external orifice was closed
      in all fistulas in group A and in 1/7 in group B. At necropsy, the fistula tract
      was still present in all animals. Yucatan pigs showed more complex tracts, with a
      high level of necrosis and substantial fibrotic infiltration. Conclusions In this
      article, we show a reproducible, safe, and effective technique to create an
      esophagocutaneous fistula model in a large experimental animal. 

PMID- 26989048
TI  - A systematic review of inequalities in psychosocial outcomes for women with
      breast cancer according to residential location and Indigenous status in
      Australia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review was to examine variations in
      psychosocial outcomes by residential location and Indigenous status in women
      diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) in Australia. METHODS: Systematic searches were
      undertaken using multiple databases covering articles between 1 January 1990 and
      1 March 2015 focusing on adult women with BC in an Australian setting and
      measuring quality of life (QOL), psychological distress or psychosocial support.
      RESULTS: Thirteen quantitative and three qualitative articles were included. Two
      quantitative and one qualitative article were rated high quality, seven moderate
      and the remaining were low quality. No studies examining inequalities by
      Indigenous status were identified. Non-metropolitan women were more likely to
      record lower QOL relating to breast cancer-specific concerns and reported a lack
      of information and resources specific to their needs. Continuity of support,
      ongoing care and access to specialist and allied health professionals were major
      concerns for non-metropolitan women. Non-metropolitan women identified unmet
      needs in relation to travel, fear of cancer recurrence and lack of psychosocial
      support. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there was a lack of evidence relating to
      variations in psychosocial outcomes for women with BC according to residential
      status or Indigenous status. While the review identified some specific concerns
      for non-metropolitan women with BC, it was limited by the lack of good quality
      studies using standardised measures. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 26989049
TI  - The clinical phenotype of hereditary versus sporadic prostate cancer: HPC
      definition revisited.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The definition of hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) is based on family
      history and age at onset. Intuitively, HPC is a serious subtype of prostate
      cancer but there are only limited data on the clinical phenotype of HPC. Here, we
      aimed to compare the prognosis of HPC to the sporadic form of prostate cancer
      (SPC). METHODS: HPC patients were identified through a national registry of HPC
      families in the Netherlands, selecting patients diagnosed from the year 2000
      onward (n = 324). SPC patients were identified from the Netherlands Cancer
      Registry (NCR) between 2003 and 2006 for a population-based study into the
      genetic susceptibility of PC (n = 1,664). Detailed clinical data were collected
      by NCR-registrars, using a standardized registration form. Follow-up extended up
      to the end of 2013. Differences between the groups were evaluated by cross
      tabulations and tested for statistical significance while accounting for familial
      dependency of observations by GEE. Differences in progression-free and overall
      survival were evaluated using chi(2) testing with GEE in a proportional-hazards
      model. RESULTS: HPC patients were on average 3 years younger at diagnosis, had
      lower PSA values, lower Gleason scores, and more often locally confined disease.
      Of the HPC patients, 35% had high-risk disease (NICE-criteria) versus 51% of the
      SPC patients. HPC patients were less often treated with active surveillance.
      Kaplan-Meier 5-year progression-free survival after radical prostatectomy was
      comparable for HPC (78%) and SPC (74%; P = 0.30). The 5-year overall survival was
      85% (95%CI 81-89%) for HPC versus 80% (95%CI 78-82%) for SPC (P = 0.03).
      CONCLUSIONS: HPC has a favorable clinical phenotype but patients more often
      underwent radical treatment. The major limitation of HPC is the absence of a
      genetics-based definition of HPC, which may lead to over-diagnosis of PC in men
      with a family history of prostate cancer. The HPC definition should, therefore,
      be re-evaluated, aiming at a reduction of over-diagnosis and overtreatment among
      men with multiple relatives diagnosed with PC. Prostate 76:897-904, 2016. (c)
      2016 The Authors. The Prostate published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26989050
TI  - eQuIPS: eQTL Analysis Using Informed Partitioning of SNPs - A Fully Bayesian
      Approach.
AB  - We develop a Bayesian multi-SNP Markov chain Monte Carlo approach that allows
      published functional significance scores to objectively inform single nucleotide
      polymorphism (SNP) prior effect sizes in expression quantitative trait locus
      (eQTL) studies. We developed the Normal Gamma prior to allow the inclusion of
      functional information. We partition SNPs into predefined functional groups and
      select prior distributions that fit the group-specific observed functional
      significance scores. We test our method on two simulated datasets and previously
      analysed human eQTL data containing validated causal SNPs. In our simulations the
      modified Normal Gamma always performs at least as well, and generally
      outperforms, the other methods considered. When analysing the human eQTL data, we
      placed all SNPs into their actual functional group. The ranks of the four
      validated causal SNPs analysed using the modified Normal Gamma increase
      dramatically compared to those of the other methods considered. Using our new
      method, three of the four validated SNPs are ranked in the top 1% of SNPs and the
      other is in the top 2%. For the standard Normal Gamma, the best of the other
      methods, the four validated SNPs had ranks in the top 1%, 4%, 20% and 59%.
      Crucially these substantive improvements in the ranks make it highly likely that
      most, if not all, of these validated SNPs would have been flagged for follow-up
      using our new method, whereas at least two of them would certainly not have been
      using the current approaches. 

PMID- 26989052
TI  - Effects of temperature and temperature-humidity index on the reproductive
      performance of sows during summer months under a temperate climate.
AB  - Heat stress is known to influence sow reproduction, but it is unknown to which
      extent under temperate climates. Therefore, the impact of temperature and
      temperature-humidity index (THI) on the reproductive performance of sows during
      summer months from 2009 to 2011 were studied. Reproductive parameters of 22 264
      inseminations and 21 610 resulting farrowings of 22 German commercial farms were
      analyzed. Climatic records were available from the nearest weather station.
      Effects of temperature and THI at different periods of the reproductive cycle
      were estimated from May to September where temperatures were expected to
      influence climatic conditions indoors. High temperatures and THI values 5 days
      pre- and 14 days post-breeding reduced litter size by 0.01 to 0.03 piglets (P <
      0.05). Prior to farrowing, the number of liveborn piglets was reduced (P < 0.05)
      and of stillborns increased with rising climatic variables (P < 0.001). On the
      day of farrowing, reduced numbers of weaned piglets were observed when
      temperature and THI values were elevated (P < 0.05), but pre-weaning mortality
      was not influenced (P > 0.05). In conclusion, even under temperate conditions
      adverse effects of climatic variables on the reproductive performance of sows are
      present. Thereby, the number of liveborn piglets can be considered as the most
      sensitive parameter to heat stress. Considering the impact of climate change and
      predicted heat waves, strategies to mitigate the impact of heat stress are
      necessary.

PMID- 26989051
TI  - Male breast cancer is not congruent with the female disease.
AB  - It has become customary to extrapolate from the results of treatment trials for
      female breastcancer and apply them to males with the disease. In the absence of
      results from national and international randomised trials for male breast cancer
      (MBC) this appears superficially to be an appropriate response. Closer
      examination of available data reveals that aspects of the aetiology and treatment
      of MBC do not fit the simplistic model that men usually have endocrine sensitive
      tumours which behave like those in postmenopausal women. Most females and males
      with breast cancer have none of the recognised risk factors, indicating the gaps
      in our knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease. Several studies have
      compared epidemiological risk factors for MBC and female breast cancer (FBC) but
      many have been blighted by small numbers. In comparison with FBC there is a
      larger proportion of BRCA2 tumours, (occurring in 10% of MBC), and
      underrepresentation of BRCA1 tumours (found in only 1%), suggesting significant
      differences in the genetic aetiology of MBC and FBC. Genome-wide association
      studies in FBC reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 novel
      independent loci were consistently associated with disease but for MBC 2 SNPs had
      a significantly increased risk. Molecular profiles of matched cancers in males
      and females showed a gender-associated modulation of major processes including
      energy metabolism, regulation of translation, matrix remodelling and immune
      recruitment. Immunohistochemistry for kinase inhibitor proteins (KIPs) p27Kip1
      and p21Waf1 indicate a significant difference in the immunostaining of tumours
      from male patients compared with females. MBC is almost always estrogen receptor
      positive (ER+ve) and so systemic treatment is usually endocrine. With evidence in
      FBC that aromatase inhibitors are more effective than tamoxifen in the
      postmenopausal it was seemingly logical that the same would be true for MBC.
      Results however suggest less efficacy with AIs and an increase in risk of
      mortality compared to tamoxifen. The overall survival in male breast cancer was
      significantly better after adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen compared to an
      aromatase inhibitor. These important biological differences point the way to the
      development of new therapies for MBC based on differences rather than
      similarities with FBC. 

PMID- 26989053
TI  - Stepwise approach to curative surgery using percutaneous transhepatic
      cholangiodrainage and portal vein embolization for severe bile duct injury during
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report.
AB  - Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been recently adapted to acute
      cholecystitis. Major bile duct injury during LC, especially Strasberg-Bismuth
      classification type E, can be a critical problem sometimes requiring hepatectomy.
      Safety and definitive treatment without further morbidities, such as
      posthepatectomy liver failure, is required. Here, we report a case of severe bile
      duct injury treated with a stepwise approach using (99m)Tc-galactosyl human serum
      albumin ((99m)Tc-GSA) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT
      fusion imaging to accurately estimate liver function.A 52-year-old woman
      diagnosed with acute cholecystitis underwent LC at another hospital and was
      transferred to our university hospital for persistent bile leakage on
      postoperative day 20. She had no jaundice or infection, although an
      intraperitoneal drainage tube discharged approximately 500 ml of bile per day.
      Recorded operation procedure showed removal of the gallbladder with a part of the
      common bile duct due to its misidentification, and each of the hepatic ducts and
      right hepatic artery was injured. Abdominal enhanced CT revealed obstructive
      jaundice of the left liver and arterial shunt through the hilar plate to the
      right liver. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed type E4 or more
      advanced bile duct injury according to the Bismuth-Strasberg classification. We
      planned a stepwise approach using percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage
      (PTCD) and portal vein embolization (PVE) for secure right hemihepatectomy and
      biliary-jejunum reconstruction and employed (99m)Tc-GSA SPECT/CT fusion imaging
      to estimate future remnant liver function. The left liver function rate had
      changed from 26.2 % on admission to 26.3 % after PTCD and 54.5 % after PVE, while
      the left liver volume rate was 33.8, 33.3, and 49.6 %, respectively. The increase
      of liver function was higher than that of volume (28.3 vs. 15.8 %). On
      postoperative day 63, the curative operation, right hemihepatectomy and biliary
      jejunum reconstruction, was performed, and posthepatectomy liver failure could be
      avoided.Careful consideration of treatment strategy for each case is necessary
      for severe bile duct injury with arterial injury requiring hepatectomy. The
      stepwise approach using PTCD and PVE could enable hemihepatectomy, and (99m)Tc
      GSA SPECT/CT fusion imaging was useful to estimate heterogeneous liver function. 

PMID- 26989054
TI  - JAB1 accelerates odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells.
AB  - Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) is a multifunctional protein that
      participates in the control of cell proliferation and the stability of multiple
      proteins. JAB1 regulates several key proteins, and thereby produces varied
      effects on cell cycle progression, genome stability and cell survival. Some
      studies have shown that the loss of JAB1 in osteochondral progenitor cells
      severely impairs embryonic limb development in mice. However, the biological
      significance of JAB1 activity in the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp
      stem cells (DPSCs) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of
      JAB1, a key player in tooth development, in reparative dentin formation,
      especially odontogenic differentiation. We found that increased expression of
      JAB1 promoted odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs via Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling. The role of JAB1 in the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs was
      further confirmed by knocking down JAB1. Our findings provide novel insights on
      odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. 

PMID- 26989056
TI  - Net Fluorescein Flux Across Corneal Endothelium Strongly Suggests Fluid Transport
      is due to Electro-osmosis.
AB  - We have presented prior evidence suggesting that fluid transport results from
      electro-osmosis at the intercellular junctions of the corneal endothelium. Such
      phenomenon ought to drag other extracellular solutes. We have investigated this
      using fluorescein-Na2 as an extracellular marker. We measured unidirectional
      fluxes across layers of cultured human corneal endothelial (HCE) cells. SV-40
      transformed HCE layers were grown to confluence on permeable membrane inserts.
      The medium was DMEM with high glucose and no phenol red. Fluorescein-labeled
      medium was placed either on the basolateral or the apical side of the inserts;
      the other side carried unlabeled medium. The inserts were held in a CO2 incubator
      for 1 h (at 37  degrees C), after which the entire volume of the unlabeled side
      was collected. After that, label was placed on the opposite side, and the
      corresponding paired sample was collected after another hour. Fluorescein counts
      were determined with a (Photon Technology) DeltaScan fluorometer (excitation 380
      nm; emission 550 nm; 2 nm bwth). Samples were read for 60 s. The cells utilized
      are known to transport fluid from the basolateral to the apical side, just as
      they do in vivo in several species. We used 4 inserts for influx and efflux
      (total: 20 1-h periods). We found a net flux of fluorescein from the basolateral
      to the apical side. The flux ratio was 1.104 +/- 0.056. That difference was
      statistically significant (p = 0.00006, t test, paired samples). The endothelium
      has a definite restriction at the junctions. Hence, an asymmetry in
      unidirectional fluxes cannot arise from osmosis, and can only point instead to
      paracellular solvent drag. We suggest, once more, that such drag is due to
      electro-osmotic coupling at the paracellular junctions.

PMID- 26989057
TI  - Efficient production and secretion of pyruvate from Halomonas sp. KM-1 under
      aerobic conditions.
AB  - The alkaliphilic, halophilic bacterium Halomonas sp. KM-1 can utilize both hexose
      and pentose sugars for the intracellular storage of bioplastic poly-(R)-3
      hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) under aerobic conditions. In this study, we
      investigated the effects of the sodium nitrate concentration on PHB accumulation
      in the KM-1 strain. Unexpectedly, we observed the secretion of pyruvate, a
      central intermediate in carbon- and energy-metabolism processes in all organisms;
      therefore, pyruvate is widely used as a starting material in the industrial
      biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals and is employed for the production of crop
      protection agents, polymers, cosmetics, and food additives. We then further
      analyzed pyruvate productivity following changes in culture temperature and the
      buffer concentration. In 48-h batch-cultivation experiments, we found that wild
      type Halomonas sp. KM-1 secreted 63.3 g/L pyruvate at a rate of 1.32 g/(L.h),
      comparable to the results of former studies using mutant and recombinant
      microorganisms. Thus, these data provided important insights into the production
      of pyruvate using this novel strain. 

PMID- 26989055
TI  - Airway Epithelial Cell Release of GABA is Regulated by Protein Kinase A.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is not only the major inhibitory
      neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), but it also plays an
      important role in the lung, mediating airway smooth muscle relaxation and mucus
      production. As kinases such as protein kinase A (PKA) are known to regulate the
      release and reuptake of GABA in the CNS by GABA transporters, we hypothesized
      that beta-agonists would affect GABA release from airway epithelial cells through
      activation of PKA. METHODS: C57/BL6 mice received a pretreatment of a beta
      agonist or vehicle (PBS), followed by methacholine or PBS. Bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) was collected and the amount of GABA was quantified using HPLC mass
      spectrometry. For in vitro studies, cultured BEAS-2B human airway epithelial
      cells were loaded with (3)H-GABA. (3)H-GABA released was measured during
      activation and inhibition of PKA and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. RESULTS:
      beta-agonist pretreatment prior to methacholine challenge attenuated in vivo GABA
      release in mouse BAL and (3)H-GABA release from depolarized BEAS-2B cells. GABA
      release was also decreased in BEAS-2B cells by increases in cAMP but not by Epac
      or tyrosine kinase activation. CONCLUSION: beta-agonists decrease GABA release
      from airway epithelium through the activation of cAMP and PKA. This has important
      therapeutic implications as beta-agonists and GABA are important mediators of
      both mucus production and airway smooth muscle tone.

PMID- 26989058
TI  - Serum Leptin and Adiponectin Concentration in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in the
      Short and Long Term Following Biliopancreatic Diversion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A deranged adipokine system is implicated in obesity and in type 2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the lack of remission of T2DM after bariatric
      surgery could be also accounted for by the postoperative persistence of this
      condition. METHODS: Thirty T2DM patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion
      (BPD) with a wide range of baseline body mass index (BMI) were evaluated prior to
      and at 1 and 5 years following BPD. Besides the usual clinical evaluations, acute
      insulin response (AIR) to intravenous glucose load as a parameter of insulin
      secretion and the serum leptin and adiponectin concentration were measured
      throughout the follow-up period in all patients. RESULTS: A long-term T2DM
      remission was observed in 21 patients (70 %). Serum leptin level reduced at the
      first year and remained substantially unchanged at a long term in both the
      remitter and non-remitter patients, while following the operation, a progressive
      significant increase of serum adiponectin level was observed only in remitter
      patients (from 9.2 to 12.3 MUg/mL at 1 year and to 15.18 MUg/mL at 5 years in the
      remitters and from 8.8 to 8.75 MUg/mL at 1 year and to 11.8 MUg/mL at 5 years in
      the non-remitters). Serum leptin mean values were positively associated with the
      BMI ones both prior to and following BPD (p < 0.005), while serum adiponectin
      values were positively related (p < 0.04) to the postoperative AIR data.
      CONCLUSIONS: The improvement of the pattern of cytokine production, as evidenced
      by postoperative rise in serum adiponectin concentration, might play a role in
      T2DM remission after bariatric surgery.

PMID- 26989059
TI  - Prevalence of Liver Fibrosis and its Association with Non-invasive Fibrosis and
      Metabolic Markers in Morbidly Obese Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morbidly obese patients are at risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver
      disease (NAFLD) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
      (NASH) is the progressive variant of NAFLD and can advance to fibrosis,
      cirrhosis, and liver cancer. We aimed to examine prevalence of liver fibrosis and
      its non-invasive predictors in bariatric patients with VDD (<75 nmol/l). METHODS:
      Baseline liver biopsy of a randomized controlled trial was performed in 46
      patients with omega loop gastric bypass. Clinical, laboratory, and histological
      data were examined and tested with univariate and multivariable analysis.
      RESULTS: In total, 80 % were females, aged 42 (SD 13) years with BMI 44 (4)
      kg/m(2). Twenty-six percent had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 44 % metabolic
      syndrome (MeS). Seventy-two percent had NASH, 11 % simple steatosis, and 17 %
      normal liver. In total, 30 % demonstrated significant fibrosis (F >= 2) with 9 %
      of advanced (F3) and 4 % cirrhosis (F4). Increased stages of fibrosis were
      primarily associated with higher levels of HOMA2-insulin resistance (IR),
      procollagen type I propeptide (P1NP), lower osteocalcin, albumin-corrected
      calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, male sex, and higher age. Other
      independent risk factors for advanced fibrosis were MeS (OR = 9.3 [0.99-87.5], p
      = 0.052) and DM (OR = 12.8 [1.2-137.4], p = 0.035). The fibrosis FIB-4 index
      <10.62 and NAFLD fibrosis score <-26.93 had a negative predictive value of 100
      and 96 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Liver fibrosis is frequent in morbidly obese
      patients with concurrent DM and/or MeS. Increased serum levels of IR, P1NP, lower
      osteocalcin, and VDD are clinically relevant predictors of fibrosis.
      Consequently, we suggest that patients with preoperative presence of these
      markers are at increased risk for liver fibrosis and should be monitored closely.

PMID- 26989060
TI  - Difficult Tracheal Intubation in Obese Gastric Bypass patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endotracheal intubation is commonly perceived to be more difficult in
      obese patients than in lean patients. Primarily, we investigated the association
      between difficult tracheal intubation (DTI) and obesity, and secondarily, the
      association between DTI and validated scoring systems used to assess the airways,
      the association between DTI and quantities of anesthetics used to induce general
      anesthesia, and the association between DTI and difficulties with venous and
      arterial cannulation. METHODS: This is a monocentric prospective observational
      clinical study of a consecutive series of 539 obese patients undergoing gastric
      bypass. Tracheal intubation was done preoperatively together with scoring of
      Intubation Score (IS), Mallampati (MLP), and Cormack-Lehane classification (CLC)
      and registration of the quantities of anesthetics and total attempts on
      cannulation. RESULTS: The overall proportion of patients with DTI was 3.5 % and
      the patients with DTI were more frequently males, had higher CLC, higher American
      Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA), and
      noticeably, a lower BMI compared to the patients with easy tracheal intubation.
      After adjustment with multivariable analyses body mass index (BMI) <40, CLC >2,
      ASA scores >2, and male gender were risk factors of DTI. Males generally had
      higher CLC, MLP, and ASA scores compared to females, but no difference in BMI.
      There was no difference in quantities of anesthetics used between the two groups
      with or without DTI. Intra-venous and intra-arterial cannulation was succeeded in
      first attempt in 85 and 86 % of the patients, respectively, and there were no
      association between BMI and difficult vascular access. CONCLUSIONS: We found no
      association between increasing BMI and DTI.

PMID- 26989061
TI  - The Effects of One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass on Glucose Metabolism in Goto
      Kakizaki Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery is well
      established. The aim of this study was to investigate the hormones and glycemic
      control in diabetes after a one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) variant in an
      animal model of non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Thirty-six Goto
      Kakizaki rats were randomly assigned to undergo one of the following procedures:
      OAGB (18 rats) or sham intervention (18 rats). Each group was subdivided into
      three additional groups according to the time of surgery (early-12 weeks;
      intermediate-16 weeks; and late-20 weeks). Weight, fasting glycemia, glucose
      tolerance test (OGTT), and hormone levels (glucagon, insulin, glucagon-like
      peptide-1 [GLP-1], and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide [GIP]) were
      measured. RESULTS: All rats maintained their weight. The OGTT showed a
      significant improvement in glycemic levels in rats with OAGB in all time groups
      (p < 0.002, for all groups at 60 min). Insulin levels decreased significantly in
      all animals with OAGB, but glucagon levels increased (glucagon paradoxical
      response). GLP-1 and GIP increased in rats with OAGB at all times, but was only
      statistically significant in the early surgery group of GLP-1 (p < 0.005).
      CONCLUSION: OAGB in a non-obese diabetic rat model improves glycemic control,
      with a significant decrease in glucose and insulin levels. This reduction without
      weight loss suggests a surgically induced enhancement of pancreatic function. It
      appears that this improvement occurs, although the GLP-1 levels were
      significantly increased only in the early stages. The paradoxical response of
      glucagon should be further evaluated.

PMID- 26989062
TI  - Estimating HIV incidence among key affected populations in China from serial
      cross-sectional surveys in 2010-2014.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: HIV incidence is an important measure for monitoring the
      development of the epidemic, but it is difficult to ascertain. We combined serial
      HIV prevalence and mortality data to estimate HIV incidence among key affected
      populations (KAPs) in China. METHODS: Serial cross-sectional surveys were
      conducted among KAPs from 2010 to 2014. Trends in HIV prevalence were assessed by
      the Cochran-Armitage test, adjusted by risk group. HIV incidence was estimated
      from a mathematical model that describes the relationship between changes in HIV
      incidence with HIV prevalence and mortality. RESULTS: The crude HIV prevalence
      for the survey samples remained stable at 1.1 to 1.2% from 2010 to 2014. Among
      drug users (DUs), HIV prevalence declined from 4.48 to 3.29% (p<0.0001), and
      among men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV prevalence increased from 5.73 to
      7.75% (p<0.0001). Changes in HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) and
      male patients of sexually transmitted disease clinics were more modest but
      remained statistically significant (all p<0.0001). The MSM population had the
      highest incidence estimates at 0.74% in 2011, 0.59% in 2012, 0.57% in 2013 and
      0.53% in 2014. Estimates of the annual incidence for DUs and FSWs were very low
      and may not be reliable. CONCLUSIONS: Serial cross-sectional prevalence data from
      representative samples may be another approach to construct approximate estimates
      of national HIV incidence among key populations. We observed that the MSM
      population had the highest incidence for HIV among high-risk groups in China, and
      we suggest that interventions targeting MSM are urgently needed to curb the
      growing HIV epidemic.

PMID- 26989063
TI  - Spatial Variation of Pressure in the Lyophilization Product Chamber Part 2:
      Experimental Measurements and Implications for Scale-up and Batch Uniformity.
AB  - Product temperature during the primary drying step of freeze-drying is controlled
      by a set point chamber pressure and shelf temperature. However, recent
      computational modeling suggests a possible variation in local chamber pressure.
      The current work presents an experimental verification of the local chamber
      pressure gradients in a lab-scale freeze-dryer. Pressure differences between the
      center and the edges of a lab-scale freeze-dryer shelf were measured as a
      function of sublimation flux and clearance between the sublimation front and the
      shelf above. A modest 3-mTorr difference in pressure was observed as the
      sublimation flux was doubled from 0.5 to 1.0 kg.h-1.m-2 at a clearance of 2.6 cm.
      Further, at a constant sublimation flux of 1.0 kg.h-1.m-2, an 8-fold increase in
      the pressure drop was observed across the shelf as the clearance was decreased
      from 4 to 1.6 cm. Scale-up of the pressure variation from lab- to a manufacturing
      scale freeze-dryer predicted an increased uniformity in drying rates across the
      batch for two frequently used pharmaceutical excipients (mannitol and sucrose at
      5% w/w). However, at an atypical condition of shelf temperature of +10 degrees C
      and chamber pressure of 50 mTorr, the product temperature in the center vials was
      calculated to be a degree higher than the edge vial for a low resistance product,
      thus reversing the typical edge and center vial behavior. Thus, the effect of
      local pressure variation is more significant at the manufacturing-scale than at a
      lab-scale and accounting for the contribution of variations in the local chamber
      pressures can improve success in scale-up.

PMID- 26989067
TI  - Quality Control of Insulins and Biosimilar Insulins: What Do We Know?

PMID- 26989066
TI  - Is there a role for DAZL in human female fertility?
AB  - The RNA binding protein deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl) is a key determinant
      of germ cell maturation and entry into meiosis in rodents and other animal
      species. Although the complex phenotype of Dazl deficiency in both sexes, with
      defects at multiple stages of germ cell development and during meiosis,
      demonstrates its obligate significance in fertility in animal models, its
      involvement in human fertility is less clear. As an RNA binding protein,
      identification of the in vivo mRNA targets of DAZL is necessary to understand its
      influence. Thus far, only a small number of Dazl targets have been identified,
      which typically have pivotal roles in germ cell development and meiotic
      progression. However, it is likely that there are a number of additional germ
      cell and meiosis-relevant transcripts whose translation is affected in the
      absence of Dazl. Efforts to identify these RNA targets have mainly been focused
      on spermatogenesis, and restricted to mouse. In women, prophase I occurs in fetal
      life and it is during this period that the ovarian follicle pool is established,
      thus factors that have a role in determining the quality and quantity of the
      ovarian reserve may have significant impact on reproductive outcomes later in
      adult life. Here, we suggest that DAZL may be one such factor, and there is a
      need for greater understanding of the role of DAZL in human oogenesis and its
      contribution to lifelong female fertility.

PMID- 26989064
TI  - Epilepsy and Autism.
AB  - Epilepsy and autistic spectrum disorder frequently coexist in the same
      individual. Electroencephalogram (EEG) epileptiform activity is also present at a
      substantially higher rate in children with autism than normally developing
      children. As with epilepsy, there are a multitude of genetic and environmental
      factors that can result in autistic spectrum disorder. There is growing consensus
      from both animal and clinical studies that autism is a disorder of aberrant
      connectivity. As measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
      EEG, the brain in autistic spectrum disorder may be under- or overconnected or
      have a mixture of over- and underconnectivity. In the case of comorbid epilepsy
      and autism, an imbalance of the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio in selected
      regions of the brain may drive overconnectivity. Understanding the mechanism by
      which altered connectivity in individuals with comorbid epilepsy and autistic
      spectrum disorder results in the behaviors specific to the autistic spectrum
      disorder remains a challenge. 

PMID- 26989068
TI  - Performance of a Blood Glucose Monitoring System in a Point-of-Care Setting.
AB  - This study assesses and demonstrates that CONTOUR(r) XT-BGMS (CXT-BGMS) complies
      with the requirements of the German (RiliBAK) and Swiss (QUALAB) quality control
      guidelines for point-of-care testing (POCT) and fulfills the ISO15197:2013
      accuracy limits criteria under the routine conditions of a hospital point-of care
      setting. This single-center study was conducted in Switzerland using 105 venous
      blood samples from hospitalized patients. Each sample was tested in comparison to
      the hexokinase reference method. Compliance with POCT guidelines was assessed by
      daily BGMS measurements using control solutions. Accuracy of CXT-BGMS according
      to ISO limits was 98.41%. All control measurements were within the limits defined
      by RiliBAK (within +/- 11% of target values and root mean square error [RMSE]
      within RMSE limits), and QUALAB (within +/- 10% of target values).

PMID- 26989069
TI  - Weak Educational Components in mHealth Devices for Diabetes Support Available on
      the Italian Market.

PMID- 26989070
TI  - Totally endoscopic robotic resection of left atrial myxoma with persistent left
      superior vena cava.
AB  - A 68-year old man with a cardiac tumour was admitted for robotic tumour resection
      using the da Vinci S Surgical System. While undergoing preoperative examination,
      he was found to have a persistent left superior vena cava. After general
      anaesthesia and single-lung ventilation, cardiopulmonary bypass was established,
      with venous drainage through bilateral internal jugular and right femoral veins
      and arterial return through the right femoral artery. Robotic tumour resection
      was performed by four ports in the right chest. There were no difficulties during
      the operation, and successful tumour resection was achieved with satisfactory
      margins. He was discharged without complications. Persistent left superior vena
      cava is very rare, but if diagnosed preoperatively and an appropriate operative
      plan is made, robotic cardiac surgery can be performed safely. With robotic
      surgery, cardiac tumour resection can be feasibly performed, with cosmetic
      benefits.

PMID- 26989065
TI  - Tetracycline Antibiotics and Resistance.
AB  - Tetracyclines possess many properties considered ideal for antibiotic drugs,
      including activity against Gram-positive and -negative pathogens, proven clinical
      safety, acceptable tolerability, and the availability of intravenous (IV) and
      oral formulations for most members of the class. As with all antibiotic classes,
      the antimicrobial activities of tetracyclines are subject to both class-specific
      and intrinsic antibiotic-resistance mechanisms. Since the discovery of the first
      tetracyclines more than 60 years ago, ongoing optimization of the core scaffold
      has produced tetracyclines in clinical use and development that are capable of
      thwarting many of these resistance mechanisms. New chemistry approaches have
      enabled the creation of synthetic derivatives with improved in vitro potency and
      in vivo efficacy, ensuring that the full potential of the class can be explored
      for use against current and emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens,
      including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, MDR Acinetobacter species, and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 26989071
TI  - Lateral Acetabular Coverage Predicts the Size of the Hip Labrum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bony morphological abnormalities of the hip joint are often
      accompanied by adaptive soft tissue changes. These adaptive changes, if better
      understood and characterized, may serve to inform clinical decision making.
      PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between the size of the hip labrum and
      lateral acetabular coverage in patients at our hip preservation clinic. STUDY
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A cohort of 236
      patients seen at a dedicated hip preservation service between June 2013 and June
      2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped according to the degree
      of acetabular coverage, as measured by the lateral center-edge angle (LCEA):
      normal acetabular coverage (25 degrees -39.9 degrees ), acetabular overcoverage
      (>=40 degrees ), borderline dysplasia (20 degrees -24.9 degrees ), and frank
      dysplasia (<20 degrees ). Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was utilized to
      measure the length of the labrum at 3 locations: laterally, anteriorly, and
      anteroinferiorly. RESULTS: Frankly dysplastic and borderline dysplastic hips
      exhibited larger values of labral length at all locations when compared with hips
      with normal acetabular coverage (P < .001) or acetabular overcoverage (P < .001).
      Interestingly, mean labral length values in frank dysplasia were statistically
      similar to corresponding measurements in borderline dysplasia. In hips with frank
      dysplasia, borderline dysplasia, or normal acetabular coverage, labral length was
      consistently greatest at the lateral labrum and correspondingly lowest at the
      anteroinferior labrum (P < .001). In hips with acetabular overcoverage, labral
      length did not vary significantly between the lateral, anterior, and
      anteroinferior locations. Multivariate analyses confirmed LCEA to be the
      strongest predictor of labral length, irrespective of measurement location.
      CONCLUSION: Patients with borderline dysplasia and frank dysplasia exhibited
      increased values of labral length in the weightbearing zone, potentially
      indicating a compensatory reaction to the lack of bony coverage. Labral length
      may serve as an instability marker and inform clinical decision making for
      patients with borderline dysplasia.

PMID- 26989072
TI  - Inside-Out Versus All-Inside Repair of Isolated Meniscal Tears: An Updated
      Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meniscal tears are common in the young, active population. In this
      group of patients, repair is advised when possible. While inside-out repair
      remains the standard technique, recent advances in all-inside repair devices have
      led to a growth in their popularity. Previous reviews on the topic have focused
      on outdated implants of limited clinical relevance. PURPOSE: To determine the
      difference in failure rates, functional outcomes, and complications between
      inside-out and modern all-inside repairs. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review.
      METHODS: A systematic review was registered with PROSPERO and performed following
      Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
      guidelines using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Inclusion criteria
      were (1) clinical study reporting on all-inside or inside-out repair, (2)
      evidence levels 1 to 4, and (3) use of modern all-inside implants for all-inside
      repairs. Exclusion criteria were (1) use of meniscal arrows or screws and (2)
      concomitant surgical procedures. Study characteristics, subjects, surgical
      technique, clinical outcomes, and complications were collected and analyzed.
      RESULTS: A total of 481 studies were screened and assessed for eligibility, which
      identified 27 studies for review. Studies defined clinical failure as persistent
      mechanical symptoms, effusion, or joint line tenderness, while anatomic failure
      was incomplete or no healing on MRI or second-look arthroscopy. There were no
      significant differences in clinical or anatomic failure rates between inside-out
      and all-inside repairs (clinical failure: 11% vs 10%, respectively, P = .58;
      anatomic failure: 13% vs 16%, respectively, P = .63). Mean +/- SD Lysholm and
      Tegner scores for inside-out repair were 88.0 +/- 3.5 and 5.3 +/- 1.2, while the
      respective scores for all-inside repair were 90.4 +/- 3.7 and 6.3 +/- 1.3.
      Complications occurred at a rate of 5.1% for inside-out repairs and 4.6% for all
      inside repairs. CONCLUSION: The quality of the evidence comparing inside-out and
      all-inside meniscal repair remains low, with a majority of the literature being
      evidence level 4 studies. In this review comparing modern all-inside devices with
      inside-out repair, no differences were seen in failure rates, functional outcome
      scores, or complication rates.

PMID- 26989073
TI  - Effects of different strategies of mineral supplementation (marine algae alone or
      combined with rumen boluses) in organic dairy systems.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the effect of marine algae supplementation
      alone or in combination with a regular mineral supplement (rumen boluses) to
      improve the mineral status in organic dairy cattle and their effect on the milk
      mineral composition, milk production, composition (% of fat and protein) and
      quality (SCC). Thirty-two Holstein Friesian lactating cows were randomly selected
      and assigned to the algae (A), boluses (B), algae+boluses (AB) and control group
      (C). For the algae groups (A, AB), a supplement composed of Sea Lettuce (80%),
      Japanese Wireweed (17.5%) and Furbelows (2.5%) was formulated to be given to the
      cows at the rate of 100 g/animal per day (A1) for the length of 4 weeks. In the
      second half of the experiment (weeks 5-8), the algae mixture was reformulated and
      the proportion of Furbelows was increased from 2.5% to 5.0% with a subsequent
      decrease of Lettuce to 77.5% (A2). In the boluses group (B), each cow received 2
      boluses after calving. Blood (serum) and milk samples were collected at 2 and 4
      week intervals, respectively, and analysed for trace element concentrations by
      ICP-MS. Information related to the milk composition and SCC during a 305-day
      lactation for each animal were obtained from the Dairy Records Management System.
      The supplementation with algae, boluses or the combination of both treatments
      showed a statistically significant effect on the iodine (algae), selenium
      (boluses) and cobalt (algae+boluses) status of the animals. In milk, treatments
      had a statistical significant increase on iodine, and a tendency to increase
      selenium concentrations. The assayed algae mixture combined with another source
      of selenium could be an effective tool to improve the mineral status in serum and
      milk. 

PMID- 26989074
TI  - MicroRNA-137 inhibits tumor growth and sensitizes chemosensitivity to paclitaxel
      and cisplatin in lung cancer.
AB  - Chemotherapy resistance frequently drives tumour progression. However, the
      underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly characterized. In this study, we
      explored miR-137's role in the chemosensitivity of lung cancer. We found that the
      expression level of miR-137 is down-regulated in the human lung cancer tissues
      and the resistant cells strains: A549/paclitaxel(A549/PTX) and A549/cisplatin
      (A549/CDDP) when compared with lung cancer A549 cells. Moreover, we found that
      overe-expression of miR-137 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, cell
      survival and arrest the cell cycle in G1 phase in A549/PTX and A549/CDDP.
      Furthermore, Repression of miR-137 significantly promoted cell growth, migration,
      cell survival and cell cycle G1/S transition in A549 cells. We further
      demonstrated that the tumor suppressive role of miR-137 was mediated by
      negatively regulating Nuclear casein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase
      substrate1(NUCKS1) protein expression. Importantly, miR-137 inhibits A549/PTX,
      A549/CDDP growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Our study is the first to identify the
      tumor suppressive role of over-expressed miR-137 in chemosensitivity.
      Identification of a novel miRNA-mediated pathway that regulates chemosensitivity
      in lung cancer will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies in
      the future. 

PMID- 26989075
TI  - EphA8 is a prognostic marker for epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - EphA8 is one of the Eph receptors in the Eph/ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase
      (RTK) subfamily. During tumorigenesis, EphA8 is involved in angiogenesis, cell
      adhesion and migration. In this study, we determined the mRNA and protein
      expression levels of EphA8 in cancerous and normal ovarian tissue samples by
      quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) (N = 60) and tissue microarray
      immunohistochemistry analysis (TMA-IHC) (N = 223) respectively. EphA8 protein
      levels in cancer tissues were correlated with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC)
      patients' clinical characteristics and overall survival. Both EphA8 mRNA and
      protein levels were significantly higher in EOC tissues than in normal or benign
      ovarian tissues (all P < 0.05). High EphA8 protein level was associated older age
      at diagnosis, higher FIGO stage, positive lymph nodes, presence of metastasis,
      positive ascitic fluid, and higher serum CA-125 level. High EphA8 protein level
      is an independent prognostic marker in EOC. We conclude that EphA8 acts as an
      oncogene in EOC development and progression. Detection of EphA8 expression could
      be a useful prognosis marker and targeting EphA8 represents a novel strategy for
      EOC treatment. 

PMID- 26989076
TI  - beta-casein nanovehicles for oral delivery of chemotherapeutic Drug combinations
      overcoming P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in human gastric cancer
      cells.
AB  - Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a primary obstacle to curative cancer therapy. We
      have previously demonstrated that beta-casein (beta-CN) micelles (beta-CM) can
      serve as nanovehicles for oral delivery and target-activated release of
      hydrophobic drugs in the stomach. Herein we introduce a novel nanosystem based on
      beta-CM, to orally deliver a synergistic combination of a chemotherapeutic drug
      (Paclitaxel) and a P-glycoprotein-specific transport inhibitor (Tariquidar)
      individually encapsulated within beta-CM, for overcoming MDR in gastric cancer.
      Light microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyses revealed
      solubilization of these drugs by beta-CN, suppressing drug crystallization.
      Spectrophotometry demonstrated high loading capacity and good encapsulation
      efficiency, whereas spectrofluorometry revealed high affinity of these drugs to
      beta-CN. In vitro cytotoxicity assays exhibited remarkable synergistic efficacy
      against human MDR gastric carcinoma cells with P-glycoprotein overexpression.
      Oral delivery of beta-CN - based nanovehicles carrying synergistic drug
      combinations to the stomach constitutes a novel efficacious therapeutic system
      that may overcome MDR in gastric cancer. 

PMID- 26989077
TI  - MiR-448 promotes glycolytic metabolism of gastric cancer by downregulating KDM2B.
AB  - MicroRNAs are critical in various human cancers, including gastric cancer (GC).
      However, the mechanism underlying the GC development remains elusive. In this
      study, we demonstrate that miR-448 is increased in GC samples and cell lines.
      Overexpression of miR-448 facilitated the proliferation of GC cells by
      stimulating glycolysis. Mechanistically, we identified KDM2B, a reader for
      methylated CpGs, as the target of miR-448 that represses glycolysis and promotes
      oxidative phosphorylation. Overexpression of miR-448 reduced both the mRNA and
      protein levels of KDM2B, whereas KDM2B re-expression abrogated the miR-448
      mediated glycolytic activities. Furthermore, we discovered Myc as a key target of
      KDM2B that controls metabolic switch in GC. Importantly, a cohort of 81 GC
      tissues revealed that miR-448 level closely associated with a battery of
      glycolytic genes, in which KDM2B showed the strongest anti-correlation
      coefficient. In addition, enhanced miR-448 level was significantly associated
      with poor clinical outcomes of GC patients. Hence, we identified a previously
      unappreciated mechanism by which miR-448 orchestrate epigenetic, transcriptional
      and metabolic networks to promote GC progression, suggesting the possibility of
      therapeutic intervention against cancer metabolic pathways. 

PMID- 26989079
TI  - Geminin overexpression-dependent recruitment and crosstalk with mesenchymal stem
      cells enhance aggressiveness in triple negative breast cancers.
AB  - Resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote cancer progression. However,
      pathways and mechanisms involved in recruiting MSCs into breast tumors remain
      largely undefined. Here we show that geminin-dependent acetylation releases HMGB1
      from the chromatin to the cytoplasm and extracellular space. Extracellular
      acetylated HMGB1 (Ac-HMGB1) promotes geminin overexpressing (GemOE) cells
      survival by binding to RAGE and activating NF-kappaB signaling. Extracellular Ac
      HMGB1 also triggers expression and activation of RAGE in the non-expressing MSCs.
      RAGE activation induces expression of CXCR4 in MSCs and directional migration
      towards SDF1 (aka CXCL12)-expressing GemOE cells in vitro and in vivo. These
      effects augmented by the necrotic and hypoxic environment in GemOE tumors,
      especially within their cores. Reciprocal interactions between newly recruited
      MSCs and GemOE tumor cells elevate tumor-initiating (TIC), basal and epithelial
      to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits and enhance aggressiveness in vitro and in
      vivo in GemOE tumor cells. Indeed, faster, larger and more aggressive tumors
      develop when GemOE cells are co-injected with MSCs in orthotopic breast tumor
      model. Concurrently, inhibiting c-Abl (and thus geminin function), RAGE or CXCR4
      prevented MSCs recruitment to GemOE cells in vitro and in vivo, and decreased the
      TIC, basal and EMT phenotypes in these tumor cells. Accordingly, we propose that
      GemOE tumor cells present within tumor cores represent metastatic precursors, and
      suppressing the GemOE->HMGB1/RAGE->SDF1/CXCR4 signaling circuit could be a valid
      target for therapies to inhibit GemOE tumors and their metastases. 

PMID- 26989081
TI  - Carboxypeptidase D is the only enzyme responsible for antibody C-terminal lysine
      cleavage in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
AB  - Heterogeneity of C-terminal lysine levels often observed in therapeutic
      monoclonal antibodies is believed to result from the proteolysis by endogenous
      carboxypeptidase(s) during cell culture production. Identifying the responsible
      carboxypeptidase(s) for C-terminal lysine cleavage in CHO cells would provide
      valuable insights for antibody production cell culture processes development and
      optimization. In this study, five carboxypeptidases, CpD, CpM, CpN, CpB, and CpE,
      were studied for message RNA (mRNA) expression by qRT-PCR analysis in two most
      commonly used blank hosts (DUXB-11 derived DHFR-deficient DP12 host and DHFR
      positive CHOK1 host), used for therapeutic antibody production, as well an
      antibody-expressing cell line derived from each host. Our results showed that CpD
      had the highest mRNA expression. When CpD mRNA levels were reduced by RNAi (RNA
      interference) technology, C-terminal lysine levels increased, whereas there was
      no obvious change in C-terminal lysine levels when a different carboxypeptidase
      mRNA level was knocked down suggesting that carboxypeptidase D is the main
      contributor for C-terminal lysine processing. Most importantly, when CpD
      expression was knocked out by CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
      Palindromic Repeats) technology, C-terminal lysine cleavage was completely
      abolished in CpD knockout cells based on mass spectrometry analysis,
      demonstrating that CpD is the only endogenous carboxypeptidase that cleaves
      antibody heavy chain C-terminal lysine in CHO cells. Hence, our work showed for
      the first time that the cleavage of antibody heavy chain C-terminal lysine is
      solely mediated by the carboxypeptidase D in CHO cells and our finding provides
      one solution to eliminating C-terminal lysine heterogeneity for therapeutic
      antibody production by knocking out CpD gene expression. Biotechnol. Bioeng.
      2016;113: 2100-2106. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 26989080
TI  - Identification of differential PI3K pathway target dependencies in T-cell acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia through a large cancer cell panel screen.
AB  - Selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR inhibitors are currently
      under evaluation in clinical studies. To identify tumor types that are sensitive
      to PI3K pathway inhibitors we screened compounds targeting PI3Kalpha/delta
      (AZD8835), PI3Kbeta/delta (AZD8186), AKT (AZD5363) and mTORC1/2 (AZD2014) against
      a cancer cell line panel (971 cell lines). There was an enrichment of
      hematological malignancies that were sensitive to AKT and mTOR inhibition, with
      the greatest degree of sensitivity observed in T-cell acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (T-ALL). We found that all NOTCH mutant T-ALL cell lines were sensitive
      to AKT and mTORC1/2 inhibitors, with only partial sensitivity to agents that
      target the PI3K alpha, beta or delta isoforms. Induction of apoptosis only
      occurred following AKTi treatment in cell lines with PTEN protein loss and high
      levels of active AKT. In summary, we have demonstrated that T-ALL cell lines show
      differential sensitivity to inhibition at different nodes in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR
      pathway and inhibiting AKT or mTOR may have a therapeutic benefit in this disease
      setting. 

PMID- 26989078
TI  - Quantification of mutant alleles in circulating tumor DNA can predict survival in
      lung cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the feasibility of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)
      for the quantitative and dynamic detection of EGFR mutations and next generation
      sequencing (NGS) for screening EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs)
      resistance-relevant mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from advanced lung
      adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients. RESULTS: Detection limit of EGFR mutation in ctDNA
      by ddPCR was 0.04%. Taking the EGFR mutation in tumor tissue as the golden
      standard, the concordance of EGFR mutations detected in ctDNA was 74% (54/73).
      Patients with EGFR mutation in ctDNA (n = 54) superior progression-free survival
      (PFS, median, 12.6 vs. 6.7 months, P < 0.001) and overall survival (OS, median,
      35.6 vs. 23.8 months, P = 0.028) compared to those with EGFR wild type in ctDNA
      (n = 19). Patients with high EGFR-mutated abundance in ctDNA (> 5.15%) showed
      better PFS compared to those with low EGFR mutated abundance (<= 5.15%) (PFS,
      median, 15.4 vs. 11.1 months, P = 0.021). NGS results showed that 66.6% (8/12)
      total mutational copy number were elevated and 76.5% (26/34) mutual mutation
      frequency increased after disease progression. METHODS: Seventy-three advanced
      ADC patients with tumor tissues carrying EGFR mutations and their matched pre-
      and post-EGFR-TKIs plasma samples were enrolled in this study. Absolute
      quantities of plasma EGFR mutant and wild-type alleles were measured by ddPCR.
      Multi-genes testing was performed using NGS in 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic
      and quantitative analysis of EGFR mutation in ctDNA could guide personalized
      therapy for advanced ADC. NGS shows good performance in multiple genes testing
      especially novel and uncommon genes.

PMID- 26989083
TI  - Oxidized LDL signals through Rho-GTPase to induce endothelial cell stiffening and
      promote capillary formation.
AB  - Endothelial biomechanics is emerging as a key factor in endothelial function.
      Here, we address the mechanisms of endothelial stiffening induced by oxidized LDL
      (oxLDL) and investigate the role of oxLDL in lumen formation. We show that oxLDL
      induced endothelial stiffening is mediated by CD36-dependent activation of RhoA
      and its downstream target, Rho kinase (ROCK), via inhibition of myosin light
      chain phosphatase (MLCP) and myosin light-chain (MLC)2 phosphorylation. The LC
      MS/MS analysis identifies 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) as the major oxysterol in
      oxLDL. Similarly to oxLDL, 7KC induces RhoA activation, MLCP inhibition, and MLC2
      phosphorylation resulting in endothelial stiffening. OxLDL also facilitates
      formation of endothelial branching networks in 3D collagen gels in vitro and
      induces increased formation of functional blood vessels in a Matrigel plug assay
      in vivo. Both effects are RhoA and ROCK dependent. An increase in lumen formation
      was also observed in response to pre-exposing the cells to 7KC, an oxysterol that
      induces endothelial stiffening, but not to 5alpha,6alpha epoxide that does not
      affect endothelial stiffness. Importantly, loading cells with cholesterol
      prevented oxLDL-induced RhoA activation and the downstream signaling cascade, and
      reversed oxLDL-induced lumen formation. In summary, we show that oxLDL-induced
      endothelial stiffening is mediated by the CD36/RhoA/ROCK/MLCP/MLC2 pathway and is
      associated with increased endothelial angiogenic activity.

PMID- 26989082
TI  - Both STAT3 activation and cholesterol efflux contribute to the anti-inflammatory
      effect of apoA-I/ABCA1 interaction in macrophages.
AB  - ABCA1 exports excess cholesterol from cells to apoA-I and is essential for HDL
      synthesis. Genetic studies have shown that ABCA1 protects against cardiovascular
      disease. We have previously shown that the interaction of apoA-I with ABCA1
      activates signaling molecule Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), which optimizes the
      cholesterol efflux activity of ABCA1. ABCA1-mediated activation of JAK2 also
      activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which
      significantly attenuates proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. To
      determine the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of apoA-I/ABCA1
      interaction, we identified two special ABCA1 mutants, one with normal STAT3
      activating capacity but lacking cholesterol efflux ability and the other with
      normal cholesterol efflux ability but lacking STAT3-activating capacity. We
      showed that activation of STAT3 by the interaction of apoA-I/ABCA1 without
      cholesterol efflux could significantly decrease proinflammatory cytokine
      expression in macrophages. Mechanistic studies showed that the anti-inflammatory
      effect of the apoA-I/ABCA1/STAT3 pathway is suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
      dependent. Moreover, we showed that apoA-I/ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux
      without STAT3 activation can also reduce proinflammatory cytokine expression in
      macrophages. These findings suggest that the interaction of apoA-I/ABCA1
      activates cholesterol efflux and STAT3 branch pathways to synergistically
      suppress inflammation in macrophages.

PMID- 26989084
TI  - Repurposing Treprostinil for Enhancing Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell
      Transplantation.
AB  - Activation of Gs-coupled receptors enhances engraftment of hematopoietic stem and
      progenitor cells (HSPCs). We tested the hypothesis that treprostinil, a
      prostacyclin analog approved for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, can be
      repurposed to improve hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Murine and human
      HSPCs were isolated from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, respectively.
      Prostanoid receptor agonists and the combination thereof with forskolin were
      tested for their capacity to stimulate [(3)H]cAMP accumulation in HSPCs. Three
      independent approaches were employed to verify the ability of agonist-activated
      HSPCs to reconstitute the bone marrow in lethally irradiated recipient mice. The
      underlying mechanism was explored in cellular migration assays and by blocking C
      X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Among several prostanoid agonists tested
      in combination with forskolin, treprostinil was most efficacious in raising
      intracellular cAMP levels in murine and human HPSCs. Injection of murine and
      human HSPCs, which had been pretreated with treprostinil and forskolin, enhanced
      survival of lethally irradiated recipient mice. Survival was further improved if
      recipient mice were subcutaneously administered treprostinil (0.15 mg kg(-1) 8 h(
      1)) for 10 days. This regimen also reduced the number of HSPCs required to rescue
      lethally irradiated mice. Enhanced survival of recipient mice was causally
      related to treprostinil-enhanced CXCR4-dependent migration of HSPCs. Treprostinil
      stimulates the engraftment of human and murine hematopoietic stem cells without
      impairing their capacity for self-renewal. The investigated dose range
      corresponds to the dose approved for human use. Hence, these findings may be
      readily translated into a clinical application.

PMID- 26989086
TI  - Bioinspired monolithic polymer microsphere arrays as generically anti-adhesive
      surfaces.
AB  - Bioinspired surface topographies showing generic anti-adhesive behaviour by
      minimization of the real contact area not only with rigid, but also with soft and
      compliant counterpart surfaces recently attracted increasing attention. In the
      present study, we show that such generic anti-adhesive surfaces, which moreover
      demonstrate anti-fouling behaviour, can be produced on a large scale by a simple
      double replication of monolayers of microspheres with diameters of a few 10 MUm.
      Thus, we obtained mechanically stable monolithic arrays of microspheres tightly
      connected to a support of the same material. Adhesion of these microsphere arrays
      to sticky and compliant counterpart surfaces was one order of magnitude weaker
      than that of flat control samples of the same material. The generation of nanorod
      arrays with nanorod diameters of a few 100 nm as the second hierarchical
      structure level on monolithic microsphere arrays did not significantly affect the
      adhesion force. The experimental data on anti-adhesive behaviour were modelled
      using a modified Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theoretical approach that also provided
      general design criteria for topographic adhesion minimization to sticky
      counterpart surfaces. 

PMID- 26989085
TI  - Dynamics of the spleen and its significance in a murine H22 orthotopic hepatoma
      model.
AB  - The dynamics of the spleen during tumor progression remains incompletely
      understood. In this study, we established a murine H22 orthotopic hepatoma model
      and dynamically detected alterations in the percentages of immunocytes in the
      spleen. We observed a prominent myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)
      accumulation during the early response which persisted through all the stages of
      tumor growth. In addition, the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) increased
      by week 2. Although the percentage of CD3(+)CD49b(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells
      increased by day 3, and that of CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells slightly increased by week
      1, they decreased to either normal or lower levels compared with those of normal
      mice. The percentages of total CD3(+), CD3(+)CD4(+), and CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells
      decreased by week 2, and that of NK cells decreased by week 3. The activation of
      non-Treg CD4(+) T cells was scarce. Moreover, splenic MDSCs of tumor-bearing mice
      suppressed the activation of splenocytes. Therefore, a negative immune response
      gradually prevailed over a positive immune response during tumor growth. In
      addition, splenectomy was performed at the time of tumor inoculation, and we
      found that splenectomy could prolong the survival time, reduce the tumor weights,
      decrease the ascites volumes, and ameliorate the immune status of the tumor
      bearing mice. Splenectomy also decreased the percentage of MDSCs and increased
      the percentages of CD8(+) T cells, NK, and NKT cells in tumor tissues.
      Additionally, splenectomy decreased the percentage of MDSCs and increased that of
      CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood. Overall, our findings suggest that immune
      negative cells are dominant in the spleen during tumor progression. Splenectomy
      could be helpful to improve the immune responses of tumor-bearing hosts.

PMID- 26989087
TI  - Ankle Power and Endurance Outcomes Following Isolated Gastrocnemius Recession for
      Achilles Tendinopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated improved ankle dorsiflexion and pain
      reduction following a gastrocnemius recession (GR) procedure. However, changes in
      muscle performance during functional activities are not known. The purpose of
      this study was to determine the effect of an isolated GR on ankle power and
      endurance in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. METHODS: Fourteen patients with
      chronic unilateral Achilles tendinopathy and 10 healthy controls participated in
      this study. Patient group data were collected 18 months following GR. Pain was
      compared to preoperative values using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Patient
      reported outcomes for activities of daily living (ADL) and sports were assessed
      using the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Kinematic and kinetic data were
      collected during gait, stair ascent (standard and high step), and repetitive
      single-limb heel raises. Between-group and side-to-side differences in ankle
      plantarflexor muscle power and endurance were evaluated with appropriate t tests.
      RESULTS: Compared with preoperative data, VAS pain scores were reduced (pre 6.8,
      post 1.6, P < .05). Significant differences were observed between GR and Control
      groups for FAAM scores for both ADL (GR 90.0, Control 98.3, P = .01) and Sports
      subscales (GR 70.6, Control 94.6, P = .01). When compared to controls, ankle
      power was reduced in the involved limb of the GR group for all activities (all P
      < .05). Between-group and side-to-side deficits (GR group only) were also found
      for ankle endurance. CONCLUSION: The gastrocnemius recession procedure provided
      significant pain reduction that was maintained at the 18-month follow-up for
      patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy who failed nonoperative
      interventions. There were good patient-reported outcomes for activities of daily
      living. However, compared to controls, ankle plantarflexion power and endurance
      deficits in the GR group were noted. The functional implications of the muscle
      performance deficits are unclear, but may be reflective of patients' self
      reported difficulty during more challenging activities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level
      III, comparative study.

PMID- 26989090
TI  - Decellularized tissues and organs: an historical perspective and prospects for
      the future.

PMID- 26989088
TI  - Genetic and neurodevelopmental spectrum of SYNGAP1-associated intellectual
      disability and epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to delineate the neurodevelopmental spectrum associated with
      SYNGAP1 mutations and to investigate genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS: We
      sequenced the exome or screened the exons of SYNGAP1 in a total of 251 patients
      with neurodevelopmental disorders. Molecular and clinical data from patients with
      SYNGAP1 mutations from other centres were also collected, focusing on
      developmental aspects and the associated epilepsy phenotype. A review of SYNGAP1
      mutations published in the literature was also performed. RESULTS: We describe 17
      unrelated affected individuals carrying 13 different novel loss-of-function
      SYNGAP1 mutations. Developmental delay was the first manifestation of SYNGAP1
      related encephalopathy; intellectual disability became progressively obvious and
      was associated with autistic behaviours in eight patients. Hypotonia and unstable
      gait were frequent associated neurological features. With the exception of one
      patient who experienced a single seizure, all patients had epilepsy,
      characterised by falls or head drops due to atonic or myoclonic seizures,
      (myoclonic) absences and/or eyelid myoclonia. Triggers of seizures were frequent
      (n=7). Seizures were pharmacoresistant in half of the patients. The severity of
      the epilepsy did not correlate with the presence of autistic features or with the
      severity of cognitive impairment. Mutations were distributed throughout the gene,
      but spared spliced 3' and 5' exons. Seizures in patients with mutations in exons
      4-5 were more pharmacoresponsive than in patients with mutations in exons 8-15.
      CONCLUSIONS: SYNGAP1 encephalopathy is characterised by early neurodevelopmental
      delay typically preceding the onset of a relatively recognisable epilepsy
      comprising generalised seizures (absences, myoclonic jerks) and frequent
      triggers.

PMID- 26989089
TI  - AKAP2 identified as a novel gene mutated in a Chinese family with adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis exhibits high heritability and is one
      of the most common spinal deformities found in adolescent populations. However,
      little is known about the disease-causing genes in families with adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis exhibiting Mendelian inheritance. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to identify the causative gene in a family with adolescent idiopathic
      scoliosis. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was performed on this family to
      identify the candidate gene. Sanger sequencing was conducted to validate the
      candidate mutations and familial segregation. Real-time QPCR was used to measure
      the expression level of the possible causative gene. RESULTS: We identified the
      mutation c.2645A>C (p.E882A) within the AKAP2 gene, which cosegregated with the
      adolescent idiopathic scoliosis phenotypes. AKAP2 is located in a previously
      reported linkage locus (IS4) on chromosome 9q31.2-q34.2 and has been implicated
      in skeletal development. The mutation was absent in dbSNP144, ESP6500 and 503
      ethnicity-matched controls. Real-time QPCR revealed that the mRNA expression
      level in the patients was increased significantly compared with the family
      controls (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: AKAP2 was therefore implicated as a novel gene
      mutated in a Chinese family with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Further studies
      should be conducted to validate the results from the perspective of both the
      genetics and pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 26989091
TI  - Lung inflammation stalls Th17-cell migration en route to the central nervous
      system during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Recruiting pathogenic T cells to the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical
      step during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
      Here, we report that the absence of autophagy and microtubule-associated protein
      1A/1B-light chain 3-associated phagocytosis significantly delayed the onset of
      EAE in Atg7 conditional knockout (Atg7 CKO) mice in myeloid cells. T-helper cell
      cell priming appeared to be normal in the Atg7 CKO mice, but the mice showed
      significant accumulation of Th17 cells in the lung. The data suggested that the
      stalling of Th17 cells in the lung en route to the CNS caused the delay. The lung
      of Atg7 CKO mice, in which we previously demonstrated spontaneous mild
      inflammation, showed high expression of CCL20, a chemokine that attracts Th17
      cells. We have also shown that LPS intranasal instillation delayed EAE onset,
      suggesting that pulmonary inflammation has an impact on EAE development. Based on
      our data, therapeutic immunomodulation targeted to the lung, rather than
      systemically, might be a possible future option to treat multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 26989093
TI  - Influence of baseline severity on antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders:
      meta-analysis and meta-regression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antidepressants are established first-line treatments for anxiety
      disorders, but it is not clear whether they are equally effective across the
      severity range. AIMS: To examine the influence of baseline severity of anxiety on
      antidepressant efficacy for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety
      disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress
      disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder. METHOD: Fifty-six trials of second-generation
      antidepressants for the short-term treatment of an anxiety disorder were
      included. Baseline and change scores were extracted for placebo and treatment
      groups in each trial. Mixed effects meta-regression was used to investigate the
      effects of treatment group, baseline severity and their interaction. RESULTS:
      Increased baseline severity did not predict greater improvement in drug groups
      compared with placebo groups. Standardised regression coefficients of the
      interaction term between baseline severity and treatment group were 0.04 (95% CI 
      0.13 to 0.20, P = 0.65) for GAD, -0.06 (95% CI -0.20 to 0.09, P = 0.43) for SAD,
      0.04 (95% CI -0.07 to 0.16, P = 0.46) for OCD, 0.16 (95% CI -0.22 to 0.53, P =
      0.37) for PTSD and 0.002 (95% CI -0.10 to 0.10, P = 0.96) for panic disorder. For
      OCD, baseline severity did predict improvement in both placebo and drug groups
      equally (beta = 0.11, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.17, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: No
      relationship between baseline severity and drug-placebo difference was found for
      anxiety disorders. These results suggest that if the efficacy of antidepressants
      is considered clinically relevant, they may be prescribed to patients with
      anxiety regardless of symptom severity.

PMID- 26989092
TI  - Mechanisms of tumor escape in the context of the T-cell-inflamed and the non-T
      cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment.
AB  - Checkpoint blockade therapy has been proven to be highly active across many
      cancer types but emerging evidence indicates that the therapeutic benefit is
      limited to a subset of patients in each cancer entity. The presence of CD8(+) T
      cells within the tumor microenvironment or the invasive margin of the tumor, as
      well as the up-regulation of PD-L1, have emerged to be the most predictive
      biomarkers for clinical benefit in response to checkpoint inhibition. Although
      the up-regulation of immune inhibitory mechanisms is one mechanism of immune
      escape, commonly used by T-cell-inflamed tumors, exclusion of an anti-tumor
      specific T-cell infiltrate displays another even more potent mechanism of immune
      escape. This review will contrast the mechanisms of immunogenic, T-cell-inflamed,
      and the novel concept of non-immunogenic, non-T-cell-inflamed, adaptive immune
      escape.

PMID- 26989094
TI  - Costs of the police service and mental healthcare pathways experienced by
      individuals with enduring mental health needs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Substantial policy, communication and operational gaps exist between
      mental health services and the police for individuals with enduring mental health
      needs. AIMS: To map and cost pathways through mental health and police services,
      and to model the cost impact of implementing key policy recommendations. METHOD:
      Within a case-linkage study, we estimated 1-year individual-level healthcare and
      policing costs. Using decision modelling, we then estimated the potential impact
      on costs of three recommended service enhancements: street triage, Mental Health
      Act assessments for all Section 136 detainees and outreach custody link workers.
      RESULTS: Under current care, average 1-year mental health and police costs were
      L10 812 and L4552 per individual respectively (n = 55). The cost per police
      incident was L522. Models suggested that each service enhancement would alter per
      incident costs by between -8% and +6%. CONCLUSIONS: Recommended enhancements to
      care pathways only marginally increase individual-level costs.

PMID- 26989095
TI  - Behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia and the challenges for family
      carers: systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tailored psychosocial interventions can help families to manage
      behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD), but carer responses to
      their relative's behaviours contribute to the success of support programmes.
      AIMS: To understand why some family carers have difficulty in dealing with BPSD,
      in order to improve the quality of personalised care that is offered. METHOD: A
      systematic review and meta-ethnographic synthesis was conducted of high-quality
      quantitative and qualitative studies between 1980 and 2012. RESULTS: We
      identified 25 high-quality studies and two main reasons for behaviours being
      reported as challenging by family carers: changes in communication and
      relationships, resulting in 'feeling bereft'; and perceptions of transgressions
      against social norms associated with 'misunderstandings about behaviour' in the
      relative with dementia. The underlying belief that their relative had lost, or
      would inevitably lose, their identity to dementia was a fundamental reason why
      family carers experienced behaviour as challenging. CONCLUSIONS: Family carers'
      perceptions of BPSD as challenging are associated with a sense of a declining
      relationship, transgressions against social norms and underlying beliefs that
      people with dementia inevitably lose their 'personhood'. Interventions for the
      management of challenging behaviour in family settings should acknowledge unmet
      psychological need in family carers.

PMID- 26989098
TI  - Following the Francis report: investigating patient experience of mental health
      in-patient care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Francis report highlights perceptions of care that are affected
      by different factors including ward structures. AIMS: To assess patient and staff
      perceptions of psychiatric in-patient wards over time. METHOD: Patient and staff
      perceptions of in-patient psychiatric wards were assessed over 18 months. We also
      investigated whether the type of ward or service structure affected these
      perceptions. We included triage and routine care. The goal was to include at
      least 50% of eligible patients and staff. RESULTS: The most dramatic change was a
      significant deterioration in all experiences over the courseof the study. Systems
      of care or specific wards did not affect patient experience but staff were more
      dissatisfied in the triage system. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of
      deterioration in perceptions of the therapeutic in-patient environment that has
      been captured in a rigorous way. It may reflect contemporaneous experiences
      across the National Health Service of budget reductions and increased throughput.
      The ward systems we investigated did not improve patient experience and triage
      may have been detrimental to staff.

PMID- 26989096
TI  - New insights into the endophenotypic status of cognition in bipolar disorder:
      genetic modelling study of twins and siblings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Twin studies have lacked statistical power to apply advanced genetic
      modelling techniques to the search for cognitive endophenotypes for bipolar
      disorder. AIMS: To quantify the shared genetic variability between bipolar
      disorder and cognitive measures. METHOD: Structural equation modelling was
      performed on cognitive data collected from 331 twins/siblings of varying genetic
      relatedness, disease status and concordance for bipolar disorder. RESULTS: Using
      a parsimonious AE model, verbal episodic and spatial working memory showed
      statistically significant genetic correlations with bipolar disorder (rg = |0.23|
      |0.27|), which lost statistical significance after covarying for affective
      symptoms. Using an ACE model, IQ and visual-spatial learning showed statistically
      significant genetic correlations with bipolar disorder (rg = |0.51|-|1.00|),
      which remained significant after covarying for affective symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:
      Verbal episodic and spatial working memory capture a modest fraction of the
      bipolar diathesis. IQ and visual-spatial learning may tap into genetic substrates
      of non-affective symptomatology in bipolar disorder.

PMID- 26989099
TI  - Evaluation of the validity and utility of a transdiagnostic psychosis dimension
      encompassing schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In recent years, the Kraepelinian dichotomy has been challenged in
      light of evidence on shared genetic and environmental factors for schizophrenia
      and bipolar disorder, but empirical efforts to identify a transdiagnostic
      phenotype of psychosis remain remarkably limited. AIMS: To investigate whether
      schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder lie on a transdiagnostic spectrum
      with overlapping non-affective and affective psychotic symptoms. METHOD:
      Multidimensional item-response modelling was conducted on symptom ratings of the
      OPerational CRITeria (OPCRIT) system in 1168 patients with schizophrenia spectrum
      and bipolar disorder. RESULTS: A bifactor model with one general, transdiagnostic
      psychosis dimension underlying affective and non-affective psychotic symptoms and
      five specific dimensions of positive, negative, disorganised, manic and
      depressive symptoms provided the best model fit and diagnostic utility for
      categorical classification. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide support for
      including dimensional approaches into classification systems and a directly
      measurable clinical phenotype for cross-disorder investigations into shared
      genetic and environmental factors of psychosis.

PMID- 26989097
TI  - Genome-wide association study of response to cognitive-behavioural therapy in
      children with anxiety disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are common, and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
      is a first-line treatment. Candidate gene studies have suggested a genetic basis
      to treatment response, but findings have been inconsistent. AIMS: To perform the
      first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of psychological treatment response in
      children with anxiety disorders (n = 980). METHOD: Presence and severity of
      anxiety was assessed using semi-structured interview at baseline, on completion
      of treatment (post-treatment), and 3 to 12 months after treatment completion
      (follow-up). DNA was genotyped using the Illumina Human Core Exome-12v1.0 array.
      Linear mixed models were used to test associations between genetic variants and
      response (change in symptom severity) immediately post-treatment and at 6-month
      follow-up. RESULTS: No variants passed a genome-wide significance threshold (P =
      5 * 10(-8)) in either analysis. Four variants met criteria for suggestive
      significance (P<5 * 10(-6)) in association with response post-treatment, and
      three variants in the 6-month follow-up analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      genome-wide therapygenetic study. It suggests no common variants of very high
      effect underlie response to CBT. Future investigations should maximise power to
      detect single-variant and polygenic effects by using larger, more homogeneous
      cohorts.

PMID- 26989101
TI  - Asthmatics with high levels of serum surfactant protein D have more severe
      disease.

PMID- 26989100
TI  - Clinical applications of decellularized extracellular matrices for tissue
      engineering and regenerative medicine.
AB  - Decellularization is the process of removing the cellular components from tissues
      or organs. It is a promising technology for obtaining a biomaterial with a highly
      preserved extracellular matrix (ECM), which may also act as a biological scaffold
      for tissue engineering and regenerative therapies. Decellularized products are
      gaining clinical importance and market space due to their ease of standardized
      production, constant availability for grafting and mechanical or biochemical
      superiority against competing clinical options, yielding clinical results ahead
      of the ones with autografts in some applications. Current drawbacks and
      limitations of traditional treatments and clinical applications can be overcome
      by using decellularized or acellular matrices. Several companies are leading the
      market with versatile acellular products designed for diverse use in the
      reconstruction of tissues and organs. This review describes ECM-based
      decellularized and acellular products that are currently in use for different
      branches of clinic. 

PMID- 26989102
TI  - Airflow obstruction is associated with increased smooth muscle extracellular
      matrix.

PMID- 26989103
TI  - A comparison of COPD patients with and without ACOS in the ECLIPSE study.

PMID- 26989104
TI  - Incorporating therapeutic drug monitoring into the World Health Organization
      hierarchy of tuberculosis diagnostics.

PMID- 26989106
TI  - Tidal flow variability measured by impedance pneumography relates to childhood
      asthma risk.
AB  - Lung function variability is a fundamental feature of asthma but has been
      difficult to quantify in children due to methodological limitations. We assessed
      the feasibility and clinical implications of overnight flow variability
      measurement at home using impedance pneumography in young children.44 children
      aged 3-7 years with recurrent or persistent lower airway symptoms were recruited.
      Patients were divided into high- or lower-risk groups (HR and LR groups) based on
      their risk of asthma (modified Asthma Predictive Index), and a third group was
      formed of children who had a history of wheeze and who were treated with inhaled
      corticosteroids (ICS group). Tidal volume and the derived flow were recorded
      through skin electrodes using impedance pneumography at home during sleep.
      Quantities describing overnight change in expiratory flow-volume minimum curve
      shape correlation (CSRmin) and respiratory chaoticity (minimum noise limit
      (NLmin)) were derived.Recordings were successful in 34 children. CSRmin differed
      between the HR and LR groups (p=0.002) and between the HR and ICS groups
      (p=0.003), indicating a stronger change in flow profile shape in the HR group.
      NLmin differed between the HR and LR groups (p=0.014), indicating momentarily
      lowered chaoticity in the HR group.Impedance pneumography was found feasible for
      quantifying nocturnal lung function variability and the measured variability was
      associated with risk of asthma in young children.

PMID- 26989105
TI  - Initial dual oral combination therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
AB  - Treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been underpinned by
      single-agent therapy to which concomitant drugs are added sequentially when pre
      defined treatment goals are not met.This retrospective analysis of real-world
      clinical data in 97 patients with newly diagnosed PAH (86% in New York Heart
      Association functional class III-IV) explored initial dual oral combination
      treatment with bosentan plus sildenafil (n=61), bosentan plus tadalafil (n=17),
      ambrisentan plus tadalafil (n=11) or ambrisentan plus sildenafil (n=8).All
      regimens were associated with significant improvements in functional class,
      exercise capacity, dyspnoea and haemodynamic indices after 4 months of therapy.
      Over a median follow-up period of 30 months, 75 (82%) patients were still alive,
      53 (71%) of whom received only dual oral combination therapy. Overall survival
      rates were 97%, 94% and 83% at 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively, and 96%, 94% and
      84%, respectively, for the patients with idiopathic PAH, heritable PAH and
      anorexigen-induced PAH. Expected survival rates calculated from the French
      equation for the latter were 86%, 75% and 66% at 1, 2 and 3 years,
      respectively.Initial combination of oral PAH-targeted medications may offer
      clinical benefits, especially in PAH patients with severe haemodynamic
      impairment.

PMID- 26989107
TI  - Use of the modified Borg scale and numerical rating scale to measure chronic
      breathlessness: a pooled data analysis.

PMID- 26989108
TI  - Quantitative analysis of cation mixing and local valence states in LiNixMn2-xO4
      using concurrent HARECXS and HARECES measurements.
AB  - Cation mixing in positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium ion
      batteries, LiNixMn2-xO4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5) and Li0.21Ni0.7Mn1.64O4-delta (denoted
      as x = 0.7), is analyzed by high-angular-resolution electron-channeling X
      ray/electron spectroscopy (HARECXS/HARECES) techniques, using energy-dispersive X
      ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Mixing between the
      tetrahedral lithium sites and the octahedral transition metal sites is
      quantified, and the site-dependent valence states of the transition metals are
      examined. In the non-doped (x = 0) sample, Mn was found to occupy only octahedral
      sites as either Mn(3+) or Mn(4+) For x = 0.2-0.7, some of the nickel ions (6-13%
      depending on x) occupy tetrahedral anti-sites. All the nickel ions are in the
      divalent state, regardless of the occupation site. For x = 0.2 and 0.7, manganese
      ions occupy both octahedral and tetrahedral sites; those in the octahedral sites
      are tetravalent, while the tetrahedral sites contain a mixture of divalent and
      trivalent ions. For x = 0.5, manganese occupies only the octahedral sites, with
      all ions determined to be in the tetravalent state (within experimental
      accuracy). All the samples substantially satisfied the local charge neutrality
      conditions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using HARECXS/HARECES for
      quantitative analysis of the atomic configuration and valence states in lithium
      manganese oxide spinel materials.

PMID- 26989109
TI  - Disease activity accounts for long-term efficacy of IL-1 blockers in pyogenic
      sterile arthritis pyoderma gangrenosum and severe acne syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide a rationale for anti-IL-1 treatment in pyogenic sterile
      arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA) by defining whether IL-1beta
      secretion is enhanced; requires NLRP3; and correlates with proline-serine
      threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 1 mutations, disease activity and/or
      the clinical picture in PAPA. METHODS: Monocytes were isolated from 13 patients
      and 35 healthy donors and studied at baseline and following activation. Secretion
      pattern of IL-1beta, IL-1alpha, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-alpha was assessed in
      supernatants by ELISA. The NLRP3 requirement for IL-1beta secretion was
      investigated by silencing technique in PAPA and healthy donor monocytes. Long
      term follow-up (mean 26 months, range 4-38) was performed in five patients
      enrolled in an anti-IL-1 regimen. RESULTS: IL-1beta secretion in PAPA is
      increased, requires NLRP3 and correlates with disease activity. Patients with a
      history of osteoarticular flares release more IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha
      compared with those with predominant cutaneous recurrences. Monocytes from
      patients in anti-IL-1 treatment dramatically reduced IL-1beta secretion after ex
      vivo activation, and long-term follow-up demonstrated decreased frequency of
      flares and normalization of acute phase reactants in all the patients. A
      straightforward correlation between genotype and IL-1beta signalling was not
      observed suggesting that factors other than mutation itself may play a role in
      regulating IL-1beta secretion and response to treatment in PAPA. CONCLUSION: PAPA
      patients with active lesions display increased NLRP3-mediated IL-1beta secretion,
      and long-term efficacy of IL-1 blockade was demonstrated. Even if other
      mechanisms related to the complex proline-serine-threonine phosphatase
      interacting protein 1 protein networking might play additional roles, this study
      further supports the potential of IL-1 blockade as an effective therapeutic
      strategy in PAPA syndrome.

PMID- 26989110
TI  - Clinical and genetic features of diuretic-associated gout: a case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hyperuricaemia and gout are well-recognized complications of diuretic
      use. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and genetic features of
      diuretic-associated gout. METHODS: Participants (n = 1365) fulfilling the 1977
      ARA gout classification criteria, recruited from primary and secondary care,
      attended a study visit that included a detailed clinical assessment. Use of
      diuretic therapy was recorded during the study visit, and was confirmed by
      electronic dispensing data [n = 426 (31.2%) on diuretics]. Gout-associated single
      nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped. Clinical and genetic features of
      diuretic-associated gout were analysed using a case-control study design
      (diuretics vs no diuretics). RESULTS: In the diuretic group there were more
      women, higher rates of comorbid conditions, higher BMI and lower estimated
      glomerular filtration rate compared with those not taking diuretics. Gout disease
      duration, frequency of gout flares and presence of tophi were similar in the two
      groups. Patients on diuretics had higher age of gout presentation and higher
      recorded serum urate. The ABCG2 rs2231142 risk allele was present less frequently
      in the diuretic group (36.1%) compared with those not on diuretics (47.6%, P =
      1.2 * 10(-4)). The differences in ABCG2 were observed in both men and women with
      gout. CONCLUSION: Diuretic-associated gout represents a medically complex
      condition. Although age of gout onset is later and serum urate concentrations are
      higher in those on diuretics, other clinical features of gout are similar. The
      observed differences in the ABCG2 risk allele frequency suggest that some genetic
      factors play a less dominant role in diuretic-associated gout compared with
      primary gout.

PMID- 26989112
TI  - A cautionary approach to adult female groin swelling: hydrocoele of the canal of
      Nuck with a review of the literature.
AB  - Hydrocoele of the canal of Nuck in an adult female is a rare entity and analogous
      to hydrocoele in males. Its usual presentation is in children, and its occurrence
      in adults is very uncommon, more so of the hour-glass variety. We report a case
      of a 38-year-old woman presenting with a right inguinal swelling of 3-month
      duration. On physical examination, the swelling was non-tender, cystic and
      irreducible. There was no cough impulse. Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced CT
      revealed a cystic swelling with clear contents in the right inguinal region.
      Surgery was performed with excision of the cyst. The histopathology report
      suggested flat mesothelium cells, confirming the diagnosis. 

PMID- 26989113
TI  - Electrocardiographic clue for a mid-LAD lesion.
AB  - ECG is still the first diagnostic tool for coronary artery disease. It is
      possible to predict the localisation of affected vessel(s) through ST and T
      changes on ECG. Sometimes, reciprocal changes may be the only marker of acute
      myocardial ischaemia, as single T-wave inversion in lead aVL may represent a
      coronary artery lesion in the left anterior descending (LAD). A 49-year-old woman
      presented to the emergency department, with left-sided chest pain. Her initial
      ECG showed no ischaemic changes. On the third hour ECG there was T-wave inversion
      in leads aVL and V2, and troponin turned positive. Coronary angiography showed
      90% mid-LAD occlusion. The importance of this case is that patients with
      ischaemic chest pain should be followed with serial ECG. Also, emergency
      physicians should be alert to identify new changes on ECG, as isolated T-wave
      inversion in lead aVL can be the only finding to take the patient into the
      catheterisation laboratory. 

PMID- 26989111
TI  - Serum levels of vascular dysfunction markers reflect disease severity and stage
      in systemic sclerosis patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To improve knowledge of vasculopathy in SSc through the assessment of
      serum levels of circulating angiogenetic and endothelial dysfunction markers in
      patients at different stages of the disease. METHODS: Sera from 224 subjects were
      obtained and concentrations of angiopoietin-2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
      (CXCL)-16 (CXCL16), E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, IL-8
      (CXCL8), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 and VEGF were determined by a
      Luminex assay. Subjects included 43 healthy controls, 47 early SSc patients
      according to LeRoy and Medsger without other signs and symptoms of evolutive
      disease, 48 definitive SSc (defSSc) patients according to the 2013 ACR/EULAR
      criteria without skin or lung fibrosis, 51 lcSSc subjects and 35 dcSSc subjects.
      RESULTS: The four groups of patients showed well-distinct clinical and laboratory
      characteristics, with a linear decreasing trend in forced vital capacity and
      diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide % predicted values from early SSc to
      defSSc to lcSSc and to dcSSc, and a linear increasing trend in ESR, and in the
      prevalence of abnormal CRP, serum gamma globulins and lung fibrosis (all P <
      0.0001). Highly significant linear trends pointing to an increase in angiopoietin
      2 (P < 0.0001), CXCL16 (P < 0.0001), E-selectin (P = 0.001) and soluble
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (P = 0.002) in relation to the different
      disease subsets were observed. CONCLUSION: Markers characterizing vascular
      activation are found to be increased in SSc patients from the earliest stages of
      disease when clinical and laboratory findings of advanced disease cannot yet be
      detected. These abnormalities progress with the appraisal of the first
      sclerodermatous manifestation in defSSc and further increase with the onset of
      fibrotic manifestations.

PMID- 26989114
TI  - Atypical patterns of cardiac involvement in Fabry disease.
AB  - A 58-year-old woman was referred to our cardiology service with chest pain,
      exertional dyspnoea and palpitations on a background of known Fabry disease
      diagnosed with genetic testing in 1994. ECG showed sinus rhythm, shortened PR
      interval, widespread t wave inversion, q waves in the lateral leads and left
      ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Coronary angiogram showed only mild atheroma.
      Transthoracic echocardiogram showed anterolateral LVH and reduced left
      ventricular cavity size in keeping with Fabry cardiomyopathy. Cardiac MRI
      demonstrated asymmetric hypertrophy with evidence of diffuse myocardial fibrosis
      in the maximally hypertrophied segments from base to apex with late gadolinium
      enhancement in the anterior and anteroseptal walls. This was quite an atypical
      appearance for Fabry cardiomyopathy. This case highlights the heterogeneity of
      patterns of cardiac involvement that may be associated with this rare X-linked
      lysosomal disorder. 

PMID- 26989115
TI  - Isolated subglossopalatal membrane: a rare entity to encounter.

PMID- 26989116
TI  - Renal tubular acidosis type 4 in pregnancy.
AB  - We describe the clinical course of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) type 4 in
      pregnancy, which has not been previously published. Renal tubular acidosis type 4
      is a condition associated with increased urinary ammonia secondary to
      hypoaldosteronism or pseudohypoaldosteronism. Pregnancy may worsen the
      hyperkalaemia and acidosis of renal tubular acidosis type 4, possibly through an
      antialdosterone effect. We advise regular monitoring of potassium and pH
      throughout pregnancy to ensure safe levels are maintained. 

PMID- 26989117
TI  - Rare case of sarcoidosis presenting with pancytopenia, acute renal failure and
      hypercalcaemia.

PMID- 26989118
TI  - Is size really a contraindication for laparoscopic resection of giant adrenal
      myelolipomas?
AB  - A 55-year-old non-diabetic, normotensive man presented with dull aching pain in
      the left upper abdomen of 2-year duration. He had no significant medical,
      surgical or family history. Relevant blood tests and chest skiagram were normal.
      24 h urinary vanillylmandelic acid levels and serum electrolyte levels were
      normal. Ultrasonogram and CT findings were suggestive of a 15 * 11 cm giant left
      adrenal myelolipoma. A left adrenalectomy was performed using a laparoscopic
      transperitoneal approach employing three ports. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved by
      this closed method. After successful excision, the internal contents were
      suctioned and the capsule was retrieved through a 2.5 cm incision. The operating
      time was 210 min and total blood loss 50-60 mL; no blood transfusions were
      needed. The patient was discharged on the third postoperative day. Histopathology
      confirmed an adrenal myelolipoma. The cited case is of the largest adrenal
      myelolipoma resected entirely using a laparoscopic approach.

PMID- 26989119
TI  - Enoxaparin and rivaroxaban have different effects on human mesenchymal stromal
      cells in the early stages of bone healing.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major potential complication
      following orthopaedic surgery. Subcutaneously administered enoxaparin has been
      used as the benchmark to reduce the incidence of VTE. However, concerns have been
      raised regarding the long-term administration of enoxaparin and its possible
      negative effects on bone healing and bone density with an increase of the risk of
      osteoporotic fractures. New oral anticoagulants such as rivaroxaban have recently
      been introduced, however, there is a lack of information regarding how these
      drugs affect bone metabolism and post-operative bone healing. METHODS: We
      measured the migration and proliferation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells
      (MSCs) under enoxaparin or rivaroxaban treatment for three consecutive weeks, and
      evaluated effects on MSC mRNA expression of markers for stress and osteogenic
      differentiation. RESULTS: We demonstrate that enoxaparin, but not rivaroxaban,
      increases the migration potential of MSCs and increases their cell count in line
      with elevated mRNA expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), tumor
      necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and alpha-B-crystallin (CryaB). However, a
      decrease in early osteogenic markers (insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1,
      IGF2), bone morphogenetic protein2 (BMP2)) indicated inhibitory effects on MSC
      differentiation into osteoblasts caused by enoxaparin, but not by rivaroxaban.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may explain the adverse effects of enoxaparin treatment
      on bone healing. Rivaroxaban has no significant impact on MSC metabolism or
      capacity for osteogenic differentiation in vitro.Cite this article: Dr H. Pilge.
      Enoxaparin and rivaroxaban have different effects on human mesenchymal stromal
      cells in the early stages of bone healing. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:95-100. DOI:
      10.1302/2046-3758.53.2000595.

PMID- 26989121
TI  - Painless acute myocardial infarction on Mount Kilimanjaro.
AB  - An individual experiencing dyspnoea or syncope at high altitude is commonly
      diagnosed to have high-altitude pulmonary edema or cerebral edema. Acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI) is generally not considered in the differential
      diagnosis. There have been very rare cases of AMI reported only from Mount
      Everest. We report a case of painless ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI) that occurred while climbing Mount Kilimanjaro. A 51-year-old man
      suffered dyspnoea and loss of consciousness near the mountain peak, at about 5600
      m. At a nearby hospital, he was treated as a case of high-altitude pulmonary
      edema. ECG was not obtained. Two days after the incident, he presented to our
      institution with continued symptoms of dyspnoea, light-headedness and weakness,
      but no pain. He was found to have inferior wall and right ventricular STEMI
      complicated by complete heart block. He was successfully managed with coronary
      angioplasty, with good recovery.

PMID- 26989120
TI  - Combined Assessment of Phospholipase A2 Receptor Autoantibodies and Glomerular
      Deposits in Membranous Nephropathy.
AB  - Serum phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (SAbs) and glomerular phospholipase A2
      receptor antigen (GAg) deposits have been observed in idiopathic membranous
      nephropathy (IMN). However, the clinical application of these two biomarkers,
      particularly GAg deposition, needs to be further evaluated. We measured SAb
      concentration by ELISA and GAg deposition by immunofluorescence in 572 patients
      with biopsy-proven IMN. Overall, 68.5% of patients (392 of 572) had detectable
      SAb (SAb+), and 98.7% of patients who were SAb+ (387 of 392) and 70.6% of
      patients who were SAb- (127 of 180) had GAg deposition (GAg+). Compared with
      patients who were SAb-/GAg+, patients who were SAb+/GAg+ exhibited higher levels
      of proteinuria (P<0.001) and a lower chance of proteinuria remission (P<0.001).
      In 52 patients who underwent repeat biopsies, patients who did not achieve
      remission had a higher SAb+ rate on the first biopsy than patients who went into
      remission (P=0.001). Furthermore, SAb+ levels persisted in patients who did not
      achieve remission but significantly decreased in patients who achieved remission
      by the second biopsy. Patients who did not achieve remission also had a higher
      GAg+ rate on the first biopsy than patients who achieved remission (P<0.01).
      Sustained GAg+ deposits correlated with disease relapse. In conclusion, combining
      the measurements of SAb levels and detection of GAg deposition may provide
      additional information regarding diagnoses, treatment response, and disease
      relapse in patients with IMN.

PMID- 26989122
TI  - In search of safe and sufficient water: a portrait of household wells in rural
      Guatemala.

PMID- 26989124
TI  - Changes between pre-crisis and crisis period in socioeconomic inequalities in
      health and stimulant use in Netherlands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: International research suggests an impact of economic crises on
      population health, with different effects among different socioeconomic groups.
      Since the end of 2008 the Netherlands experienced a period of economic crisis.
      Our study explores how inequalities in perceived general and mental health, and
      alcohol and tobacco use changed after the recession started. METHODS: We used
      data from the Dutch Health Interview Surveys: 2006-2008 (pre-crisis period) and
      2009-2013 (crisis period). Respondents aged 25-64 were divided into socioeconomic
      groups based on labour status, income level and income change. Inequalities in
      health and stimulant use among these socioeconomic groups were described by
      period and changes between the pre-crisis and crisis period were investigated
      using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Most inequalities did not change, with
      some exceptions. For perceived general health, inequalities between employed
      persons and persons not in the labour force were larger in the crisis period
      (unfavourable trends for those not in the labour force). For smoking,
      inequalities between unemployed and employed persons were larger in the crisis
      period (decreasing smoking rates only for those employed), as did inequalities
      between persons with low and high income levels (decreasing smoking rates for
      those with higher income levels). Excessive drinking decreased among employed
      persons and persons with a decrease in income, while it remained stable among
      persons not in the labour force and among persons with an increase in income.
      CONCLUSION: The widening of some socioeconomic inequalities in health and
      stimulant use might suggest an enhanced vulnerability of lower socioeconomic
      groups to the post-2008 crisis.

PMID- 26989123
TI  - Associations between cancer and Parkinson's disease in U.S. elderly adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest that cancer is reduced before and after a
      Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis. However, determining relationships among
      diseases of ageing is challenging due to possible biases in ascertaining disease.
      This study evaluates the PD and cancer relationship, addressing potential biases.
      METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked data
      (1992-2005) of adults >= 65 years, we assessed PD risk after cancer comparing PD
      in 743 779 cancer patients with PD in a non-cancer group (n = 419 432) in
      prospective cohort analyses. We also conducted a case-control study of 836 947
      cancer cases and 142 869 controls to assess cancer following PD. We applied Cox
      proportional hazards models to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) for PD after cancer
      and unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for PD
      preceding cancer, controlling for physician visits and other factors. To explore
      biases in ascertaining cancer, we examined relationships between cancer and
      automobile accident injuries, which we expected to be null. RESULTS: No
      association was observed between cancer and subsequent PD [HR = 0.97; 95%
      confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-1.01] nor between cancer and subsequent
      automobile injuries (HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.98-1.07). One site, lung cancer, was
      associated with subsequent reduced PD, which may reflect confounding by smoking.
      In the case-control analysis, PD was associated with reduced subsequent cancer,
      overall (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.71-0.82) and for several cancer sites. However,
      the automobile injury/ subsequent cancer association was similar (OR = 0.83; 95%
      CI = 0.78-0.88), suggesting a cancer detection bias after serious health
      outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In totality, our data do not support a biological
      relationship between PD and cancer.

PMID- 26989125
TI  - Self-perceived health in older Europeans: Does the choice of survey matter?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cross-national comparisons of health in European countries provide
      crucial information to monitor health and disease within and between countries
      and to inform policy and research priorities. However, variations in estimates
      might occur when information from cross-national European surveys with different
      characteristics are used. We compared the prevalence of very good or good self
      perceived health across 10 European countries according to three European surveys
      and investigated which survey characteristics contributed to differences in
      prevalence estimates. METHODS: We used aggregate data from 2004 to 2005 of
      respondents aged 55-64 years from the European Union Statistics on Income and
      Living Conditions (EU-SILC), the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in
      Europe (SHARE) and the European Social Survey (ESS). Across the surveys, self
      perceived health was assessed by the same question with response options ranging
      from very good to very bad. RESULTS: Despite a good correlation between the
      surveys (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.77), significant differences were
      found in prevalence estimates of very good or good self-perceived health. The
      survey response, sample size and survey mode contributed statistically
      significantly to the differences between the surveys. Multilevel linear
      regression analyses, adjusted for survey characteristics, showed a higher
      prevalence for SHARE (+6.96, 95% CIs: 3.14 to 10.8) and a lower prevalence (
      3.12; 95% CIs: -7.11 to 0.86) for ESS, with EU-SILC as the reference survey.
      CONCLUSION: Three important health surveys in Europe showed substantial
      differences for presence of very good or good self-perceived health. These
      differences limit the usefulness for direct comparisons across studies in health
      policies for Europe.

PMID- 26989126
TI  - Temporal distance decay of similarity of ectomycorrhizal fungal community
      composition in a subtropical evergreen forest in Japan.
AB  - Community compositions of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are known to show spatial
      distance decay of similarity, which arises from both deterministic niche-based
      processes and stochastic spatial-based processes (e.g. dispersal limitation).
      Recent studies have highlighted the importance of incorporating the spatial-based
      processes in the study of community ecology of ECM fungi. However, few studies
      have investigated the temporal distance decay of similarity of ECM fungal
      communities. More specifically, the role of stochastic temporal-based processes,
      which could drive the temporal distance decay of similarity independently of
      niche-based processes, in the temporal variation of the communities remains
      unclear. Here we investigated ECM fungi associated with roots of Castanopsis
      sieboldii at 3-month intervals over a 2-year period. We found that dissimilarity
      of the ECM fungal community composition was significantly correlated with
      temporal distance but not with environmental distance among sampling dates. Both
      climatic and temporal variables significantly explained the temporal variation of
      the community composition. These results suggest that temporal variations of ECM
      fungi can be affected not only by niche-based processes but also by temporal
      based processes. Our findings imply that priority effects may play important
      roles in the temporal turnover of ECM fungal community at the site.

PMID- 26989129
TI  - Creating clinical trial designs that incorporate clinical outcome assessments.
AB  - Clinical outcome assessments (COAs) are increasingly being used in determining
      the efficacy of new treatment regimens. This was typified in the recent use of a
      symptom-based instrument combined with an organ-based measure of response for the
      approval of ruxolitinib in myelofibrosis. There are challenges in incorporating
      these COAs into clinical trials, including designating the level of priority,
      incorporating these measures into a combined or composite endpoint, and dealing
      with issues related to compliance and interpretation of results accounting for
      missing data. This article describes the results of a recent panel discussion
      that attempted to address these issues and provide guidance to the incorporation
      of COAs into clinical trials, including novel statistical designs, so that the
      testing of new treatments in patients with cancers of the central nervous system
      can incorporate these important clinical endpoints. 

PMID- 26989128
TI  - Clinical outcome assessment in malignant glioma trials: measuring signs,
      symptoms, and functional limitations.
AB  - The shared goal of all parties developing therapeutics against malignant gliomas
      is to positively impact the lives of people affected by these cancers. Clinical
      outcome assessment (COA) tools, including measures of patient-reported outcome,
      performance outcome, clinician-reported outcome, and observer-reported outcome,
      allow patient-focused assessments to complement traditional efficacy measures
      such as overall survival and radiographic endpoints. This review examines the
      properties of various COA measures used in malignant glioma clinical trials to
      date and cross references their content to the priority signs, symptoms, and
      functional limitations defined through a community survey conducted by the
      National Brain Tumor Society. The overarching goal of this initiative is to
      identify COA measures that are feasible and have appropriate psychometric
      properties for use in this patient population as well as highlight where further
      development is needed. 

PMID- 26989127
TI  - Determining priority signs and symptoms for use as clinical outcomes assessments
      in trials including patients with malignant gliomas: Panel 1 Report.
AB  - Patients with primary brain tumors such as malignant gliomas are highly
      symptomatic, often from the time of diagnosis. Signs and symptoms
      (signs/symptoms) can cause functional limitations that often worsen over the
      disease trajectory and may impact patient quality of life. It is recognized that
      standard measurements of tumor response do not adequately measure this impact or
      the impact that a therapy may have to mitigate these signs/symptoms and
      potentially have clinical benefit. Identifying a core set of signs/symptoms and
      functional limitations is important for understanding their clinical impact and
      is the first step to including clinical outcomes assessment in primary brain
      tumor clinical trials. 

PMID- 26989130
TI  - Report of the Jumpstarting Brain Tumor Drug Development Coalition and FDA
      clinical trials clinical outcome assessment endpoints workshop (October 15, 2014,
      Bethesda MD).
AB  - On October 15, 2014, a workshop was held on the use of clinical outcome
      assessments in clinical trials for high-grade glioma of the brain. This workshop
      was sponsored by the Jumpstarting Brain Tumor Drug Development Coalition,
      consisting of the National Brain Tumor Society, the Society for Neuro-Oncology,
      the Musella Foundation for Brain Tumor Research and Information, and Accelerate
      Brain Cancer Cure. It was planned and carried out with participation from the US
      Food and Drug Administration. The workshop also included stakeholders from all
      aspects of the brain tumor community, including clinicians, researchers,
      industry, clinical research organizations, patients and patient advocates, and
      the National Cancer Institute. This report summarizes the presentations and
      discussions of that workshop and the proposals that emerged to move the field
      forward and toward greater inclusion of these endpoints in future clinical trials
      for high-grade gliomas. 

PMID- 26989132
TI  - Ca2+ is a key factor in alpha-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity.
AB  - Aggregation of alpha-synuclein leads to the formation of oligomeric intermediates
      that can interact with membranes to form pores. However, it is unknown how this
      leads to cell toxicity in Parkinson's disease. We investigated the species
      specific effects of alpha-synuclein on Ca(2+) signalling in primary neurons and
      astrocytes using live neuronal imaging and electrophysiology on artificial
      membranes. We demonstrate that alpha-synuclein induces an increase in basal
      intracellular Ca(2+) in its unfolded monomeric state as well as in its oligomeric
      state. Electrophysiology of artificial membranes demonstrated that alpha
      synuclein monomers induce irregular ionic currents, whereas alpha-synuclein
      oligomers induce rare discrete channel formation events. Despite the ability of
      monomeric alpha-synuclein to affect Ca(2+) signalling, it is only the oligomeric
      form of alpha-synuclein that induces cell death. Oligomer-induced cell death was
      abolished by the exclusion of extracellular Ca(2+), which prevented the alpha
      synuclein-induced Ca(2+) dysregulation. The findings of this study confirm that
      alpha-synuclein interacts with membranes to affect Ca(2+) signalling in a
      structure-specific manner and the oligomeric beta-sheet-rich alpha-synuclein
      species ultimately leads to Ca(2+) dysregulation and Ca(2+)-dependent cell death.

PMID- 26989131
TI  - Epiboly generates the epidermal basal monolayer and spreads the nascent mammalian
      skin to enclose the embryonic body.
AB  - Epiboly is a morphogenetic process that is employed in the surface ectoderm of
      anamniotes during gastrulation to cover the entire embryo. We propose here that
      mammals also utilise this process to expand the epidermis and enclose the body
      cavity and spinal cord with a protective surface covering. Our data supports a
      model whereby epidermal spreading is driven by the primary establishment of the
      epidermal basal progenitor monolayer through radial cell intercalation of a multi
      layered epithelium towards the basal lamina. By using a suspension organotypic
      culture strategy, we find that this process is fibronectin-dependent and
      autonomous to the skin. The radial cell rearrangements that drive epidermal
      spreading also require ROCK activity but are driven by cell protrusions and not
      myosin II contractility. Epidermal progenitor monolayer formation and epidermal
      spreading are delayed in Crash mice, which possess a dominant mutation in Celsr1,
      an orthologue of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) Drosophila protein Flamingo
      (also known as Stan). We observe a failure of ventral enclosure in Crash mutants
      suggesting that defective epidermal spreading might underlie some ventral wall
      birth defects.

PMID- 26989133
TI  - Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in the presence of left-to-right intracardiac
      shunting: more good than harm?
AB  - An elderly Chinese man with moderately impaired left ventricular function, left
      bundle branch block and ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by
      ventricular septal rupture had class IV heart failure symptoms refractory to
      medical and surgical interventions. As a treatment of last resort, a cardiac
      resynchronisation therapy (CRT) pacemaker was implanted apprehensively, as
      preoperative concerns were raised whether CRT could exacerbate left-to-right
      shunting, hence negating the potential benefits of CRT. Introduction of CRT
      significantly improved the patient's haemodynamic status and symptoms, allowing
      for successful discharge home. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      report of a patient with severely symptomatic acute heart failure, widened QRS
      and active left-to-right intracardiac shunting, treated successfully with CRT. 

PMID- 26989135
TI  - Comments on: An Update on the Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and
      the Pharmacist's Role.

PMID- 26989134
TI  - Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve with rheumatic mitral stenosis: a rare
      association.

PMID- 26989136
TI  - Presidential Address: Find Your Inner Bernie....

PMID- 26989137
TI  - Mission Statement.

PMID- 26989139
TI  - Statutory prevention of work injuries in Italy: an effectiveness evaluation with
      interrupted time series analysis in a sample of 5000 manufacturing plants from
      the Veneto region.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: According to Italian law, prevention of injuries in the workplace
      falls under the National Health System Service of Prevention, Health and Safety
      at Work (SPISAL). In a sample of about 5000 industrial firms in the Veneto region
      (North-Eastern Italy), the study examines the impact of SPISAL safety programmes
      on injuries. METHODS: The study is based on the before-and-after comparison of
      injury rates in 795 industrial settings that were subject to SPISAL interventions
      and 4186 reference firms, which were all manufacturing industries with >10
      employees; construction companies were excluded. The time window (2001-2007) was
      chosen in order to have 8 quarters of observation before and 8 after the
      intervention. The National Institute for Workers' Compensation provided data on
      injuries and plants, while SPISAL gave information on interventions carried out.
      The preintervention and postintervention rates of injuries were compared by means
      of interrupted time series analyses, estimating the rate ratio (RR) with a 95%
      CI. RESULTS: Inspection after injury reduced by 24% (RR=0.76; 95% CI 0.65 to
      0.90; p=0.001) all injuries, and by 36% (RR=0.64; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.83; p=0.001)
      severe injuries (fatalities, lost workdays >30, degree of permanent disability
      >0). These changes occurred immediately and persisted for 2 years. The effects of
      programmed inspections were never significant. CONCLUSIONS: It can be presumed
      that, after a severe injury, the employees raised their standard of what they
      considered good work safety and, at the same time, the employers were pushed to
      improve the work environment as a result of the sudden attention from the
      workplace hygiene and safety authority and court authority. Inspection after
      injury was an effective strategy; however, confirmatory evidence is needed.

PMID- 26989140
TI  - Author response: 'Does cadmium exposure contribute to depressive symptoms in the
      elderly population?'.

PMID- 26989143
TI  - The Impact of Ethics Review on a Research-Led University Curriculum: Results of a
      Qualitative Study in Australia.
AB  - In the human sciences, a student research-centered pedagogy is constrained by
      institutional ethics review, yet there is little research on the impact of ethics
      review on research-led teaching. This article documents a range of ways that
      Australian universities are responding to ethics review of undergraduate human
      research. Forty teachers and administrators were interviewed at 14 universities
      using purposive sampling to document the range of ways teachers are avoiding
      ethics review or incorporating it into their curriculum. Some reported halting
      undergraduate research or evading ethics review, regarding it as meaningless
      bureaucracy divorced from actual ethical thinking. Those who incorporated ethics
      review into student research did so by collaborating with administrators.
      Institutions can facilitate research-led teaching by designing dedicated forms
      and decentralized review procedures for student research.

PMID- 26989142
TI  - Discovery and Characterization of AMPA Receptor Modulators Selective for TARP
      gamma8.
AB  - Members of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)
      subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate the majority of fast synaptic
      transmission within the mammalian brain and spinal cord, representing attractive
      targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe novel AMPA receptor
      modulators that require the presence of the accessory protein CACNG8, also known
      as transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein gamma8 (TARP-gamma8). Using
      calcium flux, radioligand binding, and electrophysiological assays of wild-type
      and mutant forms of TARP-gamma8, we demonstrate that these compounds possess a
      novel mechanism of action consistent with a partial disruption of the interaction
      between the TARP and the pore-forming subunit of the channel. One of the
      molecules, 5-[2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-2-one
      (JNJ-55511118), had excellent pharmacokinetic properties and achieved high
      receptor occupancy following oral administration. This molecule showed strong,
      dose-dependent inhibition of neurotransmission within the hippocampus, and a
      strong anticonvulsant effect. At high levels of receptor occupancy in rodent in
      vivo models, JNJ-55511118 showed a strong reduction in certain bands on
      electroencephalogram, transient hyperlocomotion, no motor impairment on rotarod,
      and a mild impairment in learning and memory. JNJ-55511118 is a novel tool for
      reversible AMPA receptor inhibition, particularly within the hippocampus, with
      potential therapeutic utility as an anticonvulsant or neuroprotectant. The
      existence of a molecule with this mechanism of action demonstrates the
      possibility of pharmacological targeting of accessory proteins, increasing the
      potential number of druggable targets. 

PMID- 26989141
TI  - Anti-Ulcer Efficacy of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor TPPU on Diclofenac
      Induced Intestinal Ulcers.
AB  - Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole (OME) reduce the severity of
      gastrointestinal (GI) ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (NSAIDs) but can also increase the chance of dysbiosis. The aim of this study was
      to test the hypothesis that preventive use of a soluble epoxide hydrolase
      inhibitor (sEHI) such as TPPU can decrease NSAID-induced ulcers by increasing
      anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Dose- [10, 30, and 100 mg/kg,
      by mouth (PO)] and time-dependent (6 and 18 hours) ulcerative effects of
      diclofenac sodium (DCF, an NSAID) were studied in the small intestine of Swiss
      Webster mice. Dose-dependent effects of TPPU (0.001-0.1 mg/kg per day for 7 days,
      in drinking water) were evaluated in DCF-induced intestinal toxicity and compared
      with OME (20 mg/kg, PO). In addition, the effect of treatment was studied on
      levels of Hb in blood, EETs in plasma, inflammatory markers such as
      myeloperoxidase (MPO) in intestinal tissue homogenates, and tissue necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in serum. DCF dose dependently induced ulcers that were
      associated with both a significant (P < 0.05) loss of Hb and an increase in the
      level of MPO and TNF-alpha, with severity of ulceration highest at 18 hours.
      Pretreatment with TPPU dose dependently prevented ulcer formation by DCF,
      increased the levels of epoxy fatty acids, including EETs, and TPPU's efficacy
      was comparable to OME. TPPU significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the effect of DCF
      on the level of Hb, MPO, and TNF-alpha Thus sEHI might be useful in the
      management of NSAID-induced ulcers.

PMID- 26989144
TI  - Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis at a tertiary care centre in South India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) is one of the important causes
      of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients in tropical countries. The aim
      of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory profile of 68 patients
      with NCPF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: NCPF is defined as liver disease with: (1)
      evidence of portal hypertension; (2) a liver biopsy showing no cirrhosis or a Tc
      labelled sulphur colloid scan showing a pattern suggestive of NCPF; and (3) a
      patent splenoportal axis. The clinical, laboratory and demographic features of 68
      patients with such criteria were studied and analysed. RESULTS: NCPF was common
      in women (73.5%) in the fourth decade of life. The median duration of illness was
      24 months (range, 1 month-28 years). Patients presented to hospital with the
      sensation of a mass in the abdomen (50%) or with haematemesis (26.5%). They had
      splenomegaly (95.6%) and thrombocytopenia (88.2%). The majority of patients had
      normal liver function tests. Abdominal ultrasonography showed increased
      periportal and peri gallbladder echoes (72%), spontaneous collaterals (41.2%) and
      ascites (19.1%). Liver biopsy revealed portal venous sclerosis (76.3%) and
      periportal fibrosis (55.3%). Tc-labelled sulphur colloid scan was suggestive of
      NCPF in the remaining 30 cases. CONCLUSION: NCPF is common in South India.
      Transient ascites occurs due to decompensation of liver function after variceal
      bleeding and in long standing cases of NCPF. Our study used Tc-sulphur scan for
      diagnosing NCPF in patients where liver biopsy was contraindicated in view of
      severe thrombocytopenia; however, the diagnostic utility of Tc-sulphur nuclear
      scan to diagnose NCPF in patients with severe hypersplenism needs to be further
      evaluated in future studies.

PMID- 26989146
TI  - Chado use case: storing genomic, genetic and breeding data of Rosaceae and
      Gossypium crops in Chado.
AB  - The Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR) and CottonGen are comprehensive online
      data repositories that provide access to integrated genomic, genetic and breeding
      data through search, visualization and analysis tools for Rosaceae crops and
      Gossypium (cotton). These online databases use Chado, an open-source, generic and
      ontology-driven database schema for biological data, as the primary data storage
      platform. Chado is highly normalized and uses ontologies to indicate the 'types'
      of data. Therefore, Chado is flexible such that it has been used to house
      genomic, genetic and breeding data for GDR and CottonGen. These data include
      whole genome sequence and annotation, transcripts, molecular markers, genetic
      maps, Quantitative Trait Loci, Mendelian Trait Loci, traits, germplasm,
      pedigrees, large scale phenotypic and genotypic data, ontologies and
      publications. We provide information about how to store these types of data in
      Chado using GDR and CottonGen as examples sites that were converted from an older
      legacy infrastructure. Database URL: GDR (www.rosaceae.org), CottonGen
      (www.cottongen.org).

PMID- 26989145
TI  - An integrative data analysis platform for gene set analysis and knowledge
      discovery in a data warehouse framework.
AB  - Data analysis is one of the most critical and challenging steps in drug discovery
      and disease biology. A user-friendly resource to visualize and analyse high
      throughput data provides a powerful medium for both experimental and
      computational biologists to understand vastly different biological data types and
      obtain a concise, simplified and meaningful output for better knowledge
      discovery. We have previously developed TargetMine, an integrated data warehouse
      optimized for target prioritization. Here we describe how upgraded and newly
      modelled data types in TargetMine can now survey the wider biological and
      chemical data space, relevant to drug discovery and development. To enhance the
      scope of TargetMine from target prioritization to broad-based knowledge
      discovery, we have also developed a new auxiliary toolkit to assist with data
      analysis and visualization in TargetMine. This toolkit features interactive data
      analysis tools to query and analyse the biological data compiled within the
      TargetMine data warehouse. The enhanced system enables users to discover new
      hypotheses interactively by performing complicated searches with no programming
      and obtaining the results in an easy to comprehend output format. Database URL:
      http://targetmine.mizuguchilab.org.

PMID- 26989147
TI  - HistoneDB 2.0: a histone database with variants--an integrated resource to
      explore histones and their variants.
AB  - Compaction of DNA into chromatin is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic
      organisms. The core (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) and linker (H1) histone proteins are
      responsible for this compaction through the formation of nucleosomes and higher
      order chromatin aggregates. Moreover, histones are intricately involved in
      chromatin functioning and provide a means for genome dynamic regulation through
      specific histone variants and histone post-translational modifications.
      'HistoneDB 2.0--with variants' is a comprehensive database of histone protein
      sequences, classified by histone types and variants. All entries in the database
      are supplemented by rich sequence and structural annotations with many
      interactive tools to explore and compare sequences of different variants from
      various organisms. The core of the database is a manually curated set of histone
      sequences grouped into 30 different variant subsets with variant-specific
      annotations. The curated set is supplemented by an automatically extracted set of
      histone sequences from the non-redundant protein database using algorithms
      trained on the curated set. The interactive web site supports various searching
      strategies in both datasets: browsing of phylogenetic trees; on-demand generation
      of multiple sequence alignments with feature annotations; classification of
      histone-like sequences and browsing of the taxonomic diversity for every histone
      variant. HistoneDB 2.0 is a resource for the interactive comparative analysis of
      histone protein sequences and their implications for chromatin function. Database
      URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/HistoneDB2.0.

PMID- 26989148
TI  - Wikidata as a semantic framework for the Gene Wiki initiative.
AB  - Open biological data are distributed over many resources making them challenging
      to integrate, to update and to disseminate quickly. Wikidata is a growing, open
      community database which can serve this purpose and also provides tight
      integration with Wikipedia. In order to improve the state of biological data,
      facilitate data management and dissemination, we imported all human and mouse
      genes, and all human and mouse proteins into Wikidata. In total, 59,721 human
      genes and 73,355 mouse genes have been imported from NCBI and 27,306 human
      proteins and 16,728 mouse proteins have been imported from the Swissprot subset
      of UniProt. As Wikidata is open and can be edited by anybody, our corpus of
      imported data serves as the starting point for integration of further data by
      scientists, the Wikidata community and citizen scientists alike. The first use
      case for these data is to populate Wikipedia Gene Wiki infoboxes directly from
      Wikidata with the data integrated above. This enables immediate updates of the
      Gene Wiki infoboxes as soon as the data in Wikidata are modified. Although Gene
      Wiki pages are currently only on the English language version of Wikipedia, the
      multilingual nature of Wikidata allows for usage of the data we imported in all
      280 different language Wikipedias. Apart from the Gene Wiki infobox use case, a
      SPARQL endpoint and exporting functionality to several standard formats (e.g.
      JSON, XML) enable use of the data by scientists. In summary, we created a fully
      open and extensible data resource for human and mouse molecular biology and
      biochemistry data. This resource enriches all the Wikipedias with structured
      information and serves as a new linking hub for the biological semantic web.
      Database URL: https://www.wikidata.org/.

PMID- 26989149
TI  - R-Syst::diatom: an open-access and curated barcode database for diatoms and
      freshwater monitoring.
AB  - Diatoms are micro-algal indicators of freshwater pollution. Current standardized
      methodologies are based on microscopic determinations, which is time consuming
      and prone to identification uncertainties. The use of DNA-barcoding has been
      proposed as a way to avoid these flaws. Combining barcoding with next-generation
      sequencing enables collection of a large quantity of barcodes from natural
      samples. These barcodes are identified as certain diatom taxa by comparing the
      sequences to a reference barcoding library using algorithms. Proof of concept was
      recently demonstrated for synthetic and natural communities and underlined the
      importance of the quality of this reference library. We present an open-access
      and curated reference barcoding database for diatoms, called R-Syst::diatom,
      developed in the framework of R-Syst, the network of systematic supported by INRA
      (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), see
      http://www.rsyst.inra.fr/en. R-Syst::diatom links DNA-barcodes to their
      taxonomical identifications, and is dedicated to identify barcodes from natural
      samples. The data come from two sources, a culture collection of freshwater algae
      maintained in INRA in which new strains are regularly deposited and barcoded and
      from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) nucleotide
      database. Two kinds of barcodes were chosen to support the database: 18S (18S
      ribosomal RNA) and rbcL (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase),
      because of their efficiency. Data are curated using innovative (Declic) and
      classical bioinformatic tools (Blast, classical phylogenies) and up-to-date
      taxonomy (Catalogues and peer reviewed papers). Every 6 months R-Syst::diatom is
      updated. The database is available through the R-Syst microalgae website
      (http://www.rsyst.inra.fr/) and a platform dedicated to next-generation
      sequencing data analysis, virtual_BiodiversityL@b (https://galaxy
      pgtp.pierroton.inra.fr/). We present here the content of the library regarding
      the number of barcodes and diatom taxa. In addition to these information,
      morphological features (e.g. biovolumes, chloroplasts...), life-forms (mobility,
      colony-type) or ecological features (taxa preferenda to pollution) are indicated
      in R-Syst::diatom. Database URL: http://www.rsyst.inra.fr/.

PMID- 26989150
TI  - Sustainable funding for biocuration: The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR)
      as a case study of a subscription-based funding model.
AB  - Databases and data repositories provide essential functions for the research
      community by integrating, curating, archiving and otherwise packaging data to
      facilitate discovery and reuse. Despite their importance, funding for maintenance
      of these resources is increasingly hard to obtain. Fueled by a desire to find
      long term, sustainable solutions to database funding, staff from the Arabidopsis
      Information Resource (TAIR), founded the nonprofit organization, Phoenix
      Bioinformatics, using TAIR as a test case for user-based funding. Subscription
      based funding has been proposed as an alternative to grant funding but its
      application has been very limited within the nonprofit sector. Our testing of
      this model indicates that it is a viable option, at least for some databases, and
      that it is possible to strike a balance that maximizes access while still
      incentivizing subscriptions. One year after transitioning to subscription
      support, TAIR is self-sustaining and Phoenix is poised to expand and support
      additional resources that wish to incorporate user-based funding strategies.
      Database URL: www.arabidopsis.org.

PMID- 26989151
TI  - KinetochoreDB: a comprehensive online resource for the kinetochore and its
      related proteins.
AB  - KinetochoreDB is an online resource for the kinetochore and its related proteins.
      It provides comprehensive annotations on 1554 related protein entries in terms of
      their amino acid sequence, protein domain context, protein 3D structure,
      predicted intrinsically disordered region, protein-protein interaction, post
      translational modification site, functional domain and key metabolic/signaling
      pathways, integrating several public databases, computational annotations and
      experimental results. KinetochoreDB provides interactive and customizable search
      and data display functions that allow users to interrogate the database in an
      efficient and user-friendly manner. It uses PSI-BLAST searches to retrieve the
      homologs of all entries and generate multiple sequence alignments that contain
      important evolutionary information. This knowledgebase also provides annotations
      of single point mutations for entries with respect to their pathogenicity, which
      may be useful for generation of new hypotheses on their functions, as well as
      follow-up studies of human diseases. Database URL:
      http://lightning.med.monash.edu/kinetochoreDB2/.

PMID- 26989152
TI  - From one to many: expanding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference genome panel.
AB  - In recent years, thousands of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes have been
      sequenced to varying degrees of completion. The Saccharomyces Genome Database
      (SGD) has long been the keeper of the original eukaryotic reference genome
      sequence, which was derived primarily from S. cerevisiae strain S288C. Because
      new technologies are pushing S. cerevisiae annotation past the limits of any
      system based exclusively on a single reference sequence, SGD is actively working
      to expand the original S. cerevisiae systematic reference sequence from a single
      genome to a multi-genome reference panel. We first commissioned the sequencing of
      additional genomes and their automated analysis using the AGAPE pipeline. Here we
      describe our curation strategy to produce manually reviewed high-quality genome
      annotations in order to elevate 11 of these additional genomes to Reference
      status. Database URL: http://www.yeastgenome.org/.

PMID- 26989153
TI  - High-performance integrated virtual environment (HIVE): a robust infrastructure
      for next-generation sequence data analysis.
AB  - The High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment (HIVE) is a distributed
      storage and compute environment designed primarily to handle next-generation
      sequencing (NGS) data. This multicomponent cloud infrastructure provides secure
      web access for authorized users to deposit, retrieve, annotate and compute on NGS
      data, and to analyse the outcomes using web interface visual environments
      appropriately built in collaboration with research and regulatory scientists and
      other end users. Unlike many massively parallel computing environments, HIVE uses
      a cloud control server which virtualizes services, not processes. It is both very
      robust and flexible due to the abstraction layer introduced between computational
      requests and operating system processes. The novel paradigm of moving
      computations to the data, instead of moving data to computational nodes, has
      proven to be significantly less taxing for both hardware and network
      infrastructure.The honeycomb data model developed for HIVE integrates metadata
      into an object-oriented model. Its distinction from other object-oriented
      databases is in the additional implementation of a unified application program
      interface to search, view and manipulate data of all types. This model simplifies
      the introduction of new data types, thereby minimizing the need for database
      restructuring and streamlining the development of new integrated information
      systems. The honeycomb model employs a highly secure hierarchical access control
      and permission system, allowing determination of data access privileges in a
      finely granular manner without flooding the security subsystem with a
      multiplicity of rules. HIVE infrastructure will allow engineers and scientists to
      perform NGS analysis in a manner that is both efficient and secure. HIVE is
      actively supported in public and private domains, and project collaborations are
      welcomed. Database URL: https://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu.

PMID- 26989154
TI  - CSCdb: a cancer stem cells portal for markers, related genes and functional
      information.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and differentiate
      into various tumor cell types, are a special class of tumor cells. Characterizing
      the genes involved in CSCs regulation is fundamental to understand the mechanisms
      underlying the biological process and develop treatment methods for tumor
      therapy. Recently, much effort has been expended in the study of CSCs and a large
      amount of data has been generated. However, to the best of our knowledge,
      database dedicated to CSCs is not available until now. We have thus developed a
      CSCs database (CSCdb), which includes marker genes, CSCs-related genes/microRNAs
      and functional annotations. The information in the CSCdb was manual collected
      from about 13 000 articles. The CSCdb provides detailed information of 1769 genes
      that have been reported to participate in the functional regulation of CSCs and
      74 marker genes that can be used for identification or isolation of CSCs. The
      CSCdb also provides 9475 annotations about 13 CSCs-related functions, such as
      oncogenesis, radio resistance, tumorigenesis, differentiation, etc. Annotations
      of the identified genes, which include protein function description, post
      transcription modification information, related literature, Gene Ontology (GO),
      protein-protein interaction (PPI) information and regulatory relationships, are
      integrated into the CSCdb to help users get information more easily. CSCdb
      provides a comprehensive resource for CSCs research work, which would assist in
      finding new CSCs-related genes and would be a useful tool for biologists.
      Database URL: http://bioinformatics.ustc.edu.cn/cscdb.

PMID- 26989155
TI  - dbWGFP: a database and web server of human whole-genome single nucleotide
      variants and their functional predictions.
AB  - The recent advancement of the next generation sequencing technology has enabled
      the fast and low-cost detection of all genetic variants spreading across the
      entire human genome, making the application of whole-genome sequencing a tendency
      in the study of disease-causing genetic variants. Nevertheless, there still lacks
      a repository that collects predictions of functionally damaging effects of human
      genetic variants, though it has been well recognized that such predictions play a
      central role in the analysis of whole-genome sequencing data. To fill this gap,
      we developed a database named dbWGFP (a database and web server of human whole
      genome single nucleotide variants and their functional predictions) that contains
      functional predictions and annotations of nearly 8.58 billion possible human
      whole-genome single nucleotide variants. Specifically, this database integrates
      48 functional predictions calculated by 17 popular computational methods and 44
      valuable annotations obtained from various data sources. Standalone software,
      user-friendly query services and free downloads of this database are available at
      http://bioinfo.au.tsinghua.edu.cn/dbwgfp. dbWGFP provides a valuable resource for
      the analysis of whole-genome sequencing, exome sequencing and SNP array data,
      thereby complementing existing data sources and computational resources in
      deciphering genetic bases of human inherited diseases. 

PMID- 26989156
TI  - ATF3 provides protection from Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes
      infections.
AB  - Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcriptional
      regulator in eukaryote. The role of ATF3 in cancer has been well defined, but how
      ATF3 functions in bacterial infection is not well understood. Pneumococcal
      infection has been shown to induce ATF3 expression, which subsequently enhances
      cytokine production and provides protection from lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae
      infection, but the role of ATF3 in other Gram-positive (G(+)) infections remains
      unclear. Here, we report that infection with other G(+) bacteria (Staphylococcus
      aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and with G(-) bacteria (uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli) also significantly induced ATF3 expression. Moreover, the
      production of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF]-alpha, interleukin
      [IL]-1beta, IL-6 and interferon [IFN]-gamma) was enhanced by ATF3 in S. aureus
      and L. monocytogenes infection, but decreased in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
      infection. In addition, in S. aureus and L. monocytogenes infections, ATF3 WT
      mice cleared bacteria more efficiently and had higher survival rates than ATF3
      knockout mice. However, in UPEC infection, no significant difference was found in
      survival rate. Taken together, these data suggest that ATF3 provides protection
      from S. aureus and L. monocytogenes infections; however, the role of ATF3 in UPEC
      infection is more complicated and should be further elucidated.

PMID- 26989157
TI  - Overexpression of two stress-responsive, small, non-coding RNAs, 6S and tmRNA,
      imparts butanol tolerance in Clostridium acetobutylicum.
AB  - While extensively studied in several model organisms, the role of small, non
      coding RNAs in the stress response remains largely unexplored in Clostridium
      organisms. About 100 years after the first industrial Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol
      fermentation process, based on the Weizmann Clostridium acetobutylicum strain,
      strain tolerance to butanol remains a crucial factor limiting the economics of
      the process. Several studies have examined the response of this organism to
      metabolite stress, and several genes have been engaged to impart enhanced
      tolerance, but no sRNAs have yet been directly engaged in this task. We show that
      the two stress-responsive sRNAs, 6S and tmRNA, upon overexpression impart
      tolerance to butanol as assessed by viability assays under process-relevant
      conditions. 6S overexpression enhances cell densities as well as butanol titres.
      We discuss the likely mechanisms that these two sRNAs might engage in this
      tolerance phenotype. Our data support the continued exploration of sRNAs as a
      basis for engineering enhanced tolerance and enhanced solvent production,
      especially because sRNA-based strategies impose a minimal metabolic burden on the
      cells.

PMID- 26989159
TI  - School Nurses Avoid Addressing Child Sexual Abuse.
AB  - Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global public health problem with major
      consequences for the individual child and society. An earlier Swedish study
      showed that the school nurses did not initially talk about nor mention CSA as one
      form of child abuse. For the child to receive adequate support, the disclosure is
      a precondition and is dependent on an available person prepared to listen. The
      aim of the study was to explore the ability of the school nurses to detect and
      support sexually abused children. It is a secondary analysis of focus group
      interviews with school nurses. Thematic analysis was performed. Results showed
      that the school nurses avoided addressing CSA due to arousal of strong emotions,
      ambivalence, and a complicated disclosure process. In order to detect CSA and
      support abused children, attentiveness of sexual abuse as a possible cause of
      physical and mental ill-health is crucial.

PMID- 26989158
TI  - Oxidative impairment and histopathological alterations in kidney and brain of
      mice following subacute lambda-cyhalothrin exposure.
AB  - Lambda cyhalothrin (LCT), a broad-spectrum type II (alpha-cyano) synthetic
      pyrethroid pesticide, is widely employed in various agricultural and animal
      husbandry practices for the control of pests. Acute and chronic exposure to LCT
      can elicit several adverse effects including oxidative stress. With the objective
      to investigate nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity of LCT in mice, we evaluated
      oxidative stress parameters and histological changes in the kidney and brain of
      LCT exposed mice. Swiss albino mice were divided randomly into four groups ( n =
      6 per group) as: (A) corn oil/vehicle control; (B) 0.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)
      LCT; (C) 1 mg/kg b.w. LCT; (D) 2 mg/kg b.w. LCT. Mice were treated orally for 28
      days. LCT exposure significantly increased serum urea nitrogen, creatinine and
      urea levels. LCT exposure also increased lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion
      generation, nitrite level and decreased the level of reduced glutathione. The
      activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione- S-transferase were
      depleted significantly in both kidney and brain. Histological examination
      revealed marked histopathological changes in the kidney and brain of mice that
      were more pronounced at high dose of LCT. Thus, results of the present study
      indicate that 28 days oral exposure of LCT causes oxidative damage to the kidney
      and brain of mice which in turn could be responsible for nephrotoxicity and
      neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, further detailed studies are required to prove these
      effects especially after long-term exposure.

PMID- 26989160
TI  - Mapping the contribution of Allied Health Professions to the wider public health
      workforce: a rapid review of evidence-based interventions.
AB  - Objectives: The objective was to identify a selection of the best examples of the
      public health contributions by Allied Health Professionals (AHPs) in order to
      encourage a wider awareness and participation from that workforce to public
      health practice. Study design: A mapping exercise was used to identify evidence
      based interventions that could lead to health improvements across a population.
      Methods: A rapid review was undertaken to identify evidence, followed by a survey
      of Allied Health Profession (AHP) practitioners and an expert panel consensus
      method to select the examples of AHP public health interventions. Results: Nine
      evidence-based interventions are identified and selected as examples of current
      AHP good practice. These examples represent a contribution to public health and
      include screening interventions, secondary prevention and risk management.
      Conclusions: This study contributes to a strategy for AHPs in public health by
      appraising the effectiveness and impact of some exemplar AHP practices that
      contribute to health improvement. There is a need for AHPs to measure the impact
      of their interventions and to demonstrate evidence of outcomes at population
      level.

PMID- 26989161
TI  - Description of a novel telemedicine-enabled comprehensive system of care: drip
      and ship plus drip and keep within a system of stroke care delivery.
AB  - United States (US) and worldwide telestroke programs frequently focus only on
      emergency room hyper-acute stroke management. This article describes a
      comprehensive, telemedicine-enabled, stroke care delivery system that combines
      "drip and ship" and "drip and keep" models with a comprehensive stroke center
      primary hub at Ochsner Medical Center in New Orleans, advanced stroke-capable
      regional hubs, and geographically-aligned, "stroke-ready" spokes. The primary hub
      provides vascular neurology expertise via telemedicine and monitors care for
      patients remaining at regional hubs and spokes using a multidisciplinary team
      approach. By 2014, primary hub telestroke consults grew to ~1000/year with 16 min
      average door to consult initiation and 20 min to completion, and 29% of ischemic
      stroke patients received recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA),
      increasing 275%. Most patients remained in hospitals close to home, but
      neurointensive care and interventional procedures were common reasons for primary
      hub transfer. Given the time sensitivity and expert consultation needed for
      complex acute stroke care delivery paradigms, telestroke programs are effective
      for fulfilling unmet care needs. Combining drip and ship and drip and keep
      management allows more patients to stay "local," limiting primary hub transfer
      unless more advanced services are required. Post admission telestroke management
      at spokes increases personnel efficiency and can positively impact stroke
      outcomes.

PMID- 26989162
TI  - Early Grade Writing Assessment: An Instrument Model.
AB  - The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization promoted
      the creation of a model instrument for individual assessment of students'
      foundational writing skills in the Spanish language that was based on a
      literature review and existing writing tools and assessments. The purpose of the
      Early Grade Writing Assessment (EGWA) is to document learners' basic writing
      skills, mapped in composing units of increasing complexity to communicate
      meaning. Validation and standardization of EGWA was conducted in the Canary
      Islands (Spain) in 12 schools using a cross-sectional design with a sample of
      1,653 Spanish-speaking students in Grades 1 through 3. The author describes
      EGWA's internal structure, along with the prevalence of learning disabilities
      (LD) in transcription and developmental differences in writing between Spanish
      speaking children with LD and typical peers. Findings suggest that EGWA's
      psychometric characteristics are satisfactory, and its internal structure can be
      attributed to four factors responsible for a high percentage of the variance. The
      odds ratio indicated that 2 Spanish-speaking children with LD in transcription
      are identified out of every 100. A comparison between students with and without
      LD in transcription revealed statistically significant differences concerning
      sentence and text production across grades. Results are interpreted within
      current theoretical accounts of writing models.

PMID- 26989163
TI  - Integrative Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Molecular Networks Defining
      Neuronal Maturation During Postnatal Neurogenesis.
AB  - In mammalian hippocampus, new neurons are continuously produced from neural stem
      cells throughout life. This postnatal neurogenesis may contribute to information
      processing critical for cognition, adaptation, learning, and memory, and is
      implicated in numerous neurological disorders. During neurogenesis, the immature
      neuron stage defined by doublecortin (DCX) expression is the most sensitive to
      regulation by extrinsic factors. However, little is known about the dynamic
      biology within this critical interval that drives maturation and confers
      susceptibility to regulatory signals. This study aims to test the hypothesis that
      DCX-expressing immature neurons progress through developmental stages via
      activity of specific transcriptional networks. Using single-cell RNA-seq combined
      with a novel integrative bioinformatics approach, we discovered that individual
      immature neurons can be classified into distinct developmental subgroups based on
      characteristic gene expression profiles and subgroup-specific markers.
      Comparisons between immature and more mature subgroups revealed novel pathways
      involved in neuronal maturation. Genes enriched in less mature cells shared
      significant overlap with genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, while
      genes positively associated with neuronal maturation were enriched for autism
      related gene sets. Our study thus discovers molecular signatures of individual
      immature neurons and unveils potential novel targets for therapeutic approaches
      to treat neurodevelopmental and neurological diseases.

PMID- 26989164
TI  - Postsocialism, the psy-ences and mental health.
AB  - Over the past decades, the formerly socialist countries of East Central Europe
      and Eurasia have experienced a range of transformations which bear directly upon
      the domains of mental health, psychiatry, and psychology. In particular, the
      disciplines and professions concerned with the human mind, brain, and behavior
      ("the psy-ences") were strongly affected by sociopolitical changes spanning the
      state-socialist and postsocialist periods. These disciplines' relationship to the
      state, their modes of knowledge production, and the epistemic order and
      subjectivities they contributed to have all undergone dramatic ruptures. In this
      essay, we trace the literature on these issues across three thematic domains: (a)
      history and memory; (b) the reform of psychiatry in an era of global mental
      health; and (c) therapy and self-fashioning. We argue for a closer articulation
      between the social science and historical literature on socialism and its "posts"
      and the literature among anthropologists, sociologists, and historians on the
      sciences of the mind and brain, and we suggest that each of these literatures
      helps to critically open up and enrich the other. 

PMID- 26989165
TI  - Does my daughter have lupus?

PMID- 26989166
TI  - Gender differences in systemic lupus erythematosus concerning anxiety, depression
      and quality of life.
AB  - Several studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of depression and anxiety in
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, few data address
      gender differences regarding these manifestations. This study aimed to
      investigate gender differences in the prevalence of depressive and anxiety
      symptoms, and their effect on the quality of life (QOL) of male and female SLE
      patients. This study included 54 male SLE patients, 54 female SLE patients, 54
      male controls and 54 female controls. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the
      Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression
      Scale (CES-D) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the anxiety
      symptoms were examined using HADS. We used the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item
      Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) to assess QOL. Depressive symptoms were found in
      22.2% of BDI respondents, 24.1% of CES-D respondents and 13% of HADS-D
      respondents who were male SLE patients; while in the female SLE patient group,
      they were found in 38.9% of BDI respondents (p = 0.063), 51.9% of CES-D
      respondents (p = 0.653) and 31.5% of HADS-D respondents (p = 0.003). Anxiety
      symptoms were found in 16.7% of the male SLE patients and 38.9% of the female SLE
      patients (p = 0.024). Lower scores on the SF-36 (for QOL) were found in both male
      and female SLE patients with depression and anxiety symptoms. In conclusion, we
      observed significant gender differences regarding the prevalence of depressive
      and anxiety symptoms in patients with SLE, with significantly higher values in
      the female group. The presence of these symptoms appears to have a negative
      effect on the QOL of patients of both genders. 

PMID- 26989167
TI  - Analysis of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and their human leukocyte
      antigen-ligands gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune
      disease. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of
      autoimmune disorders that mainly express killer cell immunoglobulin-like
      receptors (KIRs). The present study was undertaken to determine the association
      of the KIR alleles, genotypes, and KIR-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligand gene
      combinations with the susceptibility to SLE. METHODS: The genotyping of 17 KIR
      and 5 HLA loci was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence
      specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. The study population consisted of 230 SLE
      patients and 273 ethnical-, age-, and sex-matched healthy controls. The
      association of the polymorphisms with the prevalence of 11 clinical criteria in
      patients was analyzed. RESULTS: The carrier frequency of HLA-A-Bw4 was modestly
      decreased in the SLE patients. The prevalence of hematological and renal
      disorders was significantly increased in patients with combination of KIR3DL1(+);
      HLA-B-Bw4(Thr80+) and KIR2DS1(+); HLA-C2(+) genes, respectively. Female patients
      with combination of KIR2DL2(+); HLA-C1(-) genes were more likely to develop
      serositis. In addition the prevalence of renal disorders, oral ulcer and
      serositis was significantly increased in male patients with KIR3DP1(+),
      KIR2DS1(+), and KIR2DS3(+) genotypes respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results showed
      that the presence of activating KIR receptors alone or in combination with their
      HLA ligands and the absence of inhibitory KIRs in combination with their HLA
      ligands may activate NK cells and are significantly correlated with the
      prevalence of renal disease, hematologic disorders, serositis, and oral ulcer in
      SLE patients.

PMID- 26989168
TI  - Intermittent accelerated idioventricular rhythm: a novel arrhythmia in lupus
      erythematosus.

PMID- 26989169
TI  - Aortic dissection.

PMID- 26989170
TI  - Species-specific contribution of volumetric growth and tissue convergence to
      posterior body elongation in vertebrates.
AB  - Posterior body elongation is a widespread mechanism propelling the generation of
      the metazoan body plan. The posterior growth model predicts that a posterior
      growth zone generates sufficient tissue volume to elongate the posterior body.
      However, there are energy supply-related differences between vertebrates in the
      degree to which growth occurs concomitantly with embryogenesis. By applying a
      multi-scalar morphometric analysis in zebrafish embryos, we show that posterior
      body elongation is generated by an influx of cells from lateral regions, by
      convergence-extension of cells as they exit the tailbud, and finally by a late
      volumetric growth in the spinal cord and notochord. Importantly, the unsegmented
      region does not generate additional tissue volume. Fibroblast growth factor
      inhibition blocks tissue convergence rather than volumetric growth, showing that
      a conserved molecular mechanism can control convergent morphogenesis through
      different cell behaviours. Finally, via a comparative morphometric analysis in
      lamprey, dogfish, zebrafish and mouse, we propose that elongation via posterior
      volumetric growth is linked to increased energy supply and is associated with an
      overall increase in volumetric growth and elongation.

PMID- 26989171
TI  - Development of the aboral domain in Nematostella requires beta-catenin and the
      opposing activities of Six3/6 and Frizzled5/8.
AB  - The development of the oral pole in cnidarians and the posterior pole in
      bilaterians is regulated by canonical Wnt signaling, whereas a set of
      transcription factors, including Six3/6 and FoxQ2, controls aboral development in
      cnidarians and anterior identity in bilaterians. However, it is poorly understood
      how these two patterning systems are initially set up in order to generate
      correct patterning along the primary body axis. Investigating the early steps of
      aboral pole formation in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, we found that,
      at blastula stage, oral genes are expressed before aboral genes and that Nvbeta
      catenin regulates both oral and aboral development. In the oral hemisphere,
      Nvbeta-catenin specifies all subdomains except the oral-most, NvSnailA-expressing
      domain, which is expanded upon Nvbeta-catenin knockdown. In addition, Nvbeta
      catenin establishes the aboral patterning system by promoting the expression of
      NvSix3/6 at the aboral pole and suppressing the Wnt receptor NvFrizzled5/8 at the
      oral pole. NvFrizzled5/8 expression thereby gets restricted to the aboral domain.
      At gastrula stage, NvSix3/6 and NvFrizzled5/8 are both expressed in the aboral
      domain, but they have opposing activities, with NvSix3/6 maintaining and
      NvFrizzled5/8 restricting the size of the aboral domain. At planula stage,
      NvFrizzled5/8 is required for patterning within the aboral domain and for
      regulating the size of the apical organ by modulation of a previously
      characterized FGF feedback loop. Our findings suggest conserved roles for Six3/6
      and Frizzled5/8 in aboral/anterior development and reveal key functions for
      Nvbeta-catenin in the patterning of the entire oral-aboral axis of Nematostella.

PMID- 26989172
TI  - Trop2 marks transient gastric fetal epithelium and adult regenerating cells after
      epithelial damage.
AB  - Mouse fetal intestinal progenitors lining the epithelium prior to villogenesis
      grow as spheroids when cultured ex vivo and express the transmembrane
      glycoprotein Trop2 as a marker. Here, we report the characterization of Trop2
      expressing cells from fetal pre-glandular stomach, growing as immortal
      undifferentiated spheroids, and their relationship with gastric development and
      regeneration. Trop2(+) cells generating gastric spheroids differed from adult
      glandular Lgr5(+) stem cells, but appeared highly related to fetal intestinal
      spheroids. Although they shared a common spheroid signature, intestinal and
      gastric fetal spheroid-generating cells expressed organ-specific transcription
      factors and were committed to intestinal and glandular gastric differentiation,
      respectively. Trop2 expression was transient during glandular stomach
      development, being lost at the onset of gland formation, whereas it persisted in
      the squamous forestomach. Undetectable under homeostasis, Trop2 was strongly re
      expressed in glands after acute Lgr5(+) stem cell ablation or following
      indomethacin-induced injury. These highly proliferative reactive adult Trop2(+)
      cells exhibited a transcriptome displaying similarity with that of gastric
      embryonic Trop2(+) cells, suggesting that epithelium regeneration in adult
      stomach glands involves the partial re-expression of a fetal genetic program.

PMID- 26989173
TI  - DRACULA2 is a dynamic nucleoporin with a role in regulating the shade avoidance
      syndrome in Arabidopsis.
AB  - When plants grow in close proximity basic resources such as light can become
      limiting. Under such conditions plants respond to anticipate and/or adapt to the
      light shortage, a process known as the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Following
      genetic screening using a shade-responsive luciferase reporter line (PHYB:LUC),
      we identified DRACULA2 (DRA2), which encodes an Arabidopsis homolog of mammalian
      nucleoporin 98, a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). DRA2, together
      with other nucleoporins, participates positively in the control of the hypocotyl
      elongation response to plant proximity, a role that can be considered dependent
      on the nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules (i.e. is transport
      dependent). In addition, our results reveal a specific role for DRA2 in
      controlling shade-induced gene expression. We suggest that this novel regulatory
      role of DRA2 is transport independent and that it might rely on its dynamic
      localization within and outside of the NPC. These results provide mechanistic
      insights in to how SAS responses are rapidly established by light conditions.
      They also indicate that nucleoporins have an active role in plant signaling.

PMID- 26989175
TI  - Sebaceous lipids are essential for water repulsion, protection against UVB
      induced apoptosis and ocular integrity in mice.
AB  - Sebocytes, which are characterized by lipid accumulation that leads to cell
      disruption, can be found in hair follicle-associated sebaceous glands (SGs) or in
      free SGs such as the Meibomian glands in the eyelids. Because genetic tools that
      allow targeting of sebocytes while maintaining intact epidermal lipids are
      lacking, the relevance of sebaceous lipids in health and disease remains poorly
      understood. Using Scd3, which is expressed exclusively in mature sebocytes, we
      established a mouse line with sebocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase.
      Both RT-PCR analysis and crossing into Rosa26-lacZ reporter mice and Kras(G12D)
      mice confirmed Cre activity specifically in SGs, with no activity in other skin
      compartments. Importantly, loss of SCD3 function did not cause detectable
      phenotypical alterations, endorsing the usefulness of Scd3-Cre mice for further
      functional studies. Scd3-Cre-induced, diphtheria chain A toxin-mediated depletion
      of sebaceous lipids resulted in impaired water repulsion and thermoregulation,
      increased rates of UVB-induced epidermal apoptosis and caused a severe pathology
      of the ocular surface resembling Meibomian gland dysfunction. This novel mouse
      line will be useful for further investigating the roles of sebaceous lipids in
      skin and eye integrity.

PMID- 26989174
TI  - NRPB3, the third largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, is essential for stomatal
      patterning and differentiation in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Stomata are highly specialized epidermal structures that control transpiration
      and gas exchange between plants and the environment. Signal networks underlying
      stomatal development have been previously uncovered but much less is known about
      how signals involved in stomatal development are transmitted to RNA polymerase II
      (Pol II or RPB), which plays a central role in the transcription of mRNA coding
      genes. Here, we identify a partial loss-of-function mutation of the third largest
      subunit of nuclear DNA-dependent Pol II (NRPB3) that exhibits an increased number
      of stomatal lineage cells and paired stomata. Phenotypic and genetic analyses
      indicated that NRPB3 is not only required for correct stomatal patterning, but is
      also essential for stomatal differentiation. Protein-protein interaction assays
      showed that NRPB3 directly interacts with two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)
      transcription factors, FAMA and INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1 (ICE1), indicating
      that NRPB3 serves as an acceptor for signals from transcription factors involved
      in stomatal development. Our findings highlight the surprisingly conserved
      activating mechanisms mediated by the third largest subunit of Pol II in
      eukaryotes.

PMID- 26989176
TI  - Multicolor mapping of the cardiomyocyte proliferation dynamics that construct the
      atrium.
AB  - The orchestrated division of cardiomyocytes assembles heart chambers of distinct
      morphology. To understand the structural divergence of the cardiac chambers, we
      determined the contributions of individual embryonic cardiomyocytes to the atrium
      in zebrafish by multicolor fate-mapping and we compare our analysis to the
      established proliferation dynamics of ventricular cardiomyocytes. We find that
      most atrial cardiomyocytes become rod-shaped in the second week of life,
      generating a single-muscle-cell-thick myocardial wall with a striking webbed
      morphology. Inner pectinate myofibers form mainly by direct branching, unlike
      delamination events that create ventricular trabeculae. Thus, muscle clones
      assembling the atrial chamber can extend from wall to lumen. As zebrafish mature,
      atrial wall cardiomyocytes proliferate laterally to generate cohesive patches of
      diverse shapes and sizes, frequently with dominant clones that comprise 20-30% of
      the wall area. A subpopulation of cardiomyocytes that transiently express atrial
      myosin heavy chain (amhc) contributes substantially to specific regions of the
      ventricle, suggesting an unappreciated level of plasticity during chamber
      formation. Our findings reveal proliferation dynamics and fate decisions of
      cardiomyocytes that produce the distinct architecture of the atrium.

PMID- 26989178
TI  - Differential regulation of meristem size, morphology and organization by the
      ERECTA, CLAVATA and class III HD-ZIP pathways.
AB  - The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of angiosperm plants is a small, highly organized
      structure that gives rise to all above-ground organs. The SAM is divided into
      three functional domains: the central zone (CZ) at the SAM tip harbors the self
      renewing pluripotent stem cells and the organizing center, providing daughter
      cells that are continuously displaced into the interior rib zone (RZ) or the
      surrounding peripheral zone (PZ), from which organ primordia are initiated.
      Despite the constant flow of cells from the CZ into the RZ or PZ, and cell
      recruitment for primordium formation, a stable balance is maintained between the
      distinct cell populations in the SAM. Here we combined an in-depth phenotypic
      analysis with a comparative RNA-Seq approach to characterize meristems from
      selected combinations of clavata3 (clv3), jabba-1D (jba-1D) and erecta (er)
      mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana We demonstrate that CLV3 restricts meristem
      expansion along the apical-basal axis, whereas class III HD-ZIP and ER pathways
      restrict meristem expansion laterally, but in distinct and possibly perpendicular
      orientations. Our k-means analysis reveals that clv3, jba-1D/+ and er lead to
      meristem enlargement by affecting different aspects of meristem function; for
      example, clv3 displays an increase in the stem cell population, whereas jba-1D/+
      er exhibits an increase in mitotic activity and in the meristematic cell
      population. Our analyses demonstrate that a combined genetic and mRNA-Seq
      comparative approach provides a precise and sensitive method to identify cell
      type-specific transcriptomes in a small structure, such as the SAM.

PMID- 26989179
TI  - Illness Identity in Adolescents and Emerging Adults With Type 1 Diabetes:
      Introducing the Illness Identity Questionnaire.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the utility of a new self-report
      questionnaire, the Illness Identity Questionnaire (IIQ), which assesses the
      concept of illness identity, or the degree to which type 1 diabetes is integrated
      into one's identity. Four illness identity dimensions (engulfment, rejection,
      acceptance, and enrichment) were validated in adolescents and emerging adults
      with type 1 diabetes. Associations with psychological and diabetes-specific
      functioning were assessed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A sample of 575
      adolescents and emerging adults (14-25 years of age) with type 1 diabetes
      completed questionnaires on illness identity, psychological functioning, diabetes
      related problems, and treatment adherence. Physicians were contacted to collect
      HbA1c values from patients' medical records. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
      was conducted to validate the IIQ. Path analysis with structural equation
      modeling was used to examine associations between illness identity and
      psychological and diabetes-specific functioning. RESULTS: CFA indicated that the
      IIQ has a clear factor structure, meaningfully differentiating four illness
      identity dimensions. Rejection was related to worse treatment adherence and
      higher HbA1c values. Engulfment was related to less adaptive psychological
      functioning and more diabetes-related problems. Acceptance was related to more
      adaptive psychological functioning, fewer diabetes-related problems, and better
      treatment adherence. Enrichment was related to more adaptive psychological
      functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings underscore the importance of the
      concept of illness identity. A valid and reliable measure, the IIQ, is introduced
      to measure four illness identity dimensions in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
      These four illness identity dimensions were uniquely related to psychological and
      diabetes-specific functioning.

PMID- 26989180
TI  - Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Loss in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic
      Neuropathy.

PMID- 26989181
TI  - Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Self-management of Type 2 Diabetes: A
      Paradigm Shift.

PMID- 26989182
TI  - Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Canagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2
      Inhibitor, in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of serious adverse events (AEs) of diabetic
      ketoacidosis (DKA) with canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
      inhibitor, as an add-on to insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH
      DESIGN AND METHODS: In this 18-week, randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study,
      patients (N = 351; HbA1c 7.0-9.0% [53-75 mmol/mol]) on multiple daily insulin
      injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion received canagliflozin 100
      or 300 mg or placebo once daily. The incidence of ketone-related AEs, defined as
      any event from a prespecified list of preferred terms (i.e., acidosis, blood
      ketone body increased, blood ketone body present, DKA, diabetic ketoacidotic
      hyperglycemic coma, ketoacidosis, ketonemia, ketonuria, ketosis, metabolic
      acidosis, urine ketone body present), including serious AEs of DKA, was assessed
      based on AE reports. RESULTS: At week 18, the incidence of any ketone-related AE
      with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg was 5.1% (n = 6 of 117) and 9.4% (n = 11 of
      117), respectively; no patients in the placebo group experienced a ketone-related
      AE. The incidence of serious AEs of DKA was 4.3% (n = 5 of 117) with
      canagliflozin 100 mg and 6.0% (n = 7 of 117) with canagliflozin 300 mg; all
      serious events occurred in the presence of circumstances that are known to
      potentially precipitate DKA (e.g., infection, insulin pump failure). Among the 12
      patients with a serious AE of DKA, blood glucose levels ranged from 9.4 to >44.4
      mmol/L (170 to >800 mg/dL). Baseline characteristics were generally similar in
      patients with and without a ketone-related AE. CONCLUSIONS: Canagliflozin was
      associated with an increased incidence of serious AEs of DKA in patients with
      type 1 diabetes inadequately controlled with insulin. Mitigation strategies are
      needed for use in future clinical trials to reduce the risk of DKA with
      canagliflozin treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 26989177
TI  - Integrin signalling regulates YAP and TAZ to control skin homeostasis.
AB  - The skin is a squamous epithelium that is continuously renewed by a population of
      basal layer stem/progenitor cells and can heal wounds. Here, we show that the
      transcription regulators YAP and TAZ localise to the nucleus in the basal layer
      of skin and are elevated upon wound healing. Skin-specific deletion of both YAP
      and TAZ in adult mice slows proliferation of basal layer cells, leads to hair
      loss and impairs regeneration after wounding. Contact with the basal
      extracellular matrix and consequent integrin-Src signalling is a key determinant
      of the nuclear localisation of YAP/TAZ in basal layer cells and in skin tumours.
      Contact with the basement membrane is lost in differentiating daughter cells,
      where YAP and TAZ become mostly cytoplasmic. In other types of squamous epithelia
      and squamous cell carcinomas, a similar control mechanism is present. By
      contrast, columnar epithelia differentiate an apical domain that recruits CRB3,
      Merlin (also known as NF2), KIBRA (also known as WWC1) and SAV1 to induce Hippo
      signalling and retain YAP/TAZ in the cytoplasm despite contact with the basal
      layer extracellular matrix. When columnar epithelial tumours lose their apical
      domain and become invasive, YAP/TAZ becomes nuclear and tumour growth becomes
      sensitive to the Src inhibitor Dasatinib.

PMID- 26989183
TI  - Erythrokinetics: quantitative measurements of red cell production and destruction
      in normal subjects and patients with anemia.
AB  - To study erythropoiesis and anemia, one must have a firm foundation of indices
      that accurately measure red blood cell production and destruction. This paper,
      authored by hematology legends Arno G. Motulsky and Clement A. Finch, provides
      that foundation. Using methods that would not be approved in today's environment,
      the authors studied a cohort of normal healthy patients and an equal number of
      patients with different forms of anemia. The results confirm a reciprocal model
      of red cell production and destruction, show that anemia can be the result of
      either underproduction (a regenerative anemia or ineffective erythropoiesis) or
      increased destruction, and define parameters for distinguishing these 2
      possibilities that are still widely used today.

PMID- 26989184
TI  - Pediatric MDS: GATA screen the germline.
AB  - In this issue of Blood, Wlodarski and colleagues demonstrate that as many as 72%
      of adolescents diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and monosomy 7
      harbor germline mutations in GATA2. Although pediatric MDS is a very rare
      diagnosis, occurring in 0.8 to 4 cases per million, Wlodarski et al screened >600
      cases of primary or secondary MDS in children and adolescents who were enrolled
      in the European Working Group on MDS consortium over a period of 15 years. The
      overall frequency of germline GATA2 mutations in children with primary MDS was
      7%, and 15% in those presenting with advanced disease. Notably, mutations in
      GATA2 were absent in patients with therapy-related MDS or acquired aplastic
      anemia.

PMID- 26989185
TI  - Less menorrhagia for women with VTE.
AB  - In this issue of Blood, Martinelli et al provide reassuring data that women
      taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) may use
      estrogen or progestin hormonal therapy to control the menstrual bleeding without
      increased risk for recurrent thromboembolism.

PMID- 26989186
TI  - S1PR2 deficiency in DLBCL: a FOXy connection.
AB  - Inactivating mutations in the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 2 (S1PR2)
      promoter have been associated with the germinal center (GC) B-cell diffuse large
      B-cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL) subtype. In this issue of Blood, Flori et al have now
      identified S1PR2 as a tumor suppressor that is transcriptionally silenced by
      forkhead box protein 1 (FOXP1) in the aggressive, activated B-cell (ABC-DLBCL)
      subtype.

PMID- 26989187
TI  - Release the hounds: virotherapy with immunotherapy.
AB  - In this issue of Blood, Shen et al demonstrate that the vesicular stomatitis
      virus (VSV)-murine interferon beta (IFNbeta)-sodium iodide symporter (NIS) (VSV
      mIFNbeta-NIS) oncolytic virus has significant antileukemia activity, which is
      enhanced when combined with an anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody.

PMID- 26989188
TI  - Arf6 arbitrates fibrinogen endocytosis.
AB  - In this issue of Blood, in a departure from studies of classic platelet function,
      Huang et al turn their attention to endocytosis and show that adenosine 5'
      diphosphate-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) plays a key role in fibrinogen
      engulfment. Although platelets are known to bind, absorb, and load their granules
      with plasma proteins, this report is one of the first to explore mechanisms that
      control endocytosis in this anucleate cell. Huang et al demonstrate that Arf6
      dependent endocytosis is restricted to fibrinogen, implying that Arf6 also
      modulates trafficking of alphaIIbbeta3 integrins in platelets. Consistent with
      this notion, deletion of Arf6 in platelets enhances spreading on fibrinogen and
      accelerates clot retraction (see figure). However, activation of surface
      alphaIIbbeta3 is unaffected, and Arf6 deficiency does not alter thrombosis in
      vivo. These incongruous results point toward the complexity of anucleate
      platelets and the need for more detailed studies to understand intracellular
      trafficking, recycling, and endocytosis in platelets and their precurs

PMID- 26989189
TI  - Down the repressors! Up the fetal hemoglobin!
AB  - One of the major goals of hemoglobinopathy research has been to devise improved
      pharmacologic strategies for the induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in people
      with sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia. In this issue of Blood, Dulmovits
      and colleagues report that pomalidomide, a drug approved by the US Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) for treatment of multiple myeloma, induces HbF production by
      decreasing levels of several key transcriptional repressors of fetal globin gene
      expression. In addition, they show that pomalidomide induces HbF in
      differentiating erythroid cells from people with sickle cell disease and in
      myeloma patients.

PMID- 26989190
TI  - An oxidase road to platelet adhesion.
AB  - Platelet adhesion to collagen via collagen receptors is an important part of
      thrombosis. In this issue of Blood, Matsuura et al identify collagen receptors as
      previously unrecognized targets of the extracellular enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX),
      the level of which is increased in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and other
      conditions associated with pathological thromboses.

PMID- 26989194
TI  - What Factors Might Drive Voluntary Childlessness (VC) in Women with IBD? Does IBD
      specific Pregnancy-related Knowledge Matter?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects many women of childbearing
      age, and rates of voluntary childlessness (VC) exceed those of the general
      population by far. The factors surrounding VC remain incompletely understood.
      METHODS: Female members of the patient organisation Crohn's and Colitis UK aged
      18-45 years were invited to complete an online questionnaire collecting data on
      demographics, disease characteristics, Crohn's and Colitis pregnancy-specific
      disease-related knowledge (CCPKnow), and childlessness status. RESULTS: A total
      of 1324 women (mean age 33 years) completed the survey: 776 (59%) were diagnosed
      with Crohn's disease (CD), 496 (38%) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 4% with
      inflammatory bowel disease-unclassified (IBD-U); 40% had children (14% pre
      diagnosis (I); 26% post-diagnosis (II)), 36% planned to have children at some
      stage (III), 7% reported fertility problems (IV), and 17% were classified as
      voluntarily childless (VC). VC was associated with poorer CCPKnow scores [5.98
      vs. 7.47 in (III); p < 0.001], older age [35 years old vs. 28 years old in (II);
      p < 0.001], unemployment (9.7% VC; p < 0.001), being single (34.5% VC; p < 0.001)
      not seeking medical advice (p < 0.001), and diagnosis of CD (19.3% vs. 13.9% UC;
      p = 0.015). Women with VC had more hospital admissions [mean 2.85 vs. 2.17 (III);
      p = 0.03] and surgical interventions [mean 1.27 vs. 0.65 (III); p < 0.001]
      CONCLUSION: The aetiology of VC in women with IBD is multifactorial. Women's
      choice regarding children appears related to disease burden. VC is also
      associated with poor knowledge (CCPKnow), and women may stay childless
      unnecessarily. Patient education programmes could help to reduce the rate of VC
      in women with IBD, through correcting misconceptions and alleviating patient
      concerns.

PMID- 26989192
TI  - A mutation in the tuft mouse disrupts TET1 activity and alters the expression of
      genes that are crucial for neural tube closure.
AB  - Genetic variations affecting neural tube closure along the head result in
      malformations of the face and brain. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the
      most common birth defects in humans. We previously reported a mouse mutant called
      tuft that arose spontaneously in our wild-type 3H1 colony. Adult tuft mice
      present midline craniofacial malformations with or without an anterior
      cephalocele. In addition, affected embryos presented neural tube closure defects
      resulting in insufficient closure of the anterior neuropore or exencephaly. Here,
      through whole-genome sequencing, we identified a nonsense mutation in the Tet1
      gene, which encodes a methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET1), co-segregating with the
      tuft phenotype. This mutation resulted in premature termination that disrupts the
      catalytic domain that is involved in the demethylation of cytosine. We detected a
      significant loss of TET enzyme activity in the heads of tuft embryos that were
      homozygous for the mutation and had NTDs. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis
      indicated that multiple gene pathways associated with neural tube closure were
      dysregulated in tuft embryo heads. Among them, the expressions of Cecr2, Epha7
      and Grhl2 were significantly reduced in some embryos presenting neural tube
      closure defects, whereas one or more components of the non-canonical WNT
      signaling pathway mediating planar cell polarity and convergent extension were
      affected in others. We further show that the recombinant mutant TET1 protein was
      capable of entering the nucleus and affected the expression of endogenous Grhl2
      in IMCD-3 (inner medullary collecting duct) cells. These results indicate that
      TET1 is an epigenetic determinant for regulating genes that are crucial to
      closure of the anterior neural tube and its mutation has implications to
      craniofacial development, as presented by the tuft mouse.

PMID- 26989193
TI  - Induction of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human abdominal aortic aneurysm:
      therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors.
AB  - Clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is currently limited to
      elective surgical repair because an effective pharmacotherapy is still awaited.
      Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity could be a promising
      therapeutic option in cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to characterise HDAC
      expression in human AAA and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of class I and
      IIa HDAC inhibitors in the AAA model of angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused
      apolipoprotein-E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Real-time PCR, western blot and
      immunohistochemistry evidenced an increased expression of HDACs 1, 2 (both class
      I), 4 and 7 (both class IIa) in abdominal aorta samples from patients undergoing
      AAA open repair (n=22) compared with those from donors (n=14). Aortic aneurysms
      from Ang-II-infused ApoE(-/-) mice exhibited a similar HDAC expression profile.
      In these animals, treatment with a class I HDAC inhibitor (MS-275) or a class IIa
      inhibitor (MC-1568) improved survival, reduced the incidence and severity of AAA
      and limited aneurysmal expansion evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. These
      beneficial effects were more potent in MC-1568-treated mice. The disorganisation
      of elastin and collagen fibres and lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration were
      effectively reduced by both inhibitors. Additionally, HDAC inhibition attenuated
      the exacerbated expression of pro-inflammatory markers and the increase in
      metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activity induced by Ang II in this model. Therefore,
      our data evidence that HDAC expression is deregulated in human AAA and that class
      selective HDAC inhibitors limit aneurysm expansion in an AAA mouse model. New
      generation HDAC inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic approach to overcome
      human aneurysm progression.

PMID- 26989196
TI  - Quantum criticality with two length scales.
AB  - The theory of deconfined quantum critical (DQC) points describes phase
      transitions at absolute temperature T = 0 outside the standard paradigm,
      predicting continuous transformations between certain ordered states where
      conventional theory would require discontinuities. Numerous computer simulations
      have offered no proof of such transitions, instead finding deviations from
      expected scaling relations that neither were predicted by the DQC theory nor
      conform to standard scenarios. Here we show that this enigma can be resolved by
      introducing a critical scaling form with two divergent length scales. Simulations
      of a quantum magnet with antiferromagnetic and dimerized ground states confirm
      the form, proving a continuous transition with deconfined excitations and also
      explaining anomalous scaling at T > 0. Our findings revise prevailing paradigms
      for quantum criticality, with potential implications for many strongly correlated
      materials. 

PMID- 26989195
TI  - Sex differences in autism: a resting-state fMRI investigation of functional brain
      connectivity in males and females.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are far more prevalent in males than in females.
      Little is known however about the differential neural expression of ASD in males
      and females. We used a resting-state fMRI-dataset comprising 42 males/42 females
      with ASD and 75 male/75 female typical-controls to examine whether autism-related
      alterations in intrinsic functional connectivity are similar or different in
      males and females, and particularly whether alterations reflect 'neural
      masculinization', as predicted by the Extreme Male Brain theory. Males and
      females showed a differential neural expression of ASD, characterized by highly
      consistent patterns of hypo-connectivity in males with ASD (compared to typical
      males), and hyper-connectivity in females with ASD (compared to typical females).
      Interestingly, patterns of hyper-connectivity in females with ASD reflected a
      shift towards the (high) connectivity levels seen in typical males (neural
      masculinization), whereas patterns of hypo-connectivity observed in males with
      ASD reflected a shift towards the (low) typical feminine connectivity patterns
      (neural feminization). Our data support the notion that ASD is a disorder of
      sexual differentiation rather than a disorder characterized by masculinization in
      both genders. Future work is needed to identify underlying factors such as sex
      hormonal alterations that drive these sex-specific neural expressions of ASD.

PMID- 26989197
TI  - SCS macrophages suppress melanoma by restricting tumor-derived vesicle-B cell
      interactions.
AB  - Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) are important signals in tumor-host
      cell communication, yet it remains unclear how endogenously produced tEVs affect
      the host in different areas of the body. We combined imaging and genetic analysis
      to track melanoma-derived vesicles at organismal, cellular, and molecular scales
      to show that endogenous tEVs efficiently disseminate via lymphatics and
      preferentially bind subcapsular sinus (SCS) CD169(+) macrophages in tumor
      draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) in mice and humans. The CD169(+) macrophage layer
      physically blocks tEV dissemination but is undermined during tumor progression
      and by therapeutic agents. A disrupted SCS macrophage barrier enables tEVs to
      enter the lymph node cortex, interact with B cells, and foster tumor-promoting
      humoral immunity. Thus, CD169(+) macrophages may act as tumor suppressors by
      containing tEV spread and ensuing cancer-enhancing immunity. 

PMID- 26989198
TI  - Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian
      individuals.
AB  - Although Neandertal sequences that persist in the genomes of modern humans have
      been identified in Eurasians, comparable studies in people whose ancestors
      hybridized with both Neandertals and Denisovans are lacking. We developed an
      approach to identify DNA inherited from multiple archaic hominin ancestors and
      applied it to whole-genome sequences from 1523 geographically diverse
      individuals, including 35 previously unknown Island Melanesian genomes. In
      aggregate, we recovered 1.34 gigabases and 303 megabases of the Neandertal and
      Denisovan genome, respectively. We use these maps of archaic sequences to show
      that Neandertal admixture occurred multiple times in different non-African
      populations, characterize genomic regions that are significantly depleted of
      archaic sequences, and identify signatures of adaptive introgression. 

PMID- 26989199
TI  - Unconventional endocannabinoid signaling governs sperm activation via the sex
      hormone progesterone.
AB  - Steroids regulate cell proliferation, tissue development, and cell signaling via
      two pathways: a nuclear receptor mechanism and genome-independent signaling.
      Sperm activation, egg maturation, and steroid-induced anesthesia are executed via
      the latter pathway, the key components of which remain unknown. Here, we present
      characterization of the human sperm progesterone receptor that is conveyed by the
      orphan enzyme alpha/beta hydrolase domain-containing protein 2 (ABHD2). We show
      that ABHD2 is highly expressed in spermatozoa, binds progesterone, and acts as a
      progesterone-dependent lipid hydrolase by depleting the endocannabinoid 2
      arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) from plasma membrane. The 2AG inhibits the sperm
      calcium channel (CatSper), and its removal leads to calcium influx via CatSper
      and ensures sperm activation. This study reveals that progesterone-activated
      endocannabinoid depletion by ABHD2 is a general mechanism by which progesterone
      exerts its genome-independent action and primes sperm for fertilization. 

PMID- 26989203
TI  - Introduction to a review series: the paradox of indolent B-cell lymphoma.

PMID- 26989200
TI  - Peptidoglycan from the gut microbiota governs the lifespan of circulating
      phagocytes at homeostasis.
AB  - Maintenance of myeloid cell homeostasis requires continuous turnover of
      phagocytes from the bloodstream, yet whether environmental signals influence
      phagocyte longevity in the absence of inflammation remains unknown. Here, we show
      that the gut microbiota regulates the steady-state cellular lifespan of
      neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, the 2 most abundant circulating myeloid
      cells and key contributors to inflammatory responses. Treatment of mice with
      broad-spectrum antibiotics, or with the gut-restricted aminoglycoside neomycin
      alone, accelerated phagocyte turnover and increased the rates of their
      spontaneous apoptosis. Metagenomic analyses revealed that neomycin altered the
      abundance of intestinal bacteria bearing gamma-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic
      acid, a ligand for the intracellular peptidoglycan sensor Nod1. Accordingly,
      signaling through Nod1 was both necessary and sufficient to mediate the
      stimulatory influence of the flora on myeloid cell longevity. Stimulation of Nod1
      signaling increased the frequency of lymphocytes in the murine intestine
      producing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A), and liberation
      of IL-17A was required for transmission of Nod1-dependent signals to circulating
      phagocytes. Together, these results define a mechanism through which intestinal
      microbes govern a central component of myeloid homeostasis and suggest
      perturbations of commensal communities can influence steady-state regulation of
      cell fate.

PMID- 26989202
TI  - Optimizing therapy for nodal marginal zone lymphoma.
AB  - Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) is a rare form of indolent small B-cell
      lymphoma which has only been clearly identified in the last 2 decades and which
      to date remains incurable. Progress in therapeutic management has been slow,
      largely due to the very small number of patients treated and the heterogeneity of
      treatments administered; thus, standard-of-care treatment is currently
      nonspecific for this lymphoma entity. In this review, treatments routinely used
      to manage adult NMZL patients are presented, principally based on
      immunochemotherapy (when treatment is needed). Biological research behind the key
      axes of agents currently under development is described; development of novel
      agents is heavily based on data from gene profiling and genome-wide sequencing
      research, uncovering a number of critical deregulated pathways specific to NMZL
      tumors. These include B-cell receptor, JAK/STAT, NF-kappaB, NOTCH, and Toll-like
      receptor signaling pathways, as well as intracellular processes such as the cell
      cycle, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional regulation in terms of
      epigenetic modifiers, histones, or transcriptional co-repressors, along with
      immune escape via T-cell-mediated tumor surveillance. These pathways are examined
      in detail and a projection of how the field may evolve in the near future for an
      efficient personalized treatment approach for NMZL patients is presented.

PMID- 26989201
TI  - GNA13 loss in germinal center B cells leads to impaired apoptosis and promotes
      lymphoma in vivo.
AB  - GNA13 is the most frequently mutated gene in germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell
      lymphomas, including nearly a quarter of Burkitt lymphoma and GC-derived diffuse
      large B-cell lymphoma. These mutations occur in a pattern consistent with loss of
      function. We have modeled the GNA13-deficient state exclusively in GC B cells by
      crossing the Gna13 conditional knockout mouse strain with the GC-specific AID-Cre
      transgenic strain. AID-Cre(+) GNA13-deficient mice demonstrate disordered GC
      architecture and dark zone/light zone distribution in vivo, and demonstrate
      altered migration behavior, decreased levels of filamentous actin, and attenuated
      RhoA activity in vitro. We also found that GNA13-deficient mice have increased
      numbers of GC B cells that display impaired caspase-mediated cell death and
      increased frequency of somatic hypermutation in the immunoglobulin VH locus.
      Lastly, GNA13 deficiency, combined with conditional MYC transgene expression in
      mouse GC B cells, promotes lymphomagenesis. Thus, GNA13 loss is associated with
      GC B-cell persistence, in which impaired apoptosis and ongoing somatic
      hypermutation may lead to an increased risk of lymphoma development.

PMID- 26989204
TI  - Follicular lymphoma: evolving therapeutic strategies.
AB  - Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the
      Western hemisphere. After decades of stagnation, the natural history of FL
      appears to have been favorably impacted by the introduction of rituximab.
      Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that the addition of rituximab to
      standard chemotherapy induction has improved the overall survival. Maintenance
      rituximab strategies can improve progression-free survival. Even chemotherapy
      platforms have changed in the past 5 years, as bendamustine combined with
      rituximab has rapidly become a standard frontline strategy in North America and
      parts of Europe. Recent discoveries have identified patients at high risk for
      poor outcomes to first-line therapy (m7-Follicular Lymphoma International
      Prognostic Index [m7-FLIPI]) and for poor outcomes after frontline therapy
      (National LymphoCare Study). However, several unmet needs remain, including a
      better ability to identify high-risk patients at diagnosis, the development of
      predictive biomarkers for targeted agents, and strategies to reduce the risk of
      transformation. The development of targeted agents, exploiting our current
      understanding of FL biology, is a high research priority. A multitude of novel
      therapies are under investigation in both the frontline and relapsed/refractory
      settings. It will be critical to identify the most appropriate populations for
      new agents and to develop validated surrogate end points, so that novel agents
      can be tested (and adopted, if appropriate) efficiently.

PMID- 26989205
TI  - The spectrum of MALT lymphoma at different sites: biological and therapeutic
      relevance.
AB  - Extranodal marginal zone (MZ) B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid
      tissue (MALT) arise from lymphoid populations that are induced by chronic
      inflammation in extranodal sites. The best evidence of an etiopathogenetic link
      is provided by the association between Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis and
      gastric MALT lymphoma. Indeed, successful eradication of this microorganism with
      antibiotics can be followed by gastric MALT lymphoma regression in most cases.
      Other microbial agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MZ lymphoma
      arising at different sites. Apart from gastric MALT lymphoma, antibiotic
      therapies have been adequately tested only in ocular adnexal MALT lymphomas where
      upfront doxycycline may be a reasonable and effective initial treatment of
      patients with Chlamydophila psittaci-positive lymphoma before considering more
      aggressive strategies. In all other instances, antibiotic treatment of nongastric
      lymphomas remains investigational. Indeed, there is no clear consensus for the
      treatment of patients with gastric MALT lymphoma requiring further treatment
      beyond H pylori eradication or with extensive disease. Both radiotherapy and
      systemic treatments with chemotherapy and anti-CD20 antibodies are efficacious
      and thus the experience of individual centers and each patient's preferences in
      terms of adverse effects are important parameters in the decision process.

PMID- 26989206
TI  - The role of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the management
      of indolent B-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Despite improvements over the past decade in the overall survival of patients
      with indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas, these lymphomas remain largely incurable
      with standard therapies. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab-based regimens has
      become a well-established standard of care in the primary and relapsed disease
      settings. The role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in indolent
      lymphoma has been defined by the adoption of this therapy largely in the relapse
      setting because randomized trials in the first-line setting have not shown
      survival advantages. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has the possibility for
      cure because of the potential for immunologic graft-versus-lymphoma effect, but
      there are significant concerns regarding nonrelapse mortality. Autologous stem
      cell transplantation offers a safe treatment platform, but relapse remains a
      significant issue. The role of transplantation in the current treatment landscape
      of immunochemotherapy has not been conclusively proven, and randomized trials are
      lacking. This review summarizes the current relevant data regarding
      transplantation in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and highlights the issues
      relevant to clinicians in the field.

PMID- 26989208
TI  - Sit-stand desks offer little evidence of health benefits, review finds.

PMID- 26989207
TI  - Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: from genetics to management.
AB  - Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare B-cell malignancy involving the
      spleen, bone marrow, and frequently the blood. SMZL lymphomagenesis involves
      antigen and/or superantigen stimulation and molecular deregulation of genes
      (NOTCH2 and KLF2) involved in the physiological differentiation of spleen
      marginal zone B cells. Diagnosis requires either spleen histology or,
      alternatively, the documentation of a typical cell morphology and immunophenotype
      on blood cells coupled with the detection of intrasinusoidal infiltration by
      CD20(+) cells in the bone marrow. Among B-cell tumors, deletion of 7q and NOTCH2
      mutations are almost specific lesions of SMZL, thus representing promising
      diagnostic biomarkers of this lymphoma. Although the majority of SMZLs show an
      indolent course with a median survival of approximately 10 years, nearly 30% of
      patients experience a poor outcome. No randomized trials are reported for SMZL,
      and few prospective trials are available. A watch-and-wait approach is advisable
      for asymptomatic patients. Treatment options for symptomatic patients ranges from
      splenectomy to rituximab alone or combined with chemotherapy. In some geographic
      areas, a subset of patients with SMZL associates with hepatitis C virus
      infection, prompting virus eradication as an effective lymphoma treatment. It
      would be worthwhile to explore deregulated cellular programs of SMZL as
      therapeutic targets in the future; improved clinical and biological
      prognostication will be essential for identifying patients who may benefit from
      novel approaches.

PMID- 26989209
TI  - Cervical pessary does not prevent preterm births, study shows.

PMID- 26989210
TI  - This mismanagement of the NHS amounts to neglect.

PMID- 26989211
TI  - South Africa's sex workers will receive HIV prevention and treatment.

PMID- 26989212
TI  - Feasible experiments on the possibility of transmitting acquired habits by means
      of inheritance.

PMID- 26989213
TI  - Commentary: Before Weismann and germplasm there was Galton and eugenics: the
      biological and political meaning of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
      in the late 19th century.

PMID- 26989215
TI  - Commentary: Lamarckian inheritance and epigenetics: is there a connection?

PMID- 26989216
TI  - IJE Photo Essay Competition.

PMID- 26989214
TI  - Commentary: Inheritance of acquired characteristics: eliminating alternatives in
      the search for mechanisms. Commentary on Galton F: Feasible experiments on the
      possibility of transmitting acquired habits by means of inheritance.

PMID- 26989217
TI  - 2015 photo essay competition: a few judging reflections.

PMID- 26989218
TI  - Spontaneous hypothermia in human sepsis is a transient, self-limiting, and
      nonterminal response.
AB  - Hypothermia in sepsis is generally perceived as something dysregulated and
      progressive although there has been no assessment on the natural course of this
      phenomenon in humans. This was the first study on the dynamics of hypothermia in
      septic patients not subjected to active rewarming, and the results were
      surprising. A sample of 50 subjects presenting with spontaneous hypothermia
      during sepsis was drawn from the 2005-2012 database of an academic hospital.
      Hypothermia was defined as body temperature below 36.0 degrees C for longer than
      2 h, with at least one reading of 35.5 degrees C or less. The patients presented
      with 138 episodes of hypothermia, 21 at the time of the sepsis diagnosis and 117
      with a later onset. However, hypothermia was uncommon in the final 12 h of life
      of the patients that succumbed. The majority (97.1%) of the hypothermic episodes
      were transient and self-limited; the median recovery time was 6 h; body
      temperature rarely fell below 34.0 degrees C. Bidirectional oscillations in body
      temperature were evident in the course of hypothermia. Nearly half of the
      hypothermic episodes had onset in the absence of shock or respiratory distress,
      and the incidence of hypothermia was not increased during either of these
      conditions. Usage of antipyretic drugs, sedatives, neuroleptics, or other
      medications did not predict the onset of hypothermia. In conclusion, hypothermia
      appears to be a predominantly transient, self-limiting, and nonterminal
      phenomenon that is inherent to human sepsis. These characteristics resemble those
      of the regulated hypothermia shown to replace fever in animal models of severe
      systemic inflammation.

PMID- 26989219
TI  - Intestinal and sublingual microcirculation are more severely compromised in
      hemodilution than in hemorrhage.
AB  - The alterations in O2 extraction in hemodilution have been linked to fast red
      blood cell (RBC) velocity, which might affect the complete release of O2 from Hb.
      Fast RBC velocity might also explain the normal mucosal-arterial Pco2
      (DeltaPco2). Yet sublingual and intestinal microcirculation have not been
      completely characterized in extreme hemodilution. Our hypothesis was that the
      unchanged DeltaPco2 in hemodilution depends on the preservation of villi
      microcirculation. For this purpose, pentobarbital-anesthetized and mechanically
      ventilated sheep were submitted to stepwise hemodilution (n = 8), hemorrhage (n =
      8), or no intervention (sham, n = 8). In both hypoxic groups, equivalent
      reductions in O2 consumption (Vo2) were targeted. Microcirculation was assessed
      by videomicroscopy, intestinal DeltaPco2 by air tonometry, and Vo2 by expired
      gases analysis. Although cardiac output and superior mesenteric flow increased in
      hemodilution, from the very first step (Hb = 5.0 g/dl), villi functional vascular
      density and RBC velocity decreased (21.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 15.9 +/- 1.0 mm/mm(2) and
      1,033 +/- 75 vs. 850 +/- 79 MUm/s, P < 0.01). In the last stage (Hb = 1.2 g/dl),
      these variables were lower in hemodiution than in hemorrhage (11.1 +/- 0.5 vs.
      15.4 +/- 0.9 mm/mm(2) and 544 +/- 26 vs. 686 +/- 70 MUm/s, P < 0.01), and were
      associated with lower intestinal fractional O2 extraction (0.61 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.79
      +/- 0.02, P < 0.01) but preserved DeltaPco2 (5 +/- 2 vs. 25 +/- 4 mmHg, P <
      0.01). Therefore, alterations in O2 extraction in hemodilution seemed related to
      microvascular shunting, not to fast RBC velocity. The severe microvascular
      abnormalities suggest that normal DeltaPco2 was not dependent on CO2 washout by
      the villi microcirculation. Increased perfusion in deeper intestinal layers might
      be an alternative explanation.

PMID- 26989222
TI  - 3-Methylmethcathinone--Interpretation of Blood Concentrations Based on Analysis
      of 95 Cases.
AB  - 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) has been one of the most popular new psychoactive
      substances (NPS) in Poland in recent years. 3-MMC was found in blood in 95 cases
      sent to the Institute of Forensic Research (IFR) during the two and a half year
      period, from 2013 to half of 2015. 3-MMC was determined in 13 and 48 cases in
      2013 and 2014 year-round casework, respectively, while only in the first half of
      2015 year it was present in 34 cases. In most cases, 3-MMC was detected together
      with other novel psychoactive substances and conventional drugs. Blood analyses
      for 3-MMC were carried out using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
      (LC-MS-MS). The concentrations of 3-MMC in all 95 cases were in the range from
      traces (<1 ng/mL) up to 1.6 ug/mL (mean concentration 51.3 ng/mL, median 18.5
      ng/mL). Concentration ranges in particular types of cases were respectively: DUID
      cases: 1-171 ng/mL; traffic accidents: <1-29 ng/mL; drug possession: 2-408 ng/mL;
      intoxication: <1-1600 ng/mL and other: <1-61 ng/mL. The parameters of the
      developed method such as the LOD (0.02 ng/mL) and LOQ (1 ng/mL) demonstrate that
      the method is well suited for the analysis of blood samples for 3-MMC and covers
      the range of typical blood concentrations. 

PMID- 26989220
TI  - Physiology in Medicine: neuromuscular consequences of diabetic neuropathy.
AB  - Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) refers to peripheral nerve dysfunction as a
      complication of diabetes mellitus. This condition is relatively common and is
      likely a result of vascular and/or metabolic disturbances related to diabetes. In
      the early or less severe stages of DPN it typically results in sensory
      impairments but can eventually lead to major dysfunction of the neuromuscular
      system. Some of these impairments may include muscle atrophy and weakness,
      slowing of muscle contraction, and loss of power and endurance. Combined with
      sensory deficits these changes in the motor system can contribute to decreased
      functional capacity, impaired mobility, altered gait, and increased fall risk.
      There is no pharmacological disease-modifying therapy available for DPN and the
      mainstay of treatment is linked to treating the diabetes itself and revolves
      around strict glycemic control. Exercise therapy (including aerobic, strength, or
      balance training-based exercise) appears to be a promising preventative and
      treatment strategy for patients with DPN and those at risk. The goal of this
      Physiology in Medicine article is to highlight important and overlooked
      dysfunction of the neuromuscular system as a result of DPN with an emphasis on
      the physiologic basis for that dysfunction. Additionally, we sought to provide
      information that clinicians can use when following patients with diabetes or DPN
      including support for the inclusion of exercise-based therapy as an effective,
      accessible, and inexpensive form of treatment.

PMID- 26989221
TI  - Dilution space ratio of 2H and 18O of doubly labeled water method in humans.
AB  - Variation of the dilution space ratio (Nd/No) between deuterium ((2)H) and oxygen
      18 ((18)O) impacts the calculation of total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly
      labeled water (DLW). Our aim was to examine the physiological and methodological
      sources of variation of Nd/No in humans. We analyzed data from 2,297 humans (0.25
      89 yr old). This included the variables Nd/No, total body water, TEE, body mass
      index (BMI), and percent body fat (%fat). To differentiate between physiologic
      and methodologic sources of variation, the urine samples from 54 subjects were
      divided and blinded and analyzed separately, and repeated DLW dosing was
      performed in an additional 55 participants after 6 mo. Sex, BMI, and %fat did not
      significantly affect Nd/No, for which the interindividual SD was 0.017. The
      measurement error from the duplicate urine sample sets was 0.010, and
      intraindividual SD of Nd/No in repeats experiments was 0.013. An additional SD of
      0.008 was contributed by calibration of the DLW dose water. The variation of
      measured Nd/No in humans was distributed within a small range and measurement
      error accounted for 68% of this variation. There was no evidence that Nd/No
      differed with respect to sex, BMI, and age between 1 and 80 yr, and thus use of a
      constant value is suggested to minimize the effect of stable isotope analysis
      error on calculation of TEE in the DLW studies in humans. Based on a review of
      103 publications, the average dilution space ratio is 1.036 for individuals
      between 1 and 80 yr of age. 

PMID- 26989224
TI  - Throwing deep.

PMID- 26989223
TI  - Simultaneous Measurement of Serum Chemical Castration Agents and Testosterone
      Levels Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Chemical castration involves administration of drugs to prevent pathological
      sexual behavior, reduce abnormal sexual drive and treat hormone-dependent
      cancers. Various drugs have been used for chemical castration; however,
      substantial interindividual variability and side effects are often observed. In
      this study, we proposed a useful monitoring method for the application of
      chemical castration agents using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS). Testosterone, cyproterone acetate,
      medroxyprogesterone, goserelin acetate, leuprolide acetate and triptorelin
      acetate were analyzed by UPLC-MS-MS. The target drugs were extracted from serum
      samples by double protein precipitation using methanol. Testosterone-1,2-d2 and
      buserelin acetate were used as internal standards. Parameters of analytical
      performance were evaluated, including imprecision, linearity, ion suppression and
      detection capabilities. Testosterone measurements were compared with the results
      of immunoassays. Serum specimens from 51 subjects who underwent chemical
      castration were analyzed. All drugs and testosterone were well extracted and
      separated using our method. The method was essentially free from potential
      interferences and ion suppression. Within-run and between-run imprecision values
      were <15%. The lower limits of quantification were 0.125 and 0.5-1.0 ng/mL for
      testosterone and other drugs, respectively. Good correlations with pre-existing
      immunoassays for testosterone measurement were observed. Sera from subjects who
      underwent androgen deprivation therapy showed variable levels of drugs. We
      successfully developed a UPLC-MS-MS-based monitoring method for chemical
      castration. The performance of our method was generally acceptable. This method
      may provide a novel monitoring strategy for chemical castration to enhance
      expected effects while reducing unwanted side effects. 

PMID- 26989226
TI  - PARTICLE PHYSICS. Giant atom-smasher gears up to chase whiff of new physics.

PMID- 26989227
TI  - CLIMATE SCIENCE. Efforts to link climate change to severe weather gain ground.

PMID- 26989229
TI  - RESEARCH FACILITIES. Europe on course for a neutron drought.

PMID- 26989228
TI  - HUMAN EVOLUTION. Five matings for moderns, Neandertals.

PMID- 26989230
TI  - DIAGNOSTICS. Tests of blood-borne DNA pinpoint tissue damage.

PMID- 26989231
TI  - Voyage into darkness.

PMID- 26989232
TI  - SCIENCE DIPLOMACY. Reboot Gitmo for U.S.-Cuba research diplomacy.

PMID- 26989233
TI  - PHYSICS. Squeezing into superconductivity.

PMID- 26989234
TI  - IONIC MATERIALS. Large, soft, and polarizable hydride ions sneak around in an
      oxyhydride.

PMID- 26989235
TI  - ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE. New mechanisms, new worries.

PMID- 26989236
TI  - IMMUNOLOGY. The enigmatic tuft cell in immunity.

PMID- 26989237
TI  - BIOCHEMISTRY. A radically unexpected mechanism.

PMID- 26989238
TI  - CHEMISTRY. Quantum dynamics in the smallest water droplet.

PMID- 26989239
TI  - NEUROSCIENCE. A satiating signal.

PMID- 26989240
TI  - A wave of inspiration.

PMID- 26989241
TI  - Risks of Wolbachia mosquito control.

PMID- 26989242
TI  - Curbing Iran's academic misconduct.

PMID- 26989243
TI  - Comment on "Unique in the shopping mall: On the reidentifiability of credit card
      metadata".
AB  - De Montjoye et al. (Reports, 30 January 2015, p. 536) claimed that most
      individuals can be reidentified from a deidentified transaction database and that
      anonymization mechanisms are not effective against reidentification. We
      demonstrate that anonymization can be performed by techniques well established in
      the literature. 

PMID- 26989244
TI  - Response to Comment on "Unique in the shopping mall: On the reidentifiability of
      credit card metadata".
AB  - Sanchez et al.'s textbook k-anonymization example does not prove, or even
      suggest, that location and other big-data data sets can be anonymized and of
      general use. The synthetic data set that they "successfully anonymize" bears no
      resemblance to modern high-dimensional data sets on which their methods fail.
      Moving forward, deidentification should not be considered a useful basis for
      policy. 

PMID- 26989247
TI  - The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development.
AB  - Postnatal colonization of the body with microbes is assumed to be the main
      stimulus to postnatal immune development. By transiently colonizing pregnant
      female mice, we show that the maternal microbiota shapes the immune system of the
      offspring. Gestational colonization increases intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid
      cells and F4/80(+)CD11c(+) mononuclear cells in the pups. Maternal colonization
      reprograms intestinal transcriptional profiles of the offspring, including
      increased expression of genes encoding epithelial antibacterial peptides and
      metabolism of microbial molecules. Some of these effects are dependent on
      maternal antibodies that potentially retain microbial molecules and transmit them
      to the offspring during pregnancy and in milk. Pups born to mothers transiently
      colonized in pregnancy are better able to avoid inflammatory responses to
      microbial molecules and penetration of intestinal microbes. 

PMID- 26989246
TI  - The nutrient sensor OGT in PVN neurons regulates feeding.
AB  - Maintaining energy homeostasis is crucial for the survival and health of
      organisms. The brain regulates feeding by responding to dietary factors and
      metabolic signals from peripheral organs. It is unclear how the brain interprets
      these signals. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) catalyzes the posttranslational
      modification of proteins by O-GlcNAc and is regulated by nutrient access. Here,
      we show that acute deletion of OGT from alphaCaMKII-positive neurons in adult
      mice caused obesity from overeating. The hyperphagia derived from the
      paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, where loss of OGT was
      associated with impaired satiety. These results identify O-GlcNAcylation in
      alphaCaMKII neurons of the PVN as an important molecular mechanism that regulates
      feeding behavior. 

PMID- 26989249
TI  - Formation of pseudomorphic nanocages from Cu2O nanocrystals through anion
      exchange reactions.
AB  - The crystal structure of ionic nanocrystals (NCs) is usually controlled through
      reaction temperature, according to their phase diagram. We show that when ionic
      NCs with different shapes, but identical crystal structures, were subjected to
      anion exchange reactions under ambient conditions, pseudomorphic products with
      different crystal systems were obtained. The shape-dependent anionic framework
      (surface anion sublattice and stacking pattern) of Cu2O NCs determined the
      crystal system of anion-exchanged products of CuxS nanocages. This method enabled
      us to convert a body-centered cubic lattice into either a face-centered cubic or
      a hexagonally close-packed lattice to form crystallographically unusual, multiply
      twinned structures. Subsequent cation exchange reactions produced CdS nanocages
      while preserving the multiply-twinned structures. A high-temperature stable phase
      such as wurtzite ZnS was also obtained with this method at ambient conditions. 

PMID- 26989248
TI  - Observation of superconductivity in hydrogen sulfide from nuclear resonant
      scattering.
AB  - High-temperature superconductivity remains a focus of experimental and
      theoretical research. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to be
      superconducting at high pressures and with a high transition temperature. We
      report on the direct observation of the expulsion of the magnetic field in H2S
      compressed to 153 gigapascals. A thin (119)Sn film placed inside the H2S sample
      was used as a sensor of the magnetic field. The magnetic field on the (119)Sn
      sensor was monitored by nuclear resonance scattering of synchrotron radiation.
      Our results demonstrate that an external static magnetic field of about 0.7 tesla
      is expelled from the volume of (119)Sn foil as a result of the shielding by the
      H2S sample at temperatures between 4.7 K and approximately 140 K, revealing a
      superconducting state of H2S. 

PMID- 26989245
TI  - The geology of Pluto and Charon through the eyes of New Horizons.
AB  - NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has revealed the complex geology of Pluto and
      Charon. Pluto's encounter hemisphere shows ongoing surface geological activity
      centered on a vast basin containing a thick layer of volatile ices that appears
      to be involved in convection and advection, with a crater retention age no
      greater than ~10 million years. Surrounding terrains show active glacial flow,
      apparent transport and rotation of large buoyant water-ice crustal blocks, and
      pitting, the latter likely caused by sublimation erosion and/or collapse. More
      enigmatic features include tall mounds with central depressions that are
      conceivably cryovolcanic and ridges with complex bladed textures. Pluto also has
      ancient cratered terrains up to ~4 billion years old that are extensionally
      faulted and extensively mantled and perhaps eroded by glacial or other processes.
      Charon does not appear to be currently active, but experienced major extensional
      tectonism and resurfacing (probably cryovolcanic) nearly 4 billion years ago.
      Impact crater populations on Pluto and Charon are not consistent with the
      steepest impactor size-frequency distributions proposed for the Kuiper belt. 

PMID- 26989250
TI  - Concerted hydrogen-bond breaking by quantum tunneling in the water hexamer prism.
AB  - The nature of the intermolecular forces between water molecules is the same in
      small hydrogen-bonded clusters as in the bulk. The rotational spectra of the
      clusters therefore give insight into the intermolecular forces present in liquid
      water and ice. The water hexamer is the smallest water cluster to support low
      energy structures with branched three-dimensional hydrogen-bond networks, rather
      than cyclic two-dimensional topologies. Here we report measurements of splitting
      patterns in rotational transitions of the water hexamer prism, and we used
      quantum simulations to show that they result from geared and antigeared rotations
      of a pair of water molecules. Unlike previously reported tunneling motions in
      water clusters, the geared motion involves the concerted breaking of two hydrogen
      bonds. Similar types of motion may be feasible in interfacial and confined water.

PMID- 26989251
TI  - Pure H- conduction in oxyhydrides.
AB  - A variety of proton (H(+))-conducting oxides are known, including those used in
      electrochemical devices such as fuel cells. In contrast, pure H(-) conduction,
      not mixed with electron conduction, has not been demonstrated for oxide-based
      materials. Considering that hydride ions have an ionic size appropriate for fast
      transport and also a strong reducing ability suitable for high-energy storage and
      conversion devices, we prepared a series of K2NiF4-type oxyhydrides, La(2-x
      y)Sr(x + y)LiH(1-x + y)O(3-y), in the hope of observing such H(-) conductors. The
      performance of an all-solid-state TiH2/o-La2LiHO3 (x = y = 0, o: orthorhombic)/Ti
      cell provided conclusive evidence of pure H(-) conduction.

PMID- 26989252
TI  - Fine-tuning of a radical-based reaction by radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine
      tryptophan lyase.
AB  - The radical S-adenosyl-L-methionine tryptophan lyase NosL converts L-tryptophan
      into 3-methylindolic acid, which is a precursor in the synthesis of the
      thiopeptide antibiotic nosiheptide. Using electron paramagnetic resonance
      spectroscopy and multiple L-tryptophan isotopologues, we trapped and
      characterized radical intermediates that indicate a carboxyl fragment migration
      mechanism for NosL. This is in contrast to a proposed fragmentation-recombination
      mechanism that implied Calpha-Cbeta bond cleavage of L-tryptophan. Although NosL
      resembles related tyrosine lyases, subtle substrate motions in its active site
      are responsible for a fine-tuned radical chemistry, which selects the Calpha-C
      bond for disruption. This mechanism highlights evolutionary adaptation to
      structural constraints in proteins as a route to alternative enzyme function. 

PMID- 26989255
TI  - How I made my own opportunities.

PMID- 26989253
TI  - C9orf72 is required for proper macrophage and microglial function in mice.
AB  - Expansions of a hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) in the noncoding region of the
      C9orf72 gene are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia. Decreased expression of C9orf72 is seen in
      expansion carriers, suggesting that loss of function may play a role in disease.
      We found that two independent mouse lines lacking the C9orf72 ortholog
      (3110043O21Rik) in all tissues developed normally and aged without motor neuron
      disease. Instead, C9orf72 null mice developed progressive splenomegaly and
      lymphadenopathy with accumulation of engorged macrophage-like cells. C9orf72
      expression was highest in myeloid cells, and the loss of C9orf72 led to lysosomal
      accumulation and altered immune responses in macrophages and microglia, with age
      related neuroinflammation similar to C9orf72 ALS but not sporadic ALS human
      patient tissue. Thus, C9orf72 is required for the normal function of myeloid
      cells, and altered microglial function may contribute to neurodegeneration in
      C9orf72 expansion carriers. 

PMID- 26989254
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 constrains systemic inflammation through an innate lymphoid cell
      IL-22 axis.
AB  - Systemic inflammation, which results from the massive release of proinflammatory
      molecules into the circulatory system, is a major risk factor for severe illness,
      but the precise mechanisms underlying its control are not fully understood. We
      observed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), through its receptor EP4, is down
      regulated in human systemic inflammatory disease. Mice with reduced PGE2
      synthesis develop systemic inflammation, associated with translocation of gut
      bacteria, which can be prevented by treatment with EP4 agonists. Mechanistically,
      we demonstrate that PGE2-EP4 signaling acts directly on type 3 innate lymphoid
      cells (ILCs), promoting their homeostasis and driving them to produce interleukin
      22 (IL-22). Disruption of the ILC-IL-22 axis impairs PGE2-mediated inhibition of
      systemic inflammation. Hence, the ILC-IL-22 axis is essential in protecting
      against gut barrier dysfunction, enabling PGE2-EP4 signaling to impede systemic
      inflammation. 

PMID- 26989257
TI  - Designer protein delivery: From natural to engineered affinity-controlled release
      systems.
AB  - Exploiting binding affinities between molecules is an established practice in
      many fields, including biochemical separations, diagnostics, and drug
      development; however, using these affinities to control biomolecule release is a
      more recent strategy. Affinity-controlled release takes advantage of the
      reversible nature of noncovalent interactions between a therapeutic protein and a
      binding partner to slow the diffusive release of the protein from a vehicle. This
      process, in contrast to degradation-controlled sustained-release formulations
      such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, is controlled through the
      strength of the binding interaction, the binding kinetics, and the concentration
      of binding partners. In the context of affinity-controlled release--and
      specifically the discovery or design of binding partners--we review advances in
      in vitro selection and directed evolution of proteins, peptides, and
      oligonucleotides (aptamers), aided by computational design.

PMID- 26989256
TI  - The small satellites of Pluto as observed by New Horizons.
AB  - The New Horizons mission has provided resolved measurements of Pluto's moons
      Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. All four are small, with equivalent spherical
      diameters of ~40 kilometers for Nix and Hydra and ~10 kilometers for Styx and
      Kerberos. They are also highly elongated, with maximum to minimum axis ratios of
      ~2. All four moons have high albedos (~50 to 90%) suggestive of a water-ice
      surface composition. Crater densities on Nix and Hydra imply surface ages of at
      least 4 billion years. The small moons rotate much faster than synchronous, with
      rotational poles clustered nearly orthogonal to the common pole directions of
      Pluto and Charon. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the small moons
      formed in the aftermath of a collision that produced the Pluto-Charon binary. 

PMID- 26989261
TI  - Designing dose finding studies with an active control for exponential families.
AB  - In a recent paper Dette et al. (2014) introduced optimal design problems for dose
      finding studies with an active control. These authors concentrated on regression
      models with normal distributed errors (with known variance) and the problem of
      determining optimal designs for estimating the smallest dose, which achieves the
      same treatment effect as the active control. This paper discusses the problem of
      designing active-controlled dose finding studies from a broader perspective. In
      particular, we consider a general class of optimality criteria and models arising
      from an exponential family, which are frequently used analyzing count data. We
      investigate under which circumstances optimal designs for dose finding studies
      including a placebo can be used to obtain optimal designs for studies with an
      active control. Optimal designs are constructed for several situations and the
      differences arising from different distributional assumptions are investigated in
      detail. In particular, our results are applicable for constructing optimal
      experimental designs to analyze active-controlled dose finding studies with
      discrete data, and we illustrate the efficiency of the new optimal designs with
      two recent examples from our consulting projects.

PMID- 26989260
TI  - Surface compositions across Pluto and Charon.
AB  - The New Horizons spacecraft mapped colors and infrared spectra across the
      encounter hemispheres of Pluto and Charon. The volatile methane, carbon monoxide,
      and nitrogen ices that dominate Pluto's surface have complicated spatial
      distributions resulting from sublimation, condensation, and glacial flow acting
      over seasonal and geological time scales. Pluto's water ice "bedrock" was also
      mapped, with isolated outcrops occurring in a variety of settings. Pluto's
      surface exhibits complex regional color diversity associated with its distinct
      provinces. Charon's color pattern is simpler, dominated by neutral low latitudes
      and a reddish northern polar region. Charon's near-infrared spectra reveal highly
      localized areas with strong ammonia absorption tied to small craters with
      relatively fresh-appearing impact ejecta. 

PMID- 26989262
TI  - Whole Cell Modeling: From Single Cells to Colonies.
AB  - A great deal of research over the last several years has focused on how the
      inherent randomness in movements and reactivity of biomolecules can give rise to
      unexpected large-scale differences in the behavior of otherwise identical cells.
      Our own research has approached this problem from two vantage points - a
      microscopic kinetic view of the individual molecules (nucleic acids, proteins,
      etc.) diffusing and interacting in a crowded cellular environment; and a broader
      systems-level view of how enzyme variability can give rise to well-defined
      metabolic phenotypes. The former led to the development of the Lattice Microbes
      software - a GPU-accelerated stochastic simulator for reaction-diffusion
      processes in models of whole cells; the latter to the development of a method we
      call population flux balance analysis (FBA). The first part of this article
      reviews the Lattice Microbes methodology, and two recent technical advances that
      extend the capabilities of Lattice Microbes to enable simulations of larger
      organisms and colonies. The second part of this article focuses on our recent
      population FBA study of Escherichia coli, which predicted variability in the
      usage of different metabolic pathways resulting from heterogeneity in protein
      expression. Finally, we discuss exciting early work using a new hybrid
      methodology that integrates FBA with spatially resolved kinetic simulations to
      study how cells compete and cooperate within dense colonies and consortia.

PMID- 26989258
TI  - The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons.
AB  - Observations made during the New Horizons flyby provide a detailed snapshot of
      the current state of Pluto's atmosphere. Whereas the lower atmosphere (at
      altitudes of less than 200 kilometers) is consistent with ground-based stellar
      occultations, the upper atmosphere is much colder and more compact than indicated
      by pre-encounter models. Molecular nitrogen (N2) dominates the atmosphere (at
      altitudes of less than 1800 kilometers or so), whereas methane (CH4), acetylene
      (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and ethane (C2H6) are abundant minor species and likely
      feed the production of an extensive haze that encompasses Pluto. The cold upper
      atmosphere shuts off the anticipated enhanced-Jeans, hydrodynamic-like escape of
      Pluto's atmosphere to space. It is unclear whether the current state of Pluto's
      atmosphere is representative of its average state--over seasonal or geologic time
      scales.

PMID- 26989263
TI  - Calls reveal population structure of blue whales across the southeast Indian
      Ocean and the southwest Pacific Ocean.
AB  - For effective species management, understanding population structure and
      distribution is critical. However, quantifying population structure is not always
      straightforward. Within the Southern Hemisphere, the blue whale (Balaenoptera
      musculus) complex is extremely diverse but difficult to study. Using automated
      detector methods, we identified "acoustic populations" of whales producing region
      specific call types. We examined blue whale call types in passive acoustic data
      at sites spanning over 7,370 km across the southeast Indian Ocean and southwest
      Pacific Ocean (SWPO) from 2009 to 2012. In the absence of genetic resolution,
      these acoustic populations offer unique information about the blue whale
      population complex. We found that the Australian continent acts as a geographic
      boundary, separating Australia and New Zealand blue whale acoustic populations at
      the junction of the Indian and Pacific Ocean basins. We located blue whales in
      previously undocumented locations, including the far SWPO, in the Tasman Sea off
      the east coast of Australia, and along the Lau Basin near Tonga. Our
      understanding of population dynamics across this broad scale has significant
      implications to recovery and conservation management for this endangered species,
      at a regional and global scale.

PMID- 26989265
TI  - Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia) ecology and habitat use in a
      cypress dome swamp-pine forest mosaic.
AB  - Forested wetlands are in decline, as are many species that are obligate
      residents. Big Cypress fox squirrels (BCFS; Sciurus niger avicennia) are a
      threatened endemic to wet pine and cypress forests in southwestern Florida. The
      region is characterized by development resulting in habitat loss, habitat
      fragmentation, and hydrological change that influence the quality of these wet
      forests. Through radiotelemetry and field observations, we examined the ecology
      and habitat use of BCFS in a natural cypress dome-pine forest mosaic. BCFS
      selected cypress domes for food and nests throughout the year. Cypress dome
      habitats were the only habitat type to be used more than available; however, the
      availability of nearby pine forest was also important. Home ranges were large
      relative to other tree squirrels, with male home ranges exceeding female ranges.
      Males overlapped more females than males, while sharing similar food preferences
      and use patterns with females, suggesting that the sexual dimorphism in home
      range size is related to mate searching. Roads and oil extraction pads were used
      less frequently than expected and were incorporated into home ranges less than
      randomly generated features. The importance of cypress domes within the wet
      forests and grasslands of Big Cypress National Preserve demonstrates the value of
      maintaining this delicate mosaic.

PMID- 26989264
TI  - Fine-scale spatial patterns of genetic relatedness among resident adult prairie
      voles.
AB  - Characterizing the spatial arrangement of related individuals within populations
      can convey information about opportunities for the evolution of kin-selected
      social behaviors, the potential for inbreeding, and the geographic distribution
      of genetic variation. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are socially
      monogamous rodents that sometimes breed cooperatively. Individuals of both sexes
      are highly philopatric, and among natal dispersers, the average dispersal
      distance is about 30 m. Such limited natal dispersal can result in the spatial
      clustering of kin and we used microsatellite data to estimate genetic relatedness
      among resident adult prairie voles in 2 natural populations to test the
      hypothesis that limited natal dispersal of male and female prairie voles results
      in the spatial clustering of kin. Spatial autocorrelation analyses of nest
      residency and microsatellite data indicated that proximate same-sex adult
      residents of both sexes were significantly more related than more spatially
      distant resident same-sex adults in Kansas. In Indiana, adult female voles
      residing less than 20 m apart were also significantly more related than more
      spatially distant resident adult females but spatial clustering of kin was not
      detected among resident adult males. The spatial clustering of kin indicates that
      opportunities for kin-selected behaviors exist in both populations, especially
      among females. Differences in the patterns of spatial genetic structure among
      resident males between the Kansas and Indiana populations may be due to
      population differences in factors such as demography and mating system, as well
      as in the extent of natal philopatry.

PMID- 26989259
TI  - Pluto's interaction with its space environment: Solar wind, energetic particles,
      and dust.
AB  - The New Horizons spacecraft carried three instruments that measured the space
      environment near Pluto as it flew by on 14 July 2015. The Solar Wind Around Pluto
      (SWAP) instrument revealed an interaction region confined sunward of Pluto to
      within about 6 Pluto radii. The region's surprisingly small size is consistent
      with a reduced atmospheric escape rate, as well as a particularly high solar wind
      flux. Observations from the Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science
      Investigation (PEPSSI) instrument suggest that ions are accelerated and/or
      deflected around Pluto. In the wake of the interaction region, PEPSSI observed
      suprathermal particle fluxes equal to about 1/10 of the flux in the
      interplanetary medium and increasing with distance downstream. The Venetia Burney
      Student Dust Counter, which measures grains with radii larger than 1.4
      micrometers, detected one candidate impact in +/-5 days around New Horizons'
      closest approach, indicating an upper limit of <4.6 kilometers(-3) for the dust
      density in the Pluto system. 

PMID- 26989267
TI  - Technology Diffusion and Productivity Growth in Health Care.
AB  - We draw on macroeconomic models of diffusion and productivity to explain
      empirical patterns of survival gains in heart attacks. Using Medicare data for
      2.8 million patients during 1986-2004, we find that hospitals rapidly adopting
      cost-effective innovations such as beta blockers, aspirin, and reperfusion, had
      substantially better outcomes for their patients. Holding technology adoption
      constant, the marginal returns to spending were relatively modest. Hospitals
      increasing the pace of technology diffusion ("tigers") experienced triple the
      survival gains compared to those with diminished rates ("tortoises"). In sum,
      small differences in the propensity to adopt effective technology lead to wide
      productivity differences across hospitals.

PMID- 26989266
TI  - Natural history collections-based research: progress, promise, and best
      practices.
AB  - Specimens and associated data in natural history collections (NHCs) foster
      substantial scientific progress. In this paper, we explore recent contributions
      of NHCs to the study of systematics and biogeography, genomics, morphology,
      stable isotope ecology, and parasites and pathogens of mammals. To begin to
      assess the magnitude and scope of these contributions, we analyzed publications
      in the Journal of Mammalogy over the last decade, as well as recent research
      supported by a single university mammal collection (Museum of Southwestern
      Biology, Division of Mammals). Using these datasets, we also identify weak links
      that may be hindering the development of crucial NHC infrastructure. Maintaining
      the vitality and growth of this foundation of mammalogy depends on broader
      engagement and support from across the scientific community and is both an
      ethical and scientific imperative given the rapidly changing environmental
      conditions on our planet.

PMID- 26989268
TI  - Computational and experimental structure-reactivity relationships: evidence for a
      side reaction in Alpine-Borane reductions of d-benzaldehydes.
AB  - Extraordinary stereoselectivity, approaching 100%, has been reported in the
      reductions of d-benzaldehydes by B-isopinocampheyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane
      (Alpine-Borane). This is likely because of the extreme size disparity of groups
      on either side of the carbonyl. Here, we present a structure-reactivity study
      whereby the reductions of variably substituted d-benzaldehydes are explored using
      highly sensitive measures for enantiomeric excess and relative reactivity. These
      results are compared to the relative rates predicted from density functional
      calculations. The results indicate that 2,6-disubstitution adversely affects the
      stereoselectivity by means of a non-selective reduction via the dehydroboration
      product of Alpine-Borane, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane.

PMID- 26989269
TI  - Facile purification and click labeling with 2-[18F]fluoroethyl azide using solid
      phase extraction cartridges.
AB  - A facile method was developed to purify 2-[18F]fluoroethyl azide ([18F]FEA) using
      a C18 cartridge and an Oasis(r) HLB cartridge in series, in which [18F]FEA was
      exclusively trapped on the HLB cartridge. [18F]FEA can be eluted for reactions in
      solution; alternatively click labeling can be carried out on the HLB cartridge
      itself by loading an alkyne substrate and copper (I) catalyst dissolved in DMF
      onto the cartridge. This solid phase extraction methodology for purification and
      click labeling with [18F]FEA, either in solution or on the cartridge, is safe,
      simple, reproducible in high yield, and compatible with automated synthesis of
      18F-labeled PET tracers.

PMID- 26989270
TI  - Synthesis of extended oxazoles II: Reaction manifold of 2-(halomethyl)-4,5
      diaryloxazoles.
AB  - 2-(Halomethyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazoles are effective, reactive scaffolds which can
      be utilized for synthetic elaboration at the 2-position. Through substitution
      reactions, the chloromethyl analogue is used to prepare a number of 2-alkylamino
      , 2-alkylthio- and 2-alkoxy-(methyl) oxazoles. The 2-bromomethyl analogue offers
      a more reactive alternative to the chloromethyl compounds and is useful in the C
      alkylation of a stabilized (malonate) carbanion as exemplified by a concise
      synthesis of Oxaprozin.

PMID- 26989271
TI  - Dressing and Addressing the Mental Patient: The Uses of Clothing in the
      Admission, Care and Employment of Residents in English Provincial Mental
      Hospitals, c. 1860-1960.
AB  - Scholars of insanity and its historical antecedents have paid very little
      attention to personal and institutional clothing. Such dress, distributed to
      patients in mental institutions, has always been inscribed with the conflicting
      narratives of the period in which it was made and worn. The language of civil and
      medical authority is more evident than personal choice in the shape and address
      of the attire. This article examines clothing worn by patients in three Devon
      mental hospitals during the century before 1960. We consider the ways in which
      institutional clothing formed part of a hospital regimen of overt control, as
      well as suiting considerations of economy and employment that figured in these
      institutions.

PMID- 26989273
TI  - Industrial Characteristics and Employment of Older Manufacturing Workers in the
      Early-Twentieth-Century United States.
AB  - This study explores how industry-specific technological, organizational, and
      managerial features affected the employment of old male manufacturing workers in
      the early twentieth-century United States. Industrial characteristics favorably
      related to the employment of old industrial workers include high labor
      productivity, less capital- and material-intensive production, short workdays,
      low intensity of work, high job flexibility, and formalized employment
      relationship. Results show that aged industrial workers were heavily concentrated
      in "unfavorable" industries, suggesting that the contemporary argument of
      "industrial scrap heap" was applicable for most of the manufacturing workers in
      the early twentieth century United States.

PMID- 26989272
TI  - Automated Research Impact Assessment: A New Bibliometrics Approach.
AB  - As federal programs are held more accountable for their research investments, The
      National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has developed a new
      method to quantify the impact of our funded research on the scientific and
      broader communities. In this article we review traditional bibliometric analyses,
      address challenges associated with them, and describe a new bibliometric analysis
      method, the Automated Research Impact Assessment (ARIA). ARIA taps into a
      resource that has only rarely been used for bibliometric analyses: references
      cited in "important" research artifacts, such as policies, regulations, clinical
      guidelines, and expert panel reports. The approach includes new statistics that
      science managers can use to benchmark contributions to research by funding
      source. This new method provides the ability to conduct automated impact analyses
      of federal research that can be incorporated in program evaluations. We apply
      this method to several case studies to examine the impact of NIEHS funded
      research.

PMID- 26989274
TI  - Comment.

PMID- 26989275
TI  - Actomyosin contraction, aggregation and traveling waves in a treadmilling actin
      array.
AB  - We use perturbation theory to derive a continuum model for the dynamic actomyosin
      bundle/ring in the regime of very strong crosslinking. Actin treadmilling is
      essential for contraction. Linear stability analysis and numerical solutions of
      the model equations reveal that when the actin treadmilling is very slow, actin
      and myosin aggregate into equidistantly spaced peaks. When treadmilling is
      significant, actin filament of one polarity are distributed evenly, while
      filaments of the opposite polarity develop a shock wave moving with the
      treadmilling velocity. Myosin aggregates into a sharp peak surfing the crest of
      the actin wave. Any actomyosin aggregation diminishes contractile stress. The
      easiest way to maintain higher contraction is to upregulate the actomyosin
      turnover which destabilizes nontrivial patterns and stabilizes the homogeneous
      actomyosin distributions. We discuss the model's implications for the experiment.

PMID- 26989276
TI  - Insect pollination reduces yield loss following heat stress in faba bean (Vicia
      faba L.).
AB  - Global food security, particularly crop fertilization and yield production, is
      threatened by heat waves that are projected to increase in frequency and
      magnitude with climate change. Effects of heat stress on the fertilization of
      insect-pollinated plants are not well understood, but experiments conducted
      primarily in self-pollinated crops, such as wheat, show that transfer of fertile
      pollen may recover yield following stress. We hypothesized that in the partially
      pollinator-dependent crop, faba bean (Vicia faba L.), insect pollination would
      elicit similar yield recovery following heat stress. We exposed potted faba bean
      plants to heat stress for 5 days during floral development and anthesis.
      Temperature treatments were representative of heat waves projected in the UK for
      the period 2021-2050 and onwards. Following temperature treatments, plants were
      distributed in flight cages and either pollinated by domesticated Bombus
      terrestris colonies or received no insect pollination. Yield loss due to heat
      stress at 30  degrees C was greater in plants excluded from pollinators (15%)
      compared to those with bumblebee pollination (2.5%). Thus, the pollinator
      dependency of faba bean yield was 16% at control temperatures (18-26  degrees C)
      and extreme stress (34  degrees C), but was 53% following intermediate heat
      stress at 30  degrees C. These findings provide the first evidence that the
      pollinator dependency of crops can be modified by heat stress, and suggest that
      insect pollination may become more important in crop production as the
      probability of heat waves increases.

PMID- 26989277
TI  - Sublingual versus Vaginal Misoprostol for the Induction of Labor at Term: A
      Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We sought to compare the effectiveness and safety of sublingual
      versus vaginal misoprostol for the termination of pregnancy with a live full-term
      fetus. METHODS: This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
      was performed on 200 primiparous women with normal, singleton, full-term
      pregnancies candidated for the induction of labor. Sublingual and vaginal tablets
      containing misoprostol (25 mcg) or placebo in similar shapes were administered
      every 4 hours until the Bishop score reached above 8. Maternal and neonatal
      complications and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: There were 100 parturient
      women in each group. The mean maternal age, gestational age, and Bishop score at
      the commencement of misoprostol had no statistical differences between the
      sublingual and vaginal groups. The mean time interval between misoprostol
      commencement and delivery was 497.10+/-291.49 and 511.67+/-08.46 minutes for the
      sublingual and vaginal groups, correspondingly. Twenty-two women had Cesarean
      deliveries in the sublingual group versus 14 in the vaginal group. Meconium
      stained amniotic fluid was seen in 12 women in the sublingual group and 4 in the
      vaginal group (P=0.03). Late fetal heart rate deceleration was observed in 8
      women in the sublingual group and 4 in the vaginal group (P=0.22). The mean
      neonatal birth weight, blood gas value at birth, Apgar score, and length of
      admission time in the neonatal intensive care unit were not different between the
      2 groups. CONCLUSION: Sublingual and vaginal misoprostol had similar
      effectiveness; however, meconium-stained liquor was observed considerably more
      frequently with sublingual misoprostol than with vaginal misoprostol. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT201402096541N3.

PMID- 26989278
TI  - Level of Agreement between Children with Asthma and their Parents on Quality of
      Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Child-parent agreement is a controversial aspect of measuring health
      related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents. The aim of this
      study was to assess the agreement between the child self-reports and parent proxy
      reports of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module in Iranian children with asthma to
      evaluate HRQoL. Moreover, the psychometric properties of the child and parent
      reports of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module were assessed in the present study.
      METHODS: Participants were 112 children with asthma and their parents, who
      completed the Farsi version of the PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module. The multitrait
      multimethod correlation matrix and factor analysis were used to test whether the
      child self-reports and the parent proxy reports measured the same construct.
      Additionally, convergent and discriminant validity and internal consistency were
      assessed using the Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The correlation between the
      child and parent HRQoL perceptions ranged between 0.13 and 0.36 across the same
      domains. Our factor analysis revealed that the child self-reports and the parent
      proxy reports measured 2 different constructs of HRQoL. Furthermore, our findings
      showed that both the child self-reports and the parent proxy reports of the
      PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module had excellent internal consistency and acceptable
      convergent and discriminant validity. CONCLUSION: Although the child self-reports
      and the parent proxy reports of the Farsi version of PedsQL 3.0 Asthma Module
      showed good psychometric properties, they were not interchangeable. Our children
      with asthma and their parents evaluated child HRQoL from their own viewpoints.

PMID- 26989279
TI  - Comparison of the Wave Amplitude of Visually Evoked Potential in Amblyopic Eyes
      between Patients with Esotropia and Anisometropia and a Normal Group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We compared the wave amplitude of visually evoked potential (VEP)
      between patients with esotropic and anisometropic amblyopic eyes and a normal
      group. METHODS: The wave amplitude of VEP was documented in 2 groups of persons
      with amblyopia (15 with esotropia and 28 with anisometropia) and 1 group of
      individuals with normal visual acuity (n, 15). The amplitude of P100 was recorded
      monocularly with different spatial frequencies. RESULTS: Our statistical analysis
      revealed that the wave amplitude in the 2 groups with amblyopia was significantly
      decreased compared to that in the normal group (P<0.001). There was a significant
      difference regarding the amplitude in high spatial frequencies in both high- and
      low-contrast conditions between the groups with esotropia and anisometropia and
      the normal group (P<0.001). There were also significant differences in large
      check-size stimuli and low-contrast condition between the amblyopic groups with
      esotropia and anisometropia and the normal group (P=0.013 and P=0.044,
      respectively). In large check-size stimuli and high-contrast condition, a
      significant difference was indicated only in the comparison between the esotropic
      amblyopic eyes and the normal eyes (P=0.036). CONCLUSION: The wave amplitude
      parameter of VEP was influenced by both types of amblyopia, but it seems that
      this parameter was more sensitive to esotropic amblyopia than anisometropic
      amblyopia. This outcome may reflect a non-parallel pattern of cortical responses
      in the comparison of the 2 types of amblyopia with each other and with the
      control group, which may be beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of
      amblyopia.

PMID- 26989280
TI  - Effects of Sesame Butter (Ardeh) versus Sesame Oil on Metabolic and Oxidative
      Stress Markers in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders and is related
      to oxidative-stress-induced diseases. Given the role of dietary antioxidants in
      the control and prevention of diabetes, this study aimed to examine the effects
      of sesame butter versus sesame oil on the serum levels of glucose, lipid profile,
      and oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetic rats. METHODS: Forty male albino rats
      of Wistar strain were randomly divided into 4 groups (i.e., nondiabetic control
      rats, diabetic rats, diabetic rats treated with sesame butter, and diabetic rats
      treated with sesame oil). Experimental diabetes was induced with an
      intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Sesame butter (1.25 g/kg)
      and sesame oil (0.5 g/kg) were given by oral gavage to the diabetic rats for 6
      weeks. Finally, serum glucose, lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC),
      and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured and analyzed statistically.
      RESULTS: Our data showed that the diabetic groups treated with sesame butter and
      sesame oil had significantly lower levels of glucose and higher levels of high
      density lipoprotein than did the diabetic control group at the end of the study
      (P<0.05). Sesame butter supplementation also increased TAC and decreased MDA
      concentrations significantly in the diabetic rats (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The
      antihyperglycemic, antioxidative, and partly lipid-lowering effects of sesame
      butter make it an excellent candidate for future human studies on diabetes,
      although further research is needed to determine the exact dose and duration of
      supplementation.

PMID- 26989281
TI  - Relation between Working Memory Capacity and Auditory Stream Segregation in
      Children with Auditory Processing Disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study assessed the relationship between working memory capacity
      and auditory stream segregation by using the concurrent minimum audible angle in
      children with a diagnosed auditory processing disorder (APD). METHODS: The
      participants in this cross-sectional, comparative study were 20 typically
      developing children and 15 children with a diagnosed APD (age, 9-11 years)
      according to the subtests of multiple-processing auditory assessment. Auditory
      stream segregation was investigated using the concurrent minimum audible angle.
      Working memory capacity was evaluated using the non-word repetition and forward
      and backward digit span tasks. Nonparametric statistics were utilized to compare
      the between-group differences. The Pearson correlation was employed to measure
      the degree of association between working memory capacity and the localization
      tests between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The group with APD had significantly lower
      scores than did the typically developing subjects in auditory stream segregation
      and working memory capacity. There were significant negative correlations between
      working memory capacity and the concurrent minimum audible angle in the most
      frontal reference location (0 degrees  azimuth) and lower negative correlations
      in the most lateral reference location (60 degrees  azimuth) in the children with
      APD. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a relationship between working memory
      capacity and auditory stream segregation in children with APD. The research
      suggests that lower working memory capacity in children with APD may be the
      possible cause of the inability to segregate and group incoming information.

PMID- 26989282
TI  - Biphasic Response to Luteolin in MG-63 Osteoblast-Like Cells under High Glucose
      Induced Oxidative Stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence indicates the diabetes-induced impairment of
      osteogenesis caused by a decrease in osteoblast activity. Flavonoids can increase
      the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in a high-glucose state.
      However, some flavonoids such as luteolin may have the potential to induce
      cytotoxicity in osteoblast-like cells. This study was performed to investigate
      whether a cytoprotective concentration range of luteolin could be separated from
      a cytotoxic concentration range in human MG-63 osteoblast-like cells in high
      glucose condition. METHODS: Cells were cultured in a normal- or high-glucose
      medium. Cell viability was determined with the MTT assay. The formation of
      intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using probe 2',7' 
      dichlorofluorescein diacetate, and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated with
      an alkaline phosphatase bioassay. RESULTS: ROS generation, reduction in alkaline
      phosphatase activity, and cell death induced by high glucose were inhibited by
      lower concentrations of luteolin (EC50, 1.29+/-0.23 uM). Oxidative stress
      mediated by high glucose was also overcome by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. At high
      concentrations, luteolin caused osteoblast cell death in normal- and high-glucose
      states (IC50, 34+/-2.33 and 27+/-2.42 uM, respectively), as represented by
      increased ROS and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. CONCLUSION: Our
      results indicated that the cytoprotective action of luteolin in glucotoxic
      condition was manifested in much lower concentrations, by a factor of
      approximately 26 and 20, than was its cytotoxic activity, which occurred under
      normal or glucotoxic condition, respectively.

PMID- 26989283
TI  - Efficacy of Biofeedback Therapy before and after Sphincteroplasty for Fecal
      Incontinence because of Obstetric Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - Fecal incontinence is a challenging condition in that it exerts various
      psychosocial impacts on daily life. Different treatment modalities have been
      suggested for fecal incontinence. The present study aimed to evaluate the
      efficacy of biofeedback therapy in combination with surgery in the management of
      fecal incontinence. The present randomized controlled trial was performed on 27
      women with a complaint of fecal incontinence because of delivery trauma. The
      patients underwent sphincteroplasty and levatorplasty via the same method by 2
      colorectal surgeons. In Group I, biofeedback therapy was performed 3 months
      before and 6 months after the surgery; in Group II, biofeedback therapy was
      applied only 6 months after the surgery; and in Group III, only surgical
      management was performed. The results revealed a significant difference between
      the preoperative and postoperative Wexner scores of incontinence in all the 3
      groups. Additionally, the difference between the preoperative and postoperative
      scores was significant only in Group I and Group III, but not in Group II. The
      reduction in the Wexner score was significantly less in Group III. However, no
      significant difference was observed between the 3 groups concerning the mean
      difference of preoperative and postoperative manometry. The present study
      revealed no significant role for biofeedback therapy alone in the improvement of
      manometric evaluation. However, the Wexner score, which is an indicator of
      patient satisfaction, increased with biofeedback therapy following
      sphincteroplasty. In general, surgical treatment is now reserved for selected
      patients with fecal incontinence and has recently been developed with biofeedback
      therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT201206039936N1.

PMID- 26989284
TI  - Growth Kinetics, Characterization, and Plasticity of Human Menstrual Blood Stem
      Cells.
AB  - One of the readily available sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is
      menstrual blood-derived stem cells (Men-SCs), which exhibit characteristics
      similar to other types of MSCs. This study was performed to determine the growth
      kinetics, plasticity, and characterization of Men-SCs in women. During spring
      2014 in the southern Iranian city of Shiraz, menstrual blood (5 mL) was obtained
      from 10 women on their third day of menstruation in 2 age groups of 30 to 40 and
      40 to 50 years old. Ficoll was used to separate the mononuclear cell fraction.
      After the Men-SCs were cultured, they were subcultured up to passage 4. Growth
      behavior and population doubling time were evaluated by seeding 5*10(4) cells
      into 12- and 24-well culture plates, and the colonies were enumerated. The
      expression of CD44, CD90, and CD34 was evaluated. The osteogenic potential was
      assessed by alizarin red staining. The Men-SCs were shown to be plastic adherent
      and spindle-shaped. Regarding the growth curves in the 12- and 24-well culture
      plates, it was demonstrated that in the women aged between 30 and 40 years,
      population doubling time was 55.5 and 62 hours, respectively, while these values
      in the women aged between 40 and 50 years were 70.4 and 72.4 hours,
      correspondingly. Positive expression of CD44 and CD90 and negative expression of
      CD34 were noted. In the osteogenic differentiation medium, the cells
      differentiated toward osteoblasts. As human Men-SCs are easily collectable
      without any invasive procedure and are a safe and rapid source of MSCs, they can
      be a good candidate for stem cell banking and cell transplantation in women. 

PMID- 26989285
TI  - Effectiveness of Spiritual Group Therapy on Quality of Life and Spiritual Well
      Being among Patients with Breast Cancer.
AB  - Cancer is deemed the century's major health problem, and its increasing growth
      during the last decades has made experts concerned more than ever. Of all types
      of cancer, breast cancer is regarded as the second most common disease among
      women. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of spiritual
      group therapy on quality of life and spiritual well-being among patients
      suffering from breast cancer. The present research was carried out between March
      and June 2011. The sample consisted of 24 participants randomly assigned to 2
      groups: an experimental group (n, 12) and a control group (n, 12). All the
      subjects completed questionnaires on quality of life and spiritual well-being in
      pretest and posttest. The experimental group received 12 sessions of spiritual
      group therapy. The results demonstrated improvement in quality of life and
      spiritual well-being in the experimental group. In conclusion, spiritual group
      therapy can be used to improve quality of life and spiritual well-being
      (religious health and existential health) among patients with breast cancer. 

PMID- 26989287
TI  - Intracardiac Thrombosis in Sickle Cell Disease.
AB  - In patients with sickle cell disease, thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare
      complication. Also in sickle cell disease, intracardiac thrombus formation
      without structural heart diseases or atrial arrhythmias is a rare phenomenon. We
      herein describe a 22-year-old woman, who was a known case of sickle cell
      betathalassemia, had a history of recent missed abortion, and was admitted with a
      vaso-occlusive crisis. The patient had manifestations of microangiopathic
      hemolytic anemia, including laboratory evidence of hemolytic anemia,
      thrombocytopenia, respiratory distress, fever, jaundice, and abnormal liver
      function and coagulation tests, accompanied by clot formation on the Eustachian
      valve of the inferior vena cava in the right atrium and also a long and worm-like
      thrombus in the right ventricle. Therapeutic plasma exchange improved her
      clinical condition, and her intracardiac thrombus was completely resolved after 1
      week. Echocardiography, as a simple and inexpensive imaging modality, had a
      significant role in the diagnosis and follow-up of this patient. 

PMID- 26989286
TI  - Aggressive Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor of the Maxillary Sinus with
      Extraosseous Oral Mucosal Involvement: A Case Report.
AB  - Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors are benign odontogenic neoplasms whose
      occurrence in the maxillary sinus is rare. Maxillary tumors tend to be locally
      aggressive and may rapidly involve the surrounding vital structures. We report a
      case of a large calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of the maxilla, involving
      the maxillary sinus in a 48-year-old woman. The tumor was largely intraosseous.
      In the canine and first premolar regions, the loss of bone could be palpated but
      the oral mucosa appeared normal. Histologically, the tumor tissue could be seen
      in the connective tissue below the oral epithelium. The most significant finding
      was the presence of an intraosseous tumor with an extraosseous involvement in a
      single tumor, indicating aggressive behavior and warranting aggressive treatment.
      In this article, we discuss the rare presentation of the tumor and its
      radiological appearance and histological features. We also highlight the
      importance of a detailed histopathological examination of the excised specimen. 

PMID- 26989288
TI  - Exsanguinating Hemorrhage during Open Biopsy in a Primary Breast Angiosarcoma: A
      Case Report.
AB  - Angiosarcomas are endothelial cell neoplasms in the lining of the blood vessel
      wall and account for about 0.04% of all breast malignancies with a high rate of
      error in primary diagnosis. The breast angiosarcoma is a rare and uncommon
      pathology and has been described mostly as case reports. Indeed, only a limited
      number of cases have been published. Accordingly, the natural history of this
      tumor and its clinical course remain unclear, and as a consequence, no uniform
      treatment strategy exists. We present the clinical course and challenges in the
      diagnosis of a primary angiosarcoma of the breast in a young woman, presenting
      with a mass in her left breast. Fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy
      failed to confer a correct diagnosis. She suffered severe bleeding at the time of
      open biopsy and underwent total mastectomy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.
      Young women with solid breast tumors, especially those that are highly vascular,
      should be considered malignant until proven otherwise. Accurate diagnosis may be
      difficult. Open biopsy can be diagnostic, although exsanguinating bleeding may
      occur. Thus, performing open biopsy in locations other than equipped operating
      rooms may be hazardous and should be avoided. 

PMID- 26989289
TI  - Uterocutaneous Fistula Following Cesarean Section: Successful Management of a
      Case.
AB  - A uterocutaneous fistula is a rare clinical presentation that occurs following
      Cesarean section and other pelvic operations. There are only a few reports
      discussing the treatments. We describe a patient with successful surgical
      management and review the literature. A 25-year-old woman referred to our
      department 13 months after her first Cesarean section. She had a history of an
      abdominal mass and collection 2 months after surgery and some fistula opening
      with discharge from her previous incision. She had a previous surgical operation
      and antibiotic therapy without complete response. We performed fistulography to
      evaluate the tracts. In the operation - she had fistula tracts, one of which was
      between the uterus and skin. We debrided the necrotic tissue in the uterus,
      excised the fistula tracts, and drained the uterine cavity. At 8 months'
      postoperative follow-up, she had no recurrence. A uterocutaneous fistula is a
      rare condition with many causes and needs proper investigation and timely medical
      and surgical management. 

PMID- 26989290
TI  - Minor Contribution of inhA-15 Mutations to the Rapid Detection of Isoniazid
      Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates.

PMID- 26989291
TI  - Nodular Melanoma.

PMID- 26989292
TI  - A comment on sample size calculations for binomial confidence intervals.
AB  - In this article we examine sample size calculations for a binomial proportion
      based on the confidence interval width of the Agresti-Coull, Wald and Wilson
      Score intervals. We pointed out that the commonly used methods based on known and
      fixed standard errors cannot guarantee the desired confidence interval width
      given a hypothesized proportion. Therefore, a new adjusted sample size
      calculation method was introduced, which is based on the conditional expectation
      of the width of the confidence interval given the hypothesized proportion. With
      the reduced sample size, the coverage probability can still maintain at the
      nominal level and is very competitive to the converge probability for the
      original sample size.

PMID- 26989293
TI  - Predictive Value of Plasma MicroRNA-216a/b in the Diagnosis of Esophageal
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common human malignancy with poor
      survival, which was usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a
      class of single stranded noncoding RNAs with only 17-25 ribonucleotides, were
      demonstrated to play an important role in lots of cancers. In the recent years,
      increasing evidence revealed that circulating miRNAs exhibited great potential in
      the diagnosis of various types of cancers. The present study was designed to
      evaluate the diagnostic value of plasma miRNA-216a/b for ESCC. Our results showed
      that the expression level of plasma miRNA-216a/b was significantly lower in ESCC
      patients compared with that of healthy controls. The receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded an area under the ROC curve (AUC)
      value of 0.877 [95% CI (confidence interval): 0.818-0.922] for miRNA-216a and
      0.756 (95% CI: 0.685-0.819) for miRNA-216b. Clinical data indicated that plasma
      miRNA-216a/b were inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage.
      Additionally, the plasma miRNA-216b expression level was significantly
      upregulated in postoperative samples compared to preoperative samples. Our study,
      for the first time, demonstrated that plasma miRNA-216a/b might serve as
      potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of ESCC and dysregulation of miRNA-216a/b
      might be involved in the progression of ESCC. 

PMID- 26989294
TI  - Soluble TNF-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis as a New Marker in Preeclampsia: A
      Pilot Clinical Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: All findings of preeclampsia appear as the clinical consequences of
      diffuse endothelial dysfunction. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer
      of apoptosis (sTWEAK) was recently introduced as a TNF related cytokine in
      various inflammatory and noninflammatory disorders. sTWEAK was found to be
      related to endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease. In
      our study we aimed to compare sTWEAK levels in women with preeclampsia to
      corresponding levels in a healthy pregnant control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The study was undertaken with 33 patients with preeclampsia and 33 normal
      pregnant women. The concentration of sTWEAK in serum was calculated with an
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. RESULTS: Serum creatinine, uric
      acid, LDH levels, and uPCR were significantly higher in the patient group
      compared to the control group. sTWEAK levels were significantly lower in
      preeclamptic patients (332 +/- 144 pg/mL) than in control subjects (412 +/- 166
      pg/mL) (p = 0.04). DISCUSSION: Our study demonstrates that sTWEAK is decreased in
      patients with preeclampsia compared to healthy pregnant women. There is a need
      for further studies to identify the role of sTWEAK in the pathogenesis of
      preeclampsia and to determine whether it can be regarded as a predictor of the
      development of preeclampsia.

PMID- 26989296
TI  - Effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension on diabetic
      peripheral neuropathy in alloxan-induced diabetic WBN/Kob rats.
AB  - The relationship between hypertension and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)
      has recently been reported in clinical research, but it remains unclear whether
      hypertension is a risk factor for DPN. To investigate the effects of hypertension
      on DPN, we analyzed morphological features of peripheral nerves in diabetic rats
      with hypertension. Male WBN/Kob rats were divided into 2 groups: alloxan-induced
      diabetic rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) treatment (ADN
      group) and nondiabetic rats with DOCA-salt treatment (DN group). Sciatic, tibial
      (motor) and sural (sensory) nerves were subjected to qualitative and quantitative
      histomorphological analysis. Systolic blood pressure in the two groups exhibited
      a higher value (>140 mmHg), but there was no significant difference between the
      two groups. Endoneurial blood vessels in both groups presented endothelial
      hypertrophy and narrowing of the vascular lumen. Electron microscopically,
      duplication of basal lamina surrounding the endothelium and pericyte of the
      endoneurial vessels was observed, and this lesion appeared to be more frequent
      and severe in the ADN group than the DN group. Many nerve fibers of the ADN and
      DN groups showed an almost normal appearance, whereas morphometrical analysis of
      the tibial nerve showed a significant shift to smaller fiber and myelin sizes in
      the ADN group compared with DN group. In sural nerve, the fiber and axon-size
      significantly shifted to a smaller size in ADN group compared with the DN group.
      These results suggest that combined diabetes and hypertension could induce mild
      peripheral nerve lesions with vascular changes. 

PMID- 26989297
TI  - Heme oxygenase-1 alleviates alcoholic liver steatosis: histopathological study.
AB  - Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the most important causes of hepatic
      steatosis, which involves oxidative stress. In particular, increased oxidative
      stress has been strongly linked to stimulation of the expression of heme
      oxygenase-1 (HO-1). This study aimed to investigate whether HO-1 could alleviates
      alcoholic steatosis in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4
      groups: 1) the control group, 2) the EtOH group, 3) the EtOH + ZnPP-IX group and
      4) the EtOH + Hemin group. Liver histopathology was investigated in weeks 1 and 4
      after the start of the treatment period. Alcohol treatment significantly
      increased the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an oxidative stress marker.
      In addition, it increased the triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in both weeks. Gross examination
      demonstrated a yellowish and slightly enlarged liver in the alcohol-treated rats.
      Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Oil Red O staining indicated hepatic steatosis,
      which was characterized by diffuse, extensive fatty accumulation and discrete
      lipid droplets of variable size in hepatocytes of the alcohol-treated rats.
      Administration of the HO-1 inducer hemin resulted in upregulation of hepatic HO-1
      gene expression, reduced the MDA, triglyceride, ALT and AST levels and alleviated
      alcoholic hepatic steatosis, whereas administration of the HO-1 inhibitor zinc
      protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP-IX) resulted in downregulation of hepatic HO-1 gene
      expression and could not alleviate alcoholic hepatic steatosis either week. In
      conclusion, HO-1 could alleviate alcoholic hepatic steatosis in male Wistar rats
      and may be useful in development of a new therapeutic approach. 

PMID- 26989295
TI  - Biopolymers and supramolecular polymers as biomaterials for biomedical
      applications.
AB  - Protein- and peptide-based structural biopolymers are abundant building blocks of
      biological systems. Either in their natural forms, such as collagen, silk or
      fibronectin, or as related synthetic materials they can be used in various
      technologies. An emerging area is that of biomimetic materials inspired by
      protein-based biopolymers, which are made up of small molecules rather than
      macromolecules and can therefore be described as supramolecular polymers. These
      materials are very useful in biomedical applications because of their ability to
      imitate the extracellular matrix both in architecture and their capacity to
      signal cells. This article describes important features of the natural
      extracellular matrix and highlight how these features are being incorporated into
      biomaterials composed of biopolymers and supramolecular polymers. We particularly
      focus on the structures, properties, and functions of collagen, fibronectin,
      silk, and the supramolecular polymers inspired by them as biomaterials for
      regenerative medicine.

PMID- 26989298
TI  - Histopathological nerve and skeletal muscle changes in rats subjected to
      persistent insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
AB  - New insulin analogues with a longer duration of action and a flatter
      pharmacodynamic profile are developed to improve convenience and safety for
      diabetic patients. During the nonclinical development of such analogues, safety
      studies must be conducted in nondiabetic rats, which consequently are rendered
      chronically hypoglycemic. A rat comparator model using human insulin would be
      valuable, as it would enable differentiation between effects related to either
      persistent insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) or a new analogue per se. Such a
      model could alleviate the need for an in-study-comparator and thereby reduce the
      number of animals used during development. Thus, the aims of the present study
      were i) to develop a preclinical animal model of persistent hypoglycemia in rats
      using human insulin infusion for four weeks and ii) to investigate
      histopathological changes in sciatic nerves and quadriceps femoris muscle tissue,
      as little is known about the response to persistent hypoglycemia in these
      tissues. Histopathologic changes in insulin-infused animals included axonal
      degeneration and myofibre degeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first study
      to show that persistent IIH provokes peripheral nerve and skeletal myofiber
      degeneration within the same animals. This suggests that the model can serve as a
      nonclinical comparator model during development of long-acting insulin analogues.

PMID- 26989299
TI  - Malaria in cynomolgus monkeys used in toxicity studies in Japan.
AB  - Plasmodium spp. protozoa cause malaria and are known to infect humans and a
      variety of animal species including macaque monkeys. Here we report both our
      experience with malaria recrudescence in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
      in a toxicity study and the results of a survey on Plasmodium infection in
      cynomolgus monkeys imported to Japan for laboratory use. A cynomolgus monkey from
      the toxicity study presented with severe anemia and Plasmodium protozoa in
      erythrocytes on a thin blood smear and was subsequently diagnosed with
      symptomatic malaria. In this animal, congestion and accumulation of hemozoin
      (malaria pigment) in macrophages were noted in the enlarged and darkly discolored
      spleen. As a follow-up for the experience, spleen sections from 800 cynomolgus
      monkeys in toxicity studies conducted between 2003 and 2013 were retrospectively
      examined for hemozoin deposition as a marker of Plasmodium infection. The origin
      of the animals included Cambodia, China, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Hemozoin
      deposition was confirmed in 44% of all examined monkeys. Monkeys from Indonesia
      showed the highest incidence of hemozoin deposition (approx. 80%). A high
      prevalence of Plasmodium infection in laboratory monkeys was also confirmed with
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using Plasmodium genus-specific primers.
      Although Japan is not a country with endemic malaria, it is important to be aware
      of the prevalence and potential impact of background infection with Plasmodium
      spp. and recrudescence of symptomatic malaria in imported laboratory monkeys on
      pharmaceutical toxicity studies. 

PMID- 26989301
TI  - Autopsy results of a case of ingestion of sodium hydroxide solution.
AB  - Sodium hydroxide is a strongly corrosive alkali. We describe herein a case of
      suicide by ingestion of sodium hydroxide. A man in his 80s was found dead with a
      mug and a bottle of caustic soda. Macroscopically, liquefaction and/or
      disappearance of esophagus, trachea and lung tissue and a grayish discoloration
      of the mucosa of the stomach were seen along with blackish brown coloration of
      the skin, mouth, and oral cavity. The contents of the gastrointestinal tract
      showed a pH level of 7-8 on pH indicator strips. Histopathologically,
      liquefactive necrosis of remnant lung tissue and the stomach were seen. As
      biological reactions such as vasodilatation and inflammation were not detected in
      these organs, only a short number of hours must have passed between ingestion and
      death. This human case provides valuable information concerning the direct
      irritation induced by systemic exposure to corrosive substances. 

PMID- 26989300
TI  - Spontaneous extraskeletal osteosarcoma with various histological growth patterns
      in the abdominal wall of an ICR mouse.
AB  - Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is extremely rare in mice. This case report
      demonstrates a spontaneous murine extraskeletal osteosarcoma that exhibited
      various histological growth patterns in an ICR mouse. At necropsy, the tumor mass
      was located in the abdominal wall and was 45 * 30 * 25 mm in size.
      Histopathologically, the tumor showed the following four growth patterns: a solid
      pattern of polygonal cells embedded in an osteoid eosinophilic matrix with
      calcification, an irregular sheet pattern of short spindle cells accompanying
      some eosinophilic multinucleated cells, a fascicular pattern of spindle cells and
      a cystic pattern lined by short spindle cells. Immunohistochemically, most of the
      tumor cells were positive for vimentin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and
      osterix. The multinucleated cells mentioned above were desmin positive and were
      regarded as regenerative striated muscles but not tumor cells. Since no clear
      continuity with normal bone tissues was observed, the tumor was diagnosed as an
      "extraskeletal osteosarcoma." 

PMID- 26989302
TI  - Cutaneous mastocytosis with a mutation in the juxtamembrane domain of c-kit in a
      young laboratory beagle dog.
AB  - Cutaneous mastocytosis, which resembles a subset of urticaria pigmentosa in
      humans, is rare in dogs. We herein report unrepresentative neoplastic
      proliferation of mast cells in ventral skin removed routinely from a nine-month
      old female laboratory beagle dog at necropsy. A histological examination revealed
      diffuse extensive cellular infiltration from the superficial to deep dermis in
      most parts of the skin around the fourth and fifth mammary papilla without nodule
      formation. Tumor cells were fairly monomorphic, well-differentiated mast cells
      with round nuclei of small distinct nucleoli and moderate to abundant, slightly
      eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm. A perivascular arrangement of mast cells was
      noted at the margin of the lesions. Infiltration of eosinophils and degeneration
      of collagen were not observed in the dermis. Cutaneous mastocytosis was diagnosed
      based on these features. A sequence analysis of lesions revealed the deletion of
      Gln555 to Ile570 within the juxtamembrane domain of c-kit (exon 11). 

PMID- 26989303
TI  - A spontaneously occurring malignant ovarian Sertoli cell tumor in a young Sprague
      Dawley rat.
AB  - Primary ovarian tumors are generally uncommon in rats used in toxicologic
      studies. A malignant Sertoli cell tumor was present in the ovary of a 19-week-old
      female Sprague Dawley rat. Macroscopically, the mass was white and firm, 10 * 13
      * 17 mm in size, and located in the right ovary. Histopathologically, the mass
      was composed of nests of pleomorphic cells, which formed seminiferous-like
      tubules separated by a thin fibrovascular stroma. The tubules were lined by tumor
      cells, which had basally located nuclei and abundant eosinophilic and vacuolated
      cytoplasm. In some areas, the tumor cells were arranged in a retiform growth
      pattern, mimicking a rete testis/ovarii. Disseminated metastases to the surfaces
      of the mesentery, spleen and liver were also present. Immunohistochemically, many
      tumor cells were strongly positive for vimentin, estrogen receptor alpha and Ki
      67. Some tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratin and inhibin alpha. These
      findings closely resemble those of an ovarian-derived human malignant Sertoli
      cell tumor. From our review of the literature, we believe this is the first
      report of a spontaneous malignant Sertoli cell tumor in the ovary of a young
      laboratory rat. This case might provide useful historical control information for
      rat toxicity studies. 

PMID- 26989304
TI  - Green tea extract attenuates MNU-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis via
      suppression of heme oxygenase-1.
AB  - The effects of green tea extract (GTE) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced
      photoreceptor cell apoptosis were examined, and the possible mechanisms of action
      of GTE were assessed. Alterations in the retinal morphological architecture were
      determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, vimentin immunoreactivity, and
      photoreceptor cell apoptosis (TUNEL labeling). Expression of oxidant marker, heme
      oxygenase (HO)-1, mRNA levels in outer nuclear cells was assessed by laser
      capture microdissection (LCM). Sprague-Dawley rats were given 40 mg/kg MNU at 7
      weeks of age in the absence and presence of 250 mg/kg GTE treatment (once daily
      from 3 days prior to MNU for a maximum 10 days). Although photoreceptor cell
      degeneration began 24 hr after MNU, the morphological effects of GTE at the time
      point were not definitive. However, GTE lowered TUNEL labeling and HO-1 mRNA
      expression. At 7 days after MNU, photoreceptor damage was attenuated by GTE
      treatment. Therefore, the ability of GTE to reduce MNU-induced photoreceptor cell
      apoptosis may be due to its antioxidant properties. 

PMID- 26989305
TI  - Susceptibility to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in
      different rat strains.
AB  - To evaluate the potential role of genetic background in the susceptibility to
      retinal degeneration induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), female rats of the
      Sprague-Dawley (SD), Long-Evans (LE) and Copenhagen (CH) strains were
      administered 50 mg/kg MNU or saline at 7 weeks of age. Retina morphology and
      morphometric analysis of all rats was performed 7 days after MNU administration.
      Atrophy of both the peripheral and central outer retina occurred in all rat
      strains exposed to MNU. Decreased photoreceptor cell ratio and increased retinal
      damage ratio were observed. The severities of the retinal atrophy were similar
      among all three rat strains. In conclusion, MNU-induced photoreceptor
      degeneration developed consistently in all three strains regardless of the
      absence (SD rats) or presence (LE and CH rats) of melanin in the retina,
      suggesting that genetic and melanin factors did not affect photoreceptor cell
      death after MNU. 

PMID- 26989307
TI  - Eye injuries: improving our practice.

PMID- 26989308
TI  - The Ocular Trauma Score.

PMID- 26989306
TI  - Errata (Printer's correction).
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 11 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p.
      43 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p. 51 in vol. 27.][This corrects the
      article on p. 123 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p. 163 in vol.
      27.][This corrects the article on p. 175 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article
      on p. 183 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p. 197 in vol. 27.][This
      corrects the article on p. 205 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p. 217
      in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p. 223 in vol. 27.][This corrects the
      article on p. 231 in vol. 27.][This corrects the article on p. 1 in vol.
      28.][This corrects the article on p. 11 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on
      p. 21 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 27 in vol. 28.][This corrects
      the article on p. 33 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 37 in vol.
      28.][This corrects the article on p. 43 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on
      p. 51 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 57 in vol. 28.][This corrects
      the article on p. 65 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 73 in vol.
      28.][This corrects the article on p. 79 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on
      p. 89 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 99 in vol. 28.][This corrects
      the article on p. 109 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 121 in vol.
      28.][This corrects the article on p. 125 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article
      on p. 133 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 141 in vol. 28.][This
      corrects the article on p. 151 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 165
      in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 171 in vol. 28.][This corrects the
      article on p. 177 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 181 in vol.
      28.][This corrects the article on p. 189 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article
      on p. 197 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 207 in vol. 28.][This
      corrects the article on p. 217 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 225
      in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 229 in vol. 28.][This corrects the
      article on p. 233 in vol. 28.][This corrects the article on p. 237 in vol.
      28.][This corrects the article on p. 243 in vol. 28.]. 

PMID- 26989309
TI  - Implementing and applying the Ocular Trauma Score: the challenges.

PMID- 26989310
TI  - Assessing an eye injury patient.

PMID- 26989311
TI  - Managing eye injuries.

PMID- 26989312
TI  - Talking with eye injury patients.

PMID- 26989314
TI  - Challenges of agriculture-related eye injuries in Nigeria.

PMID- 26989313
TI  - Preventing eye injuries.

PMID- 26989315
TI  - Preventing eye injuries in quarries.

PMID- 26989316
TI  - Protective eyewear for agricultural workers.

PMID- 26989318
TI  - Dr Erika Sutter 1917-2015.

PMID- 26989317
TI  - Improving access to refractive and eye health services.

PMID- 26989319
TI  - Peek.

PMID- 26989320
TI  - A 'health system' perspective on scaling up hospital cataract services.

PMID- 26989321
TI  - Caring for A- and B-scans.

PMID- 26989322
TI  - Manuals, guidelines and toolkits to support the elimination of blinding trachoma.

PMID- 26989323
TI  - Test your knowledge and understanding.

PMID- 26989324
TI  - Ocular Trauma Score: case study and quiz.

PMID- 26989325
TI  - Picture quiz.

PMID- 26989327
TI  - Prevalence of eyelid lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan.

PMID- 26989328
TI  - Vision testing to prevent road traffic accidents in Kenya.

PMID- 26989329
TI  - Genetic Investigation of Complement Pathway Genes in Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy:
      An Inflammatory Perspective.
AB  - Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has complex multifactorial pathogenesis. This study
      aimed to investigate the association of complement pathway genes with
      susceptibility to DR. Eight haplotype-tagging SNPs of SERPING1 and C5 were
      genotyped in 570 subjects with type 2 diabetes: 295 DR patients (138
      nonproliferative DR [NPDR] and 157 proliferative DR [PDR]) and 275 diabetic
      controls. Among the six C5 SNPs, a marginal association was first detected
      between rs17611 and total DR patients (P = 0.009, OR = 0.53 for recessive model).
      In stratification analysis, a significant decrease in the frequencies of G allele
      and GG homozygosity for rs17611 was observed in PDR patients compared with
      diabetic controls (Pcorr = 0.032, OR = 0.65 and Pcorr = 0.016, OR = 0.37, resp.);
      it was linked with a disease progression. A haplotype AA defined by the major
      alleles of rs17611 and rs1548782 was significantly predisposed to PDR with
      increased risk of 1.54 (Pcorr = 0.023). Regarding other variants in C5 and
      SERPING1, none of the tagging SNPs had a significant association with DR and its
      subgroups (all P > 0.05). Our study revealed an association between DR and C5
      polymorphisms with clinical significance, whereas SERPING1 is not a major genetic
      component of DR. Our data suggest a link of complement pathway with DR
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 26989330
TI  - Recruitment of Immune Cells into Inflamed Tissues: Consequences for Endothelial
      Barrier Integrity and Tissue Functionality.

PMID- 26989331
TI  - T Cell Response in Patients with Implanted Biological and Mechanical Prosthetic
      Heart Valves.
AB  - The study was aimed at assessing T cell subsets of peripheral blood from
      recipients of long-term functioning (more than 60 months) biological and
      mechanical heart valve prostheses. The absolute and relative number of CD4 and
      CD8 T cell subsets was analyzed: naive (N, CD45RA(+)CD62L(+)), central memory
      (CM, CD45RA(-)CD62L(+)), effector memory (EM, CD45RA(-)CD62L(-)), and terminally
      differentiated CD45RA-positive effector memory (TEMRA, CD45RA(+)CD62L(-)) in 25
      persons with biological and 7 with mechanical prosthesis compared with 48
      apparently healthy volunteers. The relative and absolute number of central memory
      and naive CD3(+)CD8(+) in patients with biological prosthesis was decreased (p <
      0.001). Meanwhile the number of CD45RA(+)CD62L(-)CD3(+)CD8(+) and CD3(+)CD4(+)
      was increased (p < 0.001). Patients with mechanical prosthesis had increased
      absolute and relative number of CD45RA(+)CD62L(-)CD3(+)CD8(+) cells (p = 0.006).
      Also the relative number of CD3(+)CD4(+) cells was reduced (p = 0.04). We assume
      that altered composition of T cell subsets points at development of xenograft
      rejection reaction against both mechanical and biological heart valve prostheses.

PMID- 26989332
TI  - Radiotherapy Suppresses Bone Cancer Pain through Inhibiting Activation of cAMP
      Signaling in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion and Spinal Cord.
AB  - Radiotherapy is one of the major clinical approaches for treatment of bone cancer
      pain. Activation of cAMP-PKA signaling pathway plays important roles in bone
      cancer pain. Here, we examined the effects of radiotherapy on bone cancer pain
      and accompanying abnormal activation of cAMP-PKA signaling. Female Sprague-Dawley
      rats were used and received tumor cell implantation (TCI) in rat tibia (TCI
      cancer pain model). Some of the rats that previously received TCI treatment were
      treated with X-ray radiation (radiotherapy). Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical
      allodynia were measured and used for evaluating level of pain caused by TCI
      treatment. PKA mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was detected by RT
      PCR. Concentrations of cAMP, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha as well as PKA activity in
      DRG and the spinal cord were measured by ELISA. The results showed that
      radiotherapy significantly suppressed TCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and
      mechanical allodynia. The level of PKA mRNA in DRG, cAMP concentration and PKA
      activity in DRG and in the spinal cord, and concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF
      alpha in the spinal cord were significantly reduced by radiotherapy. In addition,
      radiotherapy also reduced TCI-induced bone loss. These findings suggest that
      radiotherapy may suppress bone cancer pain through inhibition of activation of
      cAMP-PKA signaling pathway in DRG and the spinal cord. 

PMID- 26989333
TI  - Smac127 Has Proapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Rheumatoid Arthritis
      Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial inflammation and
      hyperplasia. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are apoptosis-resistant and
      contribute to the pathogenesis of RA by producing cytokines and proteolytic
      enzymes, which degrade the extracellular matrix. We evaluated the proapoptotic
      and anti-inflammatory activity of the small molecule Smac127 on RA-FLSs cultured
      in synovial fluid (SF), in order to reproduce the physiopathological
      environmental characteristic of RA joints. In this context, Smac127 induces
      apoptosis by inhibiting apoptosis proteins (IAPs). This inhibition activates
      caspase 3 and restores the apoptotic pathway. In addition, Smac127 induces a
      significant inhibition of the secretion of IL-15 and IL-6, stimulation of pannus
      formation, and damage of bone and cartilage in RA. Also the secretion of the anti
      inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is dramatically increased in the presence of Smac127.
      The cartilage destruction in RA patients is partly mediated by
      metalloproteinases; here we show that the MMP-1 production by fibroblasts
      cultured in SF is significantly antagonized by Smac127. Conversely, this molecule
      has no significant effects on RANKL and OPG production. Our observations
      demonstrate that Smac127 has beneficial regulatory effects on inflammatory state
      of RA-FLSs and suggest a potential use of Smac127 for the control of inflammation
      and disease progression in RA. 

PMID- 26989334
TI  - Melatonin Attenuates Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Diabetic Rats: The Role of
      Interleukin-33 and Oxidative Stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammation and oxidative stress (OxS) contribute to the
      pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and contrast-induced nephropathy
      (CIN). Patients with DKD were found to be more prone to CIN. Interleukin-33 (IL
      33) is a proinflammatory cytokine, but its role in DKD and CIN is unknown.
      METHODS: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled. The first group was
      comprised of healthy rats (HRs), whereas the other four groups were made up of
      diabetic rats (DRs), diabetic rats with contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN + DRs),
      melatonin-treated diabetic rats (MTDRs), and melatonin-treated CIN + DRs (MTCIN +
      DRs). All groups except the HRs received 50 mg/kg/day streptozotocin (STZ). CIN +
      DRs were constituted by administrating 1.5 mg/kg of intravenous radiocontrast dye
      on the 35th day. MTDRs and MTCIN + DRs were given 20 mg/kg/day of intraperitoneal
      injection of melatonin (MT) from the 28th day for the constitutive seven days.
      RESULTS: We observed increased IL-33 in the kidney tissue following induction of
      CIN in DRs. To determine whether MT is effective in preventing CIN, we
      administered MT in CIN + DRs and demonstrated that kidney tissue levels of OxS
      markers, inflammatory cytokines, and IL-33 were significantly diminished in MTCIN
      + DRs compared with other groups without MT treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Inhibition of IL-33 with MT provides therapeutic potential in DKD with CIN.

PMID- 26989336
TI  - Statistical Inference Models for Image Datasets with Systematic Variations.
AB  - Statistical analysis of longitudinal or cross sectional brain imaging data to
      identify effects of neurodegenerative diseases is a fundamental task in various
      studies in neuroscience. However, when there are systematic variations in the
      images due to parameter changes such as changes in the scanner protocol, hardware
      changes, or when combining data from multi-site studies, the statistical analysis
      becomes problematic. Motivated by this scenario, the goal of this paper is to
      develop a unified statistical solution to the problem of systematic variations in
      statistical image analysis. Based in part on recent literature in harmonic
      analysis on diffusion maps, we propose an algorithm which compares operators that
      are resilient to the systematic variations. These operators are derived from the
      empirical measurements of the image data and provide an efficient surrogate to
      capturing the actual changes across images. We also establish a connection
      between our method to the design of wavelets in non-Euclidean space. To evaluate
      the proposed ideas, we present various experimental results on detecting changes
      in simulations as well as show how the method offers improved statistical power
      in the analysis of real longitudinal PIB-PET imaging data acquired from
      participants at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

PMID- 26989335
TI  - Proinflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Mediated by NF-kappaB Factor as
      Prognostic Markers in Mammary Tumors.
AB  - Inflammation results in the production of cytokines, such as interleukin- (IL-) 4
      and IL-10 with immunosuppressive properties or IL-6 and TNF-alpha with
      procarcinogenic activity. Furthermore, NF-kappaB is the major link between
      inflammation and tumorigenesis. This study verified the interaction between
      active inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and serum of female
      dogs with mammary tumors and their correlation with the clinicopathological
      characteristics and overall survival. Measurement of gene expression was
      performed by qPCR and protein levels by ELISA/Luminex. High gene and protein
      expression levels of NF-kappaB, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were found in association
      with characteristics that reflect worse prognosis and a negative correlation
      between TNF-alpha protein expression and survival time was observed (p < 0.05).
      In contrast, high gene and protein expression levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were
      associated with characteristics of better prognosis and an increased level of IL
      4 and a longer survival time of animals were obtained (p < 0.05). In addition,
      there was a positive correlation between TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression in
      association with NF-kappaB. The results show a significant correlation of these
      cytokines with tumor development, associated with NF-kappaB expression and
      cytokines promodulation, showing that these biological factors could be used as
      predictive and prognostic markers in breast cancer. 

PMID- 26989337
TI  - Clinical Characteristics Associated with Antibiotic Treatment Failure for
      Tuboovarian Abscesses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although parenteral antibiotic treatment is a standard approach for
      tuboovarian abscesses, a significant proportion of patients fail therapy and
      require interventional radiology (IR) guided drainage. The objective of this
      study is to assess if specific clinical factors are associated with antibiotic
      treatment failure. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review of patients
      hospitalized for tuboovarian abscesses from 2001 through 2012 was performed.
      Clinical characteristics were compared for patients who underwent successful
      parenteral antibiotic treatment, failed antibiotic treatment necessitating
      subsequent IR drainage, initial drainage with concurrent antibiotics, and
      surgery. RESULTS: One hundred thirteen patients admitted for inpatient treatment
      were identified. Sixty-one (54%) patients were treated with antibiotics alone.
      Within this group, 24.6% failed antibiotic treatment and required drainage. Mean
      white blood cell count (K/MUL) (18.7 +/- 5.94 versus 13.9 +/- 5.12) (p = 0.003),
      mean maximum diameter of tuboovarian abscess (cm) (6.8 +/- 2.9 versus 5.2 +/-
      2.0) (p = 0.03), and length of stay (days) (9.47 +/- 7.43 versus 4.59 +/- 2.4) (p
      = 0.002) were significantly greater for patients who failed antibiotic treatment.
      CONCLUSIONS: Admission white blood cell count greater than 16 K/MUL and abscess
      size greater than 5.18 cm are associated with antibiotic treatment failure. These
      factors may provide guidance for initial selection of IR guided drainage.

PMID- 26989339
TI  - Treatment Process Predictors of Program Completion or Dropout among Minority
      Adolescents Enrolled in a Brief Motivational Substance Abuse Intervention.
AB  - This study documented significant differences in alliance in a predominantly
      Latino sample of adolescents who either completed or dropped out of a Guided Self
      Change treatment program. Therapeutic alliance, working alliance and patient
      involvement were assessed via ratings of audio-recorded segments of participants'
      counseling sessions. Descriptive discriminant function analysis identified
      working alliance goals, patient participation and therapist warmth and
      friendliness variables as significantly predictive of completion status. These
      results were confirmed via follow-up logistic regression analyses. The use of
      brief clinical tools to monitor and manage alliance among adolescents receiving
      treatment who are at risk for drop-out is discussed.

PMID- 26989338
TI  - Risk of Adverse Infant Outcomes Associated with Maternal Tuberculosis in a Low
      Burden Setting: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal tuberculosis (TB) may be associated with increased risk of
      adverse infant outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: We examined the risk of low birth weight
      (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and preterm birth (<37 weeks) associated
      with maternal TB in a retrospective population-based Washington State cohort
      using linked infant birth certificate and maternal delivery hospitalization
      discharge records. We identified 134 women with births between 1987 and 2012 with
      TB-associated ICD-9 diagnosis codes at hospital delivery discharge and 536
      randomly selected women without TB, frequency matched 4 : 1 on delivery year.
      Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to compare the risk of
      LBW, SGA, and preterm birth between infants born to mothers with and without TB.
      RESULTS: Infants born to women with TB were 3.74 (aRR 95% CI 1.40-10.00) times as
      likely to be LBW and 1.96 (aRR 95% CI 0.91-4.22) as likely to be SGA compared to
      infants born to mothers without TB. Risk of prematurity was similar (aRR 1.01 95%
      CI 0.39-2.58). CONCLUSION: Maternal TB is associated with poor infant outcomes
      even in a low burden setting. A better understanding of the adverse infant
      outcomes associated with maternal TB, reflecting recent trends in US TB
      epidemiology, may inform potential targeted interventions in other low prevalence
      settings.

PMID- 26989341
TI  - Age and Gender Differences in Teen Relationship Violence.
AB  - Research shows that abuse in adolescence can start early and current literature
      regarding gender differences in Teen Relationship Violence (TRV) is inconsistent.
      Age and Gender differences in TRV were examined. Measures assessing TRV and its
      correlates were completed by 231 teens from 7th, 9th, and 11th grade classes. A 2
      (gender) by 3 (grade) multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant
      effects for grade and gender indicating that 7th graders have lower perpetration
      and victimization of TRV, less anger control, and fewer positive conflict
      resolution behaviors than 9th and 11th graders. Furthermore, girls perpetrate
      more physical and emotional abuse while boys perpetrate more sexual abuse.
      Results have implications for timing and content of prevention programs
      addressing dating violence in adolescence.

PMID- 26989340
TI  - An Inside Look at Homeless Youths' Social Networks: Perceptions of Substance Use
      Norms.
AB  - Substance use among homeless young people is a pervasive problem, and there have
      been many efforts to understand more about the dynamics of this health
      compromising behavior. The current study examined perceived substance use norms
      within homeless youths' social networks utilizing in-depth interviews. The sample
      included 19 homeless individuals aged 16 to 21. Four elements of substance use
      within networks emerged: substance use choices, drug use safety issues,
      encouragement and/or discouragement, and appropriate situations in which
      substance use is condoned. These findings provide unique insight into the norms
      associated with drug and alcohol use within homeless youths' social networks.

PMID- 26989342
TI  - Effects of Abusive Parenting, Caretaker Arrests, and Deviant Behavior on Dating
      Violence among Homeless Young Adults.
AB  - Though dating violence is widespread among young adult homeless populations, its
      risk factors are poorly understood by scholars. To address this gap, the current
      study uses a social learning theory to examine the effects of abusive parenting
      and caretaker arrests on dating violence among 172 homeless young adults. Results
      from path analyses revealed that child physical abuse and caretaker arrests were
      positively associated with engaging in a greater number of school fights, which,
      in turn, was strongly and positively correlated with participating in more
      deviant subsistence strategies (e.g., stealing) since being on the street. Young
      people who participated in a greater number of delinquent acts were more likely
      to report higher levels of dating violence. Study results highlight the extent of
      social learning within the lives of homeless young adults, which is evident prior
      to their leaving home and while they are on the street.

PMID- 26989344
TI  - Long-Term Behavior of Simulated Partial Lead Service Line Replacements.
AB  - In this 48-month pilot study, long-term impacts of copper:lead galvanic
      connections on lead release to water were assessed without confounding
      differences in pipe exposure prehistory or disturbances arising from cutting lead
      pipe. Lead release was tracked from three lead service line configurations,
      including (1) 100% lead, (2) traditional partial replacement with 50% copper
      upstream of 50% lead, and (3) 50% lead upstream of 50% copper as a function of
      flow rate, connection types, and sampling methodologies. Elevated lead from
      galvanic corrosion worsened with time, with 140% more lead release from
      configurations representing traditional partial replacement configurations at 14
      months compared to earlier data in the first 8 months. Even when sampled
      consistently at moderate flow rate (8 LPM) and collecting all water passing
      through service lines, conditions representing traditional partial service line
      configurations were significantly worse (~40%) when compared to 100% lead pipe.
      If sampled at a high flow rate (32 LPM) and collecting 2 L samples from service
      lines, 100% of samples collected from traditional partial replacement
      configurations exceeded thresholds posing an acute health risk versus a 0% risk
      for samples from 100% lead pipe. Temporary removal of lead accumulations near
      Pb:Cu junctions and lead deposits from other downstream plastic pipes reduced
      risk of partial replacements relative to that observed for 100% lead. When
      typical brass compression couplings were used to connect prepassivated lead
      pipes, lead release spiked up to 10 times higher, confirming prior concerns
      raised at bench and field scale regarding adverse impacts of crevices and service
      line disturbances on lead release. To quantify semirandom particulate lead
      release from service lines in future research, whole-house filters have many
      advantages compared to other approaches.

PMID- 26989343
TI  - Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD: Spiritual Well-Being and Intimate Partner
      Violence as Mediators.
AB  - Childhood maltreatment places individuals, including African American women who
      are undereducated and economically disadvantaged, at risk for developing
      posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Participants were 192 African
      American women with a history in the prior year of both a suicide attempt and
      intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure. They were recruited from a public
      hospital that provides medical and mental health treatment to mostly low-income
      patients. A simple mediator model was used to examine if (1) existential well
      being (sense of purpose) and/or religious well-being (relationship with God)
      mediated the link between childhood maltreatment and adult PTSD symptoms.
      Sequential multiple mediator models determined if physical and nonphysical IPV
      enhanced our understanding of the mediational association among the
      aforementioned variables. Findings suggest that existential well-being mediated
      the association between childhood maltreatment and adult PTSD symptoms in a
      simple mediator model, and existential well-being and recent nonphysical IPV
      served as sequential multiple mediators of this link. However, religious well
      being and physical IPV were not significant mediators. Findings underscore the
      importance of enhancing existential well-being in the treatment of suicidal
      African American women with a history of childhood maltreatment and IPV.

PMID- 26989345
TI  - Additive Effect on Soybean Peroxidase-Catalyzed Removal of Anilines from Water.
AB  - Soybean peroxidase has been shown to be effective in removal of aromatic
      compounds from wastewater, while the use of additives effectively reduces enzyme
      concentration requirement, hence overall treatment cost. Enzymatic treatment, an
      oxidative polymerization, was successful in removal of over 95% of both aniline
      and o-anisidine. The originality of this study lies in the findings that the
      additives, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS),
      Triton X-100, and sodium dodecanoate (SDOD), reduced enzyme concentration
      requirement, while polyethylene glycol (PEG, average molar mass of 3350 g/mol)
      had no effect on the required enzyme concentration. In addition, the presence of
      SDS also enhanced treatment by improving precipitation and color removal. These
      results are enabling advancement of soybean peroxidase-catalyzed treatment of
      anilines found in wastewaters as a new sustainable method.

PMID- 26989347
TI  - Language co-activation and lexical selection in bimodal bilinguals: Evidence from
      picture-word interference.
AB  - We used picture-word interference (PWI) to discover a) whether cross-language
      activation at the lexical level can yield phonological priming effects when
      languages do not share phonological representations, and b) whether semantic
      interference effects occur without articulatory competition. Bimodal bilinguals
      fluent in American Sign Language (ASL) and English named pictures in ASL while
      listening to distractor words that were 1) translation equivalents, 2)
      phonologically related to the target sign through translation, 3) semantically
      related, or 4) unrelated. Monolingual speakers named pictures in English.
      Production of ASL signs was facilitated by words that were phonologically related
      through translation and by translation equivalents, indicating that cross
      language activation spreads from lexical to phonological levels for production.
      Semantic interference effects were not observed for bimodal bilinguals, providing
      some support for a post-lexical locus of semantic interference, but which we
      suggest may instead reflect time course differences in spoken and signed
      production in the PWI task.

PMID- 26989346
TI  - Tamoxifen Action in ER-Negative Breast Cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Tamoxifen is a selective
      estrogen receptor (ER) modulator and is mainly indicated for the treatment of
      breast cancer in postmenopausal women and postsurgery neoadjuvant therapy in ER
      positive breast cancers. Interestingly, 5-10% of the ER-negative breast cancers
      have also shown sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. The involvement of molecular
      markers and/or signaling pathways independent of ER signaling has been implicated
      in tamoxifen sensitivity in the ER-negative subgroup. Studies reveal that
      variation in the expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha, ER subtype beta,
      tumor microenvironment, and epigenetics affects tamoxifen sensitivity. This
      review discusses the background of the research on the action of tamoxifen that
      may inspire future studies to explore effective therapeutic strategies for the
      treatment of ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancers, the latter being an
      aggressive disease with worse clinical outcome.

PMID- 26989348
TI  - Interventions to improve patient access to and utilisation of genetic and genomic
      counselling services.
AB  - : This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are
      as follows. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The primary objective is to assess the
      effectiveness of interventions to improve patient identification, access to and
      utilisation of genetic and genomic counselling services when compared to: No
      intervention;Usual or current practice; andOther active intervention. SECONDARY
      OBJECTIVE: The secondary objective is to explore the resource use and costs
      associated with interventions aimed at improving patient identification, access
      to and utilisation of genetic and genomic counselling services from studies
      meeting the eligibility criteria. We will report on factors that may explain
      variation in the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving patient
      identification, access to and utilisation of genetic and genomic counselling
      services from studies meeting the eligibility criteria. Another secondary
      objective is to explore how interventions which target improved patient
      identification, access to and utilisation of genetic and genomic counselling
      services affect the subsequent appropriate use of health services for the
      prevention or early detection of disease. It is also possible that the genetic
      counselling interaction itself will contribute to the possible use of
      preventative services.

PMID- 26989349
TI  - Interleukin-1beta-induced reduction of tissue water diffusion in the juvenile rat
      brain on ADC MRI is not associated with (31)P MRS-detectable energy failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has long been known that an intrastriatal microinjection of the
      archetypal pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), in juvenile
      rats induces a chronic reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of
      tissue water on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Reduced ADC during acute
      cerebral ischaemia is an established indicator of metabolic failure whereas the
      cause of the IL-1beta-induced reduction remains to be deciphered. Previously, it
      has been shown that IL-1beta does not perturb the phosphorus ((31)P) magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detectable energy status of an ex vivo preparation
      of rat brain parenchyma that is devoid of a functional vasculature component.
      However, brain energy status following an IL-1beta challenge in vivo remains to
      be examined. METHODS: This study is the first longitudinal in vivo examination of
      the correlation of ADC MRI with localised (31)P MRS signals obtained specifically
      from within the injected and non-injected striatum following IL-1beta (1 ng/ul or
      100 ng/ul) challenge, in real-time. RESULTS: Despite observing a chronic
      reduction in ADC at either dose of IL-1beta challenge, energy compromise was not
      detected at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: The IL-1beta-induced effects pertaining
      to a functional vasculature such as leukocyte recruitment, blood-brain barrier
      (BBB) breakdown and blood flow changes are unlikely to impact on overall tissue
      energy status. Compared to classic ischaemia, there is dissociation between ADC
      and energy status within an IL-1beta-induced lesion in vivo.

PMID- 26989350
TI  - Examining the Interplay of Processes Across Multiple Time-Scales: Illustration
      With the Intraindividual Study of Affect, Health, and Interpersonal Behavior
      (iSAHIB).
AB  - Human development is characterized by the complex interplay of processes that
      manifest at multiple levels of analysis and time-scales. We introduce the
      Intraindividual Study of Affect, Health and Interpersonal Behavior (iSAHIB) as a
      model for how multiple time-scale study designs facilitate more precise
      articulation of developmental theory. Combining age heterogeneity, longitudinal
      panel, daily diary, and experience sampling protocols, the study made use of
      smartphone and web-based technologies to obtain intensive longitudinal data from
      150 persons age 18-89 years as they completed three 21-day measurement bursts (t
      = 426 bursts, t = 8,557 days) wherein they provided reports on their social
      interactions (t = 64,112) as they went about their daily lives. We illustrate how
      multiple time-scales of data can be used to articulate bioecological models of
      development and the interplay among more 'distal' processes that manifest at
      'slower' time-scales (e.g., age-related differences and burst-to-burst changes in
      mental health) and more 'proximal' processes that manifest at 'faster' time
      scales (e.g., changes in context that progress in accordance with the weekly
      calendar and family influence processes).

PMID- 26989351
TI  - A Review of Isolation Gowns in Healthcare: Fabric and Gown Properties.
AB  - The threat of emerging infectious diseases including Ebola hemorrhagic fever,
      pandemic influenza, avian influenza, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and SARS has
      highlighted the need for effective personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect
      healthcare workers (HCWs), patients, and visitors. PPE is a critical component in
      the hierarchy of controls used to protect HCWs from infectious hazards. HCW PPE
      may include gowns, respirators, face masks, gloves, eye protection, face shields,
      and head and shoe coverings. Important research has been conducted in certain
      areas, such as respirators and protective masks, but studies in other areas,
      particularly gowns, are scarce. Gowns are identified as the second-most-used
      piece of PPE, following gloves, in the healthcare setting. According to the
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guideline for Isolation Precautions,
      isolation gowns should be worn to protect HCWs' arms and exposed body areas
      during procedures and patient-care activities when anticipating contact with
      clothing, blood, bodily fluids, secretions and excretions. Isolation gowns
      currently available on the marketplace offer varying resistance to blood and
      other bodily fluids depending on the type of the material, its impermeability,
      and wear and tear. While some studies show no benefit of the routine use of
      isolation gowns, others demonstrate that its use is associated with a reduced
      infection rate. This paper reviews isolation gowns in healthcare settings,
      including the fabrics used, gown design and interfaces, as well as critical
      parameters that affect microorganism and liquid transmission through fabrics.

PMID- 26989353
TI  - Breast Cancer Is Our Global Responsibility.

PMID- 26989352
TI  - The moderating role of implicit alcohol-related cognitions in hazardous alcohol
      use.
AB  - The present study applied the Go/No-Go Association Test (GNAT; Nosek & Banaji,
      2001) to measure alcohol-related implicit cognitions. Additionally, it assessed
      the role of implicit cognitions as a potential moderator in the relationship
      between explicit predictors of alcohol use and hazardous drinking behavior.
      University undergraduate students (N = 214) completed self-report questionnaires
      assessing reasons for drinking and reported alcohol use. Participants also
      completed two GNATs assessing implicit-alcohol-related cognitions associated with
      attitude (good-bad) and perceived safety (safe-dangerous). As expected,
      participants held implicit appraisals of alcohol as ''bad'' and ''dangerous'' in
      the context of nonalcoholic drinks, and as ''good'' and ''safe'' in the context
      of licit and illicit drugs. Implicit alcohol-related cognitions moderated the
      relationship between drinking to cope with negative affect and hazardous drinking
      and drinking due to cues or craving and hazardous drinking. These findings
      highlight the multidimensional nature of implicit cognitions and the role of
      negative implicit alcohol-related associations in moderating relationships
      between explicit processes and subsequent alcohol use behaviors.

PMID- 26989355
TI  - Current Status and Future Projections of Breast Cancer in Asia.
AB  - Asia is the world's largest continent comprising about 3/5 of the human
      population. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second
      leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Asia, accounting for 39% of
      all breast cancers diagnosed worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer in Asia
      varies widely across the continent and is still lower than in Western countries,
      but the proportional contribution of Asia to the global breast cancer rates is
      increasing rapidly in parallel to the socioeconomic development. However, the
      mortality-to-incidence ratios are much higher for Asia than for Western
      countries. Most Asian countries are low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
      where breast cancer presents at a younger age and a later stage, and where
      patients are more likely to die from the disease than those in Western countries.
      Moreover, diagnostic workup, treatment and palliative services are inadequate in
      most Asian LMICs. In this review, we present an overview of the breast cancer
      risk factors and epidemiology, control measures, and cancer care among Asian
      countries. 

PMID- 26989354
TI  - A Review on Breast Cancer Care in Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The global incidence of breast cancer (BC) is rising, especially in
      low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this review is to summarize
      existing publications on BC care in Africa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic
      search in MEDLINE and smaller databases was carried out to identify African
      studies on BC treatment, and an additional PubMed search was performed for
      relevant topics on BC care. RESULTS: A total of 219 publications, mainly from
      North and West Africa, were found by systematic search. We also selected articles
      on BC epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and cancer control in
      Africa. CONCLUSIONS: Publications on BC treatment are mostly from hospital case
      series. Evidence on treatment from prospective randomized trials that address the
      specific characteristics of African patients is lacking. The epidemiologic data
      shows rising incidences in Africa. The prevalence of risk factors is changing by
      age group, geographic region, and over time. The clinical picture of BC differs
      from that of Western countries due to the high proportion of young patients (on
      account of the African population with a high proportion of young people) and
      late presentation. Global collaborative efforts are needed to address the rising
      need for improved BC care in Africa.

PMID- 26989356
TI  - Microcalcification-Associated Breast Cancer: Presentation, Successful First
      Excision, Long-Term Recurrence and Survival Rate.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In this study we evaluated mammographic, histological and
      immunohistochemical findings for microcalcification-associated breast cancer with
      regards to breast-conserving therapy, recurrence and survival rate. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 99 consecutive, non-palpable and
      microcalcification-associated breast cancers (94 women) that were treated
      surgically between January 2002 and December 2003 at a national academic breast
      cancer center. Calcifications were classified according to the Breast Imaging
      Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). Descriptors, surgical outcome and
      histological findings were assessed. Recurrences and survival rates were
      evaluated based on medical records, standardized patient questionnaires and/or
      contacting the physician. RESULTS: 42 of the 99 lesions (42.4%) were invasive
      carcinomas, 57 (57.6%) were pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). 6 out of 99
      (6.1%) lesions were triple negative, and 29 (29.3%) were HER2/neu positive.
      Successful first excision rate was 76/99 lesions (76.8%). Breast conservation was
      achieved in 73.7% (73/99). 10 women showed local recurrences without negatively
      impacting survival. The recurrences included round/punctate, amorphous, fine
      pleomorphic, and fine linear or fine-linear branching descriptors. The breast
      cancer-specific long-term survival rate was 91/94 (96.8%) for a mean follow-up of
      81.4 months. The 3 patients who died due to breast carcinoma showed fine
      pleomorphic calcifications, and had nodal-positive invasive carcinoma at
      diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Microcalcification-associated breast cancers are
      frequently treated with breast-conserving therapy. Continuous clinical and
      mammographic follow-up is recommended for all descriptors.

PMID- 26989358
TI  - Association of Milk and Meat Consumption with the Development of Breast Cancer in
      a Western Mexican Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a public health problem and it is the most common
      gynecologic neoplasia worldwide. The risk factors for its development are of both
      hereditary and environmental origin. Certain foods have been clearly associated
      with modifying the breast cancer risk. The aim of the present analysis was to
      evaluate the effects of cow's milk and meat consumption on the development of
      breast cancer in a population from Western Mexico (Colima). MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      We studied 97 patients presenting with a histopathologic diagnosis of breast
      cancer and 104 control individuals who did not present with the disease (Breast
      Imaging Report and Data System (BI-RADS) 1-2). 80% of the population belonged to
      a low socioeconomic stratum. The main clinical characteristics were analyzed
      along with the lifetime consumption of meat and milk. RESULTS: High milk
      consumption increased the breast cancer risk by 7.2 times (p = 0.008) whereas the
      consumption of meat was not significantly associated with the disease.
      CONCLUSIONS: High consumption of cow's milk was a risk factor for the development
      of breast cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of dietary
      patterns on the development of breast cancer in diverse populations with ethnic,
      cultural, and economic differences.

PMID- 26989357
TI  - Clinicopathological Factors Related to the Prognosis of Metastatic Breast Cancer
      Patients after Development of Brain Metastasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis of breast cancer patients with brain metastasis (BM) is
      extremely poor, and the survival after development of BM is very short. We aimed
      to investigate clinicopathological factors related to significant effects on the
      prognosis after BM development. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective
      study of 75 early breast cancer patients who received the standard of care and
      subsequently developed BM. RESULTS: Breast cancer subtype was one of the
      significant predictors for prognosis after BM diagnosis. Luminal HER2 patients
      had the most favorable prognosis after BM diagnosis (p = 0.011). Favorable
      performance status (PS) at BM diagnosis (p < 0.001) and a single metastatic brain
      tumor (p = 0.032) were significantly associated with good prognosis after BM
      diagnosis. Metastatic time courses of the patients was found not to be
      significantly associated with survival after BM diagnosis. Univariate and
      multivariate analysis indicated that luminal HER2 cancer, favorable PS at BM
      diagnosis, and a single metastatic brain tumor were the independent prognostic
      factors for survival after BM development, making a decisive influence on local
      or systemic control. CONCLUSION: Appropriate treatments for tumor subtypes and to
      improve the general condition of patients would result in improved outcomes for
      the patients with BM.

PMID- 26989359
TI  - MMP-7 A-181G Polymorphism in Breast Cancer Patients from Western Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated in tumors. The MMP-7
      A-181G polymorphism is associated with increased expression of the MMP-7 gene.
      Aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the MMP-7 A
      181G polymorphism and susceptibility to breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      MMP-7 A-181G variants were studied in a cohort of 251 subjects consisting of 100
      breast cancer patients and 151 healthy controls; all were from Western Iran. The
      MMP-7 A-181G genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. RESULTS: The
      frequencies of the MMP-7 AA, AG, and GG genotypes in healthy individuals were
      34.4, 50.4, and 15.2%, respectively. In breast cancer patients, the frequencies
      of AA (34%), AG (52%), and GG (14%) genotypes (p = 0.95) were similar to those in
      the controls. There was a trend toward an increased frequency of the combined
      genotype of MMP-7 AG+GG in patients with lymph node metastasis (70.4%) compared
      to those without metastasis (66.7%). Also, in patients with invasive lobular
      carcinoma, the frequency of the MMP-7 AG+GG genotype tended to be higher (71.4%)
      compared to that in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (66.2%) (p = 0.78).
      CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the MMP-7 A-181G polymorphism may not be
      correlated with susceptibility to breast cancer in our population.

PMID- 26989360
TI  - Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma with Unusual Presentation: Review of Three Cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metaplastic breast carcinoma is an uncommon type of breast cancer
      that usually appears as a large, fast growing breast lump. CASE REPORT: We report
      3 cases of metaplastic breast carcinoma presented at our clinic in 2014. The mean
      age at diagnosis was 67.3 years. 1 patient presented with a fast growing, large
      mass detected by herself. However, in the other 2 patients, the nodule was
      approximately 1.5 cm in size, not fast growing, and was detected on mammography.
      All 3 patients were treated surgically (2 lumpectomies and 1 mastectomy), with
      the final pathology of metaplastic carcinoma with chondroid mesenchymal
      differentiation in 2 cases and metaplastic carcinoma with myoepithelial
      differentiation in the 3rd case. The patients are still under adjuvant therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Metaplastic breast carcinoma may present unusually as a non-palpable
      lump. This entity must be considered in any breast lump.

PMID- 26989361
TI  - Role of Hyperthermia in Breast Cancer Locoregional Recurrence: A Review.
AB  - In patients with locoregional recurrences of breast cancer not suitable for
      resection, subsequent local control is difficult to maintain in previously
      irradiated areas when reirradiation alone or reirradiation with chemotherapy is
      used. Due to the limited number of treatment options there is a high risk of
      subsequent failure and uncontrollable local disease. In this group of patients,
      local hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy increases the clinical response and
      local control, adding limited acute and late toxicity, as has been shown in
      randomized trials. Hyperthermia is an artificial elevation of tissue temperature
      (range 40-44 degrees C for 30-60 min). If hyperthermia is applied shortly before
      or after radiation, the effect of radiation is enhanced by influencing
      intratumoral hypoxia and by inhibiting sublethal damage repair in the tumor.
      Moreover, hyperthermia combined with radiation reduces the total dose of
      radiation needed compared to radiation alone, of which a higher dose is needed to
      obtain the same effect. Few data are available on the combination of radiotherapy
      and hyperthermia with chemotherapy, although the results of trimodality treatment
      consisting of reirradiation and hyperthermia together with liposomal doxorubicin
      are promising. Therefore, this literature review was performed to provide more
      comprehensive data on the mechanism and use of hyperthermia in locoregional
      recurrence of breast cancer. 

PMID- 26989362
TI  - Triple Negative Breast Cancer versus Non-Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treated
      with Breast Conservation Surgery Followed by Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review
      and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of breast
      conservation surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy (RT) in triple negative
      breast cancer (TNBC) versus non-TNBC. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE
      databases from inception through March 31, 2014, using search terms related to
      TNBC, BCS, and RT. Studies comparing the efficacy of BCS followed by RT in TNBC
      versus non-TNBC were reviewed. RESULTS: 5 studies including 2,922 non-TNBC and
      510 TNBC cases were selected. The overall quality of included studies was deemed
      moderate to high. Compared with non-TNBC, the pooled relative risk of 5-year
      local relapse-free survival was 1.315 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.967-1.789;
      p = 0.008) for TNBC, and that of 5-year overall survival, regional relapse-free
      survival, and distant metastasis-free survival was 1.929 (95% CI 1.392-2.674; p =
      0.000), 3.052 (95% CI 1.629-5.715; p = 0.000), and 2.407 (95% CI 1.910-3.034; p =
      0.000), respectively. CONCLUSION: The local control rate of TNBC treated with BCS
      plus RT is similar to that of non-TNBC.

PMID- 26989363
TI  - Effect of Pneumoperitoneum on Renal Function and Physiology in Patients
      Undergoing Robotic Renal Surgery.
AB  - Laparoscopic and minimally-invasive robotic access has transformed the delivery
      of urological surgery. While associated with numerous desirable outcomes
      including shorter post-operative stay and faster return to preoperative function,
      these techniques have also been associated with increased morbidity such as
      reduced renal blood flow and post-operative renal dysfunction. The mechanisms
      leading to these renal effects complex and multifactorial, and have not been
      fully elucidated. However they are likely to include direct effects from raised
      intra-abdominal pressure, and indirect effects secondary to carbon dioxide
      absorption, neuroendocrine factors and tissue damage from oxidative stress. This
      review summarises these factors, and highlights the need for further work in this
      area, to direct novel therapies and guide alterations in technique with the aim
      of reducing renal dysfunction post-laparoscopic and robotic surgery. 

PMID- 26989364
TI  - Post-Operative Pain Management in Patients Undergoing Robotic Urological Surgery.
AB  - Robotic urological surgery is being increasingly performed worldwide. The main
      focus currently is on the operative technique but post operative patient care is
      an essential part of the process to make this technique safe and successful. We
      present a review on multiple analgesic techniques available to prevent and treat
      pain specifically caused after by urological robotic surgery; this article will
      explain the mechanism of pain pathways involved in laparoscopic procedures and
      review current evidence pertaining to systemic and regional analgesia methods. 

PMID- 26989365
TI  - A Comparative in Vitro Study of Power Output Deterioration over Time Between
      Ho:YAG Laser Fibers from Different Manufacturers as a Function of Deflection and
      Power Input.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the performance of laser fibers from 6 major
      manufacturers in vitro and to identify the effect of time and angulations (180
      degrees  and 0 degrees ) on fiber power output. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Overall,
      36 single-use fibers were used. Each was tested with an energy input of 0.8, 1.4
      and 2.0 Joules. A power detector measured power output after 1, 5, 10 and 15
      minutes for three 15-minute cycles of continuous use. For the first 2 cycles, the
      fiber was bent to 180 degrees  with the use of a pre fabricated mould. Analysis
      of the data was performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test when the results were
      significant amongst groups. Statistical significance was deemed p < 0.05.
      RESULTS: No fiber fracture occurred. There was no significant difference in
      output at 15 minutes of continuous use at 0 degrees  and 180 degrees . The
      reduction in energy output at the 15th minute of continuous use at 180 degrees 
      was not significant for any fiber type or initial input. Only output differences
      between the fibers proved to be significant (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Fiber
      fracture and decline in performance is not due to deflection and continuous use.
      Frictional forces that occur between the fiber tip and the stone fragments may be
      responsible.

PMID- 26989366
TI  - Impact of Robotic Fellowship Experience on Perioperative Outcomes of Robotic
      Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We analyzed differences in patient selection and perioperative
      outcomes between robotic-fellowship trained and non-fellowship trained surgeons
      in their initial experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial
      nephrectomy. METHODS: Data through surgeon case 10 was analyzed. Forty patients
      were identified from two fellowship trained surgeons (n = 20) and two non
      fellowship trained surgeons (n = 20). RESULTS: Fellowship trained surgeons
      performed surgery on masses of higher nephrometry score (8.0 vs. 6.0, p = 0.007)
      and more posterior location (60 vs. 25%, p = 0.03). Retroperitoneal approach was
      more common (50 vs. 0%, p = 0.0003). Fellowship trained surgeons trended toward
      shorter warm ischemia time (25.5 vs. 31.0 min, p = 0.08). There was no
      significant difference in perioperative complications (35 vs. 35%, p = 0.45) or
      final positive margin rates (0 vs. 15%, p = 0.23). CONCLUSION: Fellowship
      experience may allow for treating more challenging and posterior tumors in
      initial practice and significantly more comfort performing retroperitoneal
      robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

PMID- 26989368
TI  - Urinary Retention: Catheter Drainage Bag or Catheter Valve?
AB  - The management of patients with intractable urinary incontinence presents as a
      challenging priority in the ageing population. To preserve the antibacterial
      mechanisms of the bladder, a urine collection that enables the bladder to fill
      and empty regularly and completely, should be used. This mimics the action of the
      healthy bladder. We compared the success rates of two widely used urinary
      collection systems (catheter with drainage bag or a catheter valve) at our
      institution for those patients undergoing a trial of void. 

PMID- 26989367
TI  - Can the Free/Total PSA Ratio Predict the Gleason Score Before Prostate Biopsy?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is a correlation between high Gleason
      score and free/total (f/t) prostate specific antigen (PSA) in patients newly
      diagnosed with prostate carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 272
      prostate biopsy patients whose total PSA value ranged from 4-10 ng/ml. The
      patients were divided into 2 groups according to the f/t PSA ratio: Group 1 <=
      15% and Group 2 > 15%. Furthermore, the groups were also compared to each other
      in terms of mild (<= 6), moderate (= 7), and high (>= 8) Gleason score. RESULTS:
      Group 1 consisted of 135 (49.6%) patients and Group 2 consisted of 137 (50.4%)
      patients. While 27 (20%) patients had a high Gleason score in Group 1, only 10
      (7.3%) patients had a high Gleason score in Group 2 (p = 0.008). Using Spearman's
      correlation test, we found that the f/t PSA ratios were observed to decrease
      significantly in all patients with increased Gleason scores (p = 0.002, r = 
      0.185). CONCLUSION: According to our study, there is a relationship between
      higher Gleason score and decreased f/t PSA ratio. Therefore, f/t PSA can be an
      indicator for predicting the Gleason score.

PMID- 26989369
TI  - Clinical Effect of Switching from a Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonist
      to an Antagonist in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Serum
      Testosterone Level >= 20 ng/dl.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of conversion from a luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone agonist to an antagonist was evaluated prospectively in patients with
      castration-resistant prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2012 to
      December 2014, 8 cases with a serum testosterone level >= 20 ng/dl during
      following androgen deprivation therapy were enrolled and received degarelix
      monthly. The primary end-pointgoal was to determine the effective prostate
      specific antigen response rate. The secondary end-pointgoal was to assess the
      proportion of cases with a decrease in serum testosterone level to < 20 ng/ml.
      RESULTS: One patient achieved a complete response, with a prostate-specific
      antigen level of 0.02 ng/ml at the nadirend of the study. The effective response
      rate was 25.0% (2/8), and the proportion of cases with prostate-specific antigen
      decline was 62.5% (5/8). In 5/8 cases (5/8, 62.5%), serum testosterone levels
      declined to < 20 ng/dl. CONCLUSION: Switching to a luteinizing hormone-releasing
      hormone antagonist in patients with testosterone levels >= 20 ng/dl may be an
      option in sequential androgen deprivation therapy for some patients.

PMID- 26989370
TI  - Managing Small Ureteral Stones: A Retrospective Study on Follow-Up, Clinical
      Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of Conservative Management vs. Early Surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The management of ureteral calculi has evolved over the past
      decades with the advent of new surgical and medical treatments. The current
      guidelines support conservative management as a possible approach for ureteral
      stones sized = 10 mm. OBJECTIVES: We purport to follow the natural history of
      ureteral stones managed conservatively in this retrospective study, and attempt
      to ascribe an estimated health-care and cost-effectiveness, from presentation to
      time of being stone-free. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 192 male and female patients
      with a single ureteral stone sized = 10 mm were included in this study. The
      clinical and cost-related outcome was analyzed for different stone sizes (0-4, 4
      6 and 6-10 mm). The effectiveness of selected follow-up (FU) scans was also
      analyzed. RESULTS: Stone size was found to be related to the degree of
      hydronephrosis and to the likelihood of need for a surgical management.
      Conservative management was found to be clinically effective, as 88% of the
      patients did not require surgery for their stone. 96.1% of the patients with a
      stone 0-4mm managed to expel their ureteral stone. Bigger ureteral stones were
      found to be more costly. The cost-effectiveness of the single FU scans was found
      to be related to their efficiency, while the global cost-effectiveness of
      conservative management vs. early surgery was higher for smaller stones (26.8 vs.
      17.32% for stones 0-4 vs. 6-10 mm). CONCLUSION: Conservative management is
      clinically effective with a significant cost-benefit, particularly for the
      subgroup of stones sized 0-4 mm, where a need for FU scans is in dispute.

PMID- 26989371
TI  - Ureteric Suture Urolithiasis Following Open Emergency Ureteric Repair.
AB  - Suture urolithiasis is an unusual but recognised phenomenon following surgery on
      the urinary tract. We report a case in a 30-year-old man who sustained a gunshot
      injury to the left ureter in Burundi and underwent open ureteric repair in a
      regional hospital. He migrated to the UK and presented one year later with left
      loin pain. An intravenous urogram revealed two foci of calcification to the left
      of L3, within a peri-ureteric position. The patient underwent left-sided
      ureteroscopy where two calculi each formed around a nylon suture were discovered
      within a ureteric pseudo-diverticulum, and basketed. This is the first reported
      case of suture urolithiasis occurring following ureteric surgery. 

PMID- 26989372
TI  - Management of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Kidney with Inferior Vena
      Cava Thrombus.
AB  - Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are an aggressive group of small round
      cell tumors usually arising in the nervous system and affecting children. They
      have a tendency for local invasion, distant spread and formation of tumor
      thrombi. The kidney is a rare primary location for these tumors. Outcomes are
      frequently poor due to late diagnosis (Wilms tumor is a more common tumor in this
      population) and early spread. Immunohistochemistry is invaluable in making the
      diagnosis of PNET. We report a case of a primary renal PNET with extensive tumor
      thrombus into the inferior vena cava, and lung metastasis in a pediatric patient,
      and its successful management. Our 14-year-old patient with renal PNET was
      managed with radical nephrectomy, thrombectomy and chemotherapy and remains
      disease free to date. The diagnosis of renal PNETs should be considered in young
      adult patients who present with aggressive renal masses at initial presentations.
      Despite its aggressive nature, good outcomes can be achieved by a multimodality
      therapeutic strategy. 

PMID- 26989373
TI  - Pulmonary Embolism Following Outpatient Vasectomy.
AB  - Venous thromboembolic events have several known major risk factors such as
      prolonged immobilization or major surgery. Pulmonary embolism has rarely been
      reported after an outpatient vasectomy was completed. We present the rare case of
      a healthy 32-year-old Caucasian male with no known risk factors who presented
      with pleuritic chest pain 26 days after his outpatient vasectomy was performed.
      Subsequently, he was found to have a pulmonary embolism as per radiological
      imaging. We explore the association between outpatient vasectomies and venous
      thromboembolic events. A review of the literature is also included. 

PMID- 26989374
TI  - Aggressive Angiomyolipomas: the Clandestine Epithelioid Variant.
AB  - Epithelioid angiomyolipoma is a rare mesenchymal derived neoplasm of the kidney.
      Thought to be a variant of classical angiomyolipoma, a benign tumour, its
      malignant potential has been highlighted by case reports of loco-regional and
      distant metastasis. Given the potentially adverse clinical course associated with
      epithelioid angiomyolipoma compared to classical angiomyolipoma, the distinction
      and comprehensive histological characterisation of this rare entity is essential.

PMID- 26989375
TI  - Diverticulitis.

PMID- 26989376
TI  - Morphologic Basis for Developing Diverticular Disease, Diverticulitis, and
      Diverticular Bleeding.
AB  - Diverticula of the colon are pseudodiverticula defined by multiple outpouchings
      of the mucosal and submucosal layers penetrating through weak spots of the muscle
      coat along intramural blood vessels. A complete prolapse consists of a
      diverticular opening, a narrowed neck, and a thinned diverticular dome underneath
      the serosal covering. The susceptibility of diverticula to inflammation is
      explained by local ischemia, translocation of pathogens due to retained stool,
      stercoral trauma by fecaliths, and microperforations. Local inflammation may lead
      to phlegmonous diverticulitis, paracolic/mesocolic abscess, bowel perforation,
      peritonitis, fistula formation, and stenotic strictures. Diverticular bleeding is
      due to an asymmetric rupture of distended vasa recta at the diverticular dome and
      not primarily linked to inflammation. Structural and functional changes of the
      bowel wall in diverticular disease comprise: i) Altered amount, composition, and
      metabolism of connective tissue; ii) Enteric myopathy with muscular thickening,
      deranged architecture, and altered myofilament composition; iii) Enteric
      neuropathy with hypoganglionosis, neurotransmitter imbalance, deficiency of
      neurotrophic factors and nerve fiber remodeling; and iv) Disturbed intestinal
      motility both in vivo (increased intraluminal pressure, motility index, high
      amplitude propagated contractions) and in vitro (altered spontaneous and
      pharmacologically triggered contractility). Besides established etiologic
      factors, recent studies suggest that novel pathophysiologic concepts should be
      considered in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease. 

PMID- 26989378
TI  - Diagnosis, Differential Diagnoses, and Classification of Diverticular Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory tests
      are of great importance when examining a patient with diverticular disease, they
      are not sufficient to diagnose (or stratify) diverticulitis without cross
      sectional imaging (ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT)). METHODS:
      Qualified US has diagnostic value equipotent to qualified CT, follows relevant
      legislation for radiation exposure protection, and is frequently effectual for
      diagnosis. Furthermore, its unsurpassed resolution allows detailed investigation
      down to the histological level. Subsequently, US is considered the first choice
      of imaging in diverticular disease. Vice versa, CT has definite indications in
      unclear/discrepant situations or insufficient US performance. RESULTS: Endoscopy
      is not required for the diagnosis of diverticulitis and shall not be performed in
      the acute attack. Colonoscopy, however, is warranted after healing of acute
      diverticulitis, prior to elective surgery, and in atypical cases suggesting other
      diagnoses. Perforation/abscess must be excluded before colonoscopy. CONCLUSION:
      Reliable diagnosis is fundamental for surgical, interventional, and conservative
      treatment of the different presentations of diverticular disease. Not only
      complications of acute diverticulitis but also a number of differential diagnoses
      must be considered. For an adequate surgical strategy, correct stratification of
      complications is mandatory. Subsequently, in the light of currently validated
      diagnostic techniques, the consensus conference of the German Societies of
      Gastroenterology (DGVS) and of Visceral Surgery (DGAV) has passed a new
      classification of diverticulitis displaying the different facets of diverticular
      disease. This classification addresses different types (not stages) of the
      condition, and includes symptomatic diverticular disease (SUDD), largely
      resembling irritable bowel syndrome, as well as diverticular bleeding.

PMID- 26989379
TI  - Prevention and Conservative Therapy of Diverticular Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diverticular disease is a common problem. Prevention and treatment of
      complications depend on the stage of the disease. Lifestyle modifications are
      suitable preventive measures, aiming to reduce obesity and to balance the diet
      with a high amount of fiber and a low amount of meat. However, evidence to guide
      the pharmacological treatment of diverticular disease and diverticulitis is
      limited. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Antibiotics are not proven to be
      effective in patients with uncomplicated diverticulitis and without further risk
      factors; neither do they improve treatment nor prevent complications. Mesalazine
      might have an effect on pain relief in diverticular disease even though it has no
      significant effect on the outcome of diverticulitis. In complicated
      diverticulitis, inpatient treatment including antibiotics is mandatory.
      CONCLUSION: Evidence for the treatment of diverticular disease is limited.
      Further research is needed.

PMID- 26989380
TI  - Emergency Surgery for Acute Complicated Diverticulitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment of acute complicated diverticulitis is a matter
      of debate and has undergone significant changes. Currently, the main focus of
      surgical treatment concepts is on controlling the emergency situation triggered
      by acute complicated sigmoid diverticulitis through interventional and minimally
      invasive measures. METHODS: This article presents the current data and
      recommendations on differentiated treatment of acute complicated sigmoid
      diverticulitis, which are also summarized in a decision tree. RESULTS: In
      general, resection of the diverticular sigmoid is needed to treat acute
      complicated sigmoid diverticulitis, because without resection the recurrence rate
      is too high at 40%. Since the morbidity and mortality rates associated with
      emergency resection are extremely high, resulting in the creation of a stoma,
      efforts are made to control the acute situation through interventional and
      laparoscopic measures. Therefore, pericolic and pelvic abscesses (Hinchey stages
      I, II) are eliminated through percutaneous or laparoscopic drainage. Likewise,
      laparoscopic lavage and drainage are performed for purulent and feculent
      peritonitis (Hinchey stages III, IV). After elimination of the acute septic
      situation, interval elective sigmoid resection is conducted. If emergency
      resection cannot be avoided, it is performed, while taking account of the
      patient's overall condition, with primary anastomosis and a protective stoma or
      as discontinuity resection using Hartmann's procedure. CONCLUSION: Thanks to the
      progress made in interventional and laparoscopic treatment, differentiated
      concepts are now used to treat acute complicated sigmoid diverticulitis.

PMID- 26989377
TI  - Risk Factors for Diverticulosis, Diverticulitis, Diverticular Perforation, and
      Bleeding: A Plea for More Subtle History Taking.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diverticulosis is a very common condition. Around 20% of diverticula
      carriers are believed to suffer from diverticular disease during their lifetime.
      This makes diverticular disease one of the clinically and economically most
      significant conditions in gastroenterology. The etiopathogenesis of
      diverticulosis and diverticular disease is not well understood. Epidemiological
      studies allowed to define risk factors for the development of diverticulosis and
      the different disease entities associated with it, in particular diverticulitis,
      perforation, and diverticular bleeding. METHODS: A comprehensive literature
      search was performed, and the current knowledge about risk factors for
      diverticulosis and associated conditions reviewed. RESULTS: Non-controllable risk
      factors like age, sex, and genetics, and controllable risk factors like foods,
      drinks, and physical activity were identified, as well as comorbidities and drugs
      which increase or decrease the risk of developing diverticula or of suffering
      from complications. In naming risk factors, it is of utmost importance to
      differentiate between diverticulosis and the different disease entities.
      CONCLUSION: Risk factors for diverticulosis and diverticular disease may give a
      clue towards the possible etiopathogenesis of the conditions. More importantly,
      knowledge of comorbidities and particularly drugs conferring a risk for
      development of complicated disease is crucial for patient management.

PMID- 26989381
TI  - Elective Surgery for Sigmoid Diverticulitis - Indications, Techniques, and
      Results.
AB  - Diverticulitis is one of the leading indications for elective colonic resections
      although there is an ongoing controversial discussion about classification, stage
      dependent therapeutic options, and therapy settings. As there is a rising trend
      towards conservative therapy for diverticular disease even in patients with a
      complicated form of diverticulitis, we provide a compact overview of current
      surgical therapy principles and the remaining questions to be answered. 

PMID- 26989382
TI  - Management of Complications Following Emergency and Elective Surgery for
      Diverticulitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The clinical spectrum of sigmoid diverticulitis (SD) varies from
      asymptomatic diverticulosis to symptomatic disease with potentially fatal
      complications. Sigmoid colectomy with restoration of continuity has been the
      prevailing modality for treating acute and recurrent SD, and is often performed
      as a laparoscopy-assisted procedure. For elective sigmoid colectomy, the
      postoperative morbidity rate is 15-20% whereas morbidity rates reach up to 30% in
      patients who undergo emergency surgery for perforated SD. Some of the more common
      and serious surgical complications after sigmoid colectomy are anastomotic leaks
      and peritonitis, wound infections, small bowel obstruction, postoperative
      bleeding, and injuries to the urinary tract structures. Regarding the management
      of complications, it makes no difference whether the complication is a result of
      an emergency or an elective procedure. METHODS: The present work gives an
      overview of the management of complications in the surgical treatment of SD based
      on the current literature. RESULTS: To achieve successful management, early
      diagnosis is mandatory in cases of deviation from the normal postoperative
      course. If diagnostic procedures fail to deliver a correlate for the clinical
      situation of the patient, re-laparotomy or re-laparoscopy still remain among the
      most important diagnostic and/or therapeutic principles in visceral surgery when
      a patient's clinical status deteriorates. CONCLUSION: The ability to recognize
      and successfully manage complications is a crucial part of the surgical treatment
      of diverticular disease and should be mastered by any surgeon qualified in this
      field.

PMID- 26989384
TI  - Diagnosis and Treatment of Oesophageal Carcinoma: Changes in Every Respect.

PMID- 26989383
TI  - The Effect of Montelukast on Liver Damage in an Experimental Obstructive Jaundice
      Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Montelukast is a cysteinyl-leukotriene type 1 (CysLT1) selective
      receptor antagonist. In recent years, investigations have shown that montelukast
      possesses secondary anti-inflammatory activities and also antioxidant effects.
      For this reason, we aimed to determine the possible effects of montelukast on
      liver damage in experimental obstructive jaundice. METHODS: 30 Wistar-Albino male
      rats were randomized and divided into three groups of 10 animals each: group I,
      sham-operated; group II, ligation and division of the common bile duct (BDL)
      followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml of saline; group III, BDL
      followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg montelukast dissolved in
      saline. The animals were killed on postoperative day 7 by high-dose diethyl ether
      inhalation. Blood and liver samples were taken for examination. RESULTS: In this
      study, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.001), myeloperoxidase (p = 0.003), and
      total sulfhydryl (SH) (p = 0.009) were found to be significantly different
      between the BDL + montelukast and the BDL groups. Plasma total SH (p = 0.002) and
      MDA (p = 0.027) values were also statistically different between these groups.
      Statistical analyses of histological activity index scores showed that the
      histopathological damage in the BDL + montelukast group was significantly less
      than the damage in the control group (p < 0.05 for all pathological parameters).
      CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, montelukast showed a
      significant hepatoprotective effect in this experimental obstructive jaundice
      model, which might be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

PMID- 26989385
TI  - Diagnostics and Early Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - In the esophagus two different kinds of primary neoplasias may arise:
      squamocellular carcinomas (SCC) and esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC). Although
      both types of carcinoma are rare diseases, especially the incidence of EAC rose
      in the last years. The management of esophageal cancer is challenging. There are
      no specific symptoms of early esophageal cancers. Due to this fact, most of the
      esophageal cancers are found incidentally, and only 12.5% of esophageal tumors
      are endoscopically resectable. Gastroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis
      of esophageal cancer. The sensitivity of detecting early-stage carcinoma may be
      improved by adjunct techniques such as chromoendoscopy, virtual chromoendoscopy,
      magnification endoscopy, and other advanced endoscopic imaging techniques. The
      diagnosis of esophageal cancer can be verified with targeted biopsies. Accurate
      staging information is crucial for establishing appropriate treatment choices for
      esophageal cancer, while the depth of the tumor determines the feasibility of
      therapy. In terms of staging, endosonography, abdominal ultrasound, and computed
      tomography scan of the thorax and abdomen should thus be performed before
      initiation of therapy. 

PMID- 26989386
TI  - Endoscopic Therapy of Early Carcinoma of the Oesophagus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oesophageal cancer is a comparatively rare disease in the Western
      world. Prognosis is highly dependent on the choice of treatment. Early stages can
      be treated by endoscopic resection, whereas surgery needs to be performed in the
      case of advanced carcinomas. Technical progress has enabled high-definition
      endoscopes and technical add-ons which help the endoscopist in finding fine
      irregularities in the oesophageal mucosa, though interpretation still remains
      challenging. METHODS: In this review, we discuss both novel and old diagnostic
      procedures and their value, as well as the current recommendations for the
      diagnosis and treatment of early oesophageal carcinomas. The database of PubMed
      and Medline was searched and analysed to provide all relevant literature for this
      review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Endoscopic resection is the therapy of choice in
      early oesophageal cancer. In case of adenocarcinoma it is mandatory to perform
      subsequent ablation of all residual Barrett's mucosa to avoid metachronous
      lesions.

PMID- 26989387
TI  - Surgical Therapy of Early Carcinoma of the Esophagus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The modern therapy of early esophageal carcinomas (pT1) requires an
      excellent cooperation between experienced gastroenterologists, pathologists, and
      esophageal surgeons. While endoscopic resection (ER) is accepted as the standard
      curative treatment for mucosal esophageal carcinomas, submucosal tumors are
      regarded as a strict indication for surgery. There is an ongoing discussion about
      the operative approach and the extent of lymph node dissection in these cases.
      METHODS: A literature review was performed to evaluate the operative treatment of
      early esophageal cancer. In view of oncological risk factors, treatment
      strategies, and operative procedures, current studies are summarized and compared
      to the results of our own center. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In early esophageal
      cancer, lymph node involvement is the only independent risk factor for survival
      and recurrence rates. There is evidence that infiltrated lymph nodes (N+) are
      significantly correlated with tumor infiltration depth, lymphovascular (L1) and
      microvascular invasion (V1), and poor tumor differentiation (G3). Several studies
      suggest that early squamous cell carcinomas (eSCCs) and early adenocarcinomas
      (eACs) have a different tumor biology and therefore need a different treatment
      strategy. While eSCCs in stage m1 and m2 can be cured by ER, tumors infiltrating
      the submucosal layer (sm1-3) show a high rate of lymph node metastasis (LNM);
      thus, surgical resection (SR) is clearly indicated. In tumors with invasion into
      the deep mucosa (m3) the risk of LNM is up to 11%; however, reliable data are
      rare and the type of therapy should be discussed with the patients individually.
      In eACs, ER is the standard curative treatment for all mucosal tumors (m1-m4) and
      sm1 tumors with low-risk constellation (G1, L0, VO, R0). All high-risk sm1 tumors
      and those with deeper submucosal infiltration (sm2, sm3) show a high rate of LNM
      and require SR. The standard operative procedure for early esophageal carcinomas
      is an Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with radical, at least two-field lymphadenectomy.

PMID- 26989388
TI  - Minimally Invasive Techniques and Hybrid Operations for Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is slowly gaining acceptance
      due to advantages in short-term outcome. While evidence is slowly increasing, the
      discussion about MIE is still controversial. METHODS: A literature review was
      performed to compare MIE with open esophagectomy (OE). Current studies are
      summarized in view of short- and long-term outcome as well as oncological
      accuracy. RESULTS: The majority of studies show that MIE is associated with a
      significant reduction of pulmonary complications, blood loss, and shorter length
      of stay on the intensive care unit. Pulmonary complications are reduced by 14
      65%. MIE shows an improved quality of life 6 weeks after surgery. There is some
      evidence that the endoscopic reintervention rate may be higher after MIE than
      after OE. Mortality rates do not differ. Regarding oncological results, the rate
      of R0 resections is comparable between MIE and OE, as is the number of retrieved
      lymph nodes. Long-term survival seems to be comparable. A few single center
      trials suggest oncological advantages of MIE over OE concerning the number of
      lymph nodes, R0 resection rate, and 1-year survival. CONCLUSION: Current evidence
      supports that MIE has advantages over OE in the short-term outcome. Oncological
      results are comparable to those achieved by OE. As a result, MIE has already been
      included in current guidelines for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

PMID- 26989389
TI  - Evidence-Based Operative Details in Esophageal Cancer Treatment: Surgical
      Approach, Lymphadenectomy, Anastomosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This review depicts surgical treatment strategies in the management
      of esophageal cancer under the focus of evidence-based medicine. The main
      emphasis lies on technical details, i.e. surgical approach, lymphadenectomy, and
      current techniques of anastomosis. METHODS: The current literature on operative
      details in esophageal cancer treatment was reviewed. Surgical approaches and
      different techniques of anastomotic reconstruction utilizing a gastric tube were
      compared. The grade of evidence regarding the necessity and extent of
      lymphadenectomy was discussed. RESULTS: There is no level-1 evidence-based
      difference regarding the surgical approach for esophagectomy. The preferred
      anastomosis site is intrathoracic compared to the neck. Extended lymphadenectomy
      is still imperative in esophagectomy although neoadjuvant protocols might also
      result in a downstaging effect of lymph nodes. Neoadjuvant regimens have no
      negative influence on complication rate and anastomotic integrity. CONCLUSION: A
      tailored interdisciplinary approach to the patients' physiology and esophageal
      cancer stage is the most important factor that influences operative outcome and
      oncological results after esophagectomy.

PMID- 26989390
TI  - Perioperative and Palliative Chemotherapy for Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - Perioperative and palliative chemotherapy for esophageal carcinoma has undergone
      substantial changes in recent years. The implementation of trastuzumab in the
      treatment of HER2-positive advanced adenocarcinoma is a milestone as it marked
      the introduction of the first molecularly targeted treatment of gastric cancer.
      Current studies are investigating whether anti-HER2-directed treatment also
      proves effective in the perioperative setting. Data from the CROSS study on
      neoadjuvant radio-/chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin have helped to
      establish a new standard of care for the treatment of localized esophageal
      cancer. Finally, preliminary experience in potentially curative treatment
      approaches for oligometastatic tumor stages may offer new treatment options for
      patients with stage IV gastric cancer. However, some of these innovative
      approaches urgently require validation in larger, prospective, and controlled
      multicenter studies. Highly active forms of radiotherapy, radio-/chemotherapy, or
      chemoimmunotherapy can achieve complete tumor remissions in some patients.
      Despite these advances, life expectancy unfortunately continues to be very
      limited in the majority of patients with locally advanced or metastatic
      esophageal carcinoma. 

PMID- 26989391
TI  - Definitive, Preoperative, and Palliative Radiation Therapy of Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long-term survival in patients with esophageal cancer remains dismal
      despite the recent improvements in surgery, the advances in radiotherapy (RT)
      technology, and the refinement of systemic treatments, including the advent of
      targeted therapies. Although surgery constitutes the treatment of choice for
      early-stage disease (stage I), a multimodal approach, including preoperative or
      definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and perioperative chemotherapy, is commonly
      pursued in patients with locally advanced disease. METHODS: A review of the
      literature was performed to assess the role of RT, alone or in combination with
      chemotherapy, in the management of esophageal cancer. RESULTS: Evidence from
      large, randomized phase III trials and meta-analyses supports the application of
      perioperative chemotherapy alone or preoperative concurrent CRT in patients with
      lower esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas. Preoperative CRT
      but not preoperative chemotherapy alone is now routinely used in patients with
      locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Additionally, definitive CRT
      without surgery has also emerged as a valuable approach in the management of
      resectable esophageal SCC to avoid surgery-related morbidity and mortality,
      whereas salvage surgery is reserved for those with persistent disease.
      Furthermore, brachytherapy offers a valuable option in the palliative treatment
      of patients with locally advanced, unresponsive disease. Fluorodeoxyglucose
      positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can facilitate a more accurate treatment
      response assessment and patient selection. Finally, the development of modern RT
      techniques, such as intensity-modulated and image-guided RT as well as FDG-PET
      based RT planning, could further increase the therapeutic ratio of CRT.
      CONCLUSION: Altogether, CRT constitutes an important tool in the treatment
      armamentarium for esophageal cancer. Further optimization of CRT using modern
      technology and imaging, targeted therapies, and newer chemotherapeutic agents is
      a major challenge and should be the goal of future research and clinical trials.

PMID- 26989392
TI  - Palliative Endoscopic Therapy of Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This is a review of endoscopic therapy in the setting of palliative
      management of patients suffering from esophageal cancer (EC). Unfortunately, many
      cases of EC present in a stage of disease in which curative therapy is not
      possible. The maintenance of quality of life includes the ability to swallow and
      of oral feeding, pain control, and the prevention of bleeding. METHODS: A review
      of the current literature was performed. RESULTS: Many endoscopic methods are
      available for the management of dysphagia, of which dilation, endoluminal tumor
      destruction, stenting, and brachytherapy are the most common. CONCLUSION:
      Surgical palliation should be avoided as much as possible since the alternatives
      show at least the same efficacy and have fewer complications.

PMID- 26989393
TI  - Laparoscopic Pylorus- and Spleen-Preserving Duodenopancreatectomy for a
      Multifocal Neuroendocrine Tumor.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In contrast to laparoscopic left pancreatic resection, laparoscopic
      total duodenopancreatectomy is a procedure that has not been standardized until
      now. It is not only the complexity that limits such a procedure but also its rare
      indication. The following article demonstrates the technical aspects of
      laparoscopic pylorus- and spleen-preserving duodenopancreatectomy. CASE REPORT:
      The indication for intervention in the underlying case was a patient diagnosed
      with a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) I syndrome and a multifocal
      neuroendocrine tumor (NET) infiltrating the duodenum and the pancreas. The
      patient was post median laparotomy which was necessary after jejunal perforation
      due to a peptic ulcer. The resection was carried out entirely laparoscopically,
      and the reconstruction, which included a biliodigestive anastomosis and a
      gastroenterostomy, was carried out by means of a median upper abdomen laparotomy
      of 7 cm in length through which the resected specimen was also removed. The total
      operative time was 391 min. The blood loss accounted for 250 ml. The
      postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the eighth
      postoperative day. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic pancreatectomy is a treatment option
      in carefully selected indications. The complexity of the operation demands a high
      level of expertise in the surgical team.

PMID- 26989395
TI  - Crosstalk of Various Biomarkers That Might Provide Prompt Identification of Acute
      or Chronic Cardiorenal Syndromes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pathophysiological interaction between the heart and kidneys
      represents the basis for clinical entities called cardiorenal syndromes. The
      purpose of the study was to assess the relations between acute and chronic
      cardiorenal syndromes and biomarkers [advanced oxidation protein products, brain
      natriuretic peptide, malondialdehyde, xanthine oxidoreductase (XOD), xanthine
      oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, interleukin 8, cystatin C, plasminogen activator
      inhibitor-1, high-sensitive troponin T, C-reactive protein and glomerular
      filtration rate, measured by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)
      formula], to hypothesize biomarkers that might provide a prompt identification of
      acute or chronic cardiorenal syndromes, and to distinguish acute versus chronic
      types of these syndromes. METHODS: A total of 114 participants were enrolled in
      this study, i.e. 79 patients divided into subgroups of acute and chronic
      cardiorenal syndromes and 35 volunteers. RESULTS: Nonadjusted odds ratio (OR)
      showed that there was a significant risk for acute cardiorenal syndrome with
      increased XOD activity (p = 0.037), elevated cystatin C concentration (p = 0.038)
      and MDRD (p = 0.028). Multivariable adjusted OR, on the other hand, revealed that
      only glomerular filtration rate measured by the MDRD formula had a significance
      for acute cardiorenal syndrome (p = 0.046). Nonadjusted OR showed a significant
      risk for chronic cardiorenal syndrome only in elderly (p = 0.002). Multivariable
      adjusted OR exhibited that age was the only risk factor for chronic cardiorenal
      syndrome (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Cystatin C, glomerular filtration rate measured
      by the MDRD equation and XOD were independent risk factors for acute cardiorenal
      syndrome, while age remained an independent risk factor for chronic cardiorenal
      syndrome. When comparing ORs of evaluated parameters, the highest significance
      for acute cardiorenal syndrome was plasma concentration of cystatin C.

PMID- 26989394
TI  - Current and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Hemodynamic Cardiorenal
      Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) encompasses conditions in which cardiac
      and renal disorders co-exist and are pathophysiologically related. The newest
      classification of CRS into seven etiologically and clinically distinct types for
      direct patient management purposes includes hemodynamic, uremic, vascular,
      neurohumoral, anemia- and/or iron metabolism-related, mineral metabolism-related
      and protein-energy wasting-related CRS. This classification also emphasizes the
      pathophysiologic pathways. The leading CRS category remains hemodynamic CRS,
      which is the most commonly encountered type in patient care settings and in which
      acute or chronic heart failure leads to renal impairment. SUMMARY: This review
      focuses on selected therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of
      hemodynamic CRS. This is often characterized by an exceptionally high ratio of
      serum urea to creatinine concentrations. Loop diuretics, positive inotropic
      agents including dopamine and dobutamine, vasopressin antagonists including
      vasopressin receptor antagonists such as tolvaptan, nesiritide and angiotensin
      neprilysin inhibitors are among the pharmacologic agents used. Additional
      therapies include ultrafiltration (UF) via hemofiltration or dialysis. The
      beneficial versus unfavorable effects of these therapies on cardiac decongestion
      versus renal blood flow may act in opposite directions. Some of the most
      interesting options for the outpatient setting that deserve revisiting include
      portable continuous dobutamine infusion, peritoneal dialysis and outpatient UF
      via hemodialysis or hemofiltration. KEY MESSAGES: The new clinically oriented CRS
      classification system is helpful in identifying therapeutic targets and offers a
      systematic approach to an optimal management algorithm with better understanding
      of etiologies. Most interventions including UF have not shown a favorable impact
      on outcomes. Outpatient portable dobutamine infusion is underutilized and not
      well studied. Revisiting traditional and novel strategies for outpatient
      management of CRS warrants clinical trials.

PMID- 26989396
TI  - Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking Are Associated with Future Development of Advanced
      Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and smoking have been identified as risk
      factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cross-sectional studies in various
      age groups, but longitudinal data on progression of CKD in older adults are
      limited. Our objectives were to examine whether MetS and its components and
      smoking predict the onset of CKD stage 3b (CKD-3b) in older adults. METHODS: A
      subset of participants of the Einstein Aging Study who were free of diabetes,
      dementia, and CKD-3b at enrollment were included in this analysis. CKD-3b was
      defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <45 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Cox
      proportional hazards models were used in these analyses. RESULTS: In total, 413
      >=70-year-old individuals were eligible for this study. 65.4% were female and
      26.6% were black. 22.3% of the participants had MetS at baseline, 4.4% were
      active smokers, and 6.1% developed CKD-3b over a mean of 4 years of follow-up.
      MetS and smoking independently predicted incident CKD in our fully adjusted model
      (hazard ratio 3.65, 95% CI 1.20-10.60, p = 0.022; hazard ratio 29.69, 95% CI 4.47
      197.23, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: MetS and smoking are associated with an increased
      incidence of CKD-3b. These risk factors are modifiable, easily identified and
      prevented through better health care practice and early diagnosis.

PMID- 26989398
TI  - A Possible New Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Mutation in a Patient with a
      Prototypic Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Presentation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome is an uncommon
      inherited disorder characterized by the occurrence of tumors involving two or
      more endocrine glands. These tumors include pheochromocytoma, adrenal cortical
      and neuroendocrine tumors including (bronchopulmonary, thymic, gastric), lipomas,
      angiofibromas, collagenomas, and meningiomas. MEN-4 is very rare and has been
      characterized by the occurrence of parathyroid and anterior pituitary tumors in
      association with tumors of the adrenals, kidneys, and reproductive organs.
      SUMMARY: We report the case of a 40-year-old male without significant family
      history of endocrine disease who was found to have primary hyperparathyroidism, a
      pituitary tumor causing acromegaly, thyroid cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and
      pancreatic cysts. We posit that this represents a new version of MEN-4. While
      renal tumors (angiomyolipoma) have been reported as part of the MEN-4 phenotype,
      to our knowledge, this is the first case reported of the association of MEN-1
      and/or MEN-4 phenotype with this unique constellation of tumors, including renal
      cell carcinoma. Interestingly, this patient tested negative (DNA
      sequencing/deletion) for MEN-1 (menin), MEN-4 (CDKN1B) and VHL genes. KEY
      MESSAGE: Thus, while this case has clinical characteristics consistent with
      either MEN-1 or MEN-4, it may represent a unique genetic variant.

PMID- 26989397
TI  - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 Patients: A Systematic Review
      and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We evaluated the epidemiology and outcome of acute kidney injury
      (AKI) in patients with cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS-1) and its subgroups:
      acute heart failure (AHF), acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and after cardiac
      surgery (CS). SUMMARY: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. CRS-1
      was defined by AKI (based on RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO), worsening renal failure
      (WRF) and renal replacement therapy (RRT). We investigated the three most common
      clinical causes of CRS-1: AHF, ACS and CS. Out of 332 potential papers, 64 were
      eligible - with AKI used in 41 studies, WRF in 25 and RRT in 20. The occurrence
      rate of CRS-1, defined by AKI, WRF and RRT, was 25.4, 22.4 and 2.6%,
      respectively. AHF patients had a higher occurrence rate of CRS-1 compared to ACS
      and CS patients (AKI: 47.4 vs. 14.9 vs. 22.1%), but RRT was evenly distributed
      among the types of acute cardiac disease. AKI was associated with an increased
      mortality rate (risk ratio = 5.14, 95% CI 3.81-6.94; 24 studies and 35,227
      patients), a longer length of stay in the intensive care unit [LOSICU] (median
      duration = 1.37 days, 95% CI 0.41-2.33; 9 studies and 10,758 patients) and a
      longer LOS in hospital [LOShosp] (median duration = 3.94 days, 95% CI 1.74-6.15;
      8 studies and 35,227 patients). Increasing AKI severity was associated with worse
      outcomes. The impact of CRS-1 defined by AKI on mortality was greatest in CS
      patients. RRT had an even greater impact compared to AKI (mortality risk ratio =
      9.2, median duration of LOSICU = 10.6 days and that of LOShosp = 20.2 days). KEY
      MESSAGES: Of all included patients, almost one quarter developed AKI and
      approximately 3% needed RRT. AHF patients experienced the highest occurrence rate
      of AKI, but the impact on mortality was greatest in CS patients.

PMID- 26989399
TI  - Prognostic Implications of Acute Renal Impairment among ST Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction Patients with Preserved Left Ventricular Function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Only limited data is present regarding the incidence and prognostic
      implications of acute kidney injury (AKI) in ST elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI) patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) function in the primary
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective study of 842 consecutive STEMI patients with preserved LV function
      (ejection fraction >=50%, assessed by echocardiography) who underwent primary PCI
      between January 2008 and January 2015. AKI was defined as an increase of >=0.3
      mg/dl in serum creatinine within 48 h following admission. Patients were assessed
      for all-cause mortality up to 5 years. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients (6.2%)
      developed AKI. Patients with AKI were older, had impaired baseline renal
      function, and presented more often with heart failure throughout their
      hospitalization. Patients with AKI had a higher 5-year all-cause mortality (13.4
      vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001). Compared to patients with no AKI, the adjusted hazard ratio
      for all-cause mortality was 2.64 (95% CI 1.25-5.56, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Among
      STEMI patients with preserved LV function undergoing primary PCI, AKI is
      associated with a higher long-term mortality.

PMID- 26989400
TI  - Risk Factors for New-Onset Cardiac Valve Calcification in Patients on Maintenance
      Peritoneal Dialysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients with end-stage renal disease are susceptible to cardiac valve
      calcification (CVC) due to mineral metabolism disorders and other factors. The
      purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for new-onset CVC in
      patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: This study included
      patients who underwent PD catheter insertion from January 2006 to June 2013 in
      our Peritoneal Dialysis Center. Clinical data were collected on CVC status during
      echocardiography evaluations (twice) at an interval of >6 months. The data
      collected included intact parathyroid hormone, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum
      phosphorus (P), serum calcium (Ca), albumin (Alb), prealbumin and the use of five
      types of antihypertensive drugs, statins, active vitamin D3 and Ca tablets.
      RESULTS: In total, 194 patients - 105 (54.1%) men, average age 60.5 +/- 13.0
      years - were included. CVC was present in 50 (25.8%) patients during PD catheter
      placement. After an average PD duration of 20.9 +/- 10.4 months, CVC was detected
      in 97 patients (50.0%). New-onset CVC was found in 62 patients (32.0%).
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only serum P levels (p =
      0.01, OR = 2.569), Alb levels (p = 0.04, OR = 0.935), dialysis duration (p =
      0.03, OR = 1.039) and CRP levels (p = 0.02, OR = 1.031) were associated with CVC.
      CONCLUSION: Serum P, Alb and CRP levels as well as dialysis duration are
      independent risk factors for CVC.

PMID- 26989401
TI  - Association between Plaque Score of the Carotid Artery and the Severity of Sleep
      Apnea Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) has been associated with
      hypertension, cardiovascular disease and death. Patients with chronic kidney
      disease (CKD) have higher rates of SAS, atherosclerotic complications and death
      than do patients without CKD. Although the relationship between SAS and
      atherosclerosis is well known, few papers have described this relationship in
      humans, especially in CKD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross
      sectional study of 110 clinically stable, non-dialysis patients with CKD who
      attended a CKD educational program from April 2014 to September 2015. The
      diagnosis of SAS and its severity were assessed using a type 3 portable monitor.
      Other atherosclerosis-related data were obtained from the patients' medical
      records in order to determine the factors associated with the severity of SAS.
      RESULTS: 95 men and 15 women with a mean age of 71.4 +/- 9.9 years were included
      in the study. The patients' mean body mass index was 24.0 +/- 3.9, their mean
      blood pressure 134.3 +/- 21.2/73.6 +/- 13.4 mm Hg and their mean estimated
      glomerular filtration rate 19.8 +/- 9.5 ml/min/1.7 m(2). Adjusted plaque score
      was a significant predictor of severe SAS (odds ratio = 1.13, p = 0.0182). Mixed
      plaque was significantly associated with severe SAS (correlation ratio = 0.48, p
      < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with CKD also have SAS. Our findings
      demonstrate the relationship between plaque score and the severity of SAS.

PMID- 26989403
TI  - Contribution of ultrasonography to the diagnosis of internal bleeding in
      snakebite envenomation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Africa, snakebite envenomations are frequently complicated by life
      threatening hemorrhagic syndromes. The authors of the present study conducted a
      prospective analysis at the University Hospital of Parakou (north of Benin) for
      seven months (January 1 to July 31, 2014) to assess the contribution of
      ultrasonography to the diagnosis of internal bleedings and management of
      envenomation. METHODS: An ultrasound examination was performed in all patients
      with clinical envenomation regardless of its severity. The study involved 32
      patients admitted to the ICU of the University Hospital of Parakou. RESULTS: The
      average age was 27 +/- 13.9 years. The main signs of severity were: prolongation
      of clotting time (88 %), severe anemia (41 %), clinical hemorrhage (47 %), and
      shock (19 %). The ultrasound imaging showed internal hemorrhage in 18 patients
      (56 %). There were hematomas (22 %), hemoperitoneum (13 %) or a combination of
      both (22 %). The occurrence of internal bleeding and hemoperitoneum were mainly
      related to the delay of hospital presentation (p = 0.007) and the existence of
      external bleeding (p = 0.04). Thirty patients (94 %) received antivenom. Case
      fatality rate was 3.1 %. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography may help in diagnosing
      internal bleeding, even in patients that did not show external hemorrhages, and
      evaluating its importance. As a consequence, the management of snakebite victims
      may be significantly improved.

PMID- 26989402
TI  - Emerging roles of autophagy in metabolism and metabolic disorders.
AB  - The global prevalence of metabolic disorders is an immediate threat to human
      health. Genetic features, environmental aspects and lifestyle changes are the
      major risk factors determining metabolic dysfunction in the body. Autophagy is a
      housekeeping stress-induced lysosomal degradation pathway, which recycles
      macromolecules and metabolites for new protein synthesis and energy production
      and regulates cellular homeostasis by clearance of damaged protein or organelles.
      Recently, a dramatically increasing number of literatures has shown that defects
      of the autophagic machinery is associated with dysfunction of multiple metabolic
      tissues including pancreatic beta cells, liver, adipose tissue and muscle, and is
      implicated in metabolic disorders such as obesity and insulin resistance. Here in
      this review, we summarize the representative works on these topics and discuss
      the versatile roles of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and its
      possible implication in metabolic diseases.

PMID- 26989404
TI  - An Integrated Method Based on PSO and EDA for the Max-Cut Problem.
AB  - The max-cut problem is NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with many real
      world applications. In this paper, we propose an integrated method based on
      particle swarm optimization and estimation of distribution algorithm (PSO-EDA)
      for solving the max-cut problem. The integrated algorithm overcomes the
      shortcomings of particle swarm optimization and estimation of distribution
      algorithm. To enhance the performance of the PSO-EDA, a fast local search
      procedure is applied. In addition, a path relinking procedure is developed to
      intensify the search. To evaluate the performance of PSO-EDA, extensive
      experiments were carried out on two sets of benchmark instances with 800 to
      20,000 vertices from the literature. Computational results and comparisons show
      that PSO-EDA significantly outperforms the existing PSO-based and EDA-based
      algorithms for the max-cut problem. Compared with other best performing
      algorithms, PSO-EDA is able to find very competitive results in terms of solution
      quality.

PMID- 26989405
TI  - Active Player Modeling in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma.
AB  - The iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) is well known within the domain of game
      theory. Although it is relatively simple, it can also elucidate important
      problems related to cooperation and trust. Generally, players can predict their
      opponents' actions when they are able to build a precise model of their behavior
      based on their game playing experience. However, it is difficult to make such
      predictions based on a limited number of games. The creation of a precise model
      requires the use of not only an appropriate learning algorithm and framework but
      also a good dataset. Active learning approaches have recently been introduced to
      machine learning communities. The approach can usually produce informative
      datasets with relatively little effort. Therefore, we have proposed an active
      modeling technique to predict the behavior of IPD players. The proposed method
      can model the opponent player's behavior while taking advantage of interactive
      game environments. This experiment used twelve representative types of players as
      opponents, and an observer used an active modeling algorithm to model these
      opponents. This observer actively collected data and modeled the opponent's
      behavior online. Most of our data showed that the observer was able to build,
      through direct actions, a more accurate model of an opponent's behavior than when
      the data were collected through random actions. 

PMID- 26989406
TI  - Pilot Clinical Trial of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence-Augmented Colonoscopy in
      High Risk Patients.
AB  - White light colonoscopy is the current gold standard for early detection and
      treatment of colorectal cancer, but emerging data suggest that this approach is
      inherently limited. Even the most experienced colonoscopists, under optimal
      conditions, miss at least 15-25% of adenomas. There is an unmet clinical need for
      an adjunctive modality to white light colonoscopy with improved lesion detection
      and characterization. Optical molecular imaging with exogenously administered
      organic fluorochromes is a burgeoning imaging modality poised to advance the
      capabilities of colonoscopy. In this proof-of-principle clinical trial, we
      investigated the ability of a custom-designed fluorescent colonoscope and
      indocyanine green, a clinically approved fluorescent blood pool imaging agent, to
      visualize polyps in high risk patients with polyposis syndromes or known distal
      colonic masses. We demonstrate (1) the successful performance of real-time, wide
      field fluorescence endoscopy using off-the-shelf equipment, (2) the ability of
      this system to identify polyps as small as 1 mm, and (3) the potential for
      fluorescence imaging signal intensity to differentiate between neoplastic and
      benign polyps. 

PMID- 26989407
TI  - Impact of an Innovative Classroom-Based Lecture Series on Residents' Evaluations
      of an Anesthesiology Rotation.
AB  - Introduction. Millennial resident learners may benefit from innovative
      instructional methods. The goal of this study is to assess the impact of a new
      daily, 15 minutes on one anesthesia keyword, lecture series given by faculty
      member each weekday on resident postrotation evaluation scores. Methods. A quasi
      experimental study design was implemented with the residents' rotation
      evaluations for the 24-month period ending by 7/30/2013 before the new lecture
      series was implemented which was compared to the 14-month period after the
      lecture series began on 8/1/2013. The primary endpoint was "overall teaching
      quality of this rotation." We also collected survey data from residents at
      clinical rotations at two other different institutions during the same two
      evaluation periods that did not have the education intervention. Results. One
      hundred and thirty-one residents were eligible to participate in the study.
      Completed surveys ranged from 77 to 87% for the eight-question evaluation
      instrument. On a 5-point Likert-type scale the mean score on "overall teaching
      quality of this rotation" increased significantly from 3.9 (SD 0.8) to 4.2 (SD
      0.7) after addition of the lecture series, whereas the scores decreased slightly
      at the comparison sites. Conclusion. Rotation evaluation scores for overall
      teaching quality improved with implementation of a new structured slide daily
      lectures series. 

PMID- 26989408
TI  - Impact of HIV Infection and Zidovudine Therapy on RBC Parameters and Urine
      Methylmalonic Acid Levels.
AB  - Background. Anaemia is a common complication of human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of HIV
      infection and zidovudine on red blood cells (RBC) parameters and urine
      methylmalonic acid (UMMA) levels in patients with HIV infection. Material and
      Methods. A cross-sectional study involving 114 subjects, 94 of which are HIV
      infected nonanaemic and 20 HIV negative subjects (Cg) as control. Full blood
      count parameters and urine methylmalonic acid (UMMA) level of each subject were
      determined. Associations were determined by Chi-square test and logistic
      regression statistics where appropriate. Results. Subjects on zidovudine-based
      ART had mean MCV (93 fL) higher than that of control group (82.9 fL) and ART
      naive (85.9 fL) subjects and the highest mean RDW. Mean UMMA level, which
      reflects vitamin B12 level status, was high in all HIV-infected groups but was
      significantly higher in ART-naive subjects than in ART-experienced subjects.
      Conclusion. Although non-zidovudine therapy may be associated with macrocytosis
      (MCV > 95 fL), zidovudine therapy and ART naivety may not. Suboptimal level of
      vitamin B12 as measured by high UMMA though highest in ART-naive subjects was
      common in all HIV-infected subjects. 

PMID- 26989410
TI  - Large-Scale Recurrent Neural Network Based Modelling of Gene Regulatory Network
      Using Cuckoo Search-Flower Pollination Algorithm.
AB  - The accurate prediction of genetic networks using computational tools is one of
      the greatest challenges in the postgenomic era. Recurrent Neural Network is one
      of the most popular but simple approaches to model the network dynamics from time
      series microarray data. To date, it has been successfully applied to
      computationally derive small-scale artificial and real-world genetic networks
      with high accuracy. However, they underperformed for large-scale genetic
      networks. Here, a new methodology has been proposed where a hybrid Cuckoo Search
      Flower Pollination Algorithm has been implemented with Recurrent Neural Network.
      Cuckoo Search is used to search the best combination of regulators. Moreover,
      Flower Pollination Algorithm is applied to optimize the model parameters of the
      Recurrent Neural Network formalism. Initially, the proposed method is tested on a
      benchmark large-scale artificial network for both noiseless and noisy data. The
      results obtained show that the proposed methodology is capable of increasing the
      inference of correct regulations and decreasing false regulations to a high
      degree. Secondly, the proposed methodology has been validated against the real
      world dataset of the DNA SOS repair network of Escherichia coli. However, the
      proposed method sacrifices computational time complexity in both cases due to the
      hybrid optimization process. 

PMID- 26989409
TI  - The Optimal Management of Acute Febrile Encephalopathy in the Aged Patient: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - The elderly comprise less than 13 percent of world population. Nonetheless, they
      represent nearly half of all hospitalized adults. Acute change in mental status
      from baseline is commonly seen among the elderly even when the main process does
      not involve the central nervous system. The term "geriatric syndrome" is used to
      capture those clinical conditions in older people that do not fit into discrete
      disease categories, including delirium, falls, frailty, dizziness, syncope, and
      urinary incontinence. Despite the growing number of elderly population,
      especially those who require hospitalization and the high burden of common
      infections accompanied by encephalopathy among them, there are several unresolved
      questions regarding the optimal management they deserve. The questions posed in
      this systematic review concern the need to rule out CNS infection in all elderly
      patients presented with fever and altered mental status in the routine management
      of febrile encephalopathy. In doing so, we sought to identify all potentially
      relevant articles using searches of web-based databases with no language
      restriction. Finally, we reviewed 93 research articles that were relevant to each
      part of our study. No prospective study was found to address how should AFE in
      the aged be optimally managed. 

PMID- 26989411
TI  - Modified Rice Straw as Adsorbent Material to Remove Aflatoxin B1 from Aqueous
      Media and as a Fiber Source in Fino Bread.
AB  - The aims of the current work are in large part the benefit of rice straw to be
      used as adsorbent material and natural source of fiber in Fino bread. The rice
      straw was subjected to high temperature for modification process and the chemical
      composition was carried out and the native rice straw contained about 41.15%
      cellulose, 20.46% hemicellulose, and 3.91% lignin while modified rice straw has
      42.10, 8.65, and 5.81%, respectively. The alkali number was tested and showed an
      increase in the alkali consumption due to the modification process. The different
      concentrations of modified rice straw, aflatoxin B1, and pH were tested for
      removal of aflatoxin B1 from aqueous media and the maximum best removal was at 5%
      modified rice straw, 5 ng/mL aflatoxin B1, and pH 7. The modified rice straw was
      added to Fino bread at a level of 5, 10, and 15% and the chemical, rheological,
      baking quality, staling, and sensory properties were studied. Modified rice straw
      induced an increase of the shelf life and the produced Fino bread has a better
      consistency. 

PMID- 26989412
TI  - Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are the Main Determinants of Postprandial
      Lipoprotein Dysmetabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
AB  - Postprandial dyslipidaemia may be a plausible mechanism by which polycystic ovary
      syndrome (PCOS) increases cardiovascular risk. We sought to investigate whether
      the postprandial glucose and insulin and lipid and lipoprotein responses,
      including that of apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48) containing chylomicrons, to a
      mixed meal are different in obese PCOS women when compared to obese control
      subjects and whether differences, if any, are related to obesity, insulin
      resistance (IR), hyperandrogenaemia, or PCOS status. 26 women with PCOS (age 30.4
      +/- 1.2 years (mean +/- SEM), body mass index (BMI) 36.8 +/- 1.5 kg/m(2)) and 26
      non-PCOS subjects (age 34.1 +/- 0.9 years, BMI 31.5 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2)) were studied
      before and up to 8 hours following a standard mixed meal. AUC-triglyceride (AUC
      TG) was higher and AUC-high-density lipoprotein (AUC-HDL) lower in PCOS women.
      These differences were not apparent when BMI was accounted for. Insulin
      sensitivity (S I), AUC-apoB-48, and AUC-apolipoprotein B (AUC-apoB) were found to
      be independent predictors of AUC-TG, accounting for 55% of the variance. Only AUC
      insulin remained significantly elevated following adjustment for BMI. Obesity
      related IR explains postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinaemic
      responses. Management of obesity in premenopausal women with PCOS is likely to
      reduce their cardiovascular risk burden. 

PMID- 26989413
TI  - Adapted Lethality: What We Can Learn from Guinea Pig-Adapted Ebola Virus
      Infection Model.
AB  - Establishment of small animal models of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is important
      both for the study of genetic determinants involved in the complex pathology of
      EBOV disease and for the preliminary screening of antivirals, production of
      therapeutic heterologic immunoglobulins, and experimental vaccine development.
      Since the wild-type EBOV is avirulent in rodents, the adaptation series of
      passages in these animals are required for the virulence/lethality to emerge in
      these models. Here, we provide an overview of our several adaptation series in
      guinea pigs, which resulted in the establishment of guinea pig-adapted EBOV (GPA
      EBOV) variants different in their characteristics, while uniformly lethal for the
      infected animals, and compare the virologic, genetic, pathomorphologic, and
      immunologic findings with those obtained in the adaptation experiments of the
      other research groups. 

PMID- 26989415
TI  - Development and Validation of HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of
      Five Food Additives and Caffeine in Soft Drinks.
AB  - Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) conditions for the simultaneous determination of potassium sorbate, sodium
      benzoate, carmoisine, allura red, ponceau 4R, and caffeine in commercial soft
      drinks. The experimental variables chosen were pH (6.0-7.0), flow rate (1.0-1.4
      mL/min), and mobile phase ratio (85-95% acetate buffer). Resolution values of all
      peak pairs were used as a response. Stationary phase was Inertsil OctaDecylSilane
      (ODS-) 3V reverse phase column (250 * 4.6 mm, 5 MUm) dimensions. The detection
      was performed at 230 nm. Optimal values were found 6.0 pH, 1.0 mL/min flow rate,
      and 95% mobile phase ratio for the method which was validated by calculating the
      linearity (r (2) > 0.9962), accuracy (recoveries >= 95.75%), precision (intraday
      variation <= 1.923%, interday variation <= 1.950%), limits of detection (LODs),
      and limits of quantification (LOQs) parameters. LODs and LOQs for analytes were
      in the range of 0.10-0.19 MUg/mL and 0.33-0.63 MUg/mL, respectively. The proposed
      method was applied successfully for the simultaneous determination of the
      mixtures of five food additives and caffeine in soft drinks. 

PMID- 26989414
TI  - Influence of Type 2 Diabetes on Prevalence of Key Periodontal Pathogens, Salivary
      Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Bone Remodeling Markers in Sudanese Adults with
      and without Chronic Periodontitis.
AB  - This study compared the influence of type 2 diabetes on the occurrence of six
      periodontal pathogens in plaque samples of patients with and without chronic
      periodontitis. Levels of salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, RANKL, and OPG were also
      investigated. The study enrolled 31 patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic
      periodontitis (DM + CP), 29 with chronic periodontitis (CP), and 20 with type 2
      diabetes (DM). Questionnaire-guided interviews were conducted and plaque index,
      bleeding on probing, and pocket depth were recorded. Polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) was utilized to determine the prevalence of the bacteria. The levels of
      salivary molecules were determined by enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CP
      group had the highest prevalence of P. gingivalis (81.5%), followed by the DM +
      CP (59.3%) and DM (55.0%) groups (P > 0.05). Similar trends were observed for P.
      intermedia and T. denticola. The prevalence of T. forsythia was 100% in both
      periodontitis groups compared to 90% in the DM group. There were no significant
      differences between the groups regarding the concentrations of MMP-8, MMP-9, or
      OPG. RANKL concentrations were below the detection limit. Our data show that type
      2 diabetes has no significant influence on the prevalence of the investigated
      periodontal pathogens, or the levels of salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, and OPG. 

PMID- 26989416
TI  - The Difference of Structural State and Deformation Behavior between Teenage and
      Mature Human Dentin.
AB  - Objective. The cause of considerable elasticity and plasticity of human dentin is
      discussed in the relationship with its microstructure. Methods. Structural state
      of teenage and mature human dentin is examined by using XRD and TEM techniques,
      and their deformation behavior under compression is studied as well. Result. XRD
      study has shown that crystallographic type of calcium hydroxyapatite in human
      dentin (calcium hydrogen phosphate hydroxide Ca9HPO4(PO4)5OH; Space Group P63/m
      (176); a = 9,441 A; c = 6,881 A; c/a = 0,729; Crystallite (Scherrer) 200 A) is
      the same for these age groups. In both cases, dentin matrix is X-ray amorphous.
      According to TEM examination, there are amorphous and ultrafine grain phases in
      teenage and mature dentin. Mature dentin is stronger on about 20% than teenage
      dentin, while teenage dentin is more elastic on about 20% but is less plastic on
      about 15% than mature dentin. Conclusion. The amorphous phase is dominant in
      teenage dentin, whereas the ultrafine grain phase becomes dominant in mature
      dentin. Mechanical properties of human dentin under compression depend on its
      structural state, too. 

PMID- 26989417
TI  - Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Cytomegalovirus, and Human
      Immunodeficiency Viruses in Multitransfused Thalassemic Children in Upper Egypt.
AB  - Background. Frequent blood transfusions in thalassemia major children expose them
      to the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). The aim of this study
      was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus
      (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in
      thalassemic children attending the Pediatrics Departments of both Sohag and Minia
      Universities of Upper Egypt, during the period from May 2014 to May 2015.
      Methods. Serum samples were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),
      anti-HCV, anti-CMV, and anti-HIV type 1 and type 2 using the Vitek
      Immunodiagnostic Assay System. Results. The frequencies of anti-HCV, HBsAg, anti
      CMV, and anti-HIV type 1 and type 2 were found to be 37.11%, 4.12%, 4.12%, 0.00%,
      and 0.00%, respectively. Seropositivity for anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-CMV
      increased with increasing age of the patients, duration of the disease, serum
      ferritin level (ng/mL), and liver enzymes (U/L), while it was not significantly
      associated with gender, frequency of blood transfusion, or the status of
      splenectomy operation (P > 0.05). Conclusion. The frequency of TTIs, especially
      HCV, is considerably high among Egyptian children with thalassemia major. It is
      therefore important to implement measures to improve blood transfusion screening,
      such as polymerase chain reaction, in order to reduce TTIs from blood donor
      units. 

PMID- 26989418
TI  - Distinct Habitats Select Particular Bacterial Communities in Mangrove Sediments.
AB  - We investigated the relationship among environmental variables, composition, and
      structure of bacterial communities in different habitats in a mangrove located
      nearby to an oil exploitation area, aiming to retrieve the natural pattern of
      bacterial communities in this ecosystem. The T-RFLP analysis showed a high
      diversity of bacterial populations and an increase in the bacterial richness from
      habitats closer to the sea and without vegetation (S1) to habitats covered by
      Avicennia schaueriana (S2) and Rhizophora mangle (S3). Environmental variables in
      S1 and S2 were more similar than in S3; however, when comparing the bacterial
      compositions, S2 and S3 shared more OTUs between them, suggesting that the
      presence of vegetation is an important factor in shaping these bacterial
      communities. In silico analyses of the fragments revealed a high diversity of the
      class Gammaproteobacteria in the 3 sites, although in general they presented
      quite different bacterial composition, which is probably shaped by the
      specificities of each habitat. This study shows that microhabitats inside of a
      mangrove ecosystem harbor diverse and distinct microbiota, reinforcing the need
      to conserve these ecosystems as a whole. 

PMID- 26989420
TI  - Loperamide Induced Torsades de Pointes: A Case Report and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - Abuse of over the counter drugs often gets overlooked by health care providers.
      Loperamide is one such over the counter drug that is often abused by drug
      addicts. We present here a case of a young male attaining euphoria from taking
      massive doses of loperamide. He developed Torsades de Pointes and subsequent
      cardiac arrest. We found similarities in the progression of myocardial electrical
      conduction abnormalities among loperamide and other previously known
      arrhythmogenic drugs. We intend to raise concern over the ease of availability of
      such drugs over the counter and increase the index of suspicion for over the
      counter drug abuse from our experience. 

PMID- 26989419
TI  - Hiding in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Opportunistic Pathogens May Cross
      Geographical Barriers.
AB  - Different microbial groups of the microbiome of fresh produce can have diverse
      effects on human health. This study was aimed at identifying some microbial
      communities of fresh produce by analyzing 105 samples of imported fresh fruits
      and vegetables originated from different countries in the world including local
      samples (Oman) for aerobic plate count and the counts of Enterobacteriaceae,
      Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus. The isolated bacteria were identified by
      molecular (PCR) and biochemical methods (VITEK 2). Enterobacteriaceae occurred in
      60% of fruits and 91% of vegetables. Enterococcus was isolated from 20% of fruits
      and 42% of vegetables. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated from 22% and 7% of
      vegetables, respectively. Ninety-seven bacteria comprising 21 species were
      similarly identified by VITEK 2 and PCR to species level. E. coli, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, Enterococcus casseliflavus, and Enterobacter cloacae were the most
      abundant species; many are known as opportunistic pathogens which may raise
      concern to improve the microbial quality of fresh produce. Phylogenetic trees
      showed no relationship between clustering of the isolates based on the 16S rRNA
      gene and the original countries of fresh produce. Intercountry passage of
      opportunistic pathogens in fresh produce cannot be ruled out, which requires
      better management. 

PMID- 26989422
TI  - N-Stearoyl-L-Tyrosine Inhibits the Senescence of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells
      Induced by Abeta 1-42 via the CB2 Receptor.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease, one of the neurodegenerative diseases, shows the progressive
      senescence of neural progenitor/stem cells. N-Stearoyl-L-tyrosine (NsTyr) showed
      neuroprotective effect against chronic brain ischemia in previous reports. In the
      present study, we find the antisenescent effects of NsTyr-2K in NSPCs induced by
      Abeta 1-42 in vitro. Cell viability of NSPCs was evaluated by CCK8 assay; SA-beta
      gal staining was used to evaluate senescence of NSPCs. CB receptors were detected
      by immunohistochemistry in NSPCs. AM251 or AM630 was used to offset the anti
      senescence effects afforded by NsTyr-2K. The positive rate of SA-beta-gal
      staining was significantly increased in NSPCs after incubation with Abeta 1-42
      for 9 days. CB receptors were found on the surface of NSPCs. The expression level
      of CB1 receptors was significantly decreased in NSPCs after incubation with Abeta
      1-42. This phenomenon was reversed dose-dependently by NsTyr-2K. NsTyr-2K
      attenuated Abeta 1-42 induced NSPCs senescence dose-dependently, and its
      antisenescence effect was completely abolished by AM630. Abeta 1-42 dose
      dependently increased the prosenescence molecules p16 and Rb. Their expression
      was inhibited by NsTyr-2K dose-dependently and blocked by AM630 in NSPCs. These
      results suggest that NsTyr-2K can alleviate the senescence of NSPCs induced by
      Abeta 1-42 via CB2 receptor. 

PMID- 26989423
TI  - Biomedical Application of Dental Tissue-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
AB  - The academic researches and clinical applications in recent years found interest
      in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs-) based regenerative medicine due to
      their pluripotency able to differentiate into any cell types in the body without
      using embryo. However, it is limited in generating iPSCs from adult somatic cells
      and use of these cells due to the low stem cell potency and donor site morbidity.
      In biomedical applications, particularly, dental tissue-derived iPSCs have been
      getting attention as a type of alternative sources for regenerating damaged
      tissues due to high potential of stem cell characteristics, easy accessibility
      and attainment, and their ectomesenchymal origin, which allow them to have
      potential for nerve, vessel, and dental tissue regeneration. This paper will
      cover the overview of dental tissue-derived iPSCs and their application with
      their advantages and drawbacks. 

PMID- 26989421
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Tumor Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition.
AB  - Epithelial-derived tumor cells acquire the capacity for epithelial-to-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT), which enables them to invade adjacent tissues and/or
      metastasize to distant organs. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer
      related death. Molecular mechanisms involved in the switch from an epithelial
      phenotype to mesenchymal status are complicated and are controlled by a variety
      of signaling pathways. Recently, a set of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including
      miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were found to modulate gene expressions
      at either transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. These ncRNAs are
      involved in EMT through their interplay with EMT-related transcription factors
      (EMT-TFs) and EMT-associated signaling. Reciprocal regulatory interactions
      between lncRNAs and miRNAs further increase the complexity of the regulation of
      gene expression and protein translation. In this review, we discuss recent
      findings regarding EMT-regulating ncRNAs and their associated signaling pathways
      involved in cancer progression. 

PMID- 26989425
TI  - Modes of Antiviral Action of Chemical Portions and Constituents from Woad Root
      Extract against Influenza Virus A FM1.
AB  - Woad root has been used for the prevention of influenza for hundreds of years in
      many Asian countries. In this study, the antiviral modes of clemastanin B (CB),
      epigoitrin, phenylpropanoid portion (PEP), and the mixture of phenylpropanoids,
      alkaloids, and organic acid portions (PEP + ALK + OA) from wood root extract
      against influenza virus A FM1 were investigated. The results revealed that CB,
      epigoitrin, PEP, and PEP + ALK + OA exert their anti-influenza activity via
      inhibiting the virus multiplication, prophylaxis, and blocking the virus
      attachment. The primary mode of action of PEP and PEP + ALK + OA is the
      inhibition of virus replication. The inhibitory effect on virus attachment and
      multiplication is the main modes for epigoitrin. All the compounds or chemical
      portions from woad root extract tested in this study do not have direct virucidal
      activity. Our results provided the comprehensive analysis of the antiviral
      mechanism of wood root extract. 

PMID- 26989424
TI  - Global Mapping of Traditional Chinese Medicine into Bioactivity Space and
      Pathways Annotation Improves Mechanistic Understanding and Discovers
      Relationships between Therapeutic Action (Sub)classes.
AB  - Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) still needs more scientific rationale to be
      proven for it to be accepted further in the West. We are now in the position to
      propose computational hypotheses for the mode-of-actions (MOAs) of 45 TCM
      therapeutic action (sub)classes from in silico target prediction algorithms,
      whose target was later annotated with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
      pathway, and to discover the relationship between them by generating a
      hierarchical clustering. The results of 10,749 TCM compounds showed 183 enriched
      targets and 99 enriched pathways from Estimation Score <= 0 and >= 5% of
      compounds/targets in a (sub)class. The MOA of a (sub)class was established from
      supporting literature. Overall, the most frequent top three enriched
      targets/pathways were immune-related targets such as tyrosine-protein phosphatase
      nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) and digestive system such as mineral absorption. We
      found two major protein families, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), and protein
      kinase family contributed to the diversity of the bioactivity space, while
      digestive system was consistently annotated pathway motif, which agreed with the
      important treatment principle of TCM, "the foundation of acquired constitution"
      that includes spleen and stomach. In short, the TCM (sub)classes, in many cases
      share similar targets/pathways despite having different indications. 

PMID- 26989426
TI  - Effects of Safflower Yellow on the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A
      Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - Objective. To evaluate the clinical effect of safflower yellow on the treatment
      of severe sepsis and septic shock. Methods. 85 patients with severe sepsis and
      septic shock were randomly selected to receive either therapy according to the
      international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock
      (Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2012) (control group, n = 45) or conventional therapy
      plus safflower yellow (study group, n = 40). The 28-day mortality and 28-day
      Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared as primary outcomes. Results. The 28
      day mortality from all causes and in-hospital mortality were significantly lower
      in the study group (50%, 17.5%) as compared to the control group (78.58%, 54.76%)
      (P = 0.007, all causes, P < 0.001, in-hospital), and the 28-day Kaplan-Meier
      survival curve was higher in the study group than in the control group (P =
      0.008, all causes, P < 0.001, in-hospital, Log Rank). 72 hours after treatment,
      secondary outcomes including heart rate, leukocyte counts, lactate levels, and
      platelet counts of patients in the study group were ameliorated significantly as
      compared with the control group. Conclusion. This study offers a potential new
      strategy employing safflower yellow to more effectively treat patients with
      severe sepsis and septic shock. This trial is registered with identifier ChiCTR
      TRC-14005196. 

PMID- 26989427
TI  - Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata Induce Bladder Cancer Cell Apoptosis by
      Inhibiting Akt Signaling Pathway through Downregulating miR-155 Expression.
AB  - Traditional Chinese medicine is increasingly used to treat cancer. Our clinical
      experiences identify Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata as the most common
      herb-pair (couplet medicinal) used for the core treatment of bladder cancer. This
      study aims to investigate the antitumor effect of the herb-pair in bladder cancer
      cells. The results show that Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata inhibited
      bladder cancer cell growth and clone formation in a dose-dependent and time
      dependent manner. It also induced cell apoptosis through decreasing Akt
      activation and reducing the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1.
      Further experiments showed that miR-155 was reduced by the herb-pair and miRNA
      155 inhibitor induced cell apoptosis and suppressed Akt activation.
      Overexpression of miR-155 reversed herb-pair induced cell apoptosis through
      activating Akt pathway in both bladder cancer cell lines. The findings reveal
      that Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata reduce Akt activation through
      reducing miR-155 expression, resulting in cell apoptosis. It demonstrated the
      potential mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata for the core
      treatment of bladder cancer. 

PMID- 26989428
TI  - Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Medicine Herb Pair, Huzhang and Guizhi, on
      Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Gouty Arthritis in Rats Revealed by Anti
      Inflammatory Assessments and NMR-Based Metabonomics.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Huzhang
      Guizhi herb pair (HG), firstly included in Hu-Zhang Power documented in Taiping
      Shenghui Fang, on monosodium urate (MSU) crystals-induced gouty arthritis in
      rats. We found that pretreatment with HG in rats with gouty arthritis could
      significantly attenuate the ankle joint swelling, and this beneficial antigout
      effect might be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) production in synovial fluid
      as well as nuclear transcription factor-kappaB p65 (NF-kappaB p65) protein
      expression in synovial tissue. Moreover, metabonomic analysis demonstrated that 5
      and 6 potential biomarkers associated with gouty arthritis in plasma and urine,
      respectively, which were mainly involved in energy metabolism, amino acid
      metabolism, and gut microbe metabolism, were identified. HG could reverse the
      pathological process of MSU-induced gouty arthritis through regulating the
      disturbed metabolic pathways. These results provided important mechanistic
      insights into the protective effects of HG against MSU-induced gouty arthritis in
      rats. 

PMID- 26989429
TI  - Survey of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria by Sidama People of Boricha
      District, Sidama Zone, South Region of Ethiopia.
AB  - In Ethiopia, malaria control has been complicated due to resistance of the
      parasite to the current drugs. Thus, new drugs are required against drug
      resistant Plasmodium strains. Historically, many of the present antimalarial
      drugs were discovered from plants. This study was, therefore, conducted to
      document antimalarial plants utilized by Sidama people of Boricha District,
      Sidama Zone, South Region of Ethiopia. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out
      from September 2011 to February 2012. Data were collected through semistructured
      interview and field and market observations. Relative frequency of citation (RFC)
      was calculated and preference ranking exercises were conducted to estimate the
      importance of the reported medicinal plants in Boricha District. A total of 42
      antimalarial plants belonging to 27 families were recorded in the study area.
      Leaf was the dominant plant part (59.0%) used in the preparation of remedies and
      oral (97.4%) was the major route of administration. Ajuga integrifolia scored the
      highest RFC value (0.80). The results of this study revealed the existence of
      rich knowledge on the use of medicinal plants in the study area to treat malaria.
      Thus, an attempt should be made to conserve and evaluate the claimed antimalarial
      medicinal plants with priority given to those that scored the highest RFC values.

PMID- 26989430
TI  - Use of the non-radioactive SUnSET method to detect decreased protein synthesis in
      proteasome inhibited Arabidopsis roots.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In eukaryotic cells, the proteasome maintains homeostasis by
      selectively degrading regulatory and misfolded proteins, and in doing so
      contributes to the amino acid pool. Inhibition of the proteasome in yeast and
      human cells decreases de novo protein synthesis. However, it is not know if
      proteasome inhibition in plants similarly suppresses protein synthesis. To
      address this gap in plant biology, protein synthesis in Arabidopsis roots was
      estimated using SUface SEnsing of Translation (SUnSET) techniques. This non
      radioactive method has been validated in animal cells, but has not yet been
      applied to plants. The goal of this study was to investigate the suitability of
      SUnSET methodology to measure protein synthesis in plants, and to determine if
      proteasome inhibition decreases levels of newly synthesized proteins. RESULTS:
      The SUnSET technique revealed that Arabidopsis plants treated with cycloheximide
      an inhibitor of protein synthesis-severely decreased levels of newly synthesized
      proteins in root and shoot tissue, as detected on a Western Blot. Therefore, the
      non-radioactive method is suitable to detect changes in protein synthesis, and
      was subsequently used to monitor protein synthesis in proteasome-inhibited roots.
      The proteasome inhibitor MG132 decreased levels of newly synthesized proteins by
      70-80 % after 4 and 16 h. Removal of MG132 from liquid media resulted in roots
      with increased levels of newly synthesized proteins compared to untreated plants,
      suggesting that recovery from proteasome inhibition results in elevated levels of
      protein synthesis. Additionally, SUnSET was used to detect a decrease in protein
      synthesis in the roots of plants subjected to salt stress or sulfur starvation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Proteasome inhibition has been shown to decrease protein synthesis
      in yeast and human cells, and this study now shows that MG132's inhibitory
      effects also applies to plants. These data represent the first time that SUnSET
      has been used to measure protein synthesis in plants. The study demonstrates that
      SUnSET is a suitable and robust technique to measure protein synthesis in plants.
      The use of this non-radioactive method to gauge protein synthesis offers a fast,
      safe, and cost-effective alternative compared to traditional techniques that rely
      upon radioactive material. The method is likely to have broad applicability to
      different disciplines in plant biology.

PMID- 26989431
TI  - Human skin organ culture for assessment of chemically induced skin damage.
AB  - The move away from animal models for skin safety testing is inevitable. It is a
      question of when, not if. As skin safety studies move away from traditional
      animal-based approaches, a number of replacement technologies are becoming
      available. Human skin in organ culture is one such technology. Organ-cultured
      skin has several features that distinguish it from other technologies. First and
      foremost, organ-cultured skin is real skin. Almost by definition, therefore, it
      approximates the intact skin better than other alternative models. Organ culture
      is an easy-to-use and relatively inexpensive approach to preclinical safety
      assessment. Although organ culture is not likely to replace high-throughput
      enzyme assays or monolayer culture/skin equivalent cultures for initial compound
      assessment, organ culture should find use when the list of compounds to be
      evaluated is small and when simpler models have narrowed the dose range. Organ
      cultured skin also provides a platform for mechanistic studies.

PMID- 26989433
TI  - Use of swabs for dry collection of self-samples to detect human papillomavirus
      among Malagasy women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most women in developing countries have never attended cervical
      screening programmes and often little information exists on type-specific human
      papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among these populations. Self-sampling for HPV
      testing (self-HPV) using a dry swab may be useful for establishing a screening
      program and evaluating HPV prevalence. Our aim was to evaluate self-HPV using a
      dry swab stored at room temperature. METHODS: This community-based study in
      Madagascar consisted of 449 women aged 30-65. Eligible women were provided a dry
      swab to perform self-HPV. HPV analysis was accomplished by two different real
      time PCR tests using the same extracted DNA from the samples. RESULTS: Overall,
      52 (11.6 %) specimens were invalid for HPV detection. The delay between sampling
      and laboratory processing of DNA extraction considerably increased invalid
      results. Overall HPV prevalence of 14 hrHPV types detected by the two PCR tests
      was found to be 38.2 % (n = 152). Distribution of 19 hrHPV and 9 low-risk HPV
      (lrHPV) types revealed most frequently 53 and 68 among hrHPV and HPV 54, HPV 70
      and HPV 42 among lrHPV. Agreement between the two PCR methods for any of the 14
      high-risk HPV (hrHPV) strains detected was 89.9 % (kappa = 0.77, 95 % CI: 0.71
      0.84). In 385 (85.7 %) samples the DNA load of beta-globin demonstrated a signal
      with medium or high level copies. Conversely, in 28 (60.9 %) invalid samples the
      signal was undetectable. The HPV-DNA load signal was predominantly of
      intermediate level (58.5 %, n = 218). CONCLUSIONS: Self-HPV using a dry swab
      stored at room temperature could be a useful method for HPV screening and for
      conducting population-based surveys on HPV prevalence in resource-poor settings.

PMID- 26989432
TI  - Peritoneal Fluid Transport rather than Peritoneal Solute Transport Associates
      with Dialysis Vintage and Age of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.
AB  - During peritoneal dialysis (PD), the peritoneal membrane undergoes ageing
      processes that affect its function. Here we analyzed associations of patient age
      and dialysis vintage with parameters of peritoneal transport of fluid and
      solutes, directly measured and estimated based on the pore model, for individual
      patients. Thirty-three patients (15 females; age 60 (21-87) years; median time on
      PD 19 (3-100) months) underwent sequential peritoneal equilibration test.
      Dialysis vintage and patient age did not correlate. Estimation of parameters of
      the two-pore model of peritoneal transport was performed. The estimated fluid
      transport parameters, including hydraulic permeability (LpS), fraction of
      ultrasmall pores (alpha u), osmotic conductance for glucose (OCG), and peritoneal
      absorption, were generally independent of solute transport parameters (diffusive
      mass transport parameters). Fluid transport parameters correlated whereas
      transport parameters for small solutes and proteins did not correlate with
      dialysis vintage and patient age. Although LpS and OCG were lower for older
      patients and those with long dialysis vintage, alphau was higher. Thus, fluid
      transport parameters--rather than solute transport parameters--are linked to
      dialysis vintage and patient age and should therefore be included when monitoring
      processes linked to ageing of the peritoneal membrane.

PMID- 26989435
TI  - A common garden design reveals population-specific variability in potential
      impacts of hybridization between populations of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon,
      Salmo salar L.
AB  - Released individuals can have negative impacts on native populations through
      various mechanisms, including competition, disease transfer and introduction of
      maladapted gene complexes. Previous studies indicate that the level of farmed
      Atlantic salmon introgression in native populations is population specific.
      However, few studies have explored the potential role of population diversity or
      river characteristics, such as temperature, on the consequences of hybridization.
      We compared freshwater growth of multiple families derived from two farmed, five
      wild and two F1 hybrid salmon populations at three contrasting temperatures (7
      degrees C, 12 degrees C and 16 degrees C) in a common garden experiment. As
      expected, farmed salmon outgrew wild salmon at all temperatures, with hybrids
      displaying intermediate growth. However, differences in growth were population
      specific and some wild populations performed better than others relative to the
      hybrid and farmed populations at certain temperatures. Therefore, the competitive
      balance between farmed and wild salmon may depend both on the thermal profile of
      the river and on the genetic characteristics of the respective farmed and wild
      strains. While limited to F1 hybridization, this study shows the merits in
      adopting a more complex spatially resolved approach to risk management of local
      populations.

PMID- 26989434
TI  - Predation and selection for antibiotic resistance in natural environments.
AB  - Genes encoding resistance to antibiotics appear, like the antibiotics themselves,
      to be ancient, originating long before the rise of the era of anthropogenic
      antibiotics. However, detailed understanding of the specific biological
      advantages of antibiotic resistance in natural environments is still lacking,
      thus limiting our efforts to prevent environmental influx of resistance genes.
      Here, we propose that antibiotic-resistant cells not only evade predation from
      antibiotic producers but also take advantage of nutrients released from cells
      that are killed by the antibiotic-producing bacteria. Thus, predation is
      potentially an important mechanism for driving antibiotic resistance during slow
      or stationary phase of growth when nutrients are deprived. This adds to explain
      the ancient nature and widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance in natural
      environments unaffected by anthropogenic antibiotics. In particular, we suggest
      that nutrient-poor environments including indoor environments, for example, clean
      rooms and intensive care units may serve as a reservoir and source for antibiotic
      producing as well as antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 

PMID- 26989436
TI  - Rapid evolution of increased vulnerability to an insecticide at the expansion
      front in a poleward-moving damselfly.
AB  - Many species are too slow to track their poleward-moving climate niche under
      global warming. Pesticide exposure may contribute to this by reducing population
      growth and impairing flight ability. Moreover, edge populations at the moving
      range front may be more vulnerable to pesticides because of the rapid evolution
      of traits to enhance their rate of spread that shunt energy away from
      detoxification and repair. We exposed replicated edge and core populations of the
      poleward-moving damselfly Coenagrion scitulum to the pesticide esfenvalerate at
      low and high densities. Exposure to esfenvalerate had strong negative effects on
      survival, growth rate, and development time in the larval stage and negatively
      affected flight-related adult traits (mass at emergence, flight muscle mass, and
      fat content) across metamorphosis. Pesticide effects did not differ between edge
      and core populations, except that at the high concentration the pesticide-induced
      mortality was 17% stronger in edge populations. Pesticide exposure may therefore
      slow down the range expansion by lowering population growth rates, especially
      because edge populations suffered a higher mortality, and by negatively affecting
      dispersal ability by impairing flight-related traits. These results emphasize the
      need for direct conservation efforts toward leading-edge populations for
      facilitating future range shifts under global warming.

PMID- 26989437
TI  - Limiting opportunities for cheating stabilizes virulence in insect parasitic
      nematodes.
AB  - Cooperative secretion of virulence factors by pathogens can lead to social
      conflict when cheating mutants exploit collective secretion, but do not
      contribute to it. If cheats outcompete cooperators within hosts, this can cause
      loss of virulence. Insect parasitic nematodes are important biocontrol tools that
      secrete a range of significant virulence factors. Critically, effective nematodes
      are hard to maintain without live passage, which can lead to virulence
      attenuation. Using experimental evolution, we tested whether social cheating
      might explain unstable virulence in the nematode Heterorhabditis floridensis by
      manipulating relatedness via multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the scale of
      competition. Passage at high MOI, which should reduce relatedness, led to loss of
      fitness: virulence and reproductive rate declined together and all eight
      independent lines suffered premature extinction. As theory predicts, relatedness
      treatments had more impact under stronger global competition. In contrast, low
      MOI passage led to more stable virulence and increased reproduction. Moreover,
      low MOI lineages showed a trade-off between virulence and reproduction,
      particularly for lines under stronger between-host competition. Overall, this
      study indicates that evolution of virulence theory is valuable for the culture of
      biocontrol agents: effective nematodes can be improved and maintained if passage
      methods mitigate possible social conflicts.

PMID- 26989438
TI  - Developmental plasticity increases at the northern range margin in a warm
      dependent amphibian.
AB  - Accurate predictions regarding how climate change affects species and populations
      are crucial for the development of effective conservation measures. However,
      models forecasting the impact of climate change on natural environments do not
      often consider the geographic variation of an organism's life history. We
      examined variation in developmental plasticity to changing temperature in the
      pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae) across its distribution by studying populations
      from central areas (Poland), edge populations (Latvia) and northern marginal
      populations (Sweden). Relative to central and edge populations, northern
      populations experience lower and less variable temperature and fewer episodes of
      warm weather during larval development. Plasticity in larval life-history traits
      was highest at the northern range margin: larvae from marginal populations
      shortened larval period and increased growth rate more than larvae from central
      and edge populations when reared at high temperature. Maintaining high growth and
      development under the scarce spells of warm weather is likely adaptive for high
      latitude populations. The detection of high levels of developmental plasticity in
      isolated, marginal populations suggests that they may be better able to respond
      to the temperature regimes expected under climate change than often predicted,
      reflecting the need to incorporate geographic variation in life-history traits
      into models forecasting responses to environmental change. 

PMID- 26989439
TI  - Parallel declines in species and genetic diversity driven by anthropogenic
      disturbance: a multispecies approach in a French Atlantic dune system.
AB  - Numerous studies assess the correlation between genetic and species diversities,
      but the processes underlying the observed patterns have only received limited
      attention. For instance, varying levels of habitat disturbance across a region
      may locally reduce both diversities due to extinctions, and increased genetic
      drift during population bottlenecks and founder events. We investigated the
      regional distribution of genetic and species diversities of a coastal sand dune
      plant community along 240 kilometers of coastline with the aim to test for a
      correlation between the two diversity levels. We further quantify and tease apart
      the respective contributions of natural and anthropogenic disturbance factors to
      the observed patterns. We detected significant positive correlation between both
      variables. We further revealed a negative impact of urbanization: Sites with a
      high amount of recreational infrastructure within 10 km coastline had
      significantly lowered genetic and species diversities. On the other hand, a
      measure of natural habitat disturbance had no effect. This study shows that
      parallel variation of genetic and species diversities across a region can be
      traced back to human landscape alteration, provides arguments for a more resolute
      dune protection, and may help to design priority conservation areas.

PMID- 26989440
TI  - Temporal sampling helps unravel the genetic structure of naturally occurring
      populations of a phytoparasitic nematode. 1. Insights from the estimation of
      effective population sizes.
AB  - The sustainability of modern agriculture relies on strategies that can control
      the ability of pathogens to overcome chemicals or genetic resistances through
      natural selection. This evolutionary potential, which depends partly on effective
      population size (N e ), is greatly influenced by human activities. In this
      context, wild pathogen populations can provide valuable information for assessing
      the long-term risk associated with crop pests. In this study, we estimated the
      effective population size of the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, by
      sampling 34 populations infecting the sea beet Beta vulgaris spp. maritima twice
      within a one-year period. Only 20 populations produced enough generations to
      analyze the variation in allele frequencies, with the remaining populations
      showing a high mortality rate of the host plant after only 1 year. The 20
      analyzed populations showed surprisingly low effective population sizes, with
      most having N e close to 85 individuals. We attribute these low values to the
      variation in population size through time, systematic inbreeding, and unbalanced
      sex-ratios. Our results suggest that H. schachtii has low evolutionary potential
      in natural environments. Pest control strategies in which populations on crops
      mimic wild populations may help prevent parasite adaptation to host resistance.

PMID- 26989441
TI  - Environmental influences on mosquito foraging and integrated vector management
      can delay the evolution of behavioral resistance.
AB  - Along with the scaled-up distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets for
      malaria control has become concern about insecticide resistance. A related
      concern regards the evolution of host-seeking periodicity from the nocturnal to
      the crepuscular periods of the day. Why we observe such shifts in some areas but
      not others and which methods could prove useful in managing such behavioral
      resistance remain open questions. We developed a foraging model to explore
      whether environmental conditions affect the evolution of behavioral resistance.
      We looked at the role of the abundance of blood hosts and nectar sources and
      investigated the potential of attractive toxic sugar baits for integrated
      control. Higher encounter rates with hosts and nectar sources allowed
      behaviorally resistant populations to persist at higher levels of bed net
      coverage. Whereas higher encounter rates with nectar increased the threshold
      where resistance emerged, higher encounter rates of hosts lowered this threshold.
      Adding sugar baits lowered the coverage level of bed nets required to eliminate
      the vector population. In certain environments, using lower bed net coverage
      levels together with toxic sugar baits may delay or prevent the evolution of
      behavioral resistance. Designing sustainable control strategies will depend on an
      understanding of vector behavior expressed in local environmental conditions.

PMID- 26989442
TI  - Erratum to: Enhanced short chain fatty acids production from waste activated
      sludge conditioning with typical agricultural residues: carbon source composition
      regulates community functions.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0369-x.]. 

PMID- 26989443
TI  - Penicillium echinulatum secretome analysis reveals the fungi potential for
      degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic materials by fungal
      enzyme systems has been extensively studied due to its effectiveness in the
      liberation of fermentable sugars for bioethanol production. Recently, variants of
      the fungus Penicillium echinulatum have been described as a great producer of
      cellulases and considered a promising strain for the bioethanol industry.
      RESULTS: Penicillium echinulatum, wild-type 2HH and its mutant strain S1M29, were
      grown on four different carbon sources: cellulose, sugar cane bagasse pretreated
      by steam explosion (SCB), glucose, and glycerol for 120 h. Samples collected at
      24, 96, and 120 h were used for enzymatic measurement, and the 96-h one was also
      used for secretome analysis by 1D-PAGE LC-MS/MS. A total of 165 proteins were
      identified, and more than one-third of these proteins belong to CAZy families.
      Glycosyl hydrolases (GH) are the most abundant group, being represented in larger
      quantities by GH3, 5, 17, 43, and 72. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, beta
      glycosidases, xylanases, beta-xylosidases, and mannanases were found, and in
      minor quantities, pectinases, ligninases, and amylases were also found. Swollenin
      and esterases were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed differences
      in the two strains of P. echinulatum in several aspects in which the mutation
      improved the production of enzymes related to lignocellulosic biomass
      deconstruction. Considering the spectral counting analysis, the mutant strain
      S1M29 was more efficient in the production of enzymes involved in cellulose and
      hemicellulose degradation, despite having a nearly identical CAZy enzymatic
      repertoire. Moreover, S1M29 secretes more quantities of protein on SCB than on
      cellulose, relevant information when considering the production of cellulases
      using raw materials at low cost. Glucose, and especially glycerol, were used
      mainly for the production of amylases and ligninases.

PMID- 26989444
TI  - Efficient malic acid production from glycerol with Ustilago trichophora TZ1.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The large surplus of crude glycerol, as main low-value waste stream
      in biodiesel production, has led to the investigation of new possibilities for
      the production of value-added chemicals from this feedstock. New and efficient
      (bio-) catalysts are needed that are able to convert glycerol to versatile
      chemical building blocks. This would contribute to further develop away from a
      mainly petroleum based, to a sustainable, bio-based industry. One promising group
      of discussed building block chemicals are dicarbonic acids. RESULTS: Here, we
      report the efficient synthesis of malate from glycerol using Ustilago trichophora
      RK089, which was identified in a screening of 74 Ustilaginaceae. For economically
      feasible production that can compete with existing processes, a high productivity
      is required. By adaptive laboratory evolution, the growth and production rate
      were increased by 2.5- and 6.6-fold, respectively. Further medium optimization
      increased the final titer, yield, and overall production rate to 196 g L(-1),
      0.82 gmal ggly (-1), and 0.39 g L(-1) h(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This
      titer is the highest reported for microbial malate production, making U.
      trichophora TZ1 a promising microbial production host for malate from crude
      glycerol, especially since it is not genetically engineered. Since this
      production process starts from an industrial waste stream as substrate and yields
      an interesting platform chemical, which can be used to replace petro-chemicals,
      it greatly contributes to a sustainable bio-economy.

PMID- 26989445
TI  - The role of adipose tissue and adipokines in the manifestation of type 2 diabetes
      in the long-term period following myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the markers of insulin resistance and
      adipokine status in patients with visceral obesity during hospitalization
      following myocardial infarction (MI) and assess the disturbances of carbohydrate
      metabolism present 1 year after MI onset. METHODS: 94 male patients with MI were
      recruited. The exclusion criteria were as follows: age less than 50 or greater
      than 80 years, the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and a prior
      history of pronounced renal failure.Obesity types were defined according to body
      mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
      area. Glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin resistance (IR) index
      were measured on days 1 and 12 after the onset of MI. New-onset type 2 diabetes
      was assessed 1 year after MI onset. RESULTS: According to computed tomography
      assessments of all study patients, 69 % of patients with MI suffered from
      visceral obesity. The VAT area was more closely associated with the risk of
      developing type 2 diabetes compared with the obesity parameters, BMI and WC.
      Patients with a VAT area greater than 130 cm(2) had a 3.6-fold higher risk of
      developing type 2 diabetes. The presence of IR and hyperleptinemia increased the
      risk of developing diabetes in the post-MI period 3.5 and 3.7 times,
      respectively, in patients with visceral obesity compared with patients without
      visceral obesity. CONCLUSION: Visceral obesity is associated with IR, a 5.7-fold
      increase in leptin levels and a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes 1 year
      after MI onset.

PMID- 26989446
TI  - Baseline characteristics and risk factors for ulcer, amputation and severe
      neuropathy in diabetic foot at risk: the BRAZUPA study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies on diabetic foot and its complications involving a
      significant and representative sample of patients in South American countries are
      scarce. The main objective of this study was to acquire clinical and
      epidemiological data on a large cohort of diabetic patients from 19 centers from
      Brazil and focus on factors that could be associated with the risk of ulcer and
      amputation. METHODS: This study presents cross sectional, baseline results of the
      BRAZUPA Study. A total of 1455 patients were included. Parameters recorded
      included age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes and comorbidity-related records,
      previous ulcer or amputation, clinical symptomatic score, foot classification and
      microvascular complications. RESULTS: Patients with ulcer had longer disease
      duration (17.2 +/- 9.9 vs. 13.2 +/- 9.4 years; p < 0.001), and poorer glycemic
      control (HbA1c 9.23 +/- 2.03 vs. 8.35 +/- 1.99; p < 0.001). Independent risk
      factors for ulcer were male gender (OR 1.71; 95 % CI 1.2-3.7), smoking (OR 1.78;
      95 % CI 1.09-2.89), neuroischemic foot (OR 20.34; 95 % CI 9.31-44.38), region of
      origin (higher risk for those from developed regions, OR 2.39; 95 % CI 1.47
      3.87), presence of retinopathy (OR 1.68; 95 % CI 1.08-2.62) and absence of
      vibratory sensation (OR 7.95; 95 % CI 4.65-13.59). Risk factors for amputation
      were male gender (OR 2.12; 95 % CI 1.2-3.73), type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33; 95 % CI
      1.01-11.1), foot at risk classification (higher risk for ischemic foot, OR 19.63;
      95 % CI 3.43-112.5), hypertension (lower risk, OR 0.3; 95 % CI 0.14-0.63), region
      of origin (South/Southeast, OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.1-4.42), previous history of ulcer
      (OR 9.66; 95 % CI 4.67-19.98) and altered vibratory sensation (OR 3.46; 95 % CI
      1.64-7.33). There was no association between either outcome and ethnicity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Ulcer and amputation rates were high. Age at presentation was low
      and patients with ulcer presented a higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to
      ischemic foot at risk. Ischemic disease was more associated with amputations.
      Ethnical differences were not of great importance in a miscegenated population.

PMID- 26989447
TI  - Projecting Event-Based Analysis Dates in Clinical Trials: An Illustration Based
      on the International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (IDEA)
      Collaboration. Projecting analysis dates for the IDEA collaboration.
AB  - PURPOSE: Clinical trials are expensive and lengthy, where success of a given
      trial depends on observing a prospectively defined number of patient events
      required to answer the clinical question. The point at which this analysis time
      occurs depends on both patient accrual and primary event rates, which typically
      vary throughout the trial's duration. We demonstrate real-time analysis date
      projections using data from a collection of six clinical trials that are part of
      the IDEA collaboration, an international preplanned pooling of data from six
      trials testing the duration of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer,
      and we additionally consider the hypothetical impact of one trial's early
      termination of follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the absence of outcome data
      from IDEA, monthly accrual rates for each of the six IDEA trials were used to
      project subsequent trial-specific accrual, while historical data from similar
      Adjuvant Colon Cancer Endpoints (ACCENT) Group trials were used to construct a
      parametric model for IDEA's primary endpoint, disease-free survival, under the
      same treatment regimen. With this information and using the planned total accrual
      from each IDEA trial protocol, individual patient accrual and event dates were
      simulated and the overall IDEA interim and final analysis times projected.
      Projections were then compared with actual (previously undisclosed) trial
      specific event totals at a recent census time for validation. The change in
      projected final analysis date assuming early termination of follow-up for one
      IDEA trial was also calculated. RESULTS: Trial-specific predicted event totals
      were close to the actual number of events per trial for the recent census date at
      which the number of events per trial was known, with the overall IDEA projected
      number of events only off by eight patients. Potential early termination of
      follow-up by one IDEA trial was estimated to postpone the overall IDEA final
      analysis date by 9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time projection of the final
      analysis time during a trial, or the overall analysis time during a trial
      collaborative such as IDEA, has practical implications for trial feasibility when
      these projections are translated into additional time and resources required.

PMID- 26989449
TI  - Heterogeneity of Human Research Ethics Committees and Research Governance Offices
      across Australia: An observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conducting ethically grounded research is a fundamental facet of all
      investigations. Nevertheless, the administrative burdens of current ethics review
      are substantial, and calls have been made for a reduction in research waste.
      AIMS: To describe the heterogeneity in administration and documentation required
      by Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) and Research Governance Offices
      (RGOs) across Australia. METHODS: In establishing a nationwide study to
      investigate the molecular aetiology of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), for which
      archived pathological specimens from around Australia are being recruited, we
      identified variation across separate HREC and RGO requirements. Submission
      paperwork and correspondence from each collaborating site and its representative
      office for research were reviewed. This data was interrogated to evaluate
      differences in current guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-five pathology departments
      across seven Australian States collaborated in this study. All states, except
      Victoria, employed a single ethics review model. There was discrepancy amongst
      HRECs as to which application process applied to our study: seven requested
      completion of a "National Ethics Application Form" and three a "Low Negligible
      Risk" form. Noticeable differences in guidelines included whether electronic
      submission was sufficient. There was variability in the total number of documents
      submitted (range five to 22) and panel review turnaround time (range nine to 136
      days). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate the challenges and illustrate the heavy
      workload involved in receiving widespread ethics and governance approval across
      Australia. We highlight the need to simplify, homogenise, and nationalise human
      ethics for non-clinical trial studies. Reducing unnecessary administration will
      enable investigators to achieve research aims more efficiently.

PMID- 26989448
TI  - Techniques to administer oral, inhalational, and IV sedation in dentistry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sedation in dentistry is a controversial topic given the variety of
      opinions regarding its safe practice. AIMS: This article evaluates the various
      techniques used to administer sedation in dentistry and specific methods
      practiced to form a recommendation for clinicians. METHODS: An extensive
      literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Google,
      and local library resources. RESULTS: Most of the literature revealed a consensus
      that light sedation on low-risk American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)
      groups, that is ASA I, and possibly II, is the safest method for sedation in a
      dental outpatient setting. CONCLUSION: Formal training is essential to achieve
      the safe practice of sedation in dentistry or medicine. The appropriate setting
      for sedation should be determined as there is an increased risk outside the
      hospital setting. Patients should be adequately assessed and medication titrated
      appropriately, based on individual requirements.

PMID- 26989450
TI  - Patient experience a vital consideration in crafting solutions for healthcare
      challenges.

PMID- 26989451
TI  - Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Healthy and Infarcted Porcine Hearts: Study on the
      Impact of Formalin Fixation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to complexities of in-vivo cardiac diffusion tensor imaging
      (DTI), ex-vivo formalin-fixed specimens are used to investigate cardiac
      remodeling in diseases, and reported results have shown conflicting trends. This
      study investigates the impact of formalin-fixation on diffusion properties and
      optimizes tracking parameters based on controls to understand remodeling in
      myocardial-infarction (MI). METHODS: DTI was performed on 4 healthy (controls)
      and 4 MI induced formalin-fixed (PoMI) ex-vivo porcine hearts. Controls were
      scanned pre-fixation (PrCtrl) and re-scanned (PoCtrl) after formalin-fixation.
      Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were
      estimated in all hearts. Tracking parameters (FA, tract termination angle (TTA),
      fiber-length) were optimized in controls and then used to investigate structural
      remodeling in PoMI hearts. RESULTS: Fixation increased ADC and decreased FA. PoMI
      showed increased ADC but decreased FA in infarcted zone compared to remote zone.
      TTA showed sharp increase in slope from 5 degrees -10 degrees , which flattened
      after 25 degrees  in all groups. Mean fiber-length for different tracking length
      range showed that PoCtrl had shorter fibers compared to PrCtrl. Fibers around
      infarction were shorter in length and disarrayed compared to PoCtrl group.
      CONCLUSION: Formalin-fixation affects diffusion properties and hence DTI
      parametric trends observed in pathology may be influenced by the fixation process
      which can cause contradictory findings.

PMID- 26989453
TI  - Alternatively Spliced Methionine Synthase in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells:
      Cobalamin and GSH Dependence and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotoxic Metals and
      Thimerosal.
AB  - The folate and cobalamin (Cbl-) dependent enzyme methionine synthase (MS) is
      highly sensitive to oxidation and its activity affects all methylation reactions.
      Recent studies have revealed alternative splicing of MS mRNA in human brain and
      patient-derived fibroblasts. Here we show that MS mRNA in SH-SY5Y human
      neuroblastoma cells is alternatively spliced, resulting in three primary protein
      species, thus providing a useful model to examine cofactor dependence of these
      variant enzymes. MS activity was dependent upon methylcobalamin (MeCbl) or the
      combination of hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). OHCbl
      based activity was eliminated by depletion of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH)
      but could be rescued by provision of either glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl) or
      MeCbl. Pretreatment of cells with lead, arsenic, aluminum, mercury, or the
      ethylmercury-containing preservative thimerosal lowered GSH levels and inhibited
      MS activity in association with decreased uptake of cysteine, which is rate
      limiting for GSH synthesis. Thimerosal treatment decreased cellular levels of
      GSCbl and MeCbl. These findings indicate that the alternatively spliced form of
      MS expressed in SH-SY5Y human neuronal cells is sensitive to inhibition by
      thimerosal and neurotoxic metals, and lower GSH levels contribute to their
      inhibitory action. 

PMID- 26989454
TI  - MnTBAP Therapy Attenuates Renal Fibrosis in Mice with 5/6 Nephrectomy.
AB  - Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of all kinds of chronic kidney
      diseases (CKDs) with uncertain mechanisms. Accumulating evidence demonstrated an
      important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CKD. Here we
      hypothesized that MnTBAP (manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid)porphyrin
      chloride), a cell-permeable mimic of superoxide dismutase (SOD), may protect
      against the fibrotic response in CKD by antagonizing oxidative stress. To verify
      this hypothesis, we performed experiments in tubular epithelial cells and mice
      with 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx). In mouse tubular epithelial cells, TGF-beta1 induced a
      significant transition to fibrotic phenotype in line with a remarkable
      mitochondrial dysfunction, which was markedly improved by MnTBAP (1.14 MUM)
      pretreatment. In remnant kidneys of 5/6 Nx mice, tubulointerstitial fibrosis
      occurred in parallel with mitochondrial abnormality in renal tubular cells.
      Administration of MnTBAP significantly attenuated the deposition of extracellular
      matrix as evidenced by the blocked expressions of fibronectin, collagen I, and
      collagen III. Masson staining also displayed an ameliorated accumulation of
      collagenous matrix in MnTBAP-treated mice. Moreover, MnTBAP also significantly
      improved the severity of proteinuria without altering CKD-related hypertension.
      Collectively, MnTBAP therapy served as a promising strategy in preventing renal
      fibrosis in CKDs possibly via antagonizing mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress
      and subsequent protection of mitochondrial function. 

PMID- 26989452
TI  - Exercise Training Attenuates Upregulation of p47(phox) and p67(phox) in Hearts of
      Diabetic Rats.
AB  - Exercise training (ExT) is currently being used as a nonpharmacological strategy
      to improve cardiac function in diabetic patients. However, the molecular
      mechanism(s) underlying its beneficial effects remains poorly understood.
      Oxidative stress is known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic
      cardiomyopathy and one of the enzyme systems that produce reactive oxygen species
      is NADH/NADPH oxidase. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of
      streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes on expression of p47(phox) and p67(phox),
      key regulatory subunits of NADPH oxidase, in cardiac tissues and determine
      whether ExT can attenuate these changes. Four weeks after STZ treatment,
      expression of p47(phox) and p67(phox) increased 2.3-fold and 1.6-fold,
      respectively, in left ventricles of diabetic rats and these increases were
      attenuated with three weeks of ExT, initiated 1 week after onset of diabetes. In
      atrial tissues, there was increased expression of p47(phox) (74%), which was
      decreased by ExT in diabetic rats. Furthermore, increased collagen III levels in
      diabetic hearts (52%) were significantly reduced by ExT. Taken together, ExT
      attenuates the increased expression of p47(phox) and p67(phox) in the hearts of
      diabetic rats which could be an underlying mechanism for improving intracardiac
      matrix and thus cardiac function and prevent cardiac remodeling in diabetic
      cardiomyopathy. 

PMID- 26989455
TI  - Age-Dependent Demethylation of Sod2 Promoter in the Mouse Femoral Artery.
AB  - We studied the age-dependent regulation of the expression of the antioxidant
      enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD encoded by Sod2) through promoter
      methylation. C57Bl/6 mice were either (i) sedentary (SED), (ii) treated with the
      antioxidant catechin (CAT), or (iii) voluntarily exercised (EX) from weaning (1
      month old; mo) to 9 mo. Then, all mice aged sedentarily and were untreated until
      12 mo. Sod2 promoter methylation was similar in all groups in 9 mo but decreased
      (p < 0.05) in 12 mo SED mice only, which was associated with an increased (p <
      0.05) transcriptional activity in vitro. At all ages, femoral artery endothelial
      function was maintained; this was due to an increased (p < 0.05) contribution of
      eNOS-derived NO in 12 mo SED mice only. CAT and EX prevented these changes in age
      related endothelial function. Thus, a ROS-dependent epigenetic positive
      regulation of Sod2 gene expression likely represents a defense mechanism
      prolonging eNOS function in aging mouse femoral arteries. 

PMID- 26989457
TI  - A wear simulation study of nanostructured CVD diamond-on-diamond articulation
      involving concave/convex mating surfaces.
AB  - Using microwave-plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), a 3-micron thick
      nanostructured-diamond (NSD) layer was deposited onto polished, convex and
      concave components that were machined from Ti-6Al-4V alloy. These components had
      the same radius of curvature, 25.4mm. Wear testing of the surfaces was performed
      by rotating articulation of the diamond-deposited surfaces (diamond-on-diamond)
      with a load of 225N for a total of 5 million cycles in bovine serum resulting in
      polishing of the diamond surface and formation of very shallow, linear wear
      grooves of less than 50nm depth. The two diamond surfaces remained adhered to the
      components and polished each other to an average surface roughness that was
      reduced by as much as a factor of 80 for the most polished region located at the
      center of the condyle. Imaging of the surfaces showed that the initial wearing-in
      phase of diamond was only beginning at the end of the 5 million cycles. Atomic
      force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and surface
      profilometry were used to characterize the surfaces and verify that the diamond
      remained intact and uniform over the surface, thereby protecting the underlying
      metal. These wear simulation results show that diamond deposition on Ti alloy has
      potential application for joint replacement devices with improved longevity over
      existing devices made of cobalt chrome and ultra-high molecular weight
      polyethylene (UHMWPE).

PMID- 26989456
TI  - In Healthy Young Men, a Short Exhaustive Exercise Alters the Oxidative Stress
      Only Slightly, Independent of the Actual Fitness.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the apparent disagreement regarding
      the effect of a typical cycling progressive exercise, commonly used to assess
      VO2max, on the kinetics of ex vivo copper induced peroxidation of serum lipids.
      Thirty-two (32) healthy young men, aged 24-30 years, who do not smoke and do not
      take any food supplements, participated in the study. Blood was withdrawn from
      each participant at three time points (before the exercise and 5 minutes and one
      hour after exercise). Copper induced peroxidation of sera made of the blood
      samples was monitored by spectrophotometry. For comparison, we also assayed TBARS
      concentration and the activity of oxidation-related enzymes. The physical
      exercise resulted in a slight and reversible increase of TBARS and slight changes
      in the activities of the studied antioxidant enzymes and the lag preceding
      peroxidation did not change substantially. Most altered parameters returned to
      baseline level one hour after exercise. Notably, the exercise-induced changes in
      OS did not correlate with the physical fitness of the subjects, as evaluated in
      this study (VO2max = 30-60 mL/min/kg). We conclude that in healthy young fit men
      a short exhaustive exercise alters only slightly the OS, independent of the
      actual physical fitness. 

PMID- 26989458
TI  - Complete mesocolic excision: Lessons from anatomy translating to better oncologic
      outcome.
AB  - Since the introduction of complete mesocolic excision (CME) for colon cancer, the
      oncologic outcome of patients has been greatly improved, which has led to a
      longer survival and a lower recurrence, just like the total mesorectum excision
      for rectal cancer. Despite the fact that the exact anatomy of the organ is one of
      the most vital things for surgeons to conduct surgery, no team has really studied
      the exact structure of the mesocolon and related attachments for CME, until the
      mesocolonic anatomy was first formally characterized in 2012. Therefore, this
      article mainly focuses on the anatomy development of the mesocolon and the
      achievement in this field. Meanwhile, we introduce the latest progress in
      laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer achieved by our team. 

PMID- 26989460
TI  - Perioperative treatment options in resectable pancreatic cancer - how to improve
      long-term survival.
AB  - Surgery remains the only chance of cure for pancreatic cancer, but only 15%-25%
      of patients present with resectable disease at the time of primary diagnosis.
      Important goals in clinical research must therefore be to allow early detection
      with suitable diagnostic procedures, to further broaden operation techniques and
      to determine the most effective perioperative treatment of either chemotherapy
      and/or radiation therapy. More extensive operations involving extended
      pancreatectomy, portal vein resection and pancreatic resection in resectable
      pancreatic cancer with limited liver metastasis, performed in specialized centers
      seem to be the surgical procedures with a possible impact on survival. After many
      years of stagnation in pharmacological clinical research on advanced pancreatic
      ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) - since the approval of gemcitabine in 1997 - more
      effective cytotoxic substances (nab-paclitaxel) and combinations (FOLFIRINOX) are
      now available for perioperative treatment. Additionally, therapies with a broader
      mechanism of action are emerging (stroma depletion, immunotherapy, anti
      inflammation), raising hopes for more effective adjuvant and neoadjuvant
      treatment concepts, especially in the context of "borderline resectability". Only
      multidisciplinary approaches including radiology, surgery, medical and radiation
      oncology as the backbones of the treatment of potentially resectable PDAC may be
      able to further improve the rate of cure in the future. 

PMID- 26989459
TI  - Endoscopic palliation of malignant biliary strictures.
AB  - Malignant biliary strictures often present late after the window for curative
      resection has elapsed. In such patients, the goal of therapy is typically focused
      on palliation. While historically, palliative measures were performed surgically,
      the advent of endoscopic intervention offers minimally invasive options to
      provide relief of symptoms, improve quality of life, and in some cases, increase
      survival of these patients. Some of these therapies, such as endoscopic biliary
      decompression, have become mainstays of treatment for decades, whereas newer
      modalities, including radiofrequency ablation, and photodynamic therapy offer
      additional options for patients with incurable biliary malignancies. 

PMID- 26989461
TI  - Primary prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolic events in patients with
      gastrointestinal cancers - Review.
AB  - Venous thromboembolism event (VTE) is a common and morbid complication in cancer
      patients. Patients with gastrointestinal cancers often suffer from symptomatic or
      incidental splanchnic vein thrombosis, impaired liver function and/or
      thrombocytopenia. These characteristics require a thorough risk/benefit
      evaluation for individual patients. Considering the risk factors for the
      development of VTE and bleeding events in addition to recent study results may be
      helpful for correct initiation of primary pharmacological prevention and
      treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), preferably with low molecular
      weight heparins (LMWH). Whereas thromboprophylaxis is most often recommended in
      hospitalized surgical and non-surgical patients with malignancy, there is less
      agreement as to its duration. With regard to ambulatory cancer patients, the lack
      of robust data results in low grade recommendations against routine use of
      anticoagulant drugs. Anticoagulation with LMWH for the first months is the
      evidence-based treatment for acute CAT, but duration of secondary prevention and
      the drug of choice are unclear. Based on published guidelines and literature,
      this review will focus on prevention and treatment strategies of VTE in patients
      with gastrointestinal cancers. 

PMID- 26989462
TI  - Gastric cancer development after the successful eradication of Helicobacter
      pylori.
AB  - Gastric cancer (GC) develops as a result of inflammation-associated
      carcinogenesis due to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and subsequent
      defects in genetic/epigenetic events. Although the indication for eradication
      therapy has become widespread, clinical studies have revealed its limited effects
      in decreasing the incidence of GC. Moreover, research on biopsy specimens
      obtained by conventional endoscopy has demonstrated the feasibility of the
      restoration of some genetic/epigenetic alterations in the gastric mucosa.
      Practically, the number of sporadic cases of primary/metachronous GC that emerge
      after successful eradication has increased, while on-going guidelines recommend
      eradication therapy for patients with chronic gastritis and those with background
      mucosa after endoscopic resection for GC. Accordingly, regular surveillance of
      numerous individuals who have received eradication therapy is recommended despite
      the lack of biomarkers. Recently, the focus has been on functional reversibility
      after successful eradication as another cue to elucidate the mechanisms of
      restoration as well as those of carcinogenesis in the gastric mucosa after H.
      pylori eradication. We demonstrated that Congo-red chromoendoscopy enabled the
      identification of the multi-focal distribution of functionally irreversible
      mucosa compared with that of restored mucosa after successful eradication in
      individuals at extremely high risk for GC. Further research that uses functional
      imaging may provide new insights into the mechanisms of regeneration and
      carcinogenesis in the gastric mucosa post-eradication and may allow for the
      development of useful biomarkers. 

PMID- 26989463
TI  - Emerging role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator - an
      epithelial chloride channel in gastrointestinal cancers.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a glycoprotein with
      1480 amino acids, has been well established as a chloride channel mainly
      expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissues and organs such as lungs,
      sweat glands, gastrointestinal system, and reproductive organs. Although
      defective CFTR leads to cystic fibrosis, a common genetic disorder in the
      Caucasian population, there is accumulating evidence that suggests a novel role
      of CFTR in various cancers, especially in gastroenterological cancers, such as
      pancreatic cancer and colon cancer. In this review, we summarize the emerging
      findings that link CFTR with various cancers, with focus on the association
      between CFTR defects and gastrointestinal cancers as well as the underlying
      mechanisms. Further study of CFTR in cancer biology may help pave a new way for
      the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. 

PMID- 26989466
TI  - Expression of p-STAT3 and vascular endothelial growth factor in MNNG-induced
      precancerous lesions and gastric tumors in rats.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the dynamic expression of p-signal transducer and activator
      of transcription 3 (STAT3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the
      formation of gastric tumors induced by drinking water containing N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in Wistar rats. METHODS: One hundred and twenty
      Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups (60 in each group): Control
      group and Model group. The rats in each group were then randomly divided into
      three groups (20 in each group): C/M15, C/M25 and C/M40 (15, 25 and 40 represent
      the number of feeding weeks from termination). Rats in the control group received
      normal drinking water and rats in the model group received drinking water
      containing 100 MUg/mL MNNG. Stomach tissues were collected at the end of the
      15(th), 25(th) and 40(th) week, respectively, for microscopic measurement using
      hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of p-STAT3 and VEGF in different
      pathological types of gastric tissue, including normal, inflammation, atrophy,
      hyperplasia and gastric stromal tumor, was observed by immunohistochemistry and
      Western blot, and the corelation between p-STAT3 and VEGF was analyzed. RESULTS:
      (1) The expression of p-STAT3 in tissue with gastritis, atrophy, dysplasia and
      gastric stromal tumor were significantly increased in the model group compared
      with the control group (2.5 +/- 1.0, 2.75 +/- 0.36, 6.2 +/- 0.45, 5.67 +/- 0.55
      vs 0.75 +/- 0.36, P = 0.026, 0.035, 0.001, 0.002, respectively); the expression
      of p-STAT3 in tissue with dysplasia was higher than that in samples with
      gastritis or atrophy (6.2 +/- 0.45 vs 2.5 +/- 1.0, P = 0.006; 6.2 +/- 0.45 vs
      2.75 +/- 0.36, P = 0.005, respectively); however, the expression of p-STAT3 in
      gastritis and atrophy was not significantly different (P > 0.05); (2) the
      expression of VEGF in tissue with gastritis, atrophy, dysplasia and gastric
      stromal tumor was significantly increased in the model group compared with normal
      gastric mucosa; and the expression of VEGF in tissue with dysplasia was higher
      than that in tissue with inflammation and atrophy (10.8 +/- 1.96 vs 7.62 +/-
      0.25, P = 0.029; 10.8 +/- 1.96 vs 6.26 +/- 0.76, P = 0.033, respectively);
      similarly, the expression of VEGF in tissue with gastritis and atrophy was not
      significantly different (P > 0.05); and (3) the expression of VEGF was positively
      correlated with p-STAT3. CONCLUSION: p-STAT3 plays an important role in gastric
      cancer formation by regulating the expression of VEGF to promote the progression
      of gastric tumor from gastritis.

PMID- 26989464
TI  - Role of genetic detection in peritoneal washes with gastric carcinoma: The past,
      present and future.
AB  - The most frequent cause of treatment failure following surgery for gastric cancer
      is peritoneal dissemination, mainly caused by the seeding of free cancer cells
      from the primary gastric cancer, which is the most common type of spread.
      Unfortunately, there is no standard modality of intraperitoneal free cancer cells
      detection to predict peritoneal metastasis until now. We reviewed English
      literature in PubMed was done using the MeSH terms for gastric cancer, peritoneal
      wash, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. All the articles were
      reviewed and core information was tabulated for reference. After a comprehensive
      review of all articles, the data was evaluated by clinical implication and
      predictive value of each marker for peritoneal recurrence. There are still many
      limitations to overcome before the genetic diagnosis for free cancer cells
      detection can be considered as routine assay. To make it a reliable diagnostic
      tool for detecting free cancer cells, the process and method of genetic detection
      with peritoneal washes should be standardized, and the development of simple
      diagnostic devices and easily available kits are necessary. Herein, we reviewed
      the past, present and future perspectives of the peritoneal lavage for the
      detection of intraperitoneal free cancer cells in patients with gastric cancer. 

PMID- 26989467
TI  - Clinical and epidemiologic variations of esophageal cancer in Tanzania.
AB  - AIM: To estimate the incidence of esophageal cancer (EC) in Kilimanjaro in
      comparison to other regions in Tanzania. METHODS: We also examined the clinical,
      epidemiologic, and geographic distribution of the 1332 EC patients diagnosed
      and/or treated at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) during the period 2006-2013.
      Medical records were used to abstract patient information on age, sex, residence,
      smoking status, alcohol consumption, tumor site, histopathologic type of tumor,
      date and place of diagnosis, and type and date of treatment at ORCI. Regional
      variation of EC patients was investigated at the level of the 26 administrative
      regions of Tanzania. Total, age- and sex-specific incidence rates were
      calculated. RESULTS: Male patients 55 years and older had higher incidence of EC
      than female and younger patients. Of histopathologically-confirmed cases,
      squamous-cell carcinoma represented 90.9% of histopathologic types of tumors. The
      administrative regions in the central and eastern parts of Tanzania had higher
      incidence rates than western regions, specifically administrative regions of
      Kilimanjaro, Dar es Salaam, and Tanga had the highest rates. CONCLUSION: Further
      research should focus on investigating possible etiologic factors for EC in
      regions with high incidence in Tanzania.

PMID- 26989465
TI  - Is metastatic pancreatic cancer an untargetable malignancy?
AB  - Metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies,
      known to be chemo-resistant and have been recently considered resistant to some
      targeted therapies (TT). Erlotinib combined to gemcitabine is the only targeted
      therapy that showed an overall survival benefit in MPC. New targets and
      therapeutic approaches, based on new-TT, are actually being evaluated in MPC
      going from immunotherapy, epigenetics, tumor suppressor gene and oncogenes to
      stromal matrix regulators. We aim in this paper to present the major causes
      rendering MPC an untargetable malignancy and to focus on the new therapeutic
      modalities based on TT in MPC. 

PMID- 26989468
TI  - Myeloid sarcoma presenting as a colon polyp and harbinger of chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.
AB  - Myeloid sarcoma, also known as granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma is an unusual
      accumulation of malignant myeloid precursor cells in an extramedullary site,
      which disrupts the normal architecture of the involved tissue. It is known to
      occur more commonly in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and less commonly
      in those with myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm, such as
      chronic myelogenous leukemia. The most common sites of involvement include bone,
      skin and lymph nodes. However, rare cases have been reported in the
      gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, or breast. Most commonly, a
      neoplastic extramedullary proliferation of myeloid precursors in a patient would
      have systemic involvement of a myeloid neoplasm, including in the bone marrow and
      peripheral blood. Infrequently, extramedullary disease may be the only site of
      involvement. It may also occur as a localized antecedent to more generalized
      disease or as a site of recurrence. Herein, we present the first case in the
      English literature of a patient presenting with an isolated site of myeloid
      sarcoma arising in the form of a colonic polyp which, after subsequent bone
      marrow biopsy, was found to be a harbinger of chronic myelogenous leukemia. 

PMID- 26989469
TI  - Rare case of entero-enteric intussusception caused by small bowel metastasis from
      a cardiac liposarcoma.
AB  - Primary cardiac liposarcoma is exceedingly rare and its metastatic potential
      varies based on the actual tumor subclass. Intestinal intussusception is also an
      uncommon cause of abdominal pain and bowel obstruction in adults and it usually
      generates at a malignant lead point in this age group. We report a case of a
      primary cardiac dedifferentiated liposarcoma in a pregnant woman causing small
      bowel seeding leading to bowel intussusception. 

PMID- 24715981
TI  - Software Carpentry: lessons learned.
AB  - Since its start in 1998, Software Carpentry has evolved from a week-long training
      course at the US national laboratories into a worldwide volunteer effort to
      improve researchers' computing skills. This paper explains what we have learned
      along the way, the challenges we now face, and our plans for the future. 

PMID- 26989472
TI  - Recent advances in the elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product
      biosynthesis.
AB  - With the successful production of artemisinic acid in yeast, the promising
      potential of synthetic biology for natural product biosynthesis is now being
      realized. The recent total biosynthesis of opioids in microbes is considered to
      be another landmark in this field. The importance and significance of enzymes in
      natural product biosynthetic pathways have been re-emphasized by these
      advancements. Therefore, the characterization and elucidation of enzymatic
      function in natural product biosynthesis are undoubtedly fundamental for the
      development of new drugs and the heterologous biosynthesis of active natural
      products. Here, discoveries regarding enzymatic function in natural product
      biosynthesis over the past year are briefly reviewed. 

PMID- 26989470
TI  - Targeting glucose metabolism in cancer: new class of agents for loco-regional and
      systemic therapy of liver cancer and beyond?
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and the third
      leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In patients with unresectable
      disease, loco-regional catheter-based intra-arterial therapies (IAT) can achieve
      selective tumor control while minimizing systemic toxicity. As molecular features
      of tumor growth and microenvironment are better understood, new targets arise for
      selective anticancer therapy. Particularly, antiglycolytic drugs that exploit the
      hyperglycolytic cancer cell metabolism - also known as the 'Warburg effect' -
      have emerged as promising therapeutic options. Thus, future developments will
      combine the selective character of loco-regional drug delivery platforms with
      highly specific molecular targeted antiglycolytic agents. This review will
      exemplify literature on antiglycolytic approaches and particularly focus on intra
      arterial delivery methods.

PMID- 26962435
TI  - The importance of selecting the appropriate reference genes for quantitative real
      time PCR as illustrated using colon cancer cells and tissue.
AB  - Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
      remains the most sensitive technique for nucleic acid quantification. Its
      popularity is reflected in the remarkable number of publications reporting RT
      qPCR data. Careful normalisation within RT-qPCR studies is imperative to ensure
      accurate quantification of mRNA levels. This is commonly achieved through the use
      of reference genes as an internal control to normalise the mRNA levels between
      different samples. The selection of appropriate reference genes can be a
      challenge as transcript levels vary with physiology, pathology and development,
      making the information within the transcriptome flexible and variable. In this
      study, we examined the variation in expression of a panel of nine candidate
      reference genes in HCT116 and HT29 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cultures, as
      well as in normal and cancerous colon tissue. Using normfinder we identified the
      top three most stable genes for all conditions. Further to this we compared the
      change in expression of a selection of PKC coding genes when the data was
      normalised to one reference gene and three reference genes. Here we demonstrated
      that there is a variation in the fold changes obtained dependent on the number of
      reference genes used. As well as this, we highlight important considerations
      namely; assay efficiency tests, inhibition tests and RNA assessment which should
      also be implemented into all RT-qPCR studies. All this data combined demonstrates
      the need for careful experimental design in RT-qPCR studies to help eliminate
      false interpretation and reporting of results. 

PMID- 26989473
TI  - Dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton.
AB  - Cellular processes, including morphogenesis, polarization, and motility, rely on
      a variety of actin-based structures. Although the biochemical composition and
      filament organization of these structures are different, they often emerge from a
      common origin. This is possible because the actin structures are highly dynamic.
      Indeed, they assemble, grow, and disassemble in a time scale of a second to a
      minute. Therefore, the reorganization of a given actin structure can promote the
      formation of another. Here, we discuss such transitions and illustrate them with
      computer simulations. 

PMID- 26989475
TI  - Can ecosystem-scale translocations mitigate the impact of climate change on
      terrestrial biodiversity? Promises, pitfalls, and possibilities: Ecosystem-scale
      translocations.
AB  - Because ecological interactions are the first components of the ecosystem to be
      impacted by climate change, future forms of threatened-species and ecosystem
      management should aim at conserving complete, functioning communities rather than
      single charismatic species. A possible way forward is the deployment of ecosystem
      scale translocation (EST), where above- and below-ground elements of a
      functioning terrestrial ecosystem (including vegetation and topsoil) are
      carefully collected and moved together. Small-scale attempts at such practice
      have been made for the purpose of ecological restoration. By moving larger
      subsets of functioning ecosystems from climatically unstable regions to more
      stable ones, EST could provide a practical means to conserve mature and complex
      ecosystems threatened by climate change. However, there are a number of
      challenges associated with EST in the context of climate change mitigation, in
      particular the choice of donor and receptor sites. With the aim of fostering
      discussion and debate about the EST concept, we  1) outline the possible promises
      and pitfalls of EST in mitigating the impact of climate change on terrestrial
      biodiversity and 2) use a GIS-based approach to illustrate how  potential source
      and receptor sites, where EST could be trialed and evaluated globally, could be
      identified. 

PMID- 26989477
TI  - The development of a novel HAuCl4@MOF catalyst and its catalytic application in
      the formation of dihydrochalcones.
AB  - A novel HAuCl4@UiO-66-NH2 material has been obtained and utilized as a
      heterogeneous Au(III) catalyst. This Au(III) catalyst was able to promote the
      formation of a variety of dihydrochalcones starting from 2H-chromenes in moderate
      to good yields. A tandem hydride shift/hydration reaction sequence has been
      proposed based on deuterium labeling studies, which revealed a 1,5-hydride shift
      reaction pathway. A flavone intermediate has been synthesized to further support
      the proposed mechanism. Furthermore, the HAuCl4@UiO-66-NH2 catalyst can be
      recycled several times without compromising the catalytic activity.

PMID- 26989478
TI  - Application of aziridinium ring opening for preparation of optically active
      diamine and triamine analogues: Highly efficient synthesis and evaluation of DTPA
      based MRI contrast enhancement agents.
AB  - Ring opening of aziridinium ions with nitrogen nucleophiles was applied to the
      highly efficient synthesis of optically active vicinal diamines and diethylene
      triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) analogues as potential magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement agents. The synthetic method features a column
      free isolation of the regiospecific and stereospecific nucleophilic substitution
      products of enantiomerically enriched aziridinium ions in excellent yield.

PMID- 26989476
TI  - Can follicular helper T cells be targeted to improve vaccine efficacy?
AB  - The success of most vaccines relies on the generation of antibodies to provide
      protection against subsequent infection; this in turn depends on a robust
      germinal centre (GC) response that culminates in the production of long-lived
      antibody-secreting plasma cells. The size and quality of the GC response are
      directed by a specialised subset of CD4 (+) T cells: T follicular helper (Tfh)
      cells. Tfh cells provide growth and differentiation signals to GC B cells and
      mediate positive selection of high-affinity B cell clones in the GC, thereby
      determining which B cells exit the GC as plasma cells and memory B cells. Because
      of their central role in the production of long-lasting humoral immunity, Tfh
      cells represent an interesting target for rational vaccine design. 

PMID- 26989479
TI  - Tunable tissue scaffolds fabricated by in situ crosslink in phase separation
      system.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with intrinsic porous structures are desirable
      in various tissue regeneration applications. In this study, a unique method that
      combines thermally induced phase separation with a photocrosslinking process was
      developed for the fabrication of 3-D crosslinked polymer scaffolds with densely
      interconnected porous structures. Biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co
      poly(L-lactic acid) with crosslinkable fumarate bonds were used as the structural
      polymer material and a dioxane/water binary system was applied for the phase
      separation. By altering the polymer composition (9, 5 and 3 wt%), different types
      of scaffolds with distinct morphology, mechanical strength, degradation rate,
      cell growth and morphology, and extracellular matrix production were fabricated.
      These crosslinked 3-D porous scaffolds with tunable strength and biological
      responses show promise for potential applications in regenerative therapies,
      including bone and neural tissue engineering.

PMID- 26989480
TI  - Maximizing Fibroblast Adhesion on Protein-Coated Surfaces Using Microfluidic Cell
      Printing.
AB  - translation of in vitro cell based assays to in vivo cellular response is
      imprecise at best. The advent of three-dimensional cell cultures in addition to
      bioreactor type microfluidics has improved the situation. However, these
      technical advances cannot be easily combined due to practical limitations.
      Development of a vertical microfluidic cell printer overcomes this obstacle,
      providing the ability to more closely recapitulate complex cellular environments
      and responses. As a proof of concept, we investigated the adhesion of fibroblasts
      under flow on protein-coated surfaces using a novel vertical microfluidic print
      head to isolate and manipulate both mechanical and biological factors as a model
      of fibroblast behavior during the foreign body response following implant
      insertion. A low flow rate with larger microfluidic channels onto a serum-coated
      surface has been determined to allow the highest density of viable fibroblasts to
      attach to the surface. While these insights into fibroblast surface attachment
      may lead to better material designs, the methods developed herein will certainly
      be useful as a biomaterials testing platform.

PMID- 26989481
TI  - Contrasting effects of nanoparticle-protein attraction on amyloid aggregation.
AB  - Nanoparticles (NPs) have been experimentally found to either promote or inhibit
      amyloid aggregation of proteins, but the molecular mechanisms for such complex
      behaviors remain unknown. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we
      investigated the effects of varying the strength of nonspecific NP-protein
      attraction on amyloid aggregation of a model protein, the amyloid-beta peptide
      implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, with increasing NP-peptide
      attraction, amyloid aggregation on the NP surface was initially promoted due to
      increased local protein concentration on the surface and destabilization of the
      folded state. However, further increase of NP-peptide attraction decreased the
      stability of amyloid fibrils and reduced their lateral diffusion on the NP
      surface necessary for peptide conformational changes and self-association, thus
      prohibiting amyloid aggregation. Moreover, we found that the relative
      concentration between protein and NPs also played an important role in amyloid
      aggregation. With a high NP/protein ratio, NPs that intrinsically promote protein
      aggregation may display an inhibitive effect by depleting the proteins in
      solution while having a low concentration of the proteins on each NP's surface.
      Our coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation study offers a molecular
      mechanism for delineating the contrasting and seemingly conflicting effects of NP
      protein attraction on amyloid aggregation and highlights the potential of
      tailoring anti-aggregation nanomedicine against amyloid diseases.

PMID- 26989482
TI  - Structure Activity Related, Mechanistic, and Modeling Studies of Gallotannins
      containing a Glucitol-Core and alpha-Glucosidase.
AB  - Gallotannins containing a glucitol core, which are only produced by members of
      the maple (Acer) genus, are more potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors than the
      clinical drug, acarbose. While this activity is influenced by the number of
      substituents on the glucitol core (e.g. more galloyl groups leads to increased
      activity), the mechanisms of inhibitory action are not known. Herein, we
      investigated ligand-enzyme interactions and binding mechanisms of a series of
      'glucitol-core containing gallotannins (GCGs)' against the alpha-glucosidase
      enzyme. The GCGs included ginnalins A, B and C (containing two, one, and one
      galloyl/s, respectively), maplexin F (containing 3 galloyls) and maplexin J
      (containing 4 galloyls). All of the GCGs were noncompetitive inhibitors of alpha
      glucosidase and their interactions with the enzyme were further explored using
      biophysical and spectroscopic measurements. Thermodynamic parameters (by
      isothermal titration calorimetry) revealed a 1:1 binding ratio between GCGs and
      alpha-glucosidase. The binding regions between the GCGs and alpha-glucosidase,
      probed by a fluorescent tag, 1,1'-bis(4-anilino-5-napththalenesulfonic acid,
      revealed that the GCGs decreased the hydrophobic surface of the enzyme. In
      addition, circular dichroism analyses showed that the GCGs bind to alpha
      glucosidase and lead to loss of the secondary alpha-helix structure of the
      protein. Also, molecular modeling was used to predict the binding site between
      the GCGs and the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. This is the first study to evaluate
      the mechanisms of inhibitory activities of gallotannins containing a glucitol
      core on alpha-glucosidase.

PMID- 26989483
TI  - Novel biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(l-lactic acid) porous
      scaffolds fabricated by phase separation for tissue engineering applications.
AB  - Scaffolds with intrinsically interconnected porous structures are highly
      desirable in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, three
      dimensional polymer scaffolds with highly interconnected porous structures were
      fabricated by thermally induced phase separation of novel synthesized
      biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(l-lactic acid) in a dioxane/water
      binary system. Defined porous scaffolds were achieved by optimizing conditions to
      attain interconnected porous structures. The effect of phase separation
      parameters on scaffold morphology were investigated, including polymer
      concentration (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%), quench time (1, 4, and 8 min), dioxane/water
      ratio (83/17, 85/15, and 87/13 wt/wt), and freeze temperature (-20, -80, and -196
      degrees C). Interesting pore morphologies were created by adjusting these
      processing parameters, e.g., flower-shaped (5%; 85/15; 1 min; -80  degrees C),
      spherulite-like (5%; 85/15; 8 min; -80  degrees C), and bead-like (5%; 87/13; 1
      min; -80  degrees C) morphology. Modulation of phase separation conditions also
      resulted in remarkable differences in scaffold porosities (81% to 91%) and
      thermal properties. Furthermore, scaffolds with varied mechanic strengths,
      degradation rates, and protein adsorption capabilities could be fabricated using
      the phase separation method. In summary, this work provides an effective route to
      generate multi-dimensional porous scaffolds that can be applied to a variety of
      hydrophobic polymers and copolymers. The generated scaffolds could potentially be
      useful for various tissue engineering applications including bone tissue
      engineering.

PMID- 26989484
TI  - Colorimetric and Optical Discrimination of Halides by a Simple Chemosensor.
AB  - A thiophene-based tripodal copper(II) complex has been synthesized as a new
      colorimetric and optical chemosensor for naked-eye discrimination of halides in
      acetonitrile and an acetonitrile-water mixture. The binding interactions of the
      new receptor with several anions were analyzed by UV-Vis titrations, electrospray
      ionization mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) experiments and density functional theory
      (DFT) calculations. The results from UV-Vis titrations indicate that the
      coordinative unsaturated copper(II) complex strongly binds a halide at its vacant
      copper(II) centre via a metal-ligand bond forming a 1:1 complex, exhibiting
      binding affinities in the order of fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide. The
      interactions of the receptor with halides were further confirmed by ESI-MS,
      showing a distinct signal corresponding to a 1:1 complex for each halide,
      suggesting that the noncovalent interactions also exist in the gas phase. In
      addition, time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations were also carried out to
      understand the excited-state properties of the chemosensor complexes. A detailed
      analysis of the TD-DFT calculations shows a consistent red-shift in the first
      optically-allowed transition, consistent with the observed colorimetric
      experiments.

PMID- 26989485
TI  - Establishment of a Long-Term Chick Forebrain Neuronal Culture on a Microelectrode
      Array Platform.
AB  - The biosensor system formed by culturing primary animal neurons on a
      microelectrode array (MEA) platform is drawing an increasing research interest
      for its power as a rapid, sensitive, functional neurotoxicity assessment, as well
      as for many other electrophysiological related research purposes. In this paper,
      we established a long-term chick forebrain neuron culture (C-FBN-C) on MEAs with
      a more than 5 month long lifespan and up to 5 month long stability in morphology
      and physiological function; characterized the C-FBN-C morphologically,
      functionally, and developmentally; partially compared its functional features
      with rodent counterpart; and discussed its pros and cons as a novel biosensor
      system in comparison to rodent counterpart and human induced pluripotent stem
      cells (hiPSCs). Our results show that C-FBN-C on MEA platform 1) can be used as a
      biosensor of its own type in a wide spectrum of basic biomedical research; 2) is
      of value in comparative physiology in cross-species studies; and 3) may have
      potential to be used as an alternative, cost-effective approach to rodent
      counterpart within shared common functional domains (such as specific types of
      ligand-gated ion channel receptors and subtypes expressed in the cortical tissues
      of both species) in large-scale environmental neurotoxicant screening that would
      otherwise require millions of animals.

PMID- 26989486
TI  - Poly (vinylidene fluoride) / Poly (acrylonitrile)-based Superior Hydrophobic
      Piezoelectric Solid Derived by Aligned Carbon Nanotube in Electrospinning:
      Fabrication, the Phase Conversion and Surface Energy.
AB  - Multifunctional materials have attracted many interests from both fundamental and
      practical aspects, such as field-effect transistor, electric protection,
      transducers and biosensor. Here we demonstrated the first superior hydrophobic
      piezoelectric surface based on the polymer blend of polyvinylidene fluoride
      (PVDF)-polyacrilonitrile (PAN) assisted with functionalized multiwalled nanotubes
      (MWNTs), by a modified electrospinning method. Typically the beta-phase
      polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was considered as the excellent piezoelectric and
      pyroelectric materials. However, polar beta-phase of PVDF exhibited a natural
      high hydrophilicity. As a well-known fact, the wettability of the surface is
      dominated by two major factors: surface composition and surface roughness. The
      significant conversions derived by the incorporation of MWNTs, from nonpolar
      alpha-phase to highly polar beta-phase of PVDF, were confirmed by FTIR.
      Meanwhile, the effects of MWNTs on the improvement of the roughness and the
      hydrophobicity of polymer blend were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM)
      and contact angle (CA). Molar free energy of wetting of the polymer nanocomposite
      decreases with increasing the wt.% of MWNTs. All molar free energy of wetting of
      PVDF-PAN/MWNTs were negative, which means the non-wettability of film. The
      combination of surface roughness and low-surface-energy modification in
      nanostructured composites leads to high hydrophobicity. Particularly, fabrication
      of superior hydrophobic surfaces not only has fundamental interest but also
      various possible functional applications in micro- and nano-materials and
      devices.

PMID- 26989487
TI  - Influence of silk-silica fusion protein design on silica condensation in vitro
      and cellular calcification.
AB  - Biomaterial design via genetic engineering can be utilized for the rational
      functionalization of proteins to promote biomaterial integration and tissue
      regeneration. Spider silk has been extensively studied for its biocompatibility,
      biodegradability and extraordinary material properties. As a protein-based
      biomaterial, recombinant DNA derived derivatives of spider silks have been
      modified with biomineralization domains which lead to silica deposition and
      potentially accelerated bone regeneration. However, the influence of the location
      of the R5 (SSKKSGSYSGSKGSKRRIL) silicifying domain fused with the spider silk
      protein sequence on the biosilicification process remains to be determined. Here
      we designed two silk-R5 fusion proteins that differed in the location of the R5
      peptide, C- vs. N-terminus, where the spider silk domain consisted of a 15mer
      repeat of a 33 amino acid consensus sequence of the major ampullate dragline
      Spidroin 1 from Nephila clavipes (SGRGGLGGQG AGAAAAAGGA GQGGYGGLGSQGT). The
      chemical, physical and silica deposition properties of these recombinant proteins
      were assessed and compared to a silk 15mer control without the R5 present. The
      location of the R5 peptide did not have a significant effect on wettability and
      surface energies, while the C-terminal location of the R5 promoted more
      controlled silica precipitation, suggesting differences in protein folding and
      possibly different access to charged amino acids that drive the silicification
      process. Further, cell compatibility in vitro, as well as the ability to promote
      human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation were
      demonstrated for both variants of the fusion proteins.

PMID- 26989488
TI  - COPD heterogeneity: implications for management.

PMID- 26989489
TI  - A single oral dose of a polyglucosamine influences the bioavailability of [9
      (14)C]-Oleic acid in adult female Gottingen minipigs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since 1980 and is a leading risk
      for global deaths, profoundly affecting morbidity, mortality, health-care costs,
      and professional and personal quality of life. Treatment of obesity and its
      consequences include lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric
      surgery. Polyglucosamines have been proposed as an alternative strategy for
      treating obesity, by reducing the amount of absorbed fat through interaction with
      dietary fat through various mechanisms. The objective of this study is to
      investigate the influence of polyglucosamine on the bioavailability of the model
      compound [9-(14)C]-oleic acid in female Gottingen minipigs. METHOD: The study
      consisted of two treatment groups, each consisting of six adult female Gottingen
      minipigs with a catheterized vena jugularis to enable frequent blood sampling.
      One group served as the untreated group (control) and the other group was pre
      treated with 2 tablets of 500 mg formoline L112. After 30 min, all animals were
      dosed orally with [9-(14)C]-oleic acid. Excreta and blood samples were collected
      for analysis of radioactivity from 48 h pre-dose up to 144 h post-dosing. At
      sacrifice, the liver and contents of the gastrointestinal tract were collected
      for radioanalysis. RESULTS: Upon treatment with polyglucosamine (formoline L112),
      the Tmax of [(14)C]-oleic acid in plasma was shifted from 4 to 16 h, and the Cmax
      decreased significantly from 14.1 MUg/g to 3.3 MUg/g. In addition, upon treatment
      with polyglucosamine the internal exposure to [(14)C]-oleic acid as reflected by
      the area under the curve during the 0-12 h post-dose time interval (AUC0-12h), is
      significantly decreased to 32.9 % of the plasma value of [(14)C]-oleic acid in
      untreated animals. Even up to 24 h post-dose, the AUC0-24h is significantly
      decreased to 50.7 % of the plasma value in untreated animals and this significant
      effect is prolonged up to 60 h post-dose. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that
      treatment with polyglucosamine (formoline L112) reduces (as judged by Cmax & AUC)
      and delays (as judged by Tmax) fat absorption from the gastrointestinal tract
      into the systemic circulation and limits peak exposure to free fatty acids which
      may contribute to a more beneficial condition in overweight humans.

PMID- 26989490
TI  - Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) Microfiber Meshes for Repeated Oil Retrieval.
AB  - Electrospun non-woven poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) microfiber meshes are
      described as biodegradable, mechanically robust, and reusable polymeric oil
      sorbents capable of selectively retrieving oil from simulated oil spills in both
      fresh and seawater scenarios. Hydrophobic PCL meshes have >99.5% (oil over water)
      oil selectivity and oil absorption capacities of ~10 grams of oil per gram of
      sorbent material, which is shown to be a volumetrically driven process. Both the
      oil selectivity and absorption capacity remained constant over several oil
      absorption and vacuum assisted retrieval cycles when removing crude oil or
      mechanical pump oil from deionized water or simulated seawater mixtures. Finally,
      when challenged with surfactant stabilized water-in-oil emulsions, the PCL meshes
      continued to show selective oil absorption. These studies add to the knowledge
      base of synthetic oil sorbents highlighting a need for biodegradable synthetic
      oil sorbents which balance porosity and mechanical integrity enabling reuse,
      allowing for the efficient recovery of oil after an accidental oil spill.

PMID- 26989491
TI  - Yellow nail syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis: an aetiology beyond thiol drugs.
AB  - Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a rare entity characterized by a triad of nail
      changes, lymphoedema and lung involvement. We report a 57-year-old man with
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and YNS. We have reviewed the previous case reports of
      RA and YNS and discuss the pulmonary manifestations. 

PMID- 26989492
TI  - Recurrent paraparesis and death of a patient with 'whippet' abuse.
AB  - Nitrous oxide is increasingly used as a recreational drug that is easily and
      legally available worldwide. Occasional nitrous oxide use has been considered
      relatively safe without the development of addiction or major adverse effects.
      However, heavy long-term nitrous oxide abuse can be associated with severe
      neurological complications, and even deaths have been described. The
      characteristic presentation is myeloneuropathy with dorsal column degeneration
      and demyelinating sensory polyneuropathy related to vitamin B12 deficiency.
      Described is a 23-year-old male who developed recurrent paraparesis related to
      nitrous oxide abuse. A second, more severe, episode of paraparesis was associated
      with predominantly lower motor neuron damage. A partial recovery was achieved by
      discontinuation of nitrous oxide use and initiation of vitamin B12
      supplementation. However, the patient relapsed and ultimately died while being
      intoxicated with several abusive substances. The case adds to the cumulative
      literature about the clinical phenomenology and dangers of nitrous oxide abuse. 

PMID- 26989493
TI  - Complete pancreatic duct disruption in an isolated pancreatic injury: successful
      endoscopic management.
AB  - Isolated pancreatic injury is uncommon and the management is challenging.
      Presentation is mostly delayed in such cases. We report a case of 26-year-old
      male, who was referred to our centre due to blunt abdominal trauma of 48 h
      duration with pain abdomen and vomiting. He was haemodynamically stable and was
      subjected to endoscopy after few hours of admission, but failed to cannulate the
      main pancreatic duct. Successful stenting was performed after 3 days of admission
      in the second attempt. He made an uneventful recovery and remains well 2 months
      after the injury. Management of isolated pancreatic injuries with complete duct
      disruption is challenging. Endoscopic management is an attractive minimally
      invasive option which avoids the need for surgery. Further studies are required
      regarding the selection of patients, safety and long-term outcome. 

PMID- 26989494
TI  - Successful capecitabine rechallenge following 5-fluorouracil-induced Takotsubo
      syndrome.
AB  - Cardiac toxicity is a widely reported complication of fluoropyrimidine
      chemotherapies (5-fluorouracil and capecitabine); however, Takotsubo syndrome
      (TS) is less widely reported. There is little data available describing the
      viability of fluoropyrimidine rechallenge after fluoropyrimidine-induced TS. We
      report the case of Ms X, a 41-year-old woman with metastatic oesophageal cancer,
      who developed acute onset left ventricular dysfunction, with a measured left
      ventricular ejection fraction of 15% on cycle 1 day 3 of FOLFOX chemotherapy,
      after disconnection of the fluorouracil infusion pump. Her symptoms resolved over
      2 days, and an echocardiogram returned to normal within 2 weeks. 5-Fluorouracil
      was discontinued, and replaced with capecitabine, without recurrence of symptoms.
      The remainder of her treatment was uneventful. This is the second case to
      describe successful capecitabine retreatment following 5-fluorouracil-induced TS.

PMID- 26989495
TI  - Household Context and Individual Departure: The Case of Escape in Three 'Unfree'
      East Asian Populations, 1700-1900.
AB  - In the past, many people were 'unfree' in the sense that their movement was
      restricted, and out-migration without permission was regarded and recorded as
      'escape.' Even though such escape was common in the past, historical studies
      mostly neglect this form of migration. This paper examines escape in historical
      East Asia, focusing on the influence of household context and individual
      characteristics on the chances of escape, taking advantage of large-scale
      individual panel datasets from three adjacent unfree populations from northeast
      China, southeast Korea and northeast Japan in the 18th and 19th century. We not
      only find similar temporal, spatial, and age patterns of escape, but also similar
      patterns of associations between chances of escape and household context. In
      particular, the presence of dependent children and elderly in the household makes
      individuals less likely to escape. Other patterns of association also highlight
      the importance of gender and social class. Despite significant differences in
      political, social, and community context across these three East Asian
      populations, our empirical comparisons suggest important commonalities in terms
      of motivation driven by shared understandings of obligation to others.

PMID- 26989497
TI  - Comparison of Surgical Outcomes between Canaloplasty and Schlemm's Canal Scaffold
      at 24 Months' Follow-Up.
AB  - The results of canaloplasty (CP) and Hydrus Microstent (HM) implantation were
      retrospectively compared at 24 months' follow-up in a cohort of subjects referred
      to our Institution for uncontrolled IOP in primary or secondary (e.g.,
      pseudoexfoliative and pigmentary) open-angle glaucoma. The outcome was labelled
      as "complete" success, "qualified" success, or "failure" if, two years after
      surgery, the eyes operated on needed "no" hypotensive medications, "some"
      hypotensive medications, or further glaucoma surgery to attain the target IOP,
      respectively. Both CP and HM implant allowed significant IOP reductions, with
      comparable rate of clinical success and safety profile. A slightly (albeit not
      significant) better trend for a "complete" clinical success was observed in the
      CP group. 

PMID- 26989496
TI  - Therapeutic and Safety Evaluation of Combined Aqueous Extracts of Azadirachta
      indica and Khaya senegalensis in Chickens Experimentally Infected with Eimeria
      Oocysts.
AB  - Coccidiosis is a disease of economic importance in poultry causing morbidity and
      mortality. Reports show that Azadirachta indica and Khaya senegalensis have been
      used individually in the treatment of avian coccidiosis. We thus investigated the
      efficacy and safety of the combined aqueous extracts of these plants for the
      treatment of experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens using oocyst
      count, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum biochemistry, histology, and
      haematological parameters. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of
      tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and steroids in both extracts. In
      addition, alkaloids and flavonoids were present in Azadirachta indica. There was
      significant (p < 0.05) dose dependent decrease in oocyst count across the
      treatment groups with 400 mg/kg of the combined extract being the most
      efficacious dose. Immunomodulatory and erythropoietic activity was observed.
      There were decreased intestinal lesions and enhanced antioxidant activity across
      the treatment groups compared to the negative control. Administration of the
      combined extract did not cause damage to the liver as ALT, AST, and ALP levels
      were significantly reduced in the uninfected chickens treated with the extracts
      compared to control suggesting safety at the doses used. The combined aqueous
      extracts of K. senegalensis stem bark and Azadirachta indica leaves were
      ameliorative in chickens infected with coccidiosis. 

PMID- 26989498
TI  - Retro-Mode Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Planning for Navigated Macular Laser
      Photocoagulation in Macular Edema.
AB  - Purpose. To compare treatment areas and navigated macular laser photocoagulation
      (MLP) plans suggested by retro-mode scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (RM-SLO) image
      versus optical coherence tomography (OCT) central retinal thickness map and
      treatment planning among retina specialists. Methods. Thirty-nine eyes with
      diabetic or branch retinal vein occlusion-related ME undergoing navigated MLP
      with navigated photocoagulator had OCT and RM-SLO taken. OCT map and RM-SLO image
      were imported to the photocoagulator and aligned onto the retina. Two retina
      specialists placed laser spot marks separately based on OCT and RM-SLO images in
      a random fashion. The spots placed by each physician were compared between OCT
      and RM-SLO and among physicians. The areas of retinal edema on OCT and RM-SLO of
      the same eye were also compared. Results. The average number of laser spots using
      RM-SLO and OCT template was 189.6 +/- 77.4 and 136.6 +/- 46.8, respectively, P =
      0.003. The average area of edema on RM-SLO image was larger than that on OCT map
      (14.5 +/- 3.9 mm(2) versus 10.3 +/- 2.8 mm(2), P = 0.005) because of a larger
      scanning area. There was narrow variability in treatment planning among retina
      specialists for both RM-SLO (P = 0.13) and OCT (P = 0.19). Conclusion. The RM-SLO
      image superimposed onto the fundus of the same eye can be used to guide MLP with
      narrow variability in treatment planning among retina specialists. The treatment
      areas suggested by RM-SLO-guided MLP plans for ME were shown to be larger than
      those suggested by OCT-guided plans. 

PMID- 26989501
TI  - Challenging Glaucomas: Update on Diagnosis and Management.

PMID- 26989499
TI  - Comparison of Subconjunctival Mitomycin C and 5-Fluorouracil Injection for Needle
      Revision of Early Failed Trabeculectomy Blebs.
AB  - Background. To compare the efficacy of needle revision with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
      and mitomycin C (MMC) on dysfunctional filtration blebs shortly after
      trabeculectomy. Methods. It is a prospective randomized study comparing needle
      revision augmented with MMC or 5-FU for failed trabeculectomy blebs. Results. To
      date 71 patients (75 eyes) have been enrolled, 40 eyes in the MMC group and 35 in
      the 5-FU group. 68 patients (72 eyes) have completed 12-month follow-up, 38 eyes
      in the MMC group and 34 in the 5-FU group. The mean IOP before and that after
      needle revision in the MMC group were 26.5 +/- 4.3 mmHg and 11.3 +/- 3.4 mmHg,
      respectively (P < 0.05), and in the 5-FU group were 27.1 +/- 3.8 mmHg and 10.9 +/
      3.4 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.05). At 12-month follow-up, complete success rates
      were 57.5% for MMC group and 34.3% for 5-FU group (P = 0.042; log-rank test) and
      75% and 60% (P = 0.145; log-rank test), respectively, for the qualified success.
      Complication rates between the two groups were not statistically different (P >
      0.05). Conclusions. Needle revision and subconjunctival MMC injection were more
      effective than needling and subconjunctival 5-FU injection for early
      dysfunctional filtration blebs after trabeculectomies. 

PMID- 26989500
TI  - Evaluation of Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
AB  - Purpose. To evaluate the relationship between internal carotid artery (ICA)
      stenosis and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the elderly population.
      Methods. A total of 42 eyes of 21 patients with more than 70% ICA stenosis (Group
      1) on one side and less than 70% stenosis (Group 2) on the other side were
      recruited for this study. ICA stenosis was diagnosed using both the B-mode and
      Doppler ultrasound. The two groups were compared in terms of the percentage of
      stenosis, SFCT measurements, intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure,
      refractive error, and peak systolic velocity. Eyes were examined with the RTVue
      100 OCT device by the EDI-OCT technique. Results. The mean age of the patients
      was 71.9 +/- 10.8 years. The mean percentage of ICA stenosis was 74 +/- 4.9% in
      Group 1 and 47.5 +/- 7.7% in Group 2. The mean SFCT was 231.9 +/- 44.6 MUm in
      Group 1 and 216.2 +/- 46.8 MUm in Group 2, which was significantly lower (P =
      0.028). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the
      percentage of internal carotid artery stenosis and SFCT (r = 0896, P = 0.001).
      Conclusions. Compensatory SFCT increase can be seen in ipsilateral internal
      carotid artery stenosis greater than 70%. 

PMID- 26989502
TI  - Wound Integrity of 2.0 mm Transconjunctival Single-Plane Sclerocorneal Incision:
      A Comparison between a Motorized Injector with/without Pause Time and a Manual
      Injector.
AB  - Purpose. To compare the final incision size and wound structure after the
      intraocular lens implantation from 2.0 mm transconjunctival single-plane
      sclerocorneal incision (TSSI) between the use of a motorized injector at first
      speed and the use of a manual injector. Methods. Patients were divided into three
      groups as follows: Group A, a manual injector, Group B, a motorized injector with
      0.5 s pause time, and Group C, a motorized injector without pause time. The
      change in incision size and anterior segment optical coherence tomography
      findings of the wound structure were analyzed. Results. 110 eyes were enrolled
      (Group A: 40, Group B: 30, and Group C: 40). The averaged change in incision size
      (mm) was 0.08, 0.01, and 0.03 in Groups A, B, and C, respectively (p < 0.001).
      The incision enlargement in Group A was statistically larger compared with other
      groups (p < 0.01). Descemet's membrane detachments were seen in 26, 9, and 27
      eyes one day after the surgery in Groups A, B, and C, respectively (p = 0.001).
      The rate of Descemet's membrane detachment in Group B was significantly lower
      than other groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions. The use of a motorized injector by
      fastest setting with 0.5 s pause time is the best for less wound damage in 2.0 mm
      TSSI. 

PMID- 26989503
TI  - Effectiveness and Optical Quality of Topical 3.0% Diquafosol versus 0.05%
      Cyclosporine A in Dry Eye Patients following Cataract Surgery.
AB  - Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness and optical quality of 3.0% topical
      diquafosol versus 0.05% cyclosporine A in dry eye patients following cataract
      surgery. Methods. In total, 40 eyes of 40 patients newly diagnosed with dry eye
      syndrome 1 week after cataract surgery were randomized to receive either 3.0%
      diquafosol ophthalmic solution six times daily or 0.05% cyclosporine A twice
      daily for 3 months. Outcome measures were tear film break-up time (TBUT), results
      on Schirmer 1 test, ocular surface staining score, the ocular surface disease
      index (OSDI) score, and higher-order aberrations (HOAs). Measurements were taken
      at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 months. Results. In the diquafosol group, TBUT
      showed higher outcomes than the cyclosporine A group at 1 and 3 months. Both
      groups showed increased scores on Schirmer 1 test. The ocular surface staining
      score decreased in all periods in both groups. Vertical coma and total HOAs
      decreased more in the cyclosporine A group than in the diquafosol group at 3
      months. Conclusion. Both 3.0% diquafosol and 0.05% cyclosporine A were effective
      in treating dry eye after cataract surgery. Diquafosol was more effective in
      increasing the tear secretion, but cyclosporine A was more effective in improving
      optical aberrations. 

PMID- 26989504
TI  - Growing-Related Changes in Arterial Properties of Healthy Children, Adolescents,
      and Young Adults Nonexposed to Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Analysis of Gender
      Related Differences.
AB  - The aims of our work were to determine normal aging rates for structural and
      functional arterial parameters in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults
      and to identify gender-related differences in these aging rates. Methods. 161
      subjects (mean: 15 years (range: 4-28 years), 69 females) were studied. Subjects
      included had no congenital or chronic diseases, nor had they been previously
      exposed to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Arterial parameters assessed
      were (1) central blood pressure (BP) and aortic pulse wave analysis, (2) arterial
      local (pressure-strain elastic modulus) and regional (pulse wave velocity, PWV)
      stiffness, and (3) arterial diameters and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).
      Simple linear regression models (age as the independent variable) were obtained
      for all the parameters and the resulting rates of change were compared between
      genders. Results. No gender-related differences were found in mean values of
      arterial structural and functional parameters in prepubertal ages (4-8 years),
      but they started to appear at ~15 years. Boys showed a greater rate of change for
      central systolic BP, central pulse pressure, CIMT, and carotid-femoral PWV.
      Conclusion. Gender-related differences in arterial characteristics of adults can
      be explained on the basis of different growing-related patterns between boys and
      girls, with no existing differences in prepubertal ages. 

PMID- 26989505
TI  - A Comparative Study of New Aspergillus Strains for Proteolytic Enzymes Production
      by Solid State Fermentation.
AB  - A comparative study of the proteolytic enzymes production using twelve
      Aspergillus strains previously unused for this purpose was performed by solid
      state fermentation. A semiquantitative and quantitative evaluation of proteolytic
      activity were carried out using crude enzymatic extracts obtained from the
      fermentation cultures, finding seven strains with high and intermediate level of
      protease activity. Biochemical, thermodynamics, and kinetics features such as
      optimum pH and temperature values, thermal stability, activation energy (E a),
      quotient energy (Q 10), K m , and V max were studied in four enzymatic extracts
      from the selected strains that showed the highest productivity. Additionally,
      these strains were evaluated by zymogram analysis obtaining protease profiles
      with a wide range of molecular weight for each sample. From these four strains
      with the highest productivity, the proteolytic extract of A. sojae ATCC 20235 was
      shown to be an appropriate biocatalyst for hydrolysis of casein and gelatin
      substrates, increasing its antioxidant activities in 35% and 125%, respectively. 

PMID- 26989507
TI  - Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection and Its Determinants among Exposed
      Infants on Care and Follow-Up in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia.
AB  - Since the scale-up for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
      services, rates of HIV infection among exposed infants have significantly
      declined. However, current achievements fell short of achieving the target sets.
      We investigated mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection and its
      determinants among HIV-exposed infants on care at Dilchora Referral Hospital in
      Dire Dawa City Administration. A retrospective institutional cohort study was
      conducted by reviewing follow-up records of HIV-exposed infants who were enrolled
      into care. Infants' HIV serostatus was the outcome measure of the study.
      Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to identify
      significant determinants. Of the 382 HIV-exposed infants enrolled into care, 60
      (15.7%) became HIV positive. Rural residence (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.40, 7.22),
      home delivery (AOR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.58, 8.38), infant not receiving ARV
      prophylaxis at birth (AOR: 5.83; 95% CI: 2.84, 11.94), mixed feeding practices
      (AOR: 42.21; 95% CI: 8.31, 214.38), and mother-child pairs neither receiving ARV
      (AOR: 4.42; 95% CI: 2.01, 9.82) were significant independent determinants of MTCT
      of HIV infection. Our findings suggest additional efforts to intensify scale-up
      of PMTCT services in rural setting and improve institutional delivery and
      postnatal care for HIV positive mothers and proper follow-up for HIV-exposed
      infants. 

PMID- 26989506
TI  - Mechanism of Xinfeng Capsule on Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis via Analysis of
      Urinary Metabolomic Profiles.
AB  - We aimed to explore the potential effects of Xinfeng capsule (XFC) on urine
      metabolic profiling in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats by using gas
      chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). GC-TOF/MS technology
      was combined with multivariate statistical approaches, such as principal
      component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA),
      and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).
      These methods were used to distinguish the healthy group, untreated group, and
      XFC treated group and elucidate potential biomarkers. Nine potential biomarkers
      such as hippuric acid, adenine, and L-dopa were identified as potential
      biomarkers, indicating that purine metabolism, fat metabolism, amino acid
      metabolism, and energy metabolism were disturbed in AA rats. This study
      demonstrated that XFC is efficacious for RA and explained its potential
      metabolomics mechanism. 

PMID- 26989508
TI  - Perceived versus Observed Patient Safety Measures in a Critical Care Unit from a
      Teaching Hospital in Southern Colombia.
AB  - Introduction. Patient safety is an important topic. The purpose of this study is
      to evaluate the perceived versus observed patient safety measures (PSM) in
      critically ill patients in a teaching hospital in Latin America. Materials and
      Methods. The level of perceived patient safety was evaluated with the patient
      safety hospital survey. Three months later, a qualitative study was conducted,
      including video recording of procedures, graded according to adherence to PSM.
      Levels of adherence were scored during patient mobilization (PM), placement of
      central catheters (PCC), other invasive procedures (OIP), infection control (IC),
      and endotracheal intubation (ETI). Results. The perceived adherence of PSM in the
      prestudy survey was considered fair by 89.1% of the ICU staff. After the survey,
      829 ICU procedures were video-recorded. Mean observed adherence for fair patient
      safety measures was 20.8%. Perceived adherence was higher than the real patient
      safety protocol measures observed in the videos. Conclusion. Perception of PSM
      was higher than observed in the management of critically ill patients in a
      teaching hospital in southern Colombia. 

PMID- 26989510
TI  - School Absenteeism due to Toothache among Secondary School Students Aged 16-18
      Years in the Ha'il Region of Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Objective. This study assessed the impact of toothache on school attendance among
      secondary school students in the Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia. Methods. A cross
      sectional, paper based survey was conducted among 16-18-year-old students of
      public sector secondary schools in the Ha'il Region, Saudi Arabia. Results. Of
      the 510 students selected from the participating schools, 480 were analyzed
      (94.1%). Of the sample, 50.4% were boys. Among the participants in the study, 86
      students reported school absence due to toothache in the six months prior to the
      survey. Consequently, the prevalence of absenteeism due to toothache in this
      study was of 18%. Conclusion. The prevalence of school absenteeism due to
      toothache among students in the Ha'il Region was low. Yet, still, missed school
      days due to toothache may have implications for students also in the Ha'il
      Region, Saudi Arabia, as school absenteeism leads to missed opportunities for
      learning and academic advancement. 

PMID- 26989509
TI  - A Review of the Literature on Extrarenal Retroperitoneal Angiomyolipoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extrarenal retroperitoneal angiomyolipomas are rare. AIM: To review
      the literature. RESULTS: Angiomyolipomas, previously classified as hamartomas,
      are now classified as benign tumours. Thirty cases of primary retroperitoneal
      angiomyolipomas have been reported. Diagnosis of the disease upon is based
      radiological and pathological findings of triphasic features of (a) fat and (b)
      blood vessels and myoid tissue. Immunohistochemistry tends to be positive for
      HMB45, MART1, HHF35, calponin, NKI-C3, and CD117. The lesion is common in women.
      Treatment options have included the following: (a) radical surgical excision of
      the lesion with renal sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy in cases where
      malignant tumours could not be excluded and (b) selective embolization of the
      lesion alone or prior to surgical excision. One case of retroperitoneal
      angiomyolipoma was reported in a patient 15 years after undergoing radical
      nephrectomy for angiomyolipoma of kidney and two cases of distant metastases of
      angiomyolipoma have been reported following radical resection of the tumour.
      CONCLUSIONS: With the report of two cases of metastases ensuing surgical
      resection of the primary lesions there is need for academic pathologists to
      debate and review angiomyolipomas to decide whether to reclassify angiomyolipomas
      as slow-growing malignant tumours or whether the reported cases of metastases
      were de novo tumours or metastatic lesions.

PMID- 26989511
TI  - Biological Impact of Pd (II) Complexes: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, In
      Vitro Anticancer, CT-DNA Binding, and Antioxidant Activities.
AB  - A new series of Pd (II) complexes of methyl substituted benzylamine ligands (BLs)
      has been synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic techniques such as
      UV/Vis. FTIR, LCMS, (1)H, and (13)C NMR. The UV/Vis study in DMSO, DMSO + water,
      and DMSO + PBS buffer (pH = 7.2) confirmed their molecular sustainability in
      liquids. Their in vitro anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines such
      as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 makes them interesting for in vivo analysis. Their
      stronger DNA binding activity (DBA) compared with free ligand suggested them as a
      good DNA binder. DBA was further confirmed by physicochemical studies such as
      surface tension and viscosity of complex + DNA which inferred the disruption of
      DNA and intercalation of complexes, respectively. Their % binding activity, %
      disruption of DNA base pairs (DNABP), and % intercalating strength are reported
      in this paper for the first time for better understanding of DNA binding
      mechanism. Along with this, their scavenging activity (SA) determined through
      DPPH free radical and the results indicate good antioxidant behaviour of
      complexes. 

PMID- 26989512
TI  - Serum Fatty Acids, Traditional Risk Factors, and Comorbidity as Related to
      Myocardial Injury in an Elderly Population with Acute Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - Background. Epidemiological and randomized clinical trials indicate that marine
      polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may have cardioprotective effects.
      Aim. Evaluate the associations between serum fatty acid profile, traditional risk
      factors, the presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and peak Troponin T (TnT)
      levels in elderly patients with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Materials
      and Methods. Patients (n = 299) consecutively included in the ongoing Omega-3
      fatty acids in elderly patients with myocardial infarction (OMEMI) trial were
      investigated. Peak TnT was registered during the hospital stay. Serum fatty acid
      analysis was performed 2-8 weeks later. Results. No significant correlations
      between peak TnT levels and any of the n-3 PUFAs were observed. However, patients
      with a history of atrial fibrillation had significantly lower docosahexaenoic
      acid levels than patients without. Significantly lower peak TnT levels were
      observed in patients with a history of hyperlipidemia, angina, MI, atrial
      fibrillation, intermittent claudication, and previous revascularization (all p <
      0.02). Conclusions. In an elderly population with AMI, no association between
      individual serum fatty acids and estimated myocardial infarct size could be
      demonstrated. However, a history of hyperlipidemia and the presence of CVD were
      associated with lower peak TnT levels, possibly because of treatment with
      cardioprotective medications. 

PMID- 26989513
TI  - Inhibitory Effect of the Punica granatum Fruit Extract on Angiotensin-II Type I
      Receptor and Thromboxane B2 in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from
      Preeclamptic Patients.
AB  - This study aims to evaluate whether the Punica granatum fruit extract modulates
      the Angiotensin-II Type I receptor (AT1-R) and thromboxane B2 level in
      endothelial cells induced by plasma from preeclamptic patients. Endothelial cells
      were obtained from human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. At confluence,
      endothelial cells were divided into five groups, which included endothelial cells
      exposed to 2% plasma from normal pregnancy (NP), endothelial cells exposed to 2%
      plasma from preeclamptic patients (PP), and endothelial cells exposed to PP in
      the presence of ethanolic extract of Punica granatum (PP + PG) at the following
      three doses: 14; 28; and 56 ppm. The expression of AT1-R was observed by
      immunohistochemistry technique, and thromboxane B2 level was done by immunoassay
      technique. Plasma from PP significantly increased AT1-R expression and
      thromboxane B2 levels compared to cells treated by normal pregnancy plasma. The
      increasing of AT1-R expression significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated by high dose
      treatments of Punica granatum extract. Moreover, the increasing of thromboxane B2
      levels significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated by lowest dose treatments of Punica
      granatum extract. We further concluded that Punica granatum fruit protects and
      inhibits the sensitivity of endothelial cells to plasma from preeclamptic
      patients due to inhibition of AT1-R expression (56 ppm) and reduced thromboxane
      B2 levels (14 ppm). 

PMID- 26989516
TI  - Perineuronal Nets and CNS Plasticity and Repair.

PMID- 26989515
TI  - Housing Complexity Alters GFAP-Immunoreactive Astrocyte Morphology in the Rat
      Dentate Gyrus.
AB  - Rats used in research are typically housed singly in cages with limited sensory
      stimulation. There is substantial evidence that housing rats in these conditions
      lead to numerous neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities. Alternatively,
      rats can be housed in an enriched environment in which rats are housed in groups
      and given room for exercise and exploration. Enriched environments result in
      considerable neuroplasticity in the rodent brain. In the dentate gyrus of the
      hippocampus, enriched environments evoke especially profound neural changes,
      including increases in the number of neurons and the number of dendritic spines.
      However, whether changes in astrocytes, a type of glia increasingly implicated in
      mediating neuroplasticity, are concurrent with these neural changes remains to be
      investigated. In order to assess morphological changes among astrocytes of the
      rat dentate gyrus, piSeeDB was used to optically clear 250 MUm sections of tissue
      labeled using GFAP immunohistochemistry. Confocal imaging and image analysis were
      then used to measure astrocyte morphology. Astrocytes from animals housed in EE
      demonstrated a reduced distance between filament branch points. Furthermore, the
      most complex astrocytes were significantly more complex among animals housed in
      EE compared to standard environments. 

PMID- 26989518
TI  - Management of Anesthesia under Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Support in an
      Infant with Severe Subglottic Stenosis.
AB  - A 4-month-old female infant who weighed 3.57 kg with severe subglottic stenosis
      underwent tracheostomy under extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support. First, we
      set up extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support to the infant and then successfully
      intubated an endotracheal tube with a 2.5 mm inner diameter before tracheostomy
      by otolaryngologists. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support is an alternative
      for maintenance of oxygenation in difficult airway management in infants. 

PMID- 26989514
TI  - Control of Dendritic Spine Morphological and Functional Plasticity by Small
      GTPases.
AB  - Structural plasticity of excitatory synapses is a vital component of neuronal
      development, synaptic plasticity, and behaviour. Abnormal development or
      regulation of excitatory synapses has also been strongly implicated in many
      neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the
      mammalian forebrain, the majority of excitatory synapses are located on dendritic
      spines, specialized dendritic protrusions that are enriched in actin. Research
      over recent years has begun to unravel the complexities involved in the
      regulation of dendritic spine structure. The small GTPase family of proteins have
      emerged as key regulators of structural plasticity, linking extracellular signals
      with the modulation of dendritic spines, which potentially underlies their
      ability to influence cognition. Here we review a number of studies that examine
      how small GTPases are activated and regulated in neurons and furthermore how they
      can impact actin dynamics, and thus dendritic spine morphology. Elucidating this
      signalling process is critical for furthering our understanding of the basic
      mechanisms by which information is encoded in neural circuits but may also
      provide insight into novel targets for the development of effective therapies to
      treat cognitive dysfunction seen in a range of neurological disorders. 

PMID- 26989519
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis with Multivalvular Involvement Secondary to an
      Atrial Septal Defect.
AB  - Infective endocarditis is usually diagnosed using modified Duke's criteria. Our
      patient had a subacute presentation and a low suspicion for endocarditis during
      admission, unfortunately leading to her death. Despite advances in diagnostic and
      therapeutic measures including antibiotic therapy and surgical techniques,
      morbidity and mortality with staphylococcal infective endocarditis remain high.
      Hence, we stress the significance of having a low threshold for TEE in patients
      with multisystem involvement due to Staphylococcus aureus that have evidence of
      persistent infection despite antibiotic treatment, even if the suspicion for
      endocarditis is low based on Duke's criteria. TEE substantially improves the
      sensitivity of diagnosis but may not be readily available in many medical
      centers. Presence of an ASD has been noted to have increased the risk of left
      sided endocarditis even with conditions that predispose to right sided
      endocarditis, particularly in patients with hemodialysis and diabetes as morbid
      risk factors. 

PMID- 26989517
TI  - Modulatory Action by the Serotonergic System: Behavior and Neurophysiology in
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Serotonin modulates various physiological processes and behaviors. This study
      investigates the role of 5-HT in locomotion and feeding behaviors as well as in
      modulation of sensory-motor circuits. The 5-HT biosynthesis was dysregulated by
      feeding Drosophila larvae 5-HT, a 5-HT precursor, or an inhibitor of tryptophan
      hydroxylase during early stages of development. The effects of feeding
      fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during early second instars
      were also examined. 5-HT receptor subtypes were manipulated using RNA
      interference mediated knockdown and 5-HT receptor insertional mutations.
      Moreover, synaptic transmission at 5-HT neurons was blocked or enhanced in both
      larvae and adult flies. The results demonstrate that disruption of components
      within the 5-HT system significantly impairs locomotion and feeding behaviors in
      larvae. Acute activation of 5-HT neurons disrupts normal locomotion activity in
      adult flies. To determine which 5-HT receptor subtype modulates the evoked
      sensory-motor activity, pharmacological agents were used. In addition, the
      activity of 5-HT neurons was enhanced by expressing and activating TrpA1 channels
      or channelrhodopsin-2 while recording the evoked excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials (EPSPs) in muscle fibers. 5-HT2 receptor activation mediates a
      modulatory role in a sensory-motor circuit, and the activation of 5-HT neurons
      can suppress the neural circuit activity, while fluoxetine can significantly
      decrease the sensory-motor activity. 

PMID- 26989520
TI  - Spontaneous Coronary Dissection: "Live Flash" Optical Coherence Tomography Guided
      Angioplasty.
AB  - Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) is a light-based imaging modality which shows
      tremendous potential in the setting of coronary imaging. Spontaneous coronary
      artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
      The diagnosis of SCAD is made mainly with invasive coronary angiography, although
      adjunctive imaging modalities such as computed tomography angiography, IVUS, and
      OCT may increase the diagnostic yield. The authors describe a clinical case of a
      young woman admitted with the diagnosis of ACS. The ACS was caused by SCAD
      detected in the coronary angiography and the angioplasty was guided by OCT. OCT
      use in the setting of SCAD has been already described and the true innovation in
      this case was this unique use of OCT. The guidance of angioplasty with live and
      short images was very useful as it allowed clearly identifying the position of
      the guidewires at any given moment without the use of prohibitive amounts of
      contrast. 

PMID- 26989521
TI  - A Rare but Reversible Cause of Hematemesis: "Downhill" Esophageal Varices.
AB  - "Downhill" varices are a rare cause of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding and
      are generally due to obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC). Often these
      cases of "downhill" varices are missed diagnoses as portal hypertension but fail
      to improve with medical treatment to reduce portal pressure. We report a similar
      case where recurrent variceal bleeding was initially diagnosed as portal
      hypertension but later found to have SVC thrombosis presenting with recurrent
      hematemesis. A 39-year-old female with history of end-stage renal disease
      presented with recurrent hematemesis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed
      multiple varices. Banding and sclerotherapy were performed. Extensive evaluation
      did not show overt portal hypertension or cirrhosis. Due to ongoing bleeding
      requiring resuscitation, she underwent internal jugular (IJ) and SVC venogram in
      preparation for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), which
      demonstrated complete IJ and SVC occlusion. She underwent balloon angioplasty
      with stent placement across SVC occlusion with complete resolution of her varices
      and resolved hematemesis. "Downhill" varices are extremely rare, though
      previously well described. Frequently, patients are misdiagnosed with underlying
      liver disease. High index of suspicion and investigation of alternative causes of
      varices is prudent in those without underlying liver diseases. Prompt diagnosis
      and appropriate intervention can significantly improve morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 26989522
TI  - Wernicke's Encephalopathy Complicating Hyperemesis during Pregnancy.
AB  - Wernicke's encephalopathy is caused by severe thiamine deficiency; it is mostly
      observed in alcoholic patients. We report the case of a 28-year-old woman, at 17
      weeks of gestational age, with severe hyperemesis gravidarum. She presented with
      disturbance of consciousness, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia. The
      resonance magnetic imagery showed bilaterally symmetrical hyperintensities of
      thalamus and periaqueductal area. The case was managed with very large doses of
      thiamine. The diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy was confirmed later by a low
      thiamine serum level. The patient was discharged home on day 46 with mild ataxia
      and persistent nystagmus. Wernicke's encephalopathy is a rare complication of
      hyperemesis gravidarum. It should be diagnosed as early as possible to prevent
      long-term neurological sequela or death. Thiamine supplementation in pregnant
      women with prolonged vomiting should be initiated, especially before parenteral
      dextrose infusion. Early thiamine replacement will reduce maternal morbidity and
      fetal loss rate. 

PMID- 26989523
TI  - An Erupted Dilated Odontoma: A Rare Presentation.
AB  - A dilated odontoma is an extremely rare developmental anomaly represented as a
      dilatation of the crown and root as a consequence of a deep, enamel-lined
      invagination and is considered a severe variant of dens invaginatus. An oval
      shape of the tooth lacking morphological characteristics of a crown or root
      implies that the invagination happened in the initial stages of
      morphodifferentiation. Spontaneous eruption of an odontoma is a rare occurrence
      and the occurrence of a dilated odontoma in a supernumerary tooth is even rarer
      with only a few case reports documented in the English literature. We present an
      extremely rare case of erupted dilated odontoma occurring in the supernumerary
      tooth in anterior maxillary region in an 18-year-old male, which, to the best of
      our knowledge, is the first ever case reported in English literature. 

PMID- 26989524
TI  - Treatment of a Refractory Skin Ulcer Using Punch Graft and Autologous Platelet
      Rich Plasma.
AB  - Background. Chronic ulceration of the lower legs is a relatively common condition
      amongst adults: one that causes pain and social distress and results in
      considerable healthcare and personal costs. The technique of punch grafting
      offers an alternative approach to the treatment of ulcers of the lower limbs.
      Objective. Combining platelet-rich plasma and skin graft enhances the efficacy of
      treating chronic diabetic wounds by enhancing healing rate and decreasing
      recurrence rate. Platelet-rich plasma could, by stimulating dermal regeneration,
      increase the take rate after skin grafting or speed up reepithelialization.
      Methods and Materials. The ulcer was prepared by removing fibrin with a curette
      and the edges of the ulcer were freshened. The platelet-rich plasma has been
      infiltrated on the bottom and edges of the ulcer. The punch grafts were placed in
      5 mm holes arranged. The ulcer was medicated with hydrogel and a pressure
      dressing was removed after 8 days. Results. After a few days the patient did not
      report more pain. Granulation tissue appeared quickly between implants. Most of
      the grafts were viable in 2-3 weeks. The grafts gradually came together to close
      the ulcer and were completed in four months. 

PMID- 26989526
TI  - Atraumatic Subdural Hematoma in a Third-Trimester Gravid Patient.
AB  - Acute atraumatic subdural hematoma is a rare occurrence and there exist few case
      studies which describe suspected cases and causes for this condition. We present
      a case of a 36-year-old female at 32-week gestation who initially presented to
      the emergency department for evaluation of lower extremity cellulitis but had
      acute neurologic change while being in the ED. Computed tomography revealed a
      right subdural hematoma with midline shift and mass effect. The primary cause for
      the patient's subdural hematoma is unknown; however, this patient had several
      risk factors for developing an atraumatic subdural hematoma. 

PMID- 26989525
TI  - Spontaneous Arachnoid Cyst Rupture with Subdural Hygroma in a Child.
AB  - Arachnoid cyst of the brain is common in children but its association with
      spontaneous subdural hygroma is rare. A case of a nine-year-old boy, without any
      preceding history of trauma, is presented here who came to the emergency
      department of a tertiary care hospital with complaints of headache, nausea, and
      vomiting for the last two weeks but more for the last two days. Examination
      showed a young, fully conscious oriented boy with positive Cushing's reflex and
      papilledema of left eye. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain showed
      left temporal extra-axial cystic lesion of 5.40 * 4.10 cm in size, representing
      arachnoid cyst, with bilateral frontoparietal subdural hygromas. Cyst was
      partially drained through left temporal craniectomy and subdural hygromas were
      drained through bilateral frontal burr holes. Postoperatively the child recovered
      uneventfully and was discharged on the seventh postoperative day. Histopathology
      proves it to be arachnoid cyst of the brain with subdural CSF (cerebrospinal
      fluid) collection or hygroma. 

PMID- 26989527
TI  - Mifepristone Improves Octreotide Efficacy in Resistant Ectopic Cushing's
      Syndrome.
AB  - A 30-year-old Caucasian man presented with severe Cushing's syndrome (CS)
      resulting from ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome (EAS) from a metastatic
      pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. The patient remained hypercortisolemic despite
      treatment with steroidogenesis inhibitors, chemotherapy, and octreotide long
      acting release (LAR) and was enrolled in a 24-week, phase 3 clinical trial of
      mifepristone for inoperable hypercortisolemia. After mifepristone was added to
      ongoing octreotide LAR treatment, EAS symptoms essentially resolved. Cortisol
      decreased dramatically, despite mifepristone's competitive glucocorticoid
      receptor antagonist effects. The clinical and biochemical effects reversed upon
      mifepristone discontinuation despite the continued use of octreotide LAR therapy.
      Substantial improvement in octreotide LAR efficacy with mifepristone use was
      noted in this patient with ectopic CS, consistent with upregulation of
      somatostatin receptors previously downregulated by hypercortisolemia. 

PMID- 26989528
TI  - Small Intestinal and Mesenteric Multiple Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Causing
      Occult Bleeding.
AB  - Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the meseancymal neoplasms which may involve
      any part of gastrointestinal tract. C-Kit and platelet derived factor receptor
      alpha polypeptide are believed to be responsible for the genetic basis. This case
      presentation aimed to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic modality of multiple
      small intestinal, omental, and mesenteric GISTs with different sizes which caused
      occult bleeding in a 43-year-old male patient. 

PMID- 26989529
TI  - A 54-Year-Old Woman with Donor Cell Origin of Multiple Myeloma after Allogeneic
      Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of CML.
AB  - Chronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative disorder that may be treated
      with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). While posttransplantation
      relapse of disease resulting from a failure to eradicate the patient's original
      leukemia could occur, patients may also rarely develop a secondary malignancy or
      myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) of donor origin termed donor cell leukemia (DCL).
      Cases of donor-derived acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or MDS after HSCT or solid
      tumor transplantation have been published. However, very few cases of donor
      derived multiple myeloma (MM) exist. We describe a patient who developed a donor
      derived MM following allogeneic HSCT from a sibling donor. 

PMID- 26989530
TI  - Successful Use of Plasma Exchange in the Treatment of Corticosteroid-Refractory
      Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Associated with Gastrointestinal
      Manifestations.
AB  - We describe the case of a 33-year-old woman having corticosteroid-refractory
      eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) who presented with abdominal
      pain and responded dramatically to plasma exchange. Eosinophilia, asthma history,
      neuropathy, pulmonary infiltrates, and paranasal sinus abnormalities confirmed
      the diagnosis of EGPA. Treatment was initiated with 1 g/day of methylprednisolone
      pulse therapy for 3 days followed by 60 mg/day of intravenous prednisolone
      without relieving abdominal pain. Then, plasma exchange was performed thrice.
      Abdominal pain disappeared after the first plasma exchange. Indication of plasma
      exchange for EGPA remains controversial; however, it may represent a valid option
      in cases with gastrointestinal involvement. 

PMID- 26989531
TI  - IgA Nephropathy in a Patient Presenting with Pseudotumor Cerebri.
AB  - IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide and typically has
      minimal signs for chronicity in histopathology at the time of initial
      presentation. Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is characterized by increased
      intracranial pressure in the absence of any intracranial lesions, inflammation,
      or obstruction. PTC has been reported in renal transplant and dialysis patients,
      but we are unaware of any reports of pseudotumor cerebri in patients with IgA
      nephropathy. We report a case of a young female who presented with signs and
      symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri and was subsequently diagnosed with IgA
      nephropathy and end-stage renal disease. To our knowledge this is the first
      report of IgA nephropathy presenting as end-stage renal disease in a patient who
      presented with pseudotumor cerebri. 

PMID- 26989532
TI  - Cerebral Venous Thrombosis with Migraine-Like Headache and the Trigeminovascular
      System.
AB  - Cerebral venous thrombosis- (CVT-) associated headache is considered a secondary
      headache, commonly presenting as intracranial hypertension headache in
      association with seizures and/or neurological signs. However, it can occasionally
      mimic migraine. We report a patient presenting with a migraine-like, CVT-related
      headache refractory to several medications but intravenous dihydroergotamine
      (DHE). The response to DHE, which is considered to be an antimigraine medication,
      in addition to the neurovascular nature of migraine, points out to a probable
      similarity between CVT-headache and migraine. Based on experimental studies, we
      discuss this similarity and hypothesize a trigeminovascular role in the genesis
      of CVT-associated headache. 

PMID- 26989533
TI  - Babinski-Nageotte Syndrome Diagnosed in Postpartum Period.
AB  - Babinski-Nageotte Syndrome (BNS) is one of the brainstem syndromes characterized
      by muscle weakness in the opposite half of the body with classic Wallenberg
      findings. According to our literature survey, only a few cases have been reported
      and none of them was in the postpartum period. We report a case of a typical BNS
      in a postpartum woman with an ischemic lesion in the medulla oblongata shown on
      magnetic resonance imaging. 

PMID- 26989534
TI  - A Case of Ataxia with Isolated Vitamin E Deficiency Initially Diagnosed as
      Friedreich's Ataxia.
AB  - Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED) is a rare autosomal recessive
      condition that is caused by a mutation in the alpha tocopherol transfer protein
      gene. It is almost indistinguishable clinically from Friedreich's ataxia but with
      appropriate treatment its devastating neurological features can be prevented.
      Patients can present with a progressive cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal spasticity,
      and evidence of a neuropathy with absent deep tendon reflexes. It is important to
      screen for this condition on initial evaluation of a young patient presenting
      with progressive ataxia and it should be considered in patients with a long
      standing ataxia without any diagnosis in view of the potential therapeutics and
      genetic counselling. In this case report we present a patient who was initially
      diagnosed with Friedreich's ataxia but was later found to have AVED. 

PMID- 26989535
TI  - The Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A Rare Disease with Often Delayed Diagnosis-A Report
      of Two Cases in the Department of Neurology of the University Hospital of Cocody
      (Cote d'Ivoire).
AB  - The Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare pathology characterized by recurrent episodes
      of hypersomnia associated with behavioral and cognitive disorders with, among
      others, hyperphagia and hypersexuality. The disease mainly affects young males. A
      few studies mention cases that occurred in Africa, especially in Cote d'Ivoire.
      In this paper, we report the very first two cases observed in the Neurology
      Department of the University Hospital of Cocody. The diagnosis was clinical,
      based on the recurrence of hypersomnia, cognitive and behavioral disorders during
      the periods of hypersomnia, and the return of patients to normal state between
      episodes. This diagnosis was delayed due to failure to understand the pathology,
      thereby leading patients to wandering. In fact, the two patients were consulted,
      respectively, 3 years and 6 years after the hypersomnia began. The objective was
      to report the very first cases observed in the Neurology Department of the
      University Hospital of Cocody, Cote d'Ivoire. 

PMID- 26989536
TI  - Long Term Survival and Continued Complete Response of Vemurafenib in a Metastatic
      Melanoma Patient with BRAF V600K Mutation.
AB  - Introduction. BRAF kinase inhibitors such as Vemurafenib have shown improvement
      in overall survival, progression-free survival, and response rates in patients
      with metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600K mutation. However, there were no cases
      of complete remission reported in patients with V600K mutation before. Case
      Presentation. A 53-year-old man with metastatic melanoma and dialysis dependent
      end stage renal failure was treated safely with Vemurafenib for a BRAF V600K
      mutation positive melanoma and the case was reported elsewhere. After a long
      follow-up of the same patient treated with Vemurafenib, a complete radiological
      response was observed and the renal functions remained stable throughout the
      treatment. Main toxicities reported were grade 1 photosensitivity and skin
      cancers. Vemurafenib was discontinued but patient remains disease free 12 months
      after stopping treatment and the clinical review is ongoing. Conclusion. This is
      the first reported case of complete radiological response to a BRAF inhibitor in
      metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600K mutation and remains disease free even after
      discontinuation of treatment. This also shows clinical safety of Vemurafenib in
      end stage renal failure and highlights the need for closer look at the subgroup
      of patients with BRAF V600K mutation and its tumour biology. 

PMID- 26989537
TI  - Choroid Melanoma Metastasis to Spine: A Rare Case Report.
AB  - Metastatic choroid melanoma is a highly malignant disease with a limited life
      expectancy. The liver is the most common site for metastasis of uveal melanoma
      followed by lung, bone, skin, and subcutaneous tissue. Metastasis from choroidal
      melanoma usually occurs within the first five years of treatment for primary
      tumours. Metastatic choroid melanoma to the spine/vertebrae is extremely rare. We
      report the first case of spinal metastasis from choroid melanoma in a 61-year-old
      man who had been treated for primary ocular melanoma three years earlier with
      radioactive plaque brachytherapy. Synchronously, at the time of metastasis, he
      was also diagnosed as having a new primary lung adenocarcinoma as well. The only
      other case reported on vertebral metastasis from malignant melanoma of choroid in
      literature in which primary choroid melanoma was enucleated. 

PMID- 26989538
TI  - Is Optical Coherence Tomography a Useful Tool to Objectively Detect Actual
      Posterior Vitreous Adhesion Status?
AB  - Purpose. To objectively detect true posterior vitreous cortex (PVC) adhesion
      status using a commercially available swept-source OCT device (DRI OCT-1,
      Atlantis((c))). Material and Methods. Case report, review of the literature, and
      methodical discussion of concepts to improve OCT-guided PVC imaging. Results.
      Standard OCT imaging misdiagnosed PVC adhesion status as totally detached in this
      case report when using a horizontal 6 mm scan only. Contrariwise imaging the same
      eye with a 12 mm horizontal scan, partial posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and
      the presence of a bursa premacularis were clearly discernible. Besides a broader
      scan, specific scan patterns, highest resolution, and contrast sensitivity, an
      anterior-to-posterior adjusted scan through the entire vitreous as well as the
      detection of characteristic undulating aftermovements might enhance the
      capability of OCT imaging to detect true PVC adhesion status. Conclusions.
      Further developments are needed to address these issues and to establish OCT
      recordings as the standard and objective method of choice in PVC adhesion status
      imaging. 

PMID- 26989539
TI  - Conjunctival Involvement of T-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Mycosis Fungoides.
AB  - Background. Ocular involvement in mycosis fungoides (MF) cases occurs in one
      third of patients with the eyelid being the most frequent site affected; however,
      conjunctival involvement is rarely reported. Herein, we report a rare case of
      conjunctival involvement of MF. Case Presentation. A 66-year-old man who was
      previously diagnosed with MF in 2010 and was treated presented in 2014
      complaining of foreign body sensation and redness in both eyes. Slit lamp
      examination of both eyes showed erythematous conjunctival growth that extended
      circumferentially. Physical examination revealed erythematous skin lesions on
      different body parts. Conjunctival biopsy was performed and revealed a dense,
      highly polymorphic lymphocytic population. The immunophenotype demonstrated a
      neoplastic T-cell origin consistent with MF. A diagnosis of conjunctival
      involvement by MF was made. The conjunctiva was treated with radiotherapy
      resulting in tumor regression. There were no recurrences at the 6-month follow
      up. Conclusion. T-cell lymphoma should be considered in patients with a history
      of MF presenting with conjunctival and skin lesions. 

PMID- 26989540
TI  - Herpetic Stromal Keratitis following Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty.
AB  - This is a case report describing two cases of disciform corneal edema following
      uncomplicated selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) thought to be secondary to
      herpes simplex virus (HSV) given the presence of a dendrite, decreased corneal
      sensation, corneal thinning, and response to therapy with oral and topical
      antivirals. Corneal edema after SLT treatment has been reported before, but the
      etiology has been unclear. Our cases highlight HSV as a likely etiology, which
      may help with prevention and better management of such cases in the future. 

PMID- 26989541
TI  - Inflammatory Neuropathy of the Lumbosacral Plexus following Periacetabular
      Osteotomy.
AB  - Introduction. During periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), the sciatic, femoral, and
      obturator nerves are at risk. Most frequently nerve lesions can be attributed to
      a mechanical cause; however, in the absence of a clear mechanical cause surgeons
      are faced with a diagnostic problem and in many cases no diagnosis will be
      established. We report a case of inflammatory neuropathy of the lumbosacral
      plexus following a PAO. Case Presentation. A 31-year-old female developed
      weakness of ankle and knee flexion and extension 6 months after a PAO.
      Electrophysiological studies revealed damage to the obturator, femoral, and
      sciatic nerve consistent with an inflammatory lumbosacral plexopathy. MRI of the
      lumbosacral plexus was normal. The patient was treated with multimodal pain
      therapy and prolonged physiotherapy; nevertheless, symptoms worsened over time.
      At 2-year follow-up, there were no signs of recovery. Discussion. Inflammatory
      neuropathy of the lumbosacral plexus is a potential cause of pain and weakness
      after ipsilateral orthopaedic procedures. It should be distinguished from more
      frequently encountered mechanical causes of postsurgical neuropathy based on
      clinical suspicion, electrophysiological studies, MRI, and nerve biopsy. It is
      important that the orthopaedic community is aware of this complication since
      there is some evidence that early recognition and initiation of immunosuppressive
      therapy can lead to improved clinical outcome. 

PMID- 26989543
TI  - Iliopsoas Abscess Possibly due to Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection after
      Chemoradiotherapy for Hypopharyngeal Cancer.
AB  - Iliopsoas abscess was once an uncommon condition but now occurs somewhat more
      frequently due to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients, such as
      those with diabetes. We encountered a case of iliopsoas abscess following
      chemoradiotherapy for hypopharyngeal cancer. A 60-year-old man was admitted for a
      sore throat and left neck swelling. Hypopharyngeal cancer was diagnosed, but the
      patient refused surgery. After two rounds of chemotherapy, febrile neutropenia
      developed and chest computed tomography (CT) revealed an iliopsoas abscess. The
      platelet count was low but recovered after administration of antibiotics and
      could not be explained by puncture of the abscess. CT-guided drainage eventually
      improved his symptoms. Even for disorders of the head and neck region, iliopsoas
      abscess should be suspected in immunocompromised patients who develop a fever. CT
      and magnetic resonance imaging should be performed at an early stage as it is
      important to determine whether surgical drainage is indicated. 

PMID- 26989542
TI  - Spinal Epidural Hematoma after Thoracolumbar Posterior Fusion Surgery without
      Decompression for Thoracic Vertebral Fracture.
AB  - We present a rare case of spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) after thoracolumbar
      posterior fusion without decompression surgery for a thoracic vertebral fracture.
      A 42-year-old man was hospitalized for a thoracic vertebral fracture caused by
      being sandwiched against his back on broken concrete block. Computed tomography
      revealed a T12 dislocation fracture of AO type B2, multiple bilateral rib
      fractures, and a right hemopneumothorax. Four days after the injury, in order to
      promote early orthostasis and to improve respiratory status, we performed
      thoracolumbar posterior fusion surgery without decompression; the patient had
      back pain but no neurological deficits. Three hours after surgery, he complained
      of acute pain and severe weakness of his bilateral lower extremities; with
      allodynia below the level of his umbilicus, postoperative SEH was diagnosed. We
      performed immediate revision surgery. After removal of the hematoma, his symptoms
      improved gradually, and he was discharged ambulatory one month after revision
      surgery. Through experience of this case, we should strongly consider the
      possibility of preexisting SEH before surgery, even in patients with no
      neurological deficits. We should also consider perioperative coagulopathy in
      patients with multiple trauma, as in this case. 

PMID- 26989544
TI  - The Clinical Understaging of Recurrent Glottic Carcinoma after Radiation Failure.
AB  - Background. Recurrent glottic squamous cell carcinomas following radiation
      therapy for early staged tumors are oftentime early staged tumors. Management of
      these early stage recurrences presents a dilemma for the head and neck surgeon.
      Difficulties in appropriate tumor mapping, preoperative analysis, and poor
      understanding of the virulent pathologic nature of the recurrence may impede
      surgical decision-making. Methods. This is a single surgeon case report,
      presenting a patient with rapid recurrence following salvage transoral resection
      for an early stage recurrence, necessitating a total laryngectomy. Results. A
      review of the literature was performed, identifying studies that expound on the
      pathologic behavior of radiation recurrent disease. Conclusions. Radiation
      recurrent glottic squamous cell carcinoma has a distinct pathologic behavior and
      aggressive nature. Disease virulence, coupled with difficulty in appropriate
      staging and preoperative tumor mapping, should guide the surgeon when deciding
      the surgical management in the salvage setting. 

PMID- 26989545
TI  - Partial Obstruction of the Endotracheal Tube by the Plastic Coating Sheared from
      a Stylet.
AB  - A preterm with gestational age of 24 weeks was intubated at day of life 16. The
      intubation was done in a routine manner with the use of a stylet. It took a
      significant effort from the clinician to pull the stylet out after intubation.
      After intubation the respiratory status of the neonate deteriorated requiring
      significantly greater support. When ventilating and oxygenating the infant was
      getting progressively difficult, the decision was made to change the endotracheal
      tube (ETT). The cause for deterioration of respiratory status was then determined
      to be a sheared piece of plastic from the sheath of the stylet which was lodged
      in the lumen of the ETT. After removal of the plastic particle, the condition of
      the infant improved significantly. 

PMID- 26989546
TI  - Acute Respiratory Failure due to Neuromyelitis Optica Treated Successfully with
      Plasmapheresis.
AB  - Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease involving the
      central nervous system. Acute respiratory failure from cervical myelitis due to
      NMO is known to occur but is uncommon in monophasic disease and is treated with
      high dose steroids. We report a case of a patient with NMO who developed acute
      respiratory failure related to cervical spinal cord involvement, refractory to
      pulse dose steroid therapy, which resolved with plasmapheresis. 

PMID- 26989547
TI  - Key Features in the Management of Pulmonary Carcinosarcoma.
AB  - Pulmonary carcinosarcoma represents a category of extremely rare tumours
      accounting for 0.1% of all lung malignancies. It is defined as a poorly
      differentiated non-small-cell carcinoma that contains a component of sarcoma or
      sarcoma-like elements. These biphasic tumours typically have a poor prognosis due
      to late diagnosis and early metastases. Preoperative tissue diagnosis is usually
      difficult due to the heterogeneity of the tumour, with biopsies often just
      reflecting one element of the tumour. By means of a case illustration and review
      of the literature, we discuss the optimal management of patients with pulmonary
      carcinosarcoma. 

PMID- 26989548
TI  - Community-Acquired Moraxella catarrhalis Bacteremic Pneumonia: Two Case Reports
      and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Moraxella (formerly Branhamella) catarrhalis was discovered at the end of the
      nineteenth century, and for many decades it was considered to be a harmless
      commensal of the upper respiratory tract. It is a Gram-negative, aerobic
      diplococcus considered to be the third most common pathogen isolated in childhood
      sinusitis and otitis media and in adult chronic lower respiratory disease, as
      well as an etiological agent of pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients or those
      with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moraxella catarrhalis pneumonia is
      rarely associated with bacteremia. Here, we present two cases of community
      acquired Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia. 

PMID- 26989549
TI  - Spontaneous Rupture of Pyometra Causing Peritonitis in Elderly Female Diagnosed
      on Dynamic Transvaginal Ultrasound.
AB  - Pyometra is collection of pus within the uterine cavity and is usually associated
      with underlying gynaecological malignancy or other benign causes. Spontaneous
      rupture of pyometra is a rare complication. We report a case of a 65-year-old
      female who presented with acute abdomen and was diagnosed with a ruptured uterus
      secondary to pyometra and consequent peritonitis on dynamic transvaginal
      sonography (TVS) which was later confirmed on contrast enhanced computed
      tomography (CECT). An emergency laparotomy was performed and about 800 cc of pus
      was drained from the peritoneal cavity. A rent was found in the anterior uterine
      wall and hence hysterectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed mixed
      inflammatory cell infiltrate with no evidence of malignancy. There are only 31
      cases of ruptured pyometra reported till date, most of which were definitively
      diagnosed only on laparotomy. In only two of these cases the preoperative
      diagnosis was made on CECT. We report this case, as the correct and definitive
      diagnosis was made preoperatively on dynamic TVS. To our knowledge, this is the
      first case report revealing spontaneous ruptured pyometra being diagnosed
      preoperatively on dynamic TVS. This report is aimed at giving emphasis on the use
      of simple dynamic TVS for accurate diagnosis of rare spontaneous ruptured
      pyometra causing peritonitis. 

PMID- 26989550
TI  - Imaging Findings of Duodenal Duplication Cyst Complicated with Duodenal
      Intussusception and Biliary Dilatation.
AB  - Duodenal duplication cyst is an extremely rare congenital anomaly usually
      diagnosed in childhood. However, it may remain asymptomatic for a long period. In
      adults it usually manifests with symptoms related to complications as
      pancreatitis, jaundice, or intussusception. We present the radiology findings of
      a patient with a duodenal intussusception secondary to a duplication cyst. The
      usefulness of the magnetic resonance (MR) in this case is highlighted. 

PMID- 26989551
TI  - Intestinal Obstruction and Ileocolic Fistula due to Intraluminal Migration of a
      Gossypiboma.
AB  - Gossypiboma refers, as a term, to a retained surgical sponge. It is considered as
      a rare surgical complication which can occur despite precautions. We report a
      case of a 36-year-old woman who was admitted to our surgical department with
      symptoms of abdominal pain associated with episodes of nausea and vomiting that
      lasted for 2 months. Six months ago she had undergone a cesarean section in a
      private clinic. Computed tomography revealed a high-density mass occupying a
      portion of the intestinal lumen, which was reported as a "calcified parasite."
      The patient was subjected to laparotomy. The intraoperative findings included
      signs of obstructive ileus and ileosigmoid fistula and a large sponge was found
      at the resected portion of the small intestine. Although gossypiboma is a rare
      entity, it should be included in the differential diagnosis. 

PMID- 26989552
TI  - Pneumomediastinum after Tooth Extraction.
AB  - Pneumomediastinum is defined as the presence of air in mediastinum.
      Pneumomediastinum can sometimes occur after surgery. Pneumomediastinum seen after
      dental procedures is rare. We presented the case of subcutaneous emphysema
      developed in the neck and upper chest after tooth extraction and discussed the
      possible mechanisms of pneumomediastinum. 

PMID- 26989553
TI  - A Rare Case of Functioning Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting as Cushing
      Syndrome.
AB  - Functioning adrenocortical oncocytoma is very rare neoplasm. It is usually
      nonfunctional and benign and incidentally detected. Generally, these tumors
      originate in the kidneys, thyroid, parathyroid, and salivary or pituitary glands;
      they have also been reported in other sites including choroid plexus, respiratory
      tract, and larynx. Histologically, they are characterized by cells with
      eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and numerous packed mitochondria. We reported a
      case of a 44-year-old female who presented with Cushing syndrome for
      hypersecretion of cortisol due to adrenocortical oncocytoma. Magnetic resonance
      of abdomen revealed a right adrenal mass. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was
      performed and the tumor was pathologically confirmed as benign adrenocortical
      oncocytoma. After surgical treatment, Cushing's syndrome resolved. 

PMID- 26989554
TI  - Fornix Rupture in Duplex Kidney due to Internal Iliac Artery Aneurysm.
AB  - A 70-year-old man presented with severe pain on the right side of the abdomen for
      7 days. An abdominal CT angiographic scan showed an impending rupture of a large
      right internal iliac artery aneurysm which compressed to a right ureter causing
      hydroureteronephrosis. Fornix rupture of a right duplex kidney was also detected.
      Selective embolization of right gluteal arteries and then ligation of the right
      internal iliac artery and right ureterotomy with double J stenting were
      performed. At the 4-month follow-up appointment, an abdominal ultrasound
      demonstrated a decrease in the size of the aneurysm and no hydroureteronephrosis
      after the removal of double J stent. 

PMID- 26989556
TI  - Comparison of the Postprocedural Quality of Life between Coronary Artery Bypass
      Graft Surgery and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review.
AB  - The treatment of choice between coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has remained unclear. Considering
      quality of life (QOL) increases life expectancy, we believe QOL should be
      important in determining the optimum treatment. Thus the objective of this review
      was to illustrate the comparative effects of CABG and PCI on postprocedural QOL.
      Methods. We searched PubMed (Medline) and Embase from inception of the databases
      to May 2014 using "PCI versus CABG quality of life", "Percutaneous Coronary
      intervention versus Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Quality of life", "PCI
      versus CABG health status", "Angioplasty versus CABG", "Percutaneous coronary
      intervention versus coronary artery bypass surgery health status", and different
      combinations of the above terms. 447 articles were found. After applying strict
      exclusion criteria, we included 13 studies in this review. Results. From the 9
      studies that compared QOL scores at 6 months after procedure, 5 studies reported
      CABG to be superior. From the 10 studies that compared QOL among patients at 1
      year after procedure, 9 reported CABG to be superior. Conclusion. It can be
      established that CABG is superior to PCI in improving patient's QOL with respect
      to all scales used to determine quality of life. 

PMID- 26989555
TI  - Postinfarct Left Ventricular Remodelling: A Prevailing Cause of Heart Failure.
AB  - Heart failure is a chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality, which
      represents a growing challenge in medicine. A major risk factor for heart failure
      with reduced ejection fraction is a history of myocardial infarction. The
      expansion of a large infarct scar and subsequent regional ventricular dilatation
      can cause postinfarct remodelling, leading to significant enlargement of the left
      ventricular chamber. It has a negative prognostic value, because it precedes the
      clinical manifestations of heart failure. The characteristics of the infarcted
      myocardium predicting postinfarct remodelling can be studied with cardiac
      magnetic resonance and experimental imaging modalities such as diffusion tensor
      imaging can identify the changes in the architecture of myocardial fibers. This
      review discusses all the aspects related to postinfarct left ventricular
      remodelling: definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, consequences, and available
      therapies, together with experimental interventions that show promising results
      against postinfarct remodelling and heart failure. 

PMID- 26989559
TI  - Hb A1c Separation by High Performance Liquid Chromatography in
      Hemoglobinopathies.
AB  - Hb A1c measurement is subject to interference by hemoglobin traits and this is
      dependent on the method used for determination. In this paper we studied the
      difference between Hb A1c measured by HPLC in hemoglobin traits and normal
      chromatograms. We also studied the correlation of Hb A1c with age. Hemoglobin
      analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography. Spearman's
      rank correlation was used to study correlation between A1c levels and age. Mann
      Whitney U test was used to study the difference in Hb A1c between patients with
      normal hemoglobin and hemoglobin traits. A total of 431 patients were studied.
      There was positive correlation with age in patients with normal chromatograms
      only. No correlation was seen in Hb E trait or beta thalassemia trait. No
      significant difference in Hb A1c of patients with normal chromatograms and
      patients with hemoglobin traits was seen. There is no interference by abnormal
      hemoglobin in the detection of A1c by high performance liquid chromatography.
      This method cannot be used for detection of A1c in compound heterozygous and
      homozygous disorders. 

PMID- 26989558
TI  - National Trends of Antiparkinsonism Treatment in Taiwan: 2004-2011.
AB  - Background. Several guidelines for Parkinson's disease (PD) management were
      recently updated. We examined temporal trends for antiparkinsonism drugs in
      Taiwan. Methods. Antiparkinsonism prescriptions, including levodopa,
      ergot/nonergot dopamine agonists (DAs), amantadine, selegiline, entacapone, and
      anticholinergics, were identified in the Taiwan National Health Insurance
      Database from 2004 to 2011. Time trend analyses were estimated assuming Poisson
      distribution. Results. A total of 19,302 PD patients in 2004 and 41,606 PD
      patients in 2011 were analyzed. Antiparkinsonism prescriptions increased
      significantly from 187,137 in 2004 to 414,587 in 2011. Levodopa monotherapy or
      combination therapy was the mainstay. Levodopa monotherapy comprised 37.4% of
      prescriptions in 2004 and 44.2% in 2011, with an annual increase rate of 18.14%.
      There was a substantially increasing trend of DA prescriptions, which were higher
      in younger-aged patients (<60 years) than in older-aged group (p = 0.0006). Among
      combination therapy, DA combined with levodopa or other antiparkinsonism
      medications became the main combinations for younger-aged patients after 2009.
      After 2005, the proportion of ergot DA usage markedly decreased and PD patients
      using nonergot DA increased. Conclusions. Levodopa was the major treatment from
      2004 to 2011. There was a steeply increased trend of DA use, especially in
      younger-aged patients. Nonergot agents comprised the major DA group after 2005. 

PMID- 26989557
TI  - Prenatal Exposures to Multiple Thyroid Hormone Disruptors: Effects on Glucose and
      Lipid Metabolism.
AB  - Background. Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for normal human fetal
      development and play a major role in the regulation of glucose and lipid
      metabolism. Delivery of TH to target tissues is dependent on processes including
      TH synthesis, transport, and metabolism. Thyroid hormone endocrine disruptors (TH
      EDCs) are chemical substances that interfere with these processes, potentially
      leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objectives. This review focuses on the
      effects of prenatal exposures to combinations of TH-EDCs on fetal and neonatal
      glucose and lipid metabolism and also discusses the various mechanisms by which
      TH-EDCs interfere with other hormonal pathways. Methods. We conducted a
      comprehensive narrative review on the effects of TH-EDCs with particular emphasis
      on exposure during pregnancy. Discussion. TH imbalance has been linked to many
      metabolic processes and the effects of TH imbalance are particularly pronounced
      in early fetal development due to fetal dependence on maternal TH for proper
      growth and development. The pervasive presence of EDCs in the environment results
      in ubiquitous exposure to either single or mixtures of EDCs with deleterious
      effects on metabolism. Conclusions. Further evaluation of combined effects of TH
      EDCs on fetal metabolic endpoints could improve advice provided to expectant
      mothers. 

PMID- 26989560
TI  - Prevalence of Hypertension in a Tribal Land Locked Population at High Altitude.
AB  - Introduction. Extensive pubmed search reveals paucity of data on prevalence of
      hypertension in tribal population at high altitude. The data is all the more
      scarce from our part of India. Studies among tribal populations at high altitudes
      provide an interesting epidemiological window to study human evolution and
      adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia. Material and Methods. 401 participants above the
      age of 20 years were evaluated for blood pressure using a stratified simple
      random technique among villages located at high altitude. Results. Out of a total
      of 401 individuals studied 43 (males: 35; females: 8) were identified as
      hypertensive yielding a crude prevalence of 10.7%. The prevalence was higher in
      males (35/270; 12.9%) as compared to females (8/131; 6%). Prevalence was the
      highest in the age group of 30-39 among males (16/35; 45.7%) while it was the
      highest in the age group of 40-49 among females (7/8; 87%). Conclusions.
      Prevalence of 10.5% is noteworthy when interpreted in light of prevalence of
      hypertension in general population especially if hypobaric hypoxia is considered
      to have a protective effect on blood pressure in high altitude native
      populations. 

PMID- 26989562
TI  - In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation of Colon-Targeted Compression-Coated Tablets.
AB  - This study was performed to assess and correlate in vitro drug release with in
      vivo absorption of prednisolone (PDL) from a colon-targeted tablet prepared by
      compression coating of core tablet. In vivo drug absorption study was conducted
      using a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, which was
      developed and validated for the estimation of PDL in rabbit plasma. The
      calibration curve showed linearity in the concentration range of 0.05 to 50
      MUg/mL with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.999. The method was specific and
      sensitive with the limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification
      (LLOQ) of 31.89 +/- 1.10 ng/mL and 96.63 +/- 3.32 ng/mL, respectively. The
      extraction recovery (ER) of PDL from three different levels of quality control
      (QC) samples ranged from 98.18% to 103.54%. In vitro drug release study revealed
      that less than 10% drug was released in 6.34 h and almost complete (98.64%) drug
      release was achieved in the following 6 h. In vivo drug absorption study
      demonstrated lower values of C max, AUCtotal, and protracted T max from
      compression-coated tablet. The results confirmed the maximum release of drug in
      the colon while minimizing release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). An
      excellent in vitro and in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was also achieved after
      considering the lag time. 

PMID- 26989561
TI  - Genetics of Nonsyndromic Congenital Hearing Loss.
AB  - Congenital hearing impairment affects nearly 1 in every 1000 live births and is
      the most frequent birth defect in developed societies. Hereditary types of
      hearing loss account for more than 50% of all congenital sensorineural hearing
      loss cases and are caused by genetic mutations. HL can be either nonsyndromic,
      which is restricted to the inner ear, or syndromic, a part of multiple anomalies
      affecting the body. Nonsyndromic HL can be categorised by mode of inheritance,
      such as autosomal dominant (called DFNA), autosomal recessive (DFNB),
      mitochondrial, and X-linked (DFN). To date, 125 deafness loci have been reported
      in the literature: 58 DFNA loci, 63 DFNB loci, and 4 X-linked loci. Mutations in
      genes that control the adhesion of hair cells, intracellular transport,
      neurotransmitter release, ionic hemeostasis, and cytoskeleton of hair cells can
      lead to malfunctions of the cochlea and inner ear. In recent years, with the
      increase in studies about genes involved in congenital hearing loss, genetic
      counselling and treatment options have emerged and increased in availability.
      This paper presents an overview of the currently known genes associated with
      nonsyndromic congenital hearing loss and mutations in the inner ear. 

PMID- 26989563
TI  - Weekly Energy Drink Use Is Positively Associated with Delay Discounting and Risk
      Behavior in a Nationwide Sample of Young Adults.
AB  - Background: Energy drink use is associated with increased risk behavior among
      adolescents and college students. This study examined this relationship in a
      nationwide sample of young adults and also examined relations between energy
      drink use and delay discounting. Methods: Participants were 874 U.S. adults 18-28
      years of age with past 30-day consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Participants
      completed an online survey of energy drink use, drug use, sexual activity,
      alcohol misuse (alcohol use disorders identification test [AUDIT]), sensation
      seeking (four-item Brief Sensation Seeking Scale [BSSS-4]), and delay discounting
      of monetary rewards and condom use. Results: Over one-third of participants (n =
      303) reported consuming energy drinks at least once per week. Weekly energy drink
      users were more likely than less-than-weekly energy drink users to report a
      recent history of risk behaviors, including cigarette smoking (56% vs. 28%, p <
      0.0001), illicit stimulant use (22% vs. 6%, p < 0.0001), and unprotected sex (63%
      vs. 45%, p < 0.0001). Covariate-adjusted analyses found that weekly energy drink
      users did not have significantly higher BSSS-4 scores (3.5 vs. 3.1, p = 0.098),
      but they had higher mean AUDIT scores (8.0 vs. 4.8, p < 0.0001), and they more
      steeply discounted delayed monetary rewards. Although weekly energy drink users
      did not show steeper discounting of delayed condom use, they showed a lower
      likelihood of using a condom when one was immediately available. Conclusions:
      This study extends findings that energy drink use is associated with risk
      behavior, and it is the first study to show that energy drink use is associated
      with monetary delay discounting.

PMID- 26989564
TI  - The Influence of a Crosshair Visual Aid on Observer Detection of Simulated Fetal
      Heart Rate Signals.
AB  - Objective To determine whether a visual aid overlaid on fetal heart rate (FHR)
      tracings increases detection of critical signals relative to images with no
      visual aid. Study Design In an experimental study, 21 undergraduate students
      viewed 240 images of simulated FHR tracings twice, once with the visual aids and
      once without aids. Performance was examined for images containing three different
      types of FHR signals (early deceleration, late deceleration, and acceleration)
      and four different FHR signal-to-noise ratios corresponding to FHR variability
      types (absent, minimal, moderate, and marked) identified by the National
      Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2008). Performance was analyzed
      using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Results The presence of the visual
      aid significantly improved correct detections of signals overall and decreased
      false alarms for the marked variability condition. Conclusion The results of the
      study provide evidence that the presence of a visual aid was useful in helping
      novices identify FHR signals in simulated maternal-fetal heart rate images.
      Further, the visual aid was most useful for conditions in which the signal is
      most difficult to detect (when FHR variability is highest). 

PMID- 26989565
TI  - Severe Hyponatremia Associated with Use of Black Cohosh during Prolonged Labor
      and Unsuccessful Home Birth.
AB  - Introduction There has been an increase in the use of herbal supplements during
      pregnancy, which are frequently of unproven efficacy and safety. We present a
      case of severe hyponatremia and altered mental status associated with the use of
      black cohosh during prolonged labor. Case A 39-year-old primigravida at 38(5/7)
      weeks of gestational age presented to the emergency department after she became
      disoriented and lethargic while laboring at home with a midwife. She had consumed
      several doses of black cohosh to induce and augment labor. On presentation, she
      was nonverbal and unable to follow commands. Her serum sodium was 114 mmol/L
      (range, 132-145 mmol/L), serum osmolality was 253 mOsm/kg (range, 275-300
      mOsm/kg), urine osmolality was 190 mOsm/kg (range, 300-900 mOsm/kg), and urine
      sodium was <10 mmol/L. The patient soon became uncooperative and combative and a
      cesarean section was performed. Postoperatively, she was transferred to the
      intensive care unit for monitoring and correction of her sodium. Her mental
      status returned to baseline and she was subsequently discharged home without
      further complication. Discussion Clinically significant hyponatremia associated
      with pregnancy is rare. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the safety
      and efficacy of black cohosh and other commonly used herbal supplements during
      pregnancy and labor. 

PMID- 26989566
TI  - Pregnancy-Associated Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome.
AB  - Introduction Early diagnosis of atypical uremic-hemolytic syndrome may be
      challenging during the puerperium period. Correct diagnosis and timely management
      are crucial to improve outcomes. Background Pregnancy-associated atypical
      hemolytic-uremic syndrome (p-aHUS) is a rare condition characterized by
      microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury.
      Triggered by pregnancy, genetically predisposed women develop the syndrome,
      leading to a disastrous hemolytic disease characterized by diffuse endothelial
      damage and platelet consumption. This disease is a life-threatening condition
      that requires prompt diagnosis and therapy. Case A 19-year-old G1P1 Caucasian
      female with suspicion of HELLP syndrome was treated at our facility for severe
      thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. A diagnosis of atypical uremic
      hemolytic syndrome was later confirmed. The patient's condition improved with
      normalization of platelets and improvement in kidney function after 14 days of
      plasmapheresis. She was subsequently treated with eculizumab, a monoclonal
      antibody against C5. The patient tolerated well the therapy and is currently in
      remission. Conclusion Diagnosis of p-aHUS is challenging, as it can mimic various
      diseases found during pregnancy and the postpartum. Plasma exchange should be
      promptly initiated within 24 hours of diagnosis. Eculizumab has risen to become
      an important tool to improve long-term comorbidities and mortality in this group
      population. 

PMID- 26989567
TI  - Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn due to Intravenous Drug Use.
AB  - Objectives The objective is to present a pregnancy complication associated with
      intravenous drug use, namely, that of red blood cell alloimmunization and
      hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Methods An observational case series
      is presented including women with red blood cell alloimmunization most likely
      secondary to intravenous drug abuse Results Five pregnancies were identified that
      were complicated by red blood cell alloimmunization and significant hemolytic
      disease of the fetus and newborn, necessitating intrauterine transfusion, an
      indicated preterm birth, or neonatal therapy. Conclusions As opioid abuse
      continues to increase in the United States, clinicians should be aware of the
      potential for alloimmunization to red blood cell antibodies as yet another
      negative outcome from intravenous drug abuse. 

PMID- 26989568
TI  - Seronegative Maternal Ocular Myasthenia Gravis and Delayed Transient Neonatal
      Myasthenia Gravis.
AB  - Background Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder with fluctuating
      muscle weakness, divided into generalized and localized (ocular) forms. Maternal
      antibodies to acetylcholine receptors cross the placenta and may cause transient
      neonatal myasthenia gravis (TNMG). We present a case of seronegative maternal
      ocular MG and delayed TNMG. Case A 29-year-old G3P1011 underwent cesarean birth
      of a male infant who developed oxygen desaturation requiring supplemental oxygen
      on day of life (DOL) 3. Based on the clinical course and after exclusion of other
      diagnoses, the infant was diagnosed with TNMG. Infant's condition improved
      spontaneously and he was weaned off supplemental oxygen and discharged home on
      DOL 12. Conclusion Infants born to mothers with seronegative localized (ocular)
      MG are also susceptible to TNMG which may be late in onset. 

PMID- 26989569
TI  - Effect of Cervical Length Recovery after Laser Surgery for Twin-Twin Transfusion
      Syndrome.
AB  - Objective To evaluate the impact of polyhydramnios on preoperative cervical
      length and whether cervical length recovery after amnioreduction during selective
      fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (SFLP) is associated with a greater gestational
      age at delivery in pregnancies complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome
      (TTTS). Methods Retrospective study of 50 pregnancies complicated by TTTS treated
      with SFLP between March 2010 and July 2014 at a single center. Preoperative
      maximum vertical pocket (MVP) was measured along with pre- and postoperative
      cervical length. A cervical length difference was calculated, with a difference
      of +/- 3 mm considered no change. Results Only 12 (34%) patients showed an
      increased cervical length after amnioreduction during laser surgery. There was no
      statistical difference between either negative or positive change in cervical
      length groups and mean gestational age at delivery (p = 0.82). There also was no
      correlation between preoperative MVP and preoperative cervical length (p = 0.36)
      or gestational age at delivery (p = 0.77). However, there was a statistically
      shorter mean preoperative cervical length in patients who delivered <32 weeks of
      gestation (3.62 +/- 0.66 vs. 4.20 +/- 0.85 cm; p = 0.03). Conclusion Severity of
      polyhydramnios does not correlate with preoperative cervical length, and
      variability of the cervix postoperatively does not appear to affect gestational
      age at delivery. 

PMID- 26989570
TI  - Prenatal Diagnosis of Ectrodactyly in the First Trimester by Three-Dimensional
      Ultrasonography.
AB  - Introduction Ectrodactyly, also known as split hand/foot malformation, is a rare
      developmental abnormality of the limbs that consists of absent central digits, a
      deep median cleft, and fusion of the remaining lateral digits, ultimately
      producing clawlike extremities. This case represents one of the earliest reported
      diagnoses of this anomaly to utilize three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. Case
      A nulliparous woman presented at 13 weeks of gestation for first-trimester
      aneuploidy screening. On two-dimensional (2D) imaging, she was noted to have a
      fetus with a shortened right upper limb and a malformed right hand with no
      clearly visualized digits. The anomaly was then further evaluated with both
      transabdominal and transvaginal 2D and 3D ultrasonography with postprocessing
      visualization, revealing absent central digits. Neither the patient nor her
      husband reported any personal or family history of skeletal or other structural
      malformations. Discussion Fetal limb abnormalities are being encountered at
      increasingly earlier gestational ages due to improvements in image quality and
      expanded use of ultrasound in the first trimester. Early identification of fetal
      limb malformations without a definitive diagnosis or a clear pattern of
      inheritance can present a challenging clinical scenario. Patients may opt for
      earlier termination of pregnancy rather than wait for additional information to
      guide decision-making. 

PMID- 26989571
TI  - Clinical Spectrum of Stiff Person Syndrome: A Review of Recent Reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: "Classic" stiff person syndrome (SPS) features stiffness, anti
      glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies, and other findings. Anti-GAD
      antibodies are also detected in some neurological syndromes (such as ataxia) in
      which stiffness is inconsistently present. Patients with otherwise "classic" SPS
      may either lack anti-GAD antibodies or be seropositive for others. Hence, SPS
      cases appear to fall within a clinical spectrum that includes conditions such as
      progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), which exhibits
      brainstem and autonomic features. We have compiled herein SPS-spectrum cases
      reported since 2010, and have segregated them on the basis of likely disease
      mechanism (autoimmune, paraneoplastic, or cryptogenic) for analysis. METHODS: The
      phrases "stiff person syndrome", "PERM", "anti-GAD antibody syndrome", and
      "glycine receptor antibody neurological disorders" were searched for in PubMed in
      January 2015. The results were narrowed to 72 citations after excluding non
      English and duplicate reports. Clinical descriptions, laboratory data,
      management, and outcomes were categorized, tabulated, and analyzed. RESULTS:
      Sixty-nine autoimmune, 19 paraneoplastic, and 13 cryptogenic SPS-spectrum cases
      were identified. SPS was the predominant diagnosis among the groups. Roughly two
      thirds of autoimmune and paraneoplastic cases were female. Anti-GAD antibodies
      were most frequently identified, followed by anti-amphiphysin among
      paraneoplastic cases and by anti-glycine receptor antibodies among autoimmune
      cases. Benzodiazepines were the most commonly used medications. Prognosis seemed
      best for cryptogenic cases; malignancy worsened that of paraneoplastic cases.
      DISCUSSION: Grouping SPS-spectrum cases by pathophysiology provided insights into
      work-up, treatment, and prognosis. Ample phenotypic and serologic variations are
      present within the categories. Ruling out malignancy and autoimmunity is
      appropriate for suspected SPS-spectrum cases.

PMID- 26989573
TI  - Non-Motor Symptoms of Essential Tremor Are Independent of Tremor Severity and
      Have an Impact on Quality of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several publications have focused on accompanying non-motor symptoms
      (NMS) in essential tremor (ET) patients; however, it remains unclear if NMS are
      an intrinsic part of the disease or secondary phenomena. We present the results
      of several neuropsychiatric tests and their impact on quality of life (QoL) in
      community-dwelling patients with ET. METHODS: Participants were recruited via a
      newspaper article about ET published in the local media and on the internet. All
      participants completed several standard neuropsychiatric tests, including those
      that assess QoL. To compare differences between cases and controls, Student's t
      tests with Bonferroni-Holm post hoc tests were performed. Spearman's correlation
      coefficients were also calculated. RESULTS: We enrolled 110 patients with
      definite or probable ET. Highly significant changes were observed for apathy,
      anxiety, and cognition and negatively impacted QoL. Most aberrations were
      independent of tremor severity and duration. DISCUSSION: The significant
      neuropsychiatric deficits and reduced QoL demonstrate a degree of illness that
      appears to be a non-motor phenotype rather than a secondary effect of ET. In the
      future, NMS should carefully be explored in ET patients as they may have an
      impact on QoL and treatment.

PMID- 26989572
TI  - Essential Tremor: What We Can Learn from Current Pharmacotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of essential tremor, especially at the cellular
      level, is poorly understood. Although no drug has been specifically designed to
      treat essential tremor, several medications improve tremor, and others worsen it.
      Studying the mechanism of actions of these medications can help our understanding
      of tremor pathophysiology and contribute to future rational drug design. METHODS:
      We reviewed literature, concentrating on mechanisms of action, of various
      medications that mitigate tremor. RESULTS: Many medications have multiple
      mechanisms of actions, making simple correlations difficult. Medications that
      increase the duration of opening of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors
      are most consistently associated with tremor improvement. Interestingly, drugs
      that increase GABA availability have not been associated with improved tremor.
      Other mechanisms possibly associated with tremor improvement include antagonism
      of alpha-2 delta subunits associated with calcium channels, inhibition of
      carbonic anhydrase, and inhibition of the synaptic vesicle protein 2A. Drugs that
      block voltage-gaited sodium channels do not affect tremor. The ideal beta
      adrenergic blocker requires B2 affinity (non-cardiac selective), has no
      sympathomimetic properties, does not require membrane stabilization properties,
      and may benefit from good central nervous system penetration. DISCUSSION: To
      date, serendipitous observations have provided most of our understanding of
      tremor cellular physiology. Based on similarities to currently effective drugs or
      rational approximations and inferences, several currently available agents should
      be considered for tremor trials.

PMID- 26989574
TI  - Improvement of Isolated Myoclonus Phenotype in Myoclonus Dystonia after Pallidal
      Deep Brain Stimulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myoclonus-dystonia is a condition that manifests predominantly as
      myoclonic jerks with focal dystonia. It is genetically heterogeneous with most
      mutations in the epsilon sarcoglycan gene (SGCE). In medically refractory cases,
      deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to provide marked sustainable
      clinical improvement, especially in SGCE-positive patients. We present two
      patients with myoclonus-dystonia (one SGCE positive and the other SGCE negative)
      who have the isolated myoclonus phenotype and had DBS leads implanted in the
      bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi). METHODS: We review their longitudinal
      Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale scores along with their DBS programming parameters
      and compare them with published cases in the literature. RESULTS: Both patients
      demonstrated complete amelioration of all aspects of myoclonus within 6-12 months
      after surgery. The patient with the SGCE-negative mutation responded just as well
      as the patient who was SGCE positive. High-frequency stimulation (130 Hz) with
      amplitudes greater than 2.5 V provided therapeutic benefit. DISCUSSION: This case
      series demonstrates that high frequency GPi-DBS is effective in treating isolated
      myoclonus in myoclonus-dystonia, regardless of the presence of SGCE mutation.

PMID- 26989576
TI  - Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate Therapy in Wound Healing.
AB  - Objective: To study the role of autologous bone marrow aspirate therapy (ABMAT)
      in wound healing. Approach: This is a retrospective analysis of 9 patients (11
      chronic nonhealing wounds) in whom ABMAT was used. Patients (wounds) were grouped
      into two groups. Group 1 included 4 patients (5 wounds) refusing/unfit for
      reconstruction and managed only with ABMAT. Group 2 included 5 patients (6
      wounds) who agreed/fit for reconstruction after wound bed preparation with ABMAT.
      End point of the study was complete wound healing. Results: ABMAT helped in
      complete healing of chronic nonhealing wounds by secondary intention in group 1
      patients and enhanced process of wound bed preparation for reconstruction in
      group 2 patients. Innovation: This study highlights the importance of ABMAT in
      the management of chronic nonhealing wounds. Conclusion: ABMAT helps in wound bed
      preparation to allow the wound to heal completely or cover by skin graft/flap.

PMID- 26989575
TI  - Cardioprotective Role of Caveolae in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - Caveolae are flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane enriched in
      cholesterol, sphingolipids, the marker protein caveolin and the coat protein
      cavin. In cardiomyocytes, multiple signaling molecules are concentrated and
      organized within the caveolae to mediate signaling transduction. Recent studies
      suggest that caveolae and caveolae-associated signaling molecules play an
      important role in protecting the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
      For example, cardiac-specific overexpression of caveolin-3 has been shown to lead
      to protection that mimics ischemic preconditioning, while the knockout of
      caveolin-3 abolished ischemic preconditioning. In this review, we discuss the
      molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are involved in caveolae
      mediated cardioprotection, and examine the potential for caveolae as a
      therapeutic target for pharmaceutical intervention to treat cardiovascular
      disease.

PMID- 26989579
TI  - Quality Randomized Clinical Trials of Topical Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing Agents.
AB  - Significance: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) significantly add to global economic,
      social, and clinical burdens. Healing a DFU fast and well limits complications
      that can lead to lower extremity amputation, morbidity, and mortality. Recent
      Advances: Many promising topical DFU healing agents have been studied in
      randomized clinical trials (RCT), but only one, becaplermin, has been cleared for
      this use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Critical
      Issues: This critical review of DFU topical healing RCTs summarizes issues
      identified in their design and conduct, highlighting ways to improve study
      quality so researchers can increase the likelihood of RCT success in propelling
      effective topical DFU healing agents toward clinical use. Key issues include (1)
      inadequate sample size, (2) risk of bias, (3) irrelevant or unreported inclusion
      criteria, (4) substandard outcome measures, (5) unmatched group characteristics
      that predict nonhealing at baseline, (6) unequal or uncontrolled concurrent
      interventions or standard of care, (7) heterogeneous subject or DFU samples (8)
      unblinded allocation, treatment, or outcome measures, or (9) inadequate follow-up
      for clinical relevance. These can add bias or unexplained variability to RCT
      outcomes, limiting clinical or statistical significance and accuracy of results.
      Future Directions: This critical review summarizes ways to overcome these
      deficiencies to optimize DFU clinical trial design and conduct. It provides a
      blueprint for future excellence in RCTs testing safety and efficacy of topical
      DFU healing agents and smoothing the path to their clinical use.

PMID- 26989580
TI  - A Comparison of Methods for Computing the Residual Resistivity Ratio of High
      Purity Niobium.
AB  - We compare methods for estimating the residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of high
      purity niobium and investigate the effects of using different functional models.
      RRR is typically defined as the ratio of the electrical resistances measured at
      273 K (the ice point) and 4.2 K (the boiling point of helium at standard
      atmospheric pressure). However, pure niobium is superconducting below about 9.3
      K, so the low-temperature resistance is defined as the normal-state (i.e., non
      superconducting state) resistance extrapolated to 4.2 K and zero magnetic field.
      Thus, the estimated value of RRR depends significantly on the model used for
      extrapolation. We examine three models for extrapolation based on temperature
      versus resistance, two models for extrapolation based on magnetic field versus
      resistance, and a new model based on the Kohler relationship that can be applied
      to combined temperature and field data. We also investigate the possibility of re
      defining RRR so that the quantity is not dependent on extrapolation.

PMID- 26989577
TI  - The Burn Wound Microenvironment.
AB  - Significance: While the survival rate of the severely burned patient has improved
      significantly, relatively little progress has been made in treatment or
      prevention of burn-induced long-term sequelae, such as contraction and fibrosis.
      Recent Advances: Our knowledge of the molecular pathways involved in burn wounds
      has increased dramatically, and technological advances now allow large-scale
      genomic studies, providing a global view of wound healing processes. Critical
      Issues: Translating findings from a large number of in vitro and preclinical
      animal studies into clinical practice represents a gap in our understanding, and
      the failures of a number of clinical trials suggest that targeting single
      pathways or cytokines may not be the best approach. Significant opportunities for
      improvement exist. Future Directions: Study of the underlying molecular
      influences of burn wound healing progression will undoubtedly continue as an
      active research focus. Increasing our knowledge of these processes will identify
      additional therapeutic targets, supporting informed clinical studies that
      translate into clinical relevance and practice.

PMID- 26989581
TI  - Workshop on Bridging Satellite Climate Data Gaps.
AB  - Detecting the small signals of climate change for the most essential climate
      variables requires that satellite sensors make highly accurate and consistent
      measurements. Data gaps in the time series (such as gaps resulting from launch
      delay or failure) and inconsistencies in radiometric scales between satellites
      undermine the credibility of fundamental climate data records, and can lead to
      erroneous analysis in climate change detection. To address these issues, leading
      experts in Earth observations from National Aeronautics and Space Administration
      (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA), United States
      Geological Survey (USGS), and academia assembled at the National Institute of
      Standards and Technology on December 10, 2009 for a workshop to prioritize
      strategies for bridging and mitigating data gaps in the climate record. This
      paper summarizes the priorities for ensuring data continuity of variables
      relevant to climate change in the areas of atmosphere, land, and ocean
      measurements and the recommendations made at the workshop for overcoming planned
      and unplanned gaps in the climate record.

PMID- 26989582
TI  - Measures, Uncertainties, and Significance Test in Operational ROC Analysis.
AB  - In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the sampling variability can
      result in uncertainties of performance measures. Thus, while evaluating and
      comparing the performances of algorithms, the measurement uncertainties must be
      taken into account. The key issue is how to calculate the uncertainties of
      performance measures in ROC analysis. Our ultimate goal is to perform the
      significance test in evaluation and comparison using the standard errors
      computed. From the operational perspective, based on fingerprint-image matching
      algorithms on large datasets, the measures and their uncertainties are
      investigated in the three scenarios: 1) the true accept rate (TAR) of genuine
      scores at a specified false accept rate (FAR) of impostor scores, 2) the TAR and
      FAR at a given threshold, and 3) the equal error rate. The uncertainties of
      measures are calculated using the nonparametric two-sample bootstrap based on our
      extensive studies of bootstrap variability on large datasets. The significance
      test is carried out to determine whether the difference between the performance
      of one algorithm and a hypothesized value, or the difference between the
      performances of two algorithms where the correlation is taken into account is
      statistically significant. Examples are provided.

PMID- 26989578
TI  - Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function in the Healing Wound.
AB  - Significance: Fibroblasts play a critical role in normal wound healing. Various
      extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, fibrin, fibronectin,
      proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and matricellular proteins, can be considered
      potent protagonists of fibroblast survival, migration, and metabolism. Recent
      Advances: Advances in tissue culture, tissue engineering, and ex vivo models have
      made the examination and precise measurements of ECM components in wound healing
      possible. Likewise, the development of specific transgenic animal models has
      created the opportunity to characterize the role of various ECM molecules in
      healing wounds. In addition, the recent characterization of new ECM molecules,
      including matricellular proteins, dermatopontin, and FACIT collagens (Fibril
      Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple helices), further demonstrates our
      cursory knowledge of the ECM in coordinated wound healing. Critical Issues: The
      manipulation and augmentation of ECM components in the healing wound is emerging
      in patient care, as demonstrated by the use of acellular dermal matrices, tissue
      scaffolds, and wound dressings or topical products bearing ECM proteins such as
      collagen, hyaluronan (HA), or elastin. Once thought of as neutral structural
      proteins, these molecules are now known to directly influence many aspects of
      cellular wound healing. Future Directions: The role that ECM molecules, such as
      CCN2, osteopontin, and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine, play in
      signaling homing of fibroblast progenitor cells to sites of injury invites future
      research as we continue investigating the heterotopic origin of certain
      populations of fibroblasts in a healing wound. Likewise, research into
      differently sized fragments of the same polymeric ECM molecule is warranted as we
      learn that fragments of molecules such as HA and tenascin-C can have opposing
      effects on dermal fibroblasts.